bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ucanal Stela 29 and the Cosmopolitanism of Terminal Classic Maya Stone Monuments
Authors: Halperin Christina T. , Martin Simon
Published: October 2020

The Terminal Classic period (ca. AD 800–1000) in the Southern Maya Lowlands witnessed a precipitous decline in the erection of carved stone monuments, a decline that corresponds to shifts in political ideologies and the disappearance of many prominent royal dynasties. Although Southern Lowland sites are often considered peripheral to the events and innovations occurring elsewhere in Mesoamerica during this time, a recently discovered stela, Stela 29, at the site of Ucanal in Peten, Guatemala, underscores the active role of the site in broader political movements in the ninth century. Our iconographic, textual, and stylistic analysis of this stela, in concert with other Terminal Classic monuments from the site, reveals a vernacular cosmopolitan aesthetic whereby local Classic Maya styles were infused with images and elements that referenced connections with peoples from northern Yucatan, the Gulf Coast, and Central Mexico.
Natural tree shade increases milk stability of lactating dairy cows during the summer in the subtropics
Authors: Abreu Alexandre S. , Fischer Vivian , Stumpf Marcelo T. , McManus Concepta M. , González Felix H. D. , da Silva Jéssica B. S. , Heisler Guilherme
Published: October 2020

This research communication addresses the hypothesis that, during the summer in the subtropics, natural tree shade helps to improve milk functional characteristics such as stability and acidity. Sixteen Holstein lactating cows were enrolled. The study consisted of three periods (pre-stress, heat stress and post-stress) based on allocating grazing cows into two treatments (with and without access to shade during the Heat Stress period). Overall THI during the trial was (mean ± se) 76.0 ± 3.4. Access to shade prevented the heat stress-related decrease in milk stability both in the ethanol and in the coagulation time test, as well as maintained milk acidity within an acceptable range (14 to 18°D).
Predicting the emergence of full-threshold bipolar I, bipolar II and psychotic disorders in young people presenting to early intervention mental health services
Authors: Carpenter Joanne S. , Scott Jan , Iorfino Frank , Crouse Jacob J. , Ho Nicholas , Hermens Daniel F. , Cross Shane P. M. , Naismith Sharon L. , Guastella Adam J. , Scott Elizabeth M. , Hickie Ian B.
Published: October 2020

Background

Predictors of new-onset bipolar disorder (BD) or psychotic disorder (PD) have been proposed on the basis of retrospective or prospective studies of ‘at-risk’ cohorts. Few studies have compared concurrently or longitudinally factors associated with the onset of BD or PDs in youth presenting to early intervention services. We aimed to identify clinical predictors of the onset of full-threshold (FT) BD or PD in this population.

Method

Multi-state Markov modelling was used to assess the relationships between baseline characteristics and the likelihood of the onset of FT BD or PD in youth (aged 12–30) presenting to mental health services.

Results

Of 2330 individuals assessed longitudinally, 4.3% (n = 100) met criteria for new-onset FT BD and 2.2% (n = 51) met criteria for a new-onset FT PD. The emergence of FT BD was associated with older age, lower social and occupational functioning, mania-like experiences (MLE), suicide attempts, reduced incidence of physical illness, childhood-onset depression, and childhood-onset anxiety. The emergence of a PD was associated with older age, male sex, psychosis-like experiences (PLE), suicide attempts, stimulant use, and childhood-onset depression.

Conclusions

Identifying risk factors for the onset of either BD or PDs in young people presenting to early intervention services is assisted not only by the increased focus on MLE and PLE, but also by recognising the predictive significance of poorer social function, childhood-onset anxiety and mood disorders, and suicide attempts prior to the time of entry to services. Secondary prevention may be enhanced by greater attention to those risk factors that are modifiable or shared by both illness trajectories.
Cosmotopia Delineated: Rammohun Roy, William Adam, and the Calcutta Unitarian Committee
Authors: Midgley Clare
Published: October 2020

This article seeks to establish the value of the concept of cosmotopia to historians of intercultural connections through presenting a case study of the Calcutta Unitarian Committee, which was active between 1821 and 1828. In tandem, it aims to enhance understanding of the origins of one particularly sustained set of intercultural connections: the interfaith network which developed between an influential group of Hindu religious and social reformers, the Brahmo Samaj, and western Unitarian Christians. The article focusses on the collaboration between the two leading figures on the Committee: Rammohun Roy, the renowned founder of the Brahmo Samaj, who is often described as the Father of Modern India; and William Adam, a Scottish Baptist missionary who was condemned as the “second fallen Adam” after his “conversion” to Unitarianism by Rammohun Roy, and who went on to cofound a utopian community in the United States. It explores the Calcutta Unitarian Committee's activities within the cosmopolitan milieu of early colonial Calcutta, and clarifies its role in the emergence of the Brahmo Samaj, in the development of a unique approach to Christian mission among Unitarians, and in laying the foundations of a transnational network whose members were in the vanguard of religious innovation, radical social reform, and debates on the “woman question” in nineteenth-century India, Britain, and the United States. In conclusion, the article draws on the case study to offer some broader reflections on the relationship between utopianism, cosmopolitanism, and colonialism.
PARTIAL IDENTIFICATION OF NONSEPARABLE MODELS USING BINARY INSTRUMENTS
Authors: Ishihara Takuya
Published: October 2020

In this study, we explore the partial identification of nonseparable models with continuous endogenous and binary instrumental variables. We show that the structural function is partially identified when it is monotone or concave in the explanatory variable. D’Haultfœuille and Février (2015, Econometrica 83(3), 1199–1210) and Torgovitsky (2015, Econometrica 83(3), 1185–1197) prove the point identification of the structural function under a key assumption that the conditional distribution functions of the endogenous variable for different values of the instrumental variables have intersections. We demonstrate that, even if this assumption does not hold, monotonicity and concavity provide identification power. Point identification is achieved when the structural function is flat or linear with respect to the explanatory variable over a given interval. We compute the bounds using real data and show that our bounds are informative.
Experimental warming of bryophytes increases the population density of the nematode Plectus belgicae in maritime Antarctica
Authors: Newsham Kevin K. , Hall Richard J. , Maslen N. Rolf
Published: October 2020

Despite nematodes routinely being the most frequent soil- and bryophyte-associated animals in maritime Antarctica, there is a lack of clarity about the influence of warming on their populations in the region. Here, we report the results of a field experiment on Adelaide Island that tested the effects of warming with open-top chambers (OTCs) for 37 months on nematodes associated with the bryophytes Cephaloziella varians and Sanionia uncinata. Over the experiment's duration, OTCs increased the population density of the nematode Plectus belgicae in mats of both bryophytes by six-fold, with four- to seven-fold increases in the abundances of male, female and juvenile P. belgicae in warmed mats, and with the largest effects on the abundances of juveniles. Despite C. varians, which is black in colour, warming to a greater extent than S. uncinata during summer, no interactive effects of OTCs and bryophyte species were recorded on the population density of P. belgicae. Our results corroborate a previous study showing that warming increases Plectus population densities in maritime Antarctic soils, with implications for the region's terrestrial food webs.
Vicarious trauma in therapists: a meta-ethnographic review
Authors: McNeillie Natalie , Rose John
Published: October 2020

Background:

Hearing about trauma can leave a mark on an individual, leading to a significant change in worldview that shatters their existing beliefs and is pervasive across view of self, other and the world. Individuals present with a range of symptoms that mimic post-traumatic stress disorder although the symptoms are less severe. Despite this, some individuals can experience growth through an enriched understanding of self and other. This altered perspective enables individuals to respond in ways that promote growth and positivity in their own lives.

Aims:

The aim of this review was to synthesise existing qualitative literature exploring how therapists experience working with trauma survivors.

Method:

A systematic literature search found 16 studies which were selected for review following the application of inclusion/exclusion criteria and quality appraisal. Noblit and Hare’s (1988) approach to meta-ethnography was followed.

Results:

The themes identified outline a cognitive model of vicarious trauma whereby therapists presented with cognitive, emotional, physiological and behavioural ‘symptoms’ due to marked changes in schemata following repeated exposure to trauma. The literature suggests that therapists experience growth and development alongside vicarious trauma through witnessing clients’ resilience and growth.

Conclusion:

This meta-ethnographic review suggests that the impact of working with trauma is profound and complex for therapists bearing witness to their client’s pain and concurrently, their growth.
POETS AND READERS IN SEVENTH-CENTURY ROME: POPE HONORIUS, LUCRETIUS, AND THE DOORS OF ST. PETER'S
Authors: TROUT DENNIS
Published: October 2020

This essay offers several reasons for reconsidering seventh-century Rome's reputation as a literary dark age. It provides close readings of several epigrams inscribed in Roman churches during and soon after the papacy of Honorius I (625–38) as evidence for a revived literary scene in the city during these years. It also argues that the intertextual maneuvers deployed by these epigrams suggest, contrary to current opinion, that Lucretius'sDe rerum naturahad Roman readers in the early seventh century. Lucretius's “popularity” in contemporary Visigothic Spain; the likelihood that Honorius's younger contemporary and acquaintance, Jonas of Bobbio, was familiar with Lucretius; and the eventual presence of a (lost) manuscript of theDe rerum naturain the library of the Bobbio monastery are enlisted in order to set both early seventh-century Rome and theDe rerum naturain wider historical context. In general, this essay encourages the re-evaluation of the place of epigraphic poetry in our histories of late Latin literature and literary culture.
Women’s Role in Preserving Lament Songs in the Villages of Gjirokastër, Albania
Authors: SPIRI GRIJDA
Published: October 2020

“Vajtim,” mourning, is an expression of women’s grief and cannot be counted in months or years: it is a continued expression of the inner world that for many women can take decades. In this paper, I examine how women have carried and preserved the lament songs of the Southern Albania region from generation to generation. Field research in my hometown, Gjirokastër, reveals how the laments songs are connected from mother to daughter within the families. Using descriptions of lamenting rituals, personal interviews with mourners, and analysis of lyrics and field recordings, I demonstrate how women continue this tradition through generations.
When They Go Low, We Gloat
Authors: Nai Alessandro , Otto Lukas P.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. We investigate whether Schadenfreude – finding pleasure in others’ misfortune – moderates the perception and effects of negative political messages (“negative campaigning”). We present the results of three experiments, two conducted in the United States with samples of 1,722 and 1,408 respondents surveyed via MTurk, and the other conducted in The Netherlands with a sample of 143 undergraduate students. In all studies respondents were exposed to a positive or negative message on a given issue and asked afterward to evaluate the message (message perception) and the target of the message (effect of the message). Studies 1 and 2 tested for the moderating effect of “trait” Schadenfreude – that is, to what extent respondents are likely to experience Schadenfreude in their everyday life, whereas Study 3 tested for the effects of “state” Schadenfreude via a stimulus intended to elicit it as a reaction. Results show that (1) Schadenfreude moderates the perception of the negative messages; people with low trait Schadenfreude react strongly (and negatively) to attacks; (2) state Schadenfreude does not have as strong an effect as trait Schadenfreude; (3) Schadenfreude only marginally moderates the direct effect of the negative message on the evaluation of the target politician.
The Language of Recollection in Support of Recognition Memory Decisions
Authors: Dobbins Ian G. , Kantner Justin
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Researchers often augment recognition memory decisions with confidence ratings or reports of “Remember” and “Know” experiences. While important, these ratings are subject to variation in interpretation and misspecification. Here we review recent findings from a “verbal reports as data” procedure in which subjects justify, in their own words, the basis of recognition. The application of a language pattern classifier to these justifications demonstrates that it: (a) is sensitive to the presence of recollection, (b) tracks individual differences in recognition accuracy, and (c) generalizes in a theoretically meaningful way to justifications from a separate experiment. More broadly, this approach should be useful for any cognitive decision task in which competing theories suggest different explicit bases underlying the judgments, or for which the explicit versus implicit basis of the decisions is in question.
Surface Expressions of Atmospheric Thermal Tides in the Tropical Atlantic and Their Impact on Open‐Ocean Precipitation
Authors: Christophersen J. A. , Foltz G. R. , Perez R. C.
Published: October 2020

Diurnal and semidiurnal variations of atmospheric pressure and surface winds are fundamental to the Earth‐Sun system. Past research in the tropical Pacific shows semidiurnal and diurnal patterns in the zonal and meridional wind anomalies, respectively. While the semidiurnal zonal wind pattern is consistent with atmospheric thermal tidal forcing, it is not yet certain what drives diurnal meridional wind variability. This study examines the diurnal cycle of meridional winds in the tropical Atlantic Ocean across four different seasons and the extent to which they impact the diurnal evolution of open‐ocean precipitation in boreal summer. Comparisons of direct observations from long‐term moored buoys to an atmospheric reanalysis (MERRA‐2) show that MERRA‐2 reproduces diurnal and semidiurnal pressure and wind variations. The MERRA‐2 atmospheric thermal tides are decomposed into migrating and nonmigrating tidal components, and the linear terms in the zonal and meridional momentum equations are calculated. There is an approximate balance between the acceleration and pressure gradient terms for the zonal migrating momentum budget in the open ocean, with larger residuals or imbalances between those terms for the other budgets. The meridional nonmigrating budget shows largest residuals near the African coastline, indicating that nonlinear processes like the evening initiation of convection are important over land. This evening convection drives the meridional component of surface convergence which is translated offshore by the nonmigrating tide in the form of gravity waves, potentially modified by the African Easterly Jet. During boreal summer, this convergence helps to induce a morning peak of precipitation over the open ocean.
Polar Bears to Vanish from Most of the Arctic This Century
Authors: Katz Cheryl
Published: October 2020

A “timelines of risk” model shows when and where population collapse begins as sea ice wanes in our warming future.
Lower Hybrid Drift Waves During Guide Field Reconnection
Authors: Yoo Jongsoo , Ji Jeong‐Young , Ambat M. V. , Wang Shan , Ji Hantao , Lo Jenson , Li Bowen , Ren Yang , Jara‐Almonte J. , Chen Li‐Jen , Fox William , Yamada Masaaki , Alt Andrew , Goodman Aaron
Published: October 2020

Generation and propagation of lower hybrid drift wave (LHDW) near the electron diffusion region (EDR) during guide field reconnection at the magnetopause is studied with data from the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission and a theoretical model. Inside the current sheet, the electron beta (βe) determines which type of LHDW is excited. Inside the EDR, where the electron beta is high (βe ∼ 5), the long‐wavelength electromagnetic LHDW is observed propagating obliquely to the local magnetic field. In contrast, the short‐wavelength electrostatic LHDW, propagating nearly perpendicular to the magnetic field, is observed slightly away from the EDR, where βe is small (∼0.6). These observed LHDW features are explained by a local theoretical model, including effects from the electron temperature anisotropy, finite electron heat flux, electrostatics, and parallel current. The short‐wavelength LHDW is capable of generating significant drag force between electrons and ions.
Induced Earthquakes Before and After Cessation of Long‐Term Injections in Rongchang Gas Field
Authors: Wang Zhiwei , Lei Xinglin , Ma Shengli , Wang Xiaolong , Wan Yongge
Published: October 2020

For more than three decades, the depleted Rongchang gas reservoir in China's Sichuan Basin was used for the disposal of unwanted water, which resulted in induced earthquakes, with magnitudes as high as 5.2. After all wells were closed, the frequency of seismic activity was observed to decay following a modified Omori law, and since April 2015, seismic activity again began to increase, and a M4.9 earthquake occurred on 27 December. The results of an epidemic‐type aftershock sequence (ETAS) model analysis show that forced seismicity accounted for more than 70% of the total events. For most M ≥ 3.5 earthquakes, including two M ≥ 4 events, the estimated overpressure was lower than the maximum injection pressure. These results, coupled with the fact that postinjection seismic activity has similar characteristics to seismicity during injection, indicate that the injected overpressure fluid was still the driving factor for postinjection seismic activity.
Poleward Excursions by the Himalayan Subtropical Jet Over the Past Four Centuries
Authors: Thapa U. K. , St. George S. , Trouet V.
Published: October 2020

Since the 1980s, the subtropical jet stream has generally moved poleward, but its behavior varies by region and season. Here we examine the interannual variability and trends in the latitudinal position of the spring subtropical jet over the Himalayas. During the modern period (1948 to 2018), the spring (March‐April‐May) jet is typically anchored immediately south of the Himalayas but has rarely (in 1956, 1971, 1984, and 1999) moved poleward to pass over Kyrgyzstan and northwest China. A tree‐ring reconstruction of the jet's latitude indicates that such poleward excursions may have become more frequent after 1950, but it is not clear whether that behavior is unprecedented within the past four centuries. These insights into the behavior of the Himalayan subtropical jet may improve seasonal weather forecasts for the region and provide a target for climate simulations to test whether the recent spate of excursions is unusual and due to anthropogenic warming.
Detection and Assessment of a Large and Potentially Tsunamigenic Periglacial Landslide in Barry Arm, Alaska
Authors: Dai Chunli , Higman Bretwood , Lynett Patrick J. , Jacquemart Mylène , Howat Ian M. , Liljedahl Anna K. , Dufresne Anja , Freymueller Jeffrey T. , Geertsema Marten , Ward Jones Melissa , Haeussler Peter J.
Published: October 2020

The retreat of glaciers in response to global warming has the potential to trigger landslides in glaciated regions around the globe. Landslides that enter fjords or lakes can cause tsunamis, which endanger people and infrastructure far from the landslide itself. Here we document the ongoing movement of an unstable slope (total volume of 455 × 106 m3) in Barry Arm, a fjord in Prince William Sound, Alaska. The slope moved rapidly between 2010 and 2017, yielding a horizontal displacement of 120 m, which is highly correlated with the rapid retreat and thinning of Barry Glacier. Should the entire unstable slope collapse at once, preliminary tsunami modeling suggests a maximum runup of 300 m near the landslide, which may have devastating impacts on local communities. Our findings highlight the need for interdisciplinary studies of recently deglaciated fjords to refine our understanding of the impact of climate change on landslides and tsunamis.
Impact of Antarctic Meltwater Forcing on East Asian Climate Under Greenhouse Warming
Authors: Oh Ji‐Hoon , Park Wonsun , Lim Hyung‐Gyu , Noh Kyung Min , Jin Emilia Kyung , Kug Jong‐Seong
Published: October 2020

In recent decades, Antarctic ice sheet/shelf melting has been accelerated, releasing freshwater into the Southern Ocean. It has been suggested that the meltwater flux could lead to cooling in the Southern Hemisphere, which would retard global warming and further induce a northward shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). In this study, we use experimental ensemble climate simulations to show that Antarctic meltwater forcing has distinct regional climate impacts over the globe, leading in particular to regional warming in East Asia, which offsets the global cooling effect by the meltwater forcing. It is suggested that Antarctic meltwater forcing leads to a negative precipitation anomaly in the Western North Pacific (WNP) via cooling in the tropics and the northward shift of the ITCZ. This suppressed convection in WNP induces an anticyclonic flow over the North Pacific, which leads to regional warming in East Asia. This hypothesis is supported by analyses of interensemble spread and long‐term control simulations.
Local Anomalies in the Column‐Averaged Dry Air Mole Fractions of Carbon Dioxide Across the Globe During the First Months of the Coronavirus Recession
Authors: Chevallier Frédéric , Zheng Bo , Broquet Grégoire , Ciais Philippe , Liu Zhu , Davis Steven J. , Deng Zhu , Wang Yilong , Bréon François‐Marie , O'Dell Christopher W.
Published: October 2020

We use a global transport model and satellite retrievals of the carbon dioxide (CO2) column average to explore the impact of CO2 emissions reductions that occurred during the economic downturn at the start of the Covid‐19 pandemic. The changes in the column averages are substantial in a few places of the model global grid, but the induced gradients are most often less than the random errors of the retrievals. The current necessity to restrict the quality‐assured column retrievals to almost cloud‐free areas appears to be a major obstacle in identifying changes in CO2 emissions. Indeed, large changes have occurred in the presence of clouds, and in places that were cloud free in 2020, the comparison with previous years is hampered by different cloud conditions during these years. We therefore recommend to favor all‐weather CO2 monitoring systems, at least in situ, to support international efforts to reduce emissions.
The Rheological Behavior of CO2 Ice: Application to Glacial Flow on Mars
Authors: Cross A. J. , Goldsby D. L. , Hager T. F. , Smith I. B.
Published: October 2020

Vast quantities of solid CO2 reside in topographic basins of the south polar layered deposits (SPLD) on Mars and exhibit morphological features indicative of glacial flow. Previous experimental studies showed that CO2 ice is 1–2 orders of magnitude weaker than water ice under Martian polar conditions. Here we present data from deformation experiments on pure, fine‐grained CO2 ice, over a broader range of temperatures than previously explored (158–213 K). The experiments confirm previous observations of highly nonlinear power law creep at larger stresses, but also show a transition to a previously unseen linear‐viscous creep regime at lower stresses. We examine the viscosity of CO2 within the SPLD and predict that the CO2‐rich deposits are modestly stronger than previously thought. Nevertheless, CO2 ice flows much more readily than H2O ice, particularly on the steep flanks of SPLD topographic basins, allowing the CO2 to pond as observed.
Rupture of the 2020 MW 7.8 Earthquake in the Shumagin Gap Inferred From Seismic and Geodetic Observations
Authors: Liu Chengli , Lay Thorne , Xiong Xiong , Wen Yangmao
Published: October 2020

The eastern portion of the Shumagin gap along the Alaska Peninsula ruptured in an MW 7.8 thrust earthquake on 22 July 2020. The megathrust fault space‐time slip history is determined by joint inversion of regional and teleseismic waveform data along with co‐seismic static Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) displacements. The rupture expanded westward and along‐dip from the hypocenter, located adjacent to the 1938 MW 8.2 Alaska earthquake, with slip and aftershocks extending into the gap about 180 to 205 km, respectively, at depths from 15 to 40 km. The deeper half of ~75% of the Shumagin gap experienced faulting. However, the patchy slip is significantly less than possible accumulated slip since the region's last major rupture in 1917, compatible with geodetic seismic‐coupling estimates of 10‐40% beneath the Shumagin Islands. The rupture terminated in the western region of very low seismic coupling. There was a regional decade‐scale decrease in b‐value prior to the 2020 event.
Sub‐Mesoscales at Ocean Fronts: Dissipation of Eddy Kinetic Energy
Authors: Canuto V. M. , Cheng Y.
Published: October 2020

D'Asaro et al. measured the dissipation of eddy kinetic energy at the Kuroshio ocean front, found it to be 1–2 orders of magnitude larger than the value predicted by the law of the wall, and suggested that the enhancement is due to sub‐mesoscales, SM. To assess their suggestion, we employ two SM models. In the first model, the buoyancy flux is based on baroclinic instabilities only and there is no momentum flux (Reynolds stresses). The model is unable to reproduce the Kuroshio data. The second model includes baroclinic instabilities, wind stress, and Reynolds stresses. It reproduces the data satisfactorily. The analytic formula for the dissipation that we present can be used in ocean general circulation models to parameterize dissipation at ocean fronts other than Kuroshio, for example, Gulf Stream and ACC, an extension that could improve the predictions of climate studies.
Regional Deformation and Offshore Crustal Local Faulting as Combined Processes to Explain Uplift Through Time Constrained by Investigating Differentially Uplifted Late Quaternary Paleoshorelines: The Foreland Hyblean Plateau, SE Sicily
Authors: Meschis M. , Scicchitano G. , Roberts G. P. , Robertson J. , Barreca G. , Monaco C. , Spampinato C. , Sahy D. , Antonioli F. , Mildon Z. K. , Scardino G.
Published: October 2020

Quaternary uplift is well documented in SE Sicily, a region prone to damaging seismic events, such as the 1693 “Val di Noto” earthquake (Mw7.4), the largest seismic event reported within the Italian Earthquake Catalogue, whose seismogenic source is still debated and, consequently, the long‐term seismic hazard is poorly understood. However, the spatial variation in the timing and rates of uplift are still debated, so it is difficult to link the dominant tectonic process(es) responsible for the uplift and the location of seismogenic sources. To better constrain the uplift rate, we have refined the dating of Late Quaternary marine terraces, using a synchronous correlation approach, driven by both published and newly obtained numerical age controls (234U/230Th dating on corals). This has allowed recalculation of uplift rates along a N‐S oriented transect within the Hyblean Plateau (HP) foreland region. Consequently, we have mapped the geometry of paleoshorelines along a coastline‐parallel transect and hence the rates of uplift. The results suggest increasing uplift rate from south to north across the HP and that uplift rates have remained constant through the Late Quaternary. This spatially changing but temporally constant uplift places constraints on the proportion of uplift produced by regional geodynamic processes versus produced by local faults, such as an offshore east dipping active normal fault. We discuss these new findings in terms of the long‐term seismic hazard for one of the most seismically active regions in the Mediterranean Basin.
Quaternary Seismostratigraphy and Tectonosedimentary Evolution of the North Tunisian Continental Margin
Authors: Camafort Miquel , Gràcia Eulàlia , Ranero César R.
Published: October 2020

Northern Tunisia contains the poorly defined boundary between the Nubia and Eurasian plates. Offshore north Tunisia, the continental margin is interpreted to be part of the North Africa collisional fold and thrust belt system, linking the Maghrebian and the Sicilian‐Apennine chains. The Tunisia margin deforms by a slow NW‐SE trending convergence resulting in a diffuse deformation zone with scarce and scattered seismicity, in contrast to the neighboring regions of north Algeria and north Sicily. The complex recent evolution of this region is poorly known due to the paucity of studies, particularly offshore in the north Tunisian continental margin. Here, we present the seismostratigraphic analysis of the last ~1.8 Ma tectonosedimentary evolution of this area. The seismostratigraphic analysis supports that individual Quaternary depocenters developed syntectonic to faulting and that faulting influenced sedimentation patterns. We identify an abrupt variation in the sediment accumulation rates (SARs) coeval to a change in the strata geometry of the units located near faults at 402 ± 5 ka (mid‐Middle Pleistocene), supporting a change in the rate of faulting associated to contraction tectonics. This change indicates that deformation is controlled by the NW‐SE convergence between Nubia and Eurasia, probably accelerated at the end of extension in the Tyrrhenian back‐arc. Therefore, the current driving mechanism in the Central Mediterranean is possibly lithospheric collision between Nubia and Eurasia.
Hillslope Hydrology Influences the Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Remotely Sensed Ecosystem Productivity
Authors: Tai Xiaonan , Anderegg William R. L. , Blanken Peter D. , Burns Sean P. , Christensen Lindsey , Brooks Paul D.
Published: October 2020

Prediction of ecosystem responses to a changing climate is challenging at the landscape to regional scale, in part because topography creates various habitats and influences ecosystem productivity in complex ways. However, the effects of topography on ecosystem function remain poorly characterized and quantified. To address this knowledge gap, we developed a framework to systematically quantify and evaluate the effects of topographic convergence, elevation, aspect, and forest type on the long‐term (1986–2011) average and interannual variability of remotely sensed ecosystem productivity. In a forested watershed in the Rocky Mountains, spanning elevations from 1,800 to 4,000 m, we found a prevalent and positive influence of topographic convergence on long‐term productivity. Interannual growing season productivity was positively related to precipitation, with higher sensitivity in low elevation and highly productive areas and lower sensitivity in convergent areas. Our findings highlight the influence of topographic complexity on both long‐term and interannual variations of ecosystem productivity and have implications for understanding and prediction of ecosystem dynamics at hillslope to regional scales.
Huge upconversion luminescence enhancement by a cascade optical field modulation strategy facilitating selective multispectral narrow-band near-infrared photodetection
Authors: Ji Yanan , Xu Wen , Ding Nan , Yang Haitao , Song Hongwei , Liu Qingyun , Ågren Hans , Widengren Jerker , Liu Haichun
Published: October 2020

Since selective detection of multiple narrow spectral bands in the near-infrared (NIR) region still poses a fundamental challenge, we have, in this work, developed NIR photodetectors (PDs) using photon upconversion nanocrystals (UCNCs) combined with perovskite films. To conquer the relatively high pumping threshold of UCNCs, we designed a novel cascade optical field modulation strategy to boost upconversion luminescence (UCL) by cascading the superlensing effect of dielectric microlens arrays and the plasmonic effect of gold nanorods, which readily leads to a UCL enhancement by more than four orders of magnitude under weak light irradiation. By accommodating multiple optically active lanthanide ions in a core-shell-shell hierarchical architecture, developed PDs on top of this structure can detect three well-separated narrow bands in the NIR region, i.e., those centered at 808, 980, and 1540 nm. Due to the large UCL enhancement, the obtained PDs demonstrate extremely high responsivities of 30.73, 23.15, and 12.20 A W−1 and detectivities of 5.36, 3.45, and 1.91 × 1011 Jones for 808, 980, and 1540 nm light detection, respectively, together with short response times in the range of 80–120 ms. Moreover, we demonstrate for the first time that the response to the excitation modulation frequency of a PD can be employed to discriminate the incident light wavelength. We believe that our work provides novel insight for developing NIR PDs and that it can spur the development of other applications using upconversion nanotechnology.
The membrane-bound and soluble form of melanotransferrin function independently in the diagnosis and targeted therapy of lung cancer
Authors: Lei Yuanyuan , Lu Zhiliang , Huang Jianbing , Zang Ruochuan , Che Yun , Mao Shuangshuang , Fang Lingling , Liu Chengming , Wang Xinfeng , Zheng Sufei , Sun Nan , He Jie
Published: October 2020

Melanotransferrin (MFI2) is a newly identified tumor-associated protein, which consists of two forms of proteins, membrane-bound (mMFI2) and secretory (sMFI2). However, little is known about the expression pattern and their relevance in lung cancer. Here, we found that both two forms of MFI2 are highly expressed in lung cancer. The expression of MFI2 in lung cancer was detected by using the public database and qRT-PCR. Overexpression and knockdown cell lines and recombinant sMFI2 protein were used to study the function of mMFI2 and sMFI2. RNA-seq, protein chip, ChIP assay, Immunoprecipitation, ELISA, and immunofluorescence were used to study the molecular biological mechanism of mMFI2 and sMFI2. We found that mMFI2 promoted the expression of EMT’s common marker N-cadherin by downregulating the transcription factor KLI4, which in turn promoted tumor metastasis; sMFI2 could promote the metastasis of autologous tumor cells in an autocrine manner but the mechanism is different from that of mMFI2. In addition, sMFI2 was proved could inhibit the migration of vascular endothelial cells and subsequently enhance angiogenic responses in a paracrine manner. We propose that the expressions and functions of the two forms of MFI2 in lung cancer are relatively independent. Specifically, mMFI2 was a potential lung cancer therapeutic target, while sMFI2 was highly enriched in advanced lung cancer, and could be used as a tumor staging index.
Machine learning in chemical reaction space
Authors: Stocker Sina , Csányi Gábor , Reuter Karsten , Margraf Johannes T.
Published: October 2020

Chemical compound space refers to the vast set of all possible chemical compounds, estimated to contain 1060 molecules. While intractable as a whole, modern machine learning (ML) is increasingly capable of accurately predicting molecular properties in important subsets. Here, we therefore engage in the ML-driven study of even larger reaction space. Central to chemistry as a science of transformations, this space contains all possible chemical reactions. As an important basis for ‘reactive’ ML, we establish a first-principles database (Rad-6) containing closed and open-shell organic molecules, along with an associated database of chemical reaction energies (Rad-6-RE). We show that the special topology of reaction spaces, with central hub molecules involved in multiple reactions, requires a modification of existing compound space ML-concepts. Showcased by the application to methane combustion, we demonstrate that the learned reaction energies offer a non-empirical route to rationally extract reduced reaction networks for detailed microkinetic analyses.
Copper(I)-catalyzed asymmetric 1,6-conjugate allylation
Authors: Shi Chang-Yun , Pan Zhi-Zhou , Tian Ping , Yin Liang
Published: October 2020

Catalytic asymmetric conjugate allylation of unsaturated carbonyl compounds is usually difficult to achieve, as 1,2-addition proceeds dominantly and high asymmetric induction is a challenging task. Herein, we disclose a copper(I)-NHC complex catalyzed asymmetric 1,6-conjugate allylation of 2,2-dimethyl-6-alkenyl-4H-1,3-dioxin-4-ones. The phenolic hydroxyl group in NHC ligands is found to be pivotal to obtain the desired products. Both aryl group and alkyl group at δ-position are well tolerated with the corresponding products generated in moderate to high yields and high enantioselectivity. Moreover, both 2-substituted and 3-substituted allylboronates serve as acceptable allylation reagents. At last, the synthetic utility of the products is demonstrated in several transformations by means of the versatile terminal olefin and dioxinone groups.
Marcksl1 modulates endothelial cell mechanoresponse to haemodynamic forces to control blood vessel shape and size
Authors: Kondrychyn Igor , Kelly Douglas J. , Carretero Núria Taberner , Nomori Akane , Kato Kagayaki , Chong Jeronica , Nakajima Hiroyuki , Okuda Satoru , Mochizuki Naoki , Phng Li-Kun
Published: October 2020

The formation of vascular tubes is driven by extensive changes in endothelial cell (EC) shape. Here, we have identified a role of the actin-binding protein, Marcksl1, in modulating the mechanical properties of EC cortex to regulate cell shape and vessel structure during angiogenesis. Increasing and depleting Marcksl1 expression level in vivo results in an increase and decrease, respectively, in EC size and the diameter of microvessels. Furthermore, endothelial overexpression of Marcksl1 induces ectopic blebbing on both apical and basal membranes, during and after lumen formation, that is suppressed by reduced blood flow. High resolution imaging reveals that Marcksl1 promotes the formation of linear actin bundles and decreases actin density at the EC cortex. Our findings demonstrate that a balanced network of linear and branched actin at the EC cortex is essential in conferring cortical integrity to resist the deforming forces of blood flow to regulate vessel structure.
All-dielectric magnetic metasurface for advanced light control in dual polarizations combined with high-Q resonances
Authors: Ignatyeva Daria O. , Karki Dolendra , Voronov Andrey A. , Kozhaev Mikhail A. , Krichevsky Denis M. , Chernov Alexander I. , Levy Miguel , Belotelov Vladimir I.
Published: October 2020

Nanostructured magnetic materials provide an efficient tool for light manipulation on sub-nanosecond and sub-micron scales, and allow for the observation of the novel effects which are fundamentally impossible in smooth films. For many cases of practical importance, it is vital to observe the magneto-optical intensity modulation in a dual-polarization regime. However, the nanostructures reported on up to date usually utilize a transverse Kerr effect and thus provide light modulation only for p-polarized light. We present a concept of a transparent magnetic metasurface to solve this problem, and demonstrate a novel mechanism for magneto-optical modulation. A 2D array of bismuth-substituted iron-garnet nanopillars on an ultrathin iron-garnet slab forms a metasurface supporting quasi-waveguide mode excitation. In contrast to plasmonic structures, the all-dielectric magnetic metasurface is shown to exhibit much higher transparency and superior quality-factor resonances, followed by a multifold increase in light intensity modulation. The existence of a wide variety of excited mode types allows for advanced light control: transmittance of both p- and s-polarized illumination becomes sensitive to the medium magnetization, something that is fundamentally impossible in smooth magnetic films. The proposed metasurface is very promising for sensing, magnetometry and light modulation applications.
Reprogrammable meta-hologram for optical encryption
Authors: Qu Geyang , Yang Wenhong , Song Qinghai , Liu Yilin , Qiu Cheng-Wei , Han Jiecai , Tsai Din-Ping , Xiao Shumin
Published: October 2020

Meta-holographic encryption is a potentially important technique for information security. Despite rapid progresses in multi-tasked meta-holograms, the number of information channels available in metasurfaces is limited, making meta-holographic encryption vulnerable to some attacking algorithms. Herein, we demonstrate a re-programmable metasurface that can produce arbitrary holographic images for optical encryption. The encrypted information is divided into two matrices. These two matrices are imposed to the incident light and the metasurface, respectively. While the all-dielectric metasurface is static, the phase matrix of incident light provides additional degrees of freedom to precisely control the eventual functions at will. With a single Si metasurface, arbitrary holographic images and videos have been transported and decrypted. We hope that this work paves a more promising way to optical information encryption and authentication.
Wnt/Beta-catenin/Esrrb signalling controls the tissue-scale reorganization and maintenance of the pluripotent lineage during murine embryonic diapause
Authors: Fan Rui , Kim Yung Su , Wu Jie , Chen Rui , Zeuschner Dagmar , Mildner Karina , Adachi Kenjiro , Wu Guangming , Galatidou Styliani , Li Jianhua , Schöler Hans R. , Leidel Sebastian A. , Bedzhov Ivan
Published: October 2020

The epiblast, which provides the foundation of the future body, is actively reshaped during early embryogenesis, but the reshaping mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, using a 3D in vitro model of early epiblast development, we identify the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway and its central downstream factor Esrrb as the key signalling cascade regulating the tissue-scale organization of the murine pluripotent lineage. Although in vivo the Wnt/β-catenin/Esrrb circuit is dispensable for embryonic development before implantation, autocrine Wnt activity controls the morphogenesis and long-term maintenance of the epiblast when development is put on hold during diapause. During this phase, the progressive changes in the epiblast architecture and Wnt signalling response show that diapause is not a stasis but instead is a dynamic process with underlying mechanisms that can appear redundant during transient embryogenesis.
An integrated model system to gain mechanistic insights into biofilm-associated antimicrobial resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa MPAO1
Authors: Varadarajan Adithi R. , Allan Raymond N. , Valentin Jules D. P. , Castañeda Ocampo Olga E. , Somerville Vincent , Pietsch Franziska , Buhmann Matthias T. , West Jonathan , Skipp Paul J. , van der Mei Henny C. , Ren Qun , Schreiber Frank , Webb Jeremy S. , Ahrens Christian H.
Published: October 2020

Pseudomonas aeruginosaMPAO1 is the parental strain of the widely utilized transposon mutant collection for this important clinical pathogen. Here, we validate a model system to identify genes involved in biofilm growth and biofilm-associated antibiotic resistance. Our model employs a genomics-driven workflow to assemble the complete MPAO1 genome, identify unique and conserved genes by comparative genomics with the PAO1 reference strain and genes missed within existing assemblies by proteogenomics. Among over 200 unique MPAO1 genes, we identified six general essential genes that were overlooked when mapping public Tn-seq data sets against PAO1, including an antitoxin. Genomic data were integrated with phenotypic data from an experimental workflow using a user-friendly, soft lithography-based microfluidic flow chamber for biofilm growth and a screen with the Tn-mutant library in microtiter plates. The screen identified hitherto unknown genes involved in biofilm growth and antibiotic resistance. Experiments conducted with the flow chamber across three laboratories delivered reproducible data onP. aeruginosabiofilms and validated the function of both known genes and genes identified in the Tn-mutant screens. Differential protein abundance data from planktonic cells versus biofilm confirmed the upregulation of candidates known to affect biofilm formation, of structural and secreted proteins of type VI secretion systems, and provided proteogenomic evidence for some missed MPAO1 genes. This integrated, broadly applicable model promises to improve the mechanistic understanding of biofilm formation, antimicrobial tolerance, and resistance evolution in biofilms.
Strong oral plaque microbiome signatures for dental implant diseases identified by strain-resolution metagenomics
Authors: Ghensi Paolo , Manghi Paolo , Zolfo Moreno , Armanini Federica , Pasolli Edoardo , Bolzan Mattia , Bertelle Alberto , Dell’Acqua Federico , Dellasega Ester , Waldner Romina , Tessarolo Francesco , Tomasi Cristiano , Segata Nicola
Published: October 2020

Dental implants are installed in an increasing number of patients. Mucositis and peri-implantitis are common microbial–biofilm-associated diseases affecting the tissues that surround the dental implant and are a major medical and socioeconomic burden. By metagenomic sequencing of the plaque microbiome in different peri-implant health and disease conditions (113 samples from 72 individuals), we found microbial signatures for peri-implantitis and mucositis and defined the peri-implantitis-related complex (PiRC) composed by the 7 most discriminative bacteria. The peri-implantitis microbiome is site specific as contralateral healthy sites resembled more the microbiome of healthy implants, while mucositis was specifically enriched for Fusobacterium nucleatum acting as a keystone colonizer. Microbiome-based machine learning showed high diagnostic and prognostic power for peri-implant diseases and strain-level profiling identified a previously uncharacterized subspecies of F. nucleatum to be particularly associated with disease. Altogether, we associated the plaque microbiome with peri-implant diseases and identified microbial signatures of disease severity.