bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tetrahydrofuranylmethylamines: An Efficient and Simple One‐Step Synthesis and Biological Activities.
Authors: Limbeck Marcus , Guendisch Daniela
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis, Solubility, and Reaction of Long Alkyl‐Chained Hypervalent Iodine Benzyne Precursors.
Authors: Abe Takayoshi , Yamaji Teizo , Kitamura Tsugio
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel P2X7 Receptor Antagonists.
Authors: Alcaraz L. , et al. et al.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some New 1‐Cyclohexyl‐3‐carbethoxy‐2‐methyl‐5‐oxadiazolyl/triazolyl and Pyrrolylaminocarbonylmethoxyindoles.
Authors: Gadaginamath Guru S. , Pujar Shashikant R.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Evaluation of Some New 1,3‐Disubstituted 2‐Thioxo‐4,5‐Imidazolidinediones as Hypnotic Agents.
Authors: Ulusoy N. , Guersu E. , Oezkirimli S. , Ekinci A. C. , Dikici I.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Improved Synthesis of N‐Arylsulfonyl‐2‐imidazolidinones Through Reaction of N‐Arylsulfonylaziridines with Isocyanates Catalyzed by Lithium Iodide.
Authors: Nadir Upender K. , Joshi Susan
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Photoaddition Reactions of Benzoxazole‐2(3H)‐thiones to Cycloalkenes and Heteroaromatics.
Authors: Nishio Takehiko , Shiwa Kiyoko , Sakamoto Masami
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
2‐Arylaminothiazoles as High‐Affinity Corticotropin‐Releasing Factor 1 Receptor (CRF1R) Antagonists: Synthesis, Binding Studies and Behavioral Efficacy.
Authors: Dubowchik Gene M. , et al. et al.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Self‐Catalytic Michael Reaction of Enolizable Carbonyl Compounds. A Facile Route to α‐Methylene‐δ‐valerolactones.
Authors: Krawczyk Henryk , Sliwinski Marcin
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Novel Indium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Tetra‐Substituted Pyridine Derivatives.
Authors: Saikia Promod , Prajapati Dipak , Sandhu Jagir S.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Biologically Active 5‐Benzopyranylpyridines and Triazolopyridines.
Authors: Mulwad V. V. , Pawar Rupesh B.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Comparative Study on the Reactivity of 6‐Haloimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine Derivatives Towards Negishi‐ and Stille‐Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Hervet Maud , Thery Isabelle , Gueiffier Alain , Enguehard‐Gueiffier Cecile
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Efficient Enantioselective Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Thiomorpholin‐3‐ones.
Authors: Franceschini Nicolas , Da Nascimento Sophie , Sonnet Pascal , Guillaume Dominique
Published: July 2005

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The Synthesis of S 18986, a Chiral AMPA Receptor Modulator, via Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation.
Authors: Cobley Christopher J. , Foucher Elsa , Lecouve Jean‐Pierre , Lennon Ian C. , Ramsden James A. , Thominot Gilles
Published: July 2005

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2,5‐Disubstituted 3,4‐Dihydro‐2H‐benzo[b][1,4]thiazepines as Potent and Selective V2 Arginine Vasopressin Receptor Antagonists.
Authors: Urbanski Maud J. , Chen Robert H. , Demarest Keith T. , Gunnet Joseph , Look Richard , Ericson Eric , Murray William V. , Rybczynski Philip J. , Zhang Xiaoyan
Published: July 2005

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Synthesis and Conformational Analysis of 1,3,2‐Diazaphosphorino[6,1‐a]isoquinolines, a New Ring System.
Authors: Zalan Zita , Martinek Tamas A. , Lazar Laszlo , Fueloep Ferenc
Published: July 2005

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Catalytic Hydrophosphination of Alkenylalkyl Ethers.
Authors: Kazankova Marina A. , Shulyupin Mstislav O. , Beletskaya Irina P.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Sesterterpene, Sch 599473, from a Marine Sponge, Ircinia sp.
Authors: Yang Shu‐Wei , et al. et al.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Optically Active N‐Protected α‐Aminoketones and α‐Amino Alcohols.
Authors: Zhou Zheng Hong , Tang Yi Long , Li Kang Ying , Liu Bing , Tang Chu Chi
Published: July 2005

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Novel Total Syntheses of (.+‐.)‐Oxerine by Intramolecular Heck Reaction.
Authors: Zhao Jingrui , Yang Xiaoxia , Jia Xueshun , Luo Shengjun , Zhai Hongbin
Published: July 2005

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A Concise Total Synthesis of (+)‐Heliotridine.
Authors: Pisaneschi Federica , Cordero Franca M. , Brandi Alberto
Published: July 2005

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Simple Total Syntheses of (+)‐Castanospermine and (+)‐6‐Epicastanospermine Using Indium‐Mediated Allylation.
Authors: Kim Jin Hyo , Seo Woo Duck , Lee Jin Hwan , Lee Byong Won , Park Ki Hun
Published: July 2005

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New Lipids from the Soft Corals of the Andaman Islands.
Authors: Dmitrenok A. S. , Radhika P. , Anjaneyulu V. , Subrahmanyam S. , Rao P. V. Subba , Dmitrenok P. S. , Boguslavsky V. M.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Artoindonesianins X and Y, Two Isoprenylated 2‐Arylbenzofurans, from Artocarpus fretessi (Moraceae).
Authors: Soekamto Nunuk H. , Achmad Sjamsul A. , Ghisalberti Emilio L. , Hakim Euis H. , Syah Yana M.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Regioselective Synthesis of Unsymmetrical C‐Aryl Glycosides Using Silicon Tethers as Disposable Linkers.
Authors: Kaelin David E. Jr. , Sparks Steven M. , Plake Hilary R. , Martin Stephen F.
Published: July 2005

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Synthesis and Biological Activities of Novel 4′′‐Alkylidene Avermectin Derivatives.
Authors: Nagai Kenichiro , Sunazuka Toshiaki , Shiomi Kazuro , Harder Achim , Turberg Andreas , Omura Satoshi
Published: July 2005

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Formal Synthesis of (+)‐Lactacystin Based on a Novel Radical Cyclization of an α‐Ethynyl‐Substituted Serine.
Authors: Brennan Christopher J. , Pattenden Gerald , Rescourio Gwenaella
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Biological Investigation and Structure—Activity Relationship Studies on Azadirone from Azadirachta indica A. Juss.
Authors: Nanduri Srinivas , et al. et al.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
7‐Methoxy‐2,3‐dimethylbenzofuran‐5‐ol, a New Antioxidant from Malbranchea cinnamomea HKI 0286.
Authors: Schlegel B. , Haertl A. , Gollmick F. A. , Graefe U.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Discovery and Initial SAR of 2‐Amino‐5‐carboxamidothiazoles as Inhibitors of the Src‐Family Kinase p56Lck.
Authors: Wityak John , Das Jagabandhu , et al. et al.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Characterization of New Iron and Zinc Phosphate Materials with Open Framework
Authors: Song Yanning , Chernova Natasha A. , Zavalij Peter Y. , Whittingham M. Stanley
Published: July 2005

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B—Cr—Fe—Ti (Boron—Chromium—Iron—Titanium)
Authors: Raghavan V.
Published: July 2005

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B—Fe—Ti (Boron—Iron—Titanium)
Authors: Raghavan V.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Recent Progress in the Chemistry of Rare Earth Metal Alkyl and Hydrido Complexes Bearing Mono(cyclopentadienyl) Ligands
Authors: Hou Zhaomin
Published: July 2005

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Porous Metal‐Organic Frameworks
Authors: Kaskel Stefan
Published: July 2005

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Trimeric Perfluoro‐ortho‐phenylenemercury: A Versatile Lewis Acidic Host
Authors: Haneline Mason R. , Taylor Robert E. , Gabbai Francois P.
Published: July 2005

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The Aromatic Sidechains of Amino Acids as Neutral Donor Groups for Alkali Metal Cations
Authors: Gokel George W.
Published: July 2005

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Synthesis of Enantiopure Functionalized Amines Using Biocatalysis
Authors: Broxterman Rinus , Kierkels Hans
Published: July 2005

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General Three‐Carbon Chiral Synthons from Carbohydrates: Chiral Pool and Chiral Auxiliary Approaches
Authors: Hollingsworth Rawle I. , Wang Guijun
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Catalysis of Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitutions in the 2,6,8‐Trisubstituted Purines and Application in the Synthesis of Combinatorial Libraries
Authors: Riva‐Toniolo Claudia , Mueller Sascha , Schaub Josette , Brill Wolfgang K.‐D.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Platinum(II) and Platinum(IV) Tetraphenylporphyrin Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrochemistry
Authors: Mink Larry M. , Boggess Robert K.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enzymatic Synthesis of Acarbose Oligosaccharide Analogues as New Enzyme Inhibitors
Authors: Robyt John F. , Park Kwan Hwa , Lee Soo‐Bok , Yoon Seung‐Heon
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Glucansucrases: Structural Basis, Mechanistic Aspects, and New Perspectives for Engineering
Authors: Remaud‐Simeon Magali , Albenne Cecile , Joucia Gilles , Fabre Emeline , Bozonnet Sophie , Pizzut Sandra , Escalier Pierre , Potocki‐Veronese Gabrielle , Monsan Pierre
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
1‐Thio‐1,2‐O‐isopropylidene Acetals: Annulating Synthons for Highly Hydroxylated Systems
Authors: Mootoo David R. , Cheng Xuhong , Khan Noshena , Dabideen Darrin , Kumaran Govindaraj , Bao Liang
Published: July 2005

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Kinetics and Mechanisms of the Oxidation of Oxygenated Organic Compounds in the Gas Phase
Authors: Mellouki A. , Le Bras G. , Sidebottom H.
Published: July 2005

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Laboratory Perspectives on the Chemical Transformations of Organic Matter in Atmospheric Particles
Authors: Rudich Yinon
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Beyond Rf Tagging
Authors: Ede Nicholas J. , Wu Zemin
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chromophore‐Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Thomas K. George , Kamat Prashant V.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Scientific Basis for Process and Catalyst Design in the Selective Oxidation of Methane to Formaldehyde
Authors: Arena Francesco , Parmaliana Adolfo
Published: July 2005

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Chemical Imaging of Pharmaceuticals by Time‐of‐flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Luk S. Y. , Patel N. , Davies M. C.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Magnetism and 155Gd Moessbauer Spectroscopy of GdAuMg.
Authors: Latka Kazimierz , Kmiec Roman , Pacyna Andrzej W. , Fickenscher Thomas , Hoffmann Rolf‐Dieter , Poettgen Rainer
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Magnetic Structure of the HoPdSn Compound.
Authors: Szytula A. , Oles A. , Penc B. , Stuesser N.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Characterization of SHG Candidate Crystals in Barium Aluminum (Gallium) Borates.
Authors: Miyazaki A. , Kimura H. , Maiwa K. , Nakamura H. , Kannan C. V.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Thermal Stability of a New Layered Germanate Structure, Na4Ge16O28(OH)12.
Authors: van den Berg Annemieke W. C. , Baak Govert , van Koningsveld Hendrikus , Jansen Jacobus C. , Maschmeyer Thomas
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis, Structure and Magnetic Properties of Na9Co2O7, a New Mixed‐Valent Sodium Cobaltate(II,III).
Authors: Sofin M. , Peters E.‐M. , Jansen M.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cs2Pd3(P2O7)2 and Cs2Pd3(As2O7)2: A 3D Palladium Phosphate with a Tunnel Structure and a 2D Palladium Arsenate Containing Strings of Palladium Atoms.
Authors: Lii Kwang‐Hwa , Wang Sue‐Lein , Liao Fen‐Ling
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preparation of Chiral Triarylphosphines by Pd‐Catalyzed Asymmetric P—C Cross‐Coupling.
Authors: Korff Christian , Helmchen Guenter
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Studies on 1‐O‐Acetylbritannilactone and Its Derivative, (2‐O‐Butyloxime‐3‐phenyl)‐propionyl‐1‐O‐acetylbritannilactone Ester
Authors: Liu Shouxin , Liu He , Yan Weiying , Zhang Li , Bai Naisheng , Ho Chi‐Tang
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Highly Diastereoselective Heterogeneously Catalyzed Hydrogenation of Enamines for the Synthesis of Chiral β‐Amino Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Ikemoto Norihiro , Tellers David M. , Rivera Nelo R. , et al. et al.
Published: July 2005

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Total Synthesis of (‐)‐Apicularen A.
Authors: Su Qibin , Panek James S.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Rational Self‐Sacrificing Template Route to β‐Bi2O3 Nanotube Arrays.
Authors: Yang Baojun , Mo Maosong , Hu Hanmei , Li Cun , Yang Xiaogang , Li Qiaowei , Qian Yitai
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Self‐Propagating High‐Temperature Synthesis of Nanomaterials
Authors: Sytschev A. E. , Merzhanov A. G.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Asymmetric Phase Transfer Catalysis
Authors: Carter Christabel , Nelson Adam
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Uses of Glycoprocessing Enzymes in Synthesis
Authors: Davis Benjamin G. , Hancock Susan M.
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Activation of Carbohydrate Donors: Acetimidates, N‐Pentenyl and Vinyl Glycosides
Authors: Fairbanks Antony J. , Seward Christopher M. P.
Published: July 2005

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Hybrid Quantum Mechanical/Molecular Mechanical Methods
Authors: Rivail Jean‐Louis
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Density‐Functional Theory
Authors: Ayers Paul W. , Yang Weitao
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Wave Function Based Quantum Chemistry
Authors: Helgaker Trygve , Jorgensen Poul , Olsen Jeppe , Klopper Wim
Published: July 2005

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Molecular Mechanics and Comparison of Force Fields
Authors: Liljefors Tommy , Gundertofte Klaus , Norrby Per‐Ola , Pettersson Ingrid
Published: July 2005

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Kowalski Ester Homologation. Application to the Synthesis of β‐Amino Esters.
Authors: Gray Diane , Concellon Carmen , Gallagher Timothy
Published: July 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A disintegrin and metalloprotease 21 (ADAM21) is associated with neurogenesis and axonal growth in developing and adult rodent CNS
Authors: Yang Peng , Baker K. Adam , Hagg Theo
Published: July 2005

We have reported that α6β1 integrin regulates the directed migration of neuroblasts from the adult rodent subventricular zone (SVZ) through the rostral migratory stream (RMS). ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) proteins bind integrins. Here, we show that ADAM21, but not ADAM2, ‐3, ‐9, ‐10, ‐12, ‐15, or ‐17, is expressed in adult rats and mice by ependyma and SVZ cells with long basal processes, and in radial glia at early postnatal times. ADAM21‐positive processes projected into the RMS, contacted blood vessels, and were present within the RMS intermingled with neuroblasts up to where neuroblasts start their radial migration and differentiation in the olfactory bulb. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases (TIMPs) 1, 2, and 3 are present in the ependymal layer but not in the SVZ and RMS. Thus, ADAM21 could regulate neurogenesis and guide neuroblast migration through cleavage‐dependent activation of proteins and integrin binding. ADAM21 is also present in growing axonal tracts during postnatal development and in growing primary olfactory axons in adults. In the olfactory nerve layer, ADAM21 often, but not always, colocalizes with OMP, a marker of mature olfactory neurons, but is not colocalized with the immature marker βIII‐tubulin. This suggests that ADAM21 is involved in the final axonal outgrowth phase and/or synapse formation. TIMP3 is present in periglomerular neurons, where it could restrict ADAM21‐mediated axonal growth to the glomeruli. ADAM21's unique disintegrin and metalloprotease sequences and its restricted expression suggest that it might be a good target for influencing neurogenesis and neuronal plasticity. J. Comp. Neurol. 490:163–179, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Profile of differentially expressed genes after transfer of chromosome 17 into the breast cancer cell line CAl51
Authors: Klebig Christiane , Seitz Susanne , Korsching Eberhard , Kristiansen Glen , Gustavus Dirk , Scherneck Siegfried , Petersen Iver
Published: July 2005

Previous studies have shown that transfer of chromosome 17 suppresses the tumorigenic phenotype of the breast cancer cell line CAL51, suggesting the presence of putative tumor suppressor genes on this chromosome. Suppression subtractive hybridization and oligonucleotide microarray analyses were performed to identify differentially expressed genes in nontumorigenic microcell hybrids, CAL/17‐1 and CAL/17‐3, when compared with CAL51 cells. In total, 263 differentially expressed transcripts were associated with these phenotypes. Of these, a high percentage is involved in various biological processes associated with tumorigenesis, including DNA‐dependent regulation of transcription, regulation of cell cycle, signal transduction, and cell proliferation. Microarray analysis of selected chromosome 17 genes in a series of 25 human primary breast tumors showed associations with clinicopathologic parameters of the tumors. Of these genes, TOB1 (transducer of ERBB2) was selected for further expression analysis. Using RT‐PCR and immunohistochemical staining of tissue microarrays, we could reveal a differential mRNA and protein expression of TOB1 in the majority of breast tumors and lymph node metastases compared with normal breast tissues, indicating a potential role of this protein in breast tumorigenesis. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Involvement of P‐glycoprotein and MRP1 in resistance to cyclic tetrapeptide subfamily of histone deacetylase inhibitors in the drug‐resistant osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma cells
Authors: Okada Takamitsu , Tanaka Kazuhiro , Nakatani Fumihiko , Sakimura Riku , Matsunobu Tomoya , Li Xu , Hanada Masuo , Nakamura Tomoyuki , Oda Yoshinao , Tsuneyoshi Masazumi , Iwamoto Yukihide
Published: July 2005

Despite recent improvements in multimodal therapies for osteosarcoma (OS) and Ewing's family of tumors (EFTs), the prognosis of relapsed cases remains very poor because of the resistance to chemotherapy. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs), including members of the cyclic tetrapeptide family such as FK228 and apicidin, are novel antitumor agents that can induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in various cancer cells. HDACIs also exhibit potent antitumor effects on OS and EFTs. However, to date there have been no studies to our knowledge reporting the effects of HDACIs on drug‐resistant OS and EFTs. Here, we demonstrated that FK228 and apicidin exhibited strong resistance in doxorubicin‐resistant clones of OS and EFTs expressing P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) and multidrug resistance‐associated protein 1 (MRP1) and that P‐gp and MRP1 might play a crucial role in the resistance mechanism to FK228 and apicidin. A P‐gp inhibitor (verapamil) and an MRP1 inhibitor (MK571) could independently reverse the resistance to FK228 and apicidin in the drug‐resistant clones. Moreover, the combination of verapamil and MK571 could enhance HDACI‐induced cell number reduction in drug‐resistant clones to a similar extent as that in their parental clones. Although these findings suggest the difficulty in treating drug‐resistant tumors expressing P‐gp and/or MRP1 with these HDACIs, the combination of P‐gp and MRP1 inhibitors might reverse the resistance to the HDACIs in the treatment of those tumors. Because HDACIs are potent and promising antitumor drugs and seem to be close to clinical use, it is necessary to pay attention to the resistance mechanisms against HDACIs. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elevation of thyroid cancer risk among cutaneous melanoma survivors
Authors: Goggins William , Daniels Gilbert H. , Tsao Hensin
Published: July 2005

Recent molecular studies have identified recurrent BRAF mutations in both cutaneous melanoma and thyroid malignancies. This relatively selective shared genetic vulnerability raises the possibility that these 2 tumors are connected through a common undisclosed pathogenic mechanism. To assess for possible associations between these 2 genetically related tumors at the population level, we calculated standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) for thyroid cancer (TC) among cutaneous melanoma (CM) survivors and CM among TC survivors using the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Result (SEER) database. Between 1973 and 2000, there were 73,274 and 27,138 cases of CM and TC cases, respectively. Overall, we found a 2.17‐fold increase (p < 0.0000001) in the risk of TC after a diagnosis of CM. This augmented risk of TC is somewhat higher for males, for those diagnosed more recently and for the first 3 years after the CM diagnosis. We also detected a considerably smaller and borderline significant increased risk of CM (25%, p = 0.063) among the post‐TC survivors. Of note, TC patients who received radiation therapy had a 57% increased risk of a subsequent CM (p = 0.034). Our study documents a strong unilateral risk of TC after CM. More studies are clearly needed to better delineate this mechanism. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Meniscal regeneration using tissue engineering with a scaffold derived from a rat meniscus and mesenchymal stromal cells derived from rat bone marrow
Authors: Yamasaki Takuma , Deie Masataka , Shinomiya Rikuo , Izuta Yasunori , Yasunaga Yuji , Yanada Shinobu , Sharman Patrick , Ochi Mitsuo
Published: July 2005

The purpose of this study was to regenerate a meniscus using a scaffold from a normal meniscus and mesenchymal stromal cells derived from bone marrow (BM‐MSCs). Thirty Sprague‐Dawley rat menisci were excised and freeze‐thawed three times with liquid nitrogen to kill the original meniscal cells. Bone marrow was aspirated from enhanced green fluorescent protein transgenic Sprague‐Dawley rats. BM‐MSCs were isolated, cultured for 2 weeks, and 2 × 105 cells were then seeded onto the meniscal scaffolds. Using a fluorescent microscope and immunohistochemical staining, repopulation of enhanced green fluorescent protein positive cells was observed in the superficial zone of the scaffold after 1 week of culture, and then in the deep zone after 2 weeks. At 4 weeks, expression of extracellular matrices was detected histologically and expression of mRNA for aggrecan and type X collagen was detected. Stiffness of the cultured tissue, assessed by the indentation stiffness test, had increased significantly after 2 weeks in culture, and approximated the stiffness of a normal meniscus. From this study, we conclude that a scaffold derived from a normal meniscus seeded with BM‐MSCs can form a meniscus approximating a normal meniscus. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Co‐localization of PARP‐1 and lamin B in the nuclear architecture: A halo‐fluorescence‐ and confocal‐microscopy study
Authors: Vidaković Melita , Koester Mario , Goetze Sandra , Winkelmann Silke , Klar Martin , Poznanović Goran , Bode Juergen
Published: July 2005

A functional interaction between poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase‐1 (PARP‐1) and lamin B has recently been proposed by nuclear fractionation, crosslinking, and immunoprecipitation experiments. Here we use fluorescence microscopy to verify and extend these findings. We analyze nuclear halo preparations by fluorescence in situ immuno staining (FISIS), which shares attributes with traditional nuclear fractionation techniques, and by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The results agree in that a major part of the enzyme co‐localizes with lamin B under physiological conditions, where PARP‐1 only has basal activity. After DNA damage and the associated activation of PARP‐1, and during the subsequent entry into apoptosis, dramatic changes occur: a gradual release of the enzyme from the lamina, accompanied by its accumulation in nucleoli. Our observations are in line with biochemical evidence for lamin B‐PARP‐1 interactions under physiological conditions and suggest ways by which these interactions are modified to support PARP‐functions in damage and its fate in apoptosis. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retinoic acid induced repression of AP‐1 activity is mediated by protein phosphatase 2A in ovarian carcinoma cells
Authors: Ramírez Carmilia Jiménez , Haberbusch Juliet M. , Soprano Dianne Robert , Soprano Kenneth J.
Published: July 2005

In previous studies we have shown that all‐trans retinoic acid (atRA)‐treatment of the atRA‐sensitive ovarian carcinoma cell line CA‐OV3 repressed AP‐1 activity by about 50%, while a similar effect was not observed in the atRA‐resistant ovarian carcinoma cell line, SK‐OV3. These results suggested that the repression of AP‐1 activity may be one of the mechanisms by which atRA inhibits the growth of atRA‐sensitive CA‐OV3 cells. In the present studies, we investigated further the molecular mechanism by which AP‐1 activity is repressed by atRA. We show that the repression of AP‐1 activity correlates with an increase in JunB protein expression and a decrease in N‐terminal phosphorylation of c‐Jun. The decrease in N‐terminal phosphorylation of c‐Jun does not appear to be modulated by JNK or ERK, since their protein expression patterns and kinase activity do not correlate with the repression of AP‐1 activity following treatment with atRA. However, the activity of the protein phosphatase PP2A was found to increase 24 h following atRA treatment in CA‐OV3 cells. Moreover, the catalytic subunit of PP2A was found to associate with c‐Jun in vivo following atRA treatment. Since the inhibition of AP‐1 activity following atRA treatment of CA‐OV3 cells was abolished in the presence of specific PP2A inhibitors, it is likely that PP2A plays an important role in the atRA‐induced repression of AP‐1. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transient requirements of YY1 expression for PcG transcriptional repression and phenotypic rescue
Authors: Srinivasan Lakshmi , Pan Xuan , Atchison Michael L.
Published: July 2005

A hallmark of PcG transcriptional repression is stability of the repressed state, although the mechanism of this stability is unclear. The mammalian transcription factor YY1 can function as a PcG protein in Drosophila resulting in transcriptional repression and correction of phenotypic defects caused by mutation of its homologue, Pleiohomeotic (PHO). To discern the temporal requirements of YY1 expression for these functions, and to study its mechanism of stable repression in vivo, we used a Drosophila larval wing imaginal disc transcriptional repression system. We found that YY1 was needed transiently at day 3 or later of embryonic development to stably repress a reporter transgene at day 8 in wing imaginal discs. Stable transcriptional repression did not correlate with maintenance of YY1 or Polycomb DNA binding, but did correlate with persistence of histone H3 methylation on lysine 27. We also found that YY1 expressed during the first 7 days of development was sufficient for rescue of fly development (a 14 day process) in pho mutant flies. Therefore, YY1 was transiently required for correction of fly defects and was dispensable past the pharate adult stage. Possible mechanisms of repression by YY1 are discussed. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Butterfat fatty acids differentially regulate growth and differentiation in Jurkat T‐cells
Authors: Bergamo Paolo , Luongo Diomira , Maurano Francesco , Rossi Mauro
Published: July 2005

Synthetic Conjugated Linoleic Acid mixture (CLA; c9,t11; t10,c12‐18:2) has been previously shown to inhibit growth, and enhance apoptosis and IL‐2 mRNA synthesis in human lymphoblastic Jurkat T‐cells. In this study, two different butterfat types were evaluated and compared for their effects on Jurkat cell viability, oxidative stress, pro‐apoptotic activity, and cytokine synthesis: the conventionally produced butterfat (CBF), and organic butterfat (OBF) containing significantly higher amounts of c9,t11 (Rumenic Acid, RA), trans‐vaccenic acid (VA; t11‐18:1), α‐linolenic acid (ALA), and lower levels of linoleic acid (LA). Results from cell treatment with both butterfat mixtures showed comparable oxidative stress (superoxide production, intracellular GSH depletion,and lipid peroxides yield), NADPH oxidase activation, cytotoxicity (LDH release), and IL‐2 transcript level, whereas the effects of enhanced growth‐inhibitory and pro‐apoptotic activities were associated with OBF treatment. To then investigate each butterfat‐induced effect caused by RA, VA, LA, and ALA, cells were exposed to synthetic FA concentrations similar to those from the different butterfats. Higher oxidative stress (superoxide production, intracellular GSH depletion) was induced by α‐linolenic (ALA) and linoleic (LA) incubation (P < 0.01) and superoxide production was suppressed by specific PKCα inhibitor (Gö 6976) and linked to increased toxicity and IL‐2 synthesis inhibition. By contrast, cell treatment with RA increased apoptosis and IL‐2 synthesis. These results suggest that a supply of ALA and LA is responsible for BF‐induced oxidative stress via PKCα‐NADPH oxidase pathway, and that enhanced antiproliferative effects in OBF treated cells is essentially determined by RA‐induced pro‐apoptotic activity. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel in vitro perfusion model to study the interaction between coagulation and blood‐borne metastasis
Authors: Sehgal Lakshman R. , Wong Jonathan , He Jie , Wood Trisha , Takagi Ippei , Eldibany Mohamed , Caprini Joseph , Mousa Shaker A.
Published: July 2005

The association between cancer and hemostasis has long been studied in cell culture, animal models, and cancer patients developing thrombosis. The variety of biologic mechanisms involved in malignancy and metastasis makes the understanding of the relative importance of each mechanism difficult. We have developed a novel in vitro perfusion model that allows for the isolated study of the interactions between tumor cells and components of the hemostatic system under normal physiologic conditions. Segments of denuded umbilical cord or saphenous vein are cut longitudinally and mounted in a perfusion chamber under sterile conditions. Human breast cancer cells are perfused for 24 h under venous flow conditions with either whole blood (WB), platelet‐rich plasma (PRP), platelet‐poor plasma (PPP), or serum. Tissue samples are fixed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin as well as with pan‐cytokeratin. Morphometric analysis is performed to quantify cancer cell adhesion. With PRP, this model maintains normal human physiologic conditions for the duration of the experiment. It differentiates between previously characterized high and low metastatic breast cancer cell lines. In addition, different vein tissue types do not alter tumor cell attachment. This model appears to be an accurate representation of the pathophysiology of in vivo metastasis. This model may serve as a useful bridge between cell culture studies and animal models. It may be a useful tool to elucidate the role of selected hemostatic systems in blood‐borne metastasis and may potentially serve as a screening tool for the development of antimetastatic pharmaceutical agents. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of lysophospholipids on signaling in the Human jurkat T Cell Line
Authors: Xu Yan , Casey Graham , Mills Gordon B.
Published: July 2005

Lysophospholipids have recently been demonstrated to induce activation and proliferation of fibroblasts and other cell lineages by interacting with high affinity cell surface receptors leading to specific intracellular signaling events. Platelet activation, likely at the site of injury or inflammation, results in increased production of lysophospholipids suggesting a possible source of lysophospholipids. We have recently demonstrated that high concentrations of lysophospholipids are present in ascites and plasma from ovarian cancer patients, suggesting that physiologically produced lysophospholipids could interact with cells present in these fluids, including lymphocytes, and alter their function. We demonstrate herein that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), lysophosphatidylserine (LPS), and sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) activate the Jurkat T cell line. Each of the lysophospholipids induced a transient increase in cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]i) in Jurkat cells. Increases in [Ca2+]i were cross‐desensitized by LPA, LPS and SPC, suggesting that the lysophospholipids share the same receptor(s) or that their downstream signaling pathways converge or interact. Lysophosphatidylgycerol (LPG), a competitive inhibitor of the putative LPA receptor, inhibited the calcium releasing activity of LPA, but not that of LPS and SPC, suggesting that these lysophospholipids interact with different receptors and that desensitization is due to interactions in downstream signaling pathways. The ability of the lysophospholipids to induce increases in [Ca2+]i was attenuated, but not completely blocked, by increases in [Ca2+]i induced by activation of the thrombin receptor. In contrast, increases in [Ca2+]i induced by the lysophospholipids and cross‐linking the CD3 component of the T cell receptor complex with the UCHT1 antibody did not undergo heterologous desensitization. Strikingly, LPA is sufficient to stimulate proliferation of Jurkat cells in serum‐free medium or in synergy with low concentrations of fetal bovine serum. In addition, LPA also increased the production of the T cell growth factor, interleukin 2 (IL‐2), by Jurkat cells treated with phorbol esters. LPS, in contrast, inhibited Jurkat proliferation while increasing IL‐2 production and SPC inhibited both processes. Thus, although all three lysophospholipids were sufficient to induce a transient increase in [Ca2+]i in Jurkat cells, they induced markedly different physiological consequences. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of potassium in alleviating detrimental effects of abiotic stresses in plants
Authors: Cakmak Ismail
Published: July 2005

Plants exposed to environmental stress factors, such as drought, chilling, high light intensity, heat, and nutrient limitations, suffer from oxidative damage catalyzed by reactive oxygen species (ROS), e.g., superoxide radical (O2–), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radical (OH). Reactive O2 species are known to be primarily responsible for impairment of cellular function and growth depression under stress conditions. In plants, ROS are predominantly produced during the photosynthetic electron transport and activation of membrane‐bound NAD(P)H oxidases. Increasing evidence suggests that improvement of potassium (K)‐nutritional status of plants can greatly lower the ROS production by reducing activity of NAD(P)H oxidases and maintaining photosynthetic electron transport. Potassium deficiency causes severe reduction in photosynthetic CO2 fixation and impairment in partitioning and utilization of photosynthates. Such disturbances result in excess of photosynthetically produced electrons and thus stimulation of ROS production by intensified transfer of electrons to O2. Recently, it was shown that there is an impressive increase in capacity of bean root cells to oxidize NADPH when exposed to K deficiency. An increase in NADPH oxidation was up to 8‐fold higher in plants with low K supply than in K‐sufficient plants. Accordingly, K deficiency also caused an increase in NADPH‐dependent O2– generation in root cells. The results indicate that increases in ROS production during both photosynthetic electron transport and NADPH‐oxidizing enzyme reactions may be involved in membrane damage and chlorophyll degradation in K‐deficient plants. In good agreement with this suggestion, increases in severity of K deficiency were associated with enhanced activity of enzymes involved in detoxification of H2O2 (ascorbate peroxidase) and utilization of H2O2 in oxidative processes (guaiacol peroxidase). Moreover, K‐deficient plants are highly light‐sensitive and very rapidly become chlorotic and necrotic when exposed to high light intensity. In view of the fact that ROS production by photosynthetic electron transport and NADPH oxidases is especially high when plants are exposed to environmental stress conditions, it seems reasonable to suggest that the improvement of K‐nutritional status of plants might be of great importance for the survival of crop plants under environmental stress conditions, such as drought, chilling, and high light intensity. Several examples are presented here emphasizing the roles of K in alleviating adverse effects of different abiotic stress factors on crop production.
Manganese uptake and Mn efficiency of wheat cultivars are related to Mn‐uptake kinetics and root growth
Authors: Sadana Upkar Singh , Sharma Parmodh , Castañeda Ortiz Nelson , Samal Debasmita , Claassen Norbert
Published: July 2005

Wheat cultivars differ widely in manganese (Mn) efficiency. To investigate the reasons for different Mn efficiencies, a pot experiment with soil, a solution‐culture experiment, and model calculations were carried out. The pot experiment was conducted with wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cvs. PBW 373, PBW 154, PBW 343, PBW 138, and Triticum durum L. cvs. PBW 34 and PDW 233) grown in a screen house in India. The soil was a loamy sand with pH 8.1, DTPA‐extractable Mn 1.62 mg (kg soil)–1, and initial soil solution Mn concentration (CLi) of 0.19 μM. When fertilized with 50 mg Mn (kg soil)–1, CLi increased to 0.32 μM. At CLi 0.19 μM, wheat cv. PBW 373 produced 74% of its maximum shoot dry weight (SDW) with 64% of its maximum root length (RL), while cv. PDW 233 produced only 25% of its maximum SDW with 11% of its maximum RL. The other wheat cultivars were between these extremes. Manganese deficiency caused a reduction in shoot growth, but more strongly reduced root growth. The low Mn efficiency of T. durum cv. PDW 233 was related to a strong depression of its root growth. Manganese influx was similar for all cultivars. In solution culture below 1 μM Mn, under controlled climate‐chamber conditions, Mn influx was linearly related to Mn concentration. Both the efficient cv. PBW 343 and the inefficient cv. PDW 233 had a similar influx. Uptake kinetic parameters from the solution experiment together with soil and plant parameters from the pot experiment were used in a mechanistic nutrient‐uptake model. Calculated values of Mn influx for wheat grown in soil were 55% to 74% of measured values. A sensitivity analysis showed that increasing CLi or the slope of the uptake isotherm by about 30% would be enough to reach the observed influx. The results of this research indicate that an increase of Mn solubility by microbial or chemical mobilization would increase Mn uptake. But on the other hand, no chemical mobilization would be required to increase Mn uptake if the plant improved its uptake kinetics. Low Mn efficiency of some wheat cultivars was related to their reduced root growth at low soil Mn supply.
Efficient cell reprogramming as a target for functional‐marker strategies? Towards new perspectives in applied plant‐nutrition research
Authors: Arnholdt‐Schmitt Birgit
Published: July 2005

The review aims at visualizing and strengthening approximation of current strategies in plant breeding, plant nutrition, and molecular biology. Innovations in new breeding strategies on quantitative traits are based on the development of functional DNA markers. This requires knowledge on robust physiological key reactions or parameters in view of the desired agronomic trait. To understand the significance of adaptive molecular‐physiological factors for the expression of agronomic traits in quantitative terms, systems analyses have to demonstrate the phenotypic effect of differential gene activities. The logistic to advance in applied systems biology is currently being strongly discussed. In the present contribution, identification of target cells, which are important for agronomic traits, is stressed as a key for future modeling and virtual experimentation. Integration of target cells in systems analysis should allow to link top‐down approaches, that start at the whole‐plant level, with bottom‐up approaches, that come from the molecular level. To illustrate the importance of adaptive cell reprogramming for agronomic traits, reprogramming of rhizodermic cells to trichoblasts is pointed out in its role for nutrient efficiency (NE). The nature of molecular factors, which may serve as functional markers in breeding, is discussed in view of future marker developments.
Soil chemistry and tree nutrition of post‐lignite‐mining sites
Authors: Schaaf Wolfgang , Hüttl Reinhard F.
Published: July 2005

Due to the mixture of different geological overburden sediments during the mining process in the Lusatian lignite district (E Germany), soils developing on mine spoils show special characteristics that are very different from naturally developed soils of the surrounding region. In this context, high contents of lignitic fragments and pyrite dominate the early stages of pedogenesis. Amelioration measures utilizing large amounts of fly ash additionally alters top soil properties. A chronosequence approach was used to study soil development at sites afforested with pine over a period of 60 y. In the ameliorated top layers, pH values are clearly elevated, whereas the unameliorated subsoils remain very acid (pH 2.5–2.9). Total carbon stores of the soils are very high. Geogenic organic‐matter contents increase the CEC of the sandy substrates considerably. Secondary minerals such as gypsum govern soil‐solution composition revealing distinct depth gradients. Low pH and extremely high ion concentrations are found especially in the subsoils. Eventually these high values decrease mainly due to completed pyrite oxidation, leaching of soluble phases, and precipitation of secondary minerals. Despite unfavorable soil chemical conditions, the growth and nutritional status of the pine stands at these mine sites is surprisingly good. The content of lignitic fragments and secondary minerals in the soils seems to play an important role for the element cycling and nutritional status of the established forest ecosystems. However, the impact of disturbance provoked by mining operations presents a long‐term effect. The chronosequence sites studied show clear effects of disturbance even after several decades.
Analysis and simulation of soil organic‐carbon stocks in grassland ecosystems in SW Germany
Authors: Werth Martin , Brauckmann Hans‐Jörg , Broll Gabriele , Schreiber Karl‐Friedrich
Published: July 2005

Grassland extensification is followed by a change of soil organic‐matter (SOM) contents. In order to give a better assessment of these developments on grassland sites in SW Germany, the CENTURY Soil Organic Matter Model was used on five long‐term experimental sites under three different management practices (“Mowing”, “Mulching” (mowing without removal of the phytomass), and “Natural succession”). On these sites, soil‐organic‐carbon (SOC) monitoring was continuously done for soil depths of 0–4 and 4–8 cm from 1975 to 2002. The contents of organic carbon (OC) were at steady state or showed a slight decrease for the mulched and succession plots. Carbon contents of the mowed plots were decreasing. Measured C contents were transferred into stocks and compared with the simulated OC stocks. Linear regressions between observed and simulated C stocks were calculated separately for mulched and succession plots. The regressions for OC yielded significant relationships (R2 = 0.8) for both kinds of plots. However, the model did not reproduce the short‐term dynamics of C stocks. Whereas SOC stocks on mulched and succession plots are expected to stay stable for the next decades according to the simulation, they are expected to decrease for a couple of years before stabilization on mowed plots.
De‐eutrophication of a nitrogen‐saturated Scots pine forest by prescribed litter‐raking
Authors: Prietzel Jörg , Kaiser Kyrill O.
Published: July 2005

Short‐term (<7 years) effects of prescribed litter‐raking on forest‐floor nutrient pools, stand nutrition, and seepage water chemistry were studied in an N‐saturated Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest in Southern Germany subject to high atmospheric‐nitrogen deposition. The study was based on a comparison of plots with and without annual prescribed litter raking at three sites with different N‐deposition levels. Prescribed litter‐raking resulted in a considerable reduction of forest‐floor thickness and mass, as well as of forest‐floor C, N, P, K, Mg, and Ca pools. Furthermore, it induced a significant decrease of the foliar N content in current‐year needles of the pines and a more balanced nutritional status of the stand. Particularly on the site subject to the highest N deposition, but to a lesser degree also at the other sites, the mean NO$ _3^- $ concentration in the subsoil seepage water and the N export into the groundwater were substantially reduced on the litter‐raked plots. The results show that in N‐saturated Scots pine ecosystems prescribed litter‐raking on areas of limited size, which are used as sources of groundwater‐derived drinking water and/or serve as habitat for endangered plant species, is a quick and effective method to achieve a more balanced nutritional status of the trees and to reduce seepage‐water NO$ _3^- $ concentrations and N export into the groundwater. In terms of sustainable ecosystem nutrient management, the conversion of conifer monocultures into broadleaf‐rich mixed stands is the better, yet less immediately effective method to reduce the seepage‐water N export from conifer forests subject to high atmospheric‐N deposition.
A sensitivity analysis for assessing the relevance of fine‐root turnover for P and K uptake
Authors: Steingrobe Bernd
Published: July 2005

Plant fine roots are subject to continual turnover, i.e., old roots die during the plant life cycle and are quickly replaced by new roots. New roots grow partly into undepleted soil areas and can take up nutrients at a higher rate than old roots. This is one possible advantage of root turnover. It has been shown that root turnover of several plant species increases when P and/or K supply is limited, indicating an efficiency mechanism. The objective of this study was to assess the maximum benefit for nutrient uptake by root turnover and to determine which soil or plant properties influence this process. Based on a data set of field‐grown faba beans, a sensitivity analysis with a transport and uptake model was performed, i.e., several input parameters were systematically varied to assess their importance for nutrient uptake of a root system with and without fine‐root turnover. The calculations were based on the assumptions that all new roots grow into undepleted soil areas and that no inter‐root competition occurs.

Model calculations indicated that a root system with a high but realistic turnover rate can take up twice the amount of P or K compared to a stable root system without any turnover. This benefit on uptake is higher at low concentrations of these nutrients in soil solution, low soil water content, or high maximum inflow. However, measured uptake under poor conditions of nutrient supply is often higher than calculated uptake, even when root turnover is taken into account. This indicates that root turnover might be an efficiency mechanism, but not the only one.