bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A compact ultrawide bandpass filter along notch characteristics with rectangular resonator through a machine learning approach
Authors: Rai Jayant Kumar , Choudhary Dilip Kumar , Ranjan Pinku , Chowdhury Rakesh
Published: January 2025

This article presents an ultrawide bandpass filter structure developed along a notch band using a small rectangular impedance resonator. The proposed filter structure consists of a coupled rectangular resonator (CRR), open stub, and composited split ring resonator (CSRR) at the bottom of the structure. In-band and out-of-band properties are improved by the CRR and open stub. The notch band is obtained by placing CSRR below the rectangular resonator. A filter with a compact size of 0.15 × 0.10 λg is obtained at a lowered cutoff frequency of 3.0 GHz, where λg is the corresponding guided wavelength. The proposed structure has been constructed on 5880 Rogers substrate with a thickness of 0.787 mm and a dielectric constant of 2.2. Additionally, equivalent lumped parameters were obtained, and a lumped equivalent circuit was created to explain how the suggested filter operated. The Electromagnetic (EM)-simulated results are in good agreement with the circuit-simulated and measured result. The various machine learning approaches such as artificial neural network, K-nearest neighbour, decision tree, random forest (RF), and extreme gradient boosting algorithms are applied to optimize the design, in which RF algorithms achieve more than 90% accuracy for predicting the S parameters of the ultrawideband filter.
Effects of 2,4-D with and without wiper-applied glyphosate on leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula) shoot, shoot regrowth, and root biomass
Authors: Jones Eric A. L. , Alms Jill K. , Vos David A.
Published: January 2025

Pot studies outdoors under natural environmental conditions were conducted to determine leafy spurge biomass reduction resulting from broadcast application of 2,4-D (2,244 g ae ha-1) with and without wiper-applied glyphosate. Glyphosate (575 g ae L-1) was applied at 0, 33, 50, and 75% diluted concentrate with a wiper 24 hrs after 2,4-D was broadcast applied. Injury estimates and shoot biomass did not differ between plants treated with 2,4-D-only or the addition of wiper-applied glyphosate 21 days after treatment. Shoot regrowth biomass of plants treated with 2,4-D-only was approximately 560% greater compared to nontreated plants three months after treatment. Plants treated with wiper-applied glyphosate had shoot regrowth biomass of less than 10% compared to the nontreated plants 3 months after treatment. Root biomass of 2,4-D-only treated plants (160% of nontreated plants) followed a similar pattern of shoot regrowth biomass. Root biomass of plants treated with wiper-applied glyphosate exhibited approximately 50% reductions compared to nontreated plants. The concentrations of glyphosate tested reduced all vegetative metrics equally; therefore, all labeled concentrations should be effective. The results of the experiment show that broadcast-applied 2,4-D is more effective at reducing leafy spurge biomass with the addition of wiper-applied glyphosate.
Impact of Cover Crops on Furrow-Irrigated Rice and Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Emergence
Authors: King Tanner A. , Norsworthy Jason K. , Butts Thomas R. , Barber L. Tom , Drescher Gerson L. , Fernandes Samuel B. , Avent Tristen H.
Published: January 2025

As mid-southern U.S. rice producers continue to adopt furrow-irrigated rice (FIR) production practices, supplementary management efforts will be vital in combating Palmer amaranth due to the extended germination period provided by the lack of a continual flood. Previous research has revealed the ability of cover crops to suppress Palmer amaranth emergence in corn, cotton, and soybean production systems; however, research on cover crop weed control efficacy in rice production is scarce. Therefore, trials were initiated in Arkansas in 2022 and 2023 to evaluate the effect of cover crops across five site years on rice emergence, groundcover, grain yield, and total Palmer amaranth emergence. The cover crops evaluated were cereal rye, winter wheat, Austrian winterpea, and hairy vetch. Cover crop biomass accumulation varied by site year, ranging from 430 to 3,440 kg ha-1, with cereal rye generally being the most consistent producer of high-quantity biomass across site years. Rice growth and development were generally unaffected by cover crop establishment; however, all cover crops reduced rice emergence by up to 30% in one site year. Rice groundcover was reduced by 13% from cereal rye in one site year two weeks before heading but cover crops did not impact rough rice grain yield in any of the site years. Palmer amaranth emergence was reduced by 19 and 35% with cereal rye relative to the absence of a cover crop when rice was planted in April in Marianna and May in Fayetteville, respectively. In most trials, Palmer amaranth emergence was not reduced by a cereal cover crop. In most instances, legume cover crops resulted in less Palmer amaranth emergence than without a cover crop. Based on these results, legume cover crops appear to provide some suppression of Palmer amaranth emergence in FIR while having a minimal effect on rice establishment and yield.
ICD-11 Persönlichkeitsstörungen
Authors: Bach Bo , Simonsen Sebastian
Published: January 2025

Praxisnaher Navigationsleitfaden zur ICD-11-Klassifikation von Persönlichkeitsstörungen Dieses Buch erläutert praxisnah die Anwendung derICD-11-Klassifikation von Persönlichkeitsstörungen sowie verwandter Persönlichkeitsmerkmale und -muster.Mit zahlreichen klinischen Beispielen veranschaulichen die Autoren das klinische Verständnis der Persönlichkeits-funktion, die Klassifikation von leichten, mittelschwerenund schweren Persönlichkeitsstörungen, unterschiedliche Persönlichkeitsmerkmale und -muster sowie die Inter-pretation spezifischer Kombinationen von Merkmals-domänen.Zur klinischen Entscheidungsfindung werden darüberhinaus auf Grundlage der ICD-11-Leitlinien die wichtigsten differenzialdiagnostischen Überlegungen zu anderen anhaltenden psychischen Störungen ausführlich erläutert. Die individuelle Behandlungsplanung und die erforderliche Behandlungsintensität mit psychotherapeutischem Schwer-punkt werden nachvollziehbar dargestellt.Im Anhang des Buches werden weitere verfügbare und standardisierte Instrumente vorgestellt, um den „Übergang“ von den bisherigen ICD-10- und DSM-5-Persönlichkeits-störungstypen zu dem neuen dimensionalen ICD-11-Diagnose-Konzept zu erleichtern.Die Autoren, die an der Konzeption und Überarbeitung der ICD-11 beteiligt waren, geben hier einen kompakten Überblick über die Änderungen, die sich auf die tägliche Praxis aller diagnostisch und therapeutisch Tätigen auswirken werden. Für die vorliegende deutschsprachige Ausgabe wurden Inhalte mit länderspezifischen Hinweisen ergänzt. Das Buch richtet sich in erster Linie an Ärztliche und Psychologische Psychotherapeut*innen, Psychiater*innen, Klinische Psycholog*innen, Studierende und Lehrende in der psychotherapeutischen Aus-, Fort- und Weiterbildung.
A New Evaluation of Observed Changes in Diurnal Temperature Range
Authors: Xu Qiya , Wei Sihao , Li Zichen , Li Qingxiang
Published: January 2025

Due to spatial heterogeneity, the global diurnal temperature range (DTR) change trends vary across data sets. By updating the C‐LSAT data set to version 2.1, this study systematically evaluates long‐term DTR trends at global and continental scales since 1900. The results indicate that improvements in temporal and spatial data coverage, particularly after 2014, along with data homogenization, have significantly enhanced the reliability of global and regional DTR assessments. Since 1900, the global mean DTR has declined at a rate of −0.025°C per decade, with the most pronounced decreases observed from the 1950s to the 1980s, especially in Asia and Africa. However, in recent decades, DTR trends have reversed, with the global DTR increasing at a rate of 0.136°C per decade since 1998, particularly in Europe, North America, and the Southern Hemisphere. These findings confirm previous studies on DTR trends and their causes, providing updated, reliable estimates of global and regional changes.
A Numerical Investigation of Equatorial Electrojet During the Total Solar Eclipse on 29 March 2006
Authors: Zhang Kedeng , Wang Hui , Lei Jiuhou , Dang Tong , Song Huimin , Xia Hao
Published: January 2025

Due to the relative location of the Sun, Earth, and Moon, a common and special phenomenon occurs, termed a solar eclipse. During the solar eclipse, the solar radiation is greatly obscured, therefore, a series of disturbances could be imposed into the ionosphere. Using electron density observations from the Challenging Minisatellite Payload satellite, the equatorial electrojet (EEJ) measurements from the ground station, and simulations from the Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamic General Circulation Model, this work explored the behaviors of EEJ during the total solar eclipse on 29 March 2006. The path of this solar eclipse goes across the dip equator, providing an opportunity for us to explore the perturbations of EEJ. It is found that the observed EEJ at the MBO station is reduced, with a maximum and average percentage of 38.85% and 19.43%, respectively. The perturbations of EEJ are not only established that are directly affected by the solar eclipse but also after the solar eclipse ends. Local Cowling conductivity associated with E‐region electron density is greatly decreased when the solar eclipse occurs. The zonal electric field established by the E‐region wind might play a key role in the regulation of EEJ in both eclipse and post‐eclipse phases.
Local Generation of Mirror Modes by Pickup Protons at Mars
Authors: Simon Wedlund C. , Mazelle C. , Meziane K. , Bertucci C. , Volwerk M. , Preisser L. , Schmid D. , Halekas J. , McFadden J. , Mitchell D. , Espley J. , Henri P.
Published: January 2025

Mirror mode structures are born from a plasma instability driven by a large temperature anisotropy and appear downstream of planetary and interplanetary shocks, in their magnetosheath. As so‐called “magnetic bottles” imprisoning dense and hot plasma, they are usually observed downstream of their region of formation, where the anisotropy is large and free energy is available, implying that they are advected with the plasma flow to the detection region. At Earth and other planets, the quasi‐perpendicular shock provides the plasma with the necessary heating along the perpendicular direction to the local magnetic field. At Mars, which boasts an extended exosphere, an additional source of temperature anisotropy exists, through unstable ring‐beam velocity distributions, that is, through ions locally ionized and subsequently picked up by the local electric fields. We report here for the first time an example of near locally‐generated mirror mode structures due to pickup protons at Mars using the full plasma instrument suite on board the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) mission. We present events with mirror modes in quasi‐perpendicular and quasi‐parallel shock conditions, discuss the locality of their generation and show that, in addition to the classic quasi‐perpendicular source of anisotropy, another source exists, that is, unstable pickup protons. The existence at Mars of this extra ion anisotropy‐generating mechanism is reminiscent of comets.
Fe‐FeH Eutectic Melting Curve and the Estimates of Earth's Core Temperature and Composition
Authors: Mita Shuhei , Tagawa Shoh , Hirose Kei , Ikuta Nagi
Published: January 2025

Fe and FeH form a binary eutectic system above ∼40 GPa. Here we performed melting experiments in a laser‐heated diamond‐anvil cell and obtained the Fe‐FeH eutectic melting curve between 52 and 175 GPa. Its extrapolation shows the eutectic temperature to be 4,350 K at the inner core boundary (ICB), which is lower than that in Fe‐FeSi but is higher than those in the Fe‐S, Fe‐O, and Fe‐C systems. In addition, its dT/dP slope is comparable to those of the melting curves of Fe and FeH endmembers, suggesting that the eutectic liquid composition changes little with increasing pressure and is about FeH0.6 at the ICB pressure. We also estimated the effect of each light element on depressing the liquidus temperature at 330 GPa based on a combination of binary eutectic temperature and composition and found that the effect is large for C and S and small for H, O, and Si when considering the amount of each element that reduces a certain percentage of a liquid iron density. Furthermore, we searched for a set of possible outer core liquid composition and ICB temperature (the liquidus temperature of the former at 330 GPa should match the latter), which explains the outer core density deficit that depends on core temperature. The results demonstrate that relatively low core temperatures, lower than the solidus temperature of a pyrolitic lowermost mantle at the core‐mantle boundary (CMB), are possible.
Crustal Structure of the Hikurangi Subduction Zone Revealed by Four Decades of Onshore‐Offshore Seismic Data: Implications for the Dimensions and Slip Behavior of the Seismogenic Zone
Authors: Bassett Dan , Henrys Stuart , Tozer Brook , van Avendonk Harm , Gase Andrew , Bangs Nathan , Kodaira Shuichi , Okaya David , Jacobs Katie , Sutherland Rupert , Seebeck Hannu , Barker Dan , Fujie Gou , Arai Ryuta , Seaward Anya , Mochizuki Kimi , Savage Martha , Stern Tim , Luckie Thomas
Published: January 2025

Four decades of seismic reflection, onshore‐offshore and ocean‐bottom seismic data are integrated to constrain a high‐resolution 3‐D P‐wave velocity model of the Hikurangi subduction zone. Our model shows wavespeeds in the offshore forearc to be 0.5–1 km/s higher in south Hikurangi than in the central and northern segments (VP ≤ 4.5 km/s). Correlation with onshore geology and seismic reflection data sets suggest wavespeed variability in the overthrusting plate reflects the spatial distribution of Late Jurassic basement terranes. The crustal backstop is 25–35 km from the deformation front in south Hikurangi, but this distance abruptly increases to ∼105 km near Cape Turnagain. This change in backstop position coincides with the southern extent of shallow slow‐slip, most of which occurs updip of the backstop along the central and northern margin. These relationships suggest the crustal backstop may impact the down‐dip extent of shallow conditional stability on the megathrust and imply a high likelihood of near/trench‐breaching rupture in south Hikurangi. North of Cape Turnagain, the more landward position of the backstop, in conjunction with a possible reduction in the depth of the brittle ductile transition, reduces the down‐dip width of frictional locking between the southern (∼100 km) and central Hikurangi margin by up‐to 50%. Abrupt transitions in overthrusting plate structure are resolved near Cook Strait, Gisborne and across the northern Raukumara Peninsula, and appear related to tectonic inheritance and the evolution of the Hikurangi margin. Extremely low forearc wavespeeds resolved north of Gisborne played a key role in producing long durations of long‐period earthquake ground motions.
Microphysical Evolution of Heavy Rainfall During a Bow Echo Event in South China: Characteristics and the Mesovortex‐Related Impacts
Authors: Liu Qiqing , Zhou Ang , Zhao Kun , Xu Xin , Huang Hao
Published: January 2025

A heavy rainfall (HR) event caused by a bow echo struck South China on 11 April 2019. Two extremely HR periods were identified within this event, and the second rainfall period led to severe flooding in Shenzhen city, resulting in 11 fatalities. The first rainfall period was dominated by warm‐rain processes, while the development of the second period was closely related to the intensification of ice‐phase processes. The contribution of raindrops from the melting process played a crucial role in the formation of extreme rainfall, which achieved a high rain rate (RR) exceeding 120 mm hr−1. The enhancement of the ice‐phase processes during the second rainfall period was found to be closely associated with the development of a low‐level mesoscale vortex (MV). Due to the complementary non‐linear dynamical accelerations induced by the MV, the vertical velocity within the convective system rapidly intensified, leading to a more upright and deeper convective organization. As a result, more water vapor and supercooled water were lifted above the freezing level, which increased the presence of ice‐phase particles with the potential to melt, subsequently contributing to the extreme high RR. This study investigates the microphysical characteristics of two periods of HR that occurred during and after the development of a MV within a bow echo event, and examines the key microphysical processes affected by the MV, which partially contributed to the second HR period.
Rock Glacier Velocity: An Essential Climate Variable Quantity for Permafrost
Authors: Hu Yan , Arenson Lukas U. , Barboux Chloé , Bodin Xavier , Cicoira Alessandro , Delaloye Reynald , Gärtner‐Roer Isabelle , Kääb Andreas , Kellerer‐Pirklbauer Andreas , Lambiel Christophe , Liu Lin , Pellet Cécile , Rouyet Line , Schoeneich Philippe , Seier Gernot , Strozzi Tazio
Published: January 2025

Rock glaciers are distinctive debris landforms found worldwide in cold mountainous regions. They express the long‐term movement of perennially frozen ground. Rock Glacier Velocity (RGV), defined as the time series of the annualized surface velocity of a rock glacier unit or a part of it, has been accepted as an Essential Climate Variable Permafrost Quantity in 2022. This review aims to highlight the relationship between rock glacier velocity and climatic factors, emphasizing the scientific relevance of interannual rock glacier velocity in generating RGV products within the context of observed rock glacier kinematics. Under global warming, rock glacier velocity exhibits widespread (multi‐)decennial acceleration. This acceleration varies regionally in onset timing (from the 1950s to the 2010s) and magnitude (up to a factor of 10), and has been observed in regions such as the European Alps, High Mountain Asia, and the Andes. Despite different local conditions, a synchronous interannual velocity pattern prevails in the European Alps since the 2000s, highlighting the primary influence of climate. A common pattern is the seasonal velocity rhythm, which peaks in late summer to autumn and declines in spring. RGV assesses permafrost evolution via (multi‐)decennial and interannual changes in rock glacier velocity, influenced by air temperature shifts with varying time lags and snow cover effects. Although not integrated into the RGV products, seasonal variations should be examined. This rhythmic behavior is attributed to alterations in pore water pressure influenced by air temperature, snow cover, and ground water conditions.
A low-cost printed circuit board-based centrifugal microfluidic platform for dielectrophoresis
Authors: Rondot Nicklas , Yan Songyuan , Mager Dario , Kulinsky Lawrence
Published: January 2025

In recent decades, electrokinetic handling of microparticles and biological cells found many applications ranging from biomedical diagnostics to microscale assembly. The integration of electrokinetic handling such as dielectrophoresis (DEP) greatly benefits microfluidic point-of-care systems as many modern assays require cell handling. Compared to traditional pump-driven microfluidics, typically used for DEP applications, centrifugal CD microfluidics provides the ability to consolidate various liquid handling tasks in self-contained discs under the control of a single motor. Therefore, it has significant advantages in terms of cost and reliability. However, to integrate DEP on a spinning disc, a major obstacle is transferring power to the electrodes that generate DEP forces. Existing solutions for power transfer lack portability and availability or introduce excessive complexity for DEP settings. We present a concept that leverages the compatibility of DEP and inductive power transfer to bring DEP onto a rotating disc without much circuitry. Our solution leverages the ongoing advances in the printed circuit board market to make low-cost cartridges (<$1) that can employ DEP, which was validated using yeast cells. The resulting DEPDisc platform solves the challenge that existing printed circuit board electrodes are reliant on expensive high-voltage function generators by boosting the voltage using resonant inductive power transfer. This work includes a device costing less than $100 and easily replicable with the information provided in the Supplementary material. Consequently, with DEPDisc we present the first DEP-based low-cost platform for cell handling where both the device and the cartridges are truly inexpensive.
Design of functional and stable adhesion systems using reversible and movable crosslinked materials
Authors: Qian Yunpeng , Kosaba Sho , Ikura Ryohei , Yamaoka Kenji , Takashima Yoshinori
Published: January 2025

Stable, tough, and functional adhesion systems are urgently needed for a sustainable society. As a resolution, supramolecular scientists have introduced reversible and movable crosslinked materials into adhesion systems. Reversible crosslinks can repeatedly associate and dissociate. Therefore, reversible crosslinked materials show self-healing and stimuli-responsive properties. Moreover, movable crosslinks are topological crosslinks in which the polymer chains penetrate the cavities of cyclic molecules. The sliding of the movable crosslinks with deformation enabled the achievement of materials showing high toughness and self-relaxation. Adhesion systems with reversible and movable crosslinks have improved adhesion and cohesion, stability, and functionality. This novel concept for the design of adhesion systems is expected to increase the lifetime of adhesives and ameliorate environmental problems.
Tensegrity-inspired polymer films: progressive bending stiffness through multipolymeric patterning
Authors: Kuwada Rikima , Ito Shuto , Shimoda Yuta , Fukunishi Haruka , Ohnishi Ryota , Ishii Daisuke , Hayashi Mikihiro
Published: January 2025

Materials with J-shaped stress-strain behavior under uniaxial stretching have been developed using various designs; in these materials, the strength increases as the deformation progresses. On the other hand, polymer materials that progressively stiffen under bending are far less explored, and a systematic approach to achieving this behavior has not yet been developed. To address this gap, membrane tensegrity structures, which achieve structural stability by balancing compressive forces in rods and tensile forces in membranes, were examined. Notably, some of these structures exhibit increased stiffness under bending. Using a multipolymer patterning technique, we developed a functional polymer film exhibiting membrane tensegrity-like properties that stiffened under bending. This effect resulted from the membrane tension generated by rod protrusions and a likely increase in the second moment of area at regions with maximum curvature.
Active oversight and quality control in standard Bayesian optimization for autonomous experiments
Authors: Harris Sumner B. , Vasudevan Rama , Liu Yongtao
Published: January 2025

The fusion of experimental automation and machine learning has catalyzed a new era in materials research, prominently featuring Gaussian Process (GP) Bayesian Optimization (BO) driven autonomous experiments. Here we introduce a Dual-GP approach that enhances traditional GPBO by adding a secondary surrogate model to dynamically constrain the experimental space based on real-time assessments of the raw experimental data. This Dual-GP approach enhances the optimization efficiency of traditional GPBO by isolating more promising space for BO sampling and more valuable experimental data for primary GP training. We also incorporate a flexible, human-in-the-loop intervention method in the Dual-GP workflow to adjust for unanticipated results. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the Dual-GP model with synthetic model data and implement this approach in autonomous pulsed laser deposition experimental data. This Dual-GP approach has broad applicability in diverse GPBO-driven experimental settings, providing a more adaptable and precise framework for refining autonomous experimentation for more efficient optimization.
High-performance triboelectric nanogenerators based on Ag-doped ZnO loaded electrospun PVDF nanofiber mats for energy harvesting and healthcare monitoring
Authors: Venkatesan Hema Malini , Arun Anand Prabu
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the potential of zinc oxide (ZnO) and Ag-doped zinc oxide (Ag-ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs) (1, 3 and 5 wt%) electrospun into poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) to harness electrical energy from ambient mechanical vibrations. ZnO and Ag-ZnO NPs were developed using a co-precipitation method. 3 wt% Ag-ZnO doping was optimized to exhibit a higher β-crystalline phase in PVDF (PAZ3). The electrospun ZnO and Ag-ZnO loaded PVDF nanofiber mats (NFMs) served as tribo-negative layer, while thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) served as tribo-positive layer in the TENG device fabrication. The electrical measurement results revealed that pristine PVDF/TPU-based TENG device exhibited lower performance (V
oc = 9.0 V and I
sc = 0.6 µA) compared to the optimized PAZ3/TPU-based TENG (V
oc = 51 V and I
sc = 1.2 µA), and utilized for concurrent applications such as powering over 10 light-emitting diodes, energy harvesting and healthcare monitoring applications. Overall, the study not only reveals the significant potential of PAZ3/TPU-based TENG for excellent output performance, but also provides a new insight into next-generation clean, affordable and sustainable energy harvesting materials.
Alleviating symptoms of paediatric acute rhinosinusitis and acute otitis media with otorrhea using nasal-spraying Bacillus probiotics: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Khieu Thanh Huu , Le Dung Phuong , Nguyen Binh Thanh , Ngo Binh Thanh , Chu Hong Thi , Truong Duc Minh , Nguyen Hung Minh , Nguyen Anh Hoa , Pham Tung Dinh , Van Nguyen Anh Thi
Published: January 2025

Acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) in children may be accompanied by acute otitis media (AOM) which is often associated with bacterial co-infections. These conditions are among the primary reasons that children visit hospitals and require antibiotic treatment. This study evaluated the efficacy of the nasal-spraying probiotics (LiveSpo Navax containing 5 billion Bacillus subtilis and B. clausii spores/5 mL) as a supportive treatment for dual ARS and AOM with otorrhea in a randomized, single-blind, controlled clinical trial. Eighty-two patients (41 per group), aged 1 month to 12 years, received standard care along with nasal spraying of either physiological saline (Control group) or LiveSpo Navax (Navax group), administered three times daily over a 7-day follow-up period. A total of sixty-one patients (30–31 per group) completed the trial. The Navax group experienced 68.00% and 96.77% reductions in nasal congestion (by day 3) and rhinorrhea (by day 7), respectively, which were 2.04 and 1.94-fold higher than the Control group, with odds ratios (OR) of 4.31 and 30.00 (p < 0.05). Endoscopic results indicated 8% and 11% higher reductions in nasal mucopurulent discharge and tympanic membrane hyperemia in the Navax group compared to the Control group. By day 3, compared to day 0, the Navax group exhibited > 1200-fold reduction in Streptococcus pneumoniae and ≥ 4-fold reduction in Haemophilus influenzae concentrations (p < 0.05) in both nasopharyngeal and middle ear fluid samples, whereas the Control group showed no significant reductions. Navax treatment reduced IL-6 by 1.35- to 1.74-fold and TNF-α by 1.17- to 1.45-fold, more effectively than the Control group (p < 0.05). These results suggest that nasal-spray Bacillus spore probiotics, with their ability to reduce bacterial load and modulate immune responses, provide a cost-effective and safe solution for alleviating symptoms of both ARS and AOM in children.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier NCT05804123 on April 7, 2023.
Evolutionary optimization of model merging recipes
Authors: Akiba Takuya , Shing Makoto , Tang Yujin , Sun Qi , Ha David
Published: January 2025

Large language models (LLMs) have become increasingly capable, but their development often requires substantial computational resources. Although model merging has emerged as a cost-effective promising approach for creating new models by combining existing ones, it currently relies on human intuition and domain knowledge, limiting its potential. Here we propose an evolutionary approach that overcomes this limitation by automatically discovering effective combinations of diverse open-source models, harnessing their collective intelligence without requiring extensive additional training data or compute. Our approach operates in both parameter space and data flow space, allowing optimization beyond just the weights of the individual models. This approach even facilitates cross-domain merging, generating models such as a Japanese LLM with math reasoning capabilities. Surprisingly, our Japanese math LLM achieved state-of-the-art performance on a variety of established Japanese LLM benchmarks, even surpassing models with substantially more parameters, despite not being explicitly trained for such tasks. Furthermore, a culturally aware Japanese vision–language model generated through our approach demonstrates its effectiveness in describing Japanese culture-specific content, outperforming previous Japanese vision–language models. This work not only contributes new state-of-the-art models back to the open-source community but also introduces a new paradigm for automated model composition, paving the way for exploring alternative, efficient approaches to foundation model development.
A Brief Introduction to Blood Purification Materials
Authors: Sun Shudong , Zhao Weifeng , Zhao Changsheng
Published: January 2025

Although the complete story of the exploration of blood purification can be traced back many years, the history of modern blood purification research is actually not long. With the recent developments in materials science and technology, blood purification materials, including membranes and adsorbents, have growing importance in the treatment of various blood-related diseases. This chapter provides a brief overview of the materials involved in blood purification, and an overall description of the contents of this book.
Development Trends of Blood Purification Membranes
Authors: Xie Yi , Zhao Weifeng , Zhao Changsheng
Published: January 2025

The development of blood purification membrane materials has made significant contributions to the treatment of various blood-related diseases, especially in the field of hemodialysis, and has made great contributions to the survival of patients with renal failure. This chapter provides a brief prediction of future trends in the development of blood purification membranes. Future research directions of blood purification membranes include the development of self-anticoagulant membrane materials, research on the antifouling performance of membrane materials, and the development of integrated and multifunctional separation membranes with high efficiency.
Categories, Characteristics, and Applications of Adsorbents for Blood Purification
Authors: Ren Jun , Huang Chundong , Yao Guangshuai , Ji Fangling
Published: January 2025

For over 50 years, the field of blood purification has been focused on membrane-based technology, and hemodialysis has been a mature technique used to sustain the lives of patients with kidney failure. With a better understanding of pathogenic molecules that exist in human blood, blood purification therapy has been found to be applicable to an increasing number of diseases. A range of targets have been proposed to be eliminated from the blood circulation and physiological fluids, including various drugs, toxins, bioactive lipids, inflammatory mediators such as cytokines, free hemoglobin, immunoglobulins, immune complexes, and so on, which are very heterogeneous in molecular size, physicochemical properties, biological activity, and blood levels. Dialysis has inherent limitations for its size-based separation mechanism. Adsorption technology helps to address this shortcoming by removing toxic molecules largely untouched by dialysis technology. In addition, adsorbents that are based on molecular recognition also have special merits in binding capacity and safety. This chapter describes the classification, characteristics, and applications of adsorbents for blood purification. The main considerations for the design of the adsorbents, including biocompatibility and binding capacity, are emphasized as the primary factors associated with their safety and effectiveness.
Development Trends of Blood Purification-related Adsorbents: From Novel Adsorbents to Functional Porous Materials
Authors: Li Qian , Ma Lang , Ma Tian , Cao Sujiao , Zhu Bihui , Chen Fan , Qiu Li , He Chao , Cheng Chong
Published: January 2025

Adsorbents are the key components for removing toxic and pathogenic substances in blood purification systems. A good adsorbent is expected to have the properties of high toxin removal efficiency, high selectivity, and reliable biocompatibility. Although conventional materials, such as active carbon, polysaccharides, and resins, have been widely used as adsorbents, their blood purification performances are still limited owing to the small surface area and poor biocompatibility. Nanomaterial-based adsorbents have attracted great attention owing to their unique physicochemical properties, high porosity, and low toxicity. Diverse kinds of nanomaterial-based adsorbents have been used for blood purification, such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon nanofibers, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent–organic frameworks (COFs), microporous and mesoporous polymers, MXenes, and transition metal chalcogenides/dichalcogenides. These developed nanomaterial-based adsorbents possess extraordinary physicochemical properties, such as adjustable active sites, multifunctional groups, and large specific surface areas, which offer great opportunities for fabricating more advanced nanoadsorbents for hemodialysis and hemoperfusion. This chapter provides a comprehensive discussion on the structural engineering and performance optimization of these 2D nanomaterial-based adsorbents and offers new insights into the design of nanomaterials for blood purification systems.
Integrated bacterial cell lysis and DNA extraction using paper-based isotachophoresis
Authors: Soni Shruti , Toley Bhushan J.
Published: January 2025

This article presents a paper-based microfluidic device that lyses bacteria and concentrates the released genomic DNA using isotachophoresis. The device enables one-step DNA extraction from complex samples.
The aggregation-caused quenching effect and fluorescence enhancement features of ZIF-90 and their feasibility for the detection and imaging of ATP in cells
Authors: Fu Jing-Hao , Wang Xuan , Xia Qi-He , Chen Zeng-Ping , Shen Ping-Fan , Chen Yao , Yu Ru-Qin
Published: January 2025

Two new or overlooked features of ZIF-90 were identified, and successfully utilized to design fluorescence sensors for intracellular ATP imaging in living cells.
Bioanalytical method for NAD+ detection in blood plasma utilizing solution-phase Candida boidinii formate dehydrogenase and electrochemical detection
Authors: Taron Wichit , Kasemphong Tharinda , Sunon Pachanuporn , Kaewket Keerakit , Kamonsutthipaijit Nuntaporn , Ketudat-Cairns James R. , Bhakdisongkhram Gun , Tulalamba Warut , Sanguansuk Supakmongkon , Viprakasit Vip , Ngamchuea Kamonwad
Published: January 2025

Rapid electrochemical detection of plasma NAD+ using Candida boidinii formate dehydrogenase catalysis.
Novel analysis based on Raman spectroscopy in nutrition science
Authors: Hong Chao , Shi Muling , Wang Sixian , Yang Yiqing , Pu Zhangjie
Published: January 2025

Owing to its advantages such as high sensitivity, Raman spectroscopy can rapidly provide molecular information of samples and has thus been extensively applied in the realm of nutritional science.
Ternary resistive switching memory of copper–organic complex/iodocuprate/sulfur hybrid enabled by π–π interactions and S8 relaxation
Authors: Li Huifang , Gao Yiqun , Lin Xi , Li Ke , Lin Xiaoli , Li Haohong , Zheng Huidong
Published: January 2025

External voltage-induced S8 relaxation can lead to the formation of a conductive S8/(Cu2I4)2− layer with cuprophilic interactions, resulting in ternary resistive switching performance in the copper complex/iodocuprate/sulfur hybrid.
Pd catalysts doped with B/C atoms in the subsurface: the positive effect of interstitial atoms in regulating the selectivity of acetylene catalytic hydrogenation
Authors: Xie Qiao , Liu Xin , Xing Yingying , Huang Liang , Lei Wen , Zhang Shaowei , Zhang Haijun
Published: January 2025

Pd catalysts doped with B atoms possess higher ethylene selectivity and activity in the semi-hydrogenation of acetylene.
Using building block structures and a cooperative approach with neural networks and random forest to identify reactions: a case study on the dissociation of sodiated disaccharides
Authors: Tsou Pei-Kang , Phan Huu Trong , Kuo Jer-Lai
Published: January 2025

A machine learning-based target search scheme has been developed to transfer patterns from mono-saccharides and efficiently explore di-saccharide reaction pathways.
Behavior, mechanisms, and applications of low-concentration CO2 in energy media
Authors: Shen Minghai , Guo Wei , Tong Lige , Wang Li , Chu Paul K. , Kawi Sibudjing , Ding Yulong
Published: January 2025

This review discusses the behavior of low-concentration carbon dioxide (LCC) in multiphase flows and interfaces, covering diffusion, adsorption, catalytic mechanisms, and applications in CO2 capture, storage, and conversion, challenges, and prospect.
The in situ structural evolution of Bi2O3 facilitates the electrocatalytic hydrogenation of oxalic acid to glycolic acid
Authors: Chen Donghai , Cheng Haolin , Fu Yan , Zhang Jinli
Published: January 2025

The electrocatalytic hydrogenation of oxalic acid to glycolic acid was successfully conducted at a reconstructed Bi/Bi2O3 interface under an applied potential.
Evaluating low NOx hydrogen engines designed for off-road and construction applications
Authors: Webster Lucy J. , Ballard Ryan , Beamish Tom , Burnhope Tim , Humbert Jack , Lewis Alastair C. , Piaszyk Jakub , Moller Sarah J.
Published: January 2025

Hydrogen internal combustion engines offer a near-term decarbonisation pathway for hard to electrify sectors such as non-road mobile machinery (NRMM).
High-strength, self-healable, transparent castor-oil-based waterborne polyurethane barrier coatings enabled by a dynamic acylhydrazone co-monomer
Authors: Zhou Guowen , Zhou Yunfeng , Zhang Xiaoqian , Lei Zepeng , Wang Xiaohui
Published: January 2025

Sustainable rigid diols (VSD) is incorporated into castor-oil-based waterborne polyurethanes (CWPUs). This work expands the type of high-performance CWPUs with self-healing capability and broadens their applications as paper-based barrier coatings.
Multi-step functionalization of hydrogels through mechano- and photo-responsive linkages
Authors: Li Zihao , Ranaweera Chavinya D. , Lin Kang , Huang Yuwan , Molley Thomas G. , Qin Lei , Kruzic Jamie J. , Kilian Kristopher A.
Published: January 2025

Mechanochemistry can be used to pattern soft materials with cell adhesion motifs, where force and light trigger chemical reactions, thereby facilitating spatial organization of adherent cells.
A CuCl2-loaded covalent organic framework membrane with a long degree of conjugation for iodine adsorption to achieve sustained antibacterial activity
Authors: Jing Liping , Chen Xi , Wang Ying , Zhang Huishu , Dong Guohua , Lv Renjiang , Chen Shijie , Sun Lu , Zhou Yichen , Tao Qi
Published: January 2025

Three types of covalent organic framework loaded with copper chloride (COF–CuCl2) membranes can serve as iodine carriers to efficiently adsorb iodine in aqueous solutions.
Preparation of Co3O4/PES composite nanofiltration membranes for efficient anti-fouling and dye removal
Authors: Xie Atian , Wu Yuting , Xu Jian , Li Quan , Cui Jiuyun , Li Chengcai
Published: January 2025

The Co3O4/PES composite nanofiltration membrane was prepared by incorporating Co3O4 nanocubes into PES matrix, achieving excellent dyes separation performance.
Fabrication and synergistic effect of nitrogen defective crystalline carbon nitride for enhanced photocatalytic selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol under blue LED irradiation
Authors: Yang Xiu-Jie , Ma Kesong , Wu Lunan , Zhang Yibei , Qu Xuekai , Lin Yuchen , Li Peng , Liu Dong
Published: January 2025

Exploring efficient visible-light-catalytic systems for benzyl alcohol selective oxidation is highly desirable in sustainable and green chemistry.
Kinetic analysis of silver nanowire synthesis: polyol batch and continuous millifluidic methods
Authors: Williams Destiny F. , Smay James E. , Hemmati Shohreh
Published: January 2025

Nucleation (k1) and growth (k2) rate constants for the polyol silver nanowire synthesis were determined for batch and millifluidic flow reactors (MFRs). The MFR rate constants are larger in magnitude and synthesize AgNWs faster than batch reactors.
Asymmetric self-organization from a symmetric film by phase separation
Authors: Horide Tomoya , Usuki Miya , Ishimaru Manabu , Horibe Yoichi
Published: January 2025

Self-organization realizes various nanostructures. Conventional self-organization is along the growth direction, resulting in a symmetric nanostructure. Asymmetric self-organization is demonstrated in strain-controlled phase separation.
Heteroatom number-dependent cluster frameworks in structurally comparable Pd–Au nanoclusters
Authors: Fu Ziwei , Li Chen , Tian Ye , Alam Fakhari , Hu Daqiao , Shen Honglei , Kang Xi , Zhu Manzhou
Published: January 2025

This work achieved the manipulation of Pd dopant numbers in the cluster framework based on two structurally comparable PdxAu12 (x = 1, 2) nanoclusters.
Improved self-powered perovskite CH3NH3PbI3/SnO2 heterojunction photodetectors achieved by interfacial engineering with a synergic effect
Authors: Li Guipeng , Zhang Huimin , Qin Weihao , Chen Mingming
Published: January 2025

Interfacial engineering with a spin-coating of a thin SnO2 layer has been demonstrated to suppress interfacial non-radiative recombination and enhance carrier transport at the CH3NH3PbI3/SnO2 interface.
A silicon analogue of a fused bicyclic borirene derivative
Authors: Phang Si Jia Isabel , Zhang Zheng-Feng , Wu Chi-Shiun , Wong Zhen Xuan , Su Ming-Der , So Cheuk-Wai
Published: January 2025

σ- and π-double aromatic delocalization is feasible in the smallest fused bicyclo[1.1.0]-2,4-diborylenyldisil-1(3)-ene composed of a bridgehead SiSi double bond bonded with two bridging N-phosphinoamidinato borons.
Copper(ii)-catalyzed enantioselective decarboxylative Mannich reaction coordinated by supramolecular organic amine cages
Authors: Zhu Yuanli , Wang Houting , Liu Rui , Liu Kaihong , Hu Xiaodong , Huang Jian , Wang Cheng , Wang Leyi , Liu Yan , Liu Guohua , Tan Chunxia
Published: January 2025

Using supramolecular chiral cages to create a favorable chiral environment can effectively address the limitations of traditional metal asymmetric catalysis in controlling chiral catalytically active centers.
Controlling the transmembrane transport of chloride by dynamic covalent chemistry with azines
Authors: Konopka Marcin , Halgreen Lau , Dascalu Anca-Elena , Chvojka Matúš , Valkenier Hennie
Published: January 2025

This article presents the use of dynamic covalent chemistry in liposomal membranes to activate and modulate the transmembrane transport of chloride by addition of different azine-containing compounds.
A study on the thermo-photoisomerization of a liquid crystalline dimer of cyanoazobenzene and naphthalene
Authors: Rabari Mahima , Prajapati A. K. , Mahesha S. , Akshaya M. K. , Kumar Bharat
Published: January 2025

The isomerization kinetics of a liquid crystalline azobenzene dimer, comprising cyanoazobenzene and naphthalene (NAZ6), were investigated at the air–water interface.
Advanced catalytic strategies for CO2 to methanol conversion: noble metal-based heterogeneous and electrochemical approaches
Authors: Roy Soumalya , Manohar Ezhava Manu , Bandyopadhyay Sujoy , Chandra Singh Manik , Cha Yeji , Giri Soumen , Lande Sharad , Na Kyungsu , Lee Junseong , Das Sourav
Published: January 2025

Advanced catalytic strategies for CO2 to MeOH conversion focus on approaches utilizing noble metals. These methods leverage noble metal catalysts to facilitate CO2 molecule activation and promote reduction to MeOH under mild conditions.
Controlling crystallographic orientation in h-WO3 films to maximize photoelectrochemical water splitting efficiency
Authors: He Wenhao , Li Wenzhang , Liu Jianye , Lou Ge , Zhang Chenyu , Liu Yang , Li Jie
Published: January 2025

Facet-engineered hexagonal WO3 (h-WO3) photoanodes with a dominant (110) facet show superior photocurrent density and efficient charge separation, thereby enhancing photoelectrochemical water splitting performance.
Promoting the grain growth of CZTSSe solar cells by incorporating Sb2Se3 and annealing in an atmosphere devoid of toxic selenium
Authors: Wei Yaowei , Meng Xianghuan , Sun Xiangyu , Guo Ruxin , Zhou Ke , Tian Jiajia , Shen Yonglong , Shao Guosheng
Published: January 2025

Sb2Se3 was incorporated into precursor films. During annealing, Sb2Se3 decomposes, releasing Sb and Se, which provides the necessary energy for grain growth through mass transport at boundaries, thereby promoting the performance of solar cells.
Self-driven near-infrared photodetectors based on Sb2Te3/n-Si heterostructures with low dark current and fast response
Authors: Zhou Hongxi , Li Yufeng , Wei Yuchao , Wei Laijiang , Yang Ming , Chen Chao , Han Jiayue , Wu Zhiming , Wang Jun , Jiang Yadong
Published: January 2025

Our method presents a potential application of topological insulator-based photodetectors as a promising candidate for infrared imaging systems.
A graphene-based tunable polarization insensitive terahertz metasurface absorber for multi-band high-efficiency applications
Authors: Sheheryar Taha , Tian Ye , Lv Bo , Chu Xiuqin , Shi Jinhui
Published: January 2025

A graphene-based polarization insensitive tunable terahertz absorber achieving eight distinct absorption peaks across 3.9–9.73 THz with 99.3% average absorption for advanced THz applications.
Correction: Construction of a sustained-release hydrogel using gallic acid and lysozyme with antimicrobial properties for wound treatment
Authors: Gong Wei , Huang Hai-bo , Wang Xin-chuang , He Wan-ying , Hou Yi-yang , Hu Jiang-ning
Published: January 2025

Correction for ‘Construction of a sustained-release hydrogel using gallic acid and lysozyme with antimicrobial properties for wound treatment’ by Wei Gong et al., Biomater. Sci., 2022, 10, 6836–6849, https://doi.org/10.1039/D2BM00658H.
Extended target tracking using neural network and Gaussian process
Authors: Wang Hao , Song Liping
Published: January 2025

In extended target tracking, Gaussian Process (GP) is utilized to model unknown contour functions based on the model‐predicted target center and contour measurements. However, model prediction relies on accurate prior knowledge. When the model‐predicted target center is inaccurate, it will affect the modelling of the measurement model. To address issue, this letter introduces a hybrid‐driven approach that combines extended Kalman filter using GP with neural network; proposes an extended target tracking algorithm using neural network and GP. The algorithm predicts the target center according to the neural network and the target's kinematic model, and takes the prediction center and the contour measurements at the current moment as the input of the neural network, which in turn provides real‐time estimates for the predicted center compensation. The simulation results show that the algorithm has a significant improvement in tracking performance and better accuracy in estimating the center position and extent state of the target.