bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Status of pediatric anesthesiology fellowship research education in the United States: a survey of fellowship program directors
Authors: Benzon Hubert A. , De Oliveira Gildasio S. , Hardy Courtney A. , Suresh Santhanam
Published: December 2013

Background

Currently, very little information is known regarding the research education of pediatric anesthesia fellows.

Objective

The main objective of the current investigation was to evaluate the status of research training in pediatric anesthesia fellowship programs in the United States.

Methods

Survey responses were solicited from forty‐six pediatric anesthesia fellowship directors. Questions evaluated department demographic information, the extent of faculty research activity, research resources and research funding in the department, the characteristics of fellow research education and fellow research productivity, departmental support for fellow research, and perceived barriers to fellow research education.

Results

Thirty‐six of forty‐six fellowship directors responded to the survey, for a response rate of 78%. Eight of fourteen (57%) programs with a structured curriculum had more than 20% of graduating fellows publish a peer‐reviewed manuscript compared with only five of twenty‐two (23%) programs, which did not have a structured research curriculum (P = 0.03). While the majority of program directors (thirty of thirty‐six (83%)) did not think that fellows are adequately trained to pursue research activities, only a minority of program directors (7 of 36 (19%)) thought that an extra year of fellowship dedicated to research should become a requirement.

Conclusion

Structured research curriculum is associated with increased research productivity during pediatric anesthesia fellowship. Important barriers to fellows' research education include high clinical demands and lack of research time for faculty. Despite acknowledging the poor research education, a small minority of fellowship directors supports the addition of an extra year exclusively dedicated to research.
Identity Politics and Politicized Identities: Identity Processes and the Dynamics of Protest
Authors: Klandermans P. G.
Published: December 2013

Over the last decades, the concept of identity has become increasingly central in the social psychology of protest. Collective identity, politicized collective identity, dual identity, and multiple identities are concepts that help to understand and describe the social psychological dynamics of protest. In this article, I theorize about identity processes in the context of protest participation: how group identification establishes the link between social identity and collective identity, how multiple identities and dual identities influence protest participation, and how collective identity politicizes and radicalizes. I will illustrate my argument with results from research into collective action participation among farmers in the Netherlands and Spain, Turkish, and Moroccan immigrants in the Netherlands and New York, South African citizens, and participants in street demonstrations conducted by my research group at VU‐University.
Anthropological theologies: Engagements and encounters
Authors: Fountain Philip , Lau Sin Wen
Published: December 2013

In a ground‐breaking article Joel Robbins analysed what he characterises as the ‘awkward’ relationship between anthropology and theology and invited greater anthropological engagement with its disciplinary cousin. This Special Issue responds to this provocation by using Robbins' argument as a bouncing board for wide‐ranging forays into a common set of concerns. In investigating anthropological theologies the collection critically attends to the kinds of engagements and encounters that already take place and also lays out future agendas for further interactions. We call for an anthropology that is open to provisional, dialogic and potentially transformative interactions across diverse theologies and suggest that such a move will help shed light on the possibilities of re‐modelling the practice of anthropology.
Expression of a single‐chain human leukocyte antigen‐DRA/DRB3*01:01 molecule and differential binding of a monoclonal antibody in the presence of specifically bound human platelet antigen‐1a peptide
Authors: Bouwmans Evelien E. , Smethurst Peter A. , Garner Stephen F. , Ouwehand Willem H. , Morley Sarah L.
Published: December 2013

Background

Studies show that 1 in 1200 neonates have a low platelet (PLT) count due to alloimmunization against humanPLTantigen (HPA)‐1a (β3‐L33). This mainly occurs inHPA‐1a–negative mothers who are positive for the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐DRB3*01:01 allele, but only about one‐third of cases will mount an effective alloimmune response. The development of specific treatment modalities requires that the mechanisms driving the maternal alloimmune response against the fetalPLTsbe further explored. An antibody reagent that has a different binding affinity toHLA‐DRA/DRB3*01:01 with and without the β3‐L33 peptide would be a valuable reagent to study peptide presentation on maternal antigen‐presenting cells.

Study Design and Methods

To identify such antibodies,HLA‐DRA/DRB3*01:01 was recombinantly expressed inDrosophila S2 cells. To delineate the epitope of interesting antibodies, seven mutantHLA‐DRA/DRB3*01:01 molecules were generated by site‐directed mutagenesis introducing naturally occurring amino acid changes encoded byDRB3*02 andDRB3*03 alleles.

Results

The murine monoclonal antibody (MoAb)DA2 showed robust binding by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay to recombinantHLA‐DRA/DRB3*01:01, but binding was reduced in the presence of β3‐L33 peptide. The binding affinity ofDA2 to the mutantHLA‐DRA/DRB3*0101 in which serine atPosition 60 of the β1‐chain was replaced by tyrosine was greatly enhanced. Interestingly the binding ofDA2 to the mutant was not reduced by the presence of β3‐L33 peptide.

Conclusion

The results of this study generate a molecular model of the interaction of theHLA‐DRA/DRB3*01:01 molecule withMoAb DA2. This will inform functional studies with the recombinantClassIImolecules.
Complete Genome of Acinetobacter baumannii Podophage Petty
Authors: Mumm Ian P. , Wood Thammajun L. , Chamakura Karthik R. , Kuty Everett Gabriel F.
Published: December 2013

Acinetobacter baumannii
is an emerging pathogen that was isolated from wounded soldiers in military treatment facilities in Iraq but has since become a problem in civilian hospitals. Here, we announce and describe the complete genome of the ϕKMV-like
A. baumannii
podophage Petty.
Complete Genome of Bacillus thuringiensis Myophage BigBertha
Authors: Ting Jose H. , Smyth Trinity B. , Chamakura Karthik R. , Kuty Everett Gabriel F.
Published: December 2013

BigBertha is a myophage of
Bacillus thuringiensis
, a widely used biocontrol agent that is active against many insect pests of plants. Here, we present the complete annotated genome of BigBertha. The genome shares 85.9% sequence identity with
Bacillus cereus
phage B4.
Draft Genome Sequence of Veillonella parvula HSIVP1, Isolated from the Human Small Intestine
Authors: van den Bogert Bartholomeus , Boekhorst Jos , Smid Eddy J. , Zoetendal Erwin G. , Kleerebezem Michiel
Published: December 2013

Veillonella
species are frequently encountered commensals in the human small intestine. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of the first cultured representative from this ecosystem,
Veillonella parvula
strain HSIVP1. The genome is predicted to encode all the necessary enzymes required for the pathway involved in the conversion of lactate to propanoate.
Intrathoracic schwannoma with Horner syndrome
Authors: Torpiano Paul , Borg Elaine , Cassar Paul John , Manche’ Alexander
Published: December 2013

Horner syndrome (HS) results from the interruption of the sympathetic pathway to the eye and face, and describes a collection of signs consisting of ipsilateral miosis, partial ptosis, anhidrosis and apparent enophthalmos. It is a clinical observation, and has a plethora of possible causes, ranging from the benign to the malignant. Involvement of the stellate ganglion on the sympathetic chain by malignant tumours of the lung is a well-recognised cause of HS. On the other hand, HS secondary to the excessive growth of a benign intrathoracic neoplasm is a very rare finding, with only a few cases described in the literature. Our patient was found to have such a diagnosis when he presented to medical attention with a 1-month history of cough that was associated with features of HS that he had ignored for the preceding 9 years.
Clinical use of objective measures of physical activity
Authors: Trost Stewart G , O'Neil Margaret
Published: December 2013

With measurement of physical activity becoming more common in clinical practice, it is imperative that healthcare professionals become more knowledgeable about the different methods available to objectively measure physical activity behaviour. Objective measures do not rely on information provided by the patient, but instead measure and record the biomechanical or physiological consequences of performing physical activity, often in real time. As such, objective measures are not subject to the reporting bias or recall problems associated with self-report methods. The purpose of this article was to provide an overview of the different methods used to objectively measure physical activity in clinical practice. The review was delimited to heart rate monitoring, accelerometers and pedometers since their small size, low participant burden and relatively low cost make these objective measures appropriate for use in clinical practice settings. For each measure, strengths and weakness were discussed; and whenever possible, literature-based examples of implementation were provided.
Multilayer thick-film structures based on spinel ceramics
Authors: Klym Halyna , Hadzaman Ivan , Ingram Adam , Shpotyuk Oleh
Published: December 2013

Temperature-sensitive thick films based on spinel-type semiconducting ceramics of different chemical composition Cu0.1Ni0.1Co1.6Mn1.2O4 (with p+-types of electrical conductivity), Cu0.1Ni0.8Co0.2Mn1.9O4 (with p-types of electrical conductivity), and their multilayers of p+-p and p-p+-p structures were fabricated and studied. These thick-film elements possess good electrophysical characteristics before and after long-term ageing test at 170 °C. It is shown that degradation processes connected with diffusion of metallic Ag into grain boundaries occur in one-layer p- and p+-conductive thick films. The p+-p structures were of high stability, the relative electrical drift being no more than 1%. Positron trapping processes in so-called “free” thick-film structures based on spinel-type Cu0.1Ni0.8Co0.2Mn1.9O4 ceramics are studied. It is shown that two-state positron trapping model is appropriate for an adequate description of changes caused by additional glass phase in these materials. The observed behaviour of defect-related component in the fit of the experimentally measured positron lifetime spectra for thick films in comparison with bulk ceramics testifies in favour of agglomeration of free volume entities during technological process.
ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE, MAGNETIC ORDERING AND PHASE STABILITY OF LiFeX (X = P, As and Sb) UNDER PRESSURE
Authors: MAHESH RAJENDRAN , MURUGAN RAMASWAMY , PALANIVEL BALAN
Published: December 2013

Electronic band structure calculations were performed on the nonmagnetc (NM) and antiferromagnetic (AFM) phases of LiFe X (X = P , As and Sb ) compounds using ab initio method. The crystal structure of these compounds is well tetragonal P4/nmm structure (space group = 129). Self-consistent calculations were performed by planewave pseudo-potential, density functional based method using PWSCF-Quantum Espresso code. To study the electronic structure and magnetic ordering, the total energies of these compounds have been computed as a function of reduced volumes and fitted with Brich Murnaghan equation. The estimated lattice parameters are in good agreement with available experimental data. The calculated Fe magnetic moment for LiFeSb is larger than LiFeAs and LiFeP . The obtained electron–phonon coupling constant (λ) for the NM phase are very weak when compared to that of AFM phase of LiFe X compounds. Present calculations reveal that the electron–phonon coupling constant λ decreases as a function of pressure.
A NOVEL SYNTHESIS ROUTE TO BIO-FUNCTIONALIZED AND MAGNETICALLY ADDRESSABLE FERROGELS
Authors: MUKHERJEE SAMRAT , BASU JAYDIP , DAS DIPANKAR
Published: December 2013

In this paper, ferrogels comprising nanocrystalline Fe 3 O 4 and γ- FeOOH dispersed in polyvinyl alcohol gel matrix were synthesized via a novel route, without using any cross-linking agent. A moderately high-pressure environment instead was used for the synthesis. The ferrogels were found to be stable over a long period of time and were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Mössbauer spectroscopy and DC magnetization studies. TEM studies showed that the particles are mostly spherical with an average size of 10 nm. Mössbauer spectra of the as prepared gels at different temperatures showed the presence of superparamagnetic particles in them. The gels were found to be magnetically ordered at 20 K giving characteristic six-finger Mössbauer patterns. Bulk magnetic properties of the gels were studied by DC magnetization measurements.
The Structure and Dynamics of Molecular Excitons
Authors: Bardeen Christopher J.
Published: December 2013

The photophysical behavior of organic semiconductors is governed by their excitonic states. In this review, I classify the three different exciton types (Frenkel singlet, Frenkel triplet, and charge transfer) typically encountered in organic semiconductors. Experimental challenges that arise in the study of solid-state organic systems are discussed. The steady-state spectroscopy of intermolecular delocalized Frenkel excitons is described, using crystalline tetracene as an example. I consider the problem of a localized exciton diffusing in a disordered matrix in detail, and experimental results on conjugated polymers and model systems suggest that energetic disorder leads to subdiffusive motion. Multiexciton processes such as singlet fission and triplet fusion are described, emphasizing the role of spin state coherence and magnetic fields in studying singlet ↔ triplet pair interconversion. Singlet fission provides an example of how all three types of excitons (triplet, singlet, and charge transfer) may interact to produce useful phenomena for applications such as solar energy conversion.
PEDF expression regulates the proangiogenic and proinflammatory phenotype of the lung endothelium
Authors: Shin Eui Seok , Sorenson Christine M. , Sheibani Nader
Published: December 2013

Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is a multifunctional protein with important roles in regulation of inflammation and angiogenesis. It is produced by various cell types, including endothelial cells (EC). However, the cell autonomous impact of PEDF on EC function needs further investigation. Lung EC prepared from PEDF-deficient (PEDF−/−) mice were more migratory and failed to undergo capillary morphogenesis in Matrigel compared with wild type (PEDF+/+) EC. Although no significant differences were observed in the rates of apoptosis in PEDF−/− EC compared with PEDF+/+ cells under basal or stress conditions, PEDF−/− EC proliferated at a slower rate. PEDF−/− EC also expressed increased levels of proinflammatory markers, including vascular endothelial growth factor, inducible nitric oxide synthase, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, as well as altered cellular junctional organization, and nuclear localization of β-catenin. The PEDF−/− EC were also more adhesive, expressed decreased levels of thrombospondin-2, tenascin-C, and osteopontin, and increased fibronectin. Furthermore, we showed lungs from PEDF−/− mice exhibited increased expression of macrophage marker F4/80, along with increased thickness of the vascular walls, consistent with a proinflammatory phenotype. Together, our data suggest that the PEDF expression makes significant contribution to modulation of the inflammatory and angiogenic phenotype of the lung endothelium.
The Colony-Stimulating Factors and Cancer
Authors: Metcalf Donald
Published: December 2013

The colony-stimulating factors (CSF) are the master regulators of granulocyte and macrophage populations. There are four different aspects of the connection between the CSFs and cancer: (i) the CSFs can accelerate the regeneration of protective white cells damaged by chemotherapy; (ii) the CSFs can mobilize stem cells to the peripheral blood in convenient numbers for transplantation; (iii) the CSFs can enhance anticancer immune responses; and (iv) the CSFs are potentially involved in the genesis of the myeloid leukemias. Cancer Immunol Res; 1(6); 351–6. ©2013 AACR.
Aldosterone Promotes Vascular Remodeling by Direct Effects on Smooth Muscle Cell Mineralocorticoid Receptors
Authors: Pruthi Dafina , McCurley Amy , Aronovitz Mark , Galayda Carol , Karumanchi S. Ananth , Jaffe Iris Z.
Published: December 2013

Objective—

Vascular remodeling occurs after endothelial injury, resulting in smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and vascular fibrosis. We previously demonstrated that the blood pressure–regulating hormone aldosterone enhances vascular remodeling in mice at sites of endothelial injury in a placental growth factor–dependent manner. We now test the hypothesis that SMC mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) directly mediate the remodeling effects of aldosterone and further explore the mechanism.

Approach and Results—

A wire-induced carotid injury model was performed in wild-type mice and mice with inducible SMC-specific deletion of the MR. Aldosterone did not affect re-endothelialization after injury in wild-type mice. Deletion of SMC-MR prevented the 79% increase in SMC proliferation induced by aldosterone after injury in MR-Intact littermates. Moreover, both injury-induced and aldosterone-enhanced vascular fibrosis were attenuated in SMC-specific MR knockout mice. Further exploration of the mechanism revealed that aldosterone-induced vascular remodeling is prevented by in vivo blockade of the placental growth factor–specific receptor, type 1 vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR1), the receptor for placental growth factor. Immunohistochemistry of carotid vessels shows that the induction of VEGFR1 expression in SMC after vascular injury is attenuated by 72% in SMC-specific MR knockout mice. Moreover, aldosterone induction of vascular placental growth factor mRNA expression and protein release are also prevented in vessels lacking SMC-MR.

Conclusions—

These studies reveal that SMC-MR is necessary for aldosterone-induced vascular remodeling independent of renal effects on blood pressure. SMC-MR contributes to induction of SMC VEGFR1 in the area of vascular injury and to aldosterone-enhanced vascular placental growth factor expression and hence the detrimental effects of aldosterone are prevented by VEGFR1 blockade. This study supports exploring MR antagonists and VEGFR1 blockade to prevent pathological vascular remodeling induced by aldosterone.
Unacylated Ghrelin Promotes Skeletal Muscle Regeneration Following Hindlimb Ischemia via SOD‐2–Mediated miR‐221/222 Expression
Authors: Togliatto Gabriele , Trombetta Antonella , Dentelli Patrizia , Cotogni Paolo , Rosso Arturo , Tschöp Matthias H. , Granata Riccarda , Ghigo Ezio , Brizzi Maria F.
Published: December 2013

Background

Surgical treatment of peripheral artery disease, even if successful, does not prevent reoccurrence. Under these conditions, increased oxidative stress is a crucial determinant of tissue damage. Given its reported antioxidant effects, we investigated the potential of unacylated‐ghrelin (Un
AG
) to reduce ischemia‐induced tissue damage in a mouse model of
peripheral artery disease
.

Methods and Results

We show that Un
AG
but not acylated ghrelin (
AG
) induces skeletal muscle regeneration in response to ischemia via canonical p38/mitogen‐actived protein kinase signaling Un
AG
protected against reactive oxygen species–induced cell injuries by inducing the expression of superoxide dismutase‐2 (
SOD
‐2) in satellite cells. This led to a reduced number of infiltrating
CD
68
+
cells and was followed by induction of the myogenic process and a reduction in functional impairment. Moreover, we found that miR‐221/222, previously linked to muscle regeneration processes, was up‐regulated and negatively correlated with p57
Kip2
expression in Un
AG
‐treated mice. Un
AG
, unlike
AG
, promoted cell‐cycle entry in satellite cells of mice lacking the genes for ghrelin and its receptor (
GHSR
1a). Un
AG
‐induced p38/mitogen‐actived protein kinase phosphorylation, leading to activation of the myogenic process, was prevented in
SOD
‐2–depleted
SC
s. By si
RNA
technology, we also demonstrated that
SOD
‐2 is the antioxidant enzyme involved in the control of miR‐221/222–driven posttranscriptional p57
Kip2
regulation. Loss‐of‐function experiments targeting miR‐221/222 and local pre–miR‐221/222 injection in vivo confirmed a role for miR‐221/222 in driving skeletal muscle regeneration after ischemia.

Conclusions

These results indicate that Un
AG
‐induced skeletal muscle regeneration after ischemia depends on
SOD
‐2–induced miR‐221/222 expression and highlight its clinical potential for the treatment of reactive oxygen species–mediated skeletal muscle damage.
Foraging behaviour of brown trout in wild populations: can population density cause behaviourally-mediated foraging specializations?
Authors: Sánchez-Hernández Javier , Cobo Fernando
Published: December 2013

Brown trout is considered as a territorial fish, in which negative density effects on growth and survival rates can be mediated through competition mechanisms. Here, in order to examine whether competition mechanisms can affect the foraging behaviour of wildSalmo truttawith respect to active-bottom, benthic-drift or surface-drift foraging, three neighbouring populations under different levels of fish density (high, intermediate and low) were studied. We analysed the foraging behaviour of each population according to niche breadth, prey preferences, the modified Costello graphical method and prey trait analysis. The results revealed a remarkable similarity in the feeding behaviour among these feral fish populations, suggesting a foraging behaviour convergence in response to site-specific prey accessibility. A generalist foraging behaviour was the prevailing feeding strategy, independent of fish density. Hence, this study offered evidence for the occurrence of density-independent individual foraging behaviour when food is abundant and available; however, density-dependent foraging behaviour might occur when resource limitation exists. Studies under natural conditions like the present study are needed to increase ecological realism, and indeed this study opens promising research directions for future feeding studies in territorial fish species.
A Comparative Performance Analysis of TRMM 3B42 (TMPA) Versions 6 and 7 for Hydrological Applications over Andean–Amazon River Basins
Authors: Zulkafli Zed , Buytaert Wouter , Onof Christian , Manz Bastian , Tarnavsky Elena , Lavado Waldo , Guyot Jean-Loup
Published: December 2013

The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission 3B42 precipitation estimates are widely used in tropical regions for hydrometeorological research. Recently, version 7 of the product was released. Major revisions to the algorithm involve the radar reflectivity–rainfall rate relationship, surface clutter detection over high terrain, a new reference database for the passive microwave algorithm, and a higher-quality gauge analysis product for monthly bias correction. To assess the impacts of the improved algorithm, the authors compare the version 7 and the older version 6 products with data from 263 rain gauges in and around the northern Peruvian Andes. The region covers humid tropical rain forest, tropical mountains, and arid-to-humid coastal plains. The authors find that the version 7 product has a significantly lower bias and an improved representation of the rainfall distribution. They further evaluated the performance of the version 6 and 7 products as forcing data for hydrological modeling by comparing the simulated and observed daily streamflow in nine nested Amazon River basins. The authors find that the improvement in the precipitation estimation algorithm translates to an increase in the model Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency and a reduction in the relative bias between the observed and simulated flows by 30%–95%.
Improvement of Medium-Range Forecasts Using the Analog-Dynamical Method
Authors: Yu Haipeng , Huang Jianping , Chou Jifan
Published: December 2013

This study further develops the analog-dynamical method and applies it to medium-range weather forecasts. By regarding the forecast field as a small disturbance superimposed on historical analog fields, historical analog errors can be used to estimate and correct forecast errors. This method is applied to 10-day forecasts from the Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction System (GRAPES). Both the distribution of atmospheric circulation and the pattern of sea surface temperature (SST) are considered in choosing the analog samples from a historical dataset for 2001–10 based on NCEP Final (FNL) data. The results demonstrate that the analog-dynamical method greatly reduces forecast errors and extends the period of validity of the global 500-hPa height field by 0.8 days, which is superior to results obtained using systematic correction. The correction effect at 500 hPa is increasingly significant when the lead time increases. Although the analogs are selected using 500-hPa height fields, the forecast skill at all vertical levels is improved. The average increase of the anomaly correlation coefficient (ACC) is 0.07, and the root-mean-square error (RMSE) is decreased by 10 gpm on average at a lead time of 10 days. The magnitude of errors for most forecast fields, such as height, temperature, and kinetic energy is decreased considerably by inverse correction. The model improvement is primarily a result of improvement for planetary-scale waves, while the correction for synoptic-scale waves does not affect model forecast skill. As this method is easy to operate and transport to other sophisticated models, it could be appropriate for operational use.
Paternalistic leadership and employee voice: Does information sharing matter?
Authors: Chan Simon CH
Published: December 2013

The study examined the impact of paternalistic leadership behaviors, including authoritarian, benevolent and moral leadership, and information sharing on employee voice and whether information sharing moderates the effects. Using a sample of 286 leader–follower dyads collected from a manufacturing firm, the results indicated that authoritarian leadership was negatively, and moral leadership positively, associated with employee voice. Also, the positive relationship between moral leadership and employee voice was stronger when employees received higher levels of information sharing. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Finite element formulation of a refined plate theory for laminated composite plates
Authors: Thai Huu-Tai , Choi Dong-Ho
Published: December 2013

A new four-node quadrilateral plate that accounts for shear deformation effect and all couplings from the material anisotropy is developed for laminated composite plates. Lagrangian linear interpolation functions are used to describe the primary variables corresponding to the in-plane displacements, while Hermitian cubic interpolation functions are considered for the transverse displacement. Since the present element is derived based on a refined plate theory that has strong similarity with the classical plate theory, it is capable of modeling both thin and very thick plates without shear locking. The accuracy of the present formulation is verified by comparing the results obtained with those available in the open literature. Numerical results are presented to investigate the effects of thickness ratio, lamination angle and lay-up on the shear deformation and response of laminates.
Light and perspiration stability of triazinylstilbene fluorescent brighteners on cotton fabrics
Authors: Chen Ruoyang , Qu Jiangang , Yang Dan , He Jinxin
Published: December 2013

Light and perspiration stability of triazinylstilbene fluorescent brighteners (TFBs) for cotton fabrics was investigated and many factors affecting the photo-fading of TFBs viz. substituent groups, artificial perspirations and their components were discussed. The experimental results indicated that the TFB with morpholine groups appeared to be the most sensitive one under simultaneous exposure to light and perspiration, whereas the TFBs containing sulfonic acid and diethanolamine groups exhibited the best stability. Among the three selected standards of artificial perspiration, the alkaline Association for Textile Technical Study standard perspiration retarded the photo-fading of TFBs on cotton fabrics remarkably. Furthermore, the study on the contribution of artificial perspiration components disclosed that the sodium salt played the predominant role in decelerating the photo-reaction of TFBs on cotton fabrics, while the influence of lactic acid was usually depended on two factors: the pH value and its reducibility.
Innovative twisting mechanism based on superconducting technology in a ring-spinning system
Authors: Hossain Mahmud , Abdkader Anwar , Cherif Chokri , Sparing Maria , Berger Dietmar , Fuchs Günter , Schultz Ludwig
Published: December 2013

Twist plays an important role to impart tensile strength in yarn during the spinning process. In the most widely used ring-spinning machine for short staple yarn production, a combination of ring and traveler is used for inserting twist and winding the yarn on cops. The main limitation of this twisting mechanism is the friction between the ring and traveler, which generates heat at higher speed and limits the productivity. This limitation can be overcome by the implementation of a magnetic bearing system based on superconducting technology, which replaces completely the existing ring/traveler system of the ring-spinning machine. This superconducting magnet bearing consists of a circular superconductor and permanent magnet ring. After cooling the superconductor below its transition temperature, the permanent magnet ring levitates and is free to rotate above the superconductor ring according to the principles of superconducting levitation and pinning. Thus the superconducting magnetic bearing (SMB) ensures a friction-free operation during spinning and allows one to increase spindle speed and productivity drastically. The yarn properties using the SMB system have also been investigated and they remain nearly identical to those of conventional ring yarns.
I Don’t Think You Like Me Very Much
Authors: Fitzpatrick Caroline , Côté-Lussier Carolyn , Pagani Linda S. , Blair Clancy
Published: December 2013

Even when accounting for past performance, academic achievement can be influenced by teacher expectations, which are lower for disadvantaged and visible ethnic minority children. We use a Quebec (Canada) population-based sample ( N = 1,311) to examine whether ethnicity and teacher-perceived signs of disadvantage in kindergarten predict child reports of their relationship with teachers in fourth grade. Results suggest that visible minority children were 50% less likely and perceived disadvantaged children were 32% less likely to report having a positive relationship with their teacher. The findings are discussed in terms of directing efforts toward reducing teacher prejudice and improving child academic success.
Effects of Self-Relevant Perspective-Taking on the Impact of Persuasive Appeals
Authors: Hung Iris W. , Wyer Robert S.
Published: December 2013

Donation appeals often describe the situations that confront victims of misfortune and advertisements for consumer products often show people using the products being promoted. When people consider these messages from the perspective of the individuals described in them, they often imagine the reactions they would have if they personally experienced the situation described. When this occurs, they are likely to be influenced by the messages independently of the protagonists’ characteristics. When recipients’ attention is drawn to themselves, however, they compare themselves with the protagonists to determine whether the protagonists’ actions or the situation described in the message have implications for their own behavior. This self-focused attention increases the impact of the message when they are similar to the protagonists, decreases its impact when they are moderately dissimilar, and has no effect at all when they are very dissimilar to the protagonists. Two experiments, in which participants’ self-focused attention, the type of persuasive appeal (self-referential vs. impersonal), and protagonist-participant similarity were independently manipulated, confirmed these effects on the impact of both (a) an appeal for monetary donations to a charity and (b) a commercial advertisement.
Lifestyle and close relationship trends among young adults in Poland
Authors: Fitzpatrick Jacki , Blazek Magdalena , Kazmierczak Maria , Lewandowska-Walter Aleksandra , Pastwa-Wojciechowska Beata , Blazek Wojciech
Published: December 2013

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of recent relational trends in Poland. Based on the clinical, theoretical, and empirical literature, the overview addresses both attitudinal (e.g., focus on individual need fulfillment and gender equality) and behavioral (e.g., timing of first intercourse and living arrangements) factors. The literature review is divided into four categories: (a) leaving home; (b) intimate relationships; (c) love, sexuality, and fertility; and (d) economics, work, and gender. Although some contrasts to prior generations are noted, the overview focuses primarily on relational trends among the current generation of Polish young adults.
Parental Occupation Inspiring Science Interest
Authors: Chakraverty Devasmita , Tai Robert H.
Published: December 2013

Children’s early science interest begins well before middle school, and parents can be important in generating and sustaining such interest. This qualitative study addresses how parental occupations shape physical scientists’ early science interest. Our framework uses Social Cognitive Career Theory, and our research question is, “How do parental occupations create learning opportunities for children and motivate them to pursue physical science?” We examine interviews from 17 physical scientists in Project Crossover, a sequential mixed-methods study that broadly examines factors influencing entry into physics and chemistry doctoral programs. Parental occupations can create learning opportunities through role modeling, encouragement, exposure, familiarity, and bonding. Thus, parents can be valuable in creating learning opportunities for children outside classrooms. Study limitations include a small sample and lack of information about familial structure. Our research contributes to the emergent understanding of the role of parental occupations in science interest, which further influences individual career trajectories.
Dose-dependent genotoxicity of copper oxide nanoparticles stimulated by reactive oxygen species in human lung epithelial cells
Authors: Akhtar Mohammad Javed , Kumar Sudhir , Alhadlaq Hisham A , Alrokayan Salman A , Abu-Salah Khalid M , Ahamed Maqusood
Published: December 2013

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) are of great interest in nanoscience and nanotechnology because of their broad industrial and commercial applications. Therefore, toxicity of CuO NPs needs to be thoroughly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and oxidative stress induced by CuO NPs in human lung epithelial (A549) cells. CuO NPs were synthesized by solvothermal method and the size of NPs measured under transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was found to be around 23 nm. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays showed that CuO NPs (5–15 µg/ml) exert cytotoxicity in A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Comet assay suggested concentration-dependent induction of DNA damage due to the exposure to CuO NPs. The comet tail moment was 27% at 15 µg/ml of CuO NPs, whereas it was 5% in control ( p < 0.05). The flow cytometry data revealed that CuO NPs induced micronuclei (MN) in A549 cells dose dependently. The frequency of MN was 25/103 cells at 15 µg/ml of CuO NPs, whereas it was 2/103 cells for control. CuO NPs were also found to induce oxidative stress in a concentration-dependent manner, which was indicated by induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation along with glutathione depletion. Moreover, MN induction and DNA damage were significantly correlated with ROS ( R2 = 0.937 for ROS vs. olive tail moment, and R2 = 0.944 for ROS vs. MN). Taken together, this study suggested that CuO NPs induce genotoxicity in A549 cells, which is likely to be mediated through ROS generation and oxidative stress.
Benign and Periodic Movement Disorders in 2 Children With Down Syndrome
Authors: Purpura Giulia , Bozza Margherita , Bargagna Stefania
Published: December 2013

Children with Down syndrome show hypotonia and ligamentous laxity that are associated with motor development delay. Neurologic disorders are common in children with Down syndrome; however, in literature the presence of periodic movement disorders has not yet been described. We report 2 different types of periodic movement disorders in 2 infants with Down syndrome. In the first case, we described an 8-month-old girl with involuntary head nodding and absence of any other neurologic or ophthalmologic abnormalities. In the second case, we described a 6-month-old boy with abnormal but painless head rotation and inclination, alternating from side to side. Episodes of head tilting were often associated with a state of general uneasiness. Neurologic examination between attacks was normal. The aim of this paper is to provide practical information on recognition and management of movement disorders in Down syndrome.
Transient Parkinsonism Following Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection With Normal Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Authors: Tay Chee Geap , Fong Choong Yi , Ong Lai Choo
Published: December 2013

Parkinsonism caused by infection is uncommon in children. We report 2 previously healthy children with acute self-limiting parkinsonism following Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, with normal brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Our case report expands the phenotype of parkinsonism associated with M pneumoniae infection. We recommend that children with acute parkinsonism preceded by a period of febrile illness, even with a normal brain MRI, should be investigated for M pneumoniae infection.
Serious Violence by People With Mental Illness
Authors: Flynn Sandra , Rodway Cathryn , Appleby Louis , Shaw Jenny
Published: December 2013

This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of mental disorder in offenders convicted of serious violence, examine their social and clinical characteristics, and compare them with patients convicted of homicide. We examined a national clinical survey of all people convicted of serious violence in England and Wales in 2004. Mental disorder was measured by contact with mental health services within 12 months of the offense. Of the 5,966 serious violent offenders, 293 (5%) had been in recent contact with mental health services. Personality disorder (63, 22%) and schizophrenia (55, 19%) were the most common diagnoses. Most had previous convictions for violence (168, 61%). Seventy-two (25%) patients were at high risk of violence and 34 (49%) were not subject to the Care Programme Approach. Compared with serious violence offenders, homicide offenders were more likely to have been patients (293, 5% vs. 65, 10%; p < .01). We conclude that patients were responsible for a small proportion of serious violent offenses; however, high-risk patients require closer supervision, and regular inquiry about changing delusional beliefs, thoughts of violence, and weapon carriage.
Prevalence of Self-Reported Nonmedical Use of Prescription Stimulants in North Carolina Doctor of Pharmacy Students
Authors: Volger Emily J. , McLendon Amber N. , Fuller Stephen H. , Herring Charles T.
Published: December 2013

Objectives:

To evaluate the prevalence, associated factors, and opinions regarding nonmedical use of prescription stimulants (NMUPS) in Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) students.

Methods:

An electronic survey was distributed to professional year 1 through 4 for students at 2 schools of pharmacy (public and private) in North Carolina. The survey was available for 3 weeks. Descriptive statistics (proportion of responders plus 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) were used to describe the primary objective.

Results:

Of the 1043 surveys distributed, 407 were completed giving a 39% response rate. The results indicated that 9% (95% CI: 6.44-11.93) of PharmD students acknowledge NMUPS at least once during their pharmacy education. Additionally, 3% (95% CI: 1.90-5.45) acknowledge NMUPS at least once during the current pharmacy school year (past 5 months). Nonmedical prescription stimulant users were 9 times more likely to participate in NMUPS prior to pharmacy school ( P < .0001) and 4.5 times more likely to use other illicit substances ( P = .0076).

Conclusion:

The study identified the PharmD student population as high risk of abuse of prescription drug stimulants, which requires further research and attention. Additionally, there was a clear upward trend in the prevalence of NMUPS, and this misuse was associated with other detrimental behaviors.
Attitudes Toward Arab Ascendance
Authors: Pratto Felicia , Saguy Tamar , Stewart Andrew L. , Morselli Davide , Foels Rob , Aiello Antonio , Aranda María , Cidam Atilla , Chryssochoou Xenia , Durrheim Kevin , Eicher Veronique , Licata Laurent , Liu James H. , Liu Li , Meyer Ines , Muldoon Orla , Papastamou Stamos , Petrovic Nebojsa , Prati Francesca , Prodomitis Gerasimos , Sweetman Joseph
Published: December 2013

Arab nations are decades behind many other previously colonized nations in developing stronger economies, more democratic institutions, and more autonomy and self-government, in part as a result of external interference. The year 2011 brought the potential for greater Arab autonomy through popular uprisings against autocratic governments in Tunisia, Egypt, and Yemen, and through the Palestinian request for state recognition by the United Nations. We examined the psychology of support for Arab ascendancy among adults in 14 nations in the Balkans, the Middle East, Asia, Oceania, Europe, and North America. We predicted and found that people low on social dominance orientation endorsed forming an independent Palestinian state and desired that the Arab uprisings succeed. Rejection of ideologies that legitimize outside interference with Arabs mediated this support. Measures and model results were robust across world regions. We discuss theoretical implications regarding the advent of new ideologies and extending social dominance theory to address international relations.
Blame–account sequences in child custody disputes
Authors: Ingrids Henrik
Published: December 2013

This article analyzes how cross-examining attorneys and litigating parents accomplished blame attributions and accounts during courtroom examinations in child custody disputes. It draws on recordings from 42 cases. It is shown how person descriptions were vital parts of sequences of blame ascriptions and subsequent blame accounts, where cross-examining attorneys elicited and then invoked parents’ disparaging person descriptions of their ex-partners. As part of the institutional format of these disputes, parents had to handle an interactional dilemma concerning the reflexive implications of blaming others. While blame-implicative descriptions had been used to allocate blame to the ex-partner, they now backfired in that cross-examining attorneys would deploy the same descriptions as ways of reallocating blame (to the testifying parent). As part of such blame reallocations, cross-examining attorneys upgraded alleged prior blame attributions, thus fueling the dispute and setting up a recursive machinery in the form of a never-ending series of blamings.
Aspects of ‘physiognomic depiction’ in pictures: From macchia to microgenesis
Authors: Sonesson Göran
Published: December 2013

“Figurativity”, roughly paraphrased as that which is not accounted for by the system, is a residue concept of both Piaget’s theory of cognitive development and of Greimasean semiotics. In the latter case, however, figurativity has been related to the second, so-called plastic layer of the picture, which is opposed to the pictorial layer, by means of which the picture is doing its job of depicting something in the world. The plastic layer of any picture is, according to the same conception, like a specimen of abstract arts: it consists of mere spots and lines organized in a particular pattern. A classical art historical term for this vague first-hand view is macchia: but this could also be seen as an anticipation of the microgenetic method, normally credited to Werner. Although the discussion of pictures in Werner and Kaplan’s Symbol Formation (Werner & Kaplan, 1963) is rather limited in scope, the idea of physiognomic meaning, which plays such an important part in that book, and which has precursors in earlier Ganzheitzpsychologie, may hold the key to understanding the nature of plastic language – to grasp in what way the picture is not only less, but at the same time more, than the real thing. It may also give a clue to the establishment of a developmental psycho-semiotics of plastic language and, beyond that, of figurativity in general.
Representations of sex workers’ needs and aspirations: A case for arts-based research
Authors: Desyllas Moshoula Capous
Published: December 2013

This article reviews the literature on sex work, highlighting ways in which women working in the sex industry are represented. The subjective experiences and voices of sex workers are seldom heard and their needs are consistently defined and represented by non-sex workers throughout history, in society and within academia. Historical representations have contributed to the stereotyping and stigmatization of sex workers. Academic research is consistently being done on sex workers instead of with them. However, arts-based methods allow for participatory, shared knowledge creation. Arts-based research also has the potential for empowerment, reaching the general public and changing negative stereotypes.
“Anthropogens” in Lifestyle Medicine
Authors: Egger Garry , Colquhoun David , Dixon John
Published: December 2013

Chronic disease epidemiology currently lacks the mono-causal focus germ theory provides infectious diseases. However, the discovery of a form of low-grade, systemic, and chronic inflammation (“metaflammation) underlying many, if not all, chronic diseases induced by a range of stimulants labeled “anthropogens” may help change this. Anthropogens are “man-made environments, their by-products, and/or lifestyles encouraged by these, some of which are detrimental to human health.” While an exhaustive list of anthropogens associated with chronic disease may be as elusive as a comprehensive list of “germs” with the potential to cause infection, a broad taxonomy provides a focus for the practice of lifestyle medicine. Such a list is considered here under the acronym NASTIE ODOURS.