bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stimulation of Mesangial Cells by Angiotensin II and Lipopolysaccharide Increases Expression of Interleukin-18, but Not IL-18 Receptor
Authors: Hardy Jayne , Hambly Brett , Ko Hongda , Wyburn Kate , Eris Josette , Yin Jianlin
Published: July 2010

Background/Aims: Mesangial cell (MC) hyperplasia is associated with several kidney diseases. Experimental studies confirm upregulation of IL-18 in glomerular disease and renal allograft rejection. We evaluated whether MCs express IL-18 and IL-18 receptor-α (IL-18Rα) with and without stimulation by LPS, AngII and PDGF. Methods: Glomeruli were isolated using Dynabeads perfusion. MCs were cultured by glomerular explantation. IL-18 and IL-18Rα expression were detected by RT-PCR, ELISA and flow cytometry. Results: Significantly higher levels of IL-18 expression were detected in isolated glomeruli, compared to cortical tissue devoid of glomeruli, and in MCs, compared to tubular cells (both p < 0.01). Increased IL-18 expression was detected in MCs, but not podocytes, endothelial cells or tubular cells in response to LPS stimulation. IL-18 mRNA and protein expression were significantly upregulated by AngII (p < 0.05) and LPS (p < 0.01), but not PDGF-BB, in primary MCs and a MC line (MES13). IL-18Rα mRNA was almost undetectable in MCs treated with or without LPS, AngII and PDGF-BB. IL-18Rα protein was not detected by flow cytometry. Conclusions: MCs express IL-18, which was significantly increased after LPS and AngII stimulation, but do not express appreciable levels of IL-18Rα. MC-derived IL-18 is unlikely to be an autocrine mediator in glomerular disease given the lack of IL-18Rα.
The Ghost in the Machine: Disembodiment in Schizophrenia – Two Case Studies
Authors: de Haan Sanneke , Fuchs Thomas
Published: July 2010

The notion of embodiment is central to the phenomenological approach to schizophrenia. This paper argues that fundamental concepts for the understanding of schizophrenia have a bodily dimension. We present 2 single cases of first-onset schizophrenic patients and analyze the reports of their experiences. Problems such as loss of self, loss of common sense, and intentionality disorders reveal a disconnectedness that can be traced back to a detachment from the lived body. Hyperreflectivity and hyperautomaticity are used as coping mechanisms, but reflect the same problem of the split between body and mind. It is argued that the sole focus on cognitive impairments leads to a distorted image of schizophrenia, and that the acknowledgment of its fundamental bodily roots enables one to see the coherence between the diverse symptoms. As for the practical implications of the phenomenological approach, further research is needed to investigate if and how body- and movement-oriented therapies might strengthen the embodiment of schizophrenic patients.
Stratification for Confounding – Part 1: The Mantel-Haenszel Formula
Authors: Tripepi Giovanni , Jager Kitty J. , Dekker Friedo W. , Zoccali Carmine
Published: July 2010

Stratification allows to control for confounding by creating two or more categories or subgroups in which the confounding variable either does not vary or does not vary very much. The Mantel-Haenszel formula is applied in cohort and in case-control studies to calculate an overall, unconfounded, effect estimate of a given exposure for a specific outcome by combining stratum-specific relative risks (RR) or odds ratios (OR). Stratum-specific RRs or ORs are calculated within each stratum of the confounding variable and compared with the corresponding effect estimates in the whole group (that is, with the unstratified RR or OR). The use of the Mantel-Haenszel formula presents some limitations: (1) if there is more than a single confounder, the application of this formula is laborious and demands a relatively large sample size, and (2) this method requires continuous confounders to be constrained into a limited number of categories thus potentially generating residual confounding (a phenomenon particularly relevant when the variable is categorized into few strata). In the stratified analysis, residual confounding can be minimized by increasing the number of strata, a possibility strictly dependent on sample size.
Prevention of Stroke in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: The Role of New Antiarrhythmic and Antithrombotic Drugs
Authors: Röther Joachim , Crijns Harry
Published: July 2010

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia. It is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality and morbidity, including stroke. Results: Rate or rhythm control and prevention of thromboembolism with oral anticoagulants are the main management objectives for patients with AF. Until recently, rhythm control studies did not show prevention of cardiovascular complications. However, dronedarone, a novel antiarrhythmic drug, has been shown to decrease stroke risk by 34% (p = 0.027). In addition, the Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulant Therapy trial showed significant stroke reductions with the anticoagulant dabigatran 150 mg b.i.d. compared with adjusted-dose warfarin (the results for dabigatran 110 mg b.i.d. were similar to warfarin). Conclusions: Novel antithrombotic agents and antiarrhythmic agents with cardiovascular prophylactic properties may enhance the management of stroke risk in patients with AF.
Obstinate and Inefficient: Why Member States Do Not Comply With European Law
Authors: Börzel Tanja A. , Hofmann Tobias , Panke Diana , Sprungk Carina
Published: July 2010

This article seeks to explain cross-country variation in noncompliance with European law. Although noncompliance has not significantly increased over time, some European Union member states violate European law more frequently than others.To account for the observed variance, the authors draw on three prominent approaches widely used in the compliance literature— enforcement, management, and legitimacy. They develop hypotheses for each of these approaches before combining them in theoretically consistent ways. They empirically test their hypotheses using a comprehensive data set of more than 6,300 violations of European law.The findings highlight the importance of combining the enforcement and management approaches. Powerful member states are most likely to violate European law, whereas the best compliers are small countries with efficient bureaucracies. Yet administrative capacity also matters for powerful member states. The United Kingdom is much more compliant than Italy, which commands similar political power but whose bureaucracy is far less efficient.
The relationship between social capital in hospitals and emotional exhaustion in clinicians: A study in four German hospitals
Authors: Driller Elke , Ommen Oliver , Kowalski Christoph , Ernstmann Nicole , Pfaff Holger
Published: July 2010

Background: About 30% of doctors working in inpatient and outpatient departments suffer from burnout, characterized, for example, by emotional exhaustion. The prevention of burnout constitutes a great challenge for those responsible for the healthcare system.

Aims: Research into the relationship between social capital in hospitals and the occurrence of emotional exhaustion in clinicians is still at an early stage. The aim of the current study is to examine the effects of social capital in the workplace on the emotional exhaustion of clinicians.

Method: A questionnaire was posted to 2,644 employees working in four German hospitals, and 1,645 responded. Responses from the 277 clinicians (61%) are analyzed here. The questionnaire looked at symptoms of emotional exhaustion and levels of organizational social capital.

Results: Logistic regression identified two significant predictors of emotional exhaustion in clinicians: low self-efficacy and subjectively perceived lower levels of social capital in the hospitals where they worked. The model accounted for 26 % of Nagelkerke’s R2.

Conclusion: Efforts to create a good working atmosphere, with the readiness to provide mutual support and the pursuit of joint values and objectives within a hospital, may reduce the development of, or even prevent, emotional exhaustion in clinicians.
Preventive Effects of Lansoprazole and Famotidine on Gastric Mucosal Injury Induced by Low‐Dose Aspirin inHelicobacter pylori—Negative Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Nishino Masafumi , Sugimoto Mitsushige , Kodaira Chise , Yamade Mihoko , Uotani Takahiro , Shirai Naohito , Ikuma Mutsuhiro , Tanaka Tatsuo , Sugimura Haruhiko , Hishida Akira , Furuta Takahisa
Published: July 2010

The preventive effects of lansoprazole and famotidine on low‐dose aspirin‐induced gastric mucosal injury in relation to gastric acidity were compared in healthy Japanese volunteers. Fifteen Helicobacter pylori‐negative volunteers with different CYP2C19 genotypes were randomly administered aspirin 100 mg, aspirin plus famotidine 20 mg twice daily, or aspirin plus lansoprazole 15 mg once daily for 7 days each in a crossover fashion. Gastroscopy for the evaluation of mucosal injury based on modified Lanza score (MLS) and 24‐hour intragastric pH monitoring were performed on day 7 of each regimen. Aspirin induced gastric mucosal injury (median MLS = 3). Lansoprazole significantly decreased MLS to 0, which was significantly lower than that by famotidine (MLS = 1) (P < .05). Medians of pH 3 holding time and mean 24‐hour pH values with the lansoprazole regimen were significantly higher than those with famotidine (P < .05). No significant differences in MLS were observed among the different CYP2C19 genotype groups in any of the treatment regimens. In this 7‐day study, lansoprazole appeared to be more protective than famotidine against low‐dose aspirin‐induced mucosal injury but a larger well‐controlled study is necessary to establish a definitive clinical benefit.
Are Public Officials Obstacles to Citizen-Centered E-Government? An Examination of Municipal Administrators' Motivations and Actions
Authors: Aikins Stephen Kwamena , Krane Dale
Published: July 2010

This study investigates why municipal officials have not fully taken advantage of the interactive features of the Internet to bring citizens closer to their governments. Studies show that although the Internet has great potential to improve government–citizen relations, many governments at all levels have not taken advantage of this potential to improve Web site deliberative features to enhance online citizen participation in the policy process. Based on the data analysis from a survey of local government chief administrative officers in five Midwestern states, the authors find evidence that city officials have not taken advantage of the Internet to bring citizens closer to their governments because these officials strongly prefer traditional citizen participation to Internet-based citizen participation. In addition, deployment of resources to support online participation is restrained by the low preference for Internet-based citizen participation. These findings call into question the widespread assumption that public officials enthusiastically embrace the movement toward e-democracy.
Studies of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Pathology in Human Cases and Animal Models
Authors: Nagata N. , Iwata-Yoshikawa N. , Taguchi F.
Published: July 2010

During the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak of 2003, approximately 10% of SARS patients developed progressive respiratory failure and died. Since then, several animal models have been established to study SARS coronavirus, with the aim of developing new antiviral agents and vaccines. This short review describes the pathologic features of SARS in relation to their clinical presentation in human cases. It also looks at animal susceptibility after experimental infection, animal models of SARS, and the pathogenesis of this disease. It seems that adaptation of the virus within the host animal and the subsequent abnormal immune responses may be key factors in the pathogenesis of this new and fatal respiratory disease. The proteases produced in the lung during inflammation could also play an important role for exacerbation of SARS in animals.
The palaeoenvironmental development of the northeastern Vietnamese Mekong River Delta since the mid Holocene
Authors: Proske Ulrike , Hanebuth Till J.J. , Behling Hermann , Van Lap Nguyen  , Thi Kim Oanh Ta  , Bui Phat Diem
Published: July 2010

Three radiocarbon-dated sediment cores from the northeastern Vietnamese Mekong River Delta have been analysed with a multiproxy approach (grain size, pollen and spores, macro-charcoal, carbon content) to unravel the palaeoenvironmental history of the region since the mid Holocene. During the mid-Holocene sea-level highstand a diverse, zoned and widespread mangrove belt (dominated by Rhizophora) covered the extended tidal flats. The subsequent regression and coeval delta progradation led to the rapid development of a back-mangrove community dominated by Ceriops and Bruguiera but also represented locally by e.g. Kandelia, Excoecaria and Phoenix. Along rivers this community seems to have endured even when the adjoining floodplain had already shifted to freshwater vegetation. Generally this freshwater vegetation has a strong swamp signature but locally Arecaceae, Fabaceae, Moraceae/ Urticaceae and Myrsinaceae are important and mirror the geomorphological diversity of the delta plain. The macro-charcoal record implies that natural burning of vegetation occurred throughout the records, however, the occurrence of the highest amounts of macro-charcoal particles is linked with modern human activity.
Who is willing to pay for science? On the relationship between public perception of science and the attitude to public funding of science
Authors: Muñoz Ana , Moreno Carolina , Luján José Luis
Published: July 2010

This article examines the relationship between the general public’s understanding of science and the attitude towards public funding of scientific research. It applies a multivariate and discriminant analysis (Wilks’ Lambda), in addition to a more commonly used bivariate analysis (Cramer’s V), to data compiled from the Third National Survey on the Social Perception of Science and Technology in Spain (FECYT, 2006). The general conclusion is that the multivariate analysis produces information complementary to the bivariate analysis, and that the variables commonly applied in public perception studies have limited predictive value with respect to the attitude towards public funding of scientific research.
Fertility-Related Perceptions and Behaviors Among Low-Income Women: Injunctive Norms, Sanctions, and the Assumption of Choice
Authors: Jensen Robin E. , Bute Jennifer J.
Published: July 2010

In this article we explore elements of the theory of normative social behavior (TNSB) through interviews with low-income women ( N = 30) in a Midwestern U.S. state about their experiences with and perceptions of fertility-related norms. Using grounded theory and matrix analysis as analytical lenses, we found that individuals sometimes learn of injunctive norms and social sanctions separately, might be more likely to comply with a norm if they learn about norms and sanctions in concert, and might be more likely to engage in norm compliance if they learn about two different types of sanctions, short- and long-term, along with the injunctive norm. We also found that a number of important barriers can limit one’s ability to choose to comply with a norm. In conclusion, we discuss implications for continued theorizing of the TNSB in light of the experiences of traditionally marginalized populations.
Narrative Methods in a Study of Trauma Recovery
Authors: Hall Joanne M.
Published: July 2010

Multiple narrative perspectives can guide narrative research. The complexity of health narratives presents a significant challenge. Trauma recovery accounts are health narratives demonstrating successes as well as struggles. In this article, I describe a large-scale narrative study in which specific qualitative methods were combined to fit research aims, stories elicited, and emergent questions in the analysis process. Under my direction, an interdisciplinary team conducted this constructivist, feminist, narrative study describing the trauma recovery process. The study was focused on success or thriving in women surviving childhood maltreatment. I took an advocacy stance in favor of participants’ interests, as is commensurate with a critical feminist standpoint. Through initial analyses the research team constructed a trauma recovery process termed “becoming resolute.” Subanalyses were focused on key relationships, life trajectories, self-strategies, and perceptual changes. My purpose is to explain the various kinds and levels of analysis used here to provide options for others studying recovery narratives.
Understanding Change in Medical Practice: The Role of Shared Meaning in Preventive Treatment
Authors: Ledderer Loni
Published: July 2010

Health care organizations are experiencing a rising demand for change in the organization of preventive health services. Many initiatives designed to cater for change fail to achieve their aim. To understand how organizational dynamics in health care organizations influence the adoption of new initiatives, I explored the implementation of motivational interviewing, a health behavior concept that was introduced into ten general practice clinics in Denmark. Within an institutional framework I explored how modern ideas of prevention related to this concept were translated into medical practices. Using a qualitative multiple-case study design, I examined the institutionalization process in different clinical settings. I found that clinics constructed various types of preventive routines and thereby imposed new meaning on the health behavior concept. In adopting the concept, clinics developed a new routine against the background of existing practice, (re)producing an alternative, self-contained routine that diverged from their usual medical practice.
Heart Matters
Authors: Whiteman Gail
Published: July 2010

Collectively, the articles in this dialogue show that the heart does matter in research. In this closing commentary, the author suggests that scholars also need to write more emotionally in order to adequately convey the richness of using your heart within research endeavors.
Voices From the Past: Mary Parker Follett and Joseph Smith on Collaborative Leadership
Authors: Mendenhall Mark E. , Marsh W. Jeffrey
Published: July 2010

The postwar literature has yielded important insights regarding developing collaborative leadership competencies in managers and collaborative leadership systems within organizations. However, the work of pre—World War II scholars and practitioners in this area has largely been overlooked. After introductory “interviews” with Mary P. Follett and Joseph Smith, we review their frameworks of collaborative leadership. Drawing on their frameworks of collaborative leadership, the authors propose an extension to Raelin’s (2006) framework of collaborative leadership and discuss the implications of this extended framework for current efforts in developing collaborative leadership in organizations
Medial septal area ANG II receptor subtypes in the regulation of urine and sodium excretion induced by vasopressin
Authors: Pavan de Arruda Camargo Gabriela Maria , de Arruda Camargo Luiz Antônio , Abrão Saad Wilson
Published: July 2010

Introduction. The present study was designed to determine the effects of selective antagonists of angiotensin II receptor types AT1and AT2on the flow of urine and sodium excretion induced by arginine vasopressin (AVP).

Materials and methods. To this end, the drugs were microinjected into the medial septal area (MSA) of the brains of male Holtzman rats. Intravenous infusion of hypotonic saline was used to promote urinary flow, which was collected for one hour.

Results. MSA microinjections of AVP decreased the urinary flow and increased sodium excretion in a dose-dependent manner. Microinjection into MSA of an AT2antagonist (PD-123319) had a significantly greater effect than with an AT1antagonist (losartan) in increasing urinary flow and decreasing sodium excretion. These effects were more pronounced when both antagonists were injected together, before the AVP.

Conclusions. These results indicate that MSA AT1and AT2receptors act synergistically in the regulation of urine and sodium excretion induced by AVP.
A qualitative study of patient’s perceptions of a preventive renal programme in Colombia 2008
Authors: Yepes Delgado Carlos Enrique , Yepes Delgado Fanny Lucía , Vargas Betancourt Mónica Lorena , Orrego Orozco Beatriz Elena
Published: July 2010

Objective: The aim of this study was to describe how users perceive the preventive renal programme in Colombia and cope with their chronic kidney disease (CKD) from its early stages of development.

Methods: Some techniques from the grounded theory approach were used. The sampling strategy was selective.

Results: For medical knowledge, CKD is an irreversible condition that, during its earlier stages does not represent an obstacle for living an apparently normal life, which may lead patients to get late diagnosis and identify their condition as a ‘dormant disease’. Therefore, patients have learned to ‘live with their disease’ by developing various coping strategies. In the case of predialysis patients, these strategies include ‘fear of dialysis and transplant’, ‘living a normal life’ and ‘considering CKD a deadly disease’. On the other hand, for dialysis patients, strategies include ‘resignation’, ‘seeing dialysis as a lifesaver’ and a ‘feeling of loss’.

Conclusion: Patients recognizing their participation in the Renal Protection Programme may lead them to live longer and improve their quality of life. Also, due to the asymptomatic nature of CKD, late diagnoses are not uncommon, hence opportunities for prevention are usually scarce, which in turn becomes a challenge for public health.
‘You’re whatever the patient needs at the time’: The impact on health and social care professionals of supporting people with epidermolysis bullosa
Authors: Dures E. , Morris M. , Gleeson K. , Rumsey N.
Published: July 2010

Objectives: Professionals working with people who encounter pain and suffering can experience adverse emotional effects themselves. However, to provide effective support it is necessary to understand specific work-related experiences and contexts. This study investigated the impact on professionals of supporting people with the skin condition ‘epidermolysis bullosa’.

Methods: A two-part mixed methods design was utilized. Part one comprised interviews with specialist nursing and social care professionals (n = 7). Part two comprised a survey administered to a range of EB specialist professionals (n = 26).

Results: The interview data were analysed inductively and informed the survey design. The survey data were analysed deductively and compared to the interview findings. Three integrated themes were subsequently depicted: the intensity and depth of involvement; managing with limited resources; and the need to look after yourself.

Discussion: Findings show the ways in which the work can affect well-being and how the impact is intensified by the low numbers of specialist professionals in the field. But the support of team members, access to effective supervision and the rewards of working with a remarkable population make the professional role worthwhile. Adequate clinical supervision, skills training and access to multi-disciplinary expertise were all highlighted as beneficial for well-being.
Thrombospondin-1 induces platelet activation through CD36-dependent inhibition of the cAMP/protein kinase A signaling cascade
Authors: Roberts Wayne , Magwenzi Simbarashe , Aburima Ahmed , Naseem Khalid M.
Published: July 2010

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent signaling modulates platelet function at sites of vascular injury. Here we show that thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) prevents cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling through a CD36-dependent mechanism. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) induced a robust inhibition of both platelet aggregation and platelet arrest under physiologic conditions of flow. Exogenous TSP-1 reduced significantly PGE1-mediated inhibition of both platelet aggregation and platelet arrest. TSP-1 prevented PGE1-stimulated cAMP accrual and phosphorylation of PKA substrates, through a mechanism requiring phosphodiesterase3A. TSP-1 also inhibited VASP phosphorylation stimulated by the nonhydrolyzable cAMP analog, 8-bromo-cAMP, indicating that it may regulate cAMP-mediated activation of PKA. The inhibitory effect of TSP-1 on cAMP signaling could be reproduced with a peptide possessing a CD36 binding sequence of TSP-1, while the effects of TSP-1 were prevented by a CD36 blocking antibody. TSP-1 and the CD36 binding peptide induced phosphorylation of Src kinases, p38 and JNK. Moreover, inhibition of Src kinases blocked TSP-1–mediated regulation of cAMP concentrations and the phosphorylation of VASP, indicating that TSP-1 modulated the cAMP/PKA signaling events through a tyrosine kinase-dependent pathway downstream of CD36. These data reveal a new role for TSP-1 in promoting platelet aggregation through modulation of the cAMP-PKA signaling pathway.
Angiogenic factor signaling regulates centrosome duplication in endothelial cells of developing blood vessels
Authors: Taylor Sarah M. , Nevis Kathleen R. , Park Hannah L. , Rogers Gregory C. , Rogers Stephen L. , Cook Jeanette G. , Bautch Victoria L.
Published: July 2010

Regulated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling is required for proper angiogenesis, and excess VEGF signaling results in aberrantly formed vessels that do not function properly. Tumor endothelial cells have excess centrosomes and are aneuploid, properties that probably contribute to the morphologic and functional abnormalities of tumor vessels. We hypothesized that endothelial cell centrosome number is regulated by signaling via angiogenic factors, such as VEGF. We found that endothelial cells in developing vessels exposed to elevated VEGF signaling display centrosome overduplication. Signaling from VEGF, through either MEK/ERK or AKT to cyclin E/Cdk2, is amplified in association with centrosome overduplication, and blockade of relevant pathway components rescued the centrosome overduplication defect. Endothelial cells exposed to elevated FGF also had excess centrosomes, suggesting that multiple angiogenic factors regulate centrosome number. Endothelial cells with excess centrosomes survived and formed aberrant spindles at mitosis. Developing vessels exposed to elevated VEGF signaling also exhibited increased aneuploidy of endothelial cells, which is associated with cellular dysfunction. These results provide the first link between VEGF signaling and regulation of the centrosome duplication cycle, and suggest that endothelial cell centrosome overduplication contributes to aberrant angiogenesis in developing vessel networks exposed to excess angiogenic factors.
Incidence of hematologic malignancies in Europe by morphologic subtype: results of the HAEMACARE project
Authors: Sant Milena , Allemani Claudia , Tereanu Carmen , De Angelis Roberta , Capocaccia Riccardo , Visser Otto , Marcos-Gragera Rafael , Maynadié Marc , Simonetti Arianna , Lutz Jean-Michel , Berrino Franco ,   and the HAEMACARE Working Group
Published: July 2010

Changing definitions and classifications of hematologic malignancies (HMs) complicate incidence comparisons. HAEMACARE classified HMs into groupings consistent with the latest World Health Organization classification and useful for epidemiologic and public health purposes. We present crude, age-specific and age-standardized incidence rates for European HMs according to these groupings, estimated from 66 371 lymphoid malignancies (LMs) and 21 796 myeloid malignancies (MMs) registered in 2000-2002 by 44 European cancer registries, grouped into 5 regions. Age-standardized incidence rates were 24.5 (per 100 000) for LMs and 7.55 for MMs. The commonest LMs were plasma cell neoplasms (4.62), small B-cell lymphocytic lymphoma/chronic lymphatic leukemia (3.79), diffuse B-cell lymphoma (3.13), and Hodgkin lymphoma (2.41). The commonest MMs were acute myeloid leukemia (2.96), other myeloproliferative neoplasms (1.76), and myelodysplastic syndrome (1.24). Unknown morphology LMs were commonest in Northern Europe (7.53); unknown morphology MMs were commonest in Southern Europe (0.73). Overall incidence was lowest in Eastern Europe and lower in women than in men. For most LMs, incidence was highest in Southern Europe; for MMs incidence was highest in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Differences in diagnostic and registration criteria are an important cause of incidence variation; however, different distribution of HM risk factors also contributes. The quality of population-based HM data needs further improvement.
Comparative venom gland transcriptome analysis of the scorpion Lychas mucronatus reveals intraspecific toxic gene diversity and new venomous components
Authors: Ruiming Zhao , Yibao Ma , Yawen He , Zhiyong Di , Yingliang Wu , Zhijian Cao , Wenxin Li
Published: July 2010

Background

Lychas mucronatus is one scorpion species widely distributed in Southeast Asia and southern China. Anything is hardly known about its venom components, despite the fact that it can often cause human accidents. In this work, we performed a venomous gland transcriptome analysis by constructing and screening the venom gland cDNA library of the scorpion Lychas mucronatus from Yunnan province and compared it with the previous results of Hainan-sourced Lychas mucronatus.

Results

A total of sixteen known types of venom peptides and proteins are obtained from the venom gland cDNA library of Yunnan-sourced Lychas mucronatus, which greatly increase the number of currently reported scorpion venom peptides. Interestingly, we also identified nineteen atypical types of venom molecules seldom reported in scorpion species. Surprisingly, the comparative transcriptome analysis of Yunnan-sourced Lychas mucronatus and Hainan-sourced Lychas mucronatus indicated that enormous diversity and vastly abundant difference could be found in venom peptides and proteins between populations of the scorpion Lychas mucronatus from different geographical regions.

Conclusions

This work characterizes a large number of venom molecules never identified in scorpion species. This result provides a comparative analysis of venom transcriptomes of the scorpion Lychas mucronatus from different geographical regions, which thoroughly reveals the fact that the venom peptides and proteins of the same scorpion species from different geographical regions are highly diversified and scorpion evolves to adapt a new environment by altering the primary structure and abundance of venom peptides and proteins.
Perceptions and behaviors related to hand hygiene for the prevention of H1N1 influenza transmission among Korean university students during the peak pandemic period
Authors: Park Jae-Hyun , Cheong Hae-Kwan , Son Dae-Yong , Kim Seon-Ung , Ha Chang-Min
Published: July 2010

Background

This study was performed to better assess the perceptions, motivating factors, and behaviors associated with the use of hand washing to prevent H1N1 influenza transmission during the peak pandemic period in Korea.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey questionnaire was completed by 942 students at a university campus in Suwon, Korea, between December 1 and 8, 2009. The survey included questions regarding individual perceptions, motivating factors, and behaviors associated with hand washing for the prevention of H1N1 influenza transmission.

Results

Compared to one year prior, 30.3% of participants reported increasing their hand washing frequency. Female students were more likely to practice more frequent hand washing. Women also perceived the effectiveness of hand washing to be lower, and illness severity and personal susceptibility to H1N1 infection to be higher. Study participants who were female (OR: 1.79-3.90) who perceived of hand washing to be effective (OR: 1.34-12.15) and illness severity to be greater (OR: 1.00-3.12) washed their hands more frequently.

Conclusions

Korean students increased their frequency of hand hygiene practices during the pandemic, with significant gender differences existing in the attitudes and behaviors related to the use of hand hygiene as a means of disease prevention. Here, the factors that affected hand washing behavior were similar to those identified at the beginning of the H1N1 or SARS pandemics, suggesting that public education campaigns regarding hand hygiene are effective in altering individual hand hygiene habits during the peak periods of influenza transmission.
Vulnerability of eco-environmental health to climate change: the views of government stakeholders and other specialists in Queensland, Australia
Authors: Strand Linn B , Tong Shilu , Aird Rosemary , McRae David
Published: July 2010

Background

There is overwhelming scientific evidence that human activities have changed and will continue to change the climate of the Earth. Eco-environmental health, which refers to the interdependencies between ecological systems and population health and well-being, is likely to be significantly influenced by climate change. The aim of this study was to examine perceptions from government stakeholders and other relevant specialists about the threat of climate change, their capacity to deal with it, and how to develop and implement a framework for assessing vulnerability of eco-environmental health to climate change.

Methods

Two focus groups were conducted in Brisbane, Australia with representatives from relevant government agencies, non-governmental organisations, and the industry sector (n = 15) involved in the discussions. The participants were specialists on climate change and public health from governmental agencies, industry, and non-governmental organisations in South-East Queensland.

Results

The specialists perceived climate change to be a threat to eco-environmental health and had substantial knowledge about possible implications and impacts. A range of different methods for assessing vulnerability were suggested by the participants and the complexity of assessment when dealing with multiple hazards was acknowledged. Identified factors influencing vulnerability were perceived to be of a social, physical and/or economic nature. They included population growth, the ageing population with associated declines in general health and changes in the vulnerability of particular geographical areas due to for example, increased coastal development, and financial stress. Education, inter-sectoral collaboration, emergency management (e.g. development of early warning systems), and social networks were all emphasised as a basis for adapting to climate change. To develop a framework, different approaches were discussed for assessing eco-environmental health vulnerability, including literature reviews to examine the components of vulnerability such as natural hazard risk and exposure and to investigate already existing frameworks for assessing vulnerability.

Conclusion

The study has addressed some important questions in regard to government stakeholders and other specialists' views on the threat of climate change and its potential impacts on eco-environmental health. These findings may have implications in climate change and public health decision-making.
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 3DL1 licenses CD16-mediated effector functions of natural killer cells
Authors: Parsons Matthew S , Zipperlen Katrin , Gallant Maureen , Grant Michael
Published: July 2010

Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity levels reflect a formative interaction between killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 3DL1 and the class I human leukocyte antigen Bw4 epitope.

Activating receptor-mediated recognition of stress-induced ligands or IgG antibody bridging of tumor or pathogen-associated antigens to the FcγRIII CD16 triggers NK cells to kill transformed and infected cells with reduced HLA-I expression. According to the licensing hypothesis, NK cells become competent for activating receptor-mediated triggering after a formative encounter between a NK inhibitory receptor and its ligand. This general hypothesis is supported by murine and human studies, but to date, evidence of a role for such licensing in human ADCC is ambiguous. Inhibitory receptor interactions with HLA-C promote NK cell ADCC licensing, but interactions between KIR3DL1 and its HLA-Bw4 ligand may be insufficient. We investigated the impact of KIR3DL1 and HLA-Bw4 coexpression on NK cell ADCC using a robust, genuine target system of antibody-bearing EBV-transformed B lymphocytes. Although numbers of KIR3DL1+ NK cells were similar in HLA-Bw4+ and HLA-Bw4– individuals, general levels of ADCC mediated against target cells were significantly higher in a group of HLA-Bw4+KIR3DL1+ individuals than in a comparable HLA-Bw4– group. Flow cytometry demonstrated directly that a significantly higher fraction of KIR3DL1+ NK cells derived from HLA-Bw4+ compared with HLA-Bw4– individuals produced IFN-γ following stimulation with ADCC targets. Murine FcR-bearing P815 target cells also triggered higher levels of CD16-mediated cytotoxicity by NK cells from HLA-Bw4+KIR3DL1+ individuals. These results indicate a prominent role for KIR3DL1/HLA-Bw4 interactions in licensing NK cells for CD16-mediated effector function.
Activation of pancreatic-duct-derived progenitor cells during pancreas regeneration in adult rats
Authors: Li Wan-Chun , Rukstalis J. Michael , Nishimura Wataru , Tchipashvili Vaja , Habener Joel F. , Sharma Arun , Bonner-Weir Susan
Published: July 2010

The adult pancreas has considerable capacity to regenerate in response to injury. We hypothesized that after partial pancreatectomy (Px) in adult rats, pancreatic-duct cells serve as a source of regeneration by undergoing a reproducible dedifferentiation and redifferentiation. We support this hypothesis by the detection of an early loss of the ductal differentiation marker Hnf6 in the mature ducts, followed by the transient appearance of areas composed of proliferating ductules, called foci of regeneration, which subsequently form new pancreatic lobes. In young foci, ductules express markers of the embryonic pancreatic epithelium – Pdx1, Tcf2 and Sox9 – suggesting that these cells act as progenitors of the regenerating pancreas. The endocrine-lineage-specific transcription factor Neurogenin3, which is found in the developing embryonic pancreas, was transiently detected in the foci. Islets in foci initially resemble embryonic islets in their lack of MafA expression and lower percentage of β-cells, but with increasing maturation have increasing numbers of MafA+ insulin+ cells. Taken together, we provide a mechanism by which adult pancreatic duct cells recapitulate aspects of embryonic pancreas differentiation in response to injury, and contribute to regeneration of the pancreas. This mechanism of regeneration relies mainly on the plasticity of the differentiated cells within the pancreas.
Produtividade e qualidade pós-colheita de cultivares de cebola em sistemas de cultivo orgânico e convencional
Authors: Resende Juliano Tadeu Vilela de , Marchese Aline , Camargo Letícia K. Pinheiro , Marodin Josué Clock , Camargo Cristhiano Kopanski , Morales Rafael Gustavo Ferreira
Published: July 2010

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a produtividade, características físico-químicas e perdas pós-colheita de cultivares de cebola produzidas em sistemas de cultivo convencional e orgânico. Foram avaliadas a produção total e a massa média dos bulbos, o teor de sólidos solúveis, a acidez titulável, a massa seca e o pH. Além destas características, foram avaliadas perdas pós-colheita, com observação da perda de massa. Os bulbos foram armazenados em câmara fria à temperatura de 3ºC ± 1ºC e umidade relativa de 75% ± 5% durante 90 dias. O sistema orgânico foi superior ao convencional em produtividade, não diferindo significativamente nas demais características. A produtividade do híbrido Baia F1 foi mais expressiva, nos dois sistemas de cultivo, assim como as maiores massas médias de bulbos. Dentre as cultivares, a Red Creole proporcionou elevados valores de sólidos solúveis e massa seca de bulbos, nos dois sistemas de cultivo. Essas características indicam que a cultivar Red Creole possui bom desempenho para industrialização. Nas avaliações pós-colheita, na cultivar Red Creole observou-se a maior redução na massa de bulbos, tanto no sistema orgânico quanto no convencional. Estes dados revelam que não existe influência do sistema de cultivo na conservação pós-colheita dos bulbos.
Produtividade do feijoeiro irrigado devido a reguladores de crescimento e culturas antecessoras de cobertura
Authors: Bernardes Tatiely Gomes , Silveira Pedro Marques Da , Mesquita Marcos Antônio Machado
Published: July 2010

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de regulador de crescimento aplicado na semente e foliar e de culturas de cobertura na produtividade do feijoeiro irrigado. O delineamento experimental foi em parcelas subdivididas, em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Nas parcelas constaram como culturas utilizadas como coberturas do solo, as leguminosas guandu-anão (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp); estilosantes (Stylosanthes guianensis Aublet Sw. var. vulgaris); crotalária (Crotalaria spectabilis Roth.), e as gramíneas milheto (Pennisetum glaucum L. R. Br.); sorgo granífero (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench); capim mombaça (Panicum maximum Jacq); braquiária (Brachiaria brizantha Hochst ex A. Rich. Stapf.); e braquiária em consórcio com milho (Zea mays L.). Nas subparcelas constaram os seguintes tratamentos: testemunha; 500 mL de regulador de crescimento (RC) em 100 kg de sementes; 250 mL ha-1 de RC no estágio de desenvolvimento V4, tratamento foliar; e 500 mL de RC em 100 kg de sementes e 250 mL ha-1 de RC com aplicação foliar, no estágio de desenvolvimento V4. Aos 84 dias após o corte das culturas de cobertura foi realizada a semeadura do feijoeiro, cultivar BRS Valente, sob pivô central. Foram avaliados o rendimento de grãos e os componentes de rendimento do feijoeiro. O rendimento do feijoeiro não foi positivamente influenciado pelos tratamentos, mas sim pelas culturas de cobertura.
Participação do colmo principal e dos afilhos na produtividade do arroz irrigado, em função da densidade de semeadura
Authors: Lima Eduardo do Valle , Crusciol Carlos Alexandre Costa , Mateus Gustavo Pavan
Published: July 2010

Entre as práticas culturais a serem consideradas na implantação da cultura do arroz destaca-se a densidade de semeadura, que deve estabelecer, em grande parte, a participação do colmo principal e dos afilhos nos componentes da produção, possibilitando a obtenção da máxima produtividade. O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a participação do colmo principal e dos afilhos na produtividade de grãos de arroz, cv. IAC 102, no sistema irrigado por inundação, em função da densidade de semeadura. O experimento foi desenvolvido sob túnel plástico, em Botucatu (SP), em caixas d'água de cimento amianto de 500 L, contendo Neossolo Flúvico Ta Eutrófico, com profundidade de 30 cm. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. As densidades de semeadura foram: 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 e 600 sementes viáveis por m², em 4 linhas de 1 m por caixa, espaçadas com 20 cm. A elevação da densidade de semeadura diminui o afilhamento e proporciona a maior participação dos colmos principais, porém, não resultando em incremento de produtividade, devido à plasticidade das plantas de arroz, que proporciona o ajustamento dos componentes da produção.
Produção, acúmulo e exportação de nutrientes em grama esmeralda adubada com lodo de esgoto
Authors: Backes Clarice , Lima Claudinei Paulo de , Godoy Leandro José Grava de , Santos Alessandro José Marques , Villas Bôas Roberto Lyra , Büll Leonardo Theodoro
Published: July 2010

Objetivou-se com o trabalho avaliar a extração total de macronutrientes pela grama esmeralda em função de doses de lodo de esgoto. O experimento foi instalado em área comercial de produção de grama esmeralda, localizada na cidade de Itapetininga (SP). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso; em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições, sendo as parcelas principais constituídas de cinco doses de lodo (0, 10, 20, 30 e 40 Mg ha-1, base seca), e as subparcelas com dois sistemas de manejo (com e sem o uso de escarificador utilizado para romper uma camada superficial compactada). As doses de lodo aplicadas correspondem às doses de 100, 200, 300 e 400 kg ha-1 de nitrogênio. O aumento das doses de lodo de esgoto promoveu maior remoção de nutrientes pela grama esmeralda. As doses mais elevadas de N fornecido com o lodo de esgoto promoveram excessivo crescimento da grama e a redução do sistema radicular. Doses intermediárias entre 20 e 30 Mg ha-1 foram mais interessantes, pois reduziram a quantidade de aparas acumuladas, e promoveram um bom desenvolvimento dos rizomas + estolões e raízes, permitindo a formação de tapetes com maior resistência.
Dimethylsulfoxide attenuates ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat testis
Authors: Guimarães Sergio Botelho , Kimura Osamu Sandes , Vasconcelos Paulo Roberto Leitão de
Published: July 2010

PURPOSE: To evaluate the protective role of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in a rat model of testis ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). METHODS: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomized in two equal groups. Control rats (G-1) received saline 2.0 ml intraperitoneally (ip) 21, 9 and 1 h before torsion. Experimental rats (G-2) received ip injections of 3% aqueous solution of DMSO, 0.1ml/10g body weight. Saline was added to complete 2.0ml when necessary. I/R injury was induced in anesthetized rats by torsion of the right testis lasting 3 hours. Testis and blood samples were collected at the end of ischemia (T-0) and 3 hours later (T-3) for assessment of testis malonaldehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and plasma total antioxidant power (TAP). RESULTS: MDA levels decreased significantly in G-2 rats compared with G-1 animals in all time-points. GSH levels increased significantly in T-0 and T-3 time-points in DMSO pretreated rats compared with G-1 rats. GSH levels increased significantly during reperfusion in G-2 rats. TAP was similar in both groups denoting absence of systemic effects in this study. CONCLUSION: Pretreatment with DMSO reduces testis lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress caused by torsion/detorsion of the testis.
La convergencia de la educación superior en América Latina y su articulación con los espacios europeo e iberoamericano: posibilidades y límites
Authors: Lamarra Norberto Fernández
Published: July 2010

En el artículo se plantea que la convergencia y articulación de los sistemas de educación superior en América Latina y la consolidación de un Espacio Común que abarque al conjunto del continente, se constituye en un desafío significativo y un proceso ineludible frente a la situación de fragmentación que se registra y la etapa necesaria para la conformación de un Espacio Iberoamericano que no conduzca a una posible situación de carácter neo-colonial. Se caracteriza brevemente la situación actual y la evolución reciente de la educación superior en América Latina y se reseñan los principales programas de convergencia registrados en el marco de los procesos de integración regional. Se analizan los programas, proyectos, trabajos y estudios del MERCOSUR, de la Comisión Europea, del IESALC de la UNESCO, de la OEI, de la OUI, de la RIACES y de algunas de las redes de universidades existentes. Finalmente, se plantean algunas propuestas para atender al desafío de consolidar el Espacio Latinoamericano de Educación Superior y su posible articulación con el Iberoamericano y el Europeo.