bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Benefits of the Moringa oleifera seed husk as bran for human consumption
Authors: Hernández Ernesto Almora- , Moreno Nabila Figueredo- , Oliveros Susana Matos- , Abascal Vivian Lago- , Jiménez Efraín Rodríguez
Published: March 2024

Bran is the husk of cereals, crushed by grinding. It is a food that helps improving different symptoms, mainly for the digestive system. Moringa oleifera Lam. It is a plant with a high nutritional value, so the use of Moringa seed husk was evaluated for human consumption and for strengthening foods by producing bran. To characterize the Moringa seed husk for human consumption as bran and emphasize its benefits to health. The bran was produced by grinding Moringa oleifera Lam. seed husks with a sieve of 2.0mm. The proximal composition was made by infrared near spectrocospy. The determination of minerals and metals was done by the method PT-AQ-23 and moisture by the gravimetric method. The bran from Moringa seed husks, allowed to have a product with soft powder characteristics and a slightly sandy feel, of beige color with brown tips, discreetly bitter and fresh wood odor. From the nutritional point of view, it contributed the following compounds: fiber protein, starch and fat; everything comparable or superior to the contents in other bran of wheat, rice, oat and barley, among others. The bran from Moringa seed husk is a highly beneficial product for digestive health due to the quantity of fiber it provides, the high nutritional value of its other properties.
Features of the influence of working conditions on psychophysiological functions of unmanned aircraft systems operators
Authors:   Ukrainian Military Medical Academy, Kyiv, Ukraine, Kalnysh V.V. , Shvets A.V. ,   Ukrainian Military Medical Academy, Kyiv, Ukraine, Maltsev O.V. ,   Ukrainian Military Medical Academy, Kyiv, Ukraine
Published: March 2024

This study was conducted to determine the influence and assess the impact of specific factors of working conditions on the psychophysiological functions of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) operators. The research involved 41 military personnel (men aged 20-35 years old) who operated the I class “Light” UAS and were engaged in a varied range of professional tasks. The aim was to understand the complex impact of these distinct factors on operators during the execution of their duties. To examine their psychophysiological status, we employed modified methods using the PFI-2 hardware/software complex. The following indicators were determined: accuracy of reaction to a moving object, strength of nervous processes, functional mobility of nervous processes, simple visual-motor reaction, complex visual-motor reaction, orientation in space, and visual memory. The role of climatic and microclimatic factors in professional activity was studied using a questionnaire, where their influence on functional status was assessed on a 100-point scale. To facilitate further theoretical development and practical application, we determined the investigated factors integral impact on shaping operators’ subjective perception and specific psychophysiological qualities that are professionally significant for military personnel. The preliminary analysis showed the heterogeneity of feelings the influence of various components of the external environment factor. To correct this heterogeneity, we used the non-linear correction method (logarithmization of analyzed data, when large values of an analyzed parameter could be reduced due to the properties of logarithmic function). Then, a correlation (Spearman correlation coefficient) and regression analysis of studied parameters has been carried out with a preliminary check of the structure of operator perceptions for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test. As a result, a list of psychophysiological qualities that change under the influence of the external environment factor in individuals with different perceptivity to its components has been selected.
L-tryptophan effectively prevents fatty degeneration of rat pancreas
Authors:   Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine, Yanko R.V. , Chaka O.G. ,   Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine, Levashov M.I. ,   Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
Published: March 2024

Alimentary obesity is a risk factor for the development of many pathophysiological conditions in various organs, including the pancreas. Thus, the study of mechanisms, clinical symptoms and ways to prevent the development of fatty degeneration of pancreas at obesity is a current direction of research. The aim of our work was to study the influence of L-tryptophan on the morphofunctional changes of the pancreas of rats with diet-induced obesity and to evaluate the possibility of its use for the prevention of the development of the gland fatty degeneration. The study was conducted in male Wistar rats, which were 3 months old at the experiment beginning. Histologic preparations were made from pancreas tissue samples using a standard method. Morphometric measurements were performed on digital images using “Image J” software. In biochemical studies, we determined concentration of glucose in blood serum and of triglycerides, lipids and cholesterol in pancreas tissue samples. It was found that rats fed a high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet showed marked sings of developing alimentary obesity. This was evidenced by a significant increase in the weight of visceral fat (by 147%) and obesity index (by 129%). The exposure of rats to a high-calorie diet resulted in the emergence of distinct signs indicating hypofunction in both the exocrine and, to a greater extent, endocrine sections of the pancreas. The administration of L-tryptophan reduced the intensity of accumulation of visceral fat and fat in the gland itself. This was evidenced by lower concentrations of lipids (by 53%) and triglycerides (by 32%) in the pancreatic tissue compared to high-calorie diet rats. In addition, L-tryptophan prevented an excessive decrease in the function of both the exocrine and endocrine parts of the gland from the harmful effects of dietary obesity. This may be of practical interest when using tryptophan and its derivatives in the clinic to prevent a decrease in gland activity in this pathology.
MITIGATING INTERFERENCE IN DYNAMIC SPECTRA IN THE PRESENCE OF POWERFUL SIGNALS PART 1. POWERFUL BROADBAND PULSES AND LINEAR FREQUENCY-MODULATED INTERFERENCE
Authors:   Future University Hakodate, Ryabov V. , Zakharenko V. ,   Institute of Radio Astronomy, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kharlanova V. ,   V.N. Karazin National University of Kharkiv
Published: March 2024

Subject and Purpose. The writers aim at developing and testing a new method of interference mitigation, proceeding from the example of radio emissions from Jupiter. Its effectiveness is compared with the results of other workers, equally relating to the case of a significant overlapping, within the time-frequency window under analysis, of the areas occupied by the useful signal and the interference. Methods and Methodology. The analysis has revealed several fundamental limitations associated with the use of standard statis- tical methods for identifying sources of interference. A new approach is proposed that allows separating useful signals from inter- ference in the time-frequency plane. It is based on the idea of transferring the statistical analysis from the space of signal amplitudes to such of linear patterns which are formed by maximal readings while the spectrograms are being scanned in time, frequency or otherwise. Results. Methods of statistical data processing have been suggested which allow analysis of signals of a variety of power lev- els against the background of interference of comparable intensity. This enables a detailed analysis of the time-frequency patterns demonstrated by signals with a broad range of parameter variations. The algorithms developed demonstrate stability against changes in the interference background conditions that may be caused either by human activity or by natural factors, such as, e.g. ionospheric perturbations, changes in the frontend frequency response of a receiver resulting from a changed antenna beam orientation, or else from Faraday’s polarization plane rotation in the radio emission being received. Conclusions. The necessity of creating new interference mitigation techniques is stipulated both by worsening of the general level of interference at radio frequencies, and by the growth of complexity in the sporadically emerging time-frequency patterns that result from the improved time and frequency resolutions in the course of signal reception. A significant progress has been achieved, owing exclusively to the fundamental modifications of the signal processing algorithms that are based on varying the direction of analysis in the time-frequency plane.
EIGEN-OSCILLATIONS OF PLANAR-CHIRAL BILAYER OBJECTS GIVE RISE TO ARTIFICIAL OPTICAL ACTIVITY
Authors:   O.Ya. Usikov Institute for Radiophysics and Electronics of the NAS of Ukraine, Kirilenko A. , Steshenko S. ,   O.Ya. Usikov Institute for Radiophysics and Electronics of the NAS of Ukraine,   V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University, Ostryzhnyi Y. ,   O.Ya. Usikov Institute for Radiophysics and Electronics of the NAS of Ukraine, Derkach V. ,   O.Ya. Usikov Institute for Radiophysics and Electronics of the NAS of Ukraine
Published: March 2024

Subject and Purpose. The research focuses on how the resonance frequencies, the Q-factor of resonances, and the polarization plane rotation ability are influenced by the topology of individual components of a planar-chiral double-layer object consisting of a pair of con- jugated irises having rectangular slots and accommodated in a circular waveguide. Methods and Methodology. All the numerical results are obtained by the mode-matching technique (MMT) and the transverse reso- nance method on the basis of our own proprietary MWD-03 software package. Results. By the waveguide example, it has been shown that the internal structure of individual components and dihedral symmetry of the conjugated bilayer allow all the conclusions of the spectral theory (theory of eigen-oscillations) to be carried over to all the objects of the type. On the other hand, these objects behave as symmetric two-port waveguide components with conventionally "symmetric" and "antisymmetric" eigen-oscillations. The mutual coupling of these eigen-oscillations depends on the bilayer parameters. Where the frequen- cies of these eigen-oscillations are close enough, the polarization plane rotation and the transmission bandwidth reach their highest. It has been demonstrated that as a slot number increases, the resonance frequency decreases. The theoretical results have been confirmed by the measurements at the X range of frequencies for pairs of conjugated irises with various numbers of rectangular slots. Conclusions. A pair of conjugated chiral irises can rotate the polarization plane. The iris topology, iris spacing, and the mutual ro- tation angle alter resonance frequencies. The resonance frequencies can be reduced by increasing the rectangular slot length and/or slot number. Even though they have not longitudinal symmetry, such objects have properties of two-port waveguide components. In particular, the phase shift of their reflection and transmission coefficients is modulo 90. Besides, a possibility exists to divide eigen-oscillations into conventionally "symmetric" and "antisymmetric" based on the proximity of their fields to those whose type of symmetry is known before- hand. This makes it possible to approximate the reflection and transmission coefficients through corresponding eigenfrequencies.
THE NARROW-BAND FILTER BASED ON A MAGNETOPHOTONIC CRYSTAL INVOLVING LAYERS WITH HYPERBOLIC DISPERSION LAWS
Authors:   V.N. Karazin National University of Kharkiv, Shmat’ko A. , Odarenko E. ,   Kharkiv National University of Radio Electronics
Published: March 2024

Subject and Purpose. Narrow-band filters are among the basic components of modern communication systems, instruments for spectros- copy, high-sensitivity sensors, etc. Photonic crystal structures open up broad possibilities for creating compact-sized, narrow-band filters in the optical and terahertz ranges. Tuning of spectral characteristics of photonic crystal filters is usually carried out through introduction of certain elements into their structure that are sensitive to external electric and magnetic fields. This work has been aimed at investigating electrodynamic characteristics of one-dimensional magnetophotonic crystals with structural layers characterized by "hyperbolic" disper- sion, and suggesting a multichannel, narrow-band filter on their base. Methods and Methodology. The dispersion equation for excitations in an infinite magnetophotonic crystal has been obtained within the framework of the Floquet-Bloch theory, with the use of fundamental solutions of Hill’s equation. The transfer matrix approach has been used to obtain an analytical expression for the transmission coefficient. Results. The band diagram of the one-dimensional magnetophotonic crystal has been analyzed for the case where one of the layers on the structure’s spatial period is characterized by a hyperbolic dispersion law. The areas of existence of surface wave regimes have been found for such layers for the case of normal incidence of the wave upon the finite-seized magnetophotonic crystal. Frequency dependences of the transmission coefficient are characterized by a set of high-Q resonant peaks relating to Fabry-Perot resonances in a periodic struc- ture of finite length. Conclusions. Application of a finite-seized, one-dimensional magnetophotonic crystal is considered as of a means forachieving mul- tichannel optical filtering and formation of a frequency comb. Expressions for the dispersion equation and transmission coefficient have been obtained within the framework of the Floquet-Bloch theory and with the use of the transfer matrix. The feasibility of surface mode excitation has been shown for gyrotropic layers of the periodic structure characterized by a hyperbolic dispersion law, for the case of nor- mal incidence upon the magnetophotonic crystal. The spectral response of the filter contains narrow-band peaks with a high transmission efficiency. By increasing the number of the structure’s periods it is possible to form a frequency comb, which effect can be useful for appli- cations in metrology and modern optical communication systems.
Ukrainian dialects of Northern Pidlasie: historical and cultural context
Authors:   Institute of the Ukrainian Language of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Tkachuk Maryna
Published: March 2024

The article deals with the current sociolinguistic situation in the autochthonous Ukrainian dialects of Northern Podlasie (the territory of Poland) against the background of historical and cultural circumstances in which they have existed, especially in ХХ and early ХХI century. Particular attention is paid to the triad of “confessional – ethnic – linguistic affiliation”; the inculcation of the idea of “Belarusianness” to the population of this dialectal area, which has influenced the modern linguistic and ethnic consciousness of dialect speakers. The peculiarities of language education in Northern Podlasie are also analyzed. The factors that led to the preservation of Northern Podlasie dialects in multicultural conditions and, in fact, in the absence of direct contacts with Ukrainian dialects of the metropolis are identified; and on the other hand, the leveling of ethnic consciousness while preserving the specific language code. The current linguistic situation in the Northern Podlasie dialects is determined by the following main factors: age group of respondents, social status, occupation, family traditions, and, to a large extent, the size of the society, which determines the vitality of the dialect or, conversely, the loss of its prestige. The features of linguistic self-identification by modern speakers of Northern Podlasie dialects are investigated. The role of the idiolect in forming the portrait of the lateral dialect is studied. The tendency to the stability of idiolects in the context of the tangible dynamics of the dialect space is emphasized. The article also examines the written tradition of Northern Podlasie in the dialect, texts in the dialect of various functional styles, and different views on the status of Northern Podlasie dialects, including an attempt to establish a “Podlasie literary micro-language”. Dialectal features in the onomasticon and written microtexts of some other types are analyzed. Keywords: Ukrainian North Podlasie dialects, Ukrainian dialects in a foreign language environment, preservation of lateral dialects, language enclave, Ukrainian dialects of the borderlands.
Towards an inventory of Mexican tardigrades (Tardigrada): a survey on the diversity of moss tardigrades with an emphasis in conifer forests from the Valley of Mexico Basin
Authors: Dueñas-Cedillo Alba , Venegas Ismael , García-Román Jazmín , Jurado Enrique , Cuellar-Rodríguez Gerardo , Villegas-Guzmán Gabriel A. , Vargas-Mendoza Carlos Fabián , Ruiz Enrico A. , Armendáriz-Toledano Francisco
Published: March 2024

From a large-scale sampling of limnoterrestrial tardigrades in the Valley of Mexico Basin, in the Huasteca Potosina, and Monarch Butterﬂy Sanctuary, Mexico, we develop an initial species list and determine the type of vegetation and substrates for most sampled species. In total 160 moss samples and over 2000 tardigrades were obtained, belonging to 17 genera, 35 putative species, one subspecies, of which eight could be accurately identiﬁed to species or subspecies, three to affinity, and 15 as morpho-species; the remaining samples were identiﬁed to genus, mainly due to the few specimens available and their preservation was not optimal. We provide novel records for one genus and two species from the country. Our estimates on ﬁve vegetation types and three substrate types indicates that our inventory is incomplete, and as many as twice the number of species may still be found in these ecosystems.
Newly recorded for the vascular flora of Abu Dhabi: Maerua crassifolia Forssk. (Capparaceae)
Authors: Sakkir Sabitha , Al Mansouri Salama , Al Mansouri Maitha , Khalfan Al Mansouri Saif , Al Mansouri Lahej , Kabshawi Maher
Published: March 2024

During the ﬂoristic surveys in 2020–2023 in the United Arab Emirates, we recorded Maerua crassifolia Forssk., which is new to the ﬂora of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. This species has a distribution across Africa, through the Arabian Peninsula, to Iran and Pakistan. We discuss the geographic range of this species, its presence in the Arabian Peninsula, and its conservation status. Our new record expands the geographic distribution of the species and highlights the importance of expanding botanical surveys to increase the knowledge on the ﬂoral diversity of the emirate.
FREKUENSI VENTILASI DAN EKSPRESI GEN COI IKAN MAS (Cyprinus carpio) POPULASI SINTETIK KONDISI AMONIA TINGGI
Authors: Himawan Yogi , Alimuddin Alimuddin , Nirmala Kukuh , Imron Imron , Suharyanto Suharyanto
Published: March 2024

Ikan mas populasi sintetik dibentuk melalui pencampuran (blending) dari lima strain ikan mas Indonesia, yakni Majalaya, Rajadanu, Sutisna, Wildan, dan Sinyonya.  Ikan mas sintetik potensial untuk dikembangkan menjadi strain tahan ammonia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis performa ikan mas populasi sintetik sebagai kandidat pembentuk ikan mas tahan amonia tinggi. Evaluasi toleransi terhadap amonia tinggi dilakukan melalui uji tantang NH4Cl sebanyak 200 ppm pada media pengujian benih ikan mas populasi sintetik dan sebagai kontrol ikan mas populasi sintetik tanpa penambahan NH4Cl. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan akuarium dengan ukuran 60x40x40 cm sebanyak tiga unit untuk pengujian frekuensi ventilasi dan dua unit untuk pengambilan sampel. Perlakuan diulang sebanyak 3 kali dengan ikan uji berjumlah 30 ekor tiap akuarium dan bobot 18.32±3.29 g ekor. Pengukuran ekspresi gen CO1 dilakukan dengan metode qPCR. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan frekuensi ventilasi ikan mas sintetik tahan amonia tinggi mencapai 34.00±10.54 bukaan menit-1, lebih tinggi dibanding kelompok pingsan dan kontrol. Tingkat ekspresi gen CO1 ikan mas populasi sintetik yang tahan amonia tinggi memiliki level ekspresi lebih tinggi daripada kelompok pingsan dan kontrol. Sementara itu, kualitas air uji tantang masih berada pada level normal untuk pemeliharaan.A synthetic carp population carp was formed by combining five Indonesian carp strains, namely Majalaya, Rajadanu, Sutisna, Wildan, and Sinyonya. The synthetic carp has the potential to be developed as strains resistant to ammonia. This study aimed to analyze the performance of the synthetic carp population as a candidate to form high ammoniaresistant carp. Evaluation of tolerance to high concentrations of environmental ammonia was carried out by adding 200 ppm NH Cl to  the synthetic carp seed’s rearing media. The control treatment was rearing the seed without the addition of NH 4 Cl. The research used three units of aquarium sized 60x40x40 cm to measure the fish’s gills ventilation rate and two units for sampling. The treatments were repeated three times with 30 test fish per aquarium with an average weight of 18.32 ± 3.29 g per fish. The measurement of CO1 gene expression was performed using the qPCR method. The results showed that the ventilation rate of the synthetic carp with high ammonia resistance was 34.00 ± 10.54 per minute aperture, higher than the unconscious and control groups. The level of CO1 gene 4 expression in the synthetic population of high ammonia-resistant carp was higher than in the unconscious and control groups. In addition, the water quality parameters of the treatment rearing media were within the normal values for carp farming.
KANDUNGAN KARAGENAN Eucheuma cottonii YANG DIBUDIDAYAKAN DI PERAIRAN PULAU LEMUKUTAN PROVINSI KALIMANTAN BARAT PADA KEDALAMAN BERBEDA
Authors: Ica Evatricia , Idiawati Nora , Nurdiansyah Syarif Irwan , Minsas Sukal , Siregar Sepridawati
Published: March 2024

Rumput laut merupakan biota laut yang tumbuh dan hampir tersebar diseluruh perairan Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi kandungan karagenan rumput laut Eucheuma cottonii yang dibudidayakan pada kedalaman berbeda di perairan Pulau Lemukutan. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada Bulan Februari sampai Juli 2022 di Desa Teluk Cina, Pulau Lemukutan, Kabupaten Bengkayang,Kalimantan Barat.Data yang dikumpulkan adalah kandungan karagenan dan parameter kualitas air. Tahapan pertama adalah ekstraksi karagenan, hasil ekstraksi disentrifugasi selanjutnya ditambahkan isopropanol dengan perbandingan (supernatant : isopropanol) adalah 1:3, kemudian didiamkan selama dua jam. Endapan karagenan hasil proses presipitasi dikeringkan menggunakan oven dengan suhu 60°C. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kedalaman berbeda tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap kandungan karagenan Eucheuma cottonii. Rendemen karagenan tertinggi yang dihasilkan dari penelitian ini terdapat pada kedalaman 90 cm yaitu sebesar 58,00%, sedangkan pada kedalaman 60 dan 30 cm masing-masing yaitu 56,80% dan 56,60%. Hasil uji kadar air dan kadar abu pada rendemen tertinggi memperoleh kadar air 10,4% dan kadar abu 15,57%.Seaweed is a marine biota which is a large and superior commodity that grows and spreads throughout Indonesian waters. The purpose of this study was to determine the carrageenan content of Eucheuma cottonii seaweed cultivated at various depths on Lemukutan Island. This research was conducted from February to July 2022 in Teluk Cina Village, Lemukutan Island, Bengkayang Regency, West Kalimantan. The data collected is carrageenan content and water quality parameters. The first stage was carrageenan extraction, the results were centrifuged then added isopropanol with a ratio (supernatant: isopropanol) 1:3 and allowed to stand for two hours. The carrageenan precipitate produced from the precipitation process was dried using an oven at a temperature of 60° C. The results of the research that has been done, it can be concluded that the difference in depth has no significant effect on the carrageenan content of Eucheuma cottonii. The highest yield of carrageenan produced from this study was at a depth of 90 cm, which was 58.00%, while at a depth of 60 and 30 cm, were 56.80% and 56.60%, respectively. The results of the chemical characteristics test at the highest yield obtained water content of 10,4% and ash content of 15.57%.
Response to Sam Gill’s Article ‘What is Mother Earth? A Name, A Meme, A Conspiracy’
Authors: Sundström Olle
Published: March 2024

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Following the Storytracks
Authors: Johnson Greg
Published: March 2024

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Spiritual Representations in Rural Ecovillages
Authors: Pinto Tiago
Published: March 2024

Using a systematic review methodology following PRISMA guidelines, the study examines the manifestations and significance of the spiritual dimension in ecovillages over the past decade. A total of 1329 articles were screened, and 49 were ultimately included in the final analysis. The findings suggest that people represent spirituality in three distinctive ways—in relation to nature, within community settings, and through individual expressions. The outcomes suggest that spirituality plays a vital role in ecovillage communities, enhancing personal resilience and ecological motivation whilst facilitating a more profound comprehension of sustainability. Recognizing the implications of the spiritual dimension within ecovillages is crucial to advance the knowledge and promotion of sustainable and regenerative lifestyles.
Spanish heritage language students’ writing perspectives
Authors: Elola Idoia , Mikulski Ariana , Padial Ana
Published: March 2024

Although the field of heritage language education has thrived in recent years and has focused primarily on the development of biliteracies in Spanish heritage language (SHL) students (e.g., Belpoliti & Bermejo, 2020; Samaniego & Warner, 2016), there is a scarcity of research on SHL students’ writing practices. Moreover, instructional practices and technological developments have transformed the landscape of SHL writing, underscoring the need to understand SHL students’ practices and perceptions of writing. The present study explores this gap in the literature by reporting on an online survey taken by 96 SHL students in the United States. SHL students reported a desire to improve their writing and regarded linguistic issues (e.g., accuracy, accent marks, and writing conventions) as their primary challenges. They considered technology helpful while writing in Spanish, but their use of social tools was not widespread. Although student responses often aligned with educators’ perspectives from previous research (Padial et al., 2024), students reported using English to plan their writing more frequently than instructors reported teaching the use of English as strategy. Students overestimated the importance that their instructors gave to grammar and orthography/accentuation.
STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF MISFIRES ON THE UNEVEN ROTATION OF THE CRANKSHAFT OF A GASOLINE ENGINE
Authors: Slyn’ko G. , Ryaboshapka N. , Sukhonos R. , Yevsyeyeva N. , Soldatchenkov O.
Published: March 2024

Purpose. Investigate the effect of misfires on the unevenness of the torque on the crankshaft of gasoline internal combustion engine with spark ignition.

Research methods. The results of the thermodynamic calculation of the operating cycle, the dynamic calculation of the engine parameters at the nominal operating mode of an well engine and an engine with misfiring in one cylinder are presented. The computer program Engine Calculation and Microsoft Office program package were used to perform the research. The object of the study is the MeMZ-245 four-stroke, four-cylinder gasoline engine. The subject of the study is the torque unevenness coefficient of the internal combustion engine μ.

Results. The topical issue of investigating the impact of misfires on the indicators of unevenness of rotation of the crankshaft of a spark-ignition internal combustion engine has been solved. The torque unevenness coefficient μ = 6.164 for the MeMZ-245 4-stroke 4-cylinder engine when operating at the nominal mode was calculated. It was established that as a result of a malfunction (disabling one cylinder), the average effective torque of the engine decreases by 29.4%. The value of the torque unevenness coefficient of the faulty engine was calculated as μ = 12.165, which is twice the value for the well-worked engine. It was established that level of torque unevenness of MeMZ-245 4-cylinder in-line engine with misfiring approaches to single-cylinder engines.

Scientific novelty. For the first time, it was theoretically proven that due to the lack of ignition in one of the cylinders of a 4-stroke 4-cylinder engine, the average effective torque of the engine decreases by 29.4% when operating at the nominal mode. The value of the torque unevenness coefficient μ of an engine with misfiring is twice the value for a well-worked engine, which is close to similar values of single-cylinder engines.

Practical value. The method of calculating the torque unevenness coefficient of an internal combustion engine can be used in the design of new and modernization of existing internal combustion engines.
Player strength and effort in contests
Authors:   Linnaeus University, School of Business and Economics, Department of Economics and Statistics, Giebe Thomas , Gürtler Oliver ,   University of Cologne, Germany
Published: March 2024

n competitive settings, disparities in player strength are common. It is intuitively unclear whether a stronger player would opt for larger or smaller effort compared to weaker players. Larger effort could leverage their strength, while lower effort might be justified by their higher probability of winning regardless of effort. We analyze contests with three or more players, exploring when stronger players exert larger or lower effort. To rank efforts, it suffices to compare marginal utilities in situations where efforts are equal. Effort ranking depends on differences in hazard rates (which are smaller for stronger players) and reversed hazard rates (which are larger for stronger players). Compared to weaker players, stronger players choose larger effort in winner-takes-all contests and lower effort in loser-gets-nothing contests. Effort rankings can be non-monotonic in contests with several identical prizes, and they depend on the slopes of players' pdfs in contests with linear prize structure.
Cyril-Methodian and Eastern Bulgarian Words in the Manuscripts of the 10th – 15th Centuries (Text Corpus Study)
Authors:   Kalashnikov Izhevsk State Technical University, Baranov Victor
Published: March 2024

The correlation of statistical characteristics of the so-called Cyrillo-Methodian and Eastern Bulgarian words in groups of texts characterized by different textological and(or) codicological meanings is presented: Glagolitic – Cyrillic, service – non-service, archaic – Eastern Bulgarian subcorpora. Synonymous pairs of vrětishche – vlasěnitsa 'rough (horsehair) clothes'; zhrъtva – trěba 'sacrifice'; radi – dělya 'because of, due to, on account of, for'; tъkъmo – tъchiyu 'only, just, merely'; vrat'nikъ – vratar' 'gatekeeper, doorkeeper'; outro – zautra '(early) in the morning'; yako – aky 'how, as, like'; aminъ 'Amen' – parvo 'rightly'; aromatъ – vonya '(fragrant) spices'; iyuděi – zhidъ 'Jew' are analyzed. The method of comparing the statistical meaning of the word observed in the subcorpora with the expected meaning is applied. The statistics measures Log-Likelihood, TF*ICTF and Weirdness were used. The components of synonymic pairs were extracted from subcorpora and evaluated using the historical corpus statistics module. Comparison of the statistical preference of the components of synonymic pairs in different subcorpora made it possible (a) to confirm the known confinement of each of the components to archaic and Eastern Bulgarian texts opposed to each other, (b) to show a different ratio of the components of pairs in different subcorpora, and also (c) to draw conclusions about the dependence of the preference of components on the lexical and lexical-derivational characteristics of lexemes.
G. Guillaume’s Glottogenesis in the Frameworks of General, Indo-European and Romance Linguistics. Part 1
Authors:   Southern Federal University, Zelikov Mikhail
Published: March 2024

In this article, the phenomenon of linguistic glottogenesis is studied, which in G. Guillaume's psychosystematic theory is interpreted not as the oldest process of formation of a natural sound language, but as a linguistic change that took place at a short cut of the evolution "Latin – French", and in the works of his followers is considered as a "phenomenon of the development of French analyticism". The article analyzes three concepts of the word-sentence in modern linguistics (none of them coincide with the interpretation of this term in the works of G. Guillaume's followers): 1) as an undifferentiated unit, that goes back to the "diffuse syntax", which fits in with the ideas of syncretism of the "primitive" culture of A.N. Veselovsky; 2) as one-part (nominative and impersonal) sentences; 3) as situational statements that perform the function of remarks in dialogical communication. The syntactic studies of the 20 th – 21 st centuries have shown that the core of the Indo-European utterance is not the nominality defended by G. Guillaume and his followers, but verbal predicativity (argumentative-and-predicate structure). The research into the process of the Indo-European language type evolution elicits the "pre-inflectional" character of Indo-European languages at the "initial" stage of the development, contrary to Guillaume's basic position. Empirical evidence suggests that, synthetism and analyticism, not being the main characteristics in typological classification, are shown to explicate its two types – inflectional and agglutinative. In the history of Indo-European languages, in addition to the shift from synthetic constructions to analytical ones, there was often a reverse process as well.
A practical example for pre-service teachers for a more qualified sustainable development education
Authors: Acar Hüseyin , Akhan Nadire Emel
Published: March 2024

The purpose of this research was to reveal the impact of sustainable development education (SDE) prepared and implemented by researchers on pre-service teachers, on the level of awareness of sustainable development, and to identify the views of pre-service teachers regarding the education they receive. The study group consisted of 59 social studies pre-service teachers studying at a state university in Turkey during the fall semester of the 2019–2020 academic year. In the research, a mixed-method approach was used, which involved the use of both quantitative and qualitative methods. The research findings indicate that after the 15-week SDE, the awareness level of pre-service teachers regarding sustainable development had increased. It was observed that pre-service teachers gained awareness about the concept of sustainable development, and they provided positive feedback on the education they had received. Based on the findings it can be said that it is important for pre-service teachers in all disciplines to gain awareness of sustainable development before beginning their teaching careers.
Verification of nationality and rehabilitation in Upper Silesia as a point of reference for Donbas
Authors:   Adam Mickiewicz University, Trosiak Cezary
Published: March 2024

In Poland, the region where the phenomenon of multiculturalism is most strongly represented is Upper Silesia. Upper Silesia, its historical hosts, have been confronted with German, Polish and Czech nationalism since the mid-21st century. Initially, they were forced to determine their ethnic affiliation, then, due to the change of borders, they were forced to move to one or the other side of the newly established Polish-German border in 1922. After 1945, they were subjected to strong repression, deportation to forced labor camps, forced displacement, degrading verification of nationality, and then they were confronted with the Polish population who came to Upper Silesia. Most often, the Poles who arrived were hostile to the Upper Silesians. The aim of this article is to answer the question whether the experiences of integration of the indigenous population of Upper Silesia into the social, cultural, economic and political structures of the Polish state after World War II can be related to a similar process that will take place after the end of hostilities in the eastern regions of the Ukrainian state. . The starting point is the thesis that the Upper Silesian experience of the rehabilitation and citizenship verification procedures should serve as a warning against the mistakes made in Upper Silesia rather than as a useful reference point.
Issues of national minorities in the policy of the Eastern Partnership
Authors:   Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lutsyshyn Halyna , Sokolovsky Oleksandr ,   Lviv Polytechnic National University
Published: March 2024

The peculiarities of implementing the policy of the EU’s Eastern Partnership Initiative in regards to protecting the rights of national minorities have been studied. The issue of national minorities in the EU is considered from the perspectives of security, democracy, and regional integration. Despite contemporary criticism of the EU’s Eastern Partnership Initiative, many initiatives aimed at protecting the rights of national minorities in the region have been implemented, thereby fostering intergovernmental cooperation. It is evident that Ukraine and Moldova are the most proactive in protecting the rights of national minorities amongst the Eastern Partnership countries. These countries have been granted the status of candidate for EU accession. Despite the Russian-Ukrainian war, Ukraine actively works on improving legislation in the field of ethno-policy. Particular emphasis is placed on analysis of the institutional structure of national minorities, communication pathways, and non-discriminatory policies in Eastern Partnership countries. Member states of the Eastern Partnership actively utilize “soft power” techniques through a network of minority organizations. It has been suggested that European integration of Ukraine and Moldova has generated considerable opportunities for the development of national minorities. Loosening of state borders has enabled national minorities to connect more deeply with their ethnic homelands, thereby transforming them into engaged participants of transborder cooperation and significant figures of regional policy. The Eastern Partnership furnishes a platform for minorities to assert themselves in decisions which pertain to their lives, execute grant initiatives, and take part in regional associations of minorities. Nevertheless, certain risks are highlighted, such as particular nations exploiting EU enlargement to tackle minority matters or manipulate minority rights. The EU has analyzed programs supporting national minorities, especially those implemented in the Eastern Partnership countries. While Eastern Partnership countries have developed their policies regarding national minorities, there are common problems faced by minorities in the region. Ukraine, Georgia, Moldova, Azerbaijan, and Armenia are involved in conflicts, being former Soviet Union countries, and face numerous challenges concerning the functioning of the Russian minority, which is numerically significant in this region. It is stated that the EU cooperates with the Eastern Partnership countries on matters regarding national minorities, and it is crucial to develop innovative models for managing ethnic diversity, promoting the involvement of national minorities in making socio-political decisions and integrating them into society.
Bezpieczeństwo energetyczne Europy w kontekście rosyjskiej inwazji na Ukrainę
Authors:   Uniwersytet Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie, Wasiuta Sergiusz
Published: March 2024

The article presents an objective vision of the causes, content and possible consequences of non-compliance with energy security for the EU or Western democratic countries in connection with Russian imperialism’s aggression against Ukraine as a manifestation of the resurgent colonial Soviet thinking and practice of conquering states and enslaving nations. The concept of energy security has relatively new roots. Intensification of research, attempts at its systemic conceptualization are still ongoing. The author takes a contemporary view of the goals, threats, instruments, and methods of implementation of the policy of energy independence of the EU, diversification of resources and suppliers, and politically assesses the consequences of the still not fully overcome model of supply of raw materials from Russia to the countries of Europe as a hybrid threat. The scientific point of view organically correlates with the civic position, the principles of transatlantic energy security policy and the democratic European vision of contemporary events.
Religious activity and expression of national identity of Ukrainians during the introduction of the new Soviet ritual: 1960’s–1970’s
Authors:   Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Kindrachuk Nadia
Published: March 2024

The party ideologues of the Soviet totalitarian state artificially developed and actively introduced into the life of the titular nation of the Ukrainian SSR a new Soviet ritualism, the main goal of which was to raise from every Ukrainian a Russified citizen of the Soviet type without national identity and religious beliefs, with a Russian consciousness, mentality and language. The article proves that the ancient church and religious traditions and customs of the Ukrainian people continued to be a part of the everyday culture of Ukrainians. The religious activity of representatives of the Ukrainian ethnic group was especially observed during the celebration of Christmas, Epiphany, Easter and other church holidays. And although the number of adherents of religious rites in the republic was different – from less in the East to more in the West, Christian values, despite atheism, continued to be the basis of the spiritual life of the absolute majority of Ukrainians.
Development of a Prognostic Model for Gastric Cancer Based on Apoptosis- and Hypoxia-Related Genes: Predictive Insights into Survival and Immune Landscape
Authors: Zhu Jian , Ma Yao
Published: March 2024

Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most prevalent malignancy worldwide, characterized by poor prognosis. Apoptosis is interacted with hypoxia in tumorigenesis. This study attempted to delineate potential value of apoptosis and hypoxia-related genes (AHRGs) in prognosis of gastric cancer. Differential expression analysis was performed on GC transcriptomic data from TCGA. Apoptosis-related genes (ARGs) and hypoxia-related genes (HRGs) were obtained from MSigDB, followed by intersecting them with differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in GC. A prognostic model was constructed using univariate, LASSO, and multivariate regression analyses. The model was validated using a Gene Expression Omnibus dataset. DEGs between risk groups were subjected to enrichment analysis. A nomogram was plotted by incorporating clinical information. Non-negative matrix factorization based on core prognostic genes from the multifactorial model was employed to cluster tumor samples. The subsequent analyses involved immunophenoscore, immune landscape, Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion (TIDE) score, and chemosensitivity for distinct subtypes. A prognostic model based on AHRGs was established, and its predictive capability was verified in external cohorts. Riskscore was determined as an independent prognostic factor, and it was used, combined with other clinical features, to plot a prognostic nomogram. Patients were clustered into cluster1 and cluster2 based on prognostic model genes. Cluster2 showed poorer prognosis and IPS scores, higher immune cell infiltration, immune function and TIDE scores than cluster1. Distinct therapeutic potential for various chemotherapeutic agents was observed between the two clusters. The developed AHRG scoring introduced a novel and effective avenue for predicting GC prognosis and identifying potential targets for further investigation.
DIFFRACTION PROBLEM WITH TIME-VARYING BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Authors: Erden Fatih
Published: March 2024

In this study, we investigate waveguide fields modulated by voltage-induced conductivity changes in a layer with 'p-i-n' diode-like properties. By applying voltage, we modulate the layer's conductivity from perfect conductor to free-space conditions, affecting the waveguide's boundary conditions and inducing diffraction and modulation of incident waves. We employ an upgraded evolutionary approach to electromagnetics (EAE), incorporating a novel format of Maxwell's equations, to address this complex interaction. This approach offers new insights into wave modulation phenomena and demonstrates the utility of the EAE in exploring dynamic electromagnetic environments.
The Mercosur Socio-Labour Declaration and the importance of judicial activism
Authors: Pucheta Mauro , Blanchet Atahualpa
Published: March 2024

Given the fragmentary and uneven development of Mercosur, the adoption of the Mercosur Socio-Labour Declaration has been a bold attempt to protect workers’ fundamental rights within a regional trade bloc. It was first adopted in 1998 and then substantially revisited in 2015. This article explores how Mercosur bodies and, particularly, national judges and their activism have circumvented the current intergovernmental institutional framework to consider the Socio-Labour Declaration as a justiciable instrument. This has allowed workers and citizens to rely upon it to challenge domestic legislations and protect their fundamental rights in the workplace. This piece concludes that an already overdue revision should not only reform the legal nature of the Socio-Labour, which should become a protocol to the Treaty of Asuncion, but should also regulate two crucial areas that are already shaping the Mercosur Member States’ labour markets, namely: platform work, and climate change with a particular focus on green jobs and just transition policies.