bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural Characterization of Reactive DC Magnetron Co-Sputtered Nanocrystalline CrAlN Thin Film
Authors: Khambun Amonrat , Buranawong Adisorn , Witit-Anun Nirun
Published: August 2017

Nanocrystalline CrAlN thin films were deposited on silicon substrates by reactive DC magnetron co-sputtering technique. The effect of deposition time on crystal structure, chemical composition, thickness, microstructure and hardness of the thin films were characterized by XRD, EDS, AFM and FE-SEM and Nanoindentation, respectively. The as-deposited films were formed as a (Cr,Al)N solid solution with (111), (200) and (220) plane. The lattice constants were in range of 3.9916 - 4.0455 Å. The as-deposited films exhibited a nanostructure with a crystallite size in range of 15-35 nm. The thickness and roughness increased from 197 nm to 998 nm and 1.6 nm to 8.1 nm, respectively, with increasing the deposition time. The chemical composition of the films varied with the deposition time. The cross section analysis by FE-SEM showed columnar structure and dense morphology. The film hardness decreased from 39 GPa to 25 GPa with increasing the deposition time and crystallite size.
Solid Particle Erosion Resistance of Thermal Sprayed Nickel Alloy Coating
Authors: Lertvijitpun Vasin , Lertvijitpun Pisak
Published: August 2017

Solid particle erosion on surface of material effects on life time for them such as the turbine brade, boiler tube and chemical processing equipments. Thermal spray is one of various technique which used for the repairing or building up new surface. The objective of this experiment is to study the influence of thermal spray Ni-Si-B coating parameters on the solid particle erosion resistance at room temperature. The coating parameters were the distances between coating nozzle and the substrate of 10, 15, and 20 mm and travel speeds of 1.0 and 1.5 mm s-1 respectively, leading to the difference of heat inputs. The hardness of coating surfaces was measured by Vickers hardness. The microstructure of coating surfaces was examined by using an optical microscope (OM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Moreover, solid particle erosion resistance of coating surfaces was investigated on the erosion test rig at room temperature. Erosion rates of specimens were assessed by the calculation of weight loss which measured using an electronic balance (0.1 mg resolution). The relationship between erosion resistance and hardness was studied coincide with the microstructure examination. According to the erosion resistance evaluation, it was found that an erosion rate of coating depended on the coating condition. Finally, wear scar morphology on the top of an eroded surface and cross-section area was observed by SEM. However, the coating parameters played an important role in the erosion resistance. The microstructure of coating concerned with coating parameters was further discussed with the erosion behavior in this research.
Engineering of Synthesis of Eu,Ca-α-Sialon Phosphor via the Solid-Liquid Synthesis
Authors: Sopicka-Lizer Malgorzata , Pawlik Tomasz , Michalik Daniel , Lisiecki Radosław
Published: August 2017

The aim of this research was to find out the way of the synthesis temperature reduction without deterioration of the phosphors optical properties. Since crystallization of Eu,Ca-α-sialon occurs by means of sialon crystallization from the oversaturated oxynitride liquid, thus a rise of the liquid phase amount could be performed not only via an increase of temperature but also through the application of the low eutectic additives. Al2O3 and AlF3 additives have been chosen as the sources of liquid at the reaction temperature. The syntheses were carried out in a graphite furnace at 1650°C and the powders were characterized for their phase composition, particles morphology, excitation and emission properties and their quantum yield of luminescence was compared. It has been found that alumina addition to the initial mixture of nitrides was the most effective in formation of sialon solid solution with a minor contamination with AlN. Emission intensity of sialon phosphor was doubled if they were synthesized with each of additives. Quantum yield of tested phosphors was over 0.85 if excited at 380 nm for alumina and similar for AlF3 modified composition. A significant particles refinement was observed if AlF3 was applied.
Precision Casting of GTD222 Component with Complex Thin-Wall Structure
Authors: Zhu Guo Liang , Wang Wei , Wang Rui , Wang Guo Xiang , Dong An Ping , Wang Dong Hong , Shi Zhi Wu , Li Yu Long , Zhang Guo Dong
Published: August 2017

GTD222 superalloy is a potential candidate for large-scale complex thin-walled castings with high temperature resistance in the next-generation aircraft engines, due to its excellent creep performance, good oxidation resistance and favorable weldability. The precision casting of GTD222 with a complex thin-wall structure was investigated in this work. The good quality of the final cast indicated that the optimized gating system obtained by numerical simulation was satisfying.
Effect of Primer's Elastic Modulus on the Response of Multi Layer Bonded Steel Butt Joint under Izod Impact Test
Authors: Li Jian Li , Zhao Ya Lan , Li Ying Ying , You Min
Published: August 2017

The effect of the elastic modulus of the adhesive for primer on the impact response of the steel butt joint bonded by multi-layer under the Izod impact test is investigated using the elasto-plastic finite element method (FEM). The results obtained from numerical simulation show that both the elastic strain and plastic strain occurred at the point 0.5 mm away from the upper or lower surface after a certain time is increased significantly when the elastic modulus of the primer is decreased from 2.875 GPa to 0.825 GPa. The absolute value of the stress Sx response at these to nodes is decreased when the elastic modulus of the primer is decreased. The value of the stress Seqv is the highest one after 0.1 ms at the points 0.5 mm away from the upper or lower surface when the butt joint is bonded by the multi layer consisted of Epoxy-Phenolic-Epoxy adhesives.
Improving Corrosion Resistance of Hot Extruded Mg-Sn-Al-Ce Magnesium Alloy by Rapid Solidification
Authors: Cheng Peng , Chen Yun Gui , Ding Wu Cheng
Published: August 2017

The corrosion behavior and microstructure of hot extruded Mg-5 wt.%Sn-4 wt.%Al-2 wt.%Ce alloy by rapid solidification ribbon (RS-EX TAE542) are investigated. The results shows that corrosion resistance of RS-EX alloy is remarkably improved, compared with that of hot extruded TAE542 alloy by homogenized ingot (HI-EX TAE542). Relatively compact corrosion products and bedded corrosion surface of RS-EX alloy is connected with the fine grains and uniform particles caused by rapid solidification, and they can suppress the corrosion reactions.
Biocompatibility of Titanium Carbo-Nitride Coatings with Fetal Rat Calvarial Cells
Authors: Kim Ji Eun , Sun Young Gon , Moon Jong Wook , Piao Xing Hui , Kim Young Jun
Published: August 2017

Surface modification is a promising technique to improve mechanical properties of titanium and titanium alloys by changing the surface composition or microstructures. In this study, titanium carbo-nitride coating had been deposited on Ti-6Al-4V alloy by arc ion plating. The biocompatibility of TiN and TiCN coating on Ti-6Al-4V alloy with fetal rat calvarial cells was assessed by Enzyme Linked Immunoabsorbent Assay (ELISA) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALPase) activity.
The effect of surface coating on IL-1β and IL-6 production was determined by ELISA. On IL-1β and IL-6 production, there were no statistical difference between control and thin coating surfaces. After 7 days of culture, the cells were provided to measure ALPase activity. ALPase activity of cells cultured on TiN and TiCN surface was similar to that seen on cp-Ti.
In Situ EDXRD Study of MAG-Welding Using LTT Weld Filler Materials under Structural Restraint
Authors: Vollert Florian , Dixneit Jonny , Gibmeier Jens , Kromm Arne , Buslaps Thomas , Kannengiesser Thomas
Published: August 2017

Welding using low transformation temperature (LTT) filler materials is an innovative approach to mitigate detrimental welding residual stresses without cost-intensive post weld-treatments [1, 2]. Due to the local generation of compressive residual stresses in the weld line by means of a delayed martensite transformation a significant enhancement of the cold cracking resistance of highly stressed welded components can be expected. For the effective usage of these materials a deeper understanding of the microstructural evolution inside the weld material is necessary to determine the complex processes that cause the residual stress formation during welding. Solid-state phase transformation kinetics and the evolution of strain in LTT weld filler materials are monitored in-situ at the instrument ID15A@ESRF in Grenoble. The transferability to real components is implemented by using a realistic MAG welding process under consideration of structural restraint. During welding of multilayer joints, the phase transformation and phase specific strain evolution of each individual layer is investigated in transmission geometry by means of energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction EDXRD using high energy synchrotron radiation with a counting rate of 2.5 Hz. The measurement results of a 10% Cr / 10% Ni LTT weld filler are compared to data monitored for the conventional weld filler material G89. The in-situ data clearly indicate a strong effect on the local strain evolution and the formation of compressive strain. This results from the restraint volume expansion during the postponed austenite to martensite transformation of the LTT weld filler, which counteracts the thermal shrinkage. In contrast, for the conventional weld filler material the thermal contraction strains lead to tensile residual strain during welding. Furthermore, the results of in-situ observation during welding show that the transformation kinetic is dependent on the welding sequence.
In Situ Stress Measurements during Welding Process
Authors: Hirano Tatsumi , Takamatsu Daiko , Kuwabara Kosuke , Zhang Shuo Yuan , Shobu Takahisa , Shiro Ayumi , Sato Masugu
Published: August 2017

Welding technologies are indispensable for fabricating various industrial structures and must be highly reliable. Since tensile residual stresses at surface after welding cause crack progress, it is important to understand how stresses built up during the welding process in order to optimize final residual stresses as reduced tensile or introduced compressive stresses. Therefore, we conducted in-situ measurements of phase transformations, stresses and temperatures during tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding to understand how stresses built up. X-ray diffraction rings were detected per 0.1 sec during TIG welding by using a large-area two-dimensional detector and the accuracy of the stress analysis was estimated to be 8 MPa using the sin2ψ technique. In this paper, we described the phase transformations of ferrite low-carbon rolled steel and the changes in stresses during TIG welding.
Minimizing and Characterizing Uncertainties in Neutron Strain Measurements with Special Attention to Grain Size Effects
Authors: Wimpory Robert C. , Hofmann Michael , Rebelo-Kornmeier Joana , Boin Mirko , Ohms Carsten
Published: August 2017

The accurate determination of strain during measurement using neutron diffraction depends on many factors. The statistical uncertainty of the diffraction data is not always the most important contributor to the total uncertainty in the measured strain. Other contributors, such as sample positioning, size and shape of the sampling (gauge) volume and the size and distribution of grains within the sampling volume, often play an important role as well. Grain size issues have been the least studied and their impact is often ignored even though the potential uncertainty contribution can be large. Certain methods such as oscillating the sample during measurement can help in reducing the magnitude of the grain size effect and hence also that of the related uncertainty contribution. A thorough characterization of uncertainties due to grain size effects however, in terms of absolute values that should be added to the statistical peak fitting uncertainties has not yet been implemented. This paper will present an improved method to characterize and estimate absolute uncertainty values due to grain size effects.
Scanning Three-Dimensional X-Ray Diffraction Microscopy with a High-Energy Microbeam at SPring-8
Authors: Hayashi Yujiro , Setoyama Daigo , Seno Yoshiki
Published: August 2017

The grain-resolved residual stress (type II) in commercial-quality low carbon steel was observed using scanning three-dimensional X-ray diffraction (3DXRD) microscopy. In this method, grain orientations and lattice parameters are mapped using a monochromatic high-energy X-ray microbeam and 3DXRD-based polycrystalline indexing. Defining the reference lattice parameter a0 as the average value in the entire field of view, grain orientations and lattice parameters are converted into stress tensors, yielding a grain-resolved stress tensor map. The effectiveness of the scanning 3DXRD method was demonstrated by evaluating the residual stress in a cold-rolled low carbon steel sheet using a 50 keV microbeam at SPring-8. The area of the cross-sectional sample was 1×1 mm2, which was sufficiently larger than the grain size of about 20 μm. To produce a two-dimensional map of a circular region with a diameter of 160 μm at a pixel size of 1×1 μm2, the measurement time was about 1 h. From the stress tensor map, differences in residual stress of about 150–200 MPa between some neighboring grains were observed.
Microstructure and Residual Stress in T40 Titanium after Tensile Test
Authors: Wroński Sebastian , Wierzbanowski Krzysztof , Jędrychowski Mariusz , Tarasiuk Jacek , Wronski Marcin , Baczmański Andrzej , Bacroix Brigitte , Lodini Alain
Published: August 2017

The goal work of this work is to describe the qualitative and quantitative behaviour of titanium T40 during tensile test. Material characteristics were determined using EBSD and X-ray techniques. Textures, twin boundary fractions, residual stresses and coherent domain size were determined. It was found that deformation mechanisms and microstructure characteristics are different in the samples stretched along rolling and transverse directions. For example the average grain size, as determined from EBSD measurements, is higher in the sample stretched along rolling direction. Also smaller coherent domains form and residual stress is more easily relaxed in this sample. A strong appearance of tensile twins was observed in the samples deformed along transverse direction. In the present paper a complex study of material characteristics and deformation mechanisms is presented. A special emphasis is done on residual stress characteristics determined in the samples stretched in two perpendicular directions.
The X-Ray Micro-Tomography Backed by Molecular Dynamics Simulations in the Analysis of Shock-Induced Damage in Ductile Materials
Authors: Bontaz-Carion Joëlle , Soulard Laurent , Lescoute Emilien , Sollier Arnaud , Berthe Laurent
Published: August 2017

We have studied spallation in single crystal of metals under shock at very high strain rate. Our work has been devoted to understanding, and predicting the dynamic ductile damage processes of nucleation, growth and coalescence of voids in these extreme conditions of impact. Recovered sample only indicates final state of damage. Molecular Dynamics calculations are predicting the phenomenon over time. However we need experimental results to validate and improve simulations and models. X-ray tomography analyses are appropriate to extract pore volume distributions. Our study on ductile materials allowed us to conclude that experimental analyses exhibit two power laws attributed to growth and coalescence regimes. Moreover power law is scale invariance so it is possible to compare experiment (macroscopic) to calculation (microscopic). We show that there are good correlations between experimental and Molecular Dynamics pore volume distribution. Thanks X-ray microtomographies findings we progress in understanding the phenomenon of dynamic damage.
Dislocation Density of Plastically Deformed Oxygen-Free Copper
Authors: Sano Mutsumi , Takahashi Sunao , Watanabe Atsuo , Shiro Ayumi , Shobu Takahisa
Published: August 2017

The dislocation density of plastically deformed oxygen free copper (OFC) was evaluated by X-ray diffraction profile analysis with synchrotron radiation. The modified Williamson-Hall and modified Warren-Averbach methods were applied to the analysis. The dislocation densities of OFC samples with compressive plastic strains of 1 % and 4 % were 5.1×1014 m-2 and 9.2×1014 m-2, respectively.
Lattice Strain Pole Figures Analysis in Titanium during Uniaxial Deformation
Authors: Gloaguen David , Girault Baptiste , Fajoui Jamal , Klosek Vincent , Moya Marie José
Published: August 2017

A theoretical and experimental study was carry out to investigate deformation mechanisms in a textured titanium alloy. In situ neutron diffraction measurements were performed to analyze different {hk.l} family planes ({10.0}, {10.1}, {11.0} and {00.2}) and determine the corresponding internal strain pole figures. This method was applied to a pure titanium (a-Ti) submitted to a uniaxial tensile load up to 2 %. The experimental data was then used to validate the EPSC model in order to predict the distribution of lattice strains determined by neutron diffraction for various diffraction vector directions. This comparison reveals that the model results were in good agreement with the experimental data and the simulations reproduced the lattice strain development observed on the strain pole figures determined by neutron diffraction.
Determination of optimum dosage of the mutagen ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) for mass treatment of shoot tips of banana variety ‘Agra’
Authors: Shirani D. A. , Niroshani K. A. C. , Gaminie A. W. , Abeysinghe P. D.
Published: August 2017

Fusarium wilt disease is the main threat to the commercial cultivation of kolikuttu (silk) banana (Musa spp.). Therefore, efforts were made to improve Kolikuttu banana through induced mutation to enable development of tolerant varieties to Fusarium wilt disease. Shoot apices of in-vitro proliferated banana variety ‘Agra’ were treated with a series of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS; 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0% v/v) along with two incubation periods (2 h and 3 h) to identify the optimum concentration of the mutagen. The estimated LD50 values, based on the survival percentage, were 2.63% and 1.6% for 2 h and 3 h, respectively. Fresh weight was reduced by 50% of the control at EMS concentrations of 1.58% and 1.27% while LD50 values for shoot height reduction were 1.71% and 1% for 2 h and 3 h immersions, respectively. Linear reduction of number of buds with increasing EMS dosages was much prominent with 2 h incubation and the estimated LD50 values for this parameter were 1.72% and 1.24% for 2 h and 3 h incubation, respectively. At lower dosage levels, the multiplication ratio over four subculture cycles showed considerable variations. Multiplication was completely arrested at dosages >1.5%.
Effect of post-emergence herbicides on yield of Kharif groundnut
Authors: Mahatale P. V. , Ladole M. Y. , Vaidaya E. R. , Deshmukh S. N.
Published: August 2017

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the most appropriate post -emergence herbicides for the maximum weed control and yield enhancement in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The experiment in a RCBD with three replicates was conducted during Kharif season (June to October) 2013 and 2014 at the Oilseeds Research Unit, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola (M.S.), India. The crop variety AK 159 was sown at a spacing of 30 cm (between rows) x 10 cm (within row). Nine treatments including six post-emergence herbicides applied at 2-4 leaf stage of weeds, a pre-emergence herbicide, and a weedy and weed-free (hand weeding) control. The recommended mixture of fertilizer 25:50 N, and P (kg/ha) was applied as a basal dressing using Urea (46 % N) and SSP (16% P2O5), respectively. Among the herbicidal treatments, the lowest weed index (3.26%) was observed under post-emergence herbicides Propaquizafop 10 EC (100 g/ha) followed Quizalofop ethyl 5 EC (100 g/ha) with a weed index of 9.74%. The minimum weed dry weight was also recorded in these treatments, which was significantly lower (p<0.05) than all other treatments. The lowest weed control efficiency (81.6%) was recorded in plots with the pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin 30 EC (1000 g/ha). The highest dry pods yield (2,927 kg/ha) was recorded in the weed free control (hand weeding 20 and 40 Days after emergence) and the lowest (1,520 kg/ha) was under un-weeded control. The post-emergence herbicides Propaquizafop 10 EC (100 g/ha) recorded the highest gross and net monetary returns, which were at par (p>0.05) with Quizalofop ethyl 5 EC (100 g/ha) but significantly higher (p<0.05) as compared to other herbicidal treatments. Application of post--herbicides effectively controlled weeds, and resulted in a considerably lower cost of cultivation compared with hand weeding. The benefit:cost ratio was the highest with post emergence herbicides Propaquizafop 10 EC (100 g/ha) followed by Quizalofop ethyl 5 EC (100 g/ha) compared to other treatments.
SOLITARY PLASMACYTOMA
Authors: Grammatico Sara , Scalzulli Emilia , Petrucci Maria Teresa
Published: August 2017

Solitary plasmacytoma is a rare disease characterized by a localized proliferation of neoplastic monoclonal plasma cells, without evidence of systemic disease. It can be subdivided into solitary bone plasmacytoma, if the lesion originates in bone, or solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma, if the lesion involves a soft tissue. Incidence of solitary bone plasmacytoma is higher than solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma. Also prognosis is different: even if both forms respond well to treatment, overall survival and progression free survival of solitary bone plasmacytoma is poorer than solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma due to its higher rate of evolution in multiple myeloma. However, the recent advances in the diagnosis of multiple myeloma can better refine also the diagnosis of plasmacytoma. Flow cytometry studies and molecular analysis may reveal clonal plasma cells in the bone marrow; magnetic resonance imaging or 18 Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography could better define osteolytic bone lesions. A more precise exclusion of eventual occult systemic involvement can avoid cases of misdiagnosed multiple myeloma patients, that were previously considered solitary plasmacytoma and less treated, with an unavoidable poor prognosis.Due to the rarity of the disease, there is no uniform consensus about prognostic factors and treatment. Radiotherapy is the treatment of choice; however, some authors debates about the radiotherapy dose and the relationship with the response rate. Moreover, the role of surgery and chemotherapy is still under debate. Nevertheless, we must consider that the majority of studies include a small number of patients and analyze the efficacy of conventional chemotherapy; few cases are reported concerning the efficacy of novel agents.Keywords: solitary plasmacytoma; myeloma; radiotherapy; osteolytic lesions
NON-SECRETORY MYELOMA: READY FOR A NEW DEFINITION?
Authors: Corso Alessandro , Mangiacavalli Silvia
Published: August 2017

Non-secretory myeloma is a myeloma subtype whose diagnosis, until a few years ago, was established by demonstration of monoclonal plasma cells in the bone marrow and by negative results on serum and urine electrophoresis and immunofixation studies. However, this type of myeloma could be misdiagnosed if the workup does not include an accurate study of serum free light chain test since some of the patients diagnosed as non-secretory could be light chain only with small amounts monoclonal proteinuria. Due to this limit in classification, all the information available today, generally coming from retrospective studies including patients studied in a complete and incomplete fashion, could be misleading. A new definition is thus needed to distinguish between the true non-secretory, with a possible better prognosis, and the other forms of oligosecretory myeloma with a prognosis more similar to the secretory form of myeloma. With all the data of the literature, the availability of laboratory and radiological tools, times are mature to depict a new definition of non-secretory myeloma which deserves, a peculiar work up and different response evaluation and, maybe, a different therapeutic approach. Keywords: Non-secretory myeloma; Free light chain; Myeloma subtype.
Multipathway Quantitative Assessment of Exposure to Fecal Contamination for Young Children in Low-Income Urban Environments in Accra, Ghana: The SaniPath Analytical Approach
Authors: Wang Yuke , Moe Christine L. , Null Clair , Raj Suraja J. , Baker Kelly K. , Robb Katharine A. , Yakubu Habib , Ampofo Joseph A. , Wellington Nii , Freeman Matthew C. , Armah George , Reese Heather E. , Peprah Dorothy , Teunis Peter F. M.
Published: August 2017

Lack of adequate sanitation results in fecal contamination of the environment and poses a risk of disease transmission via multiple exposure pathways. To better understand how eight different sources contribute to overall exposure to fecal contamination, we quantified exposure through multiple pathways for children under 5 years old in four high-density, low-income, urban neighborhoods in Accra, Ghana. We collected more than 500 hours of structured observation of behaviors of 156 children, 800 household surveys, and 1,855 environmental samples. Data were analyzed using Bayesian models, estimating the environmental and behavioral factors associated with exposure to fecal contamination. These estimates were applied in exposure models simulating sequences of behaviors and transfers of fecal indicators. This approach allows us to identify the contribution of any sources of fecal contamination in the environment to child exposure and use dynamic fecal microbe transfer networks to track fecal indicators from the environment to oral ingestion. The contributions of different sources to exposure were categorized into four types (high/low by dose and frequency), as a basis for ranking pathways by the potential to reduce exposure. Although we observed variation in estimated exposure (108–1016 CFU/day for Escherichia coli) between different age groups and neighborhoods, the greatest contribution was consistently from food (contributing > 99.9% to total exposure). Hands played a pivotal role in fecal microbe transfer, linking environmental sources to oral ingestion. The fecal microbe transfer network constructed here provides a systematic approach to study the complex interaction between contaminated environment and human behavior on exposure to fecal contamination.
INTEGRATION OF TRACHOMA CONTROL INTO PRIMARY HEALTH CARE: THE TANZANIAN EXPERIENCE
Authors: MECASKEY JEFFREY W. , NGIRWAMUNGU EDITH , KILIMA PETER M.
Published: August 2017

Tanzania was among the first countries to launch a trachoma control program with support from the International Trachoma Initiative (ITI) using surgery, antibiotics, facial cleanliness, and environmental improvement (SAFE) strategy with azithromycin. More than one million children less than 10 years of age in Tanzania have active disease and an estimated 54,000 people have trichiasis. Since 2000, Tanzania has implemented major health sector reform that have been carried out in three phases in 114 districts. A key aspect of the reform process is the policy of developing locally distributed essential health packages that then serve as the basis of the comprehensive council health plan. In 2002, the Tanzania Ministry of Health in collaboration with the ITI, the World Bank, and the office of the President embarked on a program of information for districts where trachoma is endemic but where no control program has been launched. Clear goals for the trachoma control program have been reviewed and discussed by the districts and as a result trachoma control was integrated into the comprehensive council health plans for 2003. This is expected to expand in 2004 and 2005. This work is presented as a model for the support and integration of disease-specific control efforts into the primary health care system.
TRACHOMA: LOOKING FORWARD TO GLOBAL ELIMINATION OF TRACHOMA BY 2020 (GET 2020)
Authors: MARIOTTI SILVIO P. , PARARAJASEGARAM RAMACHANDRA , RESNIKOFF SERGE
Published: August 2017

There is fortunately increasing international awareness of the problem of needless blindness from trachoma and enhanced international cooperation. This is exemplified by the World Health Organization Alliance for the Global Elimination of Blinding Trachoma by 2020 (GET 2020), the World Health Assembly resolution 51.11, 1998, and the inclusion of trachoma as a priority under the disease control component of the Global Initiative for the Elimination of Avoidable Blindness, Vision 2020 – the Right to Sight. Evidence-based advances in knowledge and intervention strategies together with the additional financial resources now available offer opportunities for a concerted effort to control and eliminate blinding trachoma, long before the year 2020, in most countries.
VACCINATION OF HUMAN VOLUNTEERS WITH MONOVALENT AND TETRAVALENT LIVE-ATTENUATED DENGUE VACCINE CANDIDATES
Authors: SUN WELLINGTON , EDELMAN ROBERT , KANESA-THASAN NIRANJAN , ECKELS KENNETH H. , PUTNAK J. ROBERT , KING ALAN D. , HOUNG HUO-SHU , TANG DOUGLAS , SCHERER JOHN M. , HOKE CHARLES H. , INNIS BRUCE L.
Published: August 2017

Four serotypes of monovalent live attenuated dengue virus vaccine candidates were tested for reactogenicity and immunogenicity in 49 flavivirus non-immune adult human volunteers. The four monovalent candidates were then combined into a tetravalent formulation and given to another 10 volunteers. Neutralizing antibody seroconversion rates after a single-dose monovalent vaccination ranged from 53% to 100%. Solicited reactogenicity was scored by each volunteer. A composite index, the Reactogenicity Index, was derived by these self-reported scores. Reactogenicity differed among the four serotype candidates with serotype-1 associated with the most vaccine related side effects. A second dose of monovalent vaccines at either 30 days or 90 days was much less reactogenic but did not significantly increase seroconversion rates. Seroconversion rates in the 10 volunteers who received a single dose of tetravalent vaccine ranged from 30% to 70% among the four serotypes. Similar to the monovalent vaccines, a second dose of the tetravalent vaccine at one month was less reactogenic and did not increase seroconversion. A third dose of the tetravalent vaccine at four months resulted in three of four volunteers with trivalent or tetravalent high-titer neutralizing antibody responses.
Laboratory Measurement of the Acoustical Performance of Body Cavity Filler Materials
Authors:   Acoustical Materials Committee
Published: August 2017

This SAE Recommended Practice describes a laboratory test procedure for measuring the acoustical performance of a system consisting of a body cavity filler material formed into a rectangular cross-section channel. Materials for this test may include both heat reactive and chemically reactive products, with or without a shelf to simulate a baffle in an application, or a combination of body cavity filler and aluminum foil to enhance the performance. These materials are commonly installed in transportation systems such as ground vehicles, and thus reduce the noise propagation through the rails, rockers, and pillar/posts.

This document is intended to rank order the acoustical performance of materials for application on channels using general automotive steel, such that the effects of sealing of pinch welds in addition to the material could be easily evaluated. However, the channel is not an actual part (i.e., real life section) of the vehicle, and therefore results obtained from this study will have to be carefully interpreted considering limitations of section size/shape and full sealing (or not) of the section.

The acoustical performance is expressed in terms of insertion loss (IL) which is described in Section 3 Test Method. The test procedure described here is based on the method described in SAE J1400. However, this document differs from the SAE J1400 method in that the J1400 measures sound transmission loss, and this document measures IL of body cavity materials in a cavity.

This document covers the useful frequency range of interest in 1/3 octave band center frequencies. The lower limit of the actual frequency range is limited by the size of the channel and/or the volume of the reverberation room. Two rectangular cross-section channels are cited in this standard. These are 75 mm × 75 mm and 150 mm × 150 mm in cross-section and provide valid data at and above 800 Hz and 400 Hz 1/3 octave band frequencies, respectively, provided the reverberation room can generate diffuse sound field at those frequencies.
One-dimensional spatially dependent solute transport in semi-infinite porous media: an analytical solution
Authors: Yadav R.R. , Kumar Lav Kush
Published: August 2017

The present study is an attempt to describe analytical solution of spatially dependent solute transport in one-dimensional semiinfinite homogeneous porous domain. In this mathematical model the dispersion coefficient is considered spatially dependent while seepage velocity is considered exponentially decreasing function of space. Dispersion parameter and velocity are directly proportional to each other. Space dependent retardation factor is also taken. The nature of porous media and solute pollutant are considered chemically non-reactive. Initially porous domain is considered solute free and the input source condition is considered uniformly continuous. A new transformation is introduced to solve the advection dispersion equation. The analytical solution is obtained by using Laplace Transformation Techniques (LTT). The effects of spatial dependence on the solute concentration dispersion of various physical parameters are explained with help of different graphs.Keywords: Diffusion, Seepage velocity, Retardation, Aquifer, Laplace transformation, Pollutant
Hall effect on MHD flow of visco-elastic micro-polar fluid layer heated from below saturating a porous medium
Authors: Singh Bhupander
Published: August 2017

The problem of visco-elastic micro-polar fluid layer heated from blow in the presence of uniform vertical magnetic field with Hall current in porous medium is discussed here and obtained a dispersion relation using normal mode analysis. From this dispersion relation, the medium permeability K1 has destabilizing effect, the coupling parameter K has stabilizing effect. the micro-polar coefficient A has stabilizing effect under certain conditions, the magnetic field has stabilizing effect when δ̅ < ∈/A and ∈ > 1/2, micro-polar heat conduction parameter has stabilizing effect when ∈ > 1/2 and Hall parameter has destabilizing effect under δ̅  < ∈/A and ∈ > 1/2 and a necessary condition for oscillatory mode is obtained with δ̅ < ∈/A and Q < Pr/π2 and F > Qπ2K1/∈Prj̅Keywords: Visco-elastic, Micro-polar fluid, Magnetic field, Hall current, Porous Medium
Combined effects of radiation and chemical reaction on MHD flow past a moving plate with Hall current
Authors: Rajput Uday Singh , Kumar Gaurav
Published: August 2017

Influence of radiation and chemical reaction on MHD flow past a moving plate with Hall current is studied here. Earlier, we (2016) have studied unsteady MHD flow in porous media over exponentially accelerated plate with variable wall temperature and mass transfer along with Hall current. To study further, we are changing the model by considering radiation and chemical reaction on flow, and changing geometry of the model. Now, we are taking the plate positioned vertically upward. Laplace method is used to solve the flow model. The results obtained have been analyzed with the help of graphs drawn for different parameters. The numerical values obtained for the drag, Sherwood and Nusselt numbers at boundary have been tabulated. Here too, the results are found to be in agreement with the actual flow.Keywords: MHD flow, radiation, chemical reaction
Head and Neck Cancer Research Ethics: A Primer
Authors: Smith Joshua D , Spector-Bagdady Kayte , Shuman Andrew G
Published: August 2017

The rapidly evolving landscape of clinical research in head and neck cancer promises scientific discovery that will benefit patients and stand to improve the human condition for years to come. However, it is imperative that the head and neck oncology research community remains cognizant of the ethical conundrums posed by novel clinical investigation and respects and honors the primacy of the patients and participants upon whom such discoveries depend. It is as vital as ever to revisit the ethical debates of the past, the novel issues of the present, and potential ethical concerns of the future, to ensure research subject protection and respect evolves at the same pace as the research enterprise itself. Herein, we review the basic ethical principles required of human subjects research, the regulatory landscape, and selected emerging debates with relevant examples for head and neck providers and researchers.

How to cite this article

Smith JD, Spector-Bagdady K, Shuman AG. Head and Neck Cancer Research Ethics: A Primer. Int J Head Neck Surg 2017;8(2):49-56.
Our Understanding of Well-differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Thompson Christopher , Nixon Iain J
Published: August 2017

Through significant contributions to our understanding of risk factors, prognostic indicators and management of well-differentiated thyroid cancer (WDTC), Prof Jatin Shah has contributed much to the field of thyroid cancer in recent times. Many of the guidelines used in WDTC management today are a testament to his less-aggressive, dedicated and individualised approach. This article seeks to both review the current understanding of WDTC and to outline these contributions in a special issue dedicated to the career of Prof Shah.

How to cite this article

Thompson C, Nixon IJ. Our Understanding of Well-differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Int J Head Neck Surg 2017;8(2):64-70.
Role of Extracapsular Nodal Spread and Surgical Margin Status in defining High-risk Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma and its Treatment Intensity
Authors: Wreesmann Volkert B
Published: August 2017

High-risk head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) includes an ill-defined collection of tumors that share an extremely poor outcome after seemingly appropriate multimodality treatment. Accumulating evidence suggests that extracapsular nodal spread and suboptimal surgical margins may be markers of high-risk HNSCC, but their utility is limited by ambiguous pathological criteria and unsatisfactory establishment of independent prognostic value. Inaccurate definition of high-risk HNSCC continues to obscure the scientific basis of treatment intensification protocols that have been proposed for high-risk HNSCC. Recent studies propose a more objective definition of clinically relevant extracapsular nodal spread (ECS) and surgical margins, which may contribute to improved staging and treatment selection.

How to cite this article

Wreesmann VB. Role of Extracapsular Nodal Spread and Surgical Margin Status in defining High-risk Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma and its Treatment Intensity. Int J Head Neck Surg 2017;8(2):76-83.
Sacrospinous Ligament Fixation in Patients with Second-degree Uterine Prolapse
Authors: Rady Helmy A
Published: August 2017

Background

Sacrospinous ligament fixation is a simple procedure we use today to treat cases with uterine prolapse.

Aim

The aim is to test the effectiveness of this procedure in the treatment of second-degree uterine prolapse.

Materials and methods

The study included 50 women with second-degree uterine prolapse. Out of 50 women, 25 (group I) were treated with bilateral sacrospinous ligament fixation, while the other 25 (group II) were treated with unilateral sacrospinous ligament fixation. The efficacy and intraoperative and postoperative complications are recorded (follow-up of patients occurred 3 and 6 months postoperatively).

Results

Mean operative time in unilateral sacrospinous fixation is 52 ± 10.6 minutes, while in bilateral procedure, it is 73 ± 12.6 minutes. However, postoperative pain is more in bilateral than unilateral procedure.

Conclusion

Sacrospinous ligament fixation is an effective treatment for patients having second-degree uterine prolapse. Unilateral is better than bilateral sacrospinous operation regarding postoperative pain.

How to cite this article

Rady HA. Sacrospinous Ligament Fixation in Patients with Second-degree Uterine Prolapse. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2017;9(3):235-238.
Knowledge and Attitude on “Standard Days Method” of Family Planning among Female Postgraduate Students: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Menachery Philby B , Noronha Judith A , Fernandes Sweety J
Published: August 2017

Background

“Standard Days Method” is a fertility awareness method of family planning that helps to identify the fertile days in a menstrual cycle during which a woman is likely to get pregnant. It is calculated to be 12 days ranging from day 8 through 19 in a menstrual cycle of 26 to 32 days. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitude on the “Standard Days Method” of family planning, correlation between knowledge and attitude, and the association between knowledge and attitude with the selected demographic variables.

Materials and methods

A cross-sectional survey was carried out among 540 female students aged 21 to 25 years from selected postgraduate colleges of selected district in Karnataka State of South India. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect the data.

Results

Majority (94%) of the students surveyed had poor knowledge regarding “Standard Days Method” but majority (54.2%) of them favored the “Standard Days Method”. There was significant weak positive correlation between knowledge and attitude scores (r = 0.292, p < 0.001). The knowledge scores and attitude score had significant association with certain demographic variables.

Conclusion

Awareness program on fertility awareness-based methods of family planning is essential to provide cogent information to young adults, thus empowering them to take wise decisions on planned parenthood.

How to cite this article

Menachery PB, Noronha JA, Fernandes SJ. Knowledge and Attitude on “Standard Days Method” of Family Planning among Female Postgraduate Students: A Cross-sectional Study. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2017;9(3):263-268.
Selective Fetal Reduction of Conjoined Twins in Twin Pregnancy
Authors: Mishra Vineet , Aggarwal Rohina , Choudhary Sumesh , Agarwal Himani
Published: August 2017

Background

The incidence of conjoined twins is rare. In early pregnancy, transvaginal ultrasound may facilitate diagnosis and prompt intervention can be done.

Case Report

A 35 years old patient with history of infertility for 17 years conceived after In vitro fertilization–embryo transfer with donor oocytes due to ovarian factor; three embryos were transferred. Transvaginal sonography was done on 21st day after transfer and it revealed three gestational sacs with fetal pole in all the sacs. Repeat TVS done on 65th day post embryo transfer revealed one gestational sac with single live embryo, second sac with two embryos joined at thorax and abdomen with a common heart, and two heads. Couple was then counseled for fetal reduction in view of expected poor outcome of conjoined twins. Selective fetal reduction was done at 12 weeks gestation with intra-cardiac potassium chloride administration. Pregnancy is now ongoing with an apparently normal live singleton fetus.

Conclusion

When conjoined twins are detected early, fetal reduction is a good modality of management. These pregnancies are associated with severe complications, maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Hence, the sooner the fetal reduction is, the better the management of conjoined twins.

How to cite this article

Choudhary S, Mishra V, Aggarwal R, Agarwal H. Selective Fetal Reduction of Conjoined Twins in Twin Pregnancy. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2017;9(3):277-279.
Successful Conservative Management of Spontaneous Unilateral Adrenal Hemorrhage in Pregnancy
Authors: Roy Priyankur , Mishra Vineet , Aggarwal Rohina , Choudhary Sumesh , Goyal Preeti
Published: August 2017

Spontaneous adrenal hemorrhage (SAH) in the absence of trauma or adrenal tumor is a rare condition. Its incidence has been reported from 0.14 to 1.1% and it usually involves the right adrenal gland. During pregnancy, unilateral SAH has been reported very rarely. We describe a case who presented to us with pregnancy-induced hypertension and pain in right flank region for 1 day and diagnosed as a case of spontaneous right adrenal hemorrhage and managed conservatively.

How to cite this article

Mishra VV, Goyal P, Choudhary S, Aggarwal R, Roy P. Successful Conservative Management of Spontaneous Unilateral Adrenal Hemorrhage in Pregnancy. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2017;9(3):287-288.
A Survey of Endodontic Practices among Dentists in Burkina Faso
Authors: Faye Babacar , Kaboré Wendpoulomdé AD , Chevalier Valérie , Gnagne-Koffi Yolande , Ouédraogo Carole DW , Ndiaye Diouma
Published: August 2017

Aim

Dental surgeons must be aware of the most appropriate endodontic treatments and how to properly conduct them. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of dental surgeons in Burkina Faso in terms of endodontic treatment procedures.

Materials and methods

This descriptive, cross-sectional study was performed during the regular annual conference of the National Board of Dental Surgeons of Burkina Faso, held on February 27 and 28, 2015 in Ouagadougou, through a questionnaire.

Results

A total of 33 practitioners took part (52.4% of the dental surgeons of Burkina Faso) in the study. The majority of them (90.9%) used sodium hypochlorite as their preferred irrigation solution. Nearly half of the dental surgeons (48.5%) did not know how to use a permeabilization file, and most did not make use of nickel–titanium (NiTi) mechanized instruments (78.8%) or rubber dams (93.9%). Approximately two-thirds of participants did not perform file-in-place radiography (66.7%) or control radiography of the canal obturation (63.6%). The adjusted single-cone technique was the most commonly used (87.9%).

Conclusion

This study highlights that the majority of dental surgeons in Burkina Faso are not using the currently recommended endodontic procedures to perform obturations.

Clinical significance

Dental surgeons in Burkina Faso must commit to regularly upgrading their knowledge and techniques.

How to cite this article

Kaboré WAD, Chevalier V, Gnagne- Koffi Y, Ouédraogo CDW, Ndiaye D, Faye B. A Survey of Endodontic Practices among Dentists in Burkina Faso. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(8):641-646.