bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Buffer Zone Prediction for Simulated Earthquake-Induced Slope Failures in Mesilou, Kundasang, Sabah, Malaysia
Authors: Erfen H F W S , Musta B
Published: November 2022

The research area is located at Mesilou, Kundasang, Sabah at 1400 meters to 2000 meters from the sea level. It focuses on slopes of Pinousuk Gravel Unit, tilloid deposits from the glaciation of Mount Kinabalu during Late Pleistocene age. Four slopes were chosen for the estimation of ‘buffer zone’ of earthquake-induced slope failures. The simulation of the earthquake is conducted by using shaking table method and the earthquake event occurred in the research area on year 2018. The analysis shows the location of the buffer zones are within 1.5 meters to 13.5 meters from the toe of the slope, where the run-out distance is farther with the increment of shaking’s duration and slope height. Simulation analysis shows that all slopes have detrimental impact of the settlement area of Kg. Mesilou, Kundasang but only 60% to 87% of respondents are still staying in the area. However, 74% to 84% of respondents are willingly to relocate if given new disaster-free settlements.
Seismic Interpretation and Reservoir Static Model: A Case Study in Block MFK, Riau Province, Indonesia
Authors: Azmi Ahmad Khairul , Rafek Abdul Ghani , Serasa Ailie Sofyiana , Harun Wan Salmi Wan , Abdurrahman Muslim , Ern Lee Khai , Huy Nguyen Xuan , Van Xuan Tran , Roslee Rodeano , Lai Goh Thian , Zhang Mingwei , Fatah Muhammad Yasin Abdul , Evriza Ivan , Prabowo Dimas Hadi
Published: November 2022

MFK Block was located between Kampar and Rokan Hulu, Riau Province and 135 from Pekanbaru City, Indonesia. There are 33 wells in Field X, MFK Block with 27 active wells. This field has an area of about 79.65 km2 that located in Central Sumatra Basin. The field was discovered in 1976 and began to be produced in January 1979. Our research is focused on AK reservoir intervals, which is also part of Bekasap formation. The main aims of this study are to interpret field structure model, determine the distribution of reservoir properties, develop static reservoir model for field as a reference for field performance enhancement, estimate oil reserves in the field reservoir, and the prospect of hydrocarbons in the AK reservoir. The available data are 2D seismic data, mudlog descriptions, well log data, and perforation data. The methods used in this study are stratigraphic sequences, electrofacies analysis, geological structure analysis, static reservoir modelling, and estimation of hydrocarbon reserve volumes. Based on mudlog and electrofacies analysis, the study interval was arranged into 2 lithofacies units, namely sand channel and sand bar. The depostion environment of Bekasap Formation is estuarine environments. The interval of the study has an association of fasies moving northeast to southwest. Based on the results of property reservoir analysis, facies that have good reservoir quality is sand channel facies. Based on the static modeling method approach, the estimated stock tank oil initially in place (STOIIP) for AK reservoir interval is 728 MBBL.
Investigation of microstructure and tribological properties of titanium-aluminide reinforced aluminum matrix composite friction surfaced on AA1050 aluminum
Authors: Jamshidi Aval Hamed
Published: November 2022

In this study, the microstructure and wear resistance of titanium-aluminide reinforced Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy matrix composite friction surfaced on AA1050 aluminum were investigated. The titanium-aluminide reinforced Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy matrix composite was fabricated using a semi-solid casting procedure at 630 °C. The results show that by increasing the consumable rod rotational speed from 800 to 1200 rpm, the width and height of the coating increased 15 and 16%, respectively, reaching 21.4 and 1.4 mm, respectively. The findings on the coating grain size show that the effect of plastic strain is dominant over the effect of temperature. Therefore, the coating grain size decreased by increasing plastic strain. By increasing the rotation speed from 800 to 1200 rpm, the coating hardness and shear strength values increase from 121.6 to 136.3 HV and 262.2 to 274.3 MPa, respectively. Also, the titanium-aluminide reinforcement does not have much effect on the thermal stability of the coating. After artificial aging heat treatment, TiAl intermetallic compounds, in addition to the Ti3Al intermetallic compounds, are formed in the coating. By applying the coating at a rotational speed of 1200 rpm, a traverse speed of 125 mm min−1, and an axial feeding rate of 75 mm min−1, the wear resistance of the substrate increased by up to 151%, respectively.
Fractography analysis into low-C steel undergone through various destructive mechanical tests
Authors: Dewangan Saurabh , Selvaraj Senthil Kumaran , Karthikeyan B , Chadha Utkarsh , Singhal Prakrit , Sarma Partha Pratim , Raju P Venkateshwar , Kumar Uday , Pradeep Kumar M
Published: November 2022

The present work deals with a critical fractographic analysis into low carbon (0.18%-C) steel samples which were used for three different mechanical tests: tensile test; shear test; and toughness test. These mechanical tests were performed in standard sized specimens as recommended by ASTM. In each category of test, there were two different specimens with different physical states according to heat treated conditions. First specimen was in ‘as received’ condition and another was annealed. For annealing, sample was first heated up to austenitic temperature and inserted inside the sand for slow rate of cooling. As these two categories of samples were undergone through destructive tests, the variation in fracture behaviour of the samples was analysed by FESEM, XRD. A significant variation in fractographic images could be observed in different heat-treated samples. Micro-pores, dimples, cleavage facet, peaks, valleys, and cave formation were observed in the samples.
Surface plasmon resonance of the W nanowires
Authors: Zhu Linpeng , Gao Jianjun , Gu Wei , Zhang Fenfei , Geng Haibin , Xu Jiaxing , Liu Zhiyang
Published: November 2022

The Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of metal materials has been widely used in photocatalysis, light sensing, biomarkers, solar cells and other fields. In this study, the surface plasmon characteristics of tungsten (W) nanowires with different diameters and lengths are analyzed using the finite element method. The thermal effect in the gap of crossed nanowires induced by the plasma resonance is studied. Results show that the resonance peak shifts red, and the resonance intensity increases with the increase in diameter. The increasing diameter results in decreasing electric field intensity and heat in the gap of the crossed tungsten (W) nanowires. The frequency of resonance peaks almost remains unchanged with increasing length. The two to six wave belly plasma modes are visible with increasing nanowire length. With exposure to incident light, the SPR in the shortened spacing results in increasing electric field intensity and the generated heat of gap between the two crossed tungsten (W) nanowires. Once the two crossed nanowires are welded, the heat production in the crossed part decreases, which indicates the self-limitation of plasma welding.
State-of-the-art catalysts for clean fuel (methyl esters) production—a comprehensive review
Authors: Jamil Farrukh , Saleem Muhammad , Ali Qamar Obaid , Khurram M Shahzad , Al-Muhtaseb Ala’a H , Inayat Abrar , Akhter Parveen , Hussain Murid , Rafiq Sikander , Yim Hyunji , Park Young-Kwon
Published: November 2022

There has been growing and recent interest in using non-edible feedstocks, such as waste animal fats, as an alternative to vegetable oils in biodiesel production to address the food versus fuel debate. Waste animal fats are cost effective and yield good quality biodiesel. Therefore, waste animal fats are appealing and excellent feedstocks to produce biodiesel. Commercially, the biodiesel is obtained by transesterification reaction of triglycerides present in oil/fat with alcohol in the presence of homogeneous base catalysts. However, free fatty acids found in low-quality oil feedstocks are particularly sensitive to homogeneous base catalysts, necessitating extra acid pretreatment and neutralization procedures that not only raise the overall expense of producing biodiesel but also create environmental contamination. Optimistically, the use of solid catalysts can offer an environmentally friendly, cost-effective and practical route for the manufacture of biodiesel from inexpensive oil feedstocks, including waste animal fat. The present review article covers catalyzed transesterification/esterification using various catalysts with particular focus on the use of heterogeneous catalysts when using waste animal fat as feedstock for biodiesel production. In particular, the properties of biodiesel obtained from waste animal fats are also compared to the biodiesel properties of standard organizations, such as the European Committee for Standardization (ISO) and the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). Moreover, this paper also offers future research directions that can direct researchers to fill in knowledge gaps impeding the creation of efficient heterogeneous catalysts for long-term biodiesel generation. To the best of our knowledge, the valorization of waste animal fats from slaughterhouses is not feasible and has some techno-economic concerns. However, this technology is more desirable considering the environmental point of view to address the pollution problems caused by these wastes.
Hilbert’s programme, the human mind, and computers
Authors: Moore A. W.
Published: November 2022

The purpose of this chapter is to explore some of the philosophical implications of Gödel’s theorem. One of these concerns the threat that Gödel’s theorem poses to Hilbert’s programme: given an axiomatization comprising statements about the infinite, Gödel’s theorem seems to preclude any demonstration of its consistency that is not question-begging in the very way in which Hilbert’s programme requires it not to be. An argument is given that, while this does not constitute a decisive refutation of Hilbert’s programme, it does make any defence of Hilbert’s programme very precarious. It also illustrates how self-conscious reflection on our own mathematical practices can lead to new mathematical insights. This in turn prompts discussion of the Lucas-Penrose argument, according to which Gödel’s theorem shows that the human mind, in its capacity to think self-consciously beyond any given axiomatization of arithmetic, has powers beyond those of any possible computer. Various responses to the Lucas-Penrose argument are considered. These fall broadly into two categories: those according to which it is guilty of downgrading computers; and those according to which it is guilty of upgrading the human mind. The chapter concludes by declaring that the Lucas-Penrose argument is an attempt to locate the significance of Gödel’s theorem other than where it really lies.
Making sense in and of mathematics
Authors: Moore A. W.
Published: November 2022

The purpose of this chapter is to address a challenge posed by Gödel’s theorem. Whatever basic principles and rules we are exposed to when learning arithmetical vocabulary, Gödel’s theorem seems to entail that they cannot determine the truth of certain arithmetical statements whose truth we can nevertheless acknowledge, the most notable example being a statement corresponding to a statement of their consistency. The challenge is to account for our capacity to pass from such basic principles and rules to an acknowledgement of the truth of such a statement. The response given to the challenge is that what happens when we learn arithmetical vocabulary is no different in principle from what happens when we learn any other vocabulary—what we are exposed to always has infinite potential for further extension—but that this is unproblematical because our capacity to make shared sense of things ensures that we can see the infinite potential in what we are exposed to without its being played out. Gödel’s theorem merely gives a technical twist to something non-technical and quite pervasive concerning language, meaning, and understanding. The chapter concludes by highlighting Gödel numbering as an illustration of such infinite potential.
How things went wrong
Authors: Williams Thomas
Published: November 2022

Most created things ‘do the truth’ by nature, incurring neither praise nor blame, but simply being what God created them to be and doing what God created them to do. But rational natures—angels and human beings—have a capacity that Anselm calls ‘the will’ by which they have an agency of their own: they can act in ways that are not entirely determined by the nature that God has given them. Anselm believes that, from the beginning, some rational creatures abandoned the truth, and he seeks to discover what has to be true about creatures, and about God, in order for such a fall to be possible and for the blame to fall squarely on the creatures themselves and in no way on their Creator. Anselm focuses on the fall of the angels as a philosophically ‘clean’ case (since the angels faced only a single primal choice, had the full enjoyment of their natural powers, and were in no way burdened by inherited sin and weakness). He concludes that in order for both the good and the bad angels to be truly the originator of their own actions, and therefore praiseworthy or blameworthy, God must have given them two basic kinds of motivation—a disposition to choose what would make them happy, and a disposition to choose what is right or just—along with the capacity to determine which of those motivations they would act on.
Microbiomes and infectious disease
Authors: Douglas Angela E.
Published: November 2022

This chapter explores how the microbiome may influence the susceptibility of animals and plants to infectious diseases. Certain resident microorganisms can synthesize antimicrobial products that specifically target pathogens, while others release compounds that modulate the activity of the host immune system. These effects are most clearly demonstrated for the gut microorganisms of animals, but members of the skin microbiome are also protective, promoting wound healing; and the microbial communities associated with plant roots can defend plants against fungal diseases. Under certain circumstances, however, the resident microbiome can exacerbate infectious diseases, notably some viral infections of the gut. This chapter also considers how the microbiome in insects can affect the capacity of the insect to vector disease agents. Members of the gut microbiome and an internal bacterium called Wolbachia can suppress the capacity of mosquitoes to transmit the virus that causes dengue fever and the agent of malaria.
Plant microbiomes in agriculture and food production
Authors: Douglas Angela E.
Published: November 2022

This chapter explores how the knowledge of plant microbes is being used to augment soils and plants with microorganisms that promote sustainable crop production. The underground network of mycorrhizal fungi can promote nutrient acquisition and growth of plants, including crops in no-till or low-till agricultural systems. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria, particularly the rhizobia in the root nodules of legume crops, promotes plant production under low-nitrogen conditions, and other nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with roots are also potentially beneficial. Many plant growth-promoting bacteria do not fix nitrogen, and they function by making soil nutrients more available to the plant roots, and by the production of plant hormones that promote root growth. Extensive research is focusing on identifying microbial strains and agricultural practices that optimize the reliability of microbiome-based technologies in crop production.
Occupational Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), Including Aldehydes for Swedish Hairdressers
Authors: Ricklund Niklas , Bryngelsson Ing-Liss , Hagberg Jessika
Published: November 2022

Working as a professional hairdresser involves the daily usage of many different hair treatment products containing chemicals in complex mixtures. Exposure may induce symptoms in the airways and on the skin. In this study, exposure of hairdressers to volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including aldehydes, was measured in the personal breathing zone in the spring of 2017. The study included 30 hairdressers evenly distributed over ten hair salons in the town of Örebro, Sweden. Work tasks and indoor climate were also surveilled. A hazard index (HI) based on chronic reference values for health was calculated to indicate combined exposure risk. In total, 90 VOCs, including nine aldehydes, were identified. Individual exposure expressed as a total concentration of VOCs (TVOCs) were in the range of 50–3600 µg/m3 toluene equivalent (median 460 µg/m3) and the HI was in the range 0.0046–13 (median 0.9). Exposure was more strongly influenced by variability among hairdressers than among salons. The HI indicated an increased risk of non-carcinogenic effects (HI ≥ 1) at four of the 10 hair salons. Individual working procedures, ventilation, volumetric usage of hair treatment products, certain chemicals in products (formaldehyde, isopropanol, and 2,4- and 2,6-toluene diisocyanate), and availability of reference values may have affected estimates of exposure risks. Nevertheless, the HI may be suitable as a screening tool to assess potential exposure risk posed to hairdressers since it considers the complexity of chemical mixtures and the chronic component of VOC exposure occurring in all indoor environments.
Extending Normative Data of the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test to Account for Preliminary Psychometric Properties among Elderly Individuals in Taiwan
Authors: Li Ting-Jia , Hua Mau-Sun , Liu Meng-Ying , Liao Yu-Chi , Chang Hsin-Te
Published: November 2022

Objective

The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) is widely used to assess cognitive performance in clinical settings. However, availability of normative data for Revised Version of PASAT (PASAT-R) is often constrained by sample size among elderly individuals. In this study, we sought to establish normative data for PASAT-R for elderly individuals in Taiwan.

Methods

This study recruited 166 individuals aged over 65 years stratified in accordance with the general population in terms of demographic characteristics, including age, educational level, and sex. We assessed PASAT-R test results in terms of psychometric properties.

Results

PASAT-R demonstrated good internal consistency and test–retest reliability. Performance on PASAT-R was correlated with performance on the criterion tests. Performance on PASAT-R was negatively correlated with age and positively correlated with educational level. This study provides normative data for PASAT-R for elderly Taiwanese individuals.

Conclusions

PASAT-R is applicable to neuropsychological assessment among elderly Taiwanese individuals.
Con Air: exploring the trade in counterfeit and unapproved aircraft parts
Authors: Kotzé Justin , Antonopoulos Georgios A
Published: November 2022

Counterfeit aircraft parts are among the most well-known counterfeits and pose a significant risk to public safety. It is estimated that as much as 10% of the legal market for aircraft parts are counterfeits and the presence of these parts on commercial aircraft are more commonplace than many people realise. Yet, criminological research on this pressing issue is remarkably scarce. Informed by accounts from specialised and highly knowledgeable actors embedded in the aviation industry, this paper aims to explore how counterfeit and unapproved parts enter the legitimate supply chain and what factors drive or motivate their circulation and use.
Link Prediction Based On Local Structure And Node Information Along Local Paths
Authors: Li Tongfeng , Zhang Ruisheng , Niu Bojuan , Yao Yabing , Ma Jun , Jiang Jing , Zhao Zhili
Published: November 2022

Link prediction aims at predicting the missing links or new links based on known topological or attribute information of networks, which is one of the most significant and challenging tasks in complex network analysis. Recently, many local similarity-based methods have been proposed and they performed well in most cases. However, most of these methods simultaneously ignore the contributions of the local structure information between endpoints and their common neighbors, as well as transmission abilities of different 3-hop paths. To address these issues, in this paper, we propose a novel link prediction method that aims at improving the prediction accuracy of the existing local similarity-based methods by integrating with local structure information and node degree information along 3-hop paths. Extensive experiments have been performed on nine real-world networks and the results demonstrate that our proposed method is superior to the existing state-of-the-art methods.
Biomarkers for the Evaluation of Pouch Inflammation: A Systematic Review
Authors: Falloon Katherine , Cohen Benjamin L , Ottichilo Ronald , Grove David , Rieder Florian , Qazi Taha
Published: November 2022

Background

Ileal pouch inflammation is a common problem following ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA). Despite its prevalence, diagnosis remains multimodal and requires endoscopy. The use of biomarkers in the prediction of and/or association with pouchitis has not been well characterized. We performed a systematic review to summarize the available evidence.

Method

A search of Ovid, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Web of Science was conducted. Inclusion criteria included studies evaluating biomarkers for the evaluation and prediction of inflammation in patients with IPAA utilizing pouchoscopy as the gold standard. Exclusion criteria included studies on the role of the microbiome or genetic markers.

Results

A total of 28 studies, 5 case-control studies, and 23 observational cohort studies were identified. Fecal biomarkers were assessed in 23 studies, of which fecal calprotectin was the most commonly studied with sensitivities ranging from 57% to 92% and specificities from 19% to 92%. Six studies examined serum biomarkers. None of the serum biomarkers demonstrated a high sensitivity or specificity in association with pouch inflammation. Six studies described the longitudinal assessment of biomarkers. Of these studies, only three reported a predictive role of biomarkers in diagnosing endoscopic inflammation.

Conclusions

Biomarkers have emerged as a potential option to improve the management of pouchitis given the relative ease of sampling compared to pouchoscopy. Unfortunately, the evaluated biomarkers have not consistently demonstrated accuracy in predicting inflammation. Moreover, these biomarkers have not been reliably shown to be sensitive or specific in association with endoscopic pouch inflammation to merit their widespread use in clinical practice.
No evidence that spice consumption is a cancer prevention mechanism in human populations
Authors: Dujon Antoine M , Tasiemski Aurélie , Pujol Pascal , Turpin Anthony , Ujvari Beata , Thomas Frédéric
Published: November 2022

Background

Why humans historically began to incorporate spices into their diets is still a matter of unresolved debate. For example, a recent study (Bromham et al. There is little evidence that spicy food in hot countries is an adaptation to reducing infection risk. Nat Hum Behav 2021;5:878–91.) did not support the most popular hypothesis that spice consumption was a practice favoured by selection in certain environments to reduce food poisoning, parasitic infections, and foodborne diseases.

Methods

Because several spices are known to have anticancer effects, we explored the hypothesis that natural selection and/or cultural evolution may have favoured spice consumption as an adaptive prophylactic response to reduce the burden of cancer pathology. We used linear models to investigate the potential relationship between age-standardized gastrointestinal cancer rates and spice consumption in 36 countries.

Results

Patterns of spice are not consistent with a cancer mitigation mechanism: the age-standardized rate of almost all gastrointestinal cancers was not related to spice consumption.

Conclusions

Direction other than foodborne pathogens and cancers should be explored to understand the health reasons, if any, why our ancestors developed a taste for spices.
Serum Ustekinumab Concentrations Are Associated With Improved Outcomes With the Magnetic Resonance Index of Activity for Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Chen Kaylie , Chen Johnson , Smith Emily , Mathani Prerna , Longman Randy , Lukin Dana , Scherl Ellen , Gerber Juliette , Battat Robert
Published: November 2022

Lay Summary

Higher ustekinumab concentrations were associated with improved radiologic (Simplified Magnetic Resonance Index of Activity for Crohn’s Disease) and stringent biomarker (calprotectin) outcomes. The high concentration needed for these novel endpoints validates previous studies using the same assay.
Breast Malignancies After Mastectomy With Autologous or Implant Reconstruction
Authors: Portnow Leah H , Majid Sana , Maduram Amy , Chesebro Allyson L , Karimova E Jane , Chung Stephanie H , Gombos Eva C
Published: November 2022

There are multiple indications for mastectomy for breast cancer, including extent of tumor, inability to achieve negative margins after re-excision, patient preference, or prevention in women with a high lifetime risk of breast cancer. Multiple types of autologous or implant reconstruction options are available for cosmesis. Although rare, breast cancers after mastectomy can occur, and it is important for both surgeons and radiologists to be aware of the associated risk factors, common locations, and classic imaging features of these malignancies. This article reviews the types of mastectomies, reconstruction options, and information about the location, presentation, and prognosis of cancers in the reconstructed breast.
First Report of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Montana, USA
Authors: Morey Amy C , Kerzicnik Lauren M , Etzler Frank E , Mendrey Katrina , Morey Bruce D , Miller Zachariah
Published: November 2022

Here, we document the first record for Montana of Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), a major agricultural and nuisance pest in many parts of the world. The insect was found overwintering in a private residence in January 2021 in Billings (Yellowstone Co.). A preliminary survey of sites in Billings from May to October 2021 confirmed the presence of H. halys within a radius of at least 11 km from the January detection. Putatively overwintering H. halys and adult bugs found across the city of Billings in the summer suggest the insect may have been present in the area prior to 2021. Surveys conducted in various regions of the state between 2013 and 2020 reported no detections of H. halys. Yellowstone Co. was previously surveyed in 2017, indicating the species likely arrived between 2018 and 2020 or was present before 2018 at densities too low to be detected. The summary of presence and absence records we provide herein is valuable for future monitoring and management efforts of this economically important species.
Comparison between overall and respective electrical rectifications in array of piezoelectric energy harvesting
Authors: Lien I C , Lo Y C , Chiu S H , Shu Y C
Published: November 2022

The article compares two different electrical rectifications employed by a piezoelectric harvester array. The first type consists of parallel connection of harvesters followed by an AC–DC full-bridge rectifier for overall electrical rectification. The second type allows for respective electrical rectification of each individual harvester, and then connecting them all in parallel. The former exhibits stronger electromechanical coupling effect for enhancing output power. The latter is capable of avoiding charge cancelation for improving bandwidth. The analysis of the electromechanical response of these two types is provided with full derivations for the second case. The predictions of displacement and output power are compared with the experiment and the results show good agreement. Two recommendations are offered from the present studies. First, suppose the power dissipations due to voltage gaps across the rectifiers are insignificant compared with the amount of output power realized by each individual harvester. The piezoelectric harvester array with respective electrical rectification exhibits better performance than that with the overall rectification from the broadband point of view at the cost of reducing peak power. On the contrary, if the amount of power dissipations can not be neglected or the harvester exhibits the strongly coupled electromechanical response, it is recommended to employ the harvester array allowing the mixed parallel/series connections switched by DPDT (Double-Pole Double-Throw). The array of the mixed type with overall electrical rectification exhibits performance significantly outperforming the array with respective electrical rectification from the point of view of broadband and power enhancement.
Enhanced tumor inhibiting effect of 131I-BDI-1-based radioimmunotherapy and cytosine deaminase gene therapy modulated by a radio-sensitive promoter in nude mice bearing bladder cancer
Authors: Hao Pan , Zhang Chunli , Ma Huan , Wang Rongfu
Published: November 2022

Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) has great potential in cancer therapy. However, its efficacy in numerous tumors is restricted due to myelotoxicity, thereby limiting the dose of radionuclide. To increase tumor radiosensitivity, we incorporated the recombinant lentivirus into the EJ cells (bladder cancer [BC] cells), and examined the combined anti-tumor effects of RIT with 131I-BDI-1(131I-monoclonal antibody against human BC-1) and gene therapy (GT). The recombinant lentivirus was constructed and packed. The animal xenograft model was built and when the tumor reached about 0.5 cm in diameter, the mice were randomly separated into four groups: (1) RIT + GT: the xenografts were continuously incorporated with the recombinant lentivirus for two days. And 7.4 MBq 131I-BDI-1 was IV-injected, and 10 mg prodrug 5-fluorocytosine (FC) was IV-injected for 7 days, (2) RIT: same dose of 131I-BDI-1 as the previous group mice, (3) GT: same as the first group, except no 131I-BDI-1, and (4) Untreated. Compute tumor volumes in all groups. After 28 days the mice were euthanized and the tumors were extracted and weighed, and the inhibition rate was computed. The RIT + GT mice, followed by the RIT mice, exhibited markedly slower tumor growth, compared to the control mice. The tumor size was comparable between the GT and control mice. The tumor inhibition rates after 28 days of incubation were 42.85 ± 0.23%, 27.92 ± 0.21% and 0.57 ± 0.11% for the four groups, respectively. In conclusion, RIT, combined with GT, suppressed tumor development more effectively than RIT or GT alone. This data highlights the potent additive effect of radioimmune and gene therapeutic interventions against cancer.
Origin, evolution, and future of isoprene and nitric oxide interactions within leaves
Authors: Velikova Violeta , Dani Kaidala Ganesha Srikanta , Loreto Francesco
Published: November 2022

Photolytic generation of nitric oxide (NO), isoprene, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) pre-dated life on Earth (~4 billion years ago). However, isoprene–ROS–NO interactions became relevant to climate chemistry ~50 million years ago, after aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems became dominated by isoprene-emitting diatoms and angiosperms. Today, NO and NO2 (together referred to as NOx) are dangerous biogenic gaseous atmospheric pollutants. In plants, NO, with its multiple sources and sinks, acts as a secondary messenger that regulates development at low doses and induces cell death at high doses. Likewise, biogenic isoprene is a putative antioxidant and hormone ‘enabler’ that hastens plant (and leaf) growth and reproduction, and improves plant tolerance to transient abiotic stresses. Using examples from controlled-chamber simulation and field studies of isoprene oxidation, we discuss the likely nature and extent of isoprene oxidation within leaves. We argue that isoprene–NO interactions vary greatly among plant species, driven by differences in isoprene emission rate and nitrate assimilation capacity (i.e. NO sink strength), ROS availability, and the within-leaf ratio between free-NO and isoprene. In a warmer and CO2-fertilized future climate, antagonism between isoprene and NO within leaves will probably occur in a NO-rich (relative to present) environment, yielding a greater proportion of isoprene oxidation products, and inducing major changes in NO-mediated growth and stress responses.
A Primer on Guns
Authors: Pirelli Gianni , DeMarco Sarah
Published: November 2022

This chapter provides medical and mental health professionals with a primer on guns. Specifically, it includes an overview on the history of firearms, including military, law enforcement, and civilian uses. Then, there is a comprehensive section on developing culture competence in the firearms-related arena, particularly as such relates to a number of subcultures within this context (e.g., Second Amendment; shooting sports; rod and gun clubs, hunting clubs, and shooting ranges; gun control, gun violence prevention, and anti-gun groups; military, law enforcement, and corrections; gangs, organized crime, and other criminal organizations; and victims of firearm-related suicide, violence, or domestic violence). Finally, the chapter reviews various gun types and operation and safety principles, to provide practitioners with foundational knowledge in this regard.
Guns and the Law
Authors: Pirelli Gianni , DeMarco Sarah
Published: November 2022

This chapter provides medical and mental health professionals with essential information related to the intersection of guns and the law. The Second Amendment is reviewed, along with landmark rulings by the Supreme Court of the United States. Federal and state mental health–related prohibitions are addressed as well as those associated with domestic violence, including but certainly not limited to domestic violence–related protective (restraining) orders. “Red flag” laws are then addressed, which are more formally referred to as gun violence restraining orders and extreme risk protection orders, followed by a review of gun rights restoration and relief from disability mechanisms at the federal and state levels. The chapter concludes with an overview of reporting duties of medical and mental health professionals in the overarching risk context as well as particularly relevant gun ownership and safety laws (i.e., magazine capacity, storage, transportation, and right to carry).
The Psychosocial and Political Dynamics of Children and Youth Entering and Exiting Armed Groups
Authors: Velez Gabriel , Idrobo Fabio , Educapas Programa , para la Reconciliación La Fundación
Published: November 2022

In 2018, over 13,000 children were demobilized and reintegrated into society, even as thousands more were recruited for or participated in armed conflicts. The developmental trajectories and functioning of these children are integral to international efforts to reduce inequality; make communities inclusive, safe, and resilient; and promote peaceful and just societies. In turn, analyzing societal structures and influences is necessary to understanding their participation in armed conflict, as well as building effective international supports for their demobilization and integration. In this chapter, we discuss the definition of child and youth combatants and review the current literature on child and youth combatants’ motivations to join armed actors and the processes by which they reintegrate into society. The chapter closes with a review of practices aimed at supporting demobilized children and youth in Colombia as a case study for challenges to these efforts and linking them to peaceful, just, and sustainable societies.
Resilience to Structural Violence
Authors: Theron Linda , Haffejee Sadiyya , Ungar Michael
Published: November 2022

Structural violence remains rampant in South Africa. Consequently, youth in disadvantaged communities are exposed to seemingly intractable systems of inequality and related hardships. Still, many cherish future aspirations and commit to uplifting their families and communities. This chapter interrogates the factors and processes that support such functional behavior. It provides a contextualized account of the resilience of a sample of youth (n = 61; aged 14 to 24) from a structurally violent South African community. The account draws on thematic analyses of the qualitative data that youth generated during their participation in the Resilient Youth in Stressed Environments (RYSE) study. The findings highlight the relative absence of structural resources in how youth account for resilience. Instead, personal resources—and, to a lesser extent, relational ones—are prominent. The chapter problematizes these findings and argues that resilience to structural violence requires social justice interventions that create facilitative environments and resource young people equitably.
Global Perspectives on Family Violence
Authors: Howell Kathryn H. , Napier Taylor R. , Thomsen Kari N. , Martinez-Torteya Cecilia , Källström Åsa
Published: November 2022

Family violence is an act or threat of physical, sexual, or psychological violence perpetrated against one individual by another who is related through marriage or family. Family violence encompasses child abuse and neglect, sibling abuse, parent/in-law abuse, elder abuse, and intimate partner violence. Children exposed to family violence may experience negative short- and long-term physiological and psychosocial effects. Family violence, its prevalence, and its impacts have been studied worldwide. This chapter reviews global rates of family violence, how conceptualizations of family violence vary across countries, and how different types of family violence contribute to short- and long-term consequences for children. We focus on Mexico and Sweden as case studies to examine how families and children are affected by family violence in these unique cultural contexts.
Introduction
Authors: Chochinov Harvey Max
Published: November 2022

The introduction to this book begins with a story told by the wife of a man who recently died. As she recalls her husband’s death, what was sadly overlooked during his hospital stay was the human side of medicine, leaving her and those who loved him feeling distrustful and questioning the quality of care he received. Her all too familiar story underscores how personhood is often overshadowed by patienthood. This serves as a reminder that, in looking after patients, we must always be mindful that patients are people with feelings that matter. Failure to remember this adage can have dire consequences for patients, families, and healthcare providers alike, making this story the perfect start to Dignity in Care: The Human Side of Medicine.
Initiation of hydroxychloroquine therapy during pregnancy can cause adverse effects and alter pregnancy outcomes: A case of acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis induced by hydroxychloroquine in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Tsurane Kotoi , Kaneko Kayoko , Yoshida Kazue , Tanaka Ryo , Sago Haruhiko , Murashima Atsuko
Published: November 2022

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is effective for treating a number of autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus. HCQ is generally safe and may be prescribed to pregnant women. Although current guidelines recommend initiating HCQ when considering pregnancy, the drug can cause adverse effects such as acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP), which should be carefully evaluated. A 30-year-old pregnant woman with systemic lupus erythematosus at 16 + 5 gestational weeks was referred to National Center for Child Health and Development for persistent proteinuria and alopecia. Tacrolimus was initiated, and the dose of prednisone was increased. At 20 + 3 weeks of gestation, HCQ was administered to allow for a dose reduction of prednisolone. Proteinuria gradually improved as the pregnancy course stabilised. At 27 + 1 weeks of gestation, generalised pustular exanthema developed, presumably due to HCQ. Based on the clinical course and the analysis of the skin lesions, she was diagnosed to have either AGEP or generalised pustular psoriasis. Despite discontinuing HCQ, the skin lesions worsened dramatically, and infliximab therapy was required. After one course of infliximab treatment, exanthema gradually subsided. The final diagnosis was AGEP, based on the clinical course and pathological findings. At 30 weeks, pyothorax developed because of the pyogenic skin lesion and the compromised immune system, and long-term antibiotic therapy was required until 32 + 4 weeks, after which she underwent caesarean section. Although introducing HCQ is occasionally necessary during pregnancy, it is preferable to initiate HCQ in the preconception period and not after pregnancy because of the possible adverse effect, which can alter perinatal prognosis. Rheumatologists should consider the potential risks of HCQ.
Monolithic integrated micro-supercapacitors with ultra-high systemic volumetric performance and areal output voltage
Authors: Wang Sen , Li Linmei , Zheng Shuanghao , Das Pratteek , Shi Xiaoyu , Ma Jiaxin , Liu Yu , Zhu Yuanyuan , Lu Yao , Wu Zhong-Shuai , Cheng Hui-Ming
Published: November 2022

Monolithic integrated micro-supercapacitors (MIMSCs) with high systemic performance and cell-number density are important for miniaturized electronics to empower the Internet of Things. However, fabrication of customizable MIMSCs in an extremely small space remains a huge challenge considering key factors such as materials selection, electrolyte confinement, microfabrication and device-performance uniformity. Here, we develop a universal and large-throughput microfabrication strategy to address all these issues by combining multistep lithographic patterning, spray printing of MXene microelectrodes and controllable 3D printing of gel electrolytes. We achieve the monolithic integration of electrochemically isolated micro-supercapacitors in close proximity by leveraging high-resolution micropatterning techniques for microelectrode deposition and 3D printing for precise electrolyte deposition. Notably, the MIMSCs obtained demonstrate a high areal-number density of 28 cells cm−2 (340 cells on 3.5 × 3.5 cm2), a record areal output voltage of 75.6 V cm−2, an acceptable systemic volumetric energy density of 9.8 mWh cm−3 and an unprecedentedly high capacitance retention of 92% after 4000 cycles at an extremely high output voltage of 162 V. This work paves the way for monolithic integrated and microscopic energy-storage assemblies for powering future microelectronics.
Effectiveness of a Third Dose of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine During the Omicron BA.1- and BA.2-Predominant Periods in Japan: The VENUS Study
Authors: Mimura Wataru , Ishiguro Chieko , Maeda Megumi , Murata Fumiko , Fukuda Haruhisa
Published: November 2022

Background

Vaccine effectiveness against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Omicron BA.2 sublineage in Japan is unknown. We assessed the effectiveness of a third dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine compared with that of 2 doses.

Methods

We performed a population-based cohort study using a municipality database located in the Chubu region of Japan during the Omicron BA.1- and BA.2-predominant periods (January 1–March 31, 2022 and April 1–27, 2022, respectively). We included residents aged ≥16 years who received a second vaccine dose at ≥14 days before the start of each period, regardless of the third dose. We compared the data at 14 days after the second and third dose and at 2-week intervals from 14 days to 10 weeks after the third dose using a Cox regression model. Vaccine effectiveness was defined as (1 – hazard ratio) × 100 (%).

Results

In total, 295 705 and 288 184 individuals were included in the BA.1- and BA.2-predominant periods, respectively. The effectiveness of a third dose against infection was 62.4% and 48.1% in the BA.1- and BA.2-predominant periods, respectively. Vaccine effectiveness at 2–3 weeks and ≥10 weeks after the third dose decreased from 63.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 56.4–69.5%) to 52.9% (95% CI, 41.1–62.3%) and from 54.5% (95% CI, 3.0–78.7%) to 40.1% (95% CI, 15.1–57.7%) in the BA.1- and BA.2-predominant periods, respectively.

Conclusions

A third dose was moderately effective against BA.1 and BA.2 sublineages, but its effectiveness decreased by approximately 10% age points from 2–3 weeks to ≥10 weeks after the third vaccination.
Spatial distribution and computational modeling for mapping of tuberculosis in Pakistan
Authors: Khaliq Aasia , Ashraf Uzma , Chaudhry Muhammad N , Shahid Saher , Sajid Muhammad A , Javed Maryam
Published: November 2022

Background

Tuberculosis (TB) like many other infectious diseases has a strong relationship with climatic parameters.

Methods

The present study has been carried out on the newly diagnosed sputum smear-positive pulmonary TB cases reported to National TB Control Program across Pakistan from 2007 to 2020. In this study, spatial and temporal distribution of the disease was observed through detailed district wise mapping and clustered regions were also identified. Potential risk factors associated with this disease depending upon population and climatic variables, i.e. temperature and precipitation were also identified.

Results

Nationwide, the incidence rate of TB was observed to be rising from 7.03% to 11.91% in the years 2007–2018, which then started to decline. However, a declining trend was observed after 2018–2020. The most populous provinces, Punjab and Sindh, have reported maximum number of cases and showed a temporal association as the climatic temperature of these two provinces is higher with comparison to other provinces. Machine learning algorithms Maxent, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Environmental Distance (ED) and Climate Space Model (CSM) predict high risk of the disease with14.02%, 24.75%, 34.81% and 43.89% area, respectively.

Conclusion

SVM has a higher significant probability of prediction in the diseased area with a 1.86 partial receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) value as compared with other models.
The circadian variation of sleep and alertness of postmenopausal women
Authors: Pérez-Medina-Carballo Rafael , Kosmadopoulos Anastasi , Boudreau Philippe , Robert Manon , Walker Claire-Dominique , Boivin Diane B
Published: November 2022

Study Objectives

Several factors may contribute to the high prevalence of sleep disturbances occurring in postmenopausal women. However, the contribution of the circadian timing system to their sleep disturbances remains unclear. In the present study, we aim to understand the impact of circadian factors on changes of sleep and alertness occurring after menopause.

Methods

Eight healthy postmenopausal women and 12 healthy young women in their mid-follicular phase participated in an ultradian sleep–wake cycle procedure (USW). This protocol consisted of alternating 60-min wake periods and nap opportunities for ≥ 48 h in controlled laboratory conditions. Core body temperature (CBT), salivary melatonin, self-reported alertness, and polysomnographically recorded sleep were measured across this procedure.

Results

In both groups, all measures displayed a circadian variation throughout the USW procedure. Compared to young women, postmenopausal women presented lower CBT values, more stage N1 and N2 sleep, and number of arousals. They also showed a reduced amplitude of the circadian variation of melatonin, total sleep time (TST), sleep onset latency (SOL), stage N3 sleep, and alertness levels. Postmenopausal women fell asleep faster and slept more during the biological day and presented higher alertness levels during the biological night than young women.

Conclusion

These results support the hypothesis of a weakened circadian signal promoting sleep and wakefulness in older women. Aging processes including hormonal changes may be main contributors to the increased sleep–wake disturbances after menopause.