bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of Risk Factors for the Development of Diabetic Retinopathy Among Palestinian Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Shrateh Oadi N. , Abdelhafez Mohammad , Ereqat Suheir , Dein Lana Naser El , Iriqat Salam
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Although risk factors linked to diabetic retinopathy (DR) among patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have been extensively studied globally, the specific determinants of these factors in relation to DR in Palestine are presently not well understood.

Methods

This retrospective cross‐sectional study included patients who underwent DR screening with a fundus camera (VersaCam a). The study included patients aged ≥18 with T2DM, excluding those with other types of diabetes or a history of malignancies. Univariable and multivariable logistic regressions were used to identify factors associated with DR.

Results

A total of 1163 patients with T2DM were included in this study. Of these, 211 (18.1%) patients were classified in the DR group, 761 (65.4%) in the no DR group and 191 (16.4%) were ungradable. Among the included patients, 434 (37.3%) were male. A secondary level of education or higher and a BMI ≥30 kg/m2, compared with <25 kg/m2, were independently and inversely associated with DR, with odds ratios (ORs) of 0.46 (p < 0.001) and 0.58 (p = 0.046), respectively. A 5‐year increase in the duration of T2DM correlated with 45% higher odds of having DR (p < 0.001). Patients with DR were more likely to have HbA1c >7%, be physically inactive and use insulin, with ORs of 1.63 (p = 0.02), 2.05 (p < 0.001) and 1.53 (p = 0.03), respectively. Age, gender, occupational status, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia were not independent predictors of DR (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Longer duration of T2DM, HbA1c >7%, physical inactivity and insulin use were all independently associated with the presence of DR. Furthermore, a secondary or higher educational level and obesity demonstrated independent and inverse associations with the development of DR.
Application of nanotechnology in dairy desserts and ice cream formulation with the emphasize on textural, rheological, antimicrobial, and sensory properties
Authors: Aliabbasi Neda , Emam‐Djomeh Zahra
Published: June 2024

Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising approach for improving the texture, rheology, and antimicrobial aspects of dairy desserts and ice cream. This study presents an overview of how nanotechnology is applied in developing these dairy products, focusing on its impact on texture, flow characteristics, and antimicrobial properties. Furthermore, nanomaterials are crucial in enhancing sensory aspects like taste and overall consumer appeal. The integration of nanostructures in dairy products can modify the structural and functional characteristics of these products, leading to improvements in texture and being nutritious. Moreover, incorporation of nano materials in dairy products could enhance rheological properties by improving emulsion stability and consistency, modifying material viscosity to influence flow behavior, and easily interacting with other components in the product matrix, thereby impacting properties such as creaminess and mouthfeel. Antimicrobial nanomaterials with elevated surface‐to‐volume ratio. play a crucial role in preventing spoilage and ensuring product safety. The potential advantages and challenges linked to using nanotechnology in dairy desserts and ice cream are examined, highlighting the importance of further research in this evolving field.
Women's rugby for all: Toward an intersectional women's rugby research agenda
Authors: Mkumbuzi Nonhlanhla Sharon
Published: June 2024

Women rugby players are participating in the sport at the highest levels to date. However, despite this increase in participation, sports sciences and sports medicine/sports physiotherapy (SEMS) research output has not mirrored this increase. Females have hormonally mediated anatomical and physiological profiles, which may have implications for rugby performance, injury risk and rehabilitation outcomes. However, hormonal fluctuations and the physiological differences between the sexes are not the only contributors to sex‐related differences in the rugby experience. Rugby is a highly gendered environment, which operates within a hegemonic masculine norm and marginalises female and women athletes. Further, while women players in general are underrepresented in sports sciences and SEMS research, women rugby players and experts from ethnic minorities and the Global South are near invisible in the literature as they are marginalised on multiple fronts. Sports sciences and SEMS research should take an intersectional lens to investigate the joint relationship between the various sources of inequity in rugby. Intersectional research in women rugby players would encourage the conceptualisation and analysis of the complex social inequalities that the most marginalised women players and those who simultaneously negotiate multiple identities experience. Such data can better inform federation‐level interventions and policy changes to address the needs of historically marginalised player populations as our research portfolio will be more representative of the world's rugby population.
Ensuring data privacy in AI/ML implementation
Authors: Yang Eric , Beil Cheryl
Published: June 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have transformed the landscape of data management in higher education institutions, necessitating a critical evaluation of existing data privacy policies and practices. This research delves into the inadequacies of current frameworks in adapting to the swift evolution of Big Data. Student, faculty, and staff perspectives on data privacy are examined in terms of how their viewpoints influence university policies. Data privacy incidents at several universities are discussed to identify patterns and extract lessons learned. Recommendations and best practices for enhancing data privacy in the context of AI/ML implementation are discussed, with an emphasis on the need for policy reform and improved protocols to safeguard student privacy effectively. The integration of AI/ML in higher education must align with robust data privacy standards, enabling institutions to optimize teaching, learning, and administrative processes while safeguarding sensitive student information.

Practical Takeaways

AI/ML advancements necessitate a critical review of data privacy policies in higher education to adapt to Big Data evolution.

The perspectives of students, faculty, and staff are crucial in shaping effective data privacy policies.

Analysis of data privacy incidents offers insights for policy reform and implementation of best practices.

Recommendations emphasize the importance of policy reform and robust protocols to protect student privacy amidst AI/ML integration, ensuring effective teaching, learning, and administrative processes.
Brexucabtagene autoleucel for relapsed or refractory mantle cell lymphoma in the United Kingdom: A real‐world intention‐to‐treat analysis
Authors: O'Reilly Maeve A. , Wilson William , Burns David , Kuhnl Andrea , Seymour Frances , Uttenthal Ben , Besley Caroline , Alajangi Rajesh , Creasey Thomas , Paneesha Shankara , Elliot Johnathon , Gonzalez Arias Carlos , Iyengar Sunil , Wilson Matthew R. , Delaney Alison , Rubio Lourdes , Lambert Jonathan , Begg Khalil , Boyle Stephen , Cheok Kathleen P. L. , Collins Graham P. , Roddie Claire , Johnson Rod , Sanderson Robin
Published: June 2024

Brexucabtagene autoleucel (brexu‐cel) is an autologous CD19 CAR T‐cell product, approved for relapsed/refractory (r/r) mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). In ZUMA‐2, brexu‐cel demonstrated impressive responses in patients failing ≥2 lines, including a bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor, with an overall and complete response rate of 93% and 67%, respectively. Here, we report our real‐world intention‐to‐treat (ITT) outcomes for brexu‐cel in consecutive, prospectively approved patients, from 12 institutions in the United Kingdom between February 2021 and June 2023, with a focus on feasibility, efficacy, and tolerability. Of 119 approved, 104 underwent leukapheresis and 83 received a brexu‐cel infusion. Progressive disease (PD) and/or manufacturing (MF) were the most common reasons for failure to reach harvest and/or infusion. For infused patients, best overall and complete response rates were 87% and 81%, respectively. At a median follow‐up of 13.3 months, median progression‐free survival (PFS) for infused patients was 21 months (10.1–NA) with a 6‐ and 12‐month PFS of 82% (95% confidence interval [CI], 71–89) and 62% (95% CI, 49–73), respectively. ≥Grade 3 cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity occurred in 12% and 22%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, inferior PFS was associated with male sex, bulky disease, ECOG PS > 1 and previous MF. Cumulative incidence of non‐relapse mortality (NRM) was 6%, 15%, and 25% at 6, 12, and 24 months, respectively, and mostly attributable to infection. Outcomes for infused patients in the UK are comparable to ZUMA‐2 and other real‐world reports. However, ITT analysis highlights a significant dropout due to PD and/or MF. NRM events warrant further attention.
Influences of thermal stratification and chemical reaction on MHD free convective flow along an accelerated vertical plate with variable temperature and exponential mass diffusion in a porous medium
Authors: Sahu Digbash , Deka Rudra Kanta
Published: June 2024

This study examines the impacts of thermal stratification and chemical reaction on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) free convective flow along an accelerated vertical plate with variable temperature and exponential mass diffusion, set within a porous medium. Analytical solutions, utilized, are obtained through the Laplace transform technique to accurately represent the flow's physical mechanism. The research employs advanced mathematical models to analyze the intricate interplay between MHD and convective processes under varying thermal and exponential mass diffusion conditions, offering insights into fluid dynamics that closely simulate real‐world conditions. The study draws a significant conclusion by contrasting the effects of thermal stratification with a nonstratified environment. It has been noted that when stratification is applied to the flow, the steady state is achieved more quickly. The study reveals that thermal stratification reduces fluid velocity and temperature but increases skin friction and the Nusselt number, diverging from nonstratified conditions. It also shows that parameters, like, , and significantly influence velocity, temperature, and concentration in fluid dynamics. This research could be driven by a need to enhance the understanding of fluid flow in various engineering and environmental contexts, where such conditions are prevalent, including geothermal energy extraction, thermal management, chemical processing industries, and environmental control technologies. This novel approach enhances understanding of flow processes in both natural and engineered porous environments.
Detecting soil hydrological connectivity in a badland area by fast field cycling nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry
Authors: Conte Pellegrino , Guida Gaetano , Librici Calogero , Nicosia Alessio , Palmeri Vincenzo , Ferro Vito
Published: June 2024

The ‘hydrological connectivity inside the soil’ refers to both the spatial pattern inside the soil (structural component) and the physical–chemical process at a molecular level (functional component). Fast field cycling (FFC) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry allows for measuring structural and functional connectivity by two suitable indexes named structural connectivity index (SCI) and functional connectivity index (FCI). In this study, FFC NMR relaxometry was applied to soils sampled in a very degraded environment (i.e., a badland area) to detect the capability of the measurement technique to distinguish the hydrological connectivity of these samples having different conditions (layer explored by roots, sparsely‐vegetated and bare soil). The relaxograms measured by the FFC NMR, using Proton Larmor frequencies in the range 0.01–10 MHz, were integrated and the resulting S‐shaped curves were analysed to obtain the connectivity indexes. Results showed that the ‘Sparsely vegetated’ sample is characterized by more small‐sized pores than the ‘Rooted’ one. The comparison between the ‘Sparsely vegetated’ and ‘Bare’ conditions pointed out that the presence of vegetation reduces the measured relaxation times and, as a consequence, the corresponding pore sizes and modifies the structural connectivity. The analysis also revealed that the three samples are characterized by similar values of SCI, which are independent of the proton Larmor frequency, while the FCI values of the ‘Bare’ soil are the lowest. Conversely, samples from soil with vegetation (‘Rooted’ and ‘Sparsely vegetated’) present comparable functional connectivity. Finally, the analysis of the frequency distribution of the ratio of each connectivity index and its mean value (SCI/m(SCI) and FCI/m(FCI)) allowed to establish its normal distribution. For the investigated samples, this result established that FCI and SCI can be represented by their mean value.
Pregnancy and symptomatic Huntington's disease—A case report
Authors: Olawi Fariha M. , Kierkegaard Ole , Zizzo Anne R.
Published: June 2024

Synopsis

Symptomatic Huntington's disease (HD) in pregnancy requires multidisciplinary care. We address the challenges derived from the cognitive and physical impairment and illuminate social and ethical concerns.
Calcium phosphate graphene and Ti3C2Tx MXene scaffolds with osteogenic and antibacterial properties
Authors: Orlando Jason D. , Li Li , Limbu Tej B. , Deng Chenyun , Wolf Michelle E. , Vickery Walker M. , Yan Fei , Sydlik Stefanie A.
Published: June 2024

Bioactive degradable scaffolds that facilitate bone healing while fighting off initial bacterial infection have the potential to change established strategies of dealing with traumatic bone injuries. To achieve this a composite material made from calcium phosphate graphene (CaPG), and MXene was synthesized. CaPG was created by functionalizing graphene oxide with phosphate groups in the presence of CaBr with a Lewis acid catalyst. Through this transformation, Ca2+ and PO43− inducerons are released as the material degrades thereby aiding in the process of osteogenesis. The 2D MXene sheets, which have shown to have antibacterial properties, were made by etching the Al from a layered Ti3AlC2 (MAX phase) using HF. The hot‐pressed scaffolds made of these materials were designed to combat the possibility of infection during initial surgery and failure of osteogenesis to occur. These two failure modes account for a large percentage of issues that can arise during the treatment of traumatic bone injuries. These scaffolds were able to retain induceron‐eluting properties in various weight percentages and bring about osteogenesis with CaPG alone and 2 wt% MXene scaffolds demonstrating increased osteogenic activity as compared to no treatment. Additionally, added MXene provided antibacterial properties that could be seen at as little as 2 wt%. This CaPG and MXene composite provides a possible avenue for developing osteogenic, antibacterial materials for treating bone injuries.
Is the addition of running retraining to best standard care beneficial in runners with medial tibial stress syndrome? Protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Anderson Laura M. , Bonanno Daniel R. , Calnin Benjamin J. , Sritharan Prasanna , Willy Richard W. , Erbas Bircan , Batra Mehak , Menz Hylton B.
Published: June 2024

Background

Running retraining is commonly used in the management of medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) but evidence for its effectiveness is lacking. The primary aim of this study is to determine if the addition of running retraining to best standard care is beneficial in the management of runners with MTSS.

Methods

This study is an assessor‐blinded and participant‐blinded, parallel‐group, randomised controlled trial. The trial will recruit 64 participants aged between 18 and 45 years, with a clinical diagnosis of MTSS that has affected their running participation for at least four weeks. Participants will be randomised to receive best standard care (control) or running retraining and best standard care (intervention group) over an 8‐week period. Best standard care will consist of load management advice, symptom management advice, footwear advice and a strengthening program. Running retraining will consist of a cue to reduce running step length. Outcomes will be measured at weeks 1, 2, 4 and 8. The primary outcome measure will be the University of Wisconsin Running Injury and Recovery Index at week 4. Secondary outcome measures include: (i) Exercise Induced Leg Pain Questionnaire—British Version, (ii) global rating of change scale, (iii) worst pain experienced during a run, (iv) weekly run volume, (v) reactive strength index score, (vi) single leg hop test, (vii) soleus single leg maximum voluntary isometric contraction, (viii) gastrocnemius single leg maximum voluntary isometric contraction, (ix) single leg plantar flexor endurance test, (x) running step length, and (xi) running step rate. Data will be analysed using the intention‐to‐treat principle.

Discussion

This randomised controlled trial will evaluate if reducing running step length provides additional benefit to best standard care in the management of runners with MTSS over an 8‐week period.

Trial registration

Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12624000230550.
Identifying potential LGBTQIA+ competencies for genetic counseling student training
Authors: Saunders Grace , Carmany Erin , Trepanier Angela
Published: June 2024

The LGBTQIA+ community faces considerable health disparities. Developing and integrating LGBTQIA+ competencies into healthcare provider training programs is one way to promote inclusive high‐quality care to potentially improve this community's health. Currently, there are no established LGBTQIA+‐specific competencies for genetic counseling graduate programs (GCPs), so training across GCPs likely varies. This qualitative focus group‐based study aimed to explore current topics related to genetic counseling (GC) for LGBTQIA+ patients covered in North American GCPs, their learning objectives, and LGBTQIA+‐specific competencies that GC students (GCSs) should achieve by graduation. Eligible participants were program leaders at ACGC‐accredited GCPs and/or faculty who taught LGBTQIA+‐related content in at least one GCP over the last 5 years. A semistructured interview guide was used to conduct virtual focus groups that were recorded and transcribed. Transcripts were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis and an inductive iterative approach that generated themes regarding what content is taught and what knowledge, attitudes, and skills GCSs should demonstrate as a result. Thirteen people participated, including nine LGBTQIA+ people. They represented 12 GCPs (22% of current GCPs) across the United States and Canada. Focus groups ran 73–90 min. Transcript analysis identified six themes, framed as learning objectives (LOs), and 24 subobjectives. These included recognizing the breadth of the LGBTQIA+ community and their lived experience with the healthcare system, demonstrating respect for and responding to patient identities to provide inclusive GC, employing strategies to mitigate social aspects that influence health care, and assessing personal biases and the impact of socialization. Participants used several teaching methods including didactic lectures, simulation, written activities, reflections, and fieldwork experiences. The six identified LOs may be a starting point for GCPs looking to develop or refine their LGBTQIA+ curricula. Competency‐based education may enhance GCSs' abilities to provide inclusive GC to the LGBTQIA+ community.
Mitochondrial membrane synthesis, remodelling and cellular trafficking
Authors: Messina Martina , Vaz Frédéric M. , Rahman Shamima
Published: June 2024

Mitochondria are dynamic cellular organelles with complex roles in metabolism and signalling. Primary mitochondrial disorders are a group of approximately 400 monogenic disorders arising from pathogenic genetic variants impacting mitochondrial structure, ultrastructure and/or function. Amongst these disorders, defects of complex lipid biosynthesis, especially of the unique mitochondrial membrane lipid cardiolipin, and membrane biology are an emerging group characterised by clinical heterogeneity, but with recurrent features including cardiomyopathy, encephalopathy, neurodegeneration, neuropathy and 3‐methylglutaconic aciduria. This review discusses lipid synthesis in the mitochondrial membrane, the mitochondrial contact site and cristae organising system (MICOS), mitochondrial dynamics and trafficking, and the disorders associated with defects of each of these processes. We highlight overlapping functions of proteins involved in lipid biosynthesis and protein import into the mitochondria, pointing to an overarching coordination and synchronisation of mitochondrial functions. This review also focuses on membrane interactions between mitochondria and other organelles, namely the endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisomes, lysosomes and lipid droplets. We signpost disorders of these membrane interactions that may explain the observation of secondary mitochondrial dysfunction in heterogeneous pathological processes. Disruption of these organellar interactions ultimately impairs cellular homeostasis and organismal health, highlighting the central role of mitochondria in human health and disease.
Malaria and other infections induce polyreactive antibodies that impact SARS‐CoV‐2 seropositivity estimations in endemic settings
Authors: Aguilar Ruth , Jiménez Alfons , Santano Rebeca , Vidal Marta , Maiga‐Ascofare Oumou , Strauss Ricardo , Bonney Joseph , Agbogbatey Melvin , Goovaerts Odin , Boham Eric E. A. , Adu Evan A. , Cuamba Inocencia , Ramírez‐Morros Anna , Dutta Sheetij , Angov Evelina , Zhan Bin , Izquierdo Luis , Santamaria Pere , Mayor Alfredo , Gascón Joaquim , Ruiz‐Comellas Anna , Molinos‐Albert Luis M. , Amuasi John H. , Awuah Anthony A.‐A. , Adriaensen Wim , Dobaño Carlota , Moncunill Gemma
Published: June 2024

Anti‐severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) seroprevalence is used to estimate the proportion of individuals within a population previously infected, to track viral transmission, and to monitor naturally and vaccine‐induced immune protection. However, in sub‐Saharan African settings, antibodies induced by higher exposure to pathogens may increase unspecific seroreactivity to SARS‐CoV‐2 antigens, resulting in false positive responses. To investigate the level and type of unspecific seroreactivitiy to SARS‐CoV‐2 in Africa, we measured immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgA, and IgM to a broad panel of antigens from different pathogens by Luminex in 602 plasma samples from African and European subjects differing in coronavirus disease 2019, malaria, and other exposures. Seroreactivity to SARS‐CoV‐2 antigens was higher in prepandemic African than in European samples and positively correlated with antibodies against human coronaviruses, helminths, protozoa, and especially Plasmodium falciparum. African subjects presented higher levels of autoantibodies, a surrogate of polyreactivity, which correlated with P. falciparum and SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies. Finally, we found an improved sensitivity in the IgG assay in African samples when using urea as a chaotropic agent. In conclusion, our data suggest that polyreactive antibodies induced mostly by malaria are important mediators of the unspecific anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 responses, and that the use of dissociating agents in immunoassays could be useful for more accurate estimates of SARS‐CoV‐2 seroprevalence in African settings.
Risks of cutaneous immune‐related adverse events in long COVID: Multinational cohort studies in South Korea, Japan, and the UK
Authors: Kim Hyejun , Kyung Seoyeon , Park Jaeyu , Lee Hojae , Lee Myeongcheol , Smith Lee , Rahmati Masoud , Shin Ju‐Young , Kang Jiseung , Jacob Louis , Papadopoulos Nikolaos G. , Rhee Sang Youl , Lee Jinseok , Kim Hyeon Jin , Lee Hayeon , Yon Dong Keon
Published: June 2024

Previous research has not investigated the persistent cutaneous immune‐related adverse events (cirAEs) related to long COVID to investigate the long‐term sequelae. This multinational study, using a propensity‐matched overlap weighting method, utilizes large national claims‐based cohorts, using ICD‐10 code diagnosis, focusing on patients aged ≥20 years from three countries: South Korean, Japanese, and the British cohorts. To estimate the risk of cirAEs in long COVID, the persistence or emergence of cirAEs occurring 4 weeks after the initial SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, we employed a Cox proportional hazard regression model. The Korean cohort (n = 5,937,373; mean age 49.2 years [SD: 13.2]), the Japanese cohort (n = 4,307,587; 42.5 years [13.6]), and the UK cohort (n = 395,435; 71.0 years [8.07]) were presented. An increased risk of cirAEs in long COVID was observed (HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.06–1.14) in Korean cohort, while a similar association was observed in Japanese and UK cohorts. The long‐term risk of cirAEs in long COVID was higher in more severe COVID‐19 cases (1.31; 1.22–1.39). Unlike the increased risk of cirAEs in long COVID, COVID‐19 vaccination attenuated the risk, especially with two or more doses (1.03; 0.95–1.11) or heterologous regimens (0.98; 0.76–1.27). The time attenuation effect indicated a sustained risk for up to 6 months postinfection (<3 months: 1.13 [1.07–1.19]; 3‐6 months: 1.14 [1.06‐1.22]). SARS‐CoV‐2 infection is associated with an increased risk of cirAEs in the aspect of long COVID. Vaccination might reduce this risk, highlighting the need for preventive strategies in long COVID management.
Rapid detection of Ebolavirus using isothermal recombinase‐aided amplification
Authors: Ceruti Arianna , Faye Martin , Diagne Moussa M. , Kobialka Rea M. , Makiala‐Mandanda Sheila , Faye Ousmane , Faye Oumar , El Wahed Ahmed A. , Weidmann Manfred
Published: June 2024

Ebolavirus disease (EVD) is an often‐lethal disease caused by the genus Ebolavirus (EBOV). Although vaccines are being developed and recently used, outbreak control still relies on a combination of various factors, including rapid identification of EVD cases. This allows rapid patient isolation and control measure implementation. Ebolavirus diagnosis is performed in treatment centers or reference laboratories, which usually takes a few hours to days to confirm the outbreak or deliver a clear result. A fast and field‐deployable molecular detection method, such as the isothermal amplification recombinase‐aided amplification (RAA), could significantly reduce sample‐to‐result time. In this study, a RT‐RAA assay was evaluated for EBOV detection. Various primer and probe combinations were screened; analytical sensitivity and cross‐specificity were tested. A total of 40 archived samples from the 2014 to 2016 Ebola outbreak in West Africa were tested with both the reference method real‐time RT‐PCR and the established RT‐RAA assay. The assay could detect down to 22.6 molecular copies per microliter. No other pathogens were detected with the Ebolavirus RT‐RAA assay. Testing 40 samples yield clinical sensitivity and specificity of 100% each. This rapid isothermal RT‐RAA assay can replace the previous RT‐RPA and continue to offer rapid EBOV diagnostics.
Spermidine mitigates salt stress in grapevine with alterations in physicochemical properties and nutrient composition
Authors: Shokri Ghaffar , Amiri Jafar , Barin Mohsen
Published: June 2024

Background

Polyamines are plant growth regulators that exert a pivotal role in salt tolerance.

Aims

This research focused on investigating the effect of spermidine on morphological and physicochemical characteristics and ion accumulation of two grapevine cultivars under NaCl stress.

Methods

A greenhouse experiment was conducted with three factors, including two grapevine cultivars (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Bidaneh‐Sefid and cv. Siah‐Sardasht), four levels of NaCl (together with the nutrient solution, including 0 [control], 20, 40, and 80 mM), and four spermidine levels ([foliar spray], 0 [control], 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mM). The experiment was performed in a factorial trial in accordance with a randomized complete design with three replicates.

Results

Vegetative growth indices, including leaf number, fresh and dry weight of shoot, and root, were decreased by NaCl treatments. The application of spermidine positively reduced the effects of NaCl on morphological characteristics. Moreover, NaCl and/or spermidine significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved antioxidant enzyme activities associated with rising total protein accumulation. NaCl stress significantly decreased ion percentage (calcium, magnesium, phosphate, potassium, iron, and zinc) in the leaves of both cultivars. Based on the results, increasing salinity levels significantly boosted plant Na+ and Cl− percentage, along with increased membrane permeability and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration. Interestingly, cv. Bidaneh‐Sefid leaves accumulated less Na+ and Cl− compared to the other cultivar. On the other hand, applying spermidine reduced the levels of Na+ and Cl− in both cultivars, and this reduction was associated with a decrease in membrane permeability and MDA concentration.

Conclusions

The findings confirmed the role of spermidine in reducing the negative effects of NaCl, although more investigations with different grapevine cultivars under NaCl stress are required.
Pediatric eosinophilic gastritis treated with benralizumab: A case report
Authors: Cheung Donna , Ebach Dawn , Davis Benjamin
Published: June 2024

We report one of the first cases of eosinophilic gastritis (EoG) in a child under 12 years treated with benralizumab. At 7 years, our patient was started on benralizumab after failing to respond to various combinations of high‐dose omeprazole, milk elimination diet, oral viscous budesonide, and oral systemic steroids. He had a complete depletion of gastrointestinal tissue eosinophils with improved symptoms but had symptomatic flares with tapering of background therapy. However, after 4 years on benralizumab he became symptomatic again. Benralizumab may be a viable option for EoG refractory to systemic steroids but only as a short‐term adjunct therapy. More robust studies with long‐term data are needed, especially in this younger population.
Impact of gender, race, and age of onset on the phenotype and comorbidities of pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis
Authors: McKeown Kyle , Pritchett Justin , Carlisle Annette , Zhang Jie , Lieberman Jay , Xi Dong
Published: June 2024

Objectives

To investigate differences in symptoms, allergy comorbidities, and eosinophilic inflammation at the time of diagnosis for patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) based on gender, race, and age of onset.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted at a multidisciplinary EoE clinic; the correlation between histological findings, previously identified symptoms, associated comorbidities, and demographics including gender, race, as well as age of onset was examined. Chi‐squared and Student's T‐tests were utilized for statistical analysis.

Results

A total of 91 patients were enrolled in this study, with 70% being male and 67% identifying as White. Among the patients, 45% had an early onset of EoE (defined as ≤6 years old). We revealed that White patients and females were significantly more likely to report dysphagia, while non‐White patients experienced significantly more vomiting symptoms and had a higher prevalence of asthma as a comorbidity. Early‐onset patients exhibited a significantly higher rate of vomiting and had elevated eosinophilic counts compared to patients with EoE onset at a regular age. We also revealed that abdominal pain is associated with a lower average proximal eosinophilic counts.

Conclusions

Our study revealed the significant impact of gender, race, and age of onset on the phenotype and comorbidities of EoE, suggesting these factors should be considered when caring for these patients.
Co‐occurrence of collagenous gastrointestinal disease in siblings in early childhood: New insight into a rare condition
Authors: Luitingh Taryn L. , Ng Jessica , McGrath Kathleen H.
Published: June 2024

Collagenous gastrointestinal (GI) disease is a rare inflammatory condition characterized by subepithelial collagen deposition and inflammatory cell infiltrates of the GI mucosa, which typically occurs in the stomach in children. There are few published reports of more extensive involvement in children, and descriptions of familial involvement are rare, with no previous reported cases of affected siblings in early childhood. We describe two siblings with contrasting medical backgrounds, who were simultaneously diagnosed with collagenous GI disease in early childhood. Both children demonstrated gastric and colonic involvement on serial endoscopies, however, had distinct patterns of clinical presentation, disease course, and histological progression, providing new insights into the pediatric phenotype of collagenous GI disease and further, its relationship to microscopic colitis. Although rare, this condition should be considered as a differential in children presenting with severe or refractory iron deficiency anemia, chronic non‐bloody watery diarrhea, or unexplained nonspecific chronic abdominal pain.
B cell depletion for autoimmune liver diseases: A retrospective review of indications and outcomes
Authors: Costaguta Guillermo A. , Álvarez Fernando
Published: June 2024

Objectives

Pediatric autoimmune hepatitis has an incidence of 0.23/100.000 children in North America, with a bleak prognosis if left untreated. Steroids are the therapy of choice but are not always effective. B cell depletion is a safe and effective therapy that allows for a steroid‐sparing protocol, especially in patients who do not tolerate side effects.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed rituximab‐treated patients between 2017 and 2022. Demographics, previous treatments, reasons for B cell depletion, response, and adverse effects were noted.

Results

Six patients with a mean age of 10.2 years were included. All patients had comorbidities that rendered treatment with steroids unsuccessful or undesirable. Rituximab was started at a mean follow‐up of 8 months. After 6 months, the mean alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase levels decreased from 575 IU/L and 342 IU/L, respectively, to 28 IU/L (p = 0.02) and 36 IU/L (p = 0.008), respectively. Mean γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase decreased from 105 to 25 IU/L (p = 0.01). Immunoglobulin G levels were normalized in all patients (p = 0.01). No severe adverse events were observed. One patient had persistent hypogammaglobulinemia, and another had lymphopenia.

Conclusion

B‐cell depletion is an effective and safe treatment for autoimmune liver diseases and should be included as an option, particularly for relapsing patients in whom steroids are undesirable or have shown nonadherence.
Hepatoprotective effects and mechanisms of l‐theanine and epigallocatechin gallate combined intervention in alcoholic fatty liver rats
Authors: Xu Kai‐Hang , Yang Di‐Fei , Liu Meng‐Yuan , Xu Wei , Li Yin‐Hua , Xiao Wen‐Jun
Published: June 2024

BACKGROUND

Chronic excessive alcohol consumption can lead to alcoholic fatty liver, posing substantial health risks. l‐Theanine (LTA) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) in tea exert antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects. However, the combined effects of LTA and EGCG on rats with alcoholic fatty liver, and the underlying mechanisms of such effects, remain unclear. In this study, Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were fed with alcohol for 6 weeks to induce alcoholic fatty liver. Subsequently, for another 6 weeks, the rats were administered LTA (200 mg kg−1 day−1), EGCG (200 mg kg−1 day−1), or a combination of LTA with EGCG (40 mg kg−1 day−1 l‐Thea +160 mg kg−1 day−1 EGCG), respectively.

RESULTS

The combined use of LTA and EGCG for alcoholic fatty liver disease had more significant effects than their individual administration. This combination reduced the activity of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) as well as the levels of hepatic triglyceride (TG), malondialdehyde (MDA), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the rats. The combined intervention also increased hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase activity. Reductions in hepatic fat accumulation and inflammatory responses were observed. The mechanism underlying these effects primarily involved the inhibition of fatty acid synthesis and the alleviation of lipid peroxidation through the downregulation of the mRNA and protein expression of TNF‐α, SREBP1c, and CYP2E1 and the upregulation of the mRNA and protein expression of ADH1, ALDH2, Lipin‐1, PPARαPPARα, AMPK, and PGC‐1α, thereby promoting the oxidative decomposition of fatty acids and reducing the synthesis of cholesterol and glucose.

CONCLUSION

l‐Theanine and EGCG appear to be able to alleviate alcoholic fatty liver by modulating lipid metabolism and ameliorating oxidative stress, indicating their potential as natural active ingredients in anti‐alcoholic fatty liver food products. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Validating a novel measure for assessing patient openness and concerns about using artificial intelligence in healthcare
Authors: Sisk Bryan A. , Antes Alison L. , Lin Sunny C. , Nong Paige , DuBois James M.
Published: June 2024

Objectives

Patient engagement is critical for the effective development and use of artificial intelligence (AI)‐enabled tools in learning health systems (LHSs). We adapted a previously validated measure from pediatrics to assess adults' openness and concerns about the use of AI in their healthcare.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional survey.

Methods

We adapted the 33‐item “Attitudes toward Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare for Parents” measure for administration to adults in the general US population (AAIH‐A), recruiting participants through Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) crowdsourcing platform. AAIH‐A assesses openness to AI‐driven technologies and includes 7 subscales assessing participants' openness and concerns about these technologies. The openness scale includes examples of AI‐driven tools for diagnosis, prediction, treatment selection, and medical guidance. Concern subscales assessed privacy, social justice, quality, human element of care, cost, shared decision‐making, and convenience. We co‐administered previously validated measures hypothesized to correlate with openness. We conducted a confirmatory factor analysis and assessed reliability and construct validity. We performed exploratory multivariable regression models to identify predictors of openness.

Results

A total of 379 participants completed the survey. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the seven dimensions of the concerns, and the scales had internal consistency reliability, and correlated as hypothesized with existing measures of trust and faith in technology. Multivariable models indicated that trust in technology and concerns about quality and convenience were significantly associated with openness.

Conclusions

The AAIH‐A is a brief measure that can be used to assess adults' perspectives about AI‐driven technologies in healthcare and LHSs. The use of AAIH‐A can inform future development and implementation of AI‐enabled tools for patient care in the LHS context that engage patients as key stakeholders.
A New Polycyclic Naphthoxazine Resin: Facile Synthesis, Characterization, Polymerization, and Thermal Properties of Its Corresponding Thermosets
Authors: Chen Qian , Yang Rui , Sheng Weichen , Zhang Kan
Published: June 2024

A novel polycyclic naphthoxazine resin (NSA‐thiq) is synthesized via N, O‐acetal forming reaction between o‐hydroxyl naphthaldehyde and 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinoline. The chemical structure of the monomer is investigated and confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR, Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, and high‐resolution mass spectrometry. Besides, the ring‐opening polymerization behavior similar to ordinary benzoxazine resins is observed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and in situ FT‐IR analyses, leading to the formation of the phenolic cross‐linked network. Notably, DSC thermograms indicate that the newly obtained polycyclic naphthoxazine resin exhibits much lower polymerization temperatures compared to many other reported benzoxazine or naphthoxazine resins. Moreover, the corresponding polybenzoxazine (poly(NSA‐thiq)) shows comparable thermal stability in comparison with thermosets derived from monobenzoxazine resins. As a consequence of these unique performances, NSA‐thiq is applied as a property modifier for a commercialized benzoxazine resin (BA‐a). The glass transition temperature of copolymeric thermosets is enhanced without sacrificing too much thermal stability and heat resistance. Here, another series of naphthoxazine thermosetting resin is explored, which can provide more examples for constructing composites based on thermoset polymers.
Latest order in California prison suit will launch treatment pilot effort
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: June 2024

The latest action in a long‐standing federal class‐action lawsuit over a lack of mental health services in California prisons will require state corrections officials to launch a pilot program for inmates with personality disorders by late summer. The case now known as Coleman v. Newsom is approaching the 30th anniversary of the initial 1995 ruling that California had violated the U.S. Constitution's prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment by offering inadequate care to inmates with serious mental illness.
Autologous versus synthetic midurethral transobturator sling: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of outcomes
Authors: Vasudeva Pawan , Yadav Siddharth , Sinha Sanjay , Raheja Ankit , Kumar Niraj , Patel Anita
Published: June 2024

Introduction

There have been concerns around the use of synthetic mesh for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) surgery with a renewed interest in the use of autologous tissues. Recently, an autologous transobturator sling (aTOT) has been described, but the comparative data with synthetic transobturator sling (sTOT) is limited. The objective of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to assess the outcome of aTOT and compare it with sTOT.

Methods

A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases was performed and all articles available up to December 31, 2023 were screened. Studies reporting on the outcomes of aTOT and those comparing aTOT with sTOT were included. This review was performed as per Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses guidelines.

Results

Eleven studies evaluating 323 patients that met the criteria were included in the final analysis, of which 6 were single arm (155 patients) and 5 were comparative. In single‐arm studies, the pooled success rate, defined as negative cough stress test at 12 months follow‐up was 96.8%, 3.8% had postoperative urinary retention, 6.1% had graft site‐related complications and 7.6% required additional intervention for persistent SUI. The overall complication rate was 20.6% and there were no Clavien III–V complications. aTOT had similar success and complication rates when compared with sTOT but had a significantly longer operative time (weighted mean difference: 22.35 min, p < 0.00001) and superior sexual function outcomes.

Conclusions

aTOT, at short‐term follow‐up (12 months), has similar efficacy and complication rates when compared to sTOT. However, given that the data is limited and not of very good quality, and the fact that long‐term follow‐up is not available, further studies are required to better define the role of aTOT in the management of female patients with SUI
Weathering the storm when the end of the road is near: A qualitative analysis of supportive care needs during CAR T‐cell therapy in pediatrics
Authors: Steineck Angela , Silbert Sara K. , Palm Kallie , Nepper Jordyn , Vaughn Dagny , Shipman Kelly , Shalabi Haneen , Wiener Lori , Comiskey Liam , Knight Jennifer M. , Levine Deena
Published: June 2024

Background

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T‐cell therapy provides promising outcomes in relapsed/refractory B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), yet still carries high toxicity rates and relatively poor long‐term survival. Efficacy has yet to be demonstrated in other diagnoses while toxicity and risk profiles remain formidable. To date, treatment‐related symptom burden is gleaned from clinical trial toxicity reports; the patient perspective remains understudied.

Methods

English‐ or Spanish‐speaking patients (ages 8–25 years) undergoing CAR T‐cell therapy for any malignancy and their primary caregivers were recruited from Seattle Children's Hospital (SCH), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (SJCRH), and the Pediatric Oncology Branch of the National Cancer Institute (NCI). Both patient and caregiver completed semi‐structured dyadic interviews 3 months post treatment. We used directed content analysis for codebook development and thematic network analysis for inductive qualitative analysis.

Results

Twenty families completed interviews (13 patients, 15 parents). Patients were a median age 16.5 years, predominantly female (65%), White (75%), and diagnosed with ALL (75%). Global themes included “A clear decision,” “Coping with symptoms,” and “Unforeseen psychosocial challenges.” When families were asked to describe the “most challenging part of treatment,” most described “the unknown.” Most reported “the symptoms really weren't that bad,” even among patients hospitalized for severe toxicity events. Fatigue, pain, and nausea were the most prevalent symptoms. Importantly, only one family would have chosen a different therapy, if given another opportunity.

Conclusions

Although physical symptoms were largely tolerable, recognizing supportive care opportunities remains imperative, particularly psychosocial concerns.
Association between work environment changes due to the COVID‐19 pandemic and post‐traumatic stress disorder in Japanese workers during the emergency declaration
Authors: Noda Tetsuro , Hirokawa Kumi , Tokunaga Kyoko
Published: June 2024

Aim

This study investigated the association between COVID‐19 pandemic‐related work environment changes and suspected post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Japanese workers.

Methods

A web survey of 1104 workers was conducted in Japan between February 24 and March 2, 2021. The Japanese version of the Impact of Event Scale–Revised and questions regarding work environments and COVID‐19 pandemic‐related lifestyle changes were used.

Results

PTSD was suspected in 19.7% of respondents and was significantly higher in men (22.2%) than in women (17.2%). Being older and having an independent business were associated with decreased suspected PTSD risk. Longer online work hours, decreased sleep duration, and alcoholism were associated with increased suspected PTSD risk. When stratified by sex, long online work hours and fewer years of service were associated with increased suspected PTSD risk in men. An association between alcoholism and suspected PTSD was also observed in men. Younger age and decreased sleep duration were significantly associated with suspected PTSD in women.

Conclusion

Younger men with shorter work service duration were particularly vulnerable to pandemic‐related PTSD, emphasizing the risks associated with long online work hours and alcoholism in men. Decreased sleep duration was a PTSD predictor in both sexes, suggesting its importance in PTSD prevention strategies for workers.