bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
الرؤية المأساوية في شعر المعري: قراءة نقدية جديدة / The tragic vision in the poems of Al-Ma’arri : A new crictical reading
Authors: (Alqadah) Muhammad , (Alajmy) Naif
Published: February 2019

تتناول هذه الدراسة مكونات الرؤية المأساوية في شعر أبي العلاء المعري، وانطلقت الدراسة من تسآل يدور حول سجن أبي العلاء المعري في ثلات أيقونات تتمثل في فقدان البصر، ولزوم البيت والبقاء فيه، وارتباط الجسم بالخبيث، والمنطلق الثاني كان حول قسوة المعري على الأحياء والأموات في لزومياته، وخوفه على الأحياء الذين ظلموا الموتى. اتبعت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي والتحليلي عبر مقاربة الرؤية المأساوية التي تجسدت على مستوى البنية السطحية في شعره؛ حيث تتناوت الدراسة قصائدة التي تحمل في طياتها المعطى الاجتماعي والاقتصادي، والتقابل والإيقاع. توصلت الدراسة إلى بعض النقاط الرئيسة فيما يأتي: إن قراءة البنية الدلالية لشعر أبي العلاء من منظورها الشمولي أمر مكن من صياغة رؤيته للعالم التي عبرت عنها البنية المتفاعلة، وأن مأساة المعري ناتجة من رفضه كل مساومة وقبوله الواعي للموت بوصفه إمكانية للبقاء؛ وأن المرحلة السياسية والاجتماعية المضطربة التي نشأ فيها المعري تشكل مكونات أساسية لرؤيته المأساوية للعالم، وهي تجد تفسيرها في الوضع الداخلي الذي آلت إليه الخلافة العباسية منذ مطلع العقد الرابع من القرن الرابع الهجري، وهو أمر أكدت عليه النصوص الشعرية التي تماثلت مع رؤيته الشعرية التي رفضت الواقع القائم الذي عاش فيه، ولم يمكنه من تحقيق طموحاته ورغباته التي هي ليست فردية بقدر ما هي جماعية.
مسالك التحرير اللغوي: نصوص الجامعة الإسلامية العالمية بماليزيا للنشر أنموذجاً / The processes of language editing: the examples of texts of International Islamic University Malaysia
Authors: Youcef Nasser , Adam Zalika
Published: February 2019

ملخص البحث:  

يقف هذا البحث على طبيعة المخطوطات العربية التي يعرضها الأكاديميون والباحثون على مركز البحوث بالجامعة الإسلامية العالمية ماليزيا، وتحديداً وحدة النشر (IIUM Press). وهي في الغالب مخطوطات تتأرجح بين الفعل الجيد والعمل الذي هو بحاجة إلى تحسين وتجويد؛ ما يستدعي ضرورة وجود محرِّر لغوي عربي بمركز البحوث. وعليه فإن هذا البحث يخوض في مسالك التحرير اللغوي، ويستعرض صفات المحرِّر اللغوي وميزاته، ويستطلع النص العربي المحرَّر للوقوف على تحدياته ويتشوَّف إلى حلوله، عسى أن يظفر القارئ بكتابات عربية في غاية الجودة. من النتائج  التي توصل إليها البحث: أن المحرِّر اللغوي سيظل يشعر بالإحباط في غياب حصول التعاون العلمي بينه وبين المؤلف، وذلك لأسباب تتعلق بالإهمال أو اللامبالاة أو الخيلاء أو الشعور بالنقص أو قلة الثقة أو المكانة العلمية والوظيفية التي تزيِّن لصاحبها أنه في غنىً عن غيره. إن المؤلف الجاد والفاعل يشعر بسعادة بالغة وهو يرى كتابه في حلة جديدة، بعد أن قام بإدخال التصحيحات والتعديلات، علاوة على اجتهاد المؤلف نفسه في قراءة نصه المحرَّر أكثر من مرة.
تطبيقات معياري القصدية والمقبولية في النص في معهود الخطاب عند العرب / The Application of the standards of intentionality and acceptability in text in ordinary discourse of the Arabs
Authors: Al-Kanj Uthman Jamil Qasim
Published: February 2019

ملخص البحث:  

يهدف البحث إلى إسقاط قضايا معايير النصية المعاصرة على التراث العربي القديم، أسبقيته في قضايا النصية ومعاييرها؛ وبيان إسهامات العلماء العرب القدامى في مجال اللسانيات النصية، ثم استثمار الإطار النظري والمفاهيمي في تحليل نص من كتاب أبي عبيدة كتاب أيام العرب قبل الإسلام في ضوء معيار القصدية والمقبولية، ويقوم البحث على المنهج الوصفي  المنهج التحليلي. توصلت الدراسة إلى أن المحدثين اهتموا بمعيار القصدية عبر عنايتهم  بنظرية الأفعال الكلامية، تحت ما يعرف بالخبر والإنشاء، وتطرقوا إلى مفاهيم القصدية في معرض حديثهم عن البيان، والبلاغة، وأثر التركيب في القصدية، واللفظ والمعنى، وأما المقاصد الظاهرة والخفية فقد تناولوها تحت بما يعرف بــ: (المعنى) و(معنى المعنى)، وهو ما يمثل المقاصد الخفية، وما يعرف بـ(الملاحن)، وهو في اللغة إمالة الكلام عن مقصده الظاهر إلى مقصد متخفٍ، واهتم أصحاب نظرية التلقي بالقارئ بوصفه الطرف الثاني في العملية الإبداعية، تمثلت مفاهيم المقبولية عند البلاغيين، عبر المشاركة الإبداعية؛ أما أفق التوقع فقد ظهر لدى العرب القدامى عبر ما كانوا يتوقعونه للشعر استنادا إلى ما يتحصل عندهم من المعرفة الأولية لمعنى الأبيات، ومنهم من اهتم بالقارئ الأعلى الذي نجده عند ابن قتيبة، والقارئ المقصود الذي نجده جليا عند الجاحظ، ومنهم من اهتم بهيئة المتكلم ومكانته لما لها من أثر بالغ الأهمية في استجابة المتلقي وتفاعله مع الكلام.
زينة المرأة وتَطَيُّبها في معجم (أساس البلاغة) للزمخشري: دراسة دلالية / The ornament of woman and perfumes in the dictionary of ‘Asas al-Balaghah’ by Al-Zamakhshari: A Semantic Study
Authors: Ibrahim Muhammad ‘Abdel Rahman
Published: February 2019

ملخص البحث:

تتناول هذه الدراسة حقلاً دلالياً موسوماً بـزينة المرأة وتطيبها في معجم (أساس البلاغة) للزمخشري دراسة دلالية، للوقوف على منهجية المصنف في عرض مواد معجمه، وأثر ذلك في هذه المدونة اللغوية الفريدة. وقد وقع الاختيار على حقل دلالي يتناول المرأة وتطيّبها. تقف الدراسة على منهجية الزمخشري في عرض مواد معجمه الواردة في هذا الحقل، ودلالات هذه المنهجية، فضلاً عن  استجلاء  منزلة المرأة العربية في سلّم الحضارة بتوزيع الألفاظ والعبارات على الحقل الدلالي وعرضها، والشواهد في هذا الحقل والنسبة المئوية للمعاني الحقيقية والمجازية، ومن ثم تعمد الدارسة  إلى البحث عن الخلفيات الدلالية التي تقف وراء استعمال المؤلف لتلك المجموعات، والخلفية الفكرية التي دعته لذلك الاستعمال، واتبعت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي التحليلي. خلصت الدراسة إلى جملة من النتائج، من بينها: أبرز الزمخشري السياق الخارجي لطائفة من مواد معجمه، كما أماطت هذه المواد اللثام عن كثير من مظاهر الحياة الاجتماعية قديماً، وكشفت مواد الحقل الدلالي اهتمام الزمخشري بالترادف وبيان المعنى ومضاده، وغلبة الشواهد الشعرية على غيرها من الشواهد، وأبرزت مواد المعجم ما بلغته المرأة العربية من حظ وافر من الزينة، ولم يغفل المصنف السياق الخارجي لمواد معجمه، وأخيراً وجدت غلبة المعاني الحقيقية على المعاني المجازية، وأوضحت الألفاظ والعبارات المندرجة بعض مظاهر الحياة الاجتماعية قديماً.
تأصيل النظرية الصوتية عند إخوان الصفا / Establishing the root of phonological theory of the Ikhwan al-Safa Menjejak asal-usul teori fonologi Ikhwan al-Safa
Authors: Mahmood Ahmed Raghib Ahmed
Published: February 2019

ملخص البحث:  

 

تتناول هذه الدراسة الجهود الصوتية لدى طائفة من المفكرين أو الفلاسفة المسلمين الذين شاع صيتهم وانتشر ذكرهم في القرن الرابع الهجري أو العاشر الميلادي، وهم جماعة إخوان الصفا الذين تناولوا في منشوراتهم أو رسائلهم مجموعة من الأفكار الفلسفية والفكرية واللغوية جنباً إلى جنب، وستتناول هذه الدراسة عرضاً تأصيليّاً لطبيعة البحث الصوتي الأكوستي عند العرب، ثم تعرّج إلى جهود جماعة إخوان الصفا في المجال الصوتي العربي؛ حيث قدموا تعريفاً منطقيّاً للصوت اللغوي، ثم شرعوا في تقسيم أنواعه بحسب الدلالة والكيفية والكمية، وحددوا مخارجه وطرق إنتاجه، وأتبعوه بتحليل رائع لطرق تحليله من كافة المستويات النوعية والكيفية والكمية، وألقوا الضوء على جوانبه الدلالة وطرق تمييزه وإدراكه. توصلت الدراسة إلى نتائج مهمة، ومنها: أنّ إخوان الصفا قد قدَّموا توصيفاً أكوستيّاً للصوت العربي يكاد يتفق مع ما توصلت إليه أجهزة التحليل الصوتي الحديث، وكان مضمون دراستهم للصوت اللغوي مضموناً لغوياً من كافة جوانبه، ودرسوا الصوت من كافة جوانبه؛ فقدموا تعريفاً له منطقيّاً ثم شرعوا في تقسيم أنواعه بحسب الدلالة والكيفية والكمية، وحدّدوا مخارجه وطرق إنتاجه، وأتبعوه بتحليل رائع لطرق تحليله من كافة المستويات النوعية والكيفية والكمية، وألقوا الضوء على جوانبه الدلالة وطرق تمييزه وإدراكه.
مقاربات الخطاب السياسي عبر الأدب: دراسة تحليلية / The Approaches of Political Discourse through Literature: An analytical study
Authors: Zar’um Abdel Hamid Muhammad
Published: February 2019

ملخص البحث:

تناقش هذه الورقة موضوعاً يتعلق بأهمية اللغة العربية وآدابها، ودورهما في الحياة العامة ولا سيّما في عصر العولمة، وتتعرض إلى جدلية العلاقة بين الأدب والسياسة، وكيف أن الأدب هو من أكثر اللافتات والمداخل التي يلج من قبَلها السياسيون إلى ضمائر الشعوب، ومن أهم الوسائل لدغدغة المشاعر وتهييج العواطف وغسيل الأدمغة. وفي المقابل فإن السياسي غير المهتم بالأدب، يكون عرضة لفشل مشروعه السياسي مهما عظم، إذا أعلن القطيعة مع الأدب، أو أساء توظيفه. ستتناول هذه الدراسة نماذج للسياسيين الأدباء الذين أحسنوا توظيف الأدب أو استغلوه للإطاحة بخصومهم، وكسب تأييد مناوئيهم، ونماذج للأدباء السياسيين الذين ملكوا ناصية القلم وتمكنوا من التعبير عن آلام شعوبهم وآمالهم أو تمكنوا من كرسي الحُكم ودانت لهم -بفضل قلمهم وفصاحتهم- أمم كثيرة. تتناول الدراسة مدى تأثير الأدب والسياسة في مجريات الأحداث وتسطير المعجزات، وتسليط الضوء على الصراع المخفي بين قطبي الرحى (السياسة والأدب)، ومدى تأثير أحدهما في الآخر. توصلت الدراسة إلى نتائج رئيسة، وهي: أن الأدب نفسه في قلب الظاهرة السياسية، مؤثراً فيها ومتأثرا بها، وأن أي نص أدبي، ما هو إلا انعكاس للبيئة التي أنتج وكتب فيه، وأن السياسيين يستمدون خططهم، ويعتمدون في تنفيذ برامجهم على الدراسات التي يعدّها الكتاب، والأعمال الإبداعية التي ينتجها الأدباء؛ وأن عصر العولمة الذي نعيشه هو بحق عصر تلاشت فيه القيم والمبادئ الأخلاقية، وظهرت فيه بشكل لافت للنظر سلوكيات منحرفة، ومفاهيم خاطئة، تتأكد يوما بعد يوم الحاجة الماسة إلى أدب رفيع ولغة راقية تترجم ما يريده المخلصون من أهل السياسة من عامة الشعب؛ تمسكاً بالتعاليم الدينية، وتشبثاً بالقيم والمبادئ الأخلاقية.
الكتاب الدرس الصرفي في "شرح على السلك والعنوان ومقام الؤلؤ منه والعقيان" المنسوب إلى ابن عصفور / Morphological Lesson in Ibn ʿuṣfūr work entitled: “al-Silk wa al-ʿunwā wa Maqām al-Luʾluʾ Minhu wa al-ʿuqyān’
Authors: Bafadl Sabah Abdullah Mohammed
Published: February 2019

الكتاب الدرس الصرفي في "شرح على السلك والعنوان ومقام الؤلؤ منه والعقيان" المنسوب إلى ابن عصفور
كلمة التحرير/editorial
Authors: Ali Asem  shehadeh
Published: February 2019

كلمة العدد
Dampak Kerja Sama Perdagangan Indonesia dengan Negara Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC)
Authors: Paryadi Deky
Published: February 2019

The cooperation agreement with Saudi Arabia was proposed by Indonesia during the visit of King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud, King of Saudi Arabia to Indonesia, however given the membership of Saudi Arabia in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), the trade cooperation can not be done bilaterally, so that the trade cooperation agreement will be conducted with the GCC. Therefore, it is necessary to see the impact that will occur if the trade cooperation with elimination of tariffs using Partial Equilibrium. Based on the simulation of Partial Equilibrium, Indonesia will get an import increase of GCC of USD 585.1 million, a welfare increase of USD 12.71 million, and will potentially lose state revenues of USD 173.67 million.
The Campaign to Discredit Dissident Valentyn Moroz from the Side of the Soviet Regime
Authors: Paska Bohdan
Published: February 2019

The article analyzes the main measures of the Soviet regime to discredit the dissident Valentyn Moroz in the 1970s and early 1980s. This problem has not been studied in Ukrainian historiography yet. The basis of sources is previously classified documents of the Sectoral State Archive of the Security Service of Ukraine (SSA SSU), as well as materials of the Central State Archive of Public Associations of Ukraine (CSAPA), the Soviet press, memoirs of participants of the dissident movement. The chronological framework, stages and tasks of the discrediting campaign are singled out. Among its methods there is the distribution of false information about the dissident through the Ukrainian and foreign press, the initiation of conflicts with the participation of V. Moroz in the Mordovian colonies and in emigration, diplomatic pressure on the governments of the West. The author concludes that the KGB campaign has become one of the most important factors that led to a fall in the reputation of V. Moroz at the turn of the 1970s-1980s.
Keywords: Valentyn Moroz, Ukrainian dissident movement, Soviet regime, discrediting campaign, disinformation, Ukrainian diaspora
Cities of Galicia and Bukovyna of the Second Half of the XIX – the Beginning of XX centuries: Comparative Features of the System of Management
Authors: Dobrzhanskyi Serhiy
Published: February 2019

The article made the comparative historical analysis of the cities of Galicia and Bukovyna (Lviv, Chernivtsi, Berezhany, Brody, Drohobych, Kolomyia, Peremyshl, Sniatyn, Sokal, Stanislaviv, Stryi, Vyzhnytsia, Kitsman, Storozhynets) in the second half of XIX – the beginning of the XX century. The activity level of implementation of city governance reforms, the changes of abundance and composition of the population were observed. Implementation of the powers by local authorities of cities in the process of formation and activities were considered.The execution of the assigned tasks was made with the influence on the development of regional cities by the number of objective and subjective factors: the presence and the time of railroad holding, economic and geographical specificity, historical features, the political situation, etc.
Keywords: city, self-government, election, city council, magistrate, burgomaster
New Seal of District Chief: To the Centenary of Ukrainian Authority in Khotyn Region
Authors: Rusnak Oleksandr , Ilkiv Mykola , Holovlov Mykola
Published: February 2019

A number of anniversaries associated with the events of the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917 – 1921, as well as the discovery of the seal of Khotyn district chief (starosta), have prompted once again to address the problems of Ukrainian state formation in Khotyn region, in particular during the period of existence of the Ukrainian State of Hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyi. The seal belonged to Khotyn district starosta, whose duties were first assigned to O. Suharenko, and later – to P. Izbytskyi. The period of its use may be limited, respectively, since May 28 to November 12, 1918.
Keywords: the Ukrainian State, metallic seal under the sealing-wax, Khotyn district, district chief (starosta), P. Izbytskyi
Форми актуалізації документів і матеріалів офіційного характеру з історії національно-культурного руху українців Галичини другої половини ХІХ – початку ХХ ст.
Authors: Sholohon Liliya
Published: February 2019

У статті з’ясовано особливості актуалізації джерел офіційного характеру з історії національно-культурного руху українців Галичини адміністративними установами та громадськими організаціями; громадсько-культурними діячами впродовж другої половини ХІХ – початку ХХ ст.,  дослідниками міжвоєнного періоду, українськими зарубіжними та радянськими вченими, сучасними науковцями.
Ключові слова: Галичина, національно-культурний рух, джерела офіційного характеру, актуалізація джерел
Kamen po kamen palača
Authors: Schubert Bojana
Published: February 2019

U današnjoj, prije svega standardnojezičnoj kulturi, trebamo
cijeniti svaki pokušaj da se znanstveni lingvistički fokus skrene i na stare hrvatske,
neštokavske jezike. Gotovo zaboravljen, u najtežem je položaju vjekovni
kajkavski književni jezik kojim se pisalo od polovice 16. do polovice 19.
stoljeća. Danas se o njem u široj javnosti malo što zna, ne spominje ga se u
obrazovnom programu, pa čak ni u kajkavskoj Hrvatskoj. Ipak, zaslugom rijetkih
istraživača, o njem se u novije vrijeme donose važne znanstvene spoznaje. Ovaj je rad zamišljen kao kritički osvrt na prijevod druge
tiskane kajkavske gramatike. Autor je gramatike Franjo Kornig, naslov glasi Kroatische Sprachlehre, oder Anweisung für
Deutsche, die kroatische Sprache in kurzer Zeit gründlich zu erlernen, nebst
beigefügten Gesprächen und verschiedenen Übungen (Horvatska gramatika ili uputa Nijemcima kako da u kratkom vremenu
temeljito nauče horvatski jezik s dodanim razgovorima i različitim vježbama),
a godina je izdanja 1795. Autorica je prijevoda kajkavologinja Barbara Štebih
Golub (2015. Institut za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje).
Paramedic transition into an academic role in universities: A qualitative survey of paramedic academics in Australia and New Zealand.
Authors: Munro Graham George , O'Meara Peter , Mathisen Bernice
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Healthcare professionals who transition into academic roles in universities are confronted with many challenges. Universities offering paramedicine degree programs struggle to find qualified paramedics to assume academic roles, while at the same time little is known about the issues that confront paramedics transitioning into academic roles in universities. A maximal variation sampling method was used to interview 16 paramedic academics in Australia and New Zealand and a thematic analysis was conducted that generated a thematic network that encompassed five areas: the community of practice of paramedicine, the community of practice of academia, entry into a new community of practice, professional identity, and expectations and challenges.  The resulting analysis revealed that new paramedic academics transitioning to academic roles in universities are often under-qualified and underprepared for academic positions. The induction and mentoring processes are often ad hoc and ineffective leaving the new academics feeling isolated and disillusioned. They struggle with establishing or maintaining a professional identity and meeting university expectations related to teaching, research, acquiring a PhD, and publication. Both these communities of practice need to engage in the development and preparation of these new academics so that paramedics will be attracted to these new roles and their transition to academia is a positive process.
ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE, AND PRACTICE OF FIRST AID, AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS, AMONG KINDERGARTEN TEACHERS
Authors: Melese Amsalu Birara , Tesema Alemtsehay Alemu , Simegn Amare
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Background: Injuries are very common now a day and can occur at any point of time in a day to day life. Among them, injuries in school children rank a major part. The objective of this research to evaluate knowledge, attitude and practice towards first aid and factors associated among kindergarten teachers.

Methods: Institutions based cross-sectional quantitative study design was employed. The study was conducted in Bahir dar town, Amhara region, Ethiopia from March to May 2017. A Pre-tested and structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Binary and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the separate and confounding effect for variables.

Result: A total of 173 respondents were interviewed with a response rate of 93%. From the total respondents 97 (56.1%) scored above mean for knowledge question, In particular, subjects lacked knowledge regarding first aid for Human/animal bite (60.1%) was not answered correctly. Regarding practice out of all respondents, 128(74%) had faced the child in need of first aid. About attitude, all respondents (100%) felt good attitude towards giving and learning first aid. Service year (AOR=8.6, 95%CI0.035-0.399) and previous first aid training (AOR=2.5, 95%CI 1.138-5.570) were found to have a significant association with knowledge of first aid.

Conclusion: The knowledge of kindergarten teachers towards first aid were found to be low while they have the good attitude towards giving first aid and receiving training on first aid. It remains necessary to increase their actual first aid knowledge and skills.
A Review on Hadoop Eco System for Big Data
Authors: Raj Anushree , D’Souza Rio
Published: February 2019

In this era of information age, a huge amount of data generates every moment through various sources. This enormous data is beyond the processing capability of traditional data management system to manage and analyse the data in a specified time span. This huge amount of data refers to Big Data. Big Data faces numerous challenges in various operations on data such as capturing data, data analysis, data searching, data sharing, data filtering etc. HADOOP has showed a big way of various enterprises for big data management. Big data hadoop deals with the implementation of various industry use cases. To master the Apache Hadoop, we need to understand the hadoop eco system and hadoop architecture. In this paper we brief on the Hadoop architecture and hadoop eco system.
A Novel Approach on Prevention of a Mobile Exploration in Machine Using AI
Authors: Daniel Rex J. Antony , Dinakaran S. , Muthukumaran S.
Published: February 2019

This paper deals with a low cost solution to problem avoidance for a mobile machine using just a single Artifical Intelligennce. It allows the machine to navigate smoothly in an unknown environment, avoiding collisions, without having to stop in front of problems. The problem avoidance process is made up of three distinct stages - the mapping algorithm, the core problem avoidance algorithm, and the steering algorithm. The mapping algorithm takes the raw Artifical Intelligennce readings and processes them to create higher resolution maps from the wide-angle Artifical Intelligennce. The problem avoidance algorithm is based on the potential field theory which considers the machine to be a test charge that is repelled by all the problems around it, and which moves in the direction of the resultant of the forces acting on it. An algorithm which steers a mobile machine based on the differential drive system is also discussed.
Evaluation and Reformulation of Ingredients the Indigenous Tumpi Product
Authors: Kumalasari Tien , Matti Agussalim
Published: February 2019

The aim of the study was to evaluate and formulate the ingredients of tuna tumpi products, indigenous traditional foods from South and West Sulawesi of Indonesia. This study has analyzed the effect of fish cooking methods and coconut maturity level on the sensory quality of the products produced. The effect of the treatment of grated coconut and the duration of the frying pan on the level of maturity of the tumpi product have also been studied. Reformulation of constituent materials and nutritional value of tuna tumpi products have been carried out. The results showed that the tumpi product made from grilled fish mixed with half-old coconut was the best product and the most preferred by consumers. Cooked tumpi or cooked perfectly product from grated Coconut not squeezed with a frying duration of 60-100 s are the products most preferred by consumers. The best composition of the ingredients for the best tuna tumpi products are 65% fish, 15% grated coconut, 5% tapioca, and 15 seasoning. With serving size 100 g, this product contribute 50%, 18% and 5% Indonesian Recommended Daily Allowance for protein, fats, and carbohydrate, resfectivly, and release 277 cal.
Dynamic Programming in Stage Coach Problem and Cargo Loading Problem
Authors: Sathyapriya S. , Swathi S. , Srivarshini S. , Bhavatarini P.
Published: February 2019

The main aim of the paper is to use application of dynamic programming in stage-coach problem and cargo loading problem. Dynamic programming is a useful mathematical technique for making a sequence of interrelated decisions. It provides a systematic procedure for determining the optimal combination of decisions. Stage-coach problem in which the objective is to find the shortest distance and the corresponding path from a given source node to a given destination node in a given distance network. Cargo loading problem is an optimization problem in which a logistic company is left with the opinion of loading a desirable combination of items in a cargo subject to its weight or volume or both constraints.
The Ethics of Teaching in the Clinical Arena
Authors: Jennings Anita
Published: February 2019

Clinical practicum forms an important component in undergraduate nursing education and involves clinical nurse educators who are primarily involved in teaching student nurses. Twelve clinical nurse educators participated in this grounded theory study, and these participants taught in a number of undergraduate nursing programs in a large metropolitan city in Ontario, Canada. The results from this study revealed four important concepts that underpinned their teaching and, in this article, the author explains one foundational concept: The ethics found in the pedagogical practices of clinical nurse educators. This result provides a deeper and broader understanding of the ethical issues that clinical nurse educators encounter in their teaching practice, how these considerations contribute to student learning and some of the challenges that they encounter in the clinical arena.
Pengaruh Perputaran Persediaan terhadap Rentabilitas Ekonomis pada Perusahaan Dagang yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia
Authors: Lamuda Ilyas
Published: February 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh Perputaran Persediaan terhadap Rentabilitas Ekonomis. Variabel independen dalam penelitian ini adalah Perputaran Persediaan yang di ukur dengan menggunakan rumus ITO (Perputaran Persediaan). Variabel dependen dalam penelitian ini adalah Rentabilitas Ekonomis yang di ukur dengan menggunakan rumus RE (Rentabilitas Ekonomis).Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder yaitu laporan keuangan tahunan yang telah dipublikasikan melalui website www.idx.id. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah perusahaan dagang yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia selama periode 2012-2016. Dengan menggunakan metode Purposive sampling, total sampel keseluruhan dalam penelitian ini adalah 10 perusahaan. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah metode kuantitatif, dengan pengujian asumsi klasik, serta analisis statistik yaitu analisis regresi linear sederhana dengan dibantu perangkat lunak Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS).Hasil uji t menunjukkan bahwa nilai signifikansi untuk variabel peputaran persediaan lebih kecil dari 0,05 maka perputaran persediaan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap rentabilitas ekonomis. Jika dilihat dari laporan keuangannya hasil rekapitulasi data perusahaan menunjukkan bahwa hasil penelitian ini tidak sejalan dengan teori yang menyatakan semakin tinggi perputaran persediaan maka semakin tinggi pula rentabilitas ekonomis. Jadi dapat disimpulkan bahwa perputaran persediaan tidak berpengaruh positif terhadap rentabilitas ekonomis, disebabkan karena beberapa perusahaan dagang melakukan pembelian barang dalam jumlah yang kecil dan ini akan menyebabkan biaya yang dikeluarkan terlalu banyak dan laba yang diperoleh kecil. Sehingga walaupun perputaran persediaan cepat atau tinggi namun rentabilitasnya rendah.
ANALISA PENGARUH IDEOLOGI ATAS MANUSIA
Authors: Somawinata Yusuf
Published: February 2019

Analisa Pengaruh Ideologi atas Manusia
AL-QIYAS DAN AL-DALIL
Authors: Tihami M. A.
Published: February 2019

Al-Qiyas dan Al-Dalil (Perbandingan antara Fiqh Syafiíyah dan Fiqh Dhahiriyah)
SCHOOL BASED MANAGEMENT
Authors: Muslihah Eneng
Published: February 2019

School based management is the main issues in the educational quality improvement of both elementary and secondary education institutions in the world in the last three decades. It is the alternative school management believed to be potentially able to elevate the education quality. In Indonesia, it was introduced as early as the end of 1999 following the enactment of the decentralization policy. School based management, which is seen as a panacea of Indonesian education problems especially from primary up to senior secondary schools, when the 2003 Education Law No 20 was introduced, Indonesia formally adopted a policy of "school-based management" for the quality improvement of its 227.298 public and private schools, and madrasahs (Islamic schools), 47.813.166 students and 3.218.7 54 teachers. SBM in Indonesia is focused on the four aspects of basic education: quality, equality, relevance and efficiency. While international research has not yet proved conclusively that school­based management improves student outcomes, but in Indonesia, the experience has been to a certain degree more positive.
Using the Average Wage Rate to Assess the Merit of Value of Travel Time Savings: A Concern and Clarification
Authors: Hensher David
Published: February 2019

There is a renewed reference to relating the value of travel time to the average wage rate with 40 percent mentioned as the benchmark. This rigid link may have had value when interest focussed on a single homogeneous measure of a single trip travel time and working hours were somewhat rigid for the bulk of workers; however with flexible work practices and heterogeneous interpretations of travel time, the imposition of such a strict assumption is both problematic and misleading as suggested in this paper.
Understanding Trip Happiness using Smartphone-Based Data: The Effects of Trip- and Person-Level Characteristics
Authors: Fan Yingling , Brown Roland , Das Kirti , Wolfson Julian
Published: February 2019

Understanding trip happiness—a measurement of people’s emotional well-being during trips—is an essential aspect of people-oriented transportation planning. We use data collected via smartphones from 350 residents in the Minneapolis-St. Paul region to examine trip- and person-level factors associated with trip happiness. Trip mode, purpose, duration, distance, companionship, activities during the trip, and temporal characteristics of the trip are significantly associated with trip happiness. Mode and companionship are the strongest predictors of trip happiness. Among personal factors, age is the strongest predictor, followed by general happiness of the person. Race, gender, and neighborhood have modest effects on trip happiness.
Hermeneutika Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd
Authors: Alfian Muhammad
Published: February 2019

pengkajian keislaman dengan mengambil al-Qur’an sebagai objeknya sudah banyak dilakukan, dengan menggunakan berbagai pendekatan dan metode tertentu. Salah satu bentuk pengkajian tersebut, dilakukan oleh Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd dengan menggunakan pendekatan hermeneutika. Dalam kajiannya, secara umum Abu Zayd mengatakan bahwa pemaknaan terhadap teks al-Qur’an, tidak terlepas dari konteks zaman pada masa turunnya, keduanya pasti memiliki saling keterkaitan sehingga dari situlah, Abu Zayd mengeluarkan teori mengenai Ta’wil, Talwin, dan Pembaacaan Produktif
Perempuan Muslimah ODHA di Kebumen, Sebuah Kajian Transformasi Awal
Authors: Chamidi Agus Salim
Published: February 2019

Riset ini riset transformatif sosial dalam upaya memberdayakan perempuan muslimah yang tertular HIV AIDS, yang kemudian mereka menjadi Orang Dengan HIV AIDS (ODHA). Dalam riset ini mereka disebut sebagai perempuan muslimah ODHA. Lokasi riset  di Kebumen Jawa Tengah Indonesia. Riset ini bersifat kualitatif, dengan menggunakan model participatory action research (PAR) dan teknik wawancara mendalam, observasi, dan dokumentasi, yang diramu dalam  model knowledge sharing  dan diskusi hasil temuan secara partisipatoris. Informan kuncinya adalah sejumlah perempuan muslimah ODHA di Kebumen. Riset dilakukan pada Mei-Juni 2018. Meskipun masih pada tahapan perencanaan kegiatan, hasil riset sudah cukup menggembirakan.  Adapun hasilnya adalah bahwa (1)perempuan muslimah ODHA menyadari dan setuju terhadap  upaya  penguatan mereka melalui kegiatan keagamaan Islam dan kegiatan ekonomi produktif, (2)kalangan pegiat HIV AIDS juga mendukung upaya penguatan tersebut, (3)kalangan perempuan muslimah ODHA masih khawatir dan takut akan stigma dan diskriminasi dengan adanya open status sehingga mereka masih memerlukan bantuan dari pegiat HIV AIDS untuk mendampingi mereka, (4)adanya rencana bersama menyelenggarakan kegiatan bagi upaya penguatan para perempuan muslimah ODHA, dan (5)model PAR masih direkomendasikan. Adapun rekomendasi dari riset ini adalah pentingnya manajemen  pemberdayaan perempuan  muslimah  ODHA secara massif dan komprehensif yang menggandeng bersama berbagai kalangan mitra secara partisipatori.
PERAN KOMPETENSI SOSIAL GURU PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM DI MADRASAH ALIYAH NEGERI KEMANTAN KABUPATEN KERINCI
Authors: Alam Masnur
Published: February 2019

Islamic Education teachers' social competence is still questionable and has not been done optimally and needs to be improved. The aims of this research are to find out how the role of social competence of the Islamic Education teachers' of Kemantan State Islamic School should be owned. Data and information are obtained from primary and secondary data from observations and interviews with Islamic Education teachers, as well as literature related to the focus of the study. The results of the study show that communication with Madrasah heads is generally good, but has not been done routinely. Communication with fellow teachers is still limited to subject group teachers. Communication with students has gone well, but is still oral and has not used communication in writing in the form of dictates / papers and electronic media. Communication with parents / guardians is still limited to parents living around madrasah. And communication with the community is still limited to madrasah committees and communities in their respective homes, and has not conducted research in the community.
PENERAPAN MODEL CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING (CTL) PADA PEMBELAJARAN PAI DI MAN 1 SUNGAI PENUH
Authors: Alam Masnur
Published: February 2019

The aims of this research are to describe: (1) the advantages of Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) learning models; (2) Environmental material and efforts to preserve it; (3) Application of Contextual Teaching and Learning learning models in Islamic Education. This research is a field research study, with qualitative methods. The main instruments are observation, in-depth interview, and documentation. Research findings are: (1) The Contextual Teaching and Learning learning model can increase activity, creativity, independence to find material that is learned, as well as being able to explore, discuss, understand, and apply in daily life. (2) Environmental material consisting of biotic and nonbiotic which is very beneficial for living things, the effort to preserve it is by replanting, not exploiting, cutting, burning, penetrating, use must be in accordance with environmental ethics. (3) The application of the CTL model is in accordance with the existing steps, and has succeeded in activating students to seek, understand their own environmental theories, and be motivated to actualize in everyday life and be able to correlate with real life. The Islamic Educational teacher has been able to demonstrate one of the CTL principles namely making himself a model, role model, uswatun hasanah or a good example of preserving the environment.
PENDIDIKAN MULTIKULTURAL PERSPEKTIF AL-QUR'AN
Authors: Waskito Tejo , Rohman Miftahur
Published: February 2019

Islam sejatinya telah mengajarkan pemeluknya untuk menghargai perbedaan. Pada dasarnya, keragaman (etnis, budaya, agama dan lain-lain) manusia merupakan sunnatullah. Jauh sebelum pemikir orientalis mengenalkan pendidikan multikultural, Islam telah mengenal secara gamblang seperti dijelaskan dalam kitab sucinya (al-Qur’an). Pendidikan Multikultural bukanlah upaya untuk mencari sinkretisme baru, melainkan mencari titik temu diantara perbedaan-perbedaan latar belakang itu, dan menjadikan perbedaan menjadi sebuah rahmat bagi persatuan dan kesatuan umat, sehingga tercipta suatu simfoni Islam dalam bingkai nasionalisme dan pluralisme.
Análise da influência da retirada do leito de idosos na UTI e da continuidade da fisioterapia na enfermaria sobre o tempo de permanência, a readmissão e a mortalidade
Authors: Abritta Fabiana Amaral , Fernandes Sergio Eduardo Soares , De Paula Ana Patricia
Published: February 2019

Objetivo: Analisar a influência da retirada do leito de idosos na UTI e da continuidade da fisioterapia na enfermaria sobre tempo de internação, readmissão e mortalidade. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo de coorte histórico realizado por meio dos registros de idosos egressos de UTI de um hospital público. Verificou-se as caracterí­sticas clí­nicas e o ní­vel de gravidade dos pacientes pelo escore SAPS 3 (Simplified Acute Physiology Score III). Analisou-se a retirada do leito na UTI, o ní­vel de mobilização alcançado e a continuidade da fisioterapia na enfermaria. Observou-se a relação entre essas variáveis e os desfechos ocorridos. Resultados: Os 133 idosos estudados apresentaram média de idade de 70 ±7 anos; 66,1% eram homens; 78,2% foram retirados do leito na UTI e, após a admissão na enfermaria, 51,9% receberam fisioterapia. O tempo médio de internação após a alta da UTI foi de 27,6 dias; 11,2% dos pacientes foram readmitidos em unidades crí­ticas e 18% foram a óbito. Os idosos que não foram retirados do leito na UTI e aqueles que mantiveram o ní­vel de mobilização após a admissão na enfermaria apresentaram maior readmissão e mortalidade. Conclusão: Parece existir menor risco de readmissão e de mortalidade em pacientes submetidos í  terapêutica de retirada do leito na UTI.Palavras-chave: idoso, unidades de terapia intensiva, deambulação precoce, continuidade da assistência ao paciente, readmissão do paciente.
Capacidade vital forçada e pressões respiratórias máximas de cantores populares profissionais
Authors: Andriollo Débora Bonesso , Frigo Letí­cia Fernandez , De Moraes Anaelena Bragança , Cielo Carla Aparecida
Published: February 2019

Objetivo: Descrever valores de Capacidade Vital Forçada (CVF), Pressão Inspiratória Máxima (PImáx) e Pressão Expiratória Máxima (PEmáx) em cantores profissionais populares de um municí­pio de interior de estado e compará-los com os valores preditos pela literatura. Métodos: Pesquisa quantitativa e retrospectiva, com 18 cantores profissionais populares, com média de idade de 36,6 anos. Foi medida a CVF por meio de espirômetro portátil digital e as pressões respiratórias máximas com manovacuômetro digital. Resultados: Não houve significância estatí­stica entre os três grupos, quanto aos valores preditos, medidos e as diferenças de CVF. Quanto í  Pimáx, apenas houve significância entre valores preditos e medidos no grupo de cantoras (p = 0,026); nos grupos masculinos não houve significância (p = 0,121; p = 0,715); e também não houve nas diferenças entre valores preditos e medidos. Nas PEmáx, não houve significância estatí­stica entre valores preditos e medidos nos três grupos e nas diferenças entre os três grupos. Conclusão: A CVF e PEmáx se apresentaram dentro da normalidade prevista nos três grupos estudados, com exceção do grupo de cantoras, em que os valores medidos de PImáx foram menores do que os valores preditos.Palavras-chave: capacidade vital, pressões respiratórias máximas, cantores.
Impacto dos sintomas osteomusculares nas práticas de ensino de docentes
Authors: Ribeiro Mariana Bomfim , Da Silva Carla Pequeno , Facchinetti Juliana Braga , Andrade Adna Gorette Ferreira
Published: February 2019

Introdução: Os sintomas osteomusculares têm gerado preocupações í  saúde laboral dos professores. Esses incluem variadas doenças articulares, patologias na coluna e em tecidos moles. Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto dos sintomas osteomusculares no exercí­cio da atividade docente em ensino fundamental. Métodos: Esta pesquisa caracteriza-se como quantitativa de natureza descritiva. A amostra foi composta por 24 mulheres (72,72%) e nove homens (27,27%), com média de idade de 46,18 anos. Resultados: Observou-se que 28 (84,84%) dos docentes já foram acometidos por sintomas osteomusculares. Nos últimos 12 meses, os professores apresentaram maiores sintomas osteomusculares principalmente nas regiões parte superior das costas 20 (60,60%), parte inferior das costas 18 (54,54%) e tornozelos e pés 18 (54,54%). Conclusão: Uma vez que os sintomas osteomusculares impactam diretamente na qualidade de vida e rendimento profissional de docentes, sugere-se a necessidade da criação e implementação de polí­ticas preventivas nas escolas com o intuito de cuidar da saúde dos docentes.Palavras-chave: docentes, osteomusculares, sintomas afetivos.
Outcome of Fixed Dose Radioiodine Therapy in Hyperthyroid Patients –Three Years Follow up Study at INMAS Mitford
Authors: Sharmin Samira , Rahman Manbub Ur , Haque Jesmine Ara , Billah Syed Muhammad  Baquki , Rahman Hosne Ara , Hossian Jamiul , Ferdous Jasmine , Uddin Monir , Yasmine Farida
Published: February 2019

Background: Hyperthyroidism is a morbid condition. Radioiodine therapy is very safe, popular and effective treatment of hyperthyroidism. This study was design to determine the outcome of fixed dose radioiodine (RAI) therapy in hyperthyroid patients  in a single institute.

Patients and Methods:  This was   a retrospective study conducted from January 2014 to December 2016 at 1Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Sir Salimullah Medical College Campus, Mitford, Dhaka. A total 71 patients were enrolled for this study.  All the patients were pretreated with antithyroid drugs than   underwent   fixed dose of RAI therapy. They were followed up at regular interval. Chi-square and paired t test was done to see the level of significance.

Results: Mean age of the patients were 41.61 years (range 19-60 years).  Male were 29 (40.8%) and female were 42 (59.2%).  Mean months of pretreated with antithyroid drugs were 30.59 ± 23.68 months, range (2-96 months). Before RAI therapy  mean TSH  was 0.12 ± 0.14 μ IU/ml range (0.0001-0.54 μIU/ml) and after RAI therapy  mean TSH was 1.6 ±1.5μ IU/ml  range (0.002-5.00 μIU/ml). Before RAI therapy mean FT4 was 26.26 ±10.25 fmol/ml, range (7.86-47.78 fmol/ml ) and after  RAI therapy  mean FT4 was 23.45±8.22 fmol/ml, range (8.78-40.45 fmol/ml). All patients diveided into three groups: Graves’ disease (29), toxic multinodular  goiter ( 28) and toxic autonomous nodule (14). After three years of follow up 27 (38%) patients were euthyroid, 2 (2.8%) remain hyperthyroid, 3(4.2%) were relapse cases and 39 (54.9%) were hypothyroid.

Conclusion: This follow up study showed that patients treated with RAI therapy became hypothyroid in the long run. Relapse and persistent hyperthyroid state were very common phenomenon after RAI therapy.

Bangladesh J. Nuclear Med. 21(1): 8-11, January 2018
KESANTUNAN BERBAHASA INDONESIA SISWA SEKOLAH DASAR NEGERI 06 KOTA BENGKULU
Authors: Hambali Daimun , Novia Novia
Published: February 2019

The purpose of this study was to describe the politeness of Indonesian between students and between students and teachers at SDN 06 Bengkulu City neighborhood. The research subject is that students of class V. The scope of this research is the use of verbal and nonverbal politeness by students at SDN 06 Bengkulu: students with students, and students with teachers. This type of research is qualitative descriptive. Data collected by observation, field notes, interview techniques and recording technique. Steps of data analysis conducted in stages, data reduction, data display and data verification. Results of research on linguistic politeness Indonesia students in the SDN 06 Bengkulu city, namely (1) for politeness the studentsdata found conversational politeness students more than the data conversation violation of politeness that is, 21 data is conversations that contain maxims of politeness and 5 the data conversation violation maxim of politeness, (2) for politeness between students and teachers found 7 data containing politeness conversation, and was not found students who violate the maxim of politeness and not found students against teachers. All data that conversation concluded with a look at the context of the speech that underlie the events said. The conclusion from this study is that politeness between students and between students and teachers reveal politeness. For nonverbal language, in speaking students use the fit between body language and speech (verbal).
PENGGUNAAN METODE DEMONSTRASI DAN MEDIA NYATA UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR IPA TENTANG STRUKTUR AKAR PADA SISWA KELAS IV SDN 11 TEBATKARAI KABUPATEN KEPAHIANG
Authors: Susiyanti Emmi
Published: February 2019

Penelitian Tindakan Kelas ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelemahan yang dilakukan selama proses pembelajaran agar dapat mencari solusi pada pembelajaran. Subyek penelitian adalah siswa kelas IV SDN11 Tebat Karai yang berjumlah 11 siswa yang terdiri dari  3 siswa perempuan  dan 8  laki-laki. Hasil penelitian awal ditemukan beberpa kelemahan selama proses pembelajaran yang dilakukan oleh guru yaitu: (1) kurangnya kemampuan  murid dalam memahami materi pelajaran;(2) murid pasif  dan berbicara sendiri;(3) nilai prestasi belajar IPA masih rendah; (4) Metode mengajar yamg digunakan guru masih cenderung ceramah;(5)kurangnya minat siswa dalam belajar; dan (6) kurangnya perhatian orang tua  siswa terhadap belajar siswa. Dari  keadaan diatas guru mencoba menerapkan metode “Demonstrasi dan  menggunakan media nyata” dan membawa siswa kealam nyata.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwametode demonstrasi dan media nyata dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar tentang struktur tumbuhan pembelajaran IPA  kelas IV sekolah dasar
UPAYA MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR SISWA MELALUI METODE DEMONSTRASI PADA KONSEP BERBAGAI BENTUK ENERGI DAN MANFAATNYA DALAM KEHIDUPAN SEHARI-HARIPADA MATA PELAJARAN IPA KELAS 1 SD NEGERI 58 REJANG LEBONG
Authors: Nujanah Nurjanah
Published: February 2019

Research entitled Improving Student Results through Demonstration Methods On Concepts Various Forms of Energy and Benefits in Everyday Life In Science Subject Class 1 SD Negeri 58 Rejang Lebong "The purpose of this research is to increase students' understanding of the various subjects and activities of students in the learning process. How can students not forget the lesson material they have received so that students will be ready to face upgrading tests that are ready or not ready to face. How to make a teaching material so as not to be forgotten by the students. In this case the teacher must find a method to remind all the memory in the mind of the students they have received. The teacher must be able to revive the memory.This research uses action research for two cycles. Each cycle consists of stages: design, activity and observation, reflection, and revision. Target of this research is student of Class I SD Negeri 58 Rejang Lebong, The data obtained in the form of formative test result, observation sheet of learning activity The result of research from cycle I and cycle II from data collected indicate a significant increase of achievement, so that. It can be concluded that through concrete objects media student learning outcomes can be improved.
EKSTRAKURIKULER PRAMUKA TERINTEGRASI SIAGA BENCANA GEMPA BUMI TERHADAP KETERAMPILAN TANGGAP BENCANA SISWA SD
Authors: Puspadiningrum Delvia , Winarni Endang Widi , Hasnawati Hasnawati
Published: February 2019

This study aims to determine the effect of extracurricular scouting integrated standby earthquake disaster response skill alert for elementary school students in the city of Bengkulu. This research is a quantitative research. The research design used is The Matching Only Pretest-posttest Control Group Design, the population in this study all the scout participants in SD Negeri Kota Bengkulu. The selected research sample is SD Negeri 02 Kota Bengkulu as Experiment and SD Negeri 19 Kota Bengkulu as the control. The research instruments used are observation sheets given through pretest (before activity) and posttest (after activity). Data of this research are analyzed by using descriptive and inferential analysis that is t-test. From the research results it is known that the average value of experimental group posttest is 80 control group equal to 57.2. The result of t-test with tcount is 9,785 and ttabel 2,306. So thitung>ttable, so it can be concluded that there is an extracurricular influence of integrated scouting education on earthquake disaster preparedness to disaster response preparedness skills of elementary school students in BengkuluCity.
PENDEKATAN LINGKUNGANUNTUK MENINGKATKAN PEMAHAMAN SISWA TENTANG TUMBUHAN BAGIANAKARPADA PELAJARAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM KELAS IV SDN.21 KEPAHIANG KABUPATEN KEPAHIANG
Authors: Martono Martono
Published: February 2019

AbstrakTujuan penelitian ini menggambarkan  bahwa lingkungan dapat membantu siswa dalam pemahaman tentang bagian-bagian tumbuhan pada pembelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam. Jenis penelitian adalah penelitihan tindakan  kelas, subyek penelitian adalah siswa kelas IV SDN.21 Kepahiang yang berjumlah 20 siswa. Teknik pengumpulan data berupa dukumentasi yangdilakukan melalui hasil tes formaatif yang dilaksanakan dengan melihat data kegagalan dan keberhasilan. Hasil penelitian ditemukan kelemahan yang dilakukan yaitu masih melakukan pembelajaran menggunakan metode ceramah dan belum memanfatkan metode bervariasi.  Pemanfaatan lingkungan sebagai media pembelajaran  dan hasilnya dapat terlihat dalam tiga siklus dapat dituangkan dalam bentuk tabel. Dari  langkah-langkah yang dilakukan membuktikan bahwa lingkungan  dapat dijadikan media  yang menjadikan siswa memahami alam sekitar khususnya bagian -  bagian  tumbuhan.