bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Un groupe statuaire complexe à Autun : essai d’identification
Authors: Brunet-Gaston Véronique , Labaune Yannick
Published: February 2021

Au cours d’un diagnostic réalisé au nord-ouest de la ville d’Autun, à proximité du rempart d’origine augustéenne, un fragment de groupe statuaire a été trouvé au croisement de deux rues antiques. Reposant sur le sol de circulation, il semble avoir été abandonné au cours de l’Antiquité tardive ou du haut Moyen Age. Il se compose d’un personnage cuirassé (cuirasse musclée) vraisemblablement représenté de dos. Il s’agirait d’une gigantomachie, en ronde-bosse (sculpté sur trois cotés), la face principale a été délitée par la cassure de l’arkose taillée en délit (les bancs géologiques locaux sont impuissants à fournir la hauteur nécessaire à ce groupe). Sur ce drapé, on voit se lover dans une attitude agressive une tête de serpent, tous crocs sortis : plusieurs possibilités d’interprétation s’offrent à nous, le serpent terminant les jambes d’un géant, ou le serpent fétiche et protecteur de Minerve, qui serait donc notre déesse cuirassée. La cassure latérale (à droite) laisse voir la suite de la cuirasse à festons et un arrachement sur toute la hauteur pourrait aisément correspondre à l’arrachement d’un bouclier qui servirait en plus d’élément de stabilité. Enfin, le dernier élément à gauche est une sorte de torse musclé de géant vraisemblablement désarticulé, peut-être Alcyonée, démembré par Minerve.
Portraits « romains » de la collection Pierre-Adrien Pâris au Musée des Beaux-arts et d’archéologie de Besançon
Authors: Montel Sophie
Published: February 2021

Dans cet article, nous présentons cinq portraits de la collection Pierre-Adrien Pâris (Musée des Beaux-arts et d’archéologie, Besançon), considérés jusqu’ici comme des antiques représentant Vitellius et un pendant inconnu, Trajan, Hadrien et Gallien. Ces têtes de marbre sont en réalité des productions modernes attribuables aux ateliers romains du XVIIIe siècle.
Victoria Lingonicorum. La Victoire de Champigny-lès-Langres (Haute-Marne)
Authors: Castorio Jean-Noël
Published: February 2021

Cette contribution a pour objet de présenter une remarquable Victoire découverte au début des années soixante à la périphérie de Langres, l’antique Andemantunnum, et qui n’avait jusqu’à présent été l’objet d’aucune étude digne de ce nom. Il s’agit de l’une des quatre seules rondes-bosses de grandes dimensions représentant cette déesse qui aient été mises au jour dans les provinces gauloises. D’une qualité rare, elle témoigne du haut niveau atteint par certaines des officines de sculpture œuvrant dans la cité des Lingons.
Sculptures vivantes : réception et recréation des danses indiennes en Occident (1900‑1939)
Authors: López Arnaiz Irene
Published: February 2021

Le présent essai offre une vue d’ensemble de la réception des danses « indiennes » en Occident, en s’intéressant particulièrement à la recréation de ces traditions par le genre hindou sur la scène artistique parisienne. Apparues en Occident pendant la période couverte par cette étude, les danses hindoues furent principalement exécutées par des danseuses formées dans ce contexte, qui proposaient dans leurs répertoires éclectiques, destinés à un public occidental, des compositions inspirées des traditions de l’Asie du Sud et du Sud-Est. L’essai s’attache dès lors à analyser l’utilisation de l’art indien et du Sud-Est asiatique en tant que source d’inspiration de ces créations. Renvoyant au caractère ancestral et sacré des traditions dont s’inspiraient les danseuses hindoues, les œuvres d’art antique contribuèrent à légitimer leurs propositions chorégraphiques. Par ailleurs, les procédés et les mécanismes que mirent en place ces artistes étaient en phase avec le processus de renouvellement aussi bien de la danse que, plus généralement, de l’art du premier tiers du xxe siècle.
Danser l’identité nationale espagnole à Paris et à New York (1928-1930) : Antonia Mercé, La Argentina, entre néo-classicisme, modernisme et expression populaire
Authors: Franko Mark
Published: February 2021

Cet article compare la réception critique de la danseuse espagnole La Argentina (Antonia Mercé) à Paris en 1928 et à New York en 1930, relativement à la perception de sa danse comme une représentation de l’identité nationale espagnole. Les différences d’interprétation entre, d’une part, André Levinson, célèbre critique de danse parisien, historien, Russe émigré en France, et, d’autre part, Federico de Onís, philosophe espagnol, lui aussi expatrié, qui créa le département de littérature espagnole à la Columbia University, viennent éclairer l’idée du « classique » et la façon dont celle-ci put être utilisée pour caractériser l’art de La Argentina, bien qu’il fût infléchi par les notions de modernisme et de danse folklorique. Au moment où Levinson écrivait sur La Argentina, il produisait le concept du ballet néo-classique fondé sur ses principes techniques historiques. Ce faisant, il développait un modèle esthétique général du classicisme dans le mouvement qu’incarnait pour lui un corps se dilatant vers l’extérieur, lancé dans l’espace selon des trajectoires multidirectionnelles. Il considérait en revanche que la danse espagnole était « orientale » puisque ses mouvements étaient concentriques. Cet article analyse les stratégies rhétoriques employées par Levinson pour appréhender la danseuse espagnole comme l’autre du « classique » ainsi défini, tout en affirmant qu’elle parvient à une expression classique de l’identité nationale espagnole du fait même de cette altérité. Federico de Onís, quoiqu’il n’eût pas l’habitude d’écrire sur la danse, affirmait au contraire que le nationalisme de La Argentina lui était très personnel, fondamentalement gestuel et rythmique. Il proposa donc une notion du nationalisme de la danse espagnole fondée sur l’individualité plutôt que sur la théorie d’une forme esthétique.
Scandaleuses, marginalisées et hors-la-loi : mes notes de terrain sur les archives (vivantes) de l’histoire de la danse iranienne
Authors: Meftahi Ida
Published: February 2021

Cet essai est une réflexion sur une décennie consacrée aux recherches ethnographiques que j’ai menées dans les archives et sur le terrain pour écrire l’histoire de l’émergence (et de la disparition) de multiples types d’artistes danseuses sur la tumultueuse scène publique iranienne au xxe siècle. Ces notes fournissent un aperçu des tendances, des espaces et des pratiques concernant la danse dans l’Iran contemporain, et mettent en lumière les complexités de la recherche sur un sujet tabou et les réalités quotidiennes de mes interlocutrices, dont l’existence a été régie par les attitudes socioculturelles, les tropes idéologiques, ainsi que les aspects politiques et économiques du spectacle dansé en public. Le plus grand défi a été le cas des danseuses de cabaret de l’ère prérévolutionnaire, dont l’image est restée l’emblème de la nudité, de la prostitution et de la corruption dans l’imaginaire collectif. Mes audacieuses interlocutrices m’ont aidée à retracer l’histoire de ce groupe subalterne de femmes.
Annette Michelson : eros et mathesis
Authors: Camporesi Enrico
Published: February 2021

Figure essentielle de la critique d’art d’après-guerre, Annette Michelson (1922-2018) a développé, tout au long de sa carrière, une forme d’écriture dans laquelle l’analyse rapprochée des objets suscite un véritable dialogue théorique avec les œuvres. Deux recueils d’écrits sur le film, parus en 2017 et 2020 chez MIT Press, permettent désormais de mesurer l’ampleur de sa contribution dans le domaine de l’image en mouvement. En s’appuyant sur une analyse stylistique on peut entrevoir une articulation singulière entre la restitution sensible des objets par l’écriture (les descriptions des œuvres) et l’inscription de ces derniers dans une histoire culturelle plus vaste. Sa capacité à nouer son expérience de spectatrice à une hypothèse théorique indique clairement que le sensible (voire la sensualité) et la science (eros et mathesis) s’alimentent mutuellement.
Relational dynamics amongst personal resources: Consequences for employee engagement
Authors: Vermooten Nicola , Malan Johan , Kidd Martin , Boonazier Billy
Published: February 2021

Orientation: Consistent with the central tenets of the job demands-resources theory, research has shown that personal resources foster employee engagement. There is, however, a gap in the literature, as limited research has explored the relational dynamics amongst personal resources.Research purpose: Firstly, to explore the relational dynamics amongst personal resources and, secondly, to determine its consequences for employee engagement.The motivation of the study: Employees possess multiple personal resources. In consideration of this, the researchers propose that it is necessary to adopt a structural model to capture the interrelatedness of the personal resources phenomenon and its consequences for employee engagement.Research approach/design and method: A quantitative cross-sectional survey design was used in the study to collect primary data amongst teachers from public schools located across the Western Cape province (n = 353).Main findings: The results of the study demonstrated that personal resources are related to each other and, in turn, foster employee engagement.Practical/managerial implications: The researchers recommend human resource interventions that can be developed and implemented to cultivate personal resources, specifically emotional intelligence, work locus of control, psychological capital and calling orientation.Contribution/value-add: A structural model was adopted to explore the relational dynamics amongst personal resources. This enabled the researchers to capture the complexity of the personal resources phenomenon and its consequences for employee engagement.
Disseminated mucormycosis presenting as a renal mass in an human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient: A case report
Authors: Khaba Moshawa C. , Nevondo Lesedi M. , Moroatshehla Sydney M. , Makhado Ndivhuho A.
Published: February 2021

Mucormycosis, an opportunistic fungal infection, is on the increase. Individuals at risk are those with diabetes mellitus, haematological malignancy, etc. Infections are uncommon in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Clinical presentations include rhinocerebral, pulmonary or disseminated forms. Risk factors should alert clinicians to a high index of suspicion. Prompt diagnosis, facilitated by radiological imaging and tissue sampling, with appropriate medical and surgical intervention can potentially improve patient outcomes. Here we describe a rare case of renal mass in a patient living with HIV presenting to casualty department with abdominal pain and fever. Radiological imaging showed a renal mass whilst histopathological findings were suggestive of mucormycosis. Management included antifungal therapy and subsequent nephrectomy. The patient improved significantly and was discharged home.
Left paraduodenal hernia: Embryological and radiological findings
Authors: Vanmali Atish , Maharajh Jaynund , Haines Mario
Published: February 2021

Left paraduodenal hernia (PDH), may present as a surgical emergency with an increased risk of strangulation and incarceration. The diagnosis is challenging because of the non-specific presentation. In the absence of common epigastric or upper abdominal pathology and non-resolving symptoms, a high index of suspicion is required to diagnose left PDH. This report describes a case of radiologically diagnosed left paraduodenal hernia and subsequent successful surgery. It also includes a review of midgut embryology, and the anatomy and radiology of left PDH.
Consolidating facts and redesigning a novel pediatric dental practice in nCOVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Gayen Khooshbu , Shirolkar Supreet , Galui Sauvik , Saha Subrata , Sarkar Subir
Published: February 2021

The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 has been the most unprecedented event of our lifetimes, touching, and probably forever changing all realms of our lives and livelihoods. The field of general and speciality dental practice remains no exception. Among all health-care professionals, dentists as oral health caregivers are those who are most susceptible to contracting this infection. A never before situation like this has engaged all of humanity in studies and research for better understanding and possibly reducing the disaster that this terrible virus can inflict upon humanity. These efforts have led to a lot data, much of which is anecdotal evidence and thus a dire need to segregate facts has risen. Dentists in general and pediatric dentists in particular who routinely deal with children and managing them for dental care are at a heightened risk because of their job primarily in the oral cavity. Children routinely take longer appointments compared to adults and require more care to be exercised during this pandemic. This infection often presents asymptomatically which further complicates the problem. Thus, in a world that exists during and after this pandemic demands a reimagined dental practice that is safe for the health workers as well as effectively and efficiently delivers oral health care to all age groups. This can be achieved by rigorous and extensive study and consolidation of this knowledge which can then be adapted by health workers on the ground.
Management of chronic periodontitis using diode laser and tetracycline fibers
Authors: Habeeb Rahman Nilofer Farjana , Suresh Nanditha , Nowfiya Syed
Published: February 2021

Periodontal disease is host immune-mediated inflammatory disease with periods of progression and periods of remission. It results in the breakdown of supporting connective tissue and alveolar bone with the resultant permanent loss of the teeth. There are nonsurgical and surgical therapies available along with local and systemic antibiotic adjuncts. The diode laser therapy is an effective adjunct along with nonsurgical treatment in treating periodontitis. The diode laser not only removes infected sulcular epithelium but also infected connective tissue even in anatomically inaccessible niches. It fastens the treatment and healing with more patient comfort. To overcome antibiotic resistance due to systemic administration, local drug delivery agents are effective in eliminating the bacteria. The antimicrobial agents used as local drug delivery agents include tetracycline, ofloxacin, clindamycin, chlorhexidine, etc., Tetracycline, as well as its derivatives doxycycline and minocycline, are the most commonly used antimicrobial agents in the treatment of periodontal infections. These local drug delivery agents are used either alone or as an adjunct with scaling and root planning.
The effect of different curing units on the degree of polymerization of different composite resins
Authors: Karatas Ozcan , Yilmaz Merve Nur , Gul Pinar , Sagsoz Omer , Yapar Merve Iscan
Published: February 2021

Objective:

The aim of this study was to investigate the degree of polymerization of composite resins cured with different light-curing units (LCUs).

Materials and Methods:

Three bulk-fill composite (Beautifil Bulk-Fill Giomer, Filtek Bulk-Fill, and X-Tra Fill) and a methacrylate-based composite (Filtek Z250) were used in this study. Thirty disc-shaped specimens, 4 mm thick, were prepared from each composite resin. Specimens were divided into three groups and polymerized with light-emitting diode (LED), Plasma arch curing unit (PAC), and quartz-tungsten halogen LCU. The bottom and top surface microhardness of the specimens stored in distilled water for 24 h at 37°C after polymerization was measured with a universal test device. The hardness ratio (HR) of specimens was calculated by the bottom surface microhardness/top surface microhardness formula. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's least significant difference post hoc tests (α = 0.05).

Results:

Statistically significant differences were detected between the mean HR values of the specimens polymerized with different LCUs (P < 0.05). The mean HR values of Beautifil Bulk-Fill Giomer specimens were found to be statistically significantly lower than other composites (P < 0.05). The mean HR values of the specimens polymerized with PAC LCU were found to be statistically significantly lower than other LCUs (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

The degree of polymerization of the composite resin restoration may be affected by the structural properties of the resin and the type of LCU. The clinician may use alternative techniques, especially in deep cavities.
Detection of Tilapia Lake Virus (TiLV) in Healthy Fish from the Pre-Existing Disease Environment Using Different RT-PCR Methods
Authors: Piamsomboon Patharapol , Wongtavatchai Janenuj
Published: February 2021

We investigated the presence of TiLV in different fish species from the water reservoir that TiLV was previously reported. The virus was detected in healthy wild tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and farmed barramundi (Lates calcarifer) that shared water supply. Detection of TiLV was performed using three RT-PCR assays. Semi-nested RTPCR detected 9 positives, while the nested and one-step RT-PCR produced 7 and 4 positives, respectively. This study shows evidence that TiLV found in these two fish species is associated with the virus circulating in close proximity environment, nevertheless, it is deficient to indicate disease infection in these asymptomatic fish.
Masallar ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet
Authors: DEMİR Rugeş
Published: February 2021

Melek Özlem Sezer, Masallar ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet adlı çalışmasında toplumsal cinsiyet farkının masallardaki yansıması üzerinde durmakta, masalların çocuklara hitap eden basit anlatılar olarak görülmesine karşı çıkmaktadır. Masallarda bilinçaltı simgeler ve genetik hafıza kullanılarak ataerkil, evlilik, bekâret, güzellik ve rekabet gibi unsurlar çerçevesinde bireylere kültürel kod haritası çizildiği ifade edilmektedir. Sezer, ayrıca masallardaki olay örgülerinde cinsiyete bağlı söylem ve davranışların önemine değinmekte ve konuyla ilgili örnekler vermektedir. Eser, masal araştırmaları üzerine çalışma yapacak olanlara ve bu alana ilgi duyan okuyucular için masalın ideolojisi hakkında önemli bilgiler içermektedir. Melek Özlem Sezer, bu çalışmasıyla 2010 Oğuz Tansel Halkbilimi Ödülü’nü almıştır. Masalları toplumsal cinsiyet bağlamında değerlendiren Sezer, masalların tüm yazın türleri içerisinde geleneğe en çok bağlı kalınarak sürdürülen tür olduğunu ve çağın değişimleri çok gözetilmeden devam ettirildiğini söylemektedir. Genellikle kadınların masallarda hep çekinen, başına kötü şeyler gelen, korkan, düşündüklerini doğrudan söyleyemeyen kişiler olduklarını ve dışlandıklarını ifade etmektedir. Bir masal analizi olarak tasarlanmış olan kitap kanaatimizce oldukça kapsamlı ve çözümleyici bir incelemeye dayanmaktadır.
HUMAN MORALITY, MACHINE MORALITY: PROGRAMMING MACHINE ETHICS AS A LEGAL PROBLEM
Authors: Ferreira Ana Elisabete
Published: February 2021

Abstract

This article begins with a contextualization of the artificial decision and of the fields of action of autonomous software and machines, considering the underlying need to establish ethical-legal programming standards.
The fundamental problem of the text is to establish the biological root of human morality and the (im)possibility of mimicking it. In fact, a profound anthropological view of the origin of compassion and the processes of man's domestication by man make it possible to see an innate morality and also a biological substratum for the construction of moral patterns of conduct. In this way, the programming processes that take place in a prosthodox and "in silico" universe are far from configuring an authentic valorative programming. Making the artificial decision more adequate will imply formalizing the so-called ethical empowerment and the intrinsic motivation of automatons, through a principialist ethical-legalistic architecture.

Keywords: artificial intelligence; moral; ethics; robotics
CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS OF EVIDENCE IN CIVIL PROCEEDINGS
Authors: Barbosa Ana Raquel , Passos Márcia , Sousa Machado Susana
Published: February 2021

Summary
This article focuses on a dogmatic reflection on the concept and function of evidence in civil proceedings. To this end, it addresses evidence as the object of instruction as well as a number of problems associated with the burden of proof. This analysis also deals with the dialectics between the burden of proof and the burden of claim.
The reflection we propose on the concetual basis of the evidence also covers questions relating to the instructional activity, the value of the evidence, the binding force of the means of proof and its limitations.
From the theoretical framework described, it is also fundamental to proceed to the methodological classification of the test, also questioning its extra procedural value, always seeking to find foundations in the principles underlying the instructional activity.

Key words: civil procedure, proof, instruction, allegation.
CONSULTATION ON THE WHITE PAPER ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE - A EUROPEAN APPROACH
Authors: Fernandes Godinho Inês , R. Flores Cláudio , Castro Marques Nuno
Published: February 2021

SUMMARY

From 19 February to 14 June 2020, the European Commission held a Public Consultation on several policy and regulatory proposals that are currently being considered in the area of Artificial Intelligence (AI).

This consultation was centered on two main documents presented by the Commission: the White Paper on Artificial Intelligence[1] and the “Report on the safety and liability implications of Artificial Intelligence, the Internet of Things and robotics”[2].

The consultation also included an online survey[3], where the central themes of those two documents were covered in a summarized way.

In November 2020, the results of the consultation were presented, as well as the texts accepted for publication[4].

In order to participate in this pre-legislative process, a working group was created within the Faculty of Law and Political Science of the Lusófona University of Porto, which presented a contribution that was accepted and published by the European Commission[5].

The White Paper is centred in one powerful objective which is “to enable a trustworthy and secure development of AI in Europe, in full respect of the values and rights of EU citizens”, and for that presents two central ideas considered essential to attain it that are to create an ecosystem of excellence along the entire value chain and an ecosystem of trust that ensure compliance with EU rules, including rules protecting fundamental rights and consumers’ rights.

The text that follows is divided in two main parts: Part I is focused on presenting an overview on the three main topics pointed out at the consultation: Excellence, Trust and Liability; Part II corresponds to text of the contribution submitted in the Public Consultation held by the European Commission.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Liability; Cybercrime; Ethics; Competition
Effect of Risk Management Practices on Banks Performance Moderating Role of Managerial Expertise as a Competitive Edge
Authors:   Limkokwing University of Creative Technology, Ali Waqas
Published: February 2021

The main aim of this research study is to determine effect related to risk management practices on bank’s performance in presence of managerial expertise. Expertise and low overheads known to be an advantage on competitors in market. In this study, we propose to use the managerial expertise as competitive force to drive forward the ventures in the industry. Banking known to be intensely competitive industry in the business globe. It greatly requires the risk management and performance enhancement managerial expertise. Random method utilized for data collection through summated scale on five Liker point. Data collected from 70 operational managers, branch managers, and senior risk managers of the bank. This study utilized reliability analysis, correlation and regression analysis by using SPSS v.26. Results illustrated that effective risk management practices significantly influence performance of banks with moderating role of expertise based on managerial capabilities. This study prone with some limitation foremost inadequate sample size and cross-sectional study which influences on the generalization of study, root cause of small sample size is limited number of banks in Azad Kashmir. Moreover, this study recommends to bankers need to pay attention on risk management practices as well as managerial expertise to improve performance of banks and achieve competitive advantage by using that managerial expertise.
Concept of Inclusive Optimal Performance (IOP): Theoretical and Conceptual understanding on the inclusive relationship between Internal Simultaneous Performance (ISP) and External Simultaneous Performance (ESP)
Authors:   Institute of Business Management, Ellahi Rizwan
Published: February 2021

Small and Medium Enterprises play a significant role in economic well-being of a society, but unfortunately there is lack of proper structure and system for application of performance measurement in most of the SMEs. Hence, an inconsistency amongst the performance measures can be observed. The following paper focuses upon distinctive nature of small and medium business organizations (SMEs) and proposes a framework for effective performance measurement with respect to (SMEs). This research aims to provide such a framework for performance measurement that can ensure a balance between internal and external performance measures by introducing the concept of inclusive optimal performance (IOP) as a resultant of inclusive working between internal simultaneous performance (ISP) and external simultaneous performance (ESP). The need for inclusive strategic approach to internal and external performance factors has arrived primarily because of one sided competitiveness is produced due to exclusive strategic approach to inclusive and external performance factors of organization. In order to explore the legitimacy of the depicted argument the following research is based on concept review methodology of literature review through which this research assess the extensive literature with respect to performance measurement systems within SMEs. Through the integration of the psychology-oriented constructs of the internal and external locus of control theory, this research stem the inclusive nature and working of internal and external factors of performance analogy as a basis of the proposed framework that can be applied to ensure effective performance measurement at SMEs.
Valuation of Equity Securities, Private Firms, and Startups
Authors:   Barret Hodgson University, Ali Syed Babar
Published: February 2021

For valuation of equity securities and similar objects research has not been rigorous and holistic. This paper is an attempt to review the literature on valuation of equity for a variety of types of entities, and within some important valuation contexts. The review was performed for such themes as (1) Valuation of Stocks (2) Valuation of Private Firms (3) Valuation of Startups (4) Valuation in Emerging Markets (5) Valuation and IPO. The review found that there is a consensus over various models for their usefulness and theoretical soundness, at the same time researchers and practitioner are seeking better models, particularly in the areas of private firm valuation and startups. The valuation of stock has more robust and recognized framework as compared to private firms and startups. The valuation of private firms is more complex because of closed nature of the firm. The valuation of startup is complicated because of the newness of the business and industry, and also because of the nature of the business structure. In general, the practices involving valuation of equity securities and other similar entities have evolved and improved over time. This research will enable the security analysts and other valuation experts to gain insights into various models and their inputs for their beneficial applications.
Yawn Duration Predicts Brain Size in Wild Cats (Felidae)
Authors: Gallup Andrew C. , Crowe Brenna , Yanchus Michael
Published: February 2021

Recently, yawn duration was shown to be a robust predictor of brain size and complexity across a diverse sample of mammalian species. In particular, mammals with larger brains and more cortical neurons have longer yawns on average. Here, we investigated whether this relationship between yawn duration and brain size, which was previously at the taxonomic rank of class, is also present within a more restricted scale: a family of mammals. Using previously published data on brain weight and endocranial volumes among various field species within the family Felidae, we ran correlations with yawn durations obtained from openly accessible videos on the Internet. Consistent with previous findings, we show a strong linear relationship between yawn duration and both brain weight and brain volumes among wild cats. However, yawn duration was not significantly correlated with species body weight. Although limited to a small sample, these results provide convergent evidence for an important and general neurophysiologic function to yawning and highlight the utility of measuring yawn duration in comparative research.
Do Belugas (Delphinapterus leucas), Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus), & Pacific White-Sided Dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens) Display Lateralized Eye Preference when Presented with Familiar or Novel Objects?
Authors: Yeater Deirdre B. , Guarino Sara , Lacy Steve , Dees Tricia , Hill Heather M.
Published: February 2021

Lateralization of behaviors and information processing are common across species. Hypothesized to be crucial for more efficient responding to environmental stimuli, lateralization has been investigated for a number of topics. Cetaceans are proposed to be hemispheric specialists, given a small corpus callosum, complete decussation of the optic nerve, and the ability to respond to a different visual stimulus presented to each eye simultaneously. Research with cetaceans has shown strong biases in a number of behaviors, including swimming, foraging, social interactions, and responses to myriad visual stimuli. Given similar evolutionary pressures, different species of cetaceans should display similar lateralized preferences. Previous research with bottlenose dolphins in managed care and wild striped dolphins indicated a right eye preference when viewing unfamiliar objects. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the eye preference of belugas, bottlenose dolphins, and Pacific white-sided dolphins (lags) in managed care when viewing familiar and unfamiliar objects. The results from 11 belugas, 5 bottlenose dolphins, and 5 lags indicated that consistent group level eye preferences were not present. The belugas preferred to view both types of objects with both eyes, with the majority of the belugas showing a left-eye preference when a monocular gaze was used. Bottlenose dolphins tended to view both objects with their right eye while lags used their left eye when viewing objects. These results may have been affected by viewing objects below water versus above water. The belugas and the Pacific white-sided dolphins were able to view the objects below water, which may have elicited more naturalistic visual examinations of the objects (i.e., greater ecological validity). Viewing objects within one’s habitat may facilitate the discrimination of an object rather than simply its detection, which is may be more likely when encountering stimuli above the surface of the water as the bottlenose dolphins had to do in the present and past research. Future research should compare if presentation of the stimulus above water versus below water affects the eye preference displayed.
Seasonal, Diel, and Age Differences in Activity Budgets of a Group of Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) Under Professional Care
Authors: Walker Rachel T. , Miller Lance J. , Kuczaj II Stan A. , Solangi Moby
Published: February 2021

Wild bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) behavior is impacted by a number of factors including season, time of day, and age. However, less is known about how these factors may influence animals under professional care in zoos, aquariums and marine parks. Management practices such as scheduled feeding times, human interactions, lack of predators and show performances may also impact the activity budgets of dolphins. The current study examined the rest, swim and play behavior of seven dolphins (three adults, four calves) at one facility. Data were collected over the entire 24-hour day for a period of one year. Observed behaviors were recorded in mutually exclusive categories including rest, low intensity swim, high intensity swim, low intensity play, high intensity play and social play. Data were analyzed to determine how often dolphins engaged in particular behaviors and if activity budgets varied due to season, time of day and age. These dolphins spent the majority of their time in low intensity swim and low intensity play. The activity budget varied between observational periods. First, seasonal differences were found in low intensity swim, low intensity play, social play and high intensity play behaviors. In the comparison for time of day, differences were found in rest, low intensity swim, low intensity play and social play. Finally, no significant differences were found in age comparisons. Information gained from this study can help to better understand how different factors influence the behavior of bottlenose dolphins under professional care within zoos, aquariums and marine parks.
Thunks: Evidence for Varied Harmonic Structure in an Atlantic Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) Sound
Authors: Ames Audra E. , Zapetis Maria E. , Witlicki Kaitlyn L. , Wielandt Sara J. , Cameron Dianne M. , Walker Rachel T. , Kuczaj II Stan A.
Published: February 2021

McCowan and Reiss first reported the “thunk” sound of the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) during separations and discipline behavior of mother-calf dyads. This sound has been previously described as a wide-band, low frequency contact call, however the harmonic structure of this sound is more variable than previously described. Based on preliminary observations of the graded structure of thunks within our data set, we investigated the directionality of thunks with energies at higher frequencies. We recorded a bottlenose dolphin mother with her calf during the first 30-days of life, and analyzed thunk production during separation and discipline contexts. Two classifications of the thunk sound were compared to determine calf response and whether location cues were embedded in the higher harmonics of one of the thunk types. The mother oriented towards the calf significantly more during production of both thunk types during separation and discipline contexts. This sound may have potential directional information within the harmonic structure; however, we could not draw that conclusion based on our findings. Therefore, we present data here that indicates a graded structure to the harmonics of thunk sounds.
A Killer Whale’s (Orcinus orca) Response to Visual Media
Authors: Hanna Pepper , Brown Beri , Winship Kelley , Cameron Dianne , Hill Heather M. , Kuczaj II Stan
Published: February 2021

Environmental enrichment is critical for maintaining cognitive welfare for animals in human care but is subject to individual preferences. The interest in a video-based enrichment was assessed for a single killer whale (Orcinus orca) in human care. The adult female was presented 20 video recordings featuring cetaceans, elephants, or humans with each video presented in two conditions: (1) with sound and (2) without sound. Four additional presentations in which the television displayed a blank screen served as controls. All sessions were videotaped and coded for time spent viewing the recordings, behavioral responses, and visual laterality. The killer whale spent significantly more time at the television when programs were on screen compared to when the television was present but blank. She was more likely to watch videos accompanied by sound than those presented without sound. Videos were more likely to be viewed monocularly rather than binocularly, with a right eye preference when viewing the videos the first time they were presented. The highest rates of behavioral responses occurred during videos of cetaceans. These results demonstrate that one killer whale responded to video recordings of different stimuli, suggesting that video recordings may be used as a form of enrichment for cetaceans and that not all video content and formats are equally interesting.
The Valuation Cost Decreases as a Function of Extended Exposure to a Risky-Choice Procedure
Authors: Camarena Pérez Héctor Octavio , García-Leal Oscar
Published: February 2021

Several studies in pigeons and rats have reported a predictable relation between latencies during no-choice trials and the ulterior preference in choice trials. The Sequential Choice Model (SCM) was proposed in 2008 to account for these results, and more importantly to make precise predictions about the correlation between latency and preference. Eight male Wistar rats were exposed to 48 sessions in a risk-sensitive procedure, each session was composed by 10 blocks of trials (2 no-choice and 4 choice trials). We analyzed data taking latencies of response and testing the SCM’s predictions. Our data support partially the SCM’s predictions, but a monotonic decrease to a floor effect in all latencies of response does not allow confirming all predictions. The results are discussed regarding a decrease in the valuation cost as a result of extended exposure, and arguing that diminishing latencies in this particular procedure contributed to increase the whole rate of reinforcement.
Can Dogs Learn Concepts the Same Way We Do? Concept Formation in a German Shepherd
Authors: Feuerbacher Erica N. , Rosales-Ruiz Jesús
Published: February 2021

Growing evidence shows that dogs can complete complex behavioral tasks, such as learning labels for hundreds of objects, readily learning the name of a novel object, and responding differentially to objects by category (e.g., “toy,” “ball,” “Frisbee”). We expand here on the evidence for complex behavioral abilities in dogs by demonstrating that they are capable of concept formation by strict criteria. A German shepherd responded differentially to two sets of objects (“toys” and “non-toys”) in Experiment 1. Additionally, the dog’s differential responding in Experiment 1 occurred from the first trial, indicating that he entered the experiment with this stimulus class already differentiated from his day-to-day exposure to contingencies. In Experiment 2 we used a common response (tug-of-war) with three objects that were not retrieved in Experiment 1 to attempt to add these objects to the stimulus class. After repeated sessions of tug-of-war, the dog began retrieving all three objects in the retrieval test, although the rates of retrieval varied between objects. Finally, in Experiment 3, we conducted a transfer of function test in which the dog emitted a new response to untrained exemplars suggesting that his differential responding in Experiment 1 was indicative of a concept by the strictest criteria. Additionally, he reliably emitted the new response in the transfer test to one of the three new objects from Experiment 2, suggesting this object had been reliably added to the conceptual class.
Effect of Alchornea Cordifolia and Costus Afer based diet on Gut Microbes of Male Rabbits.
Authors: Ohimain EI , Nodu MB , Imoni OJ
Published: February 2021

The gut microbiome of animals affects the health and performance of the animal. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of Alchornea cordifolia and Costus afer leaf meal on gut microbiome of young male rabbits. Twenty-four (24) 5-6 months old rabbit bucks with an average weight of 5.3kg were used for this study. The completely randomized design was used and the rabbit bucks were distributed into four (4) feeding /treatment groups (T) designated as T1 (the control fed with regular rabbit feed only), T2 (fed with Alchornea cordifolia), T3 (fed with Costus afer) and T4 (fed with a mixture of Alchornea cordifolia and Costus afer). The rabbits were fed the experimental diet for eight weeks and samples for microbiological analysis were collected from the different sections of the rabbit gut (stomach, ileum, caecum and colon) and droppings and analyzed for total heterotrophic bacteria (THB) and total coliform counts (TCC). The population density of THB was highest in T4 at the stomach (5.03±0.87 x 105 cfu/g) and ileum (5.32±1.19 x 105 cfu/g), but in T3 at the caecum (4.83±0.95 105 cfu/g), colon (4.15±0.60 x 105 cfu/g) and droppings (3.35±0.65 x 105 cfu/g. The population of TCC was highest in T4 in the stomach (i.e. 2.72±0.40 x 105 cfu/g) and ileum 2.67±0.53 x 105 cfu/g), in T3 at the caecum (3.53±0.69 x 105 cfu/g) and droppings (2.02±0.37 x 105 cfu/g, but T1 in the colon (2.77±0.60 x 105 cfu/g). The feed intake was highest in T4, followed by T3 and T1, but least in T2 (P <0.05), whereas there was no significant difference (P >0.05) in the weight gain of the rabbits (1.75 kg). We found that while Alchornea seemed to be reducing the population, Costus afer was enhancing their population and the overall effect on weight gain was insignificant
Alternative Protein Sources As Substitutes For Fishmeal In The Diet Of Young Tilapia Oreochromis Niloticus (LINN.)
Authors: Ogunji Johnny O. , Wirth Manfred
Published: February 2021

Fifteen test diets were theoretically formulated to contain 33.32% dietary protein, dry matter, using a mixture of alternative protein sources and fishmeal in various proportions. Test diets were fed to fingerlings (initial weight 3.2±0.2 g) in triplicate tanks for eight weeks at 5% body weight per day in three portions. At the end of each experimental phase, fish carcass from the feeding groups was homogenized. Freeze-dried samples of fish at the beginning and end of the experiments as well as samples of the test diets were analyzed for proximate composition. Fish fed diet 1 containing 43% fishmeal recorded the highest weight gain, highest specific growth rate (SGR, 3.46%/d) and lowest food conversion ratio (FCR, 1.11). When part of the fishmeal was substituted with 18% soy- bean meal and 5% blood meal (diet 8), SGR and FCR were 3.02%/d and 1.34, respectively, not significantly different from diet 1 at 0.05 probability. Results showed that proper combination of alternative protein sources can provide 42-45% of the protein required by Oreochromis niloticus (33.32% dietary protein, dry matter). In such a combination, soybean meal can replace up to 25% of the fishmeal as a protein source. Blood meal exceeding 6%, groundnut cake beyond 10%, soy- bean meal above 20%, and wheat bran beyond 10% retarded fish growth. High mortality was gen- erally observed when these levels were exceeded, even in only one of the protein sources.
Immunogenicity Of Aeromonas Salmonicida A-Protein In Goldfish (Carassius Auratus L.)
Authors: Sinyakov M. , Dror M. , Margel S. , Avtalion R.R.
Published: February 2021

Antigenicity of the surface A-layer protein of an atypical Aeromonas salmonicida strain was tested in goldfish following immunization with various A-protein (AP) antigenic preparations (soluble form, alum-precipitated, conjugated with polyacrolein nanoparticles, or bacterin). ELISA revealed innate specific anti-AP antibody activity in all fish on day 0, while no significant antibody enhancement was seen on days 21 or 42 following the primary immunization. A second stimulation with soluble AP resulted in a clear response in groups primed with bacterin and alum-precipitated AP but no response in those primed with soluble AP or AP-nanoparticles conjugate. The implication of these results for vaccine design is discussed.
In Memoriam Professor Boaz Moav (1938-2002)
Authors: Mires Dan
Published: February 2021

On January 28, 2002, Professor Boaz Moav passed away after a long and valiant struggle with his ailment. We have lost both a good friend and a dedicated scientist who contributed greatly to the scientific aspects of fish culture.
The Protein Sparing Effects Of High Lipid Levels In Diets For Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss, W. 1792) With Special Reference To Reduction Of Total Nitrogen Excretion
Authors: Yigit Murat , Yardim Öztekin , Koshio Shunsuke
Published: February 2021

This research sought to develop low-protein, high-energy (less-polluting) diets for rainbow trout to properly utilize protein and reduce total nitrogen excretion. Duplicate groups of rainbow trout were fed one of four experimental diets with a protein to energy (P:E) ratio of 25, 24, 22 or 19 mg/kJ and a lipid content of 12, 13, 17 or 26%, respectively. The diets were given to fish with a mean initial weight of 181 g for 70 days. At the conclusion of the trial, mean weights ranged from 353.17 g (94% weight gain) to 394.75 g (118% weight gain) with 100% survival in all treat- ments. Weight gain, feed efficiency and protein retention increased as the dietary lipid content increased and as the P:E ratio decreased. Fish fed the 22 mg protein/kJ energy diet (17% lipid, 44% protein, 20.34 kJ/g gross energy) performed best. This indicates that the protein content in practical trout feeds can be reduced from the currently used 47% to around 44% without reduc- ing the growth rate and feed efficiency, if high quality protein is used and the gross energy is increased by lipid to about 20.34 kJ/g diet. The low-protein, high-energy diets reduced the total nitrogen excretion from the rainbow trout by 27%.
Alterations In The Hematological Parameters Of Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus Mykiss, Exposed To Cypermethrin
Authors: Atamanalp Muhammed , Yanik Telat , Haliloglu H. Ïbrahim , Aras M. Sıtkı
Published: February 2021

Rainbow trout were exposed to sublethal concentrations of the pesticide cypermethrin (1/8, 1/4 and 1/2 of the LC50, 0.0082 mg/l) for 21 days at 24-hour intervals. At the end of the exposure period, hematological parameters were investigated. As the concentration of cypermethrin increased, there were increases in red blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscu- lar hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, thrombocyte count and erythro- cyte sedimentation rate. As the exposure increased, there were decreases in packed cell vol- ume, mean corpuscular volume and white blood cell count. Differences among treatments were significant (p<0.05) only for red blood cells, mean corpuscular volume, thrombocyte count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate when exposure rose from 1/8 to 1/2 of the LC50 concentration.
Effect of Diets With Protein From Different Sources On The Growth Of Goldfish, Carassius Auratus
Authors: Mohanta K.N. , Subramanian S.
Published: February 2021

Four isoproteinous (40% crude protein) feeds (based on chicken liver, lean shrimp meal, mus- sel meal or squid meal) were fed to goldfish, Carassius auratus, of 4.61±0.427 g for 30 days at 10% of their body weight. The effect of the feeds on growth performance were compared with two commercial feeds, Brine Shrimp Flake and Tubifex Worm (59% crude protein each). There were no significant differences in food conversion ratio or specific growth rate between the treat- ments. The protein efficiency ratios (PER) of all the formulated feeds were significantly better than that of the Brine Shrimp Flake and the PER of the diets based on mussel and squid meal were also significantly better than Tubifex Worm. The weight increment with Tubifex Worm was significantly highest of all the treatments. Considering the nutritional parameters and cost of pro- ducing one kilogram of fish, the diet based on lean shrimp meal was the best. The cost of pro- ducing one kilogram fish using the formulated feeds ranged Rs. 93.75-231.30. Using Brine Shrimp Flake and Tubifex Worm, the costs were Rs. 1150 and Rs. 3500 per kg, respectively. The cost of goldfish rearing can be appreciably reduced by using feeds prepared with locally available protein sources. The crude protein level of 40% was sufficient for the goldfish, as the PER of the fish fed the formulated feeds was better than that of the fish fed the commercial feeds.