bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tryptophan regulates food intake in growing pigs by modulating hypothalamic AMPK–mTOR signalling pathway
Authors: Fan Juexin , Yao Yuezhou , Wang Leli , Chen Feiyue , Hu Zhenguo , Xie Kaihuan , Jiang Shuzhong , Tang Xiongzhuo
Published: December 2024

Tryptophan (Trp) is an essential amino acid acting as a key nutrition factor regulating animal growth and development. But how Trp modulates food intake in pigs is still not well known. Here, we investigated the effect of dietary supplementation of Trp with different levels on food intake of growing pigs. The data showed that dietary Trp supplementation with the standardised ileal digestibility (SID) Trp to lysine (Lys) ratio at both 0·18 and 0·20 significantly increased the food intake by activating the expression of orexigenic gene agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and inhibiting the expression of anorexigenic gene pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) and melanocortin receptor 4 (MC4R) in the hypothalamus. Meanwhile, the level of anorexigenic hormones appetite-regulating peptide YY (PYY) in the duodenum and serum and leptin receptor in the duodenum were also significantly decreased. Importantly, both the kynurenine and serotonin metabolic pathways were activated upon dietary Trp supplementation to downregulate MC4R expression in the hypothalamus. Further mechanistic studies revealed that the reduced MC4R expression activated the hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, which in turn inhibited the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) activity to stimulate food intake. Together, our study unravels the orexigenic effect of dietary Trp supplementation in pigs and expands its potential application in developing nutrition intervention strategy in pig production.
Phase space eigenfunctions with applications to continuum kinetic simulations
Authors: Crews Daniel W. , Shumlak Uri
Published: December 2024

Continuum kinetic simulations are increasingly capable of resolving high-dimensional phase space with advances in computing. These capabilities can be more fully explored by using linear kinetic theory to initialize the self-consistent field and phase space perturbations of kinetic instabilities. The phase space perturbation of a kinetic eigenfunction in unmagnetized plasma has a simple analytic form, and in magnetized plasma may be well approximated by truncation of a cyclotron-harmonic expansion. We catalogue the most common use cases with a historical discussion of kinetic eigenfunctions and by conducting nonlinear Vlasov–Poisson and Vlasov–Maxwell simulations of singlemode and multimode two-stream, loss-cone and Weibel instabilities in unmagnetized and magnetized plasmas with one- and two-dimensional geometries. Applications to quasilinear kinetic theory are discussed and applied to the bump-on-tail instability. In order to compute eigenvalues we present novel representations of the dielectric function for ring distributions in magnetized plasmas with power series, hypergeometric and trigonometric integral forms. Eigenfunction phase space fluctuations are visualized for prototypical cases such as the Bernstein modes to build intuition. In addition, phase portraits are presented for the magnetic well associated with nonlinear saturation of the Weibel instability, distinguishing current-density-generating trapping structures from charge-density-generating ones.
Is home environment predictive of early grammar development?
Authors: White Michelle Jennifer , Southwood Frenette
Published: December 2024

Research shows that children’s home environment (e.g., the composition of their household and the resources available in it) has an impact on children’s language development. However, this research has mostly been conducted among English speakers from the minority world and has often only considered vocabulary size. This exploratory study investigated whether home environment factors are predictive of grammar development in Afrikaans-speaking (n = 117) and English-speaking (n = 102) toddlers in South Africa. Moreover, potential differences between these two language groups were explored. Results showed that home environment factors pertaining to family stability predicted two of the three grammar scores, namely total grammar and complex phrases. Cluster analysis showed distinct patterns of home environment factors between Afrikaans and English-speaking households, illustrating the importance of measuring these factors even across samples from the same country. This study shows that children’s home environment is an interconnected system and cautions against oversimplified single-factor approaches.
The role of early temperament on oral language development of New Zealand children speaking Mandarin or Cantonese
Authors: Zhang Yuxin , Ballard Elaine , Lee Taiying , Lee Henrietta , Schmidt Johanna , Reese Elaine
Published: December 2024

This study investigated the role of temperament in oral language development in over 200 Mandarin and Cantonese speakers in the Growing Up in New Zealand pre-birth longitudinal cohort study. Mothers assessed infant temperament at nine months using a five-factor Infant Behaviour Questionnaire-Revised Very Short Form. They also reported on children’s vocabulary and word combinations at age two using adapted MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory short forms. Regression analyses were employed to examine unique links between infant temperament and language, respectively, controlling for demographic factors. Fear was associated with larger English vocabularies for English-Mandarin speakers and larger Cantonese vocabularies for Cantonese speakers. Orienting capacity was associated with more advanced word combinations for Mandarin speakers, whereas negative emotionality was associated with less advanced word combinations for Cantonese speakers. Positive affect/surgency was associated with more advanced word combinations for English-Cantonese speakers. This study revealed predictive patterns of infant temperament across Chinese-speaking children’s multiple languages.
The interplay between identity and personality pathology in emerging adults: A 7-year cross-lagged study
Authors: Grossmann Lea , Van der Hallen Ruth , Smeets Guus , Prinzie Peter
Published: December 2024

Personality pathology is hypothesized to be an important factor in shaping identity, yet longitudinal evidence linking dimensional measures of identity and personality pathology remains scarce. To address this knowledge gap and shed light on the reciprocal dynamics proposed by the alternative model of personality disorder, we conducted a comprehensive seven-year study involving 372 emerging adults from a community sample (Mage
T1
= 21.98 years, SD
T1
= 1.13; 57% females). Pathological personality traits were assessed using the short form of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5 SF) while identity was assessed with the Dimensions of Identity Development Scale (DIDS). Cross-lagged analyses in Mplus revealed that personality pathology consistently predicts subsequent different levels of identity seven years later, whereas only one significant pathway from identity to personality pathology was found. Notably, negative affectivity and detachment emerge as the most influential pathological personality trait, whereas no significant effects were found for disinhibition and psychoticism. In summary, our study uncovered compelling longitudinal associations that underscore the pivotal role of pathological personality traits in the development of identity. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Agreement and reflexives in non-native sentence processing
Authors: Alaskar Shatha , Cunnings Ian
Published: December 2024

How native (L1) and non-native (L2) readers utilise syntactic constraints on linguistic dependency resolution during language comprehension is debated, with previous research yielding mixed findings. To address this discrepancy, we report two large-scale studies, using self-paced reading and grammaticality judgements, investigating subject-verb agreement and reflexives in L1 English speakers and Arabic learners of L2 English. We manipulated sentence grammaticality and the properties of ‘distractor’ constituents (The key(s) to the cabinet(s) were rusty) in two studies testing number in agreement and gender/number in reflexives. Study 1 showed that L2ers’ performance largely patterned with L1ers’. Although grammaticality effects were smaller for agreement in L2ers than in L1ers, proficiency modulated L2 performance. Study 2 revealed no significant between-group differences. Contrasting some L1 studies, significant distractor effects were only detected for reflexives in Study 1. Together, these results imply that L2ers compute syntactic dependencies similarly to L1ers, and potential differences might be driven by L2 proficiency.
Intergenerational attrition: direct or reverse language transmission?
Authors: Montrul Silvina
Published: December 2024

It has been suggested that the parents of heritage speakers (2nd generation immigrants), who are the main source of input to them, may exhibit first-language (L1) attrition in their language, thereby directly transmitting different structural properties or “errors” to the heritage speakers. Given the state of current knowledge of inconsistent input in L1 acquisition, age of acquisition effects in bilingualism, and how long it takes children to master different properties of their native language, it is highly unlikely that immigrant parents are directly transmitting patterns of language attrition to their heritage language children. The argument advanced in this article is that if the patterns evident in heritage speakers and first-generation immigrants are related, reverse transmission may be at play instead, when the heritage speakers might be influencing the language of the parents rather than the other way around. Theoretical and empirical evidence for this proposal may explain the emergence of the variety of Spanish spoken in the United States.
Time course of indirect reply processing in native and non-native Mandarin speakers: An ERP study
Authors: Zhang Xiuping , Pan Xiaoxi , Wang Yizhu , Xu Maoyao , Privitera Adam John
Published: December 2024

To communicate successfully, listeners must decode both the literal and intended meanings of a speaker’s message. This ability is especially crucial when processing indirect replies as intended meanings can differ significantly from what was said. How native and non-native speakers differ in this ability is an open question. The present study investigated differences in the time course of indirect reply processing in native and non-native Mandarin speakers. EEG signals were recorded while participants were presented with conversations that differed in their directness. For indirect replies, native speakers exhibited a larger left anterior N400 and posterior late positive component (LPC). Conversely, non-native speakers exhibited a larger left-distributed LPC and delayed LPC. Findings support that non-native speakers exhibit delayed processing of indirect replies, potentially because of cognitive resource limitations. Findings from the present study have implications for a broad range of investigations on human communication and second language processing.
Multilingualism and psychosis: a pre-registered scoping review
Authors: Hodgins Vegas , El Mouslih Chaimaa , Rukh-E-Qamar Hani , Titone Debra
Published: December 2024

Schizophrenia impacts several cognitive systems including language. Linguistic symptoms of schizophrenia are important to understand due to the crucial role that language plays in the diagnostic and treatment process. However, the literature is heavily based on monolingual-centric research. Multilinguals demonstrate differences from monolinguals in language cognition. When someone with schizophrenia is multilingual, how do these differences interact with their symptoms? To address this question, we conducted a pre-registered PRISMA-SR scoping review to determine themes in the literature and identify gaps for future research. Four hundred and twenty records were identified from three databases in 2023. Thirty articles were included in the synthesis. We found three emergent themes: (1) the need for multilingual treatment options, (2) differences in symptomology between the L1 and L2, and (3) the impact of cultural factors on linguistic functioning. Thus, several avenues of research regarding multilingualism may be fruitful for improving linguistic and social outcomes in schizophrenia.
Hostile Sexism, Social Dominance Orientation, Political Illiberalism, and Support for Political Violence in the United States
Authors: Piazza James A. , O’Rourke Lauren
Published: December 2024

Previous research has found that individuals harboring hostile sexist attitudes are more likely to support the use of political violence. In this study, we examine this relationship further. We theorize that the impact of hostile sexism on support for political violence is mediated through two mutually reinforcing factors: social dominance orientation and political illiberalism. We test this argument using an original survey we administered to over 1,400 subjects in the United States. We employ two operationalizations of individuals’ support for political violence: support in the abstract and support for specific acts of political violence. We find that individuals who exhibit hostile sexism are substantially more likely to support political violence, both abstract and specific. Moreover, we find that both social dominance orientation and political illiberalism together mediate 64.9% of the effect of hostile sexism on support for political violence in the abstract and 80.5% of the effect on support for specific acts of political violence. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of these findings.
Independently tunable metamaterial inspired compact triband dual-sense circularly polarized antenna
Authors: Rajanna Vinaya Kumar Sugganapalya , Venkatesh T. , Tharehalli Rajanna Puneeth Kumar , Mudukavvanavar Shambulinga
Published: December 2024

In this article, a dual-sense triband circularly polarized modified slot antenna loaded with metamaterial structures such as split-ring resonator and cross strips is proposed. The first resonant frequency is generated using the modified square slot which produces the two degenerative modes required to achieve circular polarization (CP). The corners of slot antenna are extended to obtain the orthogonal modes. The second resonant band is obtained using the single split-ring resonator. Two micro-splits in Split Ring Resonator (SRR) orthogonal to each other produces CP due to electric field generated by the micro-splits. The third resonance band is obtained due to loading of cross strips. The orthogonal phase is adjusted by varying the length of cross strips, so that the CP is achieved. All resonance bands are tuned independently. The measured impedance bandwidth of 31.68%, 4.55%, and 8.6% is obtained in first, second, and third bands respectively. The axial ratio bandwidth of 13.04%, 2.7%, 8.6% and peak gain of 3.8 dBic, 3.9 dBic, 3.7 dBic are obtained respectively. The simulated radiation efficiencies of above 80% is achieved in all bands. The left-hand CP is obtained in first two band as co-polarization and right-hand CP is obtained at the third band as co-polarization with respect to cross-polarization radiation. The cross-polarization of minimum −10 dB is obtained in all three bands. The proposed design is well suitable for the Bluetooth, n78 and n79 5G applications.
Weed control using preemergence herbicides in cucumber and summer squash cultivars
Authors: Khatri Kshitij , Boyd Nathan S.
Published: December 2024

There is limited information on the crop safety and weed control potential of commercially available PRE herbicides when applied under plastic mulch on various cucumber and summer squash cultivars grown in Florida. Two cucumber field trials were conducted at the Gulf Coast Research and Education Center in Wimauma, FL, in fall 2021 and spring 2022 to determine the effects of halosulfuron, pendimethalin, S-metolachlor, sulfentrazone, fomesafen, napropamide, oxyfluorfen, and flumioxazin on crop growth and development, yield, and the control of various weed species in the fields. We conducted this trial using three cucumber cultivars: ‘Speedway’, ‘Dominator’, and ‘Mongoose’. Two summer squash field trials were conducted simultaneously, evaluating all the mentioned herbicides, except flumioxazin, in addition to rimsulfuron on three summer squash cultivars: ‘Spineless Beauty’, ‘Payload’, and ‘Everglade’. In the cucumber trials, crop damage varied with cultivar and ranged from 3% to 16% in fall 2021. All herbicides caused ≥10% crop injury, except oxyfluorfen and flumioxazin, at 28 d after transplanting (DATr) in spring 2022. In the summer squash trial, halosulfuron, S-metolachor, and flumioxazin were the three most injurious PRE herbicides, causing more than 10% crop injury in seed-grown summer squash, with no effect of PRE herbicides on crop injury in transplant-grown summer squash in fall 2021. In spring 2022, crop injury with PRE herbicides varied with cultivar, where pendimethalin and S-metolachlor were consistently the most injurious PRE herbicides, causing 14% to 25% injury at 28 DATr. All PRE herbicides caused some damage to cucumber and summer squash, with limited differences between cultivars and no effect on overall crop yield.
Relay Transport of Ozone Due To Urbanization‐Modified Thermal Circulations During Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Zhan Chenchao , Xie Min , Wang Tijian , Guo Hai
Published: December 2024

Thermal circulations are important for ozone transport and are affected by synoptic weather systems and urbanization. In this study, based on in‐situ observations and numerical simulations, changes in thermal circulations induced by urbanization in Suzhou and their impacts on ozone pollution during tropical cyclone Jongdari were investigated. We found that calm weather conditions due to subsidence on the tropical cyclone periphery were conducive to the formation of sea breeze, lake breeze and ozone pollution. The sea and lake breezes had opposite directions, resulting in relay transport of ozone. When polluted air masses passed through, urban areas experienced repeated ozone pollution. Furthermore, urbanization altered the surface energy balance through increased urban land use (LU) and anthropogenic heat (AH) release, raising urban temperature and enhancing urban heat island circulation. This led to higher ozone concentrations in urban areas, especially where urban LU and AH emissions were concentrated, further exacerbating ozone pollution.
On the Prediction of Aerosol‐Cloud Interactions Within a Data‐Driven Framework
Authors: Li Xiang‐Yu , Wang Hailong , Chakraborty TC , Sorooshian Armin , Ziemba Luke D. , Voigt Christiane , Thornhill Kenneth Lee , Yuan Emma
Published: December 2024

Aerosol‐cloud interactions (ACI) pose the largest uncertainty for climate projection. Among many challenges of understanding ACI, the question of whether ACI can be deterministically predicted has not been explicitly answered. Here we attempt to answer this question by predicting cloud droplet number concentration from aerosol number concentration and ambient conditions using a data‐driven framework. We use aerosol properties, vertical velocity fluctuations, and meteorological states from the ACTIVATE field observations (2020–2022) as predictors to estimate . We show that the campaign‐wide can be successfully predicted using machine learning models despite the strongly nonlinear and multi‐scale nature of ACI. However, the observation‐trained machine learning model fails to predict in individual cases while it successfully predicts of randomly selected data points that cover a broad spatiotemporal scale. This suggests that, within a data‐driven framework, the prediction is uncertain at fine spatiotemporal scales.
Marine Heatwaves/Cold‐Spells Associated With Mixed Layer Depth Variation Globally
Authors: Sun Wenjin , Wang Yindi , Yang Yifei , Yang Jingsong , Ji Jinlin , Dong Changming
Published: December 2024

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) and cold‐spells (MCSs) are extreme sea surface temperature events with significant impacts on marine ecosystems. However, the connection between these events and mixed layer depth (MLD) variations, as well as how their intensity relates to MLD changes, remains unclear. Integrating OISST V2.1 data with Argo profiles, this analysis finds that during MHWs, MLD decreases by 8.10% globally, while during MCSs, it increases by 8.13%. In 5° × 5° bins, 80.46% of ocean regions show MLD shallowing during MHWs, while 67.69% show deepening during MCSs. A significant global correlation between the intensity of MHWs/MCSs and MLD changes, with coefficients of −0.85 and −0.86, respectively. MHWs are more common in mesoscale anticyclonic eddies (AEs) (19.45%) than in cyclonic eddies (CEs) (10.11%). For MCSs, the pattern reverses, with 8.57% in AEs and 20.82% in CEs. Restratification and mesoscale eddies are two important factors driving MLD changes during these events.
Melting of B1‐Phase MgO From Simultaneous True Radiative Shock Temperature and Sound Speed Measurements to 250 GPa on Samples Preheated to 2300 K
Authors: Fat’yanov O. V. , Asimow P. D.
Published: December 2024

To refine the melting curve, equation of state, and physical properties of MgO we performed plate impact experiments spanning 170–250 GPa on MgO single crystals, preheated to 2300 K. A controlled thermal gradient in 20 mm long samples enabled radiative temperature (3%–4%) and rarefaction overtake observations (yielding sound speed 2%) close to the hot Mo driver with a free surface below 2000 K that minimized evaporation. Ta flyers were launched by two‐stage light‐gas gun up to 7.6 km/s and sample radiance was recorded with a 6‐channel (500–850 nm) pyrometer. Shock front reflectivity was measured at 198 and 243 GPa using 50/50 sapphire beam‐splitters. Most experiments show monotonic increases of shock temperature with pressure, from (168 GPa, 7100 K) to (243 GPa, 9400 K), in good agreement with predictions of our MgO B1 phase equation of state. Measured sound speeds are parallel to but 10% higher than model predictions for bulk sound speed of solid B1 MgO, confirming ductile behavior of preheated MgO. Two experiments, at 238 and 246 GPa, showed anomalously low shock temperature and sound speed, suggesting melting. Using reported MgO melting data up to 120 GPa and our data at 232–246 GPa, we constructed a maximum‐likelihood Simon‐Glatzel fit. At Earth's core‐mantle boundary pressure (135 GPa), our best‐fit interpolated MgO melting point is K. Our proposed melting line falls within the envelope of theoretical predictions but does not completely agree with any particular model curve. Our results reduce the uncertainty on MgO melting temperature at Earth's core‐mantle boundary by a factor of 17 and provide an anchor for extension to multicomponent systems.
Impact of Temperature and Stratification, Modulated by Warming Tsushima Warm Current, on the Spatiotemporal Distribution of Picoplankton in the Northern East China Sea
Authors: Kang Yoonja , Kwon Chan‐Woo , Lee Eunbi , Oh Yeongji , Cho Yang‐Ki , Lee Chung Il , Kwon Hyeong Kyu , Kim Guebuem , Lee Minji , Lim Weol‐Ae , Kang Chang‐Keun
Published: December 2024

The northern East China Sea is one of the Large Marine Ecosystems, which experiences the fastest ocean warming across the globe. With the anticipation of stimulated Tsushima Warm Current (TWC) transport and rapid ocean warming, the importance of picoplankton will increase in this ecosystem. Thus, the spatiotemporal distribution of picoplankton was investigated in the northern East China Sea, where variability of TWC can modulate temperature and stratification. High contributions of warm and less saline Tsushima Surface Warm Water (TSWW) increased water temperature and stratification. Picoplankton were responsible for 75% of the relative contribution of chl a. PicoC:PicoChla ratios increased with distance from the coasts and fluctuated with depth, indicating that an elevated contribution of Tsushima Warm Water diminished the photosynthetic activity of picoplankton. Synechococcus I population decreased with salinity. High contribution of TSWW increased Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus II population, related with stratification and rising temperature driven by TSWW, respectively. Picoplankton‐derived carbon contents were mostly attributed either to picoeukaryotes or to Synechococcus depending on the TSWW contribution. This suggests that the rising TSWW contribution can intensify the role of Synechococcus in picoplankton‐derived organic matter in the northern East China Sea.
Mixing of Top‐Down and Bottom‐Up Diffusing Reactive Tracers Within the Ocean Mixed Layer and Its Application to Autumn Phytoplankton Blooms
Authors: Noh Y. , Seunu H. J. , Song H. , Choi Y.
Published: December 2024

The mixing of reactive tracers within the ocean mixed layer, phytoplankton transported downwards from the sea surface and nutrients transported upwards from the mixed layer depth (MLD), is investigated using large eddy simulation coupled to a Lagrangian plankton model. The study focuses on how vertical and horizontal heterogeneity in tracer distribution is generated and how it influences an autumn phytoplankton bloom. The vertical gradient appears in the profiles of horizontal mean phytoplankton and nutrient concentrations, P and N, and it reduces phytoplankton production by photosynthesis compared to the cases with uniform distributions. The reduction ratio decreases as the mixed‐layer mean N increases, but it remains relatively insensitive to other conditions such as MLD, surface forcing, stratification below the mixed layer, and the initial N. Phytoplankton and nutrient concentrations show a negative correlation in the horizontal plane, which becomes stronger with increasing depth. Its contribution to plankton production by photosynthesis is negligible, however, because the correlation is weak near the sea surface and the reaction time scale is much longer than the turbulent mixing time scale. It is also found that the vertical gradients of P and N are smaller, and the negative correlation is stronger in the convective mixed layer than in the shear‐driven mixed layer. A simple box plankton model, which takes into account the mixing process of tracers, is proposed and used to investigate how mixing affects the prediction of an autumn phytoplankton bloom.
Escalated Risk of Concurrent Eurasian Heatwaves Under Recurrent Rossby Wave Patterns
Authors: FANG Beijing , LU Mengqian
Published: December 2024

Concurrent heatwaves, featured by simultaneous occurrences of extreme heat in separate regions, pose significant risks to natural ecosystems and human society. In August 2022, unprecedented heatwaves struck central China and west Russia concurrently, resulting in severe energy crisis, numerous financial losses, and fatalities. Through synoptic‐scale analysis, we identify a pivotal role of recurrent Rossby wave packets (RRWPs) in shaping the event by repeatedly forming ridges and troughs over the same key areas. In this study, we further extend the investigation of the influence of RRWPs on heatwave occurrences in these two targeted regions over the past 44 years. Using a self‐organizing map to identify the RRWP patterns, we find that RRWPs with ridges over central China are closely associated with a marked increase in heatwave probabilities in both central China and western Russia. Specifically, the regional‐mean likelihood of heatwaves increases by factors of 3.0 and 2.6, respectively, relative to the climatology. Notably, the effect of RRWPs on the occurrence of concurrent heatwaves across both regions is more pronounced than on regional events alone. For example, during RRWPs, the likelihood of concurrent heatwaves affecting at least 20% of both target regions exceeds 10 times the climatological average. Our findings underscore the significant role of RRWPs in triggering concurrent Eurasian heatwaves and suggest promising synoptic predictability for such extreme events.
Seasonal Differences in Vegetation Susceptibility to Soil Drought During 2001–2021
Authors: Tang Jiwang , Niu Ben , Peng Jinlong , Hu Zhigang , Zhang Ziwei , Zhang Xianzhou
Published: December 2024

Droughts typically exert negative effects on vegetation growth, which largely depend on the timing of drought onset. However, huge inconsistencies exist in the seasonal vegetation response to drought among diverse regions across the globe. Here, using the leaf area index (LAI) and solar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF), we quantified the vegetation susceptibility by calculating the coincidence rate between vegetation suppression extremes and soil droughts, and further investigated the spatiotemporal changes of vegetation susceptibility during different seasons from 2001 to 2021. We found the vegetation during summer and dry seasons were most susceptible to soil droughts in the extra‐tropics and tropics, respectively. Temporally, the autumn vegetation susceptibility was strengthening in drought‐susceptible regions of extra‐tropics, albeit with insignificant change during spring, summer and the entire growing season. Both the dry and wet seasons showed evidently increasing vegetation susceptibility on the dry tropical ecosystems, which dominated the enhanced vegetation susceptibility of global drought‐susceptible regions. Our findings determined the spatial pattern of most susceptible seasons to soil droughts across the globe and highlighted the enhanced risk to soil droughts, especially in the dry tropics.
Deep Learning‐Based 3D Microseismic Event Direct Location Using Simultaneous Surface and Borehole Data
Authors: Yang Yuanyuan , Saad Omar M. , Alkhalifah Tariq
Published: December 2024

Microseismic monitoring is crucial for characterizing and assessing fracture systems developed during subsurface operations like geothermal reservoir development, sequestration, and hydraulic fracturing. In such long‐term projects, surface arrays provide a large aperture for accurate epicenter location but struggle with poor event depth estimation and low signal‐to‐noise ratio; while borehole arrays deliver better signal quality and enhanced depth estimation, but have severely limited aperture and azimuthal ambiguity for epicenter location. To bridge the capacities of surface and borehole arrays, we propose a deep learning model to directly locate microseismic events in 3D using seismic recordings from both surface and borehole sensors, based on the elastic medium assumption. Specifically, the DEtection TRansformer (DETR) network is utilized as the base model to identify and locate events simultaneously. The proposed method, based on distinct feature extraction blocks for the surface and borehole data, has potent compatibility for embracing diverse data sets. It is also able to effectively model the complicated dynamics from the moveout patterns of microseismic energy to responsible source locations, and the concerted interactions of these moveout signatures across various sensor layouts. The statistical analysis on results from synthetic passive seismic data demonstrates the efficacy of the method. An application on the field microseismic events from the Utah FORGE site further validates its accuracy and reliability, in which a domain adaptation technique is used to bridge the gap between training on synthetic data and application on field data for better generalization.
On the Performance of a Real‐Time Electron Radiation Belt Specification Model
Authors: Staples Frances , Kellerman Adam , Green Janet
Published: December 2024

Maintaining accurate real‐time hindcast and forecast specification of the radiation environment is essential for operators to monitor and mitigate the effects of hazardous radiation on satellite components. The Radiation Belt Forecasting Model and Framework (RBFMF) provides real‐time forecasts and hindcasts of the electron radiation belt environment, which are used as inputs for the Satellite Charging Assessment Tool. We evaluated the long‐term statistical error and bias of the RBFMF by comparing the 10‐hr hindcast of electron phase space densities (PSD) to a multi‐mission data set of PSD observations. We found that, between the years 2016–2018, the RBFMF reproduced the radiation belt environment to within a factor of 1.5. While the error and bias of assimilated observations were found to influence the error and bias of the hindcast, data assimilation resulted in more accurate specification of the radiation belt state than real‐time Van Allen Probe observations alone. Furthermore, when real‐time Van Allen Probe observations were no longer available, the hindcast errors increased by an order of magnitude. This highlights two needs; (a) the development of physics‐based modeling incorporated into this framework, and (b) the need for real‐time observations which span the entire outer radiation belt.
Nanocellulose as an Antibacterial Material in Tissue-engineered Constructs
Authors: Ninan Neethu
Published: December 2024

Nanocellulose, a multipurpose nanomaterial, has emerged as a useful antibacterial agent for tissue-engineered scaffolds. This chapter explores the complex antibacterial mechanisms of nanocellulose, covering its characteristic structural properties, surface modifications, and contact with bacterial cell membranes, causing physical damage and eradication of bacteria. When compared with traditional antibacterial agents, nanocellulose provides various advantages, such as sustainability, biocompatibility, and reduced bacterial resistance. Different types of nanocellulose show exceptional antibacterial capacities ascribed to their physicochemical properties and surface chemistry. The future recommendations point towards promoting the antibacterial efficiency of nanocellulose through ground-breaking functionalization methods directed to extend its use in clinical settings and widen its possibilities for tissue engineering. This chapter emphasises nanocellulose’s capability to transform antibacterial strategies in the biomedical sector, discussing both existing and future requirements in healthcare.
Nanocellulose-based Aerogels in Tissue Engineering Applications
Authors: Bai R. Geetha , Kikas T.
Published: December 2024

Nanocellulose aerogels are highly porous structures with excellent mechanical properties, structural stability, large surface areas and high loading capacities. They are sustainable, biocompatible, biodegradable polymeric materials suitable for various medical applications. Nanocellulose aerogels are excellent scaffold materials for tissue engineering applications, due to the interconnected porous structure which enables the proper communication of cells for cell adhesion, proliferation and growth in suitable microenvironments. This chapter elaborates on the various tissue engineering applications of nanocellulose aerogel scaffolds.
An Overview of Lifecycle Assessment of Nanocellulose Using Machine Learning Techniques
Authors: Sreedev Deepa , Sam Rubie Mavelil , Abraham Taniya Rose , Kalarikkal Nandakumar , Balakrishnan Subila Kurukkal
Published: December 2024

Life cycle assessment (LCA) is a widely recognised process for systematically evaluating the environmental impacts of human activities. Machine learning (ML) has been applied in the life cycle assessment (LCA) of nanocellulose to estimate environmental impact characterisation factors and conduct sensitivity analyses. Surrogate LCAs have been developed using ML, which have enabled the prediction of nanocellulose full life cycle environmental impacts on the basis of design-phase product characteristics. Besides LCA, ML algorithms have also been utilised in ecosystem informatics, data cleaning, system optimisation, and predicting system output flows or performance. Given these uses and capabilities of ML, there are opportunities to use ML in cleaning data for life cycle inventories (LCI). ML can also be used to estimate flow data for unit processes and to improve the quality and quantity of data used to determine impact characterisation factors. It is also used to generate inventory data for scenario analyses. This chapter introduces the LCA of nanocellulose and the fundamentals of ML and examines how ML has been employed in LCA and the development of surrogate LCAs. This chapter also discusses other applications that could inform future ML-based tools for LCA.
Fundamentals of Non-linear Optics in Nanostructures
Authors: Boroviks Sergejs , Martin Olivier J. F.
Published: December 2024

This chapter provides an overview of the formalism required to describe non-linear optical phenomena, including the non-linear wave equation and the different orders of susceptibilities, up to the third-order. Second- and third-order non-linear phenomena are reviewed, including second- and third-harmonic generation, as well as three-wave mixing. The remainder of the chapter is devoted to the description of important non-linear effects that can occur in nanostructures and stem either from surface or bulk non-linearities; the chapter concludes by discussing the enhancement mechanisms for the non-linear response of nanostructures.
Linear and Nonlinear Optical Techniques for Light–Matter Interaction in Nanoscale Systems
Authors: Krishnan Sivarama , Sahoo Anubhab , Pattathil Rajeev Paramel
Published: December 2024

Laser-based techniques provide a reliable method for analysing the optical properties of nanoparticles through photoluminescence (PL), Raman spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Nanoparticles exhibit quantum confinement effects, blue shifts in absorption spectra, and PL quantum yields surpassing approximately 10−1. Metal nanoparticles, specifically, display surface plasmon resonances, which are coherent oscillations of electrons in the conduction band that are stimulated by incident electromagnetic fields. Furthermore, Raman spectroscopy enables the study of the structural characteristics and morphological disorder of nanoparticles, which becomes more noticeable as the size of the nanoparticles becomes less than 10 nm. To obtain better Raman spectra in nanoparticles, surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is further addressed. Particle size analysis in colloidal fluids is made possible by dynamic light scattering, which analyses light interference patterns caused by fluctuations driven by Brownian motion. Subsequently, this chapter examines the nonlinear interaction between laser pulses and materials at intensities exceeding MW cm−2. Beginning with the z-scan approach, we discuss the calculation of the nonlinear absorption coefficient and the two-photon absorption coefficients. The nonlinear transmission of transparent dielectric media is compared in order to understand the nonlinear processes that occur during the interaction, such as multiphoton processes and field-dependent avalanches. In this chapter we will give a comprehensive insight into linear as well as nonlinear interaction of lasers with materials, comparing metals, semiconductors, and insulator nanoparticles.
Laser Induced Plasma: Fundamentals and Characterization
Authors: Chaudhary Kashif , Haider S. Zuhaib , Roslan M. Sufi
Published: December 2024

Laser-induced plasma (LIP) can be distinguished from other plasmas such as discharge plasma, inductively coupled plasma (ICP), etc. due to its violent expansion into the ambient atmosphere. LIPs are generated as a result of radiation absorption by the target material in solid, liquid, gaseous, or aerosol state, of a high-power laser pulse. The physical and chemical characteristics of the LIP depend on the experimental and ambient conditions, including the laser parameters (spot size, pulse width, wavelength, irradiance, etc.), the nature and state of the target material, and the surrounding environment. LIP is generally analysed by optical emission spectroscopy using high-resolution spectroscopy systems. A typical LIP emission spectrum includes a large number of closely spaced emission lines carrying vital information about the target material. LIPs, as a spectroscopic source experience a fast temporal evolution of their characteristic parameters, from ablation of material to the formation of plasma during absorption of the laser pulse. Apart from the spectroscopic techniques, diverse electrical devices are also used to study the kinetics of LIPs, such as the localized space potential, electron temperature, and density. LIPs have been used for various technological applications in several fields, such as defence, forensics, space exploration, public health, the environment, and more.
Ultrafast Laser Nanoprocessing and Applications
Authors: Bai Shi , Chen Hao , Li Zhaoxu , Kawabata Shota , Song Zhishuang , Sugioka Koji
Published: December 2024

This chapter comprehensively reviews fundamental knowledge on ultrafast laser processing at the nanoscale and its relevant applications. First, the principles and advantages of ultrafast laser processing are introduced, and its performance in terms of nanoscale processing is compared with that of laser processing using longer-duration pulses. Two representative methods of ultrafast laser nanoprocessing—two-photon polymerization/reduction and laser-induced formation of periodic surface structures—are illustrated. In addition, tailored ultrafast laser beam processing and near-field ultrafast laser processing for improving the performance and fabrication resolution are described. Several examples of the use of ultrafast laser nanoprocessing in practical applications are also presented. Finally, a summary and outlook are given.
Reproducible protein quantitation of 270 human proteins at increased depth using nanoparticle-based fractionation and multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry with stable isotope-labelled internal standards
Authors: Gaither Claudia , Popp Robert , Gajadhar Aaron S. , Borchers Christoph H.
Published: December 2024

Absolute LC/MRM-MS based quantitation targeting 270 proteins yielded 44% more quantifiable proteins when combined with automated nanoparticle (NP)-based fractionation and digestion approach as compared to neat trypsin digestion.
Selectivity promotion of Cu by manganese oxide in hydrogenative ring opening of furfural to pentanediols
Authors: Li Huixiang , Li Huayang , Shen Jun , Liang Changhui , Zhang Xiaoqiang , Zhang Wei , Li Yongxin , Conrad Zhang Z.
Published: December 2024

Modifying Cu with MnO2 enhances the interaction of the furan ring and C–O–C group in furfural alcohol with catalyst in a preferential flat adsorption configuration thus facilitating the C–O–C activation to produce pentanediols.
Biomimetic prebiotic synthesis of homochiral peptides via a potential 5′-aa-AMP precursor
Authors: Zhang Min , Wang Shoujun , Zhang Li , Guo Xiaofan , Gan Dingwei , Sun Dongru , Zhao Yufen , Ying Jianxi
Published: December 2024

Amino acid fragments in adenylate amidate (N-aa-AMP) tend to bind to amino acids with the same chirality, thus promoting the formation of homochiral peptides.
Accurately constituting robust interfaces for high-performance high-energy lithium metal batteries
Authors: Velasquez Carballo Kevin , Singh Meetesh , Meng Xiangbo
Published: December 2024

Atomic and molecular layer deposition (ALD and MLD) methods offer novel solutions for next-generation lithium metal batteries (LMBs) to achieve better performance than that of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs).
Structure and crystallization behavior of aqueous KCl–MgCl2 solutions
Authors: Du Yifa , Wu Yanan , Zhao Xu , Zeng Jianrong , Wang Yunxia , Meng Lingzong , Liu Hongyan , Zhou Yongquan , Zhu Fayan
Published: December 2024

Potassium resources are abundant in the brine of chloride-type salt lakes.
A comprehensive review of atomically precise metal nanoclusters with emergent photophysical properties towards diverse applications
Authors: Maity Subarna , Kolay Sarita , Chakraborty Sikta , Devi Aarti , Rashi  , Patra Amitava
Published: December 2024

Ligand-protected metal nanoclusters are an emerging class of nanomaterials at the interface of the atomic and plasmonic regimes with unique photophysical and electrochemical properties, leading to diverse applications.
GC/MS analysis & biological activities of mulberry leaf extract and formulation of instant freeze-dried functional beverages following encapsulation in protein-rich skim milk powder
Authors: Masoodi Madiha , Ahmad Mudasir , Gani Asir , Qureshi Iqra , Parveen Kouser
Published: December 2024

This study examines the volatile constituents and bioactive potential of mulberry leaf extract (MLE).
Ultrasonication-assisted polyol-osmosed persimmon candies: effect of ultrasonication and drying techniques on product quality
Authors: M. Ranjani , Rudra Shalini Gaur , Sharma Radha Mohan , T. Arun , Chawla Gautam , Dash Sukanta , Kumar Dinesh
Published: December 2024

Ultrasonication-assisted osmodehydration kinetics for persimmon in sucrose, erythritol and xylitol and comparison of the effect on quality.
Regulatory effects of Lactobacillus zhachilii HBUAS52074T on depression-like behavior induced by chronic social defeat stress in mice: modulation of the gut microbiota
Authors: Qiao Yi , Yu Jie , Zhang Zhendong , Hou Qiangchuan , Guo Zhuang , Wang Yurong
Published: December 2024

Lactobacillus zhachilii HBUAS52074T strains were found to alleviate the severity of depressive-like behaviors in mice by modulating the composition of the gut microbiota, enhancing barrier function and reducing neuroinflammation.
Ionic liquids in polymer technology
Authors: Salas Rebeca , Villa Rocio , Velasco Francisco , Cirujano Francisco G. , Nieto Susana , Martin Nuria , Garcia-Verdugo Eduardo , Dupont Jairton , Lozano Pedro
Published: December 2024

Recent advancements in IL-based functional polymers, with particular focus on their applications in separation, energy storage, fire resistance, recycling, and biomedicine are highlighted.
Activation of patternable ceramics for hydrogen evolution reaction using molybdenum-based fillers
Authors: Hanniet Quentin , Anfar Zakaria , Dory Hippolyte , Calas-Etienne Sylvie , Etienne Pascal , Flaud Valérie , Castellon Jérôme , Charlot Benoit , Miele Philippe , Voiry Damien , Salameh Chrystelle
Published: December 2024

Activated ceramic microstructures as efficient catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER).
Eco-friendly Fenton reagent-based negative ζ potential engineering of porous carbon materials and their applications on the effective removal of methylene blue and SARS-CoV-2 virus by enhanced electrostatic interaction
Authors: Li Keyang , Sun Bo , Xu Zhiqing , Hou Mengda , Li Chun , Pan Quanquan , Gan Jianning , Huang Yilun , Ding Qiang , Zhao Ming , Zhuang Daming , Gong Qianming
Published: December 2024

Fenton reagent-based negative ζ potential engineering on porous carbon materials for effective removal of methylene blue and SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Positional effects of fluorine substitution on room temperature phosphorescence in hexaphenylmelamine derivatives
Authors: Guo Qiang , Huang Zixuan , Liu Jiaqi , Li Xiaoyu , Zheng Yanqiong , Gao Xiuying , Liu Hui , Li Jie
Published: December 2024

Three fluorine-substituted hexaphenylmelamine phosphors were synthesized, and the positional effects of fluorine substitution on their RTP behaviors were systematically investigated.
Synthesis of a novel broadband near-infrared fluoride phosphor with nearly 100% internal quantum efficiency using a cationic substitution strategy
Authors: Hu Tao , Wu Zixuan , Lv Wei , Gao Yan , Zeng Qingguang , Zhou Yayun , Han Xinxin
Published: December 2024

A NIR phosphor Cs2KSc0.83Ga0.1F6:0.07Cr3+ with almost 100% internal quantum efficiency and luminescence thermal stability was synthesized using a cationic substitution strategy. The NIR pc-LED device exhibited an ultra-high photoelectric efficiency.
Iminonaphthofuranone synthesis via multiple-component cyclization of 2-naphthols using only molecular oxygen
Authors: Dong Jianyu , Wu Shaofeng , Liu Long , Zhou Dan , Mo Min , Gao Yadong , Su Lebin , Yin Shuang-Feng , Zhou Yongbo
Published: December 2024

A multiple-component oxidative cyclization of 2-naphthols, anilines, and ethyl glyoxylate is successfully achieved using only molecular oxygen. The products exhibit a wide spectrum of colors, adjustable from pale orange to dark purple.