bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Virtue
Authors: Gill Michael B.
Published: July 2023

This chapter examines how the third Earl of Shaftesbury sought to remedy his negative feelings toward humanity by cultivating moral beauty. It begins by looking at the idea of moral sense in the 1699 version of the Inquiry. In the Inquiry, Shaftesbury situates his view of virtue within his larger teleological view of goodness. Something is good, according to this teleological view, if it contributes to the “Existence or Well-being” of the system of which it is a part. When our sense of right and wrong is operating properly—when it is fulfilling its teleological purpose—it produces positive feelings toward affections in accord with the well-being of humanity and negative feelings toward affections in conflict with the well-being of humanity. The chapter then considers how Shaftesbury developed the idea of moral beauty in The Moralists (1709), and retrofitted the Inquiry's moral sense to cohere with it.
Order, System, and Society
Authors: Tucker Paul
Published: July 2023

This chapter discusses how institutions and organizations fit into the international order, international system, and international society. It explores the notion of order and system while considering Humean accounts of coordinating and cooperative institutions. System building primarily involves a deliberate act of collective authority, unlike the concept of order that achieves equilibrium through forces and interactions that could be evolutionary, spontaneous, and organic. The chapter characterized society by its internalized norms and institutions for handling disagreement, its everyday evaluative concepts, and the justificatory repertoire underpinning its institutions. It cites how looking into the categories of Order, System, and Society (and their subsequent thickness and depth) can help further understanding of the past and provide a framework that would help the present.
Sovereignty and the Globalization Trilemma
Authors: Tucker Paul
Published: July 2023

This chapter focuses on the notion of sovereignty. It explains the three components of sovereignty: an unqualified right to govern within the territory, a right to territorial integrity, and juridical equality with other sovereign states. Understanding sovereignty's claim as an assertion of constitutional independence highlights the challenges of its effectiveness in a world where an order might depend on cooperation of various kinds. The chapter also considers the arguments of sovereignty presented by Stephen Krasney, Gerry Simpson, Dani Rodrik, Carl Schmitt, and Hans Kelsen. It notes the argument that the attempt to square the circle of statehood and international law was expected to fail on logical grounds as no state could simultaneously be sovereign and achieve international order.
Legitimacy and Legitimation
Authors: Tucker Paul
Published: July 2023

This chapter elaborates on the concept of legitimacy and legitimacy concerning international relations. David Hume and Bernard Williams' accounts of self-enforcing institutions, normativity, incentives, and values highlight the intractability of geopolitical contests that are ideological and can be presented as civilizational. In a political order, legitimacy is in a position to supply, security, stability, and conditions for cooperation without excessive reliance on coercion. Additionally, legitimacy refers to a precondition for a political order or governance institution to be self-enforcing. The chapter looks into the visions of sovereign power presented by Thomas Hobbes, and Immanuel Kant. It acknowledges the tensions liberal societies faced in the conflict between domestic legitimacy and legitimation of international institutions.
Conclusions
Authors: Tucker Paul
Published: July 2023

This concluding chapter covers the framework of principles for international collaboration and fractious geopolitics. It elaborates on the Principles for Participation and Delegation in the international system. Moreover, the trade and investment regimes have shown the limitations of judicialization and the importance of self-restraint's virtue, which challenges the role of G20 since that depends on some degree of candor, trust, reliability, and decency. The chapter then looks into four broad scenarios revolving around constitutional democracies, pluralist legitimation circles, and international cooperation. It elaborates on David Hume's account of legitimate authority, which is an extension of his genealogy of institutionalized norms.
Vigilante Environmentalists
Authors: Eilstrup-Sangiovanni Mette , Sharman J. C.
Published: July 2023

This chapter surveys a spectrum of approaches to transnational environmental enforcement, including direct action and litigation to more indirect methods of surveillance and evidence gathering. It reviews cases with a specific view to showcasing the breadth of environmental enforcement strategies and to illustrating the development of increasingly sophisticated and specialized enforcement tools in line with the evolution of legal frameworks and new technologies. It also discusses how transnational environmental enforcement has been driven by a proliferation of international legal frameworks in the case of human rights. The chapter considers why environmental non-governmental organizations (NGOs) take different stances towards enforcement. Recent decades have seen an explosive growth in the number of transnational environmental groups.
Parens Natura and Smithian Growth
Authors: Saller Richard P.
Published: July 2023

This chapter describes Pliny's attitude to Mother Nature as influenced by Stoic thought of his day. This attitude formed the basis for Pliny's moral thinking about useful knowledge of Nature, with major implications (at least in Pliny's view) for the economic consequences of empire. Pliny held profoundly ambivalent ideas about the economic benefits and vices of empire. The benefits came almost entirely from what could be described as an argument that anticipated Adam Smith by seventeen centuries to the effect that Rome's expansion opened the way to the discovery of new and varied natural resources from the conquered lands, and Roman rule promoted the exchange of these resources through trade during the Pax Romana. On the other hand, Pliny believed that Roman attitudes and power also promoted the misuse, abuse, and even violation of Nature, most egregiously in mining and quarrying. To Pliny, what might count as economic growth and improvement of living standards cannot be value free—and at the heart of those moral values is the emotional and spiritual devotion to Mother Nature.
The Aesthetic Cold War
Authors: Kalliney Peter J.
Published: July 2023

How did superpower competition and the cold war affect writers in the decolonizing world? This book explores the various ways that rival states used cultural diplomacy and the political police to influence writers. In response, many writers from Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean—such as Chinua Achebe, Mulk Raj Anand, Eileen Chang, C.L.R. James, Alex La Guma, Doris Lessing, Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, and Wole Soyinka—carved out a vibrant conceptual space of aesthetic nonalignment, imagining a different and freer future for their work. The book looks at how the United States and the Soviet Union, in an effort to court writers, funded international conferences, arts centers, book and magazine publishing, literary prizes, and radio programming. International spy networks, however, subjected these same writers to surveillance and intimidation by tracking their movements, tapping their phones, reading their mail, and censoring or banning their work. Writers from the global south also suffered travel restrictions, deportations, imprisonment, and even death at the hands of government agents. Although conventional wisdom suggests that cold war pressures stunted the development of postcolonial literature, the book's author's extensive archival research shows that evenly balanced superpower competition allowed savvy writers to accept patronage without pledging loyalty to specific political blocs. Likewise, writers exploited rivalries and the emerging discourse of human rights to contest the attentions of the political police. A revisionist account of superpower involvement in literature, the book considers how politics shaped literary production in the twentieth century.
Modernism, African Literature, and the Congress for Cultural Freedom
Authors: Kalliney Peter J.
Published: July 2023

This chapter talks about the activities of the Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF) in Africa, which shows how the Central Intelligence Agency's (CIA) literary activities functioned in a decolonizing environment. Against the belief that the CIA is a skillful puppet master, the chapter suggests that African intellectuals had considerable room for maneuver when they engaged with US cultural diplomacy. It also follows Obiajunwa Wali's trail to make the case that the aesthetic controversies that propelled the CCF into being lent urgency and immediacy to the disagreements about indigenous language and literary forms. The chapter reviews the aesthetic theories associated with high modernism that were the common currency that the CCF and its African collaborators traded in their debates at Makerere and beyond. It investigates different versions of artistic freedom that were put into circulation through several institutions.
Mechanisms of Persistence
Authors: Queralt Didac
Published: July 2023

This chapter covers the mechanisms of persistence, which are the reason for the lasting effects of war finance. It highlights the two channels or mechanisms of transmission that help war finance shape fiscal capacity. The first mechanism builds on the political repercussions of domestic resource mobilization, which increases the risk of tax bargaining in power-sharing institutions in smaller and densely populated policies. On the other hand, the second mechanism of transmission emphasizes bureaucratic innovation and potentially applies to sovereign and non-sovereign countries alike. The chapter tackles the importance of the study of history to understand the political, economic, and bureaucratic characteristics of modern-day states.
State Building Trajectories
Authors: Queralt Didac
Published: July 2023

This chapter discusses the trajectories of state building opportunities being shaped by initial conditions. It examines case studies from Argentina, Chile, Ethiopia, Japan, and Thailand regarding the effects of war on fiscal capacity and their transmission. The comparison between Japan and Argentina sheds light on the significance of domestic credit markets to keep foreign dependence under control and prevent falling into a debt trap. Meanwhile, the comparison between Siam and Ethiopia demonstrates the perils and limits of bureaucratic strengthening in the absence of political reform and how access to external funds can undo state-strengthening efforts, inducing stagnation and decline. The chapter also elaborates on the case study of Chile on the opposite incentives to mobilize domestic resources depending on access to foreign capital in response to the War of the Pacific.
Frames, Edges, Escape Codes
Authors: Saussy Haun
Published: July 2023

This concluding chapter highlights the importance of comparative study in tracing the spatial and temporal boundaries of Chinese civilization. Like any universalizing civilization, Chinese civilization is reluctant to define its limits from the inside. Contact with incomprehensible languages, unrecognizable letters, unacceptable customs, and disloyal vassals is necessary to reveal them. Translation and cultural mediation are often called on to smooth the edges. Failures to translate—whether absence of translations, nontranslations, or unsuccessful translations—instruct us about boundaries; they break the frame. And even the Chinese literary code, with its infinite subtlety and vast resources, has limits; it is important to find these. As such, the chapter explains that the book focuses on the translations that have mediated between the China of the time and what was not China, and often mediated non-China right into China. Translation, of course, is not the whole story: the practices of cultural supremacy include as well such actions as migration, conquest, policy making, censorship, name changing, and the creation of specious knowledge.
Rough Draft of History
Authors: Amenta Edwin , Caren Neal
Published: July 2023

As a new view of twentieth-century US social movements, this book examines how national newspapers covered social movements and the organizations driving them. The book identifies hundreds of movement organizations, from the Women's Christian Temperance Union to Occupy Wall Street, and documents their treatment in the news. In doing so, it provides an alternative account of US history from below, as it was refracted through journalistic lenses. Iconic organizations in the women's rights, African American civil rights, and environmental movements gained substantial media attention. But so too did now-forgotten groups, such as the German–American Alliance, Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies, and Peace and Freedom Party. The book shows why some organizations made big news while others did not, why some were treated well while others were handled roughly. It recovers forgotten stories, including that of the Townsend Plan, a Depression-era organization that helped establish Social Security. It also reveals that the media handled the civil rights movement far more harshly than popular histories recount. And it details the difficulties movements face in today's brave new media world. Drawing from digitized newspapers across a century and through to the present, the book offers insights for those seeking social and political change and those trying to make sense of it.
Movement Features: A Century of News Waves
Authors: Amenta Edwin , Caren Neal , Elliott Thomas Alan , Yuan Weijun
Published: July 2023

This chapter examines the coverage of 30 broader movements across the century and addresses key questions about their trajectories. There were waves of attention to movements, but they were irregular ones that diverge from historical accounts and common understandings. These waves were shaped by large-scale political changes—the modernization of the polity, the rise to power of left and right political regimes, and, for specific movements, major changes in policy. The chapter also identifies which of the 30 movements received extensive coverage and when they received it—including the labor movement for the entire century, long runs for the veterans', women's rights, African American civil rights, and environmental movements, and a smattering of others at different times. Qualitative comparative analyses show that what set apart the movements that received extensive coverage when they did was a confluence of factors; conditions at the movement organizational level, individual movement actions, and macro political conditions had to happen simultaneously for movements to make big news. Benefiting from a major policy breakthrough notably helped to buoy movements in the news, rather than being a signpost of movement decline.
Fantastic News: The Wild Media Ride of the Townsend Plan
Authors: Amenta Edwin , Caren Neal
Published: July 2023

This chapter focuses on the Townsend Plan, an old-age pension organization that commanded headlines and political interest in the 1930s and 1940s. Although not much remembered, the Townsend Plan captured the nation's attention in the mid-1930s, when Townsend clubs were springing up all across the country. The organization was often treated substantively in the news, but the proposal, the organization, and its leaders, notably Dr. Francis Townsend himself, were usually treated dismissively and often derisively. Townsend's pension program was labeled unrealistic, dangerous, and “fantastic,” back when that term meant something hopelessly unrealistic. During the group's investigation by Congress, the doctor and other organizational leaders were often portrayed as mercenaries, criminals, and deviants. Often news attention focused on its leaders as squabbling quasi-celebrities, highlighting the organization's irascible frontman. The chapter examines all the front-page news of the Townsend Plan and identifies the characteristics that led reliably to substantive coverage when the organization was able to gain it. Assertive action was key to the main pathways, but also had to happen in a favorable political context or in stories initiated by the action of the organization.
Introduction
Authors: Dunn Mary
Published: July 2023

This chapter analyzes the semantics of embodied difference over and against the reductive assimilation of difference to disease and disability. It discusses narrative medicine that invites attention to the ways in which early modern Jesuit fathers, Hospitaller sisters, Recollect brothers, and others made meanings of embodied difference through the medium of narrative. It also reviews the narrative medicine's implicit critique of the subordination of patient stories to practitioner interpretations of illness that buttresses ethical ambition. The chapter expands the interpretative possibilities for making sense of disability in ways that didn't end with its effacement and the reinscription of the normative body. It is an inquiry into the meanings that embodied difference in early modern Catholic Canada under the French regime.
Divine Presence in the Actes du très dévot Frère Didace Pelletier
Authors: Dunn Mary
Published: July 2023

This chapter highlights the Actes du très dévot Frère Didace Pelletier, a hagiographic text that was assembled in support of the canonization of Recollect Brother Didace Pelletier in 1719 by his confrère. It highlights twenty-one of Actes's stories that are accounts of healing attributed to Frère Didace's intervention, which were recorded in official procès-verbaux undertaken between 1699 and 1717 and attested to by written certification. It also explains why the twenty-one stories of miraculous intercession lean so heavily on the impaired body. The chapter reviews how the Actes preserves the testimony of lay men and women, supplementing narratives with perspectives on sickness and disability anchored in the experiences of ordinary French Catholics in early modern Canada. It argues that the miracle stories are concerned with making God real and only incidentally with embodied difference.
Polynomial dynamical pairs
Authors: Favre Charles , Gauthier Thomas
Published: July 2023

This chapter discusses polynomial dynamical pairs. A polynomial dynamical pair is a family of polynomials together with a marked point. The chapter begins by reviewing basic notions of bifurcation and activity for holomorphic dynamical pairs, and proving the following important rigidity property when the bifurcation locus is included in a smooth real curve. It then turns to algebraic dynamical pairs, explaining how to attach a canonical line bundle to such a pair, and discussing the continuity of the Green function associated to a non-isotrivial pair. The chapter concludes by looking at dynamical pairs defined over a number field and proving that they induce a natural height arising from an adelic semi-positive metrization of a suitable divisor. This allows one to characterize isotrivial adelic pairs in terms of their height function.
Entanglement of dynamical pairs
Authors: Favre Charles , Gauthier Thomas
Published: July 2023

This chapter examines the notion of entanglement of dynamical pairs. Being entangled defines an equivalence relation on the set of active dynamical pairs parametrized by a fixed affine curve. The dynamical entanglement is a rigidity property that links two dynamical pairs. Since passive pairs are already rigid, the entanglement property is only relevant for active pairs. The chapter proves that for any two entangled pairs (P, a) and (Q, b) there exist iterates of P and Q that have the same degree and are intertwined. This result leads to the proof of Theorem B in the number field case. The chapter then deduces Theorem C over an arbitrary field of characteristic zero using a specialization argument.
Entanglement of marked points
Authors: Favre Charles , Gauthier Thomas
Published: July 2023

This chapter focuses on the entanglement of marked points. It specializes the results of the previous chapters to a single family of polynomials. Let P be any algebraic family of polynomials of degree d parametrized by a curve C defined over an algebraically closed field K of characteristic 0. Given any marked point a ∈ K[C], the chapter first gives strong restrictions on dynamical pairs (P, b) that are entangled with (P, a), and obtain Theorem D. The next result describes in more detail the set of pairs (P, b) entangled with (P, a) when the data are defined over a number field (Theorem E).
The New Development Triangle
Authors: Tang Shiping
Published: July 2023

This chapter provides an overview of the foundation for understanding development beyond the institutional foundation of economic development (IFED) by referencing the new development triangle (NDT). It looks into a more integrative framework for understanding how a state can facilitate economic development, by drawing, extending, and integrating existing discussions. Since institutions matter for economic development, the state became a key player in engineering, sustaining, or hindering economic growth. The NDT offers complexity where economic development itself is a powerful niche construction process that shapes other social and political developments. The chapter argues that the quality of governance should be understood as an outcome underpinned by state capacity, institutions, and policies instead of a contributing factor in shaping economic development.
Paris to Livorno (1868–73)
Authors: Marglin Jessica M.
Published: July 2023

This chapter focuses on Nissim Shamama's move to Livorno, Italy. By Mediterranean standards, Livorno is a modern city. For Jews, Livorno counted among the most famous havens in Christendom. By the time Nissim arrived in 1871, however, Livorno's fortunes had declined steeply; as the geography of trade shifted to different shores and more ports became “free,” Livorno was eclipsed as the Mediterranean's commercial jewel. After moving to Livorno, Nissim kept up an intermittent correspondence with his former colleagues at the Bardo, but his brief notes contained only platitudes and formulaic greetings. Looking at his last will and testament, it seems that Nissim was counting on Italian law applying to his estate—thus suggesting that in this instance at least, he thought of himself as an Italian citizen.
Resurrecting the Jew
Authors: Zubrzycki Geneviève
Published: July 2023

Since the early 2000s, Poland has experienced a remarkable Jewish revival, largely driven by non-Jewish Poles with a passionate new interest in all things Jewish. Klezmer music, Jewish-style restaurants, kosher vodka, and festivals of Jewish culture have become popular, while new museums, memorials, Jewish studies programs, and Holocaust research centers reflect soul-searching about Polish–Jewish relations before, during, and after the Holocaust. The book examines this revival and asks what it means to try to bring Jewish culture back to life in a country where 3 million Jews were murdered and where only about 10,000 Jews now live. Drawing on a decade of participant-observation in Jewish and Jewish-related organizations in Poland, a Birthright trip to Israel with young Polish Jews, and more than a hundred interviews with Jewish and non-Jewish Poles engaged in the Jewish revival, the book presents an in-depth look at Jewish life in Poland today. It shows how the revival has been spurred by progressive Poles who want to break the association between Polishness and Catholicism, promote the idea of a multicultural Poland, and resist the Far Right government. The book also raises urgent questions, relevant far beyond Poland, about the limits of performative solidarity and empathetic forms of cultural appropriation.
Introduction A Ruinous, Residual Racism
Authors: Rosenberg Andrew S.
Published: July 2023

This introductory chapter provides an overview of how racial discrimination persists in international migration. Two patterns stand out when one examines the politics of international migration in more detail. First, the pronounced public hand-wringing over immigration is an outlier when compared to the other tenets of the liberal international order. While states eliminated their explicitly discriminatory immigration policies during the postcolonial era in the spirit of liberal principles, the public remains firmly suspicious of newcomers. Second, although states eliminated racially discriminatory policies, their objective policies have become more prohibitive in recent decades. The chapter considers how systemic racial inequality in international migration is a product of three interrelated processes: the need of sovereign states to restrict undesirable immigrants, the legacy of colonialism, and the expansion of sovereignty. The chapter also defines race, racism, and racial inequality, before looking at the study of race and racism in international politics.
Unmasking Racial Bias in a “Color-Blind” World
Authors: Rosenberg Andrew S.
Published: July 2023

This chapter begins by uncovering color-blind racial inequality in international migration, looking at racial bias. Racial bias exists when non-White migrants migrate less than their circumstances suggest. Using data on the entire international system, the chapter provides evidence that migrants from non-White states migrate less than their counterparts in the global North, relative to baseline expectations. It also uses data on immigration policy changes for forty-five states to show that Anglo-European states often enact more immigration policy restrictions when they receive immigrants from non-White states. These results are important because they represent the first systematic evidence of racial inequality in the international system of any kind. This pattern is surprising because it suggests that, in the immediate aftermath of decolonization, international migration was at its most equal, even though the world had just emerged from centuries of legal White supremacy. The farther away we have gotten from decolonization, the more unequal international migration processes have become.
Conclusion
Authors: Rosenberg Andrew S.
Published: July 2023

This concluding chapter reflects on the implications of the book's argument, explanations, and evidence for the future of the international system, global prosperity, and the well-being of all individuals. It begins with a discussion of modern racism and how it will continue to affect international politics, before examining the nature of sovereignty and the state. The chapter offers two conclusions about the future of international politics. The first conclusion is pessimistic: the legacy of colonialism will continue to reproduce existing racial inequalities in the international system. As long as states and their leaders consider border control to be a fundamental aspect of sovereignty, this aspect of modern racism will endure. The second conclusion is more optimistic: states did not always conceive of sovereignty in this way, which implies that we can reconceive sovereignty to mean something else in the future. However, the cases of climate migration and other areas of international cooperation temper expectations about the future prospects of such a shift.
Protecting the Ballot
Authors: Mares Isabela
Published: July 2023

Between 1850 and 1918, many first-wave democracies in Europe adopted electoral reforms that reduced the incidence of electoral malfeasance. Drawing on analysis of parliamentary deliberations and roll-call votes in France, Germany, Belgium, and the United Kingdom, this book explores how these electoral changes came about. Reforms limiting electoral malfeasance came in a variety of forms. Some reforms imposed harsher punishments for bribing or the politicization of state resources during campaigns. Other changes improved electoral secrecy, providing better protection of voters' autonomy. By mandating the presence of candidate representatives supervising electoral operations, reforms also reduced the incidence of electoral fraud. The book documents how elite splits facilitated the formation of parliamentary majorities in support of electoral reforms. The political composition of these majorities varied across countries and across issue area, depending on the distribution of political resources and the economic and electoral costs incurred by politicians with opportunities to engage in malfeasance. Unpacking the electoral determinants of the demand for reforms, the book offers an alternative to theories of democratization that emphasize economic considerations alone. By studying the successful adoption of reforms limiting electoral irregularities in first-wave democratic transitions, the book sheds light on the opportunities and obstacles for ending electoral wrongdoing in recent democracies.
Protecting Voter Autonomy
Authors: Mares Isabela
Published: July 2023

This chapter focuses on electoral reforms that attempted to protect the secrecy of the vote. While electoral laws in most countries included commitments to secret voting, this remained only a distant aspiration rather than a political reality. Imperfections in voting technology undermined voting secrecy. The chapter examines the adoption of electoral reforms to uphold voter secrecy in France and Germany using a combination of roll-call votes and an analysis of parliamentary deliberations. The proposed solutions that sought to remedy this situation included the introduction of ballot envelopes and isolating spaces. Such proposals for electoral reforms generated remarkably strong opposition. The chapter then documents the importance of elite splits in facilitating the formation of parliamentary majorities favoring reforms. Both the breakdown of the Kartellbündnis in Germany and the split between centrist Republicans and Radicals in France contributed to the formation of a parliamentary majority that endorsed electoral reforms.
Conclusion
Authors: Mares Isabela
Published: July 2023

This concluding chapter reviews the implications of this study for existing theories of democratization and for efforts to reduce electoral malfeasance in recent democracies. This study stresses the importance of electoral motivations in explaining the willingness of elites to embrace reforms. As the motivations of legislators to support reforms differ across policy areas, the composition of the electoral coalitions supporting reforms also varies across reform dimensions. Existing theories of democratization that highlight the importance of elites' economic motivations cannot account for this variation in support for reforms. The chapter then explores the possible political interventions that increase the electoral costs of illicit exchanges of politicians and create electoral alliances in support of reforms to limit various types of electoral malfeasance.
Modern concepts o f endometrial receptivity in endometriosis-associated infertility (analytical review)
Authors: Ordiyants I. M. , Zyukina Z. V. , Novginov D. S. , Asatryan D. R.
Published: July 2023

Here we provide the recent information on the molecular profile of the endometrium and highlight the pathogenesis of infertility occurring during endometriosis. Because of individual features of each woman’s organism, there are no versatile diagnostic criteria for determining endometrial receptivity which plays one of the leading roles in implantation disorders. Although a lot of studies on the gene expression in endometriosis have been published to date, intricate gene-gene and gene-environment interactions frequently balance inherited or acquired alterations of gene expression in the endometrium. Hence, investigation of entire cell signaling pathways is preferrable over the general expression of gene expression within the endometrium. As eutopic and ectopic endometrium have largely similar histological appearance, the development of a single diagnostic test remains an unmet clinical need. Therefore, it is urgent to search for novel, evidence-based criteria for timely prediction and early diagnosis of endometriosis-associated infertility using minimally invasive examination methods.
Gestational diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism: two sides of the same coin
Authors: Leffad M. L. , Startseva N. M. , Semyatov S. M. , Anikeev A. S. , Sviridova M. I.
Published: July 2023

Aim. To perform a systematic review of common risk factors and prognostic markers of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and hypothyroidism (HT), as well as maternal and perinatal complications in these diseases. For achieving this task, we screened and analysed the relevant data from the publications in a PubMed database over the past 6 years.Key Points. A common risk factor for both diseases is obesity, which is characterized by pregestational insulin resistance, as well as the combination of by low-grade chronic inflammation and metabolic dysfunction termed as meta-inflammation. Antibodies to the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) are associated with the reduced the risk of GDM. Studies on pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia in patients with GDM and HT have shown unequivocal results, although most of them suggest both HT and GDM as risk factors for the development of this pregnancy complication. Elevated levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone are associated with reduced antioxidant capacity and long-term endothelial activation. The heterogeneity of the anemia in GDM requires a rigorous differential diagnosis.Conclusion. GDM and HT are the most common endocrine diseases during pregnancy which significantly increase the risk of maternal and perinatal complications. Common risk factors, interrelationship, and ambiguous data on GDM and HT development mechanisms indicate the need for screening and detailed monitoring of patients with thyroid dysfunction for early detection and correction of hyperglycemia.
Histological features of the placenta in women with premature birth
Authors: Parfenova Ya. A. , Artymuk D. A. , Marochko T. Yu. , Artymuk N. V. , Marochko K. V.
Published: July 2023

Aim. To compare placental morphology in patients with preterm birth and with full-term birth without gynecological infections.Materials and Methods. We performed a retrospective, case-control study which included 150 women with vaginal delivery (50 women with preterm birth and 100 women with full-term birth). Placental tissues were studied by histological examination.Results. Histological signs of placental immaturity were detected in all patients with preterm birth and were absent in those with full-term birth (p < 0.001). Placental insufficiency was diagnosed in 27 (54%) women with preterm birth and in 35 (35%) women with full-term birth (χ2 = 4.962, p = 0.026). Partial compensation of placental insufficiency was detected in 10 (20%) women with preterm birth and were not observed in patients with full-term birth. Signs of placental infection were registered in 32 (64%) women with preterm birth and 37 (37%) patients with full-term birth (χ2 = 9.783, p = 0.002). Chronic deciduitis was documented in 9 (18%) women with preterm birth and 7 (7%) women with full-term birth (χ2 = 4.233, p = 0.04), chronic histiocytic intervillositis was found in 16 (32%) women with preterm birth and 11 (11%) women with full-term birth (χ2=9.959, p=0.001), chorioamnionitis was diagnosed in 20 (40%) women with preterm birth and 25 (25%) women with full-term birth (χ2 = 3.571, p = 0.059), respectively. Purulent membranitis was detected only in 5 (10%) women with preterm birth.Conclusion. Patients with preterm vaginal birth without gynecological infections are characterized by a higher prevalence of placental infections (64%) and placental insufficiency (54%) than women with full-term birth.
Improving Interest, Participation and Learning Outcomes in Learning IPS Through the Jigsaw Model Learning Approach
Authors:   SMP Negeri 9 Kotabumi, Indonesia, Karnidah Nely
Published: July 2023

Cooperative learning strives for a student to be able to teach material to other participants. The students are conditioned in a situation where they will interact and discuss and share opinions while indirectly helping to cover up the weaknesses between students. The Jigsaw learning model allows everyone in the class to share ideas and contribute each other's abilities to improve the process of success in learning. This classroom action research took place at SMP Negeri 9 Kotabumi, Talang Bojong village, Lampung. The research was carried out for 3 months, from 1 August to 31 October 2018. The researcher involved two colleagues as observers. The author plans research using the Kemmis and Taggart model designs using the stages: Planning, Action, and Observation, followed by Reflection for each cycle. Based on the results of the study, student achievement or learning outcomes through the Jigsaw cooperative learning model experienced a significant increase. In cycle I with a class average of 62.71 it increased in cycle II to 74.79 and in cycle III to 84.79. Likewise, student learning activities both individually and in groups experienced a significant increase in discussions, teacher-student interaction, student interaction.
COVID-19, kovhidhi, dzihwamupengo: Language use, language change, and pandemic perceptions among Shona-speakers in Gweru, Zimbabwe
Authors: Jenjekwa Vincent
Published: July 2023

Through an examination of the linguistic practices encountered and used by Shona language-speakers in the Zimbabwean city of Gweru, this study explores intersections between language use, language change, and perceptions of the COVID pandemic—as caused by the virus referred to by Gweru’s Shona-speakers as, variously, “COVID-19” in its English-language representation or “kovhidhi” or “dzihwamupengo” in its two most common Shona-language representations. The study is anchored in conceptions of the impacts that natural disasters and pandemics have on language and on communication needs, and in theories of semiotics and language change. The research finds that the predominant terms used by Gweru’s Shona-speakers in relation to the pandemic carry connotations that, in the Zimbabwean socio-cultural context, potentially undermine optimal responses to the pandemic. The article concludes by emphasising the importance of careful management of language as a critical resource in the fight against natural disasters and pandemics.
“If it is circulating widely on social media, then it is likely to be fake news”: Reception of, and motivations for sharing, COVID-19-related fake news among university-educated Nigerians
Authors: Uzuegbunam Chikezie , Ononiwu Chinedu
Published: July 2023

This study explores how university-educated Nigerians living in two urban centres engaged with, and made choices about whether to share or not share, “fake news” on COVID-19 in 2020.The research adopted a qualitative approach by conducting focus group interviews with participants, all university graduates aged 25 or older, sampled from Lagos and Umuahia—two major metropolitan cities in Nigeria. Participants’ sense-making practices with regard to fake news on COVID-19 were varied. One core finding was that social media virality was typically seen as being synonymous with fake news due to the dramatic, exaggerated, and sometimes illogical nature of such information. Many participants demonstrated a high level of literacy in spotting fake news. Among those who said that they sometimes shared fake news on COVID-19, one motivation was to warn of the dangers of fake news by making it clear, while sharing, that the information was false. Other participants said that they shared news without being certain of its veracity, because of a general concern about the virus, and some participants shared news if it was at least partially true, provided that the news aimed to raise awareness of the dangers of COVID-19. However, some participants deliberately shared fake news on COVID-19 and did so because of a financial motivation. Those who sought to avoid sharing fake news on COVID-19 did so to avoid causing harm. The study provides insights into the reception of, and practices in engaging with, health-related fake news within a university-educated Nigerian demographic.
Evaluation of web-based online agricultural information relevant to Tanzanian maize producers
Authors: Ernest Mnzava Ester , Jacobs Lorette
Published: July 2023

This study examined the quality of web-based online agricultural information relevant to the maize industry in Tanzania. Selected online sources were evaluated to assess the agricultural information available in terms of four dimensions of quality, namely: authority, completeness, timeliness, and understandability. The study identified a wide variety of web-based online information on maize production, including information on seeds, fertilisers, pesticides, and grain-handling. It was found that the information was of variable quality. Among the 39 online sites studied, several lacked contact information, had outdated content, and contained information that was missing some important details, and none provided weather information. This study contributes to the body of knowledge on online agricultural information in an African context where the agricultural sector is central to national economic development. The online agriculture information evaluation tool used in the study can potentially be of use, in its current form or adapted, to researchers beyond Tanzania.
PENINGKATAN HASIL BELAJAR PESERTA DIDIK DALAM PELAJARAN PKN MATERI PROSES PERUMUSAN PANCASILA MELALUI MODEL PBL PADA KELAS IV SDN JUNREJO 2 TAHUN 2022/2023
Authors: Putri Meita Dewi Putri Meita Dewi , Prihanta Wahyu , Safitri Fita
Published: July 2023

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar PKn siswa kelas IV di SDN Junrejo 2 Batu pada semester I tahun pelajaran 2022/2023 melalui penerapan metode PBL. Penelitian berlangsung selama periode satu bulan mulai dari bulan Oktober 2022 hingga bulan November 2022. Dalam penelitian ini, subjek yang diteliti adalah proses dan hasil belajar PKn pada 19 peserta didik kelas IV SDN Junrejo 2 Batu pada semester I tahun pelajaran 2022/2023. Kelas tersebut terdiri dari 9 peserta didik laki-laki dan 10 peserta didik perempuan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan penelitian tindakan kelas dengan dua siklus, dimana setiap siklus terdiri dari empat tahap yaitu perencanaan, pelaksanaan, pengamatan, dan refleksi. Untuk analisis data, data kualitatif hasil pengamatan proses belajar akan dianalisis dengan menggunakan analisis diskriptif kualitatif, dengan melakukan perbandingan antara siklus I dan siklus II. Sementara itu, data kuantitatif dalam bentuk angka dari hasil belajar siswa akan dianalisis menggunakan metode deskriftif komparatif, yang mana akan membandingkan nilai tes kondisi awal, nilai tes pada siklus I, dan nilai tes pada siklus II, kemudian akan direfleksikan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa melalui metode PBL dapat meningkatkan prestasi hasil belajar PKn pada siswa Kelas IV SD Negeri Junrejo 2 Batu Semester I tahun pelajaran 2022/2023. Terjadi peningkatan pada proses pembelajaran PKn mengenai materi Proses Perumusan Pancasila dari siklus I ke siklus II, yang tercermin dalam hasil belajar peserta didik. Terdapat peningkatan jumlah siswa yang mendapat nilai tuntas dari 8 peserta didik (72,7%) pada siklus I menjadi 11 peserta didik (100%) pada siklus II, dengan kenaikan sebanyak 3 peserta didik (27,3%). Selain itu, nilai rata-rata kelas juga meningkat dari 77,8 pada siklus I menjadi 83,5 pada siklus II, dengan peningkatan sebesar 5,7.
PENGEMBANGAN E-MODUL BERBASIS GOOGLE SITES PADA MATERI RANGKA MANUSIA KELAS V SEKOLAH DASAR
Authors: Hardianti Rizky , Alyani Fitri
Published: July 2023

This study aimed to analyze the characteristic, feasibility, and effectiveness of google sites based e-module that have been developed to improve the learning out comes off grade V. This research is a development research based on the ADDIE model with stages of Analyze, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. Data collection technique using questionnaires and tests. The subjects of this research were 23 grade V students of SD Negeri Kota Bekasi. The developed google sites based e-module was validated by 2 expert judgments. The practically of the media is obtained through student questionnaires sheets with result of 97% and 98% with very good criteria. The effectiveness of media was obtained through pretest-posttest calculations using the N-Gain test with an average calculation result of 0.74 with high criteria. This causes the google sites based e-module developed can improve student learning result effectively.
PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN DIORAMA PADA MATERI SIKLUS AIR UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS SISWA KELAS V UPT SDN JATITENGAH 01 KABUPATEN BLITAR
Authors: Laili Rumdhiatul , Alfi Cindya , Fatih Mohamad
Published: July 2023

This research is motivated by the lack of use of learning media which affects students' critical thinking skills in teaching and learning activities, especially in science education with the sub-theme of the water cycle. The water cycle material is very closely related to our lives, so we need learning media that can explain the water cycle material accurately in an easy-to-understand way, namely the water cycle diorama learning media. The aims of this study were (1) to determine the validity of the water cycle diorama media, (2) to determine the feasibility of the water cycle diorama media, and (3) to determine the improvement of the critical thinking skills of class V UPT SDN Jatitengah 01 using water cycle diorama media. This research was conducted at UPT SDN Jatitengah 01, Blitar Regency with 15 fifth grade students as research subjects. This research is a type of research and development (R&D) with the 4D model adapted from Thiagarajan which includes the stages of (1) define, (2) design, (3) development, and (4) disseminate (spread). The data collection techniques include questionnaires, documentation, tests, and interviews. Based on the results of the research, the validation of the material expert gets a percentage of 84% and the validation of the media expert gets a percentage of 94% in the "Very Valid" category, while the feasibility results of the diorama media get a percentage of 88% in the "Very Eligible" category. As well as calculating students' critical thinking skills using the N-Gain formula to get an N-Gain score of 0.73 with a percentage of 73.37% in the high category. So it can be concluded that water cycle diorama media can improve students' critical thinking skills.

Keywords: Diorama, water cycle, critical thinking