bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Change of antibody levels to ferritin in the sera of foals after birth: Possible passive transfer of maternal anti‐ferritin autoantibody via colostrum and age‐related anti‐ferritin autoantibody production
Authors: Numata Masami , Kondo Takashi , Nambo Yasuo , Yoshikawa Yasunaga , Watanabe Kiyotaka , Orino Koichi
Published: April 2013

Antibody (immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM or IgA) levels relative to ferritin in six foal sera (three male and three female) after birth (day 0 and 2, 6, 10, 20, 28, 36, 40, 52 and 56 weeks of age) were semi‐quantitatively measured with normalization with antibody activity to ferritin in one adult horse serum. After addition of horse spleen ferritin to the serum sample, the complex formed between antibodies to ferritin in the serum and ferritin was co‐immunoprecipitated using antibody to horse spleen ferritin. Antibody classes of the co‐immnoprecipitate were detected with antibodies specific for horse IgG, IgM or IgA heavy chain. Six adult horse serum samples were found to have ferritin‐binding activities in all immunoglobulin classes examined. Although ferritin antibody activities (IgG, IgM and IgA) were scant in the foal sera before sucking colostrum (day 0), their activities increased at 2 weeks of age. IgG antibodies showed a biphasic response and IgM antibody activity increased up to 40 weeks of age. Antibody (IgG, IgM and IgA) activities to ferritin in three colostrum samples were significantly higher than in adult horse serum samples. These results demonstrate that antibody to ferritin in foal serum is derived from colostrum after birth and is produced thereafter.
Electroencephalography and analgesics
Authors: Malver Lasse Paludan , Brokjær Anne , Staahl Camilla , Graversen Carina , Andresen Trine , Drewes Asbjørn Mohr
Published: April 2013

To assess centrally mediated analgesic mechanisms in clinical trials with pain patients, objective standardized methods such as electroencephalography (EEG) has many advantages. The aim of this review is to provide the reader with an overview of present findings in analgesics assessed with spontaneous EEG and evoked brain potentials (EPs) in humans. Furthermore, EEG methodologies will be discussed with respect to translation from animals to humans and future perspectives in predicting analgesic efficacy. We searched PubMed with MeSH terms ‘analgesics’, ‘electroencephalography’ and ‘evoked potentials’ for relevant articles. Combined with a search in their reference lists 15 articles on spontaneous EEG and 55 papers on EPs were identified. Overall, opioids produced increased activity in the delta band in the spontaneous EEG, but increases in higher frequency bands were also seen. The EP amplitudes decreased in the majority of studies. Anticonvulsants used as analgesics showed inconsistent results. The N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine showed an increase in the theta band in spontaneous EEG and decreases in EP amplitudes. Tricyclic antidepressants increased the activity in the delta, theta and beta bands in the spontaneous EEG while EPs were inconsistently affected. Weak analgesics were mainly investigated with EPs and a decrease in amplitudes was generally observed. This review reveals that both spontaneous EEG and EPs are widely used as biomarkers for analgesic drug effects. Methodological differences are common and a more uniform approach will further enhance the value of such biomarkers for drug development and prediction of treatment response in individual patients.
The cancer therapeutic potential of Chk1 inhibitors: how mechanistic studies impact on clinical trial design
Authors: Thompson Ruth , Eastman Alan
Published: April 2013

Many anticancer agents damage DNA and activate cell cycle checkpoints that permit time for the cells to repair their DNA and recover. These checkpoints have undergone intense investigation as potential therapeutic targets and Chk1 inhibitors have emerged as promising novel therapeutic agents. Chk1 was initially recognized as a regulator of the G2/M checkpoint, but has since been demonstrated to have additional roles in replication fork stability, replication origin firing and homologous recombination. Inhibition of these pathways can dramatically sensitize cells to some antimetabolites. Current clinical trials with Chk1 inhibitors are primarily focusing on their combination with gemcitabine. Here, we discuss the mechanisms of, and emerging uses for Chk1 inhibitors as single agents and in combination with antimetabolites. We also discuss the pharmacodynamic issues that need to be addressed in attaining maximum efficacy in vivo. Following administration of gemcitabine to mice and humans, tumour cells accumulate in S phase for at least 24 h before recovering. In addition, stalled replication forks evolve over time to become more Chk1 dependent. We emphasize the need to assess cell cycle perturbation and Chk1 dependence of tumours in patients administered gemcitabine. These assessments will define the optimum dose and schedule for administration of these drug combinations.
Assessment and management of iron overload in β‐thalassaemia major patients during the 21st century: a real‐life experience from the Italian Webthal project
Authors: Piga Antonio , Longo Filomena , Musallam Khaled M. , Cappellini Maria Domenica , Forni Gian Luca , Quarta Giovanni , Chiavilli Francesco , Commendatore Francesca , Mulas Sergio , Caruso Vincenzo , Galanello Renzo
Published: April 2013

We conducted a cross‐sectional study on 924 β‐thalassaemia major patients (mean age 30·1 years) treated at nine Italian centres using the webthal software, to evaluate real‐life application of iron overload assessment and management standards. Serum ferritin <2500 ng/ml was a risk factor for never having liver iron concentration (LIC) measurement, while absence of cardiac disease and siderosis were risk factors for a delay in LIC measurement >2 years. Patients who never had a cardiac MRI (CMR) T2* measurement were <18 years, had iron intake ≤0·4 mg/kg per day, or a serum ferritin <2500 ng/ml. A history of normal CMR T2* was the main risk factor for a delay in subsequent assessment of >2 years. Deferoxamine (22·8%) was more commonly used in patients with Hepatitis C Virus or high serum creatinine. Deferiprone (20·6%) was less commonly prescribed in patients with elevated alanine aminotransferase; while a deferoxamine + deferiprone combination (17·9%) was more commonly used in patients with serum ferritin >2500 ng/ml or CMR T2* <20 ms. Deferasirox (38·3%) was more commonly prescribed in patients <18 years, but less commonly used in those with heart disease or high iron intake. These observations largely echoed guidelines at the time, although some practices are expected to change in light of evolving evidence.
α‐Synuclein: The Long Distance Runner
Authors: George Sonia , Rey Nolwen L. , Reichenbach Nicole , Steiner Jennifer A. , Brundin Patrik
Published: April 2013

Parkinson's disease is characterized by α‐synuclein pathology in the form of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. Braak et al described the spatial and temporal spread of α‐synuclein pathology in Parkinson's disease. Recent experimental studies have demonstrated that α‐synuclein can transfer from cell to cell. In this review, we highlight the involvement of α‐synuclein in Parkinson's disease and in Braak's staging of Parkinson's disease pathology. We discuss whether a prion‐like mechanism of α‐synuclein spread might contribute to Parkinson's disease pathology. We describe recent studies investigating cell‐to‐cell transfer of α‐synuclein and focus our review on the long‐distance axonal transport of α‐synuclein along neurons.
Pathway specific modulation of S1P1 receptor signalling in rat and human astrocytes
Authors: Healy Luke M , Sheridan Graham K , Pritchard Adam J , Rutkowska Aleksandra , Mullershausen Florian , Dev Kumlesh K
Published: April 2013

Background and Purpose

The sphingosine 1‐phosphate receptor subtype 1 (S1P1R) is modulated by phosphorylated FTY720 (pFTY720), which causes S1P1R internalization preventing lymphocyte migration thus limiting autoimmune response. Studies indicate that internalized S1P1Rs continue to signal, maintaining an inhibition of cAMP, thus raising question whether the effects of pFTY720 are due to transient initial agonism, functional antagonism and/or continued signalling. To further investigate this, the current study first determined if continued S1P1R activation is pathway specific.

Experimental Approach

Using human and rat astrocyte cultures, the effects of S1P1R activation on cAMP, pERK and Ca2+ signalling was investigated. In addition, to examine the role of S1P1R redistribution on these events, a novel biologic (MNP301) that prevented pFTY720‐mediated S1P1R redistribution was engineered.

Key Results

The data showed that pFTY720 induced long‐lasting S1P1R redistribution and continued cAMP signalling in rat astrocytes. In contrast, pFTY720 induced a transient increase of Ca2+ in astrocytes and subsequent antagonism of Ca2+ signalling. Notably, while leaving pFTY720‐induced cAMP signalling intact, the novel MNP301 peptide attenuated S1P1R‐mediated Ca2+ and pERK signalling in cultured rat astrocytes.

Conclusions and Implications

These findings suggested that pFTY720 causes continued cAMP signalling that is not dependent on S1P1R redistribution and induces functional antagonism of Ca2+ signalling after transient stimulation. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating that pFTY720 causes continued signalling in one pathway (cAMP) versus functional antagonism of another pathway (Ca2+) and which also suggests that redistributed S1P1Rs may have differing signalling properties from those expressed at the surface.
Eicosapentaenoic acid suppression of systemic inflammatory responses and inverse up‐regulation of 15‐deoxyΔ12,14Prostaglandin J2 production
Authors: Davidson Jillian , Higgs Warren , Rotondo Dino
Published: April 2013

Background and Purpose

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) has been shown to suppress immune cell responses, such as cytokine production and downstream PG production in vitro. Studies in vivo, however, have used EPA as a minor constituent of fish oil with variable results. We investigated the effects of EPA on systemic inflammatory responses as pure EPA has not been evaluated on immune/inflammatory responses in vivo.

Experimental Approach

Rabbits were administered polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) i.v. before and after oral treatment with EPA for 42 days (given daily). The responses to IL‐1β and TNF‐α were also studied. Immediately following administration of poly I:C, body temperature was continuously monitored and blood samples were taken. Plasma levels of IL‐1β, PGE2 (PGE2), and 15‐deoxy‐Δ12,14‐PGJ2 (15d‐PGJ2) were measured by enzyme immunoassay.

Key Results

Following EPA treatment, the fever response to poly I:C was markedly suppressed compared with pretreatment responses. This was accompanied by a parallel reduction in the poly I:C‐stimulated elevation in plasma levels of IL‐1β and PGE2. Paradoxically, the levels of 15d‐PGJ2 were higher following EPA treatment. EPA treatment did not significantly alter the fever response or plasma levels of PGE2 in response to either IL‐1β or TNF‐α.

Conclusion and Implications

Oral treatment with EPA can suppress immune/inflammatory responses in vivo via a suppression of upstream cytokine production resulting in a decreased fever response and indirectly reducing circulating levels of PGE2. EPA also enhances the production of the cytoprotective prostanoid 15d‐PGJ2 indicating the therapeutic benefit of EPA.
Innovation in the Application of Digital Tools for Managing Uncertainty: The Case of UK Independent Film
Authors: Franklin Michael , Searle Nicola , Stoyanova Dimitrinka , Townley Barbara
Published: April 2013

This research investigates innovation in how film producers use social digital tools to engage consumers, reduce demand uncertainty and respond to the challenge of digital disruption that affects the traditional film value chain. Through three empirical case studies of film production and exploitation, we examine examples of innovation in product, service, distribution, marketing and process, each having important implications at the organizational level. Our findings show that innovations in one area have important implications for other areas, distribution impacting on concepts of product and service, for example. We also show that internal firm micro‐process dynamics impact directly on external interactions between the firm, consumers en masse and partner firms. Our research thus lies at the nexus of innovation, social media and uncertainty management, and questions the boundaries found in innovation ‘types’ or dominant taxonomies in traditional R&D frames.
Chitosan‐Coated Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Doxorubicin Delivery: Synthesis and Anticancer Effect Against Human Ovarian Cancer Cells
Authors: Javid Amaneh , Ahmadian Shahin , Saboury Ali A. , Kalantar Seyed M. , Rezaei‐Zarchi Saeed
Published: April 2013

Doxorubicin‐loaded chitosan‐coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4; SPIO‐NPs) were prepared by coprecipitation and emulsification cross‐linking method and uniform NPs with an average particle size of 82 nm, with high encapsulation efficiencies, were obtained. The drug‐loading efficiency of doxorubicin (3.2 mg/mg NPs) showed better results for the chitosan‐loaded SPIO‐NPs as compared to the bare ones (0.5 mg/mg; p < 0.05). The incubation of A2780 and OVCAR‐3 human ovarian cancer cells with doxorubicin‐loaded and doxorubicin‐loaded chitosan‐coated SPIO‐NPs, for 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h, showed significant IC50 (2.0 ± 0.6 and 7.1 ± 2.7 mm doxorubicin) and IC90 (4.0 ± 9.2 and 10 ± 0.5 mm doxorubicin), respectively, after 96 h of incubation. While, 95% and 98% growth inhibition was seen in A2780 and OVCAR‐3 cells after the 96‐h exposure to the doxorubicin‐chitosan‐SPIO‐NPs (p < 0.05). A 5‐day (120 h) incubation with doxorubicin‐chitosan‐SPIO‐NPs showed that A2780 and OVCAR‐3 cells were able to uptake 120 and 110 pg iron/cell, respectively, when treated with doxorubicin‐chitosan‐SPIO‐NPs for 72 h (p < 0.05).
A deleterious mutation in the PEX2 gene causes Zellweger syndrome in individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish descent
Authors: Fedick A. , Jalas C. , Treff N.R.
Published: April 2013

Zellweger syndrome is known to be caused by numerous mutations that occur in at least 12 of the PEX genes. While phenotypes vary, many are severely debilitating, and death can result in affected newborns. Since the disease follows an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance, carrier screening can be done for at‐risk couples, but the number of potential mutations sites to screen can be daunting. Ethnicity‐specific studies can help narrow this range by highlighting mutations that are present at higher percentages in certain populations. In this article, the carrier frequencies for two mutations causative of the severe Zellweger syndrome spectrum phenotype that occur in the PEX2 gene, c.355C>T and c.550del, were studied in individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish descent in order to advise on inclusion in existing carrier screening mutation panels for this population. The screening was performed for 2093 individuals through the use of TaqMan genotyping assays, real‐time PCR, and allelic discrimination. Results indicated a carrier frequency of 0.813% (±0.385%) for the c.355C>T mutation and a carrier frequency of 0.00% (±0.00%) for the c.550del mutation. On the basis of these frequencies, we believe that the c.355C>T mutation should be considered for inclusion in carrier screening panels for the Ashkenazi population.
Essential Conditions for Research with Children with Autism: Issues Raised by Two Case Studies
Authors: Conn Carmel
Published: April 2013

This article discusses conditions for research into the social experiences of children with autism in real‐life contexts using material from case studies of two boys with autism and their friends in mainstream school settings. It is argued that essential conditions for research with children with autism in ordinary social contexts should include a participatory approach, take a wide perspective of group processes, and account for multiple influences on social behaviour. Socially focused, participatory research design allows the social competencies that children with autism do have to be seen and produces multiple perspectives on children's social activity. Children and adults thinking together and sharing their ideas about the nature of experience for a child with autism and their friends allows for shared interpretations and reduces the very real possibility of one researcher alone making wrong assumptions about the nature of the investigation.
Risk of permanent stoma in extensive Crohn's colitis: the impact of biological drugs
Authors: Coscia M. , Gentilini L. , Laureti S. , Gionchetti P. , Rizzello F. , Campieri M. , Calabrese C. , Poggioli G.
Published: April 2013

Aim

The overall risk of permanent stoma was determined in patients with extensive Crohn's colitis. An attempt was made to analyse whether biological drugs have modified the surgical approach in patients with anorectal involvement.

Method

In all, 233 patients with Crohn's disease colitis operated on between 1995 and 2010 were reviewed retrospectively. Fifty‐one were treated before 2002 (prebiological era) and 182 after 2002 (biological era). The relationship was determined between the use of immunosuppressors, biological drugs, the presence of perianal disease and anorectal stenosis and the rate of permanent stoma formation.

Results

In the prebiological era 23 (45.1%) patients without anorectal involvement underwent colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis, 17 (33.3%) with severe anorectal disease had proctocolectomy and 11 (21.6%) with anorectal involvement had abdominal colectomy with permanent ileostomy. In the biological era 73 (40.1%) patients without anorectal involvement underwent colectomy and ileorectal anastomosis, nine (5%) with severe anorectal involvement had proctocolectomy and 100 (54.9%) with anorectal involvement had colectomy with terminal ileostomy. Of these 100, 75 have subsequently been treated with biological drugs with full regression of anorectal lesions in 81.3%. Rates of permanent stoma in the prebiological and biological era were 60.8% and 19.2% (P < 0.001). Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that only the use of biological drugs was significantly associated with an increased rate of rectal preservation (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The risk of a permanent stoma in patients with Crohn's colitis and anorectal involvement is significantly reduced with combined surgical and biological treatment.
‘Schismo‐urbanism’: cities, natural disaster, and urban sociology
Authors: Kammerbauer Mark
Published: April 2013

This paper examines a city and a natural disaster, specifically New Orleans, Louisiana, after Hurricane Katrina of August 2005. Recovery here is ongoing and the process of return is incomplete, with long‐term dislocation to other cities in the United States, such as Houston, Texas. The question arises as to how planning and stratification influence evacuation and return/dislocation and how they result in a particular practice of adaptation. This interrelated process is conceptually integrated and termed ‘schismo‐urbanism’ and is analysed within a multidimensional theoretical framework to evaluate aspects of urban sociology and natural disasters. Empirical research is based on a quantitative and qualitative mixed‐method case study. Data were collected during two rounds of field research in New Orleans and Houston in 2007 and 2009. As a comparative socio‐spatial study of affected and receptor communities, it makes a novel theoretical and methodological contribution to research on urban disasters in the context of continuing and rapid social change, and is targeted at disaster researchers, planning theorists and practitioners, and urbanists.
Echocardiography‐Guided or “Sided” Pericardiocentesis
Authors: Degirmencioglu Aleks , Karakus Gultekin , Güvenc Tolga Sinan , Pinhan Osman , Sipahi Ilke , Akyol Ahmet
Published: April 2013

Echocardiography‐guided pericardiocentesis is the first choice method for relieving cardiac tamponade, but the exact role of the echocardiography at the moment of the puncture is still controversial. In this report, detailed echocardiographic evaluation was performed in 21 consecutive patients with cardiac tamponade just before the pericardiocentesis. Appropriate needle position was determined according to the probe position using imaginary x, y, and z axes. Pericardiocentesis was performed successfully using this technique without simultaneous echocardiography and no complications were observed. We concluded that bedside echocardiography with detailed evaluation of the puncture site and angle is enough for pericardiocentesis instead of real time guiding.
Decreasing incidence of AA amyloidosis in Spain
Authors: Panizo Nayara , Rivera Francisco , López‐Gómez Juan M. ,   All the members of the Spanish Registry of Glomerulonephritis
Published: April 2013

Background

The main objectives of our study were to review all cases of amyloidosis diagnosed by renal biopsy in Spain from 1994 to 2009 and to analyse variations in the incidence over time.

Materials and methods

We analysed all biopsies from native kidneys included in the Spanish Registry of Glomerulonephritis. A total of 120 centres provided 17 680 biopsies over 16 years. Follow‐up was divided in four periods.

Results

We collected 653 cases of renal amyloidosis. In 438 cases (67%), amyloidosis type was specified, [AA amyloidosis, 253 cases (57·8%); AL amyloidosis, 185 cases (42·2%)]. Mean age was 60 (17·8) years; 51·4% of patients were younger than 65. Overall incidence was 3·7%. In patients < 65, AA amyloidosis was present in 66·1% and AL amyloidosis in 33·9% (P < 0·01). No differences were found in patients > 65. Patients with AA amyloidosis were younger (56·8 vs. 64·0, P < 0·01) and had worse creatinine clearance (35 vs. 57 mL/min, P < 0·01). We found a decrease in the incidence among biopsies collected during each of the 4 study periods (4·2%, 3·9%, 3·5% and 3·2%, respectively, P < 0·001).

Conclusions

This is the largest series of renal amyloidosis in kidney biopsies published to date. We found amyloidosis to be decreasing slowly in Spain. This decrease affects both types and is confirmed in all cases marked in patients < 65 and in AA type. AA amyloidosis was the most frequent in our series. Patients affected by it were younger and had worse kidney function, with no differences in the level of proteinuria.
Log colonization by Ips sexdentatus prevented by increasing host unsuitability signaled by verbenone
Authors: Etxebeste Iñaki , Álvarez Gonzalo , Pajares Juan
Published: April 2013

Sudden increments of breeding material after windstorms, forest fires, or inappropriate management practices help bark beetles such as Ips sexdentatus Boerner (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) increase in numbers and colonize standing healthy pine trees. Preventing bark beetles from arriving to susceptible trees or logs may have great relevance for bark beetle management. Recent studies have reported inhibition of the aggregation response of I. sexdentatus using verbenone. Two field experiments were conducted to examine the effect of verbenone on the colonization pattern of this beetle. The first experiment tested the combined effect of trans‐conophthorin, a non‐host bark volatile with known repellent effect, and verbenone on Pinus sylvestris L. (Pinaceae) log piles of two sizes, but failed to protect them against I. sexdentatus attack when these two infochemicals were released at low rates. The results of this experiment suggested an interaction with the associated secondary bark beetle Orthotomicus erosus (Wollaston). A second experiment examined the response of I. sexdentatus and O. erosus to log piles that released verbenone at 0, 2, 10, or 40 mg day−1. Although I. sexdentatus colonization of Pinus nigra Arnold logs was completely prevented at 40 mg day−1, O. erosus could be found at all tested verbenone release rates. Besides verbenone, O. erosus colonization density and the height from which logs originated were the variables that best explained I. sexdentatus log colonization pattern. In addition, I. sexdentatus and O. erosus were rarely recorded colonizing the same log, and niche breadth analyses suggested that they excluded each other. The role of verbenone in the colonization process and its potential use in the prevention of population buildups of damaging bark beetles such as I. sexdentatus are discussed.
Comparisons of the thermal physiology of water hyacinth biological control agents: predicting establishment and distribution pre‐ and post‐release
Authors: May Bronwen , Coetzee Julie
Published: April 2013

Investigations into the thermal physiology of weed biological control agents may elucidate reasons for establishment failure following release. Such studies have shown that the success of water hyacinth biological control in South Africa remains variable in the high‐lying interior Highveld region, because the control agents are restricted to establishment and development due to extreme winter conditions. To determine the importance of thermal physiology studies, both pre‐ and post‐release, this study compared the known thermal requirements of Eccritotarsus catarinensis (Carvalho) (Hemiptera: Miridae) released in 1996, with those of an agent released in 1990, Niphograpta albiguttalis (Warren) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and a candidate agent, Megamelus scutellaris Berg (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), which is currently under consideration for release. The lower developmental threshold (to) and rate of development (K) were determined for N. albiguttalis and M. scutellaris, using a reduced axis regression, and incorporated into a degree‐day model which compared the number of generations that E. catarinensis, N. albiguttalis, and M. scutellaris are capable of producing annually at any given site in South Africa. The degree‐day models predicted that N. albiguttalis (K = 439.43, to = 9.866) can complete 4–11 generations per year, whereas M. scutellaris (K =502.96, to = 11.458) can only complete 0–10 generations per year, compared with E. catarinensis (K = 342, to = 10.3) which is predicted to complete 3–14 generations per year. This suggests that the candidate agent, M. scutellaris, will not fare better in establishment than the other two agents that have been released in the Highveld, and that it may not be worth releasing an agent with higher thermal requirements than the agents that already occur in these high‐lying areas. Thermal physiology studies conducted prior to release are important tools in biological control programmes, particularly those in resource‐limited countries, to prevent wasting efforts in getting an agent established.
Survey of the genus Bursaphelenchus Fuchs, 1937 (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) in Romania
Authors: Calin M. , Vieira P. , Costache C. , Braasch H. , Gu J. , Wang J. , Mota M.
Published: April 2013

An overview of the occurrence of species of the genus Bursaphelenchus in Romania is presented. The data is based on recent surveys conducted for the first time throughout the country, to monitor and evaluate the potential entry of the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Wood samples were collected from declining trees, wood‐processing companies and imported wood packaging material. Of the 895 wood samples examined, 11 contained Bursaphelenchus specimens. Morphological and molecular analyses were carried out to characterize the species detected. With respect to the possible presence of B. xylophilus, all samples were negative, confirming the absence of this quarantine pest in Romania. Nevertheless, five Bursaphelenchus species were found: B. hofmanni, B. poligraphi, B. vallesianus, B. willibaldi, and one putative new species belonging to the sexdentati group, classified here as Bursaphelenchus sp. NR512. These results constitute the first report of the genus Bursaphelenchus in Romania.
Efficacy of insecticides through contact and oral uptake towards four Agriotes wireworm species under controlled conditions
Authors: van Rozen K. , Huiting H. F. , Wilhelm R. , Heger M. , Ester A.
Published: April 2013

Wireworms of Agriotes lineatus, A. obscurus, A. sputator and A. sordidus were exposed to insecticide treated soil using two different control methods. One method consisted of a spray application of insecticides at doses of 50, 100, 200, and 300 g a.i. per ha. The other method consisted of a bait treatment at doses of 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 g a.i. per ha. Four insecticides were tested: fipronil and the neonicotinoids thiamethoxam, imidacloprid and clothianidin. In the soil treatment trial, chlorpyrifos was added as a reference treatment. The two test methods were conducted at different dates on the various species, but in equally controlled conditions. Mortality was observed after one and two (bait treatment) or three (soil treatment) weeks of exposure. Fipronil was highly lethal to each of the wireworm species tested, regardless of the method used. In general, mortality was higher compared to the neonicotinoids tested, the latter showing low or no mortality at the given dose and exposure variants. Applying fipronil in a bait formulation may decrease the amount of active ingredient per ha considerably, therefore baits may have important environmental benefits.
Effects of harvesting of increasing intensities on genetic diversity and population structure of white spruce
Authors: Fageria Manphool S. , Rajora Om P.
Published: April 2013

Forest harvesting of increasing intensities is expected to have intensifying impacts on the genetic diversity and population structure of postharvest naturally regenerated stands by affecting the magnitude of evolutionary processes, such as genetic drift, gene flow, mating system, and selection. We have tested this hypothesis for the first time by employing widely distributed boreal white spruce (Picea glauca) as a model and controlled, replicated experimental harvesting and regeneration experiment at theEMENDproject site (http://www.emendproject.org). We used two approaches. First, genetic diversity and population structure of postharvest natural regeneration after five harvesting treatments (green tree retention of 75%, 50%, 20%, and 10%, and clearcut) were assessed and compared with those of the unharvested control (pristine preharvest old‐growth) in two replicates each of conifer‐dominated (CD) and mixed‐wood (MW) forest, using 10 (sixEST(expressed sequence tag) and four genomic) microsatellite markers. Second, genetic diversity and population structure of preharvest old‐growth were compared with those of postharvest natural regeneration after five harvesting treatments in the same treatment blocks in one replicate each ofCDandMWforests. Contrary to our expectations, genetic diversity, inbreeding levels, and population genetic structure were similar between unharvested control or preharvest old‐growth and postharvest natural regeneration after five harvesting treatments, with clearcut showing no negative genetic impacts. The potential effects of genetic drift and inbreeding resulting from harvesting bottlenecks were counterbalanced by predominantly outcrossing mating system and high gene flow from the residual and/or surrounding white spruce.CDandMWforests responded similarly to harvesting of increasing intensities. Simulated data for 10, 50, and 100 microsatellite markers showed the same results as obtained empirically from 10 microsatellite markers. Similar patterns of genetic diversity and population structure were observed forESTand genomic microsatellites. In conclusion, harvesting of increasing intensities did not show any significant negative impact on genetic diversity, population structure, and evolutionary potential of white spruce inCDandMWforests. Our first of its kind of study addresses the broad central forest management question how forest harvesting and regeneration practices can best maintain genetic biodiversity and ecosystem integrity.
The influence of suture pattern on the incidence of incisional drainage following exploratory laparotomy
Authors: Colbath A. C. , Patipa L. , Berghaus R. D. , Parks A. H.
Published: April 2013

Reasons for performing study

Incisional complications following exploratory celiotomy increase morbidity, extend hospitalisation and increase cost. Retrospective studies seek to identify risk factors and measures for prevention of surgical site infection. The relatively high incidence of incisional complications following exploratory laparotomy necessitates identification of ideal surgical closure methods.

Objectives

The study sought to identify the incidence of incisional drainage within our hospital population, and to identify risk factors for incisional complications while determining surgical practices that reduce the incidence of incisional drainage.

Study design

Retrospective cohort study.

Methods

A retrospective study, with telephone follow‐up, was performed on 199 horses that underwent exploratory laparotomy at theUniversity ofGeorgia from 2January 2008 to 31December 2010, examining associations between case background, lesion type, access to the lumen of the bowel, and closure methods and incisional draining. Thelinea albaincisions were closed by the primary surgeon and junior house officers closed the subcutaneous tissues and skin.

Results

The incidence of purulent or persistent serosanguinous incisional drainage in 142 horses with complete follow‐up information was 21.8%. Background, lesion type, and enterotomy or enterectomy were not associated with a significantly increased likelihood of incisional drainage. However, closure of the subcutaneous tissues and skin in a 2‐layer, modified subcuticular pattern was associated with a significantly lower incidence of post operative incisional drainage. Follow‐up information identified subsequent episodes of colic in 28.9% of horses. However, 80.3% of horses had returned to their previous level of work.

Conclusions and potential relevance

Incisional drainage is common following ventral midline laparotomy. The use of a 2‐layer, modified subcuticular closure was associated with a significant reduction in the incidence of incisional drainage compared with closure performed with skin sutures, but not closure performed with staples.

TheSummary is available inChinese – seeSupporting information.
The interleukin 6 receptor alpha gene polymorphisms are associated with clinical manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus in Koreans
Authors: Jeon J. Y. , Kim K. Y. , Kim H. A. , Suh C. H.
Published: April 2013

The human interleukin 6 receptor consists of two membrane‐bound glycoproteins (IL‐6Rα, IL‐6RA and gp130/IL‐6Rβ, IL‐6RB) interacting with IL‐6, which is a multifunctional cytokine essential to the regulation of the immune response and acute‐phase reactions. We have genotyped a single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the IL‐6RA in Korean patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) (n = 300) and normal controls (NC, n = 299). Three SNPs were identified in the IL‐6RA gene; ‐208 G≥A (NM_000565.3:c.‐208G≥A, rs4845617) in the promoter region, 48841 T≥A (NM_000565.3:c.1067‐17T≥A, rs4845374) in the intron 8 region and 48864 A≥C (NM_000565.3:c.1073A≥C, rs2228145) in the exon 9 region. There were no differences between the SLE and the NC in the genotype and haplotype frequencies. The 48864 A>C polymorphism was significantly associated with rash (P = 0.008). Also, the frequency of rash (P = 0.037), leucopenia (P = 0.033) and lymphopenia (P = 0.027) was significantly higher in patients with SLE having the haplotype HT2 [ATC]. These data suggest that genetic polymorphisms of IL‐6RA gene may be associated with disease phenotypes of SLE in Korean.
“Infiltrators” or Refugees? An Analysis of Israel's Policy Towards African Asylum‐Seekers
Authors: Yaron Hadas , Hashimshony‐Yaffe Nurit , Campbell John
Published: April 2013

This article adopts a genealogical approach in examining Israeli immigration policy by focusing on the situation confronting African asylum seekers who have been forced back into Egypt, detained and deported but who have not had their asylum claims properly assessed. Based on immigration policies formulated at the time of Israeli independence, whose principle objective was to secure a Jewish majority state, we argue that Israel's treatment of African asylum seekers as ‘infiltrators’/economic migrants stems from an insistence on maintaining immigration as a sovereign issue formally isolated from other policy domains. Such an approach is not only in violation of Israel's commitment to the Refugee Convention, it directly contributes to policies which are ineffective and unduly harsh.
Epidemiology of severe influenza outcomes among adult patients with obesity in Detroit, Michigan, 2011
Authors: Martin Emily T. , Archer Carolyn , McRoberts John , Kulik Janice , Thurston Taylor , Lephart Paul , Kaye Keith S.
Published: April 2013

We conducted a retrospective cohort study to evaluate the impact of obesity on influenza disease severity. Individuals with obesity were more likely to have lower pulmonary disease manifestations [OR = 1·97 (95% CI 1·05, 3·69), P = 0·03] and to be admitted to an inpatient ward [OR = 2·93 (95% CI 1·50, 5·71), P = 0·002] when compared with non‐obese individuals. Among admitted individuals, persons with obesity were more likely to require a lengthy hospital stay [OR = 3·86 (95% CI 1·03, 14·42), P = 0·045]. Five of the six deaths in study subjects occurred in persons with obesity.
Chylopericardium and chylothorax: Unusual mechanical complications of central venous catheters
Authors: Alkayed Khaldoun , Plautz Gregory , Gowans Kate , Rosenthal Geoffrey , Soldes Oliver , Qureshi Athar M.
Published: April 2013

Obstruction and thrombosis of major systemic veins can occur due to indwelling central venous catheters. If obstruction of the innominate vein or superior vena cava occurs, lymphatic drainage can be impaired due to an increase in pressure in the thoracic duct and lymphatics. We describe a case where superior vena cava syndrome, chylopericardium and chylothorax occurred in a 16‐year‐old girl due to an indwelling central venous catheter. This was successfully treated with removal of the line, anticoagulation and angioplasty of the innominate vein and superior vena cava.
Glycemic variability in preterm infants receiving intermittent gastric tube feeding: Report of three cases
Authors: Mizumoto Hiroshi , Honda Yoshitaka , Ueda Kazutoshi , Taniguchi Masashi , Shibata Hirofumi , Uchio Hiroko , Hata Daisuke
Published: April 2013

Late‐onset hypoglycemia (day 12–16, blood glucose <50 mg/dL) was detected in three preterm infants (birthweight 998–1780 g; gestational age 27–30 weeks) by routine screening. All infants showed high serum insulin levels and extremely low ketone levels at the time of hypoglycemia. Continuous glucose monitoring was conducted at 31–34 weeks' postconceptual age when the infants were receiving intermittent gastric tube feeding with no intravenous glucose infusion. The continuous glucose monitoring results showed characteristic postprandial glucose increases and subsequent sharp deceases along with many hyper‐ and hypoglycemic events. This fluctuating pattern disappeared at 38–40 weeks' postconceptual age. These observations suggest that prolonged insulin oversecretion may be associated with early aggressive intravenous nutrition, and that large glycemic variability is a common feature of tube‐fed preterm infants that can be explained by immature glucose homeostasis.
TIME PREFERENCE AND THE DISTRIBUTIONS OF WEALTH AND INCOME
Authors: SUEN RICHARD M. H.
Published: April 2013

This paper examines the connection between time preference heterogeneity and economic inequality in a deterministic environment. Specifically, we extend the standard neoclassical growth model to allow for (1) heterogeneity in consumers' discount rates, (2) direct preferences for wealth, and (3) human capital formation. The second feature prevents the wealth distribution from collapsing into a degenerate distribution. The third feature generates a strong positive correlation between earnings and capital income across consumers. A calibrated version of the model is able to generate patterns of wealth and income inequality that are very similar to those observed in the United States. (JEL D31, E21, O15)
La ségrégation entre hommes et femmes dans le secteur manufacturier formel indien de 1989–90 à 2000–01
Authors: CHATTOPADHYAY Molly , CHAKRABORTY Sonali , ANKER Richard
Published: April 2013

Ayant calculé un indice de dissimilaritéà partir des enquêtes annuelles sur les entreprises de 1989–90 et 2000–01, les auteurs observent une atténuation de la ségrégation sexuelle dans le secteur manufacturier formel indien. Toutefois, le phénomène observé doit plus à l'évolution de la structure sectorielle de l'emploi qu'à la progression de la mixité. La mesure de l'indice est aussi sensible au degré de désagrégation des secteurs d'activité. A l'échelle nationale comme à celle des Etats, les possibilités d'emploi offertes aux femmes sont limitées et concentrées dans quelques branches traditionnelles: alimentation, tabac, textile et habillement.
Qui donnera effet à la convention du travail maritime de l'OIT, 2006?
Authors: PINIELLA Francisco , SILOS José María , BERNAL Francisca
Published: April 2013

La convention du travail maritime, 2006, qui entrera en vigueur le 20 août 2013, regroupe des dizaines de normes de l'OIT adoptées depuis les années 1920. Elle a été décrite comme le «quatrième pilier» de la réglementation internationale maritime, aux côtés de trois grandes conventions de l'OMI sur la sécurité en mer et la prévention de la pollution marine. Selon les auteurs, le défi consistera à l'appliquer au moyen des mécanismes réglementaires existants, soit la mise en œuvre par l'Etat du pavillon et le contrôle par l'Etat du port. Techniquement, la responsabilité repose sur les premiers, mais la prolifération des pavillons de complaisance donne à penser que ces derniers joueront également un rôle crucial, tout comme, dans ces deux cas, la formation des inspecteurs.
Droit aux congés et conciliation entre travail et vie familiale dans les pays développés: pourquoi les travailleurs des Etats‐Unis sont perdants
Authors: Block Richard N. , Park Joo‐Young , Kang Young‐Hee
Published: April 2013

A partir d'un indice synthétique des dispositions réglementaires sur les congés annuels et familiaux en Europe occidentale, aux Etats‐Unis, au Canada, en Australie, au Japon et en Corée, les auteurs classent ces pays quant au soutien à l'équilibre entre travail et famille. Les Etats‐Unis arrivent derniers: les employeurs ne sont pas tenus d'accorder des congés annuels, et les salariés ne peuvent prendre plus de douze semaines de congés par an pour raisons familiales. Ces normes comparativement basses s'expliqueraient par une conception fondée sur le libre marché et un postulat d'égalité de rapport de forces entre employeur et salarié. Vision qui n'est pleinement partagée par aucune des autres démocraties examinées.
Modeling the Inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes by Combined High Pressure and Temperature Using Weibull Model
Authors: Mishra Niharika , Puri Virendra M.
Published: April 2013

Inactivation curves of Listeria monocytogenes by high pressure were obtained at three pressure levels (400, 500 and 600 MPa) and three temperature levels (27, 43 and 60C) in ultra‐high temperature (UHT) whole milk. The milk samples after treatment were plated on both nonselective and selective media to determine the log reduction value and to obtain the inactivation curve. The inactivation curves were fitted to the widely used two‐parameter Weibull model with parameters α (characteristic time) and β (shape factor) and a reduced one‐parameter Weibull model where the α value with the correct physical interpretation was predetermined. The log reduction value at the characteristic time from the regressed two‐parameter Weibull model and the experimental data must both be 0.434; however, in the literature, there is evidence that the regressed model and the experimental values do not match always. Accordingly, this study focuses on the two‐parameter and one‐parameter Weibull models to bring out this inconsistency. Although there was loss in goodness of fit by adapting the one‐parameter model, yet the model represented the correct physical interpretation of parameter α. Development of such mathematically consistent models may help industry to design, develop and optimize safe processing conditions that are based on reliable model parameters.

Practical Application

In previous studies, inactivation curves of microorganisms have been modeled using the widely used two‐parameter Weibull model. However, it was not verified or investigated whether the parameters obtained by nonlinear regression represent the correct experimental value, especially the scale factor/characteristic time. The log reduction value obtained at a treatment time equals 5 to the regressed scale characteristic time should be 1/0.434 depending on the form of Weibull model used. However, in the literature, there is evidence that the regressed model and the experimental values do not match always. In this study, it was shown that predetermining the scale factor/characteristic time from the experimental data addresses this self‐consistency issue. Development of such mathematically consistent models would help industry to design reliable and optimum safe processing conditions.
Elastic fibres are broadly distributed in tendon and highly localized around tenocytes
Authors: Grant Tyler M. , Thompson Mark S. , Urban Jill , Yu Jing
Published: April 2013

Elastic fibres have the unique ability to withstand large deformations and are found in numerous tissues, but their organization and structure have not been well defined in tendon. The objective of this study was to characterize the organization of elastic fibres in tendon to understand their function. Immunohistochemistry was used to visualize elastic fibres in bovine flexor tendon with fibrillin‐1, fibrillin‐2 and elastin antibodies. Elastic fibres were broadly distributed throughout tendon, and highly localized longitudinally around groups of cells and transversely between collagen fascicles. The close interaction of elastic fibres and cells suggests that elastic fibres are part of the pericellular matrix and therefore affect the mechanical environment of tenocytes. Fibres present between fascicles are likely part of the endotenon sheath, which enhances sliding between adjacent collagen bundles. These results demonstrate that elastic fibres are highly localized in tendon and may play an important role in cellular function and contribute to the tissue mechanics of the endotenon sheath.
Getting diversity at work to work: What we know and what we still don't know
Authors: Guillaume Yves R. F. , Dawson Jeremy F. , Woods Steve A. , Sacramento Claudia A. , West Michael A.
Published: April 2013

Diversity has the potential to significantly benefit organizations by leading to positive work outcomes when diversity ‘works’. Unfortunately, not only is our knowledge limited as to the necessary conditions and the mechanisms by which diversity affects individual, work performance and organizational outcomes, but we still know very little about which diversity management practices are most effective in promoting positive outcomes. We analyse the literature on diversity and its management, and describe how the seven papers included in this section advance our understanding of what organizations can do to get diversity at work to work. Our discussion points to the need for more research on how diversity at multiple levels affects work and organizational outcomes; the development of integrative theory which takes into account that diversity might not only engender separation and variety but also disparity; as well as to the need for more empirical attention to the climates or cultures that facilitate the positive effects of diversity on work and organizational outcomes. We suggest that future research should also identify those people management practices that are most powerful in the creation of a positive diversity climate, and the factors that moderate and underlie its effects on work and organizational outcomes. We conclude with proposals about how this might be achieved.