bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scandinavian Settlement in the North and West of the British Isles—an Archaeological Point-of-View
Authors: Wilson David M.
Published: March 2007

THE Scandinavians came to Britain first as raiders, then as settlers. The length of the periods of raiding, the form of raids, the character and duration of settlement and the speed with which Scandinavian influence was lost, varied considerably in the different regions. In simple terms the Viking Age lasted from 790 to 1070, but within and beyond these dates is infinite variety. In England the first settlements are not recorded before 876, eighty years or more after the first raids; in Scotland, however, there is fairly firm evidence of settlement in the first half of the ninth century, while in some parts of Scotland settlement may not even have been preceded by raids. It is clear too that Guthrum's conquests are of an entirely different character to those of Knut the Great. Guthrum was a petty chief. Knut a great ruler, was accepted as such by his royal contemporaries and his power achieved imperial proportions. In Ireland, where they settled in very limited areas, the Scandinavians lost most of their political power in the late tenth century. Their commercial importance there, however, grew by leaps and bounds, but even in this role they lost all semblance of influence after the Norman conquest of Ireland of 1169. Norse power was broken in western Scotland after the battle of Largs in 1263 (although Norse earls held sway in the Isles until 1331). The Isle of Man was transferred to the Scottish crown in 1266, while Orkney and Shetland remained Norwegian until the impignorations of 1468 and 1469.
Observations on English Government from the tenth to the twelfth century
Authors: Campbell James
Published: March 2007

Prudent historians, when they consider the ordered power of the late Anglo-Saxon state, are apt to indulge a professional instinct, to hedge their bets. Such phrases as ‘specious uniformity’ and ‘rudimentary precocity’ have found favour. It has long seemed likely, and it has by now become certain, that such caution is superfluous.
Place and Profit: an Examination of the Ordnance Office, 1660–1714 the Alexander Prize Essay
Authors: Tomlinson H. C.
Published: March 2007

As far as Professor Trevor-Roper was concerned public office in the seventeenth century was commensurate with wealth, and the gaining of office was one of the causes of such rises of the gentry that occurred before the civil war. This view has been substantially modified by a number of historians who have delved more deeply into the mire of departmental records, and have concluded that the rewards of officialdom were usually modest, especially under Elizabeth I and Charles I, and that the more spectacular beneficiaries were small in number. Very little work on the profits of office in the later Stuart period, however, has been atttempted. Excellent departmental studies on the post-Restoration Treasury, for instance, exist, but although they detail the official salaries of treasury personnel they do not indicate all the remunerations that they might expect from their daily toil. One of the main reasons for this neglect is the lack of evidence on which to base any far-reaching conclusions on the unofficial spoils of office. Myriads of departmental records are extant but they do not throw much light on illicit profiteering. It would be a very careless official who admitted all his gains in his accounts or departmental correspondence. Such evidence as does exist in official documents is necessarily scanty and has to be pieced together with scraps of information from private sources. Even then some of the remaining evidence has to be treated with circumspection for, as Professor Hurstfield has pointed out, allegations of corruption are not necessarily good evidence and have to be heavily substantiated.
The Creation of Britain: Multiple Kingdoms or Core and Colonies?
Authors: Wormald Jenny
Published: March 2007

It is merely idle and frivolous, to conceive that any unperfect Union is desired, or can be granted: It is no more unperfect, as now it is projected, than a Child, that is born without a Beard. It is already a perfect Union in me, the Head … It is now perfect in my Title and Descent, though it be not accomplisht and full Union; for that Time hath all the Lineaments and Parts of a Body, yet is it but an Embrio, and no Child; and shall be born in his due Time; when it is born, though it then be a perfect Child, yet it is no Man; it must gather Strength and Perfection by Time; Even so is it in this case of Union. The Union is perfect in me; that is, it is a Union in my Blood and Title; yet but in embrione perfect. Upon the late Queen's Death, the Child was first brought to light; but to make it a perfect Man, to bring it to an accomplisht Union, it must have Time and Means; and if it be not at the first, blame not me; blame Time; blame the Order of Nature.
The Republic and the Iron Chancellor: the Pattern of Franco-German Relations, 1871–1890
Authors: Fryer W. R.
Published: March 2007

A few years ago I commented in an article on the European catastrophe of 1870, viewed in the long perspective of relations between the French and the Germans down to that date. My present lecture embodies a comment on the international consequences of 1870 during the twenty years which followed it. I hope in time to come to pursue the theme of Franco-German relations further down the slope of time, as far as the end of the Second World War.
Early-Nineteenth-Century Reactions to Benthamism
Authors: Dinwiddy J. R.
Published: March 2007

IN 1965 a very distinguished Bentham scholar read a paper to this society on Bentham and the French Revolution. During the period dealt with by that paper Bentham became an honorary citizen of France (largely through his friendship with Brissot), but he remained little known either in Britain or on the Continent. Thirty years later, he was world-famous. In 1825 members of the Colombian Congress in Bogot were quoting Bentham at each other much as eighteenth-century Englishmen had quoted Cicero in the House of Commons; and among the leaders of the Decembrist mutiny of the same year in St Petersburg were men who confessed to having been influenced by Bentham's works. In 1829 a weekly newspaper was appearing at Boston, Massachusetts, which carried his phrase the greatest happiness of the greatest number as its motto, while a journal called L'Utilitaire was being published at Geneva to propagate his ideas. This paper will not tackle the large and controversial subject of the extent and significance of Bentham's influence. It will address itself to questions that are more limited, though they have some bearing on the larger topic. These questions are: how did those outside the circle of his followers react to his ideas, and what attempts were made to challenge or refute them?
Justice, Authority and the Creation of theAncien Rgimein Italy
Authors: Hook Judith A.
Published: March 2007

IN the fifteenth and particularly in the sixteenth century one obvious casualty of historical development was the corporate state, embodied in the city states and communes of medieval Italy. Whether conquered by powerful foreign powers, or succumbing to the attractions of a locally-basedsignore, with the notable, and frequently-lauded, exception of Venice, whose proudest boast remained that her affairs were governed with laws, all the Italian communes had collapsed by the beginning of the seventeenth century and the norm of political organisation had become the highly centralised, absolutist monarchy, typified by the Church State, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, and the Duchy of Savoy.
The Myth of Norman Administrative Efficiency The Prothero Lecture
Authors: Warren W. L.
Published: March 2007

ARGUMENT about the consequences of the Conquest is perennial and probably unresolvable. Exponents may be found of the full range of possibilities from essential continuity to catastrophic change. Yet amid all the diversity of opinion there is a piece of common ground: it is generally agreed that the Norman rulers not merely appropriated the governmental system of their.Anglo-Saxon predecessors but ran it more efficiently. Managerial efficiency is indeed commonly regarded as a Norman characteristic. In the early twelfth century the kingdom of Sicily and the kingdom of England were the two most prosperous, orderly, and astutely governed states in Europe. Both were under Norman management. Wherever else we find the Normans in their century of astonishing expansion they appear as irresistible take-over bidders, moving in upon and merging with any society, whatever its traditions and institutions, treating both lordship and government as aspects of business management, exploiting the assets and extracting the profits more effectively than the previous owners. So it seems a wholly reasonable assumption to attribute the development of royal government in the first two generations after the Conquest to a combination of managerial efficiency and the Norman rulers' need to get more out of their kingdom than their predecessors.
The Comparative Study of Memorial Preaching
Authors: d'Avray David
Published: March 2007

ANYONE who has attended an academic memorial service or a funeral has directly experienced the tradition of memorial preaching. I define this largely, and include any sermon about a dead person not a saint, whether or not it was given at a service linked to burial. I have not included purely secular addresses, though they are closely related. The subject lends itself to comparative treatment because memorial preachers of different periods have tried to bring out the significance of a person's life and death in the light of the religious and other values of the society to which both preacher and deceased belong. This provides the common basis without which comparative history is uninstructive.
Doctors, Public Service and Profit: General Practitioners and the National Health Service
Authors: Webster Charles
Published: March 2007

GENERAL medical practitioners are a dominant element within the medical workforce. They are the largest specialism, currently accounting for about two-thirds of the senior medical personnel employed by the National Health Service (NHS). They exert a strong political influence by virtue of their importance in the British Medical Association (BMA) and its complicated representative and negotiating machinery.
The Social Relations of Tudor Oxford
Authors: McConica J. K.
Published: March 2007

If study of the university can have any place in the general history of society, it must be understood as a part of a much larger historical phenomenon, of whose vastness and complexity the university's records themselves make us aware. In the sixteenth century we are conscious of powerful currents of social change and energy upon which the universities floated with little or no power of control: a rapidly growing population, geographically and economically on the move; a burgeoning school system; urban wealth growing and changing location, but always under the massive dominance of London; an active land-market; rise in prices; and the work of governments, both national and local, concerned with education and its consequences. This is the setting of Tudor society, and only special optical devices will enable us to pick out the university and set it in the foreground. In the process some distortion is inevitable. An indication of the problems that occur in university history may be found in the view of a recent student of Tudor Cambridge who, while acknowledging that one contribution of the universities to the complex change within English society was ‘the creation of a more refined and integrated cultural and intellectual milieu’ centred upon London and the court, finds the truly significant contribution in a more informed, vigorous and tenacious local solidarity in the ‘country’. Another historian of Elizabethan England tells us that in the universities, ‘the interesting thing, as so often in English life, is the extent and intimacy of the social mixture’.
Every War must end: War-time Planning for post-war Security, in Britain and America in the Wars of 1914–18 and 1939–45. the Roles of Historical Example and of Professional Historians
Authors: Watt D. C.
Published: March 2007

Any historical contrast between the manner in which the two major wars fought in the first half of the twentieth century came to an end has to start from the same sets of reference points. Neither the war of 1914–18 nor that of 1939–45 was a single war. Each comprised and interrelated set of wars. Their endingsfound the victors unready and surprised, their preparations for the processes of peace-making unrehearsed and unconcerted. The processes of peace-making themselves were therefore long drawn out in time and overtaken by subsequent events.
Edward III and the Dialectics of Strategy, 1327–1360 (The Alexander Prize Essay)
Authors: Rogers Clifford J.
Published: March 2007

He that will fraunce wynne, must with Scotland first beginne.

WHEN I tell people that I'm studying English strategy in the Hundred Years War, the response is very often something to the effect of ‘did they really have “strategy” in the middle ages?’ This idea, that strategy was absent from the medieval period, remains deeply embedded in the historiography of the subject. Sir Charles Oman, probably still the best-known historian of medieval warfare, wrote of the middle ages that ‘the minor operations of war were badly understood, [and] strategy— the higher branch of the military art—was absolutely nonexistent. Professor Ferdinand Lot said much the same. Other scholars have argued that the medieval commander ‘had not the slightest notion of strategy’, or that ‘never was the art of war so imperfect or so primitive.’ But the truth is that most medieval commanders did not show ‘a total scorn for die intellectual side of war’ nor ignore ‘the most elementary principles of strategy’; nor is it fair to say that ‘“generalship” and “planning” are concepts one can doubtfully apply to medieval warfare.’
Monasteries and their Patrons at Foundation and Dissolution (The Alexander Prize Essay, proxime accessit)
Authors: Thompson Benjamin
Published: March 2007

IN June 1536 Thomas Starkey, a royal chaplain, humanist, and ‘commonwealth man’, wrote to Henry VIII concerning the Act passed in the spring of that year suppressing monasteries worth less than £200:

many ther be wyche are mouyd to iuge playnly thys acte of suppressyon of certayn abbays bothe to be agayne the ordur of charyte & iniuryous to them wych be dede bycause the foundarys therof & the soulys departyd seme therby to be defraudyd of the benefyte of prayer & almys dede ther appoyntyd to be done for theyr releyffe …

—to which he argued that the common weal of all took precedence over arrangements made for the private weal of the individual. Moreover, in answering those who would argue for ‘rather a just reformatyon then thys vthur ruynose suppressyon’, he went on,

for though hyt be so that prayer & almys dede be much to the comfort of them wych be departyd, & though god delyte much in our charytabul myndys thereby declaryd, yet to conuerte ouer much possessyon to that end & purpos, & to appoynt ouer many personys to such offyce & exercyse, can not be wythout grete detryment & hurt to the chrystian commynwele … & though hyt be a gud thyng & much relygyouse to pray for them wych be departyd out of thys mysery, yet we may not gyue al our possessyonys to nurysch idul men in contynual prayer for them …

Starkey was certain that the possessions of monasteries had been given to the ‘end and purpose’ of providing spiritual benefits for the ‘founders’, to help the passage of their souls through Purgatory.
Liberal Toryism in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Bentley Michael
Published: March 2007

DUST has scarcely had time to settle on Lady Thatcher; yet already a thick sediment of historical significance attaches to the fifteen years of her ascendancy. The period between 1975 and 1990 looks likely to prove as significant for the political ideologies of the twenty-first century as that between, say, 1885 and 1906 currently looks for our own. In the twilight world of John Major (who appears part-antidote, part-surrogate), Conservative ideology is becoming informed by reviews from both sides as they reflect on not only what went wrong but what it was that seemingly went so right, from a party point of view, for so long. We have just had placed before us, for example, John Campbell's admirable biography of Sir Edward Heath, on theone hand, and Alan Clark's transfixing diaries very much on the other. Such documents supplement amass of theorising and comment by political scientists and journalists, most of which dwells on the twin themes of discontinuity and dichotomy. The history of the Tory party is seen to enter a period of catastrophe by the end of the Heath government out of which there emerges a distinct party ideology which people call ‘Thatcherism’: a ‘New Conservatism’ radically distinct from the compromise and accommodation that marked politics after 1951. But that process was contested within the party—hence a dichotomy between two persuasions: the hawks and the doves, the dries and the wets, the Tories and the Conservatives, the true blues and the Liberals. Language of this kind has a particular interest to historians. They want to raise issues about its chronological deep-structure: how ‘new’ was this ‘New Conservatism’?. They recognise the need to situate the dichotomies of the moment in a wider context of Conservative experience: how singular is a doctrine of dichotomy within Conservative party doctrine? Above all they bring into question bald postulates about the nature of current Conservatism which do not compare experience across time
Presidential Address: The Peoples of Britain and Ireland, 1100–1400: III Laws and customs
Authors: Davies R. R.
Published: March 2007

Edward I and his judges delivered some of the most resounding obiter dicta on the nature of law and justice in the medieval period; but on occasion they found themselves at the receiving end of such pontificating practices. One such occasion took place at Oswestry in January 1279. Walter de Hopton and his fellow justices were ambling their way through the interminable dispute between Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, prince of Wales, and Gruffudd ap Gwenwynwyn, lord of Powys and client of die English king. In rotund phrases, at once deeply flattering and profoundlychallenging to Edward I, Llywelyn delivered himself of a grand declaration about the relationship of law, people and political power:

Each province under die empire of the lord King has its own laws and customs according to the habit and usage of the parts in which it is situated—for example, die Gascons in Gascony, the Scots in Scodand, the Irish in Ireland and the English in England. This indeed exalts rather than diminishes the crown of the lord King. The Prince accordingly requests diat he likewise should have his Welsh law and should proceed according to it. He has all the more reason for making diis request since the King, of his own free will, in die recent peace treaty concluded between diem, granted to Llywelyn and all Welshmen die right to have their own law. By natural justice (de jure communi) he ought to have Welsh law and custom, just as other peoples(naciones) under the empire of the lord King have their laws and customs according to their language, or ethnic affiliation (secundum linguam suam).
William Cobbett: Patriot or Briton?
Authors: Stevenson John
Published: March 2007

Cobbett remains best known to historians and to a wider audience as one of the two or three major figures in the popular radicalism of the early nineteenth century: one of the leading actors in the agitations which eventually led to the Great Reform Act of 1832 and a persistent tribune of the people at a time of profound economic and social change. Fundamental to his influence and reputation was his career as a popular journalist, in his own time regarded as a phenomenon and capable of almost single-handedly turning the labouring poor from machine-breaking and insurrection into more peaceful and productive paths. Famously, Cobbett was envisaged in Bamford's Passages in the Life of a Radical as the instrument whereby the disturbances of the post-war years were channelled into parliamentary reform. Opening his account of 1816 with a great litany of riot, insurrection and distress, Bamford noted that it was also in 1816 that Cobbett wrote his Address to the Journeymen and Labourers, published in November 1816 as the sole contents of the first cheap edition of the Register, priced at twopence. Cobbett's linking of ‘our present miseries’ to the need for parliamentary reform had an immense circulation, reaching an estimated 200,000 within two months. Its effects were no less dramatic according to Bamford:

… the writings of William Cobbett suddenly became of great authority; they were read on nearly every cottage hearth in the manufacturing districts of ‘South Lancashire, in those of Leicester, Derby and Nottingham; also in many of the Scottish manufacturing towns.
Summary of Closing Plenary Discussion on ‘Honour and Reputation in Early Modern England’
Authors: Tague Ingrid , Berry Helen
Published: March 2007

Richard Cust connected honour to his work on political culture and the gentry. He introduced the work of Mervyn James on honour as a framework for thinking about behavioural change over time. He suggested that the new historical approach is a multi-layered rather than a teleological one. Certain speakers had emphasised change rather than continuity over time, while others challenged such an approach. Important new themes had been introduced by the conference speakers, such as the importance of lineage, the impact of the companionate marriage, the relationship between public and private notions of honour and the acceptability of violence as a means of defending or challenging honour. He suggested two related ways of thinking about honour that had not been touched on by any of the speakers: the notion of ‘honesty’ to refer to a godly magistrate following his conscience, and the importance of godliness generally, a pious reputation as key means of establishing one's honour.
The Problem of Pauper Marriage in Seventeenth-Century England (The Alexander Prize)
Authors: Hindle Steve
Published: March 2007

Over the last thirty years the work of historical demographers, spearheaded by Sir Tony Wrigley, Roger Schofield and others at the Cambridge Group for the History of Population and Social Structure, has demonstrated the centrality of marriage to explanations of early modern English demographic change: ‘a history of English population in this period in which nuptiality did not figure prominently would resemble the proverbial production of Hamlet without the prince of Denmark.’ Although their ‘neo-Malthusian’ or ‘neo-classical’ model of population levels kept in ‘dilatory homeostasis’ by negative feedback relationships between living standards, age at first marriage and the proportion of the population never marrying has not been immune from criticism, it is now generally accepted that changes in fertility rather than in mortality account for population stagnation in mid-seventeenth-century England, and for its renewed and rapid growth from the 1730s. Moreover, having flirted with, and subsequently discarded, changes in marital fertility as a proximate cause of fluctuations in the birth rate, Wrigley and Schofield are now convinced that nuptiality was decisive. For Wrigley, ‘the crucial importance of the tension between production and reproduction which affected all pre-industrial societies’ explains why marriage had a ‘significance…far wider than the purely demographic.’ ‘Marriage,’ he argues, ‘was the hinge on which the [early modern English] demographic system turned.’
Russian, Imperial and Soviet Identities
Authors: Lieven Dominic
Published: March 2007

In a much-cited statement Ernest Renan once commented that the nation was a daily plebiscite. Whereas the state's essence are institutions and laws, the nation exists first and foremost in the consciousness of the population. How strongly a population identifies itself as a nation differs over time and from one section or class to another. The nature of the external challenges facing a community will also help to determine its sense of identity. Though different groups and individuals may all claim membership of the same nation, they may still disagree radically about the institutions, memories, symbols and values which embody that nation and make it worthy of allegiance.
Am I Myself? Identities In Zaire, Then and Now
Authors: MacGaffey Wyatt
Published: March 2007

It is useful, for the sake of my topic today, that since I declared my title the Republic of Zaire (in May 1997) changed its identity, or at least, resumed one of its former names, the Democratic Republic of Congo. The change is also a nuisance, because the new/old name revives the likelihood of confusion not only with ex-Zaire's neighbour across the Zaire River, the Republic of Congo, but also with the people called BaKongo, who owned the name in the first place. I will try to explain all that in a moment.
Custom and the Social Organisation of Writing in Early Modern England
Authors: Wood Andy
Published: March 2007

Social historians of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England have tended to see literacy as a modernising force which eroded oral tradition and overrode local identities. Whereas the increasing literacy of the period has long appeared an important constituent element of Tudor and Stuart England's early modernity, custom has been represented as its mirror image. Attached to cumbersome local identities, borne from the continuing authority of speech, bred within a plebeian culture which was simultaneously pugnacious and conservative, customary law has been taken to define a traditional, backward-looking mind-set which stood at odds to the sharp forces of change cutting into the fabric of early modern English society. 1 Hence, social historians have sometimes perceived the growing elite hostility to custom as a part of a larger attack upon oral culture. In certain accounts, this elite antipathy is presented as a by-product of die standardising impulses of early capitalism. 2 Social historians have presented the increasing role of written documents in the defence of custom as the tainting of an authentic oral tradition, and as further evidence of the growing dom-nation of writing over speech. Crudely stated, orality, and hence custom, is seen as ‘of the people’; while writing was ‘of the elite’. In this respect as in others, social historians have therefore accepted all too readily John Aubrey's nostalgic recollections of late seventeenth century that Before printing, Old Wives tales were ingeniose and since Printing came in fashion, till a little before the Civil warres, the ordinary Sort of people were not taught to reade & now-a-dayes Books are common and most of the poor people understand letters: and the many good Bookes and the variety of Turnes of Affaires, have putt the old Fables out of dores: and the divine art of Printing and Gunpowder have frighted away Robin-good-fellowe and the Fayries.
Unemployment and civil commitment: a test of the intolerance hypothesis
Authors: Catalano Ralph , Snowden Lonnie , Shumway Martha , Kessell Eric
Published: March 2007

We theorize that the reported association between economic indicators and the incidence of civil commitment for mental illness may result, at least in part, from reduced tolerance in the community for impaired behavior among minorities. Earlier work suggests that economically induced intolerance will be focused primarily on minority males. Based on this literature, we hypothesize that the median level of functioning among African‐American males subjected to civil commitment will vary positively with earlier changes in the unemployment rate. The test applies Box‐Jenkins methods to 156 months (August 1985–July 1998) of data from California. Consistent with theory, results support the hypothesis. Aggr. Behav. 33:1–9, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression scale: development and validation in German and English
Authors: Gerger Heike , Kley Hanna , Bohner Gerd , Siebler Frank
Published: March 2007

Scales of rape myth acceptance (RMA) often yield low means and skewed distributions. This is proposed to be because of a change in rape‐related beliefs toward more subtle content. Incorporating insights from racism and sexism research, a 30‐item self‐report scale measuring the acceptance of modern myths about sexual aggression (AMMSA) is presented. Across four studies (total N=1,279), the reliability and validity of parallel German and English versions of the AMMSA scale were examined. The results show that both language versions are highly reliable; compared with a traditional RMA scale, means of AMMSA scores are higher and their distributions more closely approximate normality. Cross‐sectional and longitudinal analyses provide evidence for the AMMSA scale's concurrent and predictive construct validity. Aggr. Behav. 33:422–440, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cover Picture: Weaving Genetically Engineered Functionality into Mechanically Robust Virus Fibers (Adv. Mater. 6/2007)
Authors: Chiang C.‐Y. , Mello C. M. , Gu J. , Silva E. C. C. M. , Van Vliet K. J. , Belcher A. M.
Published: March 2007

The desired functionality of a virus fiber (such as gold‐binding ability) can be programmed by manipulating the M13 virus genome, report Angela Belcher, Krystyn Van Vliet, and co‐workers on p. 826. The background picture is an illustration of a virus fiber that is conjugated with cadmium selenide quantum dots and emits red light when excited by UV irradiation. The genetically tunable functionality on the virus fiber offers a convenient designing process and will bring a variety of new applications to antimicrobial, catalytic, optical, medical, and electronic fibers.
N‐heterocyclische Carbene als Organokatalysatoren
Authors: Marion Nicolas , Díez‐González Silvia , Nolan Steven P.
Published: March 2007

Vor allem wegen der geringeren Kosten und der besseren Umweltverträglichkeit stellen organokatalytische Reaktionen eine vielversprechende Alternative zu metallkatalysierten Prozessen dar. N‐heterocyclische Carbene (NHCs) wurden dahingehend untersucht, inwieweit sie (vor allem) die Benzoinkondensation katalysieren können. Die großen Fortschritte beim Verständnis der Eigenschaften von NHCs und bei deren Synthese haben die Aufmerksamkeit der Organiker nun auf diese Stoffklasse gelenkt. Folgerichtig nahmen auch die Möglichkeiten und Einsatzgebiete der NHCs enorm zu, und unzählige Beiträge haben sich mit NHC‐katalysierten Reaktionen befasst. Hier werden wir unser Augenmerk auf die wachsende Zahl an Umsetzungen richten, die von NHCs katalysiert werden können.
Control of Magnetic Properties through External Stimuli
Authors: Sato Osamu , Tao Jun , Zhang Yuan‐Zhu
Published: March 2007

The magnetic properties of many magnetic materials can be controlled by external stimuli. The principal focus here is on the thermal, photochemical, electrochemical, and chemical control of phase transitions that involve changes in magnetization. The molecular compounds described herein range from metal complexes, through pure organic compounds to composite materials. Most of the Review is devoted to the properties of valence‐tautomeric compounds, molecular magnets, and spin‐crossover complexes, which could find future application in memory devices or optical switches.
Viruses as Building Blocks for Materials and Devices
Authors: Fischlechner Martin , Donath Edwin
Published: March 2007

From the viewpoint of a materials scientist, viruses can be regarded as organic nanoparticles. They are composed of a small number of different (bio)polymers: proteins and nucleic acids. Many viruses are enveloped in a lipid membrane and all viruses do not have a metabolism of their own, but rather use the metabolic machinery of a living cell for their replication. Their surface carries specific tools designed to cross the barriers of their host cells. The size and shape of viruses, and the number and nature of the functional groups on their surface, is precisely defined. As such, viruses are commonly used in materials science as scaffolds for covalently linked surface modifications. A particular quality of viruses is that they can be tailored by directed evolution by taking advantage of their inbuilt colocalization of geno‐ and phenotypes. The powerful techniques developed by life sciences are becoming the basis of engineering approaches towards nanomaterials, opening a wide range of applications far beyond biology and medicine.
Cover Picture: Lock‐and‐Key Principle on a Microscopic Scale: The Case of the Propylene Oxide⋅⋅⋅Ethanol Complex (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 13/2007)
Authors: Borho Nicole , Xu Yunjie
Published: March 2007

The lock‐and‐key principle is illustrated on a microscopic scale by the binding between propylene oxide (PO) and ethanol. PO acts as a rigid ‘lock’ and EtOH offers keys in the form of the gauche−, gauche+, and trans conformers. In their Communication on page 2276 ff., N. Borho and Y. Xu use rotational spectroscopy and ab initio calculations to analyze the six possible hydrogen‐bonded conformers (three of which are shown in the cover picture) of the 1:1 PO⋅⋅⋅EtOH molecular complex.
Study of electrospinning of sodium alginate, blended solutions of sodium alginate/poly(vinyl alcohol) and sodium alginate/poly(ethylene oxide)
Authors: Safi S. , Morshed M. , Hosseini Ravandi S. A. , Ghiaci M.
Published: March 2007

Alginate is an interesting natural biopolymer for many of its merits and good biological properties. This paper investigates the electrospinning of sodium alginate (NaAlg), NaAlg/PVA‐ and NaAlg/PEO‐ blended systems. It was found in this research that although NaAlg can easily be dissolved in water, the aqueous NaAlg solution could not be electrospun into ultrafine nanofibers. To overcome the poor electrospinnability of NaAlg solution, synthetic polymers such as PEO and PVA solutions were blended with NaAlg solution to improve its spinnability. The SEM images of electrospun nanofibers showed that the alginate (2%, w/v)–PVA (8%, w/v) blended system in the volume ratio of 70 : 30 and the alginate (2%, w/v)–PEO (8% w/v) blended system in the volume ratio of 50 : 50 could be electrospun into finest and uniform nanofibers with average diameters of 118.3 nm (diameter distribution, 75.8–204 nm) and 99.1 nm (diameter distribution, 71–122 nm), respectively. Rheological studies showed a strong dependence of spinnability and fiber morphology on solution viscosity and thus on the alginate‐to‐synthetic polymer (PVA or PEO) blend ratios. FTIR studies indicate that there are the hydrogen bonding interactions due to the ether oxygen of PEO (or the hydroxyl groups of PVA) and the hydroxyl groups of NaAlg. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Copolymerization of styrene and maleic anhydride in supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Li Chunsheng , Zhang Shuxiang , Li Xue , Zheng Anna
Published: March 2007

The copolymerization of styrene (St) and maleic anhydride (MA) was carried out in supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO2). It was found that St and MA are easy to copolymerize in SC CO2 and the conversion can reach 97%, and that very fine and dry powders are obtained. The products were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). GPC data showed that the molecular weight of the copolymer reach 3.62 × 104 g mol−1. Scanning electron microphotographs showed the minimum particle size of the product is about 200 nm. DSC measurements indicated that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the copolymer increases with increasing the MA content in the copolymer. TGA curve showed that the copolymers were decomposed at about 350°C. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Surface hardness and transparency of poly(methyl methacrylate)‐silica coat film derived from perhydropolysilazane
Authors: Saito Reiko , Kobayashi Shin‐ichiro , Hayashi Hidetaka , Shimo Toshihisa
Published: March 2007

To prepare hard and transparent poly (methyl methacrylate)‐silica coat film on glass or polycarbonate substrates, poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) random copolymers and perhydropolysilazane (PHPS) were blended in solution. Then the solution was cast on the substrates. The grafting of PHPS onto 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate unit was analyzed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Surface hardness and transparency of the coat film were measured by nano‐indentation method and UV‐Vis spectroscopy, respectively. Surface hardness of coat film depended on the volume fraction of silica in the coat film, and reached 2.7 GPa when the volume fraction of silica was 76.4%. Transparency of the coat films prepared with PHPS was almost 100%, indicating that the coat film prepared with PHPS was highly transparent not only on glass substrate but also on the polycarbonate substrate. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Preparation and characterization of zeolite beta–polyurethane composite membranes
Authors: Aksoy Eda Ayse , Akata Burcu , Bac Nurcan , Hasirci Nesrin
Published: March 2007

Incorporation of zeolite into polyurethane (PU) membranes was investigated by using as‐synthesized and calcined zeolite beta particles at two different loading contents (0.1 and 1 wt %). The chemical interaction between the zeolite beta crystals and PU was observed by ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy. The SEM results suggested that the calcined zeolite beta crystals were more homogeneously dispersed in the composite membranes than the as‐synthesized zeolite beta crystals. DMA results demonstrated that all composite membranes had higher storage modulus in the rubbery state and higher stability towards thermal and mechanical degradation with respect to the control groups. Tensile testing results also showed increased tensile strength and elongation at break for all composite membranes. This study suggests that incorporating zeolite beta in its as‐synthesized or calcined forms and at different amounts can be applied as an alternative method for tailoring the mechanical properties of PU membranes without changing its structural characteristics. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Influence of surfactants on the electrochromic behavior of poly (3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)
Authors: Manisankar P. , Vedhi C. , Selvanathan G. , Gurumallesh Prabu H.
Published: March 2007

Electrochemical polymerization of 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) was carried out in presence of two different surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) in aqueous medium. The cyclic voltammograms of the polymers exhibited well‐defined redox peaks at Eox = 140 mV, Ered = 360, and −180 mV for PEDOT/SDS and Eox = 360 mV, Ered = 540, −140 mV for PEDOT/CTAB. The electroactive polymer showed good adherence. The spectroelectrochemical studies were carried out on ITO glass plate at various applied potentials. The oxidized PEDOT/CTAB was opaque blue in color and the reduced form was transparent yellow in color. Electrochromic parameters such as electrochromic efficiency (or coloration efficiency), stability (or cycle life), and optical contrast (or write‐erase efficiency) and stability were determined and presented. The in situ conductance was measured at applied potentials ranging from −0.6 V to 0.7 V. The polymer was resistive initially at −0.6 V (7.5 × 10−5 S cm−1) and reached maximum conductance of 1.7 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 0.5 V in presence of SDS. The polymer formed with CTAB exhibited high resistive behavior. The surface morphology characteristics were also studied. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Factors associated with successful vocational rehabilitation in persons with arthritis
Authors: Straaton Karin V. , Harvey Mary , Maisiak Richard
Published: March 2007

Objective. The objective of this study was to analyze factors associated with successful vocational rehabilitation (return to work) among persons receiving state—federal vocational rehabilitation services because of work disability from arthritis.

Methods. Multivariate analyses were used to determine the association of sociodemographic, disease‐related, and agency factors with work outcome among a group of 456 persons with arthritis receiving state—federal vocational rehabilitation services during 1985–1988.

Results. Agency‐sponsored physical restoration services (P < 0.0001) and retraining (P < 0.0001) were the variables most strongly correlated with return to work. Age, sex, race, disease severity, financial status, and educational level assessed at intake were not significantly associated with work rehabilitation outcome.

Conclusion. Factors potentially amenable to agency intervention were more strongly associated with work rehabilitation outcome than were sociodemographic or disease‐related variables.
Cerebrospinal fluid biogenic amine metabolites in fibromyalgia/fibrositis syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Russell I. Jon , Vaeroy Henning , Javors Martin , Nyberg Fred
Published: March 2007

Objective. To compare the levels of biogenic amines in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of primary fibromyalgia syndrome (PFS) patients with those in the CSF of controls.

Methods. Metabolites of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine were identified in CSF, using high performance liquid chromatography with coulometric detection.

Results. CSF levels of metabolites from all 3 neurotransmitters were lower in PFS patients than in controls.

Conclusion. A low rate of turnover of several neurotransmitters supports the proposed hypothesis of a metabolic defect in PFS and suggests that the defect occurs at a neuroregulatory level.
Acute iritis associated with primary sjögren's syndrome and high‐titer anti—SS‐A/Ro and anti—SS‐B/La antibodies. Treatment with combination immunosuppressive therapy
Authors: Bridges Alan J. , Burns Robert P.
Published: March 2007

Objective. We describe a patient with primary Sjögren's syndrome who developed severe, acute, anterior uveitis (iritis), an uncommon complication in this setting.

Methods. We present the case report of the clinical findings, course, treatment, and resolution of the acute uveitis. Titers of anti—SS‐A/Ro and anti‐SS‐B/La antibodies were assessed (by immunodiffusion), as were fluorescent antinuclear antibodies (on HEp‐2 cells) and cryoglobulins.

Results. Initial treatment with topical steroids, oral prednisone (20 mg/day), and oral methotrexate was unsuccessful. The iritis resolved after combined treatment with intravenous cyclophosphamide (1,500 mg/month), high‐dose prednisone (60 mg/day), and cyclosporine (5 mg/kg/day).

Conclusion. An uncommon, severe complication of primary Sjögren's syndrome is acute uveitis. Combination immunosuppressive therapy may be needed to control this condition.
Prospective randomized multicentre trial of proximal gastric vagotomy or truncal vagotomy and antrectomy for chronic duodenal ulcer: Results after 5–7 years
Authors: de Vries B C , Schattenkerk M Eeftinck , Smith E E J , Spencer J , Jackson D S , Alexander-Williams J , Dorricott N J
Published: March 2007

In a prospective, randomized study 145 patients with duodenal ulcer have been followed 5–7 years after proximal gastric vagotomy (PGV) or truncal vagotomy with antrectomy (TVA). Postoperative complications were significantly higher after TVA (P < 0.0005). There was one death due to anastomotic leakage after TVA. The recurrence rate was significantly higher after PGV (9.9 per cent). Postoperative symptoms were less after PGV (P < 0.01). Due to the recurrence rate after PGV there was no overall significant difference in the Visick grading, although perfect results (Visick I) were seen significantly more often (P < 0.01) after PGV. It is concluded that better results follow PGV.
The disappearing chief cell phenomenon (DCP): A preliminary report
Authors: Lawson H H
Published: March 2007

The appearance of chief cells was studied in normal dogs and in dogs after anterior and bilateral highly selective vagotomy. The normal chief cell is columnar in shape, with a well-defined cell membrane, basal nucleus and basophilic cytoplasm. Many cells show what has been called the ‘disappearing chief cell phenomenon’—DCP. The features of the DCP are striking. There is fragmentation of the cell membrane, loss of cytoplasm, changes in the appearance of the nucleus and actual disappearance of some cells. The parietal cells remain normal. The DCP is seen in normal mucosa and should not be regarded as evidence of chronic gastritis. From this preliminary study it is suggested that the procedure of highly selective vagotomy may have a specific effect on pepsin secreting cells, increasing the amount of the DCP.
Peranal repair of rectoprostatic fistula
Authors: Parks A G , Motson R W
Published: March 2007

Rectoprostatic fistula is a rare complication of prostatectomy by any route including transurethral resection. Occasionally a fistula occurs congenitally or as a result of pelvic trauma. Five patients with rectoprostatic fistulas (4 post-prostatectomy, 1 traumatic) were repaired peranally using a full-thickness local flap of anterior rectal wall. The repair was protected by sigmoid loop colostomy. Primary healing occurred in all 5 patients. Anal and urinary continence are normal following colostomy closure in 3 patients. Two patients died of unrelated causes before colostomy closure.
Renal artery aneurysm treatment with coil embolization
Authors: Soga Yoshimitsu , Sakai Koyu , Nobuyoshi Masakiyo
Published: March 2007

Renal artery aneurysm is a rare condition, but its incidence has increased through discovery because of improved imaging techniques. However, a therapeutic approach for renal artery aneurysm has not been established. We report the case of a 58‐year‐old female who had developed hypertension at 52 years of age and was under oral medication for this condition. In a medical check‐up, a right renal artery aneurysm of 10 mm in diameter was detected by computed tomography (CT). Renal function was normal and there were no abnormalities in urinalysis; therefore, the patient was observed as an outpatient. Abdominal CT performed 9 months later revealed a saccular renal artery aneurysm of 15 mm in diameter with partial wall calcification and mild mural thrombus. Selective right renal arteriography detected a tumor with calcification, but no renal arterial stenosis or renal arteriovenous fistula. Since the aneurysm had enlarged, catheter treatment was selected to reduce the risk of rupture. A 6‐Fr guide catheter was inserted into the right renal artery and the tip of a microcoil catheter was advanced into the aneurysm, which was then embolized with 12 microcoils. The absence of the aneurysm was confirmed using right renal arteriography. No complications occurred during or after embolization, and selective right renal arteriography performed 3 months later showed no change in the coil position or blood flow in the aneurysm, suggesting a good postoperative course. Our results suggest that this approach may generally be applicable for renal artery aneurysms, depending on the shape, size, and location of the aneurysm. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.