bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atomic force microscopy and indentation force measurement of bone
Authors: Thurner Philipp J.
Published: October 2009

This review is summarizing the results obtained from atomic force microscopy (AFM) and nanoindentation experiments to date. The combination of both techniques is especially powerful. It allows to carefully choose indentation locations as well as the post‐hoc analysis of the created indents, and hence the possibility to assess the properties of microstructural elements of bonessue. In addition, AFM has improved our understanding of bone ultrastructure and force spectroscopy experiments have led to the discovery of a molecular self‐healing effect of bone that may be based on a small fraction of unstructured proteins. Nanoindentation measurements on bone, pose inherent problems since bone is an anisotropic solid showing elastic, viscoelastic, and time‐dependent plastic behavior. Hence, derived parameters such as elastic modulus and hardness are to some extent dependent on measurement protocols. However, the development of extensions to the Oliver–Pharr method, being the most widely used analysis method, as well as novel dynamic testing techniques could improve the situation. Nanoindentation is widely used to study bone tissue and some important principal findings have been reported to date. These are presented here together with specific results from nanoindentation experiments of human and animal bones and tables are presented collating the data that can be found in the literature to date. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Kristallstrukturen und Phasenumwandlungen von Kalium‐ Tetrakis(trifluormethyl)borat, K[B(CF3)4]
Authors: Bernhardt Eduard , Berkei Michael , Willner Helge
Published: October 2009

Below room temperature K[B(CF3)4] was found to be trimorphic according to DSC measurements, single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, and vibrational spectroscopy. In its modification below –65 °C K[B(CF3)4] crystallises in the orthorhombic space group P212121 (Nr. 19) with a = 9.2593(14), b = 9.7527(15), c = 10.2170(16) Å and four formula units in the unit cell. At this temperature the anion exhibit nearly T‐symmetry. Between –65 °C and –50 °C K[B(CF3)4] becomes trigonal in the space group P3221 (Nr. 154) / P3121 (Nr. 152) with a = 6.9064(7), c = 17.1509(18) Å, and three formula units per unit cell. In this temperature range the CF3 groups rotate hindered. At room temperature the salt transforms into a plastic phase in the cubic space group Fm\bar{3}m (Nr. 225) with a = 9.9145(28) Å, and four formula units per unit cell, and the anions rotate completely. The unusual properties of K[B(CF3)4] are in part due to the low coordinating ability of the spherical big anions. In comparison to other anions [B(CF3)4]– is very weakly coordinating as demonstrated by the high ν(N–H) vibrational frequency (3234 cm–1) of the ion pair (n‐C8H17)3N+H···[B(CF3)4]– in CCl4 solution.
Deriving non-Zeno behaviour models from goal models using ILP
Authors: Alrajeh D. , Kramer J. , Russo A. , Uchitel S.
Published: October 2009

One of the difficulties in goal-oriented requirements engineering (GORE) is the construction of behaviour models from declarative goal specifications. This paper addresses this problem using a combination of model checking and machine learning. First, a goal model is transformed into a (potentially Zeno) behaviour model. Then, via an iterative process, Zeno traces are identified by model checking the behaviour model against a time progress property, and inductive logic programming (ILP) is used to learn operational requirements (
pre-conditions
) that eliminate these traces. The process terminates giving a non-Zeno behaviour model produced from the learned pre-conditions and the given goal model.
The Birth of Pancreatic Surgery: A Tribute to Friedrich Wilhelm Wandesleben
Authors: Schnelldorfer Thomas
Published: October 2009

Friedrich Wilhelm Wandesleben (1800–1868), a small‐town German physician, performed surgical drainage of a traumatic pancreatic pseudocyst in November 1841. This operation should be acknowledged as the world’s first reported operation on the human pancreas. The surgeon, the operation, and its implications for future pancreatic operations are the subjects of this historical review.
Laparoscopic and robotic donor pancreatectomy for living donor pancreas and pancreas–kidney transplantation
Authors: Oberholzer Jose’ , Tzvetanov Ivo , Mele Alessandra , Benedetti Enrico
Published: October 2009

Pancreas transplantation is a widely accepted procedure that can efficiently restore euglycemia and prevent progression of complications. In most instances, the limiting factor for deceased donor organ transplantation is the availability and quality of the available organs. Living donor pancreas transplant was introduced at the University of Minnesota in 1979. Because of the potential risks for the donor and the technical challenges in the recipient operation, this procedure has not become very popular since then. In 1999, in the attempt to decrease the morbidity associated with open distal pancreatectomy, the first laparoscopic donor distal pancreatectomy with hand‐assisted technique was performed at the same institution. In 2000, the FDA approved the robotic surgical system Da Vinci for general use. Since then, the system has been extensively used at our institution to perform living donor nephrectomy. The only case reported worldwide of robotic distal pancreatectomy and nephrectomy for living donor pancreas–kidney transplantation was successfully performed by our team in 2006 at the University of Illinois at Chicago and proved as a promising technique. The application of minimally invasive techniques has allowed an increased acceptance of the procedure among potential donors and may, therefore, increase the number of donors for this life‐saving transplant. The initial results are encouraging and clearly prove feasibility.
Recent advances in visualization, imaging, and navigation in hepatobiliary and pancreatic sciences
Authors: Sugimoto Maki
Published: October 2009

Background/purpose

Recent introduction of multi‐detector CT (MDCT) and high‐speed magnetic resonance (MR) imaging have dramatically advanced visualization and imaging technology in diagnostic and therapeutic strategy in hepatobiliary pancreatic disease. However, image diagnostics have progressed with a background of the essence of anatomy, pathology, and physiology. It is important to object the reflection of the patient's condition and pathology of each disease and remove pattern recognition in what they were depicted as an image. Visualization plays another important role in various medical diagnostics. Trends in scientific visualization will depend on advancements in molecular technology and computer hardware as well as trends in engineering disciplines.

Methods

In this special issue, the recent advances in visualization and imaging in the field of hepatobiliary and pancreatic sciences are featured including application of advanced visualization techniques, data management, data compression, feature extraction.

Results

We discuss the potential benefits of new technologies and procedures in hepatobiliary and pancreatic areas, that are circulating tumor cells, MR imaging for hepatocellular carcinoma, indocyanine green using fluorescence under infrared light observation, carbon dioxide enhanced MDCT virtual cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic ultrasonography‐guided biliary drainage, natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery, MR‐laparoscopy, and image overlay navigation surgery by OsiriX.

Conclusion

Some of the recent trends are discussed in terms of visualization and imaging in hapatobiliary and pancreatic sciences. The goal in using visualization is to assist existing scientific procedures by providing new insight through visual representation.
Intraoperative exploration of biliary anatomy using fluorescence imaging of indocyanine green in experimental and clinical cholecystectomies
Authors: Tagaya Nobumi , Shimoda Mitsugi , Kato Masato , Nakagawa Aya , Abe Akihito , Iwasaki Yoshimi , Oishi Hideto , Shirotani Noriyasu , Kubota Keiichi
Published: October 2009

Background/purpose

We evaluated the usefulness of intraoperative exploration of the biliary anatomy using fluorescence imaging with indocyanine green (ICG) in experimental and clinical cholecystectomies.

Methods

The experimental study was done using two 40‐kg pigs and the clinical study was done in 12 patients for whom cholecystectomy was planned from January 2009 to June 2009. Initially we used a laparoscopic approach for the evaluation of fluorescence imaging of the biliary system in the two pigs. Then the clinical study was started on the basis of these experimental results. ICG (1.0 ml/body of 2.5 mg/ml ICG) was infused 1–2 h before surgery. With the subjects under general anesthesia we observed in real time the condition of the biliary tract under the guidance of fluorescence imaging employing an infrared camera or a prototype laparoscope. ICG was added intravenously to observe the location or flow condition of the cystic artery.

Results

We obtained a clear view of the biliary tract and the location of the cystic duct in the two pigs. Local compression with a transparent hemispherical plastic device was effective for offering a clearer view. The biliary tract, except for the gallbladder, was clearly recognized in all clinical subjects. Local compression with a transparent hemispherical plastic device for open cholecystectomy and a flat plastic device for laparoscopy provided clearer visualization of the confluence between the cystic duct and common bile duct or common hepatic duct. The location of the cystic artery was revealed after division of the connective tissues, and the flow condition of the cystic artery was confirmed 7–10 s after intravenous re‐infusion of ICG. There were no adverse events related to the intraoperative procedure or the ICG itself.

Conclusions

This method is safe and easy for the identification of the biliary anatomy, without requiring cannulation into the cystic duct, X‐ray equipment, or the use of radioactive materials. Although fluorescence imaging is still at an early stage of application in comparison with ordinary intraoperative cholangiography, we expect that this method will become routine, offering a lower degree of invasiveness that will help avoid bile duct injury.
Endoscopic ultrasonography‐guided biliary drainage
Authors: Itoi Takao , Sofuni Atsushi , Itokawa Fumihide , Tsuchiya Takayoshi , Kurihara Toshio , Ishii Kentaro , Tsuji Shujiro , Ikeuchi Nobuhito , Umeda Junko , Moriyasu Fuminori , Tsuchida Akihiko
Published: October 2009

Background and purpose

Endoscopic ultrasonography‐guided biliary drainage (EUS‐BD) has been developed as an alternative drainage method in patients with obstructive jaundice. EUS‐BD is divided into EUS‐guided choledochoduodenostomy (EUS‐CDS), EUS‐guided hepaticogastrostomy (EUS‐HGS) and EUS‐guided gallbladder drainage (EUS‐GBD). The aim of this review is to focus on the current status and limitations of EUS‐BD.

Methods

A systematic review was performed to evaluate EUS‐BD. MEDLINE, EMBASE and manual searches were performed to identify the pertinent English language full articles.

Results

The high success rate without fatal adverse events for EUS‐CDS (93%; 28/30) and EUS‐HGS (97%; 28/29) suggest the feasibility and safety of the procedures in high‐volume endoscopic centers adopting various procedural techniques. Although the number of reported cases was very small, the success rate of EUS‐GBD was high (100%; 14/14), without serious adverse events.

Conclusions

Although all procedures require further assessment in a larger cohort of patients, including comparative studies between EUS‐CDS or EUS‐HGS versus PTBD, and EUS‐GBD versus PTGBD, EUS‐BD may be a promising procedure for the treatment of obstructive jaundice. However, dedicated devices for EUS‐guided drainage are needed for reliable procedures.
Integrated MR‐laparoscopy system with respiratory synchronization for minimally invasive liver surgery
Authors: Matsuoka Yuichiro , Kumamoto Etsuko , Sugimoto Maki , Azuma Takeshi , Saito Akito , Shibasaki Toshio , Kuroda Kagayaki
Published: October 2009

Purpose

The laparoscope has been invaluable in minimally invasive surgery, but provides only a surface view of target tissue; therefore it is lacking internal tissue information. In combination with the laparoscope for visualizing the cross‐sectional view of the tissue, MRI is superior to ultrasonography or X‐ray CT, because of its high soft‐tissue contrast, arbitrary slice orientation and lack of radiation properties. Thus, we propose an integrated MR‐laparoscopy system with a respiratory‐synchronized navigation.

Methods

A transmit/receive RF coil for localized MR imaging with a 0.5 T open‐MRI was mounted onto the tip of an MR‐compatible laparoscope. The signal detection of the coil was examined with an excised porcine liver sample, an agar phantom and the abdominal wall of a healthy volunteer. A real‐time navigation system to compensate for respiratory motion was developed, and examined with a healthy volunteer.

Results

The SNRs of the local MR images were 112, 62, and 62 in the liver sample, phantom, and volunteer. The navigation system successfully displayed the scope view, scope location and orientation, and MR images with respiratory‐synchronized real time operation.

Conclusions

The MR‐imaging and synchronization function of the proposed system seemed to be helpful for laparoscopic surgery.
Hilar cholangiocarcinoma: the Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center experience
Authors: Rocha Flavio G. , Matsuo Kenichi , Blumgart Leslie H. , Jarnagin William R.
Published: October 2009

Background/purpose

Hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HCCA) is a rare cancer with a low resectability rate, frequent recurrence after resection and an overall poor outcome. It is widely accepted that en bloc partial hepatectomy is a necessary part of the surgical therapy, but controversy surrounds other areas, including extent of lymphadenectomy and preoperative use of biliary drainage of the future liver remnant (FLR). This study analyzes the authors’ experience with HCCA, emphasizing outcome after resection in a more recent cohort.

Methods

All patients with HCCA evaluated at Memorial Sloan‐Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) since 1991 were included in the initial analysis. Outcome after resection was specifically assessed in patients submitted to operation between January 2001 and September 2008. Patient demographics, preoperative evaluation, resection type, margin status, lymph node status, complications, morbidity and survival were examined. Preoperative disease staging was performed in all patients according to the Blumgart classification. Separate analyses were conducted to assess the impact of preoperative biliary drainage on the FLR and the optimal lymph node harvest. Outcomes for resected patients were analyzed by Fisher's exact test and log rank tests.

Results

Three hundred and fifty‐two patients with HCCA were evaluated since 1991, of which 118 were seen between 2001 and 2008. During this latter period, 105 (89%) patients underwent exploration, and of the 60 patients that underwent resection with curative intent, 48 (80%) had R0 resections. There were 3 perioperative deaths (5%), and 22 (28%) patients had complications. Patients with an R0 resection had the highest disease‐specific survival followed by those with R1 resection when compared to unresected patients. The median follow‐up period was 18 months. Classification by the Blumgart preoperative staging system predicted resectability and the likelihood of R0 resection. The benefit of pre‐operative biliary drainage of the FLR appeared to be limited to patients with a predicted FLR volume of <30%. In patients with node‐negative tumors, survival was greater in those with more than 7 lymph nodes harvested.

Conclusions

R0 resection including hepatectomy with negative lymph nodes is feasible in the majority of patients with resectable HCCA. This strategy is associated with a prolonged disease‐specific survival.
Free Muscle Transfer in Posttraumatic Plexopathies Part II: The Elbow
Authors: Terzis Julia K. , Kostopoulos Vasileios K.
Published: October 2009

The indications for free muscle transfer in brachial plexopathies are prolonged denervation time or inadequate upper extremity function after primary nerve reconstruction. The purpose of this study is to analyze the outcomes of free muscle transfer for elbow flexion and extension in brachial plexopathies in relation to the different muscles used and the respective motor donors. Seventy-three muscles were transferred for elbow flexion and ten for elbow extension. Latissimus dorsi (LD) was used in 37 cases, gracilis in 28, rectus femoris (RF) in seven, and vastus lateralis in one. Five LD and five gracilis were transferred for elbow extension. Patients younger than 15 years yielded better results than older patients for elbow flexion. When LD was transferred, the mean muscle grading (MG) was 3.33±0.25 when the neurotization was from intercostals; these outcomes were statistically significant when compared with outcomes of free gracilis transfer (MG 2.25±0.6). There was also a statistically significant difference when free LD was neurotized with three intercostals as compared with two intercostals nerves. RF yielded also good results when neurotized from contralateral C7 (cC7; MG 3.67±0.6). For elbow extension, the better outcomes of LD were not statistically significant. Among all the free muscle transfers for upper extremity reconstruction, elbow reanimation yielded the most rewarding outcomes. The selection of powerful muscle units was more important than the effect of neurotization which was not as strong as it was in muscle transfers for facial or hand reanimation.
Cocoa Butter and Safflower Oil Elicit Different Effects on Hepatic Gene Expression and Lipid Metabolism in Rats
Authors: Gustavsson Carolina , Parini Paolo , Ostojic Jovanca , Cheung Louisa , Hu Jin , Zadjali Fahad , Tahir Faheem , Brismar Kerstin , Norstedt Gunnar , Tollet‐Egnell Petra
Published: October 2009

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of cocoa butter and safflower oil on hepatic transcript profiles, lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity in healthy rats. Cocoa butter‐based high‐fat feeding for 3 days did not affect plasma total triglyceride (TG) levels or TG‐rich VLDL particles or hepatic insulin sensitivity, but changes in hepatic gene expression were induced that might lead to increased lipid synthesis, lipotoxicity, inflammation and insulin resistance if maintained. Safflower oil increased hepatic β‐oxidation, was beneficial in terms of circulating TG‐rich VLDL particles, but led to reduced hepatic insulin sensitivity. The effects of safflower oil on hepatic gene expression were partly overlapping with those exerted by cocoa butter, but fewer transcripts from anabolic pathways were altered. Increased hepatic cholesterol levels and increased expression of hepatic CYP7A1 and ABCG5 mRNA, important gene products in bile acid production and cholesterol excretion, were specific effects elicited by safflower oil only. Common effects on gene expression included increased levels of p8, DIG‐1 IGFBP‐1 and FGF21, and reduced levels of SCD‐1 and SCD‐2. This indicates that a lipid‐induced program for hepatic lipid disposal and cell survival was induced by 3 days of high‐fat feeding, independent on the lipid source. Based on the results, we speculate that hepatic TG infiltration leads to reduced expression of SCD‐1, which might mediate either neutral, beneficial or unfavorable effects on hepatic metabolism upon high‐fat feeding, depending on which fatty acids were provided by the diet.
A successful conception by a shift from human menopausal gonadotropin therapy to therapy with recombinant human follicular‐stimulating hormone for the treatment of male hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
Authors: Koyama Kohei , Masuda Hiroshi , Inamoto Teruo , Segawa Naoki , Azuma Haruhito , Katsuoka Yoji
Published: October 2009

Stimulatory therapy with gonadotropins effectively induces spermatogenesis and increases the chances of successful reproduction. However, the optimal treatment modality and schedule, and required duration of treatment have not been determined. A 27‐year‐old man presented with erectile and ejaculatory disorder. Endocrinological examinations revealed isolated luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone (LHRH) deficiency of the hypothalamus, resulting in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. No causative abnormality was detected in imaging studies. Having a diagnosis of adult‐onset hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, the patient received pulsatile subcutaneous human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG). Hypogonadism did not improve with hCG/hMG combination therapy. He was successfully treated with the replacement therapy from hMG into recombinant human follicular‐stimulating hormone (rhFSH) for induction of spermatogenesis, along with pregnancy in the female partner.
Two‐dimensional pulsed electron spin resonance characterization of 15N‐labeled archaeal Rieske‐type ferredoxin
Authors: Iwasaki Toshio , Samoilova Rimma I. , Kounosu Asako , Dikanov Sergei A.
Published: October 2009

Two‐dimensional electron spin‐echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) analysis of the uniformly 15N‐labeled archaeal Rieske‐type [2Fe–2S] ferredoxin (ARF) from Sulfolobus solfataricus P1 has been conducted in comparison with the previously characterized high‐potential protein homologs. Major differences among these proteins were found in the hyperfine sublevel correlation (HYSCORE) lineshapes and intensities of the signals in the (++) quadrant, which are contributed from weakly coupled (non‐coordinated) peptide nitrogens near the reduced clusters. They are less pronounced in the HYSCORE spectra of ARF than those of the high‐potential protein homologs, and may account for the tuning of Rieske‐type clusters in various redox systems.
Cell sex determines anoikis resistance in vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Straface Elisabetta , Vona Rosa , Gambardella Lucrezia , Ascione Barbara , Marino Maria , Bulzomi Paola , Canu Silvia , Coinu Rita , Rosano Giuseppe , Malorni Walter , Franconi Flavia
Published: October 2009

Sexual dimorphism, detectable in vascular smooth muscle cells freshly isolated from aorta of male and female rats, is associated with a different susceptibility to radiation‐induced apoptosis. In this work we investigated the mechanism underlying this difference and discovered that, in comparison with cells from male rats, cells from female rats show adhesion‐associated resistance to apoptosis, the so called anoikis resistance. This is apparently due to a more adhering phenotype, characterized by a well organized actin microfilament cytoskeleton and to an increased phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase, and, more importantly, to a higher propensity to undergo survival by autophagy.
Plant growth promotion due to rhizobacterial volatiles – An effect of CO2?
Authors: Kai Marco , Piechulla Birgit
Published: October 2009

Serratia odorifera, an antagonistic rhizobacterium, emits a diverse and complex bouquet of volatiles. Three different in vitro experimental culture systems indicated that these volatiles promote the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana. CO2 trapping and significant rise of CO2 levels (390–3000 ppm CO2 within 24 h) due to bacterial growth in sealed Petri dishes verified the enhanced effects of rhizobacterial CO2 on A. thaliana's growth. In contrast, open cocultivations abrogated growth promotion, and inhibitory effects come to the fore at ambient CO2 concentrations.
Cx40.8, a Cx43‐like protein, forms gap junction channels inefficiently and may require Cx43 for its association at the plasma membrane
Authors: Gerhart Sarah V. , Jefferis Rebecca , Iovine M. Kathryn
Published: October 2009

MINT‐7266123: cx40.8 (genbank_protein_gi:68354404) and cx43 (uniprotkb:O57474) colocalize (MI:0403) by fluorescence microscopy (MI:0416)
Recombinant plant gamma carbonic anhydrase homotrimers bind inorganic carbon
Authors: Martin Victoria , Villarreal Fernando , Miras Isabelle , Navaza Alda , Haouz Ahmed , González-Lebrero Rodolfo M. , Kaufman Sergio B. , Zabaleta Eduardo
Published: October 2009

MINT‐7266036: gamma CA2 (uniprotkb:Q9C6B3) and gamma CA2 (uniprotkb:Q9C6B3) physically interact (MI:0914) by molecular sieving (MI:0071)
Structural equations modeling: Fit Indices, sample size, and advanced topics
Authors: Iacobucci Dawn
Published: October 2009

This article is the second of two parts intended to serve as a primer for structural equations models for the behavioral researcher. The first article introduced the basics: the measurement model, the structural model, and the combined, full structural equations model. In this second article, advanced issues are addressed, including fit indices and sample size, moderators, longitudinal data, mediation, and so forth.
A Bimillennial-Length Tree-Ring Reconstruction of Precipitation for the Tavaputs Plateau, Northeastern Utah
Authors: Knight Troy A. , Meko David M. , Baisan Christopher H.
Published: October 2009

Despite the extensive network of moisture-sensitive tree-ring chronologies in western North America, relatively few are long enough to document climatic variability before and during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) ca. AD 800-1300. We developed a 2300-yr tree-ring chronology extending to 323 BC utilizing live and remnant Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) from the Tavaputs Plateau in northeastern Utah. A resulting regression model accounts for 70% of the variance of precipitation for the AD 1918–2005 calibration period. Extreme wet and dry periods without modern analogues were identified in the reconstruction. The MCA is marked by several prolonged droughts, especially prominent in the mid AD 1100s and late 1200s, and a lack of wet or dry single-year extremes. The frequency of extended droughts is not markedly different, however, than before or after the MCA. A drought in the early AD 500s surpasses in magnitude any other drought during the last 1800 yr. A set of four long high-resolution records suggests this drought decreased in severity toward the south in the western United States. The spatial pattern is consistent with the western dipole of moisture anomaly driven by El Niño and is also similar to the spatial footprint of the AD 1930s "Dust Bowl" drought.
Ostracods as Tsunami Tracers in Holocene Sequences
Authors: Ruiz Francisco , Abad Manuel , Cáceres Luís Miguel , Rodríguez Vidal Joaquín , Carretero María Isabel , Pozo Manuel , González-Regalado María Luz
Published: October 2009

This review analyses the ostracod record in Holocene tsunami deposits, using an overview of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami impact on its recent populations and the associated tsunamigenic deposits, together with results from numerous investigations of other Holocene sequences. Different features such as the variability of the local assemblages, population density, species diversity, age population structure (e.g., percentages of adults and juvenile stages) or taphonomical signatures suggest that these microorganisms may be included amongst the most promising tracers of these high-energy events in marshes, lakes, lagoons or shallow marine areas.
A UNIFIED EXISTENCE AND UNIQUENESS THEOREM FOR STOCHASTIC EVOLUTION EQUATIONS
Authors: JENTZEN A. , KLOEDEN P. E.
Published: October 2009

An existence and uniqueness theorem for mild solutions of stochastic evolution equations is presented and proved. The diffusion coefficient is handled in a unified way which allows a unified theorem to be formulated for different cases, in particular, of multiplicative space–time white noise and trace-class noise.
SYLOW p-PSEUDOPRIMES TO SEVERAL BASES FOR SEVERAL PRIMES p
Authors: ZHANG ZHENXIANG , XIE RUIRUI
Published: October 2009

Browkin [‘Some new kinds of pseudoprimes’, Math. Comp. 73 (2004), 1031–1037] gave examples of strong pseudoprimes to many bases which are not Sylow p-pseudoprimes to two bases only, where p=2 or 3. In contrast to Browkin’s examples, Zhang [‘Notes on some new kinds of pseudoprimes’, Math. Comp. 75 (2006), 451–460] gave facts and examples which are unfavorable for Browkin’s observation on detecting compositeness of odd composite numbers. In particular, Zhang gave a Sylowp-pseudoprime (with 27 decimal digits) to the first 6 prime bases for all the first 6 primes p, and conjectured that for any k≥1, there would exist Sylow p-pseudoprimes to the first k prime bases for all the first k primes p. In this paper we tabulate 27 Sylow p-pseudoprimes less than 1036 to the first 7 prime bases for all the first 7 primes p (two of which are Sylow p-pseudoprimes to the first 7 prime bases for all the first 8 primes p). We describe the procedure for finding these numbers. The main tools used in our method are the cubic residue characters and the Chinese remainder theorem.
FOCK FACTORIZATION OF B-VALUED ANALYTIC MAPPINGS ON A HILBERT INDUCTIVE LIMIT
Authors: WANG CAISHI , ZHOU YULAN , FENG DECHENG , HAN QI
Published: October 2009

Let 𝒩* be a Hilbert inductive limit and X a Banach space. In this paper, we obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for an analytic mapping Ψ:𝒩*↦X to have a factorization of the form Ψ=T∘ℰ, where ℰ is the exponential mapping on 𝒩* and T:Γ(𝒩*)↦X is a continuous linear operator, where Γ(𝒩*) denotes the Boson Fock space over 𝒩*. To prove this result, we establish some kernel theorems for multilinear mappings defined on multifold Cartesian products of a Hilbert space and valued in a Banach space, which are of interest in their own right. We also apply the above factorization result to white noise theory and get a characterization theorem for white noise testing functionals.
A carbon-isotope perturbation at the Pliensbachian–Toarcian boundary: evidence from the Lias Group, NE England
Authors: LITTLER KATE , HESSELBO STEPHEN P. , JENKYNS HUGH C.
Published: October 2009

A perturbation in the carbon-isotope record at the time of the Pliensbachian–Toarcian boundary (~ 184 Ma) in the Early Jurassic is reported, based on new data from Yorkshire, England. Two sharp δ13Corgnegative excursions, each with a magnitude of ~ −2.5 ‰ and reaching minimum values of −28.5 ‰, are recorded in the bulk organic-matter record in sediments of latest Pliensbachian to earliest Toarcian age. A similar pattern of negative carbon-isotope excursions has been observed at the stage boundary in the SW European section at Peniche, Portugal in δ13Ccarbonate, δ13Cwoodand δ13Cbrachiopodrecords. The isotopic excursion is of interest when considering the genesis and development of the later Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (OAE), as well as the second-order global extinction event that spans the stage boundary. Furthermore, the isotope excursion potentially provides a chemostratigraphic marker for recognition of the stage boundary, which is currently achieved on the basis of different ammonite faunas in the NW European and Tethyan realms.
Destructive interactions between two counter-rotating quasi-geostrophic vortices
Authors: REINAUD JEAN N. , DRITSCHEL DAVID G.
Published: October 2009

This paper illustrates the linear stability and the nonlinear evolution of two opposite-signed quasi-geostrophic vortices. We investigate the influence of the volume ratio between the two vortices as well as the influence of their vertical offset. Instability is always found for sufficiently close vortices. A convenient measure of the separation distance between the two vortices at their margin of stability is the horizontal gap between their two outermost edges. When the vortex volume ratio is very close to unity, the critical gap at the margin of stability tends to increase with the vertical offset. However, for volume ratios greater than 1.1, it decreases with the vertical offset. This is due to differences in the magnitude of the tilt angle of the vortices. The nonlinear evolution of unstable equilibria tends to be destructive, often breaking one vortex or both vortices into smaller vortices.
Equal Rights and Equal Duties? Activating Labour Market Policy and the Participation of Long-term Unemployed People with Disabilities after the Reform of the German Welfare State
Authors: RAUCH ANGELA , DORNETTE JOHANNA
Published: October 2009

The recent German welfare state reform with the introduction of Social Code II has created a complex situation for the labour market integration of long-term unemployed people with disabilities. A range of social laws with differing underlying principles is now applicable. In this article, we examine the effects that the implementation of this social code has on long-term unemployed people with disabilities. We show that their integration patterns changed. This is due to the building of new institutions responsible for labour market integration, followed by a temporary destabilisation of work routines at the operational level. Additionally, more persistent consequences occur because the inconsistencies of the relevant laws are creating an area of conflict, which is increasing the risk of marginalising people with disabilities in terms of labour market integration.
Large channel confluences influence geomorphic heterogeneity of a southeastern United States river
Authors: Duncan William W. , Poole Geoffrey C. , Meyer Judith L.
Published: October 2009

Detection of biological patterns in structurally complex rivers is difficult but essential in the management of imperiled species. On the basis of the network dynamics hypothesis (NDH), we predicted that tributaries exert a strong influence on main stem morphology, mediated by tributary sediment inputs. We predicted that the likelihood that a tributary will affect main stem geomorphology depends on the ratio of the tributary basin area to the main stem basin area (TBA:MBA). Although the results of this study do not indicate that TBA:MBA is a useful predictor of the presence of shallow alluvium‐dominated confluences (i.e., shoals) in the Etowah River, in Georgia, alluvial shoals were closer to tributary mouths than were other shoal types, indicating an association with tributaries. Shoals near large tributary confluences also contained a larger proportion of gravel and cobble bed sediments and were wider than adjacent, downstream shoals. These confluence‐associated shoals may be ecologically different in that aquatic macrophyte occurrence is higher in wide shoals with coarse sediments, and several state and federally listed darters (Percidae) are associated with shoals and these aquatic macrophytes. Recognizing confluence‐associated shoals as unique shoal types may aid researchers in understanding the distribution patterns of these aquatic organisms.
Complexity‐based robust hydrologic prediction
Authors: Pande Saket , McKee Mac , Bastidas Luis A.
Published: October 2009

Water resource management requires robust assessment of the consequences of future states of the resource, and, when dependent on prediction models, it requires assessment of the uncertainties associated with those predictions. Ensemble prediction/forecast systems have been extensively used to address such issues and seek to provide a collection of predictions, via a collection of parameters, with intent to bracket future observations. However, such methods do not have well‐established finite‐sample properties and generally require large samples to additionally determine better performing predictions, for example, in nonlinear probabilistic ensemble methods. We here propose a different paradigm, based on Vapnik‐Chervonenkis (VC) generalization theory, for robust parameter selection and prediction. It is based on a concept of complexity (that is data‐independent) that relates finite sample performance of a model to its performance when a large sample of the same underlying process is available. We employ a nearest neighbor method as the underlying prediction model, introduce a procedure to compute its VC dimension, and test how the two paradigms handle uncertainty in one step ahead daily streamflow prediction for three basins. In both paradigms, the predictions become more efficient and less biased with increasing sample size. However, the complexity‐based paradigm has a better bias‐variance tradeoff property for small sample sizes. The uncertainty bounds on predictions resulting from ensemble methods behave in an inconsistent manner for smaller basins, suggesting the need for further postprocessing of ensemble members and uncertainty surrounding them before using them in modeling uncertainty estimation. Finally, complexity‐based predictions appear to mimic the complexity of the underlying processes via input dimensionality selection of the nearest neighbor model.
Influence of temperature on brittle creep in sandstones
Authors: Heap M. J. , Baud P. , Meredith P. G.
Published: October 2009

The characterization of time‐dependent brittle creep, promoted by chemically active pore fluids, is fundamental to our understanding of the long‐term evolution and dynamics of the Earth's crust. Here we report results from a study of the influence of temperature on both short‐term strength and time‐dependent brittle creep in three sandstones under triaxial stress conditions. We show that an increase in temperature from 20° to 75°C significantly enhances stress corrosion cracking in all three sandstones, leading to (1) a systematic reduction in strength during constant strain rate experiments and (2) an increase by several orders of magnitude in brittle creep strain rates during stress‐stepping creep experiments. We also show that a conventional creep experiment performed at 75°C exhibits a qualitatively similar three‐stage brittle creep curve as that observed at ambient temperature. Extrapolation of our results suggests that temperature is likely to be the dominant influence on the evolution of creep strain rate with depth in the shallow crust.
Rupture history of the 2009 L'Aquila (Italy) earthquake from non‐linear joint inversion of strong motion and GPS data
Authors: Cirella A. , Piatanesi A. , Cocco M. , Tinti E. , Scognamiglio L. , Michelini A. , Lomax A. , Boschi E.
Published: October 2009

We image the rupture history of the 2009 L'Aquila (central Italy) earthquake using a nonlinear joint inversion of strong motion and GPS data. This earthquake ruptured a normal fault striking along the Apennines axis and dipping to the SW. The inferred slip distribution is heterogeneous and characterized by a small, shallow slip patch located up‐dip from the hypocenter (9.5 km depth) and a large, deeper patch located southeastward. The rupture velocity is larger in the up‐dip than in the along‐strike direction. This difference can be partially accounted by the crustal structure, which is characterized by a high velocity layer above the hypocenter and a lower velocity below. The latter velocity seems to have affected the along strike propagation since the largest slip patch is located at depths between 9 and 14 km. The imaged slip distribution correlates well with the on‐fault aftershock pattern as well as with mapped surface breakages.
Extreme weathering/erosion during the Miocene Climatic Optimum: Evidence from sediment record in the South China Sea
Authors: Wan Shiming , Kürschner Wolfram M. , Clift Peter D. , Li Anchun , Li Tiegang
Published: October 2009

Investigating the interplay between continental weathering and erosion, climate, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations is significant in understanding the mechanisms that force the Cenozoic global cooling and predicting the future climatic and environmental response to increasing temperature and CO2 levels. The Miocene represents an ideal test case as it encompasses two distinct extreme climate periods, the Miocene Climatic Optimum (MCO) with the warmest time since 35 Ma in Earth's history and the transition to the Late Cenozoic icehouse mode with the establishment of the east Antarctic ice sheet. However the precise role of continental weathering during this period of major climate change is poorly understood. Here we show changes in the rates of Miocene continental chemical weathering and physical erosion, which we tracked using the chemical index of alteration (CIA) and mass accumulation rate (MAR) respectively from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 1146 and 1148 in the South China Sea. We found significantly increased CIA values and terrigenous MARs during the MCO (ca. 17–15 Ma) compared to earlier and later periods suggests extreme continental weathering and erosion at that time. Similar high rates were revealed in the early‐middle Miocene of Asia, the European Alps, and offshore Angola. This suggests that rapid sedimentation during the MCO was a global erosion event triggered by climate rather than regional tectonic activity. The close coherence of our records with high temperature, strong precipitation, increased burial of organic carbon and elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration during the MCO argues for long‐term, close coupling between continental silicate weathering, erosion, climate and atmospheric CO2 during the Miocene.
Three‐dimensional MHD modeling of the solar wind structures associated with 13 December 2006 coronal mass ejection
Authors: Kataoka R. , Ebisuzaki T. , Kusano K. , Shiota D. , Inoue S. , Yamamoto T. T. , Tokumaru M.
Published: October 2009

A 3‐D magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation is performed to reconstruct the interplanetary propagation of a coronal mass ejection (CME) that occurred on 13 December 2006. A spheromak‐type magnetic field is superposed on a realistic ambient solar wind to reproduce the large‐scale interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) associated with the CME. Here we show that a westward and southward directed spheromak CME with reasonable geometric, dynamic, and magnetic parameters reproduces the magnetic cloud, interplanetary shock, and sheath profiles as observed by in situ spacecraft. We suggest that the simple solar wind model developed in this study is topologically complex enough to be consistent with in situ observations, such as southward IMF associated with CMEs.
Parameterization of plume chemistry into large‐scale atmospheric models: Application to aircraft NOx emissions
Authors: Cariolle D. , Caro D. , Paoli R. , Hauglustaine D. A. , Cuénot B. , Cozic A. , Paugam R.
Published: October 2009

A method is presented to parameterize the impact of the nonlinear chemical reactions occurring in the plume generated by concentrated NOx sources into large‐scale models. The resulting plume parameterization is implemented into global models and used to evaluate the impact of aircraft emissions on the atmospheric chemistry. Compared to previous approaches that rely on corrected emissions or corrective factors to account for the nonlinear chemical effects, the present parameterization is based on the representation of the plume effects via a fuel tracer and a characteristic lifetime during which the nonlinear interactions between species are important and operate via rates of conversion for the NOx species and an effective reaction rates for O3. The implementation of this parameterization insures mass conservation and allows the transport of emissions at high concentrations in plume form by the model dynamics. Results from the model simulations of the impact on atmospheric ozone of aircraft NOx emissions are in rather good agreement with previous work. It is found that ozone production is decreased by 10 to 25% in the Northern Hemisphere with the largest effects in the north Atlantic flight corridor when the plume effects on the global‐scale chemistry are taken into account. These figures are consistent with evaluations made with corrected emissions, but regional differences are noticeable owing to the possibility offered by this parameterization to transport emitted species in plume form prior to their dilution at large scale. This method could be further improved to make the parameters used by the parameterization function of the local temperature, humidity and turbulence properties diagnosed by the large‐scale model. Further extensions of the method can also be considered to account for multistep dilution regimes during the plume dissipation. Furthermore, the present parameterization can be adapted to other types of point‐source NOx emissions that have to be introduced in large‐scale models, such as ship exhausts, provided that the plume life cycle, the type of emissions, and the major reactions involved in the nonlinear chemical systems can be determined with sufficient accuracy.
PBX1 and MEIS1 up-regulate SOX3 gene expression by direct interaction with a consensus binding site within the basal promoter region
Authors: Mojsin Marija , Stevanovic Milena
Published: October 2009

Sox3/SOX3 [SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 3] is considered to be one of the earliest neural markers in vertebrates, playing a role in specifying neuronal fate. We have previously reported characterization of the SOX3 promoter and demonstrated that the general transcription factors NF-Y (nuclear factor-Y), Sp1 (specificity protein 1) and USF (upstream stimulatory factor) are involved in transcriptional regulation of SOX3 promoter activity. In the present study we provide the first evidence that the TALE (three-amino-acid loop extension) transcription factors PBX1 (pre-B-cell leukaemia homeobox 1) and MEIS1 (myeloid ecotropic viral integration site 1 homologue) participate in regulating human SOX3 gene expression in NT2/D1 cells by direct interaction with the consensus PBX/MEIS-binding site, which is conserved in all mammalian orthologue promoters analysed. PBX1 is present in the protein complex formed at this site with nuclear proteins from uninduced cells, whereas both PBX1 and MEIS1 proteins were detected in the complex created with extract from RA (retinoic acid)-induced NT2/D1 cells. By functional analysis we also showed that mutations of the PBX1/MEIS1-binding sites resulted in profound reduction of SOX3 promoter responsiveness to RA. Finally, we demonstrated that overexpressed PBX1 and MEIS1 increased endogenous SOX3 protein expression in both uninduced and RA-induced NT2/D1 cells. With the results of the present study, for the first time, we have established a functional link between the TALE proteins, PBX1 and MEIS1, and expression of the human SOX3 gene. This link is of particular interest since both TALE family members and members of the SOX superfamily are recognized as important developmental regulators.
Talking Across Cultures in Early Intervention: Finding Common Ground to Meet Children's Communication Needs
Authors: Peña Elizabeth D. , Fiestas Christine
Published: October 2009

In this paper, we explore cultural values and expectations that might vary among different groups. Using the collectivist-individualist framework, we discuss differences in beliefs about the caregiver role in teaching and interacting with young children. Differences in these beliefs can lead to dissatisfaction with services on the part of caregivers and with frustration in service delivery on the part of service providers. We propose that variation in caregiver and service provider perspectives arise from cultural values, some of which are instilled through our own training as speech-language pathologists. Understanding where these differences in cultural orientation originate can help to bridge these differences. These can lead to positive adaptations in the ways that speech-language pathology services are provided within an early intervention setting that will contribute to effective intervention.
Analysis of 1.2μm InGaAs∕GaAs quantum dot laser for high power applications
Authors: Jiang Q. , Zhang Z. Y. , Childs D. T. D. , Hogg R. A.
Published: October 2009

The effect of modulation p-doping on the characteristics of 1.2μm quantum dot lasers is reported. Compared to undoped devices, p-doped are shown to exhibit higher saturated gain, higher internal efficiency, improved T0, lower excited state lasing current densities, and higher internal loss. Both types of the device are analyzed with regard to high power applications in the extreme cases of complete and nonexistent gain clamping. Results from a laser optimized to have minimal threshold current are discussed.