bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The scattering suppression of X‐rays with energy of 20–200 keV in spectrometers with Barkla polarizers
Authors: Zhalsaraev Batobolot Zhalsaraevich
Published: June 2019

The method is proposed for estimating the polarization parameters and the scattering suppression coefficients in energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometers with Barkla polarizers (EDPXRS) for X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. The scatter suppression coefficients are estimated accounting primary beam polarization, secondary beams yields, detectors response function, and partial factors. Estimations of scatter suppression coefficients due to polarization do not require the use of Stokes parameters and matrices. The method gives the possibility to make polarization‐related corrections in calculations by XRF theory based on scattering cross sections of unpolarized beams. Calculations clarify early estimations of EDPXRS parameters with Barkla polarizers in the 20–200 keV range. The polarizing ability at δ = 7° deviations varies from 0.973 at 20 keV to 0.863 at 200 keV. The analyzing ability of registration system is about the same. In a simple XRF version on a synchrotron radiation with Barkla polarizer, the scattering can be decreased 60 times at 20 keV and 11 times at 80 keV with δs = 3°. In EDPXRS, the scatter suppression factor varies within 10–4.2 at deviations δ = 10° and within 20–4.8 at δ = 7°. The scatter suppression at low energies is determined by angular factor and background and at high energies is limited by energetic factors.
Biodiversity Healing
Authors: Casetta Elena , Marques da Silva Jorge , Vecchi Davide
Published: June 2019

Despite increasing communication, accelerating policy and management responses, and notwithstanding improving ecosystem assessment and endangered species knowledge, conserving biodiversity continues to be more a concern than an accomplished task. Why is it so? The overexploitation of natural resources by our species is a frequently recognised factor, while the short-term economic interests of governments and stakeholders typically clash with the burdens that implementing conservation actions imply. But this is not the whole story. A different perspective on the problem shall here be considered, by exploring the conceptual and practical challenges posed by conserving biodiversity.
Considering Intra-individual Genetic Heterogeneity to Understand Biodiversity
Authors: Boon Eva
Published: June 2019

In this chapter, I am concerned with the concept of Intra-individual Genetic Hetereogeneity (IGH) and its potential influence on biodiversity estimates. Definitions of biological individuality are often indirectly dependent on genetic sampling -and vice versa. Genetic sampling typically focuses on a particular locus or set of loci, found in the the mitochondrial, chloroplast or nuclear genome. If ecological function or evolutionary individuality can be defined on the level of multiple divergent genomes, as I shall argue is the case in IGH, our current genetic sampling strategies and analytic approaches may miss out on relevant biodiversity. Now that more and more examples of IGH are available, it is becoming possible to investigate the positive and negative effects of IGH on the functioning and evolution of multicellular individuals more systematically. I consider some examples and argue that studying diversity through the lens of IGH facilitates thinking not in terms of units, but in terms of interactions between biological entities. This, in turn, enables a fresh take on the ecological and evolutionary significance of biological diversity.
Probing the Process-Based Approach to Biodiversity: Can Plasticity Lead to the Emergence of Novel Units of Biodiversity?
Authors: Vecchi Davide , Mills Rob
Published: June 2019

The history of biology has been characterised by a strong emphasis on the identification of entities (e.g., macromolecules, cells, organisms, species) as fundamental units of our classificatory system. The biological hierarchy can be divided into a series of compositional levels complementing the physical and chemical hierarchy. Given this state of affairs, it is not surprising that biodiversity studies have focused on a “holy trinity” of entities, namely genes, species and ecosystems. In this chapter, we endorse the view that a process-based approach should integrate an entity-based one. The rationale of our endorsement is that a focus on entities does not address whether biological processes have the capacity to create novel, salient units of biodiversity. This alternative focus might therefore have implications for conservation biology. In order to show the relevance of process-based approaches to biodiversity, in this chapter we shall focus on a particular process: phenotypic plasticity. Specifically, we shall describe a model of plasticity that might have implications for how we conceptualise biodiversity units. The hypothesis we want to test is whether plastic subpopulations that have enhanced evolutionary potential vis a vis non-plastic subpopulations make them amenable to evolutionarily significant units (i.e., ESU) status. An understanding of the mechanisms that influence organismic evolution, particularly when under environmental stress, may shed light on the natural “conservability” capacities of populations. We use an abstract computational model that couples plasticity and genetic mutation to investigate how plasticity processes (through the Baldwin effect) can improve the adaptability of a population when faced with novel environmental challenges. We find that there exist circumstances under which plasticity improves adaptability, where multi-locus fitness valleys exist that are uncrossable by non-plastic populations; and the differences in the capacity to adapt between plastic and non-plastic populations become drastic when the environment varies at a great enough rate. If plasticity such as learning provides not only within-lifetime environmental buffering, but also enhances a population’s capacity to adapt to environmental changes, this would, on the one hand, vindicate a process-based approach to biodiversity and, on the other, it would suggest a need to take into account the processes generating plasticity when considering conservation efforts.
Natural Diversity: How Taking the Bio- out of Biodiversity Aligns with Conservation Priorities
Authors: Santana Carlos
Published: June 2019

The concept of biodiversity, I argue, is poorly suited as an indicator of conservation value. An earlier concept, natural diversity, fits the role better. Natural diversity is broader than biodiversity not only in moving beyond taxonomic categories to encompass other patterns in the tapestry of life, but also in including abiotic, but valuable, aspects of nature. It encompasses, for instance, geological curiosities, natural entities of historical and cultural significance, and parts of nature with unique recreational and aesthetic value. It allows us to capture the idea of a diversity of ecosystem services, many of which are abiotic or have significant abiotic components. I make the case that refocusing conservation science around natural diversity retains many of benefits of using biodiversity as an indicator of value, while avoiding many of biodiversity’s shortcomings. In particular, it provides a framework that highlights the conservation value of many biodiversity “coldspots,” avoids the injustice of making conservation primarily the responsibility of the global south/developing world, and fits more neatly with the legal and ethical frameworks used to make conservation decisions in the public sphere.
The Hidden Biodiversity Data Retained in Pre-Linnaean Works: A Case Study with Two Important XVII Century Italian Entomologists
Authors: Andrietti Francesco , Polidori Carlo
Published: June 2019

Before Linnaeus published the Systema Naturae, in which introduced the modern species concept, a huge amount of information on ecology, behaviour and diversity of many animals had been accumulated. This information, often extremely detailed, suffers from the lack of the assignation of the studied organisms to their modern specific names. Here, we examine in detail the works of Antonio Vallisneri (1661–1730), one of the most important figures of early experimental entomology in Italy. We analyse the ecological and ethological contributions of Vallisneri, as well as those that Diacinto Cestoni (1637–1718), another Italian naturalist, sent to Vallisneri, to the knowledge of parasitoid, predatory and gall-making wasps (Hymenoptera), by studying the Saggio de’ Dialoghi sopra la curiosa origine di molti Insetti and the Quaderni di Osservazioni I-III, trying to assign current taxonomy to the observed insects based on eco-ethological and morphological descriptions. Valuable data have been found in the analysed works on taxonomically diverse ecological webs involving wasps. Information regarded a variety of hymenopteran parasitoids of other Hymenoptera, dipteran parasitoids of Hymenoptera, coleopteran parasitoids of Hymenoptera, and hymenopteran parasitoids associated with non-hymenopteran hosts. Overall, about 20 wasp genera could have been objects of Vallisneri and Cestoni observations, which include the first detailed ecological and ethological data on many of them. Detailed re-examinations of ancient studies may contribute to our knowledge on biodiversity by providing historical distribution data as well as unveiling trophic interactions that may have been modified due to biodiversity loss in the last century.
Conservation Sovereignty and Biodiversity
Authors: Oksanen Markku , Vuorisalo Timo
Published: June 2019

Many key concepts in conservation biology such as ‘endangered species’ and ‘natural’ or ‘historic range’ are universalistic, nation-blind and do not implicate the existence of geopolitical borders and sovereign states. However, it is impossible to consider biodiversity conservation without any reference to sovereign states. Consequently, the units of biodiversity and their ranges transform into legal concepts and categories. This paper explores the area that results from this transformation of the universalist idea into national policy targets. Conservation sovereignty denotes to right of each state to design and carry out its own conservation policies. To illustrate the problematic nature of conservation sovereignty, the paper focuses on two cases where the borders and the state play the key role: (1) the global division of conservation labour and (2) assisted migration. All in all, this paper takes a critical look upon the anomalies in universalism and conservation sovereignty.
Marine Biodiversity Databanks
Authors: Barberousse Anouk , Bary Sophie
Published: June 2019

This chapter presents the contribution of databanks to the development of biodiversity knowledge through the example of marine biodiversity databanks. Focusing on the marine field allows us to insist on the imbalance of the unknown vs. the better known part. The chapter emphasizes the role of taxonomic and genetic databanks as well as the ongoing transformations that databanks are submitted to in order to answer pressing demands due to the biodiversity crisis. It aims to analyse the requirements biodiversity databanks have to satisfy in order to help both researchers and conservationists in their respective endeavors. It begins by pointing out the main characteristics and limits of biodiversity knowledge and defend the view that databanks are well-suited to overcome these limits as soon as they are widely accessible and interoperable. These constraints are analysed as both technical and scientific. Their dynamic dimension is emphasized as databanks must comply with the rapid evolution of scientific knowledge. We also propose a view on the relationships between biodiversity knowledge, assessment, and conservation.
The Importance of Scaling in Biodiversity
Authors: Borda-de-Água Luís
Published: June 2019

Our main tenet is that biodiversity should be studied as a function of scale. The epitome of a similar approach was that of Mandelbrot in his studies on fractals. Although biodiversity patterns may not necessarily follow the mathematical description of fractals, we argue that much can be learnt if we adopt the perspective of studying biodiversity across scales. A case where the concept of scaling is routinely applied in ecology is the species-area relationship, a relationship describing how the number of species (species richness) changes, i.e. scales, as a function of area. However, the importance of scaling is often neglected in ecology. For instance, it is seldomly applied to another component of diversity, the relative abundances of species, being the latter often described using the proportion of individuals of each species. We exemplify the application of scaling to the species relative abundance with our own work. One of the advantages of studying biodiversity under the framework of scaling is that patterns tend to emerge. These patterns emerge from a myriad of processes and their respective interactions. However, understanding the role of each process individually, or quantifying its role in the community functioning, may be empirically impossible. Thus, we argue from theoretical and practical perspectives, including approaches to conservation problems, that we should concentrate our endeavours on the quantitative description of known patterns, as it is often done in other basic and applied sciences, even if that implies temporarily relegating to a secondary position the detailed analyses of the underlying mechanisms.
The Fourth Wave of Portuguese Emigration: Austerity Policies, European Peripheries and Postcolonial Continuities
Authors: Pereira Cláudia , Azevedo Joana
Published: June 2019

Little is known about emigration in European countries. Migratory pressure and the recent refugee crisis have helped keep academic attention over the last few decades focused on immigration, asylum and integration in Europe. However, these dynamics promoting entries into European countries coexist with other fairly significant dynamics promoting departures from these countries. The sovereign debt crisis coupled with austerity policies that asymmetrically affected Europe’s peripheral countries have increased emigration in various European countries. Our book aims to counter the invisibility of emigration from European countries in the literature by examining the particularities of the Portuguese case. In methodological terms, the book compiles the work of authors from different academic backgrounds who have conducted empirical research using a wide variety of extensive and intensive methods. It is argued that when analysing recent Portuguese emigration it is important to examine in further detail: (i) the impact of the 2008 economic and financial crisis and the austerity policies that followed in its wake; (ii) south-north emigration in Europe; (iii) north-south emigration outside Europe and post-colonial continuities; (iv) the importance of reassessing the existing model of Southern European migration; (v) highly skilled and less skilled migration; and finally, (vi) emigrants’ and their descendants’ identities.
Portuguese Emigration to Angola (2000–2015): Strengthening a Specific Postcolonial Relationship in a New Global Framework?
Authors: Candeias Pedro , Malheiros Jorge , Marques José Carlos , Liberato Ermelinda
Published: June 2019

Outflows to the Portuguese-speaking countries, although not dominant, played an important role in the growth of Portuguese emigration during the economic recession and austerity period, between 2010 and 2016. This chapter examines this migration process, considering that contemporary migration from Portugal to Angola is an example of reverse post-colonial migration within the framework of North-South movements.

It presents the historical and socio-demographic background of Angola and some theoretical insights on the issue of North-South migration. The analyses of the migration process and the emigrants’ profiles rely in statistics and academic literature but especially on data gathered in a direct survey. Attention is given to indicators of integration, relations with Portugal and the post-colonial nature of the process. The profile of Portuguese in Angola shows an overrepresentation of highly skilled males over 35 years old, which migrated for professional reasons and sustain relations with Portugal through diverse transnational practices. This supports explanations for the emergence of North-South migration by appeal to economic expansion associated to the increasing insertion of several developing countries into global networks. However, the analysis fails to back up the hypothesis that Portuguese emigration to Angola is a form of reverse post-colonial migration based in ancestral return.
New Emigration and Portuguese Society: Transnationalism and Return
Authors: Peixoto João , Candeias Pedro , Ferreira Bárbara , Tiago de Oliveira Isabel , Azevedo Joana , Marques José Carlos , Góis Pedro , Malheiros Jorge , Madeira Paulo Miguel , Schiltz Aline , Ferro Alexandra , Santana Eugénio
Published: June 2019

This chapter addresses the theme of transnationalism and return in recent Portuguese emigration, namely the flows that occurred after the turn of the century. It starts with a brief theoretical overview on those topics, which constitute two relatively neglected characteristics of Portuguese emigration. Next, based on a survey carried out in 2014–2015 to more than 6000 recent emigrants, it reveals some of the links that they maintain with their home country, as well as their plans for the future, which include settlement in the destination country, return and re-emigration. Lastly, it examines data on returning emigrants – especially those that returned between 2001 and 2011 – extracted from the 2011 Census. The evidence reveals a significant number of returns, including individuals at both working and retirement ages and at all skill levels, thus exposing the unexpected complexity of movements. The results are based on the research project “Back to the future: new emigration and links with Portuguese society” (REMIGR), which aimed to ascertain the extent and characteristics of the new emigration wave. The project included an overview of emigration and return to and from all regions of the world, as well as case studies in UK, France, Luxembourg, Angola, Mozambique and Brazil.
Portuguese Emigrants’ Political Representation: The Challenges of the External Vote
Authors: Lisi Marco , Belchior Ana Maria , Abrantes Manuel , Azevedo Joana
Published: June 2019

Over the last few decades, emigrants all over the world have gained expanded voting rights. Despite the normative debates about this issue, there are few empirical studies on why states decide to implement external voting and how electoral systems perform. This chapter seeks to fill this gap by looking at the Portuguese case. Our study suggests that a combination of political and socio-economic factors explains the implementa tion of external voting. On the other hand, the interests of political parties and the low level of civil society engagement are key factors in the failure of both electoral reforms and attempts to overcome the shortcomings of external voting.
Migrating to Complete Transitions: A Study of High-Skilled Youth Migration to France
Authors: Teixeira Lopes João
Published: June 2019

This chapter presents the results of a pioneering study on young, highly-qualified emigrants moving from Portugal to France. My analysis draws on a survey (of 113 individuals) distributed in 2012 to Portuguese emigrants in France aged between 20 and 35 who held at least one completed university degree. Its purpose was to map socio-demographic patterns. This was followed by fourteen semi-structured biographical interviews through which I could grasp a detailed understanding of the pathways leading to the interviewees’ decision to migrate. In this chapter I analyse some of the data collected through the questionnaire, focusing on (blocked) transitions to adulthood, and conclude that most of the respondents decided to migrate mainly because they wished to stop being sociologically young – that is, trapped in transition, waiting to get stable job, to get married and have children. Therefore, these emigrant trajectories result from a process of increasing reflexivity about structural constraints in the country of origin; they are individual and collective responses to the collapse of the standardised, linear life-course model.
Entrepreneurship Among Portuguese Nationals in Luxembourg
Authors: Marques José Carlos
Published: June 2019

This chapter formulates an approach to studying entrepreneurs abroad, using Portuguese nationals living in Luxembourg as a case study. Based on a survey of Portuguese entrepreneurs in Luxembourg, it analyses the determinants of entrepreneurial activity, the constraints entrepreneurs experienced, and the transnational economic links they established with their country of origin. It is argued that entrepreneurial initiatives are determined by the available resources and by certain incentives and pressures, and that decisions regarding the development of a business activity are complex, combining a diverse set of motivations. As shown throughout this chapter, Portuguese entrepreneurial activity results essentially from the identification of specific opportunities in the labour market and less from constraints imposed by the immigrant’s employment history. The identification of these opportunities and the low level of bureaucratic difficulties experienced in initiating independent business activity results from familiarity with the sector’s functioning. Data used also reveal that the construction and evolution of transnational relations is not an obvious or natural reality for all immigrant entrepreneurs. Spatial and temporal distance (between demand and supply of goods and services), the type of activity, and the nature of the product or marketed service all limit the development of transnational entrepreneurial relations with the origin country.
Non-relativistic M2-brane
Authors: Klusoň J. , Novosad P.
Published: June 2019

Abstract

We propose an action for non-relativistic M2-brane in eleven dimensional M-brane Newton-Cartan background. We find its Hamiltonian formulation and we focus on its dimensional reduction to ten dimensions that leads to non-relativistic D2-brane or to non-relativistic string. We also discuss T-duality properties of non-relativistic D2-brane.
Beyond identity lines: women building peace in Northern Ireland and the Korean peninsula
Authors: Kim Dong Jin
Published: June 2019

This article explores the challenges and contributions of women in building and sustaining peace in protracted conflicts by conducting a comparative case study on Northern Ireland and Korea. Similarities in the histories of the conflicts and the concurrences in the peace processes have been attracting policy makers and researchers to share lessons between the Northern Ireland and Korean peace processes. However, the peacebuilding role of women and their transversal perspective have not yet received significant attention compared to the high-level agreements, signed predominantly by male politicians. This article identifies the similarities in the peacebuilding activities of women in Northern Ireland and Korea, in terms of their recognition of the interconnection between identity politics and patriarchy, building relationships across the divide through transversal dialogue, and initiating nonviolent peace movements against the militarism of their societies. The comparative case study also shows dissimilarities between the two cases, with regard to the freedom of women to move beyond boundaries, and being part of the official peace process. This article concludes the role of women in both contexts is a key element in sustainable peacebuilding; however, it appears that women’s peacebuilding would not be able to reach its full potential to break down violent structures in conflict-affected societies, as long as their transversal perspective remains at the level of social movement, not part of peacebuilding at all levels of societies, including high-level negotiations.
Randomness in the Bedroom: There Is No Evidence for Fertility Control in Pre-Industrial England
Authors: Clark Gregory , Cummins Neil
Published: June 2019

Overturning a generation of research, Cinnirella et al. Demography, 54, 413–436 (2017) found strong parity-dependent fertility control in pre-Industrial England 1540–1850. We show that their result is an unfortunate artifact of their statistical method, relying on mother fixed effects, which contradicts basic biological possibilities for fecundity. These impossible parity effects also appear with simulated fertility data that by design have no parity control. We conclude that estimating parity control using mother fixed effects is in no way feasible. We also show, using the Cambridge Group data that Cinnirella et al. used, that there is no sign of parity-dependent fertility control in English marriages before 1850.
Wilderness Medical Society Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Treatment of Heat Illness: 2019 Update
Authors: Lipman Grant S. , Gaudio Flavio G. , Eifling Kurt P. , Ellis Mark A. , Otten Edward M. , Grissom Colin K.
Published: June 2019

The Wilderness Medical Society convened an expert panel in 2011 to develop a set of evidence-based guidelines for the recognition, prevention, and treatment of heat illness. We present a review of the classifications, pathophysiology, and evidence-based guidelines for planning and preventive measures, as well as best practice recommendations for both field- and hospital-based therapeutic management of heat illness. These recommendations are graded based on the quality of supporting evidence and balance the benefits and risks or burdens for each modality. This is an updated version of the original Wilderness Medical Society Practice Guidelines for the Treatment and Prevention of Heat-Related Illness published in 2013.
Subjective wellbeing in New Zealand teachers: An examination of the role of psychological capital
Authors: Soykan Andrea , Gardner Dianne , Edwards Terence
Published: June 2019

Teaching is one of the most stressful occupations. This study explores how teachers’ psychological capital — a combination of hope, resilience, optimism and self-efficacy — is related to stress, wellbeing, appraisal and coping. Teachers ( n = 1502) across New Zealand and from a range of teaching levels completed surveys. Participants with more psychological capital reported less stress and more wellbeing, saw work demands more as challenges than threats, and reported using more task-focused and less emotion-focused coping strategies. Psychological capital appeared to be directly related to increased wellbeing and reduced stress. Given the importance of teacher wellbeing for the profession and for students, we need ways to build teachers’ personal resources and, importantly, to ensure that teaching environments support wellbeing.
Hunting for galaxies and halos in simulations with VELOCIraptor
Authors: Elahi Pascal J. , Cañas Rodrigo , Poulton Rhys J. J. , Tobar Rodrigo J. , Willis James S. , Lagos Claudia del P. , Power Chris , Robotham Aaron S. G.
Published: June 2019

We present VELOCIraptor, a massively parallel galaxy/(sub)halo finder that is also capable of robustly identifying tidally disrupted objects and separate stellar halos from galaxies. The code is written in C++11, use the Message Passing Interface (MPI) and OpenMP Application Programming Interface (API) for parallelisation, and includes python tools to read/manipulate the data products produced. We demonstrate the power of the VELOCIraptor (sub)halo finder, showing how it can identify subhalos deep within the host that have negligible density contrasts to their parent halo. We find a subhalo mass-radial distance dependence: large subhalos with mass ratios of ≳10−2 are more common in the central regions than smaller subhalos, a result of dynamical friction and low tidal mass loss rates. This dependence is completely absent in (sub)halo finders in common use, which generally search for substructure in configuration space, yet is present in codes that track particles belonging to halos as they fall into other halos, such as hbt+. VELOCIraptor largely reproduces the dependence seen without tracking, finding a similar radial dependence to hbt+ in well-resolved halos from our limited resolution fiducial simulation.
Influence of green light illumination at night on biological characteristics of the oriental armyworm,Mythimna separata(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Kim K.-N. , Jo Y.-C. , Huang Z.-J. , Song Hye-Seng , Ryu K.-H. , Huang Q.-Y. , Lei C.-L.
Published: June 2019

The oriental armyworm,Mythimna separatais an important crop pest in eastern Asia. Nocturnal insects, including nocturnal moths, have phototactic behavior to an artificial light source. Phototactic behavior in insects is species-specific in response to different wavelengths of light sources. Our previous study showed that green (520 nm) light emitting diode (LED) light resulted in a significantly higher phototactic behavior inM.separatamoths compared to the other wavelength LED lights. The goal of the present study is to investigate the influence of green light illumination on biological characteristics of different developmental stages inM. separata. Our results revealed that when different developmental stages ofM. separatawere exposed to the green light illumination in a dark period, several biological characteristics in all developmental stages except for egg stage were positively changed, but those of F1generationM. separatawhich are next generation of the adults exposed to the green light did not significantly change compared with the control level. These findings suggest that green light illumination at night (or dark period) has a positive effect on the development and longevity ofM. separata.
Petrogenesis and tectonic setting of the Dapingliang Late Neoproterozoic magmatic rocks in the eastern Kuluketage Block: geochronological, geochemical and Sr–Nd–Pb–Hf isotopic implications
Authors: Chen Wei , Lü Xinbiao , Cao Xiaofeng , Ai Wenjia
Published: June 2019

In the past ten years, a great deal of geological study has been reported on the magmatic rocks exposed in the central and western region of the Kuluketage Block, while similar research in the eastern region has rarely been reported. In this paper, we report zircon U–Pb geochronological, zircon Lu–Hf isotopic, whole-rock elemental and Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic data for the Dapingliang intermediate-acid intrusive rocks in the eastern Kuluketage Block, in order to evaluate its petrogenesis and tectonic significance. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) zircon U–Pb dating provided a weighted mean206Pb/238U age of 735 ± 3 Ma for the albitophyre (D1), 717 ± 2 Ma for the granite porphyry (D2) and 721 ± 1 Ma for the diorite porphyrite (D3). Geochemical analyses reveal that D1 and D2 belong to Na-rich alkaline A-type granites, and D3 shows the features of high-K calc-alkaline I-type granite. D1 and D2 are characterized by light rare earth element (LREE) enrichment and relative depletion of high field strength element (HFSE), with relatively flat heavy rare earth element (HREE) patterns and obviously negative Eu anomalies. D3 is characterized by the enrichment of LREE and depletion of HFSE, with negative slope HREE patterns and slightly negative Eu anomalies. In tectonic discrimination diagrams, D1 and D2 fall in the within-plate granite (WPG) field, indicating a rift setting. Although D3 falls within the volcanic arc granite (VAG) field, it most likely formed in a rift setting, as inferred from its petrology, Sr–Nd–Hf isotopes and regional tectonic evolution. Based on pronouncedεNd(t),εHf(t), Pb isotopic data,TDM2and high (87Sr/86Sr)iand elemental compositions, D1 was derived from the partial melting of basement amphibolites of the old lower crust. D2 originated from a mixture of the old lower crust and depleted mantle-derived magmas and was dominated by partial melting of the basement amphibolites of the lower crust. D3 could have been formed by partial melting of K-rich hornblende in the lower crust. Combining previous studies, we think that thec. 745–710 Ma magmatic rocks were formed in a continental rift setting. A partial melting scheme, triggered by underplating of mantle plume-derived magmas, is proposed to interpret the formation ofc. 745–710 Ma A-type and I-type granitoids, mantle-derived mafic dykes, bimodal intrusive rocks, adakitic granites and volcanic rocks. These magmatic activities were probably a reflection of the break-up of the Rodinia supercontinent.

Highlights

(1)

Circa 720 Ma magmatism in the eastern Kuluketage Block.

(2)

Na-rich granite was derived from partial melting of basement amphibolites.

(3)

Thec. 745–710 Ma magmatic rocks were formed in a continental rift setting.

(4)

The underplating of mantle plume-derived magmas is proposed.
DECOMPOSING THE TUBE CATEGORY
Authors: HARDIMAN LEONARD , KING ALASTAIR
Published: June 2019

The tube category of a modular tensor category is a variant of the tube algebra, first introduced by Ocneanu. As a category, it can be decomposed in two different, but related, senses. Firstly, via the Yoneda embedding, the Hom spaces decompose into summands factoring through irreducible functors, in a manner analogous to decomposing an algebra as a sum of matrix algebras. We describe these summands. Secondly, under the Yoneda embedding, each object decomposes into irreducibles, which correspond to primitive idempotents in the category itself. We identify these idempotents. We make extensive use of diagram calculus in the description and proof of these decompositions.
Biatrial drainage of right superior caval vein with preferential streaming into the left atrium
Authors: Abu-Anza Omar , Ashwath Ravi
Published: June 2019

Biatrial drainage of the right superior caval vein is an extremely rare cardiac anomaly that generally presents in childhood. We present a case of anomalous connection of the right superior caval vein with superior sinus venosus atrial septal defect and partial anomalous pulmonary venous return in a 5-month-old male presenting with unexplained cyanosis and hypoxia.
An Overview of Chicago (Illinois USA) Marathon Prehospital Care Demographics, Patient Care Operations, and Injury Patterns
Authors: Chan Jennifer Lisa , Constantinou Valentino , Fokas Jennifer , Van Deusen Phillips Sarah , Chiampas George
Published: June 2019

Introduction:

Large-scale mass-sporting events are increasingly requiring greater prehospital event planning and preparation to address inherent event-associated medical conditions in addition to incidents that may be unexpected. The Bank of America Chicago Marathon (Chicago, Illinois USA) is one of the largest marathons in the world, and with the improvement of technology, the use of historical patient and event data, in conjunction with environmental conditions, can provide organizers and public safety officials a way to plan based on injury patterns and patient demands for care by predicting the placement and timing of needed medical support and resources.

Problem:

During large-scale events, disaster planning and preparedness between event organizers, Emergency Medical Services (EMS), and local, state, and federal agencies is critical to ensure participant and public safety.

Methods:

This study looked at the Bank of America Chicago Marathon, a significant endurance event, and took a unique approach of reviewing digital runner data retrospectively over a five-year period to establish patterns of medical demand geographically, temporally, and by the presenting diagnoses. Most medical complaints were musculoskeletal in nature; however, there were life-threatening conditions such as hyperthermia and cardiac incidents that highlight the need for detailed planning, coordination, and communication to ensure a safe and secure event.

Conclusions:

The Chicago Marathon is one of the largest marathons in the world, and this study identified an equal number of participants requiring care on-course and at the finish line. Most medical complaints were musculoskeletal in nature; however, there were life-threatening conditions such as hyperthermia and cardiac incidents that highlight the need for detailed planning, multi-disciplined coordination, and communication to ensure a safe and secure event. As technology has evolved, the use, analysis, and implementation of historical digital data with various environmental conditions can provide organizers and public safety officials a map to plan injury patterns and patient demands by predicting the placement and timing of needed medical support, personnel, and resources.
How does staggered membership renewal affect parliamentary behaviour? Evidence from the French Senate
Authors: Willumsen David M. , Goetz Klaus H.
Published: June 2019

The staggered renewal of parliamentary mandates is widespread in upper chambers, yet little understood. Comparative work has found that all members of a chamber are affected by upcoming elections, not merely those whose terms are up for renewal. In this study, we explore for which activities, and under which conditions, staggered membership renewal is associated with class-specific parliamentary activity, defined as systematically differing behaviour across two or more classes of members. We examine these questions with data on the French Senate. Drawing on insights from the study of political business cycles, legislative cycles, and previous scholarship on staggering, the article shows that behaviour varies over the course of senators’ mandates, and that class-specific behaviour exists. However, staggering produces a different pattern of parliamentary activity than might be expected: proximity to elections reduces parliamentary activity of the class of senators facing re-election; by contrast, senators ‘not up next’ become more active. This effect, we argue, reflects the electoral system under which senators are elected.
Methods for determining pubertal status in research studies: literature review and opinions of experts and adolescents
Authors: Walker I. V. , Smith C. R. , Davies J. H. , Inskip H. M. , Baird J.
Published: June 2019

In lifecourse studies that encompass the adolescent period, the assessment of pubertal status is important, but can be challenging. We aimed to identify current methods for pubertal assessment and assess their appropriateness for population-based research by combining a review of the literature with the views of experts in the field. We searched bibliographic databases, extracted data and assessed study quality to inform a workshop with 21 experts. Acceptability of different approaches was explored with a panel of ten adolescents. We screened 11,935 abstracts, assessed 157 articles and summarised results from 38 articles. Combining these with the opinions of experts, self-assessment was found to be a practical method for use in studies where agreement with the gold standard of clinical assessment by physical examination to within one Tanner stage was acceptable. Serial measures of height and foot size accurately indicated timing of the pubertal growth spurt and age at peak height velocity, and were seen as feasible within longitudinal studies. Hormonal and radiological methods did not offer a practical means of assessing pubertal status. Assessment of voice maturation was promising, but needed validation. Young people thought that self-assessment, foot size and voice assessments were acceptable, and preferred an assessor of the same sex for clinical assessment. This review thus informs researchers working in lifecourse and adolescent health, and identifies future directions in order to improve validity of the methods.
Exploring the Unique and Shared Variance of Propensity to Trust and Suspicion Propensity
Authors: Capiola August , Jessup Sarah A. , Ryan Tyler J. , Alarcon Gene M.
Published: June 2019

Abstract. Across two studies, we explored the relationship of propensity to trust – a general willingness to trust others ( Mayer, Davis, & Schoorman, 1995 ) – and suspicion propensity – a disposition toward being suspicious ( Calhoun et al., 2017 ) – to determine if the constructs are distinct and account for unique variance in relevant outcomes. We used exploratory structural equation modeling to investigate whether propensity to trust and suspicion propensity are separate constructs. Then, we investigated the unique predictive validity of each trait on criteria of interest. We found some evidence that propensity to trust and suspicion propensity are unique, yet related, constructs with unique predictive validity. Theoretical and practical implications, as well as limitations, of this research are discussed.
Charge Regions Indicated by LMA Lightning Flashes in Hokuriku's Winter Thunderstorms
Authors: Zheng Dong , Wang Daohong , Zhang Yijun , Wu Ting , Takagi Nobuyuki
Published: June 2019

The charge distribution of some cells in three winter thunderstorms in the Hokuriku region of Japan is investigated based on Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) flash data. The vertical arrangements of charge regions involved in lightning discharges suggest diverse charge patterns, including quad‐polar, tripole, positive dipole, inverted dipole, and inverted tripole. The riming electrification between graupel and ice crystals or their aggregations are thought to be responsible for the electrification of most cells. The charging process between snow/aggregates and ice crystals may be responsible for some inverted charge structure that occurred above 0 °C isotherm and accompanied with weak radar echoes. Convection indicated by the vertical development of radar reflectivity appears crucial to shaping the diverse charge distribution patterns by determining which charging mechanisms occur and where; it also influences changes in height or even the disappearance of the charge regions. The charged cores are distributed from 0.7‐ to 5.3‐km heights and 2‐ to –31‐ °C temperatures, while the distances between adjacent charged cores with opposite polarities change between 0.2 and 3.4 km, with a mean of 1.3 km. The mean flash duration and horizontal distance are 425.0 ms and 19.8 km, respectively. The average height, temperature, and power of flash initiations are 2.8 km, −11.9 °C, and 15.6 dBW, respectively.
Tectono‐magmatic and Stratigraphic Evolution of the Cycladic Basement, Ios Island, Greece
Authors: Flansburg Megan E. , Stockli Daniel F. , Poulaki Eirini M. , Soukis Konstantinos
Published: June 2019

The Cycladic Basement (CB) and the overlying Cycladic Blueschist Unit (CBU) are part of the Paleogene Cycladic subduction complex exposed in Miocene metamorphic core complexes in the distended back‐arc of the retreating Hellenic subduction zone of the southern Aegean. While the Cenozoic tectono‐metamorphic evolutions of the CB and the CBU have been the foci of numerous studies, this study presents new laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry bedrock and detrital zircon (DZ) U‐Pb ages that place robust constraints on the presubduction tectonic, magmatic, and paleogeographic evolution of the CB. Zircon U‐Pb ages of crystalline CB are ~306‐330 Ma, demonstrating local plutonism associated with regional voluminous, protracted Carboniferous magmatism related to Paleo‐Tethys subduction. The plutons intruded the CB metasedimentary host‐rock sequence, characterized by distinct Gondwanan DZ U‐Pb provenance, Neoproterozoic to early Paleozoic maximum depositional ages, and synmagmatic, contact metamorphic zircon rims (~300‐330 Ma). DZ U‐Pb dating revealed postmagmatic Permian metasedimentary rocks (~270‐295 Ma) that unconformably overlie the CB and have unimodal DZ spectra that indicate exhumation of the CB prior to Permian deposition within extensional basins, as well as mark the onset of CBU deposition prior to formation of the Pindos rift domain. These U‐Pb results clarify the late Paleozoic‐early Mesozoic evolution of the CB as a peri‐Gondwanan terrane composed of Neoproterozoic and early Paleozoic metasedimentary rocks, intruded by voluminous Carboniferous arc magmatism, and exhumed in the Permian, prior to Triassic rifting and CBU deposition. Additionally, these data provide a chronostratigraphic framework and illuminate subduction‐related juxtaposition within the CB metasedimentary sequence.
North Atlantic Ice‐Rafting, Ocean and Atmospheric Circulation During the Holocene: Insights From Western Mediterranean Speleothems
Authors: Ait Brahim Y. , Wassenburg J. A. , Sha L. , Cruz F. W. , Deininger M. , Sifeddine A. , Bouchaou L. , Spötl Christoph , Edwards R. L. , Cheng H.
Published: June 2019

In this study, we present a Holocene rainfall index based on three high‐resolution speleothem records from the Western Mediterranean, a region under the influence of the westerly winds belt modulated by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). On centennial to millennial timescales, we show that the North Atlantic ice‐rafting events were likely associated with negative NAO‐like conditions during the Early Holocene and the Late Holocene. However, our data reveal that this is not clearly the case for the mid‐Holocene ice‐rafting events, during which we also show evidence of positive NAO‐like patterns from other paleo‐oceanographic and paleo‐atmospheric data. Hence, contradictory mechanisms involving prolonged periods of both north and south shifts of the westerly winds belt (resembling positive and negative NAO‐like patterns) might at least partially trigger or amplify the ice‐rafting events and the slowdown of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation.
Source‐Dependent Amplification of Earthquake Ground Motions in Deep Sedimentary Basins
Authors: Wirth Erin A. , Vidale John E. , Frankel Arthur D. , Pratt Thomas L. , Marafi Nasser A. , Thompson Mika , Stephenson William J.
Published: June 2019

Deep sedimentary basins amplify long‐period shaking from seismic waves, increasing the seismic hazard for cities sited on such basins. We perform 3‐D simulations of point source earthquakes distributed around the Seattle and Tacoma basins in Washington State to examine the dependence of basin amplification on source azimuth, depth, and earthquake type. For periods between 1 and 10 s, the pattern of amplification is spatially heterogeneous and differs considerably with the source‐to‐site azimuth. For close‐in earthquakes, the greatest basin amplification occurs toward the farside of the basin and ground motions from crustal earthquakes experience greater amplification than those from more vertically incident, deeper intraplate earthquakes. Love and Rayleigh waves form similar spatial patterns for a given source location, although the magnitude of amplification varies. The source dependence of basin amplification is an important factor for seismic hazard assessment, in both the Seattle and Tacoma basins, and by extension for deep sedimentary basins worldwide.
LncRNA FOXP4-AS1 is activated by PAX5 and promotes the growth of prostate cancer by sequestering miR-3184-5p to upregulate FOXP4
Authors: Wu Xingcheng , Xiao Yu , Zhou Yi , Zhou Zhien , Yan Weigang
Published: June 2019

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the major men malignancies worldwide. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported as essential regulators in human cancers, including PCa. In the present study, lncRNA forkhead box P4 antisense RNA 1 (FOXP4-AS1) was found to be highly expressed in TCGA PCa samples. Upregulation of FOXP4-AS1 was further validated in 64 PCa tissues and predicted poor prognosis in patients with PCa. Functionally, high FOXP4-AS1 level was associated with increased cell proliferation and decreased cell apoptosis, indicating that FOXP4-AS1 exerted oncogenic functions in the tumorigenesis of PCa. Furthermore, FOXP4-AS1 was located in the cytoplasm of PCa cell lines and positively regulated FOXP4. LncRNAs can exert their functions by cooperating with their nearby genes. Mechanistically, FOXP4-AS1 post-transcriptionally regulated FOXP4 by acting as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) in PCa to sponge miR-3184-5p. Considering the upregulation of both FOXP4-AS1 and its nearby gene FOXP4, we further detected the coactivator of FOXP4-AS1 and FOXP4. Mechanism analysis indicated that paired box 5 (PAX5) transcriptionally activated FOXP4-AS1 and FOXP4 in PCa. Collectively, we determined that PAX5-induced upregulation of FOXP4-AS1/FOXP4 axis promoted tumorigenesis of PCa.