bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rafael de Castillo Cuesta y la Guerra de África (1859-1860): al servicio de la nacionalización de la Unión Liberal
Authors: Pérez Núñez Javier
Published: December 2023

La Guerra de África (1859-1860), desarrollada bajo el Gobierno largo de la Unión Liberal, suscitó un exacerbado nacionalismo español. En la articulación de su relato nacional, unificador y movilizador, participaron infinitud de periodistas, poetas, novelistas, dramaturgos, pintores, escultores, fotógrafos, políticos, religiosos, etc., adscritos o no a las esferas oficiales. Entre ellos destaca el escritor especializado en la novela por entregas Rafael del Castillo Cuesta, que, durante el tiempo del conflicto y centradas en su contexto, publicó tres obras, una novela, una historia y una biografía del general Leopoldo O’Donnell. Todas ellas asumen los motivos empleados por la Unión Liberal para justificar la guerra (el honor patrio, la religión católica y la misión civilizadora), y también se inscriben en el nacionalismo cultural y simbólico al que recurre esa formación política. De ahí que podamos considerar a Rafael del Castillo, más que un ideólogo nacionalista, un divulgador del modelo nacional de Unión Liberal.
Los incorregibles del sistema penitenciario liberal en España y Portugal (1870-1930)
Authors: Oliver Olmo Pedro , Vaz Maria João
Published: December 2023

A finales del siglo XIX y principios del XX, la palabra “incorregible” se utilizó en un sentido puramente criminológico y penológico, para hablar de “criminales natos” y delincuentes “reincidentes”, y en otro mucho más pragmático que quedaba reducido al ámbito penitenciario y a la cuestión de los denominados “presos incorregibles” o “inadaptados”. Esta problemática, animada por el positivismo criminológico y globalizada gracias a la constante celebración de encuentros y congresos internacionales, también llegó con fuerza a España y Portugal, países en los que la corriente de pensamiento criminológico que tenía más prestigio era el correccionalismo.
Con nuestra investigación, además de aprehender los rasgos más significativos de un debate que estuvo espoleado por las propuestas de inocuización -penas de incapacitación, neutralización o eliminación de delincuentes- que realizaba el positivismo frente al correccionalismo, nos preguntamos por el alcance real de las medidas reglamentarias y organizativas que se propusieron con la intención expresa de neutralizar o separar de la sociedad por tiempo indefinido a los penados que eran considerados incorregibles.
Además de profundizar en la experiencia española, analizamos la cuestión de la incorregibilidad sirviéndonos del contraste que nos proporciona la investigación sobre Portugal, país que abolió tempranamente la pena de muerte y las penas perpetuas, por lo que su propio ordenamiento penal no era en principio proclive a las propuestas de inocuización. Examinamos las dos grandes vertientes del asunto: por un lado, el pensamiento penal y criminológico respecto de los presos incorregibles, con especial énfasis en las corrientes correccionalista y positivista de ambos países; y por otro, la normativa y la práctica penitenciaria sobre regímenes especiales dentro de los establecimientos penales y a través de la deportación a las colonias ultramarinas.
La enseñanza de la física en la educación secundaria: tensiones entre las prescripciones y las aulas
Authors: Ruiz Pablo Ezequiel , Nardelli Maximiliano , Mengascini Adriana
Published: December 2023

This article analyzes the tensions between the curricular prescriptions and the teaching of physics, specifically in Introduction to Physics for the 4th year of Buenos Aires Province. The study uses a qualitative methodology and is based on interviews with teachers and documentary analysis of the Curricular Design. The results reveal a gap between what is prescribed in the curriculum and its implementation in the classroom, and highlight the importance of promoting critical thinking in science and technology education. The interviewed teachers point out that the approach is mainly theoretical and that they adapt the contents according to the group, which faces difficulties such as the lack of time to cover all the contents, the lack of previous training of the students, the lack of resources to carry out practical experimental, and who find it difficult to relate the contents to everyday life. We close the article describing a series of proposals that attempt to transcend these tensions.
A potencialidade dos mapas conceituais no planejamento, aplicação e avaliação de um produto educacional voltado para o estudo experimental da velocidade do som no ar
Authors: Pessoa de Oliveira Filho João , Nairon Monteiro Júnior Francisco
Published: December 2023

Concept maps are powerful tools that can be used to assist the teaching and learning process, providing a clear overview of the main concepts and their relationships. When used in conjunction with the theory of meaningful learning, they allow connecting new information to the student's prior knowledge, constituting an important assessment tool. The educational product developed within the scope of master's research at the 58-UFRPE hub of the National Professional Master's Degree in Physics Teaching, presented in this article, aimed to develop prior organizers that facilitate the teaching and learning process. on the speed of sound and its characteristics, relating Ausubel's theory with Delizoicov's three pedagogical moments and Gregory M. Novak's tailored teaching. To identify students' understanding and provide targeted feedback to improve their learning, concept maps play an important role in the formative and evaluation process, allowing students to demonstrate their understanding of concepts and the relationships between them, enabling them to create your own concept maps as a way of organizing and representing your knowledge.
Recursos didácticos para la enseñanza de la física a estudiantes con discapacidad visual en el nivel superior
Authors: Rivas Carlos , Domínguez María Alejandra
Published: December 2023

This article is part of a larger investigation into teaching physics to visually impaired people. Its objective is to study, through joint work with a student with visual disabilities, the didactic resources that are used in the curricular space of Introduction to Physics and Elements of Astronomy, in a Higher Institute of Teacher Training in the province of Buenos Aires. The teaching resources used in class and their possible modifications are described from the perspective of Inclusive Education, keeping in mind the unique and valuable perspective that the student can make in reference to aspects of the accessibility, usefulness and adaptability of a teaching resource. An aspect that many times people who do not have a visual disability fail to consider.
Análisis de la dimensión semántica en contextos de digitalización forzada: el caso de la enseñanza de termodinámica introductoria
Authors: Zuluaga Duque Denise , Escudero Consuelo
Published: December 2023

This paper illustrates some partial results of the research on the study of the programmatic principles of cumulative knowledge-building that emerge in discursive practices in a remote education scenario. The analysis has concentrated on a high school fifth-grade classroom, especially in physics, addressing the topic of introductory thermodynamics. The semantic dimension of the theoretical construct, legitimation codes theory, and through its methodological tool semantic profile, proved to be an effective analytical approach. Because it allows the visual representation of the multiple gradations of meaning condensation derived from the discursive interactions promoted by the observed teacher. The treatment of boundary conditions with emphasis on variational ideas, the integration of macro and microscopic approaches, the mathematical language as structuring of physical knowledge, and the use of different resolution strategies, and with the help of didactic intentionality, have facilitated the possibility of establishing structuring connections between the explanations provided and enriched with a high level of significance allowing a deep understanding of scientific concepts.
Diseño universal para el aprendizaje en educación STEAM* integrada: una experiencia en educación primaria
Authors: Merino-Fernández Miguel Ángel , Ortiz-Revilla Jairo , Greca Ileana M.
Published: December 2023

The aim of this article is to present the implementation of a teaching proposal on integrated STEAM education in a classroom of 5th year of primary education, which promotes inclusive education and attention to diversity through Universal Design for Learning and the use of various active methodologies. To this end, an integrated multidisciplinary model has been designed, bringing together four subjects through the common thread of the Japanese comic One Piece, in order to promote learning skills through collaboration, reflection, argumentation, creativity and experimentation.
Uma abordagem ausubeliana para o ensino do eletromagnetismo na interpretação causal
Authors: Sousa Rodrigues Duarte Ingrid de , Mota Polito Antony Marco
Published: December 2023

We present the main ideas associated with a proposed Ausubelian approach to teaching of the phenomenology and laws of electromagnetism, emphasizing their causal interpretation. The concepts of electrostatics, magnetostatics, electrodynamics, electromagnetic field and electromagnetic waves are progressively developed, assuming the central role of the concept of causality. By hypothesis, the principle of causality should function as an Ausubelian key which, acting as part of (potential) subsumption structures, we assume to be, in this context, effective in achieving what Ausubel understood as meaningful learning. To this end, we propose the use of a set of teaching instruments based on four experiments: the Van de Graaff generator/electroscope, the electromagnet/magnetoscope, the Faraday's experiment and the Tesla coil. These experiments should be represented by their respective experimental conceptual diagrams. These, in turn, should be constructed based on theoretical conceptual diagrams, developed to structure electromagnetism according to causal interpretation. Specific parts of these teaching instruments can also be interpreted as advance organizers, depending on the objectives and circumstances in which they be used.
A prova teórica de Boltzmann da lei de Dulong-Petit: “Uma perspectiva histórica”
Authors: Rosa Pedro S. , Souza Aguinaldo R. de
Published: December 2023

The main aspect that we will discuss in this work is the presentation of the law of specific heats by Dulong and Petit, from an experimental and theoretical point of view, comparing with the publication of Ludwig Boltzmann's doctoral thesis in 1866. According to Cássio C. Laranjeiras, it is in his thesis that Boltzmann will do the analytical demonstration of this law for the first time. Determined experimentally by the two French physicists and published on April 12, 1819, this law can be considered the starting point for changes in the interpretation of Newton's classical mechanics. Boltzmann, supported by Masson's work on calculating the speed of sound propagation in gases and the concept of entropy introduced by Clausius, proposes fundamental changes in the interpretation of the laws of thermodynamics.
Medicinal potential and health benefits of torch ginger (Etlingera elatior)
Authors: ISMAIL Nor Asiah , RIDZUAN Raihana
Published: December 2023

Indo-Pacific Region has a rich diversity of medicinal and aromatic plants. Torch ginger (Etlingera elatior) from the Zingiberaceae family in exemplary, is one of the valuable sources for condiment, ornamental and medicinal purposes.  This perennial herb can be found growing in clumps of aromatic rhizomes with their distinctive inflorescences, borne on erect stalks and showy bracts. Their torch-like flowers are edible, usually appeared during the second year of cultivation and continuous harvesting is feasible for the flower production. The varieties of torch ginger with pink-color flowers are often cultivated compared to white and red flower varieties due to the market demand. Interestingly, almost every part of this herb produces certain percentages of beneficial phytochemicals.  In this review, the botanical aspects of torch ginger as well as their progresses in usage and properties in different forms as fresh, extract and essential oils have been conversing with respect to their plant parts. Major compounds found in torch ginger are phenols, polyphenols, flavonoids and terpenoids. Those compounds correlate with the significant health benefits of torch ginger such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumor, antihyperuricemic, antiallergic, cytotoxicity, antidiabetic as well as their cosmeceutical potential in skin care application. Moreover, the prominent pharmacological activities of this herb with particular attention to the chemical composition also have been uncovered, suggesting the substantial medicinal benefits of torch ginger.
Insecticidal potential of Streptomyces sp. dichloromethane extracts against the cactus cochineal Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell)
Authors: RAMMALI Said , EL AALAOUI Mohamed , SBAGHI Mohamed , DARI Khadija , BENCHARKI Bouchaib , AZEROUAL Abdelhamid , KHATTABI Abdelkrim
Published: December 2023

Destructive damages caused by Dactylopius opuntiae (Cockerell) to cactus worldwide require an ecofriendly IPM approach. Streptomyces sp. produce wide range of biologically active secondary metabolites that can be an interesting alternative to chemical insecticides for pest control, as they are less toxic and easily biodegradable. The efficacy of dichloromethane extracts of four Moroccan Streptomyces sp. strains: Streptomyces bellus- E23-2, Streptomyces galilaeus- E23-9, Streptomyces africanus- E23-3, and Streptomyces bellus- E25-12 (applied at 11, 13, 15, 17 and 20 mg mL-1) against D. opuntiae nymphs and adult females was evaluated under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Results showed that Streptomyces bellus- E23-2 and Streptomyces galilaeus- E23-9 dichloromethane extracts applied at 20 mg mL-1 were more effective, causing higher mortality against nymphs (92% and 91%, respectively) and adult females (90% and 95%, respectively) after 8 days of exposure, resulting in an LT50 value of 3.0 days (nymph), and 3.0 and 6.0 days (adult female), respectively. Streptomyces bellus- E25-12 extract had the lowest mortalities [88% (nymph) and 68% (adult female)]. In greenhouse experiment, the highest first instar nymph mortality was achieved by Streptomyces bellus- E23-2 (55.5%) and Streptomyces galilaeus- E23-9 (50.5%) dichloromethane extracts at 20 mg mL-1. The metabolites found in dichloromethane extracts of Streptomyces bellus- E23-2 and Streptomyces galilaeus- E23-9 show considerable potential to be used in the development of new biopesticide formulations for use in integrated pest management programs against D. opuntiae.
Extraction of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and evaluation of their antioxidant activity in saffron anthers (Crocus sativus L.)
Authors: MAHOOD Huda Enaya , DAHHAM Ali Amer , SARROPOULOU Virginia , TZATZANI Thiresia-Teresa
Published: December 2023

Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is the most expensive spice in the world and rich in a variety of bioactive compounds including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and vitamins. Saffron is used in food, cosmetics, perfumery, and dye industries due to its color, taste, aroma, and medicinal properties. The extraction of bioactive compounds imposes a constant search for economically and environmentally viable extraction strategies for higher yields including the solvent type. The research was carried out to evaluate total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity of C. sativus L. anthers using different extraction solvents including ethanol, methanol, and distilled water. The results showed that ethanol was the most effective extraction solvent type exhibiting the highest TPC (7.29 mg GAE g-1 DW), TFC (3.77 mg QE g-1 DW), and antioxidant activity of flavonoids (88%) and ascorbic acid (76.07%). Flavonoids proved to be stronger antioxidants than ascorbic acid, irrespective of solvent type, however the ethanolic extracts showed significantly higher antioxidant activity. A Reverse Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography method revealed that gallic acid (3.1 mg g-1), syringic acid (0.2 mg g-1), and vanillic acid (0.13 mg g-1) were the main phenolic compounds detected in the dried anther ethanolic extracts, while quercetin (2.13 mg g-1), pyrogallol (1.73 mg g-1), kaempferol (1.2 mg g-1), rutin (0.2 mg g-1), and tricin (0.1 mg g-1) the main flavonoid compounds. Thus, apart from the spice, constituted by the red stigmas, the production of other flower parts such as the anthers, so far considered agricultural waste can constitute a rich source of bioactive compounds of high antioxidant potential by setting quality standards for new products’ development and ensuring better valorization of saffron’s bioresidues in Mashhad region of Iran.
Effects of unilateral somatosensory cortex lesion upon locomotion in dogs
Authors: Błaszczyk Janusz , Dobrzecka Czesława
Published: December 2023

Locomotive limb movements were studied in 6 dogs before and after unilateral (right) primary somatosensory cortex (SI) lesion. Single limb movement parameters as well as interlimb coordination in lesioned dogs differed significantly from the parameters measured before surgery. Both left limbs showed a proprioceptive deficit and were more flexed during normal posture and during locomotion. This resulted in prolonged stance in the left fore and in the right hind legs. The symptoms were greatly pronounced in the left fore limb compared to a slightly impaired left hindlimb. Due to the proprioceptive deficit, the dogs did not have satisfactory control over the position of the distal part of the front limb which caused frequent stumbling and even falling. The symptoms were transient and fully compensated after 3–4 weeks.
Projections from the visual areas to the neostriatum in rats: A re-examination
Authors: López-Figueroa Manuel , Ramirez-Gonzalez Juan , Divac Ivan
Published: December 2023

Neostriatal afferents from the primary visual cortex in rats were studied using dextran-biotin, biocytin, and Fluoro-Gold. The area V1 was found to project only to a dorsomedial, longitudinal region of neostriatum (NS), bordering on the lateral ventricle and subcortical white matter. The preterminal fibres in the NS form fluffs which increase in number and density in the cases with larger injections. This target region is poorly stained for calbindin and yet belongs to the matrix compartment. The secondary visual areas also project to the dorsomedial NS region but they also innervate the deeper tissue in the same general region. Iontophoresis of Fluoro-Gold into the dorsomedial NS labelled some pyramidal neurones in the fifth layer of the primary visual cortex. The cortical areas that surround the visual cortical complex project to other regions of the NS: the somatosensory cortex to a dorsolateral longitudinal region and the auditory area to the medial half of the caudalmost portion of NS. Thus, major sensory cortical divisions project to non-overlapping NS regions. Since NS in monkeys and cats does not receive afferents from the primary visual cortex and in a number of other species does, we conclude that visual systems in different mammals differ with respect to their projections to NS.
Ganglionic neuronal mechanisms involved in circulatory control system
Authors: Skok Vladimir , Ivanov Alexander , Tatarchenko Lyudmila , Maslov Vitalii
Published: December 2023

Intracellular tonic activity and responses to orthodromic stimuli were recorded from the neurones of rabbit superior cervical ganglion and compared with those recorded from the nerves containing pre- and postganglionic nerve fibres, with the use of a coherent recording technique. It was found that: (l) firing of each ganglion neurone is triggered by two presynaptic inputs, single and multiple, formed by a single preganglionic nerve fibre whose discharges evoke the postsynaptic spikes correlated with cardiac rhythm, and by a few converging preganglionic nerve fibres which evoke the postsynaptic spikes, either correlated with cardiac rhythm or irregular, only if two or more of them discharge together, correspondingly; (2) about 240 neurones of the ganglion, on the average, fire synchronously during their tonic activity, being driven by only three preganglionic nerve fibres; (3) only about 9% of a "neural unit", the number of the ganglion neurones receiving innervation from the same preganglionic nerve fibre, are discharged during their tonic activity through a single input, while the rest of neurones are either discharged through a multiple input (17%), or generate only the excitatory postsynaptic potentials subthreshold for spike generation (73%). The results obtained suggest that the ganglionic neuronal mechanisms responsible for vasomotor control involve much more complex ganglionic integrative processes than it has been commonly thought.
The spontaneous theta rhythm recorded from the hypothalamus posterior in the cat in vivo
Authors: Grabowski Robert , Błaszczyk Marcin , Eckersdorf Barbara , Gołębiewski Henryk , Konopacki Jan
Published: December 2023

Rhythmical slow activity (theta) was mapped in the hypothalamic region in freely moving cats. We recorded well synchronized and high amplitude theta rhythm in the medial part of the hypothalamus posterior area. The EEG recordings made from lateral part of this hypothalamic region contained only irregular activity. These findings support earlier observations concerning the topography of hippocampal formation desynchrony and synchrony system. The observations of the present study also suggest that the hypothalamus posterior area is actively involved in the mechanisms responsible for generating theta oscillations in the cat.
Analysis of complexity of EEG during sleep
Authors: Szelenberger Waldemar , Wackermann Jiří , Skalski Michał , Niemcewicz Szymon , Drojewski Jacek
Published: December 2023

New multichannel descriptors of EEG activity: complexity (omega), total power (zeta) and generalized frequency (phi) were applied to whole night sleep analysis in 11 healthy subjects. The values of omega and phi decreased systematically from waking to slow wave sleep, and increased systematically in consecutive NREM-REM sleep cycles. The changes of zeta were opposite to omega and phi. These descriptors may be an alternative approach to the EEG sleep analysis.
Alterations of GABAB binding caused by acute and chronic lead administration
Authors: Waśkiewicz Jolanta
Published: December 2023

The effect of lead on GABAB binding was studied on membranes obtained from acute and chronically lead-treated rats. Acute lead treatment reduced both GABAB affinity (KD) by about 30% and density of receptor (Bmax) by about 15%. On the contrary chronic lead treatment increased receptor capacity by about 20% in spite of decreased receptor affinity by 25%. Both acute and chronic lead treatment shiffted displacement curves toward higher concentration of non-labelled compound (decreased affinity). The results show that lead can affect the GABAB binding in two ways: by reducing affinity of binding and by altering capacity of binding.
Glutamate excitotoxicity in transient global cerebral ischemia
Authors: Paschen Wulf
Published: December 2023

The glutamate excitoxicity hypothesis of ischemic cell damage holds that cell damage caused by transient cerebral ischemia is triggered by glutamate, released during ischemia from the intracellular compartment into the synaptic cleft: high extracellular glutamate levels activate ionotropic glutamate receptors, thus inducing an overflow of calcium ions into the neurones and a calcium-induced activation of catabolic processes. However, several arguments (and much of the evidence) in favour of this hypothesis do not bear closer examination. On the other hand, evidence is accumulating that, after transient ischemia, calcium fluxes through ionotropic glutamate receptors of the non-NMDA type may play a major role in the manifestation of ischemic cell damage. Calcium fluxes through non-NMDA receptors are determined by mRNA editing of non-NMDA receptor subunits: calcium fluxes are blocked in the presence of an edited subunit. A possible role of mRNA editing in the development of ischemic cell damage is discussed.
Evidence for a spinal stepping generator in man. Electrophysiological study
Authors: Bussel Bernard , Roby-Brami Agnes , Néris Olivier , Yakovleff Anton
Published: December 2023

We present some evidences favouring the presence of a spinal stepping generator in humans. Electrophysiological studies have shown that the spinal cord even deprived of supraspinal influence can generate rhythmic activity, and that some elements of the spinal circuitry on which the generation of stepping rhythmic relies in lower vertebrates exist in man. Moreover, comparison of the variations of the polysynaptic spinal flexor reflex in normal subjects and paraplegic patients brought about some evidences that normal subjects use a spinal locomotor center. Nevertheless, these studies do not absolutely proove the existence of a central pattern generator in man.
Axonal accumulation of p7SNTR and TrkA in the septum following lesion of septo-hippocampal pathways
Authors: Skup Małgorzata , Bacia Andrzej , Koczyk Danuta , Jegliński Wojciech , Zaremba Małgorzata , Oderfeld-Nowak Barbara
Published: December 2023

Septal cholinergic neurones depend on trophic support by nerve growth factor (NGF) which can rescue them from injury-induced degeneration. Since NGF exerts its effects via p75NTR and TrkA receptors coexpressed in vast majority of these neurones and down-regulated without NGF treatment after injury, in this study we aimed to examine how does the lesion to the cholinergic tracts affect distribution of both types of receptor proteins in damaged fibres. Early changes (two and seven days) were examined immunocytochemically within the septum and supracallosal stria after unilateral lesion to the supracallosal area and cingulum transecting some septal cholinergic efferents. We found accumulation of p75NTR and TrkA immunoreactive material (so-called "pile-up") within axonal segments of distended appearance proximal to the transection at two days postlesion and its translocation towards cell bodies seven days postsurgery. We observed p75NTR pile-up to be more intense than TrkA, which may indicate different cellular concentrations of both receptors. Receptor pile-up resembled acetylcholinesterase pile-up reported previously, suggesting a common response mechanism involving axonal transport disturbances.
Extracellular ATP as a neurotransmitter: its role in synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus
Authors: Wieraszko Andrzej
Published: December 2023

Growing evidence indicates that ATP may play a very important role in Long-Term Potentiation (LTP), a neurophysiological process that has been implicated in memory formation. LTP is an enhancement of synaptic strength induced by a specific pattern of high frequency stimulation, or by application of exogenous ATP. In the hippocampus LTP-inducing stimulation is accompanied by a massive, Ca2+-dependent release of ATP from presynaptic terminals. Released extracellular A TP may either interact with numerous types of A TP receptors present on the neuronal surface, or serve as a substrate for ecto-protein phosphorylation. The results of combined electrophysiological and biochemical experiments indicate that participation of extracellular A TP in the ecto-protein phosphorylation process is most likely involved in the permanent amplification of the synaptic response in the hippocampus.
Feedback actions of estradiol on GnRH secretion during the follicular phase of the estrous cycle
Authors: Karsch Fred , Evans Neil
Published: December 2023

The pattern of GnRH secretion during the follicular phase of the estrous cycle of sheep is characterized by an initial marked change in episodic secretion (increased frequency and decreased amplitude) followed by a massive and sustained discharge – the preovulatory GnRH surge. Studies employing a physiological model for the follicular phase have revealed that estradiol has profound and complex feedback effects on GnRH release during the preovulatory period. These include both quantitative effects on pulses (stimulation of frequency, inhibition of amplitude) and qualitative effects (altering pulse shape, stimulating interpulse secretion), in addition to inductng a preovulatory GnRH surge. In stimulating the surge, estradiol causes a highly characteristic change in the minute-to-minute pattern of GnRH in hypophyseal portal blood. Initially, a strictly episodic pattern gives way to one in which GnRH is consistently elevated between pulses. Then, following enhancement of both pulsatile and interpulse components, GnRH becomes extremely high and variable for the majority of the surge. From this point, a regular and well organized pulse pattern is not apparent. The characteristic time course of GnRH at surge onset provides insight into possible mechanistic changes in the GnRH neurosecretory system. Such changes include quantitative and qualitative alterations in the pulse generating mechanism, recruitment of a surge specific population of GnRH neurones, morphologic alterations in GnRH neurones and neighboring cells, and changes in efficiency or route of delivery of GnRH from its site of release to the portal vasculature. These possibilities, while untested and speculative, provide a conceptual framework for future research.
Neuroendocrine mechanism mediating fasting-induced suppression of luteinizing hormone secretion in female rats
Authors: Maeda Kei-ichiro , Tsukamura Hiroko
Published: December 2023

Forty-eight hours fasting profoundly suppresses LH secretion in female rats. The following neural pathway mediating fasting-induced suppression of LH secretion has been suggested by a series of experiment: a signal associated with fasting emanating from the upper digestive tract reaches the A2 region in the medulla oblongata via afferent vagal nerve so as to activate the noradrenergic pathway projecting to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN); this results in an increased corticotropin-releasing hormone release to suppress LHRH release and then LH release. The PVN and A2 region of the medulla oblongata are the estrogen feedback sites to activate the above-mentioned neural pathway. The estrogen feedback action on the PVN and A2 region is considered to be due to an increased expression of estrogen receptors in these nuclei after 48-h fasting. The response of gonadal axis during fasting could be due to the changes in some nutrients, such as glucose and free-fatty acids. In this context, malnutrition could be a kind of stress accompanied by an increased feeding behavior and decreased gonadal activity.
Cholinergic modulation of synaptic transmission in horizontal connections of rat motor cortex
Authors: Hess Grzegorz , Krawczyk Roman
Published: December 2023

The influence of compounds interacting with cholinergic systems on field potentials evoked in layer II/III horizontal connections was investigated in rat motor cortex in vitro. The cholinesterase inhibitor eserine (10 microM) decreased field responses by 20 +/- 2%. This effect could be prevented by preincubation with atropine (10 microM). Application of 5 microM carbachol resulted in reduction of the responses by 30 +/-1 %. These reductions were reversible, repeatable and independent of stimulus intensity; they could be blocked by the M1 muscarinic receptor antagonist pirenzepine (3 microM) but not by the M2 muscarinic receptor antagonist gallamine (10 microM). During carbachol application, paired-pulse facilitation (40 ms interpulse interval) was increased. The results indicate that endogenous acetylcholine may modulate excitatory synaptic transmission in horizontal connections of rat motor cortex, most likely by acting upon M1 receptors located presynaptically on glutamatergic terminals, and may contribute both to information processing and synaptic plasticity within the motor cortex.
6-OHDA bilateral lesions to the central amygdala do not affect vasopressin improvement of recall in rats
Authors: Winnicka Maria
Published: December 2023

The influence of vasopressin (AVP) on recall of information in a passive avoidance situation after bilateral 6-OHDA lesions to the central amygdala was tested. AVP given 15 min before the retention testing at the icv dose of 1 microgram significantly prolonged avoidance latencies both in lesioned and in sham-operated rats in comparison with the respective icv saline injected animals. Insignificant increase of spontaneous locomotor activity in rats lesioned to the central amygdala was unlikely to interfere with the cognitive effect of A VP. These results suggest that dopaminergic projection to the central amygdala is not responsible for the facilitatory effect of A VP on retrieval process in a passive avoidance situation.
Gamma activity in the piriform cortex and behavioral thresholds for electrical stimulation in the olfactory bulb
Authors: Jirsa Roman , Radil Tomas
Published: December 2023

The olfactory bulb was stimulated by trains of electrical pulses in freely moving rats. Evoked responses resembling damped oscillations at the gamma frequency of 30–60 Hz were recorded in the anterior and posterior piriform cortex. Different types of unconditioned sniffing were induced by stimulation of the olfactory bulb. They were similar to those evoked by an odorant (amyl acetate) but differed from the behavioral patterns evoked by non-olfactory (auditory) stimulation. Rats were trained to avoid foot-shocks following electrical pulses into the olfactory bulb as conditioned stimulus in a two way shuttle-box paradigm. Threshold electrical intensities for inducing evoked responses in piriform cortex, unconditioned behavior, and learned avoidance were compared. Thresholds for unconditioned and conditioned behavior were significantly higher in comparison with those for evoking gamma discharges in anterior and posterior piriform cortex. The results suggest that fast time-locked synchronization in the gamma range in the piriform cortex induced by synaptic input from the olfactory bulb is not sufficient for inducing corresponding behavior. Thus behavioral detection and probably also olfactory recognition do not seem to be direct consequences of this fast time-locked neural synchronization. Additional neuronal processes that are connected with further elevation of stimulation intensity seem to be necessary for that.
Digging behaviour and responses to photic and gravitational cues as elements of escape behaviour of bumblebees
Authors: Godzińska Ewa , Korczyńska Julita
Published: December 2023

We have investigated escape behaviour of workers of two bumblebee species, Bombus terrestris and B. pascuorum, when confined to test tubes plugged with soil and either exposed to sunlight or kept in darkness. In both these situations B. terrestris performed better (i.e. escaped after a shorter time) than B. pascuorum. B. terrestris (but not B. pascuorum) also performed better in darkness than in tubes exposed to sunlight. This implies that in both situations B. terrestris showed higher readiness to dig than B. pascuorum, and that in tubes exposed to sunlight only B. terrestris showed high readiness to display photopositive behaviour as well. B. pascuorum displayed, however, photopositive behaviour in another escape situation: when released in a dark room in front of a vertical array of four sources of white light. In that situation, B. pascuorum also displayed the tendency to fly upwards, based most probably on responses to gravitational cues.
The effect of past and present group size on responses to prey in the ant Formica polyctena Först
Authors: Szczuka Anna , Godzińska Ewa
Published: December 2023

We investigated the responses to insect prey (dead houseflies) in 24 "derivative groups" of workers of the ant Formica polyctena created by taking sets of 25 workers out of nine larger "initial groups" kept in laboratory without queens and brood during the preceding five months. In the derivative groups the ants ceased to retrieve flies to their nests after a period ranging from few days to several weeks. The duration of that period did not depend on the present size of the derivative group (decreasing as a result of worker mortality), but was positively correlated with the estimated size of the initial group of the tested ants. The readiness to display venom spraying was higher in smaller derivative groups. These data demonstrate that responses of F. polyctena to insect 'prey are strongly influenced both by the present and the past size of their group.
Laboratory observations of nuptial flights of the ant Polyrhachis laboriosa
Authors: Burnat Kalina , Godzińska Ewa
Published: December 2023

Ethology of Polyrhachis laboriosa, an ant species from equatorial Africa, is little known. No field observation of a nuptial flight of these ants was ever made. We describe two nuptial flights observed in a laboratory colony of P. laboriosa at a 3 days interval. They both occurred in the morning while the nest was kept in near darkness (less than 2 lux of daylight). Flying activity of the alates was suppressed within 1 h by their exposure to daylight of about 140 lux, and within several minutes by their exposure to a lamp emitting white light of 3,000 lux and acting as a source of heat. On the day following the first flight the alates and the workers showed exceptionally high level of mutual grooming. The alates, in particular the males, were transported by workers to the brood chambers whenever they strayed outside and after the nuptial flights.
Interneuronal cortical connections and intertrial responses in appetitive instrumental learning
Authors: Merzhanova Galina
Published: December 2023

The organization of interneuronal cortical connections in intertrial periods was studied in 4 cats trained to perform the delayed appetitive instrumental response to a visual conditioned stimulus (CS). Crosscorrelational analysis revealed changes in intra- and intercortical neuronal networks of the visual and motor cortical projection areas. Depending on the form of behavior in the intertrial period, i.e., the presence or absence of the acquired instrumental response, the functional connections of either informational (time delays of less than 30 ms) or motivational (time delays in the range of 60–100 ms) character dominated between the neurons of the motor and visual cortical areas.
The influence of a doublet of stimuli at the beginning of the tetanus on its time course
Authors: Celichowski Jan , Grottel Kazimierz
Published: December 2023

The influence of a pair of stimuli generated in a short time sequence (doublet) at the beginning of stimulation on the time course of the following tetanus was investigated. Experiments were performed on single motor units in rat's medial gastrocnemius. The doublet evoked an increase in tetanic tension, tetanic fusion and the area under tension record. These effects were measured in tetani fused to varying degrees. It was found that for all types of motor units the strongest influence of the doublet was observed in half- fused tetani. Moreover, the doublet influenced the first part of tetanus significantly more as compared to the second. Slow motor units showed greater sensitivity of the tension and the tetanus area to the doublet than fast units. The results show that slow units are characterized by better summation of their tension at the beginning of a tetanus.
Cortical excitability threshold for distal limb muscles in transcranial magnetic stimulation. Method - normative values
Authors: Niewiadomska Maria , Wochnik-Dyjas Danuta , Głazowski Czesław
Published: December 2023

Transcranial magnetic stimulation was carried out in 30 healthy subjects, aged 20 to 55 and 156 to 180 cm tall, in whom cortical excitability threshold was determined for musculus (m.) abductor digiti minimi (ADM) and m. extensor digitorum brevis (EDB). The lowest stimulus intensity causing in the muscle a reproducible potential of an amplitude of 0.1 mV was adopted as the threshold value. The intensity of the stimulus was noted as a percentage of maximum stimulator output, defined as 100% (Magstim 200). In the stimulation of cortical areas for ADM, a circular coil (2.0T-530 V/m) was used while the in case of EBD, a double-cone coil (1.4T - 660 V/m) was used. The threshold was noted while the muscle was relaxed and during weak voluntary contraction. The application of the double-cone coil allowed us to obtain for foot muscles similar threshold values as for hand muscles with a circular coil. It was confirmed that the threshold declines with voluntary contraction of the muscles under investigation. Normative values were prepared, with the norm, limits of the norm, outlier values and pathological markers being distinguished.
Sympathetic skin response in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
Authors: Zakrzewska-Pniewska Beata , Przybyłowski Tadeusz , Byśkiniewicz Krzysztof , Kostera-Pruszczyk Anna , Droszcz Wacław , Emeryk-Szajewska Barbara
Published: December 2023

Examination of the sympathetic skin response (SSR), a non-invasive method of studying conduction in the sympathetic nervous system was performed in 15 male patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) evaluated by polysomnography who were compared with 7 non-apneic snorers and 26 controls. The aim of the study was to assess sympathetic nervous system function in OSAS, to compare the results with those found in non-apneic heavy snorers, to define the pattern of abnormalities and to study the correlations between SSR results and polysomnographic parameters. In the OSAS group the mean hand latency was significantly longer than in non-apneic snorers and healthy subjects. The most characteristic pattern of abnormalities was an absence of a foot response found in 12 of 15 OSAS patients. There were no correlations between SSR abnormalities and polysomnographic parameters. The SSR method seems to be useful in assessment of the sympathetic nervous system, especially of those parts related to sudomotor function, in OSAS.
The area under the record of contractile tension: estimation of work performed by a contracting motor unit
Authors: Celichowski Jan , Grottel Kazimierz , Bichler Edyta
Published: December 2023

The area under twitch tension records was measured for motor units in rat medial gastrocnemius. These measures were compared to measures of tension. The tension varied in significantly larger range than the area. The area of slow motor units was similar to the area of fast resistant units, whereas their tensions differed significantly. The area depended mainly on the amplitude of contraction and to a smaller degree on its time course. The measure of area under the tension record gives a more exact evaluation of the work performed by contracting motor units than the measure of tension alone. The obtained results show that motor units in mammalian muscle are less variable in their ability to perform contractile work and moreover, that slow motor units play a more significant role during contractions than was supposed based on tension measures.
Overground locomotion in intact rats: contact electrode recording
Authors: Górska Teresa , Majczynski Henryk , Zmysłowski Wojciech
Published: December 2023

The aim of the experiments was to check the validity of the method of contact electrodes for studying overground locomotion in the rat. The basic indices of locomotion, obtained in 7 intact rats with at least 100 steps recorded in each, were analysed and compared with those described by other authors using different methods of movement recording. It was found that the method of contact electrodes gives reproducible and reliable results and may thus be used in further experiments of rat locomotion after CNS lesions.
Collateral projections of trigeminal sensory neurons to both cerebellar paramedian lobules in the rabbit: demonstration by fluorescent double labeling study
Authors: Bukowska Dorota , Zguczyński Leszek , Mierzejewska-Krzyżowska Barbara , Sikora Eleonora
Published: December 2023

Neurons in the trigeminal sensory nuclei (TSN) were indicated to project simultaneously to the cerebellar paramedian lobule (PML) of both sides by way of axon collaterals in the rabbit. Injections of Fast Blue and Diamidino Yellow made in twelve rabbits into the regions of the left and right PML cortex, respectively, resulted in retrograde double labeling of neurons in the principal trigeminal (Vp) and spinal trigeminal nuclei including subnucleus oralis (Vo), and rostral (Vir) and caudal (Vic) subnucleus interpolaris. Sparse labeling was seen among the root fibers of the facial nerve immediately adjacent to Vp. The data indicated that out of the total population of ipsilateral and contralateral single labeled neurons in TSN subdivisions, double labeled neurons constituted about 11% in Vo, 2% in Vp and Vir, and 1% in Vic. Thus, it seems that out of TSN neurons sending collateral projections to PML of both hemispheres, those in Vo project more frequently than those in Vp, Vir and Vic. The homotopic (corresponding) middle (c and d) PML sublobules receive collateral projections from neurons of all these TSN subdivisions, whereas the caudal (a and b) and rostral (e and f) sublobules seem to be targets of the projection from Vp and Vir. The findings suggest that some TSN neurons may exert simultaneous bilateral modulatory influences upon the regions in various sublobules of both PML.
VACCINE COVID-19: REFUSAL TREATMENT IN INDONESIA
Authors: Firdaus Sunny Ummul , Wiwoho Jamal , Hidayat Muhamad Alief
Published: December 2023

This study investigated the problem of COVID-19 vaccination program refusal. To solve this problem, it is necessary to develop regulations governing sanctions for the COVID-19 vaccination program refusal and include the sanctions on informed consent documents. An informed consent document can be the basis for health workers to give a person a COVID-19 vaccine and can be concrete evidence that a person refuses to be vaccinated. This is very important considering that the COVID-19 vaccination program is expected to be able to accelerate COVID-19 handling and prevention by achieving herd immunity. In this study, the researchers applied a socio-legal research method. This study investigated several things. The first is the problem of the COVID-19 vaccination program refusal. The second is a legal perspective on the COVID-19 vaccination program refusal. The third is a recommended regulation model to deal with the problem of COVID-19 vaccination program refusal.
Peran Imigrasi Dalam Pencegahan Dan Pengawasan Tindak Pidana Perdagangan Orang Menurut Perspektif Imigrasi Kota Batam
Authors: Abdurrakhman Alhakim  , Ampuan Situmeang  , Jeannette Andhini Nurrulia Mashita
Published: December 2023

The crime of human trafficking is a form of modern human slavery. Apart from that, the criminal act of human trafficking is one of the worst forms of treatment that violates human dignity. Apart from investigating and arresting perpetrators, Immigration can also block the movement of perpetrators, prevent perpetrators from entering and exiting the country, and carry out deportation if necessary. Mahfud MD said that the human trafficking network syndicate in Batam was not an ordinary network because it was well coordinated. Mahfud assessed that the indications of alleged drownings must be investigated further. Moreover, the number of cases is not small in various parts of the world. There are various modes. Prevention is carried out by Immigration to prevent the crime of trafficking in persons by increasing monitoring at the border, tightening the provision of passports, especially to people who are still of productive age, to prevent them from becoming victims of the crime of trafficking in persons abroad, which means that the immigration authorities are regarding this crime of trafficking in persons. must increase supervision so that it can prevent the occurrence of criminal acts of human trafficking, so that the crime rate of criminal acts of human trafficking is reduced.