bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Evolution of U.S. Naval Satellite Systems Antenna Control Technology
Authors: RILING LT. DAVE
Published: March 2009

As advances in digital signal processing continue and new algorithms materialize for correctional coding, the requirement for robust and accurate satellite antenna control systems continues to be downplayed. This paper develops the requirement for advanced control concepts based upon an analysis of U.S. Navy SATCOM systems from the earliest UHF system to the most recent member, EHF. Link and gain equations are used to show the effect of pointing error on the various SATCOM systems. Various problems and errors associated with accurate positioning of satellite communication antennas are presented. Methods currently used to minimize pointing error in Navy SATCOM systems are described. Also discussed are advanced control system techniques to negate pointing error in very narrow beamwidth communication systems.
A Fully‐Integrated, Fault‐Tolerant (FIFT) Command, Control, Communication, and Instrumentation (C3I) System for a Nuclear Attack Submarine
Authors: DAUGHAN MICHAEL G.
Published: March 2009

Submarine design as presently practiced in the U.S. develops electrical and electronics systems in virtual isolation from each other. This practice limits the advantages made available by technological progress over the past several decades. To maximize the capabilities of a submarine platform, traditionally separate systems that have similar processing and communications requirements must be integrated. This paper develops and analyzes one possible system implementation, referred to as the FIFT C3I system, which integrates all major electrical and electronics systems required to support the mission of the submarine. Such a system must possess fault tolerance such that the reliability, availability, and safety of the integrated system will equal or surpass the existing systems that it would replace. The advantages of this approach are numerous and are achievable using existing technology and components.
Integrated Power System for Marine Applications
Authors: DOERRY NORBERT H. , DAVIS JAMES C.
Published: March 2009

The U.S. Navy has shifted priority from designing systems that offer increased capability, to systems which are more affordable, but enable improved performance. To address the emphasis on affordability, the Advanced Surface Machinery (ASM) Programs and the Affordability Through Commonality (ATC) program are proposing ship systems composed of common modules employing standardized parts. This paper describes the Integrated Power System (IPS) which provides electrical power for both propulsion and ship service loads for a wide range of ship applications including submarines, surface combatants, aircraft carriers, amphibious ships, auxiliary ships, sealift and high value commercial ships. IPS consists of an architecture and a family of modules from which affordable and high performance configurations can be developed for the full range of ship applications. In most configurations, IPS reduces the number of prime movers and divides ships into electrical zones controlled in a modular fashion. Cost reductions are realized in acquisition, training, manning, maintenance and other logistic support areas.
Using Virtual Environments in the Design of Ships
Authors: JONS OTTO P. , RYAN J. CHRISTOPHER , JONES GARY W.
Published: March 2009

A major contributor to the expense and length of time to design, build, and test new systems has been the need to build and test hardware prototypes to determine their effectiveness in meeting operational requirements. Recent and dramatic advances in computer simulation technologies hold forth the promise of revolutionizing design and acquisition strategies by providing the means to validate end users' requirements prior to hardware construction. By designing and operationally testing virtual prototypes in a virtual environment, these technologies will soon offer naval architects the ability to build and launch ships in computer‐based cyberspace in lieu of the shipbuilder's ways. The authors of this paper provide the background for these developments, explore the significance and ramifications of these technologies to the current process of ship and system design, outline challenges lying ahead, and present their vision and recommendations for future development.
Making Piping Systems Fire‐Safe‐Simple Solutions for Preventing a Disaster
Authors: BHASIN VINOD , NILSEN LLOYD , GUPTA KARAN , CONROY DENNIS
Published: March 2009

Loss of life and property losses totaling tens of billions of dollars have piping engineers scrambling to specify “fire‐safe” components in fire‐prone locations: on board ships, and in power plants, refineries, and other perilous applications.

Fire‐safe valves, the first line of defense in containing a fire, were introduced some 25 years ago, with fire‐safe actuators following soon afterwards. Little attention has been given, however, to designing and selecting the other piping components such as flanges, gaskets, bolting, and fittings to ensure their integrity in a fire. Just like in an electric circuit where, if a single component in series fails, the flow of electricity stops; likewise, the failure of a single piping component could result in a fire of catastrophic proportions. This paper discusses the availability of critical fire‐safe components for Navy shipboard piping systems and provides some simple solutions which, if implemented, could prevent such a disaster. Discussion is provided on how a fire starts and how it reaches catastrophic proportions, the definitions of survivability and fire‐safe components, materials of construction, component design, fire‐safe valves and actuators, gaskets, pipe flanges, flange bolting, pipe fittings and unions, brazing and welding, insulation, composite piping materials, and other related subjects. Details are also provided on 78 fires that have occurred on Navy surface ships in the last ten years and their causes.
Motor Current Signal Analysis for Diagnosis of Fault Conditions in Shipboard Equipment
Authors: Siegler Jonathan Adam , Sarkady Antal A. , Nemarich Chris
Published: March 2009

In the Navy it is imperative that systems and equipment work at their peak performance levels. Man‐hours, money, and even lives may depend on it. On a submarine, it may even be more important, because fault conditions in equipment can lead to increased noise levels, and form a higher probability of detection by the enemy. There are inherent problems associated with detecting fault conditions in shipboard equipment. Most importantly, equipment must often be shut down and taken apart. This can cost countless man‐hours and down time that an underway vessel cannot afford. In addition, the equipment may be located in an area that is very difficult or impossible to reach under normal circumstances. This would include all equipment found in the primary plant of a nuclear powered submarine.

Motor current signal analysis provides a solution to these problems. It is a noninvasive technique for monitoring and diagnosing mechanical problems associated with equipment driven by electrical motors. The objective of this project was to implement this process by (1) examining the electrical power signal supplied to a Byron Jackson Sea Water Pump found in a U.S. submarine and (2) to develop signal processing routines and classification techniques to distinguish between the pump working with a good impeller and the pump working with an eroded impeller. Although this one fault condition was studied, this research sought to develop a method by which other fault conditions could be detected.
Acoustic Characteristics of T‐AG0S19 Class SWATH Ships
Authors: Yankaskas Kurt , Slotwinski Tom
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  Small Waterplane Twin Hull (SWATH) vessels exhibit superior seakeeping capabilities in rough water, which render them more capable than monohull ships for many missions. SWATH vessels are currently in use for a variety of acoustic missions, including oceanographic research and surveillance, which render it necessary to assess and minimize underwater noise generated by the ship. In addition, potential future missions such as anti‐submarine warfare require the development of quiet SWATH ships. A wide range of acoustic and vibration data are needed to support the design and construction of SWATH ships with acoustic missions.

A number of acoustic tests and trials have been conducted on USNS Victorious (T‐AGOS 19) Class ships. During these tests, several innovative acoustic and vibration measurement and analysis techniques were used to identify, investigate and correct a number of acoustic deficiencies. This paper provides an overview of these trials and the acoustic‐deficiency correction process. Personnel from a variety of organizations worked as a focused team to provide the technical and implementable solutions necessary to improve the acoustic characteristics of the T‐AGOS 19 class. Additionally, the results of a diagnostic acoustic trial conducted on the Victorious are prepared and discussed in terms of the unique platform acoustic characteristics found on SWATH ships.
Making Design Everybody's Job
Authors: Tibbitts Capt. Barry , Keane Robert G.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The authors (and the late Bob Riggins) published a paper for ASNE Day 1988 (1) entitled, “Naval Ship Design—Evolution or Revolution?” The authors predicted that a revolution in naval ship design was possible. In the intervening years has a revolution in fact occurred? Or even gotten closer?

In 1990, NAVSEA's Chief Engineer initiated the Ship Design, Acquisition and Construction (DAC) Process Improvement Program. The DAC process improvements are revolutionizing warship design by making design everyone's job. This paper discusses current initiatives such as:

Concurrent Engineering: Integrated product and process development teams, collocated physically or electronically, employing a new design methodology to harness the true power of multi‐functional teams.

Systems Engineering: A top‐down integration of combat/weapon systems and HM&E systems into a total warship system.

Transition of New Technologies: Assessing and integrating emerging technologies with new ship designs.

Modeling and Simulation (M&S): Simulation based design/virtual prototypes, 3‐D digital product models, and CAD/CAM/CAE.

How these concepts are being applied to the early 1990s designs of CVN 76 and LPD 17 is described in this paper. The potential for truly revolutionary changes for future ship designs just getting underway is also discussed. One guiding principle that remains unchanged is the leadership role of NAVSEA's design engineers.
Engineering Off‐The‐Shelf Solutions: A Life Cycle View
Authors: Belair Doug , Eagan Mike
Published: March 2009

This paper describes a market driven life cycle methodology for application of off‐the‐shelf products and provides anecdotal lessons for each of the life cycle phases.

In order to form a framework for further discussion, a model of the off‐the‐shelf marketplace is introduced to define a range of products from low cost commodities to high‐end niche or specialty items. Within this framework, strategies are recommended for defining product requirements both technical and programmatic, surveying the market to find products that meet those requirements and then acceptance testing those products to ensure they do in fact perform as advertised. Recommendations are provided in the area of product tailoring, if tailoring is deemed a cost effective alternative to unique design. The pitfalls of managing “off‐the‐shelf”vendors as subcontractors during the tailoring phase is also described.

Product procurement is defined to include not only those steps required to procure product quantities for deployment but also steps to ensure that those products meet the same requirements as those accepted during the selection phase.

Three product support strategies are next described. The strategies range from a traditional “commercial” approach with support provided within the vendor's infrastructure to a more traditional “military” approach in which vendors are subcontracted to provide longer term support. Selection of the appropriate strategy is based on a balance of cost, desired product life and desired level of stability within the system configuration.
The Development of Permeable Membrane Air Dehydrators for the U.S. Navy
Authors: Theis Thomas , Titus Stephen
Published: March 2009

As part of a program to eliminate chronic, shipboard, low pressure air dehydrator problems a Navy‐industry team consisting of the Navy, Newport News Shipbuilding and a permeable membrane manufacturer has developed a new generation of permeable membrane air dehydration equipment to replace the complex and unreliable desiccant units currently used. Permeable membrane dehydration is a new technology utilizing new polysulfone, semipermeable polymeric membranes specially designed to perform molecular separation of gaseous mixtures. This process has proven to be extremely reliable and cost effective. The successful development of the permeable membrane dehydrator from an SBIR concept to shipboard units is described. A review of the current dehydrators and system history that drove this program, and the benefits and payoffs of the new equipment, are presented. Results of the laboratory evaluation, shipboard evaluation and the fleet transition plan are addressed.
Combat Casualty Simulation on Shipboard Electrical Power Systems (Active Demonstration)
Authors: Goodnow Michael O. , Rumburg Jay W.
Published: March 2009

For many years, electrical cable exposed to fragmentation was never taken into consideration in fault predictions for electrical power distribution systems. Testing, which began in 1990 by NSWC Annapolis under the Electrical Power Survivability Program, to evaluate the effects of combat casualty on electrical power distribution systems, verified that a condition of multiple simultaneous faults could occur from typical weapons threats. Four phases of testing were performed to characterize damage to electrical power cables. These four testing phases were severing a single energized power cable, fragmenting multiple power cables fed from a single source and fragmenting multiple power cables fed from multiple sources. This paper reviews the various phases of testing conducted from the inception of the program and the test results.
Naval Applications of High Frequency Over‐the‐Horizon Radar
Authors: Headrick James M. , Thomason Joseph F.
Published: March 2009

The Navy now has in operation a relatively new sensor, the AN/TPS‐71 radar, that can provide wide area surveillance over a more than one million square mile area and out to ranges of 2000 nmi. This radar was procured primarily to support Naval Battle Groups by providing early warning of airborne threats. This radar is called ROTHR for Relocatable Over‐The‐Horizon Radar. In addition to the primary mission this type of radar has other capabilities including remote sea and weather sensing.

HF radar that employs the ocean surface attached wave offers a means for detection of sea skimming missiles, aircraft, and ships at shorter but beyond line‐of‐sight ranges with a ship‐borne installation. A current Advanced Technology Demonstration will show applicability of this sensor.
Design of a Real‐Time Multisensor Search and Track System
Authors: Pawlak R. , Horman R. , Stapleton R. , Headley R.
Published: March 2009

Low flying missiles present severe difficulties to shipboard radar systems, which must detect and track them in order to support defensive weapons systems. Propagation conditions at these altitudes create an impossible task for a radar only search and track system. To this end, the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Dahlgren Division (NSWCDD) has been investigating the use of a horizon search infrared (IR) sensor for assisting the radar in the target detection and tracking task. Ongoing scientific experiments have determined the characteristics of both the radar and IR sensor systems necessary to support this task. The definition of these sensors, along with knowledge of the propagation conditions have been drivers for the design of the algorithms and techniques for effectively integrating multisensor data. In the system described in this paper, active and passive sensor data is integrated to achieve improved firm track range. Detections from a horizon search infrared (IR) sensor and a horizon search radar are provided to a central sensor integration processor where both track initiation and radar dwell scheduling are performed. Significant increases in the detection range of the radar are achieved by using a high energy waveform along cued bearings generated by high confidence detections from the IR sensor. Previous results and recent real‐time field test data are presented which support the system concept.
The Regional Deterrence Ship (RDS 2010)
Authors: Calvano Charles N. , Riedel Lt. Jeffrey S.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  This paper describes the design of a Regional Deterrence Ship (RDS 2010) for the 2010 timeframe. The requirements for the design were for a ship to operate in littoral areas of the world with a mission of deterring regional conflicts and of hampering the efforts of the aggressor in such a conflict. In addition the ship's mission included the evacuation of friendly personnel as hostilities become likely.

The problem countering the littoral threat during times of constrained budgets is addressed. Top level requirements for the design, generated in parallel with “…. From the Sea” [1], were used to set the design goals. The paper describes the manner in which littoral warfare changes the nature of the challenges faced by Navy surface combatants, including a ship such as the RDS 2010. A number of factors become more crucial design concerns than for blue water ships, including reduced reaction times, likelihood of attack from hidden land sites, shallow water mines and shallow water USW. Certain other factors become less critical in littoral areas and this also has ship design impacts.

While some present ship designs can perform some of the tasks needed in a littoral warfare/regional conflict environment, none represents a completely integrated design (hull, mechanical & electrical; combat systems; fiscal and manning constraints; reduced vulnerability; robust self‐defense, etc.) for a vessel stationed in waters that, without warning, can become hostile. After describing the mission requirements to which the RDS 2010 was designed, the paper discusses the controlling design philosophy and decisions and describes the process used to assess threats to the ship. The process of combat system selection, against the backdrop of expected threat scenarios, is described and the intended approach to integration of the combat system is discussed. In continued on next page recognition that decreased reaction times and surprise attacks are likely to threaten a ship engaged in regional deterrence, discussions of features intended to reduce ship vulnerability and crew casualties are presented in the paper. A description of the characteristics of the final design is presented and accompanied by a design evaluation. The authors also present suggestions for further investigation of promising design features and technologies for employment in such a ship. The paper includes a discussion of lessons learned in the process of producing the design and includes appropriate acknowledgments.

The design was performed at the Naval Postgraduate School under the direction of author Calvano by a group of four officer students, which included author Riedel.
3D Visualization Applied to Electromagnetic Engineering
Authors: Elbinger S.Z. , Routier R.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  Over the past few years, the Naval Sea Systems Command (NavSea) Topside Design Group has conducted extensive development of the electromagnetics code for naval ship topside design. Analysis of computational electromagnetic data has long been a challenging task for surface ship designers. There are a number of very good computational models for analyzing a surface ship's electromagnetic characteristics. Unfortunately, the output of these models consist of huge matrices of real numbers that are very difficult to analyze.

This paper will show how NavSea, in conjunction with Naval Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance Center RDT&E Division (NCCOSC/NRaD) and Rockwell International, is using computer graphics to help surface ship topside designers optimize the electromagnetic characteristics of a ship's design. NavSea has developed 2D and 3D scientific data visualization tools that provide an intuitive “feel” for the output of the numeric computational electromagnetic models.

This paper will also describe how industrial software standards and fast, inexpensive graphics engines will provide electromagnetic design engineers with much more capable, robust, flexible, portable, and economical scientific visualization tools.
Reliability Analysis of Transverse Stability of Surface Ships
Authors: Atua K. , Ayyub B. M.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  An introduction to a rational development of transverse stability criteria for surface ships is presented in this paper. The development is based on a probabilistic analysis of the uncertainties associated with the design parameters involved in determining the transverse stability. Reliability methods are used for assessing and determining transverse stability of ships. These reliability methods address the uncertainties associated with the basic design variables that are involved in stability assessment and design. The sources of uncertainty in stability variables are presented, uncertainties associated with these basic random variables are summarized, different reliability assessment methods are described, a case study that shows the computation procedure using some of these methods is discussed for illustration purposes, and finally, conclusions and recommendations for further work in this area are presented.
Future Naval Aircraft and Aircraft Carrier Design: A Study of Aircraft/Ship Interface
Authors: Nickol C. L.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  There are two significant efforts underway which will greatly affect naval aviation. The first is the CVX study, an effort to define the next class of aircraft carriers. The second is an effort to define the next class of naval aircraft, both tactical and support types. These two efforts are in the beginning stages, with projected completion dates in similar time frames; CVX construction is proposed to start in 2006, JSF IOC is in the 2008 timeframe, and the current support aircraft will require replacement starting in 2011. The purpose of this paper is to quantitatively examine the need for close coupling of the ship and aircraft design processes. First, the design space for potential aircraft is described by defining design constraints using current and past aircraft carriers as CVX surrogates. Next, the range of possible capability tradeoffs between the ship and the aircraft are examined, as the launch and recovery mechanisms are transferred from the ship to the aircraft. Quantitative examples are provided to analyze the parameters associated with the ship/aircraft interface, including both conventional catapult and arresting gear, and no catapult and arresting gear, implying a vertical or short takeoff and landing capability. Finally, recommendations are made for an aircraft/ship design procedure stressing a closely coupled iterative approach.
Environmental Compliance: Requirements and Technology Opportunities for Future Ships
Authors: Nickens A.D. , Pizzino J. F. , Crane C. H.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  Navy ships must be able to operate anywhere in the world and visit any port unencumbered by environmental restrictions. The Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (OCNO) has formulated a vision for the environmentally sound ship of the 21st century, which will ensure compliance with environmental requirements applicable to Navy ships, while maintaining fleet effectiveness and readiness.

Navy ships generate a variety of solid and liquid wastes and atmospheric emissions. Ships have limited capabilities for holding wastes for offload to shore. Working closely with the OCNO, the Naval Sea Systems Command (NavSea) is developing systems, equipment, and procedures to process and manage ship wastes in an environmentally responsible manner. Several pieces of shipboard equipment have been successfully developed to process solid and liquid waste, hazardous materials and ozone‐depleting substances (ODSs).

The technologies and practices being developed under this program will:

ensure compliance with environmental laws and regulations

significantly reduce the logistic burdens and costs associated with shoreside offload and disposal of ship wastes

implement Navy environmental and occupational safety and health policies

enhance the quality of life aboard ship, and

continue the Navy's leadership role in protecting the marine environment.
Variable Pole Flywheel Motor‐Generator for Clean Power, UPS and IPS Energy Storage Module Applications
Authors: Tozzi John , Johnson W. , Roesel J. , Morash R.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  This paper examines a class of permanent magnet machines that offer advantages for clean power, UPS and IPS energy storage module applications. The chief feature of this class of machines is the ability to control the location and number of poles on the rotating field structure. Using this technology, motor‐generators with integral flywheel high inertia can supply a constant frequency (for AC application) and constant voltage (AC or DC) output over a wide range of shaft rotation speed.

This technology is proven and in service in many applications throughout the country, including severe environment service for weather radars. 400 kW and larger machines are under development which merit consideration for Navy requirements for clean power, uninterruptible power supply (UPS) and integrated power system (IPS) energy storage module applications and which could reduce or eliminate the need for battery backup systems. This capability can be backfit into current AC distribution systems and forward fit into IPS AC/DC distribution systems.
Mid‐Term Sea lift: Hydrodynamic System Improvements for the Bow and Stern
Authors: Alman P. R. , McCallum D. N. , Fung S. C.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The Mid‐Term Sealift Research and Development Program was an ambitious attempt to investigate the potential for integrating new technologies into a commercially viable sealift design. This paper addresses the guidelines followed, the bow and stern designs developed, and their testing and evaluation. Since both bow and stern may be regarded as “hydrodynamic subsystems,” they were analyzed on a system basis, that is, with regard to their overall contribution for energy savings, producibility, and interaction with adjacent subsystems, such as propulsion. These studies resulted in a hullform with significantly improved hydrodynamic performance, which may be used as a parent for future U. S. designs.
Advanced Development and Fleet Needs— A Real‐Time Dilemma?:Integrated Product Teams (IPTs) and Technology Windows
Authors: Grubb M. , Skolnick A.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT The advent of integrated product teams (IPTs), which have been formulated and strengthened by recent acquisition reform initiatives, offers fresh opportunity for managers of modest‐sized programs (below the ACAT level) and their headquarters' sponsors to achieve alignment with today's budgetary realities. Ideally, IPTs bring together all the necessary people knowledgeably involved in various phases of product life cycle management, so that a new design or concept will receive the benefit of their accountability, experience and insight.

While projections of a combat system's use are in decades, technology currently changes every 6–18 months. Can IPTs and planned technology insertion smooth this phase gap? The revolution or upheaval that occurs with technology change must also be within the capacity of the IPT to assimilate and manage successfully. This paper discusses the practical application and utility of IPTs to the delivery of emerging technology that provides practical solutions to urgent Fleet problems. The discussion assesses integration of the IPT process with a program of moderate size in the midst of a sponsor‐directed transformation to solve Fleet problems in a more responsive and timely manner.

The questions — can the existing universe of IPTs be used to help accomplish the goals of accelerated‐development processes?, do such processes need an IPT of their own to fine tune project deliverables and program direction?, or, does the IPT approach lack significance in such applications? — are addressed to clarify the issue of IPT use in developmental programs of modest size targeting specific Fleet needs.
Convenience Food Logistics Model (CFLM)
Authors: Evangelos K. L. , Hill B. M. , Saraf S. K. , Miller J.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  In an effort to evaluate the impact of incorporating convenience food products into Navy menus, the U.S. Army Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center with the assistance of Information Technology Solutions, Inc., developed the Convenience Food Logistics Model (CFLM) for the Naval Supply Systems Command. This management tool generates an optimized menu by substituting a user selected percentage of Armed Forces Recipe Service (AFRS) items with convenience food products. The optimization tool is a stand‐alone Windows application which allows for optimization based on food cost, labor hours, and dry, chilled and freezer storage requirements. The results obtained and their implications for developing strategies to minimize logistical requirements for existing ships and 21st Century Navy warships are presented in this technical paper.
Reducing Maintenance Workload Through Reliability‐Centered Maintenance (RCM)
Authors: Jacobs K. S.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  Recent work is bringing the benefits of Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) to the Fleet. In 1996, a one‐time review of the existing scheduled maintenance program for eight MCM 1 class systems, using RCM principles, reduced their PMS labor requirements by 56%, from 1,688 man‐hours per ship per year to 751. In the same year, a one‐time RCM‐based review for the CNO's Smart Ship Project reduced the Planned Maintenance System (PMS) labor requirements for all systems aboard USS Yorktown (CG 48) by 46%, from 46,540 man‐hours per year to 25,108.

Both reviews examined ships that had been in service for years. They asked three fundamental questions:

Is there evidence of significant age degradation?

Does the task benefit the hardware?

Does the task pay for itself—that is, are the benefits from the task greater than its costs?

Each review found many situations where the answer to one or more of these questions was, “No.” In many cases where an answer was “no”, the task was retained with a longer periodicity. Other tasks were shifted from “scheduled maintenance” to “unscheduled maintenance” or were deleted outright, further reducing annual workload.

The next step is to spread these benefits to the rest of the surface fleet, through the Surface Ship Maintenance Effectiveness Review (SURFMER). In the SURFMER process, each significant maintenance requirement for surface ships will be reviewed periodically by the appropriate In Service Engineering Agent (ISEA), using RCM principles. All decisions will be documented together with their rationale. The SURFMER process began in late 1996. Its first results will be implemented in October 1997.
Collaborative Virtual Prototyping and Test
Authors: Jr. E. P. Andert , Morgan D.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  This paper discusses a cost‐effective system for virtual collaborative simulation of prototypes, tests, and production for integrated product/process development. The virtual prototypes perform three‐dimensional modeling of the physical operation of equipment and weapon systems. Realistic qualification tests are modeled to allow assessment via simulation without building hardware. The risk of transition to full production manufacturing is mitigated by virtual testing integrated with production simulation. A virtual collaborative interface is utilized to allow the simulations to be distributed and exchanged over a network (including the Internet). The feasibility of the collaborative virtual prototype and test environment has been shown with simulations hosted on a server and accessed by desktop computers over the Internet.
Keeping Ships Ready: First of All, The Gear Must Work Ten Precepts of Maintenance for Engineers Afloat and for Engineers Ashore
Authors: Keithly Thomas M.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  Top material condition is an absolute prerequisite for combat readiness. Although we might find it more interesting to read about new technologies and advanced concepts that promise new capabilities for the fleet, the primary task of Navy engineers—afloat or ashore—is keeping our existing equipment running. Historical example and personal experience make this clear: the gear must work. Accordingly, it's essential to our mission to focus on those precepts that help achieve top material readiness.

This paper, in a departure from the usual style seen in Naval Engineers Journal, makes the case for good maintenance. It presents examples of how material failures can affect the course of war, as well as impact operations in time of peace. The goal is to offer some practical ideas, based on recent experience driving and maintaining ships, to help “ship's force” keep their systems in good working order. This paper suggests a “warfighter's” perspective to the Navy's engineering infrastructure, offering ideas to keep in mind as they design, repair or support the components and systems the fleet depends on to accomplish its mission.
CVN 68 Class Solid Waste Flow Analysis
Authors: Markle Stephen P. , Gill Sean E.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  Through a detailed Research and Development Program, the U.S. Navy has developed a suite of shipboard solid waste management equipment enabling compliance with federal and international law. Four major equipment types have been developed to outfit twenty‐seven classes of naval surface ships. The major equipment types are: Plastic Waste Processor (PWP), Metal/Glass Shredder (MGS), Large Pulper (LP), and Small Pulper (SP). The Navy is aggressively procuring and installing this equipment aboard all ships of FFG 7 Class and larger. A deadline of December 31, 2000 has been set for completion.

Engineering analysis and field waste generation studies were conducted to select the specific equipment suite and develop alteration documentation for each ship class. Specific factors in this process were: solid waste generation rates, equipment reliability analysis, ship arrangement considerations, daily equipment operation limits, and shipboard quality of life issues.

A solid waste management study was conducted in the fall of 1997 to validate Navy equipment and ship design parameters onboard the USS John C. Stennis (CVN 74). Generation rates for shipboard solid waste were determined for plastic, metal and glass, food, paper, cardboard, fabric and wood. Engineering analysis of data allowed a decrease in CVN 68 Class design waste generation rates.

Engineering analysis enabled a reduction in the number of PWPs and MGSs required, and fewer spaces for efficient operation. Ship arrangement studies were conducted to optimize efficiency and equipment mix of Solid Waste Processing Rooms (SWPRs) relative to waste generation sites.

This paper briefly articulates the process followed by the Navy in responding to regulations governing solid waste management in the marine environment. Evidence validating the engineering procedures followed is presented.
Stern Flap Powering Performance on a Spruance Class Destroyer: Ship Trials and Model Experiments
Authors: Cusanelli D. S. , Hundley L.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  Model and full scale testing by the U. S. Navy indicate substantial powering improvements due to the installation of a stern flap on Spruance Class (DD 963) Strike Destroyers, and Ticonderoga Class (CG 47) AEGIS Cruisers. An appropriate stern flap design was determined through model scale experimentation, and full scale powering improvements were predicted. The destroyer Arthur W. Radford (DD 968) was then fitted with a prototype stem flap in order to demonstrate full scale performance improvements. Speed/power ship trials indicate considerable performance improvements due to the stern flap:

reduction in power of 6% to 14%, resulting in an 11.7% time‐averaged powering reduction

0.75 knot increase in top speed

$240K annual fuel cost avoidance (savings)

retrofit cost amortized in less than one year

The flap design on the A. W. Radford, and the associated fuel savings, can be applied to each ship of the DD 963 and CG 47 Classes, for a multi‐million dollar life cycle fuel cost savings.

An economic cost analysis was performed on the stern flap installation for both the Spruance and Ticonderoga Classes. The stern flap fuel cost avoidance and retrofit costs place the Net Present Value at $60 million. The internal rate of return on investment may reach as high as 262%.

The physics surrounding the operation of a stern flap on this combatant, and some identified mechanisms that account for the improved performance, are also discussed.
Conditions for Future Military Innovation
Authors: Engevall T. E.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  Innovations have always played a key role for armed forces around the world. In times of reduced spending on defense, it will become more and more important to get usable results from investment in innovation.

It is the responsibility of the leaders of nations and armed services to create the environment where the innovative processes have good possibilities for success. Until now, Sweden has been able to create such a climate within its borders. However, in a changing security environment, it is necessary to further develop the tools for innovation. This paper discuss Swedish experiences and suggest a framework built on four factors—incentives for innovation, climate for innovation, well defined responsibilities between the actors, and new focuses for innovation—that can be applied to develop the innovative tools for the unknown future.
Definition of Evaluation Criteria for System Development Acquisition Modeling and Simulation
Authors: Leite M. J. , Mensh D. R.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  This paper defines, develops and examines a set of generic analysis tools that can be applied to Models and Simulations at the Systems Engineering level of fidelity. The tools examine the performance and effectiveness of Sensors; Weapons; and Battle Management, Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Intelligence (BMC4I) systems and equipment.

The Measures of Performance (MOPs), Measures of Effectiveness (MOEs) and Measures of Force Effectiveness (MOFEs) were extracted from the Modular Command and Control Structure Paradigm which was developed at the Naval Postgraduate School. The paradigm provides for the development of evaluation criteria (MOPs, MOEs, and MOFEs) in a framework that ensures the traceability of system performance and effectiveness to the system operational requirements as specified in the Operational Requirements Document (ORD).

Also, the analysis tools provide insight and valid estimates of numerical measures of the defined system functionality threads, which represent the system's operational requirements as specified in the ORD. The tools are directly transferrable and applicable to test and evaluation exercise events which are conducted in support of the development and acquisition of systems and equipment.

Once the levels of system performance have been defined, the Paradigm generates a quantitative database that becomes a useful tool in system tradeoffs and selection. Once the alternative system suites have been defined, the suites can be analyzed in terms of system functionality threads and their corresponding performance capabilities versus cost.
Engineering the Environmentally Sound Warship for the Twenty‐First Century
Authors: Markle S. P. , Gill S. E. , McGraw R S.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The past twenty‐five years has been marked by the introduction of marine environmental regulations that have had a profound effect on how ships are designed, built and operated. Ships being designed and built today must accommodate not only current regulations but anticipate those enacted over their thirty to fifty year life cycles. U.S. Chief of Naval Operations, Office of Environmental, Safety and Health (CNO N45) has articulated a vision for the Environmentally Sound Warship of the Twenty‐first Century. This vision incorporates the “Sense of Congress” for a naval ship designed to operate in full compliance with environmental regulations worldwide. The task of the Navy engineering team is to translate this vision into reality; a ship capable of prevailing in time of war and able to conduct operations in all areas of the globe, unencumbered by special procedures for environmental compliance. The keys to this warship design are the early integration of environmentally sound principles, materials, and processes into the ship acquisition process; minimization of both hazardous materials and generation of post shipboard consumer waste during operation; adaptation of integrated systems to reduce the volume of wastes and enhance processing efficiency; reduced manpower requirements; and crew indoctrination in environmental protection.
Blackwater and Graywater on U.S. Navy Ships: Technical Challenges and Solutions
Authors: Benson J. , Caplan I. , Jacobs R.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  In anticipation of more stringent environmental regulations, the increasing costs of waste disposal, and the need for naval combatants to operate unimpeded in littoral waters, the U.S. Navy has identified the need to develop technologies which are appropriate for the control and treatment of blackwater and graywater. This paper will describe the status of development efforts by the Carderock Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center (CDNSWC) and its supporting contractors, under sponsorship of Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) and the Office of Naval Research. The challenge was to develop treatment systems that meet Navy shipboard requirements for affordability, compactness, low manning/maintenance, high reliability and safety, and EM, noise, vibration and shock. Membrane ultrafiltration based systems, incorporating aerobic biological pre‐treatment and ultraviolet light post treatment disinfection, have been developed to meet these requirements. Both external and in‐tank membrane systems will be described in terms of performance, system operation and space and weight advantages.
Analysis of Lateral Maneuver‐Induced Lift Loss of Navy Fighter/ Attack Aircraft During Approach to Carrier
Authors: Jenkins A. A.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The purpose of this analysis was to provide guidance to designers of future tactical Navy aircraft on one aspect of carrier suitability that has contributed to the operational success of the F‐14 and F/A‐18 in carrier operations. Specifically, the ability of both of these aircraft to perform aggressive lateral maneuvers to capture desired glide path, without excessive altitude loss, has contributed to the favorable carrier suitability characteristics of each aircraft. The intent of this analysis was to quantify lift and altitude loss for the F‐14 and F/A‐18 due to lateral maneuvers in the lineup correction task, and determine the causes and components of the lift loss. A secondary intent was to determine whether the amount of lift loss due to lateral maneuvers was a good indicator of an aircraft's ability to execute precise flight path control with minimum pilot workload. Twenty‐six offline simulations of F‐14B and F/A‐18C aircraft, conducted at Manned Flight Simulator at the Naval Air Warfare Center Aircraft Division in Patuxent River, MD, provided the raw data for the analysis. Results and conclusions on the causes and components of lift loss and subsequent altitude loss associated with the 26 simulations were drawn, and where applicable, comparisons between F‐14 and F/A‐18 were made.
The Redefinition of Supportability and Its Role as a Systems Engineering Tool
Authors: Blackwell Paul , Hausner Erich
Published: March 2009

Reliability Center Maintenance (RCM) is described as the cornerstone of the NAVAIR, NAVSEA, and SPAWAR Affordable Readiness Initiatives. However, many technical issues, which result in a significant impact to the Fleet's Readiness and Operations and Support Costs, are irrelevant to RCM analyses and are therefore overlooked. In addition, reliability and maintainability, parameters more suitable as a “figure of merit” in a laboratory environment, are used with fervor to analyze field data. This further compounds the ambiguity and diminishes the effectiveness of the RCM recommendations on readiness and cost. In other words, using RCM “we are potentially stepping over dollars to save a penny.”

Supportability is traditionally thought of as a logistics metric related to the operational availability of a system. This paper redefines Supportability, describes the comprehensive Knowledge‐Aided Supportability Analysis Technique (KSAT) and discusses how it can enhance the traditional metrics.
Dynamics of Naval Ship Design: A Systems Approach
Authors: Laverghetta Thomas , Brown Alan
Published: March 2009

In today's cost‐constrained environment, acquisition reform is a critical component in the design, production, and support of modern warships. This reform includes policies that require system acquisition programs to pursue commercial management and systems engineering practices. The application of Integrated Product and Process Development (IPPD), concurrent engineering, open systems architecture, Total Quality Management (TQM), and Integrated Design Environments (IDE) have produced noteworthy commercial successes. Many defense acquisition programs have followed suite, implementing similar process improvements. However, as many commercial industries are finding, there are limits to the success of these improvements.

Using the methods of System Dynamics, this paper examines the mechanisms which have lead to program instabilities in cost, schedule, and effectiveness. Modeling of these mechanisms provides a means to study past programs, and assess the potential savings that can be generated with the introduction of process improvements.

As a case study, the paper examines the structures and resultant trends that impacted the design and acquisition of DDG 51. General process structures are studied including design interactions, schedule, resources, and allocation. Specific dynamic relationships between cost thresholds, design effort, and schedule are studied to show the ability of modeling to capture dynamic trends and predict results. Finally, a “what‐if?” scenario that looks at the application of IPPD is examined.
Nuclear vs. Non‐Nuclear Attack Submarine Powerplants
Authors: Rains Dean A. , Mitchell Kenneth A.
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The budget cuts of the 1990s have placed the Navy in a difficult position when trying to maintain fleet levels capable of meeting a more dispersed and less defined threat. The cancellation of Seawolf initiated a large effort to define a submarine that is capable and affordable with today's shrinking budget. Many European countries have turned to air independent (AIP), non‐nuclear propulsion systems as a way of increasing the effectiveness of their fleets when compared to their current diesel/electric boats. By evaluating and comparing two AIP and one hybrid propulsion systems to current nuclear capabilities, we can help define options for the next generation submarine. This paper attempts to provide design and cost information which can be used in conjunction with mission profiles to determine the best system for the desired job. Tomorrow's submarine will perform a variety of missions. Most all can be handled well by nuclear submarines, but at what cost? These performance/cost tradeoffs are the subject of this paper.