bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria in Chinese patients with Budd‐Chiari syndrome or portal vein thrombosis
Authors: Qi Xingshun , He Chuangye , Han Guohong , Yin Zhanxin , Wu Feifei , Zhang Qing , Niu Jing , Wu Kaichun , Fan Daiming
Published: September 2012

Background and Aim

Routine screening for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) in patients with Budd‐Chiari syndrome (BCS) or portal vein thrombosis (PVT) has been recommended in Western countries. However, little is known about whether the routine screening test should be necessary in Chinese patients with BCS or PVT. We conducted a prospective observational study to examine the prevalence of PNH in these patients.

Methods

Patients with primary BCS or non‐malignant PVT who were consecutively admitted to our department or regularly followed up between September 2009 and December 2011 were eligible for the study and detected the expression of CD55 and CD59 on erythrocytes and granulocytes. The CD55 or CD59 deficiency was considered as the proportion of erythrocytes or granulocytes with normal expression of CD55 or CD59 was less than 90%. PNH was diagnosed by both CD55 and CD59 deficient clone at flow cytometry of peripheral blood cells.

Results

CD55 and/or CD59 deficiencies were found in 1.6% (2/127) of patients with primary BCS, 1.0% (1/100) of non‐malignant and non‐cirrhotic patients with PVT, and 4.7% (4/85) of cirrhotic patients with PVT. Only one patient had both CD55 and CD59 deficiencies on granulocytes. But he had been diagnosed with PNH before BCS.

Conclusions

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria was very rare in Chinese patients with BCS or PVT, suggesting that routine screening for PNH should not be indiscriminately performed in such patients.
Trainee impact on advanced diagnostic bronchoscopy: An analysis of 607 consecutive procedures in an interventional pulmonary practice
Authors: STATHER DAVID RYAN , MACEACHERN PAUL , CHEE ALEX , DUMOULIN ELAINE , TREMBLAY ALAIN
Published: September 2012

Background and objective:  Complications during advanced diagnostic bronchoscopy are rare and include: pneumothorax, bleeding, mediastinitis and lymphadenitis. Increased complications have been demonstrated in patients undergoing routine bronchoscopy procedures performed by trainees. This study aimed to determine the impact of trainees during advanced diagnostic bronchoscopy on procedure time, sedation use and complications.

Methods:  A retrospective review of a quality improvement database including consecutive pulmonary procedures performed by an interventional pulmonologist (D.R.S.) at the University of Calgary, from 1 July 2007 to 1 April 2011.

Results:  Six hundred seven (55.2%) of the 1100 procedures involved an advanced diagnostic procedure defined as: endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS‐TBNA), electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy (ENB) and/or peripheral EBUS. A trainee participated in 512 (84.3%) procedures. A complication occurred in 25 patients (4.1%), with a trend towards increased complication rates in the trainee group (4.7% vs 1.1%, difference 3.6%, P = 0.076). Significant differences were seen when a trainee participated versus when no trainee participated for procedure length (58.32 min vs 37.69 min, difference 20.63 min (95% confidence interval: 19.07–22.19), P = 0.001) and for the dose of propofol (178.3 mg vs 137.1 mg, difference 41.2 mg (95% confidence interval: 19.81–63.38), P = 0.002).

Conclusions:  In an academic interventional pulmonology practice utilizing the apprenticeship model, trainee participation in advanced diagnostic bronchoscopy increased procedure time, increased the amount of sedation used and resulted in a trend to increased complications. Attempts to modify trainee procedural training to reduce the burden of procedural learning for patients are warranted.
Obesity and addiction: neurobiological overlaps
Authors: Volkow N. D. , Wang G.‐J. , Tomasi D. , Baler R. D.
Published: September 2012

Drug addiction and obesity appear to share several properties. Both can be defined as disorders in which the saliency of a specific type of reward (food or drug) becomes exaggerated relative to, and at the expense of others rewards. Both drugs and food have powerful reinforcing effects, which are in part mediated by abrupt dopamine increases in the brain reward centres. The abrupt dopamine increases, in vulnerable individuals, can override the brain's homeostatic control mechanisms. These parallels have generated interest in understanding the shared vulnerabilities between addiction and obesity. Predictably, they also engendered a heated debate. Specifically, brain imaging studies are beginning to uncover common features between these two conditions and delineate some of the overlapping brain circuits whose dysfunctions may underlie the observed deficits. The combined results suggest that both obese and drug‐addicted individuals suffer from impairments in dopaminergic pathways that regulate neuronal systems associated not only with reward sensitivity and incentive motivation, but also with conditioning, self‐control, stress reactivity and interoceptive awareness. In parallel, studies are also delineating differences between them that centre on the key role that peripheral signals involved with homeostatic control exert on food intake. Here, we focus on the shared neurobiological substrates of obesity and addiction.
Caregiver Experiences of Discrimination and African American Adolescents’ Psychological Health Over Time
Authors: Ford Kahlil R. , Hurd Noelle M. , Jagers Robert J. , Sellers Robert M.
Published: September 2012

The present study examined the effect of caregivers' experiences of racial discrimination on their adolescent children's psychological functioning among a sample of 264 African American dyads. Potential relations between caregiver discrimination experiences and a number of indicators of adolescents' (aged 12–17) psychological functioning over time were examined. It was found that caregiver discrimination experiences were positively related to adolescents' symptoms of depression and negatively related to their psychological well‐being. Additional analysis revealed interactions between the effects of caregiver discrimination experiences and family income on all 3 outcomes. Greater caregiver discrimination experiences and lower family income were risk factors for the youth in the sample. These findings underscore the deleterious consequence of caregivers' discrimination experiences on African American youth's psychological health.
Structure Preserving Manipulation and Interpolation for Multi‐element 2D Shapes
Authors: Yang Wenwu , Feng Jieqing , Wang Xun
Published: October 2012

This paper presents a method that generates natural and intuitive deformations via direct manipulation and smooth interpolation for multi‐element 2D shapes. Observing that the structural relationships between different parts of a multi‐element 2D shape are important for capturing its feature semantics, we introduce a simple structure called a feature frame to represent such relationships. A constrained optimization is solved for shape manipulation to find optimal deformed shapes under user‐specified handle constraints. Based on the feature frame, local feature preservation and structural relationship maintenance are directly encoded into the objective function. Beyond deforming a given multi‐element 2D shape into a new one at each key frame, our method can automatically generate a sequence of natural intermediate deformations by interpolating the shapes between the key frames. The method is computationally efficient, allowing real‐time manipulation and interpolation, as well as generating natural and visually plausible results.
Accurate Translucent Material Rendering under Spherical Gaussian Lights
Authors: Yan Ling‐Qi , Zhou Yahan , Xu Kun , Wang Rui
Published: October 2012

In this paper we present a new algorithm for accurate rendering of translucent materials under Spherical Gaussian (SG) lights. Our algorithm builds upon the quantized‐diffusion BSSRDF model recently introduced in [dI11]. Our main contribution is an efficient algorithm for computing the integral of the BSSRDF with an SG light. We incorporate both single and multiple scattering components. Our model improves upon previous work by accounting for the incident angle of each individual SG light. This leads to more accurate rendering results, notably elliptical profiles from oblique illumination. In contrast, most existing models only consider the total irradiance received from all lights, hence can only generate circular profiles. Experimental results show that our method is suitable for rendering of translucent materials under finite‐area lights or environment lights that can be approximated by a small number of SGs.
Systematising Policy Learning: From Monolith to Dimensions
Authors: Dunlop Claire A. , Radaelli Claudio M.
Published: September 2012

The field of policy learning is characterised by concept stretching and a lack of systematic findings. To systematise them, we combine the classic Sartorian approach to classification with the more recent insights on explanatory typologies, distinguishing between the genus and the different species within it. By drawing on the technique of explanatory typologies to introduce a basic model of policy learning, we identify four major genera in the literature. We then generate variation within each cell by using rigorous concepts drawn from adult education research. By looking at learning through the lenses of knowledge utilisation, we show that the basic model can be expanded to reveal sixteen different species. These types are all conceptually possible, but are not all empirically established in the literature. Our reconstruction of the field sheds light on mechanisms and relations associated with alternative operationalisations of learning and the role of actors in the process of knowledge construction and utilisation. By providing a comprehensive typology, we mitigate concept-stretching problems and lay the foundations for the systematic comparison across and within cases of policy learning.
Annual Research Review: Resilience – clinical implications
Authors: Rutter Michael
Published: September 2012

Background:  It is a universal finding that there is huge heterogeneity in people’s responses to all kinds of stress and adversity. Resilience is an interactive phenomenon that is inferred from findings indicating that some individuals have a relatively good outcome despite having experienced serious adversities.

Methods:  Resilience can only be inferred if there has been testing of environmental mediation of risks and quantification of the degree of risk. The use of ‘natural experiments’ to test environmental mediation is briefly discussed. The literature is then reviewed on features associated with resilience in terms of (a) those that are neutral or risky in the absence of the risk experience (such as adoption); (b) brief exposure to risks and inoculation effects; (c) mental features (such as planning, self‐regulation or a sense of personal agency); (d) features that foster those mental features; (e) turning point effects; (f) gene‐environment interactions; (g) social relationships and promotive effects; and (h) the biology of resilience.

Results:  Clinical implications are considered with respect to (a) conceptual implications; (b) prevention; and (c) treatment.

Conclusion:  Resilience findings do not translate into a clear programme of prevention and treatment, but they do provide numerous leads that focus on the dynamic view of what may be involved in overcoming seriously adverse experiences.
Common genetic and nonshared environmental factors contribute to the association between socioemotional dispositions and the externalizing factor in children
Authors: Taylor Jeanette , Allan Nicholas , Mikolajewski Amy J. , Hart Sara A.
Published: September 2012

Background:  Childhood behavioral disorders including conduct disorder (CD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often co‐occur. Prior twin research shows that common sets of genetic and environmental factors are associated with these various disorders and they form a latent factor called Externalizing. The developmental propensity model posits that CD develops in part from socioemotional dispositions of Prosociality, Negative Emotionality, and Daring; and recent research has supported the expected genetic and environmental associations between these dispositions and CD. This study examined the developmental propensity model in relation to the broader Externalizing factor that represents the covariance among behavior disorders in children.

Methods:  Parents of 686 six‐ to twelve‐year‐old twin pairs rated them on symptoms of CD, ADHD, and ODD using the disruptive behavior disorder scale and on Prosociality, Negative Emotionality, and Daring using the Child and Adolescent Dispositions Scale. A latent factor multivariate Cholesky model was used with each disposition latent factor comprised of respective questionnaire items and the Externalizing factor comprised of symptom dimensions of CD, ADHD inattention, ADHD hyperactivity/impulsivity, and ODD.

Results:  Results supported the hypothesis that the socioemotional dispositions and the Externalizing factor have genetic factors in common, but there was not a single genetic factor associated with all of the constructs. As expected, nonshared environment factors were shared by the dispositions and Externalizing factor but, again, no single nonshared environmental factor was common to all constructs. A shared environmental factor was associated with both Negative Emotionality and Externalizing.

Conclusions:  The developmental propensity model was supported and appears to extend to the broader externalizing spectrum of childhood disorders. Socioemotional dispositions of prosociality, negative emotionality, and (to a lesser extent) daring may contribute to the covariation among behavioral disorders and perhaps to their comorbid expression through common sets of primarily genetic but also environmental factors.
Skin‐to‐skin care for dying preterm newborns and their parents – a phenomenological study from the perspective of NICU nurses
Authors: Kymre Ingjerd G. , Bondas Terese
Published: September 2012

Background

Consequences of separation between preterm newborns and their parents have been discussed in many aspects, thus skin‐to‐skin care (SSC) has become common practice in Scandinavian Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICUs) since the 1980s. The International workshop on Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC), 2009, recommends implementation of continuous KMC as the gold standard pervading all medical and nursing care, based on empirical studies and clinical guidelines and they suggest that KMC may be used during terminal care in agreement with parents. Parents have a strong desire to be near their child and give support and emotional comfort when the condition of the child requires it, and it has been suggested that medical staff expect parents to be with the neonates, and therefore, encourages them to hold the neonate while it is dying. The practice of SSC at the end of life has been under‐researched, however.

Aim

The aim of this study, which is part of a larger study on neonatal nursing care, was to describe the phenomenon of how nurses enact SSC for dying preterm newborns and their parents.

Design

A phenomenological reflective life world design.

Setting and participants

A purposive sample of 18 nurses from three Scandinavian NICUs.

Findings

The essential meaning of the phenomenon was expressed as strong belief in the urgency of SSC in providing mutual proximity and comfort for dying preterm newborns and their parents. The nurses act upon this belief and upon an engagement in securing the best possible present and future experiences of being close, in which the SSC is understood as a necessary premise in achieving the intended optimal conditions. The findings are elaborated in relation to previous caring and nursing research and phenomenology.

Conclusions

Skin‐to‐skin care for dying preterm newborns and their parents is the preferred caring practice among Scandinavian NICU nurses who consider it of major importance to facilitate proximity and comfort through SSC when the newborn is still alive. The authors suggest this practical knowledge from NICU nurses perspective to be acknowledged in discussions concerning end‐of‐life care for preterm newborns and their parents and we recommend more formal establishment of this practice. Further research is needed on parents' experiences of skin‐to skin caring in this vulnerable end of life situation of ‘being with’ their dying newborn.
Plant‐available soil phosphorus. Part II: the response of arable crops to Olsen P on a sandy clay loam and a silty clay loam
Authors: Johnston A. E. , Poulton P. R. , White R. P.
Published: September 2012

The increasing cost of fertilizer has prompted farmers to ask whether soils could be maintained at lower levels of plant‐available phosphorus (Olsen P) than currently recommended, without limiting yield. To help answer this question, critical levels of Olsen P have been determined for spring barley, winter wheat, potatoes and sugar beet grown on a sandy clay loam and a poorly structured heavy textured silty clay loam. On each soil, there were plots with a range of well‐established levels of Olsen P and, in one experiment, two levels of soil organic matter (SOM). For each crop and each year, the response curve relating yield to Olsen P was fitted statistically to determine the asymptotic yield and the Olsen P associated with 98% of that yield, that is, the critical Olsen P. Maximum yield of all four crops varied greatly from year to year, in part due to applied nitrogen (N) where it was tested, and in part to seasonal variation in weather, mainly rainfall. The wide range in critical Olsen P, from 8 to 36 mg/kg, between years was most probably as a result of differences in soil conditions that affected root growth and thus acquisition of available soil phosphorus (P). Generally, a larger asymptotic yield was not necessarily associated with a larger critical Olsen P. Spring barley and winter wheat given little N required more Olsen P, 20–34 mg/kg, to achieve the asymptotic yield, compared to 10–17 mg/kg where ample N was given; presumably, more roots were needed to search the soil for the smaller amounts of available N and root growth is affected by the amount of plant‐available soil P. In a field experiment on one soil type, soil with little SOM required 2–3.5 times more Olsen P to produce the same yield as that on soil with more organic matter. Soil organic matter most probably improved soil structure and hence the ability of roots to grow and search for nutrients in field conditions because when these soils were cropped with ryegrass in controlled conditions in the glasshouse, the yields of grass were independent of SOM and there was the same critical Olsen P for both soils. Overall, the data confirm that, for these soil types, the current recommendations for Olsen P for arable crops in England, Wales and Northern Ireland are appropriate.
Multidimensional Poverty and Material Deprivation with Discrete Data
Authors: Bossert Walter , Chakravarty Satya R. , D'Ambrosio Conchita
Published: September 2012

We propose a characterization of a popular index of multidimensional poverty which, as a special case, generates a measure of material deprivation. This index is the weighted sum of the functioning failures. The important feature of the variables that may be relevant for poverty assessments is that they are discrete in nature. Thus, poverty measures based on continuous variables are not suitable in this setting and the assumption of a discrete domain is mandatory. We apply the measure to European Union member states where the concept of material deprivation was initiated and illustrate how its recommendations differ from those obtained from poverty measures based exclusively on income considerations.
Compulsory voting and the dynamics of partisan identification
Authors: Singh Shane , Thornton Judd
Published: September 2012

Compulsory rules are known to have far‐reaching effects beyond boosting electoral participation rates. This article examines the relationship between compulsory voting and partisan attachments. A theory of attachment formation and strength is engaged that argues that compulsory voting boosts the likelihood that one will identify with a party and, in turn, the strength of party attachments among identifiers. The statistical model accounts for both the hierarchical structure of the data (individuals in elections) and the dual nature of the dependent variable (individuals report a strength of attachment only for the party with which they identify). Using data from the Comparative Study of Electoral Systems, it is demonstrated that compulsory voting does indeed increase both the incidence and the strength of partisanship.
Clarity of responsibility: How government cohesion conditions performance voting
Authors: Hobolt Sara , Tilley James , Banducci Susan
Published: September 2012

Recent literature has shown that the long established link between economic performance and electoral outcomes is conditioned by a country's institutions and government, what is often termed ‘clarity of responsibility’. In this article two distinct dimensions of the clarity of the political context are identified: institutional and government clarity. The first captures the formal dispersion of government power, both horizontally and vertically. The second captures the cohesion of the incumbent government. Analysing survey data from 27 European countries, it is shown that voters' ability to hold governments to account, for both the economy and management of public services, is primarily influenced by the extent to which there is an identifiable and cohesive incumbent, whereas formal institutional rules have no direct impact on performance voting.
LateHolocene environmental change in southwestGreenland – fossil insect assemblages fromTasiusaq
Authors: Panagiotakopulu Eva , Buckland Paul Christopher
Published: September 2012

Palaeoecological research based on insect remains from the vicinity of aNorse farm atTasiusaq in southwestGreenland provides information on the area surrounding the farm and new information on extirpations attributed to human impact. Anthropochorous species (spread by people) from the farm faunas are lacking in the assemblages, and the natural faunas provide evidence of moderate exploitation of the landscape as a result of activities related to livestock. The gaps in the stratigraphic sequence of the site are interpreted to be the result of peat‐cutting for structural turfs or fuel, and the implications of this activity are discussed. Insect assemblages fromTasiusaq, and studies fromNorse sites inGreenland, do not provide clear evidence for any distinct climatic event during the medieval period. In contrast to what happened on other islands of theNorthAtlantic, insects introduced toGreenland by theNorse did not find suitable natural habitats and did not survive after the demise of the farms. However, the landscape did not return entirely to its pre‐Landnám biota after the human colonizers disappeared from it. Our findings provide new evidence for the consequences of theNorse and their agricultural practices on theGreenlandic environment and additional information on the fate of insect introductions in the area during the lateHolocene.
Effects of Spatially Extensive Control of Invasive Rats on Abundance of Native Invertebrates in Mainland New Zealand Forests
Authors: RUSCOE WENDY A. , SWEETAPPLE PETER J. , PERRY MIKE , DUNCAN RICHARD P.
Published: September 2012

Predation on native fauna by non‐native invasive mammals is widely documented, but effects of predation at the population level are rarely measured. Eradication of invasive mammals from islands has led to recovery of native biota, but the benefits of controlling invasive mammal populations in settings where eradication is not feasible are less understood. We used various combinations of aerially delivered toxic bait and control measures on the ground to reduce abundances of invasive rats (Rattus rattus) to low levels over large areas on mainland New Zealand and then monitored the abundance of invertebrates on replicated treatment sites to compare with abundances on similar nontreatment sites. We also assessed rat diet by examining stomach contents. Abundance of the rats’ most‐consumed invertebrate prey item, the large‐bodied Auckland tree weta (Hemideina thoracica), increased 3‐fold on treatment sites where we maintained rats at <4/ha for approximately 3 years, compared with the nontreatment sites. Auckland tree weta also increased in abundance on sites where rats were controlled with a single aerial‐poisoning operation, but rat abundance subsequently increased on these sites and tree weta abundance then declined. Nevertheless, our data suggest that biennial reduction of rat abundances may be sufficient to allow increases in tree weta populations. Other invertebrates that were consumed less often (cave weta [Rhaphidophoridae], spiders [Araneae], and cockroaches [Blattodea]) showed no systematic changes in abundance following rat control. Our results suggest that the significant threat to recruitment and individual survival that predation by rats poses for tree weta can be mitigated by wide‐scale aerial pest control.

Efectos del Control Extensivo Espacial de Ratas Invasoras sobre la Abundancia de Invertebrados Nativos en Bosques de Nueva Zelanda
Disseminated Fusariosis in a Pediatric Population
Authors: Morel Lucero N. , Cid Paola M. , De Celada Ricardo M. A. , Rodríguez Marta F. , Merino María J. B. , Arias África G. , Laguna Raúl De L.
Published: September 2012

Abstract:  Members of the genus Fusarium are ubiquitous filamentous fungi that can cause disease in immunocompromised patients. We present a case in which the resistance to conventional antifungal therapies led to a fatal outcome.
Idiopathic Facial Aseptic Granuloma in a Child: A Possible Expression of Childhood Rosacea
Authors: Baroni Adone , Russo Teresa , Faccenda Franco , Piccolo Vincenzo
Published: September 2012

Abstract:  Idiopathic facial aseptic granuloma is a chronic, benign, and painless facial nodule occurring exclusively in childhood. Its pathogenesis is unclear, although some interesting hypotheses have been advanced. On the basis of the relationship existing between this disease and recurrent chalazions and conjunctivitis, we hypothesize that it could be considered to be a possible marker of childhood rosacea.
Science, Uncertainty, and Values in Ecological Restoration: A Case Study in Structured Decision‐Making and Adaptive Management
Authors: Failing Lee , Gregory Robin , Higgins Paul
Published: September 2012

This article demonstrates a structured and collaborative approach to decision‐making in the context of adaptive management experiments, using a case study involving the restoration of a hydrological regime in a regulated river in western Canada. It provides a framework based on principles of decision analysis for structuring difficult multi‐attribute decisions and building the trust and technical capacity needed to implement them. Participants included ecologists and fisheries biologists, government regulators, electric utility employees, and representatives of aboriginal communities. The case study demonstrates a values‐based approach to implementing adaptive management that addresses some of the long‐standing difficulties associated with integrating adaptive management into restoration decisions. It highlights practical methods for incorporating participants' values concerned with learning, cultural quality, and stewardship as part of developing a decision‐making and monitoring framework for restoration initiatives. It also provides an example of how to implement principles of meaningful consultation in a restoration context, with emphasis on ensuring that all voices and concerns are heard and meaningfully incorporated. Participants have adopted the framework as a model to guide future collaborative decision‐making processes involving Aboriginal communities, regulatory agencies, and other parties.
Ensuring the Quality of Occupational Safety Risk Assessment
Authors: Pinto Abel , Ribeiro Rita A. , Nunes Isabel L.
Published: September 2012

In work environments, the main aim of occupational safety risk assessment (OSRA) is to improve the safety level of an installation or site by either preventing accidents and injuries or minimizing their consequences. To this end, it is of paramount importance to identify all sources of hazards and assess their potential to cause problems in the respective context. If the OSRA process is inadequate and/or not applied effectively, it results in an ineffective safety prevention program and inefficient use of resources. An appropriate OSRA is an essential component of the occupational safety risk management process in industries. In this article, we performed a survey to elicit the relative importance for identified OSRA tasks to enable an in‐depth evaluation of the quality of risk assessments related to occupational safety aspects on industrial sites. The survey involved defining a questionnaire with the most important elements (tasks) for OSRA quality assessment, which was then presented to safety experts in the mining, electrical power production, transportation, and petrochemical industries. With this work, we expect to contribute to the main question of OSRA in industries: “What constitutes a good occupational safety risk assessment?” The results obtained from the questionnaire showed that experts agree with the proposed OSRA process decomposition in steps and tasks (taxonomy) and also with the importance of assigning weights to obtain knowledge about OSRA task relevance. The knowledge gained will enable us, in the near future, to build a framework to evaluate OSRA quality for industrial sites.
The Unchanging American Capacity in Languages Other Than English: Speaking and Learning Languages Other Than English, 2000–2008
Authors: RIVERS WILLIAM P. , ROBINSON JOHN P.
Published: October 2012

We present results of 2006 and 2008 replications of the 2000 General Social Survey (GSS), which included nine questions on languages other than English (LOEs) spoken (Robinson, Rivers, & Brecht, 2006). In 2000, 26% claimed they could speak another language, with 10% saying they could speak it “very well.” In 2000, foreign language speakers were younger, graduate educated, and of “other” races, living in large cities. Spanish (51%), French (15%), and German (9%) were the most common LOEs spoken. More strikingly, we saw no change in the 10% of school learners of LOEs who claimed to speak the language “very well.” We examine the stubborn stability of these results in light of the investments made in LOE programs for national security purposes, and contrast these investments with countervailing pressures on the educational system that limit LOE programs. We note that the arguments for expanding LOE programs, such as language and national security, or the concept of a “world‐class” well‐rounded education, have at best an attenuated impact on U.S. capacity in LOEs. Potential directions for mobilizing the diverse stakeholders in LOEs are presented.
A Conceptual Approach to the Instruction of Phrasal Verbs
Authors: WHITE BENJAMIN J.
Published: October 2012

Phrasal verbs present numerous challenges to second language learners of English, who often view verb + particle combinations as random (Side, 1990). This article proposes a pedagogical approach that focuses on particles as a means of spotlighting systematicity within this traditionally problematic area of English vocabulary. Informed by cognitive linguistics and sociocultural theory, the approach encourages students to tap their own creativity in order to conceptually motivate (Kövecses & Szabó, 1996) student‐collected examples of phrasal verbs. The article (a) presents the theoretical rationale for the approach, (b) reports an experiment in which the approach was implemented in two sections of an English as a Second Language course at the university level, and (c) discusses results of the experiment as well as potential pedagogical adaptations.
Sources of Heterogeneity in Family Firms: An Introduction
Authors: Chua Jess H. , Chrisman James J. , Steier Lloyd P. , Rau Sabine B.
Published: September 2012

Family business researchers have devoted substantial attention to comparing family firms with nonfamily firms. Many of these comparisons rely on dichotomous variables, which implicitly treat family firms as homogeneous entities. However, recent studies have started to use moderators and mediators as well as continuous measures of family involvement in recognition of the heterogeneity of family firms. The articles and commentaries in this special issue contribute to a better understanding of that heterogeneity by examining how vision and goals, as well as the discretion engendered by family control, influence the innovation, internationalization, succession, professionalization, and proactive stakeholder engagement of family enterprises.
The Transaction Cost Economics Theory of the Family Firm: Family–Based Human Asset Specificity and the Bifurcation Bias
Authors: Verbeke Alain , Kano Liena
Published: September 2012

We develop a transaction cost economics theory of the family firm, building upon the concepts of family–based asset specificity, bounded rationality, and bounded reliability. We argue that the prosperity and survival of family firms depend on the absence of a dysfunctional bifurcation bias. The bifurcation bias is an expression of bounded reliability, reflected in the de facto asymmetric treatment of family vs. nonfamily assets (especially human assets). We propose that absence of bifurcation bias is critical to fostering reliability in family business functioning. Our study ends the unproductive divide between the agency and stewardship perspectives of the family firm, which offer conflicting accounts of this firm type's functioning. We show that the predictions of the agency and stewardship perspectives can be usefully reconciled when focusing on how family firms address the bifurcation bias or fail to do so.
Vision and Exchange in Intra–Family Succession: Effects on Procedural Justice Climate among Nonfamily Managers
Authors: Barnett Tim , Long Rebecca G. , Marler Laura E.
Published: September 2012

We develop and extend fledgling literature on procedural justice climate and succession processes in family firms by focusing on the impact of family vision and exchange systems on procedural justice climate among nonfamily managers. Drawing upon social exchange theory, we argue that family involvement accompanied by a weak family vision will be associated with restricted exchanges in dominant coalitions, which will have a negative impact on procedural justice climate among nonfamily managers. Conversely, we suggest that family involvement with a strong family vision will be accompanied by generalized exchange, which should positively impact the procedural justice climate among nonfamily managers. We expect that the extent to which nonfamily managers work to support or hinder intra–family succession will be influenced by their collective perception of a positive or negative procedural justice climate.
Article Commentary: Family Involvement and Procedural Justice Climate among Nonfamily Managers: The Effects of Affect, Social Identities, Trust, and Risk of Non–Reciprocity
Authors: De Massis Alfredo
Published: September 2012

This commentary elaborates on the paper by Barnett, Long, and Marler wherein they conceptualize the relationships between family involvement, family vision, exchange systems, and procedural justice climate among nonfamily managers. My elaboration places their conceptual model within the wider context of the affect theory of social exchange and offers two directions for extension based on social identity theory and a longitudinal perspective.
New Venture and Family Business Teams: Understanding Team Formation, Composition, Behaviors, and Performance
Authors: Schjoedt Leon , Monsen Erik , Pearson Allison , Barnett Tim , Chrisman James J.
Published: September 2012

New ventures are frequently started by entrepreneurial teams rather than lone entrepreneurs. Often, team members have family ties. Yet, there has been relatively little research on new venture and family business teams. The papers in this special issue address this gap by studying team formation and composition, faultlines among team members, generational involvement in teams, the influence of shared organizational experience and functional homogeneity, and the likelihood of couples, biologically related, and unrelated teams achieving first sales. Combined, they suggest that relationships are more important than skill diversity in determining the effectiveness of both family business and new venture teams.
New Venture Teams and the Quality of Business Opportunities Identified: Faultlines between Subgroups of Founders and Investors
Authors: Lim JoAnne Yong–Kwan , Busenitz Lowell W. , Chidambaram Laku
Published: September 2012

New venture teams (NVT) often comprise idea–conceiving founders and equity–based investors. These subgroups represent a faultline whose magnitude influences the quality of business opportunities. We propose that the faultline strength formed between founders and investors is influenced by structural factors (ownership equity, membership change, preexisting tie strength) and cognitive factor (mental models of the venture). Finally, we address how the faultline strength impacts interaction processes (relationship conflict, task conflict, knowledge exchange) and their subsequent impact on the quality of entrepreneurial opportunities. Our theoretical model provides insight into how informational resources inherent in new venture teams can be more effectively leveraged.
Longitudinal Deformation of Contemporary Coronary Stents: An Integrated Analysis of Clinical Experience and Observations from the Bench
Authors: ABDEL‐WAHAB MOHAMED , SULIMOV DMITRIY S. , KASSNER GUIDO , GEIST VOLKER , TOELG RALPH , RICHARDT GERT
Published: September 2012

Objective:
 To report clinical experience with longitudinal stent deformation (LSD) and observations from the bench.

Background:
 LSD was recently reported with thin‐strut coronary stents. Whether it is related to a particular stent or constitutes a class‐effect remains debatable.

Methods:
 After 2 cases of LSD were reported, information was sent to operators to warn of this event and identify possible cases. All cases were reviewed to ensure LSD had occurred. Simultaneously, bench testing was conducted to identify the susceptibility of stents to longitudinal compression and whether LSD detection is influenced by fluoroscopic stent visibility.

Results:
 Between July 2010 and November 2011, 2,705 coronary interventions were performed with 4,588 stents (Promus Element = 41.6%, Xience Prime = 24.4%). Six patients with LSD were identified, all with Promus Element (0.31%). Wire bias was a predisposing factor in 4 cases. All patients were treated with postdilatation and/or additional stenting. No adverse events occurred (mean 5.8 months). In bench testing, LSD occured in all examined stents, but at different levels of applied force (weight). Most shortening at 50 g was observed with Promus Element (38.9%), as was the best visibility of LSD on x‐ray images. With postdilatation all stents showed some re‐elongation.

Conclusion:
 In our practice LSD was a rare observation only seen with the Promus Element stent. When subjected to longitudinal compression in a bench test all contemporary stents can be compressed. Compression of Promus Element occurs at a lower force, but it is the only stent where deformations are detected with x ray. Postdilatation can partially improve LSD. (J Interven Cardiol 2012;25:576–585)
On Testing an Unspecified Function Through a Linear Mixed Effects Model with Multiple Variance Components
Authors: Wang Yuanjia , Chen Huaihou
Published: September 2012

SummaryWe examine a generalizedF‐test of a nonparametric function through penalized splines and a linear mixed effects model representation. With a mixed effects model representation of penalized splines, we imbed the test of an unspecified function into a test of some fixed effects and a variance component in a linear mixed effects model with nuisance variance components under the null. The procedure can be used to test a nonparametric function or varying‐coefficient with clustered data, compare two spline functions, test the significance of an unspecified function in an additive model with multiple components, and test a row or a column effect in a two‐way analysis of variance model. Through a spectral decomposition of the residual sum of squares, we provide a fast algorithm for computing the null distribution of the test, which significantly improves the computational efficiency over bootstrap. The spectral representation reveals a connection between the likelihood ratio test (LRT) in a multiple variance components model and a single component model. We examine our methods through simulations, where we show that the power of the generalizedF‐test may be higher than the LRT, depending on the hypothesis of interest and the true model under the alternative. We apply these methods to compute the genome‐wide critical value andp‐value of a genetic association test in a genome‐wide association study (GWAS), where the usual bootstrap is computationally intensive (up to108simulations) and asymptotic approximation may be unreliable and conservative.
Long‐term effects of daily hemodialysis on vascular access outcomes: A prospective controlled study
Authors: Achinger Steven G. , Ikizler T. Alp , Bian Aihua , Shintani Ayumi , Ayus Juan Carlos
Published: September 2012

Daily hemodialysis has been associated with surrogate markers of improved survival among hemodialysis patients. A potential disadvantage of daily hemodialysis is that frequent vascular access cannulations may affect long‐term vascular access patency. The study design was a 4‐year, nonrandomized, contemporary control, prospective study of 77 subjects in either 3‐h daily hemodialysis (six 3‐h dialysis treatments weekly; n = 26) or conventional dialysis (three 4‐h dialysis treatments weekly; n = 51). Outcomes of interest were vascular access procedures (fistulagram, thrombectomy and access revision). Total access procedures (fistulagram, thrombectomy and access revision) were 543.2 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 432.9, 673.0) per 1000 person‐years in the conventional dialysis group vs. 400.8 (95% CI: 270.2, 572.4) per 1000 person‐years in the daily hemodialysis dialysis group (incidence rate ratio = 0.74 with 95% CI: from 0.40 to 1.36, P = 0.33), after adjusting for age, gender, diabetes status, serum phosphorus, hemoglobin level and erythropoietin dose, there was no significant differences in incidence rate of total access procedures (P‐value > 0.05). There was no difference in time to first access revision between the daily dialysis and the conventional dialysis groups after adjustment for covariates (hazard ratio = 0.99 95% CI: 0.42, 2.36, P = 0.96). Daily hemodialysis is not associated with increased vascular access complications, or increased vascular access failure rates.
ACNP intensivist: A new ICU care delivery model and its supporting educational programs
Authors: Squiers Joshua , King Joan , Wagner Chad , Ashby Nathan , Parmley C. Lee
Published: September 2012

The purposes of this article are to describe a physician (MD)/acute care nurse practitioner (ACNP) intensivist model for delivery of critical care services in a tertiary academic medical center and to describe an innovative nurse practitioner educational program developed to support the model. In an effort to address the current shortage of intensivists, Vanderbilt Medical Center has developed and refined a multidisciplinary intensivist MD/ACNP teams to provide expanded critical care services. The ACNPs, in collaboration with intensivist MDs, function as intensivist teams and are responsible for developing and executing the daily medical plan, bedside procedures, and emergency response. These teams provide 24‐h a day coverage of tertiary level ICUs, and provide several unique benefits over traditional resident ICU staffing models. As the concept of the MD/ACNP intensivist team has developed, Vanderbilt University School of Nursing ACNP Program has expanded its curriculum to provide graduates with the knowledge, skills, and experiences to safely manage unstable critically ill patients. Multidisciplinary critical care teams of MD intensivists who work in collaboration with ACNP intensivists address the current shortfall of intensivists and represent a cost‐effective means for expanding ICU coverage and increasing ICU bed availability while maintaining Leap Frog ICU staffing compliance.
The genetics of sex chromosomes: evolution and implications for hybrid incompatibility
Authors: Johnson Norman A. , Lachance Joseph
Published: September 2012

Heteromorphic sex chromosomes, where one sex has two different types of sex chromosomes, face very different evolutionary consequences than do autosomes. Two important features of sex chromosomes arise from being present in only one copy in one of the sexes: dosage compensation and the meiotic silencing of sex chromosomes. Other differences arise because sex chromosomes spend unequal amounts of time in each sex. Thus, the impact of evolutionary processes (mutation, selection, genetic drift, and meiotic drive) differs substantially between each sex chromosome, and between the sex chromosomes and the autosomes. Sex chromosomes also play a disproportionate role in Haldane's rule and other important patterns related to hybrid incompatibility, and thus speciation. We review the consequences of sex chromosomes on hybrid incompatibility. A theme running through this review is that epigenetic processes, notably those related to chromatin, may be more important to the evolution of sex chromosomes and the evolution of hybrid incompatibility than previously recognized.
Transformative Mediation at the United States Postal Service
Authors: Bingham Lisa Blomgren
Published: October 2012

This article reviews the results of a 12‐year longitudinal research program on transformative mediation of employment discrimination complaints at the United States Postal Service. The research employed mixed methods, including quantitative and qualitative survey methods, interviews, and archival data. This article focuses on how that research examined facilitative and transformative mediation styles. The research illustrates that organizational context can shape the effects of a mediator's style. It also indicates that the transformative style – by emphasizing the goals of disputant empowerment as well as recognition and by preventing mediator evaluation – may heighten disputants’ perceptions of interpersonal justice (i.e. between the disputants) and reduce the perceptions of structural bias.