bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A high‐resolution near‐infrared extraterrestrial solar spectrum derived from ground‐based Fourier transform spectrometer measurements
Authors: Menang Kaah P. , Coleman Marc D. , Gardiner Tom D. , Ptashnik Igor V. , Shine Keith P.
Published: April 2013

A detailed spectrally resolved extraterrestrial solar spectrum (ESS) is important for line‐by‐line radiative transfer modeling in the near‐IR. Very few observationally based high‐resolution ESS are available in this spectral region. Consequently, the theoretically calculated ESS by Kurucz has been widely adopted. We present the CAVIAR (Continuum Absorption at Visible and Infrared Wavelengths and its Atmospheric Relevance) ESS, which is derived using the Langley technique applied to calibrated observations using a ground‐based high‐resolution Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) in atmospheric windows from 2000 to 10,000 cm–1 (1–5 µm). There is good agreement between the strengths and positions of solar lines between the CAVIAR and the satellite‐based Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment‐FTS ESS, in the spectral region where they overlap, and good agreement with other ground‐based FTS measurements in two near‐IR windows. However, there are significant differences in the structure between the CAVIAR ESS and spectra from semiempirical models. In addition, we found a difference of up to 8% in the absolute (and hence the wavelength‐integrated) irradiance between the CAVIAR ESS and that of Thuillier et al., which was based on measurements from the Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science satellite and other sources. In many spectral regions, this difference is significant, because the coverage factor k = 2 (or 95% confidence limit) uncertainties in the two sets of observations do not overlap. Because the total solar irradiance is relatively well constrained, if the CAVIAR ESS is correct, then this would indicate an integrated “loss” of solar irradiance of about 30 W m–2 in the near‐IR that would have to be compensated by an increase at other wavelengths.
The impact of shipping, agricultural, and urban emissions on single particle chemistry observed aboard the R/V Atlantis during CalNex
Authors: Gaston Cassandra J. , Quinn Patricia K. , Bates Timothy S. , Gilman Jessica B. , Bon Daniel M. , Kuster William C. , Prather Kimberly A.
Published: April 2013

The Research at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) field campaign was undertaken to obtain a better understanding of the regional impacts of different pollution sources in California. As part of this study, real‐time shipboard measurements were made of the size‐resolved, single‐particle mixing state of submicron and supermicron particles (0.2–3.0 µm aerodynamic diameter) along the California coast where major differences were noted between Southern and Northern California. In Southern California, particles containing soot made up the largest fraction of submicron particles (~38% on average and up to ~89% by number), whereas organic carbon particles comprised the largest fraction of submicron number concentrations (~29% on average and up to ~78% by number) in Northern California including the Sacramento area. The mixing state of these carbonaceous particle types varied during the cruise with sulfate being more prevalent on soot‐containing particles in Southern California due to the influence of fresh shipping and port emissions in addition to contributions from marine biogenic emissions. Contributions from secondary organic aerosol species, including amines, and nitrate were more prevalent in Northern California, as well as during time periods impacted by agricultural emissions (e.g., from the inland Riverside and Central Valley regions). These regional differences and changes in the mixing state and sources of particles have implications for heterogeneous reactivity, water uptake, and cloud‐nucleating abilities for aerosols in California.
Soil‐moisture memory in the regional climate model COSMO‐CLM during the Indian summer monsoon season
Authors: Asharaf Shakeel , Ahrens Bodo
Published: April 2013

Soil moisture memory over the Indian subcontinent was investigated on the basis of a 101 year long simulation with the regional climate model (RCM) COSMO‐CLM (COSMO model in Climate Mode). The RCM was driven by lateral boundary conditions derived from a preindustrial control run of the coupled global ocean‐atmosphere model ECHAM5/MPIOM. To prevent an external atmospheric forcing, the simulation was done with constant greenhouse gas concentrations. This provides an estimate of the internal variability of the (modeled) climate system. The analysis, which was performed for the Indian summer monsoon season (ISM), shows that simulated memory lengths (a) increase with soil depth, and (b) are longer in the western region than in the eastern region (14 and 9 days, respectively, at 34 cm soil layer depth). Also, the meridionally averaged (20°N–30°N) variance of subsequent precipitation explained by soil‐moisture rises from east to west. This enhanced explained variance value in the western region reveals the potential usefulness of improved soil moisture initialization in subseasonal rainfall forecasting.
A Novel Series of 3,4‐Disubstituted Dihydropyrazoles: Synthesis and Evaluation for MAO Enzyme Inhibition
Authors: Cardia Maria Cristina , Sanna Maria Luisa , Meleddu Rita , Distinto Simona , Yañez Matilde , Viña Dolores , Lamela Manuel , Maccioni Elias
Published: April 2013

In this study, the authors have designed and synthesized a novel series of 3‐acyl‐4‐aryl‐4,5‐dihydropyrazoles, with the aim to obtain new potential scaffolds for the inhibition of both isoforms of monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzyme. The synthetic pathway to these compounds includes as a key step the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction of diazomethane with a chalcone. All the compounds were fully characterized by means of spectroscopic and analytical data and showed specific inhibition against MAO A.
Protein analysis by desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and related methods
Authors: Douglass Kevin Aart , Venter Andre R.
Published: April 2013

Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI‐MS) requires little to no sample preparation and has been successfully applied to the study of biologically significant macromolecules such as proteins. However, DESI‐MS and other ambient methods that use spray desorption to process samples during ionization appear limited to smaller proteins with molecular masses of 25 kDa or less, and a decreasing instrumental response with increasing protein size has often been reported. It has been proposed that this limit results from the inability of some proteins to easily desorb from the surface during DESI sampling. The present study investigates the apparent mass dependence of the instrumental response observed during the DESI‐MS analysis of proteins using spray desorption collection and reflective electrospray ionization. Proteins, as large as 66 kDa, are shown to be quantitatively removed from surfaces by using spray desorption collection. However, incomplete dissolution and the formation of protein–protein and protein–contaminant clusters appear to be responsible for the mass‐dependent loss in sensitivity for protein analysis. Alternative ambient mass spectrometry approaches that address some of the problems encountered by spray desorption techniques for protein analysis are also discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Examining the effects of feeling trusted by supervisors in the workplace: A self‐evaluative perspective
Authors: Lau Dora C. , Lam Long W. , Wen Shan S.
Published: April 2013

Trusting and feeling trusted are related but unique components of a trusting relationship. However, we understand relatively little about the effects of felt trust on work performance and organizational citizenship behavior. From a self‐evaluative perspective, this study argued that when employees perceive that their supervisors trust them, their organization‐based self‐esteem is enhanced, leading them to perform better in the workplace. We tested our hypotheses on a sample of 497 teachers using two trust measures, that is, reliance and disclosure, and found support for them on the basis of the reliance (but not the disclosure) measure. The effect of felt trust especially reliance on the employees' work performances were mediated by their organization‐based self‐esteem. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potassium management in tea plantations: Its uptake by field plants, status in soils, and efficacy on yields and quality of teas in China
Authors: Ruan Jianyun , Ma Lifeng , Shi Yuanzhi
Published: April 2013

Tea is one of the major cash crops in the tropical and subtropical areas of China. Insufficient potassium (K) supply is an important limiting factor to the productivity as the soils are highly leached and strongly acidic. However, information about effects of K fertilization and application techniques is very limited. This manuscript summarizes results of field experiments investigating K uptake, soil K status, effects and methods of K fertilization in China during the past two decades. The K stocks and uptake were investigated by soil sampling in plantations aged 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10 years. There was no harvest of young shoots, and most K was assigned to frame growth accounting for 59%–61% of the total uptake in the aboveground plant parts of young plantations aged 1–3 years. In plantations (≥ 5 years) such assignment to frame growth became relatively small (7.6%–11.9%) and a major proportion was assigned to young shoots accounting for up to 78% of the total. Analysis of 3396 soil samples taken in 2009–2010 from 54 counties of 16 main tea‐producing provinces showed that the exchangeable K (extracted by Mehlich III) in soils averaged 81 mg kg–1 and in about 74% samples were below critical deficient level (100 mg kg–1). The low activity ratio at equilibrium (AR ke) and nonspecific absorbed‐K (ΔK0) values of quantity‐intensity (Q/I) curves also indicated low status of labile K pools of tea soils. Field experiments at 16 of total 18 sites with black, green, and oolong teas during 1992–2002 showed a significant increase of yield after K application either as potassium sulfate (K2SO4) or potassium chloride (KCl) despite of the largely different initial soil exchangeable K contents, plucking standards, and yield levels among the tea types. The agronomical efficiency of K fertilizers was averaged at 8.8 kg fresh shoots or 1.71 kg tea per kg K fertilizer. The quality of harvested shoots was improved by K‐fertilizer application as revealed by increased concentrations of free amino acids, water‐extractable dry matter, and total polyphenols. There was little difference in the effects of K as K2SO4 and KCl on yield and quality. Field experiments at six sites evaluating variable K amounts demonstrated that the optimal K doses ranged from 124 to 160 kg K ha–1 y–1 for both K2SO4 and KCl and were little affected by initial soil K contents, tea types, and the yield levels. No privilege of K applications split into three times in tea seasons was observed concerning the risk of leaching in the soils of low cation‐exchange capacity and abundant rainfall in the production areas. A single K application as base fertilizer in autumn had similar or better effect. The present studies showed low soil labile K pools, incapable to meet plant K demand for quality tea production, highlighting the importance of K‐fertilizer application.
Potassium and stress alleviation: Physiological functions and management of cotton
Authors: Oosterhuis Derrick M. , Loka Dimitra A. , Raper Tyson B.
Published: April 2013

Potassium (K) plays a major role in the basic functions of plant growth and development. In addition, K is also involved in numerous physiological functions related to plant health and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. However, K deficiency occurs widely resulting in poor growth, lost yield, and reduced fiber quality. This review describes the physiological functions of K and its role in stress relief and also provides some agronomic aspects of K requirements, diagnosis of soil and plant K status, and amelioration. The physiological processes described include enzymes and the regulation of organic‐compound synthesis, water relations and stomates, photosynthesis, transport, cell signaling, and plant response to drought stress, cold stress, salt stress, as well as biotic stresses. The agronomic aspects of K fertilization include the K requirements of cotton, K uptake, and soil characteristics, genotypic variation in K uptake and use, and characteristics of K deficiency in cotton. In addition, diagnosis and amelioration of K soil and plant status is discussed.
Agrochemical characterization, net N mineralization, and potential N leaching of composted olive‐mill pomace currently produced in southern Spain
Authors: Gómez‐Muñoz Beatriz , Hatch David J. , Bol Roland , García‐Ruiz Roberto
Published: April 2013

In S Spain, the Andalusian olive oil industry generates annually 2.5–3.0 million tons of olive mill pomace, a by‐product which is comprised of the residues from the two‐phase oil‐extraction process. The agricultural policies of the EU have led to widespread interest in recycling these agricultural by‐products. Olive mill pomace might be evaluated as an organic fertilizer after composting, however, before wider use of composted olive mill pomace is advocated, characterization of the final product is needed. In this study, the physico‐chemical characteristics, net N mineralization, and the potential for N leaching of 7 out of the 11 olive‐mill‐pomace composts currently produced in the Andalusian olive mills were investigated. Compost of olive mill pomace differed in the proportions of raw materials co‐composted with the olive mill pomace, such as olive leaf material, manure, and straw. In all the composts tested, organic matter, total C and K were high with 60.5%, 30.7%, and 1.7% on average, respectively, whereas total P was low (0.4%) and with intermediate levels of N (1.5%). Compost pH (8.03), electrical conductivity (2.85 dS m–1), and germination index (65% on average) were adequate for agricultural use. Furthermore, principal component analyses revealed a clear relationship between the quality of the composts and the proportion of manure mixed with the raw materials. Net N mineralization was negative on average (–20 μg IN g–1) after 1 y, but positive after 2 y of incubation with up to 94% of available N from the total N added and the short‐term potential N leaching after compost application was negligible (less than 3.9% of added N) and much lower than the other N fertilizer with up to 80% added N leached. Overall, results of this study clearly show that these currently produced composts of olive mill pomace are suitable as soil improvers for agricultural purposes, but may not contribute significantly as a N fertilizer for up to 2 y after application.
Plant stable isotope composition across habitat gradients in a semi‐arid savanna: implications for environmental reconstruction
Authors: CODRON JACQUELINE , LEE‐THORP JULIA A. , SPONHEIMER MATT , CODRON DARYL
Published: April 2013

Field studies of plant stable carbon and nitrogen isotope composition have revealed relationships with temperature and precipitation. These relationships conform to theoretical predictions of how extrinsic factors impact on ecophysiological processes such as photosynthesis and nitrogen cycling. However, examination of many datasets reveals high levels of variation, especially across environments with moderate precipitation (<1000 mm a−1). To test for extrinsic effects on plant isotope composition in such environments, we studied data from plants collected over three years from multiple habitats and seasons in Kruger National Park, South Africa. Our sample is sufficiently large to evaluate not only effects of environmental variables (rainfall up to ∼800 mm a−1, temperature, physical habitat structure) but also taxonomic effects. Species composition of habitats accounted for most of the variation in our data, followed by physical habitat structure (e.g. wooded or riverine compared with open, grassy habitats), while rainfall and temperature had only indirect or negligible effects. The latter finding concurs with subsections of existing datasets and we suggest therefore that such effects usually become visible in datasets that span environmental extremes, implying environmental ranges within which plant isotope variations cannot readily be ascribed to climate. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The last millennium largest floods in the hyperarid Kuiseb River basin, Namib Desert
Authors: GRODEK T. , BENITO G. , BOTERO B. A. , JACOBY Y. , PORAT N. , HAVIV I. , CLOETE G. , ENZEL Y.
Published: April 2013

The largest Kuiseb River floods initiate at the basin's semi‐arid headwater. Downstream, along the hyperarid Namib Desert, these floodwaters are feeding shallow alluvial aquifers, the only available water for human activity and for the natural ecology. Here, we characterize the largest floods and their changing frequency and magnitudes using palaeohydrological methods. Along 120 km of the rivers canyon 35 palaeoflood deposit sites were identified. At five of these sites we conducted stratigraphic and geochronological analyses and flood discharge estimations. The upper bound of the largest flood over the late Holocene is ∼1475 m3s−1. Over the last 1300 years more than ten floods have exceeded 1250 m3s−1. An additional 33 floods exceeded 400 m3s−1. The last millennium was characterized by one large flood every 30–40 years during the periods 1250–1335, 1355–1565 and 1715 AD to the present. A slight increase in flood frequency (not magnitude) occurred during 1565–1715 AD (one large flood in ∼20 years) and during two short episodes, 1185–1205 and 1335–1355 AD (seven and four floods in 20 years, respectively). These episodes of increased flood frequency are associated with other proxy records of higher water availability in the Namib. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accurate depolarization ratio measurements for all diatomic hydrogen isotopologues
Authors: James T. M. , Schlösser M. , Fischer S. , Sturm M. , Bornschein B. , Lewis R. J. , Telle H. H.
Published: April 2013

The Raman depolarization ratios for individual Q1(J”) branch lines of all diatomic hydrogen isotopologues – H2, HD, D2, HT, DT, and T2 – were measured, for all rotational levels with population larger than 1/100 relative to the Boltzmann maximum at room temperature. For these measurements, the experimental setup normally used for the monitoring of the tritiated hydrogen molecules at KArlsruhe TRItium Neutrino experiment was adapted to optimally control the excitation laser power and polarization, and to precisely define the Raman light collection geometry. The measured Raman depolarization values were compared to theoretical values, which are linked to polarizability tensor quantities. For this, the ‘raw data’ were corrected taking into account distinct aspects affecting Raman depolarization data, including (1) excitation polarization impurities; (2) extended Raman excitation volumes; and (3) Raman light collection over finite solid angles. Our corrected depolarization ratios of the hydrogen isotopologues agree with the theoretical values (based on ab initio quantum calculations by R.J. LeRoy, University of Waterloo, Canada) to better than 5% for nearly all of the measured Q1(J”) lines, with 1σ confidence level. The results demonstrate that reliable, accurate Raman depolarization ratios can be extracted from experimental measurements, which may be substantially distorted by excitation polarization impurities and by geometrical effects. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quality of carrots as affected by pre‐ and postharvest factors and processing
Authors: Seljåsen Randi , Kristensen Hanne L , Lauridsen Charlotte , Wyss Gabriela S , Kretzschmar Ursula , Birlouez‐Aragone Inès , Kahl Johannes
Published: April 2013

The aim of this review is to provide an update on factors contributing to quality of carrots, with special focus on the role of pre‐ and postharvest factors and processing. The genetic factor shows the highest impact on quality variables in carrots, causing a 7–11‐fold difference between varieties in content of terpenes, β‐carotene, magnesium, iron and phenolics as well as a 1–4‐fold difference in falcarindiol, bitter taste and sweet taste. Climate‐related factors may cause a difference of up to 20‐fold for terpenes, 82% for total sugars and 30–40% for β‐carotene, sweet taste and bitter taste. Organic farming in comparison with conventional farming has shown 70% higher levels for magnesium and 10% for iron. Low nitrogen fertilisation level may cause up to 100% increase in terpene content, minor increase in dry matter (+4 to +6%) and magnesium (+8%) and reduction in β‐carotene content (−8 to −11%). Retail storage at room temperature causes the highest reduction in β‐carotene (−70%) and ascorbic acid (−70%). Heat processing by boiling reduces shear force (−300 to −1000%) and crispiness (−67%) as well as content of phenolics (−150%), terpenes (−85%) and total carotenes (−20%) and increases the risk of furan accumulation. Sensory and chemical quality parameters of carrots are determined mainly by genetic and climate‐related factors and to a minor extent by cultivation method. Retail temperature and storage atmosphere as well as heating procedure in processing have the highest impact in quality reduction. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Early versus late leaf removal strategies for Pinot Noir (Vitis vinifera L.): effect on colour‐related phenolics in young wines following alcoholic fermentation
Authors: Sternad Lemut Melita , Trost Kajetan , Sivilotti Paolo , Arapitsas Panagiotis , Vrhovsek Urska
Published: April 2013

Background

The widely adopted viticultural practice of late (véraison) leaf removal is now losing many of its advantages as a result of today's warmer vineyard conditions. With the aim of seeking a good alternative, the influence of earlier leaf removals (at pre‐flowering and berry‐set) on colour‐related phenolics in young Pinot Noir wines was investigated in the years 2009 and 2010.

Results

Total flavonols in 2009 wines were 71 and 52% higher in case of véraison and berry‐set treatments respectively as compared with untreated controls, while in 2010 the average content of flavonols was highest with pre‐flowering leaf removal (75% higher than controls). The anthocyanin content in 2009 wines was 18 and 11% higher in case of véraison and berry‐set treatments respectively and was favoured by early leaf removals in 2010 (50 and 43% higher in case of berry‐set and pre‐flowering treatments respectively) as compared with controls. Changes in hydroxycinnamic acid profiles were shown to be greatest in 2010 wines resulting from early leaf removal treatments. Promoted formation of vitisin A‐like pigments in 2010 leaf removal treatments was observed during fermentation.

Conclusions

The phenolic profiles of grapes/wines were affected by leaf removal timing, although differently in two (extremely different) seasons. Earlier leaf removal strategies showed some promising results, with good proportions mainly of flavonols and anthocyanins, retained also in young wines. Vitisins A in wines were positively affected by all leaf removals. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
A Generic Micropatterning Platform to Direct Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Different Origins Towards Myogenic Differentiation
Authors: Yu Ting , Chua Chee Kai , Tay Chor Yong , Wen Feng , Yu Haiyang , Chan Jerry K. Y. , Chong Mark S. K. , Leong David Tai , Tan Lay Poh
Published: April 2013

Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from various origins show varied differentiation capability. Recent work shows that cell shape manipulation via micropatterning can modulate the differentiation of bone‐marrow‐derived MSCs. Herein, the effect of micropatterning on the myogenesis of MSCs isolated from three different sources (bone marrow, fetal tissue, and adipose) is reported. All the well‐aligned cells, regardless of source, predominantly commit to myogenic lineage, as shown by the significant upregulation of myogenic gene markers and positive myosin heavy chain staining. It is demonstrated that our novel micropattern can be used as a generic platform for inducing myogenesis of MSCs from different sources and may also have the potential to be extended to induce other lineage commitment.

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Revisiting Tversky's Trail—How Money Makes a Subtle Difference in Similarity Effect Experiments
Authors: Diels Jana Luisa , Müller Holger
Published: April 2013

Recent findings in research on context effects indicate that, as opposed to choices under hypothetical settings, compromise effects are significantly attenuated in binding settings that include real payments for products. The present investigation examines to what extent this finding applies to yet another context effect, namely the similarity effect (SE). The SE stipulates that, compared with initial shares of two options A and B in a binary choice set, the introduction of an option C that is dissimilar to B but similar to A will hurt the latter more than the nonadjacent option B. The conducted online survey examines the SE in unforced choices of experienced consumers between real brands across three consumer good categories. The results confirm that the SE is evidently reduced under real payment conditions, hence confirming the hypothesis that the applied choice setting moderates the efficacy of the composition of choice sets.
Manganese waste mud immobilization in cement – natural zeolite – lime blend: Process optimization using artificial neural networks and multi‐criteria functions
Authors: Ukić Š. , Dimić P. , Šiljeg M. , Ujević Bošnjak M. , Šipušić J. , Bolanča T.
Published: April 2013

In this study, stabilization/solidification process of manganese contaminated mud using portland cement was optimized. For that purpose, immobilization process was modeled applying artificial neural networks with radial basis activation function. The optimal model presented satisfactory prediction characteristics (R2 value for manganese leaching was 0.9615 while and for concrete flexural strength 0.8748). Therefore, it was used in combination with seven in‐house developed multi‐criteria optimization functions, separately, in order to optimize concrete formulation. The used approach proved itself as efficient and cost effective alternative in ecological material formulation process. The best properties (i. e. high flexural strength and lowest manganese leaching) manifested stabilization/solidification matrix consisted of 350 g of portland cement, 20 g of lime, 70 g of natural zeolite, 10 g of manganese waste mud and 180 g of water.
On the origin of fatigue corrosion cracking in Al7075
Authors: Masendorf R. , Dahle S. , Wegewitz L. , Korte S. , Lilienkamp G. , Voigts F. , Maus‐Friedrichs W.
Published: April 2013

The fatigue corrosion cracking of the Al7075 alloy has been investigated by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES). Specimen exposed to cyclic load at room temperature until crack initiation show a significant increase of magnesium within a distance of about 1 μm around the crack, while almost no aluminum was left. This segregation effect has been investigated in detail, yielding that the diffusion should most likely be driven by the gradient of the chemical potential through the oxidation of magnesium at the surface, while the required mobility for the diffusion process was gained by the mechanical stress of the cyclic loading.
Shot peening of linear bend split profiles with ultrafine grained gradient microstructures
Authors: Schuster J. , Müller C.
Published: April 2013

Spaltbiegen und Spaltprofilieren sind innovative Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen Herstellung integral verzweigter Blechprofile mit ultrafeinkörnigen Gradientengefügen. Durch ihre Verzweigungen sowie die hohe Festigkeit der lokal vorliegenden ultrafeinkörnigen Gefüge bieten Spaltbiegeprofile ein enormes Leichtbaupotential. Die durch das Spaltbiegen/Spaltprofilieren erzeugten ultrafeinkörnigen Gefüge liegen an der Bauteiloberfläche vor, mit ihnen geht eine Verdopplung von Härte und Festigkeit sowie eine deutliche Erhöhung der Dauerfestigkeit einher, verglichen zum unverformten Ausgangsmaterial. Aufgrund ihrer hohen Festigkeit sollten ultrafeinkörnige Gefüge prinzipiell ein großes Potenzial zum Einbringen von Druckeigenspannungen bieten, wodurch eine erhebliche Steigerung der Dauerfestigkeit durch eine Kugelstrahlbehandlung zu erwarten wäre. Es zeigt sich jedoch, dass trotz optimaler Kugelstrahlparameter die Ermüdungsfestigkeit nach dem Kugelstrahlen tendenziell sogar niedriger liegt als für das ungestrahlte ultrafeinkörnige Gefüge. Dieses Verhalten ist auf die erhöhte Rauigkeit der kugelgestrahlten Oberfläche zurückzuführen, die den Effekt der Druckeigenspannungen überkompensiert.
The triterpenoids of Ganoderma tsugae prevent stress‐induced myocardial injury in mice
Authors: Kuok Qian‐Yu , Yeh Chen‐Yu , Su Bor‐Chyuan , Hsu Pei‐Ling , Ni Hao , Liu Ming‐Yie , Mo Fan‐E
Published: April 2013

Ganoderma mushrooms (Lingzhi in Chinese) have well‐documented health benefits. Ganoderma tsugae (G. tsugae), one of the ganoderma species, has been commercially cultivated as a dietary supplement. Because G. tsugae has high antioxidant activity and because oxidative stress is often associated with cardiac injury, we hypothesized that G. tsugae protects against cardiac injury by alleviating oxidative stress. We tested the hypothesis using a work‐overload‐induced myocardial injury model created by challenging mice with isoproterenol (ISO). Remarkably, oral G. tsugae protected the mice from ISO‐induced myocardial injury. Moreover, the triterpenoid fraction of G. tsugae, composed of a mixture of nine structurally related ganoderic acids (GAs), provided cardioprotection by inhibiting the ISO‐induced expression of Fas/Fas ligand, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. The antioxidant activity of GAs was tested in cultured cardio‐myoblast H9c2 cells against the insult of H2O2. GAs dissipated the cellular reactive oxygen species imposed by H2O2 and prevented cell death. Our findings uncovered the cardioprotective activity of G. tsugae and identified GAs as the bioactive components against cardiac insults.
Analysis of the finite‐source multiclass priority queue with an unreliable server and setup time
Authors: Sahba Pedram , Balciog̃lu Bariş , Banjevic Dragan
Published: April 2013

In this article, we study a queueing system serving multiple classes of customers. Each class has a finite‐calling population. The customers are served according to the preemptive‐resume priority policy. We assume general distributions for the service times. For each priority class, we derive the steady‐state system size distributions at departure/arrival and arbitrary time epochs. We introduce the residual augmented process completion times conditioned on the number of customers in the system to obtain the system time distribution. We then extend the model by assuming that the server is subject to operation‐independent failures upon which a repair process with random duration starts immediately. We also demonstrate how setup times, which may be required before resuming interrupted service or picking up a new customer, can be incorporated in the model. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2013
Metal‐Conjugated Affinity Labels: A New Concept to Create Enantioselective Artificial Metalloenzymes
Authors: Reiner Thomas , Jantke Dominik , Marziale Alexander N. , Raba Andreas , Eppinger Jörg
Published: April 2013

Invited for this month′s cover is the group of Prof. Jörg Eppinger. The cover picture illustrates the concept of using metal‐conjugated affinity labels (m‐ALs) to convert proteases into well‐defined and catalytically active artificial metalloenzymes. For more details, see the Communication on p. 50 ff.
Aminofunctional polyethers: smart materials for applications in solution and on surfaces
Authors: Wilms Valerie S. , Frey Holger
Published: April 2013

In recent years, biocompatible polyethers with multi‐aminofunctionality have been used for a variety of applications in different fields. Both established and recently developed synthesis strategies for such polymers and applications as stimuli‐responsive materials, non‐viral vectors, shell crosslinked micelles and for surface functionalization are reviewed. The intriguing potential of such materials is due to both polyether and polyamine components and can thus be readily tuned by the copolymer microstructure and composition. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and bifunctional asymmetric organocatalysis of helical poly(phenylacetylene)s bearing cinchona alkaloid pendants via a sulfonamide linkage
Authors: Iida Hiroki , Tang Zhenglin , Yashima Eiji
Published: April 2013

Four novel helical poly(phenylacetylene)s with amino‐functionalized cinchona alkaloid pendant groups connecting to the phenyl rings through a sulfonamide linkage were synthesized by the polymerization of the corresponding phenylacetylene monomers using Rh+(2,5‐norbornadiene)[(η6‐C6H5)B−(C6H5)3] (Rh(nbd)BPh4) as the catalyst. The optically active sulfonamide‐linked polymers adopted a helical conformation with an excess of one‐handedness as supported by the appearance of the induced Cotton effects in the main‐chain chromophore regions, and efficiently catalyzed the enantioselective methanolytic desymmetrization of a cyclic anhydride and aza‐Michael addition of aniline to chalcone, thereby producing the corresponding optically active products up to 86% enantiomeric excess. However, their enantioselectivities from the methanolytic desymmetrization were slightly lower than those catalyzed by the corresponding cinchona alkaloid‐bound monomers. On the other hand, during the asymmetric aza‐Michael addition, a unique enhancement of the enantioselectivity was observed for several sulfonamide‐linked helical polymers, and thus affording a remarkably higher enantioselectivity compared to those of the corresponding monomers and nonhelical polymers bearing the identical cinchona alkaloid residues. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 2869–2879
Fluorinated polymerizable phosphonium salts from PH3: Surface properties of photopolymerized films
Authors: Guterman Ryan , Berven Bradley M. , Chris Corkery T. , Nie Heng‐Yong , Idacavage Mike , Gillies Elizabeth R. , Ragogna Paul J.
Published: April 2013

An array of highly fluorinated polymerizable phosphonium salts (HFPPS) were synthesized from PH3 and utilized in UV‐curable formulations. Inclusion of these salts at very low loading (0.1–1 wt %) into hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) resulted in hydrophobic surfaces. The water repellency was achieved with short C4F9 fluorocarbon appendages in the monomer as opposed to the bioaccumulative C8F17 appended polymers. The physical properties of these new monomers were also characterized. The molecular architecture of the monomers had a pronounced effect on both their physical properties along with the degree of hydrophobicity imparted in the polymer. Salts utilizing the bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide anion displayed excellent compatibility with HDDA, while the chloride salts were insoluble. Time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF‐SIMS) confirmed the presence of the HFPPS at the surface of the polymer coating. For the first time this demonstrates how these salts may be used to functionalize the surface of a UV‐cured film with ionic species. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 2782–2792
Mechanisms of resistance to acetolactate synthase‐inhibiting herbicides in populations of Apera spica‐venti from the Czech Republic
Authors: Hamouzová Kateřina , Košnarová Pavlína , Salava Jaroslav , Soukup Josef , Hamouz Pavel
Published: April 2013

BACKGROUND

This study investigates the mechanisms of resistance to acetolactate synthase‐inhibiting herbicides in populations of Apera spica‐venti (L.) P.B. from the Czech Republic.

RESULTS

The proportion of resistance due to mutant acetolactate synthase (ALS) alleles was estimated by genotyping individuals from each of three populations for the eight ALS mutations known to confer resistance. Four resistance‐conferring ALS mutations were identified: Pro‐197‐Ala, Pro‐197‐Thr, Trp‐574‐Leu and previously unreported Trp‐574‐Met substitution. Two populations (R1, R3) have amino acid substitution at positions Pro‐197 and Trp‐574. Individuals from the R3 population had two different resistance alleles. In the R2 population, only the resistant Trp‐574‐Met substitution was detected. Ten other single point mutations were identified, but these were not related to resistance.

The cytochrome malathion decreased chlorsulfuron resistance in the resistant populations that were examined. Although malathion increased mortality, the GR50 values were too high to conclude that non‐target‐based mechanism was the main one for the resistance in Apera spica‐venti populations tested in this study.

CONCLUSIONS

Individuals of Apera spica‐venti populations tested in this study possess the target‐site ALS resistance mutation and an additional so far unknown resistance mechanism(s). © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of agitation on the peptide fibrillization: Alzheimer's amyloid‐β peptide 1‐42 but not amylin and insulin fibrils can grow under quiescent conditions
Authors: Tiiman Ann , Noormägi Andra , Friedemann Merlin , Krishtal Jekaterina , Palumaa Peep , Tõugu Vello
Published: April 2013

Many peptides and proteins can form fibrillar aggregates in vitro, but only a limited number of them are forming pathological amyloid structures in vivo. We studied the fibrillization of four peptides – Alzheimer's amyloid‐β (Aβ) 1‐40 and 1‐42, amylin and insulin. In all cases, intensive mechanical agitation of the solution initiated fast fibrillization. However, when the mixing was stopped during the fibril growth phase, the fibrillization of amylin and insulin was practically stopped, and the rate for Aβ40 substantially decreased, whereas the fibrillization of Aβ42 peptide continued to proceed with almost the same rate as in the agitated conditions. The reason for the different sensitivity of the in vitro fibrillization of these peptides towards agitation in the fibril growth phase remains elusive. Copyright © 2013 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modulatory Effects of Quercetin and Rutin on the Activity, Expression and Inducibility of CYP1A1 in Intestinal HCT‐8 Cells
Authors: Volková M. , Forstová‐Křížová V. , Skálová L. , Trejtnar F.
Published: April 2013

Flavonoids, plant secondary metabolites present in fruits and vegetables, show antioxidant and anti‐tumorigenic effects in vitro, but their poor absorption from gastrointestinal tract limits their systemic efficacy in humans. On the other hand, flavonoids could protect intestinal cells against carcinogens by their potential to inhibit the enzymes metabolizing pre‐carcinogenic compounds (e.g. CYP1A) to reactive ones. This work was designed to test the effect of quercetin (the most abundant flavonoid) and rutin (the most abundant glycosidic form) on the activity, expression and inducibility of CYP1A in intestinal HCT–8 cells. CYP1A enzymatic activity was measured by ethoxyresorufin‐O‐deethylase (EROD) activity, CYP1A protein expression was detected by western blotting. The effect of flavonoids on viability of cells was examined by neutral red uptake test. No cytotoxic effect of flavonoids up to 50 μM concentration was observed. Quercetin significantly inhibited EROD activity in the cells, where CYP1A had been preinduced by β‐naphthoflavone and methylcholanthrene, and it also significantly reduced the CYP1A induction mediated by these model inducers. The effect of rutin was substantially weaker and mostly insignificant in all conducted experiments. The results suggest that quercetin may have a potential to limit the CYP1A‐mediated activation of pre‐carcinogens in intestinal cells. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Ultra pH‐Sensitive and Aptamer‐Equipped Nanoscale Drug‐Delivery System for Selective Killing of Tumor Cells
Authors: Zhao Nianxi , You Jian , Zeng Zihua , Li Chun , Zu Youli
Published: April 2013

Nanotechnology has often been applied in the development of targeted drug‐delivery systems for the treatment of cancer. An ideal nanoscale system for drug delivery should be able to selectively deliver and rapidly release the carried therapeutic drug(s) in cancer cells and, more importantly, not react to off‐target cells so as to eliminate unwanted toxicity on normal tissues. To reach this goal, a selective chemotherapeutic is formulated using a hollow gold nanosphere (HAuNS) equipped with a biomarker‐specific aptamer (Apt), and loaded with the chemotherapy drug doxorubicin (DOX). The formed Apt‐HAuNS‐Dox, approximately 42 nm in diameter, specifically binds to lymphoma tumor cells and does not react to control cells that do not express the biomarker. Through aptamer‐mediated selective cell binding, the Apt‐HAuNS‐Dox is internalized exclusively into the targeted tumor cells, and then released the DOX intracellularly. Of note, although the formed Apt‐HAuNS‐Dox is stable under normal biological conditions (pH 7.4), it appears ultrasensitive to pH change and rapidly releases 80% of the loaded DOX within 2 h at pH 5.0, a condition seen in cell lysosomes. Functional assays using cell mixtures show that the Apt‐HAuNS‐Dox selectively kills lymphoma tumor cells, but has no effect on the growth of the off‐target cells in the same cultures, indicating that this ultra pH‐sensitive Apt‐HAuNS‐Dox can selectively treat cancer through specific aptamer guidance, and will have minimal side effects on normal tissue.
Opportunities in High‐Speed Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Brown Benjamin P. , Picco Loren , Miles Mervyn J. , Faul Charl F. J.
Published: April 2013

The atomic force microscope (AFM) has become integrated into standard characterisation procedures in many different areas of research. Nonetheless, typical imaging rates of commercial microscopes are still very slow, much to the frustration of the user. Developments in instrumentation for “high‐speed AFM” (HSAFM) have been ongoing since the 1990s, and now nanometer resolution imaging at video rate is readily achievable. Despite thorough investigation of samples of a biological nature, use of HSAFM instruments to image samples of interest to materials scientists, or to carry out AFM lithography, has been minimal. This review gives a summary of different approaches to and advances in the development of high‐speed AFMs, highlights important discoveries made with new instruments, and briefly discusses new possibilities for HSAFM in materials science.
Re: Prenatal diagnosis using combined quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction and array comparative genomic hybridization analysis as a first‐line test: results from over 1000 consecutive cases. F. Scott, K. Murphy, L. Carey, W. Greville, N. Mansfield, P. Barahona, R. Robertson and A. McLennan. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013; 41: 500–507
Authors: Mansour S.
Published: April 2013

Linked Comment: Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013:41:500–507
Re: Uterine artery Doppler and sFlt‐1/PlGF ratio: usefulness in diagnosis of pre‐eclampsia. P. I. Gómez‐Arriaga, I. Herraiz, E. A. López‐Jiménez, E. Gómez‐Montes, B. Denk and A. Galindo. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013; 41: 530–537
Authors: Verlohren S.
Published: April 2013

Linked Comment: Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013:41:530–537
Designed construction of recombinant DNA at the ura3Δ0 locus in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Fukunaga Tomoaki , Cha‐aim Kamonchai , Hirakawa Yuki , Sakai Ryota , Kitagawa Takao , Nakamura Mikiko , Nonklang Sanom , Hoshida Hisashi , Akada Rinji
Published: April 2013

Recombinant DNAs are traditionally constructed using Escherichia coli plasmids. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, chromosomal gene targeting is a common technique, implying that the yeast homologous recombination system could be applied for recombinant DNA construction. In an attempt to use a S. cerevisiae chromosome for recombinant DNA construction, we selected the single ura3Δ0 locus as a gene targeting site. By selecting this single locus, repeated recombination using the surrounding URA3 sequences can be performed. The recombination system described here has several advantages over the conventional plasmid system, as it provides a method to confirm the selection of correct recombinants because transformation of the same locus replaces the pre‐existing selection marker, resulting in the loss of the marker in successful recombinations. In addition, the constructed strains can serve as both PCR templates and hosts for preparing subsequent recombinant strains. Using this method, several yeast strains that contained selection markers, promoters, terminators and target genes at the ura3Δ0 locus were successfully generated. The system described here can potentially be applied for the construction of any recombinant DNA without the requirement for manipulations in E. coli. Interestingly, we unexpectedly found that several G/C‐rich sequences used for fusion PCR lowered gene expression when located adjacent to the start codon. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Magnetic Properties of Two Copper(II) Radical Heterospin Complexes
Authors: Gao Yuan‐Yuan , Ma Yue , Wang Ya‐Li , Tong Yu‐Zhang , Yang Ming‐Fang , Wang Qing‐Lun , Li Li‐Cun , Liao Dai‐Zheng
Published: April 2013

Two heterospin complexes [Cu(NIT3Py)(cda)H2O]·H2O (1) and [Cu(NIT2Py)(cda)H2O]·H2O·CH3OH (2) with CuII ions and pyridyl‐substituted nitronyl nitroxide radicals (NITxPy = 2‐(x′‐pyridyl)‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐imidazoline‐1‐oxyl‐3‐oxide, x = 3, 2; H2cda = 4‐hydroxy‐pyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxylic acid) were synthesized and characterized structurally and magnetically. The single crystal structures show that the two complexes are both two‐spin complexes, in which the different radicals make the two complexes have different hydrogen bonding interactions to form 2D and 1D supramolecular network for complexes 1 and 2, respectively. The magnetic measurements indicate that complexes 1 and 2 both exhibit antiferromagnetic interactions between CuII and radicals.
LHC constraints on M
1/2 and m
0 in the semi-constrained NMSSM
Authors: Das Debottam , Ellwanger Ulrich , Teixeira Ana M.
Published: April 2013

Abstract

Constraints from searches for squarks and gluinos at the LHC at
$ \sqrt{s}=8 $
TeV are applied to the parameter space of the NMSSM with universal squark/slepton and gaugino masses at the GUT scale, but allowing for non-universal soft Higgs mass parameters (the sNMSSM). We confine ourselves to regions of the parameter space compatible with a 125 GeV Higgs boson with diphoton signal rates at least as large as the Standard Model ones, and a dark matter candidate compatible with WMAP and XENON100 constraints. Following the simulation of numerous points in the m
0 − M
1/2 plane, we compare the constraints on the sNMSSM from 3-5 jets + missing E

T
channels as well as from multijet + missing E

T
channels with the corresponding cMSSM constraints. Due to the longer squark decay cascades, lower bounds on M
1/2 are alleviated by up to 50 GeV. For heavy squarks at large m
0, the dominant constraints originate from multijet + missing E

T
channels due to gluino decays via stop pairs.