bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The development of corporate social responsibility in accounting research: evidence from Indonesia
Authors: Gunawan Juniati , SeTin SeTin
Published: November 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyze accounting research developments in the area of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in Indonesia for the period 2012-2016. The focus of CSR literature review is on disclosures and not to examine CSR activities or programs.

Design/methodology/approach

This study applied a descriptive approach to provide evidence on the major variables that have been examined in CSR research and what is the measurement used to measure CSR disclosures. The CSR research development was traced through mapping articles published in the international journal with the subject of category accounting (Schimago Journalrank quartile Q3 and Q4), and national journal (national accredited accounting journals, as well as the proceedings of National Symposium on Accounting [NSA]). A total of 5,971 articles were reviewed and resulted in 31 Indonesian CSR articles in accounting which are dominated by quantitative methods (93.5 per cent), and as many as 28 articles were analyzed.

Findings

The analyses result showed that (1) 75 per cent of CSR research were in the areas of financial accounting and capital markets, followed by tax accounting and corporate governance; (2) The most widely used variable associated with CSR was financial performance; which (3) More than 80 per cent of the CSR research used annual reports as the source of data with only 19.23 per cent using sustainability reports; (4) 65.38 per cent of the CSR disclosure measurement referred to used other CSR disclosure lists, other than the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI).

Research limitations/implications

The study results are important as a basis for future studies to provide a platform for the analysis to cover the gap between CSR studies in the academic and business areas for not only Indonesia but also other countries. Comparative studies between countries will be essential for future research to provide empirical evidence on the development of CSR research in accounting fields.

Practical implications

The study provides comprehensive pictures in how CSR disclosures have been analyzed in academic area so that practitioners in business field are able to understand the results on which variables are associated with CSR. Further, the practitioners could enhance their CSR implementations and reports to gain the utmost benefits for their business.

Originality/value

This study is considered as the first CSR literature review analyzed in accounting research publications. As CSR topics have been emerging developed in many field of studies, reviewing this topic in the accounting area resulted interesting findings. These findings are useful for not only Indonesia but also other countries. Further, this study provides platform to fill many gaps for future research in the topic of CSR in accounting field.
Kabbage: an innovative source of short-term business loans
Authors: Ozlanski Michael , Fleck Emma Marie
Published: November 2018

Synopsis

New entrepreneurial businesses are one of the key drivers of innovation and economic development. However, one of their greatest obstacles is accessing capital, especially since they are often initially unprofitable and lack tangible assets in the first few years of operation. Since debt financing from banks can be difficult for them to obtain, their capacity for growth can be limited. This case introduces students to Kabbage, a company that reduced the barriers associated with start-up and microbusiness lending by using a fully automated, data-driven platform. Kabbage made instant decisions on whether these businesses should qualify for a line of credit by reviewing its clients’ electronic data, analyzed quickly and accurately using specific algorithms.

Research methodology

Given the applied nature of the case, the data were gleaned from a wide range of secondary sources, specifically popular business press which was verified for authenticity.

Relevant courses and levels

This case can be used in a variety of undergraduate courses. Some course examples include small business management, introduction to entrepreneurship or entrepreneurial finance.
Wockhardt Limited: will it rise from the ashes?
Authors: S.R. Vishwanath , Arora Jaskiran , Prasad Durga , Singh Kulbir
Published: November 2018

Synopsis

The case provides an introduction to how currency mismatches create exposures, why and how companies hedge (or do not hedge) those exposures, alternate valuation models and the use of foreign currency convertibles in funding a global expansion program. The case highlights the ambitious growth strategy of Wockhardt, a global biopharmaceutical company. In a bid to dominate the biopharmaceutical market, Wockhardt grew aggressively by acquiring companies all over the world. This expansion was funded by a mix of secured loans (bank borrowings) and unsecured loans including foreign currency (US dollar denominated) convertible bonds (FCCBs). Due to deteriorating business and economic conditions, the company experienced a sharp decline in profitability and stock price resulting in a debt overhang. The company had to restructure its capital structure in March 2009 to escape bankruptcy. Since FCCB holders did not agree to restructure the terms of the instrument, the company had to turn to senior lenders to restructure debt. The company’s management is faced with several options to deal with financial distress. The case asks students to evaluate those options. The case can be used to teach hedging foreign currency exposures, design of capital structure in rapidly evolving industries and dangers of financing R&D intensive ventures with convertible debt denominated in foreign currencies.

Research methodology

The case is based on secondary data sources. Information statements filed with the Securities Exchange Board of India, the company’s website, press releases and security analyst reports formed the basis for this case. Supplementary information was gathered from the CAPITALINE database, and websites of the Bombay Stock Exchange and the National Stock Exchange of India. Sources of information are documented appropriately in the case and teaching note. No names in the case have been disguised. The authors have no personal relationship with the company.

Relevant courses and levels

The case is suitable for courses in corporate finance, mergers and acquisitions, international financial management, corporate restructuring and valuation at the graduate level. It can also be used in executive education programs.

Theoretical bases

The case provides an introduction to how currency mismatches create exposures, why and how companies hedge (or do not hedge) those exposures, alternate valuation models, the use of foreign currency convertibles in funding a global expansion program and the alternatives in corporate restructuring. Suitable references are provided in the teaching note.
The Durango Area Tourism Office’s marketing dilemma: to market marijuana businesses or not
Authors: Taylor Lorraine L. , Walker Deborah L.
Published: November 2018

Synopsis

Andrea Seid is responsible for tourism marketing in a destination management organization in Colorado. In her position, she faces a difficult decision of whether to promote marijuana-related businesses on her website and in the local welcome centers.

Research methodology

Primary research took place through interviews with Andrea Seid and John Mace, a local business owner. All other data were collected from secondary sources.

Relevant courses and levels

This case would help students to apply concepts from courses such as: services marketing, tourism management, destination management and tourism development.

Theoretical bases

The decision at the root of the case is a real-world application of stakeholder theory.
Who really benefits? Neighborhood credit union’s merger decision
Authors: Grandy Gina , Rixon Daphne
Published: November 2018

Synopsis

Ben Chang, the CEO of a small credit union, Neighbourhood Credit Union (Neighbourhood), located in Atlantic Canada was evaluating a possible merger with another larger credit union, Pleasantview Credit Union (Pleasantview). Chang and Neighbourhood’s Board of Directors (Board) were interested in a merger that would enhance member benefits via improved technology, innovative delivery channels and a more robust financial planning and wealth management capability. Chang, along with a team of experts, was methodical in seeking out interested credit unions. Pleasantview emerged as a strong candidate from the expression of interest stage. The initial due diligence review was complete, the memorandum of understanding signed and a working group comprised of members from both credit unions formed. Chang, however, was becoming increasingly concerned about the lack of strategic fit between Neighbourhood and Pleasantview. In conversation with the consultant hired to assist with the merger process, Chang was considering recommending to the Board that the merger process with Pleasantview be halted. It was January 2015 and Chang was set to retire in May. Before he retired he wanted a plan in place that ensured increased member benefits, as well one that balanced growth and sustainability for Neighbourhood. Chang was scheduled to meet with the Board in four days. He needed a recommendation that would address the current merger situation, as well as provide other options for Neighbourhood.

Research methodology

This case is based upon primary and secondary data collection. Formal and follow-up informal interviews were conducted in 2015 with the CEO and “merger” consultant at Neighbourhood Credit Union. Organisational documents and publicly available documents were also consulted. To ensure the confidentiality terms of the merger discussions, the case is disguised with respect to the name and location of the credit unions, the names of the CEO and consultant, as well as the financials. The timeline, process followed, key decision and opinions of the CEO and merger consultant as presented in the case are real.

Relevant courses and levels

This case is formulated for university undergraduate students in their third or fourth years of study and graduate students. It is appropriate for strategic management and co-operative/not-for-profit management classes intended for a 60–75 min class session.
Balancing learning and knowledge protection in university-industry collaborations
Authors: Kunttu Leena , Neuvo Yrjö
Published: November 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine the tension between learning and protection in university-industry relationships (UIRs) and, in particular, to identify practices that facilitate ways of coping with this tension.

Design/methodology/approach

The empirical work for the study is based on a qualitative comparative case analysis of six successful, long-term relationships between industrial technology firms and university research groups in Finland.

Findings

The findings of the study reveal that the development of mutual trust, based on personal-level relationships, adaptation and reaching a consensus about the utilization of research results represent the key processes that enable partners to balance learning and protection and lower the informational barriers within the collaboration.

Research limitations/implications

The case data have been collected from IT industry, in which the need for knowledge is changing rapidly and the need for learning is typically high. However, generalization of the results may need additional case studies including from other industrial areas.

Practical implications

The results highlight a rich set of practices that can support both industrial actors and academics in improving their engagement in collaboration and to facilitate successful knowledge creation and utilization in UIRs.

Originality/value

This study extends the existing literature on UIR learning by presenting organizational practices, which help UIR actors to balance learning and protection in their collaboration. Along with mutual trust and adaptation achieved in long-term personal relationships, these practices allow partners to overcome organizational barriers that result from different orientations, attitudes and incentives.
Prognostic factors and outcome of surgically treated patients with brain metastases of non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: She Chunhua , Wang Ruixia , Lu Changhong , Sun Zengfeng , Li Peng , Yin Qiang , Liu Qun , Wang Peng , Li Wenliang
Published: November 2018

Background

Brain metastases (BM) are a common consequence of lung cancer and surgery is effective; however, the factors affecting survival after surgery are unclear. The aim of this study was to identify the outcomes and prognoses of post‐metastasectomy patients with BM from non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) at a single institution over a 15‐year period.

Methods

NSCLC patients who had undergone BM surgery were retrospectively identified. Survival was analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier curve, and univariate and multivariate factors associated with survival were identified using the Cox proportional hazards model.

Results

The median overall survival was 9.8 months, 18 (14.8%) patients survived > 24 months, and 6 (4.9%) > 36 months. The one and two‐year survival rates were 41% and 18.6%, respectively. Univariate analysis revealed that recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) classification, Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) scores, BM number, extracranial metastasis status, different lesion locations, resection extent, postoperative treatment, and salvage therapy after recurrence significantly influenced patient survival. The different treatment modalities for primary lesions also affected postoperative survival. KPS ≥ 70, RPA class I/II, and postoperative chemotherapy were independent factors that decreased the risk of death from BM. Interestingly, the initial onset of intracranial lesions could increase the risk of death from BM.

Conclusion

A KPS score ≥ 70, RPA class I/II, and postoperative chemotherapy could benefit post‐metastasectomy patients with BM from NSCLC. Conversely, the initial onset of intracranial lesions is an unfavorable factor that increases the risk of death. These findings support the use of personalized therapy for patients with BM from NSCLC.
The Effectiveness of a Racialized Counterstrategy
Authors: Banks Antoine J. , Hicks Heather M.
Published: November 2018

Our article examines whether a politician charging a political candidate's implicit racial campaign appeal as racist is an effective political strategy. According to the racial priming theory, this racialized counterstrategy should deactivate racism, thereby decreasing racially conservative whites’ support for the candidate engaged in race baiting. We propose an alternative theory in which racial liberals, and not racially conservative whites, are persuaded by this strategy. To test our theory, we focused on the 2016 presidential election. We ran an experiment varying the politician (by party and race) calling an implicit racial appeal by Donald Trump racist. We find that charging Trump's campaign appeal as racist does not persuade racially conservative whites to decrease support for Trump. Rather, it causes racially liberal whites to evaluate Trump more unfavorably. Our results hold up when attentiveness, old‐fashioned racism, and partisanship are taken into account. We also reproduce our findings in two replication studies.
Combined use of Kirschner wires and hinged external fixator for capitellar and trochlear fractures: a minimum 24‐month follow‐up
Authors: He Shu‐Kun , Zhao Si‐Chun , Guo Jin‐Hai , Qin Ting‐Wu , Huang Fu‐Guo
Published: November 2018

Background

Open reduction and internal fixation is the adequate treatment for capitellar and trochlear fractures. Given the low incidence of this type of fractures, it is difficult to constitute a universally accepted method for fixation. Thus, we hypothesised that combined use of Kirschner wires (K‐wires), absorbable rods and sutures for fixation and post‐operative hinged external fixator for early rehabilitation exercise can restore elbow joint function well.

Methods

This retrospective study included 20 patients with a mean age of 48.3 (range 16–76) years. According to the Dubberley classification, fractures were classified on plain radiographs, computed tomography images and intra‐operative findings. All patients were evaluated by the range of motion of the elbow and the Broberg‐Morrey score.

Results

All fractures had healed without non‐union, and the average time was 13.6 (range 8–17) weeks. The mean follow‐up was 42.5 (range 24–80) months. The mean flexion was 117.1° (range 90°–135°), and the mean extension was 17.5° (range 0°–45°). The mean pronation was 74.4° (range 45°–85°), and the mean supination was 84.3° (range 60°–90°). The average Broberg–Morrey score was 86.2 (range 68–98) points with 10 excellent, 7 good and 3 fair results.

Conclusion

K‐wires, absorbable rods and sutures combined with hinged external fixator are feasible for fixation of capitellar and trochlear fractures. However, due to the absence of a control group (such as Herbert screw fixation), comparative studies are still needed to demonstrate the safety and reliability of K‐wires for fixation.
Surgical ultrasonography at the bedside: a comparison of surgical trainees with trained sonographers for symptomatic cholelithiasis – a first Australian experience
Authors: Gaszynski Rafael , Lim Christopher , Chan Daniel L. , Fisher Oliver M. , Das Kamala Kanta , Merrett Neil , Wilson Robert , Cosman Peter
Published: November 2018

Background

Symptomatic cholelithiasis accounts for a significant burden of emergency general surgical presentations in Australia and the Western population. Access to hepatobiliary ultrasonography to facilitate diagnosis can lead to delays in timely treatment. Surgical ultrasonography at the bedside (SUB) can mitigate this barrier to patient care. This study assessed the diagnostic accuracy of SUB by trainees versus formal ultrasonographer or computed tomography examination for suspected symptomatic cholelithiasis.

Methods

A prospective non‐inferiority study of emergency patient admissions with abdominal pain in two tertiary referral hospitals during July 2017 to October 2018 was performed. Results of SUB were compared with accredited radiographer ultrasonography or computed tomography and histopathological assessment. Positive findings at SUB for symptomatic cholelithiasis included: cholelithiasis, gallbladder wall thickness ˃3 mm, pericholecystic fluid or sonographic Murphy's sign.

Results

One hundred patients with epigastric or right upper quadrant pain underwent SUB. Mean patient age was 49 years (range 20–90 years), with 61 females and 39 males. Sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of symptomatic cholelithiasis was 94.9% and 100% for SUB and 98.7% and 100% for accredited radiographers. Diagnostic accuracy was 96% for SUB and 99% for radiographer ultrasonography. Positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 100% and 84.6% for SUB and 100% and 96% for radiographers. The inter‐rater reliability for features compatible with the diagnosis of symptomatic cholelithiasis was good with a kappa of 0.758 (95% confidence interval 0.587–0.929, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

This first Australian experience demonstrates that general surgical trainees can accurately diagnose cholecystitis with SUB and this assessment is not inferior and has substantial agreement with accredited radiographer ultrasonography.
Short‐term outcomes of intra‐aortic balloon pump combined with venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Wang Li , Xing Zhen
Published: November 2018

The effectiveness of intra‐aortic balloon pump (IABP) combined with venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA‐ECMO) in patients with cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest remains controversial. The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to investigate the short‐term clinical outcomes of IABP combined with VA‐ECMO versus VA‐ECMO alone. We searched PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for English language articles published from inception to August 18, 2018. Observational studies comparing IABP combined with VA‐ECMO with VA‐ECMO were considered eligible for the current study. Twelve observational studies with 3704 patients were included. In the IABP combined with VA‐ECMO group mortality was 59.7%, compared with 65.8% in the VA‐ECMO alone group. The risk ratio (RR) for this comparison was 0.90 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80–1.02; P = 0.107; 59.7% vs. 65.8%). In the one‐way sensitivity analysis for estimating the effect of each study on mortality, omission of each study did not make a significant difference. Furthermore, the proportion of patients weaned from VA‐ECMO was significantly higher in IABP combined VA‐ECMO group than in the VA‐ECMO alone group (RR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.21–1.35; P < 0.001; 77.9% vs. 61.2%). IABP combined with VA‐ECMO could improve success rate of weaning from VA‐ECMO, but did not reduce in‐hospital mortality in patients with cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest.
Comparing cognitive styles in social anxiety and major depressive disorders: An examination of rumination, worry, and reappraisal
Authors: Arditte Hall Kimberly A. , Quinn Meghan E. , Vanderlind William M. , Joormann Jutta
Published: November 2018

Objective

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are commonly occurring and frequently comorbid disorders. Though individuals with SAD and MDD are more likely to engage in rumination and worry, relatively few studies have compared individuals with SAD, MDD, or both disorders on their use of these cognitive styles. Similarly, the extent to which the disorders differ in their use of reappraisal remains unclear. Thus, the current study sought to systematically examine rumination, worry, and reappraisal in individuals with and without SAD, MDD, or both disorders.

Methods

The study comprised 330 participants recruited from the community (n = 54 with SAD, n = 61 with MDD, n = 69 with comorbid SAD/MDD, and n = 146 healthy controls). Following confirmation of diagnostic status via clinical interview, participants completed measures of rumination, worry, and reappraisal.

Results

Healthy controls reported less use of rumination (i.e., brooding and reflection) and worry than individuals with a psychiatric diagnosis. Individuals with SAD or MDD did not differ from each other, but participants in both groups reported less rumination, particularly brooding, than individuals with comorbid SAD/MDD. Diagnostic group differences in reappraisal only emerged when reappraisal was considered alongside other cognitive styles. Further, moderation analyses indicated that reappraisal was only associated with SAD or MDD when participants also reported high levels of rumination and worry.

Conclusions

Results support transdiagnostic conceptualizations of rumination and worry. They also suggest that reappraisal is only useful when it is used by people who experience frequent and habitual negative cognitions.

Practitioner points

Individuals with SAD or MDD report more rumination and worry than healthy controls, but do not differ from each other in their reliance on these cognitive styles.

Individuals with comorbid SAD/MDD endorse more rumination than individuals with SAD or MDD alone, even after adjusting for differences in symptom severity.

Reappraisal may only predict diagnostic group status when considered alongside other cognitive styles.

In particular, high reappraisal may be associated with reduced risk of psychiatric disorder, but only when rumination and worry are also high.

Limitations

The study was limited by its cross‐sectional design and reliance on self‐report measures.

Participants were diagnosed using DSM‐IV‐TR criteria for SAD and MDD.
Therapeutic recommendations for early stage Hodgkin lymphomas
Authors: Depaus Julien , Delcourt Anne , André Marc
Published: November 2018

Combined modality treatment has been the standard option for the treatment of early stage Hodgkin lymphoma for several decades. Because of the high success rate and the risk of late toxicities, recent clinical trials have focused on reducing the treatment burden. Field and dose of radiotherapy, and number of cycles of chemotherapy have been successfully reduced, particularly for favourable early stage patients. However, the impact of these treatment reductions on the rate of secondary malignancies remains still unclear. Positron emission tomography‐computed tomography (PET‐CT) scanning has emerged as a very important tool for disease staging and end of treatment assessment. Interestingly, a PET performed after 2 cycles of ABVD (adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine) has been correlated with final outcome and was recently evaluated in a randomized clinical trial to evaluate individualized therapy based on PET response after 2 or 3 cycles of ABVD. These trials aimed to identify good prognosis (early PET‐negative) patients who could be spared radiotherapy, but also patients with a bad prognosis (early PET‐positive) who need more intensive treatment. More recently, new drugs, such as brentuximab vedotin and checkpoint inhibitors, have shown efficacy in relapsed/refractory patients and are currently under evaluation in early stage patients.
Toward the development of true “off‐the‐shelf” synthetic T‐cell immunotherapy
Authors: Iriguchi Shoichi , Kaneko Shin
Published: November 2018

Recent outstanding clinical results produced by engineered T cells, including chimeric antigen receptors, have already facilitated further research that broadens their applicability. One such direction is to explore new T cell sources for allogeneic “off‐the‐shelf” adoptive immunotherapy. Human pluripotent stem cells could serve as an alternative cell source for this purpose due to their unique features of infinite propagation ability and pluripotency. Here, we describe the current state of engineered T cell transfer with the focus on cell manufacturing processes and the potentials and challenges of induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived T cells as a starting material to construct off‐the‐shelf T‐cell banks.
Whole‐cell biocatalysis platform for gram‐scale oxidative dearomatization of phenols
Authors: Baker Dockrey Summer A. , Doyon Tyler J. , Perkins Jonathan C. , Narayan Alison R. H.
Published: November 2018

Technologies enabling new enzyme discovery and efficient protein engineering have spurred intense interest in the development of biocatalytic reactions. In recent years, whole‐cell biocatalysis has received attention as a simple, efficient, and scalable biocatalytic reaction platform. Inspired by these developments, we have established a whole‐cell protocol for oxidative dearomatization of phenols using the flavin‐dependent monooxygenase, TropB. This approach provides a scalable biocatalytic platform for accessing gram‐scale quantities of chiral synthetic building blocks.
Cosyntropin testing does not predict response to glucocorticoids in community‐acquired pneumonia in a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Blum Claudine A. , Schuetz Philipp , Nigro Nicole , Winzeler Bettina , Arici Birsen , Refardt Julie , Urwyler Sandrine A. , Rodondi Nicolas , Blum Manuel R. , Briel Matthias , Mueller Beat , Christ‐Crain Mirjam
Published: November 2018

Objective

Glucocorticoids have been shown to improve outcome in community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP). However, glucocorticoids have potential side‐effects, and treatment response may vary. It is thus crucial to select patients with high likelihood to respond favourably. In critical illness, cosyntropin testing is recommended to identify patients in need for glucocorticoids. We investigated whether cosyntropin testing predicts treatment response to glucocorticoids in CAP.

Design

Predefined secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.

Patients

Hospitalized patients with CAP.

Measurements

We performed 1 µg cosyntropin tests in a randomized trial comparing prednisone 50 mg for 7 days to placebo. We investigated whether subgroups based on baseline and stimulated cortisol levels responded differently to glucocorticoids with regard to time to clinical stability (TTCS) and other outcomes by inclusion of interaction terms into statistical models.

Results

A total of 326 patients in the prednisone and 309 patients in the placebo group were evaluated. Neither basal cortisol nor a Δcortisol <250 nmol/L after stimulation nor the combination of basal cortisol and Δcortisol predicted treatment response as measured by TTCS (all P for interaction >0.05). Similarly, we found no effect modification with respect to mortality, rehospitalization, antibiotic treatment duration or CAP‐related complications (all P for interaction >0.05). However, glucocorticoids had a stronger effect on shortening length of hospital stay in patients with a baseline cortisol of ≥938 nmol/L (P for interaction = 0.015).

Conclusions

Neither baseline nor stimulated cortisol after low‐dose cosyntropin testing at a dose of 1 µg predicted glucocorticoid responsiveness in mild to moderate CAP. A treatment decision for or against adjunct glucocorticoids in CAP should not be made depending on cortisol values or cosyntropin testing results.
Making Jerusalem “Cooler”: Creative Script, Youth Flight, and Diversity
Authors: Keidar Noga
Published: November 2018

The creative city approach, already one of the most popular urban development models in recent years, continues to spread to new destinations. When urban scholars explain how ideas become canon, including the particular case of the creative city approach, they usually focus on political–economic mechanisms, the role of global elite networks, and the interests of local economic growth coalitions. These explanations are insightful but miss the political–cultural projects that cities pursue concurrently to the creative city approach, two aims that sometimes reinforce each other and sometimes contradict. Using interviews and fieldwork, I follow the importation of the creative city approach to the contested city of Jerusalem, and argue that the drive to adopt the creative script cannot be explained only by political–economic forces, but also by the local political–cultural projects of preserving Jerusalem as a Zionist city. Moreover, I suggest three directions for interpreting the role of local forces in the adoption and translation of urban ideas.
Adult firefly abundance is linked to weather during the larval stage in the previous year
Authors: Evans Tracy R. , Salvatore Donald , van de Pol Martijn , Musters C.J.M.
Published: November 2018

1. Much is known about the brief adult phase of fireflies. However, fireflies spend a relatively long developmental period under the soil surface. Climatic and soil conditions may directly affect the eggs, larvae, and pupae, and also affect them indirectly through predators, competitors, and prey items. Climatic conditions during the early life stages of this iconic species are therefore relevant to their hypothesised decline within the context of global warming.

2. Data on the abundance of fireflies were extracted from the publicly available citizen dataset across North America over a period of 9 years. The effects of weather in the 24 months before the observations of firefly abundance were documented based on 6761 observations.

3. Climatic conditions during both the larval and adult phases have a non‐linear effect on adult firefly abundance. Maximum winter and spring temperatures and mean precipitation in the 20‐month period before the observations had the greatest impact on the abundance of firefly adults. Low maximum soil moisture during the 5–19 months preceding the observations affected the adult abundance negatively, and high maximum soil moisture affected it positively.

4. After correcting the firefly abundance for these weather effects, it is estimated that the abundance of fireflies increased over the time period of this study.

5. This study suggests that early life climatic conditions have a small but significant impact on adult firefly abundance with a total R2 of 0.017.
Bail‐in rules and the pricing of Italian bank bonds
Authors: Crespi Fabrizio , Giacomini Emanuela , Mascia Danilo V.
Published: November 2018

We analyze whether the introduction of the bail‐in tool in January 2016 affected the pricing of Italian bank bonds. Using a unique dataset of 1,798 fixed‐rate bonds issued during the period 2013–2016, we find an increase of the spread at issuance of bail‐inable bonds compared to non‐bail‐inable bonds. This increase also depends on the intrinsic characteristics of each bank. Large institutions, banks with lower ratings, profitability, capitalization, and higher liquidity faced a higher cost of issuing bail‐inable bonds. Overall, our results seem to support the hypothesis of an improved market discipline for the bank bond primary market.
Comparative multi‐scale hierarchical structure of the tail, plantaris, and Achilles tendons in the rat
Authors: Lee Andrea H. , Elliott Dawn M.
Published: November 2018

Rodent tendons are widely used to study human pathologies such as tendinopathy and repair, and to address fundamental physiological questions about development, growth, and remodeling. However, how the gross morphology and multi‐scale hierarchical structure of rat tendons, such as the tail, plantaris, and Achilles tendons, compare with that of human tendons are unknown. In addition, there remains disagreement about terminology and definitions. Specifically, the definitions of fascicle and fiber are often dependent on diameter sizes, not their characteristic features, and these definitions impair the ability to compare hierarchical structure across species, where the sizes of the fiber and fascicle may change with animal size and tendon function. Thus, the objective of the study was to select a single species that is commonly used for tendon research (rat) and tendons with varying mechanical functions (tail, plantaris, Achilles) to evaluate the hierarchical structure at multiple length scales using histology, SEM, and confocal imaging. With the exception of the specialized rat tail tendon, we confirmed that in rat tendons there are no fascicles and the fiber is the largest subunit. In addition, we provided a structurally based definition of a fiber as a bundle of collagen fibrils that is surrounded by elongated cells, and this definition was supported by both histologically processed and unprocessed samples. In all rat tendons studied, the fiber diameters were consistently between 10 and 50 μm, and this diameter range appears to be conserved across larger species. Specific recommendations were made highlighting the strengths and limitations of each rat tendon as a research model. Understanding the hierarchical structure of tendon can advance the design and interpretation of experiments and development of tissue‐engineered constructs.
Moving Past Dichotomies of Fathering Roles: A New Approach
Authors: Arsenault Ken , Stykes J. Bart
Published: November 2018

Objective

This study revisits conceptual and operational definitions of fatherhood status to better account for family complexity characteristic of contemporary families.

Background

Family complexity has emerged as a theme in research on contemporary families in the United States. Scholars have revisited methodological approaches to more readily document diversity and complexity characteristic of many families. Yet, the current conceptualization and operationalization of fatherhood status has lagged by focusing on a man's ties to one focal child.

Method

The authors advocate for an approach that encapsulates ties men have with biological resident children, nonresident biological children, and resident stepchildren simultaneously. Analyses make use of the 2006 to 2015 National Survey of Family Growth, a nationally representative, repeated cross‐section and employ descriptive and multivariate analyses to identify the prevalence of various fatherhood statuses and consider the implications for father involvement among nonresident fathers.

Results

Findings indicated that one in five fathers' ties to children were not adequately described by traditional approaches to measuring fatherhood. In addition, complexity in fatherhood status was only marginally associated with nonresident biological fathers' economic support to children when sociodemographic characteristics were considered.

Conclusion

Traditional approaches proved most problematic for non‐White and socioeconomically disadvantaged men. We demonstrate the utility of our proposed approach to measuring fatherhood status by considering its linkage with nonresident father involvement and conclude by considering the implications these findings have for family policy.
Brain Atrophy in Natalizumab‐treated Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A 5‐year Retrospective Study
Authors: Eisele Philipp , Szabo Kristina , Ebert Anne , Platten Michael , Gass Achim
Published: November 2018

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Studies demonstrated a higher brain volume loss in the first year after initiation of natalizumab treatment than in the second year, but the experiences beyond 24 months are scarce until now. We investigated the evolution of brain volume changes in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients receiving natalizumab for at least 60 months.

METHODS

Using annual 3‐dimensional magnetization‐prepared rapid acquisition gradient‐echo (MPRAGE) sequences acquired on a 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we investigated percentage brain volume changes (PBVCs) in 10 MS patients (9 women, mean age at baseline MRI = 29 ± 9 years; median Expanded Disability Status Scale = 2 ± 1.5; mean disease duration = 6 ± 5 years) after 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 months.

RESULTS

PBVCs were statistically higher during the first 12 months (−1.48 ± 1.05%) when compared to 12‐24 months (−.6 ± .61%; P < .05), but not between 12‐24 and 24‐36 months (−.43 ± .54%), 24‐36 and 36‐48 months (−.28 ± .49%), and 36‐48 and 48‐60 months (−.33 ± .49%; P > .05 for all comparisons).

CONCLUSION

Our results contribute to the increasing knowledge of PBVCs in natalizumab‐treated MS patients. Our data suggests that after a significant PBVC decrease in the first year, brain atrophy rates show a slowdown during long‐term follow‐up.
Subjectively‐defined optimal/non‐optimal time of day modulates controlled but not automatic retrieval processes in verbal memory
Authors: Puttaert Delphine , Adam Stéphane , Peigneux Philippe
Published: November 2018

Performance for controlled, resource‐demanding retrieval in episodic memory has been consistently found to be better at an optimal compared with non‐optimal time of the day, evidencing a synchrony effect. However, performance in memory tasks in which retrieval is mostly based on automatic processes was inconclusively found either to be better at a non‐optimal time of day or independent of synchrony effects. A caveat in most prior studies is that optimal/non‐optimal time of day is based on morningness–eveningness composite scores derived from chronotype questionnaires, which might not efficiently predict subjectively‐defined cognitive efficiency periods. An additional caveat is that separate tasks are used to assess explicit and implicit retrieval in verbal memory. Indeed, no task is process‐pure, and both controlled and automatic retrieval processes may potentially contribute to retrieval scores in different types of memory tasks. In the present study, we investigated the impact of individually defined subjective optimal/non‐optimal time of day on verbal memory retrieval, using an adaptation of the Process‐Dissociation Procedure that allows estimating the respective contributions of automatic and controlled memory retrieval processes within the same memory task. Our results disclose a higher involvement of controlled processes at subjectively optimal compared with non‐optimal time of day, but no differences for automatic processes. Synchrony effects and subjectively‐defined peaks and troughs of performance for controlled components of memory retrieval should be considered in the evaluation of episodic memory.
Beyond forest habitat qualities: Climate and tree characteristics as the major drivers of epiphytic macrolichen assemblages in temperate mountains
Authors: Janssen Philippe , Fuhr Marc , Bouget Christophe
Published: November 2018

Questions

How are epiphytic macrolichen assemblages shaped by forest habitat quality as reflected by the availability of late‐developmental forest attributes (i.e., stand maturity) and the temporal continuity of the wooded state (i.e., forest continuity)? Are these two forest habitat features the main drivers of lichen assemblages, and if so, at which spatial scale?

Study Site

Temperate mountain forests in the French Northern Alps.

Methods

In our sampling design, we defined treatments by crossing forest continuity (ancient vs recent) and stand maturity (mature vs overmature), then quantified lichen response to the treatments at the stand (n = 70) and tree scales (n = 420). We distinguished between total macrolichen andLobarionspecies alone. Finally, we assessed the influence of tree‐, stand‐ and landscape‐scale variables, as well as climatic variables.

Results

Neither total macrolichen norLobariondiversity and composition were influenced by forest continuity, stand maturity or by stand‐ or landscape‐associated variables. Instead, climatic variables, light availability at the stand scale and host tree characteristics were the major drivers of lichen assemblages. In our mountain forests, this clearly shows that macrolichen were more influenced by local abiotic and biotic factors than by present or past human‐induced activities.

Conclusions

Overall, we show that assemblage patterns in forest ecosystems may be driven by parameters that are not directly related to habitat quality. The influences of forest continuity and stand maturity on diversity and composition thus appear to be context‐dependent. In the ecological context of alpine forests, these findings highlight the benefits of selective‐cutting practices and illustrate the importance of structural heterogeneity, in terms of both improved accessibility to light and tree diameter diversity. Finally, the importance of temperature in shaping assemblage patterns suggests that global warming is probably the most significant threat to macrolichen conservation in temperate mountain forests.
Bladder dysfunction does not affect long‐term success rate of the retropubic suburethral sling procedure in women with stress urinary incontinence
Authors: Ong Hueih Ling , Kuo Hann‐Chorng
Published: November 2018

Objective

This study investigated the long‐term success rate of retropubic suburethral sling in the treatment of women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and different bladder function.

Methods

Surgical outcomes of women with SUI undergoing a retropubic suburethral sling procedure between October 1989 and November 2014 were analyzed retrospectively. Bladder function was evaluated in every patient preoperatively using videourodynamic studies. Patients were classified as having stable bladder, detrusor overactivity (DO), or detrusor underactivity (DU). Baseline urodynamic parameters were analyzed and long‐term therapeutic outcomes were compared among these three groups.

Results

In all, 403 patients underwent sling procedure for SUI. Of these, 291 (72.2%) had a stable bladder, 78 (19.4%) had DO, and 34 (8.4%) had DU. Mean (± SD) patient age was 60.2 ± 11.8 years, and the median follow‐up was 97 months (interquartile range 24–325 months). Postoperatively, the overall continence rate was 83.4% (336/403). After surgery, 71 patients (17.6%) complained of dysuria, 14 (3.5%) complained of urgency incontinence, 25 (6.2%) had recurrent SUI requiring a secondary sling procedure, and urethrolysis was performed in 13 (3.2%). In the stable bladder, DO, and DU groups, the 5‐year continence rates were 88.6%, 84.1%, and 79.4%, respectively (P = 0.59), whereas the 10‐year continence rates were 83.8%, 72.9%, and 79.4%, respectively. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis indicated that the long‐term success rate was similar among the three groups (P = 0.39).

Conclusions

The overall continence rate was 83.4% and the 10‐year continence rate was satisfactory in all bladder function subgroups. Treatment outcomes were the same for women with SUI but different bladder function.
Book Review: Molecular population genetics. Matthew Hahn
Authors: Smith Chris C. R. , Scordato Elizabeth S. C. , Taylor Scott A. , Tittes Silas , Vergara Daniela
Published: November 2018

Rapid progress in the field of population genetics, in particular advances in DNA sequencing technology, calls for an up‐to‐speed textbook that is appropriate for current researchers and students. Molecular Population Genetics, by Matthew Hahn (), is an informative and entertaining text that attempts to satisfy this demand. Although it has notable shortcomings and does not replace current texts for undergraduate courses, this book is a worthwhile resource for almost any researcher analysing population genetic data and is a must‐have for graduate student reading lists.
Structural representation and the two problems of content
Authors: Lee Jonny
Published: November 2018

A promising strategy for defending the role that representation plays in explanations of cognition frames the concept in terms of internal models or map‐like mechanisms. “Structural representation” offers an account of representation that is grounded in well‐specified, empirical criteria. However, anti‐representationalists continue to press the issue of how to account for the paradigmatic semantic properties of representation at the subpersonal level. In this paper, I offer an account of how the proponent of structural representation should think about content. There are really two problems of content any account of representation must overcome: the “hard problem of content” and the “content determination problem.” I argue that the structural representation account has the resources to provide a naturalistically respectable notion of content that overcomes both problems.
The macroecology and macroevolution of plant species at risk
Authors: Davies T. Jonathan
Published: November 2018

Contents

Summary
708

I.
Introduction
708

II.
Fossils and phylogenies: learning from our past
708

III.
Threatened species and Red Lists
710

IV.
The geography of threat
710

V.
The taxonomy of threat
710

VI.
Predicting species at risk
711

VII.
Conclusion
711

Acknowledgements
712

References
712

Current rates of extinction are unprecedented in human history. The fossil record and newer molecular phylogenies illuminate historical patterns of speciation and extinction. They reveal both spectacular radiations and the characteristic features of mass extinction events in our geological past. The IUCN Red List provides insight into present‐day species declines. There is emerging synthesis that species at risk are nonrandomly distributed across space and phylogeny. This pattern may be explained by geographical variation in driver intensity and species differential sensitivities. However, traits that confer resistance to one global change driver may increase susceptibility to a different driver. A complete understanding of extinction risk requires consideration of the interaction between extinction drivers, ecological traits, and species’ evolutionary histories.