bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pivotal Role of (E)-3-Carbamoyl-1-propenylboronic Acid in the Combination of Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling and Enzyme Reactions: Synthesis of (3E,5E)- and (3E,5Z)-6-Phenyl-3,5-hexadienoic Acid
Authors: Sugai Takeshi , Yokoyama Masahiro , Yamazaki Takahiro , Ohta Hiromichi
Published: July 2004

The first example of the enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of a nitrile bearing alkenylboronic acid functionality and its application to the synthesis of dienecarboxylic acids are described. (E)-3-Carbamoyl-1-propenylboronic acid was obtained by an incubation of the corresponding nitrile with Rhodococcus rhodochrous IFO 15564. Palladium(0)-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of the product with (E)- and (Z)-bromoalkenes afforded the (3E,5E)- and (3E,5Z)-unsaturated amides, respectively. The second incubation of the above amides with the same microorganism provided the carboxylic acids with the defined configuration of conjugated double bonds.
Liquid Crystalline Behavior of Linear Permethyloligosilanes
Authors: Yatabe Tetsuo , Kaito Akira , Tanabe Yoshikazu
Published: July 2004

Permethyloligosilanes, Me(SiMe2)nMe where n = 9, 10, 11, and 12, show the enantiotropic smectic B phase. In the liquid crystalline state, the silicon chains of these oligosilanes adopt all-trans conformation.
Synthesis of (6R,7R)-d-gluco-l-gulo-6,7-dodecodiulose-(6,2),(7,11)
Authors: Mochizuki Takashi , Shiozaki Masao
Published: July 2004

(6R,7R)-d-gluco-l-gulo-6,7-dodecodiulose-(6,2),(7,11) was synthesized from 3,4,6-tri-O-benzyl-1-stannyl-d-glucal via stereospecific addition reaction of lithioglucal to 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-d-glucono-1,5-lactone.
Ionic and Radical Substitution in Cobaltadithiolene Ring Induced by Dibenzoyl Peroxide
Authors: Sugimori Akira , Yanagi Kumiko , Hagino Genjiro , Tamada Minako , Kajitani Masatsu , Akiyama Takeo
Published: July 2004

The reaction of (η5-cyclopentadienyl)(1,2-ethenedithiolato)cobalt(III) complexes with dibenzoyl peroxide at moderate temperature (40 °C) brings about the substitution of a benzoyloxy group for a hydrogen in the cobaltadithiolene ring in an ionic mechanism. At 110 °C in a toluene solution, the substitution of a benzyl group for a hydrogen in the cobaltadithiolene ring in a radical mechanism occurs competitively with benzoyloxylation.
A Sequence of Palladium-Catalyzed Borylation of Allyl Acetates with Bis(pinacolato)diboron and Intramolecular Allylboration for the Cyclization of Oxo-2-alkenyl Acetates
Authors: Ahiko Taka-aki , Ishiyama Tatsuo , Miyaura Norio
Published: July 2004

The cross-coupling reaction of bis(pinacolato)diboron with oxo-2-alkenyl acetates in toluene at 50 °C in the presence of Pd(dba)2/2 AsPh3 (3 mol%) to give allylboronates was followed by the intramolecular allylboration at 100 °C. The sequence provided cyclic homoallyl alcohols in high yields.
Electroluminescence of Bis[N-hexadecyl-8-hydroxy-2-quinoline carboxamide]cadmium
Authors: Ouyang Jianming , Li Ling , Tai Zihou , Lu Zuhong , Wang Guangming
Published: July 2004

An electroluminescent (EL) device with a single layer structure (ITO/emitting layer/Al) was constructed using an intensely fluorescent amphiphilic complex, bis[N-hexadecyl-8-hydroxy-2-quinoline carboxamide]cadmium (Cd(HQ)2), for the emitter material. Greenish-yellow EL emission with a luminance of about 1200 cd/m2 was observed with a low voltage drive (7 V).
Synthesis and Axial-Ligand Binding of Zinc Complexes of Amphiphilic Porphyrins Containing a Hydrophobic Binding Pocket
Authors: Imai Hiroyasu , Munakata Hiroki , Takahashi Atsuko , Nakagawa Shigeo , Uemori Yoshio
Published: July 2004

Amphiphilic zinc porphyrins containing two sulfonate groups and a hydrophobic binding pocket were synthesized efficiently and characterized. Binding of pyridine, butylamine, and pyrrolidine to the zinc complexes was examined spectrophotometrically in water and in chloroform. The binding behavior was discussed on the basis of the binding constants.
Synthesis of Tetra- and Penta-Substituted Pyrrole Derivatives from Azazirconacyclopentene and Acyl Halide in the Presence of CuCl
Authors: Dekura Fumiko , Honda Takahiro , Mori Miwako
Published: July 2004

Tetra- and penta-substituted pyrrole derivatives 5 and 6 were synthesized from acyl halide and azazirconacyclopentene 1, prepared from iminosilaacyl complex 2 and alkyne 4 in the presence of LiEt3BH, by transmetalation of zirconium to copper by a one-pot reaction.
Synthesis and Electro-optical Properties of Novel Liquid Crystals Having a Cyclohexyl Trifluoromethyl Ether Moiety
Authors: Kanie Kiyoshi , Tanaka Yoichiro , Shimizu Masaki , Takehara Sadao , Hiyama Tamejiro
Published: July 2004

A convenient synthetic method is described for new type liquid crystals (LCs) containing a cyclohexyl trifluoromethyl ether moiety. The novel LCs are shown to exhibit mesophases and decrease birefringence and threshold voltage of host LCs upon mixing by 20 wt%.
Distortion of the Unit Cell of Platinum(II) Complexes under Light Irradiation
Authors: Ikagawa Takashi , Okumura Toshihiko , Otsuka Takuhiro , Kaizu Youkoh
Published: July 2004

The shift of X-ray powder pattern of Platinum(II) complexes was observed under light irradiation by using X-ray powder diffractometer. The peaks were returned to the original one when the irradiation of light was cut off. The observed X-ray powder patterns show that the unit cell of [Pt(acac)2] is expanded under light irradiation, however, that of [Bu4N]4[Pt2(pop)4] (pop2−=P2O5H22−) is contracted.
Stereoselective Synthesis of the LM Ring Moiety of Ciguatoxin: Reagent Control of Asymmetric Dihydroxylation
Authors: Oishi Tohru , Shoji Mitsuru , Kumahara Naomi , Hirama Masahiro
Published: July 2004

Stereoselective synthesis of the LM ring moiety of ciguatoxin was achieved from (R)-(E)-1-benzyloxy-2-hydroxy-3-pentene via Ireland-Claisen rearrangement, iodolactonization, and reagent-controlled asymmetric dihydroxylation.
Synthesis of Perhydroquinolinones Bearing an Angular Methyl Group via Lewis Acid Catalyzed Hetero-Diels-Alder Cyclization
Authors: Stanetty Peter , Mihovilovic Marko D
Published: July 2004

The first results utilizing the sterically demanding diene 1 in hetero Diels-Alder reactions are reported. The effect of commonly used Lewis acids and the substitution pattern of various imines on the mechanism of the reaction with the diene 1 is discussed.
Molybdenum-Catalyzed Aromatic Substitution with Olefins and Alcohols
Authors: Shimizu Isao , Khien Kuok Meng , Nagatomo Miki , Nakajima Takayuki , Yamamoto Akio
Published: July 2004

A new type of electrophilic aromatic substitution without using organic halides has been realized by using Mo(CO)6 catalyst.
Dioxygenation of a Molybdenum(IV) Porphyrin Complex as Studied by an In Situ Quartz Crystal Microbalance/UV-vis Spectroscopy Combined Method
Authors: Hoshiba Koji , Nishimura Noboru , Shimazu Katsuaki , Imamura Taira , Sasaki Yoichi
Published: July 2004

Changes with time in mass and absorbance, accompanied by the dioxygenation of MoIVO(tmp) (tmp = 5,10,15,20-tetramesitylporphyrinato dianion) at room temperature in the sublimated solid film, were simultaneously followed by an in situ quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)/UV-vis spectroscopy combined method. The two curves synchronized accurately. In the most cases of the film systems with (2.34 - 7.13) × 10−8 mol cm−2 of coverage, the dioxygenation attained ca. 82% completion in 120 s in dry dioxygen atmosphere.
Synthesis of Bis(2,6-dimesityl-4-methylphenyl)phosphaarsene and EPR of its Radical Anion
Authors: Tsuji Kyoko , Fujii Yuuichi , Sasaki Shigeru , Yoshifuji Masaaki
Published: July 2004

Novel bis(2,6-dimesityl-4-methylphenyl)phosphaarsene was synthesized by the coupling reaction of 2,6-dimesityl-4-methylphenylphosphine with dichloro(2,6-dimesityl-4-methylphenyl)arsine in the presence of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene and isolated as stable crystals. The radical anion generated by the sodium metal reduction of the phosphaarsene was investigated by X-band EPR.
Almost Perfect Enantio-differentiating Hydrogenation of Methyl 3-Cyclopropyl-3-oxopropanoate over Tartaric Acid Modified Raney Nickel Catalyst
Authors: Nakagawa Satoshi , Sugimura Takashi , Tai Akira
Published: July 2004

Almost perfect enantio-differentiating hydrogenation was achieved by asymmetrically modified heterogeneous catalyst. The hydrogenation of methyl 3-cyclopropyl-3-oxopropanoate over tartaric acid modified Raney nickel gave methyl 3-cyclopropyl-3-hydroxypropanoate in more than 98% of optical purity.
Cis-Specific Polymerization of Norbornene Catalyzed by Tungsten Based Complex Catalysts Bearing an O–N–O Tridentate Ligand
Authors: Nakayama Yuushou , Ikushima Naoko , Nakamura Akira
Published: July 2004

Tungsten complexes bearing O–N–O tridentate ligands, WOCl2{(OCR12CH2)(OCR22CH2)(NC5H3)} (3: R1 = Ph, R2 = Me; 4: R1 = R2 = Me) were synthesized. The complex 3 was revealed to have octahedral structure with two oxygen atoms of alkoxide in trans position by X-ray analysis. These complexes catalyze the polymerization of norbornene upon activation with Et3Al and the catalyst system 3/2Et3Al yielded polynorbornenes with high cis content.
Characteristic L-shape Absorbance-time Curve in Indicator Reaction for the Determination of Catalyst
Authors: Takahata Keiji , Nagoshi Toshimasa , Igarashi Shukuro
Published: July 2004

The simultaneous decomposition reaction of a catalyst and indicator shows the characteristic L-shape absorbance-time curve. This reaction system provides the kinetic behavior (i.e., the chemical amplification) and the equilibrium behavior. Also, it becomes possible to have a highly-sensitive determination of a catalyst without the limitation of measuring time. This new concept of sensing was realized using the 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfophenyl)porphine (indicator) / iron-chlorophyllin complex (catalyst) / peroxomonosulfate [KHSO5] (oxidant) system and copper-phthalocyanine-tetrasulfonate / hemoglobin / KHSO5 system.
The First Total Synthesis of (−)-Benzomalvin A via Intramolecular Aza-Wittig Reactions
Authors: Sugimori Toshiyuki , Okawa Tomohiro , Eguchi Shoji , Yashima Eiji , Okamoto Yoshio
Published: July 2004

The first total synthesis of (−)-benzomalvin A 1, which possesses quinazolin-4(3H)-one moiety and 1,4-benzodiazepin-5-one moiety, was described. Both of 6- and 7-membered ring skeletons were efficiently constructed by intramolecular aza-Wittig reactions as the key reactions.
Adiabatic Photocycloreversion of Bridged Benzene-Anthracene Biplanemers: Controlling of the Efficiency of the Excited Product Formation by Auxiliary Substituents on the Side-Chains
Authors: Okamoto Hideki , Satake Kyosuke , Kimura Masaru
Published: July 2004

The efficiency for excited product formation in the adiabatic photocycloreversion of bridged biplanemer 1 was controlled by the size of its side-chain substituents which changed the interchromophore distance in the photoproduct 2.
Synthesis of Microporous Aluminum Methylphosphonate AlMepO-α by Steam-Induced Topotactic Transformation of AlMepO-β
Authors: Maeda Kazuyuki , Sasaki Akitsugu , Watanabe Kunihiro , Kiyozumi Yoshimichi , Mizukami Fujio
Published: July 2004

Steaming treatment of AlMepO–β at 500 °C induces transformation into AlMepO–α. This procedure easily gives pure AlMepO–α with a large adsorption capacity. A topotactic transformation mechanism through coordination of water molecules at an aluminum site is proposed from comparison of both the framework structures.
Cyclic AMP Detection by Electrode Modified with 17mer Oligopeptide
Authors: Katayama Yoshiki , Ohuchi Yuya , Nakayama Masamichi , Maeda Mizuo , Higashi Hideyoshi , Kudo Yoshihisa
Published: July 2004

An oligopeptide (17mer) which recognizes cyclic AMP was designed and applied to electrochemical detection of cAMP. Redox peak currents on cyclic voltammograms of ferrocyanide/ferricyanide redox couple with Au electrode which was modified with the peptide showed response dependently on the cAMP concentration, while the electrode showed only slight response to ATP that is a structural analog of cAMP.
Tanzawaic Acids A, B, C, and D: Inhibitors of Superoxide Anion Production from Penicillium citrinum
Authors: Kuramoto Makoto , Yamada Kaoru , Shikano Mayumi , Yazawa Kazunaga , Arimoto Hirokazu , Okamura Tomoyuki , Uemura Daisuke
Published: July 2004

Tanzawaic acids have been isolated from Penicillium citrinum and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. Their relative stereochemistries were also clarified by detailed analyses of 1H–1H coupling constants and NOE data. Tanzawaic acid B (GS-1302-1) significantly inhibits superoxide anion production in human neutrophils.
Drop Based Visual Fluorometry of Aluminium at ppb Level with 2,2′-Dihydroxy-azobenzene by Using Octadecylsilanized Silica Thin Layer
Authors: Mizuguchi Hitoshi , Yasuda Hiroko , Kaneko Emiko , Yotsuyanagi Takao
Published: July 2004

A new visual fluorometry for trace aluminium has been developed. The method is based on specific immobilization of its chelate with 2,2′-dihydroxyazobenzene (H2L) on an octadecylsilanized silica thin layer. An aqueous sample drop was evaporated into a fleck on the water-repellent surface, and chromatography was performed with acetone. The fluorescent chelate, [AlL]+, remained at the spotting position, whereas the other chelates were eluted to a position close to the solvent front.
Entropy-Dominating Strong Binding of Carboxylate Anions to Protonated Aminocyclodextrin
Authors: Kano Koji , Kitae Takashi , Takashima Hiroshi , Shimofuri Yoshiaki
Published: July 2004

Protonated heptakis(6-amino-6-deoxy)-β-cyclodextrin complexes with p-methylbenzoate and N-acetyltryptophan anions more strongly than a monoamino-β-cyclodextrin cation. Such a strong association is dominated by large and positive entropy changes for complexation which might be due to extensive dehydration from both host and guest upon complexation.
Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane over Lanthanum-Substituted Layered Complex Bismuth Chloride Oxide Catalysts
Authors: Lin Suiwen , Ueda Wataru
Published: July 2004

By the replacement of bismuth ion by lanthanum ion in the cation-oxygen sheet of SrBi3O4Cl3 catalyst having a layer structure, c value of the lattice decreased clearly, making the cation-oxygen sheet and the chlorine sheet closer, and the catalytic activity increased prominently for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane. The activity increase can be attributed to the enhanced oxidation ability of the cation-oxygen sheet by the introduction of La.
Synthesis and Structure of a Trinuclear Rhenium Cluster Complex [PEt3H][Re3(μ3-S)(μ-S)3Cl6(PEt3)3]
Authors: Miyake Naofumi , Imoto Hideo , Saito Taro
Published: July 2004

Reaction of [Re3(μ3-S)(μ-S2)3Cl6]Cl with triethylphosphine in benzene formed [PEt3H][Re3(μ3-S)(μ-S)3Cl6(PEt3)3]. The triangular cluster has eight metal cluster electrons and the cluster core resembles that of [Mo3(μ3-S)(μ-S)3Cl4L5] cluster complexes.
Li+ Transference Number Enhancement in Polymer Electrolytes by Incorporation of Anion Trapping Boroxine Rings into the Polymer Host
Authors: Mehta Mary Anne , Fujinami Tatsuo
Published: July 2004

Polymer electrolytes incorporating boroxine rings with pendant oligoether side chains and a variety of dissolved lithium salts were prepared. High ionic conductivities and Li+ transference numbers were observed, the latter being ascribed to the anion trapping ability of the boroxine ring.
Synthesis of α,β-Unsaturated Carboxylic Acids by Nickel(II)-Catalyzed Electrochemical Carboxylation of Vinyl Bromides
Authors: Kamekawa Hisato , Kudoh Hiroki , Senboku Hisanori , Tokuda Masao
Published: July 2004

Electrochemical carboxylation of alkyl-substituted vinyl bromides (1a-1g) in the presence of 20 mol% of NiBr2•bpy under an atmospheric pressure of carbon dioxide with a platinum cathode and a magnesium anode gave the corresponding α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids (2a-2g) in yields of 53-82%.
Dimanganese Complexes Bridged with a (μ-X)(μ-Carboxylato) Unit as Models for the Active Site of Manganese Catalase (X = OH, O or (O)2)
Authors: Osawa Masahisa , Fujisawa Kiyoshi , Kitajima Nobumasa , Moro-oka Yoshihiko
Published: July 2004

A novel dimanganese complex LMnII(OH)(OAc)MnIIL (1) (L = hydrotris(3,5-diisopropyl-1-pyrazolyl)borate) was synthesized by the reaction of LMnII(OH)2MnIIL with 1 equiv of acetic acid. Complex 1 was oxidized either by dioxygen or anaerobic reaction with H2O2, resulting in the formation of two isolable products [LMnIII(O)(OAc)MnIIIL]+(2) and LMnIII(O)2(OAc)MnIVL(3). The formation of 2 was identified by comparison with an authentic sample prepared from bis(μ-oxo) complex LMnIII(O)2MnIIIL. The structure of the 3 was determined by X-ray crystallography.
Synthesis, Structure, and Electrochemical Properties of New “Unsymmetrical” Metal Dithiolate Complexes
Authors: Kato Reizo , Kashimura Yoshiaki , Sawa Hiroshi , Okano Yoshinori
Published: July 2004

New “unsymmetrical” (mixed ligand) metal dithiolate complexes, expected as components of molecular conductors, have been obtained by a ligand-exchange reaction in refluxing acetone, followed by isolation with a preparative HPLC (ODP; acetonitrile-H2O). Their electrochemical data suggest that the acceptor (donor) ability and the on-site Coulomb energy for the “unsymmetrical” complexes can be tuned by a combination of ligands.
Removal of Organic Sulphur in Coal by the Use of Anhydrous HF and Superacid HF/BF3
Authors: Shimizu Kiyoyuki , Shimamura Ken , Suganuma Akira , Saito Ikuo
Published: July 2004

Anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (HF) and HF combined with a small amount of boron trifluoride(BF3) desulphurized high-sulphur coal in the presence of hydrocarbons without H2 in mild reaction conditions. HF removed mainly sulphidic and oxidized sulphur. HF/BF3 decreased thiophenic sulphur as well as sulphidic and oxidized sulphur although the extent of desulphurization was almost the same as that with HF alone.
A New and General Route to N-Unsubstituted Azomethine Ylides from N-(Silylmethyl)thioureas: Cycloaddition of Synthetic Equivalents of Nonstabilized Aminonitrile Ylides
Authors: Tsuge Otohiko , Hatta Taizo , Kakura Yoshikazu , Tashiro Hideki , Maeda Hironori , Kakehi Akikazu
Published: July 2004

The S-methylation of N-(silylmethyl)thioureas followed by the desilylation generates N-unsubstituted azomethine ylides having both methylthio and amino groups at the ylide carbon. These azomethine ylides react with electron-deficient olefins to give formal aminonitrile ylide cycloadducts, novel 2-aminopyrrolines. Thus, the azomethine ylides can be synthetic equivalents of nonstabilized aminonitrile ylides which are otherwise relatively inaccessible.
Enhanced Nucleophilic Reactivity of a 4-Lithiophenoxide Ion and Its Application to the Synthesis of a Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methylenecyclopentadiene and Its Dianion, a Novel Extended Trimethylenemethane Dianion
Authors: Kurata Hiroyuki , Tanaka Tomomi , Sauchi Toshihiro , Kawase Takeshi , Oda Masaji
Published: July 2004

2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-lithiophenoxide ion has enhanced nucleophilic reactivity probably due to intramolecular electronic repulsion and its reaction with 6,6-bis(dimethylamino)fulvene affords a novel extended trimethylenemethane dianion with a fulvene moiety whose NMR spectra indicate substantially strong tetrapolar properties.
Chiral Bis(oxazolinyl)phenyl Rhodium and Palladium Complexes
Authors: Motoyama Yukihiro , Makihara Nobuyuki , Mikami Yoshiharu , Aoki Katsuyuki , Nishiyama Hisao
Published: July 2004

The transmetalation of Phebox-ip-SnMe3 [Phebox = 2,6-bis(oxazolinyl)phenyl] 1c with RhCl3(H2O)3 and PdCl2(PhCN)2 gave (Phebox-ip)RhCl2(H2O) 2a and (Phebox-ip)PdCl 3 under mild conditions in 45% and 96% yields, respectively. The crystal structures of (Phebox-ip)RhCl2(t-BuNC) 2b, which was obtained by the reaction of 2a with t-BuNC, and 3 have been determined by X-ray diffraction.
Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation Catalyzed by Diamine - Iridium(I) Complexes
Authors: Inoue Shin-ichi , Nomura Kenji , Hashiguchi Shohei , Noyori Ryoji , Izawa Yasuji
Published: July 2004

Asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of a range of aromatic ketones in 2-propanol was carried out by using the iridium(I) complexes, prepared from [IrCl(cod)]2 and a variety of chiral diamine ligands derived from α-amino acids. Good catalytic activity and enantioselectivity were observed in the presence of KOH at room temperature.
Report of the Editor: American Economic Review
Authors: Bernanke Ben S
Published: July 2004

General Nature of the Editorial Process
Glenohumeral arthrodesis in upper and total brachial plexus palsy
Authors: Chammas M. , Goubier J. N. , Coulet B. , Reckendorf G. M. Z. , Picot M. C. , Allieu Y.
Published: July 2004

We have compared the functional outcome after glenohumeral fusion for the sequelae of trauma to the brachial plexus between two groups of adult patients reviewed after a mean interval of 70 months. Group A (11 patients) had upper palsy with a functional hand and group B (16 patients) total palsy with a flail hand.

All 27 patients had recovered active elbow flexion against resistance before shoulder fusion. Both groups showed increased functional capabilities after glenohumeral arthrodesis and a flail hand did not influence the post-operative active range of movement. The strength of pectoralis major is a significant prognostic factor in terms of ultimate excursion of the hand and of shoulder strength. Glenohumeral arthrodesis improves function in patients who have recovered active elbow flexion after brachial plexus palsy even when the hand remains paralysed.
Valgus femoral osteotomy for hinge abduction in Perthes’ disease
Authors: Yoo W. J. , Choi I. H. , Chung C. Y. , Cho T.-J. , Kim H. Y.
Published: July 2004

We studied, clinically and radiologically, the growth and remodelling of 21 hips after valgus femoral osteotomy with both rotational and sagittal correction for hinge abduction in 21 patients (mean age, 9.7 years) with Perthes’ disease. The exact type of osteotomy performed was based on the pre-operative clinical and radiological assessment and the results of intra-operative dynamic arthrography. The mean IOWA hip score was 66 (34 to 76) before surgery and 92 (80 to 100) at a mean follow-up of 7.1 years (3.0 to 15.0). Radiological measurements revealed favourable remodelling of the femoral head and improved hip joint mechanics.

Valgus osteotomy, with both rotational and sagittal correction, can improve symptoms, function and remodelling of the hip in patients with Perthes’ disease.
Allograft impaction and cement penetration after revision hip replacement
Authors: Frei H. , Mitchell P. , Masri B. A. , Duncan C. P. , Oxland T. R.
Published: July 2004

We studied various aspects of graft impaction and penetration of cement in an experimental model. Cancellous bone was removed proximally and local diaphyseal lytic defects were simulated in six human cadaver femora. After impaction grafting the specimens were sectioned and prepared for histomorphometric analysis.

The porosity of the graft was lowest in Gruen zone 4 (52%) and highest in Gruen zone 1 (76%). At the levels of Gruen zones 6 and 2 the entire cross-section was almost filled with cement. Cement sometimes reached the endosteal surface in other Gruen zones. The mean peak impaction forces exerted with the impactors were negatively correlated with the porosity of the graft.
Foot function after subtalar distraction bone-block arthrodesis
Authors: Rammelt S. , Grass R. , Zawadski T. , Biewener A. , Zwipp H.
Published: July 2004

Subtalar distraction bone-block arthrodesis for malunited calcaneal fractures was performed in 31 patients (26 men, five women), with a mean age of 38.5 years. The mean time from injury to arthrodesis was 36 months. There were no cases of nonunion.

One patient had an early dislocation of the bone block requiring a repeat arthrodesis, and one had a soft-tissue infection. The mean AOFAS hindfoot score improved significantly from 23.5 before operation to 73.2 at a mean follow-up of 33 months (p > 0.001). Compared with the unaffected side, the talocalcaneal height was corrected by 61.8%, the talus-first metatarsal axis by 46.5%, the talar declination angle by 38.5% and the talocalcaneal angle by 35.4%. Dynamic pedobarography revealed a return to normal of the pressure distribution during roll-over and a more energetic gait. The distribution of local transfer of load correlated well with the AOFAS score. The amount of correction of the heel height correlated with a normal pattern of pressure transfer on the heel (p < 0.05).
Calcium hydroxyapatite ceramic implants in bone tumour surgery
Authors: Matsumine A. , Myoui A. , Kusuzaki K. , Araki N. , Seto M. , Yoshikawa H. , Uchida A.
Published: July 2004

We reviewed the results of 51 patients with benign bone tumours treated by curettage and implantation of calcium hydroxyapatite ceramic (CHA). The mean follow-up was 11.4 years (10 to 15.5). Post-operative fractures occurred in two patients and three had local recurrences; three had slightly limited movement of the adjacent joint and one had mild osteoarthritis. There were no allergic or neoplastic complications. In all cases, radiographs showed that the CHA was well incorporated into the host bone.

Statistical analysis showed that absorption of the implanted CHA was greater in males (odds ratio, 6.2; 95% CI, 1.6 to 23.7) and younger patients (odds ratio, 0.6 for increase in age of 10 years; 95% CI, 0.91 to 0.99). However, the implanted CHA was not completely absorbed in any patient.

We conclude that CHA is a useful and safe bone substitute for the treatment of benign bone tumours.
A comparison of open and percutaneous techniques in the surgical treatment of tennis elbow
Authors: Dunkow P. D. , Jatti M. , Muddu B. N.
Published: July 2004

We conducted a prospective, randomised, controlled trial of 45 patients (47 elbows), with tennis elbow, who underwent either a formal open release or a percutaneous tenotomy. All patients had pre- and post-operative assessment using the Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) scoring system. Both groups were followed up for a minimum of 12 months. Statistical analyses using the Mann-Whitney U test and repeated measured ANOVA showed significant improvements for patient satisfaction (p = 0.012), time to return to work (p = 0.0001), improvements in DASH score (p = 0.001) and improvement in sporting activities (p = 0.046) in the percutaneous group. Those patients undergoing a percutaneous release returned to work on average three weeks earlier and improved significantly more quickly than those undergoing an open procedure. The percutaneous procedure is a quicker and simpler procedure to undertake and produces significantly better results.
Total hip arthroplasty using the Wroblewski golf ball cup inserted through the posterior approach
Authors: Porter P. , Stone M. H.
Published: July 2004

The Wroblewski golf ball acetabular cup was introduced by surgeons using the trochanteric osteotomy approach for revision total hip replacement (THR) in order to reduce the rate of dislocation. We have routinely used the Ogee long posterior wall (Ogee LPW) and the Wroblewski angle bore cups in THR. Although the new Wroblewski golf ball cup performed well there was a significant early rate of dislocation of 20%. Our rate of dislocation over a period of ten years using the Ogee LPW and Wroblewski angle bore cups had been 0.52%. We present our findings and an investigation as to why the new cup has such a high rate of dislocation when used with the posterior approach. We show that a relatively small change in the design of the acetabular component resulted in significant adverse clinical results.
The combination of pamidronate and calcitriol reverses particle- and TNF-α-induced altered functions of bone-marrow-derived stromal cells with osteoblastic phenotype
Authors: Vermes C. , Chandrasekaran R. , Dobai J. G. , Jacobs J. J. , Andersson G. B. J. , An H. , Hallab N. J. , Galante J. O. , Glant T. T.
Published: July 2004

Periprosthetic bone loss after total joint arthroplasty is a major clinical problem resulting in aseptic loosening of the implant. Among many cell types, osteoblasts play a crucial role in the development of peri-implant osteolysis. In this study, we tested the effects of calcitriol (1α,25-dihydroxy-vitamin-D3) and the bisphosphonate pamidronate on titanium-particle- and TNF-α-induced release of interleukin-6 and suppression of osteoblast-specific gene expressions in bone-marrow-derived stromal cells with an osteoblastic phenotype. We monitored the expression of procollagen α1[1], osteocalcin, osteonectin and alkaline phosphatase mRNAs by Northern blots and real-time reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction analyses. The release of various cytokines was also analysed by ELISA.

We found that calcitriol or pamidronate could only partially recover the altered functions of osteoblasts when added alone. Only a combination of these compounds restored all the tested functions of osteoblasts. The local delivery of these drugs may have therapeutic potential to prevent or to treat periprosthetic osteolysis and aseptic loosening of implants.
One in 13 ‘original’ articles in the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery are duplicate or fragmented publications
Authors: Gwilym S. E. , Swan M. C. , Giele H.
Published: July 2004

Duplicate publication in orthopaedic journals may further an author’s academic career but this is at the cost of both scientific integrity and knowledge. Multiple publications of the same work increase the workload of editorial boards, misguide the reader and affect the process of meta-analysis. We found that of 343 ‘original’ articles published in the Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery in 1999, 26 (7.6%) had some degree of redundancy.

The prevalence of duplicate publications in the orthopaedic literature appears to be less than that in other surgical specialties but it is still a matter of concern. It is the author’s responsibility to notify the editor of any duality when submitting a paper for publication.
Genetic influences in the aetiology of tears of the rotator cuff
Authors: Harvie P. , Ostlere S. J. , Teh J. , McNally E. G. , Clipsham K. , Burston B. J. , Pollard T. C. B. , Carr A. J.
Published: July 2004

From a retrospective, cohort study of 205 patients diagnosed with full-thickness tears of the rotator cuff, we determined, using ultrasound, the prevalence of such tears in their 129 siblings. Using 150 spouses as controls, the relative risk of full-thickness tears in siblings versus controls was 2.42 (95% CI 1.77 to 3.31). The relative risk of symptomatic full-thickness tears in siblings versus controls was 4.65 (95% CI 2.42 to 8.63).

The significantly increased risk for tears in siblings implies that genetic factors play a major role in the development of full-thickness tears of the rotator cuff.
Mechanical prophylaxis of deep-vein thrombosis after total hip replacement
Authors: Pitto R. P. , Hamer H. , Heiss-Dunlop W. , Kuehle J.
Published: July 2004

Routine prophylaxis for venous thromboembolic disease after total hip replacement (THR) is recommended. Pneumatic compression with foot pumps seems to provide an alternative to chemical agents. However, the overall number of patients investigated in randomised clinical trials has been too small to draw evidence-based conclusions. This randomised clinical trial was carried out to compare the effectiveness and safety of mechanical versus chemical prophylaxis of DVT in patients after THR.

Inclusion criteria were osteoarthritis of the hip and age less than 80 years. Exclusion criteria included a history of thromboembolic disease, heart disease, and bleeding diatheses. There were 216 consecutive patients considered for inclusion in the trial who were randomised either for management with the A-V Impulse System foot pump. We excluded 16 patients who did not tolerate continuous use of the foot pump or with low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH). Patients were monitored for DVT using serial duplex sonography at 3, 10 and 45 days after surgery.

DVT was detected in three of 100 patients in the foot-pump group and with six of 100 patients in the LMWH group (p < 0.05). The mean post-operative drainage was 259 ml in the foot-pump group and 328 ml in the LMWH group (p < 0.05). Patients in the foot-pump group had less swelling of the thigh (10 mm compared with 15 mm; p < 0.05). One patient developed heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. This study confirms the effectiveness and safety of mechanical prophylaxis of DVT in THR. Some patients cannot tolerate the foot pump.
Hallux valgus and cartilage degeneration in the first metatarsophalangeal joint
Authors: Bock P. , Kristen K.-H. , Kröner A. , Engel A.
Published: July 2004

This study relates the extent of cartilage lesions within the first metatarsophalangeal joint to hallux valgus.

We prospectively examined 265 first metatarsophalangeal joints of 196 patients with a mean age of 54.2 years at operation for the existence of cartilage lesions.

Grade I lesions were found in 41 feet (15.5%), grade II in 82 (30.9%), grade III in 51 (19.3%), grade IV in 20 (7.5%). Only 71 (26.8%) showed no cartilage lesion. Cartilage lesions were found within the metatarsosesamoid and metatarsophalangeal compartments in 66 feet (34.0%), within the metatarsophalangeal compartment in 26 (13.4%) and within the metatarsosesamoid compartment in 102 (52.6%). A statistically significant correlation was found between the grade of cartilage lesion and the hallux valgus angle, both for the changes within the metatarsophalangeal and the metatarsosesamoid joints.
Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Canine Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors and Other Soft Tissue Sarcomas
Authors: Chijiwa K. , Uchida K. , Tateyama S.
Published: July 2004

Seventeen cases of canine peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNSTs), 11 malignant PNSTs (MPNSTs), and six benign PNSTs (BPNSTs) were examined. The prognosis in five of six dogs with BPNSTs was excellent, whereas all dogs with MPNSTs died within 2 years after the last surgical resection. One BPNST formed a recurrent mass with features of a MPNST. Histopathologically, the predominant tumor cell of MPNSTs was either spindle or round in shape with epithelioid characteristics. Other atypical cells had abundant granular cytoplasm or were multinucleated giant cells with periodic acid-Schiff-positive cytoplasmic globules. Furthermore, two MPNSTs contained cartilaginous and osseous metaplasia. On the contrary, most BPNSTs exhibited typical features of schwannoma or neurofibroma, whereas two BPNSTs had atypical morphology. One BPNST consisted of epithelioid cell proliferation with some tumor cells revealing nuclear atypia. Immunohistochemically, the expression of vimentin (100%), S-100 (73%), nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR, 64%), and myoglobin (64%) was commonly found in MPNSTs. The two BPNSTs with atypical histologic appearances were positive for vimentin, S-100, NGFR, and neuron-specific enolase, and one of these had moderate immunore-activity for cytokeratin. Most BPNSTs were positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein, as well as S-100 and NGFR. Although most rhabdomyosarcomas (RMSs) and canine hemangiopericytomas (CHPs) also showed focal immunoreactivity for S-100, most RMSs were intensely positive for myoglobin and negative for NGFR. Most CHPs (80%) exhibited focal α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression, whereas all PNSTs were negative. These results indicate that immunohistochemistry for NGFR and α-SMA might be useful for differentiating canine PNSTs from RMSs or CHPs, respectively.
Familial Glomerulonephropathy in the Bullmastiff
Authors: Casal M. L. , Dambach D. M. , Meister T. , Jezyk P. F. , Patterson D. F. , Henthorn P. S.
Published: July 2004

Glomerular disease was diagnosed by histopathologic examination in 11 related Bullmastiff dogs, and clinical and laboratory data were collected retrospectively. Four female and seven male dogs between the ages of 2.5 and 11 years were affected. Clinical signs, including lethargy and anorexia, were nonspecific and occurred shortly before death or euthanasia. In five affected dogs serial blood samples were obtained, and dramatically elevated blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels were demonstrated up to 2.75 years before death. Protein-creatinine ratios were elevated in six of six dogs and were above normal 3.5 years before death in one dog. The kidneys appeared grossly normal to slightly smaller than normal at necropsy. Histologic abnormalities of the kidneys were consistent with chronic glomerulonephropathy with sclerosis. Examination of the pedigrees of related affected dogs yielded evidence supporting an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.
Comparative Morphologic and Immunohistochemical Investigation of Spontaneously Occurring Thymomas in a Colony of European Hamsters
Authors: Brandes K. , Fend F. , Monecke S. , Teifke J. P. , Breuer W. , Hermanns W.
Published: July 2004

This study documents the characteristics of a large series of spontaneously occurring thymomas in a laboratory colony of European hamsters ( Cricetus cricetus). Thymomas are rare organotypic neoplasms originating from the thymic epithelial compartment. Because the hamster thymomas largely resembled their human counterparts, the recent World Health Organization (WHO) classification of human thymic epithelial tumors was used. Forty hamsters of both sexes aged 3–29 months were examined macroscopically and histologically. In 22 (55%) of the 40 animals, necropsy revealed enormous whitish masses in the anterior mediastinum, with a diameter ranging from 0.5 to 4.5 cm and a lobulated structure. The anatomy of the thymus region was normal in the remaining 18 hamsters. Histologically, the tumors presented as thymuslike organoid structures with areas of medullary and cortical differentiation and a predominance of lymphoid cells. A network of epithelial cells in the cortical areas, demonstrated immunohistochemically with a cross-reactive antibody against pancytokeratin, supported the diagnosis of thymoma. Cortical lymphocytes showed positive staining with cross-reacting antibodies against CD3 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, characteristic of immature T cells. On the basis of these findings, the tumors were classified as B1 thymomas, in some cases with AB or B2 components, according to the new WHO classification for human thymic epithelial tumors.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Black-tailed Prairie Dogs (Cynomys ludivicianus): Tumor Morphology and Immunohistochemistry for Hepadnavirus Core and Surface Antigens
Authors: Garner M. M. , Raymond J. T. , Toshkov I. , Tennant B. C.
Published: July 2004

From 1994 to 2002, tissues from 61 prairie dogs were submitted to Northwest ZooPath for histopathology. Of these, 12 (20%) had hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Three were pets submitted from private veterinary practices. The others were submitted from zoos in the United States. All were adults, ranging from young adult to 7 years of age, with average age of 5.1 years. The most common clinical signs were weight loss, lethargy, palpable abdominal mass, and respiratory difficulty. All tumors were well-differentiated HCCs in which four histologic patterns were recognized. The trabecular pattern was predominant in nine tumors, and the pseudoglandular pattern was predominant in two tumors. The pelioid pattern was also represented in eight tumors. A papillary pattern was present in one case. In seven cases vacuolar change resembling lipidosis was present in the neoplastic hepatocytes of both primary and metastatic tumors. Anaplasia was mild to moderate in most tumors, but a marked degree of anaplasia was noted in the metastatic foci of the case with papillary differentiation. Metastasis to lung was noted in five cases. One of these also had metastasis to the spleen, and another had metastasis to heart and mediastinum. In two cases there was concurrent hepatitis and in two cases, cirrhosis. All tumors and nonneoplastic liver stained negatively for woodchuck hepatitis virus surface and core antigens, and orcein and Victoria blue positive staining of hepatocytes typical of hepadnavirus infection in humans and woodchucks was not present. HCC is apparently common in captive prairie dogs. The hepatic neoplasia observed in prairie dogs was similar to that associated with hepadnaviral infection in humans, wood-chucks, and ground squirrels, but no direct evidence of hepadnaviral infection was detected. The rate of metastasis in captive prairie dogs was higher than that reported in woodchucks.
Experimental West Nile Virus Infection in Blue Jays (Cyanocitta cristata) and Crows (Corvus brachyrhynchos)
Authors: Weingartl H. M. , Neufeld J. L. , Copps J. , Arszal P. M
Published: July 2004

Ten crows ( Corvus brachyrhynchos) and three blue jays ( Cyanocitta cristata), species indigenous to North America, were intravenously inoculated with 103 PFU of West Nile virus (WNV) strain NY99 for production of positive tissues for Canadian surveillance. Both species developed clinical signs 4 days postinoculation (dpi). Virus was detected in blood, cloacal and tracheal swabs, and in a number of organs by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and virus isolation (titers reaching over 107 PFU/0.1 g). Virus appeared as early as 1 dpi in blood (102-103 PFU/ml) and spleen (103-104 PFU/0.1 g of tissue), whereas kidney, liver, intestine, gonads, heart, skeletal muscle, and lung tested positive for WNV in a later stage of the infection. Immunostaining (IHC) using heterologous rabbit anti-WNV polyclonal antiserum detected viral antigen in a wide range of organs, starting at 2 dpi. Detection of WNV antigen in the brain of blue jays and crows by IHC was laborious as only few cells, not present in all sections, would stain positive. Mononuclear cells appeared to be an important target for virus replication, contributing to virus spread throughout tissues during the infection. This conclusion was based on the positive IHC staining of these cells in organs before virus antigen detection in parenchymal cells and supported by virus isolation and RT-PCR-positive results in white blood cells. The inability of blue jays and crows to perch and fly may reflect weakness due to generalized infection and marked skeletal muscle involvement, although involvement of the central nervous system cannot be excluded.
The Use of KIT and Tryptase Expression Patterns as Prognostic Tools for Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors
Authors: Kiupel M. , Webster J. D. , Kaneene J. B. , Miller R. , Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V.
Published: July 2004

Cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs) are one of the most common tumors in dogs. Currently, prognostic and therapeutic determinations for MCTs are primarily based on the histologic grade of the tumor, but a vast majority of MCTs are of an intermediate grade, and the prognostic relevance is highly questioned. A more detailed prognostic evaluation, especially of grade 2 canine MCTs, is greatly needed. To evaluate the prognostic significance of KIT and tryptase expression patterns in canine cutaneous MCTs, we studied 100 cutaneous MCTs from 100 dogs that had been treated with surgery only. The total survival and disease-free survival time and the time to local or distant recurrence of MCTs were recorded for all dogs. Using immuno-histochemistry, 98 of these MCTs were stained with anti-KIT and antitryptase antibodies. Three KIT- and three tryptase-staining patterns were identified. The KIT-staining patterns were identified as 1) membrane-associated staining, 2) focal to stippled cytoplasmic staining with decreased membrane-associated staining, and 3) diffuse cytoplasmic staining. The tryptase-staining patterns were identified as 1) diffuse cytoplasmic staining, 2) stippled cytoplasmic staining, and 3) little to no cytoplasmic staining. Based on univariate and multivariate survival analysis, increased cytoplasmic KIT staining was significantly associated with an increased rate of local recurrence and a decreased survival rate. The tryptase-staining patterns were not significantly associated with any survival parameter. On the basis of these results, we propose a new prognostic classification of canine cutaneous MCTs, according to their KIT-staining pattern, that can be used for the routine prognostic evaluation of canine cutaneous MCTs.
Necrotizing Meningoencephalitis and Pneumonitis in a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus—infected Rhesus Macaque due to Acanthamoeba
Authors: Westmoreland S. V. , Rosen J. , MacKey J. , Romsey C. , Xia D.-L. , Visvesvera G. S. , Mansfield K. G.
Published: July 2004

Free-living amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba can cause a fatal disease of the brain in humans called granulomatous amoebic encephalitis. We present a case of meningoencephalitis and pneumonitis in a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaque caused by Acanthamoeba sp. The animal became ill 176 days after intravenous inoculation with SIVmac251 after a short history of weight loss and a sudden onset of hind limb paresis and abnormal head movements. Histopathologic examination of hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissues revealed multifocal to coalescing necrotizing neutrophilic meningoencephalitis and pneumonitis. Immunofluorescence and polymerase chain reaction were used to identify the genus of amoeba as Acanthamoeba. Immunohistochemistry of immune cell markers was used to characterize the animal's immune response to the opportunistic amoebic infection with features of both innate and adaptive cell-mediated immunity. Although not previously reported, the potential transmission to humans, either through environmental contamination or contact with an infected animal, makes this disease a threat to laboratory animal care staff and pathologists.
Induction of Telomerase Activity in Avian Lymphoblastoid Cell Line Transformed by Marek's Disease Virus, MDCC-MSB1
Authors: Lounis A. Djeraba-Ait , Soubieux D. , Klapper W. , Rasschaert D.
Published: July 2004

Telomerase has been studied extensively in human and murine tumors, but little is known about the role of telomerase in the tumor biology of other vertebrate species such as the chicken. We studied the telomerase activity of the lymphoblastoid cell line derived from lymphomas induced by Marek's disease virus (MDCC-MSB1) compared with another avian cell line (PA5) and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) using the telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) Assay. Telomerase activity in MDCC-MSB1 was 4.5 times greater than in the PA5 cell line and normal avian lymphocytes. These results demonstrate for the first time that telomerase is more intense in one transformed cell line than in normal cells, suggesting a potential role for telomerase in carcinogenesis induced by an avian virus.
Outbreaks of Pythiosis in Two Flocks of Sheep in Northeastern Brazil
Authors: Tabosa I. M. , Riet-Correa F. , Nobre V. M. T. , Azevedo E. O. , Reis-Júnior J. L. , Medeiros R. M. T.
Published: July 2004

Two outbreaks of cutaneous pythiosis caused by Pythium insidiosum were diagnosed in two herds of crossbred hair wool sheep of different ages in the semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil. In one herd of 120 sheep, 40 were affected. The other outbreak affected six sheep out of 80. Local swellings with ulcerative lesions were observed in the limbs and abdominal and prescapular regions. Three sheep were necropsied. Two of them had lung metastasis characterized by multifocal nodules measuring 0.5–2 cm. In one animal, the prescapular lymph node was also affected. In another, the cutaneous lesion extended to the sesamoid bone. Microscopically, there were multifocal granulomas with intralesional P. insidiosum hyphae and Splendore-Hoeppli material surrounding the hyphae. The diagnosis was based on the histologic lesions, immunohisto-chemical identification, and culture of the etiologic agent. One sheep treated with potassium iodide recovered. Standing in swampy water for long periods in a warm aquatic environment seems to be the reason for the high prevalence of the disease.