bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Association Between Leisure Activity Engagement and Health-Related Quality of Life in Middle-Aged and Older People With HIV
Authors: Wion Rachel K , Fazeli Pariya L , Vance David E
Published: November 2021

Background and Objectives

Middle-aged and older adults with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at risk for decreased health-related quality of life (HRQoL), which may be improved by engaging in leisure activities. We examined associations between HRQoL and participation in cognitive, physical, social, and passive leisure activities, and whether depressive symptoms mediated these relationships. Wilson and Cleary’s conceptual model of HRQoL guided this study.

Research Design and Methods

In this cross-sectional observational study, we enrolled 174 adults living with HIV aged 40 and older (M = 51.3, SD = 7.03). Participants completed assessments of leisure activities, depressive symptoms, and HRQoL. Data were analyzed using Spearman’s rho correlations, hierarchal multiple regression, and mediation analyses.

Results

Greater engagement in physical activities was associated with higher physical HRQoL (b = 2.02, p < .05). Greater engagement in social activities was associated with both higher physical (b = 1.44, p < .05) and mental HRQoL (b = 1.95, p < .01). However, all associations between leisure activities and HRQoL were fully attenuated by depressive symptoms. Cognitive and passive leisure activities were not significantly correlated with HRQoL. Mediation analyses confirmed that depressive symptoms were the mediator mechanism by which social activities affected mental and physical HRQoL.

Discussion and Implications

More frequent engagement in physical and social leisure activities is associated with better HRQoL, and social leisure activities improve HRQoL via their impact on mood. Interventions to increase leisure activities, especially among people living with HIV who have poorer affective functioning, may be the most effective approach to improving HRQoL.
Does Corruption Corrupt? The Behavioral Effects of Mediated Exposure to Corruption
Authors: Waismel-Manor Israel , Moy Patricia , Neumann Rico , Shechnick Moran
Published: November 2021

Corruption is a complex, widespread phenomenon with harmful economic and societal effects. Drawing upon theories in social psychology, political science, and communication, this study examines the direct and joint effects of mediated exposure to grand corruption and the presence of monetary incentives on people’s likelihood to engage in dishonest behavior. In a 2 × 2 factorial design (N = 404), half of all participants were exposed to a newscast about political corruption and one half was offered a reward for correctly answering questions about the newscast. Findings suggest that incentivizing was highly effective in predicting chances of cheating while news exposure to corruption was not. The data also indicate cheating is more common among certain sociodemographic groups.
Safety climate, leadership and patient views associated with hip fracture care quality and clinician perceptions of hip fracture care performance
Authors: Do Vu Quang , Mitchell Rebecca , Clay-Williams Robyn , Taylor Natalie , Ting Hsuen Pei , Arnolda Gaston , Braithwaite Jeffrey
Published: November 2021

Background

Hip fracture is a major public health concern for older adults, requiring surgical treatment for patients presenting at hospitals across Australia. Although guidelines have been developed to drive appropriate care of hip fracture patients in hospitals, data on health outcomes suggest these are not well-followed.

Objective

This study aims to examine whether clinician measures of safety, teamwork and leadership, and patient perceptions of care are associated with key indicators of hip fracture care and the extent to which there is agreement between clinician perceptions of hip fracture care performance and actual hospital performance of hip fracture care.

Methods

Retrospective analysis was performed on a series of questionnaires used to assess hospital department- and patient-level measures from the Deepening our Understanding of Quality in Australia study. Data were analysed from 32 public hospitals that encompassed 23 leading hip fracture clinicians, 716 patient medical records and 857 patients from orthopaedic public hospital wards.

Results

Aggregated across all hospitals, only 5 of 12 of the key hip fracture indicators had ≥50% adherence. Adherence to indicators requiring actions to be performed within a recommended time period was poor (7.2–25.6%). No Patient Measure of Safety or clinician-based measures of teamwork, safety climate or leadership were associated with adherence to key indicators of hip fracture care. Simple proportionate agreement between clinician perceptions and actual hospital performance was generally strong, but few agreement coefficients were compelling.

Conclusion

The development of strong quality management processes requires ongoing effort. The findings of this study provide important insights into the relationship between hospital care and outcomes for hip fracture patients and could drive the design of targeted interventions for improved quality assurance of hip fracture care.
An architecture for research computing in health to support clinical and translational investigators with electronic patient data
Authors: Campion Thomas R , Sholle Evan T , Pathak Jyotishman , Johnson Stephen B , Leonard John P , Cole Curtis L
Published: November 2021

Objective

Obtaining electronic patient data, especially from electronic health record (EHR) systems, for clinical and translational research is difficult. Multiple research informatics systems exist but navigating the numerous applications can be challenging for scientists. This article describes Architecture for Research Computing in Health (ARCH), our institution’s approach for matching investigators with tools and services for obtaining electronic patient data.

Materials and Methods

Supporting the spectrum of studies from populations to individuals, ARCH delivers a breadth of scientific functions—including but not limited to cohort discovery, electronic data capture, and multi-institutional data sharing—that manifest in specific systems—such as i2b2, REDCap, and PCORnet. Through a consultative process, ARCH staff align investigators with tools with respect to study design, data sources, and cost. Although most ARCH services are available free of charge, advanced engagements require fee for service.

Results

Since 2016 at Weill Cornell Medicine, ARCH has supported over 1200 unique investigators through more than 4177 consultations. Notably, ARCH infrastructure enabled critical coronavirus disease 2019 response activities for research and patient care.

Discussion

ARCH has provided a technical, regulatory, financial, and educational framework to support the biomedical research enterprise with electronic patient data. Collaboration among informaticians, biostatisticians, and clinicians has been critical to rapid generation and analysis of EHR data.

Conclusion

A suite of tools and services, ARCH helps match investigators with informatics systems to reduce time to science. ARCH has facilitated research at Weill Cornell Medicine and may provide a model for informatics and research leaders to support scientists elsewhere.
The Myth of Mayoral Leadership in Local Government Resource Allocation: A Multilevel Analysis with Brazilian Municipalities
Authors: Gomes Ricardo C , Osborne Stephen P , Lisboa Erika
Published: November 2021

Resource allocation is paramount to local government strategic planning. There is, however, a gap in studies examining the determining factors of resource allocation decisions in the public sector. This study contributes to the public management literature by providing additional theories for explaining local government resource allocation in a very important sector in the local government context: educational services. Stakeholder theory provides insights into external influences as economic, political, and managerial types. Evidence comes from a panel dataset of large Brazilian municipalities (over 100,000 inhabitants) for the 2009–2016 period. Regression analysis provides empirical evidence that stakeholders can influence decisions about expenditure and investments in infrastructure. The findings challenge the assumption that mayors are at the apex of the local government hierarchy and make solitary decisions. The article also contributes to strategic management theory, indicating that stakeholders are likely to shape local government resource allocation decisions, something that had not been considered as likely hitherto.
Improving the diameters of interferometric calibrators with MATISSE
Authors: Robbe-Dubois S , Cruzalèbes P , Berio Ph , Meilland A , Petrov R-G , Allouche F , Salabert D , Paladini C , Matter A , Millour F , Lagarde S , Lopez B , Burtscher L , Jaffe W , Hron J , Percheron I , van Boekel R , Weigelt G , Stee Ph
Published: November 2021

A good knowledge of the angular diameters of stars used to calibrate the observables in stellar interferometry is fundamental. As the available precision for giant stars is worse than the required per cent level, we aim to improve the knowledge of many diameters using MATISSE (Multiple AperTure mid-Infrared SpectroScopic Experiment) data in its different instrumental configurations. Using the squared visibility MATISSE observable, we compute the angular diameter value, which ensures the best-fitting curves, assuming an intensity distribution of a uniform disc. We take into account that the transfer function varies over the wavelength and is different from one instrumental configuration to another. The uncertainties on the diameters are estimated using the residual bootstrap method. Using the low spectral resolution mode in the Lband, we observed a set of 35 potential calibrators selected in the Mid-infrared stellar Diameter and Flux Compilation Catalogue with diameters ranging from about 1 to 3 mas. We reach a precision on the diameter estimates in the range 0.6 per cent to 4.1 per cent. The study of the stability of the transfer function in visibility over two nights makes us confident in our results. In addition, we identify one star, 75 Vir initially present in the calibrator lists, for which our method does not converge, and prove to be a binary star. This leads us to the conclusion that our method is actually necessary to improve the quality of the astrophysical results obtained with MATISSE, and that it can be used as a useful tool for ‘bad calibrator’ detection.
Hundreds of Out-of-Frame Remodeled Gene Families in theEscherichia coliPangenome
Authors: Watson Andrew K , Lopez Philippe , Bapteste Eric
Published: November 2021

All genomes include gene families with very limited taxonomic distributions that potentially represent new genes and innovations in protein-coding sequence, raising questions on the origins of such genes. Some of these genes are hypothesized to have formed de novo, from noncoding sequences, and recent work has begun to elucidate the processes by which de novo gene formation can occur. A special case of de novo gene formation, overprinting, describes the origin of new genes from noncoding alternative reading frames of existing open reading frames (ORFs). We argue that additionally, out-of-frame gene fission/fusion events of alternative reading frames of ORFs and out-of-frame lateral gene transfers could contribute to the origin of new gene families. To demonstrate this, we developed an original pattern-search in sequence similarity networks, enhancing the use of these graphs, commonly used to detect in-frame remodeled genes. We applied this approach to gene families in 524 complete genomes of Escherichia coli. We identified 767 gene families whose evolutionary history likely included at least one out-of-frame remodeling event. These genes with out-of-frame components represent ∼2.5% of all genes in the E. coli pangenome, suggesting that alternative reading frames of existing ORFs can contribute to a significant proportion of de novo genes in bacteria.
Relaxed 3D genome conformation facilitates the pluripotent to totipotent-like state transition in embryonic stem cells
Authors: Zhu Yezhang , Yu Jiali , Gu Jiahui , Xue Chaoran , Zhang Long , Chen Jiekai , Shen Li
Published: November 2021

The 3D genome organization is crucial for gene regulation. Although recent studies have revealed a uniquely relaxed genome conformation in totipotent early blastomeres of both fertilized and cloned embryos, how weakened higher-order chromatin structure is functionally linked to totipotency acquisition remains elusive. Using low-input Hi-C, ATAC-seq and ChIP-seq, we systematically examined the dynamics of 3D genome and epigenome during pluripotent to totipotent-like state transition in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). The spontaneously converted 2-cell-embryo-like cells (2CLCs) exhibited more relaxed chromatin architecture compared to ESCs, including global weakening of both enhancer-promoter interactions and TAD insulation. While the former correlated with inactivation of ESC enhancers and down-regulation of pluripotent genes, the latter might facilitate contacts between the putative new enhancers arising in 2CLCs and neighboring 2C genes. Importantly, disruption of chromatin organization by depleting CTCF or the cohesin complex promoted the ESC to 2CLC transition. Our results thus establish a critical role of 3D genome organization in totipotency acquisition.
Diet composition of reintroduced Red-and-Green Macaws reflects gradual adaptation to life in the wild
Authors: Volpe Noelia L , Thalinger Bettina , Vilacoba Elisabet , Braukmann Thomas W A , Di Giacomo Adrián S , Berkunsky Igor , Lijtmaer Darío A , Steinke Dirk , Kopuchian Cecilia
Published: November 2021

Over the last two centuries, the Red-and-Green Macaw (Ara chloropterus) has become locally extinct in Argentina. In an attempt to restore its key ecosystem functions as both disperser and regulator of large-seeded plants, a reintroduction project was initiated at the Iberá National Park in northeastern Argentina. The ability of released individuals to find food is crucial, especially when working with captive-bred animals, as long-term establishment of a self-sustaining population depends on their short-term ability to exploit wild food sources. Monitoring of feeding habits is usually conducted through behavioral observation, but in recent years DNA metabarcoding has emerged as an alternative for obtaining highly resolved data on diet composition. In this study, we use a combination of both techniques to characterize the breadth and composition of the reintroduced macaws' diet. In addition, we compare the efficiency of both observational and molecular techniques to assess diet composition in a frugivorous bird. Individuals fed on a variety of plant species (n = 49) belonging to a broad phylogenetic spectrum (28 families). Dietary richness estimated by direct observation and DNA metabarcoding was similar, though smaller than the combination of the two datasets as both techniques detected at least 15 species not recorded by the other method. While the total number of detected species was higher for observational data, the rate of species-detection per sampling day was higher for DNA metabarcoding. These results suggest that a combination of both methods is required in order to obtain the most accurate account of the total diversity of the diet of a bird species. The ability of reintroduced macaws to successfully exploit local food resources throughout the year indicates a good level of adjustment to the release site, an important step towards the creation of a stable, self-sustaining population of Red-and-Green Macaws in Northern Argentina.
Enhanced Ecologies and Ecosystem Engineering
Authors: McNiven Ian J. , Manne Tiina , Ross Annie
Published: November 2021

Anthropological and archaeological representations of Aboriginal Australians as hunter-gatherers adapting to the natural availability of food resources are simplistic and inconsistent with ethnographic records of active, strategic, and sociopolitically meaningful resource enhancement. Scholarship over the past four decades has documented plant and animal food resource enhancement by Aboriginal Australians that blur socioeconomic boundaries with agricultural societies of New Guinea. Enhancements were achieved by using intimate knowledge of local ecological processes to modify ecosystems through a range of strategies such as landscape burning, animal translocation, protected rearing, shelter creation, and restocking. These strategies were embedded within broader sociocultural and sociopolitical domains that were often accompanied by ritual. Such engineered food enhancement practices reveal that many documented and modelled associations between environment and behaviour are in fact correlations between behaviour and the products of behaviour. The uneven distribution of animal resource enhancement practices across Australia indicates considerable regional diversity and supports existing views that many enhancements are related to regionally specific and historically contingent developments in social complexity.
George Petrie (1790–1866) as a collector of Irish song
Authors: Cooper David
Published: November 2021

This chapter considers the contribution of George Petrie as a collector and publisher of Irish song. His upbringing, his professional career first as an artist and subsequently as an archaeologist, and his role as a leading figure in the Royal Irish Academy, all provided important contexts for his collection of traditional song. As the head of the orthographical and etymological section for the Memoir of the Ordnance Survey of Ireland he worked closely with two of the most important Irish scholars of the time, Eugene O’Curry and John O’Donovan, and their influence proved invaluable when he was made president of the Society for the Preservation and Publication of the Music of Ireland in 1851. The various sources of the songs he collected and his approach to their notation are considered, as are the characteristics of the contents of the only completed publication of the Society for the Preservation and Publication of the Music of Ireland, The Petrie Collection of the Ancient Music of Ireland in 1855.
Robert Owenson’s macaronic song repertoire and the Dublin theatre audience of the late eighteenth century
Authors: Burke Helen
Published: November 2021

This article argues that Robert Owenson’s bilingual song repertoire represents an urban strain of the Irish macaronic tradition which developed over the course of the eighteenth century as Irish-speaking poets and song composers responded to a public that was increasingly diglossic. In Owenson’s case, this repertoire was formed from the crossings between songs and tunes from the Irish-speaking area where this performer grew up, and those that came out of the playhouses, taverns, and streets of Dublin, the city where he spent his twenty-year Irish stage career. The article also explores the politics of these songs and the Dublin audience’s shifting response to their performance. While Owenson’s songs were enthusiastically received in the years leading up to 1782, a period dominated politically by the patriots and the Volunteers, they provoked a reactionary backlash in the later 1780s and 1790s when Dublin’s radical element began claiming them as their own.
‘Master-pieces of their kind’
Authors: Ní Mhunghaile Lesa
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses the compositions of the blind seventeenth- and eighteenth-century harper-composer Turlough Carolan (Toirdhealbhach Ó Cearbhalláin) and the manner in which they were employed during the Celtic Revival by eighteenth-century Irish antiquarians and scholars in their recovery of the Gaelic past. Motivated by an interest in the native music and song of Ireland that was in turn sparked by the romantic movement, the vogue for primitivism, and the cult of the bard, scholars such as Joseph Cooper Walker, Charlotte Brooke, and James Hardiman re-invented Carolan’s image as that of a bard and a musical genius and elevated his compositions to a higher status than they had achieved during his lifetime. In doing so, they brought his work to a wider English-speaking audience.
Swift and song
Authors: Carpenter Andrew
Published: November 2021

Jonathan Swift was surrounded by songs and singing. From his days as a student in Dublin in the 1680s to his death in the deanery in the Dublin liberties in 1745, street singing sounded in his ears. He was certainly aware of the power of song and wrote several poems, particularly political ones, that seem designed for singing. Yet he also wrote parodies of songs and was, famously, uninterested in music or secular singing—having a particular aversion to opera. This chapter looks at the text of some of Swift’s song-like poems and asks what their performance as songs might have meant to his contemporaries—and, indeed, to him.
Ceremonial song in eighteenth-century Dublin
Authors: Murphy Estelle
Published: November 2021

The tradition of composing welcome, birthday, and New Year’s Day odes for the monarch in London is one that dates to as early as 1617. It was not until almost a century later that an equivalent tradition in Dublin is evident. The Dublin ode tradition has often been viewed as an imitation of that established at the London court, and, while it doubtless took the London odes as its model initially, its poets and composers developed a series of works that stand apart as unique in their rationale, style, and even musical genre. This chapter shall demonstrate that the Dublin works were distinctive in their political and social intent and function, their poetry housing the intentions of a loyal polity on the margins of the empire that had a unique and complex identity and relationship with Britain. It will discuss the music and word-setting of the works composed by Masters of the State Music Johann Sigismund Cousser and Matthew Dubourg, showing that this ceremonial music for Dublin constitutes a body of works invaluable to our understanding of the cultural and political climate in the city in the eighteenth century.
Trolls and Hacktivists
Authors: Beyer Jessica L.
Published: November 2021

Online communities have long been the sites of political mobilization. Work on these communities in relation to politics sits at the intersection of the study of social movements broadly as well as hacktivism specifically; anthropological and cultural studies of online culture, including trolling; and work focused on the affordances of social platforms. Drawing on four linked cases of online community mobilization—4chan and trolling culture, Anonymous, Gamergate, and the 2016 US presidential election—the author discusses this varied theory and its ability to contribute to the understanding of online communities as a political and social phenomenon. The author illustrates that there are distinct repertoires of contention that emerged from 4chan prior to 2008 that subsequent movements refined and adapted. The author argues that 4chan’s affordances created a cultural identity that was durable, with shared discourse, affirmation of group values, and a history of collective action that served as a base for mobilization. These modes of collective action, including organized harassment, have since been adopted by a range of political actors. Future research should address questions of movement durability, emergence, and the interplay between internet affordances and offline contexts.
Sexual Harassment
Authors: Beiner Theresa M.
Published: November 2021

This chapter explores the origins, development, and current status of workplace sexual harassment law. Sexual harassment law owes its genesis to a combination of grass-roots feminist organizing and legal feminist theorizing. After initial losses in the courts, feminist lawyers and their clients scored significant victories in the court system. Employers and those accused of discrimination soon fought back, including by participating in the development of an extensive system of training and anti-sexual harassment policies that have not proven helpful to targets of sexual harassment. Feminist legal scholars have offered critiques of the courts’ decisions, taking a variety of approaches to increasing the law’s efficacy and extending its reach to encompass the experiences of men, women of color, and sexual minorities. Yet, plaintiffs using Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the main federal antidiscrimination statute applicable to sex discrimination in employment, continue to find themselves thrust out of court due to formalistic rules developed in the court system. This has led other scholars to suggest different legal approaches to address this persistent and disturbing form of workplace discrimination. Whether current grass-roots campaigns like the #MeToo movement will prove more effective than prior legal efforts remains to be seen.
Trade
Authors: van Lieshout Elisabeth
Published: November 2021

Large and expanding flows of goods across borders are one of the core features of globalization. This article surveys the literature on the causes and effects of these international trade flows. It examines first the underlying economic drivers of these flows, next the ways in which geography, geopolitics, and trade policy shape the costs and uncertainty firms face in making their export decisions, and lastly the self-perpetuating but inequality-creating impact of international trade flows on domestic politics. The article points out both existing connections and opportunities for further integration between the literatures in international political economy, economics, and comparative politics.
Liberalization
Authors: Betz Timm , Pond Amy
Published: November 2021

Liberalization is the removal of barriers to the cross-border movement of capital, goods, and people. Understanding liberalization is central to understanding how governments respond to and shape the global economy. This article reviews the literature on liberalization from a public-goods perspective, where liberalization is seen as benefiting the population as a whole, and from a private-goods perspective, where liberalization benefits a select few. These perspectives are united by questions over who supports liberalization, when liberalization occurs, and how governments liberalize markets. The article further explores the methods and approaches used by American International Political Economy (IPE), represented by articles published in International Organization, and British IPE, represented by articles published in the Review of International Political Economy.
Informal Markets
Authors: Jakobi Anja P.
Published: November 2021

Informal markets have often been conceived primarily as a problem in developing countries, while they are also a frequent element of developed economies and global economic exchange. This article analyzes informal markets from an International Political Economy (IPE) perspective, examining two substantially different understandings of informal markets and related research: From the first perspective, analyses focus on how informal markets relate to formal markets, how large the informal market is, and what kind of deviation exists between the formal and informal sector. The second perspective analyzes informal markets against the background of illegal markets and crime. In a first step, the article elaborates on the many varieties and definitions of informal markets. In a second step, the article details explanations for the rise of informal markets. Research typically analyzes the local and national level of informal markets, less so international and transnational linkages, and IPE can contribute to this research substantially. In a third step, the article discusses the methodological challenges linked to assessing the existence and size of informal markets, and the fourth section presents different policies on how informal markets are governed. The concluding section outlines areas for further IPE research on informal markets.
Process Tracing and International Political Economy
Authors: Checkel Jeffrey T.
Published: November 2021

As a methodological choice, process tracing and qualitative International Political Economy (IPE) would seem a natural fit. These scholars employ case study research designs and theorize in terms of processes and mechanisms—a combination that leads to process tracing as a key method. Yet, in qualitative IPE, one sees little process tracing; or better said, it is there, but only partly operationalized or used implicitly. Surveying the contemporary qualitative IPE literature, this chapter advances two arguments. First, these scholars utilize a narrative style that hides their methods, including process tracing. The result is an empirics–method disconnect, where readers are unsure how data for the narrative was gathered and causal inferences or interpretive understandings gleaned from it. Second, qualitative IPE scholars should do their process tracing better. However, in making this methodological move they should resist the temptation to pull process tracing “off the shelf” and use it. Rather, they should address three cutting-edge issues for process tracers: transparency and formalization; within process-tracing methods; and developing a robust interpretive variant.
The Ethics of Sex Robots
Authors: Sterri Aksel , Earp Brian D.
Published: November 2021

What, if anything, is wrong with having sex with a robot? For the sake of this chapter, we will assume that sexbots are ‘mere’ machines that are reliably identifiable as such, despite their human-like appearance and behaviour. Under these stipulations, sexbots themselves can no more be harmed, morally speaking, than your dishwasher. However, there may still be something wrong about the production, distribution, and use of such sexbots. In this chapter, we examine whether sex with robots is intrinsically or instrumentally wrong and critically assess different regulatory responses. We defend a harm reduction approach to sexbot regulation, analogous to the approach that has been considered in other areas, concerning, for example, drugs and sex work.
Star burst in W 49 N presumably induced by cloud–cloud collision
Authors: Miyawaki Ryosuke , Hayashi Masahiko , Hasegawa Tetsuo
Published: November 2021

We present high-resolution observations of CS (J = 1–0), H13CO+ (J = 1–0), and SiO (v = 0: J = 1–0) lines, together with the 49 GHz and 86 GHz continuum emissions, toward W 49 N carried out with the Nobeyama Millimeter Array. We identified 11 CS, eight H13CO+, and six SiO clumps with radii of 0.1–0.5 pc. The CS and H13CO+ clumps are mainly divided into two velocity components, one at 4 km s−1 and the other at 12 km s−1, while the SiO clumps have velocities between the two components. The SiO emission is distributed toward the ultracompact H ii (UCHII) ring, where the 4 km s−1 component clumps of CS and H13CO+ also exist. The 12 km s−1 component clumps of CS are detected at the east and west of the UCHII ring with an apparent hole toward the ring. The clump masses vary from 4.4 × 102 M$_\odot$ to 4.9 × 104 M$_\odot$ with the mean values of 0.94 × 104 M$_\odot$, 0.88 × 104 M$_\odot$, and 2.2 × 104 M$_\odot$ for the CS, H13CO+, and SiO clumps, respectively. The total masses derived from CS, H13CO+, and SiO clumps are 1.0 × 105 M$_\odot$, 0.70 × 105 M$_\odot$, and 1.3 × 105 M$_\odot$, respectively, which agree well with the corresponding virial masses of 0.71 × 105 M$_\odot$, 1.3 × 105 M$_\odot$, and 0.88 × 105 M$_\odot$, respectively. The average molecular hydrogen densities of the clumps are 0.90 × 106 cm−3, 1.4 × 106 cm−3, and 7.6 × 106 cm−3 for the CS, H13CO+, and SiO clumps, respectively. The density derived from the SiO clumps seems significantly higher than those from the others, probably because the SiO emission is produced in high-density shocked regions. The free-fall time scale of the clumps is estimated to be ∼3 × 104 yr, which gives an accretion rate of 3 × 10−3–1 M$_\odot$ yr−1 on to a stellar core. The observed clumps are, if they are undergoing free-fall, capable of producing dozens of massive stars in the next 105 yr. We propose a view that two pre-existing clouds with radial velocities of 4 km s−1 and 12 km s−1 collided with each other almost face-on to produce the observed clumps with intermediate velocities and triggered the burst of massive star formation in W 49 N.
bHLH11 inhibits bHLH IVc proteins by recruiting the TOPLESS/TOPLESS-RELATED corepressors
Authors: Li Yang , Lei Rihua , Pu Mengna , Cai Yuerong , Lu Chengkai , Li Zhifang , Liang Gang
Published: November 2021

Iron (Fe) homeostasis is essential for plant growth and development. Many transcription factors (TFs) play pivotal roles in the maintenance of Fe homeostasis. bHLH11 is a negative TF that regulates Fe homeostasis. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. Here, we generated two loss-of-function bhlh11 mutants in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), which display enhanced sensitivity to excess Fe, increased Fe accumulation, and elevated expression of Fe deficiency responsive genes. Levels of bHLH11 protein, localized in both the cytoplasm and nucleus, decreased in response to Fe deficiency. Co-expression assays indicated that bHLH IVc TFs (bHLH34, bHLH104, bHLH105, and bHLH115) facilitate the nuclear accumulation of bHLH11. Further analysis indicated that bHLH11 represses the transactivity of bHLH IVc TFs toward bHLH Ib genes (bHLH38, bHLH39, bHLH100, and bHLH101). The two ethylene response factor-associated amphiphilic repression motifs of bHLH11 provided the repression function by recruiting the TOPLESS/TOPLESS-RELATED (TPL/TPRs) corepressors. Correspondingly, the expression of Fe uptake genes increased in the tpr1 tpr4 tpl mutant. Moreover, genetic analysis revealed that bHLH11 has functions independent of FER-LIKE IRON DEFICIENCY-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR. This study provides insights into the complicated Fe homeostasis signaling network.
PTOX-dependent safety valve does not oxidize P700 during photosynthetic induction in the Arabidopsis pgr5 mutant
Authors: Zhou Qi , Wang Caijuan , Yamamoto Hiroshi , Shikanai Toshiharu
Published: November 2021

Plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) accepts electrons from plastoquinol to reduce molecular oxygen to water. We introduced the gene encoding Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Cr)PTOX2 into the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) wild-type (WT) and proton gradient regulation5 (pgr5) mutant defective in cyclic electron transport around photosystem I (PSI). The accumulation of CrPTOX2 only mildly affected photosynthetic electron transport in the WT background during steady-state photosynthesis but partly complemented the induction of nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) in the pgr5 background. During the induction of photosynthesis by actinic light (AL) of 130 µmol photons m−2 s−1, the high level of PSII yield (Y(II)) was induced immediately after the onset of AL in WT plants accumulating CrPTOX2. NPQ was more rapidly induced in the transgenic plants than in WT plants. P700 was also oxidized immediately after the onset of AL. Although CrPTOX2 does not directly induce a proton concentration gradient (ΔpH) across the thylakoid membrane, the coupled reaction of PSII generated ΔpH to induce NPQ and the downregulation of the cytochrome b6f complex. Rapid induction of Y(II) and NPQ was also observed in the pgr5 plants accumulating CrPTOX2. In contrast to the WT background, P700 was not oxidized in the pgr5 background. Although the thylakoid lumen was acidified by CrPTOX2, PGR5 was essential for oxidizing P700. In addition to acidification of the thylakoid lumen to downregulate the cytochrome b6f complex (donor-side regulation), PGR5 may be required for draining electrons from PSI by transferring them to the plastoquinone pool. We propose a reevaluation of the contribution of this acceptor-side regulation by PGR5 in the photoprotection of PSI.
Trauma-Informed Sexual Assault Investigations Training: Lessons Learned Attempting to Enhance Sexual Assault-Related Understanding and Reduce Rape Myth Beliefs and Burnout among Police Officers
Authors: Lathan Emma C , Langhinrichsen-Rohling Jennifer , Stefurak James Tres , Duncan Jessica , Selwyn Candice N
Published: November 2021

The City of Mobile Police Department’s (MPD) multidisciplinary Sexual Assault Kit Initiative team sought to identify and amend factors that theoretically contribute to high rates of sexual assault case attrition. First, the current study examined cross-sectional relations among officers’ rape myth endorsement, perceived understanding of trauma-informed sexual assault investigations, and burnout level. Second, using a cohort-based longitudinal design, this study assessed the effectiveness of MPD’s department-wide adoption of a professional development module in increasing self-reported understanding of trauma-informed investigations and reducing rape myth beliefs and burnout (T1, n = 331; T2, n = 229). Rape myth beliefs differed by burnout type and level. Officers with clinically high levels of emotional exhaustion or depersonalization reported greater rape myth acceptance and estimates of falsely reported rapes than those with average or low levels of emotional exhaustion or depersonalization. Officers with a high sense of personal accomplishment endorsed lower rape myth acceptance than but similar false reporting estimates to officers with average or clinically low levels of personal accomplishment. Months post-training, officers endorsed greater perceived understanding of trauma-informed sexual assault investigations. However, reductions in officers’ rape myth beliefs or burnout were not detected; on average, officers reported increased burnout at T2 regardless of whether training attendance was confirmed. Effective ways to achieve and sustain rape myth reductions while preventing and reducing burnout are needed.
Moon and Tide: A New Interpretation of Exeter Riddle 22 Based on the Medieval Science of Computus
Authors: Mogford Neville
Published: November 2021

Exeter Riddle 22 tells the story of how 60 riders and 15 horses are unable to cross a body of water until a ‘wægn’ (‘wagon’) miraculously transports them to the other shore. Several solutions have been proposed, but none are entirely satisfactory. This article uses medieval scientific lore, as well as the medieval coastal landscape and comparative readings of Old English, Latin and Old Norse texts, to propose a new solution explaining all aspects of the riddle—the full moon. Riddle 22 requires not only an awareness of the relationship between the lunar and tidal cycles, but also a knowledge of the computistical formulae that were taught in monastic schools. The horses and the riders represent the hours of moonlight and the ‘wægn’ represents the moon itself. Additionally, the riddle draws upon images of the coastal landscape, as the riddle also depicts the crossing of a tidal causeway. Solving the riddle in this way is a transformative experience for the scientifically literate reader, who comes to recognize—as per Augustine—that prosaic, repeatable events in nature are everyday miracles.
High-level taxonomic splitting in allopatric taxa causes confusion downstream: a revision of the nudibranch family Сoryphellidae
Authors: Ekimova Irina , Valdés Ángel , Malaquias Manuel António E , Rauch Cessa , Chichvarkhin Anton , Mikhlina Anna , Antokhina Tatiana , Chichvarkhina Olga , Schepetov Dimitry
Published: November 2021

Conformity of trans-Arctic Coryphellidae genera with the most recent revised taxonomy for the group was tested. Both morphological and molecular data were used to compare more than 200 specimens from various localities in the North Pacific, North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. The molecular study included four markers (COI, 16S, H3 and 28S) and implemented Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenetic approaches. Species delimitation was investigated with automatic barcode gap discovery (ABGD), Poisson tree processes (PTP) and generalized mixed Yule coalescent (GMYC) methods. The inter- and intraspecific divergence were studied using the TCS-based haplotype analysis and calculation of p-distances. Morphological analysis included standard anatomical techniques and scanning electron microscopy. Based on integrative analysis, we conclude that Coryphella verrucosa and C. pseudoverrucosa represent a single species (C. verrucosa), which is highly heterogeneous at morphological and molecular levels. For Microchlamylla gracilis and M. amabilis, their synonymization under the name M. gracilis is suggested, but increased sample size is needed for further clarification of their identities. Finally, the amphiboreal species Borealea nobilis and the North Pacific B. sanamyanae are distinct species displaying secondary sympatry in the north-west Pacific. Based on these results, we propose a new classification system for the family Coryphellidae uniting all currently considered genera in the single genus Coryphella, and suggest a new approach for further revision of Flabellinidae s.l. taxa.
What Is Important to Patients Who Are Recovering From an Open Tibial Fracture? A Qualitative Study
Authors: Nightingale Jessica , Shu'an Kyle Lin , Scammell Brigitte E. , Leighton Paul , Ollivere Ben J.
Published: November 2021

Background

Open tibial fracture research has traditionally focused on surgical techniques; however, despite technological advances, outcomes from these injuries remain poor, with patients facing a sustained reduced quality of life. Research has rarely asked patients what is important to them after an open tibial fracture, and this question could potentially offer great insight into how to support patients. A qualitative study may assist in our understanding of this subject.

Questions/purposes

We asked: (1) What common themes did patients who have experienced open tibial fractures share? (2) What stresses and coping strategies did those patients articulate? (3) What sources for acquiring coping strategies did patients say they benefited from?

Methods

Semistructured interviews were conducted with patients who had sustained an open tibial fracture between January 1, 2016 and January 1, 2019. All participants were recruited from a Level 1 trauma center in England, and 26 participants were included. The mean age was 44 ± 17 years, and 77% (20 of 26) were men. The patients’ injuries ranged in severity, and they had a range of treatments and complications. Transcripts were analyzed using framework analysis, with codes subsequently organized into themes and subthemes.

Results

Four themes were identified, which included recouping physical mobility, values around treatment, fears about poor recovery, and coping strategies to reduce psychological burden. Coping strategies were important in mitigating the psychological burden of injury. Task-focused coping strategies were preferred by patients and perceived as taking a proactive approach to recovery. Healthcare practitioners, and others with lived experience were able to educate patients on coping, but such resources were scant and therefore probably less accessible to those with the greatest need.

Conclusion

Most individuals fail to return to previous activities, and it is unlikely that improvements in surgical techniques will make major improvements in patient outcomes in the near future. Investment in psychosocial support could potentially improve patient experience and outcomes. Digital information platforms and group rehabilitation clinics were identified as potential avenues for development that could offer individuals better psychosocial support with minimal additional burden for surgeons.

Level of Evidence

Level IV, therapeutic study.
JMM Profile: Streptococcus pneumoniae: sugar-coated captain of the men of death
Authors: Dao Tina H. , Rosch Jason W.
Published: November 2021

Streptococcus pneumoniae

is a highly adept human pathogen. A frequent asymptomatic member of the respiratory microbiota, the pneumococcus has a remarkable capacity to cause mucosal (pneumonia and otitis media) and invasive diseases (bacteremia, meningitis). In addition, the organism utilizes a vast battery of virulence factors for tissue and immune evasion. Though recognized as a significant cause of pneumonia for over a century, efforts to develop more effective vaccines remain ongoing. The pathogen’s inherent capacity to exchange genetic material is critical to the pneumococcus’ success. This feature historically facilitated essential discoveries in genetics and is vital for disseminating antibiotic resistance and vaccine evasion.
Bilateral symmetry of linear streptomycete chromosomes
Authors: Algora-Gallardo Lis , Schniete Jana K. , Mark David R. , Hunter Iain S. , Herron Paul R.
Published: November 2021

Here, we characterize an uncommon set of telomeres from

Streptomyces rimosus

ATCC 10970, the parental strain of a lineage of one of the earliest-discovered antibiotic producers. Following the closure of its genome sequence, we compared unusual telomeres from this organism with the other five classes of replicon ends found amongst streptomycetes. Closed replicons of streptomycete chromosomes were organized with respect to their phylogeny and physical orientation, which demonstrated that different telomeres were not associated with particular clades and are likely shared amongst different strains by plasmid-driven horizontal gene transfer. Furthermore, we identified a ~50 kb origin island with conserved synteny that is located at the core of all streptomycete chromosomes and forms an axis around which symmetrical chromosome inversions can take place. Despite this chromosomal bilateral symmetry, a bias in parS sites to the right of oriC is maintained across the family

Streptomycetaceae

and suggests that the formation of ParB/parS nucleoprotein complexes on the right replichore is a conserved feature in streptomycetes. Consequently, our studies reveal novel features of linear bacterial replicons that, through their manipulation, may lead to improvements in growth and productivity of this important industrial group of bacteria.
Association of Adenosine Deaminase (ADA) +22 G->A (rs73598374) Genotype in Latino Adult Obese
Authors: Martiniuk Frank , Tchou-Wong Kam-Meng , Chen Angela , Wong Alexander H. , Cribb Esme , Smolenski Gilbert , Yocum Kyle , Barangan Anna , Lo Kahmun , Watt Melissa , Fagan Ian , Nadas Arthur , O’Koren Chelsea , Francois Fritz
Published: November 2021

Obesity is a health burden that currently affects over 13% of the global adult population, consisting of over 650 million adults. Obesity is evaluated based on a body mass index (BMI) scale, which is calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters. Adults with a BMI greater than 30kg/m2 are considered to be obese while adults with a BMI greater than 40kg/m2 are considered morbidly obese. Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is a polymorphic enzyme that plays an important role in both immune functions and the regulation of intracellular and extracellular concentrations of adenosine. Three alleles of the ADA gene (ADA1, ADA2, ADA6) are associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1). ADA2/6 may increase susceptibility to DM1 in females. Given the evidence linking obesity with DM1, we wanted to determine whether a correlation exists between ADA2 allele and obesity. The ADA2 (+22 G->A, rs73598374) SNP changes the amino acid at position 8 from aspartic acid (Asp8)(D) to asparagine (Asn)(N). In this study, we present significant evidence of association between the ADA2 allele and obesity or BMIs greater than 25 in the Latino adult but not in the Caucasian population and therefore, may be a risk for obesity and its complications such as DM1.