bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A globally calibrated scheme for generating daily meteorology from monthly statistics: Global-WGEN (GWGEN) v1.0
Authors: Sommer Philipp S. , Kaplan Jed O.
Published: October 2017

Abstract. While a wide range of Earth system processes occur at daily and even subdaily timescales, many global vegetation and other terrestrial dynamics models historically used monthly meteorological forcing both to reduce computational demand and because global datasets were lacking. Recently, dynamic land surface modeling has moved towards resolving daily and subdaily processes, and global datasets containing daily and subdaily meteorology have become available. These meteorological datasets, however, cover only the instrumental era of the last approximately 120 years at best, are subject to considerable uncertainty, and represent extremely large data files with associated computational costs of data input/output and file transfer. For periods before the recent past or in the future, global meteorological forcing can be provided by climate model output, but the quality of these data at high temporal resolution is low, particularly for daily precipitation frequency and amount. Here, we present GWGEN, a globally applicable statistical weather generator for the temporal downscaling of monthly climatology to daily meteorology. Our weather generator is parameterized using a global meteorological database and simulates daily values of five common variables: minimum and maximum temperature, precipitation, cloud cover, and wind speed. GWGEN is lightweight, modular, and requires a minimal set of monthly mean variables as input. The weather generator may be used in a range of applications, for example, in global vegetation, crop, soil erosion, or hydrological models. While GWGEN does not currently perform spatially autocorrelated multi-point downscaling of daily weather, this additional functionality could be implemented in future versions.
Development and calibration of a global hydrological model for integrated assessment modeling
Authors: Zhu Tingju , Döll Petra , Müller Schmied Hannes , Ringler Claudia , Rosegrant Mark W.
Published: October 2017

Abstract. This paper describes the IMPACT Global Hydrological Model (IGHM), a component of the International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT) integrated modeling system. IMPACT has been developed in the early 1990s to identify and analyze long-term challenges and opportunities for food, agriculture, and natural resources at global and regional scales and builds on a series of previous food demand and supply projections models developed at the International Food Policy Research Institute since the early 1980s. The IGHM has been developed to assess water availability and variability as drivers of water use and irrigated crop production in IMPACT. It adopts a saturation runoff generation scheme and uses a linear groundwater reservoir to simulate base flow in 0.5º latitude by 0.5º longitude grid cells over the global land surface excluding Antarctica. The IGHM has four cell-specific calibration parameters, which are determined through maximizing the Kling–Gupta efficiency (KGE) with a genetic algorithm at the grid cell level, using gridded natural runoff series generated by the WaterGAP Global Hydrological Model (WGHM). During the calibration and validation periods, globally, the majority of grid cells attain KGE values greater than 0.50. As a meta-model of the more computationally expensive WGHM, IGHM transfers the climate-hydrology dynamics provided by WGHM into the integrated IMPACT model at a lower computational cost and enables coupling hydrology and other related processes considered in IMPACT which are important for analyzing long-term water and food security under a range of environmental and socioeconomic changes.
REGIONAL GEOLOGICAL MAPPING IN THE GRAHAM LAND OF ANTARCTIC PENINSULA USING LANDSAT-8 REMOTE SENSING DATA
Authors: Pour A. B. , Hashim M. , Park Y.
Published: October 2017

Abstract. Geological investigations in Antarctica confront many difficulties due to its remoteness and extreme environmental conditions. In this study, the applications of Landsat-8 data were investigated to extract geological information for lithological and alteration mineral mapping in poorly exposed lithologies in inaccessible domains such in Antarctica. The north-eastern Graham Land, Antarctic Peninsula (AP) was selected in this study to conduct a satellite-based remote sensing mapping technique. Continuum Removal (CR) spectral mapping tool and Independent Components Analysis (ICA) were applied to Landsat-8 spectral bands to map poorly exposed lithologies at regional scale. Pixels composed of distinctive absorption features of alteration mineral assemblages associated with poorly exposed lithological units were detected by applying CR mapping tool to VNIR and SWIR bands of Landsat-8.Pixels related to Si-O bond emission minima features were identified using CR mapping tool to TIR bands in poorly mapped andunmapped zones in north-eastern Graham Land at regional scale. Anomaly pixels in the ICA image maps related to spectral featuresof Al-O-H, Fe, Mg-O-H and CO3 groups and well-constrained lithological attributions from felsic to mafic rocks were detectedusing VNIR, SWIR and TIR datasets of Landsat-8. The approach used in this study performed very well for lithological andalteration mineral mapping with little available geological data or without prior information of the study region.
The dynamics of İzmir Bay under the effects of wind and thermohaline forces
Authors: Sayın Erdem , Eronat Canan
Published: October 2017

Abstract. The dominant circulation pattern of the İzmir Bay by the Aegean Sea coast of Turkey is studied under the influence of wind and thermohaline forces. İzmir Bay is discussed by subdividing the Bay into outer, middle and inner areas. Wind is the most important driven-force in İzmir coastal area. There are also thermohaline forces due to the existence of water types of different physical properties in the Bay. Instead of the two-layered current system prevailing during summer, a horizontally shared current system exists in winter. The free surface version of the Princeton model (Killworth's 3D general circulation model) is applied with the input data obtained through the measurements made by the research vessel K. Piri Reis. As a result of model experiments the basin-wide circulation in İzmir Bay is cyclonic. Although the stratification in the bay changes the behaviour of the circulation, the recirculation pattern does not change seasonally, but changes under the influence of wind forcing. Wind-driven circulation causes cyclonic or anti-cyclonic movements in the middle bay where the distinguished İzmir Bay Water (IBW) forms. Cyclonic movement takes place under the influence of southerly and westerly winds. On the other hand, northerly and easterly winds cause an anti-cyclonic movement in the Middle Bay. Outer and Inner Bay have also certain wind driven recirculation patterns.
La cultura como instrumento de bienestar e inclusión social: evaluación del impacto del programa Centro de Cultura Contemporánea de Barcelona – Alzheimer
Authors: Simó Salvador , Garrido Jessica , Pérez Tere , Geli Marina , Bugatell Anna
Published: October 2017

Este artículo presenta la investigación desarrollada en el Centro de Cultura Contemporánea de Barcelona (CCCB) para conocer el impacto de su programa de Alzheimer. Se describe la metodología mixta de la investigación desarrollada, si bien se ha privilegiado la dimensión cualitativa desde un paradigma hermenéutico. A nivel cuantitativo se ha utilizado la escala Non Pharmacological Therapy. A nivel cualitativo se han desarrollado grupos focales, un cuestionario y diarios de campo basados en la observación participativa durante las visitas. En la investigación han participado las personas con Alzheimer, sus acompañantes y familiares así como las educadoras del CCCB. La investigación muestra que el programa ha tenido un impacto positivo en el bienestar cognitivo y emocional de los participantes, así como en la dimensión de participación social. Destacan dimensiones como la evocación de recuerdos, el disfrute de la novedad, o la participación que rompe con una situación de aislamiento y exclusión. Se verifica un impacto igualmente positivo del programa en los cuidadores, familiares, educadores y en la propia institución, en el marco de un movimiento de las instituciones de cultura y los museos hacia la inclusión. La cultura es un poderoso instrumento para el bienestar y la participación social de las personas con Alzheimer.
Proyectar espacios para habitantes con alzhéimer, una visión desde la arquitectura
Authors: Quesada-García Santiago , Valero-Flores Pablo
Published: October 2017

Cuando el alzhéimer entra en un hogar, una serie de cambios se desencadenan en la vida diaria de sus moradores. Su forma de habitar cambia inevitablemente. Ante algunos comportamientos de usuarios con problemas de memoria, cabe preguntarse si están condicionados por su estado o por su entorno; si es esto último, ¿cómo proyectar para la ausencia de memoria? La forma de abordar este problema desde la arquitectura requiere una nueva perspectiva. Supone ver a la persona no como un enfermo con un conjunto de síntomas sino como un habitante que vive en un entorno físico que puede ser proyectado o modificado para adecuarlo a sus peculiares y cambiantes características. El propósito del artículo es exponer cómo la arquitectura, como arte y como técnica, aborda este problema, aportando una metodología de investigación que busca conocer cuáles son las necesidades concretas que afectan a estos habitantes en su experiencia diaria del espacio doméstico, analizando seguridad, accesibilidad y la personalización como estimuladora sensorial y estabilizadora emocional. Aportando un conocimiento que permita desarrollar mecanismos y elementos de composición para proyectar, construir y humanizar un entorno que complemente carencias del enfermo, sea adaptable a la evolución de la dolencia y mejore su calidad de vida.
Las artes visuales en personas con demencia: revisión sistemática
Authors: Badia Marta
Published: October 2017

La demencia es una condición de salud progresiva, que afecta a un número creciente de personas, caracterizada por el deterioro cognitivo y por la presencia de síntomas neuropsiquiátricos que limitan las actividades de la vida diaria y disminuyen la calidad de vida de la persona. Esta revisión sistemática tiene como objetivo analizar las investigaciones relacionadas con el impacto que tienen las intervenciones en artes visuales en la salud y el bienestar de las personas con demencias. Se ha realizado la revisión utilizando las bases de datos Medline, Pscynfo y Cinahl. De 86 publicaciones encontradas, 18 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. En los resultados destaca la relevancia actual de la investigación sobre la intervención en artes visuales en la demencia, pero los estudios incluían muestras pequeñas y mostraban importantes debilidades metodológicas. A pesar de todo, la literatura actual sugiere que con los apoyos adecuados las personas con demencia pueden producir y apreciar el arte visual, y mejorar la percepción de bienestar físico y emocional.
Comparative Performance of Sugarcane Bagasse and Black Polyethylene as Mulch for Squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) Production
Authors: Webber III Charles L. , White Jr Paul M. , Spaunhorst Douglas J. , Petrie Eric C.
Published: October 2017

Louisiana processed 11.7 million mt of sugarcane in 2016, producing 1.47 million mt of raw sugar and an estimated 3.5 million mt of bagasse. Sugarcane bagasse is the fibrous material remaining after removing the sucrose, water, and other impurities (filter mud) from the millable sugarcane. Typically, Louisiana sugarcane mills burn a portion of the bagasse to heat boilers to steam power the mill for grinding and sugar processing. The balance of the bagasse is stored at the sugar mill where it accumulates in immense piles. Research was conducted in 2015 and 2016 to investigate the use of sugarcane bagasse as a natural mulch for vegetable production. The field experiment compared sugarcane bagasse mulch, black plastic mulch, and no mulch (control) for suitable mulching treatments for squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) production. The black plastic mulch produced significantly greater marketable fruits/plant, fruit number, and total yield (kg/ha) across years compared to the sugarcane bagasse mulch. The sugarcane bagasse mulch and the no mulch control were not significantly different for these same parameters. Black plastic also produced heaver fruit (g/fruit) than the sugarcane bagasse mulch and the control in 2015. The black plastic mulch produced greater yields due to the greater cumulative growing degree days (CGDD) received compared to the sugarcane bagasse mulch and no mulch control. The sugarcane bagasse mulch tended to mitigate temperature extremes by serving as a soil insulator. Future research should investigate the potential deleterious impact, if any, of the sugarcane bagasse on soil microbes, C/N ratio, soil pH, and allelopathy, which might adversely influence cucurbit growth.
Sugarcane Field Residue and Bagasse Allelopathic Impact on Vegetable Seed Germination
Authors: Webber III Charles L. , White Jr Paul M. , Landrum Derek S. , Spaunhorst Douglas J. , Wayment Darcey G.
Published: October 2017

The chemical interaction between plants, which is referred to as allelopathy, may result in the inhibition of plant growth and development. The objective of this research was to determine the allelopathic impact of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) var. ‘HoCP 96-540’ field residue and sugarcane bagasse extracts on the germination of three vegetable crops. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), Chinese kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. alboglabra Bailey), and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) seeds were treated with 4 extract concentrations (0, 16.7, 33.3, and 66.7 g/L) from either sugarcane field residue or sugarcane bagasse extracts. Germination of the tomato, Chinese kale, and cucumber seeds decreased as concentration of sugarcane field residue extracts increased. At the highest residue concentration (66.7 g/L), germination decreased by 44%, 82%, and 88% for tomato, Chinese kale, and cucumber, respectively. These results would indicate that sugarcane field residue would not be a suitable natural mulch or soil amendment for local vegetable production, especially where the vegetables were direct-seeded. If evaluated correctly, the sugarcane field residue may be an effective natural mulch for perennial ornamental plants in landscape applications, serving as a physical and chemical barrier to germinating and emerging weed species. Sugarcane bagasse extracts did not inhibit Chinese kale and cucumber germination, and only inhibited tomato germination by 13% at the greatest concentration (66.7 g/L) in 1 experiment. As the first documented bioassay implicating bagasse as allelopathic active, further research should investigate the subject using higher concentrations, and additional sugarcane and tomato varieties. Except for the one instance with tomato germination, it appears that sugarcane bagasse has potential as a natural mulch for vegetable production, although the mulch would only be a physical barrier to weed establishment and not a allelopathic chemical barrier. Future research should determine the allelopathic active compounds in sugarcane field residue and if the concentration of allelopathic chemicals vary by sugarcane variety.
Adequacy of the Electrical Conductivity Test Methodology for Millet Seeds
Authors: Rinaldi Luanna Karoline , Javorski Diandra , Javorski Maicon , Simonetti Ana Paula Mourão , Chiapetti Tatiane Priscila , Rocha Maria Eunice Lima , Abade Mayra Taniely Ribeiro , Hendges Camila , Lubian Cleonice , Barbosa Jaqueline De Araujo , Mascarello Guilherme , Perego Ivonei
Published: October 2017

Companies have sought to improve, more and more, the quality control of the seeds produced, improving tests that evaluate the vigor of the seeds with greater speed and precision. The objective of the present work was to study the effects of imbibition time on the results of the electrical conductivity test to evaluate the vigor of millet seeds and to correlate with the other tests carried out. Six seeds lots of the ADR300 cultivar with different vigor levels were used. Germination, first germination count, accelerated ageing, emergence and emergence speed of seedlings in sand and electrical conductivity with variations in water volume were performed (50 And 75 cm3), during the imbibition time of 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours, at 25 ºC. The time of 2 hours of the seed imbibition in 75 cm3 in water proved to be efficient to evaluate the vigor of millet seeds in all lots tested.
Hirsutella thompsonii and Pochonia chlamydosporia (Syn. Verticillium chlamydosporium) Mycelia Growth and Predation on Panagrellus redivivus
Authors: Lubian Cleonice , Matinha Danielle Dutra , Portz Roberto Luis , Missio Vivian Carré , Rinaldi Luanna Karoline , Chiapetti Tatiane Priscila , Hendges Camila , Rocha Maria Eunice Lima , Ribeiro Abade Mayra Taniely
Published: October 2017

This research aimed to evaluate the nematophagous ability of 4077-Verticillium chlamydosporium var. chlamydosporium and 4466-Hirsutella thompsonii isolates and relate mycelia growth to the influence provoked by movement of nematodes. Each fungus grew in PDA (potato, dextrose, agar) medium end up to pure colonization. Then, ten mycelia plugs of 8 mm diameter were removed from colony borders and transferred to the center of ten Petri plates containing water-agar 2% medium. These plates were previously divided into four quadrants that received a number of 25 individuals of free-living nematodes (Panagrellus redivivus), composing a total of 100 nematodes per plate. Evaluations started after 24 hours of interaction, considering predation percentage and mycelia growth as stimuli of nematodes presence. Results showed growing predation performance to both isolates, being higher for V. chlamydosporium var. chlamydosporium since from first evaluation time, controlling more than 50% of nematode population initially added. Its predation potential was 39.2%, 38.4% and 48.35% higher than H. thompsonii at first, second and third evaluation day, respectively. Generally, nematodes did not stimulate mycelia growth, unless for H. thompsonii at 72 hours of interaction compared to control plates (without nematodes). Stress resulting from isolates transference from PDA to water-agar 2% resulted in sparse mycelia growth and it could have affected the predation performance of H. thompsonii that controlled nematodes in low levels throughout experiment. Independently of predation level, pictures revealed that both isolates has ability to control P. redivivus through hyphae penetration.
Dynamics of Ions in Soils Irrigated with Saline Reject
Authors: Oliveira Andler Milton Paiva de , Rebouças Cezar Augusto Medeiros , Dias Nildo Da Silva , Sousa Júnior Francisco Souto de , Sá Francisco Vanies da Silva , Sousa Neto Osvaldo Nogueira de , Lima Alexandre De Oliveira , Fernandes Cleyton Dos Santos
Published: October 2017

The objective of this work was to evaluate the variation in the electrical conductivity and the mobilization of ions present in reject brine from desalination plant of brackish well water in three types of soil. The mobilization of the contaminant ions in the reject brine was studied in glass percolation columns, which were filled with soil of contrasting textures (eutrophic CAMBISOL, typic dystrophic Red OXISOL, ENTISOL Quartzipsamment). Experiments ware repeated three times each, and the initial and final concentrations of the ion contaminants were analyzed. The pollution potential of this residue was determined by the retardation factor and dispersion-diffusion coefficient of Ca2+ and Mg2+, besides the variation of electrical conductivity along the profile of each soil studied. In the Red Oxisol, Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions move with greater ease resulting in possibility largest of potential of ground water contamination. In Entisol Quartzipsamment presented higher Mg2+ (R) ion advancement speed, that is, higher subsurface contamination power for these ions. The eutrophic Cambisol presented low diffusion-dispersion coefficient in all the evaluated ions and, therefore, lower mobility of the ions in the soil profile, and consequently, a greater possibility of contamination when irrigated with reject brine.
HPPD-Inhibiting Herbicides Alone or in Tank-Mix with Atrazine in Elephant Grass
Authors: Brighenti Alexandre M. , Machado Juarez C. , Ledo Francisco J. S. , Calsavara Leonardo H. F. , Varotto Yago V. Guerra
Published: October 2017

The interference imposed by weeds is one of the most important factors limiting elephant grass forage yield. Two experiments were carried out in 2015/2016 and 2017 to evaluate the selectivity and weed control of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD)-inhibiting herbicides applied alone or in combination with atrazine in elephant grass. The treatments applied in the experiment conducted in Valença, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, were as follows: two rates of mesotrione (0.072 and 0.144 kg ha-1 + 0.5% v/v mineral oil - Assist®), two rates of tembotrione (0.075 and 0.100 kg ha-1 + 0.5% v/v mineral oil - Aureo®), atrazine + mesotrione (1.25 + 0.072 kg ha-1 + 0.5% v/v mineral oil - Assist®), atrazine + tembotrione (1.25 + 0.100 kg ha-1 + 0.5% v/v mineral oil - Aureo®), atrazine + mesotrione (1.25 + 0.072 kg ha-1), atrazine + tembotrione (1.25 + 0.100 kg ha-1) and two checks (weed-free check and weedy check). The same herbicide treatments and a check without application were applied in an experiment conducted in Coronel Pacheco, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Two application rates of mesotrione with the addition of mineral oil or the tank mixture of atrazine plus mesotrione, with or without the addition of mineral oil, did not provide injuries capable to reduce elephant grass forage yield. Tembotrione was phytotoxic to elephant grass when applied with mineral oil. Atrazine plus tembotrione in a tank-mix, with or without mineral oil, were also phytotoxic to elephant grass. All treatments provided satisfactory weed control.
The Revealed Comparative Advantage Index of Brazilian Natural Honey
Authors: Paula Maristela F. de , Angelo Humberto , Almeida Alexandre N. de , Miguel Eder P. , Vasconcelos Pedro G. A. , Schwans Ari , Facini Marcio A. , Ribas Ademir J. F. , Pompermeyer Raquel S.
Published: October 2017

Natural honey is considered a valuable forestry product not only for biodiversity but also to its conservation functions. Besides, it is an important exported commodity. In this study, the performance of Brazilian natural honey exported products were evaluated with specific focus on determination of their competitiveness in the international market. This article aimed to calculate the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index (RCA) of Brazilian natural honey, from 2000 to 2015. The sources consulted are SEBRAE, IBGE, Brazilian Ministry of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade and the United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database (UN COMTRADE). The methodological procedure used was Balassa’s Revealed Comparative Advantage Index in order to estimate the competitiveness measure. The results demonstrated that Brazil was competitive in natural honey exported products during the period from 2002 to 2015. Considering the outcomes, based on the indexes it is possible to affirm that Brazilian natural honey is competitive and the country displays enough positive characteristics and productive capacity to amplify its participation in new international commercial markets.
Uma Análise sobre a Institucionalização da Região Metropolitana de Feira de Santana (BA) / An Analysis on the Institutionalization of the Metropolitan Region of Feira de Santana (BA)
Authors: Lopes Keilla Petronilia Santos
Published: October 2017

Este estudo objetiva pesquisar sobre o processo que instituiu a Região Metropolitana de Feira de Santana (RMFS) sob a ótica da Geografia. Para tanto ocorre o uso de referencial teórico-conceitual e observações. Diante da pesquisa é possível concluir que a decisão da criação da RMFS é muito mais uma questão política do que uma construção social.

 

Palavras-chave: planejamento urbano; regiões metropolitanas; Região Metropolitana de Feira de Santana.

 

Abstract

This study aims to research about the process that instituted the Metropolitan Region of Feira de Santana (RMFS) from the perspective of Geography. For this, the use of theoretical-conceptual reference and observations is made. In view of the research, it is possible to conclude that the decision to create RMFS is much more a political question than a social construction.

 

Keywords: urbanplanning; metropolitan regions; metropolitan Region of Feira de Santana.
Women & Girls on the Autism Spectrum: A Profile
Authors: B. Lawson Wenn
Published: October 2017

Being female and autistic is poorly understood, but is autism really ‘rare’ in females? Historically, autism has been associated with traditionally masculine features and stereotypes of behaviour, with some believing autism only occurred in males [1]. This leads scientific enquiry to the critical question of whether there are more males living with autism or, conversely, do females on the autistic spectrum present differently to males and, therefore, are at risk of remaining undiagnosed?
Les enjeux éthiques des pratiques numériques dans le secteur de la Protection de l’enfance1
Authors: Potin Emilie , Trellu Hélène
Published: October 2017

De manière progressive, le monde social s’est vu doté de nouveaux outils de communication qui se sont largement diffusés et sont devenus des outils communs pour de nombreuses familles. Cet article vise à interroger, dans le cadre spécifique de la protection de l’enfance, le travail des liens familiaux à partir des pratiques numériques au moment du déplacement d’un enfant du domicile familial vers un lieu d’accueil. Il questionne également les enjeux éthiques liés au développement de la correspondance numérique et à la régulation de ces échanges numériques par les professionnels.
Réflexivité, pouvoirs et transformation des pratiques1
Authors: Dierckx Carine
Published: October 2017

Dans le domaine de l’intervention sociale, on assiste aujourd’hui à des appels multiples à la réflexivité des acteurs comme des institutions, dans le cadre de politiques publiques devenues « activantes », et dans le contexte plus global d’une société dite « réflexive ». L’objectif de cet article est de montrer comment l’outillage conceptuel de Foucault permet de problématiser ces divers usages de la réflexivité et leurs relations au pouvoir dans les pratiques, et d’en dégager certains enjeux et potentialités éthiques dans la transformation des pratiques d’intervention sociale.
Small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels induce the firing pause periods during the activation of Drosophila nociceptive neurons
Authors: Onodera Koun , Baba Shumpei , Murakami Akira , Uemura Tadashi , Usui Tadao
Published: October 2017

In Drosophila larvae, Class IV sensory neurons respond to noxious thermal stimuli and provoke heat avoidance behavior. Previously, we showed that the activated neurons displayed characteristic fluctuations of firing rates, which consisted of repetitive high-frequency spike trains and subsequent pause periods, and we proposed that the firing rate fluctuations enhanced the heat avoidance (Terada et al., 2016). Here, we further substantiate this idea by showing that the pause periods and the frequency of fluctuations are regulated by small conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (SK) channels, and the SK knockdown larvae display faster heat avoidance than control larvae. The regulatory mechanism of the fluctuations in the Class IV neurons resembles that in mammalian Purkinje cells, which display complex spikes. Furthermore, our results suggest that such fluctuation coding in Class IV neurons is required to convert noxious thermal inputs into effective stereotyped behavior as well as general rate coding.
Anti-diabetic drug binding site in a mammalian KATP channel revealed by Cryo-EM
Authors: Martin Gregory M , Kandasamy Balamurugan , DiMaio Frank , Yoshioka Craig , Shyng Show-Ling
Published: October 2017

Sulfonylureas are anti-diabetic medications that act by inhibiting pancreatic KATP channels composed of SUR1 and Kir6.2. The mechanism by which these drugs interact with and inhibit the channel has been extensively investigated, yet it remains unclear where the drug binding pocket resides. Here, we present a cryo-EM structure of a hamster SUR1/rat Kir6.2 channel bound to a high-affinity sulfonylurea drug glibenclamide and ATP at 3.63 Å resolution, which reveals unprecedented details of the ATP and glibenclamide binding sites. Importantly, the structure shows for the first time that glibenclamide is lodged in the transmembrane bundle of the SUR1-ABC core connected to the first nucleotide binding domain near the inner leaflet of the lipid bilayer. Mutation of residues predicted to interact with glibenclamide in our model led to reduced sensitivity to glibenclamide. Our structure provides novel mechanistic insights of how sulfonylureas and ATP interact with the KATP channel complex to inhibit channel activity.
Tolerance: the forgotten child of plant resistance
Authors: Peterson Robert K.D. , Varella Andrea C. , Higley Leon G.
Published: October 2017

Plant resistance against insect herbivory has greatly focused on antibiosis, whereby the plant has a deleterious effect on the herbivore, and antixenosis, whereby the plant is able to direct the herbivore away from it. Although these two types of resistance may reduce injury and yield loss, they can produce selection pressures on insect herbivores that lead to pest resistance. Tolerance, on the other hand, is a more sustainable pest management strategy because it involves only a plant response and therefore does not cause evolution of resistance in target pest populations. Despite its attractive attributes, tolerance has been poorly studied and understood. In this critical, interpretive review, we discuss tolerance to insect herbivory and the biological and socioeconomic factors that have limited its use in plant resistance and integrated pest management. First, tolerance is difficult to identify, and the mechanisms conferring it are poorly understood. Second, the genetics of tolerance are mostly unknown. Third, several obstacles hinder the establishment of high-throughput phenotyping methods for large-scale screening of tolerance. Fourth, tolerance has received little attention from entomologists because, for most, their primary interest, research training, and funding opportunities are in mechanisms which affect pest biology, not plant biology. Fifth, the efforts of plant resistance are directed at controlling pest populations rather than managing plant stress. We conclude this paper by discussing future research and development activities.
Microbial community diversity patterns are related to physical and chemical differences among temperate lakes near Beaver Island, MI
Authors: Hengy Miranda H. , Horton Dean J. , Uzarski Donald G. , Learman Deric R.
Published: October 2017

Lakes are dynamic and complex ecosystems that can be influenced by physical, chemical, and biological processes. Additionally, individual lakes are often chemically and physically distinct, even within the same geographic region. Here we show that differences in physicochemical conditions among freshwater lakes located on (and around) the same island, as well as within the water column of each lake, are significantly related to aquatic microbial community diversity. Water samples were collected over time from the surface and bottom-water within four freshwater lakes located around Beaver Island, MI within the Laurentian Great Lakes region. Three of the sampled lakes experienced seasonal lake mixing events, impacting either O2, pH, temperature, or a combination of the three. Microbial community alpha and beta diversity were assessed and individual microbial taxa were identified via high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Results demonstrated that physical and chemical variability (temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH) were significantly related to divergence in the beta diversity of surface and bottom-water microbial communities. Despite its correlation to microbial community structure in unconstrained analyses, constrained analyses demonstrated that dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration was not strongly related to microbial community structure among or within lakes. Additionally, several taxa were correlated (either positively or negatively) to environmental variables, which could be related to aerobic and anaerobic metabolisms. This study highlights the measurable relationships between environmental conditions and microbial communities within freshwater temperate lakes around the same island.
El habla ascendente de Chiloé: primera aproximación
Authors:   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Muñoz-Builes Diana , Ramos Dania ,   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Román Domingo ,   Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Quezada Camilo ,   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Ortiz-Lira Héctor ,   Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación (Chile), Ruiz Magaly ,   Universidad de la Frontera (Chile), Atria José Joaquín ,   University College London (Reino Unido)
Published: October 2017

Se presentan los resultados iniciales del análisis del fenómeno del habla ascendente registrada en Chiloé. Se trata de enunciados declarativos finales en foco amplio que manifiestan un aumento en la frecuencia fundamental, a pesar de que en la mayoría de las variedades reportadas del español se producen con un descenso paulatino del tono. Se analizan los primeros datos acústicos de muestras de conversación y se hacen las observaciones fonológicas correspondientes. Se presenta evidencia acústica del ascenso, una propuesta de etiquetaje fonológico y se plantean interrogantes y posibilidades nuevas de investigación.
Cumplidos y halagos en el español peninsular: ¿cuestión de términos?
Authors:   Universidad Complutense de Madrid (España), Hernández Toribio María Isabel , Deltell Escolar Luis ,   Universidad Complutense de Madrid (España)
Published: October 2017

El aprendizaje de la escritura constituye uno de los referentes de la investigación educativa por la relevancia que presenta en el proceso de alfabetización. En sistemas alfabéticos como el español, en los que la escritura representa la estructura fonológica del habla, el éxito en el aprendizaje de la lengua escrita implica que el niño sea capaz de reconocer los componentes sonoros de su lengua. Este es un requisito necesario, pero no suficiente, ya que además se ha de establecer una adecuada relación entre los fonemas y los grafemas que los representan, puesto que el éxito en el aprendizaje de la escritura implica esta destreza. El propósito de este trabajo fue analizar si con la utilización de programas que integren dinámicas de comunicación dialógica junto con el desarrollo de las habilidades de conciencia fonológica se favorece el aprendizaje de la escritura en las primeras edades. Se empleó un diseño cuasi-experimental de comparación entre grupos con medidas pretest y postest. Participaron 448 alumnos con edades comprendidas entre los 5 y los 6 años. Los resultados ponderan el valor potencial de la instrucción y apoyan el desarrollo de modelos de enseñanza que integren la conciencia fonológica junto con prácticas de comunicación dialógica en la dinámica del aula
Efectos de la comunicación dialógica y la conciencia fonológica en el aprendizaje inicial de la escritura de palabras en español
Authors:   Universidad de Alicante (España), Gutiérrez-Fresneda Raúl
Published: October 2017

El aprendizaje de la escritura constituye uno de los referentes de la investigación educativa por la relevancia que presenta en el proceso de alfabetización. En sistemas alfabéticos como el español, en los que la escritura representa la estructura fonológica del habla, el éxito en el aprendizaje de la lengua escrita implica que el niño sea capaz de reconocer los componentes sonoros de su lengua. Este es un requisito necesario, pero no suficiente, ya que además se ha de establecer una adecuada relación entre los fonemas y los grafemas que los representan, puesto que el éxito en el aprendizaje de la escritura implica esta destreza. El propósito de este trabajo fue analizar si con la utilización de programas que integren dinámicas de comunicación dialógica junto con el desarrollo de las habilidades de conciencia fonológica se favorece el aprendizaje de la escritura en las primeras edades. Se empleó un diseño cuasi-experimental de comparación entre grupos con medidas pretest y postest. Participaron 448 alumnos con edades comprendidas entre los 5 y los 6 años. Los resultados ponderan el valor potencial de la instrucción y apoyan el desarrollo de modelos de enseñanza que integren la conciencia fonológica junto con prácticas de comunicación dialógica en la dinámica del aula.
Los tratados millcayac y allentiac (1607) de Luis de Valdivia. Noticia de un hallazgo bibliográfico
Authors:   Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cancino Cabello Nataly
Published: October 2017

En este trabajo informamos el hallazgo de Doctrina cristiana, catecismo y confesionario en las dos lenguas más generales que corren en la Provincia de Cuyo de Luis de Valdivia. Este volumen, impreso en Lima en 1607, contiene dos tratados: uno millcayac y otro allentiac. Para describir el ejemplar, primero, situamos la obra en la producción de su autor. En segundo lugar, estudiamos la historia huarpe y las lenguas millcayac y allentiac. Posteriormente, describimos la peregrinación de los fragmentos de esta edición que hasta ahora se conocían. Finalmente, a modo de propuestas de investigación, presentamos el volumen en comparación con la obra de Valdivia sobre el mapudungun (1606) y los “complementos pastorales” (1584-1585) del III Concilio Provincial de Lima.
Reconstructing the Evolution of the Submarine Monterey Canyon System From Os, Nd, and Pb Isotopes in Hydrogenetic Fe‐Mn Crusts
Authors: Conrad T. A. , Nielsen S. G. , Peucker‐Ehrenbrink B. , Blusztajn J. , Winslow D. , Hein J. R. , Paytan A.
Published: October 2017

The sources of terrestrial material delivered to the California margin over the past 7 Myr were assessed using 187Os/188Os, Nd, and Pb isotopes in hydrogenetic ferromanganese crusts from three seamounts along the central and southern California margin. From 6.8 to 4.5 (±0.5) Ma, all three isotope systems show more radiogenic values at Davidson Seamount, located near the base of the Monterey Canyon System, than in Fe‐Mn crusts from the more remote Taney and Hoss Seamounts. At the Taney Seamounts, approximately 225 km farther offshore from Davidson Seamount, 187Os/188Os values, but not Pb and Nd isotope ratios, also deviate from the Cenozoic seawater curve toward more radiogenic values from 6.8 to 4.5 (±0.5) Ma. However, none of the isotope systems in Fe‐Mn crusts deviate from seawater at Hoss Seamount located approximately 450 km to the south. The regional gradients in isotope ratios indicate that substantial input of dissolved and particulate terrestrial material into the Monterey Canyon System is responsible for the local deviations in the seawater Nd, Pb, and Os isotope compositions from 6.8 to 4.5 (±0.5) Ma. The isotope ratios recorded in Fe‐Mn crusts are consistent with a southern Sierra Nevada or western Basin and Range provenance of the terrestrial material which was delivered by rivers to the canyon. The exhumation of the modern Monterey Canyon must have begun between 10 and 6.8 ± 0.5 Ma, as indicated by our data, the age of incised strata, and paleo‐location of the Monterey Canyon relative to the paleo‐coastline.
Seismic Observations Indicating That the 2015 Ogasawara (Bonin) Earthquake Ruptured Beneath the 660 km Discontinuity
Authors: Kuge Keiko
Published: October 2017

The termination of deep earthquakes at a depth of ~700 km is a key feature for understanding the physical mechanism of deep earthquakes. The ~680 km deep 30 May 2015, Ogasawara (Bonin) earthquake (Mw 7.9) and its aftershocks were recorded by seismic stations at distances from 7° to 19°. Synthetic seismograms indicate that the P waveforms depend on whether the earthquake is located above or below the 660 km discontinuity. In this study, I show that broadband recordings indicate that the 2015 earthquake may have occurred below the 660 km velocity discontinuity. Recordings of the P wave from the strongest aftershock lack evidence for wave triplication expected when a subhorizontal discontinuity underlies the hypocenter. Theoretical waveforms computed with a 660 km discontinuity above the aftershock and mainshock match the observed waveforms more accurately. These observations may indicate earthquake ruptures due to mantle minerals other than olivine or strong deformation of the 660 km phase transition.
Attribution of Observed Streamflow Changes in Key British Columbia Drainage Basins
Authors: Najafi Mohammad Reza , Zwiers Francis W. , Gillett Nathan P.
Published: October 2017

We study the observed decline in summer streamflow in four key river basins in British Columbia (BC), Canada, using a formal detection and attribution (D&A) analysis procedure. Reconstructed and simulated streamflow is generated using the semidistributed variable infiltration capacity hydrologic model, which is driven by 1/16° gridded observations and downscaled climate model data from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5), respectively. The internal variability of the regional hydrologic components using ~5100 years of streamflow was simulated using CMIP5 preindustrial control runs. Results show that the observed changes in summer streamflow are inconsistent with simulations representing the responses to natural forcing factors alone, while the response to anthropogenic and natural forcing factors combined is detected in these changes. A two‐signal D&A analysis indicates that the effects of anthropogenic (ANT) forcing factors are discernable from natural forcing in BC, albeit with large uncertainties.
Weak Thermocline Mixing in the North Pacific Low‐Latitude Western Boundary Current System
Authors: Liu Zhiyu , Lian Qiang , Zhang Fangtao , Wang Lei , Li Mingming , Bai Xiaolin , Wang Jianing , Wang Fan
Published: October 2017

Despite its potential importance in the global climate system, mixing properties of the North Pacific low‐latitude western boundary current system (LLWBC) remained unsampled until very recently. We report here on the first measurements of turbulence microstructure associated with these currents, made in the western boundary region of the tropical North Pacific east of the Philippines. The results suggest that thermocline mixing in the North Pacific LLWBC is generally weak with the diapycnal diffusivity κρ∼O(10−6) m2 s−1. This is consistent with predictions from internal wave‐wave interaction theory that mixing due to internal wave breaking is significantly reduced at low latitudes. Enhanced mixing is found to be associated with a permanent cyclonic eddy, the Mindanao Eddy, but mainly at its south and north flanks. There, κρ is elevated by an order of magnitude due to eddy‐induced geostrophic shear. Mixing in the eddy core is at the background level with no indication of enhancement.
Joint Modulation of Intraseasonal Rainfall in Tropical Australia by the Madden‐Julian Oscillation and El Niño‐Southern Oscillation
Authors: Ghelani Roohi P. S. , Oliver Eric C. J. , Holbrook Neil J. , Wheeler Matthew C. , Klotzbach Philip J.
Published: October 2017

Rainfall in tropical Australia is a critical resource for the agricultural sector. However, its high variability implores improvements in our understanding of its variability. Australian tropical rainfall is influenced by both the Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) on intraseasonal time scales and El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on interannual time scales. This study examines the joint relationship between the MJO, ENSO, and tropical Australian rainfall variability. We analyze daily precipitation data from stations across tropical Australia during the wet season (November to April). The wet season rainfall response to the MJO is found to be greater during El Niño than La Niña. We demonstrate that this relationship is not due to the statistical relationship between the MJO and ENSO indices but instead due to differences in how the MJO modulates the large‐scale circulation during El Niño versus during La Niña.
Tropical Forcing of the Summer East Atlantic Pattern
Authors: Wulff C. Ole , Greatbatch Richard J. , Domeisen Daniela I. V. , Gollan Gereon , Hansen Felicitas
Published: October 2017

The Summer East Atlantic (SEA) mode is the second dominant mode of summer low‐frequency variability in the Euro‐Atlantic region. Using reanalysis data, we show that SEA‐related circulation anomalies significantly influence temperatures and precipitation over Europe. We present evidence that part of the interannual SEA variability is forced by diabatic heating anomalies of opposing signs in the tropical Pacific and Caribbean that induce an extratropical Rossby wave train. This precipitation dipole is related to SST anomalies characteristic of the developing El Niño–Southern Oscillation phases. Seasonal hindcast experiments forced with observed sea surface temperatures (SSTs) exhibit skill at capturing the interannual SEA variability corroborating the proposed mechanism and highlighting the possibility for improved prediction of boreal summer variability. Our results indicate that tropical forcing of the SEA likely played a role in the dynamics of the 2015 European heat wave.
Examining Coherency Scales, Substructure, and Propagation of Whistler Mode Chorus Elements With Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS)
Authors: Turner D. L. , Lee J. H. , Claudepierre S. G. , Fennell J. F. , Blake J. B. , Jaynes A. N. , Leonard T. , Wilder F. D. , Ergun R. E. , Baker D. N. , Cohen I. J. , Mauk B. H. , Strangeway R. J. , Hartley D. P. , Kletzing C. A. , Breuillard H. , Le Contel O. , Khotyaintsev Yu. V. , Torbert R. B. , Allen R. C. , Burch J. L. , Santolik O.
Published: October 2017

Whistler mode chorus waves are a naturally occurring electromagnetic emission observed in Earth's magnetosphere. Here, for the first time, data from NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission were used to analyze chorus waves in detail, including the calculation of chorus wave normal vectors, k. A case study was examined from a period of substorm activity around the time of a conjunction between the MMS constellation and NASA's Van Allen Probes mission on 07 April 2016. Chorus wave activity was simultaneously observed by all six spacecraft over a broad range of L shells (5.5 < L < 8.5), magnetic local time (06:00 < MLT < 09:00), and magnetic latitude (−32° < MLAT < −15°), implying a large chorus active region. Eight chorus elements and their substructure were analyzed in detail with MMS. These chorus elements were all lower band and rising tone emissions, right‐handed and nearly circularly polarized, and propagating away from the magnetic equator when they were observed at MMS (MLAT~−31°). Most of the elements had “hook”‐like signatures on their wave power spectra, characterized by enhanced wave power at flat or falling frequency following the peak, and all the elements exhibited complex and well‐organized substructure observed consistently at all four MMS spacecraft at separations up to 70 km (60 km perpendicular and 38 km parallel to the background magnetic field). The waveforms in field‐aligned coordinates also demonstrated that these waves were all phase coherent, allowing for the direct calculation of k. Error estimates on calculated k revealed that the plane wave approximation was valid for six of the eight elements and most of the subelements. The wave normal vectors were within 20–30° from the direction antiparallel to the background field for all elements and changed from subelement to subelement through at least two of the eight elements. The azimuthal angle of k in the perpendicular plane was oriented earthward and was oblique to that of the Poynting vector, which has implications for the validity of cold plasma theory.