bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in the impacts of ship emissions on PM2.5 and its components in China under the staged fuel oil policies
Authors: Yu Guangyuan , Zhang Yan , Wang Qian , Han Zimin , Jiang Shenglan , Yang Fan , Yang Xin , Huang Cheng
Published: January 2025

Abstract. The issue of air pollution caused by ship emissions is becoming prominent with the increasing global shipping activities. China has carried out staged fuel oil policies in the past few years to meet the requirements of the global low sulfur regulation by the International Marine Organization (IMO), called the IMO Regulation. However, the impacts of ship emissions on air quality in China after 2020 are not sufficiently understood. This study firstly updated the ship emission inventory including PM2.5 components based on field and on-board measurements under the staged fuel oil policies. Then, the impacts of ship emissions on PM2.5 as well as its gas precursors and primary and secondary components in China from 2017 to 2021 have been revealed by using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and the Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. We found that ship emissions increased the PM2.5 concentrations up to 3.8 μg m-3 in 2017 and 2.6 μg m-3 in 2021 along China’s coastal area. The areas with high concentration levels widely distributed over the offshore waters in 2017, and shrunk to some parts of China’s coast in 2021. The contributions of ship emissions to the PM2.5 concentrations over China’s main port cities ranged from 3.0 % to 17.4 % in 2017 and 2.5 % to 10.3 % in 2021. Our findings suggest that it is important to consider both transport pathways and formation mechanisms of secondary aerosols to combat the PM2.5 pollution caused by shipping in different regions.
Characterization of Free Tropospheric Layers With Polar Radio Occultation Data
Authors: Kubar Terence L. , de la Torre Juarez Manuel , Katona Jonas , Turk F. Joseph
Published: January 2025

Abstract. Polarimetric Radio Occultation (PRO) concurrently detects heavy precipitation, ice, and the vertical thermodynamic structure inside clouds, enhancing traditional radio occultation measurements. We compare cloud top heights (CTOP) defined as the uppermost altitude at which the polarimetric phase difference between the horizontal and vertical components, Δϕ, exceeds 1 mm, for three years of PRO data from the Radio Occultation and Heavy Precipitation (ROHP) experiment, to the local tropical tropopause layer (TTL) base, a minimum stability level determined as the maximum lapse rate height (LRMAX). The TTL base coincides with the 80th – 90th percentiles of CTOP globally. We examine the skill of using the Tropopause Inversion Layer and the minimum vertical gradient of the lapse rate (∂LR/∂z)min to characterize the tropopause compared to the lapse rate and the cold point tropopauses. The TTL thickness, defined as the height of the (∂LR/∂z)min minus the LRMAX, is thinnest over the Tropical Warm Pool where LRMAX and CTOP are deepest. The steepest meridional gradient with latitude of the TTL top height is just equatorward of the subtropical maxima of the frequency of double tropopauses. For tropical raining clouds, when the maximum Δϕ, Δϕmax exceeds 10 mm, the mean binned CTOP is 2.7 km below the mean LRMAX, with a slope of nearly one. Using 0.8 mm for the Δϕ CTOP threshold is optimal, while reducing below 0.8 mm decreases the CTOP and LRMAX spatial correlation. Globally, cloud tops associated with the largest 99th-percentile Δϕmax are 0.4 km above LRMAX.
Phytoplankton detection study through hyperspectral signals in Patagonian Fjords
Authors: Aparicio-Rizzo Pilar , Poblete-Cballero Dagoberto , Vera-Bastidas Cristian , Pérez-Santos Iván , Varela Daniel
Published: January 2025

Abstract. Over recent decades, monitoring coastal areas has becoming a priority due to human population pressure. These areas constitute biodiversity enclaves where the increment in phytoplankton blooms have become a socio-ecological problem with severe impacts at global and regional scales. An important area they affect is the Patagonia Fjords, a complex and intricate coastal system strongly exposed to climate forcings and anthropogenic impacts with the aquaculture industry (salmon and mussel farming) as the main source of income. Within this context, fast and accurate monitoring of phytoplankton in the area is crucial. In this study, we focus on using a new technology combining hyperspectral sensors and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to detect, identify, and differentiate phytoplankton species from optical data. Findings show differences not only between diatoms and dinoflagellates through the shape and magnitude of the spectral signal at 440, 470, 500, 520, 550, 570, and 580 nm but also at the genera level (Rhizosolenia sp., Pseudo-nitzschia sp., Skeletonema sp., Chaetoceros sp., and Leptocylindrus sp.) and even species level like Heterocapsa triquetra. Chlorophyll-a concentration played a key role in reflectance spectra showing high variability in the green-red bands (~ 500–750 nm) at low concentrations (< 2 μg L-1), and even greater at the blue bands (~ 400–490 nm) under higher concentrations (> 4 μg L-1). Although this work presents a step forward in using new tools and monitoring methodology of phytoplankton in complex coastal systems with a new identification route, more high-quality data from a wide range of ecosystems and environments is still necessary.
Barriers of urban hydro-meteorological simulation: a review
Authors: Chen Xuan , van der Werf Job Augustijn , Droste Arjan , Coenders-Gerrits Miriam , Uijlenhoet Remko
Published: January 2025

Abstract. Urban areas, characterized by dense populations and many socio-economic activities, increasingly suffer from floods, droughts, and heat stress due to land use and climate change. Traditionally, the urban thermal environment and water resources management have been studied separately, using urban land surface models (ULSMs) and urban hydrological models (UHMs). However, as our understanding deepens and the urgency to address future climate disasters grows, it becomes clear that hydrological disasters—such as floods, droughts, severe urban thermal environments, and more frequent heat waves—are actually not isolated events but compound events. This underscores the close interaction between the water cycle and the energy balance. Consequently, the existing separation between ULSMs and UHMs creates significant obstacles to better understanding urban hydrological and meteorological processes, which is crucial for addressing the high risks posed by climate change. Defining the future direction of process-based models for hydro-meteorological predictions and assessments is essential for better managing climate disasters and evaluating response measures in densely populated urban areas. Our review focuses on three critical aspects of urban hydro-meteorological simulation: similarities, differences, and gaps among different models; existing gaps in physical process implementations; and efforts, challenges, and potential for model coupling and integration. We find that ULSMs inadequately represent water surfaces and hydraulic systems, while UHMs lack explicit surface energy balance solutions and detailed building representations. Coupled models show potential for simulating urban hydro-meteorological environments, but face challenges at regional and neighborhood scales. Our review highlights the need for interdisciplinary communication between the urban climatology and urban water management communities to enhance urban hydro-meteorological simulation models.
Global-PCG-10: a 10-m global map of plastic-covered greenhouses derived from Sentinel-2 in 2020
Authors: Niu Bowen , Feng Quanlong , Qiu Bingwen , Su Shuai , Zhang Xinmin , Cui Rongji , Zhang Xinhong , Sun Fanli , Yan Wenhui , Zhao Siyuan , Shi Hanyu , Ou Cong , Yan Xiaolu , Gong Jianhua , Yin Gaofei , Huang Jianxi , Liu Jiantao , Gao Bingbo , Yao Xiaochuang , Yang Jianyu , Zhu Dehai
Published: January 2025

Abstract. Plastic-covered greenhouse (PCG) is widely used in agricultural production due to its temperature control, water conservation, and wind protection characteristics, significantly enhancing crop yields and economic benefits. However, its long-term and extensive use can lead to environmental issues, such as the accumulation of local toxic gases and the degradation of soil physicochemical properties. Therefore, obtaining a comprehensive distribution of PCGs is essential. To monitor PCGs on a large scale, this study developed a novel approach for producing the first global 10-meters PCGs dataset (Global-PCG-10) with high-quality. Firstly, the globe was divided into multiple 5-degree grids, and grids for classification were organized based on global cropland layer. Then, multi-temporal Sentinel-2 data and initial labels of PCGs were obtained through Google Earth Engine (GEE) to create a training set for deep learning. Next, initial labels were optimized with the active learning strategy combined with the deep learning model, APC-Net. Finally, the PCGs classification results were predicted, spatially analyzed, and compared with publicly released land use and land cover (LULC) datasets. Experimental results indicate that the proposed Global-PCG-10 dataset has a high overall accuracy of 92.08 %. The global area of PCGs is 14,259.85 km², and 69.24 % of PCGs are located in Asia, covering around 9,874.51 km2. China has the largest PCGs area of 8,224.90 km2, accounting for 57.67 % of the globe and 83.29 % of Asia. Comparisons with other LULC datasets revealed that PCGs, which should be classified as cropland, are often misclassified as bareland, impervious surfaces, ice/snow, etc.
Kite as a Sensor: Wind and State Estimation in Tethered Flying Systems
Authors: Cayon Oriol , Watson Simon , Schmehl Roland
Published: January 2025

Abstract. Airborne wind energy systems (AWESs) leverage the generally less variable and higher wind speeds at increased altitudes by utilizing kites, with significantly reduced material costs compared to conventional wind turbines. Energy is commonly harnessed by flying crosswind trajectories, which allow the kite to achieve speeds significantly higher than the ambient wind speed. However, the airborne nature of these systems demands active control and makes them highly sensitive to changes in wind conditions, making accurate wind measurements essential for steering the kite along its optimal trajectory. This paper presents an advanced sensor fusion technique based on an iterated extended Kalman filter (EKF) for state and wind estimation for AWESs. By integrating position, velocity, tether force, and reeling speed, this method provides accurate estimations of system dynamics, including kite orientation and tether shape. The estimates of the wind speed and direction are compared to lidar measurements, showing a strong agreement across various atmospheric conditions. The results demonstrate that this approach can effectively capture the transient dynamics of atmospheric wind using sensors typically already present in AWESs, making it suitable for supervisory control strategies and ultimately enhancing energy efficiency and system reliability across diverse atmospheric conditions.
BACTERICIDAL PROPERTIES OF PHYTONCIDES OF COTONEASTER MELANOCARPUS FISCH.EX. BLYTT. OF THE AKMOLA REGION
Authors:   S.Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical Research University, Aishuk Yedil , Sarsekova Dani ,   Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Sezai Ercişli ,   Ataturk University, Shegenov Serikpay ,   Sh.Ualikhanov Kokshetau University
Published: January 2025

This article presents a study of the bactericidal properties of wound phytoncides of Cotoneaster melanocarpus Fisch. ex. Blytt. of the Akmola region.
The research purpose is to study the bactericidal properties of wound phytoncides Cotoneaster melanocarpus Fisch. ex. Blytt. in natural and anthropogenic conditions of the Akmola region.
To achieve the purpose, the following tasks are to be solved:
Study of phytoncidal activity of plants in the Burabay and Kokshetau state national natural parks;
Determine the seasonal dynamics of phytoncidal activity in natural and anthropogenic conditions;
Study the effect of phytoncides on the airborne microflora of the Akmola region.
Using the “steaming” method, the phytoncide activity of the shrub was determined by testing gram-positive Bacillus subtilis IMB B7018 and gram-negative Escherichia coli UCM B-926 microorganisms, along with its seasonal dynamics. The study provides a characterization of the effects of Cotoneaster melanocarpus Fisch. ex. Blytt. phytoncides on airborne microflora and outlines the specifics of their spatial distribution in the conditions of the Akmola region.
It should be noted that most of the leaves, especially in Astana, A. Yanushkevich Str. showed a high level of bactericidal activity. This is related to the fact that, under stressful growing conditions, as the shrub's vital indicators decrease, its defense mechanisms become activated. In this regard, studies of phytoncidity of plants are of practical importance for to the decorative and landscaping properties of the shrub.
IMPROVEMENT OF STUD LINES IN THE KOSTANAY HORSE BREED
Authors:   Akhmet Baitursynuly Kostanay Regional University, NLC, Brel-Kisseleva Inna , Amandykova Aigul ,   SaryArkaAvtoprom LLP, Safronova Olga ,   SKhOS – Zarechnoye LLP
Published: January 2025

The article presents the results of extensive longstanding research aimed at improving the qualities of the Kostanay horse breed. It has been established that horses of different genotypes exhibit unique lineages traced to exceptional ancestors, founders of the breed’s leading stud lines, and display well-developed breeding traits. Since its certification in 1951, the Kostanay breed has undergone continuous enhancement through line breeding, a method involving a series of zootechnical measures. This approach focuses on improving, consolidating, and further developing breeding traits within the breed while utilizing selected stallions from the current population as candidates to continue the lineage of leading lines.
The analysis showed that representatives of different lines did not significantly differ in values of breeding value by productivity characteristics. Modern leading stallions of the Kostanay breed demonstrate advantages in nearly all key productivity traits compared to the average breeding value of non-line breeders, making them strong candidates for continuing existing lines. Based on an evaluation of the offspring quality of stallions Preferans 5 (born in 2009) and Nauryztoi 9 (born in 2006), two new lines have been established. Representatives of these lines exhibit exceptional breeding and athletic qualities, surpassing their non-line counterparts, which highlights the overall progress and development of the Kostanay breed.
The primary method for improving Kostanay horses through purebred breeding is line breeding, which involves a set of zootechnical measures aimed at enhancing, consolidating, and further developing breeding traits within the breed.
Influence of Dufour, Hall, and radiation absorption on MHD convective flow past an accelerated perpendicular sheet implanted with porous medium
Authors: Bormudoi Mridusmita , Ahmed Nazibuddin
Published: January 2025

The action of Hall current, Dufour, radiation absorption on an MHD free convective flow passing through an accelerated perpendicular sheet implanted with porous media is explored in the current work. The flow governing equations introduced here are first converted to non-dimensional form by the use of some non-dimensional parameters. Then these equations are solved using the perturbation technique. The fluctuations in velocity, temperature, and concentration due to various parameters are depicted graphically. Some important findings are, the growth in the Dufour effect and Hall current, enhances the flow. Also, the rotating effect of fluid causes a restriction in the fluid flow which lowers the velocity of the fluid.
Computational exploration and flow control analysis of alumina – magnetite/water-based hybrid nanofluid over a permeable Riga plate under the impact of Soret-Dufour effects
Authors: Mohanavel Dhivya , R Rajakumari
Published: January 2025

The current study aims to analyze the behavior of a hybrid nanofluid, comprising of alumina and magnetite nanoparticles with base fluid as water, when it flows over a vertical permeable Riga-plate including the electromagnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) principles. The coupled governing equations are nonlinear and it has been simplified using appropriate non-dimensional parameters. A numerical analysis was then carried out utilizing the finite difference scheme, in particular Crank-Nicholson technique. This study primarily focuses on the significance of physical parameters such as magnetic field, permeability, volume fraction of nanoparticles, radiation, viscous dissipation, Soret-Dufour effect and chemical reaction which are analyzed through graphical illustrations. It has been observed that Soret and Dufour effects exert influence on the profiles of temperature and concentration. In addition, Viscous dissipation and radiation reinforces the temperature. The impact of chemical reaction retards the thickness of concentration boundary layer. The integration of nanoparticles with Riga-plate allows for better flow control and manipulation of heat transfer processes, makes it ideal for applications in the cooling process of electronics equipment, thermal management systems and energy production. Further, Response surface model (RSM) is demonstrated to analyze the sensitivity of permeable Riga plate with respect to various pertinent parameters. RSM explores more on the intricate interactions between the input variables and the response variables. It is also inferred that uplifting the value of magnetic parameter  and the permeability parameter  accelerates the wall shear stress. Graphical comparison made with previous studies for validating the results.
Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of starch-citric acid-glycerol films
Authors: Raspo Matias Alejandro , Vignola Maria Belen , Andreatta Alfonsina Ester
Published: January 2025

Potato starch films incorporated with citric acid as active compound and glycerol as plasticizers were evaluated in their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Characterization of the final films revealed commendable transparency and smoothness, often accompanied by a yellowish hue attributed to the Maillard reaction. Antimicrobial assays demonstrated activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Response surface analysis indicated that starch concentration significantly influenced antioxidant responses, with citric acid enhancing the antimicrobial properties. These findings highlight the potential of citric acid enhanced starch films for ecofriendly packaging and biomedical applications, contributing to the development of functional and sustainable materials
Preventing and Managing Infections in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Merwass Noor Adel , Shaker Sulafah Tariq , Alsaeed Nouf Ali , Abdulwahed Areej Abdullah , Darwish Muhannad Jasim , Alyami Ahlam Yahya , Gazzaz Anhar Khaled , Alghamdi Abdulmajeed Saeed
Published: January 2025

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in red blood cell sickling and increased vulnerability to infections. Environmental factors like hypoxia, cold, and dehydration can trigger sickling episodes, exacerbating the condition. Infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in SCD patients, particularly in low-income regions with limited access to healthcare. Impaired splenic function and immune deficiencies increase the risk of bacterial infections such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Salmonella. Preventive measures like vaccinations and antibiotic prophylaxis have reduced infection-related complications, particularly in high-income countries. Despite advances in SCD care, such as hydroxyurea use and early screening programs, infection remains a serious issue, especially in resource-poor settings. Proactive infection prevention, early diagnosis, and comprehensive management are crucial to improving the life expectancy and quality of life for SCD patients globally. Ongoing research is essential to further enhance infection prevention strategies for this vulnerable population.
Retroperitoneal Tumors: Insight Gained Over a Decade in a Single Surgical Unit
Authors: Naik Maktum , BG Vageesh , Kumar CH Naveen , Agarwal3 Anil
Published: January 2025

Background: Retroperitoneal tumors (RPTs) are uncommon but varied types of neoplasms, representing 0.1-0.2% of all cancers. They can range from benign to being highly malignant. A significant portion of RPTs are malignant (70–80%), with the majority being sarcomas. Roughly 20% of these tumors are benign, and most retroperitoneal tumors tend to be quite large by the time they are detected. The management of these tumors poses challenges due to their size, intricate anatomy, and their closeness to vital organs and blood vessels. This study intends to share our experiences in dealing with retroperitoneal neoplasms and to provide a detailed understanding of their clinical presentation, surgical management, and outcomes.
Methods: A total of 54 patients diagnosed with retroperitoneal tumors were treated in a single gastrointestinal surgery unit from January 2010 to December 2023. We retrospectively analysed the prospectively maintained data of these patients.
Results: The median age of the patients was 50 years, with an age range of 15 to 86 years. The ratio of males to females was 33:21. The most frequently reported symptom was abdominal pain, observed in 33 instances (61.2%). The average size of the tumors measured 17.3 cm in diameter, with a range from 7.0 to 36.0 cm. 46 patients (85.1%) underwent surgical resection. Complete resection (R0 resection) was achieved in 41 patients (75.9%). Five patients (9.2%) received debulking procedures for surgical palliation, while eight patients (14.9%) were considered for palliative chemotherapy. Additionally, nine cases (16.6%) necessitated the resection of adjacent organs.The median duration of the surgical procedure was 210 minutes (60-310 minutes). Postoperatively, the median length of hospital stay was 7 days (2 to 37 days). The median follow-up period lasted 62 months (3 to 102 months). Recurrences were noted in 5 patients (9.2%). Median overall survival duration of the patients with malignancy was 58.5 months (12-130 months). Overall suvival was highest for patients with liposarcoma and grade 1 tumors.
Conclusion: RPTs are challenging to manage because of their location, locally advanced nature, and heterogeneous pathology. Preoperative imaging is essential for adequate surgical planning. Complete surgical resection is the cornerstone of RPT management and has the potential for curative treatment. Survival rates are better for liposarcoma and Grade I tumors. Given the infrequency of RPTs, there is a necessity for more collaborative research to more precisely determine the best approach to treating these tumors, including the use of perioperative chemoradiotherapy.
Impacto de las estrategias de enseñanza aprendizaje en las habilidades y actitudes de los estudiantes.
Authors:   Universidad Bolivariana del Ecuador, 092405 Durán, Ecuador, Bosquez Jara Alexis Genaro , Guato Jimenez Adolfo Eduardo ,   Universidad Bolivariana del Ecuador, 092405 Durán, Ecuador, Maliza Cruz Welington Isaac ,   Universidad Bolivariana del Ecuador, 092405 Durán, Ecuador, Pérez Pazmiño Ángel Josué ,   Universidad Bolivariana del Ecuador, 092405 Durán, Ecuador
Published: January 2025

El estudio en la Unidad Educativa "Pacífico Cembranos" investiga el impacto de las estrategias de enseñanza-aprendizaje en las habilidades y actitudes de estudiantes de Bachillerato Técnico en Mecanizado y Construcciones Metal Mecánicas. Se emplean encuestas, entrevistas y observaciones para analizar la efectividad de las metodologías activas, como el aprendizaje basado en proyectos. Aunque el 60% de los estudiantes considera útiles las actividades grupales, solo el 25% participa "siempre" en actividades prácticas, lo que limita la conexión entre teoría y práctica. Los resultados destacan la necesidad de un enfoque equilibrado que integre ambos aspectos y de motivar a los estudiantes que muestran resistencia al cambio. Se proponen mejoras, como incrementar la frecuencia de actividades prácticas y capacitar a los docentes en metodologías interactivas. Estas acciones son fundamentales para optimizar la educación técnica y preparar adecuadamente a los estudiantes para el mercado laboral, asegurando su éxito profesional y personal en el futuro.
Palabras claves: Estrategias, Enseñanza-aprendizaje, Habilidades
Introducing the Next Era in Assessment
Authors: Smirnova Alina , Barone Michael A. , Zabar Sondra , Kalet Adina
Published: January 2025

In this introduction, the guest editors of the “Next Era in Assessment” special collection frame the invited papers by envisioning a next era in assessment of medical education, based on ideas developed during a summit that convened professional and educational leaders and scholars.
The authors posit that the next era of assessment will focus unambiguously on serving patients and the health of society, reflect its sociocultural context, and support learners’ longitudinal growth and development. As such, assessment will be characterized as transformational, development-oriented and socially accountable. The authors introduce the papers in this special collection, which represent elements of a roadmap towards the next era in assessment by exploring several foundational considerations that will make the next era successful. These include the equally important issues of (1) focusing on accountability, trust and power in assessment, (2) addressing implementation and contextualization of assessment systems, (3) optimizing the use of technology in assessment, (4) establishing infrastructure for data sharing and data storage, (5) developing a vocabulary around emerging sources of assessment data, and (6) reconceptualizing validity around patient care and learner equity. Attending to these priority areas will help leaders create authentic assessment systems that are responsive to learners’ and society’s needs, while reaping the full promise of competency-based medical education (CBME) as well as emerging data science and artificial intelligence technologies.
Diagnostic ability of salivary IL-6 and MMP-9 biomarkers in different stages of periodontitis (case-control study)
Authors: Harbood Omer Mohammed , Abbas Raghad Fadhil , Hussein Hashim Mueen , Hamed Nuha Agab , Mahmood Athraa Ali , Mahmood Maha Shukri
Published: January 2025

Background: Recently, the importance of salivary proteins as periodontal disease biomarkers creates “high-impact diagnostics” that significantly influence clinical judgment, patient outcomes, and healthcare costs. The study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of salivary biomarkers Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) as well as interleukin-6 (IL-6) in distinguishing between various stages of periodontitis and healthy individuals.

Materials and Methods: A case-control study of 120 volunteers was classified into four groups based on periodontal health: healthy controls, stage I, II, and III periodontitis. Salivary samples were collected, and an enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay was employed to measure IL-6 and MMP-9 levels. The diagnostic precision of both biomarkers was evaluated using the area under curve (AUC) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC).

Results: IL-6 demonstrated strong diagnostic ability; its AUC values ranged from 0.888 to 1 across comparisons. Precisely, in differentiating control from stage III periodontitis, IL-6 showed a perfect diagnostic efficacy at a cut-off of 5.75. Conversely, MMP-9 exhibited diverse AUC values according to the stage of disease with a cut-off of 1.715, when comparing the control to stage III.

Conclusion: Salivary IL-6 consistently demonstrates robust diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing periodontitis stages, suggesting its potential as a valuable tool for non-invasive periodontal assessments. MMP-9 also presents diagnostic promise, and its application is more stage-specific.
Knowledge and prospects for implementing artificial intelligence among Iraqi dental students: A questionnaire-based survey
Authors: Shandi Asmaa Abed , Hassan Nuhad A. , Alwade Firas H.
Published: January 2025

Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) in dentistry could improve future clinical practice.

Aim: This questionnaire survey was commissioned to evaluate the knowledge and perspective of Iraqi dental students on AI application in dentistry.

Methods: The survey was administered to 310 dental students, 112 males and 198 females, ages 19–24. Eighty students were in the 2nd grade, 70 in the 3rd grade, 80 in the 4th grade, and 80 in the 5th grade. They completed questionnaires, selecting one option from the list of possible answers for each of the 11 survey questions about AI.

Results: A 42.7% of the 310 participants in the study had experience with AI and its software. However, only 35.3% of dental students understood how to incorporate AI into their work. Students in 5th grade were more likely to think that AI has a future in Iraq (p = 0.034), whereas students in 4th grades rejected the idea of using AI in decision-making (p = 0.045) significantly.

Conclusion: Dental students lack a basic grasp of AI; therefore, activating their interest helps them learn about AI and its potential uses. To acquaint dental students with AI and its applications, seminars, lectures, and workshops should coincide with the material they introduce in the curriculum.
Assessment of the expression of Bcl-2 with clinicopathological factors in adenoid cystic carcinoma of salivary glands: A retrospective study
Authors: Abdulhussain Mustafa Mohammed , Al Zubidi Mohammed , Shareef Karrar N.
Published: January 2025

Background: Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a type of salivary gland cancer with a poor long-term survival rate. Understanding the pathophysiology of this type of cancer will expand the available therapy options. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) protein produces this early component within the Bcl-2 family of regulatory proteins, which can stimulate proapoptotic or inhibit cell death.

Aims: The goal of this study was to detect the expression of Bcl-2 in ACC of the salivary glands and relate the results to clinicopathological characteristics.

Materials and Methods: This study examined 35 histopathologically verified ACC of the salivary glands in the oral pathology laboratory at Specialist Surgical Hospital for the period (2011–2015). Bcl-2 expressions were investigated using an immunohistochemical analysis method. The expressions were correlated with clinical and histological evidence using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version (20.0).

Results: The expression of Bcl-2 revealed the high frequency of tumors with free margin was in the mild score and the high frequency of tumor with neural invasion was in the moderate score. Additionally, the distribution of the location and type elements along with interesting comparisons was provided. The neural invasion group’s distribution of the tumor revealed high significant difference.

Conclusion: Adenoid cystic malignancy expresses antiapoptotic Bcl-2. Its expression may be useful in predicting behavior and establishing ACC-specific treatment.
Upper premolar region as aesthetic zone II in dental implant replacement: A five-year retrospective study
Authors: Alhamdani Faaiz , Agha Bahn , Sleibi Ahmed
Published: January 2025

Background: Aesthetic zone refers to maxillary anterior region, from canine to canine, which is important in smile aesthetics. However, based on smile width, this area may be extended to include premolars. The aim of this study was to navigate the aesthetic zone of the upper premolar region for dental implant treatment.

Methods: This study was conducted at a private dental center in Baghdad. Dental implant cases treated between January 2018 and April 2023 were included in the study. One hundred and ninety-six patients were included in the study.

The demographic data, surgical information, dental implant zones, anterior aesthetic, premolars, and molar non-aesthetic zones, were recorded. Patients with incomplete data were excluded from the study. Descriptive and inferential statistics were implemented. The chi-square test was used to determine the relationship between nominal study variables.

Results: The male-to-female ratio was 1:2. The highest percentage of implant replacement was found in the upper premolar region (28.7%), followed by the lower molar (23.6%), and the upper anterior aesthetic zone: the upper incisors (16.1%), and the upper canines (3.4%). Early success rate was approximately equal in the anterior, premolar, and other zones, but with the highest value in the premolar area (94%).

Conclusion: There is a high demand for upper premolar implants by both genders compared to the aesthetic zone. This highlights the peculiarity of this zone and underpins the suggestion for classifying the upper premolar zone as aesthetic zone II.
The effect of salivary interleukin-8 level and feeding pattern on the gingival health condition among children
Authors: Jabber Wathba Mohammed , Majbil Dhaffar Alwan , Yaseen Huda A. , Nahidh Mohammed , Mohammed Ali Marwah , Diab Hafez
Published: January 2025

Background

The main cause of human periodontal diseases is infection with gram -ve bacteria, like Porphyromonas gingivalis and Bacteroides forsythus. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) may contribute to the periodontal tissue damage. Breastfeeding is an effective method to safeguard the child’s health and endurance. Therefore, this cross-sectional study is intended to investigate the effect of the feeding type on gingival health by monitoring the level of salivary interleukin-8.

Subjects and Methods

Fifty-seven children aged 4–6 years old were enrolled in this study. They were divided according to the type of feeding into formula feeding or breast feeding. Oral examination was done according to the protocols of oral health surveys using plaque and gingival indices to evaluate the severity of gingivitis. Salivary IL-8 level was measured by collecting saliva directly from the oral cavity and testing by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test.

Results

Most of the cases recorded had mild gingivitis (37 cases), while the rest showed moderate gingivitis (20 cases), with no severe or healthy cases. Regarding group difference between the two types of feeding, there was a high significant difference for IL-8 level with highly elevated level in the formula feeding group. Level of IL-8 showed a significant difference between 5 and 6 years old and non-significant differences with regard to plaque and gingival indices in spite of an increase in IL-8 level in moderate-type gingivitis rather than mild gingivitis.

Conclusion

The finding of this study exhibited an elevation in the level of salivary IL-8 in poor oral hygiene and older children in spite of the weak correlation. Formula feeding may influence both IL-8 level and the gingival health status.
Histological variety analysis for pleomorphic adenoma in salivary glands: Retrospective study
Authors: Hamdala Zinah A. , Al-Drobie Ban F. , Khalid Lina Ibtesam
Published: January 2025

Background: Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is the most frequent benign epithelial neoplasm of salivary glands, displaying a remarkable degree of morphological variety. The aim of the study is to illustrate the clinicopathological characteristics of PA with particular emphases on epithelial cell morphology and mesenchymal elements.

Materials and Methods: A total of 132 PA collected between 2002 and 2017 were recruited from Al Shahid Ghazi Al Hariri Hospital and the Department of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Baghdad University, Baghdad, Iraq, and analyzed for their demographic and histopathological features. All data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.

Results: A slightly higher incidence of PA was detected in females (52.3%) compared to male subjects (47.7%), with an average age of 36.9 years. The palate was the most frequently involved site (64.5%), followed by the parotid gland (31.8%). Microscopically, there were 52 classic, 53 cellular, and only 27 myxoid PAs. Plasmacytoid cells were commonly observed as myoepithelial cells, followed by spindle cells. Trabeculae patterns were the most common archetypes created by the epithelial cells. Myxoids with chondroid mesenchymal-like tissues were the most commonly noticed stromal tissue, mostly making the nominated myxo-chondroid stroma.

Conclusion: PAs are neoplasms with a wide range of histological characteristics, including a diversity of cell morphology such as plasmacytoid, spindle, and cuboidal cells, as well as duct-like areas and a high incidence of myxochondroid stroma. Most PAs do not exhibit atypical features such as increased mitotic activity, cellular pleomorphism, or necrosis.
Orthodontists’ consensus on patients’ awareness about orthodontic treatment risk (clinical audit)
Authors: Alansari Nadia Bassim , Al-Labban Yassir Ridha , Saloom Hayder Fadhil
Published: January 2025

Background: Providing the patient with an evidence-based overview of the orthodontic therapy risks is a crucial part of clinical practice. This is necessary for obtaining valid consent, facilitating collaborative decision-making, and providing person-centered care. This study aimed to assess the orthodontist’s agreement on patients’ alertness about certain orthodontic treatment risks as part of the consent form.

Methods: This online survey of Iraqi orthodontists ran from May to September 2020. A custom questionnaire was created using Google Forms and distributed within a Telegram group for the Iraqi Orthodontists Society.

Results: According to the survey, orthodontists concurred that patients should be informed about six hazards before providing consent: oral hygiene status (99%), patients’ poor compliance (99%), relapse risks (95.3%), and the need to modify eating habits to prevent appliance breakage (93.4%). The main controversies were found in regards to the importance of root resorption, incisor trauma, canine impaction complications, achieving desired tooth movements, ceramic brackets, and soft tissue injuries.

Conclusion: There are certain inherent risks that Iraqi orthodontists may overlook or undervalue, so greater emphasis is needed to raise awareness of them, likely through repeated programs of continuous education.
Impact of cerium oxide nanoparticles incorporation on shear bond strength and surface hardness of acrylic-based soft lining material
Authors: Isam Mostafa Akeel , Mahmood Wasmaa Sadik
Published: January 2025

Background and Aim: Soft liners are designed to modify the surfaces of prostheses that interact with the mouth’s soft tissues to improve denture performance. One method of improving its mechanical properties involved the application of nanotechnology. This work aimed to determine impact of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2NPs) on acrylic-based soft liner’s surface hardness and shear bond strength.

Materials and Methods: CeO2NPs were added to soft liner monomer with weight percentages of 0%, 2%, and 3%. Sixty samples were prepared for shear bond test and surface hardness test with 30 samples each. Shear bond samples were prepared by constructing two acrylic blocks which assembled over each other creating a square space in the middle with dimensions around 25 mm in length and width and 3 mm in depth for the addition of soft liner material. The surface hardness samples were constructed as a disc with diameter of 35 mm and 6 mm thickness. Instron testing machine with a load of 50 KN and cross-head speed 0.5 mm/min was used for testing the shear bond strength, while surface hardness was tested by Shore A durometer. The morphological features of soft liner samples before and after the addition of CeO2NPs were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The data were analyzed for normality and homogeneity by Shapiro-Wilk test and for significance by ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparisons tests using SPSS version 21 software.

Results: Soft liner samples demonstrated a significant increase in shear bond strength from 11.6 ± 1.51 MPa for the control group to 16.1 ± 1.37 MPa and 18.9 ± 1.29 MPa for 2%wt. and 3%wt. CeO2NPs treated groups, respectively. The surface hardness value of the samples with the addition of 3%wt. CeO2NPs increased significantly to 61.01 ± 0.98 Shore A in comparison to the control group 59.47 ± 0.97. However, the 2%wt. CeO2NPs-treated group exhibited no significant difference with the rest groups. SEM showed that after CeO2NP incorporation, the nanoparticles were homogenously distributed on the sample surface leading to a decrease in surface porosity.

Conclusion: The addition of 2%wt. CeO2NPs improved the shear bond strength of the soft lining material with a non-significant effect on surface hardness. This shows the efficacy of CeO2 in improving some material mechanical properties.
The association between the diet habit and life style and delayed eruption of permanent second molars in adolescent patients
Authors: Agha Bahn , Ali Sadeq Suhad Mohammed , Khaleel Mohammed Dheyaa , Muhammad Nusseibeh Omar
Published: January 2025

Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between delayed eruption of the permanent second molars and dietary habits, body mass index, and lifestyle of the teenagers.

Method: A cross-sectional study was performed at a private dental center. 110 teenagers with an age range of 13–16 years old were screened for delayed permanent second molars. The panoramic X-ray was used to localize the unerupted permanent second molar. The body mass index (BMI) of the patients was calculated. A questionnaire was distributed, and the data were collected via Google Forms. Responses were gathered from February 2024 to March 2024. The questionnaire included three main categories: food type and routine, activity and exercise, and medical and dental health.

Results: The percentage of the orthodontic population of teenagers at the time of the study was 22%. Among the screened teenagers, only 11% had at least one unerupted second molar. A higher prevalence of unerupted permanent second molars was found in girls than boys (58.3%, 41.6%, respectively). The highest percentage of delayed eruption of permanent second molar was found on both sides of the maxilla (83.3%). In regards to food type, fast food (66.6%) and noodles or pasta (33.3%) were found to be a common meal at dinner. Chocolate (75%) and crisps (58.3%) were the major snacks. Calcium rich food and nuts were found to be either never or not regularly consumed by teenagers, 66.6% and 83.3%, respectively. Regarding body activity and exercise, the majority of the participants were normal weight (58%). Only 16.6% were found to be obese. The majority of the participants slept later than midnight (83.3%). All participants used the cell phone, with some spenting 5–10 hours (41.6%) on these devices. In terms of medical and dental health, all participants were healthy except 25% suffered from asthma and/or anemia. All participants were regularly visit the dental clinic; however, 41.6% of participants were not aware of delay eruption of permanent second molars.

Conclusion: The quality of the food may impact the normal time of eruption of the permanent second molars. Female gender and maxillary arch were found to be more likely to have delayed eruptions. Unhealthy lifestyle, such as sitting long hours on electronics, may impact oral health. Additional risk factors should be considered in future research.
Edukasi Konsumsi Tablet Tambah Darah bagi Remaja Putri untuk Pencegahan Anemia
Authors: Asrina Andi , Idris Fairus Prihatin , Agus Al Ihksan
Published: January 2025

Anemia merupakan salah satu permasalahan Kesehatan di Indonesia karena dapat menyebabkan masalah bagi Kesehatan. Kejadian anemia dapat menyerang siapa saja termasuk pada remaja putri, Hasil laporan Riset Kesehatan Dasar tahun 2018 oleh Balitbangkes di Indonesia prevalensi anemia pada remaja putri (rematri) berkisar sebesar 27.2 % pada kelompok usia 15-24 tahun. Penyebab anemia pada remaja putri dapat disebabkan oleh multifaktor antara lain minimnya pengetahuan sehingga sangat penting diberikan promosi Kesehatan. Pengetahuan yang minim berdanmpak pada sikap dan Tindakan konsumsi tablet tambah darah pada rematri di desa Lanna. Data awal dari SMPN 1 desa Lanna, dari 15 rematri terdapat 81% yang tidak mengonsumsi TTD dan 74% yang tidak mengetahui manfaat konsumsi TTD. Tujuan PkM ini adalah untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan sikap mengenai Pencegahan anemia serta Tindakan konsumsi tablet tambah darah sejak masa remaja agar dapat mengantisipasi dampak lanjut masalah kesehatan yaitu stunting. Metode kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat akan dilaksanakan di salah satu wilayah binaan UMI yaitu dikelurahan Lanna, kecamatan Parangloe, Gowa. Menggunakan buku saku, media Slide video, ceramah dan diskusi mengenai anemia, pencegahan dan dampaknya pada ramaja putri. Materi yang digunakan telah terstandarisasi oleh Kemenkes yang khusus digunakan untuk edukasi konsumsi TTD pada rematri. Pengabdian ini dilaksanakan dengan tahapan: persiapan, pelaksanaan serta evaluasi. Berdasarkan Evaluasi promosi kesehatan terkait TTD dan anemia menggunakan kuesioner prepost test yang dibagikan kepada 26 remaja putri (rematri) didapatkan bahwa untuk pengetahuan cukup dari 53,8% meningkat menjadi 73,1%, Sikap yang semula 100% negative mengalami perubahan menjadi 96,2% sikap positif terkait konsumsi TTD, sedangkan kesediaan untuk Tindakan konsumsi TTD menetap sebanyak 80,8%. Target luaran berupa hasil PkM akan dipublikasikan pada jurnal Idea Sinta 5, publikasi pada media online Kompas
Turismo cultural de Icó-CE: diagnóstico, plano de ação e sustentabilidade do patrimônio material
Authors: Cavalcante Maria Waldilene de Sousa , Fé Marcelo Martins de Moura , Nadae Jeniffer de , Carvalho Francisco Tiago Setuval , Lino Maria Adjaynne de Lima
Published: January 2025

O turismo é caracterizado como fenômeno social, cultural e econômico. O turismo cultural se efetivou como um elemento importante no crescimento regional contribuindo para as estratégias de desenvolvimento sustentável. Patrimônio cultural é o conjunto de manifestações culturais e se constitui no diálogo da comunidade com seu território. A cidade de Icó é um patrimônio cultural nacional tombado justificado por seu acervo material, apresentando potencialidades para promoção do desenvolvimento do turismo cultural. O objetivo deste manuscrito é realizar um diagnóstico do turismo cultural em Icó e propor um plano de ação para potencializar este segmento turístico. Metodologicamente tem uma abordagem qualitativa, de natureza básica e caráter exploratório-descritivo. Realizou-se um levantamento bibliográfico, documental, cartográfico, iconográfico, trabalhos de campo e etapas em laboratório, com elaboração de mapeamento digital. Os resultados apresentam a importância do turismo cultural, com ênfase no seu patrimônio material, de modo a contribuir com as discussões acerca do conceito, das abordagens metodológicas e de suas possíveis aplicações na construção de estratégias sustentáveis de uso do patrimônio cultural material de Icó.
Strengths-Based Time Perspective Intervention for Singaporean Youth
Authors: Lee Woon Hoe
Published: January 2025

This paper proposes a positive psychology intervention framework for enhancing the wellbeing of Singaporean youth by integrating Zimbardo’s Time Perspective Theory and the VIA Character Strengths model. A systematic review of research on time perspective interventions, coaching, and character strengths reveals that cultivating specific strengths can buffer against negative temporal orientations and promote wellbeing. The three- factor structure of character strengths and their interconnectedness offers valuable insights for developing targeted interventions to cultivate a balanced time perspective and enhance overall wellbeing. This framework holds promise for improving the wellbeing of youth in Singapore and other high- pressure educational contexts.