bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O potencial do resveratrol como quimioterápico para o câncer de pele: uma revisão
Authors: Zamin Lauren Lúcia , Horn Francieli Maria
Published: November 2017

Introdução: o câncer de pele não melanoma é o câncer mais comum no mundo, raramente gera metástases e em geral possui bom prognóstico. No entanto, o câncer de pele tipo melanoma, apesar do desenvolvimento de novos medicamentos, possui alta taxa de mortalidade. O Resveratrol (3, 5, 4´-trihidroxiestilbeno), um composto de origem vegetal, tem surgido como uma molécula antitumoral bastante promissora. Objetivo: fazer uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o potencial do Resveratrol como quimioterápico para o câncer de pele. Metodologia: foram utilizados artigos científicos disponíveis no site PubMed, Scielo e Scopus com o período de referência compreendido entre os anos 2000 e 2017. As principais palavras chaves utilizadas foram: Resveratrol e câncer de pele; Resveratrol e melanoma. Resultados: foram encontrados vários estudos mostrando o potencial quimioterápico do Resveratrol em modelos in vivo e in vitro de câncer de pele, com efeito em diversos parâmetros celulares, tais como indução de apoptose, necrose e parada no ciclo celular e moleculares, tais como a modulação da via da Akt, MEK/ERK, caspases e p53. O Resveratrol mostrou-se promissor como agente sensibilizador de melanomas radioresistentes. Trabalhos utilizando modelos animais demonstraram que o tratamento com Resveratrol foi capaz de reduzir o crescimento tumoral e aumentar a longevidade. No entanto, alguns estudos comprovaram ausência de efeito ou efeito negativo deste composto. Conclusão: embora a revisão tenha mostrado o potencial antitumoral do Resveratrol, alguns estudos mostraram o efeito inverso, indicando que um maior cuidado deve ser tomado ao utilizar este composto em seres humanos.
Metodologias ativas auxiliando no aprendizado das ciências morfofuncionais numa perspectiva clínica: um relato de experiência
Authors: Mattos Mussio Pirajá
Published: November 2017

Introdução: o estudo da anatomia é encarado algumas vezes com obstáculos que não permitem motivação e engajamento dos estudantes prejudicando o seu desempenho. É importante renovar e buscar outras práticas pedagógicas, inserindo metodologias inovadoras, que permitam dinamizar as aulas das ciências morfofuncionais favorecendo a formação de profissionais críticos, reflexivos e com maior tomada de decisões. Objetivo: relatar a experiência no uso de metodologias ativas no processo de ensino e aprendizagem da disciplina Morfofuncional no curso de Medicina da UFOB. Metodologia: realizou-se um relato observacional e descritivo das metodologias ativas no processo de ensino e aprendizagem utilizados na disciplina Morfofuncional de forma interdisciplinar e inovadora. Os métodos ativos utilizados foram mapa conceitual, estudo de caso e construção de peças anatômicas, na qual os discentes foram instruídos a confeccionar modelos anatômicos didáticos que auxiliassem na compreensão da anatomia dos diferentes sistemas do corpo humano, associando a fisiologia e a aplicação clínica para dar significado ao aprendizado. Resultados: as peças anatômicas desenvolvidas estão relacionadas com: deformidade do raquitismo; distrofia muscular de duchenne; condromalácia patelar; acúmulo de cristais de ácido úrico na articulação do osso metatarsal; lesão no ligamento colateral medial do joelho; síndrome do ovário policístico; doença de crohn; endometriose; hipertireoidismo e a gastrite. Os discentes mostraram-se satisfeitos com a dinâmica anatômica, principalmente com absorção do conhecimento e a aplicação clínica. Conclusão: a experiência permitiu uma boa alternativa no ensino das ciências morfofuncionais estimulando a criatividade, o trabalho interdisciplinar, motivação ao trabalhar com problemas reais, interesse, investigação, planejamento, execução e construção do conhecimento.
O efeito da terapia neuromotora intensiva na motricidade de pacientes com alterações genéticas raras
Authors: Silva Hilda Nayara de Melo , Costin Ana Claudia Martins Szczypior , Mélo Tainá Ribas
Published: November 2017

Introdução: muitas doenças são causadas por distúrbios genéticos, sejam eles cromossômicos, que afetam seu número ou estrutura, monogênicos ou multifatoriais, muitos deles com repercussões no desenvolvimento motor, sendo necessários intervenções de estimulação do mesmo. A Terapia Neuromotora Intensiva (TNMI) combina quatro horas de terapia por dia, por cinco dias por semana, durante três ou quatro semanas para o tratamento de indivíduos com distúrbios neurológicos. Objetivo: o presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar os efeitos da TNMI na função motora grossa dos pacientes que possuem síndromes genéticas raras. Relato de casos: a amostra foi constituída por duas crianças com distúrbios genéticos, com idade de 4 e 6 anos que realizaram TNMI. Para avaliar o efeito da TNMI na função motora grossa desses pacientes, foi empregado a escala GMFM no primeiro e no último dia de terapia com o intuito de quantificar as mudanças motoras. Resultados: analisando os resultados do GMFM foi possível constatar uma pequena melhora na dimensão B para a criança 1 e resultados relevantes nas dimensões A, B e C para a criança 2. Conclusão: concluiu-se que a TNMI em doenças genéticas raras apresentou resultados positivos para a criança 2 com ECNPI associado à hidrocefalia sem derivação e deleção intersticial no braço curto do cromossomo 2 (2p24.2-p23.2) e resultados pouco relevantes para a criança com ECNPI associada à microduplicação da região do braço longo do Cromossomo 1 (1q21.1).
Fatores intervenientes na proteção radiológica ocupacional no controle de qualidade em gama câmara
Authors: Da Conceição Matheus Da Silva Ventura , Coelho Julita Maria Freitas , Monção Mauricio Mitsuo , Figueredo Jaqueline De Santana , Magalhães Claudio Henrique Santos , Ramos Fernando Da Silva , Silva Caroline Santos
Published: November 2017

Introdução: a proteção radiológica é campo do conhecimento que permeia os ambientes radiológicos. Sua aplicação envolve benefícios aos serviços, profissionais e usuários. Objetivo: identificar fatores intervenientes, bem como, dispositivos de proteção radiológica disponíveis em um serviço de medicina nuclear (MN), envolvidos nos testes de Controle de Qualidade em Câmaras Gama (CQCG). Metodologia: realizou-se um estudo observacional, do tipo exploratório e descritivo, em um serviço de MN conveniado com o Instituto Federal da Bahia (IFBA), com ênfase na proteção radiológica em testes de CQCG. A coleta de dados foi realizada em janeiro de 2016. Foram acompanhados testes diários de inspeção visual da integridade física, radiação de fundo da sala de exames, uniformidade intrínseca e centralização da largura da janela energética para cada radionuclídeo. Para os testes semanais, acompanharam-se os de resolução espacial e linearidade. Os dados foram analisados à luz da legislação/normativas vigentes para serviços de MN no Brasil. Resultados: referente à proteção radiológica em testes de CQCG, o serviço dispunha de três aventais plumbíferos e três protetores de tireóide com equivalência de 0,5mm de chumbo, além de pinças utilizadas para manipulação de fontes radioativas. Foi observada a presença de óculos de proteção, entretanto, os mesmos não eram plumbíferos. Os profissionais eram monitorados por dosímetros termoluminescentes de uso individual. Conclusão: de maneira geral, eram observados os fatores de proteção radiológica: tempo, distância e blindagem. O CQCG requer planejamento prévio com protocolo devidamente seguido que poderá minimizar a exposição ocupacional.
Hepatite B na Bahia, Brasil segundo sistema de informação de agravos de notificação, 2013
Authors: Pimentel Robércia Dos Anjos , Bomfim Evelin Keila Dos Santos , Barreto Christianne Sheilla L. Almeida , Mendes Carlos Maurício Cardeal , Freire Songeli Menezes
Published: November 2017

Introdução: a gravidez gera consideráveis implicações no âmbito social, econômico e psicológico, sobretudo quando ocorre durante a adolescência. Objetivo: caracterizar o perfil sociodemográfico e obstétrico de puérperas adolescentes assistidas em uma maternidade pública no munícipio de João Pessoa, Paraíba. Metodologia: trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, transversal e de abordagem quantitativa. A amostra foi constituída por 108 adolescentes com idade entre 12 e 18 anos e a coleta de dados se deu pela aplicação de um questionário estruturado pelos pesquisadores. Resultados: o perfil encontrado se caracterizou predominantemente de adolescentes pardas 55,56%, solteiras (50%), cursado ou cursando o ensino fundamental (56,48%) em escola pública (80,56%), de procedência urbana (72,22%), desempregadas (66,67%) e com renda mensal média de 1 salário mínimo (79,63%), estando o pai ausente em 56,48% dos casos e a mãe engravidando pela primeira vez entre os 19 e 35 anos (37,96%). Em média, apenas 1 gestação (71,30%) e sem histórico abortivo (66,67%). 84,26% realizaram pré-natal e 51,85% fizeram uso de contraceptivo. Conclusão: conclui-se, portanto, que foi possível identificar o perfil das jovens, e assim subsidiar o direcionamento de ações e estratégias para a população descrita com o intuito de controlar a gravidez precoce
O compliance no setor de saúde
Authors: Spínola Luíza Moura Costa
Published: November 2017

A preocupação com a conformidade legislativa se mostra cada vez mais frequente em diversos setores, inclusive o setor de saúde. Empresas das áreas hospitalar e farmacêutica, por exemplo, vêm investindo de forma mais frequente
em medidas para se adequarem às leis e diretrizes concernentes às suas atividades. Tais providências podem ser consideradas partes de um plano que visa à adequação com as normas regulatórias. Em suma: as empresas do setor
de saúde estão se empenhando para adotar programas de compliance. O termo “compliance” tem sua origem na língua inglesa e significa atuar de acordo com o que foi estabelecido.
Essa expressão está sendo bastante utilizada ultimamente no meio empresarial, pois se trata de uma forma de diminuir os riscos existentes no âmbito de uma organização. Dentre os objetivos de um programa de compliance estão: o cumprimento às leis e aos princípios éticos que regem as boas práticas empresariais; o estímulo ao desenvolvimento de uma cultura de controles internos; assegurar que a empresa atenda a todos os requisitos dos órgãos reguladores e fiscalizadores.
É sabido que funcionários podem praticar atos em desconformidade com as normas que regulam a atividade da empresa e, com o objetivo de evitar a ocorrência dessas condutas, é interessante para a organização investir na
elaboração de um programa de compliance eficiente. Ao estabelecer um programa de conformidade efetivo, a empresa da área de saúde, setor sujeito a um ambiente regulatório bastante rígido, torna-se apta a identificar e mitigar riscos, de forma que considera-se um programa de compliance uma providência adotada para promover a sobrevivência da organização..............
Framing Work in Metacompetition
Authors: Barnett William P.
Published: November 2017

Existing research studies competition among organizations, but normally takes as a given the formal and informal “rules of the game” governing competitions. Yet, these “rules” are often determined through a prior, higher‐level competition over the game to be played. Such “metacompetitions” determine who can compete, what kinds of competitive moves can be made, what criteria will be used to evaluate competitors, and what will be the payoffs to competitions. By prevailing in metacompetitions, organizations gain the advantage of competing in a game for which they are well suited, and the disadvantage of rivals who find themselves playing the wrong game. This essay notes that organizations engage in framing work to influence the outcome of metacompetitions, and argues that this behavior shapes the distribution of strategies that we observe among organizations in competition.
The Politics of Secularism in the
U
nited
S
tates
Authors: Campbell David E. , Layman Geoffrey C.
Published: November 2017

Secularism is on the rise within the United States. Religious nonaffiliation has increased dramatically, while other measures of religiosity—worship attendance, belief in God, belief in scripture—are waning. This essay considers the political implications of this secular turn, in light of the historically high rates of religiosity within the United States. In doing so, we distinguish between passive and active secularism and describe measures of each. Passive secularism refers to not being religious—not identifying with a religion, not attending religious services, and not believing in God. Active secularism is the affirmative adoption of a secular worldview and identity. With this distinction, we can trace Americans' growing political polarization along religious–secular lines. One form of passive secularism—religious nonaffiliation—is often triggered by a backlash to the Religious Right. More generally, both passively and actively secular voters are moving to the political left. Furthermore, while smaller in number than passive secularists, active secularists are highly engaged in politics, comprising a sizeable share of the Democratic Party's activist base.
Adolescent Romantic Relationships in the Digital Age
Authors: Goldberg Rachel E. , Tienda Marta
Published: November 2017

This essay summarizes key substantive findings about adolescent romantic relationships, identifying methodological and measurement innovations that have broadened understanding of their precursors and consequences. Research to date has been limited by narrow definitions of what constitutes a relationship; a focus on specific behaviors (e.g., sexual activity) to the neglect of relational dynamics; and insufficient measurement precision to portray fluctuations in the character of involvement and partnership quality. The final section discusses the implications of mobile technologies for administering intensive longitudinal surveys that are better suited to study the dynamics and consequences of teen romance in the digital age.
Cultural Consumption
Authors: Rössel Jörg , Schenk Patrick , Weingartner Sebastian
Published: November 2017

Research on cultural consumption is a flourishing field across different disciplines within the social sciences. It refers to the consumption of goods and services with primarily aesthetic functions and only secondarily instrumental uses. We present the main theoretical approaches, empirical methods, and results of research on the main dimensions of cultural consumption, the explanation of correlations between these dimensions and social positions, and the impact of cultural consumption on the reproduction of structures of resource inequalities in societies, focusing in particular on Bourdieu's foundational work. Future research should move beyond this approach by developing more precise concepts and more systematic mechanism‐based theoretical explanations. We suggest an approach based on rational choice theory, because we deem it capable of overcoming the severe limitations of practice theories. Furthermore, we propose more rigorous methods for theory development and the establishment of causal claims, such as agent‐based modeling, longitudinal analysis, and experimental methods.
Family Complexity and Kinship
Authors: Thomson Elizabeth
Published: November 2017

Increases in parental cohabitation, separation or divorce, and re‐partnering or remarriage have generated an increase in the complexity of family and kinship ties. As a result, many scholars claim that family and kinship have become voluntary, with rights and obligations to be negotiated in the same way as those between friends and neighbors. This essay briefly reviews the demographic trends that have produced complex families and kin, and their projections into the future. It argues that kinship structures arising from stable nuclear family and kin networks provide a template for the organization of more complex family ties. Although a considerable degree of voluntariness can be found in ties among complex families and kin, rights and obligations remain structured in terms of blood and marriage, and are also strongly influenced by periods of coresidence. Guidelines do exist for relationships in complex families and kinship networks, and they can be used to further institutional arrangements that fit the circumstances of increasingly diverse types of families and kin.
Thematic Analysis/Interpretive Thematic Analysis
Authors: Peterson Brittany L.
Published: November 2017

This entry discusses the common interpretive data analytic process known as thematic analysis, which involves immersing oneself in the data in order to identify common ideas or
themes
that emerge based on the phenomenon under investigation and that resonate with the research question(s) posed in the study. Subsequently, it discusses different kinds of thematic analysis, including basic thematic analysis (emic, etic, and in vivo coding and coding processes), grounded theory and the constant comparative method, the Owen method, qualitative data analysis, narrative analysis, discourse analysis, and content analysis. The entry ends with a discussion of analytic processes related to thematic analysis and tools for helping the researcher conduct thematic analysis.
In Vivo Coding
Authors: Manning Jimmie
Published: November 2017

In vivo coding is a form of qualitative data analysis that places emphasis on the actual spoken words of the participants. This form of coding can be especially helpful when researchers interact with participants from a particular culture or microculture to help highlight how those participants use specific words or phrases in their interactions that might not otherwise be understood when using other forms of coding. In vivo coding is championed by many for its usefulness in highlighting the voices of participants and for its reliance on the participants themselves for giving meaning to the data.
Nitric Oxide in Seed Dormancy and Germination
Authors: Bethke Paul C. , Libourel Igor G.L. , Jones Russell L.
Published: November 2017

The sections in this article are

Nitric Oxide in Plant Growth and Development

Challenges inNOChemistry and Biology

Tools Used inNOResearch

Roles ofNOand OtherN‐Containing Compounds in Seed Dormancy and Germination

Biochemical and Molecular Basis ofNOAction in Seeds

Interactions betweenNOand Phytochrome orABA

Ecological Significance ofNO

Unresolved Questions and Concluding Remarks
Transcription of Plastid Genes
Authors: Liere Karsten , Börner Thomas
Published: November 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

RNAPolymerases

Plastidial Promoters

Regulation
Control of Flowering Time
Authors: van Nocker Steven , Ek‐Ramos Maria Julissa
Published: November 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Regulation ofFLCExpression through the ‘Autonomous Pathway’

Chromatin‐Related Pleiotropic Regulators ofFLC

Vernalization‐Associated Repression ofFLC

Transcriptional Repression of Flowering byFLC

Transcriptional Regulation in the Photoperiodic Induction of Flowering

Activation ofSOC1byCO

Chromatin‐Related Mechanisms of Photoperiod Pathway Regulation

Transcriptional Activation ofAP1byFTandFD

Transcriptional Mechanisms in the Promotion of Flowering byGAs

PcG‐Mediated Repression of Floral Homeotic Genes

Summary and Prospects

Acknowledgments
Mitochondrial Metabolism
Authors: Nunes‐Nesi Adriano , Fernie Alisdair R.
Published: November 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Metabolic Pathways of the Mitochondria

Mitochondrial Electron Transport

Carriers

Amino Acid Metabolism

Biosynthesis of Vitamins and Lipids

Role of Mitochondrial Metabolism in Biological Processes

Concluding Remarks – Future Prospects for Improved Understanding of the Interaction between Mitochondrial and Extra‐Mitochondrial Metabolism
The Mitochondrion and Plant Programmed Cell Death
Authors: Diamond Mark , McCabe Paul F.
Published: November 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Programmed Cell Death

Death Programmes

The Mitochondrion and Mammalian Apoptosis

Mitochondrial Structural and Physiological Changes duringPCD

Roles of Mitochondrial Apoptogenic Proteins in PlantPCD

Release Mechanisms for Mitochondrial Factors

Reactive Oxygen Species

Alternative Oxidase

The Involvement ofde novoProtein Synthesis in PlantPCD

Concluding Remarks
CDKPhosphorylation
Authors: Shimotohno Akie , Umeda Masaaki
Published: November 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Overview ofCAKsin Yeasts and Vertebrates

Vertebrate‐TypeCAKin Plants

Plant‐SpecificCAK

Manipulation ofin vivoCDKActivities byCAK

Inhibitory Phosphorylation of Yeast and VertebrateCDKs

Inhibitory Phosphorylation of PlantCDKs

Conclusion and Perspectives

Acknowledgments
Hydrogen Bonding Directed Colloidal Self‐Assembly of Nanoparticles into 2D Crystals, Capsids, and Supracolloidal Assemblies
Authors: Nonappa  , Ikkala Olli
Published: November 2017

Self‐assembly of colloidal building blocks, like metal nanoparticles, is a rapidly progressing research area toward new functional materials. However, in‐depth control of the colloidal self‐assembly and especially hierarchical self‐assembly is difficult due to challenges in controlling the size dispersities, shape/morphology, directionalities, and aggregation tendencies. Using either polydispersed or narrow‐size dispersed nanoparticles, considerable progress has been achieved over the past few years. However, absolutely monodisperse nanoparticles could allow new options for rational designs of self‐assemblies. Therein, atomically precise monolayer protected nanoclusters (d < 3 nm) have recently been synthesized with well‐defined metal cores and surface ligands. Their dispersion behavior is commonly tuned by surfactant‐like ligands. Beyond that, this study deals with approaches based on ligand‐driven supramolecular interactions and colloidal monodispersity until atomic precision to tune the colloidal self‐assembly and hierarchy from nanoscale to mesoscopic scale. Therein colloidal packing to self‐assembled 2D crystals and closed virus capsid‐inspired shells provide relevant research goals due to ever increasing potential of 2D materials and encapsulation. This study addresses the hydrogen bonding (H‐bonding) directed self‐assembly of atomically precise gold and silver nanoparticles and narrow size dispersed cobalt nanoparticles to free‐standing 2D colloidal nanosheets, nanowire assemblies, capsid‐like colloidal closed shells, as well as higher order structures.
Photoacoustic Imaging of Embryonic Stem Cell‐Derived Cardiomyocytes in Living Hearts with Ultrasensitive Semiconducting Polymer Nanoparticles
Authors: Qin Xulei , Chen Haodong , Yang Huaxiao , Wu Haodi , Zhao Xin , Wang Huiyuan , Chour Tony , Neofytou Evgenios , Ding Dan , Daldrup‐Link Heike , Heilshorn Sarah C. , Li Kai , Wu Joseph C.
Published: November 2017

Human embryonic stem cell‐derived cardiomyocytes (hESC‐CMs) have become promising tools to repair injured hearts. To achieve optimal outcomes, advanced molecular imaging methods are essential to accurately track these transplanted cells in the heart. In this study, it is demonstrated for the first time that a class of photoacoustic nanoparticles (PANPs) incorporating semiconducting polymers (SPs) as contrast agents can be used in the photoacoustic imaging (PAI) of transplanted hESC‐CMs in living mouse hearts. This is achieved by virtue of two benefits of PANPs. First, strong photoacoustic (PA) signals and specific spectral features of SPs allow PAI to sensitively detect and distinguish a small number of PANP‐labeled cells (2000) from background tissues. Second, the PANPs show a high efficiency for hESC‐CM labeling without adverse effects on cell structure, function, and gene expression. Assisted by ultrasound imaging, the delivery and engraftment of hESC‐CMs in living mouse hearts can be assessed by PANP‐based PAI with high spatial resolution (≈100 µm). In summary, this study explores and validates a novel application of SPs as a PA contrast agent to track labeled cells with high sensitivity and accuracy in vivo, highlighting the advantages of integrating PAI and PANPs to advance cardiac regenerative therapies.
Inorganic/Organic Double‐Network Gels Containing Ionic Liquids
Authors: Kamio Eiji , Yasui Tomoki , Iida Yu , Gong Jian Ping , Matsuyama Hideto
Published: November 2017

Highly robust ion gels, termed double‐network (DN) ion gels, composed of inorganic/organic interpenetrating networks and a large amount of ionic liquids (ILs), are fabricated. The DN ion gels with an 80 wt% IL content show extraordinarily high mechanical strength: more than 28 MPa of compressive fracture stress. In the DN ion gel preparation, a brittle inorganic network of physically bonded silica nanoparticles and a ductile organic network of polydimethylacrylamide (PDMAAm) are formed in the IL. Because of the different reaction mechanisms of the inorganic/organic networks, the DN ion gels can be formed by an easy and free‐shapeable one‐pot synthesis. They can be prepared in a controllable manner by manipulating the formation order of the inorganic and organic networks via not only multistep but also single‐step processes. When silica particles form a network prior to the PDMAAm network formation, DN ion gels can be prepared. The brittle silica particle network in the DN ion gel, serving as sacrificial bonds, easily ruptures under loading to dissipate energy, while the ductile PDMAAm network maintains the shape of the material by the rubber elasticity. Given the reversible physical bonding between the silica particles, the DN ion gels exhibit a significant degree of self‐recovery by annealing.
Trust and consumer risk perceptions regarding BSE and chronic wasting disease
Authors: Muringai Violet , Goddard Ellen
Published: November 2017

Using survey data from Canada, the United States, and Japan, we assess the relationship between both generalized trust in people and agent‐specific trust regarding food safety and consumer perceptions about bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and chronic wasting disease (CWD). We find evidence that generalized trust in people is negatively related to consumers’ risk perceptions about BSE and CWD mainly in Canada. Trust measures for specific agents who might affect food safety risk also have mixed effects on consumers’ risk perceptions across the regions surveyed and between the two diseases. Monitoring public’s generalized trust in people and trust in food agents could generally assist in the short‐term estimates of the impact of future animal disease incidents on consumption of meat products. [EconLit citation: D120, Q130, I190].
Excess mortality among 10‐year survivors of classical Hodgkin lymphoma in adolescents and young adults
Authors: Xavier Ana C. , Epperla Narendranath , Taub Jeffrey W. , Costa Luciano J.
Published: November 2017

Adolescents and young adults (AYA) surviving classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) risk long term fatal treatment‐related toxicities. We utilized the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program to compare excess mortality rate (EMR‐observed minus expected mortality) for 10‐year survivors of AYA cHL diagnosed in 1973–1992 and 1993–2003 eras. The 15‐year EMR reduced from 4.88% to 2.19% while the 20‐year EMR reduced from 9.46% to 4.07% between eras. Survivors of stages 1–2 had lower EMR than survivors of stages 3–4 cHL in the 1993‐2003 but not in the 1973–1992 era. There was an overall decline in risk of death between 10 and 15 years from diagnosis, driven mostly by second neoplasms and cardiovascular mortality. Despite reduction in fatal second neoplasms and cardiovascular disease with more current therapy, long term survivors of AYA cHL still have a higher risk of death than the general population highlighting the need for safer therapies.
Moderate climate signature in cranial anatomy of late holocene human populations from Southern South America
Authors: Paula Menéndez Lumila
Published: November 2017

Objective

The aim of this study is to analyze the association between cranial variation and climate in order to discuss their role during the diversification of southern South American populations. Therefore, the specific objectives are: (1) to explore the spatial pattern of cranial variation with regard to the climatic diversity of the region, and (2) to evaluate the differential impact that the climatic factors may have had on the shape and size of the diverse cranial structures studied.

Materials and Methods

The variation in shape and size of 361 crania was studied, registering 62 3D landmarks that capture shape and size variation in the face, cranial vault, and base. Mean, minimum, and maximum annual temperature, as well as mean annual precipitation, but also diet and altitude, were matched for each population sample. A PCA, as well as spatial statistical techniques, including kriging, regression, and multimodel inference were employed.

Results

The facial skeleton size presents a latitudinal pattern which is partially associated with temperature diversity. Both diet and altitude are the variables that mainly explain the skull shape variation, although mean annual temperature also plays a role. The association between climate factors and cranial variation is low to moderate, mean annual temperature explains almost 40% of the entire skull, facial skeleton and cranial vault shape variation, while annual precipitation and minimum annual temperature only contribute to the morphological variation when considered together with maximum annual temperature. The cranial base is the structure less associated with climate diversity.

Conclusion

These results suggest that climate factors may have had a partial impact on the facial and vault shape, and therefore contributed moderately to the diversification of southern South American populations, while diet and altitude might have had a stronger impact. Therefore, cranial variation at the southern cone has been shaped both by random and nonrandom factors. Particularly, the influence of climate on skull shape has probably been the result of directional selection. This study supports that, although cranial vault is the cranial structure more associated to mean annual temperature, the impact of climate signature on morphology decreases when populations from extreme cold environments are excluded from the analysis. Additionally, it shows that the extent of the geographical scales analyzed, as well as differential sampling may lead to different results regarding the role of ecological factors and evolutionary processes on cranial morphology.
Divergent Total Syntheses of (−)‐Daphnilongeranin B and (−)‐Daphenylline
Authors: Chen Xiaoming , Zhang Hai‐Jun , Yang Xinkan , Lv Houqiang , Shao Xiaoru , Tao Cheng , Wang Huifei , Cheng Bin , Li Yun , Guo Jingjing , Zhang Jing , Zhai Hongbin
Published: November 2017

(−)‐Daphnilongeranin B and (−)‐daphenylline are two hexacyclic Daphniphyllum alkaloids, each containing a complex cagelike backbone. Described herein are the first asymmetric total synthesis of (−)‐daphnilongeranin B and a bioinspired synthesis of (−)‐daphenylline with an unusual E ring embedded in a cagelike framework. The key features include an intermolecular [3+2] cycloaddition, a late‐stage aldol cyclization to install the F ring of daphnilongeranin B, and a bioinspired cationic rearrangement leading to the tetrasubstituted benzene ring of daphenylline.
Asymmetric Imine Hydroboration Catalyzed by Chiral Diazaphospholenes
Authors: Adams Matt R. , Tien Chieh‐Hung , McDonald Robert , Speed Alexander W. H.
Published: November 2017

The first use of diazaphospholenes as chiral catalysts has been demonstrated with enantioselective imine hydroboration. A chiral diazaphospholene prepared in a simple three‐step synthesis from commercial materials has been shown to achieve the highest enantioselectivity for the hydroboration of alkyl imines with pinacolborane reported to date. Enantiomer ratios of up to 88:12 were obtained with low (2 mol %) catalyst loadings. Twenty examples of asymmetric reduction employing this main‐group catalysis protocol, including the synthesis of the pharmaceuticals ent‐rasagiline and fendiline, are shown.
Highly Crystalline Mesoporous C60 with Ordered Pores: A Class of Nanomaterials for Energy Applications
Authors: Benzigar Mercy R. , Joseph Stalin , Ilbeygi Hamid , Park Dae‐Hwan , Sarkar Sujoy , Chandra Goutam , Umapathy Siva , Srinivasan Sampath , Talapaneni Siddulu Naidu , Vinu Ajayan
Published: November 2017

Highly ordered mesoporous C60 with a well‐ordered porous structure and a high crystallinity is prepared through the nanohard templating method using a saturated solution of C60 in 1‐chloronaphthalene (51 mg mL−1) as a C60 precursor and SBA‐15 as a hard template. The high solubility of C60 in 1‐chloronaphthalene helps not only to encapsulate a huge amount of the C60 into the mesopores of the template but also supports the oligomerization of C60 and the formation of crystalline walls made of C60. The obtained mesoporous C60 exhibits a rod‐shaped morphology, a high specific surface area (680 m2 g−1), tuneable pores, and a highly crystalline wall structure. This exciting ordered mesoporous C60 offers high supercapacitive performance and a high selectivity to H2O2 production and methanol tolerance for ORR. This simple strategy could be adopted to make a series of mesoporous fullerenes with different structures and carbon atoms as a new class of energy materials.
A Simply Synthesized, Tough Polyarylene with Transient Mechanochromic Response
Authors: Kempe Fabian , Brügner Oliver , Buchheit Hannah , Momm Sarah N. , Riehle Felix , Hameury Sophie , Walter Michael , Sommer Michael
Published: November 2017

A simple and high‐yielding route to tough polyarylenes of the type poly(meta,meta,para‐phenylene) (PmmpP) is developed. PmmpP is tough even in its as‐synthesized state which has an intermediate molar mass of Mw≈60 kg mol−1 and exhibits outstanding mechanical properties at further optimized molecular weight of Mw=96 kg mol−1, E=0.9 GPa, ϵ=300 %. Statistical copolymers with para,para‐spiropyran (SP) are mechanochromic, and the toughness allows mechanochromism to be investigated. Strained samples instantaneously lose color upon force release. DFT calculations show this phenomenon to be caused by the PmmpP matrix that allows build‐up of sufficiently large forces to be transduced to SP, and the relatively unstable corresponding merocyanine (MC) form arising from the aromatic co‐monomer. MC units covalently incorporated into PmmpP show a drastically reduced half life time of 3.1 s compared to 4.5 h obtained for SP derivatives with common 6‐nitro substitution.
Thermally stable low‐density polyethylene/polyhydroxybutyrate pairs: Synergy between organomodified nanoclay and LDPE‐g‐MAH
Authors: Karami Samaneh , Ahmadi Zahed , Nazockdast Hossein , Rabolt John F. , Noda Isao , Chase D. Bruce
Published: November 2017

Nanocomposites of low‐density polyethylene/polyhydroxybutyrate (LDPE/PHB) containing organomodified montmorillonite (OMMT) and/or LDPE grafted maleic anhydride (LDPE‐g‐MAH) were prepared with a wide range of composition ratios using a vertical co‐rotating twin‐screw microCompounder. To infer the effect of OMMT and LDPE‐g‐MAH on the thermal stability of prepared nanocomposites, all samples were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis while changing clay and compatibilizer contents. Accordingly, two commonly used kinetic models (Coats–Redfern and Horowitz–Metzger) were employed to correlate the thermal stability of the samples with kinetic parameters, including activation energy and pre‐exponential factor. Furthermore, morphological features of LDPE/PHB in the presence or absence of OMMT and LDPE‐g‐MAH were studied using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction analysis. It was found that for a specific OMMT composition ratio (1 wt %), the thermal stability is enhanced due to an exfoliated structure. However, for samples containing more organoclay (>=3 wt %), the thermal stability was reduced showing the competition between the barrier effect of organoclay platelets and the catalyzing effect of ammonium salts. Moreover, when using LDPE‐g‐MAH as compatibilizer, it acted as a good coupling agent in all compositions in LDPE major phase systems in contrast to PHB major phase samples. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45922.
Increased thermal stability of nanocellulose composites by functionalization of the sulfate groups on cellulose nanocrystals with azetidinium ions
Authors: Börjesson Mikaela , Sahlin Karin , Bernin Diana , Westman Gunnar
Published: November 2017

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) prepared via sulfuric acid hydrolysis are decorated with sulfate groups that yield a stable water suspension. To make the CNCs adaptable for use in composites, the hydroxyl groups on the surface are usually hydrophobized. In this article, an alternative hydrophobization method is described in which the sulfate groups are conjugated with azetidinium salts. The results of this study show that the sulfate groups can be functionalized with azetidinium salts and from thermal studies, it was discovered that the functionalization led to a 100 °C increase in thermal stability, compared with unmodified CNCs. The nanocomposites prepared by extrusion of CNC‐coated low‐density polyethylene powder displayed similar mechanical properties as the CNC‐reference sample, but without the discoloration, due to the increased thermal stability. In conclusion, the azetidinium reagent reacts preferentially with sulfate groups, and this new type of chemical conversion of sulfate groups on polysaccharides will be beneficial in nanocomposite manufacturing. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45963.
Silencing pyruvate kinase (NlPYK) leads to reduced fecundity in brown planthoppers, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)
Authors: Ge Lin‐Quan , Huang Bo , Li Xin , Gu Hao‐Tian , Zheng Sui , Zhou Ze , Miao Hong , Wu Jin‐Cai
Published: November 2017

Pyruvate kinase (PYK) operates in the glycolytic pathway, responsible for regulating the balance between glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. The previous work indicates PYK acts in development of Drosophila embryos and in embryonic muscle growth, from which it may be inferred that PYK acts in insect fecundity. More to the point, as a central enzyme in the glycolytic pathway, PYK acts in many energy‐spending functions in most organisms. On the background findings that triazophos (TZP) stimulates fecundity via increase activities of several genes in brown planthoppers, Nilaparvata lugens, we investigated the combined influence of TZP and silencing a N. lugens PYK (NlPYK) on reproduction‐linked biological performance parameters. Here, we report that TZP+dsNlPYK treatments led to reduced (by 26%) ovarian, but not fat body, protein content relative to controls. Ovarian (35%) and fat body (54%) soluble sugar contents were reduced. TZP+dsNlPYK treatments also led to reduced (by about 24%) fecundity, expressed as numbers of eggs laid. These data show directly that NlPYK acts in insect fecundity, probably via increases in glucose metabolism.
Enhancement effect on the chemiluminescence of acridinium esters under neutral conditions
Authors: Nakazono Manabu , Nanbu Shinkoh
Published: November 2017

Enhancement effect on the chemiluminescence of acridinium ester derivatives under neutral conditions was investigated. Additions of phenols did not enhance the chemiluminescence intensities of acridinium ester derivatives in the presence of horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide. Additions of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide apparently enhanced the chemiluminescence intensities of phenyl 10‐methyl‐10λ4‐acridine‐9‐carboxylate derivatives with electron‐withdrawing groups at the 4‐position of the phenyl group. In particular, the chemiluminescence intensity of 4‐(trifluoromethyl)phenyl 10‐methyl‐10λ4‐acridine‐9‐carboxylate trifluoromethanesulfonate salt was 5.5 times stronger in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide than in its absence at pH 7. The chemiluminescence intensity of 3,4‐dicyano‐phenyl 10‐methyl‐10λ4‐acridine‐9‐carboxylate trifluoromethanesulfonate salt was 46 times stronger in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide at pH 7 than in its absence at pH 10.
Joint Experimental and Computational Investigation of the Flexibility of a Diacetylene‐Based Mixed‐Linker MOF: Revealing the Existence of Two Low‐Temperature Phase Transitions and the Presence of Colossal Positive and Giant Negative Thermal Expansions
Authors: Duarte Rodrigues Alysson , Fahsi Karim , Dumail Xavier , Masquelez Nathalie , van der Lee Arie , Mallet‐Ladeira Sonia , Sibille Romain , Filhol Jean‐Sébastien , Dutremez Sylvain G.
Published: November 2017

Solvothermal reaction in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) between 1,6‐bis(1‐imidazolyl)‐2,4‐hexadiyne monohydrate (L1⋅H2O), isophthalic acid (H2L2), and Zn(NO3)2⋅6 H2O gives the diacetylene‐based mixed‐ligand coordination polymer {[Zn(L1)(L2)](DMF)2}n (UMON‐44) in 38 % yield. Combination of DSC with variable‐temperature single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction revealed the occurrence of two phase transitions spanning the ranges 129–144 K and 158–188 K. Furthermore, the three structurally similar phases of UMON‐44 show giant negative and/or colossal positive thermal expansions. These unusual phenomena exist without any change in the contents of the unit cell. DFT calculations using the PBE+D3 dispersion scheme were able to distinguish between these polymorphs by accurately reproducing their salient structural features, although corrections in the size of the unit cell turned out to be necessary for the high‐temperature phase to account for its large thermal expansion. In addition, the infrared spectra (vibration frequencies and peak intensities) of these theoretical models were calculated, allowing for univocal identification of the corresponding polymorphs. Last, the limits of our computational method were tested by calculating the phase transition temperatures and their associated enthalpies, and the derived figures compare favorably with the values determined experimentally.
Photoinduced Liquefaction of Azobenzene‐Containing Polymers
Authors: Weis Philipp , Tian Wei , Wu Si
Published: November 2017

Light can liquefy some solid azobenzene‐containing polymers (azopolymers) by photoisomerization. Two types of photoinduced liquefaction of azopolymers have been reported: (1) polarized light can guide solid azopolymers “flow” along the polarization direction, which is called directional photofluidization and has been used for inscription of surface relief gratings (SRGs); (2) recently, some of us found that light can switch the glass transition temperatures (Tg) of azopolymers and induce reversible solid‐to‐liquid transitions of these azopolymers. This Minireview demonstrates and compares directional photofluidization and photoinduced reversible solid‐to‐liquid transitions of azopolymers. Potential applications based on photoinduced liquefaction of azopolymers are highlighted and some remaining challenges in the field of photoinduced liquefaction of azopolymers are discussed.
Synthesis of Metal Complexes with an Open‐Cage Fullerene as the Ligand
Authors: Zhou Zishuo , Xin Nana , Gan Liangbing
Published: November 2017

An open‐cage C60 derivative 9 with anilino, hemiketal, and lactone moieties on the edge of the opening was prepared through a fullerene‐mixed peroxide procedure. Key steps include decarbonylation, intramolecular Friedel–Crafts reaction and oxetane ring opening rearrangement. The open‐cage compound 9 readily reacts with various metal salts. A nickel complex was obtained by treating 9 with NiCl2 at r.t. followed by purification on a silica gel column. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis showed that the nickel ion is coordinated to two ligands with an octahedral geometry.
Conceptual Insights into DFT Spin‐State Energetics of Octahedral Transition‐Metal Complexes through a Density Difference Analysis
Authors: Pinter Balazs , Chankisjijev Artiom , Geerlings Paul , Harvey Jeremy N. , De Proft Frank
Published: November 2017

In this study, an intuitive concept is derived, which explains the characteristic dependence of spin‐state energetics on the exact exchange admixture of DFT functionals in the case of octahedral transition metal complexes. The change in electron density distributions upon varying the admixture, c3, in the B3LYP functional is analyzed for archetype ionic and covalent systems as well as for the Fe2+ ion in an ideal octahedral field. An understanding of how the DFT description of the electronic structure of octahedral complexes changes as a function of c3 is sought. A systematic spin‐state energy analysis of 50 octahedral complexes of various metals and ligands with consistent experimental data is presented, allowing the derivation, in theory, of an optimal c3 value for each system. The notion that the admixture dependence of DFT spin‐state energetics stems from the treatment of nondynamic electrons arising from the mixing of (M–L
)0(d
)2 and (M–L
)0(d
)2 configurations into the dominant (M–L
)2(d
)0 and (M–L
)2(d
)0 ones in the low(er) spin states is put forward. That is, in the effort to mimic such electron–electron interactions, ExLDA overestimates, whereas exact exchange downplays the contribution of this type of electron correlation to the stability of low(er) spin states, leading to the widespread practical observation that the higher the exact exchange admixture, the more stable the high‐spin‐state configuration.
C−F Bond Activation by Silylium Cation/Phosphine Frustrated Lewis Pairs: Mono‐Hydrodefluorination of PhCF3, PhCF2H and Ph2CF2
Authors: Mallov Ian , Ruddy Adam J. , Zhu Hui , Grimme Stefan , Stephan Douglas W.
Published: November 2017

Single defluorination of aryl polyfluoromethyl functionalities is achieved by both intra‐ and intermolecular silylium cation/phosphine Lewis pairs. Phosphine‐captured aryl fluoromethyl cations are then treated with Brønsted base to complete the first mono‐hydrodefluorinations of PhCF3, Ph2CF2, and PhCF2.
PMO‐Immobilized AuI–NHC Complexes: Heterogeneous Catalysts for Sustainable Processes
Authors: De Canck Els , Nahra Fady , Bevernaege Kevin , Vanden Broeck Sofie , Ouwehand Judith , Maes Diederick , Nolan Steven P. , Van Der Voort Pascal
Published: November 2017

A stable periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) with accessible sulfonic acid functionalities is prepared via a one‐pot‐synthesis and is used as solid support for highly active catalysts, consisting of gold(I)‐N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes. The gold complexes are successfully immobilized on the nanoporous hybrid material via a straightforward acid–base reaction with the corresponding [Au(OH)(NHC)] synthon. This catalyst design strategy results in a boomerang‐type catalyst, allowing the active species to detach from the surface to perform the catalysis and then to recombine with the solid after all the starting material is consumed. This boomerang behavior is assessed in the hydration of alkynes. The tested catalysts were found to be active in the latter reaction, and after an acidic work‐up, the IPr*‐based gold catalyst can be recovered and then reused several times without any loss in efficiency.
Three‐Dimensional Network Structures Based on Pyridyl‐Calix[4]Arene Metal Complexes
Authors: Sgarlata Carmelo , Brancatelli Giovanna , Fortuna Cosimo G. , Sciotto Domenico , Geremia Silvano , Bonaccorso Carmela
Published: November 2017

A new series of supramolecular assemblies is obtained through the interaction of 3‐pyridylmethyl‐calixarenes and copper or zinc ions. The complexes formed are characterized both in solution and in the solid state. The results offer appealing insights into how the steric crowding of the lower rim and different coordination modes of the metal centers have a great impact on the overall architecture of the complexes with the formation of monomeric, dimeric, or oligomeric/polymeric species.