bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact on aggregate/matrix bonding when a refractory contains zinc aluminate instead of spinel and magnesia‐chrome
Authors: Mandal Somnath , Hemrick James G. , Mahapatra Manoj K.
Published: May 2023

The high hot strength of MgO–Cr2O3 refractory is often ascribed to its intimate aggregate/matrix bonding. For a fundamental comparison with it, ∼2 mm aggregates of MgO and Al2O3 were separately embedded in ZnAl2O4 and MgAl2O4 matrices, sintered at 1600°C, and examined. It was found that similarity of thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) between the aggregate and the matrix is critical to achieve good bonding and this is more important than the extent of interdiffusion. The TEC mismatch of ≥5.7 × 10−6 K−1 caused significant undesirable debonding in MgO aggregate/MgAl2O4 matrix sample and MgO/ZnAl2O4 despite >736 μm Zn2+ diffusion depth in the latter. Direct bonding, as inferred from a thicker interfacial reaction layer and a greater shift of the aggregate/matrix interface before and after firing, was better in MgAl2O4/ZnAl2O4 combination, followed by tabular Al2O3/ZnAl2O4 and Al2O3/MgAl2O4. Powder X‐ray diffraction indicated that the volatilization of ZnAl2O4 at 1600°C in air was negligible compared to MgO–Cr2O3.
Revising the computer programming attitude scale in the context of attitude ambivalence
Authors: Yusuf Abdullahi , Noor Norah Md
Published: May 2023

Background

Several attitude scales have been developed to measure students' attitudes toward computer programming, including the prominent one developed by Cetin and Ozden. The development of these scales stemmed from the elusive nature of attitude and the lack of specific constructs to measure attitude. These instruments measure students' attitudes based on one‐dimensional perspective, thus, making it difficult to interpret the meaning of some attitude evaluations such as the meaning of neutral points in a 10‐point scale (for example).

Objectives

The computer programming attitude scale was modified to measure ambivalence. The study also investigate attitude differences across demographic variables and used these variables to predict ambivalence.

Methods

The study was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, the instrument was validated using exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. In the second phase, the revised scale was administered to another 547 students in four research universities for empirical investigation.

Results

Results show that the instrument is valid and suitable for measuring students' programming attitudes. Participants' attitudes skewed toward the negative attitude dimension. Lastly, we found that both attitude and ambivalence are factors of programming experience.

Conclusions

We discussed the findings, recommend the instrument to programming tutors, and strongly emphasise the evaluation of students' ambivalent attitudes.
Position in the laying order has sex-specific consequences for reproductive success in adult black-headed gulls
Authors: Bebbington Kat , Groothuis Ton G. G.
Published: May 2023

Mothers who produce multiple offspring within one reproductive attempt often allocate resources differentially; some maternally derived substances are preferentially allocated to last-produced offspring and others to first-produced offspring. The combined effect of these different allocation regimes on the overall fitness of offspring produced early or late in the sequence is not well understood, partly because production order is often coupled with birth order, making it difficult-to-separate effects of pre-natal maternal allocation from those of post-natal social environments. In addition, very little is known about the influence of laying order on fitness in later life. In this study, we used a semi-natural captive colony of black-headed gulls to test whether an offspring's position in the laying order affected its early-life survival and later-life reproductive success, independent of its hatching order. Later-laid eggs were less likely to hatch, but among those that did, survival to adulthood was greater than that of first-laid eggs. In adulthood, the laying order of females did not affect their likelihood of breeding in the colony, but male offspring hatched from last-laid eggs were significantly less likely to gain a breeding position than earlier-laid males. In contrast, later-laid female parents hatched lower proportions of their clutches than first-laid females, but hatching success was unrelated to the laying order of male parents. Our results indicate that gull mothers induce complex and sex-specific effects on both the early survival of their offspring and on long-term reproductive success through laying order effects among eggs of the same breeding attempt.

Abstract

In spite of suffering lower hatching success, later-laid black-headed gull offspring do not experience a reduction in survival to adulthood. While males and females from last-laid eggs suffered reduced reproductive success, this affected different components of reproduction: males hatched from last-laid eggs were less likely to become breeders, whereas females from last-laid eggs had lower offspring hatching success in their first breeding attempt..
Significant increased bacterial contamination with endoscope overnight and weekend storage times
Authors: Guadagnin Simone Vieira Toledo , Costa Dayane de Melo , Primo Mariusa Gomes Borges , Silva Adriana Azevedo , Leão‐Vasconcelos Lara Stefânia Netto de Oliveira , Vickery Karen , Tipple Anaclara Ferreira Veiga
Published: May 2023

Background and Aim

Forced‐air drying (FAD) cabinets are recommended for storage of reprocessed endoscopes, but financial constraints prevent their universal application. The study aimed to determine bacterial contamination in flexible gastroscopes (FG) channels after storage, in a cabinet with filtered air and UV lights, but without FAD.

Methods

Eight FG in clinical use in an endoscopy service of a large Brazilian hospital were sampled: immediately “Time zero” (N = 50), 12 h “Time 1” (N = 25), and 60 h “Time 2” (N = 25) after reprocessing. Following a flush‐brush‐flush of channels, 40‐mL sterile water and 3 cm of the brush were collected. Each sample was divided, filtered onto two 0.22‐μm membranes, and incubated in media without or with disinfectant neutralizer. Automated method was used for identification and antibiotic resistance test of isolated bacteria.

Results

Bacterial contamination in times “1” and “2” was 5.9 and 16.1 times greater than that of “Time zero,” respectively. Number of positive cultures in media with and without neutralizer was similar at times “1” and “2,” while media with neutralizer produced more positive cultures at “Time zero.” Most bacteria isolated at “Time 2” were Gram‐negative rods (52.3%) and showed resistance to one or more antibiotics (65%).

Conclusion

Bacterial contamination was detected on reprocessed FG stored in non‐FAD cabinets overnight (12 h) and increased with longer storage time (60 h). The contamination source is likely to be bacteria in biofilm which multiply in the absence of FAD. Evidence‐based criteria should be available for storage time according to the cabinet available.
Relative growth and morphological sexual maturity of the caridean prawn Macrobrachium villosimanus (Tiwari, 1949) (Decapoda: Palaemonidae)
Authors: Ahamed Ferdous , Ahmed Zoarder Faruque , Ohtomi Jun
Published: May 2023

Reproductive success for crustaceans depends on the transition from juvenile to adult, which can be estimated by analysing relative growth. To this end, the present study focused on the relative growth of appendix masculina length (AML), hatchery chamber width (HCW), body length (BL) and body weight (BW) in relation to carapace length (CL) of Macrobrachium villosimanus to estimate the morphological sexual maturity using the least squares method. Data for each relationship were repeatedly partitioned into two size‐delimited subsets (juvenile and adult stages), considering a CL value as a hypothesized transition point. Analysis of the residuals sum of squares indicated two separate linear regressions fit the data better than a single linear regression. The study results indicated a discontinuity in allometry at 17.9 mm CL for CL versus AML, and at 15.6 mm CL for CL versus HCW relationships. These observed transition points could be associated with morphological sexual maturity of M. villosimanus. The BL and BW growth rate in relation to CL significantly decreased in males, but increased in females after reaching the morphological sexual maturity, demonstrating the existence of dimorphic growth. The increased growth rate after reaching sexual maturity in females probably corresponds to more space for the eggs and subsequent increased fertility. Accordingly, the present study indicated the secondary sexual characters (e.g. AML and HCW) play roles in attaining the morphological sexual maturity necessary for reproductive success and for ensuring the life cycle of this species.
Education on neuromuscular electrodiagnosis and neurological symptomatology
Authors: Sonoo Masahiro
Published: May 2023

Neurological symptomatology is a crucial component of neurological expertise. The committee for fostering board‐certified neurologists in the Japanese Society of Neurology (JSN) has hosted an educational activity for residents before the board examination, “The seminar for fostering board‐certified neurologists” since 2004. In particular, the autumn seminar has been characterized by small group hands‐on of neurological examinations and the evaluations of higher brain function. Besides this, hands‐on seminar of neurological examinations by regional branches has been promoted by the JSN. In the Kanto Ko‐shin‐etsu branch, “The first hands‐on seminar of neurological examinations” started in 2023 after a 3‐year‐suspension due to COVID‐19. The most important educational activities in neuromuscular electrodiagnosis (EDx) is the “Neuromuscular diagnostics seminar” hosted since 2004 by the Japanese Society of Clinical Neurophysiology (JSCN). The majority of tutors and participants are neurologists. This seminar is also characterized by small‐group, hands‐on workshops. We have also run the overseas seminar, “Tokyo Super EMG hands‐on,” since 2013. These have undoubtedly contributed to enhancing the level of neuromuscular electrodiagnosis not only in Japan but also in other Asian countries. I have conducted studies on neurological symptomatology and neuromuscular electrodiagnosis, which are directly linked to enhancing clinical practice of neurologists through educational activities such as review articles or lectures. Due to the fact that symptomatology is crucial in neurological expertise, neurology is a basic specialty around the world except in Japan. In 2018, the JSN decided to aim to make neurology a basic specialty and continues to make efforts to attain this goal.
An autopsy case of variably protease‐sensitive prionopathy with Met/Met homogeneity at codon 129
Authors: Uchino Akiko , Saito Yuko , Oonuma Saori , Murayama Shigeo , Yagishita Saburo , Kitamoto Tetsuyuki , Hasegawa Kazuko
Published: May 2023

The typical clinical manifestations of sporadic Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease (sCJD) are rapid‐progressive dementia and myoclonus. However, the diagnosis of atypical sCJD can be challenging due to its wide phenotypic variations. We report an autopsy case of variably protease‐sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr) with Met/Met homogeneity at codon 129. An 81‐year‐old woman presented with memory loss without motor symptoms. Seventeen months after the onset, her spontaneous language production almost disappeared. Diffusion‐weighted images (DWI) showed hyperintensity in the cerebral cortex while electroencephalogram (EEG) showed nonspecific change. 14‐3‐3 protein and real‐time qualing‐induced conversion (RT‐QuIC) of cerebrospinal fluid were negative. She died at age 85, 3.5 years after the onset. Pathological investigation revealed spongiform change, severe neuronal loss, and gliosis in the cerebral cortex. Mild to moderate neuronal loss and gliosis were observed in the basal ganglia. PrP immunostaining revealed plaque‐like, dotlike, and synaptic structures in the cerebral cortex and small plaque‐like structures in the molecular layer of the cerebellum. Analysis of PRNP showed no pathogenic mutations, and Western blot examination revealed the lack of a diglycosylated band consistent with VPSPr. The present case, which is the first report on a VPSPr case in Japan, supports previously published evidence that VPSPr cases can present variable and nonspecific clinical presentations. Because a small number of VPSPr cases can show typical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) change in sCJD. We should investigate the possibility of VPSPr in a differential diagnosis with atypical dementia that presented DWIs of high intensity in the cortex, even though 14‐3‐3 proteins and RT‐QuIC are both negative. In addition, VPSPr cases can take a longer clinical course compared to that of sCJD, and long‐term follow‐up is important.
Differential sex allocation strategies between females and facultative hermaphrodites of Chamaelirium hisauchianum (Melanthiaceae)
Authors: Tanaka Noriyuki
Published: May 2023

Species of Chamaelirium are known to be highly diversified in sexual characters, but there has been no detailed empirical approach to elucidate the mechanism and process of sexual diversification in the genus. This paper reports the results of population‐based analyses on various sexual aspects of C. hisauchianum endemic to Japan. Of the 20 populations surveyed, eight (40%) were composed of facultative hermaphrodites highly labile in sexual expression, exhibiting a wide range of gradational variation from hermaphroditism through andromonoecy to male. The remaining 12 populations (60%) consisted of females and facultative hermaphrodites. In them, 11.8–30.9% (mean 22.2%) of the individuals were female. With no reciprocal sex changes, females and facultative hermaphrodites were regarded as, plausibly genetically determined, discrete sex morphs. In contrast, sexual expression in both sex morphs appeared resource dependent. Besides the difference in floral sexual traits, the average ratio of ovuliferous flowers in females was higher than that in facultative hermaphrodites. The production of ovuliferous flowers by females was less susceptible to both field and cultivated conditions and tended to be significantly relatively higher under unfavorable growing conditions. Females were thus less plastic (or more persistent) in producing ovuliferous flowers (or female organs) than facultative hermaphrodites irrespective of internal and external conditions. In all populations, andromonoecious plants dominated (50.8–100%), which appeared to reflect the high plasticity in sex allocation of facultative hermaphrodites. The different modes of sex allocation were regarded as secondary sex characters and presumably stem from a difference in easiness or attainability of sexual reproduction between the two sex morphs.
Evidence of scientific research on organic plant breeding: A bibliometric study
Authors: Mitrović Bojan , Zorić Miroslav , Terzić Sreten , Živanov Dalibor , Čanak Petar , Milošević Branko , Karagić Đura
Published: May 2023

Use of varieties bred under organic conditions is essential in order to minimize the yield gap between organic and conventional agriculture. The aim of this study was to analyse research publications related to the topic ‘organic plant breeding’ from the Web of Science database using bibliometric science mapping and visualization tools. The number of analysed documents in the bibliographic dataset was 204 from the 53 sources. The overall trend in the organic plant breeding literature showed that the number of publications increased during the observed time‐span. We found that in total, 65 countries and 337 institutions are active in the field of organic plant breeding with a high degree of international collaboration. The top five countries according to the number of publications were the United States, Italy, Germany, France, and Canada, while the most active institutions were Wageningen University, Iowa State University, University of Alberta, University of Copenhagen, and University of Hohenheim. All keywords from the organic plant breeding research in the agronomy category were separated into seven clusters for different research topics. Although there is evident progress viewed through the increased trend in the number of publications, organic plant breeding needs further expansion and development. This is especially through the implementation of novel plant breeding techniques and methods aiming to improve traits that are highly specific to organic conditions.
The role of height and weight growth in spontaneous resolution of vesicoureteral reflux
Authors: Torun Bayram Meral , Kavukçu Salih , Koker Alper , Türkmen Mehmet , Soylu Alper
Published: May 2023

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of height and weight growth in the resolution of primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR).

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated the data of 74 males and 135 females who were diagnosed with primary VUR. According to the vesicoureteral reflux resolution, patients were divided into two groups. Patients with complete or partial resolution of VUR were included in Group 1 and patients with no resolution of VUR were included in Group 2. Patients were evaluated for weight Z‐score, height Z‐score and body mass index at the diagnosis and in the follow‐up. In addition, age, sex, grade of reflux and laterality were recorded.

Results

There were no significant differences between the two groups, according to height Z‐score, weight Z‐score and body mass index at the diagnosis, in the follow‐up and also annual changes of these parameters. In addition, the same parameters did not significantly differ in Groups 1 and 2, between the initial and final evaluations. However, when we evaluate the patients older than 12 months old, weight Z‐scores were significantly higher at the final evaluation than at the diagnosis, in Group 1. This significant difference was not detected in Group 2 at the same age.

Conclusions

Although we could not detect the hectic pace of height growth as being important in the prediction of long‐term outcomes of VUR, weight growth should be considered to predict the resolution of VUR.
Integrative literature review: Ethylene oxide exposure signs and symptoms
Authors: O'Kelley Linda , Swanson Barbara , Bishop‐Royse Jessica C.
Published: May 2023

Background

Although ethylene oxide (EtO) gas is designated as a human carcinogen, extant literature reports mixed findings on the health effects of exposure. The disparate findings may reflect industry bias as many studies were funded by a large chemical industry lobby.

Objective

To conduct an integrative review of studies free from industry bias to facilitate compilation of a comprehensive list of reported signs and symptoms of EtO exposure.

Methods

We reviewed 1887 papers of which 42 articles met inclusion criteria. The authors conducted this review in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. The presence of bias was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute checklists.

Results

Non‐industry biased literature confirmed serious adverse health effects associated with EtO exposure at the occupational, hospital, and community level. EtO represents a carcinogen, neurotoxin, and respiratory irritant.

Conclusion

After removal of industry‐biased studies, EtO was unequivocally found to pose a threat to human health. There remains a gap in the number of studies examining community‐level exposure, which is essential to understanding the impact of EtO. Given that EtO‐emitting facilities are concentrated in diverse and disadvantaged communities, further study of EtO exposure health effects is warranted to inform public policy on toxic air emissions.
Transmission of Furcraea necrotic streak virus (FNSV) by Olpidium virulentus
Authors: Barrera Gloria Patricia , Molano Gina Marcela , Beltrán Camilo , Patarroyo Manuel Alfonso , Cerrudo Carolina Susana , Belaich Mariano Nicolás
Published: May 2023

Furcraea necrotic streak virus (FNSV) is the causative agent of necrotic streak disease, also known as macana in fique crops (Furcraea spp.) resulting in damage to leaf fibres and economic losses. The rhizospheric fungus Olpidium spp. is present in the roots of affected plants and may play a role in the disease transmission. FNSV infection and the role of fungi were examined in macanavirus‐diseased plants in Colombia. Spherical, and icosahedral (24.7 ± 1.98 nm), non‐enveloped virions with a granular surface were isolated from field fique plants showing signs of macana disease, and the viral genome was completely sequenced. Taxonomic status was assigned through sequence analysis (Macanavirus genus in Tombusviridae family). The variability of the virus pangenome was evaluated in diseased fique plants from ecologically different Andean regions that showed low gene flow. Olpidium virulentus zoospores, identified by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequencing and microscopic analysis, were associated with viral particles and resting spores in diseased fique roots. An in vitro virion–zoospore binding assay showed that FNSV and O. virulentus zoospores interacted. Transmission assays in lettuce (Lactuca sativa), a model plant used to study this virus, showed 100% infection when a preincubated mixture of zoospores and FNSV was added to roots, whereas only 33% infection occurred when FNSV was added alone. This demonstrated the ability of O. virulentus to act as a vector for FNSV, potentially enhancing viral transmissibility in field fique crops. This is the first report of FNSV being transmitted by O. virulentus, a rhizosphere fungus.
Offshore aquaculture in China
Authors: Long Lina , Liu Huang , Cui Mingchao , Zhang Chenglin , Liu Chong
Published: May 2023

The mariculture industry is planning to move offshore due to the decline of China's inshore fishery resources, the deterioration of the water environment, inefficient industrial structure and other influencing factors. This article first analyses the imbalance between supply and demand of aquatic products, the development space of offshore aquaculture and the supporting policies, thereby concluding that China has significant potential to develop offshore aquaculture. Subsequently, the development status of offshore aquaculture in China is examined. The research progress of China's offshore aquaculture facilities, marine hydrology, environmental carrying capacity, aquaculture technology and the status of aquaculture operation equipment are also summarized. Furthermore, the problems existing in the development of offshore aquaculture are pointed out. On this basis, future development ideas for China's offshore aquaculture can be planned in terms of sea area layout, optimized and improved seed production systems, and research and development of offshore aquaculture technology and pellet feed. The relationship between the development of offshore aquaculture and ecological protection should be coordinated. Additionally, an energy security system can be built based on clean energy, and the development of related industries can be driven through the complementary industrial division of labour. The present work aims to provide a reference for promoting the development of offshore aquaculture in China.
Artificial intelligence technology, public trust, and effective governance
Authors: Robles Pedro , Mallinson Daniel J.
Published: May 2023

Advancement in information technology continues to evolve especially in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). Research studies have been conducted to evaluate the perceptions of Americans on the development and utilization of AI technology and if it is appropriate to use AI in public administrative duties. The research revealed that society is fragmented regarding the acceptance of AI, and whether AI decisions could have long‐term effects on the labor industry, legal system, and national security. The 2018 AI Public Opinion Survey revealed significant concerns among the American public regarding AI, yet also a recognition of its promise. The goal of this article is to further develop a governance framework for AI that considers the importance of public trust in AI policy. First, it discusses the necessity of public trust for the effective governance of emergent technology. Then, it evaluates public opinion on AI technology that specifically pertains to governance. The article concludes with a discussion of why public trust is central to good AI governance.
Establishment and characterization of two novel patient‐derived lines from canine high‐grade glioma
Authors: Schrock Morgan S. , Zalenski Abigail A. , Tallman Miranda M. , Kollin Luke , Bratasz Anna , Weeks Griffin , Miller Margaret A. , Sweeney Courtney N. , Pluhar G. Elizabeth , Olin Michael R. , Kisseberth William C. , Bentley R. Timothy , Dickinson Peter J. , York Daniel , Webb Amy , Wang Xu , Moore Sarah , Venere Monica , Summers Matthew K.
Published: May 2023

High‐grade glioma is an aggressive cancer that occurs naturally in pet dogs. Canine high‐grade glioma (cHGG) is treated with radiation, chemotherapy or surgery, but has no curative treatment. Within the past eight years, there have been advances in our imaging and histopathology standards as well as genetic charactereization of cHGG. However, there are only three cHGG cell lines publicly available, all of which were derived from astrocytoma and established using methods involving expansion of tumour cells in vitro on plastic dishes. In order to provide more clinically relevant cell lines for studying cHGG in vitro, the goal of this study was to establish cHGG patient‐derived lines, whereby cancer cells are expanded in vivo by injecting cells into immunocompromized laboratory mice. The cells are then harvested from mice and used for in vitro studies. This method is the standard in the human field and has been shown to minimize the acquisition of genetic alterations and gene expression changes from the original tumour. Through a multi‐institutional collaboration, we describe our methods for establishing two novel cHGG patient‐derived lines, Boo‐HA and Mo‐HO, from a high‐grade astrocytoma and a high‐grade oligodendroglioma, respectively. We compare our novel lines to G06‐A, J3T‐Bg, and SDT‐3G (traditional cHGG cell lines) in terms of proliferation and sensitivity to radiation. We also perform whole genome sequencing and identify an NF1 truncating mutation in Mo‐HO. We report the characterization and availability of these novel patient‐derived lines for use by the veterinary community.
Analytical errors in nucleated red blood cell enumeration
Authors: Brown Juliet E. , Oscos‐Snowball Astrid , Courtman Natalie F.
Published: May 2023

Background

Enumeration of nucleated red blood cells (NRBCs) in peripheral blood of dogs and cats is performed by manual counting during blood film evaluation. Automated methods have increased precision and accuracy; however, most analyzers cannot distinguish leukocytes and NRBCs. The Sysmex XN‐V Series may distinguish NRBCs and leukocytes; however, analytical errors occur.

Objectives

We aimed to investigate cases with discrepant automated and manual NRBC counts, and to evaluate reasons for analytical errors.

Methods

Data from samples with increased NRBCs were collected retrospectively and compared with manual counts performed on blood films using Spearman's correlation, Passing‐Bablok agreement analysis, and Bland–Altman comparisons. Precision of the automated method and interobserver agreement of manual counts were evaluated. Cases with discrepant results were investigated.

Results

Agreement between the methods was good at ≤1NRBC ×109/L in dogs and cats, and inadequate at ≥1NRBC ×109/L. The automated method demonstrated a negative proportional difference to the manual method. Precision was good for the automated method (overall CV 7.1%) and interobserver agreement for the manual method was poor overall (mean CV 27.3%, range 0%‐106.1%). Inaccuracies in NRBC enumeration by the automated method occurred with high hematocrits, the mergence of the cell fragments and leukocyte clouds, and the presence of earlier erythroid precursors.

Conclusions

NRBC enumeration by the WNR channel on the Sysmex XN‐1000 V is precise and has good agreement with manual counts in canine and feline blood samples at ≤1NRBC ×109/L. Manual film review is indicated for samples with ≥1NRBC ×109/L, earlier erythroid precursors, samples from greyhounds and dehydrated patients, and if gating errors are noted.
Thermal stability of HVPE-grown (0001) α-Ga2O3 on sapphire template under vacuum and atmospheric environments
Authors: Wen Zhuoqun , Khan Kamruzzaman , Sun Kai , Wellen Ruby , Oshima Yuichi , Ahmadi Elaheh
Published: May 2023

In the present study, thermal stability of α-Ga2O3 under vacuum and ambient pressure conditions was investigated in situ by x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was observed that the thermal stability of α-Ga2O3 increased by 200 °C when pressure was lowered from an atmospheric to a vacuum level. This finding can be explained by oxygen diffusion under different oxygen partial pressures. In addition, in situ TEM imaging revealed that, once past the decomposition temperature, the onset of phase change propagates from the top crystal surface and accumulates strain, eventually resulting in a fractural film. The mechanism of α-Ga2O3 to β-Ga2O3 transition is evaluated through experiments and is discussed in this manuscript.
Gain-of-function mutations in the catalytic domain of
DOT1L
promote lung cancer malignant phenotypes via the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway
Authors: Zhang Jiayu , Yang Ting , Han Mei , Wang Xiaoxuan , Yang Weiming , Guo Ning , Ren Yong , Cui Wei , Li Shangxiao , Zhao Yongshan , Zhai Xin , Jia Lina , Yang Jingyu , Wu Chunfu , Wang Lihui
Published: May 2023

Lung cancer is a lethal malignancy lacking effective therapies. Emerging evidence suggests that epigenetic enzyme mutations are closely related to the malignant phenotype of lung cancer. Here, we identified a series of gain-of-function mutations in the histone methyltransferase DOT1L. The strongest of them is R231Q, located in the catalytic DOT domain. R231Q can enhance the substrate binding ability of DOT1L. Moreover, R231Q promotes cell growth and drug resistance of lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic studies also revealed that the R231Q mutant specifically activates the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway by enriching H3K79me2 on the
RAF1
promoter and epigenetically regulating the expression of downstream targets. The combination of a DOT1L inhibitor (SGC0946) and a MAPK/ERK axis inhibitor (binimetinib) can effectively reverse the R231Q-induced phenomena. Our results reveal gain-of-function mutations in an epigenetic enzyme and provide promising insights for the precise treatment of lung cancer patients.
Gradient nanostructured steel with superior tensile plasticity
Authors: Shang Zhongxia , Sun Tianyi , Ding Jie , Richter Nicholas A. , Heckman Nathan M. , White Benjamin C. , Boyce Brad L. , Hattar Khalid , Wang Haiyan , Zhang Xinghang
Published: May 2023

Nanostructured metallic materials with abundant high-angle grain boundaries exhibit high strength and good radiation resistance. While the nanoscale grains induce high strength, they also degrade tensile ductility. We show that a gradient nanostructured ferritic steel exhibits simultaneous improvement in yield strength by 36% and uniform elongation by 50% compared to the homogenously structured counterpart. In situ tension studies coupled with electron backscattered diffraction analyses reveal intricate coordinated deformation mechanisms in the gradient structures. The outermost nanolaminate grains sustain a substantial plastic strain via a profound deformation mechanism involving prominent grain reorientation. This synergistic plastic co-deformation process alters the rupture mode in the post-necking regime, thus delaying the onset of fracture. The present discovery highlights the intrinsic plasticity of nanolaminate grains and their significance in simultaneous improvement of strength and tensile ductility of structural metallic materials.
Yield-stress transition in suspensions of deformable droplets
Authors: Negro Giuseppe , Carenza Livio Nicola , Gonnella Giuseppe , Mackay Fraser , Morozov Alexander , Marenduzzo Davide
Published: May 2023

Yield-stress materials, which require a sufficiently large forcing to flow, are currently ill-understood theoretically. To gain insight into their yielding transition, we study numerically the rheology of a suspension of deformable droplets in 2D. We show that the suspension displays yield-stress behavior, with droplets remaining motionless below a critical body-force. In this phase, droplets jam to form an amorphous structure, whereas they order in the flowing phase. Yielding is linked to a percolation transition in the contacts of droplet-droplet overlaps and requires strict conservation of the droplet area to exist. Close to the transition, we find strong oscillations in the droplet motion that resemble those found experimentally in confined colloidal glasses. We show that even when droplets are static, the underlying solvent moves by permeation so that the viscosity of the composite system is never truly infinite, and its value ceases to be a bulk material property of the system.
Seismic evidence for global basalt accumulation in the mantle transition zone
Authors: Yu Chunquan , Goes Saskia , Day Elizabeth A. , van der Hilst Robert D.
Published: May 2023

The mantle’s compositional structure reflects the thermochemical evolution of Earth. Yet, even the radial average composition of the mantle remains debated. Here, we analyze a global dataset of shear and compressional waves reflecting off the 410- and 660-km discontinuities that is 10 times larger than any previous studies. Our array analysis retrieves globally averaged amplitude-distance trends in SS and PP precursor reflectivity from which we infer relative wavespeed and density contrasts and associated mantle composition. Our results are best matched by a basalt-enriched mantle transition zone, with higher basalt fractions near 660 (~40%) than 410 (~18–31%). These are consistent with mantle-convection/plate-recycling simulations, which predict that basaltic crust accumulates in the mantle transition zone, with basalt fractions peaking near the 660. Basalt segregation in the mantle transition zone also implies that the overall mantle is more silica enriched than the often-assumed pyrolitic mantle reference composition.
Surficial nano-deposition locoregionally yielding bactericidal super CAR-macrophages expedites periprosthetic osseointegration
Authors: Li Ziyang , Zhang Shengchang , Fu Zhipeng , Liu Ying , Man Zhentao , Shi Chongdeng , Tang Chunwei , Chen Chen , Chai Qihao , Yang Zhenmei , Zhang Jing , Zhao Xiaotian , Xu Hailun , Han Maosen , Wang Yan , Liao Ziyang , Yu Gongchang , Shi Bin , Zhao Kun , Li Wei , Jiang Xinyi
Published: May 2023

Tracking and eradicating
Staphylococcus aureus
in the periprosthetic microenvironment are critical for preventing periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), yet effective strategies remain elusive. Here, we report an implant nanoparticle coating that locoregionally yields bactericidal super chimeric antigen receptor macrophages (CAR-MΦs) to prevent PJI. We demonstrate that the plasmid-laden nanoparticle from the coating can introduce
S. aureus
–targeted CAR genes and caspase-11 short hairpin RNA (CASP11 shRNA) into macrophage nuclei to generate super CAR-MΦs in mouse models. CASP11 shRNA allowed mitochondria to be recruited around phagosomes containing phagocytosed bacteria to deliver mitochondria-generated bactericidal reactive oxygen species. These super CAR-MΦs targeted and eradicated
S. aureus
and conferred robust bactericidal immunologic activity at the bone-implant interface. Furthermore, the coating biodegradability precisely matched the bone regeneration process, achieving satisfactory osteogenesis. Overall, our work establishes a locoregional treatment strategy for priming macrophage-specific bactericidal immunity with broad application in patients suffering from multidrug-resistant bacterial infection.
Wafer-patterned, permeable, and stretchable liquid metal microelectrodes for implantable bioelectronics with chronic biocompatibility
Authors: Zhuang Qiuna , Yao Kuanming , Wu Mengge , Lei Zhuogui , Chen Fan , Li Jiyu , Mei Quanjing , Zhou Yingying , Huang Qiyao , Zhao Xin , Li Ying , Yu Xinge , Zheng Zijian
Published: May 2023

Implantable bioelectronics provide unprecedented opportunities for real-time and continuous monitoring of physiological signals of living bodies. Most bioelectronics adopt thin-film substrates such as polyimide and polydimethylsiloxane that exhibit high levels of flexibility and stretchability. However, the low permeability and relatively high modulus of these thin films hamper the long-term biocompatibility. In contrast, devices fabricated on porous substrates show the advantages of high permeability but suffer from low patterning density. Here, we report a wafer-scale patternable strategy for the high-resolution fabrication of supersoft, stretchable, and permeable liquid metal microelectrodes (μLMEs). We demonstrate 2-μm patterning capability, or an ultrahigh density of ~75,500 electrodes/cm
2
, of μLME arrays on a wafer-size (diameter, 100 mm) elastic fiber mat by photolithography. We implant the μLME array as a neural interface for high spatiotemporal mapping and intervention of electrocorticography signals of living rats. The implanted μLMEs have chronic biocompatibility over a period of eight months.
Taking inspiration from nature is a no-brainer
Authors: Matsiko Amos
Published: May 2023

The hierarchical structure and function of the brain offer a source of inspiration for the development of intelligent robots.
Controlled Experimental Infection in Pigs with a Strain of Yersinia enterocolitica Harboring Genetic Markers for Human Pathogenicity: Colonization and Stability
Authors: Esnault Emilie , Rouaud Alicia , Labbé Annie , Houdayer Catherine , Bailly Yann , Houard Emmanuelle , Bougeard Stéphanie , Paboeuf Frédéric , Eterradossi Nicolas , Chemaly Marianne , Denis Martine
Published: May 2023

Yersinia enterocolitica
(
Ye
) is one of the major causes of foodborne zoonosis. The BT4/O:3 bioserotype is most commonly isolated in human infections.
Investigation of CRISPR-Independent Phage Resistance Mechanisms Reveals a Role for FtsH in Phage Adsorption to Streptococcus thermophilus
Authors: Garrett Sandra C. , Philippe Cecile , Kim Jenny G. , Wei Yunzhou , Johnson Katie A. , Olson Sara , Graveley Brenton R. , Terns Michael P.
Published: May 2023

Streptococcus thermophilus
is an important organism for production of cultured dairy foods, but it is susceptible to lytic phages which can lead to failed products. Consequently, mechanisms for phage resistance are an active area of research.
Conformations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoproteins in Detergents and Styrene-Maleic Acid Lipid Particles
Authors: Zhou Rong , Zhang Shijian , Nguyen Hanh T. , Ding Haitao , Gaffney Althea , Kappes John C. , Smith Amos B. , Sodroski Joseph G.
Published: May 2023

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) envelope glycoproteins (Envs) in the viral membrane mediate virus entry into the host cell and are targeted by neutralizing antibodies elicited by natural infection or vaccines. Detailed studies of membrane proteins rely on purification procedures that allow the proteins to maintain their natural conformation.
Novel Host Pathways Govern Epithelial Cell Invasion of Aspergillus fumigatus
Authors: Liu Hong , Shetty Amol C. , Ibrahim Ashraf S. , Filler Scott G. , Bruno Vincent M.
Published: May 2023

Invasive aspergillosis is a deadly invasive fungal infection that initiates when
Aspergillus fumigatus
spores are inhaled and come into contact with the epithelial cells that line the airways and alveoli. Understanding this fungus-host interaction is important for the development of novel therapeutics.
Impact of long-term erosion on crustal stresses and seismicity in stable continental regions
Authors: Mazzotti Stephane , Vergeron Xavier , Malcles Oswald , Grosset Juliette , Vernant Philippe
Published: May 2023

The causes of seismicity in stable continental regions (SCRs) remain an open question, in particular with respect to (1) the transient or steady-state nature of the forcing mechanisms and (2) the bias toward shallow seismicity. In this study, we test the impact of long-term localized erosion on crustal stresses and the promotion or inhibition of seismicity in SCRs. We subject numerical models with various geotherms and rheologies to typical SCR erosion rates (4–200 m/m.y.) over 10 m.y. to estimate the lithosphere mechanical response and the associated stress perturbations. In all models, the lithosphere deformation and stresses due to long-term localized erosion are close, but not identical, to those predicted by a simple elastic plate model. In specific cases with relatively high geotherm or weak crust, upper mantle or lower crust viscous flow can significantly impact the upper crust stress perturbations. Overall, erosion-induced horizontal tension is maximum in the upper crust (0–10 km depth) and much smaller in the mid- and lower crust. These stress perturbations reach a few tens of megapascals to a few megapascals over a few million years. Depending on the erosion patterns and regional state of stress, they can promote fault instability and seismicity for all faulting styles. Our results suggest that erosion-induced stresses can contribute to explaining the bias toward shallow seismicity in SCRs.
Evaluating workforce well-being: an investigation of healthcare professionals’ mental health and burnout symptoms at the Tokyo 2020 and Beijing 2022 Paralympic Games
Authors: Eken Maaike , Runciman Phoebe , Badenhorst Marelise , Blauwet Cheri , Gouttebarge Vincent , Swartz Leslie , Derman Wayne
Published: May 2023

Objective

To explore the prevalence of symptoms of mental health conditions and burnout of healthcare professionals (HCPs) working during the Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games and the Beijing 2022 Paralympic Winter Games.

Methods

In this cross-sectional, observational study, HCPs working during the Tokyo 2020 and Beijing 2022 Paralympic Games were asked to complete an online, anonymous survey, which included demographic questions and questions regarding mental health symptoms including depression (Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item depression scale) and anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale) as well as burnout (Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey: depersonalisation, emotional exhaustion, personal accomplishment). Correlation coefficients (r) were calculated between demographic characteristics and mental health symptoms.

Results

In total, 256 HCPs (of 857 HCPs; 30%) completed the surveys. Twelve and eight per cent of HCP scores fell within the moderate to severe depression and moderate to severe anxiety categories, respectively. More than 30% reported moderate to high burnout (depersonalisation: 36%; emotional exhaustion: 36%; personal accomplishment: 58%). In addition, thoughts of self-harm and/or suicidality were reported by some HCPs (8%). Weak correlations were observed between age and depression (r=−0.13, p=0.046), anxiety (r=−0.16, p=0.010) and burnout (emotional exhaustion: r=−0.14, p=0.032; personal accomplishment: r=0.27, p<0.001).

Conclusion

Although most HCPs reported good mental health, this study suggests that a subset of HCPs experienced symptoms of depression, anxiety, burnout or thoughts of self-harm during the Tokyo 2020 and Beijing 2022 Paralympic Games. While the generalisability of these findings outside of COVID-19 restrictions should be tested, appropriate guidance and mental health support of HCPs leading up to the Paralympic Games should be prioritised.
Structural under-reporting of informed consent, data handling and sharing, ethical approval, and application of Open Science principles as proxies for study quality conduct in COVID-19 research: a systematic scoping review
Authors: Wilmes Nick , Hendriks Charlotte W E , Viets Caspar T A , Cornelissen Simon J W M , van Mook Walther N K A , Cox-Brinkman Josanne , Celi Leo A , Martinez-Martin Nicole , Gichoya Judy W , Watkins Craig , Bakhshi-Raiez Ferishta , Wynants Laure , van der Horst Iwan C C , van Bussel Bas C T
Published: May 2023

Background

The COVID-19 pandemic required science to provide answers rapidly to combat the outbreak. Hence, the reproducibility and quality of conducting research may have been threatened, particularly regarding privacy and data protection, in varying ways around the globe. The objective was to investigate aspects of reporting informed consent and data handling as proxies for study quality conduct.

Methods

A systematic scoping review was performed by searching PubMed and Embase. The search was performed on November 8th, 2020. Studies with hospitalised patients diagnosed with COVID-19 over 18 years old were eligible for inclusion. With a focus on informed consent, data were extracted on the study design, prestudy protocol registration, ethical approval, data anonymisation, data sharing and data transfer as proxies for study quality. For reasons of comparison, data regarding country income level, study location and journal impact factor were also collected.

Results

972 studies were included. 21.3% of studies reported informed consent, 42.6% reported waivers of consent, 31.4% did not report consent information and 4.7% mentioned other types of consent. Informed consent reporting was highest in clinical trials (94.6%) and lowest in retrospective cohort studies (15.0%). The reporting of consent versus no consent did not differ significantly by journal impact factor (p=0.159). 16.8% of studies reported a prestudy protocol registration or design. Ethical approval was described in 90.9% of studies. Information on anonymisation was provided in 17.0% of studies. In 257 multicentre studies, 1.2% reported on data sharing agreements, and none reported on Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable data principles. 1.2% reported on open data. Consent was most often reported in the Middle East (42.4%) and least often in North America (4.7%). Only one report originated from a low-income country.

Discussion

Informed consent and aspects of data handling and sharing were under-reported in publications concerning COVID-19 and differed between countries, which strains study quality conduct when in dire need of answers.