bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teşkilati Esasiye Kanunu’nun (1921 Anayasası’nın) Yapılış Süreci
Authors: GÜNEŞ İhsan
Published: June 2020

Teşkilatı Esasiye Kanunu/1921 Anayasası, I. TBMM tarafından hazırlanıp yürürlüğe konulmuştur. Bu siyasi-hukuk belgesi, çağdaş Türkiye’nin temellerini atan önemli bir metindir. Amasya Genelgesi’nden başlayarak Anadolu’da örgütlenen Ulusal Mücadele’nin ruhunu ve felsefesini taşımaktadır. 1921 Anayasası’na giden süreçte halkçılık düşüncesinin etkin olduğu bilinmektedir. Mustafa Kemal Paşa, 13 Eylül 1920 tarihinde TBMM’ne verdiği Hükümet Beyannamesi’nde egemenliğin millete ait olduğunu açıklamıştır. Temel amaç halkın mutluluğunu sağlamaktı. Bu belge, Teşkilatı Esasiye Kanunu/1921 Anayasası yapımına giden süreci başlatmıştır.

Bu çalışmada Mustafa Kemal Paşa’nın 13 Eylül 1920 tarihinde TBMM’ye verdiği hükümet beyannamesinden Teşkilatı Esasiye Kanunu’nu/1921 Anayasası’nın kabul edildiği 20 Ocak 1921 tarihine kadar geçen süreçte Meclis’te yapılan tartışmalar, beyannameden anayasaya giden süreçte yapılan değişiklikler ele alınmıştır.
Saha Türklerinin Kııs Debeliye Oloñxosunda Yer Alan Kahramanlar ve Yer Adları Üzerine Bir İnceleme
Authors: ÇOLAK Doğan
Published: June 2020

Saha Türkleri çok zengin bir destan geleneğine sahiptir ve bu geleneği günümüzde de yaşatmaya çalışmaktadırlar. Günlük yaşamda dahi destanlar ve destanlarla ilgili unsurları görmek mümkündür. Oloñxo olarak adlandırılan destanların sayısı tam olarak tespit edilmemekle birlikte oldukça fazla olduğu söylenebilir. Bu destanlardan biri de başkahramanı kadın olan Kııs Debeliye destanıdır. Kııs Debeliye destanı, Saha Türklerinin destan geleneğinin hem ahlaki hem estetik değerlerini içinde barındıran bir destandır. Kadın başkahraman Kııs Debeliye, Sahalar için önemli bir figürdür.

Kııs Debeliye, esasında Yukarı Dünya’da yaşıyor olmasına rağmen, destanda Orta Dünya’ya sürgün edilir ve orada yaşamını sürdürür. Orta Dünya halkının başı sıkıştığında yardımına başvurduğu önemli bir kahramandır. Destandaki diğer bir önemli kahraman ise Çugdaan Buxatıır’dır. Ülkesi, kötü başkahraman olan Sаrахаnа Küükеnńik’in evlatları tarafından işgal edilip yağmalanınca önce kendi başına ona karşı savaşır, başarılı olamayınca Kııs Debeliye’nin yardımına başvurur.

İncelenen metinde yer alan altmış bir kahramandan on beşi insanoğlu olup geriye kalan kırk altısı ise mitolojik özellik gösteren kahramanlardır. Yirmi beş yer adından da biri gerçek dünyayla ilişkili olup kalan yirmi dördü mitolojik yer özelliği taşımaktadır.
Serum asymmetric dimethylarginine, a novel risk marker of coronary artery disease
Authors: Malar R Jothi , Lakshmi G
Published: June 2020

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a chronic disease and a global health problem, affecting one-third of the world’s population. Recently it has been found that the traditional risk factors of CAD do not account for the total risk. One of the novel risk markers of CAD is Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), which inhibits the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS), which is required for the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), a potent vasodilator. Increased ADMA level causes decrease in NO level which will lead to endothelial dysfunction, an underlying causative mechanism for CAD development. ADMA is found to be an independent cardiovascular risk factor. Therefore ADMA may become an additional biochemical parameter to identify those patients who are at higher risk for developing CAD, besides the traditional parameters used.

To study the association between serum ADMA level with coronary artery disease.

The study design is a case-control study. 80 subjects from the south Indian population between 30 to 60 years of age, of both the sexes were included in the study. Out of them, 40 individuals were angiographically proven cases of CAD from the department of cardiology and 40 healthy individuals from the master health check up department. Various parameters like lipid profile, serum ADMA, blood pressure and BMI were measured in both the groups. The data were collected and analyzed.

The ADMA level was found to be significantly elevated in the case group compared with the age matched healthy controls (p value < 0.05).

There is a positive correlation between serum ADMA level and coronary artery disease.
Prevalence of dry eye in computer users
Authors: K. S Reshma B , Iram Safiya
Published: June 2020

Computer and video display users complain of eye irritation due to changes in tear film and decreased blink rate. Therefore purpose of this study was to know the prevalence of dry eye in computer users.

A prospective study was done in 120 eyes of 60 clerical staff working on computer for more than 4 hours/day in a medical college. A detailed ocular examination with assessment of dry eye was done with TBUT, SCHIRMER’S test, tear meniscus height and a questionnaire about dry eye.

The prevalence of dry among computer users of this group was found to be 18%.

Prevalence of dry eye is increasing in the computer users. We also created awareness about dry eye among them.
Primary malignant melanoma of orbit
Authors: Dam Bikram , J Kuli J , Nandi Sunanda
Published: June 2020

Primary malignant melanoma may rarely arise in the orbit, where melanocytes are usually absent. A 43- year old man presented with painful, profuse, unilateral, eccentric proptosis for 1 year. Computed tomography scan showed intra-ocular mass in posterior chamber of right globe with coarse calcification and contiguous retrobulbar mass. The patient gave consent for surgical exploration where a well-defined pigmented mass was seen enchasing the optic nerve. Histopathological workup revealed it to be malignant melanoma. Metastatic workup came out to be negative. Right eye lid sparing exenteration was done. Hence in patients presenting with massive unilateral proptosis, primary malignant melanoma though extremely rare should be one of the suspects.
The Three Faces of the Cogito: Descartes (and Aristotle) on Knowledge of First Principles
Authors: Miles Murray
Published: June 2020

Descartes (i Arystoteles) o poznaniu pierwszych zasad

W celu systematycznego wyjaśnienia zjawiska określanego niekiedy jako “intelektualne ujęcie pierwszych zasad” przedstawiam interpretację pierwszej zasady Kartezjusza na historycznym tle Analityk wtórych Arystotelesa. Najpierw wyróżniam trzy „oblicza” cogito: (1) proto-cogito („myślę”), (2) właściwe cogito („myślę, więc jestem”) i (3) cogito jako ogólną zasadę („cokolwiek myśli, jest”). Następnie przedstawiam szczegółową (opartą w pewnej mierze na przypuszczeniach) rekonstrukcję w jaki sposób umysł przechodzi z (1) za pośrednictwem (3) do (2) i z powrotem do (3). Dzięki tej rekonstrukcji, co zaskakujące, otrzymujemy niekolisty, pozalogiczny i ostatecznie wcale nie zagadkowy proces stopniowego uwyraźniania pierwszych zasad zawartych domyślenie w złożonej intuicji, przy czym zasady abstrakcyjne są uchwytywane w ich abstrakcyjnej uniwersalności. Proces ten wykazuje uderzające podobieństwo do intelektualnej indukcji („wydobywanie treści ogólnej z tego, co jednostkowe”), którą kontynuatorzy Arystotelesa odróżniali od czysto empirycznych form indukcji.
Alevi-Bektaşi Yolunda Dört Kapı Kavramı
Authors: ÖZDEMİR Aliriza
Published: June 2020

Aleviliğin eğitim müfredatının merkezinde yer alan Dört Kapı, bireysel olduğu kadar toplumsal eğitimin de mihenk taşıdır. İnsanı, olgun yani kâmil hâle getirmeyi, toplumu ise rızalık temelinde inşa etmeyi hedefleyen bu eğitim programı, inancın içselleştirilmesi ve davranışa dönüştürülmesi için takip edilen süreci ifade eder. Bu çalışmada Aleviliğin yazılı kaynakları, yani buyruk adı altında toplanan eserler, erkânnâmeler, velayetnâmeler, icazetnâmeler, şecereler ile Alevi ariflerine ait risaleler ve şiirler esas alınarak Alevilikteki Dört Kapı programı incelenmiştir. Programın kaynakları, temel özellikleri, ana çerçevesi, hangi mecazlarla ifade edildiği gibi birçok konu Aleviliğin iç metinlere bakılarak karşılaştırılmış, benzer ve farklı yönleri ortaya konulmuştur.Makalede cevabı aranan sorular şunlardır: Aleviliğin yazılı kaynaklarında Dört Kapı kavramının kökeni nereye dayandırılmıştır? Dört Kapı programının temel özellikleri nelerdir? Dört Kapı kavramı hangi mecazlarla ifade edilmiştir? Dört Kapı kavramının ana hatları nasıl çizilmiştir? Dört Kapı ile kişinin hangi hedeflere ulaşması öngörülmüştür? Şeriat, Tarikat, Marifet ve Hakikat (Sırr-ı Hakikat) kapıları birbirinden bağımsız mı, yoksa birbirini takip eden süreçler şeklinde mi ele alınmıştır?Çalışmada Aleviliğin yazılı kaynaklarında Dört Kapı’nın dayanakları, temel özellikleri, mecazları, hedefleri ve ana çerçevesi hakkında birbirini tamamlayan genel bir uyum olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
relación entre democracia y derecho en el inicio de la transición argentina: la anulación de la autoamnistía militar
Authors: Velázquez Ramírez Adrián
Published: June 2020

El artículo ofrece un marco general respecto a cómo se planteó la relación entre derecho y democracia en el inicio del proceso transicional argentino de 1983. Para ello se analizan los debates jurídico-políticos que impulsaron la política de justicia transicional del gobierno de Raúl Alfonsín (1983-1989). En particular, se focaliza en la argumentación jurídica con la que se anuló la amnistía aprobada por la última dictadura militar (1976-1983), lo cual supuso un quiebre en la doctrina de la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación que daba validez jurídica a los gobiernos de facto. Esto significó una nueva forma de asumir el problema de la legitimidad en la producción del derecho en la historia política argentina.
Cómo las oportunidades legales condicionan la movilización entre los movimientos ambientales
Authors: Aspinwall Mark
Published: June 2020

En este artículo examino diferencias importantes en las estructuras de oportunidad legal entre México y Brasil, y en particular cómo ellas afectan las estrategias de movilización legal de las ONG ambientalistas. En México dicha estructura crea un sistema de autoayuda que conduce a estrategias de alianza social, en las que las ONG se unen, crean conocimiento legal de valor agregado y escogen instituciones públicas para litigar. En contraste, dicha estructura en Brasil es un sistema activista. Esto es, que el Estado actúa en representación de las ONG, lo que conduce a una estrategia dependiente del Estado, en la que ellas confían en instituciones activistas para avanzar litigios en su representación. Estas diferencias tienen fuertes implicaciones en las estrategias de movilización. Todo ello lo ejemplifico con una breve revisión de casos ambientales destacados en ambos países.
rituales de interacción para la comprensión de las escuelas eficaces. Un estudio de caso en México
Authors: Valenti Nigrini Giovanna , Briseño Fabián Laura Patricia
Published: June 2020

El enfoque teórico de escuelas eficaces resalta la importancia de estas en la disminución de inequidades, sobre todo ante resultados positivos en casos de contexto social desventajoso. En este artículo interesa comprender los procesos que hacen posible la eficacia escolar, y para ello se analizan los valores y actitudes que se traducen en prácticas escolares exitosas que generan sinergias colectivas y sentimientos de pertenencia entre agentes escolares. Desde la perspectiva de los rituales de interacción, nuestros hallazgos destacan que entre los docentes predominan el orgullo y la emoción por los aprendizajes y éxitos de sus alumnos, y el compartir su satisfacción de otorgar atención adicional a estudiantes con mayores problemas de rezago.
Nueva perspectiva metodológica para la evaluación de programas de transferencias condicionadas
Authors: Segovia Lagos Pablo
Published: June 2020

Esta investigación desarrolla una perspectiva metodológica para evaluar el impacto de los programas de transferencias condicionadas, debido a la necesidad de ampliar la mirada comprensiva sobre el cambio social e identificar, describir y explicar los efectos sociales a mediano y largo plazos. Para ello, se examinan las evaluaciones del impacto de los programas sociales y las metodologías tradicionalmente utilizadas y se propone un cambio onto-epistemológico vinculado al realismo crítico, entendiendo que este contribuye a profundizar el estudio de lo “social”. Se plantean tres enfoques provenientes de esta escuela filosófica: evaluación basada en la teoría, evaluación realista y análisis de la contribución.
Catch the Thief: An Approach to an Accessible Video Game with Unity
Authors: Flores-Garzón Edwin Patricio , Intriago-Echeverría Luis José , Jaramillo-Alcázar Angel , Criollo-C Santiago , Luján-Mora Sergio
Published: June 2020

Today, the video game industry is one of the most profitable business markets in the world. Video games are not only being used as a means of entertainment but also to reinforce education. Even though there are unbroken barriers for disabled people to use this kind of applications. Lack of accessible technologies and functions are real problems and a way of discrimination. It is a challenge for every software development organization, even for those who focuses in video game line of work. Many impaired people enjoy playing games in despite of their disabilities; however, some limitations appear when they start to play. This article presents an approach for an accessible video game developing, using Unity Engine and some of its accessibility complements to implement some functions to get better the player experience. This way, people who suffer of visual and hearing disability can be able to play and learn. Within the spectrum of disabilities this project covers are; visual and hearing, multiple variants of color-blindness and reduced vision problems. A series of settings options will have implemented with the final purpose of giving users an easier way to interact with the video game. It should be emphasized that game mechanics are based on various parameters to offer accessibility as brightness reduction, contrast and font-size adjustment, and more. Disability simulation tests will have done in order to prove the video game functionality. This research tries to increase the accessibility for people with impairments in the world of video games.
Analysis of Architecture Combining Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Kernel K-Means Clustering for Lung Cancer Diagnosis
Authors: Rustam Zuherman , Hartini Sri , Pratama Rivan Y. , Yunus Reyhan E. , Hidayat Rahmat
Published: June 2020

In this paper, we proposed the modified deep learning method that combined Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Kernel K-Means clustering for lung cancer diagnosis. The Anti-PD-1 Immunotherapy Lung dataset obtained from The Cancer Imaging Archive was used to evaluate our proposed method. From this dataset, we use 400 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images that manually labeled consists of 150 healthy lung images and 250 lung cancer images. As the first step, all the data was examined through the CNN architecture. The flatten neuron of the feature map for every image resulted from the convolutional layers in CNN is gained and passed through the kernel k-means clustering algorithm. This algorithm then used to obtain the centroid of each cluster that determines the prediction class of every data point in the validation set. The performance of our proposed method was evaluated using several k values in k-fold cross-validation. According to our experiments, our proposed method achieved the highest performance measure with 98.85 percent accuracy, 98.32 percent sensitivity, 99.40 percent precision, 99.39 percent specificity, and 98.86 percent F1-Score when using RBF kernel function with sigma=0.05 in 9-fold cross-validation. Those performance improves 1.31% sensitivity, 1.12% accuracy, 1.11% F1-Score, 0.92% specificity, and 0.91% precision compared to when using 5-fold cross-validation. It is even obtained in less than 8 seconds for passing the dataset to the CNN model and 40 ± 0.77 seconds for examined in kernel k-means clustering. Therefore, it was proved that our proposed method has an efficient and promised performance for lung cancer diagnosis from MRI images.
Stimulating Activity on Human Lymphocytes in vitro of Nori like Product (Geluring) Made from Gelidium sp. and Ulva lactuca Seaweeds
Authors: Erniati - , Rungkat Fransiska Zakaria , Prangdimurti Endang , Adawiyah Dede Robiatul , Priosoeryanto Bambang Pontjo , Huda Nurul
Published: June 2020

Seaweed has been reported to contain bioactive compounds that have an immunomodulatory activity, such as stimulating activity on human lymphocytes. Nori like the product from the mixture of Gelidium sp. and Ulva lactuca seaweed in this research named “geluring” may improve the immune system. This research is aimed to determine the stimulating activity of geluring by observing proliferation activity and interleukin-2 (IL-2) production of human lymphocyte by in vitro method. Two types of geluring were prepared, that were P1 (unseasoned geluring) and P2 (seasoned geluring) according to the commercial nori process with some modification. Gelurings were extracted with water and the extracts were added into lymphocyte cultures with various concentrations. The results showed that extracts of P1 and P2 gelurings could stimulate lymphocyte proliferation and IL-2 production significantly (P<0.05) compared with the stimulations demonstrated by the  cultures stimulated with PHA, RPMI, and extracts of unprocessed dried Ulva lactuca (UP0) but not significantly as compare to cultures added with unprocessed dried Gelidium sp.(GP0). Moreover, P2 geluring showed stimulation of lymphocyte proliferation and IL-2 production higher than P1 geluring and those of the control cultures. There was a positive correlation of proliferative activity with IL-2 production of the lymphocytes. The stimulation of lymphocyte proliferation and IL-2 production by P1 and P2 gelurings was significantly influenced by the concentration of the extracts. The concentration of 2.66 mg/ml culture showed the highest proliferation and IL-2 production of the cells. Base on this research, it can be concluded that geluring products made from the mixture of Gelidium sp. and Ulva lactuca stimulate the activity of lymphocytes, which indicates the potential to be used as a health food to improve the immune system.
Dignidade humana e combate ao racismo ambiental: acordo regional de Escazú e Programa E-Carroceiros, em Fortaleza, Ceará
Authors: Pompeu Gina Vidal Marcílio , Araújo Liane Maria Santiago Cavalcante
Published: June 2020

Por meio deste artigo, propõe-se a análise do surgimento do racismo ambiental na sociedade de riscos globais, como impacto negativo da globalização, nos países periféricos. Destaca-se a busca pelo aumento da qualidade de vida por parte de uma minoria privilegiada, em detrimento do bem-estar de pessoas e grupos em estado de vulnerabilidade. No contexto da América Latina e do Caribe, são relatados os avanços obtidos em sede de direitos humanos com o Acordo de Escazú, em prol da efetivação da justiça ambiental e da democratização das relações ambientais, sob o enfoque das capacidades de Amartya Sen e Martha Nussbaum. Já na esfera local, é abordado o Programa E-carroceiros, como modelo de integração entre Estado, tecnologia social, iniciativa privada e terceiro setor em Fortaleza, Ceará, e questiona-se a capacidade do programa em promover a igualdade de dignidade e a inclusão social. Nesse viés, conclui-se que a iniciativa favorece a inclusão social dos carroceiros, porém não indica a efetiva igualdade de dignidade, em virtude da natureza da atividade realizada. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa, pura, bibliográfica, doutrinária, legislativa e documental.
Notas sobre os assim chamados “litígios climáticos” na Alemanha – O Caso Lliuya Vs. Rwe
Authors: Sarlet Ingo Wolfgang , Wedy Gabriel
Published: June 2020

O amplamente difundido e cada vez mais desenvolvido direito das mudanças climáticas, tem levado também a um incremento do número de litígios em esfera judicial, administrativa, arbitral, seja no plano do direito interno dos Estados, seja no âmbito do direito internacional público e privado. Nesse sentido, a análise de casos concretos, à luz de precedentes judiciais e não judiciais se revela fundamental, porquanto necessária ao desenvolvimento, tanto de uma teoria, quanto de uma prática eficaz da litigância ambiental. Dentre os países que mais se destacam historicamente em termos de legislação, literatura e jurisprudência relativamente à proteção do ambiente, inequivocamente a Alemanha ocupa posição cimeira. Diversos litígios climáticos e respectivas decisões judiciais têm merecido um olhar atento dos observadores externos com vistas à sua análise do ponto de vista comparativo. No presente texto, o que se pretende é apresentar e discutir é uma das demandas judiciais climáticas que mais ganhou notoriedade, designadamente, o caso Lliuya v. RWE, objeto precípuo do presente estudo e que aqui se procura apresentar e analisar, na perspectiva de sua relevância para uma boa litigância climática. Outrossim, tal análise será levada a efeito mediante a inserção do precedente referido no contexto mais alargado do direito ambiental e da litigância ambiental na Alemanha.
EM TEMPOS DE REPRODUÇÃO SOCIAL É PRECISO “FAZER-SE” OPORTUNIDADE
Authors: Andrade Ana Paula Rangel de , Lumbreras Marlúcia Junger , Matta Ludmila Gonçalves da
Published: June 2020

O artigo trata do papel da educação escolar em um cenário marcado por contradições. Por um lado, pratica-se uma educação de padrões reprodutores, por outro defende-se uma educação transformadora em que a aprendizagem é contínua, flexível e com significado para o indivíduo. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do artigo é discutir o papel da educação escolar tendo como referências principais: Bourdieu, na ótica da reprodução social, e Pedro Demo, com enfoque no desenvolvimento humano e no combate à pobreza política. Para tal, desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica, de abordagem qualitativa, a partir da perspectiva teórica desses dois autores. Acrescenta-se ainda a relação da educação escolar com o trabalho, abordada por meio de uma pesquisa feita com trabalhadores da indústria petrolífera. Questionamentos são feitos no sentido de elucidar expressões que já ficaram banalizadas em discursos políticos como: “É preciso investir em educação”. Demo sugere uma educação emancipatória, de teor estratégico que esteja comprometida com a formação. O país mantém, atualmente, quadros elevados de desemprego e é necessário que se reflita sobre questões como as tratadas neste texto para “fazer-se” oportunidade.
FORMAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES DE GEOGRAFIA PARA A EJA: CENÁRIOS E DESAFIOS À PRÁTICA PEDAGÓGICA
Authors: Maia Humberto Cordeiro Araújo , Maia Diego Correa
Published: June 2020

A formação de professores para a Educação de Jovens e Adultos – EJA tem sido alvo de discussões nas mais diversas instâncias. Nesta perspectiva, evidencia-se a necessidade de compreender, antes de qualquer coisa, como esse processo tem se efetivado no contexto educacional, sobretudo pela formação de professores de Geografia para essa modalidade de ensino. Este artigo objetiva debater e apresentar concepções e percepções sobre a formação em Geografia para a Educação de Jovens e Adultos e suas implicações nas práticas pedagógicas direcionadas a esta modalidade de ensino. A partir de pesquisa realizada no curso de Mestrado, surgem algumas inquietações, em que, além de outras questões, notou-se a existência de “ritos de passagem”, caracterizados pelo processo de tornar-se professor da EJA e seus desdobramentos na prática pedagógica em Geografia. Entende-se que a presente proposta é considerada metodologicamente bibliográfica, a partir da abordagem qualitativa. Nesse sentido, destacamos que, apesar da existência dos referidos ritos de passagem, além das mais diversas características que os compõem, evidenciamos, também, a permanência e desenvolvimento de práticas pedagógicas que não atendem às especificidades do ensinar e aprender Geografia na Educação de Jovens e Adultos. Ainda, apontamos a necessidade de um olhar mais direcionado à modalidade EJA nos cursos de licenciatura em Geografia, objetivando uma maior articulação e integração entre as demandas dos estudantes e a atuação do professor de Geografia na referida modalidade.
Między elitarnością i egalitaryzmem – w poszukiwaniu właściwego charakteru produktu turystycznego zabytkowej linii tramwajowej we Wrocławiu
Authors: Kołodziejczyk Krzysztof
Published: June 2020

Zabytkowa Linia Tramwajowa jest jedną z atrakcji turystycznych Wrocławia. Stanowi formę wykorzystania dużej i różnorodnej kolekcji wiekowych tramwajów, które obrazują rozwój komunikacji miejskiej w stolicy Dolnego Śląska czy – w szerszym ujęciu – w Europie Środkowej. Choć linia funkcjonuje już od 2009 r., to w ostatnich latach w ofercie wprowadzane są duże modyfikacje, m.in. zwiększenie liczby tras, dodanie komentarza przewodnika, dywersyfikacja zabytkowego taboru czy zmiany w taryfie. Celem artykułu jest ocena tych działań pod kątem zainteresowania turystów. Przeanalizowano statystyki dotyczące frekwencji i sprzedaży biletów w sezonie turystycznym w 2019 r. i porównano je z danymi z poprzedniego roku, mając na uwadze zwiększenie dostępności oferty poprzez wyraźne obniżenie cen biletów i zaplanowanie dużej liczby przystanków, co przynajmniej częściowo upodobniło Zabytkową Linię Tramwajową do linii zwykłych. Wprowadzone zmiany skutkowały wyraźnie większą liczbą pasażerów, ale mniejszymi przychodami, a także pewnymi problemami o charakterze organizacyjnym, jak np. zapewnienie odpowiedniej jakości obsługi przewodnickiej przy odbywającej się co chwila wymianie pasażerów. Rozważania prowadzone są w kontekście sposobów kształtowania produktu turystycznego.
Effect of Various Farm Manures and Straw Containing Cattle Manure on Worm and Worm Manure Production
Authors: Terlemez Fatma , Çerçi İbrahim Halil , Kalkan Murat
Published: June 2020

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of different combinations of farm manure and farm manure on earthworm proliferation and earthworm manure production quantity and property. Accordingly, 100% horse manure (H), 100% cattle manure (C), 100% straw cattle manure (SC), 90% horse manure + 10% hen manure (H/H), 90% cattle + 10% hen manure (C/H) and 90% straw cattle manure + 10% hen manure (SC/H ) six research groups were designed. The highest level of worm growth in the experimental period was in group H, followed by SC group. The lowest values were found in C/H group and C group. In the amount of worm manure produced, the highest value was found in H/H group and the lowest value was found in SC group. As a result, it was found that 100% H and 100% SC groups made a better contribution to the increase in worm growth.
Effect of Sulphur and Biofertilizer in Nutrient Uptake by Sesame and Microbial Population in Red and Lateritic Soil of West Bengal
Authors: Das Anamika , Biswas Pabitra Kumar
Published: June 2020

The study was conducted in red and lateritic soils of West Bengal during pre-kharif season of 2016 on sandy loam soil of Agricultural Farm, Palli Siksha Bhavana, (Institute of Agriculture), Visva-Bharati, Sriniketan, West Bangal. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications using four levels of sulphur (0, 15, 30 and 45 kg ha-1) and single and dual inoculation of bio fertilizers to study the nutrient uptake by sesame and soil fertility status along with microbial population before and after harvest of crop. The results showed highest value of different nutrients uptake viz., Nitrogen, Phoshorus, Potasium and Sulphur with higher dose of fertilizer along with Azotobacter and PSB. The number of nitrogen fixing bacteria i.e. Azotobector and Phosphorus Solubilizng Bacteria (PSB) in soil increased due to inoculation of seed with biofertilizer. The seed inoculation exerted significant effect on number of nitrogen fixing bacteria and PSB in soil. The study suggested that the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizer in sesame cultivation in red and laritic soils will exerts significant yield through important implications in nutrient uptake by sesame for its improved nutrition and improved productivity of soil.
Soil Fertility Depletion and Its Management Options under Crop Production Perspectives in Ethiopia: A Review
Authors: Aleminew Amare , Alemayehu Melkamu
Published: June 2020

Soil is a non-renewable or finite resource and is the bank of nutrients for plant growth. Most soils in the tropical region including Ethiopia are highly weathered and infertile due to lower organic matter content and open nutrient cycling systems. These led to soil fertility depletion and crop productivity reduction in the country by different soil degradation agents. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to review soil fertility depletions and its management options under crop production perspectives in Ethiopia. The major drivers of soil fertility depletion are population pressure, land use pattern, free grazing of animals, lack of energy sources, land ownership and poor government policy problems. The major causes of soil fertility depletion are inadequate fertilizer use, complete removal of crop residues, continuous cropping systems, climate and soil types, lack of proper cropping systems and soil erosion and continuous cultivation. The promising technologies for improving soil fertility are integrated nutrient management, crop residue management, green manuring and cropping sequences, management of farmyard manure, applications of chemical fertilizers and soil amendments, agroforestry practices, applying conservation agriculture and application of soil-water conservation practices. Therefore, it needs a great attention by the community and the government to use innovative soil fertility management options to sustain soil fertility and crop productivity for the coming generations in the country forever enhancing nutrient input and recycling through following closed nutrient management systems in the cultivated lands.
Weed Management Strategies in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum): A Review
Authors: Singh Akashdeep , Rana S. S. , Bala Anju
Published: June 2020

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is one of the most important pulse crops but it’s productivity in India is quite low. There are various reasons for low productivity. Weed control is the basic requirement and the major component of crop management. Weeds on an average reduce the crop yield by 40-87 per cent. Deciding time to control weeds requires detailed knowledge of the weed populations in the field. Different management practices like altering spacing, competitive cultivars, etc. can help in enhancing the productivity. With the world entering the precision-farming era, more emphasis is being put on the use of post-emergence herbicides. Application of two or more herbicide at the same time or as a double knockdown and integrating with hand-weeding provides desirable control of different weed species besides reducing the hazard of chemical weed control.
Characterization of Thermal Behaviour and Fatty Acid Profile of Coconut Based Chocolate Novelties
Authors: Divya V. , Baskaran D.
Published: June 2020

A study was carried out to produce chocolates from coconut variants viz, coconut oil, coconut cream and coconut milk as a substitute for cocoa butter. The chocolate prepared with 40% cocoa butter was taken as control. Cocoa butter substituted at the levels of 10%, 20% and 30 % by coconut oil, coconut cream and coconut milk respectively were optimized based on the consumer acceptance. The fatty acid profile of the developed chocolate novelties were analysed using GC-MS and the lauric acid content was elevated to 1.92 %, 1.04 % and 1.17% in coconut oil, coconut cream and coconut milk chocolates respectively from 0.02 % in control. The thermal behavior of the developed chocolate novelties were analyzed by using Differential Scanning Calorimetry which exhibited harmonious distinct endothermic transitions between 28oC and 53oC. The developed chocolate novelties exhibited stable melting ranges in comparison with control.
Tensile Strength and Solubility Studies of Edible Biodegradable Films Developed from Pseudo-cereal Starches: An Inclusive Comparison with Commercial Corn Starch
Authors: Chandla Narender Kumar , Khatkar Sunil Kumar , Singh Sukhcharn , Saxena D. C. , Jindal Navdeep , Bansal Venus , Wakchaure Nitin
Published: June 2020

Edible biodegradable films were prepared from amaranth, buckwheat and commercial important corn starches by casting method. Starch, glycerol and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were used to prepare filmogenic starch solutions in potable luke warm water, followed by ultra-sonication for homogenous mixing of the mixed ingredients. After this, heating was applied to starch based slurried solutions until it turned into gel solutions. These filmogenic gel solutions were then dried and films were peeled off and stored in desiccator. Stored films were analyzed for functional properties viz., tensile strength, solubility and water vapor permeation. Amaranth starch based edible biodegradable films presented considerable clarity values however buckwheat starch and corn starch based films exhibited good tensile strength and better solubility values. Developed edible biodegradable films from amaranth starch were analysed for surface structure examination by SEM. Evaluation of surface revealed uniformity, homogeneity with no surface crack on the surface of developed edible biodegradable films.
Efficacy of Purified Bacteriocin of “Brevibacillus laterosporus TK3” against Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus in Chicken
Authors: Gautam Neha , Sharma Hitender Kumar , Sharma Nivedita
Published: June 2020

In the present investigation the biopreservative effect of bacteriocin of Brevibacillus laterosporus TK3 was investigated in raw chicken. Bacteriocin producing strain has been isolated from “Tatwakhar”- a flour prepared from seeds of Indian Horse Chestnut (Aesculus indica). Bacteriocin of Brevibacillus laterosporus TK3 showed strong antagonism against food spoilage/pathogenic bacteria viz. Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus. The bacteriocin was purified and molecular weight of this novel bacteriocin was found to be 6 kDa. This purified bacteriocin with specific activity 34,482.0 AU/mg was applied in raw chicken and minced chicken against L. monocytogenes and S. aureus which showed the positive results in controlling the growth of these deadly pathogens. Purified bacteriocin was found successful in controlling the growth of L. monocytogenes up to 7th day which is almost at par with the results achieved with chemical preservative i.e. sodium nitrite. Further, purified bacteriocin restricted the growth of S. aureus up to 5th day whereas chemical preservative was able to control the growth of S. aureus up to 3rd day. The results found in these experiments deal with application of bacteriocin as biopreservative in chicken as an alternative to chemical preservative are quite encouraging and satisfactory.
DNA Barcoding and Biometric Investigation on the Invasive Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) from the River Yamuna of Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Alam Absar , Chadha Narinder Kumar , Kumar Annam-Pavan , Chakraborty Sushant Kumar , Joshi Kripal Datt , Sawant Paromita Banerjee , Das Shyamal Chndra Sukla , Kumar Jeetendra , Kumar Tarkeshwar
Published: June 2020

Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758), an invasive fish species is rapidly spreading in the Gangetic river system. The aim of the study was to identify and confirm its identity at species level by establishing a barcoding reference datasets in the river Yamuna and then to investigate its morphometric, meristic traits and length-weight relationship of O. niloticus from the Allahabad water of the river Yamuna by the examination of 341 fish specimens collected during October 2011 to September 2012. The taxonomic status of O. niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758), in the river Yamuna was assessed using DNA barcode marker COI gene sequences, have clearly identified the O. niloticus species with 100% similarity value with public database. The length-weight relationships were established as W = 0.029486L2.881638 and W = 0.058499L2.661735 for male and female. Differential growth in length-weight between male and female of O. niloticus were significant (p less than 0.05), with a greater slope (b) value for male (2.88) than female (2.66). The t statistics estimated for the regression coefficients (b) were significant at 5% level of significance (p less than 0.05), indicating an allometric growth pattern. The correlation was highest for the standard length and the total length (0.9878) and minimum for caudal peduncle length and total length (0.8022). Fin formula based on the meristic studies can be written as B3, D 15-19/11-15, P14, V 1/5, A 3/8-11 and C16-22.
Effect of Planting Date and Nitrogen Application Level on Production Yield and Oil Content in Dill Plant
Authors: Al-Dalain Saddam A.
Published: June 2020

A complete randomized block design with three replications was conducted at two consecutive growing seasons (2014-2015 and 2015-2016) to evaluate the influence of planting date and nitrogen application level on growth parameters and oil yield production of dill plant. Experimental factors included three planting dates (15th of October, 15th of November and 15th of December) and five levels of nitrogen fertilizer (i.e urea) application (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg/hectare). Both studied factors significantly influenced growth parameters (plant height, number of branches per plant, number of umbrellas per plant, 1000 seed weight, above ground biomass yield, seed yield and harvest index) and oil yield and oil percentage The results indicated that early planting date (1st of October) has a positive influence on all studied parameters in this study. Furthermore, this study showed that addition of nitrogen fertilizers significantly improved all studied parameters. Comparing the influence of the two studied factors, it seems that planting date when compared to nitrogen fertilizer application has more pronounced influence on all studied production parameters of dill plant.
Management of Black Scurf (Rhizoctonia solani) of Potato through Organic Approaches
Authors: Singh Narendra , Patel Vikee M.
Published: June 2020

Black scurf (Rhizoctonia solani) disease of potato is becoming prominent in many potato growing districts of Gujarat state which reduce quality and market value of the produce, resulting in economic losses. The field experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2014-15 in naturally infested field with scurf pathogen at Potato Research Station, S.D. Agricultural University, Deesa (Gujarat) with the objective to find out suitable management strategies for black scurf through organic approaches (bio-agents and organic amendments). Among different bio-agents (Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum. Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis) tested against black scurf, the tuber treatment with 2 per cent boric acid spray along with tuber treatment with T. viride @ 10 g/kg seed before sowing recorded the lowest disease incidence (15.33 %) and index (0.38) with highest total tuber yield (324.68 q/ha) with maximum income `2,57,414/ha. When price computed with healthy and diseased tuber yield among treatments, the maximum income variation was (`92,986/ha) recorded by the same treatment followed by the tuber treatment with 3 % boric acid spray before sowing (`68,440/ha). In case of various organic amendments tested, soil application of mustard cake @ 10 q/ha registered minimum disease incidence (37.33 %) and disease index (0.66) as compared to rest of the organic treatment with highest total tuber yield (`327.20 q/ha) with maximum income `2,65,010/ha. When price computed with healthy and diseased tuber yield among treatments, the maximum income variation was (`1,12,990/ha) recorded by the same treatment followed by the neem cake @ 10 q/ha (`56,660/ha). These organic treatments can provide an effective and economical management of black scurf of potato for cultivaters.
Effect of Boron Priming on the Seed Vigour in Different Varieties of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
Authors: Xia F. S. , Wang Y. C. , Wang F. , Wang C. C. , Zhu H. S. , Liu M. , Huai Y. M. , Dong K. H.
Published: June 2020

This experiment was designed to determine the influence of boron priming on seed vigour in thirteen varieties of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Alfalfa seeds were primed with 1.8% (W/V) concentration of borax solution for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 24 h at 20°C. The results showed that the original vigour of alfalfa seeds was disparate in thirteen varieties and there were highly significant (P less than 0.01) differences observed in both varieties and priming time and their interactions on the vigour of the seeds. Alfalfa seeds of WL525HQ and WL656HQ might be more sensitive to boron toxicity, but seeds of WL298HQ, WL343HQ, WL354HQ, WL903 and Pianguan were insensitive to boron toxicity. Thus, it is necessary to carefully select appropriate varieties of alfalfa seeds for the application of boron priming.
Content knowledge level of elementary mathematics teachers: The case of a school district in the Philippines
Authors: Refugio Craig N. , Galleto Patrick G. , Noblefranca Clint D. , Inoferio Hermie V. , Macias Arturo O. , Colina Dundee G. , Dimalig Charles Y.
Published: June 2020

Demonstrating knowledge of content requires teachers to display extensive knowledge of the critical concepts in the discipline. This study was set up to provide a research-based landscape of the content knowledge level of elementary mathematics teachers viewed in the local district of Ayungon in the Division of Negros Oriental, Philippines. Survey and correlational methods of research were used in the study involving 95 non-randomly selected teachers.  Results revealed that the content knowledge level of the teachers was approaching proficiency.  The teachersâ€™ educational attainment, number of training attended, and the number of years in teaching mathematics were not significantly related to their content knowledge level. It was concluded that teaching experience and professional development in the form of pursuing graduate studies and attending training did not have bearing with the content knowledge level possessed by the teachers.  However, the teachers were inferred as resourceful and committed to teaching mathematics despite their weaknesses in the content knowledge to share with their learners.  Hence, enhancement training in all areas in mathematics is to be provided to elementary mathematics teachers by implementing the training design developed by the researchers.  The ultimate goal is to develop further the content knowledge, mastery, and skills of the teachers to achieve the highest proficiency level in mathematics.

 

Keywords: Content knowledge, proficiency level, enhancement training design
The attrition of common and distinctive English words in translator trainers
Authors: Akbari Motlaq Mohamad Djavad , Tengku Mahadi Tengku Sepora Binti
Published: June 2020

This paper embodies a study into the attrition rate of a translator educator in the event of the occurrence of common and uncommon vocabulary in the translation process. The study was conducted on 30 Iranian male translator educators who have been detached from translation practice for long chronological periods of time upon completion of their teacher training courses. They were chosen through purposive testing among 100 Iranian male translator educators from three areas in Iran namely Mashhad, Torbat-e-Heydarieh, and Tehran. Their age runs somewhere in the range of 25 and 35. The instrument included one translation errand. The assignment comprised 20 items out of common words and 20 items out of uncommon vocabularies that were assigned in a translation setting. Results demonstrated that the attrition rate gradually expanded as the chronology of not being attached to translation expanded. This means that as the translation practitioner becomes a trainer, with less practice translation attrition occurs. Additionally, it was discovered that the attrition rate in contextualized text is not as high as for common words in comparison to the uncommon words, also it applies to the decontextualized text. This accordingly shows that the context and the level of familiarity with vocabularies in a text have influence on the level of attrition rate in translation. This study also indicates that uncommon words are more resistant to attrition than common words in translation settings.

 

Keywords: Contextualization, Attrition, Common words, Distinctive words, De-contextualization
Transformation in Primary School Sciences Education in the Transition Process from the Empire to the Republic: Science Education in 1924 Primary School Curriculum
Authors: Aslan Erdal , Serin Oguz
Published: June 2020

Education and training in the first year of the Republic had been kept as it was in the period of Empire with its former structure and content. The educational system and programs could be designed after the â€œCanon for the Unity of Education and Trainingâ€ in 1924. The first curriculums of the primary and secondary schools have formed by modification on the latest programs of primary and secondary schools of the Ottoman Empire. The object of the research is to determine what kind of transformation has become on the â€œscience education for primary schoolsâ€ For this purpose, both the last curriculum program for â€œMekatib-i Ä°btidaiyyeâ€ (The primary schools in Ottoman Empire)and the latest curriculum program for â€œÄ°lk Mekteplerâ€ (Primary Schools in the Republic of Turkey) are examined by comparison. It is proved that â€œscience education in primary educationâ€ had gone into a transformation after commenting on the findings obtained from the comparison of the programs and assessments in the publications on the history of education. The curriculum for â€œscience educationâ€ in the first program which was approved by the Republic of Turkey is given by transliteration to the Latin alphabet The study has a feature that has important contribution for the future researches on â€œscience educationâ€ in the Era of the Empire and The Era of the Republic with this aspect. 

Keywords: Science Education in Primary Schools, Science Education in the Ottoman Empire, the First Science Curriculum of the Republic, History of the Turkish Education.
Study Of Translation Techniques In "Forest Of The Thousand Demon" By Mashood Jimba/ أساليب الترجمة في الرواية اليورباوية لمترجمة العربية "الصياد الجريء في غابة العفاريت" لمشهود جمبا انموذجا
Authors: Adebisi Aliy Abdulwahid , Abubakar-Hamid Hasanat Funmilayo
Published: June 2020

The Nigerian Nation has witnessed a multifaceted development in various field of knowledge; Translation studies is not an exemption. The Translation scholars' contributions in the applied translation are highly commendable, though, at the expense of the field of translation studies. They (Nigerian scholars) have shown much academic prowess in translating from Indigenous languages into foreign languages and vice versa to showcase Nigerian heritage in cultures, values, and enjoyable characters. Some engage in scientific translation while another group is dealing with the genre of literary translation. The present research is an appraisal of D.O. Fagunwa's novel " Ogboju ode in Igbo Irunmale" translated by a translation scholar Mashood Mahmud Muhammad Jimba. Using a contrastive survey analytical method in showing manners of equivalence in translation within the selected samples, the work focused mainly on the procedures established by Vinay and Darbelnet for translation from and into another language. The method employed pointed out aspects of a suitable translation procedure, the results of which replicate the same situation as in the original demonstrated by the author of the texts analyzed. The study thus appraises the scholar's work objectively