bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The influence of dietary fat on fat metabolism and body Fat deposition in meal-feeding and nibbling rats
Authors: Wood J. D. , Reid J. T.
Published: July 2016

1. An experiment was done with rats (body-weight 160 g) to study the effects on fat metabolism and body composition of low (10 g/kg)- or high (140 g/kg)-fat diets fed as one meal for one 4 h period/d (meal-feeders) or as six spaced meals/d (nibblers). The daily energy intake/unit metabolic body-weight (body-weight0.73) was the same for all four groups, and this level of intake was about 80% of that consumed by rats allowed unrestricted access to the low-fat diet. The experimental period was 76 d.

2. Rats given the high-fat diet deposited more body fat/d and, as a result, grew faster and were energetically more efficient than rats given the low-fat diet. The high-fat diet depressed de novo lipogenesis from glucose in epididymal and perirenal fat pads, whose fatty acid composition resembled that of the diet.

3. For both diets meal-feeders had greater stomach plus small intestine weights than nibblers and had higher plasma free fatty acid levels, when they were killed 15 h after their last meal.

4. Meal-feeders given the low-fat diet had the greatest rate of lipogenesis for fat pads.

5. Meal-feeders given the high-fat diet deposited less of the main dietary fatty acids in their fat pads.

6. There was no evidence that meal-feeders eating a high-fat diet adapt their metabolism so completely that they become more efficient utilizers than those nibbling this diet. Meal-feeders eating the low-fat diet became no fatter than nibblers of this diet, possibly because they were eating less than their dailyad lib.intake.
Changes in the rumen metabolism of sheep given increasing amounts of linseed oil in their diet
Authors: Czerkawski J. W. , Christie W. W. , Breckenridge Grace , Hunter Margaret L.
Published: July 2016

1. Linseed oil was incorporated gradually into the diet of four sheep until the animals received 90 g additional fat/d. Attempts were made to measure changes in concentration of substances and rates of synthesis in the rumen directly, and by incubation of rumen contents in vitro (zero-time technique).

2. The high-fat diet increased the dilution rate and the volume of rumen contents and decreased the synthesis of diaminopimelic acid in the rumen. The number of protozoa decreased and the number of bacteria increased in the rumen of animals receiving the high-fat diet.

3. The concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen decreased for sheep given the high-fat diet, but the capacity of rumen contents to produce VFA in vitro increased.

4. The incorporation of radioactivity from [14C]acetate into lipids during incubation of rumen contents in vitro increased with the amount of linseed oil in the diet. The greatest proportional increase was with the bacterial fraction of rumen contents.

5. In the group of four animals used, one animal showed consistent differences in the magnitude of the measured variables. This animal appeared to have a smaller rumen, a lower dilution rate and larger concentrations of some substances in the rumen. A higher proportion of fatty acids appeared to be synthesized by the micro-organisms from this animal.
The effects of phytate on intestinal absorption and secretion of zinc, and whole-body retention of Zn, copper, iron and manganese in rats
Authors: Davies N. T. , Nightingale R.
Published: July 2016

1. The inclusion of phytate (10 g/kg) in a purified diet containing zinc (15 mg/kg) fed to young male rats significantly reduced growth rate and food intake, and promoted a cyclic pattern of food intake characteristic of an uncomplicated Zn deficiency. The decreased growth rate could be accounted for by the reduced food consumption.

2. Rats maintained on a Zn-deficient diet (0.5 mg Zn/kg) were found to have a cyclic pattern of food intake and a very slight weight gain. The addition of phytate (10 g/kg) to the Zn-deficient diet promoted a net loss of mean body-weight.

3. Rats maintained on the Zn-supplemented diet containing phytate excreted significantly more Zn in their faeces than either pair-fed or ad lib.-fed control rats. Rats given the Zn-deficient diet supplemented with phytate excreted more Zn in their faeces than Zn-deficient control rats.

4. Dietary phytate significantly reduced the average daily accumulation (μg/d) and wholebody retention (relative to dietary intake) of iron, copper, manganese and Zn, whether or not the diet was supplemented with Zn.

5. The addition of phytate to the lumen fluid of ligated loops of rat duodenum maintained in situ significantly inhibited 65Zn absorption, compared with the control systems without added phytate.

6. Other studies using ligated duodenal and ileal loops indicated that Zn is secreted into the gut lumen and approximately one-third of this is normally reabsorbed. Recycling of endogenous Zn may be a significant process in the over-all body economy of this trace element.

7. The absorption of 65Zn added to the diet was significantly reduced by dietary phytate. Dietary phytate also reduced the biological half-life of body 65Zn from 91 to 211 h post-administration, possibly by inhibiting reabsorption of endogenous 65Zn and thus promoting a more rapid loss from the body.
Changes in plasma amino acid concentrations in man after ingestion of an amino acid mixture simulating casein, and a tryptic hydrolysate of casein
Authors: Marrs T. C. , Addison Jill M. , Burston D. , Matthews D. M.
Published: July 2016

1. Plasma amino acid levels have been estimated at 0, 15, 30 and 45 min after ingestion of doses of (1) an amino acid mixture simulating casein and (2) a tryptic hydrolysate of casein consisting mainly of oligopeptides. Both doses contained the same amount of nitrogen.

2. After ingestion of both preparations, there was a prompt increase in plasma amino acid levels, followed by a decrease. No such change occurred in fasting subjects. There were no significant differences between increments in plasma amino acid levels after ingestion of the amino acid mixture and the corresponding increments after ingestion of the tryptic hydrolysate.

3. Correlations were found between the areas under the curves for individual amino acid concentrations, after ingestion of the two preparations, and the amino acid composition of casein. The results do not suggest that increases in plasma amino acid levels following small doses of protein digestion products are the result of circadian changes, or that such increases are ‘swamped’ by absorption of amino acids from endogenous protein in the lumen of the small intestine.
Collagenase and other proteinases in the cornea of the retinol-deficient rat
Authors: Pirie Antoinette , Werb Zena , Burleigh Mary C.
Published: July 2016

1. Enzymes that may contribute to liquefaction of the cornea in retinol-deficient animals and in man have been studied using rat cornea. The established technique of culturing tissue fragments and determining the activity of collagenase (EC3.4.24.3) and other enzymes in the medium after different periods of culture was used.

2. A collagenolytic system was detected in the media from cultures of rat corneas. This system probably consists of at least two enzymes, a collagenase and a neutral proteinase.

3. Both proteolytic and specific collagenolytic activity were greater in media from retinol-deficient rat corneas. The hydroxyproline level increased in parallel with the increase in enzyme activity.

4. In the final stages of retinol deficiency the cornea is invaded by granulocytes and other cells of the blood and we suggest that destruction of cornea collagen may be due largely to the activity of the enzymes from these cells.
Mechanisms of heat damage in proteins
Authors: Varnish Shirley A. , Carpenter K. J.
Published: July 2016

1. The preparation of a propionylated protein is described, and the effects of this treatment on amino acid composition and availability are compared with the effects of severe heat treatment (autoclaving) of a protein.

2. Using chemical analyses, changes exceeding 5% for total tyrosine, histidine, methionine and cystine contents were found after propionylation of the protein. Autoclaving of the protein resulted in changes in total serine, lysine, methionine, cystine and tryptophan contents.

3. Microbiological estimates of total amino acid contents were not in close agreement with the chemical estimates for the autoclaved protein.

4. Fluorodinitrobenzene-reactive lysine content was reduced to almost zero by propionylation, and by almost 40% by autoclaving.

5. Both propionylating and autoclaving protein reduced the amount of lysine available to the chick by about half. In contrast, the availabilities of methionine and tryptophan to the chick were unchanged by propionylation, but were reduced to 0.66 and 0.44 respectively, relative to the untreated protein, by autoclaving.

6. Because of the difficulties of obtaining reliable absolute estimates of amino acid availability using chick growth assays, our interpretation of results is mainly based on relative values. The merits of microbiological microbiological estimates of amino acid availability are assessed.
The role of organic sulphur in the copper-molybdenum-S interrelationship in ruminant nutrition
Authors: Suttle N. F.
Published: July 2016

1. The ability of organic and inorganic sulphur to influence the copper and molybdenum metabolism of sheep was compared in a series of three 2 × 2 factorial design experiments. In each experiment, four groups of five to seven hypocupraemic ewes were repleted with a basal diet supplemented with 6 mg Cu/kg and containing S and Mo at one of two concentrations, 1 or 4 g S and 0.5 or 4.5 mg Mo/kg respectively. Sodium sulphate (Expt 1), methionine (Expt 2) or cysteine (Expt 3) were used as the S sources. Cu and Mo concentrations in plasma were estimated in each experiment and in Expt 3 the concentrations of Cu in liver and Mo in urine were also estimated.

2. The effects of the three S sources on Cu and Mo metabolism were similar. Repletion of the plasma Cu pool was unaffected by Mo alone, reduced by S alone and totally inhibited by Mo + S. Plasma Mo was greatly increased by Mo supplements, slightly decreased by S supplements and unaffected by Mo and S supplements given together.

3. In Expt 3 the treatments were found to affect urinary Mo and plasma Mo in a similar manner; S prevented dietary Mo from increasing Mo excretion. The only group to show a significant repletion of the liver Cu pool was that given Mo alone.

4. Supplementation of the diet with organic S significantly reduced the within-treatment variation in plasma Cu and Mo, liver Cu and urinary Mo.

5. It is suggested that variations in dietary S and Mo within the normal range for herbage affect the Cu and Mo metabolism of the grazing animal, and that total S rather than inorganic S is the more useful measurement in the context of the Cu–Mo–S interrelationship.
Some observations on the possible nutritional significance of vitamin B12-and folate-binding proteins in milk. Absorption of [58Co] cyanocobalamin by suckling piglets
Authors: Ford J. E. , Scott K. J. , Sansom B. F. , Taylor P. J.
Published: July 2016

1. A study was made of the absorption of [58Co]cyanocobalamin in suckling piglets. Cyanocobalamin given at birth and at 7 d of age was efficiently absorbed from the intestine and retained within the body, mostly in the liver. A 10 μg test dose was absorbed no less efficiently than 0.5 μg, despite the virtual absence of intrinsic factor in the gut. In piglets given a 10 μg test dose at different ages between 0.5 and 56 d, there was a marked decrease in the efficiency of retention between about 7 and 21 d of age.

2. Vitamin B12-binding capacity in the gastric mucosa increased with age, from 40 ng at birth to about 2000 ng at 14 d and 7000 ng at 35 d. This binder-protein was largely endogenous, whereas much of the unsaturated binder-protein in intestinal mucosa was apparently derived from milk.

3. The chyme in the stomach and small intestine contained unsaturated binder-protein, partly endogenous and partly deriving from milk, which prevented uptake of added [G-3H]-cyanocobalamin into the ‘solids’ phase of the intestinal contents. The intestinal chyme contained large numbers (log107.0–9.1/ml) of bacteria, some of which were isolated and shown to take up cyanocobalamin or folic acid or both.

4. The findings are discussed in relation to the concept that for some days or weeks after the cessation of transport of intact protein across the neonatal gut epithelium (‘closure’), protein-bound vitamins may continue to be taken up into the epithelial cells and there released for transport into the circulation. It is concluded that unsaturated vitamin-binders may strongly influence the ecology of the intestinal microflora.
Metabolic studies of [75Se]selenocystine and [75Se]selenomethionine in the rat
Authors: Thomson Christine D. , Robinson Bridget A. , Stewart R. D. H. , Robinson Marion F.
Published: July 2016

1. The long-term fate in rats of an oral dose of [75Se]selenocystine was compared with that of an oral dose of [75Se]selenomethionine.

2. Urinary and faecal radioactivities were measured during the 1st week and whole-body radioactivity was determined for 10 weeks. Rats were killed at weekly intervals for 4 weeks and at weeks 6 and 10 for analysis of tissue distribution of 75Se.

3. Intestinal absorption of [75Se]selenocystine was 81% of the administered dose; that of [75Se]selenomethionine was 86%. Urinary excretion of absorbed [75Se]selenocystine was 13.9% and that of [75Se]selenomethionine was 5.8%, in the 1st week.

4. Whole-body retention of 75Se was greater for [75Se]selenomethionine than for [75Se]-selenocystine but after the 1st week it decreased at a similar rate in both groups. Tissue distribution of retained 75Se was also similar in both groups.

5. The initial utilization of [75Se]selenocystine was different from that of [75Se]selenomethionine. However, after the 1st week 75Se from both sources appeared to be metabolized similarly, suggesting that dietary Se of both forms is ultimately incorporated into the same metabolic pool.

6. When these findings were compared with those of earlier studies with [75Se]selenite and 75Se incorporated in vivo into rabbit kidney (RK-75Se) (Thomson, Stewart & Robinson, 1975) the metabolism of [75Se]selenocystine resembled that of [75Se]selenite and RK-75Se, rather than that of [75Se]selenomethionine.
A dietary survey of older people in Edinburgh
Authors: Lonergan Mary E. , Milne J. S. , Maule M. M. , Williamson J.
Published: July 2016

1. Dietary histories covering I week were obtained from 212 men and 263 women, aged 62–90 years, who formed a random sample of the older people living in a defined area of Edinburgh. The histories were validated by 2 d weighed-diet records for 219 of the subjects.

2. Nutrient intakes are given as mean values and standard deviations, and as percentage distributions of intake relative to the recommended intakes of nutrients. Intakes are also related to factors which might affect diet adversely.

3. Mean values obtained suggested that intakes were less than recommended intakes for more nutrients for women than for men, particularly values for energy and vitamin D. Values for percentage distributions indicated that a substantial proportion of all subjects had low intakes of ascorbic acid and vitamin D, that the energy intake of many women was low and that for most nutrients a greater proportion of men than of women had the recommended intake. Factors associated with significant proportions of subjects with less than the recommended intakes were mental illness in women and deafness and severe dyspnoea in men.

4. Possible action to improve the diet of the elderly is discussed.
A multidimensional approach to impulsivity in Parkinson's disease: measurement and structural invariance of the UPPS Impulsive Behaviour Scale
Authors: Bayard S. , Joly E. , Ghisletta P. , Rossignol A. , Herades Y. , Geny C. , Gély-Nargeot M.-C. , Rochat L.
Published: July 2016

Background

Poor impulse control is a common feature in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, before testing whether patients with PD and controls differ in impulsivity, one must assess whether impulsivity measures are invariant across groups. Consequently, we examined (a) the measurement and structural invariance of a scale assessing changes in four dimensions of impulsivity (urgency, lack of premeditation, lack of perseverance and sensation seeking) among patients with PD and controls; and (b) whether the four impulsivity traits relate differentially to risky decisions by patients.

Method

Close relatives of 78 patients with idiopathic PD and 96 control participants were given the short Urgency–Premeditation–Perseverance–Sensation seeking Impulsive Behaviour Scale (UPPS), which assesses changes in four dimensions of impulsivity. Participants also completed the Game of Dice Task (GDT), a laboratory measure of risk taking.

Results

Multigroup confirmatory factor analyses supported measurement invariance across groups, whereas structural invariance was not confirmed. Patients with PD showed greater variability and higher impulsivity than controls. Furthermore, patients with impulse control disorders (ICDs) demonstrated even greater levels of sensation seeking than patients without ICDs. Finally, lower premeditation and greater perseverance were significantly associated with greater risk taking in patients with PD, and higher agonist dopaminergic doses with less risky choices on the GDT.

Conclusions

The questionnaire appears to function comparably across patients and controls. Thus, group comparisons on the questionnaire can be considered valid. Mean differences between groups on the dimensions of impulsivity may reflect executive impairments and/or abnormal reward processing in patients with PD, which may lead to risky behaviours.
Aḥmad of Niğde'sal-Walad al-Shafῑqand the Seljuk past
Authors: Peacock A.C.S.
Published: July 2016

The unpublished unique manuscript of the 14th century Persian work known asal-Walad al-Shafiq(‘The Compassionate Child’) held in the Süleymaniye Library in Istanbul has hitherto never been studied in detail, although it is of considerable importance as a source for medieval Anatolia. This article assessesal-Walad al-Shafiqin the context of the Persian historiography of Anatolia and the historical milieu in which it was composed, arguing that the work is characterised by a sense of loyalty to the vanished Seljuk dynasty that ruled much of Anatolia from the late 11th to the early 14th century. I also examine such information as has survived about the life and background of its author, Qāḍῑ, Aḥmad of Niğde, and consider why the work was written and for whom.
The circulation and consumption of Red Lustrous Wheelmade ware: petrographic, chemical and residue analysis
Authors: Knappett Carl , Kilikoglou Vassilis , Steele Val , Stern Ben
Published: July 2016

Red Lustrous Wheelmade ware is one of the most recognisable classes of pottery from the Late Bronze Age of the east Mediterranean. Yet both its production source and the nature of its contents and use remain a source of some debate. These questions are tackled here through an intensive programme of scientific analysis involving 95 samples of Red Lustrous Wheelmade ware and related wares from seven sites in Turkey, Cyprus and Egypt. Petrography and instrumental neutron activation analysis are combined in the study of the ceramic fabrics, with a view to specifying the source of this ware; while gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry are used to analyse absorbed and visible residues in and on the sherd samples, in the hope of shedding light on vessel contents and possible use. The results of the fabric analysis show the ware to be extremely homogeneous, indicative of a single source: northern Cyprus is at present the most likely candidate, although further analysis, particularly of clay samples from the region in question, would certainly be desirable. The residue analysis suggests that Red Lustrous Wheelmade ware might have been used to carry some kind of plant oils, possibly perfumed, and that in some instances the vessel interior was coated with beeswax as a sealant.
New evidence from Ankara for thecollegia veteranorumand thealbata decursio
Authors: Bennett Julian
Published: July 2016

A tombstone of a legionary centurion found in Ankara proves to be of wider and greater significance than was originally recognised. Not only does it offer valuable evidence for early local recruitment patterns into the Roman legions, but, more importantly, it supplies the fifth recorded reference in the entire Roman Empire for acollegium veteranorum, a fraternity of army veterans; and the fourth known record in the whole epigraphic corpus for thealbata decursio, or ‘white parade uniform’.
Anatolia as a bridge from north to south? Recent research in the Hatti heartland
Authors: Zimmermann Thomas
Published: July 2016

This paper aims to reappraise and evaluate central Anatolian connections with the Black Sea region and the Caucasus focusing mainly on the third millennium BC. In its first part, a ceremonial item, the knobbed or ‘mushroom’ macehead, in its various appearances, is discussed in order to reconstruct a possible pattern of circulation and exchange of shapes and values over a longer period of time in the regions of Anatolia, southeast Europe and the Caucasus in the third and late second to early first millennium BC. The second part is devoted to the archaeometrical study of selected metal and mineral artefacts from the Early Bronze Age necropolis of Resuloğlu, which together with the contemporary settlement and graveyard at Kalınkaya-Toptaştepe represent two typical later Early Bronze Age sites in the Anatolian heartland. The high values of tin and arsenic used for most of the smaller jewellery items are suggestive of an attempt to imitate gold and silver, and the amounts of these alloying agents suggest a secure supply from arsenic sources located along the Black Sea littoral in the north and probably tin ores to the southeast of central Anatolia. This places these ‘Hattian’ sites within a trade network that ran from the Pontic mountain ridge to the Taurus foothills.
Obsidian as an indicator of inter-regional contacts and exchange: three case-studies from the Halaf period
Authors: Healey Elizabeth
Published: July 2016

Obsidian was used to make tools and luxury items which were widely distributed in the ancient Near East. At most sites it is an imported material and, as such, has been used as an indicator of exchange, although little specific detail of the nature of that exchange is available. Even though methods of provenance analysis for obsidian are well established, often only a few samples per site have been analysed. This means there is not enough information to indicate the relative importance of the obsidian from each source, or to establish whether source preference changed through time or whether obsidians from different sources were treated differently. The restriction in numbers analysed is, at least in part, due to the expense and the destructive nature of provenance analysis and problems associated with obtaining sufficient samples. In an attempt to address these problems case-studies examining the obsidian assemblages from three sites of Halaf date will be used to demonstrate the potential of a method of grouping obsidians based on their physical characteristics, including colour; these groupings are confirmed by geochemical analysis. This allows the entire assemblage to be grouped quickly and cost effectively and, if used alongside techno-typological and spatial studies, enables us to begin to confront some of the issues outlined above.
Excavations on the north-central plateau: The Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age occupation at Çadır Höyük
Authors: Steadman Sharon R. , Ross Jennifer C. , McMahon Gregory , Gorny Ronald L.
Published: July 2016

The last decade of excavations at Çadır Höyük, in the north-central region of the Anatolian plateau, has revealed a well-established Late Chalcolithic community with continuous occupation into the Early Bronze I period (mid fourth to early third millennium BC). While the Late Chalcolithic town was prosperous, with well-made houses and objects, and even monumental construction, the stability of the settlement had slipped by the Early Bronze I phase. We summarise here the results from ten seasons of work at the site and profile how the findings contribute to our understanding of Çadır's role in a larger regional context. We also offer possible explanations for the changing nature of the Çadır occupation during the periods detailed here.
The Length of the Sarissa
Authors: Matthew Christopher
Published: July 2016

In an age when size really did matter, the length of the long pike (sarissa) employed by armies of the Hellenistic Age (c. 350-168 BC) was consistently altered by successive armies trying to gain an advantage over their opponents. These alterations are well attested in the ancient sources — albeit in an ancient Greek unit of measure. But how big were these pikes in terms of modern units of measure? This has been a topic of scholarly debate for some time. This article engages with these debates, and the evidence and theories that these arguments are based upon. A critical review of this evidence not only allows the changing length of thesarissato be calculated in a modern unit of measure, but also examines descriptions in the ancient sources that suggest the forerunner to the Hellenistic pike phalanx was created a generation before the rise of Macedon as a military power in the mid fourth century BC. This, in turn, allows for the configuration of one of the weapons that changed the face of warfare in the ancient world to be much better understood.
The Origins of the Tribunate of the Plebs
Authors: Smith Christopher
Published: July 2016

The tribunes of the people at Rome were an immensely significant constitutional institution and are intimately associated with the early days of the Republic. The sources present a varied account of their origin and powers, and the debates visible in those versions are strongly related to the disputed nature of the plebs and its role in the formation of Rome's political community. Moreover, the close connections of the tribunes with writing, record-keeping and with Greekness all raise questions about the sophistication of the early Republic, but are also implicated in debates over the reliability of the historiographical tradition. This paper considers the arguments for accepting the reliability of some aspects of that tradition and presents an account of the tribunes' functions in the early Republic, including their sacrosanctity.
Pompeius' Temple of Hercules
Authors: Marshall B. A.
Published: July 2016

In an article published in this journal several years ago, Dr B. Rawson put forward the suggestion that the temple of Hercules associated with Pompeius' building activity should be assigned to an early period in his career, either 79 or (more likely) about 70 B.C. If the latter, she connects it with a competition between Pompeius and Crassus to secure the mantle of military prowess as the heir of Sulla, manifest in the lavish sacrificial feast given by Crassus in 70 B.C. which she says he made at the festival of Hercules Invictus on 12 August, in thanks for the military success which the god had secured for him in the recent slave war, and which was designed to steal Pompeius' thunder as the games celebrating his Spanish victories were due to begin a few days later on 15 August (Cic. Verr. i 31).
Euripides’ NewfangledHelen
Authors: Arnott W. Geoffrey
Published: July 2016

When Euripides’Helenwas first produced in 412 B.C., it seems to have created a literary sensation. We have Aristophanes’ word for it. In theThesmophoriazusae, staged almost certainly at the Dionysia of the following year, the comic poet introduces an old relative of Euripides, who says at line 850 ‘I’m going to copy that newfangled Helen’τήν καινήν ΈΧένψ μιμήσομαι, and this he proceeds to do by burlesquing four scenes from the tragedy.
The Emperor and his Virtues: The Qualities of Domitian
Authors: Pitcher R.A.
Published: July 2016

Martial 9.79:

Oderat ante ducum famulos turbamque priorem

et Palatinum Roma supercilium:

at nunc tantus amor cunctis, Auguste, tuorum est

ut sit cuique suae cura secunda domus.

tam placidae mentes, tanta est reuerentia nostri,

tam pacata quies, tantus in ore pudor.

nemo suos — haec est aulae natura potentis —,

sed domini mores Caesarianus habet.

Martial’s ninth book of epigrams contains twenty-nine poems out of a total of one hundred and three which refer to Domitian in some way, providing the largest group of epigrams concerned with an individual in a single book of Martial. The suppression by Martial of his tenth book of epigrams and its reappearance with the Domitianic references expunged means that Book 9 is the last book in which poems to Domitian form an integral part; it can be expected therefore that Martial’s attitude toward Domitian will find its most confident expression in this book.
Oriental Motifs in the Alexander Romance
Authors: Stoneman Richard
Published: July 2016

Over the centuries, the fabulous adventures of Alexander the Great have become as prominent in art and literature as his historical achievements. Medieval artists in particular are frequent sources of depictions of the hero in such adventures as the search for the water of life, the flight into the air in a basket borne by eagles, the descent into the sea in a diving bell, the interview with the talking trees of India and the visit to the dwellings of the gods. Familiar as these episodes are—or were—it is easy for us to forget how completely new a thing they represent in the tradition of Greek prose writing. With the decipherments of cuneiform some one hundred years ago, a number of scholars concluded that they could not have been developed entirely within the Greek tradition, and posited direct influence from one or more Babylonian or other near eastern sources or traditions to explain the occurrence in Greek literature of these curious tales. Despite the antiquity of these arguments, they have been accepted without examination by many more recent writers on the Alexander Romance.
The Presentation of Herodas' Mimiamboi
Authors: Hunter Richard
Published: July 2016

The mimiamboi of Herodas reveal familiar hallmarks of the poetry of the third century: characters drawn from socially humble backgrounds; a literary re-casting of sub-literary ‘genres’; the revival of an archaic metre; the free reconstruction of an artificial literary dialect; the reaching back to claim authority for poetic practice in a great figure of the past. Obvious links between the mimiamboi and the roughly contemporary ‘mime’ poems of Theocritus (especially Idylls 2, 3, 14, and 15) have always attracted attention since the publication of the major papyrus in 1891. No subject has, however, so dominated discussion of the mimiambs as the question of how they were intended to be presented to the public, and how indeed they were so. Were they merely to be read (privately), or to be ‘performed’ either by a solo performer (with or without the assistance of mute extras), or by a ‘troupe’ of actors? We must not assume, of course, that the mode of reception of all the mimiambs was the same, or that one poem was not at different times ‘performed’ in different ways. Moreover, the history of the debate since 1891, a history of which Giuseppe Mastromarco has given a full account, suggests that it is hardly possible on internal grounds alone to prove to general satisfaction that the poems were presented in one way rather than another.
Classical Manuscripts in Australia and New Zealand, and the Early History of the Codex
Authors: Horsley G.H.R.
Published: July 2016

A generation ago K.V. Sinclair published what is still the standard guide to medieval manuscripts held in Australia. The title defines the scope:Descriptive Catalogue of the Medieval Western Manuscripts in Australian Collections. The parameters are further delimited by date: included are MSS of the Xlth-XVIth centuries. Brim full with technical information, and perhaps as a result rather austere in presentation, this book is a testimony to Sinclair's perseverance: the completed manuscript was lost at the end of the 1950s, and he started again. One consequence of this setback is that the addenda to the main catalogue update a work that was largely finished over thirty years ago; yet even these additions were not able to take account of some items which came to Australia at the end of the 1950s.
Agrippa’s Refusal of a Triumph in 19 B.C.
Authors: Wardle D.
Published: July 2016

C.J. Simpson “has suggested recently that far from displaying Agrippa’s modesty and moderation, as Dio has it, his refusal of a triumph in 19 B.C. was motivated by pride and annoyance: firstly, because the offer of a triumph had not been made freely by the Senate, but on Augustus’ order, it was not a sincere recognition of his merits; and secondly, the most recenttriumphator,Cornelius Balbus, had been a mere Spaniard; and Augustus’ refusal of a triumph in 19 provided a useful precedent. Agrippa’s refusal needs more of an explanation than personalities and hurt feelings. It may be that there were more substantial issues of imperial prerogatives and the image of the regime at stake, at a difficult stage in the constitutional evolution of the Augustan principate.
Gaius the Pantomime
Authors: Bellemore Jane
Published: July 2016

Gaius had a deep interest in matters theatrical. There is much evidence of his passion for the personalities of the stage and arena, and sources document his actual participation in theatrical and sporting entertainments, including, for the purposes of our discussion, his foray into terpsichorean activities. Most, if not all, of the pantomime ‘appearances’ of Gaius were private, restricted probably to his residence on the Palatine, but one of the reasons which allegedly urged on his assassination in early A.D. 41 was the fear that Gaius was going to dance publicly. Whether or not this motive for the assassination was genuine, for it to have been plausible, Gaius’ dancing must have been the subject of much gossip and perhaps of disapproval.
Crossing the Rubicon
Authors: Ehrhardt C.T.H.R.
Published: July 2016

Everyone knows that Caesar crossed the Rubicon because his political enemies at Rome had manoeuvred him into a position where he would soon be forced to leave his province, give up his imperium, and return to Rome as a private citizen, there to be put on trial, found guilty and have his political career ended. Yet over thirty years ago, Shackleton Bailey, in less than two pages of his introduction to Cicero's Letters to Atticus, destroyed the basis for this belief, and in the three decades since, no one has been able to rebuild it. Everyone also knows that Caesar, when he crossed the Rubicon, was grossly outnumbered and conquered Italy only through his own rapidity and his enemies' sluggishness and incompetence; yet this belief was irreparably shattered by H.-M. Ottmer in 1979, in a book which professional scholars have practically ignored. The justification for this article is that it may bring to others' attention the real state of researches on the circumstances of Caesar's invasion of Italy, and perhaps even inhibit further restatements of exploded beliefs.
An Introduction to theMetz Epitome: its Traditions and Value
Authors: Baynham Elizabeth
Published: July 2016

The historical and quasi-romantic traditions represented by theMetz Epitomeand its companion piece on the death and will of Alexander (Liber de morte) are late, problematic and derivative texts on the reign of Alexander the Great, which students often overlook and scholars often discredit on grounds of date and reliability. It seems appropriate to offer an introductory appraisal of these texts with a view to asserting their importance; however, some preliminary comments on the function of epitomes in the later Roman Empire may help establish a historiographical context.
The Punishment of theGracchaniand the Execution of C. Villius in 133/132
Authors: Beness J. Lea
Published: July 2016

After the suppression of Ti. Gracchus, the Roman establishment acted savagely. The bodies of the hundreds killed in the initial massacre were thrown into the Tiber, probably at night, setting a grisly precedent (in that use of the river) that would be followed by Opimius, the younger Marius and Sulla. The action was supervised by an aedile, a certain Lucretius, who thereby acquired thecognomenVispillo (or Vespillo), no doubt a pejorative title, but one in which he or his family seemed to take pride. The motivations behind the undertaking were possibly various. Removal of the evidence with minimal fuss may have been seen as a desirable way of avoiding further clamour. Hence the night-time operation. If so, it was done from inexperience. Experience would demonstrate that the bodies might neither remain sunk nor float discreetly to the sea. The establishment might also have hoped that the gesture carried with it some of the symbolism of aprocuratio prodigiorum—though the agency of an aedile was hardly appropriate for such a commission. Probably the denial of proper burial was foremost in the minds of the enemies of Gracchus.
Galerius and the Revolt of the Thebaid in 293/4
Authors: Leadbetter Bill
Published: July 2016

The First Tetrarchy was inaugurated in March 293 (all dates are A.D.) with the nomination of two Caesars to assist the existing two Augusti. In the west, Constantius I was named Caesar and immediately given the task of wresting Britain from the usurpers Carausius and Allectus. In the east, Galerius received imperial authority, although apparently entrusted with less specific labours. Scholars had once assumed that Galerius took up station defending the Danube frontier. Then, in 297, he was called forth from there to meet the threat of Narses, the Persian king, who had invaded Mesopotamia whilst Diocletian was busy elsewhere.
The Date of Cicero's Pro Archia
Authors: Bellemore Jane
Published: July 2016

The Bobiensian scholiast tells us that the speech Pro Archia was delivered by Cicero in a court presided over by his brother Quintus as praetor, who held this office in 62 B.C. The scholiast makes two clear references to Quintus (ad Pro Archia 3):

(a) Archias presented this case, dealing with the Papian law on Roman citizenship, in the court of Quintus Cicero, the brother of this Marcus Tullius …

(b) It is significant that he makes mention of the praetor himself, that is of his brother Quintus Cicero, who was in charge of the trial. Indeed, it is most appropriate that he speaks in praise of a fine poet in the court of someone who takes pleasure in pursuits of this kind, for Quintus Cicero was a writer not only of epic, but also of tragedy.
Bassa's Borborysms: on Martial and Catullus
Authors: Watson Lindsay C.
Published: July 2016

Martial on a number of occasions declares himself the literary inheritor of Catullus, and repeatedly evinces that indebtedness by unmistakable echoes and adaptations of his Republican predecessor. But the Catullan legacy in Martial has not fared well at the hands of scholars. Many of the passages pertinent to the topic are industriously assembled in the secondary literature. But that literature is (it must be said) seriously deficient. Ferguson's 1963 article ‘Catullus and Martial’ is lightweight and vitiated by value judgements as to the respective worth of the two poets. Despite a disclaimer of bias, Ferguson is plainly of a mind with Muretus, who said that Martial was to Catullus as a buffoon is to a gentleman, and with Andrea Navagero, who each year burned a copy of Martial in an assertion of Catullus' superiority. A similar criticism can be levelled at Offermann's ‘Uno tibi sim minor Catullo’, which, descriptive rather than analytical, devotes a great deal of space to castigating Martial for sacrificing Catullus' intense emotionalism and to devaluing the Flavian poet in consequence; Offermann was unwilling to recognise that impassioned sinceritymore Catullianowas not part of Martial's epigrammatic brief. J.K. Newman's recent treatment of Catullus and Martial, while helpful in some respects, makes much of the ‘carnivalesque’ or Saturnalian spirit which allegedly infuses the work of both poets, a claim which is valid for Martial, for the most part,8 but questionable for Catullus.
Procne, Philomela, Tereus in Ovid'sMetamorphoses:A Narratological Approach
Authors: Peek Philip S.
Published: July 2016

A text is a device conceived in order to produce its Model Reader. I repeat that this reader is not the one who makes the ‘only right’ conjecture. A text can foresee a Model Reader entitled to try infinite conjectures. The empirical reader is only an actor who makes conjectures about the kind of Model Reader postulated by the text. Since the intention of the text is basically to produce a Model Reader able to make conjectures about it, the initiative of the Model Reader consists in figuring out a Model Author that is not the empirical one and that, at the end, coincides with the intention of the text. (Eco)
Rufinus' Translation Techniques in the Regula Basili
Authors: Silvas Anna M.
Published: July 2016

Rufinus of Aquileia (c. 345-411 A.D.) is one of the most important Latin translators of Greek texts in Late Antiquity. In the summer of 397 A.D. he returned to the west, after some 25 years spent in Alexandria and Jerusalem. He brought with him a considerable library of Greek manuscripts. The first task he undertook—very shortly after his arrival—was to translate Basil of Caesarea's Asketikon, which became known in its Latin dress as the Regula Basili. This paper is dedicated to examining the translation techniques used by Rufinus in the Regula Basili.
The Historian Ephorus: His Selection of Sources
Authors: Parker Victor
Published: July 2016

An historian is only as good as his sources, and an assessment of any historian rests primarily on an assessment of his ability to find, to choose, and to utilise historical sources. In this regard we may, I believe, credit Ephorus, the most important of the fourth century B.C. historians, with a large degree of achievement. Before we turn to the main body of this paper, however, I must prefix some comments on the size and nature of the Ephoran corpus which chance has transmitted to us. Felix Jacoby consciously chose not to print all that has survived of Ephorus under FGrHist 70. Jacoby limited himself to those passages which specifically cited Ephorus as author of the transmitted information.
Performance and Rhetoric in Cicero'sPhilippics
Authors: Manuwald Gesine
Published: July 2016

In recent years, the idea of ‘performance’ has become a more and more important concept for the analysis of literary texts, even if the notion of ‘performance’ in literary criticism still does not denote a single agreed theory, but is a collective term referring to a number of different aspects and methods. The performance approach seems obvious for some literary genres, like drama and also oratory, for which performance is an essential characteristic. In the case of orations, in antiquity already a detailed doctrine of the perfect performance was established, both in theory and practice. Building on this knowledge and trying to recover the quintessential context of a speech, people have successfully attempted to explore a Roman orator's potential and to contexrualize Roman orations by reconstructing the delivery of sample speeches.
Homeric Recitation, with Input from Phonology and Philology
Authors: Andrews Avery D.
Published: July 2016

It is widely assumed that the aoidoi, the original performers of Homeric poetry or its antecedents, sang a chant restricted to three or four notes, to the accompaniment of a 4-stringed instrument (Danek and Hagel 1995, Marshall 2002). The prestigious later performers from classical times, the rhapsodes, did not have the instrument, and the vocal characteristics of their performances are quite uncertain. In this paper I will discuss various aspects of a conjectured rhapsodic style, based on the reconstruction of the Ancient Greek pitch accent by Devine and Stephens (1994), together with some consideration of issues concerning the hexameter rhythm. For some initial orientation, it might be useful to listen to the short sample on the CD accompanying this issue; various features of the style will be discussed with reference to that.
Euripides' Bacchae in New Zealand Dress
Authors: Davidson John
Published: July 2016

Euripides' Bacchae is a play which has intrigued, disturbed and challenged many spectators, readers, theatre practitioners and interpreters. Its spectacular and gruesome aspects in particular have also given rise over the years to notable anecdotes, such as that recorded by Plutarch (Crassus 33) to the effect mat the Roman general's severed head was carried by the Agave actor in a performance of the play at the Parthian court in 53 BC. At times, moreover, arguably on account of such a graphic portrayal of the elemental and destructive forces unleashed by the Dionysus principle, it has been regarded as ‘too hot to handle’. Thus, for example, as Karelisa Hartigan points out, it appears to have made no appearance on the American commercial stage during the first 60 years of the twentieth century.
The Agony of Departure: Silius Italicus'Punica17.149-290
Authors: Mills Frances
Published: July 2016

So much of Silius Italicus'Punicaseems familiar. To read this epic is to be confronted by so many allusions to earlier poets that it is difficult to maintain a serious perusal of the poem without thinking ‘not another storm at sea / battle scene / catalogue of troops’. We have read it all before, it seems. Silius is a notable exponent of the tradition described by Conte as ‘emulative allusion’, a tradition which ‘both conditions the later poet's work and helps him to formulate its distinctive qualities.’ For example, Princess Asbyte, who appears in Book 2 during the battle of Saguntum, is a clear allusion to Virgil's Camilla, and the sea-battle in the harbour of Syracuse in Book 14 powerfully echoes Lucan's vivid description of the battle of Massilia in Book 3 of hisBellum Civile. There are catalogues of troops which emulate Homer in style, and the battle of Saguntum itself seems to encompass many of the battle scenes of theIliadand the second half of theAeneid.
Highways into Byways: The Travels of Tiberius
Authors: Parker Grant
Published: July 2016

Can there be a less promising topic than this? It is well known that Tiberius twice took time off from a busy career, first as heir-apparent and finally as emperor, but at first glance such withdrawals appear to be non-travel rather than travel. By the same token, his military expeditions seem to be tours of duty rather than travel in the sense classical scholars have constituted that rubric. Arguably the Capri stay was not travel but retirement. As the writer Norman Douglas put it, with a hint of apology: ‘In retiring at the close of an arduous life to enjoy the beauties of nature on fabled Siren shores, he was only doing what any civilised person might be expected to do.’ But there is more that can be said. In so far as such movements constitute imperial travel, there is a short but rich section of Millar'sThe Emperor in the Roman Worldas well as the detailed study by Halfmann,Itinera Principum, to read alongside ancient and modern biographies.