bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The contrasting structure of Acts 12:5−17: A spatial reading
Authors: Van der Bergh Ronald H.
Published: April 2013

The episode of Peter’s rescue from prison in Acts 12:5–17 occupies an intriguing position in the narrative of Acts as a whole. Scholars hold differing views on the episode’s function. These views range from seeing the episode as a hermeneutical key to the work as a whole to making no discernable difference to the narrative whatsoever. The present article seeks to contribute to the debate by reading Acts 12:5–17 spatially. In paying attention to the various spatial references in the text, the movement of characters, their locales and their own and the reader’s experience of them being present or not present, a contrasting structure may be perceived in the text. Furthermore, spatiality helps to point out the contrast between different character groups in the narrative. Some implications for reading the episode in this contrasting fashion will be indicated, and the enigmatic statement about Peter’s ‘going to another place’ (Ac 12:17) will be read against the text’s spatial background.
A Sylvester-Based IMEX Method via Differentiation Matrices for Solving Nonlinear Parabolic Equations
Authors: de la Hoz Francisco , Vadillo Fernando
Published: April 2013

In this paper we describe a new pseudo-spectral method to solve numerically two and three-dimensional nonlinear diffusion equations over unbounded domains, taking Hermite functions, sinc functions, and rational Chebyshev polynomials as basis functions. The idea is to discretize the equations by means of differentiation matrices and to relate them to Sylvester-type equations by means of a fourth-order implicit-explicit scheme, being of particular interest the treatment of three-dimensional Sylvester equations that we make. The resulting method is easy to understand and express, and can be implemented in a transparent way by means of a few lines of code. We test numerically the three choices of basis functions, showing the convenience of this new approach, especially when rational Chebyshev polynomials are considered.
Managing Public Utilities: Lessons from Florida
Authors: Cruz Nuno Ferreira da , Berg Sanford V. , Marques Rui Cunha
Published: April 2013

This paper considers the institutional and regulatory framework of local infrastructure services in Florida. Furthermore, it examines how decision-makers perceive the governance structures of publicly-owned utilities in this state. After reviewing the theory, the study describes the current system in terms of rate setting, investments, consumer protection and quality of service. A state-wide survey was developed to identify potential sources of tension between managers and politicians. The responses were supplemented by interviews with managers, enabling the authors to identify good practices of local governance, including the de-politicization of the decision-making and the managerial attention to sustainable approaches to funding infrastructure.
The Dutch Anomaly: Appointed Mayors. Can Appointed Mayors Cope with Role Changes and Societal Demands?
Authors: Karsten Niels , Cachet Lex , Schaap Linze
Published: April 2013

In many European countries mayors are local political leaders. Dutch mayors, however, are neither local nor political, as national government appoints them. Their office is subject to serious changes. While it still carries a lot of ‘natural’ authority, its content has changed rather drastically. In this article we first of all give an overview of the mayoral office in Western Europe and sketch the Dutch mayorship. The next step is to discuss recent developments: councils gaining influence on the actual mayoral selection, mayors getting more legal capacities and responsibilities, and society demanding stronger (mayoral) leadership. We will explore the ways present mayors cope with the emerging tensions between these developments, and between the responses to them. The focus is on tensions between the various developments and the risks the mayorship runs.
Effects of Political Institutions on Punctuated-Equilibrium in Local Emergency Management Policy Processes: Examination of County Governments in Florida, U.S.
Authors: Kwon Sung-Wook , Choi Sang Ok , Bae Sang-Seok
Published: April 2013

This paper extends punctuated-equilibrium theory to the local level by investigating how local political institutions influence local emergency management policy process in county governments in Florida, U.S. The results show that county governments with a reformed form of government and home rule charter prioritize emergency situations more quickly in the policy process resulting in larger-scale budget changes than counties that have the traditional commission form and no home rule authority. Higher level of punctuation in counties with reformed political institutions is explained by political and administrative incentives of county mayors and managers, as well as political and fiscal discretion from state government.
Coalition Government and Possible Course of UK Political and Electoral System Reform after 2010 Parliamentary Elections
Authors: Djordjevic Srdjan , Palevic Milan , Rapajic Milan
Published: April 2013

In this paper the authors analyse the current state of affairs of a political system in theory and constitutional practice popularly termed the Westminster system, which also played the role of a prototype to ex-British dominions and some other countries. Exceptional for its longevity, it is also an example of stability and social consensuality about fundamental values. However, although this state creation has a monopoly in expressive symbolism, some weaknesses have been identified when it comes to the symbols and main elements of this system. One of its weak points is a two - party system of government, devoid of liveliness in a political process with latent agreement of different generations, and, in essence, the same or cosmetically changed political establishment. Consistence of government of one or another party is caused by nature of the electoral system, whose main characteristics are the surplus of inequity and deficit of modernity. Discussing the recent elections in Great Britain, authors give them the label of elections with precedent, especially because of the new type of government – the coalition cabinet, and they also consider the new people in official politics and their voice in the system of political relations – members of the third party, Liberal – Democrats. The issue of electoral system and directions of its reform remains open, which will inevitably lead to introducing changes into the political system.
Terceiro Setor, teoria das organizações e qualidade na educação.
Authors: Costa Marilda de Oliveira
Published: April 2013

Este artigo é parte de estudos realizados no doutorado em educação e tem por objetivo discutir a qualidade da educação apresentada nos materiais instrucionais de uma entidade do Terceiro Setor que tem influenciado políticas educacionais de diferentes esferas de governo desde finais da década de 1990 no Brasil. A ideia de qualidade veiculada nesses materiais é tomada de empréstimo das teorias das organizações empresariais, como a Gerência da Qualidade Total. Atualmente, tem se evidenciado que a polissemia de ideias envolvidas no termo qualidade da educação possibilita diversas interpretações e facilita os discursos ou slogans sobre a temática. Apesar da relevância desses discursos, os materiais analisados mostram que a defesa da qualidade tem se dado no plano discursivo ou em slogans, como um recurso de poder, sem uma definição clara e objetiva da qualidade que se defende para a educação brasileira.
Propostas de tempo integral: a que se destina a ampliação do tempo escolar?
Authors: Miranda Marilia Gouvea , Santos Soraya Vieira
Published: April 2013

As principais justificativas que sustentam as propostas de ampliação de tempo escolar em curso nas redes de ensino público brasileiro na atualidade constituem o objeto desse estudo. Ele analisa como a escola integral se associa a um discurso de prevenção de risco social, de modo que a função de assistência social passou a ser incorporada às responsabilidades da instituição escolar. Discute também a noção de educação integral como ação que pretende ir além da escola e problematiza a questão do voluntariado e da desresponsabilização do Estado pela educação pública. Por fim, questiona os argumentos que se sustentam na noção de um novo modelo de escola. A partir de considerações a respeito dos fundamentos e implicações das propostas de ampliação do tempo escolar em curso no Brasil, são expostos os limites e os impasses da reforma.
O Impacto das concepções de desenvolvimento infantil nas práticas pedagógicas em salas de aula para crianças menores de três anos
Authors: Silva Janaina Cassiano , Arce Alessandra
Published: April 2013

Este artigo analisa o impacto que a concepção de desenvolvimento infantil traz para a prática pedagógica com crianças de zero a três anos à luz da Psicologia Histórico-Cultural. Para tanto, traremos os resultados de uma pesquisa que investigou se as ações educativas promovem o cuidar e o educar, associação imprescindível para a promoção do desenvolvimento psicológico das crianças menores de três anos. Para facilitar, subdividimos o trabalho em três partes, uma dedicada à apresentação da metodologia e caracterização das instituições, outra para análise das práticas pedagógicas, e uma destinada à reflexão acerca da concepção de desenvolvimento que perpassa essas práticas à luz da Psicologia Histórico-Cultural. As práticas educativas desenvolvidas nas instituições pesquisadas apenas aguardam o desenvolver considerado natural às crianças, afastando-se de uma educação infantil que favoreça o desenvolvimento integral da criança em suas máximas potencialidades por meio do ensino como uma forma intencional de promovê-lo.
Elementos para a prática da avaliação em língua portuguesa
Authors: Suassuna Lívia
Published: April 2013

Neste artigo, partindo da concepção teórica da linguagem como discurso, e da proposta metodológica que articula a leitura, a produção textual e a análise linguística como práticas estruturantes do ensino de língua portuguesa, apresentamos alguns elementos para subsidiar o processo de avaliação da aprendizagem nessa área de conhecimento. Inicialmente, fazemos uma retrospectiva das práticas avaliativas historicamente constituídas no campo; em seguida, caracterizamos o processo de produção do discurso, ressaltando seus elementos constitutivos e mostrando algumas de suas implicações para o tratamento da linguagem em sala de aula; finalizamos o texto mostrando princípios norteadores da avaliação da leitura, da produção de texto e da reflexão metalinguística no nível da educação básica.
Algunos problemas relacionados con las ilustraciones en las traducciones de una obra clásica de la literatura infantil y juvenil: el caso de Caperucita Roja en España
Authors: Martens Hanna , Soto Vázquez José
Published: April 2013

En una edición ilustrada de una obra literaria los elementos verbales se combinany completan con el aspecto visual del volumen para transmitir su mensaje al lector.Al traducir la obra a otro idioma, se intenta, en la medida de lo posible, respetar elequilibrio establecido entre la información proporcionada en el texto y en las imágenes.Si se trata de una obra clásica, sin embargo, que se sigue editando a lo largo de variossiglos, la situación suele complicarse, ya que, como es habitual, no sólo se realizannuevas traducciones, sino que también van cambiando las ilustraciones. Este es el casode las traducciones españolas del cuento de “Le Petit Chaperon Rouge” (CaperucitaRoja) de Perrault. Las ilustraciones han tenido una importancia innegable en larecepción de la obra, creando cierto ambiente y completando las caracterizaciones delos personajes. Así, algunas ilustraciones se han mostrado particularmente influyentes,no sólo dejando su huella en los ilustradores de las generaciones posteriores, sinollegando a introducir también modificaciones en las traducciones del propio cuento.Además, es tal el poder de las imágenes que llegan a manipular el contenido de la obra,destacando ciertos elementos en detrimento de otros o defendiendo abiertamentecierta ideología. A veces, incluso, pueden llegar a producirse incongruencias entre eltexto y las imágenes que lo acompañan.
Quando o REUNI aderiu à Universidade
Authors: Gregório José Renato Bez de , Rodrigues Viviane de Souza , Mancebo Deise
Published: April 2013

O presente artigo busca analisar como as recentes reconfigurações das universidades federais (IFES) no país têm sido processadas de forma compartilhada entre o governo federal, através do Ministério da Educação (MEC), reitores e setores importantes destas instituições. Apresenta conclusões a partir da análise das mudanças político-pedagógicas engendradas, no início da primeira década deste novo século, pelas universidades no contexto de sua inserção na contrarreforma da educação superior. Através da análise de documentos institucionais das universidades pesquisadas, particularmente da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), o texto aponta as diretrizes que orientam tais alterações e conclui que o recente Programa de Apoio aos Planos de Reestruturação e Expansão das Universidades Federais (REUNI) cumpriu, em grande medida, o papel de ampliar e legitimar um processo de reforma das IFES, já em curso antes de sua implementação.
CALAGEM E SILICATAGEM EM SOLO INCUBADO COM DIFERENTES UMIDADES
Authors: Calonego Juliano Carlos , Mora Vitor Savoia , Santos Carlos Henrique , Oliveira Leandro de
Published: April 2013

The lime is theacidity correctivemore used inbrazilian agricultural soils, but important benefitscan be obtained fromcalcium and magnesiumsilicates. The aim ofthisstudy was to comparethe effectofneutralizingsoil aciditybyapplication of lime andsilicate, with incubationof the correctivesin soil conditionsmore orless moisture. The experiment was conductedin the Soil Chemical Analysis Laboratoryat the UNOESTE, using soil collected in the layer0-20cmof a Sandy Loam Argisol. The experiment was carried out in acompletely randomizedina 2x2x5 factorial scheme, with twocorrectives(lime and silicateof Ca andMg), twosoilmoistures(80 and20% moisturesoil saturation) and five times (60, 90, 120, 150 and180 daysafter incubation) ofsoil chemical properties. It was submitted to variance analysis and the effects of soil moisture and correctives were evaluated by Tukey test (p<0,05) and the incubations time were evaluated by regression analysis.The silicatehas a higherneutralizing capacityof soil aciditythan lime, and thusits dosageshould be further investigated, because the use of the calculationto determine thelime requirementcan overestimatethe need forsilicate applied. The lime reactivity in the soil is not influenced with soilmoisturebetween 20and 80% moisturesaturation, unlike silicate,which has itssoilreactivityenhancedin thecondition ofhigher moisture.Thesoil corrective actionacidityby bothcorrectiveremainsincreasingup to 180days ofincubation,however,satisfactory resultsare alreadyobtainedwith 60days ofsoil incubation
CORRELAÇÃO DA MORFOLOGIA ESPERMÁTICA EM PROGRAMAS DE INSEMINAÇÃO ARTIFICIAL CONVENCIONAL EM NOVILHAS E VACAS DA RAÇA NELORE
Authors: Guerra Neto José de Oliveira , Chacur Marcelo George Mungai , Caldato Francielle Alves , Silva Aline Aparecida da , Castilho Caliê
Published: April 2013

The number of doses per pregnancy gives an indication of the fertility of the cow, the quality of semen and insemination. Therefore, the goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between the physical and morphological assessment of semen cryopreserved in Central with the number of doses per pregnancy and pregnancy rate by the number of doses used. Four Nelore bulls were challenged in 557 heifers and one bull in 156 Red Angus cows, both Nellore. For number of insemination doses required per pregnancy, tended to correlate significantly with lower amount of pathologies (0.053, P> 0.05), with no significant correlation between sperm motility (0.433, P> 0.05), spermatic vigor (0.932 , P> 0.05), concentration (0.111, P> 0.05), number of viable sperm (0.637, P> 0.05), percentage of major diseases (1, P> 0.05) and percentage of pathologies Total (0.623, P> 0.05). For pregnancy rate, no significant correlation with sperm motility (0.218, P> 0.05), spermatic vigor (0.252, P> 0.05), sperm concentration (1, P> 0.05), number of viable sperm (0.637, P> 0.05), percentage of major diseases (0.395, P> 0.05), percentage of pathologies smaller (0.740, P> 0.05) and percentage of total conditions (0.872, P> 0.05 ). For other parameters, there was a significant effect of sperm motility and (0.041, P <0.05), and sperm motility and number of viable sperm (0.042, P <0.05). The conclusion of this study that there was no significant correlation between the andrological examinationof post-thaw semen, number of insemination doses needed for pregnancy and pregnancy rate by the number of doses, with only significant correlation between sperm motility and vigor, and sperm motility and percentage of viable sperm
Introduction
Authors: Herman Stewart W. , Schaefer Arthur Gross
Published: April 2013

This special issue of BEQ presents diverse reflections on business practice from within Western patterns of theology and piety. Our goal is to help both academics and business practitioners understand the ultimate contexts in which religiously minded individuals construe their participation in business, and what these contexts then mean for moral reasoning. To keep the project manageable in scope, we have limited this foray to Western traditions, soliciting views from within representative denominations or viewpoints in Judaism, Roman Catholicism and Protestant Christianity. If this sampling is well-received, essays representing other traditions—Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Confucianism, Hinduism—will be sought for a later issue.

We solicited essays from nine distinct perspectives, so as to present a cross-section of religious views. One of the questions we asked our contributors was: If a person in business were to take your tradition seriously, what does it teach him or her about God’s will for how business ought to be conducted? Here we were amply rewarded in our search for diversity. The nine contributions express a wide variety of religious beliefs and dispositions: from the fervent piety of evangelicals to the moral passion of modern Judaism, from the strict rules of traditional Judaism for containing greed to the exuberant permissions to innovate afforded by Roman Catholic social teaching, from a Lutheran focus on anxiety about security to an African-American struggle with an onerous historical legacy. (An even greater diversity is represented in the enormous recent anthology, On Moral Business, reviewed at the end of this issue.) The essays forcefully point to the importance of the quest to relate faith to business practice. They provide direction for those seeking to reconnect with their traditions. And to interested observers, they provide copious data for imagining how persons adhering to these traditions might interpret the business environment in which they work.
Five Views on International Business Ethics: an Introduction
Authors: Enderle Georges
Published: April 2013

“International business ethics” is a fairly new field of investigation compared to “business ethics,” that already has a history of 25-plus years in North America, and, even more so, to the well-established disciplines of management, economics, and ethics. This new field is emerging not because it has been designed by academics, but primarily because international business itself has dramatically developed since the 1980s. It has brought about plenty of ethical implications and challenges. To a large extent, they affect not only “international” business but also “domestic” business, which are increasingly being interconnected, and reach far beyond the commonly defined “business domain.” This process of globalization with multiple dimensions is extremely complex and rather opaque and, therefore, needs a great deal of clarification through thoughtful and courageous business initiatives as well as academic expertise.
Guest Editors’ Introduction
Authors: Duska Ronald F. , Dienhart John
Published: April 2013

In Western philosophy, the study of human psychology and of ethics has been intertwined since before the time of Plato. Plato relies on Greek psychology’s account of the three parts of the soul—the rational, the appetitive and the spirited, and describes the just person and just state as ones who align those parts into a harmonious whole. A balanced person, for Plato, is what we would call an ethical person. But if Plato were alive today, he would be accused of muddling the normative and the descriptive, or of deriving what ought to be from what is, an objection first made famous by David Hume in the 17th century and reiterated by G. E. Moore in the early twentieth century.
Les compétences informationnelles relatives au Web des futurs enseignants québécois et leur préparation à les enseigner : résultats d’une enquête
Authors: Dumouchel Gabriel , Karsenti Thierry
Published: April 2013

Le présent article porte sur les compétences informationnelles au sein du système d’éducation du Québec, tant pour les élèves que pour les enseignants. Les auteurs y proposent une revue des études empiriques sur le niveau des compétences informationnelles des futurs maîtres du Québec avant d’introduire la méthodologie et les résultats d’une enquête portant, d’une part, sur les habitudes de recherche d’information et, d’autre part, sur le sentiment d’autoefficacité de futurs enseignants quant à leurs compétences informationnelles. L’analyse des obstacles au développement de ces compétences vient clore ce texte.
Le Web 2.0, rupture ou continuité dans les usages pédagogiques du Web?
Authors: Depover Christian , Quintin Jean-Jacques , Strebelle Albert
Published: April 2013

Cette contribution porte sur les usages en émergence dans le domaine de l’exploitation pédagogique des TIC et plus particulièrement ceux liés au Web 2.0. Après avoir passé en revue les principales caractéristiques du Web 2.0 et les usages éducatifs qui en découlent, nous tenterons d’analyser en quoi ceux-ci constituent ou non une rupture par rapport à la manière dont les TIC étaient exploitées dans le cadre du Web classique.

Pour cela, nous nous appuierons sur un dispositif conçu au début des années 2000 (Galanet) afin de vérifier dans quelle mesure les approches pédagogiques mises en oeuvre à travers ce dispositif peuvent être rapprochées de celles préconisées par le socioconstructivisme et le Web social.

Après avoir analysé des données de sources diverses, les auteurs estiment que l’environnement Galanet peut être considéré comme un outil de passage qui a permis à des jeunes d’expérimenter, avant l’heure, certaines techniques qu’on verrait aujourd’hui comme relevant du Web social.
Usages des technologies en éducation : analyse des enjeux socioculturels
Authors: Collin Simon , Karsenti Thierry
Published: April 2013

Cet article propose une analyse des enjeux socioculturels qui accompagnent les usages des technologies en éducation. Nous commençons par relever que, malgré leur pertinence éducative et socioprofessionnelle, les technologies en éducation doivent faire face à plusieurs défis, notamment parce qu’elles ne tiennent pas compte des usages technologiques des apprenants en dehors des institutions éducatives. Sur la base de ce constat, deux objectifs sont poursuivis : le premier consiste à dresser un portrait des usages technologiques des apprenants en dehors des institutions éducatives. Le second se propose d’en déduire des implications pour orienter les usages des technologies en contexte éducatif. Pour ce faire, nous procèderons dans un premier temps à une analyse des usages technologiques des jeunes. Nous en déduirons ensuite des implications pour orienter les usages des technologies en éducation, notamment en proposant un modèle « élargi » des technologies en éducation.
Sugar Beets
Authors: Cleary Michael ,   Updated by Staff
Published: April 2013

Sugar beets are grown in mostly temperate climates. They are grown in 50 countries. Sugar comes from two crops:sugar beets and cane sugar. At present sugar beets account for more than 50% of the total sugar crop in the U.S. In 2012–2013, 1,230 million acres of sugar beets were planted in the U.S. The crop is usually harvested at the end of the growing season and held in storage piles until processing. The beet root,weighing 1–2 kg, contains 12–20% sucrose, 70–75% water, and 2% soluble material, and ca 5% insoluble material, which is eventually dried and sold as animal feed by‐product. The beets are sliced, the solids extracted countercurrently, the juice is purified with lime and carbon dioxide then filtered and concentrated, and the sucrose recovered by crystallization in vacuum pans. The final mother liquor, molasses which is about 50% sucrose may be sold as by‐product or subjected to chromatographic separation to further recover sucrose and occasionally betaine. The sugar market is complex. The U.S. Sugar Program uses price support, domestic marketing procedures and tariffs to influence the amount of sugar available in the United States. About 94% of seeds planted are biologically engineered to offset the effects of herbicides use during the growing process.
Formic Acid
Authors: Drury David J. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: April 2013

Formic acid is the first member of the homologous series of alkyl carboxylic acids. It is a colorless, highly corrosive liquid with an intense and pungent smell. Formic acid exhibits many of the typical chemical properties of the aliphatic carboxylic acids such as esterification and amidation. It is manufactured by the carbonylation of methanol to methyl formate and as a co‐product with acetic acid in the liquid‐phase oxidation of hydrocarbons. Formic acid is corrosive to the skin and mucous membranes.The largest uses for formic acid are as a silage additive and an antibacterial additive for animal feed. It is used outside of the agricultural sector in the textile industry as an acidulant in dyeing, and in tanning of leather. Most currently there is use for formic acid in fuel cells.
Friedel‐Crafts Reactions
Authors: Reddy V. Prakash , Prakash G. K. Surya
Published: April 2013

Recent trends in Friedel‐Crafts and related electrophilic reactions, using a variety of Lewis and Brønsted acid catalysts, are comprehensively reviewed. The Friedel‐Crafts reactions include alkylations, acylations, hydroxylations, nitrations, halogenations, aminations, sulfuration, sulfinylation, and sulfonylation of aromatic and olefinic hydrocarbons. The nature and types of acid catalysts are discussed, including superelectrophilic activation. Representative stereoselective Friedel‐Crafts alkylations are also described.
Gallium and Gallium Compounds
Authors: Gray Floyd , Kramer Deborah A. , Bliss James D. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: April 2013

Gallium was discovered through a study of its spectral properties in 1875. It was the first element to be discovered after the publication of the Periodic Table. Gallium is scarce but not a rare element. Gallium is primarily produced as a byproduct of aluminum extraction from bauxite ores. The physical properties of gallium , especially its thermal properties, are exceptional. It has a low melting point and has the longest liquid interval of all of the elements. It is also easily supercooled. A large part of the wastes from gallium arsenide production is recovered for both environmental and economic reasons. Gallium arsenide and gallium nitride are the two important gallium compounds. They are both used in the manufacture of optoelectronic devices (laser diodes, LEDs, photodetectors, and solar cells). Integrated circuits account for the largest share of gallium use. GaAs is used in smartphones, wireless communication, defense, and aerospace.
Mercury
Authors: DeVito Stephen C. , Brooks William E. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: April 2013

Mercury, also called quicksilver, is a heavy odorless metal that is liquid at room temperature. It has a characteristic bright silvery appearance unless impurities are present. Uses of mercury date back to antiquity. Mercury is widely distributed in nature in low concentrations. However in the latter half of the 20th Century it became evident that mercury is highly toxic and consumption of the metal declined drastically. One of its biggest uses is in chlorine‐caustic soda manufacture from mercury cell technology. Mercury is being replaced in this process by the newer membrane technology. Mercury is reclaimed from this process as well as from end‐of‐service automobile convenience switches, fluorescent lamps, laboratory and medical devices, dental amalgam, and thermostats. A current use is in gold–silver mining. Mercury is highly regulated because of its toxic nature. As of Jan 2013 it is illegal for the United States to export elemental mercury.
Nickel and Nickel Alloys
Authors: Tundermann John H. , Tien John K. , Howson Timothy E. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: April 2013

The first reported use of nickel was in a nickel‐copper‐zinc alloy produced in China in the Middle Ages and perhaps earlier. Nickel is a silver‐white metal, harder than iron and capable of taking a brilliant polish. malleable and ductile and magnetic below 360°C. Nickel comprises ca 3% of the earth's composition.Ores amenable to mining exist. The two types that can be mined economically are sulfide and lateritic.The treatments used to recover nickel from these ores differ considerably because of the differing physical characteristics of the ores. Nickel is available in many commercial forms. Nickel is a confirmed carcinogen. It is rarely recycled by itself but is commonly mixed with other metals. A common recycling method is to to melt the mixture of metals and produce a remelt ingot. Nickel and its alloys have many uses. The production of steel is its primary use. Production of nonferrous alloys and superalloys , and electroplating are others. Nickel and its alloys are expected to play a big part in the renewable energy field. Superalloys are used in jet craft, space, and, missile technology. Nickel‐based batteries are use in hybrid automobiles.It is also used as a catalyst and in the minting of coins.
Pressure Measurement
Authors: Smith Cecil L. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: April 2013

Pressure measurement is important in the chemical process industries (CPI) and in laboratories for a number of reasons: differential pressure is the driving force in fluid dynamics; product quality frequently depends on certain pressures (or vacuums) being reached and accurately maintained for specific lengths of time during a process; and pressure is a crucial safety consideration in the operation of process equipment particularly where boiler or reactor pressures must not exceed certain limits.

The importance of pressure measurement in process applications includes: the pressure exerted by a fluid must not exceed the pressure for which the vessel is rated; pressure affects gas phase equilibrium reactions, and pressure affects processes such as distillation.

This article gives information on the various categories of sensors, ie, mechanical gauges, which include Bourdon tubes, electronic sensors, vacuum sensors, and the new technology of smart pressure transmitters. Information on installation of sensors is included. Pressure sensors can also be used to measure process variables such as flow, level, and physical properties.
Sodium Sulfates and Sulfides
Authors: Butts David , Bush David R. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: April 2013

Sodium sulfate is the sodium salt of sulfuric acid. The decahydrate is known as mirabilite and also Glauber's salt. Minerals of sodium sulfate occur throughout the world. The deposits result from the evaporation of inland seas and terminal lakes. About half of all sodium sulfate produced is by a synthetic by‐product of rayon, dichromate, phenol, or potash. Sodium sulfate as a by‐product is referred to as synthetic. Sodium sulfate made from mirabilite, thenardite, or natural brine is referred to as natural sodium sulfate. Nearly all manufacturers of sodium sulfate use Glauber's salt as an intermediate. Environmental concerns have influenced sodium sulfate manufacture. Waste was historically discharged into waterways, but at present regulations prohibit discharges of liquids containing sulfate into the environment. Sodium sulfides are also discussed. Principal uses for these compounds include in the soap and detergent industry, glass, paper and pulp, carpet fresheners, and textiles.
Tin and Tin Alloys
Authors: Gaver Charles C. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: April 2013

Tin is one of the world's most ancient metals. When it was discovered is uncertain. but evidence points to it being used in 3200–3500 BC. In most cases tin is used on or in manufactured materials in small amounts, much out of proportion to the purpose it serves. Food preservation and canning developed rapidly with the invention of tin‐coated steel; transportation and high speed machinery became a reality with the invention of tin‐base bearing metals; the casting of type metal was an important advance in printing technology; bronze alloys became weapons, tools and architectural objects; tin alloys are used in organ pipes and bells; and telecommunication and electronic equipment depend on the tin‐lead soldered joint. Modern uses of tin include the plating of protective coatings in cans and containers, nuclear energy, plastics and other polymers, agriculture, biochemistry, electronic packaging, and glassmaking.
Dyes, Solar Cells
Authors: Ooyama Yousuke
Published: April 2013

Organic solar (photovoltaic) cells are third‐generation photovoltaic cells. In particular, dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on dye photosensitizers adsorbed on oxide semiconductor electrodes (eg, TiO2, ZnO, or NiO) have received considerable attention for their interesting construction and operational principles, high power conversion efficiency, and low cost of production. To improve the photovoltaic performances of DSSCs, it is essential to create efficient dye photosensitizers. Therefore, many kinds of ruthenium (Ru) complex dyes and organic dyes have been designed and developed. Consequently, DSSCs have achieved a solar energy‐to‐electricity conversion yield (η) of up to 11%.
Green Chemistry, Applications
Authors: Matlack Albert S.
Published: April 2013

Environmental chemistry deals with contaminants from human activities that have found their way into soil, water, and air, how to detect them and how to remediate the problems. The purpose of green chemistry is to avoid these problems altogether. Green chemistry is based on the twelve principles set forth by Anastas and Warner. The twelve principles are listed and examples of developments keeping with the principles are discussed. Details are given for replacing toxic or detrimental chemicals and processes. Some of the chemicals and reactions in need of replacement are phosgene, HCN, formaldehyde, heavy metals, chlorine, oxidations, catalysts, acids and bases, separations, and solvents. Suggestions for alternatives are given. This article also extends the discussion to other areas in need of attention. Biocatalysis, eg, offers the possibility of making products without carrying out chemical reactions under rigorous conditions. Stereochemistry and the importance of optical isomers and resolution of racemic mixtures are discussed. Agrochemicals products such as pesticides, fertilizers, etc, can be toxic and cause environmental damage. Alternative methods can be found. Other topics include materials for a sustainable future, chemistry of longer wear, recycling, and energy and the environment.
Effects of social, economic, and labor policies on occupational health disparities
Authors: Siqueira Carlos Eduardo , Gaydos Megan , Monforton Celeste , Slatin Craig , Borkowski Liz , Dooley Peter , Liebman Amy , Rosenberg Erica , Shor Glenn , Keifer Matthew
Published: April 2013

Background

This article introduces some key labor, economic, and social policies that historically and currently impact occupational health disparities in the United States.

Methods

We conducted a broad review of the peer‐reviewed and gray literature on the effects of social, economic, and labor policies on occupational health disparities.

Results

Many populations such as tipped workers, public employees, immigrant workers, and misclassified workers are not protected by current laws and policies, including worker's compensation or Occupational Safety and Health Administration enforcement of standards. Local and state initiatives, such as living wage laws and community benefit agreements, as well as multiagency law enforcement contribute to reducing occupational health disparities.

Conclusions

There is a need to build coalitions and collaborations to command the resources necessary to identify, and then reduce and eliminate occupational disparities by establishing healthy, safe, and just work for all. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:557–572, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel water‐soluble polythiophene derivatives based fluorescence “turn‐on” method for protein determination
Authors: Wang Lin , Zhang Guangyou , Pei Meishan , Hu Linlin , Li Enyong , Li Huizhi
Published: April 2013

A lable‐free, simple, and sensitive fluorescence “turn‐on” approach is designed to rapidly detect protein using a conjugated polythiophene derivative (PDPMT‐Cl). The fluorescence of PDPMT‐Cl solution can be efficiently quenched by PtCl42− ions. Upon adding trypsin to the (bovine serum albumin, BSA) PDPMT‐Cl–PtCl42− solution, the BSA is cleaved into amino acid or peptide fragments, which are stronger PtCl42− ions chelators to form more stable complexes with PtCl42− ions. Thus, the PtCl42− ion is displaced from PDPMT‐Cl and the fluorescence of PDPMT‐Cl is recovered. By triggering the “turn‐on” signal of PDPMT‐Cl, it is successful to detect the protein in real time. “Turn‐on” response as readout signal is able to effectively reduce background noise and increase detection sensitivity. This method offers good selectivity for detecting protein in the presence of other common amino acids and metal ions. Under optimized conditions, the concentration of BSA in the range of 0.0004–1.75 mg/mL exhibits a linear relationship with the relative fluorescence intensity, and the correlation coefficient is 0.9997. The limit of detection is 4.47 × 10−4 mg/mL. The system is successfully applied for detecting protein in milk and egg. Due to the simplicity, sensitivity, and rapid response, this assay shows great potential for protein detection in the future. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 939‐943, 2013
Super‐absorbent resin preparation utilizing spent mushroom substrates
Authors: Ding Rui , Gong Kai
Published: April 2013

To find high value‐added utilization for spent mushroom substrates (SMS), a series super‐absorbent sample were prepared with SMS mass ratio between 0% and 100% based on acrylic acid plus SMS, heated with microwave. The maximum absorbency of the composite with 25% SMS ratio in water and saline corresponding to 0.3 wt % initiator is 458 and 61 g/g, respectively; the gel strength of the composite with 25% SMS is two times as high as that of the noncomposited polyacrylate. On SEM pictures, as SMS mass ratio increases the composites resin continuity was interrupted by SMS particles meanwhile some SMS particles are bare; micro‐particles of SMS uniformly dispersed in the acrylic resin forming submicroscopically homogeneous composites. IR spectra show that the composite has different chemical groups and structures from the mechanical mixture. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1098‐1103, 2013
Effect of temperature and holding time on preoxidation for aligned electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers
Authors: Liu Chengkun , Sun Runjun , Lai Kan , Chen Meiyu , Liu Wei
Published: April 2013

In this article, aligned electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofiber bundles were prepared as the precursor fibers to prepare preoxidized nanofibers through washing, drying densification, damp‐heat drafting, and preoxidation process. Effects of preoxidation temperature and holding time on appearance and microstructure of the preoxidized fibers were studied. Fiber density is increased from 1.159 to 1.193 g cm−3 after drying densification. Crystallinity is increased from 22.66 to 45.90% after fourfold drafting. The aligned preoxidized nanofibers were prepared at the optimum preoxidation temperature of 283°C, heating speed of 1°C min−1, and holding time of 1 h show a sufficient reaction degree of cyclization and crosslinking. Moreover, there is no occurrence of adhesion between fibers. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1158‐1163, 2013
Recent Process and Development of Metal Aminoborane
Authors: Wang Kun , Zhang Jian‐Guo , Man Tian‐Tian , Wu Man , Chen Chun‐Chun
Published: April 2013

This Review focuses on the development of metal aminoboranes; it discusses their synthesis, structure, chemical characterization, and applications. The lightweight nature of the molecules, the simplified procedures for the synthesis of the target compounds, the reversibility of hydrogen storage and dehydrogenation, and in‐depth research on the mechanism of the thermal decomposition are also discussed. A major challenge that still remains is how to combine the advantages of the compounds to produce a material that is not only able to release and absorb hydrogen under atmospheric conditions, but is also lightweight with a stable molecular structure. Finally, some future trends and perspectives in these research areas will be outlined.
Dynamic system‐optimal traffic assignment for a city using the continuum modeling approach
Authors: Tao Y. Z. , Jiang Y. Q. , Du J. , Wong S. C. , Zhang P. , Xia Y. H. , Choi K.
Published: April 2013

This paper presents a continuum dynamic traffic assignment model for a city in which the total cost of the traffic system is minimized: the travelers in the system are organized to choose the route to their destinations that minimizes the total cost of the system. Combined with the objective function, which defines the total cost and constraints such as certain physical and boundary conditions, a continuum model can be formulated as an optimization scheme with a feasible region in the function space. To obtain an admissible locally optimal solution to this problem, we first reformulate the optimization in discrete form and then introduce a heuristic method to solve it. This method converges rapidly with attractive computational cost. Numerical examples are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Production of propyl gallate in nonaqueous medium using cell‐associated tannase of Bacillus massiliensis: Effect of various parameters and statistical optimization
Authors: Aithal Mahesh , Belur Prasanna D.
Published: April 2013

Enzymatic synthesis of propyl gallate in an organic solvent was studied using cell‐associated tannase (E.C. 3.1.1.20) of Bacillus massiliensis. Lyophilized biomass showing tannase activity was used as a biocatalyst. The influence of buffer pH and strength, water activity, temperature, biocatalyst loading, gallic acid concentration, and 1‐propanol concentration was studied by the one‐factor‐at‐a‐time method. Subsequently, response surface methodology was applied based on a central composite design to determine the effects of three independent variables (biocatalyst loading, gallic acid concentration, and 1‐propanol concentration) and their mutual interactions. A total of 20 experiments were conducted, and a statistical model was developed, which predicted the maximum propyl gallate yield of 20.28 μg/mL in the reaction mixture comprising 40.4 mg biocatalyst, 0.4 mM gallic acid, and 6.52 % (v/v) 1‐propanol in 9.5 mL benzene at 30°C. The subsequent verification experiments established the validity of the model. Under optimal conditions, 25% conversion of gallic acid to propyl gallate was achieved on a molar basis. The absence of the need for enzyme purification and subsequent immobilization steps and good conversion efficiency makes this enzyme system an interesting one. Reports on the applications of bacterial whole cell systems for synthetic reactions in organic solvents are scarce, and perhaps this is the first report on bacterial cell‐associated tannase‐mediated esterification in a nonaqueous medium.
Structure–function analyses and molecular modeling of caffeic acid‐O‐methyltransferase and caffeoyl‐CoA‐O‐methyltransferase: Revisiting the basis of alternate methylation pathways during monolignol biosynthesis
Authors: Naaz Huma , Pandey Veda P. , Singh Swati , Dwivedi Upendra N.
Published: April 2013

Ten protein sequences, each of caffeic acid‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) and caffeoyl‐coenzyme A‐O‐methyltransferase (CCoAOMT), catalyzing methylation of precursors of monolignol from selected dicots and monocots have been analyzed and compared on the basis of their amino acid sequence, motifs/domains, three‐dimensional (3D) structure, and substrate binding. The isoelectric points of all the COMT and CCoAOMT sequences analyzed were found to vary in the pH range of 5 to 6. Molecular weight analyses suggested CCoAOMT to be smaller monomeric proteins (27–29 kDa) as compared with those of COMTs (39–40 kDa), which were dimeric. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis, COMT and CCoAOMT were clustered into two major groups, each of which could be further divided into two subgroups of monocots and dicots. Modeling and superimposition of COMT and CCoAOMT sequences of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) revealed that both were quite different at the 3D levels, although they had similarity in the core region. Molecular docking of 16 putative substrates (intermediates of monolignol biosynthesis pathway) revealed that both enzymes interact with all 16 substrates in a similar manner, with thiol esters being the most potent and binding of these putative substrates to CCoAOMT being more efficient.
The Impact of Trait Anxiety on Self‐frame and Decision Making
Authors: Peng Jiaxi , Xiao Wei , Yang Yebing , Wu Shengjun , Miao Danmin
Published: April 2013

The present study investigated how trait anxiety influenced the formation of a self‐frame and decision making. Participants (N = 1044) responded to the Trait Anxiety Inventory. Those with trait anxiety scores ±1 Z score from the sample mean (N = 328) were recalled to respond to the self‐frame questionnaire. The results suggested that trait anxiety differences could result in differences in the editing of decision‐making information, thereby influencing the risky choice. Compared with the low trait anxiety group, participants from the high trait anxiety group showed a greater tendency to use negative vocabulary to construct their self‐frame and tended to choose conservative plans. Self‐frame suppressed the influence of trait anxiety on decision making. These results further confirmed the hypothesis that individual differences in personality traits might influence the processing of information in a framed decision task. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.