bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ROMANOS 1: MENOS FILTRO E MAIS PRÓXIMO
Authors: Pereira Aislan Fernandes
Published: January 2020

Há um certo ocultamento ou empobrecimento de informações significativas, em traduções bem conhecidas do texto grego, no primeiro capítulo de Romanos. É o caso de várias versões em inglês, português e em alemão. Grande parte dessas versões são baseadas no Textus Receptus. Em face desse problema, é apresentada uma nova tradução, sob o texto crítico, de Westcott e Hort, de 1885. Para evitar certos filtros histórico-teológicos dessas traduções, recorrendo a um texto mais literal, sem aumentar o esforço do leitor em superar a distância do contexto autoral, a tradução proposta não só adota complementos auxiliares, como é seguida de uma série de comentários elucidativos de suas principais palavras e temas.
APORTES TEÓRICO-METODOLÓGICOS DO ENSINO DE JESUS CRISTO E SUAS APLICAÇÕES PARA A PEDAGOGIA
Authors: Araújo Torres de Melo Moul Renato
Published: January 2020

A pessoa de Jesus Cristo, durante seu ministério terreno, desenvolveu uma intensa e extensa jornada de ensino. Com aulas que apresentavam claros objetivos, variados recursos, versátil metodologia e resultados expressivos, estimula e instiga pedagogos ainda modernos. Neste trabalho de pesquisa documental, buscou-se compreender os pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da pedagogia de Jesus. Utilizou-se a análise do conteúdo, proposta por Lawrence Bardin, a fim de compreender as concepções de variados autores acerca da didática do Senhor. Ao final, percebe-se que, no discurso implícito de teóricos distintos, evidencia-se uma concepção amplamente difundida da consolidada pedagogia de Jesus e que essa se constitui como objeto de estudo e elemento inspirador para docentes – cristãos ou não – e profissionais da educação.
Igreja no Nordeste, pastorais sociais e cristianismo da libertação: Assembleia Popular nos anos 2005-2010
Authors: De Andrade Flávio Lyra
Published: January 2020

O corrente artigo analisa a construção de identidade coletiva dos cristãos na Assembleia Popular. Nele discute-se as pastorais e movimentos sociais nos Estados de Pernambuco e Paraíba, situando-os no contexto do Regional da CNBB NE2, no período de 2005 a 2010. Traz reflexões do campo da sociologia da religião em diálogo com a teologia. A ênfase do estudo é a discussão de como o cristianismo da libertação se expressa em iniciativa das pastorais sociais na articulação da Assembleia Popular, constituindo-se como uma tradição político-cultural. Na conclusão, problematiza-se o trânsito entre os campos político e religioso dos cristãos e dos participantes dessa experiência, trazendo questões de cunho eclesiológico e político-pastoral sobre o peculiar contexto das Igrejas Católicas de Olinda-Recife e João Pessoa no período.
Pensar con Francisco Taborda: hacia una teología fundamental de los Sacramentos en nuestros días
Authors: Oliveira Pedro Rubens Ferreira
Published: January 2020

El autor de esta investigación propone la relectura de la obra “Sacramentos, praxis y fiesta” de Francisco Taborda, un clásico de la teología latinoamericana, en un contexto diferente al de los años 80, momento en que el texto fue publicado en portugués y español. La mayor pertinencia de esta relectura es la necesidad de una reflexión fundamental de los sacramentos en los días de hoy. El artículo se desarrolla en tres momentos. Primero, el autor enumera las razones para retomar la tarea del teólogo brasileño. Luego, se presenta la obra, indicando el método, los temas y las reflexiones fundamentales. Finalmente, Pedro Rubens elabora conclusiones para “pensar con” Taborda y resalta algunas preguntas relevantes que nos llevan “hacia una teología fundamental de los sacramentos”.
O sonho de uma “Igreja Samaritana”: A perícope de Lc 10,25-37 como paradigma do agir cristão a partir do Documento de Aparecida
Authors: Utrini Heitor Carlos Santos
Published: January 2020

Entre todos os textos bíblicos citados pelo Documento de Aparecida, a passagem do “Bom Samaritano” parece ser um dos que melhor funciona como chave de leitura para esse texto. O próprio Documento fala do ideal de uma “Igreja samaritana” (nº 26) e, ao longo do texto, a perícope é explicitamente mencionada diversas vezes, isso sem falar das alusões. O discípulo é convidado a levar a mensagem da salvação à humanidade que jaz à beira do caminho (nº 29). Nessa dinâmica, não se pode ignorar os sofrimentos dos outros, sob pena de não ser um autêntico seguidor de Cristo (nº 358). A Igreja, em sua própria estrutura, é atingida por esse apelo, uma vez que a paróquia também deve ser uma boa samaritana (nº 176). Partindo desse pressuposto, a apresentação se dividirá em dois momentos: primeiramente, oferecerá um comentário ao texto lucano e, logo depois, tendo como pano de fundo o Documento de Aparecida, estabelecerá um diálogo entre a passagem evangélica e seus apelos teológicos e pastorais. A Igreja, por meio do Documento de Aparecida, pretende despertar novos discípulos missionários e descobre que o autêntico discipulado é aquele que passa pela dinâmica do bom samaritano (nº 135 e 537), que é o paradigma do seguimento cristão.
Culto no Israel do Norte, no século VIII a.C.: a concepção do livro de Oseias
Authors: Corrêa Lima Maria De Lourdes
Published: January 2020

Os textos de Oseias dão acesso à compreensão, na ótica do livro, da situação religiosa do Israel do Norte no século VIII a.C. Considerado o contexto literário, a análise terminológica permite identificar três formas de culto criticadas pelo profeta e, com isso, delinear os critérios principais que orientam suas palavras: a importância da instrução sacerdotal acerca das tradições israelitas e o “conhecimento de Deus”.
A Ressurreição de Jesus sob a categoria de “Promessa”: uma contribuição a partir da Teologia da Esperança de J. Moltmann
Authors: Jacinto Círio Alessandro
Published: January 2020

O presente artigo traz a contribuição do teólogo protestante Jürgen Moltmann para as reflexões sobre o significado da Ressurreição de Jesus. No horizonte da atualidade, os cristãos são constantemente convocados a estarem prontos para oferecer as razões de sua esperança (Cf. 1Pe 3,15). Assim, prescindindo das outras inúmeras (e igualmente ricas) contribuições possíveis, limitar-se-á em tomar emprestada a lente da “promessa” e, a partir dela, olhar para o túmulo vazio e para aquela experiência que levou os discípulos a acreditarem: “Não está aqui! Ressuscitou!” (Lc 24,6). Por fim, serão apontadas algumas reflexões acerca do compromisso social, que procedem da fé na Ressurreição.
Medellín e a “Pastoral Popular”: a evangelização a partir da base
Authors: Módena Hernane Santos , De Souza Ney
Published: January 2020

O artigo aborda de forma analítica o documento sobre a Pastoral Popular, produzido pela II Conferência do Episcopado Latino-Americano em Medellín – Colômbia. O Concílio Ecumênico Vaticano II foi a grande motivação para a reflexão do episcopado em Medellín, que teve por missão fazer a recepção dos seus documentos. Mais do que a letra, a tarefa maior era a de absorver e disseminar por toda a Igreja latina-americana o espírito de renovação eclesial e pastoral do Concílio. O texto evidencia como as inversões eclesiológicas presentes nos documentos do Vaticano II foram decisivas e fundamentais para uma nova relação da Igreja com o mundo contemporâneo. Na América Latina, Medellín, além de acolher as decisões da assembleia conciliar, também adotou o método utilizado pelo Concílio, sobretudo pela Gaudium et Spes, o ver-julgar-agir. Por meio da leitura dos “sinais dos tempos”, a realidade dos povos latino-americanos, principalmente a dos pobres e a dos que mais sofrem, pôde ser contemplada, questionada, iluminada pela Palavra de Deus e discernida, para, então, propor uma nova ação evangelizadora. Em Medellín, iniciou-se a descontinuidade de uma Igreja caracterizada por uma estrutura colonial verticalizada, para uma Igreja Povo de Deus, missionária e libertadora.
Renovação da Vida Religiosa Consagrada: indicações do Papa Francisco
Authors: Prates Lisaneos Francisco
Published: January 2020

A Vida Religiosa Consagrada nasceu no coração da Igreja e do mundo para ser sinal de comunhão, tendo como proposta uma missão carismática na diversidade e na singularidade de cada carisma. A figura carismática do Papa Francisco e sua inspiração renovadora da missão da Igreja trazem consigo a proposição de renovação da Vida Religiosa Consagrada e a consoante atualização de sua missão carismática no atual momento cultural da história.
Quem é o “próximo”? À procura da personagem presente na formulação jurídica em Lv 19,18c
Authors: Grenzer Matthias , Dos Santos Maria Cristiane
Published: January 2020

A lei em Lv 19,18c prescreve, de forma imperativa, o “amor ao próximo”. Quem, por sua vez, é esse “próximo”? Em vista disso, serão controladas aqui as cinquenta e duas presenças desse vocábulo na obra do Pentateuco, contexto literário-teológico mais imediato de Lv 19,18c. Por acaso será o “próximo”, por excelência e/ou exclusivamente, aquele que pertence à mesma etnia, ao mesmo clã e/ou à mesma família, ou o conceito de “próximo” precisa ser aplicado de forma mais abrangente?
Catéchèse de l'expérience: Un défi pour nos jours
Authors: Vilas Boas Susana
Published: January 2020

A pastoral e o próprio método catequético são hoje um desafio para as comunidades eclesiais e para a Igreja universal. No passado, os modelos de catequese foram transformados e adaptados à realidade social e eclesial, mas a situação atual, à qual somos confrontados, apresenta-se como um desafio às proposições existentes. Este estudo não pretende apresentar "soluções mágicas" para as dificuldades pastorais e preocupações da Igreja de hoje, mas antes procura mostrar caminhos diferentes para uma catequese que possa estabelecer uma relação estreita entre a realidade atual, a pedagogia divina narrada nas Escrituras (encarnada em Jesus Cristo) e a identidade cristã, sempre em descoberta.
A philosophical study of the man and his nature in the Holy Quran and the ancient Upanishads
Authors: Jalali Ali Reza , Afroogh Mohammad Reza
Published: January 2020

Human nature is a complex subject and it is difficult to grasp full knowledge of philosophical explanations of human beings. The kind of look and ideology that a religion or school gives to human beings is basically effective in the form and structure of that religion. It can be said that without knowing and being familiarized with the anthropology of a religion, its knowledge is not complete. In this study, we are going to discuss human nature from the perspective of the book of the Holy Qur'an and the ancient Upanishads, which are two important and sacred works from Islam and Hinduism. In this essay, we try to examine the views of the two religions, based on their sacred texts, which are the Holy Qur'an and the ancient Upanishads. The Holy Qur’an views human nature as pure and unconditional, that it always seeks and loves rightness and hates falsehood and impurity, and the old Upanishads considers human nature as part of a whole, which is pure and innocent and insists on saying that God and men have a direct relationship and that He created the man from His nature.
Sinodalidade, caminho de comunhão e unidade, segundo Atos dos Apóstolos
Authors: Ulloa Boris Agustín Nef , Lopes Jean Richard
Published: January 2020

Este artigo apresenta uma reflexão teológico-bíblica, não exegética, sobre a sinodalidade nos Atos dos Apóstolos. Essa prática nasce da consciência da convocação de Deus – guia da história da salvação –, primeiro, a Israel e, por meio dele, à humanidade inteira. A resposta a essa convocação consiste num caminho feito em conjunto, segundo o desígnio divino. Atos descreve o caminho das testemunhas, confirmadas pelo Espírito, no desenvolvimento do esquema geográfico-teológico estabelecido por Jesus Cristo, o Ressuscitado: “Jerusalém, em toda a Judéia e Samaria e até os confins da terra” (At 1,8). As comunidades vivem um longo processo de organização. Diante das várias dificuldades estruturais e de convivência étnico-cultural, a assembleia junto de seus pastores busca soluções segundo uma dinâmica sinodal. Assim, a sinodalidade caracteriza-se pela convicção de que a presença do Ressuscitado é atualizada pelo Espírito Santo, que qualifica a vida de todos os batizados para o testemunho maduro e dinâmico capaz de ser sinal de comunhão e unidade.
A contribuição das dez competências gerais da BNCC na área do ensino religioso: princípios normativos de coesão e esperança
Authors: Brandenburg Laude Erandi , De Campos Fernando Batista , Da Costa Souza Pablo Rangel Cardoso
Published: January 2020

O presente trabalho analisa a função ou as funções das 10 Competências gerais da Base Nacional Comum Curricular homologada em 2017, a BNCC, e sua relação com a formação docente em cursos de Licenciatura em Ciências da Religião – Ensino Religioso. As competências gerais perpassam o conhecimento proposto nas unidades de ensino do Brasil, permitindo que o processo de aprendizagem seja integral. Objetiva-se analisar esse desdobramento proposto pelas competências gerais da BNCC na área do conhecimento do Ensino Religioso, que ganha espaço oficial na formação dos currículos pedagógicos das escolas públicas e privadas de ensino infantil e fundamental. Nesse sentido, os cursos de Licenciatura em Ciências da Religião – Ensino Religioso são desafiados a demonstrar esse envolvimento com a temática.
American Bonds
Authors: Quinn Sarah L.
Published: January 2020

Federal housing finance policy and mortgage-backed securities have gained widespread attention in recent years because of the 2008 financial crisis, but issues of government credit have been part of American life since the nation's founding. From the 1780s, when a watershed national land credit policy was established, to the postwar foundations of our current housing finance system, this book examines the evolution of securitization and federal credit programs. The book shows that since the Westward expansion, the US government has used financial markets to manage America's complex social divides, and politicians and officials across the political spectrum have turned to land sales, home ownership, and credit to provide economic opportunity without the appearance of market intervention or direct wealth redistribution. Highly technical systems, securitization, and credit programs have been fundamental to how Americans determined what they could and should owe one another. Over time, government officials embraced credit as a political tool that allowed them to navigate an increasingly complex and fractured political system, affirming the government's role as a consequential and creative market participant. Neither intermittent nor marginal, credit programs supported the growth of powerful industries, from railroads and farms to housing and finance; have been used for disaster relief, foreign policy, and military efforts; and were promoters of amortized mortgages, lending abroad, venture capital investment, and mortgage securitization. Illuminating America's market-heavy social policies, this book illustrates how political institutions became involved in the nation's lending practices.
The Credit Frontier
Authors: Quinn Sarah L.
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses the problem of farm credit distribution in the nineteenth century and discusses some early examples of how federal credit and securitization were mobilized in response to it. It first looks at the federal government's use of credit as a policy tool, focusing on two instances. These include the sale of land on credit to raise funds to pay down Revolutionary War debt and the use of land and credit as supports for the transcontinental railroads. Indeed, land was an essential political resource. The chapter then considers the demand for farm mortgage credit in the West and South as the nation spread over the continent. Land is a massive absorber of capital, and even when farmers received land for free, settlers and farmers used mortgages to raise funds to improve and work the land. Ultimately, land and credit have always been part of how Americans have sought to resolve disputes over who should get what and part of how government officials have sought to avoid more direct modes of taxing and spending.
The Rise of Federal Credit Programs
Authors: Quinn Sarah L.
Published: January 2020

This chapter assesses the expansion of credit programs in the New Deal, showing that it was the key moment when credit support came fully into its role as a multipurpose tool of statecraft. The New Deal credit programs mattered because they helped a fractured political system continue to function. Their appeal rested in how credit programs circumvented the nation's deepest, most intractable fissures. Credit programs allowed government officials to promote specific markets without meeting the various demands of central planning. They could be justified on many grounds and framed as consistent with free-market ideals. Equally important, they could be removed from the budget. The latter characteristic did not please the most stalwart of fiscal conservatives, but it did create more options for maneuvering around them. The chapter then considers how the Reconstruction Finance Corporation—the financial giant that funded much of the New Deal—and the housing programs served as the institutional centers for the development of U.S. credit policy.
Drawing Down the Moon
Authors: Edmonds III Radcliffe G.
Published: January 2020

What did magic mean to the people of ancient Greece and Rome? How did Greeks and Romans not only imagine what magic could do, but also use it to try to influence the world around them? This book provides the most comprehensive account of the varieties of phenomena labeled as magic in classical antiquity. Exploring why certain practices, images, and ideas were labeled as “magic” and set apart from “normal” kinds of practices, the book gives insight into the shifting ideas of religion and the divine in the ancient past and in the later Western tradition. Using fresh approaches to the history of religions and the social contexts in which magic was exercised, the book delves into the archaeological record and classical literary traditions to examine images of witches, ghosts, and demons as well as the fantastic powers of metamorphosis, erotic attraction, and reversals of nature, such as the famous trick of drawing down the moon. From prayer and divination to astrology and alchemy, the book journeys through all manner of ancient magical rituals and paraphernalia. It considers the ways in which the Greco-Roman discourse of magic was formed amid the cultures of the ancient Mediterranean, including Egypt and the Near East.
Drawing Down the Moon: Defining Magic in the Ancient Greco­Roman World
Authors: Edmonds III Radcliffe G.
Published: January 2020

This introductory chapter provides a definition of magic. One of the most useful adjustments in the recent scholarship on magic has been the turn to considering magic as a dynamic social construct, instead of some particular reality. Magic is not a thing, but a way of talking. Thus, magic is a discourse pertaining to non-normative ritualized activity, in which the deviation from the norm is most often marked in terms of the perceived efficacy of the act, the familiarity of the performance within the cultural tradition, the ends for which the act is performed, or the social location of the performer. Such a discourse always has a history, since such a way of talking about things shifts over time as different people do the talking. When one speaks of “magic,” therefore, one should always explain: “magic for whom?” Any specific piece of evidence from the ancient Greco-Roman world provides an example of magic for that particular person, from one particular perspective. To speak of “magic in the ancient Greco-Roman world” is thus to refer to the whole range of things that various people in those cultures during those times could label as “magic.” The chapter then considers the act of drawing down the moon.
Bewitched, Bothered, Bewildered: Love Charms and Erotic Curses
Authors: Edmonds III Radcliffe G.
Published: January 2020

This chapter focuses on erotic magic. While there is no way to judge, from a modern perspective, whether any of this erotic magic “worked,” from the standpoint of cultural history one can nevertheless conclude that erotic magic was a real part of the Greco-Roman world, both in the imagination of its possibilities and in the practices of those seeking extraordinary solutions to the endless problems that can arise in erotic relationships. The evidence, in literature and in epigraphic sources, provides insights into those problems as well as into the ways people thought those problems might be solved. This material is a rich source for the understanding of ancient Greco-Roman sexualities, providing glimpses of the underlying patterns of erotic behavior, both in the fantasies of the ancient Greeks and Romans and in the realities of their relationships. The social location of the performer is particularly interesting in erotic magic, since the literary evidence would suggest that erotic magic is generally associated with the objectively profane: the female, the old, the foreign. In reality, however, both males and females made use of erotic magic.
The Dynamics of Risk
Authors: Comfort Louise K.
Published: January 2020

Earthquakes are a huge global threat. In thirty-six countries, severe seismic risks threaten populations and their increasingly interdependent systems of transportation, communication, energy, and finance. This book provides an examination of how twelve communities in nine countries responded to destructive earthquakes between 1999 and 2015. And many of the book's lessons can also be applied to other large-scale risks. The book sets the global problem of seismic risk in the framework of complex adaptive systems to explore how the consequences of such events ripple across jurisdictions, communities, and organizations in complex societies, triggering unexpected alliances but also exposing social, economic, and legal gaps. It assesses how the networks of organizations involved in response and recovery adapted and acted collectively after the twelve earthquakes it examines. It describes how advances in information technology enabled some communities to anticipate seismic risk better and to manage response and recovery operations more effectively, decreasing losses. Finally, the book shows why investing substantively in global information infrastructure would create shared awareness of seismic risk and make post-disaster relief more effective and less expensive. The result is a landmark study of how to improve the way we prepare for and respond to earthquakes and other disasters in our ever-more-complex world.
Toward an Auto-adaptive System
Authors: Comfort Louise K.
Published: January 2020

This chapter evaluates the findings and analysis for the response system that is moving toward auto-adaptation. None of the 12 disaster response systems included in this study met fully the characteristics specified for the class of auto-adaptive response systems. Yet the earthquake response system that evolved in Lushan County, Ya'an Municipality, Sichuan Province, China, following the earthquake of April 20, 2013, was clearly moving in that direction. The Lushan earthquake illustrated the change in overall system performance in China when ordinary citizens could communicate freely with one another at the local level regarding the status of response operations following the earthquake. Using cell phones, residents could share their direct observations of conditions requiring urgent action and actions taken or not taken to assist those injured or who suffered damage from the earthquake. This change in the technical capacity for communication among community residents altered their capacity to engage in collaborative response to the earthquake. Consequently, it shaped the four basic conditions that led to adaptive performance: (1) articulation of common meanings; (2) trust between leaders and citizens; (3) resonance between response system and the environment in which it operates; and (4) sufficient resources to sustain collective action.
Operative Adaptive Systems
Authors: Comfort Louise K.
Published: January 2020

This chapter details the findings and analysis for operative adaptive systems. Four earthquake response and recovery systems included in this study fall in this initial category of operative adaptive systems: the 1999 Duzce, Turkey, earthquake; the 2009 Padang, Indonesia, earthquake; the 2011 Tohoku, Japan, earthquake, tsunami, and nuclear breach; and the 2015 Nepal earthquakes. All four response systems share the characteristic of seeking to adapt rapidly to an environment suddenly altered by a major earthquake. Yet, the capacity of each governmental system to extend the process of adaptation beyond the immediate response into a newly re-stabilized recovery system varied markedly, depending on the scale of the destruction incurred, the scope of reconstruction required, and the rate of change over time needed for recovery. Moreover, while each of these four cases exhibited some capacity in technical and social areas, none had strong midlevel networks that could bridge national and local functions easily.
A History of Ambiguity
Authors: Ossa-Richardson Anthony
Published: January 2020

Ever since it was first published in 1930, William Empson's Seven Types of Ambiguity has been perceived as a milestone in literary criticism—far from being an impediment to communication, ambiguity now seemed an index of poetic richness and expressive power. Little, however, has been written on the broader trajectory of Western thought about ambiguity before Empson; as a result, the nature of his innovation has been poorly understood. This book remedies this omission. Starting with classical grammar and rhetoric, and moving on to moral theology, law, biblical exegesis, German philosophy, and literary criticism, the book explores the many ways in which readers and theorists posited, denied, conceptualised, and argued over the existence of multiple meanings in texts between antiquity and the twentieth century. This process took on a variety of interconnected forms, from the Renaissance delight in the ‘elegance’ of ambiguities in Horace, through the extraordinary Catholic claim that Scripture could contain multiple literal—and not just allegorical—senses, to the theory of dramatic irony developed in the nineteenth century, a theory intertwined with discoveries of the double meanings in Greek tragedy. Such narratives are not merely of antiquarian interest: rather, they provide an insight into the foundations of modern criticism, revealing deep resonances between acts of interpretation in disparate eras and contexts. The book lays bare the long tradition of efforts to liberate language, and even a poet's intention, from the strictures of a single meaning.
The Old Rhetoric
Authors: Ossa-Richardson Anthony
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses the Old Rhetoric, sketching the long persistence in the West—from Aristotle to the early twentieth century—of a ‘single meaning model’ of language, one that takes ambiguity for granted as an obstacle to persuasive speech and clear philosophical analysis. In Aristotle's works are the seeds of three closely related traditions of Western thought on ambiguity: the logicosemantic, the rhetorical, and the hermeneutic. The first seeks to eliminate ambiguity from philosophy because it hinders a clear analysis of the world. The second seeks to eliminate ambiguity from speech because it hinders the clear and persuasive communication of argument. The third, an extension of the second, seeks to resolve textual ambiguity because it hinders the reader's ability to grasp the writer's intention. The chapter then considers Aristotle's two types of verbal ambiguity: homonym and amphiboly. The solution to both—whether their presence in a discussion is accidental or deliberate—is what Aristotle calls diairesis or distinction, that is, the explicit clarification of the different meanings involved.
Collusion and Delusion
Authors: Ossa-Richardson Anthony
Published: January 2020

This chapter focuses on the notion of artificial ambiguity, understood at the level of speech-acts, which classical and early modern scholars usually conceived of either as puns—that is, ambiguities that are not really ambiguous—or as equivocations—ambiguities engineered to deceive. Then as now, wits prided themselves on their facility with double meanings, and chief among these was Cicero. The witty ambiguity, exemplified in the puns of Cicero, seemed to critics very different to the fraudulent ambiguity, embodied in the language of Satan, or in Jesuitical equivocation: the one was joyous and elegant, giving pleasure and reinforcing social bonds, whereas the other, undermining trust and moral security, begat sin after sin. However, they were only ever two ends of the same wand, and their proximity could bring delight to the equivocation or discredit to the pun. The chapter then analyses that paradox, first modelling the ambiguity in the classical witticism and then considering its relation to the figure of the hypocrite in early modern poetry and theology. It also evaluates the sixteenth-century argument over the legitimacy of equivocation and mental reservation.
Selling the “Golden People”
Authors: Miller-Davenport Sarah
Published: January 2020

This chapter studies the Hawaiʻi tourism industry's efforts to market Hawaiʻi as a multicultural paradise where positive racial experiences could be bought and sold. Although Hawaiʻi had long been a draw for wealthy tourists, jet travel, which arrived the same year as statehood, allowed a larger and broader cohort of mainland Americans to vacation in the islands, which the tourism industry portrayed as a quasi-foreign space where mainlanders could experience social amity and forge multicultural self-identities in the comfort of a safe, American milieu. In the process, the chapter argues that tourism helped turn race and racial tolerance into saleable—if intangible—commodities. Meanwhile, a massive military rest and recreation (RR) program in Hawaiʻi for combat soldiers during the Vietnam War exposed the limits of global mutual understanding and racial tolerance. Instead of encouraging its consumers to learn from Hawaiʻi's mixed multicultural society, RR in Hawaiʻi upheld the nuclear family and sought to insulate servicemen from the wider world. The tourism industry epitomized the ways in which much of the liberal racial discourse in the post-civil rights era conflated race, culture, and ethnicity, and in the process, depoliticized all three.
The Third World in the Fiftieth State
Authors: Miller-Davenport Sarah
Published: January 2020

This chapter challenges the progressive narrative of Hawaiʻi's boosters. It does so by analyzing the rise of opposition movements in Hawaiʻi. In particular, groups advocating for ethnic studies programs at the University of Hawaiʻi and related, nascent movements for native rights are considered. While the liberal multiculturalism of state boosters went largely uncontested in Hawaiʻi in the years before and after statehood, by the late 1960s Hawaiʻi's colonial history and its consequences would be reawakened as excitement over statehood gave way to widespread discontent among those excluded from statehood's rewards. Like the architects of Hawaiʻi's cultural exchange institutions, radicals in Hawaiʻi were also responding to Third World movements for cultural nationalism—as movements not to counteract, but to emulate.
Template-based Analyses and Min-policy Iteration
Authors: Garoche Pierre-Loïc
Published: January 2020

This chapter considers other configurations aside from the direct synthesis of invariants as bound templates. A first case arises when the methods shown in the previous chapter only synthesizes the template but not the bound. A second appears when one wants to analyze a system with multiple templates. This chapter looks at bounds on each variable and considers the templates 𝑝‎(𝑥‎) = 𝑥²‎𝑖‎ for each variable 𝑥‎𝑖‎ in state characterization 𝑥‎ ∈‎ Σ‎. The chapter thus proposes a policy iteration algorithm, based on sum-of-squares (SOS) optimization, to refine such template bounds. In practice, the chapter uses it by combining a Lyapunov-based template obtained using one of the previous methods with additional templates encoding bounds on some variables or property specific templates.
System-level Properties as Numerical Invariants
Authors: Garoche Pierre-Loïc
Published: January 2020

This chapter summarizes an attempt to express classical notions of control theory such as stability or robustness using the previously presented invariant-based tools. All numerical tools presented in previous chapters were focused on the precise over-approximation of reachable states. However, this chapter argues that it is important to be able to express higher level properties than just bounding reachable states. The idea that drove the invariants and template synthesis after all was this notion of Lyapunov functions and of Lyapunov stability. Assuming a control level property, it would be extremely interesting to be able to express this property over the code or model artifact. A main limitation for the study of these control level properties is the need for the plant description, which is generally not available when considering code artifact. As such, this chapter assumes the plant semantics is provided in a discrete fashion and therefore amenable to code level description as presented in Chapter 3.
Quaint, Exquisite
Authors: Lavery Grace E.
Published: January 2020

From the opening of trade with Britain in the 1850s, Japan occupied a unique and contradictory place in the Victorian imagination, regarded as both a rival empire and a cradle of exquisite beauty. This book explores the enduring impact of this dramatic encounter, showing how the rise of Japan led to a major transformation of Western aesthetics at the dawn of globalization. The book provides a radical new genealogy of aesthetic experience in modernity. It argues that the global popularity of Japanese art in the late nineteenth century reflected an imagined universal standard of taste that Kant described as the “subjective universal” condition of aesthetic judgment. It features illuminating cultural histories of Gilbert and Sullivan's Mikado, English derivations of the haiku, and retellings of the Madame Butterfly story, and sheds critical light on lesser-known figures such as Winnifred Eaton, an Anglo-Chinese novelist who wrote under the Japanese pseudonym Onoto Watanna, and Mikimoto Ryuzo, a Japanese enthusiast of the Victorian art critic John Ruskin. It also explains the importance and symbolic power of such material objects as W. B. Yeats's prized katana sword and the “Japanese vellum” luxury editions of Oscar Wilde. The book provides essential insights into the modern understanding of beauty as a vehicle for both intimacy and violence, and the lasting influence of Japanese forms today on writers and artists such as Quentin Tarantino.
All Margin
Authors: Lavery Grace E.
Published: January 2020

This chapter follows Michel Foucault's distinction between a “history of ideas” and a “history of thought.” It treats the aestheticism of the late 19th century as representing the social form of aesthetics itself. Here, the chapter argues that it was through the embodied and socially embedded practices of cultivating beauty that the exquisite limits of aesthetic thinking were formulated as a historical problematic. By this, the chapter contends that while British aestheticism's engagement with Japan plugged into the hole of Kantian subjective universal, by supplying a set of objects immediately, absolutely, and universally legible as beautiful, it also brought painfully close to home the narcissistic threat of the Other Empire. Thus, one essential element of the idea of Japan for Victorians was that, by the paradoxical virtue of being extremely far away, it could flesh out and formalize relations that were ruinously close.
Loving John Ruskin
Authors: Lavery Grace E.
Published: January 2020

This chapter visits the United Kingdom with a Japanese literary tourist in the 1920s, Mikimoto Ryuzo. It searches alongside him for vestiges of Victorian art critic and social theorist John Ruskin's utopian sentiment in an interwar period from which such ideas have been wholly absented—Ruskin's complex ideas, spoken out of context and somewhat garbled, amounting to little more than passionately articulated commonplaces. In the spirit of Mikimoto's radical quaintness, the chapter next explores the convergence of Marx and Ruskin in Japan, contemporary writers on related themes whose historical coincidence in the London of the 1860s neatly frames the problem of historical major/minorness. Marx is generally considered a major writer to the extent to which he is excised from the context of Victorian Britain; Ruskin is a major writer only within that context, but rarely treated as major in the intellectual histories of Europe. Throughout Mikimoto's intellectual formation, and through his own engagements with style, this chapter attempts to catch a glimpse of a minor Marx and a minor Ruskin.
Converting the World
Authors: Jordan William Chester
Published: January 2020

This introductory chapter briefly covers the relatively underexplored topic of conversion during the Crusades. It points to the French king Louis IX's program for the conversion of Muslims, which incorporated, because of circumstances, a small number of pagan refugees as well. This was part of a complex of conversionary impulses long associated with Louis IX. There are notable differences among his various efforts, but there are also remarkable parallels and similarities. After first summarizing these other, better-investigated endeavors, as well as some related developments in the thirteenth century, the chapter proceeds to set the scene for the king's attempts to bring Muslims and pagans to the Catholic faith.
The Crusade of 1248–1254
Authors: Jordan William Chester
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses Louis IX's efforts to initiate his personal project of bringing Muslims to the Catholic faith in the run up to, and during, the Crusade in 1248–1254. The dominant mood of Christendom at the time was one of overflowing optimism, characterized by dramatic conversions in the wake of the anticipated Christian conquest. An aspect of this wishful scenario was the expectation that defeated Muslim rulers and commanders would start the process of conversion by themselves going to the baptismal font, thus inspiring or insisting that their people do so as well. Indeed, conversion of the Muslim enemy was an important component of the fantasy world of the western knight. “Fantasy” is a favorite word among students of these matters. Yet it was also a scenario, albeit repellant, imagined Muslims fighting the crusaders, who feared that Christian victories over them would lead to waves of conversions.
The Resettlement of the Converts
Authors: Jordan William Chester
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores the challenges encountered during the task of settling immigrant converts in France. Muslim and pagan converts (whether slave or free, prior to baptism in Acre and France) were fully separated from native Frenchmen by habits and speech. Only providing them money directly and keeping close watch over them could assure that the king's plan for them had the remotest chance to succeed. But the task would not be an easy one. Converted Muslims and pagans suffered from total displacement. They had no immediate local knowledge of the kingdom in which they had arrived (everything they “knew” was based on hearsay), and they had little reason at the time, if ever, to love France. Moreover, the Near Eastern lingua franca a few of the immigrants spoke was not French. Acquiring genuine competency in the language of northern France—the focus of this chapter—took time.
An Overview of the Proof
Authors: Haesemeyer Christian , Weibel Charles A.
Published: January 2020

This chapter provides the main steps in the proof of Theorems A and B regarding the norm residue homomorphism. It also proves several equivalent (but more technical) assertions in order to prove the theorems in question. This chapter also supplements its approach by defining the Beilinson–Lichtenbaum condition. It thus begins with the first reductions, the first of which is a special case of the transfer argument. From there, the chapter presents the proof that the norm residue is an isomorphism. The definition of norm varieties and Rost varieties are also given some attention. The chapter also constructs a simplicial scheme and introduces some features of its cohomology. To conclude, the chapter discusses another fundamental tool—motivic cohomology operations—as well as some historical notes.
Rost Motives and H90
Authors: Haesemeyer Christian , Weibel Charles A.
Published: January 2020

This chapter introduces the notion of a Rost motive, which is a summand of the motive of a Rost variety 𝑋. It highlights the theorem that, assuming that Rost motives exist and H90(n − 1) holds, then 𝐻𝑛+1
ét(𝑘, ℤ(𝑛)) injects into 𝐻𝑛+1
ét(𝑘(𝑋), ℤ(𝑛)). While there may be many Rost varieties associated to a given symbol, there is essentially only one Rost motive. The Rost motive captures the part of the cohomology of a Rost variety 𝑋. Since a Rost motive is a special kind of symmetric Chow motive, the chapter begins by recalling what this means. It then introduces the notion of 𝔛-duality. This duality plays an important role in the axioms defining Rost motives, as well as a role in the construction of the Rost motive in the next chapter. Finally, this chapter assumes that Rost motives exist and proves a key theorem.
Preparing the Child for Productive Life
Authors: Fortune Stella Baindu Fortune
Published: January 2020

The nature of children’s development is greatly influenced by the environmental conditions in which they are brought up. The amount of social stimulation which they receive is of particular importance, and even if physical conditions are adequate, an unstimulating environment which provides with little opportunity or need to experiment or solve problems will result in low level of achievement. Perhaps the most important aspect of the child’s social development is beyond the reach of the teacher. For the first very important aspect of the child’s development lies in the home. Genetic endowment and cultural level of the family, coupled with the actual physical conditions of the home will have decisive effect on the child’s development and will continue to influence him throughout his school life. These factors are inaccessible to be influenced by the teacher but it is as well for him to have them in mind in his dealings with pupils. In addition, he will need to know how he may most effectively change his pupils along the lives he considers to be the most appropriate. That is, he will seek out the most efficient ways of getting pupils learn for productive life in future.

The topic under review will be approached from various fronts which include;

The Sociological and Philosophical models; role of the school; Learners’ responsibility; role of the teacher; discipline and learner control; role of the parent; guidance and counseling services and conclusion.
Preparing the Child for Productive Life
Authors: Fortune Stella Baindu
Published: January 2020

The nature of children’s development is greatly influenced by the environmental conditions in which they are brought up. The amount of social stimulation which they receive is of particular importance, and even if physical conditions are adequate, an unstimulating environment which provides with little opportunity or need to experiment or solve problems will result in low level of achievement. Perhaps the most important aspect of the child’s social development is beyond the reach of the teacher. For the first very important aspect of the child’s development lies in the home. Genetic endowment and cultural level of the family, coupled with the actual physical conditions of the home will have decisive effect on the child’s development and will continue to influence him throughout his school life. These factors are inaccessible to be influenced by the teacher but it is as well for him to have them in mind in his dealings with pupils. In addition, he will need to know how he may most effectively change his pupils along the lives he considers to be the most appropriate. That is, he will seek out the most efficient ways of getting pupils learn for productive life in future. The topic under review will be approached from various fronts which include; The Sociological and Philosophical models; role of the school; Learners’ responsibility; role of the teacher; discipline and learner control; role of the parent; guidance and counseling services and conclusion.
Rakouská anexe Krakova v roce 1846: Příspěvek k dějinám rakousko-německých vztahů v době předbřeznové
Authors:   University of West Bohemia, Pásztorová Barbora
Published: January 2020

The main aim of this study is to analyse Austria's annexation of Cracow in November 1846 and its influence on the development of Austrian-German relations in the second half of the 1840s. The decision to end the independent existence of the Free City of Cracow was a violation of the Final Act, signed at the Congress of Vienna on 9 June 1815, which was considered by many contemporaries as a crisis that seriously jeopardized the continuation of the European peace order. It was an event that had a number of serious consequences both political and international-legal, as well as economic and social. The text seeks to outline the main events leading to Austria’s decision to declare the incorporation of Cracow into the Habsburg Monarchy and then analyses the consequences of this act. It focuses primarily on the dispute between Austria and Prussia over trade and customs issues. Particular attention is given to the reaction triggered in the territory of the German Confederation by the announcement of the termination of Cracow and its incorporation into Austria. While acknowledging the legitimacy of the Austrian action against Cracow, smaller German states did not resist the fear that they might be caught by the same fate and lose their free status and be annexed by one of the larger German states. The governments of Vienna and Berlin had to make considerable efforts to convince them that the rule of law would be maintained within the German Confederation. Prussia initially resisted negotiations on Austria's annexation of Cracow because of its own primarily economic interests there. Although in the end virtually none of the Prussian requirements for its approval of annexation were taken into account by Austria, the alliance between the two German powers was not disrupted.
La edición de la Eneida de Gabriel Pou impresa en Barcelona: indagaciones sobre su datación
Authors: Morales Bernal Francisco José
Published: January 2020

Este artículo pretende discernir la fecha en que más probablemente pudo haberse publicado la edición de la Eneida de Virgilio realizada por el librero e impresor catalán Gabriel Pou en Barcelona, la primera editada en España y cuyo colofón recoge erróneamente el 23 de junio de 1405 como fecha de su publicación. Después de revisar las distintas posiciones que diferentes estudiosos han adoptado sobre este tema, se pretende aclarar algunas cuestiones sobre esta edición, todo ello a partir de datos aportados por documentos oficiales, así como del análisis tipográfico de las propias obras del catalán y de las obras producidas por otros impresores.
Sociología y ci-fi: repensando los procesos de cambio social desde la ciencia ficción
Authors: Sequeiros Bruna Costán , Puente Bienvenido Héctor
Published: January 2020

Desde sus comienzos, la ciencia-ficción ha planteado debates y cuestiones que han servido como punto de reflexión y análisis para la población que consume ese tipo de obras. Al hacerlo, numerosas ideas, planteamientos e imaginarios se han ido insertando en la sociedad, favoreciendo discusiones que han contribuido al cambio social en muy diversos sentidos. Por este motivo, en el presente artículo presentamos y analizamos las relaciones e implicaciones de la ciencia ficción en los procesos de cambio social