bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MUTATIONS IN POLYPLOID CEREALS: III. THE CYTOGENETICS OF COMPACTOID WHEATS
Authors: Smith Stanley G. , Huskins C. Leonard , Sander Gerhard F.
Published: April 2011

The compactoid mutants of wheat are, both phenotypically and cytogenetically, the reciprocals of the speltoid mutations. They are determined by excess dosages of the long arm of the C chromosome. This may be through primary polysomy involving the whole C chromosome, or through formation of isochromosomes comprising two long arms of C, or through fragmentation and the presence of excess telokinetic long arms of C. The short arm affects the phenotype slightly in the opposite direction. Other chromosomes present in excess may compensate for lack of C, especially in determining fertility. Most of the compactoid, subcompactoid, and subnormal types are of low fertility but the genetic data obtainable agree with cytological expectation. Very different progeny types and segregation ratios result from compactoid mutants that may be phenotypically and genically similar but different in the structure of their C chromosome constitution. There are three main types of subcompactoids and many subsidiary ones. Primary trisomic subcompactoids usually give only normal, subcompactoid, and compactoid progeny while a secondary type gives normals, subnormals, het speltoids, subcompactoids, and compactoids as regular segregates, besides other abnormal offspring. The data have significance for general problems of polyploid cytogenetics and the systematics of polyploid cereals.
INFLUENCE OF THE AMINO ACID – DEXTROSE REACTION ON GROWTH OF RHIZOBIUM
Authors: Rose Dyson , Peterson Ruth
Published: April 2011

Growth of Rhizobium, as measured by turbidity of cultures, was not inhibited appreciably by the brown, fluorescent products formed by the reaction of various amino acids with dextrose. Autoclaving the medium with dextrose actually improved growth of the organism in some trials by partially destroying an amino acid that was inhibitory if present in excess.
THE INTERMEDIATE METABOLISM OFPSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA: IV. THE ABSENCE OF AN EMBDEN–MEYERHOF SYSTEM AS EVIDENCED BY PHOSPHORUS DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Campbell Jack J. R. , Norris Flora C.
Published: April 2011

The acid soluble phosphorus fraction of cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa harvested from a glucose medium was found to consist mainly of difficultly hydrolyzable compounds. None of the fractions contained reducing compounds even after 12 hr. hydrolysis with normal hydrochloric acid nor could fructose be detected. It could therefore be concluded that glucose-1-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, and hexose diphosphate were absent. Analysis of a glucose solution that had been metabolized by cells of this organism under conditions of fluoride inhibition confirmed the analysis of the cellular material. The lack of normal intermediates of the Embden–Meyerhof scheme is discussed in relation to the gluconic acid, 2-ketogluconic acid pathway of glucose oxidation.
BIOCHEMISTRY OF THE USTILAGINALES: I. PRELIMINARY CULTURAL STUDIES OF USTILAGO ZEAE
Authors: Haskins R. H.
Published: April 2011

A program of screening a wide range of fungi for ability to "ferment" glucose and various agricultural wastes and surpluses in submerged culture revealed that species of Ustilago were capable of rapid dissimilation of carbohydrates with the production of (1) a complex substance appearing as long needlelike optically active crystals in the culture mixture, (2) fats and sterols, and (3) a range of new antibiotic substances designated as Ustizeain A, B, etc. The yields of (1) and (2) are closely related and together they constitute the major portion of the by-products of metabolism of the smut. The antibiotics (3) are stable and effective in vitro against Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis and Mycobacterium smegmatis; against Gram-negative Brucella bronchiseptica; and against many fungi including species of Aspergillus niger and A. flavus groups, certain penicillia, Verticillium, and many other Fungi Imperfecti.
CHEMINEMENTS BOTANIQUES A TRAVERS ANTICOSTI
Authors: Rousseau Jacques
Published: April 2011

Prior to 1940 the botanical surveys of Anticosti were restricted to the coast and seldom further inland than the lower parts of a few rivers. Following an initial visit to the center of the island in 1940, the author crossed the inland on foot from the mouth of the Vaureal to the mouth of Chaloupe creek in 1942. The present paper first describes the vegetation of the sector surveyed. Then follow a discussion on its economic importance in relation to wildlife, the description of new varieties, forms and hybrids, the complete list of species collected in the surveys of 1940 and 1942,—the main purpose of which was to supplement the documentation amassed by Prof. Marie-Victorin in preparation for his monograph on the Anticosti and Mingan flora,—and the author concludes with views on the phytogeography of Anticosti. Contrary to Prof. Marie-Victorin's hypothesis, no preglacial refuge exists in the center of the island and the presence of arctic and cordilleran relicts there may be postulated by the hypothesis of arctic and alpine outposts.
PHLOEM NECROSIS OF POTATO TUBERS IN RELATION TO LEAF-ROLL-FREE MYZUS PERSICAE SULC.
Authors: Davidson T. R.
Published: April 2011

In experiments in which nonviruliferous colonies (25 to 50 individuals per plant) of Myzus persicae Sulc. were caged from 7 to 10 days on healthy potato vines growing under field conditions, the tubers failed to develop phloem necrosis. Under comparable conditions, the tubers from healthy plants caged with leaf-roll-infective colonies of this vector developed severe phloem necrosis. When planted, these tubers produced leaf-roll-infected plants.
NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF CHRYSOMYXA
Authors: Savile D. B. O.
Published: April 2011

The adaptation of the genus Chrysomyxa to a short growing season is discussed. Keys are given to the aecial and to the uredinial or telial stages of species that occur in North America. Range extensions are given, particularly for northern Canada. C. Rhododendri, newly reported in North America, and C. Cassandrae are shown to be barely distinguishable from C. Ledi and are made varieties of it. C. Woronini is reported for the first time in North America.
HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITION OF SEED PLANTS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO LEMNA MINOR L.
Authors: Gorham Paul R.
Published: April 2011

Lemna minor L. was grown aseptically in darkness for 189 days in a modified Hoagland's solution, containing 1% sucrose, acid-hydrolyzed casein 800 mgm., and yeast extract 40 mgm. per liter as essential ingredients. Etiolated fronds, with root primordia that failed to elongate, were produced at about one-sixth of the rate in light. Lemna could not utilize nitrate, ammonium, or urea as heterotrophic nitrogen sources, nor were supplements of acetate, pyruvate, malate, fumarate, succinate, or citrate beneficial in the presence of sucrose. No single amino acid, of 23 tested in a medium containing sucrose plus yeast extract, was as effective as casein hydrolyzate. At suitable concentration, DL-phenylalanine, β-alanine, DL-isoleucine, DL-methionine, and DL-aminobutyric acid were utilized for growth without harmful effects, but other amino acids were either injurious or without effect. Frond development was more normal at low nitrate concentration, but potassium concentration had to be proportionately reduced to avoid inhibition. Growth was not limited by the concentration of other major elements, minor elements, or the degree of aeration. Sucrose feeding and increased photosynthesis had additive rather than competitive effects upon accumulation of growth factors in plants transferred from light to darkness. Spirodela oligorrhiza Kurtz, utilized nitrate heterotrophically to a limited extent. Albino maize was grown to the stage of ear formation by feeding sucrose to the leaves and nitrate to the roots. Growth was not promoted, however, by corn seed diffusate, coconut milk, or ammonium plus casein hydrolyzate supplied to the leaves. Albino barley fed sucrose through the leaves did not grow beyond the seedling stage. The heterotrophic requirements reported for various plants, plant organs, and tissues are compared, and the existence of two mechanisms of nitrate assimilation, one of which requires light, is discussed.
THE BLACK ROOTROT DISEASE OF TOBACCO: I. STUDIES ON THE CAUSAL ORGANISM THIELAVIOPSIS BASICOLA
Authors: Stover R. H.
Published: April 2011

Intensive cultural studies with Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk. & Br.) Ferraris, the cause of the black rootrot disease of tobacco, showed that it exists in nature in two distinct forms, which have been called brown and gray wild types, and which are differentiated by their cultural characteristics on potato dextrose agar. The brown wild type usually is the predominant form isolated, although in some instances the gray predominates in mixed infestations. It is suggested that the balance between the two types is determined, in part, by a differential selective action of the soil flora. The gray wild type is less pathogenic and is more poorly adapted than the brown to withstand long dormant periods. The latter occasionally mutates to the gray in soil, host, and in artificial culture. In a few instances, but only in association with host passage, the gray wild type has mutated to the brown. The wild types do not remain stable on media which support abundant saprophytic growth but give rise to and are crowded out or replaced by cultural mutants. The wild type can be maintained with a minimum of variation in soil, soil agar, roots, or similar substrates (low in certain nutrients). Variations in the morphology and behavior of endoconidia consisted of the production of endoconidial yeastlike colonies and the formation of thick-walled chlamydosporelike structures from thin-walled endoconidia. Some endoconidia are as resistant as chlamydospores to long periods of dormancy, heat, and drying. Fungus morphology in the host was characteristic for each of the three phases of cell penetration, cell colonization, and the production of chlamydospores and endoconidia. Root invasion by Thielavia basicola was common only in association with Thielaviopsis basicola which suggests a commensalistic relationship between these two fungi.
STUDIES OF CANADIAN THELEPHORACEAE: VI. THE PENIOPHORA RIMICOLA GROUP
Authors: Jackson H. S.
Published: April 2011

In the following contribution four species of Peniophora are described, illustrated, and discussed, which appear to represent a closely related group. These are Peniophora rimicola (Karst.) Höhn. & Litsch., P. pruinosa (Pat.) comb. nov., P. pulverulenta (Litsch.) comb. nov., and P. praeterita proposed as a new species. These species have several characters in common. All are mucous-gelatinous when fresh, drying to a vernicose film. In all of them simple, capitate, or apically lobed cystidioles are present and the spores show some degree of roughening when mounted in Melzer's solution. All but one, P. pulverulenta, have long emergent cystidia which may be slightly thickened at the base.
STUDIES IN RACIAL TRENDS AND CONSTANCY IN CLADOSPORIUM FULVUM COOKE
Authors: Bailey D. L.
Published: April 2011

Intensive surveys of the physiological races of Cladosporium fulvum Cke. have been carried out during the past decade in southwestern Ontario, as a result of which seven such races have been identified. These are separated by differential reactions of the following hosts: Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. varieties Potentate, Stirling Castle, Vetomold, V-121, and V-473; L. pimpinellifolium (Jusl.) Mill., Vineland, No. 160 and No. 11-22-15 strains; L. hirsutum Humb. and Bonpl. and L. hirsutum var. glabratum Muller. Evidence is presented that only two of these races existed when the surveys began and that the other five have arisen, probably through mutation, during the period under study. There is further a strong suggestion that the stimulus responsible for these mutations is somehow related to the colonization of an incompatible host by a race which remains stable pathogenically while in association with a susceptible host. Comparable mutants have not been encountered under experimentally controlled conditions. A perfect stage has not been found or induced to form in C. fulvum. A limited number of types of cultural mutants are produced consistently and these have been studied with respect to variability and the factors initiating them. Such mutants frequently do not form spores and in most instances have a reduced sporing potential; they are unchanged in pathogenicity or are slightly less aggressive than the parent to all the resistant hosts. In mixed cultures of races 1 and 5 and 1 and 7, the components survived several transfer generations both in culture and on a susceptible host.
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: XXXVII. A STUDY OF FACTORS AFFECTING THE BACILLUS SUBTILIS FERMENTATION
Authors: Blackwood A. C. , Simpson F. J.
Published: April 2011

The optimum temperature for fermentation of seven strains of the Ford type of Bacillus subtilis is close to 45 °C. At these higher temperatures 10% glucose or equivalent hydrolyzed molasses ferments completely in six days while 10% fructose takes only three days. The rate of fermentation is similar under aerobic or anaerobic conditions but agitation or shallow layers of media increase this rate. The yields of 2,3-butanediol, acetoin, glycerol, and lactic acid are high under anaerobic conditions but in the presence of oxygen the yield of glycerol and lactic acid is decreased. The organism demonstrates strong oxidative tendencies and can give a large yield of acetoin. Other factors affecting the fermentation are also assessed.
STUDIES OF CANADIAN THELEPHORACEAE: VII. SOME NEW SPECIES OF CORTICIUM, SECTION ATHELE
Authors: Jackson H. S.
Published: April 2011

A series of nine delicate species, for the most part inconspicuous forms, which seem related to the more typical members of Bourdot and Galzin's section Athele of the genus Corticium are described and illustrated. The general features of the group are discussed as well as the possible interrelations of the species described.
ABSORPTION OF PHENOTHIAZINE FROM THE RUMEN OF SHEEP, AND ITS ESTIMATION IN BLOOD SERUM
Authors: Harpur R. P. , Denstedt O. F. , Swales W. E.
Published: April 2011

Under the conditions described, phenothiazine is shown to be soluble in human and sheep serum. Ultraviolet examination of serum containing phenothiazine indicates that the compound is unchanged by solution in serum. After preliminary experiments with ultraviolet analysis the visual spectra of the free radicals were found to be more suitable for the analysis of sheep serum. A method is described, which makes use of free-radical absorption spectra, for the detection and approximate estimation of phenothiazine in serum when it is present with phenothiazone. The method also allows for the detection of diphenylamine o-sulphoxide. Experiments with lambs which had been dosed with phenothiazine showed that while the peripheral circulation contained leucophenothiazone, the blood draining the rumen contained phenothiazine also.
A GUIDE TO THE MOSQUITO LARVAE OF WESTERN CANADA
Authors: Rempel J. G.
Published: April 2011

Keys to the genera and species of mosquito larvae of the four western provinces of Canada are presented. To facilitate identification the generic and specific characters used in the keys are fully illustrated. A map of Western Canada showing the main vegetation zones and the principal areas of intensive mosquito collecting is included. Six genera and 46 species are represented in the mosquito fauna of Western Canada, namely Anopheles with four species, Mansonia with one species, Wyeomyia with one species, Culiseta with five species, Culex with four species, and Aedes with 31 species.
TIME AS A FACTOR IN THE FREEZING OF UNDERCOOLED INSECTS
Authors: Salt R. W.
Published: April 2011

Undercooling points are shown to be unreliable as a measure of insect cold-hardiness. Insects held in an undercooled state freeze at irregular intervals, often over long periods of time. Freezing, which is fatal to most insects, is initiated by the formation of an ice-crystal nucleus, and the probability of such formation is dependent upon the extent of undercooling (temperature), cold-hardiness (a complex resulting from previous treatment), and time. For a specified degree of cold-hardiness, the probability of freezing is dependent upon temperature and time. If the temperature is fixed, the probability of freezing can be expressed in units of time. Freezing can take place on a rising temperature gradient as well as on a falling one.Unless an overwintering population is adequately protected by its environment and a high degree of cold-hardiness, losses from freezing will take place by degrees during the entire winter.
THE USE OF AN IRON STAIN FOR THE STUDY OF ALVEOLAR DEVELOPMENT IN THE MOUSE MAMMARY GLAND
Authors: Rawlinson H. E.
Published: April 2011

A method is described of using whole mounts of the mouse mammary gland with Gömöri's potassmm ferrocyanide – hydrochloric acid mixture for staining iron. Because iron accumulates in the epithelial cells in a granular form, most of the mammary gland tree of the mature nonlactating female mouse can be shown up clearly. The staining reaction is quick and uniform, muscle can be clearly differentiated in microdissection, and alveolar development can be estimated from the amount of iron retention in the nonlactating gland.
NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODIES AGAINST MOUSE-ADAPTED LANSING STRAIN OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS IN THE SERA OF ACUTE AND CONVALESCENT CASES AND NORMAL INDIVIDUALS
Authors: Barton E. L. , Labzoffsky N. A. , Ross W. G. , Morrissey L. P.
Published: April 2011

The present communication deals with a survey of neutralizing antibodies to mouse-adapted Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus in the sera of acute, convalescent, and normal individuals during a 1946 epidemic. Two-phase sera were obtained from residents of Ontario and British Columbia and convalescent and normal sera from Quebec. In the sera of 17 out of 35 Ontario patients neutralizing antibodies were demonstrable during the acute stage. In four of these seropositive individuals, there was an increase in the neutralizing titer during convalescence and in three patients there was a notable drop in the titer. The remaining 18 patients were found to be seronegative during both the acute and convalescent stages. Sera from six out of nine British Columbia patients, likewise contained neutralizing antibodies to the Lansing strain of virus during the acute stage. In four of these the titer remained unchanged during convalescence, in one the titer decreased, and another patient became seronegative. Of the remaining three, two continued to be seronegative and one became seropositive during convalescence. Positive neutralization reactions were obtained with 17 out of 44 convalescent sera from Ontario and 62 out of 146 convalescent sera from Quebec Sera from 51 children without history of poliomyelitis and 100 adult sera taken at random from specimens submitted for Wassermann tests were obtained from Quebec. Of the children's sera 43%, and of the adults’, 48%, contained neutralizing antibodies. The results obtained closely agree with those reported by American workers.
STEROID EXCRETION OF INFANTS
Authors: Perry W. F. , Chochinov H.
Published: April 2011

The urinary excretion of corticosteroids and ketosteroids was measured in infants during the first week of life and at four and 18 months of age. It was found that corticosteroid excretion increased with age while the excretion of ketosteroids declined from birth, but was again at a similar level to that of one-to three-day-old infants in the 18-months-old child. The excretion of androgenic substances did not parallel the excretion of ketosteroids, these substances being present in minute amounts at birth and rising gradually with increasing age. It is suggested that the involution of the fetal adrenal cortex is associated with a declining production of nonandrogenic ketosteroids.
SOME PROPERTIES OF NORMAL CHICK ALLANTOIC FLUID IN RELATION TO INFLUENZA VIRUS HEMAGGLUTINATION
Authors: Polley J. R. , Burr M. M. , Gillen A. L.
Published: April 2011

The pH, oxidation–reduction potential, total solids, nonspecific hemagglutination titer, and the titer of the inhibitor of influenza virus hemagglutination have been determined in the normal allantoic fluid of the chick embryo as the incubation time increased. These determinations were repeated after the allantoic fluid had been stored for 48 hr. at 0 °C. It was found that as the incubation time increased (1) the pH decreased progressively, (2) the Eh remained positive throughout, (3) the total solid content increased, (4) the nonspecific hemagglutination titer remained negligible, (5) the inhibition titer increased rapidly. Storage for 48 hr. at 0 °C. produced no change other than a small rise in the pH. By buffering the allantoic fluid in vivo, it appeared that the increasing inhibition titer was not directly related to the decreasing pH. The inhibition titer of the allantoic fluid was not decreased after dialysis, indicating that it is not affected by the amount of urates in the fluid. Thus it appears that the inhibition titer is related directly to a component of the increasing total solids which is unidentified as yet.
THYROID FUNCTION IN ESSENTIAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Thompson A. E. , Mathers Nancy E. , Perry W. F.
Published: April 2011

The functional condition of the thyroid glands of 32 hypertensive subjects was assessed by measurements of the plasma protein bound iodine. These did not differ significantly from those of a control group. No correlation was found within the hypertensive group between the severity of the disorder and the level of the plasma protein bound iodine. It was concluded that the activity of the thyroid gland is not affected by the presence of hypertension.
THE FREE-CELL PHENOMENON IN ISOHAEMAGGLUTINATION
Authors: McKerns Kenneth W. , Denstedt Orville F.
Published: April 2011

An hypothesis is presented to account for the invariable persistence of unagglutinated red blood cells in agglutinated samples even when potent isoagglutinating serum is used. It is postulated that the cells which remain free represent the few which become completely saturated with the agglutinin during the sensitization phase of the reaction. These cells, which amount to only a fraction of a per cent of the total originally present in the sample, are incapable of reacting with one another but can undergo agglutination with fresh cells of the same blood type thus indicating that they are morphologically normal. Evidence is presented in support of the hypothesis. The free-cell count is reproducible provided the agglutinating serum is potent and the conditions of the experiment are standardized. The influence of various factors on the free-cell count, and the usefulness of the count for following changes in the avidity of isoagglutinating serum with time, are discussed.
AN ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCED BY MICROCOCCUS EPIDERMIDIS
Authors: Loeb L. J. , Moyer A. , Murray R. G. E.
Published: April 2011

A stable antibiotic was produced by a strain of Micrococcus epidermidis that showed a wide range of activity against Gram-positive organisms. A mucoid Streptococcus pyogenes was used as test organism. This strain could be made resistant by being grown in increasing concentrations of antibiotic but the organism reverted to its original susceptibility immediately on transfer to medium without antibiotic. There was no antiluminescent activity when tested on Photobacterium fischeri. The test organism was not lysed by the antibiotic. The active substance was dialyzable, was remarkably heat stable, and was soluble only in water or, providing water was present, in solvents that were completely miscible with water. Purification was successful only to the extent of removing a number of inactive fractions by differential solubilities. The activity was destroyed by trypsin but not by pepsin. The physical and chemical data make it probable that the substance is a polypeptide of low molecular weight.
OXYGEN UPTAKE OF RAT MAMMARY TISSUE SLICES
Authors: Tuba Jules , Rawlinson Herbert E. , Shaw Lorna Glen
Published: April 2011

An in vitro study has been made of the oxygen uptake of mammary gland tissue of female rats in various experimental states. Because of the very high proportion of fat in mammary tissue the values of [Formula: see text] are determined on a fat-free as well as a water-free basis, thus providing a more accurate measure of the oxygen consumption of this tissue. The oxygen utilization by mammary gland of pregnant animals is increased approximately three times over the activity in the normal, or resting, gland. This increase is maintained during lactation and a return toward normal levels occurs during postlactational involution. The response to p-phenylenediamine indicated that during lactation the increased energy requirements decreased the reserves of the cytochrome system in mammary tissue. There is a well developed mammary gland in adult male rats; but the average fat content and response to p-phenylenediamine of the tissue are almost identical with values for adult female rats. The use of p-phenylenediamine as a histological stain for the cytochrome system in mammary tissue is described.
THE HAEMOGLOBINS OF THE FOETUS AND NEWBORN
Authors: White F. D. , Delory G. E. , Israels L. G.
Published: April 2011

In addition to the two forms of haemoglobin previously recognized in the blood of the foetus and newborn, a third form has been detected by following the rate of reaction with sodium hydroxide. This component appeared in 33 of the 66 samples studied but could not be detected in the remainder. No explanation could be found for this anomaly. Confirmation was obtained of the presence of a second form of haemoglobin in adult blood. This was shown to differ from the most refractory fraction of foetal blood. It is suggested that the older terminology is no longer sufficiently definitive and an alternative scheme is proposed.
PARALLEL STUDIES OF COMPLEMENT AND COAGULATION: I. THE EFFECT OF VITAMIN C
Authors: Rice Christine E. , Boulanger Paul
Published: April 2011

Groups of guinea pigs on a basic diet of commercial rabbit pellets supplemented by fresh green grass or stored roots exhibited marked differences in the ascorbic acid level of their plasma. These differences were not accompanied by any significant variation either in the complement titer of the serum or the prothrombin time of the plasma. Such minor variations as were observed in these two activities did not parallel each other.
THE FRACTIONATION OF PHOSPHORUS CONTAINING CONSTITUENTS IN THE ALLANTOIC MEMBRANE OF THE EMBRYONATED EGG
Authors: Graham A. F.
Published: April 2011

A procedure is described which permitted the phosphorus containing constituents in allantoic membranes of embryonated eggs to be separated into fractions as follows: alcohol soluble phosphorus from which the phospholipids were separated, phosphorus soluble in 5% trichloroacetic acid in which inorganic phosphorus was determined, and nucleic acid phosphorus which was further separated into pentose and desoxypentose nucleic acids. This procedure was applied to membranes between 9 and 13 days of age. It was found that the total phosphorus amounted to 9 to 10 mgm. per gm. of dried tissue. Alcohol soluble phosphorus accounted for approximately 28%, acid soluble phosphorus for 37%, and nucleic acid phosphorus for 35% of the total phosphorus. About half the acid soluble phosphorus was inorganic and about 85% of the alcohol soluble phosphorus was associated with phospholipids. These proportions remained essentially constant over the period studied. The ratio of pentose to desoxypentose nucleic acid phosphorus also remained fairly constant over the interval at about 2.2. There was no significant difference in the amounts of P32 taken up over a period of 72 hr. by normal allantoic membranes and those infected with influenza virus, when inorganic radioactive phosphorus was placed in the allantoic sacs of 11-day embryonated eggs.
DEMONSTRATION OF AGGLUTININS FIVE HOURS AFTER INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION OF PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPE I IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Nunes Doris S.
Published: April 2011

The inoculation of guinea pigs with pneumococci Type I intraperitoneally resulted in the development of homologous agglutinating antibodies, which were detected in the sera as early as five hours after inoculation. The early appearance of active immunity, and the attainment of a sufficient titer, would appear to govern survival to a fatal homologous re-infecting dose of the organism.
A HORIZONTAL HIGH VACUUM ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE FURNACE
Authors: Kuhn W. E. , Ellis O. W.
Published: April 2011

A high temperature vacuum furnace is described which has been in almost continuous use during the past four years in the production from powders of sintered compacts of titanium and titanium alloys. The success which has attended its use has suggested that information regarding its design and operation might be of value to others working in the field of vacuum metallurgy. Although vacuum furnaces are technologically applicable to industry, economically they are applied only where other alternatives do not present themselves. This is mainly due to the present high cost of installation and operation. The main contributory factor to high cost, particularly with large furnaces, is degassing refractories. The problem is to reduce the amount of refractories which degas to a minimum. Two methods of doing this are discussed—one employs heat resistant alloy or metal within an insulated heated chamber—the other employs a refractory heater surrounded by an insulated radiation shield to protect the inner side of the insulated furnace wall. The furnace described herein was built to the latter design.
FURTHER STUDIES ON CANADIAN LARD: PHOSPHORUS CONTENT, COLOR, AND STABILITY
Authors: Lips H. J.
Published: April 2011

A modified colorimetric procedure showed that phosphorus content of Canadian lard (12 dry rendered samples and 21 wet rendered samples) was generally less than 0.001%, and did not appear to be definitely related to method of rendering or to keeping quality. Color of lard was conveniently measured with the Evelyn photoelectric colorimeter; photoelectric transmission values were most closely related to Lovibond color values in the yellow region. Lovibond color could be predicted only approximately from transmission. No association of color with processing conditions or with keeping quality was found. The criterion of an indicator change by volatile fatty acids in the Swift stability test rather than the attainment of an arbitrary peroxide value by the fat gave a closer association of Swift stability test values with organoleptic storage life of lard.
STRESS–STRAIN CURVES FOR FATIGUED RUBBER
Authors: Stedman D. F.
Published: April 2011

It is shown that with natural rubber, vulcanized to soft "gum" rings, extension curves after the first are in two parts, and that the second part does not develop except after severe previous extensions.With molded rings, stretched initially a few per cent short of rupture, these effects are very marked, and the fifth extension curve is in two clearly separate parts with a sharp inflection at 380% elongation. The equations fitting both parts of this curve are of the form:[Formula: see text]In these equations, the two K0L terms intersect at L = 0, and the equations also show a number of other coincidences which strongly suggest that they must be of significance as related to the elasticity of rubber after fatigue has produced a stabilized structure.It is also shown that with these fatigued rings no hysteresis occurs within the range from 0 to 110% elongation, irrespective of the range of the elongation and retraction cycle; that extensions within the range from 0 to 380% elongation show no hysteresis on retraction; but that hysteresis commences abruptly if 380% elongation is exceeded.Hysteresis effects for a "small loop" also differ markedly, depending on whether the loop is initiated from an elongation or retraction curve, and continued cycling round this "small loop" does not remove this difference.Since the equations for both parts of these extension curves are of exactly identical form, although hysteresis occurs in one part but not in the other, it is suggested that the basic cause of elasticity of rubber cannot be considered as in any way related to any molecular arrangement factors, but must be of a kinetic nature, and it is shown that if it is assumed that the rubber chain is vibrating, and that tension in the chain restricts this vibration, the forces developed would be quite adequate to explain the elasticity.It is also shown that with fatigued rubber the S shape of the extension curves is entirely destroyed if forces are calculated on the basis of force per unit area under stress, while this is only approximately the case for the usual extension curves.It is suggested that if the extension curve for rubber, and possibly other substances, is extended back to L = 0, it should give an intercept equal to the internal pressure in the substance, i.e., that Young's modulus represents the internal pressure of the substance.
THE SORPTION OF SOAP BY TEXTILE FIBERS
Authors: Weatherburn A. S. , Rose G. R. F. , Bayley C. H.
Published: April 2011

The sorption of the sodium soaps of lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids from aqueous solutions by various textile fibers has been measured. The sorption of both the fatty acid and alkali components of the soaps by dull acetate rayon and dull nylon fibers was essentially the same as that shown by the corresponding bright (undelustered) fibers, while dull viscose rayon sorbed considerably more fatty acid than the bright fiber. In general, the order of increasing sorption was: cotton, nylon, acetate, bright viscose, dull viscose, and wool. Of the saturated soaps, the maximum sorption of fatty acid by all fibers was obtained with sodium myristate, while the alkali sorptions were approximately the same for myristate, palmitate, and stearate, all of which were higher than for laurate. The sorption from sodium oleate solutions corresponded approximately to that from the C14–C16 saturated soaps. Preferential sorption of alkali by cotton and viscose rayon was observed for all soaps, while acetate rayon, nylon, and wool showed preferential sorption of fatty acid with the lower molecular weight soaps and preferential sorption of alkali with the higher soaps. Suppression of hydrolysis by the addition of excess free alkali resulted in a reduction in fatty acid sorption in every case, and shifted the maximum from the C14 to the C16 soap. It is concluded that the sorption of soap by textile fibers is a complex process involving the more or less independent sorption of neutral soap, hydrolytic fatty acid (or acid soap), and hydrolytic alkali.
THE MEASUREMENT OF THE HEAT OUTPUT FROM RADIANT HEATING PANELS ON A LABORATORY SCALE
Authors: Lipsett Frederick
Published: April 2011

The use of radiant heating panels 2 ft. square for obtaining data on heat outputs for design purposes, instead of panels about 15 ft. square, would save much time and expense. A miniature panel heating system was constructed and gave the desired data. For ceiling panels the method has the advantage of eliminating convective heat output. This is discussed in detail.
A REMOTE CONTROL PROJECTOR FOR THE EXAMINATION OF EXPERIMENTAL RECORDS ON 35 mm. FILM
Authors: Webb E. L. R.
Published: April 2011

A projector unit is described in which the film advance sprocket is driven by a reversible motor and the glass pressure plate is automatically released while the film is being moved. The film spools accommodate 100 ft. of 35 mm. film and take up slack in both directions. Several units may be used simultaneously for correlation of multiple records.
THE SUSPENDING POWER OF DETERGENT SOLUTIONS: II. SOAP-BUILDER SOLUTIONS
Authors: Weatherburn A. S. , Rose G. R. F. , Bayley C. H.
Published: April 2011

Laboratory scale measurements have been made of the ability of certain alkaline salts, commonly used as laundry soap builders, to hold carbon particles in suspension, and thus prevent their deposition on fabric during the washing process. In the absence of soap little difference was noted between any of the builders studied, the suspending power being, on the whole, poorer than that of distilled water. In general, the addition of builders to soap solutions resulted in a decrease in the suspending power of the soap, this effect increasing with increasing builder concentration. The builders fall into three general classifications, viz.: simple electrolytes, silicates, and phosphates. Within each of these groups of builders the suspending power of a built soap solution increases with decreasing pH of the solution. A tentative explanation of the influence of added builders on the suspending power of soap solutions is offered, on the basis of interference with the normal adsorption of soap by the carbon particles, and, in some cases, the superimposed adsorption of the anion of the builder. Classification of the builders with respect to their effect on the suspending power of various pure soaps indicated that sodium hexametaphosphate is superior to all others, while sodium hydroxide and sodium orthosilicate are the poorest. There are only minor differences between the remaining builders, tetrasodium pyrophosphate and trisodium phosphate being the best in this group. This classification, which is based solely on suspending power, is not necessarily indicative of the over-all efficiency of builders in the detergent process as a whole.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ASCOSPORE FORMATION BY 43 YEAST CULTURES
Authors: Adams A. M.
Published: April 2011

In comparative tests for ascospore formation by 43 different yeast strains a solid medium containing acetate and dextrose was shown to be superior to two other sporulation media. Ascospores were formed more frequently and in greater numbers on the former medium. Eleven cultures of the thirty forming ascospores on acetate–dextrose agar yielded 50% or more asci, and seven cultures formed asci only on this agar medium.
EFFECT OF ANTE-MORTEM TREATMENT OF PIGS ON THE QUALITY OF WILTSHIRE BACON
Authors: Gibbons N. E. , Rose Dyson
Published: April 2011

Meat from pigs slaughtered in a fatigued condition, as in present packing house procedures, had a lower glycogen reserve than meat from animals that had been fed and rested. Post-mortem breakdown of glycogen to lactic acid lowered the pH of meat from fed animals to approximately 5.3 while that from fatigued animals remained at about 6.0 or even as high as 6.6. Meat of low pH contained less sodium nitrite immediately after cure, and retained the desirable red color of cut lean surfaces much longer than did meal of high pH. Meal of low pH was also less susceptible to spoilage by bacteria. Color differences were less apparent after the meat had been smoked, and the preslaughter treatment of the pigs is therefore of less importance in the production of smoked products. The quality of unsmoked Wiltshire skies, on the other hand, would be greatly improved by proper preslaughter handling of the pigs.
THE WATER-REPELLENCY OF SILICONE-TREATED SINTERED GLASS PLATES
Authors: Barrington M. G. , Fleet D. E. , McLaughlin R. R.
Published: April 2011

The hydrostatic pressures that silicone-coated sintered glass plates will withstand before permitting the passage of water are recorded, and a rough constancy in the product of rupturing pressure and porosity is indicated. Application as check-valves to pass gases but not water is suggested.
A SIMPLE SPINNER FOR ROLL TUBES USED IN ESTIMATING BACTERIAL POPULATIONS
Authors: Newbould F. H. S.
Published: April 2011

In estimating bacterial populations by the colony count method increased accuracy is obtained by using large numbers of replicates. The high cost of Petri plates makes this difficult in many laboratories. A simple spinner is described which utilizes cheap, easily obtained screw-capped bottles to substitute for Petri plates. The method has proved satisfactory in estimating numbers of Rhizobia, and has resulted in significant savings in the cost of glassware and media, and in incubator space.
ON THE FRICTION OF VARIOUS SYNTHETIC AND NATURAL RUBBERS ON ICE
Authors: Pfalzner P. M.
Published: April 2011

The dynamic and static friction on ice, the hardness, and the resilience of natural and synthetic rubber tire compounds were measured. General relationships were found to exist between friction and hardness of the rubber, friction and ice temperature, hardness and temperature, hardness and age of the rubber, resilience and hardness. Extraction of the rubber had a variable effect.
The interaction between behavior and physiology in determining life history patterns in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: Metcalfe Neil B
Published: April 2011

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) exhibit extreme diversity in the age of smolt migration and sexual maturation, both within and among populations. Theoretical analyses reveal the adaptive significance of such variation, but models of the underlying physiological and behavioral mechanisms are also needed. I summarize one such proximate model that suggests that smolting and maturation are only triggered if expected performance trajectories exceed threshold levels during sensitive periods. The probability of a threshold being exceeded is therefore dependent on an individual fish's ability to acquire and utilize resources efficiently, which in turn depends on a range of physiological and behavioral traits. Spatial variation in life histories is chiefly caused by differences in growth opportunity, although there is evidence of geographical variation in genetically determined expected growth trajectories. Simulations show that small changes in young fry growth rates can have pronounced effects on mean smolt age and sex ratio, by influencing the proportion of males that fail to exceed the threshold for early smolting and mature as parr (and so are less likely to survive to smolting). More sophisticated proximate models should allow powerful predictions of smolt production based on simple environmental parameters, due to their influence on growth trajectories and hence life history decisions.
Why aren't there more Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)?
Authors: Parrish Donna L , Behnke Robert J , Gephard Stephen R , McCormick Stephen D , Reeves Gordon H
Published: April 2011

Numbers of wild anadromous Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) have declined demonstrably throughout their native range. The current status of runs on rivers historically supporting salmon indicate widespread declines and extirpations in Europe and North America primarily in southern portions of the range. Many of these declines or extirpations can be attributed to the construction of mainstem dams, pollution (including acid rain), and total dewatering of streams. Purported effects on declines during the 1960s through the 1990s include overfishing, and more recently, changing ocean conditions, and intensive aquaculture. Most factors affecting salmon numbers do not act singly, but rather in concert, which masks the relative contribution of each factor. Salmon researchers and managers should not look for a single culprit in declining numbers of salmon, but rather, seek solutions through rigorous data gathering and testing of multiple effects integrated across space and time.
Population genetics and the conservation and management of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: Nielsen Jennifer L
Published: April 2011

Molecular genetics provides data with temporal and spatial scales unavailable from other disciplines. Patterns of genetic diversity are influenced by adaptive, environmental, and stochastic factors. The rate of change in genetic markers allows investigations of diversity on temporal scales resulting from recent history (hundreds of years) to deep evolutionary time (millions of years). Cryptic spatial population structure is often revealed by molecular markers. Phylogeographic analysis of genes within populations can unite demographics with glaciation, uplift, climatic shifts, or major floods. Historically, the application of genetic markers has been largely limited to analyses of gene frequencies and patterns of diversity. The consequences of genetic rarity are controversial in relationship to endangerment or patterns of extinction. However, it is widely recognized that genes reflect a species' evolutionary past and represent the raw material underlying the diversity of biological expression throughout a species' range. DNA provides the architecture necessary for a species' adaptation and future survival. Conservation of this evolutionary legacy is important considering anthropomorphic manipulation of a species and the environment upon which it depends. In this paper I investigate evolution and genetic variation in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) based on the current literature. I further discuss conservation and restoration questions using molecular markers.
Diseases and parasites in wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations
Authors: Bakke Tor A , Harris Philip D
Published: April 2011

The ecology of infectious diseases in wild and managed salmon populations is reviewed. Few pathogens have caused significant disease epidemics in the wild, and although parasites of returning adults are best documented, diseases among parr (e.g., Gyrodactylus salaris) are probably most important. The greatest diversity of parasites is known from the marine phase but few are likely to be significant pathogens, although conclusive evidence is lacking because diseased salmon cannot be tracked. The importance of stress as an immunosuppressant of fishes in degraded habitats is discussed. In addition, releases and restocking have probably also reduced the genetic disease resistance of wild fishes. We note that myxozoans, furunculosis, G. salaris, and sea lice are the pathogens most likely to threaten wild and managed salmon stocks in future. Despite abundant research on pathogens of farmed salmon, little is known of their impact on wild or managed stocks and an adequate theoretical framework for salmon disease epidemiology is urgently needed before disease becomes a limiting factor in salmon conservation.
The Slide Mountain Terrane and the structural evolution of the Finlayson Lake Fault Zone, southeastern Yukon
Authors: Plint Heather E. , Gordon Terence M.
Published: April 2011

The Finlayson Lake Fault Zone forms a fundamental, but little studied, tectonic boundary between strata of autochthonous North America and the accreted Slide Mountain and Yukon–Tanana terranes in southeastern Yukon. A structural and petrologic study was undertaken to examine the depositional environment of the Slide Mountain Terrane, its tectono-thermal evolution in the fault zone, and its relationship with the Yukon–Tanana Terrane. The Slide Mountain and Yukon–Tanana terranes are divisible into units dominated by metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks. Field observations and whole-rock geochemistry indicate that Slide Mountain greenstone is ocean-floor basalt deposited in a deep submarine basin with a proximal terrigenous sediment influx. Either a marginal- or ocean-basin setting is supported by the data. Slide Mountain greenstone is thrust northeastward over metasedimentary rocks of Slide Mountain Terrane and southwestward over rocks of the Yukon–Tanana Terrane. Regional metamorphic grade ranges from subgreenschist to greenschist facies. Pressure–temperature estimates for the subgreenschist–greenschist facies transition are 270–310 °C and 2.1–3.6 kbar (1 kbar = 100 MPa), based on assumed geothermal gradients and the reaction isograd Pmp + Chl = Act + Ep + H2O. Metamorphic peak postdates motion along the westernmost reverse fault that juxtaposes the Slide Mountain and Yukon–Tanana terranes. We interpret the Finlayson Lake Fault Zone as a northeasterly directed thrust sequence disrupted by synmetamorphic back thrusts. The back thrusting may be the consequence of shortening in the upper crust, or larger scale processes such as "tectonic wedging" of Yukon–Tanana Terrane under Slide Mountain Terrane.