bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monitoring, cataloguing and weather scenarios of thunderstorm outflows in the Northern Mediterranean
Authors: Burlando Massimiliano , Zhang Shi , Solari Giovanni
Published: March 2018

Abstract. High-sampling rate (10 Hz) anemometric measurements of the Wind, Ports, and Sea monitoring network in the Northern Tyrrhenian Sea have been analyzed to extract the thunderstorm-related signals and catalogue them into three families according to the different time-scale of each event, subdivided among 10 minutes, 1 hour and 10 hours long events. Their characteristics in terms of direction of motion and seasonality/daily occurrence have been analysed: it turned out that most of the selected events come from the sea and occur from 12:00 to 00:00 UTC during the winter season. In terms of peak wind speed, the strongest events all belonged to the 10-min family, but no systematic correlation was found between event duration and peaks. Three events, each one representative of the corresponding class of duration, have been analysed from the meteorological point of view in order to investigate their physical nature. According to this analysis, which was mainly based on satellite images, meteorological fields obtained from GFS analyses related to convection in the atmosphere, and lightning activity, the thunderstorm-related nature of the 10 min and 1 h events was confirmed. The 10 h event turned out to be a synoptic event, related to extra-tropical cyclones activity.
Mechanical models to estimate the paleostress state from
igneous intrusions
Authors: Stephens Tara L. , Walker Richard J. , Healy David , Bubeck Alodie , England Richard W.
Published: March 2018

Abstract. Dikes and sills represent an important component of the deformation history in volcanic systems, but unlike dikes, sills are typically omitted from traditional paleostress analyses in tectonic studies. The emplacement of sheet intrusions is commonly associated with mode I fracturing in a low deviatoric stress state, where dilation is perpendicular to the fracture plane. Many natural examples of sills and dikes, however, are observed to accommodate minor shear offsets, in addition to a component of dilation. Here we present mechanical models for sills in the San Rafael Subvolcanic Field, Utah, which use field-derived measurements of intrusion attitude and opening angles to constrain the tectonic stress axes during emplacement, and the relative magma pressure for that stress state. The sills display bimodal dips to the NE and SW and consistent vertical opening directions, despite variable sill dips. Based on sill attitude and opening angles, we find that the sills were emplaced during a phase of NE-SW horizontal shortening. Calculated principal stress axes are consistent (within ~ 4°) with paleostress results for penecontemporaneous thrust faults in the area. The models presented here can be applied to any set of dilational structures, including dikes, sills, or hydrous veins, and represent a robust method for characterising the paleostress state in areas where other brittle deformation structures (e.g. faults), are not present.
Meltwater storage in low-density near-surface bare ice in the Greenland ice sheet ablation zone
Authors: Cooper Matthew G. , Smith Laurence C. , Rennermalm Asa K. , Miège Clément , Pitcher Lincoln H. , Ryan Jonathan C. , Yang Kang , Cooley Sarah W.
Published: March 2018

Abstract. We document the density and hydrologic properties of bare, ablating ice in a mid-elevation (1215 m a.s.l.) supraglacial internally drained catchment in the Kangerlussuaq sector of the western Greenland ice sheet. We find low-density (0.43–0.91 g cm−3, μ = 0.69 g cm−3) ice to at least 1.1 m depth below the ice sheet surface. This near-surface, low-density ice consists of alternating layers of water-saturated, porous ice and clear solid ice lenses, overlain by a thin (< 0.5 m), even lower density (0.33–0.56 g cm−3, μ = 0.45 g cm−3) unsaturated weathering crust. Ice density data from 10 shallow (0.9–1.1 m) ice cores along an 800 m transect suggest an average 14–18 cm of specific meltwater storage within this low-density ice. Water saturation of this ice is confirmed through measurable water levels (1–29 cm above hole bottoms, μ = 10 cm) in 84 % of cryoconite holes and rapid refilling of 83 % of 1 m drilled holes sampled along the transect. These findings are consistent with descriptions of shallow, depth-limited aquifers on the weathered surface of glaciers worldwide and confirm the potential for substantial transient meltwater storage within porous low-density ice on the Greenland ice sheet ablation zone surface. A conservative estimate for the  ∼  63 km2 supraglacial catchment yields 0.009–0.012 km3 of liquid meltwater storage in near-surface, porous ice. Further work is required to determine if these findings are representative of broader areas of the Greenland ice sheet ablation zone, and to assess the implications for sub-seasonal mass balance processes, surface lowering observations from airborne and satellite altimetry, and supraglacial runoff processes.
IFRS Adoption and Audit Delay: The Role of Shareholders in the Audit Committee
Authors: Mohammed Ishaq Ahmed , Che-Ahmad Ayoib , Malek Mazrah
Published: March 2018

This study examined the relationship between audit delay after IFRS adoption and the role of shareholders in the audit committee as well as testing the difference of pre-and post IFRS adoption periods. A sample of 101 firms with 505 firm-year observations over five year period for firms listed on the Nigeria Stock Exchange was employed for the study, utilizing data from the annual report and accounts of the sample firms. Generalized Methods of Moment (GMM) estimation was used to check the effects of unobserved heterogeneity in audit delay model, while the test of difference in R2 value for pre-and post-adoption periods was determined using Cramer’s Z-statistics. Findings indicate that audit report lag is faster with shareholders in the audit committee. The study proved that brand named auditors such as Big4 can significantly perform faster audit task than non-Big4 firms in IFRS regime. The importance of the study’s findings demonstrates statistical inference on value relevance increase based on the unique IFRS adoption in Nigeria. Thus, regulators should consider increasing the tenure of shareholders in the audit committee to enable them to become more familiar with the corporate reporting under IFRS regime.
“Some of Distinction Here Are Warm for the Part of America”: Knowledge of and Sympathy for the American Cause in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1763–1783
Authors: Singerton Jonathan
Published: March 2018

In 1774 the British ambassador in Vienna complained that “every idle fellow talks of America.” By analyzing the quantifiable levels of knowledge about and reception of the American Revolution within Central Europe, this article examines the reasons behind this observation, not just in Vienna but across the Habsburg monarchy. Books, newspapers, diaries, personal correspondence, and theater works are used to demonstrate the fact that subjects in the Habsburg monarchy were not at all ignorant about events in late eighteenth-century North America. Moreover, this article reveals how this knowledge found a sympathetic audience in one of the most autocratic states in Europe.
Derivation Funds Management and Economic Development of Nigeria: Evidence From Niger Delta States of Nigeria
Authors: Omodero Cordelia Onyinyechi , Ekwe Michael Chidiebere , Ihendinihu John Uzoma
Published: March 2018

Economic Development of any nation depends on the efficient use of available resources and the integrity of people entrusted with the management of those resources. This paper investigated the impact of the Management of derivation funds accruable to Niger Delta States and how it affects Economic Development of Nigeria. The study employed a descriptive research design and made use of Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) technique to test the hypothesis. The time series data used covered a period from 1981 to 2016 and were collected from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletins and World Bank reports. The data gathered were on Real Gross Domestic Product (RGDP) which is the dependent variable and Niger Delta States Derivation Funds (NDSDF) as the explanatory variable. The regression result revealed a positive relationship between the RGDP and NDSDF. The study also found evidence that NDSDF has significant positive impact on the RGDP. These findings led to a conclusion that the lack of infrastructures and other physical evidences of Economic Development in the Niger Delta States have been as a result of mismanagement of funds and embezzlement. If the derivation allowance is well utilized the economic well-being of the people in the area will improve and the clamour for resource control will cease.
Het herindelingsbeleid van Vlaanderen en Nederland vergeleken
Authors: De Ceuninck Koenraad , Abma Klaas
Published: March 2018

Municipal amalgamation policies of Flanders and the Netherlands compared

Municipal amalgamations form a red thread through the history of local government in the Netherlands. With varying intensity, this country was continuously confronted with adjustments of the municipal scale. Where once the focus was rather one-sided on the minimum number of inhabitants of a municipality, we see that since the nineties questions were asked about the amalgamation policy. From now on a lack of administrative power had to be demonstrated before an amalgamation would be carried through. These critical remarks however didn’t lead to a downfall in the number of municipal amalgamations. Amalgamation and merger will always continue in the Netherlands. The Flemish policy on amalgamation appears to be quite different. Since the large-scale merger operation in 1976 Flanders was no more confronted with municipal amalgamations. The former Flemish government however, announced at its appointment in 2009 that it would encourage voluntary mergers of municipalities with financial and administrative incentives. The present Flemish government treads the same path. The incentives put in place by the former Flemish legislature are even increased. They even appear to bear fruit. In the provinces Limburg and East-Flanders several municipalities have indicated to investigate a merger. Some of them even have taken the principal decision to merger in the municipal councils involved. This article describes and compares the municipal amalgamation policies of the Netherlands and Flanders. The authors also investigate what both can learn from each other.
Legal Legitimacy of Tax Recommendations Delivered by the IMF in the Context of ‘Article IV Consultations’
Authors: Murillo López Sophia
Published: March 2018

Legal Legitimacy of Tax Recommendations Delivered by the IMF in the Context of ‘Article IV Consultations’

This contribution examines the legal legitimacy of ‘Article IV Consultations’ performed by the IMF as part of its responsibility for surveillance under Article IV of its Articles of Agreement. The analysis focuses on tax recommendations given by the Fund to its member countries in the context of Consultations. This paper determines that these tax recommendations derive from a broad interpretation of the powers and obligations that have been agreed to in the Fund’s Articles of Agreement. Such an interpretation leads to a legitimacy deficit, as member countries of the Fund have not given their state consent to receive recommendations as to which should be the tax policies it should adopt.
Landbouwkartels en het mededingingsrecht: een nadere verduidelijking door het Hof van Justitie
Authors: van Rijn T.P.J.N.
Published: March 2018

Landbouwkartels en het mededingingsrecht: een nadere verduidelijking door het Hof van Justitie

Overeenkomsten tussen landbouwproducenten en besluiten van landbouwverenigingen en -organisaties hebben een bijzonder statuut onder het EU-mededingingsrecht. In de gemeenschappelijke marktordening wordt bepaald dat het mededingingsrecht op bepaalde soorten overeenkomsten en besluiten in de landbouw niet van toepassing is. De betreffende artikelen zijn echter niet duidelijk. Het Hof van Justitie heeft in een arrest van 14 november 2017 duidelijkheid geschapen. Besluiten van producentenorganisaties die noodzakelijk zijn ter uitvoering van hun bij wettelijke bepaling opgedragen taken zijn van het kartelverbod uitgesloten.

HvJ 14 november 2017, zaak C-671/15, Association des producteurs vendeurs d’endives (APVE), ECLI:EU:C:2017:860.
Uber: online dienst of vervoersbedrijf?
Authors: Botman M.R.
Published: March 2018

Uber: online dienst of vervoersbedrijf? Europese grenzen aan regulering van online platforms

In arrest Asociación Professional Elite Taxi/Uber Systems Spain geeft het Hof van Justitie antwoord op de vraag of Uber moet worden gekwalificeerd als online dienst of vervoersbedrijf. Hiermee is ook duidelijk aan welke Europese regels nationale regulering van het online Uberplatform is onderworpen. In deze bijdrage wordt het arrest geanalyseerd en wordt bezien welke gevolgen het arrest heeft voor Nederland. Welke betekenis heeft het arrest voor de regulering van andere online platforms?

HvJ 20 december 2017, zaak C-434/15, Asociación Elite Taxi/Uber Systems Spain, ECLI:EU:C:2017:981
De (finale) verordening op het verbod op geoblocking en andere vormen van geodiscriminatie
Authors: Kuipers D.P. , van de Sanden M.A.M.L.
Published: March 2018

De (finale) verordening op het verbod op geoblocking en andere vormen van geodiscriminatie Een game changer voor online handel binnen de EU?

Op 2 maart 2018 is de verordening gepubliceerd waarin geoblocking en andere vormen van discriminatie op grond van nationaliteit, woon- of vestigingsplaats worden verboden. Deze verboden moeten, net als de andere voorstellen die onderdeel uitmaken van de Digital Single Market-strategie, ertoe leiden dat klanten betere toegang krijgen tot goederen en diensten op de interne markt. Dit zou op haar beurt grensoverschrijdende verkoop moeten stimuleren. De verordening is van toepassing met ingang van 3 december 2018. Over de aanleiding voor en de inhoud van het voorstel tot de verordening schreven wij reeds in dit tijdschrift. In dit artikel wordt kort ingegaan op de finale tekst van de verbodsbepalingen. Ook worden de wijzigingen ten opzichte van het op 25 mei 2016 door de Europese Commissie gepresenteerde – en eerder in dit tijdschrift besproken – voorstel belicht.

Verordening (EU) 2018/302 van het Europees Parlement en de Raad betreffende de aanpak van ongerechtvaardigde geoblocking en andere vormen van discriminatie op basis van nationaliteit, woonplaats of plaats van vestiging binnen de eengemaakte markt en wijziging van verordening (EG) nr. 2006/2004 en Richtlijn 2009/22/EG, PbEU 2018, L 601/1
Particuliere ‘binnenkamer’ en openbaar klaslokaal
Authors: van Schie Patrick
Published: March 2018

Private convictions and public class rooms: Dutch liberals on the role of religion and on the educational arrangement of 1917

For liberals religion is a private matter. This does not mean that a citizen should leave his or her religion at home. It does mean that laws and public services should not be determined by religious beliefs. The article describes how liberals have looked upon religion in their programs of principles since mid 19th century. The educational arrangement in the Netherlands of 1917, favouring religious schools, did not satisfy them. What were the liberal proposals in order to safeguard the religiously neutral, publicly-maintained schools?
Adaptación a la prisión y ajuste psicológico en una muestra de internos en centros penitenciarios
Authors: Novo Mercedes , Pereira Ana , Vázquez María José , Amado Bárbara G.
Published: March 2018

ResumenAunque la literatura ha abordado ampliamente el estudio de la prisionización, el análisis de los efectos de las va­riables criminológicas en la adaptación a prisión y del estatus social en prisión, y de éstas en el ajuste psicoló­gico y las destrezas cognitivas que emplean los internos no ha sido suficientemente trabajado. Para conocer de ello, evaluamos en variables criminológicas, adaptación a prisión, estatus social en prisión, ajuste psicológico y destrezas cognitivas a una muestra de 112 internos varo­nes en cumplimiento de una pena privativa de libertad de una prisión portuguesa, con edades entre 23 y 74 años (M = 40.40, DT = 1.04), 77 (68.8 %) con antecedentes penales (reincidentes). Los resultados revelaron que las variables criminológicas (e.g., problemas en la familia) estaban relacionados con niveles más bajos de adapta­ción a la prisión. Además, los internos presentaban peor ajus­te psicológico que la población general, y los reinci­dentes que los primarios. Asimismo, también pusieron de manifiesto que los internos se caracterizaban en la reso­lución de problemas por recurrir a estrategias de afron­tamiento evitativas (i.e., Evitación cognitiva, Aceptación o Resignación, Búsqueda de recompensas alternativas, Descarga emocional), en detrimento de las aproximativas (i.e., Análisis lógico). Se discuten las implicaciones de los resultados para el diseño de programas de interven­ción dentro de prisión y la preparación para la vida en li­bertad (i.e., tercer grado).AbstractAlthough prisonization has been studied in previous lit­erature, the effects of criminological variables on prison adaption and prison social status; and of the latter on psychological adjustment and cognitive skills have not been sufficiently analysed. As for knowing about this, 112 male prison inmates with an age range between 23 and 74 years (M = 40.40, SD = 1.04), 77 (68.8 %) with criminal records (recidivists) serving sentences in a Por­tuguese prison were evaluated in prison adaption, prison social status, psychological adjustment and cognitive skills. The results showed that criminological variables (e.g., family problems) were related with lower levels of adaption to prison. Furthermore, prison inmates exhib­ited a significant worse psychological adjustment than the normative population, and recidivists than primary offenders. Likewise, the results revealed that prison in­mates were characterized in problem solving tasks by adopting an avoidant coping style (i.e., Cognitive avoidance, Acceptance or Resignation, Seeking alternative rewards, Emotional discharge), at the expense of an approach coping style (i.e., Logical analysis). The implications of the results for in-prison intervention programmes design and the preparation for a third-degree life i.e., under parole, are discussed.
Integrated Sensorial Development Program Applied to Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders: Relations between Emotion and Global Behavior Development
Authors: Rúa Manuel Ojea
Published: March 2018

This study aimed to show the significant relationships between emotion and behavior variables among throughout the behavioral modification learning processes in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).
A quasi- experimental research design pre- tests - post- test was realized. A total of 10 years old children with ASD level 1, who have been distributed into two groups, an experimental group (n= 5), whom a sensory integrated behavior program was applied and a control group (n=5), whom a behavioral modification “Stimulus”- “Response”- “Readjustment” (S-R) program has been applied.
Results found through Mann-Whitney U Test and Pearson Correlation Test showed that there´re significant differences between both groups and, above all, great relationships are indicated between the emotional and behavioral variables found as a result of the learning process.
Necessity of electrically conductive pili for methanogenesis with magnetite stimulation
Authors: Wang Oumei , Zheng Shiling , Wang Bingchen , Wang Wenjing , Liu Fanghua
Published: March 2018

Background

Magnetite-mediated direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) between Geobacter and Methanosarcina species is increasingly being invoked to explain magnetite stimulation of methane production in anaerobic soils and sediments. Although magnetite-mediated DIET has been documented in defined co-cultures reducing fumarate or nitrate as the electron acceptor, the effects of magnetite have only been inferred in methanogenic systems.

Methods

Concentrations of methane and organic acid were analysed with a gas chromatograph and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. The concentration of HCl-extractable Fe(II) was determined by the ferrozine method. The association of the defined co-cultures of G. metallireducens and M. barkeri with magnetite was observed with transmission electron micrographs.

Results

Magnetite stimulated ethanol metabolism and methane production in defined co-cultures of G. metallireducens and M. barkeri; however, magnetite did not promote methane production in co-cultures initiated with a culture of G. metallireducens that could not produce electrically conductive pili (e-pili), unlike the conductive carbon materials that facilitate DIET in the absence of e-pili. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that G. metallireducens and M. barkeri were closely associated when magnetite was present, as previously observed in G. metallireducens/G. sulfurreducens co-cultures. These results show that magnetite can promote DIET between Geobacter and Methanosarcina species, but not as a substitute for e-pili, and probably functions to facilitate electron transfer from the e-pili to Methanosarcina.

Conclusion

In summary, the e-pili are necessary for the stimulation of not only G. metallireducens/G. sulfurreducens, but also methanogenic G. metallireducens/M. barkeri co-cultures with magnetite.
Average Depth versus Average Strike-Length of Fissure Veins for Specified Geometries: A Quantitative Approach
Authors: Murthy P. S. N. , Murali P.
Published: March 2018

Fissure veins are very important source of mineral deposits particularly that of hydrothermal deposits. The average depth vs. average strike-length of fissure vein, which is an interesting topic, was discussed in Bateman (1962). Some say that depth is equal to length while others opined that depth may be equal to half the length. Here the question arises whether the ratio depth/length which is loosely used refers to depth to length at any given point of time or average depth vs. average length on a statistical basis. Infact these are empirical rules. The empirical rules hold good for an average basis only. Such problems are dealt under geometric probability. The ore body is more like a lens. Infact none of these hold good. The authors developed a method statistically for ore bodies of two geometries namely a circle and an ellipse. In the case of ellipse, three cases are considered namely, (i) the major axis of ellipse is horizontal to X – axis (ii) the major axis of ellipse is parallel to Y axis and (iii) the ellipse is inclined and whose major axis makes an angle θ with the X – axis. In any case, only circular ore body is considered in Bateman (1962). In the case of circular body it is shown that the ratio is neither equal to one or ½ as pointed in Bateman (1962).
Morphometric Data on Miogypsina (Lepidosemicyclina) bifida, Foraminifera from L-III Reservoir, Mumbai Offshore, India
Authors: Singh S. D. , Raju D. S. N.
Published: March 2018

A detailed description of the assemblage of Miogypsina (Lepidosemicyclina) bifida Rutten from the sub-surface Mumbai Offshore is presented by carrying out biometric studies on nineteen equatorial sections. The mean V is 47.2 and the mean DI 212μm. The mean DII is 272.35μm and the mean ε 341.76μm. The larger spire has notational value in the range 4.1/2 to 7.1/2 and the smaller spire 1.1/2 to 3.1/2. The species is recorded to be occurring below M. (L.) excentrica Tan Sin Hok. In terms of the planktonic zonation, it pertains to the planktonic Zone N6 (Burdigalian). This is the first detailed study of M.(L.) bifida Rutten from India. The foraminifer, M.(L.) bifida Rutten, recorded from the L-III, a major producing reservoir of Mumbai High field is found in association with Lepidocyclina sp., Sphaerogypsina sp., Operculina sp., Amphistegina sp., Elphidium sp. and Cibicides sp. along with Bryozoa. The assemblage, recorded from limestone, indicates a shallow inner neritic paleoenvironment (bathymetry 15-20 meters) of deposition.
Assessment of Groundwater Vulnerability in Upper Betwa River Watershed using GIS based DRASTIC Model
Authors: Ahirwar Shobharam , Shukla J. P.
Published: March 2018

Groundwater, the most vital water resource being used for irrigation, domestic and industrial purposes is nowadays under severe threat of contamination. Groundwater contamination risk assessment is an effective tool for groundwater management. In the study, a DRASTIC model which is based on the seven hydro-geological parameters viz: depth of water, net-recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography, impact of vadose zone and hydraulic conductivity was used to evaluate the groundwater pollution potentiality of upper Betwa watershed. ArcGIS was used to create the ground water vulnerability map by overlaying the seven layers. Based on groundwater vulnerability map, the watershed has been divided in three vulnerable zones viz; low vulnerability zone with 42.83 km2 of area, moderate with 369.21 km2 area and high having 270.96 km2 of area. Furthermore, the DRASTIC model has been validated by nitrate concentration over the area. Results of validation have shown that in low vulnerable zone, no nitrate contamination has been recorded. While in the moderate zone nitrate has been found in the range of 1.6-10ppm. However, in high vulnerable zone 11-40ppm of nitrate concentration in groundwater has been recorded, which proves that the DRASTIC model is applicable for the prediction of groundwater vulnerability in the watershed and in similar areas too.
Early Childbearing, School Attainment, and Cognitive Skills: Evidence From Madagascar
Authors: Herrera Almanza Catalina , Sahn David E.
Published: March 2018

Female secondary school attendance has recently increased in sub-Saharan Africa, and so has the risk of becoming pregnant while attending school. We analyze the impact of teenage pregnancy on young women’s human capital using longitudinal data in Madagascar that capture the transition from adolescence to adulthood for a cohort aged 21–24 in 2012, first interviewed in 2004. We find that early childbearing increases the likelihood of dropping out of school and decreases the chances of completing secondary school. This pregnancy-related school dropout also has a detrimental impact on standardized test scores in math and French. We instrument early pregnancy with the young woman’s community-level access and her exposure to condoms since age 15 after controlling for pre-fertility socioeconomic conditions. Our results are robust to different specifications that address potential endogeneity of program placement and instrument validity.
Religious Beliefs, Religious Contexts, and Perceived Interactions with Ex-Offenders
Authors: Yelderman Logan A. , West Matthew P. , Miller Monica K.
Published: March 2018

Religious institutions can provide a means of support and resources for many people, particularly, individuals who have criminal histories, specifically parolees, sex offenders, and insanity acquittees. When these individuals are released into the community, they often face difficulties in acquiring shelter, work, and social support. Out of their own volition or as a result of faith-based prison programs, they might turn to religious institutions for help reintegrating into the community. However, whether congregation members are more or less accepting of these individuals is unaddressed in the current literature. Two studies assess the relationship between religious beliefs, religious contexts, legal attitudes, and perceived social interactions with parolees, sex offenders, and insanity acquittees. Results suggest that religious beliefs, legal attitudes, and religious contexts play an important role in individuals’ perceived interactions with these individuals. Religious contexts, specifically, might facilitate more positive social interactions with parolees. Implications are discussed.
Profiles of internalizing and externalizing symptoms associated with bullying victimization
Authors: Eastman Meridith , Foshee Vangie , Ennett Susan , Sotres‐Alvarez Daniela , Reyes H. Luz McNaughton , Faris Robert , North Kari
Published: March 2018

This study identified profiles of internalizing (anxiety and depression) and externalizing (delinquency and violence against peers) symptoms among bullying victims and examined associations between bullying victimization characteristics and profile membership. The sample consisted of 1196 bullying victims in grades 8–10 (Mage = 14.4, SD = 1.01) who participated in The Context Study in three North Carolina counties in Fall 2003. Five profiles were identified using latent profile analysis: an asymptomatic profile and four profiles capturing combinations of internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Associations between bullying characteristics and membership in symptom profiles were tested using multinomial logistic regression. More frequent victimization increased odds of membership in the two high internalizing profiles compared to the asymptomatic profile. Across all multinomial logistic regression models, when the high internalizing, high externalizing profile was the reference category, adolescents who received any type of bullying (direct, indirect, or dual) were more likely to be in this category than any others.
Olfactory perception in children
Authors: Cameron E. Leslie
Published: March 2018

The ability to smell is important for protection from danger and quality of life, even in children. Although smell loss is rare in children, it can be indicative of some childhood disorders and may be useful for understanding some disorders. This paper reviews the methods and results of behavioral testing olfaction in children, with an emphasis on odor identification, the most common method of assessing the sense of smell in both children and adults. The Pediatric Smell Wheel® is described as a relatively new and powerful tool for testing olfaction in children as young as 4 years of age. An example of its use in testing children with a childhood disorders (autism spectrum disorder, ASD) is provided in addition to a review of the literature on smell function in ASD. It is possible to reliably test sense of smell in children as young as 4 years old and many studies have shown that performance improves with age and can be impacted by childhood disorders. Sex differences in children are briefly discussed. Finally, the paper suggests other methods of testing olfaction in children, such as odor discrimination, that depend less on cognitive factors, which may enhance our understanding of the olfactory capabilities of young children.
Simulations of rib-roughened rough-to-smooth turbulent channel flows
Authors: Ismail Umair , Zaki Tamer A. , Durbin Paul A.
Published: March 2018

High-fidelity simulations of turbulent flow through a channel with a rough wall, followed by a smooth wall, demonstrate a high degree of non-equilibrium within the recovery region. In fact, the recovery of all the flow statistics studied is incomplete by the streamwise exit of the computational domain. Above a thin wall layer, turbulence intensities significantly higher than fully developed, smooth-wall levels persist in the developing region. Within the thin wall layer, the profile shapes for turbulence stresses recover very quickly and wall-normal locations of characteristic peaks are established. However, even in this thin layer, complete recovery of magnitudes of turbulence stresses is exceptionally slow. A similar initially swift but eventually incomplete and slow relaxation behaviour is also shown by the skin friction. Between the turbulence shear and streamwise stresses, the turbulence shear stress shows a comparatively quick rate of recovery above a thin wall layer. Over the developing smooth wall, the balance is not merely between fluxes due to pressure and shear stresses. Strong momentum fluxes, which are directly influenced by the upstream roughness size, contribute significantly to this balance. Approximate curve fits estimate the streamwise distance required by the outer peaks of Reynolds stresses to attain near-fully-developed levels at approximately $20\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}{-}25\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$, with $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$ being the channel half height. An even longer distance, of more than $50\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}$, might be needed by the mean velocity to approach near-fully-developed magnitudes. Visualizations and correlations show that large-scale eddies that are created above the roughness persist downstream, and sporadically perturb the elongated streaks. These streaks of alternating high and low momentum appear almost instantly after the roughness is removed. The mean flow does not re-establish an equilibrium log layer within the computational domain, and the velocity deficit created by the roughness continues throughout the domain. On the step change in roughness, near the wall, profiles for turbulence kinetic energy dissipation rate, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}$, and energy spectra indicate a sharp reduction in energy at small scales. Despite this, reversion towards equilibrium smooth-wall levels is slow, and ultimately incomplete, due to a rather slow adjustment of the turbulence cascade. The non-dimensional roughness height, $k^{+}$ ranges from 42 to 254 and the friction velocity Reynolds number at the smooth wall, $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}S}$, ranges from 284 to 1160 in the various simulations.
Compressible flow at high pressure with linear equation of state
Authors: Sirignano William A.
Published: March 2018

Compressible flow varies from ideal-gas behaviour at high pressures where molecular interactions become important. It is widely accepted that density is well described through a cubic equation of state while enthalpy and sound speed are functions of both temperature and pressure, based on two parameters, $A$ and $B$, related to intermolecular attraction and repulsion, respectively. Assuming small variations from ideal-gas behaviour, a closed-form approximate solution is obtained that is valid over a wide range of conditions. An expansion in these molecular interaction parameters simplifies relations for flow variables, elucidating the role of molecular repulsion and attraction in variations from ideal-gas behaviour. Real-gas modifications in density, enthalpy and sound speed for a given pressure and temperature lead to variations in many basic compressible-flow configurations. Sometimes, the variations can be substantial in quantitative or qualitative terms. The new approach is applied to choked-nozzle flow, isentropic flow, nonlinear wave propagation and flow across a shock wave, all for a real gas. Modifications are obtained for allowable mass flow through a choked nozzle, nozzle thrust, sonic wave speed, Riemann invariants, Prandtl’s shock relation and the Rankine–Hugoniot relations. Forced acoustic oscillations can show substantial augmentation of pressure amplitudes when real-gas effects are taken into account. Shocks at higher temperatures and pressures can have larger pressure jumps with real-gas effects. Weak shocks decay to zero strength at sonic speed. The proposed framework can rely on any cubic equation of state and can be applied to multicomponent flows or to more complex flow configurations.
Differential plastic changes in synthesis and binding in the mouse somatostatin system after electroconvulsive stimulation
Authors: Olesen Mikkel Vestergaard , Gøtzsche Casper René , Christiansen Søren Hofman , Woldbye David Paul Drucker
Published: March 2018

Objective

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is regularly used to treat patients with severe major depression, but the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects remain uncertain. Electroconvulsive stimulation (ECS) regulates diverse neurotransmitter systems and induces anticonvulsant effects, properties implicated in mediating therapeutic effects of ECT. Somatostatin (SST) is a candidate for mediating these effects because it is upregulated by ECS and exerts seizure-suppressant effects. However, little is known about how ECS might affect the SST receptor system. The present study examined effects of single and repeated ECS on the synthesis of SST receptors (SSTR1–4) and SST, and SST receptor binding ([125I]LTT-SST28) in mouse hippocampal regions and piriform/parietal cortices.

Results

A complex pattern of plastic changes was observed. In the dentate gyrus, SST and SSTR1 expression and the number of hilar SST immunoreactive cells were significantly increased at 1 week after repeated ECS while SSTR2 expression was downregulated by single ECS, and SSTR3 mRNA and SST binding were elevated 24 h after repeated ECS. In hippocampal CA1 and parietal/piriform cortices, we found elevated SST mRNA levels 1 week after repeated ECS and elevated SST binding after single ECS and 24 h after repeated ECS. In hippocampal CA3, repeated ECS increased SST expression 1 week after and SST binding 24 h after. In the parietal cortex, SSTR2 mRNA expression was downregulated after single ECS while SSTR4 mRNA expression was upregulated 24 h after repeated ECS.

Conclusion

Considering the known anticonvulsant effects of SST, it is likely that these ECS-induced neuroplastic changes in the SST system could participate in modulating neuronal excitability and potentially contribute to therapeutic effects of ECT.
Spinosity, regeneration, and targeting among Paleozoic crinoids and their predators
Authors: Syverson Valerie J. P. , Brett Carlton E. , Gahn Forest J. , Baumiller Tomasz K.
Published: March 2018

Evolving interactions between predators and prey constitute one of the major adaptive influences on marine animals during the Paleozoic. Crinoids and fish constitute a predator–prey system that may date back to at least the Silurian, as suggested by patterns of crinoid regeneration and spinosity in concert with changes in the predatory fauna. Here we present data on the frequency of breakage and regeneration in the spines of the Middle Devonian camerateGennaeocrinusand late Paleozoic cladids, as well as an expanded survey of the prevalence of spinosity and infestation by platyceratid gastropods on crinoid genera during the Paleozoic. Spine regeneration frequency in the measured populations is comparable to arm regeneration frequencies from MississippianRhodocrinitesand from modern deep-water crinoid populations. The prevalence of spinosity varies by taxon, time, and anatomy among Paleozoic crinoids; notably, spinosity in camerates increased from the Silurian through the Mississippian and decreased sharply during the Pennsylvanian, whereas spines were uncommon in cladids until their Late Mississippian diversification. Among camerates, tegmen spinosity is positively correlated with the presence of infesting platyceratid gastropods. These results allow us to evaluate several hypotheses for the effects of predation on morphological differences between early, middle, and late Paleozoic crinoid faunas. Our data corroborate the hypothesis that predators targeted epibionts on camerate crinoids and anal sacs on advanced cladids and suggest that the replacement of shearing predators by crushing predators after the Hangenberg extinction affected the locations of spines in Mississippian camerates.
The modulating role of traits on the biogeographic dynamics of chondrichthyans from the Neogene to the present
Authors: Villafaña Jaime A. , Rivadeneira Marcelo M.
Published: March 2018

The environmental transformations that occurred during the Neogene had profound effects on spatiotemporal biodiversity patterns, yet the modulating role of traits (i.e., physiological, ecological, and life-history traits) remains little understood. We tested this idea using the Neogene fossil record of chondrichthyans along the temperate Pacific coast of South America (TPSA). Information for georeferenced occurrences and ecological and life-history information of 38 chondrichthyan fossil genera in 42 Neogene sites was collected. Global georeferenced records were used to estimate present-day biogeographic distributions of the genera and to characterize the range of oceanographic conditions in which each genus lives as a proxy of their realized niche. Biogeographic range shifts (Neogene–present) were evaluated at regional and local scales. The role of traits as drivers of different range dynamics was evaluated using random forest models. The magnitude and direction of biogeographic range shifts were different at both spatial scales. At a regional scale, 34% of genera contracted their ranges, disappearing from the TPSA. At a local scale, a similar proportion of genera expanded and contracted their southern endpoints of distribution. The models showed a high precision at both spatial scales of analyses, but the relative importance of predictor variables differed. At a regional scale, disappearing genera tended to have a higher tolerance to salinity, lower sea surface temperature (SST) range, and smaller body sizes. At a local scale, genera contracting their ranges tended to live at greater depths, tolerate lower levels of primary productivity, and show a reduced tolerance to higher and lower SST ranges. The magnitude and direction of the changes in the range distribution were scale dependent and variable across the genera. Hence, multiple environmental exogenous factors interacted with taxon traits during the Neogene, creating a mosaic of biogeographic dynamics.
Radiocarbon Measurements of Small-Size Foraminiferal Samples with the Mini Carbon Dating System (MICADAS) at the University of Bern: Implications for Paleoclimate Reconstructions
Authors: Gottschalk Julia , Szidat Sönke , Michel Elisabeth , Mazaud Alain , Salazar Gary , Battaglia Michael , Lippold Jörg , Jaccard Samuel L
Published: March 2018

Radiocarbon (14C) measurements of foraminifera often provide the only absolute age constraints in marine sediments. However, they are often challenging as their reliability and accuracy can be compromised by reduced availability of adequate sample material. New analytical advances using the MIni CArbon DAting System (MICADAS) allow 14C dating of very small samples, circumventing size limitations inherent to conventional 14C measurements with accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). Here we use foraminiferal samples and carbonate standard material to assess the reproducibility and precision of MICADAS 14C analyses, quantify contamination biases, and determine foraminiferal 14C blank levels. The reproducibility of conventional 14C ages for our planktic (benthic) foraminiferal samples from gas measurements is 200 (130) yr, and has good precision as illustrated by the agreement between both standards and their reference values as well as between small gas- and larger graphitized foraminiferal samples (within 100±60 yr). We observe a constant contamination bias and slightly higher 14C blanks for foraminifera than for carbonate reference materials, limiting gas (graphite) 14C age determinations for foraminifera from our study sites to ~38 (~42) kyr. Our findings underline the significance of MICADAS gas analyses for 14C on smaller-than-conventional sized foraminiferal samples for paleoclimate reconstructions and dating.
Symmetries of a reduced fluid-gyrokinetic system
Authors: White R. L. , Hazeltine R. D. , Loureiro N. F.
Published: March 2018

Symmetries of a fluid-gyrokinetic model are investigated using Lie group techniques. Specifically, the nonlinear system constructed by Zocco & Schekochihin (Phys. Plasmas, vol. 18, 2011, 102309), which combines nonlinear fluid equations with a drift-kinetic description of parallel electron dynamics, is studied. Significantly, this model is fully gyrokinetic, allowing for arbitrary $k_{\bot }\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{i}$, where $k_{\bot }$ is the perpendicular wave vector of the fluctuations and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{i}$ the ion gyroradius. The model includes integral operators corresponding to gyroaveraging as well as the moment equations relating fluid variables to the kinetic distribution function. A large variety of exact symmetries is uncovered, some of which have unexpected form. Using these results, new nonlinear solutions are constructed, including a helical generalization of the Chapman–Kendall solution for a collapsing current sheet.
A survey of formation control and motion planning of multiple unmanned vehicles
Authors: Liu Yuanchang , Bucknall Richard
Published: March 2018

The increasing deployment of multiple unmanned vehicles systems has generated large research interest in recent decades. This paper therefore provides a detailed survey to review a range of techniques related to the operation of multi-vehicle systems in different environmental domains, including land based, aerospace and marine with the specific focuses placed on formation control and cooperative motion planning. Differing from other related papers, this paper pays a special attention to the collision avoidance problem and specifically discusses and reviews those methods that adopt flexible formation shape to achieve collision avoidance for multi-vehicle systems. In the conclusions, some open research areas with suggested technologies have been proposed to facilitate the future research development.
Overlap in avian communities produces unimodal richness peaks on Bornean mountains
Authors: Burner Ryan C. , Styring Alison R. , Boer Chandradewana , Sheldon Frederick H.
Published: March 2018

Altitudinal gradients provide tractable, replicated systems in which to study changes in species richness and community composition over relatively short distances. Previously, richness was often assumed to follow a monotonic decline with altitude, but recent meta-analyses show that more complex patterns, including mid-altitude richness peaks, are also prevalent in birds. In this study, we used point counts to survey birds at multiple altitudes on three mountains on the island of Borneo in Sundaland, an area for which quantitative analyses of avian altitudinal distribution are unavailable. In total we conducted 1088 point counts and collected associated habitat data at 527 locations to estimate species richness by altitude on Mt Mulu (2376 m), Mt Pueh (1550 m) and Mt Topap Oso (1450 m). On Mulu, the only mountain with an intact habitat gradient, bird species richness peaks at 600 m. Richness appeared to peak at 600 m on Totap Oso as well, but on Pueh it peaked several hundred metres higher. The richness peak on Mulu differs from that predicted by null models and is instead caused by the overlap of distinct lowland and montane avifaunas, supporting the faunal overlap hypothesis. This finding provides further evidence that a lack of coincidence between peak turnover and peak richness is not sufficient evidence to rule out faunal overlap as a causal factor.