bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soil production and hillslope transport in mid‐latitudes during the last glacial–interglacial cycle: a combined data and modelling approach in northern Ardennes
Authors: Bovy Benoît , Braun Jean , Demoulin Alain
Published: June 2016

The relative efficiency of various hillslope processes through Quaternary glacial–interglacial cycles in the mid‐latitudes is not yet well constrained. Based on a unique set of topographic and soil thickness data in the Ardennes (Belgium), we combine the new CLICHE model of climate‐dependent hillslope evolution with an inversion algorithm in order to get deeper insight into the ways and timing of hillslope dynamics under one such climatic cycle. We simulate the evolution of a synthetic hill reproducing the slope, curvature, and contributing area distributions of the hillslopes of a ~ 2500 km2 real area under a simple two‐stage 120‐kyr‐long climatic scenario with linear transitions between cold and warm stages. The inversion method samples a misfit function in the model parameter space, based on estimates of the fit of topographic derivative distributions in classes of soil thickness and of the relative frequencies of the predicted soil thickness classes. Though the inversion results show remarkable convergence patterns for most parameters, no unique solution emerges. We obtain five clusters of good fits, whose centroids are taken as acceptable model solutions. Based on the predicted time series of average denudation rate and soil thickness, plus snapshots of the soil distribution at characteristic times, we discuss these solutions and, comparing them with independent data not involved in the misfit function, we identify the most realistic scenario. Beyond providing first‐order estimates of several parameters that compare well with published data, our results show that denudation rates increase dramatically for a short time at both warm–cold and cold–warm transitions, when the mean annual temperature passes through the [0, −5 °C] range. We also point to the overwhelming importance of solifluction in shaping hillslopes and transporting soil, and the role of depth‐dependent creep (including frost creep) throughout the climatic cycle, whereas the contributions of simple creep and overland flow are minor. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spillage sedimentation on large river floodplains
Authors: Lewin John , Ashworth Philip J. , Strick Robert J. P.
Published: June 2016

Active deposition across the floodplains of large rivers arises through a variety of processes; collectively these are here termed ‘spillage sedimentation’. Three groups of 11 spillage sedimentation styles are identified and their formative processes described. Form presences on large river floodplains show different combinations of active spillage styles. Only some large floodplains have prominent levees; some have coarse splays; many have accessory channel dispersion and reworking, while still‐water sedimentation in lacustrine environments dominates some lower reaches. Infills are also commonly funnelled into prior, and often linear, negative relief forms relating to former migration within the mainstream channel belt.

Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and Landsat 8 data are used to map spillage form types and coverage along a 1700 km reach of the Amazon that has an active floodplain width of up to 110 km with a systematic character transformation down‐valley. Spillage forms associated directly with mainstream processes rarely account for more than 5% of the floodplain deposits. There is a marked decrease in floodplain point bar complexes (PBC) over 1700 km downstream (from 34% to 5%), and an increase in the prevalence of large water bodies (2% to 37%) and accompanying internal crevasses and deltas (0% to 5%). Spillage sedimentation is likely within the negative relief associated with these forms, depending on mainstream sediment‐laden floodwater inputs.

Spillage style dominance depends on the balance between sediment loadings, hydrological sequencing, and morphological opportunity. Down‐river form sequences are likely to follow gradient change, prior up‐river sediment sequestration and the altered nature of spilled loads, but also crucially, local floodplain relief and incident water levels and velocities at spillage times. Considering style distribution quantitatively, as a spatially distributed set of identifiable forms, emphasizes the global variety to spillage phenomena along and between large rivers. © 2016 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
LNG Exports in a Challenging (but Still Significant) World
Authors: Smead Richard G.
Published: June 2016

In June, we saw the Energy Information Administration's (EIA's) latest estimate of where the US oil and gas industry will be going over the next 25 years, the 2016 Annual Energy Outlook (AEO).
Numerical investigation of the influence of the driving frequency during pile installation of tubular piles
Authors: Heins Evelyn , Hamann Thorben , Grabe Jürgen , Hannot Stephan
Published: June 2016

Numerical investigation of the influence of the driving frequency during pile installation of tubular piles: Offshore and nearshore structures are predominantly founded by the use of open‐ended profiles. The installation of open‐ended profiles into the subsoil is usually done using the impact pile driving technique. To make the installation process more efficient, especially when considering the penetration velocity of the pile and the noise level, a new pile driving method was developed by IHC IQIP, formerly known as IHC Hydrohammer B.V. The influence of the standard driving method in comparison to the new driving technique is investigated in this contribution. This is done using the Finite Element Method (FEM) including a two‐phase model for fully saturated soil.

Numerische Untersuchung zum Einfluss der Schlagfrequenz beim Einbringen von Rohrpfählen. Für die Gründung von Offshore‐ und Nearshore‐Anlagen werden vorwiegend offene Profile verwendet. Die Einbringung der offenen Profile in den anstehenden Boden erfolgt meist schlagend. Um den Pfahlinstallationsprozess insbesondere hinsichtlich Einbringgeschwindigkeit und Schallemission effizienter zu gestalten, wurde von IHC IQIP, früher bekannt als IHC Hydrohammer B.V., eine neue Schnellschlagramme entwickelt. In diesem Beitrag soll der Einfluss der Standardramme im Vergleich zur Schnellschlagramme untersucht werden. Dies geschieht mithilfe der Finite‐Elemente‐Methode (FEM) unter Berücksichtigung eines Zweiphasenmodells für den wassergesättigten Boden.

Dieser Artikel wurde aus technischen Problemen doppelt veröffentlicht 10.1002/gete.201500014.
Zur Rolle der Materialmodelle beim Standsicherheitsnachweis
Authors: Kolymbas Dimitrios , Fellin Wolfgang , Schneider‐Muntau Barbara , Medicus Gertraud , Schranz Fabian
Published: June 2016

Die Ansicht, dass für die numerische Simulation von geotechnischem Versagen das Materialmodell keine wesentliche Rolle spielt, wird kritisch erörtert. Aufgrund von Literaturhinweisen und eigenen Untersuchungen wird gezeigt, dass das Materialmodell durchaus eine Rolle spielen kann. Es ist daher fundiertes Fachwissen über die Materialmodelle erforderlich. Eine Außerachtlassung von Materialmodellen bei Standsicherheitsnachweisen a priori sollte vermieden werden.

Dieser Artikel wurde aus technischen Problemen doppelt veröffentlicht 10.1002/gete.201500017.

On the role of constitutive models in simulation of limit state. This paper challenges the critical perception that constitutive models play no important role in numerical simulation of geotechnical collapses. Contrary to this conventional perception, the role of constitutive models in collapse simulations is investigated and highlighted by means of published results and own research. This shows that application of constitutive models in numerical investigations of limit states demands a profound knowledge of them.
Prüfung der Oxidationsbeständigkeit von Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen im Autoklav
Authors: Koroliuk Stepan , Mähner Dietmar , Schmeing Johanna , Kreyenschmidt Martin
Published: June 2016

Das Oxidationsverhalten von chemisch mit Phenolen und Phosphiten stabilisierten Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen aus Polyethylen mit unterschiedlichen Additivkonzentrationen wurde bei hohen und niedrigen Sauerstoffdrücken mittels Autoklaventest untersucht. Dabei zeigte sich, dass der Einfluss der chemischen Stabilisierung bei einem Sauerstoffdruck von 50 bar so stark reduziert wird, dass der Einfluss der Stabilisierung auf die Lebensdauer nicht bestimmt werden kann. Der Einfluss der chemischen Stabilisierung auf das Oxidationsverhalten der Kunststoffdichtungsbahnen bei niedrigeren Sauerstoffdrücken bis zu 5 bar lässt sich dagegen erfassen und evaluieren. Die effektive Geschwindigkeitskonstante des Stabilisatorverbrauchs folgt einem Potenzgesetz über dem Sauerstoffdruck.

Dieser Artikel wurde aus technischen Problemen doppelt veröffentlicht 10.1002/gete.201500020.

Testing of the oxidation resistance of geomembranes in the autoclave. The oxidation behavior of geomembranes, which are chemically stabilized by phenols and phosphites, with different additive concentrations was studied at high and low oxygen pressures by the autoclave test. It was found that the influence of chemical stabilization at an oxygen pressure of 50 bar is strongly suppressed and the influence of the stabilization regarding the lifetime cannot be determined. However, the influence of chemical stabilization on the oxidation behavior of geomembranes at lower oxygen pressures up to 5 bar can be detected and evaluated. The effective rate constant of the stabilizer depletion obeys a power law in oxygen pressure.
Toxicity of single‐wall carbon nanotubes functionalized with polyethylene glycol in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos
Authors: Girardi Felipe A. , Bruch Gisele E. , Peixoto Carolina S. , Dal Bosco Lidiane , Sahoo Sangram K. , Gonçalves Carla O. F. , Santos Adelina P. , Furtado Clascídia A. , Fantini Cristiano , Barros Daniela M.
Published: June 2016

Single‐wall carbon nanotubes functionalized with polyethylene glycol (SWCNT‐PEG) are promising materials for biomedical applications such as diagnostic devices and controlled drug‐release systems. However, several questions about their toxicological profile remain unanswered. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the action of SWCNT‐PEG in Danio rerio zebrafish embryos at the molecular, physiological and morphological levels. The SWCNT used in this study were synthesized by the high‐pressure carbon monoxide process, purified and then functionalized with distearoyl phosphatidylethanolamine block copolymer‐PEG (molecular weight 2 kDa). The characterization process was carried out with low‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and Raman spectroscopy. Individual zebrafish embryos were exposed to the SWCNT‐PEG. Toxic effects occurred only at the highest concentration tested (1 ppm) and included high mortality rates, delayed hatching and decreased total larval length. For all the concentrations tested, the alkaline comet assay revealed no genotoxicity, and Raman spectroscopy measurements on the histological slices revealed no intracellular nanotubes. The results shown here demonstrate that SWCNT‐PEG has low toxicity in zebrafish embryos, but more studies are needed to understand what mechanisms are involved. However, the presence of residual metals is possibly among the primary mechanisms responsible for the toxic effects observed, because the purification process was not able to remove all metal contamination, as demonstrated by the thermogravimetric analysis. More attention must be given to the toxicity of these nanomaterials before they are used in biomedical applications. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Urinary N-telopeptide and Rate of Bone Loss Over the Menopause Transition and Early Postmenopause
Authors: Shieh Albert , Ishii Shinya , Greendale Gail A , Cauley Jane A , Lo Joan C , Karlamangla Arun S
Published: June 2016

The purpose of this study was to assess the ability of urinary N-telopeptide (U-NTX) to gauge rate of bone loss across and after the menopause transition (MT). U-NTX measurement was measured in early postmenopause in 604 participants from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN). We examined the association between U-NTX and annualized rates of decline in lumbar spine and femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) across the MT (1 year before the final menstrual period [FMP] to time of U-NTX measurement), after the MT (from time of U-NTX measurement to 2 to 4 years later), and over the combined period (from 1 year before FMP to 2 to 4 years after U-NTX measurement). Adjusted for covariates in multivariable linear regression, every standard deviation (SD) increase in U-NTX was associated with 0.6% and 0.4% per year faster declines in lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD across the MT; and 0.3% (lumbar spine) and 0.2% (femoral neck) per year faster declines over the combined period (across and after the MT) (all p < 0.01). Each SD increase in U-NTX was also associated with 44% and 50% greater risk of fast bone loss in the lumbar spine (defined as BMD decline in the fastest 16% of the distribution) across the MT (p < 0.001, c-statistic = 0.80) and over the combined period (across and after the MT) (p = 0.001, c-statistic = 0.80), respectively. U-NTX measured in early postmenopause is most strongly associated with rates of bone loss across the MT, and may aid early identification of women who have experienced fast bone loss during this critical period. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Guidelines on the Use of Therapeutic Apheresis in Clinical Practice–Evidence‐Based Approach from the Writing Committee of the American Society for Apheresis: The Seventh Special Issue
Authors: Schwartz Joseph , Padmanabhan Anand , Aqui Nicole , Balogun Rasheed A. , Connelly‐Smith Laura , Delaney Meghan , Dunbar Nancy M. , Witt Volker , Wu Yanyun , Shaz Beth H.
Published: June 2016

The American Society for Apheresis (ASFA) Journal of Clinical Apheresis (JCA) Special Issue Writing Committee is charged with reviewing, updating, and categorizing indications for the evidence‐based use of therapeutic apheresis in human disease. Since the 2007 JCA Special Issue (Fourth Edition), the Committee has incorporated systematic review and evidence‐based approaches in the grading and categorization of apheresis indications. This Seventh Edition of the JCA Special Issue continues to maintain this methodology and rigor to make recommendations on the use of apheresis in a wide variety of diseases/conditions. The JCA Seventh Edition, like its predecessor, has consistently applied the category and grading system definitions in the fact sheets. The general layout and concept of a fact sheet that was used since the fourth edition has largely been maintained in this edition. Each fact sheet succinctly summarizes the evidence for the use of therapeutic apheresis in a specific disease entity. The Seventh Edition discusses 87 fact sheets (14 new fact sheets since the Sixth Edition) for therapeutic apheresis diseases and medical conditions, with 179 indications, which are separately graded and categorized within the listed fact sheets. Several diseases that are Category IV which have been described in detail in previous editions and do not have significant new evidence since the last publication are summarized in a separate table. The Seventh Edition of the JCA Special Issue serves as a key resource that guides the utilization of therapeutic apheresis in the treatment of human disease. J. Clin. Apheresis 31:149–162, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Coadministration of Rifampin Significantly Reduces Odanacatib Concentrations in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Stoch S. Aubrey , Ballard Jeanine , Gibson Christopher , Kesisoglou Filippos , Witter Rose , Kassahun Kelem , Zajic Stefan , Mehta Anish , Brandquist Christine , Dempsey Cynthia , Stypinski Daria , Reitman Marc L.
Published: June 2016

This open‐label 2‐period study assessed the effect of multiple‐dose administration of rifampin, a strong cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) and P‐glycoprotein inducer, on the pharmacokinetics of odanacatib, a cathepsin K inhibitor. In period 1, 12 healthy male subjects (mean age, 30 years) received a single dose of odanacatib 50 mg on day 1, followed by a 28‐day washout. In period 2, subjects received rifampin 600 mg/day for 28 days; odanacatib 50 mg was coadministered on day 14. Blood samples for odanacatib pharmacokinetics were collected at predose and on day 1 of period 1 and day 14 of period 2. Coadministration of odanacatib and rifampin significantly reduced odanacatib exposure. The odanacatib AUC0–∞ geometric mean ratio (90% confidence interval) of odanacatib + rifampin/odanacatib alone was 0.13 (0.11–0.16). The harmonic mean ± jackknife standard deviation apparent terminal half‐life (t½) was 71.6 ± 10.2 hours for odanacatib alone and 16.0 ± 3.4 hours for odanacatib + rifampin, indicating greater odanacatib clearance following coadministration with rifampin. Samples were collected in period 2 during rifampin dosing (days 1, 14, and 28) and after rifampin discontinuation (days 35, 42, and 56) to evaluate the ratio of plasma 4β‐hydroxycholesterol to total serum cholesterol as a CYP3A4 induction biomarker; the ratio increased ∼5‐fold over 28 days of daily dosing with 600 mg rifampin, demonstrating sensitivity to CYP3A4 induction.
Extreme Performance and Functional Robustness of Movement are Linked to Muscle Architecture: Comparing Elastic and Nonelastic Feeding Movements in Salamanders
Authors: Scales Jeffrey A. , Stinson Charlotte M. , Deban Stephen M.
Published: June 2016

Muscle‐powered movements are limited by the contractile properties of muscles and are sensitive to temperature changes. Elastic‐recoil mechanisms can both increase performance and mitigate the effects of temperature on performance. Here, we compare feeding movements in two species of plethodontid salamanders,Bolitoglossa frankliniandDesmognathus quadramaculatus, across a range of body temperatures (5–25°C) to better understand the mechanism of elastically powered, thermally robust movements.Bolitoglossaexhibited ballistic, elastically powered tongue projection with a maximum muscle mass specific power of 4,642 W kg−1whileDesmognathusdemonstrated nonballistic, muscle‐powered tongue projection with a maximum power of 359 W kg−1. Tongue‐projection performance inBolitoglossawas more thermally robust than that ofDesmognathus, especially below 15°C. The improved performance and thermal robustness ofBolitoglossawas associated with morphological changes in the projector muscle, including elaborated collagen aponeuroses and the absence of myofibers attaching directly to the tongue skeleton. The elongated aponeuroses likely increase the capacity for elastic energy storage, and the lack of myofibers inserting on the tongue skeleton permits ballistic projection. These results suggest that relatively simple changes in myofiber architecture and the amount of connective tissue can improve the performance and functional robustness of movements in the face of environmental challenges such as variable temperature.
Timing of Maternal Immunization Affects Immunological and Behavioral Outcomes of Adult Offspring in Siberian Hamsters (Phodopus sungorus)
Authors: French Susannah S. , Chester Emily M. , Demas Gregory E.
Published: June 2016

Maternal influences are an important contributing factor to offspring survival, development, and behavior. Common environmental pathogens can induce maternal immune responses and affect subsequent development of offspring. There are likely sensitive periods during pregnancy when animals are particularly vulnerable to environmental disruption. Here we characterize the effects of maternal immunization across pregnancy and postpartum on offspring physiology and behavior in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). Hamsters were injected with the antigen keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) (1) prior to pairing with a male (premating), (2) at separation (postmating), (3) at midpregnancy, or (4) after birth (lactation). Maternal food intake, body mass, and immunity were monitored throughout gestation, and litters were measured weekly for growth until adulthood when social behavior, hormone concentrations, and immune responses were determined. We found that immunizations altered maternal immunity throughout pregnancy and lactation. The effects of maternal treatment differed between male and female offspring. Aggressive behavior was enhanced in offspring of both sexes born to mothers treated postmating and thus early in pregnancy relative to other stages. In contrast, maternal treatment and maternal stage differentially affected innate immunity in males and females. Offspring cortisol, however, was unaffected by maternal treatment. Collectively, these data demonstrate that maternal immunization affects offspring physiology and behavior in a time‐dependent and sex‐specific manner. More broadly, these findings contribute to our understanding of the effects of maternal immune activation, whether it be from environmental exposure or immunization, on immunological and behavioral responses of offspring.
Construction of Novel Tetrahydro‐β‐carboline‐1‐thione Spirooxindoles by Brønsted Acid Mediated Formal [3+3] Cyclization of 3‐Indolylmethanols with 3‐Isothiocyanato Oxindoles
Authors: Liao Yijun , Bai Mei , Yu Shuowen , Zhang Minmin , Hu Fangzhi , Xu Xiaoying , Yuan Weicheng , Zhang Xiaomei
Published: June 2016

p‐Toluenesulfonic acid mediated formal [3+3] cyclization of 3‐indolylmethanols with 3‐isothiocyanato oxindoles was realized. This transformation allowed for the synthesis of a series of novel tetrahydro‐β‐carboline‐1‐thione spirooxindoles in moderate to excellent yields (up to 99%) with generally good diastereoselectivities (up to >20:1). The structure of one product was determined by an X‐ray crystal structural analysis.
p‐TsOH‐mediated, Versatile, and Efficient Approach for the Synthesis of Triazolyl‐Carbazoles from Nitrovinylcarbazoles and Azide via 1, 3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition
Authors: Avula Vijay Kumar Reddy , Vallela Swetha , Anireddy Jaya Shree , Chamarthi Naga Raju
Published: June 2016

An efficient method for the synthesis of N‐alkylated 3‐(1‐benzyl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazole‐4‐yl)‐9H‐carbazoles (5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10) and 9‐ethyl‐3,6‐di(1H‐1,2,3‐triazole‐4‐yl)‐9H‐carbazole (13) has been developed from nitroolefines. The effects of catalyst and solvent on these reactions have been investigated. p‐TsOH‐THF was found to be the best system for this reaction. Various triazolyl‐carbazoles were prepared in good to excellent yields.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of 68Ga‐labeled Pteroyl‐Lys conjugates for folate receptor‐targeted tumor imaging
Authors: Zhang Xuran , Yu Qian , He Yingfang , Zhang Chun , Zhu Hua , Yang Zhi , Lu Jie
Published: June 2016

In order to develop novel 68Ga‐labeled PET tracers for folate receptor imaging, two DOTA‐conjugated Pteroyl‐Lys derivatives, Pteroyl‐Lys‐DOTA and Pteroyl‐Lys‐DAV‐DOTA, were designed, synthesized and radiolabeled with 68Ga. Biological evaluations of the two radiotracers were performed with FR‐positive KB cell line and athymic nude mice bearing KB tumors. Both 68Ga‐DOTA‐Lys‐Pteroyl and 68Ga‐DOTA‐DAV‐Lys‐Pteroyl exhibited receptor specific binding in KB cells in vitro. The tumor uptake values of 68Ga‐DOTA‐Lys‐Pteroyl and 68Ga‐DOTA‐DAV‐Lys‐Pteroy were 10.06 ± 0.59%ID/g and 11.05 ± 0.60%ID/g at 2 h post‐injection, respectively. Flank KB tumor was clearly visualized with 68Ga‐DOTA‐DAV‐Lys‐Pteroyl by Micro‐PET imaging at 2 h post‐injection, suggesting the feasibility of using 68Ga‐labeled Pteroyl‐Lys conjugates as a novel class of FR targeted probes.
Alternate circulation and genetic variation of human respiratory syncytial virus genotypes in Chengdu, West China, 2009‐2014
Authors: Hu Pengwei , Zheng Tianli , Chen Jiayi , Zhou Tao , Chen Yuhang , Xu Xin , Pei Xiaofang
Published: June 2016

Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) is a major pathogen that causes worldwide seasonal epidemic disease in infants due to its genetic variations. However, published information on the molecular epidemiology of HRSV was never reported particularly in Chengdu of West China. During five consecutive seasons (from 2009 to 2014), 433 (23.7%) of 1827 samples from hospitalized patients were identified as HRSV positive. Epidemiological characteristics of HRSV revealed that subtype A viruses (62.7%) prevailed in the first three epidemic seasons and faded in the next two seasons, while subtype B viruses (37.3%) kept circulating in five epidemic periods. According to the phylogenetic analysis of glycoprotein (G) gene, five HRSV genotypes NA1, ON1, BA9, BA‐C, and CB1 were found in Chengdu. The predominant circulating genotype changed from NA1 in the period of 2010–2012 to BA9 of 2013–2014. The newly emerging ON1 was first reported in West China in October 2013. The early genotypes BA‐C and CB1 were replaced by the prevailing BA9 after the third epidemic peak. Genetic mutations in glycosylation sites of G protein were found in HRSV variants, suggesting the virus is able to escape the immune recognition and attack. This study elucidated the local HRSV epidemic was associated with the alternate circulation of multiple genotypes and with the change of glycosylation sites of G protein. J. Med. Virol. 89:32–40, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Role of A3 adenosine receptor in diabetic neuropathy
Authors: Yan Heng , Zhang Enshui , Feng Chang , Zhao Xin
Published: June 2016

Neuropathy is the most common diabetic complication. Although the A1 and A2A adenosine receptors are important pharmacological targets in alleviating diabetic neuropathy, the role of the A3 adenosine receptor remains unknown. Because the A3 adenosine receptor regulates pain induced by chronic constriction injury or chemotherapy, its stimulation might also attenuate diabetic neuropathy. This study examines the effects of systemic treatment with the A3 adenosine receptor agonist 1‐deoxy‐1‐[6‐[[(3‐iodophenyl)methyl]amino]‐9H‐purin‐9‐yl]‐N‐methyl‐β‐d‐ribofuranuronamide (IB‐MECA) on diabetic neuropathy and explores the putative mechanisms underlying its pharmacological effects. We show that IB‐MECA alleviated mechanical hyperalgesia and thermal hypoalgesia in mice 2 weeks but not 4 weeks after streptozocin (STZ) treatment. Furthermore, IB‐MECA prevented the reduction in sciatic motor nerve conduction velocity and sensory nerve conduction velocity in diabetic mice 2 weeks but not 4 weeks after STZ treatment. Similarly, IB‐MECA inhibited the activation of nuclear factor‐κB and decreased the generation of tumor necrosis factor‐α in the spinal cord of mice 2 weeks but not 4 weeks after STZ treatment. These phenomena were associated with reduction of A3 adenosine receptor expression in the spinal cord after long‐term diabetes. Our results suggest that the A3 adenosine receptor plays a critical role in regulating diabetic neuropathy and that reduction in A3 adenosine receptor expression/function might contribute to the progression of diabetic neuropathy. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Personal need for structure as a boundary condition for humor in leadership
Authors: Pundt Alexander , Venz Laura
Published: June 2016

Recent research has established a positive relationship between humor in leadership and organizational behavior variables. However, neither the mechanisms nor the boundary conditions of the positive effects of humor in leadership are completely understood. In this study, we contribute to these questions by investigating the relationship between humor in leadership and follower commitment and burnout in more detail. We propose that these relationships unfold via a relational process and specified this relational process in terms of leader–member exchange. Moreover, we assume that these relationships depend on followers' personal need for structure. We tested the hypothesized moderated‐mediation model in a two‐wave survey study with 142 employees. Our results support the proposed model. We found the predicted indirect effect of humor on commitment and disengagement to be stronger for followers low in need for structure. However, we did not find the proposed effects for emotional exhaustion. We discuss implications for leadership theory, humor theory, and for leadership training and practice. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of visco‐elastic properties of conditioned wheat kernels and their doughs using a compression test under small strain
Authors: Ponce‐García Néstor , Ramírez‐Wong Benjamín , Torres‐Chávez Patricia I , Figueroa‐Cárdenas Juan de Dios , Serna‐Saldívar Sergio O , Cortez‐Rocha Mario O , Escalante‐Aburto Anayansi
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND

The aim of this research was to evaluate the visco‐elastic properties of conditioned wheat kernels and their doughs by applying the compression test under a small strain. Conditioned wheat kernels and their doughs, from soft and hard wheat classes were evaluated for total work (Wt), elastic work (We) and plastic work (Wp).

RESULTS

Soft wheat kernels showed lower We than Wp, while the hard wheat kernels had a We that was higher than Wp. Regarding dough visco‐elasticity, cultivars from soft and hard wheat showed higher Wp than We. The degree of elasticity (DE%) of the conditioned wheat kernel related to its dough decreased ∼46% in both wheat classes. The Wt, We and Wp from the soft wheat kernel and dough correlated with physico‐chemical and farinographic flour tests. The Wt, Wp and the maximum compression force (Fmax) of the dough from hard wheat class presented highly significant negative correlations with wet gluten.

CONCLUSION

The visco‐elasticity parameters from compression test presented significant differences among conditioned wheat classes and their doughs. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Optimal pretreatment determination of kiwifruit drying via online monitoring
Authors: Nadian Mohammad Hossein , Abbaspour‐Fard Mohammad Hossein , Sadrnia Hassan , Golzarian Mahmood Reza , Tabasizadeh Mohammad
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND

Pre‐treating is a crucial stage of drying process. The best pretreatment for hot air drying of kiwifruit was investigated using a computer vision system (CVS), for online monitoring of drying attributes including drying time, colour changes and shrinkage, as decision criteria and using clustering method. Slices were dried at 70 °C with hot water blanching (HWB), steam blanching (SB), infrared blanching (IR) and acid ascorbic 1% w/w (AA) as pretreatments each with three durations of 5, 10 and 15 min.

RESULTS

The results showed that the cells in HWB‐pretreated samples stretched without any cell wall rupture, while the highest damage was observed in AA‐pretreated kiwifruit microstructure. Increasing duration of AA and HWB significantly lengthened the drying time while SB showed opposite results. The drying rate had a profound effect on the progression of the shrinkage. The total colour change of pretreated samples was higher than those with no pretreatment except for AA and HWB. The AA could well prevent colour change during the initial stage of drying. Among all pretreatments, SB and IR had the highest colour changes.

CONCLUSION

HWB with a duration of 5 min is the optimum pretreatment method for kiwifruit drying. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Optimum condition of producing crisp osmotic banana using superheated steam puffing
Authors: Tabtiang Surapit , Prachayawarakorn Somkiat , Soponronnarit Somchart
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND

Puffing can improve textural property of snacks. Nevertheless, high temperature puffing accelerates non‐enzymatic browning reactions. The osmotic treatment using sucrose solution potentially retards the browning, but the high amount of sucrose gain causes hard texture. The objective of this work was therefore to study the effects of osmotic time, puffing time and puffing temperature on banana qualities such as colour, shrinkage and textural property.

RESULTS

The experimental results showed that puffing temperature, puffing time and osmotic time significantly affected colour, shrinkage and textual properties.

CONCLUSION

The optimisation using response surface methodology was used for a trade‐off between colour and textural properties. To obtain a good quality product, the puffed osmotic banana should be operated at the osmotic time of 43 min and puffing temperature of 220 °C and puffing time of 2 min. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Transoral robotic surgery for upper airway pathology in the pediatric population
Authors: Zdanski Carlton J. , Austin Grace K. , Walsh Jonathan M. , Drake Amelia F. , Rose Austin S. , Hackman Trevor G. , Zanation Adam M.
Published: June 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

The purpose of this study is to present one of the largest case series of pediatric transoral robotic surgery (TORS) in the upper airway demonstrating a wide range of ages and indications.

Study Design

A retrospective case series at an academic tertiary referral center from August 2010 to September 2014.

Methods

The da Vinci surgical robot (Intuitive Surgical, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA) was used on 16 pediatric patients for 18 procedures. A variety of upper airway pathologies and reconstructions in children with a wide range of ages and weights were treated. No lingual tonsillectomies or base‐of‐tongue reductions were included.

Results

Sixteen children (6 males) underwent 18 TORS procedures, including resection of hamartoma (n = 1), repair of laryngeal cleft (n = 7), removal of saccular cyst (n = 2), release of pharyngeal or esophageal strictures (n = 2), and excision of lymphatic malformations (n = 4). Patient ages ranged from 14 days to 15 years. There were no intraoperative complications. All patients had successful robotic access, and no patients had conversions to open or traditional endoscopic surgery. Hospital courses varied with duration ranging from 1 to 20 days. The median follow up was 22 months.

Conclusion

Applying TORS to the pediatric population can be feasible and safe for appropriate airway pathologies. Because many patients are small in size, there is inherent risk in using robotic instruments and scopes transorally. Pearls in this series include a standardized two‐robot experienced attending team and longitudinal airway follow‐up.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 127:247–251, 2017
Aquatic methane dynamics in a human‐impacted river‐floodplain of the Danube
Authors: Sieczko Anna Katarzyna , Demeter Katalin , Singer Gabriel Andreas , Tritthart Michael , Preiner Stefan , Mayr Magdalena , Meisterl Karin , Peduzzi Peter
Published: June 2016

River‐floodplain systems are characterized by changing hydrological connectivity and variability of resources delivered to floodplain water bodies. Although the importance of hydrological events has been recognized, the effect of flooding on CH4 concentrations and emissions from European, human‐impacted river‐floodplains is largely unknown. This study evaluates aquatic concentrations and emissions of CH4 from a highly modified, yet partly restored river‐floodplain system of the Danube near Vienna (Austria). We covered a broad range of hydrological conditions, including a 1‐yr flood event in 2012 and a 100‐yr flood in 2013. Our findings demonstrate that river‐floodplain waters were supersaturated with CH4, hence always serving as a source of CH4 to the atmosphere. Hydrologically isolated habitats in general have higher concentrations and produce higher fluxes despite lower physically defined velocities. During surface connection, however, CH4 is exported from the floodplain to the river, suggesting that the main channel serves as an “exhaust pipe” for the floodplain. This mechanism was especially important during the 100‐yr flood, when a clear pulse of CH4 was flushed from the floodplain with surface floodwaters. Our results emphasize the importance of floods differing in magnitude for methane evasion from river‐floodplains; 34% more CH4 was emitted from the entire system during the year with the 100‐yr flood compared to a hydrologically “normal” year. Compared to the main river channel, semi‐isolated floodplain waters were particularly strong sources of CH4. Our findings also imply that the predicted increased frequency of extreme flooding events will have significant consequences for methane emission from river‐floodplain systems.
Investigations into localized re‐treatment of the retina with a 3‐nanosecond laser
Authors: Chidlow Glyn , Plunkett Malcolm , Casson Robert J. , Wood John P.M.
Published: June 2016

Background and Objectives

Subvisual retinal lasers necessarily cause clinically invisible lesions, hence, they could intentionally or inadvertently be targeted at precisely the same or an overlapping location during repeat laser treatment. Herein, we investigated the structural integrity and cellular responses of localized re‐treatment using a nanosecond laser (2RT) currently in trials for early age‐related macular degeneration.

Materials and Methods

Rats were randomly assigned to one of five groups: sham, subvisual 2RT, subvisual 2RT re‐treatment, visual effect 2RT, visual effect 2RT re‐treatment. Re‐treatment groups were lasered on days 0 and 21; single laser groups were only lasered on day 21. All rats were euthanized at day 28 and eyes were then dissected and processed for immunohistochemistry. For re‐treatment, the laser was targeted at precisely the same locations on both delivery occasions. Analytical endpoints included monitoring of retinal vascular integrity overlying lesions, investigation into any potential choroidal neovascularization, assessment of the RPE, quantification of collateral injury to photoreceptors or other neuronal classes, and delineation of glial reactivity.

Results

Repeat laser administration to rats caused ostensibly identical retinal‐RPE‐choroid responses to those obtained in age‐matched rats that received only a single application. Specifically, 7 days after treatment, RPE cells were re‐populating lesion sites. No obvious consistent differences were evident between the single and repeat laser groups. Moreover, repeat laser caused no (measurable) additive injury to photoreceptors or other retinal neuronal classes from single laser treatment. In re‐lasered animals, there was no increase in microglial activity overlying and adjacent to lesion sites relative to single lasered rats. Finally, there was no evidence of choroidal neovascularization after repeat laser treatment.

Conclusions

The overall results provide a measure of confidence that re‐treatment of patients with 2RT should not provide any additional risk of developing visual scotomas, choroidal neovascularizations, or inflammatory events. Indeed, the collated results indicate that the metabolic and structural disruption to the RPE‐retina caused by short pulse duration laser treatment is resolved within a short time frame such that re‐treatment elicits a phenotype indistinguishable from single treatment. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:602–615, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The safety and efficacy of thermal lipolysis of adipose tissue via ultrasound for circumference reduction: An open label, single‐arm exploratory study
Authors: Otto Morkel J.
Published: June 2016

Background and Objective

To better understand adipocyte sensitivity under hyperthermic conditions, the ULTIMA system (also known as MUST) was designed to induce the thermal destruction of fat cells using ultrasound, radiofrequency, and vacuuming. This clinical study assessed the safety and efficacy of ULTIMA in non‐invasive reductions of abdominal circumference.

Study Design

This open‐label, single‐arm exploratory study monitored the response of 21 patients to a single fat reduction treatment session with the ULTIMA system. Male and female patients between the ages of 18 and 65 who presented with a subcutaneous adipose fat thickness >2.5 cm as measured with a caliper and 2 cm as measured by ultrasound were eligible to participate in the study. Patients with a history of surgery in the target region and who had previous fat/circumference reduction treatments within the previous 6 months were excluded. Efficacy measures evaluated at the 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐month post‐treatment visits included the following: photographs of before and after treatment as evaluated by two blinded reviewers, changes from the baseline abdominal circumference and fat layer thickness, and subjective physician and patient assessments. Immediate skin responses were recorded for up to 30 minutes post‐treatment, and adverse events were recorded throughout the study.

Results

An average of 10 zones per patient were subjected to ULTIMA treatment and 87.5% of the pre‐treatment photographs were correctly rated by two independent blinded reviewers. A statistically and clinically significant reduction in the abdominal circumference was observed at 3 months post‐treatment. The changes in circumference (represented as the mean ± SE) of the baseline of the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), umbilicus, and maximal circumference during this period were −3.2 ± 0.7 cm, −3.9 ± 0.7 cm, and −3.3 ± 0.8 cm, respectively. Physician‐based assessments classified all patients (100%) as “improved” within 3 months of treatment, and self‐assessment questionnaires completed by the patients demonstrated that 92% of them classified their conditions as either improved or much improved within this same time period. Any immediate skin reactions observed fell within the expected norms and were short‐lived and self‐resolving.

Conclusions

A single ULTIMA treatment session effectively and safely resulted in visual appearance improvement and in a significant reduction in the patients’ abdominal circumference, which persisted for 3 months. Additional investigations will be required to further optimize the treatment regimen and assess its long‐term sustainability. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:734–741, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Positive solutions of Kirchhoff type elliptic equations in with critical growth
Authors: Liu Zhisu , Guo Shangjiang , Fang Yanqin
Published: June 2016

In this paper, we study the following Kirchhoff type elliptic problem with critical growth:
urn:x-wiley:0025584X:media:mana201500358:mana201500358-math-0002where , and , and the nonlinear growth term reaches the Sobolev critical exponent since for four spatial dimensions. In a non‐radial symmetric function space, we establish a local compactness splitting lemma of critical version to investigate the existence of positive ground state solutions.
1H NMR‐based metabolomics exploring urinary biomarkers correlated with proteinuria in focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: a pilot study
Authors: Kalantari Shiva , Nafar Mohsen , Samavat Shiva , Parvin Mahmoud , Nobakht M.GH. B. Fatemeh , Barzi Farnaz
Published: June 2016

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a common glomerulonephritis, and its rates of occurrence are increasing worldwide. Proteinuria is a clinical defining feature of FSGS which correlates with the severity of podocyte injury in patients with nephrotic‐range protein excretion. Metabolite biomarkers corresponding with the level of proteinuria could be considered as non‐invasive complementary prognostic factors to proteinuria.

The urine samples of 15 patients (n = 6 women and n = 9 men) with biopsy‐proven FSGS were collected and subjected to nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis for metabolite profiling. Multivariate statistical analyses, including principal component analysis and orthogonal projection to latent structure discriminant analysis, were applied to construct a predictive model based on patients with proteinuria >3000 mg/day and <3000 mg/day. In addition, random forest was performed to predict differential metabolites, and pathway analysis was performed to find the defective pathways responsible for proteinuria.

Ten metabolites, significant in both statistical methods (orthogonal projection to latent structure discriminant analysis and random forest), were considered as prognostic biomarkers for FSGS: citrulline, dimethylamine, proline, acetoacetate, alpha‐ketoisovaleric acid, valine, isobutyrate, D‐Palmitylcarnitine, histidine, and N‐methylnicotinamide. Pathway analysis revealed impairment of the branched‐chain amino acid degradation pathways in patients with massive proteinuria.

This study shows that metabolomics can reveal the molecular changes corresponding with disease progression in patients with FSGS and provide a new insight for pathogenic pathways. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vps33b regulates Vwf‐positive vesicular trafficking in megakaryocytes
Authors: Dai Jing , Lu Yeling , Wang Conghui , Chen Xue , Fan Xuemei , Gu Hao , Wu Xiaolin , Wang Kemin , Gartner T Kent , Zheng Junke , Chen Guoqiang , Wang Xuefeng , Liu Junling
Published: June 2016

Mutations of vacuolar protein sorting‐associated protein 33b (VPS33B) cause arthrogryposis, renal dysfunction, and cholestasis syndrome, and a lack of platelet α‐granules in the affected patients. Conditional Vps33b knockout mice were developed to investigate the function(s) of Vps33b in platelet α‐granule formation. We found that early embryonic deletion of Vps33b was lethal. PF4‐Cre‐driven megakaryocyte‐targeted Vps33b gene deletion greatly diminished Vps33b expression in platelets, but had no effect on platelet α‐granule formation and protein content. Tamoxifen‐induced, haematopoietic stem cell (HSC)‐specific Vps33b deletion completely depleted Vps33b in platelets, caused the absence of α‐granules, and increased the number of vacuoles in platelets and megakaryocytes. VPS33B association with VIPAS39, α‐tubulin, and SEC22B was identified by co‐immunoprecipitation, mass spectra, and immunoblotting in human embryonic kidney 293T (HEK293T) cells. Also, pull‐down experiments revealed that VIPAS39 bound to intact VPS33B; in contrast, α‐tubulin and SEC22B separately interacted with the sec1‐like domains of VPS33B. Vps33b deficiency in megakaryocytes disturbs the redistribution of Vipas39 and Sec22b to proplatelets, and interrupted the co‐localization of Sec22b with Vwf‐positive vesicles. The data presented in this study suggest that Vps33b is involved in α‐granule formation possibly by facilitating the Vwf‐positive vesicular trafficking to α‐granule‐related vacuoles in megakaryocytes. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A rate‐type nonlinear viscoelastic–viscoplastic cyclic constitutive model for polymers: Theory and application
Authors: Zhu Yilin , Lu Fucong , Yu Chao , Kang Guozheng
Published: June 2016

A thermodynamically consistent rate‐type viscoelastic–viscoplastic constitutive model is developed in the framework of isothermal and small deformation to describe the nonlinear and time‐dependent deformation behaviors of polymers, e.g., ratchetting, creep, and stress relaxation. The model is proposed on the base of a one‐dimensional rheological model with several springs and dashpot elements. The strain is divided into viscoelastic and viscoplastic parts, and the stress is also decomposed into two components. Each stress component is further divided into elastic and viscoelastic sub‐components. The viscoelasticity is described by introducing pseudo potentials, and the ratchetting is considered by the viscoplastic flow which is derived by the codirectionality hypotheses. The capability of the proposed model to describe the nonlinear and time‐dependent deformation of polymers is then verified by comparing the simulations with the corresponding experimental results of polycarbonate (PC) polymer. It is shown that the nonlinear and time‐dependent stress–strain responses of the PC can be reasonably predicted by the proposed model. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 56:1375–1381, 2016. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers