bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Yoga on Management of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS): A Systematic Review
Authors: Singh Divya , Kishore Chaturvedi Kautuk , Singh Shalini , Kandan S. Lakshmi
Published: January 2023

Background: Nowadays, the polycystic ovarian syndrome is a widespread condition that affects women at their reproductive age. Women are considered to have significantly elevated amounts of insulin resistance, obesity, and higher levels of androgens within the part of the body with PCOS. The crucial thing about overcoming these signs and symptoms of illness is weight management. It has a primary preventive and healing ability that can be accomplished by implementing lifestyle changes to fight this disease.

Yogic interventions are the primary key that continues a person’s health and modifies the endocrine system. Postures (Asanas), Breathing techniques (Pranayama) and meditation (dhyana) facilitate plenty in relieving the signs and symptoms of PCOS associated with an incorrect dwelling lifestyle and deep-rooted stress and holding the person high to combat with this sickness.

Purpose: This Review study is aimed to review the trends in research conducted over a period of time frame. Only randomized Control Trials and Clinical Trials are subjected of interest in this study. Using PUBMED, Google Scholar and other Indian databases searches were performed using keywords "Yoga and PCOS” which yielded up to 31 relevant articles showing the effect of Yoga on PCOS.

Selections were made to include only studies published in peer reviewed journals and investigating effects of regular Yogic practices on hormonal imbalances, weight loss, stress reduction and various other related aspects pertaining to PCOS in these studies.

Summary and Outlook: Noteworthy variance was observed between the interventional group participants on the domain of hormones, weight loss, Anxiety, Stress and physical function with better results in Yoga groups than in control group. Collectively these studies suggest that specific Yogic module may help to balance hormone, reduce body weight and released stress and it may improve the physical function of the body.
The Frequency of Use of Warfarin-Interfering Drugs in Patients Suffering from Warfarin Toxicity Referred to the Emergency Department of Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad
Authors: Khaksar Morteza , Reihani Hamidreza , Hadi Mousavi Seyed , Nazemi Samad
Published: January 2023

Aims: With the progress made in the treatment of cardiovascular patients, the use of anticoagulants such as warfarin, aspirin, ticlopidine, etc. have increased. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of use of warfarin-interfering drugs in warfarin toxicity patients admitted to the emergency ward of Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad, Iran, from March to August 2016.

Materials and Methods: In this original cross-sectional study after obtaining the approval of the university's ethics committee, 133 patients with warfarin toxicity admitted from March to August 2016 were included in the study. The hospital records of the patients were reviewed, and based on the detailed history taken from the patients the information related to the simultaneous use of different drugs, the duration of warfarin use, the reasons for warfarin use, and the symptoms of warfarin toxicity were extracted. SPSS version 24 software was used for data analysis (p<0.05).

Results: Artificial heart valve was the most common indication for warfarin use (48%). Potentially fatal bleeding occurred in 85% of patients, and gastrointestinal bleeding was the most common symptom of warfarin toxicity (37.6%). The most common drugs used were aspirin (62.4%), metoprolol (33.1%), and statins (28.8%).

Conclusion: In this study, a high frequency of drug interactions with warfarin was observed, which seems to play a significant role in the occurrence of warfarin toxicity. The most common drug interactions were observed in the simultaneous use of aspirin, metoprolol, and statins. Careful monitoring of the type of drugs used by patients is extremely important in providing safe and effective treatment and reducing side effects.
Artificial Neural Network Modeling to Predict Neonatal Metabolic Bone Disease in the Prenatal and Postnatal Periods
Authors: Jiang Honglin , Guo Jialin , Li Jing , Li Chunlin , Du Wenchong , Canavese Federico , Baker Charlie , Ying Hao , Hua Jing
Published: January 2023

Importance

Early recognition of metabolic bone disease (MBD) in infants is necessary but difficult; an appropriate tool to screen infants at risk of developing MBD is needed.

Objectives

To develop a predictive model for neonates at risk for MBD in the prenatal and postnatal periods and detect the pivotal exposed factors in each period.

Design, Setting, and Participants

A diagnostic study was conducted from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2021, in Shanghai, China. A total of 10 801 pregnant women (singleton pregnancy, followed up until 1 month after parturition) and their infants (n = 10 801) were included. An artificial neural network (ANN) framework was used to build 5 predictive models with different exposures from prenatal to postnatal periods. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the model performance. The importance of each feature was examined and ranked.

Results

Of the 10 801 Chinese women who participated in the study (mean [SD] age, 29.7 [3.9] years), 7104 (65.8%) were local residents, 1001 (9.3%) had uterine scarring, and 138 (1.3%) gave birth to an infant with MBD. Among the 5 ANN models, model 1 (significant prenatal and postnatal factors) showed the highest AUC of 0.981 (95% CI, 0.970-0.992), followed by model 5 (postnatal factors; AUC, 0.977; 95% CI, 0.966-0.988), model 4 (all prenatal factors; AUC, 0.850; 95% CI, 0.785-0.915), model 3 (gestational complications or comorbidities and medication use; AUC, 0.808; 95% CI, 0.726-0.891), and model 2 (maternal nutritional conditions; AUC, 0.647; 95% CI, 0.571-0.723). Birth weight, maternal age at pregnancy, and neonatal disorders (anemia, respiratory distress syndrome, and septicemia) were the most important model 1 characteristics for predicting infants at risk of MBD; among these characteristics, extremely low birth weight (importance, 50.5%) was the most powerful factor. The use of magnesium sulfate during pregnancy (model 4: importance, 21.2%) was the most significant predictor of MBD risk in the prenatal period.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this diagnostic study, ANN appeared to be a simple and efficient tool for identifying neonates at risk for MBD. Combining prenatal and postnatal factors or using postnatal exposures alone provided the most precise prediction. Extremely low birth weight was the most significant predictive factor, whereas magnesium sulfate use during pregnancy could be an important bellwether for MBD before delivery.
Tetraploidy‐linked sensitization to CENP‐E inhibition in human cells
Authors: Yoshizawa Koya , Matsura Akira , Shimada Masaya , Ishida‐Ishihara Sumire , Sato Fuyu , Yamamoto Takahiro , Yaguchi Kan , Kawamoto Eiji , Kuroda Taruho , Matsuo Kazuya , Tamaoki Nobuyuki , Sakai Ryuichi , Shimada Yasuhito , Mishra Mithilesh , Uehara Ryota
Published: January 2023

Tetraploidy is a hallmark of cancer cells, and tetraploidy‐selective cell growth suppression is a potential strategy for targeted cancer therapy. However, how tetraploid cells differ from normal diploids in their sensitivity to anti‐proliferative treatments remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that tetraploid cells are significantly more susceptible to inhibitors of a mitotic kinesin (CENP‐E) than are diploids. Treatment with a CENP‐E inhibitor preferentially diminished the tetraploid cell population in a diploid–tetraploid co‐culture at optimum conditions. Live imaging revealed that a tetraploidy‐linked increase in unsolvable chromosome misalignment caused substantially longer mitotic delay in tetraploids than in diploids upon moderate CENP‐E inhibition. This time gap of mitotic arrest resulted in cohesion fatigue and subsequent cell death, specifically in tetraploids, leading to tetraploidy‐selective cell growth suppression. In contrast, the microtubule‐stabilizing compound paclitaxel caused tetraploidy‐selective suppression through the aggravation of spindle multipolarization. We also found that treatment with a CENP‐E inhibitor had superior generality to paclitaxel in its tetraploidy selectivity across a broader spectrum of cell lines. Our results highlight the unique properties of CENP‐E inhibitors in tetraploidy‐selective suppression and their potential use in the development of tetraploidy‐targeting interventions in cancer.
Betel Nut Beauty
Authors: Anderson Christian
Published: January 2023

“Betel nut beauty” is the English language translation of “binlang xishi” in Mandarin Chinese, and is used in Taiwan to describe a beautiful young woman who sells betel nut at a roadside kiosk.
Global Care Chains
Authors: Thompson Maddy , Walton‐Roberts Margaret
Published: January 2023

The global care chain approach conceptualizes how care and domestic services are provided through chains of feminized and racialized migrant labor. The value of care labor is determined within global capital and patriarchal systems that devalue carework generally, as well as determine the value of workers more specifically through spatial and ethnic hierarchies. Developments in the global care chain approach have extended its application beyond domestic labor to include more skilled and institutional based workers, such as nurses, and to more masculine service roles, such as handymen. Further research needs to push the analytical connection between the feminist demand to expose and address systematic intersectional vulnerabilities shaped by gender, race, region, religion etc., and mainstream economic analysis of the current global capitalist system, which tends to underplay the significance of carework and the role of gendered and racialized labor in its provision.
Attitude Measurement
Authors: Buhagiar Luke J. , Sammut Gordon
Published: January 2023

Attitudes refer to evaluative stances held toward social objects. Earlier writings sought to position the attitude construct in its rightful place among other social psychological concepts. Being at the intersection of sociology and psychology, attitudes have been measured using a variety of methods, at times overlapping and occasionally contrasting in nature. Moreover, some methods are more sensitive to context than others. Major topics of discussion, particularly in the domain of explicit measurement, concern the design of attitude statements within survey research in a way that results in valid and reliable research outcomes. Furthermore, measurement of the implicit rhetorical aspect of social attitudes involves the use of hypothetical scenarios and the presentation of opportunities for participants to justify their points of view. Ongoing debates also concern the influence of social contexts on different attitude measures. Future research is aimed at better understanding and designing attitude measures that are more ecologically valid.
The Cosmopolitan Canopy
Authors: Hutter Mark
Published: January 2023

Elijah Anderson's concept of the cosmopolitan canopy refers to public spaces where people of socially diverse backgrounds can intermingle in an atmosphere of civility. For Anderson, the city has become a place of wariness and fear, especially in the public sphere. Under the cosmopolitan canopy, a sense of involvement and trust can develop and estrangement barriers can be dislodged. Anderson observes that in most American cities there is a high degree of racial segregation. He designates those areas of the city that are predominantly white as “white space” and those predominantly black as “black space.” The cosmopolitan canopy is one the few “islands of civility” where diverse people can come together.
Pets (Animal–Human Relationships)
Authors: Irvine Leslie
Published: January 2023

Pets are favored animals given individual names, allowed in human homes, and never eaten. Although any species can be a pet, dogs and cats are the most common. Rates of pet ownership, sometimes called guardianship, have risen in recent decades. Increasingly, pets are often considered family members. Yet, for many reasons, millions of pets end up in pounds and shelters. Although rehoming is the desired outcome, and one achieved in many cases, countless unwanted pets are put to death in shelters each year.
Civilizational Analysis
Authors: Hann Chris
Published: January 2023

Civilizational analysis is an approach within historical sociology that aims to include all human populations in time and space (i.e., not only those literate societies for which the concept “civilization” is often reserved) in comparative analysis on a supra‐societal level. It takes inspiration from anthropologists (notably Mauss) as well as founding fathers of sociology (Durkheim and Weber). Major contributions, theoretical as well as empirical, have been made in recent decades by S.N. Eisenstadt and Johann P. Arnason. These scholars emphasize civilizational pluralism – for example, in opposing “multiple modernities” to Eurocentric notions of modernization and the “end of history” after 1989. The study of civilizations involves consideration of all aspects of social organization (economy, politics, law, domestic life, etc.). However, particular attention tends to be paid to religion (orWeltanschauung, cosmology, ontology), reflecting the philosophical roots of this approach in German idealism.
Geddes, Patrick (1854–1932)
Authors: Scott John
Published: January 2023

Patrick Geddes was a Scottish botanist and sociologist who constructed an ecological model of the relationship between the regional environment and the forms of social life that it sustains. He devised a systematic theory to explain the relationship between place, work, and people and used this to build a model of social change through the conflict between elites and subordinate classes. He depicted the need for a broadened and enlightened elite that would include sociologists and that would undertake planned social reconstruction on the basis of well‐founded sociological knowledge.
Biopolitics
Authors: Ferrara Mel , Casper Monica J.
Published: January 2023

This entry provides an overview of biopolitics in its multiple usages. Typically associated with the work of French philosopher Michel Foucault, biopolitics is a theoretical framework that has been used to make sense of dynamic relationships between the intertwined domains of “life” and “politics.” Foucault's conception of biopolitics has been criticized for its elision of gender, race, and colonialism, yet contemporary scholars have generatively responded to this concern. Biopolitics serves as a useful lens in sociology for considering topics such as governance, information systems, health, death, and environmentalism.
Chaebol
Authors: Kyung‐Sup Chang
Published: January 2023

Chaebol
is a family‐controlled business conglomerate in South Korea that simultaneously runs numerous enterprises in diverse industries. The principal ingenuity of chaebol has consisted in its internal structure of control over complexly interconnected firms under which a head and his/her family rule dozens of firms operating in different industries without holding legally sufficient shares or having comparable financial leverages. To the extent that their industrial undertakings have been instrumental to state‐led economic development, the chaebol system (of exaggerated control over not clearly owned firms) seems to have accelerated South Korea's compressed march to economic modernity. However, to the extent that the managerial decisions and practices of chaebol‐affiliated firms have sometimes been irrationally and/or illegitimately dictated for the sake of the heads' exclusive interests, the same system seems to have engendered a distorted and unjust economic order by which the economic rights and potentials of other economic actors are systematically sacrificed.
Held, David (1951–2019)
Authors: Maffettone Pietro
Published: January 2023

This entry provides a synthetic reconstruction of David Held's major contributions. It shows that Held's work can be portrayed as a coherent whole, a complex narrative that, nonetheless, clearly “hangs together.” It is a narrative best captured by using three distinct levels of analysis: first, a methodological commitment to a specific view of the relationship between normative political theory, the social sciences, and, ultimately, the political world we inhabit; second, a clear anchor point in “three fundamental concepts,” namely, cosmopolitanism, democracy, and globalization; and third, a specific way of articulating the connection between the three aforementioned fundamental concepts to develop a plausible and attractive moral and political agenda.
Premarital Sex
Authors: Sprecher Susan , O'Sullivan Lucia F.
Published: January 2023

Premarital sex refers to sexual behavior practiced prior to marriage, typically in the sexual lives of adolescents and young adults. Research in this area has also addressed attitudes regarding premarital sex (i.e., permissiveness) and behavioral links to negative public health outcomes, such as unwanted pregnancy and infection. More recent approaches emphasize the positive components of premarital sex, placing it more directly in the context of normative healthy development. Premarital sex varies notably in terms of age of onset, patterns and progression of sexual behavior, and degree of sexual competence. Considerable research attention has been given to premarital sex in casual relationship contexts, as well as new forms of sexual exchange using digital communication.
Outsider Art
Authors: Fuller Martin
Published: January 2023

Outsider art is a genre of artworks produced by self‐taught artists working outside established systems in the visual arts. The term was coined in 1972 by English art critic Roger Cardinal, whose publishers sought an English translation of the French concept
art brut
, from Jean Dubuffet who praised artworks made by persons seemingly outside the mainstream norms of “high” art, such as peasants, the incarcerated, and children. Today, a wider interest in outsider art has developed, leading to a paradoxical situation in which art once valued because of its outsider status has become increasingly part of the established art world.
SSM (Social Stratification and Social Mobility) Research in Japan
Authors: Sato Yoshimichi
Published: January 2023

The SSM is the most influential project on the study of social stratification and social mobility in Japan. The project started in 1955 and has conducted surveys every decade since then. The last survey was conducted in 2015. A unique character of the project is that it does not have a solid organizational foundation on which the surveys are conducted, unlike the General Social Survey continuously conducted at the University of Chicago. Because of this character, the principal investigator of each survey of the project focuses on particular topics based on their research interests, but they retain key variables such as respondents' first job, current job, education, and income as well as their family background in the surveys so that the project can analyze intergenerational and intragenerational social mobility and social inequality between social strata. In addition to these variables, respondents are asked their job history, from first job to current job retrospectively, so that detailed analysis of intragenerational mobility can be conducted with the data.
De Swaan, Abram (1942–)
Authors: Heilbron Johan , de Vries Geert
Published: January 2023

Abram de Swaan is a Dutch social scientist with a background in mathematical political science and game theory, a subsequent training in psychoanalysis, and a lifelong career in historical and comparative sociology. His work is broad and multifaceted, and his classic books on the welfare state, the global language system, and genocidal regimes, written in English, are outstanding sociological studies. Many shorter essays and playful columns, written in Dutch, are exemplary forms of public sociology, yet still await translation.
Migration Intelligence
Authors: Buoncompagni Giacomo
Published: January 2023

The COVID‐19 health crisis is making us face the dilemma of “invisible populations,” and migrants in particular, which brings with it a number of social and technological problems. On the one hand, lack of visibility is a systematic aspect of population management that can benefit both governments and the people concerned. Specifically, in emergency resolution, the coronavirus pandemic has made the use of artificial intelligence even more pervasive. This entry aims to highlight how technology, in particular artificial intelligence, can significantly influence the management of migration flows in the (post)pandemic society. A new concept will be introduced, that of “migration intelligence,” understood as a set of specific activities related to identity checks, border security and management, and the analysis of biometric data on migrants, refugees, and asylum‐seekers.
Gamson, William A. (1934–2021)
Authors: Gawerc Michelle I.
Published: January 2023

William A. Gamson, former President of the American Sociological Association and Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, was a prolific scholar whose work helped articulate both the conflict perspective in sociology and the resource mobilization approach in social movements. In the field of social movements in the United States, Gamson also helped to bring back social psychology after its temporary hiatus, and his work on framing and political consciousness, more broadly, has spawned numerous studies in social movements and political communications. His pedagogical games continue to spawn both excitement and insights for participants, and his scholar‐activist model has inspired, and will likely continue to inspire, many.
Longest Hatred, the
Authors: Buoncompagni Giacomo
Published: January 2023

In the constellation of the growing phenomena of hostility and aggressiveness toward “the others,” anti‐Semitism represents a rather complex and particular phenomenon. It is an ancient hatred, expressed toward Jews (even, as Jean‐Paul Sartre observed, in the absence of Jews), but which in contemporary society takes on “new” dimensions and characteristics according to the social, cultural, and political context in which we live. It ranges from the trivialization to the total denial of the Shoah, with acts of intimidation and violence that affect many western countries – and that in Eastern Europe and Arab countries take on paroxysmal tones. Anti‐Semitism is a phenomenon of hatred that is part of human history and public memory, which has lasted for years and is now also occupying the scenarios of online life. Today more than ever we need to reflect on the limits of definitions and our idea of hate and hate language behavior, as well as on the complex mechanisms of racism and anti‐Semitism, in order to regain the inclusive sense of our societies.
Adorno, Theodor W. (1903–1969)
Authors: Prusik Charles A.
Published: January 2023

Theodor W. Adorno (1903–1969) was a German Jewish philosopher, sociologist, and cultural critic who played a key role in the development of the Frankfurt School. His work includes a critique of capitalist society as well as numerous sociological studies regarding the formation of authoritarian attitudes, and the ideological function of mass culture. His critical theory conceives of society in terms of the fundamental relations between individuals that are conditioned by commodity exchange. Drawing from elements of Marx, this framework understands society as a process of mediation, characterized by the domination of individuals by estranged forms and institutions. While contributing to numerous empirical studies (of authoritarianism and musical reception), Adorno's sociology criticized positivist methodologies in debates with Karl Popper. His writings on philosophy, sociology, psychoanalysis, and art continue to interest critical theorists of society.
Affirmative Action
Authors: Aguirre Adalberto
Published: January 2023

Affirmative action is a controversial social policy and political initiative that was developed to change access to valued resources in society. Executive Orders introduced by President Kennedy and President Johnson recognized the exclusion of minority persons from federal contracting, and, by extension, admissions in higher education institutions. In this entry,Bakkeis presented as the focal legal challenge to the use of special admissions programs for minority persons applying to college.Bakkeargued that special admissions programs were quota systems for minority persons and, as a result, served as instruments of reverse discrimination for white persons. The political conservatism and neoliberal philosophy introduced by President Reagan in the 1980s increased the opposition to affirmative action programs. The arguments that affirmative action is unnecessary in public life are discussed along with their continued role in US society.
Agency (and Intention)
Authors: Day Melissa D.
Published: January 2023

Sociology and related disciplines have long theorized agency, an individual's ability to act on their intentions via their free will, within the context of social life. Sociological inquiry documents our highly patterned social lives, and how and why our abilities and willingness to act on our intentions are constrained by social forces. Simultaneously, the very core of liberal humanism and democratic citizenship upholds cultural values like free will, personhood, subjective rights, and moral responsibility. Debates about who agency should be preserved for, how, and to what extent are at the core of timely and deeply debated social issues like reproductive rights, prison reform, social welfare programs, affirmative action, citizenship, voting rights, and reparations. This entry reviews classical metatheoretical explanations of these tensions, including rational choice, agency versus structure, micro versus macro frameworks (and the inter‐relatedness of the two), and contemporary analysis afforded by feminist and critical race theories.
Ambivalence
Authors: Connidis Ingrid Arnet
Published: January 2023

The concept of ambivalence is used extensively in the study of family ties and aging. Ambivalence connects contradictions at the micro‐ (mixed feelings, sentiments, and actions toward individuals and in relationships), meso‐ (social institutions), and macro‐ (structured social relations, social inequality) levels of analysis, focusing attention on the dynamics of negotiating ambivalence. Current conceptions of ambivalence, often referred to as
structured ambivalence
, highlight the reciprocal influences of individual agency, social institutional arrangements, and socially structured inequality as sources both of ambivalence and of pathways for redressing that ambivalence. Ambivalence in close relationships is associated with contradictory social arrangements in social institutions, such as work and family, in which the inequality of structured social relations based on age, class, gender, race, and ability are embedded. Applying the concept of ambivalence helps to relate meso‐ and macrolevel ideas of life‐course, feminist, and critical approaches to the negotiation of interpersonal relationships.
American Sociological Association
Authors: Sica Alan
Published: January 2023

This entry discusses the history and current situation of the American Sociological Association, with special reference to its publications, membership composition over time, and its public pronouncements about scholarly and political subjects.
Analytic Induction
Authors: Hammersley Martyn
Published: January 2023

Analytic induction (AI) is a label Florian Znaniecki invented in the 1930s for a particular conception of the process of scientific inquiry. This conception was later developed and applied by Alfred Lindesmith, Donald Cressey, Howard S. Becker, and others, and has been subject to considerable variation in interpretation since that time. It was originally set up in opposition to “statistical method,” which Znaniecki labeled “enumerative induction,” the use of which became more prevalent, and then dominant, in sociology during the first half of the twentieth century. AI focused on the development and testing of explanatory theories through the investigation of individual cases, rather than statistical analysis of data at the aggregate level. It drew on philosophical ideas about scientific method, such as those of Aristotle and Mill. It was the focus for considerable debate among some US sociologists in the 1950s but since that time has attracted rather less attention, despite occasional articles dealing with it or seeking to apply it. To a large extent, it came to be overshadowed not just by developments in quantitative analysis but also by the widespread influence of grounded theory, with which it shares some features while also differing in significant ways. It is an approach which engages with difficult issues about the nature of both social causality and sociological theory.
Comte, Auguste (1798–1857)
Authors: Bourdeau Michel
Published: January 2023

Comte viewed sociology as his own contribution to science. If he coined the term, his conception is no longer ours. For him, it is not a science like other sciences, because it enjoys a twofold status: it is the science of social facts, but, as the last science in the classification of sciences, it sums up all the previous ones and takes the place of philosophy. Accordingly, his sociology takes often the form of a philosophy of history: properly speaking, its subject matter is not society but the overall progressive march of humanity. Therefore, sociology has two parts, as reflected in the positivist motto,Order and Progress: social statics, which studies spontaneous order, and social dynamics, which studies progress. Social statics rests on consensus and stresses classification. The core of social dynamics is the law of the three stages, which is often considered Comte's main contribution to philosophy.
Consumption, Fashion and
Authors: Godart Frédéric
Published: January 2023

Fashion is a key sociological topic. It is both about change and dress. From a consumption point of view, it must be related to its production side, because the way dress is produced impacts the way it is consumed, and vice versa. Fashion consumption is traditionally seen as coming from social imitation and distinction, but various other factors need to be taken into account, such as identity, and all related dimensions (age, ethnicity, gender, race, sexual identity). Understanding the consumption of fashion is also a way to account for major social shifts, such as the redefinition of gender identities and boundaries, or the increasing prevalence of sustainability issues. Finally, the consumption of fashion is at a turning point, from an empirical point of view, with the increasing availability of second‐hand data as well as “big data.”
Debord, Guy (1931–1994)
Authors: Kennedy Jen
Published: January 2023

Guy Debord was a French theorist, film‐maker, and founding member of the Situationist International, a diverse and evolving group of radical thinkers and makers who were driven by the proposition that capitalism could not be dismantled by transforming labor and the political economy alone; it would require a total revolution of all aspects of life. While he is best known for writing
The Society of the Spectacle
(1967) and for his role in helping inspire the student‐led protests at Nanterre University that sparked city‐wide strikes throughout France in May 1968, Debord's transdisciplinary theories have influenced fields as varied as politics, art, media, music, and sociology, while continuing to inspire grassroots activism. This entry provides a summary overview of his major works.
Deviance, Constructionist Perspectives
Authors: Goode Erich
Published: January 2023

Sometime in the mid‐twentieth century, sociologists revolutionized their conception of deviance, from considering it a particular type of act based on its intrinsic properties, notably harm, to deeming it behavior that is wrongful solely and exclusively because it is proscribed legally and/or socially, and because social constructions of deviance and crime call for a punitive, censorious reaction from audiences.
Evaluation
Authors: Endress Martin
Published: January 2023

At least since the value judgment controversy in German sociology at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century, and the idea of “critical theory,” the controversy about values and evaluations belongs to the core of methodological reflections in sociology. However, it is only since the beginning of the 2000s that a broad field of research has developed under the title “sociology of valuation and evaluation,” which comprehensively makes the totality of the practice of human value and evaluation, in the most diverse social spheres of activity, its object of research.
Family Therapy
Authors: Wulff Dan
Published: January 2023

Family therapy is a form of psychotherapy that conceptualizes personal/individual problematic behaviors as embedded within a person's relationships rather than locating them within the intrapsychic world. Presenting problems are “symptoms” of systemic distress in a client's life, serving as signals that interpersonal relationships are somehow disjointed or causing harm. Origins of “problems” are less significant than the ways in which troublesome behaviors are interpersonally (systemically) supported and maintained. The family systems metaphor has stimulated challenging examinations of gender inequalities, interpersonal power differentials, and cultural variations of preferred interaction. Postmodern ideas have ushered in discursive/narrative metaphors that have pushed the systems metaphor to include language practices and societal discourses. True to the origins of family therapy in challenging social norms, the field continues to evolve by examining its own premises.
Female Sex Work as Deviance
Authors: Weitzer Ronald
Published: January 2023

“Sex work” involves the exchange of sexual services or performances for material compensation. This entry examines research on pornography, strip clubs, and different kinds of prostitution.
Feminization of Poverty
Authors: Chant Sylvia
Published: January 2023

The “feminization of poverty” has been a longstanding, if deeply contested, trope in gender and development (GAD) discourse since the mid‐1990s. This entry traces the origins of the term and provides a critical review of some of the key debates which have occurred around its theoretical assumptions and empirical bases. Particular attention is paid to methodological and data difficulties in substantiating trends in the “feminization of poverty,” to the problems of its purported links with a virtually ubiquitous increase in the number and share of households headed by women in global south regions, and to the quandaries presented by the “feminization” of poverty reduction programs nominally designed to change poverty's predominantly “female face.” Support for more gender‐sensitive, multidimensional approaches to poverty which go beyond income to embrace other factors relevant to women's disadvantage, such as time and power, is indicated to enhance empirical and conceptual robustness and policy responses alike.
Framing and Social Movements
Authors: Satheesh Silpa , Benford Robert D.
Published: January 2023

The social movement framing perspective focuses on how social movement activists and participants collectively interpret social problems and convince others to help them bring about social change. Grounded in social constructionist and symbolic interactionist principles and assumptions, the perspective examines how meanings are socially constructed, negotiated, and contested in the context of social movement mobilization processes. This entry introduces and illustrates the central concepts associated with social movement framing: collective action frames, core framing tasks, frame alignment processes, frame disputes, master frames, frame resonance, and identity and discursive fields. The entry concludes with a brief explanation of why framing matters.
Graduate Studies
Authors: Oslawski‐Lopez Jamie , Cox Jessica , Louks Lyston , Morgan Rebekah
Published: January 2023

Many college graduates continue their studies in graduate programs that provide specialized training for the workforce, research, or academic careers. About one quarter of US sociology programs offer graduate degrees. More college graduates than ever are applying to, enrolling in, and matriculating from graduate programs. However, international student enrollments have fallen in recent years due to the COVID‐19 pandemic. Sociology graduate programs also experienced declining enrollments. Still, although the number of earned sociology master's degrees has fallen in recent years, earned sociology doctoral degrees have steadily risen since the mid‐1980s. Graduate students are diverse relative to gender, race, ethnicity, and international student status. Some foci of recent research include graduate students' mental health, concerns intensified by the COVID‐19 pandemic, and how graduate programs have worked to meet students' needs by providing training for teaching‐focused or alternative (“alt‐ac”) careers.
Habitus/Field
Authors: Crossley Nick
Published: January 2023

This entry explains what is meant by “habitus” and “field” when those concepts are used in conjunction.
Hate Crimes
Authors: Lawshe Nathaniel , Sheppard Keller , McDevitt Jack
Published: January 2023

Hate crime is defined by the FBI as a criminal offense motivated by bias against the following protected categories: race, ethnicity, ancestry, religion, sexual orientation, disability, gender, and gender identity. There are three official sources of hate crime data in the United States: the Uniform Crime Report (UCR), the National Incident‐Based Reporting System (NIBRS, part of the UCR reporting program), and the NCVS (National Crime Victimization Survey). According to the FBI in 2018, of the 16,039 agencies that participated in the UCR reporting program, 2,026 agencies reported a total of 7,120 hate crime incidents. Both the UCR and NCVS reveal that victims were most commonly targeted due to their perceived race/ethnicity. Recommendations to reduce hate crime include condemnation of the hate incident by community leaders and proper identification and prosecution of criminal acts of hate.
Homelessness
Authors: Johnson Guy , O'Sullivan Eoin
Published: January 2023

Homelessness remains a major social policy issue around the world. This entry starts by examining different techniques researchers use to count the homeless. It then describes shifts in the size and characteristics of the homeless population that occurred in the twentieth century, before outlining the different methods researchers have used to examine homelessness. The final sections examine different theoretical explanations.
Methods, Arts‐Based
Authors: Siegesmund Richard
Published: January 2023

Arts‐based methods apply techniques and processes for inquiry in the fine arts to sociological research. These techniques may draw on the visual arts, film, music, dance, theater, or literature for data collection, data analysis, and reporting. The arts allow for forms of representation that draw on tacit dimensions of knowing and that extend human understanding beyond the limitations of language. Arts‐based methods challenge prevalent assumptions like the art/science or the mind/body dichotomies. Furthermore, arts‐based methods may be highly effective in communicating research results to broad audiences and thus can be instrumental in shaping political coalitions that can influence meaningful social policy change.
Mobility, Horizontal and Vertical
Authors: Hjellbrekke Johs.
Published: January 2023

Social mobility is typically analyzed as intra‐ or intergenerational movements between social positions that are assumed to be hierarchically ordered. The first systematic examination of horizontal and vertical stratification was made by Pitirim Sorokin in
Social and Cultural Mobility
in 1927. Positions located on similar levels with respect to income, living standard, prestige, occupational status, or educational privilege could be separated horizontally, and positions located on different levels on one or more of these dimensions were regarded as vertically separated. In the first postwar decades, social mobility was mainly analyzed as unidimensional and vertically ordered movement. Pierre Bourdieu's reconceptualization of the notion of “social space,” where the spatial dimensions are constructed from indicators on various forms of capital, led to a renewed interest in horizontal segmentation, mobility trajectories, and mobility barriers. From being almost forgotten, analyses of horizontal mobility and segmentation have enjoyed a renaissance in sociological research.
Popular Culture Forms: Hip‐Hop
Authors: Harkness Geoff
Published: January 2023

Hip‐hop denotes a mainstream subculture comprised of rap music (whose lyrics are performed by rappers or MCs), breakdancing, DJing, and graffiti art. Hip‐hop fashion and vernacular are embedded within these four elements to varying degrees. Emerging from New York City in the 1970s, hip‐hop has diffused around the world and been reconfigured to suit various contexts. Hip‐hop is among the most significant forms of popular culture of the late twentieth and early twenty‐first centuries, influencing – on a global scale – music, movies, comedy, theater, dance, art, graphic design, advertising, fashion, politics, education, and speech.
Popular Culture Forms: Rock 'n' Roll
Authors: Beilharz Peter
Published: January 2023

Rock and roll, or rock 'n' roll, refers to the music generated originally out of the experience of black people and then white people in the United States from the postwar period; it became a global style and key indicator of modern culture. Its semantics refer to sex – rocking and rolling has always had sexual connotations, as in B.B. King's “Rock me baby,” though its subsequent imaging is also often connected to the guitar and the automobile, both also sexual images in themselves. Images of freedom, movement, release, and romance are all central to the rock 'n' roll legacy, as is alcohol and substance abuse, dance, and noise. The precondition of rock 'n' roll is not only gasoline, but especially electricity, both actual and metaphorical. Rock 'n' roll is the result of the Electric Age. Rock 'n' roll is Fordism on a Friday night.
Race and Crime
Authors: Parker Karen F. , Anderson Chanya
Published: January 2023

This entry provides an overview of the racial disparities in both crime and criminal justice outcomes often documented in the race crime literature since the seminal publication of William Julius Wilson's book,
The Truly Disadvantaged
. Criminologists have linked these disparities to enduring inequalities and stratification in the United States, where blacks find themselves more often in disadvantaged communities, facing racism and differential enforcement of the law. While the causal forces are both structural and individual in nature, we conclude with new avenues for exploration of the crime–race relationship that incorporate nuances in how race is conceptualized, the history of black suffering and oppression, and efforts of blacks to mobilize politically against racialized violence by way of the Black Lives Matter movement.
Race and Schools
Authors: Castagno Angelina E. , Ononuju Ijeoma
Published: January 2023

Race and racism have been significant for schools in the United States since their inception, and race and racism continue to hold significance in the ways schools are structured, in school policies and practices, and in opportunities and outcomes in schools. Although race and racism have long mattered in pre‐K‐12 schools, the specific nature of their influence has evolved slightly. What has remained consistent, however, is the systemic and sustained support for whiteness in schooling.
Safer Sex
Authors: Yeo Tien Ee Dominic
Published: January 2023

“Safer sex” denotes an HIV prevention strategy that emphasizes the comparative risks of different sexual practices and conventionally advocates the wearing of condoms to limit the exchange of bodily fluids. Among men who have sex with men (MSM), condom use during anal intercourse was promoted as a moral code and was widely adopted from the late 1980s to early 1990s. By the mid‐1990s, condom adherence among MSM declined, which coincided with a resurgence of new HIV infections in the community. The condom code and its promotion were challenged. Meanwhile, “barebacking” – intentional condomless anal intercourse – became fetishized and evolved into a gay subculture. With the advent of pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and treatment as prevention, which disrupt the link between condomless intercourse and HIV transmission, the calculus of sexual risk is profoundly recalibrated. Future research must contend with a “new normal” of safer sex as HIV prevention shifts from behavioral to biomedical interventions.
Sexual Practices
Authors: Adriaenssens Stef
Published: January 2023

Sexual practices are those actions people define as sexual, and their relationship to the architecture of society. These practices vary widely between and within societies, and change significantly through time. This variation is due, among other reasons, to different definitions and prescriptions of what is normal sexuality and what not. This is illustrated by the fact that sexual‐romantic kissing is not universal. Nevertheless, the gap between what people do and what societies prescribe can be large. Sociology of sexual practices often focuses on social dimensions of risky behavior related to sexually transmissible infections, such as HIV/AIDS. One such social dimension is the relevance of the networks people are engaged in for sexual opportunities and behavior. The fast‐changing effects of information and communications technology on sexual practices is receiving growing attention among researchers.
Strategic Essentialism
Authors: Bell Avril
Published: January 2023

Strategic essentialism is the use of essentialist categories of identity despite a theoretical commitment to anti‐essentialism and awareness of the political dangers. Strategic essentialism arose as a constructionist response to the need to deploy categories such as “women,” “black,” and “gay” to pursue emancipatory politics. However, proponents of strategic essentialism are also alert to the dangers of essentialisms, which can be used to oppress, divide, or dismiss subordinate groups. As a guard against these risks, it is argued that strategic essentialism should be accompanied by reflective critique of the essence being deployed. It is also argued, by Gayatri Spivak, that strategic essentialism is only a good political strategy when linked to a deconstructive politics that seeks to undo the very category it invokes. Debates over strategic essentialism are linked to those over authenticity, voice, experience, and deconstruction.
Surveillance
Authors: Wood Megan M.
Published: January 2023

Thanks to our proximity to both the 24‐hour news cycle and the very devices in our hand and homes that open us to the world even as they facilitate the collection, storage, and processing of actionable personal data, more people than ever are aware of the increasingly sophisticated surveillance techniques and technologies that are at work in their everyday lives. At the same time, perhaps because of the ubiquity, intimacy, and increasing automation of so much surveillance, it can seem difficult to imagine meaningful ways to resist or counter it when necessary, or, in some cases, even justify why we should. In such a moment, the cultivation of a critical imagination that keeps pace with new developments is crucial, as is careful reflection on the historical antecedents and continuities that make the current contexts of surveillance possible in the first place. This entry is attuned to both of these exigencies and the way they have shaped contemporary advances in the study of surveillance as a radically transdisciplinary endeavor.