bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Components of a community model of dementia palliative care
Authors: Fox Siobhan , O'Connor Niamh , Drennan Johnathan , Guerin Suzanne , Kernohan W. George , Murphy Aileen , Timmons Suzanne
Published: June 2020

Purpose

The Model for Dementia Palliative Care Project will develop a service-delivery model for community-based dementia palliative care. Many countries provide dementia palliative care services, albeit with considerable variability within these. However, little is known about what service providers consider to be the most important components of a dementia palliative care model. This study aimed to address this knowledge gap.

Design/methodology/approach

An exploratory design using a survey method was used as an initial phase of the wider project. A web-based survey was developed, piloted (n = 5), revised, and distributed within five healthcare jurisdictions: the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland, England, Scotland, and Wales. The target population was health and social care professionals, policymakers, and academics interested in dementia and palliative care. Content analysis of open-ended questions identified common themes; descriptive statistics were applied to the closed-ended questions.

Findings

Overall, N = 112 complete surveys were received. Key care principles incorporated the philosophies of palliative care and dementia care; many described “holistic” and “person-centred care” as the core. Important individual service components were the support for carers, advanced care planning, information, education and training, activities for “meaningful living”, comprehensive disease management, coordinated case management, and linking with community health services and social activities. Barriers included poor availability and organisation of healthcare services, stigma, misconceptions around dementia prognosis, insufficiently advanced care planning, and dementia-related challenges to care. Facilitators included education, carer support, and therapeutic relationships.

Originality/value

This study, as part of the larger project, will directly inform the development of a novel service delivery Model of Dementia Palliative Care for Ireland. The results can also inform service planning and design in other countries.
Comparison of self-rating of cognition and depression in patients with major depressive disorder
Authors: Berra Kishen , Nguyen Charles , Bota Peter
Published: June 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to discover if there is a correlation between scores on the Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Cognitive and Physical Functioning Questionnaire (CPFQ) scores of 43 patients with major depression.

Design/methodology/approach

In total, 43 adult patients with major depression were evaluated during their regularly scheduled outpatient appointment in a mental health clinic.

Findings

There was an R2 value of 0.6544 between the patients’ scores, a moderate-to-strong correlation which matches other observations that cognitive impairment increases in conjunction with severity of depression. This correlation lends further clinical support to the legitimacy of using the CPFQ as a simpler alternative to traditional neuropsychological testing, with further testing of the correlation between CPFQ and traditional neuropsychological testing results being a worthwhile potential field of study.

Originality/value

Cognitive dysfunction is a frequent comorbidity in patients with depression, but while there is a brief and effective self- assessment for depression, the BDI, in common use, there is no equivalent test for cognitive dysfunction, and physicians are forced to rely on less accessible methods of neuropsychological testing.
Gender composition and agency decision-making: female officers' effect on body-worn camera acquisition
Authors: Mrozla Thomas J. , Marin Hellwege Julia
Published: June 2020

Purpose

Gender representation in policing is an important but understudied topic. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between female representation in police departments and the acquisition of body-worn cameras (BWCs). Further, it examined how female representation influenced the reasons for acquiring BWCs.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were gathered from the 2013 Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics (LEMAS) survey and the 2016 Body-Worn Camera Supplement to the LEMAS.

Findings

Controlling for relevant organizational characteristics, findings highlight the importance of female representation in terms of the acquisition of BWCs. In addition, findings point to the effect that increased female representation has on the reasons for acquiring BWCs. Namely, agencies with a greater percentage of female patrol officers were more likely to acquire body cameras for reasons related to improving community relations, professionalism, training, reducing use of force and strengthening leadership.

Practical implications

This paper provides evidence of the positive influence of female representation in policing.

Originality/value

This paper fulfills the identified need to examine the influence of gender representation in police organizations. In addition, it advances the direction of recent research to merge large data sets in order to provide a unique look at the research questions.
Agri‐environment schemes enhance pollinator richness and abundance but bumblebee reproduction depends on field size
Authors: Geppert Costanza , Hass Annika , Földesi Rita , Donkó Bettina , Akter Asma , Tscharntke Teja , Batáry Péter
Published: June 2020

Pollinators have experienced a dramatic decrease world‐wide due to agricultural intensification. In many countries, agri‐environment schemes (AES) have been introduced to counteract this current trend. However, until now, the relative importance of each AES for biodiversity and ecosystem services is still little understood and might change depending on landscape context. Complex landscape‐experiments are required to fill this knowledge gap, enabling the implementation of sustainable intensification of food production.

In our study, we compared the effectiveness of the two most popular AES in Germany, organic farming and flower strips, in supporting pollinators and flower resources. We selected nine landscapes along a gradient of increasing field size, (configurational heterogeneity), each with a triplet of winter wheat fields: one organic, one conventional with flower strip and one conventional without flower strip as a control. We surveyed insect‐pollinated plants and pollinators (bumblebees, solitary bees and hoverflies). Additionally, we placed bumblebee colonies in the field edges to monitor their growth (colony weight gain) and reproduction (queen production).

Flower strips stood out with the highest abundance and richness of pollinators. In contrast, bumblebee colony growth and plant richness benefited equally from organic and flower strip schemes. At the landscape scale, smaller fields had a positive effect on plant richness and bumblebee reproduction in flower strips. By contrast, bumblebee colonies in organic agriculture benefited most from large fields, as large organic fields provided much more flower resources than the narrow flower strips.

Synthesis and applications. Our results showed that both local and landscape management shaped pollinator communities and their reproduction. Overall, organic farming and flower strips appeared to be effective tools to mitigate flower shortage in conventional cereal fields, with organic farming supporting the highest flowering plant cover per field. Flower strips enhanced local pollinator richness most, but increased bumblebee reproduction only when the surrounding landscapes had small fields with long field borders. Therefore, our results reveal that European Union policies need to take into account that the effectiveness of agri‐environment schemes depends on the structure of the surrounding landscape.
Spirituality – a forgotten dimension? Developing spiritual literacy in family therapy practice
Authors: Holmberg Åse , Jensen Per , Vetere Arlene
Published: June 2020

Spirituality is hard to approach and define in family therapy practice, both as a concept and as a process. Spiritual perspectives are seen as important in an ecological understanding of family life, yet there is a research gap in the field of family therapy. The research reported here set out to explore the experience of spirituality from the perspective of family members and family therapists in therapeutic practice in Norway. Using a grounded theory methodology, we developed a middle range theory of spiritual literacy for family therapy practice. Although we offer no solutions to the dilemmas and hesitations experienced around the possible silencing of spiritual matters in family therapy, we make some recommendations for training and supervision practices.

Practitioner points

Spiritual experiences can be difficult to approach and define in family therapy

Lack of recognition of spirituality in training and in practice seems to make therapists hesitant

Encourage training programmes to open discussions about spirituality

Be open to spiritual issues in supervisor training and practice
Adjudicating reasonable and necessary funded supports in the National Disability Insurance Scheme: A critical review of the values and priorities indicated in the decisions of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal
Authors: Venning Alyssa , Hummell Eloise , Foster Michele , Burns Kylie , Harris Rimmer Susan
Published: June 2020

Beyond the initial euphoria of the National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS), tough choices will be needed for sustainability. Although the spirit of the NDIS is to deliver choice and control, the Australian government's objective is to ensure that rights and aspirations are proportionate to expectations of best practice, aptness of mainstream services and cost effectiveness. The position in this paper is that this test of ‘reasonable and necessary’ when determining funded supports, raises value dilemmas for government and citizens. The objective is to demonstrate this through a critical scrutiny of the reviews and decisions regarding reasonable and necessary funded supports of the Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT). In this paper, a synthesis and critique of 35 appeals to the AAT and one Federal Court Appeal are used to make explicit the decisional ambiguities and contestations in the scheme and the values and priorities that are currently dominant in the allocation of reasonable and necessary support. This in turn is used as a basis for a discussion about the operation of rights in the scheme and what counts as legitimate support. The benefit is for scheme transparency and fairness but also broader debate about core principles and values to inform decisions about scarce resources in society.
Lying on the Road Before Being Run Over: Vehicular Manslaughter, Suicide, or Accident? Two Case Reports and Literature Review
Authors: Doro Luca , Bonvicini Barbara , Beccegato Elena , Terranova Claudio
Published: June 2020

We present two apparent hit‐and‐run cases where two women were run over. The vehicles involved were subsequently traced and their owners charged with manslaughter. Autopsy evidence, scientific investigation of the scene and circumstances of the deaths, technical inspection of the vehicles, and DNA analysis strongly suggested that both victims were lying on the road before the accident. Case 1 was a suicide. In Case 2, the victim had fallen to the ground following acute alcohol intoxication. Victimological analysis was pivotal in reconstructing the dynamics of the events. We suggest that a hit‐and‐run fatality should not be regarded as a manslaughter case until each piece of evidence has been carefully considered. We also propose an interdisciplinary method of reconstructing run over occurrences based on the following three steps: (i) identify whether there was a primary impact when the victim was in an upright position; (ii) identify victim drug/alcohol intoxication and/or presence of acute or chronic disease or injury, which may have contributed to the impact; and (iii) consider suicide intent.
Chromosome‐level genome assembly of the East Asian common octopus (Octopus sinensis) using PacBio sequencing and Hi‐C technology
Authors: Li Fenghui , Bian Li , Ge Jianlong , Han Fengming , Liu Zhihong , Li Xuming , Liu Yongsheng , Lin Zhishu , Shi Huilai , Liu Changlin , Chang Qing , Lu Bin , Zhang Shengnong , Hu Jiancheng , Xu Dafeng , Shao Changwei , Chen Siqing
Published: June 2020

The Cephalopoda are a group of highly diverse marine species in the phylum Mollusca, which are distributed worldwide. They have evolved some vertebrate‐like biological traits and exhibit complicated behavioural repertoires. Thus, they are interesting species for studying the mechanisms of evolutionary convergence, innovational functional structures and evolutionary adaptation to a highly active, predatory lifestyle in diverse marine environments. Despite the evolutionary placement and biological significance of cephalopods, genomic data on these organisms remain limited. Here, we assembled a chromosome‐level genome of a female East Asian common octopus (Octopus sinensis) by combining Pacific Bioscience (PacBio) single‐molecule real‐time sequencing, Illumina paired‐end sequencing and Hi‐C technology. An O. sinensis genome of 2.72 Gb was assembled from a total of 245.01 Gb high‐quality PacBio sequences. The assembled genome represents 80.2% completeness (BUSCO) with a contig N50 of 490.36 Kb and a scaffold N50 of 105.89 Mb, showing a considerable improvement compared with other sequenced cephalopod genomes. Hi‐C scaffolding of the genome resulted in the construction of 30 pseudochromosomes in Cephalopoda, representing 96.41% of the assembled sequences. The genome contained 42.26% repeat sequences and 5,245 noncoding RNAs. A total of 31,676 protein‐coding genes were predicted, of which 82.73% were functionally annotated. The comparative genomic analysis identified 17,020 orthologous gene families, including 819 unique gene families and 629 expanded gene families. This genomic information will be an important molecular resource for further investigation of biological function and evolutionary adaptations in octopuses, and facilitate research into their population genetics and comparative evolution.
Formal Analysis of Segregation of Duties (SoD) in Accounting: A Computational Approach
Authors: Kim Rosemary , Gangolly Jagdish , Ravi S. S. , Rosenkrantz Daniel J.
Published: June 2020

This study examines a computational framework for segregation of duties (SoD) in the design as well as implementation of accounting systems. The framework consists of a model of workflows in accounting systems based on workflow graphs, a partial order model of roles performed by the actors in the accounting system, and a specification of SoD rules. We develop a set of algorithms for four SoD rules that can be used in the enforcement of SoD. For the SoD rule that precludes task type conflicts, our results show that while compliance verification can be carried out efficiently, finding an SoD compliant assignment of tasks is computationally intractable. For those situations, we present an integer linear programming (ILP) formulation for finding compliant assignments using public domain ILP solvers. For the remaining three SoD rules, we demonstrate efficient ways of testing compliance for a given assignment as well as finding compliant assignments.
Ultra‐widefield autofluorescence imaging findings in retinoschisis, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and combined retinoschisis retinal detachment
Authors: Navaratnam Jesintha , Salvanos Panagiotis , Vavvas Demetrios G. , Bragadóttir Ragnheiður
Published: June 2020

Purpose

Retinoschisis (RS), rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) and combined RS retinal detachment (RSRD) may resemble clinically and pose a diagnostic challenge. This study investigates the role of the fundus autofluorescence (AF) in differentiating RS, RRD and RSRD.

Methods

Fundus AF changes of 34 eyes diagnosed with RRD, 30 eyes with RS and 12 eyes with RSRD were retrospectively analysed. Ultra‐widefield AF (UW‐AF) image intensities obtained with the Optomap 200Tx were interpreted as hypo‐, hyper‐ and isoautofluorescent or a mixed pattern with hypo‐ and hyperautofluorescence over and at the posterior margin (PM) of RRD, RS and RSRD.

Results

All RS eyes revealed isoautofluorescence over the area of RS, and nine eyes (30%) showed hypoautofluorescent PM. Among RRD, acute (≤2 weeks) and chronic (>2 weeks) RRD demonstrated distinct AF characteristics. Sixty‐two per cent of RRD eyes had acute RRD. From those, 16 eyes (76%) demonstrated hypoautofluorescence over the detached area and 19 (90%) eyes with hyperautofluorescent PM. Sixty‐two per cent of chronic RRD eyes demonstrated isoautofluorecence over the detached area. Eight RSRD eyes (67%) revealed hyperautofluorescence in the detached area. The positive predictive value (PPV) for hypoautofluorescence over the area of subretinal fluid (SRF) in RRD was 95%. The PPV for hyperautofluorescence over the area of SRF in RSRD was 100% and for isoautofluorescence for schitic area in RSRD and RS was 76%.

Conclusion

The UW‐AF can be a useful non‐invasive adjuvant tool to distinguish between RRD, RS and RSRD. Hypo‐ or hyperautofluorescence over the area of interest and hyperautofluorescent PM indicates the presence of SRF.
Instrumental measurements of recovery‐oriented practice in psychiatric services
Authors: Chung‐Lung Kong , Chi‐Chiu Lee , Lai‐Ping Chiu , Ching‐Kwok Li , Chi‐Kwong Sin
Published: June 2020

Introduction

A team of community and rehabilitation staff from a regional mental hospital in Hong Kong has been adopting recovery‐oriented practices since 2010 to enhance its services through organizational transformation. The REFOCUS model of the Recovery College of Maudsley Hospital has adopted a tool called INSPIRE, which measures the level of support and relationship. In this study, service users were invited to rate the received support and their relationship with service providers to benchmark our current service before we fully implement the REFOCUS model of practice.

Methods

INSPIRE was translated into traditional Chinese. Service users were invited to use C‐INSPIRE to score one service provider with whom they had the most frequent contact or had the closest relationship.

Results

A total of 147 subjects were recruited from different service units at different phases of organizational transformation in recovery‐oriented practice. Significantly higher scores in the Relationship Subscale (P = .028) were obtained by units that had introduced recovery‐oriented practice for a longer period. However, the overall INSPIRE scores in the Support and Relationship Subscales achieved by Kwai Chung Hospital were 60 and 70, respectively, which were lower than those recorded (72 and 78, respectively) in a study conducted in the United Kingdom. This indicates that there is considerable room for improvement in the delivery of recovery‐oriented practice at Kwai Chung Hospital.

Discussion

With further training and implementation of REFOCUS for all staff, service users' experience in their recovery can be more empowering and satisfying.
Gamma‐ray spectrometry in the characterization of diverse‐geometry archaeological ceramics
Authors: Rodriguez D. G. , Bastos R. O. , Ikeoka R. A. , Appoloni C. R. , Bandeira A. M.
Published: June 2020

This study contributes to the insertion of the gamma‐ray spectrometry technique in archaeometry by presenting spectral analysis methods to determine the ratios between the absolute concentrations of the radioelements eTh (ppm), eU (ppm) and K (%) in archaeological ceramics without strict control of geometry. The absolute ratio results for samples of diverse geometry are consistent with the results obtained for samples with geometric control at a 95% level of statistical significance. In order to show a real archaeometry case, the methods were applied in the analysis of 14 ceramic pieces of three archaeological sites of Maranhão state (Brazil).
Making sense of changing ethical expectations: The role of moral imagination
Authors: Hargrave Timothy J. , Sud Mukesh , VanSandt Craig V. , Werhane Patricia M.
Published: June 2020

We propose that firms that engage in morally imaginative sensemaking will manage society's changing ethical expectations more effectively than those engaging in habituated sensemaking. Specifically, we argue that managers engaging in habituated sensemaking will tend to view changes in expectations as threats and respond to them defensively. In contrast, morally imaginative managers will tend to see these same changes as opportunities and address them by proactively or interactively engaging stakeholders in learning processes. We contribute to the literature on moral imagination by highlighting the value of moral imagination relative to conventional sensemaking, and by positioning moral imagination as an ongoing mode of sensemaking. While we recognize that managers' capacity to continuously address changing ethical expectations using moral imagination is constrained by cognitive limitations, we posit that morally imaginative sensemaking may economize on cognitive resources over time by enabling managers to avoid managing ethical issues unproductively based on habit. We also contribute to the issues management literature by calling attention to two underlying factors, managerial sensemaking mode and firm enterprise strategy, that drive companies' approaches to issues management.
Machine learning and artificial intelligence in haematology
Authors: Shouval Roni , Fein Joshua A. , Savani Bipin , Mohty Mohamad , Nagler Arnon
Published: June 2020

Digitalization of the medical record and integration of genomic methods into clinical practice have resulted in an unprecedented wealth of data. Machine learning is a subdomain of artificial intelligence that attempts to computationally extract meaningful insights from complex data structures. Applications of machine learning in haematological scenarios are steadily increasing. However, basic concepts are often unfamiliar to clinicians and investigators. The purpose of this review is to provide readers with tools to interpret and critically appraise machine learning literature. We begin with the elucidation of standard terminology and then review examples in haematology. Guidelines for designing and evaluating machine‐learning studies are provided. Finally, we discuss limitations of the machine‐learning approach.
The effects of bilingualism on attentional processes in the first year of life
Authors: Kalashnikova Marina , Pejovic Jovana , Carreiras Manuel
Published: June 2020

Bilingualism is a powerful experiential factor, and its effects have been proposed to extend beyond the linguistic domain by boosting the development of executive functioning skills. Crucially, recent findings suggest that this effect can be detected in bilingual infants before their first birthday indicating that it emerges as a result of early bilingual exposure and the experience of negotiating two linguistic systems in infants' environment. However, these conclusions are based on only two research studies from the last decade (Comishen, Bialystok, & Adler, 2019; Kovács & Mehler, 2009), so to date, there is a lack of evidence regarding their replicability and generalizability. In addition, previous research does not shed light on the precise aspects of bilingual experience and the extent of bilingual exposure underlying the emergence of this early bilingual advantage. The present study addressed these two questions by assessing attentional control abilities in 7‐month‐old bilingual infants in comparison to same‐age monolinguals and in relation to their individual bilingual exposure patterns. Findings did not reveal significant differences between monolingual and bilingual infants in the measure of attentional control and no relation between individual performance and degree of bilingual exposure. Bilinguals showed different patterns of allocating attention to the visual rewards in this task compared to monolinguals. Thus, this study indicates that bilingualism modulates attentional processes early on, possibly as a result of bilinguals' experience of encoding dual‐language information from a complex linguistic input, but it does not lead to significant advantages in attentional control in the first year of life.
How is Systemic and Constructionist Therapy Change Process Narrated in Retrospective Accounts of Therapy? A Systematic Meta‐synthesis Review
Authors: Tseliou Eleftheria , Burck Charlotte , Forbat Liz , Strong Tom , O’Reilly Michelle
Published: June 2020

Despite the considerable potential of qualitative approaches for studying the systemic and constructionist therapy process due to shared theoretical and epistemological premises, to date there is lack of a comprehensive qualitative synthesis of how change process is experienced and conceptualized by clients and therapists. To address this evidence gap, we performed a systematic meta‐synthesis review of 30 studies reporting clients’ and therapists’ retrospective narratives of change process across systemic and constructionist models and across a range of client configurations, including individuals, couples, families, and groups. The studies were identified following a systematic search in PsycINFO and MEDLINE resulting in 2,977 articles, which were screened against eligibility criteria. Thematic analysis led to the identification of four main themes: (1) navigating through differences, (2) toward nonpathologizing construction of problems, (3) navigating through power imbalances, and (4) toward new and trusting ways of relating. Findings illustrate the multifaceted aspects of systemic and constructionist change process, the importance for their reflexive appraisal, and the need for further research contributing to the understanding of the challenges inherent in the systemic and constructionist therapeutic context.
Potential drug–drug interactions associated with drugs currently proposed for COVID‐19 treatment in patients receiving other treatments
Authors: Lemaitre Florian , Solas Caroline , Grégoire Matthieu , Lagarce Laurence , Elens Laure , Polard Elisabeth , Saint‐Salvi Béatrice , Sommet Agnès , Tod Michel , Barin‐Le Guellec Chantal ,   the French Society of Pharmacology, Therapeutics (SFPT), the International Association of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Clinical Toxicology (IATDMCT)
Published: June 2020

Patients with COVID‐19 are sometimes already being treated for one or more other chronic conditions, especially if they are elderly. Introducing a treatment against COVID‐19, either on an outpatient basis or during hospitalization for more severe cases, raises the question of potential drug–drug interactions. Here, we analyzed the potential or proven risk of the co‐administration of drugs used for the most common chronic diseases and those currently offered as treatment or undergoing therapeutic trials for COVID‐19. Practical recommendations are offered, where possible.
Loss of HDAC11 accelerates skeletal muscle regeneration in mice
Authors: Núñez‐Álvarez Yaiza , Hurtado Erica , Muñoz Mar , García‐Tuñon Ignacio , Rech Gabriel E. , Pluvinet Raquel , Sumoy Lauro , Pendás Alberto M. , Peinado Miguel A. , Suelves Mònica
Published: June 2020

Histone deacetylase 11 (HDAC11) is the latest identified member of the histone deacetylase family of enzymes. It is highly expressed in brain, heart, testis, kidney, and skeletal muscle, although its role in these tissues is poorly understood. Here, we investigate for the first time the consequences of HDAC11 genetic impairment on skeletal muscle regeneration, a process principally dependent on its resident stem cells (satellite cells) in coordination with infiltrating immune cells and stromal cells. Our results show that HDAC11 is dispensable for adult muscle growth and establishment of the satellite cell population, while HDAC11 deficiency advances the regeneration process in response to muscle injury. This effect is not caused by differences in satellite cell activation or proliferation upon injury, but rather by an enhanced capacity of satellite cells to differentiate at early regeneration stages in the absence of HDAC11. Infiltrating HDAC11‐deficient macrophages could also contribute to this accelerated muscle regenerative process by prematurely producing high levels of IL‐10, a cytokine known to promote myoblast differentiation. Altogether, our results show that HDAC11 depletion advances skeletal muscle regeneration and this finding may have potential implications for designing new strategies for muscle pathologies coursing with chronic damage.

Database

Data were deposited in NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus accessible through GEO Series accession numberGSE147423.
Influence of material anisotropy on fatigue crack growth in C–Mn steels of existing structures
Authors: Slot Henk , Nicoreac Monica , Maljaars Johan
Published: June 2020

Rolled steel plates and sections are often applied in structures in such a way that the principal load direction corresponds with the rolling direction. Examples are beams, arches, or pylons of bridges, supporting beams of ship decks, and the main elements of crane structures. However, some types of structure are subjected to a multiaxial stress state or are loaded with the main load direction perpendicular to rolling. The orientation may influence the mechanical properties. This paper studies the influence of anisotropy observed in the microstructure of rolled C–Mn steels on the tensile properties, Charpy impact values and particularly the fatigue crack growth rates. The influence of anisotropy is determined through tests performed at different orientations with respect to the rolling direction, namely, L‐T, T‐L and T‐S orientations. Samples were taken from structures that were constructed between 25 and 50 years ago from steel grades Fe510C or St52.3 (modern equivalences S355J2 or S355N). The orientation appears to have a statistically relevant influence on Charpy impact value and fatigue crack growth rate. The anisotropy ratio, defined as the ratio between the mechanical property in a certain orientation with that of the L‐T orientation, ranged between 0.30 and 0.53 for Charpy impact values. The anisotropy ratios appear correlated with the absolute Charpy value, with a correlation coefficient of ρ = −0.8. The anisotropy ratios of the crack growth in T‐L and T‐S orientations were 1.19 and 0.43, respectively. Anisotropy ratios for crack growth appear uncorrelated with anisotropy ratios for Charpy impact. The observed anisotropy may partially explain the difference between uniaxial and multiaxial fatigue crack growth as determined by others.
Spatial and temporal variation of fish community biomass and energy flow throughout a tropical river network
Authors: Venarsky Michael P. , Stewart‐Koster Ben , Hunt Richard J. , Jardine Timothy D. , Bunn Stuart E.
Published: June 2020

Accurately accounting for flows of energy through food webs is challenging because of the spatial and temporal variability associated with energy production and consumption. Wet–dry tropical rivers have a highly seasonal discharge regime where wet season flows allow access to energy sources (inundated wetlands) that are not available during the dry season when aquatic consumers are confined to disconnected waterholes.

We combined measures of fish community biomass with previously published feeding guild specific stable isotope analyses to explore how opposing wet‐ and dry‐season habitat templates influence spatial and temporal trends in the sources of energy supporting fish biomass throughout a river network in the wet–dry tropics of northern Australia.

Accounting for the relative contribution of each feeding guild to fish community biomass was a critical component of our analyses, as a single feeding guild (invertivore/piscivore) influenced spatial and temporal patterns in the sources of energy supporting overall fish biomass. During the early dry season, the reliance of fish communities on autochthonous sources of energy (periphyton) decreased from the upper to lower reaches of the river network, which correlates with increasing floodplain area and wet season inundation times. These patterns disappeared by the late dry season as fish in both upper and lower reaches became increasingly reliant on autochthonous sources produced within waterholes over the course of the dry season, indicating that the large wet‐season gains in fish biomass are maintained through the dry season by energy produced within waterhole refuges.

Collectively these results indicate that a combination of autochthonous and allochthonous sources of energy work in unison to support fish community biomass throughout the Mitchell River catchment and that access to these sources of energy is dictated by seasonal patterns in discharge interacting with spatial variability in river geomorphology (channel geometry and floodplain area).

Many rivers are experiencing decreased flows due to water resource development and more frequent and severe droughts. Thus, we suggest our study provides insight into how changes in discharge regime could influence food web energetics throughout river networks.
Snow melt stimulates ecosystem respiration in Arctic ecosystems
Authors: Arndt Kyle A. , Lipson David A. , Hashemi Josh , Oechel Walter C. , Zona Donatella
Published: June 2020

Cold seasons in Arctic ecosystems are increasingly important to the annual carbon balance of these vulnerable ecosystems. Arctic winters are largely harsh and inaccessible leading historic data gaps during that time. Until recently, cold seasons have been assumed to have negligible impacts on the annual carbon balance but as data coverage increases and the Arctic warms, the cold season has been shown to account for over half of annual methane (CH4) emissions and can offset summer photosynthetic carbon dioxide (CO2) uptake. Freeze–thaw cycle dynamics play a critical role in controlling cold season CO2 and CH4 loss, but the relationship has not been extensively studied. Here, we analyze freeze–thaw processes through in situ CO2 and CH4 fluxes in conjunction with soil cores for physical structure and porewater samples for redox biogeochemistry. We find a movement of water toward freezing fronts in soil cores, leaving air spaces in soils, which allows for rapid infiltration of oxygen‐rich snow melt in spring as shown by oxidized iron in porewater. The snow melt period coincides with rising ecosystem respiration and can offset up to 41% of the summer CO2 uptake. Our study highlights this important seasonal process and shows spring greenhouse gas emissions are largely due to production from respiration instead of only bursts of stored gases. Further warming is projected to result in increases of snowpack and deeper thaws, which could increase this ecosystem respiration dominate snow melt period causing larger greenhouse gas losses during spring.
Mechanism of Action of OnabotulinumtoxinA in Chronic Migraine: A Narrative Review
Authors: Burstein Rami , Blumenfeld Andrew M. , Silberstein Stephen D. , Manack Adams Aubrey , Brin Mitchell F.
Published: June 2020

Objective

To review the literature on the mechanism of action of onabotulinumtoxinA in chronic migraine.

Background

OnabotulinumtoxinA is a chronic migraine preventive treatment that significantly reduces headache frequency. The traditional mechanism described for onabotulinumtoxinA – reducing muscle contractions – is insufficient to explain its efficacy in migraine, which is primarily a sensory neurological disease.

Methods

A narrative literature review on the mechanism of action of onabotulinumtoxinA in chronic migraine.

Results

Following injection into tissues, onabotulinumtoxinA inhibits soluble N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive fusion attachment protein receptor (SNARE)‐mediated vesicle trafficking by cleaving one of its essential proteins, soluble N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive fusion attachment protein (SNAP‐25), which occurs in both motor and sensory nerves. OnabotulinumtoxinA inhibits regulated exocytosis of motor and sensory neurochemicals and proteins, as well as membrane insertion of peripheral receptors that convey pain from the periphery to the brain, because both processes are SNARE dependent. OnabotulinumtoxinA can decrease exocytosis of pro‐inflammatory and excitatory neurotransmitters and neuropeptides such as substance P, calcitonin gene‐related peptide, and glutamate from primary afferent fibers that transmit nociceptive pain and participate in the development of peripheral and central sensitization. OnabotulinumtoxinA also decreases the insertion of pain‐sensitive ion channels such as transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1) into the membranes of nociceptive neurons; this is likely enhanced in the sensitized neuron. For chronic migraine prevention, onabotulinumtoxinA is injected into 31‐39 sites in 7 muscles of the head and neck. Sensory nerve endings of neurons whose cell bodies are located in trigeminal and cervical ganglia are distributed throughout the injected muscles, and are overactive in people with migraine. Through inhibition of these sensory nerve endings, onabotulinumtoxinA reduces the number of pain signals that reach the brain and consequently prevents activation and sensitization of central neurons postulated to be involved in migraine chronification.

Conclusion

OnabotulinumtoxinA likely acts via sensory mechanisms to treat chronic migraine.
Increased dairy product consumption as part of a diet and exercise weight management program improves body composition in adolescent females with overweight and obesity—A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Calleja Melissa , Caetano Feitoza Natalie , Falk Bareket , Klentrou Panagiota , Ward Wendy E. , Sullivan Philip J. , Josse Andrea R.
Published: June 2020

Background

Exercise can improve body composition in adolescents and adults with overweight/obesity. Consumption of dairy foods, as part of a healthy lifestyle program, can also promote favourable body composition changes in adults with overweight/obesity. However, the few studies examining these combined effects on body composition in adolescents are inconclusive.

Objective

To determine whether increased dairy product consumption, as part of a lifestyle modification program featuring exercise training and dietary guidance promotes favourable body composition changes in adolescent females with overweight/obesity.

Methods

Fifty‐four participants (age: 14.8 ± 2.2y; BMI percentile: 95th ± 6) assigned to three groups completed the study. There were two experimental groups: recommended dairy (RDa; n = 24) and low dairy (LDa; n = 22), and a no‐intervention control group (Con; n = 8). RDa and LDa participated in a 12‐week, eucaloric, lifestyle modification intervention consisting of mixed‐mode exercise (3x/week), and nutritional counselling. RDa was provided 4 servings/day of dairy foods, while LDa and Con maintained habitually low intakes (0‐2 servings/day). Body weight/composition, waist/hip circumference, cardiovascular fitness and food intake were assessed at weeks 0 and 12.

Results

Weight did not significantly change in any group. RDa significantly decreased fat mass (FM) and increased lean mass (LM) more than LDa and Con (FM: −1.3 ± 2.1 kg, −1.1 ± 2.0 kg, 0.8 ± 1.8 kg; LM: 1.5 ± 1.9 kg, 0.7 ± 1.6 kg, 0.5 ± 1.4 kg, respectively). LDa also significantly decreased FM and increased LM more than Con (P < .005; all interactions).

Conclusion

The inclusion of dairy foods in the diet of adolescent females with overweight/obesity, as part of a diet and exercise intervention, favourably improves body composition in the absence of weight loss.
A large‐scale group decision making method with a consensus reaching process under cognitive linguistic environment
Authors: Wu Xingli , Nie Song , Liao Huchang , Gupta Pankaj
Published: June 2020

Group decision making (GDM) problems involving large‐scale experts are critical and frequent in practice. However, it is difficult to make an appropriate decision due to the disagreement among experts and the uncertain information of experts because of their different backgrounds and limited knowledge. This study aims to propose a large‐scale GDM method with a consensus reaching process under the cognitive linguistic environment. First, we divide the large‐scale group into several subgroups to simplify the problem. Then, the double normalization based multiaggregation (DNMA) method is extended to deal with the individual decision matrix of each subgroup that is composed of complex linguistic evaluations. In addition, a consensus reaching process is proposed to check the consensus level between subgroups and achieve a soft consensus through a consensus improvement method. A dynamic weight‐determining method is developed for subgroups based on their consensus levels. Finally, the framework of the large‐scale group DNMA method with a consensus reaching process is constructed. The practicality of the proposed method is illustrated by an illustrative example about the e‐book supplier selection, and the advantages of the proposed method are highlighted by comparative analyses with other decision‐making methods.
An exploration of nursing home residents' experiences of a non‐powered static air mattress overlay to prevent pressure ulcers
Authors: Serraes Brecht , Hecke Ann Van , Van Tiggelen Hanne , Anrys Charlotte , Verhaeghe Sofie , Beeckman Dimitri
Published: June 2020

Pressure ulcers are injuries to the skin and underlying tissue and are associated with a negative impact on well‐being and health‐related quality of life. This explorative, qualitative study aimed to explore the true meaning of elderly nursing home residents' perspectives and critical success factors when implementing a new non‐powered static air mattress overlay to prevent pressure ulcers. Individual, loosely structured interviews were conductedin 12 nursing homes in Flanders, the Northern region of Belgium, a convenience sampling of 14 nursing home residents were selected based on the following eligibility criteria: high risk for pressure ulcer and/or with category 1 pressure ulcer, being bedbound and/or chair‐bound, aged >65 years, and use of an alternating air pressure mattress previous to the application of the non‐powered static air mattress overlay. Interviews were conducted in the participants' personal rooms between June 2017 and March 2018. Interviews included broad, open‐ended questions, to invite and encourage participants to openly discuss their perspectives and experiences. Participants were interviewed once during the 14‐day observation period between day 3 and day 14. All interviews were audio‐recorded and fully transcribed by an experienced transcriber. Interviews were read several times to reveal emerging patterns and were marked with codes into NVivo 10 qualitative data analysis software. During the process, (sub) themes were discussed by the authors until a consensus was reached. Three main themes emerged from the analysis process: rest and sleep; mobility; and discomfort and pain associated with the use of the support surface. Themes were divided into multiple subthemes: motion, noise, sensation, repositioning, and transfer in and out of bed. Through interviews, critical success factors associated with the implementation were identified, including the lack of information and time needed to evaluate the functionality and effects of a new mattress overlay. Implementation of a non‐powered static air mattress overlay to prevent pressure ulcers has a far‐reaching impact on nursing home residents' experiences. This study provides insight into the true meaning of patients' perspectives by focusing on learning from the patients' experiences that provide valuable information for healthcare professionals and other stakeholders.
Increasing atrial fibrillation: What is the cause?
Authors: Gianni Carola , Della Rocca Domenico G. , Kim Jun , Sahore Salwan Anu , Natale Andrea , Al‐Ahmad Amin
Published: June 2020

A 72‐year‐old woman with a history of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) and sinus node dysfunction is seen in clinic for routine follow‐up.
Diarrhea and altered inflammatory cytokine pattern in severe coronavirus disease 2019: Impact on disease course and in‐hospital mortality
Authors: Zhang Lei , Han Chaoqun , Zhang Shengyan , Duan Caihan , Shang Haitao , Bai Tao , Hou Xiaohua
Published: June 2020

Background and Aim

Dynamic changes of immunocyte subsets and inflammatory profiles in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients with gastrointestinal symptoms were undetermined.

Methods

A single‐center retrospective analysis of 409 severe, hospitalized COVID‐19 patients from 20 January to 29 February 2020 was performed. The longitudinal characteristics of immune inflammatory cytokines in patients with/without diarrhea were analyzed. The relations of diarrhea and immuno‐inflammatory factors with illness course and clinical outcomes were further explored.

Results

Diarrhea was more common and more serious with longer duration (4.9 ± 1.5 vs 4.2 ± 1.5 days, P = 0.039) and higher frequency (5.5 ± 2.1 vs 4.0 ± 2.0 times/day, P = 0.001) in deceased patients than in the survivors. Also, diarrhea patients were more inclined to develop multi‐organ damage: survivors have longer illness course (media 41.0 vs 36.0 days, P = 0.052) and hospital stays (media 27.0 vs 23.0 days, P = 0.041), and the deceased patients had higher mortality (33.0% vs 22.6%, P = 0.045) and earlier death (media 20.0 vs 25.0 days, P = 0.038). Progressively, neutrophilia and lymphopenia, especially the declined CD8+ T cells, were demonstrated in diarrhea patients relative to the non‐diarrhea cases. The inflammatory cytokines including IL‐6, IL‐10, and TNF‐α were intensively increased in patients with diarrhea. The multivariable logistic analysis showed longer duration of diarrhea (P = 0.036), higher neutrophil counts (P = 0.011), and lower lymphocyte counts (P < 0.001) were independent risk factors of in‐hospital death. The proportional hazards model indicated that longer duration of diarrhea (P = 0.002), higher frequency of diarrhea (P = 0.058), higher neutrophil counts (P = 0.001), lower lymphocyte counts (P = 0.035), and decreased proportion of CD8+ T cells (P < 0.001) were independently associated with longer illness course of the survivors.

Conclusions

Diarrhea patients were more likely to present with neutrophilia, lymphopenia, and cytokine storm and to develop multi‐organ damage. The inflammatory patterns were independent factors associated with illness course of the survivors and in‐hospital death of severe COVID‐19.
Dual effects of S-adenosyl-methyonine on PC12 cells exposed to the dopaminergic neurotoxin MPP+
Authors: Cantelmo Rebeca Araujo , dos Santos Neife Aparecida G , dos Santos Antonio Cardozo , Joca Sâmia Regiane Lourenço
Published: June 2020

Objectives

To investigate S-adenosyl-methyonine (SAM) effects on PC12 cells viability and neuritogenesis treated with MPP+ (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium).

Methods

PC12 cell viability test (MTT assay) in DMEM medium with SAM and/or MPP+; PC12 cell neuritogenesis test in F-12K medium with nerve growth factor (NGF); DNMT activity in PC12 cells (DNMT Activity Assay Kit) with SAM and/or MPP+.

Key findings

(1) MPP+ decreased cell viability; (2) SAM did not affect cell viability per se, but it increased MPP+ neurotoxicity when co-incubated with the neurotoxin, an effect abolished by DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) inhibitors; (3) pretreatment with SAM for 30 min or 24 h before MPP+ addition had no effect on cell viability. Neuritogenesis: Treatment with SAM for 30 min or 24 h (1) increased cell differentiation per se, (2) increased NGF differentiating effects (additive effect) and (3) blocked the neuritogenesis impairment induced by MPP+. SAM with MPP+ increased the DNMT activity, whereas SAM alone or MPP+ alone did not.

Conclusions

(1) SAM might induce neurotoxic or neuroprotective effects on PC12 cells, depending on the exposure conditions; (2) DNMT inhibitors might attenuate the MPP+ exacerbation toxicity induced by SAM; (3) DNA methylation might be involved in the observed effects of SAM (needs further investigation).