bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combined influences of irrigation diversions and associated subsurface return flows on river temperature in a semi‐arid region
Authors: Alger Madison , Lane Belize A. , Neilson Bethany T.
Published: June 2021

Irrigation activities alter water distribution and storage in arid and semi‐arid regions worldwide. The removal of water from streams can drastically impact instream flows. However, irrigation water conveyance and application onto fields can create surface and subsurface hydrologic connections, or lateral inflows, that return some of this diverted water back to streams. Prior research has shown the impact of surface water diversions from streams on downstream warming that increases stress on aquatic species. However, the combined effects of flow depletion and irrigation‐enhanced lateral inflows on stream temperature and river ecosystems remains poorly studied. To further understand these relationships, we combined intensive field monitoring over three irrigation seasons and thermal aerial imagery to identify irrigation‐enhanced subsurface lateral inflow locations and evaluate their effects on stream flow and temperature patterns over a 2.5‐km highly depleted study reach. Considering variable hydrology, weather, flow diversions, channel geometry and lateral inflows, we found irrigation‐enhanced lateral inflows were the likely explanation for buffered longitudinal and diel warming patterns that prevented stressful or lethal thermal conditions for brown trout. These localized temperature effects were more pronounced in drier years, under high diversion rates and during high solar radiation intensity. We also found that lateral inflows corresponded with greater spatial variability of stream temperatures and potential thermal refugia. Study results illustrate the potential ecological consequences of reducing irrigation‐enhanced lateral inflows and highlight the importance of hydrologic monitoring in irrigated arid river valleys. The role and preservation of these lateral inflows should be considered in water resources management related to irrigation efficiency and environmental flows.
Financial relationships between industry and principal investigators of US cooperative group randomized cancer clinical trials
Authors: Metzger April L. , Kusi Appiah Adams , Wright Christopher M. , Jairam Vikram , Amini Arya , Park Henry S. , Welsh James W. , Thomas Charles R. , Verma Vivek , Ludmir Ethan B.
Published: June 2021

Financial conflicts of interest (FCOIs) could bias the potentially practice‐changing oncologic randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of tomorrow. This investigation characterized the FCOIs of the principal investigators (PIs) of all currently accruing trials of the four (adult) cooperative groups of the National Clinical Trials Network. For our study, the PI list was first compiled, and each name was then searched in the CMS Open Payments database. For each transaction (general payments (GPs) or research funding (RF)), the amount/number/source of payments was recorded. Results showed that from 2014 to 2019, the 91 PIs collectively accepted nearly one‐third of a billion dollars ($10 477 023 GPs and $320 096 233 RF). The mean and median GP was $6505 and $945, respectively, and $301 693 and $49 824 RF, respectively. Multivariable Gamma regression analysis revealed that higher GP sums were associated with RCTs involving any type of systemic therapy, and higher RF sums with medical oncologist PIs, trials with phase III components, and RCTs involving radiotherapy (P < .05 for all). Both higher‐volume GPs and RF were predicted by PIs having accepted payment(s) from the manufacturer of the drug utilized in their RCT (P < .001 GP, P = .008 RF). Taken together, the main message of this investigation is that FCOIs may be particularly high in PIs of phase III systemic therapy trials, especially if the PI accepted payments from the manufacturer of the drug utilized in their trial. Such RCTs should be thoroughly scrutinized by medical journals, the FDA, and insurance companies for potential “industry bias” that could influence the integrity of their conclusions.
Effect of a hypnosis session before hysterectomy on pre‐ and postoperative anxiety
Authors: Sourzac Jennie , Germain Christine , Frison Eric , Sztark Francois , Conri Vanessa , Floccia Marie
Published: June 2021

Synopsis

A hypnosis session performed a few days prior to onco‐gynecological surgery can significantly reduce perioperative anxiety and postoperative pain.
First case of intracaval recurrence of high‐grade endometrial stromal sarcoma: A case report
Authors: Mandato Vincenzo Dario , Valli Riccardo , Silvotti Monica , Mastrofilippo Valentina , Casali Giovanni , Aguzzoli Lorenzo
Published: June 2021

Synopsis

The present study reports the first case of high‐grade endometrial stromal sarcoma which occurred as tumor thrombus in the inferior vena cava. It was detected by chance during lymphadenectomy and radically resected.
Bridge Building: A Review of Rethinking Reading in College: An Across‐the‐Curriculum Approach
Authors: Sweeney Meghan A.
Published: June 2021

In this review of Arlene Fish Wilner’s Rethinking Reading in College: An Across‐the‐Curriculum Approach, the author explores how Wilner leverages a rich understanding of college‐level reading to advocate for reading across the curriculum. By encouraging teachers to make explicit connections between discourse and disciplinary epistemology, Wilner’s book does important equity work that has the potential to bridge reading instruction from high school to the last year of college.
Engineered nanoceria modulate neutrophil oxidative response to low doses of UV‐B radiation through the inhibition of reactive oxygen species production
Authors: Peloi Karen Elaine , Ratti Bianca Altrão , Nakamura Celso Vataru , Neal Craig J. , Sakthivel Tamil Selvan , Singh Sushant , Seal Sudpita , de Oliveira Silva Lautenschlager Sueli
Published: June 2021

To avoid aging and ultraviolet mediated skin disease the cell repair machinery must work properly. Neutrophils, also known as polymorphonuclear leukocytes, are the first and most abundant cell types which infiltrate sites of irradiation and play an important role in restoring the microenvironment homeostasis. However, the infiltration of neutrophils in ultraviolet‐B (UV‐B) irradiated skin might also contribute to the pathophysiology of skin disease. The polymorphonuclear leukocytes activation induced by UV‐B exposure may lead to prolonged, sustained NADPH oxidase activation followed by an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Our previous work showed that cerium oxide nanoparticles can protect L929 fibroblasts from ultraviolet‐B induced damage. Herein, we further our investigation of engineered cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNP) in conferring radiation protection specifically in modulation of neutrophils' oxidative response under low dose of UV‐B radiation. Our data showed that even low doses of UV‐B radiation activate neutrophils' oxidative response and that the antioxidant, ROS‐sensitive redox activities of engineered CNPs are able to inhibit the effects of NADPH oxidase activation while conferring catalase and superoxide dismutase mimetic activity. Further, our investigations revealed similar levels of total ROS scavenging for both CNP formulations, despite substantial differences in cerium redox states and specific enzyme‐mimetic reaction activity. We therefore determine that CNP activity in mitigating the effects of neutrophils' oxidative response, through the decrease of ROS and of cell damage such as chromatin condensation, suggests potential utility as a radio‐protectant/therapeutic against UV‐B damage.
Antibacterial, conductive, and osteocompatible polyorganophosphazene microscaffolds for the repair of infectious calvarial defect
Authors: Huang Yiqian , Du Zhiyun , Zheng Tianyi , Jing Wei , Liu Huanhuan , Liu Xue , Mao Jianping , Zhang Xu , Cai Qing , Chen Dafu , Yang Xiaoping
Published: June 2021

Many osteoconductive and osteoinductive scaffolds have been developed for promoting bone regeneration; however, failures would occur in osteogenesis when the defect area is significantly infected while the biomaterials have no antibacterial performances. Herein, a kind of multipurpose PATGP@PDA + Ag microspheres was prepared via emulsion method by using a conductive aniline tetramer (AT) substituted polyphosphazene (PATGP), followed by polydopamine (PDA) modification and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) loading. The PATGP@PDA + Ag microspheres demonstrated a strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus both in vitro and in vivo, while showing no cytotoxicity at an optimized AgNPs loading amount. Due to the electron‐donor structure of the AT moieties, the PATGP@PDA + Ag microspheres displayed antioxidant capacities to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS). Due to their phosphorus‐rich feature, the PATGP@PDA + Ag microspheres favored the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). As controls, nonconductive microspheres (PAGP@PDA, PAGP@PDA + Ag) were prepared similarly by using poly[(ethylalanine)(ethylglycyl)]phosphazene (PAGP). By co‐implanting these microspheres with S. aureus into rat calvarial defects, among them, it was determined that the PATGP@PDA + Ag microspheres achieved the most abundant neo‐bone formation, benefiting from their antibacterial, antioxidant and osteogenic activities. These results revealed that AgNPs loaded scaffolds made of conductive polyphosphazenes were promising for the regeneration of infected bone defects.
Biomechanical analyses of one‐piece dental implants composed of titanium, zirconia, PEEK, CFR‐PEEK, or GFR‐PEEK: Stresses, strains, and bone remodeling prediction by the finite element method
Authors: Fabris Douglas , Moura José P. A. , Fredel Márcio C. , Souza Júlio C. M. , Silva Filipe S. , Henriques Bruno
Published: June 2021

This work aimed to assess the biomechanics, using the finite element method (FEM), of traditional titanium Morse taper (MT) dental implants compared to one‐piece implants composed of zirconia, polyetheretherketone (PEEK), carbon fiber‐reinforced PEEK (CFR‐PEEK), or glass fiber‐reinforced PEEK (GFR‐PEEK). MT and one‐piece dental implants were modeled within a mandibular bone section and loaded on an oblique force using FEM. A MT implant system involving a Ti6Al4V abutment and a cp‐Ti grade IV implant was compared to one‐piece implants composed of cp‐Ti grade IV, zirconia (3Y‐TZP), PEEK, CFR‐PEEK, or GFR‐PEEK. Stress on bone and implants was computed and analyzed while bone remodeling prediction was evaluated considering equivalent strain. In comparison to one‐piece implants, the traditional MT implant revealed higher stress peak (112 MPa). The maximum stresses on the one‐piece implants reached ~80 MPa, regardless their chemical composition. MT implant induced lower bone stimulus, although excessive bone strain was recorded for PEEK implants. Balanced strain levels were noticed for reinforced PEEK implants of which CFR‐PEEK one‐piece implants showed proper biomechanical behavior. Balanced strain levels might induce bone remodeling at the peri‐implant region while maintaining low risks of mechanical failures. However, the strength of the PEEK‐based composite materials is still low for long‐term clinical performance.
Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Delayed Fracture Healing in Mmp10 (Stromelysin 2) Knockout Mice
Authors: Valdés-Fernández José , López-Martínez Tania , Ripalda-Cemboráin Purificación , Calvo Isabel A , Sáez Borja , Romero-Torrecilla Juan Antonio , Aldazabal Javier , Muiños-López Emma , Montiel Verónica , Orbe Josune , Rodríguez José Antonio , Páramo José Antonio , Prósper Felipe , Granero-Moltó Froilán
Published: June 2021

The remodeling of the extracellular matrix is a central function in endochondral ossification and bone homeostasis. During secondary fracture healing, vascular invasion and bone growth requires the removal of the cartilage intermediate and the coordinate action of the collagenase matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13, produced by hypertrophic chondrocytes, and the gelatinase MMP-9, produced by cells of hematopoietic lineage. Interfering with these MMP activities results in impaired fracture healing characterized by cartilage accumulation and delayed vascularization. MMP-10, Stromelysin 2, a matrix metalloproteinase with high homology to MMP-3 (Stromelysin 1), presents a wide range of putative substrates identified in vitro, but its targets and functions in vivo and especially during fracture healing and bone homeostasis are not well defined. Here, we investigated the role of MMP-10 through bone regeneration in C57BL/6 mice. During secondary fracture healing, MMP-10 is expressed by hematopoietic cells and its maximum expression peak is associated with cartilage resorption at 14 days post fracture (dpf). In accordance with this expression pattern, when Mmp10 is globally silenced, we observed an impaired fracture-healing phenotype at 14 dpf, characterized by delayed cartilage resorption and TRAP-positive cell accumulation. This phenotype can be rescued by a non-competitive transplant of wild-type bone marrow, indicating that MMP-10 functions are required only in cells of hematopoietic linage. In addition, we found that this phenotype is a consequence of reduced gelatinase activity and the lack of proMMP-9 processing in macrophages. Our data provide evidence of the in vivo function of MMP-10 during endochondral ossification and defines the macrophages as the lead cell population in cartilage removal and vascular invasion. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Bariatric surgery increases the rate of major fracture: self-controlled case series study in UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink
Authors: Robinson Danielle E. , Douglas Ian , Tan Garry D. , Delmestri Antonella , Judge Andrew , Cooper Cyrus , Javaid M. Kassim , Strauss Victoria Y. , Prieto-Alhambra Daniel
Published: June 2021

Conflicting results exist about the relationship between bariatric surgery and fracture risk. Also, prediction of who is at increased risk of fracture after bariatric surgery is not currently available. Hence, we used a combination of a self-controlled case series (SCCS) study to establish the association between bariatric surgery and fracture, and develop a prediction model for postoperative fracture risk estimation using a cohort study. Patients from UK Primary care records from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink GOLD linked to Hospital Episode Statistics undergoing bariatric surgery with body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2 between 1997 and 2018 were included in the cohort. Those sustaining one or more fractures in the 5 years before or after surgery were included in the SCCS. Fractures were considered in three categories: (i) any except skull and digits (primary outcome); (ii) major (hip, vertebrae, wrist/forearm, and humerus); and (iii) peripheral (forearm and lower leg). Of 5487 participants, 252 (4.6%) experienced 272 fractures (of which 80 were major and 135 peripheral) and were included in the SCCS analyses. Major fracture risk increased after surgery, incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs): 2.77 (95% CI, 1.34–5.75) and 3.78 (95% CI, 1.42–10.08) at ≤3 years and 3.1 to 5 years postsurgery when compared to 5 years prior to surgery, respectively. Any fracture risk was higher only in the 2.1 to 5 years following surgery (IRR 1.73; 95% CI, 1.08–2.77) when compared to 5 years prior to surgery. No excess risk of peripheral fracture after surgery was identified. A prediction tool for major fracture was developed using 5487 participants included in the cohort study. It was also internally validated (area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve [AUC ROC] 0.70) with use of anxiolytics/sedatives/hypnotics and female as major predictors. Hence, major fractures are nearly threefold more likely after bariatric surgery. A simple prediction tool with five variables identifies high risk patients for major fracture. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
The status of climate studies in the United States and Canadian dental schools: Deans’ perspectives
Authors: Ester Todd V. , Tucker‐Lively Felicia L. , Smith Carlos , Taylor George W. , Ware Tawana K. , Inglehart Marita R.
Published: June 2021

Objectives

Institutions with a positive cultural climate make community members from all backgrounds valued and included, and treated equitably. Such an environment is optimally suited to prepare future dentists well for leading a diverse team of staff members and addressing the oral health care needs of increasingly more diverse patient populations. The objectives were to assess how many United States and Canadian dental schools had participated in a climate study at their parent institution and/or had conducted their own climate study, which topics these studies had addressed, how they collected their data, from whom they collected data, and how the findings affected these academic units.

Methods

In January 2020, 54 of the 78 dental school deans in the United States and Canada responded to a web‐based survey (response rate: 69%).

Results

Forty‐six parent institutions (85%) and 27 dental schools (50%) had conducted climate studies. Eighty‐seven percent of parent institutions assessed the climate overall and the climate for specific groups (70%), such as for persons from underrepresented minority backgrounds (67%) or different religious backgrounds (59%). Most parent institution and dental school studies utilized surveys to collect data from faculty (parent institutions: 76%/dental schools: 96%), staff (74%/93%), administrators (72%/93%), and students (72%/89%). Overall, climate study results positively affected parent institutions’ and dental schools’ humanistic environment (61%/63%) and the recruitment of faculty (46%/50%), students (46%/46%), and staff (41%/43%).

Conclusions

Climate studies are a widely accepted practice at dental schools and their parent institutions. Their results can play a vital role in shaping the climate of these academic units by fostering efforts to increase diversity, equity, and inclusion.
Dehydroepiandrosterone modulates oxidative DNA damage in pancreatic cancer: A case–control study
Authors: Fazli Hamid Reza , Mohamadkhani Ashraf , Godarzi Hamed Reza , Pourshams Akram , Jafari Nia Mojtaba
Published: June 2021

Background and Aim

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has a protective role against several types of cancer, although its mechanisms of action are still unknown, it may be related to the antioxidant effect of DHEA. We hypothesized that DHEA has a preventive effect on the formation of the 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG) DNA adduct in pancreatic cancer patients.

Methods

Serum DHEAs were quantified by the ELISA method in 50 pancreatic cancer patients with histopathological diagnosis of adenocarcinoma and 50 matched controls. The amount of 8‐OHdG was assessed in peripheral blood leukocyte extracted DNA using a 32P‐DNA postlabeling technique.

Results

Pancreatic cancer patients had lower serum DHEA levels than healthy controls, although it did not differ significantly. Instead, the 8‐OHdG DNA adduct was significantly higher in the case than in the control (P = <0.001). Remarkably, the negative correlation between 8‐OHdG and DHEA was distinguished between cases (P = 0.025, r = −0.315) but not in controls (P = 0.078, r = −0.250). In the crude and corrected estimate for pancreatic cancer risk, a significant protective effect of DHEA against pancreatic cancer was found with increasing DHEA when 8‐OHdG is greater than its median (adjusted OR = 0, 79, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.66–0.94). Similarly, a lower risk of pancreatic cancer was observed in the third tertile of DHEA (adjusted OR = 0.05, 95% CI: 0.004–0.69).

Conclusions

These results indicate that serum DHEA reduces the risk of pancreatic cancer with an anti‐DNA damage effect. Hence, the influence of DHEA to prohibit the accumulation of 8‐OHdG may be one of its physiological functions.
Four‐Dimensional flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Assessment of Pediatric Coarctation of the Aorta
Authors: Desai Lajja , Stefek Heather , Berhane Haben , Robinson Joshua , Rigsby Cynthia , Markl Michael
Published: June 2021

Background

Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) typically requires repair, but re‐interventions and vascular complications occur, particularly with associated defects like bicuspid aortic valve (BAV). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may identify anatomic and hemodynamic factors contributing to clinical complications.

Purpose

To investigate 4D flow MRI characteristics in pediatric CoA to determine parameters for long‐term clinical surveillance.

Study Type

Retrospective.

Population

CoA (n = 21), CoA with BAV (n = 24), BAV alone (n = 29), and healthy control (n = 25).

Field Strength/Sequence

A 1.5 T, 3D CE IR FLASH MRA, 4D flow MRI using 3D time resolved PC‐MRI with velocity encoding.

Assessment

Thoracic aorta diameters were measured from 3D CE‐MRA. Peak systolic velocities and wall shear stress were calculated and flow patterns were visualized throughout the thoracic aorta using 4D flow. Repair characteristics, re‐interventions, and need for anti‐hypertensive medications were recorded.

Statistics

Descriptive statistics, ANOVA with post hoc t‐testing and Bonferroni correction, Kruskal–Wallis H, intraclass correlation coefficient, Fleiss' kappa.

Results

Patients with CoA with or without repair had smaller transverse arch diameters compared to BAV alone and control cohorts (P < 0.05), higher peak systolic flow velocities and wall shear stress compared to controls in the transverse arch and descending aorta (P < 0.05), and flow derangements in the descending aorta. The most common CoA repairs were extended end‐to‐end anastomosis (n = 22/45, 48.9%, age at repair 1 ± 2 years, seven re‐interventions) and stent/interposition graft placement (n = 10/45, 22.2%, age at repair 12 ± 3 years, one re‐intervention). Anti‐hypertensive medications were prescribed to 33.3% (n = 15/45) of CoA and 34.4% of BAV alone patients (n = 10/29).

Data Conclusions

Despite repair, CoA alters hemodynamics and flow patterns in the transverse arch and descending aorta. These findings may contribute to vascular remodeling and secondary complications. 4D flow MRI may be valuable in risk stratification, treatment selection and postintervention assessment. Long‐term, prospective studies are warranted to correlate patient and MRI factors with clinical outcomes.

Evidence Level

3

Technical Efficacy

Stage 3
Risk factors for HTLV‐1, acute kidney injury, and urinary tract infection among aboriginal adults with end stage kidney disease in central Australia
Authors: Talukder Mohammad R. , Clauss Cornelia S. , Cherian Sajiv , Woodman Richard , Einsiedel Lloyd
Published: June 2021

Central Australia is a human T‐cell leukemia virus type 1c (HTLV‐1c) endemic region and has the highest incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in Australia. The factors associated with HTLV‐1 seropositivity among Aboriginal Australian adults with CKD receiving hemodialysis (HD) were determined. A retrospective observational study of Aboriginal adults (≥ 18 years) who were receiving regular HD at the two main dialysis units in Alice Springs, December 1, 2010 to December 31, 2015. Demographic and clinical data before commencing HD were extracted from hospital records from the first presentation to Alice Springs Hospital (ASH) to HD commencement and associations were determined using logistic regression. Among 373 patients receiving HD, 133 (35.9%) were HTLV‐1 infected. Identifiable factors associated with HTLV‐1 status included increasing age, male gender, and diabetes before HD. The odds of diabetes mellitus were significantly higher among patients with HTLV‐1 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 2.76, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.19, 6.39; p = 0.017). More than one‐fifth of participants had an acute kidney injury, the risk of which was increased among those with a previous blood stream infection (aOR: 3.02, 95% CI: 1.71, 5.34, p < 0.001). Men with a high HTLV‐1 proviral load (≥500 copies per 105 peripheral blood leukocytes) had an increased risk of urinary tract infection (UTI) before HD (aOR: 5.15, 95% CI: 1.62, 16.40; p = 0.006). A strong association between HTLV‐1 and diabetes, and an increased risk of UTI among men with a high HTLV‐1 PVL, suggest that interactions between HTLV‐1 infection and conventional risk factors may increase the risk for CKD in this population.
The organization of functional neurocognitive networks in focal epilepsy correlates with domain‐specific cognitive performance
Authors: Hatlestad‐Hall Christoffer , Bruña Ricardo , Erichsen Aksel , Andersson Vebjørn , Syvertsen Marte Roa , Skogan Annette Holth , Renvall Hanna , Marra Camillo , Maestú Fernando , Heuser Kjell , Taubøll Erik , Solbakk Anne‐Kristin , Haraldsen Ira H.
Published: June 2021

Understanding and diagnosing cognitive impairment in epilepsy remains a prominent challenge. New etiological models suggest that cognitive difficulties might not be directly linked to seizure activity, but are rather a manifestation of a broader brain pathology. Consequently, treating seizures is not sufficient to alleviate cognitive symptoms, highlighting the need for novel diagnostic tools. Here, we investigated whether the organization of three intrinsic, resting‐state functional connectivity networks was correlated with domain‐specific cognitive test performance. Using individualized EEG source reconstruction and graph theory, we examined the association between network small worldness and cognitive test performance in 23 patients with focal epilepsy and 17 healthy controls, who underwent a series of standardized pencil‐and‐paper and digital cognitive tests. We observed that the specific networks robustly correlated with test performance in distinct cognitive domains. Specifically, correlations were evident between the default mode network and memory in patients, the central‐executive network and executive functioning in controls, and the salience network and social cognition in both groups. Interestingly, the correlations were evident in both groups, but in different domains, suggesting an alteration in these functional neurocognitive networks in focal epilepsy. The present findings highlight the potential clinical relevance of functional brain network dysfunction in cognitive impairment.
Spatial and temporal variability in extreme precipitation in the Pearl River Basin, China from 1960 to 2018
Authors: Xu Fei , Zhou Yuyan , Zhao Lingling
Published: June 2021

Extreme precipitation events are an increasingly important issue, and their changing trends vary by geographical region. In this study, 12 extreme precipitation indices (EPI) were selected to analyse the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of extreme precipitation, explore the relationships between EPI and annual total precipitation (ATP) and elevation in the Pearl River Basin from 1960 to 2018, and investigate the persistence of extreme precipitation in the future. The results showed that the regionally averaged ATP insignificantly decreased at a rate of 27.27 mm/decade, while the maximum 1‐day precipitation and maximum 5‐day precipitation exhibited insignificantly increased trends, simple daily intensity index significantly increased at a rate of 0.18 mm/day per decade, whereas wet days, heavy precipitation days and consecutive dry days significantly decreased from 1960 to 2018. Trends in the EPI in four seasons showed large differences, most of the EPI in spring were decreased, while increased in winter. Most EPI in the western regions showed decreasing trends, whereas in the southeastern regions exhibited positive trends. The large spatial variability of EPI is mainly due to the impacts of terrain and water vapour sources. The variations in the extreme precipitation are closely related to the atmospheric circulation index, especially for the East Asian Summer Monsoon. All indices except consecutive dry days exhibited significant positive correlations with ATP. All indices except consecutive dry days had negative correlations with elevation, and extreme precipitation events mainly occurred in lower elevation regions. All the EPI had long‐range correlations based on R/S analysis (H > 0.5), thereby indicating that the EPI will maintain their current trends in the future. This research will provide support for water resource management and scientific adaptation, mitigation and response to climate anomalies.
Gender differences in immunological response of African‐American juveniles with Grade C molar incisor pattern periodontitis
Authors: Tavakoli Tamara T. , Gholami Fatemeh , Huang Hong , Gonçalves Patricia Furtado , Villasante‐Tezanos Alejandro , Aukhil Ikramuddin , de Oliveira Rubelisa C. G. , Hovencamp Niki , Wallet Shannon , Ioannidou Efthimia , Shaddox Luciana M.
Published: June 2021

Background

Prevalence of Grade C molar incisor periodontitis (C/MIP) in females (F) and males (M) is controversial, although some studies suggest higher prevalence in females. The objective of this study was to evaluate differences in clinical parameters, and levels of cyto/chemokines in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and peripheral blood response.

Methods

GCF and blood were collected from 79 C/MIP African‐American participants (53F and 26 M) and healthy controls (58F and 38 M), aged 5 to 23. Blood was stimulated with ultrapure LPS from Escherichia coli (Ec) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and we quantified levels of 14 cyto/chemokines. Clinical parameters were collected before and 12 months following treatment

Results

No clinical parameters or age differences were found between males and females, although age was negatively correlated with response to treatment. GCF levels of TNFα, IFNγ, MIP1α, and MCP1 from diseased and sites and healthy sites IFNγ levels were higher in M (P < 0.05). C/MIP females presented higher Pg and Ec LPS induced levels of Eotaxin, IFNγ, and GMCSF (P < 0.05), whereas healthy males presented higher Ec LPS induced levels of Eotaxin and IFNγ (P < 0.05). Inflammatory profiles were also different among genders in disease (P = 0.004).

Conclusions

Although males seemed to present few elevated inflammatory markers in the GCF in disease and in health, females presented an elevated systemic inflammatory response to LPS in disease, which indicates a possible differential susceptibility to inflammation. Future studies need to determine if sex hormones have a role in the peripheral host response and in the pathogenesis of C/MIP.
Rapid isolation of exopolysaccharide‐producing Streptococcus thermophilus based on molecular marker screening
Authors: Xiong Zhiqiang , Chen Huanlan , Song Xin , Xia Yongjun , Ai Lianzhong
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND

As a natural food additive, exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by Streptococcus thermophilus can improve product viscosity and texture. The protein EpsA is a putative pathway‐specific transcriptional regulator for EPS biosynthesis in S. thermophilus.

RESULTS

According to comparative analysis of EPS biosynthetic gene clusters, a conserved region of epsA (609 bp) was employed to design primer pair epsA‐F/R as a molecular marker for the isolation of EPS‐producing (EPS+) S. thermophilus. Two EPS+ S. thermophiles strains, AR333 and S‐3, were band‐positive, whereas Lactococcus lactis NZ9000 (non‐EPS‐producing, EPS−), Lactobacillus casei LC2W (EPS+) and L. plantarum AR113 (EPS+) were negative by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplicon bands using the epsA probe. This indicated good specificity of the epsA probe to EPS+ S. thermophilus. Moreover, based on PCR screening with the epsA probe, 23 positive strains were isolated and identified as S. thermophilus from our microbial library and natural fermented milk with 141.3–309.2 mg L−1 of EPS production, demonstrating the validity of our molecular marker screening method.

CONCLUSION

The designed molecular marker of epsA can rapidly screen EPS+ S. thermophilus, which has potential application in the dairy and other food industries. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Formulation of the biological control yeast Meyerozyma caribbica by electrospraying process: effect on postharvest control of anthracnose in mango (Mangifera indica L.) and papaya (Carica papaya L.)
Authors: Aguirre‐Güitrón Lizet , Calderón‐Santoyo Montserrat , Lagarón José María , Prieto Cristina , Ragazzo‐Sánchez Juan Arturo
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND

Microorganism for biological control of fruit diseases is an eco‐friendly alternative to the use of chemical fungicides.

RESULTS

This is the first study evaluating the electrospraying process to encapsulate the biocontrol yeast Meyerozyma caribbica. The effect of encapsulating material [Wey protein concentrate (WPC), Fibersol® and Trehalose], its concentration and storage temperature on the cell viability of M. caribbica, and in vitro and in vivo control of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was evaluated. The processing with commercial resistant maltodextrin (Fibersol®) 30% (w/v) as encapsulating material showed the highest initial cell viability (95.97 ± 1.01%). The storage at 4 ± 1 °C showed lower losses of viability compared to 25 ± 1 °C. Finally, the encapsulated yeast with Fibersol 30% w/v showed inhibitory activity against anthracnose in the in vitro and in vivo tests, similar to yeast fresh cells.

CONCLUSION

Electrospraying was a highly efficient process due to the high cell viability, and consequently, a low quantity of capsules is required for the postharvest treatment of fruits. Additionally, the yeast retained its antagonistic power during storage. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Nuclear magnetic resonance‐based chemical signature and nutritional discrimination of Macrotyloma uniflorum accessions from the alpine Himalayas
Authors: Gautam Manisha , Chahota Rakesh Kumar , Kumar Dinesh
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND

Macrotyloma uniflorum (horsegram) is cultivated in the alpine Himalayas for its nutritional benefits. The chemical diversity of M. uniflorum has been explored by several research groups, but none has reported the chemical signature to monitor the identity and quality. To overcome quality control problems and provide more accurate chemotype information, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR)‐based chemical signature and tentative metabotype discrimination was studied.

RESULTS

Metabolites were identified by characteristic chemical shifts and their correlations in one‐dimensional (1D) and two‐dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments. The identifications were confirmed by reference standards, with in‐house databases, and with public databases. From the analysis of seed samples from eight locations, NMR detected 46 diversified metabolites, including 18 amino acids, nine carbohydrates, three vitamins, seven flavonoids, and nine miscellaneous molecules (fatty acids/choline/phenolics/organic acids/sterols). These metabolites generated a single snapshot chemical signature for M. uniflorum. Greater content of identified metabolites was found at high elevations of 1829 m (55.78 g kg−1) followed by 1000–1150 m (19.30–17.23 g kg−1) and 1150–1450 m (7.33–13.41 g kg−1). Principal component analysis of samples revealed that chemotypes grouped into three distinct clusters. ‘Cluster‐3’ was positively correlated with metabolites and found the best nutritionally enriched chemotype.

CONCLUSIONS

A proton nuclear magnetic resonance‐based M. uniflorum chemical signature was generated for the first time. The environmental conditions of 1829 m were most suitable for obtaining nutritionally enriched M. uniflorum crops. Overall, this information could help in the conservation, quality control, product development, and agriculture inventions of M. uniflorum. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Investigation of differential levels of phosphorus fixation in dolomite and calcium carbonate amended red soil
Authors: Fan Bingqian , Ding Jiahui , Fenton Owen , Daly Karen , Chen Shuo , Zhang Shuai , Chen Qing
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND

The pH adjustment of acidic red soils with lime materials is beneficial for the reduction of phosphorus (P) fixation. However, the reasons for varying levels of P activation after adding different lime materials have not been fully investigated. Therefore, this study examined changes in soil labile P and P forms after phosphate application to calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and dolomite amended red soil during a 120‐day incubation period. Also change of P sorption properties in the amended soil samples from day 120 were examined through a sorption–desorption experiment.

RESULTS

The increase of soil H2O‐P and NaHCO3‐P in the CaCO3 and dolomite amended soil treatments was mainly ascribed to the decline of the NaOH‐P. However, when compared with the control treatment after 120 days, soil Olsen‐P significantly increased by 34% and 66% in the CaCO3 and dolomite treatments. The Hedley P fractionation results demonstrated that the CaCO3 application caused a notable increase of HCl‐P (stable Ca–P), which was 88.4% higher than that in the dolomite treatment. However, the formation of stable P was strongly suppressed in the dolomite treatment due to the presence of magnesium (Mg), which was identified by the negative relationship between M3‐Mg and HCl‐P. In line with these findings, P sorption–desorption work showed weaker P binding energy in the dolomite treatment relative to the CaCO3 treatment.

CONCLUSION

In terms of increasing P availability in red soil, this study suggests that dolomite should be used to substitute CaCO3 in order to reduce the soil P fixation. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Growth and fatty acid composition of Acutodesmus obliquus under different light spectra and temperatures
Authors: Helamieh Mark , Gebhardt Annkathrin , Reich Marco , Kuhn Friedericke , Kerner Martin , Kümmerer Klaus
Published: June 2021

The combined impact of temperature and light spectra on the fatty acid (FA) composition in microalgae has been sparsely investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the interactions of light and temperature on the FA composition in Acutodesmus obliquus. For this purpose, A. obliquus was cultivated with different temperatures (20, 30, and 35°C), as well as broad light spectra (blue, green, and red light). Growth and FA composition were monitored daily. Microalgal FA were extracted, and a qualitative characterization was done by gas chromatography coupled with electron impact ionization mass spectrometry (GC‐EI/MS). Compared to red light, green and blue light caused a higher percentage of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) 16:4, 18:3, and 18:4, at all temperatures. The highest total percentage of these PUFA were observed at the lowest cultivation temperature and blue and green light. These data imply that a combination of lower temperatures and blue‐green light (450–550 nm) positively influences the activity of specific FA‐desaturases in A. obliquus. Additionally, a lower 16:1 trans/cis ratio was observed upon green and blue light treatment and lower cultivation temperatures. Remarkably, green light treatment resulted in a comparably high growth under all tested conditions. Therefore, a higher content of green light, compared to blue light might additionally lead to a higher biomass concentration. Microalgae cultivation with low temperatures and green light might therefore result in a suitable FA composition for the food industry and a comparably high biomass production.
Two‐Photon Laser Writing of Soft Responsive Polymers via Temperature‐Controlled Polymerization
Authors: De Bellis Isabella , Nocentini Sara , Delli Santi M. Giulia , Martella Daniele , Parmeggiani Camilla , Zanotto Simone , Wiersma Diederik S.
Published: June 2021

Enhancing the resolution of 3D patterning techniques in functional soft polymers enlarges the application areas of responsive shape‐changing materials, for tunable nanophotonics and nanorobotics. Thanks to the recent advances of polymer science, the palette of available materials for nanomanufacturing is becoming wider and wider—although the comprehension of their polymerization process by two‐photon polymerization is still incomplete. In this work, both shrinking of the minimal polymerizable unit and a significant improvement of the mechanical stability of microstructured soft polymers, in particular of liquid crystalline networks, are demonstrated. To this aim, temperature control enhances the resolution and reduces the swelling of the polymerized structures, thus avoiding deviations of the final structure from the intended design. This fine control on the nanoscale features enables the use of soft responsive materials not only for bulky microelements, but also for high‐resolution structures with more complex design.
Hot corrosion of TBC‐coated components upon combustion of low‐sulfur fuels
Authors: Holländer Christian , Kiliani Stefan , Stamm Werner , Lüsebrink Oliver , Harders Harald , Wessel Egbert , Müller Michael , Singheiser Lorenz
Published: June 2021

Gas turbine reliability is a crucial requirement for passenger safety in aviation and a secure energy supply. Hence, corrosive degradation of combustor parts, vanes, and blades in gas turbines must be prevented. One of the most severe forms of corrosion is alkali‐sulfate‐induced hot corrosion, which is associated with internal sulfidation of components and is usually anticipated to fade in importance in the absence of sulfur. However, the literature suggests that hot corrosion might still occur in low‐sulfur combustion gases. In this study, established thermodynamic modeling methods are used to analyze the low‐sulfur hot corrosion regime. Liquid sodium chromate is found to be stable in these conditions. A comparison of calculation results and engine findings suggests that high alkali levels can negatively impact thermal barrier coating life even if sulfur is absent in the fuel. Laboratory tests are carried out to validate the chromate formation on MCrAlY‐coated specimens. It is shown that molten sodium chromate can alter the oxidation behavior of MCrAlY, promoting the formation of voluminous spinel. This represents a new and different form of hot corrosion compared to type I hot corrosion.
A Solution‐Processable Pristine PEDOT Exhibiting Excellent Conductivity, Charge Carrier Mobility, and Thermal Stability in the Doped State
Authors: Schmode Philip , Hochgesang Adrian , Goel Mahima , Meichsner Florian , Mohanraj John , Fried Martina , Thelakkat Mukundan
Published: June 2021

PEDOT:PSS [poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate] is a widely used insoluble conducting polymer, which is therefore processed from dispersions. In this work, PEDOT homopolymers (PEDOT‐C6C8 1 and 2) highly soluble in common solvents like toluene, tetrahydrofuran, and chloroform are synthesized with a high control of molecular weight and low dispersity using Kumada catalyst transfer polymerization of a newly synthesized EDOT monomer carrying a branched alkyl substituent. Pristine PEDOT‐C6C8 allows the use in accumulation mode transistors with a high charge carrier mobility of 5 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1. Moreover, these polymers can be doped in a controlled fashion, reaching conductivities of 10−3 S cm−1 at 10 mol% of a dopant, Spiro‐MeOTAD(TFSI)2. The doped state is remarkably stable, retaining 80% of the initial value after annealing under nitrogen at 100 °C and being exposed to ambient atmosphere for up to 12 h. During doping, the hole injection barrier decreases and reaches an impressively low value of 130 meV at only 2.5 mol% dopant loading without loss in carrier mobility; as monitored using ultraviolet photoelectron‐ and impedance spectroscopy. This new design concept leading to highly soluble polymers with well‐controlled molecular weights provides solution‐processable PEDOT dopable in a well‐controlled fashion.
Enzymatic Synthesis of Chiral Polyamide via Condensation of Natural Source Amino Acid Diesters and Diamine
Authors: Yang Bo , Wang Guoqin , Xia Bo , Zhong Mingqiang , Fan Ping , Chen Feng , Fei Zhengdong
Published: June 2021

Enzymatic synthesis of chiral polyesters has been a powerful tool in the field of polymer chemistry. At the meantime, enzymatic polymerization for preparing chiral polyamides is rare. Herein, an efficient strategy for the preparing of optically pure polyamide via lipase‐catalyzed condensation between natural source amino acid diesters and diamines is demonstrated. The highest molecular weight of l‐ configuration targeting optically pure polyamide can reach up to 8.5 × 103 g mol−1 (Mw, Ð = 2.18). Moreover, both d‐ and l‐ configuration of chiral polyamides can be obtained without complex protein modification or substrate engineering. The molecular weight of d‐ configuration chiral polyamide can also reach up to 7.5 × 103 g mol−1 (Mw, Ð = 1.95). The scanning electron microscopy is applied for test the microstructure of chiral polyamide. By precipitating in acetone/N,N‐dimethyformamide (DMF) solvent system, a microsphere and nanotube microstructure can be observed with the changing of acetone/DMF ratio.
Insertion‐Crystallization‐Induced Low‐Temperature Annealing Peaks in Melt‐Crystallized Poly(l‐Lactic Acid)
Authors: Androsch René , Toda Akihiko , Furushima Yoshitomo , Schick Christoph
Published: June 2021

Annealing of poly(l‐lactic acid) (PLLA) at temperatures lower than the temperature of primary melt‐crystallization leads to appearance of distinct low‐temperature annealing peaks in subsequently recorded calorimeter heating scans. Reason is continuation of crystallization by growth of crystals of lower stability as formed during primary crystallization. The assignment of low‐temperature annealing peaks to crystallization is based on a robust analysis of the decrease of the heat capacity of the semicrystalline structure slightly above the glass transition temperature and its correlation with the corresponding enthalpy of crystallization. Comparison of the form of annealing peaks with classical enthalpy‐recovery peaks obtained on devitrification of the glassy amorphous phase of semicrystalline PLLA supports the interpretation regarding the origin of annealing peaks.
Older and more personal: Stronger links between brand‐name recall and brand‐related autobiographical memories in older consumers
Authors: Thoma Dieter , Wechsler Julia
Published: June 2021

Successful recall of brand names often determines consumer decisions. Yet, unaided recall fails increasingly as adult consumers get older, which is a threat to brand awareness in aging societies. Still, consumer research has not explored if personally relevant episodic memories consumers associate with a brand can support brand‐name memory when consumers age. This study, therefore, explores how cognitive aging affects the links between the recall of brand names from semantic memory and the subjective quality of brand‐related autobiographical memories (AMs). Experimental data from 20‐ to 33‐year‐old and 60‐ to 90‐year‐old participants suggest that consumers associate successfully recalled brand names with more significant, phenomenologically richer AMs, and that this connection between semantic and episodic memory is stronger in older adults. We discuss how research and brand communication could utilize AMs to further understand and reduce negative impacts of aging on brand awareness.
Engineering the Nanoscaled Morphologies of Linear DNA Homopolymers
Authors: Zheng Mengxi , Li Qian , Li Qian , Paluzzi Victoria E. , Choi Jong Hyun , Mao Chengde
Published: June 2021

Supramolecular polymers have unique characteristics such as self‐healing and easy processing. However, the scope of their structures is limited to mostly either flexible, random coils or rigid, straight chains. By broadening this scope, novel properties, functions, and applications can be explored. Here, DNA is used as a model system to engineer innovative, nanoscaled morphologies of supramolecular polymers. Each polymer chain consists of multiple copies of the same short (38–46 nucleotides long) DNA strand. The component DNA strands first dimerize into homo‐dimers, which then further assemble into long polymer chains. By subtly tuning the design, a range of polymer morphologies are obtained; including straight chains, spirals, and closed rings with finite sizes. Such structures are confirmed by AFM imaging and predicted by molecular coarse simulation.