bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dual Careers and Diplomacy
Authors: Groeneveld Sandra
Published: January 2008

This article focuses on factors that are predictors of the willingness of dual-career couples in the Dutch Foreign Service to accept an international assignment. Until recently, diplomatic spouses (mostly women) had simply been expected to follow and give up their own career if their partner was offered an overseas posting. However, with an increasing number of dual-career couples, such an action can no longer be taken for granted. Results of this study show that two thirds of the employees remain willing to accept a relocation abroad and that a similar proportion of spouses remains willing to follow. A spouse's prior experience abroad and relative career priority are significant predictors of the willingness of couples to accept an international assignment. This study indicates that the human resource management policies of the Foreign Services Department need to take into account decision-making processes involving both the diplomat and the spouse now more than ever before.
Managing Public Human Resources Following Catastrophic Events
Authors: Goodman Doug , Mann Stacey
Published: January 2008

Catastrophic events such as hurricanes, tornadoes, earthquakes, and terrorist attacks can cost millions if not billions of dollars in damages. In August 2005, Hurricane Katrina decimated Mississippi's Gulf Coast and southeastern Louisiana. Many local governments lost facilities, equipment, vehicles, employees, and so on to the storm. In addition, many local government employees lost their homes, friends, coworkers, or family members, and they witnessed the evacuation of their families to other parts of the country. In this article, the authors use Phases 3 and 4 (response and recovery) of the Emergency Management Framework to analyze local governments' human resource management efforts following Hurricane Katrina. Under normal circumstances, human resource issues such as payroll, recruitment, and retention can be mundane. Managing human resources following a catastrophic event, however, can present challenges for the most mundane tasks.
A Major Setback for Pay Equality
Authors: Riccucci Norma M.
Published: January 2008

Pay inequities based on gender continue to pervade the public and private sector landscapes. Although Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as amended and the Equal Pay Act of 1963 proscribe unequal pay for equal work, the newly formed U.S. Supreme Court has issued a ruling in Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company (2007) that ignores Court precedents as well as provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1991, making it more difficult for employees to file suit for pay inequities. Ultimately, the problem of pay disparities in the workplace can only worsen.
The Burden of Dealing with Poor Performers
Authors: Daley Dennis M.
Published: January 2008

Using Albert Hirschman's (1970) theory of exit, voice, loyalty, and neglect as measures of organizational effectiveness, this study examines the response of supervisors to dealing with poor performers. In recent years, the U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board has focused its Merit Principles Surveys (MPS) on issues directly linked to its role—prohibited practices, retention, grievance and discipline, and so on—and the role supervisors play in their cause and remedy. In the 2000 MPS, there are a number of items that address supervisory efforts in dealing with “poor performers.” These run the gamut from identifying performance discrepancies through providing feedback and developmental opportunities to seeking removal. There are also items that assess the supervisors' perceptions of difficulties in engaging in these activities. Using regression analyses, the author examines these factors with respect to their impact on individual supervisors' perceptions of their own organizational engagement. The performance appraisal process and management support prove especially important in maintaining positive supervisory attitudes.
Analytic Reviews: Cardiac Surgery as a Cause of Acute Kidney Injury: Pathogenesis and Potential Therapies
Authors: Rosner Mitchell H. , Portilla Didier , Okusa Mark D.
Published: January 2008

Cardiopulmonary bypass surgery occurs in nearly 1 million patients per year. Acute kidney injury requiring dialysis can occur in up to 1% of these patients. The development of acute kidney injury is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality independent of all other factors, and many patients are left dependent on dialysis therapies. The pathogenesis of acute kidney injury involves multiple pathways. Hemodynamic, inflammatory, and nephrotoxic factors are involved and overlap each other in leading to kidney injury. Clinical studies have identified risk factors for acute kidney injury that can be used to effectively determine the risk of acute kidney injury in patients undergoing bypass surgery. These high-risk patients can then be targeted for renal protective strategies. Thus far, no single strategy has conclusively demonstrated its ability to prevent renal injury post-bypass surgery. Novel anti-inflammatory agents are in development and offer hope as potential therapies.
Nonventilatory Interventions in the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Schuster Kevin M. , Alouidor Reginald , Barquist Erik S.
Published: January 2008

Acute respiratory distress syndrome was first described in 1967. Acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute lung injury are diseases the busy intensivist treats almost daily. The etiologies of acute respiratory distress syndrome are many. A significant distinction is based on whether the insult to the lung was direct, such as in pneumonia, or indirect, such as trauma or sepsis. Strategies for managing patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome/acute lung injury can be subdivided into 2 large groups, those based in manipulation of mechanical ventilation and those based in nonventilatory modalities. This review focuses on the nonventlilatory strategies and includes fluid restriction, exogenous surfactant, inhaled nitric oxide, manipulation of production, or administration of eicosanoids, neuromuscular blocking agents, prone position ventilation, glucocorticoids, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and administration of beta-agonists. Most of these therapies either have not been studied in large trials or have failed to show a benefit in terms of long-term patient mortality. Many of these therapies have shown promise in terms of improved oxygenation and may therefore be beneficial as rescue therapy for severely hypoxic patients. Recommendations regarding the use of each of these strategies are made, and an algorithm for implementing these strategies is suggested.
Fetal Surgery
Authors: Kunisaki Shaun M. , Jennings Russell W.
Published: January 2008

Fetal surgery has emerged from the realm of medical curiosity into an exciting, multidisciplinary specialty now capable of improving patient outcomes for a wide variety of diseases. Recent advances allow prenatal providers to both accurately diagnose and treat many fetal anomalies while maintaining maternal safety. As the initial postnatal health care providers to the majority of these newborns, neonatologists need to be familiar with some of the more recent state-of-the-art procedures currently being used. In this review, the authors discuss the prenatal evaluation process and various operative approaches (ie, open hysterotomy, fetoscopy, and percutaneous) to conduct fetal surgery. They then analyze the effectiveness of some of the more established and experimental prenatal therapies that are being performed for a number of fetal anomalies, including twin—twin transfusion syndrome, thoracic malformations, airway obstruction, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, myelomeningocele, and aortic valve stenosis.
Minute Ventilation Recovery Time Measured Using a New, Simplified Methodology Predicts Extubation Outcome
Authors: Seymour Christopher W. , Halpern Scott , Christie Jason D. , Gallop Robert , Fuchs Barry D.
Published: January 2008

Extubation failure is associated with poor intensive care unit and hospital outcomes. Minute ventilation recovery time, an integrative measure of a patient's respiratory reserve, has been shown in a pilot study to predict extubation outcome; however, the methodology is subjective and impractical for routine use. The authors hypothesize that minute ventilation recovery time, measured using an objective and simpler method, would predict extubation outcome. A prospective cohort study was performed in adult medical and surgical intensive care unit patients intubated for >24 hours who were weaning from mechanical ventilation. Minute ventilation recovery time was measured using a new, simplified, and objective method following the final spontaneous breathing trial prior to extubation. The primary outcome was extubation failure, defined as reintubation within 7 days. The study cohort comprised 88 patients, of whom 22 (25%) failed extubation after a median of 3 days. Demographic data, weaning parameters, and the proportion of patients who passed an extubation screen were similar between groups ( P > .05). Minute ventilation recovery time was significantly longer in patients who failed extubation (15 [5-15] vs 2 [1-5] minutes, P < .001), consistent in both medical and surgical subgroups. Operating characteristics for a preliminary threshold (minute ventilation recovery time ≥5 minutes) for prediction of extubation failure were sensitivity = 0.78, specificity = 0.71, positive predictive value = 0.47, negative predictive value = 0.90, correctly classified = 0.72. Adjustment for significant covariates did not alter the relationship between minute ventilation recovery time ≥5 minutes and extubation failure (odds ratio = 4.9, 95% confidence interval 1.45-16.2, P < .02). C statistic was 0.79 ± 0.17. It was concluded that minute ventilation recovery time, measured using a feasible methodology, can predict extubation outcome in medical and surgical intensive care unit patients.
Gendered Paths to Teenage Political Participation
Authors: Gordon Hava Rachel
Published: January 2008

This article examines how gender shapes the development, involvement, and visibility of teenagers as political actors within their communities. Based on ethnographic research with two high school student movement organizations on the West Coast, the author argues that gender impacts the potential for young people's political consciousness to translate into public, social movement participation. Specifically, the gendered ways in which youth conceptualize and negotiate parental power influences whether or not, and in what ways, youth can emerge as visible agents of social change in their communities. For girl activists, there is more of a marked discontinuity between their political ideals and their political action because of their conflicts with parental power than for boys. This article considers the consequences of teens' relationships to parental power on their sociopolitical development, as well as the counter-effects posed by the feminist interventions of adult allies within youth movements.
The Markers and Meanings of Growing Up
Authors: Aronson Pamela
Published: January 2008

Growing up in the shadow of the women's movement dramatically influences how young women think about their life course transitions. Although prior research has examined the objective markers of adulthood, we know little about how young women themselves perceive these markers. This article examines the subjective meanings of the transition to adulthood among 42 young women who were part of the Youth Development Study. While interviewees saw becoming a parent and becoming financially independent as reflecting an adult orientation, completing schooling was tied to class-differentiated views of growing up. In addition, respondents did not see beginning full-time work and getting married as associated with growing up. Three key themes emerged as young women discussed their lives: independence/self-reliance, self-development, and uncertainty. These themes suggest that young women are partially “living feminism” (bringing aspects of feminist ideology and attitudes into their lives) as they make the transition to adulthood.
Race and Gender in Families and at Work
Authors: Glauber Rebecca
Published: January 2008

This study uses data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to explore the intersections of gender and race on fathers' labor market outcomes. Fixed-effects models reveal that for married whites and Latinos, the birth of a child is associated with an increase in hourly wages, annual earnings, and annual time spent at work. For married Black men, the birth of a child is associated with a smaller increase in hourly wages and annual earnings but not associated with an increase in annual time spent at work. Furthermore, married Black men do not experience an increase in hourly wages or work hours because of a reduction in their wives' work hours. In contrast, married whites and Latinos earn more when their wives work less. These findings imply that gendered workplace and family experiences differ among fathers and that not all men benefit from specific family formations in exactly the same way.
Cross-Boarder Trade with Mexico and the Prospect for Worker Solidarity: the Case of Mexico
Authors: Babson Steve
Published: January 2008

While auto labor in North America remains fragmented and local, the auto companies have been reorganizing on a continental basis, building a modern, export-oriented production base in Mexico. This paper addresses the question of whether and how the diverse labor movements of Mexico, the U.S. and Canada can overcome the competitive dynamic of free trade and establish a regional union movement based on cross-border solidarity. A review of the salient events of the last 30 years indicates that, despite the widespread assumption that Mexican autoworkers must be benefiting from globalization to the same degree that U.S. and Canadian workers are losing, the actual outcomes are mixed on both sides of the border. Jobs are up in most years, but real wages are stagnant or falling, bargaining leverage is weakened, and de-unionization is growing across the continent. At the same time, the North American integration of production has established a common “occupational idiom” (and accompanying grievances) centered on lean production, outsourcing, and competitive “whipsawing” of plants making the same product. On this basis alone, proponents of cross-border solidarity can find potential allies from Puebla to Oshawa. Mobilizing that potential is difficult, however, when there are so few links between the labor movements of North America. Historical divisions rooted in the Mexican revolution and the Cold War are now diminished, but barriers of language and culture remain. A further barrier is the heightened job insecurity felt in many corners of the auto industry. Shifting market shares, global mergers, and periodic downsizing all contribute to this anxious state, which continental whipsawing makes all the more intense, continuous, and potentially divisive for any cross-border union movement. The paper ends with an assessment of current initiatives that point towards a possible North American movement of autoworkers.
Immigrant Organizing and the New Labor Movement in Los Angeles
Authors: Milkman Ruth
Published: January 2008

This article traces the transformation of Los Angeles, which was considered a showcase of anti-unionism a century ago, into a key site of labor movement revitalization and a model of successful immigrant organizing. It traces the history of unionization in L.A. over time, and analyzes data from the 1990s on the characteristics of L.A.'s union members. Although immigrants are still less likely to be union members than native-born workers, this is because of their sectoral location, not because they are “unorganizable.” On the contrary, in some respects foreign-born workers tend to be more receptive to unionization efforts than their native-born counterparts, despite the vulnerability non-citizens and undocumented immigrants often experience. Here the dynamics of recent immigrant organizing successes in L.A. are analyzed, highlighting the importance of Latino immigrants' propensity for militancy, on the one side, and the key role of the new activist leadership of a number of key unions, on the other. While the recent successes are impressive in quality, they have not had much impact on union density in L.A., which remains low. Yet they indicate the potential for a larger-scale transformation.
Comparative Union Responses to Mass Immigration: Evidence From an Immigrant City
Authors: Grenier Guillermo , Nissen Bruce
Published: January 2008

This article places union relationships with immigrant workers into a globalized and historical context, and utilizes primary data to examine the relationships of four unions in the heavily immigrant Miami, Florida area with immigrant workers in the past four decades. Two are building trades unions with a long exclusionary history and two are industrially organized unions, one in the service sector and one in manufacturing. Varying patterns of relationships with immigrants are discovered. Explanations for differing responses can be found in the union's structure, its traditional membership and employer characteristics, its leadership's vision and ideology, and its internal cultural practices. The paper ends with nine predictors of a union's likelihood of successfully integrating immigrants into its membership.
Neoliberal Restructuring and U.S. Unions: Toward Social Movement Unionism?
Authors: Robinson Ian
Published: January 2008

This paper identifies three causal pathways by which economic restructuring attributable to neoliberal policies has promoted a shift away from the previously dominant culture of business unionism, and toward social movement unionism, in the U.S. labor movement. These union types are located within a larger typology of voluntary, autonomous unions organized around two dimensions of union leadership culture: who union leaders think the labor movement should organize and/or represent and defend (inclusiveness); and how critical union leaders are of the economic and/or political status quo, and what kinds of alternatives (if any) they think the labor movement should fight to put in its place (criticalness). In the United States, neoliberal restructuring has shifted eight of ten variables that have important effects on union leadership culture toward the optimal conditions for social movement unionism. The links from neoliberal restructuring to changes in these conditions to shifts in the leadership cultures of some unions, and in the relative power of those unions, are traced over the period from 1979 to the present.
The Resurgence of Labor as Citizenship Movement in the New Labor Relations Environment
Authors: Johnston Paul
Published: January 2008

This paper reviews the broad relevance of “citizenship” for theory and practice in labor relations. It introduces the notion of “citizenship movement” as a particular type of social movement uniquely related to the development of public life. It argues that several strands of labor movement revival in the United States are members of this family of social movement. These include public service unionism, education and health care unionisms, immigrant worker movements, community-based organizing campaigns, temp unionism, living wage campaigns and campaigns to defend local communities from corporate cutbacks and plant closures. In the global age, it observes, these and related democratic social movements converge in the defense and reconstruction of local communities.
Black Empowerment in South Africa: “Patriotic Capitalism” or a Corporate Black Wash?
Authors: Murray Georgina
Published: January 2008

This article triangulates data to show that black empowerment in top business is not happening. Black empowerment (defined in this context as initiatives to give the black community access to corporate ownership and management roles) has made little impact in South Africa since 1994. The sample of three black empowerment companies and five top South African companies shows that top business remains predominantly white, with few signs of black integration into ownership or management. The failure of black empowerment was ensured when the African National Congress government failed to nationalise key industries (as the Afrikaner National Party did in 1948) or even to bolster its parastatals (government organizations) enough to build a strong black middle class. The ANC could not overcome its fear of white-capital-flight (a flight that happened anyway) and withstand the pressure from economic liberals. The Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR) programme is the tragic result of this fear.
Bordering the Future: Resisting Neoliberalism in the Borderlands
Authors: Bandy Joe
Published: January 2008

In the last twenty years, and especially since NAFTA, the U.S.-Mexico border has been a site of intensive neoliberal development, particularly in the growth of 2,340 export-processing plants (maquiladoras), ninety percent U.S.-owned. The economic growth this has helped to promote has been both rapid and uneven, and the burdens it has placed on local communities through impoverished conditions of work and life have been immense—no where more so than in Tijuana. Although much of this growth and the associated social and environmental problems have been the subjects of many policy, academic, and journalistic discussions, Tijuana's local community organizations, which have attempted to meet local needs and formulate alternative development paradigms, have not. Based on interviews with community organization representatives in the San Diego/Tijuana region, this text argues that a more complete understanding of these movement efforts to resist neoliberalism, especially the alternative visions for development they construct, are crucial to any understanding of neoliberalism generally, transnational social movements, and more democratic labor and environmental policy. These alternative paradigms differ radically from those promoted by capital and states on both sides of la frontera, and potentially offer a more participatory, democratic, and sustainable form of transnational development, for Mexico and all of North America.
Class Structure and Racial Consciousness Among Black Americans
Authors: Mcdermott Monica
Published: January 2008

Analyses of class cleavages among Black Americans have taken on a new importance since the growth of a sizeable black middle class during the post-Civil Rights era. Less often analyzed are the cleavages within the black middle class itself; small employers, well-educated professionals and others in supervisory positions often have differing interests and beliefs. Wright's (1985) 12-celled class typology provides a means of obtaining a more nuanced view of the position and beliefs of the black middle class by defi ning class on the basis of access to exploitative assets. Using data from the National Survey of Black Americans, 1979—1980 , a good approximation of Wright's class structure developed for a largely white sample is applied to a sample of over 1100 Black Americans. This indicates that the black middle class is more concentrated in positions with less access to exploitative assets than their white counterparts. An analysis of beliefs about black separatism utilizing this class schema finds that separatist beliefs are concentrated among the proletariat, while expert managers and the petty bourgeoisie are the least supportive of separatism.
Classical Sociological Theory and Modern Social Problems: Marx's cOncept of the Camera Obscura and the Fallacy of Individualistic Reductionism
Authors: Paolucci Paul
Published: January 2008

Marx viewed ideological and classed based understandings of the social world as analogous to images in a “camera obscura”, where the outcome is backwards or distorted. Commonplace discourse “gets it backward” in the same way: causes and effects are often conflated. Current understandings of the relationship between poverty, crime and policing are examined. Rather than a conventional, individualreductionist analysis, sociologists are encouraged to engage in historical and structural investigation. Marx's camera obscura analogy is developed as a tool used to both shed light on power relations as presently conceived and to understand them in an alternative fashion.
The Spectacle of American Conservatism: a Quantum Leap Into the Darkness of Authoritarianism?
Authors: Zafirovski Milan Z.
Published: January 2008

The paper attempts to do justice to the complexities involved in the relations between a market economy, democratic polity, and free society on the one hand, and social conservatism on the other. This attempt is undertaken given various simplifications and conflations committed by the conventional wisdom especially in the U.S. One of these is the untenable equation of economic conservatism or the laissez-faire economy with a free society. Another is the broader but equally dubious equivalence of the mixture of economic conservatism and political liberalism, i.e., a laissez-faire economy and political democracy, with a free social system. The purpose of this article is to put these conceptions in a proper perspective. Special emphasis is placed on a peculiar social system named authoritarian conservatism in light of its increasing salience in the U.S. in recent years. The conclusion is that modern America (especially the South) displays tendencies to conservative authoritarianism rather than to the renaissance of democracy.
State Versus Society: the Political Sociology of Irving Louis Horowitz
Authors: Keaney Michael
Published: January 2008

As well as being a prolific contributor to the discipline of sociology, Irving Louis Horowitz has consistently attracted controversy. His earlier associations with C. Wright Mills and the New Left contrast with his present day affinities with neoconservative thought. This paper attempts to appraise Horowitz's career by focusing on his primary interest, political sociology. In this way it is intended that, despite the apparently significant changes that have marked his work, certain continuous threads might be identified. In order to understand the evolution of Horowitz's thought, reference is made to the changing political and intellectual context of the last four decades. The result is a sympathetic though ultimately critical analysis of Horowitz's work.
The Limits of Internationalization: a Neo-Gramscian Analysis of the Multilateral Agreement On Investment
Authors: Egan Daniel
Published: January 2008

The OECD's attempt to create a Multilateral Agreement on Investment provides a useful case study with which to examine the process of the internationalization of the state. Transnational historical materialism sees the development of supranational institutions such as the failed MAI as part of the neoliberal strategy of an emerging transnational capitalist class. However, in defining internationalization in terms of the national state becoming a transmission belt for global capital, transnational historical materialism adopts a deterministic reading of Gramsci's theory of hegemony. A more dialectical reading of hegemony suggests that internationalization will be uneven and contradictory. The suspension of negotiations for the MAI reveals how hegemonic conflicts, both within and directed against the transnational capitalist class, impose important limits on internationalization.
Appropriating `Balkan': Rock and Nationalism in Slovenia
Authors: Stankovič Peter
Published: January 2008

The article raises questions regarding the relations between rock music and nationalism in former Yugoslavia. The author argues that Yu rock music and culture have with their universal allegiances helped to preserve a degree of sane distance from the feverish outbursts of nationalisms among the significant part of the country's youth during the years of nationalist wars between its former federal republics, meaning that it is possible to understand it as a positive movement in political sense. A special case of Slovenian “Balkan-scene”, however, shows that various appropriations of Yu rock music, which have happened after the dissolution of former socialist Yugoslavia, do not necessarily have the same positive impact. It is true that listening to the Yu rock music and appropriation of what was perceived as typically Balkan life-style by Slovenian alternative youth meant important symbolic challenge to Slovenian official nationalist discouse, but this opposition did little to abolish the stereotyped understanding of the `Balkan' as such. Just as in the official discourse, there was no recognition among the Slovenian alternative rockers of the fact that 'Balkans' is actually a set of rather different ethnicities, cultures, histories, religions, folkways etc., which means that this affirmative appropriation of the concept of `Balkan' basically only reproduced the existing understanding of peoples of the region as fascinating and also sometimes dangerous Otherness
Assumptions of the Dialectical Method
Authors: Paolucci Paul
Published: January 2008

Marx employed a wide array of analytical tools and strategies. However, how the elements of his approach across its range are related to one another was left rather undeveloped by him and Engel's contributions have done little to clear up subsequent confusions. Marx also considered that his science compared well in meeting the basic criteria of sound method. All scientific methods share the fact that they must start with a series of assumptions before data gathering commences. The ongoing debates over Marx's dialectical method would be wise to clear up the assumptions with which Marx worked as he gathered and analyzed his data. Toward that end, Marx's approach to “totality”, “abstraction”, “internal relations”, “necessity versus contingency”, assumptions about individuals and society, his approach to essentialism, materialism versus idealism, functionalism, organicism, and the dynamic character of social relations are examined.
Different Racisms and the Differences They Make: Race and “Asian Workers” of Prewar Hawai`i
Authors: Jung Moon-Kie
Published: January 2008

In the past two decades, the scholarship on prewar Hawai`i, particularly of its workers, took a much needed critical turn toward the study of racial and class confl icts, challenging the long-standing dominance of the assimilationist framework. However, an anachronistic deployment of a pan-Asian racial category and an attenuated conceptualization of racism have impeded the turn, an important consequence of which has been an inadequate grasp of the racial inequality and division between Japanese and Filipino workers. I argue that a key to overcoming these shortcomings is the abandonment of a unidimensional conceptualization of racism that underlies not only the study of Hawai`i but also much of the sociology of race. Focusing on the 1920s and 1930s, this essay seeks to demonstrate why and how Japanese and Filipino workers faced different racisms, different not only in intensity but in kind, and what differences they made in relation to the production and reproduction of working-class racial inequality and division.
Adolescent Integrity: Race and Ethnic Differences
Authors: Blau Judith R. , Stearns Elizabeth
Published: January 2008

This study fi nds signifi cant differences between white and nonwhite teens in the extent to which they value integrity. The Integrity Scale (IS) is based on items from the High School Effectiveness Study, the metropolitan supplement to the National Education Longitudinal Study, and includes questions about cheating on tests, disobeying school rules, copying other students' homework, cutting classes, and being late for school. With various statistical controls, white students score lowest and black students highest, with Hispanics and Asians scoring about average. The interpretation for whites' low scores is that they desire to maintain their traditional privileges in increasing pluralistic high schools, and this is consistent with, for example, cheating on tests. The interpretation for blacks' high scores is that they routinely experience the racism of excessive scrutiny, and, therefore, adopt the most transparent behaviors, which is consistent with their placing a high value on integrity and honesty.
The South and the Black Radical Tradition: Then and Now
Authors: Katz-Fishman Walda , Scott Jerome
Published: January 2008

From the inception of the emerging American nation, the South is a central battleground in the struggles for freedom, justice, and equality. It is the location of the most intense repression, exploitation, and reaction directed toward Africans Americans, as well as Native Americans and working people generally. At the same time the South is the site of the most heroic resistance to these oppressive conditions of class domination, of white supremacy, and of sexist social relations in the public and private sectors. The institution of chattel slavery thrusts the Black radical tradition into the forefront of these early struggles. Today's globalization in the electronic age and neoliberal policies — the attack on the New Deal and Civil Rights reforms of the past era — again place the Black radical tradition at the center of the struggles for freedom, justice, and equality.

We present a historical materialist analysis of the Black radical tradition in the South, from slave resistance and rebellions in the 1500s through the Civil War to the economic and political justice struggles in the current period. Black women — often working class — are always at the core of the Black radical tradition and are frequently in its leadership. Black radicals in each period make revolutionary demands that challenge state policy and/or capitalist property relations. But history reveals that each victory, hard fought and won, merely reforms capitalism and is only temporary. We conclude that the Black radical tradition in America calls for the liberation (i.e., the full economic, political and social equality) of the black masses. Permanent victory means that the Black radical tradition is at the heart of a working class-based movement to bring an end to the global capitalist system and to the class, color, and gender oppression that is its cornerstone.
Models for Unity between Scholarship and Grassroots Activism
Authors: Zerai Assata
Published: January 2008

Institutional constraints hinder the activist scholar who seeks to create alternative models for scholarship and social transformation. In this paper, I discuss results from a survey administered to Africana scholars on the Association of Black Sociologists listserv and other discussion groups servicing progressive scholars and students on the internet. The primary objective of the survey was to elicit comments on ways that Africana scholars balance activism with scholarship.

The survey results indicate that there are many levels on which activists scholars can make a contribution to humanity. These include the intellectual labor of articulating our unique perspectives that we promote within our disciplines, our service as consultants to grassroots organizers, and our progressive applied work in our fi eld. Once we embrace the activist-scholar orientation, our struggle is to strike an appropriate balance among the three different types of contribution.
The Limits of the Job Supply in U.S. Capitalism
Authors: Sheak Bob , Morris Melissa
Published: January 2008

This article raises the question of whether U.S. capitalism can provide an adequate supply of jobs for those willing and able to work. It adapts government employment indicators to estimate the extent of subemployment, a measure of the society's inability to provide a supply of adequate paid jobs its citizens, for the years from 1972 through 1999. The trend over these 28 years is for subemployment to range from 20 to 30 percent of the labor supply, tending to rise from the early 1970s through the early 1990s, and then, in the last seven years, to decline. We consider fi ve implications of these trends and draw some conclusions.
Critical Management Studies: Accountability and Authenticity
Authors: Smith Warren
Published: January 2008

The development of critical management studies (CMS) has been marked by much internal debate. There are disagreements over its objectives and methods, and also in providing a positive sense as to what it should be for. Differences exist between a strategy of engagement with management and a radical approach that, fearing co-option, disengages from established practices. But both these strategies are influenced by CMS's situation and participation in the business school. And both approaches have to respond to particular accusations stemming from the nature of their (dis)engagement. I argue that the reconciliation of difficulties of this kind is vital to the realization of CMS objectives. This reconciliation makes demands of accountability which, given CMS's espoused commitments, are of crucial importance. Left unaddressed they undermine its very viability.
Radical Critique and Progressive Traditionalism in John Ford's The Grapes of Wrath 1
Authors: Cassano Graham
Published: January 2008

This essay explores the radical critique of capitalism offered by John Ford's film, The Grapes of Wrath. Building on E.P. Thompson's notion of `radical traditionalism', I argue that Ford offers an economically radical critique of capitalism based upon the symbolic resources of patriarchy and racial exclusion. In order to understand the social impact of Ford's cinema, I reconstruct the symbolic and semiotic resources of the laboring community during the late 1930s, relying upon labor histories and community and cultural studies of the period. After examining those semio-social resources, I argue that Ford's work was both re-made by its times and contributed to the formation of a kind of `working class consciousness' in American cinema. I conclude by offering suggestions concerning the limits of solidarity produced by this radical economic critique based in a symbolic traditionalism.
Review Essay: The Remarkable Rehabilitation of Company Unionism in Recent Industrial Relations Literature
Authors: Nissen Bruce
Published: January 2008

In recent years industrial relations scholars have begun to reassess the historical experience in the United States with employer-dominated employee organizations. Arguing that such organizations are necessary for U.S. businesses to be competitive in international business, some scholars are attempting to rehabilitate such “company unions”. This paper examines the arguments of Bruce Kaufman, a prominent academic proponent of company unions, and concludes that the case is not made. Theoretical, methodological, and empirical problems are apparent in the argument. The article concludes by assessing the relationship between unions and corporations, and between classes in this country, and notes the failure of certain industrial relations scholars to understand the realities of those power relationships.
Preparing for Total War: The Conseil Supérieur de la Défense Nationale and France's Industrial and Economic Preparations for War after 1918
Authors: Imlay Talbot
Published: January 2008

This article examines France's efforts to prepare for war during the interwar period. Immediately following the First World War, French political and military leaders, convinced of the possibility (and indeed the likelihood) of another European war, set about preparing the country for a conflict that was expected to be total in nature. Given the importance that French planners attached to economic factors in such a conflict, the article focuses on industrial and economic preparations for war during peacetime. Industrial preparations involved placing French industry in a position to produce large quantities of armaments as quickly as possible once war began, while economic preparations consisted of organizing the non-military sectors of the economy to meet wartime civilian needs. The article argues that France's economic and industrial preparations for war fell far short of what was needed — an assessment that reflects the huge gap between the plans drawn up in the wake of the First World War and the results achieved on the eve of the Second World War. Much of this failure, moreover, can be attributed to the weaknesses of the Conseil supérieur de la défense nationale, the institution charged with preparing the country for a future war. In addition to highlighting the concrete aspects of industrial and economic preparations for war, a focus on institutions not only throws light on how the interwar French state worked in practice, but also directs attention to a critical factor in the success of any regime: its ability to translate policy goals into concrete measures.
The Food Factor as a Possible Catalyst for Holocaust-Related Decisions: The Crimea and the North Caucasus
Authors: Feferman Kiril
Published: January 2008

The Germans occupied most of the Crimean peninsula in November 1941 and the North Caucasus in August 1942, where they faced thousands of Jews who were doomed to be killed according to the logic of the `Final Solution'. According to prevailing scholarship, in other Soviet areas occupied by the Wehrmacht the food factor — namely paucity of food available for the occupying German authorities in order to feed the Wehrmacht, arrange food supplies to the Reich, and provide for the local population — led the local German policy-makers to precipitate the annihilation of Jews as `surplus mouths'. The article analyses whether this connection evolved in the Crimea and the North Caucasus.
Everybody Knows There Was a `Schlieffen Plan': A Reply to Annika Mombauer
Authors: Zuber Terence
Published: January 2008

According to Annika Mombauer, it is common knowledge that the Schlieffen plan proves German war guilt. Unfortunately, vox populi, vox dei does not make for good military history.
Are Articles in “Top” Management Journals Necessarily of Higher Quality?
Authors: Singh Gangaram , Haddad Kamal M. , Chow Chee W.
Published: January 2008

This study investigates the appropriateness of using publication of an article in a top (specifically, top five) management journal as a proxy for its quality. Social Science Citation Index citation counts were collected over 7-year event windows for articles published in 34 management journals in 1993 and 1996. Overall, the authors found that articles published in the five journals most often considered to be the top ones in management tend to be cited more often than ones published in the other journals. Far more important, however, across three different criteria for placing articles into top versus non-top categories, there were substantial classification errors from using journal ranking as a proxy for quality. This finding suggests that both administrators and the management discipline will be well served by efforts to evaluate each article on its own merits rather than abdicate this responsibility by using journal ranking as a proxy for quality.
Technical Spirituality at Work
Authors: Driscoll Cathy , Wiebe Elden
Published: January 2008

The authors assess the current state of workplace spirituality from the philosophical perspective of Jacques Ellul and show how the workplace spirituality movement has not escaped the infiltration and pervasiveness of technique. First, they describe Ellul's notion of technique. They then demonstrate how the workplace spirituality movement presently displays the hallmarks of technique in its quest for results and facts, in its use of experts, and in the broadening and hence dissolution of the notion of spirituality. The authors highlight several scholars who have raised concerns and critiques of the movement in its technical form. They suggest some possibilities for moving toward an authentic spirituality at work followed by some implications for undertaking scholarly research on workplace spirituality that explicitly recognizes technical dominance in spirituality. It is incumbent on those of us involved in workplace spirituality to resist its domination and find ways of fostering authenticity in spirituality at work.
Critical Moments in Learning
Authors: Bedeian Arthur G.
Published: January 2008

This essays builds on the notion of “critical moments in learning” to suggest that teachers often teach without knowing it and that regardless of how much they publish, their greatest contribution is more likely to be in the lasting impact they have on their students' lives. In doing so, the author reflects on critical learning moments in his own education and, in turn, ponders how actions he had taken in and out of the classroom may have unwittingly influenced the thoughts, feelings, and, sometimes, even lives of the many students who had enrolled in his courses.
We See Dead People?
Authors: Schwarz Gavin M. , Clegg Stewart , Cummings Thomas G. , Donaldson Lex , Miner John B.
Published: January 2008

This essay responds to John Miner's (1984) assessment of the state of organizational science. Slightly more than two decades ago, Miner found little evidence of a correlation between organizational scholars' ratings of the importance of a theory, its use, and its estimated validity. In response, he suggested the need for organizational science to readjust its goals, paradigms, and basic processes so that it develops as a discipline. Despite this challenge, the intervening years have seen the field become seemingly more paradigmatically fragmented, promoting discussion on its place in the social sciences. The essay presents four reviews in response to what has followed since Miner's original study. It offers a judgment on Miner's evaluation, a suggestion for the field's development, a position paper, and a response from Miner. Combined, the ensuing dialog offers practical suggestions to the problem of a seemingly perennially emerging organizational science.
Epistemes and Structures of Sensemaking in Organizational Life
Authors: O'Leary Majella , Chia Robert
Published: January 2008

The issue of organizational sense-making has been much researched and written about in recent years. Yet, how structurally such sense-making attempts are facilitated remains relatively unexamined. In this article, the authors explore the underlying processes to be accomplished, sustained, and extended. `Episteme,' the underlying code of a culture or epoch that governs its language, its logic, its schemas of perception, its values and its techniques, etc., is what makes individual and collective meaning and sense-making possible. In this article, the authors identify three epistemes of organizational sense-making for legitimizing and justifying managerial actions and decision-making within the context of a family-owned newspaper called the Courier. This is done through a study of the justifying narratives employed in the collective sense-making process.
Reviewer Feedback as Discourse of the Other
Authors: Driver Michaela
Published: January 2008

This article contributes to dialog in the field about the nature of the manuscript review process. It develops a psychoanalytic framework for understanding how participants in the review process construct each other as subjects in discourse and why the experience of alienation inevitably marks this process. The framework suggests that participants can draw on different subject positions with regard to this alienation. One is imaginary and entails the failed fantasy that lack and alienation can be overcome. The other is symbolic and entails a mutual engagement with this failure. The article suggests imaginary positions are less constructive, resulting in struggles between participants as others. By contrast, it suggests symbolic positions are more constructive, resulting in struggles with otherness and opportunities for more creative outcomes. The article explores reviewer reflexivity as an important element of symbolic interactions in which participants have responsibility for the production of relationships in the review process.