bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a Low-Cost Ceramic Filter for Sustainable Reuse of Urban Stormwater in Arid Environments
Authors: Shafiquzzaman Md. , Haider Husnain , Ghazaw Yousry Mahmoud , Alharbi Fawaz , S. AlSaleem Saleem , Almoshaogeh Meshal
Published: February 2020

Sustainable reuse of urban stormwater is inevitable in the fight against water crises in arid regions. This research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a low-cost ceramic filtration process for reuse applications of urban stormwater. Stormwater was collected from a storage pond located in Buraydah (Qassim, Saudi Arabia) for laboratory experiments. The filtration tests were performed in a continuous mode with constant pressure using a low-cost ceramic filter made of clay soil and rice bran. The removal rates of the contaminants (heavy metals) as well as the turbidity, suspended solids, and nutrients of the stormwater were assessed. High removal efficiencies for turbidity (97.4%), suspended solids (97.0%), BOD5 (78.4%), and COD (76.1%) were achieved while low removals were achieved for the nutrients: 19.7% for total nitrogen, 25.3% for nitrate, and 8.6% for phosphate. Removal efficiencies ranged between 36.2% and 99.9% for the heavy metals, i.e., iron, manganese, lead, zinc, nickel, copper, cadmium, selenium, and barium. Contaminant removal rates observed for the ceramic filter were also compared with the alum coagulation process operated in a continuous mode at an optimum alum dose of 50 mg/L. Similar removal behaviors for removal of turbidity, suspended solids, organics, nutrients, and heavy metals suggested that both ceramic filtration and alum coagulation can be effectively used for stormwater treatment. Effluent qualities of both the ceramic filter and alum coagulation met the standards, for recycling/reuse of wastewater, set by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and World Health Organization for unrestricted irrigation and toilet flushing. The study results revealed that ceramic filtration is a low-cost, energy efficient, and easy to maintain technology which can be complimentary to best management practices for stormwater.
“Durtal”, de Paul Valéry: uma tradução
Authors: López Camila Soares
Published: February 2020

Neste trabalho, propomos uma tradução do ensaio crítico “Durtal”, de autoria de Paul Valéry e que versa sobre o romance homônimo de J.-K. Huysmans. Originalmente, o texto de Valéry foi publicado em 1898 na revista Mercure de France, petite revue parisiense que circulou nos meios simbolistas e de demais entusiastas da renovação literária. Em um primeiro momento, tecemos considerações acerca dos dois autores, bem como sobre a proximidade de ambos. Por fim, apresentamos a tradução de “Durtal” para língua portuguesa.
Géographie de la télécommunication en France
Authors: Bakis Henry
Published: February 2020

Il s'agit de récapituler l'état du travail dans ce domaine d'étude (thèmes majeurs, bibliographie). On distinguera ainsi trois étapes principales : avant 1965, le travail était le fait de chercheurs isolés et résultait généralement d'une disgression par rapport aux objets de préoccupation principaux des auteurs ; de 1965 à 1975, le courant de recherches s'est affermi (on note une prédominance des études de flux et de parcs, indicateurs de la centralité urbaine) ; après le milieu des années 1970, le champ d'intérêt s'élargit (tentatives de définition du champ d'étude, études générales, parcs et flux téléphoniques, espace urbain, espace des entreprises, géographie tarifaire, géographie des médias - notamment électroniques). La seconde partie de la conférence présentera des perspectives de travail.
L'Eurovision ou le conflit du réseau et des territoires
Authors: Dupuy Gabriel
Published: February 2020

Créé dans les années 1950, le réseau EUROVISION, bien connu des téléspectateurs est intéressant à étudier. En effet, on pourrait penser qu'un tel réseau par les technologies modernes de communication qu'il met en oeuvre, par ses finalités historiques transnationales, a tendance à créer un nouveau territoire européen de la communication. De fait, on peut observer que ce réseau s'est organisé de manière à couvrir l'Europe et au-delà la Turquie, l'Afrique du Nord, etc. Il a créé ses procédures, ses pôles (Bruxelles, Genève) etc... hais, en y regardant de plus près, on s'aperçoit que le réseau EUROVISION a plutôt été l'instrument du maintien des souverainetés et des territorialités nationales dans le domaine de la télévision. La confrontation actuelle du réseau EUROVISION et de nouveaux éléments du paysage de la communication (satellite, câble, chaîne privées, agences d'images...) est particulièrement éclairante à cet égard.
Des villes en réseau, aux réseaux de villes. Nouvelles solidarités, nouveaux territoires et impact des télécommunications
Authors: Lavocat Éric
Published: February 2020

As the opening of Europe approaches, France -and Europe itself-find themselves undergoing a general territorial repolarization, with new urban policies emerging, based on a network of "inter-town solidarity".

This concept is the finit of an economic, social and cultural development policy wherein the elected representatives of a number of towns in a given area or region choose to work together in defining the specific and complementary characteristics each can bring to that region. To reach this definition of specialities and create "competence poles", to recognize complementary in order to harmonize the State's infrastructure investments and strengthen international functions as the Single European Market approaches, such a goal requires that the objective reality of this interdependence and solidarity be clearly stated and "quantified".

If the flow of people is in this respect an invaluable yardstick, it is not, and must not be considered, the only indicator. The flows of telecommunications can not only confirm or invalidate certain favored links, but also, by qualitative analysis, give a clearer picture of the nature of these links (professional, administrative, private, etc), provided that quantitative and qualitative "source/destination" statistics are available offering greater detail than those currently furnished by flow measurement and collecting methods.
Innovations technologiques et transformations territoriales. L'expérimentation sur l'Aire Métropolitaine de Naples
Authors: Pappa Rocco , Gargiulo Carmela
Published: February 2020

La télématique, l'informatique, et plus en général l'innovation technologique dans le domaine des communications peuvent fournir les opportunités et les instruments pour définir de nouvelles façons d’approche et de solution à la dégradation des villes. L'objectif principal de cette recherche est la formulation d’une proposition de projet pour l’aire métropolitaine de Naples dans laquelle on envisage un nouveau modèle d’aménagement et de gestion du système d’implantation métropolitaine. Le travail, dont le contenu est expressément d’action-projet, vise à analyser les fonctions urbaines les plus significatives dans le but de rationaliser et de contrôler la “demande urbaine’’ , toujours croissante, de mobilité, de fonctions et d’espace.
Téléinformatique professionnelle et territoire régional
Authors: Begag Azouz , Claisse Gérard , Moreau Patrick
Published: February 2020

Cet article est extrait d’une recherche financée par le Plan Urbain dans le cadre de l’appel d’offres "Nouvelles technologies de Communications et Dynamique Urbaine". Elle a été achevée en mars 1990 et publiée dans la collection Etudes et Recherches du Laboratoire d’Economie des Transports de Lyon, sous le titre : "Téléinformatique, espace régional et localisation des entreprises. Le cas de la région lyonnaise." (1) Par ailleurs, elle a donné lieu à d’autres publications vers lesquelles le lecteur pourra se reporter pour une analyse plus approfondie des enjeux des télécommunications sur l’espace économique (2) et (3).

Le présent article synthétise deux des quatre chapitres qui composent le corps du rapport général ; ceux confrontant la question de la différenciation spatiale à l’offre et à la demande de connexion à des réseaux et liaisons de transmission de données. Les deux autres chapitres proposent, l'un, une présentation technico-tarifaire des réseaux et liaisons téléinformatiques, l’autre les résultats d’une enquête de terrain. Cette dernière a été menée auprès de 25 PME-PMI de la région lyonnaise et permet de dégager des enseignements sur les véritables influences des télécommunications dans les processus de localisation et les choix de site de l’entreprise.
Les télécommunications au service du chemin de fer en France, ou l'autre réseau de la SNCF
Authors: Bakis Henry
Published: February 2020

Cette intervention vise à préciser le rôle des réseaux de télécommunication au service du fonctionnement du chemin de fer. On s’intéressera au cas de la SNCF.
L’internationalisation de l’entreprise en réseau, un défi pour les systèmes d’information et de communication
Authors: Paché Gilles
Published: February 2020

L'entreprise en réseau se présente aujourd'hui comme un modèle de management dynamique dont l'internationalisation s'accélère de façon significative. Néanmoins, peu de choses sont dites et écrites sur la nécessaire coordination des relations d'échange entre partenaires contractuels, et en particulier, sur le rôle joué par les systèmes d information dans l’intégration fonctionnelle et territoriale de la firme. Cet oubli est fâcheux car la stabilité et la pérennité des structures réticulaires, de nature interactionniste, pourraient en définitive pâtir de barrières de la communication largement sous-estimées.
Échanges de Données Informatisées (Edi) : de la géographie politique à la géographie sociale
Authors: Maugeri Salvatore
Published: February 2020

L'Echange de Données Informatisées (Edi) est au centre d'enjeux professionnels colossaux. Tant du côté des opérateurs de réseaux de télécommunications — privés ou publics — que du côté des entreprises manufacturières ou de services, l'Edi est l'objet de toutes les attentions. Les fournisseurs de services télématiques y voient un débouché particulièrement attrayant, ce qui explique les déploiements stratégiques qui agitent le secteur à travers le monde entier. Les firmes industrielles et commerciales en espèrent une bonification de leur qualité de produits et/ou de services, une dynamisation globale de leurs prestations et un meilleur contrôle des coûts, à travers le rapprochement commercial des partenaires du réseau. Tous les regards sont, en somme, tournés vers l'Edi. Et, comme pour toute technologie de réseaux, l'intérêt des acteurs économiques et institutionnels se focalise préférentiellement sur les normes définissant contenu et conditions d'utilisation du nouvel ''outil".

A travers l'inventaire des organismes gouvernementaux ou intergouvemementaux impliqués dans la normalisation et la promotion de la technologie, nous aurons l'occasion d'esquisser le tracé des frontières économiques et sociales qui, mieux peut-être que les frontières politiques, dessine le paysage industriel mondial. La normalisation de l'Edi est d'abord globalement l'affaire des pays et continents de l’hémisphère nord. Elle est ensuite, et de manière hégémonique, le fait des grandes firmes industrielles, des multinationales et des oligopoles. La PME est quasi-totalement exclue de toute instance de délibération normative. Il ne s'agit pas d'exclusion de droit, bien sûr, mais ces absences, ces "vides" dans la carte physique comme dans la "carte industrielle" révèlent les tendances de fond de l'évolution technologique et économique. L'avenir industriel est aux mains des grands opérateurs économiques occidentaux. Cela ne peut pas manquer d'inquiéter qui se soucie de développement et de démocratie.
Mondialisation de l’économie et restructuration de l’espace aérien interne brésilien dans la période post-70
Authors: Kohn Cordeiro Helena , Bernades Ladeira Sergio
Published: February 2020

Cet article étudie l'expansion du système aérien domestique de la période post -1970, pendant laquelle le Brésil devient espace semi-périphérique du marché mondial. Moyen de transport fondamental de la classe des hommes d'affaire et cadres, on assiste à une rationalisation de la structure du réseau de lignes régulières (nationales et régionales), où les principaux noeuds du système sont renforcés : régions métropolitaines, Brasilia et Manaus. La multip1ication du nombre des flux et leur densification est largement en faveur de la "ville mondiale" São Paulo. L'intégration de tous les espaces économiques est complétée par le trafic des taxis aériens, particulièrement important bien "qu'invisible" dans les régions frontières du pays.
Infrastructures de télécommunications dans l'ASEAN
Authors: Hukill Marc A. , Jussawalla Meheroo , Chamoux Jean-Pierre
Published: February 2020

Cet article décrit sommairement les télécommunications des pays de la zone ASEAN. Il présente les projets actuels d'infrastructures et d'investissements de cette région, ainsi que les développements politiques envisagés par le gouvernement de ces pays qui envisagent désormais une certaine déréglementation et la privatisation de leurs administrations.

Ce travail a couvert l'Indonésie, la Malaisie, les Philippines, Singapour et ta Thaïlande. Conduis par l'Institut de Culture et de Communication de l'East-West Center d'Honolulu, il s'agit d'une recherche continue qui analyse l'impact des télécommunications et de l'informatique sur l'économie et sur la culture des pays de la zone du Sud-Est asiatique. Nous remercions vivement l'East-West Center d'Honolulu de nous avoir autorisé à résumer cette importante étude qui illustre l'évolution des esprits et des politiques dans la région de l'Asean.
Etude Monographique portant sur "Les télécommunications et la stratégie immobilière d'un grand groupe"
Authors: Brunschwig Antoine
Published: February 2020

In december 1989, CIC PARIS, the largest regional bank belonging to the CIC Group, sold the administrative and data processing part of its headquarter located in the Opera district of Paris.

The teams (circa 900 people) were relocated in a new purpose built "intelligent" building situated in the central part of Cergy Pontoise New Town, 35 km west from the remaining part of the Paris headquarter.

This paper analyses the relocation decision process and the role of telecommunications in the management of information flows in a multi-sites headquarter configuration.

The paper also shows how the French national telecommunication operator, France Telecom, helped CIC PARIS to implement a virtual unity between the distant sites through new techniques and services (ISDN, Interconnected PBX, Video conferencing, Virtual Private Network and managed network)

CIC PARIS is a fully owned subsidiary of Union Européenne de CIC of which 82% of the shareholding is held by the French nationalised insurance company GAN.
Center cities of post and telecommunications in China
Authors: Zi Lu
Published: February 2020

In this paper we thoroughly investigate all the existing post and telecommunication cities in China. According to the systematic materials about these post and telecommunication centre cities such as assigned national transiting offices who distribute mails9 centers of zip codes, centers of all levels of telecommunication networks, international mails exchanging offices etc, with the help of quantization handling means such as contiguous analysis, topological analysis method and factor analysis method etc., we discuss post and t elec ommu ni cation cities at different levels and types in China. Taking the six big zones and provinces as the regional units, we define the structure regular pattern of the cities shape from quantity, and describe their regional types of cityshape from space. We emphatically discuss the national levels of the post and telecommunication center cities on their group features, constructure of hierarchy and founction of mutual attracting. We find that the organization of post and telecommunication (PT) networt should by adjusted a bit, though it is reasonable in general. According to this situation we put forward a tentative idea and foundation of reformation.
Communications médiatisées et territoire insulaire : le cas de l’île de la Réunion
Authors: Simonin Jacky
Published: February 2020

La Réunion est une société traditionnelle d'interconnaissance en pleine mutation. Les changements en cours, récents, massifs touchent en profondeur toutes les sphères de la société. Une telle mutation peut se lire comme le télescopage actuel de deux espaces sociaux en contact qui métissent une sociabilité traditionnelle endogène issue de la société coloniale de plantation et une sociabilité moderne exogène résultant principalement de l'action publique centrale (Etat et Europe) engagée depuis les années 1970 ; ces interventions couvrent de multiples domaines (aménagement du territoire, habitat social, scolarisation, action sanitaire et sociale, etc.). Les NTIC constituent l'un de ces champs emblématiques où l'on peut observer les effets territoriaux et sociaux de la communication immatérielle. Ainsi par exemple, la radio-télévision a fonctionné, jusqu’à la brèche ouverte il y a dix ans par la légalisation des radios locales, comme canal unique d'une propagande d'Etat, exerçant un quasi monopole informationnel, et peu en prise sur les réalités quotidiennes locales. Depuis quelques années, l'espace médiatique réunionnais s'est considérablement ouvert et élargi. Et ce medium public contribue à forger, par son pluralisme et son souci du quotidien un espace public local de débat ; à modifier, en raison de sa proximité et de son interactivité la communication sociale ordinaire fondée sur l'interconnaissance et la micro-territorialité du quartier ; enfin, à transformer la base territoriale constitutive d'un localisme insulaire en "ouvrant lHe sur le monde”. La scène médiatique locale, lieu nouveau de visibilité pour la population réunionnaise permet d'analyser les processus originaux d'appropriation que celle ci met en oeuvre au niveau de ses pratiques et de ses représentations, dans sa redéfinition métissée de ses rapports à la communication et au territoire.

Cette singularité propre à un espace insulaire en transformation profonde, nous conduit à considérer le cas que représente 111e de la Réunion comme un laboratoire social et nous autorise à ré-interroger, à partir de phénomènes de communications, l'appareil conceptuel (un ensemble de catégories établies : endogène/exogène, local/global, centre/périphérie, rural/urbain, lieu public/sphère privée...) historiquement marqué par la société industrielle et qui nous sert à penser le rapport entre communication médiatisée, immatérielle et territoire.
The Use of Information and Communication Technology in transnational corporations - a Swedish Competitive Perspective
Authors: Lorentzon Sten
Published: February 2020

The progress made in the communication sectors shapes new prerequisites to organize and locate activities. At focus of this paper is the new organizational structures of TNCs, shaped as a consequence of different kinds of cooperation, and the competitive situation of places being integrated into these international production systems. The results are based on studies of the use of information and communication technology (ICT) at the ABB HV Switchgear in Ludvika and at the engine-plant of Volvo in Skôvde. Both plants have been integrated into new systems of production by the merger between ASEA and BBC and the alliance between Renault and Volvo. The studies point at the strong correlation between different needs of communication and the types of work being performed. The use of technical means is more common at operative than at tactical and strategic levels of the TNCs. Personal contacts are very pronounced at the strategic level but concern all levels. Therefore, investments in infrastructure for person transport are important at enabling places to shape different networks. The studies show that advanced work can be performed in the periphery of Europe and that flows of communication can take place between nodes of competence located as islands far from each other. The results further suggest that places are continously connected into spatial growing webs by the knowledge-seeking tentacles of the corporations scanning the world.
EDF, téléactivités en Europe de l’Est
Authors: Blanc Pierre , Kempf Jean-Baptiste , Phan Son
Published: February 2020

Lentement, mais sûrement, de l’Atlantique à l'Oural, le grand Marché européen de l'électricité réunira plus de 500 millions de consommateurs.

Dans la recherche de nouveaux horizons pour ses exportations, Electricité de France établit des têtes de pont dans des pays de l'Est. Pour aider ses ingénieurs, dans le travail quotidien sur les sites étrangers, EDF se mobilise pour leur offrir les meilleures conditions matérielles, en puisant dans l'arsenal des Nouvelles Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication.
El progresivo avance hacia la liberalizacion de las telecomunicaciones en Espana
Authors: Belloso Perez Enrique , Espana Rios Inmaculada
Published: February 2020

El actual procaao dm libaralixacidn y global ! radOn dm la ofarta dm amrvddoa dm tmlacomundcadonms abra un numv o capltulo para lam talacomundcacdonaa an SapaJSa, aobra todo an astoa momentoa an qua por acuardo dml Conamjo -16/6/93 -mm ba conaagrado al principio dm la libaralizacdûn plana da loa amrvidoa pûbllcom dm talafonla vocal an al mono dm la Uhiôn Buropaa y qua por apUcacldn dm lm racianta Diractiva 94/46 mm dmrogan parta dm loa tmxtos vigantmm bamta al momanto (Diractivas 88/301 y 90/388) y am aatablacm la plana UbaraUraddn dm ' 1mm tmlacamunicacionmm por aatéUtm.
Theory and methods of system engineering on communication network integrated planning of disaster
Authors: Lu Zi
Published: February 2020

The natural disasters and hidden hazards of human miss are all not paid attention seriously by people, and the level of disaster prevention of communication is very low in our country. This paper, by using a vast amount case, made an exposition and studing on the several conditions of network disasters which correspond with the types of of communiication are facing. Then, from the point of view of system science and integrating, proposed the content of system engineering, system model and tasks of disaster reduction in communication network
Articulation des systèmes logistiques et des systèmes d'information : le cas de la grande distribution en France
Authors: Ansart Jean-François
Published: February 2020

Fournir le bon produit, à la bonne place, au bon moment, en bonne quantité, et de la manière la plus efficace possible est le rôle dévolu à la combinaison de la logistique et de l'informatique.

Comment se réalise cette combinaison à l'interface entre les systèmes d'informations des distributeurs et l'organisation logistique des industriels ?

La chaîne d'approvisionnement pourrait être plus efficace si elle était pensée dans sa globalité et non plus comme la juxtaposition de la logistique des industriels et de celle des distributeurs. La "Réponse Efficace au Consommateur", nouvelle forme de partenariat, répond à cette préoccupation. Où en est la distribution française de la réalisation de ce type de partenariat ? Quels gains peuvent en attendre industriels et distributeurs ?
The information society and the creation of a new virtual space. The scientific ring of Catalonia (Spain)
Authors: Seguí Pons Joana María , Plana-Castellvi Josep A.
Published: February 2020

Today, the communication and easy exchange of data is one of the key conditions that guarantee the smooth running of research projects done in the different scientific institutions of a given country. The creation of telematic infrastructures that make the quick transmission of information possible among institutions, businesses and others involved in research-related activities though perhaps geographically separated, is the only alternative in which all its members may receive, send and exchange basic information indispensable for the rapid development of their activity.

In 1993, the Fundaciô Catalana per a la Recerca (Catalan Research Foundation) created the Scientific Ring for the Catalan research community, which establishes a very advanced digital communication network with a high-capacity transmission of data all based on fiber optic cables. It is the first high-speed network for scientific use installed by Telefonica (the Spanish public telecomm operator) and one of the first in Europe. The Ring provides a platform for the development of scientific projects, applications and services. Its main goal is to guarantee the possible development of research in Catalonia under conditions similar to those of the most advanced countries in the world.
Planning urban quality as a shared value. The role of social communication networks
Authors: Bolondi Luca Massimo , Galderisi Adriana
Published: February 2020

Urban quality is a concept that plays a central role in the debate about planning. A theory of urban quality should give a scientific interpretation of it, clarifying its possible role in the decision-making process and helping to define the tools for making it a working reality. A definition of “ quality ” can result only from multidisciplinary confrontation of different approaches. Quantitative approach, as expression of scientific and technical culture, and qualitative approach, more related to human science, can be integrated into a complex view of the problem. In this paper a set of performances is proposed to drive urban changes towards qualities of the city that can be considered satisfactory by the local communities involved in planning process. Furthermore, the relationship between this set of performances and the tools that decisors, technicians and citizens use to modify the form and organisation of the city is investigated. This allows a definition of the twofold role that social communication networks play :

-to support communication from decisors to users to the purpose of user requirements elicitation and of broadcasting the outcomes of urban policies ;

-to support participation of urban communities to the decision-making process, that means communication from users to decisors, in order to define priorities in urban policies and to verify consensus around their outcomes.
Les réseaux publicitaires dans la ville. Etude de cas : Montpellier et Nîmes
Authors: Medina-Nicolas Lucile
Published: February 2020

La publicité est de plus en plus présente visuellement dans le paysage iconique de la ville. Or cet aspect de l’urbanisme est rarement pris en compte, malgré l’acuité du problème. Les afficheurs, parmi lesquels les plus connus : Dauphin, Avenir, Giraudy, utilisent des méthodes précises à la recherche des meilleurs emplacements possibles pour installer leurs panneaux publicitaires. Ces panneaux décrivent de véritables réseaux qui obéissent à des critères très stricts de localisation et sont notés et mis à prix en fonction de leur «force » d’impact sur la population, en particulier les automobilistes. L’évolution de ces réseaux se fait parallèlement à l’évolution du tissu urbain et des pratiques de déplacement : les lignes de parcours les plus prisées s’alignent le long des boulevards périphériques, des ronds-points et des grandes voies pénétrantes.
The Role of ICT as a Locational Factor in Peripheral Regions - Examples from “IT-active” local authority areas in Sweden
Authors: Lorentzon Sten
Published: February 2020

This paper focuses on the use of information and communication technology as a communicative tool (ICT). The problem is how the knowledge of ICT is implemented at production for goods and services and its geographical impact. The purpose is to increase the knowledge of why activities locate to local authority areas (LAAs) that have successfully used information technology as a tool for the creation of jobs. Another subordinated purpose is to analyze how the demand for communications of activities influences the locational preferences and thereby the competitive power of different places/regions.

The study has mainly been performed through interviews with people representing businesses and authorities of the government and the LAAs of Ronneby, Sotenas, Are and Arvidsjaur. These LAAs have shown an interest in the development of the use of ICT (“IT-active”).

An assumption of the study is that relocation of activities is driven by push factors. Another assumption is that the infrastructure for information processing and exchange is important for different activities and thereby for the development of LAAs.

The result of this study argues that the expansion of call centers in peripheral areas depends on the difficulties in recruiting personnel in mainly the Stockholm metropolitan area, i.e. the push factors are decisive for the relocation of ICT -based businesses. The peripheral location can partly be balanced by infrastructure for communications. However, this study argues that infrastructure for telecommunications and passenger traffic are necessary conditonsfor the use of ICT in regional policy. The state, LAAs, teleoperators, businesses and private persons are in different ways involved in the efforts to take advantage of the potential possibilities of the use of ICT. In all types of activities, driving spirits play an important role. But even if there are common characteristic features the conclusion is that the specfic conditions are decisive for the location of businesses to a certain LAA. At the same time, the specific prerequisites of the different LAAs call for caution for transmission of the results presented in this study as general action proposals for the stimulation of ICT-use.
Spatial Analysis of the World Wide Web
Authors: Shiode Narushige , Dodge Martin
Published: February 2020

This study utilises spatial analysis techniques and geographical information systems technologies to explore the structure of the World Wide Web in terms of node connectivity. We investigate the number of homepages and the reciprocal hyperlinks between 180 major global Internet domains. The hyperlink structure of the Web is treated as a network and a virtual distance between these domains is calculated using a shortest path methodology from which the mini-sum distance of all the sites is determined. The results are presented using a celestial map style of visualisation.
Mapping and measuring the geographies of Cyberspace : A research note, 1999
Authors: Dodge Martin
Published: February 2020

Cet article présente trois importants thèmes de recherche concernant la mesure et la représentation graphique du cyberespace. Ce faisant, il fait le point sur quelques références essentielles.
Geography of Telecommunications - A practical point of view
Authors: Berlage Michael
Published: February 2020

La recherche géographique dans le domaine des télécommunications a changé avec le temps. C'est l'utilisateur qui est â présent au centre plutôt que la technologie. De plus, le nombre de sujets plus diversifiés s'est accru.. D'un point de vue pratique, la recherche doit faciliter l'exploitation aux utilisateurs des potentiels de nouvelles technologies, afin de résoudre les problèmes d'espace. Les personnes intéressées sont caractérisées par des thèmes spécifiques.
Information and Communication Technologies in Low-income Countries. An Overview of the ICT-Sector Developments in Ghana and Sénégal
Authors: Bertolini Romeo
Published: February 2020

Im folgenden soil ein Überblick über die Telekommunikationssektoren in Ghana und Sénégal gegeben werden. Beide Lânder haben Rahmenbedingungen fur diesen Sektor geschaffen, die den Richtlinien der WTO und dem GATS (General Agreement on Trade and Services) entsprechen. Hierdurch wurden die Grundlagen fur private und auslündische Investitionen geschaffen. Neben der Beschreibung dieses institutionellen Rahmens, soil der momentané und künftige Status der Verbreitung von Telekommunikationsdiensten im jeweiligen Land skizziert werden. Darüber hinaus werden Initiativen und Projekte vorgestellt, die die weitere Verbreitung komplexer Informations-und Kommunikationstechnologieanwendung (beispielsweise Email und WWW) fordern sollen.
On Promoting Regional Economic Growth in Industrial Peripheries. Hyper-Footloose Business Services - The case of Swedish teleworkers in Spain
Authors: Alvstam Claes Göran , Jönsson Annelie
Published: February 2020

One of the most spectacular phenomena of the spatial organization of the industrial firm in the 1990s has been the rapid change of the staff functions surrounding manufacturing. After having been located in close contact with physical production, and organized as a wholly-integrated and completely internalized part of the business, these functions have during the last decade tended to become outsourced activities. There are several key factors behind this development. One crucial element has been the visualization of the revealed overhead costs in the manufacturing enterprise. Cost-chasing has highlighted the costs of labour-intensive administration and general management, whose contribution to manufacturing value-added is more subtle than pure manufacturing. The extremely high taxation of labour compared to capital has, in some European countries, further contributed to cutting off staff within activities such as secretarial services, security, invoicing, factoring, computer maintenance etc. Outsourcing of these activities and the creation of an independent business services sector has thus been a means to implement better cost-control, as seen from the manufacturer’s point of view.

The second crucial factor that has made outsourcing possible has been the development of information technology. In this study we focus especially on outsourcing of those branches of business services, that, to a limited extent only, are dependent on frequent physical proximity between principal and sub-contractor, i.e. management consulting and software computer programming development. The field work has been carried out in the tourist resorts along the Spanish coastline, where, during recent years, a rapid growth of small enterprises, depending on cooperation with remote clients, has taken place. There has been a natural stepwise process from visiting an area as a tourist, through purchasing an apartment for semi-permanent living, to the establishment of a new company operating together with former clients in the home country. Our pre-understanding of this phenomenon was the observation that Swedish entrepreneurs, having grown up in the European periphery, in a country characterized by a large number of internationally active industrial companies, high taxation of personal income, as well as a harsh winter climate, have been forerunners in this development, and that the experiences from this relatively limited group may well spread to larger northern European countries such as U.K. and Germany. This example may thus be a starting-point in order to assess and to evaluate regional competitive advantages in promoting economic growth within a wider variety of factors than has hitherto been the case.
The Use of ICT at the Volvo Plant in Skövde, revisited
Authors: Lorentzon Sten
Published: February 2020

This paper focuses on the changes in the flows of communication related to the interplay between the use of information communication technology (ICT) and the new organizational structures of transnational corporations (TNCs). The purpose of the study is to support an analysis of how the pattern and the use of different means of communication are influenced by the type of message. The analysis is based on both quantitative and qualitative studies and aims at increasing the knowledge of the use of ICT in business.

The study has been performed by documentation of the communication flows from the division of engines at the Volvo-plant in Skovde located to the southwestern part of Sweden. Communication flows registered in March 1992 are compared to flows registered mainly in March 1997. The surveys include different means of communication such as telephone, fax, electronic mail, mail and business trips. Furthermore, qualitative studies (through interviews) were carried out in spring 1993 and spring 1998. This qualitative approach was used for examining the type of information and type of work connected to different means of communication.

Some events influencing the structures of customers and suppliers and thereby the flows of communication are observed during the 5 -year periods. At the surveys in 1992 and 1993 the alliance between Volvo and Renault was still a reality. The alliance was created in 1990 and ceased in 1994. However, by this cooperation Cléon was added as a customer place. Further, the plant at Kalmar has been closed. The plant in Uddevalla has been both closed and reopened even if the production has been reduced and is directed towards other types of cars.

The use of different means of communication has tended to increase with the exception of regular mail. Problem-oriented issues are often transmitted by telephone. Fax, e-mail and mail usually transmit informative messages. A special note concerns the need for personal contacts, which is very pronounced when carrying out specific projects. As a result of the changes of the structures of customers and suppliers, the geographical pattern of contacts has changed. The customer structure has changed from being Swedish towards being foreign-oriented. The structure of suppliers is characterized by the development towards fewer but stronger suppliers. At the same time, the frequency of deliveries has increased. A consequence of this is the need for more communication. The tendency is towards a strengthening of the global and the local/regional levels and a weakening of the national level.
Le transport dans la ville de Barcelone : aperçu historique
Authors: Miralles Guasch Carme , Tulla-Pujol Antoni F.
Published: February 2020

En. este articulo se analizan los transportes de la ciudad de Barcelona como instrumentos estratégicos de la politica urbana. El anàlisis recorre diferentes lîneas interpretatiuas que nos permiten comprender la organizaciôn de la mobilidad de los ciudadanos : la calle como el espacio de conexiom del peatôn, los transportes colectivos y los transportes privados. Todo ello dentro de una perspectiva temporal amplia que empieza a principios de s. XIX y acaba a finales de s. XX.
Elf et Port-Gentil (Gabon)
Authors: Mbadinga Michel
Published: February 2020

The establishment in a territory of multinational companies interacts, at whatever level one takes into account, with that territory ’s infrastructural development. If it is generaly admitted that these firms’spatial organisation is heavily influenced hy a spatial hierarchy and by relative physical, economic and social accessibility, multinational companies can also, with the aid of local governing bodies, contribute to the development of certain areas, where they put in place an infrastructure thereby attracting other companies by an osmosis effect. This hypothesis is verified in the case of Gabon, and notably by the exemple of Elf. But beyong its effects upon the planning of the tawn of Port-Gentil, this latter has equally helped not only to perpetuate a development model based on the export of a natural resource, but also to maintain a form of spatial occupation inherited from the colonial period.
Living in ‘Two Spaces’ : New Progress in Geography and the Implications for Organisations
Authors: Feng Li
Published: February 2020

Avec le développement rapide des infrastructures de télécommunications et des Nouvelles Techniques d’information et de Communication (NTIC), un nouveau monde émerge, cohabitant et communiquant avec notre monde. Cette interaction a eu une répercussion positive sur la souplesse et la complexité de ce nouvel espace, ce qui fait qu’on doit vivre dans «deux espaces ». Dès la fin des années 1980 les géographes ont put prouver que «la mort de la distance «est une farce. La situation est devenue très critique avec l’émergence d’Internet et de ses nouvelles applications (E-commerce). Cet article présente des études de cas pour montrer l’importance d ’introduire une dimension géographique dans la recherche des NTIC. Enfin d’autres sujets seront abordés pour approfondir la réflexion.
InterActions within telecommunicative extended spaces : a systems theoretical approach
Authors: Koch Andreas
Published: February 2020

Modem information and communication technologies and their rapidly increasing and diversifying service potentials are influencing the social and the spatial sphere in different ways. And, obviously, these technologies and services respectively were influenced by social and spatial changes -including economic, political, cultural and temporal impacts implicitly. However, one basic difficulty in trying to describe, model, interprète and analyze such (inter-) dependencies between technological, social and spatial impacts is the fact that relationships, causes, effects, cquantitative and qualitative dimensions of influence do not have a clear and definite pattern of orientation and recognition. Consequently, it seems necessary not to search for clear and distinct statements or (statistical) tendencies of development but to accept fuzziness, contradiction and interferences. Accepting these assumptions doesn't imply any impossibility of methodological and theoretical realizations. The theoretical frame which is used in this contribution is based directly (not completely) on the systems theory of Luhmann when social systems are in focus. This theory, however, is also a suitable starting point in constructing spaces as systems, too. Consequently, we do not have only social and technological and spatial systems respectively with their own specific rules, but also interconnected relationships between them. An example called socialware’ will demonstrate this approach empirically.
Rapport d’activités de la commission UGI sur les réseaux et les télécommunications (1996-2000) / International Geographical Union Commission on " Communication Networks And Telecommunications” Commission 96 C04 General Report Aug. 1996 - Aug. 2000
Authors: Bakis Henry
Published: February 2020

During the period 1996-2000 this IGU bas push forth the effort conducted during the precedent commission 1992-1996 created at the Washington IGU Congress : Organization of International meetings : (The Haye, Netherlands, 1996 ; Palma de Majorca, Spain, 1997 ; Lisbon, Portugal, 1998 Milan, Italy, 1999 ; Kwangyu, Korea) ; or national meetings (France, Germany, Israel, Sweden, USA) and the edition of a review (Netcom).
Logiques économiques et spatiales des réseaux sociaux locaux face aux stratégies étatiques : le cas de la ‘aïla en Algérie
Authors: Redjimi Mounir
Published: February 2020

With through time , a particular social formation proved to be structuring in Algeria : the ‘ aïla (basic socio-economic cell of the Algerian society, corresponding to the widened family). This paper will show the force of the local and traditional social networks facing the economic and space States projects in the recent history of Algeria.
Le Clerc, le Marchand et le Politique : les rhétoriques de l’Internet
Authors: Arlandis Jacques
Published: February 2020

La question originelle de cette contribution, la constitution d’une élite, se pose à chaque fois qu’un changement majeur, changement de société, est en cours. L’Internet ou plus généralement le Cybermonde, perspective et prospective dans laquelle on se place ici, est en soi un espace-temps particulier : la perception de l’espace articule réel et virtuel ; la perception du temps associe instantanéité et mémoire. Il nécessite une recomposition des relations sociales et l’invention de nouvelles formes de gouvernance. La “ triade ” alliance contingente entre le monde des experts, celui des marchands et celui des politiques pourrait être, sous certaines conditions, un instrument utile et efficace de cette nouvelle régulation économique et sociale.
Face-to-face and Internet Communications in R&D Activities in Japan : An Empirical Study in Kyushu
Authors: Arai Yoshio
Published: February 2020

In this paper, the spatial structure of business communications including both face-to-face contacts and telecommunications in R&D activities and the effect of the diffusion of Internet communications on the geographical settings of those activities are discussed. A comparative research on face-to-face contacts and telecommunication interactions was conducted through examining the data obtained in a survey on the business communications of research workers employed by private firms located in Kyushu, Japan. Heavy concentration of technical communications in R&D activities in Tokyo and the relatively weak attraction of Fukuokashi, the regional center of Kyushu, indicate that a two-layer structure model of city hierarchy concerning R&D communications is persuasive. The fact that e-mail transactions tend to concentrate in Tokyo more densely than the other media suggests that the Internet has high potential value in supporting the growth of R&D functions in the peripheral regions such as Kyushu.
Geographic Information Systems and Intelligent Transport Systems : technologies used to form new communication networks
Authors: Seguí Pons Joana María , Ruiz Pérez Maurice
Published: February 2020

The application of information and communication technologies to the field of transport has facilitated the development of intelligent transport systems that require powerful information systems. Geographic information systems are a highly suitable means of technology for processing information. This article examines the different areas in which GIS-T are used, from planning and management, to fleet control and logistics. New communication networks are emerging somewhere between GIS and ITS, which facilitate travel information, traffic control or assisted navigation, amongst other possible applications.
Le paradigme territorial de la Société de l’Information
Authors: Eveno Emmanuel
Published: February 2020

In this article E. Eveno elaborates his analysis of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and that of Geographical Space.
Kista - The Two Sides of the Network Society
Authors: Barinaga Ester , Ramfelt Lena
Published: February 2020

The term “network society” is often discussed as the society of the future, with technological saturation, knowledge-based work, and network structure being its defining characteristics. The network society implies a world populated by engineers, global telecom companies, highly mobile workers, cultural diversity, spin-offs, high-tech clusters, and venture capital. Theoretical approaches and empirical studies of the network society focus mainly on this side of the network society. Yet, there is another side to it. One that is often forgotten by the literature. A side more rightfully recognized by low-skilled workers, job insecurity, and few possibilities to influence the society to come. In the paper, we attempt to offer a more balanced picture of the network society. We center our study in Kista, “Sweden’s Silicon Valley”. An analysis of the two local free newspapers shows that the social relationships of the network society are much more intricate than usually described. In our conclusions, we discuss the biased and simplistic conceptualizations of terms such as “network society”, “informational capitalism” or “new economy. ”
Les NTIC en Afrique de l’Ouest dans la division internationale du travail
Authors: Bernard Eric
Published: February 2020

The ICT in West Africa in the International Work Division.

Does the growth of Internet uses in West Africa per se a guarantee for reducing the digital exclusion ? The development alleviates accessibility problems but also creates economic and political constraints in the medium and long term at different spatial scales.
Internet en Côte d’Ivoire. Evaluation à partir du modèle de Larry Press
Authors: Loukou Alain François
Published: February 2020

Cet article tente d’apprécier la diffusion globale de l’Intemet en Côte d’Ivoire en 2002. Il utilise le modèle dit «de Larry Press » ou «modèle GDI » (Global Diffusion of the Internet). Cette évaluation montre les acquis mais surtout les faiblesses de la Côte d’ivoire dans ce domaine de plus en plus important du développement économique.
Information Technology and Telecommunications in Aachen and the EUREGIO Maas-Rhine
Authors: Baier Klaus
Published: February 2020

«Technologies de l’information et des télécommunications à Aix-la-Chapelle et dans L'EUREGIO MEUSE-RHIN » Cette étude de cas cherche à comprendre les raisons qui conduisent à la localisation et au développement d’activités de TIC.