bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Complementação do debate sobre Saúde da Criança e do Adolescente Indígena
Authors: SQUINCA Flávia Aparecida , PALHARES Dario , SANTOS Joanice Gonçalves dos
Published: May 2016

A população indígena que habita o Brasil é de quase 900 mil indivíduos, divididos entre 305 etnias. A preocupação com a saúde das crianças e adolescentes indígenas foi reforçada na 4ª Conferência Nacional de Saúde Indígena. O objetivo deste trabalho é atualizar o debate sobre saúde da criança e adolescente indígena. No que tange ao perfil nutricional, os dados são conflitantes em estabelecer um diagnóstico de desnutrição, pois existe marcada convergência dos trabalhos citados no sentido de mostrar baixa estatura, porém com a manutenção da proporcionalidade peso/estatura. Tanto fatores étnicos como nutricionais podem estar presentes: déficits estaturais até certo percentual poderiam ser considerados como de origem étnica; acima disso, já indicariam desnutrição em nível populacional. Metade dos novos casos de tuberculose entre os índios é diagnosticada na infância e na adolescência. Todos os estudos apontam para a necessidade do aperfeiçoamento da política e das ações de saúde direcionadas às especificidades socioculturais dos povos indígenas.
“Hasta el infinito… y más allá”
Authors: Moreno Villares José Manuel
Published: May 2016

Acaban de cumplirse 20 años del estreno de la película “Toy Story”, primera de la factoría Disney Pixar y que marcaría un hito en la animación cinematográfica. Con esa frase (“To infinity… and eyond”) el protagonista, Buzz Lightyear iniciaba su tarea, su reto, su misión…
Sexual Function and Correlates in Women Undergoing Maintenance Hemodialysis in Cameroon: A Multi-centric Study
Authors: Teuwafeu D. , Ashuntantang G. , Essi M.J. , Kaze F. , Maimouna M. , Balepna J.Y. , Gobina R. , Kengne A.P. , Ndjitoyap E.C.
Published: May 2016

Purpose of The Study:

The aim of this study was to describe sexual function disorders and investigate associated factors in women on maintenance hemodialysis in Cameroon.

Methods:

This was a cross-sectional study of three months duration (August-October 2014) in adult women on maintenance hemodialysis (HD) at three HD facilities in Cameroon. Patients with active psychiatric disease, infection or uncontrolled congestive heart failure were excluded. We use the Rosen questionnaire for evaluating female sexual function (FSFI), the Beck depression Inventory (BDI) and the short form (SF-36) of WHOQOL- BREF questionnaire to evaluate the quality of life (QOL). Logistic regressions were used to investigate the predictors of sexual function disorders.

Results:

We included 52 women with the mean age of 38±13 years (min-max: 18-69), with 31 (62%) being of child-bearing age (18-44 years). All participants had at least one sexual function abnormality including sexual dysfunction (75%), abnormalities of the menstrual cycle (83%), and sexual inactivity (30%). In women of child-bearing age, reported menstrual disorders were: irregular menses (45%), non-gravid amenorrhea (40%), oligo-menorrhea (25%), poly-menorrhea (25%), metrorrhagia (6%), and menorrhagia (3%). Ten of the 31 women had more than one menstrual disorder. Sexual dysfunction included: decreased sexual desire (56%), decreased sexual arousal (39%), decreased vaginal lubrication (49%), and failure to achieve orgasm (46%), sexual dissatisfaction (51%), and dyspareunia (36%). Advanced age (p = 0.0046), depression (p<0.0001), anemia (p=0.0005) and poor quality of life were negatively associated with sexual dysfunction. Sexual inactivity (p = 0.035) was equally associated with poor quality of life.

Conclusion:

Our results suggest that disorders of sexual function are common in women on maintenance hemodialysis, and are associated with depression, poor quality of life, advanced age, and anemia.
Carbon nanomaterials: Biologically active fullerene derivatives
Authors: Bogdanovic Gordana , Djordjevic Aleksandar
Published: May 2016

Since their discovery, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene attract
significant attention of researches in various scientific fields including
biomedicine. Nano-scale size and a possibility for diverse surface
modifications allow carbon nanoallotropes to become an indispensable
nanostructured material in nanotechnologies, including nanomedicine.
Manipulation of surface chemistry has created diverse populations of
water-soluble derivatives of fullerenes, which exhibit different behaviors.
Both non-derivatized and derivatized fullerenes show various biological
activities. Cellular processes that underline their toxicity are oxidative,
genotoxic, and cytotoxic responses. The antioxidant/cytoprotective properties
of fullerenes and derivatives have been considered in the prevention of organ
oxidative damage and treatment. The same unique physiochemical properties of
nanomaterials may also be associated with potential health hazards.
Non-biodegradability and toxicity of carbon nanoparticles still remain a
great concern in the area of biomedical application. In this review, we
report on basic physical and chemical properties of carbon nano-clusters -
fullerenes, nanotubes, and graphene - their specificities, activities, and
potential application in biological systems. Special emphasis is given to our
most important results obtained in vitro and in vivo using polyhydroxylated
fullerene derivative C60(OH)24.
Prevalence of Rhinitis and Associated Factors in Schoolchildren who Live in the Amazon Islands
Authors: Freitas Marly Sarmanho , de Córdoba Lanza Fernanda , Monteiro Julius Caesar Soares , Solé Dirceu
Published: May 2016

Background

The prevalence of rhinitis has been reported to be higher in urban areas.

Objective

To determine the prevalence of rhinitis in schoolchildren who lived on two islands in the Brazilian Amazon, including a rural island and an urban island, and to identify the associated risk factors.

Methods

Four hundred children (200 per island) were evaluated by using the International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood standard written questionnaire (rhinitis module). A convenience sample for both islands was selected based on the age group of the study (5-8 years). The children were assessed for potential risk factors (complementary written questionnaire) identified by logistic regression.

Results

The prevalence of active rhinitis was significantly higher in the children who lived on Outeiro Island compared with Combú Island (34.5% versus 18.0%, respectively). The associated risk factors for rhinitis symptoms on Combú Island included parental history of rhinitis (odds ratio [OR] 9.4 [95% confidence interval {(CI}, 2.1-41.4]) and delivery by caesarean-section (OR 5.2 [95% CI, 1.2-21.9]), and for Outeiro Island included parental history of rhinitis (OR 4.5 [95% CI, 1.7-11.2]) and of asthma (OR 3.8 [95% CI, 1.5-9.8]), nocturnal cough in the previous year (OR 5.8 [95% CI, 2.1-16.0]), breast-feeding (≥6 months) (OR 9.6 [95% CI, 1.1-82.1]), moisture (OR 2.4 [95% CI, 0.9-6.4]), and consumption of fruit juice more than two times a week (OR 4.3 [95% CI, 1.2-15.0]).

Conclusion

The different risk factors identified for rhinitis on each island indicated the role of the urban environment in the development of the disease.
Decreased Expression of E-cadherin and ZO-1 in the Nasal Mucosa of Patients with Allergic Rhinitis: Altered Regulation of E-cadherin by IL-4, IL-5, and TNF-alpha
Authors: Lee Hyun-Ji , Kim Byoungjae , Im Nu-Ri , Lee Doh Young , Kim Ha Kyun , Lee Seung Hoon , Lee Heung-Man , Lee Sang Hag , Baek Seung-Kuk , Kim Tae Hoon
Published: May 2016

Background

Allergic rhinitis is a chronic nasal inflammatory disease mediated by an immunoglobulin E mediated process to environmental allergens. Although atopy is a potent predisposing risk factor for allergic rhinitis, local tissue susceptibilities are inevitable for disease expression. The nasal epithelium maintains tissue homeostasis by providing a physical barrier controlled by epithelial junctional proteins. However, the expression of epithelial junctional proteins has not been studied in patients with allergic rhinitis. We sought to elucidate the expression and the regulation of epithelial junctional proteins in the nasal epithelium of patients with allergic rhinitis.

Methods

The expression of E-cadherin and zonula occludens (ZO) 1 in epithelium of turbinate was measured by using real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunohistochemical assays, and was compared between control subjects and patients with allergic rhinitis. In addition, the expression levels of E-cadherin and ZO-1 were determined in cultured epithelial cell treated with interleukin (IL) 4, IL-5, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, and interferon gamma.

Results

The expression and the immunoreactivity of E-cadherin and ZO-1 were decreased in the nasal epithelium of patients with allergic rhinitis. Interestingly, the stimulation of cultured epithelial cells with IL-4, IL-5, and TNF-alpha resulted in downregulation of E-cadherin expression only in cultured epithelial cells of patients with allergic rhinitis, whereas E-cadherin expression in cultured epithelial cells of controls was not affected by stimulation with the same panel of cytokines.

Conclusion

Decreased expression of epithelial junctional proteins was found in patients with allergic rhinitis. The disruption of epithelial integrity by IL-4, IL-5, and TNF-alpha in vitro indicated a possible role for these cytokines in the pathogenesis of patients with allergic rhinitis.
Two-dimensional Assessment of the Nasal Valve Area Cannot Predict Minimum Cross-Sectional Area or Airflow Resistance
Authors: Bhatia Daman D. S. , Palesy Tom , Ramli Raziqah , Barham Henry P. , Christensen Jenna M. , Gunaratne Dakshika A. , Marcells George N. , Harvey Richard J.
Published: May 2016

Background

Clinicians who manage nasal obstruction often comment on the shape and size of the nasal valve (NV) area. However, correlation of the symptoms of obstruction, nasal airflow dynamics, and the endoscopic appearance of the anatomic cross-sectional area of the NV is poorly understood. Endoscopic imaging and calculation of the NV area is investigated as a tool for either clinical or research use.

Objective

To describe and evaluate a two-dimensional measurement of the minimum cross-sectional area (MCA) of the NV by using endoscopic imaging.

Methods

A cross-sectional study of patients with symptoms of nasal obstruction who were undergoing nasal assessment was performed. The NV was measured with digital imaging taken from the endoscopy. Adobe Photoshop was used to calculate the digital MCA of the NV based on pixel count and a reference marker placed in the image field. Airway parameters were assessed by using a nasal obstruction visual analog scale, nasal airway resistance via rhinomanometry, and acoustic rhinometry derived MCA (acoustic MCA). Correlation of the digital MCA and airway parameters was made and interobserver correlation of the MCA measures was calculated.

Results

Thirty-three nasal airways were assessed: mean (standard deviation) digital MCA (0.28 ± 0.13 cm2) and mean (standard deviation) acoustic MCA (0.51 ± 0.15 cm2). Correlation of the digital MCA with visual analog scale was poor (Pearson r = 0.10, p = 0.56). Similar finding between digital and acoustic MCA was poor (Pearson r = 0.50, p = 0.56, respectively) despite a moderately strong interobserver correlation for the digital MCA (Pearson r = 0.79, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Qualitative endoscopic assessment of the NV may help clinicians predict NV dysfunction but simple two-dimensional measures seemed to be of limited value in accurately assessing the three-dimensional NV quantitatively.
HMGB1-TLR4 Signaling Contributes to the Secretion of Interleukin 6 and Interleukin 8 by Nasal Epithelial Cells
Authors: Shimizu Shino , Kouzaki Hideaki , Kato Tomohisa , Tojima Ichiro , Shimizu Takeshi
Published: May 2016

Background

Alarmins play important roles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. However, the role of the alarmin protein high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in upper airway inflammation is unclear.

Objective

To determine if HMGB1 is present in the nasal mucosa and, if so, to elucidate its role in upper airway inflammation.

Methods

Nasal secretions were collected from a total of 32 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp, allergic rhinitis, and control subjects. The concentration of HMGB1 in nasal secretions and its tissue and cellular localization were examined by enzyme immunoassays and immunofluorescent staining of nasal polyps and cultured nasal epithelial cells. We then examined whether nasal epithelial cells secrete HMGB1 after inflammatory stimulation by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α. The effects of HMGB1 on the production and secretion of interleukin (IL) 6 and IL-8 were also examined in cultured nasal epithelial cells.

Results

Significantly higher concentrations of HMGB1 were found in nasal secretions from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp or allergic rhinitis compared with the control subjects. HMGB1 expression was localized in the nuclei of epithelial cells and other constitutive cells in nasal polyps and in the nuclei of cultured nasal epithelial cells. TNF-α stimulated the production and secretion of HMGB1 by cultured nasal epithelial cells. HMGB1 stimulated the production and secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 by cultured nasal epithelial cells, and anti–toll-like receptor 4 blocking antibody significantly inhibited HMGB1-induced secretion of IL-6 and IL-8.

Conclusions

Nasal secretions contain substantial amounts of HMGB1. TNF-α stimulates the production of HMGB1, which, in turn, upregulates the production and secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 by nasal epithelial cells via toll-like receptor 4, which indicated that HMGB1 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of upper airway inflammation.
Asthma in Ear, Nose, and Throat Primary Care Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps
Authors: Frendø Martin , Håkansson Kåre , Schwer Susanne , Rix Iben , Ravn Andreas T. , Backer Vibeke , von Buchwald Christian
Published: May 2016

Background

Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a common inflammatory disorder associated with asthma. This association is well described in patients with CRSwNP undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS); however, some patients are never referred for surgery, and the frequency of asthma in this group is largely unknown.

Objective

To determine the frequency of asthma in patients with CRSwNP treated in a primary care (PC) setting who have never been referred for surgery and to compare this with ESS patients.

Methods

Fifty-seven patients with CRSwNP who had never undergone ESS were prospectively recruited from nine PC ear, nose, and throat clinics in the Copenhagen area. CRSwNP was diagnosed according to the European Position Paper on Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps; severity was assessed by using a visual analog scale. Allergy, lung function, and asthma tests (reversibility to β2-agonist, peak expiratory flow variability, and mannitol challenge) were performed. Findings were compared with our previously published data from patients with CRSwNP referred for surgery.

Results

Asthma was diagnosed in 25 patients (44%) based on respiratory symptoms and a positive asthma test; of these, 12 (48%) had undiagnosed asthma prior to study onset. Furthermore, when using the same methods, we found a lower frequency of asthma in PC patients compared with ESS patients (44% versus 65%, p = 0.04).

Conclusion

A high prevalence of asthma in PC patients with CRSwNP was found. Frequently, asthma was undiagnosed. However, asthma was significantly less prevalent in PC patients compared with patients referred for ESS. The frequent concomitance of asthma, i.e., united airways disease, in PC patients calls for closer collaboration between ear, nose, and throat specialists, and asthma specialists.
Protective Effects of Melatonin and Selenium against Apoptosis of Olfactory Sensory Neurons: A Rat Model Study
Authors: Koc Sema , Cayli Sevil , Aksakal Ceyhun , Ocakli Seda , Soyalic Harun , Somuk Battal Tahsin , Yüce Salim
Published: May 2016

Background

Selenium plays a role in the prevention of oxidative damage and has been linked to regulatory functions in cell growth, apoptosis, cell survival, and cytotoxicity. Melatonin has an antioxidant effect, which protects against a number of free radical species. Given its antioxidant properties, melatonin has been widely known to inhibit neuronal apoptosis. We examined the cytoprotective effects of melatonin and selenium in rat olfactory sensory neurons after rhinosinusitis by immunohistochemical evaluation of olfactory bulb mucosa.

Methods

Rhinosinusitis was induced bilaterally in 24 animals. Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into three equal groups. The melatonin group was treated with intraperitoneal (i.p.) melatonin and ampicillin-sulbactam, the selenium group was treated with i.p. selenium and ampicillin-sulbactam, the antibiotic group was treated with i.p. ampicillin-sulbactam; all three groups were treated for 10 days. After a period of 10 days of treatment, the animals were killed for immunohistochemical analyses. All olfactory bulb mucosae were removed immediately.

Results

No histochemical differences were found in the three groups. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase 2′-deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate nick end labeling–positive cells were detected in each group. In the antibiotic group, the appearance of apoptotic cells was higher, whereas the number of apoptotic cells significantly decreased in the melatonin group. When compared with the selenium group, fewer terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase 2′-deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate nick end labeling–positive cells were observed in the melatonin group, which was not significant. In the antibiotic group, the cytoplasmic active caspase-3 and Bax immunostaining in the olfactory epithelium and glandular cells of stroma were higher when compared with the immunostaining in melatonin and selenium groups. Active caspase-3 and Bax immunostaining in the subepithelial stroma was dramatically reduced in the melatonin group. In contrast, the staining intensity and the number of Bcl-2 immunopositive cells were significantly increased in the melatonin group. In the selenium group, Bax and active caspase-3 were moderately immunopositive in the epithelium and subepithelial stroma. However, Bcl-2 immunostaining was more pronounced in the olfactory epithelium and some stromal cells.

Conclusion

Our results indicated the possibility that the supplementation of melatonin and selenium, two antioxidant agents for the treatments in the rhinosinusitis rat model, might be reduced or prevent anosmia.
Skin Diseases of the Nose
Authors: Yigider Ayse Pelin , Kayhan Fatma Tulin , Yigit Ozgur , Kavak Ayse , Cingi Cemal
Published: May 2016

Objectives

The goal of this study was to review the main lesion types of the nasal skin and appropriate treatment strategies rather than to present a comprehensive list of all diseases that affect the skin that can involve the nose.

Methods

We reviewed the main nasal skin lesion types and available treatment strategies. Nasal skin lesions were classified as benign, premalignant, or malignant.

Results

Benign lesions of the nose include nonmalignant tumoral lesions (i.e., freckles, comedo, adenoma sebaceum [Pringle disease], hydrocystoma, fibrous papules, sebaceous hyperplasia, and rhinophyma), autoimmune and inflammatory conditions (i.e., pemphigus, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, facial eosinophilic granuloma, rosacea, herpes zoster infection, leishmaniasis, and leprosy), and vascular lesions (i.e., telangiectasis, hemangioma, and spider nevus). Premalignant lesions are actinic keratosis and keratoacanthoma; and malignant tumors are melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. Regardless of whether or not they are malignant, all facial lesions can yield significant cosmetic discomfort that should be evaluated carefully before commencing any curative or corrective intervention. In general, benign lesions are treated with dermabrasive modalities, such as trichloroacetic acid, phenol, salicylate, and laser ablation. Electrocautery, cryosurgery, and surgical excision are also used, although these methods may result in scar formation, which can sometimes be more problematic than the original lesion itself.

Conclusion

Any disease that affects the skin, especially those diseases that are triggered by ultraviolet exposure, can involve the face and nose. Cosmetic defects due both to the lesion itself and the intervention must be discussed with the patient, preferably in the presence of a first-degree relative, before commencement of treatment. As a result of heterogeneity of skin lesions of the nose, appropriate education of general practitioners as well as otorhinolaryngologists is mandatory.
Kinetic studies on the tert-butylation of toluene over H-BEA zeolite
Authors: Wang Yuanyuan , Song Hua , Song Hualin , Sun Xinglong , Wang Xueqin
Published: May 2016

The highly selective synthesis of 4- tert-butyltoluene from toluene with tert-butyl alcohol over zeolite catalysts was performed in the liquid phase. The order of activity for alkylation over zeolite catalysts was as follows: H-BEA > H-Y > H-MOR > H-ZSM-5. The main reaction products observed were 4- tert-butyltoluene and 3- tert-butyltoluene. 2- tert-Butyltoluene was completely absent in the product. A kinetic study of the reaction of toluene with tert-butyl alcohol over pure H-BEA (Si/Al = 25) was performed. Experimental runs were conducted at 160, 170, 180 and 190 °C and reaction times of up to 240 min. Based on the results obtained, a simplified kinetic model was developed. The kinetics could be described by the pseudo first-order model.
Application of the Energy-Conserving Integration Method to Hybrid Simulation of a Full-Scale Steel Frame
Authors: Pan Tianlin , Wu Bin , Chen Yongsheng , Xu Guoshan
Published: May 2016

The nonlinear unconditionally stable energy-conserving integration method (ECM) is a new method for solving a continuous equation of motion. To our knowledge, there is still no report about its application on a hybrid test. Aiming to explore its effect on hybrid tests, the nonlinear beam-column element program is developed for computation. The program contains both the ECM and the average acceleration method (AAM). The comparison of the hybrid test results with thesetwo methods validates the effectiveness of the ECM in the hybrid simulation. We found that the energy error of hybrid test by using ECM is less than that of AAM. In addition, a new iteration strategy with reduction factor is presented to avoid the overshooting phenomena during iteration process with the finite element program.
A Spatial Data Infrastructure Integrating Multisource Heterogeneous Geospatial Data and Time Series: A Study Case in Agriculture
Authors: Bordogna Gloria , Kliment Tomáš , Frigerio Luca , Brivio Pietro , Crema Alberto , Stroppiana Daniela , Boschetti Mirco , Sterlacchini Simone
Published: May 2016

Currently, the best practice to support land planning calls for the development of Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDI) capable of integrating both geospatial datasets and time series information from multiple sources, e.g., multitemporal satellite data and Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI). This paper describes an original OGC standard interoperable SDI architecture and a geospatial data and metadata workflow for creating and managing multisource heterogeneous geospatial datasets and time series, and discusses it in the framework of the Space4Agri project study case developed to support the agricultural sector in Lombardy region, Northern Italy. The main novel contributions go beyond the application domain for which the SDI has been developed and are the following: the ingestion within an a-centric SDI, potentially distributed in several nodes on the Internet to support scalability, of products derived by processing remote sensing images, authoritative data, georeferenced in-situ measurements and voluntary information (VGI) created by farmers and agronomists using an original Smart App; the workflow automation for publishing sets and time series of heterogeneous multisource geospatial data and relative web services; and, finally, the project geoportal, that can ease the analysis of the geospatial datasets and time series by providing complex intelligent spatio-temporal query and answering facilities.
Hydrometallurgy
Authors: Bhargava Suresh , Pownceby Mark , Ram Rahul
Published: May 2016

Hydrometallurgy, which involves the use of aqueous solutions for the recovery of metals from ores, concentrates, and recycled or residual material, plays an integral role in the multi-billion dollar minerals processing industry.[...]
The Role of Avocados in Maternal Diets during the Periconceptional Period, Pregnancy, and Lactation
Authors: Comerford Kevin , Ayoob Keith , Murray Robert , Atkinson Stephanie
Published: May 2016

Maternal nutrition plays a crucial role in influencing fertility, fetal development, birth outcomes, and breast milk composition. During the critical window of time from conception through the initiation of complementary feeding, the nutrition of the mother is the nutrition of the offspring—and a mother’s dietary choices can affect both the early health status and lifelong disease risk of the offspring. Most health expert recommendations and government-sponsored dietary guidelines agree that a healthy diet for children and adults (including those who are pregnant and/or lactating) should include an abundance of nutrient-rich foods such as fruits and vegetables. These foods should contain a variety of essential nutrients as well as other compounds that are associated with lower disease risk such as fiber and bioactives. However, the number and amounts of nutrients varies considerably among fruits and vegetables, and not all fruit and vegetable options are considered “nutrient-rich”. Avocados are unique among fruits and vegetables in that, by weight, they contain much higher amounts of the key nutrients folate and potassium, which are normally under-consumed in maternal diets. Avocados also contain higher amounts of several non-essential compounds, such as fiber, monounsaturated fats, and lipid-soluble antioxidants, which have all been linked to improvements in maternal health, birth outcomes and/or breast milk quality. The objective of this report is to review the evidence that avocados may be a unique nutrition source for pregnant and lactating women and, thus, should be considered for inclusion in future dietary recommendations for expecting and new mothers.
Rapid and Sensitive Quantification of Isotopic Mixtures Using a Rapidly-Swept External Cavity Quantum Cascade Laser
Authors: Brumfield Brian , Taubman Matthew , Phillips Mark
Published: May 2016

A rapidly-swept external-cavity quantum cascade laser with an open-path Herriott cell is used to quantify gas-phase chemical mixtures of D2O and HDO at a rate of 40 Hz (25-ms measurement time). The chemical mixtures were generated by evaporating D2O liquid near the open-path Herriott cell, allowing the H/D exchange reaction with ambient H2O to produce HDO. Fluctuations in the ratio of D2O and HDO on timescales of <1 s due to the combined effects of plume transport and the H/D exchange chemical reaction are observed. Noise-equivalent concentrations (1σ) (NEC) of 147.0 ppbv and 151.6 ppbv in a 25-ms measurement time are determined for D2O and HDO, respectively, with a 127-m optical path. These NECs are improved to 23.0 and 24.0 ppbv with a 1-s averaging time for D2O and HDO, respectively. NECs <200 ppbv are also estimated for N2O, 1,1,1,2–tetrafluoroethane (F134A), CH4, acetone and SO2 for a 25-ms measurement time. The isotopic precision for measurement of the [D2O]/[HDO] concentration ratio of 33‰ and 5‰ is calculated for the current experimental conditions for measurement times of 25 ms and 1 s, respectively.
Spatiotemporal Variability in Start and End of Growing Season in China Related to Climate Variability
Authors: Ge Quansheng , Dai Junhu , Cui Huijuan , Wang Huanjiong
Published: May 2016

Satellite-derived vegetation phenophases are frequently used to study the response of ecosystems to climate change. However, limited studies have identified the common phenological variability across different climate and vegetation zones. Using NOAA/Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) dataset, we estimated start of growing season (SOS) and end of growing season (EOS) for Chinese vegetation during the period 1982–2012 based on the Midpoint method. Subsequently, the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis was applied to extract the main patterns of phenophases and their annual variability. The impact of climate parameters such as temperature and precipitation on phenophases was investigated using canonical correlation analysis (CCA). The first EOF mode of phenophases exhibited widespread earlier or later SOS and EOS signals for almost the whole country. The attendant time coefficients revealed an earlier SOS between 1996 and 2008, but a later SOS in 1982–1995 and 2009–2012. Regarding EOS, it was clearly happening later in recent years, mainly after 1993. The preseason temperature contributed to such spatiotemporal phenological change significantly. The first pair of CCA patterns for phenology and preseason temperature was found to be similar and its time coefficients were highly correlated to each other (correlation coefficient >0.7). These results indicate that there is a substantial amount of common variance in SOS and EOS across different vegetation types that is related to large-scale modes of climate variability.
Atmospheric and Fog Effects on Ultra-Wide Band Radar Operating at Extremely High Frequencies
Authors: Balal Nezah , Pinhasi Gad , Pinhasi Yosef
Published: May 2016

The wide band at extremely high frequencies (EHF) above 30 GHz is applicable for high resolution directive radars, resolving the lack of free frequency bands within the lower part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Utilization of ultra-wideband signals in this EHF band is of interest, since it covers a relatively large spectrum, which is free of users, resulting in better resolution in both the longitudinal and transverse dimensions. Noting that frequencies in the millimeter band are subjected to high atmospheric attenuation and dispersion effects, a study of the degradation in the accuracy and resolution is presented. The fact that solid-state millimeter and sub-millimeter radiation sources are producing low power, the method of continuous-wave wideband frequency modulation becomes the natural technique for remote sensing and detection. Millimeter wave radars are used as complementary sensors for the detection of small radar cross-section objects under bad weather conditions, when small objects cannot be seen by optical cameras and infrared detectors. Theoretical analysis for the propagation of a wide “chirped” Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave (FMCW) radar signal in a dielectric medium is presented. It is shown that the frequency-dependent (complex) refractivity of the atmospheric medium causes distortions in the phase of the reflected signal, introducing noticeable errors in the longitudinal distance estimations, and at some frequencies may also degrade the resolution.
An Integrated Approach to Explore the Relationship Among Economic, Construction Land Use, and Ecology Subsystems in Zhejiang Province, China
Authors: Xia Chuyu , Li Yan , Ye Yanmei , Shi Zhou
Published: May 2016

Zhejiang Province, China is experiencing rapid urbanization, facing the challenge of coupling socioeconomic development and ecological conservation. This paper establishes a comprehensive index system to assess coordinating development of economic, construction land use (CLU), and ecology subsystems. A Granger test and a coupling coordination model were applied to explore the causal relationship and the coordinated development state among the three subsystems from 2000 to 2012. The results showed that: (1) changes in the integrated value of the economic subsystem were the Granger cause of changes in the ecology and CLU subsystems, and the changes in the integrated values of ecology and CLU was each other’s Granger cause; (2) the coupling coordination relationship of the integrated value for economic–CLU–ecology was constrained by the relationship between the economic and the CLU subsystems from 2000 to 2004, and that between the ecology and the economic subsystems was the impediment of the sustainable development of economic–CLU–ecology from 2004 to 2012. This research helps to identify approach to sustainable development through analyzing synergistic effects, interdependencies, and trade-offs among the integrated economic–CLU–ecology values, and to make significant contribution to urban planning policies in rapid urbanization region.
Trans-Boundary Haze Pollution in Southeast Asia: Sustainability through Plural Environmental Governance
Authors: Islam Md , Hui Pei Yap , Mangharam Shrutika
Published: May 2016

Recurrent haze in Southeast Asian countries including Singapore is largely attributable to rampant forest fires in Indonesia due to, for example, extensive slash-and-burn (S & B) culture. Drawing on the “treadmill of production” and environmental governance approach, we examine causes and consequences of this culture. We found that, despite some perceived benefits, its environmental consequences include deforestation, soil erosion and degradation, global warming, threats to biodiversity, and trans-boundary haze pollution, while the societal consequences comprise regional tension, health risks, economic and productivity losses, as well as food insecurity. We propose sustainability through a plural coexistence framework of governance for targeting S & B that incorporates strategies of incentives, education and community resource management.
Optional Frame Selection Algorithm for Adaptive Symmetric Service of Augmented Reality Big Data on Smart Devices
Authors: Byun HwiRim , Park Jong , Jeong Young-Sik
Published: May 2016

Following recent technological advances in diverse mobile devices, including smartphones, tablets and smartwatches, in-depth studies aimed at improving the quality of augmented reality (AR) are currently ongoing. Smartphones feature the essential elements of AR implementation, such as a camera, a processor and a display in a single device. As a result, additional hardware expansion for AR implementation has become unnecessary, popularizing AR technology at the user level. In the early stages, low-level AR technology was used mainly in limited fields, including simple road guides and marker-based recognition. Due to advances in AR technology, the range of usage has expanded as diverse technologies and purposes are combined. Users’ expectations of AR technology have also increased with this trend, and a high quality of service (QoS), with high-resolution, high-quality images, is now available. However, there are limitations in terms of processing speed and graphic treatment with smart devices, which, due to their small size, have inferior performance compared to the desktop environment when processing data for the implementation of high-resolution, high-quality images. This paper proposes an optional frame-selection algorithm (OFSA), which eliminates the unnecessary work involved with redundant frames during rendering for adaptive symmetric service of augmented reality big data on smart devices. Moreover, the memory read-write delay of the internally-operating OFSA, is minimized by adding an adaptive operation function. It is possible to provide adaptive common AR images at an improved frame rate in heterogeneous smart devices with different levels of performance.
Early Bunyavirus-Host Cell Interactions
Authors: Albornoz Amelina , Hoffmann Anja , Lozach Pierre-Yves , Tischler Nicole
Published: May 2016

The Bunyaviridae is the largest family of RNA viruses, with over 350 members worldwide. Several of these viruses cause severe diseases in livestock and humans. With an increasing number and frequency of outbreaks, bunyaviruses represent a growing threat to public health and agricultural productivity globally. Yet, the receptors, cellular factors and endocytic pathways used by these emerging pathogens to infect cells remain largely uncharacterized. The focus of this review is on the early steps of bunyavirus infection, from virus binding to penetration from endosomes. We address current knowledge and advances for members from each genus in the Bunyaviridae family regarding virus receptors, uptake, intracellular trafficking and fusion.
Opening the Black Box: Using a Hydrological Model to Link Stakeholder Engagement with Groundwater Management
Authors: Eden Susanna , Megdal Sharon , Shamir Eylon , Chief Karletta , Mott Lacroix Kelly
Published: May 2016

Stakeholder participation is a foundation of good water governance. Good groundwater governance typically involves the co-production of knowledge about the groundwater system. Models provide a vehicle for producing this knowledge, as well as a “boundary object” around which scientists and stakeholders can convene the co-production process. Through co-production, stakeholders and scientific experts can engage in exchanges that create system knowledge not otherwise achievable. The process involves one-way transfer of information, active two-way conversations, and integration of multiple kinds of knowledge into shared understanding. In the Upper Santa Cruz River basin in Arizona, USA, the University of Arizona Water Resources Research Center (WRRC) convened a project aimed at providing scientific underpinnings for groundwater planning and management. This project, entitled Groundwater, Climate, and Stakeholder Engagement, serves as a case study employing the first two stages of knowledge co-production using a hydrological model. Through an iterative process that included two-way communication, stakeholders provided critical input to hydrologic modeling analyses. Acting as a bridging organization, the WRRC facilitated a co-production process, involving location-specific and transferability workshops, which resulted in new knowledge and capacity for applying the model to novel problems.
Iodine-mediated synthesis of 3-acylbenzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxides
Authors: Xi Long-Yi , Zhang Ruo-Yi , Shi Lei , Chen Shan-Yong , Yu Xiao-Qi
Published: May 2016

An iodine-mediated synthesis of 3-acylbenzothiadizine 1,1-dioxides is described. A range of electronically diverse acetophenones reacted well with several 2-aminobenzenesulfonamides, affording 3-acylbenzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxides in good yields.
Primer ID Ultra-Deep Sequencing Reveals Dynamics of drug Resistance-Associated Variants in Breakthrough Hepatitis C Viruses: Relevance to Treatment Outcome and Resistance Screening
Authors: Barnard Richard , Chopra Abha , James Ian , Blinco John , Watson Mark W , Jabara Cassandra B , Hazuda Daria , Lemon Stanley M , Mallal Simon , Gaudieri Silvana
Published: May 2016

Background

Use of direct-acting antiviral drugs (DAAs) that target HCV may be hampered by the rapid selection of viral strains that harbour drug resistance-associated variants (RAVs). These RAVs are often associated with a fitness cost and tend to occur on low-frequency strains within treatment-naive subjects. To address the clinical relevance of low frequency RAVs in the setting of DAAs, this study utilized a Primer ID ultra-deep sequencing approach to mitigate PCR errors and bias to accurately quantify viral sequences in subjects that failed DAA treatment.

Methods

Subjects were enrolled in the follow-up study P05063, and had previous treatment with boceprevir and all had detectable RAVs at virological failure (VF) based on Sanger-based population sequencing. Twelve subjects had three time points available: baseline, VF and follow-up (median 830.5 days). Viral RNA was amplified using unique primer identifiers (Primer IDs) and sequenced using 454 ultra-deep sequencing.

Results

The sequencing strategy used in this study improved the detection of clinically relevant low frequency strains bearing RAVs compared to population sequencing and showed that these strains can persist for up to 2 years post-treatment failure. Strains carrying multiple RAVs were common in breakthrough viruses. Putative compensatory mutations were identified.

Conclusions

The Primer ID ultra-deep sequencing approach identifies RAVs that can reduce drug sensitivity at levels below the detection threshold for population sequencing. The approach also removes PCR errors and biases, suggesting this sequencing strategy should become the standard approach by which to perform temporal quasispecies studies and resistance screening. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00689390.
Grandeur et déclin des Frères musulmans égyptiens : les mutations de l’élite parlementaire frériste de Moubarak à Morsi, 2005-2012
Authors: Vannetzel Marie
Published: May 2016

À partir d’une étude prosopographique comparative, cet article analyse les recompositions des propriétés sociales et politiques du personnel parlementaire des Frères musulmans, en amont et au cours de la situation révolutionnaire. Dans la configuration de l’ancien régime, ce personnel se caractérisait par une forte implantation dans les structures sociales et caritatives locales situées à l’articulation des réseaux étatiques, sociétaux et fréristes. Néanmoins, ces anciens acteurs – et, avec eux, la stratégie d’implantation sociale – ont fait l’objet d’une relégation partielle de la part de l’organisation islamiste au profit de nouveaux enjeux devenus prioritaires durant la période 2011-2013. L’épisode parlementaire de 2012 est ainsi interprété comme une séquence essentielle, quoique négligée, de l’ascension et de la chute des Frères musulmans. L’étude propose ce faisant une réflexion sur le caractère contraignant des normes de l’activité politique, y compris en contexte révolutionnaire.
Les mobilisations professionnelles comme mobilisations politiques : les avocats tunisiens de la « révolution » à la « transition »
Authors: Gobe Éric
Published: May 2016

Le 14 janvier 2011, le président Ben Ali s’enfuyait de Tunisie après un mois d’insurrection populaire. Les manifestations d’avocats qui ont accompagné les mouvements protestataires de décembre 2010-janvier 2011 s’inscrivent en partie dans la continuité des mobilisations sectorielles qui les ont précédées dans la mesure où le régime autoritaire de Ben Ali en refusant d’accéder aux principales revendications professionnelles du barreau a contribué à donner aux actions collectives des avocats une forte tonalité politique. Toutefois, ces mobilisations « révolutionnaires » ne sont pas de même nature que les précédentes, car elles ont participé à un mouvement de révolte populaire et ont contribué à la désectorisation de l’espace social, avant de se déployer dans une arène politique caractérisée par une conjoncture fluide propice à la reformulation des formes de légitimité professionnelle.
Les femmes entrepreneures en Algérie : savoir, vouloir et pouvoir !
Authors: Tahir Metaiche Fatima , Bendiabdellah Abdeslam
Published: May 2016

Cet article constitue une partie d’une large étude menée en 2010 auprès de 36 entreprises créées et gérées par des femmes à travers le territoire national. L’investigation est complétée par des interviews confirmatoires menées auprès de 5 femmes ayant déjà participé à l’enquête quantitative. À partir des observations et des renseignements qualitatifs recueillis de ces interviews, cette contribution se donne pour objectif de dresser une vue d’ensemble du profil des femmes algériennes reconnues comme entrepreneures. Précisément, il s’agit d’appréhender leur savoir-faire managérial et entrepreneurial, de mettre en lumière leur volonté de réussir, de contourner les contraintes auxquelles elles font face dans le contexte actuel et d’identifier plus généralement, les difficultés et les obstacles au développement de l’entreprenariat féminin en Algérie. Les principaux résultats qui découlent de cette étude montrent que les femmes entrepreneures possédant des qualités particulières en termes de savoir-faire entrepreneurial, sont davantage préoccupées par la réussite professionnelle, et elles ont une volonté affirmée pour faire face au quotidien aux barrières d’ordre socioéconomique notamment le besoin de formation, la carence du financement et le manque d’information. Classification JEL  : L26
Savoir vivre est-il autre chose que savoir mourir ? Ulysse, Socrate et le Samouraï
Authors: Obadia Claude
Published: May 2016

Cet article s’évertue à montrer que si les hommes cultivent un idéal de sagesse, c’est d’abord parce qu’ils sont mortels, le savent et en souffrent. Pour ce faire, sont d’abord examinées la figure grecque du héros homérique et l’idée socratique de la sagesse telle que la rapporte Platon. Mais aux antipodes de la Grèce, est conjointement étudiée la tradition japonaise du Bûdo , dans laquelle l’idéal d’invincibilité du guerrier repose fondamentalement sur sa capacité à mourir de son vivant.
Le pédagogue et la mort : penser l’éducation avec Michel de Certeau
Authors: Jacomino Baptiste
Published: May 2016

Il y a, dans l’œuvre de Michel de Certeau, des outils pour penser la place centrale qu’occupe la mort dans l’école et la relation essentielle que le pédagogue peut entretenir avec elle. Éduquer, c’est mourir, explique Certeau, parce que le maître a vocation à articuler, autour de sa propre disparition, la tradition qu’il transmet et le travail d’invention qui revient à l’élève. D’autre part, Certeau soutient que la littérature est le lieu unique où peut se dire l’innommable de la mort dans un monde qui la proscrit. Cette conception de la littérature conduit à reconsidérer l’enseignement des lettres : ses finalités, son contenu et sa forme pédagogique.
Nishida et l’idée d’une autre histoire de la philosophie
Authors: Stevens Bernard
Published: May 2016

L’article cherche à remettre en question la limitation de l’enseignement de la philosophie à la seule histoire occidentale. S’il y a quelque raison de s’intéresser à l’histoire des pensées non-occidentales, orientales plus particulièrement, c’est notamment parce que l’on peut y voir, dans certains cas, des exemples privilégiés de dialogue interculturel au plan de la philosophie académique. Cela est tout particulièrement le cas de la pensée du philosophe japonais Nishida qui, en une sorte de hégélianisme inversé, cherche à élaborer une philosophie à la croisée des civilisations, rendant ainsi justice au monde asiatique trop longtemps ignoré chez nous.
Chronique de jurisprudence : Arrêt Gazprom
Authors: de Verdelhan Hubert
Published: May 2016

L’arrêt Gazprom, rendu par la grande chambre de la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne (ci-après la « Cour ») le 13 mai 2015, offre, pour la première fois depuis l’arrêt controversé West Tankers, des développements essentiels s’agissant de la relation entre l’arbitrage et le règlement Bruxelles I. La Cour juge que le règlement Bruxelles I ne s’oppose pas à la reconnaissance et à l’exécution, par une juridiction d’un État membre, d’une sentence arbitrale ordonnant à une partie de se soumettre à l’arbitrage. Ce jugement, d’une importance certaine pour le fonctionnement des tribunaux arbitraux, donne l’occasion à la Cour de préciser les contours de sa jurisprudence West Tankers, qui avait posé certaines limites au pouvoir des juridictions des États membres de prendre des mesures en soutien à l’arbitrage. Gazprom offre d’importantes précisions concernant tant le principe de confiance mutuelle que le principe de compétence-compétence. Reconnaissant, d’une part, que le premier de ces principes n’est pas de nature à s’appliquer aux tribunaux arbitraux, la Cour estime, d’autre part, qu’une sentence arbitrale anti-suit dénuée de sanction financière n’entraîne pas d’effets incompatibles avec le second. En outre, elle rejette toute primauté des règles du règlement Bruxelles I sur celles de la Convention de New York, s’agissant de la reconnaissance des sentences arbitrales. Ce faisant, la Cour réaffirme une certaine séparation entre le règlement Bruxelles I et l’arbitrage, en limitant l’ingérence du premier dans la pratique des tribunaux arbitraux.