bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aluminum Content of Neonatal Parenteral Nutrition Solutions
Authors: Huston Robert K. , Heisel Carl F. , Vermillion Benjamin R. , Christensen J. Mark , Minc Leah
Published: September 2016

Introduction: Calcium chloride (CaCl2) has been the only calcium additive available in the United States that has a low aluminum (Al) content. Calcium gluconate in glass vials (CaGluc‐Gl) has a high Al content while calcium gluconate in plastic vials (CaGluc‐Pl) has a low Al content. The purpose of this study was to measure Al concentrations in neonatal parenteral nutrition (PN) solutions prepared using various calcium additives. Methods: Samples of solutions compounded with CaCl2 or CaGluc‐Gl and sodium phosphate (NaPhos) as well as CaGluc‐Pl and sodium glycerophosphate (NaGP) with and without cysteine were analyzed for Al content. Samples of the cysteine and calcium gluconate additives were also sent for analysis. Results: Solutions containing CaCl2 and CaGlu‐Pl had mean Al concentrations of 1.2–2.3 mcg/dL, while those with CaGlu‐Gl had mean concentrations of 14.6–15.1 mcg/dL. Solutions made with NaGP were low in Al content. The measured Al content of 2 lots of the cysteine additive were 168 ± 23 mcg/L and 126 ± 5 mcg/L. The Al concentration equalled 2730 ± 20 mcg/L for the CaGlu‐Gl additive and 310 ± 80 mcg/L for the CaGlu‐Pl additive. Conclusion: The study indicates that solutions containing CaCl2 or CaGluc‐Pl and NaPhos or NaGP are low in Al content. Using these options for calcium and phosphate additives can limit aluminum intake from neonatal PN to levels within the Food and Drug Administration guideline of ≤5 mcg/kg/d.
Systematic Review of the Human Milk Microbiota
Authors: Fitzstevens John L. , Smith Kelsey C. , Hagadorn James I. , Caimano Melissa J. , Matson Adam P. , Brownell Elizabeth A.
Published: September 2016

Human milk–associated microbes are among the first to colonize the infant gut and may help to shape both short‐ and long‐term infant health outcomes. We performed a systematic review to characterize the microbiota of human milk. Relevant primary studies were identified through a comprehensive search of PubMed (January 1, 1964, to June 31, 2015). Included studies were conducted among healthy mothers, were written in English, identified bacteria in human milk, used culture‐independent methods, and reported primary results at the genus level. Twelve studies satisfied inclusion criteria. All varied in geographic location and human milk collection/storage/analytic methods. Streptococcus was identified in human milk samples in 11 studies (91.6%) and Staphylococcus in 10 (83.3%); both were predominant genera in 6 (50%). Eight of the 12 studies used conventional ribosomal RNA (rRNA) polymerase chain reaction (PCR), of which 7 (87.5%) identified Streptococcus and 6 (80%) identified Staphylococcus as present. Of these 8 studies, 2 (25%) identified Streptococcus and Staphylococcus as predominant genera. Four of the 12 studies used next‐generation sequencing (NGS), all of which identified Streptococcus and Staphylococcus as present and predominant genera. Relative to conventional rRNA PCR, NGS is a more sensitive method to identify/quantify bacterial genera in human milk, suggesting the predominance of Streptococcus and Staphylococcus may be underestimated in studies using older methods. These genera, Streptococcus and Staphylococcus, may be universally predominant in human milk, regardless of differences in geographic location or analytic methods. Primary studies designed to evaluate the effect of these 2 genera on short‐ and long‐term infant outcomes are warranted.
Is Eastern Europe to Blame for Falling Corporate Taxes in Europe?
Authors: Tudor Carissa L. , Appel Hilary
Published: September 2016

When a dozen new countries joined the European Union in the mid-2000s, political tensions spiked over disparities in corporate income tax rates. Since the time of enlargement, leaders have tried repeatedly to enhance corporate tax coordination within the EU, as a result of fears of downward pressure on corporate tax rates and states’ weakening ability to collect revenues. At the same time, leaders from new member states in Eastern Europe with low corporate tax rates have contended that regional efforts to coordinate tax policies are not worthwhile, given that corporate tax competition is a global phenomenon. This article argues that corporate tax competition is more acute at the regional than the global level. While corporate tax rates are falling inside and outside the EU, we demonstrate using a large multiyear, multiregional data set that Eastern European countries have extremely low corporate tax rates relative to other EU and non-EU countries, even when controlling for multiple domestic economic and political factors. These findings support the potential efficacy of pursuing regional corporate tax reform to address the downward spiraling of rates in the EU.
Role of Landlords in Creating Healthy Homes: Section 8 Landlord Perspectives on Healthy Housing Practices
Authors: Polletta Valerie L. , Reid Margaret , Barros Eugene , Duarte Catherine , Donaher Kevin , Wensley Howard , Wolff Lisa
Published: September 2016

Purpose:

This article presents qualitative research findings of Section 8 landlord perceptions regarding healthy housing practices to inform landlord-focused initiatives.

Approach or Design:

Five focus groups were conducted with landlords.

Setting:

Boston, Massachusetts.

Participants:

Section 8 landlords participated in focus groups (n = 39).

Method:

Focus group transcripts were coded for key themes using a grounded theory approach.

Results:

Landlords’ primary challenges to creating a healthy housing environment included tenant behavior, financial burden, and policy enforcement; tenant safety and cost savings were seen as primary benefits.

Conclusion:

Landlords play a critical role in implementing healthy housing practices. Several opportunities exist to reduce barriers and capitalize on perceived benefits of implementing these practices, including increasing access to educational and financial resources.
In debt to the time-bank: the manipulation of working time in Indian garment factories and ‘working dead horse’
Authors: Jenkins Jean , Blyton Paul
Published: September 2016

In this article we focus on the creation of debt relations between workers and their workplace as a tool of managerial control in the garment factories of Bangalore, India. The currency of indebtedness in this case is working time and our focus is the manipulation of hours of work at the base of the international, buyer-driven, garment supply chain. In illuminating debt relations and worker dependency as an element of managers’ repertoire of control, we compare a system known as ‘comp-off’ in contemporary Indian factories with the historical precedent of a system known as ‘working dead horse’ in Britain. Our comparison illuminates how value is extracted from workers and how old control systems are updated within the labour process, in a feminized sector where workers’ associational power is weak and social downgrading is one means by which employers can offload risk, maximize flexibility and secure their position at the local level.
‘We all have one’: exit plans as a professional strategy in sex work
Authors: Ham Julie , Gilmour Fairleigh
Published: September 2016

The idea of ‘exiting’ the sex industry plays a powerful symbolic role in the feminist debates around the morality, legitimacy and regulation of sex work. Drawing on interviews with 39 women sex workers in Australia and Canada, we explore three key contrasts between dominant narratives and interventions that frame ‘exiting’ as escape from trauma or exploitation, and sex workers’ assessments of ‘exiting’ as a personal or professional strategy. First, we explore sex workers’ perceptions of sex work as temporary work. Second, we analyse the symbiosis between exit plans and current work practices. Third, we examine workers’ assessment of the value of ‘exiting’ sex work in the context of changing market forces within the sex industry, the ‘square’ labour market (or non-sex work sectors) and exiting interventions (i.e. programmes to assist workers in leaving sex work).
Experimental investigation of the influence of chip interference on burr height in machining micro V-grooves on electroplated copper roll die
Authors: Qiao Zheng , Qu Da , Wang Huiming , Wu Dongxu , Wang Bo
Published: September 2016

The roll-to-roll imprinting technology is considered as the most promising process for manufacturing large-area microstructured surface in a high-precision, high-efficiency and low-cost way. However, the existence of cutting burr of microstructures on roll die will deteriorate the quality of microstructures on target surface in roll-to-roll imprinting processing. For electroplated copper material, this article presents the influence of chip interference on burr in cutting process. The parameter that illustrates the level of chip interference is deduced. The influences of cutting depth and included angle of V-shaped diamond tool on burr height of V-grooves are revealed by analyzing the chip interference. A series of experiments are carried out to verify the theoretical study. The results show good agreement between theoretical derivation and experimental analysis. The reason for chip interference of cutting process is made clear. Then, the optimal process of multi-step cutting process was given as the guidance to enhance the surface quality of micro V-grooves on electroplated copper roll die. With the optimal cutting parameters, the high-quality surface of micro-prism array is achieved.
Impaired Velocity Processing Reveals an Agnosia for Motion in Depth
Authors: Barendregt Martijn , Dumoulin Serge O. , Rokers Bas
Published: September 2016

Many individuals with normal visual acuity are unable to discriminate the direction of 3-D motion in a portion of their visual field, a deficit previously referred to as a stereomotion scotoma. The origin of this visual deficit has remained unclear. We hypothesized that the impairment is due to a failure in the processing of one of the two binocular cues to motion in depth: changes in binocular disparity over time or interocular velocity differences. We isolated the contributions of these two cues and found that sensitivity to interocular velocity differences, but not changes in binocular disparity, varied systematically with observers’ ability to judge motion direction. We therefore conclude that the inability to interpret motion in depth is due to a failure in the neural mechanisms that combine velocity signals from the two eyes. Given these results, we argue that the deficit should be considered a prevalent but previously unrecognized agnosia specific to the perception of visual motion.
When the Spirit Is Willing, but the Flesh Is Weak
Authors: Starmans Christina , Bloom Paul
Published: September 2016

Sometimes it is easy to do the right thing. But often, people act morally only after overcoming competing immoral desires. How does learning about someone’s inner moral conflict influence children’s and adults’ moral judgments about that person? Across four studies, we discovered a striking developmental difference: When the outcome is held constant, 3- to 8-year-old children judge someone who does the right thing without experiencing immoral desires to be morally superior to someone who does the right thing through overcoming conflicting desires—but adults have the opposite intuition. This developmental difference also occurs for judgments of immoral actors: Three- to 5-year-olds again prefer the person who is not conflicted, whereas older children and adults judge that someone who struggles with the decision is morally superior. Our findings suggest that children may begin with the view that inner moral conflict is inherently negative, but, with development, come to value the exercise of willpower and self-control.
When should I attempt my centrally administered summative assessments in the RANZCP competency-based training program?
Authors: Kealy-Bateman Warren , Kotze Beth , Lampe Lisa
Published: September 2016

Objective:

To provide information relevant to decision-making around the timing of attempting the centrally administered summative assessments in the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists (RANZCP) 2012 Fellowship Program.

Methods:

We consider the new Competency-Based Fellowship Program of the RANZCP and its underlying philosophy, the trainee trajectory within the program and the role of the supervisor. The relationship between workplace-based and external assessments is discussed. The timing of attempting centrally administered summative assessments is considered within the pedagogical framework of medical competencies development.

Results:

Although successful completion of all the centrally administered summative assessments requires demonstration of a junior consultant standard of competency, the timing at which this standard will most commonly be achieved is likely to vary from assessment to assessment. There are disadvantages attendant upon prematurely attempting assessments, and trainees are advised to carefully consider the requirements of each assessment and match this against their current level of knowledge and skills.

Conclusions:

Trainees and supervisors need to be clear about the competencies required for each of the external assessments and match this against the trainee’s current competencies to assist in decision-making about the timing of assessments and planning for future learning.
Transference-Focused Psychotherapy in Australian psychiatric training and practice
Authors: Martin Louise , Lloyd Bonita , Cammell Paul , Yeomans Frank
Published: September 2016

Objective:

This article discusses Transference-Focused Psychotherapy, a contemporary evidence-based and manualised form of psychoanalytic psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder. Transference focused psychotherapy has evolved from decades of research in the object-relations approach developed by Professor Otto Kernberg and his collaborators. It is being adopted increasingly throughout North and South America and Europe, and this article explores the role its adoption might play in psychiatric training as well as public and private service provision contexts in Australia.

Conclusions:

Transference focused psychotherapy is readily applicable in a range of training, research and public and private service provision contexts in Australia. A numbers of aspects of current Australian psychiatric training and practice, such as the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists advanced training certificate, and the Australian medicare schedule, make it especially relevant for this purpose.
Increasing resilience in adolescents: the importance of social connectedness in adventure education programmes
Authors: Scarf Damian , Hayhurst Jillian G , Riordan Benjamin C , Boyes Mike , Ruffman Ted , Hunter John A
Published: September 2016

Objective:

Mental health problems are a leading cause of health-related disability during adolescence. The objectives of the current study were to investigate whether participating in an adventure education programme (AEP) increased adolescents’ resilience and elucidate how social connectedness contributes to any increase.

Method:

Adolescents who participated in the AEP had their resilience measured on the first (Time 1) and last day (Time 2) of a 10-day voyage. Perceived social support and sense of belonging were also measured at Time 2. A control group of adolescents, who did not take part in the voyage, also had their resilience assessed at two time points, 10 days apart.

Result:

Adolescents who participated in the AEP, but not those in the control group, displayed an increase in resilience from Time 1 to Time 2. Further, the increase in resilience was related to the adolescents’ sense of belonging, and this effect held when controlling for perceived social support.

Conclusion:

These findings demonstrate the positive impact AEPs have on adolescents’ resilience and a mechanism through which this occurs.
Influence of electrical impedance and mechanical bistability on Galfenol-based unimorph harvesters
Authors: Deng Zhangxian , Dapino Marcelo J
Published: September 2016

A study on iron-gallium (Galfenol) unimorph harvesters is presented which is focused on extending the power density and frequency bandwidth of these devices. A thickness ratio of 2 (ratio of substrate to Galfenol thickness) has been shown to achieve maximum power density under base excitation, but the effect of electrical load capacitance on performance has not been investigated. This article experimentally analyzes the influence of capacitive electrical loads and extends the excitation type to tip impulse. For resistive-capacitive electrical loads, the maximum energy conversion efficiency achieved under impulsive excitation is 5.93%, while the maximum output power and output power density observed for a 139.5 Hz, 3 [Formula: see text] amplitude sinusoidal base excitation is 0.45 W and 6.88 [Formula: see text], respectively, which are 8% higher than those measured under purely resistive loads. A finite element model for Galfenol unimorph harvesters, which incorporates magnetic, mechanical, and electrical dynamics, is developed and validated using impulsive responses. A buckled unimorph beam is experimentally investigated. The proposed bistable system is shown to extend the harvester’s frequency bandwidth.
Proposing a Financial Legitimacy Threshold in Emerging Ventures
Authors: Rutherford Matthew W. , Tocher Neil , Pollack Jeffrey M. , Coombes Susan M. T.
Published: September 2016

Two decades of informative research has asserted that legitimacy attainment is essential to the survival and growth of emerging ventures, yet little empirical research has been conducted to either (a) validate the notion that emerging ventures transition from pre-legitimacy to legitimacy, or (b) identify when such a transition happens for the average new venture. Hence, the present research seeks to begin bridging this substantial gap by introducing and testing the notion that a financial legitimacy threshold (FLT) exists within emerging ventures. Using attainment of financing as a proxy for initial legitimacy, we test our hypothesis that an FLT exists on two large, independent data sets—the 1998 ( N = 3,033) and 2003 ( N = 3,751) Surveys of Small Business Finances. Results indicate that emerging ventures tend to finally transition to legitimacy and, thus, substantially shed external liabilities of newness at 12 years of age, six employees, and $379,000 in sales. Our findings that an FLT exists advance the literature by (a) suggesting that new venture legitimacy is a dichotomous variable that emerging firms either do or do not possess, and (b) articulating a point in size, age, and revenue that average emerging ventures must achieve before they are able to substantially neutralize external newness liabilities via legitimacy attainment.
An Empirical Review of Peer-Mediated Interventions: Implications for Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Zagona Alison L. , Mastergeorge Ann M.
Published: September 2016

Peer-mediated instruction and intervention (PMII) is a systematic, evidence-based method for addressing the social-communication needs of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Despite existing research on this practice, gaps remain in the implementation of PMII. The purpose of this empirical review was to examine recent applications of this evidence-based practice and systematically assess the quality of the analytic approaches implemented. Recent studies selected for this review included participants with ASD and targeted social-communication skills. The Scientific Merit Rating Scale (SMRS) was used to review the quality of the research studies, and the results suggest that PMII continues to be an effective practice. These results indicate that future research should focus on larger study Ns, particularly for those who are preschool-age, and include measures of generalization and maintenance as well as treatment integrity measures of peers’ actions. The effectiveness of PMII relative to positive developmental outcomes is discussed.
Gadopentetate but not gadobutrol accumulates in the dentate nucleus of multiple sclerosis patients
Authors: Schlemm Ludwig , Chien Claudia , Bellmann-Strobl Judith , Dörr Jan , Wuerfel Jens , Brandt Alexander U , Paul Friedemann , Scheel Michael
Published: September 2016

Background:

Previous studies have postulated an association between dentate nucleus T1 hyperintensity and multiple sclerosis (MS)-related progressive neurodegeneration. Therefore, MS patients have been excluded from most studies investigating brain deposition of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs).

Objective:

To study the hypothesis that dentate nucleus T1 hyperintensity in MS patients is associated with GBCA administration.

Methods:

In a cohort of 97 MS patients, the dentate-to-pons signal intensity ratio (DPSIR) was calculated for 265 consecutive T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) scans (including sessions with and without the administration of GBCA). Patients exclusively received either gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA, linear) or gadobutrol (Gd-BT-DO3A, macrocyclic).

Results:

In patients receiving Gd-DTPA, DPSIR increased significantly between the first and the last scan (+0.009, p < 0.001), and following magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with Gd-DTPA administration as compared to following an MRI without Gd-DTPA administration (+0.005 vs −0.001; p = 0.022). Additionally, there was a positive linear relationship between the number of Gd-DTPA administrations and the increase in DPSIR ( p = 0.017). No DPSIR increase was observed after Gd-BT-DO3A administration.

Conclusion:

Dentate nucleus T1 hyperintensity in MS patients is associated with Gd-DTPA (but not Gd-BT-DO3A) administration, suggesting an alternative explanation for the association of T1 hyperintensity with disease duration and severity.
Framing narrative journalism as a new genre: A case study of the Netherlands
Authors: van Krieken Kobie , Sanders José
Published: September 2016

Although narrative journalism has a long history in the Netherlands, it is in recent years being promoted as a ‘new’ genre. This study examines the motives underlying this promotional tactic. To that end, we analyze how narrative journalism is framed in (1) public expressions of the initiatives aimed at professionalization of the genre and (2) interviews with journalists and lecturers in journalism programs. Results indicate that in public discourse on narrative journalism, the genre is framed as moving, essential, and as high quality journalism. These frames indicate that the current promotion of narrative journalism as ‘new’ can be seen as a strategy that journalists apply to withstand the pressures they are facing in the competition with new media. These frames are deepened in the interviews with lecturers and practitioners, who frame narrative journalism as a dangerous game, a paradigm shift, and as the Holy Grail. These frames indicate that narrative journalism is regarded as the highest achievable goal for journalists, but that its practice comes with dangers and risks: it tempts journalists to abandon the traditional principles of objectivity and factuality, which can ultimately cause journalism to lose its credibility and authority. We discuss these findings in terms of boundary work and reflect on implications for narrative journalism’s societal function.
A new finite difference method to solve the velocity gradient equation in streamline curvature method
Authors: Gong Wu Qi , Wu Ru Kang , Zhang Bin
Published: September 2016

For the inverse proposition design of a three-dimensional centrifugal impeller using the streamline curvature method, the cubic spline curve fitting method is extensively used to solve the velocity gradient equation. Given the deficiency in stability with the cubic spline curve fitting method, a new finite difference method is proposed to solve the velocity gradient equation on the S2m stream surface. In the finite difference scheme, the relative velocity derivative along the streamline direction is decomposed into two terms. One term uses forward difference, and the other uses backward difference. The difference schemes of all other parameter derivatives in the velocity gradient equation adopt forward difference. The method can guarantee the matrix main diagonal elements of the dominant, indicating stable convergence in solving the velocity field. Robustness analysis is performed for both methods, and the new finite difference method shows excellent superiority in stability. Finally, the finite difference method is applied to redesign the Krain impeller. Through computational fluid dynamics, the efficiency of the redesigned impeller at the design operating point is increased by approximately 0.3% and the pressure ratio by approximately 5%. These results show that the difference method is feasible to solve the S2m stream surface velocity gradient equation.
E. P. Thompson and Cultural Sociology: Questions of Poetics, Capitalism and the Commons
Authors: Stevenson Nick
Published: September 2016

There is currently a need for cultural sociology to readdress the work of humanistic and cultural Marxism. While recently much of this work has been dismissed, the appearance of more radical social movements and the ongoing crisis of neoliberalism suggest that it still has much to tell us. In this respect, this article seeks to readdress the writing of the historian E. P. Thompson, arguing that his work on the class-based and other social movements, poetics, critique of positivism and economic reason, utopia and the idea of the commons all have much to offer more contemporary scholarship. While the article recognises that the cultural Marxism of figures like Thompson cannot simply be resurrected, it does continue to offer a number of critical insights. By readdressing the internal complexity of Thompson’s writing, the argumentative strategy of this article suggests that cultural sociology needs to move beyond more simplistic understandings of cultural Marxism and more carefully explore what it has to offer. This is especially pressing in a world that after the financial crash of 2008 has become increasingly dominated by the values and practices of capitalism. In this respect, Thompson’s contribution to cultural sociology is to offer a more complex language of resistance and transformation than exists within other less class-based traditions of sociology.
Responses of two sympatric species of peccaries (Tayassu pecari and Pecari tajacu) to hunting in Calakmul, Mexico
Authors: Briceño-Méndez M. , Naranjo E.J. , Mandujano S. , Altricher M. , Reyna-Hurtado R.
Published: September 2016

The white-lipped peccary ( Tayassu pecari) and the collared peccary ( Pecari tajacu) are social ungulates of great ecological and economic importance. Both species represent important sources of animal protein in the diet of indigenous and rural communities in Neotropical forests, which has contributed to reducing their populations throughout their geographic distribution. It is still not well understood how the social ecology of peccaries is affected by hunting. This study analyzed the relationship between hunting and group size, group composition, daily activity patterns, and the relative abundance of the two peccary species. Camera-traps and direct observation were used from February 2014 through February 2015 in two sites differing in their degree of protection and hunting pressure: the first was Calakmul Biosphere Reserve (a site with no hunting) and the second was the community of Nuevo Becal (a hunting site). Our analyses suggest that hunting negatively affects group size, structure, composition and the relative abundance of both peccary species. We propose that management and conservation plans, particularly for key resources such as water, and monitoring and hunting controls in the habitats of both peccary species, might ensure their survival in the Calakmul region.
Diffusion tensor imaging analysis of the brain in the canine model of Krabbe disease
Authors: Bradbury Allison , Peterson David , Vite Charles , Chen Steven , Ellinwood N Matthew , Provenzale James
Published: September 2016

Purpose

The goal of this study was to compare the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics from an end-stage canine Krabbe brain evaluated by MR imaging ex vivo to those of a normal dog brain. We hypothesized that the white matter of the canine Krabbe brain would show decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) values and increased apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and radial diffusivity (RD) values.

Methods

An 11-week-old Krabbe dog was euthanized after disease progression. The brain was removed and was placed in a solution of 10% formalin. MR imaging was performed and compared to the brain images of a normal dog that was similarly fixed post-mortem. Both brains were scanned using similar protocols on a 7 T small-animal MRI system. For each brain, maps of ADC, FA, and RD were calculated for 11 white-matter regions and five control gray-matter regions.

Results

Large decreases in FA values, increases in ADC values, and increases in RD (consistent with demyelination) values, were seen in white matter of the Krabbe brain but not gray matter. ADC values in gray matter of the Krabbe brain were decreased by approximately 29% but increased by approximately 3.6% in white matter of the Krabbe brain. FA values in gray matter were decreased by approximately 3.3% but decreased by approximately 29% in white matter. RD values were decreased by approximately 27.2% in gray matter but increased by approximately 20% in white matter.

Conclusion

We found substantial abnormalities of FA, ADC, and RD values in an ex vivo canine Krabbe brain.
An Orientation Dependent Size Illusion Is Underpinned by Processing in the Extrastriate Visual Area, LO1
Authors: Mikellidou Kyriaki , Gouws André D. , Clawson Hannah , Thompson Peter , Morland Antony B. , Keefe Bruce D.
Published: September 2016

We use the simple, but prominent Helmholtz’s squares illusion in which a vertically striped square appears wider than a horizontally striped square of identical physical dimensions to determine whether functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) BOLD responses in V1 underpin illusions of size. We report that these simple stimuli which differ in only one parameter, orientation, to which V1 neurons are highly selective elicited activity in V1 that followed their physical, not perceived size. To further probe the role of V1 in the illusion and investigate plausible extrastriate visual areas responsible for eliciting the Helmholtz squares illusion, we performed a follow-up transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) experiment in which we compared perceptual judgments about the aspect ratio of perceptually identical Helmholtz squares when no TMS was applied against selective stimulation of V1, LO1, or LO2. In agreement with fMRI results, we report that TMS of area V1 does not compromise the strength of the illusion. Only stimulation of area LO1, and not LO2, compromised significantly the strength of the illusion, consistent with previous research that LO1 plays a role in the processing of orientation information. These results demonstrate the involvement of a specific extrastriate area in an illusory percept of size.
Erythropoietin stimulation of human adipose tissue for therapeutic refilling releases protective cytokines
Authors: Sabbatini Maurizio , Bosetti Michela , Borrone Alessia , Moalem Liah , Taveggia Antonio , Verna Giovanni , Cannas Mario
Published: September 2016

Apoptosis and inflammatory processes may be at the basis of reducing graft survival. Erythropoietin is a tissue-protective hormone with pleiotropic potential, and it interferes with the activities of pro-inflammatory cytokines and stimulates healing following injury, preventing destruction of tissue surrounding the injury site. It may represent a useful tool to increase the autograft integration. Through the use of multipanel kit cytokine analysis we have detected the cytokines secreted by human tissue adipose mass seeded in culture following withdrawal by Coleman’s modified technique in three groups: control, after lipopolysaccharides stimulation and after erythropoietin stimulation. In the control group, we have observed expression of factors that may have a role in protecting the tissue homeostatic mechanism. But the same factors were secreted following stimulation with lipopolysaccharides combined with others factors that delineated the inflammatory state. Instead through erythropoietin stimulation, the factors known to exert tissue-protective action were secreted. Therefore, the use of a trophic factors such as erythropoietin may help to inhibit the potential inflammatory process development and stimulate the activation of reparative/regenerative process in the tissue graft.
Cooperation through clarity
Authors: Waller Robert , Waller Jenny , Haapio Helena , Crag Gary , Morrisseau Sandi
Published: September 2016

This paper reports a case study of an innovative contract simplification project. The context is an energy industry facility to be built in northwestern British Columbia, Canada, where it is important to gain social license from Aboriginal communities by sharing employment opportunities. However, the complexity of contract documentation was seen as a barrier to local small contractors. This project transformed a complex document set by using principles of clear information design, both at the structural and detailed level. The principles used are explained in the form of a pattern library that lists potential solutions to common communication problems for contract documentation.
Exploring contract visualization
Authors: Passera Stefania , Smedlund Anssi , Liinasuo Marja
Published: September 2016

Research about the psychological effects of contracts on relationship quality hints that effective contract design is not only a matter of selecting the right clauses but also of communicating them in the right way. Recent studies have shown the benefits of using visualizations in contracts to advance clarity, but our understanding of contract visualization in practice is very limited, for lack of field research. We conducted a single case study of how a sales team created visualizations to improve the clarity and the ease-of-negotiation of outsourcing contract documents. Our findings suggest that visualizations help bridging three knowledge gaps in the contracting process: inter-firm; cross-professional; and between contracting phases. In particular, visualizations allow for more effective communication and coordination by increasing clarity and helping the parties to frame the contract and their burgeoning relationship positively. The study expands our understanding of contract design as a strategic relationship-building practice.
Racial/Ethnic Differences in the Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine in US Adults With Moderate Mental Distress
Authors: Rhee Taeho Greg , Evans Roni L. , McAlpine Donna D. , Johnson Pamela Jo
Published: September 2016

Objectives: To examine the prevalence of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use by race/ethnicity and to identify sociodemographic and health-related factors associated with CAM use among US adults with moderate mental distress (MMD). Methods: We analyzed data from the 2012 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). We used data for 6016 noninstitutionalized US adults with MMD (3492 non-Hispanic whites, 953 non-Hispanic blacks, 1078 Hispanics, 268 Asians, and 225 others consisted of American Indian, Alaska Native, and those reporting multiple races). The 2012 NHIS asks about 36 types of CAM use in the past 12 months. We constructed (1) overall, any CAM use; (2) 5 major types of CAM use; and (3) individual types of CAM use indicators. Using a cross-sectional design with complex survey techniques, we estimated race/ethnicity-specific CAM prevalence, and odds of past year CAM use by race/ethnicity, sociodemographic, and health-related factors. Results: Nearly 40% of adults with MMD used CAM in the past year compared with 32% of those without MMD ( P < .001). In adults with MMD, past year CAM use differed by race/ethnicity, ranging from 24.3% (blacks) to 44.7% (Asians) and 46.8% (others) ( P < .001). Being younger, female, living in the west, higher education, being employed, more than 4 ambulatory care visits, and functional limitations were associated with higher odds of CAM use ( P < .01). Conclusions: Adults with MMD use CAM more frequently than those without MMD. In addition, CAM use was significantly differed by race/ethnicity in adults with MMD. This underscores the need for good patient-provider communication and suggests opportunity for dialogue about integration between conventional providers and CAM practitioners to facilitate optimal mental health care.
Predictors of Revision Surgery After Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Yabroudi Mohammad A. , Björnsson Haukur , Lynch Andrew D. , Muller Bart , Samuelsson Kristian , Tarabichi Majd , Karlsson Jón , Fu Freddie H. , Harner Christopher D. , Irrgang James J.
Published: September 2016

Background:

Revision anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery occurs in 5% to 15% of individuals undergoing ACL reconstruction. Identifying predictors for revision ACL surgery is of essence in the pursuit of creating adequate prevention programs and to identify individuals at risk for reinjury and revision.

Purpose:

To determine predictors of revision ACL surgery after failed primary ACL reconstruction.

Study Design:

Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

A total of 251 participants (mean age ± SD, 26.1 ± 9.9 years) who had undergone primary ACL reconstruction 1 to 5 years earlier completed a comprehensive survey to determine predictors of revision ACL surgery at a mean 3.4 ± 1.3 years after the primary ACL reconstruction. Potential predictors that were assessed included subject characteristics (age at the time of surgery, time from injury to surgery, sex, body mass index, preinjury activity level, return to sport status), details of the initial injury (mechanism; concomitant injury to other ligaments, menisci, and cartilage), surgical details of the primary reconstruction (Lachman and pivot shift tests under anesthesia, graft type, femoral drilling technique, reconstruction technique), and postoperative course (length of rehabilitation, complications). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors that predicted the need for revision ACL surgery.

Results:

Overall, 21 (8.4%) subjects underwent revision ACL surgery. Univariate analysis showed that younger age at the time of surgery ( P = .003), participation in sports at a competitive level ( P = .023), and double-bundle ACL reconstruction ( P = .024) predicted increased risk of revision ACL surgery. Allograft reconstructions also demonstrated a trend toward greater risk of revision ACL surgery ( P = .076). No other variables were significantly associated with revision ACL surgery. Multivariate analysis revealed that revision ACL surgery was only predicted by age at the time of surgery and graft type (autograft vs allograft).

Conclusion:

The overall revision ACL surgery rate after primary unilateral ACL reconstruction was 8.4%. Univariate predictors of revision ACL reconstruction included younger age at the time of surgery, competitive baseline activity level, and double-bundle ACL reconstruction. However, multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that age and reconstruction performed with allograft were the only independent predictors of revision ACL reconstruction.
Osteocalcin and Sex Hormone Binding Globulin Compete on a Specific Binding Site of GPRC6A
Authors: De Toni Luca , Guidolin Diego , De Filippis Vincenzo , Tescari Simone , Strapazzon Giacomo , Santa Rocca Maria , Ferlin Alberto , Plebani Mario , Foresta Carlo
Published: September 2016

The undercarboxylated form of osteocalcin (ucOC) regulates male fertility and energy metabolism, acting through the G protein-coupled receptor (GPRC)6A, thus forming a new pancreas-bone-testis axis. Recently, GPRC6A has also been suggested to mediate the nongenomic responses of free testosterone (T). However, these data did not consider the physiological scenario, where circulating T is mainly bound to sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and only a small percentage circulates freely in the blood. Here, by the use of computational modelling, we document the existence of similar structural moieties between ucOC and SHBG that are predicted to bind to GPRC6A at docking analysis. This hypothesis of competition was assessed by binding experiments on human embryonic kidney-293 cells transfected with human GPRC6A gene. Unliganded SHBG specifically bound the membrane of human embryonic kidney-293 cells transfected with GPRC6A and was displaced by ucOC when coincubated at 100-fold molar excess. Furthermore, specific downstream Erk1/2 phosphorylation after stimulation of GPRC6A with ucOC was significantly blunted by 100-fold molar excess of unliganded SHBG. Intriguingly previous incubation with unliganded SHBG, followed by incubation with T, induced Erk1/2 phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner. Neither binding nor stimulating activities were shown for SHBG saturated with T. Experiments on mutation constructs of GPRC6A strengthened the hypothesis of a common binding site of ucOC and SHBG. Given the role of GPRC6A on energy metabolism, these data agree with epidemiological association between SHBG levels and insulin sensitivity, suggest GPRC6A as a likely SHBG receptor, and add bases for the possible regulation of androgen activity in a nonsteroidal manner.
Pex9p is a new yeast peroxisomal import receptor for PTS1-containing proteins
Authors: Effelsberg Daniel , Cruz-Zaragoza Luis Daniel , Schliebs Wolfgang , Erdmann Ralf
Published: September 2016

Peroxisomal proteins carrying a type 1 peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS1) are recognized by the well-conserved cycling import receptor Pex5p. The yeast YMR018W gene encodes a Pex5p paralog and newly identified peroxin that is involved in peroxisomal import of a subset of matrix proteins. The new peroxin was designated Pex9p, and it interacts with the docking protein Pex14p and a subclass of PTS1-containing peroxisomal matrix enzymes. Unlike Pex5p, Pex9p is not expressed in glucose- or ethanol-grown cells, but it is strongly induced by oleate. Under these conditions, Pex9p acts as a cytosolic and membrane-bound peroxisome import receptor for both malate synthase isoenzymes, Mls1p and Mls2p. The inducible Pex9p-dependent import pathway provides a mechanism for the oleate-inducible peroxisomal targeting of malate synthases. The existence of two distinct PTS1 receptors, in addition to two PTS2-dependent import routes, contributes to the adaptive metabolic capacity of peroxisomes in response to environmental changes and underlines the role of peroxisomes as multi-purpose organelles. The identification of different import routes into peroxisomes contributes to the molecular understanding of how regulated protein targeting can alter the function of organelles according to cellular needs.
Buy the Book? Evidence on the Effect of Textbook Funding on School-Level Achievement
Authors: Holden Kristian L.
Published: September 2016

This paper considers the effect of textbook funding on school-level test performance by using a quasi-experimental setting in the United States. I consider a lawsuit in California that provided a one-time payment of $96.90 per student for textbooks if schools fell below a threshold of academic performance. Exploiting this variation with a regression discontinuity (RD) design, I find that textbook funding has significant positive effects on school-level achievement in elementary schools and has a high benefit-per-dollar. In contrast to elementary schools, I find no effect in middle and high schools though these estimates are very imprecise. (JEL H75, I21, I22, I24, I28)
The Long-Run Economic Consequences of High-Stakes Examinations: Evidence from Transitory Variation in Pollution
Authors: Ebenstein Avraham , Lavy Victor , Roth Sefi
Published: September 2016

Cognitive performance during high-stakes exams can be affected by random disturbances that, even if transitory, may have permanent consequences. We evaluate this hypothesis among Israeli students who took a series of matriculation exams between 2000 and 2002. Exploiting variation across the same student taking multiple exams, we find that transitory PM2.5 exposure is associated with a significant decline in student performance. We then examine these students in 2010 and find that PM2.5 exposure during exams is negatively associated with postsecondary educational attainment and earnings. The results highlight how reliance on noisy signals of student quality can lead to allocative inefficiency. (JEL I21, I23, I26, J24, J31, Q51, Q53)
Patents as a Spur to Subsequent Innovation? Evidence from Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Gilchrist Duncan S.
Published: September 2016

This paper examines how an incumbent's patent protection acts as an implicit subsidy toward non-infringing substitutes. I analyze whether classes of pharmaceuticals whose first entrant has a longer period of market exclusivity (time between approval and generic entry) see more subsequent entry. Instrumenting for exclusivity using plausibly exogenous delays in the development process, I find that a one-year increase in the first entrant's market exclusivity increases subsequent entry by 0.2 drugs. The effect is stronger for subsequent entrants that are lesser clinical advances, suggesting it is driven primarily by imitation. (JEL K11, L65, O31, O34)
The Long-Run Effects of Labor Migration on Human Capital Formation in Communities of Origin
Authors: Dinkelman Taryn , Mariotti Martine
Published: September 2016

We provide new evidence of one channel through which circular labor migration has long-run effects on origin communities: by raising completed human capital of the next generation. We estimate the net effects of migration from Malawi to South African mines using newly digitized census and administrative data on access to mine jobs, a difference-in-differences strategy, and two opposite-signed and plausibly exogenous shocks to the option to migrate. Twenty years after these shocks, human capital is 4.8–6.9 percent higher among cohorts who were eligible for schooling in communities with the easiest access to migrant jobs. (JEL F22, J24, J61, L72, O13, O15)
Platynosomum fastosum (Digenea: Dicrocoeliidae) infection in a domestic cat in northeastern Brazil: high fluke burden and associated lesions
 Infecção por Platynosomum fastosum (Digenea: Dicrocoeliidae) em gato doméstico no nordeste do Brasil: alta carga parasitária e lesões associadas
doi:10.12662/2317-3076jhbs.v4i3.775.p198-202.2016
Authors: Braga Roberta da Rocha , Zanchi Djan , Oliveira John Allyson Andrade , Teixeira André Costa , Cavalcanti Luciano Pamplona de Góes
Published: September 2016

Introduction: Platynosomum fastosum is a dicrocoeliid fluke that infects birds and mammals, especially wild and domestic cats. Case report: A middle-aged male domestic cat was euthanized and examined. Its clinical features had included apathy, emaciation, hepatomegaly and mild jaundice on the mucosae. At necropsy, we noticed enlarged liver and dilated gallbladder. After opening the gallbladder lengthwise, multiple whitish flattened ellipsoidal structures were observed and identified as P. fastosum. The larger parasites were found in gallbladder, with significant different size from cystic duct and intrahepatic biliary ducts (p<0.05). Histopathological analysis revealed fluke-induced suppurative cholecystitis and chronic cholangitis. Precursor lesions of cholangiocarcinoma were reported. Conclusion: This report was part of the first prevalence survey of P.fastosum in municipality of Maracanaú, state of Ceará, northeastern Brazil.