bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prognostic Impact of Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Enzyme Isoforms 1 and 2 Mutations in Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Study by the Acute Leukemia French Association Group
Authors: Boissel Nicolas , Nibourel Olivier , Renneville Aline , Gardin Claude , Reman Oumedaly , Contentin Nathalie , Bordessoule Dominique , Pautas Cécile , de Revel Thierry , Quesnel Bruno , Huchette Pascal , Philippe Nathalie , Geffroy Sandrine , Terre Christine , Thomas Xavier , Castaigne Sylvie , Dombret Hervé , Preudhomme Claude
Published: July 2010

Purpose

Recently, whole-genome sequencing in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) identified recurrent isocitrate dehydrogenase enzyme isoform (IDH1) mutations (IDH1m), previously reported to be involved in gliomas as well as IDH2 mutations (IDH2m). The prognosis of both IDH1m and IDH2m in AML remains unclear.

Patients and Methods

The prevalence and the prognostic impact of R132 IDH1 and R172 IDH2 mutations were evaluated in a cohort of 520 adults with AML homogeneously treated in the French Acute Leukemia French Association (ALFA) -9801 and -9802 trials.

Results

The prevalence of IDH1m and IDH2m was 9.6% and 3.0%, respectively, mostly associated with normal cytogenetics (CN). In patients with CN-AML, IDH1m were associated with NPM1m (P = .008), but exclusive of CEBPAm (P = .03). In contrary, no other mutations were detected in IDH2m patients. In CN-AML patients, IDH1m were found in 19% of favorable genotype ([NPM1m or CEBPAm] without fms-related tyrosine kinase 3 [FLT3] internal tandem duplication [ITD]) and were associated with a higher risk of relapse (RR) and a shorter overall survival (OS). Favorable genotype in CN-AML could thus be defined by the association of NPM1m or CEBPAm with neither FLT3-ITD nor IDH1m. In IDH2m CN-AML patients, we observed a higher risk of induction failure, a higher RR and a shorter OS. In multivariate analysis, age, WBC count, the four-gene favorable genotype and IDH2m were independently associated with a higher RR and a shorter OS.

Conclusion

Contrarily to what is reported in gliomas, IDH1m and IDH2m in AML are associated with a poor prognosis. Screening of IDH1m could help to identify high-risk patients within the subset of CN-AML with a favorable genotype.
Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry of Phosphonate Peptides
Authors: Zheng Zhenyu , Liu Yan , Cai Zhenshi , Zhang Hanwen , Fang Hua , Fang Meijuan , Zhao Yufen
Published: July 2010

Phosphonate peptides were synthesized and investigated by positive ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in conjunction with tandem mass spectrometry. It was found that, for the sodiated adduct, there were two rearrangement reactions. In path A, there was C–C covalent bond cleavage with consecutive migration of a hydrogen atom to lose the amino alcohol molecule. In path B, two consecutive covalent cleavages of the C–N and P–O bonds occurred.
Characterization of Lipid A in Cronobacter Sakazakii
Authors: Zhang Chan , Li Yanyan , Tao Guanjun , Li Ye , Wang Xiaoyuan
Published: July 2010

We have characterized the structure of lipid A in the food-borne pathogen Cronobacter sakazakii BAA-894. Lipid A molecules were purified by mild acid hydrolysis, DEAE–cellulose anion exchange chromatography and preparative thin-layer chromatography. Its structure was analyzed by electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry. Two lipid A species have been found in C. sakazakii BAA-894. The majority has a structure of disaccharide of glucosamine, phosphorylated at the 1- and 4′-positions, and acylated with primary 3-hydroxy myristoyl chains at the 2-, 3-, 2′- and 3′-positions and secondary myristoyl residues at the 2′- and 3′-positions. The other contains a secondary lauroyl chain at the 2′-position in place of the myristoyl residue.
Detection of Lung Cancer Using Plasma Protein Profiling by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Shevchenko Valeriy E. , Arnotskaya Natalia E. , Zaridze David G.
Published: July 2010

There are no satisfactory plasma biomarkers which are available for the early detection and monitoring of lung cancer, one of the most frequent cancers worldwide. The aim of this study is to explore the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF-MS) to plasma proteomics patterns to distinguish lung cancer patients from healthy individuals. The EDTA plasma samples have been pre-fractionated using magnetic bead kits functionalized with weak cation exchange coatings. We compiled MS protein profiles for 90 patients with squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and compared them with profiles from 187 healthy controls. The MALDI-ToF spectra were analyzed statistically using ClinProTools bioinformatics software. Depending on the sample used, up to 441 peaks/spectrum could be detected in a mass range of 1000–20,000 Da; 33 of these proteins had statistically differential expression levels between SCCs and control plasma ( P < 0.001). The series of the peaks were automatically chosen as potential biomarker patterns in the training set. They allowed the discrimination of plasma samples from healthy control and samples from SCC patients (sensitivity and specificity > 90%) in an external validation test. These results suggest that plasma MALDI-ToF-MS protein profiling can distinguish patients with SCC and also from healthy individuals with relatively high sensitivity and specificity and that MALDI-ToF-MS is a potential tool for screening lung cancer.
Gas-Phase Reactions of Laser-Desorbed Molecules with Ions from Electrospray
Authors: Ganza Viktoria , Gross Jürgen H.
Published: July 2010

Gas-phase reactions of neutral molecules delivered by laser desorption with ions introduced via an electrospray interface have been observed. To maximize the production of neutrals while keeping laser ionization products negligible, the laser fluence has been adjusted only slightly above the ionization threshold fluence. The reactions have been performed in the entrance to an ion funnel operated at 3–4 mbar. Both the laser desorption assembly and the electrospray interface belong to an electrospray ionization to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization switchable combination ion source attached to a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. The reaction products of molecular species of 1-aza[6]-helicene, 1,8-dihydroxy-9-anthrone (dithranol) and 2-mercaptobenzothiazole with protonating reagent ions and silver cations from electrospray were detected. The products were identified by their accurate mass, proton/deuterium isotopic exchange and by resolving the corresponding peaks of isotopolog ions.
Rapid and Sensitive High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Quantification of Potassium Dehydroandrographolidi Succinas and Identification of its Degradation Products in Potassium Dehydroandrographolidi Succinas Injection
Authors: Li Juan , Song Shu-Mei , Liu Hong-Min
Published: July 2010

A high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method was established for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of potassium dehydroandrographolidi succinas (DAS-K) and its degradation products, respectively, in DAS-K injection, a widely used drug in China. The analytical HPLC was performed on a Waters RP-C18 column using 5 μmol mL−1 ammonium acetate (pH 3.0, adjusted by formic acid) and methanol as the mobile phase. Detection was performed on a Micromass Quattro micro triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with positive electrospray ionization. Three major degradation products were separated, detected and identified simultaneously by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS results. An HPLC method for the assay of DAS-K in its injection was then established. The multiple reaction monitoring function ( m/z 550.14 → m/z 297.04 for DAS-K) enabled the quantification of DAS-K down to 0.2 ng mL−1. The calibration graph was linear ( r better than 0.999, n = 7) in the concentration range 2.0–100 ng mL−1. The values for the intra- and inter-day relative standard deviation ( RSD) were less than 1.7% and 2.5% for DAS-K. The average recovery rate was over 98%, with an RSD less than 3.0%. This is the first report on the degradation products in DAS-K injection.
Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometric Approach of Conformationally-Induced Metal Binding to Oligopeptides
Authors: Murariu Manuela , Dragan Ecaterina Stela , Drochioiu Gabi
Published: July 2010

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry was used to measure the binding of copper and nickel ions to the newly synthesized model peptides H2N–AAAAHAAAAHAAAAHAAAA–COOH (P19–H5) and H2N–AAAHAAAHAAAHAAAAAAA–COOH (P19–H4). The affinity of histidine-containing peptides toward heavy metal ions proved to be related to the position of each histidine residue in the peptide sequence. In contrast to P19–H5, P19–H4 peptide bound no nickel or copper ions in the gas phase, whereas its spectra showed an intense fragmentation. The role of spacing residues (Ala repeats) in selecting the various conformations was also investigated. Finally, the circular dichroism and Fourier transform infrared spectra indicated that these isomer peptides have quite different conformations. A close relationship between the conformation of alanine-based peptides and their affinity toward metal ions may result in different patterns of metal ion-peptide systems.
Dry-Reagent Double-Monoclonal Assay for Cystatin C
Authors: Ristiniemi Noora , Qin Qiu-Ping , Postnikov Alexander , Grubb Anders , Pettersson Kim
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND

Cystatin C is a low molecular weight cysteine proteinase inhibitor whose plasma or serum concentrations have been shown to be better correlated with glomerular filtration rate than serum creatinine concentrations. Routine assays for cystatin C are based on use of polyclonal antibodies and immunoturbidimetric and nephelometric designs. This study aimed to develop a double-monoclonal immunoassay for cystatin C.

METHODS

We tested functionality of 42 2-site antibody combinations involving 7 monoclonal antibodies with recombinant and plasma cystatin C. We developed a heterogeneous assay using 2 antibodies selected to give the best analytical performance. The assay used a dilution step and was based on a dry-reagent, all-in-one immunoassay concept with time-resolved fluorometry. The assay was performed on an automated immunoanalyzer in single wells that contained all the required assay components. We used heparin-derived plasma samples for methodological evaluation of the assay.

RESULTS

From a relative epitope map involving 7 cystatin C–specific antibodies, we selected a pair of antibodies for a 2-site sandwich-type dry-reagent assay. Total assay time was 15 min, and 10 μL of a 100-fold diluted sample was used. The analytical detection limit (background + 3SD) and functional detection limit (CV 20%) were 0.01 mg/L and 0.02 mg/L, respectively. Within-run and total assay imprecision were <4.7% and <5.6% (at 0.84–3.2 mg/L), respectively, and plasma recoveries of added cystatin C were 94%–110%. Regression analysis with the Roche particle-enhanced immunoturbidimetric method yielded the following (SD): slope, 1.391 (0.029); y-intercept, −0.152 (0.045) mg/L; Sy⊻x=0.294 mg/L (n=131).

CONCLUSIONS

The developed assay enables rapid and reliable measurement of cystatin C.
Assessment of Risk of Bias Among Pediatric Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Crocetti Michael T. , Amin Diane D. , Scherer Roberta
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVE:

The goal was to assess the risk of bias among pediatric, randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) reported in 8 high-impact journals.

METHODS:

We searched PubMed for all pediatric RCTs reported between July 1, 2007, and June 30, 2008, in 8 journals with high impact factors. Using Cochrane Collaboration methods for risk assessment, we evaluated all reports for risk of bias according to domain (ie, randomized sequence generation, allocation concealment, masking, incomplete outcome data, selective outcome reporting, and other). We used multiple logistic regression to test for associations between the presence of a high risk of bias according to domain and funding source, intervention type, trial registration, and multicenter status.

RESULTS:

Industry-funded RCTs were more likely to show a high risk of bias for sequence generation, compared with government-funded RCTs (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 6.1 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.70– 21.89]), and behavioral/educational trials were more likely to show a high risk of bias for sequence generation (aOR: 2.8 [95% CI: 1.06–7.36]) and allocation concealment (aOR: 4.09 [95% CI: 1.69–9.90]), compared with drug trials. Registered trials were less likely to have a high risk of bias for sequence generation, compared with nonregistered trials (aOR: 0.33 [95% CI: 0.15–0.71]).

CONCLUSIONS:

Overall, we found a large proportion of pediatric RCT reports with a high risk of bias for sequence generation and allocation concealment. Factors associated with a high risk of bias included industry funding and assessment of behavioral/educational interventions, whereas trial registration was associated with a lower risk of bias.
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura and Polysaccharide Meningococcal Vaccine
Authors: Goodman Michael J. , Nordin James D. , Belongia Edward A. , Mullooly John P. , Baggs James
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND:

We describe here a case of Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) that occurred 10 days after administration of the meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine and came to the attention of a Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD) investigator (but did not occur in the VSD cohort). Periodic case reports have linked vaccines to HSP.

OBJECTIVE:

To better understand the potential risk for HSP after immunization with the meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

We studied the VSD cohort to estimate the 42-day postvaccination incidence rate of HSP in the VSD population 16 to 20 years of age. Electronic data from all 8 VSD sites were gathered. All subjects aged 16 to 20 years who received a meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine were followed for 42 days after that vaccination for evidence of HSP. Background rates were determined by examining all the nonexposed time of the same cohort.

RESULTS:

No cases of HSP were seen in the 42 days after 49027 doses of meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine among the entire VSD adolescent and young adult population. The background incidence rate was 4.2 per 100000 person-years.

CONCLUSION:

These data provide the strongest evidence so far that HSP is not associated with receipt of meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine in the 16- to 20-year age group.
Congenital Heart Surgery Outcomes in Down Syndrome: Analysis of a National Clinical Database
Authors: Fudge James C. , Li Shuang , Jaggers James , O'Brien Sean M. , Peterson Eric D. , Jacobs Jeffrey P. , Welke Karl F. , Jacobs Marshall L. , Li Jennifer S. , Pasquali Sara K.
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVE:

We describe patient characteristics and postoperative morbidity and mortality rates for patients with Down syndrome undergoing congenital heart disease surgery.

METHODS:

This retrospective cohort study used the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database to compare patient characteristics and postoperative outcomes for patients (0–18 years) with or without Down syndrome who underwent surgery in 2000–2008.

RESULTS:

A total of 45 579 patients (4350 patients with Down syndrome and 41 229 without Down syndrome) were included (median age: 7 months [interquartile range [IQR]: 47 days to 4 years]; 56% male). Patients with Down syndrome were younger at surgery, with the exception of those undergoing tetralogy of Fallot repair or atrioventricular septal defect repair. Mortality rates for patients with or without Down syndrome did not differ significantly. Lengths of stay were prolonged for patients with Down syndrome undergoing atrial septal defect closure (median: 4 days [IQR: 3–5 days] vs 3 days [IQR: 2–4 days]; P < .0001), ventricular septal defect closure (median: 5 days [IQR: 4–8 days] vs 4 days [IQR: 3–6 days]; P < .0001), or tetralogy of Fallot repair (7 days [IQR: 5–10 days] vs 6 days [IQR: 5–9 days]; P < .001) and were associated with postoperative respiratory and infectious complications. Patients with Down syndrome undergoing ventricular septal defect closure had a higher rate of heart block requiring pacemaker placement (2.9% vs 0.8%; P < .0001).

CONCLUSION:

In this large, contemporary cohort, Down syndrome did not confer a significant mortality risk for the most common operations; however, postoperative morbidity remained common.
Office-Based Intervention to Reduce Bottle Use Among Toddlers: TARGet Kids! Pragmatic, Randomized Trial
Authors: Maguire Jonathon L. , Birken Catherine S. , Jacobson Sheila , Peer Michael , Taylor Carolyn , Khambalia Amina , Mekky Magda , Thorpe Kevin E. , Parkin Patricia
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVE:

The goal was to determine whether an office-based, educational intervention for parents of 9-month-old children could reduce bottle use and iron depletion at 2 years of age.

METHODS:

Between January 2006 and 2007, 251 healthy, 9-month-old infants attending a routine health maintenance visit were assigned randomly to intervention or control groups. Parents in the intervention group were introduced to a 1-week protocol to wean their children from the bottle. Iron depletion (ferritin levels of <10 μg/L) and bottle use at 2 years were assessed.

RESULTS:

A total of 201 children were monitored to 2 years of age (follow-up rate: 81%). Rates of iron depletion (10 [10%] of 102 children vs 13 [13%] of 99 children; P = .42) and milk consumption of >16 oz (16 [16%] of 102 children vs 17 [17%] of 99 children; P = .7) were not significantly different between the 2 groups at 2 years of age. However, children in the intervention group started using a cup 3 months earlier (9 vs 12 months; P = .001), were weaned from the bottle 4 months earlier (12 vs 16 months; P = .004), and were more than one-half as likely to be using a bottle at 2 years of age (15 [15%] of 102 children vs 39 [40%] of 99 children; P = .0004).

CONCLUSIONS:

This simple intervention administered during a health maintenance visit did not result in a decrease in iron depletion at 2 years of age but did result in a 60% reduction in prolonged bottle use.
Challenges and Pitfalls in the Management of Phenylketonuria
Authors: Feillet François , van Spronsen Francjan J. , MacDonald Anita , Trefz Friedrich K. , Demirkol Mübeccel , Giovannini Marcello , Bélanger-Quintana Amaya , Blau Nenad
Published: July 2010

Despite recent advances in the management of phenylketonuria and hyperphenylalaninemia, important questions on the management of this disorder remain unanswered. Consensus exists on the need for neonatal screening and early treatment, yet disagreement persists over threshold levels of blood phenylalanine for starting treatment, target blood phenylalanine levels, and the management of older patient groups. The mainstay of treatment is a phenylalanine-restricted diet, but its application varies between and within countries. Beyond diet treatment, there is a lack of consensus on the use of newer treatments such as tetrahydrobiopterin. Although neonatal screening and early treatment has meant that most well-treated children grow up with near-normal IQ scores, the effect of relaxing metabolic control on cognitive and executive function later in life is still not fully understood. Although it is clear from the available literature that the active control of blood phenylalanine levels is of vital importance, there are other treatment-related factors that affect outcome. A uniform and firmly evidence-based approach to the management of phenylketonuria is required.
Shared Decision-Making in Pediatrics: A National Perspective
Authors: Fiks Alexander G. , Localio A. Russell , Alessandrini Evaline A. , Asch David A. , Guevara James P.
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVES:

To identify patterns of shared decision-making (SDM) among a nationally representative sample of US children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or asthma and determine if demographics, health status, or access to care are associated with SDM.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

We performed a cross-sectional study of the 2002–2006 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, which represents 2 million children with ADHD and 4 million children with asthma. The outcome, high SDM, was defined by using latent class models based on 7 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey items addressing aspects of SDM. We entered factors potentially associated with SDM into logistic regression models with high SDM as the outcome. Marginal standardization then described the standardized proportion of children's households with high SDM for each factor.

RESULTS:

For both ADHD and asthma, 65% of children's households had high SDM. Those who reported poor general health for their children were 13% less likely to have high SDM for ADHD (64 vs 77%) and 8% less likely for asthma (62 vs 70%) when adjusting for other factors. Results for behavioral impairment were similar. Respondent demographic characteristics were not associated with SDM. Those with difficulty contacting their clinician by telephone were 26% (ADHD: 55 vs 81%) and 29% (asthma: 48 vs 77%) less likely to have high SDM than those without difficulty.

CONCLUSIONS:

These findings indicate that households of children who report greater impairment or difficulty contacting their clinician by telephone are less likely to fully participate in SDM. Future research should examine how strategies to foster ongoing communication between families and clinicians affect SDM.
Undersized Acanthopagrus butcheri Caught and Released from Commercial Gill Nets Show High Survival Rates in the Gippsland Lakes, Southeastern Australia
Authors: Grixti Daniel , Morison Alexander , Bell Justin D.
Published: July 2010

A substantial decline in the commercial catches and catch rates of black bream Acanthopagrus butcheri in the Gippsland Lakes, Australia, signified a depletion of the stock and prompted management to increase the legal minimum length (LML) from 26 cm to 28 cm (total length) in December 2003. The effectiveness of this increase depends on the postrelease survival rate of undersized fish. The present study estimates the rates of release and initial survival (1 h after capture) of undersized A. butcheri during commercial fishing by gill nets in the Gippsland Lakes. Field capture and holding trials were also used to estimate initial and delayed survival (72 h after capture). Almost 6,000 A. butcheri from 347 gill net shots were caught during 2005–2006. The average total length increased by 1 cm from 2005 to 2006, increasing the proportion of the catch that was retained in 2006 (75%) compared with 2005 (50%). The best estimates of initial and delayed survival were 97.2% (SE, 0.3%) and 94.4% (SE, 3.8%), respectively. The total survival rate, which combines the initial survival rate from observer work with the delayed survival rates from the trials, was estimated as 90.8% (SE, 3.8%). The increase in the LML from 26 to 28 cm afforded significant protection to fish between these size limits, but the level of protection will be short term (1 or at most 2 years) for each year-class because of the growth rate of the species. Released, retained, and postrelease survival rates are discussed for various LMLs and with regard to their implications for fishery management.
A Genetic and Phenetic Baseline before the Recolonization of Steelhead above Howard Hanson Dam, Green River, Washington
Authors: Winans Gary A. , Baird Melissa C. , Baker Jon
Published: July 2010

In 2011, steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss (anadromous rainbow trout) will be systematically transported above Howard Hanson Dam, Green River, Washington. We are interested in providing data to help manage the stock of fish that are selected to recolonize the upper river and to track how resident rainbow trout above the dam respond genetically after 80 years of isolation. We characterized relevant gene pools in the upper Green River before fish transportation with 11 microsatellite loci to evaluate the genetic variability within and among collections. We also examined morphometric and coloration patterns as potential indicators of adaptive variation. Hatchery steelhead are clearly different from wild steelhead (FST = 0.037); genetic assignment tests correctly distinguished 91% of the steelhead. While there was no reduction in the amount of genetic variability in the resident rainbow trout above Howard Hanson Dam compared with that of wild steelhead collections below the dam, the two groups had low but statistically significant differences (FST = 0.03). The transport of juvenile and adult steelhead above the dam in the last 20 years may have affected these genetic results. Two collections of hatchery rainbow trout were highly differentiated from all other collections, and a STRUCTURE analysis indicated that there was no introgression of their genes into Green River fish. Morphologically, significant differences were seen between juvenile resident rainbow trout and steelhead. Resident trout had a stout caudal peduncle and more parr marks, whereas juvenile steelhead had a more elongate tail and fewer parr marks. Given these genetic and phenetic measures of differentiation, managers can monitor and screen the upstream passage of steelhead, and will be able evaluate the level of participation of resident rainbow trout gene pools in the recolonization event.
Water Temperature and River Stage Influence Mortality and Abundance of Naturally Occurring Mississippi River Scaphirhynchus Sturgeon
Authors: Phelps Quinton E. , Tripp Sara J. , Hintz William D. , Garvey James E. , Herzog David P. , Ostendorf David E. , Ridings Joseph W. , Crites Jason W. , Hrabik Robert A.
Published: July 2010

Several studies have investigated the demographics of shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus and pallid sturgeon S. albus in the Mississippi River through assessment of adult populations; however, comparatively few studies have examined the early life history of these species. Here, we describe a comprehensive 4-year study that examined the effects of water temperature and river stage on the mortality, abundance, hatch timing, and growth rates of age-0 Scaphirhynchus spp. sturgeon in the middle Mississippi River. We trawled island areas every 7–10 d from April to August 2004–2007. We captured 1,256 individuals ranging from 10 to 193 mm total length over the 4-year study. Mean age-0 sturgeon growth rates ranged from 1.42 to 1.50 mm/d over the 4 years; however, growth rates did not differ among years. Individuals hatched over a 25–65-d period, and peak hatch dates were between 10 and 20 May in all years. Moreover, hatch timing possibly coincided with optimum spawning temperatures of 17–20°C and an increase in river stage. Abundance appeared to be regulated by river stage; longer durations of high water were related to higher relative abundance. Furthermore, mortality increased with the number of days on which water temperature exceeded 28°C. Based on these data, management strategies may need to ensure sturgeon hatching success and subsequent survival through optimizing hydrologic and thermal regimes that occur during the early life stage.
Magnitude and Causes of Smolt Mortality in Rotary Screw Traps: An Atlantic Salmon Case Study
Authors: Music Paul A. , Hawkes James P. , Cooperman Michael S.
Published: July 2010

Rotary screw traps (RSTs) are commonly used for collecting and holding fish swimming downstream. We used these traps to collect Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts from multiple rivers draining to the Gulf of Maine from 1996 to 2008. Limited prior evaluations suggest that RSTs cause only minimal mortality, but detailed evaluation of the potential for negative impacts specific to Atlantic salmon and other smolts has not occurred. There are concerns that RSTs contribute to smolt mortality via physical injury during collection or via exposure to stressful holding conditions within RST live-cars. We evaluated the magnitude and causes of mortality associated with our use of RSTs and recorded the water temperatures and velocities present within the live-cars at the times smolts were moving downstream. Of the 24,675 Atlantic salmon smolts collected, 48 (0.2%) were classified as trap-caused mortalities. The most frequent causes of death were physical injuries associated with the clogging of traps with debris and overcrowding of the live-cars. Water velocities within the live-cars ranged from 0.09 to 0.57 m/s, and mean velocities never exceeded the published tolerance limits for Atlantic salmon smolts. The seasonal water temperatures within the live-cars (range, 4.2–20.8°C) were not significantly different from those of the water columns (4.3–21.0°C) adjacent to the traps. Our analysis suggests that, under typical operations, RSTs represent a minimal threat to Atlantic salmon smolts, and we present methods to further reduce the risk.
Overriding Effects of Species‐Specific Turbidity Thresholds on Hoop‐Net Catch Rates of Native Fishes in the Little Colorado River, Arizona
Authors: Stone Dennis M.
Published: July 2010

I examined the effects of turbidity, discharge, and temperature on hoop‐net catch rates of native humpback chub Gila cypha, speckled dace Rhinichthys osculus, flannelmouth suckers Catostomus latipinnis, and bluehead suckers C. discobolus in the Little Colorado River, Arizona. Results indicated that native fish catch rates were primarily influenced by whether turbidity levels were below or above species‐specific thresholds of approximately 545 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) for humpback chub, 221 NTU for speckled dace, 846 NTU for flannelmouth suckers, and 70 NTU for bluehead suckers. The effects of discharge were negligible, but discharge did dictate the turbidity level. Turbidity levels at hoop‐net deployment relative to the turbidity thresholds predetermined much of the catchability of fish. Catch rates were highest in a high‐catch zone consisting of the lowermost turbidities, which ranged up to the start of a transition zone for each species (humpback chub, ≤54 NTU; speckled dace, ≤29 NTU; flannelmouth sucker, ≤81 NTU; bluehead sucker, ≤26 NTU), and the secondary effects of temperature were only detectable in this zone. Catch rates within the transition zone decreased at higher turbidities up to the thresholds and thereafter remained consistently low at all higher turbidities within this low‐catch zone. The effects of the turbidity thresholds on catch rates decreased for larger fish of all species. Theoretically, the effects of turbidity reflect a behavioral switch by native fishes from relying primarily on structural cover (e.g., hoop nets) to using turbidity as cover to reduce the predation risk as turbidity increases from below to above the thresholds. Moreover, turbidities within the low‐catch zone could be totally incapacitating the fishes' visual capabilities such that fish perceive these turbidity levels as unlimited visual cover. The turbidity threshold concept probably applies to the hoop‐net catch rates of other fishes in other riverine systems.
Migratory Urge and Gill Na+,K+‐ATPase Activity of Hatchery‐Reared Atlantic Salmon Smolts from the Dennys and Penobscot River Stocks, Maine
Authors: Spencer Randall C. , Zydlewski Joseph , Zydlewski Gayle
Published: July 2010

Hatchery‐reared Atlantic salmonSalmo salarsmolts produced from captive‐reared Dennys River and sea‐run Penobscot River broodstock are released into their source rivers in Maine. The adult return rate of Dennys smolts is comparatively low, and disparity in smolt quality between stocks resulting from genetic or broodstock rearing effects is plausible. Smolt behavior and physiology were assessed during sequential 14‐d trials conducted in seminatural annular tanks with circular flow. “Migratory urge” (downstream movement) was monitored remotely using passive integrated transponder tags, and gill Na+,K+‐ATPase activity was measured at the beginning and end of the trials to provide an index of smolt development. The migratory urge of both stocks was low in early April, increased 20‐fold through late May, and declined by the end of June. The frequency and seasonal distribution of downstream movement were independent of stock. In March and April, initial gill Na+,K+‐ATPase activities of Penobscot River smolts were lower than those of Dennys River smolts. For these trials, however, Penobscot River smolts increased enzyme activity after exposure to the tank, whereas Dennys River smolts did not, resulting in similar activities between stocks at the end of all trials. There was no clear relationship between migratory urge and gill Na+,K+‐ATPase activity. Gill Na+,K+‐ATPase activity of both stocks increased in advance of migratory urge and then declined while migratory urge was increasing. Maximum movement was observed from 2 h after sunset through 1 h after sunrise but varied seasonally. Dennys River smolts were slightly more nocturnal than Penobscot River smolts. These data suggest that Dennys and Penobscot River stocks are not markedly different in either physiological or behavioral expression of smolting.
Red Snapper Reproductive Biology in the Southern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Brulé Thierry , Colás‐Marrufo Teresa , Pérez‐Díaz Esperanza , Sámano‐Zapata Juan Carlos
Published: July 2010

Sex ratio, size at maturity, reproductive periodicity, ovarian development pattern, and spawning ground data for red snapper Lutjanus campechanus from the southern Gulf of Mexico were analyzed to understand this species' reproductive biology throughout its geographical distribution. Red snapper were sampled in 1999 and 2000 from commercial fishery catches taken on Campeche Bank at depths ranging from 43 to 130 m. Overall sex ratio (male: female) and sex ratios by size‐class did not differ significantly from a 1:1 ratio. First maturity was at a slightly smaller size in males (24.2 cm total length [TL]) than in females (28.3 cm TL), and maximum length percentages at first maturity were 28% for males and 34% for females. The length at which maturity was attained in 50% of females (L50) was 31.4 cm TL. The Campeche Bank red snapper stock had a protracted spawning period from February to November, with a spawning peak occurring in early fall. Vitellogenic oocytes were continually recruited from previtellogenic oocytes during the entire spawning season, with no gap between each oocyte development stage. This means that red snapper ovaries are asynchronous and that the species can be considered a heterochronal (batch) spawner with indeterminate annual fecundity. Females in spawning condition were collected from both the northeastern and northwestern areas of Campeche Bank, near submerged or emergent coral reef structures, and at depths between 48 and 117 m. These results generally agreed with those for red snapper stocks in others regions of the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean off the southeastern United States. However, reproductive periodicity in the Campeche Bank red snapper stock apparently displayed more of an insular pattern of extended spawning in comparison with the typical continental pattern of restricted spawning reported for other regions. The latitudinal differences observed in red snapper spawning seasons could also reflect a latitudinal gradient in the intensity of seasonal environmental constraints.
Environmental and Endogenous Factors Influencing Emigration in Juvenile Anadromous Alewives
Authors: Gahagan Benjamin I. , Gherard Katie E. , Schultz Eric T.
Published: July 2010

We analyzed migration of juvenile anadromous alewivesAlosa pseudoharengusat Bride Lake, a coastal lake in Connecticut, during summer 2006 and found that migration on 24‐h and seasonal time scales was influenced by conditions of the environment and characteristics of the individual fish. To identify environmental cues of juvenile migration, we continuously video‐recorded fish at the lake outflow and employed information‐theoretic model selection to identify the best predictors of daily migration rate. More than 80% of the approximately 320,000 juvenile alewives that migrated from mid‐June to mid‐August departed in three pulses lasting 1 or 2 d. Pulses of migration were associated with precipitation events, transient decreases in water temperature, and transient increases in stream discharge. Diel timing of migration shifted over the summer. Early in the season, most migration occurred around dawn; late in the season, migration occurred at night. To identify individual characteristics associated with migratory behavior, we compared migrating juveniles collected as they were exiting Bride Lake with nonmigrating juveniles collected from the center of the lake. Migrants were a nonrandom subset of the population; they were on average 1–12 mm larger, were 2–14 d older, had grown more rapidly (11% greater length at age), and were in better condition (14% greater mass at length) than nonmigrant fish. We infer that the amount of accumulated energy has a positive effect on the net benefit of migration at any time in the migratory season.
Age, Growth, Mortality, and Diet Composition of Vermilion Snapper from the North‐Central Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Johnson Matthew W. , Powers Sean P. , Hightower Crystal L. , Kenworthy Matthew
Published: July 2010

The vermilion snapperRhomboplites aurorubenssupports a highly managed and important reef fishery and can exhibit regional variations in growth, but little is known about what constitutes the diet of this species in the Gulf of Mexico. We examined age, growth, mortality, and diet composition of vermilion snapper from the recreational fishery in the north‐central Gulf of Mexico. Age and growth showed that the oldest fish collected was 20 years old; however, there was large variability in length‐at‐age data for most ages. Although there was little interannual variation in growth, males grew more slowly than females. The sex ratio was 1.3:1 (females: males) for fish less than age 9 but was 7:1 for fish of age 9 and older. Diet composition included 30 different taxonomic groups and was similar to diet compositions described for other lutjanids that inhabit reef structure in the Gulf of Mexico. The incidence of reef‐specific prey items was greater than that for other sympatric species and included large quantities of amphipods and tunicates. These results suggest that vermilion snapper may have more diverse feeding characteristics than previously reported and highlight a direct dependence of Gulf of Mexico vermilion snapper on prey items that inhabit reef structures.
Relative Abundance, Growth, and Mortality of Five Age‐0 Estuarine Fishes in Relation to Discharge of the Suwannee River, Florida
Authors: Purtlebaugh Caleb H. , Allen Micheal S.
Published: July 2010

Understanding the relationships between river discharge and recruitment of estuarine fishes is important because of hydrological alterations caused by anthropogenic water withdrawals. Varying river discharge alters salinity, turbidity, nutrient levels, and detrital concentrations, all of which affect estuarine biota. The lower Suwannee River, Florida, is one of the few remaining large‐river systems in the United States that has no major impoundments. We assessed the relationship between seasonal river discharge and relative abundance, growth, and mortality of estuary‐dependent age‐0 fish of five species in the Suwannee River estuary. We analyzed 9 years of data (1997–2005) collected as part of a long‐term, fishery‐independent monitoring program. The results showed a positive relationship between relative abundance and river discharge for age‐0 spotted seatrout Cynoscion nebulosus, sand seatrout C. arenarius, and red drum Sciaenops ocellatus. The pinfish Lagodon rhomboides was the only species for which relative abundance was negatively related to river discharge; the relative abundance of spot Leiostomus xanthurus was not significantly related to changes in discharge. Instantaneous daily growth (G) estimates were positively related to river discharge for all species except spotted seatrout, for which a negative correlation was found. Instantaneous daily mortality (Z) estimates were positively correlated with river discharge for sand seatrout, pinfish, and red drum. The G: Z ratios for pinfish and early recruiting sand seatrout were negatively related to river discharge, indicating that recruitment potential declined with higher discharge. Changes in freshwater discharge affected the abundance, growth, and survival of these juvenile fishes, stressing the importance of water allocation decisions that affect estuarine fishes and the fisheries they support.
Squeezing the heat out of London's Tube
Authors: Botelle Matthew , Payne Kevin , Redhead Bill
Published: July 2010

London Underground is planning to boost passenger capacity by increasing the number and size of its ‘Tube’ trains. However, on deeper parts of the network this will inject yet more heat into an already warm, subterranean environment which, combined with warmer weather, means cooling is now an essential part of upgrading works. This paper describes the challenges and proposed solutions for cooling the Victoria line, including doubling exhaust airflow capacity and innovative groundwater-based cooling systems for major stations.
Corporate Social Responsibility Related to Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Industry- Case Study: Assaluyeh, Iran
Authors: Azin Reza , Mosleh Abdolmajid
Published: July 2010

The Super Giant Largest Gas Field in the world, South Pars, is located in the Persian Gulf Waters between Iran and Qatar offshore. The E&P activities started in 1998 are based on Assaluyeh, the nearest area on the northern Persian Gulf coast to the South Pars Gas Field. In addition, there are already 5 Petrochemical Complexes in the area, which will increase to 25 complexes according to official government reports. These activities and complexes have converted Assaluyeh, a previously rural, undeveloped area into an industrial zone, which contributes more than 40% of Iran's Natural Gas Capacity, and is expected to raise its share to more than 50% in the near future. Despite many efforts done by the government to develop and extend infrastructures, the Assaluyeh district is faced with such issues related to sustainable development and social responsibility as severe environmental pollution, lack of education and health facilities for indigenous people, migration, unemployment, drug abuse, etc. The impact of industrial activities and air/water pollution on the archaeological area, Siraf, and sensitive mangrove area in the Nayband protected Bay are other issues to be addressed.

This paper analyses the current strategy of CSR programs and budget distribution approach in the problem definition, approval, implementation, and supervision. A number of parameters which affect the effectiveness of CSR projects in Assaluyeh are also presented and discussed.
Effect of THPS on Discharge Water Quality: A Lessons Learned Study
Authors: Annadorai Karthik , Darwin Adam
Published: July 2010

Biocides typically have an adverse impact on overboard water. THPS (tetrakishydroxymethyl phosphonium sulfate), one of the most commonly used biocides offshore has a similar effect on produced water. The effect of THPS on seawater used for hydrotesting and bulk storage is seldom studied and rarely documented. The effect of temperature, pH, water depth, dissolved oxygen concentration and various ions in the system is important to note. Once a certain volume of water is treated with any chemical, it is now deemed to be chemically treated seawater which cannot be discharged unless verified using the NOEC (No Observable Effect Concentration) testing method.

This experience will provide a detailed understanding of the discharge of chemically treated seawater as well as the interaction of THPS with potential ions in the matrix. Additionally, regular sampling and associated analyses will be presented that demonstrate the degradation and half-life of the THPS molecule in varying temperatures.

Periodic sampling of the THPS chemical in the seawater has provided a detailed understanding of the half-life degradation of the chemical. The interaction of the chemical with the cations present in the system and subsequent aversion to the neutralization reaction with hydrogen peroxide has also been studied and presented.
Produced Water Volume Estimates and Management Practices
Authors: Veil J. A. , Clark C. E.
Published: July 2010

Produced water is the largest byproduct stream associated with oil and gas production. Within the United States, nearly one million oil or gas wells are producing hydrocarbons with various volumes of produced water. In the past, several estimates of the annual volume of produced water have been made, but none are highly accurate, nor are they current. This paper describes a study conducted by Argonne National Laboratory for the U.S. Department of Energy in 2009 to develop accurate estimates of produced water volumes for a recent year (2007). The estimates were developed through contacts with regulatory agency representatives from each of the 31 states that produce oil and gas as well as several federal agencies that oversee onshore and offshore production on federal lands. A few states maintained detailed records of produced water volumes, many provided estimates from underground injection records, and a few do not maintain accurate records for estimation. For those states, estimates were developed using various extrapolation methods. Where possible, the produced water volumes are provided separately for different hydrocarbon types (i.e., crude oil, conventional gas, coal bed methane, tight shale gas). This allows calculations of water-to-hydrocarbon ratios for different states and different hydrocarbon types.

In addition to providing a recent accurate volume estimate, the paper discusses the ways in which the produced water is managed in the different states and in the U.S. offshore. While much of the onshore produced water is reinjected for enhanced recovery or disposal, and much of the offshore produced water is discharged to the ocean, various other methods are used, too. The Argonne study and this paper provide the most complete and recent picture of produced water management in the United States.
Next Steps to a Framework for Global Collaboration to Drive Business Performance
Authors: Hepsø Vidar , Olsen Hans-Hysing , Joanette Francois , Brych Felicia
Published: July 2010

During 2008-2009, Cisco and Statoil together with a consortium of global companies from multiple industries joined forces to develop a collaboration framework to document how to achieve greater business value through collaboration. In this work, we have documented four major benefits to collaboration: reducing costs, enhancing quality, accelerating the speed of planningexecution, and improved business agility. The members of the Collaboration Consoritum never met physically but developed the framework using WebEx, Telepresence, teleconferencing and through sharing ideas and concepts in a shared workspace. The framework developed through this global collaboration process is presented in this paper. The framework model consists of two major phases. First, setting the direction by developing a collaboration vision and strategy. Second, operationalizing collaboration by enabling added value through and integration of capabilities like internal organizational structure, culture/people, metrics, support services and through use of enabling collaboration technologies via Web2.0 and rich media. We also address how collaboration goes through several distinct phases as part of its evolution within and across organizations. In this paper, we present the elements of the collaboration framework and relate the use of the framework to existing and emerging collaboration practices in Intelligent Energy and other relevant industries.