bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reactive Transport Modeling for Mobilization of Arsenic in a Sediment Downgradient from an Iron Permeable Reactive Barrier
Authors: Jeen Sung-Wook
Published: November 2017

Arsenic (As) can be naturally present in the native aquifer materials and can be released to groundwater through reduction dissolution of iron oxides containing As. While granular iron permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) can be effective for the treatment of arsenic in groundwater, the mobilization of arsenic in the sediment downgradient of the PRB might be an issue due to the reduced geochemical conditions generated by reactions in the PRB. The release of arsenic in the sediment downgradient from a proposed iron PRB was studied through laboratory column experiments and reactive transport modeling. The laboratory column experiments showed a significant removal of arsenic from the groundwater by granular iron (from the influent concentration of about 0.7 mg L−1 to less than 0.006 mg L−1 at the effluent); however, arsenic can be flushed out from the aquifer sediments (up to 0.09 mg L−1). The reactive transport modeling based on the geochemical reactions as suggested from the experiments, i.e., reductive dissolution of As-bearing goethite, was successful to reproduce the observed geochemical trends in the column experiments. This study can provide implications regarding the installation of iron PRBs to treat arsenic in groundwater and also be useful to understand geochemical behavior of arsenic under reduced conditions.
Drug–Drug Interaction Potential of the HBV and HDV Entry Inhibitor Myrcludex B Assessed in vitro
Authors: Blank Antje , Meier Katrin , Urban Stephan , Haefeli Walter Emil , Weiss Johanna
Published: November 2017

Background

Myrcludex B is a first-in-class virus entry inhibitor for patients with chronic hepatitis B or B/D infections. In patients it will be coadministered with drugs needed for the disease or comorbidities. We aimed to define the risk of drug–drug interactions by characterizing the influence of myrcludex B on relevant drug transporting and metabolizing enzymes in vitro.

Methods

Inhibition of P-glycoprotein (P-gp; ABCB1), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ ABCG2), and the organic anion transporting polypeptides 1B1 and 1B3 (OATP1B1/ SLCO1B1 and OATP1B3/ SLCO1B3) was measured in cells over-expressing the respective transporter using fluorogenic substrates. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) was assessed with commercially available kits. mRNA induction of drug transporting and metabolizing enzymes was measured in LS180 cells after 4 days of treatment by quantitative real-time PCR. Pregnane X receptor (PXR) activation was assessed using a reporter-gene assay.

Results

Whereas activities of P-gp and BCRP were not influenced by myrcludex B, OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 were specifically inhibited with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.5 and 8.7 μM, respectively. Myrcludex B weakly inhibited all CYPs tested at concentrations ≥10 μM except CYP2D6, which was not inhibited at concentrations up to 2 μM. Myrcludex B had no influence on mRNA expression of CYP1A1, CYP3A4, UGT1A3, ABCB1, ABCC2 and ABCG2, and on PXR activity.

Conclusions

Our in vitro study suggests that myrcludex B is not at major risk of acting as a perpetrator drug. A potential inhibition of the uptake transporters OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 and a previous clinical finding of potential CYP3A inhibition, requires further evaluation and should be carefully addressed in future trials.
Recomposition familiale : remaniements psychiques et problématique narcissique chez l’enfant
Authors: Spyridaki Kelly , Sigala Florentia , Coulacoglou Carina
Published: November 2017

Le présent article étudie la reviviscence de la problématique narcissique chez 60 enfants vivant en famille recomposée au moyen d’un test projectif, le Test des Contes de Fées (FTT) en comparaison avec un groupe témoin. L’analyse de variance a révélé une plus faible estime de soi et des niveaux plus importants d’angoisse autour du rejet, de besoins d’approbation, de désirs de supériorité et de mouvements agressifs motivés par la dominance chez les enfants des familles recomposées. Les résultats sont discutés du point de vue des théories psychodynamiques sur le narcissisme.
De l’art-thérapie à la médiation artistique. Parlons-nous d’une même pratique ?
Authors: Colignon Martine
Published: November 2017

Les appellations pléthoriques, destinées à désigner un dispositif (art-thérapie) au sein duquel la création artistique prend une large place, ne résument pas à elles seules le cadre de soutien, de soin ou d’apprentissage, dans lequel vient s’inscrire un sujet. En conséquence, là où des moyens artistiques se déploient pour relancer une dynamique, sociale, psychique, éducative, chaque vocable introduit un fonctionnement et des appuis conceptuels différents qui sont ici abordés au travers de vignettes. C’est la raison pour laquelle, si l’art est un levier, son utilisation au sein d’une action médiatisée, quelle qu’elle soit, doit échapper à un nivellement par le terme qui la désigne, afin de clarifier ce qui la fonde et lui donne du sens.
Agir le droit. Un chemin d’émancipation collective en santé mentale
Authors: Dutoit Martine , Saint-Pé Marie Claude
Published: November 2017

Depuis une dizaine d’années, des personnes se sont regroupées dans un collectif d’associations visant le droit à la citoyenneté et la participation à la vie sociale et aux décisions sociétales. Ces personnes se reconnaissent comme citoyen-ne-s et pour certain-e-s directement usager-e-s de la santé mentale. Elles ont construit et mené plusieurs projets collectifs qui couvrent le spectre large de l’ empowerment . Ces projets, inscrits dans une démarche de santé communautaire, sont fondés sur le croisement des savoirs expérientiels des personnes participantes. Chacun de ces projets, menés en complète synergie avec des personnes trop souvent considérées comme incapables, permet de penser les processus de discrimination et d’exclusion maintenant divers publics dans des statuts d’assistés.
Du goût à la théorie. Le « Maître de Buli » au travers du prisme photographique
Authors: Volper Julien
Published: November 2017

À partir d’une série de photos dédiées à l’une des œuvres les plus emblématiques du Musée royal de l’Afrique centrale, l’auteur dresse un bref historique des approches esthétiques et scientifiques de la porteuse de coupe dite du « Maître de Buli ». Analyser l’intérêt porté par le chercheur belge Frans Maria Olbrechts à cette pièce permet de présenter un résumé des théories olbrechtiennes qui s’appuyèrent autant sur les travaux de l’anthropologue germano-américain Franz Boas que sur ceux de l’italien Giovanni Morelli, historien de l’art, ou, plus indirectement, sur les études de l’anatomiste français Georges Cuvier.
Les monuments mégalithiques du Somaliland
Authors: Cros Jean-Paul , Gutherz Xavier , Lesur Joséphine , Ali Mohamed Abdi
Published: November 2017

Les recherches au Somaliland, peu nombreuses mais précoces, dès la fin du xixe siècle, font état de structures à vocation principalement funéraire. Sommairement décrites dans la littérature, elles fournissent néanmoins quelques indications d’ordre typologique et chronologique. Des missions de prospection et des fouilles, entre 2002 et 2005, nous ont permis également de constater la présence de nombreux monuments mégalithiques de morphologie variée. Le bilan des travaux antérieurs, réalisés par nos prédécesseurs, joint à celui de nos propres recherches permet de proposer ici une typologie préliminaire – comportant quatre grandes familles de monuments – et de tenter d’asseoir une chronologie sur le temps long des différentes formes rencontrées. Cette discussion chronologique prendra en considération les structures funéraires décrites anciennement ou étudiées récemment dans un espace géographique plus large étendu à l’ensemble de la Corne de l’Afrique.
Floristic composition and species diversity of urban vegetation in Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa
Authors: Dingaan Mamokete N.V. , Du Preez Pieter J.
Published: November 2017

Background: Urban vegetation studies have, until recently, been relatively uncommon in South Africa. Yet, natural urban vegetation is constantly competing with and greatly impacted by urbanisation. This vegetation requires proper management and needs to be conserved because it is an important ecological infrastructure.Objectives: The objectives of the study were to identify the main vegetation types within the urban open spaces in the Bloemfontein metropolitan area, and to determine the floristic composition and species diversity of the area.Methods: A total of 248 relevés were classified using the TWINSPAN classification algorithm, and relationships between the communities and the environment were determined with the Detrended Correspondence Analysis and Canonical Correspondence Analysis computer programs. Species diversity was partitioned into α-, β- and γ-diversities.Results: Within the study area, 77 plant families and 248 genera, with a total of 376 plant species, were identified. The largest families are Poaceae, Asteraceae and Fabaceae, whereas the largest genera are Eragrostis, Aristida, Cyperus, Asparagus and Senecio. The study area has high species richness and the most species-rich sites are found adjacent to rivers and streams, and also on the slopes of hills and ridges. The vegetation is classified under five major vegetation types and four sub-units, which show a distinct association with topography and soil texture.Conclusion: The urban vegetation of Bloemfontein is species-rich and should be properly managed and conserved. In particular, the wetlands and rocky outcrops on hills and ridges, which are the most threatened habitats in the study area, need special management.
Status of the Genera Colpoon, Osyris and Rhoiacarpos in South Africa
Authors: Nickrent Daniel L.
Published: November 2017

Background: The taxonomic and phylogenetic status of Colpoon, Osyris and Rhoiacarpos (Santalaceae, Osyrideae) is reviewed.Objectives: To resolve confusion regarding whether Colpoon is deserving of generic status separate from Osyris.Methods: Existing morphological information was examined for the three genera as well as previously published molecular phylogenies.Results: From both morphological and phylogenetic perspectives, Colpoon is distinct from Osyris. The status of Rhoiacarpos was not contentious and this genus is also easily differentiated from the other two genera in Osyrideae.Conclusions: Colpoon and Osyris are not congeneric; therefore, floras, databases and herbarium collections should recognise these as distinct taxa.
Decolonising the commercialisation and commodification of the university and theological education in South Africa
Authors: Methula Dumisane W.
Published: November 2017

This article problematises the critical subject of the decolonisation of the university and theological education in South Africa from the neo-colonisation of commercialisation and commodification. The article, written from a decolonial perspective, serves as an epistemic critique of the cultures of corporatisation, rationalisation and entrepreneurship in higher education driven by the marketisation of society by the neoliberal institutions of globalisation. The article engages the role of decolonising theological education by drawing insights from African/Black theologies, the discourse on Africanisation and liberation to counter the strangulation and dominance of the commodification and commercialisation of theological education and prosperity theology in Africa, particularly in South Africa.
Die gestaltes van Philipp Melanchthon se Spreukekommentaar
Authors: Loader James Alfred
Published: November 2017

This article argues the following thesis: The distinctive characteristics of Philipp Melanchthon’s Explicatio Proverbiorum Salomonis (1525 and following years) and the differences between the several editions or versions of it can only partly be explained by the origins of the book in Melanchthon’s teaching activities during the ferment at German universities in the course of the sixteenth century Reformation. Both the peculiarities of the commentary itself and the way several differing versions of it were tolerated alongside one another only become explicable when a theological consideration is brought into the equation. On the one hand this resides in the view of Holy Scripture shared by Melanchthon and Martin Luther, and on the other hand in the humanist notion of context that Melanchthon’s exegetical work had in common with that of John Calvin.
Pastoral care (Seelsorge) and spiritual care in Germany
Authors: Thierfelder Constanze
Published: November 2017

In German-speaking countries the term spiritual care becomes more and more popular, not only in the realm of palliative care but also amongst pastoral care takers. In this article I argue that favouring of the term ‘spiritual care’ is not only a tribute to the changing situation in German-speaking countries, but also a way pastoral care takers want to deal with the challenges they face in a secular, multicultural society. I will discuss whether the use of the term ‘spiritual care’ is a way to ‘lower the profile’ of pastoral care and trying to be less explicit about the institution the pastors represent and the worldview they hold. This might look like an easy escape but does not foster the interaction in a multi-cultural space.
Habitat structure and diversity influence the nesting success of an endangered large cavity-nesting bird, the Southern Ground-hornbill
Authors: Combrink Leigh , Combrink Hendrik J. , Botha André J. , Downs Colleen T.
Published: November 2017

Habitat features can have a profound effect on the nesting success of birds. Savannas are often managed with predators and large herbivores as priority species, with little thought to the many bird species that management decisions could affect. Using a data set spanning seven breeding seasons, we examined how nesting success of Southern Ground-hornbills (SGHs) Bucorvus leadbeateri in the Kruger National Park varied as a result of various environmental and habitat factors within a radius of 3 km surrounding the nest site. Identifying which factors affect nesting success will allow for targeted management efforts to ensure the long-term survival of SGHs both within and outside of protected areas. Habitat structure and diversity of the vegetation surrounding the nest were the most influential factors on SGH nesting success. SGHs require open grassy areas for foraging and areas with large trees for nesting. Savanna habitat drivers such as elephants and fire should be managed to ensure that sufficient large trees are able to establish in the landscape and to control for bush encroachment. This is especially important in areas earmarked for SGH reintroductions. Nest sites of SGHs should be monitored to mitigate any structural changes in the habitat surrounding the nests. Nests should be modified or artificial nest sites provided, where nests have been damaged or lost, to ensure the continued presence of these birds in African savannas.Conservation implications: Habitat structure and diversity surrounding Southern Groundhornbill nests has a significant impact on their nesting success. This highlights the importance of monitoring vegetation change in savanna habitats where they occur. Management of savanna areas should take factors that influence bush encroachment, such as fire and elephants, into account to ensure the long-term persistence of these birds.
How is their word knowledge growing? Exploring Grade 3 vocabulary in South African township schools
Authors: Pretorius Elizabeth J. , Stoffelsma Lieke
Published: November 2017

In this article, we report on a study that examined the active and receptive English vocabulary of two different groups of Grade 3 learners in South African township schools. The groups consisted of English Home Language (HL) learners in the Western Cape and Xhosa HL and English First Additional Language (FAL) learners in the Eastern Cape. The purpose was to document their different vocabulary trajectories during Grade 3. The Woodcock-Muñoz Language Survey was used to measure the active vocabulary levels of 118 learners at the beginning and the end of the school year. Another 284 learners from the same eight Grade 3 classes participated in a receptive vocabulary test at the end of the year. This test assessed their knowledge of the 60 most frequent words that occur in South Africa Grade 4 English textbooks. Results showed that although the HL learners knew almost double the number of words their English FAL peers did, both groups of learners increased their active word knowledge through the year by about 9%. Regarding their receptive vocabulary, the English FAL learners on average only knew 27% of the most frequent words at the end of their Grade 3. No significant gender differences were found. Learners in both language groups who were above their grade age had significantly lower scores than their younger peers. This confirms findings that children who start school with weak language skills tend to stay weak. Finally, initial active vocabulary knowledge was found to be a strong predictor of vocabulary development during the school year.
Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in children
Authors: Mahomed Nasreen , Reubenson Gary
Published: November 2017

Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS) refers to a collection of inflammatorydisorders, predominantly related to infectious processes that manifest after the initiation ofantiretroviral therapy (ART) and can be classified as unmasking or paradoxical. The prevalenceof IRIS in children in sub-Saharan Africa is low. Approximately half of all cases are associatedwith Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It may be difficult to distinguish IRIS from tuberculosis andother opportunistic infections radiologically; therefore, radiological findings must be interpretedwith clinical and laboratory findings. In this review article, we describe the clinical andradiological manifestations of IRIS in children and provide illustrative radiological examples.
Documents written by the heads of the Catechetical School in Alexandria: From Mark to Clement
Authors: Oliver Willem H.
Published: November 2017

The Catechetical School in Alexandria has delivered a number of prolific scholars and writers during the first centuries of the Common Era, up to its demise by the end of the 4th century. These scholars have produced an extensive collection of documents of which not many are extant. Fortunately, there are many references to these documents supplying us with an idea of the content thereof. As the author could not find one single source containing all the documents written by the heads of the School, he deemed it necessary to list these documents, together with a short discussion of it where possible. This article only discusses the writings of the following heads: Mark the Evangelist, Athenagoras, Pantaenus and Clement, covering the period between approximately 40 CE and the end of the 2nd century. The follow-up article discusses the documents of the heads who succeeded them.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: The potential results of the proposed research are a full detailed list of all the documents being written by the heads of the School in Alexandria. The disciplines involved are (Church) History, Theology and Antiquity. These results will make it easier for future researchers to work on these writers.
Article Commentary: Palliative Care and Patient Autonomy: Moving beyond Prohibitions against Hastening Death
Authors: LiPuma Samuel H. , DeMarco Joseph P.
Published: November 2017

The National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization (NHPCO) upholds policies prohibiting practices that deliberately hasten death. We find these policies overly restrictive and unreasonable. We argue that under specified circumstances it is both reasonable and morally sound to allow for treatments that may deliberately hasten death; these treatments should be part of the NHPCO guidelines. Broadening such policies would be more consistent with the gold standard of bioethical principles, ie, respecting the autonomy of competent adults.
Sophisticated Functions for a Simple Molecule: The Role of Glucosylceramides in Fungal Cells
Authors: Nimrichter Leonardo , Rodrigues Marcio L. , Barreto-Bergter Eliana , Travassos Luiz R.
Published: November 2017

It is well known that mammalian glycosphingolipids (GSL) play key roles in different physiological and pathophysiological processes. The simplest GSL, glucosylceramide (GlcCer), is formed through the enzymatic transfer of glucose to a ceramide moiety. In mammalian cells this molecule is the building block for the synthesis of lactosylceramides and many other complex GSLs. In fungal cells GlcCer is a major neutral GSL that has been considered during decades merely as a structural component of cell membranes. The recent literature, however, describes the participation of fungal GlcCer in vital processes such as secretion, cell wall assembly, recognition by the immune system and regulation of virulence. In this review we discuss the most recent information regarding fungal GlcCer, including (i) new aspects of GlcCer metabolism, (ii) the involvement of these molecules in virulence mechanisms, (iii) their role as targets of new antifungal drugs and immunotherapeutic agents and, finally, (v) their potential participation on cellular signaling in response to different stimuli.
Changes and Effects of Dietary Oxidized Lipids in the Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Márquez-Ruiz G. , García-Martínez M.C. , Holgado F.
Published: November 2017

This paper is focused on the present state-of-the art of modifications and effects of dietary oxidized lipids during their transit along the gastrointestinal tract. A survey of the literature reporting changes and effects of oxidized lipids before absorption, first in the stomach and then during enzymatic lipolysis in the small intestine, are addressed. Also, the fate of non-absorbed compounds and their potential implications at the colorectal level are discussed. Among the results found, it is shown that acidic gastric conditions and the influence of other dietary components may lead to either further oxidation or antioxidative effects in the stomach. Also, changes in oxidized functions, especially of hydroperoxy and epoxy groups, seem likely to occur. Enzymatic hydrolysis by pancreatic lipase is not effective for triacylglycerol polymers, and hence they can be found as non-absorbed oxidized lipids in the large intestine. Interactions of oxidized lipids with cholesterol absorption in the small intestine and with microflora metabolism have been also observed.
Toxigenicity in Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci: Epidemiological and Molecular Aspects
Authors: Cunha  , Calsolari R.A.O.
Published: November 2017

Representatives of the Staphylococcus genus are the most common pathogens found in hospital environments, and they are etiological agents for a large variety of infections. Various virulence factors are responsible for the symptoms and severity of infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. Among them are staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), which cause staphylococcal food poisoning, and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1). Some reports indicate that TSST-1 and staphylococcal enterotoxins are also produced by coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). The present review aimed to discuss general aspects of staphylococcal toxins as well as the epidemiology, genetics and detection of toxins in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci, since these microorganisms are becoming more and more frequent in nosocomial infections.
New Strains of Streptomyces as Producers of Biofungicides and Biological Stimulators for Protection of the Shoots and Seedlings of Tiang-Shang Spruce Fir (Picea Schrenkiana)
Authors: Doolotkeldieva T.D. , Totubaeva N.E.
Published: November 2017

During this work we detected 5 species of pathogenic fungi that damage seedlings and saplings of the Tiang—Shang spruce fir, which cause a perceptible damage to the coniferous nurseries of Northern Kyrgyzstan and require activities to protect the woods.

The biological activity of Streptomyces metabolites for raising the resistance of seedlings to phytopathogenic fungi was tested in laboratory and field conditions during three seasons.

In order to evaluate the biological activity of Streptomyces preparations as biological agents, we have soaked the seeds in the suspension of Streptomyces metabolites with the concentrations of 50, 100, 500 mg per liter. In other variant, the seeds were at first processed in the culture of pathogenic fungi as infectious drowning of sprouts ( Fusarium, Alternaria), crown rot of sprouts ( Sclerotinia graminearum Elen.) and grey dew of needles ( Hypodermella sulsigena Tub.), then they were treated in the suspension of Streptomyces. Also we have used a spraying treatment with the suspension of Streptomyces metabolites of the one-year-old seedlings of Tiang—Shang spruce fir already staggered and dying from infectious drowning.

The best results against the Alternaria culture were demonstrated by the use of preparation S. griseogromogenes 24-8 at the concentration of 500 mgs per liter, which provided the safety of sprouts to 80.2%. Preparations of S. rubrogriseus TK2-5, S. wistariopsis CI73-13 and S. griseogromogenes 24-8 were effective in protection of sprouts from Fusarium sp. cultures. They provided safety of sprouts to 80% on average.
T2-Weighted MRI Signal Alterations in the Early-Clinical Phase of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy in a Scrapie Rodent Model
Authors: Carpinelli G. , Canese R. , Vetrugno V. , Di Bari M.A. , Santoro F. , Lu M. , Sbriccoli M. , Pocchiari M. , Agrimi U. , Podo F.
Published: November 2017

Background and Purpose

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) diseases are fatal, progressive neurodegenerative disorders affecting both humans and animals. Clinical signs typically appear after years and even decades of silent disease progression. This study was aimed at investigating whether altered brain MRI patterns may precede clinical signs in a TSE rodent model.

Methods

In vivo T2-weighted (T2W) MRI examinations (4.7 T) were performed on Golden Syrian hamsters (GSH) intracerebrally, orally, or intraperitoneally (i.p.) infected with the 263K scrapie strain. Histopathological analyses were performed on i.p. infected GSH at the end of one-day or longitudinal MRI sessions.

Results

T2W-MRI hyperintensity was detected in the thalamic nuclei of GSH with clinical signs, irrespective of the infection route. Hyperintensity in the thalamus was also observed in pre-clinical animals, between 106 and 121 days post-infection (dpi), while normal T2W intensity was detected in four animals examined between 72 and 96 dpi. Pathological prion protein deposition (but no astrogliosis and only occasionally, weak spongiosis) was detected between 106 and 121 dpi.

Conclusions

The altered T2W-MRI pattern detected in the thalamus of asymptomatic i.p. infected GSH provides a useful basis for evaluating the effectiveness of possible therapeutic approaches at early stages of TSE disease.
Role of Magnetic Resonance in Understanding the Pathogenesis of Hepatic Encephalopathy
Authors: Huda A. , Gupta R.K. , Rajakumar N. , Thomas M.A.
Published: November 2017

A spectrum of neuropsychiatric abnormalities caused by portosystemic venous shunting occurs in hepatic encephalopathy (HE) patients with or without liver dysfunction. It is not completely clear how the astrocyte swelling leads to glial-neuronal dysfunction, and how the symptoms are manifested in HE. A major goal of this work is to review the current status of information available from the existing magnetic resonance (MR) modalities including MR imaging (MRI) and MR Spectroscopy (MRS) as well as other modalities in the understanding the pathogenesis of HE. First, we discuss briefly neuron-histopathology, neurotoxins, neuropsychological and neurophysiological tests. A short review on the progress with single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) is then presented. In the remaining part of the manuscript, the following topics pertinent to understanding the pathogenesis of HE are discussed: MRI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), one-dimensional MRS based single- and multi-voxel based spectroscopic imaging techniques and two-dimensional MRS.
Femoral Cortical Bone Mineral Density and Biomechanical Properties in Sheep Consuming an Acidifying Diet
Authors: Hackett Eileen S. , MacLeay Jennifer M. , Green Mike , Enns R. Mark , Pechey Carola L. , Les Clifford M. , Turner A. Simon
Published: November 2017

Dietary acidity is a likely contributor to the development of osteoporosis. Dietary acidosis in an ovine model has effects on trabecular bone that have been previously shown to mimic human osteoporosis. Effects on cortical bone using this model have not been investigated. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of dietary acidosis on cortical bone mineral density and material properties.

Skeletally mature ovariectomized (OVX) sheep consumed either a normal diet (ND) or a metabolic acidosis diet (MA) for 6 or 12 months. Whole femoral and cortical bone beam BMD was determined using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Beams were then subjected to three point flexure monotonically to failure to determine strength and modulus and then ashed to determine percent mineralization.

Femoral BMD in adult OVX ND 6 mo sheep was significantly greater than those in the non-OVX ND group. The BMD in the MA groups was lower than the control non-OVX ND group. Cortical beams had significantly decreased modulus in all MA and OVX groups when compared with the non-OVX ND group and a tendency towards decreased strength in all groups with significance only in the OVX ND 6 mo sheep. Percent mineralization increased in MA and OVX groups when compared to the non-OVX ND group and was significantly increased in the OVX ND 6 mo and OVX MA 12 mo groups. A significant correlation was seen between BMD of the beam and breaking strength and modulus. Dietary acidity impacts cortical bone and results in reduced material properties that may contribute to failure.
Cathepsin Y Expression is Up-Regulated in Liver and Spleen of the Rats Growing under a Low Protein Diet
Authors: Nakazono Eri , Yamaguchi Takayoshi , Yamafuji Keiko , Tsuda Hiroko
Published: November 2017

Background/Aims

We have previously isolated a novel lysosomal cysteine protease, cathepsin Y, which produces a kinin-potenciating octapeptide from rat plasma. The present study aimed to elucidate the influence of protein-restriction on cathepsin Y mRNA expression in tissues of growing rat.

Methods

Weaning rats were fed either 20% casein (normal-protein, NP) or 5% casein (low-protein, LP) diet for 12 weeks, from post-weaning period to maturity. Cathepsin Y mRNA expression in tissues was examined using RT-PCR and compared with that of cathepsin L, a general marker of muscle atrophy.

Results

Body, liver and spleen weights and diet intake of LP were significantly lower than those of NP. Cathepsin Y expression in LP was increased in liver (3.70 fold vs. NP) and spleen (1.28 fold) at early periods of protein-restriction, whereas that of cathepsin L was increased in liver and pectoral muscle through all intake periods. However, significant differences were detected in neither cathepsin Y expression in pectoral muscle nor cathepsin L expression in spleen throughout intake periods.

Conclusions

A significant up-regulation of cathepsin Y was observed in spleen and liver, suggesting that it may associate with immunodepression in rats under protein-malnutrition during the early post-weaning period.
High-resolution measurements of elemental mercury in surface water for an improved quantitative understanding of the Baltic Sea as a source of atmospheric mercury
Authors: Kuss Joachim , Krüger Siegfried , Ruickoldt Johann , Wlost Klaus-Peter
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Marginal seas are directly subjected to anthropogenic and natural influences from land in addition to receiving inputs from the atmosphere and open ocean. Together these lead to pronounced gradients and strong dynamic changes. However, in the case of mercury emissions from these seas, estimates often fail to adequately account for the spatial and temporal variability of the elemental mercury concentration in surface water (Hg0wat). In this study, a method to measure Hg0wat at high resolution was devised and subsequently validated. The better-resolved Hg0wat dataset, consisting of about one measurement per nautical mile, yielded insight into the sea's small-scale variability and thus improved the quantification of the sea's Hg0 emissions, a major source of atmospheric mercury. Research campaigns in the Baltic Sea were carried out between 2011 and 2015 during which Hg0 both in surface water and in ambient air were measured. For the former, two types of equilibrators were used. A membrane equilibrator enabled continuous equilibration and a bottle equilibrator assured that equilibrium was reached for validation. The measurements were combined with data obtained in the Baltic Sea in 2006 from a bottle equilibrator only. The Hg0 sea-air flux was newly calculated with the combined dataset based on current knowledge of the Hg0 Schmidt number, Henry's law constant, and a widely used gas-exchange transfer velocity parameterization. By using a newly developed pump-CTD with increased pumping capability in the Hg0 equilibrator measurements, Hg0wat could also be characterized in deeper water layers. A process study carried out near the Swedish island Øland in August 2015 showed that the upwelling of Hg0-depleted water contributed to Hg0 emissions of the Baltic Sea. However, a delay of a few days after contact between the upwelled water and light was apparently necessary before the biotic and abiotic transformations of ionic to volatile Hg0 produced a distinct sea-air Hg0 concentration gradient. This study clearly showed spatial, seasonal, and interannual variability in the Hg0 sea-air flux of the Baltic Sea. The average annual Hg0 emission was 0.90 ± 0.18 Mg for the Baltic Proper and to 1.73 ± 0.32 Mg for the entire Baltic Sea, which is about half the amount entrained by atmospheric deposition. A comparison of our results with the Hg0 sea-air fluxes determined in the Mediterranean Sea and in marginal seas in East Asia were to some extent similar but they partly differed in terms of the deviations in the amount and seasonality of the flux.
Atmospheric torques and Earth's rotation: what drove the millisecond-level length-of-day response to the 2015–2016 El Niño?
Authors: Lambert Sébastien B. , Marcus Steven L. , de Viron Olivier
Published: November 2017

Abstract. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events are classically associated with a significant increase in the length of day (LOD), with positive mountain torques arising from an east–west pressure dipole in the Pacific driving a rise of atmospheric angular momentum (AAM) and consequent slowing of the Earth's rotation. The large 1982–1983 event produced a lengthening of the day of about 0.9 ms, while a major ENSO event during the 2015–2016 winter season produced an LOD excursion reaching 0.81 ms in January 2016. By evaluating the anomaly in mountain and friction torques, we found that (i) as a mixed eastern–central Pacific event, the 2015–2016 mountain torque was smaller than for the 1982–1983 and 1997–1998 events, which were pure eastern Pacific events, and (ii) the smaller mountain torque was compensated for by positive friction torques arising from an enhanced Hadley-type circulation in the eastern Pacific, leading to similar AAM–LOD signatures for all three extreme ENSO events. The 2015–2016 event thus contradicts the existing paradigm that mountain torques cause the Earth rotation response for extreme El Niño events.
Atmospheric teleconnections between the Arctic and the eastern Baltic Sea regions
Authors: Jakobson Liisi , Jakobson Erko , Post Piia , Jaagus Jaak
Published: November 2017

Abstract. The teleconnections between meteorological parameters of the Arctic and the eastern Baltic Sea regions were analysed based on the NCEP-CFSR and ERA-Interim reanalysis data for 1979–2015. The eastern Baltic Sea region was characterised by meteorological values at a testing point (TP) in southern Estonia (58° N, 26° E). Temperature at the 1000 hPa level at the TP have a strong negative correlation with the Greenland sector (the region between 55–80° N and 20–80° W) during all seasons except summer. Significant teleconnections are present in temperature profiles from 1000 to 500 hPa. The strongest teleconnections between the same parameter at the eastern Baltic Sea region and the Arctic are found in winter, but they are clearly affected by the Arctic Oscillation (AO) index. After removal of the AO index variability, correlations in winter were below ±0.5, while in other seasons there remained regions with strong (|R| > 0.5, p < 0.002) correlations. Strong correlations (|R| > 0.5) are also present between different climate variables (sea-level pressure, specific humidity, wind speed) at the TP and different regions of the Arctic. These teleconnections cannot be explained solely with the variability of circulation indices. The positive temperature anomaly of mild winter at the Greenland sector shifts towards east during the next seasons, reaching the Baltic Sea region in summer. This evolution is present at 60 and 65° N but is missing at higher latitudes. The most permanent lagged correlations in 1000 hPa temperature reveal that the temperature in summer at the TP is strongly predestined by temperature in the Greenland sector in the previous spring and winter.
"Galicia Diplomática" (1882-1893): imagen, discurso e identidad. La génesis de la lectura historicista como proceso identitario en la Galicia decimonónica
Authors: Lorenzo Rodríguez Abel
Published: November 2017

La revista Galicia Diplomática (1882-1893) es un referente dentro de las investigaciones históricas gallegas. En este artículo pretendemos mostrar una parte de su legado y los objetivos e influencias que la unían tanto a los procesos identitarios como al uso historicista del medievalismo a través del patrimonio, del documento, el debate con la industrialización o incluso la utilización laica y religiosa bajo el signo de lo que W. Benjamin llamó el “cuerpo como emblema”.
Un disidente del paraíso. De la radical condición heterodoxa de la escritura de Lois Pereiro
Authors: Martínez Teixeiro Alva
Published: November 2017

Este artículo, por un lado, aborda el original conjunto de la obra de Lois Pereiro y analiza, desde un punto de vista unificador –pero no simplificador–, este corpus heterogéneo y complejo como desvío frente a los cánones literarios contemporáneos. Por otro lado, también se pretende reflexionar, con una perspectiva holística, sobre algunos aspectos del conjunto de su obra literaria, que podemos resumir en el carácter renovador y en los diferentes niveles de complejidad resultantes de su ejemplar indagación de la naturaleza humana.
Travesías de las ballenas por la poesía contemporánea de Galicia e Irlanda: Género, empoderamiento y extinción
Authors: Palacios Manuela
Published: November 2017

El presente artículo analiza el motivo literario de la ballena en la poesía contemporánea de Galicia e Irlanda desde una perspectiva ecofeminista que integra los debates recientes en la ecocrítica y el feminismo. El análisis de las interrelaciones en la opresión de mujer y naturaleza nos llevan a considerar el motivo de la ballena más allá del tropo de empoderamiento femenino para sopesar el efecto del expolio de los cetáceos y la participación en el mismo de las industrias balleneras de Galicia e Irlanda. La poesía actual de estas comunidades propone transgénesis figuradas de ballena y humano para que no olvidemos nuestra naturaleza animal y reconozcamos el otro que llevamos dentro. Observamos en esta poesía la repulsa de fenómenos como la espectacularización de la naturaleza y la explotación de sus recursos hasta el exterminio, promoviéndose una actitud de empatía y de respeto por la diferencia relativa del otro. Damos cuenta, asimismo, del tratamiento diferenciado del motivo de la ballena en los dos sistemas literarios tanto en lo que concierne a su visibilidad como a su dimensión más o menos alegórica o ecológica.
Nostalgia en clave positiva y perspectiva feminista: la Segunda República como hoja de ruta en "Tres tiempos y la esperanza"
Authors: Patrick Thompson John
Published: November 2017

Este artículo analiza dos componentes nodulares del proyecto ideológico de la novela autobiográfica de María Victoria Valenzuela, Tres tiempos y la esperanza (1962), que narra las experiencias de la autora en la Segunda República, la Guerra Civil y el franquismo. Se centra en el papel de la nostalgia que, en la primera parte de la obra, tiñe tanto las descripciones de los recuerdos individuales como los comentarios sobre los hitos del período republicano. La nostalgia se suele relacionar con el esencialismo y lo irracional, pero en esta novela puede inspirar en los lectores empatía hacia los que defendieron la democracia. Después, se examina la perspectiva feminista de la narración que, por una parte, destaca la violencia fascista contra las mujeres y, por otra, rechaza cualquier esencialismo que defienda la existencia de diferencias innatas entre las mujeres y los hombres. Las distinciones que pueda haber entre los dos sexos se retratan como consecuencias de la socialización. Reivindicamos esta novela, casi totalmente olvidada por la crítica, por su valor testimonial y su contenido ético y político. Al contrario de muchas novelas que trivializan el pasado y usan la guerra civil como telón de fondo, la labor memorialista de esta obra recrea una historia libre de las falacias fascistas, que hasta hoy siguen apuntalando la versión hegemónica de los eventos.
La canción francófona, una herramienta eficaz en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de la lengua francesa.
Authors: Mamdouh Maha
Published: November 2017

Este articulo explica los resultados de un estudio que está basado en el uso de la canción francófona  en la clase de francés lengua extranjera con el alumnado de secundaria para mejorar la competencia de comprensión auditiva e introducir la  cultura francesa mediante un instrumento vivo, real y motivador. Para ello, usamos un corpus de canciones francófonas, con fichas pedagógicas elaborado y adaptado específicamente al aprendizaje de los contenidos y destrezas que deben adquirir los aprendices en este curso. La investigación consiste al principio en determinar el nivel del alumnado antes  de la intervención con un pre-test y luego, detectar el cambio producido en esta competencia tras la intervención con un post-test. Además se le pasó un cuestionario al alumnado para que expresase su opinión sobre este método. Al final comparamos este cambio producido en los resultados  con los resultados de otro grupo no sometido al tratamiento. Por otro lado, presentamos una muestra del trabajo realizado durante las sesiones de la investigación mediante la canción “C’est de l’eau” del grupo “les enfantastiques”
Transposer l'étrangeté: la traduction de poètes francophones des Antilles
Authors: Curell Clara
Published: November 2017

Les difficultés spécifiques que pose la traduction de la variation linguistique et, en particulier, celle des textes littéraires écrits dans des variétés topolectales riches en connotations et en références à des réalités culturelles particulières a suscité l'intérêt de nombreux spécialistes, notamment à partir des années quatre-vingt-dix lorsque s'est produit ce qui a été appelé le tournant culturel de la traductologie. Dans cet article, nous allons illustrer à l'aide d'exemples appartenant à l'œuvre poétique de différents auteurs franco-antillais contemporains (Guy Tirolien, Ernest Pépin, Joseph Zobel et Nicole Cage-Florentiny) certains des problèmes traductologiques qui se posent ainsi que les stratégies qui peuvent être mises en place pour traduire en espagnol les signifiés dénotatifs et connotatifs de lexèmes diatopiquement marqués en préservant au maximum leur altérité.
La réécriture des parémies : perspectives phraséologique et phraséodidactique
Authors: El Khamissy Riham
Published: November 2017

Notre article est axé sur l’étude des parémies qui sont la cible-vedette de réécriture dans le discours journalistique. Nous posons, dans un premier temps, la question de la compréhension : la stabilité/instabilité du sens d’un énoncé parémique due à la variabilité des formes qui le composent et de son contexte d’emploi. Une question linguistique (connaître les procédés de variations et de détournements) qui, surtout lorsqu’on l’étudie dans un corpus médiatique, devient également une problématique culturelle, pragmatique et communicative qui exige une lecture attentive. Ensuite, la réécriture des parémies est examinée du point de vue de la phraséodidactique pour les locuteurs non-confirmés. Elle concerne les compétences de compréhension et de production des écrits dans l’acquisition / apprentissage de la langue seconde ou étrangère.
The concept of European public sphere within the European public discourse
Authors: Ivic Sanja
Published: November 2017

This inquiry analyzes the concept of ‘European public sphere’ within the European public discourse. In particular, it explores the European Communication Strategy for creating active European citizenship and European public sphere. The European Commission’s Plan D for Democracy, Dialogue and Debate failed, because it employed homogeneous and static concepts of public sphere and European values. In this way it reduced deliberation to a mere debate. The European Year of Citizens was not sufficiently successful for the same reason. It involved citizens debated about EU rights, but it did not produce deliberation. The purpose of this inquiry is to show the dialectical relation between ideas of European values, European identity and European public sphere.  This paper emphasizes performative nature of European public sphere, European identity and European values. These concepts may be perceived as grand narratives which aim at producing universal truths.Article first published online: 16 OCT 2017
The moral challenge of expatriate employment in developing countries
Authors: Okeja Uchenna
Published: November 2017

I aim in this paper to demonstrate the moral problem of expatriate employment in developing countries. To determine how best to construe the moral problem in this context, I first examine four arguments, namely, that in developing countries, expatriate employment is morally wrong because it 1) entrenches the injustice of wage discrimination; 2) produces undesirable outcomes; 3) disregards contextual aspirations and historical memory and 4) is a tool of external domination and control. I analyse these arguments to show that they are insufficient frameworks for understanding the moral impropriety of expatriate employment in developing countries. To this end, I provide an outline of a plausible framework and argue that the moral problem of expatriate employment in this context is unequal or arbitrary distribution of power among employees. The moral wrong in this, I argue, consists in the failure to respect the universal moral equality of people.