bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Word Order in Biblical Hebrew Narrative
Authors: Goldfajn Tal
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the syntactic phenomenon of word order in biblical Hebrew (BH) narrative. It argues that variation of verb order is neither random nor explicable solely in terms of stylistic choice and claims that verb order alterations have important effects on the temporal relations between the situations described in a narrative. This chapter suggests that the word order phenomena in BH should be considered as playing a major role in conveying temporal shifts and nuances within the biblical text.
Temporal Relations within the Two Basic Set-Ups
Authors: Goldfajn Tal
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines how the basic relations of anteriority, simultaneity, and posteriority between different events are realized within each temporal set-up in a number of classical biblical Hebrew (BH) narrative texts. It identifies the common verb order sequences commonly employed to convey anteriority, simultaneity, and posteriority in the basic temporal set-ups. It provides examples to show how some common verb forms are used in narrative to express temporal relations.
Introduction
Authors: Behr John
Published: October 2011

Asceticism addresses what we are as human beings and asks questions regarding the appropriate ways of realizing this in our lives. Christian asceticism is a significant part of modern Western civilization. Is Christian asceticism, though, a corruption of true Christianity? Is it intrinsic to Christian existence? How is it different from other types of asceticism? Christianity's ideals regarding virginity, abstinence, continence and other such issues have become issues because of its different representations and interpretations; these ideals have marked Christians as a ‘third race’. The specificity and distinctiveness of Christianity is found not in their practices, but in the ‘constitution of their citizenship’. This book looks into the continuity or lack of continuity between pagan Christian morality through investigating their conceptions of morality from philosophical and socio-historical viewpoints. Specifically, this book concentrates on Irenaeus of Lyons and Clement of Alexandria's understandings on asceticism.
The Economy of God
Authors: Behr John
Published: October 2011

This chapter explains the features of Irenaeus's economy. Irenaeus asserts how theologians may pursue their reflections only with establishing an overall economy or arrangement of the hypothesis of Scripture. Irenaeus's economy is grounded on relating the human race to what God has done for man. His work revolves around the notion of God, the Son, the Spirit, how man was formed in God's likeness, and how these elements act according to the Father's will. Irenaeus uses plasma to describe man as God's ‘handiwork’. Another feature of this economy is that it has temporality; all things exist as long as God wills them to exist. The chapter explains why God has created man to fulfill his purpose, pointing out how freedom is another pre-condition for God's creations. It emphasizes that the most profound of Irenaeus's reflections is the unity between God's glory and man, the manifestation of God and his visions.
Conclusion
Authors: Behr John
Published: October 2011

The book defines two different theologies regarding the existence and nature of man. For Irenaeus, asceticism is man living life in the image of God. For Clement, man is in control of how he becomes godlike. Unique features of Irenaeus's theology include: the link between theology and anthropology, how the body is fashioned in the image of God, and man's dependence on God to attain true freedom. Clement, on the other hand, asserts that it is not the body but the intellect that is made in God's image, and man has free will to decide and live. Clement also analyzes the nature of perfection in newly baptized Christians. Clement explains his theology of asceticism in terms of ‘synergy’, emphasizing Christians obeying God's commandments and how their actions become righteous. Irenaeus gives focus on the economy of Scripture while Clement emphasizes how paideia results in man's salvation.
Relative Frequencies of Imperfect and Aorist Indicatives
Authors: Evans T. V.
Published: October 2011

This chapter's assessment of Pentateuchal usage is essentially a study in statistical syntax. More precise analyses of the linguistic contexts in which these hundreds of imperfects and thousands of aorist indicatives occur, and of relevant issues in translation technique, are likely to demand some nuancing of the argument. Given these qualifications, the conclusions here must be regarded as preliminary. Yet it seems that at the macro-level, the solution to the puzzle of low imperfect frequencies in the Greek Pentateuch. The discussion attempts to show that the essential nature of the phenomenon as the manifestation of a Hebraism. Available statistics for extra-Biblical Greek appear to demonstrate a decline in the frequency of the imperfect relative to the aorist indicative during the post-Classical period, especially in the vernacular language. The actual function of the imperfect remains unchanged.
The Logic of Uncertainty
Authors: BARTHOLOMEW DAVID J.
Published: October 2011

There are several ways of looking at probability as a degree of belief and no matter how diverse their thoughts might have started out, two people's probabilities will meet at some point. Probabilities may refer to events, propositions, or hypotheses about the state of the world. Probabilities, especially about topics such as God's existence, are conditional; they can be either true or false and cannot be investigated through repeated experimentation. The probability of God's existence is a measure of how strongly one believes in this. This chapter presents two types of probabilities that may aide in analyzing God's existence. The first directly provides the probability of the truth of a hypothesis given evidence derived from the natural world, the second is an event given a hypothesis about the natural world.
Is God’s Existence Probable?
Authors: BARTHOLOMEW DAVID J.
Published: October 2011

The chapter concentrates on whether the world owes its existence to a fundamental reality or not. Another aspect that needs to be studied is how people recognize God, God's purpose, and their part in the greater scheme of things. The chapter addresses these issues through using different approaches. The first concerns expressing the argument in terms of probabilities and concentrates on a rational assessment regarding the belief in God. The second approach focuses on the fundamental question — what is the probability that God exists? In conclusion, there is no definite answer to the fundamental question; the only way to arrive at a probability would be to assign a prior probability to the proposition; this explains how claims that have concluded the probability of God cannot be justified.
Dimensions of Principle and Sympathy
Authors: Miller William L. , Timpson Annis May , Lessnoff Michael
Published: October 2011

This chapter uses factor analysis to help decide, first of all, how many — or how few — general dimensions of principle underlie many particular questions of principle; and, secondly, how closely or loosely individual questions of principle depend upon more general dimensions of principle. It focuses on those elements of principle which our many individual questions have in common. It also pursues a comparison of people and politicians to find out whether politicians have the same structure of general principles as the public.
The Practice of Principle
Authors: Miller William L. , Timpson Annis May , Lessnoff Michael
Published: October 2011

The practice of rights is supremely important, particularly to those who seek or enjoy rights, but also to those who would grant or defend the rights of others. Practice tests commitment to principle. This chapter asks how far practice is consistent with principle. It tests the British public’s and politicians’ commitments to the practice of liberty and equality by reviewing the decisions they would make in a variety of situations, all of which have occurred, or could well occur in Britain. It will soon become apparent that even a decision about the simplest of scenarios may involve the exercise of more than one principle, and these principles may themselves be in conflict. For that reason if for no other, any single principle will fail to determine practical decisions completely. However, evidence suggests that principles are, none the less, strong influences upon decisions in specific practical scenarios.
The Institutional Setting
Authors: Miller William L. , Timpson Annis May , Lessnoff Michael
Published: October 2011

This chapter looks, both within Britain and beyond, for evidence that political culture reflects variations in the institutional and historical setting. In particular, it compares the political culture of Scotland with that of Britain as a whole; and compares the political culture of Britain with that of its former dominion, Canada. The aim is to consider whether, in fundamental respects, there is a common political culture that pervades these countries. The chapter tests the proposition that attitudes towards civil, political, and social rights reflect the limited — but not trivial — variations in the historical and institutional context between such closely connected, yet different, countries as Scotland, England, and Canada.
An Overview Model
Authors: Miller William L. , Timpson Annis May , Lessnoff Michael
Published: October 2011

The previous chapters reviewed a wide variety of potential influences upon attitudes to civil and political rights. But so far we have looked at them separately and in sequence. This chapter looks at them in parallel and in combination. It brings together different aspects of social background, and links those various aspects of social background with experience, principles, prejudices, partisanship, ideology, argument, and practical decisions. The aim is to gain in comprehensibility and understanding what was lost in subtlety and detail.
Technological and Economic Pressures for Change in Telecommunications from the 1960s to the 1990s
Authors: Thatcher Mark
Published: October 2011

This chapter considers the ways in which sweeping technological and economic developments altered the nature of the telecommunications sector. It argues that in the twenty-eight years under consideration, these technological and economic developments were exogenous to Britain and France: policy-makers in the two countries could not greatly influence the technological and economic development of the sector, and resulting opportunities and pressures; only whether and how to introduce new technology within their countries.
Pressures for Change from the International Regulatory Environment of Telecommunications from the 1960s to the 1990s
Authors: Thatcher Mark
Published: October 2011

This chapter considers ideas and debates at the international level, especially in the United States, concerning the telecommunications policy and regulations. It traces the development of European Community regulations; whilst not entirely exogenous to British and French policy making, it was external and common to both countries.
From Abundance to Scarcity Fuel Shortage and the Rise of Coal, 1550–1700
Authors: Hatcher John
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the changing demand for coal between the 16th and 17th centuries. The doubling of the English population between the 1530s and the 1650s, from around 2.75 million to approximately 5.25 million, led to a massive expansion of the use of land for crops and animals, and with it the destruction of hundreds of thousands of acres of woodland. There was a build-up of pressure upon resources, and this was greatest upon the products of the land: foodstuffs and a wide range of raw materials such as wool, flax, hemp, dyestuffs, and leather, and of course wood and other surface fuels. By the opening decades of the 17th century, coal had become the staple fuel of the capital, and even those who could afford not to burn it depended upon a plentiful flow to keep wood prices from escalating still higher.
Regional Developments and National Trends
Authors: Hatcher John
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses general tendencies in medieval and early modern coal mining. One such general tendency bestowed a critical role upon location. Variations in costs of production frequently paled into insignificance against the expense of overland haulage. Time and again the evolution of whole coalfields, as well as the individual collieries within them, depended fundamentally upon access to markets: the proximity of the sea, of navigable rivers, of large towns. However cheap it might be to dig coal, and however good that coal might be, the quantity that could be sold imposed an iron constraint upon the numbers of pits that were sunk and the amounts of coal that were raised from them.
Ownership and Enterprise
Authors: Hatcher John
Published: October 2011

Throughout the medieval and early modern centuries landed wealth far surpassed all other forms of wealth, and since the initiative in the exploitation of minerals resided first of all with the owners of the land under which they lay, it was destined that landowners and the patterns of landownership should be fundamental to the history of coalmining. This chapter discusses proprietors and entrepreneurs, the sources of mining capital, executive decision-making, and mining leases.
The Economics of Mining
Authors: Hatcher John
Published: October 2011

A paradox lies at the heart of the conventional view of the economics of coalmining in the 16th and 17th centuries. On the one hand we are presented with a matchless record of soaring output which was facilitated by massive capital investments made by hundreds of eager adventurers; while on the other, both contemporary observers and historians have painted a gloomy picture of an industry plagued by inordinate risk, wildly fluctuating fortunes, and frequent crippling losses. This chapter discusses risk and rewards, capital investment, profitability, labour productivity, and patterns of production and sales.
The Organization of the East Coast Trade
Authors: Hatcher John
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses Hostmen's and the organization of the Newcastle and London coal trade. The abundant capacity of the north-eastern coalfield undermined any sustained attempts at producers' cartels. Free entry and participation of a multitude of ships on an occasional basis generally rendered the shipping of coal highly competitive, and in the later 17th century there are distinct signs here also of over-capacity and falling returns on capital. The wholesaling and retailing of coal within London, although subject to some abuse, was evidently sufficiently flexible and open to avoid any single group gaining effective control.
The Development of the Electronics Industry and the Scottish Council’s Scheme
Authors: BURNS TOM , STALKER G. M.
Published: October 2011

This chapter describes the Scottish Council's electronic scheme and growth and development of the electronics industry since World War II. During the war, the section of the industry which had been implicated in radar work had undergone a kind of metabolic change. By force of circumstance, a number of firms witnessed the successful and profitable application of scientific techniques to the design and manufacture of new devices.
Farmers, Seedsmen, and Scientists: Systems of Agriculture and Systems of Knowledge
Authors: Marglin Stephen A.
Published: October 2011

The origins of hi-tech agriculture (hta) entailed how hybrid corn (maize) was initially developed in the United States during the first three decades of this century, its commercialization in the 1930s, and how the traditional open-pollinated varieties of corn were slowly dominated and almost entirely replaced by their hybrid counterparts during the period between the 1940s and the 1950s. Soon after this, the idea of seed manipulation spread from the Corn Belt to Mexico, and the varieties that developed from these manipulation endeavours have served as the basis for the greatest triumphs of the Green Revolution in Mexico, India, and even in Pakistan. Such attempts were furthered by the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines. Varied opinions have already emerged regarding whether hta should be seen as one of the successes brought about by science, or as a disaster in the making. This chapter looks into the earlier critiques that examine the interaction between the techne of farmers from various agricultural systems and the episteme of agricultural experts.
Implementation and Innovation
Authors: Fincham Robin , Fleck James , Procter Rob , Scarbrough Harry , Tierney Margaret , Williams Robin
Published: October 2011

Implementation is the crucial phase of development in which technical capabilities and strategic objectives combine to produce economically effective systems in particular organizations. Where strategic systems are involved, sufficient novelty may be embodied for the resulting systems to be recognized as genuine innovations. Interaction between decisions made by managements in user organizations and the expertise contributed by technical personnel (internal and external) can thus result in creative outcomes with far wider applicability — a distinctive pattern of user-led innovation. Computer developments in general have owed much to user innovation, and this has been particularly marked in the financial services sector. Given the nature of information technology-based strategic innovations in the case firms in this book, users were of central importance. Aside from exploring the major features of the implementation process, this chapter examines the nature of the user-led innovation process in terms of the inputs of expertise involved. The most common features of the implementation process are discussed: uncertainty, time, organization, cost, and work.
IT Careers: Organizational and Occupational Strategies
Authors: Fincham Robin , Fleck James , Procter Rob , Scarbrough Harry , Tierney Margaret , Williams Robin
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the issue of information technology (IT) careers through a detailed study of the Bank of Scotland's Customer and Branch Automation Network (CABINET), a project whose size and duration provided an excellent illustration of the richness and complexity of expert technical labour. It analyses how career trajectories reflected the strategies of different occupational groupings and reflected organizational policies for the recruitment, promotion, and development of staff. It also charts the main segments of technical labour involved in the CABINET development, showing how they collaborated with a range of other groups to carry out their roles. The importance of collaborative networks is discussed and variations between the fluid networks of the user interface and the more narrowly focused links between technical specialists are considered. The different strategies pursued by IT staff in articulating their claims to be expert and valuable are examined, together with the contradictory relationship between technical experts and management.
The Economy of IS Expertise
Authors: Fincham Robin , Fleck James , Procter Rob , Scarbrough Harry , Tierney Margaret , Williams Robin
Published: October 2011

This chapter analyses the economy of information systems expertise, focusing on the choice that organizations face between incorporating expertise into the hierarchy and various forms of market acquisition. It shows how choices between the use of consultants, subcontracting, and buying in software as packages cannot be reduced to an economic calculus. Information technology (IT) users with a systems development capacity have the choice between satisfying IT needs in-house or looking for products through the market. The financial services sector has always been a leader in in-house development, but the boundaries between what has been produced in-house and what has been provided through the market have been continually redrawn. This chapter looks at the broader processes involved in the commodification of black-boxing, the tendency in technological development for elements of uncertainty and complexity to become compartmentalized and bounded, segmenting parts of the technological system from uncertainties and complexities elsewhere.
State, Gender, and the Organization of Business in Rural Taiwan
Authors: Gallin Rita S.
Published: October 2011

Taiwan is often perceived as an ‘economic miracle’ because of how it has undergone a great deal of development as a result of exports. Contrary to the strategies of other Third World countries, Taiwan's planners relied not on direct foreign investment but on capital mobilization within the domestic private sector for promoting development. While also implementing a subcontracting system to further amplify the growth experienced by manufactured exports, small and medium enterprises have accounted for about 65% of exports in the later part of the 1980s and became prevalent players for the region's trading economy. Utilizing data collected in Hsin Hsing, this chapter attempts to describe how production and reproduction emerged in this village, how this has contributed greatly to the country's development, and how such business are organized in Taiwan's rural areas.
National Minority Questions and the Cold War Human Rights Regime (1945–1989)
Authors: PREECE JENNIFER JACKSON
Published: October 2011

After 1945, national minority rights lost their hitherto independent standing in international relations and were subsumed within the newly created universal human rights regime. The failure of the League of Nations discredited national minority rights and the minorities themselves tended to be viewed with suspicion owing to the wartime complicity of certain national minority leaders with Nazi aims in Central and Eastern Europe — though it should also be pointed out that these aims cleverly exploited national minority fears and aspirations within the region. Consequently, unlike in previous eras, national minority rights were considered contrary to international peace and security. The inter-war system of national minority guarantees was not resurrected and no new national minority rights provisions were included in the various agreements of the 1940s and 1950s which laid the foundations of the Cold War human rights regime. This chapter examines the various political calculations and normative assumptions which underlay the Cold War universal human rights regime that gave such short shrift to the particular problems of national minorities.
Welfare, Incentives, and Taxation
Authors: Mirrlees James
Published: October 2011

The author of this book is an economist interested in welfare, development, and public sector economics. The volume brings together published and unpublished work in these key areas.
Notes on Welfare Economics, Information, and Uncertainty
Authors: Mirrlees James A.
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the information a government may have about consumers and vice versa. The concept of welfare economics is used as a mode of discussing alternative government policies and as part of the discussion on alternative systems of government. The chapter also includes remarks on preferences regarding uncertainty.
An Exploration in the Theory of Optimum Income Taxation
Authors: Mirrlees James A.
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the more general properties of the optimum income tax schedule and the rules governing these properties. A discussion of special cases is also included, along with the presentation of numerical results. It is important to note that the discussions in the chapter are based on seven simplifying assumptions, which are relayed in the first part of the chapter.
On Producer Taxation
Authors: Mirrlees James A.
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the new results that could be obtained from productive efficiency. Due to the analysis of public production and commodity taxation made by Diamond and Mirrlees, it is believed that constant returns prevailed in the private sector, which leads to the assumption that productive efficiency would not be desirable. Thus, the discussions in this chapter seek to determine whether new results can be obtained by using new and different methods.
The Theory of Optimal Taxation
Authors: Mirrlees James A.
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the theory of optimal taxation, without including a discussion on the optimization of macro-economic models that are used to treat several aspects of public policy. Information is considered as the central element in the theory. The discussion also includes two possible approaches in making well-based recommendations about public policy.
The Dynamic Nonsubstitution Theorem
Authors: Mirrlees James A.
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the dynamic nonsubstitution theorem, which was first proved by Nicolas Georgescu-Roegen and Paul Samuelson. Interest in the extensions of the theorem to dynamic economies has increased recently, and in this chapter, proof of a general nonsubstitution theorem is provided.
Project Appraisal and Planning Twenty Years On
Authors: Mirrlees James A. , Little I. M. D.
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the application of appraisal in decision making. Project appraisal is usually used as a reduction in uncertainty or as an acquisition of information. The process of appraisal is considered as a selection among several possibilities, each of which has an uncertain value.
Theoretical Perspectives on Internationalization, Performance, and Institutions
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard
Published: October 2011

This study aims to answer empirically the following questions: does internationalization cause the convergence of national labour-relations? How do shifting economic circumstances affect the performance of national labour-relation systems? The study takes on the aspect of internationalization that deals specifically with labour relations and analyses the dispersion of transnational market competition that comes in conflict with established labour relations as a mode of non-market governance. This chapter presents convergence in different perspectives; it associates convergence with the theory of industrial society, looks at convergence with an efficiency view, links convergence with diversity, and other such viewpoints. Also, this chapter examines the persistence of certain institutions in terms of their development and performance.
Concepts and Hypotheses
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard
Published: October 2011

Organized business and labour are vital in the operations of industrial relations. Unions and employer associations, both organizations of interest, have to deal with certain organizational issues. First, these organizations have to establish their representational domain in terms of membership and tasks. Second, the organization would require a certain level of centralization so that the members comply with collective goals and decisions. Third, such organizations have to utilize power to progress. This chapter looks into these organizational issues not only through a conventional collective-action theory, but also through looking into the conflicting demands of an associations's structure in terms of membership and influence.
Representational Domains
Authors: Traxler Franz , Blaschke Sabine , Kittel Bernhard
Published: October 2011

In theory, an association with a large domain requires a large organizing capacity. However, in practice, this organizing capacity depends also on how the organization's domain is related to other associations. Because of inter-associational competition, overlapping domains of organizations would result in a more fragmented system with a lower level of organizing capacity. Because organizing capacity lies in an association's ability to bring interests together, a country's most general representational space will be taken into consideration. For an association to be included in the study, its membership domain must have a national territorial coverage and an inter-industry branch coverage. This chapter analyses the representational domains and their heterogeneity, trends, and impacts of both unions and employer associations.
Introduction
Authors: Rugman Alan , Kirton John , Soloway Julie
Published: October 2011

Firms that are involved in international trade and investment have to deal with certain obstacles and are presented with various strategic opportunities as there are new forms of environmental regulations and recent improvements in trade liberalization. Since the quota and tariff barriers under regional and multilateral trade agreements have been removed, new markets have been opened abroad. However, it is important to note that these firms utilize such barriers to protect themselves from international competition. The need thus arises for both governments and firms to come up with new alternative strategies for maintaining shelter in the home country while enabling access to international markets. While industries have traditionally relied on alliances with environmental groups and the application of local and national environmental regulation, international trade has resulted in new international-level opportunities. Corporate strategies in North America have thus been grounded on the principles of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
The Analytic Framework of Capture
Authors: Rugman Alan , Kirton John , Soloway Julie
Published: October 2011

In this chapter, we establish a general framework for investigating the relationship among the competitiveness of firms, trade liberalization regimes, and environmental regulation. As our analysis specifically focuses on the case of NAFTA, we look into three different disciplinary perspectives: 1) a corporate strategy perspective that takes on the problems and corresponding responses of firms that are under discriminatory environmental regulation; 2) examining the legal implications of regulatory shelter/capture to identify the legal processes within NAFTA and the legal instruments available to firms; and 3) political science perspectives which include neo-liberal institutionalism and the theory of complex interdependence to demonstrate the impacts of corporations and other stakeholders on regulatory processes and how the protectionist actions of national governments are restricted by international regimes.
The Learning Imperative
Authors: Burton-Jones Alan
Published: October 2011

Work and learning are becoming increasingly interrelated and interdependent and there is now this notion that education should be a preparation for work. The need for a new synthesis of education and industry arises as firms are now more inclined to employ highly-skilled individuals over low-skilled labour. Despite the largely and publicly funded infrastructure for schools, colleges, and universities, it is emphasized that individuals should be learning and practicing critical thought instead of merely being instructed. This chapter looks into past trends regarding the outdated educational models while exploring the potential for new learning technologies and the use of IT in educational processes. The chapter also examines the traditional suppliers of educational services and compares the risks and benefits of these with that of the new suppliers. Lastly, the interrelationships of learning with education and work are also analysed.
The Transition to Knowledge Capitalism
Authors: Burton-Jones Alan
Published: October 2011

This chapter looks into how the rise of knowledge capital affects globalized competition, the changes in employment arrangements, the restructuring of firms and its ownership, and the falling demand for commodities and low knowledge-intensive products. Despite the upsurge of information in the media, society is still left eager for knowledge because of the lack of understanding of the notion of a knowledge-based economy and its implications on globalization, corporate restructuring, employment, and the like. Despite the efforts of government and corporate strategies to facilitate the understanding of this knowledge-based economy, this is hard to achieve without establishing the economic value of knowledge. This chapter presents the changes that have resulted from the shifting demands of firms for different skills and resources and explains the attempts that the government has made for these transitions.
Cultural difference and palliative care
Authors: Núñez Olarte Juan M.
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses cultural difference and palliative care. It looks at the existing issues in end-of-life care that are related to culture, the influence of culture on patients' perception of pain and treatment, and culture and ‘quality of death’. The chapter also discusses euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide versus terminal sedation, diagnosis disclosure, and how medical professionals in palliative care can meet diverse needs in a multi-cultural society.
Relatives
Authors: Randall Fiona
Published: October 2011

This chapter discusses the inclusion of relatives and families in the remit of care within the palliative care setting. In the WHO philosophy statement, palliative care is the procurement of quality life for the patients and their families. This statement suggests that in palliative care, the welfare of the family should also be a concern of the health care team. The WHO statement implies that the obligation to improve the quality of life of the families is as strong as the corresponding obligation to improve the quality life of the patients. While the conduct of other professional health care providers does not clearly provide provisions for the welfare of the families of the patients, other health care institutions have adopted the WHO statement. In this type of palliative care setting, the welfare of the families is seen as a crucial element for the definition of excellent care in the context of terminal illness. Others have developed an extreme ideology of the family-centred approach in the palliative care wherein the focus is suggested to be directed towards the family instead of the patient. This radical stand on palliative care suggests not only provisions of general obligations to be provided for the families but also therapeutic obligations to them. In the chapter, the radical approach towards the palliative care setting is thoroughly examined. The chapter examines the rise of a conflict of interests in the provision of equal treatment of the relative and patient's requirements. It also examines the contribution of bereavement care, the cost effectiveness and justification of benefits directed towards the families, and the nature and extent of obligations to the families and relatives.
Bourgeoisie—Liberalism—Democracy: Some Necessary Distinctions
Authors: Eley Geoff
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the relation and distinction among bourgeoisie, liberalism, and democracy in the history of Germany during the 19th century. The evidence of German society between 1871 and 1914 lends support to the view that the orderly reproduction of capitalist productive relations could be guaranteed within a form of state which fell considerably short of pure representative democracy. This chapter explains that received ideas of failed bourgeois revolution and liberal capitulation provide a poor means for understanding German political development during this period.
Backward State/Modern Economy: Unscrambling the German Couplet
Authors: Eley Geoff
Published: October 2011

This chapter argues against the belief that the long-term peculiarity of German history can be explained by the twin factors of failed bourgeois revolution and absent liberalism in the nineteenth century. It suggests that this lament for the lost liberalism of the German bourgeoisie is profoundly unhistorical and contends that most historians have focused too much on the issues of failures, blockages, and mistaken development in trying to explain why German history diverged from the ‘model’. It explains that the continuity of authoritarian values and its resilience depended on a combination of ideological mechanisms which warped the true perceptions of the bourgeoisie and hindered the establishment of the constitution of liberty on the model of the ‘West’.
Some Provisional Conclusions
Authors: Eley Geoff
Published: October 2011

This chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the course of German history before 1914. The results indicate that Germany did experience a successful bourgeois revolution in the nineteenth century but it did not take the form of a pitched battle between bourgeoisie and aristocracy. The findings also suggest the need to accept the broadly progressive character of German unification and that the bourgeoisie was neither weak nor immature.
Economy and Society: The Shadow Side
Authors: Blackbourn David
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the so-called shadow side of the achievement of the bourgeois revolution in Germany, which is the capitalist system. This system unlocked productive capacity, created a national market within an international economy, and opened up opportunities for entrepreneurial talent as material and institutional restrictions were pushed aside. It also increased consumption levels and generated employment. This chapter suggests that the principal problem with bourgeois society in Germany was not its absence but its ambiguity and that the bourgeoisie was as much a victim of its contradictory successes as its outright failures.
The State and Politics
Authors: Blackbourn David
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the influence of the bourgeois revolution on the developments in state and politics in Germany during the nineteenth century. It explains that there was a basic discrepancy in Germany between economic dynamism and social and political backwardness and suggests that the peculiarity in German history may be traced to the lack of synchronization between developments as the different levels in historian Hans Rosenberg's so-called ‘great triad’. It contends that many accounts of German history have telescoped the links between economy and society and argues that the impact of capitalism was not confined to an encapsulated sphere of the economy.
The Forces of Change in the European Banking Industry
Authors: Canals Jordi
Published: October 2011

This chapter analyses a number of environmental forces that have had, and will continue to have, a considerable impact upon the European banking industry: deregulation, globalization, worldwide economic instability, the introduction of new information technologies, and the process of financial innovation that derives from the combination of these factors. It points out that it is necessary to understand the legal and economic environment in which the European banking industry operates, as well as how it has been affected, and can be expected to affect, the future structure of the industry. The chapter explains that the changes in the legal and economic environment are certainly not indigenous to Europe. However, in the United States, such changes have also given way to a very profound transformation of the American banking industry.
The Transformation of the Banking Business: A Corporate Perspective
Authors: Canals Jordi
Published: October 2011

This chapter uses an analytical framework to show some important structural determinants in any industry, such as entry barriers to potential competitors, negotiating power in relation to suppliers and buyers, and the intensity of rivalry, in order to evaluate the relative weight of environmental and regulatory changes that have occurred throughout the past years. It describes the entry barriers that identify those conditions which impede firms outside the sector from gaining access to an industry and, as a result, restrict the number of competitors offering the same product. The chapter further describes the relationships between a firm and its suppliers and buyers, which can have a significant bearing on the structure and competitive characteristics of any industry. It examines the function of a product and the need it fulfils for the consumer in order to find out whether or not a product is being threatened by substitutes.
Resilience and rehabilitation
Authors: Tookman Adrian
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines the relation between rehabilitation and resilience in the palliative care setting. It explains that though rehabilitation and palliative care may seem to be a contradiction in terms, the application of rehabilitative approach will allow carers to be proactive rather than reactive. It also suggests that the adoption of a rehabilitative approach to care can help patients achieve their maximum potential in the hope that further deterioration is unlikely.
Resilient multiprofessional teams
Authors: Payne Malcolm
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines resilience in multiprofessional teams in the palliative care setting. It suggests that multiprofessional teamwork can strengthen resilience in health and social care organizations providing palliative care which might itself be strengthened by greater resilience. It also discusses the concept of attachment theory and its potential positive applications in teamwork or multiprofessional practice. The major caution about applying this approach is that transferring a therapeutic psychological theory to the analysis of social relations in practical teamwork in health and social care organizations is not supported by directly relevant research.
The Delights of Luxury
Authors: Berg Maxine
Published: October 2011

Luxury and novelty goods were of special significance to 18th-century consumers. Wider social access to these goods over the course of the 18th century set the terms for the introduction of new consumer goods. Adam Smith in The Theory of Moral Sentiments noted the curious fascination of his countrymen for ingenious trinkets and toys. These useful and agreeable contrivances stuffed into the pockets of 18th-century trendsetters for easy accessibility and display conveyed modernism and mechanical progress to their beholders. Their owners were benefiting from the opportunities made out of the broader markets and spending power perceived by Daniel Defoe. These two great analysts identified two cultural and social principles which were to have a profound effect on the economy: a delight in modern mechanical technique and a proclivity for luxury expenditure.
The Trinity
Authors: Swinburne Richard
Published: October 2011

This chapter explores the meaning and coherence of the doctrine of the Trinity. In the process, it develops an a priori argument for the necessity of that doctrine, to back up the argument from revelation for its truth. It holds that Social Trinitarianism allows for intelligibility and consistency with creedal orthodoxy. It argues that there are three divine individuals. The three divine persons are three souls, three rational individuals. In the discussion, tritheism is the view that there are three independent divine beings, any of which could exist without the other, or which could act independently of each other.
A Latin Trinity
Authors: Leftow Brian
Published: October 2011

This chapter defends a view labeled ‘Latin Trinitarianism’. In this view, there is but one divine substance, who is just God. Monotheism is preserved but the life of this one God is composed of three event-based persons who exist simultaneously. Thus the doctrine of the Trinity is preserved. The chapter appeals to the notion of ‘Locke-persons’ to help develop this view. A Locke-person is a person who exists when and only when a particular consciousness exists. It refers to these event-based persons as temporal parts of God. They are parts which add up to the life of the one God.
And Yet They Are Not Three Gods But One God
Authors: van Inwagen Peter
Published: October 2011

This chapter describes a logic of relative sameness within which the doctrine of Trinity is both statable and provably consistent. It explores one way of replying to the charge that Christians are either simple polytheists or else polytheists and monotheists at the same time. It explicitly rejects the supposed examples of nontheological cases of relative identity. It does not commit to a pure doctrine of relative identity, nor to the view that the logic it constructs has utility outside of Christian theology. Its goal is simply to provide a way of stating the doctrine of the Trinity that is demonstrably free from contradiction.
Does the Problem of Material Constitution Illuminate the Doctrine of the Trinity?
Authors: Craig William Lane
Published: October 2011

This chapter raises a variety of objections, perhaps the most important of which is that the central analogy of the constitution view seems to be misguided. The constitution view states that Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are related in a way analogous to the way in which things sharing the same matter in common are related. However, the chapter claims that the constitution view does not tell how seemingly mutually exclusive hylomorphic compounds can be numerically the same object.
Brower and Rea's Constitution Account of the Trinity
Authors: Pruss Alexander R.
Published: October 2011

This chapter presents a sympathetic criticism of the constitution view. It starts by sketching the problem and Brower and Rea's solution, with some quick objections. The chapter then focuses the argument on three major points. First, the solution as it stands neglects an important feature of Aristotle's account. Second, the metaphysics does not seem to work well in diachronic and interworld cases. Third, the Brower and Rea solution is incomplete in the sense that it does not rule out views that are clearly modalist. Lastly, it offers a suggestion for how one can complete the view to avoid the last problem, and discusses an alternative but related approach attributed to Aquinas.
Nations and the Twenty-First Century State
Authors: Laitin David D.
Published: October 2011

This chapter considers the question of whether there is a political logic that ensures the commensurability of nation and state. In other words, will multicultural states break up into their national components? The answer to this question is ‘no’. A discussion of language rationalization politics in 18th century Spain shows that even the iconic cases of nation-states were not natural but rather built from heterogeneous populations. However natural these iconic nation-states came to be perceived, a new relationship between state and nation began forming in the second half of the 20th century, one that sustains cultural heterogeneity. This point is illustrated through an examination of language repertoires in today's India and the emerging European state (the EU). In the case of Europe, a formal model shows the equilibrium properties of layered cultural identities that will continue to exist within the boundaries of contemporary states.
Building the Global Account Team
Authors: Yip George S. , Bink Audrey J. M.
Published: October 2011

Chapter 6 examined the global account manager (gam). But as the relationship with a major account will be more intense than one person can handle, there will always be more employees involved in the relationship besides the gam. The way these employees are linked with each other, both formally and informally, means that they form the global account team (gat). This chapter discusses the gat, focusing on the following issues: responsibilities of the global account team; who should be selected as members of the global account team; organizational structure; and the team's place in the organization.