bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chiropractic Interns' Perceptions of Stress and Confidence
Authors: Spegman Adele Mattinat , Herrin Sean
Published: November 2012

Objective: Psychological stress has been shown to influence learning and performance among medical and graduate students. Few studies have examined psychological stress in chiropractic students and interns. This preliminary study explored interns' perceptions around stress and confidence at the midpoint of professional training. Methods: This pilot study used a mixed-methods approach, combining rating scales and modified qualitative methods, to explore interns' lived experience. Eighty-eight interns provided ratings of stress and confidence and narrative responses to broad questions. Results: Participants reported multiple sources of stress; stress and confidence ratings were inversely related. Interns described stress as forced priorities, inadequate time, and perceptions of weak performance. Two themes, “convey respect” and “guide real-world learning,” describe faculty actions that minimized stress and promoted confidence. Conclusion: Chiropractic interns experience varying degrees of stress, which is managed with diverse strategies. The development of confidence appears to be influenced by the consistency and manner in which feedback is provided. Although faculty cannot control the amount or sources of stress, awareness of interns' perceptions can strengthen our effectiveness as educators.
Peer Review of Teaching
Authors: Fernandez Charles E. , Yu Jenny
Published: November 2012

This article provides an overview and description of peer review of teaching for faculty members and administrators who would like to implement a peer review program. This may include classroom and clinical settings. A brief overview, procedure, and a teaching competence evaluation rubric are provided.
Beyond the Didactic Classroom: Educational Models to Encourage Active Student Involvement in Learning
Authors: Shreeve Michael W.
Published: November 2012

In a chiropractic college that utilizes a hybrid curriculum model composed of adult-based learning strategies along with traditional lecture-based course delivery, a literature search for educational delivery methods that would integrate the affective domain and the cognitive domain of learning provided some insights into the use of problem-based learning (PBL), experiential learning theory (ELT), and the emerging use of appreciative inquiry (AI) to enhance the learning experience. The purpose of this literature review is to provide a brief overview of key components of PBL, ELT, and AI in educational methodology and to discuss how these might be used within the chiropractic curriculum to supplement traditional didactic lecture courses. A growing body of literature describes the use of PBL and ELT in educational settings across many disciplines, both at the undergraduate and graduate levels. The use of appreciative inquiry as an instructional methodology presents a new area for exploration and study in the academic environment. Educational research in the chiropractic classroom incorporating ELT and appreciative inquiry might provide some valuable insights for future curriculum development.
Founding Integrative Medicine Centers of Excellence: One Strategy for Chiropractic Medicine to Build Higher Cultural Authority
Authors: Lehman James J. , Suozzi Paul J.
Published: November 2012

Chiropractic physicians are seeking a higher level of cultural authority within their communities and the United States health care system. This commentary suggests an innovative strategy that might expedite the attainment of professional authority while improving the training of chiropractic students and faculty. The authors propose the founding of integrative medicine centers of excellence by colleges of chiropractic that will employ clinical faculties comprised of allopathic, chiropractic, osteopathic, and naturopathic physicians. Initially, the health care facilities should offer primary care through an integrative medicine model. It is anticipated that these centers of excellence will require both government and private funding in order to develop research programs, provide high-quality patient care, and improve the medical training for students with residents programs.
Usefulness of CanMEDS Competencies for Chiropractic Graduate Education in Europe
Authors: Wangler Martin
Published: November 2012

Purpose: In 2008, the European Academy of Chiropractic decided to develop a competency-based model for graduate education in Europe. The CanMEDS (Canadian Medical Education Directives for Specialists) framework describes seven competency roles (fields) and key competencies identified as fundamental to all specialist doctors. It was not known how these fields are perceived by chiropractors in Europe. The purpose of this study was to compare perception scores of senior chiropractic as well as medical students with perception scores of licensed chiropractors and to analyze practitioners' remembered confidence in these competency fields. Methods: An anonymous 5-point Likert scale electronic questionnaire was sent to senior students of two chiropractic schools and licensed chiropractors of five European nations. Age and gender differences as well as differences in appraisal of the competencies in respect to importance and remembered confidence were analyzed. Results: Response rates were low to moderate. Agreement of importance of the seven competencies was not different between chiropractic and medical students as well as licensed chiropractors. Chiropractic students and chiropractors regarded all key competencies as important (averages ≥4.0). The importance versus remembered confidence was consistently judged higher by about 1/2 point on the 5-point scale, significant for all competency fields (p < .001). Conclusion: The seven competency fields seem to be of the same importance for chiropractic senior students and licensed chiropractors and might be considered as a base for future graduate training in chiropractic. The survey should be replicated with additional samples and further information should be gathered to reflect reality.
Educating Chiropractic Students About Intraobserver and Interobserver Variability Through the Use of Skinfold Measurement
Authors: McRae Marc P.
Published: November 2012

Purpose: Skinfold measurements taken by novice observers are fraught with high rates of intraobserver variability and even higher rates of interobserver variability, and therefore having students collect and analyze skinfold measurements is an ideal way to present the concepts of both measurement and physiological variability. Methods: Students in a 1st trimester clinical biochemistry laboratory were assembled into groups of four, and within each group the students were asked to volunteer to be either a subject, a data recorder, or one of two observers. To demonstrate intraobserver versus interobserver variability the subject was assessed by four separate observers who each took four separate skinfold measurements. The skinfold measurement obtained from each separate observation was based on the sum of four skinfold sites. The average sums of the skinfold measurement (in mm) and standard deviations were calculated and posted for postlaboratory discussion. Results: Skinfold measurements were taken on 76 1st-trimester chiropractic students (46 males and 30 females). The average intraobserver and interobserver variability across all 76 participants was 4.8 ± 2.3mm and 10.0 ± 6.3mm, respectively, representing a twofold increase in variability, which was statistically significant (p < .0001). The noticeable differences between intraobserver and interobserver variability provided a great back drop for postlab discussion, which was the intended purpose of performing this demonstration project. Conclusion: Measuring skinfold thickness can prove to be a useful and inexpensive method for easily and safely demonstrating the concepts of variability to students.
Correlation of Preadmission Organic Chemistry Courses and Academic Performance in Biochemistry at a Midwest Chiropractic Doctoral Program*
Authors: McRae Marc P.
Published: November 2012

Purpose: Organic chemistry has been shown to correlate with academic success in the preclinical years of medicine, dentistry, and graduate physiology. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between undergraduate organic chemistry grades and first-semester biochemistry grades at a Midwest chiropractic doctoral program. Methods: Students enrolled in a first-semester biochemistry course who had completed the prerequisite courses in organic chemistry offered at this same institution were entered into the study. The total grade for each of the three courses was calculated using the midterm and final exam raw scores with a weighting of 50% each. Analysis consisted of obtaining correlation coefficients between the total grades of organic 1 with biochemistry and organic 2 with biochemistry. Using the biochemistry total grade, the students were divided into quartiles and course grades for both organic chemistry 1 and 2 were calculated. Results: For the 109 students in the study, the correlation coefficient between the biochemistry and organic chemistry 1 and biochemistry and organic chemistry 2 courses was r = 0.744 and r = 0.725, respectively. The difference in organic chemistry grades between those in the first and fourth quartiles was 63.2% and 86.9% for organic chemistry 1 (p < .001) and 60.9% and 79.4% for organic chemistry 2 (p < .001). Conclusion: This study shows that organic chemistry can be used as an indicator of future academic success in a chiropractic biochemistry course. Knowledge of such a relationship could prove useful to identify students who may potentially run into academic difficulty with first-year biochemistry.
Training the Evidence-Based Practitioner: University of Western States Document on Standards and Competencies
Authors: LeFebvre Ronald P. , Peterson David H. , Haas Mitchell , Gillette Richard G. , Novak Charles W. , Tapper Janet , Muench John P.
Published: November 2012

An important goal of chiropractic clinical education should be to teach specific evidence-based practice (EBP) skills to chiropractic students, interns, and doctors. Using a nominal group process, the authors produced a document similar to the Council of Chiropractic Education standards for clinical competencies that can be used to drive an EBP curriculum. Standard texts and journal articles were consulted to create the standards for this program and each standard and corresponding learning objective was discussed in detail and was then graded by the committee in terms of importance and the level of competency that should be attained. Six standards and 31 learning objectives were generated with the learning objectives being further divided into lists of specific competencies. It is the hope of these authors that by sharing this document it can serve as a comprehensive and detailed seed document for other institutions.
Building Interprofessional Frameworks Through Educational Reform
Authors: Karim Rahim
Published: November 2012

The North American health care sector is being reformed to enhance collaboration among health care professionals to render patient care and improve outcomes. Changing educational frameworks will play a key role in achieving this goal. It is therefore important to gain an understanding of the application of interprofessional health care education and collaborative models of education. Chiropractic and other health care faculties would need to have an effective understanding and clarification of the characteristics of interprofessional care and its foundation in education from which appropriate educational and curricular models could be developed.
Learning Spinal Manipulation
Authors: Harvey Marie-Pierre , Wynd Shari , Richardson Lance , Dugas Claude , Descarreaux Martin
Published: November 2012

Purpose: The goal of the present study was to quantify the high-velocity, low-amplitude spinal manipulation biomechanical parameters in two cohorts of students from different teaching institutions. The first cohort of students was taught chiropractic techniques in a patient–doctor positioning practice setting, while the second cohort of students was taught in a “complete practice” manipulation setting, thus performing spinal manipulation skills on fellow student colleagues. It was hypothesized that the students exposed to complete practice would perform the standardized spinal manipulation with better biomechanical parameters. Methods: Participants (n = 88) were students enrolled in two distinct chiropractic programs. Thoracic spine manipulation skills were assessed using an instrumented manikin, which allowed the measurement of applied force. Dependent variables included peak force, time to peak force, rate of force production, peak force variability, and global coordination. Results: The results revealed that students exposed to complete practice demonstrated lower time to peak force values, higher peak force, and a steeper rate of force production compared with students in the patient–doctor positioning scenario. A significant group by gender interaction was also noted for the time to peak force and rate of force production variables. Conclusion: The results of the present study confirm the importance of chiropractic technique curriculum and perhaps gender in spinal manipulation skill learning. It also stresses the importance of integrating spinal manipulation skills practice early in training to maximize the number and the quality of significant learner–instructor interactions.
Diversity in the Chiropractic Profession: Preparing for 2050
Authors: Johnson Claire D. , Green Bart N.
Published: November 2012

As the diversity of the United States (US) population continues to change, concerns about minority health and health disparities grow. Health professions must evolve to meet the needs of the population. The purpose of this editorial is to review current trends in the diversity of chiropractic students, faculty, and practitioners in the United States. This editorial was informed by a search of the literature, to include PubMed, using the terms chiropractic and diversity, minority, and cultural competency. Demographic information for the chiropractic profession was obtained from the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners and The Chronicle of Higher Education. These data were compared to diversity data for medical doctors and the national and state populations from the American Association of Medical Colleges and the US Census, respectively. Surprisingly little has been published in the peer-reviewed literature on the topic of diversity in the chiropractic profession. For the variables available (sex and race), the data show that proportions in the US chiropractic profession do not match the population. State comparisons to associated chiropractic colleges show similar relationships. No reliable data were found on other diversity characteristics, such as gender identity, religion, and socioeconomic status. The chiropractic profession in the United States currently does not represent the national population with regard to sex and race. Leaders in the profession should develop a strategy to better meet the changing demographics of the US population. More attention to recruiting and retaining students, such as underrepresented minorities and women, and establishing improved cultural competency is needed.
Confidence in the Fairness of Local Public Health Systems’ Response to Disasters: The US Veterans’ Perspective
Authors: Heslin Kevin C. , Riopelle Deborah , Gin June L. , Ordunez John , Naranjo Diana E. , Dobalian Aram
Published: November 2012

Objective

The effectiveness of local public health systems in emergency management depends on trust from the entire community. However, the failure of some government agencies to respond effectively to several major disasters has had a disproportionate impact on certain groups-racial/ethnic minorities, in particular-that are well-represented in the veteran population. Many veterans belong to multiple vulnerable populations at greater risk of harm during disasters. This study examines confidence that local public health systems will respond fairly to disasters in a diverse sample of US veterans.

Methods

This study is an analysis of cross-sectional data on 5955 veterans in the 2009 California Health Interview Survey. Respondents were asked about their confidence that public health systems would respond fairly to their needs in the event of a disaster, regardless of their race/ethnicity or other personal characteristics. Multivariable regression analysis was used to identify variables on respondent characteristics that were independently associated with confidence. The hypothesis was that there would be less confidence in county public health systems among respondents who were racial/ethnic minorities, had less than a college degree, and were of low-income backgrounds.

Results

Approximately 79% of veterans were confident that public health systems would respond fairly. The hypothesis was unsupported, with no differences in confidence by race/ethnicity, education, or income. Also, no differences were noted between men and women or between veterans with and without disabilities. However, confidence was associated with continent of birth, age, homeownership, and marital status.

Conclusion

If confidence affects veterans’ willingness to accept disaster preparedness communications or to give proper consideration to recommended emergency countermeasures, then local health departments that issue such information to veterans are not likely to encounter barriers by race/ethnicity, income, education, disability status, or gender.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2013;7:75-81)
Managing One's Own Cognitive Load when Evidence of Split Attention is Present
Authors: Roodenrys Kylie , Agostinho Shirley , Roodenrys Steven , Chandler Paul
Published: November 2012

There is an increasing expectation in tertiary education that students take control of their own learning, experience independence and manage their own cognition. This research sought to investigate techniques for university students to manage their own cognitive load. This paper presents two experiments conducted with postgraduate university students enrolled in an educational psychology subject in an Australian university. A total of 86 students participated in Experiment 1 and 85 in Experiment 2. The results of both experiments show that it is possible to instruct students on how to self‐manage split attention. Furthermore, the findings from Experiment 2 show that students can transfer skills of split‐attention management when provided with new instructional materials. The implications for this unique direction of cognitive load theory research are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recyclable, Flexible, Low‐Power Oxide Electronics
Authors: Martins Rodrigo F. P. , Ahnood Arman , Correia Nuno , Pereira Luís M. N. P. , Barros Raquel , Barquinha Pedro M. C. B. , Costa Ricardo , Ferreira Isabel M. M. , Nathan Arokia , Fortunato Elvira E. M. C.
Published: November 2012

The ability to process and dimensionally scale field‐effect transistors with and on paper and to integrate them as a core component for low‐power‐consumption analog and digital circuits is demonstrated. Low‐temperature‐processed p‐ and n‐channel integrated oxide thin‐film transistors in the complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) inverter architecture are seamlessly layered on mechanically flexible, low‐cost, recyclable paper substrates. The possibility of building these circuits using low‐temperature processes opens the door to new applications ranging from smart labels and sensors on clothing and packaging to electronic displays printed on paper pages for use in newspapers, magazines, books, signs, and advertising billboards. Because the CMOS circuits reported constitute fundamental building blocks for analog and digital electronics, this development creates the potential to have flexible form factor computers seamlessly layered onto paper. The holistic approach of merging low‐power circuitry with a recyclable substrate is an important step towards greener electronics.
Continuous Synthesis of Device‐Grade Semiconducting Polymers in Droplet‐Based Microreactors
Authors: Bannock James H. , Krishnadasan Siva H. , Nightingale Adrian M. , Yau Chin Pang , Khaw Kevin , Burkitt Daniel , Halls Jonathan J. M. , Heeney Martin , de Mello John C.
Published: November 2012

A method is reported for the controlled synthesis of device‐grade semiconducting polymers, utilizing a droplet‐based microfluidic reactor. Using poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as a test material, the reactor is shown to provide a controlled and stable environment for polymer synthesis, enabling control of molecular weight via tuning of flow conditions, reagent composition or temperature. Molecular weights of up to 92 000 Da are readily attainable, without leakage or reactor fouling. The method avoids the usual deterioration in materials quality that occurs when conventional batch syntheses are scaled from the sub‐gram level to higher quantities, with a prototype five‐channel reactor producing material of consistent molecular weight distribution and high regioregularity (>98%) at a rate of ≈60 g/day. The droplet‐synthesized P3HT compares favorably with commercial material in terms of absorption spectrum, polydispersity, regioregularity, and crystallinity, yielding power conversion efficiencies of up to 4% in bulk heterojunction solar cells with [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester.
Regioselective Cleavage of Unstrained CC Bond and CH Bond: Palladium–Copper Catalyzed Deacetophenonylative Arylation of Coumarin Derivatives
Authors: Sun Manman , Shen Guodong , Bao Weiliang
Published: November 2012

A CαCβ bond activation of the carbonyl group in unstrained ketones catalyzed cooperatively by palladium and copper(II) with the departure of the acetophenone has been developed, and the subsequent coupling with a variety of aromatics via the formal CH activation similar to the Friedel–Crafts reaction affords the skeleton‐reconstructed coumarin derivatives with high regioselectivity.
Phenotype refinement for comorbid attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and reading disability
Authors: Sheikhi Abdullah R. , Martin Neilson , Hay David , Piek Jan P.
Published: November 2012

Comorbidity between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and reading disability (RD) is common; however, the heritability of this comorbidity is not well understood. This may be due to the complexity and heterogeneity of ADHD and RD phenotypes. Using alternative ADHD–RD sub‐phenotypes instead of those arising from theDSM‐IVmay lead to greater success in the search for comorbid ADHD–RD susceptibility genes. Therefore, this study aims to refine ADHD–RD phenotypes into homogenous informative sub‐phenotypes using latent class analysis (LCA). LCA was performed on 2,610 Australian twin families (6,535 individuals) in order to generate probabilistic genetically distinct classes that define ADHD–RD subtypes, including comorbidity, based on related symptom clusters. The LCA separated the phenotypes for ADHD and RD into nine classes. One class was unaffected; three classes demonstrated the three DSM‐IV subtypes of ADHD, three subtypes showed different severities of RD, and two classes expressed a combination of RD and ADHD subtypes. LCA proved effective in refining the phenotypes of ADHD alone, RD alone, and ADHD–RD comorbidity, and its ability to classify them into homogenous groups based on clusters of symptoms, suggesting that the latent classes may be robust enough to use in molecular genetic studies. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Mandibular Ridge Oral Mucosa Model of Stromal Influences on the Endothelial Tip Cells: An Immunohistochemical and TEM Study
Authors: Rusu Mugurel Constantin , Didilescu Andreea Cristiana , Stănescu Ruxandra , Pop Florinel , Mănoiu Valentina Mariana , Jianu Adelina Maria , Vâlcu Marek
Published: November 2012

This study aimed to evaluate by immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) the morphological features of the oral mucosa endothelial tip cells (ETCs) and to determine the immune and ultrastructural patterns of the stromal nonimmune cells which could influence healing processes. Immune labeling was performed on bioptic samples obtained from six edentulous patients undergoing surgery for dental implants placement; three normal samples were collected from patients prior to the extraction of the third mandibular molar. The antibodies were tested for CD34, CD117(c‐kit), platelet derived growth factor receptor‐alpha (PDGFR‐α), Mast Cell Tryptase, CD44, vimentin, CD45, CD105, alpha‐smooth muscle actin, FGF2, Ki67. In light microscopy, while stromal cells (StrCs) of the reparatory and normal oral mucosa, with a fibroblastic appearance, were found positive for a CD34/CD44/CD45/CD105/PDGFR‐α/vimentin immune phenotype, the CD117/c‐kit labeling led to a positive stromal reaction only in the reparatory mucosa. In TEM, non‐immune StrCs presenting particular ultrastructural features were identified as circulating fibrocytes (CFCs). Within the lamina propria CFCs were in close contact with ETCs. Long processes of the ETCs were moniliform, and hook‐like collaterals were arising from the dilated segments, suggestive for a different stage migration. Maintenance and healing of oral mucosa are so supported by extensive processes of angiogenesis, guided by ETCs that, in turn, are influenced by the CFCs that populate the stromal compartment both in normal and reparatory states. Therefore, CFCs could be targeted by specific therapies, with pro‐ or anti‐angiogenic purposes. Anat Rec, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fructose 1,6‐Bisphosphate Trisodium Salt as A New Phosphorus Source for the Rapid Microwave Synthesis of Porous Calcium–Phosphate Microspheres and their Application in Drug Delivery
Authors: Qi Chao , Zhu Ying‐Jie , Chen Feng
Published: November 2012

Calcium phosphates (CPs), as the major inorganic component of biological hard tissues, have been investigated for applications as biomaterials owing to their excellent biocompatibility. However, the traditional synthetic CPs are usually prepared from inorganic phosphorus and calcium sources. Herein, we report a new strategy for the synthesis of a variety of calcium–phosphate nanostructures, including porous amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) microspheres, hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanorods, and ACP/HAP composite microspheres, by using fructose 1,6‐bisphosphate trisodium salt (FBP) as an organic phosphorus source in aqueous solution in a rapid microwave‐assisted hydrothermal reaction. The important role of FBP and the effect of the experimental conditions on the formation and evolution of the CPs nanostructures were investigated. The crystal phase and composition of the as‐prepared products were characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis and the morphologies of the products were characterized by SEM and TEM. This method is facile, rapid, surfactant‐free, and environmentally friendly. The as‐prepared porous ACP microspheres have a relatively high drug‐loading capacity and good sustained drug‐release behavior; thus, they are promising for applications in drug delivery.
Tissue scaffold surface patterning for clinical applications
Authors: Gerberich Brandon G. , Bhatia Sujata K.
Published: November 2012

Patterned scaffold surfaces provide a platform for highly defined cellular interactions, and have recently taken precedence in tissue engineering. Despite advances in patterning techniques and improved tissue growth, no clinical studies have been conducted for implantation of patterned biomaterials. Four major clinical application fields where patterned materials hold great promise are antimicrobial surfaces, cardiac constructs, neurite outgrowth, and stem cell differentiation. Specific examples include applications of patterned materials to (i) counter infection by antibiotic resistant bacteria, (ii) establish proper alignment and contractile force of regrown cardiac cells for repairing tissue damaged by cardiac infarction, (iii) increase neurite outgrowth for central nervous system wound repair, and (iv) host differentiated stem cells while preventing reversion to a pluripotent state. Moreover, patterned materials offer unique advantages for artificial implants which other constructs cannot. For example, by inducing selective cell adhesion using topographical cues, patterned surfaces present cellular orientation signals that lead to functional tissue architectures. Mechanical stimuli such as modulus, tension, and material roughness are known to influence tissue growth, as are chemical stimuli for cell adhesion. Scaffold surface patterns allow for control of these mechanical and chemical factors. This review identifies research advances in scaffold surface patterning, in light of pressing clinical needs requiring organization of cellular interactions.
Pharmacokinetics and brain uptake in the rhesus monkey of a fusion protein of arylsulfatase a and a monoclonal antibody against the human insulin receptor
Authors: Boado Ruben J. , Lu Jeff Zhiqiang , Hui Eric K.‐W. , Sumbria Rachita K. , Pardridge William M.
Published: November 2012

Metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) is a lysosomal storage disorder of the brain caused by mutations in the gene encoding the lysosomal sulfatase, arylsulfatase A (ASA). It is not possible to treat the brain in MLD with recombinant ASA, because the enzyme does not cross the blood‐brain barrier (BBB). In the present investigation, a BBB‐penetrating IgG‐ASA fusion protein is engineered and expressed, where the ASA monomer is fused to the carboxyl terminus of each heavy chain of an engineered monoclonal antibody (MAb) against the human insulin receptor (HIR). The HIRMAb crosses the BBB via receptor‐mediated transport on the endogenous BBB insulin receptor, and acts as a molecular Trojan horse to ferry the ASA into brain from blood. The HIRMAb‐ASA is expressed in stably transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells grown in serum free medium, and purified by protein A affinity chromatography. The fusion protein retains high affinity binding to the HIR, EC50 = 0.34 ± 0.11 nM, and retains high ASA enzyme activity, 20 ± 1 units/mg. The HIRMAb‐ASA fusion protein is endocytosed and triaged to the lysosomal compartment in MLD fibroblasts. The fusion protein was radio‐labeled with the Bolton–Hunter reagent, and the [125I]‐HIRMAb‐ASA rapidly penetrates the brain in the Rhesus monkey following intravenous administration. Film and emulsion autoradiography of primate brain shows global distribution of the fusion protein throughout the monkey brain. These studies describe a new biological entity that is designed to treat the brain of humans with MLD following non‐invasive, intravenous infusion of an IgG‐ASA fusion protein. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 1456–1465. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Combined effects of direct current stimulation and immobilized BMP‐2 for enhancement of osteogenesis
Authors: Zhang Jieyu , Neoh Koon Gee , Hu Xuefeng , Kang En‐Tang , Wang Wilson
Published: November 2012

Direct current (DC) stimulation has been used to promote bone repair and osteogenesis, but problems associated with the implanted metal electrodes may limit its application and compromise the therapeutic results. The replacement of the metal electrodes with a biodegradable conductive polymer film can potentially overcome these problems. In our work, polypyrrole/chitosan films comprising polypyrrole nanoparticles dispersed in a chitosan matrix were prepared. The polypyrrole/chitosan film meets the requirements for DC delivery, as indicated by its electrical conductivity, biodegradability, and mechanical properties. The film supports osteoblast growth to the same degree as dentine discs (a bone‐like mineralized substrate), confirming that it is non‐cytotoxic. Our results showed that optimal DC stimulation was achieved with 200 µA for 4 h per day, and under this condition, osteoblast metabolic activity on Day 7 increased by 1.8‐fold over that without DC stimulation. To further improve osteogenesis on the polypyrrole/chitosan film, bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) was covalently immobilized on the film surface. Osteoblasts cultured on the BMP‐2‐functionalized polypyrrole/chitosan film and subjected to the optimal DC stimulation exhibited a significant increase in cellular metabolic activity (2.3‐fold on Day 7), ALP activity (1.7‐fold on Day 21) and mineralization (twofold on Day 21) over those cultured on polypyrrole/chitosan film without DC stimulation. Osteogenic gene expression results showed that BMP‐2 and DC stimulation by itself enhanced osteoblast differentiation, and a combination of these two factors resulted in synergistic effects on osteoblast differentiation and maturation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 1466–1475. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fading Majority Cultures: The Implications of Transnationalism and Demographic Changes for Immigrant Acculturation
Authors: van Oudenhoven Jan Pieter , Ward Colleen
Published: November 2012

Processes of globalisation, migration, and increasing cultural diversity within nations have resulted in a growing need to understand intercultural relations in plural societies. Accordingly, this paper highlights the relations between immigrants and members of host societies and considers how social and demographic changes may affect acculturation and intercultural relations and shape future psychological theory and research in these areas. Based on a combination of empirical data and informed speculation, we discuss three significant changes. First is the growing importance of transnational relations due to a large degree of faster and cheaper forms of communication and traveling. A second important factor is changing demographics characterised by the growth of mega‐cities and the increasing proportion of first and second generation of immigrants in contemporary immigration nations and – consequently – the diminishing size of native majority groups. Third is the greater acceptance of a global culture, which is shaped by globalisation and coloured by local multi‐ethnic characteristics and creolisation processes in each country of settlement. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymmetric ZnO Panel‐Like Hierarchical Architectures with Highly Interconnected Pathways for Free‐Electron Transport and Photovoltaic Improvements
Authors: Shi Yantao , Zhu Chao , Wang Lin , Li Wei , Fung Kwok Kwong , Wang Ning
Published: November 2012

Through a rapid and template‐free precipitation approach, we synthesized an asymmetric panel‐like ZnO hierarchical architecture (PHA) for photoanodes of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs). The two sides of the PHA are constructed differently using densely interconnected, mono‐crystalline and ultrathin ZnO nanosheets. By mixing these PHAs with ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), we developed an effective and feasible strategy to improve the electrical transport and photovoltaic performance of the composite photoanodes of DSCs. The highly crystallized and interconnected ZnO nanosheets largely minimized the total grain boundaries within the composite photoanodes and thus served as direct pathways for the transport and effective collection of free electrons. Through low‐temperature (200 °C) annealing, these novel composite photoanodes achieved high conversion efficiencies of up to 5.59 % for ZnO‐based quasi‐solid DSCs.
Improvement of TiO2/Dye/Electrolyte Interface Conditions by Positional Change of Alkyl Chains in Modified Panchromatic Ru Complex Dyes
Authors: Kimura Mutsumi , Masuo Junya , Tohata Yuki , Obuchi Kazumichi , Masaki Naruhiko , Murakami Takurou N. , Koumura Nagatoshi , Hara Kojiro , Fukui Atsushi , Yamanaka Ryohsuke , Mori Shogo
Published: November 2012

A series of panchromatic ruthenium sensitizers (MJ sensitizers) with attached thiophene and phenyl units bearing alkyl chains was synthesized. A new synthetic route was used to examine all possible positions for the alkyl chains. The absorption spectra showed the sum of a ruthenium complex and peripheral organic chromophore units. The hypochromic effect and blueshift of the metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer band observed in the modified ruthenium sensitizers were suppressed by changing the positions of the alkyl chains on the attached thiophene ring. Changing only one alkyl chain also influenced the performance of dye‐sensitized solar cells. Ruthenium sensitizer MJ‐10 with bulky substituent harvests visible and near‐infrared light, and solar cells sensitized by MJ‐10 exhibit an efficiency of 9.1 % under 1 sun irradiation.
ChemInform Abstract: Unique Seven‐Node Rare‐Earth Octacyanomolybdate(IV) Three‐Dimensional Molecular Frameworks: {[Er(H2O)5(Er (H2O)4)3] [Mo(CN)8]3·11H2O}n and {[Eu(H2O)5(Eu (H2O)4)3] [Mo(CN)8]3·11H2O}n.
Authors: Semenyshyn Dariya , Typilo Iryna , Sereda Olha , Dolomanov Oleg , Stoeckli‐Evans Helen
Published: November 2012

Good quality single crystals of the title compound are obtained by reaction of H4[Mo(CN)8] with the rare earth carbonates.
ChemInform Abstract: Gd4Ge3‐xPnx (Pn: P, Sb, Bi, x = 0.5—3): Stabilizing the Nonexisting Gd4Ge3 Binary Through Valence Electron Concentration. Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Gd4Ge3‐xPnx.
Authors: Cheung Yan Yin Janice , Svitlyk Volodymyr , Mozharivskyj Yurij
Published: November 2012

The title compounds are prepared by arc melting of the elements and characterized by powder and single crystal XRD, magnetic measurements, and TB‐LMTO electronic band structure calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Fragmentation of the Fluorite Type in Fe8Al17.4Si7.6: Structural Complexity in Intermetallics Dictated by the 18 Electron Rule.
Authors: Fredrickson Rie T. , Fredrickson Daniel C.
Published: November 2012

The title compound is prepared from mixtures of the elements (600 °C, 24—700 h) and characterized by single crystal XRD, wavelength‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and DFT electronic structure calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: High Pressure Synthesis and Superconductivity of the Ternary Compounds Mg(Mg1‐xAlx)Si with the Anticotunnite Structure.
Authors: Ji Shidong , Tanaka Masashi , Zhang Shuai , Yamanaka Shoji
Published: November 2012

Title compounds with 0.3 < x < 0.8 are prepared by high‐temperature/high‐pressure reaction of the elements (h‐BN cell, 5 GPa, 800—1100 °C).
ChemInform Abstract: Mixed Valence Tungsten (IV,V) Compounds with Layered Structures. Part 4. Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Conductivity of BiX2[W2O2X6] (X: Cl, Br).
Authors: Schieweling Marcel , Daniels Joerg , Beck Johannes
Published: November 2012

BiCl2[W2O2Cl6] is prepared by reaction of metallic Bi and WOCl4 (sealed silica tube, 650 K, 7 d; 80% yield) and BiBr2[W2O2Br6] is obtained from Bi and WOBr4 (670 K, 50 d; 20% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Addition of Cyclic Nitrones to Feist′s Acid Dimethyl Ester.
Authors: Molchanov A. P. , Tran T. Q. , Kostikov R. R.
Published: November 2012

Cyclic nitrones regioselectively add to Feist′s acid dimethyl ester (II) yielding diastereoisomeric mixtures of isoxazolidines which are susceptible to thermal rearrangement reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Ordered Mesoporous Proline Organocatalyst with High Activity and Strong Durability in Promoting Intermolecular Cross‐Conjugated Additions.
Authors: He Wenhan , Zhang Fang , Shi Xiaodong , Li Hexing
Published: November 2012

A new proline based catalyst (PRORG) is successfully applied to the presented reaction and gives similar results to proline.
ChemInform Abstract: Triflimide‐Catalyzed Allyl—Allyl Cross‐Coupling: A Metal‐Free Allylic Alkylation.
Authors: Ding Feiqing , William Ronny , Wang Fei , Liu Xue‐Wei
Published: November 2012

A new simple and mild protocol for excellent regioselective direct catalytic allylic alkylation of acetates is presented by using a simple, cheap, and easily accessible catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Activation of H2O2 by Chiral Confined Broensted Acids: A Highly Enantioselective Catalytic Sulfoxidation.
Authors: Liao Saihu , Coric Ilija , Wang Qinggang , List Benjamin
Published: November 2012

A diversity of sulfides is efficiently oxidized to enantioenriched sulfoxides with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of chiral Broensted acid (DPA).
ChemInform Abstract: Sodium Sulfinate‐Mediated trans‐Stilbene Formation from Benzylic Halides.
Authors: Zhao Feng , Luo Jiaying , Tan Qi , Liao Yunfeng , Peng Shengming , Deng Guo‐Jun
Published: November 2012

Under optimized transition metal free conditions, benzylic chlorides and bromides are transformed to the stilbenes under air.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphine‐Catalyzed Asymmetric [4 + 1] Annulation of Morita—Baylis—Hillman Carbonates with Dicyano‐2‐methylenebut‐3‐enoates.
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐nan , Deng Hong‐Ping , Huang Long , Wei Yin , Shi Min
Published: November 2012

The novel title reaction provides an efficient and enantioselective synthesis of highly functionalized cyclopentenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple and Efficient Synthesis of (S)‐Dapoxetine.
Authors: Sasikumar M. , Nikalje Milind D.
Published: November 2012

A stereoselective synthesis is reported for the title compound (S)‐dapoxetine (IX), which can be used for the treatment of premature ejaculation.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Cascade Dearomatization of 2‐Substituted Tryptophols with Arylidonium Salts.
Authors: Liu Chuan , Zhang Wei , Dai Li‐Xin , You Shu‐Li
Published: November 2012

Furo‐fused indolines bearing two quaternary carbon centers are formed by the title reaction using diaryl‐ or vinyl(phenyl)iodonium triflates and an optimized copper catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot, Two‐Step Conversion of Aldehydes to Phosphonyl‐ and Sulfonylpyrazoles Using Bestmann—Ohira Reagent.
Authors: Kumar Rahul , Verma Deepti , Mobin Shaikh M. , Namboothiri Irishi N. N.
Published: November 2012

The Bestmann—Ohira reagent (Ia) is employed traditionally as a Horner—Wadsworth—Emmons reagent in the conversion of aldehydes to the terminal acetylene intermediates (III).
ChemInform Abstract: In vitro and in vivo Biological Evaluation of New 4,5‐Disubstituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles as cis‐Constrained Analogues of Combretastatin A4.
Authors: Blanch Nuria Mur , Chabot Guy G. , Quentin Lionel , Scherman Daniel , Bourg Stephane , Dauzonne Daniel
Published: November 2012

Triazoles (IV) and (VI) are obtained according to procedures already described or reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Polypharmacology of Sulfonamides: Pazopanib, a Multitargeted Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor in Clinical Use, Potently Inhibits Several Mammalian Carbonic Anhydrases.
Authors: Winum Jean‐Yves , Maresca Alfonso , Carta Fabrizio , Scozzafava Andrea , Supuran Claudiu T.
Published: November 2012

Title compound (I) and related sulfonamides are low nanomolar inhibitors of many of the 15 human carbonic anhydrase isoforms hCA I‐XV.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Three‐Component Reaction of Perimidines with 1,3,5‐Triazines and Carbonyl Compounds in Polyphosphoric Acid. An Efficient Method for peri‐Anellation of a Carbocyclic and Pyridine Ring.
Authors: Aksenov A. V. , Aksenov N. A. , Lyakhovnenko A. S. , Kumshaeva A. B. , Aksenova I. V.
Published: November 2012

1,3‐Diazapyrenes (IV) and (VI), tetrahydro‐1,3‐diazapyrenes (VIII) and 1,3,7‐triazapyrenes (IX) are synthesized by three‐component reactions of perimidines (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis, Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Activity Studies of a New Group of 6‐Aryl‐3‐[4‐(methylsulfonyl)benzyl]‐7H‐[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4‐b] [1,3,4]thiadiazines.
Authors: Sumangala V. , Poojary Boja , Chidananda N. , Arulmoli T. , Shenoy Shalini
Published: November 2012

Acid hydrazide (I) reacts with carbon disulfide (II) affording potassium dithiocarbazinate, which upon treatment with hydrazine hydrate undergoes ring closure.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Regioselective Synthesis of N‐3 Organophosphorous Derivatives of 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones and Their Calcium Channel Binding Studies.
Authors: Singh Kamaljit , Singh Kawaljit , Trappanese Danielle M. , Moreland Robert S.
Published: November 2012

A series of novel dihydropyrimidine derivatives bearing diaminophosphinyl (III), phosphonate moieties (Vc) or phosphacycles (VII) at N‐3 are prepared by regioselective reactions between phosphoryl dichlorides (II) and various nucleophiles.
ChemInform Abstract: Unusual Control of Reaction Selectivity Through a Subtle Change in the Ligand: Proof of Concept and Application in Pd‐Catalyzed C—P Bond Formation.
Authors: Ananikov Valentine P. , Ivanova Julia V. , Khemchyan Levon L. , Beletskaya Irina P.
Published: November 2012

A new catalytic system is presented with the ability to control reaction selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of 3‐Phenyl‐1,2,4‐triazin‐5(4H)‐one under Acylating Conditions with Natural Alcohols Containing an Asymmetric Carbon Atom.
Authors: Egorov I. N. , Zyryanov G. V. , Slepukhin P. A. , Tseitler T. A. , Rusinov V. L. , Chupakhin O. N.
Published: November 2012

Nucleophilic addition reactions of natural chiral alcohols such as optically pure borneol or cholesterol to triazinone (II) in the presence of carboxylic acid anhydrides occur nondiastereoselectively, independent of the medium used.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of 2′‐C‐α‐Aminomethyl‐2′‐deoxynucleosides.
Authors: Li Nan‐Sheng , Piccirilli Joseph A.
Published: November 2012

A novel synthetic approach to the new potentially important nucleoside analogues (V), (VI), (X), and (XI) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Activity Evaluation of Cytidine‐5′‐deoxy‐5‐fluoro‐N‐[(alkoxy/aryloxy)] Carbonyl‐Cyclic 2′,3′‐Carbonates.
Authors: Rani V. Jhansi , Raghavendra A. , Kishore P. , Kumar Y. Nanda , Kumar K. Hema , Jagadeeswarareddy K.
Published: November 2012

A small series of 5′‐deoxy‐5‐fluorocytidine derivatives (I) is synthesized to enhance the efficacy of capacitabine, an oral prodrug of 5‐FU.
ChemInform Abstract: Transparent Thin Films of Bi2WO6, Bi4Ti3O12 and Sr0.75Ba0.25Nb2O6.
Authors: Wollmann P. , Schumm B. , Kaskel S.
Published: November 2012

Transparent thin films of the title compounds are prepared by a sol—gel method using Bi(NO3)3 and WO3 or (NH4)2TiO(C2O4)2, or Sr(OAc)2, Ba(OAc)2, and NH4NbO(C2O4)2 as starting materials and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid or EDTA as complexing agent.
ChemInform Abstract: Noble Metals in Polyoxometalates
Authors: Izarova Natalya V. , Pope Michael T. , Kortz Ulrich
Published: November 2012

Review: polyoxovanadates, ‐molybdates, ‐tungstates, ‐palladates, ‐platinates, and ‐aurates; 159 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hierarchical Structure and Mechanical Properties of Nacre: A Review
Authors: Sun Jiyu , Bhushan Bharat
Published: November 2012

Review: 123 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Non‐contact Ultrasonic Measurements of the Elastic Constants of Magnetic Materials
Authors: Edwards R. S. , Perry R. , Backhouse D. J. , Moore I. J. , Cleanthous D. , Clough A. R. , Stone D.
Published: November 2012

Review: 16 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Tantallaaziridines: From Synthesis to Catalytic Applications
Authors: Lauzon Jean Michel P. , Schafer Laurel L.
Published: November 2012

Review: 76 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal‐Catalyzed Fluorination of Multi Carbon—Carbon Bonds: New Strategies for Fluorinated Heterocycles
Authors: Liu Guosheng
Published: November 2012

Review: 54 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: β‐Lactones Through Catalytic Asymmetric Heterodimerizaiton of Ketenes
Authors: Marques‐Lopez Eugenia , Christmann Mathias
Published: November 2012

Review: 22 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Retention of Stereochemistry in Gold‐Catalyzed Formal [4 + 3] Cycloaddition of Epoxides with Arenynamides
Authors: Karad Somnath Narayan , Bhunia Sabyasachi , Liu Rai‐Shung
Published: November 2012

Review: ca. 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 3‐(And 4‐)Amino‐5(and 4‐)Hydrazino‐1,2,4‐triazoles
Authors: Metwally M. A. , Abdel‐Wahab Bakr F.
Published: November 2012

Review: 37 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Principles and Evolution of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Lakrimi M. , Thomas A. M. , Hutton G. , Kruip M. , Slade R. , Davis P. , Johnstone A. J. , Longfield M. J. , Blakes H. , Calvert S. , et al. et al.
Published: November 2012

Review: 22 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ellagic Acid: Biological Properties and Biotechnological Development for Production Processes
Authors: Sepulveda Leonardo , Ascacio Alberto , Rodriguez‐Herrera Raul , Aguilera‐Carbo Antonio , Aguilar Cristobal N.
Published: November 2012

Review: 41 refs.