bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lipoprotein(a)—60 Years Later—What Do We Know?
Authors: Pasławska Anna , Tomasik Przemysław J.
Published: October 2023

Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) molecule includes two protein components: apolipoprotein(a) and apoB100. The molecule is the main transporter of oxidized phospholipids (OxPL) in plasma. The concentration of this strongly atherogenic lipoprotein is predominantly regulated by the LPA gene expression. Lp(a) is regarded as a risk factor for several cardiovascular diseases. Numerous epidemiological, clinical and in vitro studies showed a strong association between increased Lp(a) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), calcific aortic valve disease/aortic stenosis (CAVD/AS), stroke, heart failure or peripheral arterial disease (PAD). Although there are acknowledged contributions of Lp(a) to the mentioned diseases, clinicians struggle with many inconveniences such as a lack of well-established treatment lowering Lp(a), and common guidelines for diagnosing or assessing cardiovascular risk among both adult and pediatric patients. Lp(a) levels are different with regard to a particular race or ethnicity and might fluctuate during childhood. Furthermore, the lack of standardization of assays is an additional impediment. The review presents the recent knowledge on Lp(a) based on clinical and scientific research, but also highlights relevant aspects of future study directions that would approach more suitable and effective managing risk associated with increased Lp(a), as well as control the Lp(a) levels.
The Feature Resolution and Dimensional Control in Freeform Solidification of Alumina Systems by Stereolithography
Authors: Alazzawi Mustafa K. , Hwang Chawon , Tsarkova Victoria R. , Haber Richard A.
Published: October 2023

Controlling the feature resolution and dimension of printed products using stereolithography requires a comprehensive understanding of compositional and printing variables. Balancing these variables adds more complexity to manufacturing near net shape products. In this study, the compositional variables examined include particle size and solid content using two resins, and printing variables include layer thickness and energy dose. Choosing the energy dose for curing depends on compositional variables and consequently affects the degree of scattering. The results shows that light scattering determines the changes in the feature resolution and lateral dimensions. The layer thickness only affects the feature resolution and not the lateral dimensions. The vertical dimension does not significantly change with the chosen variables. In this study, fine-tuning the variables is shown to produce parts with high precision and resolution. Both compositional and printing variables play a key role in achieving near net shape products.
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Dopaminergic Neurons Derived from Patients with LRRK2- and SNCA-Associated Genetic Forms of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Vetchinova Anna S. , Kapkaeva Marina R. , Ivanov Mikhail V. , Kutukova Kristina A. , Mudzhiri Natalia M. , Frumkina Lydia E. , Brydun Anatoly V. , Sukhorukov Vladimir S. , Illarioshkin Sergey N.
Published: October 2023

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease. Some cases of PD may be caused by genetic factors, among which mutations in the LRRK2 and SNCA genes play an important role. To develop effective neuroprotective strategies for PD, it is important to diagnose the disease at the earliest stages of the neurodegenerative process. Therefore, the detection of diagnostic and prognostic markers of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an urgent medical need. Advances in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) culture technology provide new opportunities for the search for new biomarkers of PD and its modeling in vitro. In our work, we used a new technology for multiplex profiling of gene expression using barcoding on the Nanostring platform to assess the activity of mitochondrial genes on iPSC-derived cultures of dopaminergic neurons obtained from patients with LRRK2- and SNCA-associated genetic forms PD and a healthy donor. Electron microscopy revealed ultrastructural changes in mitochondria in both LRRK2 and SNCA mutant cells, whereas mitochondria in cells from a healthy donor were normal. In a culture with the SNCA gene mutation, the ratio of the area occupied by mitochondria to the total area of the cytoplasm was significantly lower than in the control and in the line with the LRRK2 gene mutation. Transcriptome analysis of 105 mitochondria proteome genes using the Nanostring platform revealed differences between the diseased and normal cells in the activity of genes involved in respiratory complex function, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, ATP production, mitochondria–endoplasmic reticulum interaction, mitophagy, regulation of calcium concentration, and mitochondrial DNA replication.
Achieving Superior Corrosion Resistance of TiB2 Reinforced Al-Zn-Mg-Cu Composites via Optimizing Particle Distribution and Anodic Oxidation Time
Authors: Li Dongdong , Gao Kewei , Liu Jun , Huang Jie , Zhao Dechao , Gong Yue , Wang Mingliang , Chen Zhe , Wang Haowei
Published: October 2023

In this study, the effects of particle distribution and anodizing time on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of the TiB2 particle-reinforced Al-Zn-Mg-Cu composite were investigated. Relationships between TiB2 particle distribution, anodizing time, coating growth rule, and corrosion resistance were characterized and discussed using an optical microscope, a scanning electron microscope, an electrochemical test, and a salt spray test. Dispersion of TiB2 particles by powder metallurgy improved the corrosion resistance of the anodized coating on composites. Compared with the matrix, the corrosion potential (Ecorr) of the anodized coating shifted to the positive direction, and the corrosion current density (icorr) decreased. Meanwhile, the icorr of the coating decreased initially and then increased with the extension of the anodization time. The corrosion resistance of the coating was optimal at an anodization time of 20 min. The corrosion resistance of the composite was determined by both the porosity and thickness of the coating. Additionally, all samples treated by potassium dichromate sealing had no corrosion points after a 336-h salt spray test, demonstrating an excellent corrosion resistance suitable for harsh environmental applications in industry.
Analysis of Wear Using the Taguchi Method in TiSiNOS-Coated and Uncoated H13 Tool Steel
Authors: Alphonse Mathew , Murali Arun Prasad , Salunkhe Sachin , Gawade Sharad Ramdas , Naveen Kumar Boddu V. S. G. , Nasr Emad Abouel , Kamrani Ali
Published: October 2023

Titanium–silicon oxynitride sulfite (TiSiNOS) is a coating material that is deposited on H13 tool steel using the scalable pulsed power plasma (S3P) technique, where the coating deposition is a hybrid process consisting of a mix of sputtering and arc evaporation. The maximum hardness and coating thickness measured on TiSINOS-coated H13 tool steel are 38 GPa and 3.1 µm, respectively. After implementing the L9 orthogonal array, nine samples were coated with TiSiNOS, which consists of the same properties. The nine coated and uncoated samples were tested separately based on the L9 pattern to achieve accurate results. The experimental results indicate that the wear loss can be reduced by minimizing the load at 25 N even if the temperature rises to 250 °C. SEM analysis reveals that the uncoated sample has higher wear loss when compared with the coated samples, and material pullout is visible from the uncoated sample. Based on these results, it can be concluded that TiSINOS coating in H13 tool steel helps in improving the tool life during the drilling process. Taguchi was used in this research to evaluate the wear behavior. The data observed from the experiment were analyzed using the Minitab tool. The most crucial factor is to determine the effects of process parameters. A higher temperature influenced the wear behavior of the tool.
Studying the Effects of Annealing and Surface Roughness on Both the Magnetic Property and Surface Energy of Co60Fe20Sm20 Thin Films on Si(100) Substrate
Authors: Liu Wen-Jen , Chang Yung-Huang , Chiang Chia-Chin , Chen Yuan-Tsung , Lu Pei-Xin , He Yu-Jie , Lin Shih-Hung
Published: October 2023

In this study, Co60Fe20Sm20 alloy was employed for sputter deposition onto Si(100) substrate within a high vacuum environment, and subsequent thermal treatment was conducted using a vacuum annealing furnace. Thorough measurements and analyses were carried out to evaluate how various film thicknesses and annealing temperatures affect the material. The investigations encompassed observations of structural and physical properties, magnetic traits, mechanical behavior, and material adhesion. The results from the four-point probe measurements clearly demonstrate a trend of decreasing resistivity and sheet resistance with increasing film thickness and higher annealing temperature. Analysis through atomic force microscopy (AFM) shows that heightened annealing temperature corresponds to decreased surface roughness. Furthermore, when analyzing low-frequency alternating current magnetic susceptibility (χac), it became evident that the maximum magnetic susceptibility value consistently rises with increased film thickness, regardless of the annealing temperature. Through magnetic force microscopy (MFM) observations of magnetic domain images in the films, it became apparent that there was a noticeable reduction in the brightness contrast of the magnetic domains. Furthermore, nanoindentation analysis reveals a clear trend. Elevating the film thickness leads to a reduction in both hardness and Young’s modulus. Contact angles range between 67.7° and 83.3°, consistently under 90°, highlighting the hydrophilic aspect. Analysis of surface energy demonstrates an escalation with increasing film thickness, and notably, annealed films exhibit a substantial surge in surface energy. This signifies a connection between the reduction in contact angle and the observed elevation in surface energy. Raising the annealing temperature causes a decline in surface roughness. To summarize, the surface roughness of CoFeSm films at different annealing temperatures significantly impacts their magnetic, electrical, and adhesive properties. A smoother surface reduces the pinning effect on domain walls, thus enhancing the χac value. Furthermore, diminished surface roughness leads to a decline in the contact angle and a rise in surface energy. Conversely, rougher surfaces exhibit higher carrier conductivity, contributing to a reduction in electrical resistance.
On the Robustness of ML-Based Network Intrusion Detection Systems: An Adversarial and Distribution Shift Perspective
Authors: Wang Minxiao , Yang Ning , Gunasinghe Dulaj H. , Weng Ning
Published: October 2023

Utilizing machine learning (ML)-based approaches for network intrusion detection systems (NIDSs) raises valid concerns due to the inherent susceptibility of current ML models to various threats. Of particular concern are two significant threats associated with ML: adversarial attacks and distribution shifts. Although there has been a growing emphasis on researching the robustness of ML, current studies primarily concentrate on addressing specific challenges individually. These studies tend to target a particular aspect of robustness and propose innovative techniques to enhance that specific aspect. However, as a capability to respond to unexpected situations, the robustness of ML should be comprehensively built and maintained in every stage. In this paper, we aim to link the varying efforts throughout the whole ML workflow to guide the design of ML-based NIDSs with systematic robustness. Toward this goal, we conduct a methodical evaluation of the progress made thus far in enhancing the robustness of the targeted NIDS application task. Specifically, we delve into the robustness aspects of ML-based NIDSs against adversarial attacks and distribution shift scenarios. For each perspective, we organize the literature in robustness-related challenges and technical solutions based on the ML workflow. For instance, we introduce some advanced potential solutions that can improve robustness, such as data augmentation, contrastive learning, and robustness certification. According to our survey, we identify and discuss the ML robustness research gaps and future direction in the field of NIDS. Finally, we highlight that building and patching robustness throughout the life cycle of an ML-based NIDS is critical.
Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Polymer-Stabilized Rammed Earth Construction
Authors: Kocak Salih , Grant Aneurin
Published: October 2023

This paper investigates the viability of using a commercially available liquid polymer (LP) in lieu of ordinary cement to stabilize soil during rammed earth (RE) construction. The scope of this study includes modifying and testing the locally available natural soil with two different LPs at various percentages. Once the optimum moisture content (OMC) of the soil with LPs was determined using the Proctor test, test samples were prepared by chemical and mechanical stabilizations. Following the curing process in an unconfined open-air laboratory environment for 7 days, soil samples were tested to determine the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and California bearing ratio (CBR) values. The results demonstrate that the lubrication effect of polymers is different than that of water. The first polymer type yields a lower OMC compared to water, while the second polymer achieves a higher OMC. The CBR and UCS values of polymer-stabilized soils are improved for both polymer types at all dosages. The CBR values of polymer-modified soils showed as high as a 10-times improvement compared to Portland cement (PC) stabilization. A similar trend is observed for the UCS results as well. The UCS value of polymer-stabilized soils reached over 1900 psi (13 MPa), which was over 3-times higher than the UCS of PC-stabilized soil.
Effect of an Oral Formulation on Skin Lightening: Results from In Vitro Tyrosinase Inhibition to a Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study in Healthy Asian Participants
Authors: Pouchieu Camille , Pourtau Line , Gaudout David , Gille Ilona , Chalothorn Kunyanatt , Perin Fabrice
Published: October 2023

Oral formulations with natural plant-based extracts represent a safe and promising strategy for skin lightening and anti-dark-spot effects, especially in Asia. This study evaluated the effect of an oral formulation including polyphenol-rich extracts and vitamin C (Belight3TM) on in vitro tyrosinase inhibitory activity and investigated its skin lightening and anti-dark-spot effects in vivo. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity of the formulation was measured with spectrophotometry. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study was carried out on 58 healthy Asian males and females, aged 45–65. Skin color was measured at baseline, 6 weeks and 12 weeks with digital photographs. Color of dark spots was assessed with spectrophotometry. In vitro, the formulation showed a significant synergistic tyrosinase inhibitory activity of 85% compared to the control. In vivo, 12-week oral administration of the formulation significantly lightened the skin and was significantly better than the placebo. In addition, this formulation induced a slight and significant lightening effect of the dark spots after 6 and 12 weeks. Our findings suggest that the daily oral administration of Belight3TM during 12 weeks appears as an efficient and safe nutricosmetic to lighten the color of the facial skin and dark spots in Asian subjects.
Thickness Nanoarchitectonics with Edge-Enhanced Raman, Polarization Raman, Optoelectronic Properties of GaS Nanosheets Devices
Authors: Zhou Fang , Zhao Yujing , Fu Feiya , Liu Li , Luo Zhixin
Published: October 2023

Here, we report on using chemical vapor deposition to generate three kinds of gallium sulfide nanosheets, with thicknesses of approximately 10, 40, and 170 nm. Next, we performed Raman imaging analysis on these nanosheets to evaluate their properties. The 10 nm GaS nanosheets exhibited a nearly equal distribution of Raman imaging intensity, whereas the 40 and 170 nm GaS nanosheets exhibited an inclination toward the edges with higher Raman intensity. When the polarization of the laser was changed, the intensity of Raman imaging of the 10 nm thick GaS nanosheets remained consistent when illuminated with a 532 nm laser. Notably, a greater Raman intensity was discernible at the edges of the 40 and 170 nm GaS nanosheets. Three distinct GaS nanosheet devices with different film thicknesses were fabricated, and their photocurrents were recorded. The devices were exposed to light of 455 nm wavelength. The GaS nanosheet devices with film thicknesses of 40 and 170 nm exhibited a positive photoresponse even though the photocurrents were fairly low. In contrast, the GaS nanosheet device with a film thickness of 10 nm had a considerable current without light, even though it had a weak reaction to light. This study reveals the different spatial patterns of Raman imaging with GaS thickness, the wavelength of excitation light, and polarization. Remarkably, the I-V diagram revealed a higher dark-field current of 800 nA in the device with a GaS nanosheet thickness of approximately 10 nm, when using a voltage of 1.5 V and a laser of 445 nm wavelength. These findings are comparable with those theretical pretictions in the existing literature. In conclusion, the observation above could serve as a catalyst for future exploration into photocatalysis, electrochemical hydrogen production through water splitting, energy storage, nonlinear optics, gas sensing, and ultraviolet selective photodetectors of GaS nanosheet-based photodetectors.
Microbial Diversity in Bee Species and Bee Products: Pseudomonads Contribution to Bee Well-Being and the Biological Activity Exerted by Honey Bee Products: A Narrative Review
Authors: Tsadila Christina , Amoroso Chiara , Mossialos Dimitris
Published: October 2023

Bees are important pollinators worldwide, promoting sustainability in agriculture and natural ecosystems. Moreover, honey bees produce a variety of honey bee products (beehive products). Honey is the main edible bee product. The consumption of pollen, bee bread, royal jelly, and propolis is becoming more popular nowadays. All these products are characterized by high nutritional value and/or bioactivity. A high microbial diversity has been reported in bees and beehive products, forming distinct microbial communities. The honey bee gut microbiome actively promotes good health and nutrient availability for the host. Furthermore, it prevents food spoilage and contributes to the maintenance of good hygiene conditions in the hive. Pseudomonads are often reported in investigations on bee and bee product microbiomes. Diverse Pseudomonas species demonstrate high metabolic adaptability, producing a wide range of bioactive enzymes and secondary metabolites. Several studies have provided evidence that Pseudomonads might play a role in bee well-being and the bioactivity exerted by honey bee products, though further research is warranted to fully understand the effects and mechanisms. The aim of this narrative review is to highlight the importance of Pseudomonads in the context of up-to-date knowledge regarding the bee and bee product microbiomes.
A Case Showing a New Diagnostic Aspect of the Application of Radiofrequency Echographic Multi-Spectrometry (REMS)
Authors: Kirilov Nikola , Bischoff Fabian , Vladeva Stoyanka , Bischoff Elena
Published: October 2023

Radiofrequency echographic multi-spectrometry (REMS) is an ultrasound technique that has been recently introduced in the medical field to detect osteoporosis and fracture risk at axial sites. The use of sonography to visualize the region of interest (ROI) of the hip neck provides the opportunity to identify occult fractures. A 91-year-old woman with persistent right leg pain was referred to rheumatologist due to a known history of arthritis and osteoporosis. She was able to walk using a crutch, although experiencing an antalgic gait. The patient had recently fallen on her right side from standing height. During the visualization of the ROI of the right femoral neck using REMS, an abrupt break of the femoral cortex suspected to be a fracture was seen; therefore, the measurement of the femoral neck was performed on the left side. The T-score had value of −2.9 SD and the fragility score was 86.7. Due to unclear signs of a fracture after an X-ray of the hip, a computed tomography (CT) exam of the hip was performed, which revealed a femoral neck fracture. Occult fractures of the femoral neck are challenging to diagnose and require numerous radiologic exams. The use of ultrasound as a method to measure bone density allows the simultaneous diagnosis of osteoporosis and detection of fractures.
MRI Tumor Regression Grade Combined with T2-Weighted Volumetry May Predict Histopathological Response in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer following Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy—A New Scoring System Proposal
Authors: Jankovic Aleksandra , Kovac Jelena Djokic , Dakovic Marko , Mitrovic Milica , Saponjski Dusan , Milicevic Ognjen , Djuric-Stefanovic Aleksandra , Barisic Goran
Published: October 2023

Modern studies focus on the discovery of innovative methods to improve the value of post-treatment magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the prediction of pathological responses to preoperative neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) in locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). The aim of this study was to assess the potential benefits of combining magnetic resonance tumor regression grade (mrTRG) with T2-weighted volumetry in the prediction of pathological responses to nCRT in LARC. This was a cohort study conducted on patients with histopathologically confirmed LARC in a period from 2020 to 2022. After histopathological verification, all patients underwent initial MRI studies, while the follow-up MRI was performed after nCRT. Tumor characteristics, MRI estimated tumor regression grade (mrTRG) and tumor volumetry were evaluated both initially and at follow-up. All patients were classified into responders and non-responders according to pathological tumor regression grade (pTRG) and mrTRG. A total of 71 patients, mostly male (66.2%) were included in the study. The median tumor volume reduction rate was significantly higher in nCRT-responders compared to non-responders (79.9% vs. 63.3%) (p = 0.003). Based on ROC analysis, optimal cut-off value for tumor volume reduction rate was determined with an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.724 (p = 0.003). Using the tumor volume reduction rate ≥75% with the addition of response to nCRT according to mrTRG, a new scoring system for prediction of pTRG to preoperative nCRT in LARC was developed. Diagnostic performance of prediction score was tested and the sensitivity, PPV, specificity, and NPV were 81.8%, 56.3%, 71.4%, and 89.7%, respectively. The combination of mrTRG and T2-weighted volumetry increases the MRI-based prediction of pTRG to preoperative nCRT in LARC. The proposed scoring system could aid in distinguishing responders to nCRT, as these patients could benefit from organ-preserving treatment and a “watch and wait” strategy.
Breast Imaging Physics in Mammography (Part I)
Authors: Fico Noemi , Di Grezia Graziella , Cuccurullo Vincenzo , Salvia Antonio Alessandro Helliot , Iacomino Aniello , Sciarra Antonella , Gatta Gianluca
Published: October 2023

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed neoplasm in women in Italy. There are several risk factors, but thanks to screening and increased awareness, most breast cancers are diagnosed at an early stage when surgical treatment can most often be conservative and the adopted therapy is more effective. Regular screening is essential but advanced technology is needed to achieve quality diagnoses. Mammography is the gold standard for early detection of breast cancer. It is a specialized technique for detecting breast cancer and, thus, distinguishing normal tissue from cancerous breast tissue. Mammography techniques are based on physical principles: through the proper use of X-rays, the structures of different tissues can be observed. This first part of the paper attempts to explain the physical principles used in mammography. In particular, we will see how a mammogram is composed and what physical principles are used to obtain diagnostic images.
Role of Computed Tomography before Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Implantation in Patients with Dysfunctional Native Right Ventricular Outflow Tract
Authors: Gać Paweł , Trejtowicz-Sutor Agnieszka , Witkowski Konrad , Poręba Rafał
Published: October 2023

The most performed percutaneous valve replacement procedure is for the aortic valve. In recent years, there have been developments in percutaneous valve replacement methods for other valves, including the pulmonary valve. Computed tomography plays a crucial role in various stages of procedure planning and provides essential information regarding potential complications after the procedure. We present images documenting step by step how to evaluate cardiac computed tomography in the qualification procedure for transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation in patients with dysfunctional native right ventricular outflow tract.
Detection of Erosive Changes on Smooth Surfaces with and without Orthodontic Brackets Using an Intraoral Scanner—An In Vitro Study
Authors: Jablonski-Momeni Anahita , Hanselmann Franka , Bottenberg Peter , Korbmacher-Steiner Heike
Published: October 2023

Background: Consumption of acidic beverages favours development of erosions. Modern diagnostic methods are required to detect erosions at an early stage. This study aimed to evaluate the suitability of an intraoral scanner (IOS) for detection of erosive changes on smooth surfaces adjacent to orthodontic brackets. Methods: Orthodontic metal brackets were attached to the buccal surfaces of 58 extracted permanent human teeth. Teeth were randomly divided into groups: A = 6% citric acid, B = Coca-Cola, C = Redbull, D = Powerade, E = Control, no acid exposure. Teeth were exposed to acid in three erosion cycles, followed by rinsing and brushing. Scans of teeth were performed at baseline and after each erosion cycle and enamel loss was measured. Quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) measurements were performed as reference standard. Results: Significant substance loss was measured in all acid groups after the second and third erosion cycle (p < 0.0001). Correlation between scans and QLF were significant (p = 0.001). Conclusions: With IOS, it was possible to detect and quantify enamel erosion at smooth surfaces with and without orthodontic brackets after a short exposure time. Considering the limitations of in vitro results, the use of IOS can be a promising digital tool to detect and monitor erosive enamel changes during fixed orthodontic treatment.
Implementation of Individualized Low-Dose Computed Tomography-Guided Hook Wire Localization of Pulmonary Nodules: Feasibility and Safety in the Clinical Setting
Authors: Wei Wei , Wang Shi-Geng , Zhang Jing-Yi , Togn Xiao-Yu , Li Bei-Bei , Fang Xin , Pu Ren-Wang , Zhou Yu-Jing , Liu Yi-Jun
Published: October 2023

Background: CT-guided hook-wire localization is an essential step in the management of small pulmonary nodules. Few studies, however, have focused on reducing radiation exposure during the procedure. Purpose: This study aims to explore the feasibility of implementing a low-dose computed tomography (CT)-guided hook wire localization using tailored kVp based on patients’ body size. Materials and Methods: A total of 151 patients with small pulmonary nodules were prospectively enrolled for CT-guided hook wire localization using individualized low-dose CT (LDCT) vs. standard-dose CT (SDCT) protocols. Radiation dose, image quality, characteristics of target nodules and procedure-related variables were compared. All variables were analyzed using Chi-Square and Student’s t-test. Results: The mean CTDIvol was significantly reduced for LDCT (for BMI ≤ 21 kg/m2, 0.56 ± 0.00 mGy and for BMI > 21 kg/m2, 1.48 ± 0.00 mGy) when compared with SDCT (for BMI ≤ 21 kg/m2, 5.24 ± 0.95 mGy and for BMI > 21 kg/m2, 6.69 ± 1.47 mGy). Accordingly, the DLP of LDCT was significantly reduced as compared with that of SDCT (for BMI ≤ 21 kg/m2, 56.86 ± 4.73 vs. 533.58 ± 122.06 mGy.cm, and for BMI > 21 kg/m2, 167.02 ± 38.76 vs. 746.01 ± 230.91 mGy.cm). In comparison with SDCT, the effective dose (ED) of LDCT decreased by an average of 89.42% (for BMI ≤ 21 kg/m2) and 77.68% (for BMI > 21 kg/m2), respectively. Although the images acquired with the LDCT protocol yielded inferior quality to those acquired with the SDCT protocol, they were clinically acceptable for hook wire localization. Conclusions: LDCT-guided localization can provide safety and nodule detection performance comparable to SDCT-guided localization, benefiting radiation dose reduction dramatically, especially for patients with small body mass indexes.
Characteristics of Mandibular Arch Forms in Patients with Skeletal Mandibular Prognathism
Authors: Ichikawa Erika , Tachiki Chie , Nojima Kunihiko , Matsunaga Satoru , Sugahara Keisuke , Watanabe Akira , Kasahara Norio , Nishii Yasushi
Published: October 2023

Arch forms in orthodontics are considered to affect occlusal stability. This study’s subjects were 47 patients (Class III S group) who visited the Chiba Dental Center of Tokyo Dental College and were surgical orthodontic cases, and 60 patients with Class I malocclusion were selected as the control group. A mandibular model of each subject was plotted with each tooth on a digitizer. The clinical bracket points of each tooth were plotted, and intercanine and intermolar measurements were taken. The least squares method was used to fit a quartic equation, and the arch form was drawn. The Class IIIS group was divided by Wits appraisal and facial pattern into a dolichofacial or brachyfacial pattern, and arch forms were compared. The results show that the Class IIIS group had a significantly smaller intermolar width, canine depth, and molar depth and a significantly larger canine W/D ratio. In those with a dolichofacial pattern, the anterior curve of the arch form tended to be flat and the posterior curve narrower. This is because, in skeletal mandibular prognathism, the mandibular anterior shows lingual tipping, and the molars show palatal tipping due to dental compensation, and it was inferred that this tendency was higher in high-angle cases.
Influence of Surgical Technique on Post-Operative Complications in the Extraction of the Lower Third Molar: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Albanese Massimo , Zangani Alessandro , Manfrin Federica , Bertossi Dario , De Manzoni Rachele , Tomizioli Nicolò , Faccioni Paolo , Pardo Alessia
Published: October 2023

The surgical extraction of the impacted third molar is frequently associated with several complications. The purpose of this study is to assess how two different surgical protocols affect post-operative complications during the extraction of the lower impacted third molars. In order to compare and evaluate two different techniques (triangular flap vs. envelope flap), and the relative post-extraction complications, two groups of 150 patients each underwent to surgical impacted third molar extraction and 60 days of follow-up. The complication rate in the two groups was 14.00% in group A and 17.33% in group B. There was a strong association between smoking (OR: 2.8) and the use of oral contraceptives (OR: 1.75) with complications. The age- and sex-related incidence of complications in hard tissue healing has great variability in the literature; the analysis performed on our data did not show a statistically significant association between them. Even though related to a higher incidence of transient changes in sensitivity, it was found that the envelope flap saw a lower percentage of complications. There is still no clarity on which is the best protocol for the extraction of the lower impacted third molar, and the choice often depends on the surgeon’s experience.
Efficacy/Safety of the Use of Glucocorticoids in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Authors: Nils Heilyn Joanna , Arce Recatala Cristina , Castano Antonio , Ribas David , Flores-Fraile Javier
Published: October 2023

Introduction: Glucocorticoids, also known as corticosteroids or steroids, are drugs derived from cholesterol. They are synthesized by the adrenal cortex, along with other hormones, such as cortisol and aldosterone. Glucocorticoids are drugs recommended for patients undergoing surgery on the oral cavity, facial skeleton, and related cervical structures due to their high efficacy against inflammatory and immune processes. However, these drugs are restricted due to their multiple and serious adverse effects. The objective of this study was to verify the efficacy of corticosteroids administered in major surgeries of the oral cavity, as well as of the cervical and facial structures, based on the characteristics of the patient so as to select the best therapeutic strategy. Methods: Articles in the databases of PubMed, Nature Portfolio, Medline, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were thoroughly examined. Results: A total of 54 articles were selected to address the proposed objectives. The results obtained show that it is effective and safe to use glucocorticoids as pre- or postsurgical therapy in oral and maxillofacial surgery to control the processes of inflammation, pain, lockjaw, and edema. However, when referring to the use of these drugs, one must proceed with caution and pay particular attention when handling them. The concentration of the glucocorticoids used must be individualized, as well as the selection of the route of administration. Various studies show that, although the oral route is the most used route, the most effective route is the intramuscular route due to its easy absorption. However, for patients who have recurrent inflammatory and vesiculobullous ulcerative lesions, the topical route should be chosen to mitigate side effects, considering that recurrent applications must be made to prevent the worsening of the lesion and to avoid having to use medications enterally. In patients with cervicofacial infections, antibiotics continue to be the main drugs used to manage the condition in conjunction with corticosteroids. It is important to know the possible interactions of glucocorticoids with other medicines or food: it has been described that the interaction between Ritonavir, an antiretroviral drug that inhibits human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) proteases, and prednisone causes an increase in the concentration of prednisone, leading to possible toxicity in normally safe doses and, in many cases, iatrogenic Cushing’s syndrome. It is also important to know the systemic or topical adverse effects of the chronic or high-dose use of glucocorticoids. Conclusions: It can be concluded that by making adequate use of glucocorticoid therapy in oral and maxillofacial surgery to manage clinical manifestations, it is possible to attenuate the morbidities of treatment and intervention.
Dental Anxiety and Its Association with Dietary Intake and Food Groups: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Begdache Lina , Ahmed Eeshah , Malik Sana , Karakaya Muhammet Furkan
Published: October 2023

Although there is an established connection between diet and mental health, the relationship between diet and dental anxiety has not been examined yet. The purpose of this study was to fill this gap by assessing the association between diet quality, mental distress, and dental anxiety. The data was collected through an anonymous Google Forms survey. The survey consisted of a modified version of the validated Food–Mood Questionnaire and the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale with questions about demographics, dental health, and dental health anxieties. Data collection was performed over seven months, from April to October 2021. Data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient in SPSS version 25.0 and STATA 17 for sample size calculation, data processing and regression analyses. A total of 506 responses were collected. Our data verified that diet quality modulates dental anxiety. Women exhibited a stronger link with dental anxiety than men (p < 0.01). Consumption of sugary foods was associated with different attributes of dental anxiety (p < 0.01). Low-quality energy-dense foods and dairy were associated with dental anxiety, whereas caffeine, meat, nuts, and green leafy vegetables produced a negative correlation. This cross-sectional study provides proof of concept that dietary patterns are potentially associated with dental anxiety.
Typical Fault Detection on Drone Images of Transmission Lines Based on Lightweight Structure and Feature-Balanced Network
Authors: Han Gujing , Wang Ruijie , Yuan Qiwei , Zhao Liu , Li Saidian , Zhang Ming , He Min , Qin Liang
Published: October 2023

In the context of difficulty in detection problems and the limited computing resources of various fault scales in aerial images of transmission line UAV inspections, this paper proposes a TD-YOLO algorithm (YOLO for transmission detection). Firstly, the Ghost module is used to lighten the model’s feature extraction network and prediction network, significantly reducing the number of parameters and the computational effort of the model. Secondly, the spatial and channel attention mechanism scSE (concurrent spatial and channel squeeze and channel excitation) is embedded into the feature fusion network, with PA-Net (path aggregation network) to construct a feature-balanced network, using channel weights and spatial weights as guides to achieving the balancing of multi-level and multi-scale features in the network, significantly improving the detection capability under the coexistence of multiple targets of different categories. Thirdly, a loss function, NWD (normalized Wasserstein distance), is introduced to enhance the detection of small targets, and the fusion ratio of NWD and CIoU is optimized to further compensate for the loss of accuracy caused by the lightweightedness of the model. Finally, a typical fault dataset of transmission lines is built using UAV inspection images for training and testing. The experimental results show that the TD-YOLO algorithm proposed in this article compresses 74.79% of the number of parameters and 66.92% of the calculation amount compared to YOLOv7-Tiny and increases the mAP (mean average precision) by 0.71%. The TD-YOLO was deployed into Jetson Xavier NX to simulate the UAV inspection process and was run at 23.5 FPS with good results. This study offers a reference for power line inspection and provides a possible way to deploy edge computing devices on unmanned aerial vehicles.
Efficient Communications in V2V Networks with Two-Way Lanes Based on Random Linear Network Coding
Authors: Zhang Yiqian , Zhu Tiantian , Li Congduan
Published: October 2023

Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication has gained significant attention in the field of intelligent transportation systems. In this paper, we focus on communication scenarios involving vehicles moving in the same and opposite directions. Specifically, we model a V2V network as a dynamic multi-source single-sink network with two-way lanes. To address rapid changes in network topology, we employ random linear network coding (RLNC), which eliminates the need for knowledge of the network topology. We begin by deriving the lower bound for the generation probability. Through simulations, we analyzed the probability distribution and cumulative probability distribution of latency under varying packet loss rates and batch sizes. Our results demonstrated that our RLNC scheme significantly reduced the communication latency, even under challenging channel conditions, when compared to the non-coding case.
Recovering Power Grids Using Strategies Based on Network Metrics and Greedy Algorithms
Authors: Wang Fenghua , Cetinay Hale , He Zhidong , Liu Le , Van Mieghem Piet , Kooij Robert E.
Published: October 2023

For this study, we investigated efficient strategies for the recovery of individual links in power grids governed by the direct current (DC) power flow model, under random link failures. Our primary objective was to explore the efficacy of recovering failed links based solely on topological network metrics. In total, we considered 13 recovery strategies, which encompassed 2 strategies based on link centrality values (link betweenness and link flow betweenness), 8 strategies based on the products of node centrality values at link endpoints (degree, eigenvector, weighted eigenvector, closeness, electrical closeness, weighted electrical closeness, zeta vector, and weighted zeta vector), and 2 heuristic strategies (greedy recovery and two-step greedy recovery), in addition to the random recovery strategy. To evaluate the performance of these proposed strategies, we conducted simulations on three distinct power systems: the IEEE 30, IEEE 39, and IEEE 118 systems. Our findings revealed several key insights: Firstly, there were notable variations in the performance of the recovery strategies based on topological network metrics across different power systems. Secondly, all such strategies exhibited inferior performance when compared to the heuristic recovery strategies. Thirdly, the two-step greedy recovery strategy consistently outperformed the others, with the greedy recovery strategy ranking second. Based on our results, we conclude that relying solely on a single metric for the development of a recovery strategy is insufficient when restoring power grids following link failures. By comparison, recovery strategies employing greedy algorithms prove to be more effective choices.
I Fail; Therefore, I Can: Failure Mindset and Robotics Self-Efficacy in Early Adolescence
Authors: Ford Calah J. , Mohr-Schroeder Margaret J. , Usher Ellen L.
Published: October 2023

When students feel successful, they tend to be more confident in their capabilities (i.e., higher self-efficacy), which is associated with improved performance, engagement, and self-regulation. Yet, the way in which learners interpret their experiences is less well-understood. Learners’ views of failure (i.e., failure mindset) are potential lenses through which early adolescent learners perceive and interpret efficacy-relevant information. The relationship between failure mindset and self-efficacy may be particularly important to consider in STEM-related domains like robotics where failure is common. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between young adolescents’ failure mindset and their robotics self-efficacy development. Using mixed methods, we considered how students’ reported failure mindset levels were related to what has made them more or less confident in robotics. We also considered the relationship between failure mindset and robotics self-efficacy. Overall, the findings suggest that early adolescent learners’ failure mindset is related to the efficacy-relevant information they pay attention to in robotics, and, in turn, is associated with their reported robotics self-efficacy. The details of these relationships varied between elementary and middle school students. As there is a social push to normalize failures in educational settings, findings from this study offer an important insight into how students may interpret those failures.
Assessing Foreign-Language Students’ Speaking Performance through a Digital Platform: Challenges and Findings
Authors: Muñoz-Alcón Ana Isabel , Barahona-Esteban María Nieves , Trullén-Galve Francisco
Published: October 2023

Online assessment of foreign-language learners, particularly of their oral skills, is a challenge for both students and teachers. Assessing language skills face to face, during a conversation between the examiner and the candidate, facilitates natural communication and is likely to provide a more accurate assessment of the student’s language proficiency level. A change in the scenario and the use of digital tools can intimidate students and take away the naturalness and warmth of the interview. The purpose of this paper is to examine the suitability of Blackboard Collaborate as a learning management system for assessing English speaking skill and other factors that influence students’ online performance. A total of 180 students from 7 different undergraduate programs in the fields of technology, environmental sciences and health sciences were assessed according to the structure of a standardized test. Using a mixed-methods approach, their results were contrasted with responses to a final survey to examine the positive or negative impact of online testing on students’ attitudes, performance and achievement. The Blackboard digital platform proves to be a suitable and convenient online framework for optimal speaking performance, and the examiner’s attitude is also a determining factor in students’ success.
Exploring User Experience and Usability in a Metaverse Learning Environment for Students: A Usability Study of the Artificial Intelligence, Innovation, and Society (AIIS)
Authors: Pyae Aung , Ravyse Werner , Luimula Mika , Pizarro-Lucas Emiliana , Sanchez Pedro L. , Dorado-Diaz Ignacio P. , Thaw Aung Khant
Published: October 2023

The metaverse, a rapidly evolving research area, is a virtual, interconnected universe that seamlessly integrates digital and physical realms, facilitating immersive experiences, social interaction, and economic activities across various fields, including computer science, business, and education. Despite its potential to transform current pedagogies and learning experiences through engaging, interactive, and fascinating educational techniques, research is limited in exploring its application, usability, and user experience, particularly for Thai undergraduate students in learning computer engineering courses. In response, we designed and developed an innovative metaverse-based learning system called the AIIS collaborative learning interface, tailored to European undergraduate students. While the original intent of AIIS was to cater to medical students, in this study, our objective was to assess its usability and applicability for computer science and engineering students, specifically focusing on the Asian demographic. After an initial pilot with European students in their local context, the research was extended to Thailand, where 21 Thai undergraduate students evaluated the platform’s usability. The observations from this study indicate that AIIS provides a dynamic, user-friendly learning environment. Nevertheless, the evaluation process unveiled some usability flaws that offer informative directions for future enhancements. Drawing from our observations, we formulated usability guidelines to guide designers and developers toward crafting more efficient metaverse systems, particularly those intended for educational use. Our results also underline the considerable promise that metaverse technologies hold for advancing higher education globally.
Wearable Electronic Systems Based on Smart Wireless Sensors for Multimodal Physiological Monitoring in Health Applications: Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Directions
Authors: De Marchis Cristiano , Crupi Giovanni , Donato Nicola , Baldari Sergio
Published: October 2023

Driven by the fast-expanding market, wearable technologies have rapidly evolved [...]