bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multi-Scale Convolution-Capsule Network for Crop Insect Pest Recognition
Authors: Xu Cong , Yu Changqing , Zhang Shanwen , Wang Xuqi
Published: May 2022

Accurate crop insect pest identification in fields is useful to control pests and beneficial to agricultural yield and quality. However, it is a difficult and challenging problem due to the crop insect pests being small with various sizes, postures, shapes, and disorganized backgrounds. Multi-scale convolution-capsule network (MSCCN) is constructed for crop insect pest identification. It consists of a multi-scale convolution module, capsule network (CapsNet) module, and SoftMax classification module. Multi-scale convolution is used to extract the multi-scale discriminative features, CapsNet is employed to encode the hierarchical structure of the size-variant insect pests in the crop images, and Softmax is adopted for insect pest identification. MSCCN combines the advantages of convolutional neural network (CNN), CapsNet, and multi-scale CNN, and can learn multi-scale robust features from pest images of different shapes and sizes for pest recognition and identify various morphed pests. Experimental results on the crop pest image dataset show that this method has a good recognition rate of 91.4%.
Energy Management Strategies for Hybrid Energy Storage Systems Based on Filter Control: Analysis and Comparison
Authors: Ramos Germán Andrés , Costa-Castelló Ramon
Published: May 2022

The Filter-Based Method (FBM) is one of the most simple and effective approaches for energy management in hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) composed of batteries and supercapacitors (SC). The FBM has evolved from its conventional form in such a manner that more flexibility and functionalities have been added. A comparative study and analysis of the most recent and relevant proposals based on the FBM for HESS are provided in this paper. In this way, the improvements for this energy management system (EMS) are in the form of adaptive filters, rules, Fuzzy logic control, sharing coefficients, and additional control loops. It is shown how these enhancements seek to avoid the premature degradation of the storage devices that are caused by deep discharge, overcharge, and fast current variations in the case of batteries and overcharge in the SC case. Therefore, the enhancements are focused on keeping the battery and SC working within safe operational limits. This paper presents new comparisons regarding the SoC evolution in the storage devices, specifically how the SC SoC is used in the EMS to establish the power sharing. Numerical simulations are added to compare the performance of the different EMS structures. The analysis of the results shows the effectiveness of the FBM in achieving power allocation and how the latest proposed improvements help to add flexibility to HESS as well as to avoid premature degradation of the storage devices.
Simulation and Investigation of the Change of Geometric Parameters on Voltage Induced in the Energy Harvesting System with Magnetic Spring
Authors: Bijak Joanna , Trawiński Tomasz , Szczygieł Marcin
Published: May 2022

The aim of this paper is to establish mathematical modelling and simulation for the voltage induced during movement of the moveable magnet in a double-sided magnetic spring, being part of the energy harvesting system. For various configurations of the set of permanent magnets, the repulsive forces of magnetic spring and induced voltage in energy harvester winding will be calculated. Changing the geometrical dimensions and shape of permanent magnets allows one to control the stiffness of the so-called double-sided magnetic spring, and furthermore, allows one to change the natural frequency of the energy harvester system. Properly chosen stiffness in the energy harvester system is the crucial issue for high efficiency in energy recovery. In a given case, the energy harvester consists of three permanent magnets inserted into a tube with coils wound on it. To calculate the force between the magnets and the magnetic flux in the coils, the ANSYS program was used. The voltages induced in coils for various configurations of the magnets were simulated in the MATLAB program.
Hybrid PV-Wind, Micro-Grid Development Using Quasi-Z-Source Inverter Modeling and Control—Experimental Investigation
Authors: Priyadarshi Neeraj , Padmanaban Sanjeevikumar , Ionel Dan M. , Mihet-Popa Lucian , Azam Farooque
Published: May 2022

This research work deals with the modeling and control of a hybrid photovoltaic (PV)-Wind micro-grid using Quasi Z-source inverter (QZsi). This inverter has major benefits as it provides better buck/boost characteristics, can regulate the phase angle output, has less harmonic contents, does not require the filter and has high power performance characteristics over the conventional inverter. A single ended primary inductance converter (SEPIC) module used as DC-DC switched power apparatus is employed for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) functions which provide high voltage gain throughout the process. Moreover, a modified power ratio variable step (MPRVS) based perturb & observe (P&O) method has been proposed, as part of the PV MPPT action, which forces the operating point close to the maximum power point (MPP). The proposed controller effectively correlates with the hybrid PV, Wind and battery system and provides integration of distributed generation (DG) with loads under varying operating conditions. The proposed standalone micro grid system is applicable specifically in rural places. The dSPACE real-time hardware platform has been employed to test the proposed micro grid system under varying wind speed, solar irradiation, load cutting and removing conditions etc. The experimental results based on a real-time digital platform, under dynamic conditions, justify the performance of a hybrid PV-Wind micro-grid with Quasi Z-Source inverter topology.
Social Values as One of the Crucial Determinants of Efficient Strategic Management of an Energy Sector Company
Authors: Machaczka Krzysztof , Stopa Maciej
Published: May 2022

A continual increase in the influence of exogenic conditions on a company’s ability to sustain and develop and increasing complexity of the management processes correlated with the discovery of new dimensions of an enterprise, which determine its potential—these all lead to a growing interest in the search for the factors which might facilitate the elevation of the level of integrity of a business model of an enterprise/organisational and managerial system of an enterprise. Currently, it is absolutely necessary to perceive an enterprise not only in the terms of a rational economic system that, in its activity, concentrates on the generation of a positive financial result, and the creation of its value for the stockholders, but also as the system, at the same time, is meant to act responsibly in relation to its stakeholders, society and the market. The observation of successful enterprises shows clearly that the company values make up an element indispensable for the creation of effective strategies of development, and, at the same time, an element guaranteeing them an appropriate level of strategic integrity in external and internal dimensions, paired with the preservation of flexibility for necessary reconfiguration. Some special attention should be paid to the fact that, in order to build permanent competitive advantage, in the context of the strategic dimension of company management, values should play a key role also in the enterprises within heavy industry, including the energy sector. This article aims to present the significance of selected aspects of strategic dimension management in the context of company strategy in one of the largest energy sector companies in Poland. It is based on an analysis of the results of research carried out in the second part of 2021 and at the beginning of 2022. Qualitative studies based on a questionnaire survey and in-depth interviews were conducted among this institution’s managers who are responsible for formulating the company strategy. The study results have shown that social and employees’ personal values, organisational culture, and management by values, have a substantial impact on the character and quality of the strategic dimension management of the analysed company. The article aims to show the role of social values in determining efficiency in the area of managing the strategic dimension of a company. In the context of this aim, the following important research questions should be asked: What is the influence of social values and values represented by the TMT (top management team) on a given company’s efficiency in the context of strategic decisions; and how do these factors influence the stability of the company development, and do they ensure the organisation’s resilience to short-term external changes?
Green Growth, Economic Development, and Carbon Dioxide Emissions: An Evaluation Based on Cointegration and Vector Error Correction Models
Authors: Sun Yu , Li Mingxing , Sun Hongzheng , Kanwel Shahida , Zhang Mengjuan , Erum Naila , Hussain Abid
Published: May 2022

Economic development is mainly dependent on fossil fuels. The massive use of fossil fuels has led to changes in the climate environment, in which the deterioration of air quality has affected people’s daily lives. This paper introduces the green growth level as a control variable to explore the connection between carbon dioxide emissions and the level of economic growth. It uses the EKC algorithm and VEC model to analyze Nanjing city’s data from 1993 to 2018. Given the data availability, the ARIMA algorithm was used to project carbon emissions for 2019–2025. It is found that the EKC curve of Nanjing City shows an N-shape, and the growth of economic level will cause the enhancement of carbon dioxide emissions. Carbon emissions will reach 7,592,140 tons in 2025. At present, we are in an essential stage of transition from N-shape to inverted U-shape, and this paper makes several recommendations based on the findings.
Single-Phase Universal Power Compensator with an Equal VAR Sharing Approach
Authors: Patnaik Nishant , Pandey Richa , Satish Raavi , Surakasi Balamurali , Abdelaziz Almoataz Y. , El-Shahat Adel
Published: May 2022

In this manuscript, we propose a single-phase UPC (universal power compensator) system to extensively tackle power quality issues (voltage and current) with an equal VAR (volt-ampere reactive) sharing approach between the series and shunt APF (active power filter) of a UPC system. The equal VAR sharing feature facilitates the series and shunt APF inverters to be of an equal rating. An SRF (synchronous reference frame)-based direct PA (power angle) calculation technique is implemented to realize equal VAR sharing between the APFs of the UPC. This PA estimation utilizes d and q axis current parameters derived for the reference signal generation of the shunt APF. An SRF-based method is highly useful for power estimations in distorted supply voltage conditions compared with other conventional methods, i.e., the PQ method. It comprises a reduced complexity and estimations with an easiness to retain two APF inverters of equal rating. A rigorous simulation analysis is performed with MATLAB/SIMULINK and a real-time digital simulator (OPAL-RT) for addressing different power quality-disturbing elements such as current harmonics, voltage harmonics, voltage sag/swell and load VAR demand with the proposed method.
The Impact of the Income Gap on Carbon Emissions: Evidence from China
Authors: Huo Congjia , Chen Lingming
Published: May 2022

The income gap and global warming have always been topics of common concern to scholars worldwide. Internationally, there is no consensus yet about the impact of the income gap on carbon emissions, and there are few studies about that in China. To explore the effect of the income gap on carbon emissions at the provincial level in China, this paper first theoretically and qualitatively analyzes the non-linear impact of the income gap on carbon emissions. Then, the Gini coefficient of the resident income of different regions in China from 2010 to 2019 is calculated. Finally, a threshold regression model is used to quantitatively test the existence of a threshold effect between the income gap and carbon emission intensity in China. The threshold value is the per capita disposable income of residents. The results show that the income gap is positively related to carbon emission intensity in poor regions. In high-income areas, the widening income gap inhibits the increase in carbon emission intensity. Based on this, this paper proposes policy recommendations to narrow the income gap and reduce the intensity of carbon emissions.
Improved Operation Strategy for the High Voltage Input Stage of a Multi-Port Smart Transformer
Authors: Romero-Cadaval Enrique , Barrero-González Fermín , González-Romera Eva , Milanés-Montero María-Isabel , Roncero-Clemente Carlos
Published: May 2022

Smart transformers are considered a crucial part of future smart grids as they will operate as the energy router and be able to control the power flows from and to the microgrids since they are placed in the border. A multi-port transformer can integrate different energy resources, loads and energy storage systems, optimizing the power flows between these elements. Combining both concepts, a multi-port smart transformer is obtained that is able to integrate efficiently distributed and renewable energy resources, electric vehicle chargers, prosumers and energy storage in both AC and DC microgrids. Nevertheless, the operation of these transformers, composed of several modules connected in series to the high-voltage grid is not easy, mainly due to the different power consumed or generated by each module. In this paper this issue is analyzed and different operation strategies for coordinating the series-connected modules at the input side are studied by simulation. The paper will expose how it is possible to extend the proper operation of the system if a reactive power controller is implemented.
Experimental Study and Modeling of the Effect of ESDD/NSDD on AC Flashover of SiR Outdoor Insulators
Authors: Slama Mohammed El Amine , Krzma Adnan , Albano Maurizio , Haddad Abderrahmane Manu
Published: May 2022

Pollution flashover occurs when soluble and nonsoluble materials cover the surface of an insulator, and this may ultimately cause a reduction in its performance. In this paper, the common type of sodium chloride (NaCl) was used as a soluble pollutant (ESDD) and kaolin as a nonsoluble pollutant (NSDD). Samples of silicone rubber (SiR) insulators were selected for this study and fabricated at the Advanced High Voltage Engineering Research Centre (AHIVEC) at Cardiff University. The samples were preconditioned and polluted according to standard specifications. Additionally, the AC voltage ramp technique was used to achieve flashover (FOV) voltage with different pollution levels. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of nonsoluble materials on flashover characteristics to understand their interaction with dry-band arcs by using FOV electrical equations and experimental data. The test results show that the FOV voltage of the silicone rubber insulator substantially decreased with the increase in both ESDD and NSDD values. It was also identified from these results that the dry-band arcs were considerably influenced by both ESDD and NSDD levels. This impact can be quantified by determining the variation of discharge parameters (N, n). Based on the FOV equations and experimental data, a mathematical model was suggested, taking into account the effect of both ESDD and NSDD.
Cascading Crypthecodinium cohnii Biorefinery: Global Warming Potential and Techno-Economic Assessment
Authors: Silva Carla , Moniz Patricia , Oliveira Ana , Vercelli Samuela , Reis Alberto , da Silva Teresa
Published: May 2022

Prior to the commissioning of a new industrial biorefinery it is deemed necessary to evaluate if the new project will be beneficial or detrimental to climate change, one of the main drivers for the sustainable development goals (SDG) of the United Nations. In particular, how SDG 7, Clean and Efficient Energy, SDG 3, Good Health and Well Being, SDG 9, Industry Innovation and Infrastructure, and SDG 12, Responsible Production and Consumption, would engage in a new biorefinery design, beneficial to climate change, i.e., fostering SDG 13, Climate Action. This study uses life cycle assessment methodology (LCA) to delve in detail into the Global Warming Impact category, project scenario GHG savings, using a conventional and a dynamic emission flux approach until 2060 (30-year lifetime). Water, heat and electricity circularity are in place by using a water recirculation process and a combined heat and power unit (CHP). A new historical approach to derive low and higher-end commodity prices (chemicals, electricity, heat, jet/maritime fuel, DHA, N-fertilizer) is used for the calculation of the economic indicators: Return of investment (ROI) and inflation-adjusted return (IAR), based upon the consumer price index (CPI). Main conclusions are: supercritical fluid extraction is the hotspot of energy consumption; C. cohnii bio-oil without DHA has higher sulfur concentration than crude oil based jet fuel requiring desulfurization, however the sulfur levels are compatible with maritime fuels; starting its operation in 2030, by 2100 an overall GHG savings of 73% (conventional LCA approach) or 85% (dynamic LCA approach) is projected; economic feasibility for oil productivity and content of 0.14 g/L/h and 27% (w/w) oil content, respectively (of which 31% is DHA), occurs for DHA-cost 100 times higher than reference fish oil based DHA; however future genetic engineering achieving 0.4 g/L/h and 70% (w/w) oil content (of which 31% is DHA), reduces the threshold to 20 times higher cost than reference fish oil based DHA; N-fertilizer, district heating and jet fuel may have similar values then their fossil counterparts.
Extended Reality for Smart Building Operation and Maintenance: A Review
Authors: Casini Marco
Published: May 2022

The operation and maintenance (O&M) of buildings and infrastructure represent a strategic activity to ensure they perform as expected over time and to reduce energy consumption and maintenance costs at the urban and building scale. With the increasing diffusion of BIM, IoT devices, and AI, the future of O&M is represented by digital twin technology. To effectively take advantage of this digital revolution, thus enabling data-driven energy control, proactive maintenance, and predictive daily operations, it is vital that smart building management exploits the opportunities offered by the extended reality (XR) technologies. Nevertheless, in consideration of the novelty of XR in the AECO sector and its rapid and ongoing evolution, knowledge of the specific possibilities and the methods of integration into the building process workflow is still piecemeal and sparse. With the goal to bridge this gap, the article presents a thorough review of virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR) technologies and applications for smart building operation and maintenance. After defining VR, AR, and MR, the article provides a detailed review that analyzes, categorizes, and summarizes state-of-the-art XR technologies and their possible applications for building O&M along with their relative advantages and disadvantages. The article concludes that the application of XR in building and city management is showing promising results in enhancing human performance in technical O&M tasks, in understanding and controlling the energy efficiency, comfort, and safety of building and infrastructures, and in supporting strategic decision making for the future smart city.
Differed Adaptive Strategies to Nutrient Status between Native and Exotic Mangrove Species
Authors: Wang Ying , Zhang Ziming , He Kehong , Qin Zhangcai , Xie Luhua , Liu Yihan , Lin Yaobei , Wei Jing , Wang Fan
Published: May 2022

To rapidly rehabilitate mangrove forests, exotic mangrove species characterized by high growth rates have been introduced in China, which would undoubtedly affect the nutrient status, nutrient acquisition and utilization strategies of mangrove plants, but the mechanism remains unclear. Qi’ao Island (a suburb of Zhuhai City) has the largest continuous exotic mangrove forests in China, where a mass collection of mangrove soils, plant tissues and tidewater was conducted. Ecological stoichiometric ratios and isotopic compositions were then analyzed to evaluate the ecosystem-scale nutrient status and compare the nutrient acquisition and utilization strategies of native Kandelia obovata (KO) and exotic Sonneratia apetala (SA) species. Soil and foliar C:N:P stoichiometries indicated that there is high P availability but N limitations, while further isotopic evidence indicated that native KO and exotic SA responded differently to the N limitation status. First, native KO seemed to prefer NO3−, while exotic SA preferred NH4+, according to the Δ15Nleaf–root (leaf–root δ15N difference) as well as the relationships between foliar δ15N and soil-extracted NH4+ δ15N, and between N and heavy metal contents. This suggested possible inter-specific competition between native KO and exotic SA, leading to different N species’ preferences to maximize resource utilization. Next, native KO likely adopted the “conservative” strategy to ensure survival with reduced investment in N-rich growth components but root systems leading to lower growth rates and higher N use efficiency (NUE) and intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE), while exotic SA adopted the “aggressive” strategy to ensure fast growth with heavy investment in N-rich growth components, leading to rapid growth and lower NUE and iWUE, and showing signs of invasiveness. Further, native KO is more responsive to aggravated N limitation by enhancing NUE. This study will provide insights into the adaptation of different mangrove species to nutrient limitations and the risks associated with large-scale plantations of exotic mangrove species.
Enhancing Rumen Fermentation Characteristic and Methane Mitigation Using Phytonutrient Pellet in Beef Cattle
Authors: Ampapon Thiwakorn , Haitook Theerachai , Wanapat Metha
Published: May 2022

The objective of this experiment was to assess the effects of chaya (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) leaf and rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) fruit peel pellet (CRP) supplementation on rumen fermentation, feed intake, nutrient digestibility, and nitrogen balance in crossbred beef cattle. Four beef cattle crossbred bulls (Brahman 75% × Thai native 25%), with 250 ± 15 kg of liveweight at 18 months old, were randomly selected to receive four dietary treatment groups: no supplementation (control) and the supplementation of CRP at 2, 4 and 6% of dry matter intake (DMI) by using a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The cattle were fed a concentrate at 2 kg/day, and rice straw was offered ad libitum. The results showed that rumen pH at 4 h and average post-feeding values were in the normal range, though they were slightly reduced with CRP supplementation at 4 and 6% DMI (p < 0.05). Rumen temperature, ammonia nitrogen level, and total volatile fatty acid (VFA), acetate (C2), and butyrate (C4) production were similar among treatments. Nevertheless, propionate (C3) concentration was significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the CRP groups at 2 and 4% DMI. In addition, the C2/C3 ratio and CH4 production were significantly reduced in the CRP groups, especially at 2 and 4% DMI. Rice straw intake and total feed intake in terms of %BW were significantly higher in the groups with CRP at 2 and 4% DMI (p < 0.05). The apparent nutrient digestibilities were not affected by the treatments. Nitrogen intake, nitrogen absorption, and nitrogen retention were significantly enhanced by the CRP supplementation (p < 0.05). Moreover, feces and total nitrogen excretion were not different among treatments (p > 0.05). Ultimately, the supplementation of CRP at 2 and 4% DMI significantly improved the C3 concentration, reduced the C2/C3 ratio, mitigated methane production, and enhanced feed intake and nitrogen utilization efficiency. Therefore, CRP supplementation shows promise as a rumen dietary enhancer.
A Homogenization Approach for Turbulent Channel Flows over Porous Substrates: Formulation and Implementation of Effective Boundary Conditions
Authors: Ahmed Essam N. , Naqvi Sahrish B. , Buda Lorenzo , Bottaro Alessandro
Published: May 2022

The turbulent flow through a plane channel bounded by a single permeable wall is considered; this is a problem of interest since a carefully chosen distribution of grains and voids in the porous medium can result in skin friction reduction for the flow in the channel. In the homogenization approach followed here, the flow is not resolved in the porous layer, but an effective velocity boundary condition is developed (and later enforced) at a virtual interface between the porous bed and the channel flow. The condition is valid up to order two in terms of a small gauge factor, the ratio of microscopic to macroscopic length scales; it contains slip coefficients, plus surface and bulk permeability coefficients, which arise from the solution of microscale problems solved in a representative elementary volume. Using the effective boundary conditions, free of empirical parameters, direct numerical simulations are then performed in the channel, considering a few different porous substrates. The results, examined in terms of mean values and turbulence statistics, demonstrate the drag-reducing effects of porous substrates with streamwise-preferential alignment of the solid grains.
Construction of an ECL Detection Platform for Sensitive Detection of Carbaryl Based on an Eu3+-Functionalized Metal–Organic Framework Encapsulated with Nanogold
Authors: Liu Chang , Wang Haiyang , Hu Xuelian , Cao Yichuan , Fang Guozhen
Published: May 2022

In this work, an Eu3+-MOF-253@Au electrochemiluminescence sensor was successfully constructed for the first time by encapsulating nanogold in the metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) backbone and pore channels, and assembling Eu3+ on the MOF backbone. Firstly, the introduction of nanogold overcomes the weakness of MOFs, which was difficult to achieve, and enhances its catalytic performance, followed by the modification of Eu3+ to confer the electrochemiluminescence performance and the function of target detection on the sensor. Moreover, carbaryl was placed in an alkaline working solution to enhance the intensity of electrochemiluminescence signal, as well as to promote the hydrolysis of carbaryl into 1-naphthol, which caused the burst of Eu3+-MOF-253@Au electrochemiluminescence sensor, thereby achieving the sensitive detection of carbaryl. On this basis, the electrochemiluminescence detection conditions were optimized, the performance was analyzed, and finally it was successfully used for the detection of carbaryl with good linearity in the range of 0.2–200 μg L−1 and a low detection limit (0.14 μg L−1).
Polylactide-Based Films with the Addition of Poly(ethylene glycol) and Extract of Propolis—Physico-Chemical and Storage Properties
Authors: Olewnik-Kruszkowska Ewa , Gierszewska Magdalena , Wrona Magdalena , Nerin Cristina , Grabska-Zielińska Sylwia
Published: May 2022

Polymeric films based on polylactide (PLA) with the addition of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and a chloroformic extract of propolis were obtained. In the case of the studied films, polylactide (PLA) played the role of polymeric matrix and poly(ethylene glycol) was used as a plasticizer, while the extract of propolis was incorporated as a compound that could significantly affect the properties of the obtained materials, especially the water vapour permeation rate and the stability of the food products. Moreover, changes in structure, morphology, mechanical and storage properties as well as differences in colour, thickness and transparency after introducing propolis into the PLA–PEG system were determined. Based on the obtained results, it was established that the addition of the chloroformic extract of propolis significantly influences the most important properties taken into account during food packaging. It was also noticed that films with incorporated propolis were characterised by a significant improvement in the water vapour barrier property. Moreover, the obtained results prove that packaging containing a chloroformic propolis extract allow for the maintenance of the quality of the fruit stored for an extended period of time. To summarise, the application of a chloroformic propolis extract enables the formation of packaging materials that extend the shelf life of stored food products.
Chitosan-Based Materials: An Overview of Potential Applications in Food Packaging
Authors: Liu Tong , Li Junbo , Tang Qilong , Qiu Peng , Gou Dongxia , Zhao Jun
Published: May 2022

Chitosan is a multifunctional biopolymer that is widely used in the food and medical fields because of its good antibacterial, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibiting activity and its degradability. The biological activity of chitosan as a new food preservation material has gradually become a hot research topic. This paper reviews recent research on the bioactive mechanism of chitosan and introduces strategies for modifying and applying chitosan for food preservation and different preservation techniques to explore the potential application value of active chitosan-based food packaging. Finally, issues and perspectives on the role of chitosan in enhancing the freshness of food products are presented to provide a theoretical basis and scientific reference for subsequent research.
Comparison of Selected Phenotypic Features of Persistent and Sporadic Strains of Listeria monocytogenes Sampled from Fish Processing Plants
Authors: Wiktorczyk-Kapischke Natalia , Wałecka-Zacharska Ewa , Skowron Krzysztof , Kijewska Agnieszka , Bernaciak Zuzanna , Bauza-Kaszewska Justyna , Kraszewska Zuzanna , Gospodarek-Komkowska Eugenia
Published: May 2022

(1) Background: The main source of transmission of Listeria monocytogenes is contaminated food, e.g., fish and meat products and raw fruit and vegetables. The bacteria can remain for 13 years on machines in food processing plants, including fish plants. (2) Methods: A total of 720 swabs were collected from a salmon filleting line. The research material consisted of 62 (8.6%) L. monocytogenes isolates. Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) allowed detecting a pool of persistent strains. All persistent strains (n = 6) and a parallel group of strains collected sporadically (n = 6) were characterized by their ability to invade HT-29 cells, biofilm formation ability, and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of selected disinfectants. (3) Results: Among the obtained isolates, 38 genetically different strains were found, including 6 (15.8%) persistent strains. The serogroup 1/2a-3a represented 28 strains (73.7%), including the persistent ones. There were no significant differences in invasiveness between the persistent and sporadic strains. The persistent strains tolerated higher concentrations of the tested disinfectants, except for iodine-based compounds. The persistent strains initiated the biofilm formation process faster and formed it more intensively. (4) Conclusions: The presence of persistent strains in the food processing environment is a great challenge for producers to ensure consumer safety. This study attempts to elucidate the phenotypic characteristics of persistent L. monocytogenes strains.
A Simple Combination of Active and Intelligent Packaging Based on Garlic Extract and Indicator Solution in Extending and Monitoring the Meat Quality Stored at Cold Temperature
Authors: Dirpan Andi , Djalal Muspirah , Ainani Andi Fadiah
Published: May 2022

Safety and quality, as the major concerns of meat, are highly dependent on the ingredients and packaging techniques used. A basic combination of active and intelligent packaging is believed to be capable of preserving product quality, extending shelf life, and monitoring product deterioration. Therefore, this study aimed to extend and monitor the beef quality at cold temperatures (4 ± 1 °C). The active packaging applied garlic extract (0%, 15%, and 20% (w/w)) to release anti-microbial agents. Meanwhile, the intelligent paper applied a combination of bromothymol blue (BTB) and phenol red (PR) solutions at pH 5.00. The results showed that beef packed without the addition of garlic extract had already deteriorated on the 6th day of storage while, with the addition of garlic extract (15% and 20%) rotted on the 12th day. The intelligent indication label’s color profile changed from dark yellow (fresh), to reddish-yellow (to be consumed immediately), to faded red (rotten). The color change of the intelligent indicator label in response to all meat deterioration criteria demonstrates a linear correlation for determining the extent of rottenness during storage. Therefore, this simple combination of active paper and intelligent indicator can be used to extend the shelf life and monitor meat quality.
Enzymatic Hydrolysis Modifies Emulsifying Properties of Okra Pectin
Authors: Olawuyi Ibukunoluwa Fola , Park Jong Jin , Park Gwang Deok , Lee Won Young
Published: May 2022

Okra pectins (OKPs) with diverse structures obtained by different extraction protocols have been used to study the relationship between their molecular structure and emulsifying properties. A targeted modification of molecular structure offers a more rigorous method for investigating the emulsifying properties of pectins. In this study, three glycoside hydrolases, polygalacturonase (PG), galactanase (GL), and arabinanase (AR), and their combinations, were used to modify the backbone and side-chains of OKP, and the relationships between the pectin structure and emulsion characteristics were examined by multivariate analysis. Enzymatic treatment significantly changed the molecular structure of OKP, as indicated by monosaccharide composition, molecular weight, and structure analysis. GL- and AR- treatments reduced side-chains, while PG-treatment increased side-chain compositions in pectin structure. We compared the performance of hydrolyzed pectins in stabilizing emulsions containing 50% v/v oil-phase and 0.25% w/v pectin. While the emulsions were stabilized by PG (93.3% stability), the emulsion stability was reduced in GL (62.5%), PG+GL+AR (37.0%), and GL+AR (34.0%) after 15-day storage. Furthermore, microscopic observation of the droplets revealed that emulsion destabilization was caused by flocculation and coalescence. Principal component analysis confirmed that neutral sugar side-chains are key for long-term emulsion stabilization and that their structure explains the emulsifying properties of OKP. Our data provide structure-function information applicable to the tailored extraction of OKP with good emulsification performance, which can be used as a natural emulsifier.
Characterization, Selection, and Trans-Species Polymorphism in the MHC Class II of Heermann’s Gull (Charadriiformes)
Authors: Mancilla-Morales Misael Daniel , Velarde Enriqueta , Contreras-Rodríguez Araceli , Gómez-Lunar Zulema , Rosas-Rodríguez Jesús A. , Heras Joseph , Soñanez-Organis José G. , Ruiz Enrico A.
Published: May 2022

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) enables vertebrates to cope with pathogens and maintain healthy populations, thus making it a unique set of loci for addressing ecology and evolutionary biology questions. The aim of our study was to examine the variability of Heermann’s Gull MHC class II (MHCIIB) and compare these loci with other Charadriiformes. Fifty-nine MHCIIB haplotypes were recovered from sixty-eight Heermann’s Gulls by cloning, of them, twelve were identified as putative true alleles, forty-five as unique alleles, and two as pseudogenes. Intra and interspecific relationships indicated at least two loci in Heermann’s Gull MHCIIB and trans-species polymorphism among Charadriiformes (coinciding with the documented evidence of two ancient avian MHCIIB lineages, except in the Charadriidae family). Additionally, sites under diversifying selection revealed a better match with peptide-binding sites inferred in birds than those described in humans. Despite the negative anthropogenic activity reported on Isla Rasa, Heermann’s Gull showed MHCIIB variability consistent with population expansion, possibly due to a sudden growth following conservation efforts. Duplication must play an essential role in shaping Charadriiformes MHCIIB variability, buffering selective pressures through balancing selection. These findings suggest that MHC copy number and protected islands can contribute to seabird conservation.
The Effects of Sternocleidomastoid Muscle Taping on Postural Control in Healthy Young Adults: A Pilot Crossover Study
Authors: Martino Cinnera Alex , Princi Alessandro Antonio , Leone Enza , Marrano Serena , Pucello Alessandra , Paolucci Stefano , Iosa Marco , Morone Giovanni
Published: May 2022

Background: Postural control is a complex ability, also controlled by the somatosensory connection of the neck muscles with the vestibular nuclei. This circuit seems to be interested in maintaining head stabilization during movements. The sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle is the dominant source of the vestibular afferents as confirmed by neurophysiological acquisition. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether the application of kinesio-tape on the SCM muscle can induce a perturbation of the standing postural control by altering the somatosensory system of the neck muscles. Methods: Thirteen healthy participants (age: 24.46 ± 3.04 yrs; 9 female) were enrolled, and the four kinesio-tape (KT) conditions were performed in a random order: without KT application (Ctrl); right KT application (R-SCM); left KT application (L-SCM); and bilateral KT application (B-SCM). All conditions were performed three times with open eyes and closed eyes. Results: There was a significant increase in the length of the centre of pressure (CoP), in the maximal oscillation, and in the anteroposterior root mean square between the three tape application conditions with respect to the Ctrl condition with open eyes. The same parameters were statistically different when the participants were blindfolded in the B-SCM condition with respect to the Ctrl condition. A statistical decrease in the difference in weight distribution between the two feet was observed in the B-SCM group with respect to the Ctrl group in both open and closed eyes conditions. Conclusions: Our results suggest that KT on the SCM muscles may involve some space-time parameters of postural control. Bilateral KT improved the weight distribution between the feet but showed a parallel increase in anteroposterior oscillations and in the length of the CoP with respect to the Ctrl condition. The perturbation seems to be greater in the somatosensory system when it is working coupled with visual afferences during an upright position.
The Effectiveness of ddPCR for Detection of Point Mutations in Poor-Quality Saliva Samples
Authors: Riedlova Petra , Kramna Dagmar , Ostrizkova Silvie , Tomaskova Hana , Jirik Vitezslav
Published: May 2022

Background: The noninvasive collection of saliva samples for DNA analyses is simple, and its potential for research and diagnostic purposes is great. However, DNA isolates from such samples are often of inferior quality to those from blood. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the robustness and sensitivity of the ddPCR instrument for genetic analyses from saliva samples of poor quality by comparing their results to those obtained using an established method from blood samples. Methods: Blood and saliva were collected from 47 university students, which was followed by manual isolation of DNA and analysis on droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). Results of analyses were supplemented with values of fractional abundances. Results: ddPCR proved to be highly suitable for analysis of even low-quality saliva samples (concentrations as low as 0.79 ng/µL), especially when augmented by fractional abundance data. This combination yielded 100% agreement with results obtained from blood samples. Conclusion: This study verified the applicability of ddPCR as a sensitive and robust method of genetic diagnostic testing even from low-quality saliva isolates. This makes it potentially suitable for a wide range of applications and facilitates the performance of large epidemiological studies, even if sampling or sample processing is suboptimal.
A Strong Sustainability Framework for Digital Preservation of Cultural Heritage: Introducing the Eco-Sufficiency Perspective
Authors: Paschalidou Evangelia , Fafet Charlotte , Milios Leonidas
Published: May 2022

The intensifying effects of climate change are becoming one of the main threats to cultural heritage, posing risks of degradation or destruction. Climate change is bringing complexity and uncertainty to ensuring the resilience of cultural heritage, and among risk mitigation measures digitalisation is regarded as a promising tool. However, the infrastructure required for the digitalisation process exerts significant pressures on the environment contributing to climate deterioration. To address these issues, this contribution developed a strong sustainability framework for the preservation of cultural heritage through digitalisation, for minimising environmental impacts and maximising the potential of preservation. To construct the framework, a literature review was conducted on efficiency and sufficiency concepts and existing approaches to sustainability of digitalisation in cultural heritage. To test the potential application and feasibility of the framework in driving environmental sustainability efforts within cultural heritage organisations, the case study of the Finnish Heritage Agency was analysed. The results showed that the understanding of the sustainability of digitalisation is not fully developed. Strong sustainability is hardly applied in practice, even though an inherent tendency for sufficiency especially in the appraisal stage was identified. It was highlighted that extensive stakeholder networks are required for advancing the sustainability of digital preservation. Ultimately, re-examining current practices and realigning stakeholders would be required for addressing the current challenges.
Nutritive Value, Polyphenolic Content, and Bioactive Constitution of Green, Red and Flowering Plants
Authors: El-Nakhel Christophe
Published: May 2022

Plants, including vegetables are a well-known source of health-promoting phytochemicals (plant secondary metabolites) that take part in several physiological processes and play a major role in plant defense and adaptation, in particular plant–environment interactions [...]
Forensic Hydrology: A Complete Reconstruction of an Extreme Flood Event in Data-Scarce Area
Authors: Tegos Aristoteles , Ziogas Alexandros , Bellos Vasilis , Tzimas Apostolos
Published: May 2022

On 18 September 2020, the Karditsa prefecture of Thessaly region (Greece) experienced a catastrophic flood as a consequence of the IANOS hurricane. This intense phenomenon was characterized by rainfall records ranging from 220 mm up to 530 mm, in a time interval of 15 h. Extended public infrastructure was damaged and thousands of houses and commercial properties were flooded, while four casualties were recorded. The aim of this study was to provide forensic research on a reconstruction of the flood event in the vicinity of Karditsa city. First, we performed a statistical analysis of the rainfall. Then, we used two numerical models and observed data, either captured by satellites or mined from social media, in order to simulate the event a posteriori. Specifically, a rainfall–runoff CN-unit hydrograph model was combined with a hydrodynamic model based on 2D-shallow water equations model, through the coupling of the hydrological software HEC-HMS with the hydrodynamic software HEC-RAS. Regarding the observed data, the limited available gauged records led us to use a wide spectrum of remote sensing datasets associated with rainfall, such as NASA GPM–IMREG, and numerous videos posted on social media, such as Facebook, in order to validate the extent of the flood. The overall assessment proved that the exceedance probability of the IANOS flooding event ranged from 1:400 years in the low-lying catchments, to 1:1000 years in the upstream mountainous catchments. Moreover, a good performance for the simulated flooding extent was achieved using the numerical models and by comparing their output with the remote sensing footage provided by SENTINEL satellites images, along with the georeferenced videos posted on social media.
Targeting MAPK in Cancer 2.0
Authors: Rovida Elisabetta , Tusa Ignazia
Published: May 2022

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are prominently involved in the onset and progression of cancer [...]
Impact of Chemical Endocrine Disruptors and Hormone Modulators on the Endocrine System
Authors: Guarnotta Valentina , Amodei Roberta , Frasca Francesco , Aversa Antonio , Giordano Carla
Published: May 2022

There is growing concern regarding the health and safety issues of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Long-term exposure to EDCs has alarming adverse health effects through both hormone-direct and hormone-indirect pathways. Non-chemical agents, including physical agents such as artificial light, radiation, temperature, and stress exposure, are currently poorly investigated, even though they can seriously affect the endocrine system, by modulation of hormonal action. Several mechanisms have been suggested to explain the interference of EDCs with hormonal activity. However, difficulty in quantifying the exposure, low standardization of studies, and the presence of confounding factors do not allow the establishment of a causal relationship between endocrine disorders and exposure to specific toxic agents. In this review, we focus on recent findings on the effects of EDCs and hormone system modulators on the endocrine system, including the thyroid, parathyroid glands, adrenal steroidogenesis, beta-cell function, and male and female reproductive function.
A Single Injection of NTG-101 Reduces the Expression of Pain-Related Neurotrophins in a Canine Model of Degenerative Disc Disease
Authors: Matta Ajay , Karim Muhammad Zia , Gerami Hoda , Benigno Bettina Zoe , Cheng Ivan , Mehrkens Arne , Erwin William Mark
Published: May 2022

Background: Tissue sources of pain emanating from degenerative discs remains incompletely understood. Canine intervertebral discs (IVDs) were needle puncture injured, 4-weeks later injected with either phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or NTG-101, harvested after an additional fourteen weeks and then histologically evaluated for the expression of NGFr, BDNF, TrkB and CALCRL proteins. Quantification was performed using the HALO automated cell-counting scoring platform. Immunohistochemical analysis was also performed on human IVD tissue samples obtained from spinal surgery. Immunohistochemical analysis and quantification of neurotrophins and neuropeptides was performed using an in vivo canine model of degenerative disc disease and human degenerative disc tissue sections. Discs injected with NTG-101 showed significantly lower levels of Nerve Growth Factor receptor (NGFr/TrkA, p = 0.0001), BDNF (p = 0.009), TrkB (p = 0.002) and CALCRL (p = 0.008) relative to PBS injections. Human IVD tissue obtained from spinal surgery due to painful DDD show robust expression of NGFr, BDNF, TrkB and CALCRL proteins. A single intradiscal injection of NTG-101 significantly inhibits the expression of NGFr, BDNF, TrkB and CALCRL proteins in degenerative canine IVDs. These results strongly suggest that NTG-101 inhibits the development of neurotrophins that are strongly associated with painful degenerative disc disease and may have profound effects upon the management of patients living with discogenic pain.