bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Benefits of Ultra-Dense 3D Spatial Sampling for Seismic Processing and Interpretation
Authors: Mahgoub Mohamed , Cambois Guillaume , Cowell James , Khoori Suaad
Published: December 2021

The advances in seismic acquisition systems, especially onshore nodes, have made it possible to acquire ultra-dense 3D surveys at a reasonable cost. This new design enables accurate processing sequences that deliver higher resolution images of the subsurface. These images in turn lead to enhanced structural interpretation and better prediction of rock properties. In 2019, ADNOC and partners acquired an 81 square kilometer ultra-high density pilot survey onshore Abu Dhabi. The receivers were nimble nodes laid out on a 12.5x12.5m grid, which recorded continuously and stored the data on a memory chip. The sources were heavy vibrators sweeping the 2-110 Hz frequency range in 14 seconds on a 12.5x100m grid. 184 million traces per square kilometers did make such small area, the densest 3D seismic survey ever recorded. The single sensor data were expectedly very noisy and the unconstrained simultaneous shooting required elaborate deblending, but we managed these steps with existing tools. The dense 3D receiver grid actually enabled the use of interferometry-based ground-roll attenuation, a technique that is rarely used with conventional data due to inadequate sampling, but that resulted in increased signal-to-noise ratio. The data were migrated directly to depth using a velocity model derived after five iterations of tomographic inversion. The final image gathers were made of 18 reciprocal azimuths with 12.5m offset increment, resulting in 5,000 fold on a 6.25x6.25m grid. The main structural interpretation was achieved during the velocity model building stage. Key horizons were picked after the tomographic iterations and the velocity model was adjusted so that their depth matched the well markers. Anisotropic parameters were adjusted to maintain gather flatness and the new model was fed to the next iteration. This ultimately resulted in flat image gathers and horizons that tied to the wells. The final high-resolution data provided a much crisper image of the target clinoforms and faults. This resulted in a more detailed interpretation of the reservoirs. The data was subjected to pre-stack stratigraphic inversion. The availability of low frequency signal (down to 3 Hz) means that less well constraints are needed for the inversion. Preliminary results are particularly encouraging. Amplitude variations with azimuth have yet to be analyzed but data density bodes very well for the process. Ultra-dense 3D seismic acquisition is feasible and results in a step change in image quality. Structural and stratigraphic interpretation provided a more detailed image of faults and clinoforms. Stratigraphic inversion benefited from the low frequencies of the vibrator source and the increased spatial resolution.
Accelerating Subsurface Data Processing and Interpretation with Cloud-Based Full Waveform Inversion Systems
Authors: Chaleunxay Sirivan , Shah Nikhil
Published: December 2021

Understanding the earth's subsurface is critical to the needs of the exploration and production (E&P) industry for minimizing risk and maximizing recovery. Until recently, the industry's service sector has not made many advances in data-driven automated earth model building from raw exploration seismic data. But thankfully, that has now changed. The industry's leading technique to gain an unprecedented increase in resolution and accuracy when establishing a view of the interior of the earth is known as the Full Waveform Inversion (FWI). Advanced formulations of FWI are capable of automating subsurface model building using only raw unprocessed data.

Cloud-based FWI is helping to accelerate this journey by encompassing the most sophisticated waveform inversion techniques with the largest compute facility on the planet. This combines to give verifiable accuracy, more automation and more efficiency. In this paper, we describe the transformation of enabling cloud-based FWI to natively take advantage of the public cloud platform's main strength in terms of flexibility and on-demand scalability. We start from lift-and-shift of a legacy MPI-based application designed to be run by a traditional on-prem job scheduler.

Our specific goals are to (1) utilize a heterogeneous set of compute hardware throughout the lifecycle of a production FWI run without having to provision them for the entire duration, (2) take advantage of cost-efficient spare-capacity compute instances without uptime guarantees, and (3) maintain a single codebase that can be run both on on-prem HPC systems and on the cloud. To achieve these goals meant transitioning the job-scheduling and "embarrassingly parallel" aspects of the communication code away from using MPI, and onto various cloud-based orchestration systems, as well as finding cloud-based solutions that worked and scaled well for the broadcast/reduction operation. Placing these systems behind a customized TCP-based stub for MPI library calls allows us to run the code as-is in an on-prem HPC environment, while on the cloud we can asynchronously provision and suspend worker instances (potentially with very different hardware configurations) as needed without the burden of maintaining a static MPI world communicator.

With this dynamic cloud-native architecture, we 1) utilize advanced formulations of FWI capable of automating subsurface model building using only raw unprocessed data, 2) extract velocity models from the full recorded wavefield (refractions, reflections and multiples), and 3) introduce explicit sensitivity to reflection moveout, invisible to conventional FWI, for macro-model updates below the diving wave zone. This makes it viable to go back to older legacy datasets acquired in complex environments and unlock considerable value where FWI until now has been impossible to apply successfully from a poor starting model.
Asset Integrity of Gas Storage Sphere Legs Using Advanced Technologies
Authors: Vajpayee Ankit
Published: December 2021

The inspection of the steel legs that hold up gas storage spheres has been difficult because of the thickness of cement that is applied to the legs to make them "fireproof". The cement contains steel studs that are welded to the legs and wire mesh that may vary in mesh size, all of which complicate the inspection possibilities. A new, low frequency AC scanning technique has been developed which can detect corrosion under fireproofing (CUF). The technique and its industry-supported development is described.
Overcoming CO2 Injector Well Design and Completion Challenges in a Carbonate Reservoir for World's First Offshore Carbon Capture Storage CCS SE Asia Project
Authors: Picha Mahesh S. , Abu Bakar M. Azuan B. , Patil Parimal A. , Abu Bakar Faiz A. , Das Debasis P. , Tiwari Pankaj K.
Published: December 2021

Oil & Gas Operators are focusing on zero carbon emission to comply with government's changing rules and regulations, which play an important role in the encouragement of carbon capture initiatives. This paper aims to give insights on the world's first offshore CCS project in carbonate reservoir, where wells will be drilled to inject CO2, and store produced CO2 from contaminated fields. To safeguard the storage containment, the integrity of all wells needs to be scrutinized.

Development wells in the identified depleted gas field are more than 40 years old and were not designed with consideration of high CO2 concentration in the reservoir. In consequence, the possibility of well leakage due to accelerated corrosion channeling and cracks, along the wellbore cannot be ignored and require careful evaluation. Rigorous process has been adopted in assessing the feasibility for converting existing gas producers into CO2 injectors. The required defined basis of designs for gas producer and CO2 injection wells differs in a great extent and this governs the re-usability of wells for CO2 injection or necessity to be abandoned. Three (3) new CO2 injectors with fat to slim design approach, corrosion resistant alloy (CRA) material and CO2 resistant cement are designed in view to achieve lifecycle integrity. Optimum angle of 53 deg and maintaining the injection pressure of 50 bar at 90 MSCFD rate is required for the injection of supercritical CO2 for 20 years. During well execution, challenges such as anti-collision risk, total loss scenarios while drilling in Carbonate reservoir need to be addressed before execution.

The completion design is also focusing on having minimal number of completion jewelries to reduce pressure differential and potential leak paths from tubing hangar down to the end of lower completion. The selection of downhole safety valve (TRSV) type is of high importance to accommodate CO2 phase attributes at different pressure/temperature. Fiber Optic is included for monitoring the migration of CO2 plume by acquiring seismic survey and for well integrity by analyzing DAS/DTS data.
The Optimistic View to Uncertainty. Benefits of Real Option Valuation Methodology in Project Valuation; Example of its Application for a Rail Terminal Modification Project
Authors: Andreev Nikita Anatoljevitsj
Published: December 2021

The two main factors that drive the shift to liquid cracking in the Middle East are the restricted availability of ethane and the fact that naphtha or mixed feed cracking provides us with a much more diverse product mix. This opens the path to a higher share of performance chemicals. Building petrochemical complexes based on liquid or mixed feed cracking requires very complicated downstream configurations at a high level of integration with refinery streams. The value created by such a project rests on the ability of the operator to solve complex optimization problems in a volatile market environment. Inevitably, the correctness of the investment decision rests on the ability of the management to determine the value of the project under conditions of uncertainty regarding the future market prices. This paper demonstrates how the approach that was developed originally for the option valuation, can be used to address the problem of project assessment under the conditions of uncertainty. A real-life example of an investment decision about a modification of a rail terminal is used to illustrate the problem and to present a solution to it. Building on this example further, the paper argues that the method of Real Option valuation can support a creation of a competitive advantage in the conditions of uncertainty.
Machine Learning Predictive Models to Estimate the Minimum Miscibility Pressure of CO2-Oil System
Authors: Chemmakh Abderraouf , Merzoug Ahmed , Ouadi Habib , Ladmia Abdelhak , Rasouli Vamegh
Published: December 2021

One of the most critical parameters of the CO2 injection (for EOR purposes) is the Minimum Miscibility Pressure MMP. The determination of this parameter is crucial for the success of the operation. Different experimental, analytical, and statistical technics are used to predict the MMP. Nevertheless, experimental technics are costly and tedious, while correlations are used for specific reservoir conditions. Based on that, the purpose of this paper is to build machine learning models aiming to predict the MMP efficiently and in broad-based reservoir conditions. Two ML models are proposed for both pure CO2 and non-pure CO2 injection. An important amount of data collected from literature is used in this work. The ANN and SVR-GA models have shown enhanced performance comparing to existing correlations in literature for both the pure and non-pure models, with a coefficient of R2 0.98, 0.93 and 0.96, 0.93 respectively, which confirms that the proposed models are reliable and ready to use.
The Invention and Application of Typical Points-Based Well Log Correlation and Picking Up Technology
Authors: Deng Ya , Li Yong , Zhang Wenqi , Hu Dandan , Tian Zhongyuan , Xu Jiacheng , Liu Dawang , Ma Ruicheng , Wang Yuning , Huang Ruijie
Published: December 2021

This paper proposes a new method called typical points-based well log correlation and picking up technology and provides several related application examples based on this method.

The new method firstly determines representative extreme points, typical or characteristic points by analyzing the characteristics of logging curves and lithology of different wells, which are generally representative points with special geological significance, including the points with the best physical properties or tight points. (For example, the maximum flooding surface or exposed surface in a sedimentary cycle, etc.). On the basis of these characteristic points, we carry out stratigraphic correlation and tracking between wells to obtain a data set of a series of characteristic points. From the same characteristic point, all points have the same or similar petrophysical properties, and the logging curve values of these characteristic points are extracted. And then analyze the change trend, distribution characteristics and the internal relationship of the parameters of the data set of each feature point.

Based on the data set obtained from the method above, we extended it to the following application areas: 1) Through mathematical theoretical models, two free water level distribution modes and their determination workflows were established, including horizontal and tilted free water levels. 2) Perform data quality analysis and control, especially logging data analysis. 3) Exploratory application in the standardization of logging curves.4) Application in dynamic performance analysis

The new method is developed on the traditional stratigraphic correlation method and stratal slicing method (Zeng Hongliu, 1998) and then used for well log data extraction and analysis. It is a practical means and technique for geological analysis. The application effect shows that the it is reliable, convenient and practical.
Core Scale FEM Modeling of Thermochemical Fracturing on Cement Cube Samples
Authors: Tariq Zeeshan , AlNakhli Ayman , Abdulraheem Abdulazeez , Mahmoud Mohamed
Published: December 2021

Brownfields and depleting conventional resources of fossil fuel energy are not enough to fulfill the tremendously increasing energy demands around the globe. Unconventional oil and gas resources are creating a huge impact on the enhancement of the global economy. Tight rocks are usually located in deep and high-strength formations. In this study, numerical simulation results on a new thermochemical fracturing approach is presented. The new fracturing approach was implemented to reduce the breakdown pressure of the unconventional tight formations. The hydraulic fracturing experiments presented in this study were carried out on ultra-tight cement block samples. The permeability of the block samples was less than 0.005mD. Thermochemical fracturing was carried out by a thermochemical fluids that caused a rapid exothermic reaction which resulted in the instantaneous generation of heat and pressure. Different salts of nitrogen such as sodium nitrite and ammonium chloride were used as a thermochemical fluid. The instantaneous generation of the heat and pressure caused the creation of micro-cracks. The fracturing results revealed that the novel thermochemical fracturing was able to reduce the breakdown pressure in ultra-tight cement from 1095 psi to 705 psi. The reference breakdown pressure was recorded from the conventional fracturing technique. A finite element (FEM) analysis was conducted using commercial software ABAQUS. In FEM, two approaches were used to model the thermochemical fractures namely, cohesive zone modeling (CZM) and concrete damage plasticity models (CDP). The sensitivity analysis of peak pressure and time to reach the peak pressure is also presented in this study. The sensitivity analysis can help in better designing thermochemical fluids that could lead to the maximum generation of micro-cracks and multiple fractures.
Four Ways to Store Large Quantities of Hydrogen
Authors: Londe Louis François
Published: December 2021

Hydrogen can be stored in underground caverns or geological structures in one of four ways.

The easiest way to store hydrogen is in salt caverns. These are created by injecting fresh water or water with low salt content into a well down to a salt geological layer, with the extraction of salt-saturated brine. The caverns measure between 50 and 100 metres in diameter and up to several hundred meters tall where the salt formation is thick enough. Salt caverns are not lined, as the salt itself acts as a sealant. This type of storage is suitable for storing hydrogen at extremely high pressures where the salt layer is deep enough.

The second way to store large quantities of hydrogen is to inject pure hydrogen or a hydrogen-methane mix into porous rock, in a depleted oil or gas field, or an aquifer. The hydrogen content may vary from a few per cent to 100 per cent. Reservoir and biochemical testing/modelling are to be performed accordingly. The hydrogen-methane mix can be withdrawn and injected into the network. Alternatively, hydrogen can be separated from methane at the well head, for example using pressure swing adsorption technology.

Hydrogen can also be stored underground by converting it into a liquid carrier, such as ammonia, which can then be stored in a Lined Rock Cavern. A liner is required to prevent contact between ammonia and water. The pressure and temperature are adapted to optimise the entire supply chain. The advantage of using ammonia is that proper storage conditions can be fulfilled without the need for excessive pressure or temperature.

Lastly, hydrogen can be stored underground by directly injecting it into a Lined Rock Cavern. This may take the form of compressed storage (gaseous hydrogen) or cryogenic storage (liquid hydrogen), the choice once again depending on the supply chain as a whole. A liner is required owing to extremely high pressures or extremely low temperatures. It should be noted that storing hydrogen in a Lined Rock Cavern involves a few technical difficulties that have yet to be resolved.

These four underground hydrogen storage techniques differ in terms of their technology readiness level (TRL) and cost. All four will likely be required in the coming years to satisfy the needs of a booming market.
Preoperative CT Simulation of Iliosacral Screws for Treating Unstable Posterior Pelvic Ring Injury
Authors: Zhao Peishuai , Wang Xiaopan , Chen Xiaotian , Guan Jianzhong , Wu Min
Published: December 2021

BackgroundPercutaneous iliosacral screw placement is an important surgical method for the treatment of pelvic unstable fractures, but either intraoperative X-ray screws or navigational screws may be misplaced. This study aimed to demonstrate a safe, effective, and rapid medthod for placing iliosacral screws for the treatment of unstable posterior pelvic ring injury according to preoperative computed tomography (CT) planning using simulated screws. MethodsAfter preoperative CT simulation of iliosacral screws planning screw insertion point and trajectory, intraoperative percutaneous iliosacral screws were used to treat unstable pelvic posterior ring injury.The mechanism of injury, Tile classification, number of screw implants, operative time of each screw implantation, radiation exposure time of each screw implantation screw position, complications, and postoperative follow-up time were collected.Screw position grading was evaluated by Smith grading. ResultsA total of 24 screws were implanted in 21 patients (9 men and 12 women;mean age 41.3 years:range 14-71 years). Tile classification included:Tile B:15 patients;Tile C:6 patients. The mean placement time of each screw was 19.5 minutes (range 14-32min); Radiation exposure time: 0.6 min (range 0.5-0.9min); Two screws were inserted in 3 patients; One screw was inserted in 18 patients; According to Smith grading standard, grade0:20 cases; and Grade1:1 case; Mean postoperative follow-up time was 17.1months (range12-25 months); None of the patients showed nonunion. Conclusions﻿Preoperative CT simulation of iliosacral screws for placement planning, screw trajectory, and intraoperative placement of screws is a safe method that can be used to reduce surgical time, radiation exposure, and accurate screw placement.
Investigation of The Effects of The Toll-Like Receptor 4 Pathway on Immune Checkpoint Vista in Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Topcu Kübra Sena Bas , KORUCU Emine Nedime , Menevse Esma , Kocak Nadir , Duran Tugce
Published: December 2021

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most common malignant tumors of the pancreas. Preclinical studies show that it evades the immune system with immune checkpoints and promotes tumor development. V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA) is a new immune-check point from the B7 family and is highly expressed in cancer cells. Overexpression of toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) in pancreatic adenocarcinoma is associated with inducing tumorigenesis, tumor growth and resistance to chemotherapy. Naloxone is an opioid and inhibits TLR4-ligand association. In this study, we investigated the connection of TLR4 and downstream pathway with immune-check point VISTA in pancreatic cancer proliferation. We first collected pancreatic cancer-related datasets using the GEPIA2 and UALCAN databases. Based on the data obtained the effect of different concentrations and incubation times of Naloxone were used on PANC-1 cells proliferation. Combination of Naloxone and VISTA-siRNA were applied, and effect of both Naloxone and combined reatment on TLR4, Interleukin 1 receptor associated kinase 4 (IRAK4) and VISTA gene expression were analysed in pancreatic cancer cells. As a result of analysis with Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR), gene expression levels of TLR4, IRAK4 and VISTA were significantly suppressed and cell proliferation was significantly reduced. We found that administration of Naloxone and VISTA-siRNA in combination to PDAC cells suppressed signaling. Therefore, we considered that the relationship between VISTA and TLR4 signaling pathways and the other possible associated signal molecules may be an important marker in determining the response of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer treatment.
Social Progress and Corporate Culture
Authors: Zentefis Alexander , Gorton Gary
Published: December 2021

Social progress through improved treatment of minority groups (e.g., forbidding racial or sexual harassment) may or may not spread to corporate cultures through competition. We provide a theory of corporate culture, and we show that emergent, progressive corporate cultures can displace existing, regressive ones only when the prevailing wage gap is large between majority and minority groups. Wider cultural differences between groups make progress less likely. The model provides testable predictions on racial and gender wage gaps across firms.
Potential Distribution of Blumea Balsamifera in China Using MaxEnt and The Ex-Situ Conservation Based on its Effective Components and Fresh Leaf Yield
Authors: Guan Lingliang , Yang YuXia , Jiang Pan , Mou Qiuyu , Gou Yunsha , Zhu Xueyan , Xu Yingwen , Wang Rulin
Published: December 2021

Blumea balsamifera is a famous Chinese Minority Medicine, which has a long history in Miao, Li, Zhuang and other minority areas. In recent years, due to the influence of natural and human factors, the distribution area of B. balsamifera resources has a decreasing trend. Therefore, it is very important to analyze the suitability of B. balsamifera in China. Following three climate change scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5) under 2050s and 2070s, geographic information technology (GIS) and maximum entropy model (MaxEnt) were used to simulate the ecological suitability of B. balsamifera. The contents of L-borneol and total flavonoids of B. balsamifera in different populations were determined by gas chromatography (GC) and ultraviolet spectrophotometry (UV). The results showed that the key environmental variables affecting the distribution of B. balsamifera were mean temperature of coldest quarter (6.18-26.57 ℃), precipitation of driest quarter (22.46-169.7 mm), annual precipitation (518.36-1845.29 mm) and temperature seasonality (291.31-878.87). Under current climate situation, the highly suitable habitat was mainly located western Guangxi, southern Yunnan, most of Hainan, southwestern Guizhou, southwestern Guangdong, southeastern Fujian and western Taiwan, with a total area of 24.1×104 km2. The areas of the moderately and poorly suitable habitats were 27.57×104 km2 and 42.43×104 km2, respectively. Under the future climate change scenarios, the areas of the highly, moderately, and poorly suitable habitats of B. balsamifera showed a significant increasing trend, the geometric center of the total suitable habitats of B. balsamifera would move to the northeast. In recent years, the planting area of B. balsamifera has been reduced on a large scale in Guizhou, and its ex situ protection is imperative. By comparison, the content of L-borneol, total flavonoids and fresh leaf yield had no significant difference between Guizhou and Hainan (P > 0.05), which indicated that Hainan one of the best choice for ex-situ protection of B. balsamifera.
The Role of Green Technology Innovation on the Development of Sustainable Tourism: Does Renewable Energy Use Help Mitigate Environmental Pollution? A Panel Data Analysis
Authors: Banga Cathrine , Deka Abraham , Kilic Hasan , Ozturen Ali , Ozdeser Huseyin
Published: December 2021

The tourism industry has been long blamed as the major driver to global warming due to it being the largest industry that uses more energy, most of which comes from sources that emits carbon-dioxide. However, despite all the blames on tourism for its negative effects on the environment, less work has been done to ascertain its impact on the environment. Unlike past studies that that alludes that tourism development exacerbates the emission of carbon-dioxide hence global warming, the current research shows that in the OECD countries, tourism does not have any significant link with greenhouse gasses emissions. This is so because OECD nations have long started to shift from fossil fuel use, as sources of energy, to renewable energy use which doesn’t exacerbates greenhouse gasses emissions. However, the current research concurs with the findings of past studies that renewable energy consumption significantly decreases greenhouse gases emissions. Using renewable energy sources of energy instead of fossil fuels should continue to be encouraged in all nations for the purpose of achieving low carbon in the future. The current study uses dynamic GMM model for 38 OECD countries from 2008 to 2019. Dynamic GMM model remains one of the best models since it corrects endogeneity problem in a model. GMM model overcomes autocorrelation, heteroskedasticity and normality problems, hence the robustness and reliability of results obtained. Gross Domestic Product and population size negatively affect greenhouse gasses emissions while inflation rate is observed to have a significant strong positive link with greenhouse gasses emissions.
Pilot-Scale Microsand-Ballasted Flocculation of Wastewater: Turbidity Removal, Parameters Optimization, and Mechanism Analysis
Authors: Sang Yimin , Lu Taotao , Lu Xianchun , Wang Shuguang , Shao Xueting , Han Yanhe , Li Lili
Published: December 2021

The flocs formed during microsand-ballasted flocculation (MBF) have attracted much attention. However, few studies have reported on comprehensive process parameters of MBF and its mechanism is still not well understood. Jar test and pilot-scale continuous experiments were here conducted on two kinds of simulated wastewater, labeled S1 (21.6-25.9 NTU) and S2 (96-105 NTU). Results revealed the hydraulic retention time ratio in the coagulation cell, injection & maturation cell, lamella settler of pilot-scale MBF equipment was 1: 3: 7.3. The optimum poly aluminum chloride doses for Samples S1 and S2 were 0.875 g/L and 1.0 g/L. Besides, the optimum size of microsand was 49-106 µm and the optimum dose was 1.0 g/L. Under aforementioned conditions, the effluent turbidity of S1 was below 0.47 NTU, lower than the Chinese drinking water standard; that of S2 was below 1.7 NTU, meeting the Chinese recycled water standard. Turbidity removal ranged from 98.0% to 98.8% for S1 and 98.5% to 99.5% for S2 when microsand was added. Therefore, microsand addition enhances MBF performance, where microsand serves as an initial core particle. Some microsand core particles bond together to form a dense core structure of micro-flocs by the adsorption bridging of inorganic polymeric flocculant. Moreover, the size of the largest micro-flocs may be controllable as long as the effective energy dissipation ɛ0 is adjusted appropriately through specific stirring speeds. This work provides comprehensive pilot-scale process parameters for using MBF to effectively treat wastewater and offers a clearer explanation of the formation mechanism of microsand-ballasted flocs.
Probing the Antioxidant Activity of Functional Proteins and Bioactive Peptides in Hermetia Illucens Larvae Fed with Food Wastes
Authors: Lu Jiaxin , Guo Yuwen , Muhmood Atif , Zeng Bei , Qiu Yizhan , Wang Pan , Ren Lianhai
Published: December 2021

Food waste is becoming more prevalent, and managing it is one of the most important issues in terms of food safety. In this study, functional proteins and bioactive peptides produced from the enzymatic digestion of Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L., BSF) fed with food wastes were characterized and quantified using proteomics-based analysis.The results revealed approximately 78 peptides and 57 proteins, including 40S ribosomal protein S4, 60S ribosomal protein L8, ATP synthase subunit alpha, ribosomal protein S3, Histone H2A, NADP- glutamate dehydrogenase, Fumarate hydratase, RNA helicase, Chitin binding Peritrophin-A, Lectin C-type protein, etc. were found in BSF. Furthermore, functional analysis of the proteins revealed that the 60S ribosomal protein L5 (RpL5) in BSF interacted with a variety of ribosomal proteins and played a key role in the glycolytic process (AT14039p). Higher antioxidant activity was found in peptide sequences such as GYGFGGGAGCLSMDTGAHLNR, VVPSANRAMVGIVAGGGRIDKPILK, AGLQFPVGR, GFKDQIQDVFK, and GFKDQIQDVFK. It was concluded that the bioconversion of food wastes by Hermetia illucens broght about the generation of variety of functional proteins and bioactive peptides with strong antioxidant activity. However, more studies are required for exploiting potential of Hermetia illucens in value addition of food wastes.
Chiral Fluorescence Recognition by Anthracene Fluorescent Dyes ⊂ Water-Soluble Pillar[5]arene Containing Phosphonic Acid Group (PWP[5])
Authors: Chen Yuliang , Lai Kaijie , Cai Jinmi , Li Yicheng , Wang Haibo
Published: December 2021

Chirality plays a pivotal role in drugs, agrochmeicals and food additives et al. The enantiomers of a chiral molecule often show huge difference in bioactivity, metabolism, and toxicity et al. thereby, the recognition of chiral molecules shows an increasingly important priority, and has become an important focus and frontier in medicine, biochemistry and other fields. In this paper, a novel method for chiral fluorescence recognition based on anthracene fluorescent dyes(AD) ⊂ water-soluble pillar[5] arene containing phosphonic acid group(PWP[5]) is developed. The AD as guest molecule can complex with PWP[5] to form 1:1 AD ⊂ PWP[5] assembly, and this assembly can be further used as a fluorescent probe to identify D/L-phenylalanine and D/L-phenylalaninol by fluorescent titration. The fluorescence intensity of the assembly was significantly reduced for D-phenylalanine and D-phenylalaninol, while L-phenylalanine or L-phenylalaninol was added to AD ⊂ PWP[5] assembly, the fluorescence intensity of the assembly almost unchanged. Hence, the chiral recognition based on assembly between the achiral fused ring fluorescent dye and achiral PWP[5] was developed.
The Safflower bHLH Transcription Factor CtbHLH41 Negatively Regulates SA-induced Leaf Senescence Through Interaction with CtCP1
Authors: Hong Yingqi , Zhang Jianyi , Lv Yanxi , Yao Na , Liu Xiuming
Published: December 2021

BackgroundSalicylic acid (SA) plays an important role in regulating leaf senescence. However, the molecular mechanism of leaf senescence of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) is still elusive. In this study we found that the bHLH transcription factor (TF) CtbHLH41 in Carthamus tinctorius significantly delayed leaf senescence and inhibited the expression of senescence-related genes.ResultsIn order to explore how CtbHLH41 promotes leaf senescence, we carried out yeast two-hybrid screening. In this study, by exploring the mechanism of CtbHLH41 regulating CtCP1, it was found that CtCP1 promoted the hydrolysis of CtbHLH41 protein, accelerated the transcriptional activities of salicylic acid-mediated senescence-related genes CtSAG12 and CtSAG29, chlorophyll degradation genes CtNYC1 and CtNYE1, and accelerated leaf senescence. We found a negative SA regulator CtANS1, which interacts with CtbHLH41 and regulates its stability, thereby inhibiting CtCP1-mediated leaf senescence.ConclusionsIn short, our results provide a new insight into the mechanism of CtbHLH41 actively regulating the senescence of safflower leaves induced by SA.
Development of Dissolved Oxygen Forecast Model Using Hybrid Machine Learning Algorithm with Hydro-Meteorological Variables
Authors: Ahmed Abul Abrar Masrur , Chowdhury M A I , Ahmed Oli , Sutradhar Ambica
Published: December 2021

The ability to predict dissolved oxygen, which is a critical water quality (WQ) parameter, is critical for aquatic managers responsible for maintaining ecosystem health and the management of reservoirs affected by WQ. This paper reports forecasting dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration using multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) of running river water using a set of water quality and hydro-meteorological variables. This study’s key objectives were to assess input selection methods and five multi-resolution analyses as a data extraction approach. Moreover, the hybrid model is prepared by maximum overlap discrete wavelet transformation (MODWT) with the MARS model (i.e., MODWT-MARS). The proposed model is further compared with numerous machine learning methods. The result shows that the hybrid algorithms (i.e., MODWT-MARS) outperformed the other models (r = 0.981, WI = 0.990, RMAE = 2.47% and MAE = 0.089). This hybrid method may serve as the foundation for forecasting water quality variables with fewer predictor variables.
Durable T cell responses contrast with faster antibody waning in BNT162b2-vaccinated elderly at 6 month
Authors: Renia Laurent , Goh Yun Shan , Rouers Angeline , Bert Nina Le , Chia Wan Ni , Chavatte Jean Marc , Fong Siew-Wai , Chang Zi Wei , Zhuo Ziyi , Tay Matthew , Chan Yi Hao , Tan Chee Wha , Yeo Nicholas , Amrun Siti Naqiah , Huang Yuling , Hor Pei Xiang , Loh Chiew Yeee , Carissimo Guillaume , Dowla Samanzer , Lim Alicia , Zhang Jinyan , Ding Ying , Pada Surinder , Sun Louisa , Somani Jyoti , Lee Eng Sing , Lin Raymond , Ong Desmond , Leo Yee-Sin , Wang Lin-Fa , Lye David , Bertoletti Antonio , Ren Ee Chee , Young Barnaby , Ng Lisa Fong Poh
Published: December 2021

Efficient COVID-19 vaccines have been developed in record time. Here, we present findings from a comprehensive and integrated analysis of multiple compartments of the memory immune response in 312 individuals vaccinated with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Two vaccine doses induced high antibody and T cell responses in most individuals. However, antibody recognition of the Spike protein of delta variant was less efficient than that of the Wuhan strain. Age stratified analyses identified a group of low antibody responders where individuals ≥ 60 years were overrepresented. Waning of the antibody and cellular responses was observed in 30% of the vaccinees after six months. However, age did not influence the waning of these responses. Taken together, while individuals ≥ 60 years old took longer to acquire vaccine-induced immunity, they develop more sustained acquired immunity at six months post-vaccination. However, the higher proportion of older individuals in the group of antibody low responders and the lower antibody reactivity the Delta variant call for a booster immunization to increase immune responses and protection.
Controlled Oxygenation of Multiple Contiguous C–H Bonds via Electrophotocatalysis
Authors: Lambert Tristan , Shen Tao , Li Yi-Lun , Lai Liang-Chuan , Ye Ke-Yin
Published: December 2021

Chemical reactions that directly convert carbon-hydrogen (C–H) bonds to carbon-oxygen (C–O) bonds provide a powerful means to rapidly synthesize valuable organic compounds. However, achieving multiple C–H bond oxygenation reactions at the same time is challenging, particularly because of the risk of overoxidation. Here, we report the selective oxygenation of two or three contiguous C–H bonds, enabling the conversion of simple alkylarenes to diols, triols, or their corresponding acetates. The reactions are achieved using electrophotocatalysis—a process that utilizes both light and electricity to activate a single catalyst—to promote the oxidation reactions. The rapid increase in molecular complexity achieved by these multiple oxygenations enables the synthesis of some compounds of pharmaceutical interest by dramatically shorter sequences than previously achieved.
Living on the Edge and Beyond of Anoxia: Evolutionary Ecological Insights From Inside Crayfish Burrows
Authors: Pârvulescu Lucian , NECULAE Adrian , BARNETT Zanethia C. , DALOSTO Marcelo M. , KUKLINA Iryna , KAWAI Tadashi , MIOK Kristian , SANTOS Sandro , FURSE James M. , SÎRBU Ovidiu I. , STOECKEL James A.
Published: December 2021

Burrowing is a common trait among crayfish thought to help species deal with adverse environmental challenges. Here we used in-vivo experimental data and in-silico modelling of oxygen saturation in a virtual burrow inhabited by crayfish. Except for the entrance 200 mm region, the burrow microenvironment becomes anoxic, on average, within 8 hours, and 12-hour day-night multiple cycles were not sufficient for refreshing the burrow microenvironment even with temporary lack of crayfish. We asked whether the ecological category of crayfish burrowing activity is reflected in the physiological ability to cope with hypoxia and anoxia. As dissolved oxygen declined, respiration patterns of primary burrowers differed from those of secondary and tertiary burrowers, showing also the highest variability in anoxia tolerance. Secondary burrowers showed consistent tolerance with all species exhibiting a mean survival of > 3h anoxic conditions. Tertiary burrowers were variable, exhibiting moderate to zero tolerance of anoxia. The adaptive mechanisms to cope with hypoxia might be a basal legacy from the crayfish monophyletic ancestors – lobsters, traveller crustaceans often reaching deep depths in the ocean. These results challenge the current understanding of crayfish ecology, opening an evolutionary ecological perspective which might be relevant for the next generation of phylogenetical approaches.
Development and validation of polygenic risk scores for prediction of breast cancer and breast cancer subtypes in Chinese women
Authors: Hou Can , Yang Daowen , Hao Yu , Xu Bin , Song Huan , Li Jiayuan
Published: December 2021

Background
Studies investigating breast cancer polygenic risk score (PRS) in Chinese women are scarce. The objectives of this study were to develop and validate PRSs that could be used to stratify risk for overall and subtype-specific breast cancer in Chinese women, and to evaluate the performance of a newly proposed Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based approach for PRS construction.
Methods
The PRSs were constructed using the a GWAS dataset and validated in an independent case-control study. Three approaches, including repeated logistic regression (RLR), logistic ridge regression (LRR) and ANN based approach, were used to build the PRSs for overall and subtype-specific breast cancer based on 24 selected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Predictive performance and calibration of the PRSs were evaluated unadjusted and adjusted for Gail-2 model 5-year risk or classical breast cancer risk factors.
Results
The primary PRSANN and PRSLRR both showed good predictive ability for overall breast cancer (IQ-OR 1.76 vs 1.58; AUC 0.601 vs 0.598) and remained to be predictive after adjustment. Although estrogen receptor negative (ER-) breast cancer was poorly predicted by the primary PRSs, the ER- PRSs trained solely on ER- breast cancer cases saw a substantial improvement in predictions of ER- breast cancer.
Conclusions
The SNP-24 based PRSs can provide additional risk information to help breast cancer risk stratification in the general population of China. The newly proposed ANN approach for PRS construction has potential to replace the traditional approaches, but more studies are needed to validate and investigate its performance.
Overall and Sex-Specific Risk Factors for Subjective Cognitive Decline: Findings From the 2015–2018 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey
Authors: Schliep Karen , Gu Lily , Lynch Kristine , Sorweid Michelle , Varner Michael , Foster Norman , Qeadan Fares
Published: December 2021

Background
Prior research indicates that at least 35% of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementia risk may be amenable to prevention. Subjective cognitive decline is often the first indication of preclinical dementia, with the risk of subsequent Alzheimer’s disease in such individuals being greater in women than men. We wished to understand how modifiable factors are associated with subjective cognitive decline, and whether differences exist by sex.
Methods
Data were collected from men and women (45 years and older) who completed the U.S. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Cognitive Decline Module (2015–2018), n=216,838. We calculated population attributable fractions for subjective cognitive decline, stratified by sex, of the following factors: limited education, deafness, social isolation, depression, smoking, physical inactivity, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. Our models were adjusted for age, race, income, employment, marital and Veteran status, and accounted for communality among risk factors.
Results
The final study sample included more women (53.7%) than men, but both had a similar prevalence of subjective cognitive decline (10.6% of women versus 11.2% of men). Women and men had nearly equivalent overall population attributable fractions to explain subjective cognitive decline (39.7% for women versus 41.3% for men). The top three contributing risk factors were social isolation, depression, and hypertension, which explained three-quarters of the overall population attributable fraction.
Conclusions
While we did not identify any differences in modifiable factors between men and women contributing to subjective cognitive decline, other factors including reproductive or endocrinological health history or biological factors that interact with sex to modify risk warrant further research.
Probing the Effect of Selection Bias on Generalization: A Thought Experiment
Authors: Tsotsos John , Luo Jun
Published: December 2021

Learned systems in the domain of visual recognition and cognition impress in part because even though they are trained with datasets many orders of magnitude smaller than the full population of possible images, they exhibit sufficient generalization to be applicable to new and previously unseen data. Since training data sets typically represent such a small sampling of any domain, the possibility of bias in their composition is very real. But what are the limits of generalization given such bias, and up to what point might it be sufficient for a real problem task? Although many have examined issues regarding generalization from several perspectives, this question may require examining the data itself. Here, we focus on the characteristics of the training data that may play a role. Other disciplines have grappled with these problems also, most interestingly epidemiology, where experimental bias is a critical concern. The range and nature of data biases seen clinically are really quite relatable to learned vision systems. One obvious way to deal with bias is to ensure a large enough training set, but this might be infeasible for many domains. Another approach might be to perform a statistical analysis of the actual training set, to determine if all aspects of the domain are fairly captured. This too is difficult, in part because the full set of important variables might not be known, or perhaps not even knowable. Here, we try a different, simpler, approach in the tradition of the Thought Experiment, whose most famous instance is perhaps Schrödinger's Cat, to address part of these problems. There are many types of bias as will be seen, but we focus only on one, selection bias. The point of the thought experiment is not to demonstrate problems with all learned systems. Rather, this might be a simple theoretical tool to probe into bias during data collection to highlight deficiencies that might then deserve extra attention either in data collection or system development.
Investigation on Damping Characteristics of Hydrostatic Bearing Film by Using Scale Method
Authors: Hu Sheng-Yen , Chen Wen-Chou , Wang Chien-Hsun , Fu Hsin-Ming , Kang Yuan
Published: December 2021

The resonant peaks can be suppressed by damping, those effects is dependent on damping ratio of system. In this paper, we propose a scaling method to evaluate the damping ratio of hydrostatic bearings for the data from model test. This method fits specifically for the overdamping of all hydrostatic bearing. This is direct and the easiest method to obtain the damping characteristics of oil film for the lowest band before the first resonant peak. The frequency responses of acceleration per force for a single-degree-of-freedom mass-spring-damper model is used to generate the evaluation scales for the damping ratios of the modal test results of worktable mounting on hydrostatic bearing. The case study for experimental results of the impact response are evaluated for damping ratio of the hydrostatic film by these method. Furthermore, using this scaling method, the influences of three types of compensations on the damping ratio of a hydrostatic bearing are compared. The results reveal that the constant flow has the largest damping ratio, and the capillary restrictor has the smallest one.