bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Models of teamwork: ideal or not? A critical study of theoretical team models
Authors: Berlin Johan M. , Carlström Eric D. , Sandberg Håkan S.
Published: November 2014

Purpose

There is a tendency in team research to employ concepts of stepwise models, reaching from the primitive to the excellent, to suggest that a higher level of evolution is better than the basic and simple. This tendency includes typologies of teams. This article aims to question the relevance of this view.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected in three steps. In the first step, articles and books analyzing teams and teamwork from stepwise analytical models were collected. In the second step the collected data were classified into different themes. Each stepwise model was classified into one essential denomination. This classification resulted in eight themes. In the third step each theme was analyzed, which led to the fusion of some of the themes.

Findings

The conclusion is that a synchronous, complementary or mature team is not necessarily optimal. Contrary to this, a differentiated, sequential or multi team approach can be optimal for some purposes. Team research needs to establish a more open, inductive and critical attitude than at present.

Originality/value

The paper highlights the need to observe and use team theories in a balanced and critical way.
High Current Integrated Microinductors and Microtransformers using Low Temperature Fabrication Processes
Authors: Park J.Y. , Allen M.G.
Published: November 2014

In many systems which utilise magnetic components, e.g., miniaturised DC‐DC converters,
PCMCIA cards, and modem stand‐off transformers, the magnetic device is the largest single
component in the package. Surface‐mount magnetic devices may be unacceptably thick
where low profiles are required. The authors's approach to this problem is to use
micromachining techniques to realise inductors and transformers built into the multilayer structure of a
multi‐chip package, allowing compact integration with chips, sensors and other components.
Microinductors and micro‐transformers composed of thick cores and multiwinding conductors
have high inductance, high saturation current, and low resistance compared with previous integrated
inductors. The total size of the microinductive device is 4 mm ×4 mm× 0.145 mm, having
156 turns of multilevel electroplated copper coils (40 μm thick) and electroplated
permalloy magnetic core (35 μm thick). These devices have inductances up to 1.5
μH and current‐carrying capability of up to 3A steady DC current, making them
applicable to power converters. The processing steps chosen are all low‐temperature, which
allow the use of low‐cost substrates such as MCM‐L compatible materials.
“A funny thing happened on the way to the hypogeum”
Authors: Garvey Darren
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide an account of the author's negotiation of a methodological and personal crisis that emerged in the course of his PhD research. It provides a description of the research project and how, in its implementation, questions emerged for the author regarding the likely “indigenous credibility” of the work, and the repercussions of this for him as an indigenous researcher.

Design/methodology/approach

The author provides a narrative account of the events and responses, identifying critical issues, courses of action and subsequent outcomes. Opportunity is also provided for the reader to consider their own response to the issues identified.

Findings

The author discovered that the initial misgivings regarding the research project were misguided following a broader reading of the literature regarding Indigenous Standpoint Theory and Causal Layered Analysis. Indeed, as well as allaying the initial anxieties, a number of aspirational congruities between the approaches became evident which, in the opinion of the author, will lead to a differently rendered layering of the arena of indigenous mental health. The author also discovered that a source of his initial misgivings were related to his own essentialised constructions of what constitutes credible indigenous research.

Research limitations/implications

The paper has implications for those indigenous researchers who may be grappling with methodological issues related to their research, particularly those considerations regarding Indigenous Standpoint and other nominally indigenous theories/methodologies.

Originality/value

The paper presents a novel attempt to compare and contrast methodologies specifically identified as indigenous, with those that could be utilised as complementary to them. Such attempts at collaboration serve to challenge essentialised expectations about what can constitute meaningful research by, and for indigenous Australian people.
Think relationships: caring for someone with dementia
Authors: Pointon Barbara
Published: November 2014

Purpose

This paper aims to offer a family carer's personal account of the importance of relationships between the person with dementia, their carer, family, friends, health and social care professionals, and the workforce who offer care, from pre‐diagnosis through 16 years of decline to death.

Design/methodology/approach

A personal account from the point of view of a former carer of a person with dementia.

Findings

The thread throughout the narrative of this paper is the necessity for everyone who comes into contact with the person with dementia to develop a much greater understanding of what it is like to live with the condition and as a result, how more enlightened care and support can be offered. Central to this is access to expert advice concerning dementia care and support in order to achieve the main goal of protecting and maintaining relationships.

Originality/value

The author draws on personal experiences and reflects on the lessons learned during the time as her husband's carer and information she wished she had possessed earlier.
Living with dementia in a care home: capturing the experiences of residents
Authors: Milne Alisoun
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to consider the experiences and perspectives of residents with dementia living in a care home.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper reviews current sources of evidence about “the care home experience”, including material drawn from: research instruments, interviews, observational methods and phenomenological research which aims to capture the lived experiences of residents.

Findings

Research that is attempting to capture the lived experiences of residents further adds to the understanding of quality of life (QoL) and quality of care. Specifically, residents prioritise non‐disease‐related domains of QoL, which is somewhat different than those identified by relatives, care home staff and “objective” measures.

Originality/value

Not only is it evident that residents are able to describe aspects of their situation but they appear to retain a sense of self and identity. There is a distinctive need for assessment of QoL amongst residents with dementia that places their subjective view of this concept at its core.
Metals evaluation in coastal wetlands receiving treated wastewater
Authors: Jin Guang , Englande A.J. , Hu Chih‐Yang
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to describe the investigation of distribution of metals in water and sediment samples of Poydras‐Verret wetland, an area that has received approximately 40 years input of secondarily treated municipal effluent.

Design/methodology/approach

Water and sediment samples were analyzed for metals for a period of 18 months. These metals were also monitored for the secondarily treated effluent, and at a reference/control wetland that does not receive wastewater. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student Newman‐Keuls post‐hoc ANOVA analysis were conducted to evaluate the pattern of metal distribution within the Poygras‐Verret wetland and compare results to the reference wetland. Heavy metal criteria established by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and State of Louisiana were also used to assess the potential chronic and acute health impacts of heavy metals in the Poydras‐Verret wetland.

Findings

Concentrations of metals of the Poydras‐Verret wetland water are not different from those found in the reference wetland water, suggesting no observed accumulation of these metals within the receiving wetland water. All metals are below the acute criteria.

Originality/value

Historical data regarding metal accumulation in wetlands in the published literature is limited. This paper provides supporting evidence that using wetlands to assimilate wastewater could be a long‐term, practical solution with the side benefits including wetland restorations and protection from wave erosion and storm surge.
A review of energy efficiency policy and measures for industries in Latvia
Authors: Ozoliņa Līga , Rosˇā Marika
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to review and evaluate energy use and performance, as well as existing energy efficiency policy and measures in the Latvian industrial sector, in order to highlight possible scenarios for energy efficiency improvements in the future.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper takes the form of a literature review and data analysis.

Findings

It is concluded that the existing energy efficiency measures for the industrial sector in Latvia do not work effectively. Also, it is expected that the planned measures for energy efficiency improvements for the industrial sector will not reach the defined energy saving targets in the framework of the Latvian NEEAP. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a common strategy on energy efficiency in the industrial sector in Latvia. This should be accomplished by reviewing the existing literature and data, as well as drawing up new, well‐designed energy efficiency measures.

Practical implications

The results of this study can be applied and used in the development of energy efficiency policy for the industrial sector in Latvia. The paper also points out the main weak points of existing policy measures that can be improved in order to meet the energy saving target for the Latvian industrial sector.

Originality/value

In this paper, the Latvian industrial sector's energy efficiency policy and related measures have been organized and evaluated for the first time. Also, the importance of energy efficiency improvements in the industrial sector has been highlighted. This is evident from the fact that, currently, almost no energy efficiency measure for the industrial sector in Latvia works sufficiently.
The Determinants of Training in Spanish Manufacturing Firms
Authors: Bayo‐Moriones Alberto , Larraza‐Kintana Martín , Merino‐Díez de Cerio Javier
Published: November 2014

Using data collected from a sample of 661 Spanish manufacturing plants, each with a minimum workforce of 50 employees, and representing all the manufacturing industries, this paper examines the factors that determine the level of investment made by firms in training. Investment in total training was found to be positively influenced by the degree of internationalization, the degree of technical change, the adoption of quality assurance systems, and the implementation of advanced work organization practices. The analysis of different types of training shows that, except for basic training, the determinants are quite similar to the ones found for total training.
A Test of Control – Alienation Theory Among Cuban Workers
Authors: Banai Moshe , Reisel William D.
Published: November 2014

This study tests the relationships between control mechanisms such as leadership, job design, performance appraisal, and workers’ alienation in Cuba. Beyond internal Cuban economic data or external intelligence reports, limited evidence has appeared in Western business journals on management practices and worker alienation in Cuba. The present research examines the responses of 327 workers who were surveyed anonymously. The results suggest that Western management control mechanisms such as leadership and job design have the potential of reducing alienation, while a worker’s job performance appraisal does not influence alienation. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
The Creation of Employee Commitment in Spanish Hotels Through Cultural Practices
Authors: Sánchez Quirós Isabel
Published: November 2014

The organizational literature accepts that when an organization generates commitment among employees through cultural mechanisms, it will be more efficient since the individuals will be involved in the attainment of the organizing objectives and will be motivated to pursue them. It is not clear, however, how organizations can generate this commitment, what constitutes its key characteristics, or what impact its use has on organizational performance. This paper therefore aims to identify the cultural practices that allow organizations to generate commitment, to analyze its impact on organizational performance, and to analyze the degree to which these practices should be used to obtain commitment. The model presented is tested in Spanish hotels, which offer a clear example of the relevance that these sorts of tools can have in the achievement of organizational objectives.
Choices in Joint Venture and Acquisition Negotiation Behavior: The Power‐Dependence Relationship
Authors: Carmen Saorín Iborra Ma
Published: November 2014

This paper tries to provide a theoretical explanation from case studies in which I analyzed the impact of firms’ behavior on negotiation processes. Particularly, it concentrates on the impact of the power‐dependence relationship on negotiation behavior choice in joint ventures and (nonhostile) acquisitions. Previous studies have found that negotiation behavior is a key factor in determining the results of negotiations and the subsequent implementation and performance of the strategy. Drawing on interview material from six cases, three acquisition negotiations and three joint venture negotiations, the empirical analysis allowed me to consider that the equilibrium situation of power‐dependence is more associated with integrative negotiation behaviors adopted by all the parties. This situation facilitates win/win agreements (negotiation success). However, the value‐creation basis appears as a key factor to be analyzed because its influence on (1) the perception of dependence and (2) the possible use of a power disequilibrium situation. This factor seems to be especially important in acquisition negotiations. Based upon my analysis, I recommend some issues to be studied and contrasted empirically in future research.
Successful Organizational Configurations: Strategy, Structure, and Culture Combinations in Spanish Hotels
Authors: Sánchez Quirós Isabel
Published: November 2014

The paper proposes a model that will enable us to go deeper into the study of organizations, bringing forth a framework that will allow us to make many propositions explicit and thus provide a contrast to the alignment theory. We test the model in the Spanish hotel industry. We have been able to identify the internal processes and behavior that fit into each strategic pattern, which go deeper into the process of putting each strategy into practice (first objective: first set of hypotheses). Furthermore, the analysis of the internal processes and behavior that bring about the different degrees of effectiveness in each strategic type makes it possible to build or maintain the complementary nature of business strategy and internal process, and guarantee its success (second objective: second and third sets of hypotheses).
Incentive Alignment or Perverse Incentives? A Behavioral View of Stock Options
Authors: Dey´‐Tortella Bartolomé , Gomez‐Mejía Luis R. , de Castro Julio O. , Wiseman Robert M.
Published: November 2014

Agency theoretic models have been used in the past to justify the use of stock options as an effective incentive alignment mechanism to create a common fate between principals and agents. In this paper, we use behavioral theory to reach the opposite conclusion – namely, that the design characteristics of the typical stock option plan foster perverse incentives for loss‐averse agents, leading to decisions with detrimental consequences for principals. We also consider alternative stock option designs and other equity‐based executive compensation plans and argue that they may suffer from the same problems as traditional stock option plans – namely, that loss‐averse executives will try to protect the endowed value of that equity through self‐serving decisions that do not enhance shareholder wealth.
Managerial Compensation and Firm Performance: The Moderating Role of Firm Strategy as a Proxy of Managerial Discretion
Authors: Sánchez Marín Gregorio , Aragón Sánchez Antonio
Published: November 2014

This paper analyzes the effect of strategic context on managerial compensation design, and the interactive influence on firm performance for a set of Spanish companies. Specifically, this study examines the performance implications of the fit between different managerial compensation systems and diverse firm’s strategic orientations – representing various levels of managerial discretion. Based on a framework combining agency theory and managerial discretion concept, a research design with both archival and survey data is used to test hypotheses in a sample of 82 firms. The findings offer sufficient confirmation of theoretical arguments, providing extensions of this research stream for non‐U.S. firms. Results show that firms benefit from the design of managerial compensation systems when they match the managerial control and risk‐bearing requirements imposed by the strategic context. Specifically, risk‐encouraging compensation systems are better for prospector firms – high level of managerial discretion – whereas risk‐discouraging compensation systems are better for defender firms – low level of managerial discretion.
Construction and Validation of Measurement Scales for Enablers of Knowledge Creation
Authors: Begoña Lloria M. , Moreno‐Luzón María D.
Published: November 2014

The aim of this study is to design and validate different scales for measuring enablers or the forces behind knowledge creation. Due to their breadth and integrative nature, we have based our research fundamentally on the ideas proposed by Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995), later developed by Nonaka, Toyama, and Konno (2000) and Von Krogh, Ichijo, and Nonaka (2000), on the following enablers: intention or common goal, autonomy, fluctuation and creative chaos, redundancy, variety, trust, and commitment. Having generated a battery of 24 items using the definitions proposed by these and other relevant authors, the psychometric properties of reliability and validity were tested (convergent and discriminate). The sample used in this study was taken from 167 large Spanish firms.
Optimizing the weld bead characteristics of super austenitic stainless steel (904L) through grey‐based Taguchi method
Authors: Sathiya P. , Aravindan S. , Jeyapaul R. , Ajith P.M. , Noorul Haq A.
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to optimize the gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process input parameters simultaneously considering the multiple output variables (bead width (BW), bead height (BH) and depth of penetration (DP)).

Design/methodology/approach

Grey‐based Taguchi approach was used for designing the experiment, L27 orthogonal array was used which composed of three levels and 27 rows, which means that 27 experiments were carried out. Design of experiments was selected based on a four welding parameters with three levels each. The selected welding parameters for this paper are gas flow rate, voltage, travel speed and wire feed rate. The bead‐on‐plate welding trials are carried out on AISI 904L super austenitic stainless steel (SASS) sheets and evaluate the shape of the fusion zone depends upon a number of input parameters.

Findings

Bead‐on‐plate welding of 904L SASS sheet is successfully performed (without any cracks and discontinuity) by GMAW process and the bead profiles are measured. The predicted bead profiles have the better DP and lower BH and BW. It is found that the optimized setting values are improving the response values by 10 per cent.

Originality/value

The optimal welding conditions are identified in order to increase the productivity and minimize the total operating cost. The process input parameters effect is determined under the optimal welding combinations.
Modeling the interface effect of shape memory alloy composite materials
Authors: Jarali Chetan S. , Roy Mahapatra D.
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the stress distribution in shape memory alloy (SMA) composite due to phase transformations in the fiber in view of the applied boundary conditions on the matrix.

Design/methodology/approach

A consistent homogenization of a SMA wire‐reinforced polymer composite volume element undergoing quasi‐static deformation was performed and SMA wire‐matrix interface behaviour was presented. For the SMA wire, a one‐dimensional phenomenological constitutive model was used. Eshelby's inclusion theory was employed for homogenization. A strain averaging approach was reviewed in which the average strain was substituted back to obtain the expressions for the effective stiffness, the inelastic strain, and the average stresses in the constituent phases. In order to study the stress distribution in SMA composite and constituent phases (fiber and matrix) as a consequence of the SMA wire‐matrix interface effect, interfacial stress model was derived. Interfacial axial and shear stress distribution is characterized for forward and reverse phase transformations. Finally, the thermomechanical behaviours were computed by applying strain energy approach incorporating the interface effects.

Findings

The results presented show that due to the difference between the shear modulus of matrix and SMA wire, and because of the strain non‐uniformity at the SMA wire‐matrix interface, shear stress is developed within the matrix under the axial loading of the representative volume element (RVE). The shear stress increases more rapidly as the SMA wire radius is increased but not with increase in the length. However, the axial stress does not increase much with increase in the SMA wire radius and length. Further, the average stress equation of the RVE at the SMA wire‐matrix interface is effectively addressed. The modeling approach is successfully validated extensively for different geometric and volumetric parameters for different loading conditions. It is evident that the interface effect of SMA wire composites is SMA stiffness dominated due to the fact that the geometric parameters do not influence much the stresses as compared to the change in SMA wire stiffness.

Originality/value

The approach is based on modeling the fiber matrix interface effect using homogenization scheme. Further, the strain energy approach is applied to compute the stress‐strain response. This indicates the importance of modeling the SMA wire‐matrix interface effect, and in particular, the energy exchange between the constituent phases. The results have been compared for different geometric parameters as well as volume fractions of the constituent phases under different loading conditions.
A finite element analysis of pneumatic‐tire/sand interactions during off‐road vehicle travel
Authors: Grujicic M. , Marvi H. , Arakere G. , Haque I.
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to carry out a series of transient, non‐linear dynamics finite element analyses in order to investigate the interactions between a stereotypical pneumatic tire and sand during off‐road vehicle travel.

Design/methodology/approach

The interactions were considered under different combined conditions of the longitudinal and lateral slip as encountered during “brake‐and‐turn” and “drive‐and‐turn” vehicle maneuvers. Different components of the pneumatic tire were modeled using elastic, hyper‐ and visco‐elastic material models (with rebar reinforcements), while sand was modeled using the CU‐ARL sand models developed by Grujicic et al. The analyses were used to obtain functional relations between the wheel vertical load, wheel sinkage, tire deflection, (gross) traction, motion resistance and the (net) drawbar pull. These relations were next combined with Pacejka magic formula for a pneumatic tire/non‐deformable road interaction to construct a tire/sand interaction model suitable for use in multi‐body dynamics analysis of the off‐road vehicle performance.

Findings

To rationalize the observed traction and motion resistance relations, a close examination of the distribution of the normal and shear contact stresses within the tire/sand contact patch is carried out and the results were found to be consistent with the experimental counter parts.

Originality/value

The paper offers insights into the interactions between a stereotypical pneumatic tire and sand during off‐road vehicle travel.
Ten top tips for effectively involving people with a learning disability in research
Authors: Inglis Pamela , Cook Tina
Published: November 2014

Purpose

Historically, people with learning disabilities have been the subjects of research, rather than true participants or contributors. Common approaches used to inform people with learning disabilities about research include simplifying information sheets and reading out the information. Literature to date suggests that little is known about what people with learning disabilities understand about research. This paper aims to address this issue.

Design/methodology/approach

A total of seven men and ten staff members were invited to become co‐researchers with two academic researchers from Northumbria University, over 20 months. Lessons learned can now be used to: educate other adults; show how it can be helpful; and how it can make a difference in the lives of people with learning disabilities. This study used a facilitated collaborative action research approach involving participants becoming researchers in their own right, enabling collaborative discussions, and using multiple ways of engaging with, presenting and collecting information. A longitudinal and recursive process added breadth and depth to the data.

Findings

The findings showed that the men required some training including; research, consent and ethics and benefited from opportunities they otherwise may not have been offered such as; intellectual stimulation; extra staff attention; being accredited for their work; realising their own capabilities; increased self‐esteem and confidence; pride in their achievements; skills development; and enjoyment. Importantly they have shown how valuable people with learning disabilities are to academic activity and research.

Research limitations/implications

The results suggest that the fun, longitudinal, recursive and collaborative approach, was key to developing understandings of research for the men.

Practical implications

From this research a framework was developed for engaging similar populations in research – entitled Understanding Research, Consent and Ethics: A Participatory Research Methodology in a Medium Secure Unit for Men with a Learning Disability, including accessible information; and ten top tips for effectively involving people with a learning disability in research.

Originality/value

This study discovered how men with learning disabilities and living in a medium secure unit understand research, consent, and ethics and what enables them to learn about these concepts.
Redesigning and evaluating an adapted sex offender treatment programme for offenders with an intellectual disability in a secure setting: preliminary findings
Authors: Large Julia , Thomas Cathy
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to describe a study which investigated the diverse needs of multiple stakeholders in an adapted sex offender treatment programme (ASOTP) and then evaluated a pilot programme set up to respond to the identified needs efficiently and effectively. The paper reports on an innovative approach to delivering ASOTP in secure learning disability services. It aims to address many of the criticisms and concerns of conventional closed format programmes, particular in the climate of value for money and payment by results.

Design/methodology/approach

The multiple views of stakeholders were identified by means of questionnaires and semi‐structured interviews in order to ascertain the key issues necessitating change. Stakeholders included purchasers of Partnerships in Care Learning Disability Services (PiC LDS), referred clients, internal and external clinicians involved in their care, group facilitators and, in some cases, clients' families or advocates. A rolling format ASOTP (based on the content of the Prison and Probation Service ASOTP) was designed and piloted to address highlighted needs, including time frames for the commencement and completion of treatment.

Findings

Initial feedback obtained by means of structured interviews and discussions with all stakeholders has been positive. In particular, participants have shown an increase in motivation, knowledge, and, unexpectedly, enhanced levels of risk disclosure. Facilitators have reported increased satisfaction and decreased stress levels. These findings are tentative in light of the small numbers involved and the absence of a randomised control trial.

Research limitations/implications

This study has a number of implications for future research in terms of improving treatment effectiveness by means of increasing knowledge retention and enhancing risk disclosure, as well as a reduction in facilitator burnout.

Originality/value

The programme was tailored to respond to individual treatment needs within a group setting whilst ensuring programme integrity and effective risk management within a forensic learning disability service.
The Effects of Offshore Assembly Provisions on the US Tariff Structure
Authors: Appleyard Dennis R. , Field Alfred J.
Published: November 2014

This article examines the impact of the US Offshore Assembly Provisions (OAP) on the effective tariff rates of the United States. The effects of OAP are incorporated theoretically into the effective rate calculation and the resulting algorithm is then applied to the 245 affected categories in 1974. The results indicate that, with the presence of OAP, ordinary effective rate calculations overstate the protection afforded to value added in US industries. Although the OAP effect was small, greater usage of the available concessions by importers could alter considerably the level and relative industry impact of the US tariff.
THE CHROMOSOMES AS FEEDBACK SYSTEMS IN EVOLUTION
Authors: DARLINGTON C.D.
Published: November 2014

All organisms carry their hereditary and evolutionary properties in the genetic code of their genotype. Changes arise in this genotype in unlimited variety and every change has effects at four levels: (i) the properties of the whole organism; (ii) its reactions with its environment; (iii) the differential or competitive survival of the organism in present or future environments; and (iv) by feedback, the survival of any other changes that may occur in the genotype. These are the principles of natural selection but they can operate efficiently only with regular means of propagation of the genotype. The necessary means have been provided during the last 1200 m. years by the chromosomes in two ways: (i) by mitosis giving the maximum certainty of propagation within each organism; (ii) by meiosis giving a controlled uncertainty of propagation through recombination of differences in the sexual reproduction of organisms. This recombination makes it possible for all changes which are not disfavoured to feedback through selection so as to favour other changes. If these arise or take effect at the same site they result in the well‐known evolutionary trends which are recognised either in the chromosomes or in the whole organism. In human evolution such trends seem to have arisen in the structure and behaviour of the organism as a result of genetic feedback from an increasing, and acceleratingly increasing, ability of man both to create and to destroy his environment.
The Romance of Libraries
Authors: PRATT INSH GEORGE
Published: November 2014

WHERE books are gathered together, there is built an altar to Romance. Alike over the little fireside bookcase and over the high‐piled shelves of the municipal library its spirit hovers. In some places more readily than in others, however, does the book‐lover become immediately and instinctively aware of its presence. No visitor to Edinburgh who crosses Parliament Hall—whether abuzz with talk and thronged with groups of pacing advocates, or silent save for the ghostly voices of old Scottish debate and peopled by the shades of Fletcher of Saltoun, Lord Belhaven, and Chancellor Seafield—and passes thence down the steep narrow stairway to what was once the Laigh Parliament House but is now the National Library, can long remain insensible to the appeal of the place. Are you of the company of the Stevensonians? Wait but a moment and round yonder projecting book‐case will glide the elfin‐shade of R. L. S.—from that table he will pick up a hand‐lantern with its flickering candle and, swinging his vagabond Pharos, will disappear down a dark stairway. Are you a merchant and versed in the ways of mercantile houses? Here they will show you the massive leather‐bound ledgers of the Darien Company, the entries made with the scrupulous artistry of the days when men used the quill‐pen.
An Address to the American Library Association Conference at New Orleans, 1932
Authors: MITCHELL LT.‐COL. J.M.
Published: November 2014

MADAM PRESIDENT, I ESTEEM it a compliment of a very high order that one of your first acts on assuming the high office which you hold was to ask Mr. Milam to transmit to me as President of the sister Association in Great Britain an invitation to be present at, and to address, this Conference. It was a most gracious act on your part, and a gesture of friendliness which the Carnegie Trustees whom I serve and my colleagues of our own Association very highly appreciate. There are inevitably subjects which lead to differences of opinion between our two great countries,—differences, however, which, under Providence, we shall continue to solve by amicable discussion,—but in the field of knowledge, for which the library service performs a function of ever‐growing importance, our aims and ideals are the same. We are able freely to exchange opinion on occasions like this and the Edinburgh Conference of 1927 at which so many of your colleagues were welcome guests. We are able to render to each other services which are invaluable not merely in the technique of librarianship, but also in the causes of the higher learning and international friendship. Community of knowledge is the surest guarantee of mutual respect and goodwill.
DIVIDEND AND EARNINGS ANNOUNCEMENTS AND STOCKHOLDERS' RETURNS: FURTHER EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
Authors: Oppenheimer Henry R. , SUNY‐Binghampton  , Dielman Terry E.
Published: November 2014

In a recent article Aharony and Swary considered the synchronous nature of earnings and dividends announcements in examination of the information content of dividend hypothesis. They concluded that their results support the information content of dividends hypothesis—that announcements of changes in dividends provide information beyond that contained in quarterly earnings announcements. A shortcoming of the Aharony and Swary study is that it considers only dividend and earnings announcements that occur at least 11 trading days from each other. In fact, as their Table I indicates the majority of such pairs of announcements occur within ten days of each other. Further, approximately one‐half of their observations of earnings and dividends announcements are separated by at least 21 trading days (close to one calendar month). These considerations lead one to wonder how synchronous their announcements are and whether their results can be generalized to earnings and dividend announcements that actually occur in close proximity to each other.
A SURVEY TO IDENTIFY REASONS FOR DENIAL OF SMALL BUSINESS LOAN REQUESTS
Authors: Jones Ray G. , Kohers Theodor
Published: November 2014

One of the major concerns of small businesses today is adequate cash flow. Sometimes firms suffer from a negative cash flow, especially in the early years of their operation and during prolonged periods of cyclical downturns in the economy, as was the case recently. The problem is compounded when small firms are undercapitalized and have inadequate net working capital. Normally, as profits are generated, these conditions are alleviated. However, unless a small business can manage to get through such periods of adverse cash flow, it may be doomed to failure.
Materiality and Audit Risk Modelling: Financial Management Perspective
Authors: Gin Chong H. , Vinten Gerald
Published: November 2014

Risk is closely associated with return of investments and materiality. Investments with considerably higher risk normally attract a higher rate of return. Whereas, higher level of risk needs a higher threshold of materiality. There are occasions in which financial managers, fail to take the materiality effects in the process of risk evaluation. This paper assesses risk in the auditing context. Audit risk models established by researchers reveal that there is a need to look into the effects of materiality. An extension on the existing audit models, to incorporate the effects of materiality is made. With this, 128 permutations were resulted. It is understandable that auditors may not be cost benefit for auditors to evaluate all the 128 possible outcomes before the issuance of audit reports; however, this by no means prevents auditors being sued for negligence due to neglecting one of the possible audit outcomes. This model could seriously be served as a reference to both auditors and financial managers in the light of evaluating risk.
Bank Shareholder Returns and Risk: An International Perspective
Authors: Jahera John S. , Whidbee David A.
Published: November 2014

The global banking environment is experiencing significant change as regulatory and geographical barriers to competition are reduced. As these barriers are removed, greater integration of banking services is developing throughout the world affecting the performance and structure of banking institutions. This research examines the stock returns and volatility of stock returns for a sample of banks in the United States, Europe, Canada and Japan. The general focus is to identify factors influencing the return and risk and to examine cross‐country differences in these factors. The results suggest that while size does not affect return volatility for any of the categories of banks, it does affect returns for banks in Japan, the U.S. and other non‐universal banking systems. Likewise, the investment in fixed assets appears consistently to adversely affect returns. A number of differences are found across country borders and across type of institutions (i.e. universal versus non‐universal banks).
Evaluating Control Risk from a Corporate Governance Perspective
Authors: Wallace Wanda A. , Cravens Karen S.
Published: November 2014

This study provides evidence that auditors analyzing board composition in terms of the percentage of internal directors should concurrently consider the presence of a nominating committee and management ownership, since the latter is a substitute for each of the other characteristics. Decision support tools should incorporate the alternative nature of these traits, as well as the positive relation of chairman/CEO duality, subsidiary CEO board membership, the proportion of other CEOs on a board, and institutional ownership to both accounting and market performance measures. A disproportionate share of the board as key executives of the auditee is associated with poorer performance. Since inherent risk of going concern relates to performance and such risk has implications for management control structure, auditors could improve risk assessments by considering the relative weights of corporate governance traits' association with performance. The linkage of these findings with prior literature, the use of checklists, and further research is discussed.
TORQUAY HOTEL COMPANY LTD. v. COUSINS AND OTHERS
Authors: Denning M.R. , Russell  , Winn L.J.
Published: November 2014

December 17, 1968 Trade dispute — Act in furtherance of — Procuring breach of contract — Inter‐union rivalry in hotel industry — Picketing hotel employing no members of union — Interference with oil contracts — Force majeure clause in oil contract — Whether in contemplation or furtherance of “trade dispute” — Whether torts by or on behalf of trade union restrainable by injunction — Trade Disputes Act, 1906 (6 Edw. VII, c. 47), ss. 3, 4(1), 5(3).
BLOOMFIELD AND OTHERS v. SPRINGFIELD HOSIERY FINISHING CO. LTD.
Authors: Donaldson John , Briggs H.
Published: November 2014

December 16, 1971 Master and Servant — Redundancy — Continuous employment — Dismissal of strikers — Effect of dismissal on continuity of employment — Whether “strike” continued after dismissal — “Employee” — Meaning of, in context of strike — Whether continuity of employment broken by dismissal of strikers — Contracts of Employment Act 1963 (c.49), s.8(l), Sch. 1 paras. 7 (2), (3), 11 — Redundancy Payments Act 1965 (c.62), s. 1(1). Sch. 1.
POST OFFICE AND ANOTHER v. CROUCH
Authors: Denning  , Stephenson L.J. , Scarman L.J.
Published: November 2014

May 16, 1973 Industrial Relations — Unfair industrial practice — Discrimination — Post Office — Facilities granted to recognised but unregistered union denied to unrecognised but registered union — Whether statutory discrimination — Whether rights given to worker exercising right to belong to union of his choice including right to take part in union activities on employer's premises against will of employer — Distinction between organisational and negotiating facilities — Industrial Relations Act, 1971 (c.72), s.5(1)(a), (c), (2)(b), (5).
COATES v. C.J. CRISPIN LTD.
Authors: Donaldson John , Boyfield R. , Davies R.
Published: November 2014

May 23, 1973 Industrial Relations — Unfair dismissal — Complaint — References on originating application form to statutes other than Redundancy Payments Act, 1965 deleted — Application for redundancy payment dismissed — Tribunal's refusal to consider unfair dismissal — Whether amendment to allege unfair dismissal proper.
MORRIS v. GESTETNER LTD
Authors: Donaldson John , President  , Roberts H.
Published: November 2014

September 21, 1973 Industrial Relations — Unfair dismissal — Compensation — Method of assessment in cases of pressure — Employee in arrears with union dues — Union threatening strike action if employee working with dues unpaid — Employee unfairly dismissed — Whether author of own wrong — Whether entitled to compensation — Industrial Relations Act, 1971 (c. 72),ss. 33(1) (2), 116,119.
Recent progress in electrocoating
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

Stimulated by emphasis on non‐pollution in industrial painting processes, electrocoating becomes continually more attractive. By 1975 it is predicted that at least half of the output of the entire U.S. automobile industry will be primed by electro‐coating. Maleinised oils, epoxy esters and acrylics comprise the most important electrocoating vehicles. A great deal of work is underway with polyesters and with epoxy‐acrylic compositions.
Dispersion and dispersing agents
Authors: Dyson A.F.
Published: November 2014

The term dispersion is used to refer to the process of incorporating a powder into a liquid medium so that the final product consists of fine particles distributed throughout the medium. The dispersion is termed ‘colloidal’ if at least one dimension of the particles is <1µ>1mµ. The term ‘sol’ is used for any colloidal system in which the dispersion medium is a liquid.
The ‘In‐Can’ preservation of aqueous paints
Authors: Carter G. , Huddart G.
Published: November 2014

Unquestionably, mercury‐based products during their many years of use in the paint industry have provided an answer to most of the microbiological problems encountered.
Some new proprietary products Part 2
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

A self‐priming floor coating which may be applied by squeegee has been described recently. It is intended primarily for concrete to which it provides long life and attractive appearance.
What's new in speciality coatings?
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

The paint industry is always intrigued by speciality coatings. Literally thousands of paint formulations have been devised over the years with highly specialized and very frequently intriguing functions. In this latter category is a process described in Japanese patent 19,790 (1971) for painting polka dots upon sheet metal. How often the need for such technology might arise in the life of the average paint chemist is, of course, a moot question. But some comfort can no doubt be drawn from the fact that this unique methodology exists!
Coatings update: Powder coatings
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

More articles have been published about powder coating in the last two years than about any other phase of the protective coatings industry. From this almost overwhelming flurry of print, certain factors emerge. The first is that powder coating technology is certainly a valid and useful one. It has established itself as an integral contributor to the achievements of the protective coatings industry and, without doubt, it will be with us for many years to come. Its success is due to its many advantageous factors which have been reviewed many times in the past. Great strides have been made in that a highly versatile group of powders are now available with both thermoset and thermoplastic properties; it is possible to achieve thin coatings; and the savings in terms of effective powder usage have been well‐documented. Where there is overspray, equipment has been evolved for recycling. Stressed most often has been powder coating's contribution to a non‐polluting painting operation. Powder coating, on the other hand, does not solve the energy shortage problem since the coatings must be fused and baked. However, less energy is required than for solvent based coatings simply because the energy requirements associated with solvent removal are eliminated.
Magnetic and electronic instruments for film thickness measurement
Authors: Fitches H.J.M.
Published: November 2014

More and more attention is being paid to the quality and quantity of surface coatings applied to all types of substrates. Furthermore, this attention is being paid by all facets of industrial society:— suppliers, contractors, customers and inspectors who may represent all three apart from externally imposed inspection standards to meet ever more stringent national and international regulations. The reasons for all this concern are self evident when one considers the large sums of money involved in the effects of corrosion and measures to ensure proper protection.
Coatings update: Electroplating
Authors: Americus
Published: November 2014

Electrocoating, spurred on by the impetus of anti‐pollution as well as by the inherent efficiency and efficacy of the process continues, to grow. There are today approximately 250 electrocoating tanks in operation in the United States which translates to a tank capacity of nearly 2 million gallons. Annual sales of coatings are now at the rate of 600 000 gallons. Forty per cent of this amount is utilised in the automotive industry; another 40% in the appliance industry; and the remaining 20%, in miscellaneous applications.
Effect of various mineral extenders in a polyvinyl acetate emulsion paint for exterior use
Authors: Plüss‐Staufer
Published: November 2014

The object of this study was to compare the new grades Hydrocarb 90 and Omyalite 90 with the other grades of extenders used at present in a polyvinyl acetate paint for exterior use.