bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Possibility of East Asian integration through the regional networks and universities’ cooperation in higher education
Authors: Sugimura Miki
Published: December 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the function and issues of intra‐ and inter‐regional cooperation of international higher education in Asia and consider the possibility of East Asian integration as regionalization.

Design/methodology/approach

The research consists of two steps. First, by comparing with examples of regional networks and universities’ cooperation programs, it breaks down the current situation of regional cooperation. Second, it analyses the structure of those networks and programs.

Findings

Both regional education networks and universities’ cooperation programs develop in multi‐layers and in different phases, and they have a function of distribution of Asian higher education as public goods for regionalization. There are still issues such as immigration control relating to the people's and programs’ mobility, program language, financial and personnel affairs, as well as adjustments to be made in accreditation assessment, credit compatibility and quality assurance including curriculum setting. Retaining the autonomy of countries and higher education agencies in international cooperation is also the major issue in promoting these programs. However, such international cooperation produces the new forms of international higher education for human resource development.

Research limitations/implications

Not all networks and programs can be examined, but the trend and characteristics of the cooperation in higher education can be highlighted.

Practical implications

The findings give significance to the “Campus Asia” concept which is now in preparation for realization by the agreement at the summit of China, Japan and South Korea in October 2009.

Originality/value

While integration and regionalization in East Asia has been discussed previously from the political and economic aspects, this paper responds to the subject from the socio‐cultural aspect by focusing on international higher education in Asia.
Targeted therapy in prostate cancer
Authors: Corcoran Niall M , Gleave Martin E
Published: December 2011

Corcoran N M & Gleave M E  (2012) Histopathology60, 216–231

Targeted therapy in prostate cancer

The therapeutic approach to advanced prostate cancer has seen greater changes in the last 7 years than it did in the preceding 70. Although only one of the newly approved agents that improve overall survival is a targeted agent, it is a validation of the method of pathway analysis and drug design in delivering novel, clinically usable agents. As our knowledge of the molecular circuitry of tumour invasion, metastases and treatment resistance has become more refined, the number of new, potentially useful, targets has grown exponentially. This is reflected in the vast array of diverse targeted agents that are currently being evaluated in human trials. In this review, we briefly describe some of the key pathways that are involved in the evolution of the prostate cancer ‘lethal phenotype’, and review the clinical activity of some of the newly approved targeted therapies or those in advanced phases of clinical development.
Histological variants of prostatic carcinoma and their significance
Authors: Humphrey Peter A
Published: December 2011

Humphrey P A  (2012) Histopathology60, Histological variants of prostatic carcinoma and their significance

The vast majority of prostatic cancers are acinar adenocarcinomas. Histological variants of prostatic carcinoma have been variably defined. One approach is to consider two groups of variants. The first group comprises histological variants of acinar adenocarcinoma and the second group non‐acinar carcinoma variants or types. Variants of usual acinar adenocarcinoma defined in 2004 by the World Health Organization (WHO) include atrophic, pseudohyperplastic, foamy, colloid, signet ring, oncocytic and lymphoepithelioma‐like carcinomas. The second group of non‐acinar carcinoma histological variants or types of prostatic carcinoma accounts for about 5–10% of carcinomas that originate in the prostate. These include sarcomatoid carcinoma, ductal adenocarcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, squamous and adenosquamous carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and neuroendocrine tumours, specifically small‐cell carcinoma. Recently characterized variants not present in the 2004 WHO classification, including microcystic adenocarcinoma, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia‐like adenocarcinoma, large‐cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, and pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma, are also described. The aims of this review are to present the essential histomorphological diagnostic attributes of these variants, and to emphasize the clinical signficance of the variants, when different from usual acinar adenocarcinoma, including clinical presentation and outcome.
Pathology and virology findings in cases of fatal influenza A H1N1 virus infection in 2009–2010
Authors: Bal Amanjit , Suri Vikas , Mishra Baijayantimala , Bhalla Ashish , Agarwal Ritesh , Abrol Anil , Ratho Radha Kanta , Joshi Kusum
Published: December 2011

Bal A, Suri V, Mishra B, Bhalla A, Agarwal R, Abrol A, Ratho R K & Joshi K  (2012) Histopathology 60, 326–335  Pathology and virology findings in cases of fatal influenza A H1N1 virus infection in 2009–2010

Aims:  To describe the pathological findings, immunohistochemical localization of viral antigen and tissue reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) findings of different organs in cases of fatal H1N1 influenza virus infection from North India.

Methods and results:  Nine patients positive for H1N1 virus by a throat swab real‐time RT‐PCR (rRT‐PCR) were included. Underlying risk factors included pregnancy, respiratory diseases, rheumatic heart disease, and chronic kidney disease. Pathological evidence of tracheitis, necrotizing bronchiolitis and diffuse alveolar damage was noted in all of the cases. Influenza viral antigen was observed by immunohistochemistry in the epithelium of the tracheobronchial tree, bronchial glands, gland ducts, and, less frequently, the alveolar epithelial cells. Viral particles were confirmed by electron microscopy in three autopsy cases. Tissue rRT‐PCR for H1N1 viral RNA was positive in lung samples, but negative in other organs. Secondary bacterial pneumonia, cytomegalovirus infection and angio‐invasive zygomycosis were detected.

Conclusions:  The pulmonary findings are similar to those described in past pandemics. Secondary fungal and viral infections, which have not been reported previously, were noted. Although the number of cases in this study is small, the findings reinforce the notion that changes in extrapulmonary organs are attributable to multiorgan dysfunction syndrome rather than a viral cytopathic effect, and that there is no transplacental transmission of virus.
Diagnostic and prognostic molecular biomarkers for prostate cancer
Authors: Kristiansen Glen
Published: December 2011

Kristiansen G  (2012) Histopathology 60, 125–141

Diagnostic and prognostic molecular biomarkers for prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is the most common malignant tumour in men and is a major research focus of pathologists, urologists and uro‐oncologists alike. The pathologist is confronted with an increasing number of biospsies, necessitating ancillary tests in morphologically challenging cases. Next to basal cell markers, additional positive markers that aid in the differential diagnosis are presented here. The clinical decision of urologists, whom and how to treat these men, is dependent predominantly on pathological parameters, but still the grid spanned by these is too wide to allow a sufficient prognostication of the individual case. Here, a brief and critical overview is given of recent developments of prognostic biomarkers in prostate cancer.
Intramucosal variant of nasal natural killer (NK)/T cell lymphoma has a better survival than does invasive variant: implication on loss of E26 transformation‐specific sequence 1 (ETS‐1) and T‐box expressed in T cells (T‐bet) with invasion
Authors: Lin Ting‐Chu , Chen Shee‐Uan , Chen Ya‐Fang , Chang Yeun‐Chung , Lin Chung‐Wu
Published: December 2011

Lin T‐C, Chen S‐U, Chen Y‐F, Chang Y‐C & Lin C‐W  (2012) Histopathology 60, 287–295  Intramucosal variant of nasal natural killer (NK)/T cell lymphoma has a better survival than does invasive variant: implication on loss of E26 transformation‐specific sequence 1 (ETS‐1) and T‐box expressed in T cells (T‐bet) with invasion

Aims:  Nasal natural killer/T cell lymphoma (NNKTCL) arises from the nasal mucosa, and spreads to adjacent tissues via local invasion or to regional lymph nodes and distant sites via metastasis. The aims of this study were to determine the impact of invasion on the prognosis of NNKTCL, and correlate invasion with the expression of cytotoxic markers of lymphoma cells.

Methods and results:  Histopathological evaluations of invasion and immunohistochemistry for cytotoxic markers, including E26 transformation‐specific sequence 1 (ETS‐1), T‐box expressed in T cells (T‐bet), signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT‐1), CD56 and granzyme B (GB), were performed in 64 NNKTCLs. There were 17 stage I cases without invasion (stage Ia or intramucosal), 21 stage I cases with invasion (stage Ib), 16 stage II cases and 10 stages III/IV cases. Stage Ia NNKTCLs had a better 5‐year overall survival rate than that of stages Ib, II or III/IV NNKTCLs (85%, 38%, 33% and 20%, respectively, P < 0.001 by log‐rank test). Loss of ETS‐1 was found in 24% (four of 17) stage Ia NNKTCLs and in 65% (28 of 43) stages Ib/II/III/IV NNKTCLs (P = 0.04, Fisher’s exact test); loss of T‐bet was found in 29% (five of 17) stage Ia NNKTCLs and in 67% (30 of 45) stages Ib/II/III/IV NNKTCLs (P = 0.02, Fisher’s exact test).

Conclusions:  NNKTCL is classically an aggressive lymphoma, but the intramucosal variant is less aggressive. Loss of ETS‐1 or T‐bet correlated weakly with invasion, a finding that requires further confirmation.
Presence of cytogenetic abnormalities in Spitz naevi: a diagnostic challenge for fluorescence in‐situ hybridization analysis
Authors: Martin Vittoria , Banfi Sara , Bordoni Andrea , Leoni‐Parvex Sandra , Mazzucchelli Luca
Published: December 2011

Martin V, Banfi S, Bordoni A, Leoni‐Parvex S & Mazzucchelli L  (2012) Histopathology 60, 336–346  Presence of cytogenetic abnormalities in Spitz naevi: a diagnostic challenge for fluorescence in‐situ hybridization analysis

Aims:  Spitz naevi are difficult to diagnose, because of significant overlap with melanomas. It has been recently demonstrated that the LSI RREB1(6p25)/LSI MYB(6q23)/LSI CCND1(11q13)/CEP6 fluorescence in‐situ hybridization (FISH) assay is a reliable tool with which to distinguish benign naevi and melanomas. Little is known about its diagnostic usefulness in Spitz naevi.

Methods and results:  We investigated 51 patients with Spitz naevi and long‐term median follow‐up (8.18 years) with the multicolour FISH probe. Control groups included 11 benign naevi and 14 melanomas. Spitz naevi from 32 (63%) patients did not show cytogenetic abnormalities (FISH−). In contrast, Spitz naevi from 19 (37%) patients showed changes in the investigated loci (FISH+). Spitz naevi with the FISH+ profile showed chromosome X polysomy in 14/18 (78%) patients. All Spitz naevi with the FISH− profile were disomic. All melanomas displayed a FISH+ profile, and 4/11 (36%) showed chromosome X polysomy. No differences in clinicopathological features were detected between Spitz naevi with and without genetic abnormalities.

Conclusions:  The presence of gene copy number changes in Spitz naevi as detected by FISH is higher than expected, and Spitz naevi at the genetic level represent a heterogeneous group. The findings of similar cytogenetic alterations in Spitz naevi and melanomas suggest that there should be cautious interpretation of FISH analysis in this setting.
Ocular adnexal IgG4‐related disease: comparative analysis with mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma and other chronic inflammatory conditions
Authors: Go Heounjeong , Kim Ji Eun , Kim Young A , Chung Ho Kyung , Khwarg Sang In , Kim Chul‐Woo , Jeon Yoon Kyung
Published: December 2011

Go H, Kim J E, Kim Y A, Chung H K, Khwarg S I, Kim C‐W & Jeon Y K  (2012) Histopathology 60, 296–312  Ocular adnexal IgG4‐related disease: comparative analysis with mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma and other chronic inflammatory conditions

Aims:  Making a differential diagnosis of IgG4‐related disease from mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma or any other chronic inflammation is often challenging. Moreover, the association with secondary lymphoma of ocular adnexal IgG4‐related disease needs to be elucidated.

Methods and results:  We investigated 14 cases of IgG4‐related disease, nine MALT lymphomas and 12 other chronic inflammations involving the lacrimal gland and orbit. Bilateral involvement was frequent in IgG4‐related diseases. The number of IgG4‐positive cells and the ratio of IgG4/IgG‐positive cells were higher in patients with IgG4‐related disease than in those with MALT lymphoma (P = 0.016; P < 0.001) and other types of inflammation (P < 0.001; P < 0.001). Monoclonal B cell proliferation was suspected in two cases (14.3%) of IgG4‐related disease. One of these patients also displayed monomorphous features suggesting secondary MALT lymphoma. In the other case, κ‐chain restriction in IgG4‐positive cells was observed, raising the possibility of IgG4‐producing MALT lymphoma. Trisomy 3, trisomy 18 or MALT1 translocation was observed in none of the IgG4‐related cases. Regulatory T‐cell infiltration was higher in cases of IgG4‐related disease than in MALT lymphomas (P < 0.001) and other types of inflammation (P = 0.006).

Conclusions:  Some genetically and morphologically complicated cases of ocular adnexal IgG4‐related disease emphasize the need for in‐depth studies to differentiate this disease from MALT lymphoma, and to exclude secondary lymphoma.
Insulin‐like growth factor II mRNA‐binding protein 3 (IMP3) expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. A clinicopathological analysis with emphasis on diagnostic value
Authors: Wachter David L , Kristiansen Glen , Soll Christopher , Hellerbrand Claus , Breuhahn Kai , Fritzsche Florian , Agaimy Abbas , Hartmann Arndt , Riener Marc‐Oliver
Published: December 2011

Wachter D L, Kristiansen G, Soll C, Hellerbrand C, Breuhahn K, Fritzsche F, Agaimy A, Hartmann A & Riener M‐O  (2012) Histopathology 60, 278–286  Insulin‐like growth factor II mRNA‐binding protein 3 (IMP3) expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. A clinicopathological analysis with emphasis on diagnostic value

Aims:  Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) usually present with advanced disease and rarely qualify for curative therapy. Immunohistochemical markers that help to discriminate benign from malignant processes early, and that have prognostic significance, would be useful. Expression of the oncofetal protein insulin‐like growth factor II mRNA‐binding protein 3 (IMP3) in malignant cells of different tumour types correlates with reduced overall survival.

Methods and results:  Tissue microarrays (TMAs) containing 55 normal liver samples, 365 HCCs (122 with corresponding non‐tumorous liver), 10 hepatocellular adenomas, 13 focal nodular hyperplasias and nine dysplastic nodules from western European patients were stained for IMP3. IMP3 was analysed in 61 core needle biopsies and findings were compared to glypican‐3 and CD34. HCCs in TMAs were strongly positive for IMP3 in 18.4% of cases compared to absent expression in normal and non‐tumorous liver tissue and benign liver tumours. Patients with IMP3 expression in HCCs showed significantly poorer overall survival in multivariate analysis (P = 0.044). Of the 61 core needle biopsies analysed, 32 (52.5%) of the HCCs were IMP3‐positive.

Conclusions:  In core needle biopsies, IMP3 expression seems to be of limited use as a single marker for the diagnosis of HCC, given a sensitivity of 52%, but it may be helpful in combination with other markers.
Fibrosis distribution in explanted cirrhotic livers
Authors: Hall Andrew , Germani Giacomo , Isgrò Graziella , Burroughs Andrew K , Dhillon Amar P
Published: December 2011

Hall A, Germani G, Isgrò G, Burroughs A K & Dhillon A P  (2012) Histopathology 60, 270–277Fibrosis distribution in explanted cirrhotic livers

Aims:  Little information is available regarding the distribution of fibrosis within cirrhotic livers. We measured collagen in cirrhotic explants to determine if fibrosis differs (i) between left (L) and right (R) lobes, and (ii) between different aetiologies.

Methods and results:  Ten cases each of common aetiologies of cirrhosis were studied: alcoholic liver disease (ALD), primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). A total of 120 tissue blocks (one block each from L and R lobes) were studied. Collagen was measured as collagen proportionate area (CPA), i.e. the proportion of the tissue sections stained by picro‐Sirius red. L and R lobes contained similar amounts of fibrosis (r = 0.788; P < 0.0001) with good agreement between L and R lobes (Bland–Altman analysis, R lobe bias = 1.35%). Median CPA across all aetiologies (R plus L lobes) was 21.5%, (L = 8–40%, R = 10–47%). There was more fibrosis in ALD (30%, 15–47%) than PBC (23.5%, 16–34%) and PSC (22.5%, 8–33%), which in turn showed more than AIH (18.5%, 10–40%), HCV (17%, 13–31%) and HBV (16.5%, 8–30%).

Conclusions:  At the time of transplantation cirrhotic livers have different ranges of collagen proportionate area, according to aetiology. R lobe fibrosis corresponds with L lobe fibrosis. The range of fibrosis within each aetiological group could be useful for prognostic subclassification.
Reproductive responses to spatial and temporal prey availability in a coastal Arctic fox population
Authors: Eide Nina E. , Stien Audun , Prestrud Pål , Yoccoz Nigel G. , Fuglei Eva
Published: December 2011

1. Input of external subsidies in the Arctic may have substantial effects on predator populations that otherwise would have been limited by low local primary productivity.

2. We explore life‐history traits, age‐specific fecundity, litter sizes and survival, and the population dynamics of an Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus) population to explore the influence of the spatial distribution and temporal availability of its main prey; including both resident and migrating (external) prey resources.

3. This study reveals that highly predictable cross‐boundary subsidies from the marine food web, acting through seasonal access to seabirds, sustain larger local Arctic fox populations. Arctic fox dens located close to the coast in Svalbard were found to have higher occupancy rates, as expected from both high availability and high temporal and spatial predictability of prey resources (temporally stable external subsidies). Whereas the occupancy rate of inland dens varied between years in relation to the abundance of reindeer carcasses (temporally varying resident prey).

4. With regard to demography, juvenile Arctic foxes in Svalbard have lower survival rates and a high age of first reproduction compared with other populations. We suggest this may be caused by a lack of unoccupied dens and a saturated population.
Oceanic dispersal in a sedentary reef shark (Triaenodon obesus): genetic evidence for extensive connectivity without a pelagic larval stage
Authors: Whitney Nicholas M. , Robbins William D. , Schultz Jennifer K. , Bowen Brian W. , Holland Kim N.
Published: December 2011

Aim  Most reef fishes are site‐attached, but can maintain a broad distribution through their highly dispersive larval stage. The whitetip reef shark (Triaenodon obesus) is site‐attached, yet maintains the largest Indo‐Pacific distribution of any reef shark while lacking the larval stage of bony (teleost) fishes. Here we use mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data to evaluate the enigma of the sedentary reef shark that maintains a distribution across two‐thirds of the planet.

Location  Tropical Pacific and Indian Oceans.

Methods  We analysed 1025 base pairs of the mtDNA control region in 310 individuals from 25 locations across the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Phylogeographic and population genetic analyses were used to reveal the dispersal and recent evolutionary history of the species.

Results  We resolved 15 mtDNA control region haplotypes, but two comprised 87% of the specimens and were detected at nearly every location. Similar to other sharks, genetic diversity was low (h = 0.550 ± 0.0254 and π = 0.00213 ± 0.00131). Spatial analyses of genetic variation demonstrated strong isolation across the Indo‐Pacific Barrier and between western and central Pacific locations. Pairwise ΦST comparisons indicated high connectivity among archipelagos of the central Pacific but isolation across short distances of contiguous habitat (Great Barrier Reef) and intermittent habitat (Hawaiian Archipelago). In the eastern Pacific only a single haplotype (the most common one in the central Pacific) was observed, indicating recent dispersal (or colonization) across the East Pacific Barrier.

Main conclusions  The shallow haplotype network indicates recent expansion of modern populations within the last half million years from a common ancestor. Based on the distribution of mtDNA diversity, this began with an Indo‐West Pacific centre of origin, with subsequent dispersal to the Central Pacific and East Pacific. Genetic differences between Indian and Pacific Ocean populations are consistent with Pleistocene closures of the Indo‐Pacific Barrier associated with glacial cycles. Pairwise population comparisons reveal weak but significant isolation by distance, and notably do not indicate the high coastal connectivity observed in other shark species. The finding of population structure among semi‐contiguous habitats, but population connectivity among archipelagos, may indicate a previously unsuspected oceanic dispersal behaviour in whitetip reef sharks.
Cost analysis of renal replacement therapy by transplant in a system of bundled payment of dialysis
Authors: Rocha Maria João , Ferreira Susana , Martins La Salete , Almeida Manuela , Dias Leonídeo , Pedroso Sofia , Henriques António Castro , Almeida Rui , Cabrita António
Published: December 2011

Rocha MJ, Ferreira S, Martins LS, Almeida M, Dias L, Pedroso S, Henriques AC, Almeida R, Cabrita A. Cost analysis of renal replacement therapy by transplant in a system of bundled payment of dialysis.

Abstract:  Renal replacement therapies (RRT) for patients with end‐stage renal failure represent a high burden on European countries' healthcare budget. Our purpose was to report and compare the costs of RRT by hemodialysis (HD) or peritoneal dialysis (PD) and renal transplantation (RT) after introduction of a bundled payment system of dialysis. We analyzed average annual cost of RT in a public national health system hospital – surgical/anesthesiologist team and material, induction and maintenance immunosuppression therapy, hospital stay, diagnostic examinations (DE), and post‐transplant office visits (including DE). Incentives paid to hospitals performing RT were included. Annual cost of HD or PD was estimated by bundled payment established in a recently revised law – 537.25 €/wk. Total first year cost or RT is 61 658.14 € and from the second year forth 543.86 €/month. Dialysis costs 28 033.71 €/yr. Break‐even point for cost is at 32 months, and from there on, RT is less expensive. Strategies aimed at increasing RT are needed as it confers better survival than RRT by dialysis with lower costs to Portuguese health system.
QTL detection from regression analysis of ‘generalized de‐regressed proof’ information
Authors: Kileh Wais M. , Elsen J.M.
Published: December 2011

QTL detection using the regression of phenotypes on transmission probability is largely used when large families are available. In three generations designs, the use of a ‘de‐regressed proof’ as a phenotype to be analysed was proposed by Weller et al. (1990) and Tribout et al. (2008). Our work generalizes this approach. A score (that we define as a ‘generalized de‐regressed proof’) is described, which combines performance phenotypes recorded in multigenerational offspring of genotyped individuals. Estimation of the QTL effect on this score with a simple regression is unbiased. The link between this score and the BLUP animal model of the polygenic effect is demonstrated. The theory is developed and two simple examples illustrate how this technique can be implemented.
Polypharmacy as a risk for fall occurrence in geriatric outpatients
Authors: Kojima Taro , Akishita Masahiro , Nakamura Tetsuro , Nomura Kazushi , Ogawa Sumito , Iijima Katsuya , Eto Masato , Ouchi Yasuyoshi
Published: December 2011

Objective:  To investigate the predictors of falls, such as comorbidity and medication, in geriatric outpatients in a longitudinal observational study.

Methods:  A total of 172 outpatients (45 men and 126 women, mean age 76.9 ± 7.0 years) were evaluated. Physical examination, clinical history and medication profile were obtained from each patient at baseline. These patients were followed for up to 2 years and falls were self‐reported to their physicians. The factors associated with falls were analyzed statistically.

Results:  A total of 32 patients experienced falls within 2 years. On univariate analysis, older age, osteoporosis, number of comorbid conditions and number of drugs were significantly associated with falls within 2 years. On multiple logistic regression analysis, the number of drugs was associated with falls, independent of age, sex, number of comorbid conditions and other factors that were significantly associated in univariate analysis. A receiver–operator curve evaluating the optimal cut‐off value for the number of drugs showed that taking five or more drugs was a significant risk.

Conclusion:  In geriatric outpatients, polypharmacy is associated with falls. Intervention studies are needed to clarify the causal relationship between polypharmacy, comorbidity and falls. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012; 12: 425–430.
Gender‐specific patterns in age‐related decline in general health among Danish and Chinese: A cross‐national comparative study
Authors: Wu Yili , Zhang Dongfeng , Pang Zengchang , Oksuzyan Anna , Jiang Wenjie , Wang Shaojie , Li Shuxia , Kruse Torben , Christensen Kaare , Tan Qihua
Published: December 2011

Aim:  Studies carried out in Western populations have shown age‐related changes in multiple health domains together with gender‐specific patterns. By focusing on five health domains, self‐rated health, hand grip strength, sit‐to‐stand test, cognitive performance and depression, we examined the age trajectories in general health in a cross‐sectional Chinese sample representing the world's largest ethnic population and compare with Danish data that represent Western populations in developed countries.

Methods:  Multiple regression models were fitted to compare patterns across genders and populations together with gender‐ and population‐specific patterns in age‐related decline.

Results:  Better self‐rated health for males than for females was observed in both countries, and Danes reported better health than the Chinese for both genders. For hand grip strength, significant gender differences were shown across countries and significant population differences observed in Danish and Chinese males. There was no population difference in sit‐to‐stand time across genders. Female Danes outperformed males in cognitive performance. No significant gender differences in depression were observed in both populations.

Conclusion:  Our cross population analysis identified significant gender and population differences suggesting endogenous biological, physical and social environmental determinants in age‐related decline in general health. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012; 12: 431–439.
Vitamin A and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Ono Kenjiro , Yamada Masahito
Published: December 2011

The deposition of amyloid β‐protein (Aβ) in the brain is an invariant feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Vitamin A, which has been traditionally considered an anti‐oxidant compound, plays a role in maintaining higher function in the central nervous system. Plasma or cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of vitamin A and β‐carotene have been reported to be lower in AD patients, and these vitamins have been clinically shown to slow the progression of dementia. Vitamin A (retinol, retinal and retinoic acid) and β‐carotene have been shown in in vitro studies to inhibit the formation, extension and destabilizing effects of β‐amyloid fibrils. Recently, the inhibition of the oligomerization of Aβ has been suggested as a possible therapeutic target for the treatment of AD. We have recently shown the inhibitory effects of vitamin A and β‐carotene on the oligomerization of Aβ40 and Aβ42 in vitro. In previous in vivo studies, intraperitoneal injections of vitamin A decreased brain Aβ deposition and tau phosphorylation in transgenic mouse models of AD, attenuated neuronal degeneration, and improved spatial learning and memory. Thus, vitamin A and β‐carotene could be key molecules for the prevention and therapy of AD. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2012; 12: 180–188.
Progressive conduction defects and cardiac death in late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis
Authors: FUKUMURA SHINOBU , SAITO YOSHIAKI , SAITO TAKASHI , KOMAKI HIROFUMI , NAKAGAWA EIJI , SUGAI KENJI , SASAKI MASAYUKI , OKA AKIRA , TAKAMISAWA ITARU
Published: December 2011

This article reports the case of a female with late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis who developed right and left anterior bundle branch blocks and episodic bradycardia at 23 years of age. Several episodes of supraventricular tachycardia manifested at 23 and 27 years of age. In addition, a transient second‐degree atrioventricular conduction block also emerged at 27 years of age. Atrial fibrillation and aggravation of the atrioventricular conduction block resulted in progressive bradycardia and cardiac death at the age of 28 years. Cardiac involvement and accumulation of lipopigments in the myocardium and cardiac conduction system have been recognized in juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, but this is the first report to describe progressive conduction defects in a case of late infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis.
Does Institutional Structure Effect Public Health Expenditures?
Authors: EGER ROBERT J. , FORTNER CHARLES KEVIN , HEPBURN VALERIE A. , SLADE CATHERINE P.
Published: December 2011

This paper explores supply‐side costs and institutional structure in a shared authority state public health system. It is found that in a shared governance public health system, intermediary district structure influences the movement of limited resources to serve populations and persons most in need. This early empirical test suggests that policy making and public administration concerning public health expenditures in a shared governance system are in a practical sense local, but decisions made at the intermediary level by regional district administration are an important influence on local public health expenditures.
Reforms for Improved Efficiency in Public Budgeting and Finance: Improvements, Disappointments, and Work‐in‐Progress
Authors: MIKESELL JOHN L. , MULLINS DANIEL R.
Published: December 2011

The past half‐century has brought heightened expectations for what systems of budgeting and finance may be expected to deliver for the public. From systems to provide a first defense against theft and gross misappropriation, they have become systems to help lawmakers direct public resources where they can give the best public return, to help managers efficiently utilize resources under their control, and to communicate plans and results to the public. Government fiscal systems have developed more useful expenditure classification, established new measures for identifying public performance, brought nontraditional spending into control systems, and made finances considerably more transparent. Systems should, in combination with robust democratic institutions, make the public sector perform in the best interests of the citizenry. But in the face of great fiscal system improvements, governments struggle with staying fiscally sustainable, with meeting financial obligations to vulnerable populations, and even with avoiding default, receivership, or bankruptcy. Even as systems improve, government finances decline amid considerable private sector prosperity. Research over the past decade has done little to aid or explain the sweeping expectation and limited success of budget systems to transform essential elements of governance. It is the purpose of this paper to review progress in the development of robust fiscal systems, identify the major obstacles and failures, and link this evidence to the record of recent governmental financial distress, paying particular attention to the struggles of American governments. The broader questions needing to be addressed are the same questions at the forefront of public sector finance 100 years ago; however, the present focus has not been on these broader implications.
The role of stearoyl‐CoA desaturase in obesity, insulin resistance, and inflammation
Authors: Sampath Harini , Ntambi James M.
Published: December 2011

Stearoyl‐CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) is an essential lipogenic enzyme that has been shown to play an intrinsic role in the development of obesity and related conditions, such as insulin resistance. Through the generation of various mouse models of SCD1 deficiency, we have come to understand that SCD1 plays a role, directly or indirectly, in diverse metabolic processes, including lipogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, insulin signaling, thermogenesis, and inflammation. This review will address recent advances in our understanding of this key regulator of cellular metabolic processes, including the role of SCD1 in maintaining skin barrier integrity and the role of skin SCD1 in the metabolic phenotype elicited by global SCD1 deficiency.
An Introduction to the New DSM‐III
Authors: SELIGMAN LINDA
Published: December 2011

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM‐III) published in 1980 is increasingly used by counselors. This article discusses and clarifies DSM‐III's diagnostic system.
Survivor Guilt in the University Setting
Authors: PIORKOWSKI GERALDINE K.
Published: December 2011

Urban students who have witnessed psychological casualties among family members often feel guilty about being spared. “Survivor guilt” frequently results in emotional and academic difficulties.
A Parallax View of Counseling: The Social Influence Model
Authors: Dorn Fred J.
Published: December 2011

Heppner, Paul, & Heesacker, Martin. Interpersonal Influence Process in Real‐Life Counseling: Investigating Client Perceptions, Counselor Experience Level, and Counselor Power Over Time. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1982, 29, 215–223.

Hackman, Hollis, & Claiborn, Charles. An Attributional Approach to Counselor Attractiveness. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1982, 29, 224–231.
Aptitude Tests: Can We Predict Their Future?
Authors: Franco Juan N.
Published: December 2011

Garcia, J. The Logic and Limits of Mental Aptitude Testing. American Psychologist, 1981, 36, 1172–1180.

Hargadon, F. Tests and College Admissions. American Psychologist, 1981, 36, 1112–1119.
Career Counseling: An Old Friend in Need
Authors: Dorn Fred J. , Schroer Anne C.P.
Published: December 2011

Gottfredson, L. Circumscription and Compromise: A Developmental Theory of Occupational Aspirations. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1981, 28, 545–579.

Fretz, B. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Career Interventions. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1981, 28, 77–90.
Ethical Issues Involved With the Use of Computer‐Assisted Counseling, Testing, and Guidance Systems
Authors: SAMPSON JAMES P. , PYLE K RICHARD
Published: December 2011

This article discusses (a) the growing use of computers in counseling, testing, and guidance; (b) potential ethical problems; and (c) principles for ethical use of computer applications.
Spousal Perceptions of Midlife Career Change
Authors: HENTON JUNE , RUSSELL RON , KOVAL JAMES
Published: December 2011

The impact of midlife career change on the changer's family is the focus of the study. It identifies several family adaptations characterizing the career change process.
Profile of the Single Father: A Thematic Integration of the Literature
Authors: PICHITINO JOHN P.
Published: December 2011

This article provides a profile of the single father based on a thematic analysis and integration of the literature. Important psychological and sociological characteristics of the role are identified.
The Treatment Specialist: An Emerging Role For Counselors Within The Criminal Court System
Authors: EVANS JOHN
Published: December 2011

This article outlines the roles, functions, and skills necessary for a counselor to work as a treatment specialist within the court system.
Support Groups: A Conceptualization
Authors: PEARSON RICHARD E.
Published: December 2011

A conceptualization of support groups, differentiating them from counseling and psychotherapy groups, is offered, and its implications for group formation, membership;, and format are discussed.
Adolescents' Rights of Access to Counseling
Authors: KLENOWSKI JOHN R.
Published: December 2011

This article focuses on hindrances and problems confronting the adolescent and counselor when adolescents have to surrender their right to accept or to refuse treatment.
Models for Conducting Student Organization Development
Authors: CONYNE ROBERT K.
Published: December 2011

Student organization development is an evolving technology for conducting intentional student development. This article contains a description of general and specific models for guiding this effort, with an emphasis on the CORE (Cohesion, Organization, Resourcefulness, Energy) model.
Gerontological Counseling Training: The State of the Art
Authors: MYERS JANE E.
Published: December 2011

This study reveals that 37% of counselor education departments nationwide offer coursework to train counselors to work with older people, a significant increase since 1975.
The Family Dance Around Drug Abuse
Authors: HABER RUSSELL A.
Published: December 2011

The article describes the interactivity of relationships and dynamics of a family with a chemically abusive member.
Guidance and Counseling in New Zealand
Authors: WEBSTER ALAN C. , HERMANSSON GARY L.
Published: December 2011

This article describes guidance and counseling in multicultural New Zealand as a professional service facing social change and supported by training, research, and a national association.
Guidance and Counseling Services in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: MARTIN LOTHAR R. , De VOLDER JOHN
Published: December 2011

This article presents an overview of the development, implementation, and struggle to maintain guidance and counseling services at various levels within the Federal Republic of Germany.
Counseling Iranians
Authors: SHAHMIRZADI ATESSA
Published: December 2011

This article provides the counselor with a basic understanding of the Iranian culture in order to help him or her build a positive relationship with the client.
Counselor Training in Bolivia: Problems and Possibilities
Authors: HEINZEN ARCHER DODSON
Published: December 2011

Counselor educators in developing countries should use “appropriate technology” in training in order to help Third World counselors meet the challenges unique to their countries.
Implications, for Counseling the Unemployed in a Recessionary Economy
Authors: SHIFRON RACHEL , DYE ALLAN , SHIFRON GAD
Published: December 2011

Unemployment in a recessionary economy is unique and requires special attention. This article addresses the implications of recessionary unemployment for the field of counseling.
An Investigation of the Athletic Career Expectations of High School Student Athletes
Authors: LEE COURTLAND C.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the athletic expectations of high school male athletes and identify factors related to these expectations.
Differential Diagnosis and Treatment of Career Indecision
Authors: FUQUA DALE R. , HARTMAN BRUCE W.
Published: December 2011

Although progress has been made in developing a more complete understanding of career indecision, there continues to be a need for a better diagnostic approach to career indecision.
The Invisible Client
Authors: MILLER MARK J.
Published: December 2011

This article attempts to define and to describe those clients who “drop out” of counseling prematurely. Recommendations for dealing with the dropout are also discussed.
The Counselor's Use of the Paradoxical Procedure in Family Therapy
Authors: WEST JOHN D. , ZARSKI JOHN J.
Published: December 2011

This article describes a systems framework for conceptualizing and delivering paradoxical interventions during family therapy. References are provided to facilitate further understanding of therapeutic paradox. The authors are grateful to Donald L. Bubenzer from whom they continue to learn about family therapy.
Divorce Adjustment Groups are Not for All Divorcees
Authors: SALTS CONNIE J.
Published: December 2011

This article provides information about individuals who dropped out of postdivorce‐adjustment groups and proposes guidelines to assist counselors in the screening process for divorce groups.
Characteristics and Predictive Dimensions of Women Who Make Nontraditional Vocational Choices
Authors: CHUSMIR LEONARD H.
Published: December 2011

Women in nontraditional occupations possess commonly described “masculine” traits, and profeminist attitudes. They likely prefer male company and eagerly maintain their feminine identity.
The Odyssey of Counseling and Images of the Future
Authors: AUBREY ROGER F.
Published: December 2011

The counseling profession has been floundering in a search for purpose and meaning. Analysis of the past and present suggests two strong images of the future.
Self‐Efficacy Counseling and the Maintenance of Sobriety
Authors: CLIFFORD J. STEPHEN
Published: December 2011

Self‐efficacy in relation to one's addiction is shown to be a factor in sustained sobriety, and implications for counseling are explored.
Mentoring and Networking for Helping Professionals
Authors: RAWLINS MELANIE E. , RAWLINS LARRY
Published: December 2011

Awareness of mentoring and networking assists helping professionals personally and as they work with and guide their students and clients toward their life and career goals.
Sexual Abuse of Boys: Current Perspectives
Authors: NIELSEN TERRYANN
Published: December 2011

Boys may be equally at risk for sexual victimization as girls, yet they are a unique clinical group whose needs have not been addressed significantly.
The Lesbian Coming Out Process: Therapeutic Considerations
Authors: GROVES PATRICIA A. , VENTURA LOIS A.
Published: December 2011

The problems and therapeutic needs of women in the process of identifying themselves as lesbians are described. Means of working through denial rationales are explored.
Empathy and the Vietnam Veteran: Touching the Forgotten Warrior
Authors: MILLER MARK J.
Published: December 2011

The psychological aftermath for some Vietnam veterans is severe and lasting. A discussion of the war, along with implications for counseling, are delineated.
Application of the Structured Life‐Review Technique in Counseling Elders
Authors: WESTCOTT NINA A.
Published: December 2011

Reminiscence, termed life review, is a natural phenomenon of aging. This article examines the applications of a structured life‐review technique in counseling elderly clients.
Social and Personal Determinants of Adolescent Use and Abuse of Alcohol and Marijuana
Authors: CAPUZZI DAVE , LECOQ LINDY LOW
Published: December 2011

This article summarizes research on social and personal determinants of adolescent use and abuse of alcohol and marijuana to aid practitioners when designing interventions.
Transference Phenomena in the Counseling Situation
Authors: WATKINS C. EDWARD
Published: December 2011

This article explores the transference phenomenon and some of its manifestations in the counseling situation. Also, methods for managing clients' transference behaviors are proposed.
Personality Profiles of Recently Terminated Executives
Authors: McLOUGHLIN CAVEN S. , FRIEDSON WILLIAM S. , MURRAY JOSEPH N.
Published: December 2011

Empirical comparison of terminated executives' personality profiles with employed controls revealed no pathological indicators in those terminated.
Career Awareness and Self‐Exploration (CASE) Groups: A Self‐Assessment Model for Career Decision Making
Authors: McWHIRTER J. JEFFRIES , NICHOLS ERIC , BANKS N. MARK
Published: December 2011

A small group program (CASE groups) for self‐assessment is described and advantages to education undergraduates and counseling student group leaders are detailed.
Abused and Nonabused Women: MMPI Profile Differences
Authors: GELLEN MURRAY I. , HOFFMAN ROY A. , JONES MARGARET , STONE MARY
Published: December 2011

Ten women—victims of conjugal abuse—were compared with 10 nonabused women by using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Implications for research, diagnosis, and counseling are discussed.
Midlife in the 1980s: Philosophy, Economy, and Psychology
Authors: McILROY JOAN HARTZKE
Published: December 2011

America's current economic and cultural crisis is the environmental context within which the middle‐aged must face the added challenges of their own special developmental issues.
Continuum of Counseling Goals: A Framework for Differentiating Counseling Strategies
Authors: BRUCE PAUL
Published: December 2011

Counseling process goals are presented in a developmental continuum similar in concept to Maslow's hierarchy of needs with implications for counseling practice.
Using “Props” to Enhance Your Counseling
Authors: HARVILL RILEY , JACOBS EDWARD E. , MASSON ROBERT L.
Published: December 2011

The use of props as counseling aids can add a new dimension to any counselor's current repertoire of skills.
Vietnam: Completing the Emotional Sequence
Authors: WILBUR MICHAEL P.
Published: December 2011

An emotional paradigm, prerequisite counselor skills, and related information believed to be helpful in the counseling of Vietnam veterans are presented and discussed.
Employment of Gerontological Counseling Graduates: A Follow‐Up Study
Authors: MYERS JANE E. , BLAKE RICHARD H.
Published: December 2011

Twenty‐five counselor education departments offering specializations in gerontological counseling were asked to survey their graduates who had completed course work or a specialization in aging. Implications are presented concerning employment opportunities for counseling graduates wanting to work with older people.
Decision Making in Vocational Theory: Evolution and Implications
Authors: HAZLER RICHARD J. , ROBERTS GERRY
Published: December 2011

This article examines the evolution of decision making from a position of minor significance to one of primary importance in vocational theory.
Rational‐Emotive Therapy and Youth: Some New Techniques for Counselors
Authors: ROUSH DAVID W.
Published: December 2011

Derived from experience with cognitively and emotionally impaired juvenile offenders, several techniques are presented for counselors to increase the effectiveness of RET interventions with youth.
A Cross‐Cultural Comparison of Adult Development
Authors: ROSS DAVID B.
Published: December 2011

This article describes a study of adult development that compared a group of men born and raised in the United States to a group of men born in Mexico who later immigrated to the United States. Both groups were somewhat similar to Levinson's model of adult development, but some noticeable differences were found.
A School‐Based Program from Infancy to Kindergarten for Children and Their Parents
Authors: PIERSON DONALD E. , WALKER DEBORAH KLEIN , TIVNAN TERRENCE
Published: December 2011

The authors present a program of service and research with preschool children that has been shown effective in providing positive preventive outcomes.
A Curricular Approach to Primary Prevention
Authors: MORGAN CAROL
Published: December 2011

This article explores the development and implementation of a curriculum that makes guidance central to education and that focuses on the prevention of personal and interpersonal problems.