bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Green synthesis and crystal structure of 4,7‐diaryl‐2‐oxo(thio)‐1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8‐octahydroquinazoline‐5‐one derivatives
Authors: Han Guang‐Fan , Cui Bin , Chen Li‐Zhuang , Wang Rui‐Hua , Jin Yan
Published: December 2010

A green and convenient approach to the synthesis of novel 4,7‐diaryl‐2‐oxo(thio)‐1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8‐octahydroquinazoline‐5‐one derivatives from appropriate aromatic aldehydes and 5‐aryl‐1,3‐cyclohexanedione with urea or thiourea in the presence of dilute HCl as catalyst in water is described. This method provides several advantages such as environmental friendliness, low cost, high yields, and simple workup procedure. The structures of all compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, MS, and 1H NMR. The crystal and molecular structure of 4‐(4′‐chlorophenyl)‐7‐(4′‐methoxyphenyl)‐1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8‐octahydroquinazoline‐2,5‐dione 5m have been determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The crystal of compound 5m belongs to monoclinic with space group P‐21/c, a = 1.4353 (4) nm, b = 1.4011 (4) nm, c = 0.9248 (3) nm, α = 90.00°, β = 101.242 (6)°, γ = 90.00°, Z = 4, V = 1.8241 (9) nm3, R1 = 0.0448, and wR2 = 0.1022. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
NaBH4‐I2 mediated chemoselective reduction of γ‐lactam and thio‐γ‐lactam in presence of gem‐dicarboxylates: An easy access to 1,3‐diaryl pyrrolidines
Authors: Barman Gopa , Haldar Pranab , Dutta Neelanjan , Ray Jayanta K.
Published: December 2010

Substituted pyrrolidine derivatives were synthesized in high yield by NaBH4/I2 mediated chemoselective reduction of N‐aryl‐γ‐lactam and N‐aryl‐thio‐γ‐lactam‐2,2‐dicarboxylate. With excess NaBH4/I2, carbonyl functionality of the ester groups remained unchanged. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Eco‐friendly synthesis of 1,8‐dioxo‐octahydroxanthenes catalyzed by ionic liquid in aqueous media
Authors: Fang Dong , Yang Jin‐Ming , Liu Zu‐Liang
Published: December 2010

A biodegradable functionalized ionic liquid 3‐(N,N‐dimethyldodecylammonium)propanesulfonic acid hydrogen sulfate ([DDPA][HSO4]) was prepared and used as a Brønsted acid–surfactant‐combined catalyst for the eco‐friendly one‐pot synthesis of 1,8‐dioxo‐octahydroxanthenes at 100°C in water. Under these conditions, the reaction of various aromatic aldehydes with dimedone generated 1,8‐dioxo‐octahydroxanthenes in good yields with a simple postreaction procedure. The products could simply be separated from the catalyst/water system, and the catalyst could be reused at least six times without noticeably decreasing the catalytic activity. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
A green and selective synthesis of 2‐aryloxazines and 2‐aryltetrahydropyrimidines
Authors: Mohammadpoor‐Baltork Iraj , Moghadam Majid , Tangestaninejad Shahram , Mirkhani Valiollah , Eskandari Zohre
Published: December 2010

An efficient method for the selective synthesis of 2‐substituted oxazines and tetrahydropyrimidines by the reaction of arylnitriles with 3‐amino‐1‐propanol and 1,3‐diaminopropane in the presence of montmorillonite K‐10 and KSF as inexpensive, environmentally benign, and reusable catalysts under classical heating conditions and microwave irradiation is reported. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Organogenesis in the budding process of the freshwater bryozoan Cristatella mucedo Cuvier, 1798 (bryozoa, phylactolaemata)
Authors: Schwaha Thomas , Handschuh Stephan , Redl Emanuel , Walzl Manfred G.
Published: December 2010

The phylogenetic position of bryozoans has been disputed for decades, and molecular phylogenetic analyzes have not unequivocally clarified their position within the Bilateria. As probably the most basal bryozoans, Phylactolaemata is the most promising taxon for large‐scale phylogenetic comparisons. These comparisons require extending the morphological and developmental data by investigating different phylactolaemate species to identify basal characters and resolve in‐group phylogeny. Accordingly, we analyzed the bud development and the organogenesis of the freshwater bryozoan Cristatella mucedo, with special focus on the formation of the digestive tract and differentiation of the coelomic compartments. Most parts of the digestive tract are formed as an outpocketing at the future anal side growing towards the mouth area. The ganglion is formed by an invagination between the anlagen of the mouth and anus. The lophophoral arms develop as paired lateral protrusions into the lumen of the bud and are temporarily connected by a median, thin bridge. All coelomic compartments are confluent during their development and also in the adult. The epistome coelom develops by fusion of two peritoneal infolds between the gut loop and overgrows the ganglion medially. The coelomic ring canal on the oral side develops by two lateral ingrowths and supplies the oral tentacles. On the forked canal, supplying the innermost row of tentacles above the epistome, a bladder‐shaped swelling, probably with excretory function, is present in some adults. It remains difficult to draw comparisons to other phyla because only few studies have dealt with budding of potentially related taxa in more detail. Nonetheless, our results show that comparative organogenesis can contribute to phylactolaemate systematics and, when more data are available, possibly to that of other bryozoan classes and bilaterian phyla. J. Morphol., 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fashion‐forward thinking: Sustainability as a business model at Levi Strauss
Authors: Joule Erik
Published: December 2010

Running a profitable business while championing sustainability makes for a comfortable fit at Levi Strauss & Co., where environmental awareness is now woven into every aspect of the life cycle of the firm's iconic products. From the way the raw material for the fabrics used to make its clothing is grown to how the products are designed, created, distributed, sold, and ultimately cared for by end‐users, each step is viewed through an environmental lens that does not lose sight of the organization's overarching goals: to reinforce its leadership role in the marketplace and strengthen its bond with consumers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Meaningful exit interviews help one bank cut turnover and save
Authors: Gioia Joyce L. , Catalano Rosalie M.
Published: December 2010

When turnover at a regional bank jumped from 10 to 25 percent, its managers knew they needed help in identifying the cause of the exodus. As this case study shows, a specially designed exit interview program has helped the bank dramatically reduce its turnover rate and implement strategies to recruit and retain the right people, driving more profit to the bottom line. Conducted by certified HR professionals outside the organization to ensure candor, the exit interviews are supplemented with techniques for collecting critical information from employees who choose to stay and those who turn down offers of employment as well. But merely gathering information was not enough. For the bank to realize the full benefits of its initiative, it had to be willing to act on what the interviewers heard. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Miscibility of Carboxy‐Terminated Polystyrene/Poly[2‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] Blends
Authors: Tanaka Shimon , Nishida Haruo , Endo Takeshi
Published: December 2010

The miscibility/immiscibility behavior of CPS/PDMAEMA binary blends were investigated by means of DSC and optical microscopy. CPS was prepared by RAFT polymerization. CPS in a molecular weight range of 5 200–14 400 g · mol−1 was found to be miscible with PDMAEMA as shown by the existence of a single glass transition, whereas benzyl‐terminated polystyrene with a similar molecular weight was immiscible with PDMAEMA. DSC results suggested that the carboxylic acid terminal groups effectively operated as miscibility enhancers in polystyrene/PDMAEMA blends. Moreover, it was observed that this effect depended on the molecular weight of CPS and the hydrogen bonding function of solvents.

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Electroconductive Polyamide 6/MWNT Nanocomposites: Effect of Nanotube Surface‐Coating by in situ Catalyzed Polymerization
Authors: Gorrasi Giuliana , Bredeau Stéphane , Di Candia Chiara , Patimo Giovanni , De Pasquale Salvatore , Dubois Philippe
Published: December 2010

Preparation and analysis of morphologic and electrical properties of high‐performance multiwalled carbon nanotube/polyamide 6 nanocomposites was achieved. The MWNTs were surface‐coated by in situ polymerization of ethylene as catalyzed directly from the nanotube surface previously treated by a highly active metallocene‐based complex. The so‐produced polyethylene‐coated MWNTs were melt‐mixed with the PA6 matrix. Pristine MWNTs were also dispersed in PA6. The in situ ethylene polymerization/coating reaction allowed the destructuring of the native bundle‐like aggregates leading to the preparation of nanocomposites with improved properties even at very low nanofiller content.

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Compartmentalized Photoreactions within Compositionally Anisotropic Janus Microstructures
Authors: Lee Kyung Jin , Hwang Sangyeul , Yoon Jaewon , Bhaskar Srijanani , Park Tae‐Hong , Lahann Joerg
Published: December 2010

We demonstrate spatially controlled photoreactions within bicompartmental microparticles and microfibers. Selective photoreactions are achieved by anisotropic incorporation of photocrosslinkable poly(vinyl cinnamate) in one compartment of either colloids or microfibers. Prior to photoreaction, bicompartmental particles, and fibers were prepared by EHD co‐jetting of two compositionally distinct polymer solutions. Physical and chemical anisotropy was confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy, Fourier‐transformed infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The data indicate adjustment of polymer concentrations of the jetting solutions to be the determining factors for particle and fiber structures. Subsequent exposure of poly(vinyl cinnamate)‐based particles and fibers to UV light at 254 nm resulted in spatially controlled crosslinking. Treatment of the crosslinked bicompartmental colloids with chloroform produced half‐moon shaped objects. These hemishells exhibited a distinct porous morphology with pore sizes in the range of 70 nm. Based on this novel synthetic approach, Janus‐type particles and fibers can be prepared by EHD co‐jetting and can be selectively photocrosslinked without the need for masks or selective laser writing.

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Involvement of VILIP‐1 (visinin‐like protein) and opposite roles of cyclic AMP and GMP signaling in in vitro cell migration of murine skin squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Schönrath Katharina , Pan Wensheng , Klein‐Szanto Andres J. , Braunewell Karl‐Heinz
Published: December 2010

VILIP‐1 (visinin‐like protein 1) is downregulated in various human squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). In a mouse skin SCC model VILIP‐1 expression is reduced in aggressive tumor cells, accompanied by reduced cAMP levels. Overexpression of VILIP‐1 in aggressive SCC cells led to enhanced cAMP production, in turn causing a reduction in invasive properties. Moreover, in primary neurons and neuronal tumor lines VILIP‐1 enhanced cGMP signaling. Here, we set out to determine whether and how cAMP and cGMP signaling contribute to the VILIP‐1 effect on enhanced SCC model cell migration, and thus most likely invasiveness in vivo. We found stronger increase in cGMP levels in aggressive, VILIP‐1‐negative SCC cells following stimulation of guanylyl cyclases NPR‐A and ‐B with the natriuretic peptides ANP and CNP, respectively. Incubation with ANP or 8Br‐cGMP to increase cGMP levels further enhanced the migration capacity of aggressive cells, whereas cell adhesion was unaffected. Increased cGMP was caused by elevated expression levels of NPR‐A and ‐B. However, the expression level of VILIP‐1 did not affect cGMP signaling and guanylyl cyclase expression in SCC. In contrast, VILIP‐1 led to reduced migration of aggressive SCC cells depending on cAMP levels as shown by use of adenylyl cyclase (AC) inhibitor 2′,3′‐dideoxyadenosine. Involvement of cAMP‐effectors PKA and EPAC play a role downstream of AC activation. VILIP‐1‐positive and ‐negative cells did not differ in mRNA expression of ACs, but an effect on enhanced protein expression and membrane localization of ACs was shown to underlie enhancement of cAMP production and, thus, reduction in cell migration by VILIP‐1. Mol. Carcinog. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dyskerin is required for tumor cell growth through mechanisms that are independent of its role in telomerase and only partially related to its function in precursor rRNA processing
Authors: Alawi Faizan , Lin Ping
Published: December 2010

Dyskerin is an essential nucleolar protein required for the biogenesis of ribonucleoproteins that incorporate H/ACA RNAs. Through binding to specific H/ACA RNAs, dyskerin exerts most of its influence in the cell. To that end, dyskerin is a core component of the telomerase complex and is required for normal telomere maintenance. Dyskerin is also required for post‐transcriptional processing of precursor rRNA. Germline dyskerin mutations increase cancer susceptibility. Conversely, wild‐type dyskerin is usually over‐expressed and not mutated in sporadic cancers. However, the contributions of dyskerin to sporadic tumorigenesis are unknown. Described herein, we demonstrate that acute loss of dyskerin function by RNA interference significantly reduced steady‐state levels of H/ACA RNAs, disrupted the morphology and inhibited anchorage‐independent growth of telomerase‐positive and telomerase‐negative human cell lines. Unexpectedly, dyskerin depletion only transiently delayed rRNA maturation but with no appreciable effect on the levels of total 18S or 28S rRNA. Instead, while rRNA processing defects typically trigger p53‐dependent G1 arrest, dyskerin‐depleted cells accumulated in G2/M by a p53‐independent mechanism, and this was associated with an accumulation of aberrant mitotic figures that were characterized by multi‐polar spindles. Telomerase activity and the rate of rRNA processing are typically increased during neoplasia. However, our cumulative findings indicate that dyskerin contributes to tumor cell growth through mechanisms which do not require the presence of cellular telomerase activity, and which may be only partially dependent upon the protein's role in rRNA processing. These data also reinforce the notion that loss and gain of dyskerin function may play important roles in tumorigenesis. Mol. Carcinog. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tremor—some controversial aspects
Authors: Quinn Niall P. , Schneider Susanne A. , Schwingenschuh Petra , Bhatia Kailash P.
Published: December 2010

The commonest cause of pathological tremor is essential tremor (ET). However, it has proved difficult to identify genetic mutations causing ET, particularly because other causes of tremor continue to be misdiagnosed as ET. Whether subjects with dystonia or Parkinson's disease (PD) carry an increased genetic risk of developing ET, or vice versa, is controversial. In addition, the notion of a separate disorder of benign tremulous parkinsonism (BTP) has been debated. This article gives a selective viewpoint on some areas of uncertainty and controversy in tremor. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Relating winds along the Southern Brazilian coast to extratropical cyclones
Authors: Bitencourt Daniel Pires , Manoel Gan , Acevedo Otavio Costa , Fuentes Marcia Vetromilla , Muza Michel Nobre , Rodrigues Maria Laura , Leal Quadro Mario Francisco
Published: December 2010

Intense wind events at the southern Brazilian coast cause severe socio‐economic losses. Generally, such events have been associated with extratropical cyclones over the Southwest Atlantic Ocean. The purpose of this study is to identify favoured locations and the processes through which the winds are associated with the extratropical cyclones. Using a statistical analysis, the wind speed observed at nine meteorological stations was compared with cyclone depth and offshore distance. Both cyclone depth and location were obtained through an objective procedure of identifying and tracking. Generally, the winds are well associated with the extratropical cyclones only south of 28°S. Altitude also plays an important role in this relationship. Furthermore, the cyclones influence the observed wind field up to 1200 km inland at higher latitude locations. For stations near 28°S, cyclones further from the coast have an influence, but with smaller statistical significance. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
A mapping tool for climatological applications
Authors: Matuschek Olaf , Matzarakis Andreas
Published: December 2010

Modern GIS tools are inclined to be complex and not well suited to climatological applications. To redress this situation, a free tool for the creation of maps at different spatial resolutions for biometeorological and climatological purposes has been developed for use by GIS users and non‐specialists alike. The method produces grids and isolines on maps at the same time using a climate mapping tool (CMT), which employs two different algorithms for deriving isolines from gridded data. CMT allows the creation and mapping based on ASCII and CSV files as well as the import of the most common GIS data file formats. The algorithms and the mapping tool developed can be used for a variety of applications, such as mapping of bioclimate indices. A case study using physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) is presented to demonstrate the features of CMT. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
The combined instability index: a new very‐short range convection forecasting technique for southern Africa
Authors: de Coning Estelle , Koenig Marianne , Olivier Jana
Published: December 2010

Thunderstorms, due to their high frequency of occurrence over southern Africa and their dominant contribution to summer rainfall, are the primary focus of very short range forecasting and nowcasting efforts in South Africa. Most southern African countries are heavily reliant on satellite technology due to the limited number of surface and upper‐air observations and the limited availability of numerical model output. In developing tools for the first 12 forecast hours, the South African Weather Service has to address both national and regional needs. The blending of techniques in an optimal manner is essential in achieving this. In this paper a description is given of how the Global Instability Index product derived from the European Meteosat Second Generation Satellite was adapted to fit to South African circumstances using a different numerical model as background information, creating the Regional Instability Indices (RII). The focus of the study is the development of a new convection indicator, called the Combined Instability Index (CII), which calculates the probability of convection based on satellite derived instability indices and moisture as well as orographic lift early in the morning when the sky is as cloud free as possible. The CII is an objective way for operational forecasters to calculate the probability for convection later in the day based on satellite and model data. Early morning CII values were evaluated statistically against the occurrence of lightning as well as against satellite derived precipitation later in the same day. It is shown that the CII not only performs well, but also outperforms the individual RII. The CII will be beneficial to operational forecasters to focus their attention on the area which is most favourable for the development of convection later in the day. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Identification and functional analysis of an ovarian form of the egg activation factor phospholipase C zeta (PLCζ) in pufferfish
Authors: Coward Kevin , Ponting Chris P. , Zhang Nan , Young Claire , Huang Chang‐Jen , Chou Chih‐Ming , Kashir Junaid , Fissore Rafael A. , Parrington John
Published: December 2010

Recent studies suggest that egg activation in mammals is triggered by a sperm‐specific phospholipase C, PLCzeta. In other vertebrate species such as medaka fish, chickens, and quail, PLCzeta is also expressed as a testis‐specific mRNA. Functional studies suggest that PLCzeta plays a similar role as a trigger of egg activation in these species. Here, we report the identification of PLCzeta orthologues in pufferfish species Takifugu rubripes (Fugu) and Tetraodon nigroviridis (Tetraodon). Unexpectedly in these species PLCzeta is expressed not in the testis, but in ovary and brain. Injection of pufferfish PLCzeta copy ribonucleic acid (cRNA) into mouse eggs failed to trigger calcium oscillations, unlike medaka PLCzeta cRNA. Our findings provide the first evidence that PLCzeta may be expressed in the egg, rather than the sperm, in some vertebrate species, and that its mechanism of action and physiologic role at fertilization may differ in different vertebrate species. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 78:48–56, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fertyrosine kinase is required for germinal vesicle breakdown and meiosis‐I in mouse oocytes
Authors: McGinnis Lynda K. , Hong Xiaoman , Christenson Lane K. , Kinsey William H.
Published: December 2010

The control of microtubule and actin‐mediated events that direct the physical arrangement and separation of chromosomes during meiosis is critical since failure to maintain chromosome organization can lead to germ cell aneuploidy. Our previous studies demonstrated a role for FYN tyrosine kinase in chromosome and spindle organization and in cortical polarity of the mature mammalian oocyte. In addition toFyn, mammalian oocytes express the protein tyrosine kinaseFerat high levels relative to other tissues. The objective of the present study was to determine the function of this kinase in the oocyte. Feline encephalitis virus (FES)‐related kinase (FER) protein was uniformly distributed in the ooplasm of small oocytes, but became concentrated in the germinal vesicle (GV) during oocyte growth. After germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD), FER associated with the metaphase‐I (MI) and metaphase‐II (MII) spindles. Suppression ofFerexpression by siRNA knockdown in GV stage oocytes did not prevent activation of cyclin dependent kinase 1 activity or chromosome condensation during in vitro maturation, but did arrest oocytes prior to GVBD or during MI. The resultant phenotype displayed condensed chromosomes trapped in the GV, or condensed chromosomes poorly arranged in a metaphase plate but with an underdeveloped spindle microtubule structure or chromosomes compacted into a tight sphere. The results demonstrate that FER kinase plays a critical role in oocyte meiotic spindle microtubule dynamics and may have an additional function in GVBD. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 78:33–47, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polar bodies—more a lack of understanding than a lack of respect
Authors: Schmerler Samuel , Wessel Gary M.
Published: December 2010

Polar bodies are as diverse as the organisms that produce them. Although in many animals these cells often die following meiotic maturation of the oocyte, in other organisms they are an essential and diverse part of embryonic development. Here we highlight some of this diversity and summarize the evolutionary basis for their utility. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 78:3–8, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Depression and age as predictors of patient‐reported outcome in a multidisciplinary rehabilitation programme for chronic musculoskeletal pain
Authors: Bremander A.B. , Holmström G. , Bergman S.
Published: December 2010

Background. The recommended treatment for chronic musculoskeletal pain is multidisciplinary, with a cognitive approach. The aim of this study was to investigate health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) outcome after a multidisciplinary treatment with a cognitive approach.

Methods. A total of 131 subjects who participated in a multidisciplinary rehabilitation programme (2005–2008) were studied at baseline and after six months, using the Short Form Short Form 36‐item Health Survey questionnaire (SF‐36) as primary outcome (HRQoL), and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD) and pain as secondary outcomes and possible baseline predictors for HRQoL.

Results. Complete data were available for 97 subjects (85 women, mean age [SD] 44.6 [9.7] years). The SF‐36 subscales physical function (PF), general health (GH), vitality (VT), social function (SF) and mental health (MH), the visual analogue scale for pain and the HAD improved significantly (p < 0.05) at follow‐up compared with baseline. A pre‐treatment probable depression (HAD score ≥11) was associated with a favourable outcome of the SF‐36 subscales PF (odds ratio [OR] 5.6; p = 0.01), VT (OR 4.3; p = 0.02) and MH (OR 3.6; p = 0.02). A probable anxiety (HAD score ≥11) was associated with a favourable outcome of PF (OR 2.6; p = 0.05). There was an even stronger association for younger subjects (20–45 years), with probable depression scores at baseline and a favourable HRQoL outcome at follow up.

Conclusion. This multidisciplinary rehabilitation programme, using a non‐pharmacological cognitive approach, seemed to yield a better outcome concerning HRQoL measures in younger subjects with higher depression scores at baseline. This information is important for clinics when tailoring a multidisciplinary rehabilitation programme for patients with musculoskeletal chronic pain. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stress integration approach to evaluate damping ratio in torsional tests
Authors: Bae Yoon‐Shin , Bay James A. , Sasanakul Inthuorn
Published: December 2010

The complexity of determining strain associated with shear modulus and damping ratio in torsional tests has been resolved by means of several approaches. The stress integration approach is adequate when generating the plots of equivalent radius ratio versus strain more effectively over any range of strains in resonant column and torsional shear (RC/TS) tests. The stress integration approach was applied for hyperbolic, modified hyperbolic, and Ramberg–Osgood models in evaluating damping ratio. This study showed that using a single value of equivalent radius ratio in evaluating damping ratio is not appropriate. The combined hysteretic‐nonviscous damping model was developed and employed to consider the increased damping behavior at small strains using the stress integration approach. The results suggest that adding viscous behavior has no significant effect strain calculations in RC/TS testing. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal coupling of fluid flow and structural response of a tunnel induced by fire
Authors: Schrefler B. A. , Codina R. , Pesavento F. , Principe J.
Published: December 2010

In this work we present the progress in the development of an algorithm for the simulation of thermal fluid–structural coupling in a tunnel fire. The coupling strategy is based on a Dirichlet/Neumann non‐overlapping domain decomposition of the problem, which is carried out by developing a master code that controls solvers dedicated to the fluid mechanics and to the solid mechanics simulation. The computational fluid dynamics formulation consists of a stabilized finite element approximation of the low Mach number equations based on the subgrid scale concept, that allows us to deal with convection‐dominated problems and to use equal order interpolation of velocity and pressure. The thermo‐structural model of the tunnel vault, that considers a multiphase porous material where pores are partly filled with liquid and partly by gas, is specially devised for the simulation of concrete at high temperatures and consists of balance equations for mass conservation of dry air, mass conservation of water species (both in the liquid and gaseous state), enthalpy conservation and linear momentum conservation taking phase changes into account. The developed algorithm is applied to the problem of the response of a tunnel to a fire. We consider the combustion process as a heat release which can vary usually from 1thinspaceMW for small car fires to 100 MW for catastrophic fires. The released heat is transferred to the concrete walls of the tunnel which could cause extensive and heavy damage of the structure. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
3D finite element simulation of the matter flow by surface diffusion using a level set method
Authors: Bruchon J. , Drapier S. , Valdivieso F.
Published: December 2010

Within the context of the sintering process simulation, this paper proposes a numerical strategy for the direct simulation of the matter transport by surface diffusion, in two and three dimensions. The level set formulation of the surface diffusion problem is first established. The resulting equations are solved by using a finite element method. A stabilization technique is then introduced, in order to avoid the spurious oscillations of the grain boundary that are a consequence of the dependence of the surface velocity on the fourth‐order derivative of the level set function. The convergence and the accuracy of this approach are proved by investigating the change in an elliptic interface under surface diffusion. Cases in direct relation with the sintering process are analyzed besides: sintering between two grains of the same size or of two different sizes. Finally, 3D simulations involving a small number of particles show the ability of the proposed strategy to deal with strong deformations of the grain surface (formation of necks) and to access directly important parameters such as the closed porosity rate. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A growing tradition?
Authors: Gasman Marybeth
Published: December 2010

This article develops a basic knowledge of African American family foundations from which additional research can be generated. It addresses the following questions: From what types of professional backgrounds do the founders of African American family foundations hail? In which areas of the country are African American family foundations located? What is the range of assets possessed by African American family foundations, and how are these assets managed? How do African American family foundations use board members, employees, and volunteers to support their organizations? What are the overarching goals of African American family foundations? And in what areas are they concentrating their donations?
Organic and sustainable
Authors: Campbell David A.
Published: December 2010

The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, spawned 252 new nonprofit organizations. We know little about these organizations, including how they emerged, formalized, met constituents' expectations for immediate performance, and ultimately survived. This article explores these issues through a case study of one successful organization, the Windows of Hope Family Relief Fund. Using concepts from disaster, organizational ecology, and entrepreneurship research, the analysis identifies six propositions that link these literatures, notably the role of resource acquisition in formalization and the role of legitimacy in both fund development and organizational endurance. The study contributes new knowledge about the role of collaboration in acquiring capacity to enhance responsiveness. The findings suggest potential parallels to the evolution of new nonprofit organizations in other contexts.
Antemortem pathological changes suggestive of reactive and degenerative arthritic disorders
Authors: Tersigni‐Tarrant M. A. , Zachow R.
Published: December 2010

The present case displays severe antemortem skeletal malformations suggestive of antemortem reactive arthritis (ReA), spondyloarthropathies and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH). The ossified anterior longitudinal ligament on the right side of the thoracic vertebral bodies, with the presence of extraspinal enthesophytes, together indicates DISH. Fused lumbar vertebrae with costovertebral and sacroiliac joint fusion, combined with numerous large enthesophytes collectively suggest ankylosing spondylosis and ReA. Finally, some vertebrae showed evidence of age related osteoarthritis. However, the anatomical evidence for these conditions displays some inconsistencies with the known pathogenesis; therefore, a definitive account of this individual's antemortem condition remains uncertain. As no biological or medical information is known about the individual, skeletal morphology, irregular skeletal fusion and the presence of enthesophytes have been collectively used to propose the antemortem disorders that appear to have affected this individual's skeleton. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The lived experience of redesigning lifestyle post‐retirement in the UK
Authors: Mountain Gail Anne , Craig Claire Louise
Published: December 2010

The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility of introducing and delivering an occupation‐based lifestyle intervention, inspired by the US Lifestyle Redesign® into a UK context and to test requirements for a future robust clinical evaluation. The intervention involves a weekly facilitated group session to assist participants to engage with new and neglected occupations supplemented by an individual monthly meeting with one of the facilitators. A range of quantitative and qualitative methods were employed for the entire research programme. An in‐depth interview was conducted with all participants before and after the 8‐month programme and their progress was documented in reflective diaries maintained by the programme facilitators. The four participants whose narratives are described in this paper were experiencing eroded lifestyle as a result of diminished health combined with other challenges of later life. However, results of post‐intervention interviews revealed that all had been able to engage with new and re‐engage with neglected occupations despite continuing compromises. None of the participants reported experiencing improved physical health but all talked about the improvements to their confidence, self‐efficacy and overall well‐being which they attributed to the programme. Therefore, the intervention appears to warrants the investment necessary for population‐based evaluation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic changes in tumour microenvironments
Authors: Campbell Ian , Qiu Wen , Haviv Izhak
Published: December 2010

Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have established that carcinoma‐associated fibroblasts differ phenotypically from fibroblasts associated with normal tissue but the mechanisms underlying these differences are unclear. Since carcinoma‐associated fibroblasts can be propagated in vitro for extended periods and still maintain their cancer‐promoting phenotype, some investigators have proposed that they might have acquired somatic genetic alterations analogous to those observed in malignant epithelium. Early molecular genetic studies appeared to validate this hypothesis by demonstrating remarkably high frequencies of clonal somatic genetic alterations in carcinoma‐associated fibroblasts, including loss of heterozygosity, gene amplification, and point mutations in tumour suppressor genes such as TP53 and PTEN. The initial excitement of these paradigm‐changing studies overshadowed concerns that there may have been a more mundane explanation for these observations. In addition to the fact that the data would necessarily invoke an unlikely scenario of the simultaneous generation of two symbiotic malignancies, subsequent molecular genetic studies found no evidence of frequent genomic aberrations. One striking common trait of those studies reporting frequent clonal somatic alterations in carcinoma‐associated fibroblasts is the use of tissues and techniques which are well known to be highly prone to generating artefacts such as limiting and poor quality DNA followed by highly multiplexed PCR‐based analyses. It is now clear that clonal somatic mutations are not the biological basis of the cancer‐promoting attributes of carcinoma‐associated fibroblasts. Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment and outcomes of patients with relapsed, high‐risk neuroblastoma: Results of German trials
Authors: Simon Thorsten , Berthold Frank , Borkhardt Arndt , Kremens Bernhard , De Carolis Boris , Hero Barbara
Published: December 2010

Background

The prognosis of high‐risk neuroblastoma patients has improved over the last decades. However, many patients experience relapse after successful initial treatment. We retrospectively analyzed the long‐term outcome of relapsed patients of three consecutive national neuroblastoma trials.

Methods

Patients were included when they fulfilled all of the following criteria: Age at diagnosis being 1 year or older, first diagnosis between 1990 and 2007, stage 4 disease or stage 3 neuroblastoma with MYCN amplification, and relapse or progression after successful first‐line autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT).

Results

A total of 451 high‐risk neuroblastoma patients 1 year or older underwent ASCT during first‐line treatment, 253 experienced recurrence of disease, 158 received salvage chemotherapy, and 23 of them finally underwent a second ASCT. These 23 patients had a better median survival (2.08 years) and 3‐year survival rate from recurrence (43.5 ± 10.9%) compared to 74 patients who had no second chemotherapy (median survival 0.24 years, 3‐year survival rate 4.0 ± 2.6%) and 135 patients who underwent second‐line chemotherapy but did not undergo second ASCT (median survival of 0.89 years, 3‐year survival rate 9.6 ± 2.8%, P < 0.001). By February 2010, 3/23 patients were in complete remission, 3/23 in very good partial remission, 1/23 in partial remission, 14/23 patients died of disease after successful second ASCT, and 2/23 died of complications due to second ASCT.

Conclusion

Intensive second‐line therapy is feasible. A small subgroup of relapsed high‐risk neuroblastoma patients may benefit from intensive relapse chemotherapy and second ASCT. The potential of long‐term survival justifies clinical trials on intensive second‐line treatment. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;56:578–583. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Shotgun proteomic analysis for detecting differentially expressed proteins in the reduced culm number rice
Authors: Lee Joohyun , Jiang Wenzhu , Qiao Yongli , Cho Young‐Il , Woo Mi‐Ok , Chin Joong‐Hyun , Kwon Soon‐Wook , Hong Seong Sig , Choi Ik‐Young , Koh Hee‐Jong
Published: December 2010

To survey protein expression patterns in the reduced culm number (RCN) rice, a comparative shotgun proteomic analysis was conducted. For large‐scale protein identification, multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT) coupled with pre‐fractionation of plant shoot proteins led to the identification of 3004 non‐redundant rice proteins. By statistically comparing relative amounts of 1353 reproducibly identified proteins between the RCN rice and the wild‐type rice, 44 differentially expressed proteins were detected, where 42 proteins were increased and 2 proteins were decreased in the RCN rice. These proteins appear to have roles in glycolysis, trichloroacetic acid cycle, secondary metabolism, nutrient recycling, and nucleotide metabolism and repair. Consequently, we hypothesized that the RCN rice might fail to maintain sugar nutrient homeostasis. This was confirmed with the observation that the sucrose concentration was increased significantly in the RCN rice compared with the wild‐type rice. Also, the RCN rice showed a hypersensitive response to exogenous sucrose treatment.
Rab23 plays a role in the pathophysiology of mesangial cells – A proteomic analysis
Authors: Huang Tzu‐Hao , Ka Shuk‐Man , Hsu Yu‐Juei , Shui Hao‐Ai , Tang Bor‐Luen , Hu Kuang‐Yu , Chang Junn‐Liang , Chen Ann
Published: December 2010

Rab23, a novel member of the Rab family of small GTPases, has recently been identified in mesangial cells (MCs). Although Rab23 levels in MCs are associated with glomerular nephropathies, the exact physiological and pathological roles of Rab23 in MCs are unknown. In the present study, its roles in MCs were explored by performing proteomics and systems biology analyses in MCs after knockdown or overexpression of Rab23. Knockdown of Rab23 was achieved by transfecting MCs with a plasmid expressing short hairpin RNA against Rab23, while overexpression of Rab23 was accomplished by transfection with the wild‐type, dominant negative, and constitutively active Rab23 gene constructs. The effects of different levels of Rab23 activity on proteome of various biological pathways were investigated. Gel‐based proteomic approaches and systems biology tools, respectively, were used to identify the Rab23‐regulated proteins and the functional pathways. Proteomic analysis revealed the potential roles for Rab23 in multiple processes, including G‐protein signal transduction, transcription modulation, RNA stabilization, protein synthesis and degradation, cytoskeleton reorganization, anti‐oxidation and detoxification, circadian rhythm regulation and phagocytosis. Bioinformatics analyses showed that Rab23 impacts on multiple biological networks in MCs. These data may shed light on the roles of Rab23 in mesangiopathy or MC damage.
Gel‐based and gel‐free proteomic analysis of Nicotiana tabacum trichomes identifies proteins involved in secondary metabolism and in the (a)biotic stress response
Authors: Van Cutsem Emmanuel , Simonart Géraldine , Degand Hervé , Faber Anne‐Marie , Morsomme Pierre , Boutry Marc
Published: December 2010

Nicotiana tabacum leaves are covered by trichomes involved in the secretion of large amounts of secondary metabolites, some of which play a major role in plant defense. However, little is known about the metabolic pathways that operate in these structures. We undertook a proteomic analysis of N. tabacum trichomes in order to identify their protein complement. Efficient trichome isolation was obtained by abrading frozen leaves. After homogenization, soluble proteins and a microsomal fraction were prepared by centrifugation. Gel‐based and gel‐free proteomic analyses were then performed. 2‐DE analysis of soluble proteins led to the identification of 1373 protein spots, which were digested and analyzed by MS/MS, leading to 680 unique identifications. Both soluble proteins and microsomal fraction were analyzed by LC MALDI‐MS/MS after trypsin digestion, leading to 858 identifications, many of which had not been identified after 2‐DE, indicating that the two methods complement each other. Many enzymes putatively involved in secondary metabolism were identified, including enzymes involved in the synthesis of terpenoid precursors and in acyl sugar production. Several transporters were also identified, some of which might be involved in secondary metabolite transport. Various (a)biotic stress response proteins were also detected, supporting the role of trichomes in plant defense.
Conditioned media from cell lines: A complementary model to clinical specimens for the discovery of disease‐specific biomarkers
Authors: Dowling Paul , Clynes Martin
Published: December 2010

In the strictest sense, the cell secretome (conditioned media) refers to the collection of proteins that contain a signal peptide and are processed via the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus through the classical secretion pathway. More generally, the secretome also encompasses proteins shed from the cell surface and intracellular proteins released through non‐classical secretion pathway or exosomes. These secreted proteins include numerous enzymes, growth factors, cytokines and hormones or other soluble mediators. They are fundamental in the processes of cell growth, differentiation, invasion and angiogenesis by regulating cell‐to‐cell and cell‐to‐extracellular matrix interactions. The main aim of this review is to provide a synopsis of findings from the analysis of the secretome taking diabetes, cancer and neurodegenerative diseases as examples. We will also discuss the preparation of conditioned media and on the main proteomic‐based methodological approaches that have been developed for the study of secreted/shed proteins.
Stimuli‐responsive polymers in the 21st century: Elaborated architecture to achieve high sensitivity, fast response, and robust behavior
Authors: Kirsebom Harald , Galaev Igor Yu. , Mattiasson Bo
Published: December 2010

Life is polymeric in its essence. The living cell contains a range of biopolymers such as proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. The cells are often compartmentalized via membranes that are composed of lipids. These are small molecules, but they spontaneously aggregate into supermolecular structures. The building blocks of these lipids are among others fatty acids, structures built from methylene oligomers. Biopolymers are sensitive to external stimuli. There are examples where the molecules show a highly non‐linear response to external stimuli. This is seen as moderate changes in structural properties in response to changes in an external parameter until a critical point is reached where a dramatic change in molecular properties takes place upon an incremental change in the external conditions. After the transition, the system responds poorly to further changes. Such non‐linear responses contribute to dramatic cooperative conformational changes leading to strong effects in the biological system. The strong response is an integrated effect of many weak interactions, and it is the cooperativity between all these interactions that are the driving forces for processes occurring in such systems. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011
Effect of Mixing on the Pore Structure of Alumina Extrudates
Authors: Landers John , Devadas Mukundan , Neimark Alexander V. , Timken Hye‐Kyung , Ojo Adeola , Chester Arthur W.
Published: December 2010

The mixing conditions have a direct impact on the pore structure of alumina extrudates. We study the pore structure of samples prepared with two mixers: a standard Eirich mixer and a smaller yet more severe Fukae mixer, which operates at 1500 rpm. We present the development of a bimodal pore size distribution within the range of 25–150 Å produced by using the Fukae mixer. The pore structure consists of larger pores that grow at the expense of the smaller ones and can be tuned as a function of mixing time.
Oxidation of Nanometer‐Sized Titanium Nitride and Micrometer‐Sized Titanium Particles with Titanium Nitride Traces up to 1473 K in Air
Authors: Schulz Olga , Eisenreich Norbert , Fietzek Harald , Juez‐Lorenzo Maria del Mar , Kondratenko Evgenii
Published: December 2010

This study compares the oxidation behaviour of TiN particles (nanometer‐sized to micrometer‐sized) to titanium particles with traces of titanium nitride (micrometer‐sized) regarding the similarities of the formation of the products. These particles were investigated between 323 K and 1473 K in air using high‐temperature X‐ray diffraction, SEM, and the methods of thermal analysis (TG and DSC). The oxidation of the nanometer‐sized TiN particles forms anatase and rutile in two partially overlapping successive steps, whereas the anatase transforms completely to rutile at higher temperatures. The investigated titanium particles directly transform to rutile. Traces of TiN in titanium particles induce the formation of traces of anatase phase which similar to the oxidation of TiN particles transforms to rutile phase. A Jander model for three‐dimensional diffusion was utilized for describing the oxidation kinetics of the both oxidation steps occurring with TiN. A least squares fit procedure gives good agreement of the calculated curves to measured TG and DSC curves and adequate approximation to intensities of X‐ray measurements. The amount of TiN oxidized to anatase was found to be about 46 %. The kinetic parameters were determined: for the first step of TiN oxidation, the pre‐exponential factor was 1.33 · 106 μm2/s and the activation energy was 180.5 kJ/mol as well as for the second step 5.51 · 103 μm2/s and 197.6 kJ/mol, respectively.