bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pyrolysis Kinetics and Combustion Behaviors of a High-Nitrogen Compound, 4,4′-Azobis(1,2,4-triazole)
Authors: Pan Qi , Zhang Honglei , Guo Xueyong , Sun Sen , Li Shenghua
Published: September 2022

To study the thermal decomposition behavior of 4,4′-azobis(1,2,4-triazole) (ATRZ), the non-isothermal thermal decomposition kinetics of ATRZ were studied using the thermogravimetric–differential scanning calorimetry (TG–DSC) method. The TG–DSC of ATRZ was analyzed at heating rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20 K·min−1 in an argon atmosphere. The thermal decomposition kinetic parameters at peak temperature (Tp), such as apparent activation energy (Ea) and pre-exponential factor (lgA) of ATRZ, were calculated using the Kissinger, Ozawa, and Satava–Sestak methods. Ea and lgA calculated using the Kissinger, Ozawa, and Satava–Sestak methods are very close, at 780.2 kJ·mol−1/70.5 s−1, 751.1 kJ·mol−1/71.8 s−1, and 762.1 kJ·mol−1/71.8 s−1, respectively. Using a combination of three methods, the reaction mechanism function g(α) of ATRZ was obtained. The results show that the decomposition temperature of ATRZ is about 310 °C, and the decomposition is rapidly exothermic. The pyrolysis path of ATRZ was investigated through a pyrolysis-gas chromatography mass spectrometry (PY-GC/MS) experiment. ATRZ has three different decomposition paths and finally generates N2, HC-N-CH, N≡C-N, and HC=N-C≡N. The laser ignition combustion duration of ATRZ was 0.5033 s and the peak temperature was 1913 °C. The laser ignition combustion duration of ATRZ+CL-20 was 1.0277 s and the peak temperature was 2105 °C. The rapid energy release rate of ATRZ promotes the combustion energy release of CL-20.
Structural and Luminescent Peculiarities of Spark Plasma Sintered Transparent MgAl2O4 Spinel Ceramics Doped with Cerium Ions
Authors: Valiev Damir , Stepanov Sergey , Paygin Vladimir , Khasanov Oleg , Dvilis Edgar , Chaolu Lin
Published: September 2022

In the present study, the concentration series of MgAl2O4:Ce3+ ceramics have been fabricated by the Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) method. Cerium-doping concentration was varied within a range of 0.1–5 wt.%. The prepared ceramics have been tested using the various experimental techniques: X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, as well as optical and cathodoluminescence spectroscopy. According to XRD, all synthesized samples are biphasic with structural impurities. The cerium ion concentration effect on the cathodoluminescent characteristics of MgAl2O4:Ce3+ ceramics has been studied in terms of emission intensity and decay time. Before annealing the concentration, quenching is observed. The optimal doping Ce3+ concentration was determined to be 5 wt.% after temperature annealing at 1300 °C. The successfully prepared spinel ceramics could be potentially applying for high-energy electrons detection.
Meta-Analysis of Transcriptomes in Insects Showing Density-Dependent Polyphenism
Authors: Toga Kouhei , Yokoi Kakeru , Bono Hidemasa
Published: September 2022

With increasing public data, a statistical analysis approach called meta-analysis, which combines transcriptome results obtained from multiple studies, has succeeded in providing novel insights into targeted biological processes. Locusts and aphids are representative of insect groups that exhibit density-dependent plasticity. Although the physiological mechanisms underlying density-dependent polyphenism have been identified in aphids and locusts, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we performed a meta-analysis of public transcriptomes to gain additional insights into the molecular underpinning of density-dependent plasticity. We collected RNA sequencing data of aphids and locusts from public databases and detected differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between crowded and isolated conditions. Gene set enrichment analysis was performed to reveal the characteristics of the DEGs. DNA replication (GO:0006260), DNA metabolic processes (GO:0006259), and mitotic cell cycle (GO:0000278) were enriched in response to crowded conditions. To date, these processes have scarcely been the focus of research. The importance of the oxidative stress response and neurological system modifications under isolated conditions has been highlighted. These biological processes, clarified by meta-analysis, are thought to play key roles in the regulation of density-dependent plasticity.
Antifungal Activity of Benzoquinones Produced by Tribolium castaneum in Maize-Associated Fungi
Authors: Duarte Sónia , Magro Ana , Tomás Joanna , Hilário Carolina , Ferreira Ricardo Boavida , Carvalho Maria Otília
Published: September 2022

Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) adults produce 1,4-benzoquinone (BQ), methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (MBQ), and ethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (EBQ). These components are chemical defenses used as repellents and irritants, and BQ has a negative impact on the growth of some fungal species. In this work, the inhibitory and/or lethal effects of these benzoquinones on the development of six fungi identified in maize, namely Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp., and Trichoderma sp., were evaluated. Ten-day-long disk diffusion trials were performed using benzoquinones. The experiments simulated the activity of BQ (B1) or “EBQ + MBQ” (B2) released by 40-day-old insect adults (n = 200), considering a total average release of 45 µg per adult. Inhibition halos imposed by benzoquinones on fungal growth showed a significant effect when compared with the controls (water and solvent). Mycelial growth was decreased for all fungi, with the level of response depending on the fungal species. B1 and B2 displayed an inhibitory effect against all fungi, but Trichoderma sp. and A. niger showed rapid recoveries. B2 showed a lethal effect on Penicillium sp. The inhibitory and lethal activities of benzoquinones released by T. castaneum adults may contribute to regulate fungal growth, and understanding their interaction is important to develop innovative control strategies.
A Taxonomic Review of the Genus Telsimia Casey (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) from China, with Descriptions of Eight New Species
Authors: Bi Keke , Huo Lizhi , Wang Xingmin
Published: September 2022

Twenty species of the genus Telsimia from China are reviewed herein. Among them, eight species are described as new to science: Telsimia chayuensis, T. forcipata, T. latus, T. lobatus, T. lunata, T. menglaensis, T. parascymnoides, and T. parvus spp. nov.; two species are reported from China for the first time: T. darjeelingensis Kapur, 1969 and T. elongate Hoàng, 1985. All species are provided with nomenclatural history, diagnoses, detailed descriptions (except for the 10 previously described species), colored illustrations, and distributions. The female genitalia of five described species are provided for the first time. A distribution map and a key to all the Chinese species are also provided.
Exploring Conditions for Handling Packing and Shipping Aedes aegypti Males to Support an SIT Field Project in Brazil
Authors: Gómez Maylen , Macedo Aline T. , Pedrosa Michelle C. , Hohana Fernanda , Barros Verenna , Pires Bianca , Barbosa Lucas , Brito Miriam , Garziera Luiza , Argilés-Herrero Rafael , Virginio Jair F. , Carvalho Danilo O.
Published: September 2022

The sterile insect technique (SIT) application, as an alternative tool for conventional mosquito control methods, has recently gained prominence. Nevertheless, some SIT components require further development, such as protocols under large-scale conditions, focusing on packing and shipping mosquitoes, and considering transporting time. Immobilization of Aedes aegypti males was tested at temperatures 4, 7, 10, and 14 °C, and each temperature was assessed for 60, 90, and 120 min. The recovery after 24 h was also studied. Chilled and control-reared males had comparable survival rates for all conditions, although 4 °C for 120 min impacted male survival. The male escape rate was affected after 60 min of exposure at 4 °C; this difference was not significant, with 24 h of recovery. First, we defined the successful immobilization at 4 °C for 60 min, thus enabling the evaluation of two transportation intervals: 6 and 24 h, with the assessment of different compaction densities of 100 and 150 mosquitoes/cm3 at 10 °C to optimize the shipment. Compaction during simulated mosquito shipments reduced survival rates significantly after 6 and 24 h. In the mating propensity and insemination experiments, the sterile males managed to inseminate 40 to 66% for all treatments in laboratory conditions. The male insemination propensity was affected only by the highest compaction condition concerning the control. The analysis of the densities (100 and 150 males/cm3) showed that a higher density combined with an extended shipment period (24 h) negatively impacted the percentage of inseminated females. The results are very helpful in developing and improving the SIT packing and shipment protocols. Further studies are required to evaluate all combined parameters’ synergetic effects that can combine irradiation to assess sexual competitiveness when sterile males are released into the field.
Evaluating the Toxic Effects of Tannic Acid Treatment on Hyphantria cunea Larvae
Authors: Tan Mingtao , Wu Hongfei , Yan Shanchun , Jiang Dun
Published: September 2022

To increase the development potential of botanical pesticides, it is necessary to expand the toxicology research on plant secondary metabolites. Herein, the Hyphantria cunea larvae were exposed to tannic acid concentrations consistent with those found in larch needles, and, subsequently, the growth and nutrient utilization, oxidative damage, and detoxification abilities in the larval midgut, as well as the changes in the gut microbiome, were analyzed. Our results revealed that tannic acid treatment significantly increased the mortality of H. cunea larvae and inhibited larval growth and food utilization. The contents of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide in the larval midgut were significantly elevated in the treatment group, along with a significant decrease in the activities of antioxidant enzymes and detoxifying enzymes. However, the non-enzymatic antioxidants showed a significant increase in the tannic acid-treated larvae. From gut microbiome analysis in the treatment group, the abundance of gut microbiota related to toxin degradation and nutrient metabolism was significantly reduced, and the enrichment analysis also suggested that all pathways related to nutritional and detoxification metabolism were substantially inhibited. Taken together, tannic acid exerts toxic effects on H. cunea larvae at multiple levels and is a potential botanical pesticide for the control of H. cunea larvae.
The Surgical Timing and Complications of Rib Fixation for Rib Fractures in Geriatric Patients
Authors: Chen Szu-An , Liao Chien-An , Kuo Ling-Wei , Hsu Chih-Po , Ouyang Chun-Hsiang , Cheng Chi-Tung
Published: September 2022

Rib fractures (RF) are a common injury that cause significant morbidity and mortality, especially in geriatric patients. RF fixation could shorten hospital stay and improve survival. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the clinical impact and proper surgical timing of RF fixation in geriatric patients. We reviewed all the medical data of patients older than 16 years old with RF from the trauma registry database between January 2017 and December 2019 in Chang Gung Memorial Hospital. A total of 1078 patients with RF were enrolled, and 87 patients received RF fixation. The geriatric patients had a higher chest abbreviated injury scale than the non-geriatric group (p = 0.037). Univariate analysis showed that the RF fixation complication rates were significantly related to the injury severity scores (Odds ratio 1.10, 95% CI 1.03–1.20, p = 0.009) but not associated with age (OR 0.99, 95% CI 0.25–3.33, p = 0.988) or the surgical timing (OR 2.94, 95% CI 0.77–12.68, p = 0.122). Multivariate analysis proved that only bilateral RF was an independent risk factor of complications (OR 6.60, 95% CI 1.38–35.54, p = 0.02). RF fixation can be postponed for geriatric patients after they are stabilized and other lethal traumatic injuries are managed as a priority.
Elexacaftor/Tezacaftor/Ivacaftor Accelerates Wound Repair in Cystic Fibrosis Airway Epithelium
Authors: Laselva Onofrio , Conese Massimo
Published: September 2022

Background: Cystic fibrosis (CF) airway epithelium shows alterations in repair following damage. In vitro studies showed that lumacaftor/ivacaftor (Orkambi) may favor airway epithelial integrity in CF patients. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of the novel triple combination elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (ETI) on wound repair in CF airway epithelial cells. Methods: A tip-based scratch assay was employed to study wound repair in monolayers of CFBE14o- cells overexpressing the F508del mutation. ETI was added during wound repair. Results: ETI efficiently rescued CFTR F508del maturation and activity, accelerated wound closure and increased wound healing rates of the injured CF cell monolayers. Conclusions: The triple corrector/potentiator combination ETI shows promise in ameliorating wound healing of the airway epithelium in F508del patients.
Oral and Periodontal Implications of Hepatitis Type B and D. Current State of Knowledge and Future Perspectives
Authors: Gheorghe Dorin Nicolae , Bennardo Francesco , Popescu Dora Maria , Nicolae Flavia Mirela , Ionele Claudiu Marinel , Boldeanu Mihail Virgil , Camen Adrian , Rogoveanu Ion , Surlin Petra
Published: September 2022

Periodontitis is characterized by low-grade inflammation of the periodontal tissues, the structures that support and connect the teeth to the maxilla and mandible. This inflammation is caused by the accumulation of subgingival bacterial biofilm and gradually leads to the extensive damage of these tissues and the consequent loss of teeth. Hepatitis B is a major global health concern; infection with the hepatitis B virus causes significant inflammation of the liver and the possibility of its gradual evolution to cirrhosis. Hepatitis D, caused by infection with the delta hepatitis virus, is manifest only in patients already infected with the type B virus in a simultaneous (co-infected) or superimposed (superinfected) manner. The dental and periodontal status of patients with hepatitis B/D could exhibit significant changes, increasing the risk of periodontitis onset. Moreover, the progression of liver changes in these patients could be linked to periodontitis; therefore, motivating good oral and periodontal health could result in the prevention and limitation of pathological effects. Given that both types of diseases have a significant inflammatory component, common pro-inflammatory mediators could drive and augment the local inflammation at both a periodontal and hepatic level. This suggests that integrated management of these patients should be proposed, as therapeutical means could deliver an improvement to both periodontal and hepatic statuses. The aim of this review is to gather existing information on the proposed subject and to organize significant data in order to improve scientific accuracy and comprehension on this topic while generating future perspectives for research.
A Comparative Analysis of Weighting Methods in Geospatial Flood Risk Assessment: A Trinidad Case Study
Authors: Roopnarine Cassie , Ramlal Bheshem , Roopnarine Ronald
Published: September 2022

The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago is an archipelagic Small Island Developing State (SIDS), situated on the southern end of the chain of Caribbean islands. Several factors such as climate, topography, and hydrological characteristics increase its susceptibility and vulnerability to flooding which results in adverse socio-economic impacts. Many Caribbean islands, including Trinidad and Tobago lack a flood risk assessment tool which is essential for a proactive mitigation approach to floods, specifically in the Caribbean due to the incommensurate flooding events that occur because of the inherent characteristics of SIDS. This research focuses on the problem of flooding using susceptibility analysis, vulnerability analysis and risk assessment for the island of Trinidad, whilst also presenting a repeatable and appropriate methodology to assess these risks in regions that have similar characteristics to Trinidad. This is especially useful in Caribbean countries because of a lack of internal human capacity to support such efforts. Flood hazard indexes (FHI) and vulnerability indexes (VI) were generated for this study using subjective and objective weighting technique models to identify regions that are affected by flooding. These models were Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Frequency Ratio (FR) and Shannon’s Entropy (SE). Comparative analyses of the three models were conducted to assess the efficacy and accuracy of each to determine which is most suitable. These were used to conduct a risk assessment to identify risks associated with each Regional Corporation of Trinidad. Results indicate that FR is the most accurate weighting technique model to assess flood susceptibility and risk assessment in Trinidad, with an Area Under the Curve (AUC) of 0.76 and 0.64 respectively. This study provides an understanding of the most appropriate weighting techniques that can be used in regions where there are challenges in accessing comprehensive data sets and limitations as it relates to access to advanced technology and technical expertise. The results also provide reasonably accurate outcomes that can assist in identifying priority areas where further quantitative assessments may be required and where mitigation and management efforts should be focused. This is critical for SIDS where vulnerability to flooding is high while access to financial and human resources is limited.
Quantifying the Impact of the Billion Tree Afforestation Project (BTAP) on the Water Yield and Sediment Load in the Tarbela Reservoir of Pakistan Using the SWAT Model
Authors: Shafeeque Muhammad , Sarwar Abid , Basit Abdul , Mohamed Abdelmoneim Zakaria , Rasheed Muhammad Waseem , Khan Muhammad Usman , Buttar Noman Ali , Saddique Naeem , Asim Mohammad Irfan , Sabir Rehan Mehmood
Published: September 2022

The live storage of Pakistan’s major reservoirs, such as the Tarbela reservoir, has decreased in recent decades due to the sedimentation load from the Upper Indus Basin, located in High Mountain Asia. The government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa took the initiative in 2014 and introduced the Billion Tree Afforestation Project (BTAP). They planted one billion trees by August 2017, mostly in hilly areas. In 2018, the Government of Pakistan also launched a project of 10 billion trees in five years. We assessed the effect of different land-use and land-cover (LULC) scenarios on the water yield and sediment load in the Tarbela reservoir of Pakistan. The soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model was used to predict the impacts of the LULC changes on the water yield and sediment load under three distinct scenarios: before plantation (2013), after planting one billion trees (2017), and after planting ten billion trees (2025). The model calibration and validation were performed from 1984 to 2000 and 2001 to 2010, respectively, using the SUFI2 algorithm in SWAT-CUP at the Bisham Qila gauging station. The statistical evaluation parameters showed a strong relationship between observed and simulated streamflows: calibration (R2 = 0.85, PBIAS = 11.2%, NSE = 0.84) and validation (R2 = 0.88, PBIAS = 10.5%, NSE = 0.86). The validation results for the sediment load were satisfactory, indicating reliable model performance and validity accuracy (R2 = 0.88, PBIAS = −19.92%, NSE = 0.86). Under the LULC change scenarios, the water yield’s absolute mean annual values decreased from 54 mm to 45 mm for the first and second scenarios, while the third scenario had an estimated 35 mm mean annual water yield in the Tarbela reservoir. The sediment load results for the second scenario (2017) showed a 12% reduction in the sediment flow in the Tarbela reservoir after 1 billion trees were planted. In the third scenario (2025), following the planting of 10 billion trees, among which 3 billion were in the Tarbela basin, the sediment load was predicted to decrease by 22%. The overall results will help to inform the water managers and policymakers ahead of time for the best management and planning for the sustainable use of the water reservoirs and watershed management.
The Applicability of the Hertzian Formulas to Point Contacts of Spheres and Spherical Caps
Authors: Ciulli Enrico , Betti Alberto , Forte Paola
Published: September 2022

Hertzian formulas are commonly used for the evaluation of deformation and pressure distribution of non-conformal and slightly conformal mechanical pairs to estimate component stiffness and durability. For the sake of simplicity, their use is extended even to those cases in which Hertz’s hypotheses do not hold. This paper summarizes Hertz’s theory and compares the results obtained with theoretical and finite element analysis of the point contact of non-conformal and conformal pairs made of spheres, caps, and spherical seats. This study was motivated by the non-Hertzian behavior of a tilting pad bearing ball-and-socket pivot conforming contact observed by the authors in previous experiments. In particular, the displacement and force relation were investigated by varying the geometrical parameters, the materials, the boundary conditions, and the friction coefficient. In the case of non-conformal contact, the parameter variations had negligible effect in agreement with Hertz’s theory while for conformal contact, the cap and seat height and width and the relative clearance were the most influential parameters on the non-Hertzian behavior. These novel results indicate that in conformal pairs, such as for tilting pad bearing ball-and-socket pivots, whenever Hertz’s hypotheses are not satisfied and the assessment of contact stiffness is crucial, Hertzian formulas should not be applied as done in common practice, instead more accurate numerical or experimental evaluation should be made.
Electrocatalytic Methods for Ammonia Production: A New Open Special Issue in Materials
Authors: Pan Zhefei
Published: September 2022

“Electrocatalytic Methods for Ammonia Production” is a new open Special Issue in Materials, which aims to publish original research papers, perspectives and review articles on theoretical and applied research, and shed an inspiring light on electrocatalytic methods of ammonia production [...]
Doxorubicin-Loaded Magnetic Nanoparticles: Enhancement of Doxorubicin’s Effect on Breast Cancer Cells (MCF-7)
Authors: Hernandes Elisa Parcero , Bini Raquel Dosciatti , Endo Karina Midori , de Oliveira Junior Verci Alves , de Almeida Igor Vivian , Dias Gustavo Sanguino , dos Santos Ivair Aparecido , de Oliveira Paula Nunes , Vicentini Veronica Elisa Pimenta , Cotica Luiz Fernando
Published: September 2022

The incidence of female breast cancer has increased; it is the most commonly diagnosed cancer, at 11.7% of the total, and has the fourth highest cancer-related mortality. Magnetic nanoparticles have been used as carriers to improve selectivity and to decrease the side effects on healthy tissues in cancer treatment. Iron oxide (mainly magnetite, Fe3O4), which presents a low toxicity profile and superparamagnetic behavior, has attractive characteristics for this type of application in biological systems. In this article, synthesis and characterization of magnetite (NP-Fe3O4) and silica-coated magnetite (NP-Fe3O4/SiO2) nanoparticles, as well as their biocompatibility via cellular toxicity tests in terms of cell viability, are carefully investigated. MCF-7 cells, which are commonly applied as a model in cancer research, are used in order to define prognosis and treatment specifics at a molecular level. In addition, HaCaT cells (immortalized human keratinocytes) are tested, as they are normal, healthy cells that have been used extensively to study biocompatibility. The results provide insight into the applicability of these magnetic nanoparticles as a drug carrier system. The cytotoxicity of nanoparticles in breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) and HaCat cells was evaluated, and both nanoparticles, NP-Fe3O4/SiO2 and NP-Fe3O4, show high cell viability (non-cytotoxicity). After loading the anti-tumor drug doxorubicin (Dox) on NP-Fe3O4/Dox and NP-Fe3O4/SiO2/Dox, the cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells increases in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner at concentrations of 5 and 10 μg/mL. HaCat cells also show a decrease in cell viability; however, cytotoxicity was less than that found in the cancer cell line. This study shows the biocompatibility of NP-Fe3O4/SiO2 and NP-Fe3O4, highlighting the importance of silica coating on magnetic nanoparticles and reinforcing the possibility of their use as a drug carrier system against breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7).
Comparison of Symbolic Computations for Solving Linear Delay Differential Equations Using the Laplace Transform Method
Authors: Sherman Michelle , Kerr Gilbert , González-Parra Gilberto
Published: September 2022

In this paper, we focus on investigating the performance of the mathematical software program Maple and the programming language MATLAB when using these respective platforms to compute the method of steps (MoS) and the Laplace transform (LT) solutions for neutral and retarded linear delay differential equations (DDEs). We computed the analytical solutions that are obtained by using the Laplace transform method and the method of steps. The accuracy of the Laplace method solutions was determined (or assessed) by comparing them with those obtained by the method of steps. The Laplace transform method requires, among other mathematical tools, the use of the Cauchy residue theorem and the computation of an infinite series. Symbolic computation facilitates the whole process, providing solutions that would be unmanageable by hand. The results obtained here emphasize the fact that symbolic computation is a powerful tool for computing analytical solutions for linear delay differential equations. From a computational viewpoint, we found that the computation time is dependent on the complexity of the history function, the number of terms used in the LT solution, the number of intervals used in the MoS solution, and the parameters of the DDE. Finally, we found that, for linear non-neutral DDEs, MATLAB symbolic computations were faster than Maple. However, for linear neutral DDEs, which are often more complex to solve, Maple was faster. Regarding the accuracy of the LT solutions, Maple was, in a few cases, slightly better than MATLAB, but both were highly reliable.
Potential Association between Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Childhood Migraine
Authors: Hassan Mohammed Abd Elmalik , El-Gharieb Hussein Awad , Nasr Mohamed , Abdelhay Wagih M. , Yousef Tahseen Samir Mohammed , El-Zamek Hossam M. Farid , Zidan Ahmed M. , Nady Mohamed , Abdel-Kareem Mona A. , Hasan Abdulkarim
Published: September 2022

Background and Objectives: Migraine is caused by genetic susceptibility that is triggered by environmental as well as biological factors, and it is also linked to many somatic comorbidities, including clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism. We aimed to estimate the potential association between subclinical hypothyroidism (ScH) and migraine in children at our tertiary hospital. Materials and Methods: Using a case–control strategy, 200 children and adolescents were assigned to two equal groups: a case group (patients with migraine) of 100 patients and a control group of 100 patients without migraine. Clinical and biochemical parameters (TSH, FT4) were compared between the groups using statistical analysis. Results: Thyroid function comparison between the groups showed higher TSH but normal FT4 among children with migraine headache compared to the control group, which means more frequent ScH cases among the migraine group relative to the control (17% vs. 2%, p < 0.001). Obesity and overweight were more frequent among patients with migraine than the control group (8 and 5% vs. 2 and 1%, respectively). The (overweight/obese) patients with migraine had about 77% ScH and 15.4% overt hypothyroidism compared to 8% ScH and no overt hypothyroidism among normal body weight migraine patients (p < 0.001). No significant difference in the prevalence of nodular goiter between patients with migraine and controls was found. Conclusions: Based on our results, subclinical hypothyroidism is significantly linked to childhood migraine. Obesity and being overweight are more frequent among patients with migraine. Therefore, it may be logical to test the thyroid function in migraineur children, especially those with high BMI. Further studies are recommended to discover the mechanism of this association in children.
Polyphenylene Sulfide-Based Membranes: Recent Progress and Future Perspectives
Authors: Gao Yuan , Zhou Xinghai , Zhang Maliang , Lyu Lihua , Li Zhenhuan
Published: September 2022

As a special engineering plastic, polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) can also be used to prepare membranes for membrane separation processes, adsorption, and catalytic and battery separators because of its unique properties, such as corrosion resistance, and chemical and thermal stability. Nowadays, many researchers have developed various types of PPS membranes, such as the PPS flat membrane, PPS microfiber membrane and PPS hollow fiber membrane, and have even achieved special functional modifications. In this review, the synthesis and modification of PPS resin, the formation of PPS membrane and the research progress of functional modification methods are systematically introduced, and the future perspective of PPS membrane is discussed.
Three- and Multi-Phase Extraction as a Tool for the Implementation of Liquid Membrane Separation Methods in Practice
Authors: Kostanyan Artak E. , Belova Vera V. , Voshkin Andrey A.
Published: September 2022

To promote the implementation of liquid membrane separations in industry, we have previously proposed extraction methods called three- and multi-phase extraction. The three-phase multi-stage extraction is carried out in a cascade of bulk liquid membrane separation stages, each comprising two interconnected (extraction and stripping) chambers. The organic liquid membrane phase recycles between the chambers within the same stage. In multi-phase extraction, each separation stage includes a scrubbing chamber, located between the extraction and stripping chambers. The three- and multi-phase multi-stage extraction technique can be realized either in a series of mixer–settler extractors or in special two- or multi-chamber extraction apparatuses, in which the convective circulation of continuous membrane phase between the chambers takes place due to the difference in emulsion density in the chambers. The results of an experimental study of the extraction of phenol from sulfuric acid solutions in the three-phase extractors with convective circulation of continuous membrane phase are presented. Butyl acetate was used as an extractant. The stripping of phenol from the organic phase was carried out with 5–12% NaOH aqueous solutions. The prospects of using three-phase extractors for wastewater treatment from phenol are shown. An increase in the efficiency of three-phase extraction can be achieved by carrying out the process in a cascade of three-phase apparatuses.
Heterogeneous Nucleation Mechanisms in Systems with Large Lattice Misfit Demonstrated by the Pb(l)/Cu(s) System
Authors: Men Hua , Fan Zhongyun
Published: September 2022

Our current understanding of heterogeneous nucleation has been largely confined to the classical nucleation theory (CNT) that was postulated over 100 years ago based on a thermodynamic approach. Further advances in heterogeneous nucleation research requires detailed knowledge of atomistic activities at the liquid/substrate interface. In this work, using a classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, we investigated the atomistic mechanisms of heterogeneous nucleation in systems with a large lattice misfit (|f| > 12.5%) demonstrated by the liquid Pb and solid Cu system (denoted as the Pb(l)/Cu(s) system) with a misfit of 27.3%. We found that heterogeneous nucleation in systems with a large misfit takes place in two distinctive steps: (1) Prenucleation creates a coincidence site lattice (CSL) on the substrate surface to accommodate the majority (fcsl) of the initial misfit (f) and (2) Heterogeneous nucleation accommodates the residual misfit fr (fr = misfit − fcsl) at the nucleation temperature to create a plane of the new solid phase (a two-dimensional (2D) nucleus) through either a three-layer dislocation mechanism if fr < 0 or a three-layer vacancy mechanism if fr > 0, such as in the case of the Pb(l)/Cu(s) system.
Cs4PbBr6 Combined with Graphite as Anode for High-Performance Lithium Batteries
Authors: Zhao Weigang , Liu Cuirong , Yin Xu
Published: September 2022

Cs4PbBr6 quantum dots are glass-based materials. The perovskite structural material of Cs4PbBr6 quantum dots has shown an unexpected electronic performance. However, the glass-based Cs4PbBr6 quantum dots’ capacity becomes weaker when running in charge/discharge. Here, graphite was introduced to Cs4PbBr6 quantum dots using the grinding method to enhance the cycling stability of Cs4PbBr6 quantum dots. The 10%, 25%, 35%, 40%, 75% content Cs4PbBr6 quantum dots were added to graphite (CQDs/G) and CQDs/G as an active material for lithium anode in electronic testing. The test results displayed 35% Cs4PbBr6 quantum dots content in CQDs/G, showing an excellent cycle performance (136.5 mAh g−1 after 1000 cycles at 0.5 A g−1 current density) and good rate ability. Graphite protected the CQDs in the long term, and has high potential economic value.
Collapse of Externally Pressurized Steel–Composite Hybrid Cylinders: Analytical Solution and Experimental Verification
Authors: Zuo Xinlong , Tang Wenxian , Zhang Jian , Li Yongsheng , Zhan Ming
Published: September 2022

To evaluate the collapse pressure of the steel–composite hybrid cylinders under external pressure without excessive computational cost, an analytical formula was derived in this study. The rationality of the derived formula was verified by the comparison with experimental and numerical results. The experimental results indicate that samples are manufactured and tested with good quality. The derived formula considered material failure and could reasonably predict the collapse pressure of the steel–composite hybrid cylinders with a maximum difference of 3.1%. Moreover, the effects of the wrap angle, thickness, and length on the collapse pressure of the hybrid cylinders were theoretically analyzed. The loading capacity of the hybrid cylinders was maximized under a wrap angle of ±55° for the composite layer. These findings are mainly because the hoop stress is twice the value of axial stress for a cylinder under uniform pressure.
Hot Deformation Behavior of C-Mn Steel with Incomplete Recrystallization during Roughing Phase with and without Nb Addition
Authors: Klančnik Grega , Foder Jan , Bradaškja Boštjan , Kralj Mina , Klančnik Urška , Lalley Paul , Stalheim Douglas
Published: September 2022

The objective of the study is to improve understanding of the practical role of niobium (Nb) in the case of industrial inconsistent rolling processes such as the rolling of heavy gauge plates where a lower stored energy rolling practice will result in a less stable and less repeatable static recrystallization (SRX) activation that prevents complete recrystallization. In the current study, these variabilities are validated by comparing the mean flow stress (MFS) indirectly determined from the rolling force measured on a reverse four-high rolling mill stand. The material resistance to deformation and grain size evolution of a C-Mn steel during hot rolling was observed and validated with and without Nb addition. The pre-defined rolling schedule was predicted to exhibit incomplete recrystallization in the roughing phase due to the limited stored energy of deformation that resulted from low rolling loads and a higher number of rolling passes. The prior austenite grain size (PAGS) distribution was predicted and compared to the measured effective ferrite grain (FG) size distribution after the completion of hot rolling and phase transformation achieved using natural air plate cooling. Both the predicted PAG and measured FG distributions revealed the presence of multimodality, and both distributions were used for grain size reduction factor determination for γ → α transformation for the current study with 1.96 for 0 Nb and 1.70 for 240 Nb. The results presented in this paper are not only limited to the rolling schedule used in this paper because instabilities resulting in incomplete austenite conditioning are also observed when evaluating the cross-sections of other heavy plates and various steel grades utilizing different processing routes with comparable compositions such as modern lean abrasion-resistant steels, regular line pipe steels, and other similar grades.
Early Life Polychlorinated Biphenyl 126 Exposure Disrupts Gut Microbiota and Metabolic Homeostasis in Mice Fed with High-Fat Diet in Adulthood
Authors: Tian Yuan , Rimal Bipin , Gui Wei , Koo Imhoi , Smith Philip B. , Yokoyama Shigetoshi , Patterson Andrew D.
Published: September 2022

Evidence supports the potential influence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) on the pathogenesis and progression of obesity and diabetes. Diet-toxicant interactions appear to be important in diet-induced obesity/diabetes; however, the factors influencing this interaction, especially the early life environmental exposure, are unclear. Herein, we investigated the metabolic effects following early life five-day exposure (24 μg/kg body weight per day) to 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentacholorobiphenyl (PCB 126) at four months after exposure in mice fed with control (CTRL) or high-fat diet (HFD). Activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signaling as well as higher levels of liver nucleotides were observed at 4 months after PCB 126 exposure in mice, independent of diet status. Inflammatory responses including higher levels of serum cytokines and adipose inflammatory gene expression caused by early life PCB 126 were observed only in HFD-fed mice in adulthood. Notably, early life PCB 126 exposure worsened HFD-induced impaired glucose homeostasis characterized by glucose intolerance and elevated gluconeogenesis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle flux without worsening the effects of HFD related to adiposity in adulthood. Furthermore, early life PCB 126 exposure resulted in diet-dependent changes in bacterial community structure and function later in life, as indicated by metagenomic and metabolomic analyses. These data contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the interactions between diet and early life environmental chemical exposure.
Impact of Micro- and Nanoplastics on Mitochondria
Authors: Lee Seung Eun , Yi Yoojung , Moon Sangji , Yoon Hyunkyung , Park Yong Seek
Published: September 2022

Mitochondria are highly dynamic cellular organelles that perform crucial functions such as respiration, energy production, metabolism, and cell fate decisions. Mitochondrial damage and dysfunction critically lead to the pathogenesis of various diseases including cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative and cardiovascular disorders. Mitochondrial damage in response to environmental contaminant exposure and its association with the pathogenesis of diseases has also been reported. Recently, persistent pollutants, such as micro- and nanoplastics, have become growing global environmental threats with potential health risks. In this review, we discuss the impact of micro- and nanoplastics on mitochondria and review current knowledge in this field.
Typomorphic Characteristics of Gold-Bearing Pyrite and Its Genetic Implications for the Fang’an Gold Deposit, the Bengbu Uplift, Eastern China
Authors: Wang Ying , Xiong Li , Zhong Ze , Ren Shenglian , Zhang Gang , Wang Juan , Zhang Yan , Song Chuanzhong
Published: September 2022

The Fang’an quartz-vein gold deposit is located in the eastern part of the Bengbu uplift. The eastern part of the Bengbu uplift is considered to be the western extension of the Zhaoyuan gold mineralization zone in the Jiaodong area of Shandong Province and has huge mineralization potential. The Fang’an deposit was a newly discovered, small-sized gold deposit, and the research in the area is relatively weak. In this study, samples of quartz-vein type ore were collected from the ZK141, ZK1549, and ZK1665 drill holes of the Fang’an gold deposit. Based on the study of the geological characteristics, the major and trace elements of pyrite in different stages were analyzed by electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA), to explore the compositional characteristics of pyrite, the occurrence of gold, and the source of ore-forming fluid. The studies indicate that the deposit experienced four ore-forming stages: the quartz stage, the quartz-pyrite stage, the polymetallic sulfide stage, and the carbonate stage. The pyrites are grouped into three stages, corresponding to the first three ore-forming stages. The EPMA analyses showed that the major elements of pyrite were high Fe and low S, indicating that the formation was hydrothermal. The high content of Ni indicated that the metallogenic materials were derived from between the mantle and the lower crust. The general Co/Ni ratio of >1, with an average of 5.34, indicated that the ore-forming fluid was derived from the magmatic–hydrothermal fluid and wall rock. The Fang’an gold deposit mainly contains nano-gold.
Lithostratigraphy, Origin, and Geodynamic Setting of Iron Formations and Host Rocks of the Anyouzok Region, Congo Craton, Southwestern Cameroon
Authors: Swiffa Fajong Isaac , Nzepang Tankwa Marvine , Fossi Donald Hermann , Ganno Sylvestre , Moudioh Cyriel , Soh Tamehe Landry , Suh Cheo Emmanuel , Nzenti Jean Paul
Published: September 2022

In Cameroon, most of the iron formation occurrences reported are found within the Nyong and Ntem Complexes. The Anyouzok iron deposit is located in the Nyong Complex greenstone belts, which represent the NW margin of this Congo craton. The main lithological units comprise the iron formations (IFs) unit, consisting of banded IFs (BIFs) and sheared BIFs (SBIFs), and the associated metavolcanic rocks unit consisting of mafic granulite, garnet amphibolite, and biotite gneiss. Within the Anyouzok area, BIFs are rare, while SBIFs are ubiquitous. This study reports the petrography, mineralogy, and whole rock geochemistry of IFs and interbedded metavolcanic rocks of the Anyouzok iron deposit. The abundance of cavities, higher Fe contents (49.60–55.20 wt%), and strong Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 2.14–3.17) within the SBIFs compared to the BIFs suggest that SBIFs were upgraded through post-depositional hydrothermal alteration activities. REE signatures indicate the contribution of both seawater and hydrothermal fluids during BIFs precipitation. Mafic granulite and garnet amphibolite protoliths were derived from the partial melting of a metasomatized spinel lherzolite depleted mantle source. The overall compositional variations of the Anyouzok IFs and interbedded metavolcanic rocks endorse an Algoma-type formation deposited in the back-arc basin under suboxic to anoxic conditions.
Tectonic Evolution of the Southern Dabie Orogenic Belt, China: Insights from Peak P–T Conditions and U–Pb Zircon Dating of the Susong Metamorphic Complex
Authors: Shi Yonghong , Liu Xiaoyu , La Xiaofeng , Peng Chunlei , Hou Zhenhui , Zhou Antai , Wang Juan
Published: September 2022

The Susong metamorphic complex (SSC) in the southern margin of the Dabie orogenic belt (DOB) in central-eastern China is a key metamorphic unit for understanding subduction and exhumation processes in the DOB. However, the formation age and metamorphic grade of the SSC remain uncertain, hampering our understanding of the mechanism of the formation of the DOB. An integrated study of field survey, regional metamorphic petrology, geothermobarometry, and U–Pb dating of zircon was carried out in this study. Our results reveal that the SSC was metamorphosed under epidote amphibolite- to amphibolite-facies conditions with average metamorphic P–T values of 0.98 ± 0.07 GPa and 531 ± 35 °C. The smooth spatial variation in peak P–T conditions and an apparent geothermal gradient of ~17 °C/km indicate that the SSC as a whole fall into Barrovian-type metamorphic environments. Zircon U–Pb dating for garnet–mica schists of sample ZT003, ZT005 and ZT006 yield five (Groups I to V), six (Groups I to VI) and five (Groups I to V) age groups, respectively, concentrating on the Meso-Neoarchean, early-middle Paleoproterozoic, middle Mesoproterozoic, early Neoproterozoic, Palaeozoic and Triassic-lower Jurassic. Therein, a 259–190 Ma (Group V) from zircons with Th/U ratios of <0.1 in sample ZT006 record the timing of both peak and retrograde metamorphism for the SSC. All other ages are detrital zircon ages, and from age provenances in the DOB or the Yangtze Block (YZB), indicating the YZB affinity of the SSC. The two youngest age populations of 427–415 Ma (Group VI) and 475–418 Ma (Group V) from samples ZT005 and ZT006, respectively, suggest that the formation age of the SSC could be Middle Devonian. The similarity of formation age and peak P-T conditions of the SSC to Foziling Group, located in the northernmost DOB, implies that both units formed the sedimentary cover on the passive continental margin of the YZB during the late Palaeozoic, and subducted into the middle-lower crust of 20–40 km depth as a whole, corresponding to the shallow subduction. Compared to the deep subduction defined by high-pressure (HP) and ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) units, larger differences in peak P–T conditions, age and geothermal gradient between two different tectonic environments happen. Accordingly, it is speculated that a transitional subduction from shallow to deep levels occurred at Moho depths during the Early Triassic, and is due to a change in subduction dip angle.
Oxygen Isotopes in Carbonate and Phosphate of Modern Mammal Bioapatite: New Data and Critical Revision after about 25 Years from the First Recognitions
Authors: Iacumin Paola , Rossi Mattia , Selmo Enricomaria , Venturelli Giampiero
Published: September 2022

Oxygen and carbon isotopes of well-preserved skeletal remains give relevant support to archaeological and environmental reconstructions. However, the preservation of the skeletal remains must be preliminarily checked. About twenty-five years ago, a diagnostic method based on the oxygen isotope ratio in the phosphate, δ(O18/O16)Ph, and carbonate, δ(O18/O16)Carb, of bioapatite of modern mammals was proposed: for well-preserved samples, the δ(O18/O16)Ph and δ(O18/O16)Carb should plot near the regression line δ(O18/O16)Ph on δ(O18/O16)Carb obtained for modern mammals. In the last twenty years, techniques of analysis have changed. In the past, BiPO4 or Ag3PO4 were precipitated from dissolved bioapatite and analysed with the fluorination technique, whereas at present, temperature reduction (HTR) in a glassy carbon reactor with CO release is commonly used. Taking into account the HTR technique, for some modern mammals, we report a new δ(O18/O16)Ph + 1 on  δ(O18/O16)Carb + 1 regression line, and related dispersion of the data that, in addition to mineralogical and structural methods, may be used to select samples reliable for archaeological use. In the past, other similar regression lines on modern mammals were defined by several authors. However, statistical results indicate that data used for these regression lines cannot be pooled because the hypothesis of a similar elevation is rejected.