bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Overview of the critical disaster management challenges faced during Van 2011 earthquakes
Authors: Tolon, PhD Mert , Yazgan, PhD Ufuk , Ural, PhD Derin N. , Goss, PhD, CEM Kay C.
Published: June 2014

On October 23, 2011, a M7.2 earthquake caused damage in a widespread area in the Van province located in eastern Turkey. This strong earthquake was followed by a M5.7 earthquake on November 9, 2011. This sequence of damaging earthquakes led to 644 fatalities. The management during and after these earthquake disaster imposed many critical challenges. In this article, an overview of these challenges is presented based on the observations by the authors in the aftermath of this disaster. This article presents the characteristics of 2011 Van earthquakes. Afterward, the key information related to the four main phases (ie, preparedness, mitigation, response, and recovery) of the disaster in Van is presented. The potential strategies that can be taken to improve the disaster management practice are identified, and a set of recommendations are proposed to improve the existing situation.
Planning for disaster resilience in rural, remote, and coastal communities: Moving from thought to action
Authors: Murphy, PhD Brenda L. , Anderson, PhD Gregory S. , Bowles, PhD Ron , Cox, PhD Robin S.
Published: June 2014

Disaster resilience is the cornerstone of effective emergency management across all phases of a disaster from preparedness through response and recovery. To support community resilience planning in the Rural Disaster Resilience Project (RDRP) Planning Framework, a print-based version of the guide book and a suite of resilience planning tools were field tested in three communities representing different regions and geographies within Canada. The results provide a cross-case study analysis from which lessons learned can be extracted. The authors demonstrate that by encouraging resilience thinking and proactive planning even very small rural communities can harness their inherent strengths and resources to enhance their own disaster resilience, as undertaking the resilience planning process was as important as the outcomes.The resilience enhancement planning process must be flexible enough to allow each community to act independently to meet their own needs. The field sites demonstrate that any motivated group of individuals, representing a neighborhood or some larger area could undertake a resilience initiative, especially with the assistance of a bridging organization or tool such as the RDRP Planning Framework.
Erythemal ultraviolet irradiation trends in the Iberian Peninsula from 1950 to 2011
Authors: Román R. , Bilbao J. , de Miguel A.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Erythemal ultraviolet (UVER) irradiation was reconstructed at nine Spanish locations, with series starting around 1950 in at least five places. Each series was checked by applying homogeneity tests in order to discard non-homogeneous series. Available series were used to create an averaged Iberian Peninsula UVER series. Results indicate that annual UVER irradiation in the Iberian Peninsula increased by 155 J m−2 (6.5%) between 1950 and 2011 due to a decrease observed in atmospheric ozone rather than changes in aerosol and clouds. Annual UVER irradiation increased by 135 J m−2 (5.6%) between 1985 and 2011, mainly due to changes in aerosol and clouds. UVER irradiation over the open human body (UVERob) was calculated by multiplying daily UVER irradiation by the daily open body fraction, a function of air temperature. Annual UVERob increased by 12.5 % between 1950 and 2011 in the Iberian Peninsula, half of the increase being caused by temperature changes, and the other half by ozone changes. Annual UVERob in the Iberian Peninsula increased by a total of 10.1% between 1985 and 2011, with 20.7%, 35.1% and 44.2% of this increase being caused by changes in ozone, aerosol and clouds, and temperature, respectively.
Characterization and testing of a new environmental chamber designed for emission aging studies
Authors: Leskinen A. , Yli-Pirilä P. , Kuuspalo K. , Sippula O. , Jalava P. , Hirvonen M.-R. , Jokiniemi J. , Virtanen A. , Komppula M. , Lehtinen K. E. J.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. A 29 m3 Teflon chamber, designed for aging studies of combustion aerosols, at the University of Eastern Finland is described and characterized. The chamber belongs to a research facility, called Ilmari, where small-scale combustion devices, a dynamometer for vehicle exhaust studies, dilution systems, the chamber, as well as cell and animal exposure devices are side by side under the same roof. The small surface-to-volume ratio of the chamber enables reasonably long experiment times, with particle wall loss rate constants of 0.088, 0.080, 0.045, and 0.040 h−1 for polydisperse, 50, 100, and 200 nm monodisperse aerosols, respectively. The NO2 photolysis rate can be adjusted from zero to 0.62 min−1. The irradiance spectrum is centered at 365 nm and the maximum irradiance, produced by 160 blacklight lamps, is 29.7 W m−2, which corresponds to the UV irradiance in Central Finland at noon on a sunny day in the midsummer. The temperature inside the chamber is uniform and can be kept at 25 ± 1 °C when half of the blacklights are on. The chamber is kept in an overpressure with a moving top frame, which prevents sample dilution and contamination from entering the chamber during an experiment. The functionality of the chamber was tested with oxidation experiments of toluene, resulting in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) yields of 33–44%, depending on the initial conditions, such as the NOx concentration. The highest gaseous oxidation product yields of 14.4–19.5% were detected with ions corresponding to 2-butenedial (m/z 73.029) and 4-oxo-2-pentenal (m/z 99.044). Overall, reasonable yields of SOA and gaseous reaction products, comparable to those obtained in other laboratories, were obtained.
Impacts of extreme precipitation and seasonal changes in precipitation on plants
Authors: Zeppel M. J. B. , Wilks J. V. , Lewis J. D.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. The global hydrological cycle is predicted to become more intense in future climates, with both larger precipitation events and longer times between events in some regions. Redistribution of precipitation may occur both within and across seasons, and the resulting wide fluctuations in soil water content (SWC) may dramatically affect plants. Though these responses remain poorly understood, recent research in this emerging field suggests the effects of redistributed precipitation may differ from predictions based on previous drought studies. We review available studies on both extreme precipitation (redistribution within seasons) and seasonal changes in precipitation (redistribution across seasons) on grasslands and forests. Extreme precipitation differentially affected above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP), depending on whether extreme precipitation led to increased or decreased SWC, which differed based on the current precipitation and aridity index of the site. Specifically, studies to date reported that extreme precipitation decreased ANPP in mesic sites, but, conversely, increased ANPP in xeric sites, suggesting that plant-available water is a key factor driving responses to extreme precipitation. Similarly, the effects of seasonal changes in precipitation on ANPP, phenology, and leaf and fruit development varied with the effect on SWC. Reductions in spring or summer generally had negative effects on plants, associated with reduced SWC, while subsequent reductions in autumn or winter had little effect on SWC or plants. Similarly, increased summer precipitation had a more dramatic impact on plants than winter increases in precipitation. The patterns of response suggest xeric biomes may respond positively to extreme precipitation, while comparatively mesic biomes may be more likely to be negatively affected. Moreover, seasonal changes in precipitation during warm or dry seasons may have larger effects than changes during cool or wet seasons. Accordingly, responses to redistributed precipitation will involve a complex interplay between plant-available water, plant functional type and resultant influences on plant phenology, growth and water relations. These results highlight the need for experiments across a range of soil types and plant functional types, critical for predicting future vegetation responses to future climates.
Water-saving ground cover rice production system reduces net greenhouse gas fluxes in an annual rice-based cropping system
Authors: Yao Z. , Du Y. , Tao Y. , Zheng X. , Liu C. , Lin S. , Butterbach-Bahl K.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. To safeguard food security and preserve precious water resources, the technology of water-saving ground cover rice production system (GCRPS) is being increasingly adopted for the rice cultivation. However, changes in soil water status and temperature under GCRPS may affect soil biogeochemical processes that control the biosphere–atmosphere exchanges of methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). The overall goal of this study is to better understand how net ecosystem greenhouse gas exchanges (NEGE) and grain yields are affected by GCRPS in an annual rice-based cropping system. Our evaluation was based on measurements of the CH4 and N2O fluxes and soil heterotrophic respiration (CO2 emission) over a complete year, as well as the estimated soil carbon sequestration intensity for six different fertilizer treatments for conventional paddy and GCRPS. The fertilizer treatments included urea application and no N fertilization for both conventional paddy (CUN and CNN) and GCRPS (GUN and GNN), solely chicken manure (GCM) and combined urea and chicken manure applications (GUM) for GCRPS. Averaging across all the fertilizer treatments, GCRPS increased annual N2O emission and grain yield by 40% and 9%, respectively, and decreased annual CH4 emission by 69%, while GCRPS did not affect soil CO2 emissions relative to the conventional paddy. The annual direct emission factors of N2O were 4.01, 0.087 and 0.50% for GUN, GCM and GUM, respectively, and 1.52% for the conventional paddy (CUN). The annual soil carbon sequestration intensity under GCRPS was estimated to be an average of −1.33 Mg C ha−1 yr−1, which is approximately 44% higher than the conventional paddy. The annual NEGE were 10.80–11.02 Mg CO2-eq ha−1 yr−1 for the conventional paddy and 3.05–9.37 Mg CO2-eq ha−1 yr−1 for the GCRPS, suggesting the potential feasibility of GCRPS in reducing net greenhouse effect from rice cultivation. Using organic fertilizers for GCRPS considerably reduced annual emissions of CH4 and N2O and increased soil carbon sequestration, resulting in the lowest NEGE (3.05–5.00 Mg CO2-eq ha−1 yr−1). Accordingly, water-saving GCRPS with organic fertilizer amendments was considered the most promising management regime for simultaneously achieving relatively high grain yield and reduced net greenhouse gas emission.
Technical Note: Linking climate change and downed woody debris decomposition across forests of the eastern United States
Authors: Russell M. B. , Woodall C. W. , D'Amato A. W. , Fraver S. , Bradford J. B.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Forest ecosystems play a critical role in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Long-term forest carbon (C) storage is determined by the balance between C fixation into biomass through photosynthesis and C release via decomposition and combustion. Relative to C fixation in biomass, much less is known about C depletion through decomposition of woody debris, particularly under a changing climate. It is assumed that the increased temperatures and longer growing seasons associated with projected climate change will increase the decomposition rates (i.e., more rapid C cycling) of downed woody debris (DWD); however, the magnitude of this increase has not been previously addressed. Using DWD measurements collected from a national forest inventory of the eastern United States, we show that the residence time of DWD may decrease (i.e., more rapid decomposition) by as much as 13% over the next 200 years depending on various future climate change scenarios and forest types. Although existing dynamic global vegetation models account for the decomposition process, they typically do not include the effect of a changing climate on DWD decomposition rates. We expect that an increased understanding of decomposition rates, as presented in this current work, will be needed to adequately quantify the fate of woody detritus in future forests. Furthermore, we hope these results will lead to improved models that incorporate climate change scenarios for depicting future dead wood dynamics, in addition to a traditional emphasis on live tree demographics.
Early Jurassic allotherians from South Wales (United Kingdom)
Authors: Clemens W. A.
Published: June 2014

Fossils from two fissure fillings in Pant Quarry (designated Pant 4 and Pant 5), South Wales, United Kingdom, probably of Early Jurassic age document a taxonomically diverse vertebrate fauna, the Morganucodon-sphenodont fauna, composed of several kinds of reptiles, non-mammalian synapsids, and mammals. Six isolated molariform teeth from Pant 4 and 5 fissures clearly record the presence of Thomasia (Mammalia, Allotheria, Haramiyidae), a genus previously known only from purported Late Triassic faunas of southwestern England, France, Belgium, Luxemburg, Germany, and Switzerland. Small morphological differences from teeth in the larger English and continental European samples warrant identification of the Welsh material as Thomasia cf. moorei. The highly derived morphology of an isolated molariform tooth from Pant 5 fissure indicates the presence of another, possibly allotherian, taxon.

 Fossilien aus zwei wahrscheinlich unterjurassischen Spaltenfüllungen (Pant 4 und Pant 5) im Steinbruch Pant in Süd-Wales dokumentieren eine taxonomisch diverse Wirbeltierfauna. Diese Morganucodon-Sphenodontiden-Fauna besteht aus verschiedenen Formen von Reptilien, Synapsiden und Säugetieren. Sechs isolierte molariforme Zähne aus den Spaltenfüllungen Pant 4 und Pant 5 belegen eindeutig das Vorkommen von Thomasia (Mammalia, Allotheria, Haramiyidae), einer bisher nur aus vermutlich obertriassischen Faunen Südwest-Englands, Frankreichs, Belgiens, Luxemburgs, Deutschlands und der Schweiz bekannten Gattung. Geringe morphologische Unterschiede zu dem umfangreicheren Material aus England und Kontinental-Europa sprechen für die Identifikation des neuen Materials als Thomasia cf. moorei. Die stark abgeleitete Morphologie eines isolierten molariformen Zahnes aus der Spalte Pant 5 belegt das Vorkommen eines anderen Taxons, das möglicherweise auch den Allotheria zuzuordnen ist.

 doi:10.1002/mmng.200600018
Trachyteuthis covacevichi n. sp., a Late Jurassic Palaeopacific coleoid cephalopod
Authors: Fuchs D. , Schultze H.-P.
Published: June 2014

A new early Oxfordian coleoid cephalopod, Trachyteuthis covacevichi n. sp., is described from northern Chile. It represents the first Late Jurassic Palaeopacific vampyropod and thus considerably extends the palaeogeographic distribution of trachyteuthids. In general, Tr. covacevichi n. sp. possesses a gladius typical for the genus, but wider than in other species. Similarities between Tr. covacevichi n. sp., Tr. palmeri from the Oxfordian of Cuba and Tr. sp. from the Kimmeridgian of Europe confirm a Caribbean Seaway between the Tethys and the Palaeopacific during Late Jurassic times. Morphologically, the wide gladius of Tr. covacevichi n. sp. supports a close phylogenetic relationship between Teudopsis and Trachyteuthis.

 doi:10.1002/mmng.200700012
Taxonomy of Late Jurassic diplodocid sauropods from Tendaguru (Tanzania)
Authors: Remes K.
Published: June 2014

The Late Jurassic (Tithonian) Tendaguru Beds of Tanzania yielded one of the richest sauropod faunas known, including the diplodocines Tornieria africana (Fraas, 1908) and Australodocus bohetii Remes, 2007, the only known representatives of their group on the southern continents. Historically, the holotypes and referred material of both taxa plus dozens of additional specimens had been subsumed under the term "Barosaurus africanus" (Fraas, 1908). Here, the taxonomic status of the referred elements is reviewed by evaluating the phylogenetic information content of their anatomical characters, in order to provide a firm footing for further studies (e.g. of morphometrics, histology, and phylogeny of the Tendaguru sauropods). Some of the material shows diplodocine synapomorphies and may belong to either Tornieria or Australodocus, while other specimens are diagnostic only on higher taxonomic levels (Diplodocidae, Flagellicaudata, or Diplodocoidea indet.). The isolated limb elements in most cases lack phylogenetically diagnostic characters. Generally, the "Barosaurus africanus" sample shows a substantial grade of morphological variation, and it cannot be ruled out that there are more flagellicaudatans represented in the Tendaguru material than the diplodocines and dicraeosaurids already known.

 doi:10.1002/mmng.200800008
The late Middle Devonian fauna of Red Hill I, Nevada, and its paleobiogeographic implications
Authors: Schultze H.-P.
Published: June 2014

The fauna of the Middle Devonian Red Hill I locality, Nevada, is unusual in the co-occurrence of a rich fish assemblage with a rich invertebrate one. Sponges are second in abundance of specimens and number of species only to the fishes and occur together with other invertebrates (conodonts, conulariids, dacryoconarid tentaculites, gastropods, bivalves, brachiopods, arthropods, and unidentifiable ammonoids and echinoderms). The invertebrates indicate a marine depositional paleoenvironment. The conodonts indicate a placement within the lower disparalis Zone, late Givetian. The fish assemblage is dominated by the antiarch Asterolepis. All the other fishes, acanthodians, actinopterygians and sarcopterygians, are less common. The closest biogeographic relationship of the fish fauna is with the Middle/Late Devonian fish fauna of the Baltic Region, followed by that of eastern Canada (Miguasha), Scotland and Iran. This distribution corresponds to the Devonian Euramerica faunal province with connection to eastern Gondwana (Iran and Australia). Localities with the same genera as Red Hill I are interpreted as marine with the exception of the Scottish localities. Asterolepis is the most widely distributed vertebrate genus, mostly marine, but it may be able to enter freshwater like Eusthenopteron if one accepts a freshwater depositional paleoenvironment for the Scottish localities.

 doi:10.1002/mmng.201000001
The ammonoids from the Argiles de Teguentour of Oued Temertasset (early Late Tournaisian; Mouydir, Algeria)
Authors: Korn D. , Bockwinkel J. , Ebbighausen V.
Published: June 2014

The ammonoids from the Teguentour Shales (Tournaisian, Early Carboniferous) of Oued Temertasset (Mouydir, Algeria) are described monographically. The following new ammonoid taxa are introduced: Imitoceras dimidium n. sp., Imitoceras strictum n. sp., Triimitoceras tantulum n. sp., Acrocanites disparilis n. sp., Jdaidites cultellus n. sp., Pericyclus tortuosus n. sp., Pericyclus circulus n. sp., Pericyclus trochus n. sp., Pericyclus intercisus n. sp., Nodopericyclus n. gen., Nodopericyclus circumnodosus n. sp., Nodopericyclus deficerus n. sp., Ammonellipsites serus n. sp., Helicocyclus formosus n. sp., Helicocyclus inornatus n. sp., Helicocyclus laxaris n. sp., Ouaoufilalites creber n. sp., family Temertassetiidae n. fam., Temertassetia n. gen., Temertassetia temertassetensis n. sp., Temertassetia secunda n. sp., Temertassetia decorata n. sp., Temertassetia coarta n. sp., Jerania n. gen., Jerania jeranensis n. sp., Jerania sicilicula n. sp., Jerania pusillens n. sp., Jerania subvexa n. sp., Jerania persimilis n. sp., Kusinia n. gen., Kusinia falcifera n. sp., Bouhamedites insalahensis n. sp., Muensteroceras subparallelum n. sp., Muensteroceras multitudum n. sp., Follotites n. gen., Follotites folloti n. sp., Follotites stelus n. sp., Follotites flexus n. sp., family Rotopericyclidae n. fam., Eurites permutus n. sp., Eurites doliaris n. sp., Mouydiria n. gen., Mouydiria mouydirensis n. sp., Mouydiria scutula n. sp., Rotopericyclus kaufmanni n. sp., Rotopericyclus rathi n. sp., Rotopericyclus wendti n. sp., Rotopericyclus lubesederi n. sp., subfamily Dzhaprakoceratinae n. subfam., Dzhaprakoceras punctum n. sp., Dzhaprakoceras amplum n. sp., Dzhaprakoceras vergum n. sp., Dzhaprakoceras biconvexum n. sp., Progoniatitinae n. subfam., Progoniatites uncus n. sp., Progoniatites pilus n. sp., Progoniatites paenacutus n. sp., Progoniatites globulus n. sp., Habadraitinae n. subfam., Habadraites n. gen., Habadraites weyeri n. sp., Habadraites supralatus n. sp., Primogoniatites n. gen., Primogoniatites fundator n. sp., Antegoniatitinae n. subfam., Antegoniatites n. gen., and Antegoniatites anticiparis n. sp. The ammonoids occur in three successive assemblages and are the richest ammonoid faunas of the time interval worldwide.

 doi:10.1002/mmng.200900010
Morphology of the anterior vertebral region in elasmobranchs: special focus, Squatiniformes
Authors: Claeson K. M. , Hilger A.
Published: June 2014

The morphology of extant and extinct Squatiniformes is well conserved within this lineage, but differences are of consequence to character interpretations for phylogenetic analyses. Investigation of the extinct taxon †Pseudorhina alifera (Münster, 1842) from the Late Jurassic of Solnhofen with extant species of Squatina provide new evidence that members of Squatiniformes possess a basioccipital fovea. Presence of a basioccipital fovea is the ancestral condition in Neoselachians and hypothesized to be lost in members of Hypnosqualea. In addition, species of Squatina all posses a reduced occipital hemicentrum while the occipital hemicentrum in †Pseudorhina is unreduced, indicating the condition in Squatina is an example of postdisplacement heterochrony. Pristiophoriformes and Batoidea also are characterized by a lack of a basioccipital fovea and hemicentrum. However, extinct members of Batoidea, such as †Spathobatis, and modern taxa do possess a distinct notch in the posterior basicranium ventral to the foramen magnum. Except for the lack of an associated occipital hemicentrum, this notch is similar to the basioccipital fovea, but its homology is not yet addressed. Furthermore, within all species of Squatiniformes and Pristiophoriformes, as well as some members of Orectolobiformes and Carcharhiniformes, basiventral cartilages are laterally expanded, contributing to a broad articulation with the occipital condyle. The disparate taxa with modifications to the basiventral cartilages suggest a significant functional, rather than phylogenetic, signal for this feature.

 doi:10.1002/mmng.201100003
Temporal patterns in disparity and diversity of the Jurassic ammonoids of southern Germany
Authors: Simon M. S. , Korn D. , Koenemann S.
Published: June 2014

A morphometric analysis of the characteristic whorl cross-sections of 1,200 Jurassic ammonoid species from southern Germany enabled us to characterise their morphospace. The successive Jurassic ammonoid faunas of southern Germany show characteristic patterns in morphospace occupation. While Early and Middle Jurassic ammonoids occupy limited areas of the morphospace range, the Late Jurassic ammonoids cover the entire spectrum. The ammonoids are characterised by an overall increase of both taxonomic diversity and morphological disparity in the course of the Jurassic. Strong fluctuations occur until the middle Late Jurassic, followed by a diversity decrease in the early Kimmeridgian and a disparity reduction in the early Tithonian. While diversity and disparity show similar progression during most of the Early Jurassic, they diverge subsequently and show only poor correlation until the end of the Jurassic. Particularly in the Middle Jurassic diversity and sea level changes correlate strongly. Neither temporal patterns in diversity nor disparity support the hypothesis of a mass extinction event in the early Toarcian. Significant changes in diversity and disparity in the early Callovian support a putative migration event of Boreal ammonoids into the Tethyan realm.

 doi:10.1002/mmng.201000016
Character distribution and phylogeny of the dissorophid temnospondyls
Authors: Schoch R. R.
Published: June 2014

The phylogeny of the largely Permian temnospondyl group Dissorophidae is analyzed for the first time. Although hampered by poor preservation and incompleteness of finds, new data add substantially to our knowledge of the group. An analysis of 25 taxa and 70 characters gave the following results. (1) The Dissorophidae and Trematopidae each form monophyletic groups that are more closely related to one another than either of them is to amphibamids. Olsoniformes and Amphibamidae are each defined by clear-cut autapomorphies, making it unlikely that amphibamids are dwarfed dissorophids or olsoniforms. (2) Ecolsonia nests with Fedexia at the base of the Trematopidae. (3) The Dissorophidae falls into two major clades, the Dissorophinae sensu stricto (Dissorophus, Broiliellus) and the Cacopinae (Cacops, Kamacops, Zygosaurus). The Cacopinae is much better supported than the Dissorophinae. Platyhystrix and Aspidosaurus form successive sister taxa of all other dissorophids. Incompletely known dissorophids were found to nest as follows: (a) Brevidorsum, the Admiral Taxon and Rio Arriba Taxon at the base of the Cacopinae and (b) Conjunctio multidens forms an unresolved trichotomy with dissorophines and cacopines. The significance of osteoderms in dissorophid phylogeny is found to be much smaller than hitherto considered.

 doi:10.1002/mmng.201200010
The macrosemiiform fish companion of the Late Jurassic theropod Juravenator from Schamhaupten, Bavaria, Germany
Authors: Arratia G. , Schultze H.-P.
Published: June 2014

A new neopterygian fish, Voelklichthys comitatus n. gen. n. sp., is described. The fish was found during the preparation of the theropod Juravenator starki Göhlich & Chiappe, 2006 in the same rock. The fish possesses numerous autapomorphies. The combination of autapomorphies is unique among Jurassic fishes and makes its taxonomic assignment difficult. The following characters are few examples demonstrating some of the peculiarities of the fish: The fish is small, oblong-shaped and has a large triangular head that is deeper than long; deepest point is at the level of the postparietal bone [parietal of traditional terminology] and the ventral end of the cleithrum. The skull roof is almost vertically oriented, with a strongly ossified and developed antero-dorsal orbital margin. Premaxilla and dentary possess very small conical teeth. The opercular apparatus is markedly narrow and deep. A clavicle is present. Both dorsal and ventral postcleithra are almost as deep as the maximum depth of the head; the dorsal postcleithrum is two times deeper than the ventral one. The vertebral centra are of arcocentral-type formed mainly by the development of the dorsal arcocentra. Pectoral and pelvic fins possess long rays that extend onto the pelvic and anal fins, respectively, whereas the rays of the dorsal and anal fins extend onto the caudal fin. The fish is interpreted as a macrosemiiform because it presents two of the three synapomorphies of the group (e.g., an incomplete circumorbital ring because the lateral edge of parietal bone [frontal of traditional terminology] makes up part of orbital margin and absence of a supramaxillary bone). The third macrosemiiform synapomorphy cannot be determined in the new fish because the coronoid bones and their dentition are not observed due to condition of preservation. The new fish shares a few characters with members of the families Macrosemiidae and the Uarbryichthyidae but lacks others so that presently, we place it in a family indeterminate within Macrosemiiformes.

 doi:10.1002/mmng.201200001
Palaeogeography and palaeoecology of early Floian (Early Ordovician) cephalopods from the Upper Fezouata Formation, Anti-Atlas, Morocco
Authors: Kröger B. , Lefebvre B.
Published: June 2014

In the central Anti-Atlas (Morocco), the Early Ordovician succession consists of about 1000 m of fossiliferous argillites and siltstones. The Upper Fezouata Formation (Floian) contains a comparatively rich and abundant cephalopod association. A small collection of these cephalopods is described herein for the first time. The cephalopods are interpreted as autochthonous or parautochthonous, representing a fauna, which originally lived nektobenthically in the open water above the sediments or related to the sea bottom. The cephalopod associations of the Upper Fezouata Formation are similar to other contemporaneous assemblages known from higher palaeolatitudes and associated with deeper depositional settings and in siliciclastically dominated deposits. They are composed almost exclusively of slender orthocones, in this case predominantly of Destombesiceras zagorense n. gen., n. sp., which is interpreted as an early discosorid. Bathmoceras australe Teichert, 1939 and Bathmoceras taichoutense n. sp. from the Upper Fezouata Formation are at present the earliest unambiguous occurrences of bathmocerid cephalopods. Epizoans on the shell of a specimen of Rioceras are the earliest evidence of bryozoans growing as potential hitchhikers on cephalopod shells, indicating an early exploitation of a pseudoplanktonic lifestyle in this phylum.

 doi:10.1002/mmng.201200004
A new Middle Jurassic caddisfly (Trichoptera, Hydrobiosidae) from China
Authors: Gao Y. , Yao Y. , Ren D.
Published: June 2014

Material belonging to a new fossil genus and species of caddisfly, Pulchercylindratus punctatus n. gen., n. sp., was collected from the Daohugou locality (Middle Jurassic, Jiulongshan Formation; Inner Mongolia, China). The new species is assigned to the Hydrobiosidae according to subcylindrical shape of the 2nd segment of maxillary palp, the forked R1 (in the forewing, located near apex), and long anal cells (in the forewing). In addition, we propose to transfer the genus Juraphilopotamus Wang, Zhao & Ren 2009, known from the same locality, to the family Hydrobiosidae, based on the 1st and 2nd segments of the maxillary palp being cylindrical, shorter than the 3rd segment. A Middle Jurassic origination of family Hydrobiosidae can be established based on the new discovery.

 doi:10.1002/mmng.201300005
Early Pennsylvanian Odonatoptera from the Xiaheyan locality (Ningxia, China): new material, taxa, and perspectives
Authors: Li Y. , Béthoux O. , Pang H. , Ren D.
Published: June 2014

Data on Odonatoptera species from the Xiaheyan locality (Ningxia, China; Early Pennsylvanian) described so far are complemented based on abundant new material. Several taxonomic and nomenclatural adjustments are proposed. The species Tupus readi Carpenter, 1933 is transferred to the genus Shenzhousia Zhang & Hong, 2006 in Zhang et al. (2006), and therefore should be referred to as Shenzhousia readi (Carpenter, 1933) n. comb. The monotypic genus Sinomeganeura Ren et al., 2008 is synonymized with Oligotypus Carpenter, 1931. As a consequence the type species of the former must be referred to as Oligotypus huangheensis (Ren et al., 2008) n. comb. The monotypic genus Paragilsonia Zhang, Hong & Su, 2012 in Su et al. (2012) is synonymized with Tupus Sellards, 1906. As a consequence the type-species of the former is to be referred to as Tupus orientalis (Zhang, Hong & Su, 2012 in Su et al. (2012)) n. comb. The monotypic genus Sinierasiptera Zhang, Hong & Su, 2012 in Su et al. (2012) is synonymized with Erasipterella Brauckmann, 1983. As a consequence the type-species of the former is to be referred to as Erasipterella jini (Zhang, Hong & Su, 2012 in Su et al. (2012)) n. comb. In addition Aseripterella sinensis n. gen. et sp. and Sylphalula laliquei n. gen. et sp. are described. The "strong oblique distal" cross-vein, located in the area between RA and RP is found to occur more extensively than previously expected. It is believed to be a structure distinct from the subnodal cross-vein, and therefore deserves to be referred to by a distinct name (viz. "postsubnodal cross-vein"). Odonatoptera from the Xiaheyan locality cover a broad range of sizes. Factors that could have promoted the evolution of large-sized Odonatoptera are briefly reviewed. The permissive conditions prevailing during the Pennsylvanian, and the existence of an elaborated food web, are emphasized as putative positive factors. The new taxonomic treatment suggests that genera documented in the Lower Permian, such as Shenzhousia and Oligotypus, stem from the early Pennsylvanian, and implies a high resilience of these taxa when facing the Pennsylvanian–Permian environmental perturbations.

 doi:10.1002/mmng.201300006
Osteoderm distribution has low impact on the centre of mass of stegosaurs
Authors: Mallison H.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. It has been hypothesized that the pronounced differences of stegosaur humeral shapes, with large forms having more slender and small forms having more robust humeri, may be explained by a difference in relative centre of mass (COM) placement caused by differing distributions of osteoderms. To test this hypothesis, digital 3-D models of the bones and osteoderms of the Tanzanian stegosaur Kentrosaurus aethiopicus and of the North American stegosaur Stegosaurus armatus were used to create a 3-D computer-aided design life reconstruction. On these models osteoderm placement was varied drastically, recreating both existing and hypothetical forms. These models show that COM position varies somewhat with realistic osteoderm distributions, but insufficiently to explain major differences in humeral shape. The uniform weight distribution between forelimbs and hindlimbs found between the two taxa also casts doubt on the hypothesis that differences in relative COM position caused by other factors than osteoderm distribution can explain differences in humeral robustness.
Life history of Tendaguru sauropods as inferred from long bone histology
Authors: Sander P. M.
Published: June 2014

Sauropod dinosaurs present exceptional challenges in understanding their biology because of their exceptional body size. One of these, life history, can be inferred from the histology of their bones. For this purpose, the diverse sauropod assemblage of the Upper Jurassic Tendaguru beds was sampled with a new coring method which provided unprecented access to and insights into sauropod bone histology.

 Growth series of humeri and femora as well as long growth records from single bones suggest that all four sauropod taxa are characterized by continued growth after sexual maturity but that growth was determinate. Fibrolamellär bone is dominant in the samples, indicating that the bones of the Tendaguru sauropods grew at rates comparable to those of modern large mammals. The growth pattern of these sauropods thus combines typically reptilian traits with typically mammalian traits. In the details of their bone histology, the Tendaguru sauropod taxa show considerable variation which reflects life history. In addition, Barosaurus exhibits probable sexual dimorphism in bone histology.

 Das Verständnis der Biologie der sauropoden Dinosaurier wird durch ihre enorme Körpergröße außerordentlich erschwert. Allerdings kann ein Aspekt, die Lebensgeschichte, anhand der Histologie ihrer Knochen untersucht werden. Zu diesem Zweck wurde die diverse Sauropoden-Vergesellschaftung der oberjurassischen Tendaguru-Schichten beprobt, und zwar mit einer neuartigen Kernbohrmethode, die einen herausragenden Zugang und Einblick in die Knochenhistologie der Sauropoden ermöglichte.

 Wachstumsserien von Humeri und Femora sowie umfassende Überlieferungen des Wachstums von Individuen anhand einzelner Knochen machen es wahrscheinlich, daß alle vier Sauropoden-Taxa der Tendaguru-Schichten durch ein auch nach der Geschlechtsreife anhaltendes Wachstum gekennzeichnet waren. Allerdings ging das Wachstum nicht bis zum Tode des Tieres weiter, sondern kam bei einer etwas variablen Maximalgröße zum Stillstand.

 Fibrolamellärer Knochen ist der vorherrschende Knochentyp in den Proben, was anzeigt, daß die Tendaguru-Sauropoden mit für Säugetieren typische Raten wuchsen. Die Tendaguru-Sauropoden kombinerten also ein für Reptilien typisches Muster des Wachstums, nämlich nach der Geschlechtsreife anhaltendes Wachstum, mit für Säuger typischen Raten des Wachstums. Die verschiedenen Sauropoden-Taxa zeigen erstaunliche Unterschiede in den Details ihrer Knochenhistologie, die Unterschiede in der Lebensgeschichte belegen. Bei Barosaurus scheint außerdem ein Geschlechtsdimorphismus in der Histologie der Langknochen vorzukommen.

 doi:1002/mmng.1999.4860020107
Semionotiform fish from the Upper Jurassic of Tendaguru (Tanzania)
Authors: Arratia G. , Schultze H.-P.
Published: June 2014

The late Late Jurassic fishes collected by the Tendaguru expeditions (1909–1913) are represented only by a shark tooth and various specimens of the neopterygian Lepidotes. The Lepidotes is a new species characterized by a combination of features such as the presence of scattered tubercles in cranial bones of adults, smooth ganoid scales, two suborbital bones, one row of infraorbital bones, non-tritoral teeth, hyomandibula with an anteriorly expanded membranous outgrowth, two extrascapular bones, two postcleithra, and the absence of fringing fulcra on all fins.

 Die spätoberjurassischen Fische, die die Tendaguru-Expedition zwischen 1909 und 1913 gesammelt hat, sind durch einen Haizahn und mehrere Exemplare des Neopterygiers Lepidotes repräsentiert. Eine neue Art der Gattung Lepidotes ist beschrieben, sie ist durch eine Kombination von Merkmalen (vereinzelte Tuberkel auf den Schädelknochen adulter Tiere, glatte Ganoidschuppen, zwei Suborbitalia, eine Reihe von Infraorbitalia, nichttritoriale Zähne, Hyomandibulare mit einer membranösen nach vorne gerichteten Verbreiterung, zwei Extrascapularia, zwei Postcleithra und ohne sich gabelnde Fulkren auf dem Vorderrand der Flossen) gekennzeichnet.

 doi:10.1002/mmng.1999.4860020110
Ein Lacertilier (Scincomorpha, Paramacellodidae) aus dem Oberen Jura von Tendaguru (Tansania)
Authors: Broschinski A.
Published: June 2014

Seit einigen Jahren werden die Funde großer Wirbeltiere aus der oberjurassischen Fossilfundstelle Tendaguru in Tansania durch diverse Mikrovertebraten ergänzt. Diese konnten durch gezieltes Schlämmen von Sedimentmaterial gewonnen werden (Heinrich, mündl. Mitt.), das während der Tendaguru-Expeditionen von 1908 bis 1913 gewonnen wurde.

 Durch ein isoliertes Kieferfragment kann der Erstnachweis eines paramacellodiden Lacertiliers im Afrika südlich des Äquators (bei 10° südlicher Breite) geführt werden. Dieser Fund rundet das Bild der sehr weiten Verbreitung dieser erfolgreichen mesozoischen Echsengruppe ab.

 Recently, there have been additional microvertebrate finds within the known macrovertebrate fauna of the Upper Jurassic locality Tendaguru in Tanzania. This resulted from the processing of sediment samples, which had been collected during the Tendaguru Expeditions in between 1908 and 1913 (Heinrich, pers. Comm.).

 An isolated jaw fragment from a paramacellodid lizard is the first record of this family within the African continent below the equator (10° degrees Southern latitude). The occurence of this successful Mesozoic lizard group in Tendaguru reflects a greater global distribution than known to date.

 doi:10.1002/mmng.1999.4860020111
First haramiyid (Mammalia, Allotheria) from the Mesozoic of Gondwana
Authors: Heinrich W.-D.
Published: June 2014

A haramiyid tooth is described from the Upper Jurassic of Tendaguru in southwestern Tanzania, East Africa. The specimen, identified tentatively as a lower posterior premolar, is made the holotype of a new taxon, Staffia aenigmatica gen. et sp. nov. which is placed in the Haramiyida. Staffia gen. nov. shares several features with Thomasia from the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic of Europe, notably the arrangement of cusps in two parallel longitudinal rows bordering a central basin, cusp height which progressively decreases in both rows posteriorly, the different height of the rows, the U-shaped posterior rim, and the smooth enamel surface. The main difference between these taxa is the presence of well-developed synclines with rounded floors in Staffia gen. nov., especially that of the principal syncline LS1. Resemblances in the basic tooth crown pattern indicate that occlusion and chewing might have been similar in both genera, but the synclines in Staffia gen. nov. suggest some subtle differences in food processing. Staffia aenigmatica gen. et sp. nov. is the first record of a haramiyid from Gondwana, and also the youngest stratigraphic occurrence for this allotherian group so far.

 Ein unterer Backenzahn aus den oberjurassischen Tendaguru-Schichten von Tansania in Ostafrika wird als Staffia aenigmatica gen. et sp. nov. beschrieben und zu den Haramiyida gestellt. Bei dem Fund handelt es sich wahrscheinlich um einen hinteren unteren Prämolaren. Staffia gen. nov. weist zahlreiche Merkmale auf, die bei der spät-triassischen bis früh-jurassischen Gattung Thomasia auftreten. Dazu zählen z. B. die Anordnung der Höcker in zwei unterschiedlich hohen Längsreihen, die in beiden Reihen von vorn nach hinten abnehmende Höckerhöhe, der U-förmige Hinterrand und die glatte Schmelzoberfläche. Die Synklinalen zwischen den Zahnhöckern von Staffia gen. nov. stellen ein neuerworbenes Merkmal dar. Die weitgehenden Übereinstimmungen im Grundaufbau der Zahnkronen beider Gattungen lassen darauf schließen, daß die Kieferbewegung und der Kauvorgang ähnlich waren, doch deuten die Synclinalen bei Staffia gen. nov. auf eine differenziertere Aufbereitung der Nahrung hin. Staffia aenigmatica gen. et sp. nov. ist der erste Nachweis eines Haramiyiden auf dem Gondwana-Kontinent und zugleich der bisher erdgeschichtlich jüngste Beleg für diese Säugetiergruppe.

 doi:10.1002/mmng.1999.4860020112
Body size and body volume distribution in two sauropods from the Upper Jurassic of Tendaguru (Tanzania)
Authors: Gunga H.-C. , Kirsch K. , Rittweger J. , Röcker L. , Clarke A. , Albertz J. , Wiedemann A. , Mokry S. , Suthau T. , Wehr A. , Heinrich W.-D. , Schultze H.-P.
Published: June 2014

Allometric equations are often based on the body mass of an animal because body mass determines many physiological functions. This should also hold for Brachiosaurus brancai and Dicraeosaurus hansemanni, two sauropods from the Upper Jurassic of Tendaguru/Tanzania (East Africa). Widely divergent estimates of body mass for the same specimen can be found in the literature for these two sauropods.

 Therefore, in order to determine the exact body mass and volume distribution in these sauropods, classical three-dimensional stereophotogrammetry as well as a newly developed laser scanner technique were applied to the mounted skeletons of Brachiosaurus brancai and Dicraeosaurus hansemanni in the Museum für Naturkunde (Berlin, Germany). Thereafter, scaling equations were used to estimate the size of organ systems. In a second step it was tested whether the given data from photogrammetry could be brought in line with the results derived from the allometric equations. These findings are applied to possible ecological problems in the Upper Jurassic of Tendaguru/Tanzania.

 Der Körpermasse eines Organismus werden oft allometrische Funktionen zugrunde gelegt, da von ihr viele physiologische Funktionen entscheidend abhängen. Dies sollte auch für ausgestorbene Organismen wie Brachiosaurus brancai und Dicraeosaurus hansemanni, zwei Sauropoden aus dem oberen Jura von Tendaguru/Tanzania in Ostafrika gelten. Da zu beiden Sauropoden nur sehr unterschiedliche Massenabschätzungen vorliegen, wurden die Körpermassen und Volumina von Brachiosaurus brancai und Dicraeosaurus hansemanni mit Hilfe der klassischen Photogrammetrie sowie einem neuentwickelten Laserscannerverfahren neu bestimmt. Basierend auf den so gemessenen Körpermassendaten wurden anschließend einige wichtige funktionell-morphologische Größen für eine paläophysiologische Rekonstruktion dieser Sauropoden mit Hilfe der Allometrie berechnet. Die gewonnenen Ergebnisse sind u. a. wichtig für die Rekonstruktion eines Ökosystems im oberen Jura von Ostafrika.

 doi:10.1002/mmng.1999.4860020106
On the systematic and stratigraphic significance of pterosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation (Jehol Group) of Liaoning, China
Authors: Unwin D. M. , Lü J. , Bakhurina N. N.
Published: June 2014

A reassessment of the systematic relationships of pterosaurs from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, China, shows that Dendrorhynchoides should be reassigned to the Anurognathidae (“Rhamphorhynchoidea”) and that Eosipterus possibly belongs within Ctenochasmatidae (Pterodactyloidea). These pterosaurs formed an integral part of a diverse community that inhabited lowland terrestrial environments in the region of northeast China in the Early Cretaceous. A new compilation of data for the Lower Cretaceous hints at a broad differentiation between pterosaurs that lived in continental habitats (anurognathids, ctenochasmatoids, dsungaripteroids) and those that frequented marine environments (ornithocheiroids). Moreover, there is evidence of further differentiation within continental habitats, between pterosaurs living in lowland and coastal regions (anurognathids. ctenochasmatoids) and those living in more inland environments (dsungaripteroids). The temporal and geographical range extensions for high rank taxa that are implied by the Yixian pterosaurs further emphasise the incompleteness and unevenness of the pterosaur fossil record and its unreliability for biostratigraphic zonation.

 Eine Neubewertung der systematischen Stellung der Flugsaurier von der unterkretazischen Yixian-Formation der Provinz Liaoning, China, zeigt, dass Dendrorhynchoides den Anurognathiden (“Rhamphorhynchoidea”) zugeordnet werden kann und dass Eosipterus vermutlich zu den Ctenochasmatiden (Pterodactyloidea) gehört. Diese beiden Flugsaurier bilden einen integralen Bestandteil einer diversen Fauna, die in der Unteren Kreide ein terrestrisches Flachland-Ökosystem im Nordosten Chinas bewohnte. Fasst man die für die Untere Kreide verfügbaren Daten zusammen, so zeigt sich eine weitgehende Differenzierung zwischen Flugsauriern, die überwiegend in kontinentalen Ökosystemen lebten (Anurognathidae, Ctenochasmatoidea, Dsungaripteroidea) und jenen, die auch oft in marinen Bereichen auftreten (Ornithocheiroidea). Darüber hinaus gibt es auch Hinweise auf eine Differenzierung innerhalb der kontinentalen Habitate, zwischen Pterosauriern, die sich in den Ebenen und küstennahen Bereichen aufhielten (Anurognathidae, Ctenochasmatoidea) und den Bewohnern von mehr küstenfernen Ökosystemen (Dsungaripteroidea). Die von den Taxa der Yixian-Formation angezeigte Erweiterung der stratigraphischen und geographischen Reichweite für Taxa höheren Ranges unterstreichen die Unvollständigkeit und Unausgewogenheit des Fossilberichtes der Flugsaurier und seine Unzulänglichkeit für biostratigraphische Zonierungen.

 doi:10.1002/mmng.20000030109