bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on application of active current differential protection method on AC transmission lines in UHV AC–DC interconnected system
Authors: Shen Yangwu , Deng Xiangtian , Zhang Lihong , Tang Jinrui , Ye Jun
Published: December 2018

The rapid development of ultra‐high voltage (UHV) AC–DC interconnected system has brought with it some new features, such as characteristics of distributed parameters becoming more distinct, internal parameters changing faster, and harmonic becoming more unstable, which pose new challenges for the correct operation of relay protection and automation devices. The aim here is to study the application of active current differential protection method in UHV AC–DC interconnected system. Firstly, the negative influence of UHVDC connection on the effectiveness of traditional current protection method is analysed. Next, the principle of active current differential protection method is introduced, which shows that this method is less susceptible to the variation of system parameters and unstable harmonics. On this basis, simulations have been conducted on PSCAD platform to explore the application of this method on AC transmission lines in case of various fault types. The simulation results show that the active current differential protection can increase the sensitivity of protection of UHV AC–DC interconnected system.
Method to improve charging power quality of electric vehicles
Authors: Li Fucun , Guo Liang , Liu Lijun , Li Xiao , Wang Qing
Published: December 2018

With the increasing number of electric vehicles, the vehicle‐to‐grid (V2G) technology has become a hotspot for the present research because it can cause peak‐load shifting; it is also a practical technical means to improve the power grid capacity of new energy absorption in the field of new energy access to grid. In the interaction between electric vehicle and power grid, its bidirectional AC/DC transform control is mostly pulse width modulation control; large amplitude fluctuations will cause damage to AC/DC converters and electric vehicle batteries when electric vehicles are connected to these intermittent new energy sources (such as wind, tidal energy etc.). In order to solve these problems, from the system point of view, the authors combine the theory of instantaneous reactive power and introduce a virtual coordinate system, reduced the impact of volatile energy and improve the power quality of electric vehicle charging; finally, the feasibility of the method is verified by simulation.
Supernovae from blue supergiant progenitors: What a mess!
Authors: Dessart Luc , Hillier D. John
Published: December 2018

Supernova (SN) 1987A was classified as a peculiar Type II SN because of its long rising light curve and the persistent presence of H I lines in optical spectra. It was subsequently realized that its progenitor was a blue supergiant (BSG), rather than a red supergiant (RSG) as for normal, Type II-P, SNe. Since then, the number of Type II-pec SNe has grown, revealing a rich diversity in photometric and spectroscopic properties. In this study, using a single 15 M⊙ low-metallicity progenitor that dies as a BSG, we have generated explosions with a range of energies and 56Ni masses. We then performed the radiative transfer modeling with CMFGEN, from 1 d until 300 d after explosion for all ejecta. Our models yield light curves that rise to optical maximum in about 100 d, with a similar brightening rate, and with a peak absolute V-band magnitude spanning −14 to −16.5 mag. All models follow a similar color evolution, entering the recombination phase within a few days of explosion, and reddening further until the nebular phase. Their spectral evolution is analogous, mostly differing in line width. With this model set, we study the Type II-pec SNe 1987A, 2000cb, 2006V, 2006au, 2009E, and 2009mw. The photometric and spectroscopic diversity of observed SNe II-pec suggests that there is no prototype for this class. All these SNe brighten to maximum faster than our limited set of models, except perhaps SN 2009mw. The spectral evolution of SN 1987A conflicts with other observations in this set and conflicts with model predictions from 20 d until maximum: Hα narrows and weakens while Ba II lines strengthen faster than expected, which we interpret as signatures of clumping. SN 2000cb rises to maximum in only 20 d and shows weak Ba II lines. Its spectral evolution (color, line width and strength) is well matched by an energetic ejecta but the light curve may require strong asymmetry. The persistent blue color, narrow lines, and weak Hα absorption, seen in SN 2006V conflicts with expectations for a BSG explosion powered by 56Ni and may require an alternative power source. In contrast with theoretical expectations, observed spectra reveal a diverse behavior for lines like Ba II 6142 Å, Na I D, and Hα. In addition to diversity arising from different BSG progenitors, we surmise that their ejecta are asymmetric, clumped, and, in some cases, not solely powered by 56Ni decay.
Link between brightest cluster galaxy properties and large scale extensions of 38 DAFT/FADA and CLASH clusters in the redshift range 0.2 < z < 0.9
Authors: Durret F. , Tarricq Y. , Márquez I. , Ashkar H. , Adami C.
Published: December 2018

Context. In the context of large-scale structure formation, clusters of galaxies are located at the nodes of the cosmic web, and continue to accrete galaxies and groups along filaments. In some cases, they show a very large extension and a preferential direction. Brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) are believed to grow through the accretion of many small galaxies, and their structural properties are therefore expected to vary with redshift. In some cases BCGs show an orientation comparable to that of the cluster to which they belong.

Aims. We analyse the morphological properties of 38 BCGs from the DAFT/FADA and CLASH surveys, and compare the position angles of their major axes to the direction of the cluster elongation at large scale (several Mpc).

Methods. The morphological properties of the BCGs were studied by applying the GALFIT software to HST images and fitting the light distribution with one or two Sérsic laws, or with a Nuker plus a Sérsic law. The cluster elongations at very large scale were estimated by computing density maps of red sequence galaxies.

Results. The morphological analysis of the 38 BCGs shows that in 11 cases a single Sérsic law is sufficient to account for the surface brightness, while for all the other clusters two Sérsic laws are necessary. In five cases, a Nuker plus a Sérsic law give a better fit. For the outer Sérsic component, the effective radius increases with decreasing redshift, and the effective surface brightness decreases with effective radius, following the Kormendy law. An agreement between the major axis of the BCG and the cluster elongation at large scale within ±30 deg is found for 12 clusters out of the 21 for which the PAs of the BCG and of the large-scale structure can be defined.

Conclusions. The variation with redshift of the effective radius of the outer Sérsic component agrees with the growing of BCGs by accretion of smaller galaxies from z = 0.9 to 0.2, and it would be interesting to investigate this variation at higher redshift. The directions of the elongations of BCGs and of their host clusters and large scale structures surrounding them agree for 12 objects out of 21, implying that a larger sample is necessary to reach more definite conclusions.
Discus articularis - Die Knorpelscheibe des Kiefergelenks
Authors: Corts Magga
Published: December 2018

Der Discus articularis ist die Knorpelscheibe des Kiefergelenks. Die Gelenkpfanne und Gelenkkopf des Kiefergelenks passen nicht ideal zueinander, was durch den Discus articularis ausgeglichen wird. Er verbessert außerdem die Druckverteilung im Gelenk und verschiebt sich bei Gelenkbewegungen.
Durchbeißen
Authors: Saldow Reinhold
Published: December 2018

Bruxismus betrifft 6–20 % der Bevölkerung, wird aber meist erst nach Jahren scheinbar therapieresistenter Schmerzen und Schlafstörungen vom Zahnarzt entdeckt. Häufig besteht eine hohe innere Anspannung mit Aggressionshemmung oder Selbstwertstörung unter anderem durch ungelöste, unbewusste innere Konflikte. Verfahren der Heilhypnose können die Ursachen greifbar machen und somit eine Entlastung einleiten.
The Physical Attributes Most Required in Professional Ballet: A Delphi Study
Authors: McCormack Moira , Bird Howard , de Medici Akbar , Haddad Fares , Simmonds Jane
Published: December 2018

Background It is commonly accepted that dancers are undoubtedly athletes, with ballet perhaps the most demanding dance form. No previous study has sought to define the physical attributes most desired for classical ballet by professional companies and vocational schools. These are likely to include both aesthetic features and attributes that reduce the risk of injury as well as enhance performance.

Method An initial survey question using the modified Delphi technique was sent using Opinio Survey Software to a selected international expert panel. This was drawn both from those involved in selection of elite professional ballet dancers, and the international medical professionals involved in the care of dancers. The first questionnaire was open-ended to scope for all the physical attributes most favoured by the professional experts.

Results There were 148 responses from the panel of international experts. In total 34 physical attributes were suggested. The 2 most recommended physical criteria for selection into the profession were overall flexibility and overall strength. These results are discussed in the context of the published literature on the mechanics, anatomy and physiology of ballet.

Conclusion Flexibility and strength are the 2 features most sought after in elite ballet dancers.
Female Sexual Dysfunction in Women with Pelvic Pain
Authors: Levine Elliot , Tam Teresa
Published: December 2018

A variety of conditions can give rise to the perception of painful sexual intercourse in women with pelvic pain. Female sexual dysfunction may stem from psychological, medical such as endocrinological disturbances, and gynecological pathologies. This article provides a discussion of various conditions, offering diagnostic and therapeutic measures to consider in women with pelvic pain experiencing sexual dysfunction. Treatment and management options are also reviewed.
Elevated Levels of Apelin-36 in Heart Failure Due to Chronic Systemic Hypoxia
Authors: Ferdinal Frans , Limanan David , Rini Retno Dwi , Alexsandro Rio , Helmi Rizal
Published: December 2018

Apelin is a novel adipokine identified as an endogenous ligand of the specific orphan receptor APJ. Among the various isoforms of apelin, an increase in the apelin-36 plasma level has been associated with oxidative stress, and this isoform has various biological effects, such as positive inotropic, vasodilatory, and antiatherosclerotic effects. Therefore, apelin-36 may be used as a biomarker of heart failure (HF). Advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying HF cannot be achieved without the use of animal models. However, it is unclear whether chronic systemic hypoxia can cause HF in rats. The present study aimed to determine whether chronic systemic hypoxia can cause HF in rats and whether apelin-36 can be used as a biomarker of HF. The study included Sprague–Dawley rats. The rats were randomly divided into seven groups (n = 4). One of the groups was a control group, and the six other groups were exposed to hypoxia (8% O2) for different durations (6 hours, 1 day, 3 days, 5 days, 7 days, and 14 days). The exposure groups showed ventricular hypertrophy accompanied by myocardial structural damage, which indicated ventricular remodeling. In addition, the exposure groups showed elevated apelin-36 plasma levels and signs of oxidative stress. Moreover, gel electrophoresis of heart tissue showed five bands that corresponded to apelin isotypes, including apelin-36. In an experimental rat HF model with chronic systemic hypoxia, apelin-36 was elevated along with oxidative stress. Apelin-36 along with oxidative stress may serve as a biomarker of HF in this model.
Central versus Low-Lying Umbilical Venous Catheters: A Multicenter Study of Practices and Complications
Authors: El Ters Nathalie , Claassen Colleen , Lancaster Thomas , Barnette Alan , Eldridge Whitney , Yazigi Flora , Brar Komalpreet , Herco Maja , Rogowski Lauren , Strand Marya , Vachharajani Akshaya
Published: December 2018

Objectives Conventional neonatology practice is to place umbilical venous catheters (UVCs) in central position and to limit the use of low-lying catheters. Our objectives were to describe the practices and complications associated with UVCs and to evaluate the type of infusates used with either UVC position.

Study Design A retrospective chart review was performed at four neonatal intensive care units to identify neonates who underwent UVC placement over a 2-year period. Infant demographics, UVC position, catheter days, fluid and medication characteristics, and specific complications were extracted.

Results A total of 2,011 neonates who underwent UVC placement were identified during the 2-year period. Of these, 641 UVCs (31.9%) were identified in the low-lying position. Centrally positioned UVCs were associated with lower gestational age and were left in situ for a longer duration than low-lying UVCs. Infusions of hyperosmolar solutions and vasopressors were significantly higher in central UVCs, though they were used in a significant number of low-lying UVCs. Complications, while not statistically different, were three times higher in low-lying UVCs.

Conclusion Despite conventional teaching, low-lying UVCs were used in nearly one-third of infants in this cohort. Parenteral nutrition, antibiotics, and vasopressors were infused through central and low-lying UVCs. There was no statistically significant difference in complication rates between UVC positions.
Hydration mediated interfacial transitions on mixed hydrophobic/hydrophilic nanodroplet interfaces
Authors: Kovacik Filip , Okur Halil I. , Smolentsev Nikolay , Scheu Rüdiger , Roke Sylvie
Published: December 2018

Interfacial phase transitions are of fundamental importance for climate, industry, and biological processes. In this work, we observe a hydration mediated surface transition in supercooled oil nanodroplets in aqueous solutions using second harmonic and sum frequency scattering techniques. Hexadecane nanodroplets dispersed in water freeze at a temperature of ∼15 °C below the melting point of the bulk alkane liquid. Addition of a trimethylammonium bromide (CXTA+) type surfactant with chain length equal to or longer than that of the alkane causes the bulk oil droplet freezing transition to be preceded by a structural interfacial transition that involves water, oil, and the surfactant. Upon cooling, the water loses some of its orientational order with respect to the surface normal, presumably by reorienting more parallel to the oil interface. This is followed by the surface oil and surfactant alkyl chains losing some of their flexibility, and this chain stretching induces alkyl chain ordering in the bulk of the alkane phase, which is then followed by the bulk transition occurring at a 3 °C lower temperature. This behavior is reminiscent of surface freezing observed in planar tertiary alkane/surfactant/water systems but differs distinctively in that it appears to be induced by the interfacial water and requires only a very small amount of surfactant.
Influence of chain stiffness on the dynamical heterogeneity and fragility of polymer melts
Authors: Pan Deng , Sun Zhao-Yan
Published: December 2018

It is well accepted that stiffer polymers have higher glass transition temperatures. However, the influence of chain stiffness on the slow dynamics and dynamical heterogeneity when approaching the glass transition point is still not well understood. In this work, we investigate the influence of chain stiffness on the dynamic heterogeneity and fragility of supercooled polymer melts by using molecular dynamics simulation. The chain stiffness is tuned by varying the bending strength, and the diffusion and relaxation of polymer segments are studied. We find that the power law relation between the rescaled diffusion coefficient and the structural relaxation time does not change with changing chain stiffness, indicating similarities of glass-forming behavior of polymer melts with different chain stiffness. The dynamical heterogeneities are characterized by the non-Gaussian parameter and dynamic susceptibility, and the string-like cooperative motion is analyzed by the string-length. It is found that the non-Gaussian parameter and dynamic susceptibility characterize a different aspect of dynamical heterogeneities. Though both decreasing temperature and increasing bending strength lead to slower dynamics and growing dynamical heterogeneities, there is no simple superposition between temperature and bending strength. Our work may shed new light on the glass transition behavior of polymers with different chain stiffness.
The complexity-entropy causality plane based on multiscale power spectrum entropy of financial time series
Authors: Zhang Yali , Shang Pengjian
Published: December 2018

The complexity of financial time series is an important issue for nonlinear dynamic systems. We propose multiscale power spectral entropy. Based on this method, this paper uses the complex entropy causal plane (Cpse) to evaluate the complexity of the stock market. Multiscale power spectral entropy takes full advantage of the interrelationships between data in state space and estimates system complexity from different temporal resolutions. Then, we use a complex causal entropy plane to track changes in stock signals. The simulation data are used to test the performance of this method. Finally, we compare the Cpse method with the traditional power spectral entropy method. The results show that the Cpse method is more sensitive to changes in the stock market and can fully extract the intrinsic dynamics of the stock sequence.
Temperature triggered stoichiometry-dependent desorption from the growth interface of nanofilm
Authors: Liu Chong , Wang Lianhong , Zheng Yitao , Zeng Dandan , Jiang Jianzheng , Fan Jing
Published: December 2018

In this study, the desorption behaviors of codeposited atoms from the growth interface of multicomponent-nanofilms have been explored through the experiments of vapor codeposition and molecular dynamics simulations. Experimentally, the stoichiometry-dependent desorption has been observed for atoms with weak surface binding, and it appears to be triggered by higher growth temperature, as inferred from the dependence of the amount of deposition on the stoichiometry of precursor films under different conditions. Numerically, we demonstrate that the sticking coefficient of weakly binding atoms depends strongly on the stoichiometry under high growth temperature. However, as the temperature decreases, the sticking coefficient becomes less sensitive to stoichiometry. The mechanisms associated with all the above phenomena have also been discussed.
Magnified photonic spin-Hall effect with curved hyperbolic metamaterials
Authors: Chen Hongwei , Zhou Sichao , Rui Guanghao , Zhan Qiwen
Published: December 2018

Photonic spin-Hall effect is significantly magnified in a curved hyperbolic metamaterial (hyperlens) with hyperbolic dispersion. We theoretically and numerically analyze the magnification of the photonic spin-Hall effect from a single dipole emitter. Through studying the dispersion of the curved hyperbolic metamaterial, a maximum half angular separation of 45.0° between the right-handed circular and left-handed circular polarization channels can be obtained. Moreover, the curved hyperbolic metamaterial can provide a complete separation of the spin dependent radiation channels. Such a magnified photonic spin-Hall effect may find potential applications in quantum information processing, directional switching, and polarization sorting.
Ethanol extract of mango seed is a suitable plant-based replacement for synthetic antioxidants in pig grower–finisher diets
Authors: Araújo L. R. S. , Watanabe P. H. , Fernandes D. R. , Maia I. R. O. , Vieira E. H. M. , Silva E. C. , Trevisan M. T. S. , Pinheiro R. R. S. , Freitas E. R.
Published: December 2018

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the inclusion of ethanol extracts of mango seed (EEMS) in growing–finishing pig diets on lipid stability and antioxidant potential of feed, animal performance, carcass traits as well as haematological and biochemical parameters in the serum. Thirty-two barrows that were 60 days old and weighed 20.20 ± 1.34 kg were used in a randomised-block design with four treatments and eight replicates. The treatments consisted of the following: diet without antioxidant addition (negative control); diet with 200 mg of butylate hydroxytoluene/kg (positive control); diet with 200 mg EEMS/kg (EEMS200); and diet with 400 mg EEMS/kg (EEMS400). Diet with synthetic (butylate hydroxytoluene) and natural antioxidants presented better oxidative stability and antioxidant potential than did the negative control. Animals fed 400 mg EEMS/kg presented greater weight gain up to 110 days (P < 0.05). Pigs fed diet containing 200 mg EEMS/kg showed a decrease in red blood cells (P < 0.001) and a higher average corpuscular volume (P < 0.0001), whereas pigs fed control diet had lower average corpuscular haemoglobin concentration than did those in other treatments (P < 0.01). At 140 days of age, dietary addition of 400 mg EEMS/kg decreased malondialdehyde and increased antioxidant potential (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl method) in serum, with the highest phenolic compound concentration found in the serum of pigs fed diet with 200 mg EEMS/kg. The total antioxidant activity in the serum was not influenced by the treatments (P > 0.05). Ethanol mango extracts can be used as an antioxidant in growing–finishing pig diets at levels of 200 and 400 mg/kg without impairment of performance, carcass traits, serum and biochemical parameters. The dietary addition of EEMS at 400 mg/kg improves the performance of pigs at growing phase and contributes to an increase in circulating phenolic compounds, improving the lipid stability and the antioxidant potential of the serum.
Psychiatric comorbidities in adult survivors of major trauma: findings from the Midland Trauma Registry
Authors: Spijker E. E. , Jones K. , Duijff J. W. , Smith A. , Christey G. R.
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Information for primary care providers about the outcomes of adult survivors of major medical trauma in the first year of recovery is not widely available. In particular, risks of impairment across multiple domains of functioning are poorly understood. AIM To determine the extent to which adults’ experience impaired health-related quality of life (QoL), symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, chronic pain and harmful alcohol use during the year following major trauma, and to identify factors associated with outcomes. METHODS Adults (aged ≥16 years) admitted to Waikato Hospital following major trauma sustained in Waikato District between 1 June 2010 and 1 July 2011 were sent a questionnaire in their first year of recovery. They were asked about their QoL, mental health, experiences of pain, post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and use of alcohol. RESULTS Sixty-five questionnaires were completed (40% response rate). In the year following major trauma, trauma survivors met criteria for post-traumatic stress disorder (45%), harmful alcohol use (26%), moderate to severe chronic pain (23%) and depression (18%). Reports of poor health-related QoL were common, ranging from self-care difficulties (31%) to pain and discomfort (72%). Younger age, previous psychiatric illness, substance use, intensive care unit admission and length of hospitalisation were associated with symptoms. Thirty-seven adults (57%) reported symptoms in at least two domains. DISCUSSION A significant proportion of adults experience adverse psychosocial outcomes in the first year following major trauma. Screening and management of potentially comorbid psychosocial needs could improve care and outcomes for survivors.
Clinical management of idiopathic mastalgia: a systematic review
Authors: Hafiz Shazia P. , Barnes Nicola L. P. , Kirwan Cliona C.
Published: December 2018

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONIdiopathic mastalgia (benign breast pain of unknown origin) is often poorly managed because of its subjective nature and unclear aetiology. Mastalgia is a reason for up to 50% of breast outpatient referrals. Existing systematic reviews discuss dated treatment options that provide limited symptomatic relief. METHODSA systematic review was conducted for aetiology and treatment of idiopathic mastalgia in accordance with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidance. Databases such as PubMed, MEDLINE, Cochrane Database and the Clinical Trial Registry were searched (February 2016). RESULTSReassurance plus bra-fitting advice provides relief for most women. If symptoms persist, addition of topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) provides relief in 70–92% of women. There is some benefit in reducing dietary coffee and fat intake. Medical treatments have serious side-effects (often androgenic or menopausal) and should be considered only in cases resistant to simpler measures. Dopamine agonists are useful, but less effective than endocrine treatments such as Danazol or Tamoxifen. Of the Selective Oestrogen Receptor Modulator drugs, Ormeloxifene appears most effective, but is not licenced in the United Kingdom. Relaxation therapy, acupuncture and kinesiology may be useful but currently lack good evidence of effectiveness. DISCUSSIONFirst-line management of breast pain should be explanation, reassurance and a bra-fitting advice. Subsequent drug therapy should be balanced against its side-effects; topical NSAIDs and Ormeloxifene show greatest benefit with least side-effects. Newer agents (Ormeloxifene) currently being used for mastalgia in India could be considered in the developed world.
Assessment of genetic structure among Australian east coast populations of snapper Chrysophrys auratus (Sparidae)
Authors: Morgan Jess A. T. , Sumpton Wayne D. , Jones Andrew T. , Campbell Alexander B. , Stewart John , Hamer Paul , Ovenden Jennifer R.
Published: December 2018

Snapper Chrysophrys auratus is a high-value food fish in Australia targeted by both commercial and recreational fisheries. Along the east coast of Australia, fisheries are managed under four state jurisdictions (Queensland, Qld; New South Wales, NSW; Victoria, Vic.; and Tasmania, Tas.), each applying different regulations, although it is thought that the fisheries target the same biological stock. An allozyme-based study in the mid-1990s identified a weak genetic disjunction north of Sydney (NSW) questioning the single-stock hypothesis. This study, focused on east-coast C. auratus, used nine microsatellite markers to assess the validity of the allozyme break and investigated whether genetic structure exists further south. Nine locations were sampled spanning four states and over 2000km, including sites north and south of the proposed allozyme disjunction. Analyses confirmed the presence of two distinct biological stocks along the east coast, with a region of genetic overlap around Eden in southern NSW, ~400km south of the allozyme disjunction. The findings indicate that C. auratus off Vic. and Tas. are distinct from those in Qld and NSW. For the purpose of stock assessment and management, the results indicate that Qld and NSW fisheries are targeting a single biological stock.A
Single degree of freedom everting ring linkages with nonorientable topology
Authors: Schönke Johannes , Fried Eliot
Published: December 2018

Significance

Linkages are the basic functional elements of any machine. Known established linkages with a single degree of freedom, which facilitates control, have so far consisted of six or fewer links. We introduce “Möbius kaleidocycles,” a class of single-degree of freedom ring linkages containing nontrivial linkages having less mobility than expected. Möbius kaleidocycles consist of arbitrarily many (but at least seven) identical hinge-joined links and may serve as building blocks in deployable structures, robotics, or chemistry. These linkages are chiral and have a nonorientable topology equivalent to

3
π

-twist Möbius bands. Other than technological promise, Möbius kaleidocycles pose a myriad of intriguing questions in mechanical engineering, physics, and various areas of mathematics, especially topology.
Wikipedia as a translation zone
Authors: Jones Henry
Published: December 2018

Recent research has highlighted the emergence and proliferation of online communities of volunteer translators whose intensely collaborative activities are largely facilitated by the participatory and interactive nature of new networked communication technologies. Much of the discussion regarding these forms of web-based translation has tended to focus on what brings individuals together to give up their time, skills and effort when co-operating within such prosumer-led projects. By contrast, this paper presents a case study focused on the construction of the English Wikipedia article about Tokyo in order to argue that it is important for translation scholars to additionally take into account the difficult processes of fierce conflict and debate which often characterise interactions within such communities. It does so by means of the spatial mode of analysis encouraged by Foucault’s writings on ‘heterotopia’, demonstrating how this conceptual method can be applied to explain and explore the multifaceted negotiations that occur in this environment.
Effects of different complexing agents on the physical properties of ZnO nanoparticles
Authors: Bezerra J. B. , Matos R. S. , Zucolotto B. , Pedra P. P. , Ferreira N. S.
Published: December 2018

ZnO nanoparticles have been synthesised via a co-precipitation method using different complexing agents. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that ZnO nanoparticles were composed of a single hexagonal wurtzite phase. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis indicates that the samples prepared without any complexing agent have slight agglomeration characteristics presenting a prismatic morphology and a wider size distribution from 22 to 72 nm, which provides good material packing density. However, samples synthesised using urea and glycine are similar and show spherical-like morphology. XRD and TEM analyses indicate that complexing agents also have an important role in the size of the ZnO nanoparticles, where the average particle size of 47 and 22 nm were obtained using urea and glycine, respectively.
Fake drugs: health, wealth and regulation in Nigeria
Authors: Klantschnig Gernot , Huang Chieh
Published: December 2018

In recent years, international organisations have warned of the lethal trade in fake drugs particularly in Africa. This article assesses how and why fake pharmaceuticals have become a problem in Nigeria and how successful the state has been at regulating it, based on archival, official and interview data. While the article shows that the early roots of this trade can be found in colonial times, its expansion and growing policy concern were driven by crises in the Nigerian pharmaceutical industry and the healthcare system in the 1980s. In contrast to dominant explanations, the authors argue that the rise of fake drugs in Nigeria was closely linked to these national crises and related global trends towards market liberalisation and the commodification of health. In this unfavourable context, policies to regulate fake drugs remained limited as they only addressed the symptoms of a more fundamental political and economic problem: the shift from public health towards private wealth and profit-making.
Ginkgetin exerts anti-inflammatory effects on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury in a rat model via the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway
Authors: Li Qin , Ye Tao , Long Ting , Peng Xuemei
Published: December 2018

Ginkgo biloba, a natural biflavonoid isolated from Ginkgo biloba leaves, is reported to have strong anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential anti-inflammatory mechanisms of ginkgo flavonoids on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Inflammatory-associated cytokines in cerebral ischemic hemispheres were determined by immunohistochemical staining, Western blot and enzyme-like immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Our results indicated that treatment with Ginkgetin significantly restored rat brain I/R-induced neurological deficit scores. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in Ginkgetin treatment group (100 mg/kg) also significantly reduced. The expression inflammation-related protein prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) was also decreased in Ginkgetin treatment group. However, the expression of interleukin-10 (IL-10) was remarkably increased. Thus, this study demonstrates that Ginkgetin protects neurons from I/R-induced rat injury by down-regulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and blocking the TLR4/NF-κB pathway.
Comparison of the standards for absorbed dose to water of the METAS, Switzerland and the BIPM in accelerator photon beams (BIPM.RI(I)-K6)
Authors: Kessler C , Burns D T , Roger P , Kottler C , Vörös S , Peier P
Published: December 2018

A key comparison has been carried out of the absorbed dose to water standards of the Federal Institute of Metrology (METAS), Switzerland, and the BIPM in accelerator photon beams. The results show the standards to be in agreement within the standard uncertainty of the comparison of 6.6 parts in 103. The results are analysed and presented in terms of degrees of equivalence, suitable for entry in the BIPM key comparison database.

KEY WORDS FOR SEARCH

Ionizing radiation, dosimetry, key comparison, absorbed dose to water

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCRI, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Hecke modules based on involutions in extended Weyl groups
Authors: Lusztig G.
Published: December 2018

Let

X
X

be the group of weights of a maximal torus of a simply connected semisimple group over

C

\mathbf {C}

and let

W
W

be the Weyl group. The semidirect product

W
(
(

Q

⊗
X
)

/

X
)

W((\mathbf {Q}\otimes X)/X)

is called an extended Weyl group. There is a natural

C

(
v
)

\mathbf {C}(v)

-algebra

H

\mathbf {H}

called the extended Hecke algebra with basis indexed by the extended Weyl group which contains the usual Hecke algebra as a subalgebra. We construct an

H

\mathbf {H}

-module with basis indexed by the involutions in the extended Weyl group. This generalizes a construction of the author and Vogan.
An infinite compact Hausdorff group has uncountably many conjugacy classes
Authors: Jaikin-Zapirain Andrei , Nikolov Nikolay
Published: December 2018

We show that an infinite compact Hausdorff group has uncountably many conjugacy classes.
Travel agent and tour guide perceptions on travel health promotion in Bali
Authors: Wirawan I M A , Wirawan D N , Kurniasari N M D , Merati K T P
Published: December 2018

The increasing number of travelers to Bali has been accompanied by the increased risks of travel-related health problems. Travel agents and tour guides are in a key position to inform travelers about these matters; nonetheless, little evidence was found on their role in the promotion of travel health. This article aims to assess travel agent and tour guide perceptions on their possible involvement in promoting travel health measures in Bali. A cross-sectional study was conducted between July and October 2015, involving 500 respondents (250 travel agents and 250 tour guides), who were chosen systematically from the Bali-based members of the Association of the Indonesian Tours and Travel Agencies. Data were collected using questionnaires, and perception indicators were developed using concepts from social learning theory and health belief model. Both groups have good levels of knowledge of general travel health issues, with mean percentages (SD) of 67.1 (11.9) and 66.2 (10.0) for travel agents and tour guides, respectively. Tour guides were more likely than travel agents to deliver information on health risks [PR (95%CI) = 1.31 (1.10–1.56); p = 0.003]; and on safety hazards during travel [PR (95%CI) = 1.22 (1.01–1.46), p = 0.04]. Overall, the majority of respondents (>68%) have positive and very positive perceptions of possible involvement in travel health and safety programs, although tour guides have statistically better perceptions (z = −2.2, p = 0.03). Based on perception levels, previous experiences and levels of knowledge, travel agents and tour guides have great potential to be involved in travel health promotion programs in Bali.
Is the availability of open public spaces associated with leisure-time physical activity in Brazilian adults?
Authors: Manta Sofia Wolker , Del Duca Giovani Firpo , da Silva Kelly Samara , Rech Cassiano Ricardo , Gomes Roselaine da Silva , Maximiano Guilherme Pereira , Malta Débora Carvalho
Published: December 2018

This study aims to analyse the association between perceived presence of public spaces near residences and practice of physical activity during leisure time by adults in the state capitals of Brazil, based on sociodemographic characteristics. Participants were individuals aged ≥18 years living in the 27 state capitals of Brazil (n = 52 929, 53.9% female) who responded to a national survey called VIGITEL in 2013. Physical activity during leisure time (≥1 time/week), perception of space, population and sociodemographic variables (sex, age, years of study and geographic region) were self-reported. The adjusted binary logistic regression analysis was used. Among adults, the prevalence of physical activity during leisure was 45.1% (95% CI [44.2; 46.0]), and 71.1% (95% CI [70.2, 71.8]) perceived public space near their residence. A direct association between perceiving public space and physical activity ([OR] = 1.43; 95% CI [1.32; 1.55]) was observed. No significant difference was observed in the population groups (men and women, younger and older adults, and those with more and fewer years of study). Thus, even with the possible regional differences in Brazilian state capitals, the presence of public spaces increases the practice of physical activity during leisure time, independent of sociodemographic variables.
‘Singing has empowered, enchanted and enthralled me’-choirs for wellbeing?
Authors: Batt-Rawden Kari , Andersen Sarah
Published: December 2018

Singing in groups is a global phenomenon and there is a growing body of evidence that singing can affect health and wellbeing. This is the first gender-based study to explore how women’s perceptions of their own health and wellbeing can be affected by singing in a choir; and also how choral singing may have an impact on social inclusion. Qualitative data was collected from nine choirs in two regions of Norway. The sample consisted of 19 (n = 19) women aged 21–75 (mean age, 51.3.) who had sung in choirs from 6 months to 20 years (mean, 6.2 years). The sample population included those who identified as ‘healthy’ and those experiencing health issues such as cancer, depression, anxiety or fatigue. Two focus groups and 16 semi-structured interviews were carried out and the data were analyzed using grounded theory. Findings were that choral singing can affect women’s perceptions of their wellbeing in four distinct ways: (i) through the joy of singing, (ii) experiencing singing as essential for survival, (iii) group singing as a route to social connection, which enhanced a sense of identity and of belonging, and thereby increased self-confidence and self-esteem and (iv) through promoting social inclusion. In the context of these findings, choral singing can be understood as a ‘salutogenic’ activity, that is, one that supports health and wellbeing. This has implications for self-care practice, social prescribing programs and public health policy.
Molecular signatures of X chromosome inactivation and associations with clinical outcomes in epithelial ovarian cancer
Authors: Winham Stacey J , Larson Nicholas B , Armasu Sebastian M , Fogarty Zachary C , Larson Melissa C , McCauley Brian M , Wang Chen , Lawrenson Kate , Gayther Simon , Cunningham Julie M , Fridley Brooke L , Goode Ellen L
Published: December 2018

X chromosome inactivation (XCI) is a key epigenetic gene expression regulatory process, which may play a role in women’s cancer. In particular tissues, some genes are known to escape XCI, yet patterns of XCI in ovarian cancer (OC) and their clinical associations are largely unknown. To examine XCI in OC, we integrated germline genotype with tumor copy number, gene expression and DNA methylation information from 99 OC patients. Approximately 10% of genes showed different XCI status (either escaping or being subject to XCI) compared with the studies of other tissues. Many of these genes are known oncogenes or tumor suppressors (e.g. DDX3X, TRAPPC2 and TCEANC). We also observed strong association between cis promoter DNA methylation and allele-specific expression imbalance (P = 2.0 × 10−10). Cluster analyses of the integrated data identified two molecular subgroups of OC patients representing those with regulated (N = 47) and dysregulated (N = 52) XCI. This XCI cluster membership was associated with expression of X inactive specific transcript (P = 0.002), a known driver of XCI, as well as age, grade, stage, tumor histology and extent of rl disease following surgical debulking. Patients with dysregulated XCI (N = 52) had shorter time to recurrence (HR = 2.34, P = 0.001) and overall survival time (HR = 1.87, P = 0.02) than those with regulated XCI, although results were attenuated after covariate adjustment. Similar findings were observed when restricted to high-grade serous tumors. We found evidence of a unique OC XCI profile, suggesting that XCI may play an important role in OC biology. Additional studies to examine somatic changes with paired tumor-normal tissue are needed.
A data-limited approach for estimating fishing mortality rates and exploitation status of diverse target and non-target fish species impacted by mixed multispecies fisheries
Authors: Walker Nicola D , García-Carreras Bernardo , Le Quesne Will J F , Maxwell David L , Jennings Simon
Published: December 2018

Most towed-gear bottom-trawl fisheries catch several target and myriad non-target species with the same gears at the same time. Differences in species’ exposure and sensitivity to fishing mortality lead to diverse outcomes in terms of population status. We develop and apply a data-limited approach for estimating fishing mortality rates and exploitation status of all species impacted by a mixed fishery. The approach requires (i) estimates of fishing mortality F by species based on area swept by towed gears, gear efficiency, and modelled species’ distributions and (ii) estimation of spawning potential ratio (SPR), by species, from cross-species relationships between maximum body size and other life history parameters. Application in the North Sea reveals per cent SPR (%SPR) (reproductive output per recruit at estimated F/reproductive output at F=0) by species ranges from 2.4 to 99.3. For 10% of species, including 57% of elasmobranchs, %SPR < 20 (a limit reference point), while for 17% of species 20 < %SPR < 40, and for 72% %SPR > 40 (implying relatively high and sustainable yield and low risk of population collapse). Applications of the approach include community-wide stock status assessment, state of environment reporting, risk assessment, and evaluating effects of changes in fishing distribution and intensity.
Animal Welfare Standards and International Collaborations
Authors: Bayne Kathryn , Turner Patricia V
Published: December 2018

Globalization of the biomedical research enterprise is occurring at an accelerating pace. Increasingly, scientific collaborations and contracts cross national borders. Assurance that the caliber of animal research and animal welfare are consistent among countries and that such animal use is done in a humane and conscientious manner is of significant concern to the scientific community, the general public, and other stakeholders. Bridging these international collaborations is a clear scientific imperative for statistical validity of the data and reproducibility of results to ensure the animal use is both meaningful and impactful. One way to mitigate the potential confounding effects that the welfare of the animals may have on the research data is to harmonize animal care and use practices and procedures worldwide. By harmonizing the care and use of animals, using high standards that are internationally accepted, research animal welfare and high-quality science will be achieved.
Spillover Effects of Mass Layoffs
Authors: Gathmann Christina , Helm Ines , Schönberg Uta
Published: December 2018

Using administrative data on firms and workers in Germany, we quantify the spillover effects of mass layoffs. Our empirical strategy combines matching with an event study approach to trace employment and wages in regions hit by a mass layoff relative to suitable control regions. We find sizable and persistent negative spillover effects on the regional economy: regions, and especially firms producing in the same broad industry as the layoff plant, lose many more jobs than in the initial layoff. In contrast, negative employment effects on workers employed in the region at the time of the mass layoff are considerably smaller. Strikingly, workers younger than 50 suffer no employment losses, as geographic mobility fully shields them from the decline in local employment opportunities.
The Emmet’s Inch: Small History in a Digital Age
Authors: Laite Julia
Published: December 2018

Digitization has usually been considered a facilitator of what has been called “big” history. While digital history projects increasingly make good and sensitive use of individual and granular records and use them to bring human complexity into a larger analysis, the digitization of published material and archives have mostly been discussed by historians in aggregate: they are valued chiefly for their ability to give us “big data” about phenomena in the past. Yet for those interested in questions and methodologies of microhistory, biographical history, history from below, and other kinds of what we might call “small” history, the digitization of archives and individual records is an equally transformative development. This article will examine the way that digitization has changed how historians discover, concatenate, and communicate small stories in their narratives and arguments. I will consider the practice and the ethics of telling and digitizing individual histories, and I will suggest some different ways of dealing with the new boundaries—and boundlessness—that the “mass digitized turn” throws up, particularly for historians working in the period after 1800. Finally, amidst an increased emphasis on digitization and big data in the field of history, I want to assert the continuing power of all kinds of small histories to explain the past and to connect it to our present, and ourselves.