bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Structural Characteristics of the Cinematic Christ-figure
Authors: Kozlovic Anton Karl
Published: April 2013

Christ-figures are built into many popular films, particular in the science fiction genre, but they are frequently ignored by critics, unappreciated by film fans, or resisted by anti-religionists. Conversely, believers sometimes want to see them where none credibly exist, thus religiously distorting their reading of the films. So, what can be legitimately called a cinematic Christ-figure? Previous calls for research into this area have been overlooked, but given the pervasiveness of Christ-figure films today, it is now opportune to address that scholarly deficiency. Using textually-based, humanist film criticism as the analytical lens, the critical literature is reviewed, the popular cinema scanned, and twenty-five structural characteristics of the Christ-figure are identified and explicated. Numerous examples are used to illustrate the genre points raised. It is concluded that the Christ-figure film is a legitimate pop culture phenomenon, and that as a living genre, its usage will be undiminished in the foreseeable future. Further research into Christ-figures, holy subtexts and the emerging interdisciplinary field of religion-and-film is recommended.
Book Reviews
Authors: Craig Tim , Gilmour Michael , Bube Custodio , Williams Howell , Scott Jennifer , Yarri Donna
Published: April 2013

Fox, Richard Wrightman. Jesus in America: Personal Savior, Cultural Hero, National Obsession, reviewed by Tim Craig

Prothero, Stephen. American Jesus: How the Son of God became a National Hero, reviewed by Tim Craig

Lattin, Don. Following Our Bliss: How the Spiritual Ideals of the Sixties Shape Our Lives Today, reviewed by Michael Gilmour

John Granger. Looking for God in Harry Potter, reviewed by Paul Custodio Bube

Byrne, Julie. O God of Players: The Story of the Immaculata Mighty Macs, reviewed by Howell Williams

Hornstein, Shelley, Laura Levitt, and Laurence J. Silberstein, eds. Impossible Images: Contemporary Art After the Holocaust, reviewed by Jennifer A. Scott/

Stephen R. Kaufman and Nathan Braun Good News for All Creation: Vegetarianism as Christian Stewardship, reviewed by Donna Yarri
(Re)Presenting Mary Magdalene: A Feminist Reading of The Last Temptation of Christ
Authors: Kennedy Tammie
Published: April 2013

While the vast amount of scholarly literature has provided a powerful argument for Mary Magdalene’s leadership and importance in scripture, art and culture, mainstream audiences remain mostly unaware of this fact, embracing the “repentant whore” image circulated by patriarchal leaders for centuries. As 2005 ushers Mary Magdalene back into pop culture consciousness through the success of the bestseller The Da Vinci Code and an ensuing film adaptation, it is important to examine how fictional films represent Magdalene. This article focuses on an analysis of Martin Scorsese’s The Last Temptation of Christ (1988; 2000) because Magdalene serves as a main character, and Scorsese claims he made a “visionary” rendering of Jesus’ life and death, including his relationship with Magdalene. Critiquing Scorsese’s version of Magdalene in light of the wealth of scholarship that refutes the portrait of Magdalene as a prostitute dramatizes how the misrepresentation is maintained in the popular imagination, as well as ways she may be (re)presented in the future.
Beyond NAVMEC: Competency-Based Veterinary Education and Assessment of the Professional Competencies
Authors: Hodgson Jennifer L. , Pelzer Jacquelyn M. , Inzana Karen D.
Published: April 2013

The implementation of competency-based curricula within the health sciences has been an important paradigm shift over the past 30 years. As a result, one of the five strategic goals recommended by the North American Veterinary Medical Education Consortium (NAVMEC) report was to graduate career-ready veterinarians who are proficient in, and have the confidence to use, an agreed-upon set of core competencies. Of the nine competencies identified as essential for veterinary graduates, seven could be classified as professional or non-technical competencies: communication; collaboration; management (self, team, system); lifelong learning, scholarship, value of research; leadership; diversity and multicultural awareness; and adaptation to changing environments. Traditionally, the professional competencies have received less attention in veterinary curricula and their assessment is often sporadic or inconsistent. In contrast, the same or similar competencies are being increasingly recognized in other health professions as essential skills and abilities, and their assessment is being undertaken with enhanced scrutiny and critical appraisal. Several challenges have been associated with the assessment of professional competencies, including agreement as to their definition and therefore their evaluation, the fact that they are frequently complex and require multiple integrative assessments, and the ability and/or desire of faculty to teach and assess these competencies. To provide an improved context for assessment of the seven professional competencies identified in the NAVMEC report, this article describes a broad framework for their evaluation as well as specific examples of how these or similar competencies are currently being measured in medical and veterinary curricula.
THE OFFICE OF OWNERSHIP
Authors: Essert Christopher
Published: April 2013

I defend an account of ownership as a legal office, according to which the rights and duties of a given owner are not the rights and duties of some individual person but rather the rights and duties of the office of owner. This view of ownership has several advantages. First, it allows us to manage an apparent conflict between the fact that ownership rights and duties seem to be bilaterally structured and the fact that ownership rights and duties are merely contingently the rights and duties of a given person. Second, the account explains the common law’s distinction between a real covenant and a contract: the covenant is an agreement entered into by the owner as office holder and thus binds future office holders by running with the land; the contract is a merely personal agreement which cannot bind future owners. Third, the account can help to explain some of the borderline cases about what could count as the subject of property rights.
Ice flow relations for stress and strain-rate components from combined shear and compression laboratory experiments
Authors: Budd William F. , Warner Roland C. , Jacka T.H. , Li Jun , Treverrow Adam
Published: April 2013

The generalized (Glen) flow relation for ice, involving the second invariants of the stress deviator and strain-rate tensors, is only expected to hold for isotropic polycrystalline ice. Previous single-stress experiments have shown that for the steady-state flow, which develops at large strains, the tertiary strain rate is greater than the minimum (secondary creep) value by an enhancement factor which is larger for shear than compression. Previous experiments combining shear with compression normal to the shear plane have shown that enhancement of the tertiary octahedral strain rate increases monotonically from compression alone to shear alone. Additional experiments and analyses presented here were conducted to further investigate how the separate tertiary shear and compression strain-rate components are related in combined stress situations. It is found that tertiary compression rates are more strongly influenced by the addition of shear than is given by a Glen-type flow relation, whereas shear is less influenced by additional compression. A scalar function formulation of the flow relation is proposed, which fits the tertiary creep data well and is readily adapted to a generalized form that can be extended to other stress configurations and applied in ice mass modelling.
Current Limitations in the Control and Spread of Ticks that Affect Livestock: A Review
Authors: Estrada-Peña Agustín , Salman Mo
Published: April 2013

Ticks are well-known parasites that affect livestock productivity. This paper reviews the current knowledge regarding the spread of ticks with their impact in animal health and the limitations to achieve effective control measures. The forecasted trends in climate play an obvious role in promoting the spread of ticks in several regions. It appears that climate warming is pivotal in the spread and colonization of new territories by Rhipicephalus microplus in several regions of Africa. The reported increase in altitude of this tick species in the mountainous regions of Central and South America appears to be driven by such general trends in climate change. This factor, however, is not the only single contributor to the spread of ticks. The poor management of farms, uncontrolled movements of domestic animals, abundance of wild animals, and absence of an adequate framework to capture the ecological plasticity of certain ticks may explain the complexity of the control measures. In this paper, we review several details regarding the relationships of ticks with the environment, wild fauna and competition with other species of ticks. Our intention is to highlight these relationships with the aim to produce a coherent framework to explore tick ecology and its relationship with animal production systems.
Enzymatic Catalysis at Interfaces—Heterophase Systems as Substrates for Enzymatic Action
Authors: Weiss Clemens , Landfester Katharina
Published: April 2013

Several important enzymatic reactions occurring in nature, such as, e.g., the digestion of fat, proceed only at the interface of two immiscible phases. Typically, these systems consist of an organic substrate, dispersed in an aqueous continuous phase, with a specialized enzyme capable of working at the interface. For adopting such a system for organic synthesis, a stable heterophase system with a large interfacial area is required. These prerequisites can be found in so-called miniemulsions. Such liquid-liquid heterophase systems feature droplets with sizes smaller than 500 nm, and more importantly, these emulsions do not suffer from Ostwald ripening, as conventional emulsions do. Consequently, the droplets show long-term stability, even throughout reactions conducted in the droplets. In this review, we will briefly discuss the physicochemical background of miniemulsions, provide a comprehensive overview of the enzymatically catalyzed reactions conducted in miniemulsions and, as data are available, to compare the most important features to conventional systems, as reverse microemulsions, (macro)emulsions and solvent-based systems.
Biogeography of the Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) of North America, North of Mexico
Authors: Sanborn Allen , Phillips Polly
Published: April 2013

We describe and illustrate the biogeography of the cicadas inhabiting continental North America, north of Mexico. Species distributions were determined through our collecting efforts as well as label data from more than 110 institutional collections. The status of subspecies is discussed with respect to their distributions. As we have shown over limited geographic areas, the distribution of individual species is related to the habitat in which they are found. We discuss the biogeography of the genera with respect to their phylogenetic relationships. California is the state with the greatest alpha diversity (89 species, 46.6% of taxa) and unique species (35 species, 18.3% of taxa). Texas, Arizona, Colorado and Utah are the states with the next greatest alpha diversity with Texas, Arizona and Utah being next for unique species diversity. Maine, New Hampshire and Rhode Island are the states with the least amount of cicada diversity. Diversity is greatest in states and areas where there is a diversity of plant communities and habitats within these communities. Mountainous terrain also coincides with increases in diversity. Several regions of the focus area require additional collection efforts to fill in the distributions of several species.
HydroZIP: How Hydrological Knowledge can Be Used to Improve Compression of Hydrological Data
Authors: Weijs Steven , Van de Giesen Nick , Parlange Marc
Published: April 2013

From algorithmic information theory, which connects the information content of a data set to the shortest computer program that can produce it, it is known that there are strong analogies between compression, knowledge, inference and prediction. The more we know about a data generating process, the better we can predict and compress the data. A model that is inferred from data should ideally be a compact description of those data. In theory, this means that hydrological knowledge could be incorporated into compression algorithms to more efficiently compress hydrological data and to outperform general purpose compression algorithms. In this study, we develop such a hydrological data compressor, named HydroZIP, and test in practice whether it can outperform general purpose compression algorithms on hydrological data from 431 river basins from the Model Parameter Estimation Experiment (MOPEX) data set. HydroZIP compresses using temporal dependencies and parametric distributions. Resulting file sizes are interpreted as measures of information content, complexity and model adequacy. These results are discussed to illustrate points related to learning from data, overfitting and model complexity.
Aberrant Lipid Metabolism: An Emerging Diagnostic and Therapeutic Target in Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Pyragius Carmen , Fuller Maria , Ricciardelli Carmela , Oehler Martin
Published: April 2013

Ovarian cancer remains the most lethal gynaecological cancer. A better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of ovarian cancer is of critical importance to develop early detection tests and identify new therapeutic targets that would increase survival. Cancer cells depend on de novo lipid synthesis for the generation of fatty acids to meet the energy requirements for increased tumour growth. There is increasing evidence that lipid metabolism is deregulated in cancers, including ovarian cancer. The increased expression and activity of lipogenic enzymes is largely responsible for increased lipid synthesis, which is regulated by metabolic and oncogenic signalling pathways. This article reviews the latest knowledge on lipid metabolism and the alterations in the expression of lipogenic enzymes and downstream signalling pathways in ovarian cancer. Current developments for exploiting lipids as biomarkers for the detection of early stage ovarian cancer and therapeutic targets are discussed. Current research targeting lipogenic enzymes and lipids to increase the cytotoxicity of chemotherapy drugs is also highlighted.
Environmental Stresses Induce Misfolded Protein Aggregation in Plant Cells in a Microtubule-Dependent Manner
Authors: Nakajima Yuko , Suzuki Shunji
Published: April 2013

Misfolded protein aggregation in mammalian cells is one of the cellular responses to environmental stresses. However, the aggregation of misfolded proteins in plant cells exposed to environmental stresses is still poorly understood. Here, we report the misfolded protein aggregation in plant cells in response to environmental stresses, including ultraviolet (UV) radiation, heat stress and cold stress. Treatment of grape and tobacco cultured cells with MG-132, a proteasome inhibitor, induced misfolded protein aggregation. All of the environmental stresses examined induced the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response in the cells. The cells under ER stress showed aggregation of misfolded proteins. The misfolded protein aggregation was completely inhibited by treatment of the cells with trichostatin A or colchicine, suggesting that the misfolded proteins might be aggregated in plant cells in a microtubule-dependent manner. Detected aggregates were initially observed immediately after exposure to the environmental stresses (1 min after UV radiation, 5 min after heat stress exposure, and 15 min after cold stress exposure). Based on these findings, we hypothesize that environmental stresses induce misfolded protein aggregation in plant cells in a microtubule-dependent manner.
Oxidative Stress in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS): No Systemically Elevated Levels of Malondialdehyde, F2-Isoprostanes and 8OHdG in a Selected Sample of Patients
Authors: Fischer Sigrid , Perez Roberto , Nouta Jan , Zuurmond Wouter , Scheffer Peter
Published: April 2013

Exaggerated inflammation and oxidative stress are involved in the pathogenesis of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS). However, studies assessing markers for oxidative stress in CRPS patients are limited. In this study, markers for lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde and F2-isoprostanes) and DNA damage (8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine) were measured in nine patients (mean age 50.1 ± 17.1 years) with short term CRPS-1 (median 3 months) and nine age and sex matched healthy volunteers (mean age 49.3 ± 16.8 years) to assess and compare the level of oxidative stress. No differences were found in plasma between CRPS patients and healthy volunteers for malondialdehyde (5.2 ± 0.9 µmol/L vs. 5.4 ± 0.5 µmol/L) F2-isoprostanes (83.9 ± 18.7 pg/mL vs. 80.5 ± 12.3 pg/mL) and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (92.6 ± 25.5 pmol/L vs. 86.9 ± 19.0 pmol/L). Likewise, in urine, no differences were observed between CRPS patients and healthy volunteers for F2-isoprostanes (117 ng/mmol, IQR 54.5–124.3 vs. 85 ng/mmol, IQR 55.5–110) and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (1.4 ± 0.7 nmol/mmol vs. 1.4 ± 0.5 nmol/mmol). Our data show no elevation of systemic markers of oxidative stress in CRPS patients compared to matched healthy volunteers. Future research should focus on local sampling methods of oxidative stress with adequate patient selection based on CRPS phenotype and lifestyle.
Recurrent Structural Motifs in Non-Homologous Protein Structures
Authors: Johansson Maria , Zoete Vincent , Guex Nicolas
Published: April 2013

We have extracted an extensive collection of recurrent structural motifs (RSMs), which consist of sequentially non-contiguous structural motifs (4–6 residues), each of which appears with very similar conformation in three or more mutually unrelated protein structures. We find that the proteins in our set are covered to a substantial extent by the recurrent non-contiguous structural motifs, especially the helix and strand regions. Computational alanine scanning calculations indicate that the average folding free energy changes upon alanine mutation for most types of non-alanine residues are higher for amino acids that are present in recurrent structural motifs than for amino acids that are not. The non-alanine amino acids that are most common in the recurrent structural motifs, i.e., phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine, valine and tyrosine and the less abundant methionine and tryptophan, have the largest folding free energy changes. This indicates that the recurrent structural motifs, as we define them, describe recurrent structural patterns that are important for protein stability. In view of their properties, such structural motifs are potentially useful for inter-residue contact prediction and protein structure refinement.
Comparative Study on the Larvicidal Activity of Drimane Sesquiterpenes and Nordrimane Compounds against Drosophila melanogaster til-til
Authors: Montenegro Ivan , Pino Luis , Werner Enrique , Madrid Alejandro , Espinoza Luis , Moreno Luis , Villena Joan , Cuellar Mauricio
Published: April 2013

Natural compounds from Drimys winteri Forst and derivatives exhibited larvicidal effects against Drosophila melanogaster til-til. The most active compound was isodrimenin (4). The highest lethal concentration to the larvae of D. melanogaster was 4.5 ± 0.8 mg/L. At very low concentrations drimenol (1), confertifolin (3), and drimanol (5) displayed antifeedant and larvae growth regulatory activity. The antifeedant results of nordrimanic and drimanic compounds were better in first instar larvae. The EC50 value of polygodial (2) was 60.0 ± 4.2 mg/L; of diol 15 45.0 ± 2.8 mg/L, and of diol 17 36.9 ± 3.7 mg/L, while the new nordrimane compound 12 presented a value of 83.2 ± 3.5 mg/L.
Peripheral Antinociception of a Chalcone, Flavokawin B and Possible Involvement of the Nitric Oxide/Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate/Potassium Channels Pathway
Authors: Kamaldin Mohd , Akhtar Muhammad , Mohamad Azam , Lajis Nordin , Perimal Enoch , Akira Ahmad , Ming-Tatt Lee , Israf Daud , Sulaiman Mohd
Published: April 2013

Previous studies have shown that systemic administration of 6'-hydroxy-2',4'-dimethoxychalcone (flavokawin B, FKB) exerts significant peripheral and central antinociceptive effects in laboratory animals. However, the mechanisms underlying these peripheral and central antinociceptive effects have yet to be elucidated. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the participation of nitric oxide (NO)/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)/potassium (K+) channels pathway in the peripheral antinociception induced by FKB. It was demonstrated that intraplantar (i.pl.) administration of FKB (150, 250, 375 and 500 µg/paw) resulted in dose-dependent peripheral antinociception against mechanical hyperalgesia in carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia test model in rats. The possibility of FKB having either a central or a systemic effect was excluded since administration of FKB into the right paw did not elicit antinociception in the contralateral paw. Furthermore, peripheral antinociception induced by FKB (500 µg/paw) was significantly reduced when L-arginine (25 µg/paw, i.pl.), Oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ; 50 µg/paw, i.pl.), glibenclamide (300 µg/paw, i.pl.), tetraethylammonium (300 µg/paw, i.pl.) and charybdotoxin (3 µg/paw, i.pl.) were injected before treatment. Taken together, our present data suggest that FKB elicits peripheral antinociception when assessed in the mechanical hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan. In addition, it was also demonstrated that this effect was mediated through interaction of the NO/cGMP/K+ channels signaling pathway.
α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Effect and Simultaneous Quantification of Three Major Flavonoid Glycosides in Microctis folium
Authors: Chen Yan-Gan , Li Ping , Li Peng , Yan Ru , Zhang Xiao-Qi , Wang Ying , Zhang Xian-Tao , Ye Wen-Cai , Zhang Qing-Wen
Published: April 2013

Microctis Folium, the leaves of Microcos paniculata L., is a commonly used herbal tea material. The methanol extract of Microctis Folium and its principle compounds vitexin (1), isovitexin (2) and isorhamnetin 3-O-β-D-rutinoside (3) were investigated for their α-glucosidase inhibitory effects. The extract showed strong α-glucosidase inhibitory effect (IC50 = 61.30 μg/mL) and the three flavonoid glycosides 1–3 exerted satisfactory α-glucosidase inhibitory effects, with IC50 values of 244.0 μM, 266.2 μM and 275.4 μM, respectively. A simple and reliable HPLC-DAD method was developed for the quantification of the three flavonoid glycosides in Microctis Folium and applied successfully to determine contents of these components in samples collected from different locations. This study suggested that Microctis Folium may be a promising candidate for development of herbal antidiabetes drugs, and vitexin, isovitexin and isorhamnetin 3-O-β-D-rutinoside can be the biomarkers and chemical markers for this plant substance.
Henipavirus Infections: Lessons from Animal Models
Authors: Dhondt Kévin , Horvat Branka
Published: April 2013

The Henipavirus genus contains two highly lethal viruses, the Hendra and Nipah viruses and one, recently discovered, apparently nonpathogenic member; Cedar virus. These three, negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses, are hosted by fruit bats and use EphrinB2 receptors for entry into cells. The Hendra and Nipah viruses are zoonotic pathogens that emerged in the middle of 90s and have caused severe, and often fatal, neurologic and/or respiratory diseases in both humans and different animals; including spillover into equine and porcine species. Development of relevant models is critical for a better understanding of viral pathogenesis, generating new diagnostic tools, and assessing anti-viral therapeutics and vaccines. This review summarizes available data on several animal models where natural and/or experimental infection has been demonstrated; including pteroid bats, horses, pigs, cats, hamsters, guinea pigs, ferrets, and nonhuman primates. It recapitulates the principal features of viral pathogenesis in these animals and current knowledge on anti-viral immune responses. Lastly it describes the recently characterized murine animal model, which provides the possibility to use numerous and powerful tools available for mice to further decipher henipaviruses immunopathogenesis, prophylaxis, and treatment. The utility of different models to analyze important aspects of henipaviruses-induced disease in humans, potential routes of transmission, and therapeutic approaches are equally discussed.
Moving Object Localization Using Sound-Based Positioning System with Doppler Shift Compensation
Authors: Widodo Slamet , Shiigi Tomoo , Hayashi Naoki , Kikuchi Hideo , Yanagida Keigo , Nakatsuchi Yoshiaki , Ogawa Yuichi , Kondo Naoshi
Published: April 2013

Sound-based positioning systems are a potential alternative low-cost navigation system. Recently, we developed such an audible sound-based positioning system, based on a spread spectrum approach. It was shown to accurately localize a stationary object. Here, we extend this localization to a moving object by compensating for the Doppler shift associated with the object movement. Numerical simulations and experiments indicate that by compensating for the Doppler shift, the system can accurately determine the position of an object moving along a non-linear path. When the object moved in a circular path with an angular velocity of 0 to 1.3 rad/s, it could be localized to within 25 mm of the actual position. Experiments also showed the proposed system has a high noise tolerance of up to −25 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) without compromising accuracy.
Half-Cell Potential Analysis of an Ammonia Sensor with the Electrochemical Cell Au | YSZ | Au, V2O5-WO3-TiO2
Authors: Schönauer-Kamin Daniela , Fleischer Maximilian , Moos Ralf
Published: April 2013

Half-cell potentials of the electrochemical cell Au, VWT | YSZ | Au are analyzed in dependence on oxygen and ammonia concentration at 550 °C. One of the gold electrodes is covered with a porous SCR catalyst, vanadia-tungstenia-titania (VWT). The cell is utilized as a potentiometric ammonia gas sensor and provides a semi-logarithmic characteristic curve with a high NH3 sensitivity and selectivity. The analyses of the Au | YSZ and Au, VWT | YSZ half-cells are conducted to describe the non-equilibrium behavior of the sensor device in light of mixed potential theory. Both electrode potentials provide a dependency on the NH3 concentration, whereby VWT, Au | YSZ shows a stronger effect which increases with increasing VWT coverage. The potential shifts in the anodic direction confirm the formation of mixed potentials at both electrodes resulting from electrochemical reactions of O2 and NH3 at the three-phase boundary. Polarization curves indicate Butler-Volmer-type kinetics. Modified polarization curves of the VWT covered electrode show an enhanced anodic reaction and an almost unaltered cathodic reaction. The NH3 dependency is dominated by the VWT coverage and it turns out that the catalytic properties of the VWT thick film are responsible for the electrode potential shift
Une émeute de la faim dans la banlieue rouennaise
Authors: Cobb Richard Charles
Published: April 2013

Comme dans ses articles précédents (voir Ann. de Normandie), l'auteur étudie l'exploitation politique du mécontentement causé par la disette de 1795. Les émeutes qui eurent lieu au cours du printemps an III, sous le prétexte de la famine, ont une tendance nettement contre-révolutionnaire. Elles sont dirigées contre le personnel municipal de l'an II par des individus qui, ayant été atteints par la loi du maximum, profitent de la situation pour essayer de détruire les manifestations d'une République qu'ils détestent. Mais ces efforts « auraient été impuissants si, à la base de leur action, ne se trouvaient les griefs trop réels d'une population de plus en plus affamée... L'émeute est née de la conjoncture d'une aggravation matérielle très réelle et d'événements politiques qui donnaient à cette misère une voix et un but ».
De la confrérie pieuse au métier organisé. La fraternité des Fèvres de Caen (fin du XIIe siècle)
Authors: Boüard Michel de
Published: April 2013

L'auteur publie et commente le texte de l'acte de fraternité qui, dès la fin du XIIIe siècle, associait les fèvres de Caen à la vie spiri tuelle de l'abbaye d'Ardenne. On relève dans ce texte, à côté de l'énumération des avantages spirituels consentis aux fèvres, des règles concernant l'organisation économique de leur métier.
L'espace social : un devoir d'Espaces Temps
Authors: Elissalde Bernard ,   Groupe Géographie d'EspacesTemps
Published: April 2013

Depuis que les géographes d'Espaces Temps ont commencé à se manifester, leur image a été associée à un concept, celui d'"espace social". Peut-on espérer, après des années de réflexion sur ce thème, présenter simplement l'approche rugueuse d'une réalité complexe ? Plus modestement, il s'agit ici de quelques "remarques" et "conseils" destinés à dissiper les malentendus.
L'histoire en miettes: des Annales militantes aux Annales triomphantes
Authors: Dosse François
Published: April 2013

Après plus d'un demi-siècle d'existence, l'heure est venue de dresser un bilan de l'"école des Annales". François Dosse montre que la "prise du pouvoir" ne lui a pas valu que du bien/ et que Marc Bloch ne reconnaîtrait peut-être pas ses enfants. La vigoureuse remise en cause de ce qui est devenu une institution.
La révolution momifiée
Authors: Garcia Patrick
Published: April 2013

La Révolution Française est-elle commémorable ? Telle est la question qui se pose depuis 1790 aux pouvoirs publics. L'approche du Bicentenaire et les débats qu'il suscite montre qu'elle demeure d'actualité et que le message et les pratiques de la Révolution s'inscrivent toujours dans les clivages politiques contemporains.
Passé présent : les Français et leur Révolution. Une enquête qualitative
Authors:   Collectif d'analyse de l'enquête
Published: April 2013

La représentation qu'ont les Français de la Révolution est-elle conforme aux stéréotypes courants ou présente-t-elle des surprises ? C'est ce que tente de préciser l'enquête qualitative menée par EspacesTemps sur la perception de la révolution. Les résultats font apparaître deux tendances contradictoires : un maintien des clivages traditionnels mais aussi de nouvelles manières de relire l'héritage révolutionnaire.
Théorie du réel et géographicité
Authors: Raffestin Claude
Published: April 2013

En prétendant rejoindre la science moderne, la nouvelle géographie positiviste n'a fait que plaquer de la « modernité » sur du traditionnel. La géographie se trouve actuellement sans ontologie, sans cadre général pour répondre aux questions que le monde lui pose. La géographicité, comme mode d'existence de l'homme sur la Terre, peut permettre de renouer, en les renouvelant, avec des modèles anciens.
Une nouvelle géographie classique pour une modernité du troisième type
Authors: Ferrier Jean-Paul
Published: April 2013

In twenty years, geography has become able to process information abreast of the progress of data-processing. That effort has given it back a long history and a co-filiation with philosophy. Hence a renewed capacity of facing the World and things, and render an a account of them. That situation opens it new responsabilities, in a "culturel" position which compels it to question anew the meaning of what is classical and what is modern.
Géographie : discours et avenirs
Authors: De Koninck Rodolphe , Lévy Jacques
Published: April 2013

Au-delà des différences entre Europe et Amérique, l'« état des lieux » de la géographie présente un aspect nuancé et contradictoire. La nuance s'impose lorsqu'il s'agit de l'ouverture, encore trop timide, sur les autres sciences sociales. La contradiction éclate quand on constate la tentation d'une improbable restauration néo-classique. En tout cas, le « frottement » des idées s'avère positif : il éclaire les enjeux du moment.
Luttes de classement au CNRS
Authors: Haegel Florence
Published: April 2013

Si le Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique est le centre du monde scientifique français, il a aussi failli être l'épicentre d'un séisme administrativo-scientifique. Il était, en effet, question de redéfinir sa géographie, de déplacer les frontières de ses "pays", d'en dissoudre les "clans" et les "tribus", de regrouper différentes "ethnies" dans des entités qui les transcendent. La secousse s'est transformée en un simple tremblement. Mais durant plusieurs mois, des corporations se sont mobilisées, des mandarins se sont offusqués, la techno-structure scientifique a reculé et trois projets ont successivement été rendus public.
Afrique : le besoin de parler autrement qu'en surface
Authors: Retaillé Denis
Published: April 2013

Deux fausses pistes, héritées de la colonisation, obscurcissent la compréhension de l'Afrique : la délimitation des frontières comme condition suffisante à la création des états africains et l'identité ethnique comme structure fondamentale des formations sociales. Or s'il est désormais des certitudes sur l'Afrique, c'est l'inadaptation de la notion d'État-territorial et la structuration des sociétés en réseaux et non pas en entités délimitées. En Afrique, plus qu'ailleurs, tout découpage en surfaces délimitées et exclusives est d'une faible valeur heuristique.
1968 : histoire, mémoire et commémoration
Authors: Zancarini-Fournel Michelle
Published: April 2013

L 'article vise à proposer des pistes d'analyse de Mai 68 à partir d'une distance critique avec les positions de Pierre Nora, et en particulier avec la réduction mémorielle et commémorative de l'événement que ce dernier opère et qui ouvre la porte à une dérive déréalisatrice, négatrice de la rupture, de l'événement. L'auteur analyse dans un premier temps les lieux communs qui ont structuré une mémoire générationnelle globalisante de Mai 68, médiatisée et instrumentalisée par un petit nombre d'acteurs. Elle analyse ensuite la commémoration-célébration rampante des années soixante-dix et quatre-vingt qui n'ont fait que renforcer ces lieux communs et qui ont bloqué l'historicisation de Mai 68. L'article souligne que les historiens disposent pourtant de nombreuses sources et pistes pour combler ce déficit historiographique mais que celui-ci doit être corrélé à l'envahissement mémoriel sélectif caractéristique de la société française des années quatre-vingt destiné à fabriquer du consensus identitaire et à évacuer la césure que les mouvements des années 68 instituent dans la construction contemporaine de l'identité française.
Sous l'influence des conventions scolaires
Authors: Grataloup Christian
Published: April 2013

Taking the discipline "History-Geography" and its sub-discipline "Geography" as fields of conventions is not without interest. Exercizes, documents and ways of learning are deformed and can be taken as norms. These interpretations weigh on homonymous sciences and exclude the others from school. Behind is revealed the importance of distinctive functions. But the affirmation of a society of individuals gives every scholastic chance to the Social Sciences.
Faire de la géographie un programme
Authors: Retaillé Denis
Published: April 2013

School Geography in France is organized like knowledge of a naturalistic or historic kind. The course proposed for learning leads from the earth to the world, passing by the State. From this result firmly anchored determinisms, which orient History in the sense of finalism. It is, however, possible to take the world here and there as a horizon of life, and thus prepare for the future and responsible citizenship.
Le patrimoine : "une filiation inversée" ?
Authors: Davallon Jean
Published: April 2013

Le patrimoine est habituellement assimilé à une mémoire "muséifiée". Or, si on interroge ce que l'on appelle transmission du patrimoine, ce dernier apparaît instaurer un rapport au passé (ou à l'ailleurs) tout à fait original. S'appuyant sur l'histoire (ou l'ethnologie), il est reconstruction d'un lien avec un monde disparu, depuis le présent, à partir d'un objet "trouvé". La valeur que nous reconnaissons à cet objet nous rend débiteurs de ceux qui l'ont produit. Loin d'être continuité mémorielle, le patrimoine ouvre donc une "filiation inversée", une filiation qui est culturelle et non plus sociale ou biologique.
La lignée croyante en question
Authors: Hervieu-Léger Danièle
Published: April 2013

Cet article s'ouvre par une reprise critique du débat sur la "définition "delà religion qui a opposé, pendant trente ans, les tenants d'une approche fonctionnelle et extensive des formes de la religiosité, et les tenants d'une approche substantive et restrictive attachée au contenu spécifique des croyances religieuses. Pour sortir ce débat de la répétitivité stérile, l'auteur propose une perspective centrée sur le mode particulier du croire qui spécifie la religion, à savoir : la référence légitimatrice à une tradition, autrement dit à une mémoire autorisée. Mais cette proposition fait immédiatement rebondir le débat .- comment cette référence à la continuité d'une lignée croyante peut-elle s'établir, dans le contexte d'une modernité religieuse caractérisée par l'individualisation du croire, la disjonction de la croyance et de l'appartenance et la dislocation des identités religieuses héritées ? À partir d'une réflexion sur les conditions de validation nécessaires à la mise en récit des bricolages croyants individuels, l'article examine les différentes formes de communalisation religieuse (et donc de construction de la mémoire partagée) que fait surgir la disqualification (au moins relative) des codes de sens prescrits par les institutions religieuses.
Du genre des vierges
Authors: Aboudrar Bruno-Nassim
Published: April 2013

Au début du XVIIIe siècle, Jean Raoux peint deux tableaux intitulés, respectivement, Les vierges antiques et Les vierges modernes. Mais qu'est-ce que peindre des vierges ? en quoi consiste, en peinture, la virginité ? et à qui la représentation en est-elle adressée ? Les équivoques de la peinture de genre conduisent celle-ci à élaborer une réflexion visuelle qui porte, en effet, sur les genres : le masculin et le féminin ainsi que les jeux de regard et d'aveuglement qui les lie ou les sépare.
Art mineur - Art majeur : Gilles Deleuze
Authors: Sauvagnargues Anne
Published: April 2013

Pour Deleuze, l'art n 'existe pas en dehors du corps social qu 'il transforme. La création est d'emblée politique, parce que le spectateur est transformé par l'expérience qu'elle procure et que l'artiste abandonne ses traits subjectifs pour se faire l'opérateur du corps social. Ni agent du corps social déterminé par le jeu de forces de la société, ni subjectivité géniale qui s'émancipe de la collectivité, l'artiste est un opérateur, un médecin de la civilisation. Il diagnostique des forces qui seraient restées insensibles sans le procédé qu 'il invente. Aussi l'art est-il critique et clinique. Il crée de nouvelles manières de sentir et dépenser en inventant de nouveaux effets. Cela étant, les procédés ont aussi leur histoire. Une fois leur effet produit, ils ont tendance à être réifiés par le corps social qui les transforme en normes majeures. Mais la création reste un acte de minorité. Non qu'elle soit dépourvue d'importance, ou l'expression des seules minorités, mais parce qu'elle mine les normes, explore et contribue à inventer de nouvelles dimensions du social.
La rigueur du qualitatif. L'anthropologie comme science empirique
Authors: Olivier de Sardan Jean-Pierre
Published: April 2013

L'anthropologie partage le régime épistémologique unifié des sciences sociales, fondé sur la plausibilité des énoncés et non sur leur falsifiabilité. Mais elle a quelques spécificités, qui, contrairement aux clichés exotiques, passéistes, ou subjectivistes trop souvent attachés à la discipline, sont liées avant tout aux caractéristiques de l'enquête de terrain prolongée (telles que : rendre compte du point de vue des acteurs, ou décrire leurs pratiques). Les contraintes empiriques de l'interprétation anthropologique ne peuvent être garanties que par la vigilance méthodologique, la quête de rigueur, et le respect du "pacte ethnographique" passé avec le lecteur. On plaidera enfin pour une anthropologie non culturaliste, ouverte à de nouveaux objets, si possible porteurs d'enjeux sociaux : mais elle doit être d'autant plus scrupuleuse et exigeante quant à la production et à l'usage de données sur le terrain qu'elle relève de l'artisanat et de l'approximation propres aux approches qualitatives.
Composition, espace et paysage dans les peintures de Polygnote à la lesché de Delphes
Authors: Cousin Catherine
Published: April 2013

Among the most famous paintings of antiquity were Polugnotos' Iliupersis and Nekyia, which decorated the Knidian lesche at Delphi. Tough they non longer exist, a extensive description by Pausanias (X, 25-31) gives a precise idea of the subjects and figures depicted. The object of this article is to study the composition (based on an attempt to reconstitute the two works of at) and to judge whether Polygnotos was an innovator, with regards to prior rendings of space and landscape. They are numerous links between the two works, as well as chronogical and spatial continuity : there are all the various stages from life to death, from this world to the next. The space created within each painting seems to be punctuated by recurrant elements : the banks of Troy, then the varied architecture often sustained by the presence of animals in the Iliupersis) the banks of the Akeron and the great criminals in the Nekyia. Furthermore, the specific nature os space and landscape in the Infernal world can clearly be observed. Polygnotos therefore did not simply illustrate the epic cycle. All the while in direct line with the tradition, he was able to innovate through the amplitude of his compositions, their spacial sense of unity, by including them in a real landscape, and finally by the ethical point of view he chose to illustrate.
La situation géographique et les abords de l'Hadès homérique
Authors: Cousin Catherine
Published: April 2013

Cet article s'attache à la question de la localisation de l'Hadès, sous terre ou au-delà de l'Océan, et à la conception des abords de ce royaume dans l'Iliade et Y Odyssée. Une analyse détaillée des passages concernés témoigne d'une représentation unitaire des parages infernaux : ils sont composés d'une double frontière comprenant un espace intermédiaire où l'on retrouve à la fois des aspects relatifs au monde des vivants et des caractéristiques propres au domaine des morts. Quant aux deux conceptions sur la localisation infernale, elles ne sont pas aussi inconciliables qu'il y paraît si l'on considère que l'entrée des Enfers se situe aux confins du monde, c'est-à-dire à un endroit particulier où les différents étages cosmiques se rejoignent.
Éditer l'Iliade II
Authors: Nardelli Jean-Fabrice
Published: April 2013

Les manuscrits de VIliade passent généralement pour être impossibles à ordonner dans un schéma historique. De l'abondance et de la complexité de la matière, au caractère écrasant, mais incertain dans le détail, de la documentation, en passant par l'absence d'outils basiques tel un catalogue descriptif qui serait à jour, sur le modèle de ceux produits par YAristoteles- Archiv- toutes les conditions, ou presque, sont réunies pour dissuader le chercheur de faire beaucoup plus que d'esquisser des théories sommaires fondées sur une sélection arbitraire de faits. Il en résulte inévitablement un fort degré de précarité technique au niveau des fondements de la recherche textuelle, et une critique philologique parfois appauvrie ou myope. Un nouvel effort mené sur la classification des lieux variants et des fautes qui caractérisent les plus anciens manuscrits médiévaux, laisse toutefois penser que l'on peut parvenir à un certain résultat. A la condition de se résoudre à ne considérer qu'une petite partie seulement du poème et pourvu qu'on veuille bien cesser de s'en laisser conter par les préjugés en vigueur à propos de la soi-disant évidence de contamination, distinguer des descendances verticales parmi les plus anciens manuscrits en minuscule semble à portée de main. Le présent essai, sur les chants XIII-XV, se propose de tester ce qu'il est possible de faire, d'après une méthode combinant l'analyse philologique et le comput statistique, pour tenter de répondre de façon sérieuse à la redoutable question posée par Alphonse Dain : combien VIliade a-t-elle connu d'exemplaires translittérés attestables ?
Καὶ έπὶ ĸνέφας ἦλθε. Comment lire Homère ?
Authors: Christol Alain
Published: April 2013

Les lecteurs des poèmes homériques ont souvent projeté sur le texte épique des significations nouvelles, inconnues des aèdes. De cette évolution nous avons la preuve chez les poètes hellénistiques qui empruntent des séquences homériques mais\en modifient la syntaxe ou la sémantique. La présente étude est consacrée à la formule και èm κνέφας ήλθε «et l'obscurité vint sur (la terre) » ; les emplois de κνέφας chez Apollonios de Rhodes suggèrent une double évolution, syntaxique : le préverbe έτιΐ est réinterprété comme une préposition associée à κνέφας, et sémantique : κνέφας est traité comme un synonyme «épique» de νύξ «nuit».
Cyclic Design and Thematic Resonance in Iliad Books 3 and 6
Authors: Heiden Bruce
Published: April 2013

The Iliad is designed in three cycles, books 1 through 8, 9 through 15, and 16 through 24, in which thematically analogous marked segments (« books ») occupy analogous positions in parallel order. Within each cycle thematically analogous books occupy analogous positions in reverse order (i.e., «ring-composition»). Some of the stylistic and interpretive implications of the design may be tested by sampling two books which the design indicates should be related. Book 3 comes right before the turn of the first cycle, book 6 right after the turn. The examination shows that virtually every scene in each book has a strong resonance with at least one scene in the other. Thematic analysis of the analogous scenes indicates a consistent trajectory of thematic development.
Le ms. Baroccianus 50 et la tradition manuscrite de la Batrachomyomachie
Authors: Migoubert Yann
Published: April 2013

The aim of this paper is to investigate the place of die most ancient manuscript known of the Batrachomyomachia in the manuscript transmission of this Homeric parody which, though unknown nowadays, was published 14 years before the editio princeps of the Iliad and Odyssey (Florence, 1488) by Demetrios Chalcondylès. This Oxoniensis Baroccianus 50, though deprived of any heir, has, nevertheless, provoked a real enthusiasm : its unpublished and surprising lectiones that had nothing to do with those of almost 120 other manuscripts, were discovered by Maittaire in the XVinth century and re-discovered by the philologist Arthur Ludwich in such a way that from him every edition appears as a quasi-diplomatic edition of the Baroccianus. Nonetheless, when you look at this manuscript, which has been studied very carefully, the validity of some lectiones seems to be revoked and therefore the hegemony of the Baroccianus is to be contested. This evaluation of the Baroccianus will show the way to a forthcoming edition of the Batrachomyomachia.
Dante : Aller au-delà, aller dans l'au-delà
Authors: Ambroise Claude
Published: April 2013

Dopo aver reperito tre passi délia Commedia in cui individuare un rapporte con Omero, si procède ad una analisi del XXVT delT Inferno - il cosidetto «Canto di Ulisse» - incentrata sulla nozione dell'andare nell'aldilà, in modo da sottolineare nel testo di Dante l'ossessione dell'andare oltre. Après avoir repéré trois passages de la Comédie où mettre en évidence un rapport avec Homère, l'analyse du chant xxxvi de VEnfer- connu comme « le chant d'Ulysse » - se déroule en fonction de l'aller au-delà, de façon à souligner cette obsession du passer outre dans le texte de Dante.