bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fermentation brines from Spanish style green table olives processing: treatment alternatives before recycling or recovery operations
Authors: Ferrer‐Polonio Eva , Iborra‐Clar Alicia , Mendoza‐Roca José A , Pastor‐Alcañiz Laura
Published: September 2014

BACKGROUND

Fermentation brine from Spanish style green table olives processing (FTOP) is characterized by very high conductivity (around 88 mS cm‐1), high values of suspended solids (near 1300 mg L‐1), chemical oxygen demand (around 17 900 mg L‐1) and total phenols (1000 mg L‐1). In this work, fermentation brines have been exhaustively characterized and pH adjustment–sedimentation, coagulation–flocculation–sedimentation and adsorption with activated carbon have been evaluated.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

The pretreatment selection will depend on the final FTOP management. If no polyphenols elimination is required in view of a further recovery, the best pretreatment is pH adjustment to 9 plus sedimentation. The removal efficiencies achieved were 33.1% suspended solids, 82.5% turbidity and only 10.4% of polyphenols. However, if the final FTOP treatment was biological, the best pretreatment is adsorption with powder active carbon, because this pretreatment implies the maximum reduction of phenols in FTOP, which inhibit microorganism activity in the biological process. The maximum total phenols removal efficiency was 96% with 8 g L‐1 of BM8 powder activated carbon (21% soluble COD). © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Stimulated Raman spectroscopy using chirped pulses
Authors: Dunlap Barbara , Richter Peter , McCamant David W.
Published: September 2014

We present a detailed theoretical and experimental characterization of a new methodology for stimulated Raman spectroscopy using two duplicates of a chirped, broadband laser pulse. Because of the linear variation of laser frequency with time (‘chirp’), when the pulses are delayed relative to one another, there exists a narrow bandwidth, instantaneous frequency difference between them, which, when resonant with a Raman‐active vibration in the sample, generates stimulated Raman gain in one pulse and inverse Raman loss in the other. This method has previously been used for coherent Raman imaging and termed ‘spectral focusing’. Here, gain and loss signals are spectrally resolved, and the spectrally integrated signals are used to determine the spectral resolution of the measured Raman spectrum. Material dispersion is used to generate a range of pulse durations, and it is shown that there is only a small change in the magnitude of the signal and the spectral resolution as the pulse is stretched from 800 to 1800 fs in duration. A quantitative theory of the technique is developed, which reproduces both the magnitude and linewidth of the experimental signals when third‐order dispersion and phase‐matching efficiency are included. The theoretical calculations show that both spectral resolution and signal magnitude are severely hampered by the third‐order dispersion in the laser pulse, and hence, a minimal amount of chirp produces the most signal with only a slight loss of spectral resolution. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Origin of the variability of the mechanical properties of silk fibers: 4. Order/crystallinity along silkworm and spider fibers
Authors: Wojcieszak Marine , Percot Aline , Noinville Sylvie , Gouadec Gwénaël , Mauchamp Bernard , Colomban Philippe
Published: September 2014

The poor crystallinity of proteic fibers has fuelled an ongoing debate over their exact organization. We present a full‐range Raman comparison of Nephila madagascariensis spider and Bombyx mori silkworm silks that sheds some new light on that matter. On the one hand, a large variability is observed along the fibers in the −200 to 200 cm−1 spectral window, which is sensitive to the long‐range order signature of polyamide chains. This questions the validity of previous literature data considering silk fiber as a homogeneous material. On the other hand, the ‘amide I’ band is almost independent of the targeted point, which sets a limit to this widely used structure probe. In‐line mapping of the fibers showed that the extension of the ordered zones ranges between 1 and 3 µm. The correlation between the macromechanical behavior (the stress–strain curves) and the nanomechanics (Raman low wavenumber signatures) under controlled tensile strain demonstrates a Prevorsek's type microstructure: the macromolecular chains belong to both ordered and amorphous ‘regions’. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phenyl‐bonded stationary phases—The influence of polar functional groups on retention and selectivity in reversed‐phase liquid chromatography
Authors: Bocian Szymon , Buszewski Bogusław
Published: September 2014

The chromatographic properties of four phenyl‐bonded phases with different structures were studied. The columns used were packed with a stationary phase containing a phenyl ring attached to the silica surface using different types of linkage molecules. As a basic characteristic of the bonded phases, the hydrophobicity and silanol activity (polarity) were investigated. The presence of the polar amino and amide groups in the structure of the bonded ligand strongly influences the polarity of the bonded phase. Columns were compared according to methylene selectivity using a series of benzene homologues and according to their shape and size selectivity using polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The measurements were done using methanol/water and acetonitrile/water mobile phases. The presented results show that the presence of polar functional groups in the ligand structure strongly influences the chromatographic properties of the bonded phase.
Nutrigenomic effects of omega‐3 fatty acids
Authors: Gladine Cécile , Mazur André
Published: September 2014

The health benefits of omega‐3 fatty acids have been recognized for more than 40 years, nevertheless, research gaps still remain regarding their mechanisms of action. This is certainly due to the complexity of action of omega‐3 fatty acids which have pleiotropic effects at the cellular level, and act either directly or indirectly through a large array of oxygenated metabolites. In this context, integrated approaches are essential to get an overview of the complexity of actions on a variety of molecular targets. Nutrigenomics is defined as the study of the genome‐wide influence of nutrition and the subsequent responses in transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics. Recent nutrigenomic studies contributed to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms related to the health benefits of omega‐3 fatty acids. Further studies should now focus on the documented major biological pathways modulated by omega‐3 fatty acids and on the identification of their bioactive metabolites.
Transverse relaxivity of iron oxide nanocrystals clustered in nanoemulsions: Experiment and theory
Authors: Hak Sjoerd , Goa Pål Erik , Stenmark Sebastian , Bjerkholt Frøydis F. , Haraldseth Olav
Published: September 2014

Purpose

To compare experimental transverse relaxivities of iron oxide nanocrystals (IONC) as a function of clustering and magnetic field strength with different theoretical model predictions.

Theory and Methods

Well‐defined IONC clusters in nanoemulsions (NEs) of which both size and IONC loading could be judiciously tuned were developed. Transverse relaxivities were measured as a function of NE size and IONC loading at 20 and 300 MHz and compared with four theoretical model predictions. Polydispersity of the NEs was measured and taken into account in the theoretical calculations.

Results

Experimentally observed relaxivities were in between theoretical predictions from the fast diffusion regime and the static dephasing regimen. NE polydispersity significantly affected the theoretical T2 relaxivity. The effect of both the number of IONCs inside each droplet as well as the radius of the droplet itself was correctly described by a fast diffusion loose aggregate model, while the effect of increased magnetic field was in agreement with a static dephasing model.

Conclusion

The results suggest that both fast diffusion, originating from bulk water, and static dephasing phenomena, perhaps originating from water associated with the NE, play a role in transverse relaxivities of IONC aggregates. The developed aggregate system represents a powerful tool to further study these phenomena. Magn Reson Med 74:858–867, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Maternal body mass index influences umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry in physiologic pregnancies
Authors: Sarno Laura , Maruotti Giuseppe Maria , Saccone Gabriele , Morlando Maddalena , Sirico Angelo , Martinelli Pasquale
Published: September 2014

Objectives

The aim of our study was to assess whether there is a relationship between maternal body mass index (BMI) and umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry in physiologic pregnancies.

Methods

Healthy pregnancy women, referred to our center at or before 32 weeks of gestation, were recruited. According to BMI, they were divided into underweight (BMI < 18.5), normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9), overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9) and obese women (BMI ≥ 30). At 32+0 weeks of gestation, maternal BMI and umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry were recorded. A correlation between pulsatility index of umbilical artery and BMI was assessed by one‐way ANOVA test, multiple comparison test (Bonferroni correction) and polynomial regression.

Results

One hundred eighty‐five women were included. Mean pulsatility index of umbilical artery at 32+0 was significantly higher in obese women (0.95 ± 0.01 vs 0.87 ± 0.01 vs 0.67 ± 0.01; p < 0.05). We found a positive correlation between Pulsatility Index of Umbilical Artery and maternal BMI (r2 = 0.7; p < 0.05).

Conclusion

There is a positive correlation between BMI and pulsatility index of umbilical artery. These findings suggest that obesity has a negative effect on feto‐placetal vessels. If our data will be confirmed, maternal BMI should be considered in evaluation of umbilical Doppler velocimetry. © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chlorination of perforated graphite via interaction with thionylchloride
Authors: Tur V. A. , Okotrub A. V. , Shubin Yu. V. , Senkovskiy B. V. , Bulusheva L. G.
Published: September 2014

A heating of graphite oxide in concentrated sulfuric acid results in partial removal of oxygen and formation of polyatomic vacancy defects in graphene layers. The boundaries of the defects are decorated by oxygen‐containing groups, the number of which can be significantly reduced with the sample annealing in an inert atmosphere. It is shown that initial and annealed perforated graphite (PG) samples interact with gaseous thionylchloride at room temperature. X‐ray photoelectron and near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy find negatively charged chlorine and covalently bonded chlorine in the initial PG and only the latter chlorine form in the annealed PG. According to the reference data and our quantum‐chemical calculations, graphene donates charge to the adsorbed chlorine atoms, while covalent chlorine bonding occurs at vacancy edges.

Two chemical states of chlorine detected by XPS in perforated graphene after exposure to SOCl2.
Discrete charge patterns in a Holstein‐SSH DNA lattice
Authors: Dang Adamou Koko , Tabi Conrad Bertrand , Ekobena Fouda Henri Paul , Kofané Timoleon Crepin
Published: September 2014

DNA nonlinear charge transport is addressed in a combined Holstein–Su–Schrieffer–Heeger (HSSH) model. In the adiabatic approximation the dynamics of the system is shown to be governed by a modified discrete nonlinear Schrödinger (MDNLS) equation, where charge‐lattice coupling parameters are obvious. Attention is paid to the effective coupling parameter,
, between charge and internal molecular vibrations, which importantly influences the stability/instability features of the plane wave, solution to the MDNLS equation. Region of instability are remarkably reduced, therefore predicting that increasing
could progressively quench charge transport. This is confirmed by numerical simulations on the generic HSSH model, where only the charge density is excited and drives the dynamics of the global system. Polarons, as well as longitudinal and transversal nonlinear waves, are obtained and the dependence of charge transport on DNA conformation is discussed. Accordingly, the longtime evolution of the found polarons is studied and we observe a progressive extinction of its temporal evolution as
increases. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Security and trust management in opportunistic networks: a survey
Authors: Wu Yue , Zhao Yimeng , Riguidel Michel , Wang Guanghao , Yi Ping
Published: September 2014

As a new networking paradigm, opportunistic networking communications have great vision in animal migration tracking, mobile social networking, network communications in remote areas and intelligent transportation, and so on. Opportunistic networks are one of the evolutionary mobile ad hoc networks, whose communication links often suffer from frequent disruption and long communication delays. Therefore, many opportunistic forwarding protocols present major security issues, and the design of opportunistic networks faces serious challenges such as how to effectively protect data confidentiality and integrity and how to ensure routing security, privacy, cooperation, and trust management. In this paper, we first systematically describe the security threats and requirements in opportunistic networks; then propose a general security architecture of opportunistic networks; and then make an in‐depth analysis on authentication and access control, secure routing, privacy protection, trust management, and incentive cooperation mechanisms; and at the same time, we present a comparison of various security and trust solutions for opportunistic networks. Finally, we conclude and give future research directions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Structure and Magnetic Properties of a Copper(II) Coordination Polymer with Mixed Azide, Carboxylate and Isoxazolate Bridges
Authors: Zhang Xiu‐Mei , Gao Wei , Ding Dan‐Dan , Liu Jie‐Ping
Published: September 2014

A CuII complex with azide and a bifunctional ligand bearing carboxylate and isoxazolate groups, namely [Cu(L)(N3)]n (1) (L = 4‐isoxazole carboxylate, was synthesized by diffusion methods and characterized by X‐ray crystallography. In compound 1, the CuII chains with alternating double (μ‐azide)(μ‐carboxylate) and the unprecedented triple (μ‐azide)(μ‐carboxylate)(μ‐isoxazolate) bridges are interlinked by the organic spacers into a two‐dimensional framework. Magnetic studies demonstrated that ferromagnetic interactions exist between the neighboring CuII ions through the alternating mixed double and triple bridges.
Brown skin disease: A syndrome of dysecdysis in puerto rican crested toads (Peltophryne lemur)
Authors: Crawshaw Graham , Pienkowski Maria , Lentini Andrew , Dutton Christopher , Delnatte Pauline , Russell Deanna , Berkvens Charlene , Barker Ian , Smith Dale
Published: September 2014

The endangered Puerto Rican crested toad (Peltophryne [Bufo] lemur) has been held and bred in zoos for release into protected areas in Puerto Rico since 1982. In 2004, several cases of a novel syndrome of skin changes in toads were noticed at the Toronto Zoo. A total of 21 toads were found to have similar lesions and the condition has been seen in several other groups of toads in subsequent years. Affected toads show an uncharacteristic sheen of dark‐brown leathery skin, followed by recurring dysecdysis, reduced appetite, weight loss, and death from secondary causes. Histologically the condition is characterized by epithelial hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis, ulceration, and the presence of superficial mats of bacterial and fungal agents. No etiology has been identified and to date toads have not permanently responded to treatment with various pharmaceutical and nutritional therapies. Zoo Biol. 33:558–564, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
The effects of single‐sex versus coeducational schools on adolescent peer victimization and perpetration
Authors: Gee Kevin A. , Cho Rosa Minhyo
Published: September 2014

Bullying is a growing public health concern for South Korean adolescents. In our quantitative investigation, we analyze the frequency with which Korean adolescents in single‐sex versus coeducational schools are targets of or engage in three peer aggressive behaviors (verbal, relational (social exclusion), and physical (including theft)). We use two nationally representative datasets, the 2011 Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) and the 2005 Korea Education Longitudinal Study (KELS), and rely on propensity score matching (PSM). For adolescent girls, we find that being in all‐girls schools mitigates both their exposure to and engagement in peer victimization. For adolescent boys, we find that boys in all‐boys schools have significantly higher odds of experiencing more frequent verbal and physical attacks versus their counterparts in coeducational schools. Our findings strongly suggest that interventions to mitigate peer victimization and aggression in Korea should consider the gendered schooling contexts in which they are implemented.
Pregnancy complications after liver transplantation
Authors: Jabiry‐Zieniewicz Zoulikha , Dabrowski Filip A. , Pietrzak Bronislawa , Wielgos Miroslaw
Published: September 2014

Objective

To review complications in pregnancy after liver transplantation and assess the time interval since transplantation on fetal development and preterm birth rate.

Method

A retrospective review of 53 pregnancies after liver transplantation among 45 women who delivered at the Medical University of Warsaw between 2001 and 2013.

Results

Mean duration of pregnancy was 37 ± 2.3 weeks. Main complications were liver dysfunction, small‐for‐gestational‐age, and preterm delivery. Mean time from transplant to pregnancy was 54 ± 36 months for women who delivered before 34 weeks (n = 9), 42 ± 43 months for delivery at 34 − 36 weeks (n = 10), and 57 ± 36 months for delivery after 37 weeks. Mean neonatal weight was 2838 ± 626 g (< 34 weeks, 1897 ± 382 g; 34 − 36, 2324 ± 330 g; > 37, 3125 ± 474 g). Fourteen (26%) neonates had low birth weight (< 2500 g) and 30 (56%) weighed < 3000 g. Pregnancy proceeded without complication in 13 (29%), with a mean time from transplantation to conception of 52 months.

Conclusion

Although physiological gestation and delivery at term are possible for women after liver transplantation, pregnancy is considered high risk. Counselling before pregnancy is required and patients must be managed by an obstetrician and a hepatologist.
Congenital heart disease in pregnancy in a low‐income country
Authors: Arora Nalini , Kausar Hena , Jana Narayan , Mandal Sarbeswar , Mukherjee Dipankar , Mukherjee Ranajit
Published: September 2014

Objective

To assess maternal and perinatal outcomes among pregnant women with congenital heart disease (CHD) in a low‐resource country.

Methods

A prospective, observational study was conducted at a teaching hospital in Kolkata, India, between January 1, 2008, and December 31, 2010. All pregnant women with CHD were followed up from first prenatal visit to discharge. Both maternal and perinatal outcomes were analyzed.

Results

Of 174 pregnant women with heart disease, 27 (16%) had CHD. Mean age was 23.5 ± 3.6 years. Four (15%) patients were diagnosed with CHD during the index pregnancy. Nine (33%) women had undergone surgical correction before conception. Cesarean delivery was performed in 12 (44%) women. Fifteen (56%) neonates weighed less than 2500 g, and 4 (15%) were born preterm. Mean birth weight was slightly higher in women with corrected heart lesions than in those with uncorrected ones (2593 ± 480 g vs 2294 ± 620 g; P = 0.22). Three (11%) neonates died, but no stillbirths occurred. One (4%) woman died after delivery owing to atonic postpartum hemorrhage.

Conclusion

Delayed diagnosis, lack of treatment, and unplanned pregnancy are major challenges for women with CHD, which need to be addressed to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes in low‐resource countries.
Computer use by People with Aphasia: A Survey Investigation
Authors: Finch Emma , Hill Anne J.
Published: September 2014

Computers are encountered increasingly in the clinical setting, including during aphasia rehabilitation. However, currently we do not know what people with aphasia think about using computers in therapy and daily life, or to what extent people with aphasia use computers in their everyday life. The present study explored: (1) the use of computers by people with aphasia; and (2) the perceptions of people with aphasia towards computers and computer-based therapy. Thirty-four people with aphasia completed an aphasia-friendly paper-based survey about their use of computers before and after the onset of their aphasia, and their attitudes towards computer-based aphasia therapy. There was a high level of computer usage by people with aphasia both before and after the onset of their aphasia. However, the nature of the computer use changed following aphasia onset, with a move away from work-based usage. The majority of the cohort used computers for aphasia therapy and liked using computer-based aphasia therapy, provided that the programs were perceived as appropriate for their individual needs. The results highlight the importance of exposing people with aphasia to computer-based aphasia therapy in a supported clinical environment, and the need to ensure that computer-based therapy is individualised for each client. It should be noted, however, that while the majority of participants reported positive experiences with using computers, this does not mean that the computer-based therapy software used was necessarily an effective treatment for aphasia.
Diet, insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity – the Dose–Responses to Exercise Training (DR's EXTRA) Study (ISRCTN45977199)
Authors: Heikkilä Harri M. , Krachler Benno , Rauramaa Rainer , Schwab Ursula S.
Published: September 2014

Intakes of saturated fat (SF) and dietary fibre, body mass and physical activity are all associated with the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Their relative importance for the maintenance of normal glucose metabolism is not fully known. In a population-based sample of 1114 individuals, aged 58–78 years, dietary intakes were assessed by 4 d food records and cardiorespiratory fitness as maximal oxygen uptake. Insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity, the early-phase disposition index (DI30) and the total disposition index (DI120) were assessed based on an oral glucose tolerance test. Linear associations were modelled using linear regression. Combined effects were studied by introducing SF and fibre intakes, as well as cardiorespiratory fitness and waist circumference (WC) as dichotomised variables in general linear models. Intakes of dietary fibre and whole-grain bread were positively associated with insulin sensitivity, independent of physical fitness and WC. In women, dietary fibre intake was also positively associated with DI30. The negative association of high WC with DI30 was attenuated by a combination of low SF intake and high cardiorespiratory fitness. In conclusion, dietary fibre and a combination of low SF intake and high cardiorespiratory fitness may contribute to the maintenance of normal glucose metabolism, independent of WC.
Acute ingestion of catechin-rich green tea improves postprandial glucose status and increases serum thioredoxin concentrations in postmenopausal women
Authors: Takahashi Masaki , Miyashita Masashi , Suzuki Katsuhiko , Bae Seong-ryu , Kim Hyeon-Ki , Wakisaka Takuya , Matsui Yuji , Takeshita Masao , Yasunaga Koichi
Published: September 2014

Elevated postprandial hyperglycaemia and oxidative stress increase the risks of type 2 diabetes and CVD. Green tea catechin possesses antidiabetic properties and antioxidant capacity. In the present study, we examined the acute and continuous effects of ingestion of catechin-rich green tea on postprandial hyperglycaemia and oxidative stress in healthy postmenopausal women. Participants were randomly assigned into the placebo (P,n11) or green tea (GT,n11) group. The GT group consumed a catechin-rich green tea (catechins 615 mg/350 ml) beverage per d for 4 weeks. The P group consumed a placebo (catechins 92 mg/350 ml) beverage per d for 4 weeks. At baseline and after 4 weeks, participants of each group consumed their designated beverages with breakfast and consumed lunch 3 h after breakfast. Venous blood samples were collected in the fasted state (0 h) and at 2, 4 and 6 h after breakfast. Postprandial glucose concentrations were 3 % lower in the GT group than in the P group (three-factor ANOVA, group × time interaction,P< 0·05). Serum concentrations of the derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites increased after meals (P< 0·05), but no effect of catechin-rich green tea intake was observed. Conversely, serum postprandial thioredoxin concentrations were 5 % higher in the GT group than in the P group (three-factor ANOVA, group × time interaction,P< 0·05). These findings indicate that an acute ingestion of catechin-rich green tea has beneficial effects on postprandial glucose and redox homeostasis in postmenopausal women.
Why There May Be Epistemic Duties
Authors: STAPLEFORD SCOTT
Published: September 2014

Chase Wrenn argues that there are no epistemic duties. When it appears that we have an epistemic duty to believe, disbelieve or suspend judgement about some proposition P, we are really under a moral obligation to adopt the attitude towards P that our evidence favours. The argument appeals to theoretical parsimony: our conceptual scheme will be simpler without epistemic duties and we should therefore drop them. I argue that Wrenn’s strategy is flawed. There may well be things that we ought to do on epistemic grounds alone.
Warranted religion: answering objections to Alvin Plantinga's epistemology
Authors: MCNABB TYLER DALTON
Published: September 2014

Alvin Plantinga over the decades has developed a particular theory of warrant that would allow certain beliefs to be warranted, even if one lacked propositional arguments or evidence for them. One such belief that Plantinga focuses on is belief in God. There have been, however, numerous objections both to Plantinga's theory of warrant and to the religious application that he makes of it. In this article I address an objection from both of these categories. I first tackle an objection that attempts to show that proper function isn't a necessary condition for warrant. After tackling this, I move on to interact with the Pandora's Box Objection. This objection argues that Plantinga's epistemology is weakened by the fact that all sorts of serious religious beliefs could be warranted by using his system.
The Pilates Pelvis: Racial Implications of the Immobile Hips
Authors: Holmes Sarah W.
Published: September 2014

This article examines the treatment of the pelvis in the Pilates exercises “Single Leg Stretch” and “Leg Circles.” The teaching practices of the hips, as commonly explained in Pilates educational manuals, reinforce behaviors of a noble-class and racially “white” aesthetic. Central to this article is the troubling notion of white racial superiority and, specifically, the colonizing, prejudicial, and denigrating mentality found in the superiority of whiteness and its embodied behaviors. Using the two Pilates exercises, I illuminate how perceived kinesthetic understandings of race in the body may be normalized and privileged. By examining the intersections between dance and Pilates history, this article reveals the ways embodied discourses in Pilates are “white” in nature, and situates Pilates as a product of historically constructed social behaviors of dominant Anglo-European culture.
“Indian Ballerinas Toe Up”: Maria Tallchief and Making Ballet “American” in the Tribal Termination Era
Authors: Kowal Rebekah J.
Published: September 2014

Ballet faced formidable obstacles in establishing itself as a “home-grown” transplant at mid-century. Scholars have emphasized choreographic efforts to cultivate a nationally identifiable style during the period, focusing primarily on the emergence of Balanchine and neo-classicism. Yet the role of dancers in the Americanization of ballet largely has not been probed. This article examines the part that Maria Tallchief, daughter of a “full-blooded” Osage Indian father and Scotch-Irish mother, and the first American ballerina to reach prima status, played in changing public perceptions of ballet in the mid-twentieth century. Between 1952 and 1954, national magazines such as Dance magazine, Holiday, and Newsweek featured images of Tallchief on their covers, lending visual credibility to claims that ballet, which many at the time considered a “foreign” dance form, had come of age in the U.S. I argue that iconographic portrayals of Tallchief's face, legs, and feet, which illustrated the dancer's physical assimilation of Balanchine's approach to dance technique, along with narratives of her personal story, advanced an account of ballet's Americanization that placed the dancer, as much as if not more than Balanchine, at center stage. I then illuminate how Tallchief's exemplification of self-discipline and initiative bolstered nostalgic arguments about the successful “citizenship” of white ethnic immigrants, while also promoting arguments about the viability of Indian assimilation during the tribal termination era. When seen in the contemporaneous contexts of ballet's Americanization and societal debates over Native American citizenship, Tallchief's story is seen to complicate the meanings of “assimilation” and “citizenship” in postwar America.
Salsa Crossings: Dancing Latinidad in Los Angeles
Authors: Delgado Celeste Fraser
Published: September 2014

It appears to be a ritual among salsa dance scholars to open by sharing a personal salsa experience. I will follow their lead: My introduction to Los Angeles–style salsa came on a Saturday night in the spring of 1999, when I had the pleasure of taking a tour of the city's salsa scene with dance scholar Juliet McMains. Already an established professional ballroom dancer, McMains was just beginning her graduate studies at the University of California–Riverside where I was visiting faculty, having recently co-edited a collection on Latin/o American social dance. Lucky for me, McMains was among the many brilliant students who enrolled in my class on race and dance. The night of our tour, she invited a handsome friend and fellow ballroom dancer to partner first one of us, then the other, throughout the night. He drove us around the city as we stopped at a cramped restaurant-turned-nightclub in a strip mall, at a glamorous ballroom in Beverly Hills, then ended the night downtown at a massive disco in a former movie palace, the Mayan nightclub.
ETHICS, EQUITY AND THE ECONOMICS OF CLIMATE CHANGE PAPER 2: ECONOMICS AND POLITICS
Authors: Stern Nicholas
Published: September 2014

Both intertemporal and intratemporal equity are central to the examination of policy towards climate change. However, many discussions of intertemporal issues have been marred by serious analytical errors, particularly in applying standard approaches to discounting; the errors arise, in part, from paying insufficient attention to the magnitude of potential damages, and in part from overlooking problems with market information. Some of the philosophical concepts and principles of Paper 1 are applied to the analytics and ethics of pure-time discounting and infinite-horizon models, providing helpful insights into orderings of welfare streams and obligations towards future generations. Such principles give little support for the idea of discrimination by date of birth. Intratemporal issues are central to problematic and slow-moving international discussions and are the second focus of this paper. A way forward is to cast the policy issues and analyses in a way that keeps equity issues central and embeds them in the challenge of fostering the dynamic transition to the low-carbon economy in both developed and developing countries. This avoids the trap of seeing issues primarily in terms of burden-sharing and zero-sum games – that leads to inaction and the most inequitable outcome of all.
A roadmap for Antarctic and Southern Ocean science for the next two decades and beyond
Authors: Kennicutt M.C. , Chown S.L. , Cassano J.J. , Liggett D. , Peck L.S. , Massom R. , Rintoul S.R. , Storey J. , Vaughan D.G. , Wilson T.J. , Allison I. , Ayton J. , Badhe R. , Baeseman J. , Barrett P.J. , Bell R.E. , Bertler N. , Bo S. , Brandt A. , Bromwich D. , Cary S.C. , Clark M.S. , Convey P. , Costa E.S. , Cowan D. , Deconto R. , Dunbar R. , Elfring C. , Escutia C. , Francis J. , Fricker H.A. , Fukuchi M. , Gilbert N. , Gutt J. , Havermans C. , Hik D. , Hosie G. , Jones C. , Kim Y.D. , Le Maho Y. , Lee S.H. , Leppe M. , Leitchenkov G. , Li X. , Lipenkov V. , Lochte K. , López-Martínez J. , Lüdecke C. , Lyons W. , Marenssi S. , Miller H. , Morozova P. , Naish T. , Nayak S. , Ravindra R. , Retamales J. , Ricci C.A. , Rogan-Finnemore M. , Ropert-Coudert Y. , Samah A.A. , Sanson L. , Scambos T. , Schloss I.R. , Shiraishi K. , Siegert M.J. , Simões J.C. , Storey B. , Sparrow M.D. , Wall D.H. , Walsh J.C. , Wilson G. , Winther J.G. , Xavier J.C. , Yang H. , Sutherland W.J.
Published: September 2014

Antarctic and Southern Ocean science is vital to understanding natural variability, the processes that govern global change and the role of humans in the Earth and climate system. The potential for new knowledge to be gained from future Antarctic science is substantial. Therefore, the international Antarctic community came together to ‘scan the horizon’ to identify the highest priority scientific questions that researchers should aspire to answer in the next two decades and beyond. Wide consultation was a fundamental principle for the development of a collective, international view of the most important future directions in Antarctic science. From the many possibilities, the horizon scan identified 80 key scientific questions through structured debate, discussion, revision and voting. Questions were clustered into seven topics: i) Antarctic atmosphere and global connections, ii) Southern Ocean and sea ice in a warming world, iii) ice sheet and sea level, iv) the dynamic Earth, v) life on the precipice, vi) near-Earth space and beyond, and vii) human presence in Antarctica. Answering the questions identified by the horizon scan will require innovative experimental designs, novel applications of technology, invention of next-generation field and laboratory approaches, and expanded observing systems and networks. Unbiased, non-contaminating procedures will be required to retrieve the requisite air, biota, sediment, rock, ice and water samples. Sustained year-round access to Antarctica and the Southern Ocean will be essential to increase winter-time measurements. Improved models are needed that represent Antarctica and the Southern Ocean in the Earth System, and provide predictions at spatial and temporal resolutions useful for decision making. A co-ordinated portfolio of cross-disciplinary science, based on new models of international collaboration, will be essential as no scientist, programme or nation can realize these aspirations alone.
Prevalence of iodine inadequacy in Switzerland assessed by the estimated average requirement cut-point method in relation to the impact of iodized salt
Authors: Haldimann Max , Bochud Murielle , Burnier Michel , Paccaud Fred , Dudler Vincent
Published: September 2014

Objective

To assess the iodine status of Swiss population groups and to evaluate the influence of iodized salt as a vector for iodine fortification.

Design

The relationship between 24 h urinary iodine and Na excretions was assessed in the general population after correcting for confounders. Single-day intakes were estimated assuming that 92 % of dietary iodine was excreted in 24 h urine. Usual intake distributions were derived for male and female population groups after adjustment for within-subject variability. The estimated average requirement (EAR) cut-point method was applied as guidance to assess the inadequacy of the iodine supply.

Setting

Public health strategies to reduce the dietary salt intake in the general population may affect its iodine supply.

Subjects

The study population (1481 volunteers, aged ≥15 years) was randomly selected from three different linguistic regions of Switzerland.

Results

The 24 h urine samples from 1420 participants were determined to be properly collected. Mean iodine intakes obtained for men (n705) and women (n715) were 179 (sd68·1) µg/d and 138 (sd57·8) µg/d, respectively. Urinary Na and Ca, and BMI were significantly and positively associated with higher iodine intake, as were men and non-smokers. Fifty-four per cent of the total iodine intake originated from iodized salt. The prevalence of inadequate iodine intake as estimated by the EAR cut-point method was 2 % for men and 14 % for women.

Conclusions

The estimated prevalence of inadequate iodine intake was within the optimal target range of 2–3 % for men, but not for women.
Robustness and accuracy of Maxent niche modelling for Lactuca species distributions in light of collecting expeditions
Authors: Cobben M. M. P. , van Treuren R. , Castañeda-Álvarez N. P. , Khoury C. K. , Kik C. , van Hintum T. J. L.
Published: September 2014

Niche modelling software can be used to assess the probability of detecting a population of a plant species at a certain location. In this study, we used the distribution of the wild relatives of lettuce (Lactuca spp.) to investigate the applicability of Maxent species distribution models for collecting missions. Geographic origin data of genebank and herbarium specimens and climatic data of the origin locations were used as input. For Lactuca saligna, we varied the input data by omitting the specimens from different parts of the known distribution area to assess the robustness of the predicted distributions. Furthermore, we examined the accuracy of the modelling by comparing the predicted probabilities of population presence against recent expedition data for the endemic Lactuca georgica and the cosmopolitan Lactuca serriola. We found Maxent to be quite robust in its predictions, although its usefulness was higher for endemic taxa than for more widespread species. The exclusion of occurrence data from the perceived range margins of the species can result in important information about local adaptation to distinct climatic conditions. We discuss the potential for enhanced use of Maxent in germplasm collecting planning.
Analytic Filmmaking: A New Approach to Research and Publication in the Social Sciences
Authors: Germano Roy
Published: September 2014

New digital video technologies are transforming how people everywhere document, publish, and consume information. As knowledge production becomes increasingly oriented towards digital/visual modes of expression, scholars will need new approaches for conducting and publishing research. The purpose of this article is to advance a systematic approach to scholarship calledanalytic filmmaking.I argue that when filming and editing are guided by rigorous social scientific standards, digital video can be a compelling medium for illustrating causal processes, communicating theory-driven explanations, and presenting new empirical findings. I furthermore argue that analytic films offer policymakers and the public an effective way to glean insights from and engage with scholarly research. Throughout the article I draw on examples from my work to demonstrate the principles of analytic filmmaking in practice and to point out how analytic films complement written scholarship.
Analytic Filmmaking and the Persistence of Narrative: A Response to Roy Germano
Authors: Parikh Sunita
Published: September 2014

While there is much to appreciate in Roy Germano's essay, I argue that the analytic filmmaking project as currently presented has flaws that need to be addressed before we can proceed with this approach. First, Germano underemphasizes many of the similarities among visual, audio, and textual data collection and analysis while at the same time failing to note important ways in which the two differ. Second, the discussion of documentary filmmaking focuses on a particular style of documentary and neglects to consider documentaries that are similar in their construction to the type of analytic filmmaking he argues for in the article. This emphasis on the differences creates needless and potentially problematic schisms between two groups of empirical researchers who have a great deal in common, in terms of interests and methods. Finally, the theoretical framework and the connection between theory and data need to be presented much more explicitly so that the viewer can follow the argument of the film.
Analytic Filmmaking as Social Scientific Research: A Response to Roy Germano
Authors: Gould Jeffrey L.
Published: September 2014

This article engages Germano’s film and essay. The author lauds the fundamental thrust of the essay towards achieving scholarly recognition for film projects based on scholarly research. At the same time, the author questions Germano’s sharp opposition between analytic and documentary films. He appraises The Other Side of Immigration very favorably, while pointing out that the aesthetic choices and the power of the testimonies do not fall neatly within the categories established by Germano. The author then discusses his own experiences in conjoining historical research and documentary filmmaking.
A Discussion of Fear Itself: The New Deal and the Origins of Our Time By Ira Katznelson
Authors: Berman Sheri
Published: September 2014

Ira Katznelson’s Fear Itself: The New Deal and the Origins of Our Time is a big book, and it addresses a big theme: the historical significance of the New Deal, as a watershed moment in U.S. political history, as a form of “social democracy, American style” that allowed liberal democracy to prevail in competition with Soviet communism and fascism, and as the “origin” of key features of contemporary politics in the United States. The book is a contribution to the study of U.S. politics, but also to the study of comparative politics, international relations, political theory, and comparative history. We have thus invited a range of political science scholars to comment on the book as a work of general political science; as an account of the New Deal and its political legacies in the United States; as a contribution to the comparative analysis of social democracy and the welfare state; and as a way of integrating the study of domestic and foreign policy, and in particular the study of U.S. politics and international relations.
Stimulus-responsive polymers and other functional polymer surfaces as components in glass microfluidic channels
Authors: Kieviet Bernard D. , Schön Peter M. , Vancso G. Julius
Published: September 2014

Stimulus-responsive polymers are particularly promising candidates to tackle the remaining challenges in nanofluidic devices regarding addressable ‘smart’ switches and actuators.
Macrocyclic derivatives of 6-methyluracil as ligands of the peripheral anionic site of acetylcholinesterase
Authors: Semenov Vyacheslav E. , Giniyatullin Rashit Kh. , Lushchekina Sofya V. , Kots Ekaterina D. , Petrov Konstantin A. , Nikitashina Alexandra D. , Minnekhanova Oksana A. , Zobov Vladimir V. , Nikolsky Evgeny E. , Masson Patrick , Reznik Vladimir S.
Published: September 2014

Pyrimidinophanes 2a,b bind AChE in the PAS or in the active centre depending on the nature of the spacer between ammonium moieties. Pyrimidinophane 2b and its acyclic counterpart abolished symptoms of muscle weakness.
Visualising discrete structural transformations in germanium nanowires during ion beam irradiation and subsequent annealing
Authors: Kelly Roisin A. , Holmes Justin D. , Petkov Nikolay
Published: September 2014

A correlative approach to observe discrete structural transformations incurring in one and the same Ge nanowire upon ion irradiation and subsequent in situ annealing.
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes decorated with palladium nanoparticles as a novel platform for electrocatalytic sensing applications
Authors: Baghayeri Mehdi , Veisi Hojat , Veisi Hamed , Maleki Behrooz , Karimi-Maleh Hassan , Beitollahi Hadi
Published: September 2014

Sensitive detection of glucose using a glassy carbon electrode modified with glucose oxidase and multi-walled carbon nanotubes decorated with palladium nanoparticles.
Deciphering non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through metabolomics
Authors: Cano Ainara , Alonso Cristina
Published: September 2014

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common liver disorders in industrialized countries. NAFLD develops in the absence of alcohol abuse and encompasses a wide spectrum of disorders ranging from benign fatty liver to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH often leads to fibrosis, cirrhosis and, finally, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore the earlier NAFLD is diagnosed, the better the patient's outlook. A tightly connected basic and applied research is essential to find the molecular mechanisms that accompany illness and to translate them into the clinic. From the simple starting point for triacylglycerol (TG) accumulation in the liver to the more complex implications of phospholipids in membrane biophysics, the influence of lipids may be the clue to understand NAFLD pathophysiology. Nowadays, it is achievable to diagnose non-invasively the initial symptoms to stop, revert or even prevent disease development. In this context, merging metabolomics with other techniques and the interpretation of the huge information obtained resembles the ‘Rosetta stone’ to decipher the pathological metabolic fluxes that must be targeted to find a cure. In the present review, we have tackled the application of metabolomics to find out the metabolic fluxes that underlie membrane integrity in NAFLD.
Neuropilin-1 enforces extracellular matrix signalling via ABL1 to promote angiogenesis
Authors: Raimondi Claudio
Published: September 2014

Neuropilin-1 (NRP1), together with neuropilin-2, belongs to the neuropilin family. Neuropilins are transmembrane proteins essential for vascular and neural development and act as co-receptors for secreted signalling molecules of the class 3 semaphorin and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) families. NRP1 promotes VEGF-A signal in blood vascular endothelium and semaphorin signal in lymphatic endothelium, by forming complexes with its co-receptors. Mouse mutant studies established that NRP1 expression is essential during development because mice lacking NRP1 expression die embryonically and show severe neuronal and cardiovascular defects. Even though the contribution of NRP1 to vascular development has been mainly ascribed to its function as a VEGF-A receptor, recent evidence suggests that NRP1 contributes to angiogenesis through VEGF-independent mechanisms. In the present paper, we provide an overview of NRP1 functions in the vasculature and discuss current knowledge of NRP1-dependent signalling in the endothelium.
Functional impact of glycogen degradation on astrocytic signalling
Authors: Müller Margit S.
Published: September 2014

Astrocytic glycogen degradation is an important factor in metabolic support of brain function, particularly during increased neuronal firing. In this context, glycogen is commonly thought of as a source for the provision of energy substrates, such as lactate, to neurons. However, the signalling pathways eliciting glycogen degradation inside astrocytes are themselves energy-demanding processes, a fact that has been emphasized in recent studies, demonstrating dependence of these signalling mechanisms on glycogenolytic ATP.