bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
II.—On the Discovery of Trilobites in the Culm-Shales of South-East Devonshire
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Although the ‘Culm,’ or Carbonaceous series, of Devonshire, has long been known and studied, it has been a matter of considerable doubt as to the exact horizon in the Carboniferous formation with which it may properly be correlated.
IV.—Note on the Anthracotheriidæ of the Isle of Wight
Authors: Lydekker R.
Published: May 2009

An examination of the fine series of the remains of Anthracotheriidæ from the Hempstead beds of the Isle of Wight contained in the British Museum, and their comparison with specimens and casts of the remains of the allied Continental forms, has led to the following conclusions. Some of the specimens will be figured on a future occasion.
V.—London Clay in the Vicinity of Southampton
Authors: Elwes J. W.
Published: May 2009

The outcrop of the London Clay to the north of Southampton, near the edge of the Hampshire basin, beyond Bishopstoke, Romsey, etc., was mapped by the officers of the Geological Survey many years ago.
Under What Cirucumstances is an Island to be Considered “Oceanic”?
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

Sir,—If I correctly apprehend Mr. Fisher's reasoning, it is impossible to determine whether an island is “Oceanic” or not until it be known whether at any period in its geological history it has been connected with an existing continent. This is unfortunate; for the advocates of the permanency of oceans and continents insist that “oceanic islands” throw great light upon the problem. It would appear that they have been, as I pointed out in my first communication, arguing in a circle and from “phrases,” not ascertained facts.
III.—On a Hornblende-Picrite from the Zmutthal (Canton Valais)
Authors: Raisin Catherine A.
Published: May 2009

While staying at Zermatt in the summer of 1894, I searched among the boulders from the Zmutt glacier for several types of rock, which, as suggested to me by Professor Bonney, were likely to occur. I am further indebted to him for kindly giving me his help and opinion on several questions while I was writing this note.
IV.—On the Amount of Sand brought up by Lobworms to the Surface
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: May 2009

Ten years ago Charles Darwin published his last work, the result of more than forty years' observations on the habits of earthworms and the rate at which they bring up soil to the surface. To ascertain this rate, he made use of two methods. In the first place he measured the rate at which layers of lime or cinders were covered over by the spread-out castings of worms; and, later, he collected and weighed all the castings thrown up over a definite area within a given time. As is well known, the general result of his investigation was greatly to exalt our ideas of the importance of earthworms and of the work they do upon the surface of the land.

The work performed by lobworms on the surface of tidal sands seeming not less worthy of study, I made some observations on the subject during a short stay in Holy Island last August.
VI.—On a Microsaurian (Hylonomus Wildi, sp. nov.) from the Lancashire Coal-field
Authors: Woodward Arthur Smith
Published: May 2009

During a recent examination of a collection of fossils made by Mr. George Wild in the Burnley Coal-field, Mr. John Ward, F.G.S., recognized a novelty in the small Microsaurian which forms the subject of the following notes. The specimen was forwarded to the British Museum for determination, and a detailed study of its characters proves it to represent a Microsaurian family that has not previously occurred in the Carboniferous of Europe.
III.—The Cause of Slaty Cleavage: Compression v. Shearing
Authors: Harker Alfred
Published: May 2009

The received theory of Slaty Cleavage has generally been held to afford a complete explanation of the observed phenomena. The proximate cause of the structure was shown by Dr. Sorby to be a superinduced arrangement of the flat and long-shaped fragments constituting the rock, in virtue of which they tend to lie in, or nearly in, the planes of cleavage; this arrangement being assisted, as Mr. D. Sharpe advocated, by a flattening of those particles themselves. These changes were ascribed to great lateral compression of the rock in the direction perpendicular to the cleavage-planes, together with some expansion along those planes in the line of their dip; and a great mass of evidence was brought forward to support this theory.
IV.—Water Supply from the Bagshot and other Strata. (No. 2.)
Authors: Irving Rev. A.
Published: May 2009

During the year 1883 I gave some account, in the pages of this Magazine, of the peculiarities of the water drawn from the Bagshot strata of the London Basin. The most important conclusion drawn in that paper from the evidence adduced was the great difference in the quality of the water according as it is obtained either (a) from the bright ferruginous sands of the Upper Bagshots, or (b) from the Middle or Lower Bagshot strata, which are all contaminated (more or less) by vegetable matter in various stages of decomposition. So far as the evidence in my possession a year ago seemed to carry me, I felt warranted in making the following generalization: “The whole of the well-water of the district which common human experience pronounces wholesome is obtained from the Upper ferruginous sands.” This has been confirmed by additional facts more recently learnt.
V.—On the Occurrence of Xanthidia (Spiniferites of Mantell) in the London Clay of the Isle of Sheppey
Authors: Wetherell E. W.
Published: May 2009

The vexed question of the affinities of the fossil organisms known as Xanthidia—a question which only experienced zoologists and botanists can hope to solve—will not be discussed in this short paper, my intention being merely to show that these interesting organisms are not confined (in England) to the Chalk flints and Grey Chalk, but exist in the London Clay, and to give a short account of the means of isolation and of the appearance of these minute fossils.
III.—Notes on a Collection of Rocks from the Tonga Islands
Authors: Harker Alfred
Published: May 2009

The Tonga or Friendly Islands in the South Pacific Ocean seem to have received hitherto no attention from geologists, and I can find no published information as to their geological constitution beyond the simple record of the existence of volcanoes and coral-reefs. The material of these brief notes was mostly collected by Mr. J. J. Lister, M.A., during the cruise of H.M.S.Egeriain 1889; and, through the courtesy of Captain Wharton, R.N., F.R.S., Hydrographer to the Admiralty, I have had the opportunity of examining a few additional specimens collected by Captain C. F. Oldham, R.N., Commander of theEgeria, in 1890. In view of the general account of the islands which Mr. Lister is preparing, I notice here only such points as arise directly from an examination of the specimens.
IV.—Note on Hylonomus Lyelli, with Photographic Reproduction of Skeleton
Authors: Dawson J. William
Published: May 2009

As a sequel to my recent paper on new specimens of Dendrerpeton, I have thought it desirable to reproduce by photogravure, for comparison, the type specimen of Hylonomus Lyelli now in the collection of the Geological Society of London. The reproduction (Plate VIII.) is of the natural size, though less distinct than in the original. Though the bones are scattered, this specimen enabled me, by measuring the separate bones and adding the cuticular scales found on other specimens, to restore the animal in my “Airbreathers of the Coal Period.”
VI.—Mr. E. T. Newton on Pterosauria
Authors: Baur G.
Published: May 2009

The paper by Mr. E. T. Newton “ On the Skull of Scaphognathus ” is one of the most important contributions to the morphology of the Pterosauria which has been published. There are a few poii however, which appear to me to need correction or a fuller explanati

1. The “prefontals,” Newton.

When Mr. Newton had the great kindness to show me specimen, which he had worked out with so much skill, I sugges to him that the bones called by him “ prefrontals ” (loc. cit. p. 5 were probably parts of the nasals only. It seems to me qi probable that this view is correct, and I give the following reaso

1. If the “prefrontals,” Newton, represented these bones, t] would have a position different from that in any other form ofMonocondylia, Haeckel, 1866 (Sauropsida, Huxley, 1869). T] would be placed inside of the nasals.
I.—On Fossil Isopods, with a Description of a New Species
Authors: Carter James
Published: May 2009

The recent discovery in the Woodwardian Museum of an undescribed species of Isopod from the Upper Greensand of Cambridge affords an opportunity for the revision of the entire list of that class of fossils. The total number of species which have hitherto been described as occurring in a fossil state is inconsiderable, —probably scarcely thirty—including both foreign and British. To what extent this small number expresses the variety of specific form of this tribe of Crustaceans, which actually existed during the period of deposition of the several rocks in which their remains occur, it is impossible to determine, as doubtless by far the greater proportion of the individuals perished by reason of the delicacy of their tissues—the larger and thick-shelled species only having been preserved—the small, thin-shelled kinds not admitting of recognizable “fossilization.” Specimens of Jurassic and Cretaceous Isopods are very rare both as to variety and individual number, and it may be inferred that this rarity of occurrence results from the more or less turbulent conditions under which these marine deposits were formed. The Tertiary estuarine and freshwater species, buried under more tranquil conditions, are much better preserved, and occur in some localities in innumerable abundance—Sphœroma, Archœoniscus, etc.
II.—On the Microscopic Structure of the Jurassic Pisolite
Authors: Wethered E.
Published: May 2009

The specimens of pisolite which I have examined were obtained from two horizons, namely, the Coralline Oolite and base of the Inferior Oolite near Cheltenham. The pisolites are well known and have frequently been referred to by authors as fine types of oolitic granules, and in proof of this I may quote from Mr. H. B. Woodward's last edition of his Geology of England and Wales. Speaking of oolite granules the author says (p. 281), “ When these particles approach the size of a pea or bean, the rock is termed Pisolite, Pisolitic Limestone, or Pea-grit.”
V.—Second Note on Stenotheca
Authors: Matthew G. F.
Published: May 2009

Some three years ago the writer communicated to this Magazine a “ Note on the Genus Stenotheca ” of Hicks, stating that from the appearance of the species, which on this (western) side of the Atlantic had been referred to it, it did not seem to belong to the Pteropoda, but more probably to the Gasteropoda. I also stated that there were two distinct types of shells which had been referred to Stenotheca, one of which by its internal muscular scar and position of the umbo might be compared to Parmophorus, etc.; while the other, represented by a number of minute species, appeared to correspond to the original Stenotheca of Dr. Hicks.
IV, —Note on Rhinobatus bugesiacus—a Selachian Fish from the Lithographic Stone
Authors: Woodward A. Smith
Published: May 2009

Since 1857, the occurrence of a gigantic species of the Selachian family Rhinobatidæ in the Lithographic Stone of Bavaria has been well known, and three fine specimens are exhibited in the Munich Museum. No figure, however, appeared until 1887, when Dr. K. A. von Zittel published the illustration he has kindly allowed to be reproduced here; and the only detailed description is that of Wagner, written about thirty years ago. Quite recently, the British Museum has acquired the counterpart of one of the fossils in the Munich collection—a female individual in a remarkable state of preservation; and this is now exhibited in the form of a slab upon the west wall of the Gallery of Fossil Fishes.
V.—On “Eyes” of Pyrites and other Minerals in Slate
Authors: Harker Alfred
Published: May 2009

Among instances of the bodily deformation of rocks by lateral pressure, the case of the phyllade aimantifère of Monthermé is well known. By its strong cleavage this rock gives evidence of considerable lateral compression. Professor Renard has shown that prior to this compression the magnetite crystals already existed in the rock, and were surrounded by a coating of chlorite. The crystals yielded to the pressure much less readily than their matrix, and the latter, having already a firm consistence, became separated from the crystals, carrying the chlorite with it, and was displaced along the planes which are now cleavage-planes, that is, in a direction at right angles to that of the pressure.
VII.—Note on the Mean Rate of Subaërial Denudation
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: May 2009

In his memoir on “Modern Denudation,” Dr. A. Geikie determined approximately the number of years required by the following seven rivers to lower the general surface of their basins by one foot. He found that the Danube would take 6846 years, the Mississippi 6000, the Nith 4723, the Upper Ganges 2358, the Rhone 1528, the Hoang Ho 1464, and the Po 729, years. The average of these figures is 3378, and “this,” says Dr. Croll, in his recent interesting work on “Stellar Evolution” (p. 41), “gives a mean of 3378 years to remove one foot, or a little over one-half the time taken by the Mississippi.” As the mean rate of subaërial denudation is an important element in physical geology, it may be worth while to point out a slight mistake in this determination of its value, and also to show how a more correct estimate may, with our present data, be obtained.
IX.—On the Scratched and Facetted Stones of the Salt, Range, India
Authors: Stone George H.
Published: May 2009

At the Meeting of the British Association in 1886, a facetted and striated pebble from the Salt Range, Punjab, was exhibited and described, by A. B. Wynne, F.G.S. Another and larger one was presented by Dr. W. T. Blanford, F.R.S.

During the discussion that ensued, the question was considered whether the stones had received their shapes from the action of windblown sand. Having made a special study of sand-carving in a favourable region, the writer became interested in the subject, and with a view to compare the Punjab stones with the sand-facetted rockfragments so common in various parts of America, wrote to Dr. Blanford in order to obtain specimens of the stones in question. By the kindness of Dr. Blanford and Mr. Wynne, plaster casts of both the specimens described by them have been sent to me.
I.—On the Relations between the Genera Syringolites, Hinde, and Roemeria, Edwards and Haime, and on the Genus Caliapora, Schlüter
Authors: Nicholson H. Alleyne
Published: May 2009

In a recent publication (“Anthozoen des rheinischen Mittel-devon,” 1889) Professor Schlüter has put forward the conclusion that the genus Syringolites, Hinde, is identical with the much older genus Roemeria, Edwards & Haime, the former name thus becoming a mere synonym. From this conclusion I feel obliged to dissent, and I propose to show in the following brief communication that Roemeria and Syringolites are distinguished by important morphological characters, and that the latter is fully entitled to generic rank.
VI.—On the Muscular Impressions of Cœlonautiluscariniferus J. de C. Sowerby, sp., compared with those of the Recent Nautilus
Authors: Foord Arthur H. , Crick G. C.
Published: May 2009

In examining the remarkably fine series of examples of Cœlonautilus cariniferus, mostly from the Carboniferous Limestone of Ireland, contained in the Geological Collections of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), some were found to exhibit upon the cast of the body-chamber distinct marks of the shell-muscles. In one specimen (No. 50190) these are so perfect as to give a very clear outline of their form, and some of the test having been removed, their entire course can be made out.
II.—Terrestrial Magnetism as Modified by the Structure of the Earth's Crust; and Proposals Concerning a Magnetic Survey of the Globe
Authors: Naumann Edmund
Published: May 2009

I Will now put forward some details, for it seems necessary that some proofs of what has been maintained in general should be given, and I shall therefore quote some examples of the intimate connexion between earth-structure and terrestrial magnetism. No diagrams could indicate the relations better than Locke's Magnetic Sections across the Hudson, which were taken at three different points of the Palisades, Snake Hill, Fort Lee and Patterson (see Plate XV.). The dip and intensity were in each case determined at a number of points along a line perpendicular to the range of cliffs, and the curves rise very suddenly to maxima just above the edges of the cliffs, which are composed of columnar diorite. This diorite is widely distributed and lies between masses of Triassic sandstone; the dip is slight and towards the west.
III.—On Phlyctænius, a New Genus of Coccosteidæ
Authors: Traquair R. H.
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine for last month (January) I proposed to establish the genus Phlyctænius for the peculiar Coccostean from the Lower Devonian beds of Campbelltown in Canada, named by Whiteaves Coccostens Acadicus. In this paper I propose describing that form more in detail, along with an allied, though at the same time very strongly marked species from the Lower Old Eed Sandstone of Herefordshire, to which on that occasion I also referred.
I.—Notes on the Palæontology of Western Australia
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

A Part of the fossils described in the accompanying paper were presented to the British Museum (Natural History) by the late Mr. Edward T. Hardman, F.G.S., F.R.G.S.I, in December, 1886; having been collected by him during his exploration of the Kimberley District of Western Australia, in 1883. Some additional specimens, forming a part of this collection, have been obligingly forwarded to me by Professor Edward Hull, LL.D., F.R.S., Director of the Geological Survey of Ireland; having been found, since Mr. Hardman's death, in the Survey Office, Dublin.
II.—On the Organic Origin of the Chert in the Carboniferous Limestone Series of Ireland, and its Similarity to that in the Corresponding Strata in North Wales and Yorkshire
Authors: Hinde George Jennings
Published: May 2009

The first references in any detail to the nature of the Chert in Carboniferous rocks appeared in 1878, when Messrs. Hull and Hardman published a joint paper on the subject, treating more particularly of the Chert in the Upper Carboniferous Limestone of Ireland. Prof. Hull gave a general description of the distribution and mode of occurrence of the Chert, and a detailed notice of its microscopic structure, as shown in fifteen thin sections of the rock from various localities in Ireland. Prof. Hull gave a general description of the distribution and mode of occurrence of the Chert, and a detailed notice of its microscopic structure, as shown in fifteen thin sections of the rock from various localities in Ireland. The author reached the conclusion that the Chert is essentially a pseudomorphic rock, consisting of gelatinous silica replacing limestone of organic origin, chiefly foraminiferal, crinoidal, and coralline; the replacement was believed to have taken place before the shales overlying it were deposited, whilst the limestone was in a more or less plastic condition, admitting the fine percolation of water holding silica in solution. The sea was believed to have been largely charged with silica in solution, and the chemical process was accelerated by the warm surface waters of a shallow sea. The origin of the Chert from the siliceous skeletons of Biatomaceas, Polycystinas, and the spicules of sponges is distinctly denied, and it is affirmed that it can only be considered as a secondary product due to the replacement of lime-carbonate by silica.
I.—On a new Species of Eurypterus from the Lower Carboniferous Shales of Glencartholm, Eskdale, Scotland
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Some time since, in the summer of 1884, Mr. Jex, a collector of fossils employed by Mr. Robert Damon, F.G.S., of Weymouth, obtained from the Lower Carboniferous Shales of Eskdale, a new and most interesting form of Merostomatous Crustacean belonging to the genus Eurypterus. It has been secured for the Geological Department of the British Museum (Natural History), and I now propose to submit a brief description of this very interesting specimen.
VI.—Notes on the Affinities of the so-called “Torpedo” (Cyclobatis, Egerton) from the Cretaceous of Mount Lebanon
Authors: Woodward A. Smith
Published: May 2009

In a paper read before the Geological Society in 1844, Sir Philip Egerton made known an interesting fossil Selachian from the Cretaceous beds of Mount Lebanon, which he named Cyclobatis oligodactylus, and referred to the Torpedinidæ, in consequence of its apparently unarmed skin and the resemblance between its general form and that of the familiar electric Torpedo. Six years afterwards Pictet figured and described a second specimen of the fish, adding some further particulars of the skeleton, and adopting Egerton's determination of its affinities. And quite lately, Mr. James W. Davis has made another contribution to our knowledge of the genus, by describing a larger and more robust species under the name of C. major. The fish is again relegated to the Torpedinidæ, and, so far as I have been able to discover, the same original determination has been universally adopted up to the present time.
VII.—The Extent of the Hempstead Beds in the Isle of Wight
Authors: Reid Clement
Published: May 2009

Owing to the impossibility of making an accurate Survey of many of the flatter and Drift-covered portions of England, in the absence of sections, the light boring tools so extensively used by the Geological Survey of Belgium have been experimentally tried during the last few months in the Isle of Wight. The results arrived at are of so much interest that the Director has requested me to draw up this preliminary notice.

The Hempstead Beds, which were thought to be confined to the outlier at Hempstead Cliff and another of unknown extent in Parkhurst Forest, prove to be much more important, indeed they occupy about half the Tertiary area of the Isle of Wight.
I.—On a New Specimen of Solaster Murchisoni from the Yorkshire Lias
Authors: Blake J. F.
Published: May 2009

The specimen to which the following description applies was found by the Rev. G. Crewdson, F.G.S., of Kendal, at the base of the cliff at Huntcliff. The block in which it lay was separated from the parent rock, and had doubtless fallen from above. The occurrence in the same slab of a portion of an arm of Ophioderma Milleri and the general character of the stone leave no doubt that it is derived from the “Star-fish” bed of the Capricornus Zone.
II.— On Liassic Sections Near Bridport, Dorsetshire
Authors: Walker John Francis
Published: May 2009

During my visits to West Bay, Bridport, in the years 1887 and 1888, I was able to examine the following inland sections of the Lias Junction Bed, and I communicated a paper to the British Association at Leeds in 1890; an abstract of this paper appeared in the Report. I had hoped to obtain more evidence of the nature of this deposit, but, unfortunately, last year, 1891, I found that the working of the Allington brickfield was being abandoned, and that it was difficult to further work the roadside cuttings without doing considerable damage. I therefore think it better to lay before the readers of the Geological Magazine my notes on this deposit, which I shall be able to show is variable in different sections, due to the amount of denudation which has taken place.
III.—Further Remarks on the Coniston Limestone
Authors: Marr J. E.
Published: May 2009

I Quite agree with Mr. Goodchild's statement in the July Number of the Geol. Mag. that the stratigraphy of some of the areas in which the Coniston Limestone Series is developed “presents very considerable difficulties,” so much so that in the areas of Cross Fell and Settle portions of the “country might be described as consisting of a gigantic fault-breccia,” and that it is necessary “to go over a large part of this faulted area again and again” in order to interpret its structure. I do not know whether Mr. Goodchild would class me amongst the “less fortunate” ones who have not been over the ground again and again; possibly I have not devoted the amount of time which he has been able to give to the study of the rocks of the Cross Fell Inlier, but it must be remembered that Prof. Nicholson, with whom I had the pleasure of working at this inlier, has returned to the ground again and again during a long course of years, whilst more recently, he and I have devoted several vacations to its study, and we have carefully compared the beds and their fossils with those of adjoining and more distant areas.
IV.—The Permian Formation in the Alps of Piémont, Dauphiné, and Savoy
Authors: Preller C. S. Du Riche
Published: May 2009

In a recent paper on the Marble District of the Apuan Alps or Carrara Mountains I showed that the gneissose schists which form the nucleus of that range, and upon which rests the Triassic marmiferous formation, are, not of Archæan, but, upon irrefutable palæontological evidence, of Palæozoic age, and that, upon equally conclusive lithological and stratigraphical evidence, they must be assigned to the later part of that period, that is, to the Lower Permian. The former conclusion was first arrived at in the course of the geological survey of the range by Lotti and Zaccagna and upon the palæontological authority of the late Professor Meneghini; the latter conclusion was chiefly the result of the striking analogy, first pointed out by Zaccagna, between the stratigraphical sequence and lithological characteristics of the Apuan Alps and the Montgioie range of the Maritime Alps which forms the divide between Southern Piémont and the Western Italian Riviera.
IV.—The Fluvio-glacial Gravels of the Thames Valley
Authors: Deeley R. M.
Published: May 2009

At about 55 miles we reach the Hendon Lobe fan. At Dollis Hill the base of the fluvio-glacial beds lies at a height of about 200 feet, whilst their upper limit at Hendon is about 280 feet. On Finchley Hill to the north-east the Boulder-clay lies between the levels of 240 and 340 feet. This was a small lobe, and the fluvio-glacial fan may have sloped rapidly towards the fluvio-glacial gravels of the main stream. On the section, Fig. 2, the heights are shown without correction for slope towards the River Thames.
V.—Sedgwick Museum Notes. Notes on the genus Trinucleus. Part IV
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

The triangular non-perforated areas lying on each side of the glabella and bounded in front and laterally by the fringe are usually described as the cheeks and distinct from the fringe, as if they alone corresponded to the fixed cheeks of the Opisthoparia and Proparia, or even included also the free cheeks of these orders. But if the facial suture is marginal, and if the lower plate of the fringe is considered to represent the free-cheeks, as Beecher maintained, the upper plate of the fringe must be regarded as merely a modified marginal portion of the fixed cheeks, so that the triangular areas within the fringe would only constitute the inner part of the fixed cheeks.
V.—Morphological Studies on the Echinoidea Holectypoida and their Allies
Authors: Hawkins Herbert L.
Published: May 2009

During the past seven years I have published several papers based upon preliminary investigations on the anatomy of the Holectypoida, an order of the Euechinoidea which, by general consent, is regarded as transitional between the Regular and Irregular sections of the class. Continued study, aided by increased mental and technical experience, has revealed an ever-increasing number of interesting features in the order, and has made possible more definite and confident surmises as to its affinities with other groups. The series of contributions here commenced is intended to amplify, and in some cases to correct, the statements made in my earlier papers. With very few exceptions the actual descriptions that are given in the former work still seem to be essentially correct, but every fresh examination, even of the same specimens, testifies to the incompleteness of most of the observations hitherto published. New material, better or differently preserved, often draws attention to features overlooked or discarded as unimportant in the examples already studied. No apology is needed for the publication of incomplete descriptions of natural objects, since complete knowledge is as yet nowhere attained. When inaccuracies of observation have been detected, their nature and cause will be stated frankly, accompanied, verbally or not, by suitable contrition.
III.—On the Pre-Glacial Geography of Northern Cheshire
Authors: de Rance C. E.
Published: May 2009

Between the mountains of North Wales and the sea, occur two terraces, an upper composed of Boulder-day sloping towards the sea, and a lower, consisting of peat and alluvium, but little removed above high-water mark, running far inland, wherebroad valleys like the Vale of Clwyd breach the coast, and where rocky headlands jut into the sea, as the Great and LittleOrmes Heads. The two terraces are almost entirely denuded away, but often the lower one has alone suffered, as between Penmaen Bach and Penmaen Mawr, where a bay in the rocks, so to speak, is filled up with Upper Boulder-clay. It is quite evident that before denudation of the coast took place, the peat plain had a far greater extension than at present, which is proved by the foot of the occurrence of peat and a submarine forest at Rhyl, in borings in the Dee, and around the whole coasts of Cheshire, Lancashire, and southern Cumberland. It is also evident that considerable denudation of Glacial beds had taken place before the period of the old forests, and that the sea-ward prolongations of these beds, which themselves rested on an old sea-bottom, had been denuded away, and that a great plain, or series of plains, formed much of what is now the Irish Sea, before the forests came into existence; the lower terrace now fringing the coasts being the landward edge of this plain. It is nowhere better seen than in the Birket plain, forming the northern portion of the Hundred of Wirral, in North Cheshire. It is bounded to the south by an old pre-Glacial cliff, which abruptly terminates the northerly prolongation of all the numerous longitudinal valleys running with the strike of the Triassic rocks, of which this district is composed, each valley having a steep escarpment facing the west, as described by Professor Hull and myself.
I.—Notes on the Crinoidea
Authors: Rofe John
Published: May 2009

When reading the very interesting article in the “Student” for October last, “On the Deep Sea,” by Dr. Carpenter, I was struck by the description of an Echinidan, which had been dredged up, and which is represented as looking “externally like a sea-egg flattened by pressure; it was about five inches in diameter, and of a brilliant crimson hue. Its test being composed of plates, separated by membrane, instead of being united by suture, was quite flexible, so as to resemble an armour of chain mail rather than the inflexible cuirass with which the ordinary Echinida are invested.” This statement as to the flexibility of the test so corresponds with what I have long suspected to be the case with some, at least, of the Crinoids, that I have been induced carefully to reexamine a large number of specimens, both of heads and columns of fossil, and to make some experiments on recent Crinoids; and I propose now to state shortly the result, and to suggest some points for the consideration of those who may take an interest in such subjects, and who are better qualified than I am, by their knowledge of the animal kingdom, to give an opinion on them.
IV.—The English Crags, and their Stratigraphical Divisions indicated by their Invertebrate Fauna
Authors: A.  , Bell R.
Published: May 2009

Certain opinions have been put forth during the last few years which do not seem to be quite in accordance with some facts which have come to our knowledge in working out systematically, various pits and sections in the Red Crag district, and we propose discussing in the following paper a few of the more salient points bearing upon the fauna, and the position in time and place of this particular series of deposits.
V.—Metamorphic Rocks of Scotland and Galway
Authors: Kinahan G. H.
Published: May 2009

It appears evident from the history of the metamorphic, granitoid, and granitic rocks of Scotland, written exactly halfa century ago by MacCulloch, that those rocks are very similar to rocks of the same classes in West Galway, Ireland. This acute observer evidently examined the Scotch rocks most minutely, as the groups, sub-groups, and varieties of his “primary rocks” are carefully classed and described. Still, however, his arrangement seems to require modification, as many of the rocks he has put among his granites seem not to be true granites, but rather granitoid rocks, due to the metamorphism of igneous rocks.
IV.—Notes on Metamorphism of Strata in the Mendip Hills
Authors: Woodward Horace B.
Published: May 2009

Although the Mendip Hills have received a large share of attention from geologists since the beginning of the present century, and particularly from Buckland and Conybeare, Weaver, De la Beche, Ramsay, and Moore, there are still many points of great interest that require to be worked out.
VI.—On the Glaciation of the North-west of England
Authors: De Rance C. E.
Published: May 2009

In bringing the last of a long series of papers on the Surface Drifts of the Lake District of Cumberland and Westmoreland to a close, Mr. Mackintosh sums up the general results at which he has arrived. All will agree with the first of his conclusions, “that land-ice may have planed, smoothed, polished, and striated rock surfaces, and pushed loose débris forward….” But I cannot see his reason for adding, “to the nearest protected situations,” for one would expect to find a terminal moraine at the open entrance of a valley, on a plain, or even on what can be proved to have been a true sea-bottom.
II.—On the Systematic Position of the Sivatherium giganteum of Falconer and Cautley
Authors: Murie James
Published: May 2009

1. Introductory.—The fragmentary evidence attesting the presence of former tenants of our globe is just sufficiently tantalizing to permit of glimpses of bygone forms to be evoked; and what is lacking in the relics themselves is supplied by the imagination or reasoned out by the aid of existing forms. Palæontology, in truth, is based as yet on a narrow but solid foundation of fact, propped up by much that is uncertain or unstable, which future time must test, try,—accept, or reject. For this reason all adventitious drapery thrown around the remnants of the departed requires to undergo a close scrutiny of its genuineness; and no seeming fittingness can save it from the ruth- less hands of succeeding inquirers should any counterfeit be detected.
II.—Remarks on the Prospects of coal to the South of the Mendips
Authors: Bristow H. W. , Woodward H. B.
Published: May 2009

The question as to the probable existence of a Coal-field on the south side of the Mendips having lately been prominently brought before the public in the Report of the Royal Coal Coal mission (vol. i.), it may not be uninteresting to offer a few remarks on the present aspect of the question.
I.—On New Species of Pholidophorus from the Purbeck Beds of Dorsetshire
Authors: Davies William
Published: May 2009

Few genera of Fossil Fishes contain so large a number of welldefined species aa Agassiz' widely-distributed and well-known genus Pholidophorus. Above forty species have been more or less fully described by Agassiz and subsequent authors; the geological range extending from the Rhætic to the Purbeck Beds inclusive. The group consists mainly of small or moderate-sized fishes, but few that can be termed large; and with the exception of one species (P. maximus), the generic identity of which is doubtful, it contains no fishes of magnitude.
IV.—On a Method of Determining a Lower Limit to the Age of the Stratified Rocks
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: May 2009

The following is an attempt to determine a lower limit to the time required for the accumulation of the stratified rocks. It is not supposed to be an accurate estimate, for the data on which it is based are confessedly imperfect; but it is thought that the method employed may be of some little use when more exact determinations can be made of the physical constants involved.
IV.—On Explosive Slickensides
Authors: Strahan Aubrey
Published: May 2009

During a recent examination of the lead-mines of Derbyshire, I was interested in some accounts of explosions which had taken place, which were not due either to any material used by the workmen or to fire-damp. Though at first inclined to believe that the accounts were exaggerated, I soon found that not only was the evidence of such explosions having constituted a real danger to the men overwhelming, but that accidents are still liable to occur from this cause. The explosions are connected with the structure known as slickenside in the veins.
III.—On a Limestone with Concentric Structure from Kulu, North India
Authors: Sherborn C. Davies
Published: May 2009

In the Thirty-Sixth Annual Eeport on the New York State Museum of Natural History (8vo. Albany, 1884), is a folding plate with a fly-leaf descriptive of a specimen with peculiar structure from the Calciferous Sandstone group of Greenfield, Saratoga Co. referred to a new genus and species under the name of Cryptozoon proliferum, but no author's name appeared to either the plate or the description. The peculiar appearance of the American figure reminded Prof. Eupert Jones of a specimen in his collection, and having kindly placed it in ray hands and permitted me to bring it before the notice of the readers of the Geological Magazine, he has given it to the British Museum. Prof. Jones's specimen was collected by the late John Calvert, F.G.S., the author of “Vazeeri Rupi, the Silver Country of the Vazeers in Kulu,” and the rock is referred to at p. 8 of that book. The specimen was shown by Mr. Calvert to Sir Warington W. Smyth (whose opinion as to its inorganic nature is quoted by Mr. Calvert), and afterwards given to Prof. Jones.
IV.—On a Hornblende-Hypersthene-Peridotite from Losilwa, a low hill in Taveta District, at the S. Foot of Kilimanjaro, E. Africa
Authors: Hatch Frederick H.
Published: May 2009

A Small series of rock-specimens, consisting chiefly of fragments of basalt, dolerite, volcanic conglomerate and tuff, which were collected near Kilima-njaro, by F. Holmwood, Esq., C.B., lateConsul-General at Zanzibar, was recently forwarded to the Museum at Jermyn Street, and placed by Dr. A. Geikie in my hands for determination. Among these specimens was a small block, the crystalline texture and high density of which at once arrested attention Freshly fractured surfaces of this rock present numerous glistening facets, which with the aid of the pocket-lens are seen to be the cleavagefaces of a yellowish-green, a dark-green, and a garnet-red mineral. These minerals are respectively olivine, hornblende, and hypersthene in nearly equal proportions, the hornblende being perhaps slightly predominant. They form a holocrystalline granular aggregate, in which the.grains are of nearly equal size and without crystalline contours; in other words, the structure is allotriomorphic-granular. Subordinate both in size and quantity to the three principal constituents is magnetic iron-ore.
V.—On the Humerus of Euclastes
Authors: Dollo Louis
Published: May 2009

I.—To avoid useless repetitions, I shall consider as admitted what I have said in my paper “Sur le genre Euclastes,” especially:

1. Euclastes, Cope = Chelone, Owen (non Ritg.) (pars) = Lytoloma, Cope = Puppigerus, Cope (pars) = Glossochelys, Seeley = Pachyrhynchus, Dollo = Erquelinnesia, Dollo.
III.—On a New Species of Pycnodont Fish (Mesodon Damoni) from the Portland Oolite
Authors: Woodward A. Smith
Published: May 2009

The Fossil Fishes of the English Portlandian Formation are as yet almost unknown, and every small contribution to the subject is thus of interest. Ischyodus Townsendi, Microdon pagoda, the partially described Caturus angustus, an undetermined species of Thrissops, and an undescribed species of Mesodon, appear to be the only forms hitherto recorded; and to these may be added a large bony fish allied to Ditaxiodus, represented by jaws in the British Museum.
I.—The Genesis of Tungsten Ores
Authors: Rastall R. H.
Published: May 2009

The exploitation of tungsten ores on a large scale is of comparatively recent development. Till lately the industrial applications of this metal and its compounds were very limited, and they were regarded rather in the light of chemical and mineralogical curiosities. In fact, the tungsten minerals were considered a nuisance by miners, owing to the difficulty of separating them from other valuable and equally heavy ores occurring in close association with them. Sodium tungstate was manufactured to a certain extent and used as a mordant in dyeing and for rendering textile fabrics fireproof, and tungstic oxide was sometimes employed in the making of yellow glass. About the year 1905 a demand arose for the metal for electric lamp filaments, but at the present time by far the most important application is in the metallurgy of steel. The addition of a small quantity of tungsten, not more than 7 or 8 per cent, together with about 5 per cent of chromium, has a remarkable effect on steel, rendering it both hard and tough and suitable for high-speed cutting tools. Since the beginning of the War the demand for the ores for this purpose has enormously increased, as also has the price; new sources are being sought for and opened up in many localities; in Colorado and California there was a few months ago a tungsten boom recalling the gold rushes of the early days.
I.—The Genesis of Tungsten Ores
Authors: Rastall R. H.
Published: May 2009

As already stated in the first part of this paper, a regular gradation may be traced from the cassiterite-wolframite lodes to wolframite-quartz veins without cassiterite, a type which appears on the whole to be more common in America than elsewhere. In many cases this difference is clearly due to a more complete differentiation of the magma, but in other instances a purely igneous origin is less conclusively established. In Cornwall and other granitic areas a tin-wolfram lode can sometimes be traced continuously into a wolfram lode, and this again into a pure quartz vein. Here the pegmatitic origin of the lodes is demonstrated, and as a rule the wolfram is accompanied by'fluorite and other recognized pneumatolytic minerals, as well as by sulphides similar to those found in the tin lodes. Thus the genetic connexion with the tin-bearing types is beyond doubt. In a few instances only wolfram is found in association with gold ores; the significance of this will be discussed in a later section.
II.—Dolomitization and the Leicestershire Dolomites
Authors: Parsons L. M.
Published: May 2009

In the district north of Ashby-de-la-Zoueh dolomitized Carboniferous Limestone crops out where the Leicestershire border adjoins that of South Derbyshire. The dolomites, which attain a thickness of nearly 900 feet in this area, have hitherto received very little attention. I therefore propose to give a short description of them with a view to ascertaining how far their mode of occurrence and structure afford additional examples of, or exceptions to, the usual conclusions adopted concerning the origin of dolomite. With this object in view I propose to give a brief resumé of the evidences generally relied upon to explain the origin of dolomite, before proceeding to describe the Leicestershire rocks.
III.—Mountain Building
Authors: Deeley R. M.
Published: May 2009

The structure of mountain ranges has always been difficult to understand. They often show that peculiarly complicated disturbances of strata have occurred in the process of their formation. Mountain ranges in many stages of dissection are to be seen in various parts of the world; but the better knowledge which their study has furnished us with has not, at the moment, always assisted us in the better understanding of the problem of mountain building.
II.—Climate and Time
Authors: Deeley R. M.
Published: May 2009

Sir Charles Lyell in his Principles of Geology, published in 1834, remarks upon the accumulating proofs that the climate of the earth had undergone great changes in the past, and he endeavoured to show that these changes might have been produced by the varying distribution of sea and land. He says, “But if, instead of vague conjectures as to what might have been the state of the planet at the era of its creation, we fix our thoughts steadily on the connexion at present between climate and the distribution of land and sea; and if we then consider what influence former fluctuations in the physical geography of the earth must have had on superficial temperature, we may perhaps approximate to a true theory.”
II.—Quaternary Changes of Levels
Authors: Upham Warren
Published: May 2009

The article by Prof. J. W. Spencer in the last May number of this Magazine brings together many evidences of high continental elevation of North America preceding the Pleistocene or Glacial period. Though Professor Spencer has not proceeded to interpret these observations as revealing in continental elevation the probable cause of the severely cold climate and accumulation of ice-sheets during the Glacial period, I believe that this is a legitimate conclusion, and that it strongly re-enforces the arguments long ago advanced by Lyell and Dana, and recently emphasized anew by Wallace.
IV.—On the Nature and Origin of the Banded Structure in the Schists and other Rocks of the Lizard District
Authors: Somervail Alexander
Published: May 2009

In my last communication, “On the Schists of the Lizard District,” published in this Magazine for April, which was meant as preparatory for the present paper, my object was to show that the rocks known as the “talco-micaceous,” “hornblendic,” and “granulitic” groups were of true igneous origin, also plutonic? and had been formed out of a common, but complex magma, and that all of these groups were made up of rocks differing widely from the types of each of them, which in some instances were seemingly due to differences in the rate of cooling, and to chemical affinity; and yet again in other instances to subsequent mechanical movements and pressure during or after consolidation.
VI.—On Pre-Cambrian Rocks Occurring as Fragments in the Cambrian Conglomerates in Britain
Authors: Hicks Henry
Published: May 2009

Of late years the Cambrian Conglomerates have received a considerable amount of attention, as it has been shown that much information concerning the nature and condition of the Pre-Cambrian rocks can be obtained by the careful examination of the materials composing the conglomerates in different areas. It is evident that rocks similar to the rolled fragments in the Conglomerates must have been present in pre-Cambrian times to yield these fragments, and if in certain areas special rocks occur abundantly or otherwise, the characters of the pre-Cambrian rocks in these areas may be to a great extent determined. The Cambrian Conglomerates in Wales and Shropshire have been very carefully examined by Prof. Hughes, Dr. Callaway, and myself, and the materials collected have been submitted to Prof. Bonney and Mr. T. Davies for microscopical examination.
V.—Glacial Geology, Old and New
Authors: Kendall Percy F.
Published: May 2009

The recent contribution of Mr. Reade to Glacial Geology (GEOL. MAG. July, 1892, p. 310, et seq.) is a challenge which I take up in default of a worthier champion.