bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring Electrical Conductivity with an Inexpensive, Digital, Pocket-size Meter
Authors: Hershey David R.
Published: September 2022

Electrical conductivity (EC) measurement is widely used in horticulture to estimate salinity and fertilizer levels in irrigation waters, nutrient solutions, soils, and growing media (1–4). EC often is referred to as specific conductance (5), conductivity (1), or soluble salts; however, the term EC has been used widely in scientific literature (2–4).
Effect of Mechanical Injury on Storability of ‘Georgia Jet’ Sweet Potatoes
Authors: Hall Melvin R.
Published: September 2022

Poor cosmetic appearance of fresh-market sweet potatoes [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] associated with harvesting injuries has led to the abandonment of mechanical sweet potato harvesters in some areas. There has been increased concern that damage associated with mechanical harvesting could be magnified during storage in cultivars such as ‘Georgia Jet’ (1), which are not suited for long-term storage even when properly cured. An additional concern is that mechanical harvesting may reduce the propagation potential of the bedded storage roots. This note describes the influence of dropping and washing on abrasion, cracking, percent weight loss during storage, and formation of sprouts on storage roots of ‘Georgia Jet’ sweet potato.
A Comparative Study of Two Consistometers for the Measurement of Tomato Paste Consistency
Authors: Wang Samuel L.
Published: September 2022

The measurement of tomato paste consistency has become increasingly important due to food processors’ greater need for thicker tomato paste. Although several instruments have been used (1, 2, 4), the Bostwick consistometer (5) has been adopted by many laboratories and is considered to be the most reliable device available. Only the Adams consistometer, which is similar to the Bostwick in principle, has been reported to show a significant correlation (1).
AS11 Sweet Corn Population
Authors: Davis David W. , Zeyen Richard J. , Groth James V.
Published: September 2022

A sugary-1 breeding population of maize (Zea mays L.), AS11, has hypersensitive resistance (Rp1d gene) to common leaf rust (CLR) (Puccinia sorghi Schw.) and is resistant to maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV) strains A and B. It is released for its potential value in sweet corn improvement.
‘Topaz’ Sweet Potato
Authors: Paterson D. R. , Earhart D. R. , Boswell T. E.
Published: September 2022

The ‘Topaz’ (Fig. 1) sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.], developed by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, combines high yield good sprout production, and excellent baking and canning quality.
Rose Germplasm L83
Authors: Svejda Felicitas
Published: September 2022

L83 combines high levels of winter hardiness with recurrent flowering and resistance to blackspot (Diplocarpon rosae Wolf) and mildew [Sphaerotheca pannosa (Wallr. ex Fr.) Lév.]. It is crossable with an array of different rose hybrids as a pistillate and staminate parent and produces a high percentage of winter-hardy, recurrently flowering, and disease-resistant offspring.
‘NuMex Sundial’ and ‘NuMex Suntop’ Onion
Authors: Corgan J. N.
Published: September 2022

‘NuMex Sundial’ and ‘NuMex Suntop’ are bolting-resistant, intermediate-day onion (Allium cepa, L.) cultivars developed for fall planting in areas where seeded onions are overwintered. The cultivars were released in Sept. 1986 by the New Mexico Agricultural Experiment Station.
Paper Chase: Manuscript to Reprint
Authors: Martin George C. , Janick Jules , Evans Gwil
Published: September 2022

On 9 Mar. 1859, Alfred Russel Wallace dispatched a manuscript to Charles Darwin from the remote island of Ternate in the Moluccas. With his paper on species divergence, the young naturalist sent a request that, if the paper were judged to have merit, it should be passed on to Sir Charles Lyell, a leader in the English scientific establishment. When the paper arrived on 18 June, Darwin read it with dismay and distress (he had been preempted), but sent it the same day to Lyell, who also showed it to botanist Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker. The paper was read at the meeting of the Linnean Society of 1 July (along with some material of Darwin's) and appeared in print in the Journal of the Linnean Society the following month. Thus, 128 years ago, in the days of sailing ships and handset type, a manuscript sent from an obscure corner of the world took less than 6 months from manuscript to print and less than 3 months after arrival in England.
Pollenizer vs. Pollinator
Authors: Byrne David H.
Published: September 2022

I would like to clarify the difference between two words that are frequently misused in our publications. I suppose the words “pollenizer” and “pollinator” have been confused since their invention, given their consistent misuse in at least one major pomology text (Tree Fruit Production by Tesky and Shoemaker). A pollinator is the agent of pollen transfer, which, in many species, are bees or some other insects; a pollenizer is the source of pollen, which is usually a flowerproducing plant. One recent paper talks of “planting of pollinators”, which brings up visions of planting bees in the orchard, and of “pollinator frequencies”, which indicates the author is referring to bee hive density, when the author was really referring to the density of trees as pollen sources. Another author was describing parentage of some tree fruits and said that cultivar A “was the progeny of unrelated unknown pollinators of” cultivar B. How fruit trees can be the progeny of fruit insects is beyond me! Of course, the authors meant to use the word “pollenizer”, not “pollinator”. Similar mistakes have been made throughout the literature equally by professionals in a range of disciplines.
Cultivar Registration at The Arnold Arboretum
Authors: Spongberg Stephen A.
Published: September 2022

The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard Univ. continues to serve as International Registration Authority for cultivar names in 11 genera of ornamental woody plants, and the following notes pertain to cultivar names that have been registered at the Arboretum since the last list was prepared (1). The 11 genera include Chaenomeles, Cornus, Forsythia, Gleditsia, Lantana, Malus (ornamental species), Philadelphus, Pieris, Ulmus, and Weigela. Inquiries concerning the registration of cultivar names in these genera should continue to be addressed to S.A. Spongberg, The Arnold Arboretum, The Arborway, Jamiaca Plain, MA 02130
Chemical Control of Vegetative Growth of Deciduous Fruit Trees with Paclobutrazol and RSW0411
Authors: Curry Eric A.
Published: September 2022

The use of chemicals to control vegetative growth of fruit trees at the Tree Fruit Research Laboratory in Wenatchee, Wash, began 25 years ago. Vegetative growth of apple seedlings in greenhouse trials was first controlled with foliar applications of butanedioic acid mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide) (B-9, Alar). Field trials then were conducted on both apple and young cherry trees (3, 4). Daminozide also has been used to improve annual return blooming and fruit set, promote red skin color development, delay maturity, and improve storability of apple cultivars. Often, the high rates needed to control vegetative growth have reduced fruit size and fruit length, resulting in flat fruit shape (4, 13, 28). The latter phenomenon is important, for ‘Delicious’ apple for which “typiness” is a strong marketing characteristic and therefore an economic benefit. This paper presents results of continuing research on the control of excessive vegetative growth of deciduous fruit trees.
Potato Production from True Seed: A Brief Introduction
Authors: Taylor Alan G.
Published: September 2022

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the major food crops of the world and ranks fourth after rice (Oryza sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), and corn (Zea mays L.) in production. Potato production is concentrated in the temperate zone and in tropical areas, especially at higher elevations. It is of vital interest to study cultural practices associated with potato due to the global importance of this crop. In particular, emphasis will be placed on methods to propagate the potato.
Cultural Practices in Use of True Seeds of Potato and Screening of Tuber-forming Solanum Species Under Hot Climatic Conditions
Authors: Jaworski Casimir A. , Phatak Sharad C. , Ghate Suhas R. , Gitaitis Ronald D.
Published: September 2022

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), the most important dicotyledonous food crop in the world, is grown mostly under temperate climatic conditions and is usually planted vegetatively with tubers (often called “seed” tubers) (12). Use of seed tubers for potato production has many advantages, including ease of planting, vigorous plant growth, uniform tubers, and high tuber yields (27). However, with increased interest in production of potatoes in warm regions, use of seed tubers often becomes costly and has disadvantages (1, 2, 23, 27, 30). Some of the disadvantages of seed tubers in warm or developing regions of the world are: there is a lack of seed tuber certification programs; imported seed tubers are expensive; seed tubers often are contaminated with plant pathogens and other pests; and available potato cultivars often are not adapted to warm regions (2, 18, 19). Consequently, during the past decade, research efforts on adopting true potato seed (TPS) instead of seed tubers for potato production were initiated in many areas of the world (5, 8, 16, 17, 20).
Regulation of Morphogenesis: A Brief Introduction
Authors: Sutter Ellen G.
Published: September 2022

Research on morphogenesis in vitro began in the early 1900s when Haberlandt theorized that entire plants could be produced from single living cells (2). Early studies on tobacco callus culture by Miller and Skoog (3, 6) indicated that auxins and cytokinins could be used to manipulate morphogenesis in vitro. In subsequent studies, critical factors were determined to be the types, concentrations, and ratios of various plant growth regulators used. However, scientists soon realized that a great many plants would not undergo morphogenesis under conditions being used at the time. Pioneering work by Steward et al. (7) and Reinert (4) on induction of embryogenesis in carrot suspension cultures introduced more questions than answers concerning the role of plant growth regulators and other controlling factors in morphogenesis.
Ecophysiology and Selection of European Urban Trees
Authors: Håbjørg Atle
Published: September 2022

Europe, the second smallest of the world's continents with a total area of 106 km2 and a population of about 700 million, is one of the most densely populated continents with about 80% of its population living in or adjacent to metropolitan centers. These centers are located from Gibraltar in the south (lat. 36°N) to Norway in the north (≈lat. 71°N), and from the Ural mountain range in the east (long. 55°E) to Iceland in the west, (≈long. 24°W).
Annual Bluegrass Control and Tolerance of Kentucky Bluegrass and Perennial Ryegrass to Ethofumesate
Authors: Dernoeden P. H. , Turner T. R.
Published: September 2022

Various rates of ethofumesate were evaluated for annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) control in a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) fairway. The tolerance of ‘Merion’, ‘Mystic’, and a blend of Kentucky bluegrasses (Poa pratensis L.) to ethofumesate also was assessed. Ethofumesate at 0.84, 1.1, and 0.84 + 0.84 kg·ha–1 provided poor annual bluegrass control; 2.2 and 1.1 + 1.1 kg·ha–1 provided good control; and 2.2 + 1.1 and 2.2 + 2.2 kg·ha–1 provided excellent control. Overall quality of Kentucky bluegrass was only slightly reduced by ethofumesate at 1.1 or 2.2 kg·ha–1; however, split applications at 2.2 + 1.1 and 2.2 + 2.2 kg·ha–1 severely reduced bluegrass cover and overall quality for 7 months. Foliar growth of sequentially treated Kentucky bluegrass appeared suppressed throughout fall and winter. Between January and April, Kentucky bluegrass plots treated with split applications of 2.2 + 1.1 or 2.2 + 2.2 kg·ha–1 had a dark-green color. No visual injury was observed in perennial ryegrass. Ethofumesate applied at 2.2 or 1.1 + 1.1 kg·ha–1 provided the best combination of safety to Kentucky bluegrass and control of annual bluegrass. Chemical names used: (±)-2-ethoxy-2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-5-benzofuranyl methanesulfonate (ethofumesate).
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Requirements for Greenhouse Broccoli Production
Authors: Dufault Robert J.
Published: September 2022

‘Southern Comet’ broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Group Italica) was grown in a NP deficient soilless medium in 15-liter pots for 45 days in a greenhouse averaging 21°C during the growth period. Fertilizer treatments were split-applied and consisted of factorial combinations of 1.9, 3.7, 5.6 g N (total) per pot from urea and 0.07, 0.14, and 0.21 g P (total) per pot from monocalcium phosphate. Potassium from KCl was split-applied at a constant rate of 1.6 g K (total) per pot. Increasing N rate increased head fresh weight, stem diameter, floret total chlorophyll, root and top dry weight (stem, petiole, leaf, and head), plant height, and head quality, and decreased days to heading and to harvest. Increasing P rates increased floret total chlorophyll, height, and root dry weight to a lesser degree than N. For quality broccoli production in the greenhouse, 5.6 g N, 0.21 g P, and 1.6 g K per 15 liter pot were required.
Response of Mature Avocado Fruit to Postharvest Ethylene Treatment Applied Immediately after Harvest
Authors: Zauberman Giora , Fuchs Yoram , Yanko Uri , Akerman Miriam
Published: September 2022

Ripening of mature avocado fruit was accelerated by 18- and 24-hr ethylene treatments which were applied beginning 1 hr after harvest. Exposure to ethylene for 12 hr or less, starting 1 hr after harvest, did not accelerate the respiration rate, ethylene evolution, or fruit softening. Ethylene treatment for 6 hr starting at 1, 6, 12, or 18 hr after harvest did not accelerate the onset of the ripening process. It is suggested that ethylene does not just “trigger” the ripening of avocado fruit but rather is involved in a relatively long (18 to 24 hr) process which requires its continuous presence.
Dark-induced Abscission of Hibiscus Flower Buds
Authors: Force Andrew R. , Lawton Kay A. , Woodson William R.
Published: September 2022

Dark storage of Chinese hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. cv. Brilliant Red) for 5 days to simulate shipping promoted flower bud abscission. Less developed flower buds (<30 mm) were more susceptible than developed buds to dark-storage-induced abscission. Removal of mature buds (>30 mm) before dark storage reduced subsequent abscission of younger, less developed buds. Plants grown under low irradiance conditions (500 µmol·s–1·m–2 PPF) abscised more flower buds in response to dark storage than those grown in high irradiance (980 µmol·s–1·m–2 PPF). These results indicate factors that decrease the availability and partitioning of photosynthates to immature flower buds increase the incidence of abscission.
Effects of Flooding and Soil Phosphorus Levels on Pecan Seedlings
Authors: Wazir Faridullah K. , Smith Michael W. , Akers Stuart W.
Published: September 2022

Thirty-six-day-old ‘Dodd’ pecan seedlings [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh) C. Koch] were flooded for 31 days or not flooded in factorial combinations with 0, 215, or 430 g P per m3 of media. Flooding decreased leaf number, leaf area, leaf and root dry weight, and induced stomatal closure. Flooding also reduced leaf, trunk, and root K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, and Mn concentrations. Nitrogen was lower in the leaves and trunk of flooded trees, but higher in the roots of flooded trees than unflooded trees. Flooding decreased the leaf P concentration, but did not affect the P concentration in the roots. Phosphorus application increased leaf P concentration in unflooded trees, but not flooded trees.
Development of Anthocyanin Pigments in Muscadine Grapes
Authors: Lamikanra Olusola
Published: September 2022

The development of individual anthocyanins (Acy) in black muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia Michx) during maturity was followed. Most of the grapes investigated contained the nonacylated 3,5-diglucoside of delphindinin (Dp), cyanidin (Cy), petundin (Pt), Peonidin (Pn), and malvidin (Mv) when pigment extracts were separated on a reverse phase HPLC C18 column. Dp was the most abundant anthocyanin (Acy) in most cultivars at maturity. The development of individual Acy, which is indicative of the nature of enzyme activity, occurred at different rates for each of the cultivars. A very high flavonoid 3' hydroxylase activity was indicated by the fact that, in most instances, Dp content was higher than those of the other Acy at the onset of pigmentation, including Cy, which is the precursor of the other pigments. The total Acy content at maturity ranged from 12 to 338 mg/100 g of berries.
Rapid Clonal Propagation of Papaya in Vitro from Mature Field-grown Trees
Authors: Drew R. A.
Published: September 2022

Rapid development of axillary branches on rooted cuttings from mature field-grown papaya (Carica papaya L.) trees was promoted by removal of stem apices and application to the cut surface of a mixture containing 225 mg BAP/liter of lanolin. Small axillary buds were removed from these branches and cultured, initially on solid medium, and then in liquid medium on a roller drum at 3 rpm in Drew and Smith (DS) medium containing 1 µm BAP + 1 µm NAA. After two or three subcultures on the roller drum with alternate periods on hormone-free basal medium, apically dominant shoots were produced. Growth of axillary buds subsequently occurred on DS medium containing 1 µm BAP + 0.25 µm NAA. Cultures also were established from buds of 6-month-old trees, followed by enhanced axillary shoot growth on DS medium containing 2 µm BAP + 0.5 µm NAA. Roots initiated on actively growing shoots when incubated at 27°C in a 12-hr photoperiod on a reduced mineral medium containing 10 µm IBA. Rooted shoots were established in a high-humidity (>90%) cabinet in a glasshouse and planted in the field. Field plants were characterized by a reduced juvenile stage, excessive vegetation at the lower nodes, and production of flowers and fruit close to the ground. Chemical names used: N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP); 1H-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); 1H-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).
‘Brooks’ Sweet Cherry
Authors: Hansche Paul E. , Beres W. , Doyle J. , Micke Warren C.
Published: September 2022

The original ‘Brooks’ cherry (Prunus avium L.) seedling was evaluated at the Wolfskill Ranch of the University of California, Davis from 1970 to 1985. Clones of the original seedling have been evaluated for fruit quality in Contra Costa County since 1978 and in Fresno County at the University's Kearney Agricultural Center since 1981. ‘Brooks’ registered its most outstanding performance at the Kearney Field Station.
Major Citrus Cultivars of the World as Reported from Selected Countries
Authors: Rouse Robert E.
Published: September 2022

The citrus industry of the world is immense. Citrus-producing regions extend around the world and are located on both sides of the equator from approximately lat.35°N to lat.35°S. Citrus is produced under a wide variety of climatic conditions, including the humid tropics, arid subtropics, and intermediate climates. Citrus areas such as Florida, Texas, and Brazil have conditions intermediate to tropical and subtropical climates, whereas California, Arizona, Australia, and the Mediterranean countries have semiarid subtropical climates. The true size of this citrus industry is basically unknown because no documented statistics are available from numerous production areas that supply only local markets.
Citrus Cultivars in Australia
Authors: Forsyth John B.
Published: September 2022

Sweet oranges, particularly ‘Valencia’ and ‘Washington’ navel, are the main cultivars grown. Processing into juice products has become the most important market. A number of cultivars of Australian origin, ‘Leng’ and ‘Lane Late’ navels, ‘Imperial’ mandarin and ‘Ellendale’ tangor, are important and several have created worldwide interest.
The Major Citrus Cultivars in Spain
Authors: Ortiz Jesus M. , Zaragoza Salvador , Bono Rafael
Published: September 2022

CITRUS AREAS: SURFACES AND PRODUCTION

Most of the citrus fruit are grown in two regions of Spain: a) the Levante area, which extends along the East coast and includes the provinces of Castellón, Valencia, Alicante, and Murcia, with about 80% of the total plantations; and b) the Andalusian area, with plantings both along the Guadalquivir river in the provinces of Cordoba and Sevilla, and near the coast, mainly in the provinces of Huelva, Málaga, and Almería, the area representing about 15% of the country's total (4). The rest of citrus area is scattered in many other provinces of Spain (4), mostly near the coast (Fig. 1). Plantings of citrus by varietal groups are listed in Table 1 (5).
Source Limitation by Defoliation and Its Effect on Dry Matter Production and Yield of Cucumber
Authors: Ramirez Denis R. , Wehner Todd C. , Miller Conrad H.
Published: September 2022

Source-sink ratios were modified in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) by defoliation and defruiting to investigate the role of assimilate supply and demand in regulating fruit growth. Plants of the cultivar Calypso were subjected to 0%, 25%, 50%, and 75% defoliation levels. Each level was applied by three different methods of defoliation involving removal of whole or half leaves or a combination of the two. Plants in the 0% defoliation treatment (control) were divided into two groups: defruited and pollinated. Defoliation treatments were begun at fruit set and maintained throughout growth. Defoliation of the plants significantly decreased total plant weight and the fresh and dry weight of the fruits relative to the fruited control. An increase in the level of defoliation caused an increase in accumulation of dry weight in the leaves and a decrease in the dry weight of the fruits. Defoliation of 50% or 75% was followed by an increase in carbon exchange rates determined 7 days after defoliation. Vegetative controls had equal plant dry weight but only half as much fresh weight as the fruited controls. Carbon exchange rate was significantly reduced in defruited compared to fruited plants 16 days after defoliation.
Diurnal Variation of Glutathione Levels in Tomato Seedlings
Authors: Koike Setsuo , Patterson Brian D.
Published: September 2022

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Grosse Lisse) seedlings were grown with a 12-hr photoperiod starting at 0600 hr. Twelve days after sowing, levels of reduced glutathione were found to vary depending on the time of day. The level was lowest around the middle of the dark period (about 200 nmol·g–1), and highest (about 400 nmol·g–1) around the middle of the light period. Levels of oxidized glutathione were highest when the levels of reduced glutathione were decreasing. The possibility of a link between changes in reduced glutathione and reported diurnal variations in herbicide action is discussed.
Soil Compaction Reduces Modulation, Module Efficiency, and Growth of Soybean and White Bean
Authors: Tu J. C. , Buttery B. R.
Published: September 2022

The effect of soil compaction on nodulation, nodule efficiency, and growth of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was investigated in a controlled environment. There was an inverse relationship between soil compaction and root biomass, shoot growth and total leaf area of plant. Fresh weight and number of nodules per plant, nitrogenase activity, and leghemoglobin content per unit weight of nodule decreased in both soybean and white bean as bulk density of soil increased from 1.2 to 1.6 g·cm–3.
Changes in Epicuticular Wax on Watermelon Fruits During Ripening
Authors: Corey Kenneth A. , Schlimme Donald V. , Chaney Norita A.
Published: September 2022

Ripening of ‘Charleston Gray’ watermelon fruits was accompanied by changes in the appearance and quantity of surface waxes. The structure of surface wax platelets observed with a scanning electron microscope changed from an intricate porous appearance for unripe fruits to a smoother, less porous appearance for optimally ripe and overripe fruits. Structural changes in waxes as fruit matured from the unripe to overripe stages were accompanied by a 71% increase in the quantity of epicuticular waxes. These observations suggest the possibility of monitoring the ripeness of watermelon fruit through changes that occur in the appearance and structure of surface waxes.
Effect of Ethylene Source on Abscission of Pepper Plant Organs
Authors: Beaudry Randolph M. , Kays Stanley J.
Published: September 2022

Ethylene-induced abscission of pepper (Capsicum frutescens L. cv. Hungarian Hot Yellow Wax) flower buds, leaves, and fruit depended on ethylene source (i.e. ethylene gas from a compressed gas source vs. ethylene released from Silaid) and concentration. In response to ethylene from either source, flower buds and small fruit (< 10 mm long) abscised most readily and fully expanded leaves least readily. Concentrations of Silaid that induced fruit abscission comparable to a given concentration of ethylene gas induced significantly greater leaf abscission than ethylene gas. Application of Silaid at dusk resulted in a small, but significant, increase in abscission relative to early morning application. Progressive increases in temperature between 18° and 32°C enhanced fruit and leaf abscission in response to ethylene gas. Abscission mediated by ethylene gas was not affected by light intensities between 120 and 300 µmol·m–2·s–1 PAR. Chemical name used: (2-chloroethyl)methylbis(phenyImethoxy)silane (Silaid, CGA-15281).
Pollen Source Effects on Peach Embryo Size
Authors: Chaparro José , Sherman Wayne B.
Published: September 2022

Heterosis for embryo length was observed in interspecific crosses between the peach clones ‘Flordaking’ and FL 82–27, and ‘Nonpareil’ almond. No consistent differences in embryo length were observed in peach when selfing was compared to outcrossing to the unrelated peach selection FL 9-26C.
Using an Isozyme Marker to Identify Doubled Haploids from Anther Culture of Asparagus
Authors: Colby L. W. , Peirce Lincoln C.
Published: September 2022

Ten enzymes of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) were examined on both starch and Polyacrylamide gels to identify polymorphic loci useful as genetic markers. Two polymorphic loci were discovered, one a root peroxidase (PER-1) and the other a stem shikimic acid dehydrogenase (skd-1). Electrophoretic analysis of 17 totipotent calli derived from anthers that were heterozygous for PER-1 showed 14 to be heterozygous somatic clones and three to be homozygous doubled haploids. The procedure described represents a significant improvement in efficiency over the current method of sexing and progeny testing for the recovery of gametic genotypes from asparagus anther culture.
Sucrose and NAA Influence Growth of Subcultured Shoots and in Vitro Production of Roots in Vitis
Authors: Chée Raymond , Pool Robert M.
Published: September 2022

We previously reported a method for shoot tip micropropagation of the Vitis hybrid ‘Remaily Seedless’ (1, 2). In preliminary trials, rooting of subcultured shoots was erratic and shoots deteriorated after 2 weeks in culture. Herein we report the effects of sucrose and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) concentrations on the physical condition of subcultured shoots and subsequent root production in an attempt to increase the efficiency of grape micropropagation.
NC EBR-1 and NC EBR-2 Early Blight Resistant Tomato Breeding Lines
Authors: Gardner Randolph G.
Published: September 2022

Early blight, incited by Alternaria solani (Ellis and Martin) Jones and Grout, is a severe foliar disease of tomatoes in western North Carolina. Resistance breeding, initiated in 1976 at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research and Extension Center, Fletcher, N.C. has resulted in the development of NC EBR-1 and NC EBR-2. Both lines exhibit a moderate level of foliar resistance to early blight.
Genes for Cold Resistance from Wild Tomatoes
Authors: Patterson Brian D.
Published: September 2022

Although the tomato is a warmth-loving plant that is adversely affected by low temperatures, some of its wild relatives are more resistant to cold. The genes for cold resistance present in these wild plants could perhaps be used to overcome some of the limitations that low temperatures impose on the tomato, both before and after harvest. Because the different species of Lycopersicon can be crossed, this could be done by conventional plant breeding. However, if the gene products that allow cold tolerance could be identified, there is the additional possibility that homologous genes from even more cold-resistant species could be isolated and transferred using genetic engineering. The cover photograph shows a green-fruited tomato (Lycopersicon hirsutum LA 1363) that was originally collected in Peru at an altitude of ≈3000 m (7). At such altitudes, night temperatures are generally <10°C (17). This article summarizes the progress that has been made towards understanding and using the cold resistance of this and other wild species.
Horticultural Science in a Changing World; Presidential Address1
Authors: Moore James N.
Published: September 2022

The world in which we live and work is in a rapid state of change. Change is evident in all aspects of life—technological, scientific, sociological, economic, demographic, political. Changes are occurring rapidly in the science and technology of horticulture, and changes occurring in other arenas of life are having, or will have, a significant impact on our profession. It has been said that there have been more significant developments in science and technology in the 20th century than in all the preceding history of humankind. Associated with changing technology have been great sociological changes. The impact of these changes, and others predicted to occur, on the science and profession of horticulture is the subject of my Presidential Address.
Effect of Growth Regulators on the Vegetative Growth of Boronia megastigma ‘Lutea’
Authors: Lewis David H. , Warrington Ian J.
Published: September 2022

A survey experiment was carried out to examine the effect of five growth regulators on the vegetative growth of Boronia megastigma. Promalin, daminozide, and chlormequat chloride were shown to have potential for modifying plant growth in the development of a commercial pot plant. Promalin restricted plant height and promoted lateral branch formation; concentrations of 0.5 and 1.0 g·liter–1 restricted height by ≈40% while branch number doubled. Daminozide significantly restricted plant height at concentrations of 5 and 10 g·liter–1. Plants that received a single application of daminozide also showed an increase in branch number. Dikegulac-sodium completely inhibited vegetative growth even at the lowest concentration used (2.5 g·liter–1) while chlormequat chloride, applied as a foliar spray (3 and 6 g·liter–1), restricted both height growth and plant dry weight. Chlormequat chloride and paclobutrazol, applied as root drenches, were ineffective. Chemical names used: butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide)(daminozide); N-(phenyImethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine and GA4+7 (Promalin); Na 2,3:4,6-bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-α-l-xylo-2-hexulofuranosonic acid (dikegulac-sodium); 2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride (chlormequat chloride); (2RS,3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-l-yl) pentan-3-ol (paclobutrazol).
Rootstock Influenced Peach Flower Bud Survival after a Natural Freeze
Authors: Brown Susan K. , Cummins James N.
Published: September 2022

Flower bud survival following a freeze of –26°C was determined for ‘Redhaven’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch,] on its own roots and on eight other root-stocks. ‘Redhaven’ on GF655-2 and on ‘Amandier’ (GF677) had the lowest flower bud survival, with those on ‘Citation’ and ‘Damas’ (GF1869) having the highest percent survival. The effect of the rootstock on the number of flower buds per node and on the relative survival of these two bud types (single vs. paired) was not significant.
Leaf Potassium Content and Yield in the Highbush Blueberry
Authors: Hancock James F. , Nelson John
Published: September 2022

Commercial blueberry fields in Michigan were treated with K at either 0 or 67.5 kg·ha–1 for 3 years. Soil and foliar levels of K at harvest were determined. There were no significant associations between soil K and yield, even though many values were below 25 ppm. Leaf K was significantly correlated with yield in only 1 year and the optimum was about 0.43%.
Chemigation of Peach Trees with a Center Pivot
Authors: Evert Dean R. , Bertrand Paul , Harrison Kerry , Young John
Published: September 2022

Pesticides were applied to ‘Rio Grande’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees at recommended rates from bloom to harvest using three sprinkler configurations on a center pivot and an air-blast sprayer. Fruit scab infection rates with a patented sprinkler configuration (Piggy-back) that has spray nozzles mounted on a lower truss rod of the center pivot were equivalent on 12 and 23 June 1987 to those with the air-blast sprayer. Scab infection rates for standard impact-nozzles and for a deflector nozzle configuration were equivalent to each other, and tended to be lower than the infection rate for the unsprayed fruit, but higher than the rate for the air-blast sprayer or piggy-back configuration. Brown rot, bacterial spot, and insect catfacing (the other fruit defects observed at harvest) were independent of the method of pesticide application. It may be feasible to chemigate peach orchards with center-pivot irrigation systems.
Metabolic Response of ‘Delicious’ Apples to Carbon Dioxide in Anoxic and Low-oxygen Environments
Authors: Patterson Max E , Nichols William C.
Published: September 2022

‘Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) were transferred from commercial controlled atmosphere (CA) storage after 7 months into a factorial series of CO2 (0%, 3%, 6%, and 12%) and O2 (0.0%, 0.5%, and 1.0%) concentration mixtures at 0.5°C for up to 14 weeks. Fruit tolerance to specific atmospheres that yielded anaerobic products was determined. Tissue ethanol levels ranged from about 2700 to 5800 µl·liter–1 in apples stored in 12:0 (CO2:O2) and 0:0 atmospheres, respectively, indicating CO2 inhibition of ethanol accumulation in the absence of O2. Less than 360 µl ethanol/liter was produced in the 0.5% and 1.0% O2 treatments, No CO2 inhibition of ethanol or acetaldehyde production occurred in the 0.5% and 1.0% O2 treatments. Tissue acetaldehyde concentrations ranged from 6 to 14 µl·liter–1 in fruit held in 0.0% O2 and 3 to 9 µl·liter–1 in fruit held in 0.5% O2. No visible injury developed from the high CO2 and low O2 concentrations used in any of the storage treatments. After a week in air at 20°, following 0.0% O2 storage, the fruit tissue ethanol content decreased while the acetaldehyde content increased.
Use of Sodium Chloride Solution to Overcome Self-incompatibility in Brassica campestris
Authors: Monteiro Antonio A. , Gabelman Warren H. , Williams Paul H.
Published: September 2022

Sodium chloride solution applied to the stigma of self-compatible Brassica campestris L. plants induced self seed setting. Maximum seed per set silique occurred on flowers treated 10 to 15 min before self-pollination with 15 g·liter–1 NaCl solution applied either with a micropipette (8.2 seeds/silique) or with a moistened cotton swab (7.2 seeds/silique). The salt treatments were shown to increase pollen adhesion and pollen germination on the stigma and to reduce callose formation on the papillae.
Cytokinins in Apple Leaves and Their Relationship to Spotted Tentiform Leafminer Injury
Authors: Shantz Gretchen M. , Proctor John T. A. , Chiba Mikio
Published: September 2022

The formation of green islands in response to BA and zeatin application suggested that cytokinins were involved in the natural green island phenomenon of senescing apple leaves. The accelerated loss of chlorophyll and abscission of apple leaves following treatment with BA at 300 mg·liter–1 in both 1984 and 1985 resembled the symptoms of spotted tentiform leafminer (STLM) (Phyllonorycter blancardella F.) damage. The zeatin content of STLM-damaged leaves determined by HPLC was greater than that of undamaged leaves during the development of the third generation pre-adult STLM. The first generation STLM induced no change in zeatin levels of infested leaves. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyI)-1H-purine-6-amine (BA); (±-2-methyl-4-(1H-purine-6-ylamino)-2-buten-1-ol (zeatin).
Assessment of Fruit Firmness in Selected Sour Cherry Genotypes
Authors: Brown Susan K.
Published: September 2022

Significant differences in firmness were detected when the Instron Universal Testing Machine was used to test fruit firmness in a group of 13 sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) cultivars and selections. Deformation testing of intact fruit resulted in the establishment of seven statistically distinct firmness groups. Selections and cultivars that were firmer than ‘Montmorency’ were identified. Differences in skin strength, as determined by an Instron puncture test, were not as distinct. At harvest, firmness was not correlated with soluble solids content, fruit removal force or fruit weight, indicating the inadequacy of any of these parameters alone as an index of fruit maturity. Deformation testing with the Instron can be used to accurately assess whole fruit firmness in sour cherry breeding programs. Modification of the puncture test would be required to increase the precision in detecting differences in skin strength.
Greenhouse Screening of Turfgrass Species and Cultivars Grown in Alkaline Soil
Authors: Lindgren D. T. , Schaaf D. M. , Shearman R. C.
Published: September 2022

Alkaline soils in Nebraska reduce crop yields and lower aesthetic values of ornamentals and turf (2). Chlorosis associated with alkaline soils occurs in many plants and influences plant growth and development by reducing photosynthetic efficiency (1). Data for turfgrass species and cultivar growth at high pH would be useful.
Beta III Carrot
Authors: Peterson C. E. , Simon P. W. , Rubatzky V. E. , Strandberg J. O.
Published: September 2022

The open pollinated carrot (Daucus carota L.) ‘Beta III’ was released and widely distributed in 1986, primarily for its value as a garden cultivar and for an improved source of carotenes for providing vitamin A. It is a promising population for breeders to extract inbred lines for improved hybrids.
‘Dayton’ Apple
Authors: Korban Schuyler Safi , Janick Jules , Williams Edwin B. , Emerson Frank H.
Published: September 2022

‘Dayton’ is an attractive red apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) with field immunity to apple scab incited by Venturia inaequalis (Cke) Wint. This apple is named in honor of Daniel F. Dayton, Emeritus Professor and longtime leader of the disease-resistance apple breeding program at the Univ. of Illinois.
‘Williams’ Pride’ Apple
Authors: Janick Jules , Emerson Frank H. , Pecknold Paul C. , Crosby Jeffrey A. , Korban Schuyler Safi , Dayton Daniel F.
Published: September 2022

‘Williams’ Pride’ is an early-maturing, attractive, dark red apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) with excellent fruit quality and field immunity to apple scab incited by Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) Wint. The fruit is of medium to large size and matures with the very earliest known commercial red cultivars in the midwestern United States. It ripens 1 week after ‘Lodi’ and 7.5 to 8 weeks before ‘Delicious’. ‘Williams’ Pride’ is released as a potential commercial cultivar for use as a summer dessert apple. The apple is named in honor of Edwin B. Williams, Emeritus Professor and long time leader of the disease-resistant apple breeding program at Purdue Univ.
‘Red-N-Sweet’ Watermelon
Authors: Johnson C. E. , Lancaster D. M. , Young W. A. , Sundstrom F. J.
Published: September 2022

‘Red-N-Sweet’ is a high quality, Vermillion red-fleshed watermelon for local markets and home gardeners. Fruit reaches maturity in about 85 days from seeding. This cultivar has shown good field resistance to fusarium wilt [Fusarium oxysporum sp. niveum (E.F. Sm.) Snyder and Hansen].
Characteristics of Fruit from High- and Low-quality Peach Cultivars
Authors: Robertson J. A. , Meredith F. I. , Scorza Ralph
Published: September 2022

The chemical composition and sensory acceptability of two low-quality (‘Bailey’ and ‘Boone County’) and two high-quality (‘Jefferson’ and Selection B612615) peach genotypes were compared. The high-quality fruit were firmer and much larger than low-quality fruit. The most striking difference between high- and low-quality peaches was that the low-quality fruit contained about seven times more total phenolics. Glucose and sorbitol were at higher levels in low-quality fruit, whereas fructose was higher in the high-quality genotypes. Sensory data substantiated the classification of the cultivars into high- and low-quality fruit. ‘Jefferson’ and B612615 peaches were rated between acceptable and good after ripening, whereas ‘Bailey’ and ‘Boone County’ were rated unacceptable. The flavor of the low-quality cultivars was described as bitter and astringent with a strong aftertaste. The high polyphenolic content, which has been associated with the astringent flavor of fresh peaches, may partially explain the poor flavor of the low-quality fruit.
Leaf Abscission of Poinsettias Affected by Preharvest Fertilization Termination and Sleeving Stress
Authors: Prince Timothy A. , Cunningham Maria S.
Published: September 2022

Termination of fertilization 1 to 4 weeks before harvest of Euphorbia pulcherrima Wild. ‘Annette Hegg Dark Red’ resulted in decreased postharvest leaf abscission on nonsleeved plants. Termination 3 weeks before harvest had no effect on leaf drop while termination 4 weeks before harvest increased leaf drop of sleeved plants. Epinastic response to sleeving and cyathia drop were not influenced by fertilizer termination times. Medium analysis at harvest showed that increased time without fertilizer increased pH, decreased soluble salts concentration and individual nutrient levels. Foliar nutrient level differences at harvest were small.
Free Polyamines in Postpollination Placentae and Ovules of Potato
Authors: Olson A. Randall , Nowak Jerzy
Published: September 2022

Placental and ovular tissues of a diploid clone of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) were analyzed for their respective free polyamine content at different stages of postpollination gynoecial development. In the placentae, putrescine, spermidine, and spermine concentrations decrease as the placental tissues proliferate during pulp formation. Although there is a decrease in total free polyamine concentration in the ovules as cellular endosperm develops, putrescine and spermidine levels increase before the latter stages of embryogenesis. The changes in free polyamine levels are associated with major developmental stages characterized by increased mitotic activity and differentiation.
Search for a Viroid Etiology for Noninfectious Bud Failure in Almond
Authors: Fenton C Ariel Lou , Kuniyuki Andrew H. , Kester Dale E.
Published: September 2022

Viroids could not be detected in nucleic acid samples of almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] with noninfectious bud failure by one- and two-dimensional electrophoresis. Almond nucleic acids showed no detectable hybridization with a 32P-labeled potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTV) cDNA probe. PSTV controls were included.
Induction of Morphogenic Callus Cultures from Leaf Tissue of Garlic
Authors: Nagasawa Akitsu , Finer John J.
Published: September 2022

Morphogenically regenerable callus was induced from young leaf and meristem tissues of garlic (Allium sativum L. cv. Howaito-Roppen). Five auxins were compared for their ability to induce morphogenic callus. In order of decreasing effectiveness, 2,4-D (0.1–3.0 mg·liter−1), 2,4,5-T (0.3–10 mg·liter−1), dicamba (10–30 mg·liter−1), and picloram (10–30 mg·liter−1) were capable of morphogenic callus induction, while NAA did not induce morphogenic callus formation over a wide range of concentrations. The morphogenic callus was nodular and gave rise to plantlets following transfer to medium containing BA. Chemical names used: (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D): (2,4,5-trichIorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T); 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (dicamba); 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid (picloram); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); and N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA).
Growth Regulator Sprays during Propagation Increase African Violet Crowns and Leaves
Authors: Sanderson Kenneth C. , McGuire John
Published: September 2022

African violets (Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl.) are propagated commercially by leaf cuttings with or without a petiole (3). Laurie and Kiplinger (4) reported that leaves propagated without petioles produce more crowns. Developing shoots or crowns (plantlets) with roots usually are divided and handled as young plants. In one variation of this method the roots are removed from the shoots, the shoots are graded and the graded shoots are rerooted to obtain uniform plants. This method requires numerous shoots.
‘Rio Grande Gold’ Yellow Wax Sweet Pepper
Authors: Villaion Benigno , Dainello Frank J. , Bender David
Published: September 2022

A complex of viral pathogens are responsible for the decline of profitable pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) production in Texas and other areas throughout the United States and the world (1). ‘Rio Grande Gold’ (RGG) is the first nonpungent (sweet), small yellow wax pepper with multiple virus resistance (MVR) to tobacco etch virus (TEV), potato virus Y (PVY), pepper mottle virus (PeMV), and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) developed by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station (TAES). The distinguishable yellow pepper flavor and the absence of capsaicin make this sweet wax-type pepper a potentially popular ingredient for salads and pickled products.
Granular Gels as Growth Media for Tomato Seedlings
Authors: Pill Wallace G.
Published: September 2022

The granulated, insoluble acrylamide-based hydrophilic polymers, Terrasorb HB and Alcosorb AB3C, hydrated initially with all the essential nutrients (15 g gel solids/liter of 1-fold Hoagland solution), were effective media for the production of 3-week seedlings of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mil.) in plug (modular) trays. Higher concentrations of the nutrient solution used to hydrate gels or incorporation of resin-encapsulated, slow-release fertilizer (Osmocote, 17N–3.9P–10.8K, 1.5 or 3.0 g·liter–1) in the hydrated gels decreased seedling growth. Daily application of fertilizer solution (100 mg N/liter) or water resulted in similar seedling growth. Seedlings were healthy, with roots permeating the voids between the hydrated granules of the entire gel mass. The gel mass adhering to the root system could be extracted readily and intact from the plug tray cell.
Tolerance of Bentgrass to Amount, Frequency, and Timing of Ethofumesate Applications
Authors: Johnson Billy J. , Landry Gilbert W. , Karnok Keith J.
Published: September 2022

A creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds. ‘Penncross’) green was treated with the herbicide ethofumesate at single and sequential applications during 2 years. A single ethofumesate application in September at 1.1, 1.7, or 2.2 kg a.i./ha slightly discolored bentgrass, but turfgrass quality was not significantly reduced. With October treatments, discoloration increased at 1.7 and 2.2 kg a.i./ha, but not at 1.1 kg. Ethofumesate treatments made in September and October resulted in less discoloration and reduced quality less than with applications made in October and November. Bentgrass treated in October and November was severely injured in 1 of 2 years, but turfgrass fully recovered by the following spring with no stand loss. Chemical names used: (±)-2-ethoxy-2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-5-benzofuranylmethanesulfonate(ethofumesate).