bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two-dimensional analytical model for dual-material control-gate tunnel FETs
Authors: Xu Hui Fang , Dai Yue Hua , Guan Bang Gui , Zhang Yong Feng
Published: July 2016

An analytical model for a dual-material control-gate (DMCG) tunnel field effect transistor (TFET) is presented for the first time in this paper, and the influence of the mobile charges on the potential profile is taken into account. On the basis of the potential profile, the lateral electric field is derived and the expression for the drain current is obtained by integrating the band-to-band tunneling (BTBT) generation rate applicable to low-bandgap and high-bandgap materials over the tunneling region. The model also predicts the impacts of the control-gate work function on the potential and drain current. The advantage of this work is that it not only offers physical insight into device physics but also provides the basic designing guideline for DMCG TFETs, enabling the designer to optimize the device in terms of the on-state current, the on–off current ratio, and suppressed ambipolar behavior. Very good agreements for both the potential and drain current are observed between the model calculations and the simulated results.
The life stage‐specific pathometabolism of Legionella pneumophila
Authors: Eisenreich Wolfgang , Heuner Klaus
Published: July 2016

The genus Legionella belongs to Gram‐negative bacteria found ubiquitously in aquatic habitats, where it grows in natural biofilms and replicates intracellularly in various protozoa (amoebae, ciliates). L. pneumophila is known as the causative agent of Legionnaires’ disease, since it is also able to replicate in human alveolar macrophages, finally leading to inflammation of the lung and pneumonia. To withstand the degradation by its host cells, a Legionella‐containing vacuole (LCV) is established for intracellular replication, and numerous effector proteins are secreted into the host cytosol using a type four B secretion system (T4BSS). During intracellular replication, Legionella has a biphasic developmental cycle that alternates between a replicative and a transmissive form. New knowledge about the host‐adapted and life stage‐dependent metabolism of intracellular L. pneumophila revealed a bipartite metabolic network with life stage‐specific usages of amino acids (e.g. serine), carbohydrates (e.g. glucose) and glycerol as major substrates. These metabolic features are associated with the differentiation of the intracellular bacteria, and thus have an important impact on the virulence of L. pneumophila.
Conceptualizing socio‐hydrological drought processes: The case of the Maya collapse
Authors: Kuil Linda , Carr Gemma , Viglione Alberto , Prskawetz Alexia , Blöschl Günter
Published: July 2016

With population growth, increasing water demands and climate change the need to understand the current and future pathways to water security is becoming more pressing. To contribute to addressing this challenge, we examine the link between water stress and society through socio‐hydrological modeling. We conceptualize the interactions between an agricultural society with its environment in a stylized way. We apply the model to the case of the ancient Maya, a population that experienced a peak during the Classic Period (AD 600–830) and then declined during the ninth century. The hypothesis that modest drought periods played a major role in the society's collapse is explored. Simulating plausible feedbacks between water and society we show that a modest reduction in rainfall may lead to an 80% population collapse. Population density and crop sensitivity to droughts, however, may play an equally important role. The simulations indicate that construction of reservoirs results in less frequent drought impacts, but if the reservoirs run dry, drought impact may be more severe and the population drop may be larger.
Atlantic Multidecadal Variability in a model with an improved North Atlantic Current
Authors: Drews Annika , Greatbatch Richard J.
Published: July 2016

We examine the simulated Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV) in a model that includes a correction for a long‐standing problem with climate models, namely, the misplacement of the North Atlantic Current. The corrected model shows that in the warm AMV phase, heat is lost by the ocean in the northwestern part of the basin and gained by the ocean to the east, suggesting an advective transfer of heat by the midlatitude westerlies. The basin‐wide response is consistent with a role for cloud feedback and is in broad agreement with estimates from observations but is poorly represented in the uncorrected model. The corrected model is then used to show that the ocean/atmosphere heat transfer is influenced by low‐frequency variability in the overlying atmosphere. We also argue that changing ocean heat transport is an essential feature of our results.
Constraining electric fields from electrostatic deflector plates: A brief report and case study from the Fast Plasma Investigation for the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission
Authors: Collinson Glyn A. , McFadden James P. , Chornay Dennis J. , Gershman Daniel , Moore Thomas E.
Published: July 2016

A common feature of top hat space plasma analyzers are electrostatic “deflector plates” mounted externally to the aperture which steer the incoming particles and permit the sensor to rapidly scan the sky without moving. However, the electric fields generated by these plates can penetrate the mesh or grid on the outside of the sensor, potentially violating spacecraft electromagnetic cleanliness requirements. In this brief report we discuss how this issue was addressed for the Dual Electron Spectrometer for the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission using a double‐grid system and the simple modeling technique employed to assure the safe containment of the stray fields from its deflector plates.
MHD‐IPS analysis of relationship among solar wind density, temperature, and flow speed
Authors: Hayashi Keiji , Tokumaru Munetoshi , Fujiki Ken'ichi
Published: July 2016

The solar wind properties near the Sun are a decisive factor of properties in the rest of heliosphere. As such, determining realistic plasma density and temperature near the Sun is very important in models for solar wind, specifically magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) models. We had developed a tomographic analysis to reconstruct three‐dimensional solar wind structures that satisfy line‐of‐sight‐integrated solar wind speed derived from the interplanetary scintillation (IPS) observation data and nonlinear MHD equations simultaneously. In this study, we report a new type of our IPS‐MHD tomography that seeks three‐dimensional MHD solution of solar wind, matching additionally near‐Earth and/or Ulysses in situ measurement data for each Carrington rotation period. In this new method, parameterized relation functions of plasma density and temperature at 50 Rs are optimized through an iterative forward model minimizing discrepancy with the in situ measurements. Satisfying three constraints, the derived 50 Rs maps of plasma quantities provide realistic observation‐based information on the state of solar wind near the Sun that cannot be well determined otherwise. The optimized plasma quantities exhibit long‐term variations over the solar cycles 21 to 24. The differences in plasma quantities derived from the optimized and original IPS‐MHD tomography exhibit correlations with the source‐surface magnetic field strength, which can in future give new quantitative constrains and requirements to models of coronal heating and acceleration.
Early ice retreat and ocean warming may induce copepod biogeographic boundary shifts in the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Feng Zhixuan , Ji Rubao , Campbell Robert G. , Ashjian Carin J. , Zhang Jinlun
Published: July 2016

Early ice retreat and ocean warming are changing various facets of the Arctic marine ecosystem, including the biogeographic distribution of marine organisms. Here an endemic copepod species, Calanus glacialis, was used as a model organism, to understand how and why Arctic marine environmental changes may induce biogeographic boundary shifts. A copepod individual‐based model was coupled to an ice‐ocean‐ecosystem model to simulate temperature‐ and food‐dependent copepod life history development. Numerical experiments were conducted for two contrasting years: a relatively cold and normal sea ice year (2001) and a well‐known warm year with early ice retreat (2007). Model results agreed with commonly known biogeographic distributions of C. glacialis, which is a shelf/slope species and cannot colonize the vast majority of the central Arctic basins. Individuals along the northern boundaries of this species' distribution were most susceptible to reproduction timing and early food availability (released sea ice algae). In the Beaufort, Chukchi, East Siberian, and Laptev Seas where severe ocean warming and loss of sea ice occurred in summer 2007, relatively early ice retreat, elevated ocean temperature (about 1–2°C higher than 2001), increased phytoplankton food, and prolonged growth season created favorable conditions for C. glacialis development and caused a remarkable poleward expansion of its distribution. From a pan‐Arctic perspective, despite the great heterogeneity in the temperature and food regimes, common biogeographic zones were identified from model simulations, thus allowing a better characterization of habitats and prediction of potential future biogeographic boundary shifts.
Impact of the January 2012 solar proton event on polar mesospheric clouds
Authors: Bardeen C. G. , Marsh D. R. , Jackman C. H. , Hervig M. E. , Randall C. E.
Published: July 2016

We use data from the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere mission and simulations using the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model to determine the impact of the 23–30 January 2012 solar proton event (SPE) on polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) and mesospheric water vapor. We see a small heating and loss of ice mass on 26 January that is consistent with prior results but is not statistically significant. We also find a previously unreported but statistically significant ~10% increase in ice mass and in water vapor in the sublimation area in the model that occurs in the 7 to 14 days following the start of the event. The magnitude of the response to the January 2012 SPE is small compared to other sources of variability like gravity waves and planetary waves; however, sensitivity tests suggest that with larger SPEs this delayed increase in ice mass will increase, while there is little change in the loss of ice mass early in the event. The PMC response to SPEs in models is dependent on the gravity wave parameterization, and temperature anomalies from SPEs may be useful in evaluating and tuning gravity wave parameterizations.
Improving GNSS‐R sea level determination through inverse modeling of SNR data
Authors: Strandberg Joakim , Hobiger Thomas , Haas Rüdiger
Published: July 2016

This paper presents a new method for retrieving sea surface heights from Global Navigation Satellite Systems reflectometry (GNSS‐R) data by inverse modeling of SNR observations from a single geodetic receiver. The method relies on a B‐spline representation of the temporal sea level variations in order to account for its continuity. The corresponding B‐spline coefficients are determined through a nonlinear least squares fit to the SNR data, and a consistent choice of model parameters enables the combination of multiple GNSS in a single inversion process. This leads to a clear increase in precision of the sea level retrievals which can be attributed to a better spatial and temporal sampling of the reflecting surface. Tests with data from two different coastal GNSS sites and comparison with colocated tide gauges show a significant increase in precision when compared to previously used methods, reaching standard deviations of 1.4 cm at Onsala, Sweden, and 3.1 cm at Spring Bay, Tasmania.
Solvent mixtures [Air Monitoring Methods, 2014c]
Authors: Krämer W. , Hebisch R. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2016

The analytical method is a validated measurement procedure for the determination of many solvents in solvent mixtures for monitoring their Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) at workplaces. Sampling is performed by drawing air through a silica gel tube using a suitable flow‐regulated pump. For sample preparation the loaded silica gel is desorbed with water and conditioned at an elevated temperature. The sample is analysed by means of static headspace technique fitted with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The quantitative evaluation is based on calibration functions obtained by means of 10‐point calibrations using 2‐propanol as internal standard. The limits of quantification (LOQs) are between 0.02 and 0.5 mg/m
3
for the individual solvent component with an expanded uncertainty between 15 and 21%.
Solvent mixtures [Air Monitoring Methods, 2014d]
Authors: Breuer D. , Eisenhardt A. , Hebisch R. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2016

The analytical method is a validated measurement procedure for the determination of ketones in solvent mixtures for monitoring their Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs) at workplaces. Sampling is performed by drawing air through a silica gel tube using a suitable flow‐regulated pump. For sample preparation the loaded silica gel is desorbed with a ternary mixture consisting of dichloromethane, methanol and water. The sample solution is analysed by means of gas chromatography fitted with flame ionisation detectors (FID) using two capillary columns of different polarity connected in parallel with the injector. The quantitative evaluation is based on calibration functions obtained by means of 10‐point calibrations using 2‐methylheptane and n‐undecane as internal standards. The limit of quantification (LOQ) is 2 mg/m
3
for the individual solvent component with an expanded uncertainty between 11 and 13%.
Addendum zu 2‐Butoxyethylacetat [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2016]
Authors: Göen T. , Rettenmeier A.W. , Drexler H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK‐Kommission
Published: July 2016

2‐Butoxyethylacetate (Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate): Addendum BAT value documentation (2016)

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the biological tolerance value at the work place (BAT value) for 2‐butoxyethylacetate (ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate), considering butoxyacetic acid in urine to characterize the internal exposure.

Due to the high variability of conjugated amounts of the butoxyacetic acid and the limitation of conjugated amounts at high exposure levels the previous BAT value for free 2‐butoxyacetic acid is converted with a factor of 1.5. Additionally, the impact of diuresis is considered by the relation to the creatinine concentration.

Therefore, a BAT value for the total butoxyacetic acid excretion of 150 mg butoxyacetic acid (after hydrolysis)/g creatinine was established. The sampling time is at the end of exposure/shift after several previous shifts. As the effects of the two glycol ethers 2‐butoxyethyl acetate and 2‐butoxyethanol are largely the same in the human organism, the BAT value applies to both and for combined exposure. The two substances were discussed together in the addendum of 2‐butoxyethanol.
S‐Alkylmerkaptursäuren in Urin (Methylmerkaptursäure, Ethylmerkaptursäure, n‐Propylmerkaptursäure und iso‐Propylmerkaptursäure) [Biomonitoring Methods in German Language, 2015]
Authors: Eckert E. , Göen T. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2016

The analytical method permits simultaneous determination of various alkyl mercapturic acids in urine. For determination, the urine samples are buffered to pH = 2.5, spiked with isotope labeled internal standards (d3‐MeMA, d5‐EtMA, d7‐PrMA and d7‐iPrMA), processed using online solid phase extraction (online SPE) and analyzed. For that purpose the analytes are enriched on a C18 preconcentration column [Restricted Access Material (RAM) phase] and separated from most of the matrix. Subsequently, the analytes are transferred in backflush mode from the RAM phase to the analytical column, separated chromatographically and finally subjected to tandem mass spectrometric detection. For quantification, a calibration is carried out using standard solutions in pooled urine which are processed and analyzed in the same way as the samples to be analyzed.
Kreatinin in Urin [Biomonitoring Methods in German Language, 2015]
Authors: Bader M. , Netz‐Piepenbrink S. , Göen T. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2016

The analytical procedure described here permits the determination of creatinine, the degradation product of creatine or creatine phosphate, in urine using high‐performance liquid chromatography. For that purpose, urine samples are diluted with ultrapure water at a ratio of 1:5 and then analyzed isocratically using HPLC‐UV. Aqueous standards are used for calibration.
4‐tert‐Octylphenol [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2016]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2016

4‐tert‐Octylphenol

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated 4‐tert‐octylphenol to derive a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value), considering all toxicity endpoints with the exception of developmental toxicity. Available unpublished study reports and publications are described in detail. 4‐tert‐Octylphenol is an endocrine‐active substance that might impair fertility. Despite appropriate investigations, no such effects and no influence on fertility were seen in a two‐generation feeding study in rats after doses of up to 250 mg/kg bw. In this study and in a 90‐day study, the most sensitive effect is delayed body weight development with NOAEL and LOAEL of 15 and 20 mg/kg bw and day, respectively. In a Draize test, 4‐tert‐octylphenol is a severe eye irritant. Because there are no inhalation studies investigating possibly irritating effects on the airways, bisphenol A, which is also a strong eye irritant, is used as a read‐across and a MAK value of 0.5 ml 4‐tert‐octylphenol/m
3
(4 mg/m
3
) is thus established. The dose taken up at this concentration is clearly below the equipotent dose for 4‐tert‐octylphenol calculated from the human LOAEL for ethinylestradiol and 17β‐estradiol. Since the critical effect of 4‐tert‐octylphenol is local, Peak Limitation Category I is assigned. In analogy to bisphenol A, an excursion factor of 1 has been set. The substance is not genotoxic. Skin contact is not expected to lead to systemic toxicity or contact sensitization.
N‐Cyclohexylhydroxy‐diazene‐1‐oxide, copper salt [MAK Value Documentation, 2014]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2016

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated N‐cyclohexylhydroxy‐diazene‐1‐oxide, copper salt to derive a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value), considering all toxicity endpoints. Available unpublished study reports and publications are described in detail. Systemic target organs are liver and kidneys with a relatively high NOAEL. Due to its corrosivity to the eyes and release of copper in aqueous solutions, which may induce effects in the respiratory tract, the MAK value for copper is adopted, resulting in a MAK value of 0.05 mg/m
3
N‐cyclohexylhydroxy‐diazene‐1‐oxide, copper salt for the respirable fraction. Like copper, it is classified in Peak Limitation Category II with a default excursion factor of 2 as no half‐life in blood is known. The NOAEL for developmental toxicity and maternal toxicity was 100 mg/kg body weight and day for rats and 10 mg/kg body weight and day for rabbits, corresponding to 140 and 23.3 mg/m
3
, respectively. Damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is observed and the substance is classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C. Calculations of dermal absorption based on in vitro studies show that dermal absorption would contribute substantially to the systemic toxicity. Therefore, N‐cyclohexylhydroxy‐diazene‐1‐oxide, copper salt has been designated with an “H”. N‐Cyclohexylhydroxy‐diazene‐1‐oxide, copper salt is not genotoxic or carcinogenic and not a contact sensitizer in humans and guinea pigs.
Triphenylphosphat, isopropyliert [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2016]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2016

Isopropylated triphenyl phosphate

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated triisopropylated phenyl phosphate to derive a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value), considering all toxicity endpoints. Available unpublished study reports and publications are described in detail. Isopropylated triphenyl phosphate has no irritant effects on the skin of rats and rabbits, and is not, or at most minimally, irritating to the eyes of rabbits. It belongs to the group of organophosphates and shows the typical delayed organophosphate neurotoxicity (axonal degeneration). The neurotoxicity decreases with increasing isopropylation. However, the most sensitive toxicological endpoints following repeated exposures are histopathological changes in the adrenal gland and ovary.

The LOAEC in 90‐day inhalation studies in rats and in hamsters was 10 mg/m3, the lowest tested concentration. Oral studies according to OECD TG 422 and TG 408 have revealed a LOAEL of 25 mg/kg bw and day in rats. Neurotoxicity tests in hens have yielded a NOAEL of 20 mg/kg bw and day. After scaling these NOAELs to a concentration at the workplace, a MAK value of 1 mg/m3is derived. As the systemic effect is critical, isopropylated triphenyl phosphate is assigned to Peak Limitation Category II with the default excursion factor of 2, as no specific toxicokinetic data are available.

No developmental toxicity was observed at 260 mg isopropylated triphenylphosphate/kg bw/day. Therefore, no damage to the embryo or fetus has to be expected and isopropylated triphenyl phosphate is classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C.

Isopropylated triphenyl phosphate is not genotoxic in vitro or in vivo nor does it have cell‐transforming activity. No data on carcinogenicity are available. Overall, the available data do not indicate that the substance should be classified as a carcinogen or a germ cell mutagen.

Sensitizing potential was not investigated with isopropylated triphenyl phosphate, and similar compounds have led to inconclusive results.

Absorption through the skin is low and does not relevantly contribute to systemic toxicity.
2,3,3,3‐Tetrafluoropropene [MAK Value Documentation, 2015]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2016

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated 2,3,3,3‐tetrafluoropropene to derive a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value), considering all toxicity endpoints. Available unpublished study reports and publications are described in detail. The critical effect of 2,3,3,3‐tetrafluoropropene was focal myocardial necrosis and inflammation in pregnant rabbits from 2500 ml/m
3
(the lowest concentration tested) and above. A NOAEC of 500 ml/m
3
was derived from a 28‐day inhalation study in rabbits for these effects. As the rabbit is the most sensitive species and it has not been demonstrated that the findings obtained in the heart are a species‐specific effect, the NOAEC of 500 ml/m
3
serves as the basis for the derivation of the MAK value. Although this was only a 28‐day inhalation study, the concentration in the range of the NOAEC probably has a greater influence than the exposure duration. Only a slight decrease in the NOAEC is expected after long‐term exposure, therefore, the concentration is not converted from 7‐day exposure per week to 5‐day exposure at the workplace. As no effects on the heart were observed in rats up to 50 000 ml/m
3
and in minipigs up to 10 000 ml/m
3
, rabbits are assumed to have a markedly higher sensitivity as regards effects on the heart, although the mechanism is not exactly known. Therefore, a MAK value of 200 ml/m
3
has been established. 2,3,3,3‐Tetrafluoropropene was found to be mutagenic in the Salmonella strain TA100 and Escherichia coli. Chromosomal aberration tests in vitro and micronucleus tests in vivo yielded negative results. There are insufficient data to be able to classify 2,3,3,3‐tetrafluoropropene in one of the carcinogen categories. The NOAEC for developmental toxicity was 4000 ml/m
3
and 20 times higher than the MAK value of 200 ml/m
3
. Thus, damage to the embryo or fetus is unlikely when the MAK value is observed and 2,3,3,3‐tetrafluoropropene is classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C. There are no data available for sensitization. Skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity.
Trichloressigsäure und Natriumtrichloracetat [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2016]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2016

Trichloroacetic Acid and Sodium Trichloroacetate

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated trichloroacetic acid and sodium trichloroacetate to derive a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value), considering all toxicity endpoints. Available publications are described in detail. After oral application of trichloroacetic acid or the sodium salt, the target organ is the liver with mice being more susceptible than rats. Trichloroacetic acid can be regarded as non‐genotoxic. Trichloroacetic acid is only carcinogenic in the liver of mice, not in other organs or in rats. Humans are much less sensitive to mechanisms regarded to be causative for effects in the liver of male mice. Therefore, trichloroacetic acid and its sodium salt, which acts in vivo like trichloroacetic acid, are not classified as carcinogens or germ cell mutagens. The systemic NOAEL in rats is 32.5 mg/kg bw and day in a 2‐year study, which would correspond to a MAK value of 20 mg/m
3
.

However, trichloroacetic acid and sodium trichloroacetate are corrosive to the eye of rabbits. As no inhalation studies are available to judge possible irritating effects on the respiratory tract, phosphorous acid, which is also corrosive to the eye, is used as a read‐across. The irritation strength of the three substances is very similar. Since the MAK value of phosphorous acid is 2 mg/m
3
, and the critical effect of trichloroacetic acid and sodium trichloroacetate is local toxicity, a MAK value of 2 mg/m
3
is also assigned to sodium trichloroacetate. As trichloroacetic acid is a vapour at this concentration range, a corresponding MAK value is set in ml/m
3
. Applying the preferred value approach, a MAK value of 0.2 ml/m
3
corresponding to 1.4 mg/m
3
is derived for trichloroacetic acid, which also takes into account the slightly higher acidity compared to phosphorous acid. As the local effect is critical, both substances are assigned to Peak Limitation Category I with an excursion factor of 1.

The NOEL for developmental toxicity in rats is 100 mg sodium trichloroacetate/kg bw and day, corresponding to 100 mg/m
3
. Thus, damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is observed and both substances are classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C. For sodium trichloroacetate, but not for trichloroacetic acid, skin contact may contribute significantly to systemic toxicity; sodium trichloroacetate is designated with an “H” notation. Sensitization is not expected from the available data.
Decahydronaphthalene [MAK Value Documentation, 2015]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: July 2016

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated decahydronaphthalene to derive a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value), considering all toxicity endpoints. Available study reports and publications are described in detail.

In animal studies, the primary target organ of the toxicity of decahydronaphthalene is the kidneys. The α
2u
‐globulin nephropathy observed in male rats after exposure to decahydronaphthalene is species and sex‐specific and is therefore not taken into account for the evaluation. The most sensitive end point was the increased LDH activity in the urine of female rats in the 14‐week inhalation study. A calculation yielded a lower confidence limit of the benchmark dose (BMDL) of 12 ml/m
3
related to an increase by one standard deviation of the control value. As this value was obtained from animal studies, a MAK value of 5 ml/m
3
can be derived according to the procedure of the Commission. As the critical effect is systemic and the half‐life in the kidneys of female rats is about 1 to 2 hours, Peak Limitation Category II with the excursion factor of 2 is assigned.

In the only available developmental toxicity study, no adverse effects were detected in the offspring of female mice treated with decahydronaphthalene, but teratogenicity was not investigated. The available data is therefore judged to be insufficient and the substance is classified in Pregnancy Risk Group D.

Decahydronaphthalene is not regarded to be genotoxic. In carcinogenicity studies, male F344 rats developed kidney tumours caused by α
2u
‐globulin nephropathy, which has no relevance for humans. Increased incidences of hepatocellular carcinomas were seen in female B6C3F1 mice, but only at the low concentration group. Decahydronaphthalene is therefore not classified in any of the carcinogen categories. Decahydronaphthalene is not a contact sensitizer in guinea pigs and there are no clinical findings available that would substantiate sensitizing effects on the skin or respiratory tract. Skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to its systemic toxicity.
Applied Voltage and Near‐Infrared Light Enable Healing of Superhydrophobicity Loss Caused by Severe Scratches in Conductive Superhydrophobic Films
Authors: Wu Mengchun , Li Yang , An Ni , Sun Junqi
Published: July 2016

The fabrication of self‐healing/healable superhydrophobic films that can conveniently and repeatedly restore the loss of superhydrophobicity caused by severe mechanical damage, such as deep and wide surface scratches, remains challenging. In the present work, conductive superhydrophobic films that are healable by means of an applied voltage or near infrared (NIR) light irradiation are fabricated by depositing a layer of Ag nanoparticles and Ag nanowires (AgNPs‐AgNWs) on a thermally healable polycaprolactone (PCL)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composite film, followed by the deposition of 1H,1H,2H,2H‐perfluorodecanethiol. The AgNPs‐AgNWs layer not only provides micro‐ and nanoscaled hierarchical structures in support of superhydrophobicity but also serves as an electrothermal or photothermal heater to enable healing of the underlying PCL/PVA film under the assistance of a low applied voltage or low‐power NIR light irradiation. Because of the strong adhesion between the PCL/PVA film and the AgNPs‐AgNWs layer, the healability of the PCL/PVA film is successfully conveyed to the conductive superhydrophobic layer, which can rapidly and repeatedly restore the loss of superhydrophobicity caused by cuts several hundreds of micrometers wide. The combined electrothermal and superhydrophobic properties endow the healable conductive superhydrophobic films with improved durability and usefulness as self‐cleaning, antiicing, and snow‐removing surfaces.
Emerging Multifunctional Metal–Organic Framework Materials
Authors: Li Bin , Wen Hui‐Min , Cui Yuanjing , Zhou Wei , Qian Guodong , Chen Banglin
Published: July 2016

Metal−organic frameworks (MOFs), also known as coordination polymers, represent an interesting type of solid crystalline materials that can be straightforwardly self‐assembled through the coordination of metal ions/clusters with organic linkers. Owing to the modular nature and mild conditions of MOF synthesis, the porosities of MOF materials can be systematically tuned by judicious selection of molecular building blocks, and a variety of functional sites/groups can be introduced into metal ions/clusters, organic linkers, or pore spaces through pre‐designing or post‐synthetic approaches. These unique advantages enable MOFs to be used as a highly versatile and tunable platform for exploring multifunctional MOF materials. Here, the bright potential of MOF materials as emerging multifunctional materials is highlighted in some of the most important applications for gas storage and separation, optical, electric and magnetic materials, chemical sensing, catalysis, and biomedicine.
Non‐Pt Nanostructured Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction: Synthesis, Catalytic Activity and its Key Factors
Authors: Xia Zhonghong , An Li , Chen Peikai , Xia Dingguo
Published: July 2016

Pt‐based electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) are the topic of extensive and intensive research since a few decades. Nevertheless, the scarcity of these Pt‐based electrocatalysts, their high cost and unsatisfactory durability are the primary hindrances to their further commercialization. In recent years, non‐Pt electrocatalysts have garnered considerable interest as alternatives to Pt‐based catalysts for the ORR. This review highlights the synthesis, catalytic activity and key factors, namely also active sites, of various nanostructured non‐Pt catalysts that can be grouped into five categories: monometallic catalysts; bimetallic or multimetallic catalysts; transition metal oxides/chalcogenides/nitrides/oxynitrides/carbides; heteroatom‐doped carbon catalysts with and without transition metals and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs)‐derived catalysts that have emerged as a class of promising catalysts recently. For metallic catalysts, the ORR activity and durability can be tuned by capitalizing on such effects as surface ligands and lattice strain; for heteroatom‐doped carbon catalysts, some factors like mass transport and electric conductivity are nontrivial for enhancement of the ORR activity. Recent research advances are presented and an outlook for future research is provided.
Cobalt‐based metal coordination polymers with 4,4′‐bipyridinyl groups: highly efficient catalysis for one‐pot synthesis of 3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones under solvent‐free conditions
Authors: Wang Jin‐Hua , Tang Gui‐Mei , Yan Shi‐Chen , Wang Yong‐Tao , Zhan Shi‐Jie , Zhang E , Sun Yu , Jiang Yuan , Cui Yue‐Zhi
Published: July 2016

Three new metal coordination complexes, namely [Co(BPY)2(H2O)2](BPY)(BS)2(H2O)4 (1), [Co(BPY)2(H2O)4](ABS)2(H2O)2 (2) and [Co(BPY)(H2O)4](MBS)2 (3) (BPY = 4,4′‐bipyridine, BS = phenylsulfonic acid, ABS = p‐aminobenzenesulfonic acid, MBS = p‐methylbenzenesulfonic acid), were obtained under hydrothermal conditions. Complexes 1, 2, 3 were structurally characterized using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy. All of them display low‐dimensional motifs: complex 1 displays a two‐dimensional structure; and complexes 2 and 3 exhibit a one‐dimensional tape structure. Through strong intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions and weak packing interactions, all of them further stack to generate a three‐dimensional supramolecular architecture. Catalysts 1, 2, 3 were involved in the green synthesis of a variety of 3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones under solvent‐free conditions through Biginelli reactions. The corresponding catalytic product was obtained in quantitative yields (99%) under eco‐friendly synthesis conditions for the variety of reactions. Catalysts 1, 2, 3 exhibit excellent efficiency for the desired product, and their catalytic performance shows the following order: 2 > 1 ≈ 3, which can be ascribed to the hydrophobic interactions of different phenylsulfonate groups. The catalytic performance for the Biginelli reaction is not only dependent on the selected solvents, but also inversely proportional to the polarities of the solvents. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bis(4‐pyridylamino)triazine‐stabilized magnetite nanoparticles: preparation, characterization and application as a retrievable catalyst for the green synthesis of 4H‐pyran, 4H‐thiopyran and 1,4‐dihydropyridine derivatives
Authors: Bodaghifard M. A. , Mobinikhaledi A. , Asadbegi S.
Published: July 2016

Synthesis of bis(4‐pyridylamino)triazine stabilized on silica‐coated nano‐Fe3O4 particles, and their feasibility as a reusable heterogeneous basic catalyst are reported. The catalytic performance of this novel material was studied for the green synthesis of highly functionalized 4H‐pyran, 4H‐thiopyran and 1,4‐dihydropyridine derivatives via one‐pot multicomponent reactions. Eco‐friendly method, high yield and purity of desired products, short reaction time along with ease of workup procedure outline the advantages of these new methodologies over earlier ones. Surface and magnetic properties of the core–shell hybrid nanoparticles were characterized via transmission and scanning electron microscopies, X‐ray diffraction, energy‐dispersive X‐ray and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopies and vibrating sample magnetometry. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a carbon nanotube‐coated stir bar for determination of organophosphorus pesticides in water
Authors: Ahmadkhaniha Reza , Rastkari Noushin
Published: July 2016

In this study a new adsorptive coating was developed and used for simultaneous extraction and determination of different organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in water samples. The adsorption phase was developed by modification of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes. A magnetic stir bar was coated with the adsorption phase using sol–gel technique and used for extraction. After extraction, the analytes were desorbed thermally and determined by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The developed method was optimized and validated. The optimum condition were found as pH 6.5, salt concentration of 1% (w/v), adsorption condition of 35 °C and 30 min and stirring rate of 1500 rpm. Desorption step was programmed as 40 °C for 0.5 min, then to 300 °C (at 60 °C min−1, held for 5 min). The acquired calibration curves were linear (0.987 ≤ r2 ≤ 0.995) over the concentration range 0.02–8 μg L−1. For all of the analytes, the limit of detection was ≤0.01 μg L−1. Interday precision values were always ≤13.40% and the reproducibility of coating procedure, evaluated in term of relative standard deviation (RSD), was found acceptable (12% ≤ RSD ≤ 14%). The recoveries were in the range of 67–84% with RSD in the range of 10.2–13.5%. Good solvent and thermal resistance are the other advantages of the developed coating which makes it suitable for extraction of target compounds in water samples. The developed method was successfully applied to determine target OPPs in real samples. Based on the results Diazinon and Dichlorvos were found in more than 50% of the samples in the range of 0.06–0.27 µg L−1. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anti‐Synchronization and Intermittent Anti‐Synchronization of Two Identical Delay Hyperchaotic Chua Systems Via Linear Control
Authors: Li Hong‐Li , Wang Zuolei , Jiang Yao‐Lin , Zhang Long , Teng Zhidong
Published: July 2016

This work is concerned with anti‐synchronization and intermittent anti‐synchronization of two identical delay hyperchaotic Chua systems with linear control approaches. In the first two schemes, based on Lyapunov stability theory, some sufficient conditions for achieving anti‐synchronization of two identical delay hyperchaotic Chua systems are derived, numerical simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed anti‐synchronization schemes. In the third scheme, the anti‐synchronization conditions are obtained by numerical method. In the fourth scheme, only one state of the response system is controlled via linear control, we report an interesting phenomenon of intermittent anti‐synchronization.
Nonlinear State Estimation and Control for Freeway On‐Ramp Metering
Authors: Abouaïssa H. , Majid H. , Jolly D.
Published: July 2016

The work presented in this paper deals with freeway ramp metering using a differential flatness concept. Such an approach is deployed in the cases when the traffic data provided by loop detectors (or any measurements device), are partially unknown or missed, and/or the downstream measurement station, located at the vicinity of the controlled ramp, is faulty. The proposed solution rests on the estimation of the main variables using the “revised” method of numerical differentiation, i.e., estimation of the derivative of noisy time signals. Such an algebraic approach, which does not need any integration of differential equations, turns out to be quite robust with respect to perturbations inputs and measurements noises. Convincing numerical simulations are provided using a modified second‐order continuum macroscopic model. Furthermore, a comparative study using the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF), which is the most used in the area of traffic state estimators, is proposed in order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the strategy.
Gene activation by metazoan enhancers: Diverse mechanisms stimulate distinct steps of transcription
Authors: Beagrie Robert A. , Pombo Ana
Published: July 2016

Enhancers can stimulate transcription by a number of different mechanisms which control different stages of the transcription cycle of their target genes, from recruitment of the transcription machinery to elongation by RNA polymerase. These mechanisms may not be mutually exclusive, as a single enhancer may act through different pathways by binding multiple transcription factors. Multiple enhancers may also work together to regulate transcription of a shared target gene. Most of the evidence supporting different enhancer mechanisms comes from the study of single genes, but new high‐throughput experimental frameworks offer the opportunity to integrate and generalize disparate mechanisms identified at single genes. This effort is especially important if we are to fully understand how sequence variation within enhancers contributes to human disease.
Adjunctive brexpiprazole in patients with major depressive disorder and anxiety symptoms: an exploratory study
Authors: Davis Lori L. , Ota Ai , Perry Pamela , Tsuneyoshi Kana , Weiller Emmanuelle , Baker Ross A.
Published: July 2016

Background

Major depressive disorder (MDD) with concurrent anxiety symptoms may signal a difficult‐to‐treat patient. Brexpiprazole is a serotonin–dopamine activity modulator: a partial agonist at 5‐HT1A and dopamine D2 receptors at similar potency, and an antagonist at 5‐HT2A and noradrenaline alpha1B/2C receptors. The objective of this Phase IIIb study was to explore effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of brexpiprazole adjunctive to antidepressant (ADT) monotherapy in patients with MDD and anxiety symptoms (NCT02013531).

Methods

Patients with MDD, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM‐A) total score ≥ 20, and inadequate response to current ADT received open‐label brexpiprazole 1–3 mg day−1 (target dose 2 mg day−1) + ADT for 6 weeks. Efficacy endpoints included change from baseline at Week 6 in Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score, HAM‐A total score, and Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS). Safety and tolerability assessments included adverse events (AEs).

Results

Of 37 participants enrolled, 32 (86.5%) completed the study. Baseline mean (SD) MADRS total score was 30.1 (5.1); mean HAM‐A total score was 26.9 (5.0). Improvements from baseline were observed at Week 6 for least squares mean change in MADRS total score (−19.6, p < .0001 vs. baseline), HAM‐A total score (−17.8, p < .0001) and mean (SD) SDS mean score [−3.6 (2.6)]. Brexpiprazole was well tolerated. The most frequent treatment‐emergent AEs were increased appetite (13.5%) and diarrhea, dry mouth, and dizziness (all 10.8%).

Conclusions

These open‐label results support the anxiolytic effects of adjunctive brexpiprazole in the treatment of patients with MDD.
Altered regional brain function in the treatment‐naive patients with somatic symptom disorder: a resting‐state fMRI study
Authors: Li Qiang , Xiao Yong , Li Yinghui , Li Lei , Lu Na , Xu Zhi , Mou Xiaodong , Mao Shenqin , Wang Wei , Yuan Yonggui
Published: July 2016

Introduction

Somatic symptom disorder (SSD) is an illness that occurs over a long time and results in significant disruption in daily life. Clinically, SSD patients typically express complaints that involve a variety of organ systems. However, the neural mechanism of SSD remains poorly understood.

Methods

Using resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging, we investigated the characteristics of the regional basal brain function during resting state in patients with SSD. Eleven treatment‐naïve SSD patients and 12 age‐matched healthy controls were recruited in this study. Between‐group differences in regional homogeneity values were analyzed.

Results

Compared with the healthy control group, the SSD group showed significant increases in regional homogeneity values in the right medial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex and supramarginal gyrus, and significant decreases in the bilateral middle occipital gyrus, superior occipital gyrus and right cuneus and left postcentral gyrus and cerebellum. Meanwhile, the regional homogeneity value of the right medial prefrontal cortex positively correlated with the total duration of SSD.

Conclusions

The abnormal resting‐state patterns in regional brain activity may contribute to understanding the mechanism of SSD.
Kappa‐opioid receptors differentially regulate low and high levels of ethanol intake in female mice
Authors: Van't Veer Ashlee , Smith Karen L. , Cohen Bruce M. , Carlezon William A. , Bechtholt Anita J.
Published: July 2016

Introduction

Studies in laboratory animals and humans indicate that endogenous opioids play an important role in regulating the rewarding value of various drugs, including ethanol (EtOH). Indeed, opioid antagonists are currently a front‐line treatment for alcoholism in humans. Although roles for mu‐ and delta‐opioid receptors have been characterized, the contribution of kappa‐opioid receptors (KORs) is less clear. There is evidence that changes in KOR system function can decrease or increase EtOH drinking, depending on test conditions. For example, female mice lacking preprodynorphin – the precursor to the endogenous KOR ligand dynorphin – have reduced EtOH intake. Considering that KORs can regulate dopamine (DA) transmission, we hypothesized that KORs expressed on DA neurons would play a prominent role in EtOH intake in females.

Methods

We used a Cre/loxP recombination strategy to ablate KORs throughout the body or specifically on dopamine uptake transporter (DAT)‐expressing neurons to investigate the role of KORs on preference for and intake of EtOH (2‐bottle choice), the transition from moderate to excessive EtOH drinking (intermittent EtOH access), and binge EtOH drinking (drinking in the dark [DID]).

Results

KOR deletion decreased preference for EtOH, although this effect was less pronounced when EtOH intake increased beyond relatively low levels.

Discussion

Our findings indicate that KOR activation increases EtOH drinking via effects mediated, at least in part, by KORs on DA neurons. While the mechanisms of this regulation remain unknown, previous work suggests that alterations in negative reinforcement processes or sensitivity to the sensory properties of EtOH can affect preference and intake.