bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FURTHER EVALUATION OF RESPONSE INTERRUPTION AND REDIRECTION AS TREATMENT FOR STEREOTYPY
Authors: Ahrens Erin N. , Lerman Dorothea C. , Kodak Tiffany , Worsdell April S. , Keegan Courtney
Published: September 2011

The effects of 2 forms of response interruption and redirection (RIRD)—motor RIRD and vocal RIRD—were examined with 4 boys with autism to evaluate further the effects of this intervention and its potential underlying mechanisms. In Experiment 1, the effects of motor RIRD and vocal RIRD on vocal stereotypy and appropriate vocalizations were compared for 2 participants. In Experiment 2, the effects of both RIRD procedures on both vocal and motor stereotypy and appropriate vocalizations were compared with 2 additional participants. Results suggested that RIRD was effective regardless of the procedural variation or topography of stereotypy and that vocal RIRD functioned as a punisher. This mechanism was further explored with 1 participant by manipulating the schedule of RIRD in Experiment 3. Results were consistent with the punishment interpretation.
Individual Accounting Faculty Research Rankings by Topical Area and Methodology
Authors: Pickerd Jeffrey , Stephens Nathaniel M. , Summers Scott L. , Wood David A.
Published: September 2011

This paper ranks individual accounting researchers based on their research productivity in the most recent six, 12, and 20 years. We extend prior individual faculty rankings by providing separate individual faculty research rankings for each topical area commonly published in accounting journals (accounting information systems [AIS], audit, financial, managerial, and tax). In addition, we provide individual faculty research rankings for each research methodology commonly used by accounting researchers (analytical, archival, and experimental). These findings will be of interest to potential doctoral students and current faculty, as well as accounting department, business school, and university administrators as they make decisions based on individual faculty members' research productivity.

JEL Classifications: M4, M40, M41, M42, M49.

Data Availability: Requests for data may be made to the authors.
Comparison of the effects of racemic ketamine and S-ketamine for anesthesia in Rheem gazelles (Gazella subgutturosa marica) and Subgutturosa gazelles (Gazella subgutturosa subgutturosa)
Authors: Martin-Jurado Olga , Bektas Rima , Fahrion Anna , Bettschart-Wolfensberger Regula , Hammer Sven
Published: September 2011

Objective—To evaluate effects of racemic ketamine and S-ketamine in gazelles.

Animals—21 male gazelles (10 Rheem gazelles [Gazella subgutturosa marica] and 11 Subgutturosa gazelles [Gazella subgutturosa subgutturosa]), 6 to 67 months old and weighing (mean±SD) 19 ± 3 kg.

Procedures—In a randomized, blinded crossover study, a combination of medetomidine (80 μg/kg) with racemic ketamine (5 mg/kg) or S-ketamine (3 mg/kg) was administered IM. Heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, and oxygen saturation (determined by means of pulse oximetry) were measured. An evaluator timed and scored induction of, maintenance of, and recovery from anesthesia. Medetomidine was reversed with atipamezole. The alternate combination was used after a 4-day interval. Comparisons between groups were performed with Wilcoxon signed rank and paired t tests.

Results—Anesthesia induction was poor in 2 gazelles receiving S-ketamine, but other phases of anesthesia were uneventful. A dominant male required an additional dose of S-ketamine (0.75 mg/kg, IM). After administration of atipamezole, gazelles were uncoordinated for a significantly shorter period with S-ketamine than with racemic ketamine. Recovery quality was poor in 3 gazelles with racemic ketamine. No significant differences between treatments were found for any other variables. Time from drug administration to antagonism was similar between racemic ketamine (44.5 to 53.0 minutes) and S-ketamine (44.0 to 50.0 minutes).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of S-ketamine at a dose 60% that of racemic ketamine resulted in poorer induction of anesthesia, an analogous degree of sedation, and better recovery from anesthesia in gazelles with unremarkable alterations in physiologic variables, compared with racemic ketamine.
Effect of sedation protocol on glomerular filtration rate in cats as determined by use of quantitative renal scintigraphy
Authors: Winter Matthew D. , Miles Kristina G. , Riedesel Dean H.
Published: September 2011

Objective—To evaluate the effect of several sedation protocols on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in cats as measured by use of quantitative renal scintigraphy and to analyze interobserver differences in GFR calculation.

Animals—5 cats (1 sexually intact male, 1 neutered male, and 3 sexually intact females).

Procedures—Effects on GFR of 3 sedation protocols commonly used at the Iowa State University College of Veterinary Medicine were evaluated. The protocols were medetomidine (11 μg/kg) and butorphanol tartrate (0.22 mg/kg) administered IM; ketamine hydrochloride (10 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.5 mg/kg) administered IV; and ketamine (10 mg/kg), midazolam (0.5 mg/kg), and acepromazine maleate (0.05 mg/kg) administered IM. Results for the 3 protocols were compared with results of GFR measurements obtained in these same cats without sedation (control protocol).

Results—No significant difference between GFR measurements was associated with the 3 sedation protocols, compared with GFR measurements for the control protocol. The greatest mean GFR values were for the medetomidine-butorphanol and ketamine-midazolam protocols. There were no significant differences between observers for calculation of GFR.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that none of the 3 sedation protocols had significant effects on GFR calculated by use of quantitative renal scintigraphy, compared with results for GFR evaluations performed in the cats when they were not sedated. No significant interobserver error was evident. However, the statistical power of this study was low, and the probability of a type II error was high.
Nutritional analysis of gastric contents and body condition score at a single time point in feral horses in Australia
Authors: Hampson Brian A. , Owens Elizabeth , Watts Kathryn A. , Mills Paul C. , Pollitt Christopher C. , de Laat Melody A.
Published: September 2011

Objective—To determine the impact of a free-choice diet on nutritional intake and body condition of feral horses.

Animals—Cadavers of 41 feral horses from 5 Australian locations.

Procedures—Body condition score (BCS) was determined (scale of 1 to 9), and the stomach was removed from horses during postmortem examination. Stomach contents were analyzed for nutritional variables and macroelement and microelement concentrations. Data were compared among the locations and also compared with recommended daily intakes for horses.

Results—Mean BCS varied by location; all horses were judged to be moderately thin. The BCS for males was 1 to 3 points higher than that of females. Amount of protein in the stomach contents varied from 4.3% to 14.9% and was significantly associated with BCS. Amounts of water-soluble carbohydrate and ethanol-soluble carbohydrate in stomach contents of feral horses from all 5 locations were higher than those expected for horses eating high-quality forage. Some macroelement and microelement concentrations were grossly excessive, whereas others were grossly deficient. There was no evidence of ill health among the horses.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that the diet for several populations of feral horses in Australia appeared less than optimal. However, neither low BCS nor trace mineral deficiency appeared to affect survival of the horses. Additional studies on food sources in these regions, including analysis of water-soluble carbohydrate, ethanol-soluble carbohydrate, and mineral concentrations, are warranted to determine the provenance of such rich sources of nutrients. Determination of the optimal diet for horses may need revision.
Association between hepatic histopathologic lesions and clinical findings in dogs undergoing surgical attenuation of a congenital portosystemic shunt: 38 cases (2000–2004)
Authors: Lee Karla C. L. , Winstanley Alison , House Jacqueline V. , Lipscomb Victoria , Lamb Christopher , Gregory Susan , Jalan Rajiv , Mookerjee Rajeshwar P. , Brockman Daniel J.
Published: September 2011

Objective—To review hepatic histopathologic lesions in dogs undergoing surgical attenuation of a congenital portosystemic shunt (CPSS) in relation to clinical findings and tolerance of complete surgical attenuation.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—38 dogs that underwent surgical attenuation of a CPSS.

Procedures—Hepatic histologic examination findings and medical records of dogs undergoing surgical attenuation of a single CPSS between August 2000 and July 2004 were reviewed. Liver biopsy specimens were obtained from 38 dogs during surgery prior to complete (n = 16) or partial (22) attenuation of a CPSS and from 13 of the same dogs a median of 3 months following surgical attenuation.

Results—Portal tracts were inadequate for interpretation in 2 liver biopsy specimens. Liver biopsy specimens obtained prior to surgical attenuation of a CPSS had a lack of identifiable portal veins (13/36 dogs), hepatic arteriolar proliferation (25/36), ductular reaction (5/36), steatosis (16/38), and iron accumulation (32/38). Lack of identifiable portal veins on histologic examination was associated with increased hepatic arteriolar proliferation, decreased tolerance to complete surgical CPSS attenuation, and decreased opacification of intrahepatic portal vessels on portovenography. Ductular reaction was always associated with failure to tolerate complete surgical attenuation of a CPSS. Surgical CPSS attenuation resulted in significant clinical, serum biochemical, and portovenographic changes indicative of improved liver function, but only subtle changes in hepatic histologic examination findings.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Dogs without identifiable intrahepatic portal veins that had a ductular reaction on hepatic histologic examination were less likely to tolerate complete attenuation of a CPSS.
Prediction of Visual Tracking Proficiency on an A-Scope Presentation from the Measured Effects of Noise and Time
Authors: Siegel Jerome , Robinson Daniel N.
Published: September 2011

Visual noise and temporal requirements of a compensatory tracking task were varied in order to determine time-on-target proficiency. Nine Ss were each given 32 trials in counterbalanced order, with problems varying as to visual noise and target acceleration. The display consisted of an A-scope with Ss task being to maintain a triangular pulse in the center of a stationary notch by manipulating a velocity controlled handwheel. The results were plotted as a family of curves describing probable success as a function of visual noise and task time allowed. Probability of success became greater as the time requirements became less severe, and when time requirements became more severe, not only did probability of success diminish, but the differential effects of noise became more pronounced. The authors suggested this approach as a method of predicting subsequent tracking behavior.
Discriminant Functions Applied to the Problem of Predicting Cerebral Damage from Behavioral Tests: A Cross-Validation Study
Authors: Wheeler Lawrence , Reitan Ralph M.
Published: September 2011

Linear discriminant functions were applied to 23 behavioral test scores from each of 304 patients who were divided into control, left cerebral damage, right damage, and diffuse or bilateral damage groups. Random-half and temporal-half (early versus late test period) cross-validations were performed by generating weights from the scores of each of the foregoing halves and applying them to the appropriate counter-halves. The reduction in accuracy of criterion prediction attributable to cross-validating, i.e., the “noise” in the system, varied between 10% and 20% of the uncrossed accuracy. Validated accuracy was about 80% for comparisons between controls and (a) all the damaged groups together, (b) diffuse or bilateral damage groups, (c) left damage groups, (d) right damage groups, and (e) between left and right damage groups; it was about 70% between the left damage and diffuse or bilateral damage groups; about 60–65% (essentially no better than chance) between the right damage and diffuse or bilateral damage groups. It was concluded that when greater validated accuracies of correct prediction are obtained, for situations like those of this study, they must rest at least partially upon the basis of nonlinear relationships that exist in the data. The obtained accuracies (except for lateralized damage versus non-lateralized damage groups) were considered to be high enough to indicate that the discriminant function has practical value.
Judgment of Slant in Response to an Isolated Gradient of Stimulation
Authors: Epstein William , Mountford Damon
Published: September 2011

The following hypothesis was proposed to account for the consistent slant perceptions obtained in response to a gradient of outline convergence and textural density in isolation: the gradient of textural density or outline convergence in isolation will determine a constant perception of slant if there is a high probability that the contours of the distal shape are regular and invariant. In order to examine this hypothesis judgments of the slant of four kinds of standards were obtained: NR, a textureless white rectangle slanted to one of four angles with O's line of sight; PNR, projective representations of NR presented in O's frontal-parallel plane; R, a playing card of the same dimensions and at the same angles as NR; PR. projective representations of the playing card presented in the frontal parallel plane. The judgments were made under conditions which eliminated the gradients of disparity and parallax. The main finding was that the apparent slant of NR and R varied systematically with variations of objective slant, while the apparent slant of PNR and PR varied systematically with the represented slant. However, the apparent slant of the projective standards differed significantly from that of their respective objective standards.
An Application of Implications of Lashley's Researches in a Circumscribed Arteriosclerotic Brain Condition
Authors: Erickson Milton H.
Published: September 2011

The behavioral retraining under hypnotherapy of a 70-yr.-old woman previously diagnosed as suffering from a circumscribed irregular arteriosclerotic condition of the brain is summarized.
Some Stimuli and Aptitudes Determining Apparent Parallelism
Authors: Smith Olin W. , Smith Patricia Cain
Published: September 2011

Apparent parallelism was studied to determine spatial relations of S, standard, and variable which might be sufficient for veridical and illusory perceptions of parallelism. Relationships between Ss' aptitude for spatial visualization (paper-and-pencil tests) and the measures of parallelism were assessed. Different spatial relations of S, standard, and variable resulted in veridical and illusory perceptions of parallelism. The magnitude of the illusory effects was inversely related to S's aptitude for spatial visualization, the highest r being –.98. The two tests correlated +.92. A theory of apparent parallelism is proposed.
A Developmental Study of the Illusion of Parallelism
Authors: Smith Olin W. , Smith Patricia C.
Published: September 2011

An illusion of parallelism as discovered by Smith and Smith (1962) with adults was replicated with nine age groups of children, 6 through 14 yr. inclusive. The results demonstrate: (a) large errors of aiming at targets displaced from the line of regard, which diminish systematically with age; (b) an increase in the effect of the illusion with increasing age; (c) a drastic reduction of developmental effects of the illusion with a change in 5's location of observation; and (d) the comparability of the correlation matrix for children to that of adults. The effects of age were hypothesized to be due to changes in the developmental age for the aptitude of spatial visualization.
Massed Practice and Motion After-Effect
Authors: Rapoport J.
Published: September 2011

No significant change in the duration of motion after-effect was found in 20 massed trials using a rotating windmill stimulus pattern. However, there was a reliable tendency for each S to repeat his performance on 2 separate days, either to shorten or to lengthen the after-effect during the session.
Role of the Response System in a Judgmental Contrast Effect
Authors: Weiss Walter
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were conducted to determine if a judgmental contrast effect produced by a stimulus much larger than the rest of the series was due to a perceptual change or to an effect on the response system. In both studies, half of the Ss learned to associate nonsense syllables to a set of six line-drawn squares and half judged the relative sizes of the squares using a six-category response scale. Also, in both studies, half of each group had as the sixth square the one that immediately followed the preceding five in the geometric series and half had as the sixth one that was several removed from the common set of five in the geometric series. A total of 128 students at Boston University participated in both experiments. The very large square produced the customary contrast effect when scale judgments were required but had no effect on the paired-associative learning. The evidence suggests that the judgmental contrast effect is a result of response factors rather than perceptual changes.
Cutaneous Vascular System as a Model Temperature Receptor
Authors: Kenshalo D. R. , Nafe John P.
Published: September 2011

Simultaneous measurements were made of changes in the threshold for cool stimuli and of cutaneous vasodilation as a function of the temperature to which the skin was adapted. The close correspondence of the changes in these two measures, which result from changes in skin temperature, suggests that the cutaneous vascular system may have value as a model for temperature receptors.
Order among Different Perceptions of the Same Behavior
Authors: Foa Uriel G.
Published: September 2011

Correlations showing the relation among different perceptions of the same type of behavior support the hypothesis of an order of these perceptions.
Some Aspects of Temporal Discrimination
Authors: White Carroll T. , Lichtenstein Malcolm
Published: September 2011

Various aspects of the problem of temporal discrimination are discussed, with emphasis placed on the fact that the degree of discrimination indicated by any given study is dependent upon the perceptual task facing Ss. It is shown that the results of many inter-modality comparisons are misleading because of phenomena occurring at the onset of stimulation. A study comparing the temporal discrimination shown by the visual and auditory senses is reported, this study having been designed in an attempt to avoid the phenomena accompanying stimulus onset. One general conclusion drawn is that the auditory system is not so much superior to the visual system in regard to temporal discrimination power as is commonly believed.
Reversibility of the Necker Cube: II. Effects of Various Activating Conditions
Authors: Heath Helen A. , Ehrlich Dan , Orbach J.
Published: September 2011

Hear, white noise, and flicker increased the rate of reversals of the Necker cube. Luminosity of lines, background illumination, and retinal adaptation failed to influence reversal rate. These results are discussed in relation to the concept of activation and the theory of satiation of orientation.
Follow-up of Effects on Reaction Time with Partial Knowledge of Results
Authors: McCormack P. D. , McElheran W. G.
Published: September 2011

Five groups of Ss participated in a reaction time experiment under 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% knowledge of results conditions. The only dependable changes in reaction time with time on task were observed for the 0, 10, and 20% groups where reaction times became longer with increased task duration.
Stereoscopic Distortion and Structurally-Imposed Retinal-Image-Size-Differences
Authors: Engel Edward
Published: September 2011

When the optical images formed on the two retinas differ in magnification (size), stereoscopically-based spatial distortions are expected to occur due to the ‘spurious’ binocular disparities generated. Whereas lens experiments bear out this expectation, it is not clear that distortion also accompanies the inherent image-size-differences that stem from structural differences between the two eyes. In the present study an attempt was made to compare the actual incidence of stereoscopic distortion in a given population with the expected incidence due to structurally-imposed image-size-differences. Stereoscopic distortion was measured on a space eikonometer. The expected incidence of stereoscopic distortion was computed from data reported in the ophthalmic literature. The results indicated a far lesser degree of distortion present than expected, thus suggesting that image-size-differences are somehow compensated when structurally imposed.
Learned Responses to Targets at Subceptual Levels
Authors: Aderman Morris , Sorkin Allen I. , Enenstein J. , Shurrager Phil S.
Published: September 2011

Absolute judgment was investigated as a function of light intensity subceptually and perceptually for the verbal report, GSR, and motor-conditioning systems. Training to supraliminal targets was given simultaneously to the three systems prior to the random presentation of the seven targets at seven levels of illumination for two successive tests. Thus, the size discrimination presentations were given at the detection thresholds and at three levels above and three levels below the detection thresholds for the stimuli. Subception was obtained for the verbal report and GSR systems, but not for finger movement. Judgment was apparently independent of intensity for GSR. Learning for verbal report was greater below threshold than above it, while no learning was evidenced at the detection (50%) threshold (DT). The total percentage of correct responses, however, was greater for supraliminal discrimination. Shock and non-shock targets for verbal report and GSR were differentiated more accurately at levels below awareness. The results are interpreted in terms of the central nervous system's capacity to respond to more components of the stimulus than the autonomic nervous system as well as its ability to compensate for deficits in stimulation.
Motor Skills Bibliography: XLII. Psychological Abstracts, 1963, Volume 37, First Half
Authors: Ammons R. B. , Ammons C. H.
Published: September 2011

Alphabetical listing of 99 articles on perceptual-motor skills.
On Changing the Way People See
Authors: Alexander Christopher , Huggins A. W. F.
Published: September 2011

Ss see black and white linear patterns either as sequences (“sequentially”), or as wholes (“figurally”). The object of this study was to determine under which conditions, if any, Ss can be brought to change their perceptions from “sequential” to “figural.” (1) Ss tended to see the patterns sequentially at first, but (2) the task of searching for single patterns in disorderly arrays of many patterns forced Ss to see the single patterns figurally. (3) Other kinds of experience, expected to have the same effect, induced little change.
Sex Differences in Reactions to Delayed Auditory Feedback
Authors: Bachrach David L.
Published: September 2011

Eight male and eight female Ss were required to read and speak extemporaneously under voice-masking (VM) and delayed auditory-feedback (DAF) conditions. All male Ss exhibited some degree of artificial stuttering under DAF. The speech behavior of the female Ss under DAF was much the same as under VM. Under considerable increase in side-tone intensity, the female Ss' speech behavior resembled that of the male Ss.
Perception Bibliography: XV. Baldwin's Dictionary, 1893–1904
Authors: Ammons C. H. , Ammons R. B.
Published: September 2011

Gives the 81 items for 1893–1904 in Baldwin's Dictionary which do not overlap listings in Psychological Index sections of this bibliography for corresponding years.
Changes in Distance Judgments as a Function of Corrected and Noncorrected Practice
Authors: Wohlwill Joachim F.
Published: September 2011

Changes in distance bisections as a function of practice were studied, two practice variables being manipulated in a 2 × 3 factorial design. One was the feedback variable: correction vs noncorrection; the other was type of practice: fractionation, bisection with shifting angle of regard, and control (continued bisection practice under standard conditions). Learning effects were measured in terms of judgments made on a set of pretests and posttests, involving bisections of the training distance as well as two new distances, and size matches. Ss were 48 undergraduates. It was found that correction produced a largely ephemeral attenuation of the overconstancy bias which marked all judgments; its effects transferred only to a limited extent to the new distances, and not at all to the size judgments. Type of practice did not result in any significant effects. A non-perceptual, judgmental explanation for the changes produced, and the overconstancy bias itself, is suggested.
Button-Pressing for a Time-Off Reward during Sensory Deprivation: IV. Relation to Change in Ratings of Well-Being
Authors: Rossi Ascanio M. , Solomon Philip
Published: September 2011

Fifteen Ss were given the opportunity to button-press for a promised time-off reward during a 3-hr. sensory deprivation (S-D) session. Before entering S-D, Ss rated their state of well-being by means of a semantic differential scale. Immediately after leaving S-D, Ss used a copy of the same scale to rate their state of well-being while in S-D. Comparison of self ratings of Ss who button-pressed with those who did not suggested that, while there were no significant differences in well-being between groups before S-D, the button-pressers experienced a significantly greater decrement in well-being during S-D. A significant rho of .69 was found between button-pressing and a discomfort quotient derived from the self-ratings.
Technique for Occluding Vision in Either Eye without Subject's Awareness
Authors: Barrett Gerald V.
Published: September 2011

A technique was described which allows E to occlude either of S's eyes. This can be accomplished without S's awareness. The basic apparatus consists of two eyepieces with a polaroid filter behind each and a projector with a polaroid filter in front of it. The polaroid filters were positioned so that rotation of the filter in front of the projector resulted in occluded vision for either eye. This technique appears to have application wherever the effect of suggestion on performance of one vs two eyes needs to be controlled.
Novelty, Complexity and Affect Stimulation in Exploratory Behavior
Authors: Nusbaum Kathryn M.
Published: September 2011

To test for behavioral stimulation of Bovard's bipartite emotional system, 60 male weanling albino rats were kept for 28 days in closed environments combining presence or absence of severe, random shock, and deprived, 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional visual stimulation, with experience of change or stability. Tests of exploration showed Ss from 3-dimensional environments explored most while those from 2-dimensional environments explored least. Shocked Ss tended to explore more than non-shocked Ss if the presenting stimuli were complex. In a choice situation, Ss initially explored the most complex stimuli offered them, suggesting further clarification is necessary of the concept of “complexity levels” based on past experience developing in organisms.
Reaction Time to Cutaneous Onset and Offset Stimulation
Authors: Sticht Thomas G.
Published: September 2011

Reaction times were obtained to the onset and the offset of mechanical cutaneous stimuli using two amplitudes of skin deformation. In all cases, the median onset RTs were faster than the offset RTs. These differences are attributed to differential rates of movement of the skin following the onset or offset of the stimulus.
Stereotyped Behaviors of Chimpanzees: Relation to General Arousal and Alternative Activities
Authors: Berkson Gershon , Mason William A.
Published: September 2011

Chimpanzees raised without their mothers develop abnormal stereotyped behaviors not found in mother-raised animals. Two studies tested the hypotheses that moment-to-moment fluctuations of stereotyped behaviors are related to the level of general arousal and to the extent to which alternative activities are performed. The first study showed that body rocking or swaying is positively related to white noise level and to food deprivation. In the second experiment, rocking and swaying decreased during habituation to a novel situation and returned to a high level following administration of amphetamine. Activities alternative to stereotyped movements were evoked in a third experiment and produced a decrement in rocking and swaying. In general, the evidence suggests a positive relationship between arousal and rocking and swaying; the relationship of arousal to other stereotyped acts was not as regular. No behavior in the repertoire of mother-raised animals was found to be homologous to Rock-Sway. The relationship between the various behavior categories studied was related to S's rearing history, momentary arousal level, and the extent to which the cues in the situation evoked the various behaviors.
Eye Movement Patterns as a Function of Previous Tachistoscopic Practice
Authors: Schaffer Amy , Gould John D.
Published: September 2011

Eye movement patterns during a scanning cask were compared for Ss with over 100 hr. practice in tachistoscopic experiments and Ss with no such practice. The task consisted of scanning numeric matrices to determine the frequency of appearance (0–7) of a predesignated digit. The tachistoscopically practiced group scanned more quickly and made significantly fewer fixations per matrix, but made significantly more errors. Both groups showed significant variation in scan time as a function of the particular digit scanned for and as a function of frequency of appearance of the digit being scanned for.
WAIS Results for Ss with Longstanding, Chronic, Lateralized and Diffuse Cerebral Dysfunction
Authors: Fitzhugh Kathleen B. , Fitzhugh Loren C.
Published: September 2011

Several studies utilizing W-B I results have shown differential impairment on verbal or performance tasks associated with lateralized cerebral dysfunction. Only modest differential impairment, however, has been found among patients with longstanding, chronic brain damage. Increased use of the newer scale, the WAIS, warrants evaluation of possible differential impairment of selected clinical samples on this scale. WAIS results were compared for 28 Ss with longstanding maximal cerebral damage of the left hemisphere, 24 with maximal damage of the right hemisphere, and 46 with diffuse damage. Significant differences between group means were rare. However, the mean intra-individual difference between total Verbal and total Performance scores was highly significant for the right-lesion group, moderately significant for the diffuse-lesion group, and non-significant for the left-lesion group. Further investigation with the instrument is needed on groups which differ from those in the present study with respect to variables such as duration of cerebral dysfunction, type of lesion, and age of onset, in order to improve our understanding of relationships between cerebral dysfunction and ability deficits.
Note on the Relationship of Self-Esteem to Subject Self-Selection
Authors: Silverman Irwin
Published: September 2011

The finding that high self-esteem persons avoided participation as Ss in a psychological experiment to a greater extent than did lows is presented and discussed in terms of its theoretical and methodological implications.
Constancy of Urinary Catecholamine Excretion
Authors: Patkai Paula , Frankenhaeuser Marianne
Published: September 2011

The constancy of adrenaline and noradrenaline excretion was estimated by calculating correlations between excretion rates of both hormones in four series of urine samples obtained from 15 Ss at 1-wk. intervals. The constancy of excretion rates was shown to be satisfactory for quantitative studies.
Effects of Intermittent Visual Input Disruption, Flicker-Rate, and Work Time on Tracking Performance and Activation Level
Authors: Harter M. Russell , Eason Robert G. , White Carroll T.
Published: September 2011

The effects of flicker-rate (0 to 24 cps) on rotary tracking performance and physiological “indicants” of activation level were studied under two conditions of background illumination (illuminated and non-illuminated). During the illuminated condition the target was visible between flashes (continuously), whereas during the non-illuminated condition it was visible only during the flash. Muscle tension of the neck and forearm flexor muscles, skin conductance, and heart rate were used as indicants of activation level. Tracking performance varied significantly with flicker-rate and illumination level. During the illuminated condition, performance decreased then increased as flicker-rate increased, the low point being at about 9 cps. During the non-illuminated background condition, performance increased rapidly as flicker-rate was increased up to 9 cps. Further increases had relatively slight effects on tracking performance. The physiological indicants remained essentially constant when flicker-rate was varied, indicating no change in activation level. The performance data were interpreted in terms of a “psychological moment” model.
Perception of Role of the President
Authors: Merenda Peter F.
Published: September 2011

The Activity Vector Analysis was administered to 31 Ss under the instruction to select those words which they felt described the kind of person the President of the United States should be. A significant cluster which included 29 of the 31 Ss was noted. The personality profiles located within the cluster correlated, on the average, +.93 with the group centroid. They are generally descriptive of a person who is socially outgoing; who displays a genuine interest in people; who is enthusiastic, but diplomatic in his social contacts; who is mentally and physically alert; and who exercises good moral judgment.
Conditioning and Generalization of Influence Behavior
Authors: Aiken E. G.
Published: September 2011

Ss were run in 3-person groups. On the basis of a discussion period, Ss rated one another on leadership, quality of ideas, participation, self-confidence, and influence. In a group guessing situation which followed, S with the lowest summed rating was reinforced for his guesses and the other group members for following him. A second discussion was employed to index generalization of the reinforcement effects. Conditioning was successful, and a relative change measure indicated that interpersonal perceptions of the initially lowest rated S rose significantly between discussions. It is not known what precise aspects of Ss' behaviors changed between discussions, but evidence is presented that the shifts in interpersonal perceptions were more than generalized approach responses to a conditioned reinforcer (halo effect) carried over from the conditioning situation.
Effects of Stimulus and Field Size on the Accuracy of Orientation in the Homogeneous Environment
Authors: Katz Milton S. , Metlay William , Cirincione Paul A.
Published: September 2011

The effects of various size targets and the extent of the visual field on the accuracy of orientation in the homogeneous environment were investigated by requiring Ss to recenter four different targets, starting from 11 locations, in a 270° homogeneous field. The results showed that: (1) each S positioned all four targets in a preferred field, (2) small error scores and consistency in positioning around perceived centers were found with only three of the four targets, (3) in all cases the largest error and greatest variability was in centering the smallest target, (4) absolute errors were not related in any systematic fashion to the initial starting points, and (5) with respect to initial target presentations, i.e., left and right fields, S's errors tended to be smaller in the field containing that S's perceived center. It was suggested that the variability of the small target could be accounted for, in part, by the autokinetic effect.
Sensory Deprivation Hallucinations and other Sleep Behavior as a Function of Position, Method of Report, and Anxiety
Authors: Morgan Robert F. , Bakan Paul
Published: September 2011

Thirty-six college students individually experienced an hour of sensory deprivation while immobile and wearing translucent goggles. Half the sample spent the hour lying down in a horizontal position; half sitting up. Twelve Ss were randomly assigned to each of three report methods: continuous, voluntary, and silent. Anxiety and other S-characteristics were recorded. Sensory deprivation hallucinations (SDH) occurred significantly more often in the horizontal position. Reported sleeping decreased significantly with higher anxiety and continuous reporting. Report method, anxiety, intelligence, sex, daydreaming, and non-SDH visual imagery were not significantly related to SDH occurrence or vividness. Effects of horizontal position were interpreted as due to stimulus generalization from sleep. The horizontal position, analogous to the sleeping position, elicited SDH which conceivably may be analogous to dreams.
A Type of Spurious Constant Error in Magnitude Estimation
Authors: Edgington Eugene S.
Published: September 2011

Overestimation of small magnitudes and underestimation of large magnitudes has occurred in the estimation of magnitudes of various kinds. These errors of estimation are probably spurious and are caused by factors that can be controlled to some extent by E.
Evaluation of a Visual Discrimination Task for the Analysis of the Genetics of a Mouse Behavior
Authors: Wimer Richard , Weller Sue
Published: September 2011

Results of three experiments evaluating a black-white discrimination learning task in a water maze are reported. It is sensitive to differences in genotype, yields an adequate range of responses, and is easy to administer. When reasonable care is taken to control maze surface irregularities, mice with normal retinas appear to utilize visual cues. Absolute level of performance, at least in some strains, is related to the specific water temperature at which the strains are tested. Whether ordering of strains by performance at different water temperatures will remain invariant is not known. Albino strains performed more poorly.
Perceptual Conformity and EGO Strength
Authors: Sappenfield Bert R.
Published: September 2011

Modified group Rorschach protocols of 45 students (29 males and 16 females) were scored on a perceptual conformity (PC) variable, consisting of the extent of agreement with group consensus concerning perceived masculinity or femininity in blots and percepts. PC scores correlated 0.387 ( p < .01) with ego strength (Es) scores of the MMPI. Another PC variable (proportion of popular responses) also correlated significantly with Es. PC may, therefore, be tentatively interpreted as a component of ego strength.
“Variables that Influence Random-Generation”: An Alternative Hypothesis
Authors: Weiss Robert L.
Published: September 2011

An alternative to Tune's memory hypothesis is proposed as the basis of the relative inability of Ss to generate a random sequence of responses. The memory hypothesis is inconsistent with results of studies showing decreased response stereotypy as a function of (a) time spent working on a task and (b) presence of potentially distracting extratask stimulation. Success at randomizing choices requires reduced awareness of previous responses and minimal sources of distraction to prevent Ss from “giving up the set.” Research implications of this attention-distraction hypothesis are discussed.
Confidence Ratings and Level of Performance on a Judgmental Task
Authors: Nickerson Raymond S. , McGoldrick Charles C.
Published: September 2011

A 4-alternative forced-choice test was administered to 96 Ss. S's task was to attempt to select the correct alternative from each test item and to indicate his degree of confidence in his choice on a 5-point rating scale. The objective was to compare the confidence assignments of Ss who did relatively well on the primary judgmental task with those of Ss who did poorly. It was found that Ss who performed poorly on the primary task (LP Ss) tended on the average to use lower confidence ratings than Ss who did relatively well (HP Ss). Although few used either high or low ratings exclusively, all Ss tended to use one end of the confidence scale much more frequently than the other. However, whereas HP Ss were fairly consistent in using the high end of the scale, LP Ss were about evenly divided between those using the high end and those using the low. For both groups, performance tended to be monotonically related to expressed confidence. In terms of measures developed by Adams and Adams, HP Ss made more “realistic” confidence judgments than did LP Ss; however, there was no striking difference between groups in terms of differences in performance associated with step increases in expressed confidence.
Time Imagery, Introversion and Fantasied Preoccupation in Simulated Isolation
Authors: Knapp Robert H. , Lapuc Paul S.
Published: September 2011

The propensity to view time in passive-oceanic images is shown to be positively correlated with introversive tendencies as manifest on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and with preoccupation with moral and rational discipline under conditions of extreme hypothetical personal isolation. The existence of this three-fold syndrome is seen as related to the character and orientation of the ego structure, manifesting itself in three separate but highly correlated ways.
Backward Masking for Letters
Authors: Schiller Peter H.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated extent of backward masking for letters under conditions where test stimulus and masking stimulus were the same or different. Two response measures were used, detection of location and identification of the test stimulus. The extent of masking, as assessed by detecting location, was greater when test and masking stimuli were identical; as assessed by identification, masking was greater when test and masking stimuli were different.
Motor Ability and Creativity
Authors: Stroup Francis , Pielstick N. L.
Published: September 2011

Ninety-seven sixth grade boys were given a battery of four tests of creativity and the Iowa Revision of the Brace Test for elementary boys. Product-moment correlations were computed between the Brace Test scores (motor ability) and creativity scores for fluency, flexibility, originality and elaboration. None of the coefficients was significant at the .05 level of confidence. Possible reasons for negative findings are discussed.
Binaural Recordings for Training the Newly Blind
Authors: Tobias Jerry V.
Published: September 2011

Ss with normal vision and hearing were asked to follow a sound through a series of rooms while walking blindfolded. Ss who were previously trained (by listening to short binaural recordings of sounds similar to those they had to follow while blindfolded) made their tour at a significantly slower rate than those who were given no previous experience of any kind. The relative slowness produced by training suggested that experience leads Ss to behave more cautiously and to listen to their surroundings with somewhat greater attention. The use of such recorded training materials for the newly blind thus provides an adequate early step toward rehabilitation.
Object Recognition as a Function of Number of Different Views during Training
Authors: Culbert Sidney S.
Published: September 2011

Groups of Ss, in a training session, were presented 768 views of a novel polyhedron, other views of which they would later be required to recognize. Number of different views in the training series, from 12 to 768, made no difference in performance.
Two Methods for the Analysis of Perceptual Dimensionality
Authors: Ekman Goesta
Published: September 2011

Two methods for the analysis of a multidimensional subjective variation were described: (1) a direct multidimensional ratio scaling method previously developed by the author and (2) a revised method of similarity analysis that is derived in the present paper from recent investigations of the mechanism involved in similarity judgment. Both methods were applied to data from four experiments covering a variety of perceptual and judgmental areas. It was demonstrated (a) that the results of both methods were in very close agreement, and (b) that these results were simple and easily interpretable.
Effects of Mode of Response and Sex of E Upon Recognition Thresholds of Taboo Words
Authors: Miller Marilyn E. , Solkoff Norman
Published: September 2011

Two experiments (40 male Ss, and 40 female Ss) investigated the effects of mode of response (written or oral) and sex of E upon recognition thresholds of taboo and neutral words. Words were selected on the basis of taboo ratings by 81 students (42 men, 39 women) and familiarity ratings by 44 men and 34 women. Each of the five most taboo words was matched with a neutral word of equal familiarity. Each word was presented tachistoscopically for .01 sec. with constant illumination for 10 trials. Ss either said or wrote words as they were recognized. Women showed no differences in thresholds for taboo and neutral words. Men had a significantly higher threshold for spoken taboo words than for written ones. Sex of E had no effect. There was no evidence for a general defensive reaction to taboo words.
Movement Aftereffects and Figural Aftereffects
Authors: Koehler Wolfgang
Published: September 2011

Recent work on certain movement aftereffects has shown that the duration of such effects is greater in the lower half of the visual field than it is in the upper half. This finding is said to be opposed to the theory of figural aftereffects developed by Koehler and Wallach. Closer examination of the situation shows that the new facts agree with the theory.
Probability of Response Repetition in Serial Motor Performance as a Function of Number of Previous Occurrences
Authors: Andreas Burton G. , Miller Louis
Published: September 2011

The probability of response repetition in a serial perceptual-motor performance was studied as a function of the number of previous occurrences of each particular response. Data from college students performing a letter-maze task showed the function to be a negatively accelerated curve with p increasing from around .50 after one repetition to almost 1.00 after 7 or 8 repetitions. Number of previous occurrences was claimed to be a better determinant of repetition than ordinal trial number for purposes of theory testing. Further study was suggested with a technique to reduce perceptual search demands.
Coding and Clairvoyance in a Dual Aspect Test with Children
Authors: Krippner Stanley
Published: September 2011

During a summer reading clinic held at the Kent State University Child Study Center, 40 school children were asked to record their guesses in regard to 25 cards in a sealed envelope. The multiple-choice answer sheets listed 25 series of 5 words. The envelope, however, contained coded symbols of these words in the form of photographic reproductions. Test II involved a deck of 25 cards containing the words themselves rather than pictures of the words. To encourage motivation, a transistor radio was promised to the highest scorer. On Test I, correct choices were not made significantly more often than chance. On Test II, the number of hits was statistically significant, indicating that coded symbol targets were more difficult to perceive by clairvoyance than non-coded targets.