bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analytical critique of hexitols used as a cooking medium
Authors: Waltking Arthur E. , Bleffert George W. , Brickman Lawrence , Wells Phillip R.
Published: June 2007

Analysis by differential scanning calorimetry and gas liquid chromatography of hexitol blends used as a roasting medium for peanuts demonstrated that there was no significant deterioration of the hexitol components due to prolonged repetitive heating. Small decreases in the hexitol content of the roasting medium, which were found after 72 hr at a temperature of 330 F, closely corresponded to the increases in the hexitan content. Furthermore no evidence could be found of any significant oxidative degradation products in any of the polyol samples analyzed.
Determination of fatty acid composition by gas chromatography: I. Analysis with use of thermal conductivity detector
Authors: Watanabe S. , Hayano S. , Akiya T. , Mimura K. , Nakasato S. , Seino H. , Usui Y.
Published: June 2007

For the purpose of establishing a standard method for the gas chromatographic determination of fatty acid composition, a collaborative study team has carried out replicate analyses of specified samples using gas chromatographs equipped with thermal conductivity detectors and has examined the entire set of experimental data by a statistical method. From the results of the four collaborative works it was found that deviation of analytical values from exact composition and interlaboratory scattering of data may be considerably decreased by the following means: (a) enlarging the size of narrow peaks (less than 5 mm at a half height) or peaks with low height by adjusting the attenuator range or chart speed; (b) correcting the analytical values by using correction factors determined from analysis of known mixtures having composition similar to that of an unknown sample.
Determination of fatty acid composition by gas chromatography: II. Analysis with use of flame ionization detector
Authors: Watanabe S. , Nakasato S. , Hayano S. , Kuwamura H. , Nagai T. , Negishi M. , Sasamoto Y. , Seino H. , Shiraishi S.
Published: June 2007

In this study known mixtures of four or five fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed collaboratively by gas chromatography with flame ionization detectors. The experimental data was treated statistically to examine inter‐ and intralaboratory scattering. More‐over the effect of the use of correction factors was investigated. Even if only the specific analytical values that scattered a little were chosen, the averages of such values did not always approach the actual values. In some laboratories a sort of regularity was observed in the deviation of analytical values from real values throughout the analyses of four samples. The application of correction factors to the analytical values obtained by these laboratories resulted in a considerable decrease of interlaboratory scattering and deviation from the real values. When a constant amount of sample was injected, intralaboratory scattering was decreased, whereas interlaboratory scattering was not. Injection of large sample sizes caused deviation. From this collaborative study it was recommended that 0.5–1.0 μl of 20% solution be injected.
Comparison of oxygen bomb method to other methods for measuring oxidative stability of peanuts and peanut products
Authors: Blankenship B. R. , Holaday C. E. , Barnes P. C. , Pearson J. L.
Published: June 2007

The active oxygen method of the American Oil Chemists' Society has been used extensively to evaluate the oxidative stability of fats and oils. The AOM lacks versatility, however, in that it can be used for only a few products such as lard and vegetable oils. Experience in our laboratory has shown that results also can differ widely, even on the same sample. Recent work with the oxygen bomb at the National Peanut Research Laboratory has shown that it is both reliable and accurate when compared to other methods for measuring the oxidative stability of peanuts and peanut products. Results with the oxygen bomb were compared to the active oxygen method and iodine value of the peants.
Bauer mill operation and its effect on the percentage of oil found in soybeans
Authors: Collins F. I.
Published: June 2007

Summary and Conclusions

A Bauer Mill officially approved by the A.O.C.S. for grinding samples of soybeans to be used for oil determinations was used to grind duplicate series of the 10 check samples of soybeans sent out each year by the Smalley Foundation Committee. When the mill was operated at high temperature and forced to grind at its maximum rate, the 10 samples averaged 18.03% of oil. A duplicate series of 10 samples ground in a water‐cooled mill at about one‐half the maximum possible rate of grinding for the mill averaged 17.57% oil. Improper operation of a Bauer Mill when preparing soybean seed samples for analysis can cause abnormally high oil percentages. A simple mechanical device to reduce the rate of feed is suggested for use with the mill.

A Bauer Mill is satisfactory for use in grinding samples of soybeans for oil analysis when it is properly operated.
The importance of chromaticity in the evaluation of whiteness
Authors: Hemmendinger Henry , Lambert Joseph M.
Published: June 2007

Conclusions

The factor of paramount importance in the visual evaluation of whiteness of laundered goods is yellowness. This yellowness has in practice been neutralized in various ways, first by the use of bleaches and/or blueing dyes and more recently by means of fluorescent dyes. Any such additive provides at best however an imperfect solution to the problem of obtaining maximum whiteness. Bleaches may cause fiber damage, and blueing dyes are undesirable because their absorption prevents attainment of maximum whiteness; fluorescent dyes are not permanent because of their limited light‐fastness and, more fundamentally, because a sample containing sufficient fluorescent dye to be neutral under a given illumination will necessarily appear colored when viewed under another light source containing a different ratio of ultraviolet to visible light. It is therefore essential, in the search for the best detergents, to evaluate them first in the absence of any additives and to employ bleaches, blueing, or fluorescent dyes only to minimize their limitations.

The formulation of suitable soiling procedures and the application of reliable methods for measuring the washed cloth samples represent two important steps in the development of satisfactory laboratory tests for evaluating detergents. These steps are necessarily related to one another in a fundamental way. The procedures used in the past for detergency evaluation, involving the measurement of reflectance alone, have been appropriate with the soiling methods relying on carbon black as primary soiling agent but are not useful if realistic soiling techniques are employed and the degree of whiteness is to be determined.

While the colorimetric principles for an adequate objective rating of whiteness have been developed, the actual working methods should be based on a modern re‐evaluation of the relative importance of the various colorimetric and psychological factors related to visual estimates of the whiteness of textiles. Such a reevaluation, coupled with more appropriate soiling and measuring techniques, will lead to improved procedures for the laboratory evaluation of detergents.
Kinetics and practical significance of biodegradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate in the environment
Authors: Larson R. J. , Rothgeb T. M. , Shimp R. J. , Ward T. E. , Ventullo R. M.
Published: June 2007

This paper reviews the kinetics of biodegradation of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) in engineered (wastewater treatment) and natural environment systems, focusing on work conducted in our environmental laboratories over the past 10–15 yr. Biodegradation studies were conducted in laboratory microcosms in which pure‐chainlength [14C]‐ring‐labeled LAS homologs were used to allow complete mineralization to be assessed. In general, biodegradation rates for a series of LAS homologs (C10–C14) were comparable to each other and to values for naturally occurring materials such as sugars and fatty acids. Half‐lives for LAS mineralization ranged from 1–2 d in aerobic and anaerobic sewage sludges, river water and sediments, to 1–3 wk in surface and subsurface soils and estuarine environments. The half‐life for LAS degradation in different environmental compartments, relative to its residence time in these compartments, makes biodegradation a practically significant removal mechanism in a broad range of aquatic, benthic and terrestrial habitats.
Effects of sodium glycocholate and sodium taurocholate on the mixed micelles of bile salts and nonionic surfactant
Authors: Asano H. , Izumi C. , Sano Y. , Tabata Y. , Ueno M.
Published: June 2007

Effects of sodium glycocholate (NaGC) and sodium taurocholate (NaTC) on the mixed micelles for two systems consisting of NaGC‐octaoxyethylene glycol monon‐decyl ether (C10E8) and NaTC‐C10E8 have been studied as a function of the mixed micelles’ compositions, polarities of the micelles’ interior and mean aggregation numbers. The compositions of the mixed micelles are calculated from critical micelle concentration (CMC) data by using excess thermodynamic quantities. The polarities and mean aggregation numbers are determined from pyrene fluorescence in the mixed micelles. Both mixed systems were nonideal, and the mole fraction of NaGC or NaTC in a mixed micelle near the CMC was less than that in the aqueous mixed solution. However, the mixed micelle of the NaTC‐C10E8 system contained more bile salt molecules than that of the NaGC‐C10E8 system because of a good miscibility of NaTC and C10E8 molecules. The pyrene fluorescence results suggested that the mixed micelles changed from C10E8‐rich micelles to NaGC‐ or NaTC‐rich micelles, and mean aggregation numbers of the mixed micelles decreased abruptly with increasing mole fraction of bile salts. In the low mole fraction range of bile salts, however, both the polarities and the mean aggregation numbers for the NaTC‐C10E8 system are lower than those for the NaGC‐C10E8 system because of the high mole fraction of NaTC in a mixed micelle, and also because of the different effect of the conjugated group between NaTC and NaGC molecules in the mixed micelles.
Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate detergency behavior in water containing magnesium ions
Authors: Cohen L. , Vergara R. , Moreno A. , Berna J. L.
Published: June 2007

Detergency performance of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) in water containing magnesium ions has been investigated. LAS showed the same behavior with magnesium as with calcium, on a qualitative basis. However, the detergency performance with magnesium is significantly higher than with calcium.
A novel technique for the preparation of secondary fatty amides II: The preparation of ricinoleamide from castor oil
Authors: Piazza George J. , Bistline Raymond G. , Bilyk Alexander , Feairheller Stephen H. , Haas Michael J.
Published: June 2007

The butyl amide of ricinoleic acid (N‐n‐butyl‐12‐hydroxy‐(9Z)‐octadecenamide) was prepared from a neat mixture of castor oil andn‐butylamine (fatty ester/amine molar ratio, 1:1.3). No catalyst was required. The identity and purity of the amide was assessed by thin‐layer chromatography and confirmed by elemental analysis and by infrared and C13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. High product yields were achieved at 45 and 65°C in 48 and 20 h, respectively. The reaction was inhibited by the addition of trimethylpentane and dioxane, but not by water. An attempt was made to prepare the amide from methyl ricinoleate, rather than castor oil; even after 10 d only partial conversion was achieved. Attempts to prepare the amide from methyl‐n‐butylamine, rather thann‐butylamine, were also unsuccessful. The ease with which secondary fatty amides can be produced from an oil that consists primarily of the glycerol esters of hydroxylated fatty acids indicates that the described procedure has industrial utility.
Preparation and properties of cleavable dianionic surfactants with a 1,3‐dioxane ring
Authors: Wang Guan‐Wu , Lei Xue‐Gong , Liu You‐Cheng
Published: June 2007

Some cleavable dianionic surfactants were prepared by the reaction of aldehydes with diethylbis(hydroxymethyl)‐malonate, followed by saponification with sodium hydroxide. The critical micelle concentrations of the surfactants were determined.
Analysis of alpha olefins using a gas chromatograph‐mass spectrometer combination
Authors: Teeter R. M. , Spencer C. F. , Green J. W. , Smithson L. H.
Published: June 2007

The gas chromatograph‐mass spectrometer (GCMS) combination with and without catalytic hydrogenation is the most effective way to obtain detailed analysis of commercial alpha olefin mixtures. Previous descriptions of this technique presented examples only up to C10 alpha olefins. We have extended this technique to include alpha olefins up to C20. The complete analysis of a C11舑C14 alpha olefin mixture is given as an example.
Determination of aflatoxins in individual peanuts and peanut sections
Authors: Cucullu Alva F. , Lee Louise S. , Mayne Ruth Y. , Goldblatt L. A.
Published: June 2007

Subsamples of a given lot of peanuts may vary greatly in aflatoxin content due to extreme variability in the degree of contamination of individual kernels. A micro method, adapted from the aqueous acetone procedure recently proposed by Pons and Goldblatt for the determination of aflatoxins in cottonseed products, was developed to permit accurate determination of aflatoxins in individual kernels and kernel sections.

Use of this procedure permitted the topographic distribution of aflatoxins within single kernels to be mapped and indicated that the toxins are not uniformly distributed within contaminated kernels, even when the kernel contains a high level of aflatoxins. Although wrinkling or discoloration sometimes indicated that a kernel was contaminated, this type of physical damage was not found to be a reliable indication of aflatoxin content. Also it was noted that a few apparently sound and mature kernels contained high levels of aflatoxins.
Epoxidation of methyl linoleate. I. The question of positional selectivity in monoepoxidation
Authors: Maerker G. , Haeberer E. T. , Ault W. C.
Published: June 2007

The mixture of compounds resulting from the expoxidation of one of the double bonds of methyl linoleate has been examined to determine possible positional selectivity in moneopoxidation. The analysis, which depended on periodic acid cleavage of saturated epoxides or saturated vicinal glycols, has revealed that the two monoepoxidation products, methyl vernolate and methyl coronarate, are produced in essentially equal amounts.
Synthesis and isolation of methyl esters ofa‐branched acids
Authors: Maerker G. , Kenney H. E. , Bilyk A. , Ault W. C.
Published: June 2007

A series of esters ofa‐branched fatty acids containing 28舑38 carbon atoms has been synthesized by free radical‐catalyzed addition of saturated aliphatic esters to terminal aliphatic olefins. Methods of purification of methyla‐decyloctadecanoate have been studied. The structure of methyla‐decyloctadecanoate has been established by nuclear magnetic resonance and by independent synthesis.
Some etiological factors in obesity
Authors: Kaunitz Hans
Published: June 2007

The frequent occurrence of obesity, which is associated with shortened life expectancy, has made the condition a main topic of research. Simple explanations, such as a reliable correlation between overeating and overweight, are incorrect for the majority of the severely obese. Obesity goes hand in hand with increased lipogenesis, decreased fat mobilization, and metabolic inertia of the triglycerides deposited, which may be related to genetic enzymatic and hormonal factors. From rat studies, one can speculate that fat deposition may be influenced by the individual's reaction to qualitatively different foodstuffs. Although no explanation is as yet possible for the metabolic inertia of depot fat in the obese, some evidence has accumulated which suggests studies of its molecular structure. The obese are capable of adapting to decreased intake more rapidly than normal persons; increased activity can be handled more efficiently than in normal persons, while the metabolic inertia of their triglycerides interferes with their mobilization. No way of overcoming this vicious cycle has as yet been found.
Weight loss and body composition
Authors: Sarett Herbert P. , Longenecker John B. , Harkins Robert W.
Published: June 2007

Body fat accounts for much of the excess weight in obese persons; but the amount of lean body tissue (muscle and other protein tissue) in the obese individual is similar to that found in the normal individual. In weight loss primarily excess fat should be lost; not essential protein tissue.

Complete fasting has been proposed as a technique for losing weight, in lieu of partial caloric restriction. The present studies were carried out to evaluate these techniques for weight loss. Changes in body composition of obese rats were determined after the animals lost one third of their body weight on different regimens. Obese animals which were restricted to 37.5 and 60% of ad libitum caloric intakes required 53 and 93 days, respectively, to lose this weight, whereas those which were totally fasted required only 24 days. There were significant differences in body composition of these groups after weight loss.

Fasted animals lost more protein and less fat than did animals restricted in caloric intake; the fasted animals lost 18% of their total body protein, whereas the calorically restricted animals lost only 8舑9%. Epididymal fat pads were twice as large in the fasted animals as in the calorically restricted animals. In fasted animals, liver weight loss was greater than in restricted animals, but liver fat levels were still high, as in the obese rats. Liver cholesterol levels were also elevated in fasted animals.

Neither the amount of fat nor the type of fat (unsaturation) in the diet had any significant effect on the rate of weight loss or on gross body composition. Type of fat affected fatty acid composition of plasma, but not of liver or depot fat.

The development of new methods for determining body composition in man has permitted reasonably accurate estimates of the amount of excess body fat in obese individuals. In obese subjects who lost weight on restricted caloric intakes of an otherwise nutritionally complete diet, most of the weight loss was as body fat, without significant loss of lean body tissue. The studies in man confirm the findings in animals.

The extra weight in obesity is mainly fat, with very little protein and some water; when weight is lost by restricted intake of a good diet, the composition of the tissue burned is quite similar to that comprising the extra weight. Fasting gives more rapid weight loss, but apparently less favorable changes in body composition.
Analysis for sulfur compounds in lipid extracts from the orgueil meteorite
Authors: Teresa Joseph Murphy Sister Mary , Nagy Bartholomew
Published: June 2007

Solvent extracts of the Orgueil carbonaceous meteorite were investigated by thin‐layer chromatography, ultraviolet, infrared, and mass spectrometry, and by ultramicro elemental analysis for sulfur. Long chain thiols were absent but trace amounts of open‐chain sulfides and some heterocyclic compounds containing sulfur appear to be present in the meteorite lipid fraction. The conditions for the formation of the sulfur compounds are in agreement with the generally accepted concepts regarding the environment of the meteorite parent body (ies). The meteorite lipid fraction appears to differ in part from petroleum.
Methodology for the separation o plant lipids and application to spinach leaf and chloroplast lamellae
Authors: Freeman Allen C. , Good Pearl , Davis Harry F. , Chisum Patricia , Fowler Stanley D.
Published: June 2007

Procedures for separation of complex plant lipids and results obtained are reviewed.

Procedures based on DEAE cellulose and silicic acid chromatography, which may be preceded by countercurrent distribution, are presented for separation of the individual glyceroland sphingolipid classes of spinach leaf and chloroplast lamellae. These procedures appear to be generally applicable to photosynthetic tissue of plants and algae.

The separation and infrared spectra of mono‐and digalactosyl diglycerides, lecithin, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl inositol, plant sulfolipid, cerebroside, and sterol glycosides from spinach are recorded. Chloroplast lamellae lipids are in the molar ratio monogalactosyl diglyceride (14.0), digalactosyl diglyceride (8.0), phosphatidyl glycerol (5.5), sulfolipid (3.9), lecithin (2.0), phosphatidyl inositol (1.0). Phosphatidyl ethanolamine, cerebrosides, and sterol glycosides were not detected in chloroplast lamellae. Fatty acid composition of individual lamellae lipids have been determined: The galactosyl lipids contain more than 90% trienoic acids.Trans‐3‐ hexadecenoic acid is restricted almost exclusively to phosphatidyl glycerol.

In this report techniques which have been applied to the isolation of plant glycero‐ and sphingolipids are reviewed and a new scheme presented for the separation of several of the plant lipid classes. Results obtained with spinach leaf and its photosynthetic apparatus are presented and discussed.
Adsorptivity and rinsability of built detergents using radiotracers. I
Authors: Gordon B. E. , Gillies G. A. , Shebs W. T. , Hartwig G. M. , Edwards G. R.
Published: June 2007

Linear, primary alcohol sulfates and linear alkylbenzene sulfonates tagged with radioactive sulfur or, in one case, tritium, were employed to determine adsorptivity and rinsability characteristics.

In the rinsability studies it was found that when using scoured cotton as substrate the linear, primary alcohol sulfates leave a slightly lower residue than the sulfonates. Both surfactants almost reach an equilibrium after the first washdry cycle. The surfactants are present on the surface in a reversibly adsorbed state as shown by exchange experiments with unlabelled surfactants.

In the adsorption experiments, run under the same conditions as the rinsability experiments, Langmuir‐type isotherms are obtained whose equilibrium values are comparable to the rinsability values.

The effect of free detergent alcohol concentration on adsorptivity and rinsability in linear, primary alcohol sulfate built detergent formulations was also studied.
Carbonyls in oxidizing fat. X. Quantitative differences in individual aldehydes isolated from autoxidized lard by mild methods of extraction
Authors: Gaddis A. M. , Ellis Rex , Currie G. T. , Thornton F. E.
Published: June 2007

Major aldehydes characteristic of the oxidation of the unsaturated fatty acids present in lard differed somewhat in proportions isolated by the mild methods of separation. This indicated an extra sensitivity of specific fatty acid primary oxidation products to conditions, and some deviation from the normal in the breakdown caused by the methods. Linolenate primary oxidation products showed the greatest sensitivity to separation conditions and the stage of oxidation. The mild methods differed in the amounts of individual aldehydes separated to a degree dependent on the stage of oxidation. These results favor the Girard T method for the isolation of free aldehydes from autoxidized lard.
Steric configurations of parinaric and punicic acids
Authors: Takagi Toru
Published: June 2007

GLC analysis of the scission products from the fractions separated by silver nitrate‐silicic acid column chromatography of the hydrazine reduced products has shown that parinaric and punicic acids have (cis‐9,rans‐11,trans‐13 andcis‐15) and (cis‐9,trans‐11 andcis‐13) configurations, respectively.
Triterpene alcohols and sterols of vegetable oils
Authors: Fedeli E. , Lanzani A. , Capella P. , Jacini G.
Published: June 2007

Triterpene alcohols and sterols were separated by thin‐layer chromatography and gas‐liquid chromatography from the unsaponifiable fractions of the following 18 vegetable oils: linseed, peanut, olive, rice bran, palm kernel, corn, sesame, oiticica, palm, coconut, rapeseed, grape seed, sunflower, poppy seed, castor, tea seed, cocoa butter and soybean. Two triterpene alcohols, cycloartenol and 24‐methylene cycloartanol, were found in all of the oils except soybean oil, which contained only cycloartenol. Triterpene alcohols such as ॅ‐ and ॆ‐amyrin, euphorbol, butyrospermol and cyclolaudenol also were encountered occasionally. Three sterols, ॆ‐sitosterol, stigmasterol and campesterol were present in all of the oils. In addition a fourth sterol, not yet idenfified, was found in oils of palm, palm kernel and sunflower in varying amounts. This unknown sterol and brassicasterol were found in rapeseed oil in addition to the three sterols that were common to all of the oils studied.
Quantitative fatty acid analysis of vegetable oils by gas‐liquid chromatography
Authors: Craig B. M. , Murty N. L.
Published: June 2007

The fatty acid composition of a number of vegetable oils and of two synthetic mixtures of methyl esters are compared by gas‐liquid chromatography and by standard methods. The calculated iodine values from G.L.P.C. results are in good agreement with measured iodine values and are indicative of the reliability of the G.L.P.C. values. Standard methods gave lower values for linoleic acid and higher values for linolenic acid than did G.L.P.C. This deviation was particularly evident in oils with a high proportion of linolenic acid,e.g., linseed oil. The results of G.L.P.C. are considered to be accurate to within one unit percentage. Thermal stability of the polyester polymers can be improved by using 1,4‐butanediol or ethylene glycol as the polyols instead of diethylene glycol.
Intrinsic viscosity‐number average molecular weight relationship for poly (n‐Octadecyl acrylate) and poly (N‐n‐octadecylacrylamide)
Authors: Jordan Edmund F. , Monroe Harry A. , Artymyshyn Bohdan , Wrigley A. N.
Published: June 2007

Intrinsic viscosity‐number average molecular weight relationships have been measured, at 30C in benzene, for poly (n‐octadecyl acrylate) as [॑]=2.72ȕ10蜢4 Mn0.638 and for poly (N‐n‐octadecylacrylamide) as [॑]=0.82ȕ10蜢4 Mn0.676. Whole polymers of various molecular weights were prepared in benzene solution at 65C with dodecyl mercaptan as primary regulator. By the use of these parameters, the molecular weight of such polymers and their homologs may now be measured by simple solution‐viscosity determinations.

In the expression {} (relating degrees of polymerization {} to the mercaptan/monomer ratio), intercept {} and apparent transfer constant Cs for n‐octadecyl acrylate were 6.28ȕ10蜢3 and 0.68; for N‐n‐octadecylacrylamide 1.10ȕ10蜢3 and 0.62 respectively. These parameters permit preparation of homopolymers of chosen molecular weight.
Water absorption of soybeans
Authors: Smith Allan K. , Nash Arlo M. , Wilson Letta I.
Published: June 2007

The rate of water absorption of U.S. and Japanese soybeans has been measured at 10° and 25°C. and at initial moisture levels ranging from 7.5 to 14.0%. The principal controlling factor in absorption of water is the seed coat. However the rate of water absorption of sound whole beans is also influenced by the initial moisture level in the beans; the lower the moisture the slower the rate of water absortion. The presence of hard beans also reduces the rate of water absorption. U.S. soybeans usually have lower moisture and contain more hard ones than do Japanese beans. These factors are attributed to the climatic differences of the two countries. No fundamental differences were found in the rate of water absorption of U.S. and Japanese soybeans.
Removal of fatty soil from glass by surfactants and surfactant‐builder compositions
Authors: Harris J. C. , Anderson R. M. , Satanek J.
Published: June 2007

Previous papers have reported radiotagged fatty soil removal from glass either by solvents or by aqueous solutions of sodium tripolyphosphate and other builders. This paper provies soil‐removal data for aqueous systems of both pure and built surfactant compositions of the nonionic and alkylbenzene sulfonate types. In general, nonionics are the most effective detergents for the system fatty soil/glass; the 10‐mole ethylene oxide adduct products show peak soil‐removal. Nonionic surfactants appear most effective for soil removal when used in baths closely approaching their cloud‐points. Though modification of hydrophobe by EO addition can affect cloud point, peak soil‐removal effectiveness seems to be controlled by hydrophobe selection. Highest soil removal for the alkylbenzene series occurred with the longer alkyl chain (pentadecyl).

Admixture of surfactant and sodium tripolyphosphate provided synergistic compositions with certain 10‐EO surfactants. Building of anionics markedly improved soil removal over the pure material but seldom exceeded the removal by STP alone.
Preparation and properties of esters of monohydric alcohols and fatty acids of tall oils
Authors: Bauer S. T. , Gill Patricia R. , Price R. E.
Published: June 2007

Esters of pure tall oil fatty acids and commercially available monohydric alcohols were prepared, distilled, and analyzed for pertinent values. The tall oil fatty acid fraction used in the esterification contained approximately 0.6% rosin acids with essentially equal distribution of fatty acids into oleic and linoleic acids. The use of various techniques, such as fast cooling by the addition of cold water to ester solutien, vacuum topping before water washing, and/or use of carbon dioxide as a blanketing gas resulted in the production of light‐colored ester products. These esters, low in acidic impurities and light in color, are another source of chemical intermediates for the preparation of plasticizers, cutting oils, hydraulic fluids, and lubricants.
Analyses of lipids and oxidation products by partition chromatography. Dimeric and polymeric products
Authors: Frankel E. N. , Evans C. D. , Moser Helen A. , McConnell D. G. , Cowan J. C.
Published: June 2007

A liquid‐partition chromatographic method was developed to determine dimers in fats. Silicie acid treated with 20% methanol in benzene served as the immobile phase. A mixture of 2% methanol in benzene was the mobile solvent. Chromatographic separation of free fatty acids from oxidized‐deodorized oils gave three well‐isolated fractions composed of unoxidized acids, dimeric or polymeric fatty acids, and polar fraction (ethyl ether eluate). Recovery of acidic materials from the column was essentially quantitative (96–100%), reproducibility was good, and the standard error of regression was ±0.26.

A linear relationship exists between the dimer content of deodorized soybean oil and the peroxide value of the oil before deodorization. An increase of 1% in dimer concentration corresponds to an increase in peroxide value of approximately 40. Dimer content of different vegetable oils varied from 1 to 3%.

The chromatographic method can be used to estimate the degree of oxidation that an oil has received before deodorization and to follow various phases of fat oxidation, polymerization, and processing.
A new industrial process for cottonseed
Authors: Vaccarino C. , Vaccarino S.
Published: June 2007

Described are the main priciples of a new industrial process that permits the processing of cottouseed, producing a meal virtually free of free gossypol and of bound gossypol both and considerably improving the oil‐refining yields.

A descriptive summary is given of the plant required and of the work cycle followed in the industrial establishment already in production for many years in Italy
New nonionic detergents based on epoxidized oils. II
Authors: Johnson Keith L.
Published: June 2007

The physical and surface‐active properties of alkylolamides prepared from methyl‐9,10‐epoxystearate are discussed. These materials are prepared by reacting methyl‐9,10‐epoxystearate with a polyoxyethylene alcohol to produce the methyl ester of the hydroxyalkoxypolyoxyether substituted carboxylic acid which is subsequently subjected to aminolysis with diethanolamine.

The properties of the derivatives as a function of the molecular weight of the polyoxyethylene alcohol are explored and appear to exhibit critical changes at a value of about 500. All the materials thus prepared exhibit higher water solubility than corresponding N,N‐di(2‐hydroxyethyl) amides and foam somewhat less.

Possible applications for materials such as these include formulation of low‐foam, heavyduty cleaning compounds, both of a liquid and dry type. This would, of course, be especially important in the growing field of automatic liquid dishwater formulations. A need for such materials also exists in heavy‐duty metal cleaning, floor washing, and other heavy‐duty cleaning applications.
Isomeric linear phenylalkanes and sodium alkylbenzenesulfonates
Authors: Smith F. D. , Stirton A. J. , Nunez‐Ponzoa M. V.
Published: June 2007

Linear phenylalkanes made from 12, 14, 16 and 18 carbon ॅ‐olefins and benzene, with aluminum chloride or methanesulfonic acid as the condensing agent, were found by gas‐liquid chromatography of the acetophenone homologs obtained by chromic acid oxidation to be a mixture of all possible internal position isomers.

Product distribution measured by the relative amounts of acetophenone homologs must be corrected in the case of the 2‐ and 3‐phenylalkanes because of unequal oxidative scission and differing ease of oxidation. The 2‐phenyl isomer, formed in largest amount and presumably the highest melting isomer, was separated by low temperature crystallization from acetone.

The phenylalkane product mixtures and the isolated 2‐phenyl isomers were sulfonated and detergent and surface active properties were compared. The sodiump‐alkylbenzenesulfonates from the 2‐phenylalkanes were more biodegradable than the mixtures in the river water die‐away test.
Oligomeric plasticizers from crambe oil‐derived dicarboxylic acids for poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Chang Shu‐Pei , Ridgway Robert W. , Riser George R.
Published: June 2007

Seventeen oligomeric plasticizers were prepared by polyesterification of long chain dicarboxylic acids with propylene glycol and terminator acid or alcohol. All, except one terminated by dodecyl alcohol, were compatible with poly(vinyl chloride). Films plasticizied with these polyesters were similar in transparency and flexibility to films plasticized with bis(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate. Poly(vinyl chloride) sheets containing brassylic acid polyesters withof 2200–2300 or a crambe mixed dicarboxylic acids polyester withof 2100 exhibited superior permanence with overall performance comparable to sheets plasticized with bis(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate commercial polymeric plasticizer.
Effect of wax content on flow properties of rice bran oil
Authors: Ramakrishna P. , Venkatesh K. V. L. , Poornima T. C. , Manohar B.
Published: June 2007

Viscosity of crude rice bran oil with the wax content of 0.23–8.60 (% wt/wt) was measured using a coaxial cylindrical viscometer in the temperature range of 297–333 K. The crude oil behaved like pseudoplastic fluid obeying power law with consistency index k=2.0187×10(su−4) c0.2066 e2815/T and flow behavior index n=0.76, where c is the wax content and T is the temperature in Kelvin. Soy lecithin in the range of 1–2% did not affect the rheological properties.
A sensitive test to evaluate antioxidants in oils and fatty esters
Authors: Kikugawa Kiyomi , Nakahara Takami , Tanaka Masami
Published: June 2007

Efficacy of common lipid antioxidants was evaluated by use of sesamol dimer and hemoglobin (SD method), and the method was compared with traditional peroxide value (POV) method. There were good correlations between the increases in SD and POV values, with different substrate oils and with the different antioxidants. While the POV method requires 500 mg of the substrate oil, the SD method requires less than 10 mg of the oil. The SD method is useful to estimate the potency of antioxidants with a small amount of oils and fatty esters.
Improved apparatus and methods for quantitative hydrogenation
Authors: Pack F. C. , Planck R. W.
Published: June 2007

Improved apparatus and techniques for the measurement of olefinic unsaturation by quantitative hydrogenation are described. These involve use of Mason's sample‐introducing device, ofn‐alkyl esters of mono‐basic fatty acids as solvents, and of palladium‐carbon catalysts, thereby speeding up the determination, improving their precision, and extending their utility.
Hydrogenation of fatty oils
Authors: Hughes J. P.
Published: June 2007

Conclusion

In the brief space available an attempt has been made to survey the theoretical and practical aspects of the hydrogenation of fatty oils. That the view of the field presented was necessarily abridged becomes obvious when it is considered that hydrogenation has become almost a sub‐science of its own. However, despite the large amount of developmental work which has been done on the process and the magnitude of the commercial operations carried out with it, the published literature on hydrogenation is surprisingly meager.
Economics of cottonseed extraction
Authors: Becker K. W. , McCubbin Keator
Published: June 2007

Conclusions

At a differential of 111/2c per pound between oil and hull prices all the processes analyzed are attractive investments. Screw pressing pays off well at a lower annual investment and return, and many processors can look to screw pressing as a profitable stepping stone on the way to a prepress extraction plant.

Among the solvent processes there is little difference when they are compared on the basis of all new equipment, and choice of process will likely depend on considerations of performance and product quality. Prepress extraction based on reconditioned equipment and filtration‐extraction based on rxisting preparation equipment, where they suit the need of the individual processor, show improved returns.
Does successful attainment of developmental tasks lead to happiness and success in later developmental tasks? A test of Havighurst's (1948) theses☆
Authors: Seiffge‐Krenke Inge , Gelhaar Tim
Published: June 2007

This study tested Havighurst's (1948) contention that successful attainment of age‐specific developmental tasks leads to happiness and success in achieving subsequent tasks. A longitudinal study on 146 participants was carried out to investigate the links between developmental progression in adolescence and young adulthood and happiness, which was assessed by two indices: high self‐esteem and low symptomatology. The importance individuals place on achieving normative developmental tasks and current developmental status was assessed six times during adolescence and young adulthood, self‐esteem and symptomatology were assessed five times. Results revealed a shift in the time frames for accomplishing the stage‐specific developmental tasks. Findings with respect to the interrelatedness and progressive attainment partially supported Havighurst's contentions. Although remarkable concurrent links between the two indices of happiness and developmental status were found, developmental outcomes were not predictive for later happiness.
Expression of c‐Fos in the parabrachial nucleus following peripheral nerve injury in rats
Authors: Jergova Stanislava , Kolesar Dalibor , Cizkova Dasa
Published: June 2007

Chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve in rats evokes c‐Fos expression at spinal cord level. Using immunohistochemical methods we studied changes in c‐Fos expression in the brain stem area, which is suggested as one of the major targets of projection neurons in the superficial dorsal horn laminae, i.e., the parabrachial area. During the first week following injury, the animals developed tactile allodynia. At this time we found an increase of c‐Fos positive neurons in the parabrachial area, mainly in the pontine part where the group of c‐Fos immunoreactive neurons was present in the dorsal part of lateral parabrachial subnuclei. The number of c‐Fos positive neurons gradually decreased up to 14 days following CCI. The specific activation of brain stem neurons during onset of mechanical allodynia could underlie the changes in central nociceptive processing following peripheral nerve injury.
The contribution of regional uplift and coseismic slip to the vertical crustal motion in the Messina Straits, southern Italy: Evidence from raised Late Holocene shorelines
Authors: Ferranti Luigi , Monaco Carmelo , Antonioli Fabrizio , Maschio Laura , Kershaw Steve , Verrubbi Vladimiro
Published: June 2007

Detailed mapping and dating of raised Late Holocene shorelines in southern Calabria, central Mediterranean region, reveals that the superposed shoreline record of uplift has both steady and abrupt components. Analysis reveals quantitative constraints may be applied to displacement partitioning between regional and fault‐related sources in a context dominated by forearc uplift and extension above a retreating slab. Rapid displacements of arguable coseismic origin occurred at ∼1.9 and ∼3.5 ka and possibly at ∼5 ka and show a consistent site value, pattern of along‐strike variation, and recurrence time (∼1.6 ka). The source of the rather large (∼1.5–2.0 m) slip per event based on the raised shoreline is not directly known and tentatively coincides with the Scilla extensional fault, which is inferred to run largely offshore. Although large uncertainties exist on the trace location, length, and seismogenic potential of the fault, our findings suggest that a substantial fraction of Holocene displacement is accommodated by coseismic footwall uplift. Precise compensation for sea level changes constrains Late Holocene steady uplift during the interseismic intervals at ∼1 mm/yr, a value consistent with long‐term (0.1–1 Ma) estimates of regional uplift. Thus, Late Holocene total uplift of a ∼20‐km stretch of coastline at ∼1.6–2.1 mm/yr is nearly equally balanced between regional and coseismic components. Appraisal of the present elevation attained by a suite of 125 ka and younger marine terraces indicate that rapid net uplift occurred in two episodes: (1) ∼100–80 ka and (2) after ∼5 ka; given the constancy in regional uplift rate, the two episodes are attributable to enhanced fault slip rate. Efficient seismic strain release was clustered in intervals of 10–20 ka and intercalated with a ∼80‐Ka‐long period of fault quiescence.
Parameterization of scattering and absorption properties of nonspherical ice crystals at microwave frequencies
Authors: Hong Gang
Published: June 2007

The single‐scattering properties of ice crystals are fundamental to the radiative transfer in ice clouds, which thereby are the basis for estimating the optical and microphysical properties of ice clouds. This study computes the scattering and absorption properties of nonspherical ice crystals in ice clouds using the discrete dipole approximation method at frequencies of 89–340 GHz. Six ice crystal habits, including hexagonal column, hollow column, six‐branch bullet rosette, droxtal, aggregate, and plate, ranging in maximum dimensions from 2 to 5500 μm, are considered. The single‐scattering properties of ice crystals are sensitive to their habits. The sensitivity of the angular distribution of the scattering energy to ice crystal habits is also evident and increases with size of ice crystal. The mean scattering properties of ice clouds with two ice crystal habit distributions are computed by averaging the single‐scattering properties over a Gamma particle size distribution. It is found that the mean scattering properties of ice clouds are strongly dependent on ice cloud effective particle size and microwave frequency. The mean scattering properties increase with increasing ice cloud effective particle size and microwave frequency. On the basis of the calculated mean optical properties, parameterizations of the mean scattering efficiency, absorption efficiency, and asymmetry factor as functions of ice cloud effective particle size are developed.
November 2004 space weather events: Real‐time observations and forecasts
Authors: Trichtchenko L. , Zhukov A. , van der Linden R. , Stankov S. M. , Jakowski N. , Stanisławska I. , Juchnikowski G. , Wilkinson P. , Patterson G. , Thomson A. W. P.
Published: June 2007

Space weather events with their solar origin and their distribution through the heliosphere affect the whole magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐Earth system. Their real‐time monitoring and forecasting are important for science and technology. Here we discuss one of the largest space weather events of Solar Cycle 23, in November 2004, which was also one of the most difficult periods to forecast. Nine halo coronal mass ejections (CMEs), interacting on their way through the interplanetary medium and forming two geoeffective interplanetary structures, exemplify the complexity of the event. Real‐time and quasi‐real‐time observations of the ground geomagnetic field show rapid and extensive expansion of the auroral oval to 55° in geomagnetic latitude accompanied by great variability of the ionosphere. Geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) seen in ground networks, such as power grids and pipelines, were significant during the event, although no problems were reported. Forecasts of the CME propagation, global and local ground geomagnetic activity, and ionospheric parameters, issued by several regional warning centers, revealed certain deficiencies in predictions of the interplanetary characteristics of the CME, size of the geomagnetic disturbances, and complexity of the ionospheric variations produced by this event. This paper is a collective report based on the materials presented at the splinter session on November 2004 events during the first European Space Weather Week.
Numerical simulations on artificial reduction of snow and ice ablation
Authors: Olefs M. , Obleitner F.
Published: June 2007

This snow modeling study investigates two methods to artificially reduce ablation in Alpine glacier ski resorts. Using the snow cover model SNTHERM, a first set of sensitivity studies focuses on the potential effects of artificial compaction of snow during winter. In comparison to a reference run representing the natural conditions, a stepwise increase of the model's new snow density toward 500 kg m−3 yields no more than 218 kg m−2 water equivalent being saved at the end of the ablation period. Further studies consider effects of covering the snow surface with different materials in spring. The physical properties and the energetic processes at the model's surface node are parameterized accordingly. The results show that 2489 kg m−2 water equivalent are saved compared to the reference run. Thus 15% of the winter snow cover as well as the whole amount of the underlying glacier ice are preserved. This indicates that surface covering reduces snow and ice ablation more effectively than snow compaction, which is confirmed by field measurements.