bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research Note: Using Demand Determinants to Anticipate Fluctuations in Hotel Occupancy
Authors: Fung Mei Candy , Fung Mei Tang , Kulendran Nada , King Brian , Yap Matthew H.T.
Published: September 2014

A logistic regression model is used to identify the determinants that influence periods of expanding and contracting occupancy growth rates for various hotel categories in Hong Kong. Tourist incomes are found to impact in different ways, depending on the category of hotel. The cycles of income growth in tourist origin countries have a greater impact on high tariff B and medium tariff hotels than on more expensive high tariff A hotels. In examining the applicability of real and nominal exchange rates to tourist hotel selections, it is found that nominal exchange rates are significant only in the case of high tariff A hotels, with a marginal probability of 0.76%. This implies that a 1% exchange rate appreciation in the tourist origin country will increase the expansion period by 0.76% in the case of high tariff A hotels.
Synthesis of a New Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for Sorption of the Silver Ions from Geological and Antiseptic Samples for Determination by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: Hashemi-Moghaddam Hamid , Yahyazadeh Faegheh , Vardini Mohammad Taghi
Published: September 2014

A new molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was synthesized using methacrylic acid (functional monomer), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (crosslinker), 2,2′-azobisisobutironitril (initiator), silver (Ag) dithizone complex (template), and chloroform (porogenic solvent). This process was a noncovalent, bulk, thermal radical-polymerization. To compare the performance of this polymer, control polymer (nonimprinted polymer) was prepared under well-defined conditions without the use of a template. Extraction experiments were performed on the MIP and a nonimprinted polymer. Then, various parameters were optimized, such as pH, time, concentration of sample, and type of eluent for elution of Ag from polymer. In addition, interfering effects were investigated on the absorption of Ag by the MIP. This polymer was used for the rapid extraction and preconcentration of Ag from an antiseptic and geological sample. Finally, the amount of Ag was measured by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after preconcentration by the synthesized MIP, and results were compared with a direct inductively coupled plasma method. The results showed high performance of this method in preconcentration of Ag.
Free Radical Scavenging Fingerprints of Selected Aromatic and Medicinal Tunisian Plants Assessed by Means of TLC-DPPH• Test and Image Processing
Authors: El Euch Salma Kammoun , Cieśla Łukasz , Bouzouita Nabiha
Published: September 2014

Aqueous-methanol extracts prepared from 10 Tunisian plant species were analyzed for the presence of potent direct antioxidants. The analyzed species included: Anacyclus clavatus Desf., Erica multiflora L., Cistus salvifolius L., Centaurium erythraea Rafn., Marrubium vulgare L., Lavandula stoechas L., Artemisia campestris L., Origanum majorana L., Salvia officinalis L., and Pistacia lentiscus L. All the extracts were chromatographed on the RP18 W plates with methanol–water–acetic acid (48 + 47 + 5, v/v/v) mobile phase. Upon completion of the chromatographic development and the drying step, the plates were stained with a chloroform solution of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•). An image processing protocol, with use of Sorbfil TLC Videodensitometer, was applied to quantitatively measure the activity of polyphenols and to screen complex samples for the presence of free radical scavengers. The activity of the individual compounds was compared with that of rutin, used as a standard. The TLC-DPPH• test showed that C. salvifolius had the most potent antioxidant activity, as it possessed the highest activity coefficient (calculated as the sum of the areas under the peaks of all active compounds/area under peak of rutin). The proposed procedure may be used to differentiate potent chain-breaking antioxidants and compounds propagating radical chain reactions.
Confucian Ethics and Labor Rights
Authors: Kim Tae Wan
Published: September 2014

In this article I inquire into Confucian ethics from a non-ideal stance investigating the complex interaction between Confucian ideals and the reality of the modern workplace. I contend that even Confucian workers who regularly engage in social rites at the workplace have an internal, Confucian reason to appreciate the value of rights at the workplace. I explain, from a Confucian non-ideal perspective, why I disagree with the presumptuous idea that labor (or workplace) rights are necessarily incompatible with Confucian ideals and values. Specifically, I argue that if managers were “sages,” the highest moral exemplars and authorities in the Confucian tradition, they would perceive that social rituals alone are often not a contextually intelligent and valued response for the development of intimate communities in the modern workplace. The sage perspective will lead Confucian managers to realize, from their own moral perspective, that they have good reason to balance rites with rights, so long as the adoption is extrinsically valuable and consistent with the Confucian ideal. This article contributes to the debates about Confucianism's compatibility with rights, helps Western human rights scholars better contextualize their arguments in Confucianism-influenced cultures, and contributes to the development of a Confucian or Chinese approach to business ethics.
Myxoinflammatory Fibroblastic Sarcoma: Morphologic and Genetic Updates
Authors: Ieremia Eleni , Thway Khin
Published: September 2014

Myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma (MIFS) is a malignant mesenchymal neoplasm most frequently arising in the distal extremities of adults, which usually behaves in a low-grade manner but is capable of metastasizing to local and distant sites, rarely leading to death. It is a rare tumor whose unusual morphology can lead to erroneous histologic diagnosis, either as a nonneoplastic (infectious or inflammatory) process or as a variety of neoplastic diseases. While its exact origin is uncertain, ultrastructural studies have shown at least some of the constituent cells to be modified fibroblasts. Distinct and reproducible genetic abnormalities identified in MIFS are translocation t(1;10)(p22:q24), with rearrangements of the TGFBR3 and MGEA5 genes associated with increased levels of FGF8, and formation of marker/ring chromosome 3, with amplification of the VGLL3 locus. Because these genetic abnormalities are shared by both MIFS and hemosiderotic fibrohistiocytic lipomatous tumor, it is thought that these 2 morphologically distinct neoplasms may comprise a spectrum of disease defined by these genetics. We review the literature on MIFS and discuss morphology (including that of MIFS/hemosiderotic fibrohistiocytic lipomatous tumor hybrid lesions), immunohistochemistry, the differential diagnosis, and recent molecular genetic developments.
Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor of the Bladder
Authors: Alderman Megan , Kunju Lakshmi P.
Published: September 2014

We illustrate a case of an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) involving the bladder in a woman with dysuria and review the literature and differential diagnosis. Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, also referred to as pseudosarcomatous myofibroblastic proliferation, is a rare lesion that can arise in the genitourinary system and is characterized by a fascicular arrangement of myofibroblasts with admixed inflammatory cells and slitlike vessels. Urinary bladder IMT can be a diagnostic pitfall because its histologic features (brisk mitoses, invasion into muscularis propria, and prominent nucleoli) can mimic malignancy. The differential diagnosis of urinary bladder IMT includes sarcomatoid carcinoma and leiomyosarcoma. Diagnostic features such as bland nuclear chromatin, ganglion-like cells, pale eosinophilic cytoplasm with long processes, overexpression of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (immunohistochemistry or gene rearrangement studies), and the absence of atypical mitoses help distinguish IMT from its malignant mimics. Current controversies regarding postoperative spindle cell nodule and IMT are discussed.
Lobular Neoplasia: Morphology and Management
Authors: Jorns Julie , Sabel Michael S. , Pang Judy C.
Published: September 2014

Context.—Lobular neoplasia encompasses a spectrum of disease, including atypical lobular hyperplasia and lobular carcinoma in situ. Although classic forms of lobular neoplasia are predominantly heralded as a risk marker, the pleomorphic form of lobular carcinoma in situ is generally regarded as a more aggressive subtype and a possible cancer precursor, and thus is treated in a manner more similar to ductal carcinoma in situ than classic forms of lobular neoplasia.

Objective.—To focus on the morphologic spectrum of lobular neoplasia as highlighted by 3 cases and current management recommendations. Areas of diagnostic challenge and controversy are addressed.

Data Sources.—A review of the pertinent published literature and current national guidelines was conducted.

Conclusions.—Correct classification of classic lobular neoplasia and pleomorphic lobular carcinoma in situ is critical because of differences in clinical management, with current treatment strategies focused on risk reduction for patients with classic lobular neoplasia and eradication of the lesion for those with pleomorphic lobular carcinoma in situ.
Phasic activation of ventral tegmental neurons increases response and pattern similarity in prefrontal cortex neurons
Authors: Iwashita Motoko
Published: September 2014

Dopamine is critical for higher neural processes and modifying the activity of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). However, the mechanism of dopamine contribution to the modification of neural representation is unclear. Using in vivo two-photon population Ca2+ imaging in awake mice, this study investigated how neural representation of visual input to PFC neurons is regulated by dopamine. Phasic stimulation of dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) evoked prolonged Ca2+ transients, lasting ∼30 s in layer 2/3 neurons of the PFC, which are regulated by a dopamine D1 receptor-dependent pathway. Furthermore, only a conditioning protocol with visual sensory input applied 0.5 s before the VTA dopaminergic input could evoke enhanced Ca2+ transients and increased pattern similarity (or establish a neural representation) of PFC neurons to the same sensory input. By increasing both the level of neuronal response and pattern similarity, dopaminergic input may establish robust and reliable cortical representation.
Origins and functional consequences of somatic mitochondrial DNA mutations in human cancer
Authors: Ju Young Seok , Alexandrov Ludmil B , Gerstung Moritz , Martincorena Inigo , Nik-Zainal Serena , Ramakrishna Manasa , Davies Helen R , Papaemmanuil Elli , Gundem Gunes , Shlien Adam , Bolli Niccolo , Behjati Sam , Tarpey Patrick S , Nangalia Jyoti , Massie Charles E , Butler Adam P , Teague Jon W , Vassiliou George S , Green Anthony R , Du Ming-Qing , Unnikrishnan Ashwin , Pimanda John E , Teh Bin Tean , Munshi Nikhil , Greaves Mel , Vyas Paresh , El-Naggar Adel K , Santarius Tom , Collins V Peter , Grundy Richard , Taylor Jack A , Hayes D Neil , Malkin David ,   ICGC Breast Cancer Group,   ICGC Chronic Myeloid Disorders Group,   ICGC Prostate Cancer Group, Foster Christopher S , Warren Anne Y , Whitaker Hayley C , Brewer Daniel , Eeles Rosalind , Cooper Colin , Neal David , Visakorpi Tapio , Isaacs William B , Bova G Steven , Flanagan Adrienne M , Futreal P Andrew , Lynch Andy G , Chinnery Patrick F , McDermott Ultan , Stratton Michael R , Campbell Peter J
Published: September 2014

Recent sequencing studies have extensively explored the somatic alterations present in the nuclear genomes of cancers. Although mitochondria control energy metabolism and apoptosis, the origins and impact of cancer-associated mutations in mtDNA are unclear. In this study, we analyzed somatic alterations in mtDNA from 1675 tumors. We identified 1907 somatic substitutions, which exhibited dramatic replicative strand bias, predominantly C > T and A > G on the mitochondrial heavy strand. This strand-asymmetric signature differs from those found in nuclear cancer genomes but matches the inferred germline process shaping primate mtDNA sequence content. A number of mtDNA mutations showed considerable heterogeneity across tumor types. Missense mutations were selectively neutral and often gradually drifted towards homoplasmy over time. In contrast, mutations resulting in protein truncation undergo negative selection and were almost exclusively heteroplasmic. Our findings indicate that the endogenous mutational mechanism has far greater impact than any other external mutagens in mitochondria and is fundamentally linked to mtDNA replication.
China's Push for Energy Raises Regional Security Concerns
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: September 2014

China's increasing demand for energy is leading to a push to further exploit its own energy resources deposits, a leveraging of its growth market for favorable energy pricing, and conflicts with neighboring countries. Energy experts discussed China's efforts to bolster its energy resources, during a 17 September forum on energy and security issues in China and the Asia Pacific at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D. C.
Natalia Andronova (1953–2014)
Authors: Penner Joyce E.
Published: September 2014

Natalia (Natasha) Andronova passed away on 1 June 2014 at the age of 61, after a fight with cancer that lasted more than 2 years. Her kindness and smile are remembered by all who knew her as both a colleague and a friend. She helped the scientific community in many ways, serving most recently as AGU secretary for Climate in the Atmospheric Sciences section for 6 years from 2008 to 2013.
Developing an Updated, Integrated Understanding of Mars
Authors: Ehlmann Bethany , Beaty David , Meyer Michael
Published: September 2014

More than 650 scientists from 21 countries gathered in mid‐July at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) to debate and examine the status of our exploration of the Red Planet. Since the Seventh International Conference on Mars in 2007, seven Mars missions—Mars Odyssey, Mars Exploration Rovers (Spirit/Opportunity), Mars Express, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, Phoenix, and Mars Science Laboratory (Curiosity)—have been returning data, augmented by telescopic observations, studies of Martian meteorites, laboratory work, and modeling studies.
Remote Sensing of Water Quality: Bridging Operational and Applications Communities
Authors: Lee Christine M. , Orne Tiffani , Schaeffer Blake
Published: September 2014

One of the highest priorities of the NASA Applied Sciences Program (ASP) is to benefit society by supporting the development of tools, services, and applications that leverage Earth observations (EO) and satellite assets, and their transfer to operations. Toward this goal, the Water Resources Application Area of ASP has been exploring how satellite remote sensing could contribute to water quality monitoring decisions and practices and organized a workshop at the biennial National Water Quality Monitoring Conference 2014 in Cincinnati, Ohio.
Thin precollision crust can explain aspects of Indo‐Asian convergence
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: September 2014

Between 40 and 50 million years ago, the Indian and Eurasian continental plates collided, eventually forming the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau. If an average crustal thickness is assumed before the collision occurred, recent research reveals that what is left of the Eurasian and Indian plates after the collision is 30% less than what it should be—a finding that has puzzled scientists because the modern Eurasian plate is twice the normal crustal thickness in Tibet.
Observing the Birkeland currents
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: September 2014

When the supersonic solar wind hits the Earth's magnetic field, a powerful electrical connection occurs with Earth's field, generating millions of amperes of current that drive the dazzling auroras. These so‐called Birkeland currents connect the ionosphere to the magnetosphere and channel solar wind energy to Earth's uppermost atmosphere. Solar storms release torrential blasts of solar wind that cause much stronger currents and can overload power grids and disrupt communications and navigation.
Are flood damage models useful outside their original context?
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: September 2014

For researchers and decision makers trying to understand the risks of extreme weather, complex damage prediction models—which in some cases consider physical, sociological, and economic variables—are proving to be a valuable tool. Yet at the same time, the effects of extreme weather are highly context specific: A snow storm easily shrugged off by Canadians can cripple the southwest United States, for instance.
Models of ozone changes do not agree with real measurements
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: September 2014

Ozone (O3), an important component of the Earth's atmosphere, is created by natural and anthropogenic processes. It is also a greenhouse gas, contributing to climate warming. Modeling the changes in concentrations of greenhouse gases, including O3, helps scientists project the effects of these gases in the future. However, some scientists have raised questions about the accuracy of long‐term trends of ground‐level O3 calculated by models, prompting Parrish et al. to take a closer look.
New model better estimates mantle melt percentage
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: September 2014

Studying structures on Earth that arise because of mantle melt—hot spots, mid‐ocean ridges, and continental rifts—helps scientists understand the evolution and dynamics of the planet. To quantify the fraction of mantle melting, scientists analyze seismic waves that travel through the mantle and crust, or they conduct a magnetotelluric (MT) survey, which measures the natural variations of the mantle's electrical and magnetic fields.
Observing the onset of a magnetic substorm
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: September 2014

Magnetic substorms, the disruptions in geomagnetic activity that cause brightening of auroras, may sometimes be driven by a different process than generally thought, a new study shows.
Ocean warming could drive heavy rain bands toward the poles
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: September 2014

In a world warmed by rising atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, precipitation patterns will change because of two factors: First, warmer air can hold more water, and, second, changing atmospheric circulation patterns will shift where rain falls. According to previous model research, middle‐ to high‐latitude precipitation is expected to increase by as much as 50%. However, the reasons models predict this are hard to tease out.
Optically Modulated Multiband Terahertz Perfect Absorber
Authors: Seren Huseyin R , Keiser George R , Cao Lingyue , Zhang Jingdi , Strikwerda Andrew C , Fan Kebin , Metcalfe Grace D , Wraback Michael , Zhang Xin , Averitt Richard D
Published: September 2014

Development of tunable, dynamic, and broad bandwidth metamaterial designs is a keystone objective for metamaterials research, necessary for the future viability of metamaterial optics and devices across the electromagnetic spectrum. Yet, overcoming the inherently localized, narrow bandwidth, and static response of resonant metamaterials continues to be a challenging endeavor. Resonant perfect absorbers have flourished as one of the most promising metamaterial devices with applications ranging from power harvesting to terahertz imaging. Here, an optically modulated resonant perfect absorber is presented. Utilizing photo‐excited free carriers in silicon pads placed in the capacitive gaps of split ring resonators, a dynamically modulated perfect absorber is designed and fabricated to operate in reflection. Large modulation depth (38% and 91%) in two absorption bands (with 97% and 92% peak absorption) is demonstrated, which correspond to the LC (0.7 THz) and dipole (1.1 THz) modes of the split ring resonators.
Kinetic study of the competitive hydrogenation of glycolaldehyde and glucose on Ru/C with or without AMT
Authors: Zhang Junying , Hou Baolin , Wang Aiqin , Li Zhenlei , Wang Hua , Zhang Tao
Published: September 2014

The competitive hydrogenation of glycolaldehyde and glucose over 1% Ru/C catalyst was studied in a batch reactor at 373–403 K and 6 MPa hydrogen pressure, with or without the presence of ammonium metatungstate (AMT). It was found that the presence of AMT retarded significantly the hydrogenation of both aldoses, and this suppressing effect was more pronounced on the glucose hydrogenation. The hydrogenation of glycolaldehyde occurred always preferentially to the glucose hydrogenation, with or without the presence of AMT. The kinetic data in the absence of AMT were well modeled based on Langmuir–Hinshelwood–Hougen–Watson kinetics assuming the surface reaction being rate‐determining and noncompetitive adsorption of dissociatively chemisorbed hydrogen and aldose. However, in the presence of AMT, the complexing between AMT and aldose and the strong adsorption of AMT on Ru surface must be considered in the development of new kinetic model. The as‐modified model described the data satisfactorily. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 224–238, 2015
The extraordinary career of Professor Dr. Simon van Creveld
Authors: Stoelinga Paul J. W. , Berdon Walter E. , Cohen M. Michael
Published: September 2014

Simon van Creveld received both the MD and PhD degrees and had a multifaceted medical and scientific education at many hospitals and research institutes in the Netherlands, Germany, and the UK. He and his wife were the first to develop insulin for the Netherlands. His major interests were in hemophilia and hemorrhagic disorders, which accounted for 87 of his publications. In 1934, van Creveld demonstrated that a dispersed protein fraction obtained from serum could reduce the clotting time of hemophilic blood. His interest in glycogen storage disease resulted in van Creveld–von Gierke disease for which van Creveld contributed four published articles. The Ellis–van Creveld syndrome, also known as chondroectodermal dysplasia, was published in 1940 and became well known to medical geneticists. During the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands, van Creveld's professorship was taken away from him because he was Jewish. His visits to hospitals of concentration camps to treat babies and give pediatric advice while wearing a Jewish Yellow Star and interacting with SS Commandants in charge, and then leaving can only be described as amazing. After the war, his professorship was returned, and in the same year as his retirement, he established a large Hemophila Treatment and Research Center now known as the Van Creveld Clinic, which celebrated its 40th anniversary in 2005. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Grafting of acrylic acid‐co‐itaconic acid onto ePTFE and characterization of water uptake by the graft copolymers
Authors: Hidzir Norsyahidah Mohd , Lee Qianhui , Hill David J. T. , Rasoul Firas , Grøndahl Lisbeth
Published: September 2014

Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene, ePTFE, is an attractive material for use as the implant in facial reconstruction surgery because it is bioinert; however, its low surface energy does not facilitate a strong interfacial bond with bone and thus for some applications the surfaces need to be modified to enhance their bone‐integration properties. The surface modification of ePTFE membranes with copolymers of acrylic acid (AA) and itaconic acid (IA) using in situ gamma radiation induced grafting has been studied. Solutions with AA mole fractions ranging from 0.4 to 1.0 have been investigated. Graft yields of 35–50% with water uptakes of greater than 300% were obtained using 3 mol L−1 aqueous solutions of the monomers and a total incident dose of 10 kGy. The grafts were characterized by Fourier transform infrared and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses and the compositional microstructure of the grafted copolymers was investigated. The water uptake by the grafted membranes displayed a complex dependence on polymer chemistry and topology. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41482.
Neural adaptation to silence in the human auditory cortex: a magnetoencephalographic study
Authors: Okamoto Hidehiko , Kakigi Ryusuke
Published: September 2014

Introduction

Previous studies demonstrated that a decrement in the N1m response, a major deflection in the auditory evoked response, with sound repetition was mainly caused by bottom‐up driven neural refractory periods following brain activation due to sound stimulations. However, it currently remains unknown whether this decrement occurs with a repetition of silences, which do not induce refractoriness.

Methods

In the present study, we investigated decrements in N1m responses elicited by five repetitive silences in a continuous pure tone and by five repetitive pure tones in silence using magnetoencephalography.

Results

Repetitive sound stimulation differentially affected the N1m decrement in a sound type‐dependent manner; while the N1m amplitude decreased from the 1st to the 2nd pure tone and remained constant from the 2nd to the 5th pure tone in silence, a gradual decrement was observed in the N1m amplitude from the 1st to the 5th silence embedded in a continuous pure tone.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that neural refractoriness may mainly cause decrements in N1m responses elicited by trains of pure tones in silence, while habituation, which is a form of the implicit learning process, may play an important role in the N1m source strength decrements elicited by successive silences in a continuous pure tone.
Interconnecting distributed virtual worlds using Metabots: performance evaluation against the traditional client‐server model
Authors: Kotsilieris Theodore , Karetsos George T. , Anagnostopoulos Ioannis , Dimopoulou Nikoletta A.
Published: September 2014

Virtual Worlds evolution is breaking the barriers of virtual isolation, thus allowing users to participate in geographically dispersed and culturally diverse places. At the same time, mobile agents have been established as a solid programming method for heterogeneous networking and computing environments. Our work focuses on the definition of a distributed Virtual World reference platform for enhanced users' experience. Towards interconnecting virtual worlds with mobile agents, we have further enriched the concept of a human‐like appearance avatar. We propose two distributed virtual world architectures, namely loose and tight. In parallel, we present a relevant implementation scheme along with experimental results that prove the performance enhancements achieved against the classic client/server model. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tailoring the Morphology of g‐C3N4 by Self‐Assembly towards High Photocatalytic Performance
Authors: Liao Yongliang , Zhu Shenmin , Ma Jun , Sun Zhihua , Yin Chao , Zhu Chengling , Lou Xianghong , Zhang Di
Published: September 2014

We report a novel method for the preparation of graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) with various morphologies through self‐assembly and calcination, which starts from the raw materials melamine, urea, and cyanuric acid. The hollow to wormlike morphologies of g‐C3N4 could be readily tailored by adjusting the molar ratio of melamine to urea; with increase in the molar ratio from 3:1 to 1:3, a morphology transformation was observed. The morphologies were tailored by self‐assembly of the aggregates by hydrogen bonding and ionic interactions. Correspondingly, an increased BET surface area from 49.6 to 97.4 m2 g−1 was observed. If used as a photocatalyst in degrading rhodamine B (RhB) under visible‐light irradiation, these g‐C3N4 samples demonstrated 7 to 13 times higher performance than conventional bulk g‐C3N4. The high performance was attributed to the unique morphology that provided not only high specific surface area but low recombination losses of photogenerated charges.
A Combined Metal–Halide/Metal Flux Synthetic Route towards Type‐I Clathrates: Crystal Structures and Thermoelectric Properties of A8Al8Si38 (A=K, Rb, and Cs)
Authors: Baran Volodymyr , Senyshyn Anatoliy , Karttunen Antti J. , Fischer Andreas , Scherer Wolfgang , Raudaschl‐Sieber Gabriele , Fässler Thomas F.
Published: September 2014

Single‐phase samples of the compounds K8Al8Si38 (1), Rb8Al8Si38 (2), and Cs7.9Al7.9Si38.1 (3) were obtained with high crystallinity and in good quantities by using a novel flux method with two different flux materials, such as Al and the respective alkali‐metal halide salt (KBr, RbCl, and CsCl). This approach facilitates the removal of the product mixture from the container and also allows convenient extraction of the flux media due to the good solubility of the halide salts in water. The products were analyzed by means of single‐crystal X‐ray structure determination, powder X‐ray and neutron diffraction experiments, 27Al‐MAS NMR spectroscopy measurements, quantum chemical calculations, as well as magnetic and transport measurements (thermal conductivity, electrical resistivity, and Seebeck coefficient). Due to the excellent quality of the neutron diffraction data, the difference between the nuclear scattering factors of silicon and aluminum atoms was sufficient to refine their mixed occupancy at specific sites. The role of variable‐range hopping for the interpretation of the resistivity and the Seebeck coefficient is discussed.
Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Thiourea Oxides
Authors: Makarov Sergei V. , Horváth Attila K. , Silaghi‐Dumitrescu Radu , Gao Qingyu
Published: September 2014

Thiourea dioxide is one of the best known, important, and stable products of thiourea oxidation. This compound has long been considered as an effective reducing agent for many years. Traditional areas of its application include the textile and paper industries. In recent years, however, thiourea dioxides and trioxides have been widely used in new fields including organocatalytic, polymerization, and phase‐transfer reactions; reduction of graphene and graphite oxides; bitumen modifications; synthesis of guanidines and their derivatives; and studying nonlinear dynamical phenomena in chemical kinetics. The review gives a detailed survey of the latest developments and main trends in the chemistry and application of thiourea mon‐, di‐, and trioxides.
Ultrastructure of the Odontocete Organ of Corti: Scanning and transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Morell Maria , Lenoir Marc , Shadwick Robert E. , Jauniaux Thierry , Dabin Willy , Begeman Lineke , Ferreira Marisa , Maestre Iranzu , Degollada Eduard , Hernandez‐Milian Gema , Cazevieille Chantal , Fortuño José‐Manuel , Vogl Wayne , Puel Jean‐Luc , André Michel
Published: September 2014

The morphological study of the Odontocete organ of Corti, together with possible alterations associated with damage from sound exposure, represents a key conservation approach to assess the effects of acoustic pollution on marine ecosystems. By collaborating with stranding networks from several European countries, 150 ears from 13 species of Odontocetes were collected and analyzed by scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. Based on our analyses, we first describe and compare Odontocete cochlear structures and then propose a diagnostic method to identify inner ear alterations in stranded individuals. The two species analyzed by TEM (Phocoena phocoena and Stenella coeruleoalba) showed morphological characteristics in the lower basal turn of high‐frequency hearing species. Among other striking features, outer hair cell bodies were extremely small and were strongly attached to Deiters cells. Such morphological characteristics, shared with horseshoe bats, suggest that there has been convergent evolution of sound reception mechanisms among echolocating species. Despite possible autolytic artifacts due to technical and experimental constraints, the SEM analysis allowed us to detect the presence of scarring processes resulting from the disappearance of outer hair cells from the epithelium. In addition, in contrast to the rapid decomposition process of the sensory epithelium after death (especially of the inner hair cells), the tectorial membrane appeared to be more resistant to postmortem autolysis effects. Analysis of the stereocilia imprint pattern at the undersurface of the tectorial membrane may provide a way to detect possible ultrastructural alterations of the hair cell stereocilia by mirroring them on the tectorial membrane. J. Comp. Neurol. 523:431–448, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of Cyclopentadiene Ligands with Fluorinated Substituents by Reaction of Cobaltocene with Fluoroalkenes
Authors: Heinrich Darina , Haupt Axel , Lentz Dieter
Published: September 2014

The hitherto difficult introduction of fluorinated and perfluorinated substituents onto cyclopentadienes is possible by the simple reaction of cobaltocene with fluorinated olefins(CF2=CFX; X = I, Br, Cl, CF3). Two structurally different products, that is, a mononuclear complex and a dinuclear complex, are formed. Reaction of cobaltocene with iodotrifluoroethene yields η5‐cyclopentadienyl‐η4‐trifluorovinylcyclopentadienecobalt and cobaltocenium iodide. Reaction of cobaltocenium salts with hexafluoropropene and trifluorovinyllithium represents an alternative high‐yielding synthesis of the corresponding compounds. The molecular structures of three compounds were elucidated by using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction.
Recent advances in nonpolar and polar organic monoliths for HPLC and CEC
Authors: Jonnada Murthy , Rathnasekara Renuka , El Rassi Ziad
Published: September 2014

This article is aimed at providing a review of the progress made in the field over the period 2011 to present in order to expand in parts on two previous reviews (S. Karenga and Z. El Rassi, Electrophoresis, 2011, 32, 90–104; D. Gunasena and Z. El Rassi, Electrophoresis, 2012, 33, 251–261). In brief, this review article describes progress made in nonpolar and polar monoliths used in RP HPLC and CEC and in hydrophilic interaction LC/CEC, respectively. This article is by no means an exhaustive review of the literature; it is rather a survey of the recent progress made in the field with 69 references published on nonpolar and polar polymeric monoliths.
Carers' Assessment, Skills and Information Sharing (CASIS) Trial: A Qualitative Study of the Experiential Perspective of Caregivers and Patients
Authors: Macdonald Pam , Rhind Charlotte , Hibbs Rebecca , Goddard Elizabeth , Raenker Simone , Todd Gill , Schmidt Ulrike , Treasure Janet
Published: September 2014

Background

Families express a need for guidance in helping their loved ones with anorexia nervosa (AN). Guided self‐help interventions can offer support to caregivers.

Methods

One hundred seventy‐eight adult AN patients and their caregivers were recruited from 15 UK treatment centres. Families were randomized to carers' assessment, skills and information sharing (C) intervention + treatment as usual (TAU) or TAU alone. Feedback forms were sent at 6 months post‐discharge and, if not returned, at 12 months. One hundred two (57%) patient forms (n = 50TAU; n = 52C) and 115 (65%) caregiver forms (n = 60TAU; n = 55C) were returned. Two researchers coded data blind, using thematic analysis.

Results

(i) Caregivers and patients express a need for post‐discharge support. (ii) Patients identify helpful and unhelpful support strategies, useful for developing future interventions. (iii) Patients could identify positive caregiver behaviour changes targeted in intervention. (iv) Guided self‐help may benefit caregiver and sufferer, post‐discharge.

Conclusion

Caregiver interventions can be a useful tool that will improve the cost effectiveness of inpatient treatment by enhancing the well‐being of caregivers and patients. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Holocene Paleo‐Geographic Reconstructions of the Ramore Head Area, Northern Ireland, Using Geophysical and Geotechnical Data: Paleo‐Landscape Mapping and Archaeological Implications
Authors: Westley Kieran , Plets Ruth , Quinn Rory
Published: September 2014

We present early to Mid‐Holocene paleo‐geographic reconstructions for the Ramore Head area (Northern Ireland). This coastal area is characterized by Mesolithic occupation (c. 10–6 ka) and preserved early–Mid‐Holocene peats both on‐ and offshore. This paper improves on previous reconstructions by employing a backstripping methodology, which removes accumulated recent deposits from identified buried paleo‐landsurfaces instead of using modern topography as an analogue to the past landscape. Paleo‐landsurfaces are identified offshore from seismic profiles supplemented by cores, and onshore through legacy borehole records. The paleo‐landsurface can be traced offshore to depths of −2 to −19 m and is buried by <5 m of modern sediment. It extends onshore under the coastal town of Portrush and is buried <2.5–10 m below modern ground level. The identified paleo‐landsurface is combined with sea‐level curves from recent Glacio‐Isostatic‐Adjustment models to reconstruct marine transgression during the early–Mid‐Holocene. Comparison is also made with reconstructions based on modern topography. Together, the identified paleo‐landsurfaces and revised reconstructions can assist future site prospection on‐ and offshore and delimit high‐potential areas for heritage management. Revised reconstructions also allow placement of extant archaeology into a more accurate context of landscape change and help develop insights into local‐scale site location patterns.
Patterns in the Landscape and Erosion of Cultural Sites Along the Colorado River Corridor in Grand Canyon, USA
Authors: Pederson Joel L. , O'Brien Gary R.
Published: September 2014

The geologic and geomorphic template of Grand Canyon influences patterns in the archaeological record, including sites where apparent increases in erosion may be related to Glen Canyon Dam. To provide geoarchaeological context for the Colorado River corridor and such issues, we explore first‐order trends in a database of field observations and topographic metrics from 227 cultural sites. The patterns revealed may be expected in other river‐canyon settings of management concern. The spatial clustering of sites along the river follows variations in width of the valley bottom and the occurrence of alluvial terraces and debris fans, linking to bedrock controls. In contrast, the pattern of more Formative (Ancestral Puebloan, 800–1250 A.D.) sites in eastern Grand Canyon and Protohistoric (1250–1776 A.D.) sites in western Grand Canyon does not follow any evident geomorphic trends. In terms of site stability, wider reaches with more terrace and debris fan landforms host a disproportionate number of sites with acute erosion. This links most directly to weak alluvial substrates, and the primary erosion process is gullying with diffusive‐creep processes also pervasive. Although Glen Canyon Dam does not directly influence these erosion processes, overall sediment depletion and the loss of major flooding leaves erosion unhampered along the river corridor.
Evaluation of an established pericardium patch for delivery of mesenchymal stem cells to cardiac tissue
Authors: Vashi Aditya V. , White Jacinta F. , McLean Keith M. , Neethling William M. L. , Rhodes David I. , Ramshaw John A. M. , Werkmeister Jerome A.
Published: September 2014

The present study has evaluated a commercial pericardial material for its capacity to assist as a natural extracellular matrix (ECM) patch for the delivery and retention of mesenchymal stem cells for cardiac repair. The repair of cardiac tissue with cells delivered by an appropriate bioscaffold is expected to offer a superior, long‐lasting treatment strategy. The present material, CardioCel®, is based on acellular pericardium that has been stabilized by treatments, including a low concentration of glutaraldehyde, that eliminate calcification after implantation. In the present study, we have assessed this material using human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells at various cell densities under standard, static cell culture conditions. The initial seeding densities were monitored to evaluate the extent of cell attachment and cell viability, with subsequent cell proliferation assessed up to 4 weeks using an MTS assay. Cell morphology, infiltration, and spreading were tracked using scanning electron microscopy and phalloidin staining. The efficacy of long‐term cell survival was further assessed by examining the extent and type of new tissue formation on seeded scaffolds at 70 days; both type I and type III collagens were present in fibrillar structures on these scaffolds indicating that the seeded stem cells had the capacity to differentiate into collagen‐producing cells necessary to repair damaged ECM. These data show that the CardioCel® scaffold is an appropriate substrate for the stem cells and has the potential to both retain seeded stem cells and to act as a template for cell propagation and new tissue formation. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 1999–2005, 2015.
Circulation‐type classification derived on a climatic basis to study air quality dynamics over the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Valverde Víctor , Pay María T. , Baldasano José M.
Published: September 2014

A circulation‐type classification is derived for the 1983–2012 climatic period to characterize air quality dynamics over the Iberian Peninsula (IP). Sensitivity tests to automatic classification techniques and other factors affecting the classification (number of patterns, temporal and spatial resolution, domain size, etc.) are performed to objectivize the set‐up that maximizes its quality. The ERA‐Interim reanalysis and the cost733class classification software are used. The identified circulation types (CTs) are described in terms of frequency, persistence, transitions, and location of isobaric systems. The temporal stability of the classification is evaluated following a cross‐validation process that compares the results of the climatic and yearly classifications, leading to the identification of a representative year. Moreover, a representative day for each CT is identified using an objective score that minimizes the absolute value difference of the daily grid with respect to the average CT grid. The reference set‐up uses a cluster‐based technique (Ck‐means) on a daily mean sea‐level pressure database. Six CTs are identified, which are consistent with synoptic patterns found in the literature. Furthermore, the CTs of the climatic period are temporally stable showing similar characteristics in terms of frequency and location of high‐ and low‐pressure systems as those of the representative year (2012). As a first application of the CT classification, 1 h‐maximum NO2 concentration maps from the CALIOPE Air Quality Forecasting System is analysed for the representative days. Synoptic circulation controls the origin and strength of advection explaining transport and NO2 background concentration over the IP. However, there is a strong spatial heterogeneity: in central, northern, and southern IP; NO2 concentrations are controlled by the synoptic circulation, whereas in Spanish Mediterranean coastal areas, a combination of synoptic and mesoscale dynamics explains the NO2 concentration patterns.
Accuracy of Visual Assessment of Dopamine Transporter Imaging in Early Parkinsonism
Authors: Jakobson Mo Susanna , Linder Jan , Forsgren Lars , Riklund Katrine
Published: September 2014

Dopamine transporter (DaT) imaging may be supportive in the initial clinical diagnostic workup in patients with suspected parkinsonian diseases, given that the method has the potential to detect dopaminergic degeneration. We investigated the diagnostic accuracy of visual assessment of the initial DaT single‐photon emission CT (DaT‐SPECT) with 123I‐FP‐CIT in a large group of early‐stage parkinsonian patients. After inclusion in a long‐term multidisciplinary population‐based prospective study, a baseline DaT‐SPECT was done in 171 incidental, L‐dopa‐naïve, parkinsonian patients (102 men and 69 women) and 37 healthy controls (19 men and 18 women). The results of the DaT‐SPECTs were linked to criteria‐based clinical diagnoses, which were set after a mean follow‐up of 4.6 (±1.7) years. The outcome of the visual assessment was also compared with that of a semiquantitative evaluation method using regions of interest to measure uptake ratios in the caudate and putamen. We found that visual assessment of DaT‐SPECT in clinically diagnosed incidental Parkinson's disease patients had a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 92%, rendering a positive likelihood ratio of 11.75 and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.07. The proportion of false positives was 1.4% and false negatives 4.8% at baseline. These figures were comparable to those of the semiquantitative method. This study demonstrates that visual interpretation of presynaptic dopamine imaging with 123I‐FP‐CIT offers reliable support in the diagnostic procedure of early parkinsonian diseases.
The localized reduced basis multiscale method for two‐phase flows in porous media
Authors: Kaulmann S. , Flemisch B. , Haasdonk B. , Lie K. ‐A. , Ohlberger M.
Published: September 2014

In this work, we propose a novel model order reduction approach for two‐phase flow in porous media by introducing a global pressure formulation in which the total mobility, which realizes the coupling between saturation and pressure, is regarded as a parameter to the pressure equation. In our approach, the mobility itself is an optimal fit of mobility profiles that are precomputed using the time‐of‐flight for the initial saturation. Using this formulation and the localized reduced basis multiscale method, we obtain a low‐dimensional surrogate of the high‐dimensional pressure equation. By applying ideas from model order reduction for parametrized partial differential equations, we are able to split the computational effort for solving the pressure equation into a costly offline step that is performed only once and an inexpensive online step that is carried out in every time step of the two‐phase flow simulation, which is thereby largely accelerated. Usage of elements from numerical multiscale methods allows us to displace the computational intensity between the offline and online steps to reach an ideal runtime at acceptable error increase for the two‐phase flow simulation. This is achieved by constructing reduced‐dimensional local spaces that lead to a non‐conforming global approximation space. As one example for a coupling on the global space, we introduce a discontinuous Galerkin scheme. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time‐domain hybrid formulations for wave simulations in three‐dimensional PML‐truncated heterogeneous media
Authors: Fathi Arash , Poursartip Babak , Kallivokas Loukas F.
Published: September 2014

We are concerned with the numerical simulation of wave motion in arbitrarily heterogeneous, elastic, perfectly‐matched‐layer‐(PML)‐truncated media. We extend in three dimensions a recently developed two‐dimensional formulation, by treating the PML via an unsplit‐field, but mixed‐field, displacement‐stress formulation, which is then coupled to a standard displacement‐only formulation for the interior domain, thus leading to a computationally cost‐efficient hybrid scheme. The hybrid treatment leads to, at most, third‐order in time semi‐discrete forms. The formulation is flexible enough to accommodate the standard PML, as well as the multi‐axial PML.

We discuss several time‐marching schemes, which can be used à la carte, depending on the application: (a) an extended Newmark scheme for third‐order in time, either unsymmetric or fully symmetric semi‐discrete forms; (b) a standard implicit Newmark for the second‐order, unsymmetric semi‐discrete forms; and (c) an explicit Runge–Kutta scheme for a first‐order in time unsymmetric system. The latter is well‐suited for large‐scale problems on parallel architectures, while the second‐order treatment is particularly attractive for ready incorporation in existing codes written originally for finite domains.

We compare the schemes and report numerical results demonstrating stability and efficacy of the proposed formulations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.