bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of periodic deflector embedded in InGaN∕GaN light emitting diode
Authors: Kim Hyung Gu , Na Min Gyu , Kim Hyun Kyu , Kim Hee Yun , Ryu Jae Hyoung , Cuong Tran Viet , Hong Chang-Hee
Published: July 2007

This letter proposes a concept of InGaN∕GaN light emitting diodes with periodic deflector embedded structure (PDE-LED). The PDE-LED was grown on a sapphire substrate with SiO2 hexagonal patterned mask using selective metal-organic chemical deposition. More than 200 artificial inverted polygonal pyramids (AIPPs), which included six R planes and six N planes deflectors with inclined angles of 57° and 61°, respectively, were formed and periodically distributed on masked area. These AIPP deflectors revealed a superior capability of enhancing light extraction efficiency mainly because the AIPP deflector structure could provide multiple chances for photons to escape from the LED sidewall as opposed to a rectangular conventional LED. Thus, the light output power of the PDE-LED was 1.51 times higher than that of a conventional LED at an injection current of 20mA, while forward bias voltage and leakage current were compatible to those of conventional LEDs.
Discrete diffraction in waveguide arrays: A quantitative analysis by tunneling optical microscopy
Authors: Della Valle Giuseppe , Longhi Stefano , Laporta Paolo , Biagioni Paolo , Duò Lamberto , Finazzi Marco
Published: July 2007

The authors report on a quantitative measurement of discrete diffraction in an array of tunneling-coupled optical waveguides using scanning tunneling optical microscopy performed with a cantilevered hollow pyramid tip. The impulse response of the array in terms of Bessel functions is reproduced with excellent accuracy, proving that photon transport in the array is fully analogous to the ballistic motion of electrons in a tight-binding lattice without disorder.
Use of real-time Fourier transform infrared reflectivity as an in situ monitor of YBa2Cu3O7 film deposition and processing
Authors: Koster Gertjan , Huh Jeong-Uk , Hammond R. H. , Beasley M. R.
Published: July 2007

Fourier transform infrared reflectivity (FTIR) has been utilized as an in situ, real-time diagnostic during high-rate, e-beam deposition of YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO). The results demonstrate the great utility of FTIR as an in situ monitor of YBCO deposition and postdeposition processing. They also point to a completely different picture of the nature and associated kinetic and thermodynamic pathways of the high-rate, e-beam process, both during deposition and as a function of subsequent trajectories through temperature and oxygen pressure space.
High-efficiency and economical solar-energy-pumped laser with Fresnel lens and chromium codoped laser medium
Authors: Yabe T. , Ohkubo T. , Uchida S. , Yoshida K. , Nakatsuka M. , Funatsu T. , Mabuti A. , Oyama A. , Nakagawa K. , Oishi T. , Daito K. , Behgol B. , Nakayama Y. , Yoshida M. , Motokoshi S. , Sato Y. , Baasandash C.
Published: July 2007

The authors achieved 11%–14% slope efficiency of solar-pumped laser by Cr-codoped Nd:yttrium aluminum garnet ceramic and Fresnel lens focusing from natural sunlight. The laser output of 24.4W was achieved with 1.3m2 Fresnel lens. The maximum output for unit area of sunlight was 18.7W∕m2, which is 2.8 times larger than previous results with mirror collector. The utilization of Cr3+ ion enabled efficient absorption and energy transfer to Nd3+ ion of solar spectrum. The fluorescence yield at 1064nm for various pumping wavelengths was measured both for Crcodoped and nondoped laser media, and 1.8 times enhancement of laser output from sunlight is predicted.
Trading Partners or Trading Deals? The EU & US in Southern Africa
Authors: Stoneman Colin , Thompson Carol
Published: July 2007

Both the European Union (EU) and the US are currently pursuing trade agreements with weak economies, quite separate from the negotiations in the context of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Often the motives for seeking trade agreements with a particular region reflect as much the competition between the two power blocs for market access as a desire for any new relations with the trading partners. The approaches or tactics of the EU and the US differ, but their goals seem to be similar: maximising trade dominance. This paper compares the EU's negotiations for ‘economic partnership agreements’ (EPAs) with southern Africa with US negotiations for a free trade agreement with the Southern African Customs Union (SACU).1
What is the Future for EU-Africa Agricultural Trade After CAP Reform?
Authors: Goodison Paul
Published: July 2007

The EU's common agricultural policy seriously distorted not only EU commodity markets but also many world markets, through the subsidised export of large volumes of commodities – produced at double (or even treble) – the economic cost. This is not contested. Amongst those affected wereAfrican farmers who suffered from the depression of world market prices for commodities that they could produce cheaply, such as maize, sugar and beef. With CAP reform, which should soon see all EU-produced commodities trading on the world market without the need for export subsidies, Europe argues that it is now no longer distorting world markets, and so no longer harming African producers. This paper demonstrates how untrue this is. On the one hand, because Europe continues to produce the commodities in question at the same or higher volume (thanks to income support for farmers), the impact on the world market is unchanged. On the other hand, concessions to ACP countries designed to help them under the old regime (such as the ‘protocols’ which enabled them to earn the inflated European prices for quotas of beef and sugar) are disappearing, and preferences over third countries are eroding as tariffs fall. Other elements of policy related to CAP reform, such as the increasingly strict EU food safety standards, and the raised competitiveness of EU processed foods as the price of European inputs falls (a disguised subsidy), are discussed. The paper concludes with some concrete examples of the impact of this on the South African confectionery industry.
Chronic Pain and the Prescription of Narcotics and Other Drugs of Dependence ‐ A Pharmacist's Viewpoint
Authors: Easterbrook E. Gail
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Pharmacists, through their immediate involvement in the delivery of drug therapy and clinical advice to patients suffering chronic pain, have a special role in the detection or prevention of drug dependence. A concurrent obligation to uphold precise and clearly defined legal requirements, in the control of therapeutic substances designated as narcotic or psychotropic drugs, often places the pharmacist in an ambivalent position. The Pharmacy Department of the Royal Adelaide Hospital in responding to these challenges has implemented a number of programmes in the areas of education and surveillance. These programmes are briefly outlined together with a discussion of possible improvements in patient management, staff motivation and interaction with regulatory authorities.
Longitudinal Trends in Antibiotic Resistance in US Nursing Homes, 2000-2004
Authors: Crnich Christopher J. , Safdar Nasia , Robinson Jim , Zimmerman David
Published: July 2007

We evaluated antibiotic resistance trends in US nursing homes using the Minimum Data Set. Significant increases in the number and proportion of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria were documented over the 5-year study. Further research on antibiotic resistance in nursing homes is urgently needed.
Safety and Efficacy of Chlorine Dioxide for Legionella Control in a Hospital Water System
Authors: Zhang Zhe , McCann Carole , Stout Janet E. , Piesczynski Steve , Hawks Robert , Vidic Radisav , Yu Victor L.
Published: July 2007

In a 30-month prospective study, we evaluated the efficacy of chlorine dioxide to control Legionella organisms in a water distribution system of a hospital with 364 patient beds and 74 skilled nursing beds. The number of hot water specimens positive for Legionella organisms decreased from 12 (60%) of 20 to 2 (10%) of 20. An extended time (18 months) was needed to achieve a significant reduction in the rate of Legionella positivity among hot water specimens. At the time of writing, no cases of hospital-acquired Legionnaires disease have been detected at the hospital since the chlorine dioxide system was installed in January 2003. Use of chlorine dioxide was safe, based on Environmental Protection Agency limits regarding maximum concentrations of chlorine dioxide and chlorite.
Molecular and Epidemiologic Study of Polyclonal Outbreaks of Multidrug-ResistantAcinetobacter baumanniiInfection in an Israeli Hospital
Authors: Marchaim Dror , Navon-Venezia Shiri , Leavitt Azita , Chmelnitsky Irina , Schwaber Mitchell J. , Carmeli Yehuda
Published: July 2007

Objectives.

To perform a molecular and epidemiologic investigation of multidrug-resistant (MDR)Acinetobacter baumanniiin an institution were polyclonal outbreaks have been observed and determine whether these polyclonal outbreaks had an endogenous origin or were caused by in-hospital patient-to-patient transmission.

Design.

Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data.

Setting.

An epidemiologic and genotypic investigation of incident cases of MDRA. baumanniiinfection in an Israeli university tertiary care center.

Patients.

Hospitalized patients with MDRA. baumanniiisolated from clinical samples during a 13-week period, from April 15, 2003, through July 15, 2003.

Intervention.

All patients with new MDRA. baumanniiinfections were recruited, and isolates were typed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Data on in-hospital movements and consultations were extracted from computerized databases. Quantification of transmission opportunities (TOPs), defined as encounters between an established carrier and a future carrier of MDRA. baumannii, and analysis of ward clusters were performed.

Results.

We studied 96 MDRA. baumanniiisolates, which belonged to 18 different pulsed-field gel electrophoresis clones. In 65% of cases, TOPs involving patients with the same clone were demonstrated, which is significantly greater than the number of TOPs involving patients with different clones (P= .01).

Conclusion.

Although outbreaks of MDRA. baumanniiinfection may be polyclonal, we believe that patient-to-patient transmission explains most cases of transmission. Polyclonal local outbreaks reflect several clonal outbreaks occurring simultaneously. The cause of polyclonal outbreaks ofA. baumanniiinfections clustered by ward and time remains to be explained.
Identification of Patients WithPseudomonas aeruginosaRespiratory Tract Infections at Greatest Risk of Infection With Carbapenem-Resistant Isolates
Authors: Lodise Thomas P. , Miller Chris , Patel Nimish , Graves Jeffrey , McNutt Louise-Anne
Published: July 2007

Objective.

To create a clinical tool based on institution-specific risk factors to estimate the probability of carbapenem resistance amongPseudomonas aeruginosaisolates obtained from infected patients. By better estimating the probability of carbapenem resistance on the basis of patient-specific factors, clinicians can refine their empirical therapy forP. aeruginosainfections and potentially maximize clinical outcomes by increasing the likelihood of appropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy.

Design.

A retrospective, cross-sectional study.

Setting.

Tertiary care academic hospital.

Patients.

All adult inpatients who had a respiratory tract infection due toP. aeruginosabetween January 2001 and June 2005.

Intervention.

Data on demographic characteristics, antibiotic history, and microbiology were collected. Log-binomial regression was employed to identify predictors of carbapenem resistance amongP. aeruginosaisolates and to devise the clinical prediction tool.

Results.

Among 351 patients withP. aeruginosainfection, 44% were infected with carbapenem-resistant P.aeruginosastrains. Independent predictors of carbapenem resistance were prior receipt of mechanical ventilation for 11 days or more, prior exposure to fluoroquinolones for 3 days or more, and prior exposure to carbapenems for 3 days or more.

Conclusions.

With carbapenem resistance rates amongP. aeruginosaisolates on the rise at our institution, the challenge was to identify patients for whom carbapenems would remain an effective empirical agent, as well as the patients at greatest risk for infection with carbapenem-resistant strains. The clinical prediction tool accurately estimated carbapenem resistance among this risk-stratified cross-sectional study of patients withP. aeruginosainfection. This tool may be an effective way for clinicians to refine their selection of empirical antibiotic therapy and to maximize clinical outcomes by increasing the likelihood of appropriate antibiotic treatment.
Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureus: A 5-Year Review of Surveillance Data in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Balkhy H. H. , Memish Z. A. , Almuneef M. A. , Cunningham G. C. , Francis C. , Fong K. C. , Nazeer Z. B. , Tannous E.
Published: July 2007

Background.

Staphylococcus aureusis an important pathogen that leads to serious infections in the community and in hospitals. Evidence has shown that the prevalence of infection and colonization with drug-resistantS. aureus, such as methicillin-resistantS. aureus(MRSA) and glycopeptide intermediately susceptibleS. aureus, is increasing. Authorities must be aware of the prevalence of MRSA infection and colonization in their country in order to implement and monitor infection control policies that help curtail further emergence of this pathogen.

Objectives.

To examine the trend of hospital-acquired MRSA infection and colonization in a tertiary care institution in Saudi Arabia during a 5-year period in order to identify specific areas at high risk for MRSA transmission, and to review our MRSA decolonization procedure and outcomes.

Methods.

Surveillance data prospectively collected from January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2004, on hospital-acquired (HA) MRSA were analyzed, with an emphasis on the trend of HA-MRSA infection and colonization, areas of high transmission, risk factors, and effectiveness of the implemented decolonization policy.

Results.

During the study period, 442 cases of HA-MRSA infection and colonization were identified. Of these, 51.2% were infections, and 48.8% were colonizations. An increasing trend in the incidence rates of infection and colonization was noticed during the study period, and most cases were identified on the surgical ward (33.3%) and medical ward (32.1%). Of the 34 infected patients who underwent systematic decolonization, 35.3% were successfully decolonized, and of the 11 who underwent topical decolonization, 63.6% were successfully decolonized.

Conclusion.

The increasing trend of HA-MRSA infections has been a noticeable global problem. We identified a gradual increase in the rates of MRSA colonization and infection in a tertiary care center Saudi Arabia and recognize the importance of abiding by strict infection control policies, including hand hygiene and proper isolation practices. Continued surveillance for MRSA and other emerging multidrug-resistant pathogens is also needed.
Efficacy of Hospital Cleaning Agents and Germicides Against EpidemicClostridium difficileStrains
Authors: Fawley Warren N. , Underwood Sarah , Freeman Jane , Baines Simon D. , Saxton Katie , Stephenson Keith , Owens Robert C. , Wilcox Mark H.
Published: July 2007

Objective.

To compare the effects of hospital cleaning agents and germicides on the survival of epidemicClostridium difficilestrains.

Methods.

We compared the activity of and effects of exposure to 5 cleaning agents and/or germicides (3 containing chlorine, 1 containing only detergent, and 1 containing hydrogen peroxide) on vegetative and spore forms of epidemic and non-epidemicC. difficilestrains (3 of each). We carried out in vitro exposure experiments using a human fecal emulsion to mimic conditions found in situ.

Results.

Cleaning agent and germicide exposure experiments yielded very different results forC. difficilevegetative cells, compared with those for spores. Working-strength concentrations of all of the agents inhibited the growth ofC. difficilein culture. However, when used at recommended working concentrations, only chlorine-based germicides were able to inactivateC. difficilespores.C. difficileepidemic strains had a greater sporulation rate than nonepidemic strains. The mean sporulation rate, expressed as the proportion of a cell population that is in spore form, was 13% for all strains not exposed to any cleaning agent or germicide, and it was significantly increased by exposure to cleaning agents or germicides containing detergent alone (34%), a combination of detergent and hypochlorite (24%), or hydrogen peroxide (33%). By contrast, the mean sporulation rate did not change substantially after exposure to germicides containing either a combination of detergent and dichloroisocyanurate (9%) or dichloroisocyanurate alone (15%).

Conclusions.

These results highlight differences in the activity of cleaning agents and germicides againstC. difficilespores and the potential for some of these products to promote sporulation.
Catheter-Associated Bloodstream Infections in General Medical Patients Outside the Intensive Care Unit: A Surveillance Study
Authors: Marschall Jonas , Leone Carole , Jones Marilyn , Nihill Deborah , Fraser Victoria J. , Warren David K.
Published: July 2007

Objective.

To determine the incidence of central venous catheter (CVC)-associated bloodstream infection (CA-BSI) among patients admitted to general medical wards outside the intensive care unit (ICU).

Design.

Prospective cohort study performed over a 13-month period, from April 1, 2002, through April 30, 2003.

Setting.

Four selected general medical wards at Barnes-Jewish Hospital, a 1,250-bed teaching hospital in Saint Louis, Missouri.

Patients.

All patients admitted to 4 general medical wards.

Results.

A total of 7,337 catheter-days were observed during 33,174 patient-days. The device utilization ratio (defined as the number of catheter-days divided by the number of patient-days) was 0.22 overall and was similar among the 4 wards (0.21, 0.25, 0.19, and 0.24). Forty-two episodes of CA-BSI were identified (rate, 5.7 infections per 1,000 catheter-days). Twenty-four (57%) of the 42 cases of CA-BSI were caused by gram-positive bacteria: 10 isolates (24%) were coagulase-negative staphylococci, 10 (24%) were Enterococcus species, and 3 (7%) were Staphylococcus aureus. Gram-negative bacteria caused 7 infections (17%). Five CA-BSIs (12%) were caused by Candida albicans, and 5 infections (12%) had a polymicrobial etiology. Thirty-five patients (83%) with CA-BSI had nontunneled CVCs in place.

Conclusions.

Non-ICU medical wards in the study hospital had device utilization rates that were considerably lower than those of medical ICUs, but CA-BSI rates were similar to CA-BSI rates in medical ICUs in the United States. Studies of catheter utilization and on CVC insertion and care should be performed on medical wards. CA-BSI prevention strategies that have been used in ICUs should be studied on medical wards.
Prevalence and Trend in the Use of Hospital-Based Standing Orders Programs for Influenza and Pneumococcal Vaccination
Authors: Pentakota Sri Ram , Halperin William
Published: July 2007

Background.

In 2002, federal regulations authorized the use of standing orders programs (SOPs) for promoting influenza and pneumococcal vaccination. In 2003, the New Jersey Hospital Association conducted a demonstration project illustrating the efficacy of SOPs, and the state health department informed healthcare facilities of their benefits. We describe the prevalence of reported use of SOPs in New Jersey hospitals in 2003 and 2005 and identify hospital characteristics associated with the use of SOPs.

Methods.

A survey was mailed to the directors of infection control at 117 New Jersey hospitals during the period from January to May 2005 (response rate, 90.6%). Data on hospital characteristics were obtained from hospital directories and online resources.

Results.

The prevalence of use of SOPs for influenza vaccination was 50% (95% confidence interval [CI], 40.1%-59.9%) in 2003, and it increased to 78.3% (95% CI, 69.2%-85.7%) in 2005. The prevalence of SOP use for pneumococcal vaccination was similar. In 2005, the reported rate of use of SOPs for inpatients (influenza vaccination, 76.4%; pneumococcal vaccination, 75.5%) was significantly higher than that for outpatients (influenza vaccination, 9.4%; pneumococcal vaccination, 8.5%). Prevalence ratios for SOP use comparing acute care and non-acute care hospitals were 1.71 (95% CI, 1.2-2.5) for influenza vaccination SOPs and 1.8 for (95% CI, 1.2-2.7) pneumococcal vaccination SOPs. Acute care hospitals with a ratio of admissions to total beds greater than 36.7 reported greater use of SOPs for pneumococcal vaccination, compared with those that had a ratio of less than 36.7.

Conclusion.

The increase in the prevalence of reported use of SOPs among New Jersey hospitals in 2005, compared with 2003, was contemporaneous with SOP-related actions taken by the federal government, the state government, and the New Jersey Hospital Association. Opportunities persist for increased use of SOPs among non-acute care hospitals and for outpatients.
Successful Control of Widespread Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusColonization and Infection in a Large Teaching Hospital in The Netherlands
Authors: van Trijp M. J. C. A. , Melles D. C. , Hendriks W. D. H. , Parlevliet G. A. , Gommans M. , Ott A.
Published: July 2007

Objective.

The low prevalence of infection and colonization with methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) in The Netherlands is ascribed to a national “search-and-destroy” policy. We describe the measures that were implemented to control widespread MRSA colonization and infection in a Dutch hospital.

Design.

Descriptive intervention study.

Setting.

Teaching medical center with a capacity of 679 beds, including 16 intensive care beds.

Interventions.

MRSA colonization and infection were identified using conventional culture with a selective broth. Isolates were typed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Measures to control the epidemic included screening of contacts (patients and hospital staff), screening of patients at readmission or discharge, strict isolation of MRSA-positive patients, decolonization of colonized staff and patients, the development of an electronic signal identifying MRSA-positive patients, and the development of a culture information-system for hospital personnel.

Results.

Awareness of uncontrolled dissemination of MRSA began in November 2001. Because the clone involved had a low minimum inhibitory concentration for oxacillin, at first it was not recognized as MRSA. In February 2002, when major screening efforts started, it appeared that MRSA had spread all over the hospital and that many staff members were colonized. By the end of December 2005, a total of 600 patients and 135 staff members were found to be newly colonized. The yearly incidence of cases of MRSA colonization and infection decreased from 351 in 2002 to 56 in 2005. Typing of the isolates showed that 3 MRSA clones were predominant. Outbreaks of colonization involving these clones did not occur after 2003.

Conclusion.

Our observations show that strict application of “search-and-destroy” measures can effectively control a huge epidemic of MRSA colonization and infection.
Altered kelp (Laminariales) phlorotannins and growth under elevated carbon dioxide and ultraviolet‐B treatments can influence associated intertidal food webs
Authors: SWANSON ANDREW K. , FOX CAROLINE H.
Published: July 2007

Due to the importance of brown algae, such as kelp (Laminariales, Phaeophyta), within most cool nearshore environments, any direct responses of kelp to multiple global changes could alter the integrity of future coastal marine systems. Fifty‐five‐day manipulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) and ultraviolet light (UVB) within outdoor sea‐tanks, approximating past, present and two predicted future levels, examined the direct influences on Saccharina latissima (=Laminaria saccharina) and Nereocystis luetkeana development and biochemistry, as well as the indirect influences on a marine herbivore (Tegula funebralis; Gastropoda, Mollusca) and on naturally occurring intertidal detritivores. Kelp species displayed variable directional (negative and positive growth) and scale responses to CO2 and UVB manipulations, which was influenced by interactions. Kelp phlorotannin (phenolic) production in blade tissues was induced by elevated UVB levels, and especially enhanced (additively) by elevated CO2, further suggesting that some actively growing kelp species are carbon limited in typical nearshore environments. Negative indirect effects upon detritivore consumers fed CO2‐manipulated kelp blade tissues were detected, however, no statistical relationships existed among UVB‐treated tissues, and test herbivores did not distinguish between phlorotannin‐altered CO2: UVB‐treated kelp blade tissues. Results suggest that past and future conditions differentially benefit these kelp species, which implies a potential for shifts in species abundance and community composition. Higher CO2 conditions can indirectly impede marine decay processes delaying access to recycled trace nutrients, which may be disruptive to the seasonal regrowth of algae and/or higher trophic levels of nearshore ecosystems.
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy agent clearance by the immunoaffinity and anion‐exchange chromatography steps of the ReFacto® manufacturing process
Authors: BOOTH J. , VICIK S. , TANNATT M. , GALLO C. , KELLEY B.
Published: July 2007

Summary.  ReFacto® (moroctocog alfa), a recombinant factor VIII approved for the treatment of haemophilia A, is produced by a mammalian cell‐culture process that includes therapeutic‐grade human serum albumin (HSA) in the cell‐culture medium. While to date there have been no cases of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) resulting from the clinical use of HSA, Wyeth conducted a study to demonstrate that the ReFacto manufacturing process has significant capacity to remove a TSE agent if it were present as a contaminant in the HSA. The immunoaffinity (8A4 Sepharose) and anion‐exchange (Q Sepharose) chromatography steps were evaluated for the clearance of the hamster TSE agent, strain 263K. This Good Laboratory Practice study was performed using appropriately qualified, laboratory‐scale chromatography systems. Filtered brain homogenate from TSE‐infected hamsters was added to loads of both chromatographic columns, and the concentration of TSE agent in the loads and product pools were determined using a validated western blot quantitation method. Replicate chromatography runs were consistent, as demonstrated by the ≤0.7 log10 difference observed in TSE agent reduction between each pair of runs. The immunoaffinity and anion‐exchanges steps demonstrated 3.8 log reduction and >5.2 log reduction respectively. These data provide a high degree of assurance that in the unlikely event of a TSE contamination of the HSA used in the ReFacto cell‐culture process, the purification steps have the potential to remove the infectious agent to extremely low levels, thereby significantly reducing the risk to patients receiving ReFacto.
Phylogeny of Psephenidae (Coleoptera: Byrrhoidea) based on larval, pupal and adult characters
Authors: LEE CHI‐FENG , SATÔ MASATAKA , SHEPARD WILLIAM D. , JÄCH MANFRED A.
Published: July 2007

Abstract We conducted the first comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of Psephenidae, based on 143 morphological characters of adults, larvae and pupae and coded for 34 taxa, representing three outgroups and 31 psephenid genera, including four undescribed ones. A strict consensus tree calculated (439 steps, consistency index = 0.45, retention index = 0.75) from the two most‐parsimonious cladograms indicated that the monophyly of the family and subfamilies is supported, with the exception of Eubriinae, which is paraphyletic when including Afroeubria. Here a new subfamily, Afroeubriinae (subfam.n.), is formally established for Afroeubria. The analysis also indicated that the ‘streamlined’ larva is a derived adaptive radiation. Here, suprageneric taxonomy and the evolution of some significant characters are discussed. Keys are provided to the subfamilies and genera of Psephenidae considering larvae, adults and pupae.
Harnessing a University to address rural health workforce shortages in Australia
Authors: Lyle David , Klineberg Iven , Taylor Susan , Jolly Neryla , Fuller Jeffrey , Canalese Joe
Published: July 2007

Objective:  To describe the efforts of health faculties at the University of Sydney to contribute to the recruitment and retention of rural health professionals and examine for opportunities that would benefit from an institutional‐led response.

Design:  Cross‐sectional survey.

Setting:  The University of Sydney as a leading institution for health science education in New South Wales, which produces approximately 40% of all health science graduates in the state each year.

Participants:  Staff responsible for course coordination within the faculties of Dentistry, Medicine, Nursing and Midwifery, and Pharmacy; and eight disciplines of the Faculty of Health Sciences.

Results:  Of the two educational strategies associated with future rural employment, more progress has been made with rural placements, which were offered by all but one of the health courses. Efforts aimed at the other key strategy of attracting and supporting rural origin students were not well developed. Dentistry, Medicine, Pharmacy and only one Faculty of Health Sciences programs had more than 0.2 full‐time equivalent staff to support rural initiatives.

Conclusion:  Despite the significant government investment in rural health education, the University of Sydney experience demonstrates that this does not necessarily translate into adequate internal resources available for every course or program to optimise performance for rural health workforce outcomes. In an environment of competing priorities, benefits are likely to accrue from strategies that draw on the existing resource base and operate through greater collaborative action, coordinated at the institutional level.
Rural adolescents experiencing an urban transition
Authors: Bramston Paul , Patrick Jeff
Published: July 2007

Objective:  To determine the distress levels of adolescents leaving rural Queensland towns for urban boarding schools.

Design:  A questionnaire study and focus groups were used to collect data from students who made the transition and those who did not.

Participants:  Two hundred and fifty‐five rural students completed the questionnaire and of these 36 left home to attend an urban boarding school. Twenty‐eight students participated in one of five focus groups.

Measures:  Self‐report scales administered were Life Events Scale and the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale. A semistructured set of prompts was used in the focus groups.

Results:  Both methodologies revealed adolescents reported coping well with the transition from rural and remote family homes and schools to boarding school in the city. Reported distress levels of those who moved were no higher than those who did not and homesickness, while common, was rarely high or enduring. Adolescents who moved offered useful insights in the focus groups into the best and worst aspects of the transition; how best to cope, and how families and schools can ease their path.

Conclusions:  In general, adolescents who leave isolated homes and schools to board in the city manage the transition surprisingly well and regard the transition as having a number of advantages. Being prepared for the move emerged as important.
Development of Parent‐ and Teacher‐Reported Emotional and Behavioural Problems in Young People with Intellectual Disabilities: Does Level of Intellectual Disability Matter?
Authors: De Ruiter Karen P. , Dekker Marielle C. , Douma Jolanda C. H. , Verhulst Frank C. , Koot Hans M.
Published: July 2007

Background  This study described similarities and differences in the 5‐year stability and change of problem behaviour between youths attending schools for children with mild to borderline (MiID) versus moderate intellectual disabilities (MoID).

Methods  A two‐wave multiple‐birth‐cohort sample of 6 to 18‐year‐old was assessed twice across a 5‐year interval using the Developmental Behaviour Checklist Primary Carer version (n = 718) and Teacher version (n = 313).

Results  For most types of problem behaviour youths with MiID and MoID showed similar levels of stability of individual differences, persistence and onset of psychopathology. Whenever differences were found, youths with MoID showed the highest level of stability, persistence and onset across informants. Mean levels of parent‐reported, but not teacher‐reported, problem behaviour, regardless of level of intellectual disability, decreased during the 5‐year follow‐up period.

Conclusions  Youths with MoID and MiID are at risk for persistent psychopathology to a similar degree. Different informants showed to have a different evaluation of the level and the amount of change of problem behaviour, and should be considered complementary in the diagnostic process.
Microgeographic variation of colour morph frequency and biometry of common wall lizards
Authors: Sacchi R. , Scali S. , Pupin F. , Gentilli A. , Galeotti P. , Fasola M.
Published: July 2007

The throat and belly of both sexes of the common wall lizard Podarcis muralis exhibit a polymorphic coloration with three morphs (white, yellow and red). We documented the occurrence of this polymorphism in 11 populations of northern Italy, and investigated the morphometric features of the three morphs in both sexes. The white morph was more frequent (56.6%), while yellow and red morphs accounted for 28.7 and 14.7% of the lizards, respectively. Moreover, the red morphotype was more frequent among males while the white one was more frequent among females. The occurrence of the three morphs varied microgeographically from populations with a higher proportion of white individuals to those where all morphs were more equally represented. The comparisons of morphometry between morphs did not reveal any significant difference among males, while snout–vent length and head height in females increased from the white‐throated to the yellow‐throated morph, and from the yellow‐throated morph to the red‐throated one. Possible functions of this polymorphic coloration are discussed.
Are High‐Quality Cardiac Surgeons Less Likely to Operate on High‐Risk Patients Compared to Low‐Quality Surgeons? Evidence from New York State
Authors: Glance Laurent G. , Dick Andrew , Mukamel Dana B. , Li Yue , Osler Turner M.
Published: July 2007

Context. It is unknown whether high‐risk cardiac surgical patients have less access to high‐quality surgeons compared with lower‐risk patients.

Objective. To determine whether high‐quality surgeons are less likely to perform coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery on high‐risk patients compared with low‐quality surgeons.

Design, Setting, and Patients. Retrospective cohort study using the New York State (NYS) CABG Surgery Reporting System (CSRS) of all patients undergoing CABG surgery in NYS who were discharged between 1997 and 1999 (51,750 patients; 2.20 percent mortality). Regression modeling was used to estimate the association between surgeon quality and patient risk of death. Surgeon quality was quantified using the observed‐to‐expected mortality ratio (O‐to‐E ratio).

Results. Higher‐risk patients are more likely to receive CABG surgery from higher‐quality surgeons. For every 10 percentage point increase in patient risk of death (e.g., from 5 to 15 percent), there is an absolute reduction of 0.034 in the surgeon O‐to‐E ratio (p < .001).

Conclusion. This study suggests that high‐risk CABG patients are significantly more likely to receive care from high‐quality surgeons compared with lower risk patients.
Apoptosis in the liver: a matter of ion fluxes and oxidative stress: Third International Conference of the Collaborative Research Center ‘Experimental Hepatology’ (SFB‐575), Düsseldorf, Germany, 13–14 October 2006
Authors: Schulze‐Osthoff Klaus , Häussinger Dieter
Published: July 2007

The cell death of hepatocytes is a characteristic feature of liver damage triggered by viral infection, drug abuse, fat overload or autoimmunity. Apoptosis is currently the best‐understood form of cell death; however, the precise mechanisms leading to apoptosis in liver disease are largely unknown. Several cellular processes including alterations in cell hydration and ion homeostasis, osmotic and oxidative stress, lysosomal permeabilization as well as alternate forms of cell death may contribute to liver damage. The intriguing complexity and relevance of these processes for liver failure were addressed at the Third International Conference of the Collaborative Research Center ‘Experimental Hepatology’ (SFB‐575),which was held in Düsseldorf, Germany, in 13–14 October 2006. The aim of this symposium was to bring together leading researchers studying cell death pathways in the liver and other systems and to share ideas and recent research findings. This report covers some of the salient and stimulating contributions of the meeting and gives an updated survey of the advances in this burgeoning field of translational medicine.
Variable Interatrial Conduction Illustrated in a Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Population
Authors: Holmqvist Fredrik , Platonov Pyotr G. , Carlson Jonas , Havmöller Rasmus , Waktare Johan E.P. , McKenna William J. , Olsson S. Bertil , Meurling Carl J.
Published: July 2007

Background: Patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) have a high incidence of atrial fibrillation. They also have a longer P‐wave duration than healthy controls, indicating conduction alterations. Previous studies have demonstrated orthogonal P‐wave morphology alterations in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. In the present study, the P‐wave morphology of patients with HCM was compared with that of matched controls in order to explore the nature of the atrial conduction alterations.

Methods and Results: A total of 65 patients (45 men, mean age 49 ± 15) with HCM were included. The control population (n = 65) was age and gender matched (45 men, mean age 49 ± 15). Five minutes of 12‐lead ECG was recorded. The data were subsequently transformed to orthogonal lead data, and unfiltered signal‐averaged P‐wave analysis was performed.

The P‐wave duration was longer in the HCM patients compared to the controls (149 ± 22 vs 130 ± 16 ms, P < 0.0001). Examination of the P‐wave morphology demonstrated changes in conduction patterns compatible with interatrial conduction block of varying severity in both groups, but a higher degree of interatrial block seen in the HCM population. These changes were most prominent in the Leads Y and Z.

Conclusion: The present study suggests that the longer P‐wave duration observed in HCM patients may be explained by a higher prevalence of block in one or more of the interatrial conduction routes.
Computer‐Aided Systematized Approach to Pediatric ECG Analysis
Authors: Molina Marcos S. , Benjo Alexandre M. , Molina Alessandra I. , Favarato Desiderio , Tobias Nancy , Garcia Euler de Vilhena , Ramires José A. F. , Pastore Carlos Alberto
Published: July 2007

Background: In pediatric electrocardiography (ECG), the correct classification of segments in the medical record is subjected to various components. A conventional analysis based either on the cardiologist's skills or a quick reference to a standard normality table may lead to mistakes and to an incorrect final medical diagnosis. In this study, the evaluation of 12 specific ECG segments (ES) is defined as segmental analysis (SA). We hypothesized that a computer‐aided SA can provide better results for a correct classification of pediatric ECGs, compared to the conventional analysis. This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of a computer‐aided SA ECG diagnosis of pediatric patients by cardiologists.

Methods: To validate the software, we selected four normal and one altered ECG as references, all with concordant reports given by two cardiologists using manual planimetry. Nineteen cardiology experts independently examined each of the five standard pediatric ECGs twice. First, the ECG was analyzed in the conventional form. Subsequently, the participants evaluated ECGs with our proposed computer‐aided AS, by measuring the 12 specific ES in the grid paper and having their values entered into a custom‐made software, in order to compare them with normality standards.

Results: The computer‐aided SA reduced ECG misreading or ECG misinterpretation errors by 83%. It also showed a more uniform, high‐quality analysis of all ES (minimum of 92% correctly reviewed segments from normal pediatric ECGs) by all the participant cardiologists.

Conclusions: We consider the computer‐aided SA for ECG evaluation in pediatric cardiology an efficient and safe complementary method.
Antiarrhythmic Induced Electrical Storm in Brugada Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Joshi Sandeep , Raiszadeh Farbod , Pierce Walter , Steinberg Jonathan S.
Published: July 2007

Brugada syndrome (BS) may be “unmasked” by several pharmacological and/or physiological agents in an otherwise normal electrocardiogram. Once diagnosed the possibility of persistent ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation exists. Although this is treated with various antiarrhythmic agents, there remains a cohort of patients who fail to respond to conventional antiarrhythmic therapy therefore, amplifying the electrical storm. We report a case of a BS diagnosed via procainamide challenge, the resultant near fatal electrical storm aggravated by amiodarone and the eventual resolution with isoproterenol.
Identification of novel fibronectin fragments detected specifically in juvenile urine
Authors: Iida Reiko , Yasuda Toshihiro , Kishi Koichiro
Published: July 2007

Ugl‐Y (young age‐related urinary glycoprotein) is an age‐specific protein that we have previously identified in urine from healthy subjects under 18 years of age. Isoelectric focusing analysis of Ugl‐Y gives a set of three bands, Y1, Y2 and Y3, in the pH region around 3. To determine the complete structure of Ugl‐Y, purified Y1 and Y2 from pediatric urine were enzymatically cleaved, and the resulting peptides were analyzed by protein sequencing and/or MALDI‐TOF MS. As a result, it was demonstrated that Y1 consists of 189 amino acid residues, and is identical to the region from A723 to R911 of fibronectin, whereas Y2 consists of 181 amino acid residues, and is identical to the region from A723 to R903. Electrophoretic analysis of the lysate prepared from COS‐7 cells transfected with Y1‐ or Y2‐expressing vectors gave specific bands corresponding to Y1 or Y2, respectively, showing the validity of the sequences determined. Partial purification of pediatric serum followed by western blotting revealed that Ugl‐Y is derived from plasma. Furthermore, Ugl‐Y was generated by in vitro digestion of fibronectin by acid protease in extracts of osteoclast cells. These findings suggest that Ugl‐Y is probably produced by degradation of fibronectin comprising bone matrix during the process of vigorous bone resorption in children and adolescents. This is the first report on the identification and characterization of juvenile‐specific fibronectin fragments excreted into urine.
A general growth stage key for describing trees and woody plants
Authors: Finn G.A. , Straszewski A.E. , Peterson V.
Published: July 2007

Biologishe Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt and CHemical Industry (BBCH) scales are a system for the uniform coding of phenologically similar growth stages of plants, using a two‐digit decimal code. Currently, scales exist for a number of tree and woody species grown as crops; however, researchers are often forced to adapt existing scales or create their own when describing other tree or woody species growing as crops or weeds. This paper describes a general BBCH scale for the phenological growth stages of tree and woody species, including plant‐specific descriptions and decimal codes covering vegetative and reproductive stages. The scale uses eight of the 10 principal BBCH stages, starting with sprouting/bud development (stage 0) and ending with dormancy (stage 9). This BBCH scale represents a single, standardised growth stage key for describing the growth of needle‐bearing and leaf‐bearing woody plants and promotes the adoption of the use of BBCH scales more widely. It is expected that the scale will form the basis for the creation of further scales specific for family, genus or species.
Resistance to broomrape (Orobanche crenata) in faba bean (Vicia faba): cell wall changes associated with prehaustorial defensive mechanisms
Authors: Pérez‐de‐Luque A. , Lozano M.D. , Moreno M.T. , Testillano P.S. , Rubiales D.
Published: July 2007

Broomrapes (Orobanchespp.) are parasitic angiosperms, which attach to the roots of the hosts to take water and nutrients from them. No complete control measures are available to date, but breeding for resistance remains as one of the most feasible and environmentally friendly methods. However, the mechanisms governing the interaction between these parasites and the host are not yet well understood. We studied the cellular changes associated with the resistance toOrobanche crenatain faba bean as mechanisms involved or responsible for resistance. Two cultivars of faba bean, resistant and susceptible toO. crenatainfection, were used. The evolution of the infection and the changes in the cell and tissue organisation and wall components of the host cells were followed and evaluated in both genotypes. Samples of compatible and incompatible interactions were fixed and sectioned, and specific cytochemical methods for different cell components were applied, results being analysed under light and epifluorescence microscopy. A higher proportion ofO. crenataseedlings unable to penetrate the root was found on the resistant genotype. Reinforcement of cell walls by callose deposition hampers parasite penetration through the cortex. Lignification of endodermal cells prevents further penetration of the parasite into the central cylinder.
PROXIMATE AND MINERAL COMPOSITION OF IMPORTED VERSUS DOMESTIC BEEF CUTS FOR RESTAURANT USE IN VENEZUELA
Authors: HUERTA‐MONTAUTI D. , VILLA V. , DE MORENO L. ARENAS , RODAS‐GONZÁLEZ A. , GIUFFRIDA‐MENDOZA M. , HUERTA‐LEIDENZ N.
Published: July 2007

United States Department of Agriculture “Choice or Higher” (IMPORTED) beef represented by 20 biceps femoris (BF) and 10 longissimus dorsi thoracis (LDT) samples were compared in proximate and mineral composition to Venezuelan (DOMESTIC) counterparts (24 BF and 14 LDT from Venezuelan “AA” and “A” grades, respectively). DOMESTIC samples had higher moisture content (P < 0.001). Lipid content of IMPORTED LDT (7.97 ± 0.60 g/100 g) quadrupled that of “A” grade LDT and almost tripled that of “AA” grade LDT (P < 0.05). Mineral content of DOMESTIC samples did not vary (P > 0.05) by grade. DOMESTIC samples showed lower concentrations of Ca, Fe and Zn, and higher P and K than IMPORTED samples (P < 0.05). Potential advantages for marketing leaner Venezuelan samples in the diet/health consumer niche exist. However, both IMPORTED and DOMESTIC beef samples are highly nutritious foods and good sources of protein, Fe, P and Zn.