bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GENETIC SHIFT IN FINNISH TEPA RED CLOVER FROM SEED GROWN IN CANADA AND THE USA
Authors: VALLE OTTO , ÄYRÄVÄINEN KIRSTI , COOKE D. A. , GARRISON C. S.
Published: March 2010

Seed lots of the Finnish tetraploid red clover Trifolium pratense L. cult Tepa produced in the USA and Canada were tested in space-planted and solid-seeded trials in Finland to reveal possible changes in cultivar performance that might arise from seed multiplication outside the cultivar’s actual region of adaptation. Despite up to four successive generations of seed increase in the USA, there were, according to the planting-year results of the Finnish trials, only minor changes in the growth type and flowering pattern. In the 2nd year of testing, however, the USA seed lots flowered significantly earlier than the Finnish basic seed lot. The USA seed lots equalled the Finnish-grown ones in winter survival and productivity. The Tepa seed lots from Canada likewise showed only minor cultivar shifts. The seed lots with least change were obtained from Saskatchewan, Canada, and Washington, USA. Since these two areas also produced satisfactory seed yields, they are considered suitable regions for commercial seed production of Tepa.
RELATIONS BETWEEN GRAIN YIELD AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC PARTS ABOVE THE FLAG LEAF NODE IN BARLEY
Authors: YAP T. C. , HARVEY B. L.
Published: March 2010

All possible crosses, including reciprocals, among seven Hordeum vulgare L. cultivars of diverse origin were evaluated in the field in 1969 and 1970. The results of graphical and multiple regression analyses show that estimated areas of head surface, peduncle surface, flag leaf area, and erectophile portion of the flag leaf were highly associated with grain yield. Thus these areas above the flag leaf node might be good indicators of potential grain yield. The developmental patterns from anthesis to maturity for each of these traits were similar in the homozygotes and the heterozygotes. There were, however, substantial differences in magnitude for these traits between genotypes. Possible ways to establish a high yielding plant type are discussed.
EFFECTS OF SEED SIZE ON EMERGENCE, GRAIN YIELD, AND PLANT HEIGHT IN CORN
Authors: HUNTER R. BRUCE , KANNENBERG L. W.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF WAXING ON RESPIRATION, ETHYLENE PRODUCTION, AND OTHER PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES IN SELECTED APPLE CULTIVARS
Authors: MEHERIUK M. , PORRITT S. W.
Published: March 2010

not available
VOLLA BARLEY
Authors: STERLING J. D. E.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF CHILLING DURING DORMANCY ON DEVELOPMENT OF THE TERMINAL BUD OF THE CRANBERRY
Authors: EADY F. C. , EATON G. W.
Published: March 2010

Exposure of the cranberry Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. cult McFarlin to an accumulation of chilling temperatures below 7 C was required to break dormancy of the terminal bud. Dormant mixed-terminal buds that were not exposed to chilling temperatures did not initiate new growth even under long photoperiods. The number of days to bud break after termination of the chilling treatments was reduced as the length of the chilling treatments was increased. Rate of growth and final shoot length were also affected, but were more dependent on postchilling conditions than on the length of chilling. Chilling periods of 100 days or more were required for the induction of floral development. Chilling for less than 100 days usually resulted in vegetative growth only. Bud break after 125 days of chilling was more rapid when cyclic chilling conditions included a period of approximately 10 C during the day. The floral primordia of terminal buds in the field recommenced development in late February or early March and were well differentiated by the end of April.
PROPIONIC ACID FOR STORAGE OF HIGH MOISTURE SOYBEANS
Authors: STEVENSON K. R. , ALEXANDER J. C.
Published: March 2010

Soybeans at 18 and 22% moisture were treated and stored by adding 0.75% by weight of propionic acid. No heating was observed in the acid-treated beans during the 10-week storage period. Mold counts of the treated samples were much lower than the controls. The lack of fungal activity suggests that the probability of mycotoxin production during storage is very low. Propionic acid treatment almost eliminated the ability of the soybeans to germinate. Prior to treatment germination had been 96%. No significant shifts in fatty acid composition of the extracted oils were observed. Oil quality did not deteriorate after treatment with propionic acid. The data indicate that propionic acid can be used successfully to preserve high moisture soybeans.
GERMINATION RESPONSE OF DORMOAT SEEDS TO LOW TEMPERATURE AND GIBBERELLIN
Authors: ANDREWS C. J. , BURROWS V. D.
Published: March 2010

Dormoats are derivatives of crosses between Avena sativa L. and A. fatua L., designed to be sown in the fall to germinate the following spring. Strains vary in levels of seed dormancy at harvest and in their rates of after-ripening in dry storage. Germination of the seeds is stimulated by gibberellic acid. Embryos isolated from dormant seeds exhibit no dormancy but their germination is prevented by abscisic acid. Low temperatures (ca. 7 C) stimulate germination to different levels in various strains. Seeds enter a secondary dormancy when they fail to germinate in the imbibed state due to primary domancy. Seeds with secondary dormancy are not stimulated to germinate by low temperatures until partial after-ripening of the seeds in the dry state has occurred, but germination is stimulated by gibberellic acid without after-ripening. Secondary dormancy is proposed as a factor in the maintenance of undergerminated seed in the soil from fall planting into winter.
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF WEEDS IN NEWLY PLANTED SHELTERBELTS
Authors: GROVER R.
Published: March 2010

A number of herbicides were tested to find residual and contact-type herbicidal treatments for the 1st year or 2 of new shelterbelt plantings on different soil types using caragana (Caragana arborescens Lam.) as the test species. The herbicides, tested individually or in combination, were amitrole, chloramben, chloroxuron, chlorthal, dichlobenil, dinoseb, diuron, linuron, norea, paraquat, simazine, swep, and trifluralin. A number of herbicidal treatments were effective in controlling weeds without tree injury during the initial years of a new shelterbelt planting. These include herbicides that can be applied as directed treatments (e.g., amitrole (8–10 kg/ha) and paraquat (1–2 kg/ha)); pre-planting incorporated treatment (e.g., trifluralin (2–4 kg/ha)); and soil surface treatments as pre-emergence to weeds (e.g., chloramben (5 kg/ha), dichlobenil (4–6 kg/ha), diuron (2–4 kg/ha), or linuron (2–4 kg/ha)). All of these treatments gave satisfactory weed control at one rate or another and in different soil types. All of these herbicides are considered less residual than simazine and therefore should not carry over residues to damage the replacements. None of these treatments was antagonistic to weed control or crop tolerance with simazine as a follow-up application once the new planting was established. Yearly applications of simazine (2–4 kg/ha), both as initial and follow-up treatments, to new plantings of caragana were also very effective, provided that the appropriate rates were used and replacements were not necessary.
FREDRICK SOFT WHITE WINTER WHEAT
Authors: FOWLER D. B.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF DEEP FUMIGATION ON PRATYLENCHUS PENETRANS, FLUE-CURED TOBACCO, AND SOIL NITRATE CONTENT
Authors: MARKS C. F. , ELLIOT J. M. , TU C. M.
Published: March 2010

Row applications of Telone (1,3-dichloropropene and related chlorinated C3 hydrocarbons), at 45 and 90 liters/ha were injected 15, 30, and 45 cm below the soil surface and ridged up an additional 15 cm. Telone, at 90 liters/ha injected at 15 cm, gave the best control of the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filip. and Stek. 1941, in the top 0–20 cm of soil. The degree of nematode control in the top 20 cm of soil was inversely correlated with injection depth. Though the degree of nematode control with 45 liters/ha of Telone at 30 cm was considerably less in the 0–20-cm soil layer than with the 90-liter rate at the 15-cm depth, the yields of flue-cured tobacco were about equal for both treatments. Good control of nematodes in the 20–40-cm soil layer was obtained with both rates of Telone regardless of injection depth. At the recommended rate of 90 liters/ha there appeared to be no advantage to injecting Telone deeper than 15 cm. Where no Telone was applied, the levels of NO−3-N in the soil in June were higher, and yields of tobacco tended to be lower.
POLLEN PRODUCTION AND DISSEMINATING PROPERTIES OF TRITICALE RELATIVE TO WHEAT
Authors: YEUNG K. C. , LARTER E. N.
Published: March 2010

A study of the pollen production properties of three hexaploid triticale strains (Triticale hexaploide Lart.) showed that their anther length was significantly greater than that of wheat anthers (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) and the estimated number of pollen grains per anther ranged from 15,000 to 21,000. In comparison, a total of 8000 grains per anther was estimated for wheat, cult Manitou. Eighty-nine percent anther extrusion occurred in triticale cult Rosner, while Manitou averaged 70% anther extrusion. The period of anthesis of triticale varied according to strain but generally was of longer duration than in Manitou and thereby promoted outcrossing. Using a triticale strain carrying a dominant marker gene, 50% seed-set was obtained at a distance of 12 m leeward of the pollen source; however, a small percentage was still obtained at a distance of 30 m. It would appear from the limited number of triticales used in this study that a wide range of variability exists within this species in its pollen production and disseminating properties. With appropriate selection pressures, strains with an outbreeding habit could be developed for the purpose of hybrid seed production.
ROOTING OF HARDWOOD CUTTINGS OF BOLLEANA POPLAR
Authors: EGGENS J. L. , LOUGHEED E. C. , HILTON R. J.
Published: March 2010

Hardwood cuttings of Bolleana poplar (Populus alba pyramidalis Bunge, cult Bolleana) were collected monthly during September 1967 to May 1968 and for the same period in 1968–69 and either stuck in a sand-rooting medium within a greenhouse or overwintered in polyethylene bags at 5.5 C. Most cuttings formed roots readily. From 60 to 95% of the cuttings collected and stored from October to April formed roots in the mist bed during May. Cuttings from the current season’s and previous season’s growth rooted equally well. Propagation was seriously impaired by the occurrence of a basal necrosis on the cuttings below the surface of the medium. The effect of indolebutyric acid (IBA) treatment in the promotion of rooting and basal necrosis varied with the time of collection and sticking. The IBA treatment replaced the effect of buds in the promotion of root formation.
TRICHLOROACETIC ACID RESIDUES IN CEREALS AND FLAX
Authors: KADIS V. W. , YARISH W. , MOLBERG E. S. , SMITH A. E.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF SELECTION FOR F2 PLANT YIELD ON SUBSEQUENT GENERATIONS IN WHEAT
Authors: KNOTT D. R.
Published: March 2010

The F2 plants from eight wheat crosses were accurately spaced in a uniform block of land. The F3 lines from selected and unselected F2 plants were yield tested. Although selection had a statistically significant effect, the effect was not large enough to be of value in wheat breeding. The results suggest that to be effective yield testing must be done on plots rather than individual plants. Expressing the yield of F3 lines as either a percentage of adjacent checks or as a percentage of a moving average increased the efficiency of the test.
SORBITOL AND OTHER CARBOHYDRATE VARIATION DURING GROWTH AND COLD STORAGE OF McINTOSH APPLE FRUITS
Authors: CHAN W. W. , CHONG CALVIN , TAPER C. D.
Published: March 2010

Fruits of McIntosh apple, Malus pumila Mill., were analyzed at 10-day intervals for sorbitol, sucrose, glucose, fructose, raffinose, and starch throughout development on the tree, both day (10 a.m.) and night (10 p.m.), and while in storage. The highest concentrations (mg/g fresh weight) of sorbitol occurred during early fruit growth with values of 4.36 and 5.38 mg/g on June 6 and 16, respectively, followed by a decreasing trend in concentration through until July 6 (1.85 mg/g) and persistently low levels, varying between 1.23 and 2.85 mg/g throughout the remainder of the season. The fructose content was relatively low during early fruit growth with values of 7.24 and 6.71 mg/g on June 6 and 16, respectively, after which it rose substantially and increased progressively to 49.60 mg/g at the end of the season. The concentrations of glucose (0.72–4.02 mg/g), sucrose (0.27–1.87 mg/g), and raffinose (0–0.77 mg/g) were relatively low throughout the growing season as were generally those of raffinose during storage. Starch increased to maximum concentrations (5.83–8.80 mg/g) during the summer months, decreased towards the end of the season, and disappeared early in storage. Day/night analyses of fruits throughout the season yielded distinct patterns in the day/night ratio of sorbitol that were concurrent with the periods of major shifts in sorbitol and fructose levels during fruit development. During the storage period, the general trend in the concentrations of sorbitol and sucrose showed increases of 1.63–4.44 and 0.67–7.22 mg/g, respectively. The concentrations of fructose (19.59–82.50 mg/g) and glucose (6.36–72.38 mg/g) were relatively high but markedly variable throughout the storage period. Fructose was present generally in greater quantities than glucose.
AN EVALUATION OF MARROWSTEM KALE
Authors: FULKERSON R. S. , TOSSELL W. E.
Published: March 2010

Agronomic studies on marrowstem kale (Brassica oleracea L.), consisting of seven seeding and five harvest dates in one trial, two seeding methods and nine seeding rates in another, and five silages in another, were conducted for up to 3 years. Data were collected on dry matter yield and several yield and quality components. Delaying the date of seeding reduced yields in the autumn but the converse held for delaying the date of autumn harvest. Similar results were obtained with dry matter content and plant height. Medium to high seeding rates in broadcast stands produced the highest yields for early pasture; light seeding rates in rows yielded the highest for late pasture. Leaves constituted 55% of the pasture herbage in the early harvest and 25% in the late harvest. Height, stem diameter, and plant weights were higher in the row compared with the broadcast method and at the lighter seeding rates. The in vitro digestible dry matter and crude protein content of kale was superior to the other silage crops and kale appeared promising in a kale–corn combination.
EMERGENCE, SEEDLING GROWTH, AND YIELD OF ALTAI WILD RYEGRASS AND OTHER GRASSES AS INFLUENCED BY SOIL TEMPERATURE AND FERTILITY
Authors: LAWRENCE T. , KILCHER M. R.
Published: March 2010

Altai wild ryegrass (Elymus angustus Trin.) was compared to Russian wild ryegrass (Elymus junceus Fisch.), bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), tall wheatgrass (Agropyron elongatum Host.), and intermediate wheat-grass (Agropyron intermedium (Host.) Beauv.) when seeded in soils maintained at 10, 15, and 20 C and fertilized at various rates of N and P. Emergence, rate of development, and young plant yields were measured. Altai wild ryegrass emergence was retarded by cold soil more so than that of the other grasses. Its response to warmer soil was proportionately greater than that of other grasses. Like Russian wild ryegrass, Altai wild ryegrass showed little response to N fertilizers when grown in cold soils, except when P was added.
MINERAL COMPOSITION OF WHOLE-PLANT CEREALS FOR SILAGE IN CENTRAL BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: TINGLE J. N. , DAWLEY W. K.
Published: March 2010

Ten cereal cultivars were sown at three locations in 2 years to determine the effect of species, cultivar, and location on the element composition of cereal crops harvested at the soft dough stage. Phosphorus concentration and the Ca/P ratio were not affected by species, cultivar, or location. Calcium and K concentrations were influenced by location and cultivar. Cultivar influenced the concentration of Mg, Mn, and Cu. Molybdenum concentration was not influenced by cultivar or location. Pitic 62 spring wheat was significantly lower than several other cultivars in Ca, K, Mg, Zn, Mn, and Cu concentrations. The barley cultivars and Rosner triticale contained significantly more Zn than the oat cultivars. The oat cultivars contained significantly more Mn than most of the barley cultivars. The mineral concentrations are discussed in relation to the mineral requirements of cattle as proposed by the British Agricultural Research Council and the American National Academy of Sciences.
DEVELOPMENT OF DAMAGE IN THE BUDS DURING STORAGE OF IRRADIATED ONIONS
Authors: TEMKIN-GORODEISKI NAOMI , KAHAN R. S. , PADOVA R.
Published: March 2010

Darkening of onion buds due to irradiation was investigated during three seasons on three cultivars of onion, Riverside, Egyptian, and Grano. The effects of radiation dose (0.7–80 krads), delay in irradiation after harvest, and storage temperature were studied. No darkening occurred during storage of up to 8 months at 0 C, though slight darkening sometimes appeared during subsequent shelf life. At ambient temperatures (10–30 C) three types of radiation damage were found. The onset of darkening occurred not earlier than 2 months after irradiation. With all doses above 1.0 krad there was 100% incidence of darkening after about 5 months storage at ambient temperature. The intensity of darkening increased with length of storage. Very low doses (0.7–1.0 krad) did not prevent sprouting but caused slight darkening. Doses between 2 and 80 krads completely inhibited external sprouting; however, if delayed till 3 months postharvest, these doses failed to prevent sprouting, but did cause severe darkening, which was not dependent on the dose. There was no correlation between the delay in irradiation after harvest and the intensity or incidence of darkening. The length of the dormancy period varied in different years, apparently as a result of different conditions prevailing during crop growth. Differences in the intensity of darkening in different years seem to be connected with this phenomenon.
EFFECTS OF PLANT SPACING AND NITROGEN ON INCIDENCE OF HOLLOW STEM IN BROCCOLI
Authors: CUTCLIFFE J. A.
Published: March 2010

not available
CHÂTEAUGUAY CABBAGE/LE CHOU CHÂTEAUGUAY
Authors: CHIANG M. S. , CRETE R.
Published: March 2010

not available
HOST RANGE AND PERSISTENCE OF THIELAVIOPSIS BASICOLA IN TOBACCO SOIL
Authors: GAYED S. K.
Published: March 2010

Thielaviopsis basicola was recovered from roots of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), lamb’s-quarters (Chenopodium album L.), black medick (Medicago lupulina L.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), horsetail (Equisetum arvense L.), and round-leaved mallow (Malva neglecta Wallr.) growing in highly to moderately infested tobacco fields. No infection was observed on the rotation crops of rye (Secale cereale L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and corn (Zea mays L.), either in naturally infested fields or in soil artificially infested with T. basicola at a rate up to 50,000 endoconidia per g soil. In artificially infested soil, tobacco cultivar Hicks Broadleaf was less susceptible than cowpsa (Vigna sinensis Endl.) and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). T. basicola was recovered from decomposing residues of tobacco and cereal plants. Under humid conditions the fungus penetrated and sporulated on shoot fragments of these plants, cowpsa, and bean. The implications of these results on the possible build-up of T. basicola and increase of its virulence in tobacco fields over the years is discussed.
A ROT OF PEARS IN COLD STORAGE CAUSED BY MUCOR PIRIFORMIS
Authors: LOPATECKI L. E. , PETERS W.
Published: March 2010

Mucor piriformis Fischer was isolated from a stem-end rot of Anjou pears (Pyrus communis L.) held in cold storage. The fungus isolate proved highly pathogenic to Anjou pears and McIntosh apples, less so to Jonathan and Golden Delicious apples. It was concluded that rot of fruit in storage followed infection of the abscission layer of the stem by spores that probably originated from orchard soil. In laboratory tests, spore germination and mycelial growth of M. piriformis were very strongly inhibited by the Geigy fungicide 20072 and progressively less by thiram, sodium orthophenylphenate, and thiabendazole. M. piriformis has not been recorded previously from Canada.
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN ON YIELD AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF MANITOU AND PITIC WHEATS GROWN UNDER IRRIGATION
Authors: DUBETZ S.
Published: March 2010

In experiments with two cultivars of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) conducted under irrigation at two locations for 2 years, average grain yields of Pitic 62 were 30% higher than those of Manitou but protein content was 20% lower. Pitic produced 3% more total protein than Manitou. Yield responses to N fertilizer ranged from nil to 2139 kg/ha for Manitou and from 941 to 2778 kg/ha for Pitic. The maximum rate of application of N from which a yield response was obtained by Manitou was 110 kg/ha and by Pitic was 165 kg/ha. In 1 year at one location the protein content of Pitic was lower from the first N increment and that of Manitou from the first two increments than those of wheats from plots that received no N. The maximum rate of N from which protein increases were obtained was 220 kg/ha for both cultivars. It is possible to grow wheat with high protein content on irrigated land.
A STANDARDIZATION OF TERMINOLOGY FOR THE MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF CORN SEEDLINGS
Authors: ONDERDONK J. J. , KETCHESON J. W.
Published: March 2010

A set of morphological terms was selected from varying terminology in the literature to serve as a model for uniform descriptions of treatment effects on growth and development of corn seedlings. In this model, the first root to emerge is termed the "primary root". Those emerging from just above specific nodes are interpreted as adventitious roots and termed "adventitious root whorls" of their respective nodes. From the second node the second apparent leaf develops, but because its foliar nature is not universally accepted it is termed the "coleoptile". The leaf developing from the third node is termed the "first leaf" and those developing from successively higher nodes are designated in ascending numerical order.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON PRIMARY GROWTH OF ALFALFA
Authors: PEARSON C. J. , HUNT L. A.
Published: March 2010

Effects of temperature on the cumulative gain and distribution of dry matter are described for the primary growth of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cults Vernal and Moapa at an irradiance (400–700 nm) of 25 nE cm−2 s−1. Whole plant dry weights and leaf areas increased curvilinearly with time. Weight and area increments were faster, root-top weight increments were higher, and canopies were more erect, at 15/10 C and 20/15 C day/night temperatures than under warmer conditions. In contrast, rates of leaf, node, and flower production were slower at low temperatures. Differences between low and high temperatures were similar to those recorded in the field between first and third harvests in the cool humid zone of North America.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON PRIMARY GROWTH AND REGROWTHS OF ALFALFA
Authors: PEARSON C. J. , HUNT L. A.
Published: March 2010

The cumulative gain and distribution of dry matter are described for both primary growth and three subsequent regrowths of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cults Vernal and Moapa at an irradiance (400–700 nm) of 25 nE cm−2 s−1 and day/night temperatures of 20/15 C and 30/25 C. Whole plant dry weight and leaf areas increased curvilinearly with time in primary growth and linearly in regrowth. Root plus stubble weight after cutting, increased from first to third regrowth. Rates of leaf area expansion increased with time in primary growth but were constant in regrowth; they were higher in regrowth than in primary growth, and higher at 20/15 C than at 30/25 C. Individual leaf area was greater at 20/15 C than at 30/25 C, whereas average specific leaf weight was less at 20/15 C than at 30/25 C. This latter finding probably reflected longer leaf life at 20/15 C. Number of days to 50% flowering was greater at 20/15 C than at 30/25 C. Growth responses to temperature were similar during primary growth and regrowths.
HERITABILITY FOR COMBINING ABILITY OF SEEDLING VIGOR IN BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL
Authors: TWAMLEY B. E.
Published: March 2010

Twenty birdsfoot trefoil families were studied, first, to investigate variation in seed size and seedling vigor; second, to determine predictive values of parental performance; and third, to estimate heritability for combining ability. The experimental material consisted of open-pollination seed collected from 20 parents and 10 daughters of each. It was examined for seed size and was used for a seedling vigor test. Wide variation for both seed size and for seedling vigor existed both within and among families. The performance of the parents with respect to neither seed size nor seedling vigor was a valid indicator of the combining ability of the daughters. Heritability for these traits was low. In the discussion, the postulate was made that in selecting material for the Syn 0 generation of a new cultivar on the basis of combining ability, greater emphasis should be placed on additive gene action. The program would involve the selection of only those plants that, in addition to being high in combining ability themselves, had offspring with a high combining ability average.
ESTIMATES OF PRAIRIE PROVINCIAL WHEAT YIELDS BASED ON PRECIPITATION AND POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
Authors: WILLIAMS G. D. V.
Published: March 2010

Weather-based estimates of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba wheat yields were made for the years 1952–67 by weighting estimates for 42 prairie crop districts according to the number of hectares of wheat per district. The crop-district estimates had been computed from May to July monthly precipitation and estimated potential evapotranspiration (PE) data, and preseason conserved precipitation, using regression equations that had been derived separately for different parts of the prairies. In Saskatchewan, where semiarid climates predominate, variability of wheat yields is high and much of it can be attributed to weather variability. In the most humid province, Manitoba, the yield variation is smallest, and less of this variation can be explained using the weather data. Lack of uniformity in climate, soils, and the sizes of crop districts contributed to several analysis problems, one of which was a bias in the results, particularly in Alberta. Equations based on precipitation and PE were superior to those based on precipitation alone. The estimation procedures can be useful in connection with the transporting and marketing of grain, and in planning future land use.
ELIMINATION OF MICROFLORA FROM BARLEY KERNELS WITH ETHYLENE OXIDE
Authors: BUSHNELL W. R.
Published: March 2010

Microbial contaminants of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) kernels were killed by a mixture of 12% ethylene oxide and 88% dichlorodifluoromethane applied at room temperature in a canister for 3 h at a pressure of 3.0–3.3 atm. The treatment was effective with kernels that contained 10.9–12.6% moisture. After exposure of such kernels to gas, 94–100% were contaminant-free; 59–99% germinated. Results were less satisfactory with: (a) ethylene oxide applied to barley kernels with moisture content less than 10%; (b) ethylene oxide applied to kernels of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) or oats (Avena sativa L.) with 3.0–12.6% moisture; or (c) propylene oxide applied to barley kernels at 5.3–13.2% moisture. With proper control of moisture content, the ethylene oxide method is recommended for those lots of barley kernels that are difficult to free of microbial contaminants by other methods.
PUMA, A NEW CULTIVAR OF WINTER RYE
Authors: SHEBESKI L. H. , MCGINNIS R. C. , EVANS L. E. , ZUZENS D.
Published: March 2010

not available
INFLUENCE OF FORMIC ACID AND FORMALIN ON THE PRODUCTION OF ORGANIC ACID IN DIRECT-CUT ALFALFA SILAGE
Authors: DAVIDSON T. R. , STEVENSON K. R. , BUCHANAN-SMITH J.
Published: March 2010

Early bloom alfalfa (Medicago sativa cult Saranac), at 22.5% dry matter, was harvested with a forage harvester. Formic acid (85% solution) and formalin (37.5% solution) and various combinations of mixtures were applied to the forage on a fresh weight basis at rates of 0.33, 0.50, and 0.66%. A sample of the treated material was ensiled in test tube silos fitted with fermentation locks. At various time intervals, analyses were made to follow the patterns of organic acid production. In untreated silage, the pH dropped to 4.3 with high lactic acid production, but after 39 days, the pH began to rise as lactic acid was degraded by Clostridia. Formic acid at 0.33 and 0.50% delayed but did not prevent either lactic acid production or subsequent degradation. Formic acid (0.66%) and all rates of formalin depressed lactic acid production. The production of butyric, isobutyric, and isovaleric acids was depressed to low levels only at the 0.66% rate of treatments. Formic acid was more effective than formalin in depressing volatile fatty acids. The formic–formalin mixtures gave results intermediate to separate applications of formic acid and formalin for all parameters analyzed.
ELECTRICAL IMPEDANCE OF THE TISSUE OF GRASSES RECEIVING COLD TREATMENTS
Authors: WALTON P. D.
Published: March 2010

The impedance and conductivity of plant tissue were studied for four species of grasses before, after, and during cold-conditioning. Conditioned plants gave high impedance readings and untreated plants low readings. When introduced to low temperature conditions, all plants showed increasing impedances. A highly significant relation between conductivity percentage and log impedance was found in all four species. Although the impedance method was rapid and convenient, there were temporal fluctuations for both cold-conditioned and unconditioned plants of all species. Thus, neither impedance method nor the determination of conductivity would provide a satisfactory test for the evaluation of differences in the response to cold stress of grass populations used in plant-breeding programs.
BOUNTY TIMOTHY
Authors: CHILDLRS W. R. , GRANT E. A.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF SOIL MANAGEMENT ON NUMBERS OF THE ROOT-LESION NEMATODE PRATYLENCHUS PENETRANS IN SOILS OF ONTARIO PEACH ORCHARDS
Authors: MARKS C. F. , SAIDAK W. J. , JOHNSON P. W.
Published: March 2010

The use of herbicides and cover crops in peach orchards influenced the numbers of the root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans, in Fox sandy loam soils. Plots treated over the entire area with the herbicide combination of paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) and linuron (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea) had the smallest number of P. penetrans in the soil. The soil management practice used by many Ontario growers, clean cultivation until 1 July followed by a weed cover, resulted in the largest numbers of nematodes in the soil. Creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) as a cover crop retarded the rate of increase of P. penetrans numbers in the soil but Sudan grass (Sorghum vulgare cult sudanense Hitchc.) did not. Weed control practices that permitted a temporary re-establishment of weed covers, did not retard the increase of P. penetrans numbers. Use of paraquat plus linuron to limit weed growth in the tree rows coupled with a permanent cover of creeping red fescue between the rows appears to be an effective way of retarding increases of P. penetrans numbers in peach orchards. Soil management systems that incorporate these features may be of practical value to Ontario peach growers.
EVALUATION OF THREE TYPES OF VINEYARD SPRAYERS BY MEASUREMENT OF CARBARYL DEPOSIT, DYE DISTRIBUTION, AND CONTROL OF POWDERY MILDEW AND TWO-SPOTTED MITE
Authors: CHIBA M. , FISHER R. W. , NORTHOVER J. , HERNE D. C. , NEFF A.
Published: March 2010

One high-volume hydraulic sprayer with hooded-booms, and two low volume air-carrier sprayers were used to apply folpet (fungicide), carbaryl (insecticide), and tetradifon (acaricide) to Agawam grapes. The performance of these spray machines was compared when the chemicals were used at recommended, one-half, and one-quarter rates, and while all travelled the same distance. Control of two-spotted mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) was generally inadequate but leaf injury was least severe with the high-volume treatment of tetradifon. Powdery mildew (Uncinula necator (Schw.) Burr.) control with the high-volume treatment was superior to any of the air-carrier, low-volume treatments. This was attributed to the more uniform distribution and greater deposit of pesticide obtained with the high-volume hooded equipment.
L’ANALYSE DU SODIUM ET DU POTASSIUM DANS LES TISSUS DE MAIS ET DE BETTERAVE A SUCRE AU MOYEN DE LEUR ELECTRODE SPECIFIQUE
Authors: CHAMBERLAND E. , DOIRON E.-B.
Published: March 2010

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ACCUMULATION OF TOXIC LEVELS OF PHOSPHORUS IN THE LEAVES OF PHOSPHORUS-DEFICIENT BARLEY
Authors: GREEN D. G. , FERGUSON W. S. , WARDER F. G.
Published: March 2010

Leaves of P-deficient barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plants were damaged after the addition of P to the hydroponic solution. These damaged leaves accumulated abnormally high percentages of P. Damage was severest in the apical regions of the youngest leaves. The facts that P accumulated in the leaf tips of P-deficient plants after P exposure whereas N did not, and that continuous exposure to high-solution P did not result in high tissue percent P, suggested that a source-sink control mechanism, and not just transpirational uptake and accumulation was involved.
CONTRIBUTION AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF THE MAJOR PLANT COMPONENTS OF OATS THROUGH PROGRESSIVE STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Authors: KILCHER M. R. , TROELSEN J. E.
Published: March 2010

Two oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivars, Harmon and Sioux, and an unlicensed cultivar of Avena orientalis L., referred to as "Yorkton," were harvested at the early leaf, before boot, boot, headed, early bloom, late bloom, milk, dough, and ripe stages. Yorkton gave smaller yields than the other two cultivars at all stages after heading, but was slightly more leafy. Percent leaves by weight for all cultivars varied from near 90% in first cut to about 14% when ripe. Crude protein of leaves declined from 30 to 6% over the nine cuttings whereas that of stems went from 24 to 5%. Leaf lignin increased from 35 to 50% through the whole range of growth whereas stem lignin increased more rapidly from 45 to 70% in a shorter period of time. Leaves had 20% more energy than did stems. They were also 10% more digestible as determined by in vitro digestible organic matter. As whole plant feed there was no advantage in delaying harvest beyond the milk to soft dough stage.
WAKOOMA DURUM WHEAT
Authors: HURD E. A. , TOWNLEY-SMITH T. F. , MALLOUGH D. , PATTERSON L. A.
Published: March 2010

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MINERAL CONTENT OF FORAGE PLANTS FROM THE REINDEER PRESERVE, NORTHWEST TERRITORIES
Authors: SCOTTER GEORGE W. , MILTIMORE J. E.
Published: March 2010

Quantitative analyses for copper, molybdenum, iron, manganese, zinc, magnesium, and potassium were completed for 23 samples of eight forage species collected from the Reindeer Preserve, Northwest Territories. Cladonia mitis, C. rangiferina, Cetraria nivalis, and Eriophorum vaginatum were comparatively low in copper, averaging 1.5 ppm. Although concentrations of iron varied greatly, all samples exceeded the recommended minimum for domestic ruminants. Except for Cladonia mitis and C. rangiferina, the average manganese concentration of the species exceeded the recommended minimum. Concentrations of zinc varied widely with an average level of 179 ppm in Salix glauca and Betula glandulosa whereas the average level was 12 ppm in lichens and Arctagrostis latifolia. The levels of potassium and magnesium in lichens were.07 and.04%, respectively, which were low compared with the other forages. In view of the levels of copper and zinc found, which are considered inadequate for domestic ruminants, on-site tests with copper and zinc supplementation seem desirable.
RESPONSE OF SMALL FABABEANS TO SEED RATE AND SPACING
Authors: SEITZER J. F. , EVANS L. E.
Published: March 2010

Small fababeans (Vicia faba L.) were tested at one location for 2 yr at six seed rates (60–260 kg/ha) and two row spacings (15 and 30 cm). Results indicate that narrow spacing outyields wide spacing at all seed rates, the average advantage being 18.9 q/ha and 5.0 q/ha for 1971 and 1972, respectively. Seed yield increased with seed rate; highest yields were obtained at a seed rate of 260 kg/ha and 15 cm spacing. Treatments had no significant effects on 1,000-seed weight hectoliter weight, or protein content. Yield component analysis revealed that the number of pods per plant decreased with increased seed rates, but weight per pod was not affected. It is concluded that seed yield is a direct function of the number of mature pods per unit area.
HAIDA RED RASPBERRY
Authors: DAUBENY HUGH A.
Published: March 2010

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INHIBITION OF ETHYLENE PRODUCTION IN PLANT TISSUES BY 8-HYDROXYQUINOLINE
Authors: PARUPS E. V. , PETERSON E. A.
Published: March 2010

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A CHRYSOMELID BEETLE DEFOLIATING BIG SAGEBRUSH IN SOUTH-CENTRAL BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: HALFORD S. A. , RICH G. B. , BERGIS I.
Published: March 2010

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VERTICILLIUM WILT: A POTENTIAL DISEASE OF TOBACCO IN CANADA
Authors: WRIGHT D. S. C. , SACKSTON W. E.
Published: March 2010

Verticillium dahliae isolated from tomatoes in Canada induced severe symptoms of verticillium wilt on inoculated tobacco plants in field plots at Macdonald College, Québec. The disease has not been reported on tobacco in Canada, but is limiting tobacco production in infested districts in New Zealand. Climatic conditions and some cultural practices are comparable in Québec and possibly other tobacco-growing areas in Canada with those in the tobacco region of New Zealand. It is probable that verticillium wilt will occur in tobacco fields in Canada, particularly in Québec, but its effects may be minimized by careful field sanitation and appropriate farm practices.
SUGARS, RELATIVE WATER CONTENT, AND GROWTH AFTER PLANTING OF DORMANT LODGEPOLE PINE SEEDLINGS
Authors: ETTER HAROLD M. , CARLSON L. W.
Published: March 2010

Dormant 3-yr-old lodgepole pine seedlings (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) were stored for 3–4 mo in air-tight plastic bags at 2 ± 1 C in the dark. Groups of 40–50 seedlings were removed from storage and grown in a greenhouse for 5 wk. Needle and root samples were taken at the time of planting and 5 wk later to determine their relative water content (RWC) and sugar contents. The upper needles had a 3–10% higher RWC than the lower needles. Comparisons between actively growing versus nonactive classes of seedlings demonstrated that new root growth after planting was not related to the hydration of the needles at the time of planting. Contents of free sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose, stachyose, raffinose, galactose, and xylose), starch, and pectic sugars (arabinose, galactose, xylose, and mannose) were all reduced during the 5-wk growth period. Differences in subsequent root activity were not related to differences in root sugar contents at planting; however, sucrose content in actively growing root systems was significantly higher than in roots with no new growth 5 wk after planting. The supply of sucrose from the shoot after planting appeared to be associated with the occurrence of new root growth in stored lodgepole pine seedlings. Damage during storage to photosynthetic or sugar transport systems in the shoot may have caused inadequate export of sucrose to the root system after planting, which in turn reduced the root regeneration capacity.
A GROWTH-STAGE KEY FOR RAPE
Authors: BERKENKAMP B.
Published: March 2010

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STAINING IMBEDDED POLLEN TUBES
Authors: CAMPBELL C. G. , NELSON S. H.
Published: March 2010

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RESPIRATORY ACTIVITY IN BARLEY SEEDLINGS DURING COLD HARDENING IN CONTROLLED AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: SVEC L. V. , HODGES H. F.
Published: March 2010

Seedlings of three winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars were grown in three controlled temperature regimes and in a field environment. They were collected over a 4-wk period from the controlled regimes and over a 12-wk period from a field, and respiration rates of stem base sections were measured. The colder the temperature regime under which the seedlings developed, the higher the respiration rate of the stem segments, especially in the controlled environment studies. Respiration rate of stem base sections from field plants increased from the initial samples (early October), to a peak near the end of November, and decreased thereafter. The three cultivars did not differ significantly in respiratory activity at any of the sampling times. The level of hardiness developed in barley seedlings does not appear to be limited by respiration capacity and thus this characteristic cannot be used as a quantitative indicator of cold hardiness or hardening capacity in barley.
AN EVALUATION OF AN EARLY GENERATION YIELD TESTING PROCEDURE IN TRITICUM AESTIVUM
Authors: DePAUW R. M. , SHEBESKI L. H.
Published: March 2010

The effectiveness of assessing unreplicated F3 lines for yield in a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cross was determined by the regression and correlation between F3 lines and related F4 bulk means, and between F3 lines and related F5 family means. The correlation and regression coefficients obtained between F3 line and F4 bulk mean yield expressed as a percentage of adjacent control were 0.59** and 0.39**, respectively. The correlation and regression coefficients obtained between F3 line and F5 family mean yield expressed as a percentage of control were 0.56* and 0.39*, respectively. By growing a large sample of the progeny of each F3 genotype adjacent to a control, it was possible to discriminate among F3 lines for heritable quantitative differences.
TOLERANCE OF OATS TO THE SEPTORIA DISEASE
Authors: CLARK R. V. , JOHNSTON H. W.
Published: March 2010

Forty-eight strains of oats (Avena spp.) from the United States Department of Agriculture World Oat Collection were assessed for septoria tolerance at Charlottetown and Ottawa and 10 of these were selected for further tests. Two years’ additional data showed that strains selected for good tolerance to the septoria disease and for high seed yield were consistent for these traits. However, their reactions to other diseases were variable. Strain C.I.8175 displayed the highest level of tolerance, the lowest disease ranking, and the highest seed yield.
EFFECTS OF DEFOLIATION ON CHLOROPHYLL LOSS IN SENESCING WHEAT INFLORESCENCES AND ON GRAIN MATURATION
Authors: HOLMES DAVID P.
Published: March 2010

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STABILITY OF CRESTED WHEATGRASS PASTURES UNDER LONG-TERM PASTURE USE
Authors: LOOMAN J. , HEINRICHS D. H.
Published: March 2010

Crested wheatgrass pastures, seeded on abandoned farmland, remain virtually free of weeds for about 15 yr. Thereafter, native plant species establish and the number of species increases in time. This invasion is presumably due to death of crested wheatgrass plants after 15–20 yr, and their replacement by native species. However, even in 35-yr-old pastures native plants seldom make up more than 10% of the density, and yield loss is negligible.
CONTROL OF RUSSIAN WILD RYEGRASS SEED CULM FORMATION BY SPRING CUTTING
Authors: LAWRENCE T.
Published: March 2010

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EFFECTS OF PREHARVEST APPLICATION OF ETHEPHON ON PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY FRUIT
Authors: ISMAIL AMR A.
Published: March 2010

The effects of early preharvest application of 18 ethephone ((2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid) treatments on the size, weight, soluble solids content, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids/acid ratio, and the keeping quality of lowbush blueberry fruit (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) were studied. For all these characteristics, no significant differences were observed between fruits receiving the ethephon treatments and the untreated fruits except in the case of fruits receiving 1,000 ppm ethephon when about half-grown. Weight of berries per unit volume from this treatment was significantly higher than for all other treatments including untreated fruits. These findings indicate that early preharvest application of ethephon for selective abortion of barrenberry fruits in lowbush blueberry fields does not adversely affect the observed characteristics of blueberry fruits.
EFFECTS OF SOIL AMENDMENTS ON THE GROWTH AND PRODUCTIVITY OF THE HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRY
Authors: TOWNSEND L. R.
Published: March 2010

In a 6-yr field study with highbush blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) the incorporation of raw sawdust or peat with the soil, plus surface-applied fertilizer, did not increase yields, bush size, or vigor. Control bushes were more vigorous, produced higher yields with larger fruit, and usually had lower levels of all nutrients, Ca excepted, than those receiving the other treatments even though the differences were not generally significant at the 5% level. Regression equations revealed that leaf Ca, bush size, and winter injury were the most important variables associated with yields, whereas fruit size was most closely related to leaf Ca, Mg, and N.
EFFECTS OF PICKING DATE, DELAYED STORAGE, STORAGE TEMPERATURE, AND STORAGE ATMOSPHERE ON THE QUALITY OF STARRING DELICIOUS APPLES
Authors: MEHERIUK M. , PORRITT S. W.
Published: March 2010

The effects of picking date, storage atmosphere, storage temperature, and delayed storage on the behavior of Starking Delicious apples (Malus sylvestris Mill.) were studied over a 3-yr period. Regular cold storage, controlled atmosphere storages of 2% CO2 + 3% O2, and 0% CO3 + 3% O2, delayed storage of 48 h at 20 C prior to cold and controlled-atmosphere storage and temperatures of 0 and − 1 C were the treatments used. Temperature showed little or no effect on firmness, acidity, soluble solids, core browning, or flesh browning but controlled atmosphere treatments at − 1 C markedly reduced the incidence of scald compared with 0 C. Apples from the 2% CO2 + 3% O2 atmosphere had significantly more core browning than those from the 0% CO2 + 3% O2 atmosphere. The fruit picked later had less core browning than that picked 1 wk earlier when stored in the 2% CO2 + 3% O2 atmosphere. Fruit stored in a 2% CO2 + 3% O2 atmosphere was firmer than that in 0% CO2 + 3% O2.
AN IMPROVED TECHNIQUE FOR FREEZE-DRYING FRUIT SAMPLES
Authors: WARD G. M.
Published: March 2010

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INITIATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF FLOWERS IN BEANS UNDER SUBOPTIMAL TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS
Authors: KEMP G. A.
Published: March 2010

Four bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars of the north-temperate zone were examined for rate of initiation of flower primordia under day–night growth cabinet temperatures of 20/12 and 15/12 C. The cultivars Limelight and Probatine were fairly tolerant to the 15/12 C regime whereas Glamis and Tendercrop suffered tissue damage and delayed growth. When the four cultivars were exposed to 7/7 C for 10 days immediately after flower primordia had formed, flower development of Limelight and Probatine during the period was delayed, whereas the flower primordia of Glamis and Tendercrop were destroyed. Limelight and Probatine were sufficiently tolerant of low temperatures to be of value in a breeding program designed to produce cultivars suitable for growing at suboptimal temperatures.
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES OCCURRING IN THE CARROT ROOT DURING GROWTH
Authors: PHAN C. T. , HSU H.
Published: March 2010

Parallel to the elongation and the thickening of the carrot (Daucus carota L.) root, there is an active synthesis of sugars, mainly sucrose, and carotenes, mainly β-carotene. The contents of both groups of substances reach their maximum at the end of the 3rd mo after seeding, then remain almost constant. Organic and amino acids, which are present in rather low concentration, increase slowly with age. In a growing carrot, pyruvic acid is the most plentiful acid, followed by isocitric and malic. Phenolic compounds, abundant in the very young root, decrease rapidly during the first 3 mo, then remain at a plateau level up to harvest date.