bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘Residence and Technical Education’ ‐a comment on the report prepared by Mrs D. Silberston (Max Parrish, 16s)
Authors: Jackson T.E.A.K.
Published: November 2014

UNQUESTIONABLY this Report, prepared by Mrs. Silberston on behalf of a Joint Committee representing the National Institute of Adult Education, the Association of Principals of Technical Institutions, and the Association of Teachers in Technical Institutions, is valuable and should be read by everyone interested in technical education. For those who have made any attempts to develop a full and corporate life in a technical college it will provide some yardstick against which their efforts can be measured. For those who are considering such development, but who are uncertain, it will provide a degree of encouragement to go forward. While for those to whom the difficulties in the way have seemed insuperable it should provide evidence sufficient to persuade them that with time and perseverance the obstacles can be overcome.
TEACHING TOPICS
Authors: Davis P.
Published: November 2014

ONE OF the difficulties of teaching photoelasticity to mechanical and civil engineers is the problem of overcoming their unfamiliarity with the optical principles involved. To them, photoelasticity is merely a tool for stress analysis for certain problems, and yet it requires the use of equipment not usually met with elsewhere and for which an understanding of polarised light is almost essential.
Notes on the Teaching of Framed Structures
Authors: Pallett G.
Published: November 2014

THIS IS not an essay on the relative merits of the different methods of frame analysis, nor one which goes over method of sections, graphical analysis and other techniques which are adequately dealt with in a score of textbooks. Rather it is an attempt to draw attention to certain simple and fundamental ideas, to show how the student may be introduced to a range of frames in a very short time, to increase his understanding of the way they ‘work’ and also to enable him to solve frame problems by inspection if the geometric relations are easy. The latter is a useful and important examination technique.
The Deflection of Structural Frames
Authors: Pallett G.
Published: November 2014

A discussion of teaching points for the graphical construction, and the analytical energy methods
Experiments with Electrical Resistance Strain Gauges
Authors: Dale H.B.
Published: November 2014

Cantilever. In this experiment a mild steel cantilever beam is arranged so that it cannot be over‐strained. The end travel is limited by contact with the base of the apparatus when fully deflected, see Figure 1.
The Relation between Science and Craftwork in the Selective School
Authors: Semper E.
Published: November 2014

The relationship between science and craftwork in selective schools is a rapidly changing one. The position before World War Two was bad — very few grammar schools bothered with crafts save in junior forms and C and D streams. In the junior technical schools a generous allocation of time was made — in 1934 out of 30 hours teaching time per week, four hours 20 minutes were spent on science, four hours 20 minutes on engineering and drawing, three hours on woodwork, and three hours on metalwork. Unemployment in the teaching profession and elsewhere was so severe that graduates with 1st and 2nd class honours degrees eagerly sought appointments on the staff. Moreover, the economic depression deprived many able boys of the chance of an extended grammar school education and these were attracted to the shorter intensive courses in the junior technical schools. In consequence the schools achieved high standards in both written and practical work.
Semi‐Conductors, Conductors and Insulators — some models for teaching the basic principles
Authors: Watts A.J.
Published: November 2014

In even the most lucid literature on semi‐conductors, the complexity of electrons, holes, energy levels, acceptors, donors, and so on tends to swamp any understanding of the basic principles. This, we may say, is almost too difficult for us, so it is bound to be too difficult for our students. We then get round the problem by stating categorically that holes exist, that they have the properties of positive charge carriers, and leave it at that to get on to the circuitry.
Semi‐Conductors, Conductors and Insulators
Authors: Watts A.J.
Published: November 2014

The basis of most semi‐conductor devices is the p‐n junction. Here p‐type material is brought into contact with n‐type material by a suitable process so that between the two types of material we have a zone of transition — the depletion layer. This layer spans the region where purely p‐type properties change to purely n‐type. On one side of the layer there are many holes in the valence band and on the other there are many electrons in the conduction band. How we present this state of affairs to the student may be open to question, but, as electrons are the particles which move, it is considered better to represent the conduction electrons as possessing higher energy, i.e. to let electron energy be considered to be positive upward in any model or diagram produced to explain the p‐n junction and its rectifying properties.
A Field Review of ‘O’—level Chemistry Textbooks
Authors: Bassey Michael
Published: November 2014

The textbooks used by candidates for ‘O’‐level GCE Chemistry are discussed and analysed and the author suggests they have two prominent characteristics: size and sameness
Craft Theory for Electrical Courses
Authors: Hartles R.J.
Published: November 2014

Teaching electrical theory. The understanding of electric circuits and fields, and of the associated electro‐magnetic principles, has always been found to present a considerable degree of difficulty to the student. It is interesting to see that this difficulty is apparent at many different levels of attainment: for example, Professor B. L. Goodlet in the Preface to ‘Basic Electrotechnics’, (Edward Arnold, 1957) says that one of the principal difficulties of electromagnetic theory is
TEACHING METHOD
Authors: Hartles R.J.
Published: November 2014

This article contains suggestions for a practical and non‐mathematical approach to magnetism and electromagnetism for electrical craft students. Like the teaching scheme for the fundamentals of electric circuits discussed in the article in last month's TECHNICAL EDUCATION, the method may be found appropriate as a general introduction for students on other than craft courses.
The Development of Short Courses
Authors: Gwyther J.L.
Published: November 2014

WHEN A SHORT COURSE is being planned, two main considerations arise. These relate to the purpose of the course, which will be one determinant of its content, and to the likely initial qualifications of its members, which will be the other determinant. Considerations of immediate purpose and standard are not the whole story, however, for short courses can serve valuable purposes quite distinct from those uppermost in the minds of their participants.
Guernsey's Apprenticeship Scheme
Authors: Redford L.K.
Published: November 2014

The author outlines the history and organisation of the States' Apprenticeship Scheme in Guernsey where, although the situation is very different, there are a number of points of similarity with the Middlesex County Apprenticeship Scheme recently described in this journal
A Liberal Studies Scheme takes Shape
Authors: Dowman A.
Published: November 2014

The mere mention of liberal studies means one thing for certain — controversy and perhaps acrimony as well. The individual will have his own ideas on the subject, and the many individuals who constitute a college will cherish a multitude of opinions. Ewell Technical College, which has an enthusiastic and progressive Principal to guide it, has acted on the belief that liberal studies should foster a variety of talents outside the students' normal curriculum and that they should bring together students who would otherwise never work in company.
Self‐Help in Teacher Training
Authors: Wales Peter
Published: November 2014

IT IS NOW accepted that ability to learn a subject does not automatically mean ability to teach it. Teaching contains enough of a skill element to require special training if it is to be carried out with maximum effect. In the secondary and primary spheres of our educational system the overwhelming majority of teachers have successfully completed some course of teacher training before taking up their first post. This is not the case in technical education and this situation has given rise to justifiable concern for the difficulties of the non‐teacher‐trained staff in our technical colleges.
Common Sense in Commerce
Authors: Allen Keith R.
Published: November 2014

Mr Allen shows how a commercial course was planned and put into operation with enthusiasm and high hopes. The course's aims were not fully realised, and the reasons for this failure are carefully pinpointed
Training Computer Personnel
Authors: Bridger M.
Published: November 2014

The historical growth of industry involved and largely depended on the substitution of machine power for muscular effort. But industry's growth entailed the proliferation of the clerical procedures needed for the control of business activity. Armies of white collar workers process, file, amend, and pass on millions of papers every day. Few of these activities involve change of policy: almost all may be called routine or menial mental procedures conforming to management requirements. The equipment and systems for the substitution of machine power for menial ‘mental’ effort are at hand — but an education and training bottleneck exists in the supply of personnel to operate them
Undergraduate Project Work —in full‐time and sandwich courses in Mechanical Engineering
Authors: Steed R.W.
Published: November 2014

A SHORT DEFINITION of undergraduate project work might be ‘work of a special nature outside the normal curriculum of an undergraduate course’. This sort of definition covers all tasks of a special nature at any stage or in any part of a course. It is perfectly legitimate to consider work so defined in the first year of a course, the final year, and so on as project work, but the trouble with a wide definition, is that it can be too wide, so that special work in Liberal Studies and other subjects might be thought to be included. The intention here is to consider only projects of an engineering nature.
The Universal Milling Machine
Authors: Walker W.F.
Published: November 2014

The second in a series giving suggestions for laboratory work on the various types of machine tool
THE MACHINE TOOL LABORATORY
Authors: Walker W.F.
Published: November 2014

The third in a series giving suggestions for laboratory work on the various types of machine tool
THE MACHINE TOOL LABORATORY — 5
Authors: Walker W.F.
Published: November 2014

Tests and exercises on the sliding‐head and standard types of single‐spindle automatic lathe are described in this fifth article. Next month Mr Walker concludes the series with a discussion of the place of shapers, planers, horizontal borers, jig borers and gear cutting machines in the laboratory; he also takes a look at some new techniques and possible future developments
English for Craft Students — 8
Authors: Lynn John
Published: November 2014

A great many craft students suffer from under‐educated parents — an unkind way of putting it, but so many of their homes provide no pro‐educational influence at all. The teacher of Craft English faces a real problem here, and needs ingenuity and humility to tackle it
THE MACHINE TOOL LABORATORY — 6
Authors: Walker W.F.
Published: November 2014

THE SHAPING MACHINE THE mechanically operated shaping machine can be used during the earlier years of the course to demonstrate setting‐up, tool angles, cutting angular faces, and adjustment of stroke and feed.
SYMPOSIUM Part 2 ELECTRICAL TEACHING LABORATORIES
Authors: Hartles R.J.
Published: November 2014

The total volume of information and ideas presented by the writers in this Symposium is so large that no purpose would be served by an attempted summing‐up. The value of the contributions must surely stem from the fact that the suggestions arise from present teaching experience, and that what has been written can therefore be given due weight by others who may encounter similar problems.
ELECTRICAL MACHINES FOR TEACHING PURPOSES
Authors: Morton A.H.
Published: November 2014

The purpose of an electrical machines laboratory is (a) to provide the student with practical knowledge of the handling of electrical machines, (b) to correlate the theoretical classroom treatment with actual machine characteristics, (c) to demonstrate the most suitable testing techniques, and (d) to provide facilities for advanced work on machine operation and performance in integrated systems. Space and cost are usually of overriding importance, so great care is needed in the choice of suitable units and their layout in the laboratory, in order to achieve maximum efficiency of utilisation. Where possible, a machines laboratory should be used only for machines experiments, so that the most efficient layout for this purpose can be adopted without compromise.
DISCUSSION WEEKEND
Authors: Freyne J.P.
Published: November 2014

“The house is still ringing with the excitement of the discussions of your students.” So wrote the Warden of a country house in Surrey, now used as an Adult Education Centre. He was referring to a discussion weekend organised by the Liberal Studies staff of Battersea College of Technology for over thirty students of science and technology.
COMMUNICATIONS CENTRE
Authors: Williams Donald
Published: November 2014

AN INCREASING number of Tutor‐Librarians are being appointed to take charge of the well‐equipped libraries in new technical college buildings. Since such posts are a comparatively recent development it must be presumed that the librarians appointed will, in many instances, have obtained their experience in some other branch of the library service.
‘HEAT’ AND ‘WORK’ IN THE SCHOOL
Authors: LeFevre E.J.
Published: November 2014

It is to the schools that we must look for the sources of confusion and misunderstanding regarding the meaning and use of the term ‘heat’. The school teacher is not only burdened with large classes but also labours under difficulties imposed by linguistic tradition. The nouns ‘heat’ and ‘work’ are each appropriate direct objects for the verb ‘to do’. Yet, although ‘work’ is generally correctly described as ‘done’, ‘heat’ is traditionally mis‐described as ‘given’, ‘received’, ‘transferred’, ‘exchanged’ or ‘released’. This is due to the fact that although ‘work’ was an interaction from the outset, ‘heat’ was long mistaken for a property, ‘caloric’.
TRAINING MAKES CONTACT
Authors: Allen Keith R.
Published: November 2014

FREQUENT, INFORMAL, man‐to‐man, contact. This is the essence of the Safety Contact Scheme, recently introduced at Tanqueray Gordon & Company Limited, makers of the world famous Gordon's Gin. Under the scheme, Managers and Supervisors select a topic concerned with Safety, and make a point of discussing it either with individuals, or with two or three people from their departments. When everyone in a department has been covered, the topic is changed.
TEACHING DIRECTED NUMBER
Authors: Higgins J.S.
Published: November 2014

While it is true that there are sharply opposed views among the authorities on the teaching of directed number and that the theoretical distinction between, say, 7 and +7 can be confusing, it is equally true that many day‐release students on courses such as that for Mechanical Technicians are expected to acquire competence in the handling of directed numbers in the space of a few weeks on the basis of two hours mathematics each week. The fact that this competence is not in fact attained is too well known to require emphasis.
Power in their Hands
Authors: Gowers H.V.
Published: November 2014

A JOINERY APPRENTICE, eighteen years old, relieved the struggling teacher of the power tool, and moved it with easy skill over the face of the work. The teacher stood back and watched in silence, no doubt thinking to himself that such assurance could only have come with experience and practice.
INDUCTION AND GUIDANCE at a Technical College
Authors: Cooper Bruce M.
Published: November 2014

It is a new and strange experience for a 15‐year‐old, full‐time student of domestic science to sit down to lunch opposite a fellow student who happens to be a 35‐year‐old, part‐time cost and works accountant. The size of a technical college does not make for compactness or intimacy, and to a student used to the small and homogeneous world of a school, a technical college can seem an impersonal, unfriendly place.
AN EXPERIMENT IN LIBERAL STUDIES
Authors: Frost H.G. , Maylor W.D. , Bulmer
Published: November 2014

WEST HAM COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY and the Extra‐Mural Department of the University of London are engaged in a joint venture to broaden the horizons of technology students. What makes the project particularly challenging is that some 70 per cent of the full‐time students at West, Ham College of Technology come from overseas.
DEMONSTRATING TRANSIENTS
Authors: Palmer T.
Published: November 2014

IT IS customary to discuss the growth of current when a battery is connected to a coil, and the growth of voltage across a capacitor when the capacitor is charged through a resistor, at the stage when students have done some work on d.c. circuits and are about to start a.c. theory. At this elementary stage, they may, or may not, be familiar with waveforms on the oscilloscope. If they can take the oscilloscope in their stride, they might be interested in the following demonstrations. If, on the other hand, they belong to the group which regards the oscilloscope as a box that can produce any desired pattern if the knobs are twiddled long enough, the demonstration will be less convincing. The justification for the demonstration in this case would possibly be that exposing students to similar demonstrations over a long enough period may eventually convince some of them that mere rotation of the knobs is not sufficient: it may also be necessary for the theory to be correct.
The New Appointment
Authors: Stevenson A.W. , Cowgill Colonel A.W. , Hendricks Colonel N.E.
Published: November 2014

YOUR EDITORIAL in the September issue must have made very depressing reading for many training officers who had been building their hopes on a radical change of Government outlook on industrial training, although your journal must be complimented on having the courage to reveal this most unsatisfactory state of affairs.
IS LABORATORY WORK REALLY NECESSARY?
Authors: Rees David T.
Published: November 2014

LABORATORY WORK has always been considered to be an essential and integral part of an electrical engineering course, and has in recent years received more and more attention. Colleges proudly display their well equipped laboratories; lecturers spend a very large amount of their time planning and developing laboratory experiments; students spend appreciable time in the laboratory and many more hours writing reports on experiments.
LABORATORY TECHNIQUES IN THE EARLY STAGES
Authors: Greener J.R.
Published: November 2014

POSSIBLY the most controversial and unsatisfactory aspect of any engineering course is laboratory work. The section loosely defined as ‘Electronics’ is no exception.
SOME NOTES ON EXPERIMENTAL WORK IN PHYSICAL ELECTRONICS
Authors: Mayo G.
Published: November 2014

THE GROWING importance of semi‐conductor and thermionic devices has led to the introduction of these topics at an increasingly early stage in electrical engineering courses. Whilst this seems advantageous from many points of view, a clear understanding of the fundamental physical principles underlying thermionic and semiconductor action is rarely established at this stage.
Producing 8mm teaching films … 3
Authors: HANCOCK C.V. , BONE G.E.
Published: November 2014

Careful preparation and the observation of a simple procedure will save a lot of time — and film — during production. The steps are:
The training aspect of sandwich courses
Authors: HOUGHTON H.L.
Published: November 2014

Since the mid‐nineteenth century when the Union of Lancashire and Cheshire Institutes became an examining body, considerable changes have occurred in technical education, resulting in increasing breadth of subjects and depth of scientific knowledge. The pattern of study for the National Certificate scheme took the form of attendance at evening classes. This developed in numerous ways and Ordinary and Higher National Certificate courses are available by evening class attendance, part‐time day release, a combination of part‐time day and evening classes, or intensive full‐time courses like those prominent during World War II which enabled students to complete the requirements for the Higher National Certificates in about 26 weeks. Such awards were subject to satisfactory completion of and examination in an A1 scheme of work followed by success in the equivalent A2 scheme, each scheme occupying about thirteen weeks. This pattern is now continued in the form of block release courses involving similar periods of attendance.
View two
Authors: ChrisPrice
Published: November 2014

Every empire tends to develop a consensus establishment, and the world of education is no exception. This is particularly true in England where education is avowedly a ‘partnership’. However much their real interests may differ, on the really big issues the Department of Education, the local education authorities, and the teachers' organizations tend to gang up in the end and push the same line. Certainly the leading individuals in each of these institutions are quickly on the sort of christian name terms with one another which can enable a whole host of problems to be quietly compromised out of existence at top level. Without quite being aware of what they are doing, educational journalists are often following the same line, as all their sources come more and more to agree with one another. Of course, the line the consensus takes changes. The Black Paper accuses it of being unduly enamoured with modern methods in primary schools and comprehensive secondary education. But it is worth remembering that it is not so long ago that the consensus was defending just as fervently the infallibility of selection procedures and the theory that secondary modern children should on no account be allowed to take any public examinations whatsoever. Their conversion over the last ten years has only taken place slowly.
Employers' guide to the Dip HE
Authors: Fowler Gerry
Published: November 2014

This year, for the first time, a few employers will receive job applications from candidates offering a Diploma of Higher Education as evidence of their academic attainment. They will come from the handful of students who have completed pioneer courses started in 1974.
West German Educational Scene
Authors: in the Federal Republic of Germany Education
Published: November 2014

There are features and characteristics of education in the Federal Republic of Germany which cannot directly be reproduced in England, but which strike informed English observers as having important messages. The report states that The Federal Republic's system sets out to provide qualifications for all its pupils. It is not wholly successful in this, but its achievements are impressive. Within its differentiated system of education and training it appears more successful than we are in:
Linear Simultaneous Equations
Authors: Parkes E.W.
Published: November 2014

IN the three major fields of aeronautical study—aerodynamic, aeroelastic and structural—the technician is often concerned with large numbers of linear simultaneous equations. The successful practical solution of these equations depends upon two things: that the work involved is within the limits of the time and labour available; and that the calculation is carried out to a sufficient number of significant figures, such that the final answers are to the desired order of accuracy.
Production Engineering, Administration and Management
Authors: Connolly J.V.
Published: November 2014

THIS is the first of a scries of articles on the broad subject of Production Engineering. Its object is to introduce and to explain the framework of the subsequent parts; to clear up some current misunderstandings, and to define the scope of the subject. The whole field will be reviewed briefly, not in a highly technical manner but for the practising aeronautical engineer regardless of his specialization; but it is hoped that even those who have an expert knowledge of many of the subjects included in this review will find some clarifications and some ideas which will be useful in their work.
Production Engineering, Administration and Management
Authors: Connolly J.V.
Published: November 2014

5.31. There are two primary kinds of knowledge. The first includes all that class which is instinctive, intuitive, or accepted as a fact of authority (i.e. one which really arises from an act of faith).
Passenger Seats for Aircraft
Authors: Cumberland C.H. , Bowey G.S.
Published: November 2014

THE passenger seat in civil aircraft is an important piece of equipment. It is important, firstly because it is the one part of the aircraft with which the passenger is in intimate contact and, secondly, because of the bulk and multiplicity of installation in any aircraft, the aggregate weight constitutes a major portion of equipment weight.
Production Engineering, Administration and Management
Authors: Connolly J.V.
Published: November 2014

6.01. The borderline between an art and a science can be a narrow one. In an over‐simplified description it might be defined in terms of the content which is susceptible to measurement by standard and objective means. Most arts have some theory and in them some things which can be measured. Nearly all sciences have a region wherein success is only attained by exercising skill in the art and where no predetermined answer can be got by theory and measurements alone. It can be stated that the conversion of the complex subjects of management or production engineering into sciences depends to a great extent on the use of measurements which will ultimately serve as the raw material for theories or laws. The term ‘scientific management’, when first used, was certainly premature. What should have been suggested is that scientific methods were being used to convert arts into sciences. Even now, after some forty years of development there is some doubt whether the term is not ambitious and a little boastful. But there are clear signs that, in the best cases, the content of art is diminishing to a point where it can reasonably be considered to be the junior partner.
The International Civil Aviation Organization Requirements
Authors: Wilkinson K.G.
Published: November 2014

SINCE 1945 discussion of international standards for the fundamentals of civil aviation has been going on in the divisions and council of I.C.A.O. A highly controversial part of the airworthiness and operational legislation has been the relatively small section dealing with performance requirements. A considerable amount of time and money has been spent in the study and development of these requirements, and it is opportune at this moment to review the way in which the work has progressed and its importance to civil operations for the future.
Replacement of Masses and Areas by Equivalent Particles
Authors: Brailsford G.R.
Published: November 2014

IN problems involving mechanics and engineering, determination of moment of inertia, product of inertia and second moment of area is a common procedure. But, frequently, it is by no means an easy one. For example, when considering the moment of inertia of the triangle or figures built up from the triangle, the mathematics involving calculus and several inertia theorems, can be difficult in manipulation.
The Library Shelf
Authors: R.AG.K.
Published: November 2014

With a book of the weight and calibre of Adhesion and Adhesives it is of more than passing interest to know its intended purpose. The editors, N. A. De Bruyne of Aero Research Ltd., England, and R. Houwink of Rubber‐Stichting, Holland, in their preface describe the work as ‘… a symposium by specialists’ which ‘collects in one volume information about the scientific and technological aspects of adhesion’.
Instrumentation of Aircraft for Flight Testing
Authors: Rimmer B.M.
Published: November 2014

IN the days when the top speed of aircraft was of the order of 100 to 150 m.p.h., the designer relied on the pilot's impressions and the pilot in turn relied on being able to jot things down at odd moments on the pad which he had strapped to his knee. This method of flight testing, often known as ‘flying on the seat of the pilot's pants’, had the great disadvantage that the pilot might be preoccupied with one problem which might completely mask other more important, but less apparent, happenings.
Aeration and Foaming in Lubricating Oil Systems
Authors: Tourret R. , White Norman
Published: November 2014

DESPITE the quite extensive literature on foam, the mechanism of its formation and decay does not appear to be widely appreciated. Most fundamental research has been orientated towards maximum foam in aqueous solutions, whereas the desire in aircraft engines is for minimum foam in oil ‘solutions’. Further, the numerical results obtained experimentally depend on the details of experimental procedure, which makes correlation of existing data very uncertain.
A Simplified Method of Measuring Take‐off Distances
Authors: Abel G.C.
Published: November 2014

The standard method of analysing F.47 take‐off camera films, described in reference 1, is very laborious. It was developed for use when take‐offs were not normally made from runways. Now that most measured take‐offs are made from a runway a simpler method of analysis has been introduced. This requires a fixed camera position at a known distance from the centre line of the runway from which the aircraft is taking off. The essential distances for the take‐off can then be determined from the azimuth angle on the camera record without measuring the image of the aircraft on the film.
The Behaviour of Beams in Bending
Authors: Gill S.S.
Published: November 2014

The paper reports experiments carried out on beams in pure bending. The material used was a cast magnesium alloy AZ855. The beam sections were rectangular, circular, I‐section, T‐scction and diamond. One series of tests was carried out up to 1 per cent fibre strain. A second series of tests was carried out up to fracture. Tension and compression tests were also made on the material. The experimental results show conclusively that the usual theory of plastic bending is correct and that the tension‐compression stress‐strain curve of the material may be used to determine the bending moment‐curvature relationships, etc., for a beam. Measurements of neutral axis shift also confirm the predictions of plastic bending theory.
Alternating current starter generators
Authors: BURNS D.O.
Published: November 2014

AN ALTERNATOR directly coupled to a spool of a jet propulsion engine produces a variable frequency of ac supply depending on the speed range between ground idle and take‐off rpm.
The Hawk takes flight
Authors: G.H.G.
Published: November 2014

NEW British aircraft — like rare birds — are seldom seen in the sky today. The HS 1182 Hawk is, therefore, a welcome sight and long may she fly. It's not that the Hawk is a particularly exotic species — to the contrary she is rather plain. But what matters is the role that this aircraft is destined to play without being hedged in by expenditure of enormous sums of money. Any aircraft being produced at a fixed price makes it a ‘rare bird’ indeed, apart from making good sense to the taxpayer and a real asset to the Royal Air Force. In short, it represents value for money.
Training by Objective in Performance Terms
Authors: Hailey S.C.B.
Published: November 2014

FOR several years training technologists and educationalists have been advocating use of the “systematic approach” method of training. British Airways Engineering Apprentice Training Centre has developed, and is practising with considerable success, a programme based on this concept. Its implementation has resulted in improved efficiency and provides advantages not available from previous “traditional” methods.
THE CAPITAL MARKET REACTION TO LAWSUITS: SOME ADDITIONAL EVIDENCE
Authors: Cox Raymond A.K. , Means Dwight B.
Published: November 2014

This paper studies the effects of lawsuit settlements on stockholders and bondholders. It is hypothesized that successful plaintiffs and unsuccessful defendants will gain and lose wealth respectively upon the settlement of litigation. Furthermore, the riskiness of equity returns will be altered. The equity beta of plaintiffs (defendants) is expected to decrease (increase) after the verdict. Nonetheless, the variance of stock returns for both parties is anticipated to decrease. The results support the wealth impact hypothesis for both stockholders and bondholders. However, even though the variance of returns does drop for both parties after the settlement, the drop is not statistically significant. Lastly, the beta of both plaintiffs and defendants insignificantly decreases.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF U. S. AND KOREAN FIRMS: CHANGES IN DIVERSIFICATION AND PERFORMANCE
Authors: Lee Jooh , Hall Ernest H. , Rutherford Matthew W.
Published: November 2014

This paper examines the relationship between international diversification and performance by matching a sample of 400 U.S. and 400 Korean firms on industry type and testing the relationship over five years (1992–1996). Results indicate that U.S. firms show a positive association with regard to international diversification and performance, but a negative relationship between product diversification and performance. Korean firms, however, show a positive association with both types of diversification. In addition, Korean firms' strategies were associated more with sales‐based measures, while U.S. firms were associated more closely with profit‐based measures. These results suggest that the two countries do not approach diversification in the same way.
PLANNING A LIBRARY PLANT
Authors: REED J.B.
Published: November 2014

A former chief of mine used to say that a paper should never deal with more than three major points and, better still, with only two. I intend to improve on this admirable advice by offering just one main idea, illustrating it from our experience in developing the Library‐Information unit of B.C.U.R.A.
DISTRIBUTION OF EDDY CURRENTS INDUCED IN STEEL PLATES NEAR THREE‐PHASE CONDUCTORS
Authors: Nakata T. , Takahashi N. , Fujiwara K. , Kawase Y. , Moriyasu S.
Published: November 2014

When large currents flow near steel plates in large electric machines, the eddy current loss produced in the plates causes local overheating. Therefore, not only the total loss but also the loss distribution should be analyzed accurately. The local loss distribution, however, has not been fully analyzed yet.
A NUMERICAL MODEL OF HETEROJUNCTION BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR HIGH FREQUENCY PERFORMANCE FOR DEVICE DESIGN
Authors: Khrenov G. , Ryzhii V. , Kartashov S.
Published: November 2014

An efficient numerical model of heterojunction bipolar transistor high frequency performance is proposed. The developed model is based on the ensemble Monte Carlo particle simulator. The validity and accuracy of the model are verified by comparing of the results of the model prediction with the experimental dates. The role of the thickness of the collector junction on the transistor cut‐off frequency is investigated and it is found that transistor cut‐off frequency as a function of the collector thickness has a maximum.
Synthetic lubricating oils
Authors: WILLIAMS A.E.
Published: November 2014

The synthesis of hydrocarbons has long been an accomplished fact, but in Great Britain such processes have not yet made much headway commercially, due to their relatively high cost when compared with petroleum products. In Germany, on the other hand, synthetic oil plants were in operation for several years before the second world war started; these plants were eventually brought to a standstill by Allied air‐raids. The interest in synthetic oils is always strong in this country, not because a really economic method has been found for their production, but because it is realized that there is far more coal than petroleum in the world and that if petroleum supplies become exhausted, coal is an alternative source of oil.
A genome‐wide association study for the incidence of persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in cattle
Authors: Casas E. , Hessman B. E. , Keele J. W. , Ridpath J. F.
Published: November 2014

Bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV) comprise a diverse group of viruses that cause disease in cattle. BVDV may establish both transient and persistent infections depending on the developmental stage of the animal at exposure. The objective was to determine whether genomic regions harboring single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) could be associated with the presence or absence of persistent BVDV infection. A genome‐wide association approach based on 777 000 SNP markers was used. Samples of animals identified as positive (n = 1200) or negative (n = 1200) for the presence of BVDV in skin samples (n = 1200) were used. DNA samples were combined in 24 pools (100 animals per pool). One SNP, significant at the 5 percent genome‐wide level (P = 9.41 × 10−8), was detected on chromosome 14, located at position 80 675 176 bp. Fifteen SNPs, residing on chromosomes 1, 2, 6, 8, 10, 15 and 18, were moderately associated (P < 1 × 10−5) with persistent BVDV infection. Results show that genes harboring or neighboring significant SNPs are involved in leucopenia, signal transduction, RNA splicing and DNA methylation processes.
The Effect of Porous Medium Storage on Unstable Density‐Driven Solute Transport
Authors: Xie Yueqing , Graf Thomas , Simmons Craig T. , Diersch Hans‐Jörg G.
Published: November 2014

Unstable density‐driven groundwater flow and solute transport (i.e., free convection) leads to spatiotemporal variations in pressure. Specific storage (So) indicates the capability of a confined aquifer to release or store groundwater associated with a pressure change. Although So is known to dampen pressure propagation, So has been implicitly assumed to have a negligible impact on the unstable free convective process in prior studies. This work explores the effect of So on both the classic onset criterion and the fingering process using numerical models. Results show that the classic onset criterion is applicable when So is smaller than 10–1 m–1. Results also demonstrate that So does not play a significant role in the free convective fingering process unless it is greater than 10–3 m–1. For most practical purposes in hydrogeology (large Rayleigh number and small So), the implicit assumption of small or zero So is appropriate.
Motion automated perimetry in glaucoma
Authors: Brusini Paolo
Published: November 2014

A new type of motion perimetry test was performed on three groups of patients (15 normal subjects, 10 patients with ocular hypertension, and 22 patients with early‐to‐moderate chronic glaucoma). Differences of coherence threshold were statistically significant both between normal and hypertensive subjects, and between normal and glaucomatous subjects. Dispersion of data and overlapping of results were the main problems found. Motion perimetry could be an interesting non‐conventional perimetric test in glaucoma, but its reliability and repeatability should be improved.
Ocular haemodynamics and beta peripapillary atrophy in normal pressure glaucoma
Authors: Galassi F. , Sodi A. , Ucci F. , Renieri G. , Pieri B.
Published: November 2014

In a group of normal pressure glaucomas. the eyes with type beta peripapillary atrophy showed lower flow velocities than did the eyes where this peculiar aspect of the posterior pole was not to be found. These results would seem to support a theory of vascular abnormality influence on peripapillary atrophy development.
The confocal laser scanning discriminant analysis formula and measures of visual field
Authors: Iester M. , Courtright P. , Mikelberg F. S.
Published: November 2014

Purpose: To determine if the confocal scanning laser discriminant analysis formula is predictive of visual field damage.

Patients and Methods: One eye each was randomly chosen from 60 normal subjects (normal visual fields, normal optic nerve head (ONH) and intraocular pressure (IOP) less than 22 mmHg), 69 ocular hypertensive subjects (normal visual field, normal ONH and IOP>21 mmHg), and 179 open angle glaucoma patients, 130 high tension and 49 normal tension. All the patients were examined with Humphrey Perimeter, program 30‐2, and a confocal scanning laser (Heidelberg Retina Tomograph, (HRT) software version 1.11) and the morphometric results were analyzed by an HRT discriminant analysis formula. Findings were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient, analysis of variance, Student's t‐test and multiple linear regression.

Results: We found a statistically significant correlation (p = 0.001) between the HRT discriminant analysis formula results and the visual field indices: for mean deviation r = + 0.43, for pattern standard deviation r = −0.46, for short term fluctuation r = −0.29 and for corrected pattern standard deviation r = −0.45. Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated a statistically significant correlation coefficient between visual field indices and the HRT discriminant formula results.

Conclusion: That there are significant correlations between HRT discriminant formula results and visual field indices suggests that the discriminant formula might well be an indicator of the degree of glaucomatous ONH damage, a fact that could add another objective diagnostic tool to our assessment kit for patients with glaucomatous optic discs.
The influence of feeding on the evolution of sensory signals: a comparative test of an evolutionary trade‐off between masticatory and sensory functions of skulls in southern African Horseshoe bats (Rhinolophidae)
Authors: Jacobs D. S. , Bastian A. , Bam L.
Published: November 2014

The skulls of animals have to perform many functions. Optimization for one function may mean another function is less optimized, resulting in evolutionary trade‐offs. Here, we investigate whether a trade‐off exists between the masticatory and sensory functions of animal skulls using echolocating bats as model species. Several species of rhinolophid bats deviate from the allometric relationship between body size and echolocation frequency. Such deviation may be the result of selection for increased bite force, resulting in a decrease in snout length which could in turn lead to higher echolocation frequencies. If so, there should be a positive relationship between bite force and echolocation frequency. We investigated this relationship in several species of southern African rhinolophids using phylogenetically informed analyses of the allometry of their bite force and echolocation frequency and of the three‐dimensional shape of their skulls. As predicted, echolocation frequency was positively correlated with bite force, suggesting that its evolution is influenced by a trade‐off between the masticatory and sensory functions of the skull. In support of this, variation in skull shape was explained by both echolocation frequency (80%) and bite force (20%). Furthermore, it appears that selection has acted on the nasal capsules, which have a frequency‐specific impedance matching function during vocalization. There was a negative correlation between echolocation frequency and capsule volume across species. Optimization of the masticatory function of the skull may have been achieved through changes in the shape of the mandible and associated musculature, elements not considered in this study.
Morningness–Eveningness and College Advising: A Road to Student Success?
Authors: Schulke Beverly Brown , Zimmermann Laura K.
Published: November 2014

In addressing the challenges faced by E‐type (evening‐type) students, researchers have pointed to the need for school schedules that reflect chronotypic concerns and the recognition of the importance of sleep for academic achievement and well‐being. One approach to dealing with this issue for adolescent students has been to move the start of the school day later. In college, however, schedules become more varied and the social context in which these challenges occur differs requiring more individualized approaches to scheduling. In spite of this, morningness–eveningness is rarely considered by college administrators, advisors, or individuals involved in student services. It is important that faculty and staff who work with students be aware of chronotypical influences on classroom performance and other aspects of student life so that they can help them succeed in college and beyond.
Endogenous motilin, but not ghrelin plasma levels fluctuate in accordance with gastric phase III activity of the migrating motor complex in man
Authors: Deloose E. , Vos R. , Corsetti M. , Depoortere I. , Tack J.
Published: November 2014

Background

Fluctuations in motilin plasma levels have been implicated in the control of the migrating motor complex (MMC). A plasma peak of motilin is present before a gastric phase III. Furthermore, not only exogenous administration of motilin but also ghrelin induces a gastric phase III in man. Aim of this study was to investigate the role of endogenous ghrelin in the regulation of the MMC.

Methods

Plasma samples for motilin and ghrelin were taken in between two consecutive phases III of either origin measured using high‐resolution manometry.

Key Results

The duration of 1 complete MMC cycle was on average 95 ± 12 min. Sixty percent of the first phases III and 40% of the second phases III had a gastric origin (p = 0.0574). Motilin (p < 0.05) plasma levels differed significantly between the phases of the MMC but total and octanoylated ghrelin did not. The percentage change in motilin during the MMC was dependent on the origin of phase III (p < 0.05). Motilin levels increased on average with 35 ± 10% right before a gastric phase III and with 3 ± 4% before a duodenal phase III (p < 0.05). The percentage change in total and octanoylated ghrelin plasma levels was not affected by the origin of phase III.

Conclusions & Inferences

These results confirm the role of motilin but not of ghrelin as an endogenous physiological regulator of the MMC with a gastric phase III.
Optical proximity correction using holographic imaging technique
Authors: Isoyan Artak , Melvin Lawrence S.
Published: November 2014

In this work, the preliminary results of the holographic imaging technique (HIT) as a resolution enhancement technique (RET) hybrid inverse lithography technique (ILT) optical proximity correction mask correction is presented. The proposed technique is based on the illumination system and free space propagation of the mask. First, an in-line hologram (Gabor hologram) is generated by computing the target pattern diffraction pattern. Second, the computed hologram is synthesized as pattern contours to form a mask for a conventional optical system. In this study, a simple HIT corrected mask is validated with compact lithographic exposure system mathematical model for demonstrating the preliminary validity of the proposed method. Future plans to validate HIT for the most aggressive process nodes are proposed. The proposed technique has not been exercised against conventional ILT or other RET techniques, and does not contain analysis of resolution improvement achievable with those techniques.