bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What evidence exists on the impacts of flow variability on fish and macroinvertebrates of temperate floodplain rivers in Central and Western Europe? A systematic map protocol
Authors: Keller Agata , Chattopadhyay Somsubhra , Piniewski Mikołaj
Published: April 2021

Background

Flow variability is considered a fundamental factor affecting riverine biota. Any alterations to flow regime can influence freshwater organisms, and this process is expected to change with the projected climate change. This systematic map, therefore, aims at investigating the impacts of natural (resulting from climatic variability), anthropogenic (resulting from direct human pressure), and climate change-induced flow variability on fish and macroinvertebrates of temperate floodplain rivers in Central and Western Europe. Particular focus will be placed on the effects of extreme low and high discharges. These rare events are known to regulate population size and taxonomic diversity.

Methods

All studies investigating the effects of flow variability on metrics concerning freshwater fish and macroinvertebrates will be considered in the map, particularly metrics such as: abundance, density, diversity, growth, migration, recruitment, reproduction, survival, or their substitutes, such as biomonitoring indices. Relevant flow variability will reflect (1) anthropogenic causes: dams, reservoirs, hydroelectric facilities, locks, levees, water abstraction, water diversion, land-use changes, road culverts; (2) natural causes: floods, droughts, seasonal changes; or (3) climate change. Geographically, the map will cover the ecoregion of Central and Western Europe, focusing on its major habitat type, namely “temperate floodplain rivers and wetlands”. The review will employ search engines and specialist websites, and cover primary and grey literature. No date, language, or document type restrictions will be applied in the search strategy. We expect the results to be primarily in English, although evidence (meeting all eligibility criteria) from other languages within the study area will also be included. We will also contact relevant stakeholders and announce an open call for additional information. Eligibility screening will be conducted at two levels: title and abstract, and full text. From eligible studies the following information will be extracted: the cause of flow variability, location, type of study, outcomes, etc. A searchable database containing extracted data will be developed and provided as supplementary material to the map report. The final narrative will describe the quantity and key characteristics of the available evidence, and identify knowledge gaps and knowledge clusters, i.e. subtopics sufficiently covered by existing studies allowing full systematic review and meta-analysis.
Evaluation of the synergy between Schwanniomyces vanrijiae and propolis in the control of Penicillium digitatum on lemons
Authors: Abo-Elyousr Kamal A. M. , Al-Qurashi Adel D. , Almasoudi Najeeb M.
Published: April 2021

Background

Green mold disease on citrus caused by Penicillium digitatum is the most serious and destructive disease. It is causing 90% of production losses during post-harvest handling.

Results

In this study, the activity of seven yeast isolates from lemons against P. digitatum, a fungal pathogen that causes the green mold disease in lemons, was isolated and examined. In vitro experiments showed that isolate three significantly reduced pathogen growths and were later identified as Schwanniomyces vanrijiae. In addition, 3% ethanolic extracts of propolis (EEP) caused a strong mycelial growth inhibition with inhibition halos of 1.4 cm. The use of S. vanrijiae treatments to protect lemon fruits from green mold has been reported (55%); however, reports describing the application of EEP are limited (40%). Thus, the effectiveness of the combination of S. vanrijiae and 3% EEP in an antagonistic mixture for protecting lemon fruits from P. digitatum was examined. EEP and S. vanrijiae treatments were applied alone and in combination in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. The combined application of 3% EEP + S. vanrijiae on lemon fruits significantly reduced the severity and incidence of green mold (80 and 93.7%, respectively) with much higher efficacy than either treatment alone. Lemon fruits treated with both S. vanrijiae and 3% EEP showed increased levels of antioxidants, peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and phenol than the untreated control.

Conclusion

The results indicated that the combination of S. vanrijiae + 3% EEP can strongly protect lemon fruits from green mold compared with the sole application of either bioagent.
Comparative study of intrathecal preservative-free midazolam versus nalbuphine as an adjuvant to intrathecal bupivacaine (0.5%) in patients undergoing elective lower-segment caesarean section
Authors: Kapdi Manisha , Desai Shruti
Published: April 2021

Background

Intrathecal anesthesia is common for parturients undergoing lower-segment caesarean section. Various adjuvants are added to intrathecal bupivacaine for potentiating pharmacological effects, improving quality of sensorimotor block and postoperative analgesia, and preventing adverse effects. The study period was from November 2017 to September 2018, and it was a randomized double-blinded observational study. The sample size calculation was done according to results of our pilot study (done with 5 patients in each group) and discussion with the institutional review board. Also, in this study, we aim to assess nalbuphine/midazolam as adjuvant to intrathecal bupivacaine for LSCS in terms of quality of sensorimotor block, postoperative analgesia, adverse effects, hemodynamic stability, and Apgar scores of baby at 1 and 5 min. One hundred full-term parturients between 20 and 35 years of ASA grade I/II scheduled for elective lower-segment caesarean section after approval from the institutional review board, and written informed consent were allocated into 2 groups. Randomization was done at the time of giving intrathecal anesthesia by odd and even numbers in an opaque sealed envelope.

Group A (n = 50): Bupivacaine heavy (0.5%) 2.0 ml (10 mg) + 0.2 ml Preservative-free inj. midazolam 1 mg

Group B (n = 50): Bupivacaine heavy (0.5 %) 2.0 ml (10 mg) + 0.2 ml (0.75 mg) Preservative-free inj. nalbuphine

The primary outcome was to assess the perioperative hemodynamic stability, Apgar score, and postoperative analgesia, and the secondary outcome was to assess the complications and adverse effects during the study period.

Results

The onset of sensory and motor block was earlier in group A than in group B. Total duration of effective postoperative analgesia was more in the midazolam group as compared with the nalbuphine group. The incidence of complications (nausea, vomiting, and pruritus) were more in group B as compared with group A.

Conclusion

Nalbuphine and midazolam both are good adjuvants to hyperbaric bupivacaine for LSCS in terms of hemodynamic stability and good Apgar scores at 1 and 5 min. Intrathecal midazolam provides better postoperative analgesia and less adverse effects.
Metabolism and Glycogen Formation in the Liver of the Chicken Embryo
Authors: O’connor R. J.
Published: April 2021

In the liver of the chicken embryo the earliest stage at which glycogen was regularly found was a group of embryos of which the eye diameter was 4·3-4·9 mm. The mean incubation time of these embryos was 6·9 ± 0·14 days. The appearance of glycogen was associated with changes in the metabolism of the isolated liver in a glucose-containing medium; mean values for the rate of respiration fell from 1·02 to 0±53 μl. oxygen/c.mm. tissue/hr., and the mean values for the respiratory quotient from 0·84 to 0·68. In both cases the lower level had undergone no further significant alteration by the tenth day of incubation. Observations in a medium to which glucose had not been added showed that before the appearance of glycogen omission of glucose caused a decrease in the mean rate of respiration and in the mean value for the respiratory quotient. These changes were not observed after glycogen had appeared. From these changes it is concluded that the appearance of glycogen in the liver of the chicken embryo is associated with the loss of enzymatic activity necessary for the respiratory catabolism of glucose. After the appearance of glycogen in the liver cells the respiratory quotient of the isolated liver suggests that uric acid formation occurs. This possibility has been discussed.
Studies on the Development of the Foregut in the Chick Blastoderm: 2. The Morphogenetic Movements
Authors: Bellairs Ruth
Published: April 2021

The morphogenetic movements which take place in the endoderm of the chick during foregut formation have been traced by means of carbon marking on blastoderms explanted in vitro. Two types of movement are distinguished, called ‘two-dimensional’ and ‘three-dimensional’, the former occurring in the original plane of the endoderm, the latter folding certain regions medio-ventrally to form the floor of the foregut. The most anterior tip of the foregut is believed to be formed as a pocket between two sets of opposing movements in the endoderm: (a) a forward, twodimensional movement beneath the head process, and (b) an obliquely backward, three-dimensional movement on either side. During the formation of the foregut the oblique movements result in a U-shaped ridge in the endoderm bordering the anterior intestinal portal. These movements spread progressively backwards and result in the two limbs of the ridge being brought together in the midline, where they fuse and thus gradually close off the cavity of the foregut ventrally from that of the yolk sac. Some forward movement takes place at the anterior end of the developing foregut. In the posterior half of the area pellucida there are extensive displacements of endoderm cells in a posterior direction.
Notes on the Development of the Neural Crest in the Head of Mus musculus
Authors: Källén Bengt
Published: April 2021

The development of the neural crest in the mouse has been studied in relation to the formation of proneuromeres. The ganglion anlagen develop in a rostro-caudal direction, probably extending over both the brain and the spinal cord. Every anlagen corresponds to one proneuromere and develops a little after the appearance of the corresponding proneuromere.
The Morphogenesis of the Notochord in Amphibia
Authors: Mookerjee S. , Deuchar E. M. , Waddington C. H.
Published: April 2021

The cellular changes during the early development of the amphibian notochord have been described. They consist essentially in an increase in the area of contact between contiguous cells. After the cells become closely packed, the area of contact is still further increased by a change to a disk-like shape, which causes an augmentation in the proportion of cell surface to volume. The disks are arranged on top of one another like a pile of coins, forming a tissue in which all the cells have a similar (and very small) proportion of their surface in contact with the noncellular ambient medium. The later development of the notochord involves the conversion of the cell contents into cell membrane, the cells becoming large in volume but filled mainly by vacuoles containing a clear sap. At the time this process is beginning, a chordal sheath is being laid down around the cylindrical notochord, and it seems that this impedes an expansion in thickness and causes most of the enlargement to take the form of an increase in length. As development from late gastrula to neurula proceeds, isolated fragments of presumptive chorda become more resistant to the disaggregating influence of alkaline salines. Rather unexpectedly, Triturus tissue was always more easily disaggregated than Axolotl. The isolated cells exhibit the forms of movement already described by Holtfreter for other tissues of the amphibian embryo. Calcium ions and a detergent (sodium lauryl sulphonate) were without effect on the disaggregation. Single isolated presumptive chorda cells from late gastrulae or neurulae can proceed with their normal histogenesis, becoming fully differentiated vacuolated and polyhedral cells, although remaining somewhat smaller than normal.
Mucus Entrapment of Particles by a Suspension-Feeding Tilapia (Pisces: Cichlidae)
Authors: Sanderson S. Laurie , Stebar Michael C. , Ackermann K. Lara , Jones Samuel H. , Batjakas Ioannis E. , Kaufman Les
Published: April 2021

A miniature fiberoptic endoscope was used to observe the processes of particle encounter and retention inside the buccopharyngeal cavity of suspension-feeding tilapia. Small particles (38 μm to 1.0 mm in diameter) were trapped in strands and aggregates of mucus, which usually slid posteriorly on the ceratobranchials of arches I–IV towards the esophagus while the fish pumped water through the buccopharyngeal cavity. During stage 1 of periodic reversals of water flow inside the buccopharynx, mucus-bound particles usually lifted off the arch surfaces and travelled a short distance in an anterior or anterodorsal direction. During stage 2 of a reversal, the mucus usually resumed travel in a posterior or posteroventral direction and exited the field of view. Mucus was present less often during feeding on large particles (3–10 mm in diameter) than on small particles, and large particles were rarely observed to be attached to mucus. We discuss the advantages to suspension-feeding fishes of using aerosol filtration by mucus entrapment rather than sieving, and predict that many cichlid and cyprinid suspension feeders that consume bacteria and phytoplankton use mucus for aerosol filtration.
Molecular Motion of Azetidinium Ion and Phase Transition in [(CH2)3NH2]2KCo(CN)6 with Double Perovskite Structure
Authors: Asaji Tetsuo
Published: April 2021

Molecular dynamics of azetidinium ion (AzH+), a four-membered-ring ammonium, in a cyano-bridged double perovskite compound (AzH)2KCo(CN)6 is studied by spin-lattice relaxation time measurements of 1H NMR as well as 14N NQR in relation to the phase transition associated with considerable change of dielectric property. AzH+ ions are in static and dynamic disorder, respectively, below and above Tc = 199 K. Below Tc, a ring-puckering motion of AzH+ takes place with the activation energy Ea = 17.5 kJ mol−1 and the correlation time τc/s = 2.8 × 10−14 exp(Ea/RT). On the other hand, from sudden decrease of 1H NMR linewidth above Tc, a C3 reorientation of AzH+ ion is shown to be activated in high-temperature phase. The activation energy of the C3 reorientation is estimated to be 18 kJ mol−1 from the temperature dependences of 1H NMR as well as 14N NQR spin-lattice relaxation times T1 and T1Q.
Κοινωνική μνήμη και ταυτότητα στην αρχαία ελληνική πόλη
Authors: Μούρθος Ιωάννης
Published: April 2021

Στην παρούσα διατριβή εξετάζονται οι αρχαιολογικές πηγές από τρία νησιά του Βορείου Αιγαίου, τη Θάσο τη Σαμοθράκη και τη Λήμνο, προκειμένου να τεκμηριωθεί η συμβολή των υλικών καταλοίπων στη συγκρότηση και εμπέδωση τόσο της κοινωνικής μνήμης όσο και των πολιτισμικών ταυτοτήτων. Η διατριβή διαρθρώνεται σε τέσσερα μέρη. Στο πρώτο μέρος αναπτύσσεται το ζήτημα των διαφορετικών μορφών κοινωνικής μνήμης που έχουν «εντοπίσει» ερευνητές διαφόρων κλάδων των ανθρωπιστικών σπουδών. Το δεύτερο μέρος αφορά στη μελέτη περιπτώσεων από τη Θάσο και τη Σαμοθράκη που στόχο έχουν να καταδείξουν τη σχέση τοπογραφίας και μνήμης. Το τρίτο μέρος πραγματεύεται διαφορετικές όψεις της εθνοτικής μνήμης και ταυτότητας, που ανιχνεύονται σε υλικά κατάλοιπα και αφηγήσεις από τη Θάσο, τη Σαμοθράκη και τη Λήμνο. Το τέταρτο και τελευταίο μέρος περιλαμβάνει τα τελικά συμπεράσματα.
Risk factors and experiences of prepartum depression in urban- low-income settlement Nairobi Kenya: a mixed-method study
Authors: Madeghe Beatrice A. , Kogi-Makau Wambui , Ngala Sophia , Kumar Manasi
Published: April 2021

Background: Prepartum depression is common among pregnant women and has not been studied much in low and middle-income countries. Evidence shows that mental illnesses are prevalent in urban than in rural areas. The study objective was to determine the magnitude of prepartum depression, risk factors, and real-life experiences of depression among pregnant women.

Method: A mixed-method cross-sectional study was conducted. It included 262 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in two public health facilities in urban low-income settlement Nairobi, Kenya. Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) with cut-off >13 was used to classify clinical depressive illness. Further, a focus group discussion was conducted with 20 women identified with depression. Univariable analysis with Odd's Ratio was used to test associations. Variables with a p<0.05 in multivariable regression were considered significant.

Result: Out of the 262 women, 33.6% were found to have prepartum depression as indicated by EPDS score of >13. Women's gestational age was statistically significantly associated with depression [OR 3.37; (95% C.I 1.60 - 7.10); p <0.001] Income levels <10,000 KES was statistically significantly associated with prepartum depression [OR 0.39; (95%; C.I 0.23 – 0.66); p <0.001].  Further, thematic analysis of qualitative indicated that poverty, lack of social support, domestic violence, and unfriendly health care were major contributors to prepartum depression.

Conclusion: Significant numbers of pregnant women were found to experience depression. This prevalence rate indicates a high disease burden of women who live with depression, which is not diagnosed because screening of depression is not done in primary health care centers. This study calls for a need and consideration for screening for perinatal depression in primary health care facilities, mainly in resource-poor areas. Interventions targeting means of resolving conflicts in families are highly needed. Such steps would help achieve key sustainable development goals where maternal and child health remains key priority.
El (des)empleo en la profesión de periodista en tiempos de pandemia.
Authors: Rodrigo-Cano Daniel , Ruiz-Alba Noelia
Published: April 2021

Durante la pandemia de la COVID-19 se provocó la paralización de la economía durante muchos meses y durante el confinamiento, sin embargo, la comunicación era declarada como actividad esencial. Para conocer el posible impacto de esta situación y poder adelantar un escenario futuro de la profesión de periodista se ha realizado un análisis del paro registrado por comunidades autónomas desde 2008 hasta 2020. Los resultados muestran que el desempleo en la profesión ha visto un incremento en 2020 un 25% con respecto al mismo mes del año anterior. Además, si se repite la tendencia de la anterior crisis de desempleo en España desde 2008 a 2013 aún se van a perder numerosos puestos de trabajo de periodistas. Por otra parte, los datos de la Asociación de la Prensa de Madrid entre los años 2008 y 2020 indican que, son las mujeres periodistas las que más desempleo mantienen y en concreto las comunidades autónomas de Madrid, Andalucía y Catalunya. Junto con el retroceso en la profesión de periodista emergen las noticias falsas y los bulos lo que plantea la paradoja de necesitar más periodistas, más especialización, más local y con la exigencia de formar una ciudadanía que requiere conocer la verdad especialmente en tiempos de emergencia sanitaria.
A cobertura da Covid-19 no Rio de Janeiro: aspectos da rotina produtiva do Telejornalismo Local.
Authors: de Albuquerque Thomé Claudia , de Mello Silva Edna , Reis Marco Aurelio , Goulart de Andrade Ana Paula
Published: April 2021

O telejornal brasileiro passou por uma série de mudanças diante dos desafios da cobertura durante a pandemia Covid-19, com alteração das rotinas produtivas, demanda por novos papéis e competências profissionais e novas produções de sentido nas telas. Mudanças na anatomia do telejornal (Piccinin & Soster, 2012) marcam fases, que também incluem a construção narrativa que vinha sendo feita sobre a própria pandemia em todos os momentos. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar uma análise da cobertura da pandemia em 18 edições dos telejornais RJ1 e RJ2, veiculados no estado do Rio pela Rede Globo. A metodologia adotada foi a de estudo de caso (Yin, 2011), nos primeiros nove meses de cobertura da Covid-19, tendo como referencial teórico as fases do telejornal brasileiro detectadas por Silva (2018). Buscamos aqui identificar novas estratégias narrativas (Thomé & Reis, 2019a), observando características de fases anteriores que foram retomadas e/ou ressignificadas, e também como a pandemia alterou rotinas produtivas e gerou novas produções de sentido nas telas. Fontes de informação com microfone em mãos, imagens enviados por aplicativos, repórteres com máscaras em coberturas externas, imagens de arquivo ressignificadas e predomínio de contribuições de repórteres "ao vivo". As mudanças na anatomia do telejornal (Piccinin & Soster, 2012) passaram por fases, que incluem também a construção narrativa que se fazia sobre a pandemia em cada momento da cobertura televisiva analisada.
PENERAPAN LEKSIKON KRAMA INGGIL OLEH GENERASI MUDA BERDASARKAN TINGKAT PENDIDIKAN SEBAGAI IMPLEMENTASI SUBASITA DI KUDUS
Authors: Satiti Sabbihisma Debby
Published: April 2021

This study examines the application of the krama inggil lexicon by young generation based on education level as a form of implementation of subasita culture in Kudus. This study aims to describe the application of the krama inggil lexicon by today's younger generations, and to interpret the subasita culture that is reflected through the application of the krama inggil lexicon. This research is a qualitative descriptive study with a case study model. This study used 14 informants as data sources. The data of this research are in the form of informants' utterances which are indicated to contain the krama inggil lexicon. The technique of collecting data used observation techniques, listening proficiently, interviewing techniques, recording techniques, note taking techniques and questionnaire techniques. The data analysis technique used a qualitative descriptive technique. The results showed that: 1) the krama inggil lexicon was produced more by the younger generation with middle and lower education level; and  2) subasita culture is applied by the younger generation in different ways.
IDEOLOGI KEPENGARANGAN DALAM BUKU PUISI 99 UNTUK TUHANKU KARYA EMHA AINUN NADJIB
Authors: Rabbani Ilham , Hangganararas Hatindriya
Published: April 2021

The poetry book “99 untuk Tuhanku” which was first published in 1983 by Penerbit Pustaka – Perpustakaan Salman ITB Bandung, is the work of Emha Ainun Nadjib (EAN), a well-known writer from Indonesia. The figure of EAN is known for his writings, whether in the form of essays, prose, drama scripts, or poems that are religious, but at the same time critical in looking at the problems of life, including against power in Indonesia. This paper aims to dismantle the EAN Authorial Ideology in poetry book “99 untuk Tuhanku” by using the materialistic literary theory by Terry Eagleton. In dismantling the Authorial Ideology, it will first outline several aspects of external constituents such as the General Mode of Production, Literary Mode of Production, and General Ideology. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. The research results obtained are the Authorial Ideology produced by EAN is humanism-religious and sufism. Meanwhile, the ideology of the New Order regime (General Ideology) is authoritarianism, militarism, and capitalism. The ideology that was contested by EAN, instead of being a resistance ideology for power, has the potential to become an adaptive ideology and potentially perpetuate the dominance of the New Order regime.
EKSISTENSI PEREMPUAN DALAM NOVEL KITAB OMONG KOSONG KARYA SENO GUMIRA AJIDARMA : KAJIAN FEMINISME EKSISTENSIALIS SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR
Authors: Purnami Kristanti , Pramono Dedi
Published: April 2021

The background of this research is the significance of women’s awareness in the construction of women’s existence including the existence of women characters in a novel. This research is aimed to discover the types of women’s marginalization in Seno Gumira Ajidarma’s Kitab Omong Kosongand to find the model of women’s resistance as the manifestation of existence. The reference theory of women’s existance is a feminist theory proposed by France feminist, Simone de Beauvoir. In this research, Ajidarma’s Kitab Omong Kosongis used as the data source, while the Beauvoir’s theory is adopted as the object. This is a descriptive-qualitative research using documentation method. In analyzing the data, the techniques used were reading and writing notes, which, then the results of analyzing process were presented descriptively. Those results show that the type of women’s marginalization appeared in Ajidarma’s novel is in the form of women’s position considered low and subordinate, which, then, issues numbers of different forms of violence against women. Then, the resistances of women characters found as the forms of women’s existence in this research are women’s struggle for intellectuality, women’s refusal to be the victim of society, and women’s decision for their own fate.
ISLAMIC RELIGIOUS VALUES REPRESENTED BY MAIN CHARACTERS AND PORTRAYED OF ISLAM WITHIN BUMI CINTA
Authors: Afifah Wiwiek
Published: April 2021

Negative perceptions toward Islam are increasing because of the emergence of various issues in intolerance. On the other hand, an Islamic novel entitled Bumi Cintais full of virtuous capturing from the representation of the main character. Therefore, this study aims to find out the religious values and Islamic representations. The research method is inferential content analysis with the data obtained from the novel. The data procurement includes sampling and determination of the unit then validity of data is done by discussing them to the experts. The technique to analyze the data is classification, making meaning, and inference. Findings of this study are the spirit of seeking knowledge, honesty, discipline in worship, carry out all the religions commands, never surrender when getting problems, patient when facing temptations, stay away from haramfoods, sincere in giving aids, establishing fraternal relations with friends across religions and appeal to do good things. Therefore, from the whole analysis, it can be stated that Islam is a peaceful and tolerance religion that drove its adherents to become good people.
Multidisciplinary Management of a ‘Double Tooth’
Authors: Halai Niraj , Bhakta Shash
Published: April 2021

The term double tooth has often replaced the clinical diagnosis of gemination or fusion. If teeth have been extracted or exfoliated, the use of the neutral term ‘double tooth’ avoids the need to arbitrarily decide if it was gemination or fusion in origin. This case reports on a 16-year-old male who presented with an UL2 ‘double tooth’ and his combined restorative, surgical and orthodontic intervention to achieve his ideal result.

CPD/Clinical Relevance: A multidisciplinary approach should be adopted when treating patients with a double tooth and an appropriate protocol as cited can be used.
A review of non-plaque-related gingival conditions. Part Two: Reactive processes, potentially dysplastic and malignant neoplasms, and pigmented conditions
Authors: Simms Melanie , Lewis Michael
Published: April 2021

The dental gingivae are a unique part of the oral anatomy and an integral part of the periodontal tissues. Although the vast majority of abnormalities affecting the gingival tissues are due to a simple inflammatory reaction directly related to the presence of dental plaque, a range of non-plaque-related conditions also occur due to either local or systemic factors. Such factors include developmental abnormalities, the presence of malignancy and manifestations of underlying systemic conditions. Recognition and diagnosis of non-plaque-related gingival disease is essential for comprehensive dental health care.

CPD/Clinical Relevance: This paper provides a review of the spectrum of non-plaque-related conditions that can affect the dental gingivae.
Melatonin for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders: an overview
Authors: Mantle David , Smits Marcel G
Published: April 2021

Conventional pharmacological agents for the treatment of common (10–25% prevalence) gastrointestinal disorders may be associated with significant adverse effects in some patients. Therefore, there is a rationale to develop alternative therapeutic strategies for such individuals. This article reviews the evidence for the use of supplemental melatonin—a substance with an excellent safety record, free of significant adverse effects—in the management of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, gastritis, irritable bowel syndrome and ulcerative colitis.
Colostomy irrigation (part 1): impact on quality of life
Authors: Jones Hayley
Published: April 2021

Colostomy irrigation (CI) involves instillation of water via the stoma into the colon, where it stimulates peristalsis, causing expulsion of stool and water from the stoma. CI allows colostomates to regain controlled evacuation and faecal continence. A review of the literature suggests that CI is safe and can have a positive impact on key factors affecting quality of life, including flatus, odour and peristomal skin health. CI is also convenient in avoiding the need for frequent disposal of used appliances. All of this has also been shown to improve psychological wellbeing. However, use of CI in the UK remains relatively low. This first article considers the impact of CI on colostomates' quality of life, and the second will explore the barriers to uptake.
Rigorous expressions of Huygens’ principle in scalar theory: comment
Authors: Charnotskii Mikhail
Published: April 2021

We show that the Green’s function proposed in a recent paper by M. Fu and Y. Zhao [Opt. Express 29(4), 6257 (2021)10.1364/OE.418065] does not satisfy Helmholtz equation and thus cannot be used to describe monochromatic light propagation from a spherical surface.
Genetic analysis of the septal peptidoglycan synthase FtsWI complex supports a conserved activation mechanism for SEDS-bPBP complexes
Authors: Li Ying , Gong Han , Zhan Rui , Ouyang Shushan , Park Kyung-Tae , Lutkenhaus Joe , Du Shishen
Published: April 2021

SEDS family peptidoglycan (PG) glycosyltransferases, RodA and FtsW, require their cognate transpeptidases PBP2 and FtsI (class B penicillin binding proteins) to synthesize PG along the cell cylinder and at the septum, respectively. The activities of these SEDS-bPBPs complexes are tightly regulated to ensure proper cell elongation and division. InEscherichia coliFtsN switches FtsA and FtsQLB to the active forms that synergize to stimulate FtsWI, but the exact mechanism is not well understood. Previously, we isolated an activation mutation inftsW(M269I) that allows cell division with reduced FtsN function. To try to understand the basis for activation we isolated additional substitutions at this position and found that only the original substitution produced an active mutant whereas drastic changes resulted in an inactive mutant. In another approach we isolated suppressors of an inactive FtsL mutant and obtained FtsWE289Gand FtsIK211Iand found they bypassed FtsN. Epistatic analysis of these mutations and others confirmed that the FtsN-triggered activation signal goes from FtsQLB to FtsI to FtsW. Mapping these mutations, as well as others affecting the activity of FtsWI, on the RodA-PBP2 structure revealed they are located at the interaction interface between the extracellular loop 4 (ECL4) of FtsW and the pedestal domain of FtsI (PBP3). This supports a model in which the interaction between the ECL4 of SEDS proteins and the pedestal domain of their cognate bPBPs plays a critical role in the activation mechanism.
Behavioural response to the Covid-19 pandemic in South Africa
Authors: Kollamparambil Umakrishnan , Oyenubi Adeola
Published: April 2021

Background

Given the economic and social divide that exists in South Africa, it is critical to manage the health response of its residents to the Covid-19 pandemic within the different socio-economic contexts that define the lived realities of individuals.

Objective

The objective of this study is to analyse the Covid-19 preventive behaviour and the socio-economic drivers behind the health-response behaviour.

Data

The study employs data from waves 1 and 2 of South Africa’s nationally representative National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS)—Coronavirus Rapid Mobile Survey (CRAM). The nationally representative panel data has a sample of 7073 individuals in Wave 1 and 5676 individuals in Wave 2.

Methods

The study uses bivariate statistics, concentration indices and multivariate estimation techniques, ranging from a probit, control-function approach, special-regressor method and seemingly unrelated regression to account for endogeneity while identifying the drivers of the response behaviour.

Findings

The findings indicate enhanced behavioural responsiveness to Covid-19. Preventive behaviour is evolving over time; the use of face mask has overtaken handwashing as the most utilised preventive measure. Other measures, like social distancing, avoiding close contact, avoiding big groups and staying at home, have declined between the two periods of the study. There is increased risk perception with significant concentration among the higher income groups, the educated and older respondents. Our findings validate the health-belief model, with perceived risk, self-efficacy, perceived awareness and barriers to preventive strategy adoption identified as significant drivers of health-response behaviour. Measures such as social distancing, avoiding close contact, and the use of sanitisers are practised more by the rich and educated, but not by the low-income respondents.

Conclusion

The respondents from lower socio-economic backgrounds are associated with optimism bias and face barriers to the adoption of preventive strategies. This requires targeted policy attention in order to make response behaviour effective.
La infancia en el Paleolítico Superior: presencia y representación
Authors: Lombo Montañés Alberto , Hernando Álvarez Clara , Alconchel Navarro Leyre , Lanau Hernáez Paloma
Published: April 2021

En los últimos años se han multiplicado los estudios sobre la infancia en el pasado, las huellas dejadas en el registro material por los individuos infantiles y su papel en la comunidad. Este trabajo pretende llamar la atención sobre las múltiples representaciones de la infancia en el registro arqueológico del Paleolítico Superior. Con este objetivo se analizan las que se han definido en la bibliografía especializada como representaciones de individuos infantiles en el arte mueble y parietal, los enterramientos o las huellas de pies y manos consecuencia del tránsito de los niños por las cuevas. En el apartado metodológico se hace una aproximación crítica a las características que permiten adscribir estas manifestaciones al mundo infantil y se discute sobre las posibles inferencias que se pueden realizar acerca de la infancia a partir de los datos disponibles.
En defensa de los niños. La batalla por la lactancia materna en la Inglaterra del siglo XVII
Authors: Cagnolati Antonella
Published: April 2021

En la Inglaterra del siglo XVII se generó un debate sobre la lactancia materna. Todas las fuentes se centraban en el carácter sagrado de la procreación y en el hecho de que los deberes de una madre no se limitaban a dar a luz al niño, sino que también se procuraba su bienestar, por lo que su crecimiento era saludable en lo físico y lo espiritual. En consecuencia, entre los imperativos que debía respetar una buena madre estaban la lactancia materna, la atención a la limpieza y la higiene del cuerpo del bebé, la preocupación vigilante para los tiempos difíciles del crecimiento, del destete y la enfermedad. Sin embargo, los hábitos diferían entre las familias ricas que habían optado por contratar a una niñera pues eran, sin distinción de ningún tipo o clase, comerciantes, abogados, médicos y aristócratas. La costumbre exigía que el bebé se alojara en la casa de la niñera, a menudo a varios kilómetros de distancia de la casa del niño. Para permitir que el bebé pasase los primeros meses de vida en un entorno considerado más saludable, con suficiente antelación a la fecha prevista para la entrega, el futuro padre contrataba a una mujer sana y bien alimentada. De hecho, a menudo las condiciones físicas de la niñera y el medio ambiente en el que vivía estaba lejos de ser idílico: el resultado fue una tasa de mortalidad infantil muy alta. Algunos empezaron a oponerse a este sistema con razones válidas.
Estudio de marcadores fenólicos para la diferenciación de vinos elaborados con uvas Vitis vinifera L. cv Rufete
Authors: Bonilla-Utrilla Aida , García-Estévez Ignacio , Alcalde Eon Cristina
Published: April 2021

La Denominación de Origen Protegida (D.O.P.) Sierra de Salamanca siempre ha estado vinculada desde su fundación a la elaboración de vinos con uvas Vitis Vinifera L. variedad Rufete, una uva autóctona de la Sierra de Francia. Su producción en los últimos años se ha visto relanzada debido a la demanda por parte de los consumidores de nuevos vinos, diferentes a los estándares mundiales, y por su potencial de adaptación a un escenario de cambio climático. Con este estudio se pretende establecer la composición fenólica de vinos elaborados con uvas 100% Rufete de la D.O.P Sierra de Salamanca, así como establecer una comparación de dicha composición fenólica y de las características cromáticas de los mismos con las de vinos comerciales elaborados con mezclas de uva variedad Rufete y variedad Tempranillo, en distintas proporciones. El análisis mediante HPLC-DAD-MSn de muestras de vinos procedentes de tres bodegas distintas de la D.O.P permitió identificar 35 pigmentos de naturaleza antociánica, 63 flavanoles y 11 flavonoles diferentes. A partir de la composición determinada y mediante análisis de componentes principales (PCA) se ha podido establecer diferencias entre las distintas muestras en función del año de producción, la bodega y la variedad de uva empleada.
Effect of Temperature on Gravity Assisted Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes by Spray Pyrolysis
Authors: Kanagaraj E. , Mahalingam P. , Siddharthan R. , Sathishkumar C.
Published: April 2021

Carbon nanotubes were prepared along the gravity direction in a spray pyrolysis setup over the silica
supported Fe-Co-Ni catalyst. The silica supported Fe-Co-Ni catalyst coated by jet nebulized spray
pyrolysis method over copper strip was inverted to face downward, so that carbon nanotubes can be
prepared along the direction of gravity. From the point of view of green chemistry, instead of commonly
used hydrocarbons, a plant based natural precursor, pine oil is used as carbon precursor for preparation
of carbon nanotubes. The effect of temperature on yield and morphology of carbon nanotubes grown
along gravity was studied. The yield of carbon nanotubes was calculated as mass percentage of catalyst
and support. The carbon nanotubes were characterized using XRD, SEM, Raman and TGA techniques.
The carbon deposit obtained at 650 ºC contains multi-walled carbon nanotubes in larger quantity with
very less amorphous carbon. A narrow, lengthy and well graphitized multi-walled carbon nanotubes
were formed when the carbon nanotubes grow along the gravity.
Electrochemical Behaviour of Gold Thin Film Glassy
Carbon Electrode for Determination of Chromium(VI)
Authors: Broli N. , Vallja L. , Vasjari M. , Shehu A. , Duka S.
Published: April 2021

A modified glassy carbon electrode (Aufilm/GCE) using a gold film was constructed for determination
of chromium(VI) in real water samples. A GCE was immersed in HAuCl4 solution (10-3 M) and the
thin layer of gold was electrodeposited for 10 min at −0.4 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). Compared with only GCE,
a strong affinity between chromium and gold species was observed with an increase in Cr(VI) signal.
The type of supporting electrolytes, electrodeposition time, scan rate, pH, modulation time and the
modulation amplitude were optimized through differential pulse-anodic stripping voltammetry
(DP-ASV). A calibration graph acquired using the accumulation time of 120 s with a sensitivity of 1.3
× 10-2 μA/μgL-1 was linear in the range of 10-120 μg L-1. A low detection limit of 5.5 μg/L Cr(VI) and
a strong correlation coefficient R2 = 0.9971 were obtained under the optimal experimental conditions.
Signals were reproducible and exhibited a relative standard deviation of ±4.5%. A modified sensor
was employed to determine the Cr(VI) content in the sewage water samples.
Assessment of the Knowledge about Routine Laboratory Procedures in Fabrication of Fixed Dental Prostheses amongst Dental Laboratories in Western Maharashtra Region
Authors: Vande Aaditee Vishnu , Tewary Shivsagar , Sanyal Pronob Kumar , Pawashe Karuna Gajanan
Published: April 2021

BACKGROUND The success of fixed dental prosthesis (FDPs) delivered to the patients depends upon the implementation of appropriate laboratory procedures and dental materials which are required during fabrication of that prosthesis. Inappropriate technique during its fabrication may not always hamper the esthetic end results or fit, but may also hamper the longevity as well. Thus, knowledge about the dental materials as well as the basic laboratory procedures among the dental laboratories should be regularly assessed to assure good quality work. This survey was conducted to assess the knowledge among laboratory technicians regarding the routinely used laboratory procedures and materials for fabrication of FDPs in dental laboratories in Western Maharashtra region with the help of a validated questionnaire. METHODS An electronic survey was conducted with the help of a validated questionnaire that was circulated to 49 laboratories in Western Maharashtra region. The feedback was gathered from laboratory technicians and was then statistically analysed to achieve the objectives of the study. RESULTS 48.8 % of laboratories confirmed that technicians working for them were registered under the state council. 51 % agreed that they only used dental materials that were American Dental Association (ADA) specified. The most common gypsum product for pouring of impressions was dental stone. 65.9 % of the technicians agreed that they inspected the cast before starting the fabrication procedure. Die preparation and ditching procedure was done by 52.9 % and 35.7 % laboratories respectively. Only 38.1 % agreed of using beryllium free alloy ingots; in 66.7 % laboratories, ceramic work was carried out in a separate ceramic room with 76.2 % having adequate ventilation provisions. CONCLUSIONS Response of technicians in Western Maharashtra region regarding their knowledge about basic laboratory procedures in FDP fabrication indicates several areas of weakness. Avoiding such inadequacy in laboratories can significantly reduce FDP failure rates. KEY WORDS Fixed Dental Prosthesis, Dental Laboratory, Survey
Reporte de caso y revisión de literatura: Enfermedad de orina con olor a jarabe de arce
Authors: Alvarez Montañez Adolfo Enrique , Bermejo Padilla Sindy Margareth , Stapper Páez Sandra Yadira
Published: April 2021

Antecedentes: La enfermedad de orina con olor a jarabe de arce, por su olor similar a la miel del árbol tipo arce o «azúcar quemada», es un trastorno hereditario de los aminoácidos de cadena ramificada con diferentes expresiones fenotípicas; en periodos agudos genera acumulación de neurotóxicos que requiere un diagnóstico y manejo oportuno por las secuelas neurológicas y desenlace fatal.Resumen del caso: Se presenta el caso de una recién nacida a término, embarazo controlado, antecedentes negativos. Ingresa al sexto día de vida con irritabilidad, succión deficiente, fiebre subjetiva y emesis. Evolución tórpida con falla ventilatoria, compromiso neurológico y acidosis. Se investiga error innato del metabolismo instaurando manejo inicial. Se recibe reporte de elevación de aminoácidos de cadena ramificada, confirmándose diagnóstico de enfermedad de orina con olor a jarabe de arce.Conclusiones: Con la presentación de este caso clínico se hace una revisión de la literatura, en relación con la fisiopatología y diagnóstico y se muestran las recomendaciones de tratamiento, que a la luz de la evidencia actual favorecen un control metabólico, intentando disminuir la mortalidad y compromiso neurológico a futuro.
Rizotomía dorsal selectiva para manejar la espasticidad en niños con parálisis cerebral
Authors: Martínez Pizarro Sandra
Published: April 2021

Sr. Editor:La parálisis cerebral (PC) es la discapacidad física infantil más frecuente. Tradicionalmente, los niños con hipertonía que no  eran ambulatorios fueron considerados candidatos para la terapia de baclofeno intratecal para mitigar las molestias, mientras que la rizotomía dorsal selectiva (SDR) se reservaba para niños ambulatorios para mejorar la marcha. En la actualidad, el tratamiento quirúrgico de SDR está cobrando importancia debido a que se está comprobando que ofrece a todos los niños afectados buenas oportunidades para mejorar la calidad de vida (1).
Hematoma escrotal como signo infrecuente de hemorragia suprarrenal en recién nacidos
Authors: Alonso Arroyo Verónica , Nallurib Harsha
Published: April 2021

Antecedentes: El hematoma escrotal es una manifestación rara de hemorragia suprarrenal neonatal (0.2% de los recién nacidos). Se asocia comúnmente a la hipoxia perinatal, pero puede suceder de manera espontánea en pacientes sin patología aparente. La aparición de este signo se explica por la llegada al escroto de la sangre del lecho suprarrenal a través del canal inguinal. Resumen del caso: Varón de 24 horas de vida, nacido a término, con un peso adecuado para la edad gestacional, presenta hematoma y aumento de tamaño del hemiescroto derecho. La ecografía doppler descarta torsión testicular, identificando una estructura compatible con hematocele. La ecografía abdominal mostró signos sugestivos de hemorragia suprarrenal derecha. Se decide manejo conservador y seguimiento con pruebas de imagen, evolucionando favorablemente hacia la remisión. Conclusiones: Destacamos la importancia de incluir la hemorragia de la glándula suprarrenal en el diagnóstico diferencial de escroto agudo, ya que su detección mediante ultrasonidos puede evitar la cirugía innecesaria en el recién nacido
Concordancia entre el puntaje de la escala modificada de Wood y el lugar de manejo de los pacientes con bronquiolitis aguda
Authors: Ramirez Johanna , Hernández-Corredor Laura Jimena , Córdoba-Gravini Jorge Luis , Junco-González José Luis
Published: April 2021

Introducción: La escala de severidad clínica de asma modificada de Wood (M-WCAS), validada en Colombia, es una herramienta útil para medir la severidad en bronquiolitis aguda. La escala podría evitar la variabilidad interobservador y así apoyar la decisión acerca del lugar de manejo de los pacientes (ambulatorio, hospitalización, unidad de cuidado intensivo pediátrico). Objetivo: Estimar la concordancia que existe entre la severidad de la bronquiolitis aguda medida la escala M-WCAS en el primer momento de atención, el lugar de manejo y los días de estancia hospitalaria de los pacientes con bronquiolitis aguda en un centro de referencia pediátrico. Métodos: Estudio de concordancia, retrospectivo. Se revisaron 364 historias clínicas de pacientes con bronquiolitis aguda y se calculó el puntaje de la escala M-WCAS para cada paciente. Se estimó la concordancia entre el puntaje de la escala al ingreso hospitalario, con el lugar de manejo (ambulatorio, piso, unidad de cuidado intensivo pediátrico) y los días de estancia de los pacientes con manejo intrahospitalario. Resultados: Índice de kappa de -0,51 entre la severidad clínica por la escala M-WCAS con el lugar de manejo y un coeficiente de concordancia de Lin de 0.03 entre el puntaje M-WCAS y los días de estancia hospitalaria. Conclusiones: No se evidenció concordancia entre la severidad clínica de los pacientes con bronquiolitis aguda medida por la escala M-WCAS con el lugar de manejo. Se encontró una concordancia leve entre el puntaje de la escala M-WCAS y los días de estancia hospitalaria.