bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Value Judgments of Peruvian Indians Altered by Evangelical Christian Experience
Authors: McCombe John H.
Published: February 2017

Indians of the Peruvian highlands who participate in evangelical group life tend to register different value judgments than Indians not thus involved. Christian experience apparently is a prime factor in changing the motivations and controls by which these persons live.
The Apo-Dios Concept in Northern Luzon
Authors: Scott William Henry
Published: February 2017

The problem of translating the word “god,” the bane of most missionaries seeding to render Christian Scripture into the language of non-Christian people, is readily solved among some of the pagan tribes of Northern Luzon by the existence of a local term for the word and, presumably, a concept to match. This is the term Apo-Dios, in current use by pagan apologists along the center and western slope of the Gran Cordillera to dignify one or another of their deities as the equivalent of the Judeo-Christian supreme being. “That's our apo-dios,” they say, and their Christian relatives second the notion out of broadminded good will and to lessen the shock of relegating their forebears to complete perdition. Missionaries and scientists have frequently accepted these claims at face value, and for fifty years have been publishing references to such a Montane “supreme deity” and even an Igorot monotheism. If such a pagan apo-dios actually existed in indigenous pre-Christian religions, we can expect him to meet some minimal standards of divinity and supremacy. Such a deity ought at least to be both the creator and sustainer of the world, to exercise control over his creatures, and to receive their worship. We submit in this article that there is no divine personality known in native Mountain Province religions who enjoys all or even most of these attributes, and that the apo-dios concept in Northern Luzon is rather the result of religious acculturation.
The Cultural Background in Africa
Authors: Merriam Alan P.
Published: February 2017

We wouldn't think of generalizing about Chinese culture from observations made in Pakistan, but we tend to lump everything in Africa as “African.” In this article the author makes a sweeping survey of the continent south of the Sahara, and divides it into its racial, linguistic, and cultural groupings. He then goes on to point out some basic unities which characterize all of these peoples. Any reader familiar with one part of Africa can place his own experience in a wider setting by reading this article. Others can get a brief, clear survey of this continent emerging to a point of enormous importance in the modem world.
Enthusiastic Christianity in an African Church
Authors: Fehderau Harold W.
Published: February 2017

Here, again, is brief documentation showing that the outward forms of Christian worship must partake of things which meet the fundamental religious needs of a people. Christians brought up in one tradition are still shocked, embarrassed, even disgusted by some of the manifestations of genuine spiritual worship which they witness among Christians of another culture. We would like to foster churches “in our own image” even though such churches may be sterile and lifeless. But ought we to insist that the African should imitate us in his worship of God any more than that we should imitate the African?
Hymn Writing with Indigenous Tunes
Authors: Key Mary
Published: February 2017

The meaning of music in different societies, its cultural setting and function, and some of the different kinds of musical structure to be found, are some of the subjects which Mrs. Key has chosen for discussion. An indigenous hymnody is closely intertwined with all of these factors. Mrs. Key's discussion is taken primarily from “tribal” situations but her principles are much more widely applicable. Her questions concerning the cultural function of music in a society may well be asked all over the world.
The Beginnings of Hymnology in a New Guinea Church
Authors: Ellenberger John D.
Published: February 2017

The actual steps taken toward the development of Uhunduni hymns are here outlined by Mr. Ellenberger. The combination of Uhunduni patterns of singing with Christian content (as well as some interesting extraneous points) has now become an exercise at which some Uhunduni Christians are quite adept. Uhunduni hymn composition is the culmination of earlier stages of more direct missionary suggestion and direction.
The Role of Racial Identity and Implicit Racial Bias in Self-Reported Racial Discrimination: Implications for Depression Among African American Men
Authors: Chae David H. , Powell Wizdom A. , Nuru-Jeter Amani M. , Smith-Bynum Mia A. , Seaton Eleanor K. , Forman Tyrone A. , Turpin Rodman , Sellers Robert
Published: February 2017

Racial discrimination is conceptualized as a psychosocial stressor that has negative implications for mental health. However, factors related to racial identity may influence whether negative experiences are interpreted as instances of racial discrimination and subsequently reported as such in survey instruments, particularly given the ambiguous nature of contemporary racism. Along these lines, dimensions of racial identity may moderate associations between racial discrimination and mental health outcomes. This study examined relationships between racial discrimination, racial identity, implicit racial bias, and depressive symptoms among African American men between 30 and 50 years of age ( n = 95). Higher racial centrality was associated with greater reports of racial discrimination, while greater implicit anti-Black bias was associated with lower reports of racial discrimination. In models predicting elevated depressive symptoms, holding greater implicit anti-Black bias in tandem with reporting lower racial discrimination was associated with the highest risk. Results suggest that unconscious as well as conscious processes related to racial identity are important to consider in measuring racial discrimination, and should be integrated in studies of racial discrimination and mental health.
Effects of Three Pedagogies on Learning Outcomes in a Psychology of Gender Lecture
Authors: Reber Jeffrey S. , Downs Samuel D. , Peterson Nelson Julie A.
Published: February 2017

This study employed a quasi-experimental design to test the effects of three pedagogies on learning outcomes in a simulated psychology of gender lecture. Results showed that meaning and relational pedagogies, as well as a combination of meaning, relational, and explanatory pedagogies, significantly improved participant learning beyond self-study and produced a significant improvement in retention as well. Interestingly, participants in the relational condition excelled on these learning outcomes even though the instructor covered very little reading material in that condition. Despite the benefits of these pedagogies, participants showed a clear preference for the lower performing explanatory instructional approach, which suggests that students may not readily recognize pedagogies that best contribute to effective learning and retention in classes like the psychology of gender.
Student Responses to Active Learning Activities With Live and Virtual Rats in Psychology Teaching Laboratories
Authors: Hunt Maree J. , Macaskill Anne C.
Published: February 2017

Taking an ethical approach to using nonhuman animals in teaching requires assessment of the learning benefits of using animals and how these compare to the benefits of alternative teaching practices. It is also important to consider whether students have ethical reservations about completing exercises with animals. We compared upper level undergraduate students’ evaluations of psychology laboratories using live rats with their evaluations of using a virtual rat (Sniffy). Students reported that the live-rat labs were ethically acceptable and that working with live rats enhanced their learning to a greater extent than working with Sniffy. These results support the retention of laboratories using live rats in psychology courses.
Gain and phase margins based delay-dependent stability analysis of single-area load frequency control system with constant communication time delay
Authors: Sönmez Şahin , Ayasun Saffet
Published: February 2017

This paper presents a comprehensive stability analysis of a single-area load frequency control (LFC) system with constant communication delays. First, an exact method that takes into account both gain and phase margins is proposed to determine stability delay margins in terms of system and controller parameters. The method implements an elimination procedure to transform transcendental characteristic equation into a standard polynomial of the crossing frequency. The real roots of this new standard polynomial exactly match with the purely imaginary roots (crossing frequencies) of the original characteristic equation with transcendental terms. Secondly, an effective and simple graphical method is implemented to compute all stabilizing Proportional Integral (PI) controller gains for a given time delay. The approach is based on extracting stability region and the stability boundary locus in the PI controller parameter space having user defined gain and phase margins, and relative stability. The time-domain simulation studies indicate that the proposed scheme improves dynamic performance gain and phase margins are included in delay-dependent stability analysis of single-area LFC with communication delays.
Long-term trends accentuate the import of creative and critical thinking skills developed by design thinking and ill-defined questions
Authors: Peters Robert A , Maatman Janice
Published: February 2017

The economic, financial, and political trends such as stagnating standards of living, fiscal pressure, and an escalating mistrust of government were set in motion during the 1960s and 1970s. Due to the duration of the trends, the magnitude, but not the nature, of the challenges confronting the health care, nonprofit and public sectors has changed. Consequently, with the exception of adding topics relating to strategies for securing voluntary compliance and effectively interacting with constituents who are increasingly angry and opposed to government intervention, the Great Recession and subsequent Age of Austerity do not appreciably affect the Master in Public Administration (MPA) curriculum’s content. However, the intractable nature of the challenges accompanying the trends places a premium on cultivating the students’ critical thinking and creative skills. Meeting this challenge necessitates the adoption of learning strategies that shift to students a greater share of the responsibility for learning. One of the options for achieving the outcome is to provide students with the foundational materials and an ill-defined problem that, in conjunction with design thinking, maximizes the students’ freedom to independently define the problem, identify the requisite information for analysis, and develop solutions. The article provides examples of the learning strategy that has been applied in several courses.
Data Shadows
Authors: Leonelli Sabina , Rappert Brian , Davies Gail
Published: February 2017

This editorial critically engages with the understanding of openness by attending to how notions of presence and absence come bundled together as part of efforts to make open. This is particularly evident in contemporary discourse around data production, dissemination, and use. We highlight how the preoccupations with making data present can be usefully analyzed and understood by tracing the related concerns around what is missing, unavailable, or invisible (“data shadows”), which unvaryingly but often implicitly accompany debates about data and openness.
Making Policies for Open Data
Authors: Wyatt Sally
Published: February 2017

This short commentary reflects on policy making for open data. The articles in this special issue all raise interesting challenges and questions for research policy, broadly defined, including how to stimulate researchers to make data open in the first place, how to reuse data sensibly, and how to ensure data are appropriately stored and made accessible for future users. This commentary reflects on the author’s own experience of taking part in an international policy forum that was tasked with preparing a report about the importance of making research data open. The author describes how she attempted to ensure insights from science and technology studies—made by contributors to this special issue and many others in the field—were incorporated in the final report. She also describes how technologically determinist arguments were invoked to close down discussions about the political dimensions of open access to research data.
BWIBots: A platform for bridging the gap between AI and human–robot interaction research
Authors: Khandelwal Piyush , Zhang Shiqi , Sinapov Jivko , Leonetti Matteo , Thomason Jesse , Yang Fangkai , Gori Ilaria , Svetlik Maxwell , Khante Priyanka , Lifschitz Vladimir , Aggarwal J. K. , Mooney Raymond , Stone Peter
Published: February 2017

Recent progress in both AI and robotics have enabled the development of general purpose robot platforms that are capable of executing a wide variety of complex, temporally extended service tasks in open environments. This article introduces a novel, custom-designed multi-robot platform for research on AI, robotics, and especially human–robot interaction for service robots. Called BWIBots, the robots were designed as a part of the Building-Wide Intelligence (BWI) project at the University of Texas at Austin. The article begins with a description of, and justification for, the hardware and software design decisions underlying the BWIBots, with the aim of informing the design of such platforms in the future. It then proceeds to present an overview of various research contributions that have enabled the BWIBots to better (a) execute action sequences to complete user requests, (b) efficiently ask questions to resolve user requests, (c) understand human commands given in natural language, and (d) understand human intention from afar. The article concludes with a look forward towards future research opportunities and applications enabled by the BWIBot platform.
Distally extended muscle belly of the flexor digitorum within the carpal tunnel: is it a risk factor for carpal tunnel syndrome?
Authors: Choo Hye Jung , Lee Sun Joo , Park Young-Mi , Kim Dong Wook
Published: February 2017

Background

The distally extended muscle belly of the flexor digitorum (MB-FD) within the carpal tunnel has been suggested as a plausible cause for carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) based on cadaveric studies.

Purpose

To evaluate whether MB-FD within the carpal tunnel is a risk factor for CTS by comparing asymptomatic volunteers and patients with CTS.

Material and Methods

Presence, length, and cross-sectional area of MB-FD within the carpal tunnel were evaluated in 63 wrists of 32 asymptomatic volunteers and 52 wrists of 33 patients with CTS using ultrasonography. Length of MB-FD within the carpal tunnel was measured as the distance between the distal end of MB-FD and the palmar margin of the distal radius longitudinally. On a transverse scan, the cross-sectional area of MB-FD at the proximal limit of the carpal tunnel was measured.

Results

MB-FD in the carpal tunnel was found in 39 (62%) asymptomatic volunteers and 35 (67%) patients with CTS ( P = 0.549). There was a female preponderancy of MB-FD within the carpal tunnel in asymptomatic volunteers ( P = 0.044), but not in patients. Length and cross-sectional area of MB-FD within the carpal tunnel were significantly greater in male-CTS patients than in male volunteers ( P = 0.022 and 0.012, respectively). These qualities were risk factors for CTS in men, though not in women.

Conclusion

The presence of distally extended MB-FD within the carpal tunnel was not a risk factor for CTS. In men, a longer and thicker MB-FD within the carpal tunnel increased the risk for CTS.
Variations in Histiocytic Differentiation of Cell Lines From Canine Cerebral and Articular Histiocytic Sarcomas
Authors: Thongtharb A. , Uchida K. , Chambers J. K. , Nakayama H.
Published: February 2017

Two newly established canine histiocytic sarcoma (HS) cell lines, designated as PWC-HS01 and FCR-HS02, were obtained from brain and articular tumors, respectively. These 2 HS cell lines had phagocytic ability and modal chromosome aberrations. Although morphologic features of both HS cells were similar, immunocytochemical examinations revealed that the PWC-HS01 cell line expressed both dendritic cell (ie, S100, CD208, CD1, and CD4) and macrophage (ie, CD68, CD163, and CD204) markers. In contrast, the FCR-HS02 cell line was immunonegative for CD204 and CD68 but consistently positive for the dendritic cell markers. Moreover, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses confirmed histiocytic differentiation of both HS cell lines. These results suggest that HS from the central nervous system may have a tendency to be more undifferentiated compared with cases from other organs. In addition, the 2 newly established HS cell lines were also tumorigenic and metastatic in immunodeficient mice, supporting that these cell lines can be used as new tumor models for investigating canine histiocytic diseases.
Effect of Histophilus somni on Heart and Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells
Authors: O’Toole D. , Hunter R. , Allen T. , Zekarias B. , Lehmann J. , Kim K. S. , Grab D. , Corbeil L. B.
Published: February 2017

Histophilus somni is a pathogenic gram-negative bacterium responsible for pneumonia and septicemia in cattle. Sequelae include infectious thrombotic meningoencephalitis (ITME), myocarditis, arthritis, and abortion. These syndromes are associated with widespread vasculitis and thrombosis, implicating a role for endothelium in pathogenesis. Histopathologic and immunohistochemical investigation of 10 natural cases of bovine H. somni myocarditis and 1 case of ITME revealed intravascular H. somni in large biofilm-like aggregates adherent to the luminal surface of microvascular endothelium. Ultrastructurally, bacterial communities were extracellular and closely associated with degenerating or contracted endothelial cells. Histophilus somni was identified by bacterial culture and/or immunohistochemistry. Western blots of the bacterial isolates revealed that they expressed the immunodominant protective 40 kDa OMP and immunoglobulin-binding protein A (IbpA) antigens. The latter is a large surface antigen and shed fibrillar antigen with multiple domains. The cytotoxic DR2Fic domain of IbpA was conserved as demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction. Treatment of endothelial cells in vitro with IbpA in crude culture supernatants or purified recombinant GST-IbpA DR2Fic (rDR2) cytotoxin induced retraction of cultured bovine brain microvascular endothelial cells. By contrast, no retraction of bovine endothelium was induced by mutant rDR2H/A with an inactive Fic motif or by a GST control, indicating that the cytotoxic DR2Fic motif plays an important role in endothelial cell retraction in vasculitis. The formation of biofilm-like aggregates by H. somni on bovine microvascular endothelium may be fundamental to its pathogenesis in heart and brain.
Evaluation of the impact of preoperative assessment on length of stay after a total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Harte Daniel , Hamill Philip , Williams-Condell Caroline , Lewis Stephanie
Published: February 2017

Introduction

To investigate if preoperative assessment delivered by occupational therapists, physiotherapists and social workers for people awaiting a total hip arthroplasty decreased the length of stay in hospital postoperatively.

Method

A retrospective data review was conducted on all patients who had a primary total hip arthroplasty across a 6-month period. A total of 101 patients (mean age 67.16 years) was included in this evaluation. Clinical notes were used to determine which patients attended or did not attend preoperative assessment. Statistical modeling was used to analyse the association of a series of variables and time spent in hospital after a total hip arthroplasty.

Results

There was no significant difference in the length of stay for patients who attended preoperative assessment ( P < 0.05) while patients who were medically unfit, lived alone and/or required a care package experienced a significantly higher length of stay ( P < 0.05).

Conclusion

These results do not support the British Orthopaedic Association’s recommendation that preoperative assessment delivered by allied health professionals helps reduce length of stay. However, it identifies variables which could be managed potentially to reduce length of stay. A large multisite clinical trial is required to determine if preoperative assessment reduces length of stay for people undergoing this surgical procedure.
Exploring the relationship: joint narratives of foster carers and young people
Authors: Clarkson Hannah , Dallos Rudi , Stedmon Jacqui , Hennessy Claire
Published: February 2017

This study looks at the stories that foster carers and the young people in their care jointly construct as they engage in discussion about their relationship. The research aimed to explore both the meanings that they hold regarding the development of this relationship and the patterns of contributions they make as they engage in their conversations. Four dominant narrative themes emerged: talking being central; the relationship and placement being different to expectations; being included like family, now and always; and sharing laughter through normal experiences. Analysis of the conversations showed that the foster carers made extensive use of ‘imputation questions’ – speaking for the young person in an attempt to prompt them to talk. However, these questions typically had the opposite effect to ‘invitation questions’ that enabled more extended interactions and joint storytelling. The findings are discussed in terms of implications for future research on fostering relationships and foster carer training.
The education of looked after children: the social implications of further education
Authors: Herd Rupert , Legge Tim
Published: February 2017

Considerable attention is now paid to the education of looked after children in the UK, but the criteria used to judge success tend to focus on GCSE passes and university entry. The further education (FE) sector has been largely overlooked in these discussions even though it provides a wide range of non-school based courses for large numbers of disadvantaged 16–19-year-olds. Evidence from a typical college in England with 6200 students shows that a third of all older adolescents living in the area, most of them with modest academic achievements, have some connection with the college, and that around 700 of them require special mentoring. In addition, over 50 students, 70% of them female, are looked after – the same number of older teenagers as would be in the care of a medium-sized local authority. The article seeks to alert practitioners and carers to the contribution that FE can make to the welfare of older looked after children as participation in college life and the specialist help received can help mitigate some of the widely reported problems facing care leavers.
Democratic peace versus contractualism
Authors: Ray James Lee , Dafoe Allan
Published: February 2017

If contractualism causes both democracy and peace, the correlation between democracy and peace is spurious. But the definition of contractualism is sufficiently unclear as to create doubts that it has such an impact. In addition, if democracy has an impact on contractualism, then, even with an otherwise perfectly specified model, controlling for contractualism will bias estimates of the effect of democracy on peace. International trade involves contracting behavior between strangers in different states. In addition, unlike contracting behavior within states, trade involves interactions in the same arena where interstate conflict needs to be deterred. Contractualist states have existed in significant numbers only recently. This limits contractualism’s ability to compete with democracy as a predictor of peace. Mousseau’s previous findings have been extraordinarily fragile. Finally, observational data should be complemented by multiple streams of evidence. Some experimental data support democratic peace theory; analogous experiments would almost certainly not provide evidence to support contractualism.
Model Drawing Strategy for Fraction Word Problem Solving of Fourth-Grade Students With Learning Disabilities
Authors: Sharp Emily , Shih Dennis Minyi
Published: February 2017

This study used a multiple probe across participants design to examine the effects of a model drawing strategy (MDS) intervention package on fraction comparing and ordering word problem–solving performance of three Grade 4 students. MDS is a form of cognitive strategy instruction for teaching word problem solving that includes explicit instruction in drawing bar diagrams to represent problem components. Results suggest the intervention package was effective for improving the fraction word problem solving of students with learning disabilities and that effects were maintained 2 and 4 weeks after intervention. Implications of these findings and indications for future research are discussed.
Accountability in Nonprofit Governance: A Process-Based Study
Authors: Tacon Richard , Walters Geoff , Cornforth Chris
Published: February 2017

Accountability is a crucial element of governance. Nonprofit organizations are typically accountable to multiple stakeholders and often “do” accountability in multiple ways. But what happens when a nonprofit organization is highly dependent on a single source of funding? This article provides an empirical exploration of this issue. It draws on a longitudinal case study of one nonprofit organization in the United Kingdom that is highly dependent on a single funder to examine how accountability is constructed and enacted, with a focus on the board. It critically examines accountability processes through direct observation of board and committee meetings and in-depth interviews with board members. The analysis shows how board members work to construct broader forms of accountability beyond accountability to the funder, but then struggle to enact them. This article provides in-depth insight into the challenges that nonprofit board members face and offers a rare example of observational research on board behavior.
Sigmund Freud and Alejandro Lipschütz
Authors: Vetö Silvana , Sánchez Marcelo
Published: February 2017

This article deals with the relationship between the creator of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, and the Latvian-born Chilean professor of physiology – and endocrinologist and anthropologist – Alejandro (or Alexander) Lipschütz. Up till now, the historiography of psychoanalysis in Chile has ignored the existence of this relationship, that is to say, the fact that there exists an interesting exchange of correspondence as well as references to Lipschütz in some important works published by Freud and in Freud’s correspondence with the Hungarian psychoanalyst Sándor Ferenczi. There are also references to works on psychoanalysis carried out by Lipschütz in Chile. The Freud–Lipschütz relationship allows us to examine two interesting topics in contemporary historiographical approaches to psychoanalysis. First, it permits us to reflect on the connections that Freud and Ferenczi sought to establish between psychoanalysis and biology (endocrinology in particular) as a strategy to address criticism of the scientific foundations of psychoanalysis and, therefore, to help legitimize psychoanalysis in the field of science. Second, the relationship between Freud, working in a culturally influential city such as Vienna, and Lipschütz, working in a ‘peripheral’ country such as Chile, paves the way to reflect on the consequences of a history of psychoanalysis written from the perspective of the ‘margins’. This is a history that focuses not on regions where early industrialization and modernization processes, along with an important academic and scientific tradition, help explain the interest in and reception of psychoanalysis, but on regions where different sets of conditions have to be examined to explain appropriation and dissemination processes.
The nature of the glut
Authors: Levine Nick
Published: February 2017

Today, complaints about information overload – associated with an overwhelming deluge of data – are commonplace. Early modernists have reacted to these concerns by showing that similar ones have arisen before. While this perspective is useful, it leaves out what was novel about the concept of information overload, which relied on a historically specific model of the human being. I trace the term’s history back to 1960, when the American psychologist and systems theorist James Grier Miller published his article on ‘information input overload and psychopathology’. In Grier Miller’s usage, the idea of information overload signalled as much a reconceptualization of human beings as communication channels whose capacity could be overwhelmed as it did concerns about the volume of reading material to manage. Through his work, and the broader subsequent adoption of the term in academic and journalistic venues, I show how ‘information overload’ reflected intellectual and social trends specific to its time.
Natural characteristic analysis of wind turbine drivetrain considering flexible supporting
Authors: Shenglin Zhang , Caichao Zhu , Chaosheng Song , Jianjun Tan , Xu Chen
Published: February 2017

The mechanical system of wind turbine is much complicated and can be divided into the drivetrain and supporting portions. The drivetrain consists of wheel, main shaft, gearbox, generator, etc. and the supporting portion mainly consists of a tower and a cabin. In order to reduce the unit cost of electricity, the capacity and size of wind turbine are increased gradually in the past years. Meanwhile, with the increase of the wind turbine height, the tower actually becomes more flexible as the supporting part. And the influence of the supporting tower flexibility becomes stronger due to the varying wind loads both in magnitude and direction. Using the rigid–flexible coupling multibody dynamic theory, the coupled dynamic model of the wind turbine drive train was developed considering the flexible supporting. Then the natural characteristics of the system were computed and investigated. For the dynamic modeling, the blades, the tower and main shaft were modeled as flexible bodies, while the other components, such as the hub and the gearbox, were modeled as rigid bodies. The potential resonance frequencies of the system were discussed through the Campbell diagram and the modal energy distribution analysis. The results show that the natural frequency of swing mode shapes for the tower was 0.399 Hz and 0.405 Hz. The first natural frequency of drivetrain, which represented a torsional vibration mode, was 1.64 Hz. From the Campbell diagram and the modal energy distribution analysis, resonances would not occur within the normal operating speed range for the drivetrain. And a comparison analysis indicated that the flexible supports would increase the bearing loads along axial direction and radial direction, especially in main shaft and torque arm, but that influence was not obvious at parallel stage. However, to some extent, the flexible supports can decrease the loads fluctuation of drivetrain. Finally, the online vibration experiments were carried out in the wind field. The vibration characteristics of the wind turbine drivetrain were analyzed and the experimental results also compared well with the theoretical dynamic results.
A study of computational methods for wake structure and base pressure prediction of a generic SUV model with fixed and rotating wheels
Authors: Forbes David , Page Gary , Passmore Martin , Gaylard Adrian
Published: February 2017

This study is an evaluation of the computational methods in reproducing experimental data for a generic sports utility vehicle (SUV) geometry and an assessment on the influence of fixed and rotating wheels for this geometry. Initially, comparisons are made in the wake structure and base pressures between several CFD codes and experimental data. It was shown that steady-state RANS methods are unsuitable for this geometry due to a large scale unsteadiness in the wake caused by separation at the sharp trailing edge and rear wheel wake interactions. unsteady RANS (URANS) offered no improvements in wake prediction despite a significant increase in computational cost. The detached-eddy simulation (DES) and Lattice–Boltzmann methods showed the best agreement with the experimental results in both the wake structure and base pressure, with LBM running in approximately a fifth of the time for DES. The study then continues by analysing the influence of rotating wheels and a moving ground plane over a fixed wheel and ground plane arrangement. The introduction of wheel rotation and a moving ground was shown to increase the base pressure and reduce the drag acting on the vehicle when compared to the fixed case. However, when compared to the experimental standoff case, variations in drag and lift coefficients were minimal but misleading, as significant variations to the surface pressures were present.
Assessment of bicycle–car accidents under four different types of collision
Authors: Raslavičius Laurencas , Bazaras Liudas , Keršys Artūras , Lukoševičius Vaidas , Makaras Rolandas , Eidukynas Valdas
Published: February 2017

Bicycle riders are among the highest risk group in traffic. A cyclist simulation study captured kinematics and injuries to legs, pelvis, neck, and head for one human body size. We analyzed the number of parameters (forces acting on left and right tibia, head injury criterion, neck tensile force, neck shear force, and pelvic acceleration) for each of the four different cases: bicyclist ride out—residential driveway, motorist overtaking—undetected bicyclist, bicyclist left turn—same direction, and bicyclist right turn—opposite direction. The comparison of simulation outcomes for leg injuries with official hospital records has shown a very good correlation in terms of injury severity prediction. This study concludes that if countermeasures to prevent fatal cyclist injury in car impacts were to be concentrated on mitigating head and neck impact to the windscreen of the car, a dominant share of fatal cyclist crashes and severe traumatic head injury cases at collision speeds exceeding 40 km/h could be prevented.
Trigger factors of cutaneous lupus erythematosus: a review of current literature
Authors: Szczęch J , Samotij D , Werth V P , Reich A
Published: February 2017

It is currently believed that autoimmune conditions are triggered and aggravated by a variety of environmental factors such as cigarette smoking, infections, ultraviolet light or chemicals, as well as certain medications and vaccines in genetically susceptible individuals. Recent scientific data have suggested a relevant role of these factors not only in systemic lupus erythematosus, but also in cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE). A variety of environmental factors have been proposed as initiators and exacerbators of this disease. In this review we focused on those with the most convincing evidence, emphasizing the role of drugs in CLE. Using a combined search strategy of the MEDLINE and CINAHL databases the following trigger factors and/or exacerbators of CLE have been identified and described: drugs, smoking, neoplasms, ultraviolet radiation and radiotherapy. In order to give a practical insight we emphasized the role of drugs from various groups and classes in CLE. We also aimed to present a short clinical profile of patients with lesions induced by various drug classes.
Failure of a systemic lupus erythematosus response index developed from clinical trial data: lessons examined and learned
Authors: Forbess L J , Bresee C , Wallace D J , Weisman M H
Published: February 2017

Background

Our primary goal was to create an outcome change score index similar to a standard rheumatoid arthritis (RA) model utilizing real-world data in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients that occurred during their phase 3 trials with a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug.

Methods

We utilized raw data from trials of belimumab for the treatment of SLE. Data were split 80/20 into training/validation sets. Index variables present in a majority of patients and with face validity were selected. Variables were scored for each patient as percentage improvement from baseline after one year. The percentage of placebo- and drug-treated patients considered improved after the application of various criteria was ascertained. Logistic regression was employed to determine the ability of the new index to predict treatment assignment.

Results

A total of 1693 subjects had data for analyses. Eight variables were chosen: arthritis, rash, physician global assessment, fatigue, anti-double stranded DNA antibodies, C3, C4 and C-reactive protein. In the training dataset, ≥20% improvement in ≥4 of eight variables produced the largest difference between placebo- and drug-treated patients (22.1%) with an acceptable rate of improved placebo-treated patients (25%). This resulted in an odds ratio for belimumab (10 mg/kg) vs placebo of 2.7 (95% CI: 2.0–3.6; p < 0.001). However, in the validate dataset the odds ratio was not significant at 1.3 (95% CI: 0.8–2.2; p = 0.863).

Conclusions

The index created from training data did not achieve statistical significance when tested in the validation set. We have speculated why this happened. Is the lack of success of therapeutics for SLE caused by ineffective medications, study design and outcome instruments that fail to inform us, or is the heterogeneity of the disease too daunting? The lessons learned here can help direct future endeavors intended to improve SLE outcome instruments.
A Social Psychological Perspective on the Links Between Close Relationships and Health
Authors: Slatcher Richard B. , Selcuk Emre
Published: February 2017

The association between the quality of people’s close relationships and their physical health is well established. But from a psychological perspective, how do close relationships impact physical health? This article summarizes recent work seeking to identify the relationship processes and psychological mediators and moderators of the links between close relationships and health, with an emphasis on studies of married and cohabitating couples. We begin with a brief review of a recent meta-analysis of the links between marital quality and health. We then describe our strength and strain model of marriage and health, homing in on one process—partner responsiveness—and one moderator—adult attachment style—to illustrate ways in which basic relationship science can inform our understanding of how relationships impact physical health. We conclude with a brief discussion of promising directions in the study of close relationships and health.
Black Stereotypical Features
Authors: Kleider-Offutt Heather M. , Bond Alesha D. , Hegerty Shanna E. A.
Published: February 2017

Negative biases associating Black men with criminality are most pronounced for a subgroup of men with Afrocentric features (e.g., a wide nose, full lips). Face-type bias occurs for men with these features because they are readily categorized as stereotypically Black and representative of the category Black male. This categorization in turn makes this subgroup more likely to be associated with the criminal-Black-male stereotype than are men with non-stereotypical Black features. In this review, we discuss what features engender the stereotypical Black face, the association between stereotypical features and assumed criminality, and when this bias may lead to negative judgments and potential legal consequences.
Challenge Your Stigma
Authors: Wang Cynthia S. , Whitson Jennifer A. , Anicich Eric M. , Kray Laura J. , Galinsky Adam D.
Published: February 2017

Stigma devalues individuals and groups, producing social and economic disadvantages through two distinct but reinforcing processes: direct discrimination (e.g., a White person not hiring a Black person based on race) and stigma internalization (e.g., women believing men are more qualified for leadership positions). We review strategies that individuals can use to not only cope with but also challenge their stigma. We discuss how attempts to escape stigma can be effective at the individual level but may leave the stigma itself unchanged or even reinforced. We then identify two ways individuals can reappropriate and take ownership of their stigma to weaken it: reframing and self-labeling. Reframing highlights stereotypic characteristics as assets rather than liabilities—for example, framing stereotypically feminine traits (e.g., social intelligence) as essential for effective negotiations or leadership. Self-labeling involves referring to oneself with a group slur. We discuss ways to utilize these reappropriation strategies as well as how to handle potential pitfalls.
Towards characterizing a type of aggravated impoliteness, with examples from Timon of Athens
Authors: Rudanko Juhani
Published: February 2017

This article proceeds from the assumption that speakers engaging in verbal interaction are perceived by their interlocutors to have intentions, and it explores the concepts of impoliteness and aggravated impoliteness. Two case studies, both from Shakespeare’s Timon of Athens are considered, and it is argued that a distinction between overt and covert intentions and between first-order and second-order intentions is useful in affording a purchase on the nature of deception in conversational interaction. The article thus seeks to contribute to a deeper understanding of an aspect of impoliteness theory and to the application of impoliteness theory to the analysis of a Shakespearean play.
Firm Characteristics and Total Factor Productivity: Evidence from Indian Manufacturing Firms
Authors: Satpathy Lopamudra D. , Chatterjee Bani , Mahakud Jitendra
Published: February 2017

Measurement of the productivity of firms is an important research issue in productivity literature. Over the years, various methods have been developed to measure firm productivity across the globe. But there is no unanimity on the use of methods, and research on the identification of factors which determine productivity has been neglected. In view of these gaps, this study aims to measure total factor productivity (TFP) and tries to identify firm-specific factors which determine productivity of Indian manufacturing companies. The study is based on data of 616 firms from 1998–99 to 2012–13. To measure TFP, the Levinsohn–Petrin (L-P) method has been employed, and the fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) method has been used to identify factors that affect TFP. The results reveal that embodied and disembodied technology plays a crucial role in the determination of productivity overall in manufacturing and other sub-industries. Similarly, the size of firms and intensity of raw material imports are also important for the determination of productivity across the sub-industries.

JEL Classification: C14, C33, D24, L60
Migrant Women Caught between Islamic Family Law and Women's Rights. The Search for the Appropriate ‘Connecting Factor’ in International Family Law
Authors: Foblets Marie-Claire
Published: February 2017

In recent decades ‘conflicts justice’ in the realm of international family law has undoubtedly gained momentum in most European immigration countries. This is largely due to an increase in the number of cases relating to family disputes among migrants submitted to the courts. In the first part of this contribution (§ 2: ‘The legal techniques at hand. The dramatic lack of adaptation of century-old techniques’) I briefly describe how ‘conflicts justice,’ in the domain of cross-cultural family relations, is facing the impact of an unprecedented cross-boundary mobility of people from all over the world. This cross-border mobility has engendered a new type of social and cultural pluralism in most European host countries. In the second part (§ 3: ‘The case of Moroccan women claiming protection under Belgian secular law’) I illustrate the discussion on possible legal solutions for handling the ‘conflicts justice’ consequence of this cross-border mobility by referring to the very problematic position of Moroccan women who have immigrated to Belgium.
The Long and Winding Road towards Freedom of Establishment for Legal Persons in Europe
Authors: Rammeloo Stephan
Published: February 2017

Cross-border company migration in Europe. Where a company formed in accordance with the law of a Member State (‘A’) in which it has its registered office is deemed, under the law of another Member State (‘B’), to have moved its actual centre of administration to Member State B, Articles 43 and 48 EC preclude Member State B from denying the company legal capacity and, consequently, the capacity to bring proceedings before its national courts for the purpose of enforcing rights under a contract with a company established in Member State B.
The Concept of Concurrent Liability and its Relationship with the Principle of Effectiveness: A One-Way Ticket into Oblivion?
Authors: de Visser Maartje
Published: February 2017

It is a truth universally acknowledged that a person upon whom a right is conferred must be entitled to a remedy to adequately safeguard this right. However, it is axiomatic that the availability of a remedy by itself is not sufficient: what is also needed if the existence of a remedy is not to be rendered nugatory, is a remedy which is first and foremost effective in providing redress. In the context of EC law, the case law of the Court of Justice (ECJ) acknowledges this.1 Particularly in relation to the availability of remedies at the national level to protect Community law rights, the Court has developed the principles of effectiveness and equivalence as the two conditions which always have to be met before it will consider a remedy Euro-compatible. In this article, however, the emphasis will be on the remedies present at the Community level, to be more precise, on the remedy of concurrent liability. The concept applies to the situation where there are two parties which can jointly and severally be held liable for the damage their (in)action has caused another party. In the context of Community law, this translates to the joint liability of the Community and one or more Member State(s) for the losses occasioned to an individual. The concept of concurrent liability will be examined to determine its (un?)conformity with the principle of effectiveness as it has developed within EC law. It has to be stressed here that the available literature on concurrent liability is unfortunately rather limited, as well as of considerable age. All opinions expressed are therefore predominantly based on a critical review of the existing case law.
At Long Last: Freedom of Establishment for Legal Persons in Europe Accomplished ECJ Case C-167/01 Kamer van Koophandel en Fabrieken Voor Amsterdam v Inspire Art Ltd. [2003] ECR Not Yet Reported
Authors: Rammeloo Stephan
Published: February 2017

Cross-border company migration in Europe. It is contrary to the Eleventh Council Company Law Directive to impose on the branch of a company formed in accordance with the laws of another Member State disclosure obligations not provided for by that directive. It is furthermore contrary to Articles 43 EC and 48 EC to impose on the exercise of freedom of secondary establishment of such a company certain conditions provided for in domestic company law in respect of company formation relating to minimum capital and directors' liability. Even if a company carries on its activities exclusively or almost exclusively in another Member State than where it has been duly set up, it may not be deprived of the right to invoke the freedom of establishment guaranteed by the EC Treaty save where the existence of an abuse is established on a case-by-case basis.