bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Status of Water Supply in Connecticut
Authors: Scott Warren J.
Published: February 2018

Connecticut to date has a record of freedom from waterborne disease. The natural surface and groundwater supply sources in the state are free from sewage pollution. Treatment by chlorination and filtration provides safeguards against the danger of chance contamination, which always exists. The natural water supplies of Connecticut are generally soft and of reasonably good physical quality. A considerable number of filtration plants is now in operation in the state. Filtration will be provided to an increasing extent to improve water of poor physical quality. Such treatment will also furnish an additional barrier against waterborne disease. Some further development of surface sources in clean watersheds can and should be made in the future, where possible. It does not appear necessary for several decades to contemplate obtaining supplies from large rivers, but the time may come and efforts in pollution abatement on these rivers should continue. Studies of groundwater potential for water supplies in the state should be undertaken on a greatly expanded basis, and unquestionably a cooperative survey of groundwater resources by the state and U.S. Geological Survey should be planned over the next decade.
Removal of ABS From Heavily Polluted Waters
Authors: Barada Charles E. Renn and Mary F.
Published: February 2018

During the past 2 years, the Association of American Soap and Glycerine Producers (AASGP) has sponsored a research investigation of the effectiveness of conventional water treatment processes for the removal of alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS) from raw water supplies. ABS is the most widely used surface‐active component of the ordinary detergents in general domestic use. The work has been carried out in the laboratories of the Department of Sanitary Engineering and Water Resources, Johns Hopkins University. Topics presented in this article include activated‐carbon treatment, foaming of ABS, adsorption efficiencies of activated carbons, and the effects of phenol, organic matter, pH, alum treatment, and clarification.
Adjustable‐Speed Pumps for Utilities
Authors: Kubik Adam W. , McEwan Kenneth H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the suitability of adjustable‐speed centrifugal pumps for systems for which pipe friction is a predominant factor to be considered. Fewer adjustable‐speed pumps than constant‐speed pumps are required for a given job. The savings that result from the use of fewer units more than offset the initial higher cost of variable‐speed drives. In addition, because of the improved operating efficiency of a modern adjustable‐speed unit, substantial savings in power costs are possible. System curves, pump and drive selection, adjustable‐speed drives, and installation of drives are discussed in detail.
Underpinning a Section of Steel Pipeline
Authors: Gunther Harold L. , Noll Dean C.
Published: February 2018

The Ramapo force main is a steel pipeline built to increase the yield of the Wanaque Reservoir, at Wanaque, New Jersey, by 25 mgd. This is accomplished by pumping water through the main from the Ramapo River at Pompton Lakes, New Jersey, to the reservoir. The main is approximately 5 mi long. Construction was started in 1951 and completed in 1953. The main can carry the full capacity (100 mgd) of the new Ramapo pumping station under a head of 115‐135 ft. It was made in sections 40 ft. long, except for curved and special sections, and was fabricated from two 176‐in. steel plates welded together longitudinally to form the 72‐in. ID pipe. All transverse joints were butt welded in the field, except that a coupling was substituted for the weld at approximately every 1,000 ft throughout the entire length of main to provide for contraction of the steel. In order for the contractor to bring in the pipe lengths, it was necessary for him to build a 3,700‐ft access road through a rugged swampy area. The road was built parallel and adjacent to the line of the pipe. The contractor dumped into the swamp approximately 4,000 cu yd of excavated rock and built the road on top of the rock. Four years after completion, it was noticed that the access road and the pipe embankment had both settled. When levels were run along the top of the embankment, it was found that the pipe had settled 4 ft below the installed grade and to have shifted laterally 9 in. out of line at approximately the midpoint of the swamp. The pipe had pulled apart a distance of approximately 3 in. at the coupling without leaking. It was decided not to jack the pipe back to its original position but to underpin and secure it in its settled location. During the designing of the pipe‐carrying supports, there arose the peculiar problem of attempting to bridge a swampy area 280 ft long with a 72‐in. ID main that had a 3‐ft. earth cover. When the nature and depth of the swamp were known, stress analyses was done. The article discusses this analyses in detail, along with unbalanced loads, and the materials used on the project.
Sizing of Residential Service Lines and Meters at Detroit
Authors: Heggie Glen D.
Published: February 2018

Adequate service meeting the needs and desires of the customer must go hand in hand with improved customer relations. Criteria adopted for the sizing of residential services must take into account many technical considerations and the important factor of public relations. Besides the reaction of customers within the central city, the support of officials of suburban areas is of utmost importance. This is particularly true where acceptance and application of proposed or revised standards is involved. At the same time, an educational campaign must be conducted that will explain the increased costs that almost inevitably result from such service. Increasing the minimum size of residential services may well result in an increased cost of service, but it is believed that a fully informed public will support this action.
Future Developments in Water Supply
Authors: Yackey Harold H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses future developments in water supply, including: the need for water; the cost of water and conservation measures; water quality; supply and demand; fire protection; and, equipment, materials, labor, and power.
History of AWWA's New Jersey Section
Authors: Newkirk Samuel F. , Wilson Percy S.
Published: February 2018

This article presents the history of the New Jersey Section of AWWA, including events that preceded the formation of the section, section organization, first officers of the section, establishing the tradition of three yearly meetings, and the resultant trends of the formation of a large number of other sections of AWWA and the rearrangement of section boundaries.
High‐Accuracy Magnetic Flowmeters
Authors: Lynch Douglas R.
Published: February 2018

THE magnetic flowmeter is inherently the most accurate flowmeter yet devised. The primary flow measurement transducer has no moving parts that can wear out, offers no obstruction to the fluid flow, is unaffected by Reynolds number or piping conditions, has a true flow coefficient of unity, and actually meters from infinitesimal motion to the maximum that can be forced through the pipe section. Aside from their inherent advantages of operation, practical industrial designs of magnetic flowmeters offer one of the most versatile, trouble‐free, and accurate flow‐measuring systems on the market. This article discusses historical aspects of magnetic flowmeters, along with applications of magnetic flowmeters, three concepts of accuracy including percentages of instantaneous, maximum and totalized flow rate, the operating principle behind magnetic flowmeters, components of the meter, recording system, measurement and maintenance of accuracy, integration of flow, and obtainable accuracies.
Taxation of Water Rights in California
Authors: Brewer C. Marvin
Published: February 2018

In California, most of the farms, as well as the centers of population, are located in semiarid valleys and consume water that is produced and stored in the mountain areas. This situation necessitates the transportation of water through aqueducts 200‐300 mi long. Owners of works to divert and transport water from areas of surplus to areas of need have paid taxes on property outside their boundaries. Significantly, private owners have paid taxes on their land and on all improvements, whereas public owners have paid taxes only on the land. Only recently, the mountain counties, or counties of surplus, became aware of the fact that the rights of entities to take these waters were intrinsic property rights and a potential source of vast new revenue. California courts have approved the taxation of water rights. What appealed to these counties was the ideal position of being able to levy and compound these taxes, based on various formulas, against nonresident, nonvoting property owners. Valuation methods are discussed for San Francisco and San Bernardino County, along with equalization abuses, hydroelectric generation, the Water Rights Taxation Conference, in‐lieu taxes, and litigation upholding water rights taxation.
Relation Between Aquifer Permeability and Improvement Achieved by Well Stimulation
Authors: Koenig Louis
Published: February 2018

In previous articles of this series on well stimulation practice, brief mention was made of the fact that the permeabilities of aquifers vary over a considerable range. It was suggested that the permeability associated with a well might have some bearing on the improvement achieved by stimulation, and that some of the differences in the performance of stimulation methods as surveyed might arise through differences in permeabilities. This study explores that possibility and evaluates it in numerical terms; the methods used and conclusions reached are presented in this paper.
Behavior of Radionuclides on Ion‐Exchange Resins
Authors: Moeller Dade W. , Leddicotte George W. , Reynolds Sam A.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a study of the behavior of radionuclides on ion exchange resins used for the decontamination of cooling water in a nuclear reactor. The principal objectives of the investigation were identification of the nuclides, measurement of their relative concentration as a function of bed depth, and interpretation of these data in the light of the effective performance of the system. Results showed that, in the cation, anion, and mixed‐bed columns, the concentration of radionuclides on the resin decreased with increasing bed depth. At the same time, the overall half‐life of the retained materials simultaneously increased. As anticipated, considerable variation with depth was observed in relative radionuclide composition, the shorter‐lived materials predominating near the surface, the longer‐lived near the bottom of each column. The data emphasize the care required in using data on gross radioactivity removals for the evaluation of the efficiency of an ion exchange system. This is true because the effluent, although exhibiting a “satisfactory” reduction in gross activity, may actually contain a significantly greater proportion, as well as actual concentration, of longer lived radionuclides.
Infectious Hepatitis Epidemic at Posen, Mich.
Authors: Vogt John E.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses an outbreak of infectious hepatitis during the spring and early summer of 1959 in the small town of Posen, Michigan. Epidemiological studies indicated that the first sixteen cases were waterborne. Successive cases broke out south of the location of the start of the disease and continued toward the center of the village, where the progress of the disease was sharply curtailed. The pattern of the disease conformed to a developed theory of the hydrology of the area. The virus apparently was introduced into the groundwater through septic tank effluent on the north side of the community. The melting snow and spring rains then flushed the virus down through fractures in the limestone to the water table, where it spread out laterally. It moved southward down a cone of depression to the north central part of town, infecting wells along the way. After reaching the low point in the cone of depression, the virus could travel no farther, as the groundwater gradient sloped upward in all directions from the center of town. This could, in part, account for the rather sudden decrease in the number of cases south of the center of the village.
Peak Demands in Residential Areas
Authors: Wolff Jerome B.
Published: February 2018

In January 1959, the Department of Sanitary Engineering and Water Resources of Johns Hopkins University undertook a research project on peak water usage in residential areas. This project was sponsored jointly by Baltimore County, Baltimore City, the Maryland Health Department, and the Federal Housing Administration (FHA). More than 2 years have passed since the inception of the project, and a considerable amount of new and valuable information has been obtained. This article describes some of the accomplishments of the first 2 years of this project and suggests some possible additional fields of investigation. The primary objectives of this project were to obtain data on, and to make an evaluation of, maximum hourly demands in residential areas. Attention was also directed to obtaining information on the effect of lawn sprinkling and other large water uses on maximum demands in residential areas.
WSWMA Public Relations Program
Authors: Orth Robert F.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the Water and Sewage Works Manufacturers Association's (WSWMA's) public relations program. The article discusses the 1960 National Conference on Water Pollution that studied the effects of pollution on the health and well‐being of U.S. citizens, along with a television film “Pennies for Health”, public appearances of speakers from industry and elsewhere, radio scripts on water and water pollution, national magazine and newspaper coverage, cartoons, brochures, and women's clubs.
Engineering and Engineering Records
Authors: Allen E. Jerry
Published: February 2018

This symposium paper begins by providing a list of engineering services that are required to adequately manage a water utility. The paper discusses the importance of maintaining the continuity of water utility records ranging from source of supply through physical plant to consumption for planning purposes. The correlation of accounting records and engineering reports is discussed in the paper as necessary for management to determine the feasibility of proposed programs.
Planning
Authors: MacLaren James W.
Published: February 2018

This symposium paper discusses the basic facts that should be incorporated in plans to establish and maintain water utility adequacy over 20‐25 years. Forecasts of water consumption, development of future supply, distribution system development plans, and current planning and new development are all discussed.
Development of Water Quality Ideals
Authors: Bean Elwood L.
Published: February 2018

This paper begins by stating the need for professional water quality standards and goals. Criteria for establishing a rating system is provided, along with recommendations for analytic data sources, and a list of limits for ideal water quality.
Experience With Anthracite‐Sand Filters
Authors: Conley Walter R.
Published: February 2018

General Electric Company operates eight large filter plants for the Atomic Energy Commission at the Hanford, Washington, facility. This article discusses improved water treatment methods that have resulted in capital and operating savings and in the production of better water quality. Results of laboratory, pilot plant, and full‐scale plant tests with a variety of filter types over a period of 16 years show that filters made of anthracite and sand together are superior to filters made of either material alone. The effect of chemical treatment on water quality and head loss is greater than that of filter media composition or any other plant variable. A discussion follows the article by Thomas R. Camp, of Camp, Dresser, & McKee, who thoroughly endorses the conclusions of the study that the use of anthracite and sand together permits much higher filter rates than with either material alone. He provides a comparison of the use of anthracite and sand at the Billerica, Massachusetts, filter plant, and the use of sand with a Wheeler gravel bottom at the Cambridge, Massachusetts filter plant.
Improved Operation of Four Treatment Plants at Detroit
Authors: Shannon Albert M.
Published: February 2018

Detroit is midway into a planned expansion program. Financing is available. As the water requirements of the area increase, additional filtration plants and pumping stations or segments of plants and transmission mains can be added in a comparatively short time, thereby creating a water system capable of meeting any load requirement. The Detroit department of water supply operates three large filtration plants and pumping stations and will operate a fourth one, when it is completed, in the downriver suburban area. Water Works Park with 80 filters is located on the Detroit River; Springwells with 108 filters, at the western city limits; and Northeast with 48 filters, at the northeastern city limits. Each filter is 0.025 acre in area. These plants supply water to approximately 3,200,000 people in Detroit and 50 suburban communities, about 41 per cent of the population of Michigan. Contract negotiations have been or are being concluded with several other suburbs.
Design and Operation of an Automatic Pumping Station at Winnipeg, Man.
Authors: Denson F. Gordon
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the construction in 1959‐60 by the Greater Winnipeg Water District of a second branch aqueduct, a reservoir system and pumping station and the connecting main. Basic design of the pumping station is discussed, along with automatic operation, pumping units, piping, valves and metering, chlorinating equipment, automatic controls, pressure control, flow control, power failure, supervisory controls, remote control of selected points, alarms, and the station building.
Pioneer Lime‐Soda Softening Plant at Oberlin, Ohio
Authors: Fuller Raymond H. , Cosens Kenneth W.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by providing a brief overview of the development of water softening, specifically looking at reclaiming lime from water‐softening sludge in Winnipeg, Canada. The article describes eleven unit processes that were involved in the 1903 construction of the water‐softening plant in Oberlin, Ohio. Changes in the methods of plant operation over the years are discussed, along with a 1915 investigation into the affairs of the utility to determine if it was efficiently, economically and properly conducted, an effort in 1925 to add recarbonation to the lime‐softening process, the addition of alum in 1926 to reduce alkalinity, the droughts of 1930‐31 and the building of a pipeline from Oberlin to Kipton Reservoir, construction of an elevated steel storage tank in 1938, construction of a 50‐mil gal circular upground reservoir in 1953, adjustment of the fluoride content of the finished water in 1954, and the recommendation in 1958 by the State Dept. of Health to abandon the Vermilion River source of water and procure the supply from the West Branch of the Black River.
Water Supply on Gibraltar
Authors: Sheppard J. Mortimer
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the unique water supply system on Gibraltar. Early provisions, catchments, and tunnels are discussed, along with the fact that inadequate rainfall has made it necessary for new sources to be found.
Observations on Manganese in Georgia Waters
Authors: Ingols Robert S. , Wilroy Robert D.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by providing a brief overview of the appearance of manganese in several different examples of Georgia waters that include: appearance in spring water only at higher temperatures; in the raw‐water intakes on the Chattahoochee River briefly in the fall season; and, the hypolimnion of Lake Lanier. Adjusting the intake levels on reservoirs is suggested for preventing manganese in raw water supplies, along with oxidation before filtration to insoluble manganic hydroxide using chlorine, chlorine dioxide, potassium permanganate, or ozone. Preventing stratification in small water supply reservoirs is suggested as another method by using an air jet, or any method to keep the reservoir continuously agitated.
Salinity Caused by Irrigation
Authors: Wilcox Lloyd V.
Published: February 2018

Transpiration of water by plants and evaporation from the soil surface dissipate a large part of the irrigation water that is applied to the soil. Seldom is the volume of drainage water returned to the stream more than half the volume of irrigation water that is diverted. This consumptive use of water and the necessity for maintaining a favorable salt balance in the soil causes the drainage water to become higher in salt concentration than the irrigation water. The return of this salty drainage water to the stream can cause pollution problems. The determining factor is the relationship between the quantity of water in the stream and the quantity of drainage water added. If the dilution is great, as in the Colorado River, little pollution will result. But if the drainage water is not diluted sufficiently, pollution will follow, as in the Rio Grande. The obvious effect of irrigation on stream pollution is an increase in the concentration of dissolved solids. In the Rio Grande the increase is related inversely to the discharge.
Formulation of National Water Resources Policy in Israel
Authors: Wiener Aaron , Wolman Abel
Published: February 2018

The future development of Israel's economy is largely dependent on the availability of water. The chief undeveloped resources are located in the north of the country, whereas planned additional consumption will be in the center and south. It will be necessary, therefore, to convey the surpluses of the north (mainly Jordan water) to the south. To cover the needs of the economy, the development and operation of the water resources have to be centralized to insure maximum yields and minimum losses. Such a centralized operation of the water grid is feasible because of the built‐in integrating features of the system and the legislation adopted by parliament. Research will be continued over the next decade in an effort to insure the supply required after 1980. The adoption of the centralized operation procedure and the far‐reaching water conservation practices will make it possible to provide the water required for agriculture and industry up to 1970.
Industrial Water Intake in Lake Michigan
Authors: Bunker John W. , Toth Albert S.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a project to install an industrial water intake in Lake Michigan to meet the needs of a new steel plant constructed in 1961 at a location 30 miles southeast of Chicago at the southernmost tip of Lake Michigan. The article discusses a water quality sampling program that was established to meet the needs of the steel plant, along with planning, design, installation, and leakage testing for the project.
Removal of Natural Color‐Causing Substances in Laboratory Analyses
Authors: Menke Clarence G.
Published: February 2018

This study selected the acetate salt of copper method for removal of color‐causing substances because of its ready solubility, and because it does not interfere in subsequent determinations of other ions. The effectiveness of the method is indicated by the results of chemical analyses of various colored waters with different mineral content. The cupric ion, sometimes remaining after treatment, imparts a blue color and reacts with the chromate‐ion indicator used in the titration of chloride. The cupric ion is easily removed with ion exchange resin or by precipitation with sodium bicarbonate. Solid cupric acetate was added to the water samples and solution volume changes were considered negligible. The acetate ion did not interfere in the analytical procedures used.
Desalinization and Future Water Supply in the United States
Authors: Faust Raymond J.
Published: February 2018

Because of the United States' explosive population rise and great expansion of industry and irrigation with their great thirst for water, it was prudent for the government to search for new sources of freshwater and to choose conversion, or desalinization, for study because of its tremendous potential. The article discusses the technical challenges of sea water conversion, brackish water conversion, and presents several alternative approaches to expanding water supplies besides conversion that include: reduction of evaporation from impoundments; weather modification; more efficient use of water in agriculture, public supply, and industry; reuse of water; water pollution control; more storage, both above and below ground surface; and, watershed management.
Estimated Cost of Desalting Three Florida Brackish Waters
Authors: Barnhill Kenneth G.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the characteristics and estimated costs of desalting brackish water in three different counties in Florida that include Martin County, Brevard County, and Sarasota County.
Removal of ABS From Water by Chloride Cycle Anion Exchange
Authors: Abrams Irving M. , Lewon Sidney M.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a study of the suitability of a variety of anion exchangers for the removal of alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS), a major surfactant used in most household detergent compositions, at levels which might be encountered in sewage or water supplies. The work was divided into three parts: exploratory equilibrium tests; column capacity tests; and, possible regeneration methods. Possible commercial application of this process is discussed. Micelle formation within the resin phase is postulated as a possible mechanism for the observed phenomena, and the analogy to “organic fouling” is pointed out.
Automatic Valveless Gravity Filters
Authors: McKee Donald M.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the automatic valveless gravity filter. The essential revolutionary aspect of this new filter is that it operates without butterfly valves, pilot mechanisms, rate controllers, gages, graphic panels, or air compressors. The article discusses operation of the valveless filter, its benefits and its costs.
Behavior and Evaluation of Microstraining for a Supply in California
Authors: Carter Ralf C. , Ludwig Harvey F. , Ongerth Henry J. , Harmon Judson A. , II Sam H. Woody
Published: February 2018

In May 1960, a fine‐screen microstrainer was installed as a pretreatment unit for water from Lytle Creek, a part of the Fontana System of the San Gabriel Valley Water Company. This paper briefly describes the installation of the microstrainer and details of the method developed to evaluate its performance.
Economics of Gas Engines for Pumping
Authors: Curtis Jack E.
Published: February 2018

The first objective of this article was to discuss the electric motor and the gas engine, and to determine which is the more economical. The article's second objective was to outline the principles governing the economical operation of gas engines. The article discusses the fundamental reasons for a gas engine's ability to drive water pumps under conditions of fluctuating load with less power. This ability, combined with its use of advantageously priced energy, will result in lower overall operating costs than are possible with electric motors in comparable service. The article concludes that careful attention to the details of selecting and installing a gas engine, and subsequent implementation of a well designed preventive maintenance program, will mean operational savings in the long run.
Operation and Maintenance of Centrifugal Pumps
Authors: Watts Edward J.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses general information applicable to the operation and maintenance of centrifugal pumps. Under the subject of operation, topics covered include: suction conditions; priming; starting and operation; and, stopping pumps. Under the subject of lubrication and cleaning, topics covered include: grease‐lubricated antifriction bearings; regular grease change; regular lubrication; oil‐lubricated antifriction bearings; oil change; constant‐level oil control; coupling lubrication; complete cleaning during a major overhaul; and, repacking bearings and housings. Under the subject of pump maintenance, topics discussed include: semiannual and annual inspections; complete overhauls; casing; casing‐gasket installation; wearing rings; shaft and shaft sleeves; bearings; packing; performance tests; storage; and, spare and repair parts.
Detection and Enumeration of Iron Bacteria in Municipal Water Supplies
Authors: Lueschow Lloyd A. , Mackenthun Kenneth M.
Published: February 2018

This article describes a membrane filter technique for the concentration and enumeration of iron bacteria in water supplies. The filtration procedure is exceptionally successful in concentrating small numbers of organisms. This process permits a relatively accurate enumeration. An additional advantage of the filter technique is the detection of other foreign material in the sample that is not apparent by ordinary bacteriological or chemical analysis.
Legal and Moral Responsibilities of Water Utility Management
Authors: Murdoch John H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the legal and moral responsibilities of water utility management. It states that a water utility has a legal responsibility to provide reasonably adequate water service to customers within its service areas without unreasonable preference or discrimination. As far as moral responsibility, the article states that a water utility has the moral obligation to run an efficient organization, without waste, building a team dedicated to public service, and to try diligently to guide the public in its territory toward acceptance of the higher goals of service which the industry is envisioning.
Types and Uses of Centrifugal Pumps in Water Utility Engineering
Authors: Kessler Lewis H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the types of centrifugal pumps used by water utilities, and notes the category of service in which pumps of each class perform best. This article especially concerns vertical units such as axial‐flow propeller, mixed‐flow propeller and impellervolute, end‐suction volute, deep‐well turbine, close‐coupled deep‐well turbine, and submersible motor‐driven turbine.
Economics of Water Demand in Commercialized Agriculture
Authors: Moore Charles V.
Published: February 2018

The first objective of this article is to estimate a demand schedule for irrigation water in a highly commercialized farm area of California's San Joaquin Valley. The second objective is to estimate the value of temporal redistribution of a limited water supply by the use of storage. The results of this study have shown that the commercial farm demand for irrigation water is relatively inelastic in the lower price ranges and becomes progressively more elastic with increasing prices. Thus, it can be concluded that water suppliers, such as irrigation districts which are selling irrigation water in the lower price ranges, can repay costs of additional structures and services if this entails only a modest price increase. A further conclusion to be drawn from this study is that a temporal redistribution of the water supply can have a significant effect on farm income. By shifting the availability of the stream runoff from the spring, when it normally occurs, to a point in time when it more nearly coincides with peak crop demands, farm income was increased. The increase was due to the availability of water for wetter irrigation treatments on some crops, and production was made possible of crops that otherwise could not have been grown because of insufficient water.
Field Testing of Large Meters
Authors: Stookey Robert L.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses field testing of meters larger than 2 inches. Field test equipment is listed, and an actual field test is presented of a 4‐inch compound meter. The article also discusses correcting for variation in comparison meter accuracy.
Progress in Ground Water Studies With the Electric‐Analog Model
Authors: Brown Russell H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses how the science of hydrology has kept pace with the need for groundwater studies of steadily increasing precision and complexity. Electric‐analog models are now being effectively used to simulate complex groundwater flow systems in parts of several states.
Development of United States Water Resources
Authors: Udall Stewart L.
Published: February 2018

This address from Secretary of the Interior Stewart L. Udall focuses on the need for intelligent management of a total water supply, and discusses the following topics: the need for new sources; the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1961; U.S. Geological Survey activities; the report of the Senate Select Committee on National Water Resources on a 2‐year water supply/demand study; the scope of future needs; the proposed Water Resources Planning Act; conservation activities; and, the Delaware River Basin Compact.
Continuous Recording of Water Quality in the Delaware Estuary
Authors: McCartney David , Beamer Norman H.
Published: February 2018

This paper discusses a highly instrumented program in the Delaware estuary to study the water quality of the Delaware River. Continuous recording, supplemented with periodic hand sampling, offers a new approach to collecting water quality data. The volume of data that has been collected over the past 10 years can now be collected in a few weeks with continuous recorders, although a determination of the extremes of seasonal variations may require a few more years. With data of higher statistical correlation, more accurate predictions of the immediate river quality, conditions, and trends are possible.
Operating Experience With Steel Tanks
Authors: Seeger William R.
Published: February 2018

This article is concerned with the construction of steel storage tanks. The data and material in this article were taken from the 53‐year construction history of steel tanks installed in the Marin Municipal Water District. Design, fabrication, and erection of steel tanks is discussed, along with access stairways, ventilation, platforms and columns, foundation pad, surface protection, preparation, inspection devices, analysis of coating systems, exterior coating, suggested specifications, and painting and maintenance costs.
Operating Experiences at Philadelphia Suburban Treatment Plants
Authors: Shull Kenneth E.
Published: February 2018

Philadelphia Suburban Water Company management has a progressive attitude toward new developments in water treatment. The article discusses new practices that were adopted as soon as they were proven, including: the use of activated carbon in the early 1930's shortly after it was first introduced to the water industry; the adoption of chlorine‐ammonia treatment in the early 1930's; the use of free‐residual chlorination in 1941; and, chlorine dioxide in 1945. The membrane filter technique for bacteriologic examination of water was first used about 1950, and the method has since continued to play an important part as a supplement to standard bacteriologic procedures. A separate research department was established in 1958 to improve the existing treatment methods and analysis, and develop new and better methods. A discussion by Reginald B. Adams of the Wilkinsburg‐Penn Joint Water Authority, follows the main body of the article, and suggests that, in addition to the methods discussed for checking the passing of activated carbon through the filters, a simple application of the membrane filter should be included. Manganese colloids and carbon passing through the filters are checked routinely with membrane filters at Wilkinsburg‐Penn Joint Water Authority. Filter runs are regulated on the basis of these tests more often than by loss of head.
Design Criteria for Diatomite Filters
Authors: Bell George R.
Published: February 2018

This article is primarily concerned with the mechanical and hydraulic use of diatomite filters themselves, and secondarily with the performance of the filter aids coupled with well‐designed filters. Included in the various aspects of design are hydraulic velocities (both within and without the filters), septum considerations, adequacy of filter cleaning, precoating technique, and principles of continuous slurry feeding.
Forest Cutting and Increased Water Yield
Authors: Reinhart Kenneth G. , Trimble George R.
Published: February 2018

This article reports the results of a lO‐year study made in the mountains of West Virginia by the U.S. Forest Service. Streamflows of five small forested watersheds, ranging in size from 38 to 96 acres, have been gaged on the Fernow Experimental Forest in Tucker County, West Virginia, since the spring of 1951. In this study, forest cutting caused a considerable increase in streamflow, and was directly related to the amount of timber cut. The article discusses the relationship between the amount of increase and the amount of precipitation, along with the augmentation of low‐flow by commercial clear‐cutting, the effect of clear‐cutting on evapotranspiration, and the reduction in water quality being affected by the method of logging rather than the amount of timber cut.
Optimum‐Energy Technique for Determining Costs of Saline‐Water Conversion
Authors: Tribus Myron , Evans Robert M.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the optimum‐energy technique used for the determination of costs of saline water conversion. The optimum energy requirements determine the optimum values of all thermodynamic design variables such as temperature differences, pressure drops, and flow rates. The resulting equipment combinations yield the achievable minimum possible cost of freshwater from the sea at the prevailing level of economics and technology. This technique of determining plant designs by finding the optimum energy requirement is called the optimum‐energy technique.
Use of Network Analyzers at Baltimore
Authors: Linaweaver F. Pierce
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a study of the Baltimore County Towson Fourth Zone distribution system to illustrate the procedure for conducting an analysis on an analyzer. Hydraulic analyses for system design are necessary to check analyzer set‐up against existing field conditions, to determine the size of proposed improvements under estimated future demands at the end of the design period, and to determine the timing and staging of these improvements. Many hydraulic problems can be solved using a McIlroy network analyzer in addition to distribution system design.
Advances in Automatic Sampling
Authors: Ferguson George E.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the recent advances in automatic sampling equipment that are major steps in the long range and challenging objectives of understanding the physical, chemical, and biological processes in the Delaware River Estuary.
Ground Water Development in New Haven
Authors: Novaro Joseph A.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the locating, testing, and developing of the groundwater supply for the town of Cheshire, Connecticut. Seven test wells were installed. The first, which was closest to Mill River, reached ledge rock at a 48‐ft depth. The remaining six, at varying distances west of Mill River, encountered a ledge at depths of 104‐ 195 ft. Four were selected for 24‐hr test pumping, yielding from 9 to 15 gpm of medium‐soft water per foot of drawdown. It was estimated that these sites will each yield a maximum of 800‐1,000 gpm when developed with gravel‐packed wells. At this site, 1,003 ft of 8‐in. test wells, including 41 ft of penetration into the underlying sandstone, were installed and removed. Approximately 350 ft of 2‐in. observation wells were installed. Four of the seven wells were test pumped for 24 hr. The entire test program at this site totalled $14,148, or an average of $14.10 per foot of 8‐in. test well.
Performance of Large‐Diameter Steel Pipe at St. Paul
Authors: Proudfit Donald P.
Published: February 2018

This article provides a comparison of the design assumptions with actual field performance of two large‐diameter steel pipelines constructed by the city of St. Paul, Minnesota, during the period from 1958 to 1960. The work was performed under two separate projects, designated as the 6O‐in. Fridley line and the 90‐in. Vadnais line. Each of these two new lines parallels an existing concrete line of equal size and capacity. At the present pumping head of 145 ft, the capacity of the Fridley line is about 50 mgd. The capacity of the Vadnais line, with its available head of 12 ft, is about 96 mgd. Specifications for each project provided for alternative bids on reinforced concrete pressure pipe and coal‐tar coated cement‐mortar lined steel pipe. In each instance, the low bidder selected steel pipe.
Special Considerations in Design of Water Rates
Authors: Luthin John C.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the basic premise that water rates must be designed to recover the total annual costs of a water utility. Topics covered include: the difference in revenue requirements between investor‐owned and publicly owned water utilities; depreciation expense as a revenue requirement; establishing a base year from which projections can be made; comparisons of operating ratios; future revenue requirements; application of principles of pricing; avoidance of undue discrimination; typical rate schedules; use of block rates; demand component of cost; demand rates; zone rates; and, miscellaneous considerations.
Absenteeism and Turnover
Authors: Garnier Robert C.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses some of the more common causes of employee absenteeism and turnover, and possible remedies. These causes may be things associated with the organization, its plant and its policies, or they may be things associated with the worker. The first considerations involve the factors of job‐related absenteeism and turnover.
Domestic Water Use in Sweden
Authors: Quraishi G. M.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses domestic water use in Sweden. Both domestic and total water demands in European countries are usually much less than those in the United States. Water demands in Sweden are no exception even though Sweden has one of the highest rates of water use in Europe. This is in no small measure due to the high standard of living prevalent in the country.
Federal and State Cooperation in the Development of the Water Resources of California
Authors: Dominy Floyd E.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses federal and state cooperation in the development of water resources in California. The article discusses past projects that integrated land and water for the benefit of the population, and that reveal a pattern for future enterprises. The projects discussed include: the Klamath Project, a 1905 Bureau of Reclamation project in northern California; the 1935 Central Valley Project that readjusted the inequitable distribution of water within California's Central Valley; and, the Colorado River development projects that included the Boulder Canyon Project with the All‐American Canal System, Parker Dam, the Colorado River Aqueduct, the San Diego Aqueduct, and the Palo Verde Diversion Dam.
Research on Algal Odor
Authors: Maloney Thomas E.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses research at the R. A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center to investigate the cause of odor production by algae. Investigations carried out with Chlorococcum, a unicellular green alga, in pure culture indicate that the odoriferous material is, for the most part, retained within the cells until their death or disintegration. The odor produced by this algae increased notably under experimental conditions in the acidic pH range. Fractionation of disintegrated algal cells revealed that a number of chemical compounds are involved in the odoriferous material.
Water Supply Economics, Technology, and Policy
Authors: DeHaven James C.
Published: February 2018

This article summarizes a study to demonstrate by argument and example that the correct application of economic principles will produce the greatest efficiency in water supply procurement and use in relation to, and in competition with, all the other desires of the community, as based on the values established by the community. Although many of the arguments presented are at variance with the present practice governing the use of existing water supplies and the development of new supplies, they indicate that certain “reforms” now in process (for example, changes taking place in water law) and supposedly directed to an improvement in the decision‐making practice, will actually make things worse. In other words, this study indicates that a major change, rather than merely a marginal modification, in the trend of current practice and thought on water supply problems is in order.
Water Requirements of Dishwashers and Food Waste Disposers
Authors: Watson Kenneth S.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the quantity of water used by the food waste disposer and the dishwasher. The article discusses a method developed for the approximate determination of water use by a disposer operated at a main pressure that falls within a 10‐180 psi range. Twenty‐six homes were included in a survey that covered a span of 2 years. The article states that the dishwasher has a definite reservoir capacity, a fixed valve arrangement and a repetitive washing and rinsing cycle. Therefore, approximately the same quantity of water is used each time the dishwashing machine is put through a cycle.
Electrical Method for Thawing Frozen Pipes
Authors: Bohlander Thomas W.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses an electrical method for thawing frozen water pipes that consists of running an electric current through the frozen section of pipe. Heat so generated starts the melting job and the warmer water from the mains completes it. Surface damage is eliminated and labor costs are negligible. The equipment used, arc welding machines and specially designed transformers that provide controllable current, is available to any utility.
Radioactivity Standards for Water
Authors: Tsivoglou Ernest C. , Burke George W.
Published: February 2018

This article is concerned with human health effects of chronic internal exposure for periods approaching a lifetime to very low levels of radioactivity in water that may or may not produce subtle damaging effects. The article examines the apparent differences among recommended standards in the following published documents: the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) Report No.2; the National Committee on Radiation Protection (NCRP) Handbook 69; two Federal Radiation Council (FRC) guidance manuals; and, the 1962 USPHS Drinking Water Standards. A study of these documents indicates that for individual radioisotopes the recommended limits, although not identical, are not significantly different. All apparent differences between them are more a matter of terminology than of substance. An examination of the several limits proposed for Ra226 will demonstrate this. This radioisotope is selected as an example because it occurs in all of the documents, and because it is a pollutant associated with normal peacetime industrial operations rather than with nuclear weapons testing.
Role of Research and Development in the Water Industry: Joint Discussion
Authors: Girand James
Published: February 2018

In this joint discussion on the role of research and development in the water industry, James Girand of Elizabethtown Water Co., Elizabeth, NJ, discusses management's view of research and development, including issues of utility management such as operating costs, capital expenditures, research, and consultants. Malcolm Pirnie, Jr., discusses the role of the consulting engineer related to pilot plants, the use of computers, the client‐consultant relationship, the basic functions of consultants, and cost of consultants. J.D. Carpenter and James A. Romano of Gannett, Fleming, Corddry and Carpenter, Cons. Engrs., Harrisburg, PA, continue the discussion on consultants including the changing role of consultants, engineering in Latin America, collaboration and research, research in the water industry, the client‐engineer relationship, engineering as teamwork, and types of jobs.