bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic structuring among colonies of a pantropical seabird: Implication for subspecies validation and conservation
Authors: Humeau Laurence , Le Corre Matthieu , Reynolds S. James , Wearn Colin , Hennicke Janos C. , Russell James C. , Gomard Yann , Magalon Hélène , Pinet Patrick , Gélin Pauline , Couzi François‐Xavier , Bemanaja Etienne , Tatayah Vikash , Ousseni Bacar , Rocamora Gérard , Talbot Patrick , Shah Nirmal , Bugoni Leandro , Da Silva Denis , Jaeger Audrey
Published: September 2020

Investigations of the genetic structure of populations over the entire range of a species yield valuable information about connectivity among populations. Seabirds are an intriguing taxon in this regard because they move extensively when not breeding, facilitating intermixing of populations, but breed consistently on the same isolated islands, restricting gene flow among populations. The degree of genetic structuring of populations varies extensively among seabird species but they have been understudied in their tropical ranges. Here, we address this across a broad spatial scale by using microsatellite and mitochondrial data to explore the population connectivity of 13 breeding populations representing the six subspecies of the white‐tailed tropicbird (Phaethon lepturus) in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Our primary aim was to identify appropriate conservation units for this little known species. Three morphometric characters were also examined in the subspecies. We found a clear pattern of population structuring with four genetic groups. The most ancient and the most isolated group was in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean. The South Atlantic populations and South Mozambique Channel population on Europa were genetically isolated and may have had a common ancestor. Birds from the Indo‐Pacific region showed unclear and weak genetic differentiation. This structuring was most well defined from nuclear and mtDNA markers but was less well resolved by morphological data. The validity of classifying white‐tailed tropicbirds into six distinct subspecies is discussed in light of our new findings. From a conservation standpoint our results highlight that the three most threatened conservation units for this species are the two subspecies of the tropical North and South Atlantic Oceans and that of Europa Island in the Indian Ocean.
Interstory drift ratio associated with performance objectives for shallow‐buried multistory and span subway stations in inhomogeneous soil profiles
Authors: Du Xiuli , Jiang Jiawei , El Naggar M. Hesham , Xu Chengshun , Xu Zigang
Published: September 2020

The interstory drift ratios (IDRs) associated with the performance objectives for the underground structure are not well defined. In this paper, four levels of performance objectives are defined for shallow‐buried subway station structure: operational, immediate occupancy, life safety, and collapse prevention. In order to develop IDRs corresponding to these performance objectives, 18 subway station structures were selected for this study. Pushover analyses were conducted using three‐dimensional finite‐element models considering two conditions of seismic loading: vertical and horizontal ground motions; and horizontal ground motion only. Shear‐displacement capacity curves of the 18 subway station structures were obtained, and IDR limits were defined for each structure based on the relationship between the capacity curves and performance objective. Statistical analysis of the results demonstrated that the IDR limits considering the vertical ground motion (characterized by the same frequency with horizontal component) are smaller than that without consideration of the vertical ground motion. Based on these results, the IDR limit of 0.05%, 0.21%, 0.46%, and 0.72% is assigned for the four performance levels, respectively, for rectangular frame underground structures. The performance evaluation applied to Daikai station based on the proposed limits is found to be consistent with the actual postearthquake damage observations. The proposed limits of IDR could provide some guidance to the seismic design of underground structures, and could form the basis for developing appropriate performance limits for seismic provisions in design codes relevant to underground structures.
Krylov methods for inverse problems: Surveying classical, and introducing new, algorithmic approaches
Authors: Gazzola Silvia , Sabaté Landman Malena
Published: September 2020

Large‐scale linear systems coming from suitable discretizations of linear inverse problems are challenging to solve. Indeed, since they are inherently ill‐posed, appropriate regularization should be applied; since they are large‐scale, well‐established direct regularization methods (such as Tikhonov regularization) cannot often be straightforwardly employed, and iterative linear solvers should be exploited. Moreover, every regularization method crucially depends on the choice of one or more regularization parameters, which should be suitably tuned. The aim of this paper is twofold: (a) survey some well‐established regularizing projection methods based on Krylov subspace methods (with a particular emphasis on methods based on the Golub‐Kahan bidiagonalization algorithm), and the so‐called hybrid approaches (which combine Tikhonov regularization and projection onto Krylov subspaces of increasing dimension); (b) introduce a new principled and adaptive algorithmic approach for regularization similar to specific instances of hybrid methods. In particular, the new strategy provides reliable parameter choice rules by leveraging the framework of bilevel optimization, and the links between Gauss quadrature and Golub‐Kahan bidiagonalization. Numerical tests modeling inverse problems in imaging illustrate the performance of existing regularizing Krylov methods, and validate the new algorithms.
The Impact of COVID-19 on Organ Donation, Procurement, and Liver Transplantation in the United States
Authors: Merola Jonathan , Schilsky Michael L. , Mulligan David C.
Published: September 2020

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has had an impact on all facets of our health care system, including life-saving procedures like organ transplantation. Concerns for potential exposure to the causative severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 have profoundly altered the process of organ donation and recovery that is vital to the execution of organ transplantation. Issues regarding adequate donor evaluation and consent, organ recovery, organ procurement organization, and donor hospital resources as well as the transplant center’s acceptance of organ offers for their candidates have all required new practice paradigms. Consequently, the ability to treat patients with organ failure, in particular patients with end-stage liver disease in whom no temporizing treatments exist, and to obtain expected excellent outcomes for new liver transplant recipients has been challenged during this time. Conclusion: We summarize some of the negative effects of the current pandemic on organ recovery and liver transplantation as well as offer considerations and strategies for their mitigation that could have a lasting impact on the field even after the coronavirus disease 2019 has waned.
To dine in or not to dine in: A comparison of food selection and preparation behaviours in those with and without food security
Authors: Butcher Lucy M. , O’Sullivan Therese A. , Ryan Maria M. , Lo Johnny , Nyanjom Julie , Wilkins Hugh C. , Devine Amanda
Published: September 2020

Issue addressed

Vulnerable populations are disproportionately affected by food insecurity, resulting in heightened risk of suboptimal dietary intake. Food insecure people appear to implement several coping strategies and dietary compromises to avoid hunger. Less explored in the literature is how these strategies impact consumption of food inside and outside of the home.

Methods

An online survey was completed by adults (n = 1292) residing in one of five Australian states. The questionnaire comprised of the six‐item US Household Food Security Survey Module, 12 socio‐demographic variables and 32 questions related to elements of food literacy.

Results

Food insecure respondents were more likely to frequent fast food vs (P = .002), takeaway (P < .001) and food courts (P < .001) than their food secure counterparts. Food secure respondents reported greater use of raw (P = .043) and fresh, pre‐prepared produce (P = .002) when cooking, whereas food insecure respondents were more likely to prepare food using only frozen, pre‐packaged products (P < .001). No significant differences were found between food security status and the enjoyment and social bonding derived from cooking.

Conclusions

Food insecure respondents appeared to be accessing a poorer quality of food through greater consumption of takeaway and fast food. These dietary compromises are most likely related to perceived financial, time or cooking facility constraints and to a lesser extent food literacy skills.

So what?

This study highlights some of the health and social inequities apparent within food insecure populations. Food insecure households should be supported to access healthy fresh food and in‐home cooking practices. While a multi strategy approach is required, healthy food environment policy, particularly in disadvantaged areas, should be considered to guarantee that all Australians have dignified access to nutritious food.
Association of Chinese drifting elderly's intergenerational support satisfaction with expectation: A mixed method study in Shanghai
Authors: Ruan Yuhui , Zhu Demi
Published: September 2020

Objective

In China's drifting elderly explosive growth context, in spite the importance of intergenerational support for drifting elderly is well recognised, but the association of related satisfaction with expectation is neglected. So current study was designed to explore this.

Methods

A mixed study with two‐stage survey was undertaken involving 136 drifting elderly in Shanghai from June to September in 2019, among which 17 patriciates were involved in the in‐depth interviews in stage 2. The intergenerational support in two directions, which were support drifting elderly provided and received, and in three dimensions, which were material, service and emotional, were analysed.

Results

The intergenerational support relationship of drifting elderly and their adult children were strengthened by the unsatisfied social support context. A stronger satisfaction with service support and material support was associated with weaker related expectation, and weaker satisfaction with emotional support was associated with a stronger related expectation.

Conclusion

A stronger satisfaction of drifting elderly with intergenerational material and service support can result in a weaker related expectation. While a weaker satisfaction intergenerational emotional support can result in a stronger related expectation. Thus, strengthen drifting elderly's emotional support as they expected is necessary for satisfying their old‐ageing pension in urban.
Are peatlands cool humid islands in a landscape?
Authors: Worrall Fred , Boothroyd Ian M. , Howden Nicholas J. K. , Burt Tim P. , Kohler Tim , Gregg Ruth
Published: September 2020

This study proposed that due to their high standing water tables that peatlands would be cold humid islands within their landscape, and especially so relative to farmland on mineral soils. To test this hypothesis, we measured air temperature and humidity at 17 locations along a 7.8 km transect across the UK's largest lowland raised bog from February 2018 to January 2019. Air temperature and humidity were measured hourly for 1 year and supported with spot albedo measurements. The study represented a factorial experiment with respect to sites of measurement, the type of land use (peat vs. arable land) and time of sampling over both the seasonal and diurnal cycles. We show that: (a) That although mean annual temperature was not significantly different between arable and peatlands, the arable land showed a decreased amplitude to its seasonal cycle – this is the reverse of the expected pattern. (b) The albedo of the peatland was significantly lower than that of arable land showing that vegetated peatland still absorbed more solar radiation. (c) The specific humidity was lower on the peatland than on the surrounding arable land. The study showed that while shrubby vegetation exists over a peatland then energy budgets are more likely to be dominated by the lower aerodynamic resistance and lower albedo of the vegetated peatland relative to arable land. Thus, shrub‐dominated peatlands will not be a cold humid island in their landscape.
Evaluation of psychological impact, depression, and anxiety among pregnant women during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Lahore, Pakistan
Authors: Shahid Ayesha , Javed Amna , Rehman Saba , Tariq Rukiya , Ikram Muhammad , Suhail Muhammad
Published: September 2020

Concerns about vulnerability to COVID‐19 and vertical transmission of the disease led to increased incidence of psychological distress, depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance among pregnant women in Lahore, Pakistan.
Keeping up with the medical abortion revolution: The Marie Stopes International abortifacient quality assurance system
Authors: Stewart Rebecca , Perera Gamage Dhammika
Published: September 2020

Synopsis

The present study details MSI’s mechanisms for determining abortifacient quality. These can be applied more widely to other key SRH and ancillary medicines.
Vitamin D and Clinical Cancer Outcomes: A Review of Meta‐Analyses
Authors: Sluyter John D , Manson JoAnn E , Scragg Robert
Published: September 2020

The relationship between vitamin D status or supplementation and cancer outcomes has been examined in several meta‐analyses. To address remaining knowledge gaps, we conducted a systematic overview and critical appraisal of pertinent meta‐analyses. For meta‐analyses of trials, we assessed their quality using AMSTAR‐2 (A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews), strength of associations using umbrella review methodology and credibility of evidence using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) criteria. Meta‐analyses of observational studies reported inverse associations of 25OHD with risk of cancer incidence and cancer mortality and, particularly for colorectal cancer, fulfilled some of Bradford‐Hill's causation criteria. In meta‐analyses of trials, vitamin D supplementation did not affect cancer incidence. However, we found credible evidence that vitamin D supplementation reduced total cancer mortality risk, with five out of six meta‐analyses reporting a relative risk (RR) reduction of up to 16%: RR, 0.84 (95% CI, 0.74–0.95). The strength of the association, however, was classified as weak. This was true among meta‐analyses of high, moderate, and lower quality (AMSTAR‐2–rated). Trials did not include large numbers of vitamin D‐deficient participants; many tested relatively low doses and lacked sufficiently powered data on site‐specific cancers. In conclusion, meta‐analyses show that, although observational evidence indicates that low vitamin D status is associated with a higher risk of cancer outcomes, randomized trials show that vitamin D supplementation reduces total cancer mortality, but not cancer incidence. However, trials with larger proportions of vitamin D‐insufficient participants and longer durations of follow‐up, plus adequately powered data on site‐specific common cancers, would provide further insight into the evidence base. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
A Neutralizing Antibody Targeting Oxidized Phospholipids Promotes Bone Anabolism in Chow-Fed Young Adult Mice
Authors: Palmieri Michela , Kim Ha-Neui , Gomez-Acevedo Horacio , Que Xuchu , Tsimikas Sotirios , Jilka Robert L , Manolagas Stavros C , Witztum Joseph L , Ambrogini Elena
Published: September 2020

Oxidized phospholipids containing phosphocholine (OxPL) are pro-inflammatory lipid peroxidation products that bind to scavenger receptors (SRs), such as Scarb1, and toll-like receptors (TLRs). Excessive OxPL, as found in oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL), overwhelm these defense mechanisms and become pathogenic in atherosclerosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and osteoporosis. We previously reported that the innate IgM natural antibody E06 binds to OxPL and neutralizes their deleterious effects; expression of the single-chain (scFv) form of the antigen-binding domain of E06 (E06-scFv) as a transgene increases trabecular bone in male mice. We show herein that E06-scFv increases trabecular and cortical bone in female and male mice by increasing bone formation and decreasing osteoblast apoptosis in vivo. Homozygous E06-scFv mice have higher bone mass than hemizygous, showing a dose effect of the transgene. To investigate how OxPL restrain bone formation under physiologic conditions, we measured the levels of SRs and TLRs that bind OxPL. We found that osteoblastic cells primarily express Scarb1. Moreover, OxLDL-induced apoptosis and reduced differentiation were prevented in bone marrow–derived or calvaria-derived osteoblasts from Scarb1 knockout mice. Because Scarb1-deficient mice are reported to have high bone mass, our results suggest that E06 may promote bone anabolism in healthy young mice, at least in part, by neutralizing OxPL, which in turn promote Scarb1-mediated apoptosis of osteoblasts or osteoblast precursors. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR)..
Deficient muscle regeneration potential in sarcopenic COPD patients: Role of satellite cells
Authors: Sancho‐Muñoz Antonio , Guitart Maria , Rodríguez Diego A. , Gea Joaquim , Martínez‐Llorens Juana , Barreiro Esther
Published: September 2020

Sarcopenia is a major comorbidity in chronic obstructive pulmonary (COPD). Whether deficient muscle repair mechanisms and regeneration exist in the vastus lateralis (VL) of sarcopenic COPD remains debatable. In the VL of control subjects and severe COPD patients with/without sarcopenia, satellite cells (SCs) were identified (immunofluorescence, specific antibodies, anti‐Pax‐7, and anti‐Myf‐5): activated (Pax‐7+/Myf‐5+), quiescent/regenerative potential (Pax‐7+/Myf‐5‐), and total SCs, nuclear activation (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick‐end labeling [TUNEL]), and muscle fiber type (morphometry and slow‐ and fast‐twitch, and hybrid fibers), muscle damage (hematoxylin‐eosin staining), muscle regeneration markers (Pax‐7, Myf‐5, myogenin, and MyoD), and myostatin levels were identified. Compared to controls, in VL of sarcopenic COPD patients, myostatin content, activated SCs, hybrid fiber proportions, TUNEL‐positive cells, internal nuclei, and muscle damage significantly increased, while quadriceps muscle strength, numbers of Pax‐7+/Myf‐5‐ and slow‐ and fast‐twitch, and hybrid myofiber areas decreased. In the VL of sarcopenic and nonsarcopenic patients, TUNEL‐positive cells were greater, whereas muscle regeneration marker expression was lower than in controls. In VL of severe COPD patients regardless of the sarcopenia level, the muscle regeneration process is triggered as identified by SC activation and increased internal nuclei. Nonetheless, a lower regenerative potential along with significant alterations in muscle phenotype and damage, and increased myostatin were prominently seen in sarcopenic COPD.
Molecular pathophysiology of acute kidney injury: The role of sirtuins and their interactions with other macromolecular players
Authors: Rahbar Saadat Yalda , Hosseiniyan Khatibi Seyed Mahdi , Ardalan Mohammadreza , Barzegari Abolfazl , Zununi Vahed Sepideh
Published: September 2020

Acute kidney injury (AKI), a rapid drop in kidney function, displays high mortality and morbidity, and its repeated or severe status can shift into chronic kidney disease or even end‐stage renal disease. How and which events cause AKI still is controversial. In addition, no specific therapies have emerged that can attenuate AKI or expedite recovery. Some central mechanisms including tubular epithelial cells injury, endothelial injury, renal cell apoptosis, and necrosis signaling cascades, and inflammation have been reported in the pathophysiology of AKI. However, the timing of the activation of each pathway, their interactions, and the hierarchy of these pathways remain unknown. The main molecular mechanisms that might be complicated in this process are the mitochondrial impairment and alteration/shifting of cellular metabolites (e.g., acetyl‐CoA and NAD+/NADH) acting as cofactors to alter the activities of many enzymes, for instance, sirtuins. Moreover, alteration of mitochondrial structure over the fusion and fission mechanisms can regulate cellular signaling pathways by modifying the rate of reactive oxygen species generation and metabolic activities. The aim of this review is to better understand the underlying pathophysiological and molecular mechanisms of AKI. In addition, we predicted the main other molecular players in interaction with sirtuins as energy/stresses monitoring proteins for the development of future approaches in the treatment or prevention of ischemic AKI.
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Doravirine and Its Major Metabolite to Support Dose Adjustment With Rifabutin
Authors: Yee Ka Lai , Cabalu Tamara D. , Kuo Yuhsin , Fillgrove Kerry L. , Liu Yang , Triantafyllou Ilias , McClain Sasha , Dreyer Daniel , Wenning Larissa , Stoch S. Aubrey , Iwamoto Marian , Sanchez Rosa I. , Khalilieh Sauzanne G.
Published: September 2020

Doravirine, a novel nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV‐1), is predominantly cleared by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and metabolized to an oxidative metabolite (M9). Coadministration with rifabutin, a moderate CYP3A4 inducer, decreased doravirine exposure. Based on nonparametric superposition modeling, a doravirine dose adjustment from 100 mg once daily to 100 mg twice daily during rifabutin coadministration was proposed. However, M9 exposure may also be impacted by induction, in addition to the dose adjustment. As M9 concentrations have not been quantified in previous clinical studies, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was developed to investigate the change in M9 exposure when doravirine is coadministered with CYP3A inducers. Simulations demonstrated that although CYP3A induction increases doravirine clearance by up to 4.4‐fold, M9 exposure is increased by only 1.2‐fold relative to exposures for doravirine 100 mg once daily in the absence of CYP3A induction. Thus, a 2.4‐fold increase in M9 exposure relative to the clinical dose of doravirine is anticipated when doravirine 100 mg twice daily is coadministered with rifabutin. In a subsequent clinical trial, doravirine and M9 exposures, when doravirine 100 mg twice daily was coadministered with rifabutin, were found to be consistent with model predictions using rifampin and efavirenz as representative inducers. These findings support the dose adjustment to doravirine 100 mg twice daily when coadministered with rifabutin.
Tucatinib Inhibits Renal Transporters OCT2 and MATE Without Impacting Renal Function in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Topletz‐Erickson Ariel R. , Lee Anthony J. , Mayor JoAl G. , Rustia Evelyn L. , Abdulrasool Layth I. , Wise Amanda L. , Dailey Ben , DeChenne Sharon , Walker Luke N. , Alley Stephen C. , Endres Christopher J.
Published: September 2020

Tucatinib is a potent tyrosine kinase inhibitor selective for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of HER2‐positive metastatic breast cancer and in development for other HER2‐positive solid tumors. Modest, reversible serum creatinine (SCr) elevations have been observed in tucatinib clinical trials. SCr is conveyed by the renal drug transporters organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) and multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (MATE1) and 2‐K (MATE2‐K) and can increase in the presence of inhibitors of these transporters. In vitro, tucatinib inhibited OCT2‐, MATE1‐, and MATE2‐K‐mediated transport of metformin, with IC50 values of 14.7, 0.340, and 0.135 µM, respectively. Tucatinib also inhibited OCT2‐ and MATE1‐mediated transport of creatinine, with IC50 values of 0.107 and 0.0855 µM, respectively. A phase 1 study with metformin administered orally in the absence and presence of tucatinib was conducted in 18 healthy subjects. Renal function was assessed by measuring glomerular filtration rate (GFR; based on iohexol plasma clearance) and endogenous markers (SCr, cystatin C‐based estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR]) with and without tucatinib. Metformin exposure increased (1.4‐fold) and renal clearance decreased (29.99‐17.64 L/h) with tucatinib, with no effect on metformin maximum concentration. Creatinine clearance transiently decreased 23% with tucatinib. GFR and eGFR, which are unaffected by OCT2 and/or MATE1/2‐K transport, were unchanged with tucatinib. These data demonstrate that tucatinib inhibits OCT2‐ and MATE1/2‐K‐mediated tubular secretion of creatinine, which may manifest as mild SCr elevations that are not indicative of renal impairment.
Student performance comparisons for a critical thinking skill set (technology decision‐making) for classroom and remote (Zoom) facilitation
Authors: Holloway Julie A. , Johnsen David C. , Syrbu John
Published: September 2020

A comparison of student learning in a critical thinking exercise for technology decision‐making occurred with the onset of coronavirus and the switch from face‐to‐face to distance with Zoom. Literature on explicit critical thinking skill sets is scant in any format, including distance learning. While face‐to‐face and Zoom have similarities, seizing this opportunity for comparison can set the stage to determine soundness of distance learning in critical thinking on a preliminary basis. The learning outcome, learning guide and assessment instrument remained the same for the exercise in both formats; student teams presented analyses of different technologies with assessment by 2 faculty as before. Forty students had not completed the exercise when the coronavirus shut down occurred. Students performed at as high a level using virtual/Zoom as with face‐to‐face.
Improving the effectiveness of saturated riparian buffers for removing nitrate from subsurface drainage
Authors: McEachran Andrea R. , Dickey Loulou C. , Rehmann Chris R. , Groh Tyler A. , Isenhart Thomas M. , Perez Michael A. , Rutherford Cassandra J.
Published: September 2020

A saturated riparian buffer (SRB) is an edge‐of‐field conservation practice that reduces nitrate export from agricultural lands by redistributing tile drainage as shallow groundwater and allowing for denitrification and plant uptake. We propose an approach to improve the design of SRBs by analyzing a tradeoff in choosing the SRB width, and we apply the approach to six sites with SRBs in central Iowa. A larger width allows for more residence time, which increases the opportunity for removing nitrate that enters the buffer. However, because the SRBs considered here treat only a portion of the tile flow when it is large, for the same difference in hydraulic head, a smaller width allows more of the total tile flow to enter the buffer and therefore treats more of the drainage. By maximizing the effectiveness of nitrate removal, defined as the ratio of total nitrate removed by the SRB to total nitrate leaving the field in tile drainage, an equation for the optimal width was derived in terms of soil properties, denitrification rates, and head difference. All six sites with existing SRBs considered here have optimal widths smaller than the current width, and two are below the minimum width listed in current design standards. In terms of uncertainty, the main challenges in computing the optimal width for a site are estimating the removal coefficient for nitrate and determining the saturated hydraulic conductivity. Nevertheless, including a width that accounts for site conditions in the design standards would improve water quality locally and regionally.
Drivers of extreme wind events in Mexico for windpower applications
Authors: Thomas Simon Richard , Martínez‐Alvarado Oscar , Drew Daniel , Bloomfield Hannah
Published: September 2020

In this study, we use a k‐mean clustering approach to investigate the weather patterns responsible for extreme wind speed events throughout Mexico using 40 years of the ERA‐5 atmospheric reanalysis. Generally, we find a large geographical split between the weather patterns that generate the strongest winds across the country. The highest wind power production periods therefore occur at different times in different regions across the country. In the South, these are associated with cold surge events, where an anticyclone is present in the Gulf of Mexico resulting in a strong Northerly flow across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. In the North‐East, Easterly trade winds are responsible for the strongest wind events, whereas in the North‐West, it is the proximity of the North Pacific High. However, the weakest winds and lowest power production periods occur at the same times for all stations with the exception of Baja California Sur, meaning that low wind power production may be unavoidable at these times. The El Niño Southern Oscillation is found to influence wind speeds at some locations across Mexico at sub‐seasonal time‐scales. We report that statistically stronger wind speeds are observed during the Summer during El Niño months than during La Niña months for both sites in Chiapas and Oaxaca.
Interdecadal change in the relationship between interannual variation of the South China Sea monsoon trough and tropical Indo‐Pacific sea surface temperature
Authors: Zhang Zeyu , Jian Maoqiu , Gao Si , Qiao Yunting
Published: September 2020

The South China Sea monsoon trough (SCSMT) presents remarkable year‐to‐year variability, which exerts great influences on the summer climate over the South China Sea and surrounding regions. The variation of SCSMT may be forced by the tropical Indo‐Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs). The relationship between interannual variability of the SCSMT and the SSTA in tropical Indo‐Pacific oceans experienced several interdecadal changes during 1958–2019, namely around the late 1970s, early 1990s, and mid‐2000s, respectively. In epoch 1 (1958–1977), the significant SSTA pattern associated with the weakening of the SCSMT features the warming in the eastern tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) and the Maritime Continent (MC) which contributes to interannual variation of the SCSMT via inducing anomalous local meridional circulation. In epoch 2 (1978–1992), there is strong warming in the whole Indian Ocean basin which induces southwest–northeast vertical circulation anomalies and excites warm Kelvin wave in tropospheric atmosphere, leading to the weakening of the SCSMT. The SSTA in epoch 3 (1993–2003) features significant warming in the eastern TIO and MC which influences the SCSMT via abnormal meridional circulation and Kelvin wave, and weak cooling in the central Pacific which partly contributes to the weakening of the SCSMT via Rossby wave response. The SSTA pattern in epoch 4 (2004–2014) is similar to that in epoch 3, while the warming in the MC is weaker with insignificant meridional circulation and Kelvin‐wave response, and the most significant feature is the cooling in the central to eastern Pacific (CEP) with strong Rossby wave response. These results suggest that, during different epochs, interannual variability of the SCSMT is modulated by SSTA in different key areas through different mechanisms, and the key area shifts eastward from the TIO to the CEP with time.
Ag and Au nanostructures for surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy of Mospilan 20 SP (acetamiprid)
Authors: Atanasov Petar Asenov , Nedyalkov Nikolay N. , Fukata Naoki , Jevasuwan Wipakorn
Published: September 2020

The paper describes the preparation of advanced Ag and Au nanostructures via thermal deposition on three gradual grades of microabrasive processed (100) SiO2 substrates and the investigation of their morphology and optical properties. The quartz substrates were manually dry scratched in advance with three grades (0.1, 0.5, or 1 μm) of diamond supper‐abrasive slurry coated on high precision polyester film. The deposition of Ag or Au was first applied, and then the films were laser annealed. The as‐prepared nanostructures were used for surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy analyses of neonicotinoid insecticide Mospilan 20 SP, which contains acetamiprid, in quantities much smaller than that usually applied in the agricultural medicine. The efficiency of the fabricated advanced structures was studied using the finite difference time domain method. The limit of detection of Mospilan 20 SP (acetamiprid) was estimated to be about 40 nM, and the enhancement factor of polished quartz was about 6.6 × 103. This study of harmful pollutant in small or residue quantities is very important in order to preserve the honey bees' health and thus for conservation of the environment.
A novel chromatographic separation method for rapid enrichment and isolation of novel flavonoid glycosides from Sphaerophysa salsula
Authors: Wang Weidong , Dang Jun , Shao Yun , Jiang Lei , Liu Zenggen , Mei Lijuan , Tao Yanduo
Published: September 2020

Flavonoid glycosides exist widely in medicine herbs and often used as nutraceuticals because of their excellent bioactivity and low toxicity. For accurate quality control and bioactivity assessment of Sphaerophysa salsula, a rapid and productive method to isolate flavonoid glycosides is needed. Therefore, this work reports the development of a novel comprehensive strategy based on an online middle‐pressure chromatography and preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography for rapid enrichment and separation of flavonoid glycosides from S. salsula. First, the flavonoid glycosides were enriched using an online middle‐pressure chromatographic column containing stationary middle chromatogram isolated phase. During this process, the high‐volume injection of the extracting solution was realized by an empty precolumn positioned before the main chromatographic tower. Then, the compounds were separated through preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography with Megress C18. As a result, one new flavonol 3‐O‐glycoside (2) and two known flavonol 3‐O‐glycosides (1, 3) were targetedly isolated from S. salsula. The content of compounds 1–3 in S. salsula was 0.09, 0.11, and 0.18 wt%, respectively. Comparing to traditional enrichment and separation methods, our technique offers significantly shorter sample pretreatment time as well as high reproducibility. We believe that our separation method has a strong potential to be used for the processing of other medicinal plants.
Chemical profiling of Honghua Xiaoyao tablet and simultaneous determination of its quality markers by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry combined with chemometrics methods
Authors: Mi Rui , Li Xiaofeng , Zhang Zhen , Cheng Taofang , Tian Saisai , Xu Xike , Zhang Yuhao , Yuan Wenlin , Ye Ji , Liu Li , Zhang Xinrong
Published: September 2020

Discovering marker components of traditional Chinese medicine formulas is challenging because of the hundreds of components they inherently contain. This study first proposed a reliable and validated method for the comprehensive profiling of chemical constituents in Honghua Xiaoyao tablet by using high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. After searching within the in‐house library, a total of 55 constituents were unambiguously characterized or tentatively identified through reference standards and by comparing mass spectrometry data with literature values. Quantitative analysis of 14 compounds, which were selected as the quality marker components based on a serum pharmacochemistry study, has been performed by triple‐quardrupole mass spectrometry technique. Multiple chemometric methods, including principal components analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis, were subsequently used to analyze the quantitative results, classify samples from three manufacturers, and distinguish the analytical markers. In method validation results, 14 quality marker compounds have shown good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9965) with a relative wide concentration range and acceptable recovery at 98.39–102.46%. The proposed approach provides the chemical evidence for revealing the material basis of Honghua Xiaoyao tablet, and establishes a reliable statistical analysis‐based strategy of quality marker investigation for controlling its quality.
Simultaneous quantification of six flavonoids of Rhus verniciflua Stokes using matrix solid‐phase dispersion via high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detector
Authors: Chen HongXia , Zhou Hao , Tao Ran , Li WenJun , Wang Cheng Zhang
Published: September 2020

A simple and efficient matrix solid‐phase dispersion via high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector was developed to analyze the following flavonoids of Rhus verniciflua Stokes: fisetin, fustin, butein, sulfuretin, garbanzol, and quercetin. The optimum conditions for the procedure was the use of Zeolite Socony Mobil‐twenty‐two molecular sieves as the adsorbent, sample:adsorbent ratio of 2:5, grinding for 3 min, and use of 8 mL of 70% methanol:water as the elution solvent. The method was validated for linearity, precision, reproducibility, limit of detection, and limit of quantification. The method exhibited excellent linearity for all six flavonoids. The intra‐ and interday precisions over a range of concentrations were below 3.0% and limits of quantification for the six flavonoids were 0.16 and 0.50 μg/mL. Compared with other published methods, the proposed method was more effective, rapid, and required less reagents. Therefore, the combination of matrix solid‐phase dispersion and high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detector showed excellent reproducibility and simplicity and could be suitable for the extraction and quantification of multiple flavonoids in R. verniciflua Stokes samples.
Intraoperative Ultrasound for Bowel Deep Infiltrating Endometriosis
Authors: Puppo Andrea , Olearo Elena , Gattolin Andrea , Rimonda Roberto , Novelli Antonia , Ceccaroni Marcello
Published: September 2020

The decision to perform either conservative surgery or segmental bowel resection for bowel deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) is made intraoperatively, after a preoperative assessment, based on the nodule's features. We introduce a technique to evaluate DIE bowel nodules using laparoscopic intraoperative ultrasound (US) during laparoscopic radical treatment of 9 cases of DIE invading the bowel. Once the bowel lesion was isolated, an intraoperative 12–4‐MHz US transducer was placed on the surface of the nodules to study their US features and to gain measurements. Deep infiltrating endometriosis nodules appear at intraoperative US as hypoechoic elliptical lesions with a clear definition of margins and the depth of infiltration of the rectal wall.
Dissolved organic carbon sorption dynamics in tidal marsh soils
Authors: Pinsonneault Andrew J. , Neale Patrick J. , Tzortziou Maria , Canuel Elizabeth A. , Pondell Christina R. , Morrissette Hannah , Lefcheck Jonathan S. , Megonigal James Patrick
Published: September 2020

Coastal wetlands are significant sources of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to adjacent waters and, consequently, exert a strong influence on the quantity and quality of DOC exported to the coastal oceans. Our understanding of the factors that control the exchange of DOC at the tidal marsh‐estuarine interface, however, remains limited. We hypothesize that tidal marsh soils act as a regulator and that their physical characteristics, such as organic carbon content and mineral phase composition, are key controls on DOC exchange between soil surfaces and both surface and interstitial waters. To test this hypothesis, we generated traditional Langmuir sorption isotherms using anaerobic batch incubations of four tidal wetland soils, representing a range of soil organic carbon content (1.77% ± 0.12% to 36.2% ± 2.2%) and salinity regimes (freshwater to mixoeuhaline), across four salinity treatments. Results suggest that the maximum soil sorption capacity and DOC binding affinity increase and decrease with greater salinity, respectively, though the enhancement of maximum soil sorption capacity is somewhat mitigated in soils richer in poorly crystalline iron minerals. Initial natively sorbed organic carbon showed a significant positive correlation with soil specific surface area and K showed a moderate yet significant positive correlation with poorly crystalline iron mineral content. Taken together, these results point to a strong mineralogical control on tidal marsh sorption dynamics and a complex physicochemical response of those dynamics to salinity in tidal marsh soils.
A note on the non‐forking‐instances topology
Authors: Shami Ziv
Published: September 2020

The non‐forking‐instances topology (NFI topology) is a topology on the Stone space of a theory T that depends on a reduct of T. This topology has been used in [6] to describe the set of universal transducers for (invariants sets that translate forking‐open sets in to forking‐open sets in T). In this paper we show that in contrast to the stable case, the NFI topology need not be invariant over parameters in but a weak version of this holds for any simple T. We also note that for the lovely pair expansions, of theories with the weak non‐finite cover property (wnfcp), the topology is invariant over in .
Word problems and ceers
Authors: Delle Rose Valentino , San Mauro Luca , Sorbi Andrea
Published: September 2020

This note addresses the issue as to which ceers can be realized by word problems of computably enumerable (or, simply, c.e.) structures (such as c.e. semigroups, groups, and rings), where being realized means to fall in the same reducibility degree (under the notion of reducibility for equivalence relations usually called “computable reducibility”), or in the same isomorphism type (with the isomorphism induced by a computable function), or in the same strong isomorphism type (with the isomorphism induced by a computable permutation of the natural numbers). We observe, e.g., that every ceer is isomorphic to the word problem of some c.e. semigroup, but (answering a question of Gao and Gerdes) not every ceer is in the same reducibility degree of the word problem of some finitely presented semigroup, nor is it in the same reducibility degree of some non‐periodic semigroup. We also show that the ceer provided by provable equivalence of Peano Arithmetic is in the same strong isomorphism type as the word problem of some non‐commutative and non‐Boolean c.e. ring.
Design the SBS Elastomer Electrospun Fibermat/Polyester Composite Textiles: Morphology Effect on Waterproof‐Breathable Performance
Authors: Zhang Teng , Xu Zhaobao , Zhao Jinchao , Huang Leping
Published: September 2020

Waterproof and moisture permeable microporous membranes are a critical part of the personal protective equipments. In this work, the fluoride‐free triblock copolymer poly(styrene‐b‐butadiene‐b‐styrene) (SBS) fibermats are prepared via electrospinning, and deposited directly on polyester to fabricate the waterproof‐breathable textiles. Focused on the fiber morphology effects, the beaded fibers formed during the electrospinning process have negative effect on waterproof and windproof performance of the SBS electrospun fibermat/polyester composites textiles, but have no obvious impact on moisture permeability. The uniform fibermats obtain hydrostatic pressure of 63.9 kPa, water vapor transmission rate of 4.54 kg m−2 d−1, and air permeability of 5.69 mm s−1. Further research shows the SBS electrospun fibermats orientated by stretching demonstrate well tensile fatigue resistance while retaining good waterproof‐breathable performance under the extreme condition of polyester substrate destroyed. Moreover, the composite textiles obtain excellent wrinkle resistance, which can be ascribed to the excellent flexibility of the SBS electrospun fibermats.
Prediction of the Age at Onset of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3 with Machine Learning
Authors: Peng Linliu , Chen Zhao , Chen Tiankai , Lei Lijing , Long Zhe , Liu Mingjie , Deng Qi , Yuan Hongyu , Zou Guangdong , Wan Linlin , Wang Chunrong , Peng Huirong , Shi Yuting , Wang Puzhi , Peng Yun , Wang Shang , He Lang , Xie Yue , Tang Zhichao , Wan Na , Gong Yiqing , Hou Xuan , Shen Lu , Xia Kun , Li Jinchen , Chen Chao , Zhang Zuping , Qiu Rong , Tang Beisha , Jiang Hong
Published: September 2020

Background

In polyglutamine (polyQ) disease, the investigation of the prediction of a patient's age at onset (AAO) facilitates the development of disease‐modifying intervention and underpins the delay of disease onset and progression. Few polyQ disease studies have evaluated AAO predicted by machine‐learning algorithms and linear regression methods.

Objective

The objective of this study was to develop a machine‐learning model for AAO prediction in the largest spinocerebellar ataxia type 3/Machado–Joseph disease (SCA3/MJD) population from mainland China.

Methods

In this observational study, we introduced an innovative approach by systematically comparing the performance of 7 machine‐learning algorithms with linear regression to explore AAO prediction in SCA3/MJD using CAG expansions of 10 polyQ‐related genes, sex, and parental origin.

Results

Similar prediction performance of testing set and training set in each models were identified and few overfitting of training data was observed. Overall, the machine‐learning‐based XGBoost model exhibited the most favorable performance in AAO prediction over the traditional linear regression method and other 6 machine‐learning algorithms for the training set and testing set. The optimal XGBoost model achieved mean absolute error, root mean square error, and median absolute error of 5.56, 7.13, 4.15 years, respectively, in testing set 1, with mean absolute error (4.78 years), root mean square error (6.31 years), and median absolute error (3.59 years) in testing set 2.

Conclusion

Machine‐learning algorithms can be used to predict AAO in patients with SCA3/MJD. The optimal XGBoost algorithm can provide a good reference for the establishment and optimization of prediction models for SCA3/MJD or other polyQ diseases. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Microbial Metabolites, Postbiotics, and Intestinal Epithelial Function
Authors: Mayorgas Aida , Dotti Isabella , Salas Azucena
Published: September 2020

Chronic inflammatory disorders are rising worldwide. The implication of the microbiota in persistent inflammation has been studied for years, but a direct causal relationship has not yet been stablished. Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) form a protective barrier against detrimental luminal components. Indeed, a decrease in epithelial integrity may trigger a severe inflammatory reaction due to the infiltration of potentially harmful molecules and microorganisms. Bacterial imbalance, more commonly known as dysbiosis, occurs during inflammation and several strategies have been proposed to counteract this condition. Probiotics have been widely used to positively alter the inherited microbial composition and recover a eubiotic status. Nevertheless, probiotics are thought to impair the return of the indigenous microbiome, and to aggravate inflammation in compromised patients. In contrast, postbiotics—bacterial‐free metabolites secreted by probiotic strains—have been proposed as a better and safer strategy. Recent scientific studies that have demonstrated the immunomodulatory properties and epithelial protection of postbiotics are summarized in this review, with an emphasis on the available methods that are currently in use to better understand the role of postbiotics in health and nutrition.