bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aerobic Exercise in the Psychological Treatment of Adolescents
Authors: Brown Stella W. , Welsh M. Cay , Labbé Elise E. , Vitulli William F. , Kulkarni Pandu
Published: August 2011

A small group of psychiatrically institutionalized adolescents (16 boys, 11 girls) were assigned to a three-day-per-week running/aerobic exercise program or a regular physical activity class. The complete program continued over 9 weeks, with 11 subjects remaining throughout the program. Dependent measures of body-mass index, timed performance on a one-mile run, resting, exercise, and recovery heart rates, and measures of depression, mood-states, and self-efficacy were assessed pre-, mid-, and post-9-wk. treatment and at a 4-wk. follow-up. Improvements in depression, anxiety, hostility, confused thinking, and fatigue were shown in treated girls, with increases in vigor and self-efficacy for all treated subjects.
Tactile Extinction on Complex Stimulation in Normal Children
Authors: Lenti C.
Published: August 2011

The Schwartz Quality Extinction Test was administered to 221 normal right-handed children aged 4 to 7 years to find out at what age their ability to perceive complex bimanual simultaneous stimuli stabilizes. Tactile extinction was present in some 4- and 5-yr.-old children and tended to disappear later. We found a significant difference in responses between 5- and 6-yr.-old children but no difference regarding side and sex at different ages. Among the principal theories regarding the pathogenesis of extinction, incomplete maturation of attentional mechanisms seems the one which better explains extinction in younger children.
Happiness, Time Consciousness, and Subjective Life Expectancy
Authors: Joubert Charles E.
Published: August 2011

84 men and 141 women enrolled at a university reported their sexes and ages, rated their happiness and their time consciousness, and estimated how many more years they expected to live. Men significantly overestimated their subjective life span compared to actuarial data. Women (but not men) who were happier tended to be younger, had greater subjective life expectancies, and felt that they had lived a smaller percentage of their total lives. Both older men and older women tended to be more time conscious.
An Examination of Spontaneous Pointing in 20- to 50-Month-Old Children
Authors: Hannan Thomas E.
Published: August 2011

Occurrences of spontaneous pointing in 20-, 30-, 40-, and 50-mo.-old children were observed during the children's indoor or outdoor free-play periods. Observers recorded the sex of the pointer, the behavioral pattern observed, the reason for the point, the response of the adult, and the distance of the child from the adult at the time of a point. Analysis indicated a significant dip in the rate of pointing among the 30-mo.-olds while the 20- and 50-mo.-olds were observed to point most often. With the exception of the 30-mo.-olds, pointing was significantly more likely to be observed in boys. For all age groups, the point was used primarily to name. After 20 months adults were significantly less likely to respond to the point, and when they did respond they were more likely to name or demonstrate irrespective of the apparent reason for the child's point. Finally, the probability of adults' response appeared to be unrelated to the distance from the child to the adult, and further, the likelihood of an adult's response appeared to exert little influence on the rate of pointing. The results suggest that pointing may be an expressive act that can be used as a communicative gesture, but there was little evidence that any of these age groups were using the point as a ritualized gesture, that is, as an action conventionalized within the context of social interaction.
Differentiation of Fear, Anger, and Joy
Authors: Uchiyama Ichiro
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the present study was to identify the physiological characteristics corresponding to three affects (fear, anger, and joy), which were elicited through real situations in a laboratory. The subjects were asked to rate their psychological responses using the Affect Rating Scales for each affective situation. Physiological indices (diastolic and systolic blood pressures, heart rate, respiration rate, and frequency of galvanic skin response) were measured. The subjects' affects can be characterized by two functions obtained through discriminant analysis. One discriminant function separated positive from negative affects; the other set apart anger from the remaining affects.
Sleep Parameters of Type A and B Scoring College Students
Authors: Koulack David , Nesca Marc
Published: August 2011

162 subjects, half of whom scored between 310 and 420 and half of whom scored between 184 and 256 on the Survey of Work Style questionnaire, participated in this study. The former group was defined as Type A scorers and the latter as Type B scorers. Type A scorers had more trouble falling asleep, had more nightmares, and spent less time asleep than did Type B scorers. However, there was no difference between the two groups in the amount of dream recall or on the morningness/eveningness continuum.
Correcting for Grade Inflation in Studies of Academic Performance
Authors: Bearden James , Wolfe Raymond N , Grosch James W.
Published: August 2011

Comparison of data from 2 college samples ( ns = 162 and 193) shows that grade inflation can affect the outcomes of cross-sectional studies. A correction based on Goldman and Hewitt's (1975) rationale effectively controls for such inflation.
Hemisphericity and Self-Esteem
Authors: Vingiano William
Published: August 2011

The 1991 paper by Persinger and Makarec, while posing some interesting theoretical and speculative questions, misstates the magnitude of the effect size in the validation of the Hemisphericity Questionnaire and draws some unwarranted conclusions. This article briefly reviews the issues involved.
Frequency of Day Residue in Dreams of Young Adults
Authors: Harlow John , Roll Samuel
Published: August 2011

The percentage of dreams with day residue that could be identified by the dreamer, without free associating to the dream, was observed for a sample of 44 men and 44 women college students. The men identified day residue in 46.6% of their dreams and the women identified day residue in 48.9% of their dreams. The results were discussed in the context of Freud's idea that, while every dream likely has day residue, only some dreams have residue that can be identified without first free associating to the dream.
Parametric Alternatives to the Student T Test under Violation of Normality and Homogeneity of Variance
Authors: Zimmerman Donald W. , Zumbo Bruno D.
Published: August 2011

Introductory statistics textbooks in psychology, education, and social sciences have contributed to the belief that nonparametric tests, such as the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test, are effective against violations of both normality and homogeneity of variance. The present paper emphasizes that, although rank methods often are useful when samples are obtained from heavy-tailed, nonnormal distributions, they are influenced by unequal variances just like parametric tests. Computer programs are now available to perform modified t tests based on unequal sample variances, in which degrees of freedom and critical values are altered from sample to sample. These procedures, although neglected for many years because they are computationally complex, are far more effective than nonparametric methods in protecting against violation of homogeneity of variance.
Subliminal Psychodynamic Activation: Updated Comprehensive List of Experimental Results and Comments on Previous Lists
Authors: Fudin Robert , Benjamin Cassandra
Published: August 2011

A comprehensive list of results from visual subliminal psychodynamic activation experiments is presented. This list includes results reported since the publication of the last comprehensive list by Weinberger and Hardaway in 1990 and several results not found on that list. On the present list, SPA results are categorized according to criteria that we contend are more objective than those used previously. In contrast to conclusions drawn from previous lists prepared by Silverman in 1980 and 1983, by Weinberger and Hardaway in 1990, and by Weinberger and Silverman in 1987, the present list indicates that the results of a majority of experiments do not clearly support hypotheses tested by the subliminal psychodynamic activation method. Aspects of Hardaway's meta-analyses from 1987 and 1990 for major areas of research on subliminal psychodynamic activation are discussed in terms of suggestions for further research.
Locus of Control and Perceptions of Human Aggression
Authors: Young Thomas J.
Published: August 2011

116 college students were given a locus of control scale and a measure of misconceptions about human aggression. A negative correlation of -.52 indicated that as feelings of mastery and control increased, belief in a human propensity for aggression decreased.
Reliability of the Random Number Generation Test of Attentional Deployment
Authors: Marisi Dan Q. , Travlos Antonios K.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the performance and internal consistency reliability of the Random Number Generation test of attention over repeated trials. Performance remained stable when the first trial was omitted from the analysis, while reliability coefficients ranged from 0.67 to 0.78.
Art Training and the Rey Figure
Authors: Taylor Robert
Published: August 2011

A 55-yr.-old woman who had had a meningioma removed many years previously performed well on various neuropsychological tests but showed apparent gross loss of gestalt in copying the Rey figure, and poor subsequent recall of the figure. Further investigation suggested that her copying style was at least partly attributable to her training in art and that she was capable of copying in a more usual fashion with subsequent improvement in recall.
Comparison of Parents' Leadership Styles: Perceptions of Parents and Student Leaders
Authors: Whorton James E. , Karnes Frances A.
Published: August 2011

The Parent Leadership Style instrument was completed by 99 students enrolled in a leadership program and also by 129 of their parents. Data were analyzed and reported according to predominant leadership style (Telling, Selling, Participating, and/or Delegating) and effectiveness of leadership. A comparison was made between the parents' self-perceptions and how their children as student leaders perceived their parents. Some suggestions for parents are made relative to the development of leadership skills in students.
A Response to “Differences in Motor Proficiency According to Gender and Race” by Carol E. Plimpton and Celia Regimbal
Authors: Ruck Martin Dale , Weininger Otto
Published: August 2011

Problems which prevented an accurate understanding of apparent differences in children's motor development are discussed.
Memory for Size of Drawings and of Photographs
Authors: Legault Ellen , Standing Lionel
Published: August 2011

For 36 undergraduates, photographs were drawn smaller from memory than from sight, but line drawings did not show this “frame extension” effect.
Rorschach Indicators of Multiple Personality Disorder
Authors: Labott Susan M. , Leavitt Frank , Braun Bennett G. , Sachs Roberta G.
Published: August 2011

The increase in reported cases of Multiple Personality Disorder underscores a great need to differentiate clearly this from other psychiatric disorders and from simulation of Multiple Personality Disorder. Two sets of Rorschach signs have been advanced as clinical markers by their developers, namely, Barach and also Wagner, Allison, and Wagner. As the Wagner signs are prevalent in much of the research on Rorschach responses in Multiple Personality Disorder, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate these signs using Wagner's administration and the resulting Rorschach protocols of 16 Multiple Personality Disorder patients and 16 psychiatric controls. Analysis indicated that this system was deficient in correctly classifying these 32 protocols. A new marker, the Splitting Response, emerged, however, which was more useful. This response, in combination with at least one Dissociative response, produced an accuracy rate of 94%. These new criteria may be useful aids in the detection of Multiple Personality Disorder from Rorschach protocols. Replication is urged.
Anchoring Effects in Judging Grammaticality of Sentences
Authors: Nagata Hiroshi
Published: August 2011

This study was undertaken to examine the anchoring effect in judgments of the grammaticality of sentences. Thirty-three students judged the target sentences involving an intermediate level of judged grammaticality. The first group of 11 subjects judged the sentences paired with the sentences involving high grammaticality (high anchor); the second group of 11 judged them when paired with the sentences involving low grammaticality (low anchor); and the third group of 11 judged them without being given anchor sentences. Analysis shows a clear contrast effect such that the subjects given low-anchor sentences judged the target sentences as more grammatical, while those given high-anchor sentences tended to judge them as less grammatical. Implications of the findings were discussed as they were related to Chomsky's contention about a native speaker's intuition regarding judgments of grammaticality.
Free-Throw Shooting Performance as a Function of Preshot Routines
Authors: Predebon John , Docker Sean B.
Published: August 2011

This study assessed the effectiveness of preshot routines on free-throw shooting behaviour of experienced basketball players. 30 male subjects were assigned to one of three conditions, no routine, standardized physical routine, and imagery/ physical routine. Subjects' performance was assessed in four sessions spaced over a six-week period. In between sessions, subjects were given practice with the preshot routine of their condition. In the first session all subjects attempted the throws using their regular preshot routine, whereas in the remaining three sessions they performed as required by their assigned condition. Over-all, the imagery group performed significantly better than the routine group which in turn performed better than the no-routine group. The last test session's performance of the routine and the physical/imagery routine groups but not the no-routine group was similar to players' regular preshot routine performance, suggesting that withdrawal of experienced players' regular preshot activity has a relatively long-lasting detrimental effect on their free-throw shooting performance.
Perception of Triggers in Young Nonclinical School Students with Migrainous Headaches and with Tension Headaches
Authors: Osterhaus S. , Passchier J.
Published: August 2011

In an exploratory study of a general population of 209 young children (M = 12.9 yr. old), 59% of those with migraine or tension headache ( n = 41) reported one or more triggers. More triggers were reported from those with tension headaches than from those with migrainous headaches.
Tests of the Generality of the Ratio Rule as a Principle of Work Decrement
Authors: Beh Helen C. , Hibberd Fiona J.
Published: August 2011

The present study was designed to investigate the generality of the work-rest ratio rule by using ratios not previously employed with the pursuit rotor task. In addition, a ‘blocking’ measure and a conventional measure of cognitive performance were used to examine the applicability of the rule to a cognitive task. The results offer partial support for the ratio rule on both tasks studied but also indicate that the ratio rule may be limited to a narrow range of ratios.
Grip Strength and Fatigue in Junior College Tennis Players
Authors: Kramer Alan M. , Knudson Duane V.
Published: August 2011

Change in grip strength over 30 trials was documented in two samples of junior college tennis players to assess possible fatigue. Eight men and eight women performed 30 maximum-grip strength tests with 25-sec. rests between trials. Significant positive correlations (.38 and .53 for men and women) were observed between grip strength and trials. In practical terms, grip strength did not change over 30 trials in these tennis players. The data suggested that the repetitive gripping patterns used by these players in tennis play resulted in consistent maximum-grip strengths across 30 trials.
Diagnosing MPD with Two New Rorschach Signs: Are the Signs Valid or are the MPDS Atypical?
Authors: Wagner Edwin E.
Published: August 2011

The validity of newly developed “Splitting” and “Dissociative” signs on the Rorschach for diagnosing multiple personality disorder (MPD) was questioned. It was pointed out that the mean number of Rorschach responses for what were ostensibly patients with MPD was so high as to render the sample atypical. It was suggested that perhaps the Splitting and Dissociative signs were diagnostic of either dissociation in general or MPDs who have experienced decompensation, leading to hospitalization.
Trading Accuracy for Speed: Gender Differences on a Stroop Task under Mild Performance Anxiety
Authors: von Kluge Silvia
Published: August 2011

A standard Stroop task was used to examine the effect of performance anxiety on 58 male and 69 female undergraduates. Subjects were approached either by two casually dressed experimenters who did not stress speed or accuracy or by 4 or 5 formally dressed experimenters who stressed quick and accurate performance. Subjects were told the test would assess their “mental acuity”; their responses were visibly tape-recorded. Reaction times did not show differential response by anxiety condition; men and women showed different RTs only in the low-anxiety condition, with women performing significantly more slowly. There were no significant differences for the high-anxiety condition. Analysis of errors showed women were more accurate than men. Men traded accuracy for speed and may have been under equal performance stress in both situations. When performance was not stressed, women were slower and more accurate than men. When performance was stressed, women increased their speed to match that of men while maintaining their greater accuracy.
Where Does an Anorthoscopic Image Appear?
Authors: Sohmiya Tamotsu , Sohmiya Kazuko
Published: August 2011

Two experiments were performed to examine where anorthoscopic images appear. In Exp. 1, in which a narrow slit was used, the images were seen as spatially compressed, but also as spatially displaced along each direction of movement even when two patterns were moved simultaneously and in different directions. These results are incompatible with the retinal painting hypothesis. In Exp. 2, in which a wider slit was used, anorthoscopic images appeared immediately after a pattern entered and left the slit. The two images were considered to depend on temporal changes of parts of a pattern passing across left and right edges of the slit, respectively.
Abnormalities of Psychomotor Development in Schizophrenia: A Rehabilitation Perspective
Authors: Provenza Marcella , Rosa Simona Di , Cavedini Paolo , Tosoni Francesca , Alietti Monica , Rovey Luigina , Scarone Silvio
Published: August 2011

This study was an evaluation of the psychomotor profiles of 22 schizophrenic patients, investigated by means of a test battery developed for the assessment of psychomotor profiles of 10- to 12-year-old children. Analysis indicates chat abnormal psychomotor development is an inherent feature of the disease and probably is antecedent to a full psychopathological picture.
Which Handedness: Preference or Performance?
Authors: Rigal Robert A.
Published: August 2011

Two ways of measuring handedness, questionnaires and hand-efficiency tests, are compared. A method for combining performance scores of 128 children from different hand-efficiency tests to obtain a single handedness score based on efficiency is presented. Handedness classifications according to different thresholds of preference as well as of performance are shown. To select pure right- or left-handers, it is argued that handedness should be established simultaneously through preference questionnaires and performance tests and that only subjects falling simultaneously into the same category on both measures be kept. Advantages and disadvantages of each classification are discussed as well as the relations between efficiency and motor control of upper limb and hand.
On Reliability and Number of Principal Components: Joinder with Cliff and Kaiser
Authors: Tzeng Oliver C. S.
Published: August 2011

This note summarizes my remarks on the application of reliability of the principal component and the eigenvalue-greater-than-1 rule for determining the number of factors in principal component analysis of a correlation matrix. Due to the unpredictability and uselessness of the reliability approach and the Kaiser-Guttman rule, research workers are encouraged to use other methods such as the scree test.
Effects of Disability Labels on Teachers' Perceptions of Students' Self-Determination
Authors: Field Sharon , Hoffman Alan , Peter Susan St. , Sawilowsky Shlomo
Published: August 2011

Teachers' perceptions of their students' self-determination were significantly lower for students with disabilities ( n = 48) than for students without disabilities (n = 47), even though there was little difference in observed behaviors of these students.
The Relationship between Turning Behavior and Motoric Dominance in Humans
Authors: Previc Fred H. , Saucedo Joanna C.
Published: August 2011

This study attempted to correlate turning direction on the stepping test with three measures of motoric dominance—handedness, footedness, and eyedness. 111 high school students performed the stepping test while deprived of visual and auditory cues during a 1-min. interval. Although only slightly more than half of the subjects rotated rightward, the direction and magnitude of turning correlated significantly with footedness and eyedness but not with handedness. Thus, axial turning biases and motoric dominance may partially share a common mechanism, possibly involving vestibular asymmetry.
Irradiation and Cold Exposure in Learning and Exploratory Behaviour of the Ants, Monomorium Floricola and Monomorium Pharaonis
Authors: Ross Stephanie J. , Shimabukuro Clint S. , Dixon Paul W.
Published: August 2011

A preliminary experiment testing the relative effects of microwave irradiation, food and water deprivation, and confinement in an enclosed space upon 24 Monomorium floricola and of cold exposure for 24 Monomorium pharaonis on learning and exploratory behaviour in a cross- and a T-maze was conducted. Although these variables induced no observable effects on learning, exploratory behaviour as measured by left and right turns in the microwave experiment and running speed in the cold exposure experiment was significantly increased. These results were interpreted in terms of evolutionary adaptation of the Formicoidae (using formic acid instead of water-based circulatory plasma) to environmental extremes present in the primeval terrestrial habitat. It was concluded that the adaptive limits of living forms may be found primarily in the maintenance of biochemical systems understood in terms of their retention of structural order and coherence of their molecular physics within the limits of ambient environmental parameters.
Influence of Diazepam on Prospective Time Estimation
Authors: Unrug-Neervoort Agnieszka , Kaiser Jan , Coenen Anton
Published: August 2011

24 students, after intake of diazepam or placebo, performed a psychomotor test of finger tapping as a prospective time-estimation task. The task was less overestimated by those who were under the influence of the drug than by the 12 subjects to whom the placebo was given.
Effects of Time of Posttest after Two Durations of Exercise on Speed and Accuracy of Addition and Subtraction by Fit and Less-Fit Women
Authors: Heckler Barbara , Croce Ron
Published: August 2011

18 adult female volunteers, ages 27 to 49 years, were divided into two groups based on their cardiorespiratory fitness to investigate speed and accuracy of addition and subtraction immediately, 5 min., and 15 min. postexercise. A 2 (fitness level) × 3 (exercise duration) × 3 (postexercise performance trials) repeated-measures analysis of variance indicated that, for the fit group, speed of problem solving was significantly faster after both 20-min. and 40-min. exercise sessions across all performance trials; for the less-fit group, speed of addition/subtraction was significantly faster only after the 20-min. exercise session across performance trials. No significant postexercise difference in accuracy was found for either fit or less-fit groups.
Transpersonal Experiences in Childhood: An Exploratory Empirical Study of Selected Adult Groups
Authors: Hunt Harry T. , Shearing-Johns Sheryl , Gervais Arlene , Travis Fred
Published: August 2011

A questionnaire was developed to assess adult recall for a range of transpersonal experiences throughout childhood and adolescence (mystical experience, out-of-body experience, lucid dreams, archetypal dreams, ESP), as well as nightmares and night terrors as indicators of more conflicted, negative states. In two exploratory studies this questionnaire was administered to subjects with high estimated levels of early transpersonal experiences and practising meditators, with respective undergraduate controls. A cognitive skills/precocity model of early transpersonal experience was contrasted with a vulnerability of self model by comparisons of these groups on questionnaire categories, imaginative absorption, neuroticism, and visual-spatial skills, with some support found for both models depending on experience type, age of estimated recall, and adult meditative practice.
What is Vividness of Imagery? Characteristics of Vivid Visual Imagery
Authors: Hishitani Shinsuke , Murakami Shiho
Published: August 2011

Two experiments were conducted to examine the characteristics of vivid visual imagery. In Exps. 1 and 2, analysis showed that the subjects' drawings of their imagery indicated more visual features for the vivid imagers than for the non-vivid imagers and no difference in sketching time between the two groups. Image-construction time was shorter for the vivid imagers than for the non-vivid ones in Exp. 2, but no difference was found in Exp. 1. On the basis of these results, the mechanism underlying individual differences in vividness of imagery was discussed in relation to the model of imagery processes proposed by Kosslyn (1980) and his colleagues.
Perceptual Development and Early Childhood Injuries: A Prospective Pilot Study
Authors: Ginsburg Harvey J. , Mendez Roque , Padilla Efraim , Arocena Martin , Adams Emily Vargas , Davis Paul
Published: August 2011

A prospective pilot study of 172 Hispanic children was performed to identify developmental predictors of 9 maternal reports of childhood injuries that required medical attention during the following year. The 1972 McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities was administered near the children's third birthday and maternal reports of injuries were obtained the following year. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the Verbal, Perceptual, Quantitative, Memory, and Motor Subscales of the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities accounted for a small but statistically significant proportion of variance. Within the model, children who showed advanced abilities on the Perceptual Subscale were more likely to be reported as having an injury requiring medical attention during the subsequent 12-month period.
Factors Affecting Perception of Outdoor Public Environments
Authors: Nelson T. M. , Loewen L. J.
Published: August 2011

Comfort and related perceptions are important in respect to use of outdoor public places. In a laboratory, 170 persons viewed four such places on slides and rated them on 10 dimensions, namely, “comfortable,” “playful,” “serious,” “active,” “unsafe,” “good,” “tense,” “interesting,” “gloomy,” and “pleasing.” Instructions were used to vary time of day and the number of people present at the location. It was found that women ( n = 96) regard outdoor environments as more threatening than do men ( n = 74) which suggests that women feel more vulnerable to untoward acts and that public places are rated less desirous at dusk than at dawn, presumably because dusk is followed by night and dawn by day. It was also discovered that such public environments are rated better than deserted places when occupied by two or more persons. Some of these results are consistent with the Prospect-Refuge Theory of Appleton.
On Using and Interpreting the Max R Statistic: A Cautionary Note
Authors: Streiner David L.
Published: August 2011

Max r, which is the maximum of all possible split-half reliabilities, has recently been used to reanalyze the psychometric properties of various psychological scales. It is recommended that these revised estimates be interpreted cautiously for two reasons, (1) scale homogeneity is not always the best indicator of reliability and (2) the coefficients cannot be interpreted as equivalent to published reliabilities, which are often based on estimates of the mean split-half reliabilities (e.g., Cronbach's alpha or Kuder-Richardson 20).
Shifts in the Plutchik Emotion Profile Indices following Three Weekly Treatments with Pulsed Vs Continuous Cerebral Magnetic Fields
Authors: Gillis Corri , Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

Compared to baseline measures, the emotional profile indices of normal volunteers who received 3 weekly exposures to 20 min of bilateral burst-firing magnetic fields along the temporal plane displayed increased aggression and decreased trust relative to those exposed to pulsed (1 sec. every 4 sec.) fields or to control conditions. The effect size was equivalent to an eta of 0.70. There were no shifts in Holtzman Inkblot Projection Scores. These results suggest that brief cerebral exposures to weak magnetic fields that simulate the burst-firing of amygdaloid cells may affect specific limbic emotions.
Observations on the Behavioral Development of Mockingbirds
Authors: Bailey William T.
Published: August 2011

Mockingbird parents' influence on their young's acquisition of behavior other than singing has seldom been reported. Two instances are described of behavior by young mockingbirds in the presence of an adult which suggest learning of behaviors through modeling.
Influence Techniques Used by Technical, Support Staff and Middle-Line Managers
Authors: Lamude Kevin G. , Scudder Joseph , Furno-Lamude Diane
Published: August 2011

The Mintzberg 1983 model for assessing variations in managerial organizational functions was employed to examine managers' self-reported successful use of influence techniques with their subordinates. Data were obtained from 49 middle-line, 36 technical, and 47 support managers using questionnaires completed anonymously. Analysis of scores on the Behavior Alteration Technique scale indicates that middle-line managers report more successful use of coalition and reward techniques than support and technical managers. Support managers report more successful use of rationality and manipulation techniques than middle-line and technical managers. Technical managers report more successful use of pressure and legitimate authority techniques than middle-line and support managers.
Passive Viewing of the Necker Cube during Massed and Distributed Practice
Authors: Schellinger Terri , Beer John
Published: August 2011

Of 24 students from a psychology class in high school 12 were randomly assigned to a Massed Practice group (4 boys, 8 girls each) and 12 to a Distributed Practice group. They viewed a Necker cube for a 3-min. trial on three occasions separated by a week. The Massed Practice group had no rests while the Distributed Practice group rested 1 min. after each 1 min. of viewing. There were no significant differences for total reversals between Massed and Distributed groups on any trial. There were no significant differences between boys and girls on Trials 1 and 2, but on Trial 3 boys reported significantly more reversals than girls. Within each group there was a significant increase in the number of reversals from Trial 1 to Trial 3, indicating learning effects. Rigidity scores did not correlate significantly with the total Necker cube reversals for Trials 1, 2, or 3. The massed and distributed practice effects were not present although learning was noted. Longer rests may be needed for practice effects within trials; long rests of 7 days between trials may account for lack of differences.
Voice Onset Time of Velar Stop Productions in Aged Speakers
Authors: Petrosino Linda , Colcord Roger D. , Kurcz Karen B. , Yonker Robert J.
Published: August 2011

Voice onset time (VOT) was measured for voiced and voiceless velar stop consonants across three vowel contexts (/i, a, u/) in healthy young adult and older subjects. Analysis showed that mean VOT values for both /k/ and /g/ across the three vowel contexts did not differ between the two groups; however, differences in VOT variability (standard deviation) approached significance; the older subjects exhibited increased variability. This apparent increase in variability may be related to the subtle anatomical and physiological changes with age.
Small Sample Properties of the Spearman Autocorrelation Estimator
Authors: McKean Joseph W. , Huitema Bradley E.
Published: August 2011

The small sample properties of a variant of the Spearman rank correlation coefficient applied in the time-series context were investigated through Monte Carlo methods. The rank method ( r1S) has even greater bias than the highly biased conventional parametric procedure; a traditional test of H0: ρ1 = 0 based on ( r1S) yields unacceptable properties. Empirical small sample distributions associated with the rank coefficient differ markedly from the distributions predicted by asymptotic theory. It is concluded that neither rank nor conventional parametric estimators and hypothesis tests are appropriate for very small samples in applications of time-series analysis that have been recommended in the behavioral and social science literature.
Force Perception before and after Maximal Voluntary Contraction
Authors: Gooch Judith L. , Randle Jeffrey
Published: August 2011

Capacity to match a low level of elbow flexion force maintained in the control arm was measured in the experimental arm in 16 subjects before and after maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). Prior to a 1-min. MVC, the mean force exerted by the experimental arm was 3.4 ± 1.0 kg when attempting to match the tension of a 2.3-kg weight in the control arm. After the MVC, the mean force exerted in the experimental arm was 4.4 ± 2.6 kg. The change in perception of force after a prolonged MVC as demonstrated in this study may be due to postcontraction potentiation of contraction, which has been demonstrated by others after a brief MVC.
The Relationship between Trait and Precompetitive State Anxiety among High School Athletes
Authors: Ryska Todd A.
Published: August 2011

A sample of 270 tennis players representing 56 high school programs were assessed on competitive trait and state anxiety during the active season. A series of multivariate analyses of variance indicated that highly trait-anxious athletes reported greater cognitive A-state, greater somatic A-state, and lower state self-confidence than low trait-anxious athletes.
Personality Dynamics of Adolescent Boys Where the Father Was Absent
Authors: Nelson Charles , Valliant Paul M.
Published: August 2011

The effects of substitute adult male role-models were examined for 60 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 18 years. Significant mean differences were found on Depression, Hypochondriasis, and Suspiciousness scales of the MMPI and Guilt and Assaultiveness of the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory. Interpretation of scores showed that fatherless boys who had substitute male role-models were similar in personality to boys with fathers. Adolescent boys without fathers and from lower socioeconomic families were significantly more similar in personality to young offenders.
Hand Preference in the Use of Tools by Infant Baboons (Papio Cynocephalus Anubis)
Authors: Westergaard Gregory Charles
Published: August 2011

Hand preference in the use of tools was examined in a peer group of five infant baboons, Papio cynocephalus anubis. Hand preference was noted for all subjects on a sponging task and for one subject on a probing task. The baboons exhibited the highest percentage of bimanual actions on the initial segment of each three-component task. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that immature nonhuman primates exhibit lateral asymmetries when they use tools and bimanual coordination when they perform complex manipulative tasks.
Laterality Effects for Music Perception among Differentially Talented Adolescents
Authors: Piro Joseph M.
Published: August 2011

To examine the comparative nature of laterality patterns for music perception among differentially talented adolescents, 138 right-handed subjects (56 boys, 82 girls) trained in music, mathematics, and dance, respectively, were tested on dichotic chords and dichotic melodies tasks. Analyses demonstrated that only the musically trained subjects displayed task-dependent ear asymmetry, that is, a left-ear advantage for dichotic chords and a right-ear advantage for dichotic melodies. The mathematically and dance-talented students displayed a left-ear bias for both tasks of music perception. A control dichotic speech task showed a right-ear bias for all talent groups. The findings speak to how sensory information is managed by the mental-processing systems of differentially talented students and how talent training plays a role in shaping ear asymmetry.
The Soft Underbelly of Statistics
Authors: Grumet Gerald W.
Published: August 2011

This essay points to some of the limitations of statistics in the field of psychology and elsewhere. These include a tendency for sophisticated calculations and software programs to convey an unwarranted level of validity, a loss of personal identity as individuals are placed in categories, a focus on “central tendency” that may miss matters of true importance, and a devaluation of intuitive intellectual functions and of human uniqueness.
Two Factors Contributing to Elementary School Teachers' Predictions of Students' Scores on the Gates-MacGinitie Reading Test, Level D
Authors: Freeman John G.
Published: August 2011

The prediction by 13 elementary school teachers of 214 students' achievement in Grades 4 to 6 on the Gates-MacGinitie Reading Test, Level D was examined. Although teachers were generally good predictors of students' achievement in reading, predictions were affected by various factors related to students and teachers. Female teachers, but not male teachers, tended to overestimate the number of correct responses by girls and underestimate that by boys. A similar trend was evident for inexperienced teachers. When they overestimated, male teachers and inexperienced teachers tended to overestimate more.
Perceptions of Design Practitioners
Authors: Caughey Carol C. , Francis Sally K
Published: August 2011

This study examined differences between perceived personality characteristics of a trained interior designer and of an untrained interior decorator. Subjects were 256 students who read a narrative description of a designer or a decorator and rated her personality traits by using a semantic differential scale. Factor analysis of the 17 adjective pairs of the semantic differential scale generated 5 factors: Professional, Extroverted, Creative, Intuitive, and Scientific. Narrative descriptions of practitioners' training had no significant effects on any of the 5 factors, thereby supporting the hypothesis that there would be no differences perceived between the trained interior designer and the untrained interior decorator.
Body Satisfaction and Self-Concept of Third-And Sixth-Grade Students
Authors: Folk Lori , Pedersen Jan , Cullari Salvatore
Published: August 2011

Pubertal development has been implicated as the point of origin for decreased body satisfaction and self-concept for girls from prepubertal levels and an increase in body satisfaction and self-concept for boys. Two groups of boys and girls in Grades 3 and 6 completed a Body Satisfaction Questionnaire and the Piers-Harris Self-concept Scale to test this assumption. The third graders were considered to be prepubertal and sixth graders as early pubertal. The sixth-grade boys scored lower on body satisfaction than third-grade boys, and their self-concept scores were positively correlated with body satisfaction scores. For girls, body satisfaction scores were correlated with self-concept in both grades, and few significant differences were found between grades. For girls apparently the relationship between body satisfaction and self-concept may be present before the onset of puberty.
The Easter Bunny in October: Is it Disguised as a Duck?
Authors: Brugger Peter , Brugger Susanne
Published: August 2011

To study the influence of motivational expectancy on perception, the ambiguous drawing of a duck/rabbit was shown to 265 subjects on Easter and to 276 subjects in October. The ambiguous drawing, though perceived as a bird by a majority of subjects in October, was most frequently named a bunny on Easter. This biasing effect of expectancy upon perception was observed for young children (2 to 10 years) as well as for older subjects (11 to 93 years).
Pleasantness-Unpleasantness of Environmental Sounds and Gender Difference in Evaluation
Authors: Shimai Satoshi , Fukuda Kazuhiko , Terasaki Masaharu
Published: August 2011

The present experiment examined emotional evaluation of 40 environmental sounds which were presented to 388 college students in a lecture room. Students were required to rate pleasantness-unpleasantness, to identify the sounds, and to rate their confidence about their identifications. Analysis showed that the pleasant sounds were natural and musical sounds and that the unpleasant sounds were sounds of a belch, of a dentist's drill, and of scratching on a blackboard. It is interesting that for pleasant sounds confidence was always high, which suggested that emotional evaluation of the environmental sounds was closely related to the confidence of observers in their identifications of the sounds. Gender differences were noted on the ratings on pleasantness-unpleasantness of environmental sounds, that is, women evaluated the pleasant sounds as more pleasant than men, and men evaluated the unpleasant sounds as not so unpleasant as did women.
Does Motor Cerebral Dominance Develop Secondary to Sensory Dominance?
Authors: El-Mallakh Rif S. , Wyatt Richard Jed , Looney Stephen W.
Published: August 2011

Current research and theoretical frameworks for understanding motor dominance assume that motor dominance is primary. Various developmental clues, however, suggest that the maturation of proprioceptive sensory processing predates that of motor control. We hypothesized that the observed adult pattern of lateralized motor dominance may develop as a consequence of preexisting lateralized “sensory” or “proprioceptive dominance.” To test whether motor preference could develop in response to sensory dominance, we investigated sighting eye dominance, eye lid winking, and handedness in 164 individuals. Subjects winked the nondominant eye significantly more frequently than the dominant eye and independently of their handedness, lending partial support to the idea that motor function can develop in response to sensory function. Specific investigation of the development of the proprioceptive system would be needed to evaluate whether lateralization of motor handedness develops as a consequence of “proprioceptive” lateralization.
Frame-And-Spot-Induced Motion: Range Effects and the Difference between Fixation and Nonfixation of the Induced Stimulus
Authors: Reinhardt-Rutland A. H.
Published: August 2011

For frame-and-spot-induced linear motion, Humber and Sherrick report that induced motion of a nonfixated static spot reduces as its separation from a fixated static spot increases. The authors invoke sensory factors, but range effects may undermine this interpretation.
A Dominant-Subordinate Unit-Against-Unit Theory of Decreases in Visibility
Authors: King Donald L.
Published: August 2011

When simultaneous stimuli or stimuli in metacontrast and related research are perceived (recognized, apprehended) as two different phenomenal groups (wholes, things), the visibility of the group with less intense, smaller, no-onsetting, terminating, and briefer features decreases. This decrease also occurs when one of two groups with equally intense, etc. features is made less visible through masking. Therefore, the relative visibility of two groups predicts a decrease in the visibility of one of them better than does their relative intensity, etc. Further, (1) the visibility of all the parts (perceived features, attributes) of both groups is similarly affected, so each group functions as one entity and (2) decreases in visibility are eliminated when stimuli produce only one group. The theory: a neural unit underlies the perception of one group and its parts, and two such units underlie the perception of two groups and their parts (one unit for each group). In addition, the unit for a dominant (high visibility) group inhibits the unit for a subordinate (low visibility) group, thereby decreasing the visibility of the subordinate group. Also, when stimuli produce only one group (hence one unit), unit-against-unit inhibition and hence a decrease in visibility is precluded.
A “Fair” Comparison of Progressive and Imaginal Relaxation
Authors: Crist Dwayne A. , Rickard Henry C.
Published: August 2011

Progressive and imaginal relaxation-training procedures are difficult to compare because the latter takes many forms. In this study, an imaginal procedure was used that closely followed progressive operations except that muscle tension was imagined rather than experienced. The dependent variable was the total score on the Relaxation Inventory. College students were placed in groups ( ns = 50) high and low on suggestibility based on scores on the Creative Imagination Scale, assigned in equal numbers to the imaginal and progressive relaxation conditions and given four sessions of relaxation training The pre- and posttrials effects were significant within each of the four training sessions. There were no significant differences in reports of relaxation by the progressive and imaginal treatments. The expected cumulative effect of relaxation training across the four sessions was not found; in fact, the imaginal condition showed a significant decrease. The only significant suggestibility effect was an interaction between suggestibility and trials in which highly suggestible subjects reported less presession relaxation. These results are consistent with reports of no differences between progressive and imaginal relaxation training.
A Call for the Clarification of the Split and Inclusion of Correlations in Studies of Duration and Psychological Benefits of Martial Arts Practice
Authors: Layton Clive
Published: August 2011

A meaningful split for comparative purposes and the inclusion of correlations would increase the value of small-scale studies of duration and the psychological benefits of martial arts practice.
Development and Initial Validation of a Perceived Parental Behavior Inventory for African Adolescents
Authors: Mboya Mzobanzi M.
Published: August 2011

The Perceived Parental Behavior Inventory was designed to measure three dimensions of students' perceptions of the behaviors of their parents. This study was conducted to determine the statistical validity and theta reliability of the instrument which was administered to 274 students attending a co-educational high school in Cape Town, South Africa. Factor analysis clearly identified the three subscales indicating that the instrument distinguished the students' perceptions of their parents' behaviors in three areas. Estimates of internal consistency of the subscales were assessed using the squared multiple correlation as the index of reliability.
Reply to Block
Authors: Hill Oliver W. , Stuckey R. W.
Published: August 2011

To examine the role of beliefs about time in the epistemic differences between black and white college students, we agree with Block that use of all four wordings of the Temporal Inventory on Meaning and Experience is desirable to assess response bias.