bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pollination and protection against herbivory of Nepalese Coelogyninae (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Subedi Abishkar , Chaudhary Ram P. , van Achterberg Cees , Heijerman Theodoor , Lens Frederic , Van Dooren Tom J. M. , Gravendeel Barbara
Published: June 2011

• Premise of the Study: Although many species in the orchid genus Coelogyne are horticulturally popular, hardly anything is known about their pollination. Pollinators of three species were observed in the field in Nepal. This information is urgently needed because many orchid species in Nepal are endangered. Whether the exudates produced by extrafloral nectaries played a role in protection against herbivory was also investigated.

• Methods: Pollinators of C. flaccida, C. nitida, and Otochilus albus were filmed, captured, and identified. Ant surveys and exclusion experiments were carried out. To investigate whether pollinators are needed for fruit set, plants were wrapped in mesh wire bags. Inflorescence stems were examined with microscopy. Fehling's reagent was used to detect sugars in extrafloral exudates.

• Key Results: Coelogyne flaccida and C. nitida need pollinators to set fruit and are pollinated by wild bees identified as Apis cerana. Otochilus albus was found to be pollinated by Bombus kashmirensis. Extrafloral nectar was found to be exuded by nectary‐modified stomata and contained high amounts of sugars. Different species of ants were observed collecting these exudates. A significant difference was found in damage inflicted by flower and leaf‐eating beetles between C. nitida plants living in trees with ant nests and those in ant‐free trees.

• Conclusions: Floral syndromes include scented and colored trap flowers without reward to their pollinators. All orchids investigated exude extrafloral nectar by nectary‐modified stomata. This nectar was found to flow from the phloem to the stomata through intercellular spaces in the outer parenchymatous layer of the inflorescence.
Leaf fossils of the ancient Tasmanian relict Microcachrys (Podocarpaceae) from New Zealand
Authors: Carpenter Raymond J. , Jordan Gregory J. , Mildenhall Dallas C. , Lee Daphne E.
Published: June 2011

• Premise of the study: Microcachrys tetragona (Podocarpaceae), endemic to the mountains of Tasmania, represents the only remaining taxon of one of the world's most ancient and widely distributed conifer lineages. Remarkably, however, despite its ∼150 Myr heritage, our understanding of the fossil history of this lineage is based almost entirely on the pollen record. Fossils of Microcachrys are especially important in light of recent molecular phylogenetic and dating evidence. This evidence dates the Microcachrys lineage to the Mesozoic and does not support the traditional placement of Microcachrys as sister to the southeastern Australian genus Pherosphaera.

• Methods: We undertook comparative studies of the foliage architecture, cuticle, and paleoecology of newly discovered fossils from the Oligo‐Miocene of New Zealand and M. tetragona and discussed the importance of Microcachrys in the context of Podocarpaceae phylogeny.

• Key results: The fossils represent the oldest and first extra‐Australian macrofossils of Microcachrys and are described as the new foliage species M. novae‐zelandiae. These fossils confirm that the distinctive opposite decussate phyllotaxy of the genus is at least as old as the Oligo‐Miocene and contribute to evidence that Microcachrys plants were sometimes important components of oligotrophic swampy habitats.

• Conclusions: Leaf fossils of Microcachrys closely comparable with the only extant species confirm that this lineage had a much wider past distribution. The fossil record and recent molecular phylogenetic studies, including that of Microcachrys, also serve to emphasize the important status of Tasmania as a refugium for seed plant lineages.
Development and characterization of microsatellite markers for Polygonum cespitosum (Polygonaceae)
Authors: Matesanz Silvia , Sultan Sonia E. , Jones Kenneth L. , Hagen Cris , Lance Stacey L.
Published: June 2011

• Premise of the study: We isolated and characterized microsatellite markers in Polygonum cespitosum Blume, an herbaceous annual plant species introduced into North America from Asia that has recently become invasive.

• Methods and Results: A total of 12 polymorphic and 3 monomorphic loci were screened in 1–2 individuals from each of 20 populations from the introduced and native range, for a total of 24 samples. The number of alleles per locus in the polymorphic loci ranged from 3 to 9, and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.156 to 0.838.

• Conclusions: These new loci will provide tools for examining genetic relatedness among introduced and native populations of this and other related species.
Simulation to Enhance Care of Patients with Psychiatric and Behavioral Issues: Use in Clinical Settings
Authors: Grant Joan S. , Keltner Norman L. , Eagerton Greg
Published: June 2011

Nurses with a medical-surgical clinical focus often care for patients with psychiatric and behavioral issues in acute care hospitals. This article describes how hospital staff and nursing and theater department faculty joined forces to develop realistic simulated psychiatric scenarios for use by practicing nurses.
Providing Nursing Leadership in a Community Residential Mental Health Setting
Authors: Hughes Frances A. , Bamford Anita
Published: June 2011

The worldwide burden of mental illness is increasing. Strong leadership is increasingly emerging as a core component of good mental health nursing. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the ways in which nurses can provide strong and consistent leadership in a values-based practice environment that embodies respect for individuals’ dignity and self-determination within a community residential mental health service, which provides a structural foundation for effective action. This is accomplished through the presentation of two vignettes, which highlight how the seemingly impossible becomes possible when an economic paradigm such as agency theory is exchanged for a sociological and psychological paradigm found in leadership as stewardship at the point of service. It is through stronger nursing leadership in mental health that stigma and discrimination can be reduced and better access to treatments and services can be gained by those with mental illness. Nurse leadership in mental health services is not new, but it is still relatively uncommon to see residential services for “high needs” individuals being led by nurses. How nurses meet the challenges faced by mental health services are often at the heart of effective leadership skills and strategies.
Intracerebral metaplastic meningioma with prominent ossification and extensive calcification
Authors: Huang Jingxiang , Petersson Fredrik
Published: June 2011

We present a patient (male 26 years) with a short history of recurrent seizures induced by a largely intracerebrally located frontal lobe meningioma. The tumor displayed a heretofore unpublished combination of extensive metaplastic bone formation and prominent non-psammomatous calcifications with focal chicken-wire pattern.
A Fast Local Level Set Method for Inverse Gravimetry
Authors: Isakov Victor , Leung Shingyu , Qian Jianliang
Published: June 2011

We propose a fast local level set method for the inverse problem of gravimetry. The theoretical foundation for our approach is based on the following uniqueness result: if an open set D is star-shaped or x3-convex with respect to its center of gravity, then its exterior potential uniquely determines the open set D. To achieve this purpose constructively, the first challenge is how to parametrize this open set D as its boundary may have a variety of possible shapes. To describe those different shapes we propose to use a level-set function to parametrize the unknown boundary of this open set. The second challenge is how to deal with the issue of partial data as gravimetric measurements are only made on a part of a given reference domain Ω. To overcome this difficulty we propose a linear numerical continuation approach based on the single layer representation to find potentials on the boundary of some artificial domain containing the unknown set D. The third challenge is how to speed up the level set inversion process. Based on some features of the underlying inverse gravimetry problem such as the potential density being constant inside the unknown domain, we propose a novel numerical approach which is able to take advantage of these features so that the computational speed is accelerated by an order of magnitude. We carry out numerical experiments for both two- and three-dimensional cases to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new algorithm.
A Hybrid Algorithm of Event-Driven and Time-Driven Methods for Simulations of Granular Flows
Authors: Huang Jun , Nydal Ole Jørgen
Published: June 2011

The classical discrete element approach (DEM) based on Newtonian dynamics can be divided into two major groups, event-driven methods (EDM) and time-driven methods (TDM). Generally speaking, TDM simulations are suited for cases with high volume fractions where there are collisions between multiple objects. EDM simulations are suited for cases with low volume fractions from the viewpoint of CPU time. A method combining EDM and TDM called Hybrid Algorithm of event-driven and time-driven methods (HAET) is presented in this paper. The HAET method employs TDM for the areas with high volume fractions and EDM for the remaining areas with low volume fractions. It can decrease the CPU time for simulating granular flows with strongly non-uniform volume fractions. In addition, a modified EDM algorithm using a constant time as the lower time step limit is presented. Finally, an example is presented to demonstrate the hybrid algorithm.
A Charge Preserving Scheme for the Numerical Resolution of the Vlasov-Ampère Equations
Authors: Crouseilles Nicolas , Respaud Thomas
Published: June 2011

In this report, a charge preserving numerical resolution of the 1D Vlasov-Ampère equation is achieved, with a forward Semi-Lagrangian method introduced in [10]. The Vlasov equation belongs to the kinetic way of simulating plasmas evolution, and is coupled with the Poisson’s equation, or equivalently under charge conservation, the Ampère’s one, which self-consistently rules the electric field evolution. In order to ensure having proper physical solutions, it is necessary that the scheme preserves charge numerically. B-spline deposition will be used for the interpolation step. The solving of the characteristics will be made with a Runge-Kutta 2 method and with a Cauchy-Kovalevsky procedure.
General overview: European Integrated project on Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality interactions (EUCAARI) – integrating aerosol research from nano to global scales
Authors: Kulmala M. , Asmi A. , Lappalainen H. K. , Baltensperger U. , Brenguier J.-L. , Facchini M. C. , Hansson H.-C. , Hov Ø. , O'Dowd C. D. , Pöschl U. , Wiedensohler A. , Boers R. , Boucher O. , de Leeuw G. , Denier van den Gon H. , Feichter J. , Krejci R. , Laj P. , Lihavainen H. , Lohmann U. , McFiggans G. , Mentel T. , Pilinis C. , Riipinen I. , Schulz M. , Stohl A. , Swietlicki E. , Vignati E. , Amann M. , Amann M. , Alves C. , Arabas S. , Artaxo P. , Beddows D. C. S. , Bergström R. , Beukes J. P. , Bilde M. , Burkhart J. F. , Canonaco F. , Clegg S. , Coe H. , Crumeyrolle S. , D'Anna B. , Decesari S. , Gilardoni S. , Fischer M. , Fjæraa A. M. , Fountoukis C. , George C. , Gomes L. , Halloran P. , Hamburger T. , Harrison R. M. , Herrmann H. , Hoffmann T. , Hoose C. , Hu M. , Hõrrak U. , Iinuma Y. , Iversen T. , Josipovic M. , Kanakidou M. , Kiendler-Scharr A. , Kirkevåg A. , Kiss G. , Klimont Z. , Kolmonen P. , Komppula M. , Kristjánsson J.-E. , Laakso L. , Laaksonen A. , Labonnote L. , Lanz V. A. , Lehtinen K. E. J. , Makkonen R. , McMeeking G. , Merikanto J. , Minikin A. , Mirme S. , Morgan W. T. , Nemitz E. , O'Donnell D. , Panwar T. S. , Pawlowska H. , Petzold A. , Pienaar J. J. , Pio C. , Plass-Duelmer C. , Prévôt A. S. H. , Pryor S. , Reddington C. L. , Roberts G. , Rosenfeld D. , Schwarz J. , Seland Ø. , Sellegri K. , Shen X. J. , Shiraiwa M. , Siebert H. , Sierau B. , Simpson D. , Sun J. Y. , Topping D. , Tunved P. , Vaattovaara P. , Vakkari V. , Veefkind J. P. , Visschedijk A. , Vuollekoski H. , Vuolo R. , Wehner B. , Wildt J. , Woodward S. , Worsnop D. R. , van Zadelhoff G.-J. , Zardini A. A. , Zhang K. , van Zyl P. G. , Kerminen V.-M. , S. Carslaw K. , Pandis S. N.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. In this paper we describe and summarize the main achievements of the European Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality Interactions project (EUCAARI). EUCAARI started on 1 January 2007 and ended on 31 December 2010 leaving a rich legacy including: (a) a comprehensive database with a year of observations of the physical, chemical and optical properties of aerosol particles over Europe, (b) the first comprehensive aerosol measurements in four developing countries, (c) a database of airborne measurements of aerosols and clouds over Europe during May 2008, (d) comprehensive modeling tools to study aerosol processes fron nano to global scale and their effects on climate and air quality. In addition a new Pan-European aerosol emissions inventory was developed and evaluated, a new cluster spectrometer was built and tested in the field and several new aerosol parameterizations and computations modules for chemical transport and global climate models were developed and evaluated. This work enabled EUCAARI to improve our understanding of aerosol radiative forcing and air quality-climate interactions. The EUCAARI results can be utilized in European and global environmental policy to assess the aerosol impacts and the corresponding abatement strategies.
CIAO: the CNR-IMAA advanced observatory for atmospheric research
Authors: Madonna F. , Amodeo A. , Boselli A. , Cornacchia C. , Cuomo V. , D'Amico G. , Giunta A. , Mona L. , Pappalardo G.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. Long-term observations of aerosol and clouds are of crucial importance to understand the weather climate system. At the Istituto di Metodologie per l'Analisi Ambientale of the Italian National Research Council (CNR-IMAA) an advanced atmospheric observatory, named CIAO, is operative. CIAO (CNR-IMAA Atmospheric Observatory) main scientific objective is the long term measurement for the climatology of aerosol and cloud properties. Its equipment addresses the state-of-the-art for the ground-based remote sensing of aerosol, water vapour and clouds including active and passive sensors, like lidars, ceilometers, radiometers, and a radar. This paper describes the CIAO infrastructure, its scientific activities as well as the observation strategy. The observation strategy is mainly organized in order to provide quality assured measurements for satellite validation and model evaluation and to fully exploit the synergy and integration of the active and passive sensors for the improvement of atmospheric profiling. Data quality is ensured both by the application of protocols and dedicated quality assurance programs mainly related to the projects and networks in which the infrastructure is involved. The paper also introduces examples of observations performed at CIAO and of the synergies and integration algorithms (using Raman lidar and microwave profiler data) developed and implemented at the observatory for the optimization and improvement of water vapour profiling. CIAO database represents an optimal basis to study the synergy between different sensors and to investigate aerosol-clouds interactions, and can give a significant contribution to the validation programs of the incoming new generation satellite missions.
Degree-day melt models for paleoclimate reconstruction from tropical glaciers: calibration from mass balance and meteorological data of the Zongo glacier (Bolivia, 16° S)
Authors: Blard P.-H. , Wagnon P. , Lavé J. , Soruco A. , Sicart J.-E. , Francou B.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. This paper describes several simple positive degree-day models (hereafter referred as "PDD models") designed to provide past climatic reconstruction from tropical glacier paleo-equilibrium altitude lines (paleo-ELA). Several ablation laws were tested and calibrated using the monthly ablation and meteorological data recorded from 1997 to 2006 on the Zongo glacier (Cordillera Real, Bolivia, 16° S). The performed inversion analyses indicate that the model provides a better reconstruction of the mass balance if the ablation is modeled with different melting factors for snow and ice. The inclusion of short-wave solar radiations does not induce a substantial improvement. However, this type of model may be very useful to quantify the effects of local topographic (orientation, shading) and to take into account incoming solar radiation changes at geological timescale. The performed sensitivity test indicates that, in spite of the uncertainty in the calibrated snow-ice ablation factors, all models are able to provide paleotemperatures with ~1 °C uncertainty for a given paleoprecipitation. This error includes a 50 m uncertainty in the estimate of the paleoELA. Finally, the models are characterized by different precipitation-temperature sensitivities: if a similar warming is applied, model including different ablation factors for snow and ice requires a lower precipitation increase (by ∼15 %) than others to maintain the ELA.
Analyzing numerics of bulk microphysics schemes in Community models: warm rain processes
Authors: Sednev I. , Menon S.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. In the last decade there has been only one study that discussed time integration scheme (TIS) applied to advance governing differential equations in bulk microphysics (BLK) schemes. Recently, Morrison and Gettelman (2008) examine numerical aspects of double-moment BLK scheme with diagnostic treatment of precipitating hydrometeors implemented into Community Atmosphere Model, version 3 (CAM) to find an acceptable level of accuracy and numerical stability. However, stability condition for their explicit non-positive definite TIS was not defined. It is conventionally thought that the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model can be applied for a broad range of spatial scales from large eddy up to global scale simulations if time steps used for model integration satisfy to a certain limit imposed mainly by dynamics. However, numerics used in WRF BLK schemes has never been analyzed in detail. To improve creditability of BLK schemes we derive a general analytical stability and positive definiteness criteria for explicit Eulerian time integration scheme used to advanced finite-difference equations that govern warm rain formation processes in microphysics packages in Community models (CAM and WRF) and define well-behaved, conditionally well-behaved, and non-well-behaved Explicit Eulerian Bulk Microphysics Code (EEBMPC) classes. We highlight that source codes of BLK schemes, originally developed for use in cloud-resolving models, implemented in Community models belong to conditionally well-behaved EEBMPC class and exhibit better performance for finer spatial resolutions when time steps do not exceed seconds or tenths of seconds. For coarser spatial resolutions used in regional and global scale simulations time steps are usually increased from hundredths up to thousands of seconds. This might lead to a degradation of conditionally well-behaved EEBMPCs ability to calculate the amount of precipitation as well as its spatial and temporal distribution since both stability and positive definiteness conditions are not met in the TIS. The correction through the so called “mass conservation” technique commonly used in many models with bulk microphysics is a main characteristic of non-well-behaved EEBMPC, whose utilization leads to erroneous conclusions regarding relative importance of different microphysical processes. Moreover, surface boundary conditions for ocean, land, lake, and sea ice models are dependent on the precipitation and its spatial and temporal distribution. Uncertainties in calculations of temporal and spatial patterns of accumulated precipitation influence the global water cycle. In fact, numerics in non-well-behaved EEBMPCs, which are used in Community Earth System Model, act as a hidden climate forcing agent, if relatively long time steps are used for the host model integration. By analyzing numerics of warm rain processes in EEBMPCs implemented in Community models we provide general guidelines regarding appropriate choice of integration time steps for use in these models.
Quantifying spatial and temporal discharge dynamics of an event in a first order stream, using distributed temperature sensing
Authors: Westhoff M. C. , Bogaard T. A. , Savenije H. H. G.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. Understanding the spatial distribution of discharge can be important for water quality and quantity modeling. Non-steady flood waves can, particularly as a result of short high intensity summer rainstorms, influence small headwater streams significantly. The aim of this paper is to quantify the spatial and temporal dynamics of stream flow in a headwater stream during a summer rainstorm. These dynamics include gains and losses of stream water, the effect of bypasses that become active and hyporheic exchange fluxes that may vary over time as a function of discharge. We use an advection-dispersion model coupled with an energy balance model to simulate in-stream water temperature, which we compare with high resolution temperature observations obtained with Distributed Temperature Sensing. This model was used as a learning tool to stepwise unravel the complex puzzle of in-stream processes subject to varying discharge. Hypotheses were tested and rejected, which led to more insight in the spatial and temporal dynamics in discharge and hyporheic exchange processes. We showed that, for the studied stream infiltration losses increase during a small rain event, while gains of water remained constant over time. We conclude that, eventually, part of the stream water bypassed the main channel during peak discharge. It also seems that hyporheic exchange varies with varying discharge in the first 250 m of the stream; while further downstream it remains constant. Because we relied on solar radiation as the main energy input, we were only able to apply this method during a small summer storm and low flow conditions. However, when additional (artificial) energy is available, the presented method is also applicable in larger streams, during higher flow conditions or longer storms.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of a-v Fistulas: From MRI and Ultrasound Scans to Numeric Evaluation of Hemodynamics
Authors: Niemann Anders Koustrup , Thrysoe Samuel , Nygaard Jens Vinge , Hasenkam John Michael , Petersen Steffen Ellebaek
Published: June 2011

Purpose

A-v anastomosis entails dramatic changes in hemodynamic conditions, which may lead to major alterations to the vessels involved; primarily dilatations and devastating stenoses. Wall shear stress is thought to play a key role in the remodeling of the vessels exposed to abnormal levels and oscillating wall shear stress. In this study we sought to develop a framework suitable for thorough in vivo analyses of wall shear stress and vessel morphology of a-v fistulas in patients.

Methods

Using ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) transverse image stacks from six patient a-v fistulas were obtained. From the image stacks three-dimensional geometries of the patient fistulas were created using dedicated segmentation software. Geometries of three a-v fistulas were imported into Finite Element software in order to perform fluid flow simulations of blood flows and frictional forces on the vessel walls in the a-v fistulas. Boundary conditions for the simulations were obtained using both a MRI Phase Contrast and an Ultrasound Doppler technique.

Results

The segmentation of the six fistulas of very different age and morphology (two end-to-side and four side-to-side) showed the ability of the approach to create geometries of various fistula morphologies. Simulations of the three fistulas showed an instant picture of the present status of the exposure to different levels of wall shear stress and the morphological status in the vessel remodeling process.

Conclusion

The study demonstrated the capability of the CFD framework to analyze patient a-v fistulas on a regular basis using both MRI and ultrasound-based approaches.
Adaptive control of a class of nonlinear systems with its application to a synchronization problem
Authors: Liu Lu
Published: June 2011

In this paper, we first consider an adaptive stabilization problem for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems with both dynamic and static uncertainties. A sufficient condition on the convergence of the estimated parameter to the true parameter is also given. Then we show that the synchronization problem for the Chua's circuit and an uncertain harmonic system can be converted into the adaptive stabilization problem under consideration. Finally, an adaptive feedback control law is designed such that, the output of the Chua's circuit can asymptotically synchronize, in the presence of large parameter variations, with the output of the uncertain harmonic system.

Copyright © 2011 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Identity in university students: The role of parental and romantic attachment☆
Authors: Ávila Marisa , Cabral Joana , Matos Paula Mena
Published: June 2011

In this study with 236 Portuguese university students, we examined two competing models for understanding identity. In the first model, the direct independent effects of parental and romantic attachment on identity were tested. The second model examined the mediating role of romantic attachment representations in the link between parental attachment and identity. The participants completed measures of parental and romantic attachment at the beginning of the freshman year (Wave 1), and a measure of identity development 18 months later (Wave 2). Structural equation modeling for the independent model indicated that identity is exclusively predicted by romantic attachment at this life stage, and not by parental attachment. Regarding the second model, our mediational hypothesis was supported, since the association between parental attachment and identity was totally mediated by romantic attachment representations. Both models presented adequate indices of adjustment, and provided a complementary understanding of the differential role that romantic relations play in contributing to explaining identity development.
Endoneurial pathology of the needlestick‐nerve‐injury model of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome, including rats with and without pain behaviors
Authors: Klein M.M. , Lee J.W. , Siegel S.M. , Downs H.M. , Oaklander A.L.
Published: June 2011

Current rodent models of neuropathic pain produce pain hypersensitivity in almost all lesioned animals and not all identified experimental effects are pain specific. 18G needlestick‐nerve‐injury (NNI) to one tibial nerve of outbred Sprague–Dawley rats models the phenotype of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS), a post‐traumatic neuropathic pain syndrome, leaving roughly half of NNI rats with hyperalgesia. We compared endoneurial data from these divergent endophenotypes searching for pathological changes specifically associated with pain‐behaviors. Tibial, sural, and common sciatic nerves from 12 NNI rats plus 10 nerves from sham‐operated controls were removed 14 days post‐surgery for morphometric analysis. PGP9.5+ unmyelinated‐fibers were quantitated in plantar hindpaw skin. Distal tibial nerves of NNI rats had endoneurial edema, 30% fewer axons, twice as many mast cells, and thicker blood‐vessel walls than uninjured tibial nerves. However the only significant difference between nerves from hyperalgesic versus non‐hyperalgesic NNI rats was greater endoneurial edema in hyperalgesic rats (p < 0.01). We also discovered significant axonal losses in uninjured ipsilateral sural nerves of NNI rats, demonstrating spread of neuropathy to nearby nerves formerly thought spared. Tibial and sural nerves contralateral to NNI had significant changes in endoneurial blood‐vessels. Similar pathological changes have been identified in CRPS‐I patients. The current findings suggest that severity of endoneurial vasculopathy and inflammation may correlate better with neuropathic pain behaviors than degree of axonal loss. Spread of pathological changes to nearby ipsilateral and contralateral nerves might potentially contribute to extraterritorial pain in CRPS.
The Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome shows reduced expression of the Bcl‐XL antiapoptotic protein in the hippocampus not accompanied by changes in molecular or cellular markers of cell death
Authors: Rueda Noemí , Flórez Jesús , Martínez‐Cué Carmen
Published: June 2011

The Ts65Dn (TS) mouse, the most widely used model of Down syndrome (DS), has a partial trisomy of a segment of chromosome 16 that is homologous to the distal part of human chromosome 21. This mouse shares many phenotypic characteristics with people with DS including neuromorphological, neurochemical, and cognitive disturbances. Both TS and DS brains show earlier aging and neurodegeneration. Since fibroblast cultures from TS mice and human DS hippocampal regions show increased apoptotic cell death it has been suggested that alterations in cerebral apoptosis might be implicated in the cognitive deficits found in TS mice and in people with DS. In the present study we have evaluated brain expression levels of several proapoptotic and antiapoptotic proteins from the mitochondrial (Bcl‐2, Bcl‐XL, Bax and Bad) and the extrinsic (Fas‐R and Fas‐L) apoptotic pathways as well as the final executioner caspase‐3, in the cortex and hippocampus of TS mice. No significant alterations in the expression levels of the proapoptotic Bad and Bax or the antiapoptotic Bcl‐2 proteins in the cortex or hippocampus were found in TS mice. However, TS mice showed downregulation of Bcl‐XL in the hippocampus. In the extrinsic pathway we found unchanged levels of Fas‐L in both structures and also in the expression levels of Fas‐R in the hippocampus. Although Bcl‐XL downregulation suggests that the hippocampus of TS mice is less protected against programmed cell death, we did not find any evidence for increased apoptosis in TS mice since neither TUNEL‐positive cells nor active caspase‐3 expression were found in cortex or hippocampus of TS or CO mice.
EST-Based Identification of Genes Expressed in Skeletal Muscle of the Mandarin Fish (Siniperca Chuatsi)
Authors: Ding Feng , Chu Wuying , Cui Peng , Tao Meng , Zhou Ruixue , Zhao Falan , Hu Songnian , Zhang Jianshe
Published: June 2011

To enrich the genomic information of the commercially important fish species, we obtained 5,063 high-quality expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from the muscle cDNA database of the mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi). Clustering analysis yielded 1,625 unique sequences including 443 contigs (from 3,881 EST sequences) and 1,182 singletons. BLASTX searches showed that 959 unique sequences shared homology to proteins in the NCBI non-redundant database. A total of 740 unique sequences were functionally annotated using Gene Ontology. The 1,625 unique sequences were assigned to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes reference pathways, and the results indicated that transcripts participating in nucleotide metabolism and amino acid metabolism are relatively abundant in S. chuatsi. Meanwhile, we identified 15 genes to be abundantly expressed in muscle of the mandarin fish. These genes are involved in muscle structural formation and regulation of muscle differentiation and development. The most remarkable gene in S. chuatsi is nuclease diphosphate kinase B, which is represented by 449 EST sequences accounting for 8.86% of the total EST sequences. Our work provides a transcript profile expressed in the white muscle of the mandarin fish, laying down a foundation in better understanding of fish genomics.
The Incarnation
Authors: Hebblethwaite Brian
Published: June 2011

This book gathers together essays, published and unpublished, in which Brian Hebblethwaite explores and defends the Christian doctrine of the Incarnation against its modern critics. He shows what would be lost from the Christian religion if non-incarnational Christology (a way of understanding Jesus Christ without belief in his divinity) were to be adopted by the Christian churches. He begins by examining some of the problems raised by this challenge to traditional doctrine, then considers the contribution of Austin Farrer to Christology, and goes on to analyse the recent trend towards Unitarianism in contemporary theology. In a new, concluding essay, Canon Hebblethwaite answers criticisms of his contribution to the current debate on the Incarnation.
Group Structure of Gauge Theories
Authors: O'Raifeartaigh L.
Published: June 2011

This monograph provides an account of the structure of gauge theories from a group theoretical point of view. The first part of the text is devoted to a review of those aspects of compact Lie groups (the Lie algebras, the representation theory, and the global structure) which are necessary for the application of group theory to the physics of particles and fields. The second part describes the way in which compact Lie groups are used to construct gauge theories. Models that describe the known fundamental interactions and the proposed unification of these interactions (grand unified theories) are considered in some detail. The book concludes with an up to date description of the group structure of spontaneous symmetry breakdown, which plays a vital role in these interactions. This book will be of interest to graduate students and to researchers in theoretical physics and applied mathematics, especially those interested in the applications of differential geometry and group theory in physics.
Theory and Experiment in Gravitational Physics
Authors: Will Clifford M.
Published: June 2011

This is a revised edition of a classic and highly regarded book, first published in 1981, describing the status of theory and experiment in general relativity. The book provides all the necessary theoretical background, and covers all the important experimental tests. A new chapter has been added to cover recent important experimental tests, and the bibliography has been brought right up to date.
Reviews of the previous edition:
' … consolidates much of the literature on experimental gravity and should be invaluable to researchers in gravitation …' Science
' … a concise and meaty book … and a most useful reference work … researchers and serious students of gravitation should be pleased with it …' Nature
The Science of a Legislator
Authors: Haakonssen Knud
Published: June 2011

Combining the methods of the modern philosopher with those of the historian of ideas, Knud Haakonssen presents an interpretation of the philosophy of law which Adam Smith developed out of - and partly in response to - David Hume's theory of justice. While acknowledging that the influences on Smith were many and various, Dr Haakonssen suggests that the decisive philosophical one was Hume's analysis of justice in A Treatise of Human Nature and the second Enquiry. He therefore begins with a thorough investigation of Hume, from which he goes on to show the philosophical originality of Smith's new form of natural jurisprudence. At the same time, he provides an over all reading of Smith's social and political thought, demonstrating clearly the exact links between the moral theory of The Theory of Moral Sentiments, the Lectures on Jurisprudence, and the sociohistorical theory of The Wealth of Nations. This is the first full analysis of Adam Smith's jurisprudence; it emphasizes its normative and critical function, and relates this to the psychological, sociological, and histroical aspects which hitherto have attracted most attention. Dr Haakonssen is critical of both purely descriptivist and utilitarian interpretations of Smith's moral and political philosophy, and demonstrates the implausibility of regarding Smith's view of history as pseudo-economic or 'materialist'.
Economic Theory and Exhaustible Resources
Authors: Dasgupta P. S. , Heal G. M.
Published: June 2011

A presentation of the economic principles relating to the use and management of natural resources, including analysis of optimal use policies.
Differential Geometry, Gauge Theories, and Gravity
Authors: Göckeler M. , Schücker T.
Published: June 2011

Cambridge University Press is committed to keeping scholarly work in print for as long as possible. A short print-run of this academic paperback has been produced using digital technology. This technology has enabled Cambridge to keep the book in print for specialists and students when traditional methods of reprinting would not have been feasible. While the new digital cover differs from the original, the text content is identical to that of previous printings.
The Sociology of Theodor Adorno
Authors: Benzer Matthias
Published: June 2011

Theodor Adorno is a widely-studied figure, but most often with regard to his work on cultural theory, philosophy and aesthetics. The Sociology of Theodor Adorno provides the first thorough English-language account of Adorno's sociological thinking. Matthias Benzer reads Adorno's sociology through six major themes: the problem of conceptualising capitalist society; empirical research; theoretical analysis; social critique; the sociological text; and the question of the non-social. Benzer explains the methodological and theoretical ideas informing Adorno's reflections on sociology and illustrates Adorno's approach to examining social life, including astrology, sexual taboos and racial prejudice. Benzer clarifies Adorno's sociology in relation to his work in other disciplines and the inspiration his sociology took from social thinkers such as Marx, Weber, Durkheim, Kracauer and Benjamin. The book raises critical questions about the viability of Adorno's sociological mode of procedure and its potential contributions and challenges to current debates in social science.
Römische Geschichte
Authors: Niebuhr Barthold Georg
Published: June 2011

The first edition of Barthold Georg Niebuhr's History of Rome was published in Berlin in 1811–1812, while the author was teaching at the new university there. The early part of the nineteenth century saw important developments in philological scholarship in Germany, and Niebuhr's international career as a statesman and scholar reflected Germany's new-found confidence in the wider world. Niebuhr later revised his work and a third volume was added in 1832; given the pace of scholarship during this period, these first two volumes constitute something of a work in progress. Although many of Niebuhr's theories have since been disproved, others had a lasting impact both on classical scholarship and on the broader understanding of history as an academic discipline. Volume 1 covers the origins of Rome in Ancient Italy, ending with Spirius Cassius (fifth century B.C.E.).
The Voyage of François Pyrard of Laval to the East Indies, the Maldives, the Moluccas and Brazil
Authors: Pyrard François
Published: June 2011

The publications of the Hakluyt Society (founded in 1846) made available edited early accounts of exploration. The first series, which ran from 1847 to 1899, consists of 100 books containing published or previously unpublished works by authors from Christopher Columbus to Sir Francis Drake, and covering voyages to the New World, to China and Japan, to Russia and to Africa and India. Shipwrecked on the Maldives in 1602–1607, Pyrard de Laval learnt the local language and studied the culture, flora and fauna of the islands. On his escape to Goa he continued his cultural investigations in Portuguese India, before returning to France by way of Saint Helena and Brazil in 1611. His book, which included practical advice for French traders travelling to Asia and a phrase book for visitors to the Maldives, was an immediate success. This three-volume translation of the 1619 edition appeared in 1887–1890.
Eustathii Commentarii ad Homeri Iliadem
Authors: Eustathius
Published: June 2011

Johann Stallbaum (1793–1861) published Eustathii Commentarii ad Homeri Iliadem in four volumes between 1827 and 1830. It contains the Greek text of Eustathius of Thessalonica's twelfth-century commentary on Homer's Iliad. Volume 4 (1830) contains books 17–24 of the commentary. The work is primarily a collection of extracts from much earlier authors. Eustathius' position as archbishop of Thessalonica and professor of rhetoric in Constantinople gave him access to libraries rich in ancient texts, many no longer extant. His commentary is one of the best sources of ancient Homeric scholia and preserves many otherwise lost extracts from writers such as Aristarchus of Samothrace, Zenodotus of Ephesus, and Aristophanes of Byzantium. Stallbaum's edition is a revised and corrected version of the Editio Romana of Majoranus (1542–1550). It has been an essential tool for generations of classical and Byzantine scholars. It is a great achievement of nineteenth-century scholarship.
Dictionary of Trade Policy Terms
Authors: Goode Walter
Published: June 2011

This is an accessible guide to the vocabulary used in trade negotiations. It explains about 2,500 terms and concepts in simple language. Its main emphasis is on the multilateral trading system represented by the agreements under the World Trade Organization (WTO). In addition it covers many of the trade-related activities, outcomes and terms used in other international organizations, such as the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the OECD. The last five years have seen a rapid spread in the formation of free-trade areas in all parts of the world. This dictionary allocates generous space to the vocabulary associated with such agreements. It offers clear explanations, for example, of the concepts used in the administration of preferential rules of origin. Additional areas covered include emerging trade issues and issues based particularly on developing-country concerns.
Bombay Islam
Authors: Green Nile
Published: June 2011

As a thriving port city, nineteenth-century Bombay attracted migrants from across India and beyond. Nile Green's Bombay Islam traces the ties between industrialization, imperialism and the production of religion to show how Muslim migration fueled demand for a wide range of religious suppliers, as Christian missionaries competed with Muslim religious entrepreneurs for a stake in the new market. Enabled by a colonial policy of non-intervention in religious affairs, and powered by steam travel and vernacular printing, Bombay's Islamic productions were exported as far as South Africa and Iran. Connecting histories of religion, labour and globalization, the book examines the role of ordinary people - mill hands and merchants - in shaping the demand that drove the market. By drawing on hagiographies, travelogues, doctrinal works, and poems in Persian, Urdu and Arabic, Bombay Islam unravels a vernacular modernity that saw people from across the Indian Ocean drawn into Bombay's industrial economy of enchantment.
Republicanism, Rhetoric, and Roman Political Thought
Authors: Kapust Daniel J.
Published: June 2011

Republicanism, Rhetoric, and Roman Political Thought develops readings of Rome's three most important Latin historians - Sallust, Livy and Tacitus - in light of contemporary discussions of republicanism and rhetoric. Drawing on recent scholarship as well as other classical writers and later political thinkers, this book develops interpretations of the three historians' writings centering on their treatments of liberty, rhetoric, and social and political conflict. Sallust is interpreted as an antagonistic republican, for whom elite conflict serves as an outlet and channel for the antagonisms of political life. Livy is interpreted as a consensualist republican, for whom character and its observation helps to maintain the body politic. Tacitus is interpreted as being centrally concerned with the development of prudence and as a subtle critic of imperial rule.
Congress in Black and White
Authors: Grose Christian R.
Published: June 2011

The symbolic importance of Barack Obama's election is without question. But beyond symbolism, does the election of African-American politicians matter? Grose argues that it does and presents a unified theory of representation. Electing African-American legislators yields more federal dollars and congressional attention directed toward African-American voters. However, race and affirmative action gerrymandering have no impact on public policy passed in Congress. Grose is the first to examine a natural experiment and exceptional moment in history in which black legislators – especially in the U.S. South – represented districts with a majority of white constituents. This is the first systematic examination of the effect of a legislator's race above and beyond the effect of constituency racial characteristics. Grose offers policy prescriptions, including the suggestion that voting rights advocates, the courts, and redistricters draw 'black decisive districts', electorally competitive districts that are likely to elect African Americans.
How Australia Decides
Authors: Young Sally
Published: June 2011

In recent years, the Australian media have come under fire for their reporting of politics and election campaigns. Political reporting is said to be too influenced by commercial concerns, too obsessed with gossip and scandal, and too focused on trivia and 'sound bites' at the expense of serious issues. There are accusations of bias, sensationalism, 'lazy' journalism and 'horse-race' reporting that is obsessed with opinion polls. How Australia Decides is the first book to put these allegations to the test. Based on a four-year empirical study, Sally Young reports the results of the only systematic, historical and in-depth analysis of Australian election reporting. This groundbreaking book shows how election reporting has changed over time, and how political news audiences, news production and shifts in political campaigning are influencing media content – with profound implications for Australian democracy.
Male Infertility
Authors: Jequier Anne M.
Published: June 2011

The role of male-derived factors in infertility now receives increasing prominence, as investigations focus more on the couple, rather than solely the female partner. Although there are many books on infertility, few devote themselves wholly to the male partner. Male Infertility redresses this balance by increasing awareness of both the causes and management of infertility in the male. This revised and updated edition contains new chapters covering urological disorders that may occur concomitantly with male infertility, such as testicular cancer, penile disorders and prostate cancer. A practical and clinical guide, Male Infertility enables clinicians to make quick and accurate diagnoses of the cause before pursuing the most appropriate treatment option to maximise the chances of conception. Of particular value to gynaecologists and andrologists, this text will be of great interest to any clinician working in the infertility clinic, as well as primary care practitioners and trainees.
The New Regionalism and Policy Interdependence
Authors: Baccini Leonardo , Dür Andreas
Published: June 2011

Since 1990, the number of preferential trade agreements has increased rapidly. The argument in this article explains this phenomenon, known as the new regionalism, as a result of competition for market access; exporters facing trade diversion because of their exclusion from a preferential trade agreement concluded by foreign countries push their governments into signing an agreement with the country in which their exports are threatened. The argument is tested in a quantitative analysis of the proliferation of preferential trade agreements among 167 countries between 1990 and 2007. The finding that competition for market access is a major driving force of the new regionalism is a contribution to the literature on regionalism and to broader debates about global economic regulation.