bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Collective Memories and Collective Identities
Authors: Gongaware Timothy B.
Published: October 2003

This ethnographic study of two Native American social movement organizations challenging educational practices examines the collective memory processes that occur simultaneously and in conjunction with the process of collective identity to help maintain movement unity. Links between collective memory and collective identity are theoretically traced, and the concept of narrative commemoration is proposed to help explore two distinct processes which emerged in the analysis. The first process, collective memory creation, makes collective memories of recent events held by only a small portion of a movement's membership available to be shared by the whole movement. The second process, collective memory maintenance, ensures that memories from the movement's past are carried forward to be shared by current members. Each process is important as movement members develop a unity around ends, means, fields of action, networks of relations, and recollections of these elements from the movement's past.
When Frame Extension Fails
Authors: Youngman Nicole
Published: October 2003

In December of 1997 and June of 1998, the declining anti-abortion organization Operation Rescue attempted to extend its collective action frame of “saving babies” or “protecting children” by conducting a series of protests in Florida that included Barnes & Noble bookstores and Walt Disney World. While these activities made sense within the religious right's master frame of Christian Reconstructionism, the protests failed to help Operation Rescue improve its reputation or increase its membership. This article provides a contribution to the social movement framing literature by analyzing a case of failed frame extension and by taking the political context and tactics of the social movement organization (SMO) in question into account.
Collective Witnessing
Authors: Jarvenpa Robert
Published: October 2003

Rural American estate auctions represent a compelling interplay of market capitalism and local ceremonies of entrepreneurship. Auctions operate to move used goods, converting them into commodities. Yet they also “move” people, emotionally and dramaturgically, via socially constructed ceremonies in which knowledgeable specialists transform commodities into valuables and, in turn, invest the circulation of these valuables with profound personal, historical, and geographical meanings. The public, collective witnessing of this circulation lies at the heart of auction ethos, exemplifying the creative and symbolically charged nature of a ubiquitous facet of American consumer culture. These issues are addressed with case materials from recent active participation ethnographic research on the auction and antiques trade in upstate New York.
The Social Psychology of Access in Ethnographic Research
Authors: Harrington Brooke
Published: October 2003

This article uses social psychological theories to unify and expand current conceptions of access in ethnographic research—the process by which researchers gather data via interpersonal relationships with participants. Although this process is acknowledged as central to the practice of ethnography, understanding of access is fragmented. A review of the ethnographic methods literature, along with “tales of the field” from published ethnographies, suggests the appropriateness of reframing these segments in terms of social identity and self-presentation theories. This makes two major contributions to the ethnographic methods literature. First, it integrates present formulations of the access problem, many of which employ social psychological concepts but are not in explicit dialogue with the theories—or with each other. Second, it allows us to take a fresh perspective on current controversies in the field, complicating notions of power and identity while offering more specificity about how these processes operate in practice.
Comparison of Three Parse Method Studies on Feeling Very Tired
Authors: Bunkers Sandra Schmidt
Published: October 2003

This article compares three human becoming studies on feeling very tired. The studies were conducted by Dr. Rosemarie Rizzo Parse, Dr. Mary H. Huch and Dr. Debra A. Bournes, and Dr. Steven Baumann. The comparison is conducted through the lens of the following questions: What have we learned about feeling very tired from these studies? What are similarities in the three studies? What are differences in the three studies? And, what new questions can be posed concerning feeling very tired? Unique knowledge for nursing is explicated on feeling very tired as a universal lived experience of health.
Cancer Pain Management in Adults: A Pharmacist's Perspective
Authors: Brundage Dianne M.
Published: October 2003

Many patients with cancer will go on to develop significant pain. This article will focus on the assessment and the pharmacologic treatment of cancer pain in adults, along with patient education and safety from the viewpoint of the pharmacist. Treatment modalities not included in this review are radiation therapy and surgery (such as a cingulotomy). Extensive, comprehensive guidelines on all aspects of cancer pain management have been published and are available (see references). Cancer pain management is an interdisciplinary process because of its multifactorial nature; it should involve physicians, nurses, pharmacists, chaplains, social workers, physical therapists, and psychologists. Pharmacists play key roles in equalanalgesia calculations and transitioning patients from one opioid to another, making recommendations in therapy, developing safety mechanisms to protect patients from errors, and providing education to patients on medication.
Treatment of Chronic Pain
Authors: Ghafoor Virginia L.
Published: October 2003

Chronic pain is a symptom associated with ongoing physical or mental illness or a combination of both that may not have a clear, identifiable pathophysiology. Assessment of chronic pain varies in the clinical presentation related to age, gender, racial, and cultural differences. Headache, low back pain, musculoskeletal pain, and neuropathic pain are the most common types of chronic pain complaints by patients. Pharmacologic therapy is based on best practice standards, published clinical trials, and guidelines by professional organizations. Current medications reviewed include opioids, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, clonidine, local anesthetics, muscle relaxants, N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Management of Painful Conditions in the Elderly
Authors: Ghafoor Virginia L.
Published: October 2003

Persistent pain conditions in the elderly are most often due to degenerative disorders of the spine, osteoarthritis of the joints, malignant cancer, and vascular disorders. The consequences of persistent pain include depression, anxiety, de-creased socialization, sleep disturbance, impaired ambulation, and increased healthcare utilization. Proper pain assessment is the key to selecting appropriate treatment. Barriers to pain assessment are associated with the patient's perception of pain and the caregiver's attitude towards providing effective treatment. All elderly patients have age-related physiologic changes that affect absorption, distribution, metabolism, and clearance of medications used for pharmacologic treatment. Medications used in pain management include opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, gabapentin, nortriptylline, desipramine, and lidocaine 5%patch. Pharmacists have an important role in the monitoring of medications in elderly. As the utilization of prescription medication continues to increase in the elderly, pharmacists are becoming the frontline of healthcare care for this population.
Chronic Pain Management with Opioids in Patients with Past or Current Substance Abuse Problems
Authors: Fudin Jeffrey , Levasseur Deborah J. , Passik Steven D. , Kirsh Kenneth L. , Coleman John
Published: October 2003

Among patients who present to medical providers with chronic pain complaints, there is an elevated prevalence of illicit substance use and prescription misuse. For those with legitimate pain, this predicament potentiates the risk of being medically underserved or undertreated. Complicating factors include a lack of specificity and sensitivity to the issue of defining substance abuse or misuse in the health care setting. Irrespective of whether patients have histories of addiction, problematic behavior manifests during the course of chronic pain therapy, making a conceptualization of the nature and function of this behavior difficult. The objective of this article is to highlight known confounds in the assessment of “normal” pain-related vs. substance abuse behavior. Our aim is to offer important points to consider, a set of systematic guidelines to follow, and an armamentarium of essential tools to facilitate contingency management planning in the context of treating chronic pain with controlled substances.
Pain Assessment: An Overview
Authors: Rolf M. Jane
Published: October 2003

Pain assessment is an integral part of providing quality patient care. Treatment of pain is driven by the findings of the pain assessment. Pain assessment provides health care professionals with the information necessary to effectively mange a patient's course of treatment and plan of care. To assess and manage pain with the best possible outcomes, the health care provider must depend on the patient's subjective description in addition to objective tools. Barriers, related to the patient's religion or cultural beliefs, and/or lack of knowledge on the part of the health care providers often impede proper assessment and treatment of patients' pain.
Acute Pain Management
Authors: Koo Peter J. S.
Published: October 2003

Acute pain management is improving steadily over the past few years, but training and professional education are still lacking in many professions. Untreated or undertreated acute pain could have detrimental effects on the patient in terms of comfort and recovery from trauma or surgery. Acute undertreated pain can decrease a patient's vascular perfusion, increase oxygen demand, suppress the immune system, and possibly risk increased incidence of venous thrombosis. Although acute postoperative pain needs to be managed aggressively, patients are most vulnerable during this period for developing adverse effects, and therefore, patient assessment and careful drug therapy evaluation are necessary processes in therapeutic planning. Acute pain management requires careful and thorough initial assessment and follow-up reassessment in addition to frequent dosage adjustments, and managing analgesic induced side effects. Analgesic selection and dosing must be based on the patient's past and recent analgesic exposure. There is no single acute pain management regimen that is suitable for all patients. Analgesics must be tailored to the individual patient.
Working Children as Social Subjects
Authors: Liebel Manfred
Published: October 2003

The article focuses on the question of what significance the organizations of working children, which have sprung up in various regions of the Third World since the 1980s, have for processes of transformation in their societies. First, it looks at the common ground shared by the working children and their organizations in different countries. Second, it discusses what kind of social subject emerges from this discussion. Finally, the article asks what possible effects these organizations have on the children themselves or on the society around them.
The Mexican Child
Authors: Bey Marguerite
Published: October 2003

This article considers the role of work in the socialization of children who grow up in conditions of extreme poverty. It is based on research among families of seasonal migrant agricultural labourers from the south of Mexico coming to work in the north of the country. As this is one of the few options open to these peasant families, the article argues that it also represents an effective form of socialization that enables children to prepare for their future. The article discusses the conditions surrounding the children's work and schooling, whether the minimum age of employment should be enforced and raised from 8 to 14 years, and presents the dilemma of whether it is best for children to pursue waged labour or school education.
A Schooling Model for Working Children in Mexico
Authors: Taracena Elvia
Published: October 2003

Although Mexico has committed itself to the struggle against child labour, it is still a frequent practice in this country. This article presents an analysis of the labour done by children of Indian origin in the ultra-modern agricultural enterprises of northern Mexico and the problem of schooling these working children. Three main issues are tackled: the economic, cultural and social conditions which favour child labour in Mexico; the objectives of the educational progammes developed by two national organizations for children of migrant families; and how school functions in relation to the work done by several organizations promoting the education of migrant families' children. This analysis is based on information collected from interviews and observations done in two villages in the state of Oaxaca.
Street-Working Children and Adolescents in Lima
Authors: Invernizzi Antonella
Published: October 2003

This article presents an analysis of children's work as part of their socialization process. Ethnographic material was collected in Lima (Peru) with street-working girls and boys as well as their parents. The text examines three questions: the diverse concepts of work, family and childhood; adult representations and norms that they pass on or aim to transmit to children through work; and the child's point of view regarding his or her work and the way in which it evolves with time, which is described in terms of `career'. It is argued that children and parents' views and practices regarding work and socialization give a contextualized definition of children's interests and thus represent a complementary examination to approaches that focus on exploitation.
Foster Care Beyond the Crossroads
Authors: George Shanti , Van Oudenhoven Nico , Wazir Ekha
Published: October 2003

This article provides new inputs to the debate and practice of foster care. Lessons are drawn by analysing experience from a range of countries at different stages of economic development. Foster care is looked at in the context of the family, social networks, the state, non-governmental organizations and from the point of view of professional support provided in different contexts. It is argued that foster care should not be seen as an isolated process. Instead, it should be addressed within the context of wider child protective and child development measures and looked upon as one of a range of options.
The Nature of Childhood through History Revealed in Artworks?
Authors: O'brien Catherine
Published: October 2003

Several authors have used artworks to interpret the nature of childhood in various historical periods. This contribution argues that artworks are of limited value in illuminating societies' attitudes towards children as well as the psychic realities and social experiences of children themselves. In particular, visual artworks suffer from ambivalent interpretation (both of subject matter and its expression) due to influences that are independent of its subject matter. Influences include: the vagaries of artistic developments, conventions, style, tastes, fashions, markets and patronage; physical factors such as the techniques, materials and technologies available, the division of labour, studio practices and the number of sittings available; the unpredictable nature of creativity; interpretations of viewers and `adults'; and the capacity of artworks to change social reality. It is concluded that psychosocial inferences about history based on artworks alone involve a category mistake and that the use of art as evidence for the nature of childhood is largely a matter of risky inference.
Conceptualization of the Unknown by 6-, 9- and 14-Year-Old Children in a Story-Telling Context
Authors: Pramling Niklas , Norlander Torsten , Archer Trevor
Published: October 2003

This study examines children's imagination of the unknown within a story-telling context. In total 40 children (20 girls and 20 boys) participated, distributed over three groups, as follows: 10 6-year-olds, 12 9-year-olds, and 18 14-year-olds. One chapter from the English children's book Winnie- the-Pooh (written by A.A. Milne in 1926) was read aloud by the respective teacher to each group, after which the children in the two youngest groups were each given the task of making a drawing of a `heffalump', which they subsequently were interviewed individually about. Each child in the oldest group was given the task of writing their own story on the theme of the `heffalump'. Phenomenological analysis of the material, with regard to meaning-content of `what' and `how' was performed. The results consisted of eight qualitatively different categories providing an image-analysis of the concept of the `unknown' structured as `something-otherwise' (the `other'), i.e. an absence of constancy arising from colour, form, time, place, reality. Differences pertaining to age and gender are discussed.
“I Wish he hadn't Told Me that”: Methodological and Ethical Issues in Social Trauma and Conflict Research
Authors: Chaitin Julia
Published: October 2003

Undertaking research on individuals who have experienced social traumas, such as being a victim or perpetrator of genocides and wars, presents difficult decisions for qualitative researchers. Deciding how to deal with these issues becomes more problematic when the researcher is a member of the society in conflict. To do this work, and to work collaboratively with researchers from the other side, sensitive ways to collect data have to be chosen. Interpretations of the materials can be no less difficult: Analyses often lead to information and understandings that may be difficult for the researcher to deal with from ethical, moral, and personal standpoints, especially when he or she is a member of the society and culture under study. In this keynote address, the author explores methodological and ethical issues connected to these topics. She brings examples from her work on the Palestinian-Israeli conflict and focuses on use of the life story methodology.
Implicit Exchanges in Family Caregiving for Frail Elders in Taiwan
Authors: Hsu Hui-Chuan , Shyu Yea-Ing Lotus
Published: October 2003

In this study, the authors use in-depth interviews with inductive analysis to develop a conceptual framework for exploring social exchanges and their implicit calculations for care-givers in Taiwan. They interviewed 12 caregivers, based on theory-based sampling and maximum variation. They found some components of implicit exchanges of the caregivers, and drew a framework to describe it. At the beginning of care, motivations were mostly from obligation accompanied by reciprocity or repaying motives. In the process of caregiving, some unique, implicit cultural implicit exchanges were found, such as karma, a demonstrative behavior to investment, equitable share of responsibility, and the pressure or rewards from public opinion. These implicit exchanges might be intermediary factors in helping caregivers cope with their burden or even in influencing their continuation of care. The findings are implicated to help family caregivers continue their care and not damage their quality of care.
A Case of Multiple Professionalisms
Authors: Barton Ellen , Evans Laurie
Published: October 2003

This article offers a retrospective case study of a service learning project in a technical writing class. For this project, students were asked to develop a communication tool with information about consent rates in organ donation to use in an academic medical center. In contrast to the service learning literature, which notes that students often resist the professionalizing move that service learning offers, this study shows that students in this project actually overprofessionalized, constituting themselves as one more party vying for control over the communication of organ donation. This embrace of professionalism via service learning raises as many issues as the resistance to professionalism that is more commonly documented.
Improving Document Review Practices in Pharmaceutical Companies
Authors: Bernhardt Stephen A.
Published: October 2003

Document review practices in the research and development functions of many pharmaceutical companies can be frustrating and inefficient, at least in part because these practices are poorly managed. Although the literature on review practice is fairly robust, there is a disjuncture between what researchers know and how reviewers work. The author draws on his experience as a consultant and trainer to many pharmaceutical companies to outline the causes and effects of poor review practice. He offers recommendations to enhance the value and increase the efficiency of reviews.
Reconceptualizing Politeness to Accommodate Dynamic Tensions in Subordinate-to-Superior Reporting
Authors: Rogers Priscilla S. , Lee-Wong Song Mei
Published: October 2003

This research provides a framework identifying dynamic tensions that occur as subordinates try to maintain a sufficient degree of politeness while reporting to superiors on workplace tasks. Building on politeness theory, the framework suggests how conventional politeness dimensions, such as deference, solidarity, and non-imposition are challenged by organizational obligations and workplace tasks requiring confidence, direction, and individuality. The framework evolved from a series of analyses of two samples: one consisting of e-mail between international project teams and their domestically located supervisors, the other of Asian and U.S. business undergraduates' responses to two workplace scenarios involving critiquing a superior's work. Analyses revealed competing communicative dimensions relevant to subordinate-to-superior interactions, including dimensions that are underdeveloped in politeness literature. Examples from these data suggest that managing a sufficient equilibrium between these dimensions requires a substantial knowledge of rhetorical and linguistic alternatives.
Social Situatedness of Natural and Artificial Intelligence: Vygotsky and Beyond
Authors: Lindblom Jessica , Ziemke Tom
Published: October 2003

The concept of “social situatedness,” that is, the idea that the development of individual intelligence requires a social (and cultural) embedding, has recently received much attention in cognitive science and artificial intelligence research, in particular work on social or epigenetic robotics. The work of Lev Vygotsky, who put forward this view as early as the 1920s, has influenced the discussion to some degree but still remains far from well known. This article therefore is aimed at giving an overview of his cognitive development theory and a discussion of its relation to more recent work in primatology and socially situated artificial intelligence, in particular humanoid robotics.
A Lesson from Robotics: Modeling Infants as Autonomous Agents
Authors: Schlesinger Matthew
Published: October 2003

Although computational models are playing an increasingly important role in developmental psychology, at least one lesson from robotics is still being learned: Modeling epigenetic processes often requires simulating an embodied, autonomous organism. This article first contrasts prevailing models of infant cognition with an agent-based approach. A series of infant studies by Baillargeon (1986; Baillargeon & DeVos, 1991) is described, and an eye-movement model is then used to simulate infants' visual activity in this study. I conclude by describing three behavioral predictions of the eye-movement model and discussing the implications of this work for infant cognition research.
Better Vision through Manipulation
Authors: Metta Giorgio , Fitzpatrick Paul
Published: October 2003

Vision and manipulation are inextricably intertwined in the primate brain. Tantalizing results from neuroscience are shedding light on the mixed motor and sensory representations used by the brain during reaching, grasping, and object recognition. We now know a great deal about what happens in the brain during these activities, but not necessarily why. Is the integration we see functionally important, or just a reflection of evolution's lack of enthusiasm for sharp modularity? We wish to instantiate these results in robotic form to probe the technical advantages and to find any lacunae in existing models. We believe it would be missing the point to investigate this on a platform where dextrous manipulation and sophisticated machine vision are already implemented in their mature form, and instead follow a developmental approach from simpler primitives. We begin with a precursor to manipulation, simple poking and prodding, and show how it facilitates object segmentation, a long-standing problem in machine vision. The robot can familiarize itself with the objects in its environment by acting upon them. It can then recognize other actors (such as humans) in the environment through their effect on the objects it has learned about. We argue that following causal chains of events out from the robot's body into the environment allows for a very natural developmental progression of visual competence, and we relate this idea to results in neuroscience.
Structure of News Coverage of a Peace Process
Authors: Levin David
Published: October 2003

Newspaper coverage of a peace process is crucial to the success of a peace process. Given the critical role that newspapers play defining “others” in peace processes, it is surprising that little research has gone into the dynamics by which newspapers portray national “others.” Two schools of thought can apply to Western media:the indexing hypothesis and the zero-sum hypothesis. The indexing hypothesis suggests that to achieve balanced and unbiased coverage, newspapers will cover/cite both sides of an issue in proportion to their relative political strength. The zero-sum hypothesis suggests that under conditions of national stress newspapers abandon the indexing rule and that coverage/citation of fellow nation members comes at the expense of coverage/citation of national “others.” Logit and probit models of Israeli newspaper coverage of the Oslo peace process from September 1995 to October 1999 show that the zero-sum hypothesis is a more accurate model. Only under favorable conditions (e.g., a peace treaty ceremony and its political wave) does indexing operate.
Television News and U.S. Foreign Policy
Authors: Gilboa Eytan
Published: October 2003

This study argues that the main approaches used to investigate the impact of television news on U.S. foreign policy making including the “CNN effect” and “news management” have missed several significant effects. This work employs an approach that views the media impact in terms of constraints real-time television coverage imposes on the policy-making process. These include shortening of the time available for policy making and demanding immediate response to crises and events, excluding experts and diplomats, facilitating diplomatic manipulations, creating high expectations, broadcasting deficient reports, and making instant judgments. The work presents a few actual examples to demonstrate each constraint. The constraints have created challenges and dilemmas for political leaders and government officials, and the article suggests several ways policymakers can use to cope with them.
Press, Politics, and the Coverage of Minorities in Divided Societies
Authors: Avraham Eli
Published: October 2003

This article demonstrates how politics enters every level of news coverage and how the social-political environment affects the way in which the news media organizations cover minorities in a divided society. The case study looks at the image of two peripheral groups, Israeli Arabs and the inhabitants of development cities, in the Israeli national press. These groups have similar characteristics (including location, social-economical indicators, population size, and the types of reporters who cover them), but their media coverage is vastly different. The difference stems from the groups' ethnic origins:Jewish versus Arab. The analysis shows how this difference affects many key internal decisions, routines, and journalistic practices of media organizations that shape the coverage of these groups. The author employed two research methods to analyze the research questions: content analysis of news articles published and in depth interviews with editors and journalists.
Emotion, Presidential Communication, and Traumatic News
Authors: Bucy Erik P.
Published: October 2003

During traumatic national events, attention to the news and scrutiny of leader communication becomes particularly acute. The terrorist actions of September 11, 2001, and ensuing U.S. response focused public attention on the president to an extent unknown before the attacks. This article reports on an experimental study of audience responses to televised news coverage of the World Trade Center attacks. As the coverage of the attacks and compelling images featured on television illustrate, news can be regarded as a type of survival-relevant information with immediate consequences for viewers. Within this framework, the study examines how, in the after-math and ongoing processing of this traumatic event, a political leader's televised behavior evokes emotional and evaluative responses in viewers. For the experiment, adult and student participants were shown a series of news reports featuring negative compelling images of the attacks followed by close-up reactions and statements by President Bush. The news images varied in their intensity, while the presidential reactions varied in their potency. Results indicate that varying degrees of image intensity and communicator potency significantly influenced emotional responses to the crisis and viewer feelings of self-control. When paired with low-intensity images of traumatic news, potent presidential communication had the effect of allaying viewer anxiety; in contrast, potent appearances appeared to lose this influence when shown in conjunction with high-intensity images.
Attempted Objectivity
Authors: Viser Matt
Published: October 2003

The Palestinian-Israeli conflict involves groups adamantly opposed to one another, and both sides have claimed that the media are biased in favor of the other side. Although studies have explored this issue, many of them have relied on subjective measures. This study explores the biases, pro-Israeli and pro-Palestinian, by looking at quantitative indicators of news coverage in the New York Times and Ha'aretz. Several time periods were examined (1987-88, 2000-01, and post-September 11, 2001), using multiple indicators. By these measures, the New York Times is more favorable toward the Israelis than the Palestinians, and the partiality has become more pronounced with time. Ha'aretz is also more favorable toward the Israelis, but less so than the Times.
The Role of the Clinical Outcome Manager in Home Care
Authors: Olmstead Brenda Joyce , Cooke Jolyn M.
Published: October 2003

As a result of the newly established role of clinical outcome manager, North Mississippi Medical Center Home Health (NMMCHH) measurably improved patient care while decreasing the cost of care. The success of the initial clinical outcome manager project of improving the outcome of urinary incontinent patients gave credence to the role and set the focus for NMMCHH on improving outcomes. NMMCHH added eight additional projects directed by clinical outcome managers. Additional results from the clinical outcome managers' concentration on patient outcomes included an excellent Joint Commission on Health Care Accreditation survey, facilitation of an increase in patient satisfaction rate, and a contribution to a reduction in staff turnover for NMMCHH. One success leads to another.
Patient-Level Home Health Care Outcomes Secondary to the Balanced Budget Act of 1997
Authors: Dyeson Timothy B. , Fuller Heather Minton , Francois Padra Couvillon
Published: October 2003

The National Association for Home Care estimated 26% of all home health agencies (HHAs) have gone out of business since October 1997 when Medicare began to change the funding structure for home health care reimbursement. This study aims to answer two questions: Did HHAs that went out of business abandon patients? and Are HHAs that remained in business providing less-than-adequate services? Telephone interviews were conducted with 64 randomly selected elders receiving home care services during the funding transition from fee-for-service to an interim payment system. The findings indicate that HHAs that closed down primarily transferred their patients to other agencies and that 22% of patients experienced an increase in the number of hospital admissions following the funding structure transition. These preliminary results indicate that no substantial ill-effects have come to this sample of home health care patients as a result of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997.
San Diego's I-15 Value Pricing Project
Authors: Steffey Duane , Supernak Janusz , Kaschade Christine
Published: October 2003

This article presents findings of the Interstate 15 (I-15) Congestion Pricing Project's Business Impact Study conducted by San Diego State University over the project's 3-year duration. The ExpressPass and FasTrak programs offered drivers of single-occupant vehicles the use of I-15 Express Lanes to achieve faster and more reliable travel along the corridor. The Business Impact Study was designed to assess whether businesses recognized and valued the ExpressPass/FasTrak option. Delivery-based businesses or businesses located along I-15 were more likely to perceive themselves as highly dependent on employees or goods and services traveling the corridor. Such businesses were also more likely to regard the ExpressPass/FasTrak program as important and as having a positive impact. The I-15 FasTrak program ranked substantially lower in importance as a factor affecting business performance than such primary factors as supply of goods and labor, price of certain commodities, and tax levels and policies.
Work Site Health Promotion Research: To what Extent can we Generalize the Results and what is Needed to Translate Research to Practice?
Authors: Bull Sheana Salyers , Gillette Cynthia , Glasgow Russell E. , Estabrooks Paul
Published: October 2003

Information on external validity of work site health promotion research is essential to translate research findings to practice. The authors provide a literature review of work site health behavior interventions. Using the RE-AIM framework, they summarize characteristics and results of these studies to document reporting of intervention reach, adoption, implementation, and maintenance. The authors reviewed a total of 24 publications from 11 leading health behavior journals. They found that participation rates among eligible employees were reported in 87.5% of studies; only 25% of studies reported on intervention adoption. Data on characteristics of participants versus nonparticipants were reported in fewer than 10% of studies. Implementation data were reported in 12.5% of the studies. Only 8% of studies reported any type of maintenance data. Stronger emphasis is needed on representativeness of employees, work site settings studied, and longer term results. Examples of how this can be done are provided.
Technical Assistance for the Evaluation of Community-Based HIV Prevention Programs
Authors: Jolly David , Gibbs Deborah , Napp David , Westover Bonita , Uhl Gary
Published: October 2003

Funding agencies are using technical assistance (TA) to strengthen the evaluation capacity of community-based organizations (CBOs) engaged in HIV prevention efforts. The authors used qualitative methods to identify the types of evaluation TA needed by CBOs, to understand CBOs' past experiences with evaluation TA, and to elicit ideas for optimal delivery of evaluation TA. Assistance in developing evaluation tools and data analysis were the most commonly cited needs. Preferred TA providers were characterized as having practical expertise, accessibility, cultural competence, communication skills, and collaboration skills. Critical elements of an ideal TA system were adequate funding, program-specific TA, and extensive interaction between TA providers and CBO staff. Study data were used to generate a set of recommendations for health educators and others who may provide CBOs with TA for evaluating prevention programs.
The Life History Interview Method: Applications to Intervention Development
Authors: Goldman Roberta , Hunt Mary Kay , Allen Jennifer Dacey , Hauser Sonia , Emmons Karen , Maeda Marcio , Sorensen Glorian
Published: October 2003

There is an urgent need to develop and test health promotion strategies that both address health disparities and elucidate the full impact of social, cultural, economic, institutional, and political elements on people's lives. Qualitative research methods, such as life history interviewing, are well suited to exploring these factors. Qualitative methods are also helpful for preparing field staff to implement a social contextual approach to health pro-motion. This article reports results and application of findings of life history interviews conducted as part of intervention planning for the Harvard Cancer Prevention Program Project, “Cancer Prevention in Working-Class, Multi-Ethnic Populations.” The salient themes that emerged from interviews with a multi-ethnic, purposive sample are centered on six construct domains: immigration and social status, social support, stress, food, physical activity, and occupational health. Insights gained from thematic analysis of the interviews were integrated throughout intervention and materials development processes.
Assessing Organizational Capacity to Deliver HIV Prevention Services Collaboratively: Tales from the Field
Authors: Miller Robin Lin , Bedney Barbara J. , Guenther-Grey Carolyn
Published: October 2003

Collaborative efforts between university researchers and community entities such as citizen coalitions and community-based organizations to provide health prevention programs are widespread. The authors describe their attempt to develop and implement a method for assessing whether community organizations had the organizational capacity to collaborate in a national study to prevent HIV infection among young men who have sex with men and what, if any, needs these institutions had for organizational capacity development assistance. The Feasibility, Evaluation Ability, and Sustainability Assessment (FEASA) combines qualitative methods for collecting data (interviews, organizational records, observations) from multiple sources to document an organization's capacity to provide HIV prevention services and its capacity-development needs. The authors describe experiences piloting FEASA in 13 communities and the benefits of using a systematic approach to partnership development.
Availability, Accessibility, and Preferences for Fruit, 100% Fruit Juice, and Vegetables Influence Children's Dietary Behavior
Authors: Cullen Karen Weber , Baranowski Tom , Owens Emiel , Marsh Tara , Rittenberry Latroy , de Moor Carl
Published: October 2003

The relationships among home fruit (F), 100% fruit juice (J), and vegetable (V) availability and accessibility separately, as reported by 225 fourth- through sixth-grade children and their parents ( n = 88), separately, and FJV preferences to child-reported FJV consumption were assessed. For girls, child-reported FJV availability and accessibility accounted for 35% of the variability in FJV consumption. Child-reported availability and parent-reported accessibility were significantly correlated with child FJV consumption in a combined model. For children with high FJV preferences, FJV availability was the only significant predictor, whereas both avail-ability and accessibility were significantly related to consumption for children with low FJV preferences. Interventions targeting child dietary behaviors may need to tailor to the home environment, separately by gender. Extra efforts are necessary by parents to enhance accessibility among children who do not like FJV.
Apples and Oranges (and Pears, Oh My!): The Search for Moderators in Meta-Analysis
Authors: Cortina Jose M.
Published: October 2003

The purpose of this article is to review current practices with respect to detection and estimation of moderators in meta-analysis and to develop recommendations that are driven by the results of this review and previous research. The first purpose was accomplished through a review of the meta-analyses published in Journal of Applied Psychology from 1978 to 1997. Results show, first, that practices with respect to both the execution of and the reporting of results from searches for moderators are highly variable and, second, that findings relevant for detection of moderators (e.g., percentage variance attributable to artifacts, SDρ, etc.) are often highly inconsistent with what has been suggested in the past. These practices held regardless of time of publication, specificity of the question addressed in the paper, and content area. Detailed suggestions for modifications of current practices are offered.
Naked Nation
Authors: Farrell Kelly
Published: October 2003

The 1997 film The Full Monty had an unprecedented impact on British popular culture. Suddenly, “ordinary” men across Britain felt that taking their clothes off in public was not only possible but something to aspire to. This article examines the representation of the working-class male body in the film and its relationship to the (gendered) politics of looking. But there was much more at stake in The Full Monty than the state of individual masculine identities: the film made working-class male subjectivity available for appropriation for national purposes as both Prince Charles and Tony Blair used it as a vehicle for their own political ends. The working-class men in the film became convenient metaphors for an invigorated postimperial identity while preserving the status quo of British class divisions.
Neuroendocrine Responses to Stressors in Lactating and Nonlactating Mammals: A Literature Review
Authors: Hill Pamela D. , Chatterton Robert T. , Aldag Jean C.
Published: October 2003

Although stress research is a popular topic of study, little is known about the neuroendocrine responses to a stressor in lactating and nonlactating humans. The purpose of this systematic review of the literature was to examine the neuroendocrine responses, specifically the glucocorticoids and catecholamines, in lactating and nonlactating animals and humans to an acute stressor. A brief overview of the physiological stress response in the human is included. Animal studies strongly suggest that lactation is associated with major changes in neuroendocrine responses to a variety of acute stressors. Neuroendocrine responses in humans to stressors are less clear due to the limited research. Future research is needed involving these responses in humans generally, as well as specifically in the patterns of neuroendocrine responses to chronic stressors in lactating and nonlactating women.
Endocytosis and Signal Transduction: Basic Science Update
Authors: Liu Jiang , Shapiro Joseph I.
Published: October 2003

Endocytosis can be separated into the categories of phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Phagocytosis can be distinguished from pinocytosis primarily by the size of particle ingested and by its dependence on actin polymerization as a key step in particle ingestion. Several specific forms of pinocytosis have been identified that can be distinguished based on their dependence on clathrin or caveolin. Both clathrin and caveolin-dependent pinocytosis appear to require the participation of dynamin to internalize the plasma membrane. Other, less well-characterized forms of pinocytosis have also been described. Although endocytosis has long been known to affect receptor density, recent studies have demonstrated that endocytosis through clathrin- and caveolin-dependent processes plays a key role in receptor-mediated signal transduction. In some cases, blockade of these processes attenuates, or even prevents, signal transduction from taking place. This information, coupled with a better understanding of endocytosis mechanisms, will help advance the field of cell biology as well as present new targets for drug development and disease treatment.
Insulin Resistance and Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Is Increased Sympathetic Stimulation the Link?
Authors: Chasens Eileen R. , Weaver Terri E. , Umlauf Mary Grace
Published: October 2003

The science of sleep is in early stages of development, and the biochemical consequences of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are slowly being identified. Only recently have investigators begun to identify the commonalities and interaction between OSA and insulin resistance, the underlying pathology of type 2 diabetes. Obesity and increasing age play important parts in the natural history of both conditions, which frequently coexist. The purpose of this article is, first, to examine the extent and strength of studies that have investigated the association between OSA and increased insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes and, second, to propose a model that explains the association and cyclical interaction between OSA, obesity, and insulin resistance.
Association of Proinflammatory Molecules with Apoptotic Markers and Survival in Critically Ill Multiple Organ Dysfunction Patients
Authors: Papathanassoglou Elizabeth D. E. , Moynihan Jan A. , Dafni Ourania , Mantzoros Christos S. , Ackerman Michael H.
Published: October 2003

Recent evidence supports the involvement of apoptosis in multiple organ dysfunction (MODS). The authors examined the hypothesis that nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α , and cortisol correlate with Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) expression on peripheral blood mononuclear cells and that Fas and FasL, therefore, mediate their association with MODS severity. Thirty-five critically ill adult MODS patients were followed for up to 14 days and were compared to non-MODS matched controls. Fas, FasL, nitrate, cortisol, and IL-6 were elevated in MODS patients (P < 0.05). Nitrate and cortisol correlated with Fas expression (P < 0.05). All factors studied, except for TNF-α , correlated with MODS severity (P < 0.05); however, by multivariate analyses, Fas and FasL were independently associated with severity and survival (P < 0.05). The inflammatory molecules studied may mediate the association of apoptotic constituents with MODS severity and survival only in part.
Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity: A Methods Analysis of Versus Flow Cytometry Chromium Release
Authors: Motzer Sandra Adams , Tsuji Joyce , Hertig Vicky , Johnston Sandra K. , Scanlan James
Published: October 2003

The purpose of this study is to describe design considerations for the use of flow cytometry (FC) com-pared to51 chromium (51 Cr)-release assays utilizing cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to detect natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity. Subjects were 10 healthy women aged 18 to 39 years. Intra-assay variability between methods differed only at the lowest effector-target ratios evaluated. Interassay variability was wide but did not differ between methods. The relationship of lytic unit-10 between methods was strongly positive. Cytotoxicity detected by51 Cr release was higher than that detected by FC for all 10 subjects. Cost was comparable. How-ever, had more assays been performed, technician time would have been greater with flow cytometry. More whole blood was needed to perform the flow cytometry cytotoxicity assay than51 Cr-release cytotoxicity assay. The authors found no compelling reason to adopt NK cell cytotoxicity by flow cytometry over51 Cr release.