bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PLANIFICACIÓN TURÍSTICA EN EXTREMADURA. ANÁLISIS DE SUS TERRITORIOS TURÍSTICOS
Authors: Nieto Masot Ana , Ríos Rodríguez Nerea , Cárdenas Alonso Gema
Published: January 2021

Desde finales del siglo XX, la aparición de nuevas tendencias y modelos de consumo del turismo ha permitido la proliferación de equipamientos turísticos en Extremadura, optándose por la explotación de los recursos patrimoniales, tanto naturales como culturales. Así, en este trabajo se analizan la oferta y demanda del sector turístico en la región extremeña, haciendo hincapié en la clasificación por Territorios Turísticos del gobierno regional. Para ello, se realiza un análisis de variables económicas, patrimoniales y sociales mediante las técnicas de Regresión Lineal Múltiple (OLS), Análisis de Componentes Principales y Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG). Se podrá ver qué Territorios Turísticos han implantado mejores líneas de actuación encaminadas a la recepción de visitantes, al incremento de las rentas económicas y a una preservación de la población en los espacios rurales, así como cuáles presentan deficiencias en su desarrollo turístico.

Since the end of the last century, the development of new trends and tourism consumption models has allowed the proliferation of tourist equipment in Extremadura, exploiting the heritage resources, both natural and cultural. In this paper, supply and demand of tourist sector in Extremadura are analyzed, emphasizing the classification by Tourist Territories of the regional government. For this, economic, social and patrimonial variables are studied through the Multiple Linear Regression statistic (OLS), Principal Components Analysis (PCA)and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). It will be seen what Tourist Territories have implemented better strategies intend to reception of visitors, the increase of economic rents and the preservation of the population in rural areas, as well as which ones present deficiencies in their tourist development.
EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT IN TOURISM: A GENERATIONAL STUDY OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
Authors: Ferreira Pedro
Published: January 2021

El objetivo de este documento es examinar el compromiso de los empleados entre las diferentes generaciones de trabajadores del turismo en los países europeos.

La investigación adopta un enfoque cuantitativo. Se consideraron datos de 2.393 empleados de 35 países europeos que trabajan en turismo. El análisis de datos se basó en el análisis de conglomerados para encontrar patrones de participación entre países y análisis jerárquico de regresión múltiple y otras herramientas estadísticas para confirmar las diferencias entre generaciones.

Los resultados revelan tres grupos de países con diferentes patrones de compromiso. Los resultados también muestran diferencias entre los grupos generacionales.

The goal of this paper is to examine employee engagement among different generations of tourism workers across European countries.  The research takes a quantitative approach. Data from 2,393 employees from 35 European countries working in tourism were considered. Data analysis was based on cluster analysis to find patterns of engagement across countries and hierarchical multiple regression analysis and other statistical tools to confirm differences between generations. The results reveal three groups of countries with different patterns of engagement. The findings also show differences between generational groups.
HABITABILIDAD Y AIRBNB: EL ALQUILER DE LA VIVIENDA EN EL DISTRITO CENTRO DE MADRID
Authors: Martínez-Caldentey María Antonia , Blázquez-Salom Macià , Murray Ivan
Published: January 2021

La irrupción del alquiler turístico, como el ofertado en Airbnb, ha provocado profundos cambios en torno a la vivienda y en los espacios urbanos. Así, Madrid se ha convertido de la mano del alquiler turístico, en una exitosa ciudad turística. En este artículo se analiza la proliferación del alquiler turístico en el distrito Centro de Madrid y su incidencia sobre el alquiler residencial. En este caso, como en otras ciudades europeas y norteamericanas, la explotación turística de las viviendas ha abierto la brecha de renta, mientras que el alquiler de las viviendas se ha disparado.

The irruption of the tourist rental, like the one offered on Airbnb, has brought profound changes around housing and urban spaces. Madrid has become the hand of the tourist rental, among other reasons, in a successful touristic city. This article analyses the proliferation of tourist rentals in the Central district of Madrid and its impact on residential rentals. In this case, as in other European and North American cities, the tourist exploitation of the houses has allowed to open the rent gap, while the rental price of the houses has skyrocketed.
TOURISM QUALITATIVE FORECASTING SCENARIO BUILDING THROUGH THE DELPHI TECHNIQUE
Authors: Oliveira Moreira Claudete , Santos Norberto
Published: January 2021

Los análisis de futuros y los ejercicios de construcción de escenarios han recibido escasa atención de la literatura científica sobre la planificación y gestión de destinos turísticos. Este artículo enfatiza la importancia de una estrategia de previsión territorial y de la creación de escenarios en la planificación y gestión de destinos turísticos, demostrando cómo es metodológicamente posible combinar la técnica Delphi con un ejercicio de creación de escenarios. Los hallazgos sugieren que el conocimiento de las partes interesadas puede beneficiar la planificación y la gestión de los destinos turísticos.

Futures analyses and scenario-building exercises have received scant attention from scientific literature on the planning and management of tourist destinations. This article emphasizes the importance of a territorial foresight strategy and scenario building in the planning and management of tourist destinations, demonstrating how it is methodologically possible to combine the Delphi technique with a scenario-building exercise. The findings suggest that the knowledge provided by stakeholders operating within the tourism system can benefit the planning and management of tourist destinations.
Hvad er opstandelseslegemets karakter ud fra Første Korintherbrev 15?
Authors: Mikkelsen Daniel
Published: January 2021

The article examines the character of the resurrection body in 1 Corinthians 15,36-58 focusing on exegesis and vocabulary. The examination pays special attention to the two most dominating views of the resurrection body in recent scholarly debate, the resurrection of re-newed flesh and the resurrection in pneumatic material. The article has three parts. Since both views attend to much of the same terminology, a clarification of their terminology is first given. Next, the exegetical dif-ferences between them are lined up against one another. Finally, an ex-egesis is given which argues that Paul is not talking about a resurrection body composed of ethereal material spirit, but about a body composed of flesh whose state and quality have changed so that it becomes both incorruptible and immortal. This is because the reason for the corrup-tion of the flesh is Adam’s fall and sin, not the flesh itself.
Det nye billede
Authors: Pedersen Thomas Lederballe
Published: January 2021

Discussing the scenario of future resurrection in 1 Cor. 15, Paul touches on the visual aspects of the bodily transformation which he claims will take place as a part of eschatological fulfilment. The con-cept of image plays a crucial role in this transformation as he believes the resurrected body will be shaped according to a “heavenly” exemplar, which he refers to as an image. Using examples drawn from Roman visual culture, both visual and textual, the article describes what type of image Paul’s Corinthian readers would have been inclined to think of in connection with a discussion of bodily transformation such as the one imagined by Paul.
Habermas om teologi og filosofi
Authors: Nørager Troels
Published: January 2021

This article seeks to give an overview and tentative evaluation of Jürgen Habermas’s most recent book, Auch eine Geschichte der Philosophie (2019). The introduction presents the author’s overall intention of providing a genealogy of post-metaphysical thinking. The first section deals with Habermas’s evolutionary perspective on religion as well as core elements of his philosophy and sociology. The second section outlines his view that the religious traditions of the so-called Axial Age have in common a tendency towards moralizing the sacred. The third section discusses Habermas’s ideas on the relation between philosophy and theology, both historically and in contemporary thought. The conclusion presents some elements of a critique while also hailing this opus magnum as an outstanding and admirable achievement.
Sound installation art and the intervention of urban public space in Latin America
Authors: Duarte-García Mario Alberto , Wilde Emma
Published: January 2021

This paper explores the relationship between sound installation art and the appropriation of urban public spaces in Latin America. Latin America is a continent full of contrasts, and in various places throughout the countries, space refl ects the history of each nation through its architecture. We fi nd pre-Hispanic pyramids coexisting with colonial churches and modern buildings. In the last two decades, these sites have been used for purposes other than those for which they were created. On the one hand, these spaces have been used to provide cultural experiences for people in areas that cannot access traditional venues such as concert halls. On the other hand, political manifestations have adopted such places as icons of social change, and sound has been used to provide a social/cultural meaning, using the space as a medium. These activities have changed the ways in which audiences and creators relate to sound and space. This research paper explores how sound art and technology have been used to re-formulate public space in cities. The study analyses the strategies of major works and installations (that have used space as a medium of creation over the last twenty years in Latin America) from social and spatial perspectives. This paper highlights the potential of sound installation art and intervention of space as a way to engage audiences in urban contexts.
folded space of machine listening
Authors: Napolitano Domenico , Grieco Renato
Published: January 2021

The paper investigates new machine listening technologies through a comparison of phenomenological and empirical/media-archeological approaches. While phenomenology associates listening with subjectivity, empiricism takes into account the technical operations involved with listening processes in both human and non-human apparatuses. Based on this theoretical framework, the paper undertakes a media-archeological investigation of two algorithms employed in copyright detection: “acoustic fi ngerprinting” and “audio watermarking”. In the technical operations of sound recognition algorithms, empirical analysis suggests the coexistence of a multiplicity of spatialities: from the “sound event”, which occurs in three-dimensional physical space, to its mathematical representation in vector space, and to the one-dimensional informational space of data processing and machine-to-machine communication. Recalling Deleuze’s defi nition of “the fold”, we defi ne these coexistent spatial dimensions in techno-culturally mediated sound as “the folded space” of machine listening. We go on to argue that the issue of space in machine listening consists of the virtually infi nite variability of the sound event being subjected to automatic recognition. The diffi culty lies in conciliating the theoretically enduring information transmitted by sound with the contingent manifestation of sound affected by space. To make machines able to deal with the site-specifi city of sound, recognition algorithms need to reconstruct the three-dimensional space on a signal processing level, in a sort of reverse-engineering of the sound phenomenon that recalls the concept of “implicit sonicity” defi ned by Wolfgang Ernst. While the metaphors and social representations adopted to describe machine listening are often anthropomorphic – and the very term “listening”, when referring to numerical operations, can be seen as a metaphor in itself – we argue that both human listening and machine listening are co-defi ned in a socio-technical network, in which the listening space no longer coincides with the position of the listening subject, but is negotiated between human and nonhuman agencies.
Concealment of information as a form of abuse of post by an employee
Authors: Ostapenko Alena Viktorovna
Published: January 2021

The subject of this research is such legal phenomenon as the abuse of post by an employee in form concealment of information. The author analyzes the labor law, determines the gaps in legal regulation of the questions of abuse of position by employees. The article examines most common instances of abuse of post by employees in form of concealment of legally important facts from the employer, as well as carries out their classification by cases of concealment of information in the hiring process, in course of exercising their labor rights, and in termination of employment contract. The author underlines the inequality of the status of employer and employee with regards to protection by against the abuse of the opposite party of labor agreement. It is established that the range of the methods of protection of interests of the employer is limited, while an employee is in a much better position from the legal perspective. The scientific novelty consists in comprehensive analysis of legislative gaps in the area of regulation of misconduct of employees in the form of concealment of information. The author offers the mechanism for preventing the abuse of post by employees in the form of concealment of information, which is based on inclusion into local regulatory acts of the norms aimed at protection of rights and interests of the employer.
Legal status of the underage parents in German, Austrian, Swiss, and Russian legislation: comparative analysis
Authors: Lekanova Ekaterina Evgenevna
Published: January 2021

The subject of this research is the legal norms on the status of underage parents. Custody of a child of underage parents is regulated by special rules in Russia and abroad. The Russian legal model of child custody of underage parents is yet to be established. Unlike the countries of Germanic legal group (Germany, Switzerland, and Austria), the legislation of which features detailed description of the legal status of underage parents, the Russian legislation requires further improvement in this regard. Application of the method of comparative jurisprudence allowed determining the common and distinctive characteristics in the legal status of underage parents in German, Austrian, Swiss, and Russian legislation. The common feature for all aforementioned legislations consists in automatic removal of custody of a child of an underage parent when such parent attains the age of majority. In the author’s opinion, the best model of child custody (with regards to a child of underage parents who have reached the age of 16) is German model: an underage parent with partial civil capacity and a guardian both have rights to participate in parenting of a child, while guardian is the only legal representative of a child of an underage parent (in case if a child has no parents of the age of majority).
Association between foot thermal responses and shear forces during turning gait in young adults
Authors: Gonzalez Angel E. , Pineda Gutierrez Ana , Kern Andrew M. , Takahashi Kota Z.
Published: January 2021

Background

The human foot typically changes temperature between pre and post-locomotion activities. However, the mechanisms responsible for temperature changes within the foot are currently unclear. Prior studies indicate that shear forces may increase foot temperature during locomotion. Here, we examined the shear-temperature relationship using turning gait with varying radii to manipulate magnitudes of shear onto the foot.

Methods

Healthy adult participants (N = 18) walked barefoot on their toes for 5 minutes at a speed of 1.0 m s−1 at three different radii (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 m). Toe-walking was utilized so that a standard force plate could measure shear localized to the forefoot. A thermal imaging camera was used to quantify the temperature changes from pre to post toe-walking (ΔT), including the entire foot and forefoot regions on the external limb (limb farther from the center of the curved path) and internal limb.

Results

We found that shear impulse was positively associated with ΔT within the entire foot (P < 0.001) and forefoot (P < 0.001): specifically, for every unit increase in shear, the temperature of the entire foot and forefoot increased by 0.11 and 0.17 °C, respectively. While ΔT, on average, decreased following the toe-walking trials (i.e., became colder), a significant change in ΔT was observed between radii conditions and between external versus internal limbs. In particular, ΔT was greater (i.e., less negative) when walking at smaller radii (P < 0.01) and was greater on the external limb (P < 0.01) in both the entire foot and forefoot regions, which were likely explained by greater shear forces with smaller radii (P < 0.0001) and on the external limb (P < 0.0001). Altogether, our results support the relationship between shear and foot temperature responses. These findings may motivate studying turning gait in the future to quantify the relationship between shear and foot temperature in individuals who are susceptible to abnormal thermoregulation.
Selection and Validation of Reference Genes for Quantitative Real-Time PCR Expression Analysis of Candidate Genes in Carposina sasakii (Lepidoptera: Carposinidae)
Authors: Yan Zuobing , Li Yongli , Zhou Zhou , Zhang Yongan , Qu Liangjian
Published: January 2021

Carposina sasakii is one of the most important pests on the quality of stone and pome fruits. Investigation of a gene expression level in the species is hampered because of the gap of validated reference genes. The expression variation in the transcription levels of eight candidate reference genes, Actin (ACT), Tubulinbeta-1 (TUB), Ribosomal protein 49 (RP49), Elongation factor1-alpha (EF-1a), Elongation factor1-b (EF-1b), Elongation factor1-d (EF-1d), Ribosomal proteinL13 (RPL13) and Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). The stability and ranking of these gene expression profiles in three organ types (head, thorax and abdomen), three developmental stages (larva, pupa and moth), and five diapause states (non-diapause, pre-diapause, diapause 0 d, diapause 20 d and diapause 60 d) were assessed using two algorithm-based methods, geNorm and NormFinder. EF-1a, ACT and GAPDH were evaluated to be the three stable reference genes based on the important observations and comprehensive analysis, whereas TUB and EF-1b showed low expression stability. Best gene combinations for different qPCR analysis in C. sasakii could be chosen from the three stable reference genes, the using of two reference genes is sufficient to effectively normalize qPCR data in C. sasakii. The study laid the foundation for gene expression analysis in C. sasakii and provided new information for the selection of reference genes.
Floristic Response of Herbaceous Flora to Intensive Cropping Systems: A Case of Ajibode-sasa Arable Agroecosystem, Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria
Authors: Micheal Olayanju, Folasayo , Sunday Olubode, Oluseun
Published: January 2021

Agriculture a most significant land use types which alter natural ecosystem dynamics. Arable farming exerts much pressure on plant biodiversity, especially when practiced intensively in urban centers. There is dearth of information on floristic changes due to intensive arable farming in urban agroecosystems in developing countries. The study therefore assessed floristic changes resulting from and intensive farming practices at Ajibode-Sasa agricultural landscape. Ajibode-Sasa agroecosystem is a complex mix of arable cropping system between latitude N07°28′, E003°53′ and longitude N07°28′, E003°54. Comparative floristic surveys were conducted in 2016 and 2020 using quadrats (1 m2) systematically laid on 18 Transects ranging from 50 – 250 m long. A total of 224 and 184 quadrats were laid in 2016 and 2020 respectively. Reduction in numbers of quadrats laid resulted from physical anthropogenic development after the 2016 survey. Species identification followed standard procedures, and quantitative occurrence data were collected for determination of species composition and computation of relative importance values (RIV) and diversity indices. Land-use changes over four years period was determined using Google earth and QGIS. Herbacous plant composition with 123 cumulative number of species in both years reduced from 98 species in 2016 to 85 species in 2020 species RIV of species ranged from 0.038 – 14.803. Tridax procumbens had the highest RIV (14.803) in 2016, while it was Acmella brachyglossa (13.248) 2020. Species richness and floral diversity was high with Shannon-Weiner Index (3.081 and 3.088) and Dominance (0.09388 and 0.08746) in 2016 and 2020 respectively. Intensive cultivation favoured introduction and spread of invasive species like Tridax procumbens and Tithonia diversifolia. Eight introduced and invasive species were newly enumerated in 2020, with a total of 38 herbaceous species no longer encountered in 2020. Concerted efforts should be made to conserve native flora on the agroecosystem through sustainable practices like crop rotation and short fallow.
Response to ibudilast treatment according to progressive multiple sclerosis disease phenotype
Authors: Goodman Andrew D. , Fedler Janel K. , Yankey Jon , Klingner Elizabeth A. , Ecklund Dixie J. , Goebel Christopher V. , Bermel Robert A. , Chase Marianne , Coffey Christopher S. , Klawiter Eric C. , Naismith Robert T. , Fox Robert J. ,   the SPRINT‐MS Investigators
Published: January 2021

Objective

Determine whether a treatment effect of ibudilast on brain atrophy rate differs between participants with primary (PPMS) and secondary (SPMS) progressive multiple sclerosis.

Background

Progressive forms of MS are both associated with continuous disability progression. Whether PPMS and SPMS differ in treatment response remains unknown.

Design/Methods

SPRINT‐MS was a randomized, placebo‐controlled 96‐week phase 2 trial in both PPMS (n = 134) and SPMS (n = 121) patients. The effect of PPMS and SPMS phenotype on the rate of change of brain atrophy measured by brain parenchymal fraction (BPF) was examined by fitting a three‐way interaction linear‐mixed model. Adjustment for differences in baseline demographics, disease measures, and brain size was explored.

Results

Analysis showed that there was a three‐way interaction between the time, treatment effect, and disease phenotype (P < 0.06). After further inspection, the overall treatment effect was primarily driven by patients with PPMS (P < 0.01), and not by patients with SPMS (P = 0.97). This difference may have been due to faster brain atrophy progression seen in the PPMS placebo group compared to SPMS placebo (P < 0.02). Although backward selection (P < 0.05) retained age, T2 lesion volume, RNFL, and longitudinal diffusivity as significant baseline covariates in the linear‐mixed model, the adjusted overall treatment effect was still driven by PPMS (P < 0.01).

Interpretation

The previously reported overall treatment effect of ibudilast on worsening of brain atrophy in progressive MS appears to be driven by patients with PPMS that may be, in part, because of the faster atrophy progression rates seen in the placebo‐treated group.
In Vivo Compositional Changes in the Articular Cartilage of the Patellofemoral Joint Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Boling Michelle C. , Dupell Matthew , Pfeiffer Steven J. , Wallace Kyle , Lalush David , Spang Jeffrey T. , Nissman Daniel , Pietrosimone Brian
Published: January 2021

Objective

To compare T1ρ relaxation times of the medial and lateral regions of the patella and femoral trochlea at 6 and 12 months following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) on the ACLR and contralateral extremity. Greater T1ρ relaxation times are associated with a lower proteoglycan density of articular cartilage.

Methods

This study involved 20 individuals (11 males, 9 females; mean ± SD age 22 ± 3.9 years, weight 76.11 ± 13.48 kg, and height 178.32 ± 12.32 cm) who underwent a previous unilateral ACLR using a patellar tendon autograft. Magnetic resonance images from both extremities were acquired at 6 and 12 months post‐ACLR. Voxel by voxel T1ρ relaxation times were calculated using a 5‐image sequence. The medial and lateral regions of the femoral trochlea and patellar articular cartilage were manually segmented on both extremities. Separate extremity (ACLR and contralateral extremity) by time (6 months and 12 months) analysis of variance tests were performed for each region (P < 0.05).

Results

For the medial patella and lateral trochlea, T1ρ relaxation times increased in both extremities between 6 and 12 months post‐ACLR (medial patella P = 0.012; lateral trochlea P = 0.043). For the lateral patella, T1ρ relaxation times were significantly greater on the contralateral extremity compared to the ACLR extremity (P = 0.001). The T1ρ relaxation times of the medial trochlea on the ACLR extremity were significantly greater at 6 (P = 0.005) and 12 months (P < 0.001) compared to the contralateral extremity. T1ρ relaxation times of the medial trochlea significantly increased from 6 to 12 months on the ACLR extremity (P = 0.003).

Conclusion

Changes in T1ρ relaxation times occur within the first 12 months following ACLR in specific regions of the patellofemoral joint on the ACLR and contralateral extremity.
Micellar Lyotropic Nematic Gels
Authors: Dieterich Sonja , Stemmler Friedrich , Preisig Natalie , Giesselmann Frank
Published: January 2021

Lyotropic liquid crystal (LLC) gels are a new class of liquid crystal (LC) networks that combine the anisotropy of micellar LLCs with the mechanical stability of a gel. However, so far, only micellar LLC gels with lamellar and hexagonal structures have been obtained by the addition of gelators to LLCs. Here, the first examples of lyotropic nematic gels are presented. The key to obtain these nematic gels is the use of gelators that have a non‐amphiphilic molecular structure and thus leave the size and shape of the micellar aggregates essentially unchanged. By adding these gelators to lyotropic nematic phases, an easy and reproducible way to obtain large amounts of lyotropic nematic gels is established. These nematic gels preserve the long‐range orientational order and optical birefringence of a lyotropic nematic phase but have the mechanical stability of a gel. LLC nematic gels are promising new materials for elastic and anisotropic hydrogels to be applied as water‐based stimuli‐responsive actuators and sensors.
Spin‐ and Voltage‐Dependent Emission from Intra‐ and Intermolecular TADF OLEDs
Authors: Bunzmann Nikolai , Krugmann Benjamin , Weissenseel Sebastian , Kudriashova Liudmila , Ivaniuk Khrystyna , Stakhira Pavlo , Cherpak Vladyslav , Chapran Marian , Grybauskaite‐Kaminskiene Gintare , Grazulevicius Juozas Vidas , Dyakonov Vladimir , Sperlich Andreas
Published: January 2021

Organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) utilize molecular systems with a small energy splitting between singlet and triplet states. This can either be realized in intramolecular charge transfer states of molecules with near‐orthogonal donor and acceptor moieties or in intermolecular exciplex states formed between a suitable combination of individual donor and acceptor materials. Here, 4,4′‐(9H,9′H‐[3,3′‐bicarbazole]‐9,9′‐diyl)bis(3‐(trifluoromethyl) benzonitrile) (pCNBCzoCF3) is investigated, which shows intramolecular TADF but can also form exciplex states in combination with 4,4′,4′′‐tris[phenyl(m‐tolyl)amino]triphenylamine (m‐MTDATA). Orange emitting exciplex‐based OLEDs additionally generate a sky‐blue emission from the intramolecular emitter with an intensity that can be voltage‐controlled. Electroluminescence detected magnetic resonance (ELDMR) is applied to study the thermally activated spin‐dependent triplet to singlet up‐conversion in operating devices. Thereby, intermediate excited states involved in OLED operation can be investigated and the corresponding activation energy for both, intra‐ and intermolecular based TADF can be derived. Furthermore, a lower estimate is given for the extent of the triplet wavefunction to be ≥ 1.2 nm. Photoluminescence detected magnetic resonance (PLDMR) reveals the population of molecular triplets in optically excited thin films. Overall, the findings allow to draw a comprehensive picture of the spin‐dependent emission from intra‐ and intermolecular TADF OLEDs.
Operando Analysis of Semiconductor Junctions in Multi‐Layered Photocathodes for Solar Water Splitting by Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Yang Wooseok , Moehl Thomas , Service Erin , Tilley S. David
Published: January 2021

Although electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful technique for investigating optoelectronic devices, realistic equivalent circuit (EC) models suitable for multi‐layered water splitting electrodes have rarely been reported due to their complex nature. In the present study, the utility of the EIS method for investigating multi‐layered photocathodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting is demonstrated. By analyzing the EIS data of TiO2‐coated Sb2Se3 photocathodes, one is able to obtain information about the constituent semiconductors and interfaces such as recombination processes, carrier lifetimes, doping densities, and flat band potentials under operando conditions. The charge transfer time to the electrolyte is also extracted from the EIS data and confirmed by transient photocurrent decay measurements. In addition, the method is successfully applied to other photocathodes with different classes of light absorber, such as metal oxides (Cu2O) and crystalline Si, to compare the device characteristics under real operational conditions. It is shown that the lifetime of photo‐generated carriers in the Si photocathode is much higher than those of the Sb2Se3 and Cu2O photocathodes. It is believed that the EIS analysis method presented in this study will become a powerful routine characterization technique for discovering the limiting factors in a wide range of photo‐electrosynthetic as well as photovoltaic devices.
Kinetics toward mechanism and real operation for ultra‐deep hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation of diesel
Authors: Yin Yachen , Chen Wenbin , Wu Guilian , Xin Feng , Qin Kang , Lu Yutao , Zhang Le , Li Mingfeng
Published: January 2021

As the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of diesel achieves ultra‐deepness, our understanding of its kinetics is still far from in‐depth. Therefore, herein, two lumped kinetic models for the ultra‐deep hydrodesulfurization (UHDS) and hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) are established based on experiments under a wide range of operating conditions. Meanwhile, a four‐lump kinetic model of the aromatic hydrosaturation (AHS) is erected. Our kinetic models disclose thermodynamic decisiveness in UHDS, which is unreachable beyond a temperature upper limit or a pressure lower limit. We also reveals the unexpected temperature dependence of organonitrogen inhibition to HDS, for less than 300°C this inhibition becomes even more potent despite nitrogen removal by HDN reactions. Subsequently, the HDS kinetics of total sulfur are deciphered as multi stages existed in the whole reaction coordinate. Accordingly, a four‐stage conceptual model involving mechanism and rate laws is proposed to better understand organonitrogen inhibition, thermodynamics, and kinetics in UHDS.
Adoptive Transfer of JC Virus‐Specific T Lymphocytes for the Treatment of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
Authors: Berzero Giulia , Basso Sabrina , Stoppini Luca , Palermo Andrea , Pichiecchio Anna , Paoletti Matteo , Lucev Federica , Gerevini Simonetta , Rossi Andrea , Vegezzi Elisa , Diamanti Luca , Bini Paola , Gastaldi Matteo , Delbue Serena , Perotti Cesare , Seminari Elena , Faraci Maura , Luppi Mario , Baldanti Fausto , Zecca Marco , Marchioni Enrico , Comoli Patrizia
Published: January 2021

Objective

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is still burdened by high mortality in a subset of patients, such as those affected by hematological malignancies. The aim of this study was to analyze the safety and carry out preliminary evaluation of the efficacy of polyomavirus JC (JCPyV)‐specific T cell therapy in a cohort of hematological patients with PML.

Methods

Between 2014 and 2019, 9 patients with a diagnosis of “definite PML” according to the 2013 consensus who were showing progressive clinical deterioration received JCPyV‐specific T cells. Cell lines were expanded from autologous or allogenic peripheral blood mononuclear cells by stimulation with JCPyV antigen‐derived peptides.

Results

None of the patients experienced treatment‐related adverse events. In the evaluable patients, an increase in the frequency of circulating JCPyV‐specific lymphocytes was observed, with a decrease or clearance of JCPyV viral load in cerebrospinal fluid. In responsive patients, transient appearance of punctate areas of contrast enhancement within, or close to, PML lesions was observed, which was interpreted as a sign of immune control and which regressed spontaneously without the need for steroid treatment. Six of 9 patients achieved PML control, with 5 alive and in good clinical condition at their last follow‐up.

Interpretation

Among other novel treatments, T cell therapy is emerging as a viable treatment option in patients with PML, particularly for those not amenable to restoration of specific immunity. Neurologists should be encouraged to refer PML patients to specialized centers to allow access to this treatment strategy. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:769–779
Numerically Denoising Thermally Tunable and Thickness‐Dependent Terahertz Signals in ErFeO3 Based on Bézier Curves and B‐Splines
Authors: Zeng Xinxi , Zhang Han , Xi Xiaoqing , Li Bo , Zhou Ji
Published: January 2021

The terahertz (THz) spectral range offers a platform for experimentally collecting electromagnetic pulses to analyze the intrinsic resonances of matter and has become an important field for applying intrinsic responses to future information devices. However, a lack of numerical methods for signal denoising exists in the knowledge of the THz spectral range. In this paper, numerical methods that employ the Bézier curve and its generalization (B‐spline) to denoise thermally tunable and thickness‐dependent terahertz signals are proposed. Different thicknesses of ErFeO3 are chosen and prepared. Both Bézier curves and B‐splines have the ability to denoise the signals and the effect of the Bézier curves on the noise is close to but slightly less than that of the B‐splines. Additionally, the B‐splines show a better noise reduction effect and have better signal strength stability and robustness than do the Bézier curves. Thus, B‐splines are applied to process the raw data, and quantitative insight into the trend of the resonant frequencies, peak heights, and transmittances of antiferromagnetic resonance and ferromagnetic resonance with temperature is obtained.
An Open‐Shell Singlet SnI Diradical and H2 Splitting
Authors: Sharma Mahendra K. , Rottschäfer Dennis , Glodde Timo , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Ghadwal Rajendra S.
Published: January 2021

The first SnI diradical [(ADCPh)Sn]2 (4) based on an anionic dicarbene (ADCPh={CN(Dipp)}2CPh; Dipp=2,6‐iPr2C6H3) scaffold has been isolated as a green crystalline solid by KC8 reduction of the corresponding bis‐chlorostannylene [(ADCPh)SnCl]2 (3). The six‐membered C4Sn2‐ring of 4 containing six π‐electrons shows a diatropic ring current, thus 4 may also be regarded as the first 1,4‐distannabenzene derivative. DFT calculations suggest an open‐shell singlet (OS) ground state of 4 with a remarkably small singlet–triplet energy gap (ΔEOS–T=4.4 kcal mol−1), which is consistent with CASSCF (ΔES–T=6.6 kcal mol−1 and diradical character y=37 %) calculations. The diradical 4 splits H2 at room temperature to yield the bis‐hydridostannylene [(ADCPh)SnH]2 (5). Further reactivity of 4 has been studied with PhSeSePh and MeOTf.
2,3‐Diarylbenzo[b]arsole: Structural Modification and Polymerization for Tuning of Photophysical Properties
Authors: Ishijima Kosuke , Tanaka Susumu , Imoto Hiroaki , Naka Kensuke
Published: January 2021

2,3‐Diarylbenzo[b]arsoles were synthesized from zirconacycles and diiodophenylarsine. The structural modification to the luminophore was attained through diarylacetylene precursors, Suzuki–Miyaura coupling, and oxidation of the arsenic atom. The emission properties were controlled according to these modifications. The 2,3‐diarylbenzo[b]arsoles showed aggregation‐induced emission enhancement; the stronger emission was observed in the solid states than in solutions. In addition, Suzuki–Miyaura polycondensation and olefin metathesis polymerization produced main‐ and side‐chain polymers, respectively. The resultant polymers showed different emission behaviors such as aggregation caused quenching and aggregation induced emission enhancement.
Cationic Zinc Hydride Catalyzed Carbon Dioxide Reduction to Formate: Deciphering Elementary Reactions, Isolation of Intermediates, and Computational Investigations
Authors: Chambenahalli Raju , Bhargav R. M. , McCabe Karl N. , Andrews Alex P. , Ritter Florian , Okuda Jun , Maron Laurent , Venugopal Ajay
Published: January 2021

Zinc has been an element of choice for carbon dioxide reduction in recent years. Zinc compounds have been showcased as catalysts for carbon dioxide hydrosilylation and hydroboration. The extent of carbon dioxide reduction can depend on various factors, including electrophilicity at the zinc center and the denticity of the ancillary ligands. In a few cases, the addition of Lewis acids to zinc hydride catalysts markedly influences carbon dioxide reduction. These factors have been investigated by exploring elementary reactions of carbon dioxide hydrosilylation and hydroboration by using cationic zinc hydrides bearing tetradentate tris[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine and tridentate N,N,N′,N′′,N′′‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine in the presence of triphenylborane and tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane.
Identification of Photoexcited Electron Relaxation in a Cobalt Phosphide Modified Carbon Nitride Photocatalyst
Authors: Pei Guang Xian , Dzade Nelson Y. , Zhang Yue , Hofmann Jan P. , de Leeuw Nora H. , Weckhuysen Bert M.
Published: January 2021

Transition metal phosphides have been recognized as efficient co‐catalysts to boost the activity of semiconductor photocatalysts. However, a rigorous and quantitative understanding is still to be developed about how transition metal phosphides influence photoexcited electron dynamics. Here, we present a nanosecond time‐resolved transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) study of the photoexcited electron dynamics in carbon nitrides (g‐C3N4) before and after Co and/or P modifications. Our spectroscopic study showed that Co or P lowered the initial electron density, whereas they promoted the photoexcited electron relaxation of g‐C3N4, with their half‐life times (t50%) of 2.5 and 1.8 ns, respectively. The formation of a CoP co‐catalyst compound promoted the electron relaxation (t50%=2.8 ns) without significantly lowering the charge separation efficiency. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were undertaken to explore the underlying fundamental reasons and they further predicted that CoP, compared to Co or P modification, better facilitates photoexcited electron transfer from g‐C3N4 to reactants.
Added sugar intake during pregnancy: Fetal behavior, birth outcomes, and placental DNA methylation
Authors: Trumpff Caroline , Sturm Gabriel , Picard Martin , Foss Sophie , Lee Seonjoo , Feng Tianshu , Cardenas Andrès , McCormack Clare , Champagne Frances A. , Monk Catherine
Published: January 2021

Pregnancy is a critical time for the effects of environmental factors on children's development. The effect of added sugar intake on fetal development and pregnancy outcomes remains understudied despite increasing dietary intake in the United States. This study investigated the effect of added sugar on fetal programming by examining the association between maternal added sugar consumption, fetal movement, birth outcomes, and placental DNA methylation. Further, primary human fibroblasts were cultured under normal or high glucose conditions to assess the effect of high glucose exposure on cells' DNA methylation. We found that higher added sugar intake across pregnancy was associated with reduced 3rd‐trimester fetal movement (p < .05) and shorter gestation (p < .01). Our sample size was not powered to detect the alteration of individual placental CpG with genome‐wide significance. However, a secondary analysis suggested that added sugar consumption was associated with differential methylation of functionally related gene families across pregnancy. Consistent with this, high glucose exposure in primary cultured human fibroblasts altered the methylation of 17% of all CpGs, providing converging evidence for an effect of sugar on DNA methylation. Our results suggest that diets high in added sugar during pregnancy may have implications for offspring health via prenatal programming effects measurable before birth.
Cyclative MCRs of Azines and Azinium Salts
Authors: Mirzaei Anvar , Turczel Gábor , Nagyházi Márton , Farkas Vajk , Balla Áron , Dang Vu Hai , Tuba Robert
Published: January 2021

Since the first discovery by Huigsen and co‐workers fifty years ago, a wide range of organic reactions have taken place through the intermediary of the dipolar/zwitterionic species produced by the combination of a neutral nucleophile and an unsaturated electrophile. Nucleophilic initiators including heterocycles may react or play a mediating role based on their nucleophilic nature and reaction conditions. This review highlights the recent developments of the cyclization chemistry of heterocycles using multicomponent reactions (MCRs) – including unusual dearomatizative examples. Heterocycles as very common structural units can often be found in natural and pharmaceutical products. MCRs are environmentally benign and highly atom economic reactions. Their application in the synthesis of biologically active molecules may provide alternatives for the greener synthesis of drugs lowering the carbon footprint of pharmaceutical industries.
Substituted Naphthols: Preparations, Applications, and Reactions
Authors: Vargas Jorge Andrés Mora , Day David P. , Burtoloso Antonio C. B.
Published: January 2021

Substituted naphthols (SNs) are an important class of chemical compounds present in many natural and synthetic products with biological and pharmaceutical activities. Moreover, the naphthol skeleton has been employed as a starting material for the development of drug molecules and natural products. Thus, different synthetic methods to access naphthol cores have been reported using diverse starting materials and chemical strategies. This review article describes literature on synthetic methodologies of substituted naphthols synthesized from alkynes, sulfur ylides, diazo substrates, alkenes/cyclopropenes, ketones/oxanorbenes/furans, amongst other key reactants.
Symmetrical Tertiary Amines: Applications and Synthetic Approaches
Authors: Afanasyev Oleg I. , Kuchuk Ekaterina A. , Muratov Karim M. , Denisov Gleb L. , Chusov Denis
Published: January 2021

Tertiary amines represent a key class of organic molecules with multiple industrial, synthetic, and analytical applications. The focus of this review is on different approaches towards the synthesis of the C3 and C3V symmetrical tertiary amines. Generally, symmetrical tertiary amines can be prepared via N‐alkylation with alkyl halides and alcohols, reductive amination, desamination, hydroamination of olefins, and different kinds of C–N cross‐coupling reactions. All reactions leading to the titled structures are discussed, and the advantages and disadvantages of each method are provided.
Recent Advances on Catalytic Osmium‐Free Olefin syn‐Dihydroxylation
Authors: Achard Thierry , Bellemin‐Laponnaz Stéphane
Published: January 2021

The syn‐dihydroxylation of olefinic group is one of the most important synthetic transformations which leads to the controlled formation of syn‐diol. Such 1,2‐diol structure is integrated into more complex architectures and substantially participates in the development of biologically active molecules and other fine chemicals. This minireview describes recent evolution of this research field in the past decade, surveying osmium‐free and more eco‐compatible system and in particular the direct oxidation of olefins catalyzed by transition metal complexes.
The potential of utilizing Provitamin A‐biofortified maize in producing mutwiwa, a Zimbabwean traditional fermented food
Authors: Chawafambira Armistice , Nyoni Qhubekani , Mkungunugwa Tafadzwa
Published: January 2021

Biofortification interventions have the potential to combat micronutrient deficiencies, such as vitamin A deficiency (VAD), which is prevalent in Zimbabwe. The poor acceptability of provitamin A (PVA)‐biofortified maize is still a challenge that exists in Zimbabwe. This study investigated the effect of replacing white maize (WM) with PVA‐biofortified maize on the nutritional composition of mutwiwa, a Zimbabwean traditional food, and its microbiological safety. Chemical and microbiological tests were conducted using AOAC standard methods. Total carotene content was 12.78 µg/g dry weight (DW) in PVA‐biofortified maize and 1.52 µg/g DW in WM. The proximate composition of PVA‐biofortified mutwiwa (PVABM) was 5.2, 28.6, 2.1, 62.2, and 2.0 g/100 g wet basis (w.b) for protein, carbohydrates fiber, moisture, and ash, respectively. Total soluble solids, β‐carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin A contents were 3.6 oBrix, 110 µg/100 g, 0.54 mg/100 g, and 9 µg REA/100 g, respectively. Lysine, phenylalanine, and histidine contents were 0.71, 1.15, and 0.56 g/100 g w.b, respectively. Iron, calcium, phosphorus, and zinc content were 7.8, 60.5, 410.8, and 60 mg/100 g w.b, respectively. Mesophilic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, coliforms, yeast, and molds were all <1 Log CFU/ml. The nutritional, amino acid and mineral contents were significantly different (p < .05). In conclusion, the results of this study were satisfying and recommend the processing of PVA‐biofortified maize as a potential strategy to combat VAD and mineral malnutrition in Zimbabwe and other regions in Sub‐Saharan Africa.
It is hard to forget what comes around: Time‐lagged effects of employers' non‐fulfillment of psychological contract
Authors: Estreder Yolanda , Tomás Inés , Ramos José , Gracia Francisco J.
Published: January 2021

Psychological contract (PC) has received great theoretical and research interest in the framework of the employment relationship. Although current research has described its consequences using several different perspectives, less attention has been placed on examining how PC develops. The current time‐lagged study tests a model that incorporates three social exchange indicators: employer contract fulfillment, PC violation, and organizational justice. Using a two‐wave survey data from 203 Spanish workers, we test a serial multiple mediation model that identifies the mechanism to explain the reciprocal exchange between the individual and the organization. The results provide evidence that employer contract fulfillment influences employees' contribution in return over time through the sense of PC violation and perceptions of organizational justice.