bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Getting the most out of multidisciplinary teams: A multi‐sample study of team innovation in health care
Authors: Fay Doris , Borrill Carol , Amir Ziv , Haward Robert , West Michael A.
Published: September 2006

Driven by the assumption that multidisciplinarity contributes positively to team outcomes teams are often deliberately staffed such that they comprise multiple disciplines. However, the diversity literature suggests that multidisciplinarity may not always benefit a team. This study departs from the notion of a linear, positive effect of multidisciplinarity and tests its contingency on the quality of team processes. It was assumed that multidisciplinarity only contributes to team outcomes if the quality of team processes is high. This hypothesis was tested in two independent samples of health care workers (N = 66 and N = 95 teams), using team innovation as the outcome variable. Results support the hypothesis for the quality of innovation, rather than the number of innovations introduced by the teams.
The effects of service climate and the effective leadership behaviour of supervisors on frontline employee service quality: A multi‐level analysis
Authors: Hui C. Harry , Chiu Warren C. K. , Yu Philip L. H. , Cheng Kevin , Tse Herman H. M.
Published: September 2006

A supervisor's behaviour may not be the only factor that determines the performance of team members (Kerr & Jermier, 1978). Taking this postulation as a basis, we formulated a model to describe how service climate moderates the effects of the leadership behaviour of supervisors. When the organization and working environment are not conducive to providing a good service to colleagues and customers, the supervisor's leadership behaviour makes an important difference. However, when the service climate is good, a supervisor's leadership behaviour makes no substantial difference. This hypothesis was supported in an examination of the service quality of 511 frontline service providers as sampled from 55 work groups in 6 service organizations. The employee service quality was low when both the service climate and the supervisor's leadership behaviour were lacking. However, when the service climate was unfavourable, effective leadership behaviour played a compensatory role in maintaining performance standards towards external customers. When the leadership was ineffective, a favourable service climate nullified the negative effect on service quality to internal customers.
Personality and training proficiency: Issues of bandwidth‐fidelity and curvilinearity
Authors: Vasilopoulos Nicholas L. , Cucina Jeffrey M. , Hunter Arwen E.
Published: September 2006

This study investigated linear and curvilinear relationships between performance at a US law enforcement training academy and both facet and factor personality scales linking to conscientiousness (i.e. dependability and achievement) and emotional stability (i.e. stress resistance and frustration tolerance). For both conscientiousness and emotional stability, the use of separate facet scales provided the best prediction of training grades when linear and quadratic effects were considered. In all cases, the curvilinear relationships indicated that differences in scores at the low end of the distribution were more predictive of training grades than were differences in scores at the high end of the distribution. Results are discussed in terms of the value of using facet scales to predict performance and the importance of considering curvilinear relationships between personality and specific criteria, such as training grades.
Attitudinal commitment: A three‐dimensional construct
Authors: Jaussi Kimberly S.
Published: September 2006

This study argues that underlying the breadth of research on attitudinal organizational commitment are three dimensions: positive affect for the organization, identification with the organization and a willingness to exert effort on behalf of the organization. Results of confirmatory factor analyses using three different samples support a three‐dimensional model as a superior fit to the data when compared with one‐ or two‐dimensional models of attitudinal commitment.
A circular and dynamic model of the process of job design
Authors: Clegg Chris , Spencer Caroline
Published: September 2006

We present a model of the process of job design that attempts to develop theory in five ways. First, critical variables in the model include performance, perceived competence, trust, knowledge and self‐efficacy. Second, job design is proposed to be a dynamic and circular process, with the variables acting as both predictors and outcomes. Third, the process is seen, at least in part, as a social one, involving job‐holders, supervisors and peers. Fourth, we identify some of the contingencies affecting the model. Finally, we specify the causal ordering of events and speculate on the nature of the time lags involved in the process. We make a number of model‐based predictions and consider the implications of the model for theory, research and practice.
Perceived similarity and complementarity as predictors of subjective person‐organization fit
Authors: Piasentin Kelly A. , Chapman Derek S.
Published: September 2006

We examined whether subjective person‐organization (P‐O) fit arises from perceptions of similarity, complementarity or some combination of both. Data were collected from 209 employees of various occupational and organizational backgrounds. Results indicated that individuals distinguish between fit that occurs through similarity and complementarity, and that both explain unique variance in subjective P‐O fit. Subjective fit was associated with higher levels of job satisfaction and organizational commitment, and reduced turnover intentions. Furthermore, the results suggest that subjective fit mediates the relationship between perceived similarity/complementarity and work attitudes.
The effects of adapting a writing course to students' writing strategies
Authors: Kieft Marleen. , Rijlaarsdam Gert. , Galbraith David. , van den Bergh Huub.
Published: September 2006

Background. When writing a text, students are required to do several things simultaneously. They have to plan, translate and review, which involve demanding cognitive processes. In order to handle this complexity, writers need to develop a writing strategy. The two most well‐defined writing strategies that have been identified, are those of a planning strategy and a revising strategy.

Aims. To establish whether students will be more competent in managing the complexity of writing when writing instruction is adapted to their habitual writing strategy, thus resulting in better texts.

Sample. 113 high school students (10th grade).

Method. Students were randomly assigned to either the planning or the revising condition. To identify writing strategies, students completed a questionnaire concerning their planning and revising tendencies. To measure the level of writing skill, students' texts written during pre‐test and post‐test were analysed.

Results. The effect of instruction based on a planning strategy interacted with the level of planning or revising strategy: the greater the use of such a strategy, the larger the effect on writing skill. In contrast, the effect of instruction based on a revising writing strategy did not interact with the level of planning or revising strategy. Results imply that students with strong tendencies to plan or revise profited from writing instruction based on a planning strategy, while students with a low tendency to plan or revise profited more from instruction based on a revising strategy.

Conclusion. Adapting writing instruction to students' level of writing strategy, is an effective approach for learning to write.
Determinants of job mobility: A theoretical integration and extension
Authors: Ng Thomas W. H. , Sorensen Kelly L. , Eby Lillian T. , Feldman Daniel C.
Published: September 2006

The goals of this paper are to conceptually integrate and extend the diverse literature on job mobility. We introduce a multi‐level theoretical framework that describes how individuals' job mobility unfolds. Three theoretical perspectives inform this framework. Thestructuralperspective suggests that macro‐level factors (e.g. economic conditions and industry differences) determine the opportunity structure of job mobility in the labour market. Theindividual differenceperspective suggests that dispositional attributes affect a person's preferences for and subsequent behaviours associated with job mobility. Thedecisionalperspective, grounded in the theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen, 1991), suggests that decisions to engage in job mobility are based on the evaluation of three factors: subjective norms, the desirability of the mobility option and individuals' readiness for change. The article concludes with a discussion of the multi‐level nature of determinants of job mobility and directions for future research.
Job satisfaction as mediator: An assessment of job satisfaction's position within the nomological network
Authors: Crede Marcus , Chernyshenko Oleksandr S. , Stark Stephen , Dalal Reeshad S. , Bashshur Michael
Published: September 2006

Job satisfaction's position within the nomological network and the mechanism outlined by theories of social exchange suggest that job satisfaction functions as a mediator of the relationship between various antecedent variables and volitional workplace behaviours. We extend social exchange theory to include perceptions of the total job situation and develop a model that positions job satisfaction as a mediator of the relationships between various internal and external antecedent variables, and three volitional workplace behaviours: citizenship behaviours, counterproductive workplace behaviours, and job withdrawal. The fit of a fully mediated model is good and all four classes of antecedents (dispositions, workplace events, job characteristics, job opportunities) contributed uniquely to the prediction of satisfaction. Job satisfaction is also shown to mediate most antecedent‐consequence relationships, although two important exceptions are evident. A direct link from pro‐social disposition to OCBs, and a direct link and one from anti‐social disposition to counterproductivity, suggest that job satisfaction does not fully moderate the relationships between dispositions and contextual behaviours.
An assessment for attitudes consistent with sexual offending for use with offenders with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Lindsay William R. , Whitefield Elaine , Carson Derek
Published: September 2006

Background. Over the past 10 years, the focus of assessment and treatment for sex offenders has changed from the assessment of skills and deviant sexual preferences to the assessment and treatment of cognitions that might be considered to encourage or justify inappropriate sexual behaviour. There have been a few assessment measures of deviant sexual cognitions developed for adults in mainstream sex offender populations but none in less able populations. The present study describes an assessment questionnaire consisting of 7 scales for cognitions associated with rape, voyeurism, exhibitionism, dating abuse, stalking, homosexual assault and offences against children, designed to be used by sex offenders with intellectual disabilities.

Method. Four groups of subjects were employed in this study – sex offenders, non‐sexual offenders, non‐offenders all with mild intellectual disabilities or borderline intelligence and a further group of normal men. All subjects completed the questionnaire and 86 subjects provided reliability data.

Results. Each item was subjected to 3 tests of reliability. Retained items were required to achieve an item‐to‐total correlation of at least 0.4. Of the 7 scales, 5 achieved an internal consistency coefficient of 0.8 or greater. All scales successfully discriminated between groups even when the normal controls were eliminated because their scores were so low.

Conclusions. It is possible to develop scales to assess cognitions related to types of offences which discriminate between sex offenders and other groups with intellectual disabilities. The final scales have robust statistical properties and can be used for clinical and research purposes. Some caution was noted in the use of attitudinal assessments for sex offenders.
Does executive functioning predict improvement in offenders' behaviour following enhanced thinking skills training? An exploratory study with implications for rehabilitation
Authors: Mullin Stephen , Simpson Jane
Published: September 2006

Purpose. This study focused upon whether outcome following Enhanced Thinking Skills (ETS) groups for incarcerated offenders could be predicted by the offenders' pre‐training levels of executive function. It also addressed whether this predictive function was above and beyond that predicted by intelligence, demographic information, conviction history, emotional distress and social compliance.

Methods. Offenders due to undergo ETS were assessed using a battery of neuropsychological measures of executive functioning and other psychometric instruments. Change in behaviour following ETS was assessed using the Behaviour Rating Scale (BRS). The results of this assessment were entered into regression analyses, with the post‐ETS changes in the positive and negative scales of the BRS as the independent variables in 2 separate analyses.

Results. Aspects of executive functioning related to attentional set shifting ability were found to be highly predictive of outcome, with those with relatively weaker executive functioning showing the most improvement. Participant age and number of previous convictions were found to be predictive of reductions in negative behaviour but not of improvements in positive behaviour, with older participants and those with more previous convictions showing the greatest degree of improvement.

Conclusions. ETS can be of particular benefit to those offenders with relatively poor executive functioning.
The experiences of a young Gypsy‐Traveller in the transition from custody to community: An interpretative phenomenological analysis
Authors: Meek Rosie
Published: September 2006

Purpose. This paper presents a case study of a young male Gypsy‐Traveller from the south‐west of England. The study explores the participant's experiences of serving a sentence in a Young Offender Institute, and of the transition from custody back into the community.

Methods. The study is idiographic and grounded in the detailed case study of a 20‐year‐old Gypsy‐Traveller. An initial semi‐structured interview was conducted while the participant was serving a 2‐year custodial sentence and subsequent contact was made after release from prison. Transcripts were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis.

Results. The case study reveals that issues of culture and identity are of particular relevance when seeking to understand the experience of a young Gypsy‐Traveller serving a custodial sentence. This is partially demonstrated with the tension between perceived autonomy and the role of social factors. These themes are also of importance in exploring desistance from crime after release from prison. Issues surrounding negative attitudes from within the community, the police and the prison are also explored, with findings discussed in the context of prison, policing and probation practice with young Gypsy‐Travellers.

Conclusions. The study suggests that practical and social psychological issues need to be taken into account when considering the particular needs of young Gypsy‐Travellers in custody and after release from prison. Given that young Gypsy‐Traveller men are overrepresented in the criminal justice system, attention to these issues is especially relevant for those who work in the prison and probation services, with important implications for rehabilitation.
Assessing crossover in a sample of sexual offenders with multiple victims
Authors: Cann Jenny , Friendship Caroline , Gozna Lynsey
Published: September 2006

Purpose. This study examined the proportion of sexual offenders in England and Wales who exhibited ‘crossover’ in their choice of victim, as defined by age, gender and relationship to the offender. It subsequently aimed to identify criminal and demographic variables predictive of crossover.

Method. The sample comprised 1,345 adult male sexual offenders. All had offended against multiple victims and had been discharged from custody in England and Wales between 1992 and 1996. Offence summaries within police records were used to collect victim details for each sexual conviction for each offender, and criminal conviction histories were obtained from the Offenders Index for the sample.

Results. A quarter of the sample (24.5%, n = 330) demonstrated crossover behaviour in regard to at least one of the victim dimensions examined (i.e. age, gender or relationship). Using the risk predictor Static‐99, these offenders were found to be significantly riskier than those who did not display crossover behaviour. Multinomial regression failed to identify reliable variables predictive of crossover.

Conclusions. The findings from this study are likely to represent an underestimate of the prevalence of crossover within sexual offenders in England and Wales. Reasons for this are discussed, and the implications of crossover for offender risk assessment, treatment, community supervision and policing practices are explored.
Believed cues to deception: Judgments in self‐generated trivial and serious situations
Authors: Taylor Rachel , Hick Rachel F.
Published: September 2006

Purpose. To investigate the beliefs that people hold about the cues to deception in serious and trivial lies.

Method. A questionnaire study considered the beliefs which people have about the cues to deception in themselves and other people in both trivial and serious lies. Participants were asked to consider how likely it was that a number of verbal and non‐verbal behaviours would give themselves or someone else away during deception. Half the participants considered cues to deception in themselves and the remainder considered cues in other people. All participants were asked to make a judgment on cues to deception in both trivial and serious situations.

Results. It was predicted that making the consequences of the lie both salient and meaningful to participants would make participants less stereotypical in their beliefs. Results partially supported these hypotheses – serious lies were associated with more nervous behaviours than trivial ones and a total of six behaviours were regarded as occurring significantly less often in trivial lies than in truthful situations.

Conclusions. While similar results were found for serious self‐generated lies to those found in previous research using vignettes, there was some suggestion that the use of a more individually salient lying situation did reduce the reliance on stereotyped behaviour. The believed decrease in certain behaviours during trivial lies is a promising result, and these results are discussed with reference to the roles that stereotypes and heuristics play in ineffective lie detection.
How well does the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale for Children, version 2 predict the recall of false details among children with and without intellectual disabilities?
Authors: Miles Katie L. , Powell Martine B. , Gignac Gilles E. , Thomson Donald M.
Published: September 2006

Purpose. This study explored the effectiveness of the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale for Children, version 2 in predicting the tendency of older school‐aged children (with and without intellectual disabilities) to generate errors in an independent suggestibility paradigm.

Method. Sixty‐nine children with an intellectual disability (aged 9–14 years) and 50 mainstream children matched for chronological age participated in a 30‐minute magic show that was staged at their school. Three days later, the children participated in a separate biasing interview that provided seven true and seven false details about the magic show. The following day, the children participated in a second interview where they were required to recall the magic show in their own words and answer a series of cued‐recall questions. Between 1 and 2 weeks later, the children were administered the Gudjonsson Suggestibility Scale‐2 (GSS‐2).

Results. While there was no significant association between performance on the GSS‐2 and the independent suggestibility paradigm for the children with an intellectual disability, the chronological age‐matched children's yield scores predicted their reporting of both false‐new details and false‐interviewer suggestions for the independent event.

Conclusion. When predicting children's recall of false details, the GSS‐2 appears to be more useful with mainstream school‐aged children compared with children who have an intellectual disability.
The psychology of linking crimes: A review of the evidence
Authors: Woodhams Jessica , Hollin Clive R. , Bull Ray
Published: September 2006

Purpose. This paper is concerned with case linkage, a form of behavioural analysis used to identify crimes committed by the same offender, through their behavioural similarity. Whilst widely practised, relatively little has been published on the process of linking crimes. This review aims to draw together diverse published studies by outlining what the process involves, critically examining its underlying psychological assumptions and reviewing the empirical research conducted on its viability.

Methods. Literature searches were completed on the electronic databases, PsychInfo and Criminal Justice Abstracts, to identify theoretical and empirical papers relating to the practice of linking crimes and to behavioural consistency.

Results. The available research gives some support to the assumption of consistency in criminals' behaviour. It also suggests that in comparison with intra‐individual variation in behaviour, inter‐individual variation is sufficient for the offences of one offender to be distinguished from those of other offenders. Thus, the two fundamental assumptions underlying the practice of linking crimes, behavioural consistency and inter‐individual variation, are supported. However, not all behaviours show the same degree of consistency, with behaviours that are less situation‐dependent, and hence more offender‐initiated, showing greater consistency.

Conclusions. The limited research regarding linking offenders' crimes appears promising at both a theoretical and an empirical level. There is a clear need, however, for replication studies and for research with various types of crime.
Information does not affect the validity of a comparison question test
Authors: Honts Charles R. , Alloway Wendy R.
Published: September 2006

Purpose. Detailed information about the comparison question test (CQT) and possible countermeasures are now available on the Internet. This study examined whether the provision of such information would affect the validity of the Test for Espionage and Sabotage, a directed lie variant of the CQT.

Method. Forty participants were divided into four equal groups: guilty, guilty informed, innocent, and innocent informed. During a first appointment, participants either did or did not commit a mock crime: then some were provided with a book containing detailed information on the CQT, including possible countermeasures. After 1 week with the book, all participants were administered a CQT during their second appointment. Following the polygraph, participants responded to a questionnaire that asked them about their behaviour and perceptions during their examination.

Results. There were no significant effects of providing information on the validity of the CQT. However, the reported use of countermeasures was associated with a lower probability of truthfulness. Results of the debriefing questionnaire were found to support predictions made by the theory of the CQT.

Conclusions. Concerns that readily available information will enable guilty individuals to produce false‐negative errors seem unfounded. Moreover, the results actually indicate that the use of countermeasures was associated with a lower probability of truthfulness, which was exactly the opposite outcome predicted by the CQT critics.
Examining the relationship between low empathy and self‐reported offending
Authors: Jolliffe Darrick , Farrington David P.
Published: September 2006

Purpose. This paper reports the results of a study comparing measures of cognitive and affective empathy to self‐reported offending in a group of adolescents.

Methods. Data on self‐reported offending and empathy were collected from 720 UK adolescents (376 males, 344 females) in Year 10 (mean age = 14.8) using anonymous questionnaires administered in a classroom setting. The prevalence of self‐reported offending was found to be consistent with results of a national level study that employed a similar methodology. The empathy scale, which was developed and validated using this sample, assessed levels of cognitive and affective empathy.

Results. Males who had committed any offence had lower empathy (especially affective) than those who had not. Females who had committed any offence did not have low empathy compared to those who had not. Both males and females who had committed violence had lower empathy than males and females who had not. High‐rate male offenders had lower empathy (especially affective) than low‐rate male offenders, and high‐rate female offenders had lower empathy (especially affective) than low‐rate female offenders. For males (but not for females), the relationship between low affective empathy and violence was accounted for by the relationship between low affective empathy and a high rate of offending.

Conclusions. More research comparing the empathy of males and females with their self‐reports of offending is needed, especially in prospective longitudinal studies, so that the time ordering of the effects can be established. Also, more research is needed to investigate whether the relationship between low empathy and self‐reported offending holds independent of other factors previously found to be associated with offending (e.g. low intelligence, low socio‐economic status).
A controlled trial of personal construct psychotherapy for deliberate self‐harm
Authors: Winter David , Sireling Lester , Riley Tony , Metcalfe Christopher , Quaite Ash , Bhandari Suchitra
Published: September 2006

Evidence for the effectiveness of psychological therapies for people who self‐harm is limited. Personal construct theory provides a model of self‐harm and a framework for therapeutic intervention, which was evaluated in the present study. Sixty‐four adults presenting to Accident and Emergency departments following self‐harm were allocated to a personal construct psychotherapy or a ‘normal clinical practice’ condition. They completed various measures at assessment points pre‐ and post‐therapy. Repetition of self‐harm was assessed over a 3‐year period. Participants in the intervention condition showed significantly greater reduction in suicidal ideation, hopelessness and depression post‐treatment than the control group; and significantly more reconstruing at this point and 6‐month follow‐up. There was some evidence suggestive of a lower frequency of repetition of self‐harm in the intervention than in the control group. It is concluded that brief personal construct psychotherapy may be effective for people who self‐harm and merits further exploration.
Therapist attitudes and patient outcomes. III. A latent class analysis of therapists
Authors: Sandell Rolf , Lazar Anna , Grant Johan , Carlsson Jan , Schubert Johan , Broberg Jeanette
Published: September 2006

Background. Previous research has reported large differences in treatment results between individual therapists practising the same type of psychotherapy, but little is as yet known about the factors explaining this variation. In previous studies the authors have found associations with therapeutic attitudes as measured by the TASC 2 scales.

Methods. A sample of 160 therapists were clustered in a non‐parametric latent class (LC) regression modelling of their patients' repeated self‐ratings on the SCL‐90 across stages in psychotherapeutic treatment. This classification was then explored in relation to the therapists' TASC 2 scores.

Results. Five classes were identified differing widely in terms of the patients' outcome trajectories. Membership in these classes was significantly influenced by the therapists' scores on the TASC 2 scales. The adjustment, neutrality and artistry scales of the TASC 2 were found specifically discriminative. A discriminant analysis confirmed the findings in general. Collectively, the TASC 2 scales were able to assign 56% of the therapists to their correct latent class, in comparison with 20% by chance.

Conclusions. Therapists with a psychoanalytic or eclectic orientation are systematically different in terms of the outcomes they tend to contribute to with their patients. This variation is partly accounted for by differences in their therapeutic attitudes.
Befriending patients with medication‐resistant schizophrenia: Can psychotic symptoms predict treatment response?
Authors: Samarasekera N. , Kingdon D. , Siddle R. , O'Carroll M. , Scott J. L. , Sensky T. , Barnes T. R. E. , Turkington D.
Published: September 2006

Objectives. Supportive interventions are used in schizophrenia, but little research has been conducted into whether any baseline variable predicts treatment response. The aim of this study was to establish if baseline delusions or hallucinations are associated with changes in overall symptoms in patients who received a befriending intervention.

Design. The sample consisted of 44 patients with schizophrenia. These patients comprised the befriending arm of a multicentre randomized controlled trial which compared the efficacy of using CBT against befriending as an adjunct to routine care for patients with medication‐resistant schizophrenia.

Methods. Scores for auditory hallucinations and delusions relating to persecution or control were entered into two regression models. The dependent variables were change in overall symptoms (1) between baseline and end of the intervention, and (2) between baseline and 9 months post‐intervention.

Results. Baseline delusions predicted a good response and auditory hallucinations predicted a poor response at 9 months.

Conclusions. Baseline psychotic symptoms strongly predicted outcome in this sample. The finding that hallucinations predicted a poor outcome is consistent with previous research. These results may help to determine which patients would benefit from supportive interventions.
How do experiences of psychiatric care affect the perceived credibility of different forms of psychotherapy?
Authors: Frövenholt Josefin , Bragesjö Maria , Clinton David , Sandell Rolf
Published: September 2006

Background. The study examined the influence of experience with psychiatric treatment on the perceived credibility of psychodynamic (PDT), cognitive (CT) and cognitive‐behavioural psychotherapy (CBT).

Methods. Written descriptions of the three forms of psychotherapy were rated by three groups of subjects with different levels of experience of psychiatric treatment, a random community sample with the normal level of psychiatric treatment (N=121), psychiatric out‐patients with limited previous experience of psychiatric care (N=118), and a group of psychiatric veterans with long experience of psychiatric care (N=48).

Results. Besides a significant main effect of psychotherapy form on credibility, the interaction between psychotherapy form and level of previous experience of psychiatric care was highly significant. When respondents ranked the three forms of psychotherapy, there was an overrepresentation of preferences for CBT (and ‘don't know’ responses) among the general public, whereas the two patient samples were less indecisive and more often preferred PDT and, in particular, CT.

Conclusions. Different forms of psychotherapy appear to have their own market segments, the size of which varies depending on previous experiences of psychological distress and psychiatric treatment.
Ideas of cure as a predictor of premature termination, early alliance and outcome in psychoanalytic psychotherapy
Authors: Philips Björn , Wennberg Peter , Werbart Andrzej
Published: September 2006

Objectives. This study examines how young adult patients' ideas of cure prior to psychoanalytic psychotherapy are associated with premature termination, early alliance and therapy outcome. The hypotheses were that ideas about approaching one's problems would be related to fewer premature terminations, higher early alliance and better outcome, than would ideas about distancing oneself from one's problems.

Design. Young adult patients (N=46) were interviewed prior to therapy regarding their ideas of cure. Outcome measures were administered pre‐ and post‐therapy. Alliance measures were administered early in treatment.

Methods. A typology of the patients based on their ideas of cure was performed using ideal type analysis. Clusters of patients were then rank ordered in accordance to the theoretical dimension ‘approaching‐distancing’. The relation between rank ordered ideas of cure and premature termination was analysed using Mann‐Whitney's U‐test. These ideas' associations with early alliance and therapy outcome were analysed using Spearman's rho.

Results. Patients who terminated therapy prematurely were significantly closer to the ‘distancing’ pole regarding ideas of cure, while the therapy completers were more often found near the ‘approaching’ pole. No associations were found between ideas of cure and early alliance or therapy outcome. In addition, patients with attrition due to failure to participate in interviews and complete interviews were significantly closer to the ‘distancing’ pole than those who had completed their research commitments.

Conclusions. The positive finding regarding premature termination indicates the importance of negotiating ideas of cure as a part of the initial assessment process. Possible explanations for the negative findings are discussed.
Two behavioural indicators of dependency and the Five‐Factor Model of personality
Authors: Rubinstein Gidi
Published: September 2006

Residence with parents and unemployment during studies were chosen as the two behavioural indicators of dependency among 601 undergraduate students. Students completed a demographic questionnaire, Costa and McCrae's (1992) NEO‐FFI and Beck, Davis, and Freeman's (1990) Typical Beliefs of DPD. Unemployed students, living with their parents, were found to be significantly more dependent, neurotic and agreeable and less extraverted, conscientious and open than employed students who did not reside with their parents. Residing with parents during one's studies was the strongest predictor of dependency and neuroticism, followed by unemployment. Unemployed male students, who resided with their parents, were the most dependent, neurotic and agreeable and the least open, extraverted and conscientious group. The relationship between dependency and the Big Five is also discussed.
Normalizing psychotic symptoms
Authors: Garrett Michael , Stone David , Turkington Douglas
Published: September 2006

Individuals in random community samples not diagnosed as mentally ill report a variety of mental states along a continuum from ‘normalcy’ to psychosis. The existence of this continuum suggests that in addition to hallucinations and delusions, other more subtle reflections of psychotic thought processes might occur in ordinary mental life. Five transient disruptions of ordinary mental life which may mirror the cognitive processes underlying psychosis are identified. Thought experiments designed to heighten awareness of each of these states are described. The thought experiments aim at helping clinicians ‘normalize’ psychotic symptoms by locating analogies to psychosis in their own mental life. In addition, a questionnaire was administered to subjects in a random community sample to assess the frequency of the transient disruptions explored in the exercises in the general population. These disruptions appear to be quite common. This would suggest that at least some psychotic symptoms are a pathological expression of psychological processes latent in and widely distributed throughout the general population
Correlates of self‐harm behaviour in acutely ill patients with schizophrenia
Authors: Simms Jane , McCormack Vinny , Anderson Richard , Mulholland Ciaran
Published: September 2006

Objective. This study compared acutely ill patients with schizophrenia with a history of self‐harm (N=17) to those without a history of self‐harm (N=16) on measures of depression, hopelessness, suicidal ideation, and demographic and psychiatric variables. A subgroup of these patients who experience auditory hallucinations, with and without a history of self‐harm, were selected and compared on measures of depression, hopelessness, suicidal ideation and beliefs about voices.

Design. Employing a cross‐sectional design, in‐patients of two local psychiatric hospital, who met DSM‐IV‐TR criteria for schizophrenia and who were in an acute phase of the illness, were selected.

Method. Each patient was assessed using the Beck Depressions Inventory (BDI), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) and the Beck Suicide Scale (BSS). Patients who experienced auditory verbal hallucinations completed the Beliefs About Voices Questionnaire Revised (BAVQ‐R). Patients with a history of self‐harm completed the Beck Suicide Intent Scale (BSI).

Results. Patients with a history of self‐harm (N=17) had significantly greater symptoms of depression, greater suicidal thoughts, increased number of hospital admissions, greater duration of illness and were more likely to be married, compared to patients without a history of self‐harm (N=16). Among the subgroup of patients who experience auditory hallucinations, those with a history of self‐harm (N=9), believed their voice to be more malevolent, had a tendency to resist their voice and experienced significantly greater symptoms of depression and hopelessness compared to those without a history of self‐harm (N=6).

Conclusions. These findings highlight the importance for screening by clinicians during inpatient hospital stays and for monitoring to be ongoing following discharge. For the subgroup of patients who experience auditory hallucinations, future research should seek to explore the relationship between self‐harm and beliefs about voices.
Dynamic Modulus of Asphalt Mixtures for Development of Korean Pavement Design Guide
Authors: Lee K , Kim H , Kim N , Kim Y
Published: September 2006

This paper presents the dynamic modulus of asphalt mixtures with granite aggregate which are highly common in Korea. Dynamic modulus was determined by the simplified master curve using test data covering a large range of temperatures from −10°C to 55°C. Four different asphalt mixtures were evaluated in this paper. Four specimens were chosen to evaluate mixtures with two different aggregates (13 mm, 19 mm) except for two different asphalt binders (PG 58-22, PG 64-16). In addition, the mixture was controlled air void (2, 4, 6%) and asphalt content based on optimum asphalt binder by a Superpave gyratory compactor. It adopts sigmoidal function and compressive dynamic modulus test data obtained at a matrix combination of different frequencies and test temperatures. The experimental dynamic modulus values were compared against modulus values obtained from the predictive equations proposed by NCHRP 1-37A MEPDG.
“Affixoidhungrig? Skitbra!” Comparing affixoids in German and Swedish
Authors: Ascoop Kristin , Leuschner Torsten
Published: September 2006

In this article we offer a comparative survey of word-forming elements in German and Swedish known as “affixoids”. A highly controversial topic in German linguistics, the notion of affixoid does remain useful given the position of the elements in question midway along the cline between compounding and derivation – so useful in fact that we feel it ought to be adopted into Swedish linguistics, where it is as yet unknown. After an overview of the main positions and issues in the debate over affixoids in German, we survey the corresponding elements in Swedish, point out some convergent and divergent tendencies in the two languages, and then compare a few selected affixoids in more detail. We end with some wider issues, focusing mainly on the advantages of the crosslinguistic perspective and on the idea that the relationship of affixoids with their respective “parent morphs” can be described in terms of grammaticalization.
”Some like it hot”: On the semantics of temperature adjectives in Russian and Swedish
Authors: Koptjevskaja-Tamm Maria , Rakhilina Ekaterina V.
Published: September 2006

The paper focuses on the main temperature adjectives in Russian and Swedish, which are analysed and compared to each other on the basis of their combinability with nouns. Each of the two linguistic systems is strongly rooted in human experience of temperature. First, temperature attributes are chosen relatively to several temperature values or parameters, that are important and salient for humans and have only very approximate physical correlates. Second, physical objects differ considerably as to whether their temperature properties are ever registered by humans, or considered as important and worth mentioning, primarily depending on their function in the human life.
Capecitabine: Expanding Options for the Treatment of Patients with Early or Locally Advanced Breast Cancer
Authors: Wardley Andrew
Published: September 2006

Capecitabine has proven efficacy in metastatic breast cancer, extending survival in combination with docetaxel and offering a favorable safety profile, including minimal myelosuppression and alopecia, as a single agent. It is therefore logical that capecitabine could build on the improved out come sachieved with taxanes in early breast cancer. In the neoadjuvant setting, a phase III trial of capecitabine and docetaxel (XT) versus doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (AC) showed that XT was more effective than AC in terms of clinical response rate and pathologic complete response rate, with a manageable safety profile. Other studies, including a phase III trial of capecitabine, epirubicin, and docetaxel, a phase III trial of capecitabine and vinorelbine, and several phase II studies of different regimens with capecitabine, have confirmed the high activity of neoadjuvant capecitabine, with acceptable safety. In the adjuvant setting, a Finnish phase III study (FinXX) of sequential XT followed by cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, and capecitabine versus docetaxel followed by 5-fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide has shown favorable safety with lower doses of both capecitabine and docetaxel in the XT combination. Efficacy results from that trial are eagerly awaited. A large, ongoing trial program is continuing to explore the potential for capecitabine in the treatment of early breast cancer, looking at capecitabine–taxane combinations, capecitabine maintenance therapy, capecitabine for elderly patients, and sequential versus combination therapy, involving >20,000 patients.
HER-2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer: Optimizing Trastuzumab-Based Therapy
Authors: Jackisch Christian
Published: September 2006

Trastuzumab with a taxane as first-line therapy is now the standard of care for patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2)-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC). The search for additional and more effective trastuzumab-based therapies continues. Novel combinations of trastuzumab with chemotherapeutic agents, including vinorelbine, gemcitabine, and capecitabine, and hormonal therapy agents, such as tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors, are currently under investigation in clinical trials. Available data suggest these combinations will provide additional treatment options that may ultimately lead to better outcomes for patients with HER-2-positive MBC. Evidence is growing for the use of trastuzumab treatment beyond disease progression and retreatment after (neo)adjuvant relapse is being explored to assist in clinical decision making. Already, the use of trastuzumab in the metastatic setting has changed HER-2-positive status from a marker of poor prognosis to one of better overall outcome, and ongoing studies should expand further the treatment options for patients with HER-2-positive MBC.
Dynamic modeling of food-chain accumulation of brominated flame retardants in fish from the Ebro River Basin, Spain
Authors: van Beusekom Otto C. , Eljarrat Ethel , Barceló Darnià , Koelmans Albert A.
Published: September 2006

Since the 1980s, brominated flame retardants (BFRs) have been detected in air, sewage sludge, sediment, fish, shellfish, birds, and mammals, including humans. However, model studies regarding BFR food-chain accumulation are scarce. In the present study, the accumulation of hexabromocyclododecane and brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) 47, 153, 154, and 183 in benthivorous barbel (Barbus graellsii) and pelagic bleak (Alburnus alburnus) from four locations in the Ebro river basin in Spain was modeled using a first-order, one-compartment model with sediment interaction. The model accounted for BFR uptake from water, ingested sediment, and food; release via water and feces; growth; and in situ binding of BFRs to black carbon. Rate constants were derived from allometric regressions. For most BFRs, dynamically modeled biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) were close to measured values, whereas steady-state model BSAFs were too high, especially for BDEs 153, 154, and 183. Differences between BSAFs for individual fish were explained by differences in age, growth, and feeding behavior. On average, modeled BSAFs for barbel were 50% higher than those for bleak because of extra BFR uptake through sediment ingestion and older age of barbel specimens.
Evaluation of potential toxicity and bioavailability of chromium in sediments associated with chromite ore processing residue
Authors: Becker D. Scott , Long Edward R. , Proctor Deborah M. , Ginn Thomas C.
Published: September 2006

Recent studies byresearchers at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Geological Survey have evaluated the toxicity of Cr in freshwater and marine sediments, primarily during laboratory studies in which clean sediments were spiked with Cr. Results of those studies showed that Cr is relatively insoluble and nontoxic when present in the trivalent form, Cr(III), rather than in the more soluble and more toxic hexavalent form, Cr(VI). The studies concluded that Cr toxicity should be low in sediments with measurable concentrations of acid-volatile sulfide (AVS), because AVS is formed only in anoxic sediments and Cr(VI) is thermodynamically unstable under such conditions. The present study evaluates the toxicity and bioavailability of Cr in sediments associated with chromite ore processing residue (COPR). Ten stations were sampled in the Hackensack River (NJ, USA) to represent a wide range of total Cr concentrations (199–3,970 mg/kg) with minimal interference from potentially toxic, cooccurring chemicals. Sediment toxicity was evaluated using two amphipod tests: The 10-d Ampelisca abdita test (survival as endpoint), and the 28-d Leptocheirus plumulosus test (survival and biomass as endpoints). Measurable concentrations of AVS were present at eight stations, and nearly all Cr was present as Cr(III). In addition, results of electron-microprobe analyses showed that most Cr was associated with phases in which Cr has limited bioavailability (i.e., chromite and iron oxide). Sediment toxicity showed no correlation with concentrations of total Cr, and the maximum no-effect concentration for total Cr was estimated as 1,310 mg/kg. These results indicate that Cr can be present in sediments associated with COPR at highly elevated concentrations without causing sediment toxicity.