bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hipparion Datum Implies Miocene Palaeoecological Pattern
Authors: Sun Boyang , Liu Yan , He Wen , Chen Shanqin , Deng Tao
Published: May 2021

Here, we report well–preserved skulls and postcranial specimens of the subgenus Hippotherium from the Linxia Basin, Gansu, China. Based on morphological comparison, the species of subgenus Hippotherium in China, Hipparion weihoense and Hipparion chiai, should be ascribed to the same species, H. weihoense. The species Hipparion prostylum (later Hipparion aff. brachypus) from Maragheh, Iran should also be ascribed to H. weihoense. Phylogenetic analysis shows the subgenus Hippotherium derived from the North American genus Cormohipparion, and as a basal group of Hipparion in Eurasia, representing the Hipparion Datum. Analysis on locomotive ability indicates that H. weihoense likely lived in an open habitat, whereas other species of subgenus Hippotherium likely lived in closed habitats. This result indicates a palaeoecological pattern in the early Late Miocene in Eurasia: influenced by a series of geological events, aridification of mid–latitude Asia progressed, whereas Europe and North Africa remained relatively humid; as the genus originated from East Asia, Hipparion divided rapidly into different groups with differing functional morphology to occupy diverse niches.
Diversity of Diurnal Raptors in a Suburban Area of a City in Southern Chile
Authors: Muñoz-Pedreros Andrés , Dellacasa Varia
Published: May 2021

Raptor conservation programs should be based on knowledge of the birds’ ecology in both natural and urban habitats, justifying the inclusion of ecological studies in suburban zones into regional planning initiatives. The objectives of this study were (a) to determine the use by diurnal raptors of the habitat in a suburban area of a city in southern Chile, and (b) to characterize the different zones into five types of environment, and assess their raptor diversity for consideration in territorial planning. Acoustic surveys were conducted in auditory stations in addition to observations from fixed transects and trails. From a total of 161.39 hours of census, we obtained 664 sightings corresponding to ten species of diurnal raptors. The richest environment was dense forest (eight species), followed by grassland (six species), native forest regeneration (five species), shrubs (four species) and exotic tree plantations (three species). We discuss the relationship between the richness of diurnal raptors, the types of environment in the study area, and the spatial location of the sites, as well as the implications for territorial planning to support the conservation of birds of prey in the suburban zone studied.
Brain Age Estimation at Tract Group Level and its Association with Daily Life Measures, Cardiac Risk Factors and Genetic Variants
Authors: Salih Ahmed , Galazzo Ilaria Boscolo , Raisi-Estabragh Zahra , Rauseo Elisa , Gkontra Polyxeni , Petersen Steffen E. , Lekadir Karim , Altmann André , Radeva Petia , Menegaz Gloria
Published: May 2021

Brain age can be estimated using different MRI modalities including diffusion MRI. Recent studies demonstrated that white matter (WM) tracts that share the same function might experience similar alterations. Therefore, in this work, we sought to investigate such issue focusing on five WM bundles holding that feature that is Association, Brainstem, Commissural, Limbic and Projection fibers, respectively. For each tract group, we estimated brain age for 15335 healthy participants from United Kingdom Biobank relying on diffusion MRI image derived endophenotypes, Bayesian ridge regression modeling and 10 fold-cross validation. Furthermore, we estimated brain age for an ensemble model that gathers all the considered white matter bundles. Association analysis was subsequently performed between the estimated brain age delta as resulting from the six models, that is for each tract group as well as for the ensemble model, and 38 daily life style measures, 14 cardiac risk factors and cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging features and genetic variants. Our study revealed that the limbic tracts experience less brain aging compared to other tract groups, Brainstem tracts ages relatively faster while the other tract groups present similar brain aging patterns. The model achieved 5.86 mean absolute error (MAE) for brainstem, 5.08 for limbic tracts and around 5.2 for the other three tract groups while, the ensemble model 4.55. Moreover, the results suggest that limbic tracts are more affected by daily lifestyle factors than the other tract groups. Lastly, two SNPs were significantly (p-value < 5E-8) associated with brain age delta in projection fibers. Those SNPs are mapped to HIST1H1A and SLC17A3 genes.
Young South Asians With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) – Outcomes, Clinical and Angiographic Profiles.
Authors: Rehman Salik ur , Almas Aysha , Siddiqui Aisha , Sethi Sania Sabir , Awan Safia , Khan Aamir Hameed
Published: May 2021

Background: Why STEMI in young South Asians (SAs) has more adverse outcomes compared to elder population is underexplored. We conducted this study to learn about common risk factors, disease patterns and prognostic factors in this population.Methods: It was an observational study from 2013-2019 done at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, a tertiary care hospital. Patients aged <45 years who presented with their first episode of ST elevated Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) and who underwent Primay PCI were included. Patients with previous MI or revascularization were excluded. Details of risk factors, lesion complexity and outcomes were noted. Main outcome measures were:i. Primary outcome of 30 day All-cause mortalityii. Secondary outcomes: (a) Composite of Shock/CPR/VT/Vfib, (b) Ejection fraction <35%, (c) Delayed discharge >5 daysResults: Of a total of 1207 patients, only 165 patients (13%) were <45 years old. Common risk factors included male gender 90.3%, n=149, obesity in 48.3%, n=69, history of tobacco in 45%, n=74 and positive family history in 48.4%, n=80. LAD was the culprit in 77.0%, n=127 with Single vessel disease (SVCAD) in 68%, n=112. Primary outcome of 30 day All-cause mortality was seen in 3.6%, n=6 patients. Secondary outcomes: (i) Composite of Shock/CPR/VT/Vfib was seen in 12%, n=20 associated to initial SBP <110 mmhg (OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.2-13.4) or heart failure (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.0-12.6). (ii) Ejection fraction <35% was seen in 29%. n=48 associated to anterior infarction (OR 5.0, 95% CI 1.8-13.5 ), Time to hospital (TTH) >4 hours (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.0-6.7) and heart failure (OR 5.1, 95% CI 1.7-15.4). (iii) Delayed discharge >5 days was seen in 27.3%, n=45 associated to TTH >4 hours (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.3-11.2), the Composite of Shock/CPR/VT/VF (OR 6.4, 95% CI 1.9-21.6) and HTN (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.0-5.2).Conclusion: Young SAs with STEMI are usually obese, tobacco-users with positive family history. LAD is the most common culprit vessel. Anterior STEMI, delayed presentation, initial SBP, and heart failure may help stratify these patients.
The Association of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease and Statin Use With Inflammation and Treatment Outcomes in Tuberculosis
Authors: Chidambaram Vignesh , Castillo Jennie Ruelas , Kumar Amudha , Wei Justin , Wang Siqing , Majella Marie Gilbert , Gupte Akshay , Wang Jann-Yuan , Karakousis Petros C.
Published: May 2021

Objective: Tuberculosis (TB) and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) have a close epidemiological and pathogenetic overlap. Thus, it becomes essential to understand the relationship between ASCVD and TB outcomes.Methods:From our retrospective cohort on drug-susceptible TB patients at the National Taiwan University Hospital, we assessed the association of pre-existing ASCVD (coronary artery disease (CAD) and atherothrombotic stroke (ATS)) with 9-month all-cause and infection-related mortality and the extent of mediation by systemic inflammatory markers. We determined the effect of pre-existing ASCVD on 2-month sputum microbiological status. Among ASCVD patients, we assessed the association of statin use on mortality.Results:Nine-month all-cause mortality was higher in CAD patients with prior acute myocardial infarction (CAD+AMI+) (adjusted HR 2.01, 95%CI 1.38-3.00) and ATS patients (aHR 2.79, 95%CI 1.92-4.07) and similarly, for infection-related mortality was higher in CAD+AMI+ (aHR 1.95, 95%CI 1.17-3.24) and ATS (aHR 2.04, 95%CI 1.19-3.46) after adjusting for confounding factors. Pre-existing CAD (AMI- or AMI+) or ATS did not change sputum culture conversion or sputum smear AFB positivity at 2 months. The CAD+AMI+ group had significantly higher levels of CRP at TB diagnosis in the multivariable linear regression analysis (Adjusted B(SE) 1.24(0.62)). CRP mediated 66% (p=0.048) and 25% (p=0.033) of the association all-cause mortality with CAD+AMI- and CAD+AMI+, respectively. ConclusionsIn summary, patients with ASCVD have higher hazards of 9-month all-cause and infection-related mortality, with elevated serum inflammation mediating one to three-quarters of this association when adjusted for confounders. Statin use was associated with lower all-cause mortality among patients with ASCVD.
INTS8 Predicts a Therapeutic Target for Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma via Integration of Bioinformation Analysis and Experimental Validation
Authors: Zhou Qi , Ji Li , Shi Xueying , Deng Dawei , Guo Fangyue , Wang Zhengpeng , Liu Wenhui , Zhang Jinnan , Xia Shilin , Shang Dong
Published: May 2021

Background & Aims: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) remains a rare malignancy, ranking the leading lethal primary liver cancer worldwide. However, biological functions of integrator complex subunit 8 (INTS8) remain unknown in ICC. Thus, this research aimed to explore the potential role of INTS8, as well as develop a novel diagnosed or therapeutic target in ICC. Methods: Differently expressed genes in two GEO datasets were obtained by RRA package in R software. The “maftools” package was implemented to visualize the cholangiocarcinoma (CHOL) mutation data in TCGA database. The expression of INTS8 was detected by preforming quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry in cell lines and human samples, respectively. The association between subtypes of tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TICs) and INTS8 expression in CHOL was performed by using CIBERSORT tools. We evaluated a correlation between INTS8 expression and mismatch repair genes (MMRs) and DNA methyltransferases in pan-cancer analyses. Finally, the pan-cancer prognostic signatures of INTS8 were identified by univariate analyses. Results: We obtained the mutation landscape of a RRA gene set in CHOL. The expression of INTS8 was actually upregulated in ICC cell lines and human ICC samples. Furthermore, INTS8 expression is tightly associated with distinct landscape of TICs, the MMRs, and DNA methyltransferases in CHOL. In addition, the high INTS8 expression group presented a significantly poor outcomes, including overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS) and disease-free interval (DFI) (P < 0.05) in multi-cancers. Conclusions: INTS8 contributes to the tumorigenesis and progression of ICC. Our study highlights the significant roles of INTS8 in ICC and pan-cancers, providing a valuable molecular target for cancer research.
The current and potential uses of Electronic Medical Record (EMR) data for primary health care performance measurement in the Canadian context: a qualitative analysis
Authors: Barbazza Erica , Allin Sara , Byrnes Mary , Foebel Andrea D , Khan Tanya , Sidhom Patricia , Klazinga Niek S , Kringos Dionne S
Published: May 2021

Background: Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) are a rich data source to measure and improve quality of care. As Canadian primary health care (PHC) EMRs mature, there is increasing potential use of EMR data for performance measurement. This study identifies and describes current uses of EMR data for performance measurement and considerations to further its potential in the Canadian context. Methods: We applied a qualitative case study design and descriptive assessment in three phases, consulting multiple data sources including scientific and grey literature, system leaders (n=41), and clinician/researchers (n=20). Phases included a multimethod approach to identify initiatives using EMR data for performance measurement across Canadian jurisdictions; in-depth review of current initiatives identified from a healthcare performance intelligence lens; and triangulation and thematic analysis across data sources to explore considerations for advancing performance measurement uses of EMR data in the Canadian context. Results: Six initiatives of EMR data use for performance measurement were identified: one multi-jurisdictional; five jurisdiction-specific in the provinces of British Columbia, Manitoba and Ontario. EMR data uses were predominately for micro-level PHC physician and team performance improvement, with some use for meso-level organization/network-wide improvement. Indicator sets varied in number, though shared emphasis on chronic disease management and prevention/screening and to a lesser extent medication management. Key considerations for governing, resourcing and implementing EMR data for performance measurement were identified. Conclusion: The extent of EMR data use for performance measurement varies across Canada. To further its potential, pan-Canadian data and privacy standards, performance intelligence competencies and renewed core PHC indicators should be prioritized. Experiences across countries, coupled with increasing momentum for performance measurement using real-world data, should be leveraged to avoid unnecessarily slow progress in Canada and abroad.
Reclassification of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction Following Cardiac Sympathetic Nervous System Activation: a New Cutoff Value of 58%
Authors: Goto Toshihiko , Nakayama Takafumi , Yamamoto Junki , Mori Kento , Shintani Yasuhiro , Kikuchi Shohei , Fujita Hiroshi , Wakami Kazuaki , Fukuta Hidekatsu , Seo Yoshihiro , Ohte Nobuyuki
Published: May 2021

A left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 50% as the cutoff for heart failure (HF) with preserved LVEF is controversial. We previously reported that patients with an LVEF of ≥58% have good prognoses. In this study, 123I-metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy was performed to evaluate cardiac sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity in 63 HF patients (78.4±9.6 years; males, 49.2%). During the follow-up period (median, 3.0 years), 18 all-cause deaths occurred. The delayed heart/mediastinum (H/M) ratio was significantly higher in the LVEF ≥58% group (n=15) than the LVEF <58% group (n=48) (2.1±0.3 vs. 1.7±0.4, p=0.004), and the all-cause mortality was significantly lower in patients in the former than those in the latter group (log-rank, p=0.04). When these patients were divided into LVEF ≥50% (n=22) and LVEF <50% (n=41) groups; no significant differences were found in the delayed H/M ratio, and the all-cause mortality did not differ between the groups (log-rank, p=0.09).In conclusion, cardiac SNS activity was more elevated in patients with an LVEF of <58% than in those with an LVEF of ≥58%. Furthermore, an LVEF of <58% was significantly associated with all-cause mortality. Thus, an LVEF of 58% is a good candidate for reclassifying HF patients according to cardiac SNS activity.
Effects of chemically reactive and thermally radiative MHD Prandtl nanofluid by a vertically heated stretchable surface with convective conditions
Authors: Rasheed Haroon Ur , Islam Saeed , Khan Zeeshan , Khan Waris
Published: May 2021

The existing investigations purpose to disclose the interaction effects of transverse magnetic and hydrodynamic flow of Prandtl nanofluid subjected to convective boundary conditions over a vertical heated stretching surface. Developing a fundamental flow model, a boundary layer approximation is done, which yields momentum, concentration, and energy expressions. Moreover, Brownian effect and thermophoresis influence are also taken into the account. The constitutive flow laws of nonlinear (PDEs) is altered into ordinary one via similarity transformation variables. The dimensionless nonlinear systems of (ODEs) are then solved through bvp4c numerical algorithm. Consequences of innumerable flow factors on steam wise velocity, thermal field, and concentration of nanoparticle are explicitly debated and plotted graphically. The drag force coefficient and heat transference rate are assumed and deliberated accordingly. It has been perceived that f higher estimation of thermophoresis parameter upsurges the internal thermal energy of the nanofluid and nanoparticles concentration field.
Comparison of Multichannel Signal Deconvolution Algorithms in Airborne LiDAR Bathymetry Based on Wavelet Transform
Authors: Song Yue , Li Houpu , Zhai Guojun , He Yan , Bian Shaofeng , Zhou Wei
Published: May 2021

Airborne LiDAR bathymetry offers low cost and high mobility, making it an ideal option for shallow-water measurements. However, due to differences in the measurement environment and the laser emission channel, the received waveform is difficult to extract using a single algorithm. The choice of a suitable waveform processing method is thus extremely important to guarantee the accuracy of the bathymetric retrieval. In this work, we use a wavelet-denoising method to denoise the received waveform and then test four algorithms for denoised-waveform processing: Richardson–Lucy deconvolution (RLD), blind deconvolution (BD), Wiener filter deconvolution (WFD), and constrained least-squares filter deconvolution (RFD). The simulation database and the measured multichannel database are used to evaluate the algorithms, with the focus on improving their performance after the data-denoising preprocessing and their capability of extracting water depth. The results show that applying wavelet denoising before deconvolution improves the extraction accuracy. The four algorithms perform better for the shallow water orthogonal polarization channel (PMT2) than the shallow horizontal row polarization channel (PMT1). Of the four algorithms, RLD provides the best signal-detection rate, and RFD is the most robust. BD has low computational efficiency, and WFD performs poorly in deep water (<25 m).
Ecology, Morphology, Distribution, and Use of Sesbania tchadica (Sesbania Sesban) from the Republic of Chad: A Review
Authors: Mahamat Ousman Brahim , Younes Saoud , Otchom Boy Brahim , Franzel Steve , Mahamat Al-Djazouli Ouchar , Fadoua Asraoui , Soumaya El ismaili
Published: May 2021

This study on the leguminous plant Sesbania tchadica has made it possible to highlight its description, specification and identification in N'Djamena region S. tchadica (Sesbania Sesban Merr. (L)) is an annual tree that measures more than 4 meters in height. This species is abundant especially in Ndjamena. In most of the district of Ndjamena, S. tchadica was the most common type. S. tchadica shows a rapid early growth and grows well in various soils especially sandy siltstone and silty shale. The local inhabitants use the species in many ways: as a medicine, a livestock feed, for improving soil fertility, for fuelwood and to repel desert encroachment. In this study, various academic publishing websites like Science Direct, Springer Nature, some online international plant databases, and other national data herbaria from the republic of Chad were used to identify, describe and summarize the research literature on Sesbania Sesban. This paper also describes the morphological characteristics observed in Sesbania Sesban from the republic of Chad and its taxonomy to assist in future program evaluations.
UKRAINE AND THE EUROPEAN BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT: A MODERN CHANGE IN THE VECTOR OF COOPERATION
Authors: Makarenko M. , Vinnik M.
Published: May 2021

The article presents the results of the analysis of the current state of financial and credit relations between Ukrainian economic entities and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). Currently, this issue is becoming surprisingly relevant for Ukraine, due to the lack of domestic financial resources, and therefore there is a need for active development of cooperation with this international financial institution in the context of resource support of expensive national projects. The purpose of the article is to conduct a study of current areas of cooperation between Ukraine and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, their current status and possible prospects. There are substantiated the guiding principles of the organization of mutual cooperation of the EBRD with private and state economic entities during support of the transformation processes in Ukraine. Prospects for further development of cooperation with the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development are analyzed. To emphasize the importance of the role of the EBRD, there are given specific examples of successful projects, which are implemented with the financial support of the bank. Were identified the industries to which the vast majority of financial resources are directed and also was analyzed the dynamics of lending for the last 6 years. There is noted a reorientation of the target direction of loans for the implementation of infrastructure projects in comparison with the projects of other industries for the last period. Examples of refusals to finance projects are given and their reasons are analyzed. Was made an analysis of the dynamics of obtaining credit resources from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development in quantitative and cost terms. Were identified the directions of the impact of the EBRD's cooperation with Ukraine on key areas of the national economy and also was provided an assessment of the potential benefits from the implementation of planned projects. It is proposed to create an advisory group of highly qualified banking specialists who carry out preliminary evaluation of projects and provide recommendations on their compliance with EBRD requirements. Based on the assessment of the current state of Ukraine's cooperation with the EBRD, expectations and forecasts were formed regarding its potential opportunities for development in the near future.
RЕFORM OF THE SYSTEM OF FINANCIAL CONTROL OVER THE EXECUTION OF LOCAL BUDGETS
Authors: Vyhovska N. , Diachek S.
Published: May 2021

The article defines, the need to improve the system of public financial control at the regional level is due to the concentration of financial and material resources of a particular area for more efficient use. Definitely at the current stage of development of financial control, scientists pay much attention to providing recommendations for reforming financial control over the implementation of local budgets, but they are diverse, which complicates the comprehensive improvement of the system of financial control over the implementation of local budgets. The need to increase the efficiency of the system of financial control over the implementation of local budgets in Ukraine, the need to revise many theoretical and practical provisions requires research and development of scientifically sound recommendations for further development of the control system at the local level.

The purpose of the article is to identify problems of inefficiency of the state financial control of local budgets, develop directions for its reform in the context of organizational, regulatory, methodological support and justify the need for public monitoring in the budget process as a tool for civil society and local authorities. The methodological basis of the study are general philosophical and general scientific methods of cognition of phenomena and processes in the system of financial control. In the process of studying the theoretical aspects of control, a systematic approach was used to form a system of financial control over the implementation of local budgets.The directions of reforming the system of financial control over the implementation of local budgets in terms of elements of the support subsystem of the financial control system are proposed, namely: improvement of regulatory, organizational, personnel, methodological and information support. The practical implementation of the proposed measures will improve the quality of budget process management, the formation and development of the system of municipal financial control, increase the efficiency and effectiveness of local governments and other participants in the budget process.
Detection and identification of platelet antibodies and antigens in the clinical laboratory
Authors: Curtis B.R. , McFarland J.G.
Published: May 2021

As a result of the unique functional properties of platelets, more-robust methods were required for detection of antibodies raised against them. Immunofluorescence detection by flow cytometry, solid-phase red cell adherence, and antigen capture ELISAs are some of the current tests that have been developed to meet the challenges of platelet antibody detection and identification and antigen phenotyping. Recently developed protein liquid bead arrays are becoming the next-generation platelet antibody tests. Fueled by development of PCR and determination of the molecular basis of the PlA1 human platelet antigen (HPA), serologic platelet typing has now been replaced by genotyping of DNA. Allele-specific PCR, melting curve analysis, and 5′-nuclease assays are now evolving into more high-throughput molecular tests. Laboratory testing for the diagnosis of immune platelet disorders has advanced considerably from its humble beginnings.
Immunohematology

2009;25:125–135.
New serologic findings in a patient with ulcerative colitis and a warm autoantibody
Authors: Lightfoot T.G. , Delia VanThof L.
Published: May 2021

IgG-RBC sensitization associated with serine proteases is the current prevailing hypothesis used to explain an uncommon phenomenon in which a positive DAT is obtained using the RBCs from a patient’s clotted blood sample but a negative DAT is obtained when testing RBCs from the patient’s unclotted sample. Similarly, the patient’s serum but not plasma will also be reactive by IAT against all RBCs tested. The majority of patients demonstrating this phenomenon have had a history of ulcerative colitis but no signs of hemolytic anemia. A case of IgG-RBC sensitization associated with serine proteases and a warm autoantibody in a 14-year-old Hispanic girl with ulcerative colitis is reported. The patient was admitted for severe anemia (Hb, 6.9 g/dL). On admission, pretransfusion testing of the patient’s serum and RBCs showed an ABO/Rh discrepancy between the forward typing and reverse grouping. The phenomenon of IgG-RBC sensitization associated with serine proteases was considered in the differential evaluation of the serum versus plasma typing discrepancy. To confirm the presence of the phenomenon of IgG-RBC sensitization associated with serine proteases, the plasma was clotted and converted to serum by the addition of thrombin. The initially nonreactive plasma was 2+ reactive when converted to serum. A warm autoantibody was also detected during the course of serologic evaluation. The patient was transfused with 2 units of incompatible RBCs with no adverse reaction observed.
Immunohematology

2009;25:160–164.
Differences in ABO antibody levels among blood donors: a comparison between past and present Japanese, Laotian, and Thai populations
Authors: Mazda T. , Yabe R. , NaThalang O. , Thammavong T. , Tadokoro K.
Published: May 2021

Passively transfused blood group antibodies cause clinical problems. High titers of anti-A and anti-B seem to be one reason for hemolytic transfusion reactions and for ABO HDN. In Japan, anti-A and anti-B titers notably decreased in the 15 years between 1986 and 2001. At present, titers of more than 100, as measured using the saline method, are rare. Differences in the level of anti-A and anti-B among ethnic populations have been reported; these differences were found to be the result of environmental factors rather than hereditary factors. In the present study, the anti-A and anti-B titers of random donors in three Asian populations are compared. In Thailand, the IgM anti-A and anti-B titers are low and are similar to the Japanese titers reported in 2001, but the IgG anti-A and anti-B titers are high and are similar to the Japanese titers reported in 1986. In the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, both the IgM and the IgG anti-A and anti-B titers are high and are similar to those reported in Japan in 1986. In addition, anti-A and anti-B titers of different sex donors and of various age groups were also compared. High titers were found in 8.8 percent of the female donors in the younger than 30 age group and in 36.7 percent of the female donors in the older than 50 age group.
Immunohematology

2007;23:38–41.
The Redelberger antigen: a family study, a family story
Authors: Lang N.A. , Moulds M.K. , Coghlan G.E.
Published: May 2021

The Redelberger antigen (Rba) was first discovered in 1974 on the RBCs of a blood donor who was an employee of the Community Blood Center in Dayton, Ohio. The discovery was made as a result of the investigation of a reagent contamination problem. Two examples of the Rba antigen were subsequently identified in the United Kingdom, but no “new”examples have been identified in the United States or Europe. Anti-Rba is a commonly occurring antibody, often found in combination with other antibody specificities, especially in combination with other antibodies to low-incidence antigens.
Immunohematology

2006;22:48–51.
Review: monoclonal reagents and detection of unusual or rare phenotypes or antibodies
Authors: Moulds M.K.
Published: May 2021

Monoclonal antibodies have been used in the formulation of commercially available blood grouping reagents since the early 1990s. It became apparent early on that introducing them into routine use along with, or instead of, human- or animal-derived reagents could and did lead to discrepant reactions. These discrepancies most often came to light when confirming a blood type obtained previously with human- or animal-source reagents or when using two or more sources of a reagent from the same or another manufacturer to perform blood typing or antibody detection or identification testing. A number of factors contribute to differences in reactivity of reagents that are of the same specificity but are from more than one source. One factor is the use of different clones of the same specificity to manufacture blood bank reagents. Another is the effect of the various diluents used by different manufacturers to formulate reagents that contain the same clone(s). In addition, RBCs having unusual or rare phenotypes can cause discrepant reactions when performing phenotyping. Discrepant reactions can also occur because of patient or donor antibodies that react in an unusual manner when antiglobulin tests are performed with monoclonal antihuman globulin (AHG) versus rabbit AHG reagent. It is important to know the identity of the unusual or rare phenotypes and antibodies and to be able to recognize the different types of reactions that will be observed when using more than one reagent of the same specificity. Most importantly, one must be able to interpret reactions correctly and establish the true blood type of the RBCs or specificity of the antibodies. This review will describe situations in which the use of monoclonal reagents from more than one source or manufacturer, or comparison with results of human- and animal-source reagents, resulted in discrepancies with unusual or rare phenotypes or antibodies. Many of the samples described in this review were sent to the reference laboratory at Gamma Biologicals, Inc., in Houston, Texas, which later became ImmucorGamma with sites in Norcross, Georgia, and Houston, Texas.
Immunohematology

2006;22: 52–63.
Rare blood donors: a personal approach
Authors: Levene C. , Asher O. , Shinar E. , Yahalom V.
Published: May 2021

The National Blood Group Reference Laboratory (NBGRL) in Israel was established in Jerusalem in 1971 and transferred to Magen David Adom (MDA), National Blood Services in 1995. This laboratory was the inspiration of the first author of this article for over 30 years. The realization of this vision was made possible by the cooperation of colleagues and laboratory workers in blood transfusion services throughout the country. The aim of the service was to provide diagnostic help in resolving immunohematologic problems found in the blood banks and clinics in Israel. In the beginning, only a part-time technician performed the work and testing was done using very limited reagents. The service was expanded by personal visits to all of the 22 blood banks in Israel to explain the aim of this new service and to educate them about the importance of resolving each and every case. One major issue was the cost involved in referring problems but it was decided at the outset that these would be covered by the government to ensure that a workup would be performed for all referred cases. The expansion of the service could not have been achieved without the help of the SCARF program. This voluntary service enabled us to identify the first rare donors in Israel, resolve complex cases, and find compatible blood for our patients. To illustrate the importance of the NBGRL in Israel and the rapid resolution of cases referred, several individual stories are described. The purpose of this review is to show the importance of the NBGRL in identifying rare blood groups and in providing and coordinating services and the importance of keeping in close contact with the rare donors to encourage and promote their donations, which may save lives.
Immunohematology

2006; 22:64–68.
Case report: DNA testing resolves unusual serologic results in the Dombrock system
Authors: MacFarland D. , Hue-Roye K. , Carter S. , Moreau D. , Barry J. , Moulds M.K. , Lomas-Francis C. , Reid M.E.
Published: May 2021

Typing for antigens in the Dombrock blood group system and identifying the corresponding antibodies are notoriously difficult tasks. The reagents are scarce and the antibodies are weakly reactive. When RBCs from family members of a patient with an antibody to a high-prevalence Dombrock antigen were tested for compatibility, an unusual pattern of inheritance was observed: RBCs from the patient’s children and one niece, in addition to those from some of the patient’s siblings, were compatible. This prompted the performance of DNA-based assays for DO alleles and the results obtained were consistent with and explained the compatibility test results. It was possible to study this large kindred because of the cooperation of family members, hospital personnel, and reference laboratory staff.
Immunohematology

2006;22:69–71.
2006 Immunohematology Reference Laboratory Conference
Authors: Moulds Marilyn K. (Grandstaff)
Published: May 2021

For more than 20 years, the AABB and the American Red Cross (ARC) have hosted the Immunohematology Reference Laboratory (IRL) Conference in mid-spring. Initially the conference was jointly hosted by the two organizations; it has since been hosted alternately, with each organization choosing the host city and planning the conference. The conference has been held in various cities throughout the United States, including Atlanta, Chicago, Las Vegas, New Orleans, Memphis, and this year, Orlando. The 2007 IRL Conference will be hosted by the AABB and held in Albuquerque, New Mexico, the weekend of March 27 to 29, 2007.

The conference begins on Friday afternoon with proctor-led case studies discussing advanced immunohematologic investigations, followed by a welcoming reception that promotes connecting and networking with fellow technologists and physicians from around the country and, typically, Canada. Saturday begins with breakfast followed by speaker presentations on various serologic, technical, clinical, administrative, quality, and regulatory issues that affect today’s reference laboratories. These presentations extend until late afternoon with scheduled breaks and a provided lunch. The presentations continue on Sunday with the conference ending at noon. Attendees are encouraged to bring posters for viewing and those that do have the opportunity to present the information to all.

Following are summaries of the presentations given at the 2006 IRL conference that was hosted by the ARC from April 28 to 30 in Orlando, Florida.
Molecular characterization of GYPB and RH in donors in the American Rare Donor Program
Authors: Vege S. , Westhoff C.M
Published: May 2021

Transfusion of patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) has been a challenge in clinical transfusion medicine, especially when the required donor RBCs must be U– and negative for high-prevalence Rh phenotypes (hrB, hrS). It is now possible to genotype donors to identify or confirm Uvar and U– phenotypes, as well as Rh hrB– and hrS– phenotypes, and to characterize the different RH backgrounds found in these donors. In a preliminary study of donors registered in the American Rare Donor Program, twelve different RH backgrounds were identified in eighteen hrB– or hrS– donors. These results, summarized in the current report, confirm the heterogeneous nature of these phenotypes and are relevant for selection of donor units for patients with antibodies to high-prevalence Rh antigens. Not all phenotypically similar units will be compatible, and matching the Rh genotype of the donor to the patient is important to prevent further Rh sensitization. Most donors referred were hrB– and carry at least one hybrid RHD-CE(3-7)-D gene that encodes a variant C antigen linked to RHCE*ceS
that encodes the VS+V– phenotype. Surprisingly, the majority of donors were heterozygous, some even carrying conventional alleles, suggesting that the loss of expression of the hrB epitopes on RBCs is a dominant phenotype. Although antigen-matching of patients with SCD with donors for C, E, and K antigens has decreased the incidence of alloimmunization, some patients still become immunized to Rh antigens, indicating the units were not truly matched. RH genotyping can identify those patients with SCD who carry RH alleles that encode altered C, e, or D who are at risk for production of “apparent auto” and alloantibodies to Rh antigens. RH genotyping of alloimmunized patients with SCD, partnered with genotyping of donors, can identify compatible units that would also eliminate the risk of further Rh alloimmunization.
Immunohematology

2006;22:143–147.
In search of the Holy Grail: comparison of antibody screening methods
Authors: Casina T.S.
Published: May 2021

Currently, the goal of testing for RBC antibodies is to use a method that will detect, if possible, all antibodies that are considered clinically significant and yet not detect antibodies of little clinical importance in transfusion or pregnancy. The focus of test method development has been on the more controllable variables of the first and second stages of agglutination. Tube test methods have been developed over the years to achieve shorter turnaround times for quicker test results and improved sensitivity, with the occasional negative impact on relevant results. The focus on improving efficiency through automation, and personnel resourcing challenges of the transfusion service, have led laboratories to select methods tailored to meet their needs. This review compares the newer methods used in the gel test and solid phase test with commonly used tube methods. Both of the newer methods were developed with future adaptation to automation in mind. Further literature reviews about antibodies detected in only one or two methods and their general lack of clinical relevance as well as the occasional rare examples that produce significant clinical effects on transfused patients are also discussed.
Immunohematology

2006;22:196–202.
An unusual anti-H lectin inhibited by milk from individuals with the Bombay phenotype
Authors: Joshi S.R. , Vasantha K. , Robb J.S.
Published: May 2021

There are several lectins with anti-H specificity but few of them serve as useful reagents. An anti-H lectin, extracted from the seeds of the plant Momordica dioica Roxb. ex willd., was tested for its hemagglutination and inhibition properties, using standard serologic methods and panel RBCs, serum, saliva, milk, and oligosaccharides purified from milk. The extract displayed strongest agglutination with group O RBCs and was weakest with group A1B RBCs in a spectrum of O>A2>B>A2B>A1>A1B; the extract failed to react with the RBCs from 25 individuals with the Bombay (Oh) phenotype and was inhibited by H secretor saliva, hence it was characterized as anti-H. However, its inhibition by milk samples from five mothers with the Bombay phenotype called into question its specificity as anti-H. The lectin reacted as strongly with group O ii (adult) RBCs as with normal OI RBCs, ruling out its specificity as anti-HI. Hemagglutination inhibition was observed with 2′-fucosyllactose (Type 2 H) and lacto-N-fucopentose-I (Type 1 H), suggesting that the binding of the lectin had preference for H structures. However, inhibition by N-acetyllactosamine, lacto-N-tetraose, and lacto-N-neotetraose suggested that the lectin also recognized unsubstituted terminal beta-linked galactose units. The hemagglutinin property in the present lectin showed an unusual anti-H specificity. The lectin was inhibited by milk from Bombay phenotype individuals and certain milk oligosaccharides not specific for the H antigen.
Immunohematology

2005;21:1–4.
ABO, Rh, MNS, Duffy, Kidd, Yt, Scianna, and Colton blood group systems in indigenous Chinese
Authors: Yan L. , Zhu F. , Fu Q. , He J.
Published: May 2021

The frequencies of selected alleles in the ABO, Rh, MNS, Duffy, Kidd, Yt, Scianna, and Colton blood group systems were determined among four indigenous Chinese ethnic populations: Han, Tajik, She, and Yugu. Genotypes were determined by PCR or PCR with sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP). In the Han population, the frequencies of A1, A2, B, and O1
alleles were 0.189, 0.003, 0.170, and 0.638, respectively, and the O2
allele was not identified. Among D+ Hans, the frequencies of C and c alleles were 0.67 and 0.33 and the frequencies of E and e were 0.22 and 0.78, respectively. Among D– Hans, the frequencies of C and c alleles were 0.23 and 0.77 and the frequencies of E and e were 0.04 and 0.96, respectively. The frequencies of M and N alleles were 0.478 and 0.522 among Hans and 0.655 and 0.345 among Tajiks, respectively. The frequencies of Fya
and Fyb
alleles were 0.94 and 0.06 among Hans and 0.98 and 0.02 among Shes, respectively. The frequencies of Jka
and Jkb
alleles were 0.49 and 0.51 among Hans and 0.56 and 0.44 among Shes, respectively. The frequency of the Yta
allele was 1.00 among Hans. The frequencies of Yta
and Ytb
alleles were 0.94 and 0.06 among Tajiks, respectively. The frequency of the Sc1 allele was 1.00 in both Han and Tajik ethnic populations. The frequency of the Coa
allele was 1.00 in Han, She, and Tajik ethnic populations.
Immunohematology

2005;21:10–14.
Review: Cromer and DAF: role in health and disease
Authors: Lublin D.M.
Published: May 2021

The antigens of the Cromer blood group system are located on the protein decay-accelerating factor (DAF). This system consists of ten high-prevalence and three low-prevalence antigens; the molecular basis for all of these antigens is a single nucleotide polymorphism in the DAF gene. DAF is a 70,000-Da plasma membrane protein that is widely distributed on all blood cells and on endothelial and epithelial tissues. The physiological role of DAF is to inhibit the complement cascade at the level of the critical C3 convertase step. By this mechanism, DAF acts to protect autologous cells and tissues from complement-mediated damage and hence can play a role in preventing or modulating autoimmune disease and inflammation. The use of recombinant DAF as a therapeutic agent in autoimmunity and inflammation, and of DAF transgenic animals in xenotransplantation, is being actively investigated. Additionally, DAF serves as a receptor for certain strains of Escherichia coli and certain types of enteroviruses. The DAF protein that contains the Cromer antigens serves important roles in health and disease.
Immunohematology

2005;21:39–47.
Acute hemolytic transfusion reaction secondary to anti-Fy3
Authors: Olteanu H. , Gerber D. , Partridge K. , Sarode R.
Published: May 2021

A hemolytic transfusion reaction due to anti-Fy3 is reported in an African American patient with no history of sickle cell disease. This 82-year-old African American woman received two units of RBCs for anemia (Hb 7g/dL) on admission for a left hip fracture. On hospital Day 7, the patient underwent left hip endoprosthesis surgery; she received two units of RBCs on the second postoperative day due to Hb of 6.1g/dL. Her urine was dark during surgery and postoperatively. Her posttransfusion plasma was red. Her Hb dropped from 8.4 to 6.4 g/dL over 24 hours after the transfusion. Her total bilirubin rose to 4.0 mg/dL, with an LDH value of 1558 U/L and a haptoglobin of 10.9 mg/dL. Both the antibody detection test and the DAT were positive. An anti-Fy3 was identified in the serum and in the eluate. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of acute intravascular hemolysis due to anti-Fy3 in a patient without sickle cell disease.
Immunohematology

2005;21:48–52.
Is there a relationship between anti-HPA-1a concentration and severity of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia?
Authors: Bessos H. , Turner M. , Urbaniak S.
Published: May 2021

There is uncertainty about the relationship between anti-HPA-1a levels and severity of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT). To investigate this relationship further, the concentration of anti-HPA-1a in HPA-1b homozygous women was determined, using a newly developed quantitative ELISA that uses purified anti-HPA-1a to obtain a standard curve. Seventy-eight samples collected from 22 HPA-1b homozygous pregnant women at various stages of pregnancy were tested. These included five women who had delivered babies with severe NAIT. A national HPA-1a antibody standard (NIBSC 93/710), designated as 1 arbitrary unit/mL (AU/mL), was used in each ELISA to calibrate the purified anti-HPA-1a, enabling the presentation of results as AU/mL. Moreover, selected samples were also assayed by PAK 12 and their reactivity compared with quantity of antibody. The use of the purified HPA-1a antibody yielded consistent sigmoid curves, enabling the measurement of HPA-1a antibody concentration in the test samples. The antibody concentration was significantly correlated with the antibody titer in the 78 samples studied (R = 0.54, p < 0.001). Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between PAK 12 and the quantitative ELISA in a selected number of cases, with or without NAIT (R = 0.71, n = 10; p < 0.02). On the other hand, there was no correlation of antibody concentration with NAIT incidence (R = –0.046). This study indicates that there is no relationship between anti-HPA-1a concentration and severity of NAIT when ELISA is used, although the correlation between ELISA and other methods, such as monoclonal antibody immobilization of platelet antigens (MAIPA) assay, remains to be determined.
Immunohematology

2005;21:102–108.