bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Algebra of Non-deterministic Programs: Demonic Operations, Orders and Axioms
Authors: Hirsch Robin , Mikulás Szabolcs , Stokes Tim
Published: August 2021

Demonic composition, demonic refinement and demonic union are alternatives to the usual ‘angelic’ composition, angelic refinement (inclusion) and angelic (usual) union defined on binary relations. We first motivate both the angelic and the demonic via an analysis of the behaviour of non-deterministic programs, with the angelic associated with partial correctness and demonic with total correctness, both cases emerging from a richer algebraic model of non-deterministic programs incorporating both aspects. Zareckiĭ has shown that the isomorphism class of algebras of binary relations under angelic composition and inclusion is finitely axiomatized as the class of ordered semigroups. The proof can be used to establish that the same axiomatization applies to binary relations under demonic composition and refinement, and a further modification of the proof can be used to incorporate a zero element representing the empty relation in the angelic case and the full relation in the demonic case. For the signature of angelic composition and union, it is known that no finite axiomatization exists, and we show the analogous result for demonic composition and demonic union by showing that the same axiomatization holds for both. We show that the isomorphism class of algebras of binary relations with the ‘mixed’ signature of demonic composition and angelic inclusion has no finite axiomatization. As a contrast, we show that the isomorphism class of partial algebras of binary relations with the partial operation of constellation product and inclusion (also a ‘mixed’ signature) is finitely axiomatizable.
A systematic literature review of prognostic factors in patients with HR+/HER2− advanced breast cancer in Japan
Authors: Hattori Masaya , Novick Diego , Takaura Kana , Tanizawa Yoshinori , Kawaguchi Tsutomu , Haro Josep Maria , Monistrol-Mula Anna , Onishi Akira , Iwata Hiroji
Published: August 2021

Background

Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in women in Japan and the fifth in mortality. This systematic review summarized the evidence for prognostic factors for patients with HR+/HER2− advanced and metastatic breast cancer in Japan.

Methods

MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched with keywords ‘breast neoplasms’ AND ‘Japan’ AND ‘advanced’ or equivalent, and Japan Medical Abstract Society database with ‘breast cancer’ AND ‘advanced/metastatic’ for publications from January 2010 to October 2019. ASCO, ESMO, ABC4 abstracts and WHO website were hand searched. The endpoints of interest were overall survival, progression-free survival, tumour response and post-progression survival. Factors were evaluated based on the consistency in direction and the strength (hazard ratios) of association.

Results

Searches identified 4530 publications, of which 27 were eligible. All were observational studies. Among the endpoints, overall survival was the most commonly assessed (n = 22) and evaluated further. Ki-67 expression, progesterone receptor expression status, tumour grade and lymph node metastases were consistently associated with poor overall survival in univariate analysis but not in multivariate analysis. Short disease-free interval, the number of metastatic organs and liver metastasis were consistently associated with poor overall survival in both of univariate and multivariate analysis. The association was strong for liver metastasis (hazard ratio ≥2.8 in the majority of studies) and moderate for disease-free interval and the number of metastatic organs (hazard ratio 1.3–2.8 in the majority of studies).

Conclusions

Disease-free interval, the number of metastatic organs and liver metastasis were identified as independent prognostic factors for overall survival. These findings may help clinical decision-making to improve outcomes in patients with HR+/HER2− advanced and metastatic breast cancer.
Molecular responses to chilling in a warming climate and their impacts on plant reproductive development and yield
Authors: Penfield Steven , Warner Samuel , Wilkinson Laura
Published: August 2021

Responses to prolonged winter chilling are universal in temperate plants which use seasonal temperature cues in the seed, vegetative, and reproductive phases to align development with the earth’s orbit. Climate change is driving a decline in reliable winter chill and affecting the subtropical extent of cultivation for temperate overwintering crops. Here we explore molecular aspects of plant responses to winter chill including seasonal bud break and flowering, and how variation in the intensity of winter chilling or devernalization can lead to effects on post-chilling plant development, including that of structures necessary for crop yields.
Clinical and Military Outcomes of Kidney Diseases Diagnosed in Active Duty Service Members
Authors: Tobin Trevor W , Yuan Christina M , Nee Robert , Thurlow John S
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Renal biopsy is a valuable tool for determining diagnosis, management, and prognosis of intrinsic kidney diseases. Indications for biopsy depend on the clinical presentation. Within the military, renal biopsies also enable medical review boards to make military service fitness assessments after diagnosis of a kidney disease. There are no recent studies evaluating kidney disease diagnoses and clinical outcomes after renal biopsy at military treatment facilities. Additionally, no studies have examined overall healthcare and military career outcomes following renal biopsy.

Materials and Methods

We retrospectively reviewed all native renal biopsies performed on active duty beneficiaries at the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center from 2005 to 2020. We determined the prevalence of those who progressed to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), kidney transplantation, doubling of serum creatinine, nephrotic-range proteinuria (NRP; proteinuria >3.5 g/day), medical evaluation board (MEB) outcomes, and death. The Armed Forces Health Longitudinal Technology Application and the Joint Legacy Viewer electronic medical record systems were used to access clinical and laboratory data at the time of biopsy and subsequent outcomes. Death data were collected using the Defense Suicide Prevention Office database.

Results

There were 169 patients in the cohort, with a mean follow-up of 7.3 years. Mean age was 32 years; 79% male; 48% white; and 37% black. Sixty-seven percentage of them were junior or senior enlisted. The most common indication for renal biopsy was concomitant hematuria and proteinuria (31%). The most common histologic diagnoses were immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy (23%), followed by focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS; 17%) and lupus nephritis (12%). Eleven percentage of them progressed to ESKD, of whom 87% received a kidney transplant (10% overall). Thirty percentage of the patients progressed to NRP and 5% died. Forty-seven percentage of our patients underwent MEB after diagnosis, and of these, 84% were not retained for further military service. Although IgA nephropathy was the most commonly diagnosed condition, FSGS and lupus nephritis diagnoses were significantly more likely to result in MEB.

Conclusions and Implications

Immunoglobulin A nephropathy was the most frequent histologic diagnosis in active duty service members undergoing renal biopsy between 2005 and 2020. Despite being largely young and previously healthy, 11% progressed to ESKD and 5% died. A confirmed histologic diagnosis was associated with separation from the service and the end of military careers for 84% of the patients in the cohort who underwent MEB.
Middle Fossa Encephaloceles Treated via the Transmastoid Approach: A Case Series and Review of the Literature
Authors: Scullen Tyler , Freeman Zane , Mathkour Mansour , Lockwood Joseph , Aslam Rizwan , Jackson Neal , Amenta Peter S
Published: August 2021

BACKGROUND

Middle fossa (MF) encephaloceles are rare lesions resulting from herniation through defects in the tegmen tympani or mastoideum. Underlying etiologies and clinical presentations are variable. Surgical goals include fistula obliteration, resection of nonfunctioning parenchyma, and dehiscence repair. The middle cranial fossa approach (MCFA), transmastoid approach (TMA), and combined (MCFA + TMA) approaches have been described. The minimally invasive TMA provides excellent exposure of the pathology and allows for ample working room to repair the defect.

OBJECTIVE

To present short-term follow-up results in patients treated via the TM repair at our institution.

METHODS

A retrospective review of patients with symptomatic encephaloceles treated via the TMA by our multidisciplinary team. Patient demographics, clinical presentations, intraoperative findings, repair technique, and outcomes were highlighted.

RESULTS

A total of 16 encephaloceles in 13 patients were treated. Defect etiologies included spontaneous (50.0%), secondary to chronic infection (25.0%), or cholesteatoma (18.8%). Defects were most often within the tegmen mastoideum (68.8%). Average length of surgery was 3.3 h (95% CI: 2.86-3.67) and length of stay 3.9 d (95% CI: 3.09-4.79). On short-term follow-up (average 11.5 mo), no patients experienced postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak or recurrence. The majority of patients (83.3%) experienced confirmed improvement or stabilization of hearing.

CONCLUSION

MF encephaloceles present with various clinical manifestations and result from multiple underlying etiologies. The TMA is an alternative to craniotomy and our short-term results suggest that this approach may be utilized effectively in appropriately selected cases.
Microsurgical Clipping and Bypass for Fusiform Middle Cerebral Artery Aneurysm: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Khan Nickalus R , Chen Stephanie H , Morcos Jacques J
Published: August 2021

Fusiform middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms that require treatment can often necessitate complex endovascular or microsurgical treatment. We present a case of a 25-yr-old female with an incidentally discovered left 14-mm fusiform MCA aneurysm incorporating the frontal MCA trunk origin in its dome. The location and anatomy were not favorable for endovascular treatment with flow diversion.

 The patient was offered continued observation or microsurgical treatment. Direct clipping of this aneurysm was not possible. After a thorough discussion of the risks, benefits, indications, and natural history of the lesion, the patient desired to have the aneurysm treated given her young age, location, size of the aneurysm, and the significant clinical experience of the treating team in bypass surgery.

 The patient underwent superficial temporal artery to frontal M2 (STA-FM2) direct bypass for flow replacement followed by microsurgical trapping and clip ligation. The patient was maintained on antiplatelet therapy preoperatively and postoperatively. The patient had a transient aphasia and mild right upper extremity weakness (4/5) in the immediate postoperative period, which fully recovered by the time of patient discharge. The case presentation, surgical anatomy, technique, and postoperative course and outcome are reviewed. The different strategies for bypass and clip ligation are reviewed with particular focus on the anatomic constraints for each bypass configuration. The outcomes of bypass surgery for MCA aneurysms are reviewed.
1-7
The patient gave verbal consent for participating in the procedure, surgical video, and publication of their image.
Sensitivity and spatial resolution for thermal conductivity measurements using noncontact scanning thermal microscopy with thermoresistive probes under ambient conditions
Authors: Zhang Yun , Zhu Wenkai , Borca-Tasciuc Theodorian
Published: August 2021

Thermoresistive probes are increasingly popular in thermal conductivity characterization using scanning thermal microscopy (SThM). A systematic analysis of the thermal conductivity measurement performance (sensitivity and spatial resolution) of thermoresistive SThM probe configurations that are available commercially is of interest to practitioners. In this work, the authors developed and validated 3D finite element models of noncontact SThM with self-heated thermoresistive probes under ambient conditions with the probe–sample heat transfer in transition heat conduction regime for the four types of SThM probe configurations resembling commercially available products: Wollaston wire (WW) type probe, Kelvin nanotechnology (KNT) type probe, doped silicon (DS) type probe and nanowire (NW) type probe. These models were then used to investigate the sensitivity and spatial resolution of the WW, KNT, DS and NW type probes for thermal conductivity measurements in noncontact mode in ambient conditions. The comparison of the SThM probes performance for measuring sample thermal conductivity and for the specific operating conditions investigated here show that the NW type probe has the best spatial resolution while the DS type probe has the best thermal conductivity measurement sensitivity in the range between 2 and 10 W·m−1·K−1. The spatial resolution is negatively affected by large probe diameters or by the presence of the cantilever in close proximity to the sample surface which strongly affects the probe–sample heat transfer in ambient conditions. An example of probe geometry configuration optimization was illustrated for the WW probe by investigating the effect of probe wire diameter on the thermal conductivity measurement sensitivity, showing ∼20% improvement in spatial resolution at the diameter with maximum thermal conductivity measurement sensitivity.
The Study of Politics in Turkey
Authors: Tezcür Güneş Murat
Published: August 2021

Turkey with its rich but contested political history has been a crucial case to study topics that have global relevance including democratic backsliding, foreign policy activism, majoritarianism, post-truth politics, neoliberalism, political violence, populism, polarization, religious and ethnic politics, and secularism. Engaging with the broader literature on these topics, The Oxford Handbook of Turkish Politics offers an analytical, fresh, and comparative understanding of politics in a country that literally and figuratively epitomizes “being at the crossroads.” This chapter offers a thematic summary of the Handbook while addressing some of the most salient issues concerning Turkish politics. Synthesizing some of the major insights from the Handbook, it specifically addresses a set of interrelated questions: How do Turkish politics align with global economic and political trends? What have been the defining aspects of the Turkish state’s involvement in the economy? How could we make sense of Turkey’s descent into authoritarianism after a period of political reform? What are prospects for a democratic revival and social activism pursuing progressive change? What factors contribute to and limit activism in Turkish foreign policy?
Italy
Authors: Raffaelli Lara
Published: August 2021

Nineteenth-century Italy witnessed the rise of nationalist politics, industrial capitalism, and colonialist adventurism. Intellectuals viewed political conquest and technological progress as barbaric and invasive, feeling alienated from a changing world dominated by bourgeois materialism and by the lower classes seeking economic advancement. This isolating tendency represented a desire to rise above mediocrity, to be greater than the common man. Progress was viewed with cynicism, and writers met with despair the failure of ideals in the post-Risorgimento world. Once the guiding hand of the populace, intellectuals now lost their way, as well as their ability to reconcile the profound contradictions in society and their cultural expectations. This article explores how Italian decadentismo as a spiritual reaction to progress occasioned an escape from reality. It also touches on the dichotomies present in the literature, illustrating the despondency of Italian writers at the fin de siècle.
Politics
Authors: Morley Neville
Published: August 2021

This article explores ideas of decadence and decline in political thought, from classical Greek and Roman speculation about the cycle of political regimes to early modern discussions of the importance of civic virtue, the role of institutions and constitutions, and the dangerous effects of luxury, culminating in eighteenth-century concerns about the risk of excessive civilization. It also considers the varied political stances of the decadents themselves in the wider context of the nineteenth-century critique of modernity and the historicization of the present as a “late” stage of human development. Such a diagnosis can be incorporated into either revolutionary or reactionary projects; since the early twentieth century, decadence has featured primarily as an important component of the worldview of fascist and other right-wing movements and has been an important tool in the mobilization of individual grievances and discontent for reactionary ends.
Deviant Selves, Transgressive Acts, and Moral Narratives
Authors: Müller Thaddeus
Published: August 2021

This chapter on crime, transgression, and justice focuses on interactional meaning-making processes that shape the moral narratives of a range of actors such as perpetrators, police, and judges. These narratives include processes such as labeling, stigmatization, and criminalization. These processes are about (1) degrading, dominating, and excluding, and (2) their narrative counterparts, which focus on resisting the othering claims of moral narratives. This chapter focuses on two fundamental contributions of symbolic interaction to this field: the labeling perspective, and the ethnographic approach studying the social construction of moral meanings in everyday interactions. I will also describe two themes: (1) violence, the perspective of the “badass,” and (2) the criminal-justice system as a labeling machine. This chapter shows that because of its theoretical and methodological tools, symbolic-interactionist studies are well equipped to listen to voices of marginalized groups and show their agency in their fight for justice.
Communications of the Book of Ezekiel
Authors: Sweeney Soo J. Kim
Published: August 2021

Communication in the book of Ezekiel is dominated by Yhwh’s commands to his prophet Ezekiel. Nonetheless, the book hardly reports the prophet’s compliance with those commands. Paying attention to this phenomenon, I distinguish communication in the book of Ezekiel at the discourse level from that of the book at the reading level. Blocked communication, symbolized as “the iron wall,” is the communication at the discourse level. Here, the literary audience (audience-character) is continuously overridden by both the sender and messenger and evaluated as rebellious. However, the book of Ezekiel strategically extends its influences beyond the discourse level and actively reaches out to the implied readers. This unlimited invitation at the reading level can be expressed as “the voice in the air.” The book invites the implied audience/readers to transform themselves through the reading experiences to join the projected restored world in the land and eventually to become a messenger. Overall, I argue that the communication aspects of the book of Ezekiel fits well in one of the book’s intentions that encourages the unaddressed next generation of exiles, rather than the contemporaries of the character Ezekiel, to prepare the former for Yhwh’s restoration plan.
A Framework for Thawing Value Conflicts in the GMO Debate
Authors: Noll Samantha
Published: August 2021

This chapter explores the ethical dimensions of one of the most contentious applications of agricultural biotechnology: the genetic modification of food products. While the development of genetically modified breeds and seeds has many advantages, the public has consistently expressed worries concerning the adoption of genetically modified organisms. The first section of this chapter uses the AquAdvantage salmon debate in the United States to highlight the most common concerns discussed in current labeling debates, from the potential for environmental harm to health impacts. This analysis illustrates how the polarization of the public debate stems from normative conflicts, rather than a lack of empirical research. Two barriers to achieving consensus concerning genetic modification are identified, before the chapter ends with the introduction of the “GMO Value Framework,” a reflexive approach designed to help cultivate fruitful value-focused discussions concerning current and future bioengineering applications.
Revisiting Smartness in the Smart City
Authors: Cammers-Goodwin Sage
Published: August 2021

This chapter critically examines the intelligence of smart city government, which often ignores experiential and practical knowledge of citizens. The smart city movement’s tunnel-visioned pursuit of technology-driven intelligence distracts from smart citizenship: civic intelligence and knowledge that lives outside the scope of business-friendly tech entrepreneurs. The disenfranchised, although knowledgeable decision makers, are often ignored in the design process, because their values challenge or conflict with the status quo. Sensible actions of the non-valued are actively undermined as aberrant, rather than taken as informed input on how to improve the city for all. The term “smart city” assumes that data-driven innovation is needed because the citizenry is not already smart, while pushing forward with the premise that technical and surveillance-driven solutions are integral to solving “universal” problems that reflect corporate and governmental values. This precludes taking the knowledge claims and actions of citizens seriously.
Islam and the Politics of Development
Authors: Malik Adeel , Mirza Rinchan
Published: August 2021

This chapter studies the role of religious elites in shaping the politics of development. It argues that the impact of Islam on economic development can be strongly conditioned by history and expressed through an interplay with formal institutional structures. Using insights from an ongoing project on the political economy of shrines in Pakistan (Malik and Mirza 2018), we show how regions with a greater presence of historically significant Muslim shrines experienced a more retarded growth of literacy after General Zia-ul-Haq’s military coup in 1977. These empirical patterns are explained by the historical aversion of shrine-based religious elites to education and their greater ability to suppress education in the wake of the 1977 military coup, which brought shrine elites to greater political prominence and gave elected politicians direct control over public goods provision. The chapter concludes by discussing the entry and persistence of shrine elites in electoral politics and drawing out its implications for the study of Islam and development.
Economic Inequality and Luxury
Authors: Roberts Joanne
Published: August 2021

Economic inequality is often associated with luxury. This is because an individual’s ability to acquire luxury goods and services depends on their access to economic resources. However, it is necessary to recognise that luxury can take marketised and sociocultural forms. Access to sociocultural forms of luxury is not dependent on the individual consumer’s economic resources. This chapter adopts a critical luxury studies approach to explore the relationship between luxury, manifest primarily in the form of luxury goods and services, and economic inequality. However, by recognising sociocultural and marketised forms of luxury, an understanding of the complexity of the relationship between luxury and economic inequality is achieved. Furthermore, it is argued that economic growth, while increasing the scale of inequality, has also lifted many people out of poverty and into the ranks of luxury-brand consumers. Importantly, it is suggested that focussing on luxury as a signifier of economic inequality is a distraction that conceals a lack of political will to address the causes of poverty and deprivation that are embedded in the neoliberal market economic system.
Clinical Translation, Ethics, and Policy
Authors: Kimmelman Jonathan
Published: August 2021

Many representations of clinical translation present it as a linear process by which bench discoveries are advanced into clinical practice. The present chapter offers a conceptual framework that highlights distinctive ethical aspects of clinical translation. The framework understands clinical translation as a process not so much as developing new treatments but rather generating evidence on how to use (and how not to use) new as well as old interventions. It also emphasizes attending to the relationship of different studies with each other and the importance of coordinating different studies with each other. The model presented here foregrounds the role of coordination in realizing societal objectives of clinical translation at minimal burden and cost for patients and study volunteers.
Number and Numeral Classifiers
Authors: Doetjes Jenny
Published: August 2021

This chapter describes various ways in which numeral classifiers interact with semantic number and number marking across languages. According to the Sanches–Greenberg–Slobin generalizations, languages in which the use of numeral classifiers is obligatory do not have obligatory number marking on nouns, and in the presence of numeral classifiers, nouns are normally not marked for number. An empirical and theoretical discussion of these generalizations is followed by a description of data from the Austronesian language Mokilese, an obligatory numeral classifier language with obligatory number marking on definite and indefinite markers. Finally, the chapter turns to number marking on classifiers (i.e. the form of the numeral classifier used with the numeral for ‘one’ differs from the form used with other numerals), as well as number marking by means of classifiers (i.e. cases where numeral classifiers play a role in the semantic number-marking strategies that a language has).
Multiple Event Readings with Dependent Indefinites
Authors: Farkas Donka F.
Published: August 2021

This chapter surveys empirical and theoretical issues raised by dependent indefinites in three unrelated languages, Hungarian, Telugu, and Kaqchikel. Dependent indefinites are specially marked noun phrases that can only occur when interpreted within a predication that distributes over events or individuals. Their determiner can either be a simple indefinite or a cardinal numeral. The chapter lays out the theoretical challenges the data raise and discusses how these challenges are met in three approaches that differ with respect to what they take as the core property of these indefinites.
Semantic Approaches to Number
Authors: Dotlačil Jakub
Published: August 2021

This chapter presents semantic frameworks that model the general capability of language to refer to atomic, as well as non-atomic entities. Two approaches are developed and discussed in detail throughout the chapter: a set-theoretic approach and an approach in which entities are modelled as atomic and plural individuals. After the formal introduction of the two approaches, the chapter shows how number marking in language can be represented and how other concepts related to semantic number, in particular, distributivity, cumulativity and collectivity, have been analysed in formal semantic theories.
Inverse number in Dagaare
Authors: Grimm Scott
Published: August 2021

This chapter examines the inverse number system in Dagaare (Gur; Niger–Congo). Inverse number systems possess a number morpheme which for some nouns encodes the plural interpretation while for others it encodes the singular interpretation. This chapter argues that a principled lexical semantic classification underlies the inverse number strategy in Dagaare, guiding whether for a particular noun the inverse morpheme codes the singular or the plural interpretation. The chapter further explores the functional grounding of inverse number, in terms of frequency and individuation, and presents a formal semantic account of the inverse number system.
Number and the Mass–Count Distinction
Authors: Bale Alan
Published: August 2021

This chapter reviews the connections between number marking (specifically, singular and plural marking) and the mass–count distinction. It explores how different semantic theories of number marking interact with various ontological theories of the mass–count distinction. It also discusses a growing tension within the mass–count literature. On one hand, there are many semantic and syntactic similarities between mass nouns and plurals, which suggests that the two subcategories might have many features in common. On the other hand, verbal, auxiliary, and determiner agreement patterns suggest that mass nouns share certain syntactic properties with singular count nouns. Yet, singular count nouns and plural count nouns hardly share any properties in common, both in terms of their syntactic distribution and their semantic implications. The chapter discusses two potential resolutions to this growing tension.
Bare Nouns and Number
Authors: de Swart Henriëtte
Published: August 2021

Bare nouns are noun phrases with a common noun lacking an overt determiner. Depending on the theoretical framework at hand, and the syntax–semantics interface adopted, they are analysed as NPs, NumPs, or DPs with an empty (null) D. No information on singular/plural, mass/count, definite/indefinite reference can be derived from the determiner if there is none (in overt syntax, at least), so bare nouns raise challenges to syntactic theory as well as compositional semantics. Much of the literature zooms in on the implications of a missing/covert D, but this chapter places special emphasis on syntactic and semantic number in bare nouns.
The Hogarth Press
Authors: Staveley Alice
Published: August 2021

‘Yet I’m the only woman in England free to write what I like. The others must be thinking of series’ & editors.’ Woolf’s 1925 homage to the impact of the Hogarth Press on her career is well known, signifying a new sense of herself as a woman writer in command of the means of creative production. Less well known is how pervasive were her private and public negotiations with the narratological implications of the feminist materialism she cultivated as a printer and publisher. This article reviews the state of the field, re-reads her early short fiction in the context of her typesetting experiments, which resonate with the conflicted history of women in the printing trades, and argues for a revisionist understanding of Woolf’s feminist modernism as isomorphic with the Hogarth Press.
The Essays
Authors: Rosenberg Beth C.
Published: August 2021

Woolf’s essays fall into many genres, including book reviews, literary criticism, biography, memoir, and occasional pieces. As a student of the essay and its history, she studied the form from Montaigne, Hazlitt, Pater, and Beerbohm and through their work she learned to make the essay her own, reinventing the genre to argue for a uniquely female and feminist perspective. Woolf’s deep understanding of the essay’s form, her drive to construct a female literary history and female narrative form, culminate in A Room of One’s Own (1929), where she employs a feminist rhetoric of affect and emotion. Woolf’s particular contribution to the essay includes a new kind of literary history that focuses on women, gender, and politics. Hers is a uniquely feminine and feminist voice created through a visceral and sensual rhetoric that addresses the body’s response to experience and exploits emotions in order to persuade her readers.
The Lyrical Mode of Translating
Authors: Davison Claire
Published: August 2021

The translator has a minor part in Woolf’s fiction, but recurs throughout her novels, from Ridley (The Voyage Out) to Dodge (Between the Acts). Similarly, essays, reviews, and letters show her cross-cultural and trans-historic thinking via Greek, French, and Russian translations. She helped define Hogarth Press’s energetic commissions of translations and engaged in translations and co-translations herself. All these translational transactions share a vivid sense of the alluring sounds, cadences, and scripts of words spoken ‘foreignly’, heard across temporal, geographical or atmospheric boundaries. Translating invokes an intensely dialogic, sensuous encounter with the materiality of language-forms experienced as an almost musical performance, lifting words from the page and voicing them. This chapter explores the cultural and political resonances of Woolf’s translator as a ‘Wandering Anon’, ‘a simple singer, lifting a song or a story from other people’s lips, in the uncouth jargon of their native tongue’ (‘Anon’).
Woolf and Education
Authors: Snaith Anna
Published: August 2021

This chapter braids together discussion of ‘education’ in Virginia Woolf’s life and works. It examines her own education (and self-proclaimed autodidacticism), her teaching experience, and the representation of school and higher education in her fiction and non-fiction. Drawing on archival material discovered in 2009 relating to Woolf’s extensive studies at King’s College London’s Ladies’ Department and new research on her teaching at Morley College, it assesses the transformation in our understanding of Woolf’s experience of formal education. Moving then to texts such as Jacob’s Room, The Years, A Room of One’s Own, and Three Guineas, the chapter argues that Woolf’s oeuvre offers a complex and multi-layered engagement with the inequalities and limitations of the education system particularly in relation to gender and class. Woolf’s alternative pedagogy also critiques the term ‘education’ itself, with literature at the heart of a rethinking of where and how education occurs.
Impressionism and Post-Impressionism
Authors: Katz Tamar
Published: August 2021

Virginia Woolf’s work responds not only to her extensive reading of literature, but also to debates about visual art circulating within her intellectual circle: her friend Roger Fry introduced ‘Post-Impressionism’ to England; her sister Vanessa Bell and Bell’s lover Duncan Grant were both painters. From early stories like ‘Kew Gardens’ through major novels like To the Lighthouse, Woolf conceived the task of fiction in terms that address the premises of Impressionist painting and literature and Post-Impressionist painting. Her 1925 essay ‘Modern Fiction’ influentially argues that new fiction must register how the mind really apprehends the world: as ‘impressions—trivial, fantastic, evanescent, or engraved with the sharpness of steel … an incessant shower of innumerable atoms’. Her fiction raises questions about abstraction and form that are central to Post-Impressionist painting. This chapter provides readers with the context to see how Woolf’s writing shares aesthetic questions with contemporary art.
Modern Woolfian Fiction
Authors: Robinson Roxana
Published: August 2021

Virginia Woolf radically transformed the novel of manners, a form defined by a domestic setting, limited emotional range, and the centrality of social codes. Woolf expanded this to include the whole range of human experience, partly through the use of shifting interior voices who meditate on art, marriage, grief, love, ambition, empire, gender, and the sea. With one long beautiful narrative sweep, Woolf turned the novel of manners into a novel of ideas. This expansion has had a profound effect on subsequent novelists such as Ian McEwan, Rachel Cusk, Michael Cunningham, Zadie Smith, Tessa Hadley, and the author of this chapter. These writers have used domestic settings and interior voices to write about the whole of life, laying claim to Woolf’s powerful and elastic new form, the novel-of-both-manners-and-ideas. This chapter examines works by these writers to show how Woolf’s luminous prose and deep empathy, her intellectual control and literary potency, continue to illuminate and vivify the contemporary novel.
Private Writings
Authors: Pollentier Caroline
Published: August 2021

This chapter examines Virginia Woolf’s private writings as ethical and political technologies of privacy. In the light of Michel Foucault’s ethics of self-writing, Woolf’s notebooks, letters, and diaries are read as various ‘techniques of living’ rehearsing an elusive tension between immediacy and self-consciousness. The chapter considers in turn the archival impulse of her notebooks, the pragmatics of intimacy at work in her letters, and the aesthetics of daily life outlined in her diaries. Through these daily ‘notes’, Woolf configured various acts of self-making ranging from social critique to psychological immunity. She was also keenly aware of the extent to which her daily ‘scribbling’ or ‘scratching’ was becoming increasingly entangled with new technologies of recording and communication. By relating these archaic media to the social rise of ‘the very private’ in modernity, Woolf mobilized her private writings as untimely techniques of resistance, generating founding, if vulnerable, forms of micro-power.
Woolfian Afterlives
Authors: Smith Laura
Published: August 2021

This chapter explores Virginia Woolf’s catalysing role for artists working in non-verbal media, including the visual arts, music, dance, and design. An analysis of Woolf’s impact beyond the medium of her writing allows for a trans-historic and international study of her legacy, charting her influence from, for example, landscape painting in Cornwall to Japanese Butoh; and from North American opera to the Ballet Russes. The chapter will trace many of the vital and fluid connections between Woolf, her contemporaries, and those whose work she has inspired. In the visual arts, case studies include: Sara Barker, Vanessa Bell, Dora Carrington, Judy Chicago, Aleana Egan, Rebecca Horn, Laura Owens, and Patti Smith. The music of Edith Sitwell, Ethel Smyth, Dominick Argento, Indigo Girls, The Smiths, and Patrick Wolf is discussed alongside dance by Lydia Lopokova, Wayne McGregor, and Setsuko Yamada.
The Changing Nature of Irish International Development Policy
Authors: Walsh Paul , Whelan Ciara
Published: August 2021

Ireland’s involvement in international development has become a significant aspect of its foreign economic policy. Its engagement has moved from priorities that were largely domestically determined in the early 1970s and based on bilateral relationships between Ireland as donor and the recipient programme countries, toward priorities and involvements within a multilateral policy framework. This has come about through Ireland’s increasing engagement with international organizations, particularly the UN and the EU. However as the boundaries blur between Overseas Development Aid (ODA) policy and shared global goals, such as addressing climate breakdown and mitigating the scale of international distributive inequality, this can lead to tensions within countries about the implications of international commitments for the priorities at play in domestic politics. This is evident where Ireland’s ODA-driven commitments in the international field are in tension with domestic policy priorities, but also where tension arises in the area of national economic development policy.
Human Rights and Gender
Authors: Hoewer Melanie
Published: August 2021

What explains the disconnect between two images of the Irish state: the champion for gender human rights in matters of foreign affairs, and laggard on these rights internally? Is there a disconnect, or are these two sides of the same coin? Hailed internationally for its progressive promotion of the women, peace and security framework, policymaking at the national level reinforces multidimensional experiences of inequality for those most powerless in Irish society. A more nuanced, intersectional understanding of human rights and equality is central to understanding this ambivalent approach of the Irish state. This chapter explores the roots of Ireland’s position on gender rights and assesses Ireland’s role as champion for gendered human rights in the international sphere. Reviewing existing contrasts and contradictions, it provides a discussion of reasons and possible remedies for addressing these, and an explanation of what this may indicate about the Irish polity and its global self-perception.
The Political Economy of Work and Welfare
Authors: Collins Micheál L. , Murphy Mary P.
Published: August 2021

The political economy of Irish work and welfare has dramatically changed over recent decades. Since the 1980s, Ireland has experienced two periods of high unemployment followed by two periods of full employment. Alongside this, we see considerable shifts in both the sectoral composition of the workforce and in the institutional architecture underpinning the labour market. Focusing on the last decade, this chapter contextualizes the Irish labour market in the Irish growth model, highlighting issues including occupational upgrading, low pay, gender composition, and migration. The chapter then explores links between this employment structure and Ireland’s changing welfare regime. It considers recent institutional changes, as the welfare regime shifted to a work-first form of activation, and the long-term sustainability of the social protection system. The chapter concludes by highlighting what we see as the core challenges for the political economy of work and welfare in Ireland.
Independents and the Party System
Authors: Weeks Liam
Published: August 2021

The presence of independents in the Irish political system is unusual from a comparative perspective. Sometimes seen as an idiosyncratic phenomenon, they are analysed in terms of their relation to the party system, and categorized in a manner similar to that applied to party families. Why independents do not form parties is analysed from an institutional and behavioural perspective, showing that there are a number of incentives for political entrepreneurs to remain as independents rather than transition to a new party. The nature of support for independents is assessed through a populist lens, considering if independents take the place of populist parties in the electoral marketplace. It is found that independents have more in common with left-wing progressives than right-wing nativists. The final section examines the role of independents in the government formation process, showing that the levels of stability and output are not as low as might be expected.
Republicanism and Public Affairs
Authors: Honohan Iseult
Published: August 2021

Although Irish republicanism is often elided with separatist nationalism, broader republican ideals of freedom, self-government, and the common good have also been prominent in Irish political discourse. This chapter examines the relationship of Irish republican thinking with the wider historical republican tradition and its contemporary expressions, and it assesses the impact of those ideals in Irish politics. In the state’s first century national freedom coexisted with extensive relationships of domination. Self-government was constrained within narrow institutional forms. The common good was defined in communitarian and authoritarian terms, and was often obscured by sectional interests. Extensive social and political changes that have taken place more recently have been in a mainly liberal direction, with less emphasis on republican ideals. Yet republican ideals have a continuing relevance for the wider concerns faced by contemporary Irish society.
Ireland’s Deliberative Mini-Publics
Authors: Farrell David M. , Suiter Jane , Harris Clodagh , Cunningham Kevin
Published: August 2021

Democratic crisis is a hot topic in political science at present, and for understandable reasons. But what is often missed in much of the commentary about democracies in peril is the fact that democracies can and do innovate. This chapter deals with one important case of such democratic innovation—the Irish deliberative mini-publics. We start with a discussion of the origins and design of the Irish cases. We then employ the Suiter and Reuchamps (2016) framework to analyse their democratic legitimacy in terms of input (the recruitment process), throughput, (the quality of the deliberative process), and output (the mini-public’s impact in terms of the uptake of its recommendations and acceptance of the process). The Irish processes are powerful real-world examples of the potential systemization of deliberation, showing how deliberative mini-publics can successfully supplement representative and direct forms of democracy.
Ireland in a European Context
Authors: Laffan Brigid
Published: August 2021

The primary focus of this chapter is the European context of Irish politics. Since its foundation, the Irish state has struggled to anchor itself in a supportive external environment, particularly relating to modernization and economic development. Like other geographically peripheral and economically dependent states, Ireland was in search of an anchor to support its development and was a test case of how a poor peripheral state would fare in Europe’s competitive market environment. In the forty-five years since accession, the EU has offered an anchor to the Irish state and political system, but one that has not always been secure. The chapter analyses three dimensions of Ireland in a European context, namely, the EU as anchor for economic development, as a shaper of geopolitics, and as a moulder of state identity. The chapter concludes with a reflection on repositioning Ireland in the EU in the context of Brexit.
Sleep, anxiety, and depression in adolescence
Authors: Raniti Monika B. , Trinder John , Allen Nicholas B.
Published: August 2021

Adolescent sleep problems including insufficient sleep, poor-quality sleep, and related daytime impairments are common in adolescents, who are particularly susceptible to experiencing these problems owing to a “perfect storm” of neurodevelopmental and psychosocial factors that are unique to this stage of life. In fact, adolescent sleep problems commonly co-occur with depression and anxiety, and likely share complex bidirectional relationships over time. Evidence indicates that sleep problems, particularly insomnia, often precede the emergence of the onset of depression in adolescents, and may mediate the sequential comorbidity between anxiety and depression. An important future direction is to explore sleep improvement interventions tailored to the unique developmental needs of adolescents, which may represent a novel approach to prevent adolescent onset mental disorders.
Early cognitive and brain development in infants and children with ASD
Authors: Kolesnik-Taylor A. , Jones E. J. H.
Published: August 2021

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by difficulties in social communication and interaction, restrictive, and repetitive behaviors. The exact etiology of the condition is unknown, and the heterogeneity and the late emergence of characteristic symptoms of ASD limits our ability to identify infants and children who may require early intervention. One way to address the complexity of this condition is to examine early cognitive and brain development prior to the consolidation of behavioral symptoms at around 2–3 years. This chapter overviews early brain and cognitive development in ASD-relevant domains, and putative underlying brain mechanisms. Isolating critical features of early development may be used to reduce the diagnostic window and establish effective intervention options.