bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of Trajectory Data for Investigating Vehicle Behavior in Mixed Traffic Environment
Authors: Raju Narayana , Kumar Pallav , Jain Aayush , Arkatkar Shriniwas S. , Joshi Gaurang
Published: August 2018

The research work reported here investigates driving behavior under mixed traffic conditions on high-speed, multilane highways. With the involvement of multiple vehicle classes, high-resolution trajectory data is necessary for exploring vehicle-following, lateral movement, and seeping behavior under varying traffic flow states. An access-controlled, mid-block road section was selected for video data collection under varying traffic flow conditions. Using a semi-automated image processing tool, vehicular trajectory data was developed for three different traffic states. Micro-level behavior such as lateral placement of vehicles as a function of speed, instant responses, vehicle-following behavior, and hysteresis phenomenon were evaluated under different traffic flow states. It was found that lane-wise behavior degraded with increase in traffic volume and vehicles showed a propensity to move towards the median at low flow and towards the curb-side at moderate and heavy flows. Further, vehicle-following behavior was also investigated and it was found that with increase in flow level, vehicles are more inclined to mimic the leader vehicle’s behavior. In addition to following time, perceiving time of subject vehicle for different leading vehicles was also evaluated for different vehicle classes. From the analysis, it was inferred that smaller vehicles are switching their leader vehicles more often to escape from delay, resulting in less following and perceiving time and aggressive gap acceptance. The present research work reveals the need for high-quality, micro-level data for calibrating driving behavior models under mixed traffic conditions.
Time Required to Achieve Minimal Clinically Important Difference and Substantial Clinical Benefit After Arthroscopic Treatment of Femoroacetabular Impingement
Authors: Nwachukwu Benedict U. , Chang Brenda , Adjei Joshua , Schairer William W. , Ranawat Anil S. , Kelly Bryan T. , Nawabi Danyal H.
Published: August 2018

Background:

Minimal clinically important difference (MCID) defines the minimum degree of quantifiable outcome improvement that a patient perceives as the result of an intervention or in the process of healing. Substantial clinical benefit (SCB) defines the amount of quantifiable outcome improvement that is needed for a patient to feel substantially better. Little is known about when clinically significant outcome improvement is achieved.

Purpose:

To investigate the time-dependent nature of MCID and SCB after hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI).

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.

Methods:

An institutional hip preservation registry was queried. The modified Harris Hip Score, Hip Outcome Score, and 33-item International Hip Outcome Tool (iHOT-33) were administered to patients undergoing hip arthroscopy for FAI. Follow-up times for outcome measures were classified into 3 periods: 5 to 11 months (6 months), 12 to 23 months (1 year), and 24 to 35 months (2 years). Cumulative probabilities for achieving MCID and SCB were calculated with Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis and interval censoring. A Weibull parametric regression analysis evaluated the odds of achieving earlier MCID.

Results:

A total of 719 patients undergoing primary hip arthroscopy were included. The mean ± SD age was 32.5 ± 10.5 years, and the majority were female (n = 380, 52.9%). Across all 4 outcome instruments, patients had the highest probability for achieving MCID and SCB by the 6-month postoperative period. The iHOT-33 demonstrated the highest probability for capturing MCID and SCB improvement at each of the 3 periods, with 76.0%, 84.8%, and 93.6% achieving MCID by 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years, respectively. Similarly, the probabilities of achieving SCB on the iHOT-33 were as follows: 57.1%, 68.0%, and 71.7%. A similar trend was demonstrated across other outcome tools. Older male patients and those with Outerbridge classification 1 to 4 (vs grade 0) had a significantly increased risk for taking a longer time to achieve MCID and SCB. Additionally, patients with higher preoperative outcome scores took a longer time to achieve MCID and SCB.

Conclusion:

At least half of patients treated with hip arthroscopy for FAI achieve MCID and SCB within the first 6 months after the procedure. However, clinically significant outcome improvement continues to be attained until 2 years postoperatively. Female patients, younger individuals, and those without chondral defects achieve faster clinical outcome improvement. These findings can be helpful for establishing shared decision-making aids and follow-up guidelines for arthroscopic treatment of FAI.
Return to Sport and Performance After Hip Arthroscopy for Femoroacetabular Impingement in 18- to 30-Year-Old Athletes: A Cross-sectional Cohort Study of 189 Athletes
Authors: Ishøi Lasse , Thorborg Kristian , Kraemer Otto , Hölmich Per
Published: August 2018

Background:

A recent systematic review found that 87% of athletes return to sport after hip surgery for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome. However, the proportion of athletes returning to preinjury sport at their preinjury level of sport is less clear.

Purpose:

The main purpose of this study was to determine the rate of athletes returning to preinjury sport at preinjury level including their associated sports performance after hip arthroscopy for femoroacetabular impingement syndrome. Furthermore, self-reported hip and groin function was investigated.

Study Design:

Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Eligible subjects were identified in the Danish Hip Arthroscopy Registry. A self-reported return to sport questionnaire was used to collect data after hip arthroscopy. If athletes reported they were engaged in preinjury sport at their preinjury level, the associated sports performance and participation were assessed as either (1) optimal sports performance including full sports participation; (2) impaired sports performance, but full sports participation; or (3) impaired sports performance including restricted sports participation. Self-reported hip and groin function was assessed for all athletes by use of the Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score.

Results:

The study included 189 athletes (mean ± SD age at follow-up, 26.9 ± 3.4 years) at a mean ± SD follow-up of 33.1 ± 16.3 months after surgery. At follow-up, 108 athletes (57.1%) were playing preinjury sport at preinjury level, whereas the remaining 81 athletes (42.9%) failed to return to preinjury sport at preinjury level. Of the 108 athletes engaged in their preinjury sport at preinjury level at follow-up, 32 athletes (29.6%) reported optimal sports performance including full sports participation, corresponding to 16.9% of the study sample. Better self-reported hip and groin function was observed in athletes who were engaged in preinjury sport at preinjury level compared with athletes who were not.

Conclusion:

Fifty-seven percent of athletes returned to preinjury sport at their preinjury level. This is considerably lower than a previously reported return to sport rate of 87% and may reflect that the present study used a clear and strict definition of return to sport. Of note, only one-third of athletes who returned to preinjury sport at preinjury level reported their sports performance to be optimal, corresponding to 16.9% of the study sample. Better self-reported hip and groin function was observed in athletes who were playing preinjury sport at preinjury level compared with athletes who were not.
Improvement of the chemical recycling process of waste carbon fibre reinforced plastics using a mechanochemical process: Influence of process parameters
Authors: Nzioka Antony Mutua , Yan Cao Zheng , Kim Myung-Gyun , Sim Ye-Jin , Lee Chang-Soo , Kim Young-Ju
Published: August 2018

We present the experimental results of an optimal recycling method for waste carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRPs) that is based on the application of a set of unit mechanochemical processes. The objectives of this study were to highlight the influence of process factors that are inherent in the chemical recycling process of waste CFRP. We investigated the influence of the soaking period, the application of a catalyst and impurities on the recycling process and recovery efficiency of the waste CFRP. Different combinations of the unit mechanochemical processes were investigated, and the effectiveness of the combination was analysed. The chemical recycling process was conducted using benzyl alcohol under ordinary pressure at initial solvent temperatures lower/equivalent to its flash point temperature. Experimental results showed that the solvent temperature increased up to boiling temperature levels when the mechanochemical process was initiated, thereby enhancing the mechanochemical process. The presence of impurities did not influence the recovery rate. Likewise, this experimental study highlighted the importance of accounting for the soaking period during the chemical recycling process: an extended soaking period resulted in a higher recovery rate, a lower portion of undissolved solids and recovered fibres of better quality. This research highlighted the significance of choosing the proper combination for the chemical recycling process as well as the benefits of recycling the waste CFRP with negligible application of the catalyst.
Social Position Variables of Specific Learning Disabilities: A National Perspective
Authors: Velázquez-Ramos Magdalys , Sánchez-Cardona Israel , Coll Cynthia García
Published: August 2018

This article examined the association between social position variables (i.e., Hispanic, health insurance coverage, and poverty rates) on the prevalence of specific learning disabilities (SLD) in students between 3 and 21 years of age. We used the 2012 to 2013 U.S. population data from the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education Program, and the American Community Survey for the 50 states, Puerto Rico, and Washington, D.C. Results indicate that states with higher rates of Hispanics were related to higher rates of SLD, while lower rates of no health insurance coverage were related to lower SLD rates. We conclude that Hispanic students are at a higher risk of being diagnosed with SLD, while having no health insurance coverage might be a detriment to be properly diagnosed. The importance of a national perspective in disabilities and the role of social position variables on special education are discussed.
“What Smell?” Temporarily Loading Visual Attention Induces a Prolonged Loss of Olfactory Awareness
Authors: Forster Sophie , Spence Charles
Published: August 2018

The human sense of smell is highly sensitive, often conveying important biological signals. Yet anecdotal evidence suggests that we commonly fail to notice suprathreshold environmental olfactory stimuli. The determinants of olfactory awareness are, as yet, unknown. Here, we adapted the inattentional-blindness paradigm to test whether olfactory awareness is dependent on attention. Across three experiments, participants performed a visual search task with either a high or low perceptual load (a well-established attentional manipulation) while exposed to an ambient coffee aroma. Consistent with our hypothesis, results showed that task load modulated olfactory awareness: 42.5% fewer participants in the high- than in the low-load condition reported noticing the coffee aroma. Our final experiment demonstrates that because of unique characteristics of olfactory habituation, the consequences of inattentional anosmia can persist even once attention becomes available. These findings establish the phenomenon of inattentional anosmia and have applied implications for predicting when people may miss potentially important olfactory information.
Social Support and Access to Health Care Among Older People in Japan: Japan Gerontological Evaluation Study (JAGES)
Authors: Higuchi Michiyo , Suzuki Kayo , Ashida Toyo , Kondo Naoki , Kondo Katsunori
Published: August 2018

We investigated cross-sectional associations between social support and access to health care among older Japanese people. From larger cohort datasets of community-dwelling people aged 65 years or older, 23 079 respondents were extracted. We summarized patterns of social support by gender and age group, then analyzed associations between social support and the experience of unmet health care needs, as a negative indicator of access. Adjusting for socioeconomic factors, multiple logistic regression identified that respondents who received instrumental support were less likely to experience unmet health care needs except males aged 65 to 69 years. The effect of receiving instrumental social support was larger than for household income and similar to anxiety about unexpected expenses. In the low-income group, these findings were highlighted among females aged 65 to 69 years and males aged 70 years and older. In addition to redistribution of financial resources, facilitating suitable social support may contribute to alleviating the access gap among older people.
Post Your Journey: Instagram as a Support Community for People With Fibromyalgia
Authors: Berard Ashley A. , Smith André P.
Published: August 2018

Fibromyalgia is a chronic illness with primary symptoms of widespread pain and fatigue. Social media applications have become a recent resource allowing individuals with fibromyalgia to interact in a virtual community devoted to the illness. This study explores how such a community develops and maintains itself on Instagram and the ways it creates social capital for its users. Data are derived from Instagram posts and open-ended questionnaires completed by users living with fibromyalgia who use the application. Using content analysis and semiotic methodology, the study analyzes the diverse ways in which users shared their experiences with fibromyalgia, the management of its symptoms, and issues encountered in accessing health care systems. Instagram aids in the development of a community by facilitating intimate and supportive interactions about the illness and the creation of personalized day-to-day narratives accessible to all. Norms of trust, acceptance, and reciprocity characterize the diversity of interactions in this community.
Facility Placement as a Barrier to Hospice for Older Adult Patients Discharged From a Palliative Care Unit
Authors: Shinall Myrick C. , Wilson Jo Ellen , Karlekar Mohana , Ely E. Wesley
Published: August 2018

Context:

Many older adults discharged from an inpatient stay require postacute facility placement, which can be a barrier to hospice enrollment since the Medicare hospice benefit does not cover facility costs for patients under routine hospice care.

Objectives:

To evaluate the extent to which need for postdischarge facility care was a barrier to hospice enrollment for older patients with short life expectancy discharged from a palliative care unit.

Methods:

Retrospective cohort using a prospectively collected database of patients 65 and older with a life expectancy of <6 months admitted to a palliative care unit in an urban, academic medical center and discharged alive from 2012 to 2017. Primary outcome was hospice enrollment at hospital discharge. Exposure of interest was need for facility placement at discharge.

Results:

Of 817 included patients, 649 (79%) were discharged with hospice. Patients discharged home had a significantly higher rate of hospice enrollment than patients discharged to a facility—92% versus 71% ( P < .0001). On multivariate logistic regression analysis, discharge to home versus facility remained a strong predictor of hospice enrollment, with an odds ratio for hospice enrollment of 6.04 (95% confidence interval: 3.73-9.79).

Conclusion:

Need for postdischarge facility placement represents a barrier for hospice enrollment among older patients who are otherwise hospice appropriate. The structure of the hospice benefit may require modification so that these hospice appropriate patients can utilize the benefit.
Informal Caregiving Networks for Hospice Patients With Cancer and Their Impact on Outcomes: A Brief Report
Authors: Ware Orrin D. , Cagle John G.
Published: August 2018

This prospective study investigates informal care networks and their impact on hospice outcomes. Primary caregivers (N = 47) were the main source of data from 2 time points: within a week of enrollment in hospice and bereavement. Data were also collected from 42 secondary caregivers. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) determined correspondence between primary and secondary caregivers regarding informal care network size. Correlations were used to test associations between variables. Nonparametric paired sample tests were used to analyze change in anger and guilt. The ICC found poor correspondence (−0.13) between primary and secondary caregivers’ network descriptions. Correlational analyses found a strong/moderate negative association between quality of dying (QOD) and grief ( r = −0.605, P < .05). Study participants reported increased anger (0.4, P < .05, range 1-5) and guilt (0.4, P < .05, range 1-5), particularly among caregivers with high levels of support. Findings suggest that improving QOD may facilitate postdeath coping for caregivers.
Perioperative Sedation in Mechanically Ventilated Cardiac Surgery Patients With Dexmedetomidine-Based Versus Propofol-Based Regimens
Authors: Chuich Taylor , Cropsey Christopher Lewis , Shi Yaping , Johnson Daniel , Shotwell Matthew S. , Henson Christopher Patrick
Published: August 2018

Background: Sedative agents used during cardiac surgery can influence the patient’s time to extubation, intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital length of stay, and incidence of delirium. Objective: This study evaluates the effects of the intraoperative and postoperative use of dexmedetomidine versus propofol infusions. Methods: This 19-month retrospective observational study at an academic medical center included 278 patients 18 years of age or older who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), valve replacement surgery, or combined CABG plus valve surgery, who received either a dexmedetomidine or propofol infusion in addition to general anesthesia intraoperatively. The primary outcome was time to extubation. The secondary outcomes were ICU and hospital length of stay and incidence of delirium. Results: Use of dexmedetomidine (n = 69) as an intraoperative and postoperative sedative as opposed to propofol (n = 209) was significantly associated with increased likelihood of extubation (ie, shorter time to extubation; hazard ratio = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.21-2.19, P = 0.001). There was no significant association between use of dexmedetomidine and ICU discharge ( P = 0.99), hospital discharge ( P = 0.52), and incidence of delirium ( P = 0.27) after adjusting for other covariates. Conclusion and Relevance: Dexmedetomidine increased the likelihood of extubation when compared with propofol, with no increase in ICU or hospital length of stay or incidence of delirium. Our study is unique in that there was no crossover between patients who received dexmedetomidine and propofol infusions intraoperatively and postoperatively Dexmedetomidine-based regimens could serve as a suitable alternative to propofol-based regimens for fast-track extubation.
Moderating Role of the Form of Maltreatment Experienced by Children on the Effectiveness of a Parent Training Program
Authors: Sicotte Roxanne , Letarte Marie-Josée , Hélie Sonia , Mallette Isabelle-Ann Leclair
Published: August 2018

The study examines whether the form of maltreatment experienced by the child moderates the effects of a parent training program (PTP) on the probability that the child’s case will be closed. This study involved 736 children on whom the Montreal child protective services (CPS) agency had an active file between 2007 and 2015. The experimental group was composed of all children with a parent who participated in the PTP Incredible Years ( n = 368). A control group was matched with the experimental group based on a propensity score. Cox regression revealed that once parents have participated in the PTP, the probability that their children’s cases will be closed increases more for children being followed because of neglect than for those being followed because of emotional maltreatment. Results show that a parent’s participating in a PTP is associated with an increase of the probability that his or her child’s CPS case will be closed and hence with a reduction of the length of time that the child must receive protective services.
Get Yourself Tested (GYT) Campaign: Investigating Campaign Awareness and Behaviors Among High School and College Students
Authors: Eastman-Mueller Heather P. , Habel Melissa A. , Oswalt Sara B. , Liddon Nicole
Published: August 2018

Adolescents and young adults are disproportionately affected by sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). This study examined the association of GYT: Get Yourself Tested (GYT), a sexual health social marketing campaign, with several sexual health behaviors on a nationally representative sample of high school (HS) and college students ( n = 2,329) recruited through an online panel survey. Behaviors examined were STD testing, HIV testing, and whether students had communication with health care providers and their romantic partners about STDs and STD testing. Rao-Scott chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression models were conducted. The results indicated college students were more aware of GYT than HS students. Awareness of GYT was significantly associated with STD testing ( p < .05), HIV testing ( p < .01), and talking with romantic partners ( p < .01) for college students but only with STD testing ( p < .05) and talking to a provider ( p < .05) for HS students. The differences between HS and college students provide insight for those developing and implementing interventions across such a broad age range of youth.
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Markers in Breast Cancer and Pathological Responseafter Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
Authors: Elzamly Shaimaa , Badri Nabeel , Padilla Osvaldo , Dwivedi Alok Kumar , Alvarado Luis A , Hamilton Matthew , Diab Nabih , Rock Crosby , Elfar Ahmed , Teleb Marwa , Sanchez Luis , Nahleh Zeina
Published: August 2018

The association between pathologic complete response (pCR) following to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and the improved survival in breast cancer has been previously reported. The aim of this study was is to explore the expression of several biomarkers described during epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the achievement of pCR in different molecular subtypes of breast cancer. We identified archived pathology tissue from patients with breast cancer who received NAC during the year 2014. We performed immunohistochemical analysis of vimentin, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), E-cadherin, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor, and Her2neu and studied the association between the expression of these markers and pCR. A Fisher exact test for categorical cofactors, an unpaired t test and a nonparametric Wilcoxon test for continuous cofactors were used. The results showed a significant expression of vimentin in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC; P = .023). An inverse correlation between vimentin and the ER expression ( P = .032) was observed. No significant association was noted for vimentin, NF-κB, EGFR, and E-cadherin was associated with pCR. This study suggests that the evaluated EMT related biomarkers are not associated with pCR after NAC chemotherapy in an unselected breast cancer population. Vimentin and NF-κB expressions were associated with TNBC and could be further explored as potential therapeutic targets in this subgroup. A prevalence of vimentin and NF-κB among Hispanic patients with breast cancer warrants further investigation as a possibly contributing to the prevalence of TNBC and adverse prognosis in this population.
Neurofilaments and 10-year follow-up in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Bhan Alok , Jacobsen Cecilie , Myhr Kjell Morten , Dalen Ingvild , Lode Kirsten , Farbu Elisabeth
Published: August 2018

Background:

The role of biomarkers to predict clinical outcome in multiple sclerosis (MS) is still debated.

Objective:

To test whether cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) light-chain neurofilament (NfL) levels in newly diagnosed patients with MS could predict clinical outcome over a 10-year period.

Methods:

Patients with newly diagnosed MS underwent standardized clinical assessments at baseline and 5 and 10 years of follow-up. Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) progression between assessments was defined as an increase in one point or more if <6 and 0.5 or more if ≥6. CSF obtained at baseline was analyzed for levels of NfL using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technology.

Results:

A total of 44 patients were included. In all, 35 patients (80%) had relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Patients who progressed in EDSS showed a trend for higher median baseline CSF-NfL levels than patients who did not progress after 5 years (947 ng/L vs 246 ng/L, p = 0.05), and although not statistically significant, after 10 years (708 ng/L vs 265 ng/L, p = 0.28). Patients who converted from RRMS to secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) at 5 years had a statistical significant higher median CSF level of NfL (2122 ng/L vs 246 ng/L, p = 0.01).

Conclusion:

CSF levels of NfL at the time of diagnosis seems to be an early predictive biomarker of long-term clinical outcome and conversion from RRMS to SPMS.
Finding the White working class in 2016: Journalistic discourses and the construction of a political identity
Authors: Creech Brian
Published: August 2018

This article argues that the discourses and techniques of political journalism worked to make White working class identity sensible as an assumed norm in American politics during the 2016 US presidential campaign. Throughout the campaign, many news organizations sent journalists to small towns and various Donald Trump rallies to understand what was driving a burbling resentment among his base of White working class voters, and by interrogating the explanatory and long-form reporting produced by these journalists, we can come to understand how the White working class began to cohere as a particular political subjectivity. By documenting the economic decline and social peril borne from neoliberal policies, acts of journalism substantiate the conditions that animate White working class identity and legitimate its resentments. However, that same journalism also failed to adequately deal with the consequences of policy and the way economic conditions and cultural identities reflexively constitute one another, instead focusing on the ways class- and race-based resentments formed a well of political support, constraining any sense of agency to the discursive bounds of a political campaign. This article concludes by arguing that in order to decenter the primacy of whiteness in American politics, it is incumbent upon scholars and observers alike to attend to the various cultural discourses and techniques that render it simultaneously central and invisible.
Measurement of vibrational and rotational temperature in spark-discharge plasma by optical emission spectroscopy: Change in thermal equilibrium characteristics of plasma under air flow
Authors: Kinoshita Masao , Fuyuto Takayuki , Akatsuka Hiroshi
Published: August 2018

The vibrational and rotational temperatures in a spark-discharge plasma were measured using optical emission spectroscopy, and the influence of the air flow velocity and ambient pressure on these temperatures was investigated. The optical emissions from the plasma were led to an imaging spectroscope through an optical fiber. The temperature was estimated by fitting a theoretically calculated spectrum to that which had been acquired experimentally, formed by nitrogen molecule emission from 372 to 382 nm. The spark-discharge plasma was examined with a flow of ambient air at a discharge energy of 80 mJ. The air flow caused the spark-discharge channel to elongate downstream. At the center of the spark plug gap, the vibrational temperature in the plasma was 4000 K, whereas the rotational temperature was 2000 K. This plasma can be regarded as being in non-thermal equilibrium because the vibrational temperature was higher than the rotational temperature. At a position approximately 3 mm downstream from the spark plug gap, the vibrational and rotational temperatures increased to 4500 and 4000 K, respectively, while approaching each other. Both temperatures reached a maximum value. These results show that the plasma transitions from non-thermal equilibrium to thermal equilibrium as it is elongated by the air flow. Ignition efficiency improvements can be expected if the time required to transition from non-thermal to thermal equilibrium can be shortened.
Use of built-up H sections as secondary members in topside modules
Authors: Kim Jeong Du , Jang Beom-Seon , Han Sang Woong , Shim Sang Hoon , Im Sung Woo
Published: August 2018

There have been many attempts to widely utilize built-up H sections to secure flexibility in structural design. Much research into the structural strengths and limit states of built-up H sections, therefore, has been carried out. However, a practical redesign methodology taking advantage of built-up H beams has yet to be introduced into the offshore industry. In this study, a comprehensive investigation into built-up H sections is carried out, based on which, a new redesign procedure for weight reduction herein is suggested. First of all, on the basis of the ANSI/AISC 360-10, the differences between the rolled H and built-up H sections are investigated in terms of their various strengths. Then, a secondary-member redesign procedure is established as a means of reducing structural weight by replacing rolled H sections with built-up H sections. In that procedure, the built-up H section cross-section is modified according to the failure modes of reference rolled H sections. The redesign procedure is verified by a nonlinear finite element analysis and four-point bending test. Through the nonlinear finite element analysis and experiment on the reference rolled H section and built-up H section obtained by the redesign procedure, it is observed that the weight of the built-up H section is reduced by about 15% while a flexural strength similar to that of the reference rolled H section is maintained. The suggested redesign procedure is then applied to three floating production storage offloading (FPSO) topside modules for demonstration purposes. In the results, the total structural weights of the reference topside modules are reduced by approximately 3%–5% by employing built-up H sections in secondary members in lieu of rolled H sections. The results indicate that, in many cases, built-up H sections can be used as secondary members to reduce the structural weight of topside modules.
Perceived difficulties between early years and primary teachers in International Baccalaureate Primary Years Programme implementation
Authors: Steffen Verónica , Bueno-Villaverde Ángeles
Published: August 2018

The purpose of this article is to contribute to discussion as to whether the Primary Years Programme (PYP) of the International Baccalaureate (IB) meets the needs of early childhood (3-5 years old) learners. The research underpinning the article adopted a mixed method approach comprising both a qualitative and a quantitative framework located in six private Spanish schools across three autonomous communities. The research compared perceived difficulties of Early Years teachers and Primary teachers regarding PYP implementation. Aspects of the PYP involved in the research aligned to the IB Standards and Practices. This document, revised periodically, regulates the implementation of IB programmes around the world. The basis of the structure of the research has a direct alignment with those Standards (philosophy, organization, curriculum and assessment). These core themes take the discussion beyond the PYP when considering best practice. A questionnaire was delivered to all full-time PYP teachers, and qualitative analysis was undertaken of the main school documents such as IB preliminary visit reports, school action plans, studies of parent satisfaction surveys, professional development plans, Programme of Inquiry, Units of Inquiry, assessment tools and IB authorization reports. While the document analysis highlighted some areas of difficulty, it was the quantitative comparison that emphasized significant differences in perceived difficulty of PYP implementation between these Early Years and Primary teachers. Although results of the research, in general, are favourable regarding perceived ease in the implementation of PYP philosophies as well as fundamental aspects, there were perceived differences between these two groups regarding specific items. Early Years teachers in and among the schools found 32 items significantly more difficult than did Primary teachers, including the use of transdisciplinary theme descriptors, key concepts, and the Learner Profile. Regarding assessment, Early Years teachers expressed having more difficulties than did Primary teachers in making their students work with their portfolios and using student-led conferences. However, the role of constructivism was one of seven items perceived as easier for Early Years teachers.
Global Capitalism in the Age of Trump
Authors: Hung Ho-Fung
Published: August 2018

On the origins and consequences of Trump’s attempt to de-globalize the American economy, from working-class living standards to the global balance of power.
“Six Months Is a Joke”: Carceral Feminism and Penal Populism in the Wake of the Stanford Sexual Assault Case
Authors: Phillips Nickie D. , Chagnon Nicholas
Published: August 2018

This article analyzes coverage of the Stanford, California rape case, using a qualitative thematic press analysis to demonstrate how “rape culture” and penal populist framing intersected. Pulling from national newspapers, as well as diverse online fora, we show how characteristics of the case such as the perceived leniency toward the accused were featured in rape culture and penal populist narratives. In addition, we document a counternarrative that critiqued feminism to pit antirape activists against justice reformers, framing the case as exemplifying a “culture of mass incarceration.” We discuss the significance of this in the context of broader justice reform.
A Latin American response to the IPSP chapter on media and communication
Authors: Gómez Gustavo
Published: August 2018

Based on a critical reading of the International Panel on Social Progress (IPSP) report on media and communication, this article presents various issues central to media democracy in Latin America. The response to the IPSP report examines four key elements: (1) access to media and digital platforms, (2) the potential impact of Internet Service Providers (ISPs) on freedom of expression, (3) Net neutrality as an essential component of digital platforms and 4) issues of concentration, diversity and pluralism in media and digital platforms.
Behavior Modification in Prediabetes and Diabetes: Potential Use of Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring
Authors: Ehrhardt Nicole , Al Zaghal Enas
Published: August 2018

Real-time continuous glucose monitoring (RT-CGM) provides real time glucose readings to participants wearing the device. The ability to see changes in glucose has the potential to provide immediate feedback to users on food choices and physical activity. The National Diabetes Prevention Program is currently the only reimbursable intervention for diabetes prevention and weight loss. The purpose of this article is to review the CGM literature on measurements other than Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) changes and hypoglycemia and discuss RT-CGM potential use as a behavior modification tool for lifestyle changes and weight reduction in people with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2D).
Vulnerability analysis of tunnel linings under blast loading
Authors: Chaudhary Ranjit Kumar , Mishra Sunita , Chakraborty Tanusree , Matsagar Vasant
Published: August 2018

In the present study, a comparative assessment on the performance of conventional and advanced tunnel lining materials subjected to blast loading is done using a three-dimensional non-linear finite element analysis procedure. The conventional tunnel lining materials analyzed herein are plain concrete, steel, reinforced cement concrete, and steel fiber–reinforced concrete. The advanced tunnel lining materials analyzed herein are dytherm, polyurethane, and aluminum syntactic foam sandwich panels with steel–foam–steel composites. The pressure generated by 10 kg Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is applied to each element on the inner wall of the tunnel which has an effect equal to the scaled distance Z = 1.16 m/kg1/3. Analyses are conducted by varying the thickness of lining materials for a tunnel built in rock domain. The response of the tunnel lining materials, for example, deformation, stresses, and strains generated at different interfaces, is compared with each other to assess the best suitable material for the present blast scenario discussed herein. It is observed from the simulations that the reinforced cement concrete and steel–aluminum syntactic foam (90 µm)–steel are found to be the suitable tunnel lining materials for the present blasting scenario described herein. Moreover, a set of probabilistic analysis is also performed for the suitable tunnel lining materials decided through deterministic analyses using Monte Carlo simulations. The results obtained are normal random distribution curves depicting the extent of deformation in lining materials. A probability failure curve is also proposed for the suitable lining materials.
A qualitative study of clinical champions in context: Clinical champions across three levels of acute care
Authors: Flanagan Mindy E , Plue Laurie , Miller Kristine K , Schmid Arlene A , Myers Laura , Graham Glenn , Miech Edward J , Williams Linda S , Damush Teresa M
Published: August 2018

Objectives:

To compare activities and field descriptions of clinical champions across three levels of stroke centers.

Methods:

A cross-sectional qualitative study using quota sampling was conducted. The setting for this study was 38 acute stroke centers based in US Veterans Affairs Medical Centers with 8 designated as Primary, 24 as Limited Hours, and 6 as Stroke Support Centers. Key informants involved in stroke care were interviewed using a semi-structured approach. A cross-case synthesis approach was used to conduct a qualitative analysis of clinical champions’ behaviors and characteristics. Clinical champion behaviors were described and categorized across three dimensions: enthusiasm, persistence, and involving the right people.

Results:

Clinical champions at Primary Stroke Centers represented diverse medical disciplines and departments (education, quality management); directed implementation of acute stroke care processes; coordinated processes across service lines; and benefited from supportive contexts for implementation. Clinical champions at Limited Hours Stroke Centers varied in steering implementation efforts, building collaboration across disciplines, and engaging in other clinical champion activities. Clinical champions at Stroke Support Centers were implementing limited changes to stroke care and exhibited few behaviors fitting the three clinical champion dimensions. Other clinical champion behaviors included educating colleagues, problem-solving, implementing new care pathways, monitoring progress, and standardizing processes.

Conclusion:

These data demonstrate clinical champion behaviors for implementing changes to complex care processes such as acute stroke care. Changes to complex care processes involved coordination among clinicians from multiple services lines, persistence facing obstacles to change, and enthusiasm for targeted practice changes.
Female Dietary Patterns and the Pathogenesis of NAFLD
Authors: Hörist-Kollmann Sabine , Strametz-Juranek Jeanette
Published: August 2018

In Europe as well as the United States, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease and is strongly associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is defined as a hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. Being a very powerful and independent cardiovascular risk factor, NAFLD increases cardiovascular and overall mortality to a significant degree. The purpose of this review was to determine sex- and gender-specific differences in the prevalence and pathogenesis of NAFLD and delineate the specific characteristics of NAFLD as a systemic disease in men and women. Postmenopausal women and women with endocrine disorders such as the polycystic ovarian syndrome are at high risk of developing NAFLD. The increasing incidence of female NAFLD after menopause appears to be related to reduced estrogen and increased testosterone levels, as well as changes in the distribution of fatty tissue. Finally, the role of gender-specific nutrition patterns in the pathogenesis of NAFLD will be discussed. Fructose consumption from industrialized products is a promoter of NAFLD, depending on the total daily calorie intake of macronutrients. A higher level of health literacy and conscious food behavior have been noted among women of all age groups compared to males, which could play a role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Health professionals are confronted with the challenges of early diagnosis by the use of sensitive, reliable, and noninvasive diagnostic tools, including screening algorithms for high-risk persons and providing gender-specific nutritional support as a crucial element of treatment and disease prevention.
The Persistent Gender Bias in the Diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Lastra Alejandra Carolina , Attarian Hrayr Pierre
Published: August 2018

Prevalence estimates of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) continue to rise, partially due to better recognition of and screening for the disease, in part due to increase in obesity and in part due to changes in definitions of obstructive hypopneas. Despite increasing knowledge of the deleterious impact of OSA on health, underrecognition continues to be a major concern, especially in women. A middle-aged man that snores and is sleepy has been the accepted “textbook” picture of OSA; women may present with more atypical symptoms and excessive sleepiness that are not reflected on sleepiness scale questionnaires. Even when presenting with snoring and sleepiness, and in the presence of comorbidities, women are less likely to be evaluated for OSA. Symptom burden and poor health outcomes have been documented in women with OSA and treatment improves their health. In this article, we explore possible causes for this underrecognition of OSA in women, including gender bias and healthcare inequity, and propose solutions.
Grasses tame and wild: Imperial entanglements in settler colonial cereal breeding and botany
Authors: Anderson PG
Published: August 2018

This article argues that imperial and local state-supported science played a key role in the discursive and material changes – including political, economic, and ecological – in Canadian settler colonialism. I advance this argument through two case studies from Canada's Experimental Farm Service: the breeding of Marquis wheat and attempts to domesticate wild rice as ornamental feed for game birds. Marquis wheat has been celebrated for its role in expanding the wheat growing regions of Canada's Prairies, whereas wild rice's role was transferred from food to ornamental. The movements of these plants through the scientific milieu of the Experimental Farm Service demonstrate how the state used science to lift up settler communities while holding down Indigenous communities.
Precision medicine in COPD: where are we and where do we need to go?
Authors: Sidhaye Venkataramana K. , Nishida Kristine , Martinez Fernando J.
Published: August 2018

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was the fourth leading cause of death worldwide in 2015. Current treatments for patients ease discomfort and help decrease disease progression; however, none improve lung function or change mortality. COPD is heterogeneous in its molecular and clinical presentation, making it difficult to understand disease aetiology and define robust therapeutic strategies. Given the complexity of the disease we propose a precision medicine approach to understanding and better treating COPD. It is possible that multiOMICs can be used as a tool to integrate data from multiple fields. Moreover, analysis of electronic medical records could aid in the treatment of patients and in the predictions of outcomes. The Precision Medicine Initiative created in 2015 has made precision medicine approaches to treat disease a reality; one of these diseases being COPD.
Using generative adversarial networks to improve deep-learning fault interpretation networks
Authors: Lu Ping , Morris Matt , Brazell Seth , Comiskey Cody , Xiao Yuan
Published: August 2018

Deep learning is arguably one of the most important innovations in artificial intelligence in recent times. It allows for computational solutions to problems that are not easily characterized by a mathematical model or deterministic algorithm. It also allows for automated solutions to problems that are inherently subjective. Both of these criteria are endemic in the earth sciences, so innovative solutions to these challenges should be welcomed. We demonstrate a recent refinement to a deep-learning fault identification process that improves the continuity and compactness of predicted fault planes in areas where faults intersect. Historically, predictions from both deep learning and traditional algorithmic approaches were characterized by “blurry” clouds of intermediate probability values that extended well beyond the fault plane. To remediate this blurring problem and enhance confidence of inferences, we demonstrate a preprocessing technique in the image domain by using generative adversarial networks (GANs) that sharpen the seismic image prior to training and prediction. This sharpening solution consists of two neural networks. A feature-extraction network is used for extracting both local and global features from an unrelated, high-quality “donor” seismic survey. Then, the data set of interest is sent through a donor reconstruction network where a generator architecture creates plausible-looking images at a denser sampling rate with high perceptual quality. In the study presented here, we create our sharpening network using a modern, high-fidelity, deepwater 3D survey with well-imaged faults as the donor. The resulting generator architecture is then applied to our data set of interest — an altogether separate deepwater data set in the Gulf of Mexico. Similar in intent to a 5D interpolation, the GANs-based supersampled data contain three times the inline and crossline trace density, and the sampling interval is upsampled by a factor of three. This approach aims to preserve spatial and temporal frequency content of the parent data while providing a denser data set for deep-learning applications. The supersampled data is then deployed into our deep-learning training regimen to enhance the performance of our fault detection network. By introducing a preprocessing sharpening step, the predicted faults are less blurry, more compact, and more amenable to programmatic attempts to segment them into discrete features.