bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coherent structures and chaotic advection in three dimensions
Authors: WIGGINS STEPHEN
Published: June 2010

In the 1980s the incorporation of ideas from dynamical systems theory into theoretical fluid mechanics, reinforced by elegant experiments, fundamentally changed the way in which we view and analyse Lagrangian transport. The majority of work along these lines was restricted to two-dimensional flows and the generalization of the dynamical systems point of view to fully three-dimensional flows has seen less progress. This situation may now change with the work of Pouransari et al. (J. Fluid Mech., this issue, vol. 654, 2010, pp. 5–34) who study transport in a three-dimensional time-periodic flow and show that completely new types of dynamical systems structures and consequently, coherent structures, form a geometrical template governing transport.
Besnoitia neotomofelisn. sp. (Protozoa: Apicomplexa) from the southern plains woodrat (Neotoma micropus)
Authors: DUBEY J. P. , YABSLEY M. J.
Published: June 2010

Certain species of the protozoan genusBesnoitiacause clinical disease in livestock and wildlife. In the present paper a new species,Besnoitia neotomofelisis described from the southern planes woodrat (Neotoma micropus). The parasite was detected by bioassay of woodrat tissues in outbred Swiss Webster mice in an attempt to isolateToxoplasma gondii. Initially, the organism was misdiagnosed asT. gondiibecause it was highly pathogenic for mice and its tachyzoites resembledT. gondiitachyzoites. Further studies revealed that it differed structurally and biologically fromT. gondii.Tachyzoites were successfully cultivated and maintainedin vitroin bovine monocytes and African green monkey kidney cells, andin vivoin mice. Non-dividing, uninucleate tachyzoites were approximately 1×5μm in size. Longitudinally-cut bradyzoites in tissue sections measured 1·5–1·6×7·7–9·3μm. Tissue cysts were microscopic, up to 210μm long, and were infective orally to mice. Cats fed tissue cysts shed unsporulated 13×14μm sized oocysts. All mice inoculated withB. neotomofelisdied of acute besnoitiosis, irrespective of the dose, and Norwegian rats became infected but remained asymptomatic. Entero-epithelial stages (schizonts, gamonts) were found in cats fed tissue cysts. Large (up to 40×50μm) first-generation schizonts developed in the lamina propria of the small intestine of cats. A second generation of small sized (8μm) schizonts containing 4–8 merozoites was detected in enterocytes of the small intestine. Gamonts and oocysts were seen in goblet cells of the small intestinal epithelium. Tachyzoites were present in mesenteric lymph nodes of cats. Phylogenetic analysis indicated thatB. neotomofeliswas related to otherBesnoitiaspecies from rodents, rabbits, and opossums.Besnoitia neotomofelisis distinct from the 3 other species ofBesnoitia, B. wallacei, B. darlingiandB. oryctofelisithat utilize cats as a definitive host.
Non-suppurative cellulitis: risk factors and its association with Staphylococcus aureus colonization in an area of endemic community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus infections
Authors: EELLS S. J. , CHIRA S. , DAVID C. G. , CRAFT N. , MILLER L. G.
Published: June 2010

Suppurative methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin infections are common and associated with MRSA colonization, but little is known about non-suppurative cellulitis and its relationship with MRSA colonization in areas endemic for community-associated MRSA. We prospectively enrolled patients hospitalized for non-suppurative cellulitis (n=50) and matched controls (n=100) and found S. aureus colonization was similar in cases and controls (30% vs. 25%, P=0·95). MRSA was uncommon in cases (6%) and controls (3%) (P=0·39). All MRSA isolates were USA300 by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. Independent risk factors for non-suppurative cellulitis were diabetes (OR 3·5, 95% CI 1·4–8·9, P=0·01) and homelessness in the previous year (OR 6·4, 95% CI 1·9–20·9, P=0·002). These findings suggest that MRSA may only rarely be causative of non-suppurative cellulitis.
Scholasticism in Political Science
Authors: Mead Lawrence M.
Published: June 2010

Criticism of trends in political science centers on specific methodologies—quantitative methods or rational choice. However, the more worrisome development is scholasticism—a tendency for research to become overspecialized and ingrown. I define that trend more closely and document its growth through increases in numbers of journals, organized sections in the American Political Science Association, and divisions within the APSA conference. I also code articles published in the American Political Science Review to show a growth in scholastic features in recent decades. The changes affect all fields in political science. Scholasticism serves values of rigor. To restrain it will require reemphasizing relevance to real-world issues and audiences. To do this should also help restore morale among political scientists.
Charles Tilly's Problem Situations: From Class and Revolution to Mechanisms and Contentious Politics
Authors: Lichbach Mark
Published: June 2010

During his long and distinguished career, Charles Tilly addressed the problem situation he inherited from his teacher Barrington Moore, the situation that emerged in the middle of his studies, and the problems that arose later in his life. Moore's core themes were revolutionary classes, revolutionary violence, and the outcomes of revolution. As the 1960s and the 1970s gave way to the 1980s and 1990s, Tilly faced a different world-historical situation. So-called national liberation moments—violent and radical, communist and anti-U.S.—did not always win. And when they did succeed, radical politics was not particularly appealing. Tilly's final challenge involved rational-choice theory's drive for hegemony in explaining all outcomes—political, economic, and social—of macrohistorical change. For example, could a systematic alternative to the major approach to contention and conflict—a bargaining theory of war—be developed? To address these changing problem situations, Tilly fashioned his own unique theories, methods, and domains of inquiry. A truly seminal thinker, he pioneered now standard social-scientific approaches to mechanisms, contentious politics, and state construction. To understand Charles Tilly is therefore to understand the last fifty years of historical and comparative social science.
Labor and American Politics
Authors: Frymer Paul
Published: June 2010

The State of Working America, 2008/2009. By Lawrence Mishel, Jared Bernstein, and Heidi Shierholz. An Economic Policy Institute Book. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2009. 461 p. $59.95 cloth, $24.95 paper.
Emergence and functionality of organizational routines: an individualistic approach
Authors: WITT ULRICH
Published: June 2010

Organizational routines coordinate the interactions and use of knowledge within firms. Efficient routines can imply a competitive advantage for a firm, deficient ones a disadvantage. This depends not only on how smoothly the intra-organizational interactions are in fact orchestrated, but also on what goals this orchestration serves: the organizational objectives or the convenience, effort minimization, or other idiosyncratic goals of involved organization members. Since organizational routines represent a case of collective action, the conditions under which organizational routines emerge cannot be neglected. They hinge on cognitive and motivational attitudes of the organization members suggesting an individualistic perspective on organizational routines.
Reflection imaging of deep structure beneath Montserrat using microearthquake sources
Authors: Byerly K. , Brown L. , Voight B. , Miller V.
Published: June 2010

The SEA‐CALIPSO experiment was designed to image structure related to active volcanism beneath the island of Montserrat in the Caribbean. As part of that experiment, over 200 Texan recorders with 5 Hz geophones were deployed in 3 linear arrays at a nominal spacing of 100m, primarily to record an airgun source towed offshore around the island. Because the recorders were operating in continuous mode for three days, a number of shallow microearthquakes under the active summit of Soufriere Hills Volcano (SHV) were also recorded. 20 events were sufficiently well recorded and located that they could be used to identify and map reflections from deep subsurface structure. Here we report on the processing of those recordings as multichannel CMP reflection sources, with emphasis on careful statics correction and coherency enhancement. The resulting reflection images indicate subhorizontal layering at depths between 6 and 19km which we interpret as sills.
Kinematic and seismic analysis of giant tabular iceberg breakup at Cape Adare, Antarctica
Authors: Martin Seelye , Drucker Robert , Aster Richard , Davey Fred , Okal Emile , Scambos Ted , MacAyeal Douglas
Published: June 2010

Satellite imagery reveals that a series of large icebergs (B15B in April 2001, C19 in June 2003, and B15A in October 2005) broke up or fractured while exiting the Ross Sea in a narrowly defined area off Cape Adare, Antarctica. Examination of recent swath‐mapped bathymetric observations revealed that the principle agent of these breakups is a previously unknown 9 km long ridge with minimum depths of 215 m that we call Davey Shoal. Satellite imagery shows that the icebergs are driven into the shoal by coastal currents that converge over the narrow continental shelf. One of the icebergs, the 120 km by 30 km B15A, was instrumented with a seismograph, GPS, and fluxgate compass. This instrumentation provided a unique opportunity to establish the details of the iceberg kinematics that were not revealed by satellite imagery alone and to correlate seismic events observed both on the iceberg and in the far field during breakup. B15A fractured from multiple strikes against Davey Shoal and the adjacent Possession Islands; these strikes were driven by the combination of tidal currents and the coastal mean flow. The periods of iceberg‐sourced seismic radiation were correlated with the strikes. The iceberg‐ and land‐based seismic signals showed that the iceberg fracture, its sliding across the shoals, and the ice‐on‐ice stick‐slip contacts among the postbreakup iceberg fragments generated the strong chaotic and harmonic tremor episodes that were observed at distances as far as the South Pole, where these signals propagated as seismically coupled hydroacoustic T phases.
Comparisons of upwelling and relaxation events in the Monterey Bay area
Authors: Shulman Igor , Anderson Stephanie , Rowley Clark , DeRada Sergio , Doyle James , Ramp Steven
Published: June 2010

Observations show significant differences in circulation patterns of upwelling and relaxation events that occurred in the Monterey Bay during two Autonomous Ocean Sampling Network field experiments in August 2003 and 2006. During the 2003 experiment, circulation exhibited more typical patterns associated with upwelling/relaxation: the development of the southward flowing jet and pair of cyclonic (inside of the bay) and anticyclonic (outside of the bay) circulations during upwelling and the development of the northward flow along the coast during relaxation of winds. During the upwelling event of 2006, the southward flow was weaker and shallower than in 2003. The second relaxation event of 2006 was significantly different from the first relaxation event of 2006 and the relaxation event of 2003: a southward flow was present along the entrance to the bay and this southward flow penetrated into the subsurface up to around 50 m at the mooring location. Two reasons for the observed differences in upwelling and relaxation events of 2003 and 2006 are identified in the paper: weaker winds in August 2006 than in August 2003 and strong positive sea surface height anomalies propagating poleward along the coast during 2006. The 2003 field program included an extensive sampling of the bay and surrounding areas with a fleet of underwater gliders, while during 2006 program, the extensive sampling was conducted in the area of upwelling center to the north of the Monterey Bay. During the 2003 field program, the Monterey Bay model was able to reproduce observed surface and subsurface features with assimilation of glider observations. However, during the 2006 field program, the assimilation of glider data from the upwelling center to the north of the Monterey Bay had minimal impact on model simulations of observed features to the south of the upwelling center.
Evaluation of tropical cloud and precipitation statistics of Community Atmosphere Model version 3 using CloudSat and CALIPSO data
Authors: Zhang Y. , Klein S. A. , Boyle J. , Mace G. G.
Published: June 2010

The combined CloudSat and CALIPSO satellite observations provide the first simultaneous measurements of cloud and precipitation vertical structure and are used to examine the representation of tropical clouds and precipitation in the Community Atmosphere Model version 3 (CAM3). A simulator package utilizing a model‐to‐satellite approach facilitates comparison of model simulations to observations, and a revised clustering method is used to sort the subgrid‐scale patterns of clouds and precipitation into principal cloud regimes. Results from weather forecasts performed with CAM3 suggest that the model underestimates the horizontal extent of low‐level and midlevel clouds in subsidence regions but overestimates that of high clouds in ascending regions. CAM3 strongly overestimates the frequency of occurrence of the deep convection with heavy precipitation regime but underestimates the horizontal extent of clouds and precipitation at low and middle levels when this regime occurs. This suggests that the model overestimates convective precipitation and underestimates stratiform precipitation consistent with a previous study that used only precipitation observations. Tropical cloud regimes are also evaluated in a different version of the model, CAM3.5, which uses a highly entraining plume in the parameterization of deep convection. While the frequency of occurrence of the deep convection with heavy precipitation regime from CAM3.5 forecasts decreases, the incidence of the low clouds with precipitation and congestus regimes increases. As a result, the parameterization change does not reduce the frequency of precipitating convection, which is far too high relative to observations. For both versions of CAM, clouds and precipitation are overly reflective at the frequency of the CloudSat radar and thin clouds that could be detected by the lidar only are underestimated.
Multiscale interaction with topography and extreme rainfall events in the northeast Indian region
Authors: Goswami Bidyut Bikash , Mukhopadhyay P. , Mahanta R. , Goswami B. N.
Published: June 2010

Flash floods associated with extreme rain events are a major hydrological disaster in the northeast Indian (NEI) region because of the unique topographic features of the region as well as increased frequency of occurrence of such events. Knowledge of the spatiotemporal distribution of these events in the region and an understanding of the factors responsible for them, therefore, would be immensely useful for appropriate disaster preparedness. Using daily rainfall data from 15 stations over the region for 32 years (1975–2006), it is shown that the frequency of occurrence of these events is largest not during the premonsoon thunderstorm season but during the peak monsoon months (June–July–August). This fact together with the fact that most of these events occur during long rainy spells indicate that the extreme events in the NEI region largely occur in association with the monsoon synoptic events rather than isolated thunderstorms. We also find that the aggregate of extreme rain events over the region has a significant decreasing trend in contrast to a recent finding of an increasing trend of such events in central India (Goswami et al., 2006). This decreasing trend of extreme events is consistent with observed decreasing trend in convective available potential energy and increasing convective inhibition energy over the region for the mentioned period. Examination of the structure of convection associated with the extreme rain events in the region indicates that they occur through a multiscale interaction of circulation with the local topography. It is found that at all the stations, the events are associated with a mesoscale structure of convection that is embedded in a much larger scale convective organization. We identify that this large‐scale organization is a manifestation of certain phases of the tropical convergence zone associated with the northward propagating active‐break phases of the summer monsoon intraseasonal oscillation. Further, it is shown that the mesoscale circulation interacting with the local topography generates southward propagating gravity waves with diurnal period. The strong updrafts associated with the gravity waves within the mesoscale organization leads to very deep convective events and the extreme rainfall. The insights provided by our study would be useful when designing models to improve the prediction of extreme events.
Impact of horizontal resolution on the regional climate simulations of the summer 1998 extreme rainfall along the Yangtze River Basin
Authors: Liu Hongbo , Zhang Da‐Lin , Wang Bin
Published: June 2010

In this study, the effects of varying horizontal grid resolutions on the regional climate model (RCM) simulation of the summer 1998 extreme rainfall events along the middle to lower reaches of the Yangtze‐River Basin (YRB‐ML) are examined using the Pennsylvania State University‐National Center for Atmospheric Research mesoscale model (i.e., MM5). Results show that the MM5 simulation with the finest grid size of 4 km reproduces reasonably well the rainfall intensity and rainbelt distribution over the YRB‐ML during all the Meiyu phases, whereas lower‐resolution simulations tend to shift the east‐west‐oriented major rainbelt southwestward as a result of the generated local storms and excessive rainfall during the second Meiyu rainy phase in which vertical (horizontal) wind shears are weak (strong). The excessive rainfall occurs during the evening hours when the low‐level jet is relatively strong and in the Meiyu frontal zone where convergence of warm and moist air is pronounced. Results reveal the importance of incorporating convective parameterizations in removing potential instability in heavy rain‐producing storms even for RCMs with 3–5 km horizontal resolutions. It is highly desirable to use higher‐resolution models with realistic parameterized and grid‐scale cloud physics schemes to study the regional climate of heavy rainfall events.
Municipal water consumption forecast accuracy
Authors: Fullerton Thomas M. , Molina Angel L.
Published: June 2010

Municipal water consumption planning is an active area of research because of infrastructure construction and maintenance costs, supply constraints, and water quality assurance. In spite of that, relatively few water forecast accuracy assessments have been completed to date, although some internal documentation may exist as part of the proprietary “grey literature.” This study utilizes a data set of previously published municipal consumption forecasts to partially fill that gap in the empirical water economics literature. Previously published municipal water econometric forecasts for three public utilities are examined for predictive accuracy against two random walk benchmarks commonly used in regional analyses. Descriptive metrics used to quantify forecast accuracy include root‐mean‐square error and Theil inequality statistics. Formal statistical assessments are completed using four‐pronged error differential regression F tests. Similar to studies for other metropolitan econometric forecasts in areas with similar demographic and labor market characteristics, model predictive performances for the municipal water aggregates in this effort are mixed for each of the municipalities included in the sample. Given the competitiveness of the benchmarks, analysts should employ care when utilizing econometric forecasts of municipal water consumption for planning purposes, comparing them to recent historical observations and trends to insure reliability. Comparative results using data from other markets, including regions facing differing labor and demographic conditions, would also be helpful.
A flood of water information
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: June 2010

A new service from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), WaterAlert, allows users to subscribe to receive instant customized updates about water conditions, including river flows, groundwater levels, water temperatures, rainfall, and water quality at more than 9500 sites where USGS collects real‐time water information. The information is useful for a variety of users from boaters to water resource managers concerned about floods, drought, or chemical spills.
Leadership Gathering Marks Historic Transition at AGU
Authors: Cairns Ann
Published: June 2010

The 2008–2010 AGU Council adopted a strategic plan and voted to create a task force to facilitate AGU leadership in Earth and space sciences at its meeting on 7 June 2010. The meeting, at AGU headquarters in Washington, D.C., was the first part of a 4‐day historic leadership conference that included 66 volunteer leaders and key staff as AGU prepares to transition to a new governance structure.

The new Union officers (president, president‐ elect, general secretary, and international secretary), the newly established Board of Directors, and the new Council— which will consist of section presidents and presidents‐elect, focus group chairs and vice chairs, committee chairs, and four appointed student/early‐career scientists—take office on 1 July 2010.
Bibring Receives 2009 Whipple Award
Authors: Jakosky Bruce M. , Bibring Jean‐Pierre
Published: June 2010

Jean‐Pierre Bibring received the Whipple Award at the 2009 AGU Fall Meeting, held 14–18 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes an individual who has made an outstanding contribution in the field of planetary science.
Spatial distribution of lunar polar hydrogen deposits after KAGUYA (SELENE)
Authors: Teodoro L. F. A. , Eke V. R. , Elphic R. C.
Published: June 2010

Although controversial in its physical form, there is mounting evidence of hydrogen enhancements at the lunar poles. The permanently shadowed locales are potential sites for significant concentrations of cold‐trapped volatiles, including water ice. We derive maps of the lunar hydrogen distribution near the poles by applying a pixon image reconstruction algorithm to the Lunar Prospector epithermal neutron data coupled with a new map of cold trap locations derived from the KAGUYA (SELENE) altimetry measurements. The results presented in this article require the hydrogen to be concentrated into “cold traps.”
Inflation‐deflation cycles revealed by tilt and seismic records at Stromboli volcano
Authors: Genco Riccardo , Ripepe Maurizio
Published: June 2010

Strombolian activity is driven by gas dynamic, where large quantities of volatiles are first exsolved and then suddenly released, ejecting fragmented lava at ∼100–300 m height with exit velocities of 20–70 m/s. This conduit process is detected as VLP seismicity only in the final stage (<10 s before the explosion), when the rising gas slug interacts with the shallower part (last 200–300 m) of the feeding conduits. We present new ground deformation recorded with high‐resolution tiltmeters (1 nrad) sampled at 1 Hz and detected by broad‐band seismometers that extends the perception of this explosive process. Tiltmeters and seismometers reveal that the explosive process is accompanied by a persistent deformation of the ground detected as small (<100 nrad) inflation‐deflation cycles ∼250 s long and associated with the constant process of gas recharge and discharge of the magma conduit.
Distribution of methane in the water column of the Baltic Sea
Authors: Schmale O. , Schneider von Deimling J. , Gülzow W. , Nausch G. , Waniek J. J. , Rehder G.
Published: June 2010

The distribution of dissolved methane in the water column of the Baltic Sea was extensively investigated. A strong correlation between the vertical density stratification, the distribution of oxygen, hydrogen sulfide, and methane has been identified. A widespread release of methane from the seafloor is indicated by increasing methane concentrations with water depth. The deep basins in the central Baltic Sea show the strongest methane enrichments in stagnant anoxic water bodies (max. 1086 nM and 504 nM, respectively), with a pronounced decrease towards the pelagic redoxcline and slightly elevated surface water concentrations (saturation values of 206% and 120%, respectively). In general the more limnic basins in the northern part of the Baltic are characterized by lower water column methane concentrations and surface water saturation values close to the atmospheric equilibrium (between 106% and 116%). In contrast, the shallow Western Baltic Sea is characterized by high saturation values up to 746%.
Partitioning the variance between space and time
Authors: Sun Fubao , Roderick Michael L. , Farquhar Graham D. , Lim Wee Ho , Zhang Yongqiang , Bennett Neil , Roxburgh Stephen H.
Published: June 2010

Here we decompose the space‐time variance of near‐surface air temperature using monthly observations for the global land surface (excluding Antarctica) from 1901–2000. To do that, we developed a new method for partitioning the total space‐time variance, here called the grand variance, into separate spatial and temporal components. The temporal component is, in turn, further partitioned into the variance relating to different time periods and we use monthly data to decompose intra‐ and inter‐annual components of the variance. The results show that the spatial and temporal components of the variance of near‐surface air temperature have both, on average, decreased over time primarily because of reductions in the equator‐to‐pole (northern) temperature gradient, and because in cold regions, winter is generally warming faster than summer. We also found that in most regions, the inter‐annual variance in near‐surface air temperature has increased.
Sex Differences in the Association of Thigh Fat and Metabolic Risk in Older Adults
Authors: van Pelt Rachael E. , Jankowski Catherine M. , Gozansky Wendolyn S. , Wolfe Pamela , Schwartz Robert S. , Kohrt Wendy M.
Published: June 2010

We have previously shown a favorable association of subcutaneous leg fat with markers of insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in postmenopausal women. It is not known whether there is a sex dimorphism in the association of lower‐body adiposity with reduced metabolic risk. Thus, our primary aim was to determine whether the favorable association of thigh subcutaneous fat, independent of abdominal fat, is also observed in older men. Mid‐thigh and abdominal fat areas were measured by computed tomography (CT) in 108 older men and postmenopausal women (mean ± s.d.; 69 ± 7 years). Additionally, trunk and leg fat mass (FM) were measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA). Markers of insulin resistance and dyslipidemia were determined from oral glucose tolerance tests and lipid and lipoprotein measurements, respectively. Outcomes were fasted and postchallenge (area under the curve, AUC) insulin (INSAUC) and glucose (GLUAUC), product of the insulin and glucose AUC (INSAUC × GLUAUC), triglycerides (TG), and high‐density lipoprotein (HDL)‐cholesterol. Consistent with our previous findings in postmenopausal women, adjusting for DXA trunk FM revealed a favorable association of DXA leg FM with the metabolic risk outcomes in both older men and postmenopausal women. Likewise, adjusting for CT abdominal visceral fat generally revealed a favorable association of CT thigh fat with metabolic risk outcomes in women, but not men. The discordance between the DXA and CT results in men is unclear but may be due to sex differences in visceral fat accrual. The mechanisms underlying the protective effect of thigh fat on metabolic risk factors need to be elucidated.
BMI and Metabolic Profile in Patients With Prolactinoma Before and After Treatment With Dopamine Agonists
Authors: Santos‐Silva Cintia M. , Barbosa Flavia R.P. , Lima Giovanna A.B. , Warszawski Leila , Fontes Rosita , Domingues Romeu C. , Gadelha Mõnica R.
Published: June 2010

Hyperprolactinemia might be related to weight gain, metabolic syndrome (MS), and insulin resistance (IR). Treatment with dopamine agonist (DA) has been shown to reduce body weight and improve metabolic parameters. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of obesity, overweight, MS, and IR in patients with prolactinoma before and after therapy with DA and to evaluate the relation between prolactin (PRL), body weight, fat distribution, leptin levels, IR, and lipid profile before treatment. In addition, we investigated the correlation of the reduction in PRL levels with weight loss and metabolic profile improvement. Twenty‐two patients with prolactinoma completed 6 months of treatment with DA. These patients were submitted to clinical (BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure (BP)), laboratory evaluation (leptin, glucose, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL)‐cholesterol, and triglyceride (TG) levels) and abdominal computed tomography (CT) before and after treatment. The statistical analyses were done by nonparametric tests. At the beginning of the study, the prevalence of obesity, overweight, MS, and IR was 45, 27, 27, and 18%, respectively. After 6 months of treatment with DA, PRL levels normalized, but no significant difference in BMI was observed. However, there was a significant decrease on homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMAIR) index, glucose, LDL‐cholesterol, and TG levels. This study suggests a possible involvement of prolactinoma on the prevalence of obesity. We should consider that DA may be effective on improving metabolic parameters, and we speculate that a period longer than 6 months of treatment is necessary to conclude whether this drug can interfere in the body weight of patients with prolactinoma.
Winter weather and waterfowl surveys in north‐western Ontario, Canada
Authors: Mallory M. L. , Venier L. A. , McKenney D.
Published: June 2010

Abstract Aim An analysis is presented to examine whether variation in breeding waterfowl estimates can be explained by weather patterns prior to annual surveys.

Location The location of the study is north‐western Ontario, Canada.

Methods Annual, systematic survey data for breeding waterfowl are available from the 1950s to the present for north‐western Ontario. Regional monthly climate data for this area were compiled using weather data derived from interpolated annual climate surfaces. These data were analysed using stepwise multiple linear regression for each species and for waterfowl functional groups to assess whether monthly climate data accounted for some of the variation in waterfowl numbers.

Results For all dabbling ducks pooled, 12% of the variation in annual abundance was explained by April temperatures, with more dabbling ducks observed in years when April was relatively cool. For diving ducks, 23% of the variation in pooled abundance was explained by April temperatures and February precipitation, where more diving ducks were observed in years when February had relatively less precipitation and April was cool. Patterns for individual species varied.

Main conclusions Mean monthly weather data for months prior to surveys explained some of the variation in numbers of waterfowl observed in annual surveys. This suggests that future incorporation of weather data into waterfowl population models may help refine population estimates.
Effects of errors in range maps on estimates of historical species richness of mammals in Canadian national parks
Authors: Habib Lucas D. , Wiersma Yolanda F. , Nudds Thomas D.
Published: June 2010

Aim Tests for faunal relaxation in reserves, particularly for mammals, have relied on comparisons of current species richness with estimates of species richness derived from historical range maps. However, any range map reflects the extent of occurrence of species and not necessarily the area of occupancy. Thus, estimates of historical species richness might be prone to error introduced by ‘false positives’, that is, a species might be considered to have been present in locations where it actually was not. The effect of such ‘false positives’ could bias statistical tests of faunal relaxation to type I error, and result in estimates of the extent of faunal relaxation in reserves greater than was actually the case. We evaluated the potential for errors in historical range maps to generate inflated estimates of historical species richness of mammals at sites that are reserves today.

Location Canadian national parks in the Canadian portion of the Alleghenian‐‐Illinoian mammal province in south‐eastern Canada (the maritime region and parts of southern Québec, Ontario and Manitoba).

Methods The effect of varying levels of error in range maps on estimates of historical species richness was tested using geographical information systems (GIS)‐based statistical sampling of simulated historical ranges. Species’ areas of occupancy were simulated to be only 25%, 75% and 95% of published historical species ranges. For each reserve, estimates of historical species richness from these simulated species ranges were then compared with similar, previously published estimates of richness based on published historical species ranges.

Results Previous estimates of historical species richness for reserves were inversely and linearly related to the degree of inaccuracy of species ranges. If species ranges were, on average, 5% smaller than the accepted ranges, then estimates of historical species richness agreed with previous estimates in c. 90% of cases. However, if historical ranges were, on average, 25% smaller than those used in previous analyses, then previous historical estimates of species richness may be overestimates in c. 40% of cases.

Main conclusions Estimates of the extent of faunal relaxation in reserves that use historical range maps to quantify past species richness appear to be sensitive to even small errors in the degree to which range maps may overestimate ‘area of occupancy’.
A regional impact assessment of climate and land‐use change on alpine vegetation
Authors: Dirnböck Thomas , Dullinger Stefan , Grabherr Georg
Published: June 2010

Aim  Assessing potential response of alpine plant species distribution to different future climatic and land‐use scenarios.

Location  Four mountain ranges totalling 150 km2 in the north‐eastern Calcareous Alps of Austria.

Methods  Ordinal regression models of eighty‐five alpine plant species based on environmental constraints and land use determining their abundance. Site conditions are simulated spatially using a GIS, a Digital Terrain Model, meteorological station data and existing maps. Additionally, historical records were investigated to derive data on time spans since pastures were abandoned. This was then used to assess land‐use impacts on vegetation patterns in combination with climatic changes.

Results  A regionalized GCM scenario for 2050 (+ 0.65 °C, −30 mm August precipitation) will only lead to local loss of potential habitat for alpine plant species. More profound changes (+ 2 °C, −30 mm August precipitation; + 2 °C, −60 mm August precipitation) however, will bring about a severe contraction of the alpine, non‐forest zone, because of range expansion of the treeline conifer Pinus mugo Turra and many alpine species will loose major parts of their habitat. Precipitation change significantly influences predicted future habitat patterns, mostly by enhancing the general trend. Maintenance of summer pastures facilitates the persistence of alpine plant species by providing refuges, but existing pastures are too small in the area to effectively prevent the regional extinction risk of alpine plant species.

Main conclusions  The results support earlier hypotheses that alpine plant species on mountain ranges with restricted habitat availability above the treeline will experience severe fragmentation and habitat loss, but only if the mean annual temperature increases by 2 °C or more. Even in temperate alpine regions it is important to consider precipitation in addition to temperature when climate impacts are to be assessed. The maintenance of large summer farms may contribute to preventing the expected loss of non‐forest habitats for alpine plant species. Conceptual and technical shortcomings of static equilibrium modelling limit the mechanistic understanding of the processes involved.
Neogene marine transgressions, palaeogeography and biogeographic transitions on the Thai–Malay Peninsula
Authors: Woodruff David S.
Published: June 2010

Aim The aim of this review is to contribute to our understanding of the origination of the Sundaic and Indochinese biotas in Southeast Asia. Numerous unsolved problems surround the origination of the differences between these biotas and the determinants of the breadth and current position of the transition between them.

Location Literature reviews show that phytogeographical and zoogeographical transitions between the Sundaic and Indochinese subregions lie on the Thai–Malay peninsula just north of the Isthmus of Kra. A second, more widely recognized botanical transition lies 500 km further south at the Kangar–Pattani line near the Thai–Malay border.

Results The phytogeographical transition involves 575 genera of plants, and a change from wet seasonal evergreen dipterocarp rain forest to moist mixed deciduous forest. The zoogeographical transition is best characterized for forest birds, and more than half the species present in this region have species boundaries north of the Isthmus of Kra, at 11–13° N latitude. Although the phytogeographical transition is climate‐related today, and the avifaunal transition is viewed as being associated with the vegetation change, there is no obvious present day geological, physiographical or environmental feature to account for the origination of the provincial biotas. Similarly, known Neogene palaeoenvironmental changes on the tectonically stable peninsula, including those associated with periods of lower sea levels and the emergence of Sundaland, fail to account for either the origination of the provincial differences or the current position of the transition.

Main conclusions Contrary to earlier palaeogeographical reconstructions, it is suggested that Neogene marine transgressions flooded the peninsula in two areas and created circumstances leading to the biogeographical patterns of the present day. The Vail global eustatic curve, supported by the oxygen isotope record, indicates that sea levels werec. 100 m above the present‐day level during the early/middle Miocene (24–13 Ma) and again during the early Pliocene (5.5–4.5 Ma). Present topography suggests such high sea stands would have created 30–100‐km wide seaways north and south of the Nakhon si Thammarat Range in the central peninsula (southern Thailand). Geological, palaeontological and phylogenetic evidence for such hypothetical seaways is scant (there have been no focussed searches) but does not preclude their occurrence. The role of such Neogene highstands in explaining present day biogeographical patterns in Southeast Asia and elsewhere requires assessment.
Assessing endemism at multiple spatial scales, with an example from the Australian vascular flora
Authors: Laffan Shawn W. , Crisp Michael D.
Published: June 2010

Aim To develop an approach for assessing the spatial scale of centres of endemism among species level data.

LocationAustralia.

Methods Endemism is inherently scale dependent. Therefore, the Corrected Weighted Endemism (CWE) index used by Crispet al.[J. Biogeogr.(2001)28:183] is extended to account for species samples in local neighbourhoods as a Spatial CWE index. This then allows an analysis of how the degree of endemism of a location (cell) changes with spatial scale. The quality of the Spatial CWE index results are assessed using three spatial randomizations at the species level with and without preserving species richness and distributional patterns. We show that CWE is equivalent to beta diversity and predict that it should show high rates of change around centres of endemism.

Results Similar patterns to those found by Crispet al.using a data set of vascular flora from Australia are retrieved, but the extent to which they are scale dependent is more easily identified. For example, the Central Australian centre discounted by Crispet al.is identified when a three‐cell radius neighbourhood is used. However, the level of endemism in this centre is no greater than in the margins of many of the coastal centres of endemism. Most of the identified centres of endemism are better than random at all scales and are increasingly so as the spatial scale increases. As predicted, the highest rate of change in Spatial CWE (beta diversity) is most often between zero‐ and one‐cell radius neighbours in most centres of endemism.

Main conclusions The explicit incorporation of geographical space in analyses allows for a greater understanding of the scale‐dependence of phenomena, in this case endemism and beta diversity.
Hotel Restaurant Dining: The Relationship between Perceived Value and Intention to Purchase
Authors: Ashton Ann Suwaree , Scott Noel , Solnet David , Breakey Noreen
Published: June 2010

Restaurants affiliated with the hotel industry play an important role in increasing revenue and responding effectively to customer expectations. This paper examines how perceived value relates to intention to purchase (ITP) in the context of hotel restaurant dining using a quantitative approach involving multiple regression analysis. In addition, the findings indicate that there are three significant key variables that positively contribute to ITP: perceived brand image, perceived quality and perceived sacrifice (both monetary and non-monetary price).
Impact of oxygen on the permanent deactivation of boron–oxygen-related recombination centers in crystalline silicon
Authors: Lim Bianca , Bothe Karsten , Schmidt Jan
Published: June 2010

The carrier lifetime in boron-doped Czochralski-grown silicon is ultimately limited by light-induced boron–oxygen-related recombination centers. These centers can be permanently deactivated by illumination at elevated temperature (70–220 °C). However, the detailed defect reactions leading to permanent deactivation are still unresolved. In this work, we study the impact of oxygen on the deactivation process. We examine the dependence of the deactivation rate on the interstitial oxygen concentration as well as the impact of long-term annealing at 450 °C, leading to the generation of oxygen clusters acting as donors (thermal donors). We find a decrease in the deactivation rate with both increasing interstitial oxygen concentration and increasing thermal donor concentration, suggesting that oxygen is involved in the deactivation process.
Particle image velocimetry measurements of the interaction of synthetic jets with a zero-pressure gradient laminar boundary layer
Authors: Jabbal Mark , Zhong Shan
Published: June 2010

An experimental investigation of the interaction between a synthetic jet actuator and a zero-pressure gradient laminar boundary layer is reported. The aim of this study is to quantify the impact of synthetic jet vortical structures; namely, hairpin vortices, stretched vortex rings and tilted vortex rings on a boundary layer, and to assess their relative potential for flow separation control. Streamwise particle image velocimetry was employed in a water flume (free stream boundary layer thickness Reynolds number of 500 and boundary layer thickness-to-jet orifice diameter ratio of 4) to obtain phase- and time-averaged boundary layer profile information of the impact of synthetic jets near the wall. The potential for flow control was assessed by analyzing near wall fluid mixing, realized by the measure of increase in wall shear stress produced by a passing vortex. Hairpin vortices (produced at a jet-to-free stream velocity ratio, VR=0.32 and dimensionless stroke length, L=1.6) and stretched vortex rings (VR=0.27; L=2.7) exhibit characteristics akin to a streamwise vortex pair with a common upwash. Conversely, tilted vortex rings (VR=0.54; L=2.7) induce a streamwise vortex pair in the near wall region with a common downwash. Wall shear stress measurements show that synthetic jets composed of stretched vortex rings offer the best combination of near wall fluid mixing, persistency, and low rms fluctuations for potential applications of flow separation control.
Electronic, structural, and magnetic effects of 3d transition metals in hematite
Authors: Huda Muhammad N. , Walsh Aron , Yan Yanfa , Wei Su-Huai , Al-Jassim Mowafak M.
Published: June 2010

We present a density-functional theory study on the electronic structure of pure and 3d transition metal (TM) (Sc, Ti, Cr, Mn, and Ni) incorporated α-Fe2O3. We find that the incorporation of 3d TMs in α-Fe2O3 has two main effects such as: (1) the valence and conduction band edges are modified. In particular, the incorporation of Ti provides electron carriers and reduces the electron effective mass, which will improve the electrical conductivity of α-Fe2O3. (2) The unit cell volume changes systematically such as: the incorporation of Sc increases the volume, whereas the incorporation of Ti, Cr, Mn, and Ni reduces the volume monotonically, which can affect the hopping probability of localized charge carriers (polarons). We discuss the importance of these results in terms of the utilization of hematite as a visible-light photocatalyst.
The effect of rare-earth clustering on charge trapping and electroluminescence in rare-earth implanted metal-oxide-semiconductor light-emitting devices
Authors: Nazarov A. N. , Tiagulskyi S. I. , Tyagulskyy I. P. , Lysenko V. S. , Rebohle L. , Lehmann J. , Prucnal S. , Voelskow M. , Skorupa W.
Published: June 2010

The effect of rare-earth clustering in dielectric media on the electroluminescence (EL) intensity, the charge trapping and the EL quenching was investigated using the example of Tb and Eu-implanted SiO2 layers. It was shown that the increase in the REOX cluster size induced by an increase in the furnace annealing temperature resulted in an increase in the concentration of electron traps with capture cross sections from 2×10−15 to 2×10−18 cm2. This is probably associated with an increase in the concentration of oxygen deficiency centers as well as with strained and dangling bonds in the SiO2 matrix which leads to an enhanced scattering of hot electrons and a decrease in the excitation cross section of the main EL lines of RE3+ ions. For the main EL lines of Tb3+ and Eu3+ ions the relation of the EL quenching to negative and positive charge generation in the SiO2 was considered. It was demonstrated that in case of REOX nanoclusters with small sizes (up to 5 nm) the EL quenching process can mainly be explained by a defect shell model which suggests the formation of negatively charged defect shells around the nanoclusters leading to a Coulomb repulsion of hot electrons and a suppression of the RE3+ excitation. At high levels of the injected charge (more than 2×1020 e/cm2) a second stage of the EL quenching was observed which was contributed to a positive charge accumulation in the SiO2 at a distance beyond the tunneling distance from the SiO2Si interface. In case of Eu-implanted SiO2 the quenching of the main EL line of Eu3+ is mostly correlated with positive charge trapping in the bulk of the dielectric. A model of EL quenching of the main Eu3+ line is proposed.