bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glycosaminoglycan dependent cell‐penetrating peptide derived from human eosinophil cationic protein
Authors: Chen Chien-Jung , Fang Shun-lung , Lee Yuan-Chuan , Hung Ta-Jen , Kuo Ping-Hsueh , Lien Pei-Chun , Chang Pei-Lin , Chang Dah- Tsyr Margaret
Published: June 2021

Alterations in Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) expression, especially HS, can be a contributing factor in the progression of growth, extracellular matrix ‐remodeling and migration. We have elucidated eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) binds Beas‐2B cell surface HS and enters the cells. Based on this study, a sequence, RWRCK, was identified as a core GAG‐binding motif; sequence analysis led to a novel cell‐penetrating peptide (CPPecp) derived from this GAG‐binding motif. FITC, eGFP and peptidomimetic drug have been delivered into cells by CPPecp. To clarify the roles of GAGs for CPPecp function, binding of CPPecp to GAG derivatives were evaluated by fluorophore‐assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis. Interestingly, although showing high affinity towards both HS and CS in cell‐free assays, binding and entry of CPPecp to Beas‐2B identified by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that CPPecp specifically anchored to cell surface HS prior to penetration into cells. In addition, binding and entry of CPPecp to wild‐type and GAG‐deficient mutant strains of Chinese hamster ovary cells supported that HS was specific target molecule for CPPecp recognition. Furthermore, lipid‐rafted endocytosis was the major route for CPPecp internalization. Taken together, CPPecp may be developed as extracellular HS‐targeted drug delivery purposes.
Discovery Partnerships with Academia: A New Option for Translating Basic Biomedical Research to Medicines
Authors: Smith Chari , Uings Iain , Bamford Mark , Collins Jon , Williams Pauline , Holmes Duncan
Published: June 2021

The academic biomedical research community generates many innovative ideas for therapeutic targets. Translating innovation into medicines can be challenging and resource intensive. GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) has established Discovery Partnerships with Academia (DPAc) to bring together the insight of the academic world with the complementary expertise and capabilities of GSK in joint, target‐focused, early drug discovery projects. DPAc operates globally and cross‐therapeutically, and looks for partners who really want to be involved in developing a medicine. Suitable projects have a compelling therapeutic hypothesis and are at a stage where partnership with GSK will make a key contribution to success. GSK applies resources to these projects in many ways, including development of robust assays, lead identification (using conventional screening, rational design, encoded libraries and biological therapeutic optimization), medicinal chemistry and preclinical development. This work is integrated with activities ongoing in the academic groups. By aligning this expertise with the academic's deep understanding of disease biology, we ensure that the best clinical candidates are selected. An overview of the DPAc model will be presented, highlighting opportunities for academic researchers to progress their research to create medicines. Examples of how these partnerships work in practice will be provided.
Using the Human ″Heater″ to Burn Fat
Authors: Conners Erika , Fisher Shannon , O'Meara Molly , Sheehan Dalton , Handmacher Matt , Osborne Sarah , Watson Elyse , Moerder Susan , Ganter Mari , Kralli Anastasia
Published: June 2021

Mammals have several mechanisms to maintain homeostasis with respect to body temperature. One such mechanism is brown adipose tissue (BAT), which when activated by cold, functions as a “heater” by converting chemical energy into heat. This reaction is fueled by lipids from both BAT and white adipose tissue, and has the potential to cause significant weight loss. BAT is found in the upper back, neck, between the collarbone and shoulder, and along the spine. Estrogen related receptor gamma (ERRg) is a protein that binds to DNA and regulates genes important for heat production in BAT. The structure of ERRg consists of multiple domains, including a DNA binding domain (DBD) and a regulatory ligand binding domain (LBD). The activity of ERRg is regulated by proteins binding to the LBD; these proteins can either activate gene expression or repress it. It was recently discovered that a cold‐induced protein, Gadd45g, activates ERRg. However, it is unknown how these two proteins interact. Using 3D printing technology, the Francis Parker SMART (Students Modeling A Research Topic) Team modeled the LBD of ERRg and its protein activator Gadd45g. Supported by a grant from the HHMI Pre‐ College Program.
Cytochrome P450: The Metabolizer
Authors: Borden A. , Fuller J. , Kim D. , Martinez A. , Puchner J. , Bell N. , Bro J. , Broadnax S. , Gebhard J. , Griffin N. , Cummins C. , Keuler A. , Moldenhauer D. , Sabatino T. , Spaulding R. , Sung R. , Ulschmid C. , Klestinski K. , Vogt D. , Czarnecki K. , Mak P. , Kincaid J.
Published: June 2021

Why can't Grandpa drink grapefruit juice with his Lipitor? Why is John hypersensitive to aspirin? The answers lie in a study of cytochrome P450s (CYP101), a family of enzymes that are responsible for the transformation of vitamins, pharmaceuticals and other foreign chemicals into soluble and readily excreted molecules. This goal is achieved primarily by hydroxylation reactions, which occur in these molecules through a series of extremely fast sequential reactions, called an enzymatic cycle. In order to better understand certain intermediates in the cycle, the reaction must be stopped at given points. In a particular variant of cytochrome P450s, the presence of an aspartic acid near the active site causes immediate protonation of the peroxo group, making it impossible to stop the hydroxylation reaction. However, in the mutant form, CYP101 D251N, the aspartic acid is replaced with an asparagine, which blocks protonation on an atomic level. Scientists need to study these molecules and characterize the molecular structures of the reaction intermediates in order to understand what factors affect the process, such as mutation of particular protein sites and blockage by interfering chemicals. The Marquette University High School SMART Team (Students Modeling A Research Topic) modeled both the wild‐type and the D251N mutant of P450cam using MSOE's 3D printing technology. Supported by grants from NIH‐SEPA and NIH‐CTSA.
Prions Gone Mad ‐ Insight into prion diseases: structural lessons learned from fungus
Authors: Schmuhl Kea , Foote Tyler , Block Laura , Toll Ashley , Cunningham Erin , Tidemann Cole , Moore Dakota , Garb Ashley , Garb Jodie , Manogaran Anita
Published: June 2021

Prion diseases, including bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad cow) and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease in humans, are caused by a misfolded protein in the brain that has the ability to convert the normal protein to the misfolded form. Prions in the brain lead to the formation of aggregates of misfolded protein, which are thought to be infectious and toxic to the cell. Additionally, these aggregates are resistant to detergents or heat, and are difficult to destroy. While reliable structural studies of human prion proteins have been unsuccessful, the structure of the [HET‐s] prion in the fungus Podospora anserina has been solved. The HET‐s protein misfolds and assembles into a higher order structure called a “solenoid,” a tube of circular beta sheets. The Laconia SMART Team (Students Modeling A Research Topic) modeled the HET‐s protein with 3D printing technology, illustrating its solenoid structure. Each “turn” of the solenoid consists of 21 amino acids. A pocket of hydrophobic (V244, L276, F286, W287), hydrophilic (Q240, E280), and glycine amino acid side chains is thought to stabilize the solenoid structure. Since human prion proteins are thought to share a similar solenoid structure with HET‐s, studying HET‐s provides insight into the molecular structure of human prions, which could potentially lead to advances in treatment of prion‐related diseases. Supported by a grant from the NIH‐SEPA and NIH‐CTSA.
A Potent and Broad Neutralizing Antibody Recognizes and Penetrates the HIV Glycan Shield
Authors: Abass Grant , Arnell Ashley , Barkley Noah , Chick Warren , Ciling Nick , Hammers Ian , Hodo Rachel , Hughes Serena , Nalaboff Ellie , Rodriguez Amy , Trimmer Noah , VandenHeuvel Savanna , Schultz Gretchen , Julien Jean-Philippe , Wilson Ian
Published: June 2021

HIV has evolved many mechanisms to avoid antibody recognition, but one neutralizing antibody, PGT128, is able to recognize the virus and prevent HIV infection. The Murrieta Mesa SMART Team (Students Modeling A Research Topic) modeled PGT128 using 3D printing technology. PGT128 binds to glycans, which are sugars on the viral surface of the HIV envelope protein gp120. The gp120 molecule has a binding site that modulates attachment to the CD4 receptor on human CD4 T cells. Binding of gp120 to these cells leads to membrane fusion between the human cell and HIV. It is this initial infection that ultimately causes AIDS. The function of the PGT128 antibody is to coat gp120 by binding to two glycans on the HIV glycan shield. A glycan shield refers to sugars that protect glycoproteins from recognition by the human immune system. After PGT128 infiltrates the HIV glycan coat, it interacts with a specific part of gp120, the V3 loop, thus preventing membrane fusion and HIV infection. The antibody is thought to be able to bind two separate gp120 molecules via a cross linking mechanism. PGT128 is known to be a broad neutralizer, which means that the antibody can deactivate many different strains of HIV. Since PGT128 is able to neutralize 72% of circulating viruses, there is the possibility a vaccine can be generated for HIV. Supported by a grant from the HHMI Pre‐ College program.
Modeling RBM3, a novel RNA binding protein protooncogene to understand its function
Authors: Samms Sarah , Simmons Jerusha , Seger Hannah , Díaz Monica , Dix Randy , Anant Shrikant
Published: June 2021

Cancer is a major concern worldwide; over 1,200,000 cases of cancer will be diagnosed in America this year. In recent studies, RNA‐binding motif protein (RBM3) has been shown to be a protooncogene whose expression is unregulated in various cancers; the protein functions by regulating mRNA stability and translation. Within the N‐terminal region, RBM3 encodes one RNA recognition motif (RRM) domain, a 90 amino acids sequence shared by many RNA binding proteins that is implicated in the regulation of alternative splicing. This motif's structure consists of two alpha helices and four beta strands arranged in an alpha/beta sandwich. In previous studies, RBM3 has been shown to bind to AU‐rich sequences in the 3′untranslated region of mRNAs that encode cancer promoting proteins such as cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Upon binding, RBM3 was shown to increase the stability and translation of these mRNAs, which is one mechanism by which the protein promotes tumorigenesis. The Olathe North SMART Team (Students Modeling A Research Topic) used 3D printing technology to model the protein RBM3 that has been found in Homo sapiens by homology of the known protein RBM39 from Mus musculus. Supported by a grant from NIH‐SEPA
Structural Basis for Cooperative Transcription Factor Binding to the CBP Coactivator
Authors: De Guzman Roberto , Goto Natalie K. , Eisele Megan , Harris Kaelyn , Cook Sara , Foster Hannah , Pryor Anna Marie , Wynn Roger , Dyson H. Jane , Wright Peter E. , Ellis Jamie
Published: June 2021

Transcription, copying the code of DNA into RNA, can be regulated by many proteins, with CREB‐Binding Protein (CBP), being a very common co‐activator. The Mt. Empire SMART Team (Students Modeling A Research Topic) modeled a particular section of this protein called KIX using 3D printing technology. Although the KIX region is relatively small, it can bind to two proteins at the same time. Two such proteins are the activation domains of the DNA‐binding proteins, MLL and c‐Myb. When KIX binds to MLL, the binding causes a slight change in a segment of KIX. The conformational change in KIX due to MLL helps c‐Myb to bind to KIX. A similar process happens in reverse, with KIX and c‐Myb binding allowing MLL to bind more effectively. We have constructed a model, based upon an NMR structure, which explores the close proximity of the residues for this cooperative interaction and also highlights the structural changes specific to KIX. Although KIX undergoes a slight structural change, the activation domains experience a massive change in structure, from disordered to helical. MLL and c‐Myb bind to DNA at target regions as well as KIX, which recruits CBP with the machinery to their target genes to relax the DNA structure and prepare for transcription. Many of the proteins that KIX and CBP bind to have been shown to be oncogenic, as well as important in memory formation and embryonic development. Supported by a grant from the HHMI Pre‐College Program.
Exploring Black Death through 3D Modeling of the Plasminogen Activator Protein
Authors: Pubbi Parul , Chansarkar Mitali , Hagos Bethel , Sloan Madeline , Kuan Becky , Belyea Brinn , Chevez Marisela
Published: June 2021

Black Death, caused by Yersinia pestis, originally had a 40–75% mortality rate, with a risk of the disease maturing into the pneumonic and septicaemic phases. With current threats of using Y. pestis as an agent of biological warfare, studying how the virulency of the disease is important as the bubonic plague could be a potent weapon. A recently discovered potential treatment would inhibit the omptin (outer‐membrane protease) Pla, which cleaves the R561–V562 bond in the amino acid sequence of plasminogen, converting it to plasmin: an enzyme that degrades proteins in blood plasma such as fibrin. This leads to a lack of clotting, thus enabling the bacteria to gain entry into the host organism. Y. pestis injects toxins in immune cells, killing these cells. The result is a depressed immune response. However, if Pla is inhibited, then the mortality rate decreases as there is no progression to the pneumonic phase (quantized by the lack of change of fluid in the lungs). A lack of Pla would mean that the plague would not spread into other areas of the body, localizing the disease and making it possible to treat. Because the bubonic plague is a disease that kills in 2–7 days, inhibiting Pla would increase the window for treatment. The Torrey Pines SMART Team (Students Modeling A Research Topic) modeled the Pla protein using 3D printing technology. Supported by a grant from the HHMI Pre‐ College Program.
Zinc concentration in different tissues of infected mice with Giardia intestinalis
Authors: Quihui Luis , Mendez Rosa Olivia , Esparza Julian , Canett Rafael , Astiazaran Humberto , Iñigo Gemma , Morales Gloria Guadalupe , Maldonado Ana Gabriela
Published: June 2021

It is well recognized the association of giardiasis with malnutrition and micronutrients malabsorption, but the link giardiasis caused by Giardia intestinalis with low serum zinc levels in children remains controversial. The lack of knowledge on the adequate zinc levels in different human tissues may is contributing to the poor understanding of the mentioned link. Therefore, the assessment of the association between zinc content in different tissues of Giardia ‐infected mice may provides new knowledge about the interaction giardiasis‐zinc in humans. To assess and to associate the zinc content in tissues of the small intestine, liver, kidneys, testes, long bones and serum of Giardia‐infected mice. Seventy two CD1 mice were randomly categorized (males 4–5 weeks) based on the dietary zinc requirements (low, 12.8 Zn mg/kg diet; normal, 24.6 Zn mg/kg; high, 57.9 Zn mg/kg and very high, 309.3 Zn mg/kg) (groups of n=20, n=20, n=20, n=12). Subsequently half of each group was categorized in Giardia‐infected and Giardia‐free groups (6 groups of n=10 and 2 groups of n=6). The tissue samples were obtained at 0 and 30 days post‐infection. Zinc concentrations were determined by atomic absorption. All statistical analysis were performed using NCSS (2002) at level of α= 0.05%.. Giardiasis had a negative effect on zinc concentrations in serum, testes, kidney, small intestine and long bones (p < 0.05) at 30 days post‐infection. However, no change was found in the liver tissue (p > 0.05). Zinc homeostasis apparently plays a key role in regulating the zinc tissue contents in mice, despite of the low dietary zinc. In addition, giardiasis was a risk factor associated to the low zinc content in different mice tissue
Effects of Silicon on Inhibition of Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Mediator during Bone Metabolism
Authors: Choi Mi-Kyeong , Kim Eun-Jin , Bu So-Young , Sung Mi-Kyung
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of silicon (Si) on the production of DPPH free radicals and inflammatory mediators, and identify the role of Si in bone formation and osteoclastogenesis in vitro. The murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) was utilized as osteoclast precursor cells and the production of inflammatory mediators was measured. Cells were plated for 6 hours, stimulated with either LPS (10 ng/ml) as an inflammatory reagent or LPS with Si (1, 5, 10, 25, 50 uM), doses of which does not affect cell viability. By 24 and 48 hrs treatment, Si dose‐dependently decreased the LPS‐induced NO production by as much as 50%. All doses of Si decreased DPPH radical scavenging activities. In MC3T3‐E1 murine ostetoblast like cells, 1, 2.5 and 5 uM of Si significantly increased intracellular ALP activity under normal conditions at 7 days of Si treatment (p<0.05). Also two high doses of Si (25 and 50 uM) increased mineralized nodules formation at 14 days of differentiation as evidenced by increased Alizarin red S staining. We conclude that Si have positive effect on bone metabolism by increasing bone formation and possibly regulating osteoclastogenesis through its anti‐oxidative and anti‐inflammatory properties. “This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2011‐0010880)”
The LINDSAY Virtual Human Project: Anatomy and Physiology Come to Life
Authors: Jamniczky Heather , Jacob Christian , Novakowski Scott , Davison Timothy , von Mammen Sebastian , Gingras Carey , Steil Scott , Paget Mike , Hallgrimsson Benedikt , Wright Bruce
Published: June 2021

The LINDSAY Virtual Human Project encompasses anatomy teaching and physiology simulation for medical education. We have built a novel visualization and simulation framework that allows instructors and students to interact with three dimensional anatomical models and physiological simulations in real time. These tools allow the creation of learning objects in a number of forms, intended for use by both instructors and students. These tools are inquiry‐learning ready and include features designed to make the creation and dissemination of learner‐centered content easy and accessible. The software uses a unique, visual programming language that harnesses the power and versatility of agent‐based modeling. Users can therefore create, save, and modify presentations and simulations, and the objects created can be stored and linked hierarchically to explore anatomy and physiology at multiple scales. We aim to take advantage of recent exciting advances in portable touch interface technology. Our presentation software is currently in beta‐release, with planned full release in Spring of 2012. Our simulation software is planned for beta‐release in Summer of 2012.
Intracellular Ca2+ is a mediator of zinc depletion‐induced apoptosis in human breast cancer MDA‐MB‐231 cells
Authors: Lin Alice , Xu Zhaoming
Published: June 2021

We have previously shown that zinc depletion induces apoptosis in MDA‐MB‐231 cells. Ca2+ is a known mediator of apoptosis. The objective of this study was to establish the role of intracellular Ca2+ in zinc depletion‐induced apoptosis in MDA‐MB‐231 cells. After cultured in DMEM+10% FBS for 3 days, the cells were treated with N,N,N′,N′‐tetrakis[2‐pyridylmethyl]ethylenediamine (TPEN; 20μM) alone for 0–72h or in the presence of 1,2‐bis(2‐ aminophenoxy)ethane‐N,N,N′,N′‐tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester (BAPTA; 0–40μM) for 6 or 72h. Intracellular Ca2+ was assessed by Fura2 assay. Apoptosis was assessed by caspase‐3 activity and propidium iodide flow cytometric assay. To affirm that TPEN‐induced apoptosis was zinc specific, zinc (0–40μM; 72h) was replenished in the presence of TPEN. TPEN induced a treatment duration‐dependent elevation of intracellular Ca2+ level, caspase‐3 activity, and proportion of apoptotic cells. Zinc replenishment suppressed TPEN‐induced apoptosis. TPEN and BAPTA co‐treatments suppressed TPEN‐induced apoptosis in a dose‐dependent manner. These results suggested that intracellular Ca2+ served as a mediator in zinc depletion‐induced apoptosis in MDA‐MB‐231 cells. Supported by NSERC.
Effects of a Cognitive Movement Training Machine on Improving Quality of Motion and Physiological Function
Authors: Hayakawa Kimiyasu , Fujii Hisao , Kobayashi Kando
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a cognitive movement training machine (Sprint Training Machine; [STM]) on improving quality of motion and physiological function. The subjects of this study were athletes from a physical education university.

Data from the maximum speed phase after acceleration during a timed 50‐m run were compared on Day 1 and three weeks later between two groups, a Machine Group that used the STM for three weeks and a Non‐Machine Group that did not use the STM during the three‐week period. After three weeks, the mean time to run the 50 m for the Machine Group (n=11) was 5.40±0.14 s (compared to 5.59±0.17 s on Day 1), and that for the Non‐Machine Group (n=7) was 5.52±0.21 s (compared to 5.66±0.24 s on Day 1). Significant differences were found in the mean times to run the 50 m on Day 1 and after three weeks between the two groups (Machine, p<0.001; Non‐Machine, p<0.05). The mean increase in stride length for the Machine Group was 16.5±25.4 cm, and that in the Non‐Machine Group was 1.4±18.3 cm.

Immediately after using the STM, mean oxygen saturation (SPO2), as measured by pulse oximetry, was 97.5–98.0% and mean heart rate (HR) was 100–120 beats/min.

In conclusion, using a cognitive movement training machine, such as the STM, improves quality of motion and physiological function.
Fermented mixture of Rhodiola rosea and Korean red ginseng protects differentiated C2C12 cells from hydrogen peroxideinduced oxidative stress associated with antioxidant enzyme responses
Authors: Yoon Bo ra , Lee Young Jun , Hong Hee Do , Sung Su Kyung , Lee Ok Hwan
Published: June 2021

Rhodiola species have anti‐fatigue, anti‐stress, antioxidant and immune enhancing effects. Skeletal muscle generates reactive oxygen species, which contributes to muscle fatigue. This study investigated the inhibitory effects of the fermented mixture of Rhodiola rosea and red ginseng on H2O2 induced oxidative damage in C2C12 myotubes by analyzing morphological changes, cell viability, and gene expression level of antioxidant enzyme responses. C2C12 myoblasts were treated with fermented mixture for up to 5 days. Our data showed that the fermented mixture of Rhodiola rosea and red ginseng significantly protected oxidative damage during the myogenesis compared to H2O2 treated C2C12 cells in a dose dependent manner. The fermented mixture of Rhodiola rosea and red ginseng also markedly enhanced mRNA expression of Cu/Zn‐superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) as well as MyoD, a muscle‐specific transcription factor. Our results suggest that the inhibitory activity of the fermented mixture of Rhodiola rosea and red ginseng on oxidative damage may involve coordinated changes of cellular antioxidant enzymes in C2C12 cells.
Assessment of individual metabolic response to a low‐calorie smoothie challenge using targeted metabolomics
Authors: Legault J Thompson , Tardif J , Cherkaoui S , Daneault C , Frayne I Robillard , Vaillancourt V T , Aubut C , Landry J , Cyr D , Waters P , Morin C , Laprise C , Des Rosiers C , Consortium LSFC
Published: June 2021

Assessing metabolic responsiveness to a standardized meal using metabolomics offers promise for identifying new interventions in metabolic diseases. However, previously tested meals appear to be too high in calories to be applicable to young patients with mitochondrial diseases, who often display a low nutrient handling capacity. This study assessed the metabolic response to a smoothie providing only 9% of daily calories (42% carbohydrate; 46% lipid; 12% protein). Plasma was collected from 4 healthy young adults before and 90 min after the smoothie and 111 metabolites reflecting normal (15 fatty acids; 12 amino acids) or dysregulated (58 organic acids, 25 acylcarnitines) nutrient metabolism were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Of all metabolites assessed, fatty acids displayed the greatest changes, but overall the average coefficient of variation (CV) for fold‐changes (26%) was smaller than inter‐individual CVs for absolute values assessed before and after the meal (40% for both). Principal component analysis revealed the consistency of the postprandial response within individuals, but clearly separated them from each other. This study shows the feasibility of measuring the metabolic response to a low calorie meal despite large inter‐individual variations. For future studies, it appears warranted to include additional metabolite classes, particularly lipids. Supp.: FRSQ & CIHR Emerging Team Grant.
Antioxidant effect of grapevine leaves extract in rats fed a high fat diet
Authors: Yu QiMing , Lim EunJi , Choi SooKyong , Yoon Kwangseo , Seo JungSook
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of grapevine leaves extract(GLE) on oxidative stress in rats fed a high fat diet. The 4‐week‐old Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into six groups; nomal diet group(N), nomal diet +1.0% GLE group(NG1.0), nomal diet +1.5% GLE group(NG1.5), high fat diet group(HF), high fat diet +1.0% GLE group(HFG1.0), high fat diet +1.5 GLE group(HFG1.5). Rats of each group were fed on the corresponding diets for 6 weeks. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS) in high fat and GLE‐treated groups revealed a significant reduction in liver, erythrocytes and plasma compared with the HF group. The erythrocytic activities of catalase(CAT), superoxide dismutase(SOD) and glutathione peroxidase(GSH‐Px) in HFG1.5 group were significantly higer than those of HF group. The hepatic activities of GSH‐Px and glutathione S‐transferase( GST) increased in GLE‐supplemented high fat group compered with HF group. The liver levels of retinol and tocopherol significantly increased in HFG1.5 group compared with those of HF group. Plasma tocopherol level in HFG1.5 group was significantly higher than HF group. These results indicate that grapevine leaves extract exerts a protective effect on high fat diet‐induced oxidative stress in rats. This research was supported by¡°Region‐specific agriculture Development project of RDA(Rural Development Administration), Republic of Korea.
Effect of tomato and tomato paste on lipid metabolism and glucose regulating enzyme activity in Mongolian gerbils fed a high fat diet
Authors: Jeon Yewon , Kim Jeonghyeon , Choi Sookyong , Seo Jungsook
Published: June 2021

Lycopene found mainly in tomato is known to prevent hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes. The present study was conducted to examine the effect of tomato and tomato paste on lipid metabolism and glucose regulating enzyme activity in Mongolian gerbils fed a high fat diet. Gerbils of four groups were randomly divided; control (C), high fat diet (HF), high fat and 3% tomato diet (HT), high fat and 3% tomato paste diet (HP). The liver concentration of total lipid decreased significantly in HP group compared to HF group. The phospholipids level increased significantly in HT and HF groups compared with C group. The bile acid excretion into feces decreased significantly in HF and HT groups compared to C group. Plasma glucose level increased significantly in HF group compared to C group. Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme activities decreased significantly in high fat diet groups (HF, HT, HP) compared with C group. In conclusion, liver lipid concentration was decreased by supplementation of tomato. Tomato seems to be a beneficial effect on improving lipid metabolism induced by a high fat diet. This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology.
Multimedia Tools for Interprofessional Education will Provide Excellence in Patient Care
Authors: Franklin Samuel R
Published: June 2021

In health care environment, members of different professions will provide patient care and rehabilitation. Physician assistant (PA) and Physical Therapy (PT) students have previously reported that an integrated gross anatomy course provided an opportunity for a better understanding of the scope of each discipline. PA and PT students participate in an integrated gross anatomy course at the University of Kentucky. During gross anatomy dissection lab PA and PT students work in mixed groups to complete a regional dissection. In order to strengthen interprofessional education and communication between PAs and PTs in a gross anatomy course regional interprofessional modules are being developed. Interprofessional modules are designed to examine a clinical case in a particular region. Students will complete assignments and a mastery quiz that focus on how their respective disciplines will use the anatomy within a region to provide care for the patient described in the case. In the anatomy laboratory time is provided for students of each profession to teach the clinical case to their colleagues. PA and PT students who have an understanding of how each discipline approaches and contributes to a treatment strategy will be better able to provide continuing care for patients. The development of interprofessional modules will provide directed study that will strengthen this educational approach.
Effects of MonaVie RVL Weight Loss Program on Body Composition and Blood Lipids
Authors: Talbott Shawn , Lange Andrew , Eickhoff Jens , Blackhurst Darin
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND

Numerous studies show that even modest weight loss improves cardiovascular risk factors, including dyslipidemia.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effects of the MonaVie RVL Weight Loss Program on body weight and metabolic parameters in moderately overweight volunteers.

METHODS

Men and women between the ages of 18–65 and with a BMI of 27–37 were enrolled in two groups; 36 subjects over 28 days, and 64 subjects over 11 weeks. We assessed body weight (BW), waist circumference (WC), body fat percentage (BF%), and blood lipids (total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol). The RVL program consisted of four components: (1) A meal replacement shake at breakfast and lunch; (2) A dietary supplement based on green tea and African mango consumed 2x/day; (3) A snack bar consumed 2x/day; and (4) A balanced 600‐calorie dinner.

RESULTS

The 28‐day trial showed significant changes from baseline for BMI (−0.8 ± 0.6), BW (−4.7 ± 3.3 lbs), WC (−1.8 ± 1.3 in), and leptin (−6.8 ± 9.7 ng/mL), all p<0.01. In the 11‐week trial, significant improvements were observed for BMI (−2.1 ± 1.3), BW (−13.4 ± 9.0 lbs), WC (−3.5 ± 1.9 in), BF% (−1.3% ± 1.1%), and HDL (+9.0 ± 7.3 mg/dL), all p<0.01.

CONCLUSION

These studies demonstrate significant and meaningful health benefits for subjects using the Monavie RVL Weight Loss Program, including improved “good” HDL cholesterol levels and reductions in BMI, waist circumference, body weight, and body fat percentage.
Brain Creatine is associated with cognitive function but dietary supplementation does not affect memory performance in the young Yucatan miniature pig
Authors: Robinson Jason Lorne , McBreairty Laura E. , Furlong Kayla R. , Walsh Carolyn J. , Martin Gerard M. , Bertolo Robert F.
Published: June 2021

Creatine supplementation may enhance memory in humans. We measured creatine in liver and brain and analyzed the effect on memory performance in 3‐mo‐old pigs fed diets unsupplemented (n=7) or supplemented with 200 mg creatine/kg/d (CR; n=8) for 2 wk. In a 5′x5′ pen, pigs explored 2 sets (4As, 4Bs) of objects 50 min apart. Pigs were then tested with both objects (2As+2Bs) with one of each object in the same position as before (A1, B1), and the others moved (Am, Bm); the test was repeated 24 h later with a third object (C). Pigs looked at first (p=0.004) and spent more time with (p<0.001) the moved objects, validating this memory test in pigs. Creatine was higher in CR liver (p=0.002), but lower in CR brain (p<0.03), suggesting dietary creatine did not reach the brain. Memory test outcomes were not different between diet groups. However, pigs that exhibited a better memory of object A had higher levels of the creatine precursor, GAA, in the brain (p=0.01, R2=0.41; linear regression). Moreover, 24 h later, creatine and GAA (p<0.05, R2=0.29) were associated with recognizing C as novel. Interestingly, memory was also negatively associated with plasma homocysteine (p=0.04, R2=0.37). We conclude that creatine is associated with improved memory performance, but dietary supplementation was not effective. A pre‐existing deficiency might need to be present to observe an effect of supplementation, similar to that observed in vegans.
Vitamin A equivalence of carotenoids from high‐carotenoid cassava in healthy well‐nourished women
Authors: La Frano Michael R. , Woodhouse Leslie R. , LaPorte Delphine , Burri Betty J.
Published: June 2021

Biofortification of cassava with beta‐carotene (BC) may be a solution to vitamin A (VA) deficiency in countries where it is a staple food. However, data regarding the bioavailability of BC in this food is limited. We compared absorption and VA equivalence of BC in triacylgyceride–rich lipoprotein (TRL) plasma fractions after ingestion of cassava meals. Ten women consumed 3 different porridges, each with 100 g of cassava: 1) Biofortified cassava (containing 2 mg BC) with 15 mL oil (BFO); 2) Biofortified cassava without oil (BF); and 3) white cassava (C) with oil and a 0.3 mg retinyl palmitate (RP) tracer. Porridges were consumed in random order with 2 wk washouts. Blood was collected 6 times from −0.5 – 10 h. TRL were separated by ultracentrifugation and analyzed by HPLC with coulometric array electrodetection. Analysis showed significant increases in BC absorption and RP formation in TRL after both biofortified cassava meals, with BC and RP area‐under‐the‐curves being highest in BFO. The VA equivalence (defined as nmol BC/nmol RP) of both biofortified cassavas was 4:1. This suggests that biofortified cassava can be a good source of BC and VA. Supported by HarvestPlus.
Bovine lactoferrin and its effects on innate immune cells in a complex milk matrix
Authors: Wittke Anja , Wang Yali , Yan Jun
Published: June 2021

Human milk proteins provide a source of nutrition for the newborn infant but also are associated with biological functions. Lactoferrin is one of the major human milk proteins and has modulating effects on the immune system. This project determined the biological activity of bovine lactoferrin (bLF) on innate immune cells in the presence and absence of a liquid cow's milk based matrix (milk matrix) in vitro and in young mice. The expression of the costimulatory molecule CD80 on macrophages was significantly upregulated in vitro by human milk and the milk matrix. The greater expression by the milk matrix was reduced to the CD80 levels of human milk through the addition of bLF. The expression of CD80, CD86, and MHC class II on bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) was upregulated by bLF and the milk matrix but not by human milk. Following oral administration of bLF to mice the respiratory burst capacity of neutrophils was determined. While the milk matrix had no effect, the levels were significantly decreased by human milk and bLF in the presence and absence of the milk matrix. Serum cytokine IL‐6 and IL‐12p40 levels were significantly reduced by the addition of bLF to the milk matrix. These studies demonstrate a biological role of bLF in a complex milk matrix in modulating the response of innate immune cells in in vitro and in vivo experiments.

Research Support: provided by Mead Johnson Nutrition
Beverages Containing Soluble Fiber, Caffeine, and Green Tea Catechins Suppress Hunger and Lead to Less Energy Consumption at the Next Meal
Authors: Carter Brett E , Monsivais Pablo , Drewnowski Adam
Published: June 2021

Previous research has shown that beverages containing soluble fibers can decrease energy intake at the next meal among normal weight participants. Caffeine and green tea catechins have separately been associated with increased satiety. The present study examined the satiating power of a beverage containing soluble fiber as well as a beverage containing the same fiber, caffeine and green tea catechins. These two test beverages were evaluated in comparison to an equal calorie control beverage as well as a no‐beverage control condition. All beverage preloads were presented three times for a total of 0.28–0.35kJ and 0–30g fiber. Dependent measures were appetite ratings and calorie intake at a test meal. The no‐beverage condition was associated with the highest ratings for hunger and the lowest ratings for fullness when compared to the other 3 beverage conditions. Of the three beverage conditions, the beverage containing the fiber, green tea catechins, and caffeine created the lowest hunger and the highest fullness ratings. That condition was also associated with the lowest energy intake at the next meal. The present findings indicate that the beverage containing caffeine and green tea catechins in combination with soluble fiber decrease appetite and energy intake relative to a beverage with equal caloric content.
BOND Expert Panel deliberations. Case study 1: Iodine consultation
Authors: Ashour Fayrouz Ahmed Sakr , Raiten Daniel J.
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Biomarkers of Nutrition for Development (BOND) program is intended to support discovery, development and use of biomarkers for nutritional assessment. To achieve this goal the BOND has constituted nutrient specific Expert Panels (EP) each assigned to review the extant evidence to support the creation of an interactive BOND IT‐based resource including a user‐specific Query‐Based System (QBS). To support their work each EP will convene a nutrient specific consultation that will focus on areas of expertise not resident on the EP and to receive additional input on areas of particular interest to each EP. The Iodine EP was the first to convene their 2‐day consultation.

Objective

To report the preliminary results of the Iodine EP consultation and deliberations.

Results

After hearing presentations from invited speakers and agreeing on the components of the review outline, the Iodine EP developed a literature search strategy for acquiring requisite data/materials to support their review. The EP identified existing platforms/technologies that might be applicable for iodine specific biomarkers. A research agenda was identified. The EP made suggestions for the structure and content of the BOND IT resources.

Conclusion

The EP concluded that a point of departure for the literature review would be the systematic review conducted by the EURRECA program. The EP work assignments and timeline were made for drafting specific sections in the review outline and it was agreed that WHO representatives will be invited to participate in future EP panel deliberations.

Support: BMGF; PepsiCo; NIH.
A micronutrient index is associated with cognitive function in elderly men
Authors: Holton Kathleen F , Marshall Lynn M , Barrett-Connor Elizabeth , Yaffe Kristine , Bowman Gene L
Published: June 2021

This study examined the relation of micronutrient intake and cognitive function in elderly men. The analytic sample included 5625 community dwelling men age 65–100 (mean(sd) age 73(6) years) free of cognitive impairment (Modified Mini Mental (3MS)≥80). The Block food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), 3MS, Trail Making Test part B (TB), and medical history were completed. Micronutrients associated with cognitive function in prior literature were evaluated [vitamins: B, C, D, E; and minerals: calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc]. The nutrients B3, B12, iron and zinc were each associated with both outcomes (3MS and TB) in univariate analysis. Recommended Daily Allowances (RDA) were used to dichotomize these 4 nutrients (0/1), and then they were combined to form a Micronutrient Index (MNI) to study the collective association with cognitive function (MNI of 4 = adequate intake of all nutrients). Results [OR(95% CI)] from multivariable logistic regression demonstrate that higher MNI is associated with superior cognitive function (highest 25th% of score) on the 3MS [1.14(1.06–1.22)] and TB [1.15(1.07–1.23)], independent of age, race, education, activity, depression, diabetes, calories, and supplement use. The MNI associations were stronger than those observed for any individual nutrient. Results suggest that dietary intake above the RDA for B3, B12, iron & zinc combined, may promote cognitive function in elderly men.
Integrated Longitudinal Cases in Medical Curriculum: An Example of Breast Cancer
Authors: Poznanski Ann Alexandra
Published: June 2021

Presentation of integrated clinical cases provides context and motivation for students to learn basic science material. Pathological features of common diseases allow students to learn by contrast of normal with abnormal. Presented here is one such integrated longitudinal case involving a patient with invasive lobular breast cancer, from initial diagnosis on biopsy through lumpectomy, bilateral mastectomies with lymph node dissections, followed by post‐therapeutic development of angiosarcoma. The case is presented over the first three years of medical school. Components presented during year 1 include initial breast imaging, breast needle core biopsy, immunocytochemistry including hormone receptor testing, and mastectomy. Components presented during year 2 include findings of contralateral breast cancer 7 years later, mastectomy and axillary lymph node dissection, development of lymphedema and of angiosarcoma. Components presented during year 3 include post‐surgical (amputation) issues, including phantom limb pain, rehabilitation, occupational and physical therapy, with emphasis on ADLs and IADLs. Materials include de‐identified case history, radiographic imaging, histopathological slides, gross photographs and plastinated specimens. These integrated longitudinal clinical cases can be touchstones for providing continuity and building of depth within medical education.
Weight status, dietary intake, physical activity, and subjective social status of adolescents in grades 7–12 participating in a national creative competition
Authors: Spence Marsha L. , Costello Carol , Fitzhugh Eugene , Greer Betty , Muenchen Robert , Gibbs Robert , Moustaid-Moussa Naima
Published: June 2021

Objective

To examine if dietary intake (DI), physical activity (PA), and school and family subjective social status (SSS) differed based on weight status (WS).

Methods

2,438 students in grades 7–12, who were surveyed and measured at a national creative competition, met study criteria and were included in the analysis. BMI was calculated using standard protocol. DI, PA and SSS data were collected via surveys.

Results

74.3% of participants were normal weight, 15.3% were overweight, and 10.4% were obese. 55.7% of respondents reported participating in ≥60 minutes of PA/day, 86.9% reported viewing <3 hours of TV/day, 20.5% reported consuming ≥3 dairy products/day, and 33.0% reported consuming ≥5 fruits and vegetables/day. There were no differences in DI by WS, but there were significant differences in PA measurements (p≤.001). Perceived family SSS was significantly higher for normal weight students compared to overweight and obese students (p=.019 and p≤ .001, respectively) and school SSS was significantly higher for normal weight students compared to obese students (p=.005).

Conclusion

The prevalence of overweight and obesity was lower among this sample than current rates estimated in the US. Although the majority of these students met PA guidelines, DI recommendations were not met by most. Similar to previous research about SSS and WS, normal weight students had higher perceived SSS than did obese students.
The effect of age in salty taste acuity and preference, dietary intake in Korean rural residents
Authors: Choe Jeong-Sook , Kim Eun-kyung , Park Young-hee , Kim Eun-kyung
Published: June 2021

The hypothesis of this study is that age is associated with salty taste acuity and preference. The subjects included in this study were 86 rural residents. Dietary intake data were collected by 24hr recall for 2 days. Salty taste acuity and preference were determined by sensory test. Salty taste acuity was determined by non‐salty water and 11 different concentration salted water. The solutions were made up water and refined salt, and the concentration were 0.03, 0.06, 0.09, 0.12, 0.15, 0.18, 0.21, 0.24, 0.27, 0.3%. The subjects tasted from the lowest concentration solution to the highest concentration solution, and then in reverse order including 0.33%. Mean of the two measurements was regarded salty taste acuity. Salty preference was measured by salinity of bean sprouts soup. The subjects tasted 0.15% bean sprouts soup and seasoned to suit their taste with 1.0% bean sprouts soup, and then measured the salinity of the bean sprouts soup. Statistical analysis was conducted using the SAS program. Anthropometry, fasting blood glucose, nutrient intakes, salty taste acuity and preference of the each group were examined. Energy intake was 40–49y 1589.8 kcal, 50–59y 1662.5 kcal, 60y and over 1615.3 kcal. Salty taste preference was 40–49y 0.42%, 50–59y 0.39%, 60y and over 0.51%. Salty taste acuity was 40–49y 0.14%, 50–59y 0.16%, 60y and over 0.18%. Salty taste acuity and preference in 60y and over group was significantly higher than that in 40–49y, 50–59y groups. Salty taste acuity showed positive correlation with sodium intake(r=0.0107, p=0.82). It seemed to increase salty taste according to increasing age and salty taste acuity affects sodium intake. Therefore, in case of the elderly, they were thought to be needed self‐awareness for restriction of sodium intakes.
Comparison of isoflavone intake by metabolic syndrome and its risk factors in Korean adults using the fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007~2009
Authors: Park Young-Hee , Choi Jung-Sook , Kim Yang-Sook , Kang Min-Sook
Published: June 2021

Isoflavone intake of Korean adults and its association with metabolic syndrome(MeS) and its risk factors were examined using the fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007~2009. Amount of isoflavone intake of men and women over 19 years old was estimated from a 24‐hour recall using isoflavone database developed by Park MK, a compilation of analytic data of Korean foods and data from other country. Mean isoflavone intake of Korean adults was 19.7 mg/day. Age group of 50~64 years old showed highest isoflavone intake among age groups of Korean adults, but it was not significantly different with that of age group over 65 years old when it was adjusted with energy intake. Though there was no significant difference in isoflavone intake between people with MeS and without MeS in total Korean adults, in age groups of 65 years and over isoflavone intake of people with MeS was significantly lower than that of people without MeS. Regarding the each risk factors of MeS, people who have abdominal obesity showed lower isoflavone intake than people without abdominal obesity. When odds ratio for MeS was compared by quartile of isoflavone intake, odds ratio for MeS was lower as isoflavone intake goes higher in age groups of 65 years and over. This trend was still remained when isoflavone intake was adjusted for energy intake. It seems that there was an association between isoflavone intake and MeS in the Korean elderly.