bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Injectable Hydrogel for Simultaneous Photothermal Therapy and Photodynamic Therapy with Ultrahigh Efficiency Based on Carbon Dots and Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals
Authors: Chen Tianxing , Yao Tengteng , Peng Hui , Whittaker Andrew K. , Li Yao , Zhu Shenmin , Wang Zhaoyang
Published: August 2021

The convenience of injectable hydrogels that can provide high loading of diverse phototherapy agents and further long‐time retention at the tumor site has attracted tremendous interest in simultaneous photothermal and photodynamic cancer therapies. However, to incorporate the phototherapy agents into hydrogels, complex modifications are generally unavoidable. Moreover, these phototherapy agents usually suffer from low efficiency and work at different irradiation wavelengths outside the near infrared windows. Hence, a method for the fabrication of an injectable hydrogel for simultaneous photothermal therapy and photodynamic therapy, through the Schiff‐base reaction between amido modified carbon dots (NCDs) and aldehyde modified cellulose nanocrystals is proposed. The NCDs act as both phototherapy agents and crosslinkers to form hydrogels. Significantly, the NCDs demonstrate an extremely high photothermal conversion efficiency of 77.6% which is among the highest levels for photothermal agents and a high singlet quantum yield of 0.37 under a single 660 nm light‐emitting diode irradiation. The hydrogels are examined through in vitro and in vivo animal experiments which show nontoxic and effectively tumor inhibition. Thus, the strategy of direct reaction of phototherapy agents and the matrix not only provides new strategies for injectable hydrogel fabrication but paves a new road for advanced tumor treatment.
Promoting Long‐Term Cultivation of Motor Neurons for 3D Neuromuscular Junction Formation of 3D In Vitro Using Central‐Nervous‐Tissue‐Derived Bioink
Authors: Kong Jeong Sik , Huang Xuan , Choi Yeong‐Jin , Yi Hee‐Gyeong , Kang Junsu , Kim Sejin , Kim Jongmin , Lee Hyungseok , Rim Yeri Alice , Ju Ji Hyeon , Chung Wan Kyun , Woolf Clifford J. , Jang Jinah , Cho Dong‐Woo
Published: August 2021

3D cell printing technology is in the spotlight for producing 3D tissue or organ constructs useful for various medical applications. In printing of neuromuscular tissue, a bioink satisfying all the requirements is a challenging issue. Gel integrity and motor neuron activity are two major characters because a harmonious combination of extracellular materials essential to motor neuron activity consists of disadvantages in mechanical properties. Here, a method for fabrication of 3D neuromuscular tissue is presented using a porcine central nervous system tissue decellularized extracellular matrix (CNSdECM) bioink. CNSdECM retains CNS tissue‐specific extracellular molecules, provides rheological properties crucial for extrusion‐based 3D cell printing, and reveals positive effects on the growth and maturity of axons of motor neurons compared with Matrigel. It also allows long‐term cultivation of human‐induced‐pluripotent‐stem‐cell‐derived lower motor neurons and sufficiently supports their cellular behavior to carry motor signals to muscle fibers. CNSdECM bioink holds great promise for producing a tissue‐engineered motor system using 3D cell printing.
Precise Targeting Therapy of Orthotopic Gastric Carcinoma by siRNA and Chemotherapeutic Drug Codelivered in pH‐Sensitive Nano Platform
Authors: Wang Quan , Tian Yu , Liu Lei , Chen Chuanrong , Zhang Wei , Wang Liting , Guo Qianqian , Ding Li , Fu Hao , Song Hongjiang , Shi Junyu , Duan Yourong
Published: August 2021

Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors, which remains as an obstacle to human health. Nowadays, targeted nanoparticles to gastric tumor tissues, provide new strategy for improved therapy but still remain challenging. The major hurdle of targeted therapeutic nanoparticles comes from the limited enrichment and poor selectivity of therapeutic agents in in situ tumor. Herein, a pH‐sensitive targeted nano platform coloaded As2O3 and human epidermal growth factor receptor‐2 (HER2)‐siRNA (AH RNPs) is developed to achieve targeting therapy in orthotopic gastric carcinoma. AH RNPs can effectively prevent the degradation of siRNA and overcome the poor solubility of As2O3. In vitro studies show that AH RNPs could achieve synergistic inhibition of growth and metastasis on SGC7901 cells. Surprisingly, AH RNPs not only target gastric subcutaneous tumor, but also target in situ tumor, and express loaded genes in in situ tumor. Moreover, AH RNPs show excellent antitumor effect in orthotopic gastric tumor model and the anticancer mechanism is related about inhibiting the activation of ERK signal and downregulating the expression of cxc chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), HER2, MMP2, and MMP9 protein. This study provides a multi‐functional vector for precise targeting therapy of gastric cancer, which may serve as a potential clinical application for future gastric cancer.
A Zwitterionic Polyurethane Nanoporous Device with Low Foreign‐Body Response for Islet Encapsulation
Authors: Liu Qingsheng , Wang Xi , Chiu Alan , Liu Wanjun , Fuchs Stephanie , Wang Bo , Wang Long‐Hai , Flanders James , Zhang Yidan , Wang Kai , Melero‐Martin Juan M. , Ma Minglin
Published: August 2021

Encapsulation of insulin‐producing cells is a promising strategy for treatment of type 1 diabetes. However, engineering an encapsulation device that is both safe (i.e., no cell escape and no breakage) and functional (i.e., low foreign‐body response (FBR) and high mass transfer) remains a challenge. Here, a family of zwitterionic polyurethanes (ZPU) with sulfobetaine groups in the polymer backbone is developed, which are fabricated into encapsulation devices with tunable nanoporous structures via electrospinning. The ZPU encapsulation device is hydrophilic and fouling‐resistant, exhibits robust mechanical properties, and prevents cell escape while still allowing efficient mass transfer. The ZPU device also induces a much lower FBR or cellular overgrowth upon intraperitoneal implantation in C57BL/6 mice for up to 6 months compared to devices made of similar polyurethane without the zwitterionic modification. The therapeutic potential of the ZPU device is shown for islet encapsulation and diabetes correction in mice for ≈3 months is demonstrated. As a proof of concept, the scalability and retrievability of the ZPU device in pigs and dogs are further demonstrated. Collectively, these attributes make ZPU devices attractive candidates for cell encapsulation therapies.
Electronic Reconfiguration of Metal Rhenium Induced by Strong Metal–Support Interaction Enhancing the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Sun Qiaozhi , Zhang Biao , Song Kai , Guo Yue , Wang Yanan , Liu Enzuo , He Fang
Published: August 2021

Rhenium (Re), as a promising electrocatalyst with favorable abilities to adsorb/desorb the intermediate species (H*), is desirable for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in acidic solution, but the activity of Re remains a bottleneck in alkaline solution due to the weak ability to cleave the OH bonds of H2O as well as the lack of effective preparation strategies. Herein, an in situ phase separated strategy is developed to fabricate heterostructure rhenium/rhenium disulfide (Re/ReS2) nanosheet arrays with the characteristics of rich micropore structure, an abundance of metal–support interfaces, interface enrichment of charge, and favorable d‐band level. As a result, the Re/ReS2 heterostructures on 3D carbon cloth show a splendid catalytic performance toward the alkaline HER with an overpotential of 66 mV to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2 and a Tafel slope value of 45.23 mV dec−1, as well as an overpotential of only 145 mV at 200 mA cm−2. Experimental characterization combined with density functional theory calculations reveal that the excellent catalytic activity originates from the electronic reconfiguration of metal Re induced by strong Re/ReS2 interface interaction.
Epigenetic Dysregulation Induces Translocation of Histone H3 into Cytoplasm
Authors: Wang Zhen , Chen Ji , Gao Chuan , Xiao Qiong , Wang Xi‐Wei , Tang Shan‐Bo , Li Qing‐Lan , Zhong Bo , Song Zhi‐Yin , Shu Hong‐Bing , Li Lian‐Yun , Wu Min
Published: August 2021

In eukaryote cells, core components of chromatin, such as histones and DNA, are packaged in nucleus. Leakage of nuclear materials into cytosol will induce pathological effects. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, cytoplasmic localization of nuclear materials induced by chromatin dysregulation (CLIC) in mammalian cells is reported. H3K9me3 inhibition by small chemicals, HP1α knockdown, or knockout of H3K9 methylase SETDB1, induces formation of cytoplasmic puncta containing histones H3.1, H4 and cytosolic DNA, which in turn activates inflammatory genes and autophagic degradation. Autophagy deficiency rescues H3 degradation, and enhances the activation of inflammatory genes. MRE11, a subunit of MRN complex, enters cytoplasm after heterochromatin dysregulation. Deficiency of MRE11 or NBS1, but not RAD50, inhibits CLIC puncta in cytosol. MRE11 depletion represses tumor growth enhanced by HP1α deficiency, suggesting a connection between CLIC and tumorigenesis. This study reveals a novel pathway that heterochromatin dysregulation induces translocation of nuclear materials into cytoplasm, which is important for inflammatory diseases and cancer.
Conformal Microfluidic‐Blow‐Spun 3D Photothermal Catalytic Spherical Evaporator for Omnidirectional Enhanced Solar Steam Generation and CO2 Reduction
Authors: Liu Hao , Ye Hong‐Gang , Gao Minmin , Li Qing , Liu Zhiwu , Xie An‐Quan , Zhu Liangliang , Ho Ghim Wei , Chen Su
Published: August 2021

Solar‐driven water evaporation and valuable fuel generation is an environmentally friendly and sustainable way for clean water and energy production. However, a few bottlenecks for practical applications are high‐cost, low productivity, and severe sunlight angle dependence. Herein, solar evaporation with enhanced photocatalytic capacity that is light direction insensitive and of efficiency breakthrough by virtue of a three‐dimensional (3D) photothermal catalytic spherical isotopic evaporator is demonstrated. A homogeneous layer of microfluidic blow spun polyamide nanofibers loaded with efficient light absorber of polypyrrole nanoparticles conformally wraps onto a lightweight, thermal insulating plastic sphere, featuring favorable interfacial solar heating and efficient water transportation. The 3D spherical geometry not only guarantees the omnidirectional solar absorbance by the light‐facing hemisphere, but also keeps the other hemisphere under shadow to harvest energy from the warmer environment. As a result, the light‐to‐vapor efficiency exceeds the theoretical limit, reaching 217% and 156% under 1 and 2 sun, respectively. Simultaneously, CO2 photoreduction with generated steam reveals a favorable clean fuels production rate using photocatalytic spherical evaporator by secondary growth of Cu2O nanoparticles. Finally, an outdoor demonstration manifests a high evaporation rate and easy‐to‐perform construction on‐site, providing a promising opportunity for efficient and decentralized water and clean fuel production.
A CD10‐OGP Membrane Peptolytic Signaling Axis in Fibroblasts Regulates Lipid Metabolism of Cancer Stem Cells via SCD1
Authors: Yu Shubin , Lu Yiwen , Su An , Chen Jianing , Li Jiang , Zhou Boxuan , Liu Xinwei , Xia Qidong , Li Yihong , Li Jiaqian , Huang Min , Ye Yingying , Zhao Qiyi , Jiang Sushi , Yan Xiaoqing , Wang Xiaojuan , Di Can , Pan Jiayao , Su Shicheng
Published: August 2021

Carcinoma‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) consist of heterogeneous subpopulations that play a critical role in the dynamics of the tumor microenvironment. The extracellular signals of CAFs have been attributed to the extracellular matrix, cytokines, cell surface checkpoints, and exosomes. In the present study, it is demonstrated that the CD10 transmembrane hydrolase expressed on a subset of CAFs supports tumor stemness and induces chemoresistance. Mechanistically, CD10 degenerates an antitumoral peptide termed osteogenic growth peptide (OGP). OGP restrains the expression of rate‐limiting desaturase SCD1 and inhibits lipid desaturation, which is required for cancer stem cells (CSCs). Targeting CD10 significantly improves the efficacy of chemotherapy in vivo. Clinically, CD10‐OGP signals are associated with the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer. The collective data suggest that a nexus between the niche and lipid metabolism in CSCs is a promising therapeutic target for breast cancer.
Unraveling the Impact of Combined NaF/RbF Postdeposition Treatments on the Deeply Buried Cu(In,Ga)Se2/Mo Thin‐Film Solar Cell Interface
Authors: Bombsch Jakob , Avancini Enrico , Carron Romain , Handick Evelyn , Garcia-Diez Raul , Hartmann Claudia , Félix Roberto , Abou-Ras Daniel , Ueda Shigenori , Wilks Regan G. , Bär Marcus
Published: August 2021

Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) is a promising absorber material for thin‐film photovoltaic devices. A key procedure to achieve high efficiencies is the application of alkali fluoride postdeposition treatments (PDT) of the CIGSe surface. While the effects of the PDT on the directly impacted CIGSe front surface have been subject to extensive studies, less is known about the impact on the deeply buried CIGSe/Mo interface. Exposing the CIGSe absorber backside by stripping it off the Mo back contact allows to use surface‐sensitive photoelectron spectroscopy to study the chemical and electronic structure of this interface in unprecedented detail. CIGSe /Mo stacks prepared using NaF only and combined NaF/RbF (with optimal and excess amount of RbF) PDT are studied. Rb is detected accumulating at the backside of the RbF‐treated CIGSe absorbers in conjunction with a depletion of Na. The exposed CIGSe backsides display a Cu‐deficient surface region, with increased presence of Rb correlating with a decreased Cu content. Rb appears to be incorporated into the Cu‐deficient absorber region as previously detected on the front surface. However, in contrast to the front surface, no distinct, secondary RbInSe‐type phase is found at the back surface.
Counterstorytelling as Epistemic Justice: Decolonial Community‐based Praxis from the Global South
Authors: Dutta Urmitapa , Azad Abdul Kalam , Hussain Shalim M.
Published: August 2021

In this paper, we present community‐anchored counterstorytelling as a form of epistemic justice. We—the Miya Community Research Collective—engage in counterstorytelling as a means of resisting and disrupting dehumanization of Miya communities in Northeast India. Miya communities have a long history of dispossession and struggle – from forced displacement by British colonial rulers in the early 19th century to the present where they face imminent threats of statelessness. Against this backdrop, we theorize “in the flesh” to interrogate knowledges and representations systematically deployed to dispossess Miya people. Simultaneously, we uplift stories and endeavors that (re)humanize Miya people, creating/claiming cultural, knowledge, and political spaces that center peoples’ struggles and resistance. Across these stories, we offer counterstorytelling as a powerful mode of recentering knowledges from the margins—a decolonial alternative to neoliberal epistemes that maintain institutions/universities as centers of knowledge production.
Effects of an arm‐support exoskeleton on perceived work intensity and musculoskeletal discomfort: An 18‐month field study in automotive assembly
Authors: Kim Sunwook , Nussbaum Maury A. , Smets Marty , Ranganathan Shyam
Published: August 2021

Background

Exoskeleton (EXO) technologies are a promising ergonomic intervention to reduce the risk of work‐related musculoskeletal disorders, with efficacy supported by laboratory‐ and field‐based studies. However, there is a lack of field‐based evidence on long‐term effects of EXO use on physical demands.

Methods

A longitudinal, controlled research design was used to examine the effects of arm‐support exoskeleton (ASE) use on perceived physical demands during overhead work at nine automotive manufacturing facilities. Data were collected at five milestones (baseline and at 1, 6, 12, and 18 months) using questionnaires. Linear mixed models were used to understand the effects of ASE use on perceived work intensity and musculoskeletal discomfort (MSD). Analyses were based on a total of 41 participants in the EXO group and 83 in a control group.

Results

Across facilities, perceived work intensity and MSD scores did not differ significantly between the EXO and control groups. In some facilities, however, neck and shoulder MSD scores in the EXO group decreased over time. Wrist MSD scores in the EXO group in some facilities remained unchanged, while those scores increased in the control group over time. Upper arm and low back MSD scores were comparable between the experimental groups.

Conclusion

Longitudinal effects of ASE use on perceived physical demands were not found, though some suggestive results were evident. This lack of consistent findings is discussed, particularly supporting the need for systematic and evidence‐based ASE implementation approaches in the field that can guide the optimal selection of a job for ASE use.
Nano‐analysis Reveals High Fraction of Serotonin Release during Exocytosis from a Gut Epithelium Model Cell
Authors: Wang Ying , Gu Chaoyi , Patel Bhavik Anil , Ewing Andrew G.
Published: August 2021

Electrochemical methods were used to explore the exocytotic nature of serotonin (5‐HT) release in human carcinoid BON cells, an in vitro human enterochromaffin cell model, to understand the mechanisms operating the release of gut‐derived 5‐HT in the intestinal mucosal epithelium. We show that the fractional vesicular 5‐HT release in BON cells is 80 % compared to previous work in pancreatic beta cells (34 %). The fractional release increased from 80 % in control BON cells to 87 % with 5‐HT preincubation and nearly 100 % with the combination of 5‐HT and the 5‐HT4 autoreceptor agonist, cisapride. Thus, partial release is the primary mechanism of exocytosis in BON cells, resulting in a variable amount of the vesicular content being released. Factors that control secretion of 5‐HT from enterochromaffin cells or BON cells are important as partial release provides a mechanism for development of effective therapeutic strategies to treat gastrointestinal diseases.
A novel imidazole‐derived Schiff base as selective and sensitive colorimetric chemosensor for fluorescent detection of Cu2+ in methanol with mixed aqueous medium
Authors: Slassi Siham , Aarjane Mohammed , Amine Amina
Published: August 2021

A highly efficient, selective, sensitive, and colorimetric chemosensor SB for Cu2+ detection with turn‐on fluorescence behavior in CH3–water solution was synthesized. A good enhancement of the intensity of fluorescence was detected by the incremental addition of Cu2+ after excitation at 286 nm. The fluorescence quantum yield (Ф) of SB–Cu2+ was calculated for 0.41. The responsive mechanism of SB to copper ion is involved for on the combined effects of C═N isomerization and intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) process and chelation‐enhanced fluorescence (CHEF). The detection limit for the fluorescent chemosensor SB toward Cu2+ was 0.6 × 10−6 M.
Histology education in an integrated, time‐restricted medical curriculum: Academic outcomes and students' study adaptations
Authors: Gribbin William , Wilson Eric A. , McTaggart Suzy , Hortsch Michael
Published: August 2021

In an ever‐changing medical curricular environment, time dedicated for anatomical education has been progressively reduced. This happened at the University of Michigan Medical School starting in 2016–2017 when preclinical medical education was condensed to one year. Histology instruction remained integrated in organ system courses but reduced to a lecture‐only format without scheduling time for laboratory exercises, requiring students to study virtual histology slides on their own time. In accordance with the shortened instructional time, the number of histology examination questions was reduced more than twofold. This study analyzed students' histology examination results and assessed their motivation to learn histology and use of educational opportunities before and after these curricular changes were implemented. Students' motivation to learn histology and their evaluation of histology lectures increased in the new curriculum. However, students devoted less study time to studying histology. Students' cumulative histology examination scores were significantly lower in the new curriculum and the number of students with overall scores <75%, defined as a substandard performance, increased more than 15‐fold. Academically weaker students' histology scores were disproportionately more affected. As medical educational strategies, priorities, and curricular frameworks continue to evolve, traditional didactic topics like histology will need to adapt to continue providing educational value to future health care providers.
Anatomy 3.0: Rediscovering Theatrum Anatomicum in the wake of Covid‐19
Authors: de Carvalho Filho Marco Antonio , Hafferty Frederic W. , Pawlina Wojciech
Published: August 2021

The Covid‐19 pandemic has challenged medical educators internationally to confront the challenges of adapting their present educational activities to a rapidly evolving digital world. In this article, the authors use anatomy education as proxy to reflect on and remap the past, present, and future of medical education in the face of these disruptions. Inspired by the historical Theatrum Anatomicum (Anatomy 1.0), the authors argue replacing current anatomy dissection laboratory (Anatomy 2.0) with a prototype anatomy studio (Anatomy 3.0). In this studio, anatomists are web‐performers who not only collaborate with other foundational science educators to devise meaningful and interactive content but who also partner with actors, directors, web‐designers, computer engineers, information technologists, and visual artists to master online interactions and processes in order to optimize students' engagement and learning. This anatomy studio also offers students opportunities to create their own online content and thus reposition themselves digitally, a step into developing a new competency of stage presence within medical education. So restructured, Anatomy 3.0 will prepare students with the skills to navigate an emergent era of tele and digital medicine as well as help to foreshadow forthcoming changes in medical education.
Structural modulation induced by cobalt‐based ionic liquids for enhanced thermoelectric transport in PEDOT:PSS
Authors: Lu Yannan , Wu Aoyun , Sha Chenwei , Hang Xiao‐chun , Young David James
Published: August 2021

Poly(3,4ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4‐styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) has been intensively studied for its thermoelectric applications. Structural modulation to improve crystalline ordering, chain conformation and film morphology is a promising way to decouple the trade‐off between conductivity and Seebeck coefficient and thus improve the thermoelectric power factor. Post treatment with ionic liquid ([CoCl2 ⋅ 6H2O]:[ChCl]) bearing cobalt‐containing anions resulted in a remarkable enhancement of the power factor to 76.8 μW m−1 K−2. This IL combines the influence of a high‐boiling polar organic solvent and diffusing ions. A high σ mainly resulted from the efficient removal of PSS chains, ordering of the structure and delocalization of bipoloran‐dominant transport after conformational change. The increase in S was not due to dedoping of PEDOT chains, but rather the sharp feature of the density of states at the Fermi level induced by ion‐exchange with unconventional anions.
Einfluss des Schwindens auf Rissbreiten unter Lastbeanspruchung in Stahlbetonbauteilen
Authors: Cramer Jonas , Empelmann Martin
Published: August 2021

Rissbreiten in Stahlbetonbauteilen vergrößern sich unter Langzeitbeanspruchung durch das zeitabhängige Materialverhalten des Betons. Während viele Rissbreitenansätze das Betonschwinden bei der Rissbreitenberechnung vernachlässigen, zeigen Untersuchungen in der Literatur, dass Schwinddehnungen bei der Rissbreitenberechnung berücksichtigt werden sollten. Um die einzelnen Effekte aus Schwinden, Verbund‐ und Betonkriechen auf das Rissbild einzuordnen, wurden die verschiedenen Anteile unter einer Lastbeanspruchung analysiert. Hierzu wurde im abgeschlossenen Rissbild eine Parameteranalyse mit einem an experimentellen Versuchen validierten rheologischen Modell durchgeführt und der Anteil des Betonschwindens an der Rissbreitenvergrößerung festgestellt. Ein Vergleich mit dem Rissbreitenansatz des Model Code 2010 zeigt, dass der Ansatz des Model Code 2010 potenziell gut geeignet ist, zeitabhängige Effekte wirklichkeitsnah abzubilden, diese allerdings überschätzt. Aus diesem Grund wurde der Ansatz modifiziert, sodass in einem weiteren Vergleich sehr gute Ergebnisse erzielt wurden, ohne die in der Praxis etablierte Rissbreitenformel grundlegend zu verändern.
Proposed mechanism for post‐translational self‐modification of Co‐NHase based on Co2+ diffusion limitation
Authors: Shen Ji‐Dong , Cai Xue , Wang Ming , Liu Zhi‐Qiang , Zheng Yu‐Guo
Published: August 2021

Background

Nitrile hydratase (NHase), was an excellent biocatalyst for the synthesis of amide compounds. NHase was typical heterodimeric metalloprotein, required of the assistance of activator for active expressions. In this work, we found a special Co‐NHase HBA from Caldalkalibacillus thermarum, which had the ability of post‐translational self‐modification and could incorporate Co2+ into the catalytic center in the absence of activator.

Method and Results

We simulated the movement of Co2+ in silico and established a hypothetical model to predict the Co2+ incorporation efficiency (XCo) of NHases. According to the simulation results, NHase mutants with different positive charge distribution were constructed. Compared with wild‐type, the Co2+ incorporation efficiency of K1 (M10K) was increased by 2.1‐fold from 0.36 to 0.76, and the specific activity was increased by 3.2‐fold from 136.3 to 432.0 U mg‐1, while mutant K1H1 (M10K, D11H) and K2H2 (M10K, D11H, E20K, N21H) lost the ability of post‐translation self‐modification.

Conclusions and Implications

The interactions of positively charged residues near the catalytic center, such as lysine with strong electrostatic repulsive interaction, arginine with weak electrostatic repulsive interaction and histidine with metal affinity, could limit the free diffusion of Co2+ in NHase and affect the efficiency of post‐translational self‐modification. This work also provided an effective strategy for protein engineering of NHases and other metalloenzymes.
Development and validation of an HPLC–MS/MS method to simultaneously quantify alectinib, crizotinib, erlotinib, gefitinib and osimertinib in human plasma samples, using one assay run
Authors: van Veelen Ard , van Geel Robin , Schoufs Roy , de Beer Yvo , Stolk Leo M. , Hendriks Lizza E. L. , Croes Sander
Published: August 2021

A liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated to quantify alectinib, crizotinib, erlotinib and gefitinib. This assay can be combined with our method for osimertinib, allowing quantification of the most used ALK‐ and EGFR‐tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in non‐small cell lung cancer with a single‐assay setup. Chromatographic separation was performed on a HyPurity® C18 analytical column using an elution gradient of ammonium acetate in water and in methanol, both acidified with formic acid 0.1%. Detection and quantification were performed using a triple quad mass spectrometer with an electrospray ionization interface. This method led to robust results, as the selectivity, carryover, precision and accuracy met all pre‐specified requirements. The assay was validated over a linear range of 100–2,000 ng/ml for alectinib and erlotinib and 50–1,000 ng/ml for crizotinib and gefitinib. Alectinib, crizotinib, erlotinib and gefitinib were all stable for at least 4 h in whole blood (at room temperature and at 4°C) and for at least 1 month in EDTA plasma when stored at −80°C, while osimertinib proved to be unstable at room temperature. Although high‐performance liquid chromatography was used, the run time was short and comparable with other methods using ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography.
The role of hippocampal glial glutamate transporter (GLT‐1) in morphine‐induced behavioral responses
Authors: Saeedi Negin , Darvishmolla Mahgol , Tavassoli Zohreh , Davoudi Shima , Heysieattalab Soomaayeh , Hosseinmardi Narges , Janahmadi Mahyar , Behzadi Gila
Published: August 2021

Opioid abuse modifies synaptic plasticity, which leads to behavioral changes, such as morphine dependence, but the mechanism remains poorly understood. Glial cells play an important role in the modulation of synaptic plasticity and are involved in addictive‐like behaviors. The indisputable role of glutamate in opiate addiction has been shown. Astrocytes, a type of glial cells, which are integral functional elements of synapses, modulate the concentration of glutamate in the synaptic space. One of the most important mechanisms for glutamate concentration regulation is its uptake from the synaptic cleft. In this study, we evaluated the role of hippocampal glial glutamate transporter (GLT‐1) in morphine dependence. Male rats received subcutaneous (s.c.) morphine sulfate (10 mg/kg) at an interval of 12 h for 9 days. In order to activate GLT‐1, animals received an intrahippocampal injection of ceftriaxone (0.5 mmol/0.5 μl) in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, 30 min before each morphine administration. Rats were assessed for morphine dependence by monitoring naloxone hydrochloride‐induced morphine withdrawal. Our results showed that hippocampal microinjection of ceftriaxone, as an activator of GLT‐1, reduced some signs of morphine withdrawal, such as activity, diarrhea, head tremor, freezing, and ptosis. It seems that hippocampal GLT‐1 can be affected by chronic morphine administration and involved in morphine dependence. Therefore, its activation may reduce morphine side effects by reducing hippocampal glutamate.
Bone marrow dosimetric analysis of lymphopenia in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma treated with chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Wang Qian , Qiu Qingtao , Zhang Zicheng , Zhang Jing , Yang Guanghui , Liu Chengxin , Li Baosheng
Published: August 2021

Background

We analyzed the relationship among peripheral blood lymphocytes, exposed sternum and vertebra body bone marrow (BM), and overall survival (OS) to find BM dosimetric parameters of lymphopenia during chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).

Methods

We examined 476 ESCC patients from January 2012 to January 2015, all of whom received concurrent or sequential CRT. Absolute lymphocyte counts (ALC) during radiotherapy (RT) of each patient were collected from the routine workup at the following RT times: pretreatment ALC (ALC0), at 1–5, 6–10, 11–15, 16–20, and 21–25, and more than 26 sessions (called ALC1–6, respectively). The sternum and vertebral body BM were delineated in accordance with uniform standards, and the irradiated volumes were calculated by dose‐volume histograms (DVH). The Kaplan–Meier method and Cox proportional hazards regression were used to analyze the survival of the patients. Comparisons of DVH were performed using the Mann–Whitney U test or two‐sample t‐test where appropriate.

Results

A relative volume of sternum BM irradiated by more than 20 Gy could clearly affect the peripheral blood lymphocytes. The V20 of sternum BM and V50 of vertebra body BM were related to the OS of the patients, and the level of ALC2 (at 6–10 times of RT) could predict the outcomes of patients. The Cox regression analyses showed that the 218 patients with ALC2 ≥ 0.8 × 109/L had a significantly higher OS (47.0 months vs. 30.9 months, p < 0.0001) than the 258 patients with ALC2 < 0.8×109/L.

Conclusion

In patients with ESCC, the relative volume of sternum BM irradiated by more than 20 Gy was associated with lymphocytes. Patients with ALC2 ≥ 0.8 × 109/L had a significantly higher OS. The V20 of the sternum BM, the V50 of the vertebra body BM, and the level of ALC2 were significant prognostic factors in patients with ESCC.
HPV‐positive oral papillomas in an adolescent—A diagnostic dilemma
Authors: Benyo Sarah , Keane Allison , Warrick Joshua , Choi Karen Y.
Published: August 2021

Human papillomavirus oral papilloma is often sexually transmitted, but non‐sexual modes of transmission should be considered, including autoinoculation from skin lesions. A patient‐centered multimodality approach should be utilized in the pediatric population.
An unusual case of nodular pulmonary amyloidosis
Authors: Nikzad Sarina , Al‐Arnawoot Amna A. , Cabaero Michael , Rogalla Patrik
Published: August 2021

Nodular pulmonary amyloidosis is a rare and localized manifestation of amyloid deposition in the lungs. This rare entity, though asymptomatic, is often misdiagnosed on imaging alone, due to its resemblance to metastatic pulmonary nodules. This report highlights the significance of histologic confirmation before treatment, as a preventive measure against overtreatment.
Severe sinus bradycardia associated with favipiravir in a COVID‐19 patient
Authors: Habib Mhd Baraa , Elshafei Mohamed , Rahhal Alaa , Mohamed Mouhand F. H.
Published: August 2021

The antiviral medication “favipiravir” should be considered as a possible cause of unexplained sinus bradycardia.
Heterotaxy syndrome with complex congenital heart disease, facial palsy, and asplenia: A rare newborn finding
Authors: Kharel Sanjeev , Koirala Dinesh Prasad , Shrestha Suraj , Sedai Hari , Shrestha Bibek Man , Homagain Sushan , Kandel Suraj
Published: August 2021

Heterotaxy syndrome is associated with asplenia/polysplenia and complex congenital heart disease. Facial palsy in heterotaxy is very rare. The management is still challenging with a poor prognosis. Proper counseling to the family about the disease course, treatment modalities, and outcomes is essential.
Effect of the Transforming Ag into an Active Species (Silver Chloride) for the Acetylene Hydrochlorination
Authors: Liu Li , Song Lutai , Xu Dong , Zhu Mingyuan , Dai Bin
Published: August 2021

Effective approaches are desired to improve catalytic performances for the hydrochlorination of acetylene. Crucially, the systematic explorations of catalytic and deactivation mechanisms are prerequisites to the implementation of such approaches. Ag has been scarcely researched for acetylene hydrochlorination reaction because it is easily poisoned by Cl, which inactivates it. However, this challenge must be further verified. Here, the active species and causes of the deactivation of Ag/activated carbon (AC) were discussed in detail. The results indicated that Ag/AC exhibited excellent catalytic performance in the acetylene hydrochlorination. Specifically, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis revealed that AgCl was the main active site, which was almost transformed from Ag0 after the activation with HCl for 0.5 h. Moreover, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP‐OES) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results confirmed that the deactivation of the catalyst was justified by the loss of Ag and particle aggregation. Thus, the conversion of acetylene of the small‐sized AgCl nanoparticles were significantly enhanced, and these inhibited the agglomeration of the particles, thereby further verifying that AgCl was the active site. This perspective offered a suitable insight for the subsequent research on Ag‐based catalysts.
Noncovalent Interactions at Lanthanide Complexes
Authors: Mahmudov Kamran T. , Huseynov Fatali E. , Aliyeva Vusala A. , Guedes da Silva M. Fátima C. , Pombeiro Armando J. L.
Published: August 2021

Lanthanide complexes have attracted a widespread attention due to their structural diversity, as well as multifunctional and tunable properties. The development of lanthanide based functional materials has often relied on the design of the secondary coordination sphere of the corresponding lanthanide complexes. For instance, usually simple lanthanide salts (solvento complexes) do not catalyze effectively organic reactions or provide low yield of the expected product, whereas the presence of a suitable organic ligand with a noncovalent bond donor or acceptor centre (secondary coordination sphere) modifies the symmetry around the metal centre in lanthanide complexes which then successfully can act as catalysts in both homogenous and heterogenous catalysis. In this minireview, we discuss several relevant examples, based on X‐ray crystal structure analyses, in which the hydrogen, halogen, chalcogen, pnictogen, tetrel and rare‐earth bonds, as well as cation‐π, anion‐π, lone pair‐π, π–π and pancake interactions, are used as a synthon in the decoration of the secondary coordination sphere of lanthanide complexes.
Development of the Peripheral Functionalization Chemistry of meso‐Free Corroles
Authors: Tanaka Takayuki , Ueta Kento , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: August 2021

In contrast to the extensive development of the meso‐functionalization of porphyrins, that of corroles had rarely been explored until the development of practical synthetic methods for meso‐free corroles in 2015. The ready availability of meso‐free corroles opened up meso‐functionalization chemistry of corroles, giving rise to successful synthesis of various meso‐substituted corroles such as meso‐halogen, meso‐nitro, meso‐amino, meso‐oxo, and meso‐iminocorroles as well as meso–meso‐linked corrole dimers and corrole tapes. In some cases, 2NH corroles exist as stable or transient radical species. The impact of meso‐functionalization on the structures, electronic properties, optical characteristics, and aromaticity of corroles are highlighted in this Minireview.
Rethinking Uncaging: A New Antiaromatic Photocage Driven by a Gain of Resonance Energy
Authors: Hermanns Volker , Scheurer Maximilian , Kersten Nils Frederik , Abdellaoui Chahinez , Wachtveitl Josef , Dreuw Andreas , Heckel Alexander
Published: August 2021

Photoactivatable compounds for example photoswitches or photolabile protecting groups (PPGs, photocages) for spatiotemporal light control, play a crucial role in different areas of research. For each application, parameters such as the absorption spectrum, solubility in the respective media and/or photochemical quantum yields for several competing processes need to be optimized. The design of new photochemical tools therefore remains an important task. In this study, we exploited the concept of excited‐state‐aromaticity, first described by N. Colin Baird in 1971, to investigate a new class of photocages, based on cyclic, ground‐state‐antiaromatic systems. Several thio‐ and nitrogen‐functionalized compounds were synthesized, photochemically characterized and further optimized, supported by quantum chemical calculations. After choosing the optimal scaffold, which shows an excellent uncaging quantum yield of 28 %, we achieved a bathochromic shift of over 100 nm, resulting in a robust, well accessible, visible light absorbing, compact new photocage with a clean photoreaction and a high quantum product (ϵ⋅Φ) of 893 M−1 cm−1 at 405 nm.
The interaction and influence of digital and non‐digital structures, cultures and social norms on entrepreneurship
Authors: Taylor‐Wesselink Keisha , Teulon Frédéric
Published: August 2021

Entrepreneurs interact with other digital platform users to pursue opportunities and develop their businesses. However, although digital platforms are important for entrepreneurs, little empirical research exists on how entrepreneurs interact using digital platforms to meet their goals. Existing research is overwhelmingly conceptual, digital‐centric, focused on high‐growth entrepreneurship, and in countries in the global north. This paper addresses this gap with empirical evidence on how digital platforms are used for interacting by different types of entrepreneurs at different stages of development, in Trinidad and Tobago. It explains how online and offline structures, rules, social norms and culture interconnect to influence entrepreneurship using the theory and method of technology affordances and constraints, the entrepreneurial ecosystems concept, and a multi‐qualitative method.
R.I.G.H.T. leadership: Scale development and validation of a psychologically healthy leadership model
Authors: Biricik Gulseren Duygu , Thibault Tabatha , Kelloway E. Kevin , Mullen Jane , Teed Mike , Gilbert Stephanie , Dimoff Jennifer K.
Published: August 2021

The R.I.G.H.T. leadership model prescribes five specific behaviours for leaders in organizations to create psychologically healthy workplaces. The aim of this paper was to develop and validate a scale to measure the R.I.G.H.T. leadership behaviours. Collecting data from three samples across two studies (N = 108,N = 233,N = 420), we examined the factor structure and tested the validity of the R.I.G.H.T. leadership scale. We found support for the five‐factor structure of R.I.G.H.T. leadership. Moreover, we observed a positive association between R.I.G.H.T. leadership and mental health mediated by psychological safety at work. The scale developed in this study can be used in future research involving leadership and mental health.
Pattern design and optimization of yarn‐dyed plaid fabric using isolation niche genetic algorithm and rough set theory
Authors: Zhang Ning , Pan Ruru , Wang Lei , Gao Weidong
Published: August 2021

Under the circumstance of perceptual consumption, it is still challenging to grasp consumer's emotions and demands due to the large search space, diversified preferences, and easy fatigue of consumers. To reduce user fatigue and enlarge search space, a novel method was presented to design and optimize the pattern of yarn‐dyed plaid fabric using the isolation niche genetic algorithm and rough set theory. Each pattern was encoded as a chromosome based on the real number code. The population was initialized and evolved using INGA to maintain the diversity. The rough set theory was adopted as the fitness function of isolation niche genetic algorithm to extract the consumer's demands. After multiple evolutions, a large set of practical patterns of the yarn‐dyed plaid fabric are obtained. Experiments were carried out by 24 testers of different ages and genders. The results prove that the proposed method based on the isolation niche genetic algorithm and rough set theory is feasible and effective, supplying references to the designer.
Multi‐angle measurement device for analysis of coating appearances
Authors: Watanabe Shuhei
Published: August 2021

Material appearance is an important factor in product design because it tends to attract consumers. Effect coatings that contain aluminum and interference pigments are widely used in automobiles. The color and sparkle values of these coatings vary with the observation angle. Several methods have been proposed to study these variations with respect to the observation angle. However, a high angular resolution is required to understand human perception. Thus, we developed a measurement device that can analyze the color and sparkle values at a high angular resolution for multiple angles. The device captures the sample surface by using a line scan spectral camera. Because the lighting device rotates around the sample while the line scan camera is capturing images, each scan line that makes up the image contains different angle information. A comparison was performed among the results obtained from this study, a commercially available device, and a subjective value of sparkle perception. Twenty samples were required to confirm that the sparkle values calculated from this study correlated closely with the subjective scores. In addition, the difference between the color values obtained from the BYK‐mac i spectrophotometer and the proposed technique was less than 3.5 (ΔE00). The findings of this study will help in developing the appearance of effective coatings. In addition, using evaluation values, quality control, and improvement are possible after mass production of coatings.
Ultra‐low‐loaded Ni−Fe Dimer Anchored to Nitrogen/Oxygen Sites for Boosting Electroreduction of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Gong Qiufang , Wang Yajie , Ren Xiangzhong , He Chuanxin , Liu Jianhong , Zhang Qianling
Published: August 2021

Single‐atom catalysts (SACs), as a novel emerging category in heterogeneous catalysis, have exhibited superb activity and selectivity within the scope of many catalytic reactions, originating from their nature of atomic dispersion. However, they are not appropriate for more complicated reactions that benefit from multi‐metal promotion, such as the carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR). Atomic pair catalysts can provide a synergistic effect to break the intrinsic activity limit. Herein, inspired by theoretical prediction, a hetero‐paired atomic‐site catalyst (Ni/Fe−N/O−C) was developed for CO2RR. Typically, the trace‐amount‐loaded double‐atom‐site catalysts exhibited outstanding turnover frequencies (≈460 s−1) surpassing reported ones by far. Interestingly, the loaded metal contents of the three M−N/O−C samples were extremely low, and Ni/Fe−N/O−C exhibited greatly improved durability compared with pure Ni−N/O−C or Fe−N/O−C and excellent CO selectivity above 80 % within a broad potential window of −1.4 to −1.7 V (vs. saturated calomel electrode, 99.8 % at −1.5 V). The superb performance of diatomic‐site catalysts was attributed to the adjusted local environment and electron structure of the active center, which could decrease the reaction barrier of *COOH formation. This work presents new insights into manipulating electrocatalytic performance for the development of more sophisticated active sites.
Construction of Magneto‐Fluorescent Bifunctional Spin‐Crossover Fe(II) Complex from Pyrene‐Decorated Pybox Ligand
Authors: Luo Bing‐Xue , Pan Yao , Meng Yin‐Shan , Liu Qiang , Yin Jun , Liu Tao , Zhu Yuan‐Yuan
Published: August 2021

The construction of magneto‐fluorescent bifunctional complexes is a feasible approach toward multifunctional molecular materials. Herein we report the synthesis and properties studies of a mononuclear Fe(II) complex [FeL2](ClO4) (1), where L is a pyridine‐2,6‐bis(oxazoline) (pybox) ligand decorated by the pyrene fluorophore. Magnetic susceptibility measurement of desolvated complex 1‐d shows an incomplete and gradual spin‐crossover in the temperature range 50–300 K, which is further confirmed via 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy study. Light‐induced excited spin state trapping (LIESST) is also observed below 70 K when the powder sample is irradiated by a 532 nm laser. The change in absorption during the spin‐crossover (SCO) process is investigated via the temperature‐dependent UV‐vis spectroscopy. As expected, through introducing the chromophore, 1 displays fluorescence in both solution and solid state, achieving the coexistence of spin‐crossover and fluorescence in one compound.
Gold Nanoparticles Monolayer Doping PEDOT : PSS Janus Film for Hydrogen Sulfide Sensor
Authors: Zhao Zhenwen , Jiang Jianchun , Jiang Yizhou , Li Yunbo
Published: August 2021

AuNPs monolayer doping Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT : PSS) film on interdigitated electrode had been fabricated into AuNPs/PEDOT : PSS Janus film sensor to detect hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The results show that the Janus film sensors have a wide measurement range of H2S concentration. The sensitivity of PEDOT : PSS/AuNPs sensor grows up with the thickness of Janus film increases. The resistance response of AuNPs Janus film was affected little by the rough surface states of PEDOT : PSS film. In addition, the PEDOT : PSS/AuNPs film sensor had been used again to detect H2S. This work presents a platform to inspire a novel high sensitive chemiresistive sensor via nanoparticles monolayer.