bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The stpA gene form synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 encodes the glucosylglycerol-phosphate phosphatase involved in cyanobacterial osmotic response to salt shock
Authors: Hagemann M , Schoor A , Jeanjean R , Zuther E , Joset F
Published: November 2016

Mutations in a gene, stpA, had been correlated with the loss of tolerance to high NaCl concentrations in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803. Genetic, biochemical, and physiological evidence shows that stpA encodes glucosylglycerol-phosphate phosphatase. stpA mutants are salt sensitive and accumulate glucosylglycerol-phosphate, the precursor of the osmoprotectant glucosylglycerol necessary for salt adaptation of Synechocystis. The consensus motif present in acid phosphatases was found in StpA; however, the homology with other sugar phosphatases is very poor. The amount of stpA mRNA was increased by growth of the cells in the presence of NaCl concentrations above 170 mM. Expression of stpA in Escherichia coli allowed the production of a 46-kDa protein which exhibited glucosylglycerol-phosphate phosphatase activity. The StpA-specific antibody revealed a protein of similar size in extracts of Synechiocystis, and the amount of this protein was increased in salt-adapted cells. The protein produced in E. coli had lost the requirement for activation by NaCl that was observed for the genuine cyanobacterial enzyme.
Primary structure and properties of the Na+/glucose symporter (Sg1S) of Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Authors: Sarker R I , Ogawa W , Shimamoto T , Shimamoto T , Tsuchiya T
Published: November 2016

Previously, we cloned and sequenced a DNA fragment from Vibrio parahaemolyticus and found four open reading frames (ORFs). Here, we clearly demonstrate that one of the ORFs, ORF1, is the gene (sglS) encoding a Na+/glucose symporter (SglS). We characterize the Na+/glucose symporter produced in Escherichia coli mutant (JM1100) cells which lack original glucose transport activity and galactose transport activity. We also show that phlorizin, a potent inhibitor of the SGLT1 Na+/glucose symporter of animal cells, inhibited glucose transport, but not galactose transport, via the SglS system.
Integration of heterologous plasmid DNA into multiple sites on the genome of Campylobacter coli following natural transformation
Authors: Richardson P T , Park S F
Published: November 2016

The efficiency of homologous recombination in Campylobacter coli following the introduction of DNA by natural transformation was determined by using a series of nonreplicating integrative vectors containing DNA fragments derived from the C. coli catalase gene. Homologous recombination occurred with as little as 286 homologous bp present and was not detected when 270 bases of homology was provided. Instead, when plasmids with little or no homology to the chromosome were introduced by natural transformation, the vector DNA became chromosomally integrated at random sites scattered throughout the C. coli genome. Southern analysis and nucleotide sequencing revealed that recombination had occurred between nonhomologous sequences and can therefore be described as illegitimate. There were at least five different recombination sites on plasmid pSP105. The ability of C. coli to acquire heterologous plasmids by natural transformation, and maintain them by chromosomal integration following illegitimate recombination, has fascinating implications for the genomic diversity and evolution of this species.
Xanthine metabolism in Bacillus subtilis: characterization of the xpt-pbuX operon and evidence for purine- and nitrogen-controlled expression of genes involved in xanthine salvage and catabolism
Authors: Christiansen L C , Schou S , Nygaard P , Saxild H H
Published: November 2016

The xpt and pbuX genes from Bacillus subtilis were cloned, and their nucleotide sequences were determined. The xpt gene encodes a specific xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase, and the pbuX gene encodes a xanthine-specific purine permease. The genes have overlapping coding regions, and Northern (RNA) blot analysis indicated an operon organization. The translation of the second gene, pbuX, was strongly dependent on the translation of the first gene, xpt. Expression of the operon was repressed by purines, and the effector molecules appear to be hypoxanthine and guanine. When hypoxanthine and guanine were added together, a 160-fold repression was observed. The regulation of expression was at the level of transcription, and we propose that a transcription termination-antitermination control mechanism similar to the one suggested for the regulation of the purine biosynthesis operon exists. The expression of the xpt-pbuX operon was reduced when hypoxanthine served as the sole nitrogen source. Under these conditions, the level of the hypoxanthine- and xanthine-degrading enzyme, xanthine dehydrogenase, was induced more than 80-fold. The xanthine dehydrogenase level was completely derepressed in a glnA (glutamine synthetase) genetic background. Although the regulation of the expression of the xpt-pbuX operon was found to be affected by the nitrogen source, it was normal in a glnA mutant strain. This result suggests the existence of different signalling pathways for repression of the transcription of the xpt-pbuX operon and the induction of xanthine dehydrogenase.
Open reading frame 3, which is adjacent to the mycocerosic acid synthase gene, is expressed as an acyl coenzyme A synthase in Mycobacterium bovis BCG
Authors: Fitzmaurice A M , Kolattukudy P E
Published: November 2016

The aim of this study was to test for expression of a 900-bp open reading frame (ORF), ORF3, located at the 5' end of the mycocerosic acid synthase gene in Mycobacterium bovis BCG and to determine the nature of the ORF3 protein. ORF3 was expressed as a 61-kDa C-terminal fusion protein with glutathione S-transferase in Escherichia coli. Polyclonal rabbit antiserum, prepared against this fusion protein, cross-reacted with a 65-kDa protein in M. bovis BCG crude extracts. Since this protein was larger than that predicted from the nucleotide sequence (32 kDa), ORF3 was resequenced, revealing an ORF of 1,749 bp that encodes a 64.8-kDa protein containing 583 amino acids. Reverse transcription-PCR revealed that ORF3 is expressed in M. bovis BCG. The ORF3 product has a high degree of similarity to the acyladenylate family of enzymes. Immunoaffinity absorption chromatography was used to isolate the 65-kDa cross-reacting protein from M. bovis BCG. This purified protein catalyzed coenzyme A (CoA) ester synthesis of n-C10 to n-C18 fatty acids but not mycocerosic acids. ORF3 antibodies severely inhibited acyl-CoA synthase activities of the purified protein and extracts of M. bovis BCG, Mycobacterium smegmatis, and E. coli. They also showed immunological cross-reactivity with proteins in these extracts. Both the ORF3 protein and the acyl-CoA synthase activity were located in the cell cytosol or were loosely associated with the cell membrane. These results indicate that ORF3 encodes an acyl-CoA synthase-like protein.
Interruption of the phosphoglucose isomerase gene results in glucose auxotrophy in Mycobacterium smegmatis
Authors: Tuckman D , Donnelly R J , Zhao F X , Jacobs W R , Connell N D
Published: November 2016

Two glycerol utilization mutants of Mycobacterium smegmatis that were unable to utilize most carbon sources except glucose were isolated. Supplementation of these media with small amounts of glucose restored growth in the mutants; these strains are therefore glucose auxotrophs. The mutant phenotype is complemented by the gene encoding phosphoglucose isomerase (pgi), and direct measurement of enzyme activities in the mutants suggests that this gene product is absent in the auxotrophic strains. Mapping of the mutant allele by Southern analysis demonstrates the presence of a 1-kb deletion extending into the coding sequence of pgi. The possible roles of phosphoglucose isomerase in mycobacterial cell wall synthesis and metabolic regulation are discussed.
Detection and Differentiation of Leishmania spp. in Clinical Specimens by Use of a SYBR Green-Based Real-Time PCR Assay
Authors: de Almeida Marcos E. , Koru Ozgur , Steurer Francis , Herwaldt Barbara L. , da Silva Alexandre J.
Published: November 2016

Leishmaniasis in humans is caused byLeishmaniaspp. in the subgeneraLeishmaniaandViannia. Species identification often has clinical relevance. Until recently, our laboratory relied on conventional PCR amplification of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region (ITS2-PCR) followed by sequencing analysis of the PCR product to differentiateLeishmaniaspp. Here we describe a novel real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) approach based on the SYBR green technology (LSG-qPCR), which uses genus-specific primers that target the ITS1 region and amplify DNA from at least 10Leishmaniaspp., followed by analysis of the melting temperature (Tm) of the amplicons on qPCR platforms (the Mx3000P qPCR system [Stratagene-Agilent] and the 7500 real-time PCR system [ABI Life Technologies]). We initially evaluated the assay by testing referenceLeishmaniaisolates and comparing the results with those from the conventional ITS2-PCR approach. Then we compared the results from the real-time and conventional molecular approaches for clinical specimens from 1,051 patients submitted to the reference laboratory of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention forLeishmaniadiagnostic testing. Specimens from 477 patients tested positive forLeishmaniaspp. with the LSG-qPCR assay, specimens from 465 of these 477 patients also tested positive with the conventional ITS2-PCR approach, and specimens from 10 of these 465 patients had positive results because of retesting prompted by LSG-qPCR positivity. On the basis of theTmvalues of the LSG-qPCR amplicons from reference and clinical specimens, we were able to differentiate four groups ofLeishmaniaparasites: theVianniasubgenus in aggregate; theLeishmania(Leishmania)donovanicomplex in aggregate; the speciesL. (L.)tropica; and the speciesL. (L.)mexicana,L. (L.)amazonensis,L. (L.)major, andL. (L.)aethiopicain aggregate.
Enterovirus 71 3C Promotes Apoptosis through Cleavage of PinX1, a Telomere Binding Protein
Authors: Li Jing , Yao Yunfang , Chen Yu , Xu Xiao , Lin Yongquan , Yang Zhilong , Qiao Wentao , Tan Juan
Published: November 2016

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is an emerging pathogen causing hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and fatal neurological diseases in infants and young children due to their underdeveloped immunocompetence. EV71 infection can induce cellular apoptosis through a variety of pathways, which promotes EV71 release. The viral protease 3C plays an important role in EV71-induced apoptosis. However, the molecular mechanism responsible for 3C-triggered apoptosis remains elusive. Here, we found that EV71 3C directly interacted with PinX1, a telomere binding protein. Furthermore, 3C cleaved PinX1 at the site of Q50-G51 pair through its protease activity. Overexpression of PinX1 reduced the level of EV71-induced apoptosis and EV71 release, whereas depletion of PinX1 by small interfering RNA promoted apoptosis induced by etoposide and increased EV71 release. Taken together, our study uncovered a mechanism that EV71 utilizes to promote host cell apoptosis through cleavage of cellular protein PinX1 by 3C.

IMPORTANCEEV71 3C plays an important role in processing viral proteins and interacting with host cells. In this study, we showed that 3C promoted apoptosis through cleaving PinX1, a telomere binding protein, and that this cleavage facilitated EV71 release. Our study demonstrated that PinX1 plays an important role in EV71 release and revealed a novel mechanism that EV71 utilizes to induce apoptosis. This finding is important in understanding EV71-host cell interactions and has potential impact on understanding other enterovirus-host cell interactions.
Safety monitoring and stability analysis of left bank high slope at Jinping-I hydropower station
Authors: Zhou Chuangbing , Jiang Qinghui , Wei Wei , Chen Yifeng , Rong Guan
Published: November 2016

At the Jinping-I hydropower station the excavation height on the slope of the left bank is about 530 m. The stability of the excavated slope is very important because of the complicated geological conditions. To analyse the process of deformation evolution of the left abutment slope during construction, a comprehensive monitoring system was employed, which combined surface deformation observations, multi-point extensometers and graphite rod extensometers. This paper describes this monitoring system and analyses the deformation development with slope excavation. We also established a 3D numerical model of the slope and simulated the whole process of excavation using the finite-difference method. Results from both monitoring and numerical simulation show that the deformation depth in the left bank slope of the Jingping-I hydropower station is over 150 m owing to large-scale excavation unloading, far greater than that of general engineering slopes. The 3D limit equilibrium method and the strength reduction method are applied to evaluate the stability of the excavated slope. The calculated factors of safety indicate that the left abutment slope is stable and safe as a whole, which is in agreement with the deformation monitoring results.
QJEGH
: there and back in 50 volumes
Authors: Winter M. G. , Bromhead E. N.
Published: November 2016

The first issue of the
Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology
(
QJEG
) was published in 1967; the journal gained the strapline
Encompassing Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology
in 1979, and later became the
Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology
(
QJEGH
). The papers published in the journal cover all aspects of engineering geological and hydrogeological research and practice, and include some important cases studies as well as more fundamental papers. As the journal approaches its 50th anniversary, both 50 years and 50 volumes, this paper reviews that first half-century and acts as an introduction to a following series of review papers that will deal with the contribution of
QJEGH
papers to each of several important disciplines within the general ambit of the journal.
Role of intratubular pressure during the ischemic phase in acute kidney injury
Authors: Wei Jin , Song Jiangping , Jiang Shan , Zhang Gensheng , Wheeler Donald , Zhang Jie , Wang Shaohui , Lai En Yin , Wang Lei , Buggs Jacentha , Liu Ruisheng
Published: November 2016

Acute kidney injury (AKI) induced by clamping of renal vein or pedicle is more severe than clamping of artery, but the mechanism has not been clarified. In the present study, we tested our hypothesis that increased proximal tubular pressure (Pt) during the ischemic phase exacerbates kidney injury and promotes the development of AKI. We induced AKI by bilateral clamping of renal arteries, pedicles, or veins for 18 min at 37°C, respectively. Pt during the ischemic phase was measured with micropuncture. We found that higher Pt was associated with more severe AKI. To determine the role of Pt during the ischemic phase on the development of AKI, we adjusted the Pt by altering renal artery pressure. We induced AKI by bilateral clamping of renal veins, and the Pt was changed by adjusting the renal artery pressure during the ischemic phase by constriction of aorta and mesenteric artery. When we decreased renal artery pressure from 85 ± 5 to 65 ± 8 mmHg, Pt decreased from 53.3 ± 2.7 to 44.7 ± 2.0 mmHg. Plasma creatinine decreased from 2.48 ± 0.23 to 1.91 ± 0.21 mg/dl at 24 h after renal ischemia. When we raised renal artery pressure to 103 ± 7 mmHg, Pt increased to 67.2 ± 5.1 mmHg. Plasma creatinine elevated to 3.17 ± 0.14 mg·dl·24 h after renal ischemia. Changes in KIM-1, NGAL, and histology were in the similar pattern as plasma creatinine. In summary, we found that higher Pt during the ischemic phase promoted the development of AKI, while lower Pt protected from kidney injury. Pt may be a potential target for treatment of AKI.
Activity-dependent formation and location of voltage-gated sodium channel clusters at a CNS nerve terminal during postnatal development
Authors: Xu Jie , Berret Emmanuelle , Kim Jun Hee
Published: November 2016

In auditory pathways, the precision of action potential (AP) propagation depends on axon myelination and high densities of voltage-gated Na (Nav) channels clustered at nodes of Ranvier. Changes in Nav channel expression at the heminode, the final node before the nerve terminal, can alter AP invasion into the presynaptic terminal. We studied the activity-dependent formation of Nav channel clusters before and after hearing onset at postnatal day 12 in the rat and mouse auditory brain stem. In rats, the Nav channel cluster at the heminode formed progressively during the second postnatal week, around hearing onset, whereas the Nav channel cluster at the nodes was present before hearing onset. Initiation of heminodal Nav channel clustering was correlated with the expression of scaffolding protein ankyrinG and paranodal protein Caspr. However, in whirler mice with congenital deafness, heminodal Nav channels did not form clusters and maintained broad expression, but Nav channel clustering was normal at the nodes. In addition, a clear difference in the distance from the heminodal Nav channel to the calyx across the mediolateral axis of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) developed after hearing onset. In the medial MNTB, where neurons respond best to high-frequency sounds, the heminodal Nav channel cluster was located closer to the terminal than in the lateral MNTB, where neurons respond best to low-frequency sounds. Thus sound-mediated neuronal activities are potentially associated with the refinement of the heminode adjacent to the presynaptic terminal in the auditory brain stem.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Clustering of voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels and their distribution along the axon, specifically at the unmyelinated axon segment next to the nerve terminal, are essential for tuning propagated action potentials. Nav channel clusters near the nerve terminal and their location as a function of neuronal position along the mediolateral axis are controlled by auditory inputs after hearing onset. Thus sound-mediated neuronal activity influences the tonotopic organization of Nav channels at the nerve terminal in the auditory brain stem.
[Retracted] Expression Profiling of Transcriptome and Its Associated Disease Risk in Yang Deficiency Constitution of Healthy Subjects
Authors: Yu Ruoxi , Yang Yin , Han Yuanyuan , Hou Pengwei , Li Yingshuai , Li Siqi , Wang Qi
Published: November 2016

Objectives. Differences among healthy subjects and associated disease risks are of substantial interest in clinical medicine. According to the theory of “constitution‐disease correlation” in traditional Chinese medicine, we try to find out if there is any connection between intolerance of cold in Yang deficiency constitution and molecular evidence and if there is any gene expression basis in specific disorders. Methods. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected from Chinese Han individuals with Yang deficiency constitution (n = 20) and balanced constitution (n = 8) (aged 18–28) and global gene expression profiles were determined between them using the Affymetrix HG‐U133 Plus 2.0 array. Results. The results showed that when the fold change was ≥1.2 and q ≤ 0.05, 909 genes were upregulated in the Yang deficiency constitution, while 1189 genes were downregulated. According to our research differential genes found in Yang deficiency constitution were usually related to lower immunity, metabolic disorders, and cancer tendency. Conclusion. Gene expression disturbance exists in Yang deficiency constitution, which corresponds to the concept of constitution and gene classification. It also suggests people with Yang deficiency constitution are susceptible to autoimmune diseases, enteritis, arthritis, metabolism disorders, and cancer, which provides molecular evidence for the theory of “constitution‐disease correlation.”
Effect of Anodal-tDCS on Event-Related Potentials: A Controlled Study
Authors: Izzidien Ahmed , Ramaraju Sriharasha , Roula Mohammed Ali , McCarthy Peter W.
Published: November 2016

We aim to measure the postintervention effects of A-tDCS (anodal-tDCS) on brain potentials commonly used in BCI applications, namely, Event-Related Desynchronization (ERD), Event-Related Synchronization (ERS), and P300. Ten subjects were given sham and 1.5 mA A-tDCS for 15 minutes on two separate experiments in a double-blind, randomized order. Postintervention EEG was recorded while subjects were asked to perform a spelling task based on the “oddball paradigm” while P300 power was measured. Additionally, ERD and ERS were measured while subjects performed mental motor imagery tasks. ANOVA results showed that the absolute P300 power exhibited a statistically significant difference between sham and A-tDCS when measured over channel Pz (p=0.0002). However, the difference in ERD and ERS power was found to be statistically insignificant, in controversion of the the mainstay of the litrature on the subject. The outcomes confirm the possible postintervention effect of tDCS on the P300 response. Heightening P300 response using A-tDCS may help improve the accuracy of P300 spellers for neurologically impaired subjects. Additionally, it may help the development of neurorehabilitation methods targeting the parietal lobe.
A Case of Chronic Calcific Nonalcoholic Pancreatitis
Authors: Kangas-Dick Aaron , Khan Umair , Awoniyi Oluwafunbi , Waqar Shanza , Tun Nu Nwe , Viswanathan Karthikeyan , Wong Cynthia
Published: November 2016

Tropical Calcific Pancreatitis (TCP) is a type of chronic calcific nonalcoholic pancreatitis. Similar to nonalcoholic chronic pancreatitis, it presents in the second and third decades of life; however this type is reported mostly in the developing tropical and subtropical countries. It is associated with the formation of pancreatic calculi and a high probability of developing insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Epidemiologic studies have shown that these patients have an increased risk of developing pancreatic carcinoma. The etiology of TCP remains uncertain, with the current consensus suggesting genetics as well as possible toxicity from consuming large amounts of cassava, a tuber. Definite diagnosis of TCP requires younger age of onset, history of malnutrition, and presence of diabetes mellitus along with extensive pancreatic calcification and ductal calculi. When patients meet most but not all of these conditions the term Idiopathic Chronic Pancreatitis (ICP) is used. This is a case of a 44-year-old man who presented with most features seen in TCP, and however, was diagnosed with ICP.
Exercise-Stress Echocardiography Reveals Systolic Anterior Motion of the Mitral Valve as a Cause of Syncopes in a Cardiac Amyloidosis Patient
Authors: Clemmensen Tor Skibsted , Mølgaard Henning , Andersen Niels Frost , Baerentzen Steen , Poulsen Steen Hvitfeldt
Published: November 2016

Patients with cardiac amyloidosis are at increased AV-block and syncope risk. Therefore, a prophylactic pacemaker is often implanted. However, this case illustrates that other mechanisms should be ruled out prior to pacemaker implantation. The patient studied had mitral valve thickening without increased left ventricular outflow track (LVOT) velocity. However, bicycle exercise-stress test with simultaneous echocardiography revealed a stepwise decrease in blood pressure, a substantial increase in the LVOT velocity, and severe systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve. The patients’ symptoms were likely explained by these findings. Therefore, a comprehensive clinical evaluation is warranted prior to pacemaker implantation in cardiac amyloidosis patients.
Study on Impact Damage and Energy Dissipation of Coal Rock Exposed to High Temperatures
Authors: Yin Tu-bing , Peng Kang , Wang Liang , Wang Pin , Yin Xu-yan , Zhang Yong-liang
Published: November 2016

The dynamic failure characteristics of coal rock exposed to high temperatures were studied by using a split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) system. The relationship between energy and time history under different temperature conditions was obtained. The energy evolution and the failure modes of specimens were analyzed. Results are as follows: during the test, more than 60% of the incident energy was not involved in the breaking of the sample, while it was reflected back. With the increase of temperature, the reflected energy increased continuously; transmitted and absorbed energy showed an opposite variation. At the temperature of 25 to 100°C, the absorbed energy was less than that transmitted, while this phenomenon was opposite after 100°C. The values of specific energy absorption (SEA) were distributed at 0.04 to 0.1 J·cm−3, and its evolution with temperature could be divided into four different stages. Under different temperature conditions, the failure modes and the broken blocks of the samples were obviously different, combining with the variation of microstructure characteristics of coal at high temperatures; the physical mechanism of damage and failure patterns of coal rock are explained from the viewpoint of energy.
Severe Corticosteroid-Induced Ocular Hypertension Requiring Bilateral Trabeculectomies in a Patient with Takayasu’s Arteritis
Authors: Gruener Anna Maria , Sharma Pranev , Ameen Sally , Ahmed Faisal
Published: November 2016

We present a rare case of severe corticosteroid-induced ocular hypertension (OHT) after prolonged systemic corticosteroid use in a young woman with Takayasu’s arteritis. As she did not sufficiently respond to ocular antihypertensive therapies, bilateral enhanced trabeculectomies were required to normalize her intraocular pressures. The systemic side effects of corticosteroids are well known, yet steroid-induced OHT and glaucoma remain silent causes of ocular morbidity. This case highlights the importance of IOP-monitoring in visually asymptomatic patients on systemic corticosteroids. It further emphasizes the need to raise awareness of the potential ocular side effects of steroids amongst physicians, in particular those looking after patients with autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
Complex Convexity of Orlicz Modular Sequence Spaces
Authors: Chen Lili , Chen Deyun , Jiang Yang
Published: November 2016

The concepts of complex extreme points, complex strongly extreme points, complex strict convexity, and complex midpoint locally uniform convexity in general modular spaces are introduced. Then we prove that, for any Orlicz modular sequence spacelΦ,ρ,lΦ,ρis complex midpoint locally uniformly convex. As a corollary,lΦ,ρis also complex strictly convex.
Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry for the Nondestructive Investigation of Conservation Treatments of Cultural Heritage
Authors: Manfredi Marcello , Robotti Elisa , Bearman Greg , France Fenella , Barberis Elettra , Shor Pnina , Marengo Emilio
Published: November 2016

Today the long-term conservation of cultural heritage is a big challenge: often the artworks were subjected to unknown interventions, which eventually were found to be harmful. The noninvasive investigation of the conservation treatments to which they were subjected to is a crucial step in order to undertake the best conservation strategies. We describe here the preliminary results on a quick and direct method for the nondestructive identification of the various interventions of parchment by means of direct analysis in real time (DART) ionization and high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry and chemometrics. The method has been developed for the noninvasive analysis of the Dead Sea Scrolls, one of the most important archaeological discoveries of the 20th century. In this study castor oil and glycerol parchment treatments, prepared on new parchment specimens, were investigated in order to evaluate two different types of operations. The method was able to identify both treatments. In order to investigate the effect of the ion source temperature on the mass spectra, the DART-MS analysis was also carried out at several temperatures. Due to the high sensitivity, simplicity, and no sample preparation requirement, the proposed analytical methodology could help conservators in the challenging analysis of unknown treatments in cultural heritage.
The Effect of Altitude on Intraocular Pressure in Vitrectomized Eyes with Sulfur Hexafluoride Tamponade by the Friedenwald Method: Rabbit Animal Model
Authors: Fromow-Guerra Jans , Solís-Vivanco Adriana , Velez-Montoya Raul , Perez-Reguera Adriana , Quiroz-Mercado Hugo , Meza-de Regil Armando , Papa-Oliva Gabriela , Morales-Cantón Virgilio
Published: November 2016

The aim of this study is to assess the change in intraocular pressure after a road trip, in eyes with different levels of filling with gas tamponade. Five rabbit eyes were subject to pars plana vitrectomy and gas tamponade (filling percentage: 25%, 50%, and 100% of nonexpansile SF6, 100% saline solution, and 100% room air). A sixth eye was injected with 0.35 cc of undiluted SF6without vitrectomy. Guided by global positioning system, they were driven to the highest point of the highway connecting Mexico City with Puebla city and back, stopping every 300 m to assess intraocular pressure. The rabbit’s scleral rigidity and estimation for human eyes were done by using the Friedenwald nomogram. Maximum altitude was 3209 m (Δ949 m). There were significant differences in intraocular pressure on the rabbit eyes filled with SF6at 100%, 50%, 25%, and 100% room air. Per every 100 m of altitude rise, the intraocular pressure increased by 1.53, 1.0046, 0.971, and 0.97 mmHg, respectively. Using the human Friedenwald rigidity coefficient, the human eye estimate for intraocular pressure change was 2.1, 1.8, 1.4, and 1.1 mmHg per every 100 m of attitude rise. Altitude changes have a significant impact on intraocular pressure. The final effect depends on the percentage of vitreous cavity fill and scleral rigidity.
Effects of Cable on the Dynamics of a Cantilever Beam with Tip Mass
Authors: Huang Yi-Xin , Tian Hao , Zhao Yang
Published: November 2016

The dynamic effects of cable attachment on a cantilever beam with tip mass are investigated by an improved Chebyshev spectral element method. The cabled beam is modeled as a double-beam system connected by springs at several discrete locations. By utilizing high order Chebyshev polynomials as basis functions and meshing the system at the locations of connections, precise numerical results of the natural frequencies and mode shapes can be obtained using only a few elements. The accuracy of this method is validated through comparing the results of finite element method and those of spectral element method in literature. The validated method is implemented to investigate the effects of parameters, including spring stiffness, number of connections, density, and Young’s modulus of cable. The results show that the mode shapes of the cabled beam system can be classified into two types: beam mode shapes and cable mode shapes, according to their main deformation. Their corresponding natural frequencies change in very different ways with the variation of system parameters. This work can be applied to optimize the dynamic characteristics of precise spacecraft structures with cable attachments.
Symptomatic Acute Hepatitis C Infection Following a Single Episode of Unprotected Sexual Intercourse
Authors: Butler Benjamin , Narayan Bhaskar , Potts Jonathan , Emmanuel Julian
Published: November 2016

A previously healthy 23-year-old MSM presented with jaundice, systemic upset, and rash 2 months after a single episode of unprotected sexual intercourse. Liver biochemistry was grossly deranged, with markedly elevated transaminases and hyperbilirubinaemia. Serology was positive for genotype 1a hepatitis C virus (HCV) and in the absence of other causes, acute HCV infection was suspected. He was subsequently successfully treated with pegylated interferon and ribavirin for 24 weeks and made a full clinical and biochemical recovery.
Laser Photobiomodulation for a Complex Patient with Severe Hydroxyurea-Induced Oral Ulcerations
Authors: Cabras Marco , Cafaro Adriana , Gambino Alessio , Broccoletti Roberto , Romagnoli Ercole , Marina Davide , Arduino Paolo G.
Published: November 2016

Patients affected by polycythemia vera (PV), a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by an elevated red blood cell mass, are at high risk of vascular and thrombotic complications. Conventional therapeutic options aim at reducing vascular and thrombotic risk; low-dose aspirin and phlebotomy are first-line recommendations, for patients at low risk of thrombotic events, whereas cytoreductive therapy, usually hydroxyurea (HU) or interferon alpha, is recommended for high-risk patients. In the present study, we report the case of a patient with persistent oral ulcerations, possibly related to long-lasting HU treatment, firstly treated with topic and systemic corticosteroids and then more effectively with the addition of low-level laser therapy. Laser photobiomodulation has achieved pain control and has contributed to the healing of oral ulcers without any adverse effect; this has permitted a reduction in the dose of systemic corticosteroids and the suspension of the use of the topic ones, due to the long-term stability of oral health, even after the interruption of low-level laser therapy sessions.
Neoadjuvant Enzalutamide Prior to Prostatectomy
Authors: Montgomery Bruce , Tretiakova Maria S. , Joshua Anthony M. , Gleave Martin E. , Fleshner Neil , Bubley Glenn J. , Mostaghel Elahe A. , Chi Kim N. , Lin Daniel W. , Sanda Martin , Novotny William , Wu Kenneth , Kantoff Philip W. , Marck Brett T. , Plymate Stephen , Balk Steven P. , Nelson Peter S. , Matsumoto Alvin M. , Lis Rosina T. , Kibel Adam , Haas Gabriel P. , Krivoshik Andrew , Hannah Alison , Taplin Mary-Ellen
Published: November 2016

Purpose: Prostate cancer is dependent on androgen receptor (AR) activation. Optimal AR antagonism may effectively cytoreduce local disease and suppress or eliminate micrometastases. We evaluated neoadjuvant therapy prior to prostatectomy with the potent AR antagonist enzalutamide (enza) either alone or in combination with dutasteride (dut) and leuprolide (enza/dut/luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogues [LHRHa]).

Experimental Design: Forty-eight of 52 men with intermediate or high-risk localized prostate cancer proceeded to prostatectomy after neoadjuvant enzalutamide or enza/dut/LHRHa for 6 months. We assessed pathologic complete response (pCR), minimal residual disease (MRD; ≤3 mm maximum diameter of residual disease), residual cancer burden (RCB), and expression of PSA and serum and tissue androgen concentrations. We compared the proportion of patients with pCR in each treatment arm with a historical control rate of 5%, based on previous reports of flutamide with LHRHa.

Results: In the enzalutamide arm, none of the 25 patients achieved pCR or MRD. In the enza/dut/LHRHa arm, one of 23 patients (4.3%) achieved pCR and 3 of 23 (13.0%) achieved MRD. Median RCB was higher in the enzalutamide arm than in the enza/dut/LHRHa arm (0.41 cm3 vs. 0.06 cm3, respectively). Tissue testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels correlated with RCB. No adverse events leading to study drug discontinuation were reported.

Conclusions: Combination therapy with enza/dut/LHRHa resulted in pCR and MRD rates comparable with historical controls. Evidence of continued AR activity in residual tumor suggests that AR signaling may contribute to survival. Strategies to more effectively ablate AR activity are warranted to determine whether more substantial antitumor effects are observed. Clin Cancer Res; 23(9); 2169–76. ©2016 AACR.
Inhibition of EMMPRIN and MMP-9 Expression by Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate through 67-kDa Laminin Receptor in PMA-Induced Macrophages
Authors: Wang Qi-Ming , Wang Hao , Li Ya-Fei , Xie Zhi-Yong , Ma Yao , Yan Jian-Jun , Gao Yi Fan Wei , Wang Ze-Mu , Wang Lian-Sheng
Published: November 2016

Background/Aims: It is well documented that overexpression of EMMPRIN (extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer) and MMPs (matrix metalloproteinases) by monocytes/macrophages plays an important role in atherosclerotic plaque rupture. Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has a variety of pharmacological properties and exerts cardiovascular protective effects. Recently, the 67-kD laminin receptor (67LR) has been identified as a cell surface receptor of EGCG. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of EGCG on the expression of EMMPRIN and MMP-9 in PMA-induced macrophages, and the potential mechanisms underlying its effects. Methods: Human monocytic THP-1 cells were induced to differentiate into macrophages with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Protein expression and MMP-9 activity were assayed by Western blot and Gelatin zymography, respectively. Real-time PCR was used to examine EMMPRIN and MMP-9 mRNA expression. Results: We showed that EGCG (10-50µmol/L) significantly inhibited the expression of EMMPRIN and MMP-9 and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in PMA-induced macrophages. Downregulation of EMMPRIN by gene silencing hindered PMA-induced MMP-9 secretion and expression, indicating an important role of EMMPRIN in the inhibition of MMP-9 by EGCG. Moreover, 67LR was involved in EGCG-mediated suppression of EMMPRIN and MMP-9 expression. Anti-67LR antibody treatment led to abrogation of the inhibitory action of EGCG on the expression of EMMPRIN and MMP-9 and activation of ERK1/2, p38, and JNK. Conclusion: Our results indicate that EGCG restrains EMMPRIN and MMP-9 expression via 67LR in PMA-induced macrophages, which also suggests that EGCG may be a possible therapeutic agent for stabilizing atherosclerotic plaque.
Ischemic Postconditioning-Regulated miR-499 Protects the Rat Heart Against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting Apoptosis through PDCD4
Authors: Zhu Jianbing , Yao Kang , Wang Qian , Guo Junjie , Shi Hongtao , Ma Leilei , Liu Haibo , Gao Wei , Zou Yunzeng , Ge Junbo
Published: November 2016

Background: Here, we determined miR-499 involvement in the protective effect of ischemic postconditioning (IPC) against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and identified the underlying mechanisms. Methods: To investigate the cardioprotective effect of IPC-induced miR-499, rats were divided into the following five groups: sham, I/R, IPC, IPC + scramble, and IPC + antagomiR-499. Hemodynamic indexes were measured by carotid-artery intubation to assess left ventricular function . Ischemia and infarction areas of rat hearts were determined by Evans blue and triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, and cardiomyocyte apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end-labeling assay. Results: IPC attenuated I/R-induced infarct size of the left ventricle (45.28 ± 5.40% vs. 23.56 ± 6.20%, P < 0.05), myocardial apoptosis, and decreased creatine kinase (1867.31 ± 242.41% vs. 990.21 ± 172.39%, P < 0.05), lactate dehydrogenase (2257.50 ± 305.11% vs. 1289.11 ± 347.28%, P < 0.05), and malondialdehyde levels (7.18 ± 1.63% vs. 4.85 ± 1.52%, P < 0.05). Additionally, left ventricular systolic pressure, +dp/dtmax, and -dp/dtmax were elevated, and left ventricular end diastolic pressure was significantly reduced in the IPC group. Furthermore, IPC-mediated cardiac protection against I/R injury was inhibited in vivo and in vitro by knockdown of cardiac miR-499, suggesting that miR-499 may participate in the protective function of IPC against I/R injury through targeting programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4). Conclusion: Our data revealed that IPC-regulated miR-499 plays an important role in IPC-mediated cardiac protection against I/R injury by targeting PDCD4.
Stationäre Behandlung depressiver Erkrankungen wohnortnah oder wohnortfern: Gibt es Unterschiede im Therapieergebnis?
Authors: Diedrich Alice , Ewald Heike , Langs Gernot , Rauh Elisabeth , Gärtner Thomas , Voderholzer Ulrich
Published: November 2016

Hintergrund: Seit der Psychiatrie-Enquete werden die Vor- und Nachteile wohnortferner und wohnortnaher stationärer Behandlung psychisch Erkrankter kontrovers diskutiert. Ob die Distanz des Wohnorts zur Klinik Einfluss auf den Behandlungserfolg hat, wurde bisher jedoch nur in der stationären medizinischen Rehabilitation bei Patienten mit Abhängigkeitserkrankungen untersucht. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist deshalb die Untersuchung des Einflusses der Distanz zwischen Wohnort und Behandlungseinrichtung auf den Behandlungserfolg depressiver Patienten. Patienten und Methoden: Hierzu wurden die Routinedaten von 1959 stationär behandelten Patienten mit der Diagnose einer depressiven Erkrankung analysiert. Depressivität, Ängstlichkeit und Somatisierungsbeschwerden wurden zur Erfassung des Therapieerfolgs bei Aufnahme, bei Entlassung und katamnestisch 6 Monate später mit dem Patient Health Questionnaire erfasst. Ergebnisse: Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Distanz zwischen Wohnort und Klinik die Veränderung der depressiven, ängstlichen und somatoformen Symptomatik während und nach der Behandlung nicht moderiert. Auch zeigen sich keinerlei Zusammenhänge zwischen der Distanz Wohnort-Klinik und den Symptomveränderungen zwischen Aufnahme und Katamnese. Schlussfolgerungen: Empirische Belege für Unterschiede im Outcome in Abhängigkeit von der Distanz zwischen Wohnort und Klinik liegen nicht vor. Zukünftig sollte deshalb der Einfluss der inhaltlichen Aspekte wohnortnaher und -ferner Behandlung, wie der Spezialisierungsgrad der Einrichtung sowie die Umsetzung individueller Nachsorgemaßnahmen, auf den Erfolg stationärer Therapien systematisch untersucht werden.
INTERMACS (Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support) Profiling Identifies Ambulatory Patients at High Risk on Medical Therapy After Hospitalizations for Heart Failure
Authors: Stewart Garrick C. , Kittleson Michelle M. , Patel Parag C. , Cowger Jennifer A. , Patel Chetan B. , Mountis Maria M. , Johnson Frances L. , Guglin Maya E. , Rame J. Eduardo , Teuteberg Jeffrey J. , Stevenson Lynne W.
Published: November 2016

Background—

INTERMACS (Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support) profiles provide important prognostic information for patients with advanced heart failure (HF) receiving mechanical support. The value of INTERMACS profiling has not been shown for patients followed on medical therapy for advanced HF at centers that also offer mechanical circulatory support.

Methods and Results—

This prospective, observational study enrolled 166 patients with chronic New York Heart Association class III–IV HF, ejection fraction ≤30%, and ≥1 HF hospitalization in the previous year, excluding patients listed for transplant or receiving chronic intravenous inotropic therapy. Subjects were followed for at least 12 months or until death, mechanical support, or transplant. Baseline features, quality of life, and outcomes were compared according to INTERMACS profile. Mean age was 57 years, ejection fraction 18%, and 57% had HF >5 years, whereas 23% of subjects were INTERMACS profile 4, 32% profile 5, and 45% profile 6/7. At 1 year, only 47% of this ambulatory advanced HF cohort remained alive on medical therapy. Patients in INTERMACS profile 4 were more likely to die or require mechanical support, with only 52% of these patients alive without support after the first 6 months. Profile 6/7 patients had 1-year survival of 84%, similar to outcomes for contemporary destination left ventricular assist device recipients. Quality of life using the indexed EuroQol score was poor across profiles 4 to 7, although severe limitation was less common than for ambulatory patients enrolled in INTERMACS before ventricular assist device implantation.

Conclusions—

Ambulatory patients with systolic HF, a heavy symptom burden, and at least 1 recent HF hospitalization are at high risk for death or left ventricular assist device rescue. INTERMACS profiles help identify ambulatory patients with advanced HF who may benefit from current mechanical support devices under existing indications.
Association of Traditional Cardiovascular Risk Factors With Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: Mahmoodi Bakhtawar K. , Cushman Mary , Anne Næss Inger , Allison Matthew A. , Bos Willem Jan , Brækkan Sigrid K. , Cannegieter Suzanne C. , Gansevoort Ron T. , Gona Philimon N. , Hammerstrøm Jens , Hansen John-Bjarne , Heckbert Susan , Holst Anders G. , Lakoski Susan G. , Lutsey Pamela L. , Manson JoAnn E. , Martin Lisa W. , Matsushita Kunihiro , Meijer Karina , Overvad Kim , Prescott Eva , Puurunen Marja , Rossouw Jacques E. , Sang Yingying , Severinsen Marianne T. , ten Berg Jur , Folsom Aaron R. , Zakai Neil A.
Published: November 2016

Background:

Much controversy surrounds the association of traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors with venous thromboembolism (VTE).

Methods:

We performed an individual level random-effect meta-analysis including 9 prospective studies with measured baseline cardiovascular disease risk factors and validated VTE events. Definitions were harmonized across studies. Traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors were modeled categorically and continuously using restricted cubic splines. Estimates were obtained for overall VTE, provoked VTE (ie, VTE occurring in the presence of 1 or more established VTE risk factors), and unprovoked VTE, pulmonary embolism, and deep-vein thrombosis.

Results:

The studies included 244 865 participants with 4910 VTE events occurring during a mean follow-up of 4.7 to 19.7 years per study. Age, sex, and body mass index-adjusted hazard ratios for overall VTE were 0.98 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.89−1.07) for hypertension, 0.97 (95% CI: 0.88−1.08) for hyperlipidemia, 1.01 (95% CI: 0.89−1.15) for diabetes mellitus, and 1.19 (95% CI: 1.08−1.32) for current smoking. After full adjustment, these estimates were numerically similar. When modeled continuously, an inverse association was observed for systolic blood pressure (hazard ratio=0.79 [95% CI: 0.68−0.92] at systolic blood pressure 160 vs 110 mm Hg) but not for diastolic blood pressure or lipid measures with VTE. An important finding from VTE subtype analyses was that cigarette smoking was associated with provoked but not unprovoked VTE. Fully adjusted hazard ratios for the associations of current smoking with provoked and unprovoked VTE were 1.36 (95% CI: 1.22−1.52) and 1.08 (95% CI: 0.90−1.29), respectively.

Conclusions:

Except for the association between cigarette smoking and provoked VTE, which is potentially mediated through comorbid conditions such as cancer, the modifiable traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors are not associated with increased VTE risk. Higher systolic blood pressure showed an inverse association with VTE.
“Beat Your Child with a Flower!”
Authors: Kang Yoonhee
Published: November 2016

As a new dimension of transnational connections between East and Southeast Asia, this paper explores educational migration of South Korean “early study abroad” (jogi yuhak) students and accompanying mothers to Singapore. In examining Asian educational migrants to the “West”, many previous studies tend to focus on the accumulation of cultural and linguistic capital not available within Asia. However, I argue that the study of educational migration within Asia needs to go beyond the Bourdieuan framework of capital accumulation. Instead, the case of South Korean educational migrants in Singapore illustrates that these migrants emphasise more on the enactment rather than accumulation of cultural capital, the process wherein many emotional resources and embodied techniques are required in order to activate what the migrant students have accumulated through their overseas education. This study identifies the “Asian advantage”, specific types of emotional and educational benefits that are believed to facilitate the migrant students’ capital enactment in their imaginings of future trajectories of “going global”.