bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O Estado da Arte sobre Refugiados, Deslocados Internos, Deslocados Ambientais e Apátridas no Brasil: atualização do Diretório Nacional do ACNUR de teses, dissertações, trabalhos de conclusão de curso de graduação em João Pessoa (Paraíba) e artigos (2007 a 2017)
Authors: Pacífico Andrea Pacheco , Pinheiro Andrezza Teles , Granja Júlia Patrícia Ferreira de Vasconcelos , Varela Adolfino
Published: June 2021

O escritório do Alto Comissariado das Nações Unidas para Refugiados (ACNUR) no Brasil celebrou, em 2019, os quinze anos da Cátedra Sérgio Vieira de Mello. Foi um momento opor­tuno para resgatar a memória das principais ações e produ­ções em prol da população que buscou o Brasil como país de proteção, e, ao mesmo tempo, inaugurar um momento de respostas para os desafios do presente, buscando a construção de um futuro mais acolhedor para pessoas refugiadas, deslocadas, apátridas e tan­tas outras que precisaram deixar suas casas para poderem viver uma vida normal aqui no país. O propósito deste livro é apresentar e discutir os resultados de uma pesquisa que mapeou o estado da arte sobre refugiados, deslocados internos, deslocados ambien­tais e apátridas, a partir da produção acadêmica divulgada entre 2007 e 2017. Em se tratando de recorte temporal, a crise financeira de 2007, na Europa, trouxe mudanças drásticas na migração mundial, par­ticularmente, entre 2007 e 2011, quando um grande número de migrantes irregulares do Oriente Médio, da África e do Sul da Ásia tentaram entrar na Europa via Turquia e Grécia. Enquanto isso, o Brasil, em 2007, celebrava os dez anos de criação da avançada lei de proteção aos refugiados (Lei 9474/97), em que ampliava a definição da Convenção da ONU de 1951, considerando também como refugiado aquele que estava fora de seu país de origem por violação maciça e generalizada aos direitos humanos (art. 1º, III)
Unveiling the sensory and interneuronal pathways of the neuroendocrine connectome in Drosophila
Authors: Hückesfeld Sebastian , Schlegel Philipp , Miroschnikow Anton , Schoofs Andreas , Zinke Ingo , Haubrich André N , Schneider-Mizell Casey M , Truman James W , Fetter Richard D , Cardona Albert , Pankratz Michael J
Published: June 2021

Neuroendocrine systems in animals maintain organismal homeostasis and regulate stress response. Although a great deal of work has been done on the neuropeptides and hormones that are released and act on target organs in the periphery, the synaptic inputs onto these neuroendocrine outputs in the brain are less well understood. Here, we use the transmission electron microscopy reconstruction of a whole central nervous system in the Drosophila larva to elucidate the sensory pathways and the interneurons that provide synaptic input to the neurosecretory cells projecting to the endocrine organs. Predicted by network modeling, we also identify a new carbon dioxide-responsive network that acts on a specific set of neurosecretory cells and that includes those expressing corazonin (Crz) and diuretic hormone 44 (Dh44) neuropeptides. Our analysis reveals a neuronal network architecture for combinatorial action based on sensory and interneuronal pathways that converge onto distinct combinations of neuroendocrine outputs.
Repression by the Arabidopsis TOPLESS corepressor requires association with the core mediator complex
Authors: Leydon Alexander R , Wang Wei , Gala Hardik P , Gilmour Sabrina , Juarez-Solis Samuel , Zahler Mollye L , Zemke Joseph E , Zheng Ning , Nemhauser Jennifer L
Published: June 2021

The plant corepressor TOPLESS (TPL) is recruited to a large number of loci that are selectively induced in response to developmental or environmental cues, yet the mechanisms by which it inhibits expression in the absence of these stimuli are poorly understood. Previously, we had used the N-terminus of Arabidopsis thaliana TPL to enable repression of a synthetic auxin response circuit in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast). Here, we leveraged the yeast system to interrogate the relationship between TPL structure and function, specifically scanning for repression domains. We identified a potent repression domain in Helix 8 located within the CRA domain, which directly interacted with the Mediator middle module subunits Med21 and Med10. Interactions between TPL and Mediator were required to fully repress transcription in both yeast and plants. In contrast, we found that multimer formation, a conserved feature of many corepressors, had minimal influence on the repression strength of TPL.
Bite force estimates in juvenileTyrannosaurus rexbased on simulated puncture marks
Authors: Peterson Joseph E. , Tseng Z. Jack , Brink Shannon
Published: June 2021

Background

Bite marks attributed to adultTyrannosaurus rexhave been subject to numerous studies. However, few bite marks attributed toT. rexhave been traced to juveniles, leaving considerable gaps in understanding ontogenetic changes in bite mechanics and force, and the paleoecological role of juvenile tyrannosaurs in the late Cretaceous.

Methods

Here we present bite force estimates for a juvenileTyrannosaurus rexbased on mechanical tests designed to replicate bite marks previously attributed to aT. rexof approximately 13 years old. A maxillary tooth of the juvenileTyrannosaurusspecimen BMR P2002.4.1 was digitized, replicated in dental grade cobalt chromium alloy, and mounted to an electromechanical testing system. The tooth was then pressed into bovine long bones in various locations with differing cortical bone thicknesses at varying speeds for a total of 17 trials. Forces required to replicate punctures were recorded and puncture dimensions were measured.

Results

Our experimentally derived linear models suggest bite forces up to 5,641.19 N from cortical bone thickness estimated from puncture marks on anEdmontosaurusand a juvenileTyrannosaurus. These findings are slightly higher than previously estimated bite forces for a juvenileTyrannosaurus rexof approximately the same size as BMR P2002.4.1 but fall within the expected range when compared to estimates of adultT. rex.

Discussion

The results of this study offer further insight into the role of juvenile tyrannosaurs in late Cretaceous ecosystems. Furthermore, we discuss the implications for feeding mechanisms, feeding behaviors, and ontogenetic niche partitioning.
Dynamic residue interaction network analysis of the oseltamivir binding site of N1 neuraminidase and its H274Y mutation site conferring drug resistance in influenza A virus
Authors: Yadav Mohini , Igarashi Manabu , Yamamoto Norifumi
Published: June 2021

Background

Oseltamivir (OTV)-resistant influenza virus exhibits His-to-Tyr mutation at residue 274 (H274Y) in N1 neuraminidase (NA). However, the molecular mechanisms by which the H274Y mutation in NA reduces its binding affinity to OTV have not been fully elucidated.

Methods

In this study, we used dynamic residue interaction network (dRIN) analysis based on molecular dynamics simulation to investigate the correlation between the OTV binding site of NA and its H274Y mutation site.

Results

dRIN analysis revealed that the OTV binding site and H274Y mutation site of NA interact via the three interface residues connecting them. H274Y mutation significantly enhanced the interaction between residue 274 and the three interface residues in NA, thereby significantly decreasing the interaction between OTV and its surrounding loop 150 residues. Thus, we concluded that such changes in residue interactions could reduce the binding affinity of OTV to NA, resulting in drug resistant influenza viruses. Using dRIN analysis, we succeeded in understanding the characteristic changes in residue interactions due to H274Y mutation, which can elucidate the molecular mechanism of reduction in OTV binding affinity to influenza NA. Finally, the dRIN analysis used in this study can be widely applied to various systems such as individual proteins, protein-ligand complexes, and protein-protein complexes, to characterize the dynamic aspects of the interactions.
Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) Optimization Based on PID Using the Hybrid Grey Wolf Optimization - Genetic Algorithm (HGWGA) Method
Authors: Setiawan Anas , Mudjirahardjo Panca , . Wijono
Published: June 2021

In the generator set (genset), the voltage stability system is affected by the excitation system controlled by control circuit called AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator). One of the important components in the AVR system is the algorithm of the controller. The application of the PID control method has been widely used in the design of AVR controllers. This study applies the GWO-GA (Grey Wolf Optimization - Genetic Algorithm) hybrid method on PID parameters setting. The best transient automatic voltage regulator (AVR) response results were obtained when using the hybrid genetic algorithm - grey wolf optimization (HGAGW) method with a fitness score of 4.3039, the Grey wolf optimization (GWO) method with a fitness score of 4.5059, and the genetic algorithm (GA) method with a fitness score of 6.0214.
Assessment of the Microbial Quality of Braised Products from Bangangte City and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Selected Pathogens Isolated Therein
Authors: Pahane Majeste Mbiada , Mouafo Hippolyte Tene , Noumo Thierry Ngangmou , Djuikoue Ingrid Cecile , Nyondo Christian , Tchamba Mervie Noel , Tchoumbougnang François , Tatsadjieu Léopold Ngoune , Njintang Nicolas Yanou
Published: June 2021

The present study had as objective to assess the microbiological quality and profile of some braised products and their accompanying soups sold in the city of Bangangte (Cameroon) and evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility of selected pathogens isolated in these products. An investigation was conducted in three locations in city of Bangangte in order to assess the environment and working conditions as well as the respect of good hygiene practices. Then, samples of braised fish (05) and its soups (05), and braised chicken (05) and its soups (05) were collected from six vendors in each location. The samples (360) were submitted to microbiological analyses and the isolates were identified at species level using API gallery. The susceptibility of the isolates to 14 antibiotics were tested. The 72 participants involved in this study declared having knowledge on hygiene despite the fact that, most of them had no formal education and do not apply good hygiene practices. Microbiological analyses revealed the poor quality of all the samples of braised products. Fecal coliforms and staphylococci counts higher than the values recommended by norms demonstrated the non-respect of good hygiene and manufacturing practices during the braising activity. The 169 strains isolated from these products belonged to 12 different species: Enterobacter gergoviae, Enterobacter spp., Morganella morganiae, Yersinia enterolitica, Yersinia frederiksenii, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermitidis, Staphylococcus spp., Clostridium spp., Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogene, and Proteus mirabilis. Strains which could be considered as marker of braised fish sold in the city of Bangangte were Yersinia enterolitica, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia while for braised chicken, they were Yersinia enterolitica, Staphylococcus aureus and Proteus mirabilis. The antibiotic susceptibility test performed on these pathogens revealed that they were resistant with 93.75% having multiple antibiotic resistance index values greater than 0.2. We conclude that the microbiological quality of braised products is poor and we suggest to producers to applicate the good hygiene practices. For breeders, we suggest respecting withdrawal periods and the better use of antibiotics.
Effectiveness of Integrated Weed Management Practices on Dry Matter Production and Crop Nutrient Uptake in Machine Transplanted Rice
Authors: Raviteja B. , Vani K. P , Yakadri M. , Ramprakash T.
Published: June 2021

A field experiment entitled “Weed management in machine transplanted rice” was conducted during kharif season, 2019 at Agricultural Research Institute Farm, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad to evaluate the influence of different weed management practices on growth and nutrient uptake machine transplanted rice crop. The results revealed that among different weed management treatments hand weeding at 20, 40 DAT (T8) recorded significantly higher dry matter production at harvest (14.7 t ha-1) which was at par with T4 i.e. penoxsulam 1.02% W/W + cyhalofop-p-butyl 5.1% W/W @ 153 g ha-1 at 2-3 leaf stage of weeds + power weeder at 30-40 DAT (14.3 t ha-1). Hand weeding at 20, 40 DAT had significantly increased the crop nutrient uptake at harvest (147.0: 16.9: 153.6 NPK kg ha-1), statistically at par with penoxsulam 1.02% W/W + cyhalofop-p-butyl 5.1% W/W @ 153 g ha-1 at 2-3 leaf stage of weeds + power weeder at 30-40 DAT (142.6: 16.0: 145.4 NPK kg ha-1) while lowest was recorded with weedy check (91.9: 9.9: 89.2 NPK kg ha-1).
Evaluation of Copper Status and Some Red Cell Parameters of Pregnant Women in Enugu State, South Eastern Nigeria
Authors: Eze Richard , Obeagu Emmanuel Ifeanyi , Nwakulite Arvin , Okoroiwu I. L. , Vincent C. C. N. , Okafor Chukwuma J. , Chukwurah Ejike Felix , Chijioke Udunma Olive , Amaechi Chukwudi Ofodile
Published: June 2021

Copper is an essential trace mineral (micronutrient) that is naturally present in some foods and is available as a dietary supplement. Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman.This study was desiged to assay the copper level of pregnant women in urban area and to evaluate  the effect of the obtained valves on some blood parameters of the pregnant women. In this study, a total of 100 subjects and 50 controls was used. subjects were pregnant women while the controls were non-pregnant women. The copper level in subject was assayed with a serum copper test kit using automation with Bio E-lab fully automated chemistry analyzer and result of the complete blood count was gotten using Mindray Hematology analyzer. The mean for subjects (M=102.83±1.38) and control (M=102.68±0.94), p = 0.71. These results suggest that the difference between the copper level for subjects and controls is not really much.. The variables copper level and MCV were found to be slightly correlated, r(150) = ..018., p > .005. Additionally, copper levels in the subjects was also found to negatively correlated with MCH, r(150) = .907, p > .005. One-way analysis of variance showed that the correlation of copper levels was not significant on all of the red bloodcell parameters in the serum of the pregnant women.
OPTIMASI BIAYA PONDASI SETEMPAT DENGAN METODE METAHEURISTIK
Authors: Husada Vania Regina , Nathanael Ferdian , Prayogo Doddy , Susanto Y T Teddy
Published: June 2021

Pondasi adalah bagian dari struktur bangunan yang berfungsi meneruskan beban struktur atas ke lapisan tanah dengan aman. Sementara pondasi dangkal digunakan apabila lapisan tanah keras terletak dekat dengan permukaan tanah. Untuk mendapatkan hasil desain pondasi dangkal yang optimal, terdapat tiga kriteria penting yang harus diperhatikan yaitu ultimate limit state (ULS), serviceability limit state (SLS), dan ekonomis. Penggunaan metode optimasi yang baik akan membantu menghasilkan dimensi pondasi yang optimal dan ekonomis namun tetap memenuhi syarat aman. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode metaheuristik particle swarm optimization (PSO) dan symbiotic organisms search (SOS) untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan optimasi pondasi dangkal. PSO dan SOS bekerja untuk menemukan solusi dimensi pondasi setempat yang diharapkan dapat memiliki biaya konstruksi terendah dan dibatasi oleh constraint dari SNI 8460:2017, SNI 2847:2013, dan bearing capacity theory. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa SOS memiliki performa yang lebih baik dari PSO untuk studi kasus bangunan dua lantai.
Nanoporous Morphogenesis in Amorphous Carbon Layers: Experiments and Modeling on Energetic Ion Induced Self‐Organization
Authors: Hoffmann Daniel T. , Dietrich Johannes , Mändl Stephan , Zink Mareike , Mayr Stefan G.
Published: June 2021

Nanoporous amorphous carbon constitutes a highly relevant material for a multitude of applications ranging from energy to environmental and biomedical systems. In the present work, it is demonstrated experimentally how energetic ions can be utilized to tailor porosity of thin sputter deposited amorphous carbon films. The physical mechanisms underlying self‐organized nanoporous morphogenesis are unraveled by employing extensive molecular dynamics and phase field models across different length scales. It is demonstrated that pore formation is a defect induced phenomenon, in which vacancies cluster in a spinodal decomposition type of self‐organization process, while interstitials are absorbed by the amorphous matrix, leading to additional volume increase and radiation induced viscous flow. The proposed modeling framework is capable to reproduce and predict the experimental observations from first principles and thus opens the venue for computer assisted design of nanoporous frameworks.
A modified perturbed chain‐statistical associating fluid theory equation of state for water which includes an association dependent hard sphere diameter
Authors: Marshall Bennett D.
Published: June 2021

The concept of an association dependent hard sphere diameter is introduced as a means to obtain an accurate perturbed chain‐statistical associating fluid theory (PC‐SAFT) equation of state model for water. The new approach is demonstrated to be a step change in accuracy for the representation of pure water properties as compared with standard PC‐SAFT applications. Extension of the approach to mixtures is discussed.
Artificial‐Intelligence‐Enabled Reagent‐Free Imaging Hematology Analyzer
Authors: Shu Xin , Sansare Sameera , Jin Di , Zeng Xiangxiang , Tong Kai-Yu , Pandey Rishikesh , Zhou Renjie
Published: June 2021

Leukocyte differential test is a widely carried out clinical procedure for screening infectious diseases. Existing hematology analyzers require labor‐intensive work and a panel of expensive reagents. Herein, an artificial‐intelligence‐enabled reagent‐free imaging hematology analyzer (AIRFIHA) modality is reported that can accurately classify subpopulations of leukocytes with minimal sample preparation. AIRFIHA is realized through training a two‐step residual neural network using label‐free images of isolated leukocytes acquired from a custom‐built quantitative phase microscope. By leveraging the rich information contained in quantitative phase images, not only high accuracy is achieved in differentiating B and T lymphocytes, but also CD4 and CD8 T cells are classified, therefore outperforming the classification accuracy of most current hematology analyzers. The performance of AIRFIHA in a randomly selected test set is validated and is cross‐validated across all blood donors. Due to its easy operation, low cost, and accurate discerning capability of complex leukocyte subpopulations, AIRFIHA is clinically translatable and can also be deployed in resource‐limited settings, e.g., during pandemic situations for the rapid screening of infectious diseases.
Solvated Nickel Complexes as Stoichiometric and Catalytic Perfluoroalkylation Agents**
Authors: Shreiber Scott T. , Vicic David A.
Published: June 2021

The acetonitrile‐solvated [(MeCN)Ni(C2F5)3]− was prepared in order to compare and contrast its reactivity with the known [(MeCN)Ni(CF3)3]− towards organic electrophiles. Both [(MeCN)Ni(CF3)3]− and [(MeCN)Ni(C2F5)3]− successfully react with aryl iodonium and diazonium salts as well as alkynyl iodonium salts to give fluoroalkylated organic products. Electrochemical analysis of [(MeCN)NiII(C2F5)3]− suggests that, upon electro‐oxidation to [(MeCN)nNiIII(C2F5)3], reductive homolysis of a perfluoroethyl radical occurs, with the concomitant formation of [(MeCN)2NiII(C2F5)2]. Catalytic C−H trifluoromethylations of electron‐rich arenes were successfully achieved using either [(MeCN)Ni(CF3)3]− or the related [Ni(CF3)4]2−. Stoichiometric reactions of the solvated nickel complexes reveal that “ligandless” nickel is exceptionally capable of serving as reservoir of CF3 groups under catalytically relevant conditions.
Computational Modeling of Novel Phosphoinositol‐3‐kinase γ Inhibitors Using Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics, and 3D‐QSAR
Authors: Ghosh Suparna , Keretsu Seketoulie , Cho Seung Joo
Published: June 2021

Phosphoinositol‐3‐kinase γ (PI3Kγ) is a member of the class‐IB PI3K superfamily and plays a significant role in G‐protein‐coupled receptor mediated cell signaling. Recent studies have suggested that elevated expression of PI3Kγ in tumor‐associated macrophages strongly influences immune suppression and tumor growth. Due to the presence of many isoforms of PI3K, the selective inhibition of PI3Kγ remains challenging. Therefore, it is necessary to design more potent inhibitors against PI3Kγ for cancer treatment. In this study, we have reported the critical interactions of isoindolinone‐based inhibitors with PI3Kγ by docking and molecular dynamics simulations. The binding free energy of the receptor‐ligand complex was calculated using molecular mechanics/Poison‐Boltzmann surface area approach. We have performed the comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and the comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) to determine the structure–activity relationship of the inhibitors. The CoMFA (q2 = 0.681 and r2 = 0.968) and CoMSIA (q2 = 0.665 and r2 = 0.982) models showed reasonable predictive ability. Thereafter, the contour maps derived from CoMFA and CoMSIA were used to design several new compounds, among which, the compound D04 showed high predicted activity values. The designed compound was subjected to absorption‐distribution‐metabolism‐excretion/toxicity prediction and synthetic accessibility analyses. Our results could provide theoretical guidance for the future development of new PI3Kγ inhibitors.
Screening of differential components of Gegenqinlian decoction and their comparative pharmacokinetics in normal and pyrexia rats using UHPLC‐FT‐ICR‐MS and UHPLC–MS/MS
Authors: Liu Ting , Li Ruiyun , Zhang Nan , Cui Yue , Zhao Yunli , Yu Zhiguo
Published: June 2021

UHPLC combined with Fourier‐transform ion cyclotron resonance MS metabonomic approach was employed to screen the differential components between normal rats and yeast‐induced pyrexia rats after an oral administration of Gegenqinlian decoction (GQLD). Nine compounds, namely puerarin, daidzein, baicalin, wogonoside, wogonin, berberine, palmatine, jateorhizine, and coptisine, were identified as differential components in the plasma. A rapid, sensitive, selective, and accurate UHPLC–MS method was developed and fully validated for the simultaneous determination of the screened components in rat plasma after an oral administration of GQLD. The values for the limit of quantification ranged from 0.025 to 5.0 ng/mL. The inter‐ and intra‐day precision of all analytes was ≤10.7%, with an accuracy of ≤10.5%. Good extraction recovery and matrix effects were also obtained. The method was successfully applied to a comparative pharmacokinetic study of GQLD in normal and pyrexia rats. The results showed that the pharmacokinetic behavior of the analytes was changed in pyrexia rats compared to normal rats. These results could provide beneficial guidance for clinical applications of GQLD.
Risk of hospitalization and hip fracture associated with psychotropic polypharmacy in patients with dementia: A nationwide register‐based study
Authors: Zakarias Johanne Købstrup , Nørgaard Ane , Jensen‐Dahm Christina , Gasse Christiane , Laursen Thomas Munk , Palm Henrik , Nielsen René Ernst , Waldemar Gunhild
Published: June 2021

Objective

To investigate the association of benzodiazepines and antidepressants on the risk of hospitalization and hip fracture in patients with dementia initiating antipsychotic drug treatment.

Methods

A register‐based retrospective cohort study using data on all incident dementia cases (≥65 years) initiating antipsychotic treatment as monotherapy or in combination with benzodiazepines and/or antidepressants in Denmark from 2000 to 2015. The outcomes of interest were all‐cause hospitalization and hip fracture. Cox proportional hazards models with adjustment for multiple variables were used to investigate risk of hospitalization and hip fracture within 180 days.

Results

The risk of all‐cause hospitalization during 180‐days follow‐up was significantly increased by 55% (adjusted HR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.29–1.86, p < 0.0001), when antipsychotic use was combined with benzodiazepines, when compared to antipsychotic monotherapy. The association between the combination of antipsychotics and benzodiazepines with the risk of hip fracture did not reach statistical significance (adjusted HR: 1.50, 95% CI: 0.99–2.26, p = 0.0534).

Conclusions

The observed increased risk of all‐cause hospitalization and hip fracture may indicate increased drug‐related adverse events. Thus, careful and regular monitoring is needed to assess response to treatment and decrease the risk of adverse events, when antipsychotics are combined with BZDs, albeit confounding cannot be fully excluded within the current design.
Safety of therapy with and withdrawal from denosumab in fibrous dysplasia and McCune-Albright syndrome: an observational study
Authors: Meier Maartje E. , Clerkx Stance N. , Winter Elizabeth M. , Pereira Alberto M. , van de Ven Annenienke C. , van de Sande Michiel A.J. , Appelman-Dijkstra Natasha M.
Published: June 2021

Denosumab (Dmab) treatment can benefit patients with fibrous dysplasia/McCune-Albright syndrome (FD/MAS) by suppressing the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL)-mediated increased bone resorption. However, limited data of two pediatric cases indicate that a rebound phenomenon may occur after withdrawal. Therefore we studied the safety of Dmab discontinuation in FD/MAS. Thirty-seven patients using Dmab, mostly after unsuccessful bisphosphonate (BP) treatment, were included. Health records were screened for pain scores, side effects, and bone turnover markers (BTMs) (calcium, alkaline phosphatase [ALP], procollagen 1 N-terminal propeptide [P1NP], and β-crosslaps [B-CTX, also termed β–C-terminal telopeptide]) during treatment, and for BTMs and clinical rebound effects after withdrawal. BTM levels after withdrawal were compared to pretreatment values. Data were calculated as median (interquartile range [IQR]). BTMs normalized in two-thirds of patients and pain scores decreased significantly during treatment (p = 0.002). One patient (2.7%) developed osteonecrosis of the jaw. Sixteen patients discontinued Dmab treatment after a median of 1.6 years (IQR 1.0 years) because of insufficient effect on pain (n = 10, 63%), side effects (n = 4, 25%), or other reasons (n = 4, 25%). Follow-up posttreatment was 3.2 (2.8) years, wherein no fractures, pain flares, or lesion progression occurred. Calcium remained normal in all but one patient, who had a mild asymptomatic hypercalcemia (2.73 mmol/L) 5 months after discontinuation. ALP passed pretreatment levels in five of 11 patients (46%), increased most after 6 months by 18 (43) U/L, and returned to baseline levels thereafter. P1NP exceeded pretreatment levels in four of nine patients (44%), CTX in eight of nine patients (89%). P1NP rose most after 3 months and stabilized thereafter. CTX showed the highest relative elevation. Patients with high pretreatment levels responding well to Dmab seemed to have the highest rebound. These results suggest beneficial effects of Dmab on pain and BTMs, and show a biochemical but asymptomatic rebound phenomenon after withdrawal in adults with FD/MAS, mainly in case of high pretreatment levels, good response, and multiple injections. Further studies on the safety of Dmab and withdrawal are needed and ongoing. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Low Noise Heterogeneous III‐V‐on‐Silicon‐Nitride Mode‐Locked Comb Laser
Authors: Cuyvers Stijn , Haq Bahawal , Op de Beeck Camiel , Poelman Stijn , Hermans Artur , Wang Zheng , Gocalinska Agnieszka , Pelucchi Emanuele , Corbett Brian , Roelkens Gunther , Van Gasse Kasper , Kuyken Bart
Published: June 2021

Generating optical combs in a small form factor is of utmost importance for a wide range of applications such as datacom, LIDAR, and spectroscopy. Electrically powered mode‐locked diode lasers provide combs with a high conversion efficiency, while simultaneously allowing for a dense spectrum of lines. In recent years, a number of integrated chip scale mode‐locked lasers have been demonstrated. However, thus far these devices suffer from significant linear and nonlinear losses in the passive cavity, limiting the attainable cavity size and noise performance, eventually inhibiting their application scope. Here, we leverage the ultra‐low losses of silicon‐nitride waveguides to demonstrate a heterogeneously integrated III‐V‐on‐silicon‐nitride passively mode‐locked laser with a narrow 755 MHz line spacing, a radio frequency linewidth of 1 Hz and an optical linewidth below 200 kHz. Moreover, these comb sources are fabricated with wafer scale technology, hence enabling low‐cost and high volume manufacturable devices.
Improving Goal Concordant Care Among 10 Leading Academic U.S. Cancer Hospitals: A Collaboration of the Alliance of Dedicated Cancer Centers
Authors: McNiff Kristen K. , Caligiuri Michael A. , Davidson Nancy E. , Farrar William , Fisher Richard I. , Glimcher Laurie H. , Hanners Rodney B. , Hwu Patrick , Johnson Candace S. , Pisters Peter W.T. , Thompson Craig B. , Reddy Akhila S. , Jagels Barbara , Kolosky Jack A. , Ross Thomas , Bird Karen
Published: June 2021

This commentary is a call to action: that all patients with cancer and their families should receive care that aligns with their values and unique priorities. This is the vision of the Improving Goal Concordant Care (IGCC) Initiative, convened by the Alliance of Dedicated Cancer Centers (ADCC).
Fishers perceptions of ecosystem service change associated with climate‐disturbed coral reefs
Authors: Woodhead Anna J. , Graham Nicholas A. J. , Robinson James P. W. , Norström Albert V. , Bodin Nathalie , Marie Stephanie , Balett Marie‐Corinne , Hicks Christina C.
Published: June 2021

Understanding ecosystem service change necessitates an understanding of the social and ecological dimensions of ecosystem services and how they contribute to the well‐being of different people. These empirical research gaps persist across the tropics and in coastal environments, posing a challenge for small island states that depend on ecosystem services associated with near‐shore ecosystems like coral reefs.

Perception‐based approaches allow for a rapid appraisal of what constitutes ecosystem service change, providing insights into why these changes matter, and how experiences of change differ between individuals. To capture perceptions of change in four ecosystem services associated with coral reefs (habitat, fishery, coastal protection and recreation services), we conducted 41 semi‐structured interviews with coral reef fishers from Seychelles, where reef ecosystems have been severely impacted by climate disturbance. We gathered quantitative and qualitative data to understand (a) if and what changes in reef‐associated ecosystem services have been perceived; (b) if fishers’ characteristics are associated with differences in perceived changes and (c) which changes matter most in fishers’ lives. Using a three‐dimensional approach to well‐being, we sought to identify whether reasons behind the importance of change connect to fishers’ well‐being.

There have been noticeable changes across all four ecosystem services investigated. Changes include social, ecological and behavioural dynamics. Every fisher perceived at least one ecosystem service change but fishers who dive/snorkel or work from larger boats perceived a higher number of ecosystem services to have changed. Education, age and participation in snorkelling/diving were associated with fishers who identified changing habitat services as most important, whereas fishers from families with fewer livelihood alternatives and from smaller islands identified changing fishery services as most important. Different aspects of the subjective, relational and material dimensions of well‐being were implicated in why changing services matter.

Despite known ecological shifts in reef condition, this research is one of few studies to empirically show how changes across multiple ecosystem services are being perceived. These perceived changes are complex, engage both the social and ecological dimensions of services, and connect in multiple ways to how fishers feel about their lives, their relationships and material well‐being.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Asthma and COVID‐19: An early inpatient and outpatient experience at a US children's hospital
Authors: Farzan Sherry , Rai Shipra , Cerise Jane , Bernstein Shari , Coscia Gina , Hirsch Jamie S. , Jeanty Judith , Makaryus Mary , McGeechan Stacy , McInerney Alissa , Quizon Annabelle , Santiago Maria Teresa
Published: June 2021

Background

Initially, persistent asthma was deemed a risk factor for severe COVID‐19 disease. However, data suggests that asthmatics do not have an increased risk of COVID‐19 infection or disease. There is a paucity of data describing pediatric asthmatics with COVID‐19.

Objective

The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of asthma among hospitalized children with acute symptomatic COVID‐19, compare demographic and clinical outcomes between asthmatics and nonasthmatics, and characterize behaviors of our outpatient pediatric population.

Methods

We conducted a single‐center retrospective study of pediatric patients admitted to the Cohen Children's Medical Center at Northwell Health with symptomatic COVID‐19 within 4 months of the surge beginning in March 2020 and a retrospective analysis of pediatric asthma outpatients seen in the previous 6 months. Baseline demographic variables and clinical outcomes for inpatients, and medication compliance, health behaviors, and asthma control for outpatients were collected.

Results

Thirty‐eight inpatients and 95 outpatients were included. The inpatient prevalence of asthma was 34.2%. Asthmatics were less likely to have abnormal chest x‐rays (CXRs), require oxygen support, and be treated with remdesivir. Among outpatients, 41% reported improved asthma control and decreased rescue medication use, with no COVID‐19 hospitalizations, despite six suspected infections.

Conclusions

Among children hospitalized for acute symptomatic COVID‐19 at our institution, 34.2% had a diagnosis of asthma. Asthmatics did not have a more severe course and required a lower level of care. Outpatients had improved medication compliance and control and a low risk of hospitalization. Biological and behavioral factors may have mitigated against severe disease.
Rational Construction of Ruthenium‐Cobalt Oxides Heterostructure in ZIFs‐Derived Double‐Shelled Hollow Polyhedrons for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Fan Libing , Meng Tian , Yan Mengxia , Wang Dewen , Chen Yuting , Xing Zhicai , Wang Erkang , Yang Xiurong
Published: June 2021

Transition metal oxides (TMOs) and their heterostructure hybrids have emerged as promising candidates for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts based on the recent technological breakthroughs and significant advances. Herein, Ru‐Co oxides/Co3O4 double‐shelled hollow polyhedrons (RCO/Co3O4‐350 DSHPs) with Ru‐Co oxides as an outer shell and Co3O4 as an inner shell by pyrolysis of core‐shelled structured RuCo(OH)x@zeolitic‐imidazolate‐framework‐67 derivate at 350 °C are constructed. The unique double‐shelled hollow structure provides the large active surface area with rich exposure spaces for the penetration/diffusion of active species and the heterogeneous interface in Ru‐Co oxides benefits the electron transfer, simultaneously accelerating the surface electrochemical reactions during HER process. The theory computation further indicates that the existence of heterointerface in RCO/Co3O4‐350 DSHPs optimize the electronic configuration and further weaken the energy barrier in the HER process, promoting the catalytic activity. As a result, the obtained RCO/Co3O4‐350 DSHPs exhibit outstanding HER performance with a low overpotential of 21 mV at 10 mA cm−2, small Tafel slope of 67 mV dec−1, and robust stability in 1.0 m KOH. This strategy opens new avenues for designing TMOs with the special structure in electrochemical applications.
Application of X‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy in Electrocatalytic Water Splitting and CO2 Reduction
Authors: Wang Bin , Chu Shengqi , Zheng Lirong , Li Xiaodong , Zhang Jiangwei , Zhang Fuxiang
Published: June 2021

Renewable energy conversion and storage are crucial in aiding the worldwide efforts to replace fossil fuels and achieve carbon neutrality. In particular, electrocatalytic water splitting to obtain H2 and CO2 reduction to high‐value‐added fuels can lead to an epoch of hydrogen energy and a closed‐loop carbon cycle. Although many reported electrocatalysts have demonstrated outstanding performance at the laboratory scale, the origin of the superior electrocatalytic activity and selectivity and the structural evolution of these catalysts remain ambiguous. For this purpose, operando techniques are able to combine the characterizations of the catalyst with measurement of its performance under real working conditions. Herein, a critical overview of recent developments in understanding the underlying mechanisms of water splitting and CO2 reduction is presented, emphasizing the advanced operando X‐ray absorption spectroscopy characterization of these two electrocatalytic reactions. Some perceptions of the rising X‐ray technique directions and the foreground in this field are also presented.
Over 16% Efficiency of Thick‐Film Organic Photovoltaics with Symmetric and Asymmetric Non‐Fullerene Materials as Alloyed Acceptor
Authors: Gao Jinhua , Gao Wei , Ma Xiaoling , Wang Jian , Wang Xuelin , Xu Chunyu , Zhang Xiaoli , Zhang Jian , Yang Chuluo , Jen Alex K.-Y. , Zhang Fujun
Published: June 2021

High‐performance organic photovoltaics (OPVs) with relatively thick active layers are essential for large‐scale production. Herein, series of OPVs with different active layer thicknesses are fabricated using PM6 as the donor and BP4T‐4F and BP3T‐4F with symmetric and asymmetric structures as acceptors. With the active layer thickness increasing from 100 to 300 nm, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of BP3T‐4F‐based binary OPVs is slightly decreased from 15.37% to 14.40%, while the PCEs of BP4T‐4F‐based binary OPVs are markedly decreased from 16.89% to 14.99%. The two kinds of binary OPVs exhibit distinct PCEs and thickness tolerance features, which may be recombined into ternary OPVs using compatible BP3T‐4F and BP4T‐4F as alloyed acceptors. The ternary OPVs exhibit a slightly decreased PCE from 16.91% to 16.03% along with active layer thickness from 100 to 300 nm, benefiting from the well‐optimized phase separation in ternary active layers. It is worth highlighting that the fill factor (FF) of 71.47% is achieved in ternary thick‐film OPVs. The PCE of 16.03% and FF of 71.47% should be among the highest values among OPVs with 300 nm thick active layers.
Synthesis of L‐Hexoses: An Update
Authors: Paul Ankita , Kulkarni Suvarn S
Published: June 2021

Over the years, carbohydrates have increasingly become an important class of compounds contributing significantly to the target specific drug discovery and vaccine development. Several oligosaccharides contain L‐hexoses that are biologically relevant as therapeutic and diagnostic tools. Since, L‐hexoses and deoxy L‐hexoses are not readily available in large amount and pure form, attention is drawn towards development of cost effective and high yielding synthetic routes for their procurement. In this review we give an update on the recent developments in strategies for synthesis of L‐hexoses and deoxy L‐hexoses.
Gold‐Catalysed Nitroalkyne Cycloisomerization – Synthetic Utility
Authors: Dhote Pawan S. , Halnor Swapnil V. , Ramana Chepuri V.
Published: June 2021

The gold‐catalysed intramolecular redox cyclization of o‐alkynylnitrobenzens documented by Professors Naoki Asao and Yoshinori Yamamoto is an important discovery that has opened two complementary research domains. Advancing this cyclization with other metals as well as developing new methods around the products that result from this reaction is one aspect that has seen growing interest. On the other hand, the idea of generating α‐oxo gold carbenes via oxygen transfer to alkynes has established another important aspect in gold‐catalysis. In this account, we will be dealing with the first aspect, which revolves around the internal redox cyclization of nitroalkynes (trivially called as nitroalkyne cycloisomerization), focusing mainly on the gold‐complexes and the synthetic methods developed around it from our group and from other groups, and also providing the details of similar transformations documented with other metals so that the complementary reactivity/diversity of these transformations could be appreciated.
Nickel‐Catalyzed C−H Bond Functionalization of Azoles and Indoles
Authors: Jagtap Rahul A. , Punji Benudhar
Published: June 2021

Direct C−H functionalization of privileged and biologically relevant azoles and indoles represents an important chemical transformation in molecular science. Despite significant progress in the palladium‐catalyzed regioselective C−H functionalization of azoles and indoles, the use of abundant and less expensive nickel catalyst is underdeveloped. In the recent past, the nickel‐catalyzed regioselective C−H alkylation, arylation, alkenylation and alkynylation of azoles and indoles have been substantially explored, which can be applied to the complex organic molecule synthesis. In this Account, we summarize the developments in nickel‐catalyzed regioselective functionalization of azoles and indoles with a considerable focus on the reaction mechanism.
The Role of Earthquake Insurance in Earthquake Risk Reduction and Resilience Building
Authors: Bendimerad Fouad
Published: June 2021

Resilience is defined as “The ability to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from and more successfully adapt to adverse events” (US National Academies). Resilience has four pillars: • Anticipate: the ability to anticipate and reduce the impact of shocks through preparedness and planning, • Absorb the ability to absorb and cope with the impacts of shocks and stresses. • Adapt: the ability to change in response to multiple, long-term and future risks, and to learn and adjust after a shock materializes. • Transform: the ability to take deliberate steps to change the systems that create risk, vulnerability and or inequality. How does insurance intervene in building resilience? The outcome of insurance is to restore property and livelihoods in case of an adverse effect. It does that by providing a cash infusion into the socio-economic system of the affected communities immediately after the event. The cash is used to restore property and avoid interruption of commercial and industrial activity. Insurance also intervenes in terms of reducing impact of stresses (which are the more extensive types of risk) since it enables a system of “maintenance” by providing funds for recovery under minor but more frequent events. For most developing countries, governments have been the insurer of last resort when it comes to catastrophe risk (referred to as Cat Risk in the insurance industry). The reason is that level of cat insurance penetration in most developing countries is very low, sometimes lower than 1%. The assurance of government intervention coupled with the lack of effectiveness of the financial transaction associated with a traditional insurance policy negate any incentive for individuals to acquire a cat insurance policy. The Turkish Compulsory Insurance Program or TCIP is one of the early experiment to change that paradigm and to provide a meaningful role for cat insurance in emerging economies. After a slow start, TCIP has now developed the financial capacity and the spread of coverage to play a significant role both in the financing of risk but also in supporting earthquake risk reduction in Turkey. New cat insurance products based on parametric indexing have since emerged. These insurance products could further improve the efficiency of TCIP and other cat insurance pools by making them more attractive to individuals, thereby scaling up their contribution to building resilience.
Overhang control in topology optimization: a comparison of continuous front propagation-based and discrete layer-by-layer overhang control
Authors: van de Ven Emiel , Maas Robert , Ayas Can , Langelaar Matthijs , van Keulen Fred
Published: June 2021

Although additive manufacturing (AM) allows for a large design freedom, there are some manufacturing limitations that have to be taken into consideration. One of the most restricting design rules is the minimum allowable overhang angle. To make topology optimization suitable for AM, several algorithms have been published to enforce a minimum overhang angle. In this work, the layer-by-layer overhang filter proposed by Langelaar (Struct Multidiscip Optim 55(3):871–883, 2017), and the continuous, front propagation-based, overhang filter proposed by van de Ven et al. (Struct Multidiscipl Optim 57(5):2075–2091, 2018) are compared in detail. First, it is shown that the discrete layer-by-layer filter can be formulated in a continuous setting using front propagation. Then, a comparison is made in which the advantages and disadvantages of both methods are highlighted. Finally, the continuous overhang filter is improved by incorporating complementary aspects of the layer-by-layer filter: continuation of the overhang filter and a parameter that had to be user-defined are no longer required. An implementation of the improved continuous overhang filter is provided.
Genomic analysis of high copy-number sequences for the targeted detection of Listeria species using a flow-through surveillance system
Authors: Quiñones Beatriz , Yambao Jaszemyn C. , De Guzman Veronica S. , Lee Bertram G. , Medin David L.
Published: June 2021

The bacterial foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes has been implicated in fresh produce outbreaks with a significant economic impact. Given that L. monocytogenes is widespread in the environment, food production facilities constantly monitor for the presence of Listeria species. To develop a surveillance platform for food processing facilities, this study conducted a comparative genomic analysis for the identification of conserved high copy sequences in the ribosomal RNA of Listeria species. Simulated folding was performed to assess RNA accessibility in the identified genomic regions targeted for detection, and the developed singleplex assay accurately detected cell amounts lower than 5 cells, while no signals were detected for non-targeted bacteria. The singleplex assay was subsequently tested with a flow-through system, consisting of a DNA aptamer-capture step, followed by sample concentration and mechanical lysis for the detection of Listeria species. Validation experiments indicated the continuous flow-through system accurately detected Listeria species at low cell concentrations.