bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Individual substitution analogs of Mel(12–26), melittin's C‐terminal 15‐residue peptide: their antimicrobial and hemolytic actions
Authors: Yan Husheng , Li Shunzi , Sun Xuejun , Mi Huaifeng , He Binglin
Published: October 2003

Residues 1–9 of M(12–26) (GLPALISWIKRKRQQ‐NH2), the C‐terminal 15‐residue segment of melittin, were substituted individually to change the hydropathicities in these positions. Antimicrobial and hemolytic activities of these peptides were determined. The results showed increased antimicrobial activities with increased hydrophobicities at almost all the positions studied. The effects at positions 2, 5, 8 and 9 were significant while the effects at the other positions were small. These two groups of residues were located on the opposite faces of the α‐helix. In other words, the hydrophobicities of the two faces were favorable, but one face (the more favorable face) contributed more to the antimicrobial activities than the other (the less favorable face). The hydrophobicity, not the amphipathicity, seems to be crucial for antimicrobial activity. In contrast, the hydrophobicity of one face was favorable but the other was unfavorable for the hemolytic activity, indicating that the amphipathicity may be important for hemolysis. Interestingly, the more favorable face for antimicrobial activity was located opposite to the favorable face for hemolytic activity, indicating the direction of the hydrophobic face for the antimicrobial activity and direction of the amphipathicity for the hemolytic activity were also important.
Activation of ryanodine receptor/Ca2+ release channels downregulates CD38 in the Namalwa B lymphoma
Authors: McCarthy Tommie V. , Datar Sue , Mackrill John J.
Published: October 2003

CD38 is a multifunctional ectoenzyme that catalyses formation of cyclic ADP ribose (cADPr), a second messenger that opens ryanodine receptor (RyR) Ca2+ channels. Despite its importance in signal transduction processes, little is known about the mechanisms regulating CD38 expression levels. In the current study, ryanodine stimulation of Ca2+ release in Namalwa cells decreased both CD38 protein abundance and cyclase activity. Reductions in cyclase activity were prevented by RyR antagonists, by lysosomal blockers, though not by calpain or proteasomal inhibitors. These findings indicate a novel negative feedback mechanism between RyR channel activity and CD38 abundance acts in cADPr signal transduction.
Structure, dynamics and function of the outer membrane protein A (OmpA) and influenza hemagglutinin fusion domain in detergent micelles by solution NMR
Authors: Tamm Lukas K , Abildgaard Frits , Arora Ashish , Blad Heike , Bushweller John H
Published: October 2003

Recent progress from our laboratories to determine structures of small membrane proteins (up to 20 kDa) in detergent micelles by solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is reviewed. NMR opens a new window to also study, for the first time, the dynamics of membrane proteins. We report on recent attempts to correlate dynamic measurements on OmpA with the ion channel function of this protein. We also summarize how NMR and spin‐label electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and selective mutagenesis can be combined to provide a structural basis towards understanding the mechanism of influenza hemagglutinin‐mediated membrane fusion.
CONSTITUTION OF TRUSTS-A NOVEL POINT
Authors: Hopkins John
Published: October 2003

Though it is unusual for a point of law to be decided by distinguishing a case apparently regarded as virtually having the authority of holy writ, that occurred in T. Choithram International SA v. Pagarani [2001] 1 W.L.R. 1 (P.C.).
RESTITUTIONARY DAMAGES TO DETER BREACH OF CONTRACT
Authors: Fox David
Published: October 2003

“THE essence of contract is performance”. So argued Professor Daniel Friedmann in discussing the rationale of remedies for breach of contract ((1995) 111 L.Q.R. 628, 629). The House of Lords’ decision in Attorney-General v. Blake [2000] 3 W.L.R. 625 lends new support to this view. It holds that a claimant’s interest in performance of his contractual rights may, exceptionally, entitle him to recover restitutionary damages from the defaulting party. Measured by the defendant’s gain from the breach, rather than the claimant’s expectation or reliance loss, restitutionary damages transfer to the claimant the profit that the defendant makes by his wrong. Failing any other adequate remedy for the claimant, liability to restitutionary damages encourages the defendant to perform his duty by depriving him of the monetary incentive to commit a breach.
THE CONSTITUTIONAL FOUNDATIONS OF JUDICIAL REVIEW: CONCEPTUAL CONUNDRUM OR INTERPRETATIVE INQUIRY?
Authors: Allan T.R.S.
Published: October 2003

THE essay questions the sense and purpose of current debate over the coherence of the ultra vires doctrine. It argues that the dispute is mainly semantic, serving to conceal rather than illuminate genuine questions about the nature and legitimacy of judicial review. If the doctrine’s opponents are right to emphasise the common law basis of the relevant standards of legality, abstractly conceived, the ultra vires school is equally right to insist that, in a statutory context, legislative intention is critical to the application of such standards. To connect the present debate with significant issues of substance, it would have to be recast as one between those favouring a “normativist” grounding of judicial review in the rule of law, on the one hand, and their “functionalist” or “pluralist” opponents, generally hostile to judicial review, on the other. The futility of the present debate is revealed by the simultaneous adherence of both sides to an integrated “rule of law” perspective. A useful analysis of the foundations of judicial review, capable of illuminating issues of substance, must explore the true meaning of the interrelated concepts of parliamentary sovereignty and the rule of law. No attack on the “empty formalism” of the ultra vires doctrine can carry conviction while at the same time affirming the doctrine of absolute parliamentary sovereignty, a doctrine equally malleable in the hands of judicial interpreters of statute, guided by common law precepts.
FLOATING RIGHTS
Authors: Davis Christine J.
Published: October 2003

There are a number of situations where it is possible to say that a person may, and in some cases almost certainly will, get an interest in property at some time in the future. However, until that time there is some degree of uncertainty: there is usually some risk that no interest will be acquired and there may be uncertainty as to the identity of the property or the nature of the interest. This article deals with the interim period between the act or event that initiates the interest and its final acquisition. It considers the approaches taken by the courts to the question of what rights, if any, come into existence during that interim period and whether there is a distinct entity or interest that can be described as a “floating right”.
WHAT ARE PRISONS FOR?
Authors: Padfield Nicola
Published: October 2003

Let us start with what seems like an easier question: how long should a prison sentence be? The Criminal Justice Act 1991 confirmed that the basic rule is that the length should be commensurate with the seriousness of the offence committed (section 2(2)(a) of the 1991 Act, now section 80(2)(a) of the Powers of the Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000). Exceptionally a sentence may be longer, in order to protect the public from serious harm (section 2(2)(b) of the 1991 Act, now section 80(2)(b) of the Powers of the Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000). Discretionary life sentences fall into this latter category: the indeterminate sentence is imposed because of the risk that the offender is perceived to present to the public (see section 80(4) of the Act of 2000; Baker [2001] 1 Cr.App.R.(S) 551). These longer than commensurate life sentences are seen to fall into two parts: one, the “tariff” (though the Lord Chief Justice in a Practice Statement on 31 May 2002 stated that the term “minimum term” should now be used), commensurate with the seriousness of the offence, and the second for public protection. Because the factors which cause an offender to be dangerous may vary over time, the European Court of Human Rights has long held that those detained for such reasons are entitled to a review of that part of their sentence at regular intervals by a “court”. After years of reluctance the British Government agreed in the 1991 Act to create panels of the Parole Board, chaired by judges, to review whether post-tariff discretionary lifers are still dangerous. But the detention of those sentenced simply for “punishment” is justified by the original sentencing decision, even though their release date is fixed in accordance with a flexible and discretionary early release scheme.
OCCUPIERS’ LIABILITY: UNHEEDED WARNINGS
Authors: Hopkins C.A.
Published: October 2003

Is there a difference between the duty of care owed by an occupier to a trespasser under the Occupiers’ Liability Act 1984 and that owed to a lawful visitor under the Occupiers’ Liability Act 1957, as far as personal injuries are concerned? Not really, in the light of Tomlinson v. Congleton Borough Council [2002] EWCA Civ 309, where the Court of Appeal (Ward and Sedley L.JJ., Longmore L.J. dissenting) held the defendant Council liable for spinal injuries sustained by an 18-year-old who dived into the Council’s lake, having seen one or more notices reading “DANGEROUS WATER: NO SWIMMING”, and hit his head on the bottom. His damages were reduced by two-thirds for contributory negligence.
From “Rubber Stamps” to “Iron Stamps”: The Emergence of Chinese
Local People's Congresses as Supervisory Powerhouses
Authors: Cho Young Nam
Published: October 2003

This article analyses Chinese local people's congresses' supervision of governments in order to see whether people's congresses have played a meaningful role in the reform era. The article will show that the main strategies of people's congresses have been to gain the support of the Chinese Communist Party and to co-operate with governments, rather than to use confrontation, in an effort to overcome their lower political status. But after primarily achieving these goals by the early 1990s, people's congresses have also started to employ the confrontation strategy towards governments. At the same time, people's congresses have actively pioneered new supervisory measures so that they overcome current problematic legal and legislative systems. As a result, legislative supervision began to influence governments and officials significantly in the early 1990s. So people's congresses, along with the Party and governments, have become important political actors in local politics, even though they are not as influential as the other two institutions.
Learning to Read Lu Xun, 1918–1923: The Emergence of a Readership
Authors: Chou Eva Shan
Published: October 2003

As the first and still the most prominent writer in modern Chinese literature, Lu Xun (1881–1936) had been the object of extensive attention since well before his death. Little noticed, however, is the anomaly that almost nothing was written about Lu Xun in the first five years of his writing career – only eleven items date from the years 1918–23. This article proposes that the five-year lag shows that time was required to learn to read his fiction, a task that necessitated interpretation by insiders, and that further time was required for the creation of a literary world that would respond in the form of published comments. Such an account of the development of his standing has larger applicability to issues relating to the emergence of a modern readership for the New Literature of the May Fourth generation, and it draws attention to the earliest years of that literature. Lu Xun's case represents the earliest instance of a fast-evolving relationship being created between writers and their society in those years.
Socialist Welfare in a Market Economy: Social Security Reforms in Guangzhou, China. By Nelson Chow and Yuebin Xu. [Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001. 145 pp. £37.50. ISBN 0-7546-1699-1.]
Authors: Solinger Dorothy J.
Published: October 2003

This slim volume, sliced into two equal parts, delivers a valuable service to those interested in China's incipient social security system. The first half offers a faithful and detailed recounting of the progressive, if regularly amended, movement of welfare provision (as marketization and lay-offs both proceed apace) away from one based upon disbursal by the firm to one grounded upon societal pooling (a goal far from having yet been met). It begins in 1985, and takes the story up to 1998.
Indicators of Social Development: Hong Kong 1999. Edited by Lau Siu-kai, Lee Ming-kwan, Wan Po-san and Wong Siu-lun. [Hong Kong: Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. xvii+226 pp. $9.00. ISBN 962-441-553-6.]
Authors: Postiglione Gerard
Published: October 2003

This is a good volume to read in order to keep track of what the Hong Kong Chinese think about key issues concerning themselves and their changing society, with analyses provided by local Hong Kong Chinese sociologists. It is part of a series based on surveys carried out in 1988, 1990, 1993, 1995, 1997 and 1999. Over 3,000 Chinese-speaking adults were selected and interviewed each time. Additional topics were added to each successive survey, making the scope broader each time. The volumes contain a detailed appendix about survey methodology.
China's Urbanization Levels: Reconstructing a Baseline from the Fifth Population Census
Authors: Yixing Zhou , Ma Laurence J. C.
Published: October 2003

China's fifth population census taken on 1 November 2000 reveals that the mainland had a total population of 1,265.83 million, of which 455.94 million were urban residents (chengzhen renkou). This suggests that the level of urbanization was 36.09 per cent. Whereas this is a reasonable figure that appears to fit well the general rising trend of urbanization shown in the previous four censuses, the levels of urbanization reported in the five censuses are not really comparable because the criteria used to enumerate “urban” population have been different for different censuses. Before the State Statistical Bureau produces a set of comparable figures on the levels of China's urbanization based on a set of uniform criteria, the problem of data incomparability concerning the levels of urbanization will continue to baffle users. This report analyses the statistical criteria defining China's urban population used in the 2000 census, compares them with the criteria of the previous censuses and presents two sets of adjusted and internally coherent time-series data to remedy the problem of data incomparability.
Insecticide resistance genes induce a mating competition cost in Culex pipiens mosquitoes
Authors: BERTICAT CLAIRE , BOQUIEN GRÉGOIRE , RAYMOND MICHEL , CHEVILLON CHRISTINE
Published: October 2003

Resistance to organophosphorus insecticides (OP) in Culex pipiens mosquitoes represents a convenient model for investigating the fitness cost of resistance genes and its origin, since both the environmental changes in nature and the adaptive genes are clearly identified. Two loci are involved in this resistance – the super-locus Ester and the locus Ace.1 – each displaying several resistance alleles. Population surveys have shown differences in fitness cost between these resistance genes and even between resistance alleles of the same locus. In order to better understand this fitness cost and its variability, the effects of these resistance genes on several fitness-related traits are being studied. Here, through competition experiments between two males for the access to one female, we analysed the effect on paternity success associated with three resistance alleles – Ester4, Ester1 and Ace.1R – relative to susceptible males and relative to one another. The eventual effect of female genotype on male mating success was also studied by using susceptible and resistant females. The strains used in this experiment had the same genetic background. Susceptible males had a mating advantage when competing with any of the resistant males, suggesting a substantial cost of resistance genes to this trait. When competing against susceptible males, the paternity success did not vary among resistant males, whatever the genotype of the female. When competing against other resistant males, no difference in paternity success was apparent, except when the female was Ester1.
Molecular linkage map of Einkorn wheat: mapping of storage-protein and soft-glume genes and bread-making quality QTLs
Authors: TAENZLER B. , ESPOSTI R. F. , VACCINO P. , BRANDOLINI A. , EFFGEN S. , HEUN M. , SCHÄFER-PREGL R. , BORGHI B. , SALAMINI F.
Published: October 2003

Two molecular maps of Triticum monococcum L were produced and integrated. The integrated map includes a total of 477 markers, 32 RFLPs, 438 AFLPs, one morphological (soft glume (Sog)) and six storage-protein markers, and covers 856 cM. The trait Sog with the recessive allele sog maps to linkage group 2S. Probably, this is the T. monococcum homologue of Tg and Tg2 in hexaploid and tetraploid wheats, respectively. Loci coding for seed storage proteins were allocated to chromosomes 1L (HMW GLU1,2 and Glu1), 1S (LMW GLU6,7, LMW GLU1-4, ωGLI1-4, γGLI5 and Gli-1) and 6L (α/βGLI7-14). Parameters related to bread-making quality (SDS sedimentation volume, specific sedimentation volume (SSV) and total protein content) were studied in one of the two populations. A QTL that is consistently present across environments was detected for SDS sedimentation volume and for SSV. The position of the QTL on chromosome 1S was in close agreement with the map positions of storage-protein loci. A second QTL was mapped on chromosome 5. For protein content, two significant QTLs were mapped to linkage groups 1 and 5.
A haplotypic approach to founder-origin probabilities and outbred QTL analysis
Authors: REYES-VALDÉS M. HUMBERTO , WILLIAMS CLAIRE G.
Published: October 2003

Founder-origin probability methods are used to trace specific chromosomal segments in individual offspring. A haplotypic method was developed for calculating founder-origin probabilities in three-generation outbred pedigrees suited to quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. Estimators for expected founder-origin proportions were derived for a linkage group segment, an entire linkage group and a complete haplotype. If the founders are truly outbred, the haplotypic method gives a close approximation when compared with the Haley et al. (1994) method that simultaneously uses all marker information for QTL analysis, and it is less computationally demanding. The chief limitation of the haplotypic method is that some information in two-allele intercross marker-type configurations is ignored. Informativeness of marker arrays is discussed in the framework of founder-origin probabilities and proportions. The haplotypic method can be extended to more complex pedigrees with additional generations.
Burrowing below the basal Cambrian GSSP, Fortune Head, Newfoundland
Authors: GEHLING JAMES G. , JENSEN SÖREN , DROSER MARY L. , MYROW PAUL M. , NARBONNE GUY M.
Published: October 2003

The range of Treptichnus pedum, the index trace fossil for the
Treptichnus pedum Zone, extends some 4 m below the Global
Standard Stratotype-section and Point for the base of the
Cambrian Period at Fortune Head on the Burin Peninsula in
southeastern Newfoundland. The identification of zigzag
traces of Treptichnus isp., even further below the GSSP than
T. pedum in the Fortune Head section, and in other terminal
Proterozoic successions around the globe, supports the
concept of a gradational onset of three-dimensional burrowing
across the Proterozoic–Cambrian boundary. Although
T. pedum remains a reasonable indicator for the base of the
Cambrian Period, greater precision in the stratotype section
can be achieved by a detailed re-evaluation of the stratigraphic
ranges and the morphological variation of ichnotaxa
included in the T. pedum Zone.
SHRIMP U–Pb zircon geochronology of gneisses from the
Gweta borehole, northeast Botswana: implications for the
Palaeoproterozoic Magondi Belt in southern Africa
Authors: MAPEO R. B. M. , ARMSTRONG R. A. , KAMPUNZU A. B.
Published: October 2003

This paper presents new U–Pb zircon analyses from garnet–sillimanite paragneisses from
the Gweta borehole in northeast Botswana. Concordant to near-concordant analyses of zircon from
these rocks reveal a billion year history from 3015 ± 21 Ma for the oldest detrital grain measured, to
the age of high-grade metamorphism, 2027 ± 8 Ma. The maximum age of sedimentation in the
Magondi belt is constrained by the age of the youngest concordant detrital zircon at 2125 ± 6 Ma. This
contrasts with the age of sedimentation in the Central Zone of the Limpopo belt which is Archaean.
The comparison of our results with U–Pb zircon data from the Magondi belt in Zimbabwe suggests
that the granulite-facies metamorphism in this belt extended between c. 2027–1960 Ma. Granulite-facies
rocks with U–Pb zircon ages in this interval are also known in the Ubendian belt and lend
support to the correlation of these two segments of Palaeoproterozoic belts in southern and
central–eastern Africa. The granulite facies metamorphism in the Magondi belt is coeval with the
high-grade metamorphism and granitoids documented further south in the Central Zone of the
Limpopo Belt.
Integrated lower Silurian chitinozoan and graptolite biostratigraphy of Buttington Brick Pit, Wales
Authors: MULLINS G. L. , LOYDELL D. K.
Published: October 2003

The chitinozoans recovered from six graptolitic horizons in the Buttington Brick Pit, Wales,
are described. A correlation between the upper Llandovery and lower Wenlock chitinozoan and graptolite
biostratigraphical schemes is presented. These data are compared with the recently refined chitinozoan
biostratigraphical scheme in the nearby Banwy River section, Wales. Chitinozoans from
definite turriculatus graptolite Biozone strata are described for the first time from the UK.
Chitinozoans indicative of the Eisenackitina dolioliformis Biozone occur in the turriculatus Biozone,
although the base of the former biozone probably occurs at a lower stratigraphical level. The
Angochitina longicollis chitinozoan Biozone has been identified in middle or probably upper spiralis
graptolite Biozone strata. Questionably identified A. longicollis occurs lower, in strata assigned to the
middle spiralis Biozone, where it occurs with the short-ranging Conochitina mathrafalensis and
Belonechitina cavei. This may indicate that: (1) the base of the longicollis Biozone occurs slightly lower
in the Telychian in Buttington Brick Pit than in the more basinal Banwy River section; (2) the specimen
assigned to A. longicollis? represents an undescribed species; or (3) C. mathrafalensis and B. cavei
occur higher in Buttington Brick Pit than in the Banwy River section. The absence of A. longicollis in
the turriculatus and crispus graptolite biozones in Buttington highlights the need to re-examine the
specimens assigned to A. longicollis from these levels in Estonia, Sweden and Norway. Chitinozoans
indicative of the Margachitina margaritana chitinozoan Biozone occur in murchisoni Biozone strata
(the base of the former biozone has not been observed at Buttington), and the occurrence of
Conochitina flamma indicates that the highest graptolite bed examined correlates with a level high in
the murchisoni graptolite Biozone.
Faunal composition and dynamics in unconsolidated sediments: a case study from the Middle Ordovician of the East Baltic
Authors: TOLMACHEVA T. , EGERQUIST E. , MEIDLA T. , TINN O. , HOLMER L.
Published: October 2003

The Volkhov Regional Stage (Middle Ordovician) in the East Baltic preserves diverse fossil assemblages dominated by epibenthic suspension feeders. Brachiopods, ostracodes, conodonts, echinoderms and bryozoans are the main components of palaeocommunities obtained from clay horizons in the Putilovo section (St Petersburg region, Russia), whereas trilobites, machaeridians, hyolithids, graptolites, benthic foraminifers and gastropods are rare or occur sporadically. Brachiopod bioclasts volumetrically dominate the debris of the studied sediments. Quantitative faunal data are used to assess species diversity patterns, as expressed by the species richness (total number of species in the standardized sample size) and by the evenness or equitability of the community. The numerical abundance of particular taxa in each standardized sample was used to evaluate the density of the fauna. The communities in the Volkhov Stage in Putilovo Quarry reveal a remarkable stability throughout the studied interval and are characterized by high density (1000–6000 specimens per 100 g), relatively moderate species richness (10–15 species) and a moderately variable equitability (0.3–0.7) for the dominant fossil groups (conodonts, ostracodes and brachiopods). Ostracodes significantly increase in numbers within the upper part of the section. This confirms a shallowing of the basin during the late Volkhov interval. Small-scale variability of the diversity estimates does not correlate with the small-scale sea-level changes reconstructed for this part of the basin. It may be connected with error in diversity measurement, or the result of undetected environmental parameters. Variability estimates for different faunal groups are poorly correlated because particular groups have different environmental tolerances.
DAVID MORRAY, An Ayyubid Notable and His World: Ibn al-⊂Ad―im and Aleppo as Portrayed in His Biographical Dictionary of People Associated with the City (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1994). Pp. 235.
Authors: Lindsay James E.
Published: October 2003

An Ayyubid Notable and His World delivers on its title. David Morray's careful study of Ibn al-⊂Adim's (d. 1262) Bughyat al-talab fi ta⊃rikh Halab (Everything Desirable about the History of Aleppo) exemplifies how this important local history can be used to shed light on the social history of medieval northern Syria, especially under the Ayyubids.1
WILFRIED BUCHTA, Die iranische Schia und die islamische Einheit 1979–1996 (Hamburg: Deutsches Orient-Institut, 1997). Pp. 427. No price available.
Authors: Mathee Rudi
Published: October 2003

From its inception in 1979, the Islamic Republic of Iran has been characterized by a paradox. Some of its most frequently employed slogans: wahdat-i isl―am (Islamic unity) and sud―ur-i inqil―ab (export of the revolution) reflect the apparent eagerness of its leadership to reach out beyond Iran and to make the rest of the Islamic community share in the fruits of the country's revolutionary experience. Yet the minority status of Shi⊂ism within the umma, coupled with the close and growing identification of the revolution with (Twelver) Shi⊂ism, has largely restricted the outside appeal of Iran's new order to the Shi⊂i world.
EDGAR O'BALLANCE, Civil War in Lebanon, 1975–92 (London: MacMillan Press, 1998). Pp. 257. £22.00 cloth.
Authors: Salem Paul
Published: October 2003

Edgar O'Ballance is a military journalist and historian who has covered more than twenty wars and insurgencies and written more than fifty books or monographs on conflicts in the Middle East, North Africa, Central Europe, and Asia. His book is a chronological blow-by-blow account of the Lebanese War (1975–90), including a brief account of the events leading to the breakdown of April 1975 and the events immediately following the conclusion of the war in October 1990. Strangely, the title of the book describes the Lebanese War as having extended until 1992. There is no explanation for this odd dating, although it is clear that the author concluded his research in 1992; the book itself ends its chronological accounting in late 1991.
DAVID WALDNER, State Building and Late Development (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1999). Pp. 256. $49.95 cloth, $18.95 paper.
Authors: Barnett Michael
Published: October 2003

David Waldner's book is a rigorously argued and impressively sustained account of the relationship between state-building and economic growth in four late-developing countries: South Korea, Syria, Taiwan, and Turkey. By systematically and crisply using a comparative method to bring a unified story to these different histories, Waldner demonstrates in a masterly way the benefits of genuine comparative inquiry; contributes to our understanding of the painful results of economic development in the Middle East; and uses Middle Eastern cases to advance our understanding of the complicated and mediated linkage between state formation and economic development. This ambitious book deserves a wide audience.
WOMAN IN ISLAM: MEN AND THE “WOMEN'S PRESS” IN
TURN-OF-THE-20TH-CENTURY EGYPT
Authors: Booth Marilyn
Published: October 2003

The first periodical in Egypt to focus on women as both subject and audience, Al-Fatat (The Young Woman, 1892), heralded the founding by women of many periodicals for women in Egypt. The women's press emerged in a time of intense public debate concerning putative intersections of systemic gender relations and gender ideology with anti-imperialist nationalism: what would constitute “national” strength sufficient to assert, or force, an independent existence based on claims to autonomous nation-state status?1Women writing in the women's press, as well as in the mainstream—or “malestream”—press, shaped the debate over how gender did and should inflect social organization and institutional change.2 Equally, male intellectuals and politicians participated in a rhetoric of persuasion, edification, and ambition. When women and men wrote treatises on what was called the “woman question” (qadi¯yat al-mar[ham]a), articles in the women's press challenged,
debated, and refined the points of these treatises. Writers approached that fraught
“question” from another direction, too, establishing a thriving industry of conduct
literature that fed on translations of European works as well as original works by Egyptian and
other Arab writers. Books on how to behave as a proper father, a good mother, a fine son or
daughter, or a responsible schoolgoer went through numerous printings for a reading public
prepared by various rhetorics of nationalism, theology, and reform to bring this debate into
everyday life by following the guides for behavior that such literature—including essays in
the women's press—supplied.3
OBJECT OR SUBJECT? THE PARADOX OF “YOUTH” IN TURKEY
Authors: Neyzi Leyla
Published: October 2003

A columnist in a Turkish newspaper recently asked, “Will nothing really be the same

again?”3 referring to the impact of the massive earthquake of 17 August

1999 on the Turkish psyche. The writer Murathan Mungan used a similar metaphor earlier in what

seems today like a prophetic statement: “I think Turkey has really come to lean against the

wall. There is nowhere to go; either the wall will crumble or it will be dismantled. If it crumbles,

we will be crushed below, if it is dismantled maybe we will move to another space—or at

least try to.”4
ANA ECHEVARRÍA, The Fortress of Faith: The Attitudes Towards Muslims

in Fifteenth Century Spain, Medieval Iberian Peninsula, vol. 12 (Leiden, Boston, Cologne:

E. J. Brill 1999). Pp. 254. $108 cloth.
Authors: CAMP KATHRYN
Published: October 2003

In The Fortress of Faith: The Attitudes Towards Muslims in Fifteenth Century Spain, Ana Echevarría presents a study of four mid-15th-century texts and argues that their polemical tone toward the Muslim world was inspired by contemporary historical events and revealed a Christian Spain preparing itself to end Muslim rule on the Iberian Peninsula. She argues that the events of 1450–70 are key to understanding Fernando and Isabel's renewed march against Granada in 1474 and that ecclesiastical literature of this time—as a

manifestation of a “frontier church”—can provide a glimpse of the ideas

common at court and among the clergy. At the center of her book are the works of three

theologians (Juan de Segovia, Alonso de Espina, and Juan de Torquemada) and one layman (the

Aragonese Pedro de Cavallería)—all written between 1450 and 1461—and

Echevarría juxtaposes these texts with a wide selection of similar treatises written in Spain

and elsewhere since the Muslim invasion of Iberia in 711. For each of her four primary texts, she

provides the historical context of the author's life as well as an analysis of each

work's style, sources, symbolism, and mode of argumentation against Islam (which, in

general, involved allegations about the illegitimacy of the Muslim Prophet, holy text, or tenets).

She then compares the views of these authors with the legal norms governing interactions among

Muslims, Christians, and Jews in 15th-century Spain and concludes that both reveal an

“evolution towards intolerance and violence which was common to the society and its

rulers” and that impelled the eventually successful conquest of Granada.
JACQUELINE PORTUGESE, Fertility Policy in Israel: The Politics of Religion, Gender, and Nation (Westport, Conn: Praeger Publications, 1998). Pp. 211.
Authors: DIVINE DONNA ROBINSON
Published: October 2003

Scholars often acknowledge reproductive behavior as a core issue in Israeli politics but they
seldom examine how public policies affect family size. Israel has designed no official government
fertility program, but the country's leaders are nevertheless obsessed with Jewish natality.
Israeli women are bombarded with regulations affecting access to contraceptives and abortion
procedures and with all sorts of unsubtle massages about the importance of mothering as a factor
in the state's continuing vitality and fulfilling its national purpose. Jacqueline Portugese
explains Israel's ongoing efforts to encourage a high Jewish birthrate by focusing a feminist
lens on public discourse, popular culture, and particular policies, all of which, she argues, have a
highly pernicious impact on women. Despite the differences in feminist perspectives on the issue
of fertility, they share a critical stance toward state regulation of the family, and all aid
Portugese's narrative in uncovering and explaining the large repertoire of relatively
intrusive regulatory mechanisms at the disposal of the government. The special insight of Fertility in Israel lies in its clarifications of the connections between seemingly benign
welfare benefits and tax incentives and denying women autonomy with regard to the decision to
bear children.
FARIBA ADELKHAH, Being Modern in Iran, trans. Jonathan
Derrick (New York: Columbia University Press and Centre D'Etudes et de Recherches
Internationales, 2000). Pp. 204.
Authors: FARHI FARIDEH
Published: October 2003

In recent years, there has been a plethora of commentary, at times revised daily, regarding the
nature of factional conflicts and the marketplace of ideas that elite competition has brought into
the open in Iran. Much less analyzed or thoughtfully reflected upon are the kinds of subtle
changes that have occurred in different layers of the society that allow Iranians to breathe meaning
into, and make sense of, the fast pace of changes at the political top, and to fuel those changes.
Precisely how Iranians have fashioned, and are fashioning, their daily life—or, as Adelkhah
puts it, “reinventing their modern life”—is the tantalizing focus of this very
interesting, albeit rather scattered and cumbersome, book about Iranian culture and politics.
Heterogeneity of caprine κ-casein macropeptide
Authors: JAVIER MORENO F. , RECIO ISIDRA , OLANO AGUSTÍN , LÓPEZ-FANDIÑO ROSINA
Published: October 2003

The heterogeneity of caprine caseinmacropeptide (CMP) was determined by means of treatments with neuraminidase and acid phosphatase and analyses by anion exchange FPLC and reversed-phase (RP)-HPLC, with on-line and off-line electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The main CMP components were two non-glycosylated and di-phosphorylated forms, as well as two other mono-phosphorylated species, each corresponding to a genetic variant of caprine κ-casein due to the silent substitution Ile/ Val at position 119. Asialo-aglyco mono- and di-phosphorylated forms were found in the ratios 8–14% and 86–92%, respectively. Approximately 36% of caprine CMP was glycosylated. Based on the obtained molecular masses, the occurrence of tri-, di- and monosaccharide-containing di-phosphorylated CMP are reported, assuming that N-acetylgalactosamine, galactose, N-acetyl and N-glycolylneuraminic acids would constitute the main monosaccharides of caprine CMP. CMP microheterogeneity due to the genetic polymorphism was also observed in the glycosylated forms.
High trimethylamine concentration in milk from cows on standard diets is expressed as fishy off-flavour
Authors: LUNDÉN ANNE , GUSTAFSSON VICTORIA , IMHOF MIROSLAVA , GAUCH ROLAND , BOSSET JACQUES-OLIVIER
Published: October 2003

To establish whether fishy off-flavour observed in cows' milk in Sweden is due to abnormal concentrations of trimethylamine (TMA) in milk, 15 milk samples from 13 cows of the Swedish Red and White breed (SRB) were analysed for this compound using dynamic headspace (DHS) gas chromatography (GC). A mass selective detector (MSD) was used for the qualitative and a flame ionization detector (FID) for the quantitative analyses. Further confirmation was obtained using a solid phase microextraction (SPME) followed by GC-olfactometry (GC-O) and GC-NPD (nitrogen and phosphorus detector). Samples were also evaluated by a two-person organoleptic panel for the presence of fishy off-flavour. Results showed that the seven milk samples with a fish-like taint contained >1 mg TMA/kg milk, whereas, with a single exception, the seven samples that were judged to be normal did not contain this compound. Furthermore, there were indications of a dose-dependent relationship between TMA concentration and fishy off-flavour score.
Chemical changes in bovine milk fat globule membrane caused by heat treatment and homogenization of whole milk
Authors: LEE SUNG JE , SHERBON JOHN W.
Published: October 2003

The effects of heat treatment and homogenization of whole milk on chemical changes in the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) were investigated. Heating at 80 °C for 3–18 min caused an incorporation of whey proteins, especially β-lactoglobulin (β-lg), into MFGM, thus increasing the protein content of the membrane and decreasing the lipid. SDS-PAGE showed that membrane glycoproteins, such as PAS-6 and PAS-7, had disappeared or were weakly stained in the gel due to heating of the milk. Heating also decreased free sulphydryl (SH) groups in the MFGM and increased disulphide (SS) groups, suggesting that incorporation of β-lg might be due to association with membrane proteins via disulphide bonds. In contrast, homogenization caused an adsorption of caseins to the MFGM but no binding of whey proteins to the MFGM without heating. Binding of caseins and whey proteins and loss of membrane proteins were not significantly different between milk samples that were homogenized before and after heating. Viscosity of whole milk was increased when milk was treated with both homogenization and heating.
Dynamics of experimentally induced Staphylococcus epidermidis mastitis in East Friesian milk ewes
Authors: Winter Petra , Schilcher Franz , Fuchs Klemens , Colditz Ian G
Published: October 2003

The responses of five lactating East Friesian milk ewes to experimental mammary infection with Staphylococcus epidermidis and of five control ewes were examined over a period of 10 weeks. Infection caused an influx of neutrophils into milk, the numbers of which started to rise 4 h post infection and peaked 24 h after infection. The initial response was accompanied by mild fever and mild leucopaenia in blood (8 h after infection). No other signs of systemic infection were observed. Milk appeared normal at all times, although the milk yield of infected ewes tended to decline. Staphylococci were absent in milk from four ewes at 2 d and at 3 d after infection, but re-emerged intermittently in four of five ewes at subsequent samplings. Cytokines in milk were measured by ELISA. IL-8 was elevated in infected glands at 2 h and peaked at 8 h. In the four ewes intermittently shedding bacteria, IL-8 remained elevated until the final sampling at 10 weeks. IL-1β was transiently elevated at 1 d and 2 d and showed a pronounced peak in one sheep. Milk samples from this ewe were bacteriologically negative, somatic cell count (SCC) was within the normal range and the concentrations of IL-1β, as well as IL-8, were similiar to the control group (n=5) from 1 week after infection until the final sampling. Histological examination revealed leucocytic infiltrates in the four glands remaining infected at the end of the experiment, and a high level of CD5+ lymphocytes in three ewes. The results suggest that the relationship between the initial neutrophil influx and the proinflammatory cytokines may be responsible for determining the course of infection. Subclinical mastitis due to coagulase-negative staphylococci leads to minor changes in milk yield and milk constituents.
Radical, Reformist and Aborted Liberalism: Origins of National Regimes in Central America
Authors: MAHONEY JAMES
Published: October 2003

During the twentieth century, the countries of Central America were
characterised by remarkably different political regimes: military-authoritarianism
in Guatemala and El Salvador, progressive democracy in Costa Rica and
traditional-authoritarianism in Honduras and Nicaragua. This article explains
these contrasting regime outcomes by exploring the agrarian and state-building
reforms pursued by political leaders during the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century
liberal reform period. Based on differences in the transformation of state
and class structures, three types of liberalism are identified: radical liberalism in
Guatemala and El Salvador, reformist liberalism in Costa Rica and aborted
liberalism in Honduras and Nicaragua. It is argued that these types of liberalism
set the Central American countries on contrasting paths of political development,
culminating in diverse regime outcomes.
New Help or New Hegemony? The Transnational Indigenous Peoples' Movement and ‘Being Indian’ in El Salvador
Authors: TILLEY VIRGINIA Q.
Published: October 2003

The transnational indigenous peoples' movement (TIPM) can convey important political leverage to local indigenous movements. Yet this study exposes a more problematic impact: the political authority gained by funding organisations who interpolate TIPM norms into new discourses regarding indigeneity, and deploy that discourse in local ethnic contests. In El Salvador the TIPM has encouraged the state to recognise the indigenous communities and has opened a political wedge for indigenous activism. Yet TIPM-inspired programmes by the European Union and UNESCO to support indigenous activism paradoxically weakened the Salvadorean movement by aggravating outside impressions that Salvadorean indigenous communities are ‘not truly Indian’.
On the misuse of the notion of ‘abduction’ in linguistics
Authors: DEUTSCHER GUY
Published: October 2003

‘Abduction’, a concept from the philosophy of Charles Peirce, has become extremely popular in linguistics in the last three decades. This article argues that the interpretation of abduction in (historical) linguistics is based on a critical misunderstanding: it relies on an aborted model, which was rejected by Peirce himself, and it conflates two incompatible frameworks (Peirce's early and late ideas), to create a picture that is entirely incoherent. In consequence, it puts linguists directly at odds with mainstream practice in philosophy and science. Moreover, as currently interpreted, the term ‘abductive change’ is neither adequate nor necessary for classifying linguistic innovations.
Japanese Policy Towards Islam in Malaya During the Occupation: A Reassessment
Authors: Ahmad Abu Talib
Published: October 2003

Based on surviving local records, this essay argues that after 1943 Japanese policy towards Islam underwent far-reaching changes when the faith, religious elites and religious edifices were incorporated into the Japanese propaganda machinery for the purpose of winning a war in which neither Islam nor Malay-Muslims had any vested interest.
Reduction of speaker-related variability in Polish vowel spectra
Authors: Jassem W. , Krzyśko M. , Wołyński W.
Published: October 2003

Sources of variability in the speech signal and their statistical treatment are discussed. In the experiment, a total of 3390 vowel spectra obtained from a specially constructed 100-word list read by five male and five female speakers were measured, described in terms of five variables, F1F2, F3, F4, F5 and subjected to statistical analysis. First, the 5D data are normalized, and then treated using a novel discriminant analysis based on a multi-stage comparison of pairs of classes (vowel phonemes) as represented in the data. The data of the five male and the five female voices are analyzed as two separate samples and the results are compared with those obtained using classical discriminant analysis.
Seasonal distribution of the ciliated protozoa in Kaštela Bay
Authors: Bojanić Natalia
Published: October 2003

Seasonal distribution of the ciliated protozoa was studied in the west part of Kaštela Bay during 1995. These are the first data of the annual distribution of four size categories of non-loricate ciliates and tintinnines in the coastal area of the central Adriatic Sea. The maximum densities of ciliated protozoa were recorded during the spring and autumn, when they could act as important factors of ‘top-down’ control. Contributions of non-loricate ciliates and tintinnines to the total of ciliated protozoa were 72 and 28%, respectively. The highest density of non-loricate ciliates was registered at the surface in September (1400 ind l−1). Annual variability of the non-loricates density was mostly influenced by changes in numbers of the second (103–104 μm3) and third (104–105 μm3) size categories and they constituted 86% of the total non-loricate counts. Non-loricates with biovolume <103 μm3 were the most abundant during the colder part of the year while those with biovolume >105 μm3 dominated during the summer. The highest density of tintinnines (718 ind l−1) was recorded at 5-m depth in May. Quantitatively, the most important tintinnin species was Helicostomella subulata. The results suggest a complex influence of biotic and abiotic factors on the annual distribution of ciliated protozoa.
Distribution, abundance and size of Lophelia pertusa coral reefs in mid-Norway in relation to seabed characteristics
Authors: Mortensen Pål B. , Hovland T. , Fosså Jan Helge , Furevik Dag M.
Published: October 2003

This paper presents results on the distribution, abundance, and size of Lophelia pertusa coral reefs in mid-Norway (62°30&;–65°30&;N) as compiled from own investigations, earlier scientific reports, reports from fishery surveys and fishermen. Detailed bathymetrical mapping covering an area of ∼600 km2 along the Halten gas-pipeline, and two nearby areas across the shelf revealed 70 Lophelia reefs. In general, the reefs occurred close to breaks and escarpments. High densities of up to nine reefs per km2 were found in areas with a rugged seabed topography and with a slope >0·6°. These seabed features have probably positive influence on the transport and concentration of food particles and thus control the local distribution of Lophelia. The area covered by individual reefs varied between 1230 m2 and 37,310 m2 with a mean of 5628 m2. The height of the reefs was positively correlated with the area. Reefs <10,000 m2 had a circular outline, while larger reefs were elongate, aligned parallel to the depth contours. Along the pipeline the average density of Lophelia reefs was 0·09 km−2 which indicates that the total number of reefs is ∼6300, covering ∼35 km2 within the whole study area.