bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lateralization: A Closer Look at the Verbal Laterality Pattern in the Bilateral Paradigm
Authors: Kirby Hugh W. , Duda Peter D.
Published: September 2011

This study examined how different orders of word report influence the verbal laterality pattern in the bilateral task. 20 adult subjects were free to report the lateralized words from left-to-right or right-to-left. Orders of word report influence both the degree and direction of the laterality pattern.
Correlational Structure as a Determinant of Goodness of Complex Patterns
Authors: Royer Fred L.
Published: September 2011

The stimulus sets used by Whitman and Garner (1962) to study the effect of form of redundancy on free-recall learning were arranged in 3 × 3 configurations to form single patterns. Various spatial arrangements of the 9 figures in each of the 3 sets tested several questions regarding judged goodness of form. Rating of goodness of form on a 7-point scale were made by 32 college students. Patterns composed of elements which have correlated structure in the form of simple contingencies, and which Whitman and Garner found were easily learned in free recall, are good; patterns composed of elements which have correlational structure in the form of complex interactions, and which Whitman and Garner found were extremely difficult to learn, are not. Uncertainty calculated for spatial position using 2-dimensional Cartesian coordinates as variables does not appear to be associated with pattern goodness. However, spatial arrangements of the elements exert a very strong effect on pattern goodness.
Experimental Study of Effects on Speed and Accuracy of Teaching Alternate-Hand Method on a Ten-Key Electronic Calculator
Authors: Morgan Alice S. , Drake James Bob , Heck Sandra K. , Long Cathy H.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to test validity of the assumption that 10-key electronic calculators should always be operated with the right hand, with no regard to the natural preference for tight or left hand by the operator. The question was whether the theory universally accepted in typewriting (of naturally expecting the student to use both hands) necessarily applies to office machines techniques. The hypothesis was that students who naturally use the right hand to write will achieve equal or greater speed and accuracy by operating 10-key electronic calculators with the left hand. Right-handed trainees were randomly divided into right- or left-handed keyboarding groups. Multivariate analysis showed treatment on both speed and errors was significant, and univariate analysis indicated treatment on speed was significant. It may be possible to improve speed in the operation of office machines, with no significant loss of accuracy, by instructing trainees to operate the keyboard with the alternate hand and record answers with the dominant hand.
Automobile Rear Lights: Effects of the Number, Mounting Height, and Lateral Position on Reaction Times of following Drivers
Authors: Sivak Michael , Post David V. , Olson Paul L. , Donohue Robert J.
Published: September 2011

The efficiency of 22 configurations of brake lights in actual traffic was tested in a daytime experiment by measuring reaction times of following drivers to brake signals. Analysis showed that adding supplemental (including high-mounted) lamps to conventional two-lamp configurations did not shorten reaction times. Other findings indicate that the lateral position of the lamps, the following distance, as well as the sex (6 men, 6 women) and age (19–31 yr. vs 63–71 yr.) of the 12 drivers had significant effects on reaction times, while the mounting height of the lamps did not.
Volition, Performance of a Boring Task and Time Estimation
Authors: Troutwine Robert , O'Neal Edgar C.
Published: September 2011

Subjective intervals were obtained from 40 subjects (20 males, 20 females) who were assigned to a group with or without volition in which choice regarding task involvement was varied. Orthogonal to volition, half the subjects engaged in a boring task, half in an interesting task. Subjects assigned to the group with no volition displayed typical temporal behavior (an interesting task was judged as significantly shorter), while subjects in the group with volition showed no difference in protensity as a function of task quality, yielding the predicted interaction.
Individual Differences in Cue Utilization on Spatial Tasks
Authors: McArthur Leslie Zebrowitz , Crocker Dianne Quartarone , Folino Elizabeth
Published: September 2011

Two studies examined individual differences in cue utilization for spatial tasks. Study 1 investigated sex and weight differences in the use of proprioceptive and tactile cues for negotiating a finger maze while blindfolded. The results indicated that females and overweight persons were more likely to use a tactile cue than a proprioceptive one, while the reverse was true for males. Also, the 16 females were more likely to use a tactile cue and less likely to use a proprioceptive cue than the 16 males were. These individual differences reflected an attentional bias on the part of male subjects and a response bias on the part of female and overweight subjects. Study 2 investigated sex differences in congenitally blind subjects' use of proprioceptive and exteroceptive cues when giving directions to get from one place to another. The results showed that the 5 males provided more proprioceptive than exteroceptive cues, while a trend in the opposite direction was observed for the 5 females.
Variations in Perception of Right and Left Halves of the Body during the Menstrual Cycle
Authors: Ruggieri Vezio , Valeri Carla
Published: September 2011

To determine whether cerebral dominance in body perception changes during the menstrual cycle, we have examined the body perceptions of 55 women between 16 and 49 yr. of age. The women were placed in one of 4 groups (menstrual, follicular, luteal, premenstrual). The maximum dominance in body perceptions appeared in the follicular group and tended to disappear for luteal and premenstrual groups. A positive, statistically significant correlation of .25 was found between days of cycle and Deviation Index for the perception of the right half of the body.
Movement Pattern Analysis on the Horizontal Ladder among Children 4 to 9 Years
Authors: Gabbard Carl P. , Patterson Patrick E.
Published: September 2011

Children 4 to 9 yr. ( N = 356) were assessed on movement pattern characteristics while moving across a horizontal overhead ladder Movement was identified and categorized within five pattern classifications. Few 4-yr.-olds were physically capable of moving across the ladder without falling; the rhythmic time-step pattern was the most frequent mode of movement among children 6 to 9 yr.
Some Comments on Salkind and Wright's Model for Reflection-Impulsivity
Authors: Miyakawa Juji
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine whether the Salkind and Wright model for the impulsivity and efficiency dimensions is applicable to younger children as well as to older children in Japanese elementary schools. By using the 144 fourth-graders (mean age, 9 yr. 11 mo.), the efficiency score on the Matching Familiar Figures test rather than the impulsivity score correlated negatively and significantly with both age and most of the performance scores on the Kyoto University NX Group Intelligence test. This result seems consistent with the correlational patterns predicted by the Salkind and Wright model. However, among the 80 first-graders (mean age, 7 yr. 0 mo.) correlations for the same set of variables showed opposite patterns. These results indicate that the Salkind and Wright model can be applied to older Japanese elementary school children but less so to younger Japanese children.
Sex Differences in Creativity among Early Adolescents in India
Authors: Tara S. Nayana
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the investigation was to assess sex differences in creative abilities for 1,250 students drawn from VIII Standard (232 boys, 297 girls) and IX Standard (389 boys, 332 girls). Mehdi's verbal and figural tests of creative thinking were used to measure creative ability. The study showed that boys significantly outperform girls on different dimensions of verbal and figural tests of creative thinking. Results are discussed in terms of social and cultural context.
Personality in Athletic and Non-Athletic College Groups
Authors: Valliant Paul M , Simpson-Housley Paul , McKelvie Stuart J.
Published: September 2011

A total of 71 male and female competitive, non-competitive and non-athletes were compared on Cattell's Sixteen Personality Factor (16 PF) and Rotter's locus of control questionnaires. Athletes appeared more dominant and less imaginative than non-athletes. Non-competitive athletes were also less self-sufficient than the other two groups, and females were generally more venturesome than males. These results are discussed in the context of past research. Future studies should carefully differentiate the athletic population along such factors as sex, competitiveness, and type of sports activity.
Concurrent Verbal-Manual Performance in Inverted and Non-Inverted Writers
Authors: Warshal Debra , Spirduso Waneen W.
Published: September 2011

Levy and Reid's (1978) handedness and laterality hypothesis was examined using hand steadiness in a unimanual/bimanual condition, with and without verbal loading. Results supported their prediction only for degree of laterality but not for motor performance.
A Psychometric Approach to the Measurement of Color Preference
Authors: Gelineau Elaine P.
Published: September 2011

A three-part investigation was conducted to explore the meaning of color preferences. Phase 1 used a Q-sort technique to assess intra-individual stability of preferences over 5 wk. Phase 2 used principal components analysis to discern the manner in which preferences were being made. Phase 3 used canonical correlation to evaluate a hypothesized relationship between color preferences and personality, with five scales of the Personality Research Form serving as the criterion measure. Munsell standard papers, a standard light source, and a color vision test were among control devices applied. There were marked differences in stability of color preferences. Sex differences in intra-individual stability were also apparent among the 90 subjects. An interaction of hue and lightness appeared to underlie such judgments when saturation was kept constant. An unexpected breakdown in control pointed toward the possibly powerful effect of surface finish upon color preference. No relationship to five manifest needs was found. It was concluded that the beginning steps had been taken toward psychometric development of a reliable technique for the measurement of color preference.
Effects of Legibility on Verbal Test Performance of Older Adults
Authors: Vanderplas Jean H. , Vanderplas James M.
Published: September 2011

Each of 46 adults age 63 to 85 yr. ( M = 74.9) was given one or another form of a verbal test consisting of 11 subtests: Names, Information, Similarities (analogies), Arithmetic, Distances, Same/Different, Spelling, Scrambled Sentences, True/False, Definitions, and Reverse Definitions. Half of the participants were given Form L, printed in 14-point English Times; the other half were given Form S, printed in 9-point Helvetica. The content of the two forms was identical. The group given Form L. scored significantly higher on six of the 11 subtests and on total score, compared with the group given Form S. Implications for improvement of test performance by improving test legibility are briefly discussed.
Awareness Training and Regulated-Breathing Method in Modification of Stuttering
Authors: Ladouceur Robert , Boudreau Léonce , Théberge Sylvie
Published: September 2011

Awareness has been shown to be an important variable in various types of learning in humans. Its role in the modification of different clinical disorders is promising. It is hypothesized that systematic awareness training prior to the introduction of regulated-breathing method would significantly improve fluency in stutterers. 16 stutterers (mean age 25.1 yr.) were randomly assigned to one of two groups, awareness training plus regulated-breathing method or regulated-breathing method only. All clients were seen individually during two 90-min. sessions and were informed that their speech was being recorded. The percentage of stuttering and the rate of speech were analyzed. Awareness training significantly reduced stuttering compared to a control procedure. But the most significant improvement appeared after the introduction of the regulated-breathing method. At a 1-mo. follow-up, although the frequency of stuttering was significantly less than during baseline, the level of disfluency was around 5%. From a clinical perspective, such results are far from satisfactory and no further follow-ups were conducted. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed to improve the efficacy of our therapeutic methods used to counteract stuttering.
Comparison of Teachers' and Children's Perceptions of Social Dominance
Authors: Wall Shavaun M. , Pickert Sarah M.
Published: September 2011

Teachers' and children's perceptions of social dominance in fourth-grade classes were examined. 3 female teachers' rankings of “toughness” and “getting one's own way” among the 32 boys and 20 girls in Grade 4 were compared to hierarchies based on class consensus. Results indicated that only 1 of the 3 teachers showed significant agreement with her student's rankings, defined the terms like the children, and generated overlapping hierarchies as the children did. All 3 teachers and the children ranked boys higher than girls on toughness, but teachers' patterns diverged on the “own way” term The inconsistencies between teachers' and children's perceptions suggest that the basis for their rankings should be studied.
Attention and Perception of Intensity of Work
Authors: Siegel Donald , Johnson James , Davis Christine
Published: September 2011

The effect of attentional focus on the perception of intensity of physical work was examined. 15 untrained college women were given a set of arithmetic problems of varying difficulty, while simultaneously performing work at different loads on a bicycle ergometer. It was hypothesized that as attention was focused on the mental task, less processing of physical stimuli would occur, and the perception of intensity of work would be reduced with the exception of a heavy-work load condition in which physical stimuli would be too compelling to repress. While it was concluded that attention was manipulated during the physical task, analysis of the data showed no effect on the perception of work.
Development of Ability to Process Syntactic Structures in Expanded Discourse
Authors: Bader Lois A. , Zynda Barbara A. , Thompson David R. , Pearce Daniel L.
Published: September 2011

This study compared the abilities of 30 sixth-grade, competent readers and 30 adult, competent readers to process syntactic structures under conditions of related and unrelated discourse. Eye movements were recorded while subjects silently read right- and left-embedded syntactic structures in conditions presenting unrelated sentences and in conditions with related paragraphs. Results suggest the ability to process syntactic and semantic elements is not fully developed in children in the 11- to 12-yr. range.
Sex and Cultural Differences in Children's Spatial and Verbal Memory Span
Authors: Orsini Arturo , Schiappa Ornella , Grossi Dario
Published: September 2011

Spatial span (Corsi's block-tapping) and verbal span (Wechsler Digits Forward) were measured in 1113 children aged 4 to 10 yr. from urban and rural districts of the Regione Campania. Significant differences pointing to a better performance of the “town” group were found on both tests. Sex differences were found only on the spatial span rest; boys performed better than girls.
Model for the Continuous Description of Motion and Position
Authors: Solano-Flores Guillermo
Published: September 2011

A model is suggested for the continuous description of cyclical motion. The model is an application of the sinus equation and derives from the selection of a representative point of a bodily part for which movement is to be described, the identification of a reference axis, and the continuous representation of time. Although restricted to cyclical motion, the model seems useful for describing many behaviors of quite different species by means of the same descriptive elements.
Stroop Phenomena in the Japanese Language: The Case of Ideographic Characters (Kanji) and Syllabic Characters (Kana)
Authors: Morikawa Yasuo
Published: September 2011

Utilizing a unique feature of the Japanese languages—that besides two syllabic orthographies, which have identical pronunciations, words with the same pronunciation may also be written in an orthography composed of ideographic characters—we have conducted an investigation of Stroop phenomena. The fan that pronunciations of the three Japanese orthographies are identical means that, if there are differences between them in the Stroop phenomena observed, we can place the locus of this interference effect in the perceptual process. Five color names were written in the ideographic characters ( kanji) and the two syllabic orthographies ( hiragana and katakana). Color-congruent cards and incongruent cards were utilized in a color-naming task and a word-reading task. Mean required times for the color-naming condition and the word-reading condition were compared with those for control conditions. Stroop phenomena were observed in both ideographic and syllabic orthographies. Significant differences in mean required times were observed between the ideographic and syllabic orthographies but not between the two syllabic orthographies. Interferences in comparisons of Japanese orthographies and color patch control conditions were much smaller than in the case of Stroop's (1935) experiment. A “Reverse Stroop Phenomenon” was observed only in the case of kanji on incongruent cards in the word-reading condition. These results support the hypothesis that both ideographic characters (in this case, kanji) and colors are processed in a parallel fashion in the non-dominant right cerebral hemisphere, while syllabic or phonetic characters are processed in the dominant left cerebral hemisphere.
Midline versus Eccentric Pattern Perception with Acuity Equated
Authors: Gleisner David , Wilcox Stephen
Published: September 2011

There is reason to believe that the difference between central and peripheral vision may not be due exclusively to differences in acuity. This idea was tested, with four subjects, by lowering foveal acuity to that of 40° eccentricity and then comparing central and peripheral pattern perception. It was hypothesized that, because there were qualitative differences in the two systems, central pattern perception would still be superior to peripheral pattern perception. The results did not support the notion that there are differences which cannot be accounted for by acuity. Differences were minimal (statistically nonsignificant), and slight trends suggested peripheral superiority.
Spontaneous Remission of Misarticulations
Authors: Madison Charles L.
Published: September 2011

Spontaneous remission of misarticulation remains a central professional concern to those responsible for much nonorganically based misarticulation in children. The present review attempts to consolidate research pertinent to the process of outgrowing errors of articulation. Relatively recent longitudinal studies of misarticulating school children supplement earlier investigations of prognostic indicators and developmental norms to contribute to a more complete understanding of spontaneous remission. The clinical implications of the reviewed research are presented and discussed.
Psychological Barriers to Achievement in Women
Authors: Goldberg Lois S.
Published: September 2011

The IES Arrow-Dot was administered to 56 women in 14 graduate programs to examine the effects of birth order and stress when approaching career choice points on underlying personality integration. An analysis of variance yielded no significant differences for either variable, however, a post hoc analysis showed that correlation of Ego scores with stated level of career aspirations approached significance. Perhaps projected level of career aspiration may be explored when examining fear of success in women.
The Absolute Deviation Correlation Coefficient
Authors: Stavig Gordon R.
Published: September 2011

A number of robust absolute deviation (AD) statistics have been developed recently. Two such correlation coefficients are developed and discussed, one for ranked data and another for interval level data. The standard error and range of the coefficients are given. The algebraic relationship between the coefficients and three widely used correlation coefficients is given.
Consistency of Arm-Leg Opposition in Performing Three Tasks
Authors: Breihan Susan K.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the presence of arm-leg opposition within three tasks, running, leaping, and over-arm throwing. The study examined consistency of arm-leg opposition and transfer of developed arm-leg opposition to a novel task. Participants were 47 4-yr.-old and 49 8-yr.-old children. Subjects individually performed each task while a trained observer recorded the subject's use of arm-leg opposition. The results were inconclusive at both ages. Eight-yr.-old children were highly consistent; however, the nature of consistency was not determined. Four-yr.-old children appeared not to use previously developed arm-leg opposition in performing the three tasks.
Autokinetic Movement as a Function of the Amount of Information in a Target Shape
Authors: Borresen C. Robert
Published: September 2011

Amount of information was manipulated in four different target shapes; an additional target shape, a ring, was used as a control stimulus. Two levels of information were established, high and low. Information increased by simply adding detail and adding elements that suggested altered meaning. It was predicted that (1) highly informative targets would show some increase in autokinetic movement in the direction suggested by the target shape compared to the low-information form of the target and (2) that the magnitude of increase would be greater for “elements that altered meaning” than for “simple addition of detail.” The first hypothesis was supported but the second was not.
Practice Variability: Abstraction or Interference
Authors: Kerr Robert
Published: September 2011

This study considered the schema theory question of practice variability in terms of the use of a variety of target positions and the inherent variability of the motor system which results in repetitions of the same movement being slightly different. Using a two-dimensional task, this study varied the number of target positions presented to the subjects, and sub-groups were established which limited the subjects' freedom to define their own movement paths to the target positions. On the test trials there were no significant differences between the groups in absolute error for distance or direction. In variable error distance, however, the criterion practice group were significantly less variable as were the two fixed-pathway sub-groups. Presenting a clear representation of the movement results in a more consistent performance independent of the target's variability.
Ocular Dominance: A Replication of the Dimensional Approach
Authors: Cei Alberto , Bergerone Chiara , Ruggieri Vezio
Published: September 2011

Confirming the results of a previous research this study has singled out, in a sample of 131 female undergraduate psychology students, four groups of ocular dominance: right, left, intermediate, and fluctuating.
Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency: Further Verification with 3- to 5-Yr.-Old Children
Authors: Beitel Patricia A. , Mead Barbara J.
Published: September 2011

The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (1978) was evaluated to determine test-retest reliability and to determine if there were presensitizing effects at retest for 3- through 5-yr.-old children. 25 children were randomly assigned to two groups, with stratification for age and gender. The test-retest reliability was significantly high using the short form first, followed by either the short form and/or the eight subtests. No significant test sensitization of the short form to retesting with the short form or the eight subtests was found for 3- through 5-yr.-old children.
Alterations in Resolution of Linguistic Ambiguity after Cerebral Injury in Man
Authors: Lackner James R.
Published: September 2011

The present experiment examined the ability of subjects with penetrating brain injuries to resolve different forms of linguistic ambiguity. Most subjects with penetrating head wounds of the left cerebral hemisphere ( n = 11) had impaired ability to detect linguistic ambiguity even when tested 20 yr. after injury. This decrement in performance was present for all types of ambiguity and was most pronounced in subjects who were dysphasic post-injury ( n = 7). A similar pattern was shown by patients with bilateral cortical penetration ( n = 11), especially those who were dysarthric or dysphasic ( n = 5) immediately after injury. Performance on phonetic and underlying constituent structure ambiguities was more severely affected than performance on lexical, derived constituent structure, and particle-preposition ambiguities. By contrast, patients with right-penetrating cortical lesions ( n = 18) performed nearly as well as the normal control subjects ( n = 12).
Utilization of Appropriate Projective Techniques in Assessing Preschool Children's Personal Space and Body Orientation
Authors: Peterson Karen L. , Roscoe Bruce , Draper Dianne C.
Published: September 2011

65 preschool children were assessed for use of personal space and body orientation with a model-room projective technique and video tapes of behavior in the actual setting. Correlations were computed to express the relationship between the projected and observed physical distance and body-orientation scores. In the case of distance and body-orientation variables, zero correlations were obtained between the projective measures and the means of observed measures obtained by time sampling the video recordings.
Drink-Driving Research in New Zealand
Authors: Stacey Barrie G. , Lonsdale Christopher J.
Published: September 2011

Drink-driving research in New Zealand is briefly analyzed with reference to traffic accidents. Claims about drinking, driving, and accidents which have currency in New Zealand at present are appraised. It is shown that many factors are involved in traffic accidents, and the problems in their causation are highly complex. Alcohol is only one of many factors present in accidents. It is involved in less than half of all injury-producing accidents. Much of its involvement in traffic accidents is of a spurious rather than a causal nature. Yet the focus of countermeasures against traffic accidents is drinking and driving. These countermeasures are ineffective.
Central and Peripheral Visual Choice-Reaction Time under Conditions of Induced Cortical Hyperthermia
Authors: Hancock P. A. , Dirkin G. R.
Published: September 2011

Six right-handed male subjects performed a central and peripheral visual choice-reaction time (RT) task. After two initial practice periods, subjects performed counterbalanced manipulations of control, placebo, and heat conditions. In the heat condition, a helmet selectively raised cortical temperature, measured in the external auditory meatus, by 7°F while the placebo condition utilized the helmet with no external heat applied. Analysis indicated that the elevation of cortical temperature caused an increase in RT and decreased rate of errors. This conservatism in subjects' response under induced cortical hyperthermia is contrasted with previous accounts of visual RT performance under manipulations of whole-body heat stress.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: V. Human Performance in Ionized Air
Authors: Farmer Eric W. , Bendix Andrea
Published: September 2011

An experiment was conducted to investigate the claim that human performance may be enhanced by exposure to artificially high concentrations of negative air ions. 16 subjects, only half of whom were informed of the ion level in each session, performed reasoning, psychomotor, and memory-search tasks. Despite adequate control of confounding variables, no clear evidence was obtained in support of the view that negative ions in the air influence performance.
Direct Alteration of a Traumatic Nightmare
Authors: Halliday Gordon
Published: September 2011

A brief case history of a young male farm worker who suffered recurrent nightmares subsequent to being run over by a tractor is given. A method for reducing the nightmares, by encouraging the patient to alter a small, emotionally nonsignificant detail of the dream, is then described.
16 PF Correlates of Perceptual Reactance
Authors: Mahoney John , Brown Todd
Published: September 2011

College students ( n = 24 males, 36 females) volunteered to take the kinesthetic figural aftereffect task and the 16 PF in a survey of state versus trait personality correlates of perceptual reactance. A reliable emergence of the trait component of perceptual reactance over trials was noted. Perceptual reducers were outgoing, affected by feelings, happy-go-lucky, practical, and undisciplined, while augmenters were reserved, stable, sober, imaginative, and controlled. Findings tend to support the trait model of perceptual reactance, with interference from a state component.
Effects of Contextual Interference and Retention Intervals on Transfer
Authors: Del Rey Patricia , Wughalter Emily , Dubois Deborah , Carnes Mary M.
Published: September 2011

The acquisition and transfer effects of contextual interference (Battig, 1979) were investigated with 54 female subjects over three retention intervals on a coincidence anticipation task. The experimental task involved predicting the arrival of a light at a predetermined intercept. A range effect was observed during both acquisition and transfer such that marked undershooting (early responses) was found for slower speeds and late responses were noted for faster speeds. As expected from prior work, responses under a blocked acquisition context (low contextual interference) were significantly more accurate and less variable than under a random context (high contextual interference). Significant improvement was found over-all from the first to the second block of trials. For multiple dependent measures there were no significant effects of retention interval by acquisition context. This ran counter to Battig's (1979) recommendation that the use of longer retention intervals would increase the effect of acquisition context on retention and intratask transfer. Recommendations are discussed for further investigations to observe the effects of long retention intervals on acquisition context.
Detection of Brain-Damage in Schizophrenics as Measured by the Whitaker Index of Schizophrenic Thinking and the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery
Authors: Puente Antonio E. , Heidelberg-Sanders Connie , Lund Nick
Published: September 2011

Neuropsychological performance of schizophrenics with and without brain-damage was measured by the Whitaker Index of Schizophrenic Thinking and the Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery. Inpatient volunteers (11 brain-damaged and 15 non-brain-damaged) with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were administered both tests individually. Results indicated that 8 of the 14 summary scales of the Luria-Nebraska but none of the 5 scores on the Whitaker differentiated between groups. While cognitive variables as measured by the Whitaker may be further impaired with organicity, other variables measured by the Luria-Nebraska were more effective in differentiating between groups.
Perception of the Causes of Rowdyism in Senegalese Schools
Authors: Vandewiele Michel
Published: September 2011

The causes of rowdyism in class as perceived by 882 secondary school students in Senegal fell into the following categories: teachers' personalities (mentioned in 37.1% of the answers), teachers' ways of teaching (29.4%), teachers' attitudes toward pupils (19.8%), and pupils' attitudes (11.1%). If we consider the variables, sex and socio-economic status of the parents, the categories remain remarkably stable.
Locus of Control and Learning Disabilities: A Review and Discussion
Authors: Dudley-Marling Curtis C. , Snider Vicki , Tarver Sara G.
Published: September 2011

It has been widely reported that an external locus of control is associated with children who experience failure. A review of the relevant literature indicates that learning disabled children, like other groups of children who have experienced failure, are more likely to exhibit an external locus of control than their normally achieving peers. In particular, learning disabled children have been found to be more likely than normally achieving students to attribute their successes, but not their failures, to external factors. The relationship of the locus of control construct to the field of learning disabilities is discussed in terms of four questions: (1) what is the relationship between locus of control and academic achievement?, (2) how is locus of control related to learned helplessness?, (3) is a change in locus of control orientation desirable?, and (4) what is the utility of locus of control for the education of learning disabled children? It is concluded that, in the course of remediation, attention should be devoted to the entire syndrome of characteristics associated with failure but within the context of academic intervention.
X. Life
Authors: Bartley S. Howard
Published: September 2011

Observations on what humans make of life, especially scholars in universities, are presented.
Infants' Mental and Motor Development: Effects of Home Environment, Maternal Attitudes, Marital Adjustment, and Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Poresky Robert H. , Henderson Michael L.
Published: September 2011

27 two-yr.-old infants and their mothers were studied in their homes to analyze the relationship between infants' development and their home environment, mothers' attitudes as parents, mothers' marital adjustment, and families' socioeconomic status. Bayley Mental Development Indexes correlated with the infants' home environment, families' socioeconomic status, and maternal attitudes. Bayley Psychomotor Development Indexes related to home environment and socioeconomic status. Home environment, maternal attitude, and marital adjustment scores correlated with socioeconomic status. The implications of these ecological factors on infants' mental and motor development are discussed.
Lateral Preference and Cognitive Skills: An Indirect Test
Authors: Coren Stanley , Porac Clare
Published: September 2011

Lateral preferences as manifest in handedness, footedness, eyedness, and earedness were assessed in 497 college students. Consistent right-handedness was most prevalent in students majoring in the language and literature areas, however, no relationships between academic major and the other indexes of lateral preference were found. This result is discussed in light of implications for cerebral lateralization of language functions.
Predictive and Perceived Empathy as Predictors of Leadership Style
Authors: Woodall W. Gill , Hill Susan E. Kogler
Published: September 2011

Research on leadership has suggested a possible relationship between style of leadership and being able to understand the viewpoints of others. The present investigation sought to determine the relationship between two measures of empathy and style of leadership. 127 undergraduate students, participating in small groups, were given Hobart and Fahlberg's predictive empathy measure, Barrett-Lennard's Relationship Inventory (perceived empathy), and Fiedler's Least Preferred Co-worker Scale (leadership style). A multiple regression analysis indicated that predictive empathy was a significant but moderate predictor of style while perceived empathy was not a significant predictor. The results were discussed in terms of future research and theory building.
Relationship between Reversible-Figure Latencies and Scores on Two Personality Scales
Authors: Shiomi Kunio
Published: September 2011

60 undergraduates participated in an experiment in which reversal latencies for two figures, the Necker cube and a sectored circle, were measured. Extraverts were slower than introverts, and scorers high on immoditymic character were slower than low scorers. The results are discussed in terms of personality factors.
Relationship between Field-Dependence/Independence and Personality in Older Adult Females
Authors: Panek Paul E.
Published: September 2011

To investigate the relationship between field-dependence/independence and personality in older adults, the Group Embedded Figures Test and the Hand Test were administered to 64 community-living, female, older adults ranging from 60 to 81 yr. ( M = 69.05 yr.; SD = 5.98). Seven low but significant correlations (Spearman rhos) were obtained between personality variables and the field-dependence/independence dimension. In general, findings were both consistent and inconsistent with the theoretical assumptions with personality/behavioral characteristics that underlie the field-dependence/independence construct which suggests the personality relationships appear to change with old age.
Computing Formulas Given a Single Datum for Sensitivity and Bias When the False Alarm Rate is Greater than the Hit Rate
Authors: Markowitz Lee M.
Published: September 2011

Grier's 1971 computing formulas for sensitivity and bias given only one datum are extended to the situation in which hit rate is less than false alarm rate.
Perception and Memory of Facial Affect following Brain Injury
Authors: Prigatano George P. , Pribram Karl H.
Published: September 2011

Brain-lesioned patients and controls were shown a series of happy, sad, fearful, and angry faces and asked to identify verbally the facial emotion and later freely recall the affect when shown some of the faces having neutral expressions. Greater misperception of facial affect was associated with posterior lesions when bilateral lesions were removed from data analysis. Unilateral and bilateral frontal lesions, however, were associated with memory deficits for facial affect. As a group, right versus left hemisphere-lesioned patients were not different from each other in the perception or memory of facial affect. Right frontal lesions, however, seemed especially to disrupt recall of facial emotion.
Classroom Teachers' Impressions of Hearing Impaired and Deaf Children
Authors: Blood Ingrid M. , Blood Gordon W.
Published: September 2011

180 classroom teachers rated achievement and appearance characteristics of 9 school-age hearing-impaired and deaf children on a semantic differential utilizing 15 bipolar adjectives. A significant difference between normally hearing and hearing-impaired subjects was noted. Hearing aids and the speech of the hearing-impaired and deaf subjects elicit more negative responses.
Rod-and-Frame and MMPI Scores for a Group of Female Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Berent Stanley , Boll Thomas J. , Giordani Bruno
Published: September 2011

75 recently admitted female psychiatric inpatients were given the rod-and-frame task and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). All patients with an admission diagnosis of schizophrenia, organic brain syndrome, or a reported history of alcoholism or previous electroconvulsive therapy were excluded from the study. Personality disturbance, as measured by the MMPI, for the remaining 75 patients, was significantly less severe for extremely high-error (field dependent) rod-and-frame performers than for other patients in the sample. Hospital records and performance on self-rating scales showed, however, that patients with a high rate of error on rod-and-frame performance were subjectively as uncomfortable as the others tested. Results are discussed in terms of the possible contribution of perceptual impairment to the psychological complaints made by these individuals.
Contralateral Transfer of Reactive Inhibition as a Function of Sex and Interpolated Rest
Authors: Shaffer Garnett S. , Payne R. B.
Published: September 2011

There is persuasive but not decisive evidence that females reminisce more than males do because they accumulate more reactive inhibition during prerest trials. The present study provided a further test of this hypothesis within the context of a bilateral-transfer design. 80 subjects, 40 of each sex, practiced continuously with the right hand for five 1-min. trials on a mirror-tracking task. Subgroups of the sample then shifted to continuous left-hand practice after transition intervals of 0, 2.5, 5.0, or 7.5 min. As predicted from theory, the slope of the prerest practice curve was lower for females than for males, and females' inferiority on the first transfer trial declined as the length of the transition interval increased. Sex differences in left-hand performance trends were also consistent with theory.
Influence of Significant Others' Perceived Voting Behaviors on Children's Political Socialization
Authors: Abraham Kitty G.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relative influence of parents, peers, and teachers on children's voting behavior. 66 children in grades 3, 4, and 5 were interviewed about their voting preferences and perceptions of significant others' voting preferences. Analysis indicated that mothers and fathers held the most important positions of influence over their children relative to voting. Discussion focused on the implications of these findings for political socialization of children.
Effect of Vocal Disguise on Judgments of Speakers' Sex and Race
Authors: Lass Norman J. , Trapp Donna S. , Baldwin Mary K. , Scherbick Kathleen A. , Wright Deborah L.
Published: September 2011

To determine the effect of speakers' attempts to disguise their voices on listeners' accuracy in judgments of speakers' sex and race, 26 speakers, 13 women and 13 men, recorded six sentences under three conditions: (a) in a normal manner, (b) in a manner in which they attempted to sound like a member of the opposite sex, and (c) in a manner in which they attempted to sound like a member of the black race. Three master tapes were constructed, one for each of the three conditions. A total of 40 judges, 20 in an experiment on sex identification and 20 in one on race identification, participated in two sessions, one for each of two tapes (control and disguise) in each experiment. In each session they were asked to judge the sex or race of the speaker of each sentence and, using a seven-point confidence rating scale, to indicate the over-all confidence in their judgments at the end of each session. Analysis indicated that, although listeners' accuracy for sex and race identification was greater under the control than disguised conditions for the majority of speakers, the differences between the two conditions were relatively small. Implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Performance Characteristics and Accuracy in Perceptual Discrimination of Leather and Synthetic Basketballs
Authors: Mathes Sharon , Flatten Kay
Published: September 2011

Performance characteristics of leather and synthetic basketballs were examined by measuring the basketballs' rebound heights on five types of playing surfaces (Tartan, asphalt, glass, concrete, hardwood). Comparing the basketballs' performance on the basis of their coefficients of restitution (e = height of rebound/height of drop) analysis of variance showed that the leather basketball rebounded significantly higher than the synthetic basketball on all surfaces. To assess the capability of individuals to discriminate perceptually between the balls 30 male and 30 female undergraduates were asked to determine whether basketballs randomly presented 20 times under four different treatment conditions (visual, tactual-kinesthetic static, tactual-kinesthetic dynamic, auditory) were leather or synthetic. Chi squared analysis of their accuracy across all four perceptual modes showed no significant difference. However, analysis by perceptual mode did produce significant differences, indicating subjects were more accurate in identification in the tactual-kinesthetic dynamic and static modes than in the visual and auditory.
Spatial Mapping of Two-Dimensional Sound Patterns Presented Sequentially
Authors: Ruff Ronald M. , Perret Etienne
Published: September 2011

Man's spatial perception was investigated on the basis of acoustic input in the extrapersonal frame of reference. Sounds from a two-dimensional loudspeaker array outlined sequentially the contours of various digits. The underlying mechanisms involved in this auditory-spatial task were analyzed according to alterations in the vertical and horizontal spread of the patterns. The results demonstrated that two-dimensional sound patterns are identified mainly but not only on the basis of their horizontal spread. Differences between visual and auditory pattern perception are discussed in the context of supramodal spatial functions, and the present findings are linked to their neuropsychological application.
Perception of the Müller-Lyer Illusion for Augmenters and Reducers: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Von Der Gruen Wolfgang , Olsho Lynne Werner , Hartnett John J.
Published: September 2011

This study examined kinesthetic aftereffect performance and accuracy in judging relative line length of the Müller-Lyer illusion. The relationship between field articulation and scanning principles identified by Gardner (1961) was not confirmed.
Preliminary Investigation of EMG Biofeedback Induced Relaxation with a Preschool Aged Stutterer
Authors: St. Louis Kenneth O. , Clausell Paul L. , Thompson Jean Namet , Rife Constance C.
Published: September 2011

A 4 1/2-yr.-old stutterer was run on a series of comparative speech tasks and EMG recording periods to assess the potential of using EMG biofeedback-assisted relaxation to reduce stuttering. The basic finding was that the subject was able to reduce the level of tension in the laryngeal area by using EMG biofeedback but not without some difficulty. The effect of EMG biofeedback training on his frequency of stuttering was small but in the direction of less stuttering.
Reliability of the Speech Sounds Perception Test
Authors: Bornstein R. A.
Published: September 2011

Several studies have examined the test-retest reliability of the Halstead-Reitan battery of which the Speech Sounds Perception Test is one component. However, there are no data on internal reliability. Clinical experience with the test suggests that the subtests are not equally difficult. The present study examined the internal reliability in two independent samples ( ns = 106 and 81). In both samples, a significantly greater number of errors was found on the first half of the test. Also in both samples, the largest number of errors occurred on Subtests B and A, while the fewest errors were found on Subtests E and D. The split-half reliability coefficients for the two samples were .74 and .87. There was also some tentative support for the use of an abbreviated version. A formula was generated (Series A + Series B + Series C + 2) which correctly classified a high percentage of patients in both samples (96% and 90%) using performance above and below the conventional cutoff score of eight errors.
Toy Play, Play Tempo, and Reaction to Frustration in Infants
Authors: Longo Josephine , Harvey Ann , Wilson Susan , Deni Richard
Published: September 2011

Measures of toy play including duration and tempo of play were obtained for a combined sample of 7 male and 5 female infants 22 to 26 mo. of age. Additional measures of reaction to frustration were obtained during a second session where toys were placed out of reach of the subjects. Measures of frustration included crying, squirm/escape attempts, and non-crying vocalizations. Several correlations between toy play and reaction to frustration were found and were indicative of a general relationship between response persistence during play and attempts to escape from the frustrating situation.