bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sitting on the Land
Authors: Ferme Mariane C.
Published: January 2019

Even in the broader African context, in which the chieftaincy has enjoyed a renaissance, the institution enjoys unusual power in Sierra Leone, where chiefs have strong representation and votes in national politics. Following more sedentary, land-based models of sovereignty in colonial times, the decade-long civil war saw the reemergence of alternative, more mobile models of the chieftaincy harkening back to precolonial times, in the face of massive population displacements. In the aftermath of war, when many chieftaincies were vacant, the possibility of replacing this hybrid hereditary-elected office with more democratic district councils was debated, but chiefs continue to be key members of these institutions, which rely on them for the collection of revenue and the administration of justice, particularly in rural areas. The chapter argues that the resurgence of this institution in sub-Saharan Africa is due to the ways in which chieftaincy stands for a more culturally legitimate form of decentralized governance, in contrast with the corrupt institutions of state governance. In Sierra Leone, the office’s continued identification with the local administration and allocation of land gives it renewed importance in the face of large-scale land deals with (and land grabs by) foreign investors. The expanding practice of conferring honorary chieftaincies to foreign agents of development contributes to the deterritorialization of the institution.
Visual Power in Ancient Greece and Rome
Authors: Hölscher Tonio
Published: January 2019

This book aims to explore the aspects of visuality in Greek and Roman culture, comprising the visual appearance of images as well as the reality of the social world. The face-to-face societies of ancient Greece and Rome were to a high degree based on civic presence and direct, immediate social interaction in which visual appearance and experience of beings and things was of paramount importance. The six chapters of the book are dedicated to action in space, memory over time, the appearance of the person, conceptualization of reality, and, finally, presentification and decor as fundamental categories of art in social practice.
Introduction
Authors: Daub Adrian
Published: January 2019

This introductory chapter provides the necessary context for the two protagonists (Arnold Schoenberg and Thomas Mann), as well as the leading supporting figure (Theodor Adorno). It aims to guide readers through the thicket of acquaintances, old grudges and new anxieties, problems of politics and aesthetics that resonate—sometimes faintly, sometimes clearly—between the lines in the essays and exchanges gathered in this volume. These are, after all, one reason scholars, students, and lay readers have returned to the Faustus controversy time and time again. The other is that rarely has a literary controversy spoken so directly to a unique place and time: Faustus could not have been written, and Faustus could not have generated the controversy that it did, outside of the highly peculiar setting of Southern California during the Second World War.
Driving into the Flood
Authors: Portes Alejandro , Armony Ariel C.
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers the problems of traffic congestion and rising sea levels plaguing Miami. Traffic congestion has become the major immediate problem in Miami, and the urgency to alleviate it is heard daily and at all levels of government and citizen groups. The root causes of the problem are sustained population growth and endless high-rise construction in the condominium canyons of Miami Beach, downtown Miami, and other areas. Rising sea levels also represent an existential threat. Aside from the limestone underneath, the area is bound by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Florida Bay to the south, and the Everglades to the west. There is nowhere to run. The chapter discusses the four solutions proposed so far to this looming threat: denial, technology, infrastructure above the sea, and exodus.
“To Guard against Their Subtle Encroachments”
Authors: Kutcher Norman A.
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the Kangxi emperor’s regulation of rank-and-file eunuchs. His greatest worry, where eunuchs were concerned, was the many of them working in his palace whom he did not know personally. These, he said, could be a source of mischief. He articulated rules for their careful regulation, and intervened heavily in the official compilation of the Ming History, which was the official verdict on the previous dynasty. He ensured the chief editor of that work, Wan Sitong, emphasized that the watching over of eunuchs was a duty personally incumbent on the emperor, and declared that it was Ming emperors who were to blame for the ceding of power to eunuchs. Kangxi also established the Respect Affairs Office (Jingshifang) and Neiwufu (Imperial Household Department), two inner court agencies, to watch over eunuchs.
Eunuch Loyalties in the Yongzheng Emperor’s Troubled Succession
Authors: Kutcher Norman A.
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the tumultuous succession to power of the Yongzheng emperor, and the role eunuchs played in it as foot soldiers and rumormongers. Eunuchs in the princely households of Yūnreng, Yūntang, and Yūnsy worked on behalf of the princes they served, sometimes luring them into further wrongdoing. Several of these eunuchs became notorious for corruption, bribery, and the kidnapping of children.
The World Created by Qianlong and His Eunuchs
Authors: Kutcher Norman A.
Published: January 2019

This chapter observes the consequences of Qianlong’s palace management. Making use of his flawed system of oversight, his eunuchs exercised greater control over their lives and over the space of the palace and even the city of Beijing itself. With their salaries lowered (by Qianlong’s new rules), they turned to new paths to enrichment. They became involved in moneylending, pawnshop ownership, and jockeyed for positions in the palace that would earn them extra tips and cartage fees. Qianlong looked the other way, because while he felt compelled to be hard on them in his rhetoric, he quietly wished to make their jobs more appealing, so that more men would be encouraged to join palace service.
Religion
Authors: Chidester David
Published: January 2019

Religion: Material Dynamics is a lively resource for thinking about religious materiality and the material study of religion. Deconstructing and reconstructing religion as material categories, social formations, and mobile circulations, the book explores the making, ordering, and circulating of religious things. Part 1 revitalizes basic categories—animism and sacred, space and time—by situating them in their material production and testing their analytical viability. Part 2 examines religious formations as configurations of power that operate in material cultures and cultural economies and are most clearly shown in the power relations of colonialism and imperialism. Part 3 explores the material dynamics of circulation through case studies of religious mobility, change, and diffusion as intimate as the body and as vast as the oceans. Each chapter offers insightful orientations and surprising possibilities for studying material religion. Exploring the material dynamics of religion from poetics to politics, the book provides an entry into the study of material religion that speaks to the interests of both students and specialists in religious studies, anthropology, history, and other fields that have made the material turn.
Introduction
Authors: Chidester David
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides an introduction to the book by identifying its basic structure—categories, formations, and circulations. Looking beyond religious studies, not in a temporal but in a spatial sense, this introductory chapter identifies openings for multidisciplinary research and reflection in the study of material religion. The discussion focuses on categories, formations, and circulations—the historical contingency of basic categories of religion, the colonial and imperial forces in formations of religion, and the mobility of materiality in circulations of religion. By attending to these dynamics and highlighting recent publications in the field, this introduction indicates some of the ways in which the “beyond” is already present in the study of religion. The introduction concludes with some guidelines for considering how materiality matters in the study of religion.
Space
Authors: Chidester David
Published: January 2019

After a brief review of theoretical literature on space in the study of religion, this chapter illustrates the production of religious space through examples drawn from Africa and India. Theories of religious space can be divided between those that focus on poetic meaning, political power, or material production. Examples from Africa illustrate how religious space can be based on structural oppositions, such as the indigenous opposition between home and the wild and the colonial opposition between land and sea. Competition over the ownership of a place is a recurring feature of the dynamics of religious space, as illustrated by the conflict over the site in Ayodhya identified by Hindus as the birthplace of Rama and by Muslims as a historically significant mosque. Not merely meaningful, religious space is also powerful as an arena for asserting claims to access, control, and ultimately ownership of the sacred.
Time
Authors: Chidester David
Published: January 2019

Reviewing theoretical approaches to religious time, this chapter illustrates mythic and ritual productions of time with examples from India and Africa. Classic theories of religious time emphasize either subjective experience, social cohesion, or sacred renewal. Ritual produces regularities—simultaneous, sequential, and hierarchical—that are coordinated by clocks and calendars. Two basic ways of producing religious time, ancestral and mythic, represent different constructions of temporal continuity. Ancestral time, relying on memory, establishes continuity between human generations of ancestors and offspring. Mythic time, transmitted in narratives of origin and destiny, establishes continuity through underlying moral, legal, or forensic relations between actions and consequences. While establishing temporal continuity, mythic time can also signal temporal ruptures in a past crisis, a present conflict, or a future apocalypse. Ritual practices and mythic narratives generate religious time, but religious timing is also crucial in other spheres of human activity, such as politics, economics, and aesthetics.
Incongruity
Authors: Chidester David
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the collision of categories in religious encounters, myths, and rituals. Laughter, which arises from incongruity, guides this exploration. Recalling encounters between European Christian missionaries and indigenous Africans in nineteenth-century South Africa, we find Africans often laughing at the missionary proposals to violate indigenous categories of gender, labor, hygiene, politics, and ancestral veneration. European commentators, from Christian missionaries to early anthropologists, interpreted African laughter as evidence of thoughtless ignorance. However, as an engagement with incongruity, laughter was actually a way of thinking about cultural difference. Recovering laughter as a resource for the study of religion, this chapter highlights incongruity in religious orientations and interreligious relations.
Economy
Authors: Chidester David
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores possibilities for locating religious formations at the intersections of culture and economy. Not solely the preserve of professional economists, economy is a term that has expanded in scope to include economies of signs and desires that generate values beyond the pricing mechanisms of the modern capitalist market. To illustrate how religion can be situated in a cultural economy, this chapter focuses on how one animated film, Destination Earth (1956), sponsored by the American Petroleum Institute, serves to illustrate a political economy of the sacred in which the oppression of communist collectivism is opposed to the freedom promised by American free-market capitalism. Viewing this film provides an occasion for highlighting three features of the political economy of the sacred: mediations between economic and sacred values; mediations between economic scarcity and sacred surplus; and mediations among competing claims to legitimate ownership of the sacred.
Apartheid
Authors: Chidester David
Published: January 2019

Apartheid was established in South Africa between 1948 and 1994 as a force of exclusion and incorporation, excluding people from citizenship and exploiting people as labor. This chapter suggests that the term apartheid, meaning “separation,” was formative for certain ways of thinking about religion. One of the architects of apartheid, the anthropologist W. M. Eiselen, was a leading expert on indigenous religions in South Africa. Eiselen’s writings on African religion illustrate three overlapping types of comparative religion—a frontier comparative religion based on denial and containment; an imperial comparative religion assuming evolutionary progress from savagery to civilization; and an apartheid comparative religion creating and reinforcing boundaries to keep people apart. Although apartheid was formally established as a racist policy of separation in South Africa, the making and maintaining of boundaries has been a recurring feature of religious formations.
Shamans
Authors: Chidester David
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers shamans in their circulations through colonial situations. As a characteristic feature of shamanism, mobility is evident in the shaman’s capacity to move between worlds—the material and the spiritual—but also in moving between central and marginal positions under the impact of various imperial impositions and colonial situations. The Chinese and Russian empires, for example, dramatically altered shamanic geography, restricting freedom of movement in ways that directly affected spiritual mobility. In competitions over sacred geography and sacred resources, the Chinese and Russian empires altered the mediating roles of Siberian shamans. As the term shaman circulated as a generic term for a religious specialist in other parts of the world, Europeans associated shamans with wild and dangerous spiritual forces. Under colonial conditions, features associated with shamanism, such as spiritual travel, healing, indigenous memory, and secrecy, changed into strategies of opposition to the incursions of alien political and religious forces.
Mobility
Authors: Chidester David
Published: January 2019

This chapter recalls how one theorist and historian of theory in the study of religion, Walter H. Capps, wrestled with the problem of religious change. Capps focused his research on studying the dynamics of contemporary religious change against the background of changing narratives of the history of the study of religion. At a meeting of the International Association for the History of Religions in 1973 in Finland, Capps delivered a paper in which he combined these interests by suggesting new ways to understand the “second-order tradition” of the study of religion and calling for new attention to dynamic processes of change in studying religion. Beginning with this presentation, this chapter examines how Capps imagined new ways of narrating the history of the study of religion that were characterized by dynamism, multiplicity, and flexibility and how he developed a theory of change based on the oscillation of binary oppositions.
Oceans
Authors: Chidester David
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the circulations of religion across vast bodies of water. With special attention to the work of Charles H. Long, who has been a cartographer of oceans in the study of religion, this chapter highlights relations and mediations between land and sea. Returning to the fetish and the cargo and placing these contested material objects within the world produced by oceans, the materiality of religion is situated within changing relations between people of the land and people of the sea. Between the mercantile fetish and the virtual cargo, a third object, guano, which was sacred bird excrement in ancient Inca religion, signifying fertility and sovereignty, during the nineteenth century became the nexus of an industrial religion of fertilizer, explosives, and networked islands under European and United States imperial control. Like the fetish and the cargo, guano emerged from an ocean world as a material focus for conflicting religious orientations.
Seizing the Spotlight, Staging the Self
Authors: Seaman Amanda C.
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses the life and works of Uchida Shungiku and focuses on how she recasts the traumas in her life, including rape and an unexpected pregnancy. As she matured as a woman and as an artist, her roles move from actor to educator to humorist, and she uses her experiences to educate her readers, who are primarily women, about the institutional sexism that women face, as embodied by her own experiences. Her outspokenness and honesty has made her a transgressive figure in Japanese society. She accomplishes this stance through the skillful deployment of humor and anger in literature, manga, and drama.
Ice Princess
Authors: Monden Masafumi
Published: January 2019

Asada Mao’s life recounts a dramatic narrative of suffering and triumph. It follows a girl considered beautiful during her meteoric rise to skating stardom, a period of hardships she confronts tacitly, and the performance of her life at the 2014 Olympics that touched many around the world. This chapter reconsiders Asada’s public persona as a diligent athlete and as the good girl-next-door who speaks with a smile. Asada seems to embody an ideal Japanese young womanhood. Behind this innocent persona, however, is a strong woman with a fierce commitment to her professional performance and audiences and with a skillful way of concealing her personal life from the public eye. This chapter argues that Asada is a diva who captures the heart of people with her extraordinary looks, artistry, and athletic talents—a diva whose spectacular performances and risk-taking behaviors always excite audiences and whose good-girl persona may be her greatest performance of all.
On Discipline and Becoming a Disciple
Authors: Hansen Helena
Published: January 2019

This chapter details the many physical tests used to entrain converts. These include practices welcoming pain and of suffering—practices that, according to ministry leaders, left practitioners less vulnerable to addiction. These practices were a way to sanctify the addicted body and embody spiritual power. They were techniques of bodily and emotional discipline used to retool narratives of addiction, from those of descent and isolation to those of ascent and connection. Bearing pain also meant restoring the capacity for delay, to dampen the impulsivity and sense of desperation that many described as core problems of addiction. Ironically, converts use their bodies as a vehicle to spiritually transcend the limits of their corporeal, everyday worlds. The addicted and withdrawing body was, in the ministries, a sensitive instrument for channeling the will of God.
Market/Places as Gendered Spaces
Authors: Babb Florence E.
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses two decades of scholarly work on women marketers. When the author began her research on the subject, there were just a few pioneering studies to guide her. Ester Boserup’s well-known Woman’s Role in Economic Development had noted that “in no other field do ideas about the proper role of women contrast more vividly than in the case of market trade,” and studies began to appear by Judith-Maria Buechler, Beverly Chiñas, Niara Sudarkasa, and Sidney Mintz. The approaches of the 1970s ranged from functionalist to structuralist, but in general they were critical of the historical impact of Western development on women’s marketing. Studies of market women in the 1980s and 1990s built upon the early works, but they also benefited from the growth of feminist analysis, and they reflected changing currents in anthropology and related fields. The author considers the emphasis on history and political economy through the eighties and the turn toward cultural analysis in the 1990s and traces several currents in research of that time. She concludes by offering remarks concerning her own changing perspective over twenty years of conducting research among market women in the Peruvian Andes.
Conclusion
Authors: Babb Florence E.
Published: January 2019

The concluding chapter argues that it is not at all coincidental that today Andean women are the emblematic figures in the national imagination, representing both a rich cultural history and the last vestiges of a perceived “backward” and recalcitrant culture. This book offers a close examination of the ambivalent ways in which gender, race, and cultural heritage intertwine to position Andean women as the quintessential subjects of both national pride and everyday scorn and neglect in Peru. Studies from the former hacienda community of Vicos, the highland city of Huaraz, and the migrant stream to Lima, placed in relation to broader regions of Latin America, provide ample ethnographic material to support that argument. The book has engaged in a self-critical process of locating the author’s writings in the historical contexts in which they were written and then reexamining them from the present vantage point of emergent decolonial feminisms. Ultimately, her objective has been to work toward a decolonial feminist anthropology of gender, race, and indigeneity that recognizes culturally diverse lives in all their complexity, as neither saints nor sinners, neither iconic heroes nor pitiable victims. The work should inspire others to undertake their own reflections and contribute to what she hopes will be a growing and vigorous discussion of gender, race, and other axes of power in Latin America and beyond.
Statecraft Is Always Soul Craft
Authors: Heidt-Forsythe Erin
Published: January 2019

To understand the ways that egg donation is framed—that is, the ways that stakeholders define problems, diagnose causes for those problems, make judgments, and suggest policy remedies—this chapter examines the ways that definitions and norms of femininity guide state policymaking across the case studies of California, New York, Arizona, and Louisiana. This chapter analyses legislative texts and bill histories, committee and floor transcripts, stakeholders’ direct statements to the public, local press coverage, and official communications. Three major themes emerge among the case studies: gender and agency, vulnerability, and the moral duty of the state. These themes illuminate the processes by which body and morality politics create a logic of state intervention in egg donation.
Conclusion
Authors: Heidt-Forsythe Erin
Published: January 2019

This chapter concludes the book by providing a brief overview of the theoretical arguments, data, methods, and findings of this book. I argue that the “lady vanishes” in gender and politics around egg donation, obscuring the importance of political subjectivity of egg donors, as well as the relevance of gendered representation to analyses of reproductive technology policy. In this chapter, I argue for three major avenues of research: egg donors as political subjects, feminist policy and gendered representation, and states as “laboratories of democracy” for federal egg-donation policy. This chapter concludes that through these avenues, the politics of egg donation have a more democratic future.
The Qiaopi Trade as a Distinctive Form of Chinese Capitalism
Authors: Benton Gregor , Liu Hong
Published: January 2019

This chapter proposes a definition of the qiaopi trade in light of its distinctive features. Was it a modern form of “transnational capitalism” that depended on trust in a system of impersonal rules, as some argue? Or a distinctive early form of a specifically Chinese capitalism dependent on cultural or familial affinities? The chapter takes the latter view. It makes its argument by identifying alternatives to modern capitalism. These alternatives are robustly cosmopolitan and expressions of a modernity that is multiple rather than modular. The roots and strength of the qiaopi trade lay in its capacity to mobilize cultural capital and ethnic Chinese cultural and familial affinities in the ancestral homeland. For all its apparent traditionalism, the qiaopi phenomenon enabled Chinese entrepreneurs to compete successfully for more than a century with modern state-run banks and postal services both in China and overseas.
Cohort Changes in the Relationship between Adolescents' Family Attitudes, Stem Intentions and Attainment
Authors: Burge Stephanie W.
Published: January 2019

This study examines cohort change in the effect of adolescents' family attitudes—the importance they attach to future marriage and parenthood—on their intentions to major in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) and attainment of STEM bachelor's degrees between the 1970s and 1990s. Using the National Longitudinal Study of the High School Class of 1972 and the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988, the author investigates whether the gendered relationship between family attitudes and STEM attainment changed during a period characterized by shifting ideas about gender, as well as increasing opportunities for women. In the 1970s, family attitudes negatively affected only women's STEM intentions and attainments. This study presents the novel finding that by the 1990s, both family-oriented young women and men were less likely to intend to major in STEM fields. Still, women who placed high priority on family had lower STEM attainments than similarly family-oriented men in the 1990s, even after controlling for STEM intentions.
SIKAP BERWIRAUSAHA MEMEDIASI KECERDASAN DALAM MENGHADAPI RINTANGAN TERHADAP INTENSI BERWIRAUSAHA
Authors: Septiana Duwi , Nurkhin Ahmad
Published: January 2019

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis pengaruh kecerdasan dalam menghadapi rintangan terhadap sikap berwirausaha, sikap berwirausaha terhadap intensi berwirausaha, kecerdasan dalam menghadapi rintangan terhadap intensi berwirausaha, serta peran sikap berwirausaha dalam memediasi kecerdasan dalam menghadapi rintangan terhadap intensi berwirausaha. Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas XII program keahlian Akuntansi SMK Islam Al-Hikmah Mayong Jepara yang berjumlah 131 siswa. Semua populasi dalam penelitian ini digunakan sebagai sampel. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis statistiik deskriptif dan analisis structural equation modeling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kecerdasan dalam menghadapi rintangan berpengaruh terhadap sikap berwirausaha. Sikap berwirausaha berpengaruh terhadap intensi berwirausaha. Kecerdasan dalam menghadapi rintangan secara langsung berpengaruh terhadap intensi berwirausaha. Dan secara tidak langsung kecerdasan dalam menghadapi rintangan berpengaruh terhadap intensi berwirausaha melalui sikap berwirausaha. Saran yang diberikan berkaitan dengan hasil penelitian ini yaitu siswa diharapkan dapat mempersiapkan dirinya dengan baik jika siswa memiliki intensi untuk berwirausaha dengan mengikuti pelatihan soft skill dan mengikuti kegiatan kewirausahaan seperti pelatiahan wirausaha, lomba kewirausahaan, dan kegiatan penunjang lainya.

 

The purposes of this study were to analyze the effect of adversity quotient on entrepreneurial attitude, entrepreneurial attitude on entrepreneurial intention, adversity quotient on entrepreneurial intention, and entrepreneurial attitude in mediating adversity quotient effect on entrepreneurial intention. The population of this study was 12th graders of Accounting program SMK Islam Al-Hikmah Mayong Jepara of 131 students. All populations in this study were used as the sample. The technique of data collection in this study used questionnaire. Techniques of data analysis used descriptive statistic analysis and structural equation modeling analysis. The results showed that adversity quotient affects on entrepreneurial attitude. Entrepreneurial attitude affects on entrepreneurial intention. Adversity quotient directly affects on entrepreneurial intention. Indirectly adversity quotient affects entrepreneurial intention through entrepreneurial attitude.suggestions given related to the results were: studens are supposed to prepare themselves well if they have entrepreneurial intention by following soft skill training and by following entrepreneurship events such as entrepreneurship training, entrepreneurship competition, and other supporting events that enable.
Pena de muerte en Colombia, una medida no tan extrema a la luz del iusnaturalismo
Authors: Rojas Martínez Félix Antonio
Published: January 2019

Un tema de discusión semejante no es fácil de abordar, ya que se remonta a los orígenes de la civilización misma. Desde el punto de vista jurídico, es un enfrentamiento entre dos principios fundamentales básicos de cualquier sistema normativo occidental, esto es, entre el principio de libertad y el principio de justicia que se encuentran inmersos y omnipresentes en la esencia misma del derecho. Aunque la ciencia jurídica parece ser la encargada de decidir si es justificable quitar la vida de alguien, la discusión profunda involucra campos del conocimiento que van desde la religión hasta las ciencias naturales y alcanza la órbita de otros problemas jurídicos difíciles como el aborto y la eutanasia. No obstante, el análisis que se pretende llevar a cabo en este ensayo centrará su objeto de estudio concretamente en el caso colombiano y más precisamente en la pena capital como castigo para los delitos graves y atroces cometidos contra los menores de edad. Toda vez que el ordenamiento jurídico colombiano prohíbe expresamente la pena capital, el presente será un análisis meramente teórico-filosófico del asunto, tomando como punto de partida la delimitación de conceptos clave como los son justicia y libertad. No es la pretensión última de este precario ensayo llegar a justificar la pena de muerte como medida coercitiva definitiva, tampoco afirmar categóricamente que sea este el castigo idóneo para la disminución de los delitos graves y atroces en contra de menores, no solo en Colombia, sino en la mayoría de países. Es más bien una postura crítica hacia la degradación de la sociedad colombiana y la indiferencia y casi olvido por parte del Estado hacia los sectores más vulnerables de la misma, viéndose reflejado esto último en la ausencia de mecanismos que puedan hacer efectivas las ordenanzas que protegen a los menores.
Lo íntimo y lo privado frente a la libertad de prensa
Authors: Gamboa Sánchez Carlos Andrés
Published: January 2019

El derecho debe mantenerse acorde con la evolución de los cambios sociales, es inevitable que cada vez con mayor frecuencia ante la masificación del acceso a la información, de las fuentes de información y los canales de comunicación, la confrontación entre el derecho a la intimidad/privacidad y la libertad de prensa, asociada evidentemente al de libre expresión, represente un debate interesante además de frecuente en el campo de los llamados casos difíciles en el derecho, que nos lleva a tratar de establecer cómo dirimen las altas cortes las situaciones o casos en los que colisionan estos derechos. En la actual tendencia constitucional y jurídica se ha impuesto el mecanismo de la ponderación, cuando de principios o derechos se tratan estos “enfrentamientos”, lo cual supone una herramienta que es importante comenzar a descubrir para entender su aplicación en casos concretos.
Investigaciones en derechos humanos: tres aportes desde el Instituto de Estudios Latinoamericanos
Authors: Barrera Rivas Abner
Published: January 2019

El propósito de este artículo es mostrar cómo se hace investigaciones académicas en derechos humanos, a partir de tres trabajos realizada en el Instituto de Estudio Latinoamericanos de la Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, en la Maestría en Derechos Humanos y Educación para la Paz. Los temas que se abordan en ellos son: la representación del campesino costarricense en los medios de comunicación; la violencia contra las mujeres trans en los lugares públicos; y los espacios de bienestar integral para las personas LGBTIQ. De esas investigaciones se resalta cuatro elementos principales: la pertinencia de los temas; la metodología con la que se investigó; las categorías teóricas presentes en las indagaciones; y los resultados obtenidos. En función de estos elementos, y con el objetivo de visibilizarlos, se hizo una lectura hermenéutica de las quinientas cincuenta páginas que suman los tres trabajos. Se concluye que estas pesquisas exponen originalidad, creatividad y profundidad; son trabajos pioneros en sus respectivos temas y representan una contribución a la producción de conocimiento en el área de los derechos humanos.
TAUTINĖS VALSTYBĖS DISKURSO PARAŠTĖS: DIASPOROS PATIRTYS
Authors: Lukšaitė Eva
Published: January 2019

The article explores how ethnic identification and relation with homeland as well as host country changes between two generations of diasporic community. The article is based on an exploratory interpretative qualitative research – a case study of Armenian community residing in Lithuania and maintaining relations with their homeland and Armenians in other countries. The research revealed the differences of ethnic identification and diasporic experiences between generations. The first generation has chosen the strategy of integration as a way of living in the new environment: both devotion to Lithuania and preservation of ethnic identity. At the same time three different strategies of the second generation were noticed and three types of individuals were abstracted: consistent – who applies inborn principles of Armenian behaviour unambiguously and consistently; harmonious – who learns to be Armenian in his leisure time and tries to combine his Armenian and Lithuanian identities; and pragmatic – who applies ethnic principles in the situations when it is needed to play a social role.As a matter of the relation to homeland, the first generation seeks to maintain a “primordial” relation and the second – makes every effort to discover their own homeland. Individuals of both generations feel as observers, unable to escape the homeland created in Lithuania and to enter the life of the distant homeland. As far as the relation to a host country is concerned, the first generation has chosen a devotion and obligation to Lithuania and at the same time their relation is misunderstood by their offspring who see Lithuania as a temporal location.To generalize the research findings, socially and culturally integrated individuals of the second generation see their relation to undiscovered imagined homeland as more important than the relation to the country they live in. This relation is an expression of a need to consolidate their ethnic identity which serves as a basis for exceptionality and individuality. On the contrary, the first generation makes more effort to create positive relation to host society and country instead of maintaining “primordial” relation to the homeland. They use ethnic principles as a background for social reality construction and thus express a passive relation to the country of origin.
POLITINĖ VISUOMENĖS ANATOMIJA: AIŠKINANT LIETUVOS POLITINĮ GYVENIMĄ
Authors: Vinogradnaitė Inga
Published: January 2019

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POKOMUNISTINĖS VALSTYBĖS RAIDA EUROPOS SĄJUNGOJE: UŽTIKRINTA ATEITIS AR SPĄSTAI?
Authors: Gudžinskas Liutauras
Published: January 2019

In this article the main attention will be devoted for the state and its placein postcommunist society. The state is the main institutional ensemble inpolitical arena that directs our both political and everyday life, yet it itself isusually resilient for any radical changes even if it largely does not suffice theexpectations of its citizenry. The article consists of three chapters. Firstly,I will consider the phenomenon of transformation of postcommunist state,its internal logic and essential causes that determined clear divergence ofdevelopmental paths in the postcommunist space. I will argue that the mainexplaining factor of success of transitions of some postcommunist countriesand of failure for other ones has been the degree of embeddeness of nationalidentity and stateness in the society.In other two chapters the attention will be paid for the development of postcommunist states after their accession in to the EU and for evolution of different trajectories. European integration changes the very role of state and thus puts its own challenges worth of deeper evaluation. Five years since the EU enlargement to the East is not the sufficient period of time in order to make final conclusions about the changes of these countries. However, the current tendencies do not deny the concerns about possible complications of development of postcommunist countries at the circumstances of the European integration.Firstly it is evidenced by the instability of party systems that is ubiquitous in the whole region, the increase of popularity of populist movements, politicization of civil service and the reducing level of administrative capacities. For some of these countries (including Lithuania) the situation is aggravated by the “semi-peripheral” position in the international economy.The evidence shows that the divide between “semi-core” and “semi-peripheral” countries in Central and Eastern Europe has become quite stable and may have its implications for the future.One of the puzzles I will consider is the increasing political alienation and distrust of state in Lithuania despite the fact that in some important areas of development of state structures, according to the various evaluations it has been a frontrunner in the region. My answer to this puzzle mainly will deal with the peculiarities of the taken path of state development which is resilient to be changed (and European integration seemingly even further solidifies it), yet it mismatches with the role of state that is wanted in the society.
TARPTAUTINIS SEMINARAS „POLITIKOS MOKSLŲ RAIDA RYTŲ IR VIDURIO EUROPOJE“
Authors: Matonytė Irmina
Published: January 2019

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POLITINIŲ SKOLŲ GRĄŽINIMAS, ARBA KAIP FILOSOFAI ATSIĖMĖ MORALINIŲ VERTYBIŲ IMPORTĄ
Authors: Vasilionytė Ieva
Published: January 2019

„Politika be vertybių“ – tai 2005–2008 metais publikuotų Alvydo Jokubaičio straipsnių rinkinys, tęsiantis profesoriaus tyrinėjimus politikos ir moralės santykio tema. Pavadinimas daugiaprasmiškai nusako teminę rinkinio ašį: tai ir politikos prigimties konstatacija, ir realios politinės praktikos bei metodologinės nuostatos kritika. Straipsniai gravituoja apie šį centrą daugiau ar mažiau nuo jo nutoldami, tačiau vienijami tos pačios antireduktyvistinės nuostatos, kuriai A. Jokubaitis lieka ištikimas ir pastaruosiuose savo darbuose. [...]
ATIDARYTA REKONSTRUOTA VU TSPMI BIBLIOTEKA
Authors: Vaščenkaitė Galina
Published: January 2019

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POLITOLOGŲ DIENOS 2010
Authors: Juškauskas Tautvydas
Published: January 2019

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JONO PAULIAUS II IR BENEDIKTO XVI POŽIŪRIS Į EUROPOS SĄJUNGĄ
Authors: Pavilionis Žygimantas
Published: January 2019

John Paul II and Benedict XVI have brought Catholic Church back to international arena after the shock of Enlightenment in XVII century. They had an important im­pact on reemergence of united Europe by the end of XX century. Unfortunately in the beginning of XXI century modern functionalist European Union symbolically rejected any reference to its Christian roots, unveiling deep moral drama of current establishment of the European Union. The European Union has lost its meta-political level, its spiritual vision, its mission, at the same time it has lost the link to human dignity, to the spiritual mission of its own citizen and their nations. By rejecting the reference to Christian roots the European Union has rejected its own future.
Modeling Data With Semicompeting Risks: An Application to Chronic Kidney Disease in Colombia
Authors: González Patiño Elizabeth , Tunes Gisela , Munera Maria Isabel
Published: January 2019

In this paper, the structure of semicompeting risks data, dened by Fine, Jiang & Chappell (2001), is studied. Two events are of interest: a nonterminal and a terminal event, the last one, can censor the non-terminal event, but not vice versa. Due to the possible dependence between the times until the occurrence of such events, two approaches are evaluated: modelling the bivariate survival function through Archimedean copulas and a shared frailty model. A simulation is conducted to examine its performance and both approaches are applied to a real data set of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Analysis of shock metamorphic processes in the Zagami meteorite
Authors: Gyollai Ildikó , Kereszturi Ákos , Chatzitheodoridis Elias
Published: January 2019

The study of shock-metamorphic features of the Zagami meteorite revealed pseudotachylite-like melt veins with inhomogeneous chemistry and schlieren structure of silica-glass and alkali feldspar melt glass. The feldspar occurs as diaplectic glass in the interstitial area indicating short-time (few seconds) quenching of shock pressure during the impact event, with post-shock annealing. At several locations, apatite needles were identified, which are formed by fluids (cold water with dissolved ions) after the crystallization of cumulate magmatic minerals. Phosphates also could form in impact melts due to circulation of fluids after the impact event. The other signature for the high shock temperature is the presence of Ca–Ti-rich pyroxenes and titanomagnetite, which indicate temperature above 1,200 °C. The formation of silica-rich melt in interstitial area has two scenarios: (a) fractional melting of the Martian crust or (b) formation by pseudotachylite-like impact melting. According to textural observations (schlieren pattern), we propose an impact origin of the large amount of silica-rich melt in this meteorite. Pseudotachylite-like textures were mentioned earlier in terrestrial impact craters; however, we first propose them to form in a Martian meteorite based on their similarity of texture with terrestrial pseudotachylites.
LA RELACIÓN ENTRE VALORES Y NORMAS SEGÚN HILARY PUTNAM. A PROPÓSITO DE SU DISCREPANCIA CON JÜRGEN HABERMAS
Authors: Villalba Marisa Beatriz
Published: January 2019

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FEATURES OF NEUTROPHIL CHEMILUMINESCENCE IN THE PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED RECTAL CANCER
Authors: Smirnova O. V. , Kasparov E. V. , Perepechay Ya. I. , Nesytykh A. A. , Belyaev V. S.
Published: January 2019

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignant diseases in Russia worldwide making up 5-6% of all human malignant tumors. Neutrophilic granulocytes are actively involved in development of antitumor response. A key role in tumor regression is assigned to active forms of oxygen produced by neutrophils. In connection with these pre-requisites, our goal was to study functional characteristics of spontaneous and induced chemiluminescent activity of neutrophil granulocytes in patients with rectal cancer before starting pathogenetic therapy and in subsequent dynamics. The paper presents some laboratory results, i.e., functional indices of neutrophilic granulocytes’ activity in 36 patients with rectal cancer being at different stages of oncological process. The control group consisted of 112 practically healthy volunteers, comparable in sex and age to the group of patients under study. To perform the study venous blood was taken from patients to vacuum test tubes with lithium heparin in the morning time before surgical treatment, and on day 7 after the surgical intervention. Evaluation of spontaneous and induced chemiluminescence was performed for 90 minutes in a 36-channel “CL 3606” chemiluminescence analyzer (Russia). The following characteristics were determined: time of the curve transition to maximal chemiluminescence intensity (Tmax), maximal value of chemiluminescence intensity (Imax), integral area under the chemiluminescence curve (S). Luminol was used as the chemiluminescence enhancer. Opsonized zymosan was used to induce the respiratory explosion. Chemiluminescence amplification induced by opsonized zymosan was evaluated by the ratio of induced-tospontaneous chemiluminescence (Sind/spont) designated as an activation index.

Analysis of chemiluminescence activity in neutrophilic granulocytes showed a significant increase in spontaneous chemiluminescence activity at the stages III and IV of the disease. The production of active oxygen forms induced in neutrophilic granulocytes by opsonized zymosan increased in all the study groups, relative to control parameters. The area under the curves of spontaneous and induced chemiluminescence in patients with colorectal cancer at all stages of the oncological process is less, as compared to the control group, which, despite high indices of maximal chemiluminescence activity, may indicate insufficient total production of reactive oxygen species. The time-to-peak values of the chemiluminescence curves in patients with rectal cancer at all stages of the disease did not show statistically significant differences from the control group.
DEPENDENCE OF NEUTROPHIL RESPIRATORY BURST ON THEIR METABOLIC STATE IN THE PATIENTS WITH ACUTE DESTRUCTIVE PANCREATITIS OF DIFFERENT SEVERITY
Authors: Savchenko A. A. , Borisov A. G. , Zdzitovetskiy D. E. , Medvedev A. Yu. , Gvozdev I. I.
Published: January 2019

The aim of the study was to investigate a dependence of respiratory burst state in neutrophils on activities of their intracellular enzymes in patients with acute destructive pancreatitis (ADP) of different severity. The study included 50 patients with ADP of moderate (17 cases) and severe degree (33 cases). A group of 47 healthy people was examined as controls. The respiratory burst state was examined in neutrophilic granulocytes by means of chemiluminescence assays. A study of NAD(P)-dependent dehydrogenases activity in blood neutrophils was performed using bioluminescent analysis. We have revealed that a decrease in spontaneous and induced synthesis of superoxide radical by neutrophils was detected in ADP patients, independently of the disease severity. Kinetics of primary ROS synthesis was also impaired in patients with severe ADP. In patients with moderate disorder, the level of secondary ROS synthesis by neutrophils proved to be increased, whereas, in cases of severe disease, a disturbed kinetics of secondary ROS synthesis by neutrophils was detected at a resting state, showing increased synthetic level upon additional induction by zymosan. Metabolism of neutrophils in patients with ADP is characterized by activation of plastic processes (due to the products of the pentose phosphate cycle) and aerobic energy (increased substrate flow intensity in the cycle of tricarboxylic acids). However, NADPH neutrophilic pool in patients with moderate disorder could be additionally supported by enzymatic malic enzyme reactions and NADP-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase. Activation of peroxidation events in patients with severe ADP is revealed, which needs NADPH compensation. The state of energy processes in blood neutrophils in patients with ADP is characterized by lacking changes in glycolytic activity, and increased intensity of substrate flux along tricarboxylic acids cycle. Activity of aerobic processes in patients with moderate disease is maintained by the products of amino acid metabolism (via glutamate dehydrogenase), whereas, in severe ADP it may be provided by products of lipid catabolism. Using correlation analysis, a dependence of respiratory burst of neutrophils on the state of their metabolism was studied. We have found that intensity and kinetics of respiratory burst in the neutrophils of controls depends only on the activity of NADP-dependent dehydrogenases. The changes in cellular metabolic activity in the patients with moderate ADP led to disturbances of their regulatory effect upon the state of neutrophil respiratory burst. In patients with severe disorder, the degree a neutrophil respiratory burst is stimulated by reductive amination of α-ketoglutarate, being, however, inhibited by intracellular peroxidation processes.