bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Generational Association Studies of Dopaminergic Genes in Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) Subjects: Selecting Appropriate Phenotypes for Reward Dependence Behaviors
Authors: Blum Kenneth , Chen Amanda L. C. , Oscar-Berman Marlene , Chen Thomas J. H. , Lubar Joel , White Nancy , Lubar Judith , Bowirrat Abdalla , Braverman Eric , Schoolfield John , Waite Roger L. , Downs Bernard W. , Madigan Margaret , Comings David E. , Davis Caroline , Kerner Mallory M. , Knopf Jennifer , Palomo Tomas , Giordano John J. , Morse Siobhan A. , Fornari Frank , Barh Debmalya , Femino John , Bailey John A.
Published: November 2011

Abnormal behaviors involving dopaminergic gene polymorphisms often reflect an insufficiency of usual feelings of satisfaction, or Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS). RDS results from a dysfunction in the “brain reward cascade,” a complex interaction among neurotransmitters (primarily dopaminergic and opioidergic). Individuals with a family history of alcoholism or other addictions may be born with a deficiency in the ability to produce or use these neurotransmitters. Exposure to prolonged periods of stress and alcohol or other substances also can lead to a corruption of the brain reward cascade function. We evaluated the potential association of four variants of dopaminergic candidate genes in RDS (dopamine D1 receptor gene [DRD1]; dopamine D2 receptor gene [DRD2]; dopamine transporter gene [DAT1]; dopamine beta-hydroxylase gene [DBH]). Methodology: We genotyped an experimental group of 55 subjects derived from up to five generations of two independent multiple-affected families compared to rigorously screened control subjects (e.g., N = 30 super controls for DRD2 gene polymorphisms). Data related to RDS behaviors were collected on these subjects plus 13 deceased family members. Results: Among the genotyped family members, the DRD2 Taq1 and the DAT1 10/10 alleles were significantly (at least p < 0.015) more often found in the RDS families vs. controls. The TaqA1 allele occurred in 100% of Family A individuals (N = 32) and 47.8% of Family B subjects (11 of 23). No significant differences were found between the experimental and control positive rates for the other variants. Conclusions: Although our sample size was limited, and linkage analysis is necessary, the results support the putative role of dopaminergic polymorphisms in RDS behaviors. This study shows the importance of a nonspecific RDS phenotype and informs an understanding of how evaluating single subset behaviors of RDS may lead to spurious results. Utilization of a nonspecific “reward” phenotype may be a paradigm shift in future association and linkage studies involving dopaminergic polymorphisms and other neurotransmitter gene candidates.
Knockdown of Ephrin-A5 Expression by 40% Does not Affect Motor Axon Growth or Migration into the Chick Hindlimb
Authors: Winning Robert S. , Krull Catherine E.
Published: November 2011

Bidirectional signaling between Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their cell-surface protein signals, the ephrins, comprises one mechanism for guiding motor axons to their proper targets. During projection of motor axons from the lateral motor column (LMC) motor neurons of the spinal cord to the hindlimb muscles in chick embryos, ephrin-A5 has been shown to be expressed in the LMC motor axons until they reach the base of the limb bud and initiate sorting into their presumptive dorsal and ventral nerve trunks, at which point expression is extinguished. We tested the hypothesis that this dynamic pattern of ephrin-A5 expression in LMC motor axons is important for the growth and guidance of the axons to, and into, the hindlimb by knocking down endogenous ephrin-A5 expression in the motor neurons and their axons. No perturbation of LMC motor axon projections was observed in response to this treatment, suggesting that ephrin-A5 is not needed for LMC motor axon growth or guidance.
Enhanced Antiproliferative and Apoptotic Response of HT-29 Adenocarcinoma Cells to Combination of Photoactivated Hypericin and Farnesyltransferase Inhibitor Manumycin A
Authors: Sačková Veronika , Kuliková Lucia , Kello Martin , Uhrinová Ivana , Fedoročko Peter
Published: November 2011

Several photodynamically-active substances and farnesyltransferase inhibitors are currently being investigated as promising anticancer drugs. In this study, the combined effect of hypericin (the photodynamically-active pigment from Hypericum perforatum) and selective farnesyltransferase inhibitor manumycin (manumycin A; the selective farnesyltransferase inhibitor from Streptomyces parvulus) on HT-29 adenocarcinoma cells was examined. We found that the combination treatment of cells with photoactivated hypericin and manumycin resulted in enhanced antiproliferative and apoptotic response compared to the effect of single treatments. This was associated with increased suppression of clonogenic growth, S phase cell cycle arrest, elevated caspase-3/7 activity and time-dependent total cleavage of procaspase-3 and lamin B, cleavage of p21Bax into p18Bax and massive PARP cleavage. Moreover, we found that the apoptosis-inducing factor is implicated in signaling events triggered by photoactivated hypericin. Our results showed the relocalization of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) to the nuclei after hypericin treatment. In addition, we discovered that not only manumycin but also photoactivated hypericin induced the reduction of total Ras protein level. Manumycin decreased the amount of farnesylated Ras, and the combination treatment decreased the amount of both farnesylated and non-farnesylated Ras protein more dramatically. The present findings indicate that the inhibition of Ras processing may be the determining factor for enhancing the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of combination treatment on HT-29 cells.
Seasonal Variation in the Hepatoproteome of the Dehydration- and Freeze-Tolerant Wood Frog, Rana sylvatica
Authors: Kiss Andor J. , Muir Timothy J. , Lee, Jr Richard E. , Costanzo Jon P.
Published: November 2011

Winter’s advent invokes physiological adjustments that permit temperate ectotherms to cope with stresses such as food shortage, water deprivation, hypoxia, and hypothermia. We used liquid chromatography (LC) in combination with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) quantitative isobaric (iTRAQ™) peptide mapping to assess variation in the abundance of hepatic proteins in summer- and winter-acclimatized wood frogs (Rana sylvatica), a northerly-distributed species that tolerates extreme dehydration and tissue freezing during hibernation. Thirty-three unique proteins exhibited strong seasonal lability. Livers of winter frogs had relatively high levels of proteins involved in cytoprotection, including heat-shock proteins and an antioxidant, and a reduced abundance of proteins involved in cell proliferation, protein synthesis, and mitochondrial function. They also exhibited altered levels of certain metabolic enzymes that participate in the biochemical reorganization associated with aphagia and reliance on energy reserves, as well as the freezing mobilization and post-thaw recovery of glucose, an important cryoprotective solute in freezing adaptation.
Predicting Antitumor Activity of Peptides by Consensus of Regression Models Trained on a Small Data Sample
Authors: Radman Andreja , Gredičak Matija , Kopriva Ivica , Jerić Ivanka
Published: November 2011

Predicting antitumor activity of compounds using regression models trained on a small number of compounds with measured biological activity is an ill-posed inverse problem. Yet, it occurs very often within the academic community. To counteract, up to some extent, overfitting problems caused by a small training data, we propose to use consensus of six regression models for prediction of biological activity of virtual library of compounds. The QSAR descriptors of 22 compounds related to the opioid growth factor (OGF, Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met) with known antitumor activity were used to train regression models: the feed-forward artificial neural network, the k-nearest neighbor, sparseness constrained linear regression, the linear and nonlinear (with polynomial and Gaussian kernel) support vector machine. Regression models were applied on a virtual library of 429 compounds that resulted in six lists with candidate compounds ranked by predicted antitumor activity. The highly ranked candidate compounds were synthesized, characterized and tested for an antiproliferative activity. Some of prepared peptides showed more pronounced activity compared with the native OGF; however, they were less active than highly ranked compounds selected previously by the radial basis function support vector machine (RBF SVM) regression model. The ill-posedness of the related inverse problem causes unstable behavior of trained regression models on test data. These results point to high complexity of prediction based on the regression models trained on a small data sample.
Effects of Soybean Agglutinin on Intestinal Barrier Permeability and Tight Junction Protein Expression in Weaned Piglets
Authors: Zhao Yuan , Qin Guixin , Sun Zewei , Che Dongsheng , Bao Nan , Zhang Xiaodong
Published: November 2011

This study was developed to provide further information on the intestinal barrier permeability and the tight junction protein expression in weaned piglets fed with different levels of soybean agglutinin (SBA). Twenty-five weaned crossbred barrows (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) were selected and randomly allotted to five groups, each group with five replicates. The piglets in the control group were not fed with leguminous products. 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 and 0.2% SBA was added to the control diet to form four experimental diets, respectively. After the experimental period of 7 days (for each group), all the piglets were anesthetized with excess procaine and slaughtered. The D-lactic acid in plasma and the Ileal mucosa diamine oxidase (DAO) was analyzed to observe the change in the intestinal permeability. The tight junction proteins occludin and ZO-1 in the jejunum tissue distribution and relative expression were detected by immunohistochemistry and Western Blot. The results illustrated that a high dose of SBA (0.1–0.2%) could increase the intestinal permeability and reduce piglet intestinal epithelial tight junction protein occludin or ZO-1 expression, while low dose of SBA (0.05% of total diet) had no significant affects. The contents of DAO, D-lactic acid, occludin or ZO-1, had a linear relationship with the SBA levels (0–0.2%) in diets. The high dose SBA (0.1–0.2%) could increase the intestinal permeability and reduce piglet intestinal epithelial tight junction protein occludin or ZO-1 expression, while low dose of SBA (0.05% of total diet) had no affects.
Crossing the Border: Molecular Control of Motor Axon Exit
Authors: Bravo-Ambrosio Arlene , Kaprielian Zaven
Published: November 2011

Living organisms heavily rely on the function of motor circuits for their survival and for adapting to ever-changing environments. Unique among central nervous system (CNS) neurons, motor neurons (MNs) project their axons out of the CNS. Once in the periphery, motor axons navigate along highly stereotyped trajectories, often at considerable distances from their cell bodies, to innervate appropriate muscle targets. A key decision made by pathfinding motor axons is whether to exit the CNS through dorsal or ventral motor exit points (MEPs). In contrast to the major advances made in understanding the mechanisms that regulate the specification of MN subtypes and the innervation of limb muscles, remarkably little is known about how MN axons project out of the CNS. Nevertheless, a limited number of studies, mainly in Drosophila, have identified transcription factors, and in some cases candidate downstream effector molecules, that are required for motor axons to exit the spinal cord. Notably, specialized neural crest cell derivatives, referred to as Boundary Cap (BC) cells, pre-figure and demarcate MEPs in vertebrates. Surprisingly, however, BC cells are not required for MN axon exit, but rather restrict MN cell bodies from ectopically migrating along their axons out of the CNS. Here, we describe the small set of studies that have addressed motor axon exit in Drosophila and vertebrates, and discuss our fragmentary knowledge of the mechanisms, which guide motor axons out of the CNS.
Effects of Conjugated Linoleic Acid, Fish Oil and Soybean Oil on PPARs (α & γ) mRNA Expression in Broiler Chickens and Their Relation to Body Fat Deposits
Authors: Royan Maryam , Meng Goh Yong , Othman Fauziah , Sazili Awis Qurni , Navidshad Bahman
Published: November 2011

An experiment was conducted on broiler chickens to study the effects of different dietary fats (Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), fish oil, soybean oil, or their mixtures, as well as palm oil, as a more saturated fat), with a as fed dose of 7% for single fat and 3.5 + 3.5% for the mixtures, on Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) gene expression and its relation with body fat deposits. The CLA used in this experiment was CLA LUTA60 which contained 60% CLA, so 7% and 3.5% dietary inclusions of CLA LUTA60 were equal to 4.2% and 2.1% CLA, respectively. Higher abdominal fat pad was found in broiler chickens fed with a diet containing palm oil compared to chickens in the other experimental groups (P ≤ 0.05). The diets containing CLA resulted in an increased fat deposition in the liver of broiler chickens (P ≤ 0.05). The only exception was related to the birds fed with diets containing palm oil or fish oil + soybean oil, where contents of liver fat were compared to the CLA + fish oil treatment. PPARγ gene in adipose tissue of chickens fed with palm oil diet was up-regulated compared to other treatments (P ≤ 0.001), whereas no significant differences were found in adipose PPARγ gene expression between chickens fed with diets containing CLA, fish oil, soybean oil or the mixture of these fats. On the other hand, the PPARα gene expression in liver tissue was up-regulated in response to the dietary fish oil inclusion and the differences were also significant for both fish oil and CLA + fish oil diets compared to the diets with palm oil, soybean oil or CLA as the only oil source (P ≤ 0.001). In conclusion, the results of present study showed that there was a relationship between the adipose PPARγ gene up-regulation and abdominal fat pad deposition for birds fed with palm oil diet, while no deference was detected in n-3 and n-6 fatty acids, as well as CLA on PPARγ down regulation in comparison to a more saturated fat. When used on its own, fish oil was found to be a more effective fat in up-regulating hepatic PPARα gene expression and this effect was related to a less fat deposition in liver tissue. A negative correlation coefficient (−0.3) between PPARα relative gene expression and liver tissue fat content confirm the anti-lipogenic effect of PPARα, however, the change in these parameters was not completely parallel.
Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant, Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory, Tyrosinase Inhibitory and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Selected Agro-Industrial By-products
Authors: Oskoueian Ehsan , Abdullah Norhani , Hendra Rudi , Karimi Ehsan
Published: November 2011

Evaluation of abundantly available agro-industrial by-products for their bioactive compounds and biological activities is beneficial in particular for the food and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal and soybean meal were investigated for the presence of bioactive compounds and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase inhibitory activities. Methanolic extracts of rapeseed meal showed significantly (P < 0.01) higher phenolics and flavonoids contents; and significantly (P < 0.01) higher DPPH and nitric oxide free radical scavenging activities when compared to that of cottonseed meal and soybean meal extracts. Ferric thiocyanate and thiobarbituric acid tests results showed rapeseed meal with the highest antioxidant activity (P < 0.01) followed by BHT, cotton seed meal and soybean meal. Rapeseed meal extract in xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase inhibitory assays showed the lowest IC50 values followed by cottonseed and soybean meals. Anti-inflammatory assay using IFN-γ/LPS stimulated RAW 264.7 cells indicated rapeseed meal is a potent source of anti-inflammatory agent. Correlation analysis showed that phenolics and flavonoids were highly correlated to both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Rapeseed meal was found to be promising as a natural source of bioactive compounds with high antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase inhibitory activities in contrast to cotton and soybean meals.
Validation of Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) Model for Photosensitizer Activity Prediction
Authors: Frimayanti Neni , Yam Mun Li , Lee Hong Boon , Othman Rozana , Zain Sharifuddin M. , Rahman Noorsaadah Abd.
Published: November 2011

Photodynamic therapy is a relatively new treatment method for cancer which utilizes a combination of oxygen, a photosensitizer and light to generate reactive singlet oxygen that eradicates tumors via direct cell-killing, vasculature damage and engagement of the immune system. Most of photosensitizers that are in clinical and pre-clinical assessments, or those that are already approved for clinical use, are mainly based on cyclic tetrapyrroles. In an attempt to discover new effective photosensitizers, we report the use of the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) method to develop a model that could correlate the structural features of cyclic tetrapyrrole-based compounds with their photodynamic therapy (PDT) activity. In this study, a set of 36 porphyrin derivatives was used in the model development where 24 of these compounds were in the training set and the remaining 12 compounds were in the test set. The development of the QSAR model involved the use of the multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA) method. Based on the method, r2 value, r2 (CV) value and r2 prediction value of 0.87, 0.71 and 0.70 were obtained. The QSAR model was also employed to predict the experimental compounds in an external test set. This external test set comprises 20 porphyrin-based compounds with experimental IC50 values ranging from 0.39 µM to 7.04 µM. Thus the model showed good correlative and predictive ability, with a predictive correlation coefficient (r2 prediction for external test set) of 0.52. The developed QSAR model was used to discover some compounds as new lead photosensitizers from this external test set.
Characterization of the Materials Synthesized by High Pressure-High Temperature Treatment of a Polymer Derived t-BC2N Ceramic
Authors: Matizamhuka Wallace R. , Sigalas Iakovos , Herrmann Mathias , Dubronvinsky Leonid , Dubrovinskaia Natalia , Miyajima Nobuyoshi , Mera Gabriela , Riedel Ralf
Published: November 2011

Bulk B-C-N materials were synthesized under static high thermobaric conditions (20 GPa and 2,000 °C) in a multianvil apparatus from a polymer derived t-BC1.97N ceramic. The bulk samples were characterised using X-ray synchrotron radiation and analytical transmission electron microscopy in combination with electron energy loss spectroscopy. Polycrystalline B-C-N materials with a cubic type structure were formed under the applied reaction conditions, but the formation of a ternary cubic diamond-like c-BC2N compound, could not be unambiguously confirmed.
The Influence of Synthesis Parameters on Particle Size and Photoluminescence Characteristics of Ligand Capped Tb3+:LaF3
Authors: Gipson Kyle , Kucera Courtney , Stadther Derek , Stevens Kathryn , Ballato John , Brown Phil
Published: November 2011

Organic ligand surface-treated Tb3+:LaF3 was synthesized in water and methanol for subsequent incorporation into polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) via solution-precipitation chemistry in order to produce optically active polymer nanocomposites. Nanoparticle agglomerate diameters ranged from 388 ± 188 nm when synthesized in water and 37 ± 2 nm when synthesized in methanol. Suspension stability is paramount for producing optically transparent materials. Methanol nanoparticle synthesized at a pH of 3 exhibited the smallest agglomerate size. Optical spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, scanning transmission electron microscopy, and zeta potential analysis were used to characterize the particles synthesized.
Analysis of Vegetation Behavior in a North African Semi-Arid Region, Using SPOT-VEGETATION NDVI Data
Authors: Amri Rim , Zribi Mehrez , Lili-Chabaane Zohra , Duchemin Benoit , Gruhier Claire , Chehbouni Abdelghani
Published: November 2011

The analysis of vegetation dynamics is essential in semi-arid regions, in particular because of the frequent occurrence of long periods of drought. In this paper, multi-temporal series of the Normalized Difference of Vegetation Index (NDVI), derived from SPOT-VEGETATION satellite data between September 1998 and June 2010, were used to analyze the vegetation dynamics over the semi-arid central region of Tunisia. A study of the persistence of three types of vegetation (pastures, annual agriculture and olive trees) is proposed using fractal analysis, in order to gain insight into the stability/instability of vegetation dynamics. In order to estimate the state of vegetation cover stress, we propose evaluating the properties of an index referred to as the Vegetation Anomaly Index (VAI). A positive VAI indicates high vegetation dynamics, whereas a negative VAI indicates the presence of vegetation stress. The VAI is tested for the above three types of vegetation, during the study period from 1998 to 2010, and is compared with other drought indices. The VAI is found to be strongly correlated with precipitation.
La mobilité interne en Europe. Quelles données statistiques ?
Authors: Poulain Michel
Published: November 2011

Internal migration in Europe. Which statistical data?

Migration is obviously the hardiest demographic phenomenon to approach. It's because this event isn't registred as an act at the registry office. Only registers of population allow statistical countings of this phenomenon. In lack of them several sources allow roundabout estimations of internal mobility. But, in Europe, because of the different registration systems, comparisons between statistical data are difficult. All the comparative analysis therefore internal mobility in Europe will have to be done very cautiously.
La population des pays océaniens dans les années 1990
Authors: Haberkorn Gérald
Published: November 2011

La population des 22 pays et territoires insulaires communément appelés pays océaniens se situe actuellement à 6,5 millions d'habitants environ, ce qui dénote une progression annuelle de 2,3 % au cours des années 1980. L'évolution démographique est cependant loin d'être homogène, ce qui ne devrait pas surprendre compte tenu de la grande diversité des structures socioculturelles de ces pays et de leurs caractéristiques physiques très contrastées, allant des petits atolls densément peuplés de Micronésie aux vastes espaces occupés par de hautes chaînes de montagnes et presque inhabités de Mélanésie. Les variations les plus importantes entre les régions ou à l'intérieur de celles-ci concernent l'accroissement total de la population, l'évolution de la fécondité et le taux de migration internationale ; par ailleurs, tous les pays insulaires océaniens ont été marqués dans les années 1980 par une réduction notable des taux de mortalité et un accroissement de la population plus élevé dans les zones urbaines que dans les zones rurales.
Australia: First Results of the 1991 Census
Authors: Winchester Hilary P.M.
Published: November 2011

The Australian population reached 17 million in 1991, and is growing at a rate of 1,5 per cent per year. Rapid growth is caused by a liberal immigration policy, which has also brought an increasing diversity of population in terms of national origin, language and religion. Despite this rapid growth, the Australian population is ageing. The population of Australia presents a pattern of urban and regional concentration, with a very rapid growth in some parts of the Queensland coast. Australia is an affluent and advanced nation in the Asia-Pacific region, but has a minority of Aboriginal population which exhibits severe social and economic disadvantages.
Classification géographique des minorités ethniques.
Authors: Koter Marek
Published: November 2011

Après avoir introduit la portée et la signification des termes les plus importants reliés à cette problématique, les relations spatiales entre Nation, Etat et minorités sont analysées. Certaines minorités disposent de leur propre territoire tandis que d'autres ne possèdent pas de territoire historique propre. Aussi une première classification en 7 catégories est-elle établie selon les relations ethno-territoriales. Certaines minorités sont autochtones, d'autres sont formées de nouveaux arrivants. Aussi une seconde classification est-elle établie selon un point de vue génétique, en 7 catégories.
Minorités nationales et groupes ethniques en Bulgarie : distribution régionale et liens transfrontaliers.
Authors: Carter Frank W.
Published: November 2011

National Minorities/ Ethnie Groups in Bulgaria : Regional Distribution and Cross Border Links..

This paper scrutinizes Bulgaria's contemporary frontiers and ethnie quilt. Firstly, the ethnie groups separated from their homeland by a state frontier are studied. Secondly, the author analyses the ethnic groups without contiguous homeland borders. Thirdly, two ethnies without a State are focused (Pomaks and Gagauz). The Bulgaria's ethnic minorities have an influence on domestic policies. Fourthly, the connections between ethnism and bulgaria are analysed.
Les nationalités en Slovénie. Changement dans la structure ethnique en Europe centrale.
Authors: Gosar Anton
Published: November 2011

Nationalities in Slovenia-Changing Ethnie Structures in Central Europe.

The ethnie structure of Slovenia has over the last decades changed dramatically due to geopolitical change in Central Europe and also due to the socio-economic development in former Yougoslavia. The mixed, dark-age based ethnic pattern was at first eliminated to be replaced recently by a similar level of multi-ethnicity of a different origin. Ethnic groups of mostly Slavic origin (Croats, Muslims, Serbs) have over the last decades migrated to urban centers of Slovenia, thus replacing former German and Italian minority population. Problems of behavioral, cultural, social and linguistic nature emerge and impact the complex cultural landscape of the independent nation-state.
La géographie de la santé : un agenda qui se précise
Authors: Vigneron Emmanuel
Published: November 2011

La géographie de la santé est souvent mal perçue tant du côté des géographes que des épidémiologistes. Le développement récent de la Santé Publique lui donne une occasion d'affirmer sa place et son rôle de science géographique. Pour y parvenir, la discipline doit d'une part se définir par rapport à l'épidémiologie et d'autre part, ce qui est un autre aspect de la même réflexion, approfondir ses caractères géographique et scientifique.
Quelques libres propos sur les relations entre géographie de la Santé et Santé Publique.
Authors: Brillet Philippe
Published: November 2011

Some Remarks about the Links between Geography of Health and Public Health.

This paper trends to understand the lasting lack of cooperation between Medical Geography and Public Health in France. Three causes are discussed : the dominated position of each one in its own sphere, thus limiting potential recognition, the misunderstanding between the scientific pretensions of geography crossing a mere cartographic and ecological demand, and finally a symétrie confusion between method and object when defining these specialities.
Méthodologie pour le redécoupage de la carte sanitaire en Rhône-Alpes.
Authors: de Turenne Isabelle
Published: November 2011

A Methodology for a New Division of the «Rhône-Alpes» Region's Health Map.

The hospitable law of July 1991 introduced in France a first step of health planning by the means of a sanitary map and a regional planning of health organization. In the administrative region, the map demarcates the sanitary sectors and determines the equipment indications according to the population data. The regional planning shores out, the equipments by the best way.This article presents the methodology worked out in the «Rhône-Alpes» region (an administrative region in the east of France) by the DRASS (Regional Office of Sanitary and Social Affairs), to divide the region in sanitary sectors reflecting the demographic distribution.This procedure is a practical example of an application of the geography of health.
Cinq aperçus géographiques de la démographie japonaise.
Authors: Pelletier Philippe
Published: November 2011

Five Geographical Surveys of the Japanese Demography.

Although the Japanese demography has aroused worrying or excessive comments among Western observers, its evolution is largely similar to those usually known in the World, as we can see through five cases. The demographic transition took place quite early, almost achieved during the 1920's, and the post-war baby boom did not challenge it. Although a stabilization was engaged during the 1970's, a rural depopulation started again during the 1980' s towards the Megalopolis and especially the Great Tokyo. Today the ageing of the Japanese population is not a stricto sensu demographic problem but a social and geographical one. Because of a need of workforce in the Megalopolis and of the attraction of the Japan's eldorado myth in Asia, an immigration of Asians is growing in Japan. Despite stereotypes, the suicide rate in Japan is not too high, and it concerns first the deep rural areas.
La population taiwanaise : aspects démographiques.
Authors: Sztokmann Nicole
Published: November 2011

De peuplement récent, l'île de Taiwan est un des territoires les plus densément peuplés du monde. Sa croissance démographique maîtrisée, l'ancienne Formose est aujourd'hui un pays jeune qui offre à ses habitants une situation sanitaire des plus satisfaisantes. Le processus de vieillissement entamé avec l'achèvement de la transition démographique ne fait que débuter et le pays dispose de ce fait d'une réserve de main-d'oeuvre considérable, atout majeur de son développement.
Une nouvelle donne à Taiwan: plein emploi et immigration.
Authors: Cosaert Patrice
Published: November 2011

Sous l'effet conjugué d'une transformation spectaculaire de l'économie et d'une transition démographique en voie d'achèvement, le marché de l'emploi a amorcé à Taiwan une mutation dont les effets encore largement méconnus commencent pourtant à soulever des problèmes dans tous les domaines. Le plein emploi allant de pair avec l'un des taux de chômage parmi les plus faibles du monde, l'économie taiwanaise doit aujourd'hui faire face à une grave pénurie de main-d'oeuvre, ce qui entraîne une hausse importante des rémunérations et gêne la poursuite de la croissance. En dépit d'un apparent surpeuplement de l'île, le gouvernement se voit contraint à s'engager à contrecoeur dans un programme strictement contrôlé et controversé de recours sélectif à des travailleurs étrangers. La pression économique est cependant telle que se développe également une immigration illégale, en particulier de Chinois du continent, au grand dam des autorités.
La pauvreté urbaine dans la région de Lisbonne.
Authors: Barata Salgueiro Teresa
Published: November 2011

Urban Poverty in the Lisbon Metropolitan Region.

After looking at the concepts of poverty and exclusion, the habitat of the urban poor in greater Lisbon, mainly the shanties, are analysed. Their spatial pattern shows an opposition between the central city (in which still 51% of the shanties remain) and the suburban fringe because of their trend to locate in quite central places and the diffusion process of those settlements in time. In the city differences are found between the better off western neighbourhoods and those located in the East and the North. Nowadays the processes of land valorisation and devaluation are enabling the formation of a more complex pattern of enclaves of poverty and exclusion. The importance of the shanties comes from structural components of the Portuguese economic development policy and consequently from the strong migration from rural areas after 1945. At present, the migrants are mainly from Africa, India and Pakistan. Thus the poverty enclaves are becoming ethnic ghettos or pluricultural places.
Unemployment, government training schemes and the perpetuation of marginality: evidence from the United Kingdom
Authors: Clark Martin
Published: November 2011

Training for the unemployed has played an important role in recent labour market policies in the United Kingdom. The Employment Training programme, introduced in 1988, has been of particular significance during the recent recession. This program aimed to improve the skills of those who had been out of work for 6 months or more, to provide them with relevant work placements, and to enhance their employability. Evidence presented here, from in-depth interviews carried out with young white male training program participants in both a buoyant (Cambridge) and a depressed (Sheffield) labour market, suggest that the outcomes of the training were generally very poor. High proportions of those on the programme returned to unemployment, having had poor experiences of training. In the long term, participation in a scheme may be disadvantageous since it increases the fragmentation of an individual's labour market history, and many employers stigmatise those who have been on a scheme. A significant outcome of government training schemes may actually be the accentuation of the marginality of those involved.
Les inégalités géographiques de la mortalité par causes de décès à Madrid.
Authors: Pozo Rivera Enrique , Garcia Ballesteros Aurora
Published: November 2011

L'analyse de la distribution spatiale de la mortalité et des principales causes de décès à Madrid fait ressortir l'existence de similitudes dans les configurations spatiales. On peut les résumer par l'opposition entre une périphérie nord-est, est et sud-est, à laquelle s'ajoutent plusieurs quartiers méridionaux de la ville historique et de la banlieue nord dont la situation est plus favorable. Cette opposition reproduit globalement les inégalités socioéconomiques et socioculturelles de Madrid, qui augmentent la ségrégation socio-spatiale. Elle fait aussi ressortir l'importance des variables sociales, économiques et culturelles, fortement liées à la plupart des facteurs de risque (consommation de tabac et d'alcool, pollution, habitudes alimentaires,... etc) dans l'explication de la distribution spatiale de la mortalité.
Logement, habitat et fixation des Maghrébins de France
Authors: Boumaza Nadir
Published: November 2011

La stabilisation résidentielle des Maghrébins de France est appréhendée ici à partir des résultats d'une recherche qualitative menée auprès des familles marocaines et des familles algériennes kabyles du Dauphiné. Il apparaît des mutations majeures du rapport aux deux sociétés de référence dans un cas comme dans l'autre. Les projets de retour sont de fait abandonnés par les Kabyles sauf dans l'éventualité de «passer les vieux jours» et tout en gardant la possibilité de revenir régulièrement en France. Cette évolution fortement significative d'une condition ouvrière et d'un échec du projet migratoire, a pour pendant une fixation au lieu par l'accession aidée au logement de type ouvrier en milieu ouvrier. Le projet marocain plus tourné vers la réussite combine aujourd'hui l'investissement au Maroc dans une maison et/ou des commerces avec des tendances à une meilleure installation en France appuyée sur une acquisition immobilière. Les usages et marquages du logement traduisent bien ce double positionnement à travers l'intégration de traits culturels marocains et français.
Sarcelles aujourd'hui : de la cité-dortoir aux communautés?
Authors: Vieillard-Baron Hervé
Published: November 2011

Tassement démographique, mixité sociale relative, diversité associative, présence active des services publics, bâti correctement réhabilité et rééquilibrage en faveur du village ont permis à Sarcelles d'éviter la gradation promise en 1960. L'organisation de la vie locale partiellement déléguée à des «communautés» permet une certaine régulation sociale. Elle évite l'anomie, suscite des solidarités et un dynamisme économique. Cependant, dans les quartiers les plus fragiles, des expressions identitaires, de type traditionnaliste ou intégriste, tentent de s'implanter.
Les Italiens à Nogent hier et aujourd'hui
Authors: Blanc-Chaléard Marie-Claude
Published: November 2011

Italians in Nogent, Past and Present.

The Italian migration to Nogent is one of the oldest in Paris and its suburbs. A network, stemming from an Apenine valley, produced a genuine community, living apart in the centre of the town. Such a case is exceptional in the region. In spite of being really segregated for several decades, they assimilated to French society very easily after 1930 and the community disappeared progressively after the second world war. Nevertheless, constant relations with Italy and consciousness of a common past are nowadays distinctive features of these French people of common descent.
Générations issues de l'immigration polonaise de l' entre-deux-guerres
Authors: Ponty Janine
Published: November 2011

Aujourd'hui les immigrés polonais des années 20 sont presque tous décédés. Les «anciens» appartiennent le plus souvent à la deuxième génération, encore que cette notion puisse recouvrir des personnes d'âges très différents. Après trois quarts de siècle, il demeure des aires territoriales marquées par l'empreinte polonaise, surtout à la périphérie des corons du Nord - Pas-de-Calais et dans les cités potassiques de Haute-Alsace.
La vie professionnelle des immigrés originaires du Portugal
Authors: Échardour Annick
Published: November 2011

Occupational Activity of Portuguese Immigrants in France

Taking advantage of the important needs of skilled labour force in the industrial sector during the sixties, native men of Portugal easily found a first job in France. 90 percent of them were employed as workers, half as unskilled ones. The structure of their jobs has been changed, between their arrival and 1992, like whole labour force in France : less workers, especially unskilled ones, and more middle management employees. About 10 percent of them, may be expecting to avoid unemployment, have turned self employed. Many of the native women of Portugal have employment, but they seem more confined to their condition. Their present jobs have been mainly domestic ones. The important net of relationships (both family and compatriots) inside the Portuguese community provides them a great help for that sort of job. As regards the 20-29 year-old people, either immigrants or born in France, they meet the same difficulties in finding a job as those the whole youth meet. Their mainly characteristics are in the choice of short studies and in their job structure quite similar to the one of their parents. Both adult or young natives of Portugal seem to have professionally well enough integrated the French society
Les débuts dans la vie active des jeunes immigrés ou d'origine étrangère
Authors: Gaymu Joëlle , Parant Alain
Published: November 2011

L'enquête MGIS permet, entre autres, d'apprécier comment s'opèrent les débuts dans la vie active des jeunes immigrés et des jeunes d'origine étrangère. La situation la plus fréquente à la date de l'enquête est celle d'actifs occupés, mais l'insertion professionnelle est sensiblement plus forte pour les immigrés ou les jeunes d'origine ibérique que pour leurs homologues algériens ou d'origine algérienne, quel que soit le sexe des personnes interrogées. Et les niveaux de formation scolaire ou universitaire n'expliquent que partiellement cet état de fait.

Très souvent sollicitée, d'une manière générale, lors des recherches d'emploi, la famille l'est encore plus particulièrement par les immigrés portugais et les jeunes d'origine ibérique non diplômés. Que l'on considère le premier statut au sortir des études, la succession des divers statuts repérés dans les biographies professionnelles ou encore les durées écoulées entre le terme de la formation initiale et le premier emploi ou l'emploi «actuel», les immigrés d'Algérie et les jeunes nés en France d'au moins un parent né en Algérie occupent toujours une position en retrait. Ces résultats peuvent être perçus comme des preuves multiples des réelles difficultés rencontrées par ces personnes pour intégrer le monde du travail. Mais ils pourraient aussi tenir à des projets professionnels plus élevés.
Les migrants antillais en métropole : un espace de vie transatlantique
Authors: Condon Stéphanie
Published: November 2011

L'étude de la migration antillaise vers la métropole française, de son histoire, de ses caractéristiques, de son évolution récente révèle une réalité très complexe. Ici nous abordons les questions de migration, de circulation et de retour dans l'espace Antilles-Métropole, en focalisant sur le vécu des emigrants dans cet espace transatlantique. Les rapports qu'entretiennent les migrants antillais avec chacun des pôles de cet espace de vie sont explorés à partir d'une analyse en parallèle de deux sources de données contrastées : une enquête par entretien semi-directif et l'enquête «Migrations des DOM» de l'INSEE (1991-1992).
La France dans l'espace transnational turc
Authors: Tapia Stéphane de
Published: November 2011

Avec la présence de 220 à 250 000 personnes , immigrés turcs ou Français d'origine turque, la France n'apparaît pas, hormis l'Alsace et partiellement la Lorraine ou l'Ile- de-France, pour des raisons qu'il conviendra d'expliciter, comme un territoire central de cette migration qui comprend plus de 3 millions de résidents à l'étranger. Très occidentale, quelque peu marginale dans le champ migratoire turc, la France est pourtant partie prenante d'un vaste et dense réseau de relations qui reste, après quatre décennies d'émigration, centré sur Istanbul et Ankara. Après avoir fixé les caractéristiques du cas français, surreprésentation kurde (?), impact du politique centré plus à gauche qu'en Allemagne, forte dissémination sur le territoire national..., cette contribution rappellera la typologie des réseaux turcs en Europe, leurs modalités de fonctionnement, en introduisant à chaque niveau la place spécifique de la France. Au-delà de cette analyse globale, il s'agira alors de définir quelles sont les pistes de recherche à développer en France.
La démographie en rive sud de la Méditerranée au XXIe siècle: changement de perspectives
Authors: Courbage Youssef
Published: November 2011

Demography in the Southern Mediterranean Countries in the XXIst Century.

The concern embedded in the whereabouts of the demographic growth of the Southern shore of the Mediterranean sea has slightly abated. Yet, the population projections which are currently produced by the United Nations, away from the field, with much too often very outdated data and through a globalizing approach, did not always contribute to ease the debate. This article reviews the current population projections by means of a more refined methodology and thanks to the most up-to-date statistics. With the sole exception of Egypt, the slowing-down is striking for all the heavily populated countries : Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Syria and Turkey and sometimes for the smallest : Libya, Lebanon, Israel and Palestine. Although largely disregarded, the implications of this new demographic regime are considered in terms of the competition between population and economic growth, supply and demand of labour force, expansion of a potential southern common market, and geopolitics.
La violence d'Etat comme mode de régulation de la croissance urbaine: le cas de Khartoum (Soudan)
Authors: Lavergne Marc
Published: November 2011

Khartoum, capitale du Soudan, a vu sa population tripler en 20 ans. L'agglomération dépasse aujourd'hui 4,5 millions d'habitants. Ses périphéries ont en effet été envahies par les migrants venus de tout le pays, victimes de la sécheresse, de la famine ou des guerres civiles. Le régime militaro-islamiste en place depuis 1989 a adopté une politique de régulation autoritaire de ces afflux, intégrée dans un nouveau schéma d'aménagement de la capitale. Sous couvert d'hygiène publique et de protection du caractère urbain de la ville, cette politique repose en fait sur le cantonnement et l'éviction des immigrants ni musulmans, ni arabisés en provenance du Sud. D'autre part, pour réduire la congestion du centre-ville, une politique de déconcentration administrative et sociale est mise en oeuvre au niveau du quartier. Les autres projets concernant l'amélioration des infrastructures et la fondation de villes-satellites pour absorber l'exode rural près des zones d'activités à distance de la ville, sont victimes de l'absence de moyens financiers. Au total, la politique de l'Etat soudanais à l'égard de Karthoum ne comporte pas de dimension proprement islamique; elle manifeste surtout des préoccupations d'ordre sécuritaire et une vision de la «fabrique» urbaine à l'opposé de son rôle de creuset humain et culturel de la Nation.
Ville indienne, ville hindoue ? Facteurs et processus de ségrégation spatiale
Authors: Vaguet Odette
Published: November 2011

Indian City, Hindu City ? Factors and Process of Spatial Segregation.

Indian cities express both the invariants of universal urbanity and hindu cultural specificity. In India, as in any Third World city, urban socio-spatial organization shows disparities and socio-economic criteria seem to abolish traditional determinants. Nevertheless, the caste, prohibited in the country since 1950, has still got a role in cities' spatial pattern even though new areas are less caste homogeneous. Specific examples will point out the combination of cultural traditions and economic dynamics.
Les «rurbains» de Delhi
Authors: Dupont Véronique
Published: November 2011

Le développement rapide de Delhi et de son aire métropolitaine offre des exemples éloquents d'intégration physique et/ou fonctionnelle entre espaces urbains et ruraux : l'établissement de quartiers résidentiels de haut standing dans les zones rurales périphériques ; la création d'une ville satellite par annexion des terres agricoles des villages existants ; la constitution par les migrants d'origine rurale d'espaces de vie incluant métropole et village natal, illustrée ici avec le cas des populations sans logis.
La diffusion du VIH à Bombay
Authors: Eliot Emmanuel
Published: November 2011

The HIV Spatial Diffusion in Bombay.

India seems to be one of the most infected states by the Human Immunodeficiency Vi rus (HIV) inside Asia. However, the government serological data reveal a problem of under-report. To overcome this lack of information, a sample has been collected in one of the most contaminated cities of the country : Bombay. The data study at different scales reflects disparities of HIV spread in the different areas of the metropolis. «Pathogenic» places for decades have first been infected. Moreover the intra-urban analysis of one of the red-light areas (Kamathipura) reveals a contamination of the population linked with accessibility as well as cultural factors. In view of this infection, the extremist Hindu government of the State has used segregative actions against infected people which might create important tensions in the future.