bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dithienoarsinines: stable and planar π-extended arsabenzenes
Authors: Sumida Akifumi , Saeki Akinori , Matsuo Kyohei , Naka Kensuke , Imoto Hiroaki
Published: November 2024

Dithienoarsinines, the first π-extended arsabenzenes, exhibit high stability and planarity. Their structure, optical/electronic properties, reactivity, and coordination behavior are comprehensively studied, highlighting the features of arsenic.
Demagnetisation fault analysis and diagnosis based on different methods in permanent magnet machines ‐ An overview
Authors: Faiz Jawad , Bazrafshan Mohammad Amin , Tabarniarami Zabihollah
Published: November 2024

The expansion of permanent magnet (PM) machines due to functional advantages such as power density and low losses (high efficiency) and better controllability in industrial applications has led to an increased need for research on possible faults in this type of machine and the development of effective methods to diagnose faults in different operational conditions. The performance characteristics of PM machines are strongly influenced by the PMs used in their structure. Accordingly, one of the most important PM machine faults is the demagnetisation fault which arises due to the physical, operational, and environmental conditions or their combination. This can result in damage to the functional characteristics of the machine. In this paper, the main topologies of PM machines, including the PM synchronous machines, the brushless DC motors, and the flux modulation machines, are first reviewed. Subsequently, the techniques for detecting demagnetisation faults in PM machines are then reviewed and summarised. This paper discusses the factors that cause faults in PM machines and their effects on machine performance. It also examines conventional modelling methods used to study demagnetisation faults. Finally, it presents a general structure for techniques developed for demagnetisation faults in different operating conditions (stationary and non‐stationary) and based on intelligent methods. It also compares the proposed methods and highlights their strengths and weaknesses.
Kilogauss magnetic field and jet dynamics in the quasar NRAO 530
Authors: Lisakov Mikhail , Jorstad Svetlana , Wielgus Maciek , Kravchenko Evgeniya V. , Nikonov Aleksei S. , Cho Ilje , Issaoun Sara , Algaba Juan-Carlos , Krichbaum Thomas P. , Bach Uwe , Ros Eduardo , Rottmann Helge , Sánchez Salvador , Wagner Jan , Zensus Anton
Published: November 2024

Context. The advancement of the Event Horizon Telescope has enabled the study of relativistic jets in active galactic nuclei down to sub-parsec linear scales even at high redshift. Quasi-simultaneous multifrequency observations provide insights into the physical conditions in compact regions and allow accretion theories to be tested.

Aims. Initially, we aimed to measure the magnetic field strength close to the central supermassive black hole in NRAO 530 (1730−130) by studying the frequency-dependent opacity of the jet matter, Faraday rotation, and the spectral index in the millimeter-radio bands.

Methods. NRAO 530 was observed quasi-simultaneously at 15, 22, 43, 86, and 227 GHz at four different very long baseline interferometer (VLBI) networks. By means of imaging and model-fitting, we aligned the images, taken at different frequencies. We explored opacity along the jet and the distribution of the linearly polarized emission in it.

Results. Our findings reveal that the jet of NRAO 530 at 86 and 227 GHz is transparent down to its origin, with 70 mJy emission detected at 227 GHz potentially originating from the accretion disk. The magnetic field strength near the black hole, estimated at 5rg, is 3 × 103 − 3 × 104 G (depending on the central black hole mass). These values represent some of the highest magnetic field strengths reported for active galaxies. We also report the first ever VLBI measurement of the Faraday rotation at 43−227 GHz, which reveals rotation measure values as high as −48 000 rad/m2, consistent with higher particle density and stronger magnetic fields at the jet’s outset. The complex shape of the jet in NRAO 530 is in line with the expected behavior of a precessing jet, with a period estimated to be around 6 ± 4 years.
Active galactic nucleus time-variability analysis and its caveats
Authors: Kankkunen S. , Tornikoski M. , Hovatta T.
Published: November 2024

Aims. In this study, we demonstrate some of the caveats in common statistical methods used for analysing astronomical variability timescales. We consider these issues specifically in the context of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and use a more practical approach compared to mathematics literature, where the number of formulae may sometimes be overwhelming.

Methods. We conducted a thorough literature review both on the statistical properties of light-curve data, specifically in the context of sampling effects, as well as on the methods used to analyse them. We simulated a wide range of data to test some of the known issues in AGN variability analysis as well as to investigate previously unknown or undocumented caveats.

Results. We discovered problems with some commonly used methods and confirmed how challenging it is to identify timescales from observed data. We find that interpolation of a light curve with biased sampling, specifically with bias towards flaring events, affects its measured power spectral density in a different manner than those of simulated light curves. We also find that an algorithm aiming to match the probability density function of a light curve has often been used incorrectly. These new issues appear to have been mostly overlooked and not necessarily addressed before, especially in astronomy literature.
Estimating the early propagation direction of the coronal mass ejection with DIRECD during the severe event on May 8 and for the follow-up event on June 8, 2024
Authors: Jain Shantanu , Podladchikova Tatiana , Veronig Astrid M. , Chikunova Galina , Dissauer Karin , Dumbovic Mateja , Razquin Amaia
Published: November 2024

Context. On May 8, 2024, the solar active region 13664 produced an X-class flare, several M-class flares, and multiple coronal mass ejections (CMEs) directed towards Earth. The initial CME resulted in coronal dimmings, which are characterized by localized reductions in extreme-ultraviolet (EUV) emissions and are indicative of mass loss and expansion during the eruption. On June 8, 2024, after one solar rotation, the same active region produced another eruptive M-class flare that was followed by coronal dimmings that were observed by the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) and the Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) spacecraft.

Aims. We analyzed the early CME evolution and propagation direction from the expansion of the coronal dimming observed low in the corona using the method called dimming inferred estimation of the CME direction (DIRECD).

Methods. DIRECD derived the key parameters of the early CME propagation from the expansion behavior of the associated coronal dimming at the end of its impulsive phase by generating a 3D CME cone model whose orthogonal projection on the solar sphere matches the dimming geometry. To validate the resulting 3D CME cone, we compared the CME properties derived in the low corona with white-light coronagraph data.

Results. Using DIRECD, we find that the CME on May 8, 2024 expands close to radially, with an inclination angle of 7.7°, an angular width of 70°, and a cone height of 0.81 Rsun, which was derived at the end of the impulsive dimming phase, and for which the CME showed connections to the dimming and still left footprints in the low corona. It was inclined 7.6° north in the meridional plane and 1.1° east in the equatorial plane. The CME on June 8, 2024, after one solar rotation, was inclined by 15.7° from the radial direction, had an angular width of 81°, and had a cone height of 0.89 Rsun. The CME was inclined 6.9° south in the meridional plane and 14.9° west in the equatorial plane. A validation with white-light coronagraph data confirmed the accuracy of the 3D cone by matching the CME characteristics and projections with STEREO-A COR2 observations.

Conclusions. Our study demonstrates that by tracking low coronal signatures such as the coronal dimming expansion in 2D for the May and June 2024 CMEs, we can estimate the 3D CME direction early in the CME evolution. This provides early lead times for mitigating adverse space weather impacts.
Preliminary study of selective contacts for hot carrier solar cells
Authors: Boyer-Richard Soline , Fan Fei , Chevalier Nicolas , Létoublon Antoine , Beck Alexandre , Tavernier Karine , Rani Shalu , Suchet Daniel , Cattoni Andrea , Lombez Laurent , Durand Olivier
Published: November 2024

Hot carrier solar cells are a concept of photovoltaic devices, which offers the opportunity to harvest solar energy beyond the Shockley-Queisser limit. Unlike conventional photovoltaic devices, hot carrier solar cells convert excess kinetic energy into useful electrical power rather than losing it through thermalisation mechanisms. To extract the carriers while they are still “hot”, efficient energy-selective contacts must be developed. In previous studies, the presence of the hot carrier population in a p-i-n solar cell based on a single InGaAsP quantum well on InP substrate at room temperature has been demonstrated by means of complementary optical and electrical measurements, leading to an operating condition for this device beyond the limit for classical device operation. This result allows to design a new generation of devices to increase the hot carrier conversion contribution. In this work, we study InGaAs/AlInAs type II heterojunction as a selective contact for a future hot carrier solar cell device epitaxially grown on (001) oriented InP substrate. Two p-i-n solar cells have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy on InP. The absorber is a 50 nm-thick InGaAs layer surrounded by AlInAs barriers, all lattice-matched to InP. Two architectures are compared, the first with two symmetrical AlInAs barriers and the second with a single InGaAs quantum well in the center of the n-side barrier to allow electron tunneling across the barrier. Electrical characteristics under laser illumination with two different wavelengths have been measured to investigate the effect of the selective contact compared to the barrier. This preliminary study of InGaAs/AlInAs-based selective contacts show that such III–V combination is adapted for a future hot carrier solar cell in the InP technology.
Valorization of Pistacia Lentiscus L. oil: antifungal activity in an emulsion formula
Authors: Bouhadi Nabila , Rouane Asma , Aklil Douaa , Riabi Raouia , Alileche Khoukha , Boudriche Lilya
Published: November 2024

This study was carried out with a view to replacing the synthetic active ingredient with a natural antioxidant, and thus contributing to the development of vegetable oil extracted from the Pistacia lentiscus, a plant that is abundant in Algeria.

Lentiscus oil was extracted from seeds collected in two regions (Boumerdes and Tizi Ouzou). Extraction by cold pressing yielded a vegetable oil that was better in terms of quantity and quality, while avoiding the use of solvents.

The study was completed by a formulation trial for an antifungal emulsion based on Pistacia lentiscus oil extracted at different percentages (0.5, 1.5 and 2%). Physico-chemical characterizations of the oil and the emulsions produced were carried out, as well as a study of the antifungal and antibacterial activities.

The results show that the Pistacia lentiscus oil analyzed has significant antioxidant activity due to its polyphenol content (843.55 and 499.26 meq g gallic acid /ml oil from the Boumerdes and Tizi-Ouzou regions, respectively) and flavonoids (39.15 and 17.85 mg Eq / mg oil extract from the Boumerdes and Tizi-Ouzou regions respectively), considered to be secondary metabolites and antioxidants.

The study of antifungal and antibacterial activity showed that both the vegetable oil and the emulsion had encouraging antibacterial and antifungal effects. These could contribute to the development of new antimicrobial agents.

Sensory analysis of the emulsions produced showed that they were moisturizing, creamy, homogeneous and easy to apply and incorporate into the skin. There were no side effects such as skin allergies.

Based on the results obtained, it may be possible to replace lentisk oil synthetic active ingredients in the formulation of an antifungal cream.
Kinetic coefficients of superconductors with transition-metal impurities
Authors: Moskalenko V. A. , Vladimir M. I. , Digor D. F.
Published: November 2024

The principal results are presented of a calculation, within the framework of the Shiba-Rusinov model, of a series of kinetic coefficients in superconductors with magnetic impurities. It is shown that the contribution of the impurity band to these coefficients is most significant at low temperatures when σ≥γ2 (σ is the pair destruction parameter, and γ is a parameter characterizing scattering from a magnetic impurity).
Anomalous behavior of the low-temperature magnetoresistivity in a normal metal
Authors: Chiang Yu. N. , Shevchenko O. G.
Published: November 2024

The behavior of the longitudinal component of the magnetoresistivity tensor of aluminum is investigated, allowing for “topological” anisotropy of the distribution function caused by the magnetic field. Scattering is represented as a combination of isotropic scattering and electron diffusion along the Fermi surface. The calculated results describe rather well the behavior of (Δρzz/ρ0)(T) observed in experiments for the two basic crystallographic orientations H ‖ <100> and H ‖ <110>.
A new model of metamagnetic transitions
Authors: Akhiezer I. T. , Borovik A. E.
Published: November 2024

It is suggested that the usual antiferromagnetic model be modified somewhat for the study of metamagnetic transitions in crystals with small exchange fields to consider states in which the magnetization of one of the magnetic sublattices is less than the nominal one. A new phase, the collinear ferrimagnetism phase, turns out to be possible in the modified model. The magnetization and magnetic susceptibility of the crystal are found for this phase. An attempt is made to explain the metamagnetic transitions in siderite that were experimentally observed previously as transitions into the ferrimagnetic phase.
Absorption spectra of isotopically mixed oxygen crystals at 1.5 °K. II. The range 7000-15,000 cm−1
Authors: Glushkov L. O. , Prikhot'ko A. F. , Shanskii L. I.
Published: November 2024

A study has been made of the absorption spectra of isotopically mixed oxygen crystals at 7000−15,000 cm−1 and 1.5 °K; the absorption in this region resembles that for pure α−O216 in being due in the main to exciton-magnon transitions while the 3Σg−→1Δg and 3Σg−→1Σg+ purely exciton transitions are very weak. It is found that overlapping bands occur for the 1Δg and 1Σg+ exciton excitations in isotopically mixed oxygen crystals. The observed change in the doublet splitting for the lΔg exciton-vibronic bands indicates that the lattice parameters of an isotopically mixed crystal are different from those of α−O216.
Boundary between static and dynamic state in long Josephson junctions
Authors: Kupriyanov M. Yu. , Likharev K. K. , Semenov V. K.
Published: November 2024

A relation is established between the critical current Ic at which the vortex structure in a one-dimensional, long (width W⪢λJ) Josephson junction begins to move and the intensity H of the external magnetic field, for various geometries of the current electrodes. Considered are cases where the external current flows along the junction edges, into one point inside the junction, into several points inside the junction, or uniformly over the entire junction. It is shown that in the last two cases Ic may be much larger than the critical current 2JcλJ corresponding to the first critical field intensity for such a junction.
Hysteresis of internal friction in superconducting indium
Authors: Pal'-Val' L. N. , Platkov V. Ya. , Startsev V. I.
Published: November 2024

The amplitude dependence of internal friction in both normal and superconducting indium was measured at the ultrasonic frequency of 7.5 MHz. It has been established that in the s-state the direct run curve of attenuation coefficient versus signal amplitude, where the latter is increased from its minimum to its maximum value, does not coincide with the subsequently plotted, reverse run curve and that thus a hystersis loop is formed. The reverse run curve lies below the direct run curve. In the case of normal indium, on the other hand, both curves always coincide. The difference between them, when they form a hysteresis loop, depends on the maximum amplitude attained at the end of the direct experimental run. This hysteresis in the s-state also effects the amplitude dependence of the attenuation in the n-state. Annealing at 30–50°K restores the hysteresis loop in the s-state. The results of this study are analyzed here from the standpoint of changes in the structure of dislocation pinning centers at the time when this structure breaks away under alternating stresses of large amplitude.
Superfluid velocity distribution along various crystallographic directions of the two-dimensional vortex lattice in rotating helium II
Authors: Kiknadze L. V. , Mamaladze Yu. G.
Published: November 2024

The distributions of the local and mean velocities of the superfluid component are compared in the intervortex region of the two-dimensional vortex lattice of rotating helium II.
Nonlinear absorption of sound in superconductors
Authors: Fil' V. D. , Denisenko V. I. , Bezuglyi P. A. , Pirogov A. S.
Published: November 2024

The experimental results are given of investigations of nonlinear effects in the absorption of sound in superconductors. The analysis carried out shows that the data obtained cannot be explained without taking into consideration the concept of increase of the energy gap of the superconductor under the action of high-powered ultrasonic pumping. The applicability of the various mechanisms of stimulation are discussed for explaining the observed nonlinearity.
Some data on tunneling in the presence of microwave photons
Authors: Tulin V. A.
Published: November 2024

A study was made to establish the feasibility of examining, by the method of tunnel spectroscopy, any changes in the energy gap in superconductors exposed to microwave radiation. The effectiveness of this method has been found very limited, when tunnel junctions are self-shielding, because of the tunneling effect in the presence of photons. An analysis of tunneling in the presence of photons and over a wide range of contact resistance shows that departures from the Tien-Gordon theory for low-resistance junctions can be avoided by taking into account the resistance of the microwave source. Calculations yield a close agreement with experimental results. A model is proposed to describe the penetration of microwave photons into a tunnel junction in type-I superconductors. This model, indeed, qualitatively describes the observed temperature dependence of that effect.
The effect of Abrikosov vortices on the elastic properties of niobium in the mixed state
Authors: Driyaev D. G. , Gigvinadze Dzh. G.
Published: November 2024

The paper considers the dependence of the effective elasticity of a niobium plate on the orientation of Abrikosov vortices relative to the direction in which the plate is bent. It is shown that if the vortices bend together with the sample relative to the magnetic field during oscillations, the elasticity of the plate in fields H = 4 kOe increases by a factor of approximately 5.5. If the vortices in the oscillating sample remain parallel to the direction of the magnetic field, the elasticity in the mixed state remains unchanged.
Probing the atmospheric boundary layer with integrated remote-sensing platforms during the American WAKE ExperimeNt (AWAKEN) campaign
Authors: Jordan Arianna M. , Smith Elizabeth N. , Klein Petra M. , Gebauer Joshua G. , Wharton Sonia
Published: November 2024

The American WAKE ExperimeNt (AWAKEN) collaboration is an observational-based field campaign in northern Oklahoma intended to analyze the potential influence of onshore wind farms and their collective wakes on wind power production, turbine structural loads, and on the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). Focusing on the ABL effects, the University of Oklahoma and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory collected continuous high-resolution kinematic and thermodynamic profile measurements during 2022 and Summer 2023. The deployment strategy for these campaigns is detailed first, followed by an initial comparison of data from two sites in the AWAKEN domain: a near-farm site to examine collective wake impacts on the ABL, and a far-field site remaining outside the wind farm-waked region. We summarize the datasets available and demonstrate the benefits of these observations and multiple value-added products (VAPs) for investigation of ABL features observed during AWAKEN. We also highlight examples of preliminary analyses, including ABL height detection and nocturnal low-level jet examination, which are produced using novel VAPs based on optimal estimation to retrieve deeper Doppler lidar wind profiles than previously resolved, along with their uncertainty. By including the near-farm and far-field site in these analyses, we identified a pattern of stronger lower-atmospheric mixing at the near-farm site than the far-field site, motivating deeper investigation into the relationship between wind farms and general ABL characteristics. Future analysis will delve deeper into this relationship by examining other ABL characteristics, such as atmospheric stability and convection.
Impact of super-Gaussian electron distribution on driven ion acoustic wave fluid nonlinear evolution
Authors: Guo Zhijian , Li Xiangfu , Zheng Xingrong
Published: November 2024

In laser-produced plasmas, the electron distribution function (EDF) driven by inverse bremsstrahlung heating tends to form a super-Gaussian distribution, which significantly influences ion acoustic waves (IAWs). In this study, the effect of the super-Gaussian EDF on driven IAWs is investigated using one-dimensional fluid simulations. Distinct behaviors are observed in the nonlinear evolution of driven IAWs in such plasmas. First, under the condition of small wave amplitudes, weaker harmonic generation and smaller nonlinear frequency shifts of IAWs are observed compared to the Maxwellian EDF case, consistent with nonlinear fluid theory. Additionally, for both the Maxwellian and super-Gaussian EDF cases, three-wave fluid theory and simulations show that due to the significant nonlinear frequency shift, the occurrence of two-ion decay requires a positive frequency mismatch between the driven frequency and the IAW linear frequency. However, for the super-Gaussian EDF case, a smaller frequency mismatch is required. Finally, turbulence and multi-soliton generation induced by IAW decay are also discussed.
Enhanced write margin of perpendicular MRAM cells using thick MgO cap layer
Authors: Mihajlović G. , Santos T. S. , Li J. , Katine J. A. , Grobis M. K.
Published: November 2024

Implementation of spin transfer torque magneto-resistive random access memory (STT-MRAM) in memory chips requires that the write margin of the MRAM cell, defined as the difference between breakdown voltage and write voltage for the specified endurance, write error rate, and write speed, is sufficiently large in order to accommodate resistance variations arising from external chip circuitry. We show that by increasing only the thickness of the MgO cap layer to make its resistance-area product close to that of the main MgO barrier, the write margin can be increased substantially without affecting the thermal stability of the cell.
A novel coalesced quantum dot buffer approach to mitigate large lattice mismatch in III–V epitaxy
Authors: Tsai Yu-Li , Fang Jheng-Hao , Wu Chih-Hung
Published: November 2024

III–V compound semiconductors, such as indium arsenide (InAs), are crucial in the fields of electronics and optoelectronics due to their unique properties, including a narrow bandgap, high electron mobility, low effective electron mass, and outstanding optoelectronic performance. However, the lattice constant mismatch of 7.2% between InAs and gallium arsenide (GaAs) leads to a high dislocation density in the InAs epilayer, typically around 109 cm−2 or higher when InAs is directly grown on GaAs (001). A common traditional approach to reduce material defect density involves using a compositionally graded buffer structure, which requires a thickness of several micrometers. This paper presents an innovative method for growing device-quality InAs epilayers on GaAs (001) substrates through an InAs coalesced quantum dot buffer (CQDB) layer. Remarkably, the InAs CQDB method requires a thickness of only several tens of nanometers, leading to significant improvements in film quality. Utilizing the InAs CQDB layer allows for a substantial reduction in dislocation density from 1.8 × 109 to 3.6 × 107 cm−2. The findings of this study provide a crucial research foundation for addressing lattice mismatch challenges in epitaxial growth, particularly for those investigating methods to integrate different materials in advanced device applications.
Pixels to pyrometrics: UAS-derived infrared imagery to evaluate and monitor prescribed fire behaviour and effects
Authors: O’Neill Leo , Fulé Peter Z , Watts Adam , Moran Chris , Hopkins Bryce , Rowell Eric , Thode Andrea , Afghah Fatemeh
Published: November 2024

Background Prescribed fire is vital for fuel reduction and ecological restoration, but the effectiveness and fine-scale interactions are poorly understood. Aims We developed methods for processing uncrewed aircraft systems (UAS) imagery into spatially explicit pyrometrics, including measurements of fuel consumption, rate of spread, and residence time to quantitatively measure three prescribed fires. Methods We collected infrared (IR) imagery continuously (0.2 Hz) over prescribed burns and one experimental calibration burn, capturing fire progression and combustion for multiple hours. Key results Pyrometrics were successfully extracted from UAS-IR imagery with sufficient spatiotemporal resolution to effectively measure and differentiate between fires. UAS-IR fuel consumption correlated with weight-based measurements of 10 1-m2 experimental burn plots, validating our approach to estimating consumption with a cost-effective UAS-IR sensor (R2 = 0.99; RMSE = 0.38 kg m−2). Conclusions Our findings demonstrate UAS-IR pyrometrics are an accurate approach to monitoring fire behaviour and effects, such as measurements of consumption. Prescribed fire is a fine-scale process; a ground sampling distance of <2.3 m2 is recommended. Additional research is needed to validate other derived measurements. Implications Refined fire monitoring coupled with refined objectives will be pivotal in informing fire management of best practices, justifying the use of prescribed fire and providing quantitative feedback in an uncertain environment.
Effects of input frequency and microvariation on knowledge of negative inversion in L2 English
Authors: Rankin Tom , Wagner Thomas
Published: November 2024

The present study investigates whether L2 learners of English distinguish between (un)grammatical word orders
after fronted negative adverbials to identify negative inversion. Previous research on transfer and resetting of verb second (V2)
in L1 German–L2 English is extended to explore residual V2 in the form of negative inversion. An acceptability judgment task
elicited sentence ratings from advanced German-speaking learners of English for fronted negative adverbials with local and
sentential scope. In addition, corpus frequency data of these negative adverbials were related to the learners’ ratings in order
to investigate the potential role of input effects. Results suggest that linguistic constraints on microvariation with respect to
fronting negative adverbials are broadly in place for learners at this proficiency level, as the scope of fronted negation has an
effect on acceptability of negative inversion. Continued significant differences in acceptability judgements of advanced learners
compared to native speakers indicate, however, that learners have not completely converged on the target pattern of
microvariation. This is related to frequency and reliability of input.
Phase Field Simulation Study of the β′ Precipitation Phase of Mg-Gd-Y Alloys
Authors: Wang Yongbiao , Ren Ruizhuo , Jiang Junjie , Cui Hongyang , Li Xin , Wei Shizhong , Liu Xintian
Published: November 2024

The key reinforcing precipitation phase in the aging precipitation sequence of Mg-Gd-Y alloys is the bamboo-leaf-like substable β′ phase, which can effectively inhibit the crystal base slip to enhance the age-hardening response of magnesium alloys. In this work, a phase field model of the aging precipitation process of Mg-Gd-Y ternary alloys was created by combining the phase field method and thermodynamic database. The microstructure evolution of the β′ precipitated phase in the isothermal aging process of Mg-Gd-Y alloys was simulated, and the impact of anisotropic parameters on the precipitated phase’s morphology was examined. Finally, the effect of Gd content on the β′ phase in the Mg-Gd-Y alloys was disclosed from the standpoint of the kinetics. β′ precipitation phase precipitation mechanism of Mg-Gd-Y alloys from the kinetic point of view. The results show that the anisotropic elastic energy and the interfacial energy work together to influence the shape of the β′ precipitation phase. Gd content increases lead to refined grains, an increase in the volume fraction of the Mg-Gd-Y alloy β′ precipitated phase, and a greater aspect ratio of the precipitated phase.
Distribution models of antennas in radio astronomy:
Efficiency comparison of the golden spiral interferometry
Authors: Rodríguez Elio Quiroga
Published: November 2024

This work compares the performance of different antenna
configurations in radio astronomy interferometry, including the
golden spiral, a grid, a random arrangement, and the “Y”
configuration similar to the Very Large Array. One hundred antennas
are simulated in each configuration, and the resulting UV coverage
and image quality are analyzed. The results show that the golden
spiral provides more uniform UV coverage without significant gaps,
which improves image quality by reducing sidelobes and artifacts. In
comparison, the grid exhibits periodic structures in the UV coverage
that can degrade image quality due to gaps and artifacts. The random
arrangement offers more natural coverage but is less efficient in
terms of resolution and sidelobe control. The “Y” configuration
proves effective in achieving high resolution along its arms but
lacks complete coverage in certain directions, which can negatively
affect image quality at those angles. The self-similar nature of the
golden spiral allows for efficient capture of both large and small
structures in observed sources, maximizing the spatial information
obtained. We conclude that, for applications where resolution and
sensitivity are critical, the golden spiral represents the optimal
configuration, followed by the “Y” configuration, with the grid
being the least suitable.
Vector Calculus for Tamed Dirichlet Spaces
Authors: Braun Mathias
Published: November 2024

In the language of

L
∞

L^\infty

-modules proposed by Gigli, we introduce a first order calculus on a topological Lusin measure space

(
M
,

m

)

(M,\mathfrak {m})

carrying a quasi-regular, strongly local Dirichlet form

\usefont {U}{BOONDOX-cal}{m}{n}E

{\text {\usefont {U}{BOONDOX-cal}{m}{n}E}}

. Furthermore, we develop a second order calculus if

(
M
,

\usefont {U}{BOONDOX-cal}{m}{n}E

,

m

)

(M,{\text {\usefont {U}{BOONDOX-cal}{m}{n}E}},\mathfrak {m})

is tamed by a signed measure in the extended Kato class in the sense of Erbar, Rigoni, Sturm and Tamanini. This allows us to define e.g. Hessians, covariant and exterior derivatives, Ricci curvature, and second fundamental form.
Geology in American Literature
Authors: Morgan Patrick
Published: November 2024

Literature began in stone. Rocks provided the surfaces and styli for externalizing the imagination. Over twelve millennia ago, America’s first writers revealed the human by revealing rock, scraping the surfaces of stone. Humanity’s innermost self—its literary life—was forged in lithic encounter. American writers have been delving into this meeting of mind and rock ever since. Through environmental criticism and the material turn, this lithic encounter continues to reveal new facets of literature, culture, and the nonhuman world. Scholars generally agree that the height of America’s fascination with geology occurred in the mid-1800s. Thus “geology in American literature,” after the middle decades of the 19th century, is cast as a story of declension. But there is another story to tell. The geologic gaze expanded and magnified since its founding as a modern science in the late 1700s, connecting disparate dimensions of the material world into an evermore complex Earth system. This geological gaze moved from continental rocks in the 19th century to the ocean and lab in the 20th century, then rose into the air by the end of the 20th century. As geology expanded, so did its literary dimension, propelling the emergence of environmental writing, climate fiction, and Anthropocene research. Knitting together Earth systems, geology remains a significant force in American literature. In this moment of global lithic encounter, as humans inscribe themselves on the Earth via record heat waves, wildfires, and ever-intensifying hurricanes, few topics are more vital than humanity’s conception of the Earth. As humans think, so they act. The meeting of mind and rock is intimately tied to human existence, both its literary beginnings and existential future. Humanity’s story is thus forever wrapped up in stone’s story, whether in petroglyphs etched into surfaces of stone or pollution carved into the layers of our world.
Rising China
Authors: Pu Xiaoyu , Walker Ryan
Published: November 2024

China’s emergence as a global power is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, fueled by state-led development and market-oriented reforms. However, this rise has not been without obstacles. Domestically, China faces multiple challenges in generating sustainable growth, including demographic changes and environmental concerns. Internationally, China has faced growing pushback from the West. There are varied interpretations of China’s foreign policy intentions. While Western narratives tend to portray China as a revisionist power seeking to replace the United States as the new global leader, its intentions are nuanced and contested. While China seeks to play an active role in international affairs, it is debatable if the dichotomy of status quo power and revisionist power accurately reflects China’s intentions. China’s foreign policy strategy has evolved over time, with earlier strategies emphasizing the reassurance of established powers and neighboring countries while prioritizing domestic development. Even if China’s foreign policy has become more assertive, there are elements of its continuity. Global reactions to China’s rise have been mixed. Many developing countries have welcomed China’s investment and economic partnership. However, other countries, particularly those in the developed world, have raised concerns about China’s military expansion, economic practices, and foreign policy challenges to their values and security. As China continues to rise, it will face opportunities and challenges in navigating the complex global landscape. Ultimately, the trajectory of China’s rise and its impact on the international system will depend on various factors, including China’s domestic and foreign policies, the responses of other major powers, and the shifting dynamics of global politics.
Financing the Transatlantic Slave Trade
Authors: Hicks Mary E.
Published: November 2024

The fateful encounter between a cadre of European seafarers, military men, traders, and West and West Central African fishermen, seafarers, and merchants spurred one of world history’s longest and most intensive forced migrations. The transatlantic slave trade initiated the formation of an integrated Atlantic world characterized by mass population movements, colonization, political conflict, militarization, and increasing transregional commerce. Consequently, the transoceanic traffic in human beings spurred not only great pain but also profound innovations in the generation and usage of new financial instruments, which provided the means for the expanding webs of market exchange that fed the evolving demand for the enslaved. Finance tied together far-flung communities, paradoxically through a dehumanizing institution that was also an inventive, adaptive, and dynamic one. Because traders had to navigate an array of political contexts, currency systems, cultures of transaction, and modes of contract making, flexibility was key. Slaving—both slave raiding and later mercantile exchanges of those held in bondage—preceded and helped catalyze the emergence of Atlantic capitalist modernity and generated many of the financial techniques that people are familiar with today. Transformations in the financing of the transatlantic slave trade encompass over four hundred years of history and include many permutations such as the sea loan, the family firm, the royally sponsored monopoly trading company, and the merchant firm. Because financing long-distance rather than local trade required specific mechanisms for profit-making calculations, merchants had to be attentive to dynamic contexts such as the growth of plantation agriculture in tropical parts of the Americas, the increasing availability of specie-based forms of currency due to an efflorescence of gold and silver mining in West Africa and Central and South America, political centralization in West Africa, and the emergence of European fiscal–military states. Despite this, there was not a linear progression of financial organizational forms, as merchants and buyers relied on strategies that responded to varied local economic and political conditions within the ports at which they traded.
Shabazz, Dr. Betty
Authors: Shiekh Irum
Published: November 2024

Dr. Betty Shabazz was pivotal in preserving Malcolm X’s legacy and advancing his vision of Black liberation, human rights, and social justice. She understood the power of Malcolm X’s vision and worked tirelessly as a historian, scholar, and activist to revive his legacy and contribute to his “second coming.” Dr. Shabazz reframed him from a “radical troublemaker” to a visionary figure for Black liberation while balancing her roles as a mother, community leader, activist, publicist, and scholar.

After Malcolm X’s assassination, Dr. Shabazz raised six young daughters, completed her PhD, and started her career as an educator at the Medgar Evers Community College in Brooklyn, New York. Along the way, she counseled countless young students, supported single mothers in continuing their education, and developed a legacy as a professor, community organizer, and global leader. Moreover, she utilized her educational credentials and institutional affiliation to convey her expertise on Malcolm X, establishing his role as a renowned global leader for social justice.

In the 21st century, Malcolm X is read, watched, discussed, and admired for his revolutionary and humanist ideals and is remembered among South Africans and the Black Lives Matter movement. With Dr. Shabazz as a protagonist leading the story, her narrative explores, expands, and recognizes her mission to preserve Malcolm X’s legacy so that it can be heard and celebrated.

By recognizing her contributions, she is on par with traditional historians and writers like Alex Haley. Just as one can acknowledge the importance of conventional historians like Haley in documenting Malcolm X’s autobiography, we should also recognize her expertise as a scholar in emphasizing her husband’s contributions to ensure his message is heard, understood, and respected.
Islamic Perspectives and Contemporary Bioethics: Case of DNR (Do Not Resuscitate Orders)
Authors: Shamsi Gooshki Ehsan
Published: November 2024

End-of-life decision-making is one of the most difficult situations in contemporary medicine. One of the significant medical developments in this area is cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), which refers to a set of interventions that are meant to restart oxygenated blood circulation in those people who experience cardiopulmonary arrest. Any decision regarding attempting or not attempting CPR should be made in advance or immediately, using previously well-established guidelines such as the the idea of Do Not Resuscitate (DNR). While performing CPR in many cases is counted as therapeutic beneficence and consequently a moral and professional obligation, doing this intervention for dying patients whose death looks irreversible, inevitable, and imminent because of an underlying disease such as end-stage cancer is controversial. Some Islamic sources recognize the dying process (Ihtedar) as a different and distinct stage between what is called stable life (Hayat el-Mostaghar) and death. Islamic resources require for special rituals and issue specific decrees for this period. This three-phasic sequential formulation (stable life-unstable life or Ihtidar and then death and after here life, opens the ground for the reevaluation of medical professional obligations and possibly acceptance of withholding CPR for dying patients. However for non-dying patients who are counted as people at the stable life professional obligation could be different. However, Fatwas of several contemporary Muslim jurists are generally in favor of DNR orders for a Mohtadar (a person in the dying process or in final moments of life which called Ihtidar).
cognitive studies and ancient science, technology, and medicine
Authors: Roby Courtney
Published: November 2024

Cognitive studies of Graeco-Roman antiquity may draw on a wide range of ancient and modern theories of mind. Particularly fruitful modern approaches for the study of ancient science include conceptual metaphor theory, theories of social cognition (particularly in animals), memory studies, and “4E cognition” (embodied, embedded, enacted, and extended) theories, suggesting that cognitive activities may depend in part on embodied experience, environmental cues, or external objects. While these theories have only recently been articulated by scholars identifying as cognitive scientists, ancient authors’ analyses of mind and thought processes offer many parallels as well as additional perspectives.
Metrolingualism
Authors: Otsuji Emi , Pennycook Alastair
Published: November 2024

Metrolingualism is a term used to describe relations between language and the city. By focusing on everyday, grassroots, multilingual language use in urban workplaces (rather than top-down approaches to ethnolinguistic groups), it explores the ways in which people from varied backgrounds engage in a range of interactions using multiple semiotic and linguistic resources come together at different times and places in the city. In line with other critical poststructuralist approaches to language, metrolingualism challenges common language ideologies around multilingualism, questioning enumerable and separable languages in favor of an understanding of repertoires and resources. The focus through linguistic ethnography on the dynamic integration of diverse linguistic and other semiotic resources in the city has led to an emphasis on spatial repertoires and semiotic assemblages to draw attention to the interactions among language, space, place, and objects as part of a critical sociolinguistics of diversity.
Intervention Effects in Mandarin Chinese
Authors: Li Haoze
Published: November 2024

Intervention effects (IEs) refer to the phenomenon where an interrogative wh-expression cannot follow a quantifier or a focus expression. IEs are commonly found in wh-in-situ languages because it is more likely for in-situ wh-expressions to follow quantifiers or focus expressions. Since wh-in-situ in Mandarin Chinese (Mandarin, for short) has been subject to extensive research, it has played an important role in providing the empirical foundation for the research on IEs, based on which different approaches have been pursued. These approaches debate whether the nature of IEs is syntactic, semantic, or pragmatic. They also shed light on related linguistic issues, such as locality conditions, interactions of focus and wh-expressions, and information structure. The present article surveys the empirical and theoretical landscape of IEs in Mandarin, with the goals of providing references and directions for future research.
Understanding Human Behavior Response to Disasters
Authors: Erokhin Dmitry , Komendantova Nadejda
Published: November 2024

Human behavior during disasters is shaped by a complex interplay of psychological, social, cultural, and economic factors. Understanding these elements is critical to improving disaster preparedness, response, and recovery efforts.

Psychological factors, such as risk perception, significantly influence how individuals prepare for and respond to disasters. Personal experiences, media coverage, and cognitive biases shape risk assessments and decision-making processes. Theories such as protection motivation theory and the extended parallel process model offer insights into how individuals make decisions about disaster preparedness. Coping mechanisms during disasters can be problem focused, addressing the root causes of stress, or emotion focused, managing the emotional impact through strategies such as seeking social support.

Social and cultural dimensions also play crucial roles in disaster resilience. Social networks and community cohesion provide essential support systems that facilitate recovery. Cultural beliefs, including religious and spiritual practices, offer comfort and explanations during disasters, while traditional knowledge contributes to preparedness and response efforts. However, social vulnerability is heightened among certain groups, such as lower income individuals, the elderly, and those with disabilities. Gender roles further influence disaster experiences and responses, often dictating the resources and support available to individuals.

Economic factors are equally significant in shaping disaster outcomes. Access to financial resources and insurance can determine the extent of disaster preparedness and recovery. Economic inequality exacerbates the impact of disasters, with marginalized groups frequently experiencing the most severe consequences. Targeted interventions and support for these vulnerable populations are essential for reducing disparities and promoting equitable recovery.

Case studies, such as those on Hurricane Katrina, the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, and the COVID-19 pandemic, illustrate the diverse psychological, social, cultural, and economic factors that influence disaster responses and recovery efforts. Integrating these behavioral insights into disaster management strategies is vital for motivating protective behaviors, ensuring culturally sensitive interventions, and providing comprehensive mental health support.

Building resilient communities requires a multifaceted approach that includes community-based strategies, economic policies addressing vulnerabilities, and resilient infrastructure design. These efforts are crucial for enhancing community resilience and minimizing the impacts of future disasters.