bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low pressure CVD growth of 2D PdSe2 thin film and its application in PdSe2-MoSe2 vertical heterostructure
Authors: Withanage Sajeevi S , Khondaker Saiful I
Published: March 2022

Palladium diselenide (PdSe2) is a novel member of the transition metal dichalcogenide family with layer dependent bandgap in the infrared regime with potential applications in many electronic and optoelectronic devices. Low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) could be an effective way to synthesize large area 2D PdSe2 materials at low growth temperatures creating new opportunities for the widescale applications of PdSe2. Here, we report LPCVD growth of PdSe2 for the first time at a growth temperature down to 250 °C, which is significantly lower than what was previously reported. The 2 nm Pd films became 8 nm PdSe2 after selenization in the temperature range of 250 °C–375 °C and no thickness variation with growth temperature was observed in our atomic force microscopy study. Raman study showed narrowing of PdSe2 related peaks with increasing growth temperature suggesting improved structural quality of the films. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study confirmed complete selenization of the thin films to the lowest growth temperature of 250 °C. Electrical transport properties study showed resistance of the devices decrease with increasing growth temperature possibly due to the improvement of crystallinity. We also found that the devices show p-type behavior with mobilities up to 1 cm2 V−1 s−1. The good electrical quality of the film was further confirmed by demonstrating its application in fabricating PdSe2/MoSe2 vertical heterojunction which showed rectification behavior with a rectification ratio of up to 232. Kelvin probe force microscopy confirmed that the rectification behavior was originated from the work function difference of 0.76 eV between MoSe2 and PdSe2.
Investigation on the multi-hole directional coupler for power measurement of the J-TEXT ECRH system
Authors: WENG Wenting , XIA Donghui , TIAN Yizhe , CHEN Xixuan , WANG Zhijiang , PAN Yuan
Published: March 2022

Power measurement is necessary for an electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) system. The directional coupler method has been put forward to monitor high-power microwave from gyrotrons in real time. A multi-hole directional coupler has been designed and manufactured for the 105 GHz/500 kW ECRH system on the J-TEXT tokamak. During the design process, we established the relationships between hole parameters and coupling characteristics based on the multi-hole coupling method and small-hole coupling theory. High-power tests have been carried out. The results indicated the reasonability of the theoretical design and practicality of the fabricated directional coupler. Sources of test errors have been discussed in detail, and the influences of spurious modes on the directional couplers have been emphatically analyzed.
Global Heisenberg scaling in noisy and practical phase estimation
Authors: Hayashi Masahito , Liu Zi-Wen , Yuan Haidong
Published: March 2022

Heisenberg scaling characterizes the ultimate precision of parameter estimation enabled by quantum mechanics, which represents an important quantum advantage of both theoretical and technological interest. Here, we present a comprehensive and rigorous study of the attainability of strong, global notions of Heisenberg scaling (in contrast to the commonly studied local estimation based on e.g. quantum Fisher information) in the fundamental problem of quantum metrology, in noisy environments. As our first contribution, we formally define two useful notions of Heisenberg scaling in global estimation respectively based on the average estimation error and the limiting distribution of estimation error (which we highlight as a practically important figure of merit). A main result of this work is that for the standard phase damping noise, an O(n
−1) noise rate is a necessary and sufficient condition for attaining global Heisenberg scaling. We first prove that O(n
−1) is an upper bound on the noise rate for Heisenberg scaling to be possible, and then show by constructing a ‘robust’ estimation procedure that global Heisenberg scaling in both senses can indeed be achieved under Θ(n
−1) noise. In addition, we provide a practically more friendly adaptive protocol using only an one-qubit memory, which achieves global Heisenberg scaling in terms of limiting distribution as well under O(n
−1) noise.
Improvement of angular rotation measurement resolution and sensitivity based on an SU(1,1) interferometer with intensity sum detection
Authors: Wang Yuanxiang , Li ShuZhen , Hu Youyou , Zhang Mingming , Liu Jun
Published: March 2022

In order to realize the enhancement of angular rotation measurement sensitivity, a new scheme based on an SU(1,1) interferometer with intensity sum detection has been proposed. A coherent beam carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) enters into the SU(1,1) interferometer where the Dove prisms are inserted. By taking full advantage of the two outports and employing intensity sum detection, the angular rotation measurement sensitivity can be enhanced by higher gain, photon number and OAM. Meanwhile, resolution can be improved while the pump beam carries OAM. The angular rotation measurement sensitivity of the SU(1,1) interferometer can beat standard quantum limit

1

/

(
2
l

N

), and it still can be optimal when photon depletion inside this interferometer is the same.
Too Sensitive or Just Right?: A Comparison of Two ALK Antibodies (D5F3 and ALK1) for Assessment of Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Martin Dana , Smith Steven C , Chesney Alden , Jackson-Cook Colleen , Pillappa Raghavendra
Published: March 2022

Objectives

To compare the performance of the rabbit monoclonal antihuman CD246 antibody (D5F3 clone) with the established ALK1 clone for immunohistochemical assessment of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL).

Methods

Archival cases of ALCL (n = 27) were assessed immunohistochemically by use of ALK1 and D5F3 clones under standard Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments–compliant conditions. The intensity of cytoplasmic staining (0 = none; 1 = faint; 2 = moderate; 3+ = strong) and proportion of neoplastic cells (0%, <5%, 5%-50%, >50%) were evaluated and compared with clinical ALK break-apart fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assays.

Results

Nine ALCL specimens were positive for ALK expression by ALK1 staining (33%; 1 = 1+; 0 = 2+; 8 = 3+), while 14 were positive by D5F3 staining (48%; 3 = 1+; 1 = 2+; 10 = 3+). Across the cohort, D5F3 staining showed a significantly greater proportion of cells staining positive (P = .02) and greater intensity (P = .03). Of 3 cases positive for D5F3 only with FISH results, none showed rearrangements, although 1 showed copy number gains at the ALK locus in a subset of cells.

Conclusions

Overall, D5F3 showed greater stain intensity and proportion staining than ALK1 in ALK-positive ALCL cases, which is especially helpful in limited samples. Caution and consideration of orthogonal ALK testing types is recommended, especially for cases with weak or focal staining.
Actual value in decision theory
Authors: Bacon Andrew
Published: March 2022

Decision theory is founded on the principle that we ought to take the action that has the maximum expected value from among actions we are in a position to take. But prior to the notion of expected value is the notion of the actual value of that action: roughly, a measure of the good outcomes you would in fact procure if you were to take it. Surprisingly many decision theories operate without an analysis of actual value. I offer a definition of actual value, and show that a form of decision theory due to Stalnaker can be reformulated so as to be in line with the edict to maximize expected value. By contrast, I show that there is no quantity — given by my definition or otherwise — that plays the role of actual value in Jeffrey's decision theory.
Split Inferior Pedicle: The 1-Stage Augmentation Mastopexy for Grade 3 Ptosis
Authors: Stamatiou Alexia , Stamatiou Christina , Stamatiou Vassilis
Published: March 2022

In this article, the authors describe the 1-stage surgical technique that has been used by the senior author since 1990 for all his primary grade 2 and grade 3 augmentation-mastopexies. The article provides a safe, simple, and reproducible approach to a challenging procedure, one that tends to be the most litigious in aesthetic breast surgery. The key points of this technique are simple preoperative markings; the augmentation is performed with a true submuscular placement of smooth implants; and the mastopexy is performed with an inferior pedicle technique with unlimited skin flap undermining and no limitation of nipple elevation. Seventy-eight consecutive cases of augmentation mastopexy performed since 1999 by a single surgeon (V.S.) using the same technique were reviewed. The age range was 26-62 years old; the range of implant volume was 150-375 cc; and the follow-up time period was from 1 year to 22 years. After an extensive patient case review, the authors enforce true extended submuscular augmentation (TESMA) as a reliable augmentation technique that can be used as the first procedure in any grades 2 and 3 ptosis, 1-stage augmentation-mastopexies including bariatric cases. The authors believe that the split inferior pedicle for the mastopexy in combination with the TESMA is a breakthrough approach that eliminates the second stage for any augmentation mastopexy procedure. No major complications such as nipple necrosis, implant bottoming, malpositioning, or extrusions were observed. It is a safe, simple, and reproducible procedure.

Level of Evidence: 4
Mass spectrometry imaging reveals local metabolic changes in skeletal muscle due to chronic training
Authors: Goto-Inoue Naoko , Morisasa Mizuki , Kimura Keisuke , Mori Tsukasa , Furuichi Yasuro , Manabe Yasuko , Fujii Nobuharu L
Published: March 2022

Muscle atrophy is a major health problem that needs effective prevention and treatment approaches. Chronic exercise, an effective treatment strategy for atrophy, promotes muscle hypertrophy, which leads to dynamic metabolic changes; however, the metabolic changes vary among myofiber types. To investigate local metabolic changes due to chronic exercise, we utilized comprehensive proteome and mass spectrometry (MS) imaging analyses. Our training model exhibited hypertrophic features only in glycolytic myofibers. The proteome analyses demonstrated that exercise promoted anabolic pathways, such as protein synthesis, and significant changes in lipid metabolism, but not in glucose metabolism. Furthermore, the fundamental energy sources, glycogen, neutral lipids, and ATP, were sensitive to exercise, and the changes in these sources differed between glycolytic and oxidative myofibers. MS imaging revealed that the lipid composition differs among myofibers; arachidonic acid might be an effective target for promoting lipid metabolism during muscle hypertrophy in oxidative myofibers.
Structure and biosynthesis of the ribosomal lipopeptide antibiotic albopeptins
Authors: Oikawa Hideaki , Mizunoue Yusuke , Nakamura Takemichi , Fukushi Eri , Yulu Jiang , Ozaki Taro , Minami Atsushi
Published: March 2022

Albopeptins produced by Streptomyces albofaciens JC-82-120 were isolated as effective antibiotics for plant pathogenetic disease in 1986. However, their unusual physicochemical properties hampered the determination of their chemical structures. In this report, we describe our efforts to elucidate their structures. Initially, the structure of an unusual C13-fatty acid with an N-hydroxyguanidyl group was determined using degradation and chemical synthesis. After the linear portion of the octapeptide core was constructed based on the 2D-NMR data, the final assembly of the unusual structure, including the sulfoxide bridge, was achieved through the analysis of detailed NMR data. The proposed structure of albopeptin B was supported by MS/MS data, which also enabled us to determine the structure of 5 albopeptin family members. Bioinformatics analysis of the genomic data of the producer strain further led us to propose that their biosynthetic pathway is similar to the ribosomally derived lanthipeptides possessing a long-chain fatty acid.
RevUP: an online scoring system for regulatory variants implicated in rare diseases
Authors: Correard Solenne , Hewitson Brittany , van der Lee Robin , Wasserman Wyeth W
Published: March 2022

To address the difficulty in assessing the implication of regulatory variants in diseases, a scoring scheme previously published allows the calculation of the Regulatory Variant Evidence score (RVE-score). The score represents the accumulated evidence for a causative role of a regulatory variant in a disease. Regulatory Evidence for Variants Underlying Phenotypes was built to calculate the RVE-score of regulatory variants, based on the 24 criteria, with a hybrid approach combining information retrieved from public databases and user input.

Availability and implementation

RevUP is freely available at http://www.revup-classifier.ca. The source code is available at https://github.com/wassermanlab/revup.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Podocalyxin molecular characteristics and endometrial expression: high conservation between humans and macaques but divergence in mice
Authors: Thach Bothidah , Samarajeewa Nirukshi , Li Ying , Heng Sophea , Tsai Tesha , Pangestu Mulyoto , Catt Sally , Nie Guiying
Published: March 2022

Podocalyxin (PODXL) is a newly identified key negative regulator of human endometrial receptivity, specifically down-regulated in the luminal epithelium at receptivity to permit embryo implantation. Here, we bioinformatically compared the molecular characteristics of PODXL among the human, rhesus macaque, and mouse, determined by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization (mouse tissues) whether endometrial PODXL expression is conserved across the three species and examined if PODXL inhibits mouse embryo attachment in vitro. The PODXL gene, mRNA, and protein sequences showed greater similarities between humans and macaques than with mice. In all species, PODXL was expressed in endometrial luminal/glandular epithelia and endothelia. In macaques (n = 9), luminal PODXL was significantly down-regulated when receptivity is developed, consistent with the pattern found in women. At receptivity, PODXL was also reduced in shallow glands, whereas endothelial expression was unchanged across the menstrual cycle. In mice, endometrial PODXL did not vary considerably across the estrous cycle (n = 16); however, around embryo attachment on d4.5 of pregnancy (n = 4), luminal PODXL was greatly reduced especially near the site of embryo attachment. Mouse embryos failed to attach or thrive when co-cultured on a monolayer of Ishikawa cells overexpressing PODXL. Thus, endometrial luminal PODXL expression is down-regulated for embryo implantation in all species examined, and PODXL inhibits mouse embryo implantation. Rhesus macaques share greater conservations with humans than mice in PODXL molecular characteristics and regulation, thus represent a better animal model for functional studies of endometrial PODXL for treatment of human fertility.
The Role of the Approved Mental Health Professional: A ‘Fool’s Errand’?
Authors: Leah Caroline
Published: March 2022

This article explores the concept of a ‘fool’s errand’ in relation to the specialist role of the Approved Mental Health Professional (AMHP). An AMHP has a duty to make an application following a Mental Health Act assessment to detain and admit an individual to a psychiatric hospital. Findings from a qualitative study of ten multiprofessional AMHPs in England suggested AMHPs were subjected to a ‘fool’s errand’, when they were asked by psychiatrists and bed managers to practice in a way, they, themselves, considered unwise or foolish and that did not make sense in the context of their role. The author will illuminate how false starts and delays in securing treatment and care outcomes for mentally unwell individuals compromised AMHP practice.
Elevated amyloid beta disrupts the nanoscale organization and function of synaptic vesicle pools in hippocampal neurons
Authors: Biasetti Luca , Rey Stephanie , Fowler Milena , Ratnayaka Arjuna , Fennell Kate , Smith Catherine , Marshall Karen , Hall Catherine , Vargas-Caballero Mariana , Serpell Louise , Staras Kevin
Published: March 2022

Alzheimer’s disease is linked to increased levels of amyloid beta (Aβ) in the brain, but the mechanisms underlying neuronal dysfunction and neurodegeneration remain enigmatic. Here, we investigate whether organizational characteristics of functional presynaptic vesicle pools, key determinants of information transmission in the central nervous system, are targets for elevated Aβ. Using an optical readout method in cultured hippocampal neurons, we show that acute Aβ42 treatment significantly enlarges the fraction of functional vesicles at individual terminals. We observe the same effect in a chronically elevated Aβ transgenic model (APPSw,Ind) using an ultrastructure-function approach that provides detailed information on nanoscale vesicle pool positioning. Strikingly, elevated Aβ is correlated with excessive accumulation of recycled vesicles near putative endocytic sites, which is consistent with deficits in vesicle retrieval pathways. Using the glutamate reporter, iGluSnFR, we show that there are parallel functional consequences, where ongoing information signaling capacity is constrained. Treatment with levetiracetam, an antiepileptic that dampens synaptic hyperactivity, partially rescues these transmission defects. Our findings implicate organizational and dynamic features of functional vesicle pools as targets in Aβ-driven synaptic impairment, suggesting that interventions to relieve the overloading of vesicle retrieval pathways might have promising therapeutic value.
The mysterious death of the beer drinking champ: potential role for hyperacute water loading and acute hyponatremia
Authors: Perez-Gomez Maria Vanessa , Sanchez-Ospina Didier , Tejedor Alberto , Ortiz Alberto
Published: March 2022

Hyponatremia is acute when present for <48 h. Most cases of acute hyponatremia involve both excess free water intake and an at least partial urinary free water excretion defect. By contrast, hyperacute water intoxication may result from a large excess electrolyte-free water intake in such a short time that properly working urinary free water excretion mechanisms cannot cope. A hyperacute decrease in serum sodium may lead to death before medical intervention takes place. Well-documented cases have been published in the military medicine literature. In addition, news reports suggest the existence of cases of voluntary ingestion of excess free water by non-psychiatric individuals usually during ‘dare’ activities. Education of the public is required to prevent harm from these high-risk activities. Adequate training of emergency medical units may prevent lethal outcomes. Spanish media reported the case of a male who died following his triumph in a 20-min beer drinking contest. ‘From a heart attack. Man dies after drinking six litres of beer in a contest’ ran the news. We now review the physiology underlying hyperacute water intoxication and discuss the potential contribution of hyperacute water loading and acute hyponatremia to the demise of this patient.
Jagged Ends on Multinucleosomal Cell-Free DNA Serve as a Biomarker for Nuclease Activity and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Ding Spencer C , Chan Rebecca W Y , Peng Wenlei , Huang Liangbo , Zhou Ze , Hu Xi , Volpi Stefano , Hiraki Linda T , Vaglio Augusto , Fenaroli Paride , Bocca Paola , Tam Lai Shan , Wong Priscilla C H , Tam Lydia H P , Jiang Peiyong , Chiu Rossa W K , Allen Chan K C , Dennis Lo Y M
Published: March 2022

Background

Jagged ends of plasma DNA are a recently recognized class of fragmentomic markers for cell-free DNA, reflecting the activity of nucleases. A number of recent studies have also highlighted the importance of jagged ends in the context of pregnancy and oncology. However, knowledge regarding the generation of jagged ends is incomplete.

Methods

Jaggedness of plasma DNA was analyzed based on Jag-seq, which utilized the differential methylation signals introduced by the DNA end-repair process. We investigated the jagged ends in plasma DNA using mouse models by deleting the deoxyribonuclease 1 (Dnase1), DNA fragmentation factor subunit beta (Dffb), or deoxyribonuclease 1 like 3 (Dnase1l3) gene.

Results

Aberrations in the profile of plasma DNA jagged ends correlated with the type of nuclease that had been genetically deleted, depending on nucleosomal structures. The deletion of Dnase1l3 led to a significant reduction of jaggedness for those plasma DNA molecules involving more than 1 nucleosome (e.g., size ranges 240-290 bp, 330-380 bp, and 420-470 bp). However, less significant effects of Dnase1 and Dffb deletions were observed regarding different sizes of DNA fragments. Interestingly, the aberration in plasma DNA jagged ends related to multinucleosomes was observed in human subjects with familial systemic lupus erythematosus with Dnase1l3 deficiency and human subjects with sporadic systemic lupus erythematosus.

Conclusions

Detailed understanding of the relationship between nuclease and plasma DNA jaggedness has opened up avenues for biomarker development.
Four American Sign Language Learner Groups: Are They Really Different?
Authors: Beal Jennifer S , Trussell Jessica Williams , Walton Dawn
Published: March 2022

We investigated the receptive American Sign Language (ASL) skills of four separate groups using the 42-item ASL-Receptive Skills Test: Deaf high school-aged students who attended a residential school; deaf incoming college students who preferred signed language; deaf incoming college students who preferred spoken language; and typically hearing college-aged second language-second modality learners (M2L2) of ASL. Many deaf students learn ASL as a delayed first language due to a lack of sign language models within their home environments. In contrast, M2L2 students likely engage in some transfer between their first (spoken) and second (signed) language when learning ASL. All four groups scored similarly overall on the ASL-RST (~77% correct), and all four groups scored the lowest for number-distribution, spatial verbs location, size-and-shape-specifiers, and role shift. We present instructional implications that include incorporation of ASL standards and evidence-based instructional strategies for all four groups.
Depressive symptoms in higher education students during the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of containment measures
Authors: Buffel Veerle , Van de Velde Sarah , Akvardar Yildiz , Bask Miia , Brault Marie-Christine , Busse Heide , Chatzittofis Andreas , Ladner Joel , Rabiee-Khan Fatemeh , Stathopoulou Theoni , Tavolacci Marie-Pierre , van der Heijde Claudia , Pischke Claudia R , Matos Fialho Paula Mayara , Wouters Edwin
Published: March 2022

Background

Students are a vulnerable group for the indirect impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly their mental health. This paper examined the cross-national variation in students’ depressive symptoms and whether this can be related to the various protective measures implemented in response to the initial stage of the COVID-19 outbreak.

Methods

Student data stem from the COVID-19 International Student Well-being Study, covering 26 countries during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Country-level data on government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic were retrieved from the Oxford COVID-19 Tracker. Multilevel analyses were performed to estimate the impact of the containment and economic support measures on students’ depressive symptoms (n = 78 312).

Results

School and workplace closures, and stay-at-home restrictions were positively related to students’ depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic, while none of the economic support measures significantly related to depressive symptoms. Countries’ scores on the index of these containment measures explained 1.5% of the cross-national variation in students’ depressive symptoms (5.3%). This containment index’s effect was stable, even when controlling for the economic support index, students’ characteristics, and countries’ epidemiological context and economic conditions.

Conclusions

Our findings raise concerns about the potential adverse effects of existing containment measures (especially the closure of schools and workplaces and stay-at-home restrictions) on students’ mental health.
Imaging the crust and uppermost mantle structure of Portugal (West Iberia) with seismic ambient noise
Authors: Silveira Graça , Dias Nuno Afonso , Kiselev Sergey , Stutzmann Eleonore , Custódio Susana , Schimmel Martin
Published: March 2022

We present a new high-resolution 3-D shear wave velocity (Vs) model of the crust and uppermost mantle beneath Portugal, inferred from ambient seismic noise tomography. We use broad-band seismic data from a dense temporary deployment covering the entire Portuguese mainland between 2010 and 2012 in the scope of the WILAS project. Vertical component data are processed using phase correlation and phase weighted stack to obtain empirical Green functions (EGFs) for 2016 station pairs. Further, we use a random sampling and subset stacking strategy to measure robust Rayleigh-wave group velocities in the period range 7–30 s and associated uncertainties. The tomographic inversion is performed in two steps: First, we determine group-velocity lateral variations for each period. Next, we invert them at each grid point using a new trans-dimensional inversion scheme to obtain the 3-D shear wave velocity model. The final 3-D model extends from the upper crust (5 km) down to the uppermost mantle (60 km) and has a lateral resolution of ∼50 km. In the upper and middle crusts, the Vs anomaly pattern matches the tectonic units of the Variscan Massif and Alpine basins. The transition between the Lusitanian Basin and the Ossa Morena Zone is marked by a contrast between moderate- and high-velocity anomalies, in addition to two arched earthquake lineations. Some faults, namely, the Manteigas–Vilariça–Bragança fault and the Porto–Tomar–Ferreira do Alentejo fault, have a clear signature from the upper crust down to the uppermost mantle (60 km). Our 3-D shear wave velocity model offers new insights into the continuation of the main tectonic units at depth and contributes to better understanding the seismicity of Portugal.
L1 chimeric transcripts are expressed in healthy brain and their deregulation in glioma follows that of their host locus
Authors: Pinson Marie-Elisa , Court Franck , Masson Aymeric , Renaud Yoan , Fantini Allison , Bacoeur-Ouzillou Ophélie , Barriere Marie , Pereira Bruno , Guichet Pierre-Olivier , Chautard Emmanuel , Karayan-Tapon Lucie , Verrelle Pierre , Arnaud Philippe , Vaurs-Barrière Catherine
Published: March 2022

Besides the consequences of retrotransposition, long interspersed element 1 (L1) retrotransposons can affect the host genome through their antisense promoter. In addition to the sense promoter, the evolutionarily recent L1 retrotransposons, which are present in several thousand copies, also possess an anti-sense promoter that can produce L1 chimeric transcripts (LCT) composed of the L1 5′ UTR followed by the adjacent genomic sequence. The full extent to which LCT expression occurs in a given tissue and whether disruption of the defense mechanisms that normally control L1 retrotransposons affects their expression and function in cancer cells, remain to be established. By using CLIFinder, a dedicated bioinformatics tool, we found that LCT expression was widespread in normal brain and aggressive glioma samples, and that approximately 17% of recent L1 retrotransposons, from the L1PA1 to L1PA7 subfamilies, were involved in their production. Importantly, the transcriptional activities of the L1 antisense promoters and of their host loci were coupled. Accordingly, we detected LCT-producing L1 retrotransposons mainly in transcriptionally active genes and genomic loci. Moreover, changes in the host genomic locus expression level in glioma were associated with a similar change in LCT expression level, regardless of the L1 promoter methylation status. Our findings support a model in which the host genomic locus transcriptional activity is the main driving force of LCT expression. We hypothesize that this model is more applicable when host gene and LCT are transcribed from the same strand.
Whole-exome sequencing and functional validation reveal a rare missense variant in MMP7 that confers ovarian endometriosis risk
Authors: Liu Faying , Zhou Jiangyan , Zhang Xiaoling , Fang Shufen , Liu Rongfang , Chen Ge , Luo Yong , Zhang Ziyu , Cheng Yufen , Wang Liqun , Guo Jiubai , Zou Yang
Published: March 2022

Prior studies have shown that genetic factors play important roles in ovarian endometriosis. Herein, we first analyzed the whole-exome sequencing data from 158 patients with ovarian endometriosis and 385 local control women without endometriosis. Among which, a rare missense variant in the MMP7 (p.I79T, rs150338402) gene exhibited a significant frequency difference. This rare variant was screened in an additional 1176 patients and 600 control women via direct DNA sequencing. Meanwhile, a total of 38 available clinical characteristics were collected. Our results showed 45 out of 1334 (3.37%) patients, while 15 out of 985 control women (1.52%) (P = 0.0076) harbored this rare variant, respectively. This rare variant was associated with clinical features such as follicle-stimulating hormone (Padj = 0.0342), luteinizing hormone (Padj = 0.0038), progesterone (Padj = 1.4e−7), testosterone (Padj = 0.0923), total bilirubin (Padj = 0.0699), carcinoembryonic antigen (Padj = 0.0665) and squamous cell carcinoma antigen (Padj = 0.0817), respectively. Functional assays showed that this rare variant could promote cell migration, invasion, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and increase the proteolytic protein activity of MMP7, implicating that the increased capacities of cell invasion, migration and EMT might be mediated by enhanced proteolytic activity of MMP7 mutant. These results showed that the MMP7 rare missense variant (p.I79T) played important roles in the pathogenesis of ovarian endometriosis. In conclusion, we identified, for the first time, a significantly enriched MMP7 rare variant in ovarian endometriosis; this rare variant was closely associated with certain clinical features in ovarian endometriosis; thus, it could be a promising early diagnostic biomarker for this disease.
Identification of Dominant Strains in Liu Shenqu by MALDI-TOF MS and DNA Sequencing Methods
Authors: Wang Junyao , Cheng Xianlong , Ren Xiu , Bai Jichao , Ma Shuangcheng , Cui Shenghui , Wei Feng
Published: March 2022

Background

Liu Shenqu has been widely used to treat the illnesses of spleen and stomach, indigestion, etc. in China. As a fermented product, strains play an important role in the fermentation process, which will affect the quality of Liu Shenqu. Therefore, it is important to identify the dominant strains in the fermentation process of Liu Shenqu.

Objectives

Identify dominant strains in the fermentation process of Liu Shenqu and provide a theoretical reference for the fermentation of fixed strains in industrial production.

Methods

In this study, we aim to identify the dominant strains in Liu Shenqu through matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) combined with DNA sequencing methods. This research involves two parts: MALDI-TOF MS identifies the dominant bacteria, and the Sanger sequencing method identifies the dominant fungi.

Results

A total of 21 bacterial species were identified by MALDI-TOF MS and 21 fungi species were identified by Sanger sequencing. We searched the types of enzymes in the identified strains based on the GB2760-2014 National Food Safety Standard and Food Additives Use Standard (China). We compared the types of enzymes reported in Liu Shenqu with the types of enzymes retrieved in GB2760-2014 National Food Safety Standard and Food Additives Use Standard: Aspergillus oryzae and Rhizopus oryzae were determined to be the dominant strains in Liu Shenqu.

Conclusion

This study showed that MALDI-TOF MS combined with DNA sequencing methods could be used for identification of the dominant strains in Liu Shenqu. This strategy is promising for application to strain identification in other fermented products.

Highlights

Fresh products were frozen and transported in bacteria-preserving tubes to ensure the authenticity of the number and type of strains of Liu Shenqu. MALDI-TOF MS combined with DNA sequencing methods was successfully applied to identify the dominant strains in the fermentation process of Liu Shenqu for the first time. Aspergillus oryzae and Rhizopus oryzae were determined to be the dominant strains in Liu Shenqu.
The Economic Impact of AI on Breast Imaging
Authors: Smetherman Dana , Golding Lauren , Moy Linda , Rubin Eric
Published: March 2022

This article explores the development of computer-aided detection (CAD) and artificial or augmented intelligence (AI) for breast radiology examinations and describes the current applications of AI in breast imaging. Although radiologists in other subspecialties may be less familiar with the use of these technologies in their practices, CAD has been used in breast imaging for more than two decades, as mammography CAD programs have been commercially available in the United States since the late 1990s. Likewise, breast radiologists have seen payment for CAD in mammography and breast MRI evolve over time. With the rapid expansion of AI products in radiology in recent years, many new applications for these technologies in breast imaging have emerged. This article outlines the current state of reimbursement for breast radiology AI algorithms within the traditional fee-for-service model used by Medicare and commercial insurers as well as potential future payment pathways. In addition, the inherent challenges of employing the existing payment framework in the United States to AI programs in radiology are detailed for the reader. This article aims to give breast radiologists a better understanding of how AI will be reimbursed as they seek to further incorporate these emerging technologies into their practices to advance patient care and improve workflow efficiency.
A world divided: refugee centers, house prices and household preferences
Authors: Dröes Martijn I , Koster Hans R A
Published: March 2022

Using detailed housing transactions data from the Netherlands covering more than two decades, we examine the disamenity effect associated with the opening of refugee centers (RCs). We show that the opening of an RC decreases local house prices by 5.8%. The effect has become stronger in the past decade, in line with an increasing share of nationalist votes. Using micro-data on home buyers’ characteristics, we further identify households’ preferences. The results show that the willingness to pay is more negative for larger RCs and more positive for foreign-born individuals. The latter is indicative of a more positive attitude of foreign-born individuals toward refugees.
Legislation for renewable energy communities and citizen energy communities in Austria: changes from the legislative draft to the finally enacted law
Authors: Fina Bernadette , Monsberger Carolin
Published: March 2022

Based on the European guidelines—the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) and the Electricity Market Directive (EMD)—legislation to enable Renewable Energy Communities (RECs) and Citizen Energy Communities (CECs) is currently being developed in individual European countries. In July 2021, Austria, as one of the first countries in Europe, enacted legislation on both, RECs and CECs. A previous study of Fina and Fechner provided a detailed comparison of the legislative draft for energy communities in Austria, published in March 2021, to the European guidelines. Strengths and weaknesses of the Austrian transposition were highlighted and discussed. Now that the enacted version of the Austrian legislation has been published, important changes from the legislative draft to the final legislation have been identified. Building upon Fina and Fechner, this work aims at supplementing the previous study by examining and critically discussing these changes in order to present the Austrian legislation on energy communities as enacted to an international readership.
Cold and exogenous calcium alter Allium fistulosum cell wall pectin to depress intracellular freezing temperatures
Authors: Liu Jun , Willick Ian R , Hiraki Hayato , Forand Ariana D , Lawrence John R , Swerhone George D W , Wei Yangdou , Ghosh Supratim , Lee Yeon Kyeong , Olsen Jorunn E , Usadel Björn , Wormit Alexandra , Günl Markus , Karunakaran Chithra , Dynes James J , Tanino Karen K
Published: March 2022

De-methyl esterification of homogalacturonan and subsequent cross-linking with Ca2+ is hypothesized to enhance the freezing survival of cold acclimated plants by reducing the porosity of primary cell walls. To test this theory, we collected leaf epidermal peels from non- (23/18 °C) and cold acclimated (2 weeks at 12/4 °C) Japanese bunching onion (Allium fistulosum L.). Cold acclimation enhanced the temperature at which half the cells survived freezing injury by 8 °C (LT50 =–20 °C), and reduced tissue permeability by 70-fold compared with non-acclimated epidermal cells. These effects were associated with greater activity of pectin methylesterase (PME) and a reduction in the methyl esterification of homogalacturonan. Non-acclimated plants treated with 50 mM CaCl2 accumulated higher concentrations of galacturonic acid, Ca2+ in the cell wall, and a lower number of visible cell wall pores compared with that observed in cold acclimated plants. Using cryo-microscopy, we observed that 50 mM CaCl2 treatment did not lower the LT50 of non-acclimated cells, but reduced the lethal intracellular ice nucleation to temperatures observed in cold acclimated epidermal cells. We postulate that the PME-homogalacturonan-mediated reduction in cell wall porosity is integral to intracellular freezing avoidance strategies in cold acclimated herbaceous cells.
The role of root hairs in water uptake: recent advances and future perspectives
Authors: Cai Gaochao , Ahmed Mutez Ali
Published: March 2022

Sufficient water is essential for plant growth and production. Root hairs connect roots to the soil, extend the effective root radius, and greatly enlarge the absorbing surface area. Although the efficacy of root hairs in nutrient uptake, especially phosphorus, has been well recognized, their role in water uptake remains contentious. Here we review recent advances in this field, discuss the factors affecting the role of root hairs in water uptake, and propose future directions. We argue that root hair length and shrinkage, in response to soil drying, explain the apparently contradictory evidence currently available. Our analysis revealed that shorter and vulnerable root hairs (i.e. rice and maize) made little, if any, contribution to root water uptake. In contrast, relatively longer root hairs (i.e. barley) had a clear influence on root water uptake, transpiration, and hence plant response to soil drying. We conclude that the role of root hairs in water uptake is species (and probably soil) specific. We propose that a holistic understanding of the efficacy of root hairs in water uptake will require detailed studies of root hair length, turnover, and shrinkage in different species and contrasting soil textures.
The Nearby Evolved Stars Survey II: Constructing a volume-limited sample and first results from the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope
Authors: Scicluna P , Kemper F , McDonald I , Srinivasan S , Trejo A , Wallström S H J , Wouterloot J G A , Cami J , Greaves J , He Jinhua , Hoai D T , Kim Hyosun , Jones O C , Shinnaga H , Clark C J R , Dharmawardena T , Holland W , Imai H , van Loon J Th , Menten K M , Wesson R , Chawner H , Feng S , Goldman S , Liu F C , MacIsaac H , Tang J , Zeegers S , Amada K , Antoniou V , Bemis A , Boyer M L , Chapman S , Chen X , Cho S-H , Cui L , Dell’Agli F , Friberg P , Fukaya S , Gomez H , Gong Y , Hadjara M , Haswell C , Hirano N , Hony S , Izumiura H , Jeste M , Jiang X , Kaminski T , Keaveney N , Kim J , Kraemer K E , Kuan Y-J , Lagadec E , Lee C F , Li D , Liu S-Y , Liu T , de Looze I , Lykou F , Maraston C , Marshall J P , Matsuura M , Min C , Otsuka M , Oyadomari M , Parsons H , Patel N A , Peeters E , Pham T A , Qiu J , Randall S , Rau G , Redman M P , Richards A M S , Serjeant S , Shi C , Sloan G C , Smith M W L , Suh K-W , Toalá J A , Uttenthaler S , Ventura P , Wang B , Yamamura I , Yang T , Yun Y , Zhang F , Zhang Y , Zhao G , Zhu M , Zijlstra A A
Published: March 2022

The Nearby Evolved Stars Survey (NESS) is a volume-complete sample of ∼850 Galactic evolved stars within 3 kpc at (sub-)mm wavelengths, observed in the CO J = (2–1) and (3–2) rotational lines, and the sub-mm continuum, using the James Clark Maxwell Telescope and Atacama Pathfinder Experiment. NESS consists of five tiers, based on distances and dust-production rate (DPR). We define a new metric for estimating the distances to evolved stars and compare its results to Gaia EDR3. Replicating other studies, the most-evolved, highly enshrouded objects in the Galactic Plane dominate the dust returned by our sources, and we initially estimate a total DPR of 4.7 × 10−5 M⊙ yr−1 from our sample. Our sub-mm fluxes are systematically higher and spectral indices are typically shallower than dust models typically predict. The 450/850 $\mu$m spectral indices are consistent with the blackbody Rayleigh–Jeans regime, suggesting a large fraction of evolved stars have unexpectedly large envelopes of cold dust.
High-resolution synthetic UV-submm images for Milky Way-mass simulated galaxies from the ARTEMIS project
Authors: Camps Peter , Kapoor Anand Utsav , Trcka Ana , Font Andreea S , McCarthy Ian G , Trayford James , Baes Maarten
Published: March 2022

We present redshift-zero synthetic dust-aware observations for the 45 Milky Way-mass simulated galaxies of the ARTEMIS project, calculated with the skirt radiative transfer code. The post-processing procedure includes components for star-forming regions, stellar sources, and diffuse dust. We produce and publicly release realistic high-resolution images for 50 commonly used broad-band filters from ultraviolet to submillimetre wavelengths and for 18 different viewing angles. We compare the simulated ARTEMIS galaxies to observed galaxies in the DustPedia data base with similar stellar mass and star formation rate, and to synthetic observations of the simulated galaxies of the Auriga project produced in previous work using a similar post-processing technique. In all cases, global galaxy properties are derived using SED fitting. We find that, similar to Auriga, the post-processed ARTEMIS galaxies generally reproduce the observed scaling relations for global fluxes and physical properties, although dust extinction at FUV/UV wavelengths is underestimated and representative dust temperatures are lower than observed. At a resolved scale, we compare multiwavelength non-parametric morphological properties of selected disc galaxies across the data sets. We find that the ARTEMIS galaxies largely reproduce the observed morphological trends as a function of wavelength, although they appear to be more clumpy and less symmetrical than observed. We note that the ARTEMIS and Auriga galaxies occupy adjacent regions in the specific star formation versus stellar mass plane, so that the synthetic observation data sets supplement each other.
Benefits and risks of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for systemic sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Higashitani Kana , Takase-Minegishi Kaoru , Yoshimi Ryusuke , Kirino Yohei , Hamada Naoki , Nagai Hideto , Hagihara Maki , Matsumoto Kenji , Namkoong Ho , Horita Nobuyuki , Nakajima Hideaki
Published: March 2022

Objectives

We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in patients with systemic sclerosis.

Methods

A systematic literature review and meta-analysis were carried out. We compared survival outcomes using the Kaplan–Meier method with patient-level data between HSCT and intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide. Additionally, the incidence rate of treatment-related deaths with HSCT was pooled using a random-effect model.

Results

Of the 2091 articles screened, 22 were included: 3 randomized controlled trials and 19 observational studies. HSCT studies showed significant improvement in the skin thickness score and lung function. Despite treatment-related deaths being higher in HSCT than in intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide, the Kaplan–Meier analysis showed a high survival rate of 2 years post-transplant (log-rank, P = 0.004). The pooled frequency of transplant-related death from 700 systemic sclerosis patients was 6.30% (95% confidence interval 4.21–8.38). However, the estimated frequency of treatment-related deaths has been reducing over the last decade.

Conclusions

HSCT is an effective treatment for systemic sclerosis, but the optimal indications must be carefully determined by balancing the risks.
Nickel and the origin and early evolution of life
Authors: Fontecilla-Camps Juan C
Published: March 2022

Although nickel (Ni) is a minor element of the Earth's crust, it has played a major role in the evolution of life. This metal is a component of the active sites of several archaeal and bacterial anaerobic enzymes essential for bioenergy processes such as H2 and CO oxidation and CO2 fixation. Furthermore, Ni of meteoritic origin was probably involved in primordial organic phosphorylations. However, depending on its concentration, Ni can also be extremely toxic to most species. Through Earth's history, this paradoxical situation has provoked complex interactions between microorganisms, such as sulfate-reducing bacteria and the highly Ni-dependent methanogens. Ni-rich volcanic emissions have resulted in alterations of the biological carbon cycle caused by high archaeal production of greenhouse CH4 gas and the ensuing global temperature elevation. These emissions are also thought to have directly helped producing the most serious of the five major extinctions at the end of the Permian period.
Can the Rhomboid Major Muscle Be Used to Identify the Thoracic Spinal Segment on Ultrasonography? A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Jung Haesun , Bae Junyeol , Kim Jungsoo , Yoo Yongjae , Lee Ho-Jin , Rho Hyungsang , Han Andrew Hogyu , Moon Jee Youn
Published: March 2022

Objective

We investigated the thoracic segment corresponding to the inferior margin of the rhomboid major muscle (RMM) using ultrasound (US) to evaluate its potential as a reliable anatomic landmark for segment identification.

Design

A prospective observational study.

Setting

An operating room.

Subjects

Patients who underwent procedures around the thoracic spine.

Methods

Four hundred segments corresponding to the RMM’s inferior margin were identified through the use of paravertebral sagittal US and confirmed by fluoroscopy in 100 participants in the prone position with upward and downward shoulder rotation, comprising four datasets (up-right, up-left, down-right, and down-left). The US identification of the RMM’s inferior margin was dichotomously scored (clear vs ambiguous). Each dataset was divided into two groups (dominant segment group vs remaining segments group), which were compared. Factors relevant to the dominant segment associated with the RMM’s inferior border were determined through univariable analyses.

Results

The T6 segment was observed most commonly (59.5%) along the RMM’s inferior border on paravertebral sagittal US acquired in the prone position, followed by T5 (25.0%), T7 (12.8%), and T4 (2.7%). The segments corresponding to the RMM remained unchanged by shoulder posture in most participants (n = 74, 74%). The RMM’s inferior border was clearly distinguishable in 330 cases (82.5%). When the RMM’s inferior border was clearly identified, the corresponding segment was likely to match T6 in all datasets, with odds ratios ranging from 3.24 to 6.2.

Conclusions

The RMM’s inferior border over the transverse process corresponded to T6 most frequently on paravertebral sagittal US, and its deep fascia was clearly visible in most cases.