bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical High-Resolution Imaging of the Inner Ear by Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT)
Authors: Santek Tomislav , Hofmann Erich , Milewski Christian , Schwager Konrad , Prescher Andreas
Published: June 2024

Purpose: Imaging of the delicate inner ear morphology has become more and more precise owing to the rapid progress in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, in clinical practice, the interpretation of imaging findings is hampered by a limited knowledge of anatomical details which are frequently obscured by artifacts. Corresponding review articles are as rare in journals as they are in reference books. This shortness prompted us to perform a direct comparison of imaging with anatomical whole-mount sections as a reference. It was the intention of this paper to compare the microscopic anatomy of a human inner ear as shown on anatomical whole-mount sections with high-resolution MRI and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Both are available in clinical routine and depict the structures with maximum spatial resolution. It was also a goal of this work to clarify if structures that were observed on MRI in a regular manner correlate with factual inner ear anatomy or correspond with artifacts typical for imaging. Methods: A fresh human anatomical specimen was examined on a clinical 3-Tesla MRI scanner using a dedicated surface coil. The same specimen was then studied with CBCT. In each imaging modality, high-resolution 3D data sets which enabled multiplanar reformatting were created. In the second step, anatomical whole-mount sections of the specimen were cut and stained. This process enabled a direct comparison of imaging with anatomical conditions. Results: Clinical MRI was able to depict the inner ear with remarkable anatomical precision. Strongly T2-weighted imaging protocols are exquisitely capable of showing the fluid-filled components of the inner ear. The macular organs, ampullar crests and cochlear aqueduct were clearly visible. Truncation artifacts are prone to be confused with the delicate membrane separating the endolymphatic from the perilymphatic compartment. However, it was not possible to directly depict this borderline. Conclusions: With the maximum resolution of magnetic resonance tomography, commonly used in everyday clinical practice, even the smallest details of the inner ear structures can be reliably displayed. However, it is important to distinguish between truncation artifacts and true anatomical structures. Therefore, this study can be useful as a reference for image analysis.
Tuning the Optical and Electrical Properties of ALD-Grown ZnO Films by Germanium Doping
Authors: Sahayaraj Sylvester , Knura Rafał , Skibińska Katarzyna , Starowicz Zbigniew , Bulowski Wojciech , Gawlińska-Nęcek Katarzyna , Panek Piotr , Wojnicki Marek , Iwanek Sylwester , Majchrowicz Łukasz , Socha Robert Piotr
Published: June 2024

In this work, we report on the fabrication of ZnO thin films doped with Ge via the ALD method. With an optimized amount of Ge doping, there was an improvement in the conductivity of the films owing to an increase in the carrier concentration. The optical properties of the films doped with Ge show improved transmittance and reduced reflectance, making them more attractive for opto-electronic applications. The band gap of the films exhibits a blue shift with Ge doping due to the Burstein–Moss effect. The variations in the band gap and the work function of ZnO depend strongly on the carrier density of the films. From the surface studies carried out using XPS, we could confirm that Ge replaces some of the Zn in the wurtzite structure. In the films containing Ge, the concentration of oxygen vacancies is also high, which is somehow related to the poor electrical properties of the films at higher Ge concentrations.
Comparative Study of the Dimensional and Shape Accuracy of Parts Made of 316L Manufactured Using the SLM and Casting Methods after Milling and WEDM
Authors: Machno Magdalena , Zębala Wojciech
Published: June 2024

Parts made using selective laser melting (SLM) often require improvements to the quality of side surfaces. Therefore, the analysis of the machinability of metallic printed material is new/innovative. The surface of printed parts requires improvement in quality—surface roughness. Hence, there is a need for effective manufacturing techniques that improve the quality of the side surfaces of printed parts. In our work, we try to fill this research gap. This work comparatively analyzed the surface quality (roughness parameter Ra) after milling and wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM). The processed material was AISI 316L stainless steel, which was produced using the casting and SLM method. In the case of printed material, the influence of the direction of the tool (perpendicular, parallel) on the arrangement of sintered layers was also analyzed. The analysis of the results showed that processing the cast material and processing the material perpendicular to the arrangement of the layers gives similar results—similar relationships between the processing parameters and surface roughness were observed. However, processing parallel to the arrangement of sintered layers showed ambiguity in the relationships. Moreover, the best results of the Ra parameter (0.1–0.2 µm) were obtained for feeds of 0.08 mm/rev and 0.12 mm/rev and a cutting speed of 90 m/min. In this work, the novelty is the comparison of the surfaces of materials manufactured using different techniques (SLM, casting) after milling and WEDM processing.
Study on the Application of Kramers–Kronig Relation for Polyurethane Mixture
Authors: Zhao Haisheng , Shen Quanjun , Zhang Peiyu , Li Zhen , Cui Shiping , Wang Lin , Zhang Wensheng , Su Chunhua , Ma Shijie
Published: June 2024

Polyurethane (PU) mixture, which is a new pavement mixture, exhibits different dynamic properties compared to a hot-mixed asphalt mixture (HMA). This paper analyzed whether the Kramers–Kronig (K–K) relation and thermorheologically simple properties applied to the PU mixture. Based on the results, the PU mixture exhibited thermorheologically simple properties within the test conditions. The time–temperature superposition principle (TTSP) was applicable for the PU mixture to construct a dynamic modulus master curve using the standard logistic sigmoidal (SLS) model, the generalized logistic sigmoidal (GLS) model, and the Havriliak–Negami (HN) model. The Hilbert integral transformed SLS and GLS models for the phase angle can accurately fit the measured phase angle data with newly fitted shift factors and predict the phase angle within the viscoelastic range. The core–core and black space diagrams both displayed single continuous smooth curves, which can be utilized to characterize the viscoelastic property of the PU mixture. The K–K relation is applicable for the PU mixture to obtain the phase angle master curve model, storage modulus, and loss modulus from the complex modulus test results with the test temperatures and loading frequencies. The phase angle of the PU mixture at extremely high or low test temperatures cannot be derived from the dynamic modulus data.
The Effect of Scanning Strategy on the Thermal Behavior and Residual Stress Distribution of Damping Alloys during Selective Laser Melting
Authors: Yan Zhiqiang , Wu Kaiwen , Xiao Zhongmin , Hui Jizhuang , Lv Jingxiang
Published: June 2024

The manufacture of damping alloy parts with stable damping properties and high mechanical performances in the selective laser melting (SLM) process is influenced by temperature evolution and residual stress distribution. Choosing an appropriate scanning strategy, namely the specific trajectory along which the laser head scans powders within given area, is crucial, but clearly defined criteria for scanning strategy design are lacking. In this study, a three-dimensional finite element model (FEM) of the SLM process for manufacturing a WE43 alloy component was established and validated against the published experimental data. Eleven different scanning strategies were designed and simulated, considering variables such as scanning track length, direction, Out–In or In–Out strategy, start point, and interlayer variation. The results showed that scanning strategy, geometry, and layer number collectively affect temperature, melt pool, and stress outputs. For instance, starting scanning at a colder part of the powder layer could lead to a high peak temperature and low melt pool depth. A higher layer number generally results in lower cooling rate, a lower temperature gradient, a longer melt pool life, and larger melt pool dimensions. Changing the start point between scanning circulations helps mitigate detrimental residual stress. This work highlights the potential of analyzing various scanning strategy-related variables, which contributes to reducing trial-and-error tests and selecting optimal scanning strategies under different product quality requirements. This article can assist in the design of appropriate scanning strategies to prevent defects such as element loss due to evaporation, poor bonding, and deformation or cracking from high residual stress. Additionally, identifying stress concentration locations and understanding the effects of geometry and layer number on thermal and mechanical behaviors can assist in geometry design.
Exploring the Potential of Recycled Polymers for 3D Printing Applications: A Review
Authors: Djonyabe Habiba Rachel , Malça Cândida , Branco Ricardo
Published: June 2024

The integration of recycled polymers into additive manufacturing (AM) processes offers a promising opportunity for advancing sustainability within the manufacturing industry. This review paper summarizes existing research and developments related to the use of recycled materials in AM, focusing on distinct polymers, such as polylactic acid (PLA), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), among others. Key topics explored include the availability of recycled filaments on the market, challenges associated with material variability and traceability, and efforts toward establishing ethical product standards and sustainability characterization methodologies. Regulatory considerations and standards development by organizations such as ASTM and ISO are discussed, along with recommendations for future advancements in improving the sustainability of filament recycling and achieving net-zero emissions in AM processes. The collective efforts outlined in this paper underscore the potential of recycled polymers in AM to foster a more sustainable and environmentally friendly manufacturing industry.
Optical, Structural, and Synchrotron X-ray Absorption Studies for GaN Thin Films Grown on Si by Molecular Beam Epitaxy
Authors: Feng Zhe Chuan , Liu Jiamin , Xie Deng , Nafisa Manika Tun , Zhang Chuanwei , Wan Lingyu , Jiang Beibei , Lin Hao-Hsiung , Qiu Zhi-Ren , Lu Weijie , Klein Benjamin , Ferguson Ian T. , Liu Shiyuan
Published: June 2024

GaN on Si plays an important role in the integration and promotion of GaN-based wide-gap materials with Si-based integrated circuits (IC) technology. A series of GaN film materials were grown on Si (111) substrate using a unique plasma assistant molecular beam epitaxy (PA-MBE) technology and investigated using multiple characterization techniques of Nomarski microscopy (NM), high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HR-XRD), variable angular spectroscopic ellipsometry (VASE), Raman scattering, photoluminescence (PL), and synchrotron radiation (SR) near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. NM confirmed crack-free wurtzite (w-) GaN thin films in a large range of 180–1500 nm. XRD identified the w- single crystalline structure for these GaN films with the orientation along the c-axis in the normal growth direction. An optimized 700 °C growth temperature, plus other corresponding parameters, was obtained for the PA-MBE growth of GaN on Si, exhibiting strong PL emission, narrow/strong Raman phonon modes, XRD w-GaN peaks, and high crystalline perfection. VASE studies identified this set of MBE-grown GaN/Si as having very low Urbach energy of about 18 meV. UV (325 nm)-excited Raman spectra of GaN/Si samples exhibited the GaN E2(low) and E2(high) phonon modes clearly without Raman features from the Si substrate, overcoming the difficulties from visible (532 nm) Raman measurements with strong Si Raman features overwhelming the GaN signals. The combined UV excitation Raman–PL spectra revealed multiple LO phonons spread over the GaN fundamental band edge emission PL band due to the outgoing resonance effect. Calculation of the UV Raman spectra determined the carrier concentrations with excellent values. Angular-dependent NEXAFS on Ga K-edge revealed the significant anisotropy of the conduction band of w-GaN and identified the NEXAFS resonances corresponding to different final states in the hexagonal GaN films on Si. Comparative GaN material properties are investigated in depth.
Dicerandrol C Suppresses Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis of HepG2 and Hela Cancer Cells by Inhibiting Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway
Authors: Zhou Dongdong , Chen Dandan , Wu Jingwan , Feng Ting , Liu Pinghuai , Xu Jing
Published: June 2024

Overwhelming evidence points to an aberrant Wnt/β-catenin signaling as a critical factor in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cervical cancer (CC) pathogenesis. Dicerandrol C (DD-9), a dimeric tetrahydroxanthenone isolated from the endophytic fungus Phomopsis asparagi DHS-48 obtained from mangrove plant Rhizophora mangle via chemical epigenetic manipulation of the culture, has demonstrated effective anti-tumor properties, with an obscure action mechanism. The objective of the current study was to explore the efficacy of DD-9 on HepG2 and HeLa cancer cells and its functional mechanism amid the Wnt/β catenin signaling cascade. Isolation of DD-9 was carried out using various column chromatographic methods, and its structure was elucidated with 1D NMR. The cytotoxicity of DD-9 on HepG2 and HeLa cells was observed with respect to the proliferation, clonality, migration, invasion, apoptosis, cell cycle, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling cascade. We found that DD-9 treatment significantly reduced tumor cell proliferation in dose- and time-dependent manners in HepG2 and HeLa cells. The subsequent experiments in vitro implied that DD-63 could significantly suppress the tumor clonality, metastases, and induced apoptosis, and that it arrested the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase of HepG2 and HeLa cells. Dual luciferase assay, Western blot, and immunofluorescence assay showed that DD-9 could dose-dependently attenuate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling by inhibiting β-catenin transcriptional activity and abrogating β-catenin translocated to the nucleus; down-regulating the transcription level of β-catenin-stimulated Wnt target gene and the expression of related proteins including p-GSK3-β, β-catenin, LEF1, Axin1, c-Myc, and CyclinD1; and up-regulating GSK3-β expression, which indicates that DD-9 stabilized the β-catenin degradation complex, thereby inducing β-catenin degradation and inactivation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. The possible interaction between DD-9 and β-catenin and GSK3-β protein was further confirmed by molecular docking studies. Collectively, DD-9 may suppress proliferation and induce apoptosis of liver and cervical cancer cells, possibly at least in part via GSK3-β-mediated crosstalk with the Wnt/β-catenin signaling axis, providing insights into the mechanism for the potency of DD-9 on hepatocellular and cervical cancer.
Clinical Impact of Thermotherapy and Spinal Twisting Massage on Chronic Non-Specific Spinal Pain
Authors: Cho Syung Hyun , Jeong Un Mo , Kim Sung Hoon
Published: June 2024

As the prevalence of chronic non-specific spinal pain rises, the utilization of diverse massage devices for therapeutic intervention increases rapidly. However, research on their mechanisms, particularly those involving spinal twisting, is limited. This study was designed to evaluate the impact of heat application and spinal twisting massage techniques on individuals suffering from chronic non-specific spinal pain. A total of 36 individuals were divided into two groups: a control group (18 participants) and an experimental group (18 participants). The experimental group received heat treatment plus spinal twisting massage twice a week for four weeks, while the control group received heat therapy plus traditional vibration massage techniques. Effectiveness was measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), the Pressure Pain Threshold (PPT), the Korean Western Ontario and McMaster Universities (K-WOMAC) Index, spine tilt, and Cobb angle. VAS, K-WOMAC, and PPT significantly improved in both groups at all three time points. VAS notably decreased in the experimental group compared to the control group (p-value: 0.0369). Despite improvements in K-WOMAC and PPT scores within the experimental group, statistical significance remained elusive. Furthermore, spine tilt and Cobb angle showed no significant differences from baseline to the 6th week. In conclusion, the application of thermotherapy coupled with twisting massage demonstrates significant efficacy in mitigating chronic non-specific spinal pain, surpassing the pain-relief outcomes achieved through heat therapy in combination with standard vibration massage techniques.
Optimization of Membrane Condenser Process with PTFE Hollow Fiber Membrane
Authors: Zhou Yue , Long Susu , Wang Zhaohui , Drioli Enrico , Zhang Feng , Cui Zhaoliang
Published: June 2024

A membrane condenser (MC) is a novel membrane separation technology that utilizes the hydrophobic nature of porous membranes to capture water vapor from humid gas. Factors such as temperature, pressure, flow rate, and gas composition entering the membrane condenser play a crucial role in water recovery efficiency. This study utilized hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) hollow fiber membranes to create multiple identical membrane modules. This research investigated the impact of temperature, flow rate, pressure on the intake side, gas flow on the cooling side, membrane area, and other variables on the performance of the membrane condenser process. This study compared water extraction efficiency under different conditions, focusing on feed flow temperature and sweeping flow. Results showed that at a temperature of 60 °C, the water recovery rate was 24.7%, while a sweep gas flow rate of 4 L/min resulted in a recovery rate of 22.7%. The efficiency of the membrane condenser decreased with higher feed flow rates but increased with larger membrane areas. A proportional relationship between inlet flow and membrane area was observed, suggesting an optimal range of 0.51–0.67 cm/s for both parameters. These findings offer valuable insights for the practical implementation of hydrophobic membrane-based membrane condenser technology.
The Microstructure and Properties of Laser-Cladded Ni-Based and Co-Based Alloys on 316L Stainless Steel
Authors: Fang Tao , Huang Feng , Qian Xuzheng , Zhan Wen
Published: June 2024

To extend the service life of 316L stainless steel components in harsh environments, this study utilized laser cladding technology to enhance the hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance of the 316L stainless steel surface. Nickel-based and cobalt-based cladding layers were prepared on the surface of the 316L stainless steel, and the microstructure and phases of the layers were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In addition, the hardness of the substrate and the cladding layers was tested with a microhardness tester, the frictional wear performance was tested with a pin on disc wear tester, and the corrosion resistance was tested with an electrochemical workstation. The experimental results indicate that the nickel-based cladding layer primarily comprises the γ-(Fe, Ni), Cr7C3, and Ni3Si phases, with equiaxed and dendritic grains being the predominant morphologies. By contrast, the cobalt-based cladding layer mainly comprises the γ-Co, Cr7C3, and Co7W6 phases, with columnar and dendritic grains being the predominant morphologies. Both cladding layers displayed a significantly better microhardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance than the substrate. Between the two cladding layers, the nickel-based cladding layer demonstrated a superior microhardness, whereas the cobalt-based cladding layer slightly outperformed in wear resistance and corrosion resistance. The findings from our results are important for understanding the performance of laser-cladding layers and laying a scientific basis for the promotion and optimization of laser cladding technology in industrial applications. Moreover, our results showed that laser cladding technology is increasingly important in extending the service life of components and improving the material performance.
The Mechanism of Forming Hollow Shafts with Constant Wall Thickness by Three-Roll Skew Rolling
Authors: Zhang Song , Shu Xuedao , Wang Jitai , Li Zixuan , Xu Haijie , Xia Yingxiang , Pater Zbigniew , Tomczak Janusz , Bulzak Tomasz
Published: June 2024

To solve the problem of the long forming process for hollow shafts with constant wall thickness (HSCWT), a new process for forming HSCWT, namely three-roll skew rolling, has been proposed. First, the working principle of the three-roll skew rolling process is presented. Then, the finite element model (FEM) of the three-roll skew rolling HSCWT is established. The strain-stress field and temperature field distribution rules of the three-roll skew rolling HSCWT are analyzed with FEM. The stress-strain field of the rolled piece is distributed uniformly along the axial direction but not uniformly along the radial direction. The variation of the temperature field is related to the axial traction velocity. The greater the axial traction velocity, the smaller the variation of the temperature field. The temperature of rolled pieces varies within 100 °C during rolling. Finally, the three-roll skew rolling experiment of the HSCWT is carried out. The results show that the three-roll skew rolling process can form HSCWT. The temperature field of the three-roll skew rolling HSCWT is evenly distributed. The selection of larger axial traction velocity is conducive to the forming of rolled pieces. The three-roll skew rolling technology has achieved near constant temperature forming of HSCWT.
Size-Effect-Based Dimension Compensations in Wet Etching for Micromachined Quartz Crystal Microstructures
Authors: Dong Yide , Dou Guangbin , Wei Zibiao , Ji Shanshan , Dai Huihui , Tang Kaiqin , Sun Litao
Published: June 2024

Microfabrication technology with quartz crystals is gaining importance as the miniaturization of quartz MEMS devices is essential to ensure the development of portable and wearable electronics. However, until now, there have been no reports of dimension compensation for quartz device fabrication. Therefore, this paper studied the wet etching process of Z-cut quartz crystal substrates for making deep trench patterns using Au/Cr metal hard masks and proposed the first quartz fabrication dimension compensation strategy. The size effect of various sizes of hard mask patterns on the undercut developed in wet etching was experimentally investigated. Quartz wafers masked with initial vias ranging from 3 μm to 80 μm in width were etched in a buffered oxide etch solution (BOE, HF:NH4F = 3:2) at 80 °C for prolonged etching (>95 min). It was found that a larger hard mask width resulted in a smaller undercut, and a 30 μm difference in hard mask width would result in a 17.2% increase in undercut. In particular, the undercuts were mainly formed in the first 5 min of etching with a relatively high etching rate of 0.7 μm/min (max). Then, the etching rate decreased rapidly to 27%. Furthermore, based on the etching width compensation and etching position compensation, new solutions were proposed for quartz crystal device fabrication. And these two kinds of compensation solutions were used in the fabrication of an ultra-small quartz crystal tuning fork with a resonant frequency of 32.768 kHz. With these approaches, the actual etched size of critical parts of the device only deviated from the designed size by 0.7%. And the pattern position symmetry of the secondary lithography etching process was improved by 96.3% compared to the uncompensated one. It demonstrated significant potential for improving the fabrication accuracy of quartz crystal devices.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Rejuvenation Performance of Waste Cooking Oil with High Acid Value on Aged Asphalt
Authors: Wang Zhiyu , Pei Qiang , Li Kunjie , Wang Zhonghui , Huo Xiaodong , Wang Yongwei , Zhang Xudong , Kong Shaoqi
Published: June 2024

Waste cooking oil’s (WCO’s) potential as a rejuvenator of aged asphalt has received attention in recent years, with the acid value of WCO affecting its rejuvenation effect. This study explored the rejuvenation effect of WCO with a high acid value on aged asphalt by using molecular dynamics simulation. First, the representative molecules of WCO with a high acid value and asphalt were determined. The rejuvenation effect of WCO on aged asphalt was analyzed by adding different contents of WCO to an aged asphalt model. The effect of WCO on the thermodynamic properties of the aged asphalt was analyzed. The results show that WCO can restore the thermodynamic properties of aged asphalt binder to a certain extent. Regarding the microstructure of rejuvenated asphalt, WCO molecules dispersed around asphaltenes weakened the latter’s aggregation and improved the colloidal structure of the aged asphalt. In terms of interface adhesion properties, WCO can improve the adhesion properties between asphalt binder and SiO2, but it has limited influence on water sensitivity. The results allowed us to comprehensively evaluate the rejuvenation effect of WCO with a high acid value on aged asphalt and to explore its rejuvenation mechanism.
Three-Dimensional Interaction Homology: Deconstructing Residue–Residue and Residue–Lipid Interactions in Membrane Proteins
Authors: Kellogg Glen E.
Published: June 2024

A method is described to deconstruct the network of hydropathic interactions within and between a protein’s sidechain and its environment into residue-based three-dimensional maps. These maps encode favorable and unfavorable hydrophobic and polar interactions, in terms of spatial positions for optimal interactions, relative interaction strength, as well as character. In addition, these maps are backbone angle-dependent. After map calculation and clustering, a finite number of unique residue sidechain interaction maps exist for each backbone conformation, with the number related to the residue’s size and interaction complexity. Structures for soluble proteins (~749,000 residues) and membrane proteins (~387,000 residues) were analyzed, with the latter group being subdivided into three subsets related to the residue’s position in the membrane protein: soluble domain, core-facing transmembrane domain, and lipid-facing transmembrane domain. This work suggests that maps representing residue types and their backbone conformation can be reassembled to optimize the medium-to-high resolution details of a protein structure. In particular, the information encoded in maps constructed from the lipid-facing transmembrane residues appears to paint a clear picture of the protein–lipid interactions that are difficult to obtain experimentally.
Quantum Chemical Investigation into the Structural Analysis and Calculated Raman Spectra of Amylose Modeled with Linked Glucose Molecules
Authors: Zhang Dapeng , Kishimoto Naoki
Published: June 2024

This study presents a quantum chemical investigation into the structural analysis and calculated Raman spectra of modeled amylose with varying units of linked glucose molecules. We systematically examined the rotation of hydroxymethyl groups and intramolecular hydrogen bonds within these amylose models. Our study found that as the number of linked glucose units increases, the linear structure becomes more complex, resulting in curled, cyclic, or helical structures facilitated by establishing various intramolecular interactions. The hydroxymethyl groups were confirmed to form interactions with oxygen atoms and with hydroxymethyl and hydroxyl groups from adjacent rings in the molecular structures. We identified distinct peaks and selected specific bands applicable in various analytical contexts by comparing their calculated Raman spectra. Representative vibrational modes within selected regions were identified across the different lengths of amylose models, serving as characteristic signatures for linear and more coiled structural conformations. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of amylose structures and spectroscopic signatures, with implications for theoretical studies and potential applications. This work provides valuable reference points for the detailed assignment of Raman peaks of amylose structure, facilitating their application in broader research on carbohydrate structures and their associated spectroscopic properties.
Phytochemicals of Alpinia zerumbet: A Review
Authors: Nishidono Yuto , Tanaka Ken
Published: June 2024

Alpinia zerumbet (Pers.) B.L.Burtt & R.M.Sm is a perennial plant of the Zingiberaceae family widely distributed in the subtropical and tropical areas of South America, Oceania, and Asia. Multiple plant parts of A. zerumbet have been traditionally used as medicinal sources, each with different clinical uses. These variations may arise from differences among the chemical components and/or accumulations of the active compounds in each part. Therefore, this review summarizes previous studies on the phytochemicals in A. zerumbet and reveals the similarities and differences among the chemical constituents of its multiple medicinal parts, including the leaves, rhizomes, fruits, seeds, and flowers. The results contribute to the scientific validation of the traditional understanding that A. zerumbet possesses different medicinal properties in each plant part. In addition, this review provides directions for further studies on the phytochemicals of this plant.
The Composition and Biochemical Properties of Strophantus (Apocynaceae), with a Focus on S. sarmentosus
Authors: König Simone
Published: June 2024

The genus Strophantus belongs to the Apocynaceae family of flowering plants which grows primarily in tropical Africa. The plants are widely used in traditional herbal medicine. S. sarmentosus, in particular, is used for the treatment of, e.g., joint pain and rheumatoid arthritis, wound infections, head lice, diarrhea, snake bite, and eye conditions. Despite its widespread use, dedicated research characterizing its bioactive plant components is scarce. Investigations have focused mainly on its cardenolides because of their cardioactivity and historical use as cardiotonic. There are also studies concerning the antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity of plant extracts. This review summarizes the present knowledge surrounding the biochemical and analytical research on Strophantus, in general, and S. sarmentosus, in particular, and describes the current state of the field based on the available scientific literature.
Novel Kraft Softwood Lignin-Derived Carbon Quantum Dots: Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Cytocompatibility
Authors: Christoph Eli , Yu Lu , Newby Steven D. , Rivera Orsini Michael A. , Scroggins Jakob , Keffer David J. , Harper David P. , Dhar Madhu
Published: June 2024

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have been investigated for biomedical applications in medical imaging due to their fluorescent properties, overall long-term stability, and excellent cytocompatibility and biocompatibility. Lignin is an organic polymer in the tissues of woody plants. It is also considered a byproduct of the wood and pulp industries. Hence, it presents as a renewable source of carbon nanoparticles. In this study, we report the synthesis and material and biological characterization of two colloidal suspensions of CQDs in water derived from lignin-based carbon. One was the native form of CQDs derived from lignin carbon, and the second was doped with nitrogen to evaluate material differences. Material characterization was carried out using various commonly used techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), emission and absorbance spectra, zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thin films of CQDs were formed on glass and silicon substrates to assess the in vitro cytocompatibility with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Observations suggest that the two forms of CQDs promote cell attachment within 24 h and sustain it for at least 7 days. The overall structure and shape of cells suggest a lack of any adverse or toxic effects of CQDs. The data lay down the novel foundation to support the use of lignin-derived CQDs in tissue engineering applications.
High-Performance LiNbO3 Domain Wall Memory Devices with Enhanced Selectivity via Optimized Metal–Semiconductor Contact
Authors: Jiang Haiqing , Dai Cuihua , Shen Bowen , Jiang Jun
Published: June 2024

Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) single-crystal nanodevices featuring elevated readout domain wall currents exhibit significant potential for integrated circuits in memory computing applications. Nevertheless, challenges stem from suboptimal electrode–LiNbO3 single crystal contact characteristics, which impact the stability of high currents within these devices. In this work, we concentrate on augmenting the domain wall current by refining the fabrication processes of domain wall random access memory (DWRAM). Each LiNbO3 domain wall nanodevice was fabricated using a self-aligned process. Device performance was significantly enhanced by introducing a 10 nm interlayer between the LiNbO3 and Cu electrodes. A comparative analysis of electrical properties was conducted on devices with interlayers made of chromium (Cr) and titanium (Ti), as well as devices without interlayers. After the introduction of the Ti interlayer, the device’s coercive voltage demonstrated an 82% reduction, while the current density showed a remarkable 94-fold increase. A 100 nm sized device with the Ti interlayer underwent positive down–negative up pulse testing, demonstrating a writing time of 82 ns at 8 V and an erasing time of 12 μs at −9 V. These operating speeds are significantly faster than those of devices without interlayers. Moreover, the enhanced devices exhibited symmetrical domain switching hysteresis loops with retention times exceeding 106 s. Notably, the coercive voltage (Vc) dispersion remained narrow after more than 1000 switching cycles. At an elevated temperature of 400 K, the device’s on/off ratio was maintained at 105. The device’s embedded selector demonstrated an ultrahigh selectivity (>106) across various reading voltages. These results underscore the viability of high-density nanoscale integration of ferroelectric domain wall memory.
Exploring the Impact of French Raw-Milk Cheeses on Oxidative Process Using Caenorhabditis elegans and Human Leukocyte Models
Authors: Diet Anna , Poix Christophe , Bonnet Muriel , Coelho Christian , Ripoche Isabelle , Decombat Caroline , Priam Julien , Saunier Etienne , Chalard Pierre , Bornes Stéphanie , Caldefie-Chezet Florence , Rios Laurent
Published: June 2024

Fermented foods, including cheeses, have garnered increased interest in recent years for their potential health benefits. This study explores the biological properties of eight French raw-milk cheeses—goat cheese, Saint-Nectaire, Cantal, Bleu d’Auvergne, Roquefort, Comté, Brie de Meaux, and Epoisses—on oxidative processes using both in vivo (Caenorhabditis elegans) and in vitro (human leukocytes) models. A cheese fractionation protocol was adapted to study four fractions for each cheese: a freeze-dried fraction (FDC) corresponding to whole cheese, an apolar (ApE), and two polar extracts (W40 and W70). We showed that all cheese fractions significantly improved Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) survival rates when exposed to oxidative conditions by up to five times compared to the control, regardless of the fractionation protocol and the cheese type. They were also all able to reduce the in vivo accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by up to 70% under oxidative conditions, thereby safeguarding C. elegans from oxidative damage. These beneficial effects were explained by a reduction in ROS production up to 50% in vitro in human leukocytes and overexpression of antioxidant factor-encoding genes (daf-16, skn-1, ctl-2, and sod-3) in C. elegans.
Quercetin Alleviates Insulin Resistance and Repairs Intestinal Barrier in db/db Mice by Modulating Gut Microbiota
Authors: Yuan Man , Sun Tieqiang , Zhang Yuxian , Guo Changjiang , Wang Feng , Yao Zhanxin , Yu Lixia
Published: June 2024

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease which seriously affects public health. Gut microbiota remains a dynamic balance state in healthy individuals, and its disorder may affect health status and even results in metabolic diseases. Quercetin, a natural flavonoid, has been shown to have biological activities that can be used in the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases. This study aimed to explore the mechanism of quercetin in alleviating T2DM based on gut microbiota. db/db mice were adopted as the model for T2DM in this study. After 10 weeks of administration, quercetin could significantly decrease the levels of body weight, fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum insulin (INS), the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), D-lactic acid (D-LA), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in db/db mice. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and untargeted metabolomics analysis were performed to compare the differences of gut microbiota and metabolites among the groups. The results demonstrated that quercetin decreased the abundance of Proteobacteria, Bacteroides, Escherichia-Shigella and Escherichia_coli. Moreover, metabolomics analysis showed that the levels of L-Dopa and S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) were significantly increased, but 3-Methoxytyramine (3-MET), L-Aspartic acid, L-Glutamic acid, and Androstenedione were significantly decreased under quercetin intervention. Taken together, quercetin could exert its hypoglycemic effect, alleviate insulin resistance, repair the intestinal barrier, remodel the intestinal microbiota, and alter the metabolites of db/db mice.
Modelling Food Substitution Using the Ofcom Nutrient Profiling Model on Population Intakes from the Canadian Community Health Survey–Nutrition 2015
Authors: Chen Qiuyu (Julia) , Gillis Misa , Bernstein Jodi T. , Jacobs Adelia , Morrison Conor L. , Jessri Mahsa
Published: June 2024

This study aimed to model how substituting foods consumed by Canadians for alternatives with more favourable nutrient profiling (NP) scores would impact dietary intakes. The Ofcom NP system, developed to help the UK Office of Communication differentiate foods that can be advertised to children, was applied to foods consumed by Canadians aged 2 years and older in the 2015 Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) (n = 19,447). Foods were substituted for similar options from the Euromonitor branded food composition database (Scenario 1) or from the primarily aggregated food profiles in the CCHS survey food composition database (Scenario 2) with either the most favourable (optimistic; 1A and 2A) or a more favourable Ofcom score (realistic; 1B and 2B). Mean intakes of Ofcom scores, calories, saturated fat, sugars, and sodium from these scenarios were compared to baseline. Only 2.9% of foods consumed had a similar Euromonitor option with a lower Ofcom score. Scenarios 1A, 1B, and 2A had lower Ofcom scores, calorie, sodium, saturated fat, and sugar intakes compared to baseline. Scenario 2B had lower levels of all outcome measures, except for an increase in calories compared to baseline. Selection of foods with more favourable NP scores has the potential to decrease the Canadian intake of nutrients of concern.
Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Liver Diseases: Complexity and Controversy
Authors: Zhang Yaqi , Zhan Luqi , Zhang Lingjian , Shi Qingmiao , Li Lanjuan
Published: June 2024

Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), as essential amino acids, engage in various physiological processes, such as protein synthesis, energy supply, and cellular signaling. The liver is a crucial site for BCAA metabolism, linking the changes in BCAA homeostasis with the pathogenesis of a variety of liver diseases and their complications. Peripheral circulating BCAA levels show complex trends in different liver diseases. This review delineates the alterations of BCAAs in conditions including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, cirrhosis, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatitis C virus infection, and acute liver failure, as well as the potential mechanisms underlying these changes. A significant amount of clinical research has utilized BCAA supplements in the treatment of patients with cirrhosis and liver cancer. However, the efficacy of BCAA supplementation in clinical practice remains uncertain and controversial due to the heterogeneity of studies. This review delves into the complicated relationship between BCAAs and liver diseases and tries to untangle what role BCAAs play in the occurrence, development, and outcomes of liver diseases.
Chemical Composition and Neuroprotective Properties of Indonesian Stingless Bee (Geniotrigona thoracica) Propolis Extract in an In-Vivo Model of Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH)
Authors: Tandean Steven , Japardi Iskandar , Rusda Muhammad , Indharty Rr Suzy , Lelo Aznan , Aman Renindra Ananda , Amin Mustafa Mahmud , Siahaan Andre Marolop Pangihutan , Eyanoer Putri Chairani , D’Prinzessin Celine Augla , Lesmana Ronny , Popova Milena , Trusheva Boryana , Bankova Vassya , Zulhendri Felix
Published: June 2024

Stroke is the world’s second-leading cause of death. Current treatments for cerebral edema following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) mainly involve hyperosmolar fluids, but this approach is often inadequate. Propolis, known for its various beneficial properties, especially antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, could potentially act as an adjunctive therapy and help alleviate stroke-associated injuries. The chemical composition of Geniotrigona thoracica propolis extract was analyzed by GC-MS after derivatization for its total phenolic and total flavonoid content. The total phenolic content and total flavonoid content of the propolis extract were 1037.31 ± 24.10 μg GAE/mL and 374.02 ± 3.36 μg QE/mL, respectively. By GC-MS analysis, its major constituents were found to be triterpenoids (22.4% of TIC). Minor compounds, such as phenolic lipids (6.7% of TIC, GC-MS) and diterpenic acids (2.3% of TIC, GC-MS), were also found. Ninety-six Sprague Dawley rats were divided into six groups; namely, the control group, the ICH group, and four ICH groups that received the following therapies: mannitol, propolis extract (daily oral propolis administration after the ICH induction), propolis-M (propolis and mannitol), and propolis-B+A (daily oral propolis administration 7 days prior to and 72 h after the ICH induction). Neurocognitive functions of the rats were analyzed using the rotarod challenge and Morris water maze. In addition, the expression of NF-κB, SUR1-TRPM4, MMP-9, and Aquaporin-4 was analyzed using immunohistochemical methods. A TUNEL assay was used to assess the percentage of apoptotic cells. Mannitol significantly improved cognitive–motor functions in the ICH group, evidenced by improved rotarod and Morris water maze completion times, and lowered SUR-1 and Aquaporin-4 levels. It also significantly decreased cerebral edema by day 3. Similarly, propolis treatments (propolis-A and propolis-B+A) showed comparable improvements in these tests and reduced edema. Moreover, combining propolis with mannitol (propolis-M) further enhanced these effects, particularly in reducing edema and the Virchow-Robin space. These findings highlight the potential of propolis from the Indonesian stingless bee, Geniotrigona thoracica, from the Central Tapanuli region as a neuroprotective, adjunctive therapy.
Evaluating Thromboprophylaxis Strategies for High-Risk Pregnancy: A Current Perspective
Authors: Stančiaková Lucia , Brisudová Kristína , Škorňová Ingrid , Bolek Tomáš , Samoš Matej , Biringer Kamil , Staško Ján , Sokol Juraj
Published: June 2024

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) represents one of the leading causes of death during pregnancy. The greatest risk for it is the presence of medical or family history of VTE, stillbirth, cesarean section and selected thrombophilia. Appropriate thromboprophylaxis has the potential to decrease the risk of VTE in at-risk pregnant patients by 60–70%. Based on this, the authors reviewed the PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases to identify the possibilities of thromboprophylaxis in pregnant patients with a high risk of VTE. Moreover, they summarized its management in specific situations, such as cesarean delivery or neuraxial blockade. Currently, low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWH) are the preferred drugs for anticoagulant thromboprophylaxis in the course of pregnancy and postpartum due to easy administration and a lower rate of adverse events.
Polyphenols: Natural Food-Grade Biomolecules for the Treatment of Nervous System Diseases from a Multi-Target Perspective
Authors: Wu Xinchen , Zhou Yang , Xi Yujiang , Zhou Haimei , Tang Zhengxiu , Xiong Lei , Qin Dongdong
Published: June 2024

Polyphenols are the most prevalent naturally occurring phytochemicals in the human diet and range in complexity from simple molecules to high-molecular-weight polymers. They have a broad range of chemical structures and are generally categorized as “neuroprotective”, “anti-inflammatory”, and “antioxidant” given their main function of halting disease onset and promoting health. Research has shown that some polyphenols and their metabolites can penetrate the blood–brain barrier and hence increase neuroprotective signaling and neurohormonal effects to provide anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Therefore, multi-targeted modulation of polyphenols may prevent the progression of neuropsychiatric disorders and provide a new practical therapeutic strategy for difficult-to-treat neuropsychiatric disorders. Therefore, multi-target modulation of polyphenols has the potential to prevent the progression of neuropsychiatric disorders and provide a new practical therapeutic strategy for such nervous system diseases. Herein, we review the therapeutic benefits of polyphenols on autism-spectrum disorders, anxiety disorders, depression, and sleep disorders, along with in vitro and ex vivo experimental and clinical trials. Although their methods of action are still under investigation, polyphenols are still seldom employed directly as therapeutic agents for nervous system disorders. Comprehensive mechanistic investigations and large-scale multicenter randomized controlled trials are required to properly evaluate the safety, effectiveness, and side effects of polyphenols.