bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of P, Zn and Cu Fertilization on Crops on a Calcareous Chernozem Soil
Authors: Kádár Imre
Published: August 2004

Both deficiency and
excess of P, Zn and Cu are common in soils and crops of Hungary. The excess and
deficiency of P occurring in agricultural soils and crops is a consequence of
previous fertilization practice. Zn deficiency occurs mainly on calcareous
soils well fertilized with P under maize, while Cu deficiency is often detected
on poor sandy soils and on organic soils under other crops. Zn and Cu excess
has been measured in city soils, in soils near highways and industrial areas.  In the present paper the effect of P supply
is shown on yield and P/Zn ratios of crops, presenting the phenomena of the
P-induced Zn deficiency on a calcareous loamy chernozem soil. In an other
long-term field trial on the same soil, the effect of Cu and Zn loads was
studied on soil and crop. The main conclusions drawn from these long-term field
experiments are as follows: 1. An excess of available P in the plough layer of
this soil might be detected by the ammonium lactate (AL) method when the soil
analysis shows concentrations higher than 150-200 mg/kg P
2
O
5
.
The P/Zn ratios of 6-leaf stage shoots and harvested straw of maize grown on
these plots might be higher than 200, while that of grain 150-200. 2. In the
frame of a fertilization program, P-induced Zn deficiency can be counterbalanced
effectively on such calcareous chernozem soils with the application of P and Zn
fertilizers in a ratio around 10:1. 3. The Cu content of crops could not be
markedly raised by using CuSO
4
fertilizer, even with rates as high
as 270 or 810 kg/ha Cu. However, as an effect of increased NxP fertilization,
the Cu content of maize grain doubled, or that of maize straw was 4-times
higher. This is an important tool for the Cu enrichment of animal diet, when
maize straw is also used for animal feeding. 4. The soil and plant analysis
data are proper means of controlling soil fertility and crop nutritional status
when the soil and plant data are previously calibrated in long-term field
experiments.
Cadmium and Lead Uptake by Ryegrass, Lettuce and White Mustard Plants on Different Soils
Authors: Lehoczky Éva , Németh T. , Kiss Zs. ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

The pot experiment - carried out in 2000 under greenhouse conditions -
was set up with seven soils differing in Cd and Pb contents and three test
plants (
Lolium perenne
L. cv. Georgikon), lettuce (
Lactuca sativa

L. cv. Balatonzöld) and white mustard (
Sinapis alba
L. cv. Sirola) with
four replicates. From the seven experimental soils five samples (S1-S5) were
collected from agricultural areas (arable sites) and two (S6-S7) from
spoil-earth, with extremely high Cd and Pb contents.  The pots, each containing 1 kg air-dry soil,
were kept at constant soil moisture (60% of maximum water capacity of the
experimental soils) by daily watering, while pots were watered to weight once
weekly. Before sowing the test plants: 50-50-50 mg N, P
2
O
5

and K
2
O was applied to the experimental soils to maintain the same
nutrient supply. The above-soil plant parts were cut after four weeks. Fresh
and dry weights of plants were determined after harvest.
The aim of the
experiment was to obtain results of Cd and Pb uptake by different plant species
in relation to the heavy metal content and different characteristics of soils. The following conclusions were drawn:
No definite
correlation was found between the biomass production of the three test plants
and the heavy metal content of the soils at early growth stage. The heavy metal
concentration range in the soils and plants differed. In the case of Pb the
soil concentration interval was broader than that of the plants'. The opposite
was observed for Cd, where the plants had a wider concentration interval.
Comparing the Pb and Cd concentrations of above-ground plant parts, Pb
concentrations varied in a narrower interval. The maximum values of Pb content
exceeded the Cd content levels, although the mobility of Pb in the soil-plant
system is significantly lower. The comparison of Cd and Pb concentrations of
plants and soils proved these differences. The Cd concentration of plants was
8-231% of the total Cd content of soils. The Pb concentration of plants was the
0.8-28% of the total Pb content of the soils, respectively. Comparing the three
plants in respect of Cd concentrations the order found was as follows: ryegrass
< white mustard < lettuce. In case of Pb, the order depended on the Pb
content level (lower or higher) of the experimental soil. Symptoms of
phytotoxicity were observed only on lettuce plants grown on the contaminated
soils (S6, S7).
Pedological Features of Red Clays in Northern Hungary
Authors: Fekete József , Stefanovits P.
Published: August 2004

On the basis of the samples studied, which were gathered over the past
year, we were able to summarize the characteristics of red clays in Northern
Hungary. From the large selection of samples we chose 16 representative soil
profiles for our assessment. In order to characterize red clays we used data on
mechanical composition, cation exchange capacity and adsorption capacity as
well as the mineral composition identified by X-ray diffraction and
thermoanalytical studies. Following observations and conclusions drawn from our
study we were able to identify the categories of red clay in Northern Hungary:
1. Red clay of the Hegyalja region (Tokaj foothills); 2. Red soils of the
Cserhát and Szalonna Hills; 3. Red clays of the Aggtelek karst, the Torna Hills
and the Bódva Valley; 4. Red soils of the Bükk mountain range. 5. Red clays of
the Northern periphery of the Great Hungarian Plain.  The following conclusions can be drawn from
the studies on the water permeability of the soils: Water permeability is
correlated with the pore space and the ratio of coarse pores. The bigger the
total pore space and the ratio of coarse pores, the better the water
permeability of the soil. If the clay content is higher the water permeability
is generally lower. In soils that contain montmorillonite the speed of water
permeability is lower than in soils containing kaolinite. Within the porous
system of bauxitic red clays containing kaolinite the volume of medium size and
coarse pores increases, resulting in better water permeability. In the upper
layers of soils covered with vegetation water permeability is much better. The
high amount of roots and root residues provides better soil structure and
porosity, thus improving water permeability.
Testing Alternative Techniques of Numerical Simulation versus Repeated Field Instrumental Measurements for Assessing Soil Salinity Status in a Sodic Grassland
Authors: Tóth Tibor , Kuti L.
Published: August 2004

Within a 300 x 600 m
complex heterogeneous sodic grassland two techniques were compared for
assessing soil salinity. The standard technique is based on repeated field
instrumental measurements at 420 points. The alternative technique was
performed with the use of numerical simulation of salt accumulation carried out
on 3 profiles. These profiles have been selected as representatives of the
distinct classes, or map strata of salt accumulation, distinguished with
preliminary statistical clustering of the instrumental measuring points.
Simulated values were extrapolated for the 3 strata distinguished. The maps
obtained with the two techniques were statistically correlated. The use of
numerical simulation is cost-effective. Further improvements are expected from
a combination of improved numerical simulation and utilization of more strata.
Fluctuation of the Groundwater Level, and Its Consequences in the Soil-Parent Material-Groundwater System of a Sodic Grassland
Authors: Kuti László , Tóth T. , Kerék B. ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

Our data verified the
relationship between meteorological factors and the fluctuation of the
groundwater level. The rate of evaporation dominantly affected the rise and
depth of the groundwater level. It is characteristic for the study site that
there is an inverse relationship between the elevation of the groundwater
observation wells and the depth of groundwater, and the difference between the
levels of groundwater in the separate wells reflected the differences in the
elevation between the wells. Our observations refuted our previous assumptions,
as in the wells not only the concentration of salts changed but also the
chemical type of the water. This can be attributed with great probability to
the lateral flow of the groundwater, which is caused by the vertical
fluctuation, but can be caused by other geological factors as well. We reached
the conclusion that the vertical and sometimes lateral movement of the
groundwater affects the development of soils in a given area. It means that the
reason behind the mosaic-like appearance of the soil cover of a given area can
be searched in the local differences of the chemical composition of the
groundwater, which is a major factor of the spatial variability of the salt
accumulation of soils. The observations and analytical results point to that
the soils of the study site have developed under the effect of fluctuating
groundwater and the elevation is a dominant factor of the spatial variability
of the soil salt accumulation. The level of groundwater, the flow of groundwater
and its composition show relationship with the surface elevation, and their
effect is modified by the geological stratification, which results in a
variable appearance of soil salt accumulation and native vegetation.
Analysis of Soil Hydraulic Conductivity in Palm Plantations in the Saline Soils of the Oued Rhir
Authors: Cserni Imre
Published: August 2004

The aim of the study was to determine K-factors of homogeneous zones in
palm-groves in order to make possible the interpolation of these values to
other similar areas, and by this way to help the calculation of draining
parameters. Another goal was to interpret the agronomical aspects of the
results. Investigations for the determination of conductivity factors
(K-factors) were carried out in the palm-groves of the Oued Rhir Valley. The
measurements  - conducted three times -
were made by the auger-hole method. After boring the hole, a perforated
cylinder was placed into it to prevent falling in. K-factor values were
calculated after van Beers. The mean of the three calculations was given as the
end result for the K-factors. Our results show that K-factor values are
influenced by the porosity, type, bulk density and texture of soils, their salt
content and the form of gypsum. The K-factor was extremely high in case of
sandy soils and soils containing crystallized gypsum. Water conductivity was
moderate in case gley and pseudogley were located in deeper layers. The lowest
values occurred when gypsum was found in cemented coherent particles.
Salinization in deeper layers influenced hydraulic conductivity only in case it
was associated with finer texture and airless layers. Besides date production, the traditional growing of
nitrogen-fixing perennial legumes (alfalfa, Egyptian clover, melilot, etc.) in
palm-groves is essential.  Systemic
flooding irrigation decreases the salt content of soils, increases date and
legumes yields. Legumes - by their root-system - improve the nitrogen balance,
structure and water drainage of soils. The green parts of the cultivated
legumes serve as fodder for animals (goats, sheep, cows), which turn it to
manure. This manure increases the nutrient supply of the soils for palm-trees
and vegetables. The positive results of stubble and root manuring (green
manuring) of legumes is also confirmed by experiments on sandy soils. The
elaboration of a good plant rotation is possible. At last, date and vegetables
produced in this way could be sold better on the world market as bioproducts.
An Equipment and Software for Improved Estimation of Soil Acidity
Authors: Czinkota Imre , Filep Gy. , Rékási M. ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

For estimating the
lime requirement (LR) in some countries it is accepted to use hydrolytic
acidity suggested by Kappen, which is based on a single time extraction of
hydrogen- and aluminum ion with calcium acetate. More accurate results could be
achieved if we measured the total surface acidity (TSA) of soils. For this
reason it is an improvement to use a direct measurement method and equipment,
which is suitable to estimate the results of long-term processes and TSA, via
investigating the kinetic properties of desorption. The method of measurement:
A pH electrode is dipped into continuously stirred soil suspension containing
background salt (e.g. KCl), and it isconnected to a computer using an
amplifier and A/D converter. A computer program has been developed that
controls an automatic burette, which adds the base solution into the system if
pH is less than the pre-adjusted value (e.g. pH 6.5 or pH 6.8) and stops adding
when pH reaches this value. For evaluation, the
amount of added base vs.time
data series can be used. With increasing time the amount of added
base keeps to a constant (asymptotic) value. The program fits an exponential
associate function on measured data, and outputs the asymptotic value connected
to infinite time, which can be used to calculate LR.  Supposing that there are two processes with
different rates, in this case the function can be created as the addition of
two first order kinetic sub-processes:

 The faster process that takes place on the
outer surfaces features easily removable acidity, and the slower process
probably describes processes within the deeper pores. The fitting error of
parameters is about 0.3-1%, which means that the TSA value, based on these
measured data and method can be estimated with high accuracy.  The measurement is fully automated. The
evaluation is based on extrapolation, so the precision of results increases
with the number of measurement points and the length of measurement time.
Depending on the application, a quick measurement with approximate results or a
longer measurement with more precise results can be chosen.
Algateszt a foszfor felvehetőségének a vizsgálatára
Authors: Ördög Vince , Máté Ferenc
Published: August 2004

A talajfelszínen a csapadékvízzel elmozduló és algásodást okozó foszfor mérésére, bár számos módszer áll rendelkezésre, értelemszerűen mégis az algatesztek a legalkalmasabbak. Kérdés az, hogy van-e összefüggés a talajtanban használatos kémiai és biológiai módszerekkel mért mobilizálható/hozzáférhető foszfor és az algateszttel nyert BAP (BioAvailable Phosphorus) értékek között? Helyettesíthetők-e a hosszadalmas algatesztek valamely eddig használt eljárással? A kérdés eldöntésére különböző P-tartalmú, 20 talaj- és 3 balatoni mederüledék- mintán végeztünk összehasonlító vizsgálatokat. A minták alapvizsgálati adatait és összes-P koncentrációját az 1. táblázatban foglaltuk össze. Mértük a minták összes-P és ammónium-laktát oldható P-tartalmát (DI GLÉRIA, 1962), a forró vízzel mobilizálható P-koncentrációt (FÜLEKY & CZINKOTA, 1998), valamint a vas-oxid-papírral kimutatható foszfort (SHARPLEY, 1993a). Elvégeztük a Neubauer- és az Aspergillus-tesztet (BALLENEGGER, 1944), az Olsen-féle Pvizsgálatot (OLSEN & DEAN, 1965), továbbá két szervezettel háromféle algatesztet (ÖRDÖG & DOBOLYI, 1997).

Az 1. ábrán a talajminták ammónium-laktáttal (AL), a NaHCO3-tal (Ols.), vas-oxid-papírral (V.ox.) és forró vízzel mobilizálható foszfor koncentrációját mutatjuk be, ill. ugyanezen P formák arányát az összes foszforon belül. A 2. ábra a Neubauer módszerrel (Neub.), a N-mentes (C.-N) és N-tartalmú (C.+N) BG-11 tápoldatban Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii-val, valamint a Scenedesmus subspicatus-szal (Sc.) mérhető hozzáférhető foszfor koncentrációját mutatja, ill. ugyanezen P formák összes foszforon belüli arányát. A 3. ábrán a „C.-N” algateszt és az Aspergillus niger teszt, a 4. ábrán pedig a „C.-N” algateszt és az AL-P eredményeit hasonlítjuk össze.

Az eredményekből megállapítható, hogy az ammónium-laktátos és az Olsenféle módszerrel mért értékek között statisztikailag szoros összefüggés állapítható meg, tehát egymással helyettesíthetők.

A talajtanban használatos kémiai és biológiai módszerekkel mérhető hozzáférhető/mobilizálható foszfor egyike sem mutat statisztikailag igazolható összefüggést az algatesztekkel. Talajtani módszerekkel tehát nem helyettesíthetők az algatesztek, másrészről azoknak a jelen dolgozatban bemutatott módszerei és teszt szervezetei nem alkalmasak a címben jelzett klasszikus talajtani kérdés megválaszolására.
Rhizobaktérium törzsek szaporodásának és vasmegkötő képességének nehézfém-érzékenysége
Authors: Várady György , Biró Borbála , Kucsma Nóra , Bayoumi H. E. A. F. , Kecskés Mihály
Published: August 2004

A növények oltására is felhasználható Pseudomonasok, azaz a PGPR (növényi növekedést serkentő) rhizobaktériumok sziderofor- (vaskelát) képző tulajdonságuk miatt, a talajeredetű kórokozók távoltartásával, a növénytermesztésben is hasznosuló tevékenységet fejthetnek ki. A szideroforok képződésére ható tényezők ily módon hatással vannak a törzsek antagonista jellegének a kialakulására, és ezáltal az irányított biológiai védekezés hatásosságára is.

Laboratóriumi körülmények között ezért hazai talajokban nőtt különböző mezőgazdasági növények rizoszférájából származó, BIOLOG gyorsteszttel azonosított 11 Pseudomonas rhizobaktérium törzs nehézfém-érzékenységét tanulmányoztuk. A szaporodási képesség mellett a PGPR hatásban szerepet játszó sziderofor-termelő képesség ellenőrzése is megtörtént AgNO3, CoSO4∙7H2O és CrK(SO4)∙12H2O vegyületek 10, 40, 160 és 640 μM mennyiségeinek a hatására folyékony és táplemezes eljárásokkal.

Megállapítást nyert, hogy az alkalmazott nehézfémek nemcsak a törzsek szaporodási képességét, hanem a kórokozok távoltartásában fontos sziderofortermelő képességet is befolyásolták. Ezek mértéke és tendenciája ugyanakkor különbözőképpen nyilvánult meg a fémek típusától és az alkalmazott dózisoktól függően. A növekvő koncentrációk fokozatos toxikussága mellett a fémszennyezettségnek serkentő, szinergista módon kedvező tulajdonságai is előfordultak. A vizsgált, különböző élettani funkciók, azaz a Pseudomonasok szaporodása és vaskelátképző tulajdonságai a nehézfémekkel szemben eltérő érzékenységet mutattak. Az alkalmazott laboratóriumi technikák a rhizobiológiai monitoring alkalmas eszközeinek bizonyultak a nehézfémek károsító hatásainak megfelelő színtű detektálására is.
A talajlakó állatok és az endomikorrhiza-gombák közötti kapcsolatok szerepe a növények tápanyagellátásában
Authors: Seres Anikó , Bakonyi Gábor
Published: August 2004

A dolgozatban áttekintjük a talajban élő állatok és az arbuszkuláris mikorrhizagombák (AM-gomba) közötti sokféle kapcsolatrendszert. Várható, hogy a klímaváltozások következtében növekszik a száraz időszakok gyakorisága. Ilyen körülmények között a mikorrhiza-gombák jelentősége a növények tápanyag- és vízfelvételében a jelenlegi állapothoz képest növekedni fog.

Célunk, hogy bemutassuk az állatok hatását az AM-gombákra és ezen keresztül a növényi tápanyagfelvételre, valamint a növények növekedésére.

A különböző talajlakó állatfajok hatása az AM-gombákra egyidejűleg lehet pozitív és negatív is, ezért a hatások eredőjeként tapasztalt jelenségek magyarázata sokszor igen bonyolult.
P—Zn kölcsönhatás mészlepedékes csernozjom talajon kukorica monokultúrában
Authors: Kádár Imre , Turán Tamás
Published: August 2004

Szabadföldi P—Zn műtrágyázási tartamkísérletünket 1978 őszén állítottuk be löszön képződött, mély humuszrétegű, vályog mechanikai összetételű karbonátos csernozjom talajon, Intézetünk nagyhörcsöki kísérleti telepén. A talaj szántott rétege 5 % CaCO3-ot, 3 % humuszt tartalmaz; Ca, Mg, Mn és Cu elemekkel kielégítően, N és K elemekkel közepesen, P és Zn elemekkel gyengén ellátott. A talajvíz 13–15 m mélyen helyezkedik el, a termőhely aszályra hajló, vízmérlege negatív.

A 4P × 3Zn = 12 kezelést 3 ismétlésben, split-plot elrendezésben állítottuk be. A parcellák mérete 4,9x15=73,5 m². Főparcellaként a 0, 100 kg/ha/év, 500 kg/ha/5 év, 1000 kg/ha/5 év P2O5-trágyázás, alparcellaként a 0, 20, 40 kg/ha/5 év Zn-trágyázás szolgált szuperfoszfát és ZnSO4 formájában. Alaptrágyaként az egész kísérletben egységesen 200 kg/ha N-és 200 kg/ha K2O-műtrágyát alkalmaztunk NH4NO3 és KCl formájában. A termesztett kukoricahibrid az Mv-SC 580 volt. Az első 4 év eredményei alapján levonható főbb következtetések:

Kísérleti körülményeink között, ezen a foszforral gyengén ellátott talajon, az évenként adott 100 kg/ha P2O5-trágyázás kielégítheti a kukorica P-igényét. Előretrágyázás formájában ez a mennyiségű foszfor 4–5 évre számolva egyszerre is kiadható. Az 1000 kg/ha feltöltő P2O5-trágyázás gazdaságtalan és Znhiányt indukálva terméscsökkenéshez vezethet. Az AL-oldható P2O5-tartalom optimumát a 100–150 mg/kg érték jelezheti a szántott rétegben.

Az egyoldalú, 1000 kg P2O5/ha adaggal előidézett P-túlsúlyt és szemterméscsökkenést a 40 kg/ha Zn-trágyázással lehetett ellensúlyozni. A KCl+EDTA módszerrel meghatározott Zn-tartalom optimumát 2–3 mg/kg talajbani koncentráció mutatta.

Irodalmi adagokkal összhangban a kukorica kiegyensúlyozott tápláltsági állapotát a 4–6 leveles légszáraz hajtásban mért 0,3–0,5 % P és 30–60 mg/kg Zn, míg a címerhányáskori levél optimális összetételét 0,25–0,40 % P és 25 mg/kg feletti Zn-koncentráció-tartomány jellemezheti. A P/Zn arányának ideális értéke a vegetatív növényi részekben 50–150 közöttire tehető. Amennyiben ez a P/Zn arány jelentősen 200 fölé emelkedik, a Zn-trágyázás hatékony lehet.

A P-túlsúly növelte a meddő tövek előfordulását 1978-ban, amikor szemtelítődés idején (augusztusban) aszály uralkodott. Ebben az évben a termő tövek 13–20 %-a bizonyult terméketlennek.
Neonatal pneumonia caused by Trichomonas vaginalis
Authors: Szarka K. , Temesvári P. , Kerekes A. , Tege A. , Repkény A.
Published: August 2004

The authors present two cases of newborn babies infected byTrichomonas vaginalis(hereafter referred to asT. vaginalis) and suffering from severe congenital breathing difficulties and needing artificial respiration. Microscopic examination of the tracheal discharge revealed characteristically moving, flagellated, pear-shaped unicellular organisms. Cultures on CPLM medium proved the presence ofT. vaginalis. During pregnancy the mothers' clinical status was negative and both of them mentioned leukorrhoea of changing intensity. They were regularly involved in antenatal care. The infection caused byT. vaginaliscould be detected in the two mothers later by culture procedures.
Stress related changes of cell surface hydrophilicity in Bacillussubtilis
Authors: Kovács T. , Bihari Z. , Hargitai A. , Mécs I. , Kovács K. L.
Published: August 2004

The changes of cell surface hydrophilicity in Bacillus subtilis were analyzed in response to oxygen-limitation, heat shock, salt stress, pH-shock, phosphate- and carbon-limitation.  Although cell surface hydrophilicity varied during growth phases, an increase of surface hydrophilicity was observed under several of these stress conditions.  An observed drop in intracellular GTP and/or ATP may be an element of the signal transduction pathway leading to an increase in surface hydrophilicity in response to environmental stresses.  Attachment of cells to soil particles under salt stress conditions is strongly influenced by the degS/degU two-component system, which thereby provides a mechanism for the bacteria to escape from the hostile environment.
Effect of fluoride on cariogenic oral microorganisms
Authors: Kamotsay K. , Herczegh A. , Rozgonyi F. , Nász István , Gintner Z. , Bánóczy J.
Published: August 2004

The effect of sodium fluoride and sodium monofluorophosphate at concentrations of 1, 5, 10, 50, 100 and 1000 mg/l in phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) as well as in UHT milk were studied on cultures and suspensions of Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Candida albicans. Using serial tenfold dilutions up to 10-7 of 24-48 hour cultures, a subsequent 0, 60 and 120 min incubation caused no decrease in the number of CFUs. Growth kinetic studies in the Bioscreen biophotometer (Labsystem, Finland) revealed that sodium fluoride in different concentrations (from 0.875 mg/l up to 500 mg/l) influenced the growth dynamics of S. mutans and C. albicans: the exponential phase flattened out at the highest fluoride concentrations (500 mg/l) present in the growth media. The lag phase of C. albicans became longer. The results of these experiments indicate that sodium fluoride administered at higher concentrations than the usual caries preventive dosage made the generation time of cariogenic oral bacteria and fungi longer, slowing down their multiplication.
Karyotyping of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata isolates from recurrent vaginal infections by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
Authors: Fodor Eleonóra , Dósa E. , Nagy Á. , Nagy E. , Ferenczy L.
Published: August 2004

In the present study, 16 women with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) due to Candida albicans and Candida (Torulopsis) glabrata were followed for a period of 4 to 12 months, and 36 vaginal isolates were evaluted by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Eleven women were infected by C. albicans and5 by C. glabrata.Three electrophoretic karyotypes of C. albicans and 3 of C. glabrata were identified throughout the follow-up. All patients but one was infected with the same karyotype of C. albicans or C. glabrata during the follow-up period.Two different karyotypes of C. glabrata were identified in one patient in the course of 12 months. The results confirmed the diversity of the karyotypes of C. albicans and C. glabrata causing vulvovaginitis and demonstrated the persistence of colonization with the same strain over different periods of time despite therapy (15/16 women).
Distribution and susceptibility of Candida species isolated in the Medical University of Debrecen
Authors: Majoros L. , Kardos G. , Pócsi I. , Szabó B.
Published: August 2004

Data of Candida albicans and non-albicans Candida species isolated during the 1997-2000 period in the Medical and Health Science Center of the University of Debrecen are analysed. The number of yeast isolates increased from 408 to 1213 per year during this period. Dominance of C. albicans has been persistent, but a slight increase of C. glabrata and C. krusei could be observed. Distribution of different Candida species isolated from 16 body sites indicates that C. albicans seems to be still the most aggressive Candida species. Investigation of 244 urinary Candida isolates (parallel with bacterial cultures) suggests that tha aetiological role of Candida species in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infections can be hypothesized if colony forming unit (CFU) number of yeasts is higher than 104/ml and bacteria are present in low CFU number or are absent. Antifungal susceptibility testing of C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis and C. krusei against Flucytosine, Amphotericin-B, Miconazole, Ketoconazole and Fluconazole suggests that Amphotericin-B is still the most effective antifungal agent. Finally, the problems in judging the aetiological role of isolated Candida species in the pathogenesis of different types of diseases are critically discussed.
Pathological and clinical aspects of the diseases caused by Malassezia species
Authors: Dorogi J.
Published: August 2004

From veterinary point of viewMalassezia pachydermatishas the greatest significance. It has been standing in the focus of interest since the early 1990s, mostly because of the frequency of otitis externa and dermatitis caused by this yeast in dogs. This is the only lipid-independent species in the genusMalassezia. It can be found in very large proportion on the skin of healthy animals, but can be isolated in much greater number from diseased dogs. It often causes illness together with other pathogens (e.g.Staphylococcus intermedius). Some breeds are predisposed. In addition to the treatment of the accidental concurrent diseases, therapy consists of systemic and/or topical antimicrobial treatment. Ketoconazole is used most frequently.Malassezia pachydermatisplays also a role in the skin disorders of other carnivores. It has little zoonotic potential, it can be dangerous to immunocompromised humans. The otherMalasseziaspecies have little veterinary importance, althoughM. sympodialisandM. globosawere isolated from asymptomatic animals (mostly cats) and from mixed infections.
Monetary policy dilemmas in a transition economy: The case of Hungary
Authors: Tarafás I.
Published: August 2004

This paper addresses the experiences and challenges of Hungary’s monetary policy during the period 1995–2000 and in view of the progress toward EU and EMU membership. The structure of relative prices changed markedly in the past and is expected to continue to change in the future. The reason, in addition to a possible Balassa–Samuelson effect, was the elimination of subsidies and introduction of turnover taxes in the past, and a future convergence toward a price structure prevalent in the EU. In the 1995–2000 period, the resulting gap between CPI and PPI led to massive foreign capital inflows. While the policy of sterilised interventions by the National Bank of Hungary was probably the right answer, it was inevitably costly, and was made costlier than necessary by the way it was carried out. Continued adjustments in the price structure in the future will confront monetary policy with the same dilemmas and, resulting in an inflation floor, will complicate the country’s conditions of joining EMU within a reasonable time frame after EU accession.
The long-run stability of a small, open economy under crawling peg regime
Authors: Çiftçioğlu S.
Published: August 2004

The paper analyses the long-run (steady-state) output and price stability of a small, open economy which adopts a “crawling-peg” type of exchange-rate regime in the presence of various kinds of random shocks. Analytical and simulation results suggest that with the exception of money demand shocks, an exchange rate policy which involves a relatively higher rate of indexation of the exchange rate to price level is likely to lead to the worsening of price stability for all types of shocks. On the other hand, the impact of adopting such a policy on output stability depends on the type of the shock; for policy shocks to the exchange rate and shocks to output demand, output stability is worsened whereas for the shocks to risk premium of domestic assets, supply price of domestic output and the wage rate, better output stability is achieved in the long run.
Jánossy’s trendline theory in the light of the new growth theory
Authors: Tarján T. G.
Published: August 2004

Ferenc Jánossy was the most important Hungarian pioneer of surveys on long time series. In the 1960s he devised the famous theory of trendlines, which allowed him to forecast the great world economic recession of the 1970s a decade in advance. The best-known international authority on compiling historical time series is Angus Maddison, who prepared time series of the main demographic and macroeconomic indicators for 56 countries, from 1820 to the present day. Both scientists, whose survey method showed both a historical and a quantitative approach, reached the conclusion that human capital is the most important of production factors for securing long-term economic growth. The main purpose of this paper is to compare their results with the latest development, which is known as the “new growth theory”.*
The productivity gap between East and West Europe: What role for sectoral structures during integration?
Authors: Stephan J.
Published: August 2004

Analysis into the sources of lower levels of national productivities between Central and Eastern European economies and the European Union is scarce and lacks comparability. These sources are assessed by analysing the role played by sectoral structures. After providing a brief overview of comparative levels of economy-wide labour productivity between the EU-15 average, selected EU cohesion countries and the EU accession countries of Estonia, Poland, the Czech and Slovak Republics, Hungary and Slovenia, a quantitative account of the sectoral content of the national productivity gap is calculated. The paper develops a method to calculate the explanatory power of patterns of sectoral structures for the size of the productivity gap by hypothetically applying average EU-15 sectoral patterns on Central and Eastern European economies’ sectoral productivities. Subsequently, the respective roles of individual sectors in explaining the national productivity gaps are calculated by assigning weights to sectoral productivity gaps relative to their employment shares. These results are then carefully assessed in terms of potentials and prospects for swift and complete productivity catch-up and in terms of the most efficient policies to assist productivity convergence.
The Informational Value of Job-Search Data and the Dynamics of Search Behaviour
Authors: Micklewright John , Nagy Gyula
Published: August 2004

Labour-market analysis places much emphasis on the concept of search. But there is insufficient empirical information on (a) the relationship between reported job-search and job-finding and (b) how search behaviour changes over a spell without work. We investigate these issues using a sample constructed from Hungarian labour-force survey panel data of the flow from jobs to the state of “joblessness”. The results on job exits call into question aspects of the standard international classification of “unemployment”and being “out of the labour force”. Transitions during joblessness in and out of search and among the various categories of non-search are found to be only modest.
The Trade and Welfare Effects of Greek Membership in the EU
Authors: Tsounis Nicholas
Published: August 2004

This paper presents quantitative estimates of the trade and welfare effects of the entry of Greece into the EU and presents a tool for assessing the impact of the Central and Eastern European Countries' accession to the EU. Both the static and the dynamic effects of the entry of Greece into the EU are examined. When looking at the static effects, it is shown that there was a “net”trade creation of about USD 1.6 billion, which accounted for approximately 4.4% of the GDP of the year before accession. It has also been found that 86% of the total trade creation was internal trade, while 84% of the entire trade diversion was external trade diversion, these being results that accord with the theory of the customs union. When we make an assessment of the dynamic effects, we can see that Greece's EU entry had mixed reactions in different sectors: for about two-thirds of the examined sectors we find that Greece's integration into the EU was desirable - in general, however, the integration indices found are close to being the same, thereby showing that the dynamic effects of the country's EU entry have been minimal.
Globalisation and Catching-up in Emerging Market Economies
Authors: Piatkowski Marcin , Tomkiewicz Jacek
Published: August 2004

[Report on the Conference on Globalisation and Catching-up in Emerging Market Economies, held on 16-17 May 2002 in Warszaw (Poland), organized by the economic institute TIGER.]
Effect of GnRH and its antagonist (Antarelix) on LH release from cultured bovine anterior pituitary cells
Authors: Bellmann Annett , Schneider F. , Kanitz W. ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

In the following investigations, the LH secretion of cells from pituitaries in heifers on days 16-18 of their oestrous cycle (n = 14) was analysed. Cells were dissociated with trypsin and collagenase and maintained in a static culture system. For the estimation of LH release, the cells were incubated with various concentrations of mammalian GnRH (Lutrelef) for 6h. To determine the action of Antarelix (GnRH antagonist), the cells were preincubated for 1 h with concentrations of 10-5 or 10-4 M Antarelix followed by 10-6 M GnRH coincubation for a further 6h. At the end of each incubation, the medium was collected for LH analysis. Parallel, intracellular LH was qualitatively detected by immunocytochemistry. Changes in the intensity of LH staining within the cells in dependence of different GnRH concentrations were not observed, but a significant increase LH secretion in pituitary cells was measured at 10-6 M GnRH. Antarelix had no effect on basal LH secretion at concentrations of 10-4 and 10-5 M. After coincubation of pituitary cells with Antarelix and GnRH, Antarelix blocked the GnRH-stimulated LH secretion with a maximal effect of 10-4 M, but the staining of immunoreactive intracellular LH was detected at approximately the same level compared to the pituitary cells treated with exogenous GnRH alone. These data demonstrate that Antarelix is effective in influencing the GnRH-stimulated LH secretion of pituitary cells in vitro. After administration of Antarelix in vivo, the GnRH-stimulated LH secretion of cultured pituitary cells was not inhibited.
Follicular and oocyte development in gilts of different age
Authors: Brüssow K.-P. , Rátky J. , Torner H. ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

The aim of the present study was to estimate follicular and oocyte development of the same gilts in three phases of their reproductive life - prepuberal gilt (6 months old), cycling gilt (9.5 months old) and primiparous sow. Follicular development was induced by injections of 1000 IU PMSG followed by 500 IU hCG 72 h later. Cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COCs) were recovered from preovulatory follicles of the left ovary, and follicular fluid (FF) from the right ovary always 34 h after hCG by endoscopy. Altogether, 19 gilts were used in the prepuberal (P) and cycling (C) trials and 12 of them in the primiparous trial (S). Altogether 168, 190 and 82 follicles were aspirated from the left ovary and 106, 125 and 42 COCs recovered (recovery rate 60.5 ± 26.9, 62.7 ± 20.9 and 52.9 ± 21.8%). The average number of follicles was higher in C compared to P (19.7 ± 6.8 vs. 15.7 ± 6.8, p = 0.06) and to S (14.2 ± 4.0, P < 0.05), respectively. More uniform expanded COCs were aspirated from prepuberal and cycling gilts as compared to sows (89.7 and 78.4% vs. 46.3%, P < 0.05). Furthermore, the meiotic configuration in oocytes differed (P < 0.05) between these groups (55.5 and 61.7% vs. 0% Telo1/Meta2). Concentrations of progesterone in FF decreased (P < 0.05) from 590.0 ± 333.6 (P) to 249.1 ± 72.6 (C) and 161.4 ± 75.2 ng/ml (S). FF concentrations of oestradiol-17β were different between gilts and sows (9.3 ± 2.9, 21.9 ± 10.6 and 94.0 ± 15.9 pg/ml, P < 0.05). The progesterone/oestradiol ratio was 72.1, 15.2 and 4.7. Results indicate a different follicular and oocyte development during the investigated lifetime periods. Cycling gilts should preferably be used in IVF and breeding programs. The lower reproductive potential of primiparous sows is taken into consideration at breeding. Prediction of lifetime performance based on individual ovarian reaction of prepuberal gilts is unsuitable.
Determination of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in the perirenal and dorsal fatty tissues of pigs
Authors: Bažulić D. , Sapunar-Postružnik Jasenka , Kubala Drinčič Helena ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

The aim of this study was to assess the suitability of the perirenal fatty tissue for the determination of an organochlorine pesticide. Fatty tissue samples were prepared by the matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) method, and pesticide levels were determined by gas chromatography on capillary column using an electron capture detector. Results were confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) system. The results showed that the perirenal fatty tissue contained significantly higher levels of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) than the dorsal fatty tissue (P < 0.01). All the levels were below the criteria for maximum residue limits established by Croatia and the EU.
Occurrence of porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome in Hungary
Authors: Molnár T. , Glávits R. , Szeredi L. ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

In the past few years a characteristic, often fatal disease associated with cutaneous lesions and nephropathy has been observed in several large pig herds and household pig stocks of Hungary. In addition to general symptoms and slight fever in several cases, the disease was characterised by cutaneous lesions occurring mostly on the ventral part of the thorax and abdomen, on the extremities and ear pinnae, and in the nasal and perianal region. In the acute phase, circumscribed hyperaemic, confluent, crust-covered areas were seen. Histological examination revealed necrosis of the epithelial layer and lympho-histiocytic vasculitis in the corium, here and there accompanied by thrombosis and fibrinoid degeneration. The kidneys were pale brown and harder to tear, with cortical petechiae in most cases. By histopathological examination, intra- and extracapillary glomerulonephritis accompanied by fibrinoid exudation was seen. Some of the renal tubules were dilated, others were atrophied, and in advanced cases proliferation of the intertubular connective tissue and inflammatory cell infiltration also occurred. Necrotic vasculitis was also observed in some cases. By immunohistochemical examination IgA, IgG and IgM, and in a single case C3 belonging to the complement system were observed in the pathologically changed skin areas and kidneys. By polymerase chain reaction (PCR), porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) was detected. Bacteriological and serological examinations did not reveal infections of aetiological importance.
Occurrence of anthrax in Kars district, Turkey.
Authors: Otlu S. , Şahin M. , Genç O.
Published: August 2004

The aims of the study were to determine the prevalence of anthrax by bacteriologic methods in cattle and sheep between January 2000 and September 2001 and to determine the distribution of this zoonotic disease in humans in Kars district, Turkey. Bacillus anthracis was isolated and identified in 34 out of 38 (91%) cattle and 11 out of 17 (64%) sheep samples obtained from organs suspected of anthrax. The records of the Governmental Health Branch showed that 89 cases of cutaneous anthrax were diagnosed in humans during the study periods in the same district.
Canine tumour suppressor gene p53 mutation in a case of anaplastic carcinoma of the intestine
Authors: Mayr B. , Reifinger M.
Published: August 2004

Tumours localised in the large bowel of dogs were subjected to molecular genetic studies. Highly conserved regions of the tumour suppressor gene p53, including typical tumour hot spots (codons 175, 245, 248, 249, 273 and 282), were analysed. A mutation CGG ? TGG (arginine ? tryptophan) was present in codon 249 in an anaplastic carcinoma in the caecum.
Differences between the European carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio) and the coloured carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) in susceptibility to Thelohanellus nikolskii (Myxosporea) infection
Authors: Molnár K.
Published: August 2004

Thelohanellus nikolskii infection of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) has been a common parasitosis in the Central European fish farms since the first detection of the parasite about 20 years ago. This parasite, introduced from the Far East, causes intensive infection on the fins of fingerlings of the carp subspecies cultured in Europe (European carp, Cyprinus carpio carpio). This infection of the common carp occurs in the Hungarian fish farms every year. Until the present study, this parasite had not been recorded from the fins of koi or coloured carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus), a carp of Far Eastern origin, which is cultured in Hungary as an ornamental fish. A recent survey conducted in common carp, koi and goldfish stocks demonstrated that T. nikolskii infection of low prevalence and intensity occurs also in koi populations, but its prevalence and intensity are markedly lower than in common carp kept in the same ponds. It is suggested that the observed differences are due to disparities in the susceptibility of the two carp subspecies to T. nikolskii, and that the koi is less susceptible to this infection. Other signs of susceptibility can also be observed in the European subspecies, since in 15% of the fish plasmodium development was arrested at an early stage. Thelohanellus nikolskii infection could not be demonstrated on goldfish (Carassius auratus).
Molecular biology can differentiate morphologically indistinguishable myxosporean species: Myxobolus elegans and M. hungaricus (Short communication)
Authors: Eszterbauer Edit
Published: August 2004

Two, morphologically indistinguishable myxosporean species, Myxobolus elegans Kashkovsky, 1966 and M. hungaricus Jaczó, 1940 were differentiated using molecular biological methods. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers specific for the family Myxobolidae was used to amplify an approximately 1600 base pairs (bp) long fragment of the 18S ribosomal RNA gene. In restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) study with HinfI, MspI and TaqI enzymes, the two parasite species were easily distinguishable. The genetic distinctness was also confirmed by the DNA sequence of their PCR products. Although M. elegans and M. hungaricus are morphologically very similar, based on the results of the PCR-RFLP and the DNA sequences, we concluded that they are valid species.
Na+/H+ exchange in primary, secondary and n-butyrate-treated cultures of ruminal epithelial cells: Short communication
Authors: Gálfi P. , Neogrády Susan , Gäbel G.
Published: August 2004

Rate of amiloride-sensitive Na+ uptake into cultured rumen epithelial cells was studied in order to clarify the influence of culture conditions on Na+/H+ exchange (NHE). Cell cultures were exposed to Na-n-butyrate or not for seven days or subcultured. On the 14th day of culturing, primary cell cultures without butyrate exposure showed both non-stratified and stratified growth. Na-n-butyrate treated 14-day-old cultures and 3-day-old subcultures contained mostly non-stratified, i.e. non-keratinised cells. Both n-butyrate treatment and subculturing increased total and amiloride-sensitive Na+ uptake. Our results indicate that Na+ uptake via NHE is determined by the amount and the ratio of non-stratified (non-keratinised) cells.
A possible relationship between bumblefoot responsive to potassium arsenite and micrococci in the blood of three birds of prey
Authors: Tarello W.
Published: August 2004

Pododermatitis (bumblefoot) is a major health problem of falcons worldwide because healing processes in the talons are difficult and lengthy. A peregrine (Falco peregrinus), a merlin (Falco columbarius) and a saker falcon (Falco cherrug) with bumblefoot at different stages ranging from III to V, were all found to be carriers of micrococcus-like organisms in the blood and two of them were successfully treated with 0.5% potassium arsenite in low dosage given intravenously. A number of considerations are made on the immune dysfunction aspects of bumblefoot in birds of prey and on the emerging role of arsenic-based medicaments in the treatment of animal and human immune dysfunction syndromes.
Apparent cross-infection with a single strain of Malassezia pachydermatis on a pig farm
Authors: Pinter Ljiljana , Anthony R. M. , Glumac Nada ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

Twenty-nine isolates of Malasseziapachydermatis were recovered from a single farm of 100 pigs in Croatia. In contrast, 290 farm pigs from other locations (northern parts of Croatia and Slovenia) yielded only two non-lipid dependent isolates of M. pachydermatis using the same swabbing procedure. Ten of the 29 isolates from a single farm had their identity confirmed by karyotyping, and were typed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. All but one of these isolates sub-typed were indistinguishable, one isolate produced a slightly different RFLP profile. Control isolates recovered from dog skin gave RFLP profiles that were easily distinguished from those produced by the pig isolates. These results suggest that a single strain of M. pachydermatis had colonised this pig herd.
Tumour suppressor gene p53 mutation in a case of haemangiosarcoma of a dog
Authors: Mayr B. , Zwetkoff S. , Schaffner G. ,   et al.
Published: August 2004

Haemangiosarcomas of dogs were analysed by molecular genetic techniques. Regions of the tumour suppressor gene p53, including the well-known tumour hot spots (codons 175, 245, 248, 249, 273 and 282) were screened. A 24 bp deletion was detected in exon 5 of the gene.