bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anti-Inflammatory and Hepatoprotective Effects of Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides against Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Injury in Kunming Mice
Authors: Chen Yu-Sheng , Chen Quan-Zhan , Wang Zhen-Jiong , Hua Chun
Published: January 2019

Background: Ganoderma lucidum Polysaccharides (GLPS) were found to possess various pharmacological properties including anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities. However, the effect and possible mechanism of GLPS treatment on liver injury have not yet been reported. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the potential anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects and possible mechanism of GLPS in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury mice. Summary: GLPS significantly reduced the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and improved liver function in liver injury mice. It significantly inhibited CCl4-induced changes of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities in serum, as well as nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) activities in liver tissue; it also remarkably decreased levels of liver weight and index, total bilirubin, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α in serum, as well as malondialdehyde and IL-1β in liver tissue. Protein expression levels of liver NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1 were also downregulated, while the glutathione level in liver tissue was remarkably enhanced in GLPS groups compared to that of the model group. Key Message: These results suggested that GLPS may be a potential for the prevention and treatment of acute liver injury with liver inflammation. The possible mechanism may be related to the inhibition of free radical lipid peroxidation, NOS, and CYP2E1 activities and activation of liver inflammatory factors.
Cell Type-Specific Gene Expression of Alpha 5 Subunit-Containing Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Subtype A Receptors in Human and Mouse Frontal Cortex
Authors: Hu Xiyue , Rocco Brad R. , Fee Corey , Sibille Etienne
Published: January 2019

Converging evidence suggests that deficits in somatostatin (SST)-expressing neuron signaling contributes to major depressive disorder. Preclinical studies show that enhancing this signaling, specifically at α5 subunit-containing γ-ami­nobutyric acid subtype A receptors (α5-GABAARs), provides a potential means to overcome low SST neuron function. The cortical microcircuit comprises multiple subtypes of inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons and excitatory pyramidal cells (PYCs). In this study, multilabel fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to characterize α5-GABAAR gene expression in PYCs and three GABAergic neuron subgroups – vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-, SST-, and parvalbumin (PV)-expressing cells – in the human and mouse frontal cortex. Across species, we found the majority of gene expression in PYCs (human: 39.7%; mouse: 54.14%), less abundant expression in PV neurons (human: 20%; mouse: 16.33%), and no expression in VIP neurons (0%). Only human SST cells expressed GABRA5, albeit at low levels (human: 8.3%; mouse: 0%). Together, this localization suggests potential roles for α5-GABAARs within the cortical microcircuit: (1) regulators of PYCs, (2) regulators of PV cell activity across species, and (3) sparse regulators of SST cell inhibition in humans. These results will advance our ability to predict the effects of pharmacological agents targeting α5-GABAARs, which have shown therapeutic potential in preclinical animal models.
EFFECT OF CULTURE PARAMETERS ON PROTEASE AND CELLULASE PRODUCTION BY TWO BACTERIAL STRAINS, Corynebacterium alkanolyticum ATH3 AND Bacillus licheniformis CBH7 ISOLATED FROM FISH GUT
Authors: Banerjee Goutam , Nandi Ankita , Ray Arun Kumar
Published: January 2019

Microbial protease and cellulase are in high demand by different industries due to their minimal cost and availability. This study was aimed to maximize the production of protease and cellulase using two bacteria, Corynebacterium alkanolyticum ATH3 and Bacillus licheniformis CBH7, isolated from fish gut. This study demonstrated the effect of different culture parameters in protease and cellulase production using two different bacterial strains. Results of this study clearly indicated the importance of different parameters such as moisture content, pH, incubation temperature, incubation period, inoculum size, carbon sources and nitrogen sources in enzyme production. The most critical parameters affecting the enzymes production were pH, temperature, carbon and nitrogen sources. Further investigations are required to enhance the enzymes production using genetic engineering.
EFFECT OF INVASIVE Ageratina adenophora ON SPECIES RICHNESS AND COMPOSITION OF SAPROTROPHIC AND PATHOGENIC SOIL FUNGI
Authors: Balami Sujan , Thapa Lal B. , Jha Sanjay Kumar
Published: January 2019

Belowground modification of soil microbial community by invasive plants is well evident. Similar instances of Ageratina adenophora invasion have been reported. This study was aimed to determine the effect of A. adenophora invasion on species richness, species or community composition and occurrence frequency of soil fungi. TheseÂ  parameters were analyzed using culture method on invaded and uninvaded soils. Species richness of soil fungi wasÂ lower in the A. adenophora invaded soil compared to the uninvaded soil. The occurrence frequency of particular fungiÂ  was different for those two soil conditions. A. adenophora also altered soil fungi species composition in the invaded soil by replacing saprophytic fungi and accumulating pathogenic fungi. Thus, A. adenophora is associated to lower speciesÂ richness of saprophytic soil fungi and high occurrence frequency of pathogenic soil fungi. This study concluded that the invasive A. adenophora modifies belowground soil fungi communities as one of the mechanisms involved in theÂ successful invasion of A. adenophora.
PHENOTYPIC AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF MULTISHOOTS DEVELOPMENT IN TRANSGENIC Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) BLUME HARBORING 35S::KNAT1 (KNOTTED-LIKE Arabidopsis thaliana 1)
Authors: Saputro Triono Bagus , Semiarti Endang , Purwantoro Aziz
Published: January 2019

Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume is one of Indonesian natural orchid which has an aesthetic flower and possesses high economic value. The low multiplication rate and long periods of life cycle are the main obstacles to conventionally propagate this orchid. The aims of this research were to analyze the stability of transgenic plant P. amabilis harboring 35S::KNAT1 based on morpho-genomic characterization. KNAT1 gene is reported as a gene that involved in the shoot formation, and it Â had been successfully introduced into Phalaenopsis amabilis (L.) Blume genome. After seven times regeneration, the confirmation of the transgene existence in the genom is needed to ensure whether the plant could consistently maintain the transgene in its genome and to characterize the shoot development. The experiment was carried out in 3 steps:Â  1) Co-integration analysis of 35S::KNAT1 into P. amabilis genom; 2) Phenotypic analysis on the multiplication rate, morphological variation and venation pattern; and 3) Protein profile analysis of transgenic plants. The results showed that the survival rate of putative transgenic was 58.7% on NP0 medium and 62.5% on NP SIM medium. PCR analysis confirmed that 82.5% transgenic growth on NP0 and 93.33% on NP SIM contained DNA fragment of KNAT1 gene, NPTII gene and trnL-F intergenic spacer, indicating that those plants are positive transgenic. The 35S::KNAT1 transgenes and phytohormone were independently involved in multishoots formation of P. amabilis transgenic plants. The phenotypic of plantlets were classified into six main criteria, i.e. normal shape, lobed leaves, rosette, elongated stem, cup shoot and widened leaves. The normal type was the most abundant type of variation (Â± 29%) in both medium. Protein profile showed that all transgenic plants produced 45,8 kDa protein and that was equivalent with molecular weight of KNAT1 protein. Taken together, all those data indicated that 35S::KNAT1 transgene were consistently integrated into the transgenic plant genome.
IDENTIFICATION OF ENDOPHYTIC BACTERIA FROM Curcuma zedoaria BASED ON PROTEIN PROFILE USING MALDI-TOF MASS SPECTROMETRY
Authors: Sulistiyani Tri Ratna , Lisdiyanti Puspita
Published: January 2019

Valid identification of microorganisms is a vital information to establish culture collections. Currently, molecular approach based on 16S rDNA is widely used for bacterial identification. This approach Â is however, time consuming and expensive. Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) allows the identification of microorganisms directly from colonies and it only takes some few minutes. The interest of this study was to identify endophytic bacteria associated with Curcuma zedoaria based on protein profile using MALDI-TOF MS system and compare with 16S rDNA sequence results. Endophytic bacteria were isolated from part of medicinal plant C. zedoaria collected from Bogor, West Java Indonesia. The identification of selected bacteria was performed by protein profile using MALDI-TOF MS. A total of 66 endophytic bacteria from C. zedoaria plant, were selected for identification. The result of MALDI-TOF MS analysis showed that eleven isolates (16.67%) were correctly identified to the species level and 23 isolates (34.85%) matched on genus level of molecular approach. These results demonstrates that the MALDI-TOF system is suitable and feasible approach for the bacterial identification, mainly for screening and grouping of large number isolates.
BENTHIC DIATOMS IN THE PING RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES IN MAE TAENG DISTRICT, CHIANG MAI PROVINCE, THAILAND
Authors: Leelahakriengkrai Pongpan , Kunpradid Tatporn
Published: January 2019

Mae Teang District is home to many tributaries of the Ping River. Each tributary is associated with different geographical characteristics and uses. This study is the first report on benthic diatom diversity in the designated water bodies and the first comparison of benthic diatom distribution in the Ping River and its tributaries, including the Mae Hao and Mae Luang Streams in Mae Taeng District of Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. The benthic diatom distribution and physico-chemical properties were investigated in August and November 2015 at three locations in each water body. The highest abundance of benthic diatoms was found in the Ping River (143 species), followed by Mae Hao (132 species) and Mae Luang Streams (90 species). The most abundant species found in the Ping River were Planothidium lanceolatum, Nitzschia palea, Navicula cryptotenella and Seminavis strigosa. The most abundant species found in the Mae Hao Stream were Nitzschia palea, Seminavis strigosa, Surirella splendida and Sellaphora pupula. The most abundant species found in the Mae Luang Stream were Navicula cryptotenella, Diadesmis contenta, Karayevia oblongella and Achnanthes brevipes. Additionally, Amphipleura lindheimeri Grunow was identified as a newly recorded species for Thailand. This study revealed that the Ping River and Mae Hao Stream are similar bodies of water when compared with the Mae Luang Stream in terms of benthic diatom diversity and water quality. In addition, indicator species of tolerance and sensitivity to organic pollution were found. In conclusion, the areas of utilization were found to have affected the distribution of benthic diatoms in these water bodies, along with the water quality of the Ping River and its tributaries.
INHIBITORY ACTIVITIES OF Myristica fragrans ESSENTIAL OIL ON AFLATOXIGENIC STRAINS
Authors: Sukcharoen Oratai , Sirirote Pramote , Thanaboripat Dusanee
Published: January 2019

Aflatoxin B1 is a highly toxic and carcinogenic metabolite produced by aflatoxigenic strains that commonly contaminate food and agricultural commodities. This study evaluates the inhibitory effects of Myristica fragrans Houtt (nutmeg) essential oil extracted by hydrodistillation on the mycelial growth, sporulation, and aflatoxin B1 production of Aspergillus flavus IMI 242684 and Aspergillus parasiticus IMI 283883 by fumigation and contact application. An analysis of M. fragrans essential oil using the chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that its major components are safrole (42.50%), 4-terpineol (23.81%) and methyl eugenol (11.14%). At a concentration of 1000 ppm of essential oil, the mycelial growths of both Aspergillus strains were completely inhibited by vapor treatment but only reduced by about 70% by contact treatment. However, the sporulation and aflatoxin B1 production were completely inhibited by both contact and vapor treatments. Vapor treatment induced a higher level of inhibition than contact treatment. In conclusion, nutmeg essential oil is a potential biochemical agent that can help prevent contamination of stored foods and feeds.
CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF Anredera cordifolia LEAF EXTRACT ON HELA CELLS
Authors: Virginia Dita Maria , Saputra Roni Permana , Setiawati Agustina
Published: January 2019

Cervical cancer is the second most frequently occurring cancer among females all over the world. Since the best strategy against cancer is to kill the cancer cells without endangering the normal cells, discovering a potentially selective anticancer agent from plants has become very challenging for researchers worldwide. A previous study on Anredera cordifolia, known as binahong in Indonesia, revealed its cytotoxic activity on HeLa cervical cancer cells with IC50 75 Âµg/mL. However, the selectivity of the chemical agent and its molecular target was not investigated. Thus, this study was aimed at determining the selectivity of ethanolic extract of Anredera cordifolia leaf (EAC) on Vero cells and its molecular target on HeLa cells. The extracts were prepared by macerating A. cordifolia leaf powder in 70% ethanol. The viability of Vero cells was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. While the cell cycle of HeLa cells was analyzed using the flow cytometry, the molecular target of the extract was investigated by using the immunocytochemical staining. The results exhibited the selective cytotoxicity of EAC on HeLa cells compared to Vero cells with a Selectivity Index (SI) of 17.36. It arrested the G1/S phase of the cell cycle and suppressed the Bclâ€“2 expression, the anti-apoptotic protein, which also regulates the cell cycle. These findings confirmed the use of A. cordifolia leaf extract as a promising anticancer agent against cervical cancer, particularly the HeLa cells.
Cigarette Smoking and Subclinical Peripheral Arterial Disease in Blacks of the Jackson Heart Study
Authors: Clark Donald , Cain Loretta R. , Blaha Michael J. , DeFilippis Andrew P. , Mentz Robert J. , Kamimura Daisuke , White Wendy B. , Butler Kenneth R. , Robertson Rose M. , Bhatnagar Aruni , Butler Javed , Correa Adolfo , Benjamin Emelia J. , Hall Michael E.
Published: January 2019

Background

Prevalence of peripheral artery disease (
PAD
) is significantly higher among blacks as compared with non‐Hispanic whites, but the role of cigarette smoking in
PAD
is understudied in blacks. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between cigarette smoking and
PAD
in blacks in the (JHS) Jackson Heart Study.

Methods and Results

JHS
participants (n=5306) were classified by self‐reported baseline smoking status into current, past (smoked at least 400 cigarettes/life), or never smokers. We examined multivariable logistic and robust linear regression models to estimate the associations between baseline smoking status, smoking intensity, and measures of subclinical
PAD
(ankle‐brachial index [visit 1] and aortic calcium by computed tomography [visit 2]) to yield odds ratios and β‐coefficients (estimated adjusted difference) to compare each smoking status with never smokers (reference group). There were 3579 (68%) never smokers, 986 (19%) past smokers, and 693 (13%) current smokers self‐identified at baseline. After adjustment for covariates, current smokers had increased risk of ankle‐brachial index <1 (odds ratio, 2.2, 95% CI, 1.5–3.3) and increased risk of abdominal aortic (odds ratio, 8.4, 95% CI, 5.8–12.0) and aortoiliac calcium (odds ratio, 9.6, 95% CI, 6.7–13.7). When stratifying by smoking intensity, those smoking more than 20 cigarettes daily (1 pack) had higher likelihood of subclinical
PAD
by all of these measures compared with lower‐intensity use, suggesting a dose‐dependent relationship.

Conclusions

In a large black cohort, cigarette smoking was associated with measures of subclinical
PAD
in a dose‐dependent manner. These findings highlight the association between smoking and
PAD
in blacks and support further research exploring the impact of interventions on smoking cessation to reduce
PAD
in this population.
Revision of the American Pill Millipedes I: Onomeris and Trichomeris (Diplopoda, Glomerida, Glomeridae)
Authors: WESENER THOMAS
Published: January 2019

The unique characters which distinguish Trichomeris Loomis, 1943 from Onomeris Cook, 1896 are based on erroneous drawings and not actual differences. Trichomeris is a junior synonym of Onomeris. All three species of Onomeris, O. sinuata (Loomis), 1943, O. underwoodi Cook, 1896 and O. australora Hoffman, 1950 are redescribed, based on their holotypes, as well as additional specimens. Scanning electron micrographs are presented for the first time for an American member of the order Glomerida. A key to the three species of Onomeris is provided. The available distribution data for Onomeris is still rudimentary, but the distribution areas of the three species are Cumberland Plateau from NW Alabama to Virginia for O. sinuata n. comb., lowland areas from Mississippi to Georgia for O. underwoodi, mountainous areas of Tennessee, Georgia and North Carolina for O. australora. Additional Onomeris species can potentially be discovered in the eastern United States.
A new species of Pseudoeurycea from the cloud forest in Veracruz, México
Authors: PARRA-OLEA GABRIELA , ROVITO SEAN M. , MÁRQUEZ-VALDELAMAR LAURA , CRUZ GABRIEL , MURRIETA-GALINDO RENE , WAKE DAVID B.
Published: January 2019

We describe a new species of Pseudoeurycea from the cloud forests of Huatusco in the state of Veracruz, México. This species belongs to the P. cephalica complex. Pseudoeurycea cafetalera sp. nov. is sister to the clade formed by P. cephalica and P. quetzalanensis. The new species is diagnosed by a stout body, long stout legs, short digits, somewhat webbed hands and feet, a distinctive coloration and by divergent mitochondrial DNA sequences.
New taxa and systematic assignments of Madagascan Aradidae(Hemiptera: Heteroptera)
Authors: HEISS E.
Published: January 2019

In this paper the flat bug genera Jarmilaia Hoberlandt 1957 and Bergrothista Kiritshenko 1959, recorded from Madagascar, are revised. As both genera share distinct metathoracic scent gland canals, a basic character for the classification for the subfamily Mezirinae, these genera, to date treated as Carventinae, are transferred to Mezirinae. Two new species of Jarmilaia, rabitschi n. sp. and zetteli n. sp., and two species of Bergrothista, maculipennis n. sp. and andasibensis n. sp., are recognized and described. For Bergrothista mollis (Hoberlandt 1957) the new genus Parabergrothista n. gen. is erected and a new species P. secunda described and also placed in Mezirinae. A new genus Neobergrothista n. gen. with the species N. rotundiventris n. sp. belongs also to Mezirinae. All taxa are illustrated by colour photographs.
Three new species from Southeast Asia of Euidothrips Ananthakrishnan (Thysanoptera, Thripidae, Panchaetothripinae)
Authors: MASUMOTO MASAMI , OKAJIMA SHÛJI
Published: January 2019

Three new species are described in the previously monotypic genus Euidothrips of the subfamily Panchaetothripinae: from Bali, E. antennatus n. sp. and E. longicornis n. sp., and from Borneo, E. borneoensis n. sp. An illustrated key is provided to the four species of the genus.
A new genus and species from southwestern China in the Frankliniella genus-group (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Authors: ZHANG HONGRUI , MOUND LAURENCE A. , XIE YONGHUI
Published: January 2019

A new genus and species, Yaobinthrips yangtzei, are described from Southwestern China sharing many character states with the Austro-Oriental genus Parabaliothrips within the Frankliniella genus-group. Within this group the new species is distinguished by the presence of tergal craspeda, a pair of uniquely bulbous modified setae on the fore tibiae, enlarged fore femora with a basal tooth, and paired small pore plates on sternum VI of females.
Two new species of Megophrys Kuhl & van Hasselt (Amphibia: Megophryidae), from western Thailand and southern Cambodia
Authors: MAHONY STEPHEN
Published: January 2019

Two new species of the genus Megophrys are described from historical collections presented by Malcolm A. Smith to The Natural History Museum, London, in the early twentieth century. These specimens were previously misidentified as Megophrys parva, a widespread Asian species apparently comprised of a species complex. Megophrys damrei sp. nov., from the Bokor Plateau in the Cardamom Mountains of southern Cambodia and Megophrys takensis sp. nov., from Ban Pa Che, Tak Province, in western Thailand, are herein distinguished morphologically from all congeners from their respective and neighbouring countries. These, or further specimens representing either species, do not appear to have been reported on by other authors in the past and the conservation status of the two new species remains to be assessed. An attempt to locate both species at and near their respective type localities was successful for Megophrys takensis sp. nov., allowing the documentation of observations in the wild and live colouration. This study highlights the importance of examining historical museum collections often overlooked in recent decades by modern taxonomists.
A review of the milliped genus Haplogonopus with commentary on the so-called “Charactopygus-Bildung” modification of spirostreptid paraprocts (Diplopoda: Spirostreptidae)
Authors: HOFFMAN RICHARD L.
Published: January 2019

The status of the monotypic taxon Haplogonopus (Verhoeff, 1941), proposed for a disjunct Tanzanian spirostreptoid, is reviewed in light of two additional species, which despite different peripheral appearances, are referable to this genus on the basis of genitalic features. Haplogonopus inflatannulus Verhoeff is redescribed from topotypic material, the nominal species Charactopygus jeanneli (Brolemann, 1920) is relocated in Haplogonopus (n. comb.), and the new species H. cin- gulatus is described from the Rondo Plateau in southeastern Tanzania. A terminology for the modified paraproct structure (“Charactopygus-Bildung”) of spirostreptids is proposed.
Taxonomic re-evaluation of Parastagmatoptera abnormis Beier, 1963 (Dictyoptera, Mantidae: Stagmatopterinae): An unusual case of “parasite-induced” synonymy
Authors: LOMBARDO FRANCESCO , UMBRIACO RITA
Published: January 2019

The Neotropical genus Parastagmatoptera Saussure includes medium-sized species distributed in tropical and subtropical areas of Central and Southern America. Thirteen nominal species have been so far described (Agudelo et al. 2007), with most species currently known from few specimens, often of one sex only. Beier (1963) described Parastagmatoptera abnormis Beier, 1963 based on a single male specimen from Surinam. Unfortunately, Beier’s original description lacks enough details to allow an accurate literature-based identification and, since its original description, no additional specimens ascribable to P. abnormis have been recorded.
Three new cryptic species of the genus Merodon Meigen (Diptera: Syrphidae) from the island of Lesvos (Greece)
Authors: RADENKOVIĆ SNEŽANA , VUJIĆ ANTE , STÅHLS GUNILLA , PÉREZ-BAÑÓN CELESTE , ROJO SANTOS , PETANIDOU THEODORA , ŠIMIĆ SMILJKA
Published: January 2019

Descriptions are given of three new cryptic species of Merodon Meigen (Diptera: Syrphidae) from the island of Lesvos (Greece): Merodon latifemoris Radenković et Vujić n. sp. from the nigritarsis species group, Merodon pulveris Vujić et Radenković n. sp. from the natans species group and Merodon puniceus Vujić, Radenković et Pérez-Bañón n. sp. from the aureus species group. In addition to classical morphological characters, mitochondrial COI barcode sequences were generated for several specimens of each taxon.
Descriptions of Neboissomina, new genus and 6 new species of Ecnomidae from Australia (Trichoptera)
Authors: CARTWRIGHT DAVID I.
Published: January 2019

Descriptions and keys are provided for males of 7 ecnomid caddisfly species, with 6 species new to science and to Australia. Females of 5 species are also described. These species are placed in the new genus, Neboissomina, new genus. The following new species are described: N. jardinei, N. kuranya, N. mida, N. persona, N. philsuteri, and N. riyala. A new combination is suggested for N. krokale (Neboiss, 1979). The new genus is erected based on unique characters in the male and female genitalia, wings and setal warts of the head. Neboissomina, new genus is endemic to northern and eastern Australia.
Seven new species of the genus Chrysolina Motschulsky from China (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae)
Authors: GE SI-QIN , DACCORDI MAURO , Li WEN-ZHU , YANG XING-KE
Published: January 2019

Seven new species of Genus Chrysolina Motschulsky are described: Chrysolina markamensis Daccordi et Ge, Chrysolina hohxilensis Daccordi et Ge, Chrysolina gyacaensis Daccordi et Yang, Chrysolina hongyuanensis Daccordi et Ge, and Chrysolina cuiae Ge et Daccordi, Chrysolina shuyongi Ge et Daccordi, Chrysolina zhangi Daccordi et Ge. Illustrations of habitus, male and female antennae, and male protarsi and aedeagus, and a map showing known localities are provided.
A new Orobrassolis butterfly (Nymphalidae, Brassolini): a casualty of habitat destruction?
Authors: PENZ CARLA , SIMONSEN THOMAS J. , DEVRIES PHIL
Published: January 2019

A new species of the brassoline genus Orobrassolis (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae) is described based on specimens collected in the early 1900’s from the highland grasslands of Paraná, Brazil. The geological history of these highland grasslands suggests that they underwent climatic fluctuations, with warm climate periods leading to contraction and fragmentation. This fragmentation may have led to the isolation and divergence of southern Orobrassolis populations. Human impact to these areas may have led to the extinction of the species described here.
Ilybius thynias sp. n. from European Turkey (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)
Authors: FERY HANS , PRZEWOŹNY MAREK
Published: January 2019

Ilybius thynias sp. n. is a new member of the Ilybius chalconatus-group and belongs to the subgroup of the same name. It was collected in the European part of Turkey, not far from the western coast of the Black Sea, some kilometres west of Iğneada and somewhat south of the border with Bulgaria. The species is externally similar to the other members of that subgroup, but males deviate considerably by the shape of the median lobe and the parameres. A detailed description and several figures are given to facilitate an easy identification of the new species. In addition, we have modified the key to species for males of the chalconatus- and erichsoni-groups given in Fery & Nilsson (1993) by including the new species and the similar, only recently described, I. adygheanus Petrov, Shapovalov & Fery, 2010. The genus Ilybius Erichson, 1832 contains now 70 members, 21 of which belong to the chalconatus-group which includes the chalconatus-subgroup with eight species. A synopsis of the chalconatus-group is presented.
The pholcid spiders of Sri Lanka (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Authors: HUBER BERNHARD A.
Published: January 2019

As part of the Western Ghats-Sri Lanka biodiversity hotspot, Sri Lanka harbors a rich and diverse fauna, especially in the perhumid southwestern part of the island. However, many invertebrate groups such as spiders continue to be poorly studied. The present paper reviews our knowledge about Pholcidae, a family of spiders that is well represented in Sri Lanka, both by numerous (10) introduced species and by a rich native fauna in five genera (described native Sri Lankan species in parentheses): Belisana Thorell, 1898 (6), Leptopholcus Simon, 1893 (1), Pholcus Walckenaer, 1805 (4), Tissahamia Huber, 2018 (4), and Wanniyala Huber & Benjamin, 2005 (9). Fourteen species are newly described: Belisana minneriya sp. n., B. badulla sp. n., B. gowindahela sp. n.; Pholcus metta sp. n., P. puranappui sp. n., P. uva sp. n.; Tissahamia karuna sp. n.; Wanniyala mudita sp. n., W. orientalis sp. n., W. upekkha sp. n., W. ohiya sp. n., W. viharekele sp. n., W. mapalena sp. n., and W. labugama sp. n.. All new species are described from males and females. New Sri Lankan records are given for 16 previously described species. Distribution data suggest that most or all of the 24 native species might be endemic to Sri Lanka, but the Indian pholcid fauna remains almost entirely unknown.
New genus and species of Delphacini (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) from a salt marsh in northern Chile
Authors: CAMPODONICO JUAN F. , COCCIA CRISTINA
Published: January 2019

Salinesia atacamensis gen. et sp. nov. is described from a coastal wetland of Atacama Region, Chile. It is characterized by the small size (males < 2 mm), dorsal side concolorous, with lateral carinae of pronotum reaching hind margin, armature of male pygofer narrow and not produced, phallus curved ventrad, and abdominal segment X of male without processes.
A new genus and three new species of eriophyoid mites from New Zealand Coprosma (Rubiaceae)
Authors: HAN XIAO , ZHANG ZHI-QIANG
Published: January 2019

A new genus and three new species of eriophyoid mites of the family Eriophyidae are described and illustrated from various Coprosma species in New Zealand: Calareolata gen. nov., Calareolata coprosmae sp. nov., Cosetacus mamangi sp. nov. and Aculus robustalucidus sp. nov.. A key to the eriophyoid mites associated with Coprosma species in the world is provided.
Barotropic Instability across the Moat and Inner Eyewall Dissipation: A Numerical Study of Hurricane Wilma (2005)
Authors: Lai Tsz-Kin , Menelaou Konstantinos , Yau M. K.
Published: January 2019

Radar imagery of some double-eyewall tropical cyclones shows that the inner eyewalls become elliptical prior to their dissipation. These elliptical features indicate that the barotropic instability (BI) across the moat (aka, type-2 BI) may play a role in the process. To investigate the mechanism for dissipation, a WRF simulation of Hurricane Wilma (2005) is performed. The results reveal an elliptical elongation of the inner eyewall and a change in the structure of the radial flow from wavenumber (WN) 1 to WN 2 at the lower levels. A linear stability analysis as well as idealized nonlinear experiments using a nondivergent barotropic vorticity model initialized with the vorticity fields before the change in the dominant wavenumber of the radial flow are presented with the results supporting the presence of a type-2 BI at the lower levels. The accompanying WN-2 radial flow is also found to dilute the vorticity within the inner eyewall and the eye. However, this dilution is not seen at higher levels as the type-2 BI becomes weak and short lived at the middle levels and reaches its weakest strength at the upper levels. This phenomenon is traced to the fact that a higher growth rate comes with a narrower moat for type-2 BI. As the outward slope of the outer eyewall is larger than that of the inner eyewall, the moat width increases with height so that the growth rate decreases with height. The results presented here thus highlight the potential role played by the barotropic instability across the moat in inner eyewall dissipation.
Using Atmospheric Energy Transport to Quantitatively Constrain South Pacific Convergence Zone Shifts during ENSO
Authors: Lintner Benjamin R. , Boos William R.
Published: January 2019

The South Pacific convergence zone (SPCZ) exhibits well-known spatial displacements in response to anomalous sea surface temperatures (SSTs) associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Although dynamic and thermodynamic changes during ENSO events are consistent with observed SPCZ shifts, explanations for these displacements have been largely qualitative. This study applies a theoretical framework based on generalizing arguments about the relationship between the zonal-mean intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and atmospheric energy transport (AET) to 2D, permitting quantification of SPCZ displacements during ENSO. Using either resolved atmospheric energy fluxes or estimates of column-integrated moist energy sources, this framework predicts well the observed SPCZ shifts during ENSO, at least when anomalous ENSO-region SSTs are relatively small. In large-amplitude ENSO events, such as the 1997/98 El Niño, the framework breaks down because of the large change in SPCZ precipitation intensity. The AET framework permits decomposition of the ENSO forcing into various components, such as column radiative heating versus surface turbulent fluxes, and local versus remote contributions. Column energy source anomalies in the equatorial central and eastern Pacific dominate the SPCZ shift. Furthermore, although the radiative flux anomaly is larger than the surface turbulent flux anomaly in the SPCZ region, the radiative flux anomaly, which can be viewed as a feedback on the ENSO forcing, accounts for slightly less than half of SPCZ precipitation anomalies during ENSO. This study also introduces an idealized analytical model used to illustrate AET anomalies during ENSO and to obtain a scaling for the SPCZ response to an anomalous equatorial energy source.
Numerical Evaluation of Energy Transfers in Internal Gravity Wave Spectra of the Ocean
Authors: Eden Carsten , Pollmann Friederike , Olbers Dirk
Published: January 2019

Spectral energy transfers by internal gravity wave–wave interactions for given empirical energy spectra are evaluated numerically from the kinetic equation that is derived from the assumption of weak interactions. Wave spectrum parameters, such as bandwidth, spectral slope, and Coriolis frequency f, are varied, as is the spectral resolution. In agreement with previous studies, we find in all cases a forward energy cascade toward smaller vertical and horizontal wavelengths. Energy sinks due to the transfers are predominantly at frequencies between 2f and 3f. While the mechanism of the energy transfer differs partly from findings of previous studies, a parameterization for internal wave dissipation—which is used in the fine structure parameterization to estimate dissipation and mixing rates from observations—agrees well with the numerical evaluation of the energy transfers. We also find a dependency of the energy transfers on the spectral slope, offering the possibility to decrease the bias of the fine structure parameterization by improving the knowledge about the spatial variations of this (and other) spectral parameter.
Social Comparison in Retailer–Supplier Relationships: Referent Discrepancy Effects
Authors: Lee Hannah S. , Griffith David A.
Published: January 2019

Social comparisons among suppliers connected through a common retailer pose significant management challenges for the retailer. For instance, a focal supplier’s social comparison can result in upward or downward referent discrepancy, decreasing or increasing perceptions of distributive fairness, respectively, subject to the tie strength of the relationship. Because decreasing perceptions of distributive fairness can be harmful to the retailer–supplier relationship, the authors examine the use of tie strength and timing of explanations as actions a retailer can take to mitigate such perceptions. They test their hypotheses with a two-study, multimethod design conducted in Japan. Study 1 employs a survey of suppliers in a store-within-a-store context as well as objective performance data. The results indicate that upward (downward) referent discrepancy decreases (increases) a focal supplier’s perceptions of distributive fairness. Study 2 employs an experiment using brand/store managers. The results show that when upward referent discrepancies are present, retailers can mitigate the invidious effects of decreased perceptions of distributive fairness by developing strong ties and enacting procedurally fair policies such as proactively providing explanations.
Trends in the number of restricted patients in England and Wales 2003–2016: Implications for forensic psychiatry services
Authors: Hill Simon A , Riordan-Eva Elliott , Hosking Alexandra
Published: January 2019

This paper uses data produced by the Ministry of Justice to look for trends in the numbers of various categories of patients detained under the Mental Health Act in England and Wales between 2003 and 2016. Specifically, we have focussed on patients detained with Ministry of Justice restrictions in place. The number of ‘restricted’ patients, who are largely detained in secure psychiatric hospitals, has risen substantially during this period. If this trend continues, there will be the need for further expansion of secure psychiatric beds in the years ahead. Factors driving the increased number of restricted patients are discussed in this paper.
A Look Back: Kappan authors on desegregation
Authors: Preston Teresa
Published: January 2019

The Kappan archives offer a window into education history as it happens, a fact that is especially clear when it comes to the issue of segregation. In this column, Teresa Preston traces the history of how educators and scholars have debated in Kappan whether schools should desegregate, how desegregation laws should be enforced, and what sorts of actions are appropriate in furthering the cause of equality.
School segregation: A realist’s view
Authors: Rosiek Jerry
Published: January 2019

The nation’s greatest anti-racist education policy — school desegregation — has proven no match for the adaptations of institutionalized racism. Over the last 40 years, school segregation has evolved and reemerged in housing patterns, school zoning policy, and curricular tracking. This has led to calls for new solutions to the problem of racial segregation in schools. Is it possible, however, that the pursuit of such solutions is a form of avoidance, an unwillingness to face the intractable nature of institutionalized racism? Jerry Rosiek considers the power of pessimism about racial justice as a stance for educators in an era of resegregating schools.
Confronting our beliefs about poverty and discipline
Authors: Fergus Edward
Published: January 2019

Many school practitioners think of poverty as a kind of “culture,” characterized by dysfunctional behaviors that can only be corrected by imposing harsh discipline on students. Further, beliefs about poverty are often used to justify racial disparities in disciplinary referrals, achievement, and enrollment in gifted, AP, and honors courses, as well as to justify harsh punishments for “disobedience” or “disorderly conduct” or “disrespect.” Edward Fergus suggests that educators learn to understand their blind spots related to race and culture and to seek out feedback on the degree to which members of the school community experience bias.
Mexican-American resistance to school segregation
Authors: Donato Rubén , Hanson Jarrod
Published: January 2019

Mexican Americans have a long history in the struggle to end school segregation and achieve educational equality. Rubén Donato and Jarrod Hanson trace that history through a series of court cases that show how their fight for desegregation both intersects with and differs from the more well-known struggle of Black Americans. In some cases, Mexican Americans were determined to be White and therefore not potential victims of racial discrimination, even when school practices showed that their Mexican heritage, rather than differing educational needs, drove district decisions. The authors suggest that advocates of desegregation should avoid accepting the notion that segregation is a natural occurrence but should instead broaden their understanding of what intentional segregation looks like.
Re-imagining social-emotional learning: Findings from a strategy-based approach
Authors: Bailey Rebecca , Stickle Laura , Brion-Meisels Gretchen , Jones Stephanie M.
Published: January 2019

Many schools and out-of-school organizations use social-emotional learning (SEL) programs to boost students’ skills. Yet research shows that these programs can be difficult to implement and don’t always meet students’ needs. In response, Rebecca Bailey, Laura Stickle, Gretchen Brion-Meisels, and Stephanie Jones propose a new approach to SEL premised on three big ideas: SEL should be framed around a developmental model designed to target specific, age-appropriate skills; a flexible strategy-based approach may increase the feasibility of SEL implementation and school-wide consistency; and SEL is most effective when teachers are encouraged to implement and adapt strategies that meet their students’ needs and reflect their experiences. The authors describe how such a program was implemented in a preK-8 summer program.
Side effects in education: Winners and losers in school voucher programs
Authors: Zhao Yong
Published: January 2019

Even the most effective education reforms and initiatives are unlikely to have a uniform effect on all students. In fact, much like in medicine, some beneficial efforts can have adverse side effects. Yong Zhao takes up this idea as it applies to school choice and voucher programs. When researchers tout the benefits of vouchers, they focus on the average effect of such programs on participating students. But because some students experience negative effects, Zhao argues that vouchers must not be considered a panacea for improving student outcomes.
Leadership: What leaders can (and cannot) learn from scientists
Authors: Starr Joshua P.
Published: January 2019

School and district improvement efforts often take a rushed approach to their work. Joshua Starr suggests that leaders would do well to learn from the more systematic, deliberate approach of scientists. But whatever approach to change leaders pursue, they must also learn to communicate their plans clearly.
Washington View: An education election?
Authors: Ferguson Maria
Published: January 2019

Although some dubbed 2018 “The Year of the Teacher,” touting large numbers of teacher candidates running for office, the results of November’s elections were more mixed. Although voters expressed support for education in the PDK Poll, that support did not consistently translate into victory for teacher candidates or funding initiatives. Maria Ferguson considers the policy questions under consideration before the election and how the election results might affect education in the coming years.
Under the Law: Segregation and secession
Authors: Underwood Julie
Published: January 2019

Although Brown v. Board of Education was supposed to end the practice of school segregation, the current legal and cultural landscape makes it difficult for schools to remain diverse in the face of continued and growing racial isolation of U.S. neighborhoods. In fact, some predominately White communities are creating their own school districts, intentionally separating themselves from districts with more diverse student bodies. Julie Underwood explains where the law stands today and discusses the secession movement in Gardendale, Ala.
Career Confidential: Do teachers have a right to information about troubled students?
Authors: Fagell Phyllis L.
Published: January 2019

A teacher wonders if counselors have a responsibility to share information about students. A teacher wants to know how to cope with a parent’s public complaints. A principal appears to favor certain teachers in social media interactions.
Backtalk: For college professors, segregation often begins at home
Authors: Emdin Chris , Moran Pamela , Socol Ira David
Published: January 2019

Ironically, many of the nation’s college towns, while outwardly quite progressive, are themselves quite segregated. Those of us who conduct academic research about school segregation ought to confront the exclusive nature of our own communities, argue Chris Emdin, Pamela Moran, and Ira David Socol.
Prison System Versus Critics’ Views on the Use of Restrictive Housing: Objective Risk Classification or Ascriptive Assignment?
Authors: Labrecque Ryan M. , Mears Daniel P.
Published: January 2019

Despite the widespread use of restrictive housing in correctional institutions, little is known about the factors associated with placement in this setting. This study advances two theoretical arguments about the use of this practice. The prison system view argues this housing is essential for institutional order and that, accordingly, only inmates who pose an objective risk to safety get placed in such housing. By contrast, the critics’ view argues this housing causes adverse effects and disproportionately targets certain inmates based on their ascriptive characteristics, such as their mental health status or race. The results indicate support for both perspectives.
Commonwealth Digest
Authors: Bradshaw J.T. , Meagher M.V. , Buchanan P. , Thynne J.T.
Published: January 2019

This digest covers the period 26 March 1963 to 30 October 1963, and is compiled from the published debates of the Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia.

The page references to Parliamentary Debates (‘S. Deb. ’ and ‘H.R. Deb.’) are to the published debates of the Senate and the House of Representatives, for the first Session of the Twenty-fourth Parliament, third and fourth periods.
The Operation of the Commonwealth Matrimonial Causes Act in New South Wales
Authors: Selby David Mayer
Published: January 2019

The object of this article is not to discuss in detail any of the questions of law which have arisen under the Matrimonial Causes Act 1959 (Cth), but merely to review in a fairly general way the manner in which the Act has operated since it came into force in February, 1961. My remarks will necessarily be confined, in the main, to experience in New South Wales since that is the State in which I have seen the Act operating but presumably the experience of Judges and practitioners in this State will not be greatly dissimilar from that of their opposite numbers in the other States of the Commonwealth. In one respect, however, the position of legal practitioners in this State is unique for New South Wales alone of the States still clings obstinately to the pre-Judicature Acts method of pleading.
The Police Power of the States in the United States and Australia
Authors: Nygh P. E.
Published: January 2019

It seems generally admitted that the term ‘police power’ was first used in 1827 by Marshall C.J. in Brown v. Maryland. However the concept which underlay this term was not new. References to ‘regulations of internal police’, ‘matters of police’ etc. are found in the writings of such eminent eighteenth century authors as Montesquieu, Blackstone, and Vattel. These terms found an early use in newly independent America.
The Jury in Federal Jurisdiction—Constitutional Aspects
Authors: Comans C. K.
Published: January 2019

The only mention of juries in the Commonwealth Constitution is in section 80, which provides (inter alia) that “The trial on indictment of any offence against any law of the Commonwealth shall be by jury”. Apart from cases on the question what is meant by “ trial on indictment ”, there is not a great deal of authority on the constitutional questions that arise in relation to juries, civil and criminal, in federal jurisdiction.