bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MAPK Pathway Inhibitors Sensitize BRAF-Mutant Melanoma to an Antibody-Drug Conjugate Targeting GPNMB
Authors: Rose April A.N. , Annis Matthew G. , Frederick Dennie T. , Biondini Marco , Dong Zhifeng , Kwong Lawrence , Chin Lynda , Keler Tibor , Hawthorne Thomas , Watson Ian R. , Flaherty Keith T. , Siegel Peter M.
Published: August 2016

Purpose: To determine if BRAF and/or MEK inhibitor–induced GPNMB expression renders melanomas sensitive to CDX-011, an antibody-drug conjugate targeting GPNMB.

Experimental Design: The Cancer Genome Atlas melanoma dataset was interrogated for a panel of MITF-regulated melanosomal differentiation antigens, including GPNMB. BRAF-mutant melanoma cell lines treated with BRAF or MEK inhibitors were assessed for GPNMB expression by RT-qPCR, immunoblot, and FACS analyses. Transient siRNA-mediated knockdown approaches were used to determine if MITF is requirement for treatment-induced GPNMB upregulation. GPNMB expression was analyzed in serial biopsies and serum samples from patients with melanoma taken before, during, and after disease progression on MAPK inhibitor treatment. Subcutaneous injections were performed to test the efficacy of MAPK inhibitors alone, CDX-011 alone, or their combination in suppressing melanoma growth.

Results: A MITF-dependent melanosomal differentiation signature is associated with poor prognosis in patients with this disease. MITF is increased following BRAF and MEK inhibitor treatment and induces the expression of melanosomal differentiation genes, including GPNMB. GPNMB is expressed at the cell surface in MAPK inhibitor–treated melanoma cells and is also elevated in on-treatment versus pretreatment biopsies from melanoma patients receiving MAPK pathway inhibitors. Combining BRAF and/or MEK inhibitors with CDX-011, an antibody-drug conjugate targeting GPNMB, is effective in causing melanoma regression in preclinical animal models and delays the recurrent melanoma growth observed with MEK or BRAF/MEK inhibitor treatment alone.

Conclusions: The combination of MAPK pathway inhibitors with an antibody-drug conjugate targeting GPNMB is an effective therapeutic option for patients with melanoma. Clin Cancer Res; 22(24); 6088–98. ©2016 AACR.
Temporal Trends in Incidence and Case Fatality of Intracerebral Hemorrhage: The Tromsø Study 1995-2012
Authors: Carlsson Maria , Wilsgaard Tom , Johnsen Stein Harald , Vangen-Lønne Anne Merete , Løchen Maja-Lisa , Njølstad Inger , Mathiesen Ellisiv Bøgeberg
Published: August 2016

Background: The aim of this study was to explore temporal trends in incidence and case fatality rates of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) over the last two decades in a Norwegian municipality. Methods: Incident cases of primary ICH were registered in the period from 1995 through 2012 in 32,530 participants of the longitudinal population-based Tromsø Study. Poisson regression models were used to obtain incidence rates over time in age- and sex-adjusted and age- and sex-specific models. Case fatality rates were calculated and age- and sex-adjusted trends over time were estimated using logistic regression. Results: A total of 226 ICHs were registered. The age- and sex-adjusted incidence rate [95% confidence interval (CI)] in the overall population was 0.42 (0.37-0.48) per 1,000 person-years. Age-adjusted incidence rates were 0.53 (0.43-0.62) in men and 0.33 (0.26-0.39) in women. In individuals aged <75 years, the age- and sex-adjusted incidence rate was 0.27 (0.22-0.32) and in individuals aged ≥75 years, it was 2.42 (1.95-2.89) per 1,000 person-years. There was no significant change in incidence rates over time. The incidence rate ratio (95% CI) in the overall population was 0.73 (0.47-1.12) in 2012 compared with 1995. The overall 30-day case fatality (95% CI) was 23.9% (18.3-29.5) and did not change substantially over time [odds ratio in 2012 vs. 1995 = 0.83 (95% CI 0.27-2.52)]. Conclusion: No significant changes in incidence and case fatality rates of ICH were observed during the last two decades.
Evidence on Adrenaline Use in Resuscitation and Its Relevance to Newborn Infants: A Non-Systematic Review
Authors: Pinto Merlin , Solevåg Anne Lee , OʼReilly Megan , Aziz Khalid , Cheung Po-Yin , Schmölzer Georg M.
Published: August 2016

Aim: Guidelines for newborn resuscitation state that if the heart rate does not increase despite adequate ventilation and chest compressions, adrenaline administration should be considered. However, controversy exists around the safety and effectiveness of adrenaline in newborn resuscitation. The aim of this review was to summarise a selection of the current knowledge about adrenaline during resuscitation and evaluate its relevance to newborn infants. Methods: A search in PubMed, Embase, and Google Scholar until September 1, 2015, using search terms including adrenaline/epinephrine, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, death, severe brain injury, necrotizing enterocolitis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and adrenaline versus vasopressin/placebo. Results: Adult data indicate that adrenaline improves the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) but not survival to hospital discharge. Newborn animal studies reported that adrenaline might be needed to achieve ROSC. Intravenous administration (10-30 μg/kg) is recommended; however, if there is no intravenous access, a higher endotracheal dose (50-100 μg/kg) is needed. The safety and effectiveness of intraosseous adrenaline remain undetermined. Early and frequent dosing does not seem to be beneficial. In fact, negative hemodynamic effects have been observed, especially with doses ≥30 μg/kg intravenously. Little is known about adrenaline in birth asphyxia and in preterm infants, but observations indicate that hemodynamics and neurological outcomes may be impaired by adrenaline administration in these conditions. However, a causal relationship between adrenaline administration and outcomes cannot be established from the few available retrospective studies. Alternative vasoconstrictors have been investigated, but the evidence is scarce. Conclusion: More research is needed on the benefits and risks of adrenaline in asphyxia-induced bradycardia or cardiac arrest during perinatal transition.
Die Cognitive Processing Therapy - Cognitive Therapy Only zur Behandlung der komplexen Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung
Authors: Müller-Engelmann Meike , Dittmann Clara , Weßlau Charlotte , Steil Regina
Published: August 2016

Hintergrund: Das Störungsbild der komplexen Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung (PTBS) tritt häufig nach wiederholten Gewalterfahrungen in der Kindheit und Jugend auf und zeichnet sich neben den Kernsymptomen der PTBS durch Störungen der Emotionsregulation, instabile Beziehungen sowie hohe Komorbiditäten aus. Viele Behandler haben Bedenken, bei dieser Patientengruppe expositionsbasierte Methoden anzuwenden. Die Cognitive Prozessing Therapy (CPT; [Resick et al., 2007]) stellt in ihrer rein kognitiven Variante (CPT-C) eine wirksame alternative Methode dar, die ohne formale Expositionselemente auskommt. Neben der Vorstellung dieser Behandlung wird ein Überblick über Evaluationsstudien gegeben sowie die Anwendung anhand eines Fallbeispiels beschrieben. Fallbericht: Die Patientin kam nach sexueller Gewalt im Kindesalter in die Behandlung. Neben einer PTBS wurde eine emotional instabile Persönlichkeitsstörung (Borderline-Typus) diagnostiziert. Die durchgeführten CPT-C-Interventionen, der Therapieverlauf sowie das Behandlungsergebnis werden beschrieben und Besonderheiten bei der Behandlung der komplexen PTBS aufgezeigt. Schlussfolgerungen: Die kognitive Variante der CPT, die CPT-C, ermöglicht es, auf eine formale Exposition zu verzichten, und zeigt dennoch eine genauso gute Wirksamkeit wie expositionsbasierte Methoden. Sie sollte deshalb in der Versorgung traumatisierter Patientinnen und Patienten und besonders auch zur Behandlung der komplexen PTBS eine größere Beachtung und Verbreitung finden.
Non-HDL Cholesterol and Triglycerides
Authors: Puri Rishi , Nissen Steven E. , Shao Mingyuan , Elshazly Mohamed B. , Kataoka Yu , Kapadia Samir R. , Tuzcu E. Murat , Nicholls Stephen J.
Published: August 2016

Objectives—

Non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDLC) levels reflect the full burden of cholesterol transported in atherogenic lipoproteins. Genetic studies suggest a causal association between elevated triglycerides (TGs)-rich lipoproteins and atherosclerosis. We evaluated associations between achieved non-HDLC and TG levels on changes in coronary atheroma volume.

Approach and Results—

Data were analyzed from 9 clinical trials involving 4957 patients with coronary disease undergoing serial intravascular ultrasonography to assess changes in percent atheroma volume (ΔPAV) and were evaluated against on-treatment non-HDLC and TG levels. The effects of lower (<100 mg/dL) versus higher (≥100 mg/dL) achieved non-HDLC levels and lower (<200 mg/dL) versus higher (≥200 mg/dL) achieved TG levels were evaluated in populations with variable on-treatment low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) </≥70 mg/dL and C-reactive protein </≥2 mg/L and in patients with or without diabetes mellitus. On-treatment non-HDLC levels linearly associated with ΔPAV. Overt PAV progression (ΔPAV>0) was associated with achieved TG levels >200 mg/dL, respectively. Lower on-treatment non-HDLC and TG levels associated with significant PAV regression compared with higher non-HDLC and TG levels across all levels of LDLC and C-reactive protein and irrespective of diabetic status (
P
<0.001 across all comparisons). ΔPAV were more strongly influenced by changes in non-HDLC (β=0.62;
P
<0.001) compared with changes in LDLC (β=0.51;
P
<0.001). Kaplan–Meier sensitivity analyses demonstrated significantly greater major adverse cardiovascular event rates in those with higher versus lower non-HDLC and TG levels, with an earlier separation of the non-HDLC compared with the LDLC curve.

Conclusions—

Achieved non-HDLC levels seem more closely associated with coronary atheroma progression than LDLC. Plaque progression associates with achieved TGs, but only above levels of 200 mg/dL. These observations support a more prominent role for non-HDLC (and possibly TG) lowering in combating residual cardiovascular risk.
Endothelial Cell Junctional Adhesion Molecules
Authors: Reglero-Real Natalia , Colom Bartomeu , Bodkin Jennifer Victoria , Nourshargh Sussan
Published: August 2016

Endothelial cells line the lumen of all blood vessels and play a critical role in maintaining the barrier function of the vasculature. Sealing of the vessel wall between adjacent endothelial cells is facilitated by interactions involving junctionally expressed transmembrane proteins, including tight junctional molecules, such as members of the junctional adhesion molecule family, components of adherence junctions, such as VE-Cadherin, and other molecules, such as platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule. Of importance, a growing body of evidence indicates that the expression of these molecules is regulated in a spatiotemporal manner during inflammation: responses that have significant implications for the barrier function of blood vessels against blood-borne macromolecules and transmigrating leukocytes. This review summarizes key aspects of our current understanding of the dynamics and mechanisms that regulate the expression of endothelial cells junctional molecules during inflammation and discusses the associated functional implications of such events in acute and chronic scenarios.
β-Blocker Adherence in Familial Long QT Syndrome
Authors: Waddell-Smith Kathryn E. , Li Jian , Smith Warren , Crawford Jackie , Skinner Jonathan R.
Published: August 2016

Background—

Long-term uninterrupted β-blockade significantly reduces cardiac events in long QT syndrome (LQTS). Despite this, data on nonadherence are scarce and quantified only on the day of cardiac arrest in LQTS literature. We aimed to describe β-blocker adherence, and predictors thereof, among patients with LQTS types 1 and 2.

Methods and Results—

Electronic health records and pharmacy dispensing data were reviewed for 90 patients with LQTS 1 and 2 who reside in Auckland, New Zealand, during a 34-month period. For each patient, the medication possession ratio (MPR: proportion of follow-up days patients were dispensed β-blocker) was calculated. Adequate adherence was characterized by an MPR ≥0.8 and ideal as MPR=1.0. Clinical and demographic features were assessed to determine whether they predicted adherence. Long-term β-blockers were prescribed to 74 patients (82%). Side effects were described as intolerable by 6 (8%) and their β-blockers were stopped. MPR was calculated in the remaining 68 patients >151.7 patient-years of follow-up. Median MPR was 0.79 (range, 0–1.3). Suboptimal adherence (MPR<0.8) was recorded in 35 (51%). Seven patients (10%) never took up a prescription (MPR=0). Adequate adherence was present in 33 (49%), including 9 (13%) who had ideal adherence. Age, sex, clinical presentation, family history of sudden death, ethnicity, and deprivation index did not predict adherence.

Conclusions—

Adherence to β-blockers in LQTS is suboptimal in half of those with LQTS 1 and 2. Risk factors for nonadherence could not be identified in our population. Further research into β-blocker adherence is imperative in this high-risk population.
Redefining the Blanking Period After Catheter Ablation for Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Willems Stephan , Khairy Paul , Andrade Jason G. , Hoffmann Boris A. , Levesque Sylvie , Verma Atul , Weerasooriya Rukshen , Novak Paul , Arentz Thomas , Deisenhofer Isabel , Rostock Thomas , Steven Daniel , Rivard Lena , Guerra Peter G. , Dyrda Katia , Mondesert Blandine , Dubuc Marc , Thibault Bernard , Talajic Mario , Roy Denis , Nattel Stanley , Macle Laurent
Published: August 2016

Background—

Early recurrences (ERs) of atrial tachyarrhythmia are common after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. A 3-month blanking period is recommended by current guidelines. This study sought to investigate the significance of ER during the first 3 months post ablation in predicting late recurrences and determine whether it varies according to timing.

Methods and Results—

A total of 401 patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation undergoing pulmonary vein isolation were followed for 12 months with transtelephonic monitoring in the ADVICE (Adenosine Following Pulmonary Vein Isolation to Target Dormant Conduction Elimination) trial. Patients with atrial tachyarrhythmia ≥30 s within the 3-month blanking period were stratified according to the timing of ER. A total of 179 patients (44.6%) experienced their last episode of ER during the first (n=53), second (n=44), or third (n=82) month of the 3-month blanking period. One-year freedom from symptomatic atrial tachyarrhythmia was 77.2% in patients without ER compared with 62.6%, 36.4%, and 7.8% in patients with ER 1, 2, and 3 months post ablation, respectively (
P
<0.0001). Receiver operating curve analyses revealed a strong correlation between the timing of ER and late recurrence (area under the curve 0.82,
P
<0.0001). Corresponding hazard ratios for ER during the first, second, and third months were 1.84, 4.45, and 9.64, respectively.

Conclusions—

This study validates the use of a blanking period after catheter ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation but calls into question the 90-day cut-off value. In particular, >90% of patients with ER during the third month post ablation experience late recurrence by 1 year. However, pending further study, repeat ablation before 90 days cannot be routinely advocated.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01058980.
Novel CPVT-Associated Calmodulin Mutation in
CALM3
(CALM3-A103V) Activates Arrhythmogenic Ca Waves and Sparks
Authors: Gomez-Hurtado Nieves , Boczek Nicole J. , Kryshtal Dmytro O. , Johnson Christopher N. , Sun Jennifer , Nitu Florentin R. , Cornea Razvan L. , Chazin Walter J. , Calvert Melissa L. , Tester David J. , Ackerman Michael J. , Knollmann Björn C.
Published: August 2016

Background—

Calmodulin (CaM) mutations are associated with severe forms of long QT syndrome and catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT). CaM mutations are found in 13% of genotype-negative long QT syndrome patients, but the prevalence of CaM mutations in genotype-negative CPVT patients is unknown. Here, we identify and characterize CaM mutations in 12 patients with genotype-negative but clinically diagnosed CPVT.

Methods and Results—

We performed mutational analysis of
CALM1
,
CALM2
, and
CALM3
gene-coding regions, in vitro measurement of CaM-Ca
2+
(Ca)-binding affinity, ryanodine receptor 2–CaM binding, Ca handling, L-type Ca current, and action potential duration. We identified a novel CaM mutation—A103V—in
CALM3
in 1 of 12 patients (8%), a female who experienced episodes of exertion-induced syncope since age 10, had normal QT interval, and displayed ventricular ectopy during stress testing consistent with CPVT. A103V modestly lowered CaM Ca-binding affinity (3-fold reduction versus WT-CaM), but did not alter CaM binding to ryanodine receptor 2. In permeabilized cardiomyocytes, A103V-CaM (100 nmol/L) promoted spontaneous Ca wave and spark activity, a cellular phenotype of ryanodine receptor 2 activation. Even a 1:3 mixture of A103V-CaM:WT-CaM activated Ca waves, demonstrating functional dominance. Compared with long QT syndrome D96V-CaM, A103V-CaM had significantly less effects on L-type Ca current inactivation, did not alter action potential duration, and caused delayed afterdepolarizations and triggered beats in intact cardiomyocytes.

Conclusions—

We discovered a novel CPVT mutation in the
CALM3
gene that shares functional characteristics with established CPVT-associated mutations in
CALM1
. A small proportion of A103V-CaM is sufficient to evoke arrhythmogenic Ca disturbances via ryanodine receptor 2 dysregulation, which explains the autosomal dominant inheritance.
Long-Term Outcomes of Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia in Patients With Cardiac Sarcoidosis
Authors: Muser Daniele , Santangeli Pasquale , Pathak Rajeev K. , Castro Simon A. , Liang Jackson J. , Magnani Silvia , Hayashi Tatsuya , Garcia Fermin C. , Hutchinson Mathew D. , Supple Gregory E. , Frankel David S. , Riley Michael P. , Lin David , Schaller Robert D. , Desjardins Benoit , Dixit Sanjay , Callans David J. , Zado Erica S. , Marchlinski Francis E.
Published: August 2016

Background—

Catheter ablation (CA) of ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis can be challenging because of the complex underlying substrate. We sought to determine the long-term outcome of CA of VT in patients with cardiac sarcoidosis.

Methods and Results—

We enrolled 31 patients (age, 55±10 years) with diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis based on Heart Rhythm Society criteria and VT who underwent CA. In 23 (74%) patients, preprocedure cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomographic (PET) evaluation were performed. Preprocedure magnetic resonance imaging was positive for late gadolinium enhancement in 21 of 23 (91%) patients, whereas abnormal 18-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake was found in 15 of 23 (65%) cases. In 14 of 15 patients with positive PET at baseline, PET was repeated after 6.1±3.7-month follow-up. After a median follow-up of 2.5 (range, 0–10.5) years, 1 (3%) patient died and 4 (13%) underwent heart transplant. Overall VT-free survival was 55% at 2-year follow-up. Among the 16 (52%) patients with VT recurrences, CA resulted in a significant reduction of VT burden, with 8 (50%) having only isolated (1–3) VT episodes and only 1 patient with recurrent VT storm. The presence of late gadolinium enhancement at magnetic resonance imaging, a positive PET at baseline, and lack of PET improvement over follow-up were associated with increased risk of recurrent VT.

Conclusions—

In patients with cardiac sarcoidosis and VT, CA is effective in achieving long-term freedom from VT or improvement in VT burden in the majority of patients. The presence of late gadolinium enhancement at magnetic resonance imaging, a positive PET scan at baseline, or lack of improvement at repeat PET over follow-up predict worse arrhythmia-free survival.
Multistate Model to Predict Heart Failure Hospitalizations and All-Cause Mortality in Outpatients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction
Authors: Upshaw Jenica N. , Konstam Marvin A. , Klaveren David van , Noubary Farzad , Huggins Gordon S. , Kent David M.
Published: August 2016

Background—

Outpatients with heart failure (HF) who are at high risk for HF hospitalization and death may benefit from early identification. We sought to develop and externally validate a model to predict both HF hospitalization and mortality that accounts for the semicompeting nature of the 2 outcomes and captures the risk associated with the transition from the stable outpatient state to the post-HF hospitalization state.

Methods and Results—

A multistate model to predict HF hospitalization and all-cause mortality was derived using data (n=3834) from the HEAAL study (Heart Failure Endpoint evaluation of Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan), a multinational randomized trial in symptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. Twelve easily and reliably obtainable demographic and clinical predictors were prespecified for model inclusion. Model performance was assessed in the SCD-HeFT cohort (Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure Trial; n=2521). At 1 year, the probability of being alive without HF hospitalization was 94% for a typical patient in the lowest risk quintile and 77% for a typical patient in the highest risk quintile and this variability in risk continued through 7 years of follow-up. The model c-index was 0.72 in the derivation cohort, 0.66 in the validation cohort, and 0.69 in the implantable cardiac defibrillator arm of the validation cohort. There was excellent calibration across quintiles of predicted risk.

Conclusions—

Our findings illustrate the advantages of a multistate modeling approach, providing estimates of HF hospitalization and death in the same model, comparison of predictors for the different outcomes and demonstrating the different trajectories of patients based on baseline characteristics and intermediary events.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifiers: NCT00000609 and NCT00090259.
The Course of Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation in Acute Myocardial Infarction After Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Nishino Shun , Watanabe Nozomi , Kimura Toshiyuki , Enriquez-Sarano Maurice , Nakama Tatsuya , Furugen Makoto , Koiwaya Hiroshi , Ashikaga Keiichi , Kuriyama Nehiro , Shibata Yoshisato
Published: August 2016

Background—

Previously published evidence on ischemic mitral regurgitation (IMR) and its adverse prognosis after myocardial infarction has been based on the severity of IMR in the subacute or chronic period of myocardial infarction. However, the state of IMR can vary from the early stage to the chronic stage as a result of various responses of myocardium after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Methods and Results—

Standard echocardiography was serially performed in 546 consecutive patients with first-onset acute myocardial infarction (1) immediately after their arrival (pre-PCI), (2) before discharge (early post-PCI), and (3) 6 to 8 months after PCI (late post-PCI). The course of IMR after primary PCI and the prognostic impact of the IMR in each phase were investigated. IMR was found in 193/546 (35%) patients at the emergency room. In the acute phase after PCI, IMR improved in 63 patients. IMR worsened in 78 patients despite successful PCI. Shorter onset-to-reperfusion time and nontotal occlusion before PCI were the independent predictors of early improvement of IMR. In the chronic phase, IMR improved in 79 patients and worsened in 36 patients. Lower peak creatine kinase–myocardial band was an independent predictor of late improvement of IMR. IMR before PCI worsened 30-day prognosis (
P
=0.02), and persistent IMR in the chronic phase worsened long-term prognosis (
P
=0.04) after primary PCI.

Conclusions—

Degrees of IMR changed in the early and chronic phase after primary PCI for acute myocardial infarction. IMR on arrival and persistent IMR in the chronic phase worsened short-term and long-term prognosis after acute myocardial infarction, respectively.
Morphofunctional Abnormalities of Mitral Annulus and Arrhythmic Mitral Valve Prolapse
Authors: Perazzolo Marra Martina , Basso Cristina , De Lazzari Manuel , Rizzo Stefania , Cipriani Alberto , Giorgi Benedetta , Lacognata Carmelo , Rigato Ilaria , Migliore Federico , Pilichou Kalliopi , Cacciavillani Luisa , Bertaglia Emanuele , Frigo Anna Chiara , Bauce Barbara , Corrado Domenico , Thiene Gaetano , Iliceto Sabino
Published: August 2016

Background—

Arrhythmic mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is characterized by myxomatous leaflets and left ventricular (LV) fibrosis of papillary muscles and inferobasal wall. We searched for morphofunctional abnormalities of the mitral valve that could explain a regional mechanical myocardial stretch.

Methods and Results—

Thirty-six (27 female patients; median age: 44 years) arrhythmic MVP patients with LV late gadolinium enhancement on cardiac magnetic resonance and no or trivial mitral regurgitation, and 16 (6 female patients; median age: 40 years) MVP patients without LV late gadolinium enhancement were investigated by morphofunctional cardiac magnetic resonance. Mitral annulus disjunction (median: 4.8 versus 1.8 mm;
P
<0.001), end-systolic mitral annular diameters (median: 41.2 versus 31.5;
P
=0.004) and end-diastolic mitral annular diameters (median: 35.5 versus 31.5;
P
=0.042), prevalence of posterior systolic curling (34 [94%] versus 3 [19%];
P
<0.001), and basal to mid LV wall thickness ratio >1.5 (22 [61%] versus 4 [25%];
P
=0.016) were higher in MVP patients with late gadolinium enhancement than in those without. A linear correlation was found between mitral annulus disjunction and curling (
R
=0.85). A higher prevalence of auscultatory midsystolic click (26 [72%] versus 6 [38%];
P
=0.018) was also noted. Histology of the mitral annulus showed a longer mitral annulus disjunction in 50 sudden death patients with MVP and LV fibrosis than in 20 patients without MVP (median: 3 versus 1.5 mm;
P
<0.001).

Conclusions—

Mitral annulus disjunction is a constant feature of arrhythmic MVP with LV fibrosis. The excessive mobility of the leaflets caused by posterior systolic curling accounts for a mechanical stretch of the inferobasal wall and papillary muscles, eventually leading to myocardial hypertrophy and scarring. These mitral annulus abnormalities, together with auscultatory midsystolic click, may identify MVP patients who would need arrhythmic risk stratification.
Five new species of Corybas (Diurideae, Orchidaceae) endemic to New Zealand and phylogeny of the Nematoceras clade
Authors: LEHNEBACH CARLOS A. , ZELLER ANDREAS J. , FRERICKS JONATHAN , RITCHIE PETER
Published: August 2016

Five new species of Corybas endemic to New Zealand, C. confusus, C. obscurus, C. sanctigeorgianus, C. vitreus, and C. wallii are described. These species are segregated from the Corybas trilobus aggregate based on morphometric and DNA fingerprinting (AFLP) analyses. A key to the new species is also provided, and their distribution and conservation status are included. Phylogenetic results showed that, despite the great morphological and ecological diversity of these orchids, genetic divergence between species is low, suggesting recent diversification. We also found evidence for multiple dispersal events from New Zealand to several offshore and sub-Antarctic islands.
Comanthera borbae (Eriocaulaceae): a new species endemic to the Northern portion of the Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil
Authors: PEREIRA ANA CARINA SILVA , RIBEIRO PATRÍCIA LUZ , GIULIETTI ANA MARIA
Published: August 2016

A new species of Comanthera (Eriocaulaceae) from Brazil is described and illustrated. C. borbae is a perennial herb with a cushion habit, endemic to the rocky outcrops in the Northern part of the Chapada Diamantina, in the semi-arid region of Bahia state, here assessed as an endangered species. Its habitat and morphological variation are discussed, in comparison with C. pignalii and C. floccosa, also from Bahia.
Solanum fernandesii (Solanaceae): A new species of ‘spiny solanum’ of the Gardneri clade from northeastern Brazil
Authors: SAMPAIO VALÉRIA DA SILVA , MOURA RICARDO LOYOLA DE , LOIOLA MARIA IRACEMA BEZERRA
Published: August 2016

A new spiny species of Solanum L., member of the Gardneri clade, is described from northeastern Brazil. Solanum fernandesii is found in open disturbed areas of coastal plains (tabuleiros) in the caatinga biome of the states of Alagoas, Bahia, and Ceará, from sea level to 900 m of altitude. It is morphologically similar to S. agrarium Sendtn., a neotropical species known from hot and dry areas of Colombia, Venezuela, the Caribbean, and central-eastern Brazil. The two species differ mainly in their habit, blade margins, shape of the calyx in fruit, and seeds. The new species is here described and illustrated. According to IUCN, Solanum fernandesii should be regarded as Least Concern (LC).
On the genus Trachysalambria Burkenroad, 1934 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Penaeidae), with descriptions of three new species
Authors: CHAN TIN-YAM , CLEVA RÉGIS , CHU KA HOU
Published: August 2016

The penaeid genus Trachysalambria Burkenroad, 1934a is revised with the aid of sequence data on the 12S and 16S rRNA genes. The species generally reported as “T. longipes” in recent literature was found to be not the true T. longipes (Paul’son, 1875) but a new species, herein named T. dentata sp. nov. To fix the identity of T. longipes, a neotype is selected and this action effectively synonymizes T. villaluzi (Muthu & Motoh, 1979) with T. longipes. Moreover, T. fulva (Dall, 1957) is synonymized with T. malaiana (Balss, 1933) while T. starobogatovi (Ivanov & Hassan, 1976) is confirmed to be a valid species. Two more new species are discovered, with T. parvispina sp. nov., widely distributed in the Indo-West Pacific, and T. crosnieri sp. nov., restricted to Australia. Altogether 12 species are recognized in Trachyalambria. The other valid species in this genus are T. curvirostris (Stimpson, 1860), T. aspera (Alcock, 1905), T. palaestinensis (Steinitz, 1932), T. brevisuturae (Burkenroad, 1934a), T. albicoma (Haysahi & Toriyama, 1980), and T. nansei Sakaji & Hayashi, 2003. Most characters previously used for separating the species of this genus are rather variable and their distinguishing characters are redefined.
Descriptions and revised key to the eggcases of the skates (Rajiformes: Rajidae) and catsharks (Carcharhiniformes: Scyliorhinidae) of the British Isles
Authors: GORDON CAT A. , HOOD ALI R. , ELLIS JIM R.
Published: August 2016

Updated descriptions and measurements for the eggcases of 10 rajiform and three scyliorhinid species occurring in the shelf seas around the British Isles are given, based on museum material, specimens collected during the ‘Great Eggcase Hunt’ (a Shark Trust recording project), and specimens obtained from fishery surveys. Quantitative data are given for Amblyraja radiata (n = 94), Dipturus batis (n = 24), D. cf. intermedia (n = 33), Leucoraja naevus (n = 94), Raja brachyura (n = 53), R. clavata (n = 52), R. microocellata (n = 57), R. montagui (n = 52), R. undulata (n = 52), Rostroraja alba (n = 5), Galeus melastomus (n = 7), Scyliorhinus canicula (n = 52) and S. stellaris (n = 58). An updated key for the identification of elasmobranch eggcases is provided, incorporating recent changes in skate taxonomy.
Taxonomic review of the species of Helina R.-D. (Diptera: Muscidae) from Andean-Patagonian forests
Authors: PATITUCCI LUCIANO DAMIÁN , MULIERI PABLO RICARDO , MARILUIS JUAN CARLOS
Published: August 2016

Helina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 is the second genus of Muscidae in terms of richness. This genus includes several species collected at high altitudes and high latitudes, and is poorly studied in the Neotropical region. Only 12 species of Helina have been recorded in the southern limit of South America in the Andean-Patagonian forests. In the present work, we studied all the species known from the Andean-Patagonian forests, with the exception of H. viola Malloch, 1934, present three new species, H. araucana sp. nov., H. dorada sp. nov., and H. ouina sp. nov., and provide the first description of the females of H. australis Carvalho & Pont, 1993 and H. rufoapicata Malloch, 1934. We also propose four new synonymies: H. nigrimana basilaris (Carvalho & Pont, 1993) and H. nigrimana grisea (Malloch, 1934) as new junior synonyms of H. nigrimana (Macquart, 1851); and H. fulvocalyptrata Malloch, 1934 and H. simplex Malloch, 1934 as new junior synonyms of H. chilensis Malloch, 1934. Finally, we provide a generic diagnosis and a new key for the Helina species of the Andean-Patagonian forests, as well as notes on the biology and distribution maps of each specimen, and discuss a preliminary contruction of groups of species.
Contribution to the knowledge of Chinese Phasmatodea III: Catalogue of the phasmids of Hainan Island, China, with descriptions of one new genus, one new species and two new subspecies and proposals of three new combinations
Authors: HO GEORGE WAI-CHUN
Published: August 2016

A catalogue of the phasmids of Hainan Island, China is provided. This study presents 25 genera and 59 species. A new genus, Pseudoparamenexenus gen. nov., is erected for Paramenexenus yangi Chen & He, 2002 including the first descriptions of male and egg. One new species with two new subspecies, Marmessoidea hainanensis hainanensis sp. nov. & subsp. nov. and M. h. yinggelingensis subsp. nov., are described. Three combinations are suggested for Pseudoparamenexenus yangi (Chen & He, 2002) comb. nov. from Paramenexenus Redtenbacher, 1908; Asceles bidentatus (Chen & He, 2008) comb. nov. and Scionecra pseudocerca (Chen & He, 2008) comb. nov. from Aruanoidea Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 (= Necroscia Audinet-Serville, 1838). Asceles diadema Redtenbacher, 1908, is reported for the first time from China. Three species are first recorded in Hainan including Necroscia multicolor (Redtenbacher, 1908), Necroscia shukayi (Bi, Zhang & Lau, 2001) and Sipyloidea biplagiata Redtenbacher, 1908.
Additions to the leafhopper subgenus Pediopsoides (Pediopsoides) Matsumura, 1912 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Macropsinae) from Southern China
Authors: LI HU , LI ZI-ZHONG
Published: August 2016

Three new species of the leafhopper subgenus Pediopsoides (Pediopsoides) Matsumura, 1912, P. (P.) alba Li, Dai & Li sp. nov. from Yunnan Province, Southwestern China, P. (P.) amplificata Li, Dai & Li sp. nov. and P. (P.) longiapophysis Li, Dai & Li sp. nov. from Guangdong Province, Southern China, are described and illustrated. A key and an updated checklist with distribution to the Pediopsoides (Pediopsoides) species along with geographical distribution maps of the new species are given.
Characteristics of the Heat Flux in the Unstable Atmospheric Surface Layer
Authors: Sharan Maithili , Srivastava Piyush
Published: August 2016

The behavior of the heat flux H with respect to the stability parameter (=z/L, where z is the height above the ground, and L is the Obukhov length) in the unstable atmospheric surface layer is analyzed within the framework of Monin–Obukhov similarity (MOS) theory. Using MOS equations, H is expressed as a function of and vertical surface-layer potential temperature gradient . A mathematical analysis is carried out to analyze the theoretical nature of heat flux with the stability parameter by considering the vertical potential temperature gradient as (i) a constant and (ii) a power-law function of heat flux. For a given value of H, two values of associated with different stability regimes are found to occur in both the conditions, suggesting the nonuniqueness of MOS equations.

Turbulent data over three different sites—(i) Ranchi, India; (ii) the Met Office’s Cardington, United Kingdom, monitoring facility; and (iii) 1999 Cooperative Atmosphere–Surface Exchange Study (CASES-99; United States—are analyzed to compare the observed nature of H with that predicted by MOS. The analysis of observational data over these three sites reveals that the observed variation of H with is consistent with that obtained theoretically from MOS equations when considering the vertical temperature gradient as a power-law function of heat flux having the exponent larger than 2/3. The existence of two different values of the stability parameter for a given value of heat flux suggests that the application of heat flux as a boundary condition involves some intricacies, and it should be applied with caution in convective conditions.
Arctic Sea Ice Seasonal Prediction by a Linear Markov Model
Authors: Yuan Xiaojun , Chen Dake , Li Cuihua , Wang Lei , Wang Wanqiu
Published: August 2016

A linear Markov model has been developed to predict sea ice concentration (SIC) in the pan-Arctic region at intraseasonal to seasonal time scales, which represents an original effort to use a reduced-dimension statistical model in forecasting Arctic sea ice year-round. The model was built to capture covariabilities in the atmosphere–ocean–sea ice system defined by SIC, sea surface temperature, and surface air temperature. Multivariate empirical orthogonal functions of these variables served as building blocks of the model. A series of model experiments were carried out to determine the model’s dimension. The predictive skill of the model was evaluated by anomaly correlation and root-mean-square errors in a cross-validated fashion . On average, the model is superior to the predictions by anomaly persistence, damped anomaly persistence, and climatology. The model shows good skill in predicting SIC anomalies within the Arctic basin during summer and fall. Long-term trends partially contribute to the model skill. However, the model still beats the anomaly persistence for all targeted seasons after linear trends are removed. In winter and spring, the predictability is found only in the seasonal ice zone. The model has higher anomaly correlation in the Atlantic sector than in the Pacific sector. The model predicts well the interannual variability of sea ice extent (SIE) but underestimates its accelerated long-term decline, resulting in a systematic model bias. This model bias can be reduced by the constant or linear regression bias corrections, leading to an improved correlation skill of 0.92 by the regression bias correction for the 2-month-lead September SIE prediction.
Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Offshore Decay Scale of Cold SST Signals along Upwelling Eastern Boundaries
Authors: Spall Michael A. , Schneider Niklas
Published: August 2016

A simple analytic model is developed to represent the offshore decay of cold sea surface temperature (SST) signals that originate from wind-driven upwelling at a coastal boundary. The model couples an oceanic mixed layer to an atmospheric boundary layer through wind stress and air–sea heat exchange. The primary mechanism that controls SST is a balance between Ekman advection and air–sea exchange. The offshore penetration of the cold SST signal decays exponentially with a length scale that is the product of the ocean Ekman velocity and a time scale derived from the air–sea heat flux and the radiative balance in the atmospheric boundary layer. This cold SST signal imprints on the atmosphere in terms of both the boundary layer temperature and surface wind. Nonlinearities due to the feedback between SST and atmospheric wind, baroclinic instability, and thermal wind in the atmospheric boundary layer all slightly modify this linear theory. The decay scales diagnosed from two-dimensional and three-dimensional eddy-resolving numerical ocean models are in close agreement with the theory, demonstrating that the basic physics represented by the theory remain dominant even in these more complete systems. Analysis of climatological SST off the west coast of the United States also shows a decay of the cold SST anomaly with scale roughly in agreement with the theory.
Two-Temperature Nonequilibrium Model of a Marine Boundary Layer Laden with Evaporating Ocean Spray under High-Wind Conditions
Authors: Rastigejev Yevgenii , Suslov Sergey A.
Published: August 2016

A nonequilibrium two-temperature multiphase model of the atmospheric boundary layer above wave crests that is laden with evaporating ocean spray in high-wind condition is presented. The governing equations are derived from basic physical principles of conservation of momentum, mass, and thermal energy in multiphase flows. The model derivation uses an Eulerian multifluid approach that considers spray as a continuous medium interacting with the gas phase. The E − ε turbulence closure is used. The developed theoretical framework accounts for the nonuniform ocean spray distribution and the thermal energy exchange between air and spray droplets that, in general, have different temperatures above the wave crest level. Such thermodynamic nonequilibrium conditions are shown to exist when the spray concentration is relatively low and the air humidity is far from saturation. The mechanical and thermodynamic effects of the evaporating spray on airflow and heat transport characteristics are obtained and shown to depend sensitively on the spray concentration.
Systematic review of interventions for Indigenous adults with mental and substance use disorders in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States
Authors: Leske Stuart , Harris Meredith G , Charlson Fiona J , Ferrari Alize J , Baxter Amanda J , Logan Jacquie M , Toombs Maree , Whiteford Harvey
Published: August 2016

Objective:

The aim of this study was to systematically review the evidence-base for the effectiveness of culturally unadapted, culturally adapted and culture-based interventions for Indigenous adults with mental or substance use disorders.

Methods:

We conducted a systematic search of scientific databases, government websites and web-based Indigenous research repositories. We sought studies using designs comparing an intervention group to a control/comparator group or pre- and post-test designs, published between 2000 and 2015 examining interventions to improve individual-level outcomes (e.g. remission, symptoms, quality of life, functioning) or service-level outcomes (e.g. number of interventions delivered) for Indigenous adults with mental or substance use disorders in Australia, Canada, New Zealand or the United States.

Results:

A total of 16 studies met inclusion criteria. Virtually all North American studies (6 US and 1 Canadian) evaluated culturally unadapted interventions, all of which were interventions for substance use. Two-thirds of Australian and New Zealand studies evaluated culturally adapted interventions and included samples with mental disorders. Of eight culturally unadapted psychological/psychosocial, pharmacological and educational intervention studies, seven reported significant improvements on at least one measure of psychological well-being, mental health problem severity, or significantly reduced alcohol or illicit drug use. Of seven culturally adapted psychological/psychosocial intervention studies, all reported significant improvement on at least one measure of symptoms of mental illness, functioning, and alcohol use. One culture-based psychological/psychosocial intervention study significantly reduced problem severity in medical and psychiatric domains.

Conclusion:

There remains inconclusive evidence regarding interventions due to a small and methodologically weak evidence-base. The literature would be enhanced by intervention replication and outcome standardisation, validating the outcome instruments used in Indigenous populations, including sample size calculations and using stronger research designs (e.g. interrupted time-series designs). Robust implementation and outcomes research is needed to further progress evidence-based practice in Indigenous mental health.
Cognitive Transformation, Social Ecological Settings, and the Reentry Outcomes of Women Offenders
Authors: Berg Mark T. , Cobbina Jennifer E.
Published: August 2016

Of theoretical interest to research on reentry and desistance is the intersection of cognitive transformation and the ecological contexts to which offenders return. The majority of offenders released from prisons in the United States return to impoverished neighborhood settings. However, there is a limited understanding of how offenders with different cognitive commitments to change interpret and negotiate the prosocial and illicit features situated in their environments. Drawing on different lines of theoretical research, we examine how cognitive commitments are affected by the lures and prosocial features of impoverished neighborhoods and how the intersection of these conditions affects success and failure in the post-release period. We use original survey and in-depth qualitative interviews with 37 incarcerated and formerly incarcerated women from St. Louis, Missouri. Findings suggest that an integrated examination of cognitive mechanisms and residential environments clarifies how offenders who return to similarly structurally disadvantaged places exhibit different reentry outcomes.
Suicidal ideation among MSM in three West African countries: Associations with stigma and social capital
Authors: Stahlman Shauna , Grosso Ashley , Ketende Sosthenes , Pitche Vincent , Kouanda Seni , Ceesay Nuha , Ouedraogo Henri G , Ky-Zerbo Odette , Lougue Marcel , Diouf Daouda , Anato Simplice , Tchalla Jules , Baral Stefan
Published: August 2016

Background:

Suicidal ideation is understudied among men who have sex with men (MSM) across Sub-Saharan Africa.

Aims:

This study aimed to explore social capital and sexual behavior stigma associated with suicidal ideation among MSM in the West African nations of The Gambia, Burkina Faso and Togo.

Methods:

Participants were recruited using respondent-driven sampling and snowball sampling across multiple cities ( n = 1555) from July 2011 to August 2013. During a single study visit, participants completed a survey. Logistic regression models were used to assess bivariate and multivariable associations with suicidal ideation.

Results:

The prevalence of lifetime suicidal ideation was 13% overall and ranged 6%–17% across study sites. After adjusting for potential confounders, MSM who reported stigma as a result of having sex with men were more likely to report suicidal ideation. Physical and sexual violence was strongly associated with suicidal ideation, including being physically harmed (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.94, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.91, 4.52), tortured (aOR = 3.86, 95% CI = 2.17, 6.86) and raped (aOR = 3.07, 95% CI = 2.05, 4.60). In contrast, increasing social participation with the broader community was associated with decreased report of suicidal ideation (aOR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.85, 0.99).

Conclusion:

Sexual behavior stigma should be addressed to improve mental health among MSM in Western Sub-Saharan Africa.