bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinically Approximated Hypoperfused Tissue in Large Vessel Occlusion Stroke
Authors: Desai Shashvat M. , Ortega-Gutierrez Santiago , Sheth Sunil A. , Farooqui Mudassir , Lopez-Rivera Victor , Zevallos Cynthia , Salazar-Marioni Sergio , Quispe-Orozco Darko , Abdelkhaliq Rania , Tonetti Daniel A. , Jovin Tudor G. , Jadhav Ashutosh P.
Published: May 2021

Background and Purpose:

Patient selection for thrombectomy of acute ischemic stroke caused by large vessel occlusion in the delayed time window (>6 hours) is dependent on delineation of clinical-core mismatch or radiological target mismatch using perfusion imaging. Selection paradigms not involving advanced imaging and software processing may reduce time to treatment and broaden eligibility. We aim to develop a conversion factor to approximately determine the volume of hypoperfused tissue using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score (clinically approximated hypoperfused tissue [CAT] volume) and explore its ability to identify patients eligible for thrombectomy in the late-time window.

Methods:

We performed a retrospective analysis of anterior circulation large vessel occlusion strokes at 3 comprehensive stroke centers. Demographic, clinical, and imaging (computed tomography perfusion processed using RAPID, IschemaView) information was analyzed. A conversion factor, which is a multiple of the NIHSS score (for NIHSS score <10 and ≥10), was derived from an initial cohort to calculate CAT volumes. Accuracy of CAT-based thrombectomy eligibility criteria (using CAT volume instead of Tmax >6 seconds volume) was tested using DEFUSE-3 criteria (Endovascular Therapy Following Imaging Evaluation for Ischemic Stroke 3) eligibility as a gold standard in an independent cohort.

Results:

Of the 309 large vessel occlusion strokes (age, 70±14, 46% male, median NIHSS 16 [12–20]) included in this study, 38% of patients arrived beyond 6 hours of time from last known well. Conversion factors derived (derivation cohort-center A: 187) based on median values of Tmax>6 second volume for NIHSS score <10 subgroup was 15 and for NIHSS score ≥10 subgroup was 6. Subsequently calculated CAT volume–based eligibility criteria yielded a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 92% in detecting DEFUSE-3 eligible patients (area under the curve, 0.92 [95% CI, 0.82–1]) in the validation cohort (center B and C:122).

Conclusions:

Clinical severity of stroke (NIHSS score) may be used to calculate the volume of hypoperfused tissue during large vessel occlusion stroke. CAT volumes for NIHSS score <10 (using a factor of 15) and ≥10 (using a factor of 6) subgroups can accurately identify DEFUSE-3-eligible patients.
How Campaign Ads Stimulate Political Interest
Authors: Canen Nathan , Martin Gregory J.
Published: May 2021

We empirically investigate key dynamic features of advertising competition in elections using a new data set of very high-frequency, household-level television viewing matched to campaign advertising exposures. First, we show that exposure to campaign advertising increases households' consumption of news programming by 3 or 4 minutes on average over the next 24 hours. The identification compares households viewing a program when a political ad appeared to viewers in the same market who barely missed it. Second, we show that these effects decline over the campaign. Together, these dynamic forces help rationalize why candidates deploy much of their advertising budgets well before election day.
Readers and Consumers of Popular Print
Authors: Graheli Shanti
Published: May 2021

This article explores the theoretical strands and methodological possibilities for the study of the consumption of popular print in the pre-modern age. The first section explores general approaches and cross-disciplinary angles to the field. The second section looks at core methodologies in approaching the multi-faceted issue of consumption of popular print. The third section offers a comparative discussion of pan-European themes, including literacy and schooling, the sociality of reading and consumption, the weight of restrictions and emancipation in regulating access to print, and the materialities of consumption as a physical, multisensory experience.
Tall Tales for a Mass Audience
Authors: Gomis Juan , Salman Jeroen
Published: May 2021

In this article we compare Dutch penny prints with Spanish Aleluyas, focusing on three specific functions of this premodern mass medium: popularising and adapting theatre plays; standardising (folk/fairy) tales; adapting and popularising literary classics. Via these functions we address the discrepancies between the two countries considering the materiality of the penny prints, the growth of the production, but also the transition from a predominantly religious, towards a more profane content. Striking was the lack of educative and edifying initiatives in Spain in contrast to the Dutch ideological strategies. We observed some interesting similarities as well. Although in both countries penny prints often conformed to current ideologies and institutions, there were instances in which penny prints and aleluyas were used as instruments of social satire or resistance. A few similar strange twists in the adaptations of literary classics, seem to suggest some form of transnational exchange or at least imitation.
Singing the News of Punishment
Authors: McIlvenna Una , Brandtzæg Siv Gøril , Gomis Juan
Published: May 2021

This article explores the pan-European phenomenon of the execution ballad, songs that told the news of true crimes and their punishment by public execution. Looking at examples across nine languages, from the sixteenth through the nineteenth century, this comparison reveals that these ballads share multiple features in textual content and format: a recognisable, formulaic narrative; sensationalist and emotive language; and a conservative perspective that confirms that the condemned is guilty and that ‘justice’ is being served. We also note key regional differences, such as in the use (or not) of contrafactum, the setting of new lyrics to familiar melodies, in the use of the first versus third person voice, and in the depiction of graphic violence, both of the crime committed and the execution. Ultimately, we argue for the existence of an almost universal tradition in Europe of how to sing the news of punishment.
Challenges Posed by Transnational Commercial Surrogacy: The Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: März Julian W.
Published: May 2021

There is little consensus between European States regarding the legal treatment of surrogacy in general and of transnational commercial surrogacy in particular. Against this background, the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in this matter is of particular significance since it provides some common ground for the legal treatment of transnational commercial surrogacy in Europe. For this reason, the present paper will outline the development of the jurisprudence of the ECtHR on transnational commercial surrogacy, giving particular attention to the Mennesson and Labassee decisions, the Paradiso/Campanelli case, and the 2019 Advisory Opinion. On this basis, it will conclude by underlining the importance of the best interests of the child principle in the jurisprudence of the ECtHR on transnational commercial surrogacy.
Slavonic Translations of the “Master of Rhodes Letter”
Authors: Korogodina Maria , Sergeev Aleksey , Sirenov Aleksey
Published: May 2021

The “Master of Rhodes Letter”, which tells of the birth of the Antichrist, was one of the most popular eschatological writings in Europe in the 15th century. This pseudo-epistle was translated from Latin into Russian in the middle of the 15th century in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by Feofil Dederkin, an informant for the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily Vasilyevich. Previously only one letter from Dederkin to the Grand Duke Vasily Vasilyevich was known: a translation from Latin describing the earthquakes in Italy in 1456.

The “Master of Rhodes Letter” was translated a second time into Ukrainian from Latin in the 1630s, during a time when the Orthodox hierarchy in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth resisted the adoption of the Union of Brest. The third translation was made from English into Russian at beginning of the 18th century, and was believed by Metropolitan Job of Novgorod to be the work of Old Believers.
The larval, juvenile, and adult stages of the Caribbean goby, Coryphopterus kuna (Teleostei: Gobiidae): a reef fish with a pelagic larval duration longer than the post-settlement lifespan
Authors: VICTOR BENJAMIN C. , VASQUEZ-YEOMANS LOURDES , VALDEZ-MORENO MARTHA , WILK LESLIE , JONES DAVID L. , LARA MONICA R. , CALDOW CHRIS , SHIVJI MAHMOOD
Published: May 2021

Additional larval, juvenile, and adult specimens and live photographs of the Caribbean Kuna Goby, Coryphopterus kuna, expand the known geographic range for the species and allow a comprehensive description of all the life stages for this recently-discovered species, including age and growth estimates from daily otolith increments. The Kuna Goby is found widely throughout the tropical western Atlantic, including southern Florida, Quintana Roo on the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico, Belize, Honduras, Panama, San Andres Island, Bonaire, and Guadeloupe. The additional specimens indicate that C. kuna has a pelvic frenum and that females have a black flag on the outer portion of the first two spinous dorsal-fin membranes, while males have a dark stripe along the mid-length of the spinous dorsal fin. The development of melanophores on pelagic larvae through the transition to settled juvenile is described. The Kuna Goby is a notably small goby: larvae settle around 7–9 mm SL, adults mature at 10–11 mm SL and then only attain about 17 mm SL. Kuna Gobies settle after a 60-day pelagic larval life, and mature rapidly. They are reproductive in as few as three weeks and live for about two months after settlement. This is the first reported fish in which the pelagic larval duration is generally longer than the post-settlement lifespan.
Taxonomic and biological notes on some Atlantic species of the snapping shrimp genus Synalpheus Spence Bate, 1888 (Decapoda, Alpheidae)
Authors: Anker Arthur , Pachelle Paulo P. G. , DE GRAVE Sammy , Hultgren Kristin M.
Published: May 2021

The present study is a preliminary report on 36 Atlantic species of the snapping shrimp genus Synalpheus Spence Bate, 1888; 32 from the western Atlantic and four from the eastern Atlantic. The vast majority of specimens were collected along the Caribbean coast of Panama between 2005 and 2008 and around São Tomé Island in 2006. Additional specimens were collected in Costa Rica, Honduras, Belize, Mexico, Dominican Republic, Aruba, Venezuela, Florida, Brazil and Cape Verde, between 1998 and 2011. Some older museum material was also examined. Three nominal varieties or subspecies, viz. S. tumidomanus africanus Crosnier & Forest, 1965, S. tumidomanus congoensis Crosnier & Forest, 1965 and S. minus var. antillensis Coutière, 1909 are elevated to full species rank, becoming S. africanus, S. congoensis, and S. antillensis, respectively. Several species are reported for the first time from Panama, Honduras, Dominican Republic, Aruba, St. Martin, and Brazil. General taxonomic and/or ecological notes are provided for all species treated herein. The need for more taxonomic and molecular work is highlighted for the western Atlantic S. cf. africanus, S. anasimus Chace, 1972, S. apioceros Coutière, 1909, S. bousfieldi Chace, 1972, S. brooksi Coutière, 1909, S. fritzmuelleri Coutière, 1909, S. goodei Coutière, 1909, S. herricki Coutière, 1909, S. cf. longicarpus (Herrick, 1891), S. ul (Ríos & Duffy, 2007) and S. yano (Ríos & Duffy, 2007), as well as the eastern Atlantic S. cf. africanus. Most species reported are illustrated in colour, some for the first time. New sponge hosts are recorded for several species of the S. gambarelloides (Nardo, 1847) group. A table summarising life habits and social organisation for all presently known Atlantic species of Synalpheus is provided. Keys for the identification of all presently known western and eastern species of Synalpheus are also provided.
The genus Phagocata Leidy (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) in Israel, a new species of Phagocata from Lake Kinneret, and an emended description of Dugesia salina
Authors: BROMLEY-SCHNUR HEATHER J.
Published: May 2021

The genus Phagocata (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) is represented in Israel by two pigmented species, namely, Phagocata armeniaca (Komárek, 1916), reported previously from Armenia, the Caucasus and eastern Turkey, and more recently known from the constantly cold headwaters of the River Jordan in northern Israel, and Phagocata punctata sp. nov., which was found inhabiting the littoral of the south-eastern shore of Lake Kinneret where there are large seasonal temperature fluctuations. Several samples of both species were collected in different seasons and raised in the laboratory at various temperatures and their habitats, morphology, karyology (2n = 34) and breeding behaviour were compared. The results of cross-breeding experiments are given, with most of the F1 offspring showing a range of patterns of colouration, gut branching and fecundity which were intermediate to those of the parent species. However, crossbreeding also resulted in a small proportion of abnormalities among the F1, and especially the F2, generations, indicating an incomplete reproductive compatibility, but supporting the hypothesis of their common origin. An emended description of Dugesia salina (Whitehouse, 1914), is also given together with karyological data (2n = 16) from material collected from a saline spring, En Sheva (Tabgha), situated on the north-western shore of Lake Kinneret.
A new cave-dwelling Gekko (Gekko) from Lopburi Province, central Thailand (Squamata, Gekkonidae)
Authors: MEESOOK WORAWITOO , SUMONTHA MONTRI , DONBUNDIT NATTASUDA , PAUWELS OLIVIER S. G.
Published: May 2021

We describe Gekko pradapdao sp. nov. from Tham Khao Chan (Khao Chan Cave), Tha Luang District, Lopburi Province, in central Thailand. The new species, a member of the subgenus Gekko, differs from all currently recognized Gekko species by the following combination of morphological characters and pattern: maximal known snout-vent length of 127.1 mm, lack of contact between nostrils and rostral, 24–28 interorbital scales between supraciliaries, 89–91 scale rows around midbody, 16–18 dorsal tubercle rows at midbody, 30–34 ventral scale rows at midbody, 11–13 precloacal pores in males, a single postcloacal tubercle on each side of the base of the tail, 13–16 subdigital lamellae on 1st toe and 17–19 on 4th toe, no Y-shaped mark on head, non-banded dorsal pattern on a dark chocolate brown to black background, and a dark brown iris. Urgent actions should be taken to evaluate the conservation status of the new species.
Pseudolitochira integra (Miers, 1884) (Crustacea: Brachyura: Pilumnidae): redescribed and illustrated from micro-ct scanning the type female
Authors: NG PETER K.L. , CLARK PAUL F. , CLARK BRETT , KAMANLI SEYIT A.
Published: May 2021

The taxonomy of the poorly known pilumnid crab, Pseudolitochira integra (Miers, 1884), has been confused because the original description and figures of the type female have inaccuracies, and the specimen has not been examined in detail since the original publication. Consequently, numerous specimens from the Indo-West Pacific have been incorrectly assigned to P. integra, suggesting that this species is widely distributed. The type female was micro-CT scanned in order to provide video and accurate figures of this rare pilumnid. The female possesses a suite of carapace and pereopodal characters that distinctly distinguish it from other pilumnoid taxa. The species is redescribed, refigured and formally designated as the type species of Pseudolitochira Ward, 1942. The identities of the numerous specimens assigned to P. integra are discussed and the distribution of the species is restricted to the western Indian Ocean for the time being.
L’anthropologie de la reconnaissance de Marcel Hénaff et la question du symbolisme : sur la pertinence de relire Mauss après Lévi-Strauss
Authors: Bergeron Patrice
Published: May 2021

La fécondité de l’œuvre de Marcel Hénaff (1942–2018) pour penser les sociétés occidentales modernes et ce qu’elles deviennent reste encore à apprécier. Sous la diversité des thèmes qu’elle aborde se cache une pensée d’une grande cohérence – Le prix de la vérité. Le don, l’argent, la philosophie (2002) en est le meilleur exemple. Cette pensée qui est inspirée de l'anthropologie sociale et culturelle, de la phénoménologie et, par moments, de la théologie chrétienne, doit sa forme au regard généalogique qu’elle mobilise. Mais c’est par rapport au religieux tel qu’il a été pensé dans l’école française de sociologie et d’anthropologie qu’il faut la situer pour en saisir toute la cohérence. Car c’est la question du symbolisme telle qu’elle se présente chez Claude Lévi-Strauss qui a propulsé la pensée d’Hénaff et l’a conduite à « réactiver » l’héritage de Marcel Mauss sur le don réciproque cérémoniel, de manière à développer sa propre anthropologie de la reconnaissance.
Mathematical model and characteristics analysis of crossed-axis helical gear drive with small angle based on curve contact element
Authors: Liang Dong , Meng Sheng , Tan Rulong
Published: May 2021

To improve load capacity and transmission characteristics of crossed-axis helical gear drive, a generation approach of the gear pair with small-angle based on the curve contact element is proposed. Contact principle based on spatial curve meshing relationships is introduced and geometric models of tooth profiles are developed according to a pair of mated conjugate curves. Furthermore, a mathematical model of crossed-axis helical gear drive with small-angle is established. Numerical examples are illustrated for this research using the 10° shaft angle, and the computerized simulation is also developed based on the solid models. According to gear geometry and finite element method, general characteristics including undercutting conditions, sliding ratios and contact stress for tooth profiles are analyzed. Comparisons with crossed-axis involute gears are also carried out. Finally, the gear prototype is processed using the gear milling method and a basic performance test is conducted. Analysis results show that the new gear pair has well contact characteristics. Further studies on the dynamic analysis and precision manufacturing method will be carried out.
Role of Bilateral Inferior Turbinoplasty as an Adjunct to Septoplasty in Improving Nasal Obstruction and Subjective Performance in Patients With Deviated Nasal Septum Associated With Allergic Rhinitis: An Interventional, Prospective Study
Authors: Ghosh Sanjoy Kumar , Dutta Mainak , Haldar Dibakar
Published: May 2021

Background:

Patients with nasal obstruction due to deviated nasal septum (DNS) often have allergic rhinitis (AR) as contributing factor. When optimal medical therapy for AR fails, septoplasty alone may not adequately treat nasal obstruction. Therefore, with bilateral inferior turbinate hypertrophy representing long-standing AR, adding bilateral inferior turbinoplasty (BIT) to septoplasty might be beneficial.

Objective:

To assess whether septoplasty with/without BIT alleviates nasal obstruction in the above patient cohort and whether adding BIT to septoplasty brings significant benefit.

Methodology:

In this interventional, prospective study, patients with nasal obstruction due to DNS and persistent, moderate-severe AR refractory to optimal medication were randomly allocated into group A (septoplasty alone) and group B (septoplasty with BIT). Nasal Obstruction and Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) score, along with Subjective Performance parameters (days-off/month; number of outdoor visits/month; overall satisfaction score [OSS]) were used to assess the symptom and quality of life, respectively, at follow-up.

Results:

Each group had 40 age/sex-matched patients. Friedman test, and subsequent pair-wise comparison within groups without Bonferroni correction, revealed that septoplasty with/without BIT elicited significant reduction in NOSE scores and in the Subjective Performance parameters (days-off/month; number of outdoor visits/month) at 3 and 6 months. Wilcoxon Signed Rank test revealed that the OSS within groups also improved significantly with time. Further, comparison between groups revealed significant improvement in NOSE scores at all levels of follow-up when BIT was included. However, there were no significant differences between groups in the Subjective Performance parameters at any level of follow-up. Improvement in OSS between groups was significant only at 3 months but not subsequently.

Conclusion:

Septoplasty with/without BIT is helpful in treating patients with DNS and refractory AR. However, although adding BIT brings significant benefit in decreasing nasal obstruction, it does not significantly improve the Subjective Performance parameters during follow-up, except for OSS at the third month.
Implementing Individual Opportunities to Respond in Online Teaching Environments
Authors: Romig John Elwood , Alves Kat D.
Published: May 2021

Teacher-provided opportunities to respond are a powerful strategy for improving behavior and academic outcomes of students with disabilities. However, online instruction makes opportunities to respond more challenging to implement. For the purposes of this article, online teaching refers to synchronous instruction taking place via video conferencing software (e.g., Zoom, Microsoft Teams, Canvas Conferences, Blackboard Collaborate). This article presents strategies teachers can use to elicit individual responses from students through oral responses, response cards, and action responses.
The Relationships of Nursing Home Culture Change Practices With Resident Quality of Life and Family Satisfaction: Toward a More Nuanced Understanding
Authors: Duan Yinfei , Mueller Christine A. , Yu Fang , Talley Kristine M. , Shippee Tetyana P.
Published: May 2021

Transforming nursing homes (NHs) from restrictive institutions to person-centered homes, referred to as NH culture change, is complex and multifaceted. This study, based on a survey of administrators in Minnesota NHs ( n = 102), tested the domain-specific relationships of culture change practices with resident quality of life (QOL) and family satisfaction, and examined the moderating effect of small-home or household models on these relationships. The findings revealed that culture change operationalized through physical environment transformation, staff empowerment, staff leadership, and end-of-life care was positively associated with at least one domain of resident QOL and family satisfaction, while staff empowerment had the most extensive effects. Implementing small-home and household models had a buffering effect on the positive relationships between staff empowerment and the outcomes. The findings provide meaningful implications for designing and implementing NH culture change practices that best benefit residents’ QOL and improve family satisfaction.
Audiologic and Otologic Clinical Manifestations of Loeys‐Dietz Syndrome: A Heritable Connective Tissue Disorder
Authors: Jeon Jun W. , Christensen Julie , Chisholm Jennifer , Zalewski Christopher , Rasooly Marjohn , Dempsey Caeden , Magnani Alaina , Frischmeyer‐Guerrerio Pamela , Brewer Carmen C. , Kim Hung Jeffrey
Published: May 2021

Objective

Loeys‐Dietz syndrome (LDS) is a rare genetic connective tissue disorder resulting from TGF‐ß signaling pathway defects and characterized by a wide spectrum of aortic aneurysm, arterial tortuosity, and various extravascular abnormalities. This study describes the audiologic, otologic, and craniofacial manifestations of LDS.

Study Design

Consecutive cross‐sectional study.

Setting

Tertiary medical research institute.

Methods

Audiologic and clinical evaluations were conducted among 36 patients (mean ± SD age, 24 ± 17 years; 54% female) with genetically confirmed LDS. Cases were categorized into genetically based LDS types 1 to 4 (TGFBR1, TGFBR2, SMAD3, TGFB2, respectively). Audiometric characteristics included degree and type of hearing loss: subclinical, conductive, mixed, and sensorineural.

Results

LDS types 1 to 4 included 11, 13, 5, and 7 patients, respectively. In LDS‐1, 27% had bilateral conductive hearing loss; 9%, unilateral mixed; and 36%, subclinical. In LDS‐2, 38% had conductive hearing loss and 38% subclinical. In LDS‐3 and LDS‐4, 40% and 43% had bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, respectively. Degree of hearing loss ranged from mild to moderate. Bifid uvula was observed only in LDS‐1 (55%) and LDS‐2 (62%). Submucosal/hard cleft palates were primarily in LDS‐1 and LDS‐2. Posttympanostomy tympanic membrane perforations occurred in 45% (10/22 ears) of LDS‐1 and LDS‐2. There were 4 cases of cholesteatoma: 3 middle ear (LDS‐1 and LDS‐2) and 1 external ear canal (LDS‐3).

Conclusion

Conductive hearing loss, bifid uvula/cleft palate, and posttympanostomy tympanic membrane perforation are more common in LDS‐1 and LDS‐2 than LDS‐3 and LDS‐4, while sensorineural hearing loss was present only in LDS‐3 and LDS‐4. These LDS‐associated key clinical presentations may facilitate an early diagnosis of LDS and thus prompt intervention to prevent related detrimental outcomes.
Association Between 5‐Item Modified Frailty Index and Short‐term Outcomes in Complex Head and Neck Surgery
Authors: Goshtasbi Khodayar , Birkenbeuel Jack L. , Lehrich Brandon M. , Abiri Arash , Haidar Yarah M. , Tjoa Tjoson , Kuan Edward C.
Published: May 2021

Objectives

To evaluate the impact of preoperative frailty on short‐term outcomes following complex head and neck surgeries (HNSs).

Study Design

Cross‐sectional database analysis.

Setting

American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS‐NSQIP) database.

Methods

The 2005 to 2017 ACS‐NSQIP was queried for patients undergoing complex HNS. Five‐item modified frailty index (mFI) was calculated based on functional status and history of diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, and chronic hypertension.

Results

A total of 2786 patients (73.1% male) with a mean age of 62.0 ± 11.6 years were included. Compared to nonfrail patients (41.2%), patients with mFI ≥1 (58.8%) had shorter length of operation (P =. 021), longer length of stay (LOS) (P <. 001), and higher rates of 30‐day reoperation (P =. 009), medical complications (P <. 001), discharge to nonhome facility (DNHF) (P <. 001), and mortality (P =. 047). These parameters remained statistically significant when compared across all individual mFI scores (all P <. 05). After adjusting for age, sex, race, body mass index, smoking, and American Society of Anesthesiologists score via multivariate logistic regression, patients with mFI ≥1 were significantly more likely to undergo reoperation (odds ratio [OR], 1.39), surgical complications (OR, 1.19), medical complications (OR, 1.55), prolonged LOS (OR, 1.29), and DNHF (OR, 1.56) (all P <. 05). Multivariate logistic regression also demonstrated that after adjusting for confounders, compared to patients with mFI = 1, patients with mFI = 2‐5 (18.7%) were more likely to undergo shorter operations (OR, 0.74), have medical (OR, 1.46) or any complications (OR, 1.27), and have DNHF (OR, 1.62) (all P <. 05).

Conclusion

The 5‐point mFI can independently predict short‐term surgical outcomes following complex HNS. This simple and reliable metric can potentially lead to improved preoperative counseling and postoperative planning for complex HNS patients.
Charter Schools Have Rainy Days Too! But Are They Ready for When It Pours?
Authors: Arapis Theodore , Brandon Sean
Published: May 2021

Nearly 30 years since their inception in the United States, charter schools are now a well-established educational option for parents and students. Although they are an important education provider schooling more than 3.1 million students nationwide, we know little about their ability to accumulate fiscal savings for weathering rainy days and sustaining smooth service. Unlike most other fiscal savings studies focusing on the unrestricted fund balance, we examine both restricted and unrestricted fund balances across Pennsylvania charter schools, this study’s unit of analysis. Using a Newey-West regression and data spanning the years 2011–2019, we show that charter schools consider all fund balance classifications when making savings decisions; albeit the unrestricted was their primary savings vehicle. Given their limited revenue portfolio, they are left with only a few options for accumulating fiscal savings. Surplus from tuition payments and additional revenues from private funding sources appear as main fund balance boosters. Surprisingly, special education enrollment significantly increases the unrestricted fund balance, a finding that requires further attention from legislators and policy makers. Concerns are also raised about participation in the state pension system as it absorbs a significant amount of slack that otherwise could be used for other purposes. Overall, most charter schools retain inadequate fiscal savings not capable of insulating their operation from revenue volatility and other contingencies. Statutory fund balance minimums and the adoption of formal fund balance policies articulating how savings are accumulated, used, and replenished should, therefore, be considered.
Make Tweets Great Again: Who Are Opinion Leaders, and What Did They Tweet About Donald Trump?
Authors: Alexandre Ilo , Jai-sung Yoo Joseph , Murthy Dhiraj
Published: May 2021

Twitter gained new levels of political prominence with Donald J. Trump’s use of the platform. Although previous work has been done studying the content of Trump’s tweets, there remains a dearth of research exploring who opinion leaders were in the early days of his presidency and what they were tweeting about. Therefore, this study retroactively investigates opinion leaders on Twitter during Trump’s 1st month in office and explores what those influencers tweeted about. We uniquely used a historical data set of 3 million tweets that contained the word “trump” and used Latent Dirichlet Allocation, a probabilistic algorithmic model, to extract topics from both general Twitter users and opinion leaders. Opinion leaders were identified by measuring eigenvector centrality and removing users with fewer than 10,000 followers. The top 1% users with the highest score in eigencentrality ( N = 303) were sampled, and their attributes were manually coded. We found that most Twitter-based opinion leaders are either media outlets/journalists with a left-center bias or social bots. Immigration was found to be a key topic during our study period. Our empirical evidence underscores the influence of bots on social media even after the 2016 U.S. presidential election, providing further context to ongoing revelations and disclosures about influence operations during that election. Furthermore, our results provide evidence of the continued relevance of established, “traditional” media sources on Twitter as opinion leaders.
Mechanical and microstructure property evaluation of diffusion bonding of 5083, 6061 and 7075 aluminium to AZ31 magnesium using Cu interlayer
Authors: Nadermanesh Nader , Azizi Abdolhamid , Manafi Sahebali
Published: May 2021

The diffusion bonding of 7075, 6061 and 5083 aluminium alloys to AZ31B magnesium was investigated using copper interlayer. An optical microscope along with scanning electron microscopes, equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometry/electron probe microanalysis, was utilized to characterize the microstructure of the joint. The mechanical properties of the joint were also assessed by micro-hardness and shear strength tests. The results indicate the high effect of temperature on the bonding results; so that, with a small change in temperature, severe changes were observed in the bonding results. A temperature range of 475°C–485°C and a minimum duration of 30 min with a low bonding pressure of 0.4 MPa were identified as advisable process conditions. The joint evaluation revealed the formation of CuAl2, Cu9Al4 and Al-Mg-Cu ternary phases on the aluminium-copper side, as well as Cu2Mg, CuMg2 and Al-Mg-Cu ternary phases on the magnesium-copper side in the reaction layer. When increasing the bonding temperature and duration, the amount of intermetallic compounds and, as a result, the mechanical properties of the joints changed. The highest shear strength and micro-hardness, related to the bonding performed at 480°C and holding time of 45 min, were 31.03 MPa and 167 HV, respectively.
A Preliminary Study of Anatomical Changes Following the Use of a Pedicled Buccal Fat Pad Flap During Primary Palatoplasty
Authors: Kotlarek Katelyn J. , Jaskolka Michael S. , Fang Xiangming , Ellis Charles , Blemker Silvia S. , Horswell Bruce , Kloostra Paul , Perry Jamie L.
Published: May 2021

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to examine the surgical impact of the pedicled buccal fat pad (BFP) flap on the levator veli palatini (LVP) muscle and surrounding velopharyngeal (VP) anatomy following primary palatoplasty using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Design:

Observational, prospective.

Setting:

MRI studies were completed at 3 different facilities. All participants with BFP flap were operated on by the same surgeon.

Participants:

Five pediatric participants with cleft palate with or without cleft lip (CP±L) who underwent primary palatoplasty with BFP flap placement. Comparison groups consisted of 10 participants: 5 with CP±L who did not receive the BFP flap and 5 healthy controls.

Interventions:

All participants underwent nonsedated MRI 2 to 5 years postoperatively.

Main Outcomes and Measures:

Anatomical measures of the velopharynx and LVP among the 3 participant groups.

Results:

Median values were significantly different among groups for velar length ( P = .042), effective velar length ( P = .048), effective VP ratio ( P = .046), LVP length ( P = .021), extravelar LVP length ( P = .009), and LVP origin–origin distance ( P = .030). Post hoc analysis revealed a statistically significant difference between the BFP and traditional repair groups for effective VP ratio ( P = .040), extravelar LVP length ( P = .033), and LVP length ( P = .022).

Conclusions:

This study provides preliminary support that the BFP flap creates a longer velum, with increased distance between the posterior hard palate and the LVP, and a larger effective VP ratio compared to traditional surgical techniques. Future research is needed to determine whether this procedure provides a more favorable mechanism for VP closure.
High HIV-1 Virological Failure and Drug Resistance among Adult Patients Receiving First-Line ART for At least 12 Months at a Decentralized Urban HIV Clinic Setting in Senegal before the Test-and-Treat
Authors: Ekollo Mbange Aristid , Malick Diouara Abou Abdallah , Diop-Ndiaye Halimatou , Diaw Diouf Ndèye Aminata , Ngom-Ngueye Ndèye Fatou , Ndiaye Touré Kine , Dieng Ahmed , Lô Seynabou , Fall Mamadou , Fon Mbacham Wilfred , Mboup Souleymane , Touré-Kane Coumba
Published: May 2021

Background:

The feasibility of antiretroviral therapy (ART) monitoring remains problematic in decentralized HIV clinic settings of sub-Saharan Africa. We assessed the rates and correlates of HIV-1 virological failure (VF) and drug resistance (DR) in 2 pre-test-and-treat urban clinic settings of Senegal.

Methods:

Consenting HIV-1-infected adults (⩾18 years) receiving first-line ART for ⩾12 months were cross-sectionally enrolled between January and March 2015, at the referral outpatient treatment center of Dakar (n = 151) and decentralized regional hospital of Saint-Louis (n = 127). In the 12 months preceding plasma specimens’ collection patients at Saint-Louis had no viral load (VL) testing. Significant predictors of VF (VL ⩾ 1000 copies/ml) and DR (clinically relevant mutations) were determined using binomial logistic regression in R software.

Results:

Of the 278 adults on EFV-/NVP-based regimens, 32 (11.5% [95%CI: 8.0-15.9]) experienced VF. Failing and non-failing patients had comparable median time [interquartile] on ART (69.5 [23.0-89.5] vs 64.0 [34.0-99.0] months; P = .46, Mann–Whitney U-test). Of the 27 viraemic isolates successfully genotyped, 20 (74.1%) carried DR mutations; most frequent were M184VI (55.6%), K103N (37.1%), thymidine analog mutations (29.6%), Y181CY (22.2%). The pattern of mutations did not always correspond to the ongoing treatment. The adjusted odds of VF was significantly associated with the decentralized clinic site ( P < .001) and CD4 < 350 cells/mm3 ( P < .006). Strong correlates of DR also included Saint-Louis ( P < .009), CD4 < 350 cells/mm3 ( P <. 001), and nevirapine-based therapies (comparator: efavirenz-based therapies; P < .027). In stratification analyses by site, higher rate of VF at Saint-Louis (20.5% [95%CI: 13.8-28.5] vs 4.0% [95%CI: 1.5-8.5] in Dakar) was associated with nevirapine-based therapies (OR = 3.34 [1.07-11.75], P = .038), self-reported missing doses (OR = 3.30 [1.13-10.24], P = .029), and medical appointments (OR = 2.91 [1.05-8.47], P = .039) in the last 1 and 12 months(s), respectively. The higher rate of DR at Saint-Louis (12.9% [95%CI: 7.6-20.1] vs 2.7% [95%CI: 0.7-6.7] in Dakar) was associated with nevirapine-based therapies (OR = 5.13 [1.12-37.35], P = .035).

Conclusion:

At decentralized urban settings, there is need for enhanced virological monitoring and adherence support. HIV programs in Senegal should intensify early HIV diagnosis for effective test-and-treat. These interventions, in addition to the superiority of efavirenz-based therapies provide a favorable framework for transitioning to the recommended potent drug dolutegravir, thereby ensuring its long-term use.
Foam Rubber Pica and Cautopyreiophagia in a Highly Educated Woman: A Clinical Case Study
Authors: Van Wert Michael , McVey Kelsey , Donohue Tammy , Wasserstein Taylor , Curry Jefferson , Goldstick Rosner Naomi , Kimchi Eitan , McCann Una
Published: May 2021

Pica, the developmentally and culturally-inappropriate eating of non-nutritive and non-food substances, is most often documented in people with developmental disabilities and children, frequently in institutional and residential settings. To date, there are no randomized clinical trials on pica-specific treatments, and very little literature is available regarding the characteristics or treatment of pica in adults with no intellectual or social deficits, and co-morbid disorders. This case study addresses this gap, and involves a highly educated 30 year-old American woman with foam rubber pica and burned match consumption (cautopyreiophagia) behaviors, along with co-morbid depressive, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms, who received treatment in a general intensive outpatient program for adults in a large urban community psychiatry setting. The case study describes how the Biosocial Theory and Transtheoretical Model of Health Behavior Change were used to conceptualize this woman’s symptoms and guide a treatment team of clinicians who did not specialize in pica. Providers in non-specialty clinic settings would benefit from reflecting on ways to adapt evidence-based techniques to the treatment of uncommon symptoms.
On-demand multi-hop forwarding for sustainable vehicular data transfer network
Authors: el Bendali Ayoub , Rahman Anis Ur , Malik Asad Waqar , Khan Muazzam Ali , Ravana Sri Devi
Published: May 2021

Smart cities play a vital role to develop a sustainable infrastructure with efficient management of the Internet of things devices. The infrastructure is used to support various applications for smart hospitals, smart factories, and intelligent transportation systems. With the extensive deployment of Internet of things devices, unprecedented growth in data has lead to capacity and transfer issues. In this article, we proposed an efficient data transfer mechanism based on self-sustainable networks over the vehicular environment. Depending on whether the network is connected with vehicles available to support direct connection from the source to destination, we propose end-to-end and hop-by-hop forwarding for vehicular networks that are inherently disconnected. The evaluation results demonstrate that the lifetime of the discovered paths depends on the coverage area, vehicle mobility, and vehicle speed. Therefore, at times redundant disjoint paths are selected for communication. In the proposed work, selected vehicles are used to reach the destination.
Investigation of binary chemical reaction in magnetohydrodynamic nanofluid flow with double stratification
Authors: Anjum Aisha , Masood Sadaf , Farooq Muhammad , Rafiq Naila , Malik Muhammad Yousaf
Published: May 2021

This article addresses MHD nanofluid flow induced by stretched surface. Heat transport features are elaborated by implementing double diffusive stratification. Chemically reactive species is implemented in order to explore the properties of nanofluid through Brownian motion and thermophoresis. Activation energy concept is utilized for nano liquid. Further zero mass flux is assumed at the sheet’s surface for better and high accuracy of the out-turn. Trasnformations are used to reconstruct the partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations. Homotopy analysis method is utilized to obtain the solution. Physical features like flow, heat and mass are elaborated through graphs. Thermal stratified parameter reduces the temperature as well as concentration profile. Also decay in concentration field is noticed for larger reaction rate parameter. Both temperature and concentration grows for Thermophoresis parameter. To check the heat transfer rate, graphical exposition of Nusselt number are also discussed and interpret. It is noticed that amount of heat transfer decreases with the increment in Hartmann number. Numerical results shows that drag force increased for enlarged Hartmann number.
Andrographis paniculata (Burm. F.) Wall. Ex Nees, Andrographolide, and Andrographolide Analogues as SARS-CoV-2 Antivirals? A Rapid Review
Authors: Lim Xin Yi , Chan Janice Sue Wen , Tan Terence Yew Chin , Teh Bee Ping , Mohd Abd Razak Mohd Ridzuan , Mohamad Saharuddin , Syed Mohamed Ami Fazlin
Published: May 2021

Drug repurposing is commonly employed in the search for potential therapeutic agents. Andrographis paniculata, a medicinal plant commonly used for symptomatic relief of the common cold, and its phytoconstituent andrographolide, have been repeatedly identified as potential antivirals against SARS-CoV-2. In light of new evidence emerging since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, this rapid review was conducted to identify and evaluate the current SARS-CoV-2 antiviral evidence for A. paniculata, andrographolide, and andrographolide analogs. A systematic search and screen strategy of electronic databases and gray literature was undertaken to identify relevant primary articles. One target-based in vitro study reported the 3CLpro inhibitory activity of andrographolide as being no better than disulfiram. Another Vero cell-based study reported potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibitory activity for both andrographolide and A. paniculata extract. Eleven in silico studies predicted the binding of andrographolide and its analogs to several key antiviral targets of SARS-CoV-2 including the spike protein-ACE-2 receptor complex, spike protein, ACE-2 receptor, RdRp, 3CLpro, PLpro, and N-protein RNA-binding domain. In conclusion, in silico and in vitro studies collectively suggest multi-pathway targeting SARS-CoV-2 antiviral properties of andrographolide and its analogs, but in vivo data are needed to support these predictions.
Swyngedouw’s puzzle: Surplus-value production in socionature
Authors: Batubara Bosman
Published: May 2021

This article engages with Swyngedouw’s puzzle, that is, how is surplus-value production under capitalism conceptualised given the entanglement of humans and non-human entities. It identifies how Swyngedouw’s socionature – a concept/way to express the oneness of human and non-human under capitalism – posed a critique to the tendency of labour-centred analysis in Marxist thought such as Neil Smith’s concept of ‘production of nature’ but did not engage with how surplus-value is produced. This article makes visible the role of non-wage-labour in surplus-value production through reference to Moore’s concept of value-relations and oikeios.
Identification of clinical phenotypes in schizophrenia: the role of lurasidone
Authors: Riva Marco Andrea , Albert Umberto , de Filippis Sergio , Vita Antonio , De Berardis Domenico
Published: May 2021

The treatment of schizophrenia includes the control of symptoms, the prevention of relapses, and amelioration of adaptive skills for patient re-integration into society. Antipsychotic drugs are the agents of choice for the treatment of schizophrenia, as they reduce the positive symptoms of psychosis. Lurasidone is a second-generation antipsychotic drug representing a novel and useful clinical tool for the management of schizophrenia. A board consisting of a panel of Italian expert psychiatrists was organized with the following aims: (a) defining the current modalities of use of lurasidone, highlighted through 17 specific questions; (b) defining and agreeing the main features of the drug and the principal reasons to suggest its administration.

We established that lurasidone is suggested at any age, with no gender difference, at all stages of the disease. The switch from previous treatments is done primarily because of lack of efficacy as well as poor adherence/tolerability. Lurasidone is among the best-tolerated antipsychotics, and its use is indicated in the presence of different comorbidities. A wide range of dosages is available, allowing safe titration in particular cases, with the highest dose (148 mg) generally used for the treatment of the acute phase. The discontinuation rate due to poor tolerability, low compliance, and interactions with other drugs is very low. Akathisia is the most reported adverse event, but it may be controlled by dose reduction. Lurasidone does not possess a marked sedative action but, in agitated patients, can be associated with sedative drugs, such as benzodiazepines. The most frequent reason for switching to other therapies is the need for long-acting formulations, as in patients at risk of very low adherence or suicide. Lurasidone does not strongly impact metabolism or the cardiovascular system (QT interval), and does not influence the metabolism of other drugs, showing good efficacy and tolerability.
India’s ‘Neighbourhood First’ policy and the Belt & Road Initiative (BRI)
Authors: Aryal Saroj Kumar
Published: May 2021

The geopolitics of South Asia attracts both China and India. South Asia has been a region in which, for many years, India and China have tried to achieve political and economic influence. India’s forefront policy to deal with its neighbours since independence has been its ‘Neighbourhood First’ policy. Even if there have been inconsistency and different approaches adopted by the Indian leadership to implement this policy in the region, India has always aimed to avoid major geopolitical changes in South Asia. However, the post-Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) engagement of China has challenged India’s position in the region. This article investigates India’s ‘Neighbourhood First’ policy and evaluates its relevance with that of the BRI.