bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Monoamineplatinum (II) complexes conjugated to water‐soluble carrier polymers for chemotherapeutic applications
Authors: Mbonyana Carol W N , Neuse Eberhard W , Perlwitz Axel G
Published: January 2005

In the light of the observed carcinostatic activity of the monoamineplatinum complexes K[PtCl3(NH3)] and K[PtCl3(t‐butylamine)], it has been of interest in this laboratory to develop water‐soluble, antineoplastic conjugates in which square‐planar platinum complex structures of the monoamineplatinum type are linked to suitable carrier polymers possessing water solubility for improved pharmacokinetics. In the present paper the synthesis is described of conjugates in which each platinum atom is coordinated to a single, primary amine ligand provided by a water‐soluble polyaspartamide‐type carrier. Microanalytical data suggest the remaining three coordination sites on the metal center to be occupied on average by one aquo and two chloro ligands. The carriers, prepared by a known method from polysuccinimide by stepwise aminolytic ring‐opening, are designed so as to feature randomly placed hydrosolubilizing units and metal‐binding units in a ratio of 3:1, thus providing spatial insulation between the latter and minimize intramolecular interaction between the platinum complexes incorporated subsequently. Platination of the carriers is brought about by treatment with K2PtCl4in aqueous solution at 25–60 °C in the pH range 5–6, and the polymer–platinum conjugates are purified and isolated in 50–70% yield by aqueous‐phase dialysis and freeze‐drying. The extent of platination attained dependsinter aliaon the Pt/NH2feed ratio (equivalents of tetrachloroplatinate per carrier base unit); in optimal cases complete metal coordination to the carrier‐attached primary‐amine ligands is achieved with a feed ratio of 1.4:1. The conjugates, initially showing complete solubility in water, tend to undergo an ageing process on storage believed to involve intermolecular solid‐state interaction of the bound platinum complexes with proximate amine sites, resulting in gradual loss of solubility. In frozen aqueous solution, however, the conjugates are stable for extended periods of time.
Diorganotin(IV) dipeptide complexes with potential antitumour activity
Authors: Guli G , Gennaro G , Pellerito L , Stocco G C
Published: January 2005

A series of complexes of the dimethylltin(IV) moiety with dipeptides has been synthesized. The dipeptides are L‐alanyl‐L‐histidine (H2AlaHis), L‐methionyl‐L‐methionine (H2MetMet), L‐glycyl‐L‐histidine (H2GlyHis) and L‐histidyl‐L‐glycine (H2HisGly). The complexes have been characterized by IR and 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy in the solid state and by 1H NMR in CD3OD and D2O solutions. They consist of monomeric entities, with the tin atom arranged in a pentacoordinated trigonal bipyramidal structure. The dipeptides are coordinated via the amino group, deprotonated peptide nitrogen and carboxylate group. Neither imidazole in histidine‐containing dipetides, nor the thioether group in MetMet, is involved in bonding; they act as pendant arms on the outer surface of the complexes.
Improvements in methylmercury determination prior to the certification of two tuna fish materials
Authors: Quevauviller Ph , Drabaek I , Muntau H , Griepink B
Published: January 2005

An account is given of a systematic, collaborative investigation to detect problems and sources of error in the determination of methylmercury (MeHg) in biological samples. The work was done by a group of analytical laboratories under the auspices of the Community Bureau of References (BCR) of the Commission of the European Communities (EC). The paper presents the organization of three intercomparisons on organic mercury in solution and solid matrices, and the results obtained by the participants. The different analytical steps of the methods used (extraction, clean‐up, separation, final detection) are compared and assessed.
Identification and quantification of inorganic and organic selenium compounds with highperformance liquid chromatography
Authors: Kölbl Gottfried , Kalcher Kurt , Irgolic Kurt J , Magee Robert J
Published: January 2005

Selenium appears in the natural selenium cycle in the form of several organic and inorganic compounds. The biologically beneficial and deterimental effects of ‘selenium’ must be ascribed to particular selenium compounds. The identification and quantification of selenium compounds in biological and environmental samples is required for an understanding of the role of selenium. The high‐performance liquid‐chromatographic (HPLC) methods for the separation, identification and quantification of selenite, selenate, hydrogen selenide, methaneselenol, bis(organothio) selenides, trimethylselenonium salts, selenonamino‐acids, selenium derivatives of carbohydrates, selenoproteins, selenonucleosides and other miscellaneous selenium compounds are summarized (193 references) and pertinent detection modes discussed. Advantages and disadvantages of the methods are pointed out. The literature is covered since 1974, the year of the first publication in this field.
Rhodium(I) and platinum(II) complexes of aminomethylphosphines as hydrogenation and hydroformylation catalysts
Authors: Hoye P A T , Kemmitt R D W , Law D L
Published: January 2005

Hydrogenation of α‐acetamidocinnamic acid with chiral aminomethylphosphine complexes of rhodium(I), [Rh(cyclo‐octa‐1, 5‐diene) {(R2PCH2)2NR1}]‐PF6 (R = Ph or Cy, R1 = D(+)‐CHMePh, L‐CHMeCO2Et, (R)(+)‐bornyl) shows no asymmetric induction. The hydroformylation of styrene using the catalyst mixture [PtCl2(P–P)]/SnCl2 shows asymmetric induction with up to 31% enantiomeric excess of 2‐phenyl‐propanol being observed.
Assessment of recent trends in concentrations of alkyl‐lead compounds in rainwater
Authors: Turnbull Alan B , Wang Yun , Harrison Roy M
Published: January 2005

Concentrations of tetra‐, tri and di‐alkyl‐lead compounds in rain have been measured at rural and urban sites in England. The measurements are compared with similar data collected in the early 1980s, prior to a 72% reduction in the emission of lead from combustion of leaded petrol. Whilst concentrations of inorganic lead have fallen broadly in line with emissions of automotive lead, alkyl‐lead concentrations in rain have fallen by only 50% or less, and thus the ratio of alkyl‐lead to inorganic lead in rain has increased appreciably. The reason for this phenomenon is unclear. The data suggest that lead in rainwater would fall to approximately 2 μg dm−3 if automotive lead emissions fell to zero.
Enhancing effects of an organic arsenic compound, dimethylarsinic acid (cacodylic acid), in a multi‐organ carcinogenesis bioassay
Authors: Yamamoto Shinji , Konishi Yoshitsugu , Murai Takashi , Shibata Masa‐Aki , Matsuda Tsutomu , Kuroda Koichi , Endo Ginji , Fukushima Shoji
Published: January 2005

The modifying effects of dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) on tumor induction in various organs were examined using a multi‐organ rat carcinogenesis bioassay. A total of 124 six‐week‐old male F344/DuCrj rats were divided randomly into seven groups. For establishment of wide‐spectrum initiation, animals in Groups 1–5 were treated with five carcinogens, namely N‐nitrosodiethylamine (DEN), N‐methyl‐N‐nitrosourea (MNU), 1,2‐dimethylhydrazine (DMH), N‐butyl‐N‐(4‐hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN) and N‐bis(2‐hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine (DHPN) in the first four weeks. After a two‐week interval, Groups 1–5 were then given 0, 50, 100, 200 and 400 ppm DMA, respectively, in drinking water. Groups 6 and 7 received 100 and 400 ppm DMA without any carcinogen pretreatment. All rats were sacrificed at the end of week 30. In the initiated groups (Groups 1–5), DMA enhanced tumor development in the urinary bladder, kidney, liver and thyroid gland. The main arsenic species in urine samples was DMA itself. In conclusion, the observed enhancement of carcinogenesis in the urinary tract as well as in the liver and thyroid gland may be directly due to this arsenic compound.
17O NMR spectroscopy in the study of group 14 organometallic compounds
Authors: Zicmane I. , Lukevics E.
Published: January 2005

A study of Group 14 organometallic compounds using 17O NMR spectroscopy carried out at the Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis has been reviewed. The main areas of 17O NMR application—studies of electronic effects, conformational analysis and coordinative interactions—have been characterized.
Preparation and catalytic properties of NR‐stabilized palladium colloids
Authors: Bönnemann Helmut , Brinkmann Rainer , Neiteler Peter
Published: January 2005

Palladium colloids revealing narrow particle size distributions can be obtained by chemical reduction using tetra–alkylammonium hydrotriorganoborates. Combining the stabilizing agent [NR] with the reducing agent [BEt3H−] provides a high concentration of the protecting group at the reduction centre. Alternatively, NR4X (X = halogen) may be coupled to the metal salt prior to the reduction step: addition of N(octyl)4Br to Pd(ac)2 in THF, for example, evokes an active interaction between the stabilizing agent and the metal salt. Reduction of NR‐stabilized palladium salts with simple reducing agents such as hydrogen at room temperature yields stable palladium organosols which may be isolated in the form of redispersible powders. The anion of the palladium salt is crucial for the success of the colloid synthesis. Electron microscopy shows that the mean particle size ranges between 1.8 and 4.0 nm. An X–ray–photoelectron spectrscopic examination demonstrated the presence of zerovalent palladium.

These palladium colloids may serve as both homogeneous and heterogeneous hydrogenation catalysts. Adsorption of the colloids onto industrially important supports can be achieved without agglomeration of palladium particles. The standard activity of a charcoal catalyst containing 5% of colloidal palladium determined through the cinnamic acid standard test was found to exceed considerably the activity of the conventional technical catalysts. In addition, the lifespan of the catalyst containing a palladium colloid, isolated from the reduction of [N(octyl)4]2PdCl2Br2 with hydrogen, is superior to conventionally prepared palladium/charcoal (Pd/C) catalysts. For example, the activity of a conventional Pd/C catalyst is completely suppressed after 38×103 catalytic cycles per Pd atom, whereas the colloidal Pd/C catalyst shows activity even after 96times;103 catalytic cycles.
Influence of tropolone on voltammetric speciation analysis of butyltin compounds
Authors: Ferri T. , Roberti F. , Chiavarini S. , Cremisini C. , Morabito R.
Published: January 2005

Analysis of organotin compounds in environmental matrices is usually performed by chromatographic or spectroscopic techniques. Only a few papers dealing with organotin voltammetric determination have so far been published and this techniques does not seem very promising for organotin speciation. The reasons are likely to be found in the very low organotin concentration levels in the marine environment, in the complexity of environmental matrices and in the presence of several organotin compounds (butyl‐ and phenyltins), together with other metals, in samples; the latter leads to peak overlapping. In this paper we present a study of the influence of tropolone (2‐hydroxycyclohepta‐2,4,6‐trienone) on the voltammetric speciation of butyltin compounds. Results suggest that tropolone, being able to form complexes of different stability with tin and its compounds, improves the applicability of voltammetry to organotin determination by enhancing sensitivity and resolution.
Determination of trimethyl‐lead in rainwater and road dust by capillary GC MIP‐AE spectrometry after in situ ethylation and extraction
Authors: Witte Claudia , Szpunar‐Lobinska Joanna , Lobinski Ryszard , Adams Freddy C.
Published: January 2005

A rapid and sensitive method for the determination of trimethyl‐lead in water and road dust is described. It is based on in situ ethylation of ionic methyl‐lead by sodium tetraethylborate and the extraction of the compound formed into hexane. The extract is gas‐chromatographed and the lead species determined by microwave‐induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry (MIP‐AES). The reaction conditions are optimized and the method is applied to the analysis of artificial rainwater and road dust in the framework of an international round‐robin exercise.
Improvement of sample pretreatment for gas chromatographic determination of methylmercury in marine biota
Authors: Harms Uwe
Published: January 2005

Existing methods for analysis of methylmercury in biota consist of an initial extraction of the determinand at low pH with an organic solvent, followed by clean‐up and gas chromatographic determination. The complex biological matrix causes considerable interferences in the extraction process and makes the calibration of the method a difficult task. Results from the calibration method (standard addition) will only be correct if the calibrant added and the determinand are in the same chemical form and homogeneously distributed in the sample to be analysed. It is shown here that this presupposition is fulfilled if the sample is pretreated with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (alkaline hydrolysis). In order to avoid uncontrolled losses of methylmercury at high pH, cysteine is added at the beginning of the pretreatment procedure. As a reagent forming strong complexes with mercury compounds, it protects methylmercury from disintegration during alkaline hydrolysis of the sample.
Conclusions of the workshop trends in speciation analysis—an overview of discussions on organometallic speciation
Authors: Quevauviller Ph.
Published: January 2005

The development of analytical techniques for the determination of chemical species has been one of the growing features of the 1990s in analytical chemistry. The need for good quality control of these determinations has led the Measurements and Testing Programme (formerly the BCR) to organize series of interlaboratory studies in the field of speciation analysis over the last five years. The state‐of‐the‐art speciation analysis has been discussed in a first workshop in 1990 (Arcachon, France) and, at this stage, it was thought necessary to discuss the progress achieved and the trends which should be developed in the near future. A workshop on Trends in Speciation Analysis was therefore held in Rome in February 1994 which allowed recommendations to be made based round‐table discussions. This paper gives a summary of these recommendations in the field of organometallic speciation. Projects currently undertaken in the field of organometallic speciation within the M&T programme are also described. An outline of the programme and a list of the panel of experts participating in this workshop are given in the appendix.
Organometallic complexes with biological molecules, IV. Di‐ and tri‐organotin(IV) amoxicillin derivatives: Solid‐state and solution‐phase spectroscopic investigations
Authors: Pellerito Lorenzo , Maggio Francesco , Consiglio Mario , Pellerito Alessandro , Stocco Gian Carlo , Grimaudo Stefania
Published: January 2005

Novel di‐ and tri‐organotin(IV) derivatives of amoxicillin (amoxicillin− = Amox− = 6‐[D(‐)‐ß‐ amino ‐ p ‐ hydroxyphenylacetamido]penicillinate) have been prepared. The isolated compounds showed stoichiometries of the type R2SnClAmox ˙ 2H2O, R3SnClAmoxNa ˙ 2H2O and R2SnAmox2 ˙ 2H2O (R = Me, Bu, Ph). The infrared spectra suggest that Amox−, in both R2SnClAmox ˙ 2H2O and R2SnAmox2 ˙ 2H2O, behaves as a monoanionic bidentáte ligand, coordinating the tin(IV) atom through the ester‐type carboxylate, as well as through the lactamic carbonyl.

In R3SnClAmoxNa ˙ 2H2O, Amox− coordinates the organotin(IV) moieties through the lactamic carbonyl. In all of the compounds, water molecules are not involved in coordination, as inferred by thermogravimetric (TG) investigation. In both R2SnClAmox ˙ 2H2O and R3SnClAmoxNa ˙ 2H2O, trigonal bipyramidal configurations are proposed in the solid state, on the basis of infrared (IR) and Mössbauer spectroscopy, while in R2SnAmox2 ˙ 2H2O the coordination geometry at tin could be a skew‐trapezoidal bipyramid, with two chelating amoxicillin residues which act as bidentate ligands in the trapezoidal plane, and with the organic groups in axial positions. The CSnC angles calculated from the experimental Mössbauer quadrupole splitting predict a bent skeleton in all the R2SnAmox2 2H2O derivatives.
1H and 13C NMR measurements showed that both R2SnClAmox ˙ 2H2O and R2SnAmox2 ˙ 2H2O are stable in DMSO‐d6 solutions, maintaining their solid‐state configuration, while R3SnClAmoxNa ˙ 2H2O dissociates.

Coordination hypotheses have been checked through the correlation between the Mössbauer isomer shift (δ) and the partial atomic charge on tin atoms (QSn) performed, for all the new organotin(IV) compounds, on the basis of an equalization procedure applied to idealized trigonal bipyramidal structures for R2SnClAmox ˙ 2H2O and R3SnClAmoxNa ˙ 2H2O and octahedral trans‐R2 for R2SnAmox2 ˙ 2H2O.
Complexes of tryptophan dipeptides with the R2Sn(IV)2+ ion (R=Me, Ph): Spectroscopic studies, solution properties and structural implications
Authors: Girasolo M. A. , Guli G. , Pellerito L. , Stocco G. C.
Published: January 2005

Tryptophan dipeptides such as L‐tryptophyl‐L‐alanine (H2TrpAla), L‐tryptophyl‐L‐tyrosine (H2TrpTyr), L‐tryptophyl‐L‐tryptophan (H2TrpTrp), along with L‐histidyl‐L‐tyrosine (H2HisTyr), were reacted with R2SnO (R = Me, Ph) yielding the corresponding complexes. The complexes have been characterized by IR and 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy in the solid state and by 1H and 13C NMR in CD3OD solutions.

Monomeric species were detected, with the tin atom arranged in a pentacoordinated trigonal‐bipyramidal structure. The dipeptides are coordinated via the terminal amino group, deprotonated peptide nitrogen and terminal carboxylate group.

No side‐chain appears to be involved in bonding. Determination of rotamer populations for selected compounds was accomplished by vicinal coupling constant analysis and side‐chain orientations are interpreted. In this connection, the potential applications of these compounds as drugs is discussed.
Detection of intermediates in grignard reaction on the magnesium surface
Authors: Egorov Anatoly M. , Anisimov Alexander V.
Published: January 2005

Benzyl radicals and ion‐radical pairs have been detected on a magnesium surface by electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy during benzyl halide reactions with magnesium at low temperatures. The ratio of these intermediates depends on the carbon‐halogen bond energy in the starting benzyl halide, the nature of the magnesium surface and the degree of magnesium aggregation. Polymagnesiumbenzyl chlorides were formed in small amounts and only monomagnesium organic compounds were formed from benzyl bromide and benzyl iodide.
Photoaccelerated synthesis of 2‐vinylpyridines from unsaturated nitriles and ethyne
Authors: Karabet Francois , Heller Barbara , Kortus Karin , Oehme Günther
Published: January 2005

The heterocyclization of unsaturated nitriles and ethyne catalyzed by cyclopentadienyl‐1,5‐cis,cis‐cyclooctadiene‐cobalt(I) and promoted by light has been studied in toluene as solvent. Acrylonitrile and substituted acrylonitriles gave results of interest in the preparation of 2‐vinylpyridines. No reaction could be observed using fumaronitrile, maleonitrile or allyl cyanide.

The (E)/(Z)‐ratio of educts and products seems to be not influenced by conditions in the reaction.
Chemical vapour deposition of germanium‐containing films by IR laser‐induced decomposition of ethoxy(trimethyl)germane
Authors: Fajgar Radek , Bastl ZdeněK , Tláskal Jaroslav , Pola Josef
Published: January 2005

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) laser‐induced decomposition of ethoxy(trimethyl)germane (ETG) results in a substantial stripping of organic substituents from germanium and leads to deposition of organogermanium films, the composition of which is dependent on the mode of laser irradiation. Direct absorption of laser radiation in ETG affords material rich in Germanium, while a sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)‐photosensitized process produces a deposit composed of Germanium, Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen. The deposited materials can be modified by chemical reactions with acetic anhydride and atmospheric moisture.
Synthesis, characterization and fungicidal activity of triphenyltin derivatives of sarcosine: Crystal structures of [Ph3Sn(OCOCH2NH2CH3)2]Cl and [Ph3Sn(OCOCH2NH2CH3)2]NCS
Authors: Khoo Lian Ee , Goh Ngoh Khang , Eng George , Whalen Deborah J. , Hazell Alan
Published: January 2005

Two new sarcosine triphenyltin complexes formulated as [Ph3Sn(OCOCH2NH2CH3)2]X (XCl, NCS) were prepared and characterized via IR, proton NMR and Mössbauer spectroscopies, and their fungicidal properties againstCeratocystis ulmiwere determined. The crystal structures of bis(methylammonioacetato)triphenyltin chloride and isothiocyanate are also reported.
Effects of maternal deprivation and incubator rearing on adrenocortical activity in the adult rat
Authors: Thoman Evelyn B. , Levine Seymour , Arnold William J.
Published: January 2005

Rats were reared during the first 3 weeks of life in a group or singly, with the mother rat or in an incubator with no maternal contact. Variations in early experience were assessed in terms of adrenal steroid functioning when the animals were 1‐yr old. Whether they were reared in a group or individually, incubator‐reared animals were found to have significantly higher basal and stress levels of plasma corticosterone. In addition, their corticosterone response to stress was greater regardless of initial levels.
Effect of LSD on the sleep cycle of the developing kitten
Authors: Shimizu Akira , Himwich Harold E.
Published: January 2005

The effects of LSD on the sleep cycle were studied in 44 kittens during the growth period of 1 to 28 days of age. Electroencephalograms, electromyograms of the posterior neck muscles, and the respiratory rhythm were recorded and gross behavior was observed. With 10 μg/kg of d‐lysergic acid diethylamide, the per cent time of activated sleep in total sleeping time was diminished. This diminution was less marked in kittens 6 to 8 days of age or younger and became more significant in the kittens 11 to 13 days or older. With 20 μg/kg the decrease of per cent time of activated sleep was highly significant at all ages. With a larger dose, the influence of age could no longer be demonstrated. The duration of single episodes of activated sleep showed some evidence of shortening, but this effect was also not related to age.
Sleep ontogenesis in early human prematurity from 24 to 27 weeks of conceptional age
Authors: Dreyfus‐Brisac C.
Published: January 2005

The spontaneous behavior of 5 previable human prematures born between 24 and 27 weeks of gestational age and weighing between 600 and 900 g was studied, between the 3rd and 30th hr of life. Death occurred between the 28th and 120th hr. Body motility, eye movements, respiratory and cardiac rhythms, chin myogram, electroencephalogram (EEG), and crying were evaluated by careful observation and by polygraphic recordings for periods of from 1 to 2 hr. A very rich and continuous motility is described consisting of rapid jerks, either diffuse or localized, and of slow movements. Rhythmic movements of the chin or peribuccal area occur in bursts and are particularly striking. The paucity of rapid eye movements (REM) is also remarkable. The EEG is composed of silent periods interrupted by discontinuous polymorphic activity. The fixation of the cardiac rate, the absence of periodic respiration and of apneic periods are the most important vegetative phenomena. Crying occurs in short periods rarely lasting more than 20 sec. The state of these previable prematures cannot be considered as waking; it seems to be a very immature state of sleep that differs from both the quiet and the active sleep of full‐term newborns. This atypical sleep, which appears to be present in other species characterized by a great degree of immaturity at birth, does not give any evidence of cyclic organization.
Is heart rate an indicator of imprinted preferences and affect?
Authors: Klopfer Peter H.
Published: January 2005

Different tests for “imprinted” preferences may produce discordant results. To resolve this enigma, measurements of changes in heart rate were recorded in the presence of the familiar imprinted and an unfamiliar object. The character of the changes in cardiac activity varied in an apparently haphazard fashion, nor did constraints on locomotion alter this picture. It is not known whether these considerable and seemingly spontaneous changes in cardiac activity are common to the young of all birds, or unique to ducklings. The underlying causes and their biological significance may pose a problem of greater importance than the presumed (and still unproven) relation between imprinting, heart rate, and affect.
Prenatal administration of reserpine: Effect upon hatching, behavior, and brainstem catecholamines of the young chick
Authors: Sparber S. B. , Shideman F. E.
Published: January 2005

An avian species (the domestic chicken) was used in an attempt to determine the effects of reserpine upon the developing embryo and newly hatched chicken. When reserpine was injected into the yolk sac of the fertilized egg prior to incubation, there was a decrease in hatchability which was log‐linearly related to the dose of reserpine; the older the embryo at the time reserpine was injected, the less the effect on hatchability. In addition to increasing mortality, reserpine caused a delay in hatching which was also dose dependent. During the first 7 days of incubation, injection of reserpine into the egg in a dose (0.1 mg/kg of egg) that did not appreciably affect hatching significantly decreased following in an imprinting situation. The same dose of reserpine given to older (15‐day‐old) embryos caused a significant increase in following. Week‐old chicks hatched from eggs injected with the drug prior to incubation exhibited a significant decrease in catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine) in the brainstem, and significantly fewer avoidance responses in a conditioned escape/avoidance situation.
Genetic‐environmental interaction in “intelligence”: II. Models of behavior, components of variance, and research strategy
Authors: Harrington Gordon M.
Published: January 2005

A taxonomy of types of models of behavior is developed within the framework of statistical design concepts. The advantages and limitations of each are discussed. Components of variance from a previous study are derived for different models. It is shown that, with appropriate models, predictive proportions of variances are substantially greater than are ordinarily reported in behavioral research. The position is taken that attention to genetic variables in behavioral research can yield major increases in information gained for the development of behavior theory; that genetic environmental interaction is of major significance in behavior though generally ignored by both geneticists and psychologists; that variables apparently predictive only for a single genotype may provide clues to general behavioral predictors; and that fruitful interchange between geneticists and psychologists requires conceptual adjustments on both sides.
Detour learning in the chick: Effect of reserpine administered during embryonic development
Authors: Sparber S. B. , Shideman F. E.
Published: January 2005

Chicks hatched from eggs injected with reserpine prior to incubation showed impaired performance in detour learning between 7 and 17 days of age, although locomotor activity and brainstem catecholamine levels were not significantly different from controls at 18 days. Day‐old chicks injected with the same amount of drug showed no significant depletion of brainstem catecholamines 7 days later, supporting the possibility that behavioral effects were due to exposure to the drug during embryogenesis.
Ontogenesis of the states of sleep in rat, cat, and guinea pig during the first postnatal month
Authors: Jouvet‐Mounier Danièle , Astic Liliane , Lacote Daniel
Published: January 2005

The behavioral and polygraphic characteristics of wakefulness and sleep were studied in 20 infant rats, 26 kittens, and 25 infant guinea pigs during their first month of postnatal life. In the infant guinea pig, the electrocorticographic (ECoG) patterns of sleep were similar to those of the adult, except for the absence of spindles during the first 3 weeks. In the rat and the cat, states of vigilance were not clearly differentiated in ECoG patterns during the first week; near the 8th day a fast, high amplitude ECoG appeared during paradoxical sleep (PS). The first signs of slow‐wave sleep (SWS) appeared at 11 to 13 days of age in the rat and at 15 to 21 days in the cat. The greater the immaturity of the animal at birth, the greater was the amount of time spent in PS in the perinatal period. In the rat, which was born the most immature, the decrease in the percent time of PS was very rapid: 70 % at birth, it decreased to 12% on the 30th day. In the cat the decrease was slower. In the guinea pig, despite its relative maturity, the percent time of PS at birth was 7%, approximately double that in the adult. The length of extrauterine life as well as the degree of immaturity at birth, played a role in the development of the sleep‐wakefulness cycle.
Influence of mode and duration of phenylalanine administration on biochemical parameters in rats of various ages
Authors: Yuwiler A. , Geller E.
Published: January 2005

Blood and tissue levels of phenylalanine and tyrosine progressively increase during he first two weeks of feeding a phenylalanine‐rich diet to weanling rats. During the same time, liver phenylalanine hydroxylase activity and brain serotonin progressively decline. Hepatic tryptophan hydroxylase activity drops quickly to a constant, low level. With the exception of tryptophan hydroxylase, all of these parameters return towards normal upon continuous treatment. The magnitude of change varies with the age of the animal at initiation of dietary treatment and arises because of Differences in effective dosage and metabolism as the animals mature. A single phenylalanine injection produces a transient elevation in tissue phenylalanine levels without appreciably affecting brain serotonin. Repeated phenylalanine injections produce more marked alterations in tissue phenylalanine and tyrosine levels, lower activity of tryptophan hydroxylase, and increase serum adrenocorticoids; phenylalanine hydroxylase activity and brain serotonin levels are only marginally affected. These changes seriously complicate interpretations of time‐consuming behavioral studies in experimental PKU.
Selective priming of maternal responses by auditory and olfactory cues from mouse pups
Authors: Noirot Eliane
Published: January 2005

Previous data have shown that maternal behavior can be primed in mice by exposure to sound and smell from pups. This experiment shows that both types of cues act selectively on different maternal responses. Three groups of 20 naïve females were given an initial exposure respectively to both auditory and olfactory cues from pups, to auditory cues alone, or to olfactory cues alone. Their results during a subsequent standard test for maternal behaviour were then compared with those of 20 naïve control females, not previously exposed to cues from pups. The results favor the assumption of a selective priming process, olfactory cues exerting a positive effect on cleaning of pups, auditory cues exerting a positive effect on nest‐building.
Procedures for the study of behavior in avian embryos
Authors: Kovach Joseph K. , Callies Duane , Hartzell Rex
Published: January 2005

New procedures and an automated technique are presented for the study of prenatal behavior in birds. Their application, functions, and construction are discussed in detail.
Effects of prenatal administration of psychotropic drugs on behavior of developing rats
Authors: Clark Carol V. H. , Gorman Darrell , Vernadakis Antonia
Published: January 2005

The effects of prenatal administration of 1 mg/kg d‐amphetamine sulfate or 3 mg/kg chlorpromazine HCl to rats from days 12 through 15 of gestation inclusive were studied on behavior of the offspring in the open field, mazes, and operant conditioning. The locomotor activity scores of rats whose mothers received chlorpromazine were significantly lower than those of controls on day 13 after birth but reached a level significantly higher than that of controls on day 18. Offspring of amphetaminetreated mothers had relatively low activity scores early in testing and were delayed in reaching adult activity levels. Although in the mother‐goal‐maze offspring of both chlorpromazine‐ and amphetamine‐treated mothers generally had shorter latencies than controls, rats whose mothers received chlorpromazine made significantly more errors. These animals also took significantly longer to acquire the bar‐press response. No differences among groups were observed in learning or reversal in the T‐maze or in performance or extinction of the operant response.
The influence of nutrition on neural and behavioral development. I. Critical review of some data on the growth of the body and the brain following dietary deprivation during gestation and lactation
Authors: Altman Joseph , Das Gopal D. , Sudarshan Kiran
Published: January 2005

The scanty data available on the effects of undernutrition during gestation and lactation upon neural development in man are reviewed briefly. This review is followed by a description of the various techniques that have been employed for the experimental undernutrition of laboratory animals. Then a detailed review is given of the effects of dietary deprivation during gestation, lactation, after weaning, and in adulthood upon the development of the nervous system and its different parts in a variety of mammalian species, with special emphasis on the rat. Finally, in a programmatic statement, the developmental phases during which undernutrition can be produced experimentally are related to critical stages or vulnerable periods of brain development.
Familiar social and nonsocial stimuli and the kitten's response to a strange environment
Authors: Rheingold Harriet L. , Eckerman Carol O.
Published: January 2005

The effectiveness of the mother, a littermate, and the home environment were compared in alleviating the distress shown by kittens which had previously been placed alone in a strange environment. Tests were conducted on the same kittens at 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks of age. In the intact group of mother and kittens in the home environment scarcely any cries were heard. But when the kittens were placed alone in the strange environment, the frequency of cries was greatly increased. When the mother or a littermate was present, however, the frequency of cries was reliably reduced. In contrast, when kittens were placed alone in the home environment, the frequency of cries was not reliably reduced. Although the frequency of cries decreased as the kittens grew older, the relative effectiveness of the mother's or littermate's presence in reducing the frequency increased with age, whereas the home environment did not reliably reduce the frequency at any age. These findings indicate that separation from accustomed companions was a more powerful cause of distress than separation from accustomed physical surroundings, and that being alone in familiar as well as strange settings can evoke distress in the young cat.
The influence of nutrition on neural and behavioral development: III. Development of some motor, particularly locomotor patterns during infancy
Authors: Altman Joseph , Sudarshan Kiran , Das Gopal D. , McCormick Nancy , Barnes David
Published: January 2005

The locomotor development of infant rats nursed by mothers that had free access to food during lactation or were fed during that period 40% or 20% of the ad lib diet were compared. The “spontaneous” emergence or disappearance of several locomotor patterns were sampled daily in an open field situation, and the development of others was studied by inducing them in test situations. The spontaneous motor patterns included general locomotor activity, pivoting, head lifting, and standing on the hindlegs. The induced activities were hanging and moving on a suspended horizontal string, clinging to and descending on vertical ropes, climbing up on a rod, and homing in various test situations. The motor performance of the severely undernourished animals (offspring of mothers on a 20% diet) was inferior to normals in all the observations. This was manifested most commonly in reduced frequency or speed in the performance of certain acts, and in some cases in the prolonged persistence of infantile motor patterns or a delay in the appearance of more advanced patterns.
Environmental influences on brain and behavior of year‐old rats
Authors: Riege Walter H.
Published: January 2005

The brains of rats, almost a year old, were found to be similarly susceptible to the influences of differential housing as had been those of weanling rats. In 3 experiments, male S1 rats, about 285 days of age, remained for 30, 60, or 90 days in enriched (EC), impoverished (IC), or standard colony (SC) conditions before sacrifice for measures of weights and enzymatic activities of standardized brain sections. Occipital and total cortical brain weights increased significantly after EC, whereas subcortical regions seemed to be resistant to environmental influences. Year‐old rats responded with greater cortical weight increases and enhanced occipital cholinesterase activities from a period of enrichment extended beyond 60 days than SC agemates. The cortices of IC rats, in contrast, showed a decline in weights with longer duration in isolation. Environmental enrichment, furthermore, disposed year‐old rats to faster learning in the Lashley III maze.
Effects of early tactile enrichment on open field activity and tactile discriminative ability in the rat
Authors: Finger Stanley , Fox M. W.
Published: January 2005

Twenty‐eight blinded rats reared from 24 days of age under enriched and control tactile environmental conditions were examined at 90 days for the ability to discriminate between surfaces inscribed with different tactile features, and for exploratory activity in an open field. The 2 groups failed to differ on any of the 5 tactile discriminative problems, although open‐field scores revealed differences in exploration. These findings are discussed in relation to the effects of early experience on emotionality and learning ability.
Developmental environment: Variables important for later learning and changes in cholinergic activity
Authors: Brown Cathryn P. , King M. G.
Published: January 2005

Environmental experience of developing rats was manipulated in two ways. These were (1) providing increments in amount of visual stimulation vs. increased variety of novelty of visual stimulation, and (2) informal experience vs. formal training in discriminating between the given stimuli. At the conclusion of the developmental treatment an index of performance change was obtained by testing discrimination learning on a Lashley Jumping Stand. Effects on the cholinergic system, specifically, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and cholinesterase (ChE) activities, were also examined. Increments in variety of stimulation, but not increases in amount, were found to contribute significantly to observed differences in AChE and ChE activity and in learning performance. Formal training in addition to enriched informal experience added little to either the biochemical effects or to the observed improvement in performance on the relevant learning task.
Development of a fatted male phenomenon in California sea lions
Authors: Schusterman Ronald J. , Gentry Roger L.
Published: January 2005

A captive colony of male sea lions (Zalophus californianus) living in northern California shows an annual weight fluctuation related to their reproductive season. Seasonal fattening, which is associated with an increase in territorial displays, starts developing at 5 years of age, when a sagittal crest first becomes apparent, and becomes more prominent as the males reach full maturity.
Differences in the mother‐infant relations of squirrel monkeys housed in social and restricted environments
Authors: Kaplan Joel
Published: January 2005

Mother and infant squirrel monkeys were housed together in either a group or a restricted environment until the infants were approximately 22 weeks of age. Observations of the mothers' and infants' behavior during this period revealed clear differences between the rearing conditions. Mothers in the socially restricted environment avoided and punished their infants more and were generally less protective than those in the group environment. However, these differences did not appear to reflect differences in maternal attitudes per se, but rather the extent to which infants in the two environments engaged in certain activities. Infants in the restricted environment attempted to play with their mother more often and remained closer to her as they became older.
Mother ‐ infant interactions: Effects of early handling of offspring on rat mothers' open‐field behavior
Authors: Hudgens Gerald A. , Chilgren John D. , Palardy Deborah D.
Published: January 2005

Two experiments studied the open‐field behaviors of rat mothers as a function of offspring manipulation. In the first experiment mothers whose offspring were “handled” were compared with mothers whose offspring were not handled. Mothers of handled offspring were found to be less emotional in the open field than control mothers. In the second experiment control litters and litters handled during their first week were fostered to mothers of nonhandled litters. The foster mothers and their new litters were not disturbed again until weaning 2 weeks later. Again, mothers which reared handled litters were less emotional than those which reared nonhandled litters. It was concluded that mothers are affected by early handling of their offspring, that the direction of influence can be from infant to mother, and that the effects of mother‐infant interactions are likely to be extremely complex.
The influence of nutrition on neural and behavioral development. IV. Effects of infantile undernutrition on the growth of the cerebellum
Authors: Altman Joseph , McCrady Barbara
Published: January 2005

The morphological development of the cerebellum was examined with quantitative histological techniques in rats which were nursed from birth by mothers that had free access to food during lactation or were fed during that period 40 or 20% of the average ad lib diet. Little or no retardation was observed in the development of the cerebellum except in its germinal matrix (the external granular layer) at 11 days. At 17–21 days there was a substantial reduction in the migratory cells (precursors of granule neurons) and stationary cells (precursors of basket and stellate neurons) of the molecular layer, and in the differentiating granule cells of the internal granular layer. Associated with these reductions in cerebellar microneurons there was a significant decrease in the area occupied by the molecular and internal granular layers, the magnitude of which was a function of the severity of undernutrition. Between 30–60 days a total areal recovery was observed in the molecular and internal granular layers in the mildly undernourished rats and substantial compensation in the severely undernourished rats. This areal recovery was not due to a replacement of the lost cells but to an apparent compensatory increase of the “neuropil”.
Prenatal exposure to an extremely low frequency‐low intensity rotating magnetic field and increases in thyroid and testicle weight in rats
Authors: Ossenkopp Klaus‐Peter , Koltek W. Terrance , Persinger Michael A.
Published: January 2005

Extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields and waves (.1–40 Hz) Which occur daily in the environment, are associated with lightning discharges, atmospheric lability, solar eruptions, and geomagnetic micropulsations. In 3 experiments, adult rats that had been exposed to a .5–3 or 3–15 gauss ELF (.5 Hz) rotating magnetic field (RMF) during various periods of gestation, had significantly heavier thyroid and testicle weights than controls. The difference in these measures was a function of the field intensity and duration of exposure. Rats exposed prenatally to a sham‐RMF (no magnets) did not differ from controls in the above measures. No significant differences were found between the thymus weights, adrenal weights, blood sugar, or circulating blood eosinophil levels of RMF‐exposed and control rats. The implications of the thyroid and testicle changes are discussed in terms of the physiological and physicochemical effects of ELF electromagnetic phenomena.
Responsiveness of protein deficient monkeys to manipulative stimuli
Authors: Strobel David A. , Zimmermann Robert R.
Published: January 2005

Objects never experienced before by 4 groups of monkeys were introduced into a free operant chain manipulation situation. The presence of the objects disrupted the manipulation response rates of 2 groups of animals differing in age and onset of a diet restricted in protein. Age controls receiving higher concentrations of protein in diets isocaloric with respect to the protein restricted diet, showed increased performance to these stimuli. The reinstatement of the chains alone condition resulted in a partial, but temporary recovery, of the manipulation response by low protein animals. This disruption in chain pulling behavior by malnourished monkeys may be similar to neophobic avoidance reactions previously observed in protein deprived monkeys.
Sensitization for audiogenic seizures in two strains of mice and their F1 hybrids
Authors: Chen Chia‐Shong
Published: January 2005

Acoustic sensitization or priming for audiogenic seizures was studied in 304 “seizure‐resistant” mice of C57BL, BALB/c and their F1 hybirds. The effect of priming was found to be a function of strain, age of the first auditory exposure, and duration of exposure. In BALB/c mice priming at ages 21–28 days induced very high incidence of seizures; in this stran 2‐min exposure was more effective than both 60 sec or 30 sec. The same parameters of priming induced very low seizure incidence in C57BL mice. A behavior‐genetic analysis indicated that the genotype of each parental strain might contribute equally to the priming induced seizure risk of their F1 hybrids, but C57BL mice appeared to be dominant to the BALB/c for some components of audiogenic seizures.
The development of cannibalism in male Rockland‐Swiss mice and the influence of olfactory bulb removal
Authors: Gandelman Ronald
Published: January 2005

Approximately 50% of adult male mice killed 1‐day old mouse pups. Pup killing was usually accompanied by eating of one or both pups. Pup killing was not exhibited by normal 22‐day old male mice or by 22‐day olds that were administered testosterone propionate for 11 days prior to testing, but was exhibited by 22‐day olds that were subject to bilateral olfactory bulb removal.
Tactile and visual sense system interactions: A developmental study using reaction time models
Authors: Kaufman Judith , Belmont Ira , Birch Herbert G. , Zach Lillian J.
Published: January 2005

Interrelations of the visual and somatosensory systems were explored through the use of 2 reaction time (RT) models in the age range of 3‐9 years. In the 1st model we examined the effects upon RT to light and to touch of a 3 min period of intervening stimulation in the modality other that that of the signal for response. In the 2nd model we examined the effects of prestimulation in one sense system upon RT to a subsequent stimulus in the other sense system. The evidence deriving from both models indicated clear developmental changes in the ways in the ways in which stimulation in one sense system affects RT to a signal presented in another system. The most general finding was a change from proximoceptive (somatosensory) to teloreceptive (visual) prepotency with increasing age.