bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morfología forestal y confort térmico en "ciudades oasis" de zonas áridas
Authors: Correa Erica Norma , Ruiz María Angélica , Cantón María Alicia
Published: September 2011

Usualmente, las ciudades insertas en contextos áridos o semiáridos muestran un modelo de desarrollo urbano basado en la compacidad de formas como estrategia bioclimática para el control de la radiación solar. La ciudad de Mendoza, Argentina; también inserta en un contexto semiárido, presenta un modelo urbano diferente. El mismo está definido por calles anchas y edificios contenidos en una trama en damero rodeada en sus límites por líneas de árboles que conforman túneles verdes. En este modelo, la estrategia de sombra se materializa a través de la estructura vegetal. Para éstas ciudades de zonas áridas, denominadas "oasis", es importante analizar en profundidad el efecto de las diferentes especies forestales y sus configuraciones sobre el balance térmico de los cañones urbanos. En este trabajo se evalúa el comportamiento térmico y el grado de confort alcanzado en canales viales típicos de la trama urbana de baja densidad, forestados con especies de segunda magnitud en condición de homogeneidad y heterogeneidad, durante el verano. Los resultados muestran que los comportamientos térmicos observados y el grado de confort responden claramente a las características de crecimiento y desarrollo de las configuraciones forestales evaluadas y su vinculación con los recursos climáticos y la forma edilicia de la ciudad.
Diretrizes técnicas para locação de limites edificados em praias
Authors: Nascimento Flávio Campos do , Lima José Júlio Ferreira
Published: September 2011

A locação de limites edificados em praias é importante para projetos de intervenção urbana, por delimitar o domínio privado da vida pública. O muro de contenção tem papel fundamental como limite da área urbanizada, além da função de minimizar os efeitos da erosão e da inundação de áreas ocupadas. Neste artigo são analisados os casos dos projetos de intervenção para a orla da Praia do Amor, na Ilha de Outeiro, que é parte da Região Metropolitana de Belém, e da orla da praia de Marudá, cidade do nordeste do Estado do Pará. A partir de estudos de obras já executadas nessas localidades, foram propostas diretrizes para locação dos limites edificados em praias no que se refere à metodologia de projeto quanto à definição da configuração e locação do paramento, além de referenciais para estudos complementares necessários.
Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents in Renal Medicine
Authors: Locatelli Francesco , Del Vecchio Lucia
Published: September 2011

The four currently available erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), the main drugs for correcting anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), are epoetin alfa, epoetin beta, darbepoetin alfa, and continuous erythropoietin receptor activator. The last two have much longer half-lives, which means they can be administered less frequently. The expiry of the patents for epoetin alfa and epoetin beta some years ago opened up the way for the production of a number of biosimilars that are now marketed in the European Union. Because biosimilars cannot be identical to their originator, a complex and still-evolving regulatory policy has been generated, but there are still a number of issues concerning international naming, automatic substitution, and safety.

All ESAs are effective in correcting renal anemia and increasing hemoglobin levels, but the choice of which to use should also take into account their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, their administration route, and economic issues.

Following the publication of a number of trials indicating no benefit (and even possible harm) when ESAs are used to aim at near-normal hemoglobin levels in CKD patients, the hemoglobin target has become a major subject of discussion. According to the position statement of the Anemia Group of the European Renal Best Practice, it should generally be about 11–12 g/dL; however, a risk–benefit evaluation is warranted in individual patients, and high ESA doses driven by hyporesponsiveness should be avoided.
Clinical Use of Erythropoietic Stimulating Agents in Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Authors: Santini Valeria
Published: September 2011

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are heterogeneous clonal diseases characterized by cytopenias resulting from ineffective hemopoiesis. Anemia affects the vast majority of patients with MDS and contributes substantially to their symptoms. For more than 20 years, recombinant human erythropoietin has been available for clinical use, and it has been employed in an attempt to relieve MDS-related anemia. Erythropoietin-alpha, erythropoietin-beta, and more recently darbepoetin have been found to increase hemoglobin levels and abolish transfusion dependence in 19%–68% of MDS cases. This wide range in clinical response depends on several biological and clinical variables that allow the selection of patients with the highest probability of successful treatment. These agents are a mainstay in MDS therapy, but many issues are still open in terms of the initiation of therapy, the optimal dosage of erythropoietic stimulating agents (ESAs), the most efficient type of ESA, and the duration and outcome of such treatments. In this review, the mechanisms of response and predictive factors as well as an analysis of the clinical activity of ESAs in MDS therapy are presented.
Introduction to Vygotsky’s “The Dynamics of the Schoolchild’s Mental Development in Relation to Teaching and Learning”
Authors: Kozulin Alex
Published: September 2011

Here, we present to Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology readers the first in a series of “Classical Articles.” The purpose of this series is to reprint some of the articles that have played pivotal role in the development of the field of dynamic assessment and cognitive education. Some of these articles never appeared in English, and others were published in already defunct journals or proceedings. It seems important to make the current generation of researchers familiar with these texts so that our theoretical discussions can be carried out with full awareness of what has been done before us and how the classics of our field articulated their ideas.
Demanding Customers: Consumerist Patients and Quality of Care
Authors: Fang Hai , Miller Nolan H. , Rizzo John , Zeckhauser Richard
Published: September 2011

Consumerism arises when patients acquire and use medical information from sources other than their physicians. This practice has been hailed as a means of improving quality. This need not be the result. Our theoretical model identifies a channel through which consumerism may reduce quality: consumerist patients place additional demands on their doctors’ time, thus imposing a negative externality on other patients. Relative to a world in which consumerism does not exist, consumerism may harm other consumerists, non-consumerists, or both. Data from a large national survey of physicians confirm the negative effects of consumerism: high levels of consumerist patients are associated with lower perceived quality among physicians.
Structured Finance and Mark-to-Model Accounting: A Few Simple Illustrations
Authors: Meder Anthony , Schwartz Steven T. , Spires Eric E. , Young Richard A.
Published: September 2011

SYNOPSIS

We review the development of structured financial products, discuss their accounting treatment, and illustrate their valuation using simple numerical examples. The crucial element we incorporate is the possibility that the underlying assets in structured financial products have correlated returns. The benefit of structured finance is it uses diversification to protect the senior tranches' cash flows. However, when the underlying assets have correlated returns diversification is not as effective. Normally, structured financial products would be marked “to market,” obviating the need for analytical valuation techniques. Current accounting standards, however, have significant provisions for valuing structured financial products based on analytically derived expectations of future cash flows, especially when markets are illiquid. Therefore, it is important for both preparers and users of accounting information to understand how underlying economic fundamentals, such as the correlation in returns, affect expectations of future cash flows.
The controlled separable projection property for Banach spaces
Authors: Ferrer Jesús , Wójtowicz Marek
Published: September 2011

Let X, Y be two Banach spaces. We say that Y is a quasi-quotient of X if there is a continuous operator R: X → Y such that its range, R(X), is dense in Y.

Let X be a nonseparable Banach space, and let U, W be closed subspaces of X and Y, respectively. We prove that if X has the Controlled Separable Projection Property (CSPP) (this is a weaker notion than the WCG property) and Y is a quasi-quotient of X, then the structure of Y resembles the structure of a separable Banach space: (a) Y/W is norm-separable iff its dual W
⊥ is weak*-separable, (b) every weak*-separable subset of B
Y* is weak*-metrizable, (c) every weak*-null sequence in the unit sphere of Y* contains a “nice“ subsequence; and (d) if U is separable, then X/U also has the CSPP. Property (a) yields an easy way of obtaining separable quotients in a class of Banach spaces.

We also study the CSPP for C(K)-spaces, where K is a Mrówka compact space, e.g., we prove that the CSPP is not a three-space property.
Development Unchained: How Cellular Reprogramming is Redefining Our View of Cell Fate and Identity
Authors: Efe Jem A. , Yuan Xu , Jiang Kai , Ding Sheng
Published: September 2011

Higher eukaryotic development has traditionally been considered a unidirectional and irreversible process. Beginning in 2006, with Yamanaka and colleagues’ report on the first successful generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), the field of stem cell biology has experienced perhaps unprecedented rates of growth and discovery. This review is a summary of recent progress in the field of reprogramming. Advances in small moleculeaided reprogramming and transdifferentiation, currently two of the most intensely studied areas of stem cell biology, are emphasized. The field has collectively covered much ground in the past five years, dramatically increasing reprogramming efficiency and successfully eliminating the need for permanent genetic modification, perhaps the biggest obstacle to eventual clinical use of this strategy. Simultaneously, various transdifferentiation strategies are rapidly expanding the scope of cellular plasticity, interconverting unrelated cell types with relative technical ease. While significant challenges remain-such as accomplishing small molecule-only “chemical reprogramming” or ensuring the functional and epigenetic equivalency of reprogrammed or transdifferentiated cells–there is no shortage of enthusiasm in the field.
Origin and significance of ‘dispersed facies’ basal ice: Svínafellsjökull, Iceland
Authors: Cook Simon J. , Swift Darrel A. , Graham David J. , Midgley Nicholas G.
Published: September 2011

Dispersed facies basal ice – massive (i.e. structureless) ice with dispersed debris aggregates – is present at the margins of many glaciers and, as a product of internal glacial processes, has the potential to provide important information about the mechanisms of glacier flow and the nature of the subglacial environment. The origin of dispersed facies is poorly understood, with several hypotheses having been advanced for its formation, and there is disagreement as to whether it is largely a sedimentary or a tectonic feature. We test these established hypotheses at the temperate glacier Svínafellsjökull, Iceland, and find that none fully account for dispersed facies characteristics at this location. Instead, dispersed facies physical, sedimentological and stable-isotope (δ18O, δD) characteristics favour a predominantly tectonic origin that we suggest comprises the regelation and strain-induced metamorphism of debris-rich basal ice that has been entrained into an englacial position by tectonic processes operating at the base of an icefall. Further thickening of the resultant dispersed facies may also occur tectonically as a result of ice flow against the reverse bed slope of a terminal overdeepening. Lack of efficient subglacial drainage in the region of the overdeepening may limit basal melting and thus favour basal ice preservation, including the preservation of dispersed facies. Despite the relatively low sediment content of dispersed facies ( ∼1.6% by volume), its thickness (up to 25 m) and ubiquity at Svínafellsjökull results in a significant contribution to annual sediment discharge (1635–3270 m3 a−1) that is ∼6.5 times that contributed by debris-rich stratified facies basal ice.
Greenland ice sheet surface melt extent and trends: 1960–2010
Authors: Mernild Sebastian H. , Mote Thomas L. , Liston Glen E.
Published: September 2011

Observed meteorological data and a high-resolution (5 km) model were used to simulate Greenland ice sheet surface melt extent and trends before the satellite era (1960–79) and during the satellite era through 2010°. The model output was compared with passive microwave satellite observations of melt extent. For 1960–2010 the average simulated melt extent was 15 ± 5%. For the period 1960–72, simulated melt extent decreased by an average of 6%, whereas 1973–2010 had an average increase of 13%, with record melt extent in 2010. The trend in simulated melt extent since 1972 indicated that the melt extent in 2010 averaged twice that in the early 1970s. The maximum and mean melt extents for 2010 were 52% (∼9.5 × 105 km2) and 28% (∼5.2 × 105 km2), respectively, due to higher-than-average winter and summer temperatures and lower-than-average winter precipitation. For 2010, the southwest Greenland melt duration was 41–60 days longer than the 1960–2010 average, while the northeast Greenland melt duration was up to 20 days shorter. From 1960 to 1972 the melting period (with a >10% melt extent) decreased by an average of 3 days a−1. After 1972, the period increased by an average of 2 days a−1, indicating an extended melting period for the ice sheet of about 70 days: 40 and 30 days in spring and autumn, respectively.
Identifying annual peaks in dielectric profiles with a selection curve
Authors: McGwire Kenneth C. , Taylor Kendrick C. , Banta John R. , McConnell Joseph R.
Published: September 2011

A novel ‘selection curve’ method is developed to interpret annual layers in the West Antarctic ice sheet (WAIS) Divide ice core based on dielectric properties (DEP). Because dielectric measurements are non-contact and represent the integrated response of the ice volume, they are particularly useful for the brittle zone of the core. Seasonal differences in ice chemistry create an annual signal in DEP, though multiple peaks of varying strength within a year may complicate the interpretation of annual layers. The selection curve algorithm uses a spline curve whose shape selects successive annual peaks in plots of DEP. This spline curve was scaled to the average annual-layer thickness at a given depth, where the layer thickness was best estimated using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) power spectrum within a sliding 10 m window. To explore the accuracy and stability of the method, several spline curves were generated from varying lengths of calibration data taken from multiple depths in the WAIS core. Using 50 m of manually interpreted calibration data, the selection curve method matched a manual interpretation throughout the entire 1200 m dataset to within 2% root-mean-square error (RMSE). This method is equally applicable to glaciochemical and other time/depth series measurements.
Academic Aspects of Lunar Water Resources and Their Relevance to Lunar Protolife
Authors: Green Jack
Published: September 2011

Water ice has been discovered on the moon by radar backscatter at the North Pole and by spectrometry at the South Pole in the Cabeus crater with an extrapolated volume for both poles of conservatively 109 metric tons. Various exogenic and endogenic sources of this water have been proposed. This paper focuses on endogenic water sources by fumaroles and hot springs in shadowed polar craters. A survey of theoretical and morphological details supports a volcanic model. Release of water and other constituents by defluidization over geological time was intensified in the Hadean Eon (c.a. 4600 to 4000 My). Intensification factors include higher heat flow by now-extinct radionuclides, tidal flexing and higher core temperatures. Lesser gravity would promote deeper bubble nucleation in lunar magmas, slower rise rates of gases and enhanced subsidence of lunar caldera floors. Hadean volcanism would likely have been more intense and regional in nature as opposed to suture-controlled location of calderas in Phanerozoic Benioff-style subduction environments. Seventy-seven morphological, remote sensing and return sample features were categorized into five categories ranging from a volcano-tectonic origin only to impact origin only. Scores for the most logical scenario were 69 to eight in favor of lunar volcanism. Ingredients in the Cabeus plume analysis showed many volcanic fluids and their derivatives plus a large amount of mercury. Mercury-rich fumaroles are well documented on Earth and are virtually absent in cometary gases and solids. There are no mercury anomalies in terrestrial impact craters. Volcanic fluids and their derivatives in lunar shadow can theoretically evolve into protolife. Energy for this evolution can be provided by vent flow charging intensified in the lunar Hadean and by charge separation on freezing fumarolic fluids in shadow. Fischer-Tropsch reactions on hydrothermal clays can yield lipids, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and amino acids. Soluble polyphosphates are available in volcanic fluids as well as vital catalysts such as tungsten. We conclude that the high volume of polar water resources supports the likelihood of lunar volcanism and that lunar volcanism supports the likelihood of protolife.
Effect of Different Parts (Leaf, Stem and Stalk) and Seasons (Summer and Winter) on the Chemical Compositions and Antioxidant Activity of Moringa oleifera
Authors: Shih Ming-Chih , Chang Cheng-Ming , Kang Sue-Ming , Tsai Min-Lang
Published: September 2011

Moringa oleifera, Lam. (Moringaceae) is grown world-wide in the tropics and sub-tropics of Asia and Africa and contains abundant various nutrients. This study describes the effect of different parts (leaf, stem and stalk) and seasons (summer and winter) on the chemical compositions and antioxidant activity of M. oleifera grown in Taiwan. The results showed that the winter samples of Moringa had higher ash (except the stalk part), calcium and phenolic compounds (except the leaf part) and stronger antioxidative activity than summer samples. The methanolic extract of Moringa showed strong scavenging effect of DPPH radicals and reducing power. The trend of antioxidative activity as a function of the part of Moringa was: leaf > stem > stalk for samples from both seasons investigated. The Moringa extract showed strong hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and high Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity except the stalk part.
Deconvolution of the density of states of tip and sample through constant-current tunneling spectroscopy
Authors: Pfeifer Holger , Koslowski Berndt , Ziemann Paul
Published: September 2011

We introduce a scheme to obtain the deconvolved density of states (DOS) of the tip and sample, from scanning tunneling spectra determined in the constant-current mode (z–V spectroscopy). The scheme is based on the validity of the Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) approximation and the trapezoidal approximation of the electron potential within the tunneling barrier. In a numerical treatment of z–V spectroscopy, we first analyze how the position and amplitude of characteristic DOS features change depending on parameters such as the energy position, width, barrier height, and the tip–sample separation. Then it is shown that the deconvolution scheme is capable of recovering the original DOS of tip and sample with an accuracy of better than 97% within the one-dimensional WKB approximation. Application of the deconvolution scheme to experimental data obtained on Nb(110) reveals a convergent behavior, providing separately the DOS of both sample and tip. In detail, however, there are systematic quantitative deviations between the DOS results based on z–V data and those based on I–V data. This points to an inconsistency between the assumed and the actual transmission probability function. Indeed, the experimentally determined differential barrier height still clearly deviates from that derived from the deconvolved DOS. Thus, the present progress in developing a reliable deconvolution scheme shifts the focus towards how to access the actual transmission probability function.
Le destin des « sports anglais » en France de 1870 à 1914 : imitation, opposition, séparation
Authors: Holt Richard
Published: September 2011

En France, la naissance du sport moderne se situe entre 1880 et 1914 en pleine crainte d'un déclin racial, économique et militaire. C'est alors qu'une jeune élite anglophile tenta de rendre sa vigueur à la nation grâce au rugby, au football association et à l'athlétisme, une entreprise ramenée jusqu'ici à une simple relation entre « donateur » et « bénéficiaire ». Or ce mouvement se heurta à une résistance farouche de la part des défenseurs de la gymnastique, mais aussi des partisans du rétablissement des sports traditionnels français comme moyen de fortifier le pays. Ces deux groupes jugeaient les sports britanniques tout à la fois élitistes, dangereux et antipatriotiques. Mais la gymnastique présentait des faiblesses internes en tant qu'activité physique, tandis que des facteurs externes à la fois personnels et politiques minaient le mouvement en faveur des sports français. La course cycliste, principal rival des sports anglais, devint progressivement le nouveau sport national. Mots-clés : Nationalisme.
La certification ISO et le changement organisationnel dans la PME marocaine : résultats d'une enquête auprès de 100 PME
Authors: Fekari Abderrahim
Published: September 2011

Résumé La PME est une structure qui présente des particularités au niveau stratégique et au niveau opérationnel. La mise en place au sein de cette structure d’une démarche qualité certifiée se traduit par des changements qui concernent essentiellement la clarification des rôles et des responsabilités, la mise en place des procédures et le contrôle à tous les niveaux. Ces changements exigés par la norme, ont pour principaux objectifs la garantie de la régularité de la qualité attendue par les fournisseurs et de la traçabilité. Ils ne sont pas directement bénéfiques sur le plan commercial, le retour sur ce plan est souvent mitigé. Par contre, leur impact sur plan managérial se traduit par une série de changements organisationnels. En conséquence, la démarche est parfois vécue comme une seconde organisation non congruente. Malgré cela, et compte tenu de la globalisation et de l’ouverture des marchés, la certification est nécessaire pour l’exportation et pour la survie dans les marchés locaux. Pour la PME, un choix s’impose : faut-il s’engager dans la certification au risque de perdre certaines vertus de la PME tels que l’autonomie et la flexibilité ou au contraire, se tenir au mode de management personnel au risque d’être écarté du marché. Tels sont les principaux enjeux que présente la certification pour les PME et auxquels cette contribution apporte une esquisse de réponse.
Diversité générationnelle : implications, principes et outils de management
Authors: Dejoux Cécile , Wechtler Heidi
Published: September 2011

Résumé Pour la première fois dans l’histoire des entreprises, quatre générations se côtoient : les Vétérans, les Baby-boomers, la Génération X et la Génération Y. Face à ce constat, il est intéressant d’examiner les implications de cette diversité générationnelle, les comportements qui en découlent, les problèmes qui apparaissent et les solutions mises en place. Cette recherche a pour objectif de s’intéresser aux modes d’ajustement entre la Génération Y et les autres générations. La première partie expose les caractéristiques de cette génération en soulignant les mythes qui la concernent. La deuxième partie présente la problématique de la diversité générationnelle au sein de l’entreprise et propose une grille d’analyse. La troisième partie met en évidence à la fois des outils et des pistes de réflexion pour développer des outils de management et de motivation à l’égard de la Génération Y.
Les paradigmes épistémologiques constructivistes : post-modernisme ou pragmatisme ?
Authors: Avenier Marie-José
Published: September 2011

Résumé Depuis que la réflexion épistémologique s’est instaurée dans la recherche en management, les références au constructivisme se sont multipliées. Parmi les théorisations constructivistes qui traitent effectivement d’épistémologie, deux paradigmes épistémologiques constructivistes, qui reposent sur des hypothèses fondatrices distinctes, ont été conceptualisés. Ces paradigmes épistémologiques ne diffèrent-ils qu’à la marge ? Cet article met en évidence que ces deux paradigmes épistémologiques constructivistes présentent des différences radicales : alors que l’un est de portée générale et relève de la philosophie pragmatiste, l’autre a une portée régionale et s’inscrit dans le post-modernisme.
Rapprocher chercheurs et praticiens pour le développement de connaissances scientifiques : l'exemple d'une recherche en PME
Authors: St-Pierre Josée , Schmitt Christophe
Published: September 2011

Résumé Il n’est de discussions méthodologiques sans réflexions épistémologiques. Il en va de même pour la recherche en PME où la complexité de cet objet et son hétérogénéité nécessitent parfois des approches méthodologiques originales si l’on souhaite en améliorer notre compréhension. Dans cet article, nous présentons une expérience réalisée entre un laboratoire de recherche universitaire et un regroupement de dirigeants de PME qui a permis le développement d’une nouvelle méthode de recherche fertile contribuant à approfondir différentes spécificités des PME peu explorées sur de grands échantillons d’entreprises. Trois principes ont pu être mis en évidence pour favoriser la relation entre chercheurs et praticiens : la confiance, la temporalité et la pluridisciplinarité.
Approche pragmatiste de la connaissance et de l'apprentissage dans les organisations
Authors: Gillberg Claudia , Vo Linh Chi
Published: September 2011

Résumé Cet article a pour but de proposer une compréhension de la connaissance et de l’apprentissage dans les organisations d’un point de vue pragmatiste. Dans cet article, la connaissance est présentée comme provisoire, à points de vue multiples et ayant un caractère à la fois particulier et général. Notre point de départ est que la valeur dominante de la connaissance est son utilité dans la résolution des problèmes. Les visions pragmatistes de la connaissance sont expliquées plus en détail dans notre discussion articulée autour de quatre thèmes pragmatistes que nous avons considérés comme particulièrement valables sur la base de la vision pragmatiste de Jane Addams et de l’usage de la démocratie dans la vie organisée (Fisher, Nackenoff et Chmielski, 2009). 1) Le caractère transactionnel de la connaissance dans les organisations, 2) La réciprocité et l’apprentissage dans les organisations, 3) La connaissance et la construction du sens par expérience dans les organisations et 4) La durabilité comme processus continu et démocratique dans les organisations. Dans l’école de pensée pragmatiste dont nous faisons usage, une question prédominante est toujours l’objet même de la connaissance ou ce que nous appelons l’« utilité » (Biesta & Burbules, 2007 ; Elliott, 2007). Dans le cadre de notre discussion, nous soutenons qu’une compréhension pragmatiste de la connaissance et de l’apprentissage dans les organisations nous permet d’aller au-delà de la polarisation du positivisme – antipositivisme et, au lieu de cela, de travailler à partir d’une base différente, en se concentrant sur les processus d’apprentissage et de connaissance dans les organisations qui tendent vers une résolution intégrante et démocratique des problèmes.
De l'unité ontologique des épistémologies gestionnaires et de ses conséquences
Authors: Rappin Baptiste
Published: September 2011

Résumé Notre article a pour objectif de déceler l’unité ontologique sous-jacente aux paradigmes épistémologiques des sciences de gestion, en tant que ceux-ci s’inscrivent dans une conception moderne de la science fondée sur la métaphysique du Sujet. C’est ainsi que notre première partie se focalise sur les fondements ontologiques de la science moderne et démontre le rattachement des épistémologies gestionnaires à ce paradigme. La seconde partie étudie les conséquences de cette unité ontologique pour les sciences de gestion à travers le déni de la finitude et le primat de la méthode et de la technique. En dernier lieu, nous insistons sur le mouvement de naturalisation des sciences de gestion.
La médecine au secours de la schizophrénie épistémologique du management ?
Authors: Lamy Erwan
Published: September 2011

Résumé Le management peine à réconcilier ses dimensions scientifique et pratique. La comparaison avec la médecine suggère l’idée – apparemment paradoxale – que leur réconciliation passe par leur disjonction sociologique, ainsi que par la mise à l’écart de discours managériaux qui viennent parasiter les échanges entre théoriciens et praticiens.
The Learners' Attitudes towards Using Different Learning Methods in E-Learning Portal Environment
Authors: Ismail Issham , M. Idrus Rozhan , Baharum Hanysah , Rosli Munirah Rosli , Abu Ziden Azidah
Published: September 2011

This study investigates the learnersâ?? preference of academic, collaborative and social interaction towards interaction methods in e-learning portal. Academic interaction consists of interaction between learners and online learning resources such as online reading, online explanation, online examination and also online question answering. Collaborative interaction occurs when learners interact among themselves using online group discussion. Social interaction happens when learners and instructors participate in the session either via online text chatting or voice chatting. The study employed qualitative methodology where data were collected through questionnaire that was administered to 933 distance education students from Bachelor of Management, Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Social Science and Bachelor of Art. The survey responses were tabulated in a 5-point Likert scale and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) Version 12.0 based on frequency and percentage distribution. The result of the study suggest that among three types of interaction, most of the student prefer academic interaction for their learning supports in e-learning portal compared to collaborative and social interaction. They wish to interact with learning content rather than interact with people. They prefer to read and learn from the resources rather than sharing knowledge among themselves and instructors via collaborative and social interaction.
Introducing an Etnosemiotic Approach to develop Multimedia Material for Supporting the Alphabetization Process for a Mexican Indigenous Language
Authors: Garcia Ivan
Published: September 2011

One of the effects of globalization in countriesâ?? education programs is the loss of their native languages. The loss of native languages does not only affect the research work of anthropologists, linguists, and ethnologists; moreover the countryâ??s identity and culture. In this context, our research aims to establish some ethnic contexts which influence studentsâ?? learning and to provide dynamic material to support the learning process in an indigenous language. More specifically, in this paper an etnosemiotic approach is presented to create interactive multimedia material for supporting the alphabetization process in the Zapoteca language in the Mexican Region of Oaxaca. This approach is oriented towards elementary schooling and aims to address some current necessities in indigenous education.
Cooperative Problem-Based Learning (CPBL): A Practical PBL Model for a Typical Course
Authors: Mohd-Yusof Khairiyah , Helmi Syed Ahmad , Jamaludin Mohammad-Zamry , Harun Nor-Farida
Published: September 2011

Problem-Based Learning (PBL) is an inductive learning approach that uses a realistic problem as the starting point of learning. Unlike in medical education, which is more easily adaptable to PBL, implementing PBL in engineering courses in the traditional semester system set-up is challenging. While PBL is normally implemented in small groups of up to ten students with a dedicated tutor during PBL sessions in medical education, this is not plausible in engineering education because of the high enrolment and large class sizes. In a typical course, implementation of PBL consisting of students in small groups in medium to large classes is more practical. However, this type of implementation is more difficult to monitor, and thus requires good support and guidance in ensuring commitment and accountability of each student towards learning in his/her group. To provide the required support, Cooperative Learning (CL) is identified to have the much needed elements to develop the small student groups to functional learning teams. Combining both CL and PBL results in a Cooperative Problem-Based Learning (CPBL) model that provides a step by step guide for students to go through the PBL cycle in their teams, according to CL principles. Suitable for implementation in medium to large classes (approximately 40-60 students for one floating facilitator), with small groups consisting of 3-5 students, the CPBL model is designed to develop the students in the whole class into a learning community. This paper provides a detailed description of the CPBL model. A sample implementation in a third year Chemical Engineering course, Process Control and Dynamics, is also described.
Why Can Insulin Resistance Be a Natural Consequence of Thyroid Dysfunction?
Authors: Brenta Gabriela
Published: September 2011

Evidence for a relationship between T4 and T3 and glucose metabolism appeared over 100 years ago when the influence of thyroid hormone excess in the deterioration of glucose metabolism was first noticed. Since then, it has been known that hyperthyroidism is associated with insulin resistance. More recently, hypothyroidism has also been linked to decreased insulin sensitivity. The explanation to this apparent paradox may lie in the differential effects of thyroid hormones at the liver and peripheral tissues level. The purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of thyroid hormones in glucose metabolism and analyze the mechanisms whereby alterations of thyroid hormones lead to insulin resistance.
Extended Release Niacin-Laropiprant in Patients with Hypercholesterolemia or Mixed Dyslipidemias Improves Clinical Parameters
Authors: Vosper Helen
Published: September 2011

The progression of atherosclerosis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Plaque formation is an immunological response driven by a number of risk factors, and reduction of risk is the primary goal of treatment. The role of LDL-C is well established and statins have proved effective drugs, although the relative risk reduction is only around 30%. The importance of other factors—notably low HDL-C and high TGs—has become increasingly clear and the search for alternative strategies continues. Niacin is particularly effective in achieving normalization of HDL-C but is clinically underutilized due to the side effect of cutaneous flushing. The discovery that flushing is mediated by mechanisms distinct from the lipid-lowering effects has led to the development of combination drugs with reduced side effects. This review considers the evidence regarding the clinical efficacy of extended-release niacin and the DP1 antagonist laropiprant in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and mixed dyslipidemias.
Soil-air exchange controls on background atmospheric concentrations of organochlorine pesticides
Authors: Cabrerizo A. , Dachs J. , Jones K. C. , Barceló D.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. Soils are the major terrestrial reservoir of persistent organic pollutants, and thus net volatilization from soil, when it happens, may exert a control on the atmospheric occurrence and variability of organic pollutants. Here, we report and discuss the concentrations of legacy organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) such as hexachlorobencene (HCB), hexaclorocyclohexanes (HCH) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in the atmosphere and in soils, their measured fugacities in soil, the soil-air partition coefficients (KSA) and soil-air fugacity ratios (fs/fa) in rural background areas of N-NE Spain and N-NW England. Four sampling campaigns were carried out in Spain and UK to assess seasonal variability and differences between sampling sites. KSA values were significantly dependent on soil temperature and soil organic matter quantity, and to a minor extent on organic matter type. HCH isomers and DDT metabolites in soil are close to equilibrium with the atmosphere at rural background areas of Spain with a tendency to volatilize and deposit during warm and cold periods, respectively. The mixture of HCH and DDT found in the atmosphere is clearly strongly influenced by the mixture of HCH and DDT which escapes from soil, with significant correlations between them (r2 ranging between 0.74–0.76 and p-level < 0.001 for the Ebro sampling sites), thus suggesting a close coupling of air and soil concentrations demonstrating that net volatilization from soil control the atmospheric levels of OCPs in the Northern Spain background atmosphere. Conversely, soils at rural UK sites were usually a sink for atmospheric DDT and HCH, but not for HCB. The negative statistically significant relationship found between log KSA and the log (fs/fa) ratio, suggests that high latitude regions, due to the high soil organic matter content and lower temperatures, will act as larger traps and accumulate more atmospheric OCPs. Thus, the extent to which soils are secondary sources to the atmosphere is currently dependent on the reservoir potential of soils for OCPs and shows a marked seasonality in their strength.
Influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation on air pollution transport
Authors: Christoudias T. , Pozzer A. , Lelieveld J.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. We examined the influence of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on the atmospheric dispersion of pollution by computing the emission, transport and removal of insoluble gaseous and water-soluble aerosol tracers, tagged by the continent of origin. We simulated a period of 50 yr (1960–2010), using the ECHAM/MESSy atmospheric chemistry (EMAC) general circulation model. The model accounts for anthropogenic, biogenic and biomass burning sources, removal of trace gases through OH oxidation, and precipitation, sedimentation and deposition of aerosols. The model is shown to reproduce the observed spatial features of the NAO, moisture transports and precipitation. During high NAO phase seasons the axis of maximum westerly North American trace gas transports extends relatively far to the north and east over Europe. The NAO phase is significantly correlated with North American tracer concentrations over the northwestern Atlantic Ocean and across northern Europe, and with European trace gases and aerosols beyond the arctic circle. Our results indicate marked differences and partly reversed correlations for the insoluble gas and the soluble aerosol tracers. We find a strong anti-correlation over western and central Europe between European pollutant gas and aerosol concentrations and the phase of the NAO.
Air pollution control and decreasing new particle formation lead to strong climate warming
Authors: Makkonen R. , Asmi A. , Kerminen V.-M. , Boy M. , Arneth A. , Hari P. , Kulmala M.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. The number of cloud droplets determines several climatically relevant cloud properties. A major cause for the high uncertainty in the indirect aerosol forcing is the availability of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), which in turn is highly sensitive to atmospheric new particle formation. Here we present the effect of new particle formation on anthropogenic aerosol forcing in present-day (year 2000) and future (year 2100) conditions. The total aerosol forcing (−1.61 W m−2 in year 2000) is simulated to be greatly reduced in the future, to −0.23 W m−2, mainly due to decrease in SO2 emissions and resulting decrease in new particle formation. With the total aerosol forcing decreasing in response to air pollution control measures taking effect, warming from increased greenhouse gas concentrations can potentially increase at a very rapid rate.
Observation of slant column NO2 using the super-zoom mode of AURA-OMI
Authors: Valin L. C. , Russell A. R. , Bucsela E. J. , Veefkind J. P. , Cohen R. C.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. We retrieve slant column NO2 from the super-zoom mode of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) to explore its utility for understanding NOx emissions and variability. Slant column NO2 is operationally retrieved from OMI (Boersma et al., 2007; Bucsela et al., 2006) with a nadir footprint of 13 × 24 km2, the result of averaging eight detector elements on board the instrument. For 85 orbits in late 2004, OMI reported observations from individual "super-zoom" detector elements (spaced at 13 × 3 km2 at nadir). We assess the spatial response of these individual detector elements in-flight and determine an upper-bound on spatial resolution of 9 km, in good agreement with on-ground calibration (7 km FWHM). We determine the precision of the super-zoom mode to be 2.1 × 1015 molecules cm−2, approximately a factor of √8 lower than an identical retrieval at operational scale as expected if random noise dominates the uncertainty. We retrieve slant column NO2 over the Satpura power plant in India; Seoul, South Korea; Dubai, United Arab Emirates; and a set of large point sources on the Rihand Reservoir in India using differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS). Over these sources, the super-zoom mode of OMI observes variation in slant column NO2 of up to 30 × the instrumental precision within one operational footprint.
Vegetation height products between 60° S and 60° N from ICESat GLAS data
Authors: Los S. O. , Rosette J. A. B. , Kljun N. , North P. R. J. , Suárez J. C. , Hopkinson C. , Hill R. A. , Chasmer L. , van Gorsel E. , Mahoney C. , Berni J. A. J.
Published: September 2011

Abstract. We present a new method to obtain coarse resolution (0.5° × 0.5°) vegetation height and vegetation-cover fraction data sets between 60° S and 60° N for use in climate models and ecological models. The data sets are derived from the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) on the Ice, Cloud and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat), which is the only LiDAR instrument that provides close to global coverage when all data collected for 2003–2009 are combined. Filters are applied to the GLAS data to identify and eliminate spurious observations, e.g. data that are affected by clouds, atmosphere and terrain and as such result in erroneous estimates of vegetation height or vegetation cover. GLAS vegetation height estimates are aggregated in histograms from 0 to 70 m in 0.5 m intervals. The GLAS vegetation height product is evaluated in four ways. First, unfiltered and filtered individual GLAS vegetation height measurements are compared with aircraft LiDAR measurements of the same from seven sites in the Americas, Europe, and Australia. Application of filters increases the correlation with aircraft data from r = 0.36 to r = 0.67 and decreases the root-mean-square error by a factor 3. Second, the global aggregated GLAS vegetation height product is tested for sensitivity towards the choice of data quality filters; areas with frequent cloud cover and areas with steep terrain are the most sensitive to the choice of thresholds for the filters. Thirdly, the GLAS global vegetation height product is compared with two other global vegetation height products and is believed to produce more realistic characteristics: dominant vegetation height for tropical forests between 30 and 60 m versus 20 and 40 m in existing products. Finally, the GLAS bare soil cover fraction is compared globally with the MODIS bare soil fraction (r = 0.55) and with the FASIR bare soil cover fraction estimates (r = 0.58); the correlation between GLAS and MODIS tree-cover fraction was (r = 0.76). The evaluation indicates that filters applied to the GLAS data are conservative and eliminate a large proportion of spurious data, while only in a minority of cases at the cost of removing reliable data as well. The present GLAS vegetation height product appears more realistic than previous data sets used for input to climate models and ecological models and hence should significantly improve simulations that involve the land surface.
Wood-rotting fungi in eastern China 6. Two new species of Antrodia (Basidiomycota) from Mt. Huangshan, Anhui Province
Authors: Cui Bao-Kai , Li Hai-Jiao , Dai Yu-Cheng
Published: September 2011

Two new polypores, Antrodia bambusicola and A. huangshanensis from Mt. Huangshan in Anhui Province, eastern China, are described and illustrated. Antrodia bambusicola is characterized by its annual, resupinate and thin basidiocarps, regular pores with white to cream
or pale buff-yellow pore surface, ellipsoid basidiospores, branched and septate cystidioles, and its growth on fallen Bambusa spp. Antrodia huangshanensis has resupinate to rarely effused-reflexed basidiocarps with cream pore surface, larger pores, branched and flexuous hyphae
at dissepimental edges, and cylindrical to allantoid basidiospores; it was found on a fallen branch of Pinus massoniana, causes a brown rot, and prefers a dry environment.
Phylogenetic relationships and reclassification of Spirosphaera lignicola, an enigmatic aeroaquatic fungus
Authors: Voglmayr Hermann
Published: September 2011

The enigmatic Spirosphaera lignicola is revised based on recent collections from Austria. The taxon does not fit the generic circumscription of the genus Spirosphaera in its morphological features but clearly belongs to Dendroclathra. Nuclear ITS rDNA sequence data
from recent collections and the type specimens indicate conspecificity of S. lignicola with Dendroclathra caeruleofusca. Spirosphaera lignicola is transferred to the genus Dendroclathra, and a recent collection with an ITS sequence identical to the type specimen
is designated as epitype. Morphology is illustrated with SEM and LM pictures. Phylogenetic analyses of LSU, ITS and tef1 sequence data reveal a phylogenetic affinity of Dendroclathra to the Microascales (Hypocreomycetidae), being therefore phylogenetically distant
from Spirosphaera floriformis, the generic type, which belongs to the Leotiomycetes. The recent collections are the first records of this species for Austria. The distribution and aeroaquatic ecology of D. lignicola are briefly discussed.