bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Kjeldgaard-Pedersen Astrid
Published: September 2018

Chapter 1 first sets the stage by describing, in Section 1.1, the current mainstream approach to the international legal personality of individuals. Section 1.2 then provides a concise outline of the book’s core arguments. Section 1.3 goes on to clarify a number of preliminary caveats, definitions, and assumptions, which form the basis of the analysis in the following chapters. First and foremost, Section 1.3 presents the book’s understanding of the term ‘individuals’, the relationship between international law and domestic law, and the distinction between primary and secondary rules. Lastly, Section 1.4 provides the reader with a guide to the subsequent chapters.
International Legal Personality as a Theoretical Construct
Authors: Kjeldgaard-Pedersen Astrid
Published: September 2018

Chapter 2 identifies and explains the four theoretical conceptions of international legal personality, which will be tested against historical and existing norms of positive international law in Chapters 3–8. With particular focus on the role attributed to the individual as the ultimate subject of international law, the examination will concentrate on selected scholars’ conclusions on the criteria for, and the consequences of acquiring, international legal personality. Moreover, it will address the way in which proponents of the various conceptions perceive the relationship between the international legal order and national legal order(s) and the role of the concept of international legal personality in that regard. Given that a primary aim of the book is to ascertain the position of the individual as a matter of international lex lata, particular attention is given to the two main conceptions of international legal personality, which both claim to be positivist.
The Legal Personality of Individuals in International Human Rights Law
Authors: Kjeldgaard-Pedersen Astrid
Published: September 2018

Following a summary presentation of some key events in the history of international human rights law before the Second World War, Chapter 7 concentrates on one prominent example within the field of international human rights law, namely the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). Section 7.2 deals in turn with three core issues. First, Section 7.2.1 describes the evolution of the procedural status of individuals before the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and assesses the role of the concept of international legal personality in that regard. Section 7.2.2 studies the Court’s practice concerning the interpretation of the ECHR, including the margin of appreciation doctrine. Finally, Section 7.2.3 analyses the practice of the ECtHR as regards the place of the Convention in the international legal system.
The Legal Personality of Individuals in International Economic Law
Authors: Kjeldgaard-Pedersen Astrid
Published: September 2018

Under the umbrella of international economic law, Chapter 8 begins in Section 8.1 by examining the relationship between the concept of international legal personality and positive international norms pertaining to ‘State contracts’. Section 8.2 then studies the field of international investment law, which (unlike, for instance, international trade law) is characterized by a considerable degree of involvement of the individual investor. Section 8.3 goes on to discuss some pertinent aspects of EU law in relation to the international legal personality of individuals. EU law is not commonly regarded as a part of international (economic) law, but rather as ‘a new legal order’ of its own. EU law is nevertheless included here as the point is to challenge the popular conception of EU law as separate from the international legal system, and to illustrate that this notion rests, at least in part, on the orthodox ‘States-only’ conception of international legal personality.
Conclusion
Authors: Kjeldgaard-Pedersen Astrid
Published: September 2018

Chapter 9 reiterates and reflects on the overall conclusions of the previous chapters: (1) that positive international law has consistently supported Kelsen’s ‘a posteriori’ conception of international legal personality; (2) that, consequently, the international legal personality of any entity is solely a matter of (presumption-free) interpretation of international norms; and (3) that we must abandon both the widespread presumption against direct individual rights and obligations (in accordance with the ‘modified States-only’ conception of international legal personality) and the use of the orthodox ‘States-only’ conception of international legal personality as means to distinguish between international law and national law.
Introduction
Authors: Ortaçgil Ercüment H.
Published: September 2018

This introductory chapter explain the unique feature of this book that makes it different from the classical books on the subject.
ε‎-Invariance
Authors: Ortaçgil Ercüment H.
Published: September 2018

The discussions up to Chapter 4 have been concerned with the Lie group. In this chapter, the Lie algebra is constructed by defining the operators ∇ and ∇̃.
The Structure Object
Authors: Ortaçgil Ercüment H.
Published: September 2018

In this chapter, which ends Part I on the fundamental concepts, the theory developed so far is compared with the classical one via the Maurer–Cartan form.
Deformations
Authors: Ortaçgil Ercüment H.
Published: September 2018

The “cohomology set” defined in Chapter 8 has a very rich structure, and the main purpose of this chapter is to define a “tangent vector” to this set.
The de Rham Cohomology of an LLG
Authors: Ortaçgil Ercüment H.
Published: September 2018

This chapter is a preparation for Chapter 11, which is a continuation of Chapter 9. It reformulates some known facts in the new setup.
The Secondary Characteristic Classes
Authors: Ortaçgil Ercüment H.
Published: September 2018

Changing the representation bundle from T to T ⊗ T∗ gives a sequence where both torsion and curvature live. Vanishing of the curvature gives rise to some closed forms.
The Homogeneous Flow
Authors: Ortaçgil Ercüment H.
Published: September 2018

In this chapter, a second-order nonlinear evolution equation is constructed that starts with any parallelism as initial condition and flows in the direction of a parallelism with vanishing curvature. The existence of unique short-time solutions is proved.
The Symmetry Group
Authors: Ortaçgil Ercüment H.
Published: September 2018

This chapter, which ends Part II on some consequences of the new approach, introduces an alternative prolongation theory of Klein geometries that is more geometric and intuitive than the well-known prolongation theory of a linear Lie algebra developed by Guillemin, Singer, and Sternberg.
Curvature and Generalized PHGs
Authors: Ortaçgil Ercüment H.
Published: September 2018

Even though it is quite clear at this stage what curvature means, its technical definition turns out to be problematic, since it needs a technical assumption. However, this assumption forces a projective structure to be flat, and it becomes necessary to modify the approach adopted so far.
“The same old mouldy words”
Authors: McNaughton James
Published: September 2018

Chapter 1 develops Beckett’s “Politics of Aftermath.” In letters, Beckett expresses mistrust of “the usual” political positions, a mistrust rooted less in disengagement than in how political language loses its capacity to properly evaluate. Beckett learned these lessons crisply in the Irish Free State, and he applies them to political claims made for modernism and the avant-garde. More, he brings his frustration with exhausted conceptual models into his fiction. With new readings of More Pricks than Kicks, this chapter shows how Beckett’s collection fictionalizes sensational aspects of Irish political history, in particular state executions and big-house fires, the better to critique the Free State’s inability to examine its foundational violence and to warn against fascism emerging across Europe. Beckett’s personal attention to slogan and cliché and, in his creative writing, to the erasure of historical reference and the evacuation of political meanings, are specific analytical responses to encrusted political interpretations.
“Echo’s Bones”
Authors: McNaughton James
Published: September 2018

The once-censored “Echo’s Bones” demonstrates how fully Beckett’s creative imagination responds to the crisis of political commitment in the 1930s. “Echo’s Bones” satirizes recent Irish revolutionary history in the context of longer European literary and political traditions, the French and Russian revolutions. It skewers Yeatsian Ascendancy sympathies, and it engages James Joyce’s narrative politics as well. In addition, the story deserves careful analysis because Beckett links formal invention to political critique with techniques that his later, maturer work will adapt. These techniques include making conservative political and religious salvations ironically literal, corporeal, and sexual. This bawdy sexual approach to political modernity allies Beckett with writers such as the Marquis de Sade: interested in comically overthrowing societal expectations, coded as rigid sexual mores and abuses, Beckett’s story is nevertheless unclear about the benefits and basis for securing morality, freedom, or fulfillment through revolutionary politics and sexual liberation.
Taking Them at their Word
Authors: McNaughton James
Published: September 2018

This chapter works in two directions. First, it examines how Beckett’s artistic techniques reflect political aspiration. Beckett’s literalizing techniques—for instance, his making ironically literal, corporeal, and physical various rhetorics—partly reflect and engage a fear about political power: that authoritarian power aims to have the leader’s words enacted, something Beckett notes in Nazi Germany. Second, the chapter examines how Beckett has narrators perform the reverse: how they aim to preserve words and categories from denotations acquired by recent historical violence. In Malone Dies, the narrator seeks to contain connotations safely for aesthetic meanings that anesthetize the past. But Beckett has Malone fail. And this dynamic—where a narrator tries to neutralize violent history on the level of interpretation while sentences nevertheless have it resurface—expresses The Three Novels’ mistrust for aesthetic attempts to process trauma and dramatizes the complicity of art and language in covering up the past.
Introduction
Authors: Chalabi Azadeh
Published: September 2018

This book deals with human rights action planning from theoretical, doctrinal, empirical, and practical perspectives. It is structured into four parts and seven chapters. The first part is composed of two chapters that advance a novel general theory of human rights planning including four sub-theories. The second part, which contains two chapters, presents the results of a content analysis of all the nine core human rights conventions revealing the scope and nature of the obligation of the states to adopt a plan of action for implementing human rights. The third part, including one chapter, provides the empirical findings of a cross-case analysis of national human rights action plans of fifty-three countries exploring the major problems of these plans in different phases of planning and uncovering the underlying causes of these problems. The last part, which consists of two chapters, examines both national and supra-national human rights governance, setting out how these plans should be best developed, implemented, monitored, and how to maximize their effectiveness both at the national and international level.
Compliance with the Obligation to Adopt a NHRAP
Authors: Chalabi Azadeh
Published: September 2018

Part II, ‘Doctrinal Perspectives’, is structured in two chapters: Chapter 3 and Chapter 4. Chapter 4, which is concerned with the state’s compliance with the obligation to adopt a National Human Rights Action Plan (NHRAP), addresses two sets of questions. The first section of Chapter 4 examines the question as to whether states are expected to adopt separate rights-specific action plans or just one global action plan covering all the rights (and rights-related topics) at once. By adopting a mixed methods approach, including a qualitative textual analysis, a quantitative content analysis, and a fuzzy-set method, the second section of this chapter attempts to clarify the ‘obligation to take all appropriate measures’ (OTAAM) from which the obligation to adopt a national human rights action plan is derived. It seeks to address the questions as to what ‘measure’ and ‘appropriateness’ mean in international human rights law? How to determine the degree of appropriateness of each measure taken by the state?
The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
Authors: Oosterhoff Richard
Published: September 2018

As one of the great Renaissance champions of Aristotle, Lefèvre might be expected to be wary of mathematics in natural philosophy. As humanists, Lefèvre and his circle might be expected to avoid subjects such as the latitude of forms. Yet in certain dialogues Lefèvre offered an explicit rehabilitation of scholastic mathematical physics. This text assumed a metaphysics of making which allowed Lefèvre, Bovelles, and others to think of mathematical objects as relating to physical causes. They provide an account of knowing as making that responded to fifteenth-century concern about the balance of the active and the contemplative lives. These central moves in the making of a mathematical physics are the subject of this chapter.
Epilogue
Authors: Oosterhoff Richard
Published: September 2018

The moment unfolded in this book unravelled in the following decades, partly because its students moved on, partly because Lefèvre took up a controversial role in the French Reformation. But his circle’s books continued to cultivate a particular approach to learning, and especially to the cultural place of mathematics, through the sixteenth century. This epilogue picks out a specialist strand of this influence in Lefèvre’s edition of Euclid, often reprinted and used in the republic of letters. A second strand is discernible in the pragmatic stance towards the utility of mathematics held by their heirs, Oronce Fine and Peter Ramus, which came to define European culture.
Introduction
Authors: Ram-Prasad Chakravarthi
Published: September 2018

The Introduction outlines the various chapters. It then situates the question of ‘body’ in the modern Western philosophical tradition following Descartes, and argues that this leaves subsequent responses to come under one of three options: metaphysical dualism of body and subject; any anti-dualist reductionism; or the overcoming of the divide. Describing the Phenomenology of Merleau-Ponty as a potent example of the third strategy, the Introduction then suggests his philosophy will function as foil to the ecological phenomenology developed and presented in the book. Moreover, one approach within the Western Phenomenological tradition, of treating phenomenology as a methodology for the clarification of experience (rather than the means to the determination of an ontology of the subject) is compared to the approach in this book. Since classical India, while understanding dualism, did not confront the challenge of Descartes (for better or for worse), its treatment of body follows a different trajectory.
The Body in Illness and Health
Authors: Ram-Prasad Chakravarthi
Published: September 2018

This chapter is on the Caraka Saṃhitā (1st–2nd century CE), focussing on The Ordinary Person, within the Section on Body. Here, the text steps back from actual medical issues to explore exactly who the human being is that is the subject of treatment. The text’s explicit objective is the healthy and long life, and while it strives to articulate the nature of illness and health, it perforce expresses what it is to be a (healthy or ill) person. Within that expression is contained a view of the human being as a bodily being. Such a bodily being is constituted ecologically, by a network of reflexive phenomenological states that occur across (i) a compositional material locus (the narrowly construed ‘body’), (ii) the clinical interaction of physician and patient (which are lines of intersubjective affect), and (iii) a normative social life of conduct (that influence the very constitution of the whole human).
The Gendered Body
Authors: Ram-Prasad Chakravarthi
Published: September 2018

This chapter deals with an episode in The Book of Peace of the Mahābhārata in which a spiritually powerful yet protean almswoman, Sulabhā, encounters a King Janaka. It enquires into what Janaka’s declamation against Sulabhā says about masculinist ideas of gender, body, and normativity, and how her responses lay out considerations about gender—how her bodily appearance determines her reception, an account of being human that accepts but renders contingent the bodily marks of sex, an outline of spiritual transcendence that is deliberately universalistic, and a tantalizing glimpse of how she has worked with and through her gendered bodily presence to attain a socially significant emancipation from those normative limits. The framing within the story, which is sympathetic to her and leaves her unambiguously victorious, prompts certain considerations about the potential for this story about gendered experience to contribute to contemporary discussions about the role of gender in bodily identity.
Concrete Particular Objects
Authors: Koslicki Kathrin
Published: September 2018

This chapter reviews existing approaches to the metaphysics of concrete particular objects and positions the doctrine of hylomorphism with respect to competing accounts. The literature is divided over whether concrete particular objects are or are not further analyzable into constituents which do not themselves belong to the ontological category of concrete particular objects and in terms of which the character of these latter entities is to be explained. This chapter briefly surveys constituent ontologies (e.g., bundle theories or substratum theories) as well as non-constituent ontologies (e.g., Platonism or austere nominalism) and discusses prominent objections that have been raised against these accounts. These considerations in turn give rise to a set of desiderata and decision points which guide the development of a hylomorphic analysis of concrete particular objects in subsequent chapters.
Matter
Authors: Koslicki Kathrin
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the question of how hylomorphists should conceive of the matter composing concrete particular objects. It considers three conceptions of matter: the traditional Thomistic doctrine of prime matter, as developed by David Oderberg; the matter-as-stuff hypothesis, as defended by Jeffrey Brower and Ned Markosian; and the hylomorphic conception of matter, according to which the matter of a concrete particular object is nothing other than its material parts and these are themselves conceived of as matter–form compounds, unless or until we reach an empirically confirmed level in the compositional hierarchy at which the hylomorphic analysis no longer applies. The chapter argues that the prime-matter hypothesis and the matter-as-stuff hypothesis give rise to a number of difficulties and concludes that the third, hylomorphic, conception of matter is therefore preferable to the previous two.
Ontological Dependence
Authors: Koslicki Kathrin
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on the question of whether concrete particular objects deserve to be classified as substances within a hylomorphic ontology, despite their metaphysical complexity, and, if so, according to what criterion of substancehood or “ontological privilege.” It is common to conceive of the substances as ontologically independent, following some preferred sense of “independence.” But what is this sense of “ontological independence” and do matter–form compounds qualify as substances when this notion is applied to them? This chapter discusses various relations defined in the literature under the heading of ontological dependence, beginning with existential construals of ontological dependence and turning next to construals of ontological dependence that are formulated in terms of a non-modal conception of essence. When evaluated against various plausible measures of success, it turns out that even the most promising candidate relations are open to objections.
Dopamine as the dependent variable
Authors: Beninger Richard J.
Published: September 2018

Dopamine as the dependent variable discusses how postmortem biochemistry, intracerebral microdialysis, electrophysiological recording, in vivo electrochemistry, and positron emission tomography studies provide compelling evidence that dopaminergic neurons are activated by primary rewarding stimuli including food and water and by numerous conditioned incentives, including money. Early in training, primary rewarding stimuli activate dopaminergic neurons. When a cue is reliably paired with a primary rewarding stimulus over trials, the dopamine response begins to be seen upon presentation of the cue and eventually is not seen upon presentation of the primary rewarding stimulus when it follows the cue. These conditioned cues acquire the ability to act as rewarding stimuli that can produce incentive learning. If conditioned incentive stimuli are repeatedly presented in the absence of primary incentive stimuli, they gradually lose their ability to elicit approach and other responses and to act as rewarding stimuli by producing incentive learning in their own right.
Dopamine and inverse incentive learning
Authors: Beninger Richard J.
Published: September 2018

Dopamine and inverse incentive learning explains that dopamine determines an incentive–value continuum. Novel and intense stimuli innately produce rapid dopamine neurons activation followed by inhibition. The repeated presentation of novel stimuli leads to a loss of this effect. Aversive stimuli, biologically important by definition, often deactivate dopamine neurons and may produce inverse incentive learning, leading to conditioned inverse incentive stimuli with decreased ability to elicit approach and other responses. The offset of aversion may increase the firing of dopamine neurons producing incentive learning about safety-related stimuli. Habituation to stimuli enhances their ability to produce inverse incentive learning, suggesting that inverse incentive learning may occur during habituation. In the end, there may be no “neutral” stimuli, only stimuli that lie on a continuum of incentive value from strong conditioned incentive stimuli to strong conditioned inverse incentive stimuli with most of the things we encounter in day-to-day life falling in between.
Dopamine receptor subtypes and incentive learning
Authors: Beninger Richard J.
Published: September 2018

Dopamine receptor subtypes and incentive learning explains that dopamine receptors are G protein-coupled and form two families: D1-like receptors, including D1 and D5, stimulate adenylyl cyclase and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP); D2-like receptors, including D2, D3, and D4, inhibit cAMP. Antipsychotic medications are dopamine receptor antagonists and their clinical potency is strongly correlated with blockade of D2 receptors, implicating overactivity of D2 receptors in psychosis in schizophrenia. D1- and D2-like receptors appear to be involved in unconditioned locomotor activity and incentive learning. D1-like receptors are implicated more strongly in incentive learning and D2-like receptors more strongly in locomotion. D3 receptors may play a relatively greater role in expression than acquisition of incentive learning. Dopamine receptor subtypes form heteromers with each other and with the receptors of other neurotransmitters (e.g., glutamate, adenosine, ghrelin) and the signaling properties of these heteromers can differ from those of either receptor in isolation.
Dopamine and social cooperation
Authors: Beninger Richard J.
Published: September 2018

Dopamine and social cooperation describes how, in humans, dopamine-innervated brain areas or cell body regions are activated during cooperative social interactions, suggesting that social stimuli may be primary incentive stimuli. Lactating female rats lever press for access to their pups, nucleus accumbens dopamine is released during maternal behavior, and accumbens dopamine lesions decrease maternal behavior, implicating incentive learning in maternal care. Adult male Syrian hamsters learn a preference for a place associated with a female scent that increases nucleus accumbens dopamine and a dopamine receptor antagonist blocks the learning implicating dopamine in incentive learning in sexually mature males. In songbirds, striatal dopamine release is associated with directed song used to attract a mate; dopamine may influence the incentive value of the mate. Dopamine is linked to social behavior in reptiles, amphibians, fish, and insects. Dopamine-mediated incentive learning may contribute to the organization of socially cooperative behavior in many species.
Schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Beninger Richard J.
Published: September 2018

Schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) discusses how hyperactive dopaminergic neurotransmission appears to underlie schizophrenia’s positive symptoms, loss of dopaminergic neurons in adulthood leads to Parkinson’s disease, and dopamine neuron hypofunction in childhood and adolescence may underlie ADHD. Positive schizophrenia symptoms may arise from excessive incentive learning that is gradually lost with antipsychotic treatment. Declarative learning and memory may contribute to delusions based on excessive incentive learning. Loss of responsiveness to environmental stimuli in Parkinson’s may result from a decrease of their conditioned incentive value and inverse incentive learning. Conditioned incentive stimuli not encountered while in a state of decreased dopaminergic neurotransmission may retain their incentive value, producing apparent kinesia paradoxa. Dopamine hypofunction in juveniles does not lead to hypokinesia but may result in loss of incentive learning that focuses attention. Pro-dopaminergic drugs have a calming effect in ADHD, presumably because they reinstate normal incentive learning.
Drug abuse and incentive learning
Authors: Beninger Richard J.
Published: September 2018

Drug abuse and incentive learning explains how abused drugs, including nicotine, ethanol, marijuana, amphetamine, cocaine, morphine, and heroin, produce conditioned place preference and are self-administered; dopamine receptor antagonists block these effects. Stimuli that become reliable predictors of drug reward produce burst firing in dopaminergic neurons, but the drug retains its ability to activate dopaminergic neurons. Thus, repeated drug users experience two activations of dopaminergic neurotransmission, one upon exposure to the conditioned stimuli signaling the drug and another upon taking the drug. This may lead to long-term neurobiological changes that contribute to withdrawal and addiction. Withdrawal can be remediated by abstinence but this does not reduce the conditioned incentive value of cues associated with drug taking; those cues can lead to relapse. Effective treatment will include detoxification and systematic exposure to drug taking-associated conditioned incentive stimuli in the absence of drug so that those stimuli lose their ability to control responses.
Mechanisms of dopamine-mediated incentive learning
Authors: Beninger Richard J.
Published: September 2018

Mechanisms of dopamine-mediated incentive learning explains how sensory events, resulting from an animal’s movement and the environment, activate cortical glutamatergic projections to dendritic spines of striatal medium spiny neurons to initiate a wave of phosphorylation. If no rewarding stimulus is encountered, a subsequent wave of phosphatase activity undoes the phosphorylation. If a rewarding stimulus is encountered, dopamine initiates a cascade of events in D1 receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons that may prevent the phosphatase effects and work synergistically with signaling events produced by glutamate. As a result, corticostriatal synapses have a greater impact on response systems; this may be part of the mechanism of incentive learning. Dopamine acting on dendritic spines of D2 receptor-expressing medium spiny neurons may prevent synaptic strengthening by inhibiting adenosine signaling; these synapses may be weakened through mechanisms involving endocannabinoids. When dopamine concentrations drop, e.g. during negative prediction errors, the opposite may occur, producing inverse incentive learning.
Introduction
Authors: Jones Chris
Published: September 2018

This introductory chapter contextualizes the philological study of language during the nineteenth century as a branch of the evolutionary sciences. It sketches in outline the two phases of poetic Anglo-Saxonism for which the rest of the book will subsequently argue in more detail. Moreover, the relationship between Anglo-Saxonism and nineteenth-century medievalism more generally is articulated, and historical analogies are drawn between nineteenth-century Anglo-Saxonism and more recent political events in the Anglophone world. Finally, the scholarly contribution of Fossil Poetry itself is contextualized within English Studies; it is argued that ‘reception’ is one of the primary objects of Anglo-Saxon or Old English studies, and not merely a secondary object of that field’s study.
The Constant Roots of English Song
Authors: Jones Chris
Published: September 2018

This chapter documents a wide variety of nineteenth-century Anglo-Saxon poems, real, mediated, and imaginary, that both contributed and conformed to a pattern of understanding that insisted on English literary culture as essential and unchanging. The chapter begins with more examples of ‘Saxon’ poems from Scott’s Ivanhoe, examples which more conventionally typify the early nineteenth-century construction of Anglo-Saxon than Ulrica’s Hymn. The editorial and translational choices made by John and William Conybeare in Illustrations of Anglo-Saxon Poetry receive close scrutiny, and the invention of the ‘Anglo-Saxon ballad’ is charted across the course of the chapter. Milton is argued to have been a de facto Anglo-Saxonist poet to the Victorians, and close readings of Anglo-Saxon poems by Wordsworth and Longfellow are pursued, with an allusion to The Battle of Brunanburh being advanced for Wordsworth’s sonnet on the ‘Saxon Conquest’.
Slaying the Jabberwock
Authors: Jones Chris
Published: September 2018

In this brief ‘Inter-chapter’ it is argued that Lewis Carroll’s poem ‘Jabberwocky’ is a late parody of the first phase of nineteenth-century poetic Anglo-Saxonism. The slaying of the monster in Carroll’s poem is used as a conceit to mark the end of the first model described in Fossil Poetry.
Fossil Poems and the New Philology
Authors: Jones Chris
Published: September 2018

This chapter argues that a second phase of poetic Anglo-Saxonism began to overtake the first as the science of the New Philology began to make itself felt from the 1830s onwards. This rendered obsolete the first model of Anglo-Saxon as the living root of English literary tradition. Instead poets began to tap the etymological meaning of modern English words of Anglo-Saxon origin, as well to resurrect extinct words and grammatical forms from Anglo-Saxon. New readings of Walt Whitman and William Morris are made on the basis of unpublished manuscript evidence and William Barnes is identified as the first post-medieval poet to consciously imitate the alliterative rules of Anglo-Saxon poetry.
‘From scarped cliff and quarried stone a thousand types gone’
Authors: Jones Chris
Published: September 2018

Tennyson’s knowledge of Anglo-Saxon is reassessed in order to disprove the common opinion that he had only rudimentary knowledge of the language, and relied mainly on his son’s prose translation of The Battle of Brunanburh in order to make a poetic version of that text. Detailed examination of manuscript evidence proves that Tennyson applied himself to serious and sustained study of Anglo-Saxon, and this chapter identifies for the first time texts, including dictionaries, that he used to teach himself Anglo-Saxon. It is argued that Tennyson’s poetry exhibits traits of both phases of nineteenth-century Anglo-Saxonism that Fossil Poetry identifies. The chapter closes by reading the Anglo-Saxonist etymological layer of several poems by Tennyson, including In Memoriam.
Conclusion and Coda
Authors: Jones Chris
Published: September 2018

In the Conclusion arguments are drawn together and the relevance of Anglo-Saxon reception studies to contemporary political events in 2017 is emphasized. It is argued that ‘Anglo-Saxon poetry’ is as much a category of discourse as it is a body of literature, and one which is continually in motion. The career of fossilist Mary Anning and her posthumous reception is invoked as analogous to the evolving construction of the past. Thomas Hardy’s knowledge of philology and Anglo-Saxon is briefly considered before Fossil Poetry concludes by critiquing Jones’s earlier book Strange Likeness and the way it figured Old English within modern poetic tradition.
The Logic of Supranational Organization
Authors: Egeberg Morten , Trondal Jarle
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses ‘experiments’ in building supranational organization. Classical international organizations are formally governed by ministers who have their primary institutional affiliation at the national level. The European Commission, on the other hand, represents a notable organizational innovation in the way that executive politicians at the top, i.e. the commissioners, have their primary organizational affiliation at the supranational level. Thus, the Commission constitutes a ‘laboratory’ for experiments in supranational organization-building. The chapter asks what the relative importance is of nationality and organizational position as regards explaining organizational behaviour. The chapter shows that nationality plays a minor role among Commission officials. Nationality matters somewhat more regarding commissioners’ behaviour, but makes up only one of several components of their highly compound role, thus making behaviour at the top of the Commission qualitatively different from behaviour in e.g. the European Council.
Political Steering and Bureaucratic Autonomy
Authors: Egeberg Morten , Trondal Jarle
Published: September 2018

This chapter draws attention to the effects of vertical specialization of organizations and how it affects public governance. The chapter documents that agency officials pay significantly less attention to signals from executive politicians than their counterparts within ministerial (cabinet-level) departments. This finding also holds when controlling for variation in tasks, the political salience of issue areas, and officials’ rank. In addition, it is documented that the greater the organizational capacity available within the respective ministerial departments, the more agency personnel tend to assign weight to signals from the political leadership. Expert concerns are strongly emphasized at both levels; however, agency personnel are more sensitive to the influence of affected parties. The chapter applies large-N questionnaire data at four points in time (1986, 1996, 2006, and 2016) that spans three decades and shifting administrative doctrines: New Public Management as well as post-New Public Management.
Organizing Public Governance
Authors: Egeberg Morten , Trondal Jarle
Published: September 2018

Chapter 9 concludes the volume by offering the contours of a design approach in political science. The ambition is to use insights from the volume to set out design implications from an organizational approach to public governance. The chapter thus draws a middle ground in an old turf war in organization studies and public administration between science and craft. Insights into how organizational factors affect public governance is a necessary precondition for using organization theory to meta-govern. This concluding chapter advocates that organization theory as craft requires organization theory as science. Understanding and design are thus complementary and not opposed, as is too often assumed.
Christian Radicalism and the Hope of Transcending ‘Religion’
Authors: Brewitt-Taylor Sam
Published: September 2018

This chapter outlines the radical Anglican contribution to the ‘secularization’ metanarrative, which suddenly achieved cultural dominance in British discussion in the early 1960s. During the early Cold War, it had been widely assumed that ‘religious decline’ was a regressive phenomenon, fatally detrimental to human freedom, as apparently exemplified by the Soviet Union. From the late 1950s, however, Anglican radicals drew on Christian eschatology to propagate a radically alternative vision, which interpreted recent declines in ‘religion’ as evidence of humanity’s permanent transition into an unprecedented new ‘secular age’. Once this interpretation had achieved wide circulation in the British media, it broke free from its theological origins, entering both British conventional wisdom and conventional sociology. From the early 1960s, the secularization narrative was increasingly widely enacted in British culture, as more and more people imagined themselves and their society as being unprecedentedly and permanently non-religious.
Conclusion
Authors: Brewitt-Taylor Sam
Published: September 2018

This chapter concludes that the early stages of Britain’s Sixties moral revolution were importantly influenced by metanarratives derived from Christian eschatology. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, during the Cold War’s ‘years of maximum danger’, radical clergymen used their clerical cultural privileges to reimagine Britain as a ‘secular’ society, and to contribute to the wider envisioning of modern secularity as globalist, anti-authoritarian, antinomian, and egalitarian. Only from the mid-1960s were Britain’s various secular thinkers and activists able decisively to develop Britain’s moral revolution in their own ways. The book concludes that Britain’s ‘secular revolution’ was not a natural outcome of ‘modernization’, but a culturally specific invention. Since British moral culture had long been shaped by Christianity, and since British Christianity was still culturally strong in 1960, it was always likely that Britain’s newly dominant ‘secular’ moral culture would be, to a significant extent, path-dependent on developments within British Christianity.
Merciful Demand
Authors: Hause Jeffrey
Published: September 2018

In the late twelfth and early thirteenth century, increasingly sophisticated ethical thought made its way out of the theology texts and into pastoral guides and sermons, making it possible for a greater number of ethically informed lay people to share pastoral responsibility. One exercise of this responsibility was fraternal correction, through which a person, motivated by charity, rebukes a neighbor for his or her wrongdoing. This essay argues that the practice of fraternal correction is in fact a sort of blaming, since it includes a judgment of blameworthiness and opprobrium for the offender’s bad choice, moral address directed to the offender, the demand for a response, and holding the offender accountable. However, in contrast to other forms of blame, the source of the offender’s accountability to the corrector in fraternal correction is the social system created by the exercise of mercy.
Marguerite Porete and Godfrey of Fontaines
Authors: King Peter
Published: September 2018

This paper argues that Marguerite Porete asked Godfrey of Fontaines to endorse her book, The Mirror of Simple Souls, because they shared three views in common. The first view is that the will is only contingently connected to the intellect and can be detached from it. The second view is that the traditional moral virtues are neither necessary nor sufficient for right action. The third view is that love has the power to literally transform one’s self. The first is unique to Godfrey, the second part of a shift in the medieval understanding of the role of virtue in ethical theory, and the third in many respects is a commonplace. Marguerite’s choice of Godfrey to sanction her treatise was therefore well motivated on doctrinal, not merely political, grounds.
Aristotle and John Buridan on the Individuation of Causal Powers
Authors: Löwe Can Laurens
Published: September 2018

This paper examines Aristotle’s account of the individuation of causal powers, which dominated much of scholastic thought about powers, and argues that John Buridan rejected it. It contends that Buridan criticizes Aristotle’s account on two counts. First, he attacks Aristotle’s view that we ought to individuate powers by appeal to their respective activities. Second, Buridan objects to Aristotle’s “single-track” account, which correlates one type of power with only one type of activity. Against this, it is argued, Buridan adopts a multi-track approach, according to which a single power type may be correlated with many different types of activities. The paper claims that the basic idea of Buridan’s multi-track view is still defensible today, and can be viewed as a viable alternative to the contemporary single-track account of power individuation defended, for instance, by Jonathan Lowe.
On Doctrine and Devotion
Authors: Lutjeharms Rembert
Published: September 2018

Chapter 2 gives an outline of Kavikarṇapūra’s theology, and demonstrates how he derives much of his thought from Śrīnātha. This chapter is structured around an important section of the Caitanya‐candrodaya, in which Kavikarṇapūra presents his theology through the character of Sārvabhauma Bhaṭṭācārya—a historical figure; he was one of the leading scholars at Pratāparudra’s court and is said to have been a disciple of Caitanya. The chapter gives particular importance to Kavikarṇapūra’s understanding of God (as both Kṛṣṇa and Caitanya), and to his theology of devotion, in which his practice of poetry should be placed.
On Rasa
Authors: Lutjeharms Rembert
Published: September 2018

A key concept in the Caitanya Vaiṣṇava theology of devotion is rasa. Chapter 3 explores Kavikarṇapūra’s understanding of rasa. The concept is first articulated by Bharata in the Nāṭya‐śāstra, the most influential treatise on dramaturgy. The earliest authors on rasa saw it as a heightened form of the main emotion of a literary work’s characters, but from the tenth century it is also used to explain the audience’s response to a work. Kavikarṇapūra draws on these concepts of rasa, and formulates a rasa theory that reinterprets the earlier authors (particularly Bhoja) through the ideas of the later authors (particularly Viśvanātha Kavirāja) and attempts to allow both views of rasa to function independently of each other, in the same poetics. This chapter also traces the origins of Kavikarṇapūra’s views on devotional rasa (bhakti‐rasa), through the works of Vopadeva, Hemādri, and his own guru Śrīnātha, and explores the way his theology influenced his views on rasa.
On Poetic Language
Authors: Lutjeharms Rembert
Published: September 2018

In Kavikarṇapūra’s poetics, rasa is seen as the ‘soul’ of poetry. Chapter 4 attempts to understand how the language of poetry can embody this soul. I start with Kavikarṇapūra’s eclectic philosophy of language, and then examine his poetics proper, as presented in the Alaṃkāra‐kaustubha: his views on suggestion (dhvani), literary excellences (guṇa), figures of speech (alaṃkāra), style (rīti), and literary defects (doṣa). I compare and contrast Kavikarṇapūra’s understanding of these with those of earlier authors, and demonstrate that Kavikarṇapūra particularly draws on Vāmana, a ninth‐century theorist, and gives prominence to the excellences and style—the core ideas of Vāmana’s poetics—to formulate a poetics that prizes phonetic ornamentation.
Strength and Warranties of Skill
Authors: Lopes Dominic McIver
Published: September 2018

The main argument for the network theory of aesthetic value is that it better explains the facts about aesthetic activity than does its rival, aesthetic hedonism. The network theory states what makes it the case that an aesthetic value is reason-giving: it figures in a fact that lends weight to the proposition that it would be an aesthetic achievement for an agent to act. An aesthetic achievement is an act that succeeds as a result of the exercise of an aesthetic competence seated in the agent. Core aesthetic competence is competence in aesthetic evaluation. Aesthetic meta-competence is competence in selecting opportunities for acting aesthetically. An aesthetic expert is an agent who has competence for aesthetic achievement.
Endless to Dispute
Authors: Lopes Dominic McIver
Published: September 2018

Many philosophers take it to be a central datum in theorizing about aesthetic value that there is something special about aesthetic disputes, which points the way to a correct semantics for aesthetic discourse. Five facts about aesthetic discourse need to be explained: aesthetic disputes are disagreements, they are faultless, they track social boundaries, they principally target properties of items and secondarily traits of judges, and they persist. The chapter argues that a contextualist semantics better fits the facts than does a relativist semantics. The network theory predicts a contextualist semantics: the main point of aesthetic disputes is for agents to coordinate on which aesthetic practice they are participating in. Sometimes, in doing so, they change the practice.
Beauty, Naturally
Authors: Lopes Dominic McIver
Published: September 2018

Like aesthetic hedonism, the network theory assumes aesthetic value realism. The chapter argues for aesthetic naturalism without appeal to aesthetic non-cognitivism or aesthetic nihilism. First, aesthetic normativity reduces to achievement normativity. Second, aesthetic value facts are grounded in non-aesthetic facts. Grounding, by contrast with supervenience, provides for metaphysical explanations of the very kind that we seek in order to understand and to manipulate aesthetic value in the world. Many philosophers fret about whether or not aesthetic value facts are subjective (response-constituted). A distinction between what grounds aesthetic value facts and what anchors aesthetic practices makes clear how aesthetic values are anthropocentric, but not response-constituted.
Introduction
Authors: Hardy Duncan
Published: September 2018

Interpretations of the Holy Roman Empire have always been fraught and contested, particularly regarding the late medieval and early modern period. German historians have offered two main interpretations of the Empire in recent decades. The first sees it as a patchwork of territorial states, and the second as a Reichsverfassung: a constitutional system characterized by disjunctive or oppositional forces. This Introduction sets out how this book will re-conceptualize the Empire as a more coherent political entity, using Upper Germany as a wide-ranging case study. Viewed comparatively, the evidence from the period between 1346 and 1521 suggests that all kinds of political actors shared in the same structures, dynamics, and assumptions—the same ‘political culture’. In particular, elites constantly interacted within the framework of associations such as alliances and leagues, which are the main focus of this book, and force us to view the Empire as a more interconnected political landscape.