bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physical health of young and middle age women under influence of step-aerobics exercises
Authors: Masliak I.P.
Published: October 2015

Purpose: to determine the degree of step-aerobics exercises’ influence on 20-35 years age women’s health. Material: in the research 28 women of 20-35 years old age participated. Anthropometric indicators, heart beats rate in rest and after load (20 squats for 30 sec.), blood pressure, vital capacity of lungs, hand dynamometry were registered. Results: level of physical health has been determined; influence of step-aerobics on women’s health has been found; age differences in the tested indicators have been analyzed. It was found out that step-aerobic trainings influence greatly on the following indicators: body mass, circumferential sizes and cardio vascular system; on functioning of respiratory system, strength of hand’s flexors and regulation of 31-35 years age women’s cardio-vascular system. Conclusions: application of step-aerobic exercises positively influenced on health of 20-35 years old women.
Results of experimental testing of system of future physical culture teachers’ training for art pedagogic means’ application in pedagogic functioning
Authors: Nizhevska T.V.
Published: October 2015

Purpose: the research is devoted to seeking of ways to rising of quality of future physical culture teachers. Material: in experiment 436 students and 29 teachers participated. Results: it was found that readiness of future physical culture teachers for application of art pedagogic means in professional functioning is achieved through realization of appropriate block system. Such system ensures mastering by students of the following: theoretical principles of art pedagogic; mastering of art pedagogic skills in teaching and quasi professional functioning; acquiring of practical experience of art means’ application in period of pedagogic practice at schools. It was also determined that training system of future teachers includes the following three blocks: conceptual-target, knowledge-procedural; control-correcting. Conclusions: it is recommended to use such criteria of students’ readiness for application of art means in pedagogic functioning: motivation-axiological, cognitive-active, personality’s-reflexive.
Season physical functioning dynamic of men with different physical condition
Authors: Prushva O.B.
Published: October 2015

Purpose: study season peculiarities of physical functioning of men with different physical condition. Material: in the research 53 men of 41-55 years’ age without chronic disease, who practiced healthy life style, participated. It was assessed: daily physical functioning of different intensity with the help of bio-register BASIS B1; body mass index; adaptation potential of Bayevskiy. Results: we determined that men with normal adaptation potential have less quantity of highly intensive steps than men with excessively tensed adaptation potential of cardio-vascular system. Men with tensed adaptation potential have less expressed season changes in physical functioning. Conclusions: We found the following optimal correlations: total quantity of steps per day; quantity of steps with average intensity (80-86 steps per min.); total run steps of high intensity (140-145 steps per min.); quantity of low intensity steps (8-10 steps per min.).
Characteristics of functional tension of qualified skiers when passing rises of different difficulty
Authors: Khmelnytska J.K. , Filippov M.M.
Published: October 2015

Purpose: studying of main functional changes in organism of qualified female skiers when passing rises of different difficulty. Materials: 12 female skiers of combined team of Ukraine of 21-34 years’ age were tested. Pedagogic observation included: speed metering (system of GPS- navigation), pulse metering (telemetric register of heart beats rate Polar RS800). In process of ski track passing we registered content of exhaled air (radio-telemetric gas-analytic complex MetaMax 3B, Cortex). Sportswomen fulfilled control passing of competition 6 km distance (2 circles, 3 km each) in classic style on ski rollers. Ski track was determined by coach. In the course of track’s passing we registered indicators of speed and track profile with discreteness 1 sec. Assessment of special workability and realization of functional potentials was determined by characteristics of external breathing at the end of each rise. Results: it was found that the highest correlation belonged to the following indicators: frequency of breathing (r = 0.38); oxygen consumption (r = 0.29); ventilation equivalent by О 2(r = 0.68). We detected high interconnection between length of distance and ventilation equivalent by СО 2 (r=0.61). It was determined that factors of organism’s anaerobic efficiency change according to relief of track. They increase on rises and reduce on descends. With it increase on long rises is much higher than on middle size rises. Conclusions: effectiveness of different difficulty rises’ overcoming depends on potentials of anaerobic mechanisms and their realization that, to certain extent, influence on sport efficiency.
ESFALECIMENTO DA TRADIÇÃO E RECUSA DA CONCEPÇÃO DIALÉTICA DA HISTÓRIA EM HANNAH ARENDT
Authors: Sousa Joelson Pereira de
Published: October 2015

O objetivo deste trabalho é discutir a recusa da compreensão dialética da história empreendida pela filósofa alemã Hannah Arendt (1906-1975) nas obras Entre o passado e o futuro (1954) e Sobre a violência (1970), destacando, por meio da problematização dos argumentos trazidos pela autora, a crítica da tentativa hegeliana de reconciliação com a realidade através da compreensão do significado mais profundo de todo o processo histórico, a qual Hannah Arendt denomina de filosofia utilitarista que visa impor à realidade o significado e a lei preconcebidos pelo homem. Tal posição da autora favorece uma análise mais aprofundada das relações entre poder e força, política e violência, tão imbricadas na atual condição dos conflitos entre governos e populações que ocorrem ao redor do mundo. Conforme Hannah Arendt, a maior questão a ser enfrentada nestes casos é o fato dos dois lados do conflito encararem a política do ponto de vista da glorificação da violência.
A CRÍTICA ZIZEKIANA À CULTURA CONTEMPORÂNEA
Authors: Nunes Silva Ana Carolina
Published: October 2015

Neste presente trabalho, mostraremos como a impossibilidade de trabalhar com a ideia de “desalienação” que promove a conscientização “sistemática” do que está escondido atrás das aparências enganosas, como pensou a Escola de Frankfurt, explicaria os fenômenos atuais que reconhecemos como razão cínica (a rejeição, a imunização e o “esgotamento da crítica”). Ao contrário da concepção de muitos críticos da ideologia, não lidamos mais com a lógica que anima o famoso comentário de Marx no Capital: “eles não o sabem mas o fazem”, mas com um tipo de lógica da socialização em que “os sujeitos sabem muito bem, mas o fazem assim mesmo”. Assim como a Teoria Crítica, Žižek também se empenha em uma análise do funcionamento das formas políticas totalitárias, mas por meio desse conceito, pois para o filósofo tais formas totalitárias são a expressão encarnada da servidão voluntária. Com a aliança entre psicanálise e tradição dialética, Žižek encontrou uma forma de fazer uma crítica tal estrutura de racionalidade que encontramos na contemporaneidade, isto é, uma crítica à razão cínica.
DIATRIBES 1.24 E 1.25: ENFRENTANDO AS DIFICULDADES DA VIDA
Authors: Dinucci Aldo Lopes
Published: October 2015

No início da diatribe 1.24, intitulada “Como é preciso enfrentar as dificuldades”, Epicteto afirma que “as dificuldades mostram o que são os homens”. Nosso filósofo faz, então, uma analogia entre um treinador e um atleta, por um lado, e Deus e o ser humano, por outro. Assim, da mesma forma que um bom treinador põe oponentes potentes diante de seu atleta, devemos ver as dificuldades da vida como postas diante de nós por Deus para nos testar e fortalecer. Epicteto aprofunda essas reflexões na diatribe 1.25, evidenciando o fundamento das reflexões da diatribe 1.24, afirmando que “o bem e o mal do homem estão na sua capacidade de escolha, [...] as demais nada são em relação a nós” (1.25.1).
'Are you Afraid of the Cinema?': Du Cinéma and the Changing Question of Cinephilia and the Avant-Garde (1928-1930)
Authors: Wild Jennifer J.
Published: October 2015

This essay considers José Corti’s early issues of Du Cinéma as part of an historical avant-garde complex that, in tandem with literary experiments, shaped another historical approach to early cinema criticism and theory by looking beyond cinephilia as a structuring paradigm. Identifying fear, rather than love, as a powerful avant-garde discourse, I suggest that Du Cinéma and especially the avant-garde writer André Delons forwarded a negative dialectical approach to cinematic thought, inquiry, and research. By investigating the enquête or questionnaire as a central research method in this avant-garde tradition, I reorient our understanding of Du Cinema's claim to the cinema's mutability, and its ability to reveal the limits of knowledge.
Preface to Cultural Modernism II: Latin America, April 3-4, 2014
Authors: Ridge Daniel Carl
Published: October 2015

The two articles presented here are part of a larger project hosted by the W.T. Bandy Center for Baudelaire and Modern French Studies at Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN. They treat the influence of the work of Baudelaire in South America.
ON THE INFLUENCE OF GEOLOGICAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL FACTORS ON CONSTRUCTING SAMARA FORTRESS OF THE XVIII CENTURY
Authors: VASILIEVA Daria Igorevna , BARANOVA Margarita Nikolaevna , MALTZEV Andrey Valentinovich
Published: October 2015

The paper goes into the questions of environmental safety and structures protection from hazardous geological phenomena and processes taking Samara fortress of the XVIII century as an example. The authors studied the effects of geological and geomorphological characteristics of the territory on the construction of Samara fortress of the XVIII century. The main object of the study are cultural layers, earth mounds and ancient wooden structures in the archaeological excavations of 2013-2014. The researches analyzed the structure and properties of ancient cultural layers and peculiarities of fortification structures. They also investigated the possible effect of ancient cultural layers and their properties on the use of the town site nowadays.
AN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF A SPILLWAY WITH A WIDE THRESHOLD OF A RESERVE WATER OUTLET
Authors: KOSICHENKO Yuriy Mikhaylovich , MIKHAYLOV Evgeniy Dmitrievich , BAEV Oleg Andreevich
Published: October 2015

The aim of this paper is to introduce results of an experimental research of a spillway with a wide threshold. To identify this spillway main characteristics the authors use traditional methods of hydraulic calculations. The paper presents experimental data of a spillway with a wide threshold at δ/H>8...10 which were obtained on a hydraulic tray in the laboratory of hydro technical structures and structural engineering of Don State Agrarian University named after A.K. Kortunov. The research demonstrates basic dependences for the event of water leakage through a spillway with a wide threshold for a fl at stress problem. The obtained values of discharge coefficient for a spillway with a wide threshold at δ/H>8...10 are within the limits of 0,303≤mспр≤0,305 with a relative error 0.0242-0.0076%. Taking in account experimental studies and using a well-known formula by H.А. Tibara the authors specified the dependence for calculating discharge coefficient for a spillway with a wide threshold. The experimental results were mathematically processed by Microsoft Excel, and a new empirical dependence m=f(P/H) was introduced.
PECULIARITIES OF INTRODUCING NEW STANDARDS OF MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE EMISSION AND INVENTORY ACCOUNTS FOR LLC «SAMREC-EXPLOITATION»
Authors: TIMIRBULATOVA Emiliya Khamzyanovna , POSPELOVA Nataliya Emirovna
Published: October 2015

The paper states that maximum permissible emission analysis was brought about by the necessity to show that emissions from boiler plants infl uence the environment and the degree of this infl uence. The authors are the fi rst to investigate the sources of atmospheric pollutant emission. Their experiment involved introducing maximum permissible emission for every boiler plant. This emission was taken as MPE for the existing situation. The calculation of diff usion made with UPRZA-program showed that there was no excess in the harmful substances of boiler plants emission.
DEVELOPMENT OF MAN-MADE SYSTEMS OF BIG INDUSTRUAL COMPLEXES
Authors: TUPICYNA Olga Vladimirovna , MARTYNENKO Elena Gennad'evna , CHERTES Konstantin L'vovich , SUHONOSOVA Anna Nikolaevna
Published: October 2015

Economic activity leads to the formation of natural and man-made systems, composed of man-made structures and natural components geosphere shells, exposed and developed in time and space as a whole. A wide variety of research methods and directions of development of the territories occupied by the natural and man-made systems are known. Common drawbacks of the known methods are the high cost, the local technical result, satisfaction with departmental interests. A complex system of research and assessment of the condition under uncertainty structure, composition and origin of formation will solve development of MMS with least costs. In this regard the comprehensive theoretical and experimental study of MMS with the establishment of the state of its corresponding allocation of life-cycle stages and development directions and methods of recovery and development of the target area seems to be relevant.
AUTOMATED HYDROPOWER STATIONS FOR POWER SUPPLY AND ENERGY SAVING OF INDEPENDENT CONSUMERS
Authors: IVANOV Vladimir Mikhaylovich , IVANOVA Tatyana Yur'evna , BAKHTINA Irina Alekseevna , TRUTNEV Pavel Sergeevich
Published: October 2015

The paper describes automated hydropower stations for power supply and energy saving of independent consumers in Altai Krai and Altai Republic. These stations present various types of micro hydroelectric power stations with water fi lling wheels, axial water-wheels and blocks of automatic control of electric loading which were developed and introduced by the authors. The main technical characteristics of these micro-HPPs are given.
SAMARA PLANNING PATTERN: GENESIS OF COMPONENTS (FROM 1586 TO THE 90-S OF XX CENTURY)
Authors: VERETENNIKOV Dmitry Borisovich
Published: October 2015

The article focuses on the formation of Samara planning pattern while applying the method of component analysis of the changes in the city planning pattern and outlining the interdependence of these changes in the process of investigating the genesis of the planning pattern. The paper shows different stages of the quantitative growth of the city and qualitative changes in its planning organization. Quantitative growth of the road network in Samara and its qualitative changes over the time are investigated. The stages of both nodal and linear urban centers formation are marked. Processes of intensive and extensive development of these centers are described. Quantitative growth rates for all components of Samara planning pattern are determined. These figures are summarized in the tables. In conclusion a graphical sheme of the genesis of Samara planning pattern is put forward.
ON THE HISTORY OF THE FIRST CITY ARCHITECTURAL ENSEMBLES OF SAMARA SQUARE
Authors: KOTENKO Irina Aleksandrovna , SERJANTOVA Alina Valer'evna , KHARITONOVA Anastasya S.
Published: October 2015

The article describes the history of one of the first classical architectural ensembles of Sovietera, that of Samara square situated within the boundaries of Galaktionovskaya, Yarmarochnaya and Sadovaya streets. Particular attention is paid to the appearance of the administrative building of Hydroproject - a major compositional dominant of the ensemble. The paper emphasizes the exceptional importance of the ensemble in the architectural and cultural heritage of the city. The authors use a wide range of bibliographic sources and provide unique documents about the architects of this urban ensemble, including personal testimonies of the authors about their work on the project.
BIOOXIDATION OF ORGANIC IMPURITIES OF WASTE LIQUIDS ON THE COMBINED BIOREACTOR
Authors: CHERTES Konstantin L'vovich , TUPICYNA Olga Vladimirovna , SAMARINA Oksana Alekseevna , ANDREEV Sergey Yur'evich
Published: October 2015

Activities of oil and gas companies are accompanied by the formation of liquid and pasteous hydrocarbon waste. A common way of dealing with these types of wastes is their placement, storage in specially equipped facilities (sludge reservoirs, ponds, anaerobic digestion, etc.). Сonsiders the major problems of processing of waste liquids of petrochemical complex with using biochemical reactor. Are presented the results of research of process of bio oxidation of organic matter in water-emulsion layer of waste storage using activated sludge plan.
IMPROVING METHODS OF CALCULATING HYDRODYNAMIC LOADS FOR WATER OUTLETS AT THE BOTTOM MODE OF POOLS BLENDING
Authors: IVANOV Vladimir Mikhaylovich , IVANOVA Tatyana Yur'evna
Published: October 2015

The article presents the results of new methods of calculating hydrodynamic loads on the fastening of a spillway dam. The dam described has a smooth blending of its spillway face and its apron. Different submergence coefficients of the hydraulic jump at the bottom mode are calculated. The research yielded calculation values and graphs which make possible to estimate the average hydrodynamic load on the fastening with account of pressure pulsations at different submergence coefficients of the hydraulic jump as well as to estimate the second sequent depth on a upturned apron.
Eloa o la tentación de Vigny por el mal
Authors: Fernández Díaz María del Carmen
Published: October 2015

Alfred de Vigny fue ante todo poeta. Así lo atestigua su dilatada producción lírica que, durante casi cincuenta años, se extiende desde sus primeros ensayos de 1815 hasta 1863, fecha en la que compone El espíritu puro
Aproximación a la trayectoria poética de Félix Grande
Authors: Garnelo Merayo Saúl
Published: October 2015

Félix Grande es una de las principales figuras dentro del panorama literario actual. A esta consideración ha contribuido, no sólo su labor en el terreno de la poesía, sino también su dedicación al ensayo y a la narrativa
Simbología topográfica en los relatos fantásticos de Ambrose Bierce: el barranco
Authors: Santos Vila Sonia
Published: October 2015

Ambrose Bierce era un hombre polifacético: a lo largo de su vida desempeñó diversas profesiones como las de camarero, ayudante de imprenta, soldado (en donde se incluyen varios ascensos dentro de la carrera militar), topógrafo, periodista, escritor y crítico
Modern alternative or first-line treatment: How to safely use Negative Pressure Wound Therapy in Diabetic Foot Syndrome?
Authors: Mrozikiewicz-Rakowska Beata , Bucior Ewelina , Kania Joanna , Nowak Adrianna , Chojnowski Marek , Krzymień Janusz
Published: October 2015

Clinical experience and basic science studies show that Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) is a promising yet still under-used treatment method for patients with diabetic foot syndrome (DFS). Despite its advantages, it may carry the risk of serious side effects if the indications and contraindications are not strictly observed. The aim of this article is to discuss myths and facts about NPWT in conditions such as: inadequate blood supply, insufficient wound debridement, osteomyelitis or the necessity to monitor laboratory parameters during the therapy. We will try to define the optimal conditions for NPWT in order to obtain better results and eliminate the risk of side effects.
Brown Adipose Tissue: A New Target for Antiobesity Therapy
Authors: Meiliana Anna , Wijaya Andi
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND: Human fat consist of white and brown adipose tissue (WAT and BAT). Though most fat is energy-storing WAT, the thermogenic capacity of even small amounts of BAT makes it an attractive therapeutic target for inducing weight loss through energy expenditure.CONTENT: Over the past year, several independent research teams used a combination of positron-emission tomography and computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging, immunohistochemistry and gene and protein expression assays to prove conclusively that adult humans have functional BAT. BAT is important for thermogenesis and energy balance in small mammals and its induction in mice promotes energy expenditure, reduces adiposity and protects mice from diet-induced obesity. The thermogenic capacity of BAT is impressive. In humans, it has been estimated that as little as 50g of BAT could utilize up to 20% of basal caloric needs if maximally stimulated.SUMMARY: The obesity pandemic requires new and novel treatments. The past few years have witnessed multiple studies conclusively showing that adult humans have functional BAT, a tissue that has a tremendous capacity for obesity-reducing thermogenesis. Novel therapies targeting BAT thermogenesis may be available in the near future as therapeutic options for obesity and diabetes. Thermogenic ingredients may be considered as functional agents that could help in preventing a positive energy balance and obesity.KEYWORDS: brown adipose tissue, thermogenesis, energy expenditure, antiobesity therapy
Circadian Clock and The Cardiometabolic Risk
Authors: Meiliana Anna , Wijaya Andi
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological data reveal parallel trends of decreasing sleep duration and increases in metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes and hypertension. There is growing evidence that these trends are mechanistically related.CONTENT: The circadian system orchestrates the temporal organization of many aspects of physiology, including metabolism, in synchrony with the 24 hours rotation of the Earth. The circadian system is a complex feedback network that involves interactions between the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Circadian regulation is intimately linked to metabolic homeostasis and that dysregulation of circadian rhythms can contribute to disease. Conversely, metabolic signals also feed back into the circadian system, modulating circadian gene expression and behavior.SUMMARY: Both inter- and intraorgan desynchrony may be involved in the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic disease attributable to effects in brain and multiple metabolic tissues including heart, liver, fat, muscle, pancreas and gut. Efforts to dissect the molecular mediators that coordinate circadian, metabolic, and cardiovascular systems may ultimately lead to both improved therapeutics and preventive interventions.KEYWORDS: circadian rhythms, clock genes, nuclear receptor, sleep, obesity, cardiometabolic risk
The Role of Angiopoietin-like Protein 3 and Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 to Lipolysis, Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Indonesian Non-Diabetic Obese Male
Authors: Lina Yani , Lawrence Gatot Susilo , Wijaya Andi , As'ad Suryani
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND: Obesity is commonly associated with a systemic low grade inflammation and insulin resistance state. Although it is still being debated, increased lipolysis is known as one of the risk factors for inflammation and insulin resistance. Two factors already known to affect lipolysis are Angptl3, known as prolipolytic factor, and FGF21, known as antilipolytic factor. The aim of this study was to observe the role of Angptl3 and FGF21 to lipolysis, inflammation and insulin resistance in non diabetic obese male.METHODS: This was an observational study with cross sectional design. One hundred and thirty male subjects aged 30-60 years with non diabetic abdominal obesity characterized by waist circumference 97.32±5.63 cm and fasting blood glucose 90.19±8.78 mg/dL.RESULTS: The results of this study showed a correlation between Angptl3-FFA (r=0.203; p=0.021; R square=0.041; p=0.021), Angptl3-FABP4 (r=0.330; p=0.000; R square=0.109; p=0.000) and Angptl3-TNFα (r=0.288; p=0.001; R square=0.049; p=0.011). There was a correlation between FGF21-FABP4 (r=0.218, p=0.013; R square=0.047, p=0.013) and FGF21 HOMA-IR (r=0.308, p=0.000; R square=0.046, p=0.014).CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that Angptl3 may affect lipolysis and inflammation while FGF21 may affect lipolysis and insulin resistance. The increased FGF21 concentration might occur as a compensation (negative feedback mechanism) to reduce lipolysis and increase insulin sensitivity in non diabetic obese males. Further studies might be needed to observe Angptl3 and FGF21 profile in more severe obese population in Indonesia.KEYWORDS: obesity, lipolysis, inflammation, insulin resistance
Nephroprotective Effect of Pentoxyphylline Through Improvement in the Expression of TGF-beta1, Collagen Type-1, and Renal Interstitial Fibrosis in Swiss Strain Mice After Being Induced by Doxorubicin
Authors: Purwanto Bambang , Hermawan A Guntur
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND: Use of doxorubicin (DXR) in the treatment of cancer has been increasing along with the increase in cancer morbidity. Nephrotoxic effects of DXR are still a problem. Pentoxyphylline (PTX) as an electron-donor material can be nephroprotective, so the combination of DXR and PTX might reduce the nephrotoxic effects of DXR. The aim of this study was to prove the nephroprotective effect of PTX and DXR nephrotoxicity through the improvement of TGF-β1, collage type-1, and renal interstitial fibrosis.METHODS: Twenty-four males Swiss strain mice, divided into three groups namely Control (C) injected with NaCl 0.9%; DXR induced nephrotoxicity (D); and effect of PTX on D (P/D) by intraperitoneally, respectively, each group consisted of 8 mice. Injections were given once a week for three consecutive weeks. At 8th week post-treatment, all eight mice of each group were sacrificed. Examination of TGF-β1 and collagen type-I expression was done by immunohistochemistry with monoclonal antibody. Renal interstitial fibrosis examination was done by a histopathologist, using Verheoff van Giesen staining. The statistic analysis was carried out using one-way ANOVA.RESULTS: TGF-β1 expression increased from C to D and subsequently decreased in P/D (4.50±3.89 vs. 177.88±68.78 vs. 36.88±9.51). Collagen type-I expression increased from C to D and subsequently decreased in P/D (12.00±14.32 vs. 186.25±125.62 vs. 36.00±29.14). Renal interstitial fibrosis expression increased from C to D and subsequently decreased in P/D (16.75±6.14 vs. 85.00±7.33 vs. 60.50±11.40). The expression of TGF-β1, collagen type-1, and renal interstitial fibrosis were higher significantly in D group as compared to C group (p<0,001). The expression of TGF-β1, collagen type-1, and renal interstitial fibrosis were lower significantly in P/D group as compared to D group (p<0.005).CONCLUSIONS: PTX was proved to be nephroprotector inducing by DXR.KEYWORDS: PTX, nephroprotector, TGF-β1, collagen type-I, renal interstitial fibrosis
Novel Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Disease: A Review
Authors: Meiliana Anna , Wijaya Andi
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND: The investigation of novel circulating serum and plasma biomarkers in patients with cardiovascular disease has been accelerating at a remarkable pace. New markers or tests are often presented too early to the medical profession, potentially leading to overuse and, thus, extra burden and costs to patients, the healthcare industry, and the economy. The challenge for clinicians and medical researchers is how to optimally apply existing and new markers/tests.CONTENT: Biomarkers are biological parameters that can be objectively measured and quantified as indicators of normal biologic processes, pathogenic processes, or responses to a therapeutic intervention. Typically thought of as disease process screening, diagnosing, or monitoring tools, biomarkers may also be used to determine disease susceptibility and eligibility for specific therapies. Cardiac biomarkers are protein components of cell structures that are released into circulation when myocardial injury occurs. They play a pivotal role in the diagnosis, risk stratification, and treatment of patients with chest pain and suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS) as well as those with acute exacerbations of heart failure.SUMMARY: Active investigation has brought forward an increasingly large number of novel candidate markers but few have withstood the test of time and become integrated into contemporary clinical care because of their readily apparent diagnostic, prognostic, and/or therapeutic utility. With regard to the more novel biomarkers, careful thought is needed with regard to the appropriate target populations for discovery and validation, as well as the criteria used to sort out the contenders from the pretenders.KEYWORDS: biomarker, cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, risk stratification, diagnosis, prognosis
HDL: More Than Just Cholesterol
Authors: Meilina Anna , Wijaya Andi
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND: Plasma concentration of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are strongly, consistenly, and independently inversely associated with risk of atheroschlerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the last decade has seen several observations that do not follow this simple script.CONTENT: A proteomic analysis of HDL has given us an intriguing glimpse into novel components of HDL. HDL isolated from normal humans contains several classes of proteins, including not only apolipoproteins, but also complement regulatory proteins, endopeptidase inhibitors, hemopexin, and acute phase response proteins. These observations raise the possibility of unsuspected roles for HDL. HDL delivery of complement proteins would implicate HDL in innate immunity. Serine proteinase inhibitors would enable HDL to modulate proteolysis of the vessel wall. HDL from patients with coronary artery disease was enriched in apoE, apoC-IV, apoA-IV, Paraoxonase (PON), and complement factor C3. Highlighted additional mechanisms through which HDL protects the vessel wall are: HDL improves vascular function, decreases vascular inflammation, detoxifies radicals, and limits thrombosis.SUMMARY: Both inter- and intra-organ desynchrony may be involved in the pathogenesis of cardiometabolic disease attributable to effects in brain and multiple metabolic tissues including heart, liver, fat, muscle, pancreas, and gut. Efforts to dissect the molecular mediators that coordinate circadian, metabolic, and cardiovascular systems may ultimately lead to both improved therapeutics and preventive interventions.KEYWORDS: HDL, Apo–A1, RCT, inflammation, HDL dysfunction, HDL proteome, HDL & Apo–A1 mimetics
The Relationship of Proinflammatory and Antiinflammatory Adipokines in the Development of Metabolic Syndrome in Centrally Obese Men
Authors: Meiliana Anna , Wijaya Andi , As'ad Suryani
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND: The increased prevalence of obesity worldwide is correlated with increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome. Studies of adipose tissue have been improved from an inert energy storage to a metabolic active endocrine organ. Adipokines secreted by this tissue play a role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis. The large mass of visceral fat tissue causing the imbalance of these adipokines leading to metabolic abnormality known as the metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study was performed to understand relationship of proinflammatory adipokines (resistin, TNF-α, RBP4 and visfatin) and anti-inflammatory adipokines (adiponectin and vaspin) in the development of MetS.METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study using 122 central obesity men with waist circumference >90 cm, age from 30–60 years old. Proinflammatory adipokines (resistin, TNF-α, RBP4 and visfatin) and anti-inflammatory adipokines (adiponectin and vaspin) was measured by ELISA method.RESULTS: The crosstab study showed that subjects who have >2 high proinflammatory adipokines (17.3%) has higher MetS prevalence (OR = 1.16; p = 0.72) compare to subjects with <2 high proinflammatory adipokines (14.8%), subjects with low anti-inflammatory adipokines profile (18.9%) has higher prevalence of MetS (OR=1.38; p=0.22) compare to subjects with high anti-inflammatory adipokines (13.7%) and the prevalence of MetS became 1.49 times higher (p=0.24) when we combine the high RBP4 and low adiponectin profile (21.1%) compare to subjects with low RBP4 and high adiponectin (14%).CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that each adipokine was not strong enough to induce MetS, so the interaction between proinflammatory and antiinflammatory adipokines were needed to induce a systemic metabolic abnormality. Thus, the adipokines equilibrium was important to prevent MetS especially in centrally obese subjects.KEYWORDS: obesity, metabolic syndrome, adipokines, resistin, TNF-α, RBP4, visfatin, adiponectin, vaspin
Correlation between Circulating Levels of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines TNF-alpha and Vascular Calcification Inhibitor Matrix Gla Protein in Obese Men
Authors: Yulianti Trilis , Arif Mansyur , Wijaya Andi
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND: Adult obesity is rapidly increasing in the world including Indonesia. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) was chronically elevated in obese adipose tissue. TNF-α, a pleiotropic cytokine and also a regulator of bone formation, may might represent an important link between obesity and vascular calcification. Elegant genetic studies in mice and human have highlighted the important roles for Matrix Gla Protein (MGP) as an inhibitor of vascular calcification. The aim of this study was to examine the correlation between circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and vascular calcification inhibitor MGP in obese men.METHODS: This was an observational cross-sectional study including 40 central obese men (waist circumference ≥90 cm) aged 31-60 years old. Serum MGP and serum TNF-α concentrations were quantified by ELISA principle. Fasting plasma glucose was assessed using hexokinase methods, triglyceride by GPO-PAP methods, and creatinine by Jaffe methods. All assays were performed according to the manufacture instruction. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS for windows ver 16. Univariate analysis were performed to analyze mean, maximum, minimum value and SD. Pearson correlation statistic were performed to determine the correlation between variables. Significance value were define as alpha level = 0.05 based on two-tailed tests.RESULTS: The cross-sectional study (n=40) showed that the advancing age was correlated with plasma TNF-α concentration (r=0.348; p=0.028). The mean concentration of TNF-α and MGP were 8.323 and 8.368, respectively. We found a significant negative correlation between TNF-α with MGP (r=-0.425; p=0.006) and a significant correlation between TNF-α and triglyceride (r=0.375; p=0.017).CONCLUSIONS: Circulating level of TNF-α was inversely correlated with MGP concentration in obese men. This finding suggested that high level TNF-α leads to low MGP concentration obese men, hence, limits inhibitory capacity in vascular calcification.KEYWORDS: hypertension, obesity, vascular calcification, MGP, TNF-α
The Correlation between Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) and Insulin Resistance and the Components of Atherogenic Lipoprotein Phenotype in Males with Central Obesity
Authors: Yusmiati Yusmiati , Bahar Burhanuddin , Wijaya Andi
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND: Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) promotes the degradation of LDL receptor in hepatocytes. in vitro studies have proven that insulin increases the expression of PCSK9. Insulin resistance, a common condition in central obesity is characterized by dyslipidemia called Atherogenic Lipoprotein Phenotype (ALP). This study aimed to investigate the correlation between insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and PCSK9, and to analyze whether this condition is related to the development of ALP in central obesity.METHODS: This is an observational study with crosssectional design. The subjects consisted of 62 male adults with central obesity, aged 30-60 years old. ELISA was used to measure plasma PSCK9.RESULTS: The mean plasma PCSK9 concentration of the samples was 283.7 ng/mL. PCSK9 had positive linear correlation with HOMA-IR (r=0.225, p=0.045) and Apo B (r=0.245, p=0.055). After controlling of HOMA-IR, PCSK9 had positive linear correlation with triglycerides (r=0.352, p=0.045). In population with HOMA-IR >2, crosstabs analysis showed that PCSK9 had significant correlation with triglycerides and Apo B with an odd ratio of 6,125 (r=0.376, p=0.037). Triglyceride showed significant negative correlation with HDL cholesterol and ratio of LDL/Apo B, but neither HOMA-IR nor PCSK9 did.CONCLUSION: In males with central obesity, PCSK9 is one of the factors mediating the occurence of ALP in insulin resistance.KEYWORDS: PCSK9, insulin resistance, atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype
Microparticles Novel Mechanisms of Intracellular Communication: Implication in Health and Disease
Authors: Meiliana Anna , Wijaya Andi
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND: The prevailing view that eukaryotic cells are restrained from intercellular exchange of genetic information has been challenged by recent reports on nanotubes, exosomes, apoptotic bodies, and nucleic acid—binding peptides that provide novel pathways for cell—cell communication, with implications in health and disease.CONTENT: Microparticles (MPs) are a heterogeneous population of small plasma membrane structures that serve as important signaling structures between cells. MPs are composed of a phospholipid bilayer that exposes transmembrane proteins and receptors and encloses cytosolic components such as enzymes, transcription factors, and mRNA derived from their parent cells. Growing evidence suggests that MPs regulate inflammation, stimulate coagulation, affect vascular functions and apoptosis, and can also play a role in cell proliferation or differentiation. MPs circulate in the bloodstream, can be detected in the peripheral blood, and may originate from different vascular cell types (eg, platelets, monocytes, endothelial cells, red blood cells, and granulocytes).SUMMARY: Cells of various types release small membrane vesicles called MP on their activation, as well as during the process of apoptosis. The properties and roles of MP generated in different contexts are diverse and are determined by their parent cell and the pathway of their generation, which affects their content. MP are involved in multiple cellular functions, including immunomodulation, inflammation, coagulation, and intercellular communication. MPs are able to deliver molecular signals in the form of lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, or functional trans-membrane proteins from the parent cell to distantly located targets. From a clinical point of view, MP may serve as biomarkers for disease status and may be found useful for developing novel therapeutic strategies.KEYWORDS: microparticles, microvesicle, membrane remodeling, Intercellular communication
Correlation of Urine Albumin/Creatinine Ratio (UACR), High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP) and N-Terminal Pro Brain Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP) with Atherosclerosis (OxLDL) in Centrally Obese Men
Authors: Pakpahan Nancy , Arif Mansyur , Patellongi Ilhamjaya
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND: Obesity is closely associated with atherosclerosis risk and cardiovascular disease. Novel cardiovascular risk biomarkers such as Urine Albumin/Creatinine Ratio (UACR), High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP) and N-Terminal pro Brain Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP) have been observed to predict cardiovascular disease in the general population. The aim of this study was to observe the correlation of UACR, hsCRP and NT-proBNP with atherosclerosis (OxLDL) in centrally obese men.METHODS: The study was observational with a cross sectional design done on 76 male subjects aged 30–50 years with central obesity and mean of age of 37 years. Urine albumin was determined by PEG enhanced immunoturbidimetric assay, urine creatinine by Jaffe without deproteinase, hsCRP by chemiluminescent immunometric assay, NT-proBNP by electrochemiluminescence (ECLIA) and OxLDL by ELISA.RESULTS: There was significant correlation between hsCRP and OxLDL (r=0.230, p=0.046). There was no significant correlation between UACR and OxLDL (r=-0.138, p=0.236), neither between Log NT-proBNP and OxLDL (r=-0.173, p=0.136).CONCLUSIONS: Atherosclerosis was significantly correlated with hsCRP (low grade inflammation).KEYWORDS: NT-proBNP, UACR, hsCRP, OxLDL, atherosclerosis
Correlation between Interleukin-6 (IL-6), High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP), Endothelin-1 (ET-1), Asymmetric Dimethylarginine (ADMA) and Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) in Central Obese Men
Authors: Hidayat Andri , Wijaya Andi , Alrasyid Harun
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND: Many studies have shown that obesity was closely related to insulin resistance via several pathways such as inflammation, oxidative stress, lipolysis, and endothelial dysfunction. This study was carried out to observe the correlation between inflammation (IL-6 and hsCRP), lipolysis process (ET-1), and endothelial dysfunction (ADMA) and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in centrally obese men.METHODS: This was a cross sectional study on 62 male subjects aged 30–60 years old with waist circumference (WC) >90 cm. IL-6, ET-1 and ADMA levels were measured using ELISA method, while hsCRP and insulin were measured using chemiluminescence method. All blood testings were conducted in Prodia Clinical Laboratory.RESULTS: The results showed that WC was significantly correlated with hsCRP (r=0.294, p=0.022 ), ET-1 (r=0.257, p=0.047 ) and ADMA (r=0.338, p=0.009). We also found a significant correlation between hsCRP with HOMA-IR (r=0.324, p=0.021), ADMA with HOMA-IR (r=0.280, p=0.045), and IL-6 with hsCRP (r=0.437, p=0.003).CONCLUSIONS: hsCRP and ADMA have significant correlation with HOMA-IR in centrally obese men. HOMA-IR significantly increases in subjects with ADMA above median and either IL-6 or hsCRP above median, as compared to those in the other groups. Inflammation and endothelial dysfunction are important causal pathways of insulin resistance state in centrally obese men.KEYWORDS: obesity, IL-6, hsCRP, ET-1, ADMA, HOMA-IR
Lipoprotein (a) and Lipoprotein-associated Phospholipase A2 as Atherosclerosis Risk Factors (oxLDL) in Men with Central Obesity
Authors: Sari Nelly , Wijaya Andi , Patellongi Ilhamjaya
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND: The increasing prevalence of obesity in Indonesia triggers a lot of research interest to overcome it. Obesity has a very important role as atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk factors. The presence of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) on the vascular wall is a marker of atherosclerosis. The increase of Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) and Lipoprotein associate phospholipase A2 (LpPLA2) occurs in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), myocardial infarction, and unstable angina. It is well accepted that obesity is closely related to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular risk factors. However, correlation between Lp(a), LpPLA2 and oxLDL in central obesity has not yet been investigated. The aim of this study was to observing the correlation between Lp(a), LpPLA2 and oxLDL in early central obesity.METHODS: An observational study with cross-sectional design on 76 men with central obesity, aged 30-67 years, was conducted. Central obesity was characterized by waist circumference >90 cm. Test of Lp(a) was performed by turbidimetric method and that of LpPLA2 was performed by sandwich enzyme immunoassay. Test of oxLDL was performed by ELISA. All statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS for Windows v.11.5 at a significance level of p<0.05. The Pearson and Spearman’s Rho correlation coefficient was used to assess the correlation between Lp(a), LpPLA2 and oxLDL. Obese men with acute inflammation (hsCRP > 10 mg/L), renal failure (Creatinine >1.5 mg/dL) and consumed antiinflammation were excluded from this study.RESULTS: The concentration of LpPLA2 had a linear correlation (r=-0.340, p=0.003) with the increase of oxLDL concentration. However, concentration of Lp(a) did not have linear correlation (r = 0.025) with increase of oxLDL concentration. This finding indicates that concentration of LpPLA2 had a negative correlation with increase of concentration of oxLDL. In addition, Lp(a) appears not to correlate with oxLDL significantly.CONCLUSION: The study showed there was a significant correlation between concentration of LpPLA2 and concentration of oxLDL in men with central obesity. Higher concentration of LpPLA2 correlated with lower concentration of oxLDL.KEYWORDS: Lp(a), LpPLA2, oxLDL, atherosclerosis, central obesity
Epigenetic Reprogramming Induced Pluripotency
Authors: Meiliana Anna , Wijaya Andi
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND: The ability to reprogram mature cells to an embryonic-like state by nuclear transfer or by inducing the expression of key transcription factors has provided us with critical opportunities to linearly map the epigenetic parameters that are essential for attaining pluripotency.CONTENT: Epigenetic reprogramming describes a switch in gene expression of one kind of cell to that of another unrelated cell type. Early studies in frog cloning provided some of the first experimental evidence for reprogramming. Subsequent procedures included mammalian somatic cell nuclear transfer, cell fusion, induction of pluripotency by ectopic gene expression, and direct reprogramming. Through these methods it becomes possible to derive one kind of specialized cell (such as a brain cell) from another, more accessible tissue, such as skin in the same individual. This has potential applications for cell replacement without the immunosuppression treatments commonly required when cells are transferred between genetically different individuals.SUMMARY: Reprogramming with transcription factors offers tremendous promise for the future development of patient-specific pluripotent cells and for studies of human disease. The identification of optimized protocols for the differentiation of iPS cells and ES cells into multiple functional cell types in vitro and their proper engraftment in vivo will be challenged in the coming years. Given that the first small molecule approaches aimed at activating pluripotency genes have already been devised and that murine iPS cells have recently been derived by using non-integrative transient expression strategies of the reprogramming factors, we expect that human iPS cells without permanent genetic alterations will soon be generated.KEYWORDS: epigenetics, reprogramming, pluripotency, stem cells, iPS cells, chromatin, DNA methylation