bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exports and Economic Growth: Cointegration and Causality Evidence for Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Abdulai Awudu , Jacquet Philippe
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the short‐ and long‐run relationship between economic growth, exports, real investments and labour force for Cô d’Ivoire for the period 1961–97, using cointegration and error correction techniques. The results indicate that there is one long‐run equilibrium relationship among the four variables, and the causal relationship flows from the growth in exports to the growth in GDP both in the short and long run, providing support for the export‐led growth hypothesis. This finding suggests that the recent trade reforms aimed at promoting domestic investment and restoring international competitiveness to expand and diversify exports have the potential of increasing economic growth in the future.

L’article examine la relation à court et à long terme entre croissance économique, exportations, investissements réels et population active en Cô d’Ivoire pour la période 1961–97, au moyen de la technique de co‐intégration et de correction des erreurs. L’article conclut qu’il existe une relation déquilibre à long terme entre les quatre variables et que la relation de causalité lie la croissance des exportations à la croissance du PIB tant à court qu’à long terme, ce qui étaye l’hypothèse d’une croissance soutenue par les exportations. Ces conclusions laissent penser que les réformes commerciales récemment introduites pour promouvoir les investissements intérieurs et restaurer la compétitivité internationale, afin d’étendre et de diversifier les exportations, ont le potentiel de renforcer la croissance économique dans l’avenir.
Economic Integration and Convergence of Per Capita Income in West Africa
Authors: Jones Basil
Published: March 2003

Economic co‐operation at the regional and sub‐regional level has been an important feature of the economic development policies of developing countries. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) was established in 1975 with a view, inter alia, to promote economic co‐operation and integration in West Africa. This paper tests for β and σ convergence for a group of low‐income countries in Africa where studies of this nature is sparse. Both cross sectional and time series approach is used to investigate convergence. The results show that ECOWAS countries form a convergence club, that is, the tendency for per capita income to convergence and a diminution of the standard deviation of per capita income over time.

La coopération économique aux niveaux régional et sous‐régional constitue un élément important des politiques de développement économique adoptées par les pays en développement. La Communautééconomique des États d’Afrique de l’Ouest (CEDEAO) a été créée en 1975 pour, entre autres, promouvoir la coopération et l’intégration économique en Afrique de l’Ouest. Le présent article examine la convergence β et σ pour un certain nombre de pays africains á faible revenu oú les études de ce type sont peu nombreuses. Basant son examen de la convergence sur une approche á la fois transsectorielle et chronologique, l’article conclut que les pays de la CEDEAO forment un club de convergence, c’est á dire que le revenu par habitant manifeste une tendance á la convergence et enregistre une diminution de l’écart‐type au fil du temps.
Basic Needs in the Northern Province and South Africa’s Globalization Agenda
Authors: Tsheola Johannes
Published: March 2003

The requirement for the improvement of poor people’s basic needs and overall quality of life is inseparable from concerns with sustainability and state capacity for executing social welfare responsibilities. South Africa has, paradoxically, redefined state role away from social provision, as it replaced the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) with the Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) strategy in 1996. Whereas the RDP accorded the state a pivotal role in meeting basic needs, GEAR pursued outward‐looking development. In accordance with the logic of GEAR, the Northern Province Government formulated its Growth and Development Strategy (GDS), essentially an offspring of that macro‐policy.

Using the Northern Province as case study, this paper illustrates that GEAR and GDS have engendered outward‐looking development that is also open to the dictates of external forces. It is argued that South Africa and that province are as such inserted into the global system in a way that they cannot shape or domesticate globalization for resolution of their germane development difficulties. We point out that that form of globalization has not led to the improvement of the poor people’s access to basic needs. In conclusion, we urge for the establishment of a strong developmental state that would engender auto‐centeredness.

La nécessité de relever le degré de satisfaction des besoins fondamentaux des pauvres et la qualité de vie en général est inséparable des préoccupations de viabilité et de la capacité de l’Etat d’assumer ses responsabilités en matière de protection sociale. Paradoxalement, l’Afrique du Sud a redéfini le rôle de l’Etat en le dissociant des préoccupations sociales, et remplacé le Programme de reconstruction et développement (RDP) par une Stratégie pour la croissance, l’emploi et la redistribution (GEAR) en 1996. Alors que le RDP accordait à l’Etat un rôle central dans la satisfaction des besoins fondamentaux, la GEAR visait un développement tourné vers l’extérieur. S’inscrivant dans la logique de la GEAR, les autorités de la Province septentrionale ont formulé une Stratégie de croissance et développement (GDS) issue essentiellement de cette macropolitique.

Basant son étude de cas sur la Province septentrionale, l’article suggère que la GEAR et la GDS ont engendré un développement tourné vers l’extérieur qui est également sensible aux impératifs des forces extérieures. Selon l’auteur, l’Afrique du Sud et la province septentrionale sont tellement intégrées dans le système mondialisé qu’elles ne peuvent ni formuler ni maîtriser la mondialisation pour résoudre leurs propres problèmes de développement. Nous soulignons que cette forme de mondialisation n’a pas entraîné une meilleure satisfaction des besoins fondamentaux pour les pauvres. En conclusion, nous appelons de nos vœux la mise en place d’une situation de développement forte qui puisse engendrer un développement centré sur lui‐même.
Agricultural Supply Response in Tanzania: Has Adjustment Really Worked?
Authors: Danielson Anders
Published: March 2003

Tanzania has come a long way in her market‐oriented reforms of the past fifteen years, but the performance of agriculture has been less than satisfactory. This paper estimates supply elasticities for individual crops as well as for commodity aggregates (cash and food crops) in order to investigate whether this performance is due to a lack of response on the part of farmers or on other factors. The results suggest that farmers often respond as predicted to price incentives, but that structural features of the agricultural sector prevent the improved incentives being translated into high agricultural growth.

La Tanzanie a, ces quinze derniêres années, parcouru un long chemin en matière de mise en œuvre de réformes axées sur le marché. Pourtant les performances dans le domaine agricole sont loin d’être satisfaisantes. Le présent article évalue les élasticités de l’offre pour chaque culture ainsi que pour les agrégats de denrées (cultures de rente et cultures vivrières) afin de déterminer si cette piètre performance est due à un manque de réaction de la part des agriculteurs ou à d’autres facteurs. L’article semble suggérer que la réaction des agriculteurs aux mesures d’incitation par les prix est souvent conforme aux attentes, mais que certaines caractéristiques structurelles du secteur agricole empêchent ces mesures d’incitation plus efficientes d’engendrer une croissance agricole forte.
Productivity Growth and Environmental Regulation in Mexican and U.S. Food Manufacturing
Authors: Alpay Ebru , Kerkvliet Joe , Buccola Steven
Published: March 2003

Many argued during the NAFTA debate that trade liberalization would favor Mexican over U.S. food processors, especially because of lax environmental laws south of the border. We find through an examination of profit functions that productivity growth in Mexico has outstripped that in the United States, suggesting free trade indeed will benefit Mexican suppliers. U.S. pollution regulations have had no impact on the profitability or productivity of U.S. food manufacturing. In contrast, Mexico's swiftly rising environmental standards have enhanced food processors' productivity growth, corroborating the Porter hypothesis. Pollution law, therefore, has favored Mexican over U.S. food processing, but for reasons few had anticipated.
Exchange Rate Uncertainty and Agricultural Trade
Authors: Cho Guedae , Sheldon Ian M. , McCorriston Steve
Published: March 2003

Using a sample of bilateral trade flows across ten developed countries between 1974 and 1995, this article explores the effect of exchange rate uncertainty on the growth of agricultural trade as compared to other sectors. Based on a gravity model that controls for other factors likely to determine bilateral trade, the results show that real exchange rate uncertainty has had a significant negative effect on agricultural trade over this period. Moreover, the negative impact of uncertainty on agricultural trade has been more significant compared to other sectors.
A Finite Mixture Logit Model of Recreational Angling with Serially Correlated Random Utility
Authors: Provencher Bill , Baerenklau Kenneth A. , Bishop Richard C.
Published: March 2003

This article examines two issues concerning the trip‐taking behavior of recreational anglers over the course of a season. The first is whether the random component of trip utility is serially correlated across trip occasions. The second is the heterogeneity of preferences among anglers. Recent research has examined heterogeneity among recreational trip‐takers using random parameters models. In this article, the population of anglers is, instead, cast as a collection of several subpopulations distinguished by angler preferences, and the method of finite mixtures is used to identify these subpopulations.
The Nested PIGLOG Model: An Application to U.S. Food Demand
Authors: Piggott Nicholas E.
Published: March 2003

A new demand system is introduced, the Nested PIGLOG model, nesting thirteen other demand systems including five that are also new. This new model and its nested special cases are applied to models of U.S. food demand that include food‐at‐home (FAH), food‐away‐from‐home (FAFH), and alcoholic beverages. Although nested tests and out‐of‐sample forecasting performance favor generalizing models to a certain degree, statistically insignificant improvements to in‐sample‐fit and even poorer out‐of‐sample forecast accuracy undermine further generalizations. Based on a subset of preferred models, FAFH is found to be price and income elastic compared to FAH which is price and income inelastic.
A Dynamic Analysis of University Agricultural Biotechnology Patent Production
Authors: Foltz Jeremy D. , Kim Kwansoo , Barham Bradford
Published: March 2003

This article examines the factors that account for agricultural biotechnology patenting success among universities using a dynamic count data model. It builds a theoretical and econometric model to capture the inherently dynamic and nonlinear process of technological innovation, wherein a feedback mechanism from previous success partially determines current patent counts. The econometric estimates reveal the importance to agricultural biotechnology patent production of land grant infrastructure, quality faculty, patent‐oriented technology transfer offices, as well as dynamic feedback effects.
Stop and Go Agricultural Policies with a Land Market
Authors: Innes Robert
Published: March 2003

This article studies the design of farm policy in the presence of asymmetric information about farmers' productivity, a government objective to insure farmers a minimum “parity” income, an endogenous land rent, and diminishing returns on alternative (nonprogram crop) land uses. In this setting, acreage set asides are never part of an optimal farm policy, although compensated acreage limits are. When there are new farmer entrants who cannot be excluded from farm programs, optimal policy takes the form of a pure voluntary acreage limitation—or “buyout”—program in which high‐cost producers participate and low‐cost producers do not.
On the Valuation of Uncertainty in Welfare Analysis
Authors: Chavas Jean‐Paul , Mullarkey Daniel
Published: March 2003

This article develops a general model of private and public choice under temporal uncertainty. The model incorporates the effects of risk preferences and the prospect of future learning into both the individual and aggregate valuations of public projects. The analysis provides new insights on individual valuation, its implications for benefit‐cost analysis and the characterization of Pareto‐efficiency under uncertainty. It also resolves some of the confusion in the option value and quasioption value literature.
Market Emergence and Transition: Arbitrage, Transaction Costs, and Autarky in China's Grain Markets
Authors: Park Albert , Jin Hehui , Rozelle Scott , Huang Jikun
Published: March 2003

Using trimonthly Chinese provincial grain prices from 1988 to 1995, we estimate a parity‐bounds model of interregional trade for four subperiods to characterize how multiple aspects of market performance change during the process of economic transition. For each period, we estimate the extent to which arbitrage opportunities are realized by traders, the transaction costs between location pairs, and the likelihood that regions do not trade. Trade restrictions cannot explain the pattern of uneven market development over time. Infrastructure bottlenecks, managerial incentive reforms, and production specialization policies, all were likely important factors affecting market performance.
Monetary Impacts and Overshooting of Agricultural Prices in an Open Economy
Authors: Saghaian Sayed H. , Reed Michael R. , Marchant Mary A.
Published: March 2003

This article's focus is on the time adjustment paths of the exchange rate and prices in response to unanticipated monetary shocks. First, we expand the theoretical specification of the overshooting hypothesis by generalizing Dornbusch's model to include a third sector (i.e., agricultural prices). Second, we employ Johansen's cointegration test along with a vector error correction model to investigate whether agricultural prices overshoot in an open economy. The empirical results indicate that agricultural prices adjust faster than industrial prices to innovations in the money supply, affecting relative prices in the short run, but strict long‐run money neutrality does not hold.
Choice Modeling and Tests of Benefit Transfer
Authors: Morrison Mark , Bennett Jeff , Blamey Russell , Louviere Jordan
Published: March 2003

Benefit transfer is increasingly being used by decision makers as a way of estimating environmental values suitable for use in benefit cost analysis. However, recent studies examining the validity of benefit transfer of passive use values estimated using contingent valuation have rejected the hypothesis of convergent validity. In this article, we demonstrate the usage of a form of conjoint analysis known as choice modeling for benefit transfer. Choice modeling has been touted as being particularly suitable for benefit transfer because it is possible to allow for differences in environmental quality and socioeconomic characteristics when transferring benefit estimates. We demonstrate that choice modeling is suitable for benefit transfer, particularly when the transfers involve implicit prices. Second, we examine the circumstances in which benefit transfer of choice modeling derived value estimates is likely to be most valid. Two split sample tests were undertaken to achieve this objective. The evidence from these tests indicates that transfers across different case study sites are likely to be subject to less error than those across different populations.
A Model of Investment under Uncertainty: Modern Irrigation Technology and Emerging Markets in Water
Authors: Carey Janis M. , Zilberman David
Published: March 2003

This article develops a stochastic dynamic model of irrigation technology adoption. It predicts that farms will not invest in modern technologies unless the expected present value of investment exceeds the cost by a potentially large hurdle rate. The article also demonstrates that, contrary to common belief, water markets can delay adoption. The introduction of a market should induce farms with abundant (scarce) water supplies to adopt earlier (later) than they would otherwise. This article was motivated by evidence that, contrary to NPV predictions, farms wait until random events such as drought drive returns significantly above costs before investing in modern irrigation technologies.
Time Allocation Decisions Associated with Job Market Preparation: Undergraduate Perceptions versus Market Realities
Authors: Siebert John W. , Davis George C. , Litzenberg Kerry K. , Broder Josef M.
Published: March 2003

A survey of agribusiness firms identifies characteristics associated with above average starting salary offers in the allied fields of agribusiness, agricultural economics, business, and economics. A complementary survey is made of students at Texas A…M University and University of Georgia. Results show that firms value work experience and leadership experience more than students do, whereas students value raising grade point average and interview preparation more than do firms. Students seeking a firm's maximum starting salary offer will need to enhance academic performance with substantial work experience and leadership experience.
The Sensitivity of Returns to Research Calculations to Supply Elasticity
Authors: Oehmke James F. , Crawford Eric W.
Published: March 2003

Returns to research are thought to be robust under alternative supply elasticity assumptions. We show, both conceptually and numerically, how advances in approximating social benefits make returns to research sensitive to the supply elasticity. Despite this greater sensitivity, these advances retain conceptual and practical advantages. We make recommendations for dealing with the increased sensitivity.
Impact of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy on Agribusiness in the United Kingdom: Results of an Event Study of Equity Prices
Authors: Henson Spencer , Mazzocchi Mario
Published: March 2003

This article assesses the impact on agribusinesses of the United Kingdom Government's announcement of a possible link between Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and human health. Three approaches are employed to derive benchmark models against which abnormal returns are estimated, a simple market model, Scholes‐Williams approach, and an autoregressive distributed lag model. Abnormal returns are estimated for single firms and for subsectors over an eight‐day event window. The autoregressive distributed lag model performs best and indicates significant negative abnormal returns in the beef, pet food, animal feed, and dairy sectors and positive abnormal returns in the other meats sector.
Using Domestic Water Analysis to Value Groundwater Recharge in the Hadejia'Jama'are Floodplain, Northern Nigeria
Authors: Acharya Gayatri , Barbier Edward
Published: March 2003

This article values the groundwater recharge function performed by the Hadejia—Jama'are flood‐plain which is threatened by planned upstream water utilization schemes. Domestic consumption of groundwater resources for households dependent on groundwater resources is analyzed. Three types of households are identified as(i) those which collect all their water, (ii) those which purchase all their water, and (iii) those which both collect and purchase water. A behavioral model using a household production function approach is developed to model water demand and a panel formed by pooling contingent behavior and observed data is used to estimate demand. Welfare changes are calculated based on these estimates and on hypothetical reductions in the groundwater recharge rate.
Infringement of Intellectual Property Rights: Causes and Consequences
Authors: Giannakas Konstantinos
Published: March 2003

A game‐theoretic model of heterogeneous producers is developed to examine the economic causes and consequences of intellectual property right (IPR) infringement in the context of a small open developing economy. Analytical results show that complete deterrence of IPR infringement is not always economically optimal. IPR infringement affects economic welfare and has important ramifications for the pricing and adoption of the new technology (biotechnology). The quantitative nature of results depends on the labeling regime. If the TRIPs agreement follows the custom of retaliatory sanctions under GATT, IPR enforcement will remain imperfect and innovators' ability to obtain value for their biotech traits will be limited.
The State‐Contingent Properties of Stochastic Production Functions
Authors: Chambers Robert G. , Quiggin John
Published: March 2003

The state‐contingent properties of the most frequently used representations of stochastic production in the agricultural‐economics literature are examined. Particular attention is paid to the cases of multiplicative uncertainty, additive uncertainty, and the Just‐Pope production function. State‐contingent technologies and their associated cost functions are reviewed, and that theory is applied to the stochastic production function. A generalization of the Just‐Pope technology that has desirable state‐contingent characteristics is proposed. Cost functions based upon state‐contingent technologies are compared with cost functions based on a parametrized distribution representation of production uncertainty.
Firm Dynamics with Tradable Output Permits
Authors: Weninger Quinn , Just Richard E.
Published: March 2003

We study firm dynamics, firm value, equilibrium permit prices and market efficiency in a natural resource industry that is managed with tradable output permits. New firms must purchase capital and output permits before they enter. Active firms must consider the economic cost of capital and the cost of owning the permit when contemplating exit. The value of the capital used in the production process has nonseparable effects on permit prices and market efficiency. Costly investment reversibility (in the firm's productive capital) and uncertainty reduce permit prices and prolong the abandonment of unproductive capital. Policies to improve economic performance are identified.
Decomposition of Productivity Growth Using Distance Functions: The Case of Dairy Farms in Three European Countries
Authors: Brümmer Bernhard , Glauben Thomas , Thijssen Geert
Published: March 2003

Within an output distance function framework, the Total Factor Productivity growth index is decomposed into four components (technical change, technical and allocative efficiency, and scale component). We estimate stochastic translog output distance functions using panel data from dairy farms over the period 1991–94 for three European countries (Germany, the Netherlands, and Poland). Results indicate that the change in the productivity growth index in Germany (+6%) and Poland (−5%) are mainly dictated by the technical change component. In contrast, the productivity growth index in the Netherlands (+3%) is influenced by allocative efficiency components.
Generic Advertising and Product Differentiation
Authors: Crespi John , Marette Stéphan
Published: March 2003

This article considers whether generic advertising lowers the differentiation among competing brands of the same good. Analytical results show that if the benefits from generic advertising from increased demand are outweighed by the costs from lower product differentiation then high‐quality producers will not benefit from generic promotion. Hypotheses are tested empirically under a conditional‐logit approach using retail‐market sales and advertising data for the U.S. prune industry. Results from this study provide evidence that generic advertising has a slight differential effect on the perceived qualities of different brands.
Determinants of Deforestation and the Economics of Protection: An Application to Mexico
Authors: Deininger Klaus , Minten Bart
Published: March 2003

We estimate the probability of deforestation at the plot level for Chiapas and Oaxaca, two poor Mexican states with high levels of biodiversity. Results highlight the importance of physio‐geographic endowments as well as policy variables and allow to test explicitly for aggregation bias. They also suggest that, if combined with information on the biodiversity value of specific plots, such models could be of great relevance for policy by allowing to identify the ex ante risk of deforestation.
Effects of the Private‐Label Invasion in Food Industries
Authors: Ward Michael B. , Shimshack Jay P. , Perloff Jeffrey M. , Harris J. Michael
Published: March 2003

Using supermarket scanner data, we test a variety of hypotheses from trade journals about the invasion of private‐label food products. According to conventional industry wisdom, name‐brand firms defended their brands against new private‐label products by lowering their prices, engaging in additional promotional activities, and increasingly differentiating their products. Our empirical evidence is inconsistent with these beliefs.
Welfare Gains from Quality Certification of Infant Foods: Results from a Market Experiment in Mali
Authors: Masters William A. , Sanogo Diakalia
Published: March 2003

In low‐income countries, malnutrition is often most severe among infants of six to twenty‐four months. They need higher‐density foods than the family diet, but density is a credence attribute. We hypothesize that the premium now paid for heavily advertised brands reflects demand for quality assurance, which could be provided at lower cost to competing firms through third‐party certification. We use a new market experiment to find that mothers' average willingness‐to‐pay for certification is about $‐1.75/kg, or four times its cost, so that total economic‐surplus gains from introducing certification to Mali would be on the order of $‐1 million annually.
Prices and Health: Identifying the Effects of Nutrition, Exercise, and Medication Choices on Blood Pressure
Authors: Chen Shih‐Neng , Shogren Jason F. , Orazem Peter F. , Crocker Thomas D.
Published: March 2003

Biomedical studies suggest that a person's behavior matters to health, but these studies usually treat human choice as exogenous. This study shows that individual choices on nutrient intake, exercise, and use of medication are influenced by exogenous food prices, wages, and non‐labor income. Using these exogenous variables as instruments for endogenous behavior makes a big difference in the estimated impact of nutrient intake, exercise, and medication on blood pressure. For example, application of instrumental variables methods changes the impact of sodium on blood pressure from positive to negative and significant.
Spatial Market Efficiency and Policy Regime Change: Seemingly Unrelated Error Correction Model Estimation
Authors: Thompson Stanley R. , Sul Donggyu , Bohl Martin T.
Published: March 2003

We investigate the degree to which the wheat markets of France, Germany, and the United Kingdom are in spatial equilibrium and how reforms to the CAP affect the speed of convergence to the longrun relationship. Due to the interrelationship among these markets and the nonstationarity of our data we introduce a seemingly unrelated regression‐augmented Dickey‐Fuller and error correction methodology. We argue this methodology is more efficient than ordinary cointegration and error correction models. Empirically we find strong evidence of efficient spatial markets and conformity to the law of one price. Market liberalization reforms in the EU increased the comovement of domestic and world wheat prices; our post‐Uruguay Round price transmission elasticity was 0.183.
Post‐War Productivity Patterns in U.S. Agriculture: Influences of Aggregation Procedures in a State‐Level Analysis
Authors: Acquaye Albert K. A. , Alston Julian M. , Pardey Philip G.
Published: March 2003

Annual data for forty‐eight states are used to account for changes in the composition of input and output aggregates over space and time, and thereby to obtain new evidence on changes in inputs, outputs, and productivity in U.S. agriculture. The measures change significantly when we use state‐specific rather than national prices and when we allow for changes in the composition of the aggregates, especially of labor and capital inputs. We compare our estimates and those reported by Ball et al. (American Journal of Agricultural Economics 81(1999):164–79). The national estimates are similar but substantial differences are found in state‐level productivity growth.
Prevention versus Treatment under Precautionary Regulation: A Case Study of Groundwater Contamination under Uncertainty
Authors: Lichtenberg Erik , Penn Tony M.
Published: March 2003

Policy discussions on agricultural pollution problems characterize prevention as more cost effective and precautionary than ex post treatment. We derive conditions under which treatment alone is more cost effective in situations involving multiple sources of emissions, multiple sites affected, and a commonly used precautionary approach to uncertainty. We also show that a greater degree of precaution can result in less reliance on prevention. An empirical case study indicates that treatment alone is the most cost‐effective means of dealing with nitrate in most Maryland community water system wells. The use of leaching prevention measures is restricted to the most intensive poultry producing areas. The incremental cost of precaution is substantial.
Encounter with the Past: Design Work for a Postcolonial Commemoration
Authors: Bonnemaison Sarah
Published: March 2003

The bicentennial of Captain Vancouver's arrival was the occasion for a series of festivities in Vancouver during the summer of 1992. This paper analyzes the major event commissioned by the city which, contrary to most commemorations of colonial histories, focused on immigrants' experiences of arrival and encounter with local inhabitants. Writing as a member of the firm that was responsible for creating temporary architecture for this event, the author analyzes the attempt to work through notions of heteroglossia in a civic commemoration.
Authoritarianism in the Age of Market Liberalism in Sri Lanka
Authors: Stokke Kristian
Published: March 2003

The agenda for “good governance” postulates that it constitutes both a precondition for and an outcome of economic development. In direct opposition, neo‐Marxist analyses assert a causal link between economic liberalization and bureaucratic‐authoritarian regimes. This article argues that the relationship between governance and economic development cannot be resolved in such abstract and ahistorical terms but must be approached through concrete analyses of political strategies around and within the post‐colonial state. A closer examination of authoritarianism and economic liberalization in Sri Lanka supports this argument.
A multi‐perspective multi‐domain model of self‐concept: structure and sources of self‐concept knowledge
Authors: Cheung Ping Chung , Lau Sing
Published: March 2003

A perspective‐specific model which deals with the sources of self‐concept knowledge as construed by two theories (symbolic interaction and social comparison) was combined with Shavelson’s domain‐specific model to form a two‐facet model of self‐concept. The structure of this two‐facet model was tapped by a new self‐concept instrument, the Multi‐Perspective Multi‐Domain Self‐Concept Inventory (MMSI), which was constructed by crossing domain and perspective facets. Results of confirmatory factor analysis by grade level of the data from a large sample of primary two, four, and six students lent support to the multi‐perspective multi‐domain model. The MMSI facilitates the estimation of (a) the differential contribution of domain and perspective factors, and (b) the differential contribution of different sources of self‐concept knowledge. It also serves as an exemplar of an interesting application of the multi‐trait multi‐method model in confirmatory factor analysis.
Chinese values in Singapore: Traditional and modern
Authors: Chang Weining C. , Wong Wing Keung , Koh Jessie Bee Kim
Published: March 2003

A series of three studies was conducted to test the internal structure of the Chinese value hierarchy (CVH) in Singapore. Study 1 identified the empirically best–fit model with six factors: Prudence, Industry, Civic–Harmony, Moral Development, Social Power and Moderation. Relative magnitudes and interfactor correlations suggested that these factors could be further grouped into two superordinate clusters: (i) The Modern factor, with significantly higher magnitude, consisted of Prudence, Industry, Civic–Harmony and Moral Development; and (ii) the Tradition factor, with lower magnitude, consisted of Social Power and Moderation. Study 2 surveyed university students with differential preference for language usages: English or Chinese. Both language groups were equally high on the Modern factor, but the Chinese–language–preferred group showed a significantly higher endorsement for the Tradition factor, Chinese Worldview (CWV) and Chinese Health Beliefs (CHB). Further convergent validation for the Modern and the Tradition factors was provided by investigating their correlations with traditional Chinese beliefs and practices for the two language groups separately. Study 3 tested generation differences in CVH. University participants (Self) were compared with their parents (Parents) and friends (Friends). There were no differences between Self and Friends on both the Modern and Tradition factors, CWV and individual differences of modernity. Parents and Self did not differ on individual differences of modernity. Parents, however, were higher on the Modern factor, the Tradition factor and CWV. Results were discussed to support the concept of ‘multiple modernity’ (Tu, 1900) in Asian societies, and the ‘revised convergence hypothesis’ proposed by Yang (1988).
Sex–related self–concepts, cognitive styles and cultural values of traditionality–modernity as predictors of general and domain–specific sexism
Authors: Pek Jolynn C. X. , Leong Frederick T. L.
Published: March 2003

Previous studies have determined that masculinity, femininity, need for closure and authoritarianism are significant predictors of sexism. The present study attempted to integrate these variables in order to better understand the nature of general ambivalent sexism and workplace–specific sexism in Singapore. Chinese traditionality and Chinese modernity were specifically examined as potential predictors of sexism. Robust results from hierarchical regressions indicated that these indigenous cultural variables were highly important in predicting general and workplace–specific sexism. Although masculinity and need for closure were unrelated to sexism, participant sex, femininity and authoritarianism significantly predicted sexist attitudes towards women. Most important, Chinese values were found to add significant incremental validity in predicting sexist attitudes beyond what was accounted by the aforementioned predictors. Chinese traditionality significantly predicted sexist attitudes towards women, but Chinese modernity was unrelated to sexism. Implications of these findings were discussed.
Influence of the cross–cultural environment on the perception of aging and adult development in the developing world: A study of Bahrain, Brazil and Indonesia
Authors: Eyetsemitan Frank , Gire James T. , Khaleefa Omar , Satiardama Monty P.
Published: March 2003

The present study examined the perceived characteristics associated with the different stages of adulthood in developing societies. Respondents from three societies, Bahrain, Brazil and Indonesia, identified those characteristics that are typical of the early, middle and late adulthood stages in their respective societies. Although developing nations, these societies differed in their levels of modernization or on the UN human development index score and respondents identified characteristics that were both common and different. On the whole, the characteristics identified reflected the influence of a cross–cultural environment (which included the global, developed and developing dimensions) on the perception of aging and adult development in developing societies.
Comparative research on individual modernity of adolescents between town and countryside in China
Authors: Zhang Xing–gui , Zheng Xue , Wang Lei
Published: March 2003

A test of 300 young students on individual modernity in China was carried out. The results indicated that there was a significant difference in individual modernity between the students from town and those from the countryside, as well as between males and females. There were also differences in individual modernity between each two of the levels of education. The students from town were more modern than those from the countryside. The males were more traditional than the females. With the rising educational level, the students’ traditionality will decrease and modernity will increase.
Motivation and manifestation: Cross–cultural expression of the self–enhancement motive
Authors: Brown Jonathon D. , Kobayashi Chihiro
Published: March 2003

In his commentary, Heine has done a thorough job of reviewing research on self–enhancement biases in Japan. Insofar as he conducted much of the work he reviewed, we assume he has characterized the findings fairly and accurately and see no need to comment further upon them. Instead, we will take this opportunity to discuss the nature of self–enhancement more generally, including its affective basis and its manifestation in different cultural contexts. In so doing, we hope to clarify the manner in which Japanese satisfy their self–enhancement needs.
Farmers, government, and the environment: the settlement of Australia's ‘wet frontier’, 1870–1920
Authors: Frost Warwick
Published: March 2003

Historical studies of Australian agriculture have tended to concentrate on the difficulties of farming in a dry environment. The extension of farming into high‐rainfall, densely forested regions (what I term the wet frontierc) has been almost completely overlooked. This article is an attempt to redress this imbalance. It concentrates on the settlement of the wet frontier between 1870 and 1920. Up to about 1890 settlement was slow and often unsuccessful because of the high cost of forest clearance, environmental problems, deficiencies in transport, and government hostility and indifference. However, after 1890 increased demand for butter and improvement in dairy production technology transformed the wet frontier into a highly productive agricultural region.
Capital Markets and Capital Formation in Australia 1890–1945
Authors: Merrett D.T.
Published: March 2003

This survey article examines the interaction between the domestic capital markets and capital formation in Australia from the 1890s up to the end of World War II. The disenchantment of the City of London with Australian securities in the 1890s opened a window for the development of domestic capital markets. It was the demands of the government for funds, especially during both wars, that transformed the scale and character of local markets. Local deposit taking institutions and stock exchanges handled a sufficient volume of domestic savings to fund the lion's share of both public and private sector capital formation.
Routines, capabilities and the growth of the firm: Messrs. Ross & Glendining, Dunedin, 1862–1900
Authors: Jones S. R. H.
Published: March 2003

Evolutionary economists have suggested that the technical and organisational routines of individual firms play a similar role to genes in biological organisms. Unlike biological organisms, however, firms are supposedly able to engage in purposive adaptation and select out those routines that best enable them to adapt and grow in a changing environment. This thesis is tested by examining the way in which routines assisted the growth of a leading New Zealand enterprise. It concludes that while routines were helpful in enabling the enterprise to expand its core business, they were of little assistance when the management wished to diversify into new and dissimilar activities.
The Contribution of the Urban Sector to Australian Economic Development Before 1914
Authors: Frost Lionel
Published: March 2003

This article examines the contribution of the urban sector to Australian economic development before the First World War. This contribution has often been seen in negative terms: contemporary observers generally thought that the major cities were to large and drained resources from the productive sectors of the economy, while some modern historians have portrayed cities as centres of poverty and environmental disamenity. The article evaluates these claims and presents a case for the urban sector having been a powerful stimulus to economic growth. The problems which Australian urbanization created did not stem from cities being too large, with more inhabitants than the number of well‐paying jobs; rather, the general preference for low‐density suburban living, and the ability of most of the population to be able to afford to live that way, meant that the cities would be expensive to build and difficult to service in a cost‐effective way.
Government and the Colonial Economies
Authors: Boot H.M.
Published: March 2003

From the time of Macquarie the beneficial effects of government came less from material support than from the recognition of an emerging free society, dependent for its success on the rule of law, the strengthening of property rights, improved administration, low taxation, and an environment of confidence and opportunity that encouraged voluntary flows of people and capital from Britain and Ireland. After 1860, the value of the government contribution to growth was reduced by the destabilizing and growth‐distorting consequences of public investment. The economic contribution of colonial governments in thi later period was found less in their willingness to construct public capital assets and more in the provision of a favourable and permissive environment in which private decision‐makers were to a large extent free to pursue their own private ends.
Imperial Self‐Insufficiency Rediscovered: Britain and Australia 1945–51
Authors: Rooth Tim
Published: March 2003

This paper addresses the unresolved debate about the timing of economic disengagement between Australia and Great Britain. During Chifley’s administration international economic collaboration between Australia and Britain was close, Australia tending to identify its interests with those of the UK and the sterling area. Yet collaboration never stretched to acceptance by Australia of traditional forms of manufacturer–primary producer complementarity; this played no part in Canberra’s postwar planning and priority given to industrialization led to the relative neglect of rural industries, which, together with the rapidly growing demands of its own population, reduced export surpluses and contributed to Australia’s poor record as a food supplier. Buoyant export prices, especially for wool, combined with capital inflows from the UK to stimulate import demands. Because of dollar shortages most of these had to be sourced from Britain. From 1948 the UK not only expanded exports dramatically but was a major source of migrants and capital. Yet British industrial capacity in particular proved unequal to the task of meeting Australian needs. Imperial self‐insufficiency again stood revealed, encouraging Menzies to look beyond the sterling area to support Australia’s rapid development.
Informational Costs and Institutional Typologies: A Review Article
Authors: Boyce Gordon
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Mark Casson, Information and Organisation. A New Perspective on the Theory of the Firm

Takao Shiba and Masahiro Shimotani (eds), Beyond the Firm. Business Groups in International Historical Perspective
Government Policy and Industry Structure in New Zealand, 1900–1970
Authors: Jones S.R.H.
Published: March 2003

For much of the twentieth century industry policy in New Zealand has been torn between protecting the consumer while at the same time encouraging the growth of manufacturing. Early policy focused more on consumer welfare but with the Depression emphasis was increasingly placed on stimulating employment through protection and regulation. The Second World War fostered an increase in manufacturing employment that successive postwar governments, faced with balance of payments constraints, were unwilling to sacrifice for the benefits of a freer trade. The resource misallocation that resulted from such policies was subject to increasing criticism as growth rates were seen to falter. In the 1960s steps were taken to return to a more open and deregulated economy.
A Professional Association as Network and Communicating Node: The Pharmaceutical Society of Australasia, 1857–1918
Authors: Boyce Gordon
Published: March 2003

This paper explicitly examines the communicating processes that conditioned the dynamic interaction between recognized norms and legislative activity affecting the professional development of pharmacists. The Pharmaceutical Society of Australasia successfully developed communication channels, exploited recognized models, and created institutional constructs. In contrast to much of the literature which attributes professionalization to the pursuit of a single aim, this study found that the PSA sought to achieve a wide range of objectives and that having a broad agenda was to its advantage. The PSA succeeded in shaping the public conceptions of the profession in order to influence an emerging regulatory regime.
The ‘Enfant Terrible’: Australia and the Reconstruction of the Multilateral Trade system, 1946–8
Authors: Capling Ann
Published: March 2003

In recent years Australia has been recognized as a prominent player in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its successor, the World Trade Organization (WTO). Less well known is Australia’s activism during the establishment of the GATT. This article, based on archival sources and contemporary accounts, examines Australia’s role in the birth of the multilateral trade system. It seeks to nuance the two conventional interpretations of this period, the first which argues that countries joined the GATT because it was in their economic interests to do so, and the second which suggests that the United States hegemony imposed its trade liberalization objectives on less powerful allies and trade partners.
Goverment and the Colonial Economies: An Alternative View
Authors: Frost Lionel
Published: March 2003

Government is one of the crucial institutions that shape the development of economies and in a recent issue of this journal H. M. Boot contributed a useful survey of its effects on Australia during the colonial period. Boot emphasized the beneficial effects of government in terms of creating stability and secure property rights, but also argued that important decisions about capital works came to be influenced more by political expediency than by sound economic criteria. This flawed decision‐making process created a significant field of unproductive investments which ‘crowded out’ private‐sector activity and weakened the economy. The purpose of this article is to examine this argument closely and critically. It will argue that there is no evidence to support the contention that politicians saw public works simply as an opportunity to buy votes and that an awareness of the costs of unproductive investment forced Parliament to use market‐based criteria to assess proposed spending. The article will suggest an alternative explanation of the failure of the private sector to generate sufficient investment to increase the rate of economic growth, and of the extent to which public investment crowded out the private sector.