bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlation of Gut Microbiome Between ASD Children and Mothers and Potential Biomarkers for Risk Assessment
Authors: Li Ning , Yang Junjie , Zhang Jiaming , Liang Cheng , Wang Ying , Chen Bin , Zhao Changying , Wang Jingwen , Zhang Guangye , Zhao Dongmei , Liu Yi , Zhang Lehai , Yang Jun , Li Guimei , Gai Zhongtao , Zhang Lei , Zhao Guoping
Published: April 2019

Variation of maternal gut microbiota may increase the risk of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) in offspring. Animal studies have indicated that maternal gut microbiota is related to neurodevelopmental abnormalities in mouse offspring, while it is unclear whether there is a correlation between gut microbiota of ASD children and their mothers. We examined the relationships between gut microbiome profiles of ASD children and those of their mothers, and evaluated the clinical discriminatory power of discovered bacterial biomarkers. Gut microbiome was profiled and evaluated by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing in stool samples of 59 mother–child pairs of ASD children and 30 matched mother–child pairs of healthy children. Significant differences were observed in the gut microbiome composition between ASD and healthy children in our Chinese cohort. Several unique bacterial biomarkers, such as Alcaligenaceae and Acinetobacter, were identified. Mothers of ASD children had more Proteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Moraxellaceae, and Acinetobacter than mothers of healthy children. There was a clear correlation between gut microbiome profiles of children and their mothers; however, children with ASD still had unique bacterial biomarkers, such as Alcaligenaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, and Clostridium. Candidate biomarkers discovered in this study had remarkable discriminatory power. The identified patterns of mother–child gut microbiome profiles may be important for assessing risks during the early stage and planning of personalized treatment and prevention of ASD via microbiota modulation.
Integration of genomic and clinical data augments surveillance of healthcare-acquired infections
Authors: Ward Doyle V. , Hoss Andrew G. , Kolde Raivo , van Aggelen Helen C. , Loving Joshua , Smith Stephen A. , Mack Deborah A. , Kathirvel Raja , Halperin Jeffery A. , Buell Douglas J. , Wong Brian E. , Ashworth Judy L. , Fortunato-Habib Mary M. , Xu Liyi , Barton Bruce A. , Lazar Peter , Carmona Juan J. , Mathew Jomol , Salgo Ivan S. , Gross Brian D. , Ellison Richard T.
Published: April 2019

Background:

Determining infectious cross-transmission events in healthcare settings involves manual surveillance of case clusters by infection control personnel, followed by strain typing of clinical/environmental isolates suspected in said clusters. Recent advances in genomic sequencing and cloud computing now allow for the rapid molecular typing of infecting isolates.

Objective:

To facilitate rapid recognition of transmission clusters, we aimed to assess infection control surveillance using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of microbial pathogens to identify cross-transmission events for epidemiologic review.

Methods:

Clinical isolates ofStaphylococcus aureus,Enterococcus faecium,Pseudomonas aeruginosa, andKlebsiella pneumoniaewere obtained prospectively at an academic medical center, from September 1, 2016, to September 30, 2017. Isolate genomes were sequenced, followed by single-nucleotide variant analysis; a cloud-computing platform was used for whole-genome sequence analysis and cluster identification.

Results:

Most strains of the 4 studied pathogens were unrelated, and 34 potential transmission clusters were present. The characteristics of the potential clusters were complex and likely not identifiable by traditional surveillance alone. Notably, only 1 cluster had been suspected by routine manual surveillance.

Conclusions:

Our work supports the assertion that integration of genomic and clinical epidemiologic data can augment infection control surveillance for both the identification of cross-transmission events and the inclusion of missed and exclusion of misidentified outbreaks (ie, false alarms). The integration of clinical data is essential to prioritize suspect clusters for investigation, and for existing infections, a timely review of both the clinical and WGS results can hold promise to reduce HAIs. A richer understanding of cross-transmission events within healthcare settings will require the expansion of current surveillance approaches.
Multiphase plumes in a stratified ambient
Authors: Mingotti Nicola , Woods Andrew W.
Published: April 2019

We report on experiments of turbulent particle-laden plumes descending through a stratified environment. We show that provided the characteristic plume speed $(B_{0}N)^{1/4}$ exceeds the particle fall speed, where the plume buoyancy flux is $B_{0}$ and the Brunt–Väisälä frequency is $N$, then the plume is arrested by the stratification and initially intrudes at the neutral height associated with a single-phase plume of the same buoyancy flux. If the original fluid phase in the plume has density equal to that of the ambient fluid at the source, then as the particles sediment from the intruding fluid, the fluid finds itself buoyant and rises, ultimately intruding at a height of about $0.58\pm 0.03$ of the original plume height, consistent with new predictions we present based on classical plume theory. We generalise this result, and show that if the buoyancy flux at the source is composed of a fraction $F_{s}$ associated with the buoyancy of the source fluid, and a fraction $1-F_{s}$ from the particles, then following the sedimentation of the particles, the plume fluid intrudes at a height $(0.58+0.22F_{s}\pm 0.03)H_{t}$, where $H_{t}$ is the maximum plume height. This is key for predictions of the environmental impact of any material dissolved in the plume water which may originate from the particle load. We also show that the particles sediment at their fall speed through the fluid below the maximum depth of the plume as a cylindrical column whose area scales as the ratio of the particle flux at the source to the fall speed and concentration of particles in the plume at the maximum depth of the plume before it is arrested by the stratification. We demonstrate that there is negligible vertical transport of fluid in this cylindrical column, but a series of layers of high and low particle concentration develop in the column with a vertical spacing which is given by the ratio of the buoyancy of the particle load and the background buoyancy gradient. Small fluid intrusions develop at the side of the column associated with these layers, as dense parcels of particle-laden fluid convect downwards and then outward once the particles have sedimented from the fluid, with a lateral return flow drawing in ambient fluid. As a result, the pattern of particle-rich and particle-poor layers in the column gradually migrates upwards owing to the convective transport of particles between the particle-rich layers superposed on the background sedimentation. We consider the implications of the results for mixing by bubble plumes, for submarine blowouts of oil and gas and for the fate of plumes of waste particles discharged at the ocean surface during deep-sea mining.
Un núcleo óseo: nuevos aportes a la comprensión de la tecnología ósea en el Gran Chaco sudamericano (Argentina)
Authors: del Papa Luis , Lamenza Guillermo , Salceda Susana , Calandra Horacio
Published: April 2019

En este trabajo se presentan los resultados del análisis de una pieza ósea que brinda información pionera sobre aspectos tecnológicos prehispánicos en el sector ribereño Paraguay-Paraná del Chaco argentino. Se analizó un elemento óseo de Rhea americana con evidencias de formatización. Con el objetivo de caracterizar la etapa de producción representada, se registraron marcas de manufactura, una de las cuales fue analizada con microscopio electrónico de barrido a fin de identificar el material con que se produjo la formatización (piedra o valva). A partir del análisis, se define el elemento como un núcleo con “extracción bosquejada”, es decir, una pieza en la cual se evidencia una forma base que aún no ha sido extraída. Se propone que la técnica de manufactura consistió en el ranurado a partir de filos de valva (Diplodon sp.). Este trabajo constituye el primer aporte con evidencias sobre el uso de filos de valvas de molusco en el proceso de confección de artefactos óseos en sitios arqueológicos de Argentina.
A “Safe Outlet” for Prisoner Discontent: How Prison Grievance Procedures Helped Stymie Prison Organizing During the 1970s
Authors: Hughett Amanda Bell
Published: April 2019

This article demonstrates how civil liberties lawyers’ efforts to address the complaints of imprisoned people in the 1970s inadvertently helped provide state attorneys with tools they used to stymie prisoners’ organizing efforts. Using North Carolina as a case study, I explain why a diverse range of legal actors—including civil liberties lawyers, federal judges, and state attorneys—supported the creation of prison grievance procedures. I then reveal how state attorneys successfully used them, once implemented, to argue that because the procedures offered a seemingly fair, institutional avenue for imprisoned people to express their grievances, prison administrators could ban prison organizing without violating prisoners’ First Amendment rights to free speech and assembly. The history of prison grievance procedures, I suggest, highlights the limits of constitutional rights litigation for achieving social change, offers a new approach to the study of legal endogeneity, and helps explain the demise of the prisoners’ rights movement.
Surface groups, infinite generating sets, and stable commutator length
Authors: Margalit Dan , Putman Andrew
Published: April 2019

We give a new proof of a theorem of D. Calegari that says that the Cayley graph of a surface group with respect to any generating set lying in finitely many mapping class group orbits has infinite diameter. This applies, for instance, to the generating set consisting of all simple closed curves.
A Context-Appropriate Approach to Marine 14C Calibration: Δr and Bayesian Framework for the Nuvuk Cemetery, Point Barrow, Alaska
Authors: Krus Anthony M , Jensen Anne M , Hamilton W Derek , Sayle Kerry
Published: April 2019

This study provides an assessment of the temporal changes in ΔR, which is the local deviation from the global surface water marine reservoir effect (MRE), in the Point Barrow area of the Alaskan Arctic, a coastal archaeological area that has experienced severe erosion accelerated by global warming. A total of 26 samples were submitted for radiocarbon (14C) dating from eight secure Thule (AD 1000–1750) archaeological contexts, and specifically from archaeological features with paired processed seal and caribou bones that had been frozenin situ. This new approach towards ΔR estimation provides a best-fit local correction for the14C dating of human populations by focusing on the marine mammal (seals) predominantly consumed by the Thule (Coltrain et al. 2016). The weighted-mean ΔR value on these pairs is 450 ± 84 yr, which is about 50 years less than the weighted-mean (506 ± 69 yr) for the Point Barrow area calculated through14C measurements from four known-age bivalves collected in AD 1913 (McNeely et al. 2006). The effects of using this new ΔR value for calibration was assessed through the Bayesian chronological modeling of 5414C measurements from samples of human skeletons interred in the Nuvuk cemetery at Point Barrow, the largest ancient cemetery in northwest Alaska and traditionally thought to date to the Thule and earlier Birnirk (AD 500–1000) periods.
Faces of the Self
Authors: Seth Vanita
Published: April 2019

This paper traces the centrality of the human face in the construction of modern individuality. It argues that the face of individuality no less than that of typology, is mired in and born of historical and political conditions that are subsequently disavowed in order that the individual (and the face she bears) is rendered a product of nature, an instantiation of the universal. Attempting to denaturalize and defamiliarize the authority invested in the face, this paper maps out three interrelated arguments: that the human face is historically produced; that its history is closely tethered to the production of modern subjectivity, and that its status as a purveyor of meaning relies upon the reiteration of preexisting norms through which it can be “read.” And yet, while this paper turns to the nineteenth century to trace the novel privileging of the face as an extension of selfhood, interwoven through this history is the figure of the “effaced” Muslim woman and the Muslim terrorist type.
UNDERSTANDING THE MINIMUM WAGE: POLITICAL ECONOMY AND LEGAL FORM
Authors: Adams Zoe
Published: April 2019

This article explores how the legal system has constructed, over time, the concept of the “wage”. Drawing on insights from classical political economy it contrasts a conception of the wage as the cost of social reproduction (a “social wage”), with the neoclassical notion of the wage as the price of a commodity (a “market wage”) that we see embedded in legal and political discourse today. Drawing on historical sources, it explores how these competing ideas of the wage have been reconstructed in juridical language in case law and legislation over time, exploring at the same time the impact of this process on the relationship between minimum wages and tax credits. This analysis is then used to shed light on the conception of the wage embedded in the National Minimum Wage Act 1998, providing a critical re-evaluation of the “National Living Wage” introduced in 2016.
TOWARDS A TAXONOMY FOR PUBLIC AND COMMON PROPERTY
Authors: Rodgers Christopher
Published: April 2019

This article argues that public property rights should be recognised as a separate category of property interest, different and distinct from private and common property interests and conferring distinctive rights and obligations on both “owners” and members of the public. It develops a taxonomy to differentiate private, public and common property rights. The article concludes that it is a mistake to think in terms of “private property”, “common property” or “public property”. The division and allocation of resource entitlements in land can result in private, common and public property rights subsisting over the same land simultaneously, in different combinations and at different times. The categorisation of property interests in land (as private, common or public) may also shift and change from time to time. The article considers the importance of distinguishing between private, common and public property interests for developing new strategies for environmental governance, and for implementing the effective protection of natural resources.
THE PUBLIC FIGURE DOCTRINE AND THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY
Authors: Hughes Kirsty
Published: April 2019

This article argues that the public figure doctrine is doctrinally problematic and conceptually and normatively flawed. Doctrinal uncertainty surrounds who is affected and how rights are affected. Conceptually it raises challenges for universality, the non-hierarchical relationship between Articles 8 and 10 ECHR, the process of resolving rights conflicts, and the relationship between domestic law and the Convention. All of which necessitate a strong normative justification for the distinction. Yet there is no compelling rationale. The values underpinning the right to privacy of public figures are no different from those of other persons and there are other better mechanisms of accounting for freedom of expression. We should therefore reject the idea that public figures have fewer or weaker privacy rights or that the process of dealing with their rights is different and instead focus squarely upon the relative importance of the rights, and the degree of intrusion into those rights.
Égalité des chances et justice scolaire. Une interprétation de la conception égalitariste de la justice en éducation
Authors: MALENFANT-VEILLEUX ALEXANDRA
Published: April 2019

Cet article propose deux arguments principaux. D’abord, que la théorie égalitariste de la justice en éducation non-seulement englobe, mais supporte la théorie suffisantiste, et donc que le débat égalitarisme/suffisantisme — du moins celui qui a cours entre Brighouse et Swift d’une part et Anderson et Satz d’autre part — n’a pas lieu d’être. Ensuite, que l’application qu’opèrent Brighouse et Swift de leur propre théorie est excessive — quant aux choix parentaux et quant à ce qu’ils considèrent comme étant des comportements partiaux illégitimes.
Épigénétique : les écueils d’une transposition du biologique au social
Authors: PELLETIER GUILLAUME
Published: April 2019

Nous effectuons dans cet article un survol des dangers liés à certaines représentations des phénomènes épigénétiques lors de la formulation de recommandations sociales et médicales. Après avoir exploré les représentations de l’épigénétique dans différents ouvrages de vulgarisation et discours médiatiques, nous critiquons certaines des conclusions susceptibles d’émerger de tels discours qui peuvent paraître prématurées. Nous insistons en particulier sur les enjeux relevant de la responsabilité parentale —notamment celle des femmes — quant à la transmission de marqueurs épigénétiques. Enfin, nous proposons quelques considérations épistémologiques concernant la biologie du développement qui viennent nuancer la portée des discours concernant une éventuelle responsabilité épigénétique. Une telle clarification est susceptible, selon nous, de lever plusieurs difficultés relatives à la compréhension des recherches en épigénétique ainsi qu’à leur application éventuelle hors du champ scientifique.
ROBERT MALTHUS, ROUSSEAUIST
Authors: BROOKE CHRISTOPHER
Published: April 2019

Although the argument of theEssay on populationoriginated in a family disagreement between Malthus and his father Daniel, who idolized Rousseau, and theEssayitself attacks Condorcet and Godwin, both of whom drew on Rousseau's ideas about human perfectibility, Malthus's project can plausibly be seen as an extension of the social theory set out above all in Rousseau'sDiscourse on the origin of inequality. Malthus was animated by some of Rousseau's characteristic concerns, and he deployed recognizable versions of some of Rousseau's distinctive arguments, in particular relating to the natural sociability and natural condition of humankind, conjectural history, and political economy, especially with respect to the question of balanced growth. His arguments about ‘decent pride’, furthermore, that were emphasized in later editions of theEssaymap neatly onto what has been called ‘uninflamedamour-propre’ in the Rousseau literature. When we treat the social question as a nineteenth-century question, or when we locate its origins in the post-Revolutionary political controversies of the 1790s, we risk losing sight of the way in which what was being discussed were variations on mid-eighteenth-century themes.
THE COAL QUESTION BEFORE JEVONS
Authors: JONSSON FREDRIK ALBRITTON
Published: April 2019

In the early nineteenth century, political economists, politicians, and geologists debated the size and duration of the British coal supply. For mineral Malthusians, the argument about a dwindling supply sharpened anxieties about population pressure, fuel demand, and limited resources. They introduced a new sense of geological limits and long-term obligations into the theology of atonement. But for cornucopian liberals, the shift to a mineral energy regime supplied a powerful refutation to the Malthusian forecast. Inexhaustible coal promised growth without end.
Thomas Becket, William Warham and the Crisis of the Early Tudor Church
Authors: MARSHALL PETER
Published: April 2019

England's first Tudor monarchs were formally devoted to the cult of St Thomas of Canterbury. In popular memory, however, Thomas was a champion of law and custom, an opponent of untrammelled royal power, and – especially among the clergy – a martyr for ecclesiastical ‘liberties’. This suggests that the pre-Reformation Church was considerably less ‘monarchical’ than is sometimes supposed. In the 1530s Thomas became a powerful symbol of resistance to Henry VIII's royal supremacy. However, the fact that he could be portrayed as a patron of the clergy's sectional interests helps to explain how opposition was weakened and divided.
Driving us mad: the association of Toxoplasma gondii with suicide attempts and traffic accidents – a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Sutterland Arjen L. , Kuin Anne , Kuiper Bouke , van Gool Tom , Leboyer Marion , Fond Guillaume , de Haan Lieuwe
Published: April 2019

Unnatural causes of death due to traffic accidents (TA) and suicide attempts (SA) constitute a major burden on global health, which remained stable in the last decade despite widespread efforts of prevention. Recently, latent infection with Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) has been suggested to be a biological risk factor for both TA and SA. Therefore, a systematic search concerning the relationship of T. gondii infection with TA and/or SA according to PRISMA guidelines in Medline, Pubmed and PsychInfo was conducted collecting papers up to 11 February 2019 (PROSPERO #CRD42018090206). The random-effect model was applied and sensitivity analyses were subsequently performed. Lastly, the population attributable fraction (PAF) was calculated. We found a significant association for antibodies against T. gondii with TA [odds ratio (OR) = 1.69; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.20–2.38, p = 0.003] and SA (OR = 1.39; 95% CI 1.10–1.76, p = 0006). Indication of publication bias was found for TA, but statistical adjustment for this bias did not change the OR. Heterogeneity between studies on SA was partly explained by type of control population used (ORhealthy controls = 1.9, p < 0.001 v. ORpsychiatric controls = 1.06, p = 0.87) and whether subjects with schizophrenia only were analysed (ORschizophrenia = 0.87, p = 0.62 v. ORvarious = 1.8, p < 0.001). The association was significantly stronger with higher antibody titres in TA and in studies that did not focus on schizophrenia subjects concerning SA. PAF of a T. gondii infection was 17% for TA and 10% for SA. This indicates that preventing T. gondii infection may play a role in the prevention of TA or SA, although uncertainty remains whether infection and outcome are truly causally related.
Compartmentalization of self-representations in female survivors of sexual abuse and assault, with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Authors: Clifford Georgina , Hitchcock Caitlin , Dalgleish Tim
Published: April 2019

Background

This study examined the structure of the self-concept in a sample of sexual trauma survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared to healthy controls using a self-descriptive card-sorting task. We explored whether individuals with PTSD possess a highly affectively-compartmentalized self-structure, whereby positive and negative self-attributes are sectioned off into separate components of self-concept (e.g. self as an employee, lover, mother). We also examined redundancy (i.e. overlap) of positive and negative self-attributes across the different components of self-concept.

Method

Participants generated a set of self-aspects that reflected their own life (e.g. ‘self at work’). They were then asked to describe their self-aspects using list of positive or negative attributes.

Results

Results revealed that, relative to the control group, the PTSD group used a greater proportion of negative attributes and had a more compartmentalized self-structure. However, there were no significant differences between the PTSD and control groups in positive or negative redundancy. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that the key findings were not accounted for by comorbid diagnosis of depression.

Conclusion

Findings indicated that the self-structure is organized differently in those with PTSD, relative to those with depression or good mental health.
Features of the generation of fast particles from microstructured targets irradiated by high intensity, picosecond laser pulses
Authors: Sedov M.V. , Faenov A.Ya. , Andreev A.A. , Skobelev I.Yu. , Ryazantsev S.N. , Pikuz T.A. , Durey P. , Doehl L. , Farley D. , Baird C.D. , Lancaster K.L. , Murphy C.D. , Booth N. , Spindloe C. , Platonov K.Yu. , McKenna P. , Kodama R. , Woolsey N. , Pikuz S.A.
Published: April 2019

The use of targets with surface structures for laser-driven particle acceleration has potential to significantly boost the particle and radiation energies because of enhanced laser absorption. We investigate, via experiment and particle-in-cell simulations, the impact of micron-scale surface-structured targets on the spectrum of electrons and protons accelerated by a picosecond laser pulse at relativistic intensity. Our results show that, compared with flat-surfaced targets, structures on this scale give rise to a significant enhancement in particle and radiation emission over a wide range of laser–target interaction parameters. This is due to the longer plasma scale length when using micro-structures on the target front surface. We do not observe an increase in the proton cutoff energy with our microstructured targets, and this is due to the large volume of the relief.
La perte, le don, le butin
Authors: Moine Nathalie
Published: April 2019

Cet article s’interesse a l’afflux et a la circulation d’objets venus de l’etranger dans l’Union sovietique des annees 1940, pour s’interroger sur cette variante sovietique de l’edification des objets en enjeu de guerre pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Il montre comment les enjeux de la distribution d’une aide humanitaire recoupent celui de la (non)reconnaissance du genocide des juifs sovietiques sous l’occupation nazie, mais aussi celui des hierarchies sociales staliniennes. Il explicite les raisons pour lesquelles l’occultation de l’origine et des circonstances exactes qui presiderent a l’entree de ces objets dans les foyers sovietiques sert a maintenir dans l’ombre les exactions commises par les troupes de l’Armee rouge a l’egard des vaincu(e)s. Il corrige enfin l’image d’une societe sovietique qui decouvre pour la premiere fois le luxe et la modernite occidentale a la faveur de la guerre, en revenant sur la place et le sort de ce type d’objets dans la civilisation materielle stalinienne de l’entredeux- guerres.
Mémoire familiale et archives privées du XXesiècle soviétique
Authors: Narsky Igor
Published: April 2019

L’article est consacré à deux ensembles d’archives privées familiales et aux mémoires qu’elles contiennent. Les auteurs de ces mémoires parsemaient leurs textes d’objets provenant de leurs archives privées. Quel but poursuivaient-ils en insérant dans leurs textes des photos, des fragments de lettres, des documents officiels et privés ? Cette pratique permetelle d’éclairer les mécanismes de construction et de préservation de l’identité familiale et les spécificités de la communication familiale en Union soviétique, difficilement accessibles par le biais d’autres sources ?
Accéder aux outils de communication en Union soviétique sous Staline
Authors: Zakharova Larissa
Published: April 2019

Cet article vise à interroger le statut et la place des outils de communication interpersonnels, à savoir la poste, le télégraphe et le téléphone, dans la société soviétique sous Staline. Les outils de communication hiérarchisent le territoire et la société soviétiques : le téléphone est confiné essentiellement aux grandes villes, tandis que la poste peine à atteindre les campagnes. Lors de sa mise en oeuvre, le projet soviétique d’une société qui communique se révèle profondément inégalitaire, centré essentiellement sur les villes et sur les élites. Le schéma radial des réseaux favorise les communications entre la capitale et les provinces, tandis que la proximité géographique des régions ne facilite pas la communication entre leurs habitants. La construction des réseaux de sociabilité à distance se trouve tributaire des dimensions territoriales du pays, de la disponibilité inégale des outils de communication, de leur faible développement technologique et des dysfonctionnements bureaucratiques.
Les hiérarchies du travail artisanal au Moyen Âge entre histoire et historiographie
Authors: Anheim Étienne
Published: April 2019

Le livre de Philippe Bernardi, Maître, valet et apprenti au Moyen Âge. Essai sur une production bien ordonnée, s’interroge sur ce triptyque, considéré comme caractéristique de la production artisanale médiévale. En étudiant les « statuts de travail », l’analyse s’écarte d’une conception des statuts sociaux trop strictement juridique et trop rarement reliée à une réflexion sur la production, sinon d’une manière fruste, comme dans le modèle des trois ordres, où, confinée au groupe de « ceux qui travaillent », la question des formes de la production ne joue qu’un rôle mineur dans la mise en ordre sociale. Son originalité tient au fait que la construction de son objet, les hiérarchies au travail, se déploie symétriquement sur le plan historique des archives médiévales, à partir de l’exemple de la Provence entrele XIIIe et le XVe siècle, et sur le plan historiographique des modèles interprétatifs de ces archives depuis le XIXe siècle. À l’aide d’une approche régressive, en choisissant de traiter l’histoire médiévale selon les procédures de l’histoire des sciences pour dévoiler les resorts de la construction du savoir depuis le XIXe siècle, il montre que la tripartition est d’abord une représentation issue des sources normatives qui a fini par devenir un modèle historiographique qui ne rend pas compte de la production médiévale telle qu’elle apparaît dans les sources de la pratique. On voit alors apparaître une série d’oppositions binaires, dévoilant la dimension profondément relationnelle de ces statuts, dissimulée derrière un discours historiographique tissé d’expériences intellectuelles, de procédures critiques mais aussi de croyances, de valeurs et de formes d’engagements.
Le peuple est la cité
Authors: de Larivière Claire Judde , Salzberg Rosa M.
Published: April 2019

La société vénitienne des XVeet XVIesiècles est généralement décrite selon une tripartition entre patriciat, groupe citoyen etpopolo. L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser ce qu’était lepopoloet qui étaient lespopolanià Venise en articulant une étude terminologique et conceptuelle de ces catégories avec une analyse sociologique des individus qui les composaient. L’histoire de la genèse des groupes sociaux révèle ainsi toute la complexité de la définition dupopoloà Venise entre la fin du Moyen Âge et le début de l’époque moderne. En considérant la « condition » despopolani, il s’agit d’analyser comment ceux-ci établissaient ce qu’ils étaient et le cadre de leur action, en fonction des dispositions, des espaces et des institutions dans lesquels ils interagissaient.
Sur la construction
Authors: Julia Dominique
Published: April 2019

Le livre de Christophe Duhamelle,La frontière au village. Une identité catholique allemande au temps des Lumières, s’inscrit à l’intérieur du riche sillon des études sur la confessionnalisation dans le Saint-Empire. Mais, par rapport à ce paradigme, il innove sur au moins trois plans. Il s’écarte d’une vision macro-historique qui privilégierait une vision d’en haut pour analyser l’identité confessionnelle plutôt comme une interaction et une tension constante entre les tentatives d’uniformisation imposées d’en haut et les appropriations par les communautés elles-mêmes. Le fil directeur n’est pas la norme confessionnelle, mais l’exploration de tous les indices qui révèlent une identification des protagonistes à une appartenance. Discontinuités et zones d’indétermination persistent au long des frontières entre catholiques et luthériens ; l’identité confessionnelle se définit comme spéculaire et se nourrit d’emprunts à l’adversaire. L’étude porte sur la seconde moitié du XVIIIesiècle, alors que le XVIesiècle et le premier XVIIesiècle avaient été privilégiés. Enfin, l’Eichsfeld, exclave de l’archevêché-électorat de Mayence, est un territoire rural, alors que les travaux se sont essentiellement attachés aux villes.
Vices tyranniques
Authors: Rosolino Riccardo
Published: April 2019

Dans l’Europe catholique du début de l’époque moderne, certains théologiens ont imaginé et légitimé la possibilité qu’un monopole puisse être combattu par un monopole de même force, mais de sens contraire. Les dynamiques de marché furent ainsi décrites en empruntant à la pensée politique le principe du droit de résistance. Dans les sociétés d’Ancien Régime, le monopole, habituellement associé aux formes d’accaparement dont le but était de créer la pénurie et de provoquer la cherté, était précisément l’un des crimes dont il fallait défendre le marché et ceux qui y opéraient. Les monopoleurs pouvaient être un ou plusieurs marchands et il était indifférent que ces comportements relèvent des acheteurs ou des vendeurs. On s’y référait normalement avec le terme de « conspiration », chargé d’une évidente connotation politique. Il s’agissait d’un crime mais aussi d’un péché, d’un acte de violence et de l’une des principales formes de violation du principe de justice commutative. On pensa cependant qu’il était moralement acceptable de neutraliser le monopole par une action de même nature. L’idée ne demeura pas dans le domaine étroit de la théologie mais elle fut reprise par les juristes. Ainsi, le marché, lieu de règles et de justice etforumoù les biens recevaient un prix, commença à être aussi conçu comme un espace où il était possible de se défendre de ceux qui en manipulaient le fonctionnement, en employant les mêmes armes criminelles.
L’insoutenable ambiguïté du don
Authors: Guery Alain
Published: April 2019

Dans son livrePour une histoire naturelle du don, François Athané remet en cause les discours sur le rôle social fondamental que la pensée anthropologique, sociologique et philosophique a attribué au don. À partir de la notion de transfert d’un bien ou d’un service, composante élémentaire aussi bien du don que de l’échange, il procède à la déconstruction de certains de ces discours, à commencer par le premier d’entre eux: l’Essai sur le donde Marcel Mauss (1923). Cette méthode, en ne permettant pas d’envisager en bloc la triade « don – réception – contre-don », ne fait plus cas d’une obligation de rendre que M. Mauss avait mise en valeur, privant le don de sa raison constitutive d’un lien social. Ce terrain argumentaire ainsi dégagé permet à F. Athané de proposer une nouvelle interprétation de la place qu’occupe malgré tout le don dans nos schémas mentaux et nos comportements sociaux. Elle renvoie à la nature universalisant le don comme manifestation de l’altruisme parental. Mais, si un pont est ainsi jeté entre nature et culture – le don serait la forme culturelle de cet altruisme parental naturel –, il n’est pas fait appel aux travaux de la sociobiologie, autrefois critiquée par les auteurs aux analyses ici récusées. Ce nouveau renvoi à la nature où la société et ses règles trouveraient leurs sources devrait susciter de nouveaux débats.
Détours et contours de la rente
Authors: Descimon Robert
Published: April 2019

André Masson propose de remplacer le « théorème » de l’altruisme générationnel de Gary Becker par une explication structurale qui est inspirée du célèbreEssai sur le donde Marcel Mauss (1923), celle des réciprocités indirectes entre trois générations. Il construit ainsi une critique feutrée desa priorimoraux qui sous-tendent souvent les analyses des économistes libéraux (tels « l’effet de démonstration », ledisenfranchisementou la théorie de l’homo reciprocans). A. Masson, assumant les ambitions de la science économique, conserve cependant une conception plus concurrentielle que coopérative des sciences sociales et développe une analyse convaincante des fondements économiques et sociaux des transferts entre générations de nos jours. L’argument développé dans cette note critique propose à la fois une lecture historique de l’idéologie de l’équité intergénérationnelle, qui n’est pensable que dans le passage des Trente Glorieuses aux Trente Piteuses, et une lecture structurale qui argue que, pour les possédants de l’Ancien Régime européen, la réussite des transferts entre générations répondait aux mêmes exigences formelles qu’au XXIe siècle.
Navigating by the North Star: The Role of the ‘Ideal’ in John Stuart Mill's View of ‘Utopian’ Schemes and the Possibilities of Social Transformation
Authors: McCabe Helen
Published: April 2019

The role of the ‘ideal’ in political philosophy is currently much discussed. These debates cast useful light on Mill's self-designation as ‘under the general designation of Socialist’. Considering Mill's assessment of potential property-relations on the grounds of their desirability, feasibility and ‘accessibility’ (disambiguated as ‘immediate-availability’, ‘eventual-availability’ and ‘conceivable-availability’) shows us not only how desirable and feasible he thought ‘utopian’ socialist schemes were, but which options we should implement. This, coupled with Mill's belief that a socialist ideal should guide social reforms (as the North Star guides mariners), reveals much more clearly the extent of his socialist commitments (even if he thought political economists would be concerned with forms of individual property for some time to come). Moreover, this framework for assessments of ‘ideal’ institutions makes a useful contribution to an ongoing contemporary debate.
Consequentialism and Respect: Two Strategies for Justifying Act Utilitarianism
Authors: Eggleston Ben
Published: April 2019

Most arguments in support of act utilitarianism are elaborations of one of two basic strategies. One is the consequentialist strategy. This strategy relies on the consequentialist premise that an act is right if and only if it produces the best possible consequences and the welfarist premise that the value of a state of affairs is entirely determined by its overall amount of well-being. The other strategy is based on the idea of treating individuals respectfully and resolving conflicts among individuals in whatever way best conforms to that idea. Although both of these strategies can be used to argue for the principle of act utilitarianism, they are significantly different from each other, and these differences cause them to have different strengths and weaknesses. It emerges that which argumentative strategy is chosen by a proponent of act utilitarianism has a large impact on which virtues her view has and which objections it is vulnerable to.
Collective Obligations and the Institutional Critique of Effective Altruism: A Reply to Alexander Dietz
Authors: Berkey Brian
Published: April 2019

In a recent article in this journal, Alexander Dietz argues that what I have called the ‘institutional critique of effective altruism’ is best understood as grounded in the claim that ‘EA relies on an overly individualistic approach to ethics, neglecting the importance of our collective obligations’. In this reply, I argue that Dietz's view does not represent a plausible interpretation of the institutional critiques offered by others, primarily because, unlike Dietz, they appear to believe that their critiques provide reasons to reject the EA view about the content of our individual obligations. I also argue that EA's identity as a social movement provides grounds for denying Dietz's claim that it is objectionably incomplete.
ASSESSMENT OF THE MATERNAL VENOUS CIRCULATION: WHY IS IT RELEVANT?
Authors: TOMSIN KATHLEEN , GYSELAERS WILFRIED
Published: April 2019

The venous system is considered the main capacitor of the human body. Approximately 70% of the total blood volume resides in the venous bed, half of which circulates as venous return whereas the other half functions as reserve volume in the splanchnic veins. These veins are richly innervated and highly compliant, and communicate with the systemic circulation via capillaries (entrance) and portal vein and liver (exit). This constitution allows the venous compartment to balance circulating and stored blood volumes, and thus control cardiac output. Clinical conditions with reduced cardiac output are often associated with hampered venous return, resulting in visceral oedema, ascites or organ dysfunction. Organ dysfunction or failure may also result from (sub)obstructed venous outflow, as is illustrated in renal vein thrombosis or in the Nutcracker syndrome. Recently, the application of Doppler ultrasonography in the study of the maternal venous system illustrated that preeclampsia is another cardiovascular disorder with dysfunctional venous haemodynamics. In this opinion paper, we summarise results from Doppler studies of the maternal venous compartment, illustrating that performing venous haemodynamics function tests is to become a fundamental part of an integrated cardiovascular assessment of women with hypertension in pregnancy, facilitating an individualised diagnostic and therapeutic approach for every woman at risk for gestational hypertensive disease.
Five Laws of Politics: A Follow-Up
Authors: Cuzán Alfred G.
Published: April 2019

In this follow-up to “Five Laws of Politics,” I show that the original estimates of electoral outcomes describing the five “laws” hold up with twice the number of elections and three times as many countries as in the original article. The analysis yields long-run equilibrium values for several electoral parameters that set limits to incumbent support in a democracy. The evidence lends additional support to the notion that elections in democracies appear as if governed by “laws of politics.”
E. F. SCHUMACHER AND THE MAKING OF “BUDDHIST ECONOMICS,” 1950 – 1973
Authors: Leonard Robert
Published: April 2019

Until around 1950, the German émigré Ernst Friedrich Schumacher (1911–1977) was a relatively conventional economist, believing in progress based on economic growth and developments in science and technology. Then, as he turned forty, he went through a period of prolonged self-examination and spiritual quest, which, amongst other things, led him to become critical of Western modernity. Developing a great interest in Buddhist spirituality and culture, in 1955 he travelled to Burma, where he spent three months as a United Nations consultant. His encounter there with the encroachment of Western development upon a traditional society proved pivotal for him, confirming his skepticism about modernity and stimulating him to write a renegade essay, “Economics in a Buddhist Country.” This experience in Burma shaped his work thereafter, as contributor to debates on development both East and West, as promoter of intermediate technology, and as author of the prophetic, popular book of 1973 Small Is Beautiful: A Study of Economics as if People Mattered.
Emotional distress, brain functioning, and biobehavioral processes in cancer patients: a neuroimaging review and future directions
Authors: Reis Joaquim C. , Antoni Michael H. , Travado Luzia
Published: April 2019

Despite emerging evidence that distress and adversity can contribute to negative health outcomes in cancer, little is known about the brain networks, regions, or circuits that can contribute to individual differences in affect/distress states and health outcomes in treated cancer patients. To understand the state-of-the-science in this regard, we reviewed neuroimaging studies with cancer patients that examined the associations between negative affect (distress) and changes in the metabolism or structure of brain regions. Cancer patients showed changes in function and/or structure of key brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex, thalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex (mainly subgenual area), hypothalamus, basal ganglia (striatum and caudate), and insula, which are associated with greater anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and distress. These results provide insights for understanding the effects of these psychological and emotional factors on peripheral stress-related biobehavioral pathways known to contribute to cancer progression and long-term health outcomes. This line of work provides leads for understanding the brain-mediated mechanisms that may explain the health effects of psychosocial interventions in cancer patients and survivors. A multilevel and integrated model for distress management intervention effects on psychological adaptation, biobehavioral processes, cancer pathogenesis, and clinical outcomes is proposed for future research.
Stochastic Modeling of Multidimensional Particle Properties Using Parametric Copulas
Authors: Furat Orkun , Leißner Thomas , Bachmann Kai , Gutzmer Jens , Peuker Urs , Schmidt Volker
Published: April 2019

In this paper, prediction models are proposed which allow the mineralogical characterization of particle systems observed by X-ray micro tomography (XMT). The models are calibrated using 2D image data obtained by a combination of scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy in a planar cross-section of the XMT data. To reliably distinguish between different minerals the models are based on multidimensional distributions of certain particle characteristics describing, for example, their size, shape, and texture. These multidimensional distributions are modeled using parametric Archimedean copulas which are able to describe the correlation structure of complex multidimensional distributions with only a few parameters. Furthermore, dimension reduction of the multidimensional vectors of particle characteristics is utilized to make non-parametric approaches such as the computation of distributions via kernel density estimation viable. With the help of such distributions the proposed prediction models are able to distinguish between different types of particles among the entire XMT image.
Analysing the astrobiological aspects through the comparison of pyroxenes detected in meteorites and Martian environments
Authors: Nascimento-Dias Bruno Leonardo do , Andrade Maria Beatriz Barbosa de , da Costa Ludwig Zélia Maria
Published: April 2019

Although pyroxenes are found abundantly in igneous rocks, this mineral group stands out for being one of the ferromagnesian mineral groups that constitute rocks of several different compositions. Hence, the purpose of this work is to demonstrate how these minerals may be relevant to Astrobiology. Essentially, through geochemical analyses of pyroxenes detected in Martian meteorites, it may be possible to find evidence of the existence of water in hydrothermal flows located in deep regions below the Martian surface. To this extent, it is also very important to highlight the whole collection of observational data from Mars, in which it is possible to notice that pyroxenes are found in a wide variety of geological environments. Therefore, based on Martian surface observations, meteorite analysis and experimental data, it is conceivable that, given the appropriate conditions, pyroxenes might be related to the formation and release of water molecules in the Martian environment.
Noncoding Variations in the Gene Encoding Ceramide Synthase 6 are Associated with Type 2 Diabetes in a Large Indigenous Australian Pedigree
Authors: Good David A. , Duffy David L. , Good Manuela , Xia Guo Cheng , Busfield Frances , Shaw Anthony , Shaw Joanne T. E.
Published: April 2019

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic disease that disproportionately affects Indigenous Australians. We have previously reported the localization of a novel T2D locus by linkage analysis to chromosome 2q24 in a large admixed Indigenous Australian pedigree (Busfield et al. (2002).American Journal of Human Genetics, 70, 349–357). Here we describe fine mapping of this region in this pedigree, with the identification of SNPs showing strong association with T2D: rs3845724 (diabetesp= 7 × 10−4), rs4668106 (diabetesp= 9 × 10−4) and rs529002 (plasma glucosep= 3 × 10−4). These associations were successfully replicated in an independent collection of Indigenous Australian T2D cases and controls. These SNPs all lie within the gene encoding ceramide synthase 6 (CERS6) and thus may regulate ceramide synthesis.