bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of GO on DC Insulation Properties of Epoxy Composites and Its Application in Anticorrosive Coatings
Authors: Chi Ming-He , Yu Yang , Xu Jia-Yi , Zhang Si-Qi , Zhang Xiao-Rui
Published: June 2020

Due to the fact that surfactant in epoxy emulsion can increase electron migration during electrochemical corrosion protection, which reduces the bulk resistivity of epoxy resin, the performance of water-soluble epoxy anticorrosive coatings cannot meet the normal use requirements, which
restricts the progress of waterborne anticorrosive coatings. In this paper, GO was used as filler to modify epoxy emulsion to improve DC breakdown performance of polymer composite and reduce leakage current of composite under electric field. The test results showed that when KH550 modified
multilayer GO was added to epoxy resin, the neutral salt spray resistance time of the coating was 600 h when the powder addition amount was 1.2 wt%. The initial corrosion voltage was –0.6832 V by Tafel curve test. At this point, the DC breakdown voltage of 35 kV/mm, compared to the pure
epoxy resin was increased by 140%, the volume resistivity of 5 × 1016 Ωm., compared to the pure epoxy resin increased two orders of magnitude. It was found that although GO is conductive, a well-dispersed modified GO can be formed into a capacitive structure in epoxy
resins, which has the ability to store charge, thereby reducing the leakage current of the material under the electric field and blocking the electronic path. Although this structure has little significance for the application of traditional insulation materials, in the field of anticorrosive
coatings, this characteristic of reducing leakage current can assist materials to weaken the occurrence of electrochemical corrosion. Meanwhile, the excellent chemical stability and physical isolation ability of graphene can also guarantee the anticorrosive performance of coatings.
Eight-Person Voter Implementation Based on Hewlett-Packard Memristor
Authors: Sun Jun-Wei , Tian Yu-Qi , Wang Yan-Feng
Published: June 2020

The logic function based on memristor has been proved and can be applied to the future large scale integrated circuits. In this paper, we use logic circuit based on memristor to realize the function of eight-person voter. The basic logic circuit designed in this paper is consisted of
two Hewlett-Packard memristors in series connection and an operational amplifier. Operational amplifiers are used to regulate the output voltages to meet the requirements of the input signals in the next stage circuits. The adder, binary comparator and multi-input logic gate are realized by
using the designed logic circuit. Full adders, binary comparators and multi-input logic gates are combined into eight-person voter circuit. Theoretical analysis and spice simulation results verify the feasibility of the circuit under different cases. This method is expected to be applied to
more complex voter logic circuits based on memristor.
Effects of Thermal Annealing on Ti/Au Contacts to Anatase TiO2 Nanocrystal Films Prepared by Sol–Gel Method
Authors: Xie Yannan , Yang Weifeng , Xu Qinghao , Shi Xingyu , Li Yi , Huang Huolin , Hong Rongdun , Chen Xiaping , Wu Zhengyun
Published: June 2020

The electrical properties of Ti/Au contacts to anatase TiO2 nanocrystal films are investigated under different thermal annealing temperature (300–500 °C) in a N2 ambient. The as-deposited contact shows a non-linear current–voltage (I –
V) property. However, after being annealed at 300 °C and 400 °C, the samples exhibit nearly ohmic I – V behaviors with currents at 5 V bias higher than that of as-deposited one by about three and seven times, respectively. When the annealing temperature is increased
to 500 °C, the ohmic contact transform to Schottky contact. The influence of annealing temperatures on Ti/Au contacts to anatase TiO2 nanocrystal films depends on the interdiffusion behavior between the electrode layers and TiO2 films, which was investigated by Auger
electron spectroscopy. Possible mechanisms are proposed to explain the influence of annealing temperature on the electrical properties of Ti/Au contacts to anatase TiO2 nanocrystal films.
Modeling Analysis and Performance Study of Toxoplasma IgM Antibody Immunosensor Based on Graphene and Au–Fe3O4
Authors: Jiang Shuting , Pu Qinli , Zhu Weiyan , Yan Beizhan , Xie Guoming
Published: June 2020

Based on graphene sheet (GS) and gold-magnetic nanoparticles (Au–Fe3O4), a novel bioelectrochemical sensor was developed to detect toxoplasmosis-specific IgM antibody (Tg-IgM). This kind of bioelectrochemical sensor combined the high specific surface area
of GS and the high biocompatibility of Au–Fe3O4 nanomaterials. The anti-IgM-HRP modified by Au–Fe3O4 nanoparticles was used as the detection probe, and the preparation method of composite detection probe and the corresponding sensor performance
were provided. In addition, by a systematic simulation modeling, this study further investigated the effect of CV scanning speed, pH value, H2O2 concentration and graphene concentration on the detection sensitivity of the proposed bioelectrochemical sensor.
An Effect of Cationic CTAB and Anionic SDS Surfactants on the Physicochemical Properties of Hydroxyapatite Nanostructures for Bone Tissue Engineering
Authors: Yahia I. S. , Keshk Sherif M. A. S. , Shkir Mohd. , Darwish R. , Alshahrie Ahmed
Published: June 2020

Herein, we report the effect of different concentrations of CTAB and SDS surfactants on structural and morphological parameters of hydroxyapatite (HAp) prepared by microwave route. Structural confirmation was done by X-ray diffraction analysis and many structural components are computed.
The mean values of crystallite size and crystallinity for CTAB-HAp were found to be in the range of 27–33 nm, 53–67%, however, these values for SDS-HAp are found to be in the range of 16–24 and 53–64%, respectively. These parameters showed that the crystallite size
is reducing with SDS surfactants; however, the crystallinity seems to be in the same range. The crystallinity percentage confirms that both CTAB-HAp and SDS-HAp possess good crystallinity. Vibrations studies are carried out using FT-Raman and FT-IT spectroscopy and the observed vibrational
modes confirm the formation of HAp. The morphology was studied through FE-SEM. FE-SEM results showed low dimensional nanorods of size within the range of 5–10 nm. The controlled morphology and small size of synthesized HAp using CTAB and SDS surfactants will make them suitable in bone
cement applications as it has good ability to bond with proteins along with fragments of plaque and bacteria.
Piloting Free To Be: A Positive Body Image Program for Adolescents
Authors: Regehr Renae Y. , Owens Rhea L. , Cox Daniel W. , Clayton Caydeen C.
Published: June 2020

This study evaluated a positive body image program, Free To Be, for adolescent girls and boys. Participants were Canadian and primarily South Asian and were part of either the intervention ( n = 76) or comparison groups ( n = 43). Participants completed pretest and posttest questionnaires. The Group x Gender x Time interactions examining the study’s outcomes were not significant; however, post hoc analyses suggested promising results. Specifically, members of the intervention group experienced a significant increase in body image coping strategies and media literacy from Time 1 to Time 2, with boys benefiting the most. Members of both the intervention and comparison groups experienced a significant decrease in body dissatisfaction from Time 1 to Time 2. Boys in the intervention group experienced a greater decrease in body dissatisfaction, whereas both girls and boys in the comparison group reported a decrease in body dissatisfaction. Positive body image did not improve in either group. Limitations and implications are discussed.
Street and Property Identification and the Challenge of Urban Management in Mekelle City, Ethiopia
Authors: Njoh Ambe J , Fisseha Samrawit H , Goa Adisu , Gebremichael Dawit
Published: June 2020

The study employs in-situ primary data supplemented with secondary information from conventional archival sources to examine the toponymic experience of Ethiopia, one of only two African countries without a colonial history. The focus is on Mekelle, the country’s third largest city. The city’s spatial structure is nondescript. The streets are identified with a string of numbers, which are placed at irregular intervals. Most landmarks are unnamed whereas buildings are unnumbered. This paper shows that the absence of a precise and unambiguous street, place and property identification system in the city stifles its performance in the urban management, economic, and social milieus.
The Entanglement of Dialectal Variation and Speaker Normalization
Authors: Rankinen Wil , de Jong Kenneth
Published: June 2020

This paper explores the relationship between speaker normalization and dialectal identity in sociolinguistic data, examining a database of vowel formants collected from 88 monolingual American English speakers in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula. Audio recordings of Finnish- and Italian-heritage American English speakers reading a passage and a word list were normalized using two normalization procedures. These algorithms are based on different concepts of normalization: Lobanov, which models normalization as based on experience with individual talkers, and Labov ANAE, which models normalization as based on experience with scale-factors inherent in acoustic resonators of all kinds. The two procedures yielded different results; while the Labov ANAE method reveals a cluster shifting of low and back vowels that correlated with heritage, the Lobanov procedure seems to eliminate this sociolinguistic variation. The difference between the two procedures lies in how they treat relations between formant changes, suggesting that dimensions of variation in the vowel space may be treated differently by different normalization procedures, raising the question of how anatomical variation and dialectal variation interact in the real world. The structure of the sociolinguistic effects found with the Labov ANAE normalized data, but not in the Lobanov normalized data, suggest that the Lobanov normalization does over-normalize formant measures and remove sociolinguistically relevant information.
Social Movement Consolidation and Strategic Shifts: The Brazilian Landless Movement during the Lula and Dilma Administrations
Authors: Pahnke Anthony
Published: June 2020

During the center-left Partido dos Trabalhadores (Workers’ Party—PT) governments of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2002–2010) and Dilma Rousseff (2011–2016), the Brazilian Landless Movement took advantage of particular governmental changes—increased access to education, improved small-farmer support programs, and expanded agrarian reform development policies—to strengthen its leadership and organization. Instead of expanding, the movement turned inward to address internal weaknesses. It benefited from the PT’s ambiguous position with respect to the politics of agrarian reform. Since each administration dedicated considerable resources to public policies that the movement favored, neither government engaged in significant land redistribution.

Durante los gobiernos de Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2002–2010) y Dilma Rousseff (2011–2016), ambos pertenecientes al centro-izquierdista Partido dos Trabalhadores (PT), el Movimiento Brasileño Sin Tierra aprovechó cambios gubernamentales particulares, como mejores programas de apoyo a los pequeños agricultores, mejor acceso a la educación y políticas ampliadas para el desarrollo de reformas agrarias, para fortalecer su liderazgo y organización. En lugar de expandirse, el movimiento se tornó hacia sí mismo para abordar debilidades internas. Se benefició de la posición ambigua del PT con respecto a las políticas de reforma agraria. Y dado que ambas administraciones dedicaron considerables recursos a políticas públicas favorecidas por el movimiento, ninguno se abocó a supervisar una redistribución significativa de la tierra.
Party-Base Linkages and Contestatory Mobilization in Bolivia’s El Alto: Subduing the Ciudad Rebelde
Authors: Brown John
Published: June 2020

Confrontations between Evo Morales’s Movement toward Socialism (MAS)-led government and sectors of his original support base have raised concerns regarding Bolivia’s “process of change.” An empirical analysis of the Regional Workers’ Union and the Federation of Neighborhood Associations in El Alto reveals that extensive and intensive linkages forged between the MAS and its base during confrontations with conservative forces weakened their contestatory efforts and fostered internal splits that the MAS and the right-wing Unidad Nacional (UN) parties actively promoted. The upshot was the emergence of two versions of each organization that existed side-by-side, one aligned with the MAS, the other with UN, and the capacity of the base to hold the government to popular demands was greatly diminished.

Los enfrentamientos entre el gobierno liderado por Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS) de Evo Morales y sectores de su base de apoyo original han suscitado preocupaciones con respecto al “proceso de cambio” de Bolivia. Un análisis empírico del Sindicato Regional de Trabajadores y la Federación de Asociaciones Vecinales de El Alto revela que los amplios e intensivos vínculos forjados entre el MAS y su base durante los enfrentamientos con fuerzas conservadoras debilitaron su capacidad de impugnación y fomentaron divisiones internas que tanto el MAS como los partidos de derecha de Unidad Nacional (UN) promovieron activamente. El resultado fue el surgimiento de dos versiones de cada organización que existen lado a lado, una alineada a favor del MAS y la otra a favor de UN. La capacidad de las bases para exigir al gobierno que atendiera las demandas populares se vio muy disminuida.
What Happens to Social Movements When They Succeed: The Case of the 4 Percent for Education in the Dominican Republic
Authors: Betances Emelio
Published: June 2020

A political opportunity structure that emerged in the Dominican Republic between 2009 and 2012 facilitated the victory of a movement that forced the government to begin spending 4 percent of the gross domestic product on preuniversity education, but the movement was unable to develop a social base that would ensure the effective implementation of its demand. This case suggests that a movement’s success in reaching its formal goal is just the first stage in a struggle whose second stage is continued pressure on the state to ensure that demands are implemented.

La estructura de oportunidad política surgida en la República Dominicana entre 2009 y 2012 facilitó la victoria de un movimiento que obligó al gobierno a comenzar a gastar el 4 por ciento del producto interno bruto en la educación preuniversitaria. Sin embargo, dicho movimiento no pudo desarrollar una base social que asegurara la implementación efectiva de sus demandas. Este caso sugiere que el éxito de un movimiento en torno al cumplimiento formal de sus metas es sólo la primera etapa en una lucha cuya segunda etapa exige presión continua sobre el estado para asegurar que se implementen los cambios deseados.
Old Friends in New Times: Progressive Parties and Union Movements in the Southern Cone
Authors: Carneiro Fabricio , Fuentes Guillermo , Midaglia Carmen
Published: June 2020

An analysis of the course of relations between union movements and left parties in four Southern Cone countries shows that, while in Uruguay and Argentina the progressive parties were able to maintain alliances with union actors and empower them, in Brazil and Chile left parties and unions experienced conflicts that hindered the formation of alliances. In the four countries studied, two variables had a strong influence on the possibilities for forming and maintaining a coalition among unions and parties: the electoral strategy of the leftist party and union fragmentation.

Un análisis del curso de las relaciones entre los movimientos sindicales y los partidos de izquierda en cuatro países del Cono Sur muestra que, mientras que en Uruguay y Argentina los partidos progresistas pudieron mantener alianzas con los actores sindicales y empoderarlos, en Brasil y Chile los partidos y sindicatos izquierdistas experimentaron conflictos que obstaculizaron la formación de alianzas. En los casos de los cuatro países analizados, dos variables influyeron fuertemente las posibilidades de formar y mantener una coalición entre sindicatos y partidos: la estrategia electoral de los partidos de izquierda y la fragmentación sindical.
Social Conflict in Argentina (1989–2017): Democracy in Dispute
Authors: Gamallo Leandro
Published: June 2020

An analysis of the evolution of social conflicts in Argentina between 1989 and 2017 in terms of three aspects of collective action—the actors in contention, their main demands, and their chosen forms of struggle—reveals important changes since the country’s return to democracy. Collective action has extended to multiple actors, channeled weightier demands, and expanded its forms. With the emergence of progovernment and conservative social movements, it has become apparent that not all movement participation in the state implies weakness, subordination, or co-optation and that social movement action does not necessarily mean democratization or expansion of rights. The right-wing government of 2015 opened up a new field of confrontation in which old divisions and alliances are being reconfigured.

Un análisis de la evolución de los conflictos sociales en Argentina entre 1989 y 2017 realizado a partir de tres grandes dimensiones de la acción colectiva (los actores contenciosos, las demandas principales que enuncian y las formas de lucha que emplean) revela cambios importantes. La acción colectiva se ha extendido a más actores, ha canalizado demandas más amplias y se ha expresado de maneras más heterogéneas. Con el surgimiento de movimientos sociales oficialistas y opositores de índole conservador, se ha hecho evidente que la participación de las organizaciones sociales en el estado no siempre significa debilidad, subordinación o cooptación por parte del estado y que la movilización social no necesariamente implica procesos de democratización o expansión de derechos. La llegada de una alianza de derecha en 2015 abrió un nuevo campo de confrontaciones que redefinió antiguas alianzas y divisiones.
Social Movements in Latin America: Paradigms, People, and Politics
Authors: Munck Ronaldo
Published: June 2020

Social movements in Latin America have always attracted attention, but there is no agreed-upon paradigm, certainly not one accepted in Latin America. A review from a Latin American perspective of the strengths and weaknesses of the theoretical paradigms used to understand these movements suggests a revitalized paradigm that foregrounds the agency of people and, above all, brings politics back in. A proposed new, poststructuralist Marxist frame for research on both theory and practice puts a Foucauldian emphasis on the dissoluble links between power and resistance and a Laclau-inspired emphasis on the national-popular.

Aunque los movimientos sociales en América Latina siempre han llamado la atención, no hay un paradigma acordado; ciertamente, no uno que se acepte en la región. Un análisis desde una perspectiva latinoamericana de las fortalezas y debilidades de los paradigmas teóricos utilizados para entender estos movimientos sugiere un marco revitalizado que pone en primer plano la agencia de las personas y, sobre todo, recupera el tema de la política. El nuevo paradigma marxista postestructuralista aquí propuesto para la investigación tanto teórica como práctica pone un énfasis foucauldiano en los vínculos disolubles entre el poder y la resistencia, así como un énfasis en lo nacional y popular inspirado por Laclau.
OpenMx: A Modular Research Environment for Item Response Theory Method Development
Authors: Pritikin Joshua N. , Falk Carl F.
Published: June 2020

There are many item response theory software packages designed for users. Here, the authors introduce an environment tailored to method development and simulation. Implementations of a selection of classic algorithms are available as well as some recently developed methods. Source code is developed in public repositories on GitHub; your collaboration is welcome.
Prologue: Language Challenges in the 21st Century
Authors: Birney Megan E. , Roessel Janin , Hansen Karolina , Rakić Tamara
Published: June 2020

As immigration and mobility increases, so do interactions between people from different linguistic backgrounds. Yet while linguistic diversity offers many benefits, it also comes with a number of challenges. In seven empirical articles and one commentary, this Special Issue addresses some of the most significant language challenges facing researchers in the 21st century: the power language has to form and perpetuate stereotypes, the contribution language makes to intersectional identities, and the role of language in shaping intergroup relations. By presenting work that aims to shed light on some of these issues, the goal of this Special Issue is to (a) highlight language as integral to social processes and (b) inspire researchers to address the challenges we face. To keep pace with the world’s constantly evolving linguistic landscape, it is essential that we make progress toward harnessing language’s power in ways that benefit 21st century globalized societies.
Application of goal-directed therapy for the use of concentrated antithrombin for heparin resistance during cardiac surgery
Authors: Stammers Alfred H , Francis Stephen G , Miller Randi , Nostro Anthony , Tesdahl Eric A , Mongero Linda B
Published: June 2020

The maintenance of anticoagulation in adult patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass is dependent upon a number of factors, including heparin concentration and adequate antithrombin activity. Inadequate anticoagulation increases the risk of thrombosis and jeopardizes both vascular and extracorporeal circuit integrity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a goal-directed approach for the use of antithrombin in patients who were resistant to heparin. Following institutional review board approval, data were obtained from quality improvement records. A goal-directed protocol for antithrombin was established based upon heparin dosing (400 IU kg−1 body weight) and achieving an activated clotting time of ⩾500 seconds prior to cardiopulmonary bypass. Two groups of patients were identified as those receiving antithrombin and those not receiving antithrombin. Outcome measures included activated clotting time values and transfusion rates. Consecutive patients (n = 140) were included in the study with 10 (7.1%) in the antithrombin group. The average antithrombin dose was 1,029.0 ± 164.5 IU and all patients had restoration to the activated clotting time levels. Patients in the antithrombin group were on preoperative heparin therapy (80.0% vs. 24.6%, p = 0.001). Prior to cardiopulmonary bypass the activated clotting time values were lower in the antithrombin group (417.7 ± 56.1 seconds vs. 581.1 ± 169.8 seconds, p = 0.003). Antithrombin patients had a lower heparin sensitivity index (0.55 ± 0.17 vs. 1.05 ± 0.44 seconds heparin−1 IU kg−1, p = 0.001), received more total heparin (961.3 ± 158.5 IU kg−1 vs. 677.5 ± 199.0 IU kg−1, p = 0.001), more cardiopulmonary bypass heparin (22,500 ± 10,300 IU vs. 12,100 ± 13,200 IU, p = 0.016), and more protamine (5.4 ± 1.2 vs. 4.1 ± 1.1 mg kg−1, p = 0.003). The intraoperative transfusion rate was higher in the antithrombin group (70.0% vs. 35.4%, p = 0.035), but no differences were seen postoperatively. Utilization of a goal-directed algorithm for the administration of antithrombin for the treatment of heparin resistance is effective in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.
A clinical method of evaluating simple reaction time and reaction accuracy is sensitive to a single dose of lorazepam
Authors: Richardson James K , Eckner James T , Kim Hogene , Ashton-Miller James A
Published: June 2020

Rationale:

Benzodiazepines are useful and commonly prescribed. Unfortunately, they are associated with subtle but functionally significant neurocognitive side effects that increase the risk of motor vehicle accidents and falls.

Objective:

The objective of this study was to determine whether clinically feasible measures of simple reaction time and reaction accuracy are sensitive to a single dose of lorazepam.

Methods:

Using a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, 26 healthy adults (13 women; age = 26.9 ± 8.2 yr) were given 1.0 mg lorazepam or placebo 90 minutes prior to two data collection sessions. Participants completed simple and reaction accuracy tasks using a standardized “ruler drop” testing paradigm during each session. Outcomes were mean and variability of simple reaction time and reaction accuracy, which evaluates a participant’s ability to catch the device solely on the random 50% of trials that lights affixed to it illuminate on release. Reaction accuracy requires a go/no-go decision within 420 ms before the falling device strikes the floor.

Results:

As compared with placebo, lorazepam increased simple reaction time variability (range = 43 ± 18 vs. 60 ± 23 ms, respectively; p = 0.004 and standard deviation = 14.6 ± 5.7 vs. 19.7 ± 7.3 ms, respectively; = 0.006) and decreased reaction accuracy (90 ± 7% vs. 84 ± 11%, respectively; p = 0.010).

Conclusion:

Given prior work demonstrating associations between simple reaction time and reaction accuracy and functional outcomes such as self-protection, response to perturbations, and fall risk, these clinically available measures may have a role in identifying subtle, functionally significant cognitive changes related to short-term benzodiazepine use.
Relations of Chinese Mothers’ Cultural Values and Parental Control to Early Adolescents’ Self-Construals
Authors: Chen-Bouck Li , Patterson Meagan M.
Published: June 2020

This study examined associations between mothers’ Chinese cultural values, monitoring, and psychological control with early adolescents’ independent and interdependent self-construals (SCs). Adolescents ( n = 594) and their mothers were recruited from urban areas in mainland China. Mothers reported their Chinese cultural values; adolescents reported their mothers’ monitoring and psychological control and their independent and interdependent SCs. The findings suggested that mothers’ Chinese cultural values and perceived monitoring had significant positive associations with adolescents’ independent and interdependent SCs, and mothers’ perceived monitoring had a significant mediation effect on the association between mothers’ Chinese cultural values and adolescents’ interdependent SC. Mothers’ perceived psychological control had a significant positive association with adolescents’ independent SC. The findings suggested that the sociocultural context might shape Chinese early adolescents’ SC through two interacting culture categories (i.e., societal norms and daily practices), and monitoring might have mediation effect in the relation between societal norms and interdependent SC.
Preferences for Predictive Model Characteristics among People Living with Chronic Lung Disease: A Discrete Choice Experiment
Authors: Weissman Gary E. , Yadav Kuldeep N. , Srinivasan Trishya , Szymanski Stephanie , Capulong Florylene , Madden Vanessa , Courtright Katherine R. , Hart Joanna L. , Asch David A. , Ratcliffe Sarah J. , Schapira Marilyn M. , Halpern Scott D.
Published: June 2020

Background. Patients may find clinical prediction models more useful if those models accounted for preferences for false-positive and false-negative predictive errors and for other model characteristics. Methods. We conducted a discrete choice experiment to compare preferences for characteristics of a hypothetical mortality prediction model among community-dwelling patients with chronic lung disease recruited from 3 clinics in Philadelphia. This design was chosen to allow us to quantify “exchange rates” between different characteristics of a prediction model. We provided previously validated educational modules to explain model attributes of sensitivity, specificity, confidence intervals (CI), and time horizons. Patients reported their interest in using prediction models themselves or having their physicians use them. Patients then chose between 2 hypothetical prediction models each containing varying levels of the 4 attributes across 12 tasks. Results. We completed interviews with 200 patients, among whom 95% correctly chose a strictly dominant model in an internal validity check. Patients’ interest in predictive information was high for use by themselves ( n = 169, 85%) and by their physicians ( n = 184, 92%). Interest in maximizing sensitivity and specificity were similar (0.88 percentage points of specificity equivalent to 1 point of sensitivity, 95% CI 0.72 to 1.05). Patients were willing to accept a reduction of 6.10 months (95% CI 3.66 to 8.54) in the predictive time horizon for a 1% increase in specificity. Discussion. Patients with chronic lung disease can articulate their preferences for the characteristics of hypothetical mortality prediction models and are highly interested in using such models as part of their care. Just as clinical care should become more patient centered, so should the characteristics of predictive models used to guide that care.
The Moderating Effect of Social Support and Social Integration on the Relationship Between Involuntary Job Loss and Health
Authors: Canavan Maureen , Gallo William T. , Marshall Gillian L.
Published: June 2020

Background:

Job loss is a stressful life event that is associated with changes in somatic, behavioral, and affective well-being. This cohort study investigates whether social support and social integration moderate the relationship between job loss and mental health.

Methods:

Data from four waves of the Americans’ Changing Lives data set were collapsed into three wave-pairs. Our sample comprised 1,474 observations, from which we identified 120 job losses. We applied longitudinal regression models in benchmark moderation analysis; finite mixture modeling was then applied to investigate complex heterogeneity.

Results:

Our findings suggest that social support, and not social integration, buffered the involuntary job loss–depressive symptoms relationship among a subgroup of individuals who were more likely to be White, higher educated, and have higher social support prior to job loss.

Conclusion:

Policies that incentivize education, promote financial and health literacy, and strengthen families may reduce vulnerability to the mental health effects of job loss.
Domestic Violence and Sterilization Skew in India: An Instrumental Variable Analysis
Authors: Patil Vaishali Purushottam , Luck Jeff , Yoon Jangho , Khanna Sunil
Published: June 2020

The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of domestic violence in ever-married women in India and analyze the relationship between domestic violence and use of female sterilization as contraception. We analyzed data from the National Family Health Survey 2005–2006 (NFHS3). The Domestic Violence Module of the survey included abuse experiences and reproductive health outcomes of ever-married women aged 15 to 49 years ( n = 69,704). The main outcome of interest was female sterilization and domestic violence experience was the main independent variable. Covariates in our multivariate regression models were guided by the socioecological model for domestic abuse. We estimated a reference linear probability model for the dichotomous outcome. We also employed an instrumental variables procedure to strengthen causal inference under such potential sources of bias as measurement error in reporting domestic violence and omitted variables. The reference model showed an increase of 2.1 percentage points ( p < .001) in the probability of female sterilization associated with exposure to domestic violence. After correcting the estimate for the measurement error and omitted variable bias, we found that domestic violence was associated with an increase in female sterilization by 6.4 percentage points ( p < .001), which is 18% higher than the rate of sterilization among non-victims. In conclusion, our findings imply that domestic violence may lead abuse victims to opt for female sterilization as contraception. Domestic violence is a significant obstacle to efficient contraceptive use. Programs directed toward violence prevention should work conjointly with family planning programs in India.
Attachment as a Moderator in the Relation Between Child Maltreatment and Symptoms of Depression
Authors: Nowalis Sarah , Godleski Stephanie A. , Schenkel Lindsay S.
Published: June 2020

Experiencing child maltreatment is a risk factor for later psychopathology; however, not all survivors of child maltreatment go on to develop mental health diagnoses. There are likely important risk factors that act as moderators interacting with child maltreatment to contribute to the development of psychopathology. The present study examined the attachment dimensions of anxiety and avoidance as potential moderators in the association between child maltreatment and depressive symptomatology in a sample of college students. An attachment style high in anxiety or avoidance was expected to exacerbate the effect of child maltreatment on depressive symptomatology across both primary and secondary caregiver attachment relationships. This study was conducted at a private university in the northeastern United States in a sample of college students ( N = 203; 52% male; Mage = 19.85, SDage = 2.19). Participants completed online measures of attachment, current mood symptoms, and demographic information. Two moderation models were tested, one for attachment to primary caregivers and one for attachment to secondary caregivers. Anxious attachment to primary caregivers moderated the relationship between child maltreatment and depressive symptoms ( B = −0.16, p < .01, R2 =.44). However, moderation was not significant in the secondary caregiver attachment relationship. Maladaptive attachment styles, as well as child maltreatment itself, may result in disruptions in the development of positive internal working models of the self and others and adaptive emotion regulation. In cases of child maltreatment, interventions focused on the parent–child attachment relationship may have long-lasting effects and implications for the child’s future mental health. This research highlights important areas of intervention in cases of child maltreatment as well as important differences in the anxiety and avoidance dimensions of attachment.
E-coaching Preschool Teachers to Use Simultaneous Prompting to Teach Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Tunc-Paftali Ayse , Tekin-Iftar Elif
Published: June 2020

In this study, researchers examine the impact of e-coaching (including a web-based professional development [PD] portal consisting of a learning module, self-monitoring, and video feedback) on preschool teachers’ use of a simultaneous prompting (SP) procedure and the effects of SP on teaching discrete skills to their students with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The researchers also examine maintenance and generalization effects on teachers’ and students’ behaviors. Moreover, researchers investigate the social validity of the study. They use nested multiple probe designs across four preschool teacher and student dyads to evaluate the effects of the e-coaching intervention and the SP procedure, respectively, on teachers’ and students’ behaviors. E-coaching was effective in the acquisition, maintenance, and generalization of preschool teachers’ use of the SP procedure, and the SP procedure was effective in teaching discrete skills to students with ASD. Teachers had positive opinions about e-coaching and the SP procedure. Limitations and implications for future research are discussed.
Romanian childhood: Performative identities on and off television
Authors: Colăcel Onoriu
Published: June 2020

Recreation and repetition of what Romanian children are expected to be, as well as their acts of individual agency, accomplish a sense of identity reconstructed in public narratives of childhood. Being a child is increasingly constituted by addressing notions of economic opportunities. TV performance is viewed as a process steeped in discursive and visual practices to be understood and continued in daily life. Performative stereotypes give new meanings to competition-style shows and news featuring underage characters. They are a major conduit for the consumption of identity-based narratives inextricably tied to children as driven individuals. Ultimately, Romanian children’s television advertises changing ideas about the future of the nation as related to the performance of childhood. This has consequences on and off-screen.
Early sex work initiation and its association with condomless sex and sexually transmitted infections among female sex workers in Iran
Authors: Khezri Mehrdad , Shokoohi Mostafa , Mirzazadeh Ali , Karamouzian Mohammad , Sharifi Hamid , Haghdoost AliAkbar , Baral Stefan D
Published: June 2020

Early sex work initiation among female sex workers (FSWs) increases their vulnerabilities to high-risk sexual practices and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). We examined the association of early sex work with condomless sex indicators, HIV, and other STIs, including human papillomavirus, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, syphilis, and gonorrhea, among FSWs in Iran. We recruited 1347 FSWs from 13 cities in 2015, with 1296 participants (94.2%) reporting information about their age of sex work initiation. Early sex work was defined as the initiation of selling sex before 18 years of age. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported using multivariable logistic regression. Overall, 10.1% of FSWs reported early sex work initiation. FSWs who initiated sex work earlier were more likely to report last-month inconsistent condom use (aOR = 3.31, 95% CI: 1.82, 6.02) and condomless sex with last client (aOR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.15, 2.56). There was no statistically significant association between early sex work and HIV (aOR = 1.40, 95% CI: 0.43, 4.53) and any other STIs (aOR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.69, 1.48), except for chlamydia (aOR = 2.09, 95% CI: 1.08, 4.04). These findings suggest that FSWs with early sexual debut would benefit from differentiated interventions including screening for STIs and enhanced counseling for condom use.
Attitude of infectious diseases physicians in Turkey about HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis: results of an online survey
Authors: Cimen Cansu , Emecen Ahmet N , Barber Tristan J
Published: June 2020

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is the provision of antiretroviral drugs before HIV exposure to prevent infection for those in whom it is indicated. We conducted an online survey about PrEP in a national sample of infectious diseases physicians in Turkey. They were surveyed from March to April 2019 and they were asked about their attitudes, knowledge and clinical practise about PrEP. Overall, 209 of 2100 (10%) completed the survey, of whom 66.3% were female, 69.5% were specialist and 41.1% were working at education and research hospitals. Most of the participants reported their PrEP knowledge as ‘low’. Men who have sex with men was the most suitable group for PrEP according to participants. 27.9% of them were requested to prescribe PrEP which was to be paid by individuals themselves and 24.2% of the participants had recommended PrEP in their clinical practice. The primary concerns among those who would not recommend PrEP were the possible increase in sexually transmitted infections, the potential low cost-effectiveness of PrEP, the ineffectiveness of PrEP in HIV transmission and the time lost to following-up the individuals taking PrEP. Developing a national guideline would support clinicians in order to change their attitudes and to find answers to their concerns.
HIV testing among pregnant women with prenatal care in the United States: An analysis of the 2011–2017 National Survey of Family Growth
Authors: Olakunde Babayemi O , Pharr Jennifer R , Adeyinka Daniel A
Published: June 2020

Although there has been significant progress in reducing perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission, the United States is yet to meet the proposed elimination goal of less than one infection per 100,000 live births. Failure to screen all pregnant women for HIV as recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention can result in missed opportunities for preventing vertical transmission of HIV with antiretroviral drugs. Using the 2011–2017 National Survey of Family Growth, this study examined HIV testing among pregnant women during prenatal care. We estimated the weighted proportion of self-reported HIV testing among women whose last pregnancy ended within 12 months prior to the interview. Logistic regression models were used to determine the factors associated with HIV testing. Of the 1566 women included in the study, 76.4% (95% confidence intervals [CI] = 72.8–80.0) reported receiving an HIV test during prenatal care. In the multivariable regression model, high school diploma (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.1–3.1), two completed pregnancies (aOR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.1–2.7), health insurance coverage in the last 12 months (aOR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.0–2.6), Hispanic race/ethnicity (aOR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.8–4.4), and non-Hispanic black race/ethnicity (aOR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.3–3.8) were associated with higher odds of reporting being tested for HIV. However, household income of 300% or more of the federal poverty level (aOR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.3–0.9) and urban residence (aOR = 0.5, 95% CI = 0.3–0.9) were associated with lower odds of reporting HIV testing. These findings suggest that HIV testing among pregnant women during prenatal care is not universal and may affect achieving the goal of elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in the United States.
A rare case of HIV CNS escape in a patient previously considered a viral controller
Authors: Magid-Bernstein Jessica , Guo Chu-Yueh , Chow Felicia C , Thakur Kiran T
Published: June 2020

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ribonucleic acid (RNA) levels generally remain undetectable in the cerebrospinal fluid of people living with HIV with peripheral viral suppression. Secondary HIV central nervous system (CNS) escape refers to the rare independent replication of HIV RNA in the central nervous system despite peripheral viral suppression that occurs in the setting of a concomitant non-HIV infection. We describe here a young man with perinatal HIV infection considered a viral controller who developed secondary HIV CNS escape in the setting of a presumed fungal CNS infection.
‘My insanity in the year 1783’, by C.S. Andresen (1801)
Authors: Schioldann Johan , Berrios German E
Published: June 2020

The literature of the past has included self-reports by the mentally ill since before Roy Porter reminded us that their views and experiences constitute an important document for historians of psychiatry. The value of these self-reports can be enhanced if their potential biases and informational power are duly determined. This Classic Text concerns a self-report of a form of periodic madness written by an eighteenth-century Danish vicar. It shows how the same document can be presented in a more or less neutral fashion by a medical historian (Maar) or used as ‘evidence’ for some ‘ontological’ view of madness by a clinician (Rasmussen).
Neonatal COVID-19 Infection Management
Authors: Naranje Kirti M. , Gupta Girish , Singh Anita , Bajpai Shivani , Verma Akanksha , Jaiswal Rahul , Pandey Anupama , Roy Abhijeet , Kaur Harkirat , Gupta Ashok , Gautam Arun , Dwivedi Manish , Birthare Arjun
Published: June 2020

Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) infection pandemic has affected remarkable morbidity and mortality in a very short span of time. The overall disease profile and epidemiology is yet evolving but it seems to be highly infectious. Perinatal coronavirus infection is altogether a different perspective which has to be taken care of in a different way.
Cases of high mortality in cull sows and feeder pigs associated with Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus septicemia
Authors: Sitthicharoenchai Panchan , Derscheid Rachel , Schwartz Kent , Macedo Nubia , Sahin Orhan , Chen Xuhua , Li Ganwu , Main Rodger , Burrough Eric
Published: June 2020

Investigations of 2 cases of high mortality in cull sows and feeder pigs from a buying station in Ohio and cull sows at an abattoir in Tennessee were conducted at the Iowa State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory. The animals were presented as weak, lethargic, and some with high fever. Rapidly escalating mortality was reported to be as high as 30–50% within groups at the buying station over 8–10 d, and 30–40% over 5–7 d at the abattoir. Splenomegaly and red lymph nodes were the most consistent macroscopic findings, with scant fibrinous polyserositis observed in one sow. The microscopic lesions of vasculitis, fibrin thrombi, fibrinosuppurative polyserositis, and intralesional bacteria were consistent with acute bacterial septicemia. Bacterial culture isolated Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus ( S. zooepidemicus) from multiple organs, including spleen, lung, and kidney. PCR tests were negative for African swine fever virus, classical swine fever virus, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine circovirus 2, and Salmonella spp. Porcine circovirus 3 was inconsistently detected at low levels by PCR, with a lack of associated lesions. Next-generation sequencing identified S. zooepidemicus and porcine partetravirus in the serum sample of the feeder pig from the buying station. Phylogenetic analysis of the szP gene indicated that the S. zooepidemicus isolates from Ohio and Tennessee are in genotype VI. We conclude that the cause of these high mortality events in swine was S. zooepidemicus septicemia.
Disability Policy and Active Citizenship: The Case of Australia’s National Disability Insurance Scheme
Authors: Earle Timothy , Boucher Normand
Published: June 2020

In this article, we illustrate how Australia’s new National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) extends the active citizenship of people with disabilities. This is done by examining how the NDIS changes their relation between persons with disabilities and to the welfare state, and through an analysis of its eligibility criteria and needs assessment planning. The support provided and the way in which it is provided reproduce a particular understanding of disability that has a direct influence on the roles assigned to people with disabilities in society as well as on their opportunities to exercise their rights as active citizens. This is important because the implementation of NDIS in Australia is likely to influence the development of disability policy on a global level. Understanding how its mechanisms restricts or facilitates citizenship is therefore crucial.
Absenteeism and Presenteeism Among American Workers
Authors: Maestas Nicole A. , Mullen Kathleen J. , Rennane Stephanie
Published: June 2020

Recent policy proposals for early intervention argue that health and workplace supports may be more effective if they are provided soon after the onset of a disabling condition, before an individual has completely stopped working. One challenge in developing effective early intervention programs, however, is identifying workers who may benefit from this type of assistance. Chronic absence from work or presenteeism (working while sick) could signal a worker has begun transitioning out of the labor force and may benefit from early intervention. We analyze the relationship between absences, presenteeism, and work outcomes using data from the American Working Conditions Survey. We find absences and productivity losses when working while sick are quite low on average, and absenteeism and presenteeism are highly positively correlated. We find no relationship between subsequent work outcomes and either absences or presenteeism except for individuals in the extreme right tail (95th percentile) of the absence distribution, who also engage in presenteeism. Those workers with extremely high absence rates and presenteeism have an 80% higher probability of labor force exit 3 years later. Our findings suggest that workers with many absences could be a useful group to target for early interventions and accommodations.