bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anus
Authors: Glynne‐Jones Rob , Brown Gina , Chau Ian , Moran Brendan J.
Published: February 2017

The anal canal has a complex anatomical structure, with a variety of histological components. Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (SCCA) is a rare cancer, which is strongly associated with human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected men who have sex with men appear to be at particular risk. Tobacco smoking and the use of immunosuppressants such as long‐term corticosteroids are recognised risk factors. The majority of anal cancers might be avoided with prophylactic quadrivalent HPV vaccine (against HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18), but vaccination has no role when invasive SCC is present. Combinations of 5‐FU‐based chemoradiation and other cytotoxic agents (usually mitomycin C) have been established as the standard of care rather than primary surgery. Assessment and treatment should be carried out in specialized centres.
Cancer Following Solid Organ Transplant
Authors: Laurence Jerome M.
Published: February 2017

This chapter discusses the aetiology, incidence, screening, diagnosis, prognosis factors, and treatment of the cancer following solid organ transplant. After infection and cardiovascular disease, malignancy is the next most common cause of death in solid organ transplant recipients. Far more commonly, cancer develops de novo in the recipient some time after transplantation, with the risk increasing progressively as a function of time after transplantation. Overall, the risk of malignancy in transplant recipients is 200‐300% that of age‐ and sex‐matched controls. This increase in risk is mostly dependent upon the organ transplanted and the associated nature, intensity and duration of the immunosuppressive regimen. The magnitude of the increase in cancer risk varies by cancer type and site. The greatest increase is observed in cancers associated with oncogenic viral infections. The prognosis for each cancer is substantially inferior for transplant recipients than for patients who are not transplant recipients.
One‐Step Hierarchical Assembly of Spheres‐in‐Lamellae Nanostructures from Solvent‐Annealed Thin Films of Binary Diblock Copolymer Micelles
Authors: Kim Se Hee , Char Kookheon , Yoo Seong Il , Sohn Byeong‐Hyeok
Published: February 2017

Hierarchical assemblies of dissimilar block copolymers (BCPs) can reveal interesting perspectives on material properties and device performance by providing multiple functionalities. Up to now, hierarchical assemblies of BCPs have been mostly prepared by stepwise assembling methods, in which the first type of BCP nanodomains is used as predefined patterns to guide the second‐level assembly of another BCP. On the other hand, single‐step blending methods suffer from a dilemma in the creation of hierarchical patterns because blending dissimilar BCPs typically induces either macrophase separation of component BCPs or chain‐level hybridization into a single morphology. The present study is designed to overcome this apparent dilemma in polymer blends by exploiting a solvent annealing method. In particular, hierarchically assembled spheres‐in‐lamellae structures from a solvent‐annealed blended film of binary polystyrene‐block‐poly(2‐vinylpyrdine) and polystyrene‐block‐poly(4‐vinyl pyridine) micelles are prepared. The focus of the current study is to understand the different effects of solvent vapor on the component BCPs and the molecular mechanism for the one‐step assembling process. By addressing this issue, the parallelism in the phase behavior of BCP micelles and inorganic nanoparticles is highlighted, the underlying physical processes of which could be suggested as a one‐step assembly principle for hierarchical superstructures beyond the previously reported multistep methods.
Engineering Photocrosslinkable Bicomponent Hydrogel Constructs for Creating 3D Vascularized Bone
Authors: Kazemzadeh‐Narbat Mehdi , Rouwkema Jeroen , Annabi Nasim , Cheng Hao , Ghaderi Masoumeh , Cha Byung‐Hyun , Aparnathi Mansi , Khalilpour Akbar , Byambaa Batzaya , Jabbari Esmaiel , Tamayol Ali , Khademhosseini Ali
Published: February 2017

Engineering bone tissue requires the generation of a highly organized vasculature. Cellular behavior is affected by the respective niche. Directing cellular behavior and differentiation for creating mineralized regions surrounded by vasculature can be achieved by controlling the pattern of osteogenic and angiogenic niches. This manuscript reports on engineering vascularized bone tissues by incorporating osteogenic and angiogenic cell‐laden niches in a photocrosslinkable hydrogel construct. Two‐step photolithography process is used to control the stiffness of the hydrogel and distribution of cells in the patterned hydrogel. In addittion, osteoinductive nanoparticles are utilized to induce osteogenesis. The size of microfabricated constructs has a pronounced effect on cellular organization and function. It is shown that the simultaneous presence of both osteogenic and angiogenic niches in one construct results in formation of mineralized regions surrounded by organized vasculature. In addition, the presence of angiogenic niche improves bone formation. This approach can be used for engineered constructs that can be used for treatment of bone defects.
Interface Engineering of Metal Oxide Semiconductors for Biosensing Applications
Authors: Rim You Seung , Chen Huajun , Zhu Bowen , Bae Sang‐Hoon , Zhu Shuanglin , Li Philip Jwo , Wang Isaac Caleb , Yang Yang
Published: February 2017

In the last decade, there has been considerable development in the area of oxide semiconductors, owing to their superior electrical properties as compared to a‐Si:H, and lower cost and better uniformity over large areas as compared to poly‐Si. On the other hand, multi‐functional sensing systems play a significant role in building a bridge across bio/electronic interface and require advanced thin‐film transistors (TFT) as sensing components and signal processing circuits. High‐performance oxide TFTs are constructed based on material design, advanced processing and device architecture and provide higher sensitivity when compared with other active thin‐film transistor platforms. Their versatile configurations and integration with functional materials make oxide TFT the focal point of sensing systems, including wearable and implantable electronics.
Branched C=C and C−N Bond Cleavage on Enaminones toward the Synthesis of 3‐Acyl Quinolines
Authors: Wan Jie‐Ping , Jing Yanfeng , Wei Li
Published: February 2017

Domino reactions between N,N‐dimethyl enaminones and anilines affording quinolines have been accomplished by using triflic acid. The construction of quinolines proceeds by the cleavage of the branched C=C and C−N bond in the enaminones that provides C2−C3 and C4 fragments, respectively. Two new C−C bonds and a new C−N bond are formed during the product formation.
A “Gold‐centric” implementation of open access: Hybrid journals, the “Total cost of publication,” and policy development in the UK and beyond
Authors: Pinfield Stephen , Salter Jennifer , Bath Peter A.
Published: February 2017

This paper reports analysis of data from higher education institutions in the UK on their experience of the open‐access (OA) publishing market working within a policy environment favoring “Gold” OA (OA publishing in journals). It models the “total cost of publication”—comprising costs of journal subscriptions, OA article‐processing charges (APCs), and new administrative costs—for a sample of 24 institutions. APCs are shown to constitute 12% of the “total cost of publication,” APC administration, 1%, and subscriptions, 87% (for a sample of seven publishers). APC expenditure in institutions rose between 2012 and 2014 at the same time as rising subscription costs. There was disproportionately high take up of Gold options for Health and Life Sciences articles. APC prices paid varied widely, with a mean APC of £1,586 in 2014. “Hybrid” options (subscription journals also offering OA for individual articles on payment of an APC) were considerably more expensive than fully OA titles, but the data indicate a correlation between APC price and journal quality (as reflected in the citation rates of journals). The policy implications of these developments are explored, particularly in relation to hybrid OA and potential of offsetting subscription and APC costs.
Mining correlations between medically dependent features and image retrieval models for query classification
Authors: Ayadi Hajer , Torjmen‐Khemakhem Mouna , Daoud Mariam , Huang Jimmy Xiangji , Ben Jemaa Maher
Published: February 2017

The abundance of medical resources has encouraged the development of systems that allow for efficient searches of information in large medical image data sets. State‐of‐the‐art image retrieval models are classified into three categories: content‐based (visual) models, textual models, and combined models. Content‐based models use visual features to answer image queries, textual image retrieval models use word matching to answer textual queries, and combined image retrieval models, use both textual and visual features to answer queries. Nevertheless, most of previous works in this field have used the same image retrieval model independently of the query type. In this article, we define a list of generic and specific medical query features and exploit them in an association rule mining technique to discover correlations between query features and image retrieval models. Based on these rules, we propose to use an associative classifier (NaiveClass) to find the best suitable retrieval model given a new textual query. We also propose a second associative classifier (SmartClass) to select the most appropriate default class for the query. Experiments are performed on Medical ImageCLEF queries from 2008 to 2012 to evaluate the impact of the proposed query features on the classification performance. The results show that combining our proposed specific and generic query features is effective in query classification.
Mini‐Sized Carbon Nitride Nanosheets with Double Excitation‐ and pH‐Dependent Fluorescence Behaviors for Two‐Photon Cell Imaging
Authors: Liu Jinhua , Zhao Duoduo , Li Lin , Weng Minrui , Zhang Chengwu , Zhang Shiyu , Zhu Jixin , Feng Yong , Shih Kaimin , Huang Wei
Published: February 2017

Synthesis of mini‐sized carbon nitride nanosheets (CNNSs) by traditional methods remains a challenge. Herein, size‐tunable and uniform mini‐sized CNNSs are synthesized by hydrothermal carbonization of a single polyethyleneimine (PEI) precursor. The as‐obtained mini‐sized CNNSs possess uniform size, good hydrophilicity and abundant nitrogen active sites, which not only exhibit double excitation‐ and pH‐dependent fluorescence behaviors, but also two‐photon excitation fluorescence. áThe resulting CNNSs display low toxicity and can be efficiently delivered into live cells for two‐photon fluorescence imaging, offering great potential as fluorescence probes in biochemical applications.
A novel model‐based control strategy for aerobic filamentous fungal fed‐batch fermentation processes
Authors: Mears Lisa , Stocks Stuart M. , Albaek Mads O. , Cassells Benny , Sin Gürkan , Gernaey Krist V.
Published: February 2017

A novel model‐based control strategy has been developed for filamentous fungal fed‐batch fermentation processes. The system of interest is a pilot scale (550 L) filamentous fungus process operating at Novozymes A/S. In such processes, it is desirable to maximize the total product achieved in a batch in a defined process time. In order to achieve this goal, it is important to maximize both the product concentration, and also the total final mass in the fed‐batch system. To this end, we describe the development of a control strategy which aims to achieve maximum tank fill, while avoiding oxygen limited conditions. This requires a two stage approach: (i) calculation of the tank start fill; and (ii) on‐line control in order to maximize fill subject to oxygen transfer limitations. First, a mechanistic model was applied off‐line in order to determine the appropriate start fill for processes with four different sets of process operating conditions for the stirrer speed, headspace pressure, and aeration rate. The start fills were tested with eight pilot scale experiments using a reference process operation. An on‐line control strategy was then developed, utilizing the mechanistic model which is recursively updated using on‐line measurements. The model was applied in order to predict the current system states, including the biomass concentration, and to simulate the expected future trajectory of the system until a specified end time. In this way, the desired feed rate is updated along the progress of the batch taking into account the oxygen mass transfer conditions and the expected future trajectory of the mass. The final results show that the target fill was achieved to within 5% under the maximum fill when tested using eight pilot scale batches, and over filling was avoided. The results were reproducible, unlike the reference experiments which show over 10% variation in the final tank fill, and this also includes over filling. The variance of the final tank fill is reduced by over 74%, meaning that it is possible to target the final maximum fill reproducibly. The product concentration achieved at a given set of process conditions was unaffected by the control strategy. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1459–1468. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prognostic factors for survival in patients with pT1 N+ or T2–3 N0 gastric cancer in Japan
Authors: Tokunaga M , Ito S , Yoshikawa T , Nunobe S , Fukagawa T , Misawa K , Cho H , Katai H , Sano T , Terashima M
Published: February 2017

Background

The outcome for pT1 N+ or pT2–3 N0 gastric cancer is favourable, but some patients suffer from recurrent disease. The aim of this study was to identify prognostic factors in patients with pT1 N+ or pT2–3 N0 gastric cancer.

Methods

This was a multicentre, retrospective cohort study. All patients with pT1 N+ or pT2–3 N0 gastric cancer who underwent curative gastrectomy at five high-volume, specialized cancer centres in Japan between 2000 and 2008 were included. Demographic, clinical, surgical and pathological data were collected. Independent prognostic factors were identified using a Cox proportional hazards regression model.

Results

Some 1442 patients were included. The 5-year overall survival rate for patients with pT1 N+ or pT2–3 N0 gastric cancer was 92·0 per cent. Multivariable analysis for overall survival identified age (hazard ratio (HR) 2·67, 95 per cent c.i. 2·09 to 3·43), sex (HR 0·57, 0·39 to 0·83) and clinical tumour depth (cT) (HR 1·45, 1·06 to 1·98) as independent prognostic factors.

Conclusion

Survival of patients with pT1 N+ or pT2–3 N0 gastric cancer is good. Age 65 years or above, male sex and cT2-4 category are associated with worse overall survival.
Techno‐Economic Analysis of Methane Pyrolysis in Molten Metals: Decarbonizing Natural Gas
Authors: Parkinson Brett , Matthews Joshua W. , McConnaughy Thomas B. , Upham D. Chester , McFarland Eric W.
Published: February 2017

Methane pyrolysis using a molten metal process to produce hydrogen is compared to steam methane reforming (SMR) for the industrial production of hydrogen. Capital and operating cost models for pyrolysis and SMR were used to generate cash‐flow and production costs for several different molten pyrolysis systems. The economics were most sensitive to the methane conversion and the value obtained for the solid carbon by‐product. The pyrolysis system at 1500 °C is competitive with a carbon tax of $78 t−1; however, if a catalytic process at 1000 °C were developed using a conventional fired heater, it would be competitive with SMR without a carbon dioxide cost penalty. Several pyrolysis alternatives become competitive with increasing carbon dioxide taxes.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CHINESE CONTINENT CURIE POINT ISOTHERM
Authors: Sheng‐Qing XIONG , Hai YANG , Yan‐Yun DING , Zhan‐Kui LI
Published: February 2017

Based on the latest compiled 1/100 million aeromagnetic map data, the Curie point depth was estimated by power spectrum method. The calculation obtained 8004 Curie point depth values in Chinese continent. Eventually, we completely compiled the Chinese continental Curie point isotherm map. This map first fully shows the characteristics of Chinese continental Curie point depth. The study shows that Curie point isotherm is characterized by depression inside the stable blocks with the depth of 28∼45 km, such as the Tarim Basin, Junggar Basin, Qaidam Basin, Hoh Xil‐Bayan Har Depression area, the Yangtze Basin area, North China basin area, Songliao Basin, Erlian Basin, Bayan‐Wuwei‐Chaoshui basin, Pearl River Estuary‐southeast Hainan basin. The Curie depth of North China basin area is shallower than Tarim continent block and Yangtze continent block, which may be related to the fact that North China block suffered a complex post‐transformation which resulted in the asthenosphere upwelling and lithospheric thinning. Hoh Xil‐Bayan Har block is a NWW trending Curie point isotherm depression area in northern Tibetan Plateau, where developed a large area of Triassic sedimentary strata and experienced less magmatism. The stable blocks all have uplifted Moho and depressed Curie point isotherm. Conversely, the Curie point isotherm of active orogenic belt is characterized by uplift at the depth of 18∼26 km, such as the Mountain (Mtn.) area of northeast and northwest China, Qinling‐Dabie area, West Kunlun‐Tibet‐Sanjiang‐Kangdian area, the southeast coastal areas and so on. The uplift reflects the geothermal gradient difference caused by tectonic and magmatic activities. A collection of 816 heat flow data from published literatures are used to study the relationship between Curie point isotherm and heat flow. The results show that there is not a simply linear relationship between the depth and heat flow. When the depth is greater than 30 km, the heat flow values are less than 100 mW·m−2. While the Curie point depth is less than 30 km, the heat flow values vary in a wide range. The high heat flow values are mostly found in the east coast of China, southern Tibet‐Sanjiang area, Qinling‐Dabie area, and the east of Liaoning province, which are all characterized by uplift of Curie point isotherm. These areas are important for future geothermal exploration.
APPLICATION OF HIGH‐DENSITY RESISTIVITY METHOD IN DETECTING WATER‐BEARING STRUCTURES AT A SEABED GOLD MINE
Authors: Feng‐Shan MA , Qing‐Yun DI , Ke‐Peng LI , Chang‐Min FU , Shan‐Fei WANG , Wei LI
Published: February 2017

The water in the overlying rock of seabed gold mine directly threats the exploitation safety. The strike drift at −135 m level of the Xinli mine district of Sanshandao gold mine in Shandong province, was selected to be the applicable site for high‐density resistivity method, which was used to detect water‐bearing structures in the surrounding rock 200 meters below a measuring line of 635 m long. Three DC devices including Wenner, Dipole‐Dipole, and Schlumberger were implemented in the selected drift respectively, authenticated each other and collected good detections. The apparent resistivity inversion results of these devices give the consistent conclusion that three different resistive layers exist under the strike drift. The rock mass of 30 m thick under the level of −135 m is a high resistivity layer, which indicates no or little water in the rock mass between the levels of −135 m and −165 m. The rock mass ranging from 30 m to 60 m in depth under the level −135 m has low resistivity and bears fracture water. And a very high resistivity layer deeper than 60 m under the −135 m indicates that the aquosity of the rock mass under −200 m progressively decreases. These detection results show good agreement with the conclusions of field hydrogeology surveys and hydrological structure analyses and that high‐density resistivity method is feasible for uncovering water‐bearing structures in drift.
HIGH PRECISION LOCATION OF MICRO‐SEISMIC SOURCE IN UNDERGROUND COAL MINE
Authors: Jiu‐Long CHENG , Guang‐Dong SONG , Tong‐Yu LIU , Bin‐Xin HU , Ji‐Qiang WANG , Jin‐Yu WANG
Published: February 2017

Accurate location of micro‐seismic source in underground coal mine is of great significance for monitoring and early warning of dynamic disaster. Micro‐seismic source information is generally extracted through inversion of the data acquired by the underground sensors. The installation of the sensors is limited around underground roadway. The unreasonable arrangement of sensors along the roadway will greatly decrease the precision of the seismic location. As for the ill‐posed problems caused by the inversion for source location with sensor‐received information, high precision location algorithm of micro‐seismic source based on the arrangement optimization of monitoring points is presented in this paper. Firstly, the ill‐posed problems are judged by calculating the coefficient matrix condition numbers. The ill‐posed matrix is then pretreated by centralization and row balance jointly. The regularization parameters of pretreated matrix A and b are calculated by the L‐curve method. The seismic source coordinates regularization solution is obtained via Tikhonov regularization algorithm. The research shows that the matrix magnitude is decreased hugely with centralization method, ill‐posed condition numbers are reduced with row balance pretreatment. The minimum seismic source coordinate error of Tikhonov regularization solution after the pretreatment is 3.09 m which has been greatly decreased compared to the error by Gaussian elimination solution before the pretreatment. High precision seismic source location is realized in limited space of underground roadway by the above optimization processing.
Metal‐Free Oxidative Decarboxylative Acylation/Ring Expansion of Vinylcyclobutanols with α‐Keto Acids by Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Zhang Jin‐Jiang , Cheng Yuan‐Bo , Duan Xin‐Hua
Published: February 2017

A metal‐free visible‐light‐mediated decarboxylative acylation/ring expansion of vinylcyclobutanols with α‐keto acids has been developed. Hypervalent iodine reagent was found to be important for promoting decarboxylation of α‐keto acids in this tandem radical process. This protocol has been successfully applied to synthesis of a variety of substituted 1,4‐dicarbonyl compounds and tolerated some functional groups well.
Nested case‐control study designs for left‐truncated survival data
Authors: Best Ana F. , Wolfson David B.
Published: February 2017

The determination of risk factors for disease incidence has been the subject of much epidemiologic research. With this goal a common study design entails the follow‐up of an initially disease‐free cohort, keeping track of the dates of disease incidence (onset) and ascertaining covariate (putative risk factor) information on the full cohort. However, the collection of certain covariate information on all study subjects may be prohibitively expensive and, therefore, the nested case‐control study has commonly been used. The high cost of full covariate information on all subjects also arises when determining risk factors for “failure,” death say, “following” disease onset, in particular, in a prevalent cohort study with follow‐up; in such a study a cohort of subjects with existing disease is followed. We here adapt nested case‐control designs to the setting of a prevalent cohort study with follow‐up, a topic previously not addressed in the literature. We provide the partial likelihood under risk set sampling and state the asymptotic properties of the estimated covariate effects and baseline cumulative hazard. We address the following design questions in the context of prevalent cohort studies with follow‐up: How many subjects should be included in the sampled risk sets for efficient estimation? In what way is the proportion of censored subjects associated with the benefit of a nested case‐control design? What proportion of overall variance is attributable to risk set sampling? This work is motivated by the anticipated analysis of data on survival with Parkinson's Disease, being collected as part of the ongoing Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 45: 4–28; 2017 © 2017 Statistical Society of Canada
Immune checkpoint inhibitors in challenging populations
Authors: Johnson Douglas B. , Sullivan Ryan J. , Menzies Alexander M.
Published: February 2017

Immune checkpoint inhibitors, including those targeting the programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 pathways, are revolutionizing cancer therapeutics. Both activity and toxicities largely stem from unleashing tumor‐ or host‐specific cytotoxic T cells. Many patients seen in routine clinical practice have not qualified for or have been seriously underrepresented in immune checkpoint inhibitor clinical trials. Thus, a major gap in knowledge regarding the safety and efficacy of these agents persists in many populations, even after regulatory approval. To address this challenge, this review aggregates and synthesizes the available preclinical and clinical data surrounding immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in challenging clinical populations to assist both academic and community oncologists in treatment decision making. Specifically, this review focuses on the safety and activity of immune checkpoint inhibitors in patients with autoimmune disorders, organ transplant patients, patients with chronic viral infections, patients with ongoing immunosuppressant use, patients with organ dysfunction, pregnant patients, patients with brain metastases, patients at extremes of age, and patients with an impaired functional status. Cancer 2017;123:1904–1911. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Identification of the sexually dimorphic gastrin‐releasing peptide system in the lumbosacral spinal cord that controls male reproductive function in the mouse and Asian house musk shrew (Suncus murinus)
Authors: Tamura Kei , Kobayashi Yasuhisa , Hirooka Asuka , Takanami Keiko , Oti Takumi , Jogahara Takamichi , Oda Sen‐ichi , Sakamoto Tatsuya , Sakamoto Hirotaka
Published: February 2017

Several regions of the brain and spinal cord control male reproductive function. We previously demonstrated that the gastrin‐releasing peptide (GRP) system, located in the lumbosacral spinal cord of rats, controls spinal centers to promote penile reflexes during male copulatory behavior. However, little information exists on the male‐specific spinal GRP system in animals other than rats. The objective of this study was to examine the functional generality of the spinal GRP system in mammals using the Asian house musk shrew (Suncus murinus; suncus named as the laboratory strain), a specialized placental mammal model. Mice are also used for a representative model of small laboratory animals. We first isolated complementary DNA encoding GRP in suncus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that suncus preproGRP was clustered to an independent branch. Reverse transcription‐PCR showed that GRP and its receptor mRNAs were both expressed in the lumbar spinal cord of suncus and mice. Immunohistochemistry for GRP demonstrated that the sexually dimorphic GRP system and male‐specific expression/distribution patterns of GRP in the lumbosacral spinal cord in suncus are similar to those of mice. In suncus, we further found that most GRP‐expressing neurons in males also express androgen receptors, suggesting that this male‐dominant system in suncus is also androgen‐dependent. Taken together, these results indicate that the sexually dimorphic spinal GRP system exists not only in mice but also in suncus, suggesting that this system is a conserved property in mammals. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1586–1598, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ultraviolet 320 nm laser excitation for flow cytometry
Authors: Telford William , Stickland Lynn , Koschorreck Marco
Published: February 2017

Although multiple lasers and high‐dimensional analysis capability are now standard on advanced flow cytometers, ultraviolet (UV) lasers (usually 325–365 nm) remain an uncommon excitation source for cytometry. This is primarily due to their cost, and the small number of applications that require this wavelength. The development of the Brilliant Ultraviolet (BUV fluorochromes, however, has increased the importance of this formerly niche excitation wavelength. Historically, UV excitation was usually provided by water‐cooled argon‐ and krypton‐ion lasers. Modern flow cytometers primary rely on diode pumped solid state lasers emitting at 355 nm. While useful for all UV‐excited applications, DPSS UV lasers are still large by modern solid state laser standards, and remain very expensive. Smaller and cheaper near UV laser diodes (NUVLDs) emitting at 375 nm make adequate substitutes for 355 nm sources in many situations, but do not work as well with very short wavelength probes like the fluorescent calcium chelator indo‐1. In this study, we evaluate a newly available UV 320 nm laser for flow cytometry. While shorter in wavelength that conventional UV lasers, 320 is close to the 325 nm helium‐cadmium wavelength used in the past on early benchtop cytometers. A UV 320 nm laser was found to excite almost all Brilliant Ultraviolet dyes to nearly the same level as 355 nm sources. Both 320 nm and 355 nm sources worked equally well for Hoechst and DyeCycle Violet side population analysis of stem cells in mouse hematopoetic tissue. The shorter wavelength UV source also showed excellent excitation of indo‐1, a probe that is not compatible with NUVLD 375 nm sources. In summary, a 320 nm laser module made a suitable substitute for conventional 355 nm sources. This laser technology is available in a smaller form factor than current 355 nm units, making it useful for small cytometers with space constraints. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Imaging of dense cell cultures by multiwavelength lens‐free video microscopy
Authors: Allier C. , Morel S. , Vincent R. , Ghenim L. , Navarro F. , Menneteau M. , Bordy T. , Hervé L. , Cioni O. , Gidrol X. , Usson Y. , Dinten J.‐M.
Published: February 2017

They present results for lens‐free microscopy for the imaging of dense cell culture. With this aim, they use a multiwavelength LED illumination with well separated wavelengths, together with the implementation of an appropriate holographic reconstruction algorithm. This allows for a fast and efficient reconstruction of the phase image of densely packed cells (up to 700 cells/mm2) over a large field of view of 29.4 mm2. Combined with the compactness of the system which fits altogether inside an incubator, lens‐free microscopy becomes a unique tool to monitor cell cultures over several days. The high contrast phase shift images provide robust cell segmentation and tracking, and enable high throughput monitoring of individual cell dimensions, dry mass, and motility. They tested the multiwavelength lens‐free video‐microscope over a broad range of cell lines, including mesenchymal, endothelial, and epithelial cells. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Assortative mating by colored ornaments in blue tits: space and time matter
Authors: Fargevieille Amélie , Grégoire Arnaud , Charmantier Anne , del Rey Granado Maria , Doutrelant Claire
Published: February 2017

Assortative mating is a potential outcome of sexual selection, and estimating its level is important to better understand local adaptation and underlying trait evolution. However, assortative mating studies frequently base their conclusions on small numbers of individuals sampled over short periods of time and limited spatial scales even though spatiotemporal variation is common. Here, we characterized assortative mating patterns over 10 years in four populations of the blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus), a passerine bird. We focused on two plumage ornaments—the blue crown and the yellow breast patch. Based on data for 1,657 pairs of birds, we found large interannual variation: assortative mating varied from positive to negative. To determine whether there was nonetheless a general trend in the data, we ran a within‐study meta‐analysis. It revealed that assortative mating was moderately positive for both ornaments. It also showed that mating patterns differed among populations and especially between two neighboring populations that displayed phenotypic divergence. Our results therefore underscore that long‐term studies are needed to draw broad conclusions about mating patterns in natural populations. They also call for studying the potential role of assortative mating in local adaptation and evolution of ornaments in both sexes.
Intransitivity is infrequent and fails to promote annual plant coexistence without pairwise niche differences
Authors: Godoy Oscar , Stouffer Daniel B. , Kraft Nathan J. B. , Levine Jonathan M.
Published: February 2017

Intransitive competition is often projected to be a widespread mechanism of species coexistence in ecological communities. However, it is unknown how much of the coexistence we observe in nature results from this mechanism when species interactions are also stabilized by pairwise niche differences. We combined field‐parameterized models of competition among 18 annual plant species with tools from network theory to quantify the prevalence of intransitive competitive relationships. We then analyzed the predicted outcome of competitive interactions with and without pairwise niche differences. Intransitive competition was found for just 15–19% of the 816 possible triplets, and this mechanism was never sufficient to stabilize the coexistence of the triplet when the pair‐wise niche differences between competitors were removed. Of the transitive and intransitive triplets, only four were predicted to coexist and these were more similar in multidimensional trait space defined by 11 functional traits than non‐coexisting triplets. Our results argue that intransitive competition may be less frequent than recently posed, and that even when it does operate, pairwise niche differences may be key to possible coexistence.
Two centuries of masting data for European beech and Norway spruce across the European continent
Authors: Ascoli Davide , Maringer Janet , Hacket‐Pain Andy , Conedera Marco , Drobyshev Igor , Motta Renzo , Cirolli Mara , Kantorowicz Władysław , Zang Christian , Schueler Silvio , Croisé Luc , Piussi Pietro , Berretti Roberta , Palaghianu Ciprian , Westergren Marjana , Lageard Jonathan G. A. , Burkart Anton , Gehrig Bichsel Regula , Thomas Peter A. , Beudert Burkhard , Övergaard Rolf , Vacchiano Giorgio
Published: February 2017

Tree masting is one of the most intensively studied ecological processes. It affects nutrient fluxes of trees, regeneration dynamics in forests, animal population densities, and ultimately influences ecosystem services. Despite a large volume of research focused on masting, its evolutionary ecology, spatial and temporal variability, and environmental drivers are still matter of debate. Understanding the proximate and ultimate causes of masting at broad spatial and temporal scales will enable us to predict tree reproductive strategies and their response to changing environment. Here we provide broad spatial (distribution range‐wide) and temporal (century) masting data for the two main masting tree species in Europe, European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) H. Karst.). We collected masting data from a total of 359 sources through an extensive literature review and from unpublished surveys. The data set has a total of 1,747 series and 18,348 yearly observations from 28 countries and covering a time span of years 1677–2016 and 1791–2016 for beech and spruce, respectively. For each record, the following information is available: identification code; species; year of observation; proxy of masting (flower, pollen, fruit, seed, dendrochronological reconstructions); statistical data type (ordinal, continuous); data value; unit of measurement (only in case of continuous data); geographical location (country, Nomenclature of Units for Territorial Statistics NUTS‐1 level, municipality, coordinates); first and last record year and related length; type of data source (field survey, peer reviewed scientific literature, gray literature, personal observation); source identification code; date when data were added to the database; comments. To provide a ready‐to‐use masting index we harmonized ordinal data into five classes. Furthermore, we computed an additional field where continuous series with length >4 yr where converted into a five classes ordinal index. To our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive published database on species‐specific masting behavior. It is useful to study spatial and temporal patterns of masting and its proximate and ultimate causes, to refine studies based on tree‐ring chronologies, to understand dynamics of animal species and pests vectored by these animals affecting human health, and it may serve as calibration–validation data for dynamic forest models.
Aryl and Heteroaryl N1‐Tetrazoles through Ligand‐Free Suzuki‐Reaction under Aerobic, Aqueous Conditions
Authors: Seifried Marco , Knoll Christian , Giester Gerald , Welch Jan M. , Müller Danny , Weinberger Peter
Published: February 2017

Substituted 1‐biaryl‐1H‐tetrazoles are classically obtained from the corresponding 1‐aminobiaryls, limiting the selection of substrates. The development and substrate scope of a green, ligand‐free Suzuki protocol in aqueous media under ambient atmosphere, leading to 1‐biaryl‐ and heteroaryl‐substituted 1H‐tetrazoles in very good to excellent yields is presented. The combination of PdCl2/NEt3/H2O/EtOH was found to combine high yields and high purity for all substrates investigated. Comparative experiments investigating the reaction rate showed that the tetrazole does not act as a ligand for the palladium catalyst.
Cerebellar lobules and dentate nuclei mirror cortical force‐related‐BOLD responses: Beyond all (linear) expectations
Authors: Alahmadi Adnan A.S , Pardini Matteo , Samson Rebecca S. , Friston Karl J. , Toosy Ahmed T. , D'Angelo Egidio , Gandini Wheeler‐Kingshott Claudia A.M.
Published: February 2017

The relationship between the BOLD response and an applied force was quantified in the cerebellum using a power grip task. To investigate whether the cerebellum responds in an on/off way to motor demands or contributes to motor responses in a parametric fashion, similarly to the cortex, five grip force levels were investigated under visual feedback. Functional MRI data were acquired in 13 healthy volunteers and their responses were analyzed using a cerebellum‐optimized pipeline. This allowed us to evaluate, within the cerebellum, voxelwise linear and non‐linear associations between cerebellar activations and forces. We showed extensive non‐linear activations (with a parametric design), covering the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum with a BOLD‐force relationship that is region‐dependent. Linear responses were mainly located in the anterior lobe, similarly to the cortex, where linear responses are localized in M1. Complex responses were localized in the posterior lobe, reflecting its key role in attention and executive processing, required during visually guided movement. Given the highly organized responses in the cerebellar cortex, a key question is whether deep cerebellar nuclei show similar parametric effects. We found positive correlations with force in the ipsilateral dentate nucleus and negative correlations on the contralateral side, suggesting a somatotopic organization of the dentate nucleus in line with cerebellar and cortical areas. Our results confirm that there is cerebellar organization involving all grey matter structures that reflect functional segregation in the cortex, where cerebellar lobules and dentate nuclei contribute to complex motor tasks with different BOLD response profiles in relation to the forces. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2566–2579, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Increased intrinsic brain connectivity between pons and somatosensory cortex during attacks of migraine with aura
Authors: Hougaard Anders , Amin Faisal Mohammad , Larsson Henrik B.W. , Rostrup Egill , Ashina Messoud
Published: February 2017

The neurological disturbances of migraine aura are caused by transient cortical dysfunction due to waves of spreading depolarization that disrupt neuronal signaling. The effects of these cortical events on intrinsic brain connectivity during attacks of migraine aura have not previously been investigated. Studies of spontaneous migraine attacks are notoriously challenging due to their unpredictable nature and patient discomfort. We investigated 16 migraine patients with visual aura during attacks and in the attack‐free state using resting state fMRI. We applied a hypothesis‐driven seed‐based approach focusing on cortical visual areas and areas involved in migraine pain, and a data‐driven independent component analysis approach to detect changes in intrinsic brain signaling during attacks. In addition, we performed the analyses after mirroring the MRI data according to the side of perceived aura symptoms. We found a marked increase in connectivity during attacks between the left pons and the left primary somatosensory cortex including the head and face somatotopic areas (peak voxel: P = 0.0096, (x, y, z) = (−54, −32, 32), corresponding well with the majority of patients reporting right‐sided pain. For aura‐side normalized data, we found increased connectivity during attacks between visual area V5 and the lower middle frontal gyrus in the symptomatic hemisphere (peak voxel: P = 0.0194, (x, y, z) = (40, 40, 12). The present study provides evidence of altered intrinsic brain connectivity during attacks of migraine with aura, which may reflect consequences of cortical spreading depression, suggesting a link between aura and headache mechanisms. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2635–2642, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of simulated metastatic lesions on the biomechanical behavior of the proximal femur
Authors: Benca Emir , Reisinger Andreas , Patsch Janina M. , Hirtler Lena , Synek Alexander , Stenicka Sandra , Windhager Reinhard , Mayr Winfried , Pahr Dieter H.
Published: February 2017

Pathologic fractures of femora in patients with metastatic cancer are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Prediction of impending fractures is based on unspecific clinical criteria or past clinician's experience, which leads to underestimation or overtreatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the site of metastatic lesions on biomechanical behavior of the proximal femur. Sixteen pairs of human femora were scanned with quantitative computed tomography (QCT) to asses bone mineral density. One femur of each pair remained intact while a defined lesion was reamed out in either the superolateral or inferomedial portion of the femoral neck of the contralateral femur. All femora were loaded in a mechanical test setup mimicking one‐legged stance and stiffness, failure load, and fracture location were determined. In the biomechanical experiments the superolateral lesion and the inferomedial lesion caused a stiffness reduction of 19% and 66%, respectively. The average failure load was 40% and 75% lower for specimens with the superolateral (4.53 ± 1.56 kN) and inferomedial (1.89 ± 1.73 kN) lesions, respectively, compared to intact specimens (7.66 ± 3.34 kN). Lesions in the femoral neck led to reduction in both stiffness and failure load of the proximal femur. Furthermore, the site of the lesion had a large effect on the magnitude of the reduction in biomechanical properties. The presented data emphasize the importance of differentiating between locations of the lesion in pathologic fracture prediction of the metastatic femur and underline the insufficient accuracy of current predictive guidelines. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:2407–2414, 2017.
Late Quaternary channel and floodplain formation in a partly confined subtropical river, eastern Australia
Authors: Daley James , Croke Jacky , Thompson Chris , Cohen Tim , Macklin Mark , Sharma Ashneel
Published: February 2017

Along the eastern margin of Australia, hydrological variability reaches a peak in the subtropics of south‐east Queensland and many rivers have entrenched characteristics. To address the nature of entrenchment and the relationship with adjacent alluvium, this paper presents the results of detailed chrono‐stratigraphic analysis of alluvial units in the partly confined mid‐reaches of Lockyer Creek, Australia. Four sites were investigated using topographic, sedimentological and chronological data. Radiocarbon and single grain optically stimulated luminescence dating indicate a large proportion of the valley fill reflects a major phase of aggradation of fine‐grained alluvium fromca. 35 ka throughout the Last Glacial Cold Period. Synchronous incision of Pleistocene alluvial fills between 11.5 and 9.3 ka suggests the current entrenched Lockyer Creek formed in response to changes in late Quaternary climate. Holocene floodplains set within the entrenched Pleistocene valley floor have basal ages ofca. 7.5 ka, but whose proximal margins are still actively accreting. This Holocene fill has accreted over the mid‐ to late Holocene but overlaps with the contemporary hydrological regime. The sedimentary nature of the Holocene fill appears to be related to persistent antecedent controls in the form of bedrock and terrace constriction.
Evaluation of Diatrizoate Meglumine (Hypaque)TM in Treatment of Sudden Hearing Loss
Authors: Shea John J. , Emmett John R. , Harell Moshe
Published: February 2017

Thirty patients with sudden hearing loss were treated with diatrizoate meglumine (Hypaque) and a vasodilator regimen. Of these patients, 30% had a good response, 23% had a moderate response, and 47% had no response. These results were superior to the results obtained in a group of patients with sudden hearing loss treated with vasodilators alone. A possible mode of action is discussed and the details of a new study outlined.
Tympanosclerosis
Authors: Morgan W. C.
Published: February 2017

Tympanosclerosis is a pathological condition which results in deposits of dense hyaline tissue or even bone in the lamina propria of the middle ear mucous membrane. It is induced by chronic inflammation in the middle ear, and is likely a Type III immune complex disease.

Clinical tympanosclerosis results in decreased sound conduction by fixing ossicles or the tympanic membrane, or by obstruction to ventilation of the middle ear or mastoid. Management is dictated by the location and extent of the tympanosclerotic involvement. Ossicular problems are met by removal of the tympanosclerosis and reconstruction of the chain. The exception to this is in involvement of the stapes and oval window where stapedectomy is usually necessary. Tympanosclerosis is not expected to recur, but in the oval window fibrous scarring usually refixes a mobilized stapes.

A greater incidence in recent years is due to an increased awareness and interest.
Long‐Term Middle Ear Ventilation
Authors: Adkins Warren Y.
Published: February 2017

Successful long‐term middle ear ventilation was established in 12 patients with chronic eustachian tube hypofunction that had failed to respond to repeated myringotomy and tympanotomy tube insertions by conventional techniques. The 12 patients (13 ears) had insertion of an untrimmed large flange “Per‐Lee” type tube through a posterior‐inferior tympanomeatal flap approach. The flange extended under the long process of the malleus, and into the hypotympanum and middle ear opening of the eustachian tube. The stem of the tube was brought out through the inferior central pars tensa. All tubes have remained in place for more than three years without serious complications providing adequate middle ear ventilation and preventing adherence of the tympanic membrane to the promontory.