bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WIP: A Web‐based program for indexing planar features in quartz grains and its usage
Authors: Losiak Anna , Golebiowska Izabela , Ferrière Ludovic , Wojciechowski Jacek , Huber Matthew S. , Koeberl Christian
Published: March 2016

Planar deformation features (PDFs) in quartz are the most important diagnostic features that allow the unambiguous identification of impact structures on Earth. In order to confirm that these features (that are characterized by planar character and form along specific crystallographic planes) are indeed PDFs, they need to be properly investigated and indexed. Following universal‐stage measurements, the process of indexing is usually performed manually, using a Wulff stereonet and following a strict procedure, which is time consuming and error prone. In this article, we present WIP, a new Web‐based program for indexing planar deformation features in quartz. The correctness of our program is shown by its application to measurements that had previously been indexed manually. The observed minor differences, especially in the absolute frequency percentage of PDFs, are negligible and not significant enough to influence the estimation of shock pressure that could be calculated from the indexed results. Usability of this program is shown using the spatial relationships between a statistically significant number of 278 quartz grains with 409 sets of PDFs analyzed within the area (~35 mm2) of a single thin section of a meta‐greywacke from the Bosumtwi impact structure. Our program is not only more accurate and faster than the manual (graphical) method but also removes the human error from the plotting process and allows control of several parameters, such as the value of estimated measurement error used in the indexing calculation or method of aggregated error handling. The program also provides information about the angles between the planes of the measured PDF sets present in a grain, which allows determination of the angles between (for example) indexed {} and {} sets.
Interpreting phenotypic antibiotic tolerance and persister cells as evolution via epigenetic inheritance
Authors: Day Troy
Published: March 2016

Epigenetic inheritance is the transmission of nongenetic material such as gene expression levels, RNA and other biomolecules from parents to offspring. There is a growing realization that such forms of inheritance can play an important role in evolution. Bacteria represent a prime example of epigenetic inheritance because a large array of cellular components is transmitted to offspring, in addition to genetic material. Interestingly, there is an extensive and growing empirical literature showing that many bacteria can form ‘persister’ cells that are phenotypically resistant or tolerant to antibiotics, but most of these results are not interpreted within the context of epigenetic inheritance. Instead, persister cells are usually viewed as a genetically encoded bet‐hedging strategy that has evolved in response to a fluctuating environment. Here I show, using a relatively simple model, that many of these empirical findings can be more simply understood as arising from a combination of epigenetic inheritance and cellular noise. I therefore suggest that phenotypic drug tolerance in bacteria might represent one of the best‐studied examples of evolution under epigenetic inheritance.
Molecular adaptation of ammonia monooxygenase during independent pH specialization in Thaumarchaeota
Authors: Macqueen Daniel J. , Gubry‐Rangin Cécile
Published: March 2016

Microbes are abundant in nature and often highly adapted to local conditions. While great progress has been made in understanding the ecological factors driving their distribution in complex environments, the underpinning molecular‐evolutionary mechanisms are rarely dissected. Therefore, we scrutinized the coupling of environmental and molecular adaptation in Thaumarchaeota, an abundant archaeal phylum with a key role in ammonia oxidation. These microbes are adapted to a diverse spectrum of environmental conditions, with pH being a key factor shaping their contemporary distribution and evolutionary diversification. We integrated high‐throughput sequencing data spanning a broad representation of ammonia‐oxidizing terrestrial lineages with codon modelling analyses, testing the hypothesis that ammonia monooxygenase subunit A (AmoA) – a highly conserved membrane protein crucial for ammonia oxidation and classical marker in microbial ecology – underwent adaptation during specialization to extreme pH environments. While purifying selection has been an important factor limiting AmoA evolution, we identified episodic shifts in selective pressure at the base of two phylogenetically distant lineages that independently adapted to acidic conditions and subsequently gained lasting ecological success. This involved nonconvergent selective mechanisms (positive selection vs. selection acting on variants fixed during an episode of relaxed selection) leading to unique sets of amino acid substitutions that remained fixed across the radiation of both acidophilic lineages, highlighting persistent adaptive value in acidic environments. Our data demonstrates distinct trajectories of AmoA evolution despite convergent phenotypic adaptation, suggesting that microbial environmental specialization can be associated with diverse signals of molecular adaptation, even for marker genes employed routinely by microbial ecologists.
Relapsing polychondritis‐associated limbic encephalitis preceding the emergence of systemic inflammation
Authors: Kawabe Miho , Tachi Rintaro , Hideyama Takuto , Yagi Masato , Kishida Yukiko , Maekawa Risa , Shima Sayuri , Mutoh Tatsuro , Shiio Yasushi
Published: March 2016

A 67‐year‐old man presented with limbic encephalitis diagnosed from clinical symptoms and abnormal findings on brain magnetic resonance imaging. No abnormalities in laboratory measures of systemic inflammation were observed on admission. Fluorodeoxyglucose‐positron emission tomography/computed tomography showed mild uptake in the right auricle. Histological examination of biopsy specimens showed abnormalities consistent with relapsing polychondritis. Subsequently, the patient developed bilateral auricular erythema, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and a raised serum C‐reactive protein level. The early diagnosis of relapsing polychondritis in the present case was clinically challenging, as limbic encephalitis preceded the development of elevated systemic inflammation parameters and typical symptoms of relapsing polychondritis. Fluorodeoxyglucose‐positron emission tomography/computed tomography has utility in the systemic evaluation of limbic encephalitis when the underlying cause is unknown.
Cytokines during periodontal wound healing: potential application for new therapeutic approach
Authors: Morand DN , Davideau J‐L , Clauss F , Jessel N , Tenenbaum H , Huck O
Published: March 2016

Regeneration of periodontal tissues is one of the main goals of periodontal therapy. However, current treatment, including surgical approach, use of membrane to allow maturation of all periodontal tissues, or use of enamel matrix derivatives, presents limitations in their indications and outcomes leading to the development of new tissue engineering strategies. Several cytokines are considered as key molecules during periodontal destruction process. However, their role during each phase of periodontal wound healing remains unclear. Control and modulation of the inflammatory response and especially, release of cytokines or activation/inhibition in a time‐ and spatial‐controlled manner may be a potential perspective for periodontal tissue engineering. The aim of this review was to summarize the specific role of several cytokines during periodontal wound healing and the potential therapeutic interest of inflammatory modulation for periodontal regeneration especially related to the expression sequence of cytokines.
Importance of high sensitivity C‐reactive protein in the evaluation of wheezing in children
Authors: Bostanci Ilknur , Ozmen Serap , Susam Sen Hilal , Misirlioglu Dibek Emine , Zorlu Pelin
Published: March 2016

Background

It is important to determine the presence of asthma in children under the age of 3 with recurrent wheezing. Inflammatory markers have been investigated in the diagnosis and treatment of asthma. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between recurrent wheezing with or without modified asthma predictive index (mAPI) positivity and high‐sensitivity‐C reactive protein (hs‐CRP) level in children aged 6–36 months.

Methods

Ninety‐nine children with recurrent wheezing and 47 healthy children aged 6–36 months were included in the present cross‐sectional, case–control study. Those children with wheezing were divided into two groups according to mAPI positivity.

Results

Mean serum hs‐CRP was higher in the recurrent wheezers than in the control group (0.89 ± 1.7 mg/dL vs 0.12 ± 1.3 mg/dL, respectively; P = 0.002). There was a positive correlation between serum total IgE and hs‐CRP (P = 0,003; r = 0348). mAPI positivity was detected in 46 of the recurrent wheezers (46.5%). There was no significant difference in hs‐CRP between the mAPI‐positive and ‐negative groups. The best hs‐CRP cut‐off for differentiating between the patient and control groups was 0.11 mg/dL on receiver operating characteristic analysis (area under curve, 0.658; 95%CI: 0.571–0.744; P < 0.05; sensitivity, 60%; specificity, 61.7%).

Conclusions

High‐sensitivity CRP can be used to indicate respiratory and systemic inflammation independently of mAPI positivity in wheezy children.
Accelerated Regeneration of ATP Level after Irradiation in Human Skin Fibroblasts by Coenzyme Q10
Authors: Schniertshauer Daniel , Müller Sonja , Mayr Tobias , Sonntag Tanja , Gebhard Daniel , Bergemann Jörg
Published: March 2016

Human skin is exposed to a number of harmful agents of which the ultraviolet (UV) component of solar radiation is most important. UV‐induced damages include direct DNA lesions as well as oxidative damage in DNA, proteins and lipids caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Being the main site of ROS generation in the cell, mitochondria are particularly affected by photostress. The resulting mitochondrial dysfunction may have negative effects on many essential cellular processes. To counteract these effects, coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is used as a potent therapeutic in a number of diseases. We analyzed the mitochondrial respiration profile, the mitochondrial membrane potential and cellular ATP level in skin fibroblasts after irradiation. We observed an accelerated regeneration of cellular ATP level, a decrease in mitochondrial dysfunction as well as a preservation of the mitochondrial membrane potential after irradiation in human skin fibroblasts by treatment with CoQ10. We conclude that the faster regeneration of the ATP level was achieved by a preservation of mitochondrial function by the addition of CoQ10 and that the protective effect of CoQ10 is primarily mediated via its antioxidative function. We suggest also that it might be further dependent on a stimulation of DNA repair enzymes by CoQ10.
Impact of Low Maternal Education on Early Childhood Overweight and Obesity in Europe
Authors: Ruiz Milagros , Goldblatt Peter , Morrison Joana , Porta Daniela , Forastiere Francesco , Hryhorczuk Daniel , Antipkin Youriy , Saurel‐Cubizolles Marie‐Josèphe , Lioret Sandrine , Vrijheid Martine , Torrent Maties , Iñiguez Carmen , Larrañaga Isabel , Bakoula Chryssa , Veltsista Alexandra , van Eijsden Manon , Vrijkotte Tanja G. M. , Andrýsková Lenka , Dušek Ladislav , Barros Henrique , Correia Sofia , Järvelin Marjo‐Riitta , Taanila Anja , Ludvigsson Johnny , Faresjö Tomas , Marmot Michael , Pikhart Hynek
Published: March 2016

Background

Comparable evidence on adiposity inequalities in early life is lacking across a range of European countries. This study investigates whether low maternal education is associated with overweight and obesity risk in children from distinct European settings during early childhood.

Methods

Prospective data of 45 413 children from 11 European cohorts were used. Children's height and weight obtained at ages 4–7 years were used to assess prevalent overweight and obesity according to the International Obesity Task Force definition. The Relative/Slope Indices of Inequality (RII/SII) were estimated within each cohort and by gender to investigate adiposity risk among children born to mothers with low education as compared to counterparts born to mothers with high education. Individual‐data meta‐analyses were conducted to obtain aggregate estimates and to assess heterogeneity between cohorts.

Results

Low maternal education yielded a substantial risk of early childhood adiposity across 11 European countries. Low maternal education yielded a mean risk ratio of 1.58 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.34, 1.85) and a mean risk difference of 7.78% (5.34, 10.22) in early childhood overweight, respectively, measured by the RII and SII. Early childhood obesity risk by low maternal education was as substantial for all cohorts combined (RII = 2.61 (2.10, 3.23)) and (SII = 4.01% (3.14, 4.88)). Inequalities in early childhood adiposity were consistent among boys, but varied among girls in a few cohorts.

Conclusions

Considerable inequalities in overweight and obesity are evident among European children in early life. Tackling early childhood adiposity is necessary to promote children's immediate health and well‐being and throughout the life course.
Engineering C4 photosynthesis into C3 chassis in the synthetic biology age
Authors: Schuler Mara L. , Mantegazza Otho , Weber Andreas P.M.
Published: March 2016

C4 photosynthetic plants outperform C3 plants in hot and arid climates. By concentrating carbon dioxide around Rubisco C4 plants drastically reduce photorespiration. The frequency with which plants evolved C4 photosynthesis independently challenges researchers to unravel the genetic mechanisms underlying this convergent evolutionary switch. The conversion of C3 crops, such as rice, towards C4 photosynthesis is a long‐standing goal. Nevertheless, at the present time, in the age of synthetic biology, this still remains a monumental task, partially because the C4 carbon‐concentrating biochemical cycle spans two cell types and thus requires specialized anatomy. Here we review the advances in understanding the molecular basis and the evolution of the C4 trait, advances in the last decades that were driven by systems biology methods. In this review we emphasise essential genetic engineering tools needed to translate our theoretical knowledge into engineering approaches. With our current molecular understanding of the biochemical C4 pathway, we propose a simplified rational engineering model exclusively built with known C4 metabolic components. Moreover, we discuss an alternative approach to the progressing international engineering attempts that would combine targeted mutagenesis and directed evolution.
Open‐angle glaucoma in the Petit Basset Griffon Vendeen
Authors: Bedford Peter G. C.
Published: March 2016

Objectives

To report the prevalence and clinical characteristics of an open‐angle glaucoma in Petit Basset Griffon Vendeen (PBGV) dogs in the United Kingdom (UK).

Animals studied and methods

At breed society clinics extending over a 6‐year period, 366 dogs of varying ages and both sexes were clinically examined for signs of glaucoma using slit‐lamp biomicroscopy, indirect and direct ophthalmoscopy, tonometry, and gonioscopy.

Results

The prevalence of glaucoma was 10.4% (38 dogs). Clinical signs of the disease presented from 3 years of age onwards, the commonest initial feature being the elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP) in 15 dogs (39.4%). In addition to elevated IOP, another 13 dogs (34.2%) presented with other features of glaucoma, some with lens subluxation and globe enlargement and all with possible or known vision defects. In the remaining 10 dogs (26.3%), phacodonesis or lens subluxation was observed before subsequent elevation of IOP.

Conclusions

High prevalence and similarity to the primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG) seen in the Beagle and Elkhound breeds indicate that an open‐angle glaucoma is present in the PBGV in the UK and that this disease may be genetically determined in this breed. Although increased IOP is the commonest early diagnostic feature, lens instability prior to an increase in IOP may be part of the clinical picture.
CdSe/ZnS core–shell QDs: Synthesis and investigating optical properties
Authors: Molaei M. , Sarhani F. , Bardsiri F. Salari , Karmipour M.
Published: March 2016

In this work, CdSe quantum dots (QDs) were synthesized using a microwave activated reaction between NaHSe and CdSO4 in the presence of thioglycolic acid (TGA) as capping molecule and then using a one-pot method, ZnS shell was grown subsequently around CdSe cores by a room temperature reaction based on the photo-sensitivity of Na2S2O3 dissociation. Synthesized QDs were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-visible (UV-Vis) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. All these analyses confirmed the formation of CdSe QDs and successful growth of ZnS shell around CdSe cores.
Assessment of translational importance of mammalian mRNA sequence features based on Ribo-Seq and mRNA-Seq data
Authors: Volkova Oxana A. , Kondrakhin Yury V. , Yevshin Ivan S. , Valeev Tagir F. , Sharipov Ruslan N.
Published: March 2016

Ribosome profiling technology (Ribo-Seq) allowed to highlight more details of mRNA translation in cell and get additional information on importance of mRNA sequence features for this process. Application of translation inhibitors like harringtonine and cycloheximide along with mRNA-Seq technique helped to assess such important characteristic as translation efficiency. We assessed the translational importance of features of mRNA sequences with the help of statistical analysis of Ribo-Seq and mRNA-Seq data. Translationally important features known from literature as well as proposed by the authors were used in analysis. Such comparisons as protein coding versus non-coding RNAs and high- versus low-translated mRNAs were performed. We revealed a set of features that allowed to discriminate the compared categories of RNA. Significant relationships between mRNA features and efficiency of translation were also established.
Parallel workflow manager for non-parallel bioinformatic applications to solve large-scale biological problems on a supercomputer
Authors: Suplatov Dmitry , Popova Nina , Zhumatiy Sergey , Voevodin Vladimir , Švedas Vytas
Published: March 2016

Rapid expansion of online resources providing access to genomic, structural, and functional information associated with biological macromolecules opens an opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of biological processes due to systematic analysis of large datasets. This, however, requires novel strategies to optimally utilize computer processing power. Some methods in bioinformatics and molecular modeling require extensive computational resources. Other algorithms have fast implementations which take at most several hours to analyze a common input on a modern desktop station, however, due to multiple invocations for a large number of subtasks the full task requires a significant computing power. Therefore, an efficient computational solution to large-scale biological problems requires both a wise parallel implementation of resource-hungry methods as well as a smart workflow to manage multiple invocations of relatively fast algorithms. In this work, a new computer software mpiWrapper has been developed to accommodate non-parallel implementations of scientific algorithms within the parallel supercomputing environment. The Message Passing Interface has been implemented to exchange information between nodes. Two specialized threads — one for task management and communication, and another for subtask execution — are invoked on each processing unit to avoid deadlock while using blocking calls to MPI. The mpiWrapper can be used to launch all conventional Linux applications without the need to modify their original source codes and supports resubmission of subtasks on node failure. We show that this approach can be used to process huge amounts of biological data efficiently by running non-parallel programs in parallel mode on a supercomputer. The C++ source code and documentation are available from http://biokinet.belozersky.msu.ru/mpiWrapper .
Extended theories of gravitation
Authors: Fatibene Lorenzo , Garruto Simon
Published: March 2016

In this paper, we shall review the equivalence between Palatini-[Formula: see text] theories and Brans–Dicke (BD) theories at the level of action principles. We shall define the Helmholtz Lagrangian associated to Palatini-[Formula: see text] theory and we will define some transformations which will be useful to recover Einstein frame and BD frame. We shall see an explicit example of matter field and we will discuss how the conformal factor affects the physical quantities.
Numerical integration of rotation with geometry propagators
Authors: Tang Jianhua , Qian Linfang , Yin Qiang
Published: March 2016

Commutator free method is an effective method for solving rotating integration. Numerical examples show that the use of the proposed combining method can achieve the same order accuracy with less computation than other geometry integration method. However, it is difficult to be directly applied to mechanic dynamics solutions. In this paper, commutator free method which is often applied to rotation integration and classical Runge–Kutta (RK) method which is usually operated in Linear space are combined to solve the multi-body dynamic equations. The explicit Runge–Kutta coefficients are reconstructed to meet different order accuracy integration methods. The reconstruction method is discussed and coefficients are given. With this method, the dynamic equations can be solved accurately and economically without much modification on the classical numerical integration. Moreover, CG method and CF method can also be combined with adaptive RK method without many changes. Finally, the results of the examples show that with less computation, fourth-order combining method is as accurate as fourth-order Crouch–Grossman algorithm.
Inhibiting HMGB1 with Glycyrrhizic Acid Protects Brain Injury after DAI via Its Anti-Inflammatory Effect
Authors: Pang Honggang , Huang Tinqin , Song Jinning , Li Dandong , Zhao Yonglin , Ma Xudong
Published: March 2016

High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a nuclear protein that has endogenous cytokine-like activity, is involved in several neurological diseases by mediating inflammatory response. In this study, a lateral head rotation device was used to establish a rat diffuse axonal injury (DAI) model. The dynamic expression of HMGB1, apoptosis-associated proteins, and proinflammatory cytokines were detected by Western blot, and neuronal apoptosis was observed by TUNEL staining. The extracellular release of HMGB1 and the accumulation ofβ-APP were observed by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The brain injury was indicated by modified neurological severity score (mNSS), brain water content (BWC), and the extravasation of Evans blue. We showed that HMGB1 level obviously decreased within 48 h after DAI, accompanied by neuronal apoptosis, the activation of caspases 3 and 9, and the phosphorylation of BCL-2. Inhibiting HMGB1 with glycyrrhizic acid (GL) can suppress the activation of apoptosis-associated proteins and inhibit the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, which ameliorated motor and cognitive deficits, reduced neuronal apoptosis, and protected the integrity of blood brain barrier (BBB) and axonal injury after experimental DAI in rats. Thus, HMGB1 may be involved in the inflammatory response after DAI, and inhibition of HMGB1 release with GL can notably alleviate the brain injury after DAI.
Existence of Infinitely Many Periodic Solutions for Perturbed Semilinear Fourth-Order Impulsive Differential Inclusions
Authors: Ferrara Massimiliano , Caristi Giuseppe , Salari Amjad
Published: March 2016

This paper discusses the existence of infinitely many periodic solutions for a semilinear fourth-order impulsive differential inclusion with a perturbed nonlinearity and two parameters. The approach is based on a critical point theorem for nonsmooth functionals.
RPRep: A Robust and Privacy-Preserving Reputation Management Scheme for Pseudonym-Enabled VANETs
Authors: Wang Jin , Zhang Yonghui , Wang Youyuan , Gu Xiang
Published: March 2016

Establishing trust and reputation for evaluation of message reliability is key to the vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). Most of the previous reputation management systems focus on the effectiveness of the reputation management system in handling the liars who send false service messages. However, these reputation management systems have two drawbacks. One is that they are vulnerable to tactical attacks such as self-promoting attacks and bad-mouthing attacks. The other is that they may violate location privacy because they assume every vehicle communicates with a unique ID. Our research particularly investigates the robustness against these tactical attacks, as well as the preservation of privacy by integrating trust management with the pseudonym technique. To resist the tactical attacks in VANETs, we present a reputation model which builds both service reputation and feedback reputation. Moreover, we apply the information entropy and the majority rule to the reputation accumulation algorithms to counter false feedback. To defend the reputation link attack during pseudonym changes, we propose hidden-zone strategy and k-anonymity strategy. The simulation results show that our scheme is robust to these tactical attacks and preserves privacy against the reputation link attack during the pseudonym changes.
Energy-Efficient Distributed Compressed Sensing Data Aggregation for Cluster-Based Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks
Authors: Wang Deqing , Xu Ru , Hu Xiaoyi , Su Wei
Published: March 2016

Energy-efficient data aggregation is important for underwater acoustic sensor networks due to its energy constrained character. In this paper, we propose a kind of energy-efficient data aggregation scheme to reduce communication cost and to prolong network lifetime based on distributed compressed sensing theory. First, we introduce a distributed compressed sensing model for a cluster-based underwater acoustic sensor network in which spatial and temporal correlations are both considered. Second, two schemes, namely, BUTM-DCS (block upper triangular matrix DCS) and BDM-DCS (block diagonal matrix DCS), are proposed based on the design of observation matrix with strictly restricted isometric property. Both schemes take multihop underwater acoustic communication cost into account. Finally, a distributed compressed sensing reconstruction algorithm, DCS-SOMP (Simultaneous Orthogonal Matching Pursuit for DCS), is adopted to recover raw sensor readings at the fusion center. We performed simulation experiments on both the synthesized and real sensor readings. The results demonstrate that the new data aggregation schemes can reduce energy cost by more than 95 percent compared with conventional data aggregation schemes when the cluster number is 20.
Probabilistic Segmentation of Folk Music Recordings
Authors: Bohak Ciril , Marolt Matija
Published: March 2016

The paper presents a novel method for automatic segmentation of folk music field recordings. The method is based on a distance measure that uses dynamic time warping to cope with tempo variations and a dynamic programming approach to handle pitch drifting for finding similarities and estimating the length of repeating segment. A probabilistic framework based on HMM is used to find segment boundaries, searching for optimal match between the expected segment length, between-segment similarities, and likely locations of segment beginnings. Evaluation of several current state-of-the-art approaches for segmentation of commercial music is presented and their weaknesses when dealing with folk music are exposed, such as intolerance to pitch drift and variable tempo. The proposed method is evaluated and its performance analyzed on a collection of 206 folk songs of different ensemble types: solo, two- and three-voiced, choir, instrumental, and instrumental with singing. It outperforms current commercial music segmentation methods for noninstrumental music and is on a par with the best for instrumental recordings. The method is also comparable to a more specialized method for segmentation of solo singing folk music recordings.
The New Face of the Development: Social Capital
Authors: SAÇIK Sinem YAPAR , CEYLAN Onur , ALAGÖZ Mehmet
Published: March 2016

Classical models were insufficient in measuring development differences in countries because of focusing only capital stocks. On the other hand, new approaches discuss development with countries’ social capital. Social capital which shows relations between countries depend on confidence and affect a country’s economic, politic and social success.The confidence element has an important role in the social capital. The researches show that a society is called an underdeveloped one when the confidence is weak in that society. The existence of the social capital is mentioned in the societies with high confidence levels. Societies with the high level social capital together with human capital experience a rise in their life qualities. Many elements in the researches done come into prominence when the standards of the social capital are examined. When these are examined generally, the existing number of institutions and confidence elements are found.  Although many researches are shown as a standard of the social capital, it is the confidence element that occupies an important place among them.  At the same time, the existence of the social capital and the confidence element provide a decrease in temporal and monetary costs. The works operate in a busier and more rational way when in that society people’s and institutions’ reliability arise. The interaction here completely relies on confidence. Since this element exists in most of the developed countries, their level of success is higher.
Positive predictive value of CEA and Ca19-9 as tumor markers for recurrent colorectal cancer in cases where conventional work-up fail to localize disease.
Authors: Bocheva Yana , Bochev Pavel
Published: March 2016

Introduction: Routine surveillance of colorectal cancer includes serial measurements of CEA levels. Although not routinely indicated Ca 19-9 is also a tool for recurrence. When any of these serum markers is elevated during follow up, this could represent a recurrence. The management of elevated tumor marker levels include clinical exams, endoscopy and conventional imaging –ultrasound, CT, MRI.Objective: To evaluate the positive predictive value of CEA and Ca19-9 as tumor markers for recurrent colorectal cancer in cases where conventional imaging and endoscopic studies fail to localize disease.Materials and methods: A total of 75 patients with elevated CEA and/or Ca19-9 serum levels and negative endoscopic exam as well as negative abdominal CT and Chest X-ray were included in the study. CEA levels were tested in 50 patients. Ca 19-9 was tested in 65 patients. 34 of the patients had both markers tested. All patients underwent whole body 18F-FDG PET/CT. Patients with negative of equivocal PET scan were further followed up (10 to 24 months).Results: Based on the reference standard – the results from PET/CT, if positive and the results from follow-up in cases of negative or equivocal scans, the positive predictive value of Ca 19-9 was 84% and that of CEA -83%. There was no significant difference in the PPV of Ca19-9 and CEA.Conclusion: Elevated CEA and Ca 19-9 levels in patients under active surveillance after operation for colorectal cancer have high positive predictive value for recurrence, even in cases where conventional work-up – endoscopy and CT don’t localize disease.
THE POSSIBILITIES OF MR TRACTOGRAPHY IN DIAGNOSTICS OF SYMPTOMATIC EPILEPSY IN CHILDREN WITH DIFFERENT GENESIS
Authors: Aminov Khabibulla
Published: March 2016

In this article the possibilities of MR tractography in symptomatic epilepsy patients have been presented. We determined the quantitative standards of numerical values of diffusion of white matter in children with symptomatic epilepsy of various etiology. In children with symptomatic epilepsy, the pathological changes of white matter were localized not only in the epileptogenic, but also in the opposite hemisphere. The regions with abnormal white matter FA and ADC values not only matched to limbic circle zones, but also to areas of intra- and interhemispheric connections uniting the frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes of the brain. Determining the specific clusters of brain tracts in symptomatic epilepsy, regardless of etiology, is important to predict the prognosis of the disease and the likely possibility of cognitive impairment. The study proved that symptomatic epilepsy is characterized by a variety of changes in the white matter of the brain tracts that lead to the dissociation of certain regions of the brain, interrupting connections between cortical and subcortical regions and inhibiting the transfer of information. It can be concluded, that diffusion-weighted imaging are much more sensitive to the structural and metabolic changes occurring in the brain, in comparison with conventional MRI images.
CREATION OF THE INFORMATIONAL MODEL OF TOXIC MYOCARDITIS OCCURRED UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF PESTICIDES
Authors: Akhmedova Sayora
Published: March 2016

Creation of productive knowledge is important whereas on the base of this knowledge we can diagnose morphologic and morphometric properties of vascular stromal tissues of myocardium under toxic myocarditis on the bases of clinical symptoms. Consequence of this is a proper therapeutic strategy that will have a life importance for the patients.
Distance, Direction, and Relevance: How to Choose and Use a Demonstrative in Manambu
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y.
Published: March 2016

Manambu, a Ndu language from East Sepik Province in Papua New Guinea, has a complex system of demonstratives, with many typologically unusual features. Nominal demonstratives distinguish three degrees of distance: close to speaker, close to addressee, and distal from both. They can contain markers of further distance or of topographic deixis, which reflects spatial orientation frames ‘uphill’, ‘upriver’, ‘downhill’, ‘downriver’, and ‘off-river’. A special set of demonstratives marking ‘current relevance’ can express further distance and topographic deixis. Some, but not all, demonstratives have anaphoric functions. Cataphoric functions are attested just for manner demonstratives. A noun phrase may contain two demonstratives, specifying information that cannot be expressed within one word. The article concludes with a discussion of functional markedness within the Manambu demonstrative system.
Idioms, Polysemy, and Context: A Model Based on Nigerian Arabic
Authors: Owens Jonathan
Published: March 2016

This article contributes to the debate between monosemic and polysemic approaches to linguistic semantics by a close examination of Nigerian Arabic idiomatic expressions involving the keyword ‘head’. Three broad categories of constraints on polysemy can be identified, which limit polysemy, but not to the extent that a fully monosemic account can be motivated. An inherent, stipulative polysemy resides in idioms and in their constitutive lexemes. The attempt to motivate a monosemic account highlights factors constraining polysemy, sets limits to their effects, suggests a taxonomy which brings together essential structural and semantic aspects of idioms, and simultaneously elucidates the rich, multifaceted world of a simple lexeme.
“Dear Miss Daly”: 1940s Fan Letters to Maureen Daly and the Age-Grading and Gendering of Seventeenth Summer
Authors: Allen Amanda K.
Published: March 2016

This article positions fans’ letters to Maureen Daly, author of Seventeenth Summer , against 1940s book reviews and analyses, pinpointing the moment when Seventeenth Summer became age-graded and gendered as a “girls’” text. It investigates how fans uphold and challenge such categorization, ultimately suggesting that men’s focus on Seventeenth Summer evinces a dissatisfaction with wartime masculinity that the critics’ simple categorization of the text as a “girl’s junior novel” cannot incorporate. By relying solely on scholarly criticism as it has been passed down to us, we lose insight into a readership that complicates the seemingly straightforward history of young adult fiction.
“Face to face” or “side by side”?: Eroticized Friendship in Malcolm Saville’s Lone Pine Series
Authors: Joy Louise
Published: March 2016

This article analyzes Malcolm Saville’s popular mid-twentieth-century Lone Pine series, reflecting on what is at stake in Saville’s attempts to secure a mixed-gender readership by tempering the boy’s-own-adventure trappings of the stories with a quieter attentiveness to emotional nuance. It charts the precarious balancing act involved in the representation of adolescent desire for a pre-adolescent readership, examining how Saville’s novels sought to satisfy the demands of the erotic within a form (children’s adventure-story series fiction) that cannot accommodate the gratification of desire, or at least can accommodate it only as a finale.
Bee, and; Honey
Authors: Wills Jackson
Published: March 2016

“Bees” Bees is about the bees becoming extinct and being forgotten when you die. Bees Boys Jurassic “Honey” Honey is about putting honey into coffee and thinking about dying while there is a sandstorm.
Swimming with Oliver
Authors: Selgin Peter
Published: March 2016

A compendium of anecdotes, reflections, and memories of Peter Selgin’s twenty-year friendship with author and neurologist Oliver Sacks, especially about their swimming together.
Sombre Hummingbird
Authors: Stanford Eleanor
Published: March 2016

“Sombre Hummingbird” is about nature taken as a portent of disaster. And/or about a curmudgeonly old Brazilian midwife. And/or a long marriage and the unlikely places it takes you, both physical and psychological.
We Have a Little Sister and She Has No Breasts
Authors: Rabinowitz Anna
Published: March 2016

This poem deals with the inexplicable death of an infant. The poem implies that such a death may be viewed as an abduction.
Pastoral
Authors: Yamaguchi Ryo
Published: March 2016

This poem follows in various contemporary experimental poetry traditions in an exploration of the urban and bucolic. Through the conceit of an individual speaker who recounts a past mystical transformation and reckons with a present uncertainty and an amplified will to action and movement, the poem destabilizes the critical boundaries between body and landscape.
When Everything’s Your Body
Authors: Thacker David
Published: March 2016

A first-time father reckons with how over-focus on his wife’s pregnant body has changed their relationship.
Shoot the Tiger
Authors: Horton Joseph
Published: March 2016

Two keepers at the San Francisco Zoo begin a relationship after one kills Tatiana the tiger, the zoo's famous cat who mauled the boys taunting her before her escape.
Chassis Excavation
Authors: Monaghan Kate
Published: March 2016

Is there a customer here? Up the Billy Budd hillside dark marauding strangers stumbleback and forth, unsure surely mongrel sorrel ratsapiece with five feathers,
My Apology
Authors: van de Graaf Kara
Published: March 2016

This poem of apology, written as a direct address to a beloved, considers the complicated nature of how we implicate and represent relationships in our lives through the writing of poetry.
Update #1
Authors: Auerbach Amanda
Published: March 2016

This is a poem that moves through a series of images that are related to the idea of transformation.
Chronicle Poem
Authors: Weaver Erica
Published: March 2016

This poem was inspired by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which may be heard in the opening lines. As that Chronicle does, it experiments with narrating--and living in--history, especially as we encounter the climate crisis.
Glad You’re Here
Authors: Rodgers Susan Jackson
Published: March 2016

“Glad You’re Here” is the story of a recovering alcoholic with seven years of sobriety who is involved in an accident that triggers a relapse. The story portrays Kathleen’s abiding friendship with the idiosyncratic Mae, while gradually revealing the details of both the accident and Kathleen’s history as a high-functioning drunk.
Swan Song
Authors: Gnall Stacy
Published: March 2016

An homage to the 1979 film The Warriors, “Swan Song” is a partly “found” poem constructed of original lines, as well as lines taken from others' poems about Coney Island.
Welcome to Your Family
Authors: Rosenwaike Polly
Published: March 2016

“Welcome to Your Family” explores the multiple perspectives of an extended family as they gather together for the Christmas holidays after the birth of a baby. Conflict arises from religious differences--one side of the family is Jewish--as well from tensions in the relationships among siblings, husbands and wives, and parents and children.
Keys
Authors: Harvey Mikko
Published: March 2016

A boy finds a piano in the forest.
Paintings of Widespread Skies Recall the Widespread Skies
Authors: Nguyen Hong-Thao
Published: March 2016

The poem examines disturbed memory after experiencing trauma.
Ghosts Our Days Become
Authors: Whitney Jeff
Published: March 2016

In shifting modes of discourse and perspective, "Ghosts Our Days Become" explores the relation between what is and what is not, navigating loss (both personal and universal) and what remains after
Butterfly Summer
Authors: Lyon Rick
Published: March 2016

In the face of humankind’s depredations to the environment, it may be wishful thinking to believe nature will rise above it
The Complete List of Everything: An Addendum
Authors: Pankey Eric
Published: March 2016

The poem suggests it is part of an ongoing complete list of everything.
Paradigmatic Piety: Liturgy in the Life of Martha , Mother of Symeon Stylites the Younger
Authors: Parker Lucy
Published: March 2016

The Life of Martha , the mother of the sixth-century stylite Symeon the Younger, has been almost completely neglected in modern scholarship. Yet the text possesses considerable historical interest as evidence for the contested development of a cult, as a literary composition with a unique structure, and as the Life of a holy woman who was neither a martyr nor a nun. Martha’s hagiographer eschews most traditional emphases of the Lives of female saints, such as celibacy and asceticism, presenting instead an original, inclusive vision of piety focused on participation in liturgy and the sacraments.
Childhood and Modernity in Mexico City: Print Media and State Power during the “Mexican Miracle”
Authors: Ford Eileen
Published: March 2016

In post-1940 Mexico City, images and discourses of childhood proliferated in print media. While the state monitored all media, critics of the ruling party managed to communicate failures of Mexico’s post-revolutionary modernization project through discussions of children’s socioeconomic conditions and real or imagined moral corruption. Photojournalists turned their cameras to the capital’s burgeoning child population to document child poverty and, to a lesser extent, idealize childhood. In combination, these efforts worked ideologically to promote the notion that all children, at least in theory, deserved a modern, protected childhood.
Changing Conceptions of the “Poor Child”: The Children’s Country Holiday Fund, 1918–1939
Authors: Barron Hester
Published: March 2016

From 1919–1939, nearly 600,000 holidays were organized for London schoolchildren by the Children’s Country Holiday Fund (CCHF). This article uses the CCHF to explore changing conceptions of the “poor child,” as the charity struggled to reconcile a sense of mission born in the 1880s with the social challenges of interwar London, yet also looked forward, anticipating the developments of the post-1945 period. The article also highlights the reactions of the young Londoners themselves. Despite the CCHF’s concern that an urban environment could stunt emotional development, the children’s comments demonstrate a self-awareness and self-confidence that was grounded in an attachment to London and their families.
Dismemberment and the Attempt at Re-membering in R. D. Laing’s The Bird of Paradise
Authors: Chapman Adrian
Published: March 2016

Despite renewed interest in the radical psychiatrist R. D. Laing (1927–1989), his The Bird of Paradise (1967), published in a single volume with The Politics of Experience, has received scant scholarly attention. Characterized largely as odd, it has even been read as a sign that Laing, deeply sympathetic to the mad, had himself gone crazy. Eschewing biographical criticism, I focus rather on the problem of assigning Bird to a genre (and the significance of this difficulty). Finding the capacious prose poem genre the most appropriate category, I take Bird seriously as a complex literary text, offer an overview of it, relate it to Politics and 1960s counterculture, and attend to Laing’s ambivalent attitude towards writing. Bird, I argue, represents an attempt—albeit an ultimately unsuccessful one—at overcoming what Laing understands as alienated self-division (“dismemberment”) through a reaching towards wholeness (a “re-membering” of the self).
Cultural Trauma and Christian Identity in the Late Medieval Heroic Epic, The Siege of Jerusalem
Authors: DeMarco Patricia A.
Published: March 2016

This essay examines scenes of violence in the late medieval poem The Siege of Jerusalem in order to reveal the ways in which trauma is used as the grounds upon which Christian/Jewish difference is established. In particular, I argue that this poem serves as an example of a widespread element in Christian chivalric identity, namely the need to manage the repetitive invocation of Christ’s crucifixion (ritually repeated through liturgical and poetic invocation) as a means of asserting both the bodily and psychic integrity of the Christian subject in contrast to the violently abjected figure of the Jewish body. The failure of The Siege protagonist, Wespasian, to navigate the cultural trauma of the crucifixion is contrasted to the successful management of trauma by the martial hero, Tancred, in Tasso’s epic, Gerusalemme Liberata , illustrating the range of imaginative possibilities for understanding trauma in pre-modern war literature.
Lydgate’s Danse Macabre and the Trauma of the Hundred Years War
Authors: Perry R. D.
Published: March 2016

This essay argues that the foundational traumatic lacuna behind John Lydgate’s Danse Macabre is the social agon between those who wage the Hundred Years War and those who fight in it. Drawing from the insights of trauma theory to discuss the poem’s form, the essay uncovers Lydgate’s persistent concern with the damage caused by the war and the concomitant political unrest it causes. It argues further that Lydgate theorized this agon using the emergent genre of tragedy, which is beginning to be practiced anew in late-medieval England. Tragic discourse is riven by concerns about the efficacy of human action and the radical contingency of fortune, creating a crisis of agency that can be used as a form of political critique. Ultimately, Lydgate blends the genre of tragedy with the mirror for princes and estates satire genres to argue that, while everyone must eventually dance with death, during war some estates lead the dance.
A Warning to the Curious: Medieval and Early Modern Collections in Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Jones Chris
Published: March 2016

At once all Dennistoun’s cherished dreams of finding priceless manuscripts in untrodden corners … flashed up, to die down again the next moment. It was probably a stupid missal of Plantin’s printing, about 1580. Where was the likelihood that a place … would not have been ransacked long ago by collectors?