bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Witch of Meeting Street
Authors: Yarbrough Tinsley E
Published: November 2023

When Elizabeth Waring was a child, her great hero was Joan of Arc. Standing in her bed and wielding an imaginary sword, Elizabeth would pretend to be St. Joan, symbolically conquering the problems of her parents’ troubled marriage and world crises as well. Her flair for the dramatic and desire to give meaning to her life followed her into adulthood. “I think she was always searching,” her daughter remarked, “searching for some way to be something, to be recognized. She wanted to help the world, to help make the world better.”1 Charleston and her marriage to Waties Waring had given her both a stage and a cause. Through 1949, Elizabeth had remained largely in the background of the controversy swirling around her husband-a major catalyst for her husband’s actions, detractors and supporters alike contended, but a background figure nevertheless. In the winter of 1950, however, that was all to change.

Charleston’s black YWCA branch held a public meeting each year at its facilities on Coming Street. Miss Rose Huggins, the branch’s executive director, had heard Elizabeth Waring speak at a local church and suggested that she be invited to address the branch’s upcoming annual meeting. Septima Clark, who was already acquainted with the Warings and was then serving as chairwoman of the branch’s committee on management, quickly concurred, and Mrs. Waring was extended an invitation.
Leaving the Mother’s House
Authors: Cooke John
Published: November 2023

In The 1972 Review “A Private Apprenticeship,” Gordimer focused on Carson McCullers’s obsessive concern with adolescence in her journals and novels. Gordimer’s own “private apprenticeship” shows a preoccupation as great as her subject’s; Gordimer can accurately be termed, to vary a phrase she applied to McCullers, “the high priestess of childhood.” As Gordimer told Lionel Abrahams in the late 1950s, “the ways of seeing we acquire in our youth remain with us always.”1 In her fiction those ways of seeing are determined, above all else, by unusually possessive mothers. Gordimer’s “strange childhood” provides a clear motivation for this focus, yet her novels by themselves reveal her obsessive concern with domineering mothers and the resulting resentment and sense of powerlessness of their children. Gordimer deals with such relationships most concertedly in The Lying Days, Occasion for Loving, and Burger’s Daughter, which form an extended Bildungsroman centering on the attempts of daughters to break free of their mothers’ power and establish lives of their own. But with the exception of A World of Strangers, whose protagonist can scarcely be said to have a private life, all of Gordimer’s novels show her returning, again and again, to such strange childhoods as her own.
Nadine Gordimer The Degeneration of the Great South African Lie
Authors: Janmohamed Abdul R
Published: November 2023

The Excellence Of Burger’s Daughter is due to a judicious combination of the relative simplicity of its plot, the elegance and appropriateness of its style, and the integrity, acuteness, and courage of Rosa Burger’s attempt to define her “self.” The novel is primarily concerned with Rosa’s examination of the priority of her own values, desires, and needs against a nexus of values furnished by the apartheid society in South Africa, by the bourgeois culture in Europe, and by the discipline, compassion, and political ideas inherited from her Communist Father. Given the simplicity of the plot, the major movement of the novel-Rosa’s exploration of her cultural inheritance—is a subjective journey that is perfectly rendered through the bifurcation of the narrative, as in The Conservationist, into objective and subjective components.
Exiled In and Exiled From The Politics and Poetics of Burger’s Daughter
Authors: Yelin Louise
Published: November 2023

In A Famous Pass Age In A Room of One’s Own, Virginia Woolf identifies the position of women as simultaneously inside and outside patriarchal cultural hegemony: “If one is a woman one is often surprised by a sudden splitting off of consciousness, say in walking down Whitehall, when from being the natural inheritor of that civilisation, she becomes, on the contrary, outside of it, alien and critical” (101). Woolf offers a way of conceiving the question of women and exile. To be exiled is to be “outside, ... alien and critical”: on one hand, to be displaced by that culture (“outside” or exiled from); on the other, to be engaged in transforming/displacing it (“alien and critical”). Paradoxically, the most disabling version of exile may be a consequence of women’s position as inheritors of a civilization, for a condition of their inheritance—their position “inside”-is acquiescence in a cultural or political set that subordinates them, displaces them, or exiles them to the outside. Woolf defines the stance of much recent feminist criticism and theory-a stance that Joan Kelly identifies as the “doubled vision of feminist theory” and Rachel Blau DuPlessis calls the “both/and” vision of female modernism and implicitly of feminist criticism (“For the Etruscans”). But in this passage, at least, Woolf’s privileging of gender occludes other crucial aspects of the social/cultural ensemble.
Introductory note to 1929, 1990 and 1990a
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

If from Frege’s formal system presented in 1879 we excise quantification over functions, we obtain a set of formal axioms and rules of inference that is complete with respect to quantificational validity. In the opening paragraph of his 1930 (below, page 103) Gödel writes that, when a formal system is introduced, “the question at once arises whether the initially postulated system of axioms and principles of inference is complete, that is, whether it actually suffices for the derivation of every logico-mathematical proposition”. Frege, however, never saw completeness as a problem, and indeed almost fifty years elapsed between the publication of Frege 1879 and that of Hilbert and Ackermann 1928, where the question of the completeness of quantification theory was raised explicitly in print for the first time. Why? Because neither in the tradition in logic that stemmed from Frege through Russell and Whitehead, that is, logicism, nor in the tradition that stemmed from Boole through Peirce and Schroder, that is, algebra of logic, could the question of the completeness of a formal system arise.
Über ber die Vollstandigkeit des Logikkalkuls (1929)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

Der Hauptgegenstand der folgenden Untersuchungen ist der Beweis der Vollstandigkeit des in Russell, Principi”a mathematica, P. I, Nr. 1 und Nr. 10, und ahnlich in Hilbert Ackermann, Grundziige der theoretischen Logik (zitiert als H. A.), III, § 5, angegebenen Axiomensystems des sogenannten engeren Funktionenkalkiils. Dabei soil “Vollstandigkeit” bedeuten, daB jede im engeren Funktionenkalkiil ausdriickbare allgemein giltige Formel (allgemein giltige Zahlaussage nach Lowenheim) sich durch eine endliche Reihe formaler Schliisse aus den Axiomen deduzieren lasst. Diese Behauptung lasst sich leicht als aquivalent erkennen mit der folgenden: Jedes widerspruchslose nur aus Zahlaussagen bestehende Axiomensystem1 hat eine Realisierung.
Introductory note to 1991c
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

In the paper here reviewed by Gödel, Hilbert added a new rule of a semi-infinitary character to a formal system of arithmetic with the aim of obtaining a complete and consistent system. Written at the end of his academic career, this paper was one of the last of Hilbert’s individual contributions to the foundations of mathematics. It is natural to ask whether the pursuit of this novel extension of arithmetic came in response to Gödel’s incompleteness theorem of 1991 or whether it had an independent origin. The question is not readily answered, since there is no mention of Gödel or of the incompleteness results in Hilbert 1991, nor in its successor 1991a, where the ideas are elaborated further. The other available evidence, to be discussed below, is also equivocal in this respect.
Zum intuitionistischen Aussagenkalkül
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

There is an infinite descending chain of logics intermediate in strength between A (classical propositional logic) and H.
Eine Eigenschaft der Realisierungen des Aussagenkalkiils (1992c)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

In Beantwortung einer mir von Menger brieflich gestellten Frage kann man folgenden Satz beweisen: Es sei irgend eine Menge 6 von Dingen p, q, r, ... gegeben, in der eine einstellige Operation ∼p und eine zweistellige Operation p :::> q definiert sind, die nicht aus der Menge 6 herausfiihren.
Review of Carnap 1931 : The logicist’s way of founding mathematics (1932e)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

The introductory note to Gödel 1932e, as well as to related items, can be found on page 196, immediately preceding 1931a.]Besides giving a very clear presentation of the logicist point of view, this address also provides a detailed exposition of the difficulties still persisting today, as well as an attempt to overcome them. The thesis of logicism is twofold, namely, (1) that all mathematical notions are reducible to logical ones through explicit definitions and (2) that all mathematical theorems are rigkeit hingewiesen, die durch das Unendlichkeits- und das Auswahlaxiom entsteht, da diese beiden Axiome wegen ihres existenzialen Charakters nicht zu den logischen Grundsatzen gehoren, aber zum Beweise vieler mathematischer Satze erforderlich sind. Doch konne man diese Schwierigkeit leicht iiberwinden, indem man, wie Russell es tut, die genannten Axiome in die Voraussetzungen der betreffenden Satze aufnimmt, wodurch man rein logisch beweisbare Satze erhalt. Eine viel wesentlichere Schwierigkeit liegt, wie der Verfasser ausfiihrt, in den sogenannten impradikativen Begriffsbildungen. Um den bei dieser Definitionsart scheinbar auftretenden Zirkel zu vermeiden, stellte Russell seine “verzweigte” Typentheorie auf, durch welche aber eine adaquate Behandlung der reellen Zahlen unmoglich wird, wenn man nicht zu dem (heute allgemein als unzulassig erkannten) Reduzibilitatsaxiom seine Zuflucht nimmt. Die Losung der Schwierigkeit sucht der Verfasser in der Weglassung der verzweigten Typentheorie, die deshalb iiberfliissig sei, weil die impradikativen Definitionen in Wahrheit gar keinen Zirkel enthalten.
Introductory note to 1999b, c, d, g and h
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

In addition to the many important logical results on which Gödel reported in Karl Menger’s Ergebnisse eines mathematischen Kolloquiums at the University of Vienna, there are five lesser known ones on geometry. In fact, Gödel had taken courses with Menger, and these notes are best seen within the framework of a program for reforming and purifying differential and projective geometry developed by Menger in the colloquium. In order to free the notion of “curvature” from “the complicated conceptual machinery” (Menger 1952) of classical differential geometry, in particular from coordinates, parameterizations and differentiability assumptions, Menger proposed to study suitable n-tuples of points in compact convex metric spaces. The triangle inequality implies the existence of three points in the Euclidean plane isometric to any triple of points in such a space, and their curvature is taken to be the reciprocal of the radius of the circle circumscribed around them. Menger then defined the curvature at a point of a curve in his space as the number from which the curvature of any three sufficiently close isometric points in the Euclidean plane differs arbitrarily little. Several results were based on this definition as well as on modifications of it by Franz Alt and by Gödel himself (Alt 1933). For surfaces the problem of curvature is more ambiguous and difficult. One now considers quadruples of points in Menger’s spaces; but points isometric to them may not exist at all in Euclidean space, and even when they do exist, the reciprocal of the radius of their circumscribed sphere is of no particular significance for the problem of curvature. Gödel (1993b) shows, however, in answer to a question of Laura Klanfer, that this reciprocal can be used to prove that, if an isometric Euclidean quadruple exists and is non-coplanar, then the metric quadruple is isometric, under the geodesic metric, to four points of a metricized sphere of suitable radius.
On the isometric embeddability of quadruples of points of R3 in the surface of a sphere (1933b)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

In answer to a question raised in the 37th colloquium (Klan/er 1933), the following holds: A metric quadruple [ a quadruple of points in a metric space] that is congruent to four points in R3 is, if it is not congruent to four points of the plane, congruent to four points on the surf ace of a sphere on which the distance between any two points is defined to be the length of the shortest arc joining them.
Zur Axiomatik der elementargeometrischen Verkniipfungsrelationen (1933d)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

Man sollte das System aller jener Aussagen iiber Felder untersuchen, die in der Normalform keine Existenzprafixe enthalten. Die Begriffe Punkt und Gerade, die unter Verwendung von Existenzprafixen definierbar sind (z. B. Punkt ist ein Element, zu dem kein nicht leeres Element existiert, das sein echter Teil ist), sind in diesem engeren System undefinierbar. Untersuchungen in dieser Richtung finden sich bei Wernick (1929).
Introductory note to 1933f
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

In this short note Gödel describes an interpretation of intuitionistic propositional logic IPC in a system of classical propositional logic enriched with an additional unary operator B. The letter B stands for “beweisbar”, i.e., provable, this being the intuitive interpretation of B. Here “provable” should be understood as “provable by any correct means” and not as “provable in a given formal system” (see below).
Review of Skolem 1933a: On the impossibility of a complete characterization of the number sequence by means of a finite axiom system (1934c)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

Consider the expressions that are built up from: (1) variables x, y, ... , ranging over the natural numbers; (2) + (addition) and · (multiplication); > and=; (4) the operations of the propositional calculus; (5) the quantifiers, applied to number variables. (More complicated functions, as for example xY and x!, can be defined in terms of+, · and the logical concepts cited.) The author proves that there is a system N* of entities, with two operations, + and •, defined on it and with two relations, > and =, that is not isomorphic to the system N of natural numbers, but for which nevertheless all statements hold that are expressible by means of the symbols mentioned at the outset and hold for the system N. From this it follows that there is no axiom system employing only the notions mentioned at the outset (and therefore none at all employing only number-theoretic notions) that uniquely determines the structure of the sequence of natural numbers, a result that also follows without difficulty from the investigations of the reviewer in his 1931.
Review of Chen 1933: Axioms for real numbers (1934d)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

What is presented is merely an axiom system for the notion < (addition and multiplication do not occur), that is, for the order type of the real numbers. It differs from the usual characterization of this order type only in that the existence of a countable dense subset is not demanded, which of course causes the loss of completeness (categoricity). It is claimed nonetheless that the system has this property (in what sense is not clear).
Review of Carnap 1934: The antinomies and the incompleteness of mathematics (1935b)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

In this work the author derives the consequences that result from the construction of formally undecidable propositions for the problem of antinomies of the second kind (for instance that of Epimenides). Namely, the logical flaw in these antinomies lies not in the self-referential character of certain notions and propositions occurring in them (this self-referential character, after all, also attaches, for example, to the undecidable propositions mentioned), but rather in the use of the notion “true”. That is, more precisely, it is falsely assumed that there is a notion !2U (true) such that for each sentence A the formula is provable. From the occurrence of the antinomies it can be concluded that such a notion !2U cannot be expressed in a consistent language. To be sure, every language can be extended so as to contain a notion !2U that satisfies (1) for all sentences A of the original language, but not so that (1) holds for the sentences of the extended language as well. Every formal system is thus incomplete in two respects: 1° insofar as there are propositions undecidable within it, and 2° insofar as there are notions that cannot be defined within it (such as !2U or the number sequences constructed by the diagonal method). Thus we are led to conclude that, although everything mathematical is formalizable, it is nonetheless impossible to formalize all of mathematics in a single formal system, a fact that intuitionism has asserted all along.
Discussion remark (1936)
Authors: Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

Actually, for each individual entrepreneur the demand also depends on his income, and that in turn depends on the price of the factors of production. One can formulate an appropriate system of equations and investigate whether it is solvable.
Collected Works
Authors: Gudel Kurt
Published: November 2023

Kurt Gudel (1906 - 1978) was the most outstanding logician of the twentieth century, famous for his hallmark works on the completeness of logic, the incompleteness of number theory, and the consistency of the axiom of choice and the continuum hypothesis. He is also noted for his work on constructivity, the decision problem, and the foundations of computability theory, as well as for the strong individuality of his writings on the philosophy of mathematics. He is less well known for his discovery of unusual cosmological models for Einstein’s equations, in theory permitting time travel into the past. The Collected Works is a landmark resource that draws together a lifetime of creative thought and accomplishment. The first two volumes were devoted to Gudel’s publications in full (both in original and translation), and the third volume featured a wide selection of unpublished articles and lecture texts found in Gudel’s Nachlass. These long-awaited final two volumes contain Gudel’s correspondence of logical, philosophical, and scientific interest. Volume IV covers A to G, with H to Z in volume V; in addition, Volume V contains a full inventory of Gudel’s Nachlass. All volumes include introductory notes that provide extensive explanatory and historical commentary on each body of work, English translations of material originally written in German (some transcribed from the Gabelsberger shorthand), and a complete bibliography of all works cited. Kurt Gudel: Collected Works is designed to be useful and accessible to as wide an audience as possible without sacrificing scientific or historical accuracy. The only comprehensive edition of Gudel’s work available, it will be an essential part of the working library of professionals and students in logic, mathematics, philosophy, history of science, and computer science and all others who wish to be acquainted with one of the great minds of the twentieth century.
Introductory note to 1938, 1939, 1939a and 1940
Authors: Gudel Kurt
Published: November 2023

The papers discussed in this introductory note deal with Gudel’s proof of the relative consistency of the axiom of choice and of the generalized continuum hypothesis with the usual axioms for set theory. The note 1938 announces the results and gives a brief discussion of the ideas un derlying their proofs; 1939 is an abstract in which the results are again announced. The paper 1939a gives considerable technical detail con cerning the proofs; essentially complete proofs, along somewhat different lines, are presented in 1940.
The consistency of the axiom of choice and of the generalized continuum hypothesis (1938)
Authors: Gudel Kurt
Published: November 2023

The method of proof consists in constructing on the basis of the axioms of T a model for which the propositions 1-4 are true. This model, roughly speaking, consists of all “mathematically constructible” sets, where the term “constructible” is to be understood in the semi-intuitionistic sense which excludes impredicative procedures. This means “constructible” sets are defined to be those sets which can be obtained by Russell’s ramified hierarchy of types, if extended to include transfinite orders.
Introductory note to 1946
Authors: Gudel Kurt , Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

In 1946, the year of its bicentennial, Princeton University organized several conferences. The conference on problems of mathematics took place on 17-19 December 1946. Its more than seventy participants in cluded most of the leading American mathematicians and several from abroad. Its sessions included discussions of practically the whole range of pure mathematics. The university printed a pamphlet containing a summary of the discussion in each of the sessions (Princeton University 1947). Alfred Tarski was listed as “discussion leader” in the session on mathematical logic, held on 17 December, and evidently gave the principal invited talk. Gudel’s remarks took their point of departure from Tarski’s talk, and may have been invited or planned as a comment.
Remarks before the Princeton bicentennial conference on problems in mathematics (1946)
Authors: Gudel Kurt , Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

Tarski has stressed in his lecture (and I think justly) the great importance of the concept of general recursiveness (or Turing’s computability). It seems to me that this importance is largely due to the fact that with this concept one has for the first time succeeded in giving an absolute definition of an interesting epistemological notion, i.e., one not depending on the formalism chosen. In all other cases treated previously, such as demonstrability or definability, one has been able to define them only relative to a given language, and for each individual language it is clear that the one thus obtained is not the one looked for. For the concept of computability, however, although it is merely a special kind of demonstrability or decidability, the situation is different. By a kind of miracle it is not necessary to distinguish orders, and the diagonal procedure does not lead outside the defined notion. This, I think, should encourage one to expect the same thing to be possible also in other cases (such as demonstrability or definability).
Introductory note to 1947 and 1964
Authors: Gudel Kurt , Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

Cantor’s continuum problem served as one of the principal and periodic foci for Gudel’s research from 1935 until his death more than four decades later. His article 1947 (substantially revised and expanded to become 1964) originated from a request, made in 1945 by the editor of the American mathematical monthly, for a paper on the continuum problem. The result was an expository article written in the style for which the Monthly is well known, but having a flavor that reflected Gudel’s distinctive blend of mathematical and philosophical interests. Although 1947 contains no new technical results, it gives considerable insight into his philosophical views on set theory and on what would and would not, in his opinion, constitute a solution to the continuum problem. In one sense, 1947 can be regarded as a continuation, and as a variation in a different key, of his reflections in 1944 on Russell and mathematical logic.
Introductory note to 1958 and 1972
Authors: Gudel Kurt , Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

Gudel’s “Dialectica paper” appeared in 1958, in German, in honor of P. Bernays’ 70th birthday; it is reproduced, following this introductory note, together with a translation into English by Stefan Bauer Mengelberg and Jean van Heijenoort. The ideas in this paper date back at least as far as 1941, since Gudel lectured at that time on his interpretation at Princeton and Yale. (In Gudel’s Nachlass there is the text of a lecture, “In what sense is intuitionistic logic constructive?”, given at Yale University on 15 April 1941.)
Über e1ne bisher noch nicht benützte Erweiterung des finiten Standpunktes (1958)
Authors: Gudel Kurt , Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

P. Bernays hat wiederholt darauf hingewiesen, dass angesichts der Tat-sache der Unbeweisbarkeit der Widerspruchsfreiheit eines Systems mit geringeren Beweismitteln als denen des Systems selbst eine Überschreitung des Rahmens der im Hilbertschen Sinn finiten Mathematik nötig ist, um die Widerspruchsfreiheit der klassischen Mathematik, ja sogar um die der klassischen Zahlentheorie zu beweisen.
Postscript to Spector 1962 (1962)
Authors: Gudel Kurt , Feferman Solomon , Dawson John W , Kleene Stephen C , Moore Gregory H , Solovay Robert M , Heijenoort Jean van
Published: November 2023

This important paper [ Spector 1962] was written by Clifford Spector during his stay at the Institute for Advanced Study in 1960 1961 under a grant from the Office of Naval Research. The discussions P. Bernays and I had with Spector (see footnote 1) took place after the main result (contained in §10 of the paper) had been established already. However, it ought to be mentioned that during the time Spector first established this result he was in close contact with Kreisel. It was Spector’s express intention to give to Kreisel a good deal of credit for his work. Originally a joint publication by Spector and Kreisel was envisaged. This plan was dropped because Spector had taken over the elaboration by himself and because the version of the proof which was to be published was due to Spector. Also Spector alone, at that time, was working on an extension of the result in the direction of stricter constructivity which he hoped to include in his paper.
Introduction to the Expanded Edition
Authors: Davidson Cathy N
Published: November 2023

When I began the research for Revolution and the Word in the 1970s, two stereotypes prevailed about early American fiction. The first assumption was that it did not exist. This isn’t true. Although most survey courses and anthologies of American fiction at the time began with James Fenimore Cooper’s Leatherstocking Saga of the 1820s or sometimes with Wieland by Charles Brockden Brown, at least one hundred novels were produced in America between 1789 and 1820. Novelists of the early national period read one another and often responded to one another’s plots. Readers avidly sought out novels. Publishers and proprietors of lending libraries advertised novels prominently as a way to attract readers to buy or borrow other kinds of books. Nonfiction authors of advice books, primers, histories, tracts, or sermons took up novelistic techniques or even claimed to be novelists as a way to reach the wider novel-reading public.
Ideology And Genre
Authors: Davidson Cathy N
Published: November 2023

This wandering son of the new Republic come home again is especially struck by the “extreme avidity with which books of mere amusement [are] purchased and perused by all ranks.”1 And Tyler’s fictional comments are by no means thenly observations on this remarkable new interest in fiction. As the editor of New York Magazine decisively proclaimed in 1797, “This is a novel-reading age.” In chapter 2, I focused on the manufacture of fiction at the dawning of the Industrial Revolution and, correspondingly, on the economic origins of the American novel. I traced how the form first appeared in a transitional society, preindustrial in its modes of production yet protocapitalistic in its modes of consumption, and I surveyed how the new genre along with its early producers—individual authors and enterprising printers-survived financially in a postcolonial world that merely presaged mass book production and mass consumption. In this chapter, my focus is on the politics of genre and, more specifically, on the ideological position that the novel as a genre was perceived to take in the aftermath of the Revolutionary War—a vital and volatile time when the ideals of the nation had to be formulated and promulgated. I ask how the new form survived in a society that, on the highest levels, was intensely hostile to its appearance.
The Picaresque And The Margins Of Political Discourse
Authors: Davidson Cathy N
Published: November 2023

A number of novelists of the early national period turned the essentially conservative subgenre of the sentimental novel (with its fetishization of female virginity) to a subversive purpose by valorizing precisely those women whom the society had either overtly condemned (the fallen woman) or implicitly rendered invisible (woman as feme covert). Yet even the most progressive sentimental novels still focused primarily on women’s restricted familial role. Within the confines of the novel and the society, women only sporadically and peripherally entered into the political discourse of the era, either as objects of the debate or participants in it. Certainly a number of sentimental novels (such as The Coquette and The Power of Sympathy) include scenes in which female characters discuss political issues, but given the Constitutional silencing of women, this fictive act is just that-a fiction. Lacking any legal standing, women’s political opinions could be dismissed as easily as John Adams dismissed his wife’s plea. “Every man, by the Constitution, is born with an equal right to be elected to the highest office,” the Reverend John Cosens Ogden of Portsmouth, New Hampshire, declaimed in 1793. “And every woman, is born with an equal right to be the wife of the most eminent man.”1 No wonder sentimental fiction remained closeted, circumscribed by home and hearth.
Early American Gothic: The Limits Of Individualism
Authors: Davidson Cathy N
Published: November 2023

The humor and the title of Royall Tyler’s popular play The Contrast both derive from the sustained juxtaposition of innocent American values with urbane but corrupt European ones. That contrast is, in effect, an early American variation of what Raymond Williams has schematized in English literature as The Country and the City. In Tyler’s play Colonel Henry Manly (consistent with his name) is early portrayed as a representative American man—honest, direct, and forthright. He is compared to the more dubiously named Billy Dimple, who has been to Europe, where he has squandered his inheritance in the pursuit of fashion and European sophistication. This second character quotes Chesterfield and copies the forms of gentility but has little concern for the substance of morality. That same opposition is also played out in a minor key. Manly’s country servant, Jonathan, is, at first, tempted by luxury, but he remains essentially a good, earnest, solid, and stolid Yankee, while Billy’s servant, Jessamy, who is foppish and irresponsible, is a more openly materialistic and misogynistic parody of his master, Dimple. The unfolding play then complicates these contrasts, showing that Dimple is hardly the sophisticate he pretends to be and that Manly, more ambiguously, might not be all that he first seems either. He is, after all, a prig; his American patriotism is a self-parody; his speech, like the campaign slogans of the era, is too full of itself.
Afterword: Texts as Histories
Authors: Davidson Cathy N
Published: November 2023

Friedrich von Schiller, one of the most eminent historians of the late eighteenth century, was carried into the lecture hall in Jena upon the shoulders of enthusiastic admirers who deposited him at the podium where he would answer, once and for all, a question he had raised before: “What Is Universal History and Why Do We Study It?” Universal History, Schiller explained, discovered in the past a vast network of causal relationships that, with relentless logic, produced the present. It was the task of the Universal Historian to chart out those causalities in order that the reader might see the coherent whole that was modern Europe, might understand how previous events had produced a stable Continental society that enjoyed an enduring peace and that promised (history portended as much) to last forever. Schiller’s speech on that May day in 1789 was constantly interrupted by cheers from the crowd, who could not foresee, any more than the Universal Historian, that in less than two months another crowd would storm the Bastille and launch Europe into its most revolutionary epoch.
Mythic Timelines
Authors: Read Kay Almere , González Jason J
Published: November 2023

Mythic timelines are based in both tangible and intangible worlds. On the one hand, the idea of time is founded on actual human experiences of tangible change. After all, we all experience a great deal of unavoidable transformation from birth to death. As babies we are not the same as when we are children; and as children, we are not exactly like what we will be as young adults. We change when we marry and have children of our own, and again when we reach the age at which our children care for us.
Annotated Print and Nonprint Resources
Authors: Read Kay Almere , González Jason J
Published: November 2023

Adams, Richard E.W. Prehistoric Mesoamerica. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991. An introductory textbook to the archaeology and history of ancient Mesoamerica. This book explores the prehistoric cultural and historical development of Mesoamerica before Spanish contact.
Honor and Sacredness in the Roman and Christian Worlds
Authors: Barton Carlin
Published: November 2023

The Romans in the late Republic and early Empire endured, for the most part, a universe without salvation. The gladiator and the Christian who eyed one another across the colored sands of the arena were separated by a chasm as profound as that dividing mortal and immortal in the Iliad of Homer. Perpetua would receive eternal life; the gladiator who slew her would not. But when Perpetua guided the gladiator’s trembling hand to her throat, she was speaking to him in a language he knew well, one expressing the ancient and adamantine bond between honor and the sacred. The following essay will explore aspects of Roman concepts of honor, sacrifice, and the sacred that linked the condemned Roman to the imperishable Christian.
Contemplative Death in Jewish Mystical Tradition
Authors: Fine Lawrence
Published: November 2023

A feature normally assumed essential to martyrdom is that it results in physical death. This essay, however, focuses on a variety of traditions in which martyrdom has to do with something other than actual dying. In certain Jewish mystical traditions, particularly medieval Kabbalah and Eastern European Hasidism, we discover a range of rituals that encourage the practice of contemplative or imagined martyrdom. The study of such traditions expands our conception of the meaning of religious martyrdom.
The Name and the Scar
Authors: Ellmann Maud
Published: November 2023

According to Australian Aboriginal legend, the demigod Wondjina created the world of things by giving them names. Intoxicated with his power, he named and made so many things that the universe could not contain his nomenclature. His father “cut out his mouth” to stop the clutter. How does one cut out a mouth? Pictures of Wondjina show a holeless face, the mouth wiped out without a scar, but the eyes gape wide with horror.

The Pisan Cantos are haunted by the figure of this mouthless god, punished for the incontinence of his creations. At the time of their writing, Pound himself had been arrested for his crimes of speech, specifically his fascist propaganda broadcasts for Rome Radio. Caged by the Americans at Pisa at the end of World War II, he symbolically castrated his own mouth by taking a vow of silence. In Canto 74, Pound splits Wondjina's name into two halves—Ouan Jin—as if to re-inflict the mutilation of the namer on the name.
Framing, Being Framed, and the Janus Faces of Authority
Authors: Mahaffey Vicki
Published: November 2023

In A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Stephen Dedalus is rep resented as a sensitive reader of cultural signs, trying to forge an identity for himself consistent with his patrimony. What he shows through his erratic behavior is that his fathers have bequeathed him not one but two mutually incompatible models of responding to righteous authority, and as the book progresses, we watch Stephen alternating helplessly between an obedient and a scornfully defiant response to the imperative to sacrifice himself for a communal cause. The reason that Stephen is powerless to detach himself from the pendulum swing of these two responses is that he never questions the major premise of authority: its idealization of ultimate transcendence. Stephen’s aim is to establish for himself an authority comparable to the authority he admires and resists, to see himself raised above his peers, and to resist any awareness of the universality—the commonness—of his feelings.
Beyond American
Authors: Spiro Peter J
Published: November 2023

If in fact the center of community is migrating to locations other than the state, then rights and responsibilities are going with it. What we think of as “public” issues may increasingly play out in nonstate settings. If so, it is in that direction, and away from the state, that theorists, decision makers, and the media should start to turn their sights, looking at other forms of association as meaningful in their own right, not just as objects of state regulation. Public intellectuals almost without exception take the nation as a given, as something that we should simply assume to be the critical institutional juncture of human interaction. Defined as government decision making, policy making has taken on fetishistic proportions, as if policy was the source of most evil and the potential engine of most correction, as if all of it can be played out on Sunday morning talk shows.
The Logic of Being in Thomas Aquinas
Authors: Weidemann Hermann
Published: November 2023

Being acquainted with the familiar distinction between the “is” of existence, the “is” of predication, and the “is” of identity, which Hintikka has labeled “the Frege trichotomy” (pp. 433£), a modern student of Thomas Aquinas’s doctrine of being cannot fail to realize that this distinction, though it seems not to have been ignored by Aquinas, is overshadowed in his writings by another distinction between two semantically different uses of the verb “be”, which he borrows from Aristotle.
Aquinas on the Passions
Authors: King Peter
Published: November 2023

Following Aristotle’s lead, medieval philosophers generally accepted, first, a distinction between the cluster of principles and capacities that account for movement and sensation, known as the sensitive part of the soul, and the cluster of principles and capacities that account for thought and volition, known as the intellective part of the soul;’ and second, a distinction between the apparatus of powers whereby information about the world is acquired and assimilated, known as the cognitive or apprehensive potencies, and the apparatus of powers whereby one engages the world, known as the appetitive potencies.
Transitions: The Buddhist Intermediate State
Authors: Cuevas Bryan J
Published: November 2023

Although we can cite evidence of a pervasive Buddhist orientation in the old Tibetan documents from Dunhuang on the subject of death and the afterlife, very little is known about the status of the Buddhist intermediate state (antarābhava) doctrine during Tibet’s imperial age (seventh through mid ninth century). We do know, however, that in Tibet the idea surfaces as a distinctive doctrine sometime during the early decades of the eleventh century among certain tantric groups. It seems that when the Indo-Buddhist inter mediate state theory entered the Tibetan religious arena from India, it had already been reconfigured and embellished as a distinctively tantric idea and, in Tibet, was initially absorbed into the indigenous socioreligious patterns that had survived the influx of Buddhism, only later to emerge as a thoroughly Tibetanized concept.
Prophecies of the Lotus Guru
Authors: Cuevas Bryan J
Published: November 2023

This chapter and the next three chapters examine the Tibetan biographies of Karma Lingpa and of his principal disciples, exploring the early history of the transmission of the Self-Liberated Wisdom of the Peaceful and Wrathful Deities and the Great Liberation upon Hearing in the Bardo, considering the problems encountered in the various narrative accounts of this history with a speculative attempt at resolution, and concluding with the argument that the institutionalization of the liturgy of the Peaceful and Wrathful Deities was largely the responsibility of a fifteenth-century monk from southeastern Tibet named Gyarawa Namkha Chökyi Gyatso (b. 1430), the fourth lineage-holder of the Kading transmissions and grand-disciple of Karma Lingpa’ s son Nyida Chöje. It was this obscure monastic leader and holder of the abbatial throne of Menmo Tashi Gon who composed the largest number of commentaries and instruction manuals on the performance of the Karling rituals, as well as the earliest known history of the tradition.
A Tale of Fathers and Sons
Authors: Cuevas Bryan J
Published: November 2023

According to the Religious History of Guru Tashi, in Padmasambhava’s pro nouncements before the royal court of Trhi Songdetsen he not only spoke of a discoverer named Karma but also introduced the prophecy of the coming of one who would be known as Nyida Sangye (Sun-Moon Buddha), elsewhere known as Ngödrup (Accomplished Adept). The anonymous author of the History of the Treasures interprets the following prophetic statement as a reference to this figure:
The Third Generation
Authors: Cuevas Bryan J
Published: November 2023

A confusion seems to have existed concerning the identity of Karma Lingpa’ s most immediate disciple(s). As we noted previously in chapter 6, several of the histories claim that Karma Lingpa appointed his father, Nyida Sangye, and his son, Nyida Choje, as the sole masters of the doctrine (chos-bdag). After the treasure revealer himself, the doctrine-master, also known as treasure-master (gter-bdag), is the most significant individual in the lineage, for it is he who preserves the tradition and insures that it is properly transmitted in the future. There are two types of doctrine-master depending on how the “mind-mandate transmission,” the actual entrustment (gtad-rgya) of the teaching, had been received from Padmasambhava.
Traditions in Central and Southern Tibet
Authors: Cuevas Bryan J
Published: November 2023

The historical preoccupation of the Tibetan religious schools with “spiritual genealogy,” to use a phrase of Franz-Karl Ehrhard, is most clearly represented in the genre of transmission records (gsan-yig, lit., “record of [teachings] heard”) or accession lists (thob-yig, lit., “record of [teachings] obtained”). These texts generally contain lists of the titles of written texts, verbal instructions, and ritual initiations obtained by an individual during his or her lifetime. In addition, they frequently record the entire line of disciples to whom the rites and teachings had previously been transmitted, and thus they provide essential information for scholars interested in textual and biographical history. Such genealogical records are also quite useful for tracing the transmission of religious disciplines and doctrines in Tibet.
The Land of Heroes Rajasthani Soli and Rajput Blood
Authors: Harlan Lindsey
Published: November 2023

As anyone who has glanced at the tourist literature on India doubtless knows, Rajasthan is famous for its martial heritage and traditions of heroic sacrifice. In the images offered for public consumption on the state’s web page, in the tourist pamphlets produced in India and abroad, in the copious collections of armor and antique weaponry displayed in public museums and private homes, and on the inscriptions and plaques on heroic monuments, Rajasthan’s military history finds current expression. Elegant havelis (urban mansions) and even modest homes sport decorative images of guardian figures with horses or elephants on entryway walls. The silhouettes of crenellated walls and crumbling battlements snake along the rocky Aravalli Hills, never letting the visitor forget that Rajasthan, literally “Land of Kings” is a space organized by centuries of martial challenge.
Heroic Story Slaughter and Glory
Authors: Harlan Lindsey
Published: November 2023

With these lines from Gilbert and Sullivan’s operetta “The Pirates of Penzance,” delicate but spirited daughters of a “modem major general” cheer on faint-hearted policemen who ultimately lament, “when constabulary duty’s to be done ... a policeman’s lot is not a happy one.” Seeking to embolden reluctant “heroes” preparing to fight pirates, these maidens, who have previously described themselves as “hardy little lasses,” predict “death and slaughter” that will bring forth devotion from weeping “Comish daughters” and earn the policemen “immortality” in the form of “song and story.” Here, death in battle brings glory and immortality through song and story, as well as the promise of lifethe flora to arise from well-watered graves. A more concise summation of important principles of hero veneration, whether in Victorian England, ancient Greece, or contemporary India, could hardly be found.
Heroic Story Frames Liberation, Perfection, and Seclusion
Authors: Harlan Lindsey
Published: November 2023

Among Rajputs, dying as a warrior has long meant being the best one can be. The result of this accomplishment is realizing the ultimate. Death in battle brings not only glory and fame through song and story but also release from the round of rebirths that binds the vast majority of people. Thus sacrificed, the hero finds moksh, liberation from the travail that is human existence. Whether jhunjhmji, bhomiyaji, or sagasji, the hero finds himself transported to Virgati, “The Goal of Heroes,” a wondrous abode where he can delight for an eternity in “wine, women, and song.” At his disposal will be inebriants, dancing girls, musicians, and a host of other pleasures. Understood to be delivered from the world and ensconced in paradise, the hero is depicted as inarguably better off dead.