bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Astaxanthin Promotes Nrf2/ARE Signaling to Inhibit HG-Induced Renal Fibrosis in GMCs
Authors: Chen Qing , Tao Jun , Xie Xi
Published: April 2018

Oxidative stress is the main cause of diabetic nephropathy (DN) progression. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling is a crucial cellular defense system to cope with oxidative stress. Astaxanthin (AST) is a fat-soluble xanthophyll carotenoid with remarkable antioxidative capacity. AST exerted renal protective in diabetic rats. This study aimed to determine whether AST could alleviate the pathological progress of DN by activating Nrf2/ARE signaling and diminishing the excessive oxidative stress and fibronectin (FN) accumulation in glomerular mesangial cells (GMCs) challenged with high glucose (HG). In the current study, we found that AST treatment alleviated the metabolic parameters, renal morphology and extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Additionally, HG induced the adaptively activated Nrf2/ARE signaling and increased the expression of FN, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), as well as the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in GMCs. However, AST treatment strongly promoted the nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity of Nrf2 as well as upregulated the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD1), NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), ultimately quenching the higher level of ROS and inhibiting the FN, ICAM-1 and TGF-β1 expression induced by HG. Collectively, our data suggest that the renoprotective effect of AST on DN depends on Nrf2/ARE signaling activation, which could be a potentially therapeutic strategy in the treatment of DN.
Bioactive Compounds Isolated from Neglected Predatory Marine Gastropods
Authors: Turner Ashlin , Craik David , Kaas Quentin , Schroeder Christina
Published: April 2018

A diverse range of predatory marine gastropods produce toxins, yet most of these molecules remain uncharacterized. Conus species have received the most attention from researchers, leading to several conopeptides reaching clinical trials. This review aims to summarize what is known about bioactive compounds isolated from species of neglected marine gastropods, especially in the Turridae, Terebridae, Babyloniidae, Muricidae, Buccinidae, Colubrariidae, Nassariidae, Cassidae, and Ranellidae families. Multiple species have been reported to contain bioactive compounds with potential toxic activity, but most of these compounds have not been characterized or even clearly identified. The bioactive properties and potential applications of echotoxins and related porins from the Ranellidae family are discussed in more detail. Finally, the review concludes with a call for research on understudied species.
The Prediction of the Mechanical Properties for Dual-Phase High Strength Steel Grades Based on Microstructure Characteristics
Authors: Evin Emil , Kepič Ján , Buriková Katarína , Tomáš Miroslav
Published: April 2018

The decrease of emissions from vehicle operation is connected mainly to the reduction of the car’s body weight. The high strength and good formability of the dual phase steel grades predetermine these to be used in the structural parts of the car’s body safety zones. The plastic properties of dual phase steel grades are determined by the ferrite matrix while the strength properties are improved by the volume and distribution of martensite. The aim of this paper is to describe the relationship between the mechanical properties and the parameters of structure and substructure. The heat treatment of low carbon steel X60, low alloyed steel S460MC, and dual phase steel DP600 allowed for them to reach states with a wide range of volume fractions of secondary phases and grain size. The mechanical properties were identified by a tensile test, volume fraction of secondary phases, and grain size were measured by image analysis. It was found that by increasing the annealing temperature, the volume fraction of the secondary phase increased, and the ferrite grains were refined. Regression analysis was used to find out the equations for predicting mechanical properties based on the volume fraction of the secondary phase and grain size, following the annealing temperature. The hardening mechanism of the dual phase steel grades for the states they reached was described by the relationship between the strain-hardening exponent and the density of dislocations. This allows for the designing of dual phase steel grades that are “tailored” to the needs of the automotive industry customers.
The Theological Foundation of Democracy According to Ratzinger
Authors: Gonçalves Lind Andreas
Published: April 2018

When the Cold War was ended in 1989, Francis Fukuyama wrote, three years later, his very well-known book proposing a quite original thesis. He argues that the end of fascism and of communism means the triumph of Eastern liberalism in history. Following a Hegelian perspective, Fukuyama said contrary to Marx that communism, like the other previous economic-political systems that are not liberal, has been only a step to achieve a liberal society. So it happened in Russia and in Eastern Europe, and so it seems to be happening with the progressive opening of the market in China. Today, more than twenty years after Fukuyama wrote, it is time to ask whether secular liberal Western societies still appear to the eyes of humankind to provide the best option. In fact, with the economic crises in Europe, with the austerity imposed on many people and affecting deeply the lives of at least one generation, are liberal societies at risk? Does the growth of the Islamic state after the Arab Spring question the foundation of democratic principles? Considering also Russia and the geo-political problems in Ukraine, can we say that the East has become or is in the process of becoming really democratic? Is the growing popularity of political parties opposed to the European Union, and often embracing anti-democratic ideologies, compatible with Fukuyama’s thesis? It is true, we must say that the American philosopher whom I mentioned assumed that, even if liberal economic-political systems were the best option, their triumph was not automatic and necessary in the long-term. However, Francis Fukuyama recently wrote a new book in which he analyzes a kind of contemporary democratic recession in the first decade of the twenty-first century, a recession that he sees as having delayed the democratic triumph all over the world and over history he announced in the nineties. For me, it is quite interesting to notice how Joseph Ratzinger shares, even if from a different perspective, the concerns of Fukuyama. The German theologian, who became the Pope during a time of political and economic crises, experienced the dictatorship of Nazism and was a protagonist of the Second Vatican Council, in which the Catholic Church accepted positively the principles of democratic society. While, in the past, the relationship between the Church and the “so-called” democrats was characterized especially by confrontation, it seems to me that today, Christianity encourages and is best able to preserve democratic principles. Furthermore, the originality of Ratzinger’s theology consists not only in reconciling the main liberal democratic values with Catholic thought but especially in showing that the condition of the possibility of democracy resides in such Christian theology: democratic values are intelligible and grounded within such theology.
Appraisal of Opportunities and Perspectives for the Systematic Condition Assessment of Heritage Sites with Copernicus Sentinel-2 High-Resolution Multispectral Imagery
Authors: Tapete Deodato , Cigna Francesca
Published: April 2018

Very high-resolution (VHR) optical satellite imagery (≤5 m) is nowadays an established source of information to monitor cultural and archaeological heritage that is exposed to hazards and anthropogenic threats to their conservation, whereas few publications specifically investigate the role that regularly acquired images from high-resolution (HR) satellite sensors (5–30 m) may play in this application domain. This paper aims to appraise the potential of the multispectral constellation Sentinel-2 of the European Commission Earth observation programme Copernicus to detect prominent features and changes in heritage sites, during both ordinary times and crisis. We test the 10 m spatial resolution of the 3 visible spectral bands of Sentinel-2 for substantiation of single local events—that is, wall collapses in the UNESCO World Heritage site of the Old City of Aleppo (Syria)—and for hotspot mapping of recurrent incidents—that is, the archaeological looting in the archaeological site of Apamea (Syria). By screening long Sentinel-2 time series consisting of 114 images for Aleppo and 57 images for Apamea, we demonstrate that changes of textural properties and surface reflectance can be logged accurately in time and space and can be associated to events relevant for conservation. VHR imagery from Google Earth was used for the validation and identification of trends occurring prior to the Sentinel-2 launch. We also demonstrate how to exploit the Sentinel-2 short revisiting time (5 days) and large swath (290 km) for multi-temporal tracking of spatial patterns of urban sprawl across the cultural landscape of the World Heritage Site of Cyrene (Libya), and the three coastal ancient Greek sites of Tocra, Ptolemais, and Apollonia in Cyrenaica. With the future development of tailored machine learning approaches of feature extraction and pattern detection, Sentinel-2 can become extremely useful to screen wider regions with short revisiting times and to undertake comparative condition assessment analyses of different heritage sites.
A Temperature-Hardened Sensor Interface with a 12-Bit Digital Output Using a Novel Pulse Width Modulation Technique
Authors: Chabchoub Emna , Badets Franck , Mailly Frédérick , Nouet Pascal , Masmoudi Mohamed
Published: April 2018

A fully integrated sensor interface for a wide operational temperature range is presented. It translates the sensor signal into a pulse width modulated (PWM) signal that is then converted into a 12-bit digital output. The sensor interface is based on a pair of injection locked oscillators used to implement a differential time-domain architecture with low sensitivity to temperature variations. A prototype has been fabricated using a 180 nm partially depleted silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology. Experimental results demonstrate a thermal stability as low as 65 ppm/°C over a large temperature range from −20 °C up to 220 °C.
Statistical Analysis of SSMIS Sea Ice Concentration Threshold at the Arctic Sea Ice Edge during Summer Based on MODIS and Ship-Based Observational Data
Authors: Ji Qing , Li Fei , Pang Xiaoping , Luo Cong
Published: April 2018

The threshold of sea ice concentration (SIC) is the basis for accurately calculating sea ice extent based on passive microwave (PM) remote sensing data. However, the PM SIC threshold at the sea ice edge used in previous studies and released sea ice products has not always been consistent. To explore the representable value of the PM SIC threshold corresponding on average to the position of the Arctic sea ice edge during summer in recent years, we extracted sea ice edge boundaries from the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sea ice product (MOD29 with a spatial resolution of 1 km), MODIS images (250 m), and sea ice ship-based observation points (1 km) during the fifth (CHINARE-2012) and sixth (CHINARE-2014) Chinese National Arctic Research Expeditions, and made an overlay and comparison analysis with PM SIC derived from Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMIS, with a spatial resolution of 25 km) in the summer of 2012 and 2014. Results showed that the average SSMIS SIC threshold at the Arctic sea ice edge based on ice-water boundary lines extracted from MOD29 was 33%, which was higher than that of the commonly used 15% discriminant threshold. The average SIC threshold at sea ice edge based on ice-water boundary lines extracted by visual interpretation from four scenes of the MODIS image was 35% when compared to the average value of 36% from the MOD29 extracted ice edge pixels for the same days. The average SIC of 31% at the sea ice edge points extracted from ship-based observations also confirmed that choosing around 30% as the SIC threshold during summer is recommended for sea ice extent calculations based on SSMIS PM data. These results can provide a reference for further studying the variation of sea ice under the rapidly changing Arctic.
The Effect of China’s New Circular Collective Forest Tenure Reform on Household Non-Timber Forest Product Production in Natural Forest Protection Project Regions
Authors: Ren Yang , Kuuluvainen Jari , Toppinen Anne , Yao Shunbo , Berghäll Sami , Karppinen Heimo , Xue Caixia , Yang Liu
Published: April 2018

The implementation of China’s natural forest protection project (Protection Project) in 1998 changed households’ forestry production modes in project regions, and China’s new circular collective forest tenure reform (Tenure Reform) has been implemented since 2003 with the goal of motivating household forestry production and increasing household income from forests. Policymakers expect that Tenure Reform could also stimulate households to engage in non-timber forest products (NTFPs) production in Protection Project regions. However, only a few studies have investigated the effect of Tenure Reform on household NTFP production in Protection Project regions. To fill this gap, we built an integrative conceptual framework and estimated a corresponding structural equation model (SEM) using survey data from 932 households in Protection Project regions in southwestern China. In our research framework, there are four factors, including household characteristics, labour and social capital, forestland characteristics, and the Tenure Reform, affecting household NTFP production. The results substantiate that Tenure Reform has had a significant positive effect on household NTFP production. Additionally, household and forestland characteristics have promoted household NTFP production, but quantitatively less than Tenure Reform. This report can be used to inform the government that future investment in Tenure Reform still needs to be enhanced, and policy enforcement still needs to be strengthened.
“Slowing” and “Narrowing” the Flow of Metals for Consumer Goods: Evaluating Opportunities and Barriers
Authors: Dominish Elsa , Retamal Monique , Sharpe Samantha , Lane Ruth , Rhamdhani Muhammad , Corder Glen , Giurco Damien , Florin Nick
Published: April 2018

Metal resources are essential materials for many consumer products, including vehicles and a wide array of electrical and electronic goods. These metal resources often cause adverse social and environmental impacts from their extraction, supply and disposal, and it is therefore important to increase the sustainability of their production and use. A broad range of strategies and actions to improve the sustainability of resources are increasingly being discussed within the evolving concept of the circular economy. This paper uses this lens to evaluate the opportunities and barriers to improve the sustainability of metals in consumer products in Australia, with a focus on strategies that “slow” and “narrow” material flow loops. We have drawn on Allwood’s characterisation of material efficiency strategies, as they have the potential to reduce the total demand for metals. These strategies target the distribution, sale, and use of products, which have received less research attention compared to the sustainability of mining, production, and recycling, yet it is vitally important for changing patterns of consumption in a circular economy. Specifically, we have considered the strategies of product longevity (life extension, intensity of use, repair, and resale), remanufacturing, component reuse, and using less material for the same product or service (digitisation, servicisation, and light-weighting). Within the Australian context, this paper identifies the strategies that have the greatest opportunity to increase material efficiency for metal-containing products (such as mobility, household appliances, and personal electronics), by evaluating current implementation of these strategies and identifying the material, economic, and social barriers to and opportunities for expanding these strategies. We find that many of these strategies have been successfully implemented for mobility, while applying these strategies to personal electronics remains the biggest challenge. Product longevity emerged as the strategy with the most significant opportunity for further implementation in Australia, as it is the most broadly applicable across product types and has significant potential for material efficiency benefits. The barriers to material efficiency strategies highlight the need for policies that broaden the focus beyond closing the loop to “slowing” and “narrowing” material loops.
Pourquoi Hespéros ? Considérations sur les vers 7 à 17 de l’Hymne à Déméter de Callimaque
Authors: Rioual Gaëlle
Published: April 2018

Why Hesperos ? Considerations on verses 7-17 of Callimachus’ Hymn to Demeter – Callimachus is the only author of ancient literature to make Hesperos Demeter’s host during Demeter’s search for her kidnapped daughter, and this represents an important role for such a minor deity. This unusual intervention is obviously referring to an element external to the poem, but which one ? A little known ritual ? A literary allusion to a lost work ? This article seeks to demonstrate that, in fact, Callimachus, in this brief passage, had skilfully manipulated the tradition to lead the goddess to Libya, the birthplace of the poet, and to link her fate with that of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
Il gioco complesso dei modelli : l’ecl. 10 di Virgilio tra Teocrito e Gallo
Authors: Gagliardi Paola
Published: April 2018

The complex game of the models : Virgil’s 10th Eclogue between Theocrit and Gallus – The structure of Virgil’s ecl. 10 is openly and purposely founded on its two models, Theocritean bucolic and Gallan elegy ; constantly comparing them and referring to them with allusions and quotations, the author reflects on the sense of poetry and on its relationship with the reader.
Discordances à l’aube de l’islamisation du droit à Aceh (décembre 2002)
Authors: Feillard Andrée
Published: April 2018

Dissonances at the Dawn of Islamization of Law in Aceh (December 2002).

A series of interviews done in December 2002 in Aceh offers an interesting perspective of the Islamization of law at this early stage of the new legislation, when the first by-laws (qanun) were just passed by the local Parliament, awaiting their implementation. The interviews reveal a rift among Acehnese, with on one side, conservative ulama, revivalist activists (dakwah faculty), and politicians from ‘ secular’ or moderate Islamic parties pushing for sharia implementation, and on the other, sceptics who include traditionalist non-politicized ulama, modernist intellectuals and anti-revivalist politicians. The idea of sharia as an “ unwanted gift” given by Jakarta seems to be confirmed, but also the willingness to use sharia as a tool for “ social engineering” as well as increased revivalist influences as observed by Michael Feener ten years later.
La pointe nord de Sumatra et la côte orientale de l’Inde : horizons économiques (XIIe s.-XVIIe s.)
Authors: Perret Daniel
Published: April 2018

The northern Tip of Sumatra and the eastern Coast of India : economic opportunities (12th-17th centuries).

This article considers the economic history of the northern tip of Sumatra in the longue durée by focusing on its interactions with the east coast of India, defined here as the coastline between Chittagong and Cape Comorin, from the twelfth to the seventeenth centuries. It is based on two assumptions : these interactions were continuous during the period under study here, and detailed contemporaneous archaeological data from neighbouring areas, especially from Barus on the west coast, are relevant to remedy the paucity of data available for the northern tip itself. Indian inscriptions and Western sources, whether travelogues or trading companies archives, especially from the VOC, complete the corpus of sources. Three aspects are considered : the bases of the economic positioning of the northern tip of Sumatra in relation to the eastern coast of India, the various categories of actors involved in this economic history, and finally the main trading places on the eastern coast India for which economic contacts with the northern tip of Sumatra were likely or attested during the period under study here.
Le cimetière de Kuta Alam (XVIe siècle) [Épigraphie islamique d’Aceh. 7]
Authors: Guillot Claude , Kalus Ludvik
Published: April 2018

Il s’agit des inscriptions funéraires du cimetière de Kuta Alam (Makuta Alam selon Teuku Iskandar), qui s’ajoutent à la série d’articles consacrés à l’épigraphie musulmane d’Aceh. Un quart d’entre elles datent du début du XVIe siècle. Il est malheureusement très difficile de réconcilier les informations qu’elles révèlent avec les données historiques. Il en est de même pour les autres épitaphes étudiées.
Profiling Volunteers at a Regional Folk Festival in Australia: Who Are They and Do They Value the Festival Differently From Visitors?
Authors: Mahadevan Renuka
Published: April 2018

The case study revealed that, on average, volunteers not only spent less than visitors at the festival but they are also not willing to pay more to keep the festival going. However, this lower nonmarket valuation of the festival by the volunteers does not reflect the fact that they
appeared to have gained more satisfaction than visitors from attending the festival. But in terms of the regional festival generating social capital, pride, and community benefits, both volunteers and visitors shared similar views. More than 50% of the volunteers were under 30 years, which
is twice the proportion of visitors in that age group. However, females were the dominant gender among both volunteers and visitors, and overall, volunteers traveled a longer distance than visitors to attend the regional festival.
A simple extension of the commonly used fitting equation for oscillatory structural forces in case of silica nanoparticle suspensions
Authors: Schön Sebastian , von Klitzing Regine
Published: April 2018

Background: The ordering of molecules or particles in the vicinity of a confining surface leads to the formation of an interfacial region with layers of decreasing order normal to the confining surfaces. The overlap of two interfacial regions gives rise to the well-known phenomenon of oscillatory structural forces. These forces are commonly fitted with an exponentially decaying harmonic oscillation as introduced by Israelachvili (Israelachvili, J. N. Intermolecular & surface forces; Academic Press: San Diego, CA, USA, 1985). From the fit three important parameters are obtained, namely wavelength, amplitude and decay length, which are related to the period, the strength and the correlation length of the oscillatory structural forces, respectively. The paper addresses structural forces between a silica microsphere and a silicon wafer across silica nanoparticle suspensions measured with a colloidal probe AFM. Using the simple fitting procedure with three parameters often leads to underestimation of actually measured forces. The deviation of the fit from the experimental data is especially pronounced at small distances of the confining surfaces and at high concentrations of silica nanoparticles. As a consequence, the parameters of the common fit equation vary with the starting point of the fit. Although the wavelength is least affected and seems to be quite robust against the starting point of the fit, all three parameters show distinct oscillations, with a period similar to the wavelength of the oscillatory structural forces themselves. The oscillations of amplitude and decay length, which are of much higher magnitude, show a phase shift of 180° implying not only a dependence on the starting point of the fit but also on each other. The range affected by this systematic deviation of the fit parameters is much larger than the optically perceived mismatch between fit and experimental data, giving a false impression of robustness of the fit.

Results: By introducing an additional term of exponentially decaying nature the data can be fitted accurately down to very small separations and even for high silica nanoparticle concentrations (10 wt %). Furthermore wavelength, amplitude and decay length become independent of the starting point of the fit and in case of the latter two of each other. The larger forces at small separations indicate a more pronounced ordering behavior of the particles in the final two layers before the wall. This behavior is described by the proposed extension of the common fit equation.

Conclusion: Thus, the extension increases the accessible data range in terms of separation and concentration and strongly increases the accuracy for all fitting parameters in the system studied here.
Le voyage de Paris à Constantinople de l’ambassadeur de France auprès du sultan ottoman ( xvi e - xviii e siècle)
Authors: Brizay François
Published: April 2018

Le récit du voyage que firent six ambassadeurs de France entre 1547 et 1768 pour gagner leur poste à Constantinople nous renseigne sur les conditions matérielles de leur voyage (les difficultés et les dangers rencontrés sur la route des Balkans et en mer, les moyens de transport et les conditions de logement) et sur l’accueil qu’ils reçurent en cours de route. Les récits accordent une place significative au protocole et au cérémonial observés pendant les étapes, que l’accueil fût officiel ou impromptu. Ils s’inscrivent dans une tradition de la littérature de voyage qui laisse peu de place à la nouveauté, et l’on observe qu’au xviii e  siècle l’attitude des auteurs reste ambiguë à l’égard de l’Empire ottoman, car elle oscille entre une curiosité bienveillante et érudite, et une critique sans concessions.
L’organisation logistique d’un déplacement diplomatique en province : le voyage à travers la Guyenne des princesses espagnoles en 1748
Authors: Meyzie Philippe
Published: April 2018

Le déplacement des princesses espagnoles Isabelle et Louise à travers la Guyenne en 1748 permet d’appréhender l’organisation matérielle de ces voyages qui s’inscrivent dans les relations entre les États. Comme en témoignent correspondances et pièces comptables, la logistique de ce parcours pris en charge avec soin par l’intendant Tourny tient à la fois des contraintes de transports, d’approvisionnement, de logement et des enjeux du cérémonial. De nombreux territoires (villes, provinces) et acteurs (à Bordeaux, à Versailles) sont ainsi mobilisés pour permettre à ce voyage de se dérouler dans les meilleures conditions et satisfaire les princesses.
Du Portugal au Maghreb, du Maghreb au Portugal : les déplacements des ambassadeurs au xviii e siècle
Authors: Drumond Braga Isabel
Published: April 2018

Au cours des années 1770-1790, le frère João de Sousa, interprète officiel portugais, a fait le récit des délégations diplomatiques portugaises envoyées au Maroc et à Alger, ainsi que des délégations diplomatiques marocaines au Portugal. Ses relations sont une source extrêmement riche pour étudier la manière dont les diplomates s’adaptaient aux conditions locales. Dans le cas des délégations portugaises envoyées au Maghreb, elles sont de véritables récits de voyage. Ces sources montrent, de manière générale, que les diplomates étaient confrontés, non seulement à d’éventuelles difficultés politiques, mais aussi à des problèmes logistiques, telles que les conditions de déplacement, ou à des écarts culturels, comme la différence de religion.
Mobilité et commensalité diplomatiques : recevoir les résidents de France à Genève au xviii e siècle
Authors: Brandli Fabrice
Published: April 2018

Les relations diplomatiques impliquent l’organisation de la mobilité légitime des négociateurs et la régularisation des formes de l’hospitalité où les prescriptions juridiques se combinent à la force des usages. Au xviii e  siècle, les résidents de France auprès de la république de Genève sont soumis aux contraintes du voyage entre Paris et leur légation, contraintes à la fois matérielles et symboliques. Coût des déplacements et difficultés de progression en fonction de l’état des routes s’articulent aux modes cérémoniels du franchissement de la frontière comme formulation ritualisée de l’interaction entre deux souverainetés que distingue l’identité politique et confessionnelle. Au terme du voyage, la commensalité s’inscrit dans la circulation des dons diplomatiques. Elle mobilise les ressources économiques et les savoir-faire, elle exprime le prestige des hôtes, le rang hiérarchique des commensaux, et ne prend tout son sens qu’à la condition de comprendre la diplomatie comme un système d’interaction culturelle.
Sublimer ou devenir son propre avatar ?
Authors: Nassikas Kostas
Published: April 2018

L’auteur étudie ici le processus, particulièrement présent chez plusieurs adolescents, du devenir son propre Avatar et d’être en tant que tel dans leurs relations. Il considère cela comme un raccourci et une impasse au processus de la sublimation dont il étudie la dynamique.
Les réaménagements de la consommation en contexte de récession
Authors: Blavier Pierre
Published: April 2018

Resume Cet article porte sur les réaménagements de consommation face au chômage de longue durée, à travers le cas des chômeurs espagnols dans la récession de 2008. Pour ce faire, il présente l’étude approfondie par ethnocomptabilité du budget d’un couple de chômeurs issus des petites classes moyennes. Il décrit et analyse les modifications de leurs consommations en termes monétaires (coefficients budgétaires) mais aussi pratiques (organisation des dépenses de manière à les réduire). L’article montre que ces changements engagent une dimension matérielle en termes de conditions de vie (privation), mais aussi un versant symbolique à travers les rapports au futur selon que sont distinguées différentes échéances de consommation (du quotidien au long terme). Enfin, le crédit immobilier est un poste budgétaire structurant et gagnerait à être mieux documenté dans les enquêtes de consommation. Cette contribution ouvre la voie à une comparaison raisonnée et empiriquement étayée des pratiques budgétaires et des conditions de vie à l’échelle européenne, en remettant au centre leur dimension monétaire sans pour autant s’y restreindre.
De la génétique à l’épigénétique : une révolution « post-génomique » à l’usage des sociologues
Authors: Dubois Michel , Guaspare Catherine , Louvel Séverine
Published: April 2018

Resume Cette note critique étudie l’impact de la révolution dite « post-génomique » pour les sciences sociales à partir de cinq ouvrages1 publiés entre 2016 et 2017. Il s’agit non seulement d’introduire le lecteur français à l’actualité des débats dans les pays anglo-saxons sur la redéfinition en cours des frontières entre sociologie et biologie, mais également et surtout de contribuer à la réflexion sur l’évolution des pratiques de recherche interdisciplinaire. Une attention particulière est accordée au domaine émergent de l’épigénétique et à la manière dont il est représenté par ces ouvrages comme le lieu par excellence de la révolution post-génomique. L’article souligne l’importance pour les sociologues de prendre conscience des opportunités associées à cette révolution, tout comme de s’affranchir d’un certain nombre d’idées reçues. Il insiste également sur la nécessité de maintenir une distance critique suffisante par rapport à un domaine de recherche « prometteur ».
Travailler le droit : lectures et perspectives sociologiques
Authors: Pélisse Jérôme
Published: April 2018

Resume Dans un contexte de réformes profondes du Code du travail, cette note critique propose une réflexion sur l’articulation entre deux domaines de la sociologie portant respectivement sur le travail et sur le droit. Une revue de la littérature permet de montrer que leurs croisements sont contemporains de la naissance de la sociologie d’une part, et du droit du travail d’autre part, puis de souligner les circulations et les renouvellements récents, entre France et États-Unis, auxquels a donné lieu la question de la part du droit dans l’analyse du travail. Prendre en compte le droit pour étudier le travail et ses transformations apparait aujourd’hui indispensable, tant ces deux institutions se constituent mutuellement. C’est ce que les travaux empiriques ou plus théoriques abordés dans cette note établissent, mettant en évidence l’importance contemporaine des acteurs et des usages sociaux du droit, aussi bien du travail que dans le travail.
Enseigner dans les marges
Authors: Kherroubi Martine , Millet Mathias , Thin Daniel
Published: April 2018

Résumé Cet article traite des enseignants en poste dans les dispositifs relais. Créés en 1996 dans le cadre d'un Plan de lutte contre la violence scolaire, ces dispositifs s'inscrivent dans le prolongement du modèle de « ségrégation partielle » qui regroupe les élèves en grande difficulté sociale et scolaire dans des voies spécialisées. Si ces dispositifs dérogatoires constituent un lieu de relégation pour des élèves sortis des classes généralistes du collège, ils sont aussi un espace professionnel spécifique relativement libre de prescriptions pour les enseignants qui y sont affectés. Ils donnent accès à de nouvelles fonctions et à de nouvelles tâches, à un niveau de responsabilité important, et à une place relativement singulière dans l'institution. Conduits à exercer en dehors du cursus scolaire modal, ces derniers ne semblent ni marginalisés ni particulièrement dominés au sein de leur univers professionnel. Au contraire, l'enquête montre qu'ils se saisissent plutôt de leur poste dans un dispositif relais comme d'une possibilité d'accorder leur activité professionnelle avec le rapport au métier et les dispositions construites au fil de leur parcours. C'est ce que s'attachent à montrer les pages qui suivent.Teaching with Marginalised PupilsThis article focuses on the teachers that intervene in programs designed for out-of-school secondary pupils. Created in 1996, these programs are part of a "partial segregation" model aimed at tracking students faced with important social and academic difficulties into specific curricula. Whereas these programs segregate students taken out of the non-specialized classrooms, they also create a specific professional space where teachers are relatively free from the standard prescriptions that structure regular secondary education. Such programs give teachers access to new functions, new tasks, important levels of responsibility, and specific spaces relatively particular in the institution. As they practice outside the standard school program, these teachers seem neither marginalized nor particularly dominated within their professional universe. On the contrary, this research shows that they seize upon their situation as a possibility for adapting their professional activity with the perspectives and the dispositions built along their social path.
« En sortir » ou « s'en sortir par l'école »
Authors: Delay Christophe
Published: April 2018

Résumé Cet article revisite la question des choix d'orientation post-obligatoires juvéniles dans l'espace des filières de l'enseignement professionnel. S'appuyant sur une enquête ethnographique réalisée dans un établissement scolaire romand, il montre qu'à cet espace différencié correspond un espace des habitus populaires au principe des choix. Ceux-ci sont structurés par une variété de principes qui distinguent les classes populaires elles-mêmes. L'originalité de cette approche consiste à articuler ces dimensions avec le travail pédagogique des agents scolaires qui, dans le cadre d'un système scolaire suisse divisé en filières très peu perméables, cherchent à ajuster les aspirations subjectives des jeunes aux chances d'insertion professionnelle telles qu'ils les perçoivent. L'enquête questionne le sens et les transformations de la culture anti-école chez les garçons, mais aussi chez certaines filles des classes populaires.‟Leaving” or ‟Staying in” Full Time School-based ProgrammesYoungsters Educational Choices, Working-Class and Vocational Training. The Case of Western SwitzerlandThis article revisit youngsters educational choices in the field of post compulsory vocational training options. Based on an ethnographical study realized in a lower-secondary school located in French speaking part of Switzerland, it shows how working class specific habitus explain these choices in different vocational training options. These habitus are shaped by a range of principles differentiating working class among themselves. The originality of this approach is to link youngsters choices with teachers' pedagogical work. In the Swiss educational system divided into different tracks with little permeability between them, they try to adjust youngsters subjective aspirations to their own perception of professional integration chances. This study raises question about the sense and change of counter-school culture among working class boys but as well among some girls.
¿Quién le teme a los escraches?
Authors: Longoni Ana
Published: April 2018

Reflexión en torno a algunas tensiones o fricciones entre las acciones creativas de protesta impulsadas por el movimiento de derechos humanos en la Argentina y la institucionalidad (artística y política). Luego de una breve historia de esos vínculos desde la última dictadura militar en adelante, me centraré en los escraches, acciones directas impulsadas por HIJOS desde mediados de los años noventa, para indagar en su ingreso en espacios institucionales (museos y memoriales). En particular, situaré algunas polémicas en relación a la participación del GAC (Grupo de Arte Callejero) en el Parque de la Memoria, que señalan que aún resulta perturbadora e incómoda.
Les mémoires disséminées de la transition démocratique au Mexique : usages politiques et sociaux de l’histoire des dissidences priistes des années 1950-1990
Authors: Plu-Jenvrin Raphaële
Published: April 2018

Cette recherche porte sur les mémoires de deux dissidences priistes conduites par deux personnalités politiques très différentes du Mexique des années 1950-1960 : celle dirigée par Salvador Nava Martínez dans l’État de San Luis Potosí entre 1958 et 1992 et celle menée depuis l’intérieur du Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) à la fin des années 1960 par Carlos Madrazo Becerra qui, en 1964-1965, avait échoué – depuis la présidence du Comité exécutif national – à réformer les modalités de désignation de ses candidats aux élections locales et nationales. Nous nous interrogeons sur la façon dont les récits et les commémorations consacrés à ces dissidences au cours des années 1990-2000 se sont ajoutés aux multiples productions historiographiques – nationales et régionales – de la post-révolution et de l’opposition politique. Ces dernières n’ont en effet jamais cessé d’être au contact – c’est-à-dire au service – des usages politiques de l’histoire de la révolution, lesquels ont souvent transcendé les clivages partisans à mesure que les années de la « transition démocratique » contribuaient à une recomposition des alliances nationales et locales censées lutter contre l’héritage d’une hégémonie priiste en déclin. Que nous enseignent les traces laissées par ces dissidences priistes sur les différentes « histoires officielles » étudiées par l’historien Javier Garcíadiego dans un article intitulé « ¿Es posible –o deseable– una nueva historia oficial? », publié en 2005 ? Que nous apprennent-elles sur les changements survenus dans les usages politiques de ces « histoires officielles » dans le Mexique de la transition démocratique dont de nombreux historiens situent précisément les origines dans le Mexique de la fin des années 1960 ?
Figuraciones del silencio en el relato memorial: Allende mi abuelo Allende, documental de Marcia Tambutti
Authors: Salomone Alicia , Gallardo Milena
Published: April 2018

Este ensayo propone una lectura interpretativa del film Allende mi abuelo Allende (2015), de la documentalista chilena Marcia Tambutti (1971), desde la perspectiva de la configuración estética de un relato memorial donde se anudan la historia familiar de los Allende-Bussi y la trayectoria socio-política de Chile en el último medio siglo. El tema, a su vez, se enmarca en la problemática más amplia de la conflictiva transmisión social y transgeneracional de las memorias traumáticas en el Chile post-dictatorial.El documental se aborda desde las estrategias de representación de la transmisión transgeneracional, considerando el papel central del silencio y sus múltiples gradaciones en la construcción narrativa. Para ello, se definen tres niveles analíticos: 1) formal o descriptivo, donde el silencio emerge de forma explícita o sintomática, evidenciándose en las resistencias de los sujetos representados para conectarse con una historia familiar y social dolorosa; 2) semántico o interpretativo, donde el silencio se configura como un recurso enunciativo que permite escenificar las tensiones, tabúes y secretos ominosos de la biografía afectiva familiar, posibilitando al mismo tiempo llevar adelante una revisión crítica de esa misma historia; 3) ideológico-pragmático, que permite observar cómo los silencios del film hacen eco de fenómenos sociopolíticos mayores, ligados con las dificultades para elaborar los efectos del trauma dictatorial y sus legados psico-sociales y políticos.
Les homines carcere inclusi. Réflexions sur l’objectivation des condamnés libérés anticipativement et sur la gestion de leur liberté
Authors: Slingeneyer Thibaut
Published: April 2018

Cet article cherche à conceptualiser l’objectivation des individus qui ont subi une peine privative de liberté et qui bénéficient actuellement d’une remise en liberté anticipée et contrôlée. Pour souligner l’importante influence de la rationalité sécuritaire dans le domaine, il propose le concept d’homines carcere inclusi. Il illustre certaines propositions à partir du contexte belge.
Migraine: incorrect self-management for a disabling disease
Authors: Viticchi Giovanna , Falsetti Lorenzo , Bartolini Marco , Buratti Laura , Ulissi Alfio , Baldassarri Maurizio , Provinciali Leandro , Silvestrini Mauro
Published: April 2018

Migraine is an economically and socially relevant pathology but patients’ consciousness and consequently a proper management is often unsatisfactory. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the disease awareness, the general approach and the impact on working activity in a population of headache-affected hospital workers. During an 18-month period, hospital workers responded to a questionnaire investigating headache presence, characteristics and awareness. Specific attention was paid to define headache impact on working activities. 1774 consecutive subjects were enrolled. Headache was documented in 45.7% of the sample, migraine in 16.6%. 40.6% of the patients with headache and 50.7% of the migraneous subjects had a specialist medical evaluation. Triptans use was significantly lower than non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs use. 39.5% of migraneous complained of attacks during working time, 60.2% acknowledged a negative influence on work quality. 25.5% of migraneous patients reported a loss of working days attributable to the disease. Migraine is disabling for workers with negative consequences on job capacity and quality. Efforts should be made to improve disease awareness to stimulate a better diagnostic and therapeutic approach.
A Growing Consensus for Change in Interpretation of Clinical Research Evidence
Authors: Wilkerson Gary B. , Denegar Craig R.
Published: April 2018

Context: 

The paradigm of evidence-based practice (EBP) is well established among the health care professions, but perspectives on the best methods for acquiring, analyzing, appraising, and using research evidence are evolving.

Background: 

The EBP paradigm has shifted away from a hierarchy of research-evidence quality to recognize that multiple research methods can yield evidence to guide clinicians and patients through a decision-making process. Whereas the “frequentist” approach to data interpretation through hypothesis testing has been the dominant analytical method used by and taught to athletic training students and scholars, this approach is not optimal for integrating evidence into routine clinical practice. Moreover, the dichotomy of rejecting, or failing to reject, a null hypothesis is inconsistent with the Bayesian-like clinical decision-making process that skilled health care providers intuitively use. We propose that data derived from multiple research methods can be best interpreted by reporting a credible lower limit that represents the smallest treatment effect at a specified level of certainty, which should be judged in relation to the smallest effect considered to be clinically meaningful. Such an approach can provide a quantifiable estimate of certainty that an individual patient needs follow-up attention to prevent an adverse outcome or that a meaningful level of therapeutic benefit will be derived from a given intervention.

Conclusions: 

The practice of athletic training will be influenced by the evolution of the EBP paradigm. Contemporary practice will require clinicians to expand their critical-appraisal skills to effectively integrate the results derived from clinical research into the care of individual patients. Proper interpretation of a credible lower limit value for a magnitude ratio has the potential to increase the likelihood of favorable patient outcomes, thereby advancing the practice of evidence-based athletic training.
The professionalism of psychiatry registrars as perceived by patients and various health practitioners at Weskoppies Psychiatric Hospital, Pretoria
Authors: Banda Matthews M. , Van Staden Werdie C.W.
Published: April 2018

Objectives: Amidst calls for improved professionalism, this study examined the professionalism of psychiatry registrars at Weskoppies Hospital as evaluated by their patients, themselves, their consultants and other health practitioners. The second objective was to examine the perceived importance of aspects of professionalism and compare these descriptively among the various health practitioners and patients.Method: Participants completed the Professionalism Mini-Evaluation Exercise Questionnaire in evaluating the professionalism of the registrar. The number of questionnaires completed by patients, allied health practitioners, consultant psychiatrists and psychiatry registrars were, respectively, 100, 50, 25 and 20; thus, 195 in total. This previously validated questionnaire consists of 21 items that enquire about doctor-patient relationship skills, reflective skills, time management and interprofessional relationship skills. Participants also ranked the three items of the questionnaire that they considered most important.Results: Highly statistically significant differences among four groups emerged for both the total and all four subscale scores, with patients generally rating the professionalism of registrars as lower, and not meeting with expectations. All four groups ranked ‘listened actively to patient’ and ‘showed interest in patient as person’ highly. Patients and allied health practitioners ranked the attribute ‘was on time’ highly, while consultants and registrars did not.Conclusion: Improving professionalism requires that the attributes ‘listening actively to patient’ and ‘recognising and meeting patient needs’ are taken seriously. Doing so requires that patients also evaluate the professionalism of registrars, rather than relying merely on the evaluation by consultants as being sufficient.