bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Rights of Shareholders
Authors: Canizares F. de Sola
Published: June 2019

We propose here to lay before English-speaking lawyers a general survey of the rights of shareholders in that form of société, which is described in continental law as société anonyme, compagnie anonyme or société par actions; and we shall endeavour to do it in a way which will be easily understood by “common” lawyers. We shall be considering in general continental rights, that is to say, those prevailing in the civil law countries not only of Western Europe but also of Latin America. We shall leave aside the Soviet countries, where the problems of shareholders' rights do not arise in the same way as under the so-called capitalist régimes; it may even be said that in fact there are no sociétés anonymes there with private capital and therefore these problems do not arise in practice. We shall also disregard the law of the United States of America, which lies within the common law framework and is more accessible to English lawyers.
The Genera and Species of the Subfamily Rhabditinae Micoletzky, 1922 (Nematoda): a Nomenclatorial Analysis—including an Addendum on the Composition of the Family Rhabditidae Örley, 1880
Authors: Dougherty Ellsworth C.
Published: June 2019

Nine genera, listed on pages 122–128 are recognized in the subfamily Rhabditinae Micoletzky, 1922, in place of three genera recognized by Osche (1952) in his recent revision of the genus Rhabditis Dujardin [1844] (sensu lato). Two of the genera—Pelodera Schneider, 1866 and Rhabditis (sensti stricto)—are subdivided into four and five subgenera respectively. One genus—Brevibucca Goodey, 1985—is accepted only provisionally in the Rhabditinae. The genus Neorhabditis Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1954 (syn. Pararhabditis Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1951; non Baylis and Daubney, 1926) is regarded as not belonging in the Rhabditinae
Variations in Faecal Egg-counts in Paramphistome Infections as Determined by a New Technique
Authors: Willmott S. , Pester F. R. N.
Published: June 2019

Although paramphistomes have been known to occur in cattle and sheep in the British Isles for-many years little precise information on the incidence, distribution and degree of infection is available. The diagnosis, except in exceptional cases, can be made only post mortem, or by the detection of eggs in the faeces. Before undertaking an investigation into this problem it was necessary to devise a simple standard technique for the collection of eggs from cattle faeces, which would be practicable not only in the laboratory but also in the field. This done, it became desirable to know firstly, within what limits egg counts were reliable criteria on which to base estimates of the number of parasites present; secondly, what was the smallest number of parasites which could be detected by faecal examination; thirdly, how much variation occurred in egg-counts from week to week in the same animals; and fourthly, if there were any variation in counts made on faeces collected at different hours of the day.
A histochemical approach to the study of helminth morphology
Authors: Johri L. N. , Smyth J. D.
Published: June 2019

1. The egg-shell in many trematodes and pseudophyllidean cestodes is a quinone-tanned protein; and histochemical methods for polyphenol oxidase or for phenols may be used to demonstrate regions producing or containing shell material (i.e. the vitellaria, its ducts and the uterus) in whole mount preparations.

2. Specimens so treated may be further stained by routine whole mount methods. Gower's carmine is particularly recommended.

3. 70% alcohol was found to be the best general fixative for these methods.

4. These histochemical methods—with certain modifications—may also be used for demonstrating the egg-shell producing regions in sections.

5. Because of their affinity for basic proteins, bromo-phenol-blue and malachite green are suitable for staining these regions in sections. These stains are unsuitable for whole mounts.

6. There is some evidence to suggest that all trematodes and pseudophyllidean cestodes do not form and harden their egg-shell by quinone tanning; consequently, some forms may give negative or unsatisfactory results with these methods.
Absence of potentiation between quinine and pyrimethamine in infections of Plasmodium gallinaceum in chicks
Authors: Bishop Ann
Published: June 2019

The effect of combined doses of pyrimethamine and quinine has been studied in P. gallinaceum. No potentiation of the action of the drugs was observed.
Grahamella (Rickettsiales) in the common shrew Sorex araneus
Authors: Hoyte H. M. D.
Published: June 2019

Nine out of thirty-three specimens of the common shrew Sorex araneus, caught at Rosta in north Norway in August 1953, were found to be infected with Grahamella (Rickettsiales). Nine specimens of Clethrionomys rutilus, nine of Microtus oeconomus ratticeps and one of M. agrestis, caught at the same time and place, were found to be free of Grahamella. No other blood parasites were found in any of the animals examined.

Records by other authors of Grahamella in a variety of hosts are reviewed. The parasite is known to occur in mammalian hosts only: identifications of it in non-mammalian hosts can be discarded. Host specificity, tacitly assumed by most authors, is not proven, and therefore most of the specific names bestowed on Grahamella in different hosts are of doubtful validity. The morphology of the parasite varies little from host to host; and there is little evidence to show that its pathogenic effect on any host is serious. Grahamella has been cultured by a few authors: variations in characters of these cultures may be more reliable criteria for recognition of different species of Grahamella.

These small mammals were collected while I was a member of the University of Edinburgh Expedition to Arctic Norway, 1953. I wish to thank all who were concerned, in particular Dr D. M. Steven, with whom I did the trapping. The rest of the work was done during the tenure of a Research Studentship awarded by the Agricultural Research Council. I also wish to thank Dr P. Tate for his advice and his criticisms of the manuscript.
Propertius and Cynthia: Elegy 1. 3
Authors: Lyne R. O. A. M.
Published: June 2019

In this article, I shall refer to the standard commentaries on Propertius by the name of the editor alone. I include under this heading Shackleton Bailey's Propertiana (CUP, 1954), whose comments on 1. 3 are on pp. 11–14. Another work I mention now, honoris causa, which will be referred to by name of author alone, is M. W. Edwards, ‘Intensification of Meaning in Propertius and Others’ (T.A.P.A. XCII (1961), 128–44). Edwards well illustrates and develops the growing awareness of the extent to which Propertius exploits the possibilities of ambiguity, shifting nuance, and linguistic innovation in the creation of his poetry.

At dead of night, Propertius comes to Cynthia's bedside, apparently after leaving a fairly drunken party. He is first tempted by her beauty to take advantage of her there and then, but decides against such a hasty act, and contents himself with presenting her in her sleep with gifts which he has brought back from the party. The straying beams of the moon interrupt this tender scene and, filtering through the window, they wake Cynthia up. She then delivers an harangue to him, among other things accusing him of unfaithfulness. And so the poem closes. This is one of Propertius' best known poems, but one which, in my opinion, still lacks adequate exposition both in the details of its art and in its general purpose and effect.
La pollution maritime et la notion de passage inoffensif
Authors: Emanuelli Claude
Published: June 2019

La Notion de Passage inoffensif constitue l’un des principes les plus anciens du droit de la mer.

Actuellement confronté avec la menace croissante de la pollution maritime, ce principe se trouve fortement contesté dans un mouvement général de défense orchestré par les Etats côtiers. Parmi ceuxci se trouve le Canada, qui s’est fait récemment le champion de leur cause.
Les ententes de restriction volontaire à l’exportation en droit international économique
Authors: Bernier Ivan
Published: June 2019

Le 5 octobre 1971, le ministre canadien de l’Industrie et du Commerce déposait devant la Chambre des communes un échange de lettres intervenu entre le gouvernement du Canada et l’ambassadeur du Japon au Canada, aux termes duquel le Japon consentait à limiter ses exportations vers le Canada dans le domaine des textiles et de la radio. Quelques jours plus tard, soit le 15 octobre, le gouvernement des Etats-Unis annonçait que des mémoires d’entente avaient été négociés avec le Japon, Hong Kong, la République de Chine et la République de Corée, aux termes desquels ces pays acceptaient de restreindre leurs exportations de textiles de laine et fibres artificielles vers les Etats-Unis. De tels arrangements, communément appelés “entente de restriction volontaire à l’exportation” (Voluntary export restraint agreements), sont devenus suffisamment fréquents ces dernières années pour que l’on puisse parler d’un développement important dans le domaine du droit international économique. L’objet de la présente étude est précisément d’examiner les aspects juridiques de ce développement.
Legal Obligations and International Organizations
Authors: McRae D. M.
Published: June 2019

Surveying developments in and approaches to international legal studies, Professer Richard Falk has stated that “one of the major issues challenging time-honoured approaches to international law is the development of a more adequate theory of the basis of legal obligation in international society.” His context was a discussion of the difficulties involved in ascertaining new kinds of rules to govern violence during the cold war period and, particularly, the disputed normative effect of resolutions of the General Assembly. A year later, Dr. Oscar Schachter identified a number of factors that have given “enhanced importance to problems of indeterminacy of obligation” in the last few years. These included the quasi-legislative activities of United Nations institutions, the development of “rules of the game” in great power relationships, the increase in social revolution within states, the increase in patterns of co-operation as a resuit of the growing interdependence of states, the narrowing of the scope of the traditional concept of domestic jurisdiction, and the expansion of science and technology.
A United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights: The Birth of an Initiative
Authors: Humphrey John
Published: June 2019

“The Decline and Fall of an Initiative” was the title Dean Mao donald gave to the last of his two articles on the proposal to create an office of United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, and it suggests that he intended to write an obituary. Since I happened to be present at the creation of the proposal, I can add a few details.
International and Private Actions in Transboundary Pollution
Authors: Ianni Ronald W.
Published: June 2019

Traditionally, citizens in one country who suffer damages as a resuit of pollution caused by the activities of citizens of another country have looked to governmental channels for settlement of their claims. A classic case in point was theTrail Smelter Arbitrationbetween the United States and Canada, in which the American government successfully espoused the cause of its nationals in the State of Washington against the Canadian government for damage caused by the smoke from the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company operations at Trail, British Columbia. If, however, this case continues to intrigue legal commentators and foreign office legal advisors as a leading precedent in the field of international environmental law, few residents of southwestern Ontario could presently be convinced of the practical relevance of this precedent.
Balancing of Interests and International Liability for the Pollution of International Watercourses: Customary Principles of Law Revisited
Authors: Handl Günther
Published: June 2019

By specifying fundamental competences and liabilities, customary international legal principles concerning transnational pollution provide the framework for an approach to and an analysis of international environmental disputes in general. In the legal evaluation of disputes arising from the pollution of international watercourses, this basic function is particularly evident in cases where no binding environmental protection standards of a specific nature may be available as parameters for a decision on the legality of the claims of states concerning the use of a given international watercourse. Conversely, these customary principles also constitute the starting point for the further development of the law relating to the utilization of international watercourses in general and the enactment of concrete water quality standards in particular.
Les principes généraux de droit et la protection des Etats côtiers contre les risques de pollution des eaux navigables
Authors: Emanuelli Claude C.
Published: June 2019

Les principes généraux de droit sont reconnus par l’article 38, I duStatut de la Cour Internationale de Justice, comme faisant partie des sources du droit international public. Get article énonce:

La Cour, dont la mission est de régler conformément au droit international des différends qui lui sont soumis, applique: …

c) les principes généraux de droit reconnus par les nations civilisées;

Cependant ces principes ne sont pas définis au niveau de ce texte.

L’article 38 précité reprend ainsi, presque mot pour mot, les dispositions correspondantes duStatut de la Cour Permanente de Justice Internationale. En fonction de celui-ci, la jurisdiction internationale a quelquefois fait application des principes généraux de droit, qu’elle a dû tenter de définir.
A Fresh Look at the Meaning of the Doctrine of Denial of Justice under International Law
Authors: Adede A. O.
Published: June 2019

About four decades ago, an eminent jurist described the doctrine of denial of justice as “l'une des plus anciennes et “l'une des plus mal elucidees du droit international.” Another writer, also noting the persistent confusion over the meaning of the doctrine, suggested that the term denial of justice could as well be removed from the language of international law. Despite such suggestions, the doctrine of denial of justice, whose origin has been traced back to antiquity, has been retained, and international lawyers have constantly attempted to elucidate its meaning. In doing so, however, international lawyers, such as Alwyn Freeman in his classic book on the subject, have, for reasons explained elsewhere, eschewed the attempt to define the term justice as such. They have concentrated mainly upon the conduct that has most frequently been regarded as constituting a denial of justice. Thus, from its origin and development, the term denial of justice may be said to have been used in the following three senses:

In its broadest sense, this term [denial of justice] seems to embrace the whole field of State responsibility, and has been applied to all types of wrongful conduct on the part of the State towards aliens. In its narrowest sense, this term has been limited to refusal of a State to grant an alien access to its courts or a failure of a court to pronounce a judgment. In an intermediate sense, the expression “denial of justice” is employed in connection with the improper administration of civil and criminal justice as regards an alien, including denial of access to courts, inadequate procedures, and unjust decisions.
The Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences: Frustrations on the Road to Utopia
Authors: Herman L. L.
Published: June 2019

The major international legal activity in the field of maritime transport in the first half of the 1970's was the negotiation and eventual adoption in 1974 under the auspices of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (U.N.C.T.A.D.) of the Convention on a Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences. The treaty-making conference itself, convened in Geneva, Switzerland, was attended by over eighty states members of U.N.C.T.A.D., including, of course, all the major trading nations, as well as by many observer delegations from U.N.C.T.A.D. member states, specialized agencies, and non-governmental and intergovernmental organizations.
Water Pollution and Related Principles of International Law
Authors: Florio Franco
Published: June 2019

The Principles that have been collected in the following pages outline some of the problems raised by the codification and progressive development of international law on water pollution. These principles have been formulated with reference to international agreements mostly concluded since the adoption of the Helsinki Rules (1966) and having regard to the vast documentation recently produced on the subject by various international bodies.

It is not difficult to select a limited number of principles as the most representative of the topic. The real problem is how to interpret them in terms of international legal rights and duties, because, either we rely on positive treaty law, and then are faced with the doubt that the provisions under inspection evidence the lack — not the existence — of a corresponding general principle; or we move from an abstract notion of water pollution that can only be defined by damage and whose legal implications cannot be appreciated except with reference to international responsibility, circumstances, and equity.
The Proposed Convention on International Multimodal Transport of Goods: A Progress Report
Authors: FitzGerald Gerald F.
Published: June 2019

The Growth of containerization and new transport technologies has encouraged widespread use of the international multimodal transport of goods. This development has given birth to the multimodal transport operator (MTO) who, contracting as a principal and not necessarily being a carrier, undertakes complete responsibility vis-à-vis a consignor for the transport of the consignor’s goods from the place of origin or acceptance situated in one country to the place of final destination or delivery situated in another country. The multimodal transport contract, which issui generis, provides for the MTO to furnish or procure transport on each stage of the transport, whether by air, inland waterway, sea, rail, or road. There will be no contractual relationship between the original consignor and the stage carriers or even non-carriers (for example, warehousemen) who will be subcontractors of the MTO.
The United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon and Canadian Participation
Authors: Dai Poeliu
Published: June 2019

Despite Former External Affairs Minister Donald Jamieson’s claim that Canada had “been the Number One peace-keeping country in the world,” Canadian participation in the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (U.N.I.F.I.L.) in 1978 was limited to the initial period of six months and solely for logistic support. The cautious position taken by the Liberal government is understandable in view of the volatile situation prevailing in Lebanon for a number of years and the many uncertainties confronting U.N.I.F.I.L., which since its inception has been called “the most difficult peace-keeping operation ever launched by the Organization.”
Some Main Directions of International Law: A Canadian Perspective
Authors: Cohen Maxwell
Published: June 2019

Launchings are Fashionable in the space age. But to “launch” a Canadian Yearbook of International Law has nothing of the drama of a Canaveral countdown nor does it represent the combined technology of an era at its highest point of achievement. Yet it may be regarded as a desirable national effort to provide a forum for the data and the ideas of international law derived both from Canadian experience and from general theory and practice.
Soviet and Western International Law and the Cold War in the Era of Bipolarity: Inter-Block Law in a Nuclear Age
Authors: McWhinney Edward
Published: June 2019

“The prophecies of what the courts will do in fact, and nothing more pretentious, are what I mean by the law.”

OLIVER WENDELL HOLMES, JR.,

The Path of the Law (1897).

The “WINDS OF CHANGE” in the Soviet Union since Stalin's death — what, in a legal context, the leading journal Soviet State and Law has called the programme “for complete elimination of the harmful consequences of the personality cult in Soviet jurisprudence” — have done much to liberate Soviet international law thinking from the at times overly rigid positivism and rather sterile orthodoxy which had dominated it, in common with Soviet general legal doctrine, from the time of Pashukanis' downfall in the late 1930's, onwards through the period of Vyshinsky's intellectual dominance almost to the present day. For the purpose of analysis and appraisal of the contemporary state of Soviet international law doctrine and practice, both as to its main points of accord and also its main policy conflicts and differences, certain preliminary propositions can be advanced as to the nature and condition of Soviet international law in general over the years since the October Revolution.
The Trail Smelter Dispute
Authors: Read John E.
Published: June 2019

The trail smelter dispute covered a period of thirteen years from 1928 to 1941. It arose out of the operation by the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada, Limited, of a smelter at Trail, British Columbia, on the Columbia River about eleven miles from the international boundary. In roasting sulphurbearing ores, sulphur dioxide gas was wasted into the air. When the air drift was down the valley, the smoke cloud containing sulphur dioxide crossed the boundary in sufficient strength to cause damage in the State of Washington. In 1925 and 1926, the output of the smelter was increased and more sulphur dioxide was wasted into the air. By reason of the conformation of the valley and the atmospheric conditions prevalent, it was carried across the boundary into the State of Washington. It was common ground that some damage was caused in the years 1926 to 1930.
Is World Citizenship a Legal Practicality?
Authors: Green L. C.
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

Le présent article cherche à déterminer dans quelle mesure le droit international, d'origine coutumière ou conventionnelle, peut être utilisé comme fondement pour le développement d'une citoyenneté mondiale. L'analyse révèle en outre qu'à l'époque biblique et classique ancienne le droit traçait des frontières assez étanches entre les droits des citoyens et ceux des étrangers. Toutefois, les "pères" du droit international ont, sans reconnaître la notion de citoyenneté mondiale, voulu reconnaître que certains droit étaient communs à tous, sans égard à la nationalité, alors que d'autres furent d'avis que le prince possédait le droit d'intervenir au nom des étrangers si le principe d'un traitement humain n'était pas respecté à leur égard. Au tournant du dix-neuvième siècle cependant, tout droit d'intervention fondé sur le droit international était devenu très limité et ne devait être exercé qu'en faveur de co-religionnaires, bien qu'à l'occasion un droit plus large était revendiqué, notamment dans le cas où il paraissait être exercé au nom de la société des nations. Il était pas ailleurs clairement reconnu que des demandes d'intervention dans un autre État donnaient lieu à des abus tenant à des raisons politiques ou idéologiques. En ce qui a trait au droit des traités modernes, les diverses conventions relatives aux droits et libertés, à la protection des minorités, aux réfugiés et aux apatrides ne faisaient guère évoluer leur statut juridique, bien que ceux-ci se voyaient dorénavant reconnaître des droits dans l'État de résidence, sans toutefois qu'ils puissent bénéficier dans la plupart des cas des mêmes droits politiques que les citoyens locaux. Même à l'intérieur de la Communauté européenne, où se conjuguent des demandes pour une devise et un passeport communs et où est reconnu un droit général d'établissement ayant comme corollaire un abandon de la traditionnelle insistance sur la nationalité des réclamations, une forte opposition à l'instauration d'une citoyenneté commune persiste. De plus, les difficultés économiques semblent causer une xénophobie croissante et voient les citoyens résister à l'extension des droits des étrangers, y compris ceux des sans-abris, les gouvernements résistant dès lors aussi à concéder de tels droits. En conséquence, la possibilité de créer une citoyenneté mondiale paraît nettement moins plausible aujourd'hui que l'ouverture des frontières, sur une basée non restrictive, aux réfugiés et aux apatrides.
Contemporary Soviet General Theory of International Law: Reflections on the Tunkin Era
Authors: McWhinney Edward
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

Il y a vingt-cinq ans, les juristes soviétiques étaient préoccupés avec la campagne de codification immédiate des principes affirmés de la coexistence pacifique. Après un débat est-ouest vigoureux aux Nations-unies, l'Assemblée Générale adoptait, le 24 octobre 1970, une déclaration qui établissait les principes de droit international relatifs aux “relations amicales entre des États.” L'auteur principal de la campagne soviétique, le conseilleur juridique du ministère des Affaires étrangères à Moscou, Gregory Tunkin, a dominé la pensée et aussi la pratique soviétiques de droit international depuis plus d'un quart de siècle. La méthode distinctivement soviétique qu'il a inauguré et qui est maintenant acceptée par son école à la Faculté de droit de l'Université de Moscou est hautement empirique et scientifique, orientée vers la solution des problèmes concrets de la politique étrangère soviétique contemporaine. Cette méthode s'écarte de plus en plus des questions philosophiques abstraites et a priori, ainsi que des dogmes marxistes-léninistes rigides d'antan. Il y a des points de ressemblance avec la théorie américaine moderne néoréaliste (“policy-science”) de l'école Lasswell-McDougal. La réussite évidente de l'école soviétique de Tunkin ne cache pas le fait qu'avec sa préoccupation, voire même sa fixation, avec les relations soviéto-américaines (la bipolarité en droit international), ses idées commencent à être dépassées par les faits sociologiques de base d'une communauté mondiale en transition rapide aujourd'hui. La théorie générale soviétique de droit international, comme la théorie américaine, a donc besoin d'être reformulée et modernisée pour mieux répondre à la nouvelle réalité multipolaire née du déclin progressif et accéléré des deux superpuissances.
The 1987 Elections to the International Court of Justice
Authors: Lee Edward G. , McWhinney Edward
Published: June 2019

The Statute of the International Court of Justice specifies that the nominations of candidates for election to the Court shall be made by “national groups” constituted either by the national groups in the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PGA), or by national groups appointed for this purpose “under the same conditions” as those prescribed for members of the PCA under the Hague Convention of 1907. As of May 1987, about half the member states of the United Nations — seventy-six out of one hundred and fifty-eight — were members of the PCA, but among these only sixty-two had functioning national groups. Official United Nations documents show that a great many national groups from other states, perhaps created on an ad hoc basis for the regular elections to the Court, submit nominations as provided under Article 4(2) of the Statute. Once a candidate has been nominated by one or more national groups, the state of which he is a national is free to decide whether formally to sponsor his candidacy and to seek the support of other states in the elections to be held in the General Assembly and the Security Council.
L'investigation dans le programme nucléaire irakien
Authors: Boustany Katia
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

The legal framework under the NPT safeguards system did not allow the IAEA to discover any infringement of Iraq's obligations pertaining to non-proliferation and non-acquisition of nuclear lueapons. Security Council Resolution 687 goes beyond NPT's narrow limits and therefore permits the IAEA and the United Nations to look into a wide range of Iraqi industrial activities and thus find what are considered by experts to be military-oriented undertakings that violate international law and obligations under NPT. The author explores the capacity and work of IAEA within both the NPT safeguards system and Security Council Resolution 687, as well as related legal implications.
International Organizations: What Makes Them Work?
Authors: Schwartz Bryan , Leven Elliot
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

Les auteurs soulignent et analysent les facteurs qui favorisent l’efficacité d’un organisme international. Selon les auteurs, les organisations les plus réussies sont celles dont le rôle est précis et utilitaire. Elles ont notamment pour tâche de mettre en oeuvre des programmes très spécifiques. Ce sont aussi des organisations gérées par une bureaucratie qui se veut impartiale.

Au départ modeste, leur champ d’activité et leurs membres croissent lentement, en fonction de l’évolution des besoins et de la situation internationale. Elles adoptent également de nombreuses décisions en suivant un processus décisionnel rapide qui préfère la règle du consensus à celle de l’unanimité. De plus, elles se composent d’États démocratiques. Finalement, les auteurs notent que le pouvoir de sanctionner ne représente pas une condition importante et essentielle à l’efficacité d’un organisme international.
Consultation Procedures under UN Rules for the Control of Restrictive Business Practices
Authors: Salimbene Franklyn P.
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

Adopté en 1980 par une résolution de l'Assemblée générale, l'Ensemble de principes et de règles équitables convenus au niveau multilatéral pour le contrôle des pratiques commerciales restrictives (Ensemble de principes) énonce bon nombre de règles équitables qui visent à orienter les activités internationales des États et des entreprises commerciales en matière de contrôle des pratiques commerciales restrictives (PCR). L'un de ces principes a été l'objet d'un intérêt particulier lors de la Deuxième conférence de révision sur l'Ensemble de principes tenue en 1990 ainsi que lors de la dixième réunion du Groupe intergouvernemental d'experts en octobre 1991. Il s'agit du principe de consultation.

Jusqu'à la tenue de la dixième réunion, la clause de consultation de l'Ensemble de principes n'avait jamais été invoquée. Bien qu'on ait alors tenté d'expliquer les raisons possibles de cet état de choses, chacun a convenu de l'importance d'encourager les consultations internationales pour le contrôle des PCR. En effet, le besoin de consultation se fait plus pressant pour assurer la coordination internationale des politiques de concurrence étant donné l'importance croissante du marché global pour les économies nationales et la difficile restructuration amorcée par un grand nombre d'anciennes économies à planification centrale.

Les États participant à la Deuxième conférence de révision et à la dixième réunion ont abordé les discussions sur ce besoin de consultation dans le cadre de l'Ensemble de principes par l'intermédiaire de leurs blocs de négociation traditionnels le Groupe de 77 pour les pays en développement, le Groupe Β pour les pays à économie de marché et le Groupe D pour les anciennes économies à planification centrale de l'Europe de l'est. Bien que certains des anciens discours propres aux débats des années 1970 aient été repris, les groupes sont parvenus à s'entendre sur la nécessité de préciser la procédure de consultation prévue par l'Ensemble de principes. Ils ont donné leur appui au projet de rédaction d'une “liste de contrôle” normalisée des consultations, par laquelle un État donné pourrait demander à un autre de participer à des consultations et de fournir des renseignements concernant le contrôle des PCR. En outre, ils ont convenu d'appuyer un processus de consultation qui serait à la fois volontaire, informel et d'accès facile, qu On procède de façon multilatérale lors des réunions annuelles du Groupe intergouvernemental d'experts ou de façon bilatérale par cas d'espèce.
Récents développements dans le domaine des services
Authors: Jolivet Christian
Published: June 2019

DES DEVELOPPEMENTS IMPORTANTS SONT survenus dans le domaine des services depuis l'entrée en vigueur de l'Accord canado-américain de libre-échange (ALÉ). Ce secteur-clé de l'économie canadienne est très vaste et englobe des activités commerciales diversifiées qui vont des services financiers aux services de transport, en passant par l'informatique et les télécommunications. De plus, il couvre des aspects variés de la vie économique et sociale canadienne, la dimension commerce allant aussi de pair, en matière de services, avec la dimension investissement et mobilité des travailleurs.
II Le Canada et le système monétaire international en 1991
Authors: Colas Bernard
Published: June 2019

Le Démantellement des échanges commerciaux du CAEM et la dissolution de l’URSS en 1991 auront souligné l’importance du processus de réforme engagé par ces pays et de l’appui qui doit lui être accordé (partie 1). Au niveau interne, l'année 1991 marque l’adoption de nouvelles lois destinées à moderniser les institutions financières canadiennes (partie II).
The Principle of Non-Encroachment: Implications for the Beaufort Sea
Authors: Gillott Roger
Published: June 2019

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Ce commentaire traite des principes connexes de prolongement naturel et de non-empiètement et de leurs conséquences sur une future délimitation de la frontière maritime entre le Canada et les États-Unis dans la Mer de Beaufort. L'auteur décrit l'évolution du principe du prolongement naturel, qui reposait d'abord sur la géologie et la morphologie du plateau continental pour se définir maintenant en grande partie par les concepts de distance et de proximité. L'auteur constate aussi que, même si le non-empiètement n'est pas une règle de délimitation mécanique et contraignante, il est devenu un principe équitable qui est rarement ou pour ainsi dire jamais supplanté par des principes équitables concurrents. Par conséquent, la direction de la projection côtière est devenue un aspect capital de toute délimitation. L'auteur discute ensuite de l'impact de ces conclusions sur la délimitation de la Mer de Beaufort.
The Protection of Peacekeepers
Authors: Kindred Hugh M.
Published: June 2019

In light of the increased risks nowadays faced by much greater numbers of peacekeepers in hostile environments, the author surveys the legal sources for their safety and protection. The article first describes the kinds of personnel that may be engaged in peacekeeping operations before exploring the legal rights of protection that attach to each of them. It shows that many conventions, especially those relating to immunities of United Nations personnel as well as humanitarian and human rights treaties, contain general provisions that may be interpreted to include peacekeepers, but that none are aimed directly at thdr problems and protection. None, that is, until the United Nations adopted the Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel in the fall of 1994. When that Convention comes into force, it will impose affirmative duties on states to ensure the safety and security of peacekeepers and will apply criminal sanctions against individuals who attack them or their property. The article concludes that the new convention casts a wide net of protection over peacekeepers but suffers from two significant lacunae. It will not cover peacekeepers who are combatants (and the criteria for that characterization are unclear) or personnel engaged in non-United Nations peacekeeping operations.
Mentor and Protégé: Percy Ellwood Corbett’s Relationship with John Peters Humphrey
Authors: Hobbins A. J.
Published: June 2019

Percy Corbett and John Humphrey were two leading figures in international law at McGill University and in Canada. The author traces the career of Corbett and Humphrey at McGill and illustrates the influence that Corbett had on Humphrey, who had been Corbett's student, both at McGill and later in life. The author not only provides insight into the relationship of these remarkable men but also provides a picture of the teaching of law and international law at McGill University during a particularly important period of that institution.
Interpreting Intervention
Authors: Scott Craig
Published: June 2019

The author considers whether humanitarian intervention can be justified even without express Security Council authorization. Starting with the statement of former Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs Lloyd Axworthy that Canada intervened in Kosovo knowing that it did not have full legal justification, but feeling that such intervention was nevertheless morally justified, the author explores whether there is an evolving acceptance that explicit Security Council authorization is not necessary. He argues that an evolving reinterpretation of the Charter is appropriate such that, while Security Council authorization remains necessary for humanitarian intervention, there has to be flexibility in determining what constitutes authorization. In this respect, it would be important for a General Assembly declaration on legitimate humanitarian intervention to be in place in order to provide a baseline for interpreting a given Security Council resolution.
A Look Back at Looking Forward: Ronald St. John Macdonald and the Future of International Law
Authors: Carmody Chi
Published: June 2019

In May 1973, an article entitled “International Law and Society in the Year 2000” written by Ronald St. John Macdonald, Gerald Morris, and Douglas Johnson, appeared in the Canadian Bar Review. The article attempted to provide a vision of what international law would look like three decades in the future. If Macdonald and his co-authors were mistaken about some of the details they forecasted, they were deWnitely right about the multiplication of actors, the growing diversity of sources, and the expanded coverage of international law. More particularly, they were correct in their assessment that environmental concerns — as opposed to the more evident military, humanitarian, or criminal ones — would be the principal catalyst for change in times to come. A look back at “International Law and Society in the Year 2000” therefore offers a valuable retrospective on Macdonald’s contribution to international law and helps to frame the central question that we must take up in our own time: how will international law evolve from here?
Donat Pharand: The Arctic Scholar
Authors: Lalonde Suzanne , MacDonald Ronald St. J.
Published: June 2019

The Arctic, long neglected, has been thrust into the limelight as climate change dramatically transforms its landscape. The ice, which for centuries has acted as a powerful barrier keeping the world at bay, is melting at an alarming rate. The promise of greater accessibility to the region inevitably raises a host of important issues. Donat Pharand, an internationally renowned scholar, has dedicated his long and illustrious career to researching and understanding the legal issues pertaining to Canada's claim over the waters of the Arctic archipelago. This article chronicles the key events in his life and examines Pharand's profound contribution to the law of the sea of the Arctic.
Four Flaws: Reflections on the Canadian Approach to Private International Law
Authors: Hume Nathan
Published: June 2019

This article traces the evolution of the Canadian approach to private international law from Morguard Investments Ltd. v. De Savoye to Castillo v. Castillo and identifies four major flaws that have significant implications for both private international law and Canadian federalism: (1) ambiguous and inconsistent terminology that undermines the conceptual foundation of this approach while obscuring its potential impact; (2) the Court’s use of American conflict of laws jurisprudence to reinforce a deferential orientation in Canadian private international law; (3) the Court’s vision of the international order and understanding of public international law, which has begun to affect the Canadian federal system; and (4) the model of the Canadian Constitution employed in these cases, which may have broad negative consequences for provincial interests. The article argues that these flaws are remediable, that both constitutional text and recent opinions contain resources useful to this end, and that, however the Court decides to address these problems, subsequent iterations of the Canadian approach to private international law should emphasize clarity, consistency, and comprehensiveness.
The Publications of Ronald St. John Macdonald
Authors: Wiktor Christian L.
Published: June 2019

Ronald St. John Macdonald, one of the founders of this Yearbook and of the Canadian Council on International Law, teacher, scholar, judge, and a tireless promoter of international law around the world, died on 7 September 2006. His contribution is immeasurable and his mark on the Canadian international legal landscape is indelible. As a tribute, the Yearbook publishes this testament by Christian Wiktor, a long-time colleague, to Macdonald's contribution to international legal scholarship.
I. Commerce
Authors: Ouellet Richard
Published: June 2019

En 2005, l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) fêtait son dixième anniversaire. Mais cet anniversaire n’était pas porteur que de bonnes nouvelles pour le Canada à l’OMC. L’abrogation de l’Accord sur les textiles et les vêtements, le premier jour du 121e mois après la prise d’effet de l’Accord sur l’OMC, a heurté de plein fouet une industrie textile canadienne visiblement incapable de trouver son créneau face à la concurrence asiatique et a rapidement entraîné, au début de 2005, des milliers de pertes d’emplois au Canada.
II. Le Canada et le système financier international en 2005
Authors: Colas Bernard
Published: June 2019

Le blanchiment d’argent et la gouvernance en matière financière ont constitué sans surprise des préoccupations essentielles de la communauté internationale en 2005. Néanmoins, la communauté internationale s’est aussi penchée sur la question du développement durable et la réforme des institutions de Bretton Woods. Les travaux de la communauté internationale ont été menés de concert par: (1) le Groupe des vingt; (2) les institutions financières internationales; (3) les organismes de contrôle des établissements financiers; (4) le Groupe d’action financière; (5) le Joint Forum; (6) le Forum sur la stabilité financière. Le Canada y a joué un rôle de premier plan.
Weaving a Tangled Web:Hapeand the Obfuscation of Canadian Reception Law
Authors: Currie John H.
Published: June 2019

The majority Supreme Court of Canada judgment inHape— a case concerning extraterritorial applicability of theCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms— is premised on three aspects of the relationship between international and Canadian law: (1) the interaction of customary international law and Canadian common law; (2) the role of Canada’s international legal obligations inCharterinterpretation; and (3) the potential role of customary international law as a source of unwritten principles of the Canadian Constitution. This article reviews pre-existing law in all three of these areas and analyzes a number of innovations apparently introduced thereto, with little or no explanation, by the majority inHape. It concludes thatHapeseriously exacerbates an already uncertain relationship between international and Canadian law, with fundamental consequences for the rule of law in Canada.
La responsabilité internationale d’État pour le fait d’entreprises militaires privées
Authors: Tougas Marie-Louise
Published: June 2019

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Le domaine des services de sécurité et des services militaires privés est aujourd’hui une véritable industrie organisée qui offre de multiples services à différentes entités. De nombreux États ont recours aux services d’entreprises militaires privées (EMP) pour accomplir certaines tâches traditionnellement dévolues aux armées nationales. Les activités de ces entreprises sont de plus en plus variées et importantes. Les risques que certaines d’entre elles soient génératrices de violations du droit international sont donc croissants. L’application pratique de certaines des règles du droit international aux EMP et à leurs employés ne semble cependant pas toujours aisée. Les règles de la responsabilité internationales des États apparaissent donc comme une dimension capitale de toutes réflexions sur le sujet et peuvent apporter d’intéressantes pistes de solutions. Cet article explore dans quelles circonstances et suivant quelles règles un État peut être tenu internationalement responsable pour le comportement d’EMP.
John Peters Humphrey: Canadian Nationalist and World Government Advocate
Authors: Roth Erin C.
Published: June 2019

John Peters Humphrey is best known for drafting the United NationsUniversal Declaration of Human Rights, a role that, while significant, comprised only a brief period in Humphrey’s life. Prior to his time at the UN, Humphrey was an adamant Canadian nationalist who argued for a strong, united Canada. At the same time, he was highly critical of international organization and argued for a federal, world government. This apparent contrariness was also seen in his choice of employment. Supportive of world government, Humphrey viewed the UN as little more than a “defensive alliance.” Humphrey’s paradoxical views and actions are far more coherent than they first appear. It is possible to see in them a single, unifying trend: federalism. Federalism’s layered government structure has the ability to preserve regional differences and also to connect the individual to each layer of law. At the UN, Humphrey was able to make great strides in this direction, and today several international bodies receive complaints directly from individual complainants. In this way, Humphrey helped connect the individual with international law.
Protecting Civilians during the Fight against Transnational Terrorism: Applying International Humanitarian Law to Transnational Armed Conflicts
Authors: Coombes Karinne
Published: June 2019

This article explores how international humanitarian law (IHL) may apply to protect innocent civilians during the fight against transnational terrorism. To achieve the goal of allowing states to protect their populations from the threat of terrorism while respecting the rule of law and the rights of individuals, it is argued that, while IHL should remain applicable only to armed conflicts it must evolve so that it clearly applies to “transnational” armed conflicts (that is, armed conflicts between State A and a non-state actor based in State B, where State A uses force in the territory of State B without State B’s consent). Rather than recognizing a new third category of armed conflict to cover these situations, it is argued that non-international armed conflicts should be understood as a residual category that regulates all armed conflicts to which the parties are states and/or their agents.
Le traitement jurisprudentiel du trafic de migrants en droit comparé: Un désaveu des dispositions législatives
canadiennes
Authors: Jannard Louis-Philippe
Published: June 2019

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Le durcissement des politiques migratoires a diminué les possibilités légales de migration, créant ainsi un environnement propice au trafic de migrants. En 2002, le Canada a drastiquement augmenté les pénalités associées à ce phénomène. Ces dispositions sont inadéquates: elles cherchent moins à réprimer une activité criminelle présumée dangereuse qu’à dissuader l’immigration irrégulière. D’une part, les dispositions législatives s’inscrivent en faux avec le traitement jurisprudentiel du trafic de migrants au Canada, et ne correspondent ni aux lois ni à la jurisprudence étrangères: on surestime la gravité du crime. D’autre part, elles ne se conforment pas au droit international. En excluant la recherche d’un avantage financier de la 'définition canadienne de l’infraction, on privilégie la lutte à toute forme d’aide à la migration irrégulière, et non seulement au trafic de migrants.