bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Health Promoting Programs on Patient's Life Style After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft–Hospitalized in Shiraz Hospitals
Authors: Safabakhsh Leila , Jahantigh Mozhgan , Nosratzehi Shahin , Navabi Shahindokht
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND: Health promotion is an essential strategy for reduction of health disparities. Health promotion includes all activities that encourage optimum physical, spiritual, and mental functions. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of a Health Promotion Program (HPP) on behavior in terms of the dimensions of the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP) in patients after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG).

METHODS & MATERIALS: In this clinical trial study, 80 patients who had undergone CABG surgery (2011-2012) were selected and randomly divided in two groups: Experimental and Control that investigated by (HPLP II). Then the experimental group was educated about diet, walking and stress management. The program process was followed up for three months and after tward whole variables were investigated again. The overall score and the scores for the six dimensions of the HPLP (self actualization, health responsibility, exercise, nutrition, interpersonal support and stress management) were measured in the pre- and post-test periods. Data were manually entered into SPSS version 21(IBM Corp, USA) by one the authors. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test and paired t-test. Mean standard deviation and standard error of the mean (with 95% Confidence Interval) were generated for each item.

RESULTS: Results showed that score of stress management (p=.036), diet (p=.002), Spiritual Growth (p=.001) and interrelationship (p=002) increase in experimental group after intervention. Average scores after three months in the control group had no significant changes; except responsibility for health (p<.05). Results of the study revealed that comparison the scores of the experimental group were significantly different from the control group in all lifestyle aspects except for spiritual growth.

CONCLUSION: This study showed that HPP on lifestyle and health promotion in patients who suffered from Coronary Heart Disease (CAD) could improve the patient’s awareness of healthy behaviors and well-being in the quality of life.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Domestic Violence Against Women by Their Husbands in Iran
Authors: Kargar Jahromi Marzieh , Jamali Safieh , Koshkaki Afifeh Rahmanian , Javadpour Shohreh
Published: October 2015

OBJECTIVE: Domestic violence against women is a health problem. Research on domestic violence in order to clarify the relationship between the different forms of violence and health outcomes is needed. This study aimed to determine the frequency and risk factors of domestic violence in women. It also assessed the association between risk factors and psychological, physical, and sexual violence against women by their intimate partners.

MATERIALS & METHODS: This cross-sectional study was done on married women 16–80 years of age living in jahrom south of Iran between August 2013 and December 2014. This research was implemented through questionnaires including the demographic characteristic. The form of partner violence including emotional abuse, physical violence and sexual violence was assessed with a validated questionnaire. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to measure the association between violence and factors.

RESULTS: The prevalence of physical, sexual and emotional domestic violence was respectively 16.4%, 18.6% and 44.4%.and was associated with Age (p=0.002), Husband’s Age (p=0.001), Length of marriage (p=0.002), Woman's low educational level women's education (OR=4.67 95%.CI=1.97-11.07), husband's low education (OR=9.22 95%. CI=0.69-12.16), were the most important risk factors for violence.

CONCLUSION: Prevalence of physical, emotional or sexual violence was very high. Men's violence against women in intimate relationships is commonly occurring in Iran. Considering the factors contributing to violence against women, raising the level of education of men and women is one of the ways to prevent violence.
The Relationship Between Maternal Periodontal Status of and Preterm and Low Birth Weight Infants in Iran: A Case Control Study
Authors: Reza Karimi Mohammad , Hamissi Jalaleddin H , Naeini Simin Rafieyan , Karimi Mojgan
Published: October 2015

AIM & BACKGROUND: It has been suggested that periodontitis is associated with systemic alterations such as adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, some conflicting results have been reported. This study was conducted to determine the association between periodontitis and preterm birth (PTB), low birth weight (LBW) to obtain information which is necessary for the planning of preventive programs of periodontal disease for pregnant women in this area.

MATERIALS & METHODS: This case-control study was performed on 264 mothers. The index used to determine oral hygiene and periodontal diseases is Community Periodontal Index Treatment Needs (CPITN).

RESULTS: The mothers in the sample group with single delivery delivered 8 times low birth weight infants more than the mothers in the control group with single delivery. And also the mothers in the sample group with multiple deliveries; delivered 10 times low birth weight infants and 8 times premature infant more than the mothers in the control group.

CONCLUSION: More studies should be carried out in through preventing and treating periodontal diseases, expenses incurred due to preterm labor and low birth weight decrease and the society will witness fewer mental problems suffered by such children as they grow up. So we can emphasize the importance of periodontal care in prenatal health programs. And we may suggest that a special program of periodontal disease prevention for pregnant women is very necessary.
The Women’S Perceptions About Unwanted Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study in Iran
Authors: Akbarzadeh Marzieh , Yazdanpanahi Zahra , Zarshenas Ladan , Sharif Farkhondeh
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND: Unwanted pregnancy has affected different aspects of our life. Researchers point out if a child’s birth is unwanted, an increase in maternal issues can be observed. The aim of this study was to describe the women’s viewpoints regarding unwanted pregnancy.  

METHOD: This qualitative study using content analysis was employed in Shiraz University in 2013-2014. 20 women with unwanted pregnancy were chosen using purposeful sampling. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews and trustworthiness of them was evaluated.

RESULTS: Findings of this study, according to the participants’ experience, revealed maternal emotions like embarrassment for getting pregnant, mother’s own negative affection, concerns about missing family and other children, and terminating the pregnancy through illegal abortion, the husband’s disagreement about the termination, blaming themselves for thinking about abortion or illegal abortion, and concern about their guilt feeling. Another finding was family problems like husband’s behavior and his negative outlook towards his child and fetus. The next category belonged to anxiety about the future of their child, including economic, social and relational problems, and suppression of the children’s logical expectations. The last finding was the lack of maternal emotional support.

CONCLUSIONS: Unwanted pregnancy’s effects on the mothers and infants’ health are considerable. A closer observation by family and health care providers for unwanted pregnancies and its results is recommended; therefore, they should be taken care of as high risk pregnancies, requiring family support.

 

 
Effect of Self-Care Education by Face-to-Face Method on the Quality of Life in Hemodialysis Patients (Relying on Ferrans and Powers Questionnaire)
Authors: Ghadam Mahsa Sabet , Poorgholami Farzad , Badiyepeymaie Jahromi Zohreh , Parandavar Nehleh , Kalani Navid , Rahmanian Elham
Published: October 2015

INTRODUTION: One of the most common methods to control chronic renal failure, Hemodialysis creates numerous changes in the style and the quality of life in patients. Educating patients is one of effective factors to improve the quality of life. The present study aims to investigate influences of self-care education by face-to-face method on determining quality of life in hemodialysis patients in Jahrom, Iran, during 2014-2015.

METHODS: This is a quasi-experimental, single-blind study in which 50 patients undergoing hemodialysis at Shahaid Mottahari Hospital, Jahrom. The patients were placed in two groups of 25 individuals: the face to face educational group and the control group. The control group received only routine care in hemodialysis unit. The face to face educational group received 8 instruction sessions of 60 minutes before starting dialysis and received an instruction booklet. Data collection tools were a questionnaire consisting of demographic characteristics, a checklist of needs assessment for hemodialysis patients and a quality of life questionnaire, whose reliability and validity were previously approved. The questionnaires were completed face to face, before and after the intervention.

RESULTS: The results show that the research units did not have any significant difference in terms of demographic variables. Also increase in various aspects of the quality of life compared with the control group is observed after the intervention in the face to face educational group (p<0.001).

DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION: Given the results, representation of adequate training in hemodialysis ward can cause improve in physical function, mental health and thus increase the quality of life in hemodialysis patients, through raising the awareness level.
The Nutrition and Dietetics Workforce Needs Skills and Expertise in the New York Metropolitan Area
Authors: Gaba Ann , Shrivastava Apoorva , Amadi Chioma , Joshi Ashish
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND: There is an increased demand in the Nutrition and Dietetics field which has fostered credentialing to ensure competent graduates. The objective of this study is to conduct an exploratory analysis to identify nutrition/dietetics workforce needs, skills and expertise in the New York metropolitan area as exemplified in position announcements over a 4 year period.

METHODS: We recorded position announcements for jobs in nutrition and dietetics from the New York State Registered Dietitian Yahoo group, and the Hunter College Nutrition and Food Sciences student and alumni listserv (NFS-L) over a 4 year period. Keywords were identified using job categories defined by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND) compensation and benefits survey. This served as a starting point to enumerate the types of positions that have been posted for the New York metropolitan area in recent years.

RESULTS: Four hundred and twelve (412) unique job postings were recorded. Various educational levels, credentials, and skills desired by these employers were identified, assessed, and compared with similar data from the “supply side” reports from AND.

CONCLUSIONS: The credentials and skills most desired by employers are similar to some of the learning objectives set forth for DPD and DI programs by ACEND, but not entirely congruent. The need for both client/customer focus and computer literacy may be implicit in the standards, but a more overt inclusion of these skills would likely be of benefit to ensure these are inculcated into every program and student.
Association of Tumor Growth Factor-β and Interferon-γ Serum Levels With Insulin Resistance in Normal Pregnancy
Authors: Sotoodeh Jahromi Abdolreza , Sanie Mohammad Sadegh , Yusefi Alireza , Zabetian Hassan , Zareian Parvin , Hakimelahi Hossein , Madani Abdolhossien , Hojjat-Farsangi Mohammad
Published: October 2015

Pregnancy is related to change in glucose metabolism and insulin production. The aim of our study was to determine the association of serum IFN-γ and TGF- β levels with insulin resistance during normal pregnancy. This cross sectional study was carried out on 97 healthy pregnant (in different trimesters) and 28 healthy non-pregnant women. Serum TGF-β and IFN- γ level were measured by ELISA method. Pregnant women had high level TGF-β and low level IFN-γ as compared non-pregnant women. Maternal serum TGF-β concentration significantly increased in third trimester as compared first and second trimester of pregnancy. Maternal serum IFN-γ concentration significantly decreased in third trimester as compared first and second trimester of pregnancy. Pregnant women exhibited higher score of HOMA IR as compared non-pregnant women. There were association between gestational age with body mass index (r=0.28, P=0.005), TGF-β (r=0.45, P<0.001) and IFN-γ (r=-0.50, P<0.001). There was significant association between Insulin resistance and TGF-β (r=0.17, p=0.05). Our findings suggest that changes in maternal cytokine level in healthy pregnant women were anti-inflammatory. Furthermore, Tumor Growth Factor-β appears has a role in induction insulin resistance in healthy pregnant women. However, further studies needed to evaluate role of different cytokines on insulin resistance in normal pregnancy.
The Effectiveness of Group Training of CBT-Based Stress Management on Anxiety, Psychological Hardiness and General Self-Efficacy Among University Students
Authors: Molla Jafar Hamdam , Salabifard Seddigheh , Mousavi Seyedeh Maryam , Sobhani Zahra
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND: Admission to university is a very sensitive period of life for efficient, active, and young workforces in any country, and it is mostly associated with many changes in social and human relationships. These changes lead to anxiety in students. Moreover, humans need certain functions in order to adaptively deal with different life situations and challenges. By training stress management, these functions can help human acquire the required abilities.

OBJECTIVE: The present study was aimed at investigating the effectiveness of stress management training in anxiety, psychological hardiness, and general self-efficacy among university students.

METHOD: The study was a quasi-experimental intervention (pretest-posttest-follow-up) including a control group, it was a fundamental applied study. The statistical population consisted of all students of Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran. Convenient sampling was employed to select 30 students who were divided into an experimental group (n=15) and a control group (n=15). Before stress management training, both groups filled out Beck Anxiety Inventory, Long and Goulet scale of psychological hardiness, and General Self-efficacy Scale (GSE-10). Afterwards, the experimental group was provided with stress management training. And after the experiment, the abovementioned questionnaires and scales were responded by the two groups. Finally the collected data were analyzed and compared using one-way MANOVA.

RESULTS: The results of MANOVA indicated that there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of anxiety, hardiness, and general self-efficacy (p<0.001).

CONCLUSION: According to the results of the present study and those of previous investigations that are in agreement with those of the present study, it can be concluded that stress management among university students cause anxiety to drop; moreover, it enhances their psychological hardiness and self-efficacy. In regard with the role and importance of stress management, training this skill should be included in educational plans of university.
What Strategies Do the Nurses Apply to Cope With Job Stress?: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Eslami Akbar Rasool , Elahi Nasrin , Mohammadi Eesa , Fallahi Khoshknab Masoud
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND: Nursing staff encounter a lot of physical, psychological and social stressors at work. Because the adverse effects of job stress on the health of this group of staff and subsequently on the quality of care services provided by nurses; study and identify how nurses cope with the job stress is very important and can help prevent the occurrence of unfavorable outcomes.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of nurses to identify the strategies they used to cope with the job stress.

METHODS: In this qualitative study content analysis approach was used. Purposive sampling approach was applied. The sample population included 18 nurses working in three hospitals. Data collection was conducted through face to face unstructured interview and was analyzed using conventional content analysis approach.

FINDINGS: The analysis of the data emerged six main themes about the strategies used by nurses to cope with job stress, which, include: situational control of conditions, seeking help, preventive monitoring of situation, self-controlling, avoidance and escape and spiritual coping.

CONCLUSIONS: exploring experiences of nurses on how to cope with job stress emerged context-dependent and original strategies and this knowledge can pave the ground for nurses to increase self-awareness of how to cope with job stress. And could also be the basis for planning and the adoption of necessary measures by the authorities to adapt nurses with their profession better and improves their health which are essential elements to fulfill high-quality nursing care.
Evasion of Children in Ivory Coast Artisanal Mining Activities
Authors: Kouame Kouame Joseph Arthur , Feng Yu , Jiang Fuxing , Zhu Sitao
Published: October 2015

The development of the mining industry is necessary for the national GDP growth. The gold mining operation provides great support to local people in the construction of roads, hospitals and schools. However the damage caused due to the illegal gold mining in Ivory Coast has become increasingly worrying. Thousands of miners unlawfully exploit gold in many parts of the national territory. The local people, especially the children see artisanal gold mining as a faster way to get out of the growing poverty. According to the investigation with local people, MDA, mining companies, the rebellion in 2002 and the post-election crisis in 2010 were a key issue. As result of the political unrest many children have left school to move into the mining activities. This paper focuses on some existing problems relating to the minors in artisanal gold mine as well as how the illegal gold mining activities should increasingly concern the state’s authorities who have to display their determination to stop this recurring phenomenon. In this paper, some suggestions will be proposed and we also support some initiatives and actions of the current government in order to reduce the rate of children or if possible to withdraw all the children from mining sites. The World Bank, financial institutions, NGOs are appealing too to play a major support role to eradicate child labor and to protect children in Ivory Coast and over the world.
The legacy and current relevance of Cappelletti and the Florence project on access to justice
Authors: Hubeau Bernard
Published: October 2015

The legacy and current relevance of Cappelletti and the Florence project on access to justice

This contribution explains what access to justice can encompass and how the ideals about access to justice have developed in time. The way to do this is going back to the work of the famous scholars Cappelletti and Garth, who were responsible for a worldwide project on access to justice in the 1970s. Their main issue was to explain access to justice is more than the access to a judge and the organization of courts. Primarily, the system must be equally accessible to all, irrespective of social or economic status or other incapacity. But it also must lead to results that are individually and socially just and fair. Equal access and effective access are the central notions. Their work is put in perspective. The importance of their legacy and the question how we can get along with their work are stressed. Their definition is compared to a few other authoritative definitions. The waves in the history of access to justice are described and putting them in the current context illustrates why a fourth waved can be observed. The major question to be answered is how one can assess the challenges and obstacles of access to justice in the current context. Therefore, some recent dimensions and developments within access to justice are presented: the democratic dimension, the effectiveness of new social rights, the attention for poor and vulnerable people, further juridification, expanding frontiers of and monitoring access to justice, e-justice, and self-help. Finally, a few building blocks for reforms are presented.
Moving access to justice ‘upstream’ from the courts
Authors: Currie Ab
Published: October 2015

Moving access to justice ‘upstream’ from the courts

A very large number of people experience everyday legal problems considered by them to be serious and difficult to resolve, the vast majority say it is important to resolve these problems, and virtually everybody experiencing legal problems takes some action to resolve them. However, the fact that very few people make use of the formal justice system suggests that the justice system is not meeting the legal needs of the public. One response would be to expand the traditional formal justice system to include an early-resolution services sector. An ERSS would encompass the early intervention and supported self-help objectives of many existing access to justice initiatives, but would go farther by conceiving what we mean by the justice system more broadly in a way that would accommodate what the everyday legal problems approach tells us about how the public experiences legal problems.
Responsibilities of the state and legal professions
Authors: Westerveld Mies , Terlouw Ashley
Published: October 2015

Responsibilities of the state and legal professions

This contribution, which is based on the Dutch legal system, deals with the responsibilities of the State and legal professions in ensuring access to justice. The responsibilities of the four main players involved in bringing justice to the citizen are discussed: the legislator, the executive, the judiciary, and the legal profession. Responsibilities for access to justice do not only stem from the law, they do also evolve from societal problems and discussions. The contribution deals with both. Several actors share some of the responsibilities. One can think of responsibilities for information, for financing, and for being aware of vulnerabilities and other obstacles. What are the legal responsibilities and what other responsibilities are felt by the actors involved and how do they deal with them? And as a result: do they contribute to access to justice, do they form an obstacle, or both?
Access to justice in consumer law
Authors: Loos Marco
Published: October 2015

Access to justice in consumer law

In many areas of private law, mandatory substantive law protects consumers. In this contribution, I will argue that awarding consumer rights without properly regulating the consumer’s access to the court system renders these rights unenforceable through the ordinary courts. Several obstacles to the proper enforcement of consumer rights by individuals are identified, ranging from consumers’ lack of knowledge of their rights to the formalities of proceedings, the use of complex jargon and the costs involved in court procedures. It is argued that these obstacles produce such disincentives for consumers to maintain their rights that the result is that they do so in an insufficient manner, which leads to under-enforcement of consumer law.
Social security and social welfare: barriers and retrograde policies, but cause for optimism?
Authors: Paz-Fuchs Amir
Published: October 2015

Social security and social welfare: barriers and retrograde policies, but cause for optimism?

This contribution addresses the limits placed on access to justice in the context of social services, with a particular, but not exclusive, focus on the UK, across five central platforms: legal representation, the financial barriers, the structure of the programme, the attitude of the bureaucracy, and the personal attributes of the client. The contribution finds that there exist, for decades, problematic elements that constitute barriers to justice in this area: the means-tested element in the programmes and the bureaucracy’s double role as provider of services and detector of fraud. But to them, in recent years, significant barriers were added: recent cuts in legal aid and the imposition of tribunal fees in the UK are retrograde steps, reverting 40 years of impressive achievements in the field.
Merits testing in the English legal aid system: exploring its impact in asylum cases
Authors: Butter Tamara
Published: October 2015

Merits testing in the English legal aid system: exploring its impact in asylum cases

In recent years, there has been much discussion on the legal aid cuts and reforms in England and Wales, and the possible consequences this would have on access to justice for vulnerable groups in society, including immigrants and asylum seekers. This contribution focuses on one element of the English legal aid system: merits testing by legal aid providers in asylum cases. It explores whether and, if so, how this aspect may affect the access to justice for asylum seekers lacking the financial means to pay privately for legal assistance and representation. The findings indicate that a merits test which makes access to legal aid on appeal conditional upon a case having at least 50% prospect of success and makes legal aid providers responsible for conducting this assessment may compromise asylum seekers’ ability to achieve justice both within and outside the existing body of law.
Impact of habitat conditions on the biological traits of the reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.)
Authors: Kieloch Renata , Gołębiowska Hanna , Sienkiewicz-Cholewa Urszula
Published: October 2015

The aim of the study was to examine the morphology, and selected aspects of biology (seed germination capacity, biomass productivity) of reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) growing in two locations with different soil conditions near Wrocław. Habitat 1 was characterized by low to moderate contents of nutrients, slightly acidic pH, and low organic matter content in the soil, whereas habitat 2 had soil richer in nutrients, a neutral pH, and higher organic matter content. During the growing period, phytosociological relevés were taken and biometric measurements were performed. In controlled conditions, the germination rate and biomass productivity were estimated in the initial growth stage. The soil conditions that were more favorable for P. arundinacea growth (neutral pH, higher content of organic matter and nutrients) promoted its dominance, and substantially limited the occurrence of other taxa. The floristic composition in the less fertile habitat was considerably richer and the abundance of P. arundinacea was much lower in it, compared with the other location. Phalaris arundinacea plants growing on the nutrient-richer soil were higher and had longer leaf blades and panicles with a greater number of spikelets per panicle than specimens growing on the poorer soil. Seeds collected from plants growing on the more fertile soil exhibited greater germination capacity than seeds from plants originating from the poorer habitat. However, there were no differences in the quantity of biomass produced in the controlled conditions.
Protein hydrolysate as a component of salinized soil in the cultivation of Ageratum houstonianum Mill. (Asteraceae)
Authors: Matraszek Renata , Hawrylak-Nowak Barbara , Chwil Mirosława
Published: October 2015

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possibility of using a protein hydrolysate, Hemozym N-K 4.5-6, as a component of salinized soil in the cultivation of flossflower (Ageratum houstonianum Mill., Asteraceae). The experiment was focused on the yield and decorative value of A. houstonianum, grown under different concentrations of NaCl and/or Hemozym. Ageratum houstonianum plants were grown in the soil under different NaCl salinity (EC: 0.28 – as control or 3.25 dS m−1 – salt stress) or/and Hemozym dose (0, 0.07 or 0.14 ml kg−1). The results of the experiment imply that A. houstonianum is sensitive to salinity. The application of Hemozym to both unsalinized and salinized soils caused an increase in the yield of the plant organs (roots, stems, leaves, and inflorescence), the number of leaves, and the chlorophyll content without significant changes in the carotenoids. Moreover, an increase in the number and size of first-order inflorescences (heads) as well as more intensive flower color were observed. Thus, it can be stated that the protein hydrolysate studied can be a beneficial component of both salinized and unsalinized soils in the cultivation of A. houstonianum.
Occurrence of Arnoseris minima (L.) Schweigger et Koerte (Asteraceae) in Podlasie province (north-eastern Poland)
Authors: Bomanowska Anna , Adamowski Wojciech , Wołkowycki Dan
Published: October 2015

New localities of Arnoseris minima (L.) Schweigger et Koerte (Asteraceae) in the Podlasie region (NE Poland) are presented. The current distribution of the species was established on the basis of the authors’ floristic field studies, revised herbarium materials, published data, and unpublished sources. The collected data enabled us to revise the map of the species’ distribution in the Podlasie region and supplement it with another new 17 localities. The previously established geographic range of species in Poland can now be moved by about 30 km eastwards and 50 km northwards. The identification of new locations of A. minima on the border of its continuous geographical range becomes important in the context of the declining number of localities of this species recently observed across almost the whole of Europe.
Yield potential and fruit quality of scallop squash (Cucurbita pepo L. var. patissonina Greb. f. radiata Nois.) cultivars grown for processing
Authors: Kołota Eugeniusz , Balbierz Agnieszka
Published: October 2015

Scallop squash fruits may be harvested at different stages of development. Small size fruits, intended both for the fresh market and the food industry, have the highest biological value. This study was conducted to determine the yield potential of scallop squash cultivars (‘Polo F1’, ‘Disco’, ‘Gagat’, ‘Okra’, ‘Sunny Delight F1’) grown on mulched (black polyethylene foil or black agrotextile) or unmulched soil, and harvested when fruits reached a diameter of 3–6 cm. Based on 3-year average data, the highest marketable and early yield was produced by ‘Sunny Delight F1’. This cultivar is also appreciated by consumers for its yellow colored skin of fruits. Another advantage of this cultivar was its high nutritional value expressed by the highest content of dry matter, vitamin C, polyphenols and minerals (K, P, Ca, Mg), with limited tendency to nitrate accumulation. Among the other cultivars tested, ‘Okra’ showed high yield potential, ‘Gagat’ was a rich source of carotenoids, and ‘Disco’ – polyphenols. Black polyethylene foil and black agrotextile appeared to be equally effective mulching materials. The benefit from the application of mulch was a significant increase in yield without any change in the chemical composition of the fruit.
Flowering biology and pollen production of four species of the genus Rosa L.
Authors: Żuraw Beata , Sulborska Aneta , Stawiarz Ernest , Weryszko-Chmielewska Elżbieta
Published: October 2015

Wild growing rose species are of great importance as a source of pollen for insects. Oil extracted from the petals of various Rosa species is used in perfumery, cosmetic industry, and therapeutics. In our study, we compared the flowering duration and flower lifespan, the number of stamens and pistils, the mass and size of pollen grains as well as the anatomical features of the petals of four Rosa species: R. canina, R. ×damascena, R. gallica, and R. rugosa. Moreover, we examined the pollen loads collected by bumblebees foraging on rose flowers in order to determine the attractiveness of pollen of this genus to insects. We showed the flower lifespan to vary (3.5–8 days) in the roses studied and revealed high variation in the number of stamens (82–260) and pistils (17–65) as well as in the mass of pollen produced. The flowers of R. rugosa produced the highest amount of pollen (26.7 mg per flower), while the flowers of R. canina the least (3.3 mg per flower), which is associated with differences in the number of stamens developed in the flowers between these species. The largest pollen grains were found in R. ×damascena and R. gallica. We demonstrated that R. ×damascena produces the thickest petals and that scent-emitting papillae found on the adaxial surface of the petals differ in size and shape in the rose species investigated.
The Financial and Policy Implications of Water Loss
Authors: Ress Erin , Roberson J. Alan
Published: October 2015

This research analyzed the financial and policy implications of potentially using a regulatory requirement as a mechanism to reduce water loss. This research compared validated water audits from North America, voluntarily submitted in calendar years 2010 to 2013, with audits from Georgia, required to be submitted to the state in calendar years 2011 and 2012. The analysis did not show any significant differences between the two data sets. This article also compares performance indicators on the basis of the size of the utilities and their geographic distributions and found no trends. Two methodologies are presented for calculating the benefits of reducing losses, which could be used as part of an analysis to assess the return on investment when prioritizing among competing infrastructure needs and when evaluating a water loss control program.
Pilot Testing Strong Base Anion Exchange for CrVI Removal
Authors: Gorman Craig , Seidel Chad , Henrie Tarrah , Huang Lifei , Thompson Robert
Published: October 2015

California, the first state in the nation to regulate hexavalent chromium (CrVI) in drinking water, has set a maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 µg/L. To comply with the MCL, a California utility conducted extensive pilot studies to determine the best‐performing ion exchange resin, empty bed contact time (EBCT), and hydraulic loading rate (HLR). The CrVI removal capacities of four strong base anion exchange resins were tested at seven wells. Results showed that between 12,000 and 37,000 bed volumes of treatment can be expected before an 8‐µg/L breakthrough threshold. HLR was shown to have little effect on CrVI removal within the range tested (7.5 to 30 gpm/ft2), whereas longer EBCTs (>45 s) appeared to improve performance. The presence of co‐occurring anions in the raw water—namely, sulfate and nitrate—had substantial effect on the resin's chromium loading capacity.
‘Flying While Muslim’: Citizenship and Misrecognition in the Airport
Authors: Blackwood Leda , Hopkins Nick , Reicher Stephen D.
Published: October 2015

Contemporary analyses of citizenship emphasise the importance of being able to occupy public space in a manner that does not compromise one’s sense of self. Moreover, they foreground individuals’ active engagement with others (e.g., being concerned about others) and the active exercise of one’s rights. We explore such issues through considering the psychological and social significance of having one’s various self-definitions mis-recognised in everyday social interactions. We do so through reporting interview and focus group data obtained from Scottish Muslims concerning their experience of surveillance at airports. Focussing on their accounts of how they orient to others’ assumptions about Muslim passengers, we consider what this means for our participants’ ability to act on terms that they recognise as their own and for their citizenship behaviours. Our analysis is organised in two sections. First, we examine the strategies people use to avoid painful encounters inside the airport. These include changes in micro-behaviours designed to avert contact, and where this was not possible, identity performances that are, in various ways, inauthentic. Second, we examine citizenship-related activities and how these may be curtailed in the airport. These include activities that entail the individual reaching out and making positive connections with others (e.g., through helping others) and exercising the right to criticise and complain about one’s treatment. Our analyses highlight the psychological and social consequence of identity misrecognition, and how this impacts on individuals’ abilities to act in terms of their own valued identifications and enact citizenship behaviours.
Schooling, Citizen-Making, and Anti-Immigrant Prejudice in France
Authors: Roebroeck Elodie , Guimond Serge
Published: October 2015

Are schools an effective institution to build citizenship and to transmit values associated with a given citizenship regime? A survey of 300 middle and high school pupils showed that for pupils, the representation of the French citizenship model is structured in two dimensions, ‘republican citizenship’ (or colorblind equality) and ‘new laïcité’ (or secularism), replicating previous research among adults. Moreover, the results support the schools’ effectiveness in the transmission of republican values by showing that in the mainstream track, older high school pupils endorse more strongly than younger school pupils both the principle of republican citizenship and new laïcité. The fact that this is not the case for pupils in a professional track suggests that these results are not simply a question of age but of schooling. Finally, support is found for a theoretical model suggesting that these two principles of the French citizenship model mediate the effect of schooling on prejudice. The implications of these results for current theories of intergroup relations are discussed.
The Active Follower: What Young Voters Look for in Political Leaders and Parties
Authors: Botindari Lucia , Reicher Stephen D.
Published: October 2015

A key aspect of citizenship lies in the way that ordinary citizens relate to leaders, and a key question has to do with whether active leadership and active citizenship can be complementary rather than contradictory. In this paper we draw upon a social identity model in order to address this question. We report a study of 28 young Italians who completed a diary before and after the Italian general election of 2006. The analysis focuses on the criteria used by respondents in order to evaluate leaders and their parties. The first part, an in-depth thematic investigation of two diaries, shows that the diarists do not passively accept the constructions used by politicians, but rather deliberate both over their own identities and the way that politicians relate to these identities. They focus on three dimensions of the leader-citizen relationship: whether leaders are ingroup members ('one of us'), whether they act in the group interest ('act for us') and whether they are effective in advancing group goals ('deliver for us'). The second part consists of a quantitative content analysis, examining whether, and how often, each respondent raises these three dimensions. It shows that they are widely used and that the predominant concern is whether leaders 'deliver for us'. We examine the implications of these findings for both leadership and citizenship research, arguing that both leaders and citizens can be actively involved in shaping definitions of identity and the extent to which identity based goals are realised by parties and their policies.
The Social Psychology of Citizenship, Participation and Social Exclusion: Introduction to the Special Thematic Section
Authors: Stevenson Clifford , Dixon John , Hopkins Nick , Luyt Russell
Published: October 2015

The aim of this special thematic section is to bring together recent social psychological research on the topic of citizenship with a view to discerning the emerging trends within the field and its potential contributions to the broader interdisciplinary area of citizenship studies. Eight papers spanning diverse theoretical traditions (including social identity, social representations and discursive approaches) apply an array of methods to consider different aspects of citizenship across a variety of cultural and national contexts. Some focus on individuals’ perceptions and discussions of citizenship, others examine the group dynamics which flow from these understandings, and the rest examine the potential for citizenship to exclude as well as include marginalised communities. While diverse, the contributions share some core commonalities: all share a concern in trying to understand citizenship from the perspective of the citizen; all conceptualise citizenship as an active and reflective process occurring between members of a community; and all highlight the irreducibly social and collective nature of the experience and practice of citizenship in everyday life. We propose that these elements of convergence have the potential to give the social psychology of citizenship a solid basis and recognisable profile in order to contribute to the broader arena of citizenship studies.
The Social Psychology of Citizenship: Engagement With Citizenship Studies and Future Research
Authors: Stevenson Clifford , Hopkins Nick , Luyt Russell , Dixon John
Published: October 2015

In this article we review the argument outlined in the opening article in this special thematic section: that the current social psychology of citizenship can be understood as the development of longstanding conceptualisations of the concept within the discipline. These conceptualisations have contributed to the current social psychological study of the constructive, active and collective (but often exclusive) understandings of citizenship in people’s everyday lives, as evidenced by contributions to this thematic section. We consider how this emerging body of work might fit with current citizenship studies and in particular how it may contribute to the current trend towards conceiving citizenship as an active practice embedded in everyday social life. Specifically, we highlight three areas of future research that we think are particularly promising: citizenship and recognition; displays and enactments of citizenship in public space; citizenship and lived coexistence. Although this is far from an exhaustive list of possibilities, we propose that research in these areas could enable the way for social psychology to articulate a distinct, recognisable and valuable contribution to citizenship studies.
Reduce Pipeline Failures with Effective Corrosion Control
Authors: Foundation The Water Research
Published: October 2015

Corrosion control has many masters and crosses institutional boundaries, from management and engineering to operations and maintenance. However, by learning about corrosion control, water utilities can implement appropriate solutions and realize significant savings.
Évolutions de la formation et de la recherche en sciences humaines et sociales dans les écoles d’ingénieurs en France
Authors: Roby Catherine
Published: October 2015

Cet article retrace l’évolution historique de la formation en sciences humaines et sociales (SHS) dans les écoles d’ingénieurs en France ainsi que celle de la mise en place de la recherche, avant de présenter la situation actuelle des recherches en SHS dans ces écoles. Le passage progressif des humanités aux SHS en passant par la formation humaine des ingénieurs n’a rien de linéaire ni d’évident, pas plus que ne le sont les rapprochements des écoles avec la recherche universitaire. Les efforts engagés depuis les années 1950 pour développer ces formations, malgré le renouvellement des débats en 1990 n’ont que très rarement permis de penser la science et la technique en tant que réalités humaines et sociales. Par ailleurs, la situation historique des écoles en regard de celle des universités et leur longue opposition à ces dernières n’a pas facilité le développement des recherches dans les écoles. La disparité est aujourd’hui forte entre les écoles tant en ce qui concerne la formation en SHS que les recherches en SHS qui restent globalement peu présentes, malgré les enjeux que revêtent les collaborations interdisciplinaires entre SHS et sciences et techniques de spécialité.
L’apport de la sociologie de la technologie à la professionnalisation de l’ingénieur
Authors: Lejeune Michel
Published: October 2015

La professionnalisation de l’ingénieur, sous l’angle de la sociologie de la technologie, s’inscrit dans les énoncés de principe et les normes canadiennes d’agrément des programmes universitaires d’ingénierie. La question du développement des technologies (production, diffusion et appropriation) se rattache en tous points aux qualités personnelles et sociales de l’ingénieur auxquelles réfèrent les écoles d’ingénierie et leurs organismes de régulation. La profession d’ingénieur s’enracine d’ailleurs dans des milieux industriels et sociaux de plus en plus sensibles aux dimensions sociales de la technologie, considérant les nouvelles dynamiques qui s’y rattachent en regard des impacts de la technologie sur la société et dans les entreprises.
Symptomatic Management of Multiple Sclerosis–Associated Tremor Among Participants in the NARCOMS Registry
Authors: Meador William , Salter Amber R. , Rinker John R.
Published: October 2015

Background: Tremor affects 25% to 58% of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and is associated with poor prognosis and increased disability. MS-related tremor is difficult to treat, and data regarding patient-reported characterization and response to treatment are limited. We describe the symptomatic treatment of tremor in 508 enrollees in the North American Research Committee on Multiple Sclerosis (NARCOMS) Registry who self-reported tremor.

Methods: From 777 surveys sent to NARCOMS participants who indicated mild or greater tremor using the Tremor and Coordination Scale, we compiled data regarding disability, tremor severity, symptomatic medication use, and reported response to medications.

Results: Symptomatic medications reported to reduce tremor were used by 238 respondents (46.9%). Symptomatic medication use was associated with increased rates of unemployment and disability, and many other characteristics were similar between groups. Symptomatic drug use was more likely in participants reporting moderate (53.9%) or severe (51.3%) tremor than in those with mild (36.6%) or totally disabling (35.0%) tremor. This disparity held true across multiple tremor severity scores. The most commonly used drug classes were anticonvulsants (50.8%) and benzodiazepines (46.2%), with gabapentin and clonazepam used most often in their respective classes.

Conclusions: Tremor in MS remains poorly treated; less than half of the participants reported benefit from symptomatic medications. Patients with moderate-to-severe tremor are more likely to report tremor benefit than are those with mild or disabling tremor. γ-Aminobutyric acid–active medications were most commonly reported as beneficial.