bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can alternating groundwater level affect uncontrolled nitrogen losses from rewetted histosols under urea and CAN fertilization? Evidence from mesocosm lysimetric study on nitrogen atmospheric fluxes
Authors: Kuśmierz Sebastian , Połeć Katarzyna , Skowrońska Monika
Published: February 2023

The current scientific knowledge is insufficient enough to indicate universal agricultural strategies which could intensify crop production while lowering enivornemntal antrophogeinc impact from agricultural origins. Ongoing climate change forces farming adaptation, especially in water management at the field level. One of the most commonly used practices to counteract the evergrowing frequency of precipitation anomalies is to alter the groundwater table in agricultural areas. Still, the effects of this practice can lead to changes in oxygen conditions and bioactivity in the soil, which can have hard to predict consequences on nitrogen soil-atmosphere fluxes. We hypothesized that changes in aerobic conditions in the saturation zone and moisture content in the capillary zone can increase N2O emissions and lower NH3 volatilization from fertilized histosols under rewetting conditions. To test this hypothesis we ran a mesocosm study using small scale lysimeters with shifting water table. 6 different water table alternation strategies  were examined (permanent 0,1 m , 0,2 m, 0,3 m, 0,4 m, 0,5 m below surface + fluctuating 0,1 - 0,5 m below surface) in the confrontation with 100kg N/ha Urea and CAN fertilization treatments. Our research showed that permanently higher groundwater level lowers the time between nitrogen application and N2O emission peak but has no significant impact on the total N2O outflux, while fluctuation of the water table significantly increases N2O emissions from CAN treatment. None of the tested water table alternation strategies showed significant differentiation in NH3 volatilization. Hence, further investigation is still needed to reveal the complexity of soil water content impact on nitrogen turnover.
A Scalable Near Line Storage Solution for Very Big Data
Authors: Massey Neil , Leland Jack , Lawrence Bryan
Published: February 2023

Managing huge volumes of data is a problem now, and will only become worse with the advent of exascale computing and next generation observational systems. An important recognition is that data needs to be more easily migrated between storage tiers. Here we present a new solution, the Near-Line Data store (NLDS), for managing data migration between user facing storage systems and tape by using an object storage cache.  NLDS builds on lessons learned from previous experience developing the ESIWACE funded Joint Data Migration App (JDMA) and deploying it at the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA).  CEDA currently has over 50PB of data stored on a range of disk based storage systems.  These systems are chosen on cost, power usage and accessibility via a network, and include three different types of POSIX disk and object storage. Tens of PB of additional data are also stored on tape. Each of these systems has different workflows, interfaces and latencies, causing difficulties for users.  
NLDS, developed with ESIWACE2 and other funding, is a multi-tiered storage solution using object storage as a front end to a tape library.  Users interact with NLDS via a HTTP API, with a Python library and command-line client provided to support both programmatic and interactive use.  Files transferred to NLDS are first written to the object storage, and a backup is made to tape.  When the object storage is approaching capacity, a set of policies is interrogated to determine which files will be removed from it.  Upon retrieving a file, NLDS may have to first transfer the file from tape to the object storage, if it has been deleted by the policies.  This implements a multi-tier of hot (disk), warm (object storage) and cold (tape) storage via a single interface. While systems like this are not novel, NLDS is open source, designed for ease of redeployment elsewhere, and for use from both local storage and remote sites. 
NLDS is based around a microservice architecture, with a message exchange brokering communication between the microservices, the HTTP API and the storage solutions.  The system is deployed via Kubernetes, with each microservice in its own Docker container, allowing the number of services to be scaled up or down, depending on the current load of NLDS.  This provides a scalable, power efficient system while ensuring that no messages between microservices are lost.  OAuth is used to authenticate and authorise users via a pluggable authentication layer. The use of object storage as the front end to the tape allows both local and remote cloud-based services to access the data, via a URL, so long as the user has the required credentials. 
NLDS is a a scalable solution to storing very large data for many users, with a user-friendly front end that is easily accessed via cloud computing. This talk will detail the architecture and discuss how the design meets the identified use cases.
Onset of a submarine eruption east of Mayotte, Comoros archipelago: the first ten months seismicity of the seismo-volcanic sequence (2018-2019)
Authors: van der Woerd Jerome , Mercury Nicolas , Lemoine Anne , Doubre Cécile , Bertil Didier , Hoste Colomer Roser , Battaglia Jean
Published: February 2023

Since 10 May 2018, an unprecedented seismic activity is observed east of Mayotte Island (France), related to the largest submarine eruption ever recorded with offshore geophysical studies. Using signals from regional and local seismic stations, we build a comprehensive catalog of the local seismicity for the first ten months of the sequence. This catalog includes a total of 2874 events of magnitude (Mlv) ranging from 2.4 to 6.0, with 77% of them relocated using a double difference location procedure. The hypocentral locations over the period May 2018 – February 2019 are highly dependent on the small seismic network available. We therefore compare the locations of later events from a local ocean bottom seismometer network with locations estimated using a similarly small network. Based on the time space evolution and characteristics of the seismicity, five distinct phases can be identified. They correspond to the successive activation of two deep seismic swarms, related to the lithospheric-scale magma ascent up to the seafloor. We also observe progressive deepening of the seismicity interpreted as decompression of a 40 km deep reservoir.
The Early Triassic hothouse: what we know and what we don’t
Authors: Sun Yadong
Published: February 2023

The hothouse climate in the Early Triassic has been recognised for a decade. Yet it remains the most recently discovered hothouse and is poorly understood in many aspects. Initially triggered by the Siberian Traps in the latest Permian, the Early Triassic represents one of the most extreme and long-lasting greenhouses in the Phanerozoic. Although the outgassing of the Siberian Traps probably already decreased in the late Griesbachian, the Equatorial SSTs peaked at ~40 ℃ later in the late Smithian. The late Smithian thermal maximum coincided with resumed volcanic activities of a smaller scale. However, why lesser volcanism triggered Phanerozoic’s warmest hyperthermal is puzzling. The extreme warmth ameliorated in the latest Spathians, marking the termination of a ~5 Myr hothouse.Many key questions about the Early Triassic climate remain unanswered. These include how warm the poles were, how flat the latitudinal SST gradient was, and how climate interacted with the global ocean circulation. However, the most fundamental question is how to maintain such an extreme hothouse climate for such a long time.As most shelly fossils died out during the end-Permian mass extinction and the Early Triassic oceans were dominated by aragonite-shelled mollusks, reconstruction of Early Triassic seawater temperatures relies almost solely on oxygen isotope thermometer in conodont bioapatite. One of the key challenges is that Early Triassic conodonts are rare, small, and cannot be found everywhere due to the subduction of old ocean floors. These hinder the acquisition of proxy data in a broader palaeogeographic context. Future work combining proxy data with state-of-the-art Earth system modelling would be an ideal solution to better understand the hottest time in the Phanerozoic.
Encoding of geodiversity and geoheritage: towards consistency of representation and comparability of descriptions
Authors: Mantovani Alizia , Guerini Michele , Khoso Rasool Bux , Giardino Marco , Lombardo Vincenzo
Published: February 2023

The notion of geoheritage counts numerous attempts of definition in literature, all based on the value that a given element of the environment has for humanity. The major differences concern the values that allow an element of geodiversity to be considered as geoheritage. In particular, the values that every author lists are different from the values of the other authors. In particular, only some values are shared by all the authors (namely Scientific, Educational, Cultural and Aesthetic values), while others are only partially shared (e.g., the Recreational or the Economic values). Our work aims at representing these differences in the definition of geoheritage, starting from a formal representation of the elements of geodiversity, useful for both geosites recognition and geoparks management.The first  phase in the organisation of the information that is necessary for describing the elements of geodiversity is supported by ontological and semantic study, to prove the coherence of the conceptual model. The “elements of geodiversity” and the “elements of geoheritage” are encoded into classes of an ontology for the description of geoheritage, and several properties describe the elements populating both the classes, also underlying their relations. In this phase, the use of the ontology supports  the design of a coherent structure to prevent ambiguity and vagueness in the definitions. Moreover, since some of the elements of geodiversity are geologic features, we can lean on ontologies for geosciences, in which these elements are already encoded and unambiguously described.The second phase  is the transformation of the conceptual base into a user-friendly tool, through the support of the Omeka-s Content Management System, that provides tools for the creation of compilation masks that gosites/geopark operators can use to fill a database for the description of elements of geodiversity and geoheritage.Such an organisation of data can support the consistency of the representation of the data and easy further comparison and consultation of information. This brings to higher transparency in the identification of elements of geoheritage,, a relevant information for the proper management of geoparks or other protected areas. Last but not least, such structured data management can be helpful in the valuation of the changes in time of the condition of the evaluated elements of geodiversity, and consequently, of the global evaluated area (such as a geopark).
Model-based flood attribution over Poland: the roles of precipitation, snowmelt and soil moisture excess
Authors: Venegas-Cordero Nelson , Cherrat Cyrine , W. Kundzewicz Zbigniew , Singh Jitendra , Piniewski Mikołaj
Published: February 2023

Poland is characterized by hydrometeorological variability, where conditions such as snowmelt, extreme precipitation, or soil moisture excess could be the main natural mechanisms causing fluvial flooding. The interplay of these factors may be additionally modified by climate change. Therefore, it is of high interest to attribute the occurrence of floods over Poland to single or multiple drivers as well as to analyse how this attribution evolved over time.To meet this objective in the present study, we used the dataset covering components of the water balance with a daily time step at the sub-basin level over Poland for the period 1951-2020. The data set was derived from the previously calibrated and validated Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model for over 4,000 sub-basins. The high spatial and temporal resolution of the dataset as well as its temporal continuity allowed us to comprehensively analyse the flood drivers over the country and their evolution over time. We used a method based on the circular statistics approach, using dates of occurrence of annual maximum floods and flood-generating mechanisms to estimate the relative importance of each flood driver. In addition, two sub-periods (1952-1985 and 1986-2020) were considered in order to detect the climate change signal.The analysis of the relative importance of flood drivers showed that snowmelt is the most important cause of flooding throughout the country, followed by soil moisture excess and precipitation. The latter appeared to be the dominant driver only in a small, mountain-dominated region in the south. Soil moisture excess gained importance mainly in the northern part, although not in a uniform way, suggesting that the spatial pattern of flood generation mechanisms is also governed by other features. We also found a strong signal of climate change in large parts of northern Poland, where snowmelt is losing importance in the second sub-period in favor of soil moisture excess, which can be explained by the temperature warming and the diminishing role of snow processes. This study for the first time quantified the importance of different flood generating mechanisms over Poland, suggesting that more attention should be paid to soil moisture excess. This work also shows the potential of using high-resolution simulated water balance data sets in flood attribution studies.
Coherent subduction underplating of CBU-correlative blueschist-facies metasedimentary slices, Pelion, Greece
Authors: Hinshaw Emily R. , Stockli Daniel F. , Soukis Konstantinos
Published: February 2023

Studies of exposed high pressure-low temperature (HP-LT) metamorphic complexes are critical for advancing our understanding of subduction processes, such as underplating, metamorphism, and exhumation. Exhumed blueschist-facies metasedimentary and volcanic rocks exposed on the Pelion peninsula (eastern Thessaly, Greece) represent one of the largest coherent exposures of subduction-complex rocks in the eastern Mediterranean and are key for understanding early Cenozoic Hellenic subduction processes. In this study, we present new detrital zircon and apatite U-Pb data to reconstruct the stratigraphic anatomy and provenance of these rocks and to understand their correlation with other Aegean (Cycladic) HP-LT rocks and the Pelagonian Zone of mainland Greece.Detailed new U-Pb zircon and apatite data show two distinct, coherent, and stratigraphically upright structural slices, with (1) the South Pelion slice consisting of Permian-Late Cretaceous strata overlying Carboniferous basement and (2) the North Pelion slice comprising Triassic-Late Cretaceous strata overlying Neoproterozoic basement. Both slices exhibit Late Cretaceous strata at the top of the section characterized by cosmopolitan detrital zircon (DZ) signatures. Zircon U-Pb data of rim overgrowths suggest subduction-metamorphism occurred during the early Cenozoic with temperatures not reaching >450°C, as indicated by non-reset or -recrystallized apatite U-Pb ages and the absence of garnet.Comparison of compiled DZ data from the CBU and our data from the Pelion blueschists supports a correlation in the pre-subduction paleogeography, with protolith deposition during Permo-Carboniferous intra-arc extension and early Mesozoic Adria-Pindos rifting. The data show that the Pelion blueschists, representing lateral equivalents of the CBU, are comprised of two coherently underplated upper-crustal slivers, separated by Late Cretaceous flysch, and metamorphosed during Cenozoic Hellenic subduction beneath the Pelagonian convergent margin.
AXA probabilistic Severe Convective Storm model in western Europe
Authors: Cardinal Julien , Meynadier Rémi
Published: February 2023

Severe convective storms are a common occurrence during spring and summer season in European countries. The damages caused by hail and wind gusts can be substantial to properties, especially on motor. The development of a convective storms hazard stochastic catalog is an important step for AXA to assess and mitigate this peril.We propose a method to build a catalog of synthetic events based on multiple meteorological drivers from ECMWF-ERA5 and EUMETSAT-CMSAF. New atmospheric temporal sequences are created by reshuffling historical data, with constraints to keep physical consistency (identification of weather patterns and historical transition probabilities between them). The probability of hail occurrences is then assessed for each meteorological configuration, learning from in-situ reports (ESWD and Keraunos), with historical validation to ensure accuracy of the hail prediction. A catalog of new plausible scenarios for convective storm hazard is produced and crossed with exposure and vulnerability data to assess the subsequent risk.
Seismological temporal patterns at Mefite d’Ansanto CO2 emission field.
Authors: Morabito Simona , Nardone Lucia , Petrosino Simona , Cusano Paola
Published: February 2023

Mefite d’Ansanto (Italy) is the largest non-volcanic CO2 emission field on the Earth. The isotopic signature of the CO2 testifies a deep origin of the gases emitted at this site, whose source is probably the mantle wedge beneath the Apennines along the Tyrrhenian side (Chiodini et al., 2010). Mefite is located between the Sannio and the Irpinia seismogenic regions, that are considered among the most active areas of the southern Apennines. The emission site falls at the northern tip of the Irpinia fault system that is associated with the destructive MS = 6.9, 1980 Irpinia earthquake. The gas leakage from this zone is linked to active faulting that characterized the area and determined large historical earthquakesA temporary acquisition survey close to the Mefite emission field was carried out between 8 June and 28 September 2020 by using a seismic array, named Array MEfite (AME), composed of seven short-period stations. We have analyzed the characteristics of the recorded background seismic noise, e.g., spectral properties, energy temporal pattern (RMS) and polarization (Montalbetti et al., 1970), and estimated site effects (Nakamura, 1989; http://www.geopsy.org/). The seismological temporal patterns have been compared with the meteorological parameters, such as temperature and rainfall, to find possible relationships with exogenous factors. We found a well-defined spatial pattern for the spectral components above 5 Hz, which appear clearly linked to the emission field dynamics. On the other hand, the spectral components below 5 Hz result from the overlapping of multiple sources, of both exogenous, such as anthropogenic and meteorological factors, and endogenous nature. Application of the Independent Component Analysis (ICA) technique (Hyvärinen et al., 2001) contributed to discriminate between natural and anthropogenic sources. ReferencesChiodini, G., D. Granieri, R. Avino, S. Caliro, A. Costa, C. Minopoli, and G. Vilardo (2010). Non‐volcanic CO2 Earth degassing: Case of Mefite d’Ansanto (southern Apennines), Italy, Geophys. Res. Lett. 37, L11303, doi: 10.1029/2010GL042858.Hyvärinen, A., Karhunen, J. & Oja, E. (2001). Independent Component Analysis. Wiley, New York,Montalbetti, J. R., Kanasevich, E. R. (1970): Enhancement of teleseismic body phase with a polarization filter. Geophys. J. Int. 21 (2), 119–129.Nakamura, Y. (1989). A method for dynamic characteristics estimation of subsurface using microtremor on the ground surface, Railway Technical Research Institute, Quarterly Reports, 30 (1), 25-33.
Deep learning for surrogate modelling of neXtSIM
Authors: Durand Charlotte , Finn Tobias , Farchi Alban , Bocquet Marc , Olason Einar
Published: February 2023

A novel generation of sea-ice models with Elasto-Brittle rheologies can represent the drift and deformation of sea-ice with an unprecedented resolution and accuracy. To speed-up these computationally heavy simulations and to facilitate subgrid-scale parameterizations, we investigate supervised deep learning techniques for surrogate modelling of large-scale, Arctic-wide, neXtSIM Lagrangian simulations. We tailor convolutional neural networks to emulate the sea-ice thickness for 12 hours in advance. In our most successful approach, the U-Net learns to make beneficially use of information from multiple temporal and spatial scales, an important feature of the neural network for sea-ice prediction. Consequently, cycling the neural network performs in average 36% better than persistence on a daily timescale and up to 43 % on a monthly timescale. These promising results therefore demonstrate a way towards surrogate modelling of Arctic-wide simulations. 
Towards a better understanding of the physical risks and tradeoffs of solar geoengineering.
Authors: Henry Matthew , Haywood Jim , Jones Andy
Published: February 2023

Solar climate intervention using Stratospheric Aerosol Injection (SAI) is a proposed method of reducing global-mean temperatures to temporarily offset some of the effects of global warming while we cut greenhouse gas emissions and remove CO2 from the atmosphere. While the scientific, moral, and ethical questions surrounding solar geoengineering are undoubtedly complex, rigorous and unbiased information on its advantages and pitfalls will help us make better decisions in the future. Recent research has shown that some of the negative physical side-effects of SAI can be moderated by designing a better intervention strategy. I will present a comparison between a previously published ensemble of climate model simulations using the Community Earth System Model 2 (CESM2) and a new ensemble using the United Kingdom Earth System Model 1 (UKESM1). This set of simulations is based on a moderate greenhouse gas emission scenario and start injection of stratospheric aerosols in year 2035 to keep the global-mean surface temperature at 1.5 degrees above preindustrial. The injection occurs at four different latitudes and a controller algorithm is used to maintain the latitudinal gradient and inter-hemispheric difference in surface temperature, thus moderating the side effects of previous injection methods. We compare the behavior of the algorithm between the two models, as well as the climate response, with a particular focus on tropical precipitation.
Compound events of drought and salt intrusion in the Greater Bay Area and adaptation countermeasures
Authors: Li Xudong , Yang Fang , Zou Huazhi , Wang Sen
Published: February 2023

Dongjiang River drains into the Pearl River Delta in China and waterworks near the delta serves as the main water supply source for cities in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, including Shenzhen, Guangzhou and Hongkong. The basin experienced a severe drought in 2021, with the average streamflow in the downstream gauge reaching its lowest value since 1956. Meanwhile, the most important upstream reservoir, Xinfengjiang Reservoir, experienced a low water level operation period, with the water level declined below its dead water level in Jan. 2022. Coupling with weak river discharge, astronomical tides led to severe salt intrusion in the delta area. The compound events of drought and salt intrusion threatened the urban domestic water supply. According to scenario analysis, the water supply for about 20 million people would have been affected during Nov. 2021 and Jan. 2022 if no countermeasures had been adopted. Comprehensive countermeasures were carried out to prevent the extreme impacts from the compound events, which include engineering and non-engineering ones. The engineering ones include blocking the salt water with temporary batardeau and soft purdah into the water. And non-engineering ones include chlorinity monitoring and forecasting on the strength of in-situ gauges measurements and a three-dimensional baroclinic saltwater intrusion model. The model provided real-time chlorinity forecasting for the waterworks. The bias of peak chlorinity was less than 20%, and the bias of the peaking time was less than 2 h. The forecasting results supported decision making on timing of water intaking for the waterworks and other local water storage infrastructure. In addition, the water authorities carried out tiered prices and imposed limitations to high water use of some industrial water users. With all these strategies, the domestic water supply was well maintained across the compound events, which ended in Mar. 2022. The river basin authority played an important role in communicating the necessary information and coordinating all the countermeasures among associated stakeholders.
Orbital chronology of Early Eocene hyperthermals from Site RH-323, Northern Negev (Israel)
Authors: Mannucci Agnese , Fokkema Chris , Kelly Liam , Bialik Or , Dickens Gerald , Sluijs Appy , Galeotti Simone
Published: February 2023

The early Eocene (~56-49 Ma) is punctuated by several transient global warming events, known as hyperthermals, superimposed on very high mean global temperatures and elevated atmospheric CO2 levels. Hyperthermal events, such as the well-documented Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM; ~56 Ma), are characterized by negative carbon isotope excursions. These are interpreted as perturbations in the global exogenic carbon pool and deep ocean carbonate dissolution - signifying massive carbon injection into the ocean-atmosphere system. High resolution analysis of sedimentary archives has evidenced that hyperthermals initiated during maxima in orbital eccentricity, suggesting a climatic trigger for carbon input. Cyclostratigraphy, therefore, provides a unique tool to complement proxy records in the characterization of hyperthermal. Indeed, the identification of an orbital signature in marine and continental sedimentary succession provides an ideal trait-d’union between stratigraphic observation and paleoceanographic/paleoclimatic interpretation.Here we present a cyclostratigraphic study of early Eocene marls and chalks from core RH-323, collected from the northern Negev Desert in Israel. The PETM in this region is well described but other hyperthermals are essentially unexplored. The unique location of this sedimentary succession, accumulated on a continental slope of the South Tethys at ~ 500–700 m paleo-depth, provides new insights into the relationship between global oceanic perturbation and local variability in a relatively arid region. Eccentricity-dependent variation in magnetic susceptibility and bulk stable oxygen and carbon isotope data from this locality allowed us to develop an astronomically tuned age model, which contributes to the identification of important hyperthermals, including the PETM, ETM2 and ETM3. The patterns also allow for cycle and event-based correlation to and comparison with oceanic records such as Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Sites 1262 (Atlantic Ocean) and 1209 (Pacific Ocean) and with outcropping sections of the Tethys such as those of Contessa Road and Bottaccione (Gubbio, Italy). Emerging from these comparisons are remarkable patterns in the occurrence of cherts, with potential relevance for the global silicon cycle.
Conceptual framework enabling the spatio-temporal analysis of post-sunset equatorial ionospheric irregularities for space weather forecast
Authors: Babu Sree Harsha Pasumarthi , Forte Biagio , Dashora Nirvikar
Published: February 2023

The forecast of the occurrence of scintillation for end-use predictions over the Indian region is a challenging task. In the context of this challenge, the understanding of the day-to-day spatial and temporal variability of the post-sunset equatorial F-region ionospheric irregularities represents a very important problem. Notably, the spatial (zonal) variations in the scintillation occurrence depends upon the day-to-day perturbations in the equatorial vertical ExB drift and the zonal movement of scintillation patches follow the zonal ExB drift patterns. A conceptual framework that combines information from scintillation indices (as derived from the GNSS receivers) with modelled background information (as derived from physics based ionospheric models) is proposed. The idea is to understand the dependence of local morphology on the physical mechanisms responsible for the formation of the equatorial F-region ionospheric irregularities in the range of 9o N to 18o N geographical latitudes and 74o E to 82o E geographic longitudes respectively. The Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model (TIEGCM) is chosen as a background model to provide several parameters of significance in this context. A day-wise correlation analysis for the year 2014 (high solar activity year) is performed between all the TIEGCM model outputs and observed S4 index variations within the above mentioned pre-defined geographical boundary. The output parameters (e.g., equatorial zonal ExB drift, vertical ExB drift, critical height) show positive correlation with the observed post sunset variations in the S4 index. Moreover, the zonal ExB drift is also ingested with observations from the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecast System (C/NOFS) satellite. A method to infer the zonal and vertical ExB drifts from the combination of TIEGCM outputs, C/NOFS in-situ data, and GNSS S4 observations is introduced on the basis of a two-dimensional image evaluation approach. This framework establishes a basis for the prediction of spatial ionospheric irregularities over the region of interest.
Enhancement of the Piemonte (NW Italy) stone heritage
Authors: Storta Elena , Barale Luca , Borghi Alessandro , d'Atri Anna , Dino Giovanna Antonella , Piana Fabrizio
Published: February 2023

Piemonte region (Northwestern Italy) shows an extraordinary richness of ornamental stones, whose exploitation strongly influenced during the centuries, and still influences the local culture. Indeed, more than 150 lithotypes, mainly exploited in valleys and mountain areas, are used in the rural, urban and architecture heritage of the region.The great variety of Piemonte stone materials used since ancient times as ornamental stones  is due to the presence of rocks belonging to very different geological units, ranging from the deep lithospheric mantle to both the continental and oceanic crust, together with successions deposited in different sedimentary basins, as well as many types of metamorphic rocks originating in different geodynamic regimes. This great variety of rocks represents a historical and cultural heritage worthy of study and scientific dissemination not only among experts of Earth Sciences, but also among a wider public. Starting from the Interactive Geolithological Map of the ornamental stones of Piemonte, performed by CNR-IGG (Institute of Geosciences and Earth Resources-Turin), in collaboration with ARPA Piemonte and the Department of Earth Sciences of the University of Turin, recently published on the Geoportal of Arpa Piemonte, within the webGIS application GeoPiemonte Map 2021(https://webgis.arpa.piemonte.it/agportal/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=6ea1e38603d6469298333c2efbc76c72), some important materials from a geological, economic-commercial and cultural point of view were selected for the enhancement of Piemonte ornamental stones. Hence the idea of trying to bring to light the relevance and value of some of these stones as proposal for the nomination as ‘’IUGS Global Heritage Stone Resource (GHSR)’’ and some quarry districts as ‘’Global Heritage Stone Province (GHSP)’’.
Flow reversals and deep-water temperature and salinity trends in a Mediterranean Channel (2003-2019)
Authors: Schroeder Katrin , Ben Ismail Sana , Borghini Mireno , Sparnocchia Stefania , Chiggiato Jacopo
Published: February 2023

The Sardinia Channel (Mediterranean Sea) is a wide opening between Tunisia and Sardinia which has a sill at about 1900 m in a narrow deep trench that allows exchanges of the upper part of the deep waters to occur between the Algerian and the Tyrrhenian subbasins. The densest part of Western Mediterranean Deep Water (WMDW), which is trapped in the Algerian subbasin, is thus overflowing the sill when uplifted by recent and even denser WMDW. The less dense WMDW, circulating anticlockwise and alongslope may enter the Sardinia Channel directly following the Algerian slope. There is another water mass exchanged in this region, the Tyrrhenian Deep Water (TDW) which is a mixing product between the WMDW and waters coming from the Eastern Mediterranean.The monitoring of thermohaline properties and currents has been operated at the sill between 2003 and 2019, to observe the variability of the deep water exchanged between the two adjacent subbasins. The θ time series collected at the sill since July 2003 shows an alternation of WMDW presence (lower θ and S, generally flowing eastward) and TDW presence (“pulses” of higher θ and S, generally flowing westward). Those TDW pulses are generally of short duration (between 1 day and 1 week) and are likely to be due to displacements of the interface between the two deep water masses. Thus, the mooring alternatively sampled WMDW (mainly) and TDW.The Sardinia Channel trend component shows a continuous warming trend at a rate of 0.0067± 3.47*10-6 °C year-1, accounting for a total deep temperature increase of about 0.114 °C from 2003 to 2019. The salinity trend also shows a salinification at a rate of 0.0032 ±  2.02*10-6 year-1, with a total deep salinity increase of about 0.054 from 2003 to 2019. The density trend component shows a continuous densification at a rate of 0.0011± 9.60*10-7  kg m-3 year-1, with a total deep density increase of about 0.0187 kg m-3 from 2003 to 2019.The ongoing climate change has amplified the scientific interest in time series and their importance is increasingly recognized even at the political level. Nonetheless, due to their high maintenance costs and the difficulty in maintaining them, they are still widely lacking. It is important to stress that an understanding of physical-chemical-biological processes in the oceans requires regular and long-term observations, that enable us to separate real long-term trends in environmental drivers from the natural variability of the system.
How citizens perceived the flooding in Germany in 2021 and which actions they took
Authors: Ommer Joy , Kalas Milan , Neumann Jessica , Cloke Hannah L.
Published: February 2023

The flooding event in Germany in 2021 caused fatal and devastating consequences for the citizens, economy, infrastructure, and more. Research has been focusing on analyzing the meteorological and hydrological aspects of the flooding, the early warning system and warning dissemination, and the flood impact. However, research is lacking a deeper understanding of the perspective of the affected citizens. To give a voice to the affected people, a survey with open and closed questions was disseminated receiving around 430 responses. The survey captured the citizens' perceptions of the high impact flood event and their actions before, during, and after the event. The gained knowledge on lessons learnt and best practices shall support the enhancement of future strategies for citizens' self-preparedness and response, overall situational awareness, and emergency communication.
HadGEM3 underestimates interannual variations in heat fluxes, zonal winds and thermocline displacements in the tropical Pacific
Authors: Bell Mike
Published: February 2023

There are large interannual variations in the area integral of the Pacific-wide annual-mean net surface heat fluxes within 5o of the equator. They are shown to be very well correlated (r2 = 0.75) with the zonal-mean, annual-mean, zonal component of the surface wind stress on the equator, both in UK-HadGEM3 coupled climate simulations and in the ERA5 wind-stress and DEEPC net surface heat flux re-analyses. For the model data the corresponding correlations are small for monthly means (r2 = 0.25) but are large (r2 > 0.6) for time-mean periods between 6 months and 10 years (the latter being calculated from 700 year pre-industrial control simulations). The amplitude of these annual mean fluctuations in the DEEPC net surface heat fluxes is almost twice as large as that in the UK-HadGEM3 simulations. Comparison of the area-mean fields in the Nino3 and Nino4 regions from 4 member ensembles of N216O025 historical simulations with the ERA5 winds, DEEPC heat fluxes and EN4 ocean re-analyses shows that the model’s mean values and seasonal cycle of the zonal wind stress and net surface heat flux agree well with the re-analyses. In the Nino3 region however the model’s surface temperature is 1.5oC colder than the re-analyses and the depth of the 20oC isotherm (t20d) is between 10 and 15 m shallower than that in EN4.  Comparison of the amplitudes of El Nino and La Nina composite anomalies in the Nino3 and Nino4 regions shows that the surface temperature anomalies are well simulated but that the amplitudes of the wind stress anomalies in Nino4 and the t20d anomalies and surface heat flux anomalies in Nino3 are about half those in ERA5, EN4 and DEEPC respectively. These findings are somewhat similar to those from the (lower resolution)  Kiel Climate Model. The characteristic spatial patterns of the surface fields might be used to attribute the differences between the model and re-analysis net surface fluxes to particular component fluxes (e.g. the surface latent heat flux and the surface solar flux). It is also a plausible hypothesis that the under-estimation of these variations in the net surface heat fluxes is a significant contributor to the signal-to-noise paradox.        
Coastal winds in the Gulf of Cádiz (southwestern Iberian Peninsula): insights from observations and models
Authors: Román-Cascón Carlos , Brnas Tina , Ortiz-Corral Pablo , Steeneveld Gert-Jan , Vázquez Águeda , Bruno Miguel , Izquierdo Alfredo , Reyes Julio , Romero Jeanette , Adame José Antonio , Sun Jielun , Yagüe Carlos
Published: February 2023

Winds in coastal areas are particularly complex due to the drastic change of roughness and thermal properties between the sea and the land areas. Besides, the coastal topography, the shoreline irregularities, the surface state (land cover/use, soil moisture, sea surface temperature (SST), wind waves), and the interactions with the upper parts of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) add more complexity to the final characteristics of the surface winds of these regions.Among coastal winds, coastal breezes are especially common thermally driven flows formed in mid-latitude regions under fair-weather synoptic conditions. Under these situations, the thermal gradient between the sea and the ocean becomes more important, generating pressure gradient forces that lead to onshore winds during the daytime and offshore during the night. The impacts of these winds are broad and varied: they transport humidity, pollutants, and other physical properties in these regions; they can initiate convection (and even trigger the formation of storms), and they also drive the surface coastal currents, among others. From a societal point of view, the coastal breezes are crucial for the wind power industry, air-quality forecasts, maritime sports, and simply for the refreshing impact they cause, an aspect especially important in some areas commonly affected by extreme maximum temperatures and heat waves. Therefore, a correct understanding of the physical characteristics of the coastal breezes is a needed step to correctly forecast them and to be able to investigate their future trends.In this work, we present an observational analysis of the coastal breezes observed in the Gulf of Cádiz. We highlight some differences found between the breezes formed at the sea and at the land areas from observational measurements. Besides, we use the mesoscale Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model to simulate key case studies, showing how the interaction with the background synoptic wind is very important for the final characteristics that the breezes have. Related to this, we have observed how the effect of the changes in the surface (SST, soil moisture) on the breeze’s characteristics depend on the wind vertical profile (background wind). That is, surface changes impact the ABL mixing and the momentum transfer from higher levels, which seems to be the main mechanism that impact the breezes at lower levels, even more than the surface thermal gradient effect.
Large ensemble simulations for water resources planning
Authors: Chan Wilson , Arnell Nigel , Darch Geoff , Facer-Childs Katie , Shepherd Theodore , Tanguy Maliko
Published: February 2023

The UK has experienced recurring periods of hydrological droughts in the past, including the recent 2022 drought. Different types of large ensemble simulations such as single model initial condition climate model simulations or weather hindcasts provide a large sample of seasonal to decadal simulations. They can help overcome challenges in understanding extreme droughts presented by limited observations, the multivariate nature of individual drought events and internal variability of the climate system. Here, we demonstrate how weather reforecasts can be used to create physical climate storylines to assist water resources planning and understand plausible worst cases.Using the 2022 drought as a case study, event-based storylines of how the drought could unfold over winter 2022/23 and beyond can be created by using the SEAS5 hindcast dataset which consists of 2850 physically plausible winters since 1982 across three lead times and 25 ensemble members. Storylines were defined based on the possible combinations of ENSO, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and the East Atlantic Pattern (EA) (e.g. La Nina/NAO+/EA-). Storylines constructed in this way provide outlooks of ongoing events and supplement traditional weather forecasts to explore a wider range of plauasible outcomes. Circulation storylines can be used in hydrological/groundwater models to explore the possible ranges of river flow, groundwater and reservoir levels. Outlooks can be periodically updated as certain storylines may become implausible over time.
PLIP: An imaging Polarimeter for the Auroral line Emissions
Authors: Cessateur Gaël , Lamy Herve , Bosse Léo , Barthelemy Mathieu , Lilensten Jean , Johnsen Magnar G. , Auriol Frederique , Catalfamo Maxime , Pujol Olivier
Published: February 2023

The measurements of the polarization of auroral emission lines in the Earth’s atmosphere is of particular interest for the understanding of the upper atmosphere but also for potential space weather applications. Emissions from the oxygen red line at 630 nm has been observed polarized since 2008 and the origin of the polarization is likely due to the imbalance of Zeeman sublevels, which comes from the magnetospheric electrons precipitating with a pitch angle distribution more or less aligned with the local magnetic field. The polarization of the blue line at 427.8 nm from N2+, and the green light at 557.7 nm from the atomic oxygen have been also observed but their origin remains unknown. Those observations were carried out using multi-wavelength sensitive photo-polarimeters with a narrow field of view, of about 2°. Here we will present a new instrument, the Polar Lights Imaging Polarimeter (PLIP), using 4 high-resolution monochrome cooled CMOS cameras with very low read-out noise, and a FOV of approximately 44° x 30°. Those cameras are designed for faint deep sky objects, and paired with some 24mm lenses opened at F/2.8. We added up some linear polarization filters oriented at 0°, 45°, 90° and 135° to infer the DoLP and AoLP. Filter wheels have been added with narrow interference filters (with a FWHM of about 3 nm) centered on the blue (427.8 nm), green (557.7 nm) and red (630.0 nm) emission lines. Since the polarization can also be induced from Mie and Rayleigh scattering of the light pollution from nearby sources, a radiative transfer code POMEROL is used to infer the polarization from the auroral spectral lines only. Some preliminary results will be presented from an observation campaign in Norway perfomed in November 2022 and January 2023. 
Examining the impact of climatic and non-climatic attributes on glacier mass budget and surging in Alaknanda Basin, India
Authors: Bhattacharya Atanu , Mukherjee Kriti , King Owen , Bolch Tobias
Published: February 2023

 Glacier meltwater is a significant component of the regional runoff In High Mountain Asia (HMA),. However, the majority of the HMA's glaciers are rapidly losing their mass, putting the long-term viability of meltwater as a component of river flow at risk. It is, hence, crucial to comprehend the long-term glacier response to climate change at the regional scale as well as the impact of non-climatic characteristics like morpho-topographic factors on ice loss. We estimate changes for 445 glaciers in the upper Alaknanda basin and neighboring transboundary glaciers using multi-temporal optical satellite images from 1973 to2020. Our measurements indicate a mean annual area change of −1.14 ± 0.07 m a–1 and a geodetic glacier mass balance of −0.34 ± 0.08 m w.e.a–1 for the whole period. Before 2000 (1973-2000), the mean regional glacier mass loss rate was -0.30 ± 0.07 m w.e.a-1, which increased to -0.43 ± 0.06 m w.e.a-1 during 2000-2020. The mass loss increased further (-0.68 ± 0.09 m w.e.a-1) in the recent period (2015-2020) and we observed heterogeneous mass loss both in spatial and temporal scales. Our analysis revealed that the current significant glacier imbalance is probably a result of the rising temperature trend as revealed from the ERA5 Land reanalysis data. An extended ablation season due to the strong seasonal temperature increase has further accelerated glacial mass loss. Steep and higher elevation glaciers were less affected by negative mass budget. This can be explained beside the lower average temperatures at higher elevation by a rapid transfer of snow and ice that helped them to readjust their geometry compared to glaciers at lower elevation, having more gentle slopes and lower dynamics. Such low elevation glaciers are unlikely to recover in coming decades if the current trend of warming continues. We also identified a surging glacier draining onto the Tibetan Plateau that advanced rapidly by around 800 m within three months in Sep-Dec 2019. The advance is still ongoing, though at a much-reduced rate. Our temporally detailed measurements of glacier change provide an in-depth view of glacier evolution in the Alaknanda Basin and will improve the estimation of meltwater run-off component of the hydrological cycle. 