bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A New Species of Fossil Cetacean from Tasmania
Authors: Flynn T. Thomson
Published: May 2009

SOME years ago I recorded in the columns of Nature the discovery, in the Miocene beds of Tasmania, of a fossil cetacean of the squalodont type. Apart from the value of this specimen in its bearing on the phylogeny of the Cetacea, it is of interest in correlating certain geological horizons of Australia with those of South America in which the same genus has been found.
The Old Basement of Barbados; with some Remarks on Barbadian Geology
Authors: Matley C. A.
Published: May 2009

THE island of Barbados occupies a position of exceptional geographical and geological interest in the West Indian region. Geographically, this island lies outside the festoon chain of the Lesser Antilles and stands isolated as an eastern outpost projecting into the Atlantic. Geologically, it differs in structure and to some extent in the character of its rocks from its neighbours. It is, therefore, important that as much as possible of its geological history should be known. Unfortunately, the Scotland Beds, the oldest formation exposed, are no older than Eocene, and it was with the object of attempting to obtain a clue to the nature of the pre-Tertiary basement that the investigation recorded in these notes was made.
The Glacial Sequence in the North of England
Authors: Trotter F. M. , Hollingworth S. E.
Published: May 2009

IN recent years great progress has been made in the correlations of the Glacial deposits with the culture stages of the Palaeolithic period. In particular the recent papers of Professor P. G. H. Boswell (1) and Dr. K. S. Sandford (15), whilst adding considerably to our knowledge, have at the same time brought out the inherent difficulties that arise in any attempt to correlate the culture stages with the sequence of glaciations.
Note on the Petrology of the Drybrook Sandstone of the Forest of Dean
Authors: Simpson Brian
Published: May 2009

THE late Dr. Vaughan, in 1905, established the age of the sand-stone lying above the Whitehead Limestone of the Forest of Dean as of upper Seminula age, and not, as had been supposed, as the equivalent of the Millstone Grit. Later, in 1912, Dr. T. F. Sibly described the sandstone as “ composed very largely of pure quartz sandstones, often coarse-grained and friable. Conspicuous bands of quartz conglomerate occur: some clays and shales are intercalated, with the sandstones: and some haematite deposits are developed ”. The same author described the structure of the Forest of Dean coalfield and noted the perfectconformity of the Dry brook Sandstone on the Whitehead Limestone and the overstep of theCoal-measures. The latest description of the sandstone, and the one which is most complete, is given by Dr. Sibly in his work on the ironstone of the Forest of Dean. His description reads “ Red, white, and mottled red and white sandstones compose the bulk of the formation. The rocks are mainly friable, but compact and even quartzitic rocks occur. In the north-east seams of quartz conglomerate are numerous. In the south-west bands of gritty limestone and dolomite develop ”.
The Contaminated Granite of Bibette Head, Alderney
Authors: Nockolds S. R.
Published: May 2009

THE Bibette Head granite outcrops along the western portion of the north coast of Alderney. The outcrop, as seen at present, is about five-eighths of a mile long in an E.-W. direction and about one quarter of a mile wide. The greater part of the intrusion must, however, be under the sea. The rocks into which this granite is intruded are a rather variable series of diorites, and the contact is a sharp one, although there is a certain amount of veining by the granite. Over a large part of the outcrop the granite is much decomposed and reddened. This would appear to be due largely to the action of iron-bearing solutions, derived from the magma, coming up along fissures which are parallel to the main joint planes. These run in a direction 17° west of north. The same series of solutions were probably responsible also for the epidotization of the granite which is a marked feature in various parts. Recent blasting operations at Bibette Head have exposed a large quantity of fresh granite, and although specimens were collected from all over the outcrop the bulk of the material with which the present investigation is concerned came from there.
The Petrography of the Northern Portion of the Leinster Granite
Authors: Smithson Frank
Published: May 2009

HAVING already published a brief description of the accessory minerals of the granite in the neighbourhood of Dublin (1928) it had been the writer’s intention to make a study of the whole of the Leinster Granite giving special attention to the accessory minerals. As circumstances prevent the completion of this plan the following account has been drawn up, describing work done upon an area which extends from Dublin Bay to the neighbourhood of Aghavannagh, a distance of about 30 miles (compared with a range of 12 miles in the original paper) or nearly half the total length of the intrusion.
Foraminifera from some Late Pliocene and Glacial Deposits of East Anglia
Authors: Macfadyen W. A.
Published: May 2009

ELEVEN out of twelve samples of East Anglian Uppermost Pliocene and Pleistocene crag, clays, boulder clays, brickearths, and sands yielded foraminiferal faunas which are partly derived from older deposits. One hundred and thirty-one species are recorded, with their distribution in the samples and frequency; thirty-nine are indigenous, one derived from the Lower Pliocene, fifty-eight derived from the Chalk, eighteen derived from the Jurassic, and sixteen of doubtful age. Twenty-seven forms, largely indigenous, are figured; none are new. Notes are given on a few of the species. A short discussion, based solely on the foraminifera, is given of the climatic conditions under which the various deposits were laid down. The Weybourn Crag fauna points to cold conditions, and that of the Chillesford Beds sample to a climate rather less cold. From conflicting evidence and the derived nature of the faunas no very precise conclusions are possible in the case of the Pleistocene deposits, since the faunas contain a sprinkling of species characteristic of temperate or even warm conditions in addition to typically boreal forms.
Scottish Pyroxene-Granulite Hornfelses and Odenwald Beerbachites
Authors: MacGregor A. G.
Published: May 2009

FOUR years ago Klemm (1926, pp. 111–15) showed that the 1 so-calledbeerbachites and gabbro-porphyrites of the Odenwald are not, as was previously supposed, dykes cutting the Frankenstein gabbro, but hornfelsed (granulitized) inclusions in the gabbro. Within the last few months has appeared the Geological Survey Memoir on the last ofthe great Tertiary igneous complexes that awaited detailed study in Western Scotland (Richey and Thomas, 193Oa). In this publication the authors have given much new information on the nature and mode of occurrence of pyroxenegranulite hornfelses associated with gabbros. Similar rocks are well known from the earlier work of Harker, Thomas, Bailey and others, on the Tertiary gabbros of Skye and Mull (Harker, 1904; Thomas and Bailey, 1924).
The Idea of Contrasted Differentiation: a Reply.
Authors: Nockolds S. R.
Published: May 2009

I had not intended to reply to Professor Holmes's recent paper in the Geological Magazine, but the apparent confusion of mind which exists about the question of contrasted differentiation has led me to do so.
A Final Note on the Ebbsfleet Channel Series
Authors: Burchell J. P. T.
Published: May 2009

Both geologists and archaeologists will be under a debt of BOTH gratitude to Messrs. King and Oakley for their recent paper on the Pleistocene sequence of the lower part of the Thames Valley (I). Not only have they conveniently summarized the results obtained by other field-workers, but they have contributed two postulates of great importance. These are: (a) the probability of a major period of erosion between the deposition of the Lower Loam and the Middle Gravel of the Boyn Hill Terrace succession; and (6) the recognition of a period of erosion between the formation of the Lower Flood Plain Gravel and the Post-Pleistocene alluvial beds.
A Tholeiite Dyke near Buxton, Derbyshire
Authors: Cope F. Wolverson
Published: May 2009

THE dyke which is to be described is of interest for two reasons: first, because a dyke actually cutting the limestones of Derbyshire has never been recorded, and secondly on account of the xenoliths which it contains.
On the Chronological Order of Deposition of the Highland Schists
Authors: Vogt Thorolf
Published: May 2009

As is well known, the chronological order of deposition of the sediments of that broad band of schists which extends across Scotland from Banffshire and Aberdeenshire in the north-east to Argyllshire in the south-west is a most difficult problem to determine. The noteworthy development that has been made during recent years, leading to a more intimate understanding of the structure of the Southern Highlands, has made this problem much more vital. The question as to the top and bottom of these beds has been much discussed in recent years, and it can not be denied that views have been widely divergent on this matter. When a foreign geologist desires to call attention (through this paper) to certain conditions of fact, it may be pointed out that he is carrying on similar studies of another section—the Norwegian—of this same mountain chain, where one meets similar problems as in the Scottish Highlands.
Determination of Age-Relations in Folded Rocks
Authors: Tanton T. L.
Published: May 2009

During the summer of 1929 members of the International Summer School of Geology and Natural Resources, Princeton University, had the opportunity of examining with Mr. E. B. Bailey geological sections in the South-west highlands of Scotland and assisting in the determinations of tops and bottoms of beds in certain critical areas. The subdivision of the series into formations and the distribution of these formations were already for the most part known, but some important details of the structural interpretation were in doubt. In 1924, Thorolf Vogt, after visiting the area, stated that he had determined the order of succession in parts of the folded series; but these determinations by Vogt and their implications had not been verified or accepted by Mr. Bailey by the early part of 1929. Detailed observations made by the Princeton party in 1929, on strata which admitted of top and bottom determinations on the basis of cross-bedding, channelling and texture gradations, confirmed and extended the findings of Vogt; and Mr. Bailey is now in a position to restate the structural interpretation of the South-west Highlands making use of satisfactorily determined sequences in some of the units where formerly the sequence was in doubt or had been incorrectly inferred.
The Reliability of Frequency-Estimations of Heavy Mineral Suites
Authors: Smithson Frank
Published: May 2009

Those who have made separations of heavy minerals from sands or crushed rocks will doubtless have realized that concentrates obtained by panning are not identical with those obtained when heavy liquids (usually bromoform) are used, for certain of the heavy minerals, either because of their shape or somewhat lower densities, tend to be washed away to a greater extent than zircon, rutile, etc. Yet, on account of the high cost of bromoform, panning is frequently adopted; and a compromise method of panning off most of the light material and completing the separation by means of bromoform is also used. As there is no record in geological literature (so far as I can trace) showing precisely to what extent the composition of the residue depends upon the method adopted, the following account may be of interest.
A Contribution to the Geology of the Country between Petermann Peak and Kjerulf Fjord, East Greenland
Authors: Wordie J. M. , Whittard W. F.
Published: May 2009

The Cambridge Expedition to East Greenland in 1929 set sail from Aberdeen on 2nd July in the sealing-sloop Heimland, which had been chartered from Tromsö, Norway. Taking the Fair Isle passage, the edge of the pack-ice was reached six days later, and entered in the region of latitude 71° 30′ N., longitude 15° 30′ W. Last summer proved unusually difficult for navigation in the East Greenland ice-current, and it was not until 4th August after a month in the ice that we reached land-water and anchored in Mackenzie Bay. From the Bay a course was steered west-wards along Franz Josef Fjord to the foot of the Riddar Valley on the west side of Kjerulf Fjord. Here the party divided; the ship-party with two geologists during the next fortnight studied the tectonics shown in the great cliff-sections bounding Franz Josef Fjord and King Oscar Fjord (Davy Sound) and their branches (Fig. 1), while a second party of six was landed near Riddar Valley in order to map the tract of country lying immediately to the west of the head of Franz Josef Fjord (Fig. 2). Their ultimate objective was Petermann Peak, discovered by Payer and Copeland of the German Arctic Expedition of 1869–70, and estimated to be 11,000 feet high. A hurried reconnaissance in 1926 to the Cambridge Peaks had shown that the most likely route to the interior would be westwards along the watershed between the head of Kjerulf Fjord and the Nordenskiöld Glacier. The land-party left Kjerulf Fjord on 6th August, reached Petermann Peak on 15th August, and returned to base on 18th August. The present paper embodies the geological work carried out during the mountain journey, and is based on collections made by Mr. J. M. Wordie and Mr. V. E. Fuchs.
Notes on the Cambrian Fauna of Persia
Authors: King W. B. R.
Published: May 2009

The material which is described in this note was collected by members of the Geological Staff of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company, Ltd.
The Generic Position and Phylogeny of Some Jurassic Arcidae
Authors: Arkell W. J.
Published: May 2009

So much confusion has occurred in the past over the identification of the genera which we have been discussing, that a list of some figured species from the Jurassic rocks, arranged in their proper sub-genera, may be useful. The only previous attempt at a list of this sort, so far as I am aware, is that by Professor Rollier, who was only able to enumerate five species. He called all these Beushausenia, but two are not Beushausenias but true Parallelodons, while a third belongs to a different genus.
A New Ceratotrochus from the Upper Cretaceous of Portuguese East Africa
Authors: Gregory J. W.
Published: May 2009

Three small simple corals were collected by Mr. F. P. Mennell from the Upper Cretaceous of the Cheringoma district, Portuguese East Africa. The area is of special geological interest as it includes the southern end of the Great Rift Valley and furnishes useful evidence as to the date of the formation of that valley. A coral from almost the same horizon has been figured by Schlosser, and, as it is clearly a different species, the horizon may be expected to yield a good fauna of simple corals.
The Lithology of the Inferior Oolite, Dundry (North Somerset)
Authors: Cleak D. S.
Published: May 2009

The petrology of the Mid-Jurassic sands in the south-west of England has been described both by Professor P. G. H. Boswell and Dr. J. G. A. Skerl. Professor Boswell has dealt with the Toarcian-Aalenian sands from various localities between Cheltenham and the Dorset coast; Dr. Skerl with certain Bajocian and Bathonian beds in the North Cotteswolds. The present paper gives some account of the lithology and terrigenous minerals of the oolitic limestones of Dundry, an area approximately midway between the Cheltenham region and the south coast. Dundry Hill is an isolated patch of Oolite some 8 miles west of the Bath Hills, and Dundry village, which stands on its crest, is 5 miles south of Bristol. The geology and palaeontology of the area have received the attention of many geologists from the time of Conybeare and Phillips, but here only the work of S. S. Buckman and E. Wilson need be referred to, since these authors fully review the previous literature. Buckman and Wilson described the rocks in great detail, and their classification of the strata has been utilized here.
The Quartz-basalt of Taradake, Japan
Authors: Ogura T.
Published: May 2009

At several localities in Japan quartz-basalts are known. El Professor S. Kodzu mentioned the mode of occurrence and chemical properties of the quartz-basalt of Kasayama, Province Nagato (l).
On the Coral Genera Endophyllum Edwards and Haime and Spongophyllum Edwards and Haime
Authors: Jones O. A.
Published: May 2009

The genera Endophyllum and Spongophyllum were founded by H. M. Edwards and J. Haime (1851 p. 393 and p. 425),2 upon Devonian Corals from South Devonshire. Their descriptions of these (1851, pp. 394 and 425; 1853, pp. 233 and 242), though clear as far as they go, nevertheless leave room for further details, and their figures (1853, p1. lii, fig. 6; pl. liii, fig. 1; and p1. lvi, figs. 2, 2a–e) unfortunately do not include longitudinal sections of either of their two species of Endophyllum. Later workers on Devonian corals—C. Schlüter (1889, p. 50) and F. Frech (1885, p. 74; 1886, p. 87) have differed widely from the authors in their interpretation of the genera, and therefore a revision of the type-species is desirable.
Notes on the Physiography and Glaciology of North-East Carnarvonshire
Authors: Billinghurst S. A.
Published: May 2009

The present notes have accumulated since 1923 during a survey of the solid geology of the region between the western slopes of the Vale of Conway and Moel Wnion, including the district around Tal y Fan mountain, Foel Lwyd and Drosgl, and extending northward to the coast. The glacial deposits and alluvium have been mapped on the 6 in. scale, and a sketch-map is here given (Fig. 1). The areal distribution of the drift is described and an attempt is made to account for some of the glacial and physical features. Some notes are added upon the general character and origin of the Conway Valley.
Metasomatism in the Whin Sill of the North of England. Part II: Hydrothermal Alteration by Juvenile Solutions
Authors: Wager L. R.
Published: May 2009

In Teesdale and Weardale, at all exposures that have been examined, the Whin Sill is cut by a system of approximately vertical, sweeping, joint planes. These are distinct in general character from, and are on a larger scale than, the columnar jointing which is conspicuous in all vertical scars of Whin Sill. The pattern of the larger scale jointing on a horizontal surface varies with the depth within the sill; Fig. 1 shows diagrammatically the appearance at a depth of about 10 feet below the top of the sill; the inset Fig. 2, of the upper surface of the sill, shows how the joints have a more irregular course in the more rapidly cooled part of the dolerite. The joints do not usually pass from the dolerite into the adjacent sediment and Fig. 2 also shows a thin layer of baked sediment, attached to the outer surface of the sill, which the joint does not penetrate. The large scale jointing is often displaced by the small scale columnar jointing in a way that proves the large scale jointing to be the earlier. For the purposes of this paper, the early, large scale, joints will be referred to simply as the early joints. The walls of the early joints, for a distance of an inch or so, have been altered by hydrothermal solutions, to a rock which, although varying in composition with the distance from the joint, consists essentially of chlorite, quartz, and carbonate. The joint walls are usually about a quarter of an inch apart, and the space between them is filled with calcite and quartz. The calcite is present in greater abundance than the quartz which occurs in well shaped crystals of vein-quartz habit.
The Rocks of the Lupata Gorge and the North Side of the Lower Zambezi
Authors: Dixey F. , Campbell Smith W.
Published: May 2009

The alkaline volcanic rocks of the Lupata Gorge were described in 1915 by E. O. Teale and R. C. Wilson, and in 1922 F. P. Mennell showed that at the entrance to the gorge these rocks were preceded by a sheet of columnar rhyolite intercalated between two series of sediments, for which he proposed the name of the Upper and Lower Lupata Sandstones respectively; the Lower series rested on Karroo basalts, and these upon Karroo sandstones. In 1923, E. O. Teale and W. Campbell Smith gave a detailed petro-graphical description of certain of the alkaline lavas and of the intrusive olivine-nephelinite (nepheline-basalt) of Sena Hill on the south side of the Zambezi.
A Recent Rhyolite-ash with Sponge-spicules and Diatoms in Malaya
Authors: Scrivenor J. B.
Published: May 2009

In 1928 the owner of the Tanjong Perak Rubber Estate, Dr. H. Trail Skae, noticed a white, porous, and friable rock near the Estate buildings and took specimens that were ultimately sent to the Geological Survey Department for report. The rock proved to be entirely new to British Malaya and of great interest, while in view of its complicated composition I suggested in a local publication that it should be called “Vitrite”. Dr. Skae registered the name “Vitrite” as a trade-mark for this rock, which has possible uses in commerce, but it has since been discovered that the word was used during the war by a Dutch firm for a particular kind of glass used in electrical work, so the name has to be abandoned, and the only attempt I have ever made to inflict a new name on petrologists has been signally defeated.
Four “Felstone” Intrusions in Central Berwickshire
Authors: Irving John
Published: May 2009

The three masses of Dirrington Great Law, Dirrington Little Law, and Blacksmill Hill consist of riebeckite felsite, closely allied to the rock of the neighbouring Eildon Hills and most probably contemporaneous with it, i.e. they are of a Carboniferous age. They may represent the denuded remains of a laccolith which has been intruded into upper Old Red Sandstone conglomerates. The fourth mass forming Kyleshill is an orthophyre, with which is associated an andesite. The relations of these two rocks are obscure, and they may, or may not be, of the same age as the other three masses.
Studies in Avonian Brachiopoda: III. The Delthyrium of Chonetes comoides
Authors: George T. Neville
Published: May 2009

It is unusual to discover specimens of Palaeozoic Brachiopoda which clearly display the characters of the delthyrium; in particular, very little is known concerning these features in Carboniferous Protremata. The writer has therefore been fortunate in obtaining well-preserved examples of Chonetes, in which the ventral pseudodeltidium and the dorsal cardinal process are exhibited in detail. It has also been found possible to determine the internal features of these structures by means of serial sections.
Mineral Analyses of Some Ordovician Rocks from Carnarvonshire
Authors: Billinghurst S. A.
Published: May 2009

Very little work seems to have been done on the petrology of the rarer constituents of the older Palaeozoic sediments and their associated igneous rocks, partly no doubt on account of the extra amount of work entailed in crushing these extremely hard compact rocks, and partly owing to the comparative paucity of the “heavy” residues obtained, which give small reward for the energy expended. Such work, however, is highly important as indicating further sources of supply, to which workers on the petrology of the newer rocks may look, and it may be here emphasized that Wales has unfortunately suffered neglect in this respect. It is to help remedy this defect that the present paper is put forward.
Geological Studies in the Dublin District: III. Some New Methods in the Study of Rock-jointing
Authors: Smithson Frank
Published: May 2009

Jointing in rocks is a key to the strains and movements they have undergone. In rocks which have had a simple history we expect to find a simple arrangement of joint planes: in old rocks we expect to find evidence of several series of tectonic movements and hence complicated jointing. For example, in the Cambrian quartzite south of Dublin the joint planes appear to run in all directions with no obviously dominant trend. But if say fifty readings taken haphazard in one of the quarries are carefully analysed it becomes evident that the joints tend to lie in certain directions, which, if a graphical method is used, appear as “peaks” on the diagram. On examining other exposures it becomes clear that some of these peaks are of regional significance, for they recur on the diagrams for many or all of the quartzite quarries. The diagrams also show, what is not evident in the field, that in certain directions jointing is almost entirely absent.
On the Quartzite Pebbles of the Oldhaven (Blackheath), Beds of the Southern Part of the London Basin
Authors: Baker Herbert Arthur
Published: May 2009

IT is common knowledge to all geologists interested in the Lower Eocenes of the southern part of the London Basin that, in the Oldhaven (Blackheath) Pebble Beds, pebbles of a brown quartzite are often to be found on searching amongst the rounded flints of which these beds are so largely composed. When geological parties visit sections exposing the pebble-beds of the Lower London Tertiaries, the search for these quartzites usually constitutes one of the items of the field-work to be done. A considerable number of these pebbles must, by this time, have been collected but, although their occurrence has given rise to a good deal of discussion and speculation, nobody appears, so far, to have undertaken a systematic examination of their characters and petrological affinities. The view has been propounded that the study of these pebbles would throw light on the question of the source of the material composing the Lower London Tertiary beds.
The Chines and Cliffs of Bournemouth
Authors: Bury Henry
Published: May 2009

THE country round Bournemouth consists of a wedge-shaped plateau, lying between the River Stour and the sea, and ranging roughly from 100 to 200 feet above sea-level. Of the numerous valleys which intersect it, those that join the Stour present as a rule no special features, but most of those running down to the sea are of exceptional character and are known as chines—a term which does not admit of very accurate definition, but is generally applied only to valleys of more than usual steepness.
Note on a New Vole and other Remains from the Ghar Dalam Cavern, Malta
Authors: Bate Dorothea M. A.
Published: May 2009

In 1916 the writer published a list of the vertebrates of which remains had been obtained from the Pleistocene cave and fissure deposits of Malta. Early this year (1919) a few rather fragmentary remains were forwarded by Mr. G. Despott to the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) for identification. These are from the Ghar Dalam Cavern, from which a number of specimens have already been obtained. As some of the specimens lately received add to our knowledge of the fauna in question, it may be worth while to record the following notes.
On a Rich Fauna in the varians Zone of the Lower Chalk near Reigate
Authors: Butler Gerard W.
Published: May 2009

THIS fauna resembles that found by Mantell a hundred years ago in the “Chalk Marl” of the South Downs at Hamsey, near Lewes (see specimens in the Natural History Museum, South Kensington), but the occurrence of such a fauna in the familiar North Downs of Surrey seems hitherto unknown. I think, then, that this find should be recorded, that others may, when possible, see how far the faunal richness is local.
On an Exposure of Sands and Gravels containing Marine Shells at Easington, Co. Durham
Authors: Woolacott David
Published: May 2009

The purposes of this short paper are to place on record and to bring to the notice of geologists a deposit of sands and gravels containing numerous marine shells which is exposed on the Durham coast north of Easington. Marine shells (Littorina, Cyprina, etc.) have been collected before from sands and gravels lying above sealevel on this coast, but the deposits containing them have usually been removed in the course of quarrying operations, and no collecion of shells has been preserved in any museum; it is therefore of interest that a deposit has lately been observed which can be examined at any time by geologists, and from which specimens of shells can easily be obtained. It is also of importance that the exact mode of origin of these particular deposits should be determined.
On Jurassic Ammonites from East Africa, collected by Prof. J. W. Gregory
Authors: Spath L. F.
Published: May 2009

THE small but very interesting collection of Ammonites described in the following pages was obtained during the summer of 1919 by Professor J. W. Gregory, to whom the writer is indebted for permission to study them. There are seven specimens altogether, three of them fragmentary, and all probably originally pyritized, but now converted into limonite. Though immature or fragmentary, all the specimens were seen to have indications of suture-lines, so that their study promised definite results even if, at first sight, it was difficult to place the fauna in the geological sequence. Superficially, there was greater resemblance to the Lower Cretaceous fauna (with Phylloceras of the heterophyllum group and Lytoceras quadrisulcatum) described from East Africa by Krenkel than to the Sequanian fauna of Mombasa, recorded by Dacqué, and a large series of which is preserved in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.).
On the Investigation of the Mechanical Constitution of Loose Arenaceous Sediments by the method of Elutriation, with special reference to the Thanet Beds of the Southern Side of the London Basin
Authors: Baker Herbert Arthur
Published: May 2009

The mechanical constitution of a detrital sedimentary deposit is the aggregate result of the operation of a complex suite of physical laws which govern transport of detrital material by, and its deposition from, water in motion. These physical laws have been elaborately investigated by many workers, and while much remains obscure, important conclusions have been achieved. The detailed examination of the mechanical constitution of the sediments of the geological column has been neglected, although a few pioneer workers have obtained notable results. Sediments of economic value have received attention, but in the realm of pure geology workers have been slow to take up the investigation. Accumulating results indicate, however, that geologists would do well to devote attention to this line of research. Distinctive results are being obtained from sediments, which, even though they may not lend themselves at the present time to complete interpretation, from the point of view of reconstruction of the conditions under which the said deposits were formed, nevertheless bid fair to provide the geologist with another weapon in his armoury. Fluviatile deposits have been found to possess a mechanical constitution distinct from that of estuarine sediments, and the latter are again clearly differentiated, mechanically, from purely marine formations. It may be remarked, too, that the nomenclature in current use applied to the loose sedimentary deposits lacks that element of scientific precision so desirable and necessary if proper progress is to be made. Such terms as “sand”, “clayey sand”, “sandy clay”, and “clay” are at present employed by different writers in different senses, and some system of classification which would give definiteness to the meaning of these and similar terms appears to be urgently called for. The only satisfactory basis for such a classification must be a quantitative one, depending upon mechanical analyses of sediments. When a sufficiently comprehensive collection of comparative data is available it should be a simple matter to devise an adequate scheme for the classification of the loose detrital sediments.
On a Quartz-porphyry from the Lake District
Authors: Melmore Sidney
Published: May 2009

A Small quarry was opened about three years ago at Thwaite Head, which lies between the southern ends of Coniston Lake and Windermere. It is on the west side of the road between that hamlet and Hawkshead, and exposes a nearly vertical sill, 40 feet wide, running E.N.E.-W.S.W. in the Bannisdale slates. On the south side a series of joint-planes running parallel to the bedding of the slates and curving inwards at the top have split the igneous rock into flags, while in the body of the rock the jointing is much coarser, so that it is quarried in large blocks. Both the igneous rock and the slates are much decomposed and friable along the southern junction, and it is here a little galena is said to have been found when the quarry was first opened. This is not improbable, as the old Thwaite Head lead mine is situated not far off on the banks of Dale Park Beck.
Geology in the Service of Man
Authors: Watts W. W.
Published: May 2009

During the long period of time comprised in the history from the Cambrian Period onwards, the slow and persistent evolution of plant and animal life went forward and left ample record in the rocks. To warrant a belief in organic evolution, we are no longer solely dependent on reasoning founded on existing organisms or on the facts of their ontogeny and distribution. As M. Marcellin Boule says in his work on Fossil Man, “… pour tout ce qui a trait à l'évolution des êtres organisés en général, le dernier mot doit rester à la Paléontologie quand cette science est en mesure de parler clairement. Les plus fins travaux anatomiques, les comparaisons les plus approfondies, les raisonnements les plus ingénieux sur la morphologie des êtres actuels ne sauraient avoir la valeur démonstrative des documents tirés de la roche où ils sont enfouis et disposés dans leur ordre chronologique même.” Although we are only too painfully aware of the innumerable chances that conspire to prevent an animal or plant from securing immortality by preservation as a fossil, the finding of better preserved material, the more skilful preparation of it for examination, and the application to it of refined biological methods, such as careful dissection and the serial sections of Professor Sollas, are giving us more complete and accurate knowledge than ever before. It may now be confidently stated that many of the most crucial links in the chain of evolving life are in our hands, that they actually lived in the past, and that their fossil forms show their relationship to their predecessors and successors. The time has come when Darwin's famous chapter on the “ Imperfection of the Geological Record ”, an apology written with the most balanced criticism and unbiassed judgment, should be re-written and revised.
On Continental Drift and Cognate Subjects
Authors: Rastall R. H.
Published: May 2009

A SUITABLE alternative title for the first section of this paper would be “Impossibilities and Geology”. In point of fact it deals more with other matters of a diverse kind than with its own proper subject as implied in the principal heading. The discussion of the theory of continental drift has now reached such a point that it is believed that the setting forth of a few useful analogies may possess some value. It is hardly too much to say that the present status of the controversy is that geological evidence continues to accumulate showing that lateral movement of continental masses has taken place, as is indeed admitted, either directly or tacitly, by many of the opponents of the Wegenerian theory, while mathematicians and cosmogonists continue to reiterate that such is impossible. Now the real meaning of this attitude is that the mathematicians and astronomers have not yet discovered a cause, which is not by any means the same thing as proving that there is no possible cause, a philosophical distinction which is very commonly disregarded. A similar state of affairs has existed several times before, even in some of the more important problems of quite modern geology.
Geological Studies in the Dublin District. I. The Heavy Minerals of the Granite and the Contiguous Rocks in the Ballycorus District
Authors: Smithson F.
Published: May 2009

From the southern shores of Dublin Bay there stretches to the south-west a broad granite intrusion with rocks of supposed Ordovician age on both sides of it. These rocks are metamorphosed near the granite, and the belt of metamorphism is wider on the south-east than on the north-west side, indicating, no doubt, that the plane of junction dips more steeply on the latter side. Near Dublin the Lower Carboniferous rocks rest unaltered upon the granite. On the south-east side, in the northern part of the county of Wicklow, the belt of Ordovician rocks is only some 2 miles wide, and a large area of supposed Cambrian rocks lies between it and the sea. Around the hill of Carrickgollogan a. patch of similar rocks appears incongruously in the middle of the Ordovician belt. After a study of the region to the south of Dublin one seems to be naturally drawn towards this small area around Carrickgollogan, for it presents a problem, the key to which may explain the geological structure of a much wider area.
On the Fossil Flora of the Bristol and Somerset Coalfield
Authors: Crookall Robert
Published: May 2009

(1) 510 plants are recorded from various localities in the coalfield, fossils having been collected from several new localities.

(2) Fossil-plants are noted for the first time from the upper beds of the “Millstone Grit” of this district.

(3) Two new species ofSigillariaare described and figured.

(4) The known flora of the coalfield has been increased. Of the plants recorded—

6 species have not been recorded previously from Britain.

62 species have not been recorded previously from the coalfield, and

290 species have not been recorded previously from various localities in the coalfield.

Many of the species which have been previously recorded are here referred for the first time to definite horizons.

(5) The known vertical distribution of 38 species is extended to the Staffordian Series.
Faunal Horizons in the Lower Carboniferous of North-West Yorkshire
Authors: Hudson R. G. S.
Published: May 2009

Recent papers and discussions have called attention to the fauna of the Yoredale facies of the Lower Carboniferous. These beds are well exposed in the valleys of Wensleydale and Swaledale in North West Yorkshire and they are there, perhaps, the most fossiliferous. As this is the type district for the Yoredale series, a brief statement of the more important faunal horizons would not be out of place.
The Formation of Lake Geneva
Authors: Joukowsky E.
Published: May 2009

On studying a topographical map of Lake Geneva, two characteristic features strike one at once. There is, first of all, the division of the basin into two parts of different orientation—the “Grand Lac” set almost E.W., and the “Petit Lac” deviated by about 60° towards the S.S.W. The inhabitants of the region have always distinguished between the “Grand Lac”, also called “Haut Lac”, and the “Petit Lac”. The former has a depth of 300 metres and consists of a single basin, the floor of which is remarkably flat whilst the second, separated from the other by a submerged ridge 66·3 metres below the surface, begins by a first fosse76·2 metres deep, followed by three others 70·1, 70·4, and 50·1 metres deep respectively. IfLake Geneva is considered as having a single origin, and if the theory of glacial overdeepening is adopted, it is very difficult to explain the ridge separating the two basins. On the other hand, the “Haut Lac”, taken alone, presents nothing abnormal, compared with other basins in whose formation glaciers have taken a large part.
The Glacial Drifts of Western Cardiganshire
Authors: Williams Kenneth E.
Published: May 2009

The district dealt with in this paper includes the coastal region of Cardiganshire, and that part of the county which lies to the south-west of a line drawn from Aberporth on the coast to Newcastle Emlyn in the Teifi valley.
Further Observations on the Clay Pebble Bed of Ancon (Ecuador)
Authors: Sheppard George
Published: May 2009

Summary of Conclusions

(1) The clay pebble bed of Ancon (Ecuador) is essentially a true deposit, probably formed, in the first place, by the denudation of an Eocene land surface under abnormal climatic conditions.

It has not been formed primarily by overthrusting or shearing, although these tectonic phenomena have undoubtedly affected the deposit at a later stage of its history.

(2) The clay pebble bed does not attain a thickness of more than three hundred feet, and it is included in about eighteen hundred feet of uniform clay shales and sandstones. The evidence collected from the drilling of boreholes suggests that recumbent folding has taken place in this area. No other explanation can satisfactorily account for the presence of two (or three) phases of the clay pebble bed in the same borehole. (Fig. 1.)

(3) Whilst stratification is not usually present in the clay pebble bed, a certain linear arrangement of the constituent materials has been detected which indicates a flowage in the deposit prior to consolidation. Later folding, however, has obliterated most of the evidences of original accumulation.

(4) Irregularities in the present attitude of the clay pebble bed and its associated strata (such as, for example, the upper limit of the clay pebble bed transgressing the bedding planes of the superincumbent strata, the upper limit apparently being a thrust plane from which minor thrusts branch into the upper block, the presence of transitional stages, etc., where the tearing away of the sole of the upper block is visible) can all be explained by an appreciation of the special tectonics of this area, which includes the theory of recumbent folding.
The Heavy Minerals of the Plutonic Rocks of the Channel Islands: 1. Jersey
Authors: Groves A. W.
Published: May 2009

The following investigation was undertaken not only with a general descriptive aim, but also to endeavour to ascertain how far correlation of isolated plutonic outcrops can be made by means of the study of the accessory minerals. It is in addition an attempt to supply further evidence bearing on the relative ages of the Jersey granites and diorites in view of the opinion of Dr. G. H. Plymen, based on field evidence, that the granites are of two ages, but both Pre-Cambrian, the Mont Orgueil and Gorey granite being the older.
Bernicia praecursor gen. & sp. nov., a Lower Carboniferous Freshwater Gastropod
Authors: Cox L. R.
Published: May 2009

Very little is known of the early history of the non-marine Gastropoda; hence the discovery in the coal-bearing strata of Scremerston (Northumberland) of a small species closely resembling certain modern fluviatile operculate shells is of considerable interest. My thanks are due to Mr. J. Pringle for bringing the specimens in question to my notice; to Mr. R. G. Carruthers, to whom their discovery is due, for sending me particulars; and to Dr. F. L. Kitchin for permission to borrow them from the Museum of Practical Geology, where they are deposited.
The Limestone of the Kinta Valley, Federated Malay States
Authors: Rastall R. H.
Published: May 2009

Summary and Conclusion

The following is a very brief summary of the results of my investigation of the problems here dealt with:—

(1) The limestone is Carboniferous or Permo-Carboniferous or more probably both.

(2) All the limestone belongs to one continuous phase of deposition.

(3) The “Schist Series” is above the limestone, and is of Triassic age.

(4) The western boundary of the limestone is a great fault or system of faults.

(5) The thickness of the limestone is indeterminable, but is probably to be measured by thousands of feet.

(6) The limestone hills are due to overfolding from the west, modified by block-faulting and denudation.
Eotriassic Ammonites from East Greenland
Authors: Spath L. F.
Published: May 2009

In the present note it is intended to record a find of considerable importance to geologists and palaeogeographers, namely the discovery, last summer, by Mr. J. M. Wordie, St. John's College, Cambridge, of Lower Eotriassic ammonites at three localities on the south side of Gael Hamkes Bay, on the East Coast of Greenland, in 74° N. latitude. There are altogether ninety-five specimens, most of them well preserved, including various new forms, of which I hope to publish full descriptions elsewhere.
On a Black Sand from South-East Iceland
Authors: Stuart Alan
Published: May 2009

So far as the writer is aware, no sodic or “contaminated” rocks have been recorded from Iceland, and it was thought that an examination of some black sand collected by Dr. L. Hawkes, and kindly supplied by him, might reveal the presence of minerals from such rocks.
A Note on the Petrographical Characters of some Rocks from the Northern Range of Trinidad
Authors: Parkinson John
Published: May 2009

In 1907 Mr. E. H. Cunningham Craig's Report on the ‘Metamorphic Rocks of Trinidad’ was published, containing a general description of the structure of and the beds composing the Northern Range of the Island, and this note is accordingly intended merely to call attention to the petrographical characters of some of these altered sediments included in the Caribbian Series of Wall and Sawkins, and by far the oldest rocks in the island.
The Deposition of the Later Silurian Rocks of the English Lake District
Authors: Marr J. E.
Published: May 2009

In the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society for 1925 (Q.J.G.S., vol. lxxxi, p. 113) I discussed the conditions of deposition of the Stockdale Shales of Valentian age. I had intended to make a detailed study of the deposits of later Silurian age, but circumstances have prevented this. I propose to offer a few notes on the subject which may be of use to other observers.
The Hereford Earthquake of 15th August, 1926
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: May 2009

This important earthquake is chiefly of interest on account of its connexion with the strong Hereford earthquakes of 6th October, 1863, 30th October, 1868, and 17th December, 1896. At least three of the four earthquakes (those of 1863, 1896, and 1926) seem to have originated in the same twin-foci, the epicentre of one lying near Hereford and that of the other near Ross. The fourth earthquake (that of 1868) originated in the Ross focus, possibly also in the Hereford focus.
The Petrology of the Avonian Rocks at Sodbury, Gloucestershire
Authors: Coysh A. W.
Published: May 2009

Summary and Conclusions

(a) The insoluble residues from the limestones contain detrital quartz, amorphous, cryptocrystalline and microcrystalline silica, siliceous pseudomorphs after organic remains, sponge spicules, fluor, magnetite, pyrites, zircon, ilmenite, tourmaline, muscovite, biotite, and felspar.

(b) No megascopic chert occurs.

(c) The succession contains more arenaceous and argillaceous rocks than occur in the Avon section. They contain magnetite, rutile, zircon, ilmenite, tourmaline, muscovite, and staurolite among the rarer constituents

(d) Oolites have a notably small average percentage of insoluble residues, probably owing to their rapid formation, in clear water.

(e) The detrital material in the Avonian rocks of Sodbury has probably been derived, directly or indirectly, from some Pre-cambrian complex to the north or north-west.
The Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous Rocks of Northern Sinai
Authors: Hume W. F. , Fourtau R. , Moon F. W. , Sadek H.
Published: May 2009

For many years this portion of Egypt had remained a blank so far as its geological structure was concerned, and when the geological map of Egypt was issued by the Survey Department in 1910 this extensive area was deliberately left uncoloured. Efforts were made by the writer to interest the various parties which were mapping the topography of this region, but the fossils submitted by them only indicated the presence of beds of Upper Cretaceous age, including a facies identical with that developed in the Abu Roash hills near Cairo.
The Magnesian Group of Igneous Rocks
Authors: Dixey F.
Published: May 2009

Rocks rich in magnesium are abundantly developed in a certain few areas of the world, whereas they are rare or absent in the remaining areas. With reference to the abundance of magnesian rocks in Southern India, for example, Holland has stated:—