bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sequential Stereotype Priming: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Kidder Ciara K. , White Katherine R. , Hinojos Michelle R. , Sandoval Mayra , Crites Stephen L.
Published: August 2017

Psychological interest in stereotype measurement has spanned nearly a century, with researchers adopting implicit measures in the 1980s to complement explicit measures. One of the most frequently used implicit measures of stereotypes is the sequential priming paradigm. The current meta-analysis examines stereotype priming, focusing specifically on this paradigm. To contribute to ongoing discussions regarding methodological rigor in social psychology, one primary goal was to identify methodological moderators of the stereotype priming effect—whether priming is due to a relation between the prime and target stimuli, the prime and target response, participant task, stereotype dimension, stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA), and stimuli type. Data from 39 studies yielded 87 individual effect sizes from 5,497 participants. Analyses revealed that stereotype priming is significantly moderated by the presence of prime–response relations, participant task, stereotype dimension, target stimulus type, SOA, and prime repetition. These results carry both practical and theoretical implications for future research on stereotype priming.
Optimized Next-Generation Sequencing Genotype-Haplotype Calling for Genome Variability Analysis
Authors: Navarro Javier , Nevado Bruno , Hernández Porfidio , Vera Gonzalo , Ramos-Onsins Sebastián E
Published: August 2017

The accurate estimation of nucleotide variability using next-generation sequencing data is challenged by the high number of sequencing errors produced by new sequencing technologies, especially for nonmodel species, where reference sequences may not be available and the read depth may be low due to limited budgets. The most popular single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) callers are designed to obtain a high SNP recovery and low false discovery rate but are not designed to account appropriately the frequency of the variants. Instead, algorithms designed to account for the frequency of SNPs give precise results for estimating the levels and the patterns of variability. These algorithms are focused on the unbiased estimation of the variability and not on the high recovery of SNPs. Here, we implemented a fast and optimized parallel algorithm that includes the method developed by Roesti et al and Lynch, which estimates the genotype of each individual at each site, considering the possibility to call both bases from the genotype, a single one or none. This algorithm does not consider the reference and therefore is independent of biases related to the reference nucleotide specified. The pipeline starts from a BAM file converted to pileup or mpileup format and the software outputs a FASTA file. The new program not only reduces the running times but also, given the improved use of resources, it allows its usage with smaller computers and large parallel computers, expanding its benefits to a wider range of researchers. The output file can be analyzed using software for population genetics analysis, such as the R library PopGenome, the software VariScan, and the program mstatspop for analysis considering positions with missing data.
Empathy machines
Authors: Bollmer Grant
Published: August 2017

A major claim about virtual reality (VR) is that it can foster empathy through digital simulations. This article argues, however, that technologies intended to foster empathy merely presume to acknowledge the experience of another, but fail to do so in any meaningful way. With empathy, the experiential grounds upon which ethical and moral arguments are made require an essential transmissibility, and that which cannot be expressed in seemingly ‘universal’ terms cannot be acknowledged. This article makes its arguments through a discussion of VR as an ‘empathy machine’, and contextualizes empathy in digital media by suggesting it repeats not a psychological construct, but a concept derived from late 19th-century German aesthetic theory and its conceptualization of Einfühlung. It proposes radical compassion as an alternative to empathy, and suggests that empathy is a limiting and problematic concept that effaces another’s experience unless it can be made sensible.
The impact of running-in on the friction of an automotive gasoline engine and in particular on its piston assembly and valve train
Authors: Knauder Christoph , Allmaier Hannes , Salhofer Stefan , Sams Theodor
Published: August 2017

Generally, mating surfaces that are in tribological contact undergo a running-in process at the beginning of their operational lifetime. During this running-in phase, the tribological operating condition changes significantly leading ideally to long-term operation with a minimum of continuous wear. While this process and its duration are rather well understood for single machine elements like journal bearings, it is the aim of this work to investigate the running-in behaviour of more complex systems like an internal combustion engine and its sub-assemblies. To gain insight into the influence and duration of this running-in phase, a series of tests have been performed under realistic engine operating conditions. To be able to separate the running-in processes for the individual subsystems’ piston assembly, valve train and journal bearings of the crank train, a large series of tests have been conducted for a conventional gasoline passenger car engine. The results show a strong influence of the running-in process on total engine friction, which can be attributed mostly to the direct acting valve train and to a considerably lesser extent to the piston assembly.
Seismic performance of prefabricated high-strength concrete tube column–steel beam joints
Authors: Zhang Xizhi , Zhang Jiawei , Gong Xuejian , Zhang Shaohua
Published: August 2017

This study proposes a new type of fabricated hybrid frame structure, which is a prefabricated high-strength concrete tube column–steel beam joint hybrid frame structure. A series of six full-scale cruciform prefabricated high-strength concrete tube column–H-shaped beam joint specimens was tested under cyclic loading to investigate the seismic performance of the new fabricated hybrid frame structure. We designed the connection in the manner that the capacity of beam was higher than that of the column. The cracking pattern, failure modes, energy dissipation capacity, and strain profiles of the specimens were obtained and discussed. The test results showed that some specimens collapsed due to ring plate tearing failure and weld fracture, while other specimens collapsed due to column flexural failure. Shear connectors (i.e. shear studs and shear reinforcement) could ensure the reliable transmission of shear force, and the compound stirrups can effectively improve bearing capacity and joint ductility. The stiffness degradation of specimens was smooth with a linearly decreasing trend because of the prestressed reinforcement. The new joints could be applied in a seismic region.
The experiences of being a young LGBTIQ and homeless in Australia: Re-thinking policy and practice
Authors: Oakley Susan , Bletsas Angie
Published: August 2017

Drawing on the perspectives of young lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, queer (LGBTIQ) people who have experienced homelessness across metropolitan Adelaide and Sydney, Australia, the article outlines many of the challenges and barriers that confronted them. We argue that traditional views in policy and practice that treat homelessness as a homogeneous category are detrimental to this young cohort. With more young people identifying as LGBTIQ, a greater number of them are seeking services, support and housing assistance. Yet, as we highlight, this has had the effect of a shortage of suitable and safe accommodation and support to assist young LGBTIQ people. This shortfall further entrenches marginalisation and exclusion for this young group.
Making a presence: Images of polity and constituency in British Muslim representative politics
Authors: Dobbernack Jan
Published: August 2017

In its current shape, British Muslim politics has been described as following a ‘democratic constellation’. The idea challenges conventional understandings of post-immigrant agency, especially assumptions underpinning political representation. Recent contributions to the study of representation draw attention to assertions of ‘presence’ or highlight ‘acts of representation’. Both of these perspectives struggle to capture the self-conscious calibration of representative claims that is characteristic for Muslim representative politics today. Developing an alternative account of representation, the paper draws attention to the making of images of Muslim constituencies in correspondence with an image of the British polity. It considers evidence from three cases: (i) the mobilization of Muslim constituents by the advocacy group Mend; (ii) Sadiq Khan’s campaign for the London Mayoralty; and (iii) educational guidance issued by the Muslim Council of Britain.
Engaging with assessment: Increasing student engagement through continuous assessment
Authors: Holmes Naomi
Published: August 2017

Student engagement is intrinsically linked to two important metrics in learning: student satisfaction and the quality of the student experience. One of the ways that engagement can be influenced is through careful curriculum design. Using the knowledge that many students are ‘assessment-driven’, a low-stakes continuous weekly summative e-assessment was introduced to a module. The impact this had on student engagement was measured by studying student activity within the module virtual learning environment. It was found that introduction of the e-assessments led to a significant increase in virtual learning environment activity compared to the virtual learning environment activity in that module the previous year, and also compared to the virtual learning environment activity of two other modules studied by the same student cohort. As many institutions move towards greater blended or online deliveries, it will become more important to ensure that virtual learning environments encourage high levels of student engagement in order to maintain or enhance the student experience.
The Influence of Excellence: T. Carol Agee and the Fort Collins High School Orchestra Program
Authors: Spieker Matthew H.
Published: August 2017

In 1947 T. Carol Agee resurrected the Fort Collins High School Orchestra (FCHS) program after his return from WWII, and became the first music teacher to be hired as the full-time orchestra director at the school. He quickly created a “storied” program in the state of Colorado culminating, for him, in a 1955 Colorado Music Educators Association (CMEA) performance. Later, as Principal of FCHS, Agee advocated for music programs and carried them through the turbulent years of the 1960s when the public demanded more math and science in schools. In 1964, he was awarded a John Hay Whitney fellowship, which fostered in him a strong philosophy for the inclusion of humanities in public education. Agee recognized the importance of academics, but only in the context of a broader understanding of the humanities, believing the goal of a humanities course was to make humanity more human. His contribution to music education goes beyond creating an amazing program in a small, farm community in northern Colorado. Agee argues for music education as being valuable in itself, and not simply a supportive subject to other disciplines.
Long-Term Results of Ulnar-Basilic Fistula Versus Radiocephalic Fistula for Maintenance Hemodialysis Access
Authors: Zhen Yanan , Liu Peng , Ye Zhidong , Zheng Xia , Ma Bo , Fan Guohui , Yang Yuguang
Published: August 2017

Objective:

The aim of this study is to compare the rate of primary patency and secondary patency achieved by ulnar-basilic arteriovenous fistula (UBAVF) and radiocephalic arteriovenous fistula (RCAVF) in the maintenance of hemodialysis access.

Methods:

This retrospective analysis consists of 365 patients who had a forearm UBAVF or RCAVF between January 2012 and December 2015. Of these patients, 44 patients were treated with UBAVF, while 321 patients were treated with RCAVF. Demographics, primary patency, and secondary patency were documented and compared.

Results:

Primary patency rates at 1 and 2 years were 77.2% and 63.9% in group UBAVF and 88.1% and 71.3% in group RCAVF, respectively. Secondary patency rates at 1 and 2 years were 93.0% and 78.8% in group UBAVF and 98.7% and 80.9% in group RCAVF, respectively. The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the primary and secondary patency rates were all without statistical difference between the 2 groups.

Conclusion:

Given the similar patency rate between UBAVF and RCAVF, the UBAVF could be considered as a reliable alternative when an RCAVF is not possible.
Programmable control plane for mission critical wireless networks
Authors: Dasari Venkat R , Jalaian Brian , Bhat Saleil
Published: August 2017

The control plane is an essential element to manage the data plane communications in wired and wireless networks. In a traditional network architecture, the control plane is embedded in the hardware and it lacks programmability. Military wireless networks are historically heterogeneous in nature and require complicated manual setups to create interoperability because of a discontinuous control plane. In the present work, we describe a simple programmable control plane model along with associated network abstractions to create a unified control plane interface that can communicate across heterogeneous wireless networks. We chose an ns-3 based network simulation engine to create, test, and validate the functional fidelity of our models. In addition to the network objects and interfaces available in ns-3, we modified ns-3 codes to capture the characteristics of our proposed model. Furthermore, we proposed a tractable mathematical framework to optimize the performance of the proposed control plane model.
Readability of the Most Commonly Accessed Online Patient Education Materials Pertaining to Pathology of the Hand
Authors: Akinleye Sheriff D. , Garofolo-Gonzalez Garret , Montuori Michael , Culbertson Maya Deza , Hashem Jennifer , Edelstein David Marc
Published: August 2017

Background: The American Medical Association (AMA) and National Institutes of Health (NIH) recommend that patient education materials be written at no higher than a sixth-grade reading level. Methods: We examined 100 online educational materials for the 10 hand conditions most commonly treated by hand surgeons, as reported by the American Society for Surgery of the Hand. The listed conditions were carpal tunnel syndrome, basal joint arthritis of the thumb, de Quervain syndrome, Dupuytren’s contracture, ganglion cysts, hand fractures, trigger finger, extensor tendon injuries, flexor tendon injuries, and mallet finger. Following a Google search for each condition, we analyzed the 10 most visited websites for each disorder utilizing the Flesch-Kincaid formula. Results: The average grade reading level of the 100 websites studied was 9.49 with a reading ease of 53.03 (“fairly difficult high school”). Only 29% of the websites were at or below the national average of an eighth-grade reading level. Carpal tunnel syndrome had the highest average grade reading level at 10.32 (standard deviation: 1.52), whereas hand fractures had the lowest at 8.14 (2.03). Every hand condition in this study had an average readability at or above the ninth-grade reading level. Conclusions: The most frequently accessed materials for common maladies of the hand exceed both the readability limits recommended by the AMA and NIH, and the average reading ability of most US adults. Therefore, the most commonly accessed websites pertaining to hand pathology may not be comprehended by the audience for which it is intended.
Cummins’ Vision: Improved Health Through Lifestyle Medicine Innovation
Authors: Shurney Dexter W.
Published: August 2017

The importance of lifestyle for overall health and well-being cannot be overstated. By Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates, nearly 80% of many chronic conditions such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes are preventable through the adoption of healthier lifestyles. Yet, while preventable, these common illnesses account for the majority of the rising US health care costs. For nearly a century, Cummins Inc, a large global employer headquartered in Columbus, Indiana, that designs, manufactures, distributes, and services diesel and natural gas engines and related technologies, has demonstrated a penchant for innovation. However, in the area of health improvement, the company believed it could do better and decided to address the prime factor—lifestyle—the root cause of the growing problem of chronic disease for its employees and their families. This report offers a glimpse into Cummins’ forward-thinking strategy and their early efforts to combat preventable chronic disease through lifestyle and lifestyle medicine.
Integrating Registered Dietitian Nutritionists Into Primary Care Practices to Work With Children With Overweight
Authors: Silberberg Mina , Carter-Edwards Lori , Mayhew Meghan , Murphy Gwendolyn , Anstrom Kevin , Collier David , Evenson Kelly R. , Perrin Eliana M. , Shin Jin-Hee , Kolasa Kathryn M.
Published: August 2017

Despite increased reimbursement for registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs), few studies have assessed the potential of integrating them into primary care clinics to support pediatric weight management. To assess the feasibility and effectiveness of this approach, RDNs were introduced into 8 primary care practices in North Carolina. This mixed-methods study combined (1) interviews and focus groups with RDNs and clinic personnel, (2) comparison of change in body mass index (BMI) z-score in study practices to change in historical comparison groups, and (3) analysis of behavior and BMI change for RDN utilizers. Qualitative data were coded thematically, and McNemar’s and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used for quantitative data. RDN integration was good, but average referral rate for eligible children was 19.4%; 48.4% of those referred utilized the RDN (most fewer than 3 times). Using the full analysis set, there was no difference in change in BMI z-score for intervention and comparison groups. For RDN utilizers, the average change in BMI z-score was −0.089 (P < .001), and there was statistically significant improvement in 7 of 8 health behaviors. Integrating RDNs into primary care practices was feasible and possibly effective for utilizers. Reaping potential benefits of RDN co-location would require increasing low referral and utilization rates.
Comparison of propaten heparin-bonded vascular graft with distal anastomotic patch versus autogenous saphenous vein graft in tibial artery bypass
Authors: Kaisar Jeremy , Chen Aaron , Cheung Mathew , Kfoury Elias , Bechara Carlos F , Lin Peter H
Published: August 2017

Introduction

Heparin-bonded expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts (Propaten, WL Gore, Flagstaff, AZ, USA) have been shown to have superior patency compared to standard prosthetic grafts in leg bypass. This study analyzed the outcomes of Propaten grafts with distal anastomotic patch versus autogenous saphenous vein grafts in tibial artery bypass.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of prospective collected data was performed during a recent 15-year period. Sixty-two Propaten bypass grafts with distal anastomotic patch (Propaten group) were compared with 46 saphenous vein graft (vein group). Pertinent clinical variables including graft patency and limb salvage were analyzed.

Results

Both groups had similar clinical risk factors, bypass indications, and target vessel for tibial artery anastomoses. Decreased trends of operative time (196 ± 34 min vs. 287 ± 65 min, p = 0.07) and length of hospital stay (5.2 ± 2.3 days vs. 7.5 ± 3.6, p = 0.08) were noted in the Propaten group compared to the vein group. Similar primary patency rates were noted at four years between the Propaten and vein groups (85%, 71%, 64%, and 57%, vs. 87%, 78%, 67%, and 61% respectively; p = 0.97). Both groups had comparable secondary patency rates yearly in four years (the Propaten group: 84%, 76%, 74%, and 67%, respectively; the vein group: 88%, 79%, 76%, and 72%, respectively; p = 0.94). The limb salvage rates were equivalent between the Propaten and vein group at four years (84% vs. 92%, p = 0.89). Multivariate analysis showed active tobacco usage and poor run-off score as predictors for graft occlusion.

Conclusions

Propaten grafts with distal anastomotic patch have similar clinical outcomes compared to the saphenous vein graft in tibial artery bypass. Our data support the use of Propaten graft with distal anastomotic patch as a viable conduit of choice in patients undergoing tibial artery bypass.
Evaluation of the renal function using serum Cystatin C following open and endovascular aortic aneurysm repair
Authors: Ilic Nikola S , Opacic Dragan , Mutavdzic Perica , Koncar Igor , Dragas Marko , Jovicic Snezana , Markovic Miroslav , Davidovic Lazar
Published: August 2017

Objectives

Controversies regarding renal function impairment after open and endovascular aortic aneurysm repair still exist. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the renal function following open repair and endovascular aneurysm repair using Cystatin C.

Methods

This prospective, observational case–control study was conducted in tertiary referral centre over 3 years, starting from 2012. In total, 60 patients operated due to infrarenal AAA either by means of open repair (30 patients) or endovascular aneurysm repair (30 patients) were included in the study. Biochemical markers of renal function (sCr, urea, potassium) were recorded pre-operatively and at these specific time points, immediately after the operation and at discharge, home (third postoperative day, endovascular aneurysm repair group) or from intensive care unit (third postoperative day, open repair group). Multivariate and propensity score adjustments were used to control for the baseline differences between the groups.

Results

Creatinine levels in serum remained unchanged during the hospital stay in both groups without significant differences at any time point. Cystatin C levels in endovascular aneurysm repair patients significantly increased postoperatively and restored to values comparable to baseline at the discharge (0.865 ± 0.319 vs. *0.962 ± 0.353 vs. 0.921 ± 0.322, * p < 0.001). Cystatin C levels in patients treated with the open surgery was decreasing over time but not statistically significant comparing to Cystatin C values at the admission. However, decrease in Cystatin C serum levels in patients treated with conventional surgery resulted in statistically significant lower values compared to endovascular aneurysm repair patients both postoperatively and at the time of discharge (0.760 ± 0.225 vs. 0.962 ± 0.353, p < 0.05; 0.750 vs. 0.156, p < 0.05). Both multivariate linear regression models and propensity score adjustment confirm that, even after correction for previously observed intergroup differences, type of surgery, i.e. endovascular aneurysm repair is independently associated with the higher levels of Cystatin C both postoperatively and at the discharge.

Conclusions

Dynamics of Cystatin C levels have been proven as a more vulnerable marker of renal dysfunction. Endovascular aneurysm repair is associated with higher levels of kidney injury markers.
Primary pulmonary arterial hypertension with preserved right ventricular function leads to lower extremity venous insufficiency
Authors: Aldemir Mustafa , Emren Sadık Volkan , Balçık Çınar , Onrat Ersel , Gürsoy Merve
Published: August 2017

Objectives

Pulmonary hypertension with heart failure is related to venous insufficiency. However, there is no clear data whether pulmonary arterial hypertension with preserved right ventricular function cause venous insufficiency. In this study, we aim to investigate the relation between pulmonary arterial pressure with venous insufficiency in pulmonary arterial hypertension patients with preserved right ventricular function.

Methods

Between January 2012 and October 2014, 38 patients with a diagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension and 47 control group patients were included. Venous disability score and venous segmental disease score of both groups were calculated in order to measure venous insufficiency. The relationship between venous disability score and venous segmental disease scores and mean pulmonary arterial pressure and World Heart Organization functional capacity was examined.

Results

Total venous segmental disease score (5 ± 3.9 vs. 2 ± 1.8 p < 0.001), right venous segmental disease score (2.6 ± 2.2 vs. 1 ± 0.9 p < 0.001), left venous segmental disease score (2.4 ± 2.2 vs. 1 ± 0.9 p < 0.001), and venous disability scores (2.2 ±1 vs. 1.6 ± 0.7 p < 0.001) of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension were higher than the control group. While the total venous segmental disease score was highly related to mean pulmonary arterial pressure (r = 0.829, p < 0.001), the venous disability score was only weakly related (r = 0.343, p = 0.037). Total venous segmental disease score (r = 0.606, p < 0.001) and venous disability scores (r = 0.601, p < 0.001) were moderately related with World Health Organization functional capacity intensity.

Conclusions

The degree of venous insufficiency increase in accordance with the mean pulmonary arterial pressure even in patients with preserved right ventricular function.
A clinical review of early outcomes from contemporary flow modulation versus open, fenestrated and branch technologies in the management of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm
Authors: Sultan Sherif , Kavanagh Edel P , Diethrich Edward , Costache Victor , Sultan Mohamed , Jordan Fionnuala , Hynes Niamh
Published: August 2017

Traditional therapeutic options for complex thoracoabdominal aneurysm include open repair, hybrid repair or endovascular repair (involving fenestrated or branched endografts). The Streamliner Multilayer Flow Modulator has been available for treatment of thoracoabdominal aneurysms since 2010. Its design permits blood flow to perfuse through the mesh in a modus that preserves collateral branch patency, while modulating turbulent to laminar flow within the device. The flow then stagnates over time within the surrounding aneurysm sac. Significant complications, including paraplegia, renal failure and cerebrovascular accident, are much lower with Streamliner Multilayer Flow Modulator treatment. Application of the Streamliner Multilayer Flow Modulator to complex aortic pathologies presents a novel solution to an, as of yet, unmet clinical need, and has resulted in promising clinical outcomes when compared to existing solutions. The Streamliner Multilayer Flow Modulator offers potential for treatment of thoracoabdominal aortic pathologies in patients and is not just confined to those with complexity that dictates no other management options. While current literature illustrates that there is a decreased risk of mortality and associated complications when this new disruptive technology is utilised, there is still a need for prospective, long-term clinical trials, as well as comparative trials to accurately assess outcomes of Streamliner Multilayer Flow Modulator treatment that are both precise and reproducible. This article is a review of current clinical literature regarding contemporary flow modulating technology compared with open, branched and fenestrated managements, presenting early outcomes.
Goalkeeper’s position for defending short range shots
Authors: Yang Jonghyun , Park Youngsoo , Kim Kitae , Ryu Je-Kwang
Published: August 2017

The purpose of the study was to analyze and quantify the ability of the goalkeeper while defending shots from left and right sides of penalty area or the goal area, which frequently occurs in an actual game situation. In other words, the study aimed at verifying the reaction ability of the goalkeeper to defend goals in two different defense positions across a 3 m width area without performing dives. Eleven male goalkeepers from a university soccer league participated in the study. The goalkeepers were assigned to react to a specific target point, i.e. high, middle, low, left and right in response to the LED signal positioned at the front. Three-dimensional motion analysis system was used to perform kinematical analysis through which variables such as the approach time of reaching specific target points and the movement used to cover the defensive area were observed. In results, no significant differences were observed in approach time of the hand to the target point in both defense positions, i.e. Type-A (defense posture of positioning the hand at knee height) and Type-B (defense posture of positioning the hand at waist height). But Type-B defense position average velocity was observed faster than Type-A for blocking shots of low-middle heights. Hence, the results obtained from the study showed a possibility that being prepared in Type-A defense position will be more accurate and stable. Moreover, goalkeepers were able to occupy wider defense range in Type-A defense position than Type-B within the time period of 0.7 ∼ 0.8 s after triggering of the LED signal. In conclusion, the results obtained from the study pointed out that Type-A defense position can be much more effective in soccer for blocking shots from the left and right sides of the penalty area. The defense posture of positioning the hand at low height is considered more effective when defending a ball shot from areas near the penalty area than the high hand position. It was also confirmed that the available defense area can be defended widely and effectively by moving the center of the body. Further studies need to be performed to consider the cognitive perspective by applying various methods.
Retinal blood vessel segmentation using saliency detection model and region optimization
Authors: Xue Lan-Yan , Lin Jia-Wen , Cao Xin-Rong , Yu Lun
Published: August 2017

In this paper, we present an algorithm for the effective segmentation of retinal blood vessels in vessel quantization for assessing the risk of cerebrovascular diseases. Given that the vessel is the highlight of the fundus image and has a characteristic texture, we adopt color and texture as the saliency features for vessel extraction combined with region optimization. The optimal thresholding can be obtained through the gray histogram thresholding method to segment the vessel. Moreover, morphological operators are applied to preserve the remaining small vessels considering the loss of small vessels. Experiments are designed to evaluate the performance of the proposed models with more than 94% accuracy. Experimental results reveal that the blood vessel can be effectively detected by applying our method on the retinal images.
A novel nucleotide oligomerisation domain 2 mutation in a family with Blau syndrome: Phenotype and function
Authors: Ong Lawrence TC , Nachbur Ueli , Rowczenio Dorota , Ziegler John B , Fischer Eddy , Lin Ming Wei
Published: August 2017

Mutations in the nucleotide binding domain of the PRR, NOD2, are associated with the autoinflammatory diseases Blau syndrome and early-onset sarcoidosis. Current theories suggest that constitutive activation of the NOD2 pathway may be responsible for pathogenesis of these diseases. Here, we report the phenotype of a kindred with Blau syndrome caused by a novel NOD2 mutation (p.E383D). Signaling protein and cytokine expression were examined, and the results of these experiments challenge current theories of constitutive NOD2 activation in the pathophysiology of Blau syndrome.
Elements of the niche for adult stem cell expansion
Authors: Redondo Patricia A , Pavlou Marina , Loizidou Marilena , Cheema Umber
Published: August 2017

Adult stem cells are crucial for tissue homeostasis. These cells reside within exclusive locations in tissues, termed niches, which protect adult stem cell fidelity and regulate their many functions through biophysical-, biochemical- and cellular-mediated mechanisms. There is a growing understanding of how these mechanisms and their components contribute towards maintaining stem cell quiescence, self-renewal, expansion and differentiation patterns. In vitro expansion of adult stem cells is a powerful tool for understanding stem cell biology, and for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications. However, it is technically challenging, since adult stem cell removal from their native microenvironment has negative repercussions on their sustainability. In this review, we overview specific elements of the biomimetic niche and how recreating such elements can help in vitro propagation of adult stem cells.
Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 modulate intestinal IL-10 differently in ileum and colon
Authors: Latorre Eva , Layunta Elena , Grasa Laura , Pardo Julián , García Santiago , Alcalde Ana I , Mesonero José E
Published: August 2017

Background

Inflammatory bowel diseases are consequence of an intestinal homeostasis breakdown in which innate immune dysregulation is implicated. Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 are immune recognition receptors expressed in the intestinal epithelium, the first physical-physiological barrier for microorganisms, to inform the host of the presence of Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. Interleukin (IL)-10 is an essential anti-inflammatory cytokine that contributes to maintenance of intestinal homeostasis.

Aim

Our main aim was to investigate intestinal IL-10 synthesis and release, and whether TLR2 and TLR4 are determinants of IL-10 expression in the intestinal tract.

Methods

We used Caco-2 cell line as an enterocyte-like cell model, and also ileum and colon from mice deficient in TLR2, TLR4 or TLR2/4 to test the involvement of TLR signaling.

Results

Intestinal epithelial cells are able to synthesize and release IL-10 and their expression is increased after TLR2 or TLR4 activation. IL-10 regulation seems to be tissue specific, with IL-10 expression in the ileum regulated by a compensation between TLR2 and TLR4 expression, whereas in the colon, TLR2 and TLR4 affect IL-10 expression independently.

Conclusions

Intestinal epithelial cells could release IL-10 in response to TLR activation, playing an intestinal tissue-dependent and critical intestinal immune role.
Identifying the Predictors of Participation in Facebook Pictivism Campaigns
Authors: Oeldorf-Hirsch Anne , McGloin Rory
Published: August 2017

In recent years, several online social campaigns have encouraged individuals to change their Facebook profile pictures for a cause, such as the Human Rights Campaign’s red and pink equal sign in support of same-sex marriage. These “pictivism” campaigns allow individuals to express themselves and participate in a low effort campaign to raise awareness about an issue among their social network. Given the prevalence and potential impact of these campaigns, it is important to understand what predicts one’s participation. This study applies elements of the Theory of Reasoned Action and Technology Acceptance Model in an online survey ( N = 300) of Facebook users to investigate which individual and social factors predict participation in these campaigns. Results indicate that attitudes toward participation are predicted by network norms about participation, ease of participation, and perceived usefulness of participation. In turn, these attitudes predict intention to participate and actual participation. These results imply that participation is influenced both by factors surrounding the message of the campaign and by the norms of the network itself. This work extends Theory of Reasoned Action and Technology Acceptance Model to understanding participation in online social campaigns, with considerations for key limitations in this context.
Adult Attachment Style and Political Ideology
Authors: Gaziano Cecilie
Published: August 2017

Political polarization has intensified in the United States since the 1970s. The present research concerned adult attachment style as a potential explanation for ideological divisions. Few studies have examined this, mainly in college student samples, and their results conflict. The present research contributes to the literature because it is the first one to focus on the relationship of adult attachment to ideology in general population samples. Ideology was measured by self-placement on a 7-point scale. Attachment was measured by Carver’s 14-item self-reported Measure of Attachment Qualities (MAQ). Structural equation models were estimated for path analyses. The results for the direct effect of secure attachment style on ideology were mixed and indicated that both liberals and conservatives can have secure attachments. Results also underscored the potential importance of higher socioeconomic status for secure relational attachment style. Higher religiosity and lower trust in mass media contributed to conservatism.
Epigenetic Advances in Behavioral and Brain Sciences Have Relevance for Public Policy
Authors: Roth Tania L.
Published: August 2017

Nature and nurture work together to drive development, behavior, and health. Behavioral epigenetics research has uncovered underlying mechanisms for how this happens. Children’s early years in development may offer the greatest opportunity for environmental and experiential factors to influence the epigenome (chemical compounds telling our genes what to do), but evidence suggests it is never too late. The policy implications of this research are vast, including relevance for child development, health, and disease intervention and prevention.
Chemical Contributions to Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Authors: Patisaul Heather B.
Published: August 2017

Children increasingly receive diagnoses of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Causes are multifactorial, but growing consensus identifies environmental factors, especially chemical exposures, as primary drivers, with some individuals more genetically susceptible to these external pressures than others. Our current system of chemical management prioritizes rapid commercialization over disease prevention. This strategy privatizes economic benefits but socializes health costs. The evidence linking chemical exposure to neurodevelopmental risk merits greater attention by regulators. Public health concerns, particularly for children and other vulnerable groups, should be elevated in chemical risk assessment. The financial and emotional burden of preventable NDDs on U.S. children and their families calls for comprehensive policy attention.
Biobehavioral Approaches to Aggression Implicate Perceived Threat and Insufficient Sleep: Clinical Relevance and Policy Implications
Authors: Verona Edelyn , Bozzay Melanie L.
Published: August 2017

Besides reducing the burden of aggression and violence on society, the biobehavioral study of aggression can inform our understanding of emotional problems and maladaptive behaviors more broadly, since aggression can often co-occur with psychological disorders (e.g., depression). This article reviews the neuroscience/psychophysiology literature to explain brain processes in aggression that can be targeted to reduce its scourge on society. In particular, the review implicates brain circuitry that is often triggered by feelings of threat, which in turn disrupt higher order cognitive processes and may prompt aggression. One potentially modifiable factor less frequently considered in the study of aggression is sleep insufficiency or problems. The neurophysiological impact of sleep insufficiency can parallel the brain-related risk factors of aggression. Policy recommendations span individual mental health innovations, community-based interventions, and public health campaigns promoting healthy lifestyles to reduce aggression and violence.
Making Reading Easier: How Genetic Information Can Help
Authors: Luciano Michelle
Published: August 2017

Reading is the cornerstone of all educational systems. Without adequate reading skills, learning in all other subject areas becomes very challenging. Children typically learn basic reading skills by age 6 or 7, but there is variation in timing of reading skill acquisition and, thereafter, in reading ability. A strong predictor of whether a child will have difficulties with reading is family history. Twin and family studies confirm that reading ability (including specific reading disorder) is substantively genetically influenced. Molecular genetic studies of reading ability have identified a number of candidate genes that are associated with reading disability and/or reading processes; many more are likely to be discovered. This review discusses implications that increased understanding of the genetic architecture of reading ability has for early identification and intervention for children at risk for reading difficulties.
The impact of host language proficiency across the immigrants’ earning distribution in Spain
Authors: Budría Santiago , Martinez de Ibarreta Carlos , Swedberg Pablo
Published: August 2017

This paper explores the impact of Spanish language proficiency on immigrant earnings in Spain using an instrumental variable quantile regression approach. The impact is on average roughly 17.2% but varies substantially across the earning distribution. The return to destination language proficiency actually ranges from zero at the bottom quantiles to 30% at the top quantile of the earning distribution. These findings suggest that the benefits derived from host language knowledge are particularly important among individuals with stronger unobserved abilities and marketable skills and that language training policies targeted at specific immigrant population categories may be ineffective from a labor market earning perspective.

JEL Classification:F22, J24, J61
Assessment of soil-liquefaction potential based on geoelectrical imaging: A case study
Authors: Devi Rajni , Sastry Rambhatla G. , Samadhiya Narendra K.
Published: August 2017

Due to the low spatial resolution of S-wave velocity ([Formula: see text]) depth profile derivable from multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) for soil liquefaction studies, we have developed an alternate novel method for better [Formula: see text] estimation using high-resolution electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) data, which does not require standard penetration test (SPT) boreholes. Our method uses popular regression equations for transforming resistivity (ERT) sections into synthetic SPT-[Formula: see text] data sections. In turn, these are used for getting factor of safety (FOS) sections, whose analysis leads to assessment of soil-liquefaction hazard potential of a field site. The conversion of SPT-[Formula: see text] data into FOS sections involves standard cyclic stress and cyclic resistance ratio computations. Our methodology is illustrated with the help of a field study involving two sites on our IIT Roorkee Campus, India. The acquired data sets include ERT and MASW. The achieved results including two different regression equations indicate that our ERT-based soil liquefaction study is much broader and seems to be more refined than the popular MASW-based one. Our proposed methodology can be refined further if few SPT boreholes are present in the study region. Further, a close scrutiny of FOS sections of our study sites indicates that our study region (IIT Roorkee campus, India) is having soil liquefaction risk for an earthquake magnitude [Formula: see text] 7.5.
Parenting through Horror: Reassurance in Jennifer Kent's The Babadook
Authors: Briefel Aviva
Published: August 2017

This essay contends that Jennifer Kent's The Babadook (2014) expands the subgenre of maternal horror by exploring reassurance as a fraught motherly act, one that is imbricated with the trauma of having to believe in the child's monsters. The film dissects the rituals that have conventionally been assigned to mothers—in this case, to single mothers—to demonstrate the precariousness of maternal authority. Maternal reassurance in particular comes to embody the terrible tension between the imperative to comfort, or, as Henry James puts it at the beginning of The Turn of the Screw (1899), “to dissipate [a child's] dread and soothe him to sleep again,” and the ineffectiveness of such verbal and gestural acts. The Babadook figures reassurance as a categorical refusal to take harm seriously, a performance of safety that does not guarantee safety at all. By linking reassurance to the mother's identity, Kent uses horror conventions to provide an unexpected critique of the burdens of maternal responsibility. What is more, she deploys these conventions to reimagine reassurance as a discourse that can powerfully generate, rather than dissipate, fear and horror and thus reconfigure the mother/son relationship in unexpected ways.
Selling a Rebellion: The Industrial Logic of Mainstream Alt-Porn
Authors: Moorman Jennifer
Published: August 2017

The seemingly paradoxical phenomenon of mainstream alt-porn belies ostensible distinctions between industrial pornography and its alternatives. These corporate iterations of alt-porn—an initially grassroots, oppositional, community-based form of adult filmmaking—tend to interweave the conventions and preoccupations of pornography and the avant-garde while straddling the mainstream and the margins of pornographic production. In exploring such liminal spaces, this article redresses the myopias both of rigidly anti-porn stances that fail to consider adult video's subversive potential, and of porn studies' tendency to elide analysis of mainstream texts. Extensive industrial immersion (including interviews with thirty-eight filmmakers and industry insiders) and textual analysis illuminate industrial praxis to argue that the seemingly rigid conventions and taxonomies of mainstream adult video are neither static nor stagnant but rather continually evolving. Despite ongoing blind spots, erasures, and systemic discrimination, the industry's output is increasingly diverse. This article explores mainstream alt-porn as a particularly productive site for locating ruptures, aporias, and outright challenges to industrial and generic hegemony. A series of case studies demonstrates that individual mainstream alt-porn films, despite their corporate production model, may not be antithetical to the subgenre's antiestablishment origins. Frequently adapting self-reflexive strategies from experimental filmmaking to evoke “critical arousal,” these alt-porn films revise, to varying extents, the representational politics of conventional adult video.
In Practice: Queerness and Games
Authors: Pozo Diana , Ruberg Bonnie , Goetz Chris
Published: August 2017

Queer gamers have always been a part of video game culture. However, since the mid-2000s, the growing importance of fans to media consumption and the rise to prominence of the independent game industry have helped bring public recognition and awareness to queer gamers, game designers, and games critics and scholars. This introduction frames queer game studies as both a theory and practice, beginning a special In Practice section of Camera Obscura that profiles the Queerness and Games Conference (QGCon), the first conference explicitly dedicated to the intersection of video games and LGBTQ issues. The interdisciplinary conference includes award-winning game designers and leading academics in queer and video game studies, and its format combines presentation styles common in the game industry, such as the “postmortem,” which describes the design process of a game, with traditional academic work, workshops, public game demonstrations, and roundtables discussing race, gender, and sexual identity in video game culture. The community formed around QGCon—which was founded in 2013 at the University of California, Berkeley—informs this section's engagement with theoretical arguments and practices across independent and industry game design, queer video game theory and criticism, and queer game pedagogy. By introducing readers of Camera Obscura to QGCon and the emergent field of queer game studies, this introduction seeks to expand the relationship between feminist film theory and practice and feminist and queer video game culture and criticism.