bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Residues of Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck as agents that cause a change in antioxidant defense in plants
Authors: Nunes Patrícia Mayra Pavan , Silva Cristiane Bezerra da , Paula Cristiane da Silva , Smolarek Fernanda Ferreira , Zeviani Walmes Marques , Chaves Suelen Cristina , Lorini Fernando , Dias Josiane de Fátima Gaspari , Miguel Obdulio Gomes , Zanin Sandra Maria Warumby , Miguel Marilis Dallarmi
Published: August 2015

This work aimed to verify the allelopathic potential of the extract of Citrus seeds, for the purpose of adding a sustainable value to the fruit seeds toward their use as industrial residues. The extract was obtained with a Soxhlet apparatus by using hexane, chloroform, and methanol as solvents. The hexane extract of the Citrus seeds primarily consisted of linoleic acid (36.6%), followed by α-linoleic acid (25.3%), oleic acid (17.8%), palmitic acid (9.7%), and estearic acid (3.3%). The analysis results indicate that the oil is similar to those used in the cosmetics and food industries and has an economic value from its industrial application. In addition, the use of the oil causes changes in the oxidant balance, germination, and growth of plants.
Ramucirumab for Colon Cancer and the Problem of Rising Prices Independent of Benefits
Authors: Bach Peter B.
Published: August 2015

The discussion of value has moved from the philosophical, in which “value” was held out as an amorphous “eye of the beholder” concept, to an operationalized construct that is now directly affecting prescribing decisions. This is appropriate, given the large differences in price that seem disassociated from value.
Faróis
Authors: Mundim Marcus Diniz
Published: August 2015

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Diálogo
Authors: Camargo Ronald Claver
Published: August 2015

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Poema
Authors: Souza Regina
Published: August 2015

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Lá pelas oito
Authors: Gouvea Jaime Prado
Published: August 2015

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Elementos de morfologia histórica do nome em latim
Authors: Ivo Oscarino Da Silva
Published: August 2015

As desinências casuais latinas indicam, ao mesmo tempo, a função sintática e o número gramatical das palavras. Não se pode dizer o mesmo com relação ao gênero, pelo menos do substantivo. Nenhum morfema distingue o substantivo masculino nauta do substantivo feminino ianua, ou dominus, masculino, de fagus, feminino. Pode-se afirmar que o nominativo masculino dominus é diferente, na sua desinência, do neutro templum, mas não cabe a mesma afirmação para as formas dominum e templum, de acusativo singular.
Helena e Sinão, os traidores de Tróia
Authors: Rezende Antônio Martinez de
Published: August 2015

Poucas nações do mundo foram, da mesma sorte que Roma, celebradas em obras imortais como a Eneida de Virgílio. Essa epopéia nacional traduz em canto vigoroso a grandeza do império.
Estrutura métrica em Horácio e em Ricardo Reis
Authors: Ivo Oscarino Da Silva
Published: August 2015

Convidado pela Senhora Professora Diretora do Centro de Estudos Portugueses para falar sobre Ricardo Reis e Horâcio, não tive como fugir ao convite em si mesmo tão honroso.
Autobiografia de Flavius Josephus
Authors: Santos Rubens Dos
Published: August 2015

O império de Alexandre, após sua morte (323 a.C), foi partilhado. Macedônia e Grécia, Síria e Tráeia e Egito passaram a novas mãos sem a habilidade administrativa das antigas.
Resenha: JOSEPHUS, Flavius. Autobiografia, 1981. JOSEPHUS, Flavius. Defesa dos Judeus contra Apion e outros caluniadores, 1986.
Authors: Mafra Johnny José
Published: August 2015

A existência de duas traduções brasileiras da Teogonia, editadas nos últimos anos, demonstra o interesse que o texto de Hesiodo é capaz de provocar ainda. São trabalhos de índole e objetivos diferentes, merecendo ambos aplausos pela oportunidade de seu aparecimento.
Os estudos de sânscrito no Brasil
Authors: Vargas Maria Valíria A. de Mello
Published: August 2015

Datam da década de 50 a 60 as primeiras manifestações de interesse pelo sânscrito no Brasil, quando o grande romanista Professor Theodoro Henrique Maurer Júnior, em suas aulas de Glotologia Clássica na Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de São Paulo, utilizava-se de elementos da gramática sânscríta para comparações com o grego e o latim, na tentativa de reconstrução do indo-europeu.
O imperialismo ateniense, Tucídides e a historiografia conteporânea, ou Do uso de um historiador antigo pelos historiadores contemporâneos
Authors: Trabulsi José Antônio Dabdab
Published: August 2015

Tucidides está fora de moda. Depois de ter sido entronizado pela nascente historiografia científica do século XIX como o "verdadeiro pai da história", aquele que tornou o conhecimento do passado uma ciência, com o mesmo rigor das ciências naturais, e de ter assim atravessado triunfantemente a primeira metade deste século, Tucidides foi em seguida impiedosamente acusado de ter uma visão que não ia mais longe que um campo de batalha, sendo assim combatido como o inspirador da "histoire événementíelle".
Resenha: NAVA, Pedro. Baú de ossos. Rio: Sabiá, 1972. 393 p.
Authors: Queiroz Maria José De
Published: August 2015

Resenha de Baú de ossos por Maria José de Queiroz.
Sistema e norma no Grande Sertão
Authors: Rocha Luiz Carlos De Assis
Published: August 2015

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Comentários a "Aspectos do estilo camiliano em Eusébio Macário"
Authors: Freitas Onofre De
Published: August 2015

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A propósito do Frei Luís de Sousa, de Garrett
Authors: Mafra Johnny José
Published: August 2015

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Debate sobre o texto "O emigrante na literatura portuguesa"
Authors: Malard Letícia
Published: August 2015

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Mesa-Redonda
Authors: Cunha Carlos Maciel da , Eleazaro Clara Grimaldi , Bianchini Orlando , Silva Mêrcia Gomes da , Carvalho Raimundo Nonato Barbosa de
Published: August 2015

Dando início à sessão, o coordenador retomou alguns pontos do debato da sessão anterior para que pudessem ser mais amplamente discutidos.
Encontro de professores de língua portuguesa, lingüística e teoria da literatura
Authors: Bittencourt Vanda Do Oliveira
Published: August 2015

Ao abrir os trabalhos desta sessão, a profª Vanda de Oliveira Bittencourt expôs os motivos que levaram os organizadores do III Ciclo de Estudos de Língua Portuguesa a incluírem no programa um encontro que reunisse professores das disciplinas: Língua Portuguesa, Linguística e Teoria da Literatura.
Criação lexical: processos produtivos no português contemporâneo
Authors: Rocha Luiz Carlos De Assis
Published: August 2015

Pretende este trabalho descrever os processos produtivos de criação lexical no português contemporâneo.
Casa de ferreiro, espeto de pau
Authors: Branco Lúcia Castello
Published: August 2015

A discussão em torno dos objetivos específicos do Curso de Letras, a meu ver, esbarra na questão, não menos controversa, da definição de seus objetivos gerais.
A semântica do mistério em Bartolomeu Campos Queirós
Authors: Peres Ana Maria Clark
Published: August 2015

A noção dos campos semânticos (ou campos lingüísticos) foi definida por Jost Trier, em seu Der deutsch Wortschatz im Sinnbezirik des Verstandes (Heidelberg, 1931), em que estuda o vocabulário alemão sobre o conhecimento no princípio do século XIII.
Resenha: PERINI, Mário Alberto. Para uma nova gramática do português. São Paulo: Ática, 1985.
Authors: Pires Maria Sueli De Oliveira
Published: August 2015

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Sintaxe das preposições - seu valor na estrutura sintagmática portuguesa
Authors: Guimarães Maria de Nazaré Serra Silva
Published: August 2015

Nessa dissertação de Mestrado,, foram examinados os termos preposicionados ligados a verbos em português. Foram tomadas a conceituação e as exemplificações encontradas em gramáticas e manuais didáticos mais em uso nas escolas, objetivando mostrar que, na passagem do latim ao português,as preposições, ao assumirem um valor relacional dentro do sintagma, devem ter assumido o valor nocional inerente ao caso latino. Viram-se as preposições em conjunto, enquanto introdutoras de termos adverbais —adjuntos e complementos - de natureza adverbial ou não. Procurou-se sugerir uma distribuição desse elemento de relação em preposições deobjeto indireto, preposições de valor partitivo e semelhantes e preposições de valor adverbial. A dissertação procura fazer um levantamento de questões pertinentes â análise dos termos da oração, numa tentativa de fundamentar essa mesma análise no próprio processo evolutivo da língua. Foram estudadas especificamente as estruturas que a gramática tradicional denomina objeto indireto e adjunto adverbial.
Aspectos do linguajar rural da região de Turmalina
Authors: Santos Carolina do Socorro Antunes
Published: August 2015

Esse trabalho teve como objetivo o estudo das variantes [e] - [i] - [i], em sílaba átona inicial; [w] - [h], em final de sílaba interna e de [l] - [r], em grupo consonantal, no linguajar de Turmalina - MG. Para esse estudo, quarenta informantes, de ambos os sexos, distribuídos em quatro faixas etárias, em três graus de escolaridade e divididos em dois grupos, segundo a sua origem rural ou urbana, forneceram um corpus de 1688 dados, que foram submetidos a duas análises: uma quantitativa e outra qualitativa. As variantes discriminadas mostraram-se sensíveis a condicionamentos estruturais e não-estruturais e são o resultado da aplicação de três regras variáveis. Além disso podem ser caracterizadas como fonemas em extinção, que são mais freqüentes na zona rural, entre os analfabetos e entre os indivíduos mais velhos.
Despertando o gosto pela leitura
Authors: Nicolau Eunice Maria Das Dores
Published: August 2015

Antes de se falar em leitura e despertar do gosto pela leitura é preciso que se tenha em mente uma clara conceituação do ler. Paulo Freire afirma que o ato de ler não se esgota na descodificação pura da palavra escrita ou da linguagem escrita, mas (...) se antecipa e se alonga na inteligência do mundo.
Oi, tem alguém aí?
Authors: Rocha Bárbara
Published: August 2015

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O vestido
Authors: Fonseca Sandra Maria Batista
Published: August 2015

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Roça vazia
Authors: Rennó Eduardo
Published: August 2015

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Enterro
Authors: Santos Maria Angélica Amâncio
Published: August 2015

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O roubo: pseudopeça em dois atos
Authors: Santos Maria Angélica Amâncio
Published: August 2015

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Fotografias de Lucas Coelho
Authors: Coelho Lucas
Published: August 2015

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Primeira Lei de Nilton
Authors: Maia Gabriel Nogueira
Published: August 2015

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Paisagens ("Paysages")
Authors: Michaux Henri , Rocha João
Published: August 2015

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A sagacidade de um pato ("The Wit of a Duck")
Authors: Burroughs John , Barcellos Carolina Pereira
Published: August 2015

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Self-reported hearing impairment among rural adult population of coastal Tamil Nadu
Authors: Chauhan Ramesh Chand , Mishra Amit Kumar , Kandan Mani , Singh Zile
Published: August 2015

Background: Hearing impairment is the most frequent sensory deficit in human population and irrespective of the age of development, has devastating consequences. This study was done to assess the burden of hearing impairment among the rural adult population of a coastal area in Tamil Nadu.  

Methods: This community-based descriptive study was conducted in a rural area of Tamil Nadu state in India. The study protocol was approved by the institute ethics committee of PIMS. Eligible participants from all the household in the study area were selected. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect the information and hearing impairment was assessed by self-reporting by the participants. Proportions for categorical variables were calculated and Chi-square test was applied to find the associations.

Results: Among a total of 5621 participants interviewed and examined, 232 (4.1%) participants reported to have hearing impairment. Among them, majority reported that they have hearing impairment due to advanced age or non-specific causes resulted in hard to hearing (77.6%) and 12.5% reported to have deafness. Ear discharge (4.3%), wax (3.0%) were other commonly reported cause of hearing impairment. The hearing impairment increased with age and was common among elderly. The reported hearing impairment ranges from 1.5% to 11.3% in different age groups. Age, sex, education and occupation were significantly associated with hearing impairment (p value <0.05).

Conclusions: A large number of people in rural communities were having hearing impairment. Improving access to health education and raising awareness about prevention and the needs of people with hearing loss in community is required.
Pedicled cervical transposition of lingual thyroid: a novel surgical technique
Authors: Narayanaswamy Ramakrishnan
Published: August 2015

Lingual Thyroid is a rare developmental anomaly. It is the most common benign mass found at the junction of the anterior two third and the posterior one third of the tongue. It requires to be excised if it becomes symptomatic by becoming a goiter. It is usually treated medically by thyroxin suppression therapy. However, in cases where the response to medical treatment is poor, it can be excised or transposed. We present a case report of a 28-year-old female with Lingual thyroid who underwent a novel surgical cervical transposition procedure with good result.
Follicular carcinoma thyroid presenting as skull metastasis: a rare case report
Authors: Antony Manju P. , Chisthi Meer M. , Joseph Tessy P.
Published: August 2015

Follicular cancer is the second commonest form of differentiated thyroid malignancy. Unlike papillary cancer which has a predilection for lymph node metastases, it spreads more often by the hematological route. Even when they have spread to various organs, differentiated thyroid cancers have excellent prognosis if they can be resected completely. One of the presentation of metastases from follicular cancer is with pulsatile skull metastases. Here, we are reporting the clinical details of an elderly lady who presented with a swelling in the skull of 1 month duration. She had an otherwise asymptomatic thyroid swelling of 18 years duration also. Radiology revealed a lytic lesion on the skull. Cytological confirmation was done to diagnose follicular cancer with skull bone metastasis. After total thyroidectomy surgery, she was sent for radio-active iodine ablation and levothyroxine suppression. We are presenting this case as it is not a common form of presentation of this disease.
REMUNERAÇÃO VARIÁVEL BASEADA NO PAGAMENTO DE AÇÕES: UM ESTUDO DE EVIDENCIAÇÃO DAS INFORMAÇÕES REQUERIDAS PELO CPC 10 (R1) APLICADO EM EMPRESAS BRASILEIRAS
Authors: Schafer Joice Denise , Larini Amanda Mendieta , Da Rosa Priscila Alano , Ferreira Luiz Felipe
Published: August 2015

As entidades buscam formas de incentivo aos funcionários, aos gestores e aos administradores por meio do processo de remuneração estratégica com o intuito de retê-los em suas organizações. Este estudo teve por objetivo identificar na listagem das 150 melhores empresas para se trabalhar, segundo a Revista Você S/A, o cumprimento do Comitê de Pronunciamentos Contábeis (CPC) 10 (R1), no item 45, que discorre sobre os procedimentos para a divulgação das informações nas demonstrações financeiras das empresas de capital aberto optantes do plano de remuneração estratégica baseado em compra de ações. Referente às tipologias de delineamento, a pesquisa classifica-se como indutiva, quanto à lógica de pesquisa; descritiva, em relação ao objetivo; documental, quanto aos procedimentos; e, qualitativa, quanto à abordagem do problema. Os resultados apontam que as empresas estão em concordância com o pronunciamento técnico CPC 10 (R1) no que diz respeito à evidenciação das informações referentes à opção de ações.

Palavras-chave: Opção de compra de ações.  Employee stock option plans. CPC 10 (R1). Disclosure.
PRÁTICAS DE DISCLOSURE VOLUNTÁRIO DE INFORMAÇÕES ESTRATÉGICAS E DE ÍNDICES FINANCEIROS DE EMPRESAS DO NORDESTE BRASILEIRO: UMA ANÁLISE A PARTIR DO MODELO DE MURCIA
Authors: Forte Sérgio Henrique Arruda Cavalcante , Perez Murilo Antonio , Bessa Frederico R F , Oliveira Oderlene Vieira de
Published: August 2015

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar o nível de disclosure voluntário referente à divulgação das informações estratégicas e dos índices financeiros de empresas situadas no Nordeste do Brasil com ações negociadas na BM&FBOVESPA nos níveis de Novo Mercado (NM), Nível 1 (N1) e Nível (N2). A pesquisa foi efetuada a partir das Demonstrações Contábeis do exercício de 2013, baseando-se na métrica do Modelo de Murcia (2009), a qual identifica quais práticas de disclosure voluntário são efetuadas por empresas no Brasil. Os resultados indicam que as empresas estudadas apresentam um baixo índice de disclosure voluntário, as informações internas são mais divulgadas do que as externas, e não há relação entre disclosure voluntário com níveis diferenciados, porte e retorno sobre o investimento.

Palavras-chave: Disclosure voluntário. BM&FBOVESPA. Modelo de Murcia. Nordeste brasileiro. 
UM MODELO DE AVALIAÇÃO DO RELACIONAMENTO FRANQUEADOR-FRANQUEADO COM BASE NAS LACUNAS DA QUALIDADE DO SERVIÇO: UM ESTUDO DE CASO EM UMA REDE DO SETOR FARMACÊUTICO
Authors: Dantas Marcel Lima Ribeiro , Campos Domingos Fernandes , Filho Evádio Pereira , Veiga Neto Alípio Ramos
Published: August 2015

O objetivo deste artigo foi apresentar um modelo de avaliação das relações franqueador-franqueado com base no modelo das lacunas entre expectativas e percepções do serviço prestado por franqueador e franqueado e avaliar os resultados de sua aplicação a uma rede de franquias do setor Farmacêutico. Os modelos de avaliação do franchising foram descritos e analisados criticamente com o objetivo de conhecer seus elementos básicos. Com fundamento na literatura e em entrevistas com grupos focais, ajustes foram incorporados ao modelo desenvolvido para avaliar o relacionamento franqueador-franqueado. Divergências importantes foram constatadas no relacionamento de curto prazo. No entanto, franqueador e franqueados demonstraram que suas prioridades estão alinhadas nos sete atributos que compõem o relacionamento de longo prazo. O modelo das lacunas de qualidade mostrou-se adequado ao processo de avaliação do relacionamento entre franqueados e franqueador em curto e longo prazos.

Palavras-chave: Franquias. Relacionamento franqueador-franqueado. Qualidade de serviço.
CENTROS DE SERVIÇOS COMPARTILHADOS: UM ESTUDO DE CASO SOBRE FATORES INTERVENIENTES NA FORMAÇÃO DE COMPETÊNCIAS GERENCIAIS
Authors: Santos Murilo Rodrigues dos , Da Rocha-Pinto Sandra Regina , Guimarães Maria Isabel Peixoto
Published: August 2015

Este estudo de caso, de natureza qualitativa, objetivou investigar os fatores intervenientes na formação de competências gerenciais. Para tanto, foram entrevistados 14 empregados participantes do Programa de Desenvolvimento Gerencial para potenciais gestores da Unidade de Serviços Compartilhados de uma empresa brasileira atuante no ramo de energia integrada. Os resultados apontaram que os fatores intervenientes derivam de três categorias inter-relacionadas: o Conceito de Unidade de Serviços Compartilhados as Competências Gerenciais Requeridas e o Processo de Formação das Competências Requeridas. Para a formação de Competências Gerenciais, foram valorizadas as atividades práticas e vivenciais, o papel dos gerentes atuais e a necessidade de avaliação e feedback.

Palavras-chave: Competências. Desenvolvimento gerencial. Centros de Serviços Compartilhados. Formação de competências.
Applied evolutionary biology could aid management of invaded ecosystems
Authors: Oduor Ayub M. O. , Yu Xiubo , Liu Jian
Published: August 2015

Invasive plant species subvert essential ecosystem services through a reduction in the abundance and genetic diversity of native plant species. A major challenge now facing land managers and policy makers is how to ensure persistence of native plants while limiting harmful impacts of invasions. Results from recent empirical studies suggest that native plants may evolve adaptations to invasive plants and that adaptive evolution in invasive plants could lessen the negative impacts of invasions. Here, we suggest ways in which knowledge of adaptive evolution in invasive and native plants could be utilized to more effectively manage invaded ecosystems.
Modeling vulnerability of protected areas to invasion by chromolaena odorata under current and future climates
Authors: Fandohan A. Belarmain , Oduor Ayub M. O. , Sodé A. Idelphonse , Wu Liang , Cuni-sanchez Aida , Assédé Emeline , Gouwakinnou Gerard N.
Published: August 2015

Invasive plant species and climate change are among the biggest threats to the ecological integrity of many ecosystems, including those of protected areas. Effective management of invasive plants requires information regarding their spatial distributions. Using maximum entropy, we modeled habitat suitability for an invasive plant species
Chromolaena odorata
under current and future climatic conditions (HadGEM2‐ES and MIROC5) in protected areas of four West African countries (Benin, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, and Togo). Under current climatic conditions, approximately 73% of total land area within the protected areas was suitable for colonization by
C. odorata
. Under future climate projections, the total area of suitable habitats for this invasive plant was projected to decrease by 7–9% (HadGEM2‐ES) and 12–14% (MIROC5). Country‐specific patterns suggest that major protected areas in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana will be more vulnerable to invasion by
C. odorata
than those in Benin and Togo under both current and future climatic scenarios. To maintain normal ecosystem functioning and provisioning of ecosystem services within the protected areas studied here, locations that have been identified as most vulnerable to invasion by
C. odorata
should be accorded proportionately higher priority when formulating appropriate management strategies.
Preparation for Cost Effective Decommissioning and Abandonment of Subsea Pipelines
Authors: Burke Julie , Stokes Alan
Published: August 2015

Decommissioning activity will increase in the next nine years with a predicted £1.3 billion spent on decommissioning of subsea pipelines and associated subsea infrastructure in the North Sea from 2014-2023 [REF 1]. Detailed preparation prior to the Cessation of Production (CoP) may significantly reduce this cost. Savings can be made during late in life operations on the platform and preliminary decommissioning planning. A Comparative Assessment tool assists the project team in selecting the most preferred decommissioning and abandonment option for subsea pipelines by using criteria such as safety, environmental factors, technical feasibility, economics and societal issues. These are then ranked by priority through matrix algebra.

The introduction of new technology and advanced planning for decommissioning campaigns are the solutions for cost reduction, such as: Several applicable technologies and research areas are recommended as topics for further development, such as laser cutting, subsea lift claws and cutters and long-term effects of pipelines on fish habitats.A thorough checklist to incorporate decommissioning during the design phase would ensure decommissioning is given as much emphasis as input from the operations and maintenance teams during this important phase.Primary cost drivers are identified and include long term liability, cleanliness standards and national requirements for making the pipelines safe for potential re-use.Pipeline preservation for future use and/or leaving pipelines in place are the most cost effective solutions for pipeline decommissioning and if regulatory requirements change where pipelines must be removed, decommissioning costs could skyrocket.
Walk-to-Work: Helping to Enhance Safety, Reduce Costs and Extend the Economic Life of Offshore Infrastructure
Authors: Holt H. , Walker C. , Simms M.
Published: August 2015

Gangway equipped: offshore support vessels, intervention vessels, construction vessels, and other mono-hull vessels, capable of providing gangway access to offshore facilities in exposed sea areas has great potential. It is playing an evolving important role in making new marginal yield field development economical, reducing exposure to risk, and extending the life of the existing oil and gas infrastructure.

Otherwise known as Walk to Work (W2W), this marine manning approach for offshore facilities can be used on a regular, fixed term, ad-hoc or exceptional circumstance basis. It is capable of providing significant benefits over existing provisions including: improved safety, increased workforce productivity, greater manning flexibility, and reduced lifecycle costs.

The W2W vessel can range from relatively small, fast workboats, to large semi-submersible ‘flotels’ stationed alongside fixed platforms. Within this range, it is the mono-hull vessel where there is the greatest opportunity for the oil and gas industry to realise significant (currently unexploited) gain. Depending on the capability of the chosen vessel, a W2W solution may offer: gangway transfers, hotel, hospital, helicopter, rescue and recovery, subsea and splash zone inspection, cargo, crane, fabrication and other facilities.

Offshore facility operators looking to improve performance by use of W2W; firstly need to fully understand their requirements; secondly, be open minded and innovative when looking for solutions; and thirdly, realise that to fully exploit W2W there are many aspects that need consideration to strike an optimal balanced solution.

This paper presents the potential significant opportunities offered by W2W, and discusses the main areas that require consideration during the requirement definition and subsequent development of a W2W solution. The paper references a recently released guidance document covering W2W which was developed within a joint industry project with fifteen industrial partners (DNV GL W2W JIP 2015).
Autonomous Robot for Gas and Oil Sites
Authors: Kydd Kris , Macrez Serge , Pourcel Pascal
Published: August 2015

Robotics has the potential to transform the way operations in the Oil & Gas (O&G) industry are performed in the future. The launch of an international robotics competition called the ARGOS (Autonomous Robot for Gas and Oil Sites) challenge, based on a selective contest between world class robotics consortiums is a bold way of pushing the emergence of technological solutions. In return the robotics community will become more aware of the specificities and safety requirements of the O&G industry. Having various teams competing allows different designs to be tested, fostering strong innovation and collaboration between individual consortiums.

Surface robotics presents two potential major impacts:

Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) (reduction of risk to personnel, environment and installation) In emergency situations: be deployed much sooner than a human to interrogate sources of leak from remote locations, therefore reducing or eliminating human intervention In high risk areas: faster detection of leaks leading to a minimization of exposure to operators. Operational (cost reduction, efficiency increase and production) In harsh and hostile environments: ability to perform tasks where operators have limited capacity to intervene In difficult access locations: primary investigation without human presence could lead to gains in availability, time savings, and transport resources.

During a series of three competitions, teams will be evaluated through the capacity of their robot to move around a human engineered competition site, representative of a typical onshore/offshore production facility, performing reporting tasks in different scenarios (routine inspection and emergency) using different autonomy levels. The technical solutions will be adapted to O&G industry specific safety requirements on practical grounds: mobility on production sites and potentially explosive atmospheres.

Due to the nature of the O&G Industry and geographical locations, constraints are forced upon production installations such as tough atmospheric and stringent operating conditions. O&G operators have only recently begun researching surface robotics including the SENSABOT application, (NREC/CMU, 2012), a mobile inspection robot developed by Carnegie Mellon University. Building upon research already carried out and technology already developed, the ARGOS challenge aims to expand on this to create the next generation of autonomous robots for the O&G industry.
The Implementation of an Effective Development Program for Graduate Engineers in the North Sea
Authors: dos Santos Edgar Murphy , Robertson Ranald , Florio Francesco , Milford Amanda , Ekwue Ann-Marie
Published: August 2015

A new program for the development of graduate engineers has been implemented in Denmark on a stimulation vessel in the North Sea. It is designed to provide graduate engineers with a three-year period of extensive experience in offshore operations, knowledge of equipment and designing effective stimulation jobs. There are many components to the program that address training, skills, demonstration of capabilities and evidence of competence. These are essential components that ultimately lead to improved operational performance and highlights.

The North Sea oil and gas industry requires a constant effort to maintain the engineering skills of its offshore workers so vital to continued success. Paradoxically, there are numerous factors that hinder on site development of young engineering talent in the North Sea. There is a lack of offshore accommodation that often restricts onsite time for trainees. This is exacerbated by a low frequency of many operations compared to other provinces in the industry. A further barrier arises from the costs associated with the extensive obligatory HSE (Health, Safety and Environment) training requirements before going offshore. In general, these factors are getting more difficult to manage with time.

The North Sea vessel provides an excellent environment for the program with a number of aspects that are very important to graduate engineers. Firstly, the vessel has a design life of 30 years and so provides confidence in the prospect of a long term career. Secondly, the vessel has the newest technology and a large number of experienced personnel on board to act as mentors. Thirdly, the vessel performs operations regularly and fourthly, it has plenty of bed space. In addition, the vessel boasts excellent welfare. Each person benefits from a single occupancy bedroom which has natural light and is en-suite. It has a first class free restaurant and great recreational facilities.

Participation in the development program provides the opportunity to work and study at the sharp end of the industry, overcome exciting tough technical challenges and most importantly a vehicle to developing a meaningful long term career.
Hydraulic Fracture Spacing Optimisation for Shale Gas-Condensate Reservoirs Development
Authors: Labed Ismail , Oyeneyin Babs , Oluyemi Gbenga
Published: August 2015

Condensate banking is one of the most challenging problems in shale gas exploitation as it acts as flow choke around hydraulic fractures reducing the drainage of shale matrix. Thus, fracture spacing optimisation is a key element of shale gas and condensate field development. For shale gas reservoirs, more accurate models are needed to describe the gas-condensate flow in the shale matrix where the flow mechanism and phase behaviour are different from those of conventional reservoirs.

In this paper, new models developed for flow behaviour and phase behaviour to estimate well productivity as function of time are presented. The Knudsen flow was used to model apparent gas permeability in shale matrix as a function of pressure and pore size distribution. A modified Peng-Robinson EOS was used to evaluate the condensate saturation in the matrix under capillary pressure effect. A semi-analytical well model was also developed to evaluate well productivity under constant pressure.

The results show substantial difference and impact with the application of Knudsen flow when compared with conventional Darcy law. Using conventional Darcy flow instead of Knudsen flow for gas-condensate reservoir development can lead to a underestimation of well production up to 30%. Although capillary pressure has an effect on phase behaviour its impact on well production is insignidficant.

This study shows the importance of using flow behaviour deviation model in well completion optimisation for shale gas-condensate fields. Using conventional flow models can undermine the economic viability of gas-condensate shale reservoirs by underestimation of optimum fracture spacing.
Isothermal Oxidation for Wellsite Near-Real-Time Assessment of Organic Matter Concentration of Source Rocks.
Authors: Karoum R. , Bondabou K. , De Santo I. , Strapoc D.
Published: August 2015

Direct combustion of cuttings collected at the rig site can help identifying the presence and assess the variation of organic matter into a drilled rock, with minimum sample preparation and signal processing. This near-real-time data provides key information to optimize and de-risk critical decisions such as selection of sidewall coring points, wireline logging programs and sweet spots identification. The method is based on the isothermal oxidation of the sample, done directly at the wellsite and with field deployable equipment. Extensive lab tests have been done to validate both the measurement and the full workflow. Samples have been measured both with this wellsite dedicated equipment and with advanced lab devices. The results between the different methods have been compared and showed good agreement. The workflow has been applied several times to actual wellsite analysis. The results of one of these cases have been illustrated in this paper, together with the integration of the well site TOC with different datastream (i.e. advanced surface fluid logging and continuous isotope logging).
Learning from Other Industrial Sectors in Addressing Cost Escalation in the Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Vlassopoulos Tassos , Ahmad Faraz , Phebus Chris , Noera Federico
Published: August 2015

Oil and gas reserves are in abundance, yet turning these into production cost-effectively is proving a challenge. The status quo is challenged and parties across the value chain are looking to bring best practices from other industrial sectors that have embraced innovation differently. Returns have been falling and the number of large capital projects is stretching operator capabilities beyond their limits.

Despite several peripheral cost-cutting efforts, the industry continues to suffer from major cost escalation and schedule delays. Over the past years, the oil and gas industry has experienced a significant increase in upstream development capex and costs have more than doubled in the 2005-2013 time frame. The recent sharp oil price fall has exacerbated challenges and the need to execute differently.

This paper will summarise the causes of this escalation, also focusing on what best practices can be applied from other mission-critical industries. Topics discussed include how to optimise and improve specifications, standards and qualifications, supplier ecosystems and project execution. Description and contrasts will be given on: How industry participants collaborate and manage major projects in other industrial sectorsHow these practices can be applied to an oil and gas context to improve project delivery and cost

The scope includes the entire upstream oil and gas sector, but examples will be taken from other industrial sectors. This paper studies specific practices that other industries have adopted and to attempt to understand how the oil and gas industry could internalise them.
Online Monitoring of Safety Critical Elements
Authors: Halvorsrød Sverre Oliver , Sundvor Borghild , Wiese Hanne , Hilmen Katrine
Published: August 2015

The Norwegian petroleum safety regulatory authority requires that operators have overview and control of active, inactive and reduced safety critical elements on the installation in order to meet HSE requirement as well as asset integrity standards. As a minimum, personnel shall be aware of which barriers are not functioning or that have been impaired.

The topic of this paper is a description of a practical implementation of a barrier panel indicating if barriers have been imparied, and how such a panel can contribute to reach these safety requirements and standards. We describe the development process, the resulting solution and, work processes, the challenges related to the data integration and dependency of the asset design and construction.

The barrier panel presents the current health and state of the safety barriers by combining real-time data sources such as data from field equipment diagnostics, work process data sources (ERP) and events from the safety system. It supports the daily operations by visualizing relationships between hazards and barrier functions on the critical path from hazard to disaster. The information made available to all personnel, both onshore and offshore works as the main tool for anyone with responsibility for onboard safety.

The solution presented and the approach taken is a practical way of implementing new requirements from the Norwegian regulatory bodies, and forms a basis that will evolve with the gradual maturity of the industry practice. The work involved range from data-integration between the asset critical safety elements and office environment to combination of regulations, safety management competencies and software development.

An implementation process with a stepwise increase in the richness of the functionality was chosen to achieve a practical and pragmatic application. The combined competencies of a specific set of contributors have been paramount for the end-result: safety experts, regulatory advisors, IT systems engineers, software and industrial designers. Early involvement, prototyping, testing and deployment contributes to onboarding and trust as well as assure the existence of core functionality before adding extensions and enhancements.

To the authors knowledge this is the first practical implementation of a barrier panel that embrace the total combination of asset integrity information, work process data sources (ERP) and the modus operandi of the organizational setup at an offshore asset.
Searching for Well Integrity Issues - Automated Generation of Annulus Pressure Trends
Authors: Donders Remco , Connon Stuart , Day Robert , My Lucie
Published: August 2015

Abnormal annulus behaviour is an indication of a well integrity problem. Monitoring annulus pressure trends is a method of identifying abnormal behaviour, thus highlighting potential integrity issues.

When a well is confirmed as having an annulus integrity issue one mitigating measure that may be put in place is to increase the pressure monitoring requirements associated with the well for possible escalation. It is recognized that the sooner an integrity issue is spotted the more opportunity there is to respond in an adequate manner by putting mitigating measures in place. For this reason the review of wells that do not have known integrity issues is equally important as any deviation from a normal or expected pressure trend may indicate the onset of an issue that could otherwise go unnoticed for some time.

Therefore systematically analyzing all annulus pressures from the entire well stock is a powerful tool in the well integrity management toolbox. Carrying out the generation of annulus pressure plots for performing these analyses can be a laborious and time-consuming task, especially when the well stock contains more than say 50 or 100 wells. Therefore to carry out systematic reviews of all wells can a challenge.

To aid in overcoming this challenge a tool was developed to automate the generation of annulus pressure trends, either by selected well or by selected asset. For each well a set of three plots is generated as standard. Each plot has a time axis and a pressure / temperature axis with scales that can easily be modified to zoom in for a detailed picture or to zoom out to get a good overview.

Implementation of the tool has resulted in an increased surveillance of the annulus pressure trends. Depending on the asset, weekly or even daily reviews of all wells are now done. As a result the understanding of the integrity status of the entire well stock has increased considerably. New well integrity issues that result in a change in annulus behaviour are now detected much earlier than before. It has also resulted in the discovery of some integrity anomalies that were previously not recognized as such.
100 4D Surveys: Adventures and Misadventures
Authors: Davies D. M. , Campbell S. , Ibram M. , Milne R. , Mathieson A.
Published: August 2015

Dynamic reservoir monitoring using seismic data is now a common practice, but when BP North Sea first embarked on this in 1992 using streamer data over Magnus streamer, it was very much stepping into the unknown, with a hope of meeting our pioneering objective of monitoring a significant pressure signal; and if successful, understand what levels of change we could monitor. This was followed up in 1995 with the first permanent array over Foinaven (FARM - Foinaven Active Reservoir Monitoring) which acquired a monitor survey in 1998. A streamer survey soon followed in 1999 which matched the existing 3D of 1993 and resulted in the first large at scale 4D project to investigate.

After those initial experiments, no one could have envisaged the level to which the industry has now applied the technology. Since that time BP has acquired over 100 4D monitor surveys over a variety of fields in the North Sea. The 4D experience covers a wide variety of geological settings, from a hard concrete like sea bottom at Clair, to a relatively soft sea bottom at Valhall, from flat sea floor to dipping (Schiehallion) or even rugose (Skarv).

We have gained a great deal of experience of both towed streamer and OBS 4D, in some areas it has worked particularly well, and in others, less so, from strong to weak signals, amplitudes and time shifts. In this paper we give an overview of our experiences and where we see the direction of future applications.
Designing a strategic mobility plan for a small and medium sized cities using a multi-stage methodology: Case of Celje
Authors: Kramar Uros , Cvahte Tina , Sternad Marjan , Topolsek Darja
Published: August 2015

Urban mobility is one of the crucial factors of quality of life in cities.
Therefore, an effective mobility system and its holistic planning are of
utmost importance for sustainable and quality development of urban centres.
This paper focuses on holistic and integrated strategic planning of a
mobility system. The used multi - step methodology was tested on a case of a
city of Celje, Slovenia. With the first round of focus groups, information
about the specific urban mobility system was gathered which was used to
develop a SWOT matrix. This was the foundation for the execution of a second
round of focus groups, where the output was a proposition for a strategic
plan for mobility development in small and medium sized cities.
Urban morphology as a tool for exploring the land use in residential areas: Example of New Belgrade
Authors: Gajic Ranka
Published: August 2015

The paper presents findings of research about the classification of New
Belgrade?s super-blocks using the typomorphology approach and the
morphogenetic analysis of urban morphology in relation to land use. The
example of New Belgrade is particularly interesting given the fact that the
morphological patterns of land use within its superblocks were created during
the period of non-market economy in Socialism, and now it is possible to
review the effect that the socio-political transition into Capitalism, which
started in the 1990s, has had on its land use. As a result, a data base with
the typology of residential super-blocks of New Belgrade is created: from the
perspective of urban land use there are four main morphological types (with
the subtypes) taking into account the morphology of the position of the
buildings on the terrain, and traffic (cars-pedestrian) flows. The
morphogenetic analysis reveals that after the 1990s there are processes
pointing to powerful influence of land policy driven by private interests.
Research findings suggest that nowadays there are negative trends of using
the land in super-blocks in New Belgrade - e.g. percentage of land occupancy
by buildings is getting bigger and almost 100% of the un-built soil in the
newly developed super-blocks is covered /paved.
Effect of Bleaching Agents on the Nanohardness of Tooth Enamel, Composite Resin, and the Tooth-Restoration Interface
Authors: Abe AT , Youssef MN , Turbino ML
Published: August 2015

This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the nanohardness of tooth enamel, composite resin, dental adhesive, and enamel hybrid layer exposed to 35% hydrogen peroxide-based bleaching agents and analyze the tooth-restoration interface using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This study used 40 crowns of bovine incisors, which were embedded in epoxy resin. A 2 × 2 × 2-mm cavity was prepared in the medial third of the flattened buccal surface of each tooth and restored (two-step etch-and-rinse Adper Single Bond 2 + nanocomposite resin Filtek Z350 XT). The specimens were polished and divided into four groups (n=10), corresponding to each bleaching agent used (TB: Total Blanc Office, pH=7.22–6.33; HPB: Whiteness HP Blue, pH=8.89–8.85; HP: Whiteness HP, pH=6.65–6.04; PO: Pola Office, pH=3.56–3.8), applied in accordance with manufacturer protocols. The nanohardness of the substrates was measured before and immediately after the bleaching procedure and after 7-day storage in artificial saliva with an Ultra-Microhardness Tester (DUH-211S, Shimadzu). Loads used were 100 mN for tooth enamel and composite resin and 10 mN for adhesive and enamel hybrid layer. For SEM analysis, epoxy replicas were prepared through high-precision impressions of the specimens. For nanohardness, the statistical tests two-way analysis of variance and Tukey (p<0.05) revealed that the agent with the lowest pH value (PO) was the only one to decrease the nanohardness of enamel and the enamel hybrid layer immediately after its application; however, after 7-day storage in artificial saliva, the nanohardness levels of these substrates returned to their original values. SEM analysis revealed small gaps between tooth enamel and adhesive after the exposure to all bleaching agents; however, the most evident gap in the tooth-restoration interface was observed immediately after application of agent PO. No bleaching agent used changed the nanohardness of the composite resin and adhesive layer.