bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drift-corrected trends and periodic variations in MIPAS IMK/IAA ozone measurements
Authors: Eckert E. , von Clarmann T. , Kiefer M. , Stiller G. P. , Lossow S. , Glatthor N. , Degenstein D. A. , Froidevaux L. , Godin-Beekmann S. , Leblanc T. , McDermid S. , Pastel M. , Steinbrecht W. , Swart D. P. J. , Walker K. A. , Bernath P. F.
Published: March 2014

Abstract. Drifts, trends and periodic variations were calculated from monthly zonally averaged ozone profiles. The ozone profiles were derived from level-1b data of the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) by means of the scientific level-2 processor run by the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK). All trend and drift analyses were performed using a multilinear parametric trend model which includes a linear term, several harmonics with period lengths from 3 to 24 months and the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO). Drifts at 2-sigma significance level were mainly negative for ozone relative to Aura MLS and Odin OSIRIS and negative or near zero for most of the comparisons to lidar measurements. Lidar stations used here include those at Hohenpeissenberg (47.8° N, 11.0° E), Lauder (45.0° S, 169.7° E), Mauna Loa (19.5° N, 155.6° W), Observatoire Haute Provence (43.9° N, 5.7° E) and Table Mountain (34.4° N, 117.7° W). Drifts against the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) were found to be mostly insignificant. The assessed MIPAS ozone trends cover the time period of July 2002 to April 2012 and range from −0.56 ppmv decade−1 to +0.48 ppmv decade−1 (−0.52 ppmv decade−1 to +0.47 ppmv decade−1 when displayed on pressure coordinates) depending on altitude/pressure and latitude. From the empirical drift analyses we conclude that the real ozone trends might be slightly more positive/less negative than those calculated from the MIPAS data, by conceding the possibility of MIPAS having a very small (approximately within −0.3 ppmv decade−1) negative drift for ozone. This leads to drift-corrected trends of −0.41 ppmv decade−1 to +0.55 ppmv decade−1 (−0.38 ppmv decade−1 to +0.53 ppmv decade−1 when displayed on pressure coordinates) for the time period covered by MIPAS Envisat measurements, with very few negative and large areas of positive trends at mid-latitudes for both hemispheres around and above 30 km (~10 hPa). Negative trends are found in the tropics around 25 and 35 km (~25 and 5 hPa), while an area of positive trends is located right above the tropical tropopause. These findings are in good agreement with the recent literature. Differences of the trends compared with the recent literature could be explained by a possible shift of the subtropical mixing barriers. Results for the altitude–latitude distribution of amplitudes of the quasi-biennial, annual and the semi-annual oscillation are overall in very good agreement with recent findings.
Arteriovenous Fistula Formations: Key to Vascular Surgical Training
Authors: El-Sharkawy Ahmed M. , Morris Daniel L.J. , Grewal Balvinder S. , Quarmby John W. , Rowlands Timothy E.
Published: March 2014

Purpose

To highlight missed training opportunities in daycase surgery for trainees to acquire competency in vascular anastomosis by performing arteriovenous fistula (AVF) formations.

Methods

Operative Room Management Information System records were reviewed for AVF procedures in daycase and general theatres at a UK Foundation Trust between 2007 and 2012. Data collected included procedure, procedure time (PT), patient length of stay (LOS), readmissions within 30 days of procedure and lead and assistant surgeons involved.

Results

Of 199 daycase AVF procedures reviewed, 59.3% (n=118) were brachiocephalic formations and 34.2% (n=68) radiocephalic formations. Trainees attended 41.2% of daycase AVF procedures and were lead surgeon in 7.3% of these. Mean PT was 64 minutes for consultants compared with 56 minutes for trainees, with no significant difference (p=0.297). Median patient LOS was less than 24 hours for both groups. Six daycase AVF procedures resulted in patient readmission within 30 days; five of these were operated on by consultants and one by a staff grade. During the same period, 258 AVF procedures were performed in general theatres. Trainees attended 64.3% of AVF formations performed in general theatres and were lead surgeon in 5.8% of these.

Conclusions

Trainees attended and led few daycase AVF formations despite no significant difference in PT, patient LOS or readmission rate between consultant-led and trainee-led cases. Trainees attended more AVF formations performed in general theatres than daycase. However, trainees led a greater proportion of daycase AVF formations, possibly due to a less complex case mix that is more suitable for training.
Archaeology in Three Dimensions: Computer-Based Methods in Archaeological Research
Authors: Grosman Leore , Karasik Avshalom , Harush Ortal , Smilanksy Uzy
Published: March 2014

This article reviews the activities at the Computerized Archaeology Laboratory at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where techniques and ideas from computer science (e.g., computer graphics, machine learning, etc.) are integrated into archaeological research methodologies. The laboratory operates optical scanners which provide 3D digital models that are then analyzed by computer programs developed in-house. These programs address research issues and needs which could not be tackled without the availability of digital 3D models, thus broadening the horizons of archaeological research. To date, these methods and applications have been applied successfully to more than 30,000 pottery fragments, 3,000 stone tools, and many other archaeological finds submitted by more than 100 expeditions. This level of integration provides daily verification of the 3D approach and its intellectual and economical advantages.
A rare case of testicular metastasis of bladder transitional cell carcinoma
Authors: Turo Rafal , Smolski Michal , Hatimy Umi , Bromage Stephen J , Brown Stephen CW , Brough Richard , Collins Gerald N
Published: March 2014

Metastases from bladder transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) to the testis are very rare. These are usually found on autopsy and occur in advanced or metastatic bladder cancers. More common, known primary tumors that metastasize to the testis include prostate, lungs, melanoma, gastro-intestinal tract and the kidney. We report a rare case of solitary and synchronous metastatic TCC of the bladder to the testis, discovered on histological examination. This case illustrates that metastatic neoplasm to uncommon sites should be considered in the differential diagnosis for patients with a history of advanced bladder TCC.
Anthraquinones from Vismia mexicana
Authors: Reyes-Chilpa Ricardo , Gómez-Cansino Rocío , Guzmán-Gutiérrez Silvia Laura , Hernández-Ortega Simón , Campos-Lara María , Vega-Avila Elisa , Nieto-Camacho Antonio
Published: March 2014

Vismia mexicana (Clusiaceae) is a small tropical tree found from Mexico to Honduras. The CH2Cl2=MeOH extract from the leaves has been reported to have inhibitory properties against reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1 RT). In order to characterize some of its chemical constituents, the EtOAc-soluble fraction of this extract was subjected to column chromatography. A new natural product was isolated and designated vismiaquinone D [1-hydroxy-6- methoxy-7,8-(3',3'-dimethyl-pyrano) anthraquinone]. In addition, vismiaquinone was obtained. The structures of vismiaquinone and vismiaquinone D were determined by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, unambiguous assignments were achieved with DEPT, HSQC, and HMBC experiments, and corroborated by X-ray diffraction studies. The isolated anthraquinones were tested against HIV-1 RT. However, none showed relevant activity, suggesting that other compounds in this extract may be responsible for its HIV-1 RT inhibitory properties.
12-Step Programs to Reduce Illicit Drug Use
Authors: Nielsen Sine Kirkegaard , Filges Trine , JÃ¸rgensen Anne-Marie Klint
Published: March 2014

Many treatments are not rigorously evaluated as to their effectiveness, and it is uncertain which types of interventions are more effective than others in reducing illicit drug use. The aim of this paper is to provide a systematic mapping of the research literature of the effectiveness of 12-step programs in reducing illicit drug use. A systematic literature search was conducted based on 17 international and Nordic bibliographic databases. A total of 15,993 references were screened, and eleven unique studies were finally included in this mapping. The included studies demonstrated conflicting results regarding the effectiveness of the 12-step treatment and TSF in reducing individuals' drug use. Two studies reported a positive effect of the TSF treatment compared to the comparison conditions in reducing drug use. Six studies reported no differences between the 12-step program and the comparison condition, and the remaining three studies reported a greater effect of the comparison condition. However, the included studies demonstrate that, in general, 12-step programs and the comparison conditions have some positive effects in reducing drug use and supporting abstinence among the participants.
Will the Internet save or condemn science press? The experience of French magazine ‘La Recherche’
Authors: Allemand Luc
Published: March 2014

The Internet started to develop just 20 years ago but during that brief period it has shaken up the communications landscape, starting with the written word. Printed newspapers have had to adapt to this new scenario. Here, we present the panorama of science communication in France from the perspective of the monthly magazine La Recherche and other French media sources.
Preparation of a hole transport layer tethered to ITO surface via a self-assembled monolayer with reactive terminal group
Authors: Hagihara Yuya , Kim Seong-Ho , Tanaka Kuniaki , Advincula Rigoberto C. , Usui Hiroaki
Published: March 2014

Characteristics of a junction between a polymer thin film and an indium–tin oxide (ITO) substrate was controlled by forming covalent chemical bonds at the interface through self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with reactive terminal groups. For this purpose, SAMs with vinyl, epoxide, and benzophenone terminal groups were formed on ITO substrates, on which a vinyl derivative of a hole transport molecule was vapor-deposited, and then annealed in vacuum. This procedure produced a polymer layer strongly attached to the substrate surface. It was also found that the charge injection from the ITO electrode to the polymer layer can be improved by chemically tethering the interface via the SAMs.
Some Applications of the Gas Laser as a Source of Light for the Testing of Optical Systems
Authors: Murty M. V. R. K. , Malacara-Hernandez Daniel
Published: March 2014

Recently one of the authors has described a simple lateral shearing interferometer. This consists of a single nearly parallel plate of glass and when used in conjunction with a gas laser source forms a simple and stable lateral shearing interferometer. The amount of shear is variable by changing the angle of incidence on the glass plate. This has been used to set up a test procedure for large optical systems (especially large mirrors). A procedure is given for calculating the wavefront from the shearing pattern. Certain problems associated with the use of a gas laser are discussed. In the optical testing applications, it is necessary to control the spatial coherence of the laser independently and a simple method to achieve this objective is described.
New Instrument for Assessing Lens Quality by Pupil Scanning (Spot Diagram Generation)
Authors: Baker L. R. , Whyte J. N.
Published: March 2014

An instrument has been constructed which can be used to assess the quality of infrared imaging systems (0.6 µm and 1.8 µm) by forming a picture on a cathode ray tube of the ray intersection pattern or spot diagram. Image analysis is carried out using a SIRA position-sensitive photocell. A complete diagram containing up to 400 points can be presented in 4 seconds with a magnification up to ×2,500 and with a noise equivalent spot diameter or 1 µm. Examples of the diagrams produced by good quality lenses and by lenses with residual astigmatism, spherical aberration and coma are shown. The present work is being extended to the construction of a system for converting spot diagrams to wavefront shapes and by the introduction of a range of transducers with a spectral sensitivity extending from the ultra-violet to the infra-red.
High Speed Image Synthesizer
Authors: Suzuki T. , Ichioka Y. , Koyama M.
Published: March 2014

An automatic plotter operating electronically was developed. This device can plot the data obtained from the electronic computer on a conventional cathode ray tube or a viewing storage tube. The plotting speed is about 1500 points for one minute and the error is the order of 0.5% for full scale. The plotter is now being used to plot spot-diagrams in the field of optical lens. Also, the plotter with viewing storage tube is being used for the light source of high speed image synthesizer.
Some spot-diagrams were calculated and taken on the photographs. The photographs of the images synthesized those diagrams with Siemens star or square wave chart were taken and compared with the theoretical curves of transfer function. The operation of synthesis was found to be performed effectively and rapidly by this automatic plotter with viewing storage tube. The synthesized images showed satisfactory the effect of the typical image errors like phase reversal due to spherical aberration and the effects due to comatic aberration and astigmatism.
The Determination of the Modulation Transfer Function of Color Films
Authors: Ooue Shingo , Hatanaka Isamu
Published: March 2014

Several problems concerning the Modulation Transfer Function of color films are investigated. The degree of a contribution of each color layers to the human eye was obtained. The system analysis of image forming process of color films were carried out. The system of color films can be expressed by a model composed of five stages. The MTF of the fifth stage depends on diameters of dye clouds. The MTF of dye clouds were determined and spreads of images for each stages were obtained by Fourier transform.
Infrared Optical Materials, Old and New
Authors: Ballard Stanley S.
Published: March 2014

There are many different optical materials which transmit into the infrared spectral region to a lesser or greater extent. In historical sequence, there were first the natural crystals such as rock salt, then the synthetically produced single crystals and the special glasses, then semiconductor materials such as germanium and silicon. The most recent ones are the hot-pressed, compacted materials that are still in a state of vigorous development. In choosing an optical material to use in a specific application, the engineer or physicist must of course select one which transmits in the appropriate wavelength region, but he should also consider its other optical, mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties, with respect to the application in mind. In order to make the best possible decision, the designer should be equipped with all available data on these several properties, for the many materials. This article cannot of course supply such a great wealth of information. Only a few of the materials that are most likely to be generally satisfactory are included, and special attention is given to the hot-pressed compacts because of their relative novelty.
Chromatic Aberrations and Optical Transfer Functions of Photographic Lenses
Authors: Rosenhauer K. , Rosenbruch K. J.
Published: March 2014

A description is given of a method to calculate the polychromatic optical transfer function (OTF) from the data of the monochromatic OTF for some focal planes and some wavelengths, the chromatic aberration, the spectral intensity distribution of the light source, the spectral sensitivity of the receiver and the spectral transmittance of the lens. As an example the results for a camera lens in optical axis are given for candle light and a photomultiplier and for daylight and sun and two different film-emulsions.
Improvement in Resolving Power of Optical Systems
Authors: Lansraux Guy
Published: March 2014

Image quality is improved definitely by a local variation of the transmission factor which provides in any optical system a non uniform illumination of the exit pupil. One of the most favorable distributions of transmission factor T(X) is the EQUILIBRIUM DISTRIBUTION which corresponds to the greatest concentration of radiant energy in a diffraction pattern around its focus. The criterion used to determine T(X) is the FACTOR OF ENCIRCLED ENERGY E(W) which is the ratio of the energy distributed within a circle of radius W centered on the focus, to the total energy of the diffraction pattern. When an amplitude filter which provides T(W) is fitted to an aberration-free optical system, the diffraction pattern appears, in practice, as a luminous disk without rings of diffracted light. Consequences are in most cases a higher resolution, a more correct contrast relationship and sharper images of extended objects. Moreover geometrical aberrations are partly reduced; For example depth of focus is increased and chromatism partly corrected.
Image Transfer Properties of Fiber Bundle
Authors: Ohzu Hitoshi , Sawatari Takeo , Sayanagi Kazuo
Published: March 2014

The static images of sinusoidal objects and of knife edges given by a fiber bundle have been studied both theoretically and experimentally. The describing functions are determined only in the region, in which the frequencies of the objects are lower than one-half of the frequency of the fiber array. Even in this region, the image contrast varies with the phase shift of the objects. The image contrast of the higher frequencies than that of this region can not be observed because of the beat phenomena. It the dynamic case, the point spread function is defined as the cross-correlation function between both end face apertures of a fiber. In both cases, a good contrast of image, at least over 80 percent, is expected, when the object frequencies are lower than one-sixth of the frequency of the fiber array. However, in practice, the light flares will occur and decrease the image contrast.
On the Evaporation of Two-Component Dielectric Thin Films for Reflection-Reducing Coatings and Interference Filters
Authors: Jacobsson Roland , Mårtensson John-Olof
Published: March 2014

Methods of producing two-component dielectric films are discussed, and experimental results are given for homogeneous ZnS-Na3AlF6 films. Inhomogeneous ZnS-Na3AlF6 films and Ge-SiO films have also been studied theoretically and experimentally with particular consideration of their applications as matching layers in reflection-reducing coatings and interference filters.
Far Infrared Spectrometer with a Variable Depth Grating
Authors: Sakurai Takemaro , Takahashi Shin-ichi
Published: March 2014

This paper describes the construction of a far infrared vacuum spectrometer. A variable depth grating was used as a dispersive medium, and the mounting is of the Littrow type. The detecting element is Golay cell. The spectral range now available is from 200 to 1500 µ in wavelength. The results of performance test and the discussion on the variable depth grating are also presented.
Principal Points, Cardinal Axis and Focal Planes of a Slightly Decentred Optical System.
Authors: Bartkowska Janina
Published: March 2014

A slightly decentred optical system has a cardinal axis such that the incident ray does not change its direction. The principal points and foci lie on the cardinal axis. The images of planes parallel to the object focal plane are parallel to the image focal plane. The focal planes are in general neither parallel to each other nor perpendicular to the cardinal axis.
Transmission Grating as an Infrared Filter
Authors: Sakayanagi Yoshimi
Published: March 2014

Producing technique of a transmission polyethylene grating and the theory of its cut-off wavelength are given. Measurements were made by means of replica gratings of constants 22 µ and 50 µ, in wavelength region 5 µ∼16µ. In order to well show the cut-off properties, measurements were also made by changing the angle between replica normal and the optical axis of a monochromator. To get good cut-off property, it is recommended to use the gratings of different grating constants one behind the other.
High Resolution Far Infrared Interferometry with Application to Solid State Physics
Authors: Richards P. L.
Published: March 2014

The relative usefulness of a diffraction grating monochromator, a lamellar grating interferometer and a Michelson interferometer will be discussed with reference to a variety of solid state physics problems. The interferometers, used with digital Fourier transformation, achieve a maximum resolution of ∼0.1 cm-1 over the frequency range from 3 to 200 cm-1.
Extreme Ultraviolet Emission from Beryllium Oxide
Authors: Fukuda K. , Uchida Y. , Nakagawa M.
Published: March 2014

Spectra of cathodoluminescence and luminescence excited in a discharge tube were observed on BeO, MgO, and CaO samples prepared by heat-treatments in N2 or O2 atmosphere and the emission bands of these samples in the ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet regions were examined. From these experiments it has been found that BeO samples obtained by heating in O2 atmosphere, when excited by electron beams at liquid air temperature, emits strong radiation extending from 3 to 7 ev.
The Measurement of Absolute Photon Fluxes in the 100 Å to 300 Å Region
Authors: Tomboulian D. H.
Published: March 2014

Following brief references to available methods for the quantitative measurement of radiant energy in the vacuum ultraviolet, the paper describes the construction and performance of a GM counter particularly suitable for the measurement of low energy (40eV–120eV) photon fluxes. Various tests indicate that the device may be made to register the stopping of a single photon in the counting gas. Consequently, with the aid of readily obtainable auxiliary data, the counter may serve as a detector of absolute photon fluxes.
Design and Evaluation of a New Photoelectric Spectropolarimeter for the Study of Faraday Effect Dispersion
Authors: Badoz J. , Briat B. , Billardon M.
Published: March 2014

Spectroscopic study of magnetic rotatory power (Faraday effect) is interesting but difficult, specially in absorption bands, because it is a very weak effect. We designed a simple, photoelectric, Spectropolarimeter for the Faraday spectra studies which has a maximum light grasping power. For this we used a permanent magnet instead of an electromagnet to produce the Faraday effect.
The optical parameters governing the design of such an apparatus are studied. The experimental apparatus is described, its features are given (its sensitivity is better than 0.001°, its spectral range is 2500–6000 Å, its spectral bandwidth is 10Å). Spectra obtained are presented and commented.
Some Applications of the Wave Front Shearing Interferometer
Authors: Saunders J. B.
Published: March 2014

This paper gives the results of several applications of the wave front shearing prism interferometer. The instrument is very compact and easy to apply. It is applied to the testing of chromatic aberration of simple and compound lenses; and to the testing of wave forms that characterize the monochromatic aberrations (spherical, coma and astigmatism). Results are shown for several different type lenses. This interferometer is equally applicable to the testing of small lenses and large telescope objectives.
Human Capital Production Function
Authors: Kesti Marko
Published: March 2014

In many organizations the labor workforce is the single most important factor for business performance, but also the most difficult to analyze. Traditional analyzing and forecasting methods do not explain the phenomenon how human capital affects business economics, and therefore they are not too widely used in strategic management. This article introduces Human Capital Production Function (HCPF) as an analyzing method that combines the tangible and intangible assets of human capital with financial scorecards in a way that explains the meaning of human resources for business performance. Intangible assets can be measured using tacit signal method which can be connected to organization system intelligence. The article studies HCPF validity in longitudinal business case data and tests the use of HCPF in scenario-analyzing in a statistical average business services company in the Singapore region.
A new species in the lichen genus Pertusaria from Brazil
Authors: Archer Alan W. , Elix John Alan
Published: March 2014

The new species Pertusaria elizabethae is reported from Brazil. The chemistry and morphology of this species are discussed.
The Role of Ti and Lewis Acidity in Manganese Oxide Octahedral Molecular Sieves Impregnated with Titanium in Oxidation Reactions
Authors: Hayati Fitri , Chandren Sheela , Hamdan Halimaton , Nur Hadi
Published: March 2014

Octahedral manganese oxide molecular sieves (OMS-2) was prepared by precipitation method and modified by impregnation of titanium with different titanium/manganese (Ti/Mn) ratio. It was also discovered that Ti/Mn ratio of less than 0.5 still retains the original pure cryptomelane structure of OMS-2. However, for sample with Ti/Mn ratio of more than 0.5, some rutile phases of titania (TiO2) can be detected together with the cryptomelane phase. Lewis acid sites were also observed in the titanium modified OMS-2 (Ti-OMS-2). Ti-OMS-2 was then used as catalysts for the oxidation of cyclohexane, cyclohexene and styrene, where Ti-OMS-2 with Ti/Mn ratio of 0.67 was most active in all three of the oxidation reactions as compared to TiO2 and OMS-2. The results suggest that both titanium sites in framework and non-framework and the Lewis acidity created by the impregnation of Ti, increased the activity of OMS-2 in oxidation reactions. © 2014 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Lithospheric architecture of the Slave craton, northwest Canada, as determined from an interdisciplinary 3‐D model
Authors: Snyder D. B. , Hillier M. J. , Kjarsgaard B. A. , de Kemp E. A. , Craven J. A.
Published: March 2014

Regional‐scale geologic structures characteristic of mantle lithosphere within cratons found in continent interiors are interpreted using geo‐registered diverse data sets from the Slave craton of northwest Canada. We developed and applied a new method for mapping seismic discontinuities in three dimensions using multiyear observations at sparse, individual broadband receivers. New, fully 3‐D conductivity models used all available magnetotelluric data. Discontinuity surfaces and conductivity models were geo‐registered with previously published P‐wave and surface‐wave velocity models to confirm first‐order structures such as a midlithosphere discontinuity. Our 3‐D model to 400 km depth was calibrated by “drill hole” observations derived from xenolith suites extracted from kimberlites. A number of new structural discontinuities emerge from direct comparison of coregistered data sets and models. Importantly, we distinguish primary mantle layers from secondary features related to younger metasomatism. Subhorizontal Slave craton layers with tapered, wedge‐shaped margins indicate construction of the craton core at 2.7 Ga by underthrusting and flat stacking of lithosphere. Mapping of conductivity and metasomatism in 3‐D, the latter inferred via mineral recrystallization and resetting of isotopic ages in xenoliths, indicates overprinting of the primary layered structures. The observed distribution of relatively conductive mantle at 100–200 km depths is consistent with pervasive metasomatism; vertical “chimneys” reaching to crustal depths in locations where kimberlites erupted or where Au mineralization is known.
Enhancing Thermostability and Organic Solvent Tolerance of ω‐Transaminase through Global Incorporation of Fluorotyrosine
Authors: Deepankumar Kanagavel , Shon Minsu , Nadarajan Saravanan Prabhu , Shin Giyoung , Mathew Sam , Ayyadurai Niraikulam , Kim Byung‐Gee , Choi Sei‐Hyun , Lee Sang‐Hyeup , Yun Hyungdon
Published: March 2014

Here, we have utilized the incorporation of non‐canonical amino acids as a tool kit to improve enzyme properties for organic synthesis applications. The global incorporation of 3‐fluorotyrosine (FY) into ω‐transaminase (ω‐TA) to give ω‐TA[FY] enhanced the thermostability and organic solvent tolerance without altering substrate specificity and enantioselectivity. Moreover, ω‐TA[FY] was able to completely convert 25 mM of acetophenone into (S)‐1‐phenylethylamine (ee>99%) in the presence of 20% DMSO (v/v) which is ∼2‐fold higher when compared to wild‐type ω‐TA.

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Proportion of dermatitis attributed to work exposures in the working population, United States, 2011 behavioral risk factor surveillance system
Authors: St. Louis Thomas , Ehrlich Emily , Bunn Terry , Kanotra Sarojini , Fussman Chris , Rosenman Kenneth D.
Published: March 2014

Background

The US employer‐based surveillance system for work‐related health conditions underestimates the prevalence of work‐related dermatitis.

Objective

The authors sought to utilize information from workers to improve the accuracy of prevalence estimates for work‐related dermatitis.

Methods

Three state health departments included questions in the 2011 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey designed to ascertain the prevalence of dermatitis in the working population, as well as healthcare experiences, personal perceptions of work‐relatedness, and job changes associated with dermatitis.

Results

The percentage of working respondents who reported receiving a clinician's opinion that their dermatitis was work‐related was between 3.8% and 10.2%. When patients' perceptions were considered, the work‐related dermatitis prevalence estimate increased to between 12.9% and 17.6%.

Conclusions

Including patients' perceptions of work‐relatedness produced a larger prevalence estimate for work‐related dermatitis than the previously published estimate of 5.6%, which included only those cases of dermatitis attributed to work by healthcare professionals. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:653–659, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Skin symptoms in the construction industry: Occurrence and determinants
Authors: Timmerman Johan G. , Heederik Dick , Spee Ton , Smit Lidwien A.M.
Published: March 2014

Background

In the construction industry, a relatively high hand eczema prevalence can be expected due to exposure to irritating and allergenic agents.

Methods

As part of a regular program of voluntary medical examinations, a questionnaire including items on health symptoms and working circumstances is administered to construction industry personnel. We studied 152,200 male workers (response rate 52%). Associations between possible risk factors and self‐reported skin symptoms and skin hypersensitivity were assessed using log‐binomial regression analysis.

Results

Prevalence of skin symptoms on the hands was 25.4% among construction workers, 14.6% among office personnel. Nuisance due to dust exposure was the most important work‐related determinant for skin symptoms [Prevalence Ratio (PR) 1.59, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.55–1.63]. Cross‐sectional findings were supported by longitudinal analyses in a study population subset.

Conclusions

Skin symptoms are common among construction workers. Nuisance due to dust exposure was associated with higher prevalences of skin symptoms. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:660–668, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stereoselective NH Insertion‐Arylation Reactions of Nitrodiazoesters
Authors: So Sonia S. , Mattson Anita E.
Published: March 2014

Phosphoric acid derivatives operate as effective catalysts for the synthesis of glycines in high yield through multicomponent coupling reactions of nitrodiazoesters, anilines, and indoles. This interesting process requires double polarity reversal, or umpolung, of the ester functionality: two nucleophiles undergo addition to the carbon alpha to an ester. Modest control over the absolute stereochemistry of the glycine products is attainable under the influence of chiral BINOL‐based phosphoric‐acid‐derived catalysis.
Brief Communication: Lumbar lordosis in extinct hominins: Implications of the pelvic incidence
Authors: Been Ella , Gómez‐Olivencia Asier , Kramer Patricia A.
Published: March 2014

Recently, interest has peaked regarding the posture of extinct hominins. Here, we present a new method of reconstructing lordosis angles of extinct hominin specimens based on pelvic morphology, more specifically the orientation of the sacrum in relation to the acetabulum (pelvic incidence). Two regression models based on the correlation between pelvic incidence and lordosis angle in living hominoids have been developed. The mean values of the calculated lordosis angles based on these models are 36°−45° for australopithecines, 45°−47° for Homo erectus, 27°−34° for the Neandertals and the Sima de los Huesos hominins, and 49°−51° for fossil H. sapiens. The newly calculated lordosis values are consistent with previously published values of extinct hominins (Been et al.: Am J Phys Anthropol 147 (2012) 64–77). If the mean values of the present nonhuman hominoids are representative of the pelvic and lumbar morphology of the last common ancestor between humans and nonhuman hominoids, then both pelvic incidence and lordosis angle dramatically increased during hominin evolution from 27° ± 5 to 22° ± 3 (respectively) in nonhuman hominoids to 54° ± 10 and 51° ± 11 in modern humans. This change to a more human‐like configuration appeared early in the hominin evolution as the pelvis and spines of both australopithecines and H. erectus show a higher pelvic incidence and lordosis angle than nonhuman hominoids. The Sima de los Huesos hominins and Neandertals show a derived configuration with a low pelvic incidence and lordosis angle. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:307–314, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The meaning of weaning in wild Phayre's leaf monkeys: Last nipple contact, survival, and independence
Authors: Borries Carola , Lu Amy , Ossi‐Lupo Kerry , Larney Eileen , Koenig Andreas
Published: March 2014

In primates and other mammals, weaning is an equivocal concept, as is reflected in the numerous ways it is measured: a) first intake of solid food, b) conflict over access to the nipple, c) ability to survive without mother, d) maternal resumption of cycling, or e) the cessation of nipple contact. The lack of a consistent definition means that weaning age, although it falls between gestation (fetal growth) and age at first reproduction (most energy diverted from growth), is currently not a reliable life history variable capturing offspring independence. Using data for wild Phayre's leaf monkeys (Trachypithecus phayrei crepusculus) at Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand (51 offspring, four groups), we asked whether the end of nipple contact indicates offspring independence as measured by survival to 3 years. To establish a baseline for the onset of independence, we assessed the youngest age at which individuals were orphaned (15–17 months) but then survived to 3 years. Next we determined that offspring age at last nipple contact (19.0 months) was comparable to two other independently calculated measures: offspring age at mother's first postpartum ovulation (11.5 months), and age at mother's re‐conception (15.6 months). Using these separate “starting points,” we arrived at similar ages for nipple contact cessation (18.4 and 19.2 months, respectively). Overall, in wild (but not in provisioned) Asian colobines, age at last nipple contact was allometrically related to adult female body mass, supporting its designation as a life history variable. Future comparisons need to show if this holds for other taxa. Am J Phys Anthropol 154:291–301, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Click‐Tag and Amine‐Tag: Chemical Tag Approaches for Efficient Protein Labeling In Vitro and on Live Cells using the Naturally Split Npu DnaE Intein
Authors: Schütz Vivien , Mootz Henning D.
Published: March 2014

Protein labeling with synthetic moieties remains in many cases a technically challenging or unresolved task. Two new and simple concepts are presented. In both approaches, a very short tag of only a few amino acids is prepared with the desired chemical modification and, in a second step, it is transferred to the protein of interest by protein trans‐splicing. For the amine‐tag, a recombinant intein fragment free of lysine residues was generated such that the amine group of the N terminus could be selectively modified with regular amine‐reactive reagents. Thus, standard bioconjugation procedures without any chemical synthesis could be applied without modification of lysines in the protein of interest. For the click‐tag, protein trans‐splicing was combined with unnatural amino acid mutagenesis and subsequent bioorthogonal side chain modification, as demonstrated for click chemistry using p‐azidophenylalanine. By the two‐step strategy, exposure of the protein of interest to the copper catalyst was avoided.
Functionalizing Designer DNA Crystals with a Triple‐Helical Veneer
Authors: Rusling David A. , Chandrasekaran Arun Richard , Ohayon Yoel P. , Brown Tom , Fox Keith R. , Sha Ruojie , Mao Chengde , Seeman Nadrian C.
Published: March 2014

DNA is a very useful molecule for the programmed self‐assembly of 2D and 3D nanoscale objects.1 The design of these structures exploits Watson–Crick hybridization and strand exchange to stitch linear duplexes into finite assemblies.2–4 The dimensions of these complexes can be increased by over five orders of magnitude through self‐assembly of cohesive single‐stranded segments (sticky ends).5, 6 Methods that exploit the sequence addressability of DNA nanostructures will enable the programmable positioning of components in 2D and 3D space, offering applications such as the organization of nanoelectronics,7 the direction of biological cascades,8 and the structure determination of periodically positioned molecules by X‐ray diffraction.9 To this end we present a macroscopic 3D crystal based on the 3‐fold rotationally symmetric tensegrity triangle3, 6 that can be functionalized by a triplex‐forming oligonucleotide on each of its helical edges.
Competition Between Concerted and Stepwise Dynamics in the Triplet Di‐π‐Methane Rearrangement
Authors: Jiménez‐Osés Gonzalo , Liu Peng , Matute Ricardo A. , Houk Kendall N.
Published: March 2014

The molecular dynamics of the triplet‐state Zimmerman di‐π‐methane rearrangement of dibenzobarrelene were computed with B3LYP and M06‐2X density functionals. All productive quasiclassical trajectories involve sequential formation and cleavage of CC bonds and an intermediate with lifetimes ranging from 13 to 1160 fs. Both dynamically concerted and stepwise trajectories are found. The average lifetime of this intermediate is significantly shorter than predicted by either transition‐state theory or the Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus model, thus indicating the non‐statistical nature of the reaction mechanism.
Hydrophobes Schalten einer doppellagigen DNA‐Origami‐Struktur
Authors: List Jonathan , Weber Michael , Simmel Friedrich C.
Published: March 2014

Amphiphile Moleküle neigen in wässriger Lösung zur Aggregation. Wir zeigen, dass eine solche Aggregationswechselwirkung dazu genutzt werden kann, einlagige Cholesterin‐funktionalisierte DNA‐Origami‐Strukturen in “Sandwich”‐artige Doppellagenstrukturen zu falten, in deren Inneren die Cholesterin‐Modifikationen verborgen werden. Die DNA‐Strukturen entfalten sich sowohl nach Zugabe des Tensids Tween 80 als auch in Gegenwart von Lipidmembranen. Die Kinetik des Entfaltungsprozesses lässt sich mit einer gestreckten Exponentialfunktion beschreiben. Es wird auch gezeigt, wie sich das hydrophobe Schalten mit einem Schlüssel‐Schloss‐Mechanismus kombinieren lässt, wodurch das Entfalten der DNA‐Sandwiches von einem zusätzlichen molekularen Signal, z. B. einer spezifischen DNA‐Sequenz, abhängig gemacht werden kann.
Spatial and Directional Control over Self‐Assembly Using Catalytic Micropatterned Surfaces
Authors: Olive Alexandre G. L. , Abdullah Nor Hakimin , Ziemecka Iwona , Mendes Eduardo , Eelkema Rienk , van Esch Jan H.
Published: March 2014

Catalyst‐assisted self‐assembly is widespread in nature to achieve spatial control over structure formation. Reported herein is the formation of hydrogel micropatterns on catalytic surfaces. Gelator precursors react on catalytic sites to form building blocks which can self‐assemble into nanofibers. The resulting structures preferentially grow where the catalyst is present. Not only is a first level of organization, allowing the construction of hydrogel micropatterns, achieved but a second level of organization is observed among fibers. Indeed, fibers grow with their main axis perpendicular to the substrate. This feature is directly linked to a unique mechanism of fiber formation for a synthetic system. Building blocks are added to fibers in a confined space at the solid–liquid interface.
Total Synthesis of Homogeneous Variants of Hirudin P6: A Post‐Translationally Modified Anti‐Thrombotic Leech‐Derived Protein
Authors: Hsieh Yves S. Y. , Wijeyewickrema Lakshmi C. , Wilkinson Brendan L. , Pike Robert N. , Payne Richard J.
Published: March 2014

Hirudin P6 is a leech‐derived anti‐thrombotic protein which possesses two post‐translational modifications, O‐glycosylation and tyrosine sulfation. In this study we report the ligation‐based synthesis of a library of hirudin P6 proteins possessing homogeneous glycosylation and sulfation modifications. The nature of the modifications incorporated was shown to have a drastic effect on inhibition against both the fibrinogenolytic and amidolytic activities of thrombin and thus highlights a potential means for attenuating the biological activity of the protein.
Phosphoryl‐Rich Flame‐Retardant Ions (FRIONs): Towards Safer Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Rectenwald Michael F. , Gaffen Joshua R. , Rheingold Arnold L. , Morgan Alexander B. , Protasiewicz John D.
Published: March 2014

The functionalized catecholate, tetraethyl (2,3‐dihydroxy‐1,4‐phenylene)bis(phosphonate) (H2‐DPC), has been used to prepare a series of lithium salts Li[B(DPC)(oxalato)], Li[B(DPC)2], Li[B(DPC)F2], and Li[P(DPC)3]. The phosphoryl‐rich character of these anions was designed to impart flame‐retardant properties for their use as potential flame‐retardant ions (FRIONs), additives, or replacements for other lithium salts for safer lithium‐ion batteries. The new materials were fully characterized, and the single‐crystal structures of Li[B(DPC)(oxalato)] and Li[P(DPC)3] have been determined. Thermogravimetric analysis of the four lithium salts show that they are thermally stable up to around 200 °C. Pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry reveals that these salts produce high char yields upon combustion.
Omaezallene from Red Alga Laurencia sp.: Structure Elucidation, Total Synthesis, and Antifouling Activity
Authors: Umezawa Taiki , Oguri Yuko , Matsuura Hiroshi , Yamazaki Shohei , Suzuki Masahiro , Yoshimura Erina , Furuta Takeshi , Nogata Yasuyuki , Serisawa Yukihiko , Matsuyama‐Serisawa Kazuyo , Abe Tsuyoshi , Matsuda Fuyuhiko , Suzuki Minoru , Okino Tatsufumi
Published: March 2014

Natural antifouling products have been the subject of considerable attention. We screened marine algae for antifouling activity and discovered omaezallenes, the new bromoallene‐containing natural products isolated from the red alga Laurencia sp. Described is the isolation, structure elucidation, and total syntheses of omaezallenes. The relative and absolute configurations of natural omaezallenes were unambiguously established through total synthesis. The antifouling activities and ecotoxicity of omaezallenes were also evaluated.
Characterization and mechanical properties of exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets reinforced polyethylene terephthalate/polypropylene composites
Authors: Inuwa I. M. , Hassan Azman , Samsudin S. A. , Haafiz M. K. Mohamad , Jawaid M. , Majeed K. , Razak N. C. Abdul
Published: March 2014

Recently, graphene and its derivatives have been used to develop polymer composites with improved or multifunctional properties. Exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (GNP) reinforced composite materials based on blend of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polypropylene (PP) compatibilized with styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene‐g‐maleic anhydride is prepared by melt extrusion followed by injection molding. Characterization of the composites' microstructure and morphology was conducted using field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Tensile and impact strengths of test specimens were evaluated and the results showed maximum values at 3phr GNP in both the cases. Morphological studies showed that the GNPs were uniformly dispersed within the matrix. Results from XRD analysis showed uniformly dispersed GNPs, which may not have been substantially exfoliated. FTIR spectroscopy did not show any significant change in the peak positions to suggest definitive chemical interaction between GNP and the matrix. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40582.
Prediction of long‐term mechanical properties of PVDF/BaTiO3 nanocomposite
Authors: Goodarzi Vahabodin , Kokabi Mehrdad , Razzaghi Kashani Mehdi , Reza Bahramian Ahmad
Published: March 2014

Low elastic modulus of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is a major drawback that can be compensated by adding nanoparticles. This work reports the long‐term mechanical behavior of PVDF nanocomposite containing BaTiO3 nanoparticle that is evaluated by creep test. The nanocomposite morphology was characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy techniques. The dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was employed to study the viscoelastic behavior of nanocomposite in a wide range of temperatures and frequencies. According to the creep tests, nanocomposite reduced the rate of the creep compliance at different temperatures. Moreover, the creep compliance for the nanocomposite sample decreased slightly in comparison with neat PVDF. Comparing the Burger's model and experimental results, the elastic and viscous parameters revealed the exactly opposite behavior with increasing temperature. The effect of frequencies on storage moduli of samples was investigated based on time–temperature superposition (TTS) method. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40596.
Potential and Limits of Biodegradation Processes for the Removal of Organic Xenobiotics from Wastewaters
Authors: Dionisi Davide
Published: March 2014

In the removal of organic xenobiotics from wastewaters, biodegradation is an interesting alternative to conventional physical and chemical processes. Biodegradation in biological wastewater treatment plants has the potential advantages of removing the xenobiotics from the environment, transforming them into nontoxic products such as carbon dioxide and new biomass, and being relatively low in cost. Many xenobiotics have been found to be biodegradable as sole carbon and energy source under aerobic conditions, while under anaerobic conditions many chlorinated hydrocarbons can be biodegraded by reductive dechlorination processes. The main limits of biodegradation processes are the limited time for adaptation to the xenobiotics, the very low xenobiotics concentration in the influent, the competition with abiotic removal mechanisms, the limited availability of external substrates for cometabolism, and the intrinsic nonbiodegradability. Existing biological wastewater treatment processes can be modified by using higher values of the solids retention time, bioaugmentation, addition of readily biodegradable substrates to support cometabolism, and the use of anaerobic‐aerobic processes.