bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward the modeling of the NO2(2A″) manifold
Authors: Mota V. C. , Caridade P. J. S. B. , Varandas A. J. C.
Published: November 2010

Global diabatization angles are obtained to construct a 3 × 3 diabatic potential matrix for the 2A″ states of NO2. Over 12,500 energies have been calculated to map ab initio, the configuration space of (at least) the first 3 adiabatic sheets. With the level of theory used, such angles could be modeled such as to ensure a proper description of all involved crossing seams as well as the merging of the diabats into the adiabats at the asymptotic limits. This result provides an extension to the 3‐state case of the method proposed earlier (Mota and Varandas, J Phys Chem A 2008, 112, 3768), and illustrates the essential steps toward the modeling of the NO2(2A″) manifold via double many‐body expansion theory. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Non-invasive turbulent mixing across a density interface in a turbulent Taylor–Couette flow
Authors: WOODS ANDREW W. , CAULFIELD C. P. , LANDEL J. R. , KUESTERS A.
Published: November 2010

In this paper, we present new experimental measurements of the turbulent transport of salt across an interface between two layers of fluid of equal depth but different salinities. The fluid is confined to a cylindrical annulus with a vertical axis. The outer cylinder is stationary and the inner cylinder rotates to produce a turbulent flow field consisting of an approximately irrotational mean azimuthal flow, with narrow boundary layers on the inner and outer cylinders. We focus on the limit of high-Richardson-number flow, defined as Ri = gΔρH/(ρ0u2rms), where ρ0 is a reference density, Δρ is the time-dependent difference of the layers' mean densities, urms is the root mean square of the turbulent velocity fluctuations and H is the layer depth. The mean flow has Reynolds number of the order of 104−105, and the turbulent fluctuations in the azimuthal and radial directions have root-mean-square speed of order 10% of the mean azimuthal flow. Measurements based on our experimental system show that when the Richardson number is in the range 7 < Ri < 200, the interface between the two layers remains sharp, each layer remains well mixed, and the vertical flux of salt between the layers, Fs ~(1.15 ± 0.15)Ri−1𝒜(H/ΔR)urmsΔS, where ΔS is the spatially-averaged time-dependent salinity difference between the layers and in general 𝒜(H/ΔR) is a dimensionless function of the tank aspect ratio, here taken to be unity, with ΔR being the gap width of the annulus. The salt transport appears to be caused by turbulent eddies scouring and sharpening the interface and implies a constant rate of conversion of the turbulent kinetic energy to potential energy, independent of the density contrast between the layers. For smaller values of Ri, the flow regime changes qualitatively, with eddies penetrating the interface, causing fluid in the two layers to co-mingle and rapidly homogenize.
Therapie des Vorhofflimmerns: Verhaltensorientierte, pharmakologische und katheter-interventionelle Perspektiven
Authors: Meyer  , Rassaf  , Schüller  , Martinek  , Kelm  , Pürerfellner
Published: November 2010

Die multimodale Therapie des Vorhofflimmerns (VHF) stellt eine Herausforderung an den jeweils behandelnden Arzt dar. Wichtigstes Ziel ist die Verhinderung von thromboembolischen Ereignissen. Die Entscheidung zur Frequenz- gegenüber einer Rhythmuskontrolle ist abhängig von der Symptomatik des Patienten. Die Katheterablation ist dabei von zunehmender Bedeutung in der Behandlung des therapierefraktären VHF und sollte frühzeitig in dem individuellen Behandlungskonzept berücksichtigt werden. Die Behandlung von Begleiterkrankungen wie der arteriellen Hypertonie, der Herzinsuffizienz sowie des Diabetes mellitus ist unter Berücksichtigung verhaltensorientierter Massnahmen wesentlicher Bestandteil einer differenzierten Therapie des VHF.
Pulssynchrones Ohrgeräusch, Lidschwellung, Exophthalmus, Chemose und Diplopie drei Wochen nach Schädel-Hirn-Trauma
Authors: Tabakovic  , Nigg  , Landau  , Zerkiebel
Published: November 2010

Traumatische Karotis-Sinus-cavernosus-Fisteln sind seltene Komplikationen eines Schädel-Hirn-Traumas. Die Konsequenzen einer späten Diagnose sind progressive okuläre Symptome und Befunde wie eine Visusminderung, Augenmuskelparesen, progressiver Exophthalmus, konjunktivale Chemose, Verschluss der V. centralis retinae, sekundäres Glaukom. Zudem können eine schwere Epistaxis oder intrazerebrale und subarachnoidale Hämorrhagien auftreten. Wir präsentieren eine Patientin, die nach einem Schädel-Hirn-Trauma und dem initialen duplexsonographischen Ausschluss einer arteriovenösen Fistel nach einer Latenz von über drei Wochen eine Karotis-Sinus-cavernosus-Fistel entwickelte, die sich angiographisch darstellen und katheter­interventionell verschliessen liess. Die Symptomatik der Patientin mit pulssynchronem Geräusch, rotem, geschwollenem und schmerzhaftem Auge, Diplopie, Chemose, pulsierendem Exophthalmus mit okulärer Hypertension und progressivem Visusverlust liess mehrere differentialdiagnostische Überlegungen zu. Neben entzündlichen, mechanischen, autoimmunen, vaskulären und tumorösen Störungen war jedoch aufgrund der Anamnese mit einem Schädel-Hirn-Trauma eine traumatische Ursache der Beschwerden hochwahrscheinlich. Die rasche Beseitigung dieser Fistel ist wünschenswert, um Langzeitschäden zu vermeiden, allerdings unter der Berücksichtigung der interventionsassoziierten Komplikationen, in unserem Fall der Gefahr eines Hyperperfusionssyndroms mit konsekutiver zerebralen Einblutung.
Role of localized mixing around the Kuril Straits in the Pacific thermohaline circulation
Authors: Kawasaki Takao , Hasumi Hiroyasu
Published: November 2010

We investigate the Pacific thermohaline circulation induced by the locally enhanced vertical mixing around the Kuril Straits by using a general circulation model. When the strong vertical mixing reaches the sea surface, localized upwelling is induced from the depth to the surface. On the contrary, in the cases where the strong vertical mixing does not reach the sea surface, downwelling of surface water is induced in the shallow layer while upwelling of deep water is induced below. The structure of the meridional overturning circulation in the Pacific Ocean significantly differs depending on whether the surface buoyancy flux is large enough to sustain upwelling of deep water or not. The mixing‐induced downwelling of shallow water is not associated with the sea surface cooling, and the source of dense water is in the deep ocean. Among the non‐surface‐reaching mixing cases, the depth that separates the downwelling and upwelling is found to be relatively insensitive to the depth where the vertical diffusivity sharply changes.
LIBRARY LETTERS
Authors: Schmitt Susanne
Published: November 2010

FORESTS FOR OPTIMISTS AND SPECIES

Küchli, C. (1997) Forests of hope: stories of regeneration. Earthscan Publications Ltd., London. 244 pp., photos. Paperback: Price Ãº19.99. ISBN 1‐85383‐505‐6. For most parts of the world, the general perception is that forests are under threat and are irreplaceably lost at an ever increasing rate. In this beautifully laid out and illustrated book by Christian Küchli a different and hopeful message is presented. He presents twelve well‐researched and readable case studies from both developed and developing countries. These are personal accounts of individual or collective actions to restore, protect and manage forest resources, with the common message that local initiatives and commitment are crucial. He clearly spells out that social and political change exert powerful forces on the forests of the world. However, the important point that he notes is that these may be either negative or positive, whereby the recovery of forests in Central Europe after sweeping social change serves as a powerful positive example.

With this he also attempts to provide a new framework for the future by concentrating on what he sees as the most important forest preserving mechanisms. The first one is that local resistance to the exploitation and destruction of forests is crucial. The second is the important recognition that forests have a great capacity to regenerate naturally, a situation which ‘gloom and doom’ messages often neglect or even deny. Thirdly, he advocates that more attention should be paid to the possibilities of near‐natural forest management as a profitable option which still needs to gain full recognition.

Whilst not being naive and whilst recognizing the powerful forces threatening forests, particularly in the developing world, this book provides a ray of sunshine and hope. This book is recommended to people interested in the future of forests. It suits both the more optimistic and the sceptical. For the former the book should help to reinforce their hope, and for the latter it may help convince them that not all is lost. For both it should provide a positive incentive to support the current movement towards greater involvement of local people in forest management.
Genetic diversity in khorasan and rivet wheat by assessment of morphological traits and seed storage proteins
Authors: Carmona S. , Caballero L. , Martín L. M. , Alvarez J. B.
Published: November 2010

The genetic diversity of 77 accessions of khorasan wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. turanicum Jakubz em. A. Löve & D. Löve) and 313 accessions of rivet wheat (T. turgidum L. subsp. turgidum) was assessed on the basis of analysis of several morphological traits and seed storage proteins. Eleven allelic variants were detected in khorasan wheat, three for the Glu-A1, one of them identified as novel; while two of the eight alleles detected for the Glu-B1 have not previously been described. A higher level of variability was observed in rivet wheat, with the detection of 20 allelic variants, five alleles at the Glu-A1 loci, two of them new, and 15 allelic variants at the Glu-B1 loci, six of these being novel. The khorasan wheat accessions derived from 22 different origins, while there were 39 origins for the rivet wheat accessions. Genetic diversity was lower among the khorasan (Ht = 0.395) than among the rivet wheat accessions (Ht = 0.545). Nevertheless, in both species, most of this diversity appeared between origins, with very low diversity observed within origins. The detected variation could be used for transfer new quality genes to durum wheat, thus enlarging the genetic pool of this species.
Aborted double bicycle-pedal isomerization with hydrogen bond breaking is the primary event of bacteriorhodopsin proton pumping
Authors: Altoè Piero , Cembran Alessandro , Olivucci Massimo , Garavelli Marco
Published: November 2010

Quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations based on ab initio multiconfigurational second order perturbation theory are employed to construct a computer model of Bacteriorhodopsin that reproduces the observed static and transient electronic spectra, the dipole moment changes, and the energy stored in the photocycle intermediate K. The computed reaction coordinate indicates that the isomerization of the retinal chromophore occurs via a complex motion accounting for three distinct regimes: (
i
) production of the excited state intermediate I, (
ii
) evolution of I toward a conical intersection between the excited state and the ground state, and (
iii
) formation of K. We show that, during stage
ii
, a space-saving mechanism dominated by an asynchronous
double
bicycle-pedal deformation of the C10═C11─C12═C13─C14═N moiety of the chromophore dominates the isomerization. On this same stage a N─H/water hydrogen bond is weakened and initiates a breaking process that is completed during stage
iii
.
Antibodies protect against intracellular bacteria by Fc receptor-mediated lysosomal targeting
Authors: Joller Nicole , Weber Stefan S. , Müller Andreas J. , Spörri Roman , Selchow Petra , Sander Peter , Hilbi Hubert , Oxenius Annette
Published: November 2010

The protective effect of antibodies (Abs) is generally attributed to neutralization or complement activation. UsingLegionella pneumophilaandMycobacterium bovisbacillus Calmette–Guérin as a model, we discovered an additional mechanism of Ab-mediated protection effective against intracellular pathogens that normally evade lysosomal fusion. We show that Fc receptor (FcR) engagement by Abs, which can be temporally and spatially separated from bacterial infection, renders the host cell nonpermissive for bacterial replication and targets the pathogens to lysosomes. This process is strictly dependent on kinases involved in FcR signaling but not on host cell protein synthesis or protease activation. Based on these findings, we propose a mechanism whereby Abs and FcR engagement subverts the strategies by which intracellular bacterial pathogens evade lysosomal degradation.
HrpNEa Induces Chinese Cabbage Resistance to Bacterial Soft Rot by Inhibiting the Bacterial Attachment to Root Surfaces
Authors: Sun Lijun , Wang Xiaomeng , Qu Shuping , Liu Huimin , Jia Zhenhua , Dong Hansong
Published: November 2010

HrpNEa is a harpin protein produced by the bacterial plant pathogen Erwinia amylovora. When applied to aerial parts of plants, the protein induces systemic acquired resistance in a variety of plant species. Here, we report that treating Chinese cabbage roots with HrpNEa induces resistance of the plant to Pectobacterium carotovora subsp. carotovora, the pathogen that invades roots and causes bacterial soft rot in cruciferous plants. Treating Chinese cabbage roots with HrpNEa significantly decreased severities of soft rot symptoms on the plant. The root treatment decreased the number of P. carotovora subsp. carotovora cells attached to root surfaces and inhibited the ability of P. carotovora subsp. carotovora to produce quorum-sensing signals, which regulate pathogenicity in a bacterial population-dependent manner. The inhibitory effects of HrpNEa on the root attachment and quorum-sensing signals accompanied the induced expression of several defense response genes. These results suggest that HrpNEa induces Chinese cabbage resistance to bacterial soft rot by inhibiting the bacterial attachment to root surfaces.
Scale circuli patterns differentiate between hatchery‐reared and wild Rutilus rutilus during evaluation of fish stocking
Authors: Britton J. R.
Published: November 2010

Hatchery‐reared and wild roach Rutilus rutilus were correctly classified to their rearing environment in a discriminant function using data on their scale circuli patterns. The discriminant function was then used to classify recaptured R. rutilus by their origin (hatchery‐reared and wild) during a riverine stocking evaluation. At 8 and 18 months post‐stocking, 10 and 7% of fish captured in the vicinity of the stocking site were classified as hatchery‐reared.
Is FAST Stroke Smart? Do the Content and Language used in Awareness Campaigns Describe the Experience of Stroke Symptoms?
Authors: Bray Janet E. , O'Connell Bev , Gilligan Amanda , Livingston Patricia M. , Bladin Chris
Published: November 2010

Background

Public education campaigns for stroke are used worldwide. However, there are few published evaluations of such campaigns.

Aim

This cross-sectional study examined patient and bystander awareness of two Australian campaigns, ‘FAST’ (face, arm, speech, time) and ‘Signs of Stroke’, and evaluated the campaigns ability to identify stroke and to describe the symptom experience.

Methods

Interviews were conducted with either stroke patients or a key bystander for consecutive eligible cases admitted to two metropolitan hospitals between August 2006 and April 2008. Participants were asked to describe awareness of the FAST campaign, the symptoms experienced and to evaluate the symptom descriptions of Signs of Stroke against their own experience.

Results

A total of 100 patients and 70 bystanders were interviewed for 170 cases (71% of eligible cases). Only 12% of those interviewed were aware of the FAST campaign, and of these few (19%) were able to recall all FAST symptoms, with only one bystander using the FAST assessments to identify stroke. At least one FAST symptom was reported by 84% and one Signs of Stroke symptom by 100%. Less than half of those experiencing ‘weakness or paralysis’ thought this description exactly described their experience. Common descriptors of symptoms were: face or mouth droop or drop; trouble using, coordinating or moving arm, hand or leg; trouble walking or standing; numbness; and slurring or loss of speech.

Conclusion

Awareness of the FAST and Signs of Stroke campaigns was low, with poor recall and little use of the FAST assessments. Some symptom descriptions used in the campaign were not reflective of the symptom experience. The content and language of these campaigns could be improved to portray stroke symptoms more realistically.
Effect of conventional interferon‐α in patients with HBeAg‐positive chronic hepatitis B: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Sun Xin , Qin Wenxia , Zhou Rongle , Wang Li , Li Youping , Zhao Liansan
Published: November 2010

Background Although a few studies have tested the effect of interferon‐α on chronic hepatitis B, its treatment effect remains uncertain, and the association of treatment effect with intervention characteristics has not been thoroughly explored. This study examined the effect of IFN‐α in patients with HBeAg‐positive chronic hepatitis B, and investigated the characteristics associated with treatment effect.

Methods We searched MEDLINE, Scientific Citation Index, Current Content Connect, Cochrane Controlled Trial Register, and Chinese Biomedical Database, all up to 15 September 2009. We included randomized trials comparing IFN‐α to placebo, no treatment, or standard care (SC) in patients with HBeAg‐positive chronic hepatitis B. Two reviewers assessed the risk of bias and extracted data, independently and in duplicate. We conducted meta‐analyses of the included studies, and subgroup analyses to examine the association of pre‐specified characteristics (eg, dose, treatment duration) with treatment effect.

Results A total of 31 randomized controlled trials, involving 2164 patients, were included. The risk of bias varied across studies. Compared with placebo, no treatment, or SC, IFN‐α improved loss of HBeAg (OR 2.36, 95% CI 1.83 to 3.04), HBV DNA undetectability (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.28 to 3.32), HBeAg seroconversion (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.26 to 2.62), ALT normalization (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.56), and loss of HBsAg (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.22 to 4.91). Treatment effects differed in high versus low dose, and long versus short duration of IFN‐α. The effect of high dose IFN‐α (OR 3.28, 95% CI 2.31 to 4.66) is statistically larger than that of low dose IFN‐α (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.10 to 2.28) on loss of HBeAg (interaction P = 0.017), and longer IFN‐α treatment durations produce greater effects (OR 3.28, 95% CI 2.16 to 5.00) than do shorter durations (OR 1.94, 95% CI 0.42 to 2.66, interaction P = 0.038). High dose IFN‐α had a significant effect on HBV DNA undetectability (OR 2.80, 95% CI 2.03 to 3.86), while low dose IFN‐α did not (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.61 to 1.41, interaction P = 0.01); longer treatments significantly improved HBV DNA undetectability (OR 2.58, 95% CI 1.62 to 4.12), but shorter durations did not (OR 1.28, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.97, interaction P = 0.024).

Conclusions IFN‐α can improve serological, biomedical, and virological response. Higher doses and prolonged treatments appear to have larger treatment benefits than lower doses and shorter treatments. However, the increased adverse reactions and costs associated with higher doses and prolonged treatment warrant caution in applying these results.
Panning for Science
Authors: Frenkel Karen A.
Published: November 2010

A new technology for creating and viewing stunningly high-resolution panoramic images is becoming a powerful research tool.
Why Do Scientists Dance?
Authors: Bohannon John
Published: November 2010

To cap off the 2010 "Dance Your Ph.D." contest, the Gonzo Scientist explores the history of science dances and asks the contestants how online geek fame has affected their lives—for better or worse.
Trichomycetes in aquatic insects from Prince Edward Island, Canada
Authors: Strongman D. B.
Published: November 2010

Trichomycetes, an ecological grouping of fungi and protists associated with the guts of aquatic arthropods, are distributed globally. The diversity of this unique species complex is, however, more completely documented in some parts of the USA and Europe than in Canada. Twenty species of trichomycetes were collected from insect hosts at six sites in Prince Edward Island, situated in the Gulf of St. Lawrence about 14 km off the east coast of New Brunswick. Five new species of Harpellales (Fungi, Kickxellomycotina), Caudomyces longicollis Strongman sp. nov. from Antocha sp. (Tipulidae), Legeriomyces minae Strongman sp. nov. from mayflies, and Smittium ditrichosporum Strongman sp. nov., Smittium insulare Strongman sp. nov., and Smittium tynense Strongman sp. nov. from chironomids are described. Smittium brevisporum L.G. Valle & Santam. and Smittium gracilis L.G. Valle & Santam., previously known only from Spain, are recorded for the first time in North America. A number of species of Harpellales and Amoebidiales (Phylum Mesomycetozoa) previously recorded from the region (P.E.I. and N.S.), and several that are common and widely distributed, were also recovered. Stachylina pedifer Lichtw. & M.C. Williams was collected from chironomids in a stream exposed to seawater during high tide. Trichomycete diversity is high on P.E.I., as it is in many regions where extensive surveys have been conducted, including islands such as Australia and New Zealand. More data from islands may help shed some light on distribution patterns for these obligate endobionts and provide some insights into mechanisms for dispersal.
A freeze-fracture study of the influence of frost hardening treatments on the plasma membranes of Medicago sativa and Bromus inermis cell suspension cultures
Authors: Willison J. H. M. , Zhang M. I. N. , Gusta L. V.
Published: November 2010

Freeze-fractured suspension cultured cells of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss) were examined before and after frost hardening treatments for evidence of plasma membrane adaptation to frost. No chemical fixatives or cryoprotective agents were used and care was taken to ensure that there was no subjective bias in making counts of intramembrane particles. There were no patches of membrane free of intramembrane particles in any of the treatments, and only small differences in intramembrane particles frequencies were found. Cold hardening and abscisic acid hardening may have had different effects on intramembrane particles frequency, but because of the low level of statistical significance this was uncertain. Two arrays of membrane particles (strings and rosettes) were present in all treatments. It is concluded that the technique may be insufficiently sensitive to detect the subtle changes in membrane protein composition that probably accompany adaptation to frost. Key words: Medicago sativa, Bromus inermis, frost hardiness, membrane structure, freeze-fracture.
The effects of sodium sulphate and sodium chloride on growth, morphology, photosynthesis, and water use efficiency of Chenopodium rubrum
Authors: Warne Patricia , Guy R. D. , Rollins Lorna , Reid D. M.
Published: November 2010

The effects of sodium sulphate and sodium chloride salinity on the anatomy, water relations, and photosynthesis of Chenopodium rubrum L. were compared. Low concentrations of either salt stimulated growth, but higher concentrations resulted in large decreases in dry weight and leaf area. Leaf succulence and the number of layers of palisade cells were increased, but these effects were more pronounced with NaCl than with Na2SO4. Stomatal density was reduced at low to moderate salinities, but then increased again at high salinity. Stomatal size was reduced at all salinities. Increasing salinity had no great effect on photosynthetic rates except with older plants grown at the highest level of Na2SO4. Stomatal conductance decreased at all salinities. This reduced transpiration and led to increased intrinsic water use efficiency. Total tissue stable carbon isotope ratios also indicated that water use efficiency was improved. Chenopodium rubrum adjusted osmotically by accumulating electrolytes from the nutrient solution and by synthesizing glycinebetaine. Plants in NaCl limited osmotic adjustment more than those growing in Na2SO4. Despite this, Na2SO4 was more damaging than NaCl and caused earlier leaf senescence at high concentrations.
Trichomycete gut fungi in Australian aquatic insect larvae
Authors: Lichtwardt Robert W. , Williams Marvin C.
Published: November 2010

Arthropods containing gut fungi (Zygomycotina: Trichomycetes) were studied from 85 collecting sites in Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania. The emphasis was on the fungal order Harpellales in endemic larvae or nymphs of aquatic Diptera, Ephemeroptera, and Plecoptera, but included a few Eccrinales in Crustacea. Of the more than 25 species of trichomycetes dissected from arthropods, 20 are described and illustrated. Of these, 10 are new species that are possibly endemic to Australia. All new Australian species were different from new species described in a correlated study of New Zealand trichomycetes. The new Australian species are Austrosmittium aussiorum, Glotzia tasmaniensis, Smittium aciculare, Sm. boomerangum, Sm. delicatum, Sm. paludis, Sm. rupestre, Stachylina queenslandiae, St. thaumaleidarum (Harpellales), and Parataeniella latrobi (Eccrinales). Other possible new genera and species are briefly described, but not named. Thirteen axenic cultures of Harpellales were obtained; these include one of the new species, Sm. boomerangum, and another species not previously isolated, Sm. elongatum. Some unusual insect families were found infested by Australian trichomycetes. Distribution data on these fungi and their hosts are provided.
Temporal differences in cellular activity between tissues of the petal of Tradescantia clone 4430
Authors: Kudirka Dalia T. , Webster Peter L.
Published: November 2010

Cellular behavior was analysed in different tissues of petals of Tradescantia clone 4430 during lamina development. Previous work demonstrated that a period of relatively high mitotic activity is followed by a brief period of arrest in the G1 stage of the cell cycle before a shift of cells from G1 and G2 in the mature petal. In this study, the same sequence of events was seen to occur in both provascular–vascular tissue and epidermis and mesophyll. However, analysis of mitotic frequencies, shown to reflect mitotic rates in whole petals, indicated that mitotic activity peaks later and (or) lasts longer in the provascular–vascular tissue than in the epidermis and mesophyll. Similarly, there is a corresponding delay in the subsequent shift of the cells of the provascular–vascular tissue from G1, to G2, with the result that at anthesis only about 40% of the cells of the provascular tissue have reached G2 DNA values compared with 100% of the rest of the cells of the petal.
The influence of mowing, fertilization, and plant removal on the botanical composition of an artificial sward
Authors: Parish Roberta , Turkington Roy , Klein Elena
Published: November 2010

An artificial pasture was established using a forage seed mixture commonly used in the Fraser Valley of British Columbia. For five growing seasons, the plots were subjected to all combinations of two fertilizer levels, four frequencies of mowing, and the removal or not of small divots to create small gaps. All species were still present at the end of the study, but only Dactylis glomerata was found in all treatments; the abundance of ryegrasses (Lolium spp.) and clovers (Trifolium spp.) declined considerably, and there were significant [Formula: see text] between-year differences for all species. Mowing [Formula: see text] and fertilization [Formula: see text] had significant impacts on the abundance of all species, and there was a significant [Formula: see text] fertilization × mowing interaction effect on all species except Festuca sp. Divot removal had little impact. The number of species per plot and species diversity were highest, but the abundance of species was lowest, in unfertilized and frequently mown plots. The results are discussed in the context of tolerance to shading, nutrient application and growth rates, and competitive exclusion. Key words: mowing, fertilization, disturbance.
A Brief Review of Ethnicity Studies in Turkey
Authors: Suvari Çakır Ceyhan
Published: November 2010

As is known, the racist worldview rising in Europe, particularly in Germany of the 1930s, affected also the socio-political realities in Turkey, and became in effect a part of the official policy of the country. Many theories of obvious Turkist nature, such as Güneş Dil Teorisi (Sun Language Theory), were even shaped by the government and introduced into the university programmes. In this framework, the ancient Near Eastern states were declared Turkish, and the idea about the primordial presence of the Turks in Anatolia and Mesopotamia became a sort of axiom or absolute truth. From anthropological perspective, thousands of Armenian and Greek graves were opened and examined for the purpose of determining the real Turkish type; the skulls taken from these graves were compared with those of the contemporary Turks. The racist ideology defeated in Europe as a result of World War II, was correspondingly overthrown in Turkey too; even some sanctions were imposed to its defenders. However, since the 1980s, the similar ideas have been brought to the agenda again via the project of “the re-discovery of the proto-Turks in Anatolia”. Moreover, some Turkish academics have argued that the non-Muslim and non-Turk peoples, such as the Pontus Greeks, the Armenians, and the Assyrians are, indeed, of Turkic origin. This paper examines the recent publications by several Turkish authors who vehemently advocate the above summarised views, which, at the same time, are shared and embraced by a clear majority of the academics studying identity and ethnicity issues in Turkey. The introductory part of the paper discusses the theoretical aspects of ethnicity—again with a focus on the relevant literature published in Turkey.
Mindfulness and clinical psychology
Authors: Childs David
Published: November 2010

Does mindfulness offer more to psychology than a useful therapeutic technique? This paper argues that it can also establish a state of presence which is understood in relation to the practice of phenomenology. Mindfulness is then both linked to a Western intellectual tradition and offers that tradition a systematic method. This is an opening for psychological investigation of the non‐conceptual basis of everyday experience. The combination of this theoretical stance with the increasingly widespread practical training of clinical psychologists in mindfulness has broad implications for clinical practice; this is illustrated in relation to the descriptive approach to clinical problems, qualitative research, and reflective practice.
Paradigmenwechsel im gutgläubigen Erwerb von Kunst- und Kulturgütern
Authors: Anton Michael
Published: November 2010

Fast täglich wird in den Medien über Kunstrestitutionsstreitigkeiten berichtet. Der Einwand des gutgläubigen Erwerbs gestohlener und unrechtmäßig exportierter Kunstwerke, archäologischer Artefakte aus illegalen Raubgrabungen, nationalsozialistisch-bedingt entzogener Raub-, Flucht- und Beutekunst sowie ›entarteter‹ Kunstwerke und nach Russland verlagerter Trophäenkunst steht dabei im Zentrum eines jeden Rückgabeverfahrens. In Deutschland werden meist die tradierten Rechtsvorstellungen für gewöhnliche Mobilien und Konsumgüter auch auf Kunstwerke übertragen – zu Unrecht, wie die neuesten nationalen und internationalen Entwicklungen zeigen!
Recht für Juristen, Recht für Laien? – Oder: (Wie) Lässt sich das Recht dem juristischen Laien näher bringen?
Authors: Jermol Ada Gruntar
Published: November 2010

Especially for non-experts, translating legal texts is a complicated and multifaceted process, demanding much linguistic and technical competence from translators. Legal systems differ from one another, and each one has a specific set of norms, especially reflected at the lexical level – that is, in terminology. Understanding two legal systems is not easy, even for experts; of course, it is even more difficult for translators, who are usually not legal experts. This article focuses on how to quickly and transparently provide translators with some (basic) technical knowledge using ontologies, which in recent years have found considerable application in synthesizing and visualizing knowledge.
Glossar Reisezugwagen EN-DE / DE-EN
Authors: Werneyer Susanne
Published: November 2010

The process of creating a transeuropean interoperable rail network is an everyday challenge, creating new problems due to different track gauges or voltage systems and leading to new technical developments, implementations and comfort improvements for passengers. Translators and interpreters are faced with various problems: terms and definitions vary between companies and synonyms are not recognised. Furthermore, there is still a lack of mono- and bilingual handbooks, which cover all the aspects and technical components of passenger trains and multiple units. The following glossary is part of a terminological diploma thesis on passenger trains written at the University of Leipzig.
Thomas Brassey and the railways of Italy
Authors: Brooke D.
Published: November 2010

The acquisition by the Institution of Civil Engineers of the letters and other papers of Charles Jones, a long-serving agent of the outstanding contractor Thomas Brassey, has shed light on the terms embodied in several of Brassey's railway building concessions and the methods used to manage and finance his work outside Britain in places as widely dispersed as western France and southern Poland. Among Brassey's numerous assignments in the 1860s, the final decade of his life, were contracts for the construction of two major railway lines, the Maremma and Meridionali, on the Mediterranean and Adriatic coasts of Italy respectively. The Charles Jones archive shows how Brassey subcontracted much of the work to Italians and, as a result of his immense reputation, was able to attract financial support from his fellow British contractors. A huge quantity of documents must have passed through the hands of Brassey and his staff but, to the frustration of those interested in his achievements today, comparatively little primary evidence is extant. The papers of Charles Jones show that much of this evidence was systematically destroyed.
Numerical study of deformations induced by ac electric field in insulating flexoelectric nematic layers
Authors: Derfel G. , Buczkowska M.
Published: November 2010

The influence of the frequency f of applied ac electric field on the time dependence of electric field induced deformations of homeotropic nematic layers is studied numerically. Three kinds of nematic liquid crystals were considered: non-flexoelectric nematic with negative dielectric anisotropy, Δɛ < 0dielectrically compensated nematic (Δɛ = 0) possessing flexoelectric properties determined by the positive sum of flexoelectric coefficients e = e11 + e33 > 0nematic characterised by both Δɛ < 0 and e > 0.

It was found that at sufficiently low frequencies, the deformations varied with time. The deformations of purely dielectric nature had the period 1/(2f). When the frequency was increased, a stationary director distribution was achieved, determined by the rms value of the ac voltage. The time period of purely flexoelectric distortions was equal to 1/f. There was a well defined cut-off frequency above which these deformations vanished. In the case of dielectrically anisotropic and flexoelectric nematic, the flexoelectric contribution vanished above a critical frequency and the deformation of dielectric nature stabilized at high frequencies.
Why ABC Matters: Lexicography and Literary History
Authors: Helgason Jon
Published: November 2010

The purpose of this article is twofold. First, I wish to discuss the origins of The Swedish Academy Dictionary against the backdrop of the social and cultural history of lexicography in 18th and 19th century Europe. Second, to consider material aspects of lexicography – the dictionary as interface – in light of German media scientist Friedrich Kittler’s “media materialism”. Ultimately, both purposes intend to describe how letters and writing have been constructed and arranged through-out the course of history. In Kittler’s view, “the intimization of literature”, that took place during second half of the 18th century, brought about a fundamental change in the way language and text were perceived. However, parallel to this development an institutionalization and disciplining of language and literature took place. The rise of modern society, the nation state, print capitalism and modern science in 18th century Europe necessitated (and were furthered by) a disciplining of language and literature. This era was for these reasons a golden age for lexicographers and scholars whose work focused on the vernacular. In this article the rise of the alphabetically ordered dictionary and the corresponding downfall of the topical dictionary that occurred around 1700 is regarded as a technological threshold. This development is interesting not only within the field of history of lexicography, but arguably also, since information and thought are connected to the basic principles of mediality, this development has bearings on the epistemo-logical revolution of the 18th century witnessed in, among other things, Enlightenment thought and literature.
Low Dose Vaginal Misoprostol in the Management of Women with Intrauterine Fetal Death
Authors: El-Gharib M.N. , El-Ebyary M.T. , Alhawary T.S. , Elshourbagy S.H.
Published: November 2010

Objectives

The study was conducted to assess the effectiveness and side effects of vaginal misoprostol (Vagiprost® tablet) in termination of second and third trimester pregnancy complicated with intrauterine fetal death.

Design

A prospective observational cohort study.

Setting

Tanta University Hospital.

Patients

The study was carried out on 324 women with fetal demise in the second and third trimesters. Cases were collected during the period from January 2008 to December 2009.

Intervention

All patients were subjected to history taking, physical examination, Bishop Scoring. Application of 25 μg misoprostol in the posterior fornix of the vagina, this will be repeated every 4 hours over 24 hours. The adverse effects, progress, and outcomes were assessed.

Results

the success rate was 90% and 45% in women with third and second trimesters respectively. The mean induction-termination interval was 8.95 ± 2.63 and 15.3 ± 5.37 hours for women with third and second trimesters respectively. The induction termination interval correlated negatively with the duration of gestation. Approximately, 90% of second trimester and 55% of third trimester women required oxytocin augmentation. The mean value of total required dose of misoprostol was 166.3 ± 7.5 and 120 ± 28.79 μg for women with second and third trimesters respectively.

Conclusion

Vagiprost appears to be a safe, effective, practical, and inexpensive method for termination of third trimester pregnancy complicated with of intrauterine fetal death (IUFD), its effects increase with parity and duration of gestation.
Heterogeneous reactions of carbonyl sulfide on mineral oxides: mechanism and kinetics study
Authors: Liu Y. , Ma J. , He H.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. The heterogeneous reactions of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) on the typical mineral oxides in the mineral dust particles were investigated using a Knudsen cell flow reactor and a diffuse reflectance UV-vis spectroscopy. The reaction pathway for OCS on mineral dust was identified based on the gaseous products and surface species. The hydrolysis of OCS and succeeding oxidation of intermediate products readily took place on α-Al2O3, MgO, and CaO. Reversible and irreversible adsorption of OCS were observed on α-Fe2O3 and ZnO, respectively, whereas no apparent uptake of OCS by SiO2 and TiO2 was observed. The reactivity of OCS on these oxides depends on both the basicity of oxides and the decomposition reactivity of oxides for H2S. Based on the individual uptake coefficients and chemical composition of authentic mineral dust, the uptake coefficient (γBET) of mineral dust was estimated to be in the range of 3.84×10−7–2.86×10−8. The global flux of OCS due to heterogeneous reactions and adsorption on mineral dust was estimated at 0.13–0.29 Tg yr−1, which is comparable to the annual flux of OCS for its reaction with ·OH.
A Bayesian inversion estimate of N2O emissions for western and central Europe and the assessment of aggregation errors
Authors: Thompson R. L. , Gerbig C. , Rödenbeck C.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. A Bayesian inversion approach was used to retrieve temporally and spatially resolved N2O fluxes for western and central Europe using in-situ atmospheric observations from the tall tower site at Ochsenkopf, Germany (50°01´ N, 11°48´ E). For atmospheric transport, the STILT (Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport) model was employed, which was driven with ECMWF analysis and short term forecast fields. The influence of temporal aggregation error, as well as the choice of spatial and temporal correlation scale length, on the retrieval was investigated using a synthetic dataset consisting of mixing ratios generated for the Ochsenkopf site. We found that if the aggregation error is ignored, then a significant bias error in the retrieved fluxes ensues. However, by estimating this error and projecting it into the observation space, it was possible to avoid bias errors in the retrieved fluxes. Using the real observations from the Ochsenkopf site, N2O fluxes were retrieved every 7 days for 2007 at 2 by 2 degrees spatial resolution. Emissions of N2O were strongest during the summer and autumn months, with peak emissions in August and September, while the regions of Benelux and northern United Kingdom had the strongest annual mean emissions.
Evaluation of Human Natural Killer Cell Activities in Whole Blood
Authors: Claus Maren , Watzl Carsten
Published: November 2010

Natural killer (NK) cells are important effector cells of the innate immune system. Activation of NK cells results in their cytotoxic activity against locally attached target cells and leads to the secretion of cytokines. These activities are usually measured in purified NK cells or isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In this unit, we describe a protocol to measure NK cell cytotoxicity (lysis of 51Cr labeled target cells), degranulation (externalization of CD107a), and cytokine production (intracellular FACS analysis of IFN‐γ) in whole‐blood samples. Using these protocols, it is possible to perform a comprehensive analysis of NK cell function with as little as 3.5 ml of heparinized whole blood. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 91:7.39.1‐7.39.17. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Measuring TLR Function in Transfectants
Authors: Rallabhandi Prasad
Published: November 2010

This unit summarizes a combination of methods that can be optimized for measuring toll‐like receptor (TLR) function. TLRs serve as primary innate immune sensors and exhibit high specificity towards evolutionarily conserved microbial and viral structures. The unit focuses specifically on TLR4, the principal Gram‐negative lipopolysaccharide (LPS) sensor. Methods described include transient transfections, analyses of activation of various promoters in reporter‐gene assays, and induction of IL‐8 secretion. Other topics that will be briefly discussed include the necessity for the assessment of surface expression of transmembrane receptors (e.g., TLR4) using FACS analysis, and a permutation of the TLR functional analysis approach using site‐directed mutagenesis. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 91:14.16.1‐14.16.15. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Soft Cosmos of AD’s ‘Cosmorama’ in the 1960s and 1970s
Authors: Kallipoliti Lydia
Published: November 2010

Between 1968 and 1973, the innovative ‘Cosmorama’ section of AD played an influential role in promoting alternative technologies and ecological experiments. Here, guest‐editor Lydia Kallipoliti provides her own ‘soft cosmos’: a genealogy of ecological material experimentation and thinking in the 1960s and 1970s, which puts particular stress on the biological, elastic, moulded and pneumatic. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
(Ut)opiates: Rethinking Nature
Authors: López‐Durán Fabiola , Moore Nikki
Published: November 2010

Much of what is currently regarded as ‘green’ is predicated on a pre‐modern, even Romantic, notion of nature; with sustainable design often overtly seeking to readdress the balance in nature by countering man's destructive forces. Here, Fabiola López‐Durán and Nikki Moore pursue a more nuanced view of sustainability and architecture through a lineage of ideas, embedded within Lamarckian eugenics ‐ the early 20th‐century movement that sought the advancement of the human race through the transformation of the environment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Architecture of the Mouse
Authors: Wigley Mark
Published: November 2010

The mouse is a potent prosthetic. When placed in front of our desktop we do not even have to think consciously about reaching for it. Mark Wigley's eulogy to this seemingly humble but transformative technology highlights the power that such a discrete device can have on the human ecosystem, providing a seamless interface between body and brain that is still only to be dreamt of in architecture. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MEtreePOLIS 1901‐2111
Authors: Hollwich Matthias , Kushner Marc
Published: November 2010

As the natural world continues to change, it is clear that people would rather employ technology to adapt to shifting circumstances rather than alter their lifestyles to suit nature's demands. MEtreePolis is a timeline of crucial historical developments that explores the dichotomy of nature and technology. Commencing in 1901, it shoots past the present and into the future, closing in 2111. By providing an imaginative vision of tomorrow, Matthias Hollwich and Marc Kushner provide an entertaining argument for human manipulation of the environment, suggesting that it will inadvertently trigger ‘ecological salvation’ and ‘social utopia’. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
(Science) Fiction, Ecophysical Apparatus and Skizoid Machines: Animism, Vitalism and Machinism as a Way to Rearticulate the Need to Confront the Unknown in a Contradictory Manner
Authors: Roche François
Published: November 2010

François Roche of R&Sie(n) ruminates on the contradictory nature of the present: a time that is ‘vibrating’ while ultimately ‘lacking momentum’. Reclaiming ‘the scenarios and substances that condition architecture’, he rejects the large‐scale flights of fancy of international signature architects and argues for the reactivation of ‘a throbbing, complex and unfinished “localism”’. In so doing, he advocates a machinism that enables fictionalisation and speculation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Go Brown: Inner‐Disciplinary Conjectures
Authors: Tsamis Alexandros
Published: November 2010

The relationship of society to its excrement is telling at both a cultural and social level. The notion of green architecture with its emphasis on the naturally pure has so far eschewed waste as a primary generative material. Alexandros Tsamis here invokes a more inclusive notion of the environment in which by‐product becomes intrinsic to any project. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical Ecosystems
Authors: Catalá Anna Pla
Published: November 2010

Despite computation's wholescale adoption for the generation of complex geometries, the application of computer code has remained relatively undeveloped in an environmental context. Anna Pla Catalá discusses the use of computation in relation to ecological systems and how it might be applied within projects with a complex set of urban components. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.