bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biologically Active Metabolites from Fungi, 10. Generation of the Palmarumycin Spiroacetal Framework by Oxidative Cyclization of an Open Chain Metabolite from Coniothyrium palmarum
Authors: Krohn Karsten , Beckmann Karsten , Aust Hans‐Jürgen , Draeger Siegfried , Schulz Barbara , Busemann Stefan , Bringmann Gerhard
Published: July 2007

The first “open chain” representative of the palmarumycins, the biaryl ether 1, was isolated from Coniothyrium palmarum. Phenol oxidation of 1 with silver oxide as a model for a biosynthetic step yielded 4 with the usual spiroacetal structure of the palmarumycins. The absolute (S)‐configuration of 4 (and thus of 1) was determined by quantumchemical CD calculations.
Kinetics of the Acid‐Catalysed Reaction of Cyclohexene with Hydrogen Peroxide: Mechanistic Aspects of the “In Situ” Activation of H2O2
Authors: Vayssié Stéphane , Elias Horst
Published: July 2007

The kinetics of the reaction of cyclohexene (CH) with an excess of H2O2 in acetonitrile (AN) at 293 K was studied at variable concentrations of H2O2 (1.7–13 M), water (1.6–13 M), acids HX (0.2–1.4 M), and salts NaX (0–1.7 M), with HXHClO4, H2SO4, HNO3, HPF6, p‐toluenesulfonic acid (TSAH), acetic acid (AH), trifluoroacetic acid (TFAH), and benzeneseleninic acid (BSAH). The solvent polarity parameter ET(30) of AN/water mixtures was determined. The oxidation of CH by H2O2, monitored by gas chromatography, was found to be acid‐catalysed. The detailed investigation of the systems CH/HClO4/AN and CH/TSAH/AN showed that the reaction is first‐order in CH according to [CH][CH]0 exp(–kexp·t). At [H2O2] ⩽ 3 M, the experimental rate constant kexp could be approximated by kexp = k0[H2O2] + k·[H2O2]·[HX]2· [X−]tot·[H2O]−2, with k0 = (0.93 ± 0.7)·10−5 M−1s−1 and k = (9.65 ± 0.20)·10−3 M−2s−1 for HClO4 and k = (5.96 ± 0.10)·10−3 M−2s−1 for TSAH ([X−]tot = [NaX] + [HX]). GC analysis of the HClO4‐catalysed reaction showed that trans‐cyclohexane‐1,2‐diol (CHD) is a reaction product. The order of catalytic activity of the various acids HX, as derived from the size of kexp obtained under standard conditions, was found to be: AH ≪ HNO3 < TFAH < TSAH < HClO4 < HPF6 < H2SO4 < BSAH. A mechanistic interpretation is presented and the synthetic potential of the acid‐catalysed oxidation of olefins by H2O2 is discussed.
3D 1H MRSI of brain tumors at 3.0 tesla using an eight‐channel phased‐array head coil
Authors: Osorio Joseph A. , Ozturk‐Isik Esin , Xu Duan , Cha Soonmee , Chang Susan , Berger Mitchel S. , Vigneron Daniel B. , Nelson Sarah J.
Published: July 2007

Purpose

To implement proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (1H MRSI) at 3 Tesla (3T) using an eight‐channel phased‐array head coil in a population of brain‐tumor patients.

Materials and Methods

A total of 49 MRI/MRSI examinations were performed on seven volunteers and 34 patients on a 3T GE Signa EXCITE scanner using body coil excitation and reception with an eight‐channel phased‐array head coil. 1H MRSI was acquired using point‐resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) volume selection and three‐dimensional (3D) phase encoding using a 144‐msec echo time (TE).

Results

The mean choline to N‐acetyl aspartate ratio (Cho/NAA) was similar within regions of normal‐appearing white matter (NAWM) in volunteers (0.5 ± 0.04) and patients (0.6 ± 0.1, P = 0.15). This ratio was significantly higher in regions of T2‐hyperintensity lesion (T2L) relative to NAWM for patients (1.4 ± 0.7, P = 0.001). The differences between metabolite intensities in lesions and NAWM were similar, but there was an increase in SNR of 1.95 when an eight‐channel head coil was used at 3T vs. previous results at 1.5T.

Conclusion

The realized increase in SNR means that clinically relevant data can be obtained in five to 10 minutes at 3T and used to predict the spatial extent of tumor in a manner similar to that previously used to acquire 1.5T data in 17 minutes. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007;26:23–30. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optically Driven Encapsulation Using Novel Polymeric Hollow Shells Containing an Azobenzene Polymer
Authors: Bédard Matthieu , Skirtach Andre G. , Sukhorukov Gleb. B.
Published: July 2007

A novel method of macromolecule encapsulation using micron‐sized polymeric shells constructed with a photoactive azobenzene containing polyelectrolyte is discussed. Fluorescently labeled dextran molecules were encapsulated using light to remotely shrink and change the wall permeability of new polymeric hollow shells. We observed that the proportion of shells with dye encapsulated increased along with the duration of irradiation. Electron microscopy imaging illustrated significant changes in the surface roughness of shells after being exposed to light. Finally, this new system was shown to possess a high thermal stability.

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Influence of perfusion on high‐intensity focused ultrasound prostate ablation: A first‐pass MRI study
Authors: Wiart Marlène , Curiel Laura , Gelet Albert , Lyonnet Denis , Chapelon Jean‐Yves , Rouvière Olivier
Published: July 2007

Our aim was to evaluate the influence of regional prostate blood flow (rPBF) on high‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment outcome. A total of 48 patients with clinically localized prostate cancer were examined by dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE)‐MRI prior to HIFU therapy. A prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) nadir threshold of 0.2 ng/ml was used to define the populations of responders and nonresponders. A dedicated tracer kinetic model, namely “monoexponential plus constant” (MPC) deconvolution, was implemented to provide quantitative estimates of rPBF. The results were compared with those obtained by semiquantitative (steepest slope, mean gradient) and quantitative (Fermi deconvolution) approaches. Of the four methods studied, quantitative rPBF obtained by MPC deconvolution proved the most sensitive to the perfusion changes encountered in this study. Furthermore, blood‐flow values obtained with MPC deconvolution in the prostate and muscle (12 ± 8 and 5 ± 3 ml/min/100 g, respectively) were in good agreement with literature data. The mean pretreatment rPBF obtained with MPC deconvolution was significantly higher in nonresponders compared to responders (16 ± 9 vs. 10 ± 6 ml/min/100 g), suggesting a correlation between baseline perfusion and treatment outcome. The present work describes and validates the use of dynamic MRI to estimate rPBF in patients, which in the future may help to refine the conduct of HIFU therapy. Magn Reson Med 58:119–127, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New amphoteric surfactants containing a phosphoric acid group: I. syntheses and physicochemical properties of sodium 2‐(n‐2‐hydroxyalkyl‐n‐methylamino)ethyl hydrogen phosphate
Authors: Tsubone Kazuyuki , Uchida Noriko , Mimura Kunio
Published: July 2007

A series of new amphoteric surfactants having a phosphoric acid group, a tertiary amino group and a 2‐hydroxyalkyl group, sodium 2‐(N‐2‐hydroxyalkyl‐N‐methyl‐amino)ethyl hydrogen phosphates (alkyl: n‐tetradecyl, n‐hexadecyl, n‐octadecyl), were prepared by an addition reaction of 1,2‐epoxyalkanes to N‐methylaminoethanol, followed by the introduction of a phosphoric acid group and neutralization with sodium hydroxide. The structures of these compounds were confirmed by spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The solubility in solvents, Krafft point, surface tension, critical micelle concentration (CMC), occupation area of the molecule at the surface of aqueous solutions and foaming power were measured. It was shown that a 2‐hydroxyethyl group in a long alkyl chain seemed to behave as a hydrophobic part.
Vapor pressure apparatus: Semi‐micro
Authors: Bonhorst Carl W. , Althouse P. M. , Triebold H. O.
Published: July 2007

An apparatus is described for the determination of vapor pressures on small amounts of pure substances with an accuracy of ±0.1 mm. Use is made of the increase in resistance to gas flow which accompanies decrease in diameter of a capillary.
Protein conformations and their stability
Authors: Pace C. N.
Published: July 2007

Our understanding of the conformations of proteins and their stability has increased substantially in recent years. A reaction of considerable interest is native (N) ⇌ denatured (D) where N is the globular, native state of the protein which is now well defined as a result of numer‐ous structural determinations by X‐ray diffraction studies, and D represents unfolded, denatured states of the protein whose structure depends on the denaturant used to promote unfolding. Through experimental studies much is known about the kinetics, thermody‐namics, and mechanism of this reaction. For example, it is known that the free energy change for this reaction under physiological conditions, ΔGD, is between 3 and 15 kcal/mol for a fairly wide range of globular proteins. Thus, the globular conformation which is absolutely essential for the biological function is only marginally stable. In addition, these ΔGD values are remarkably sensitive to small changes in the structure of the protein. It has been shown that single amino acid substitutions can dramatically increase or decrease ΔGD values and some substitutions surely lead to unfolding of the polypeptide chain. Most chemical alterations in the structure of a protein, e.g., cleavage of a peptide bond, or modification of an amino acid side chain, lead to decreases, often sizable, in the confor‐mational stability. The remarkably low conformational stability of globular proteins is important, in part, because many properties of the protein, e.g., solubility and proteolytic digestibility, change sub‐stantially when the protein unfolds. Recent developments in these areas of interest to protein chemists and food scientists are illus‐trated and discussed.
Lather stability of soap solutions
Authors: Grompone Maria A.
Published: July 2007

The stability of soap foams in the presence of calcium ions was studied. Laundry and toilet soap bars available at the local market were used. The soap equivalent/calcium equivalent ratio is pro‐posed as an objective quality criterion.
Interactions between sodium tetradecyl sulfate and a series of homogeneous polyoxyethyleneglycol‐ n‐ dodecyl ethers
Authors: Meguro Kenjiro , Kanbe Tetsuya , Esumi Kunio
Published: July 2007

The surface tensions of a mixed system of sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS) and a series of polyoxyethyleneglycol‐n‐dodecyl ethers (nED) were measured at temperatures of 30 and 40 C, respectively. When the STS concentration was fixed, the surface tension curves of the mixed system showed a flat portion in the range of which the mixed micelles would be formed. With a decrease of the added STS concentration, the length of the flat portion in these curves decreased gradually, and finally disappeared in the presence of 0.05 mM STS. Furthermore, when the concentration of STS was fixed at 1.0 mM, which is below the critical micelle concentration (CMC), the flat portion length in the surface tension curves de‐creased with decreasing ethylene oxide chain length in nED and with increasing temperature. The influence of increment of temper‐ature was comparable to that for reducing the length of ethylene oxide chain in nED.
Biodegradation of sodium alkyl poly(oxyalkylene)sulfates
Authors: Yoshimura K. , Masuda F.
Published: July 2007

The biodegradability of sodium alkylpoly(oxyalkylene)sulfates was studied under aerobic conditions by oxygen consumption, total organic corbon (TOC) and methylene blue active substance (MBAS) measurements. MBAS of linear alkylpoly(oxyalkylene)sulfates with propylene oxide (APS) or ethylene oxide (AES) disappeared within 5 days, whereas AES with branched alkyl chains were degraded less than linear AES. APS with propylene oxide from 1 to 3 mol showed BOD/ThOD values of more than 40% after 6 days. Therefore, these surfactants are considered to be readily biodegradable. In comparison to the biodegradability of APS and AES, the existence of propylene oxide groups resulted in a slight decreasing in oxygen consumption and TOC removal. Linear APS with PO of 1~3 mol were degraded according to Swisher's distance principle up to a C16 alkyl chain length. That is, increasing distance principle up to a C16 alkyl chain length. That is, increasing distance between sulfate and chain end increased the rate of biodegradation of these surfactants. Furthermore, from the biodegradation test of35S‐C12E3S, it is suggested that the initial step of biodegradation is attack on the terminal methyl group.
Desorption of soy oil lutein from rice hull cristobalite with polar solvents
Authors: Proctor Andrew , Palaniappan Sevugan
Published: July 2007

The effectiveness of sequential isopropanol/hexane washes of increasing polarity for desorbing soy oil pigment (lutein) from alkaline and acid rice hull ash was studied. Increasing the polarity promoted desorption of pigment. However, the amount of pigment desorbed with each extraction decreased after washing with 2% isopropanol. More lutein was desorbed as the amount of adsorbed lutein increased. Desorption from acid ash was greater than that from alkaline ash, which may be due to the absence of potassium from acid ash. The data suggest that the adsorption sites, occupied by lutein, are not all equally accessible to isopropanol, probably because of the irregular structure of the ash.
The prediction of ethylene oxide distributions in mixed alcohol ethoxylates
Authors: Geissler Paul R. , Johnson Adrain E. , Talley Larry D.
Published: July 2007

Supercritical fluid Chromatographic analyses of ethoxylates of 2‐ ethylhexanol in the pure state and in mixtures were used to determine relative propagation‐ to‐ initiation ethoxylation rate constants. Earlier work with normal octanol was verified in that ethylene oxide distributions were found to be unaffected by the presence of other alcohols in the ethoxylation of mixed alcohols. An apparent decrease in the relative ethoxylation rates with increasing number of ethylene oxide monomers in ethoxylates is attributed to truncation of the measured distributions and is eliminated by adding small amounts of higher ethoxylates to the distribution. The Weibull‐ Tornquist effect of decreasing relative rate constants as the overall average ethylene oxide‐ to‐ alcohol ratio increases was again observed. Rate constants of the ethoxylation of 2‐ ethylhexanol and its ethylene oxide adducts relative to the ethoxylation of normal octanol were determined from the analysis of ethoxylates of their mixtures. A computer model using averaged relative rate constants was developed that effectively predicts the ethylene oxide distributions in ethoxylates of alcohol mixtures.
Cyclopropenoid fatty acids ingnetum scandens and itsterculia pallens seed oils
Authors: Mustafa J. , Gupta A. , Ahmad M. S. , Ahmad F. , Osman S. M.
Published: July 2007

Seed oils ofGnetum scandens (Gnetaceae) andSterculia pattens (Sterculiaceae) were found to contain sterculic (28.57,6.97) and malvalic (11.27,3.87) acids, respectively. Gas Chromatographic analysis of silver nitrate/meth‐anol‐treated methyl esters was used to establish the co‐occurrence of these two acids.Sterculia foetida methyl esters were used as a reference standard.
Nitrogen containing compounds
Authors: Morgós Jenö , Sallay Péter , Farkas László , Rusznák István
Published: July 2007

Bridge‐head nitrogen‐containing compounds, (1,4‐diaza‐bicyclo‐[2.2.2]‐octane, 1‐azabicyclo‐[2.2.2]‐octane, 1,5‐diaza‐bicyclo‐[5.4.0]‐undec‐5‐ene and l‐azabicyclo‐[2.2.2]‐octane‐3‐one), successfully catalyze the ethoxylation of dodecyl alcohol. The catalytic activity of any of the first two compounds was four to five times higher than that of an open‐chain, symmetrical trialkylamine of similar basicity. The molar mass distribution of the ethoxylated dodecyl alcohol derivatives was of the Weibull‐Nycander‐Gold type. No Weibull‐Törnquist effect could be detected, however, unlike the case realized in ethoxylated systems gained in the presence of trialkylamines. No change in the distribution constant (calculated according to Natta and Mantica) could be observed in the course of these ethoxylation reactions.
Application of infrared spectroscopy to surfactant degradation studies
Authors: Frazee C. D. , Osburn Q. W. , Crisler R. O.
Published: July 2007

Several IR spectroscopic methods are described for the determination and analysis of detergent actives in sewage, ground water and finished detergents. The methods include the determination of the ratio of straight‐chain to tetrapropylene chain alkylbenzene sulfonate (ABS), the determination of level and polyethoxy chain length of alkyl and alkylphenyl ethers of polyethylene oxide condensates, and the type of alkyl group in detergent actives isolated from formulated detergents. Specific applications of these methods to study of the degradation of alkylbenzene sulfonate in sewage from controlled use areas, and in studies of the rate and mechanism of degradation of the alkylphenyl ethers and alkyl ethers are discussed.
Metabolism and lipogenic effects of the cyclic monomers of methyl linolenate in the rat
Authors: Iwaoka Wayne T. , Perkins Edward G.
Published: July 2007

Cyclic fatty acids are absorbed by the rat, partially oxidized to CO2, and a portion of the compound, presumably the ring structure, is excreted in the urine. Studies with uniformly labeled cyclic fatty acids showed that ca. 13‐15% of14CO2 is expired by the animal in 48 hr with peak expiration occurring between 4‐6 hr after ingestion. Approximately 40% of the total radioactivity is found in the urine after 48 hr with about 60% of that being excreted within 12 hr after ingestion. Decreased rates of lipogenesis were observed in livers of animals fed 8% and 10% protein and higher levels of cyclic fatty acids. An increased rate of lipogenesis was observed in adipose tissue of animals fed 10% protein and higher levels of cyclic fatty acids.
A quantitative study of the pathways involved in the formation of radiolysis products in ethyl palmitate
Authors: Merritt C. , Vajdi M. , Bazinet M. L. , Angelini P.
Published: July 2007

The various compounds produced by irradiation in ethyl palmitate have been determined by direct mass spectrometry and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Postulated mechanisms for their formation have been confirmed by a comparison of product yields, and a material balance is shown between the G‐values for products and their putative precursors. The total product yield is seen to be nearly equal to the amount of radiation absorbed. Three new radiolysis products, viz. ethyl α‐ethylpalmitate, ethyl hexadecen‐2‐oate and butyl palmitate are reported.
Aflatoxin distribution in fines and meats from decorticated cottonseed
Authors: Lee L. S. , Koltun S. P. , Buco S.
Published: July 2007

Nine samples of fuzzy cottonseed potentially high in aflatoxin were separated into hulls, fines and meats. Assays for aflatoxin on triplicate 50‐g portions from fines (small, dry particles of kernels) and meats from each of the nine samples indicated a marked concentration of toxin in the fines. On average, there was a 17‐fold difference between the aflatoxin content of the fines and that of the meats; the average toxin level in fines was 4024 μg/kg and that in the meat samples was 232 μg/kg. These results indicate a potential for marked reduction in aflatoxin content of processed cottonseed meal by physical removal of fines from meats after dehulling and before processing of meats into oil and meal.
Efficiencies of various esters of fatty acids as diesel fuels
Authors: Klopfenstein W. E. , Walker H. S.
Published: July 2007

Methyl esters of commercial grades of lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, linoleic and linolenic acids, as well as ethyl and butyl esters of oleic acid, were burned in a diesel engine to determine their efficiencies as fuels. Triolein and some common vegetable oils were burned as comparison fuels and No. 2 diesel fuel was used as a control. The fuels were tested in a single‐cylinder direct‐injection engine running at rated speed and load in short‐term, performance engine tests. Specific fuel consumption and thermal efficiencies of the engine burning these fuels were then determined. Among the methyl esters of the saturated acids, thermal efficiency was inversely related to chain length of the fatty acid. Introduction of a double bond resulted in increased efficiency. Further increases in unsaturation had negligible effects on thermal efficiencies. Ethyl oleate had the highest thermal efficiency and butyl oleate had the lowest thermal efficiency of any of the ester fuels tested. Most of the ester fuels produced higher thermal efficiencies than did No. 2 diesel fuel. Triolein produced the lowest specific fuel consumption of the triglyceride fuels and peanut oil produced the lowest specific fuel consumption of the vegetable oils. The data suggest that ethyl esters of monounsaturated or short‐chain fatty acids should make good alternative fuels and that they should be further evaluated in longterm engine tests.
Effect of oxygen and other factors in selenium catalyzed isomerization of unsaturated fatty acid esters
Authors: Subrahmanyam V. V. R. , Quackenbush F. W.
Published: July 2007

In thetrans‐isomerization of ethyl linoleate using 1% selenium as catalyst under nitrogen, 200C was found to be the optimal temperature. Conjugation and polymerization were concurrent with the formation of thetrans esters. In the isomerization of ethyl oleate with selenium, the double bond did not migrate to any appreciable extent.

Isomerization studies were performed on olive, safflower and linseed oils and ethyl esters of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids. Time to reach maxi‐maltrans isomer content was longest with linole‐nate esters; glycerides reacted more rapidly than ethyl esters, and with lesser polymerization.

Oxygen was found to be an important partici‐pant in thetrans‐isomerization reaction. Its ex‐clusion resulted in sharply diminished reaction rates. Benzoyl peroxide and hydrogen peroxide accelerated while an antioxidant (BHT) retarded the reaction.
Dynamic foam test
Authors: Spangler W. G.
Published: July 2007

A test has been developed for measuring the amount of foam generated by a detergent composition under dynamic conditions and in the presence of sebaceous soil. Good correlation with actual practice results because the conditions of the test closely parallel practical laundry conditions.
13C nuclear magnetic resonance of homologous methyl esters of saturated acids and the effect of chemical shift reagents
Authors: Barton F. E. , Himmelsbach D. S. , Walters D. B.
Published: July 2007

A homologous series of methyl esters was studied with13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (CMR) spectroscopy and compared to results which have been obtained with proton nuclear magnetic resonance (PMR) spectroscopy. Chemical shift reagents (CSRs) were used to improve the separation of resonances. The broader chemical shift range for CMR made possible the identification of each carbon as a unique resonance for methyl hexanoate through methyl nonanoate. The use of tris‐(1,1,1,2,2,3,3‐heptafluoro‐7,7‐dimethyl‐4,6‐octadione) Ytterbium (III) enables the separation of all carbons into unique resonances through methyl dodecanoate at 5KHz bandwidth. Carbon magnetic resonance is a useful tool for distinguishing members of homologous series and certainly more versatile than PMR.
Aflatoxin‐negative cottonseeds in bright, greenish yellow fluorescent seed locks
Authors: Lee Louise S. , Cucullu Alva F.
Published: July 2007

Bright, greenish yellow (BGY) fluorescent locks were removed from an aflatoxin‐contaminated sample of lint cotton. Hand ginning of these fluorescent locks yielded 51 seeds, 26 with BGY linters, and 25 with nonfluorescent linters. All seeds were analyzed individually for aflatoxins. Two of the seeds with BGY lint accounted for 99.9% (2.75 μg) of the total aflatoxins. Four other seeds each contained 0.02 μg of total toxins, and all others contained no toxins. Our results show that 88% of the seeds necessarily lost in discarded fluorescent locks would contain no aflatoxins.
Animal fat raw materials
Authors: Maerker G.
Published: July 2007

Over six billion pounds of tallow and grease are produced yearly in the United States, and almost 90% of these animal fats are utilized in feeds and as raw materials for industrial chemicals—both domestically and abroad. The fatty acid profile of an animal fat is a function of the kind of animal from which the fat was derived, as well as the breed, age, and diet of the animal. Impurities in the fat determine its grade and depend primarily on this history of the fat as well as on external contaminants which may have been added inadvertently.
Nitrogen derivatives (Amides, diamides, nitriles, primary amines and oxides)
Authors: Reck R. A.
Published: July 2007

Without a doubt the nitrogen derivatives are the most broadly diversified family of fatty acid derivatives. Today they account collectively for perhaps 400 million pounds of products per year in the USA alone. Although fatty amides may be produced by a large number of synthetic routes, industrially only two are of any commercial importance. Diamides are the difunctional analogs of simple amides, and a typical one that is in medium scale production volume is ethylene bis(stearamide). Industrially, the production of fatty nitriles in the fatty acid derivative industry is exclusively by ammonolysis of fatty acids at temperatures somewhat above those required to produce amides, or roughly, 300–320 C. Both vapor phase catalytic and liquid phase ammonolysis processes may be employed. Nitriles have limited uses as such, but find their utility as fatty derivative intermediates only. The primary amines, RNH2, are produced industrially by the catalytic hydrogenation of nitriles. The general conditions for the conversion of nitriles to primary amines with a minimum content of secondary or tertiary amines is with nickel catalyst using an excess of ammonia at relatively low temperatures (130–140 C). Amine oxides are derived from tertiary amines by a controlled reaction with hydrogen peroxide. In addition to tertiary amines, the monoalkyl diethoxylated amines can be considered as in the same class. These are made by the addition of ethylene oxide to primary amine. Two moles of ethylene oxide can be added without catalyst. Additional ethoxylation does require a basic catalyst. These amines, besides having end uses of their own, can be converted to amine oxides or can be converted to ethoxylated quaternary ammonium salts.
Fat‐based detergent additives
Authors: Cahn A.
Published: July 2007

The function of several of the coco‐based alkanol‐amide additives in detergents today varies depending upon the particular product. It could be foam‐boosting, foam stabilization or a variety of other supplementary effects. Tracing the development of the Ninol detergent through to the advent of the “superamides” is illustrative of the kind of progress that has been made in the utilization of this type of fatty acid derivative in the large detergent industry.
Isostearic and other branched acids
Authors: Kinsman D. V.
Published: July 2007

Raw materials selection and method of synthesis determine the type of branching in a commercial branched fatty acid. The type of branching plus the isomer distribution, the normal chain/branched chain ratio, the chain length distribution, and the purity of the acid determine the physical properties of commercial branched acids. The latter four characteristics are affected by postsynthesis processing of the crude branched acids using such standard manufacturing or finishing techniques as distillation, solvent separation, hydrogenation, and bleaching. The generally lower titers or pour points of branched acids and their derivatives combined with their different (relative ton‐chain materials) solubilities and their generally good heat and oxidative stabilities make them useful in applications in such diverse areas as soaps, cosmetics, lubricants, plastics, and coatings among others. The physical and usage properties which branched acids effect inproducts in such areas are often very different from the physical and usage properties which straight chain acids (which are also used in the same areas) effect. Thus, the use of branched acids gives an increased range of formulation possibilities and greater flexibility to product developers and formulators.
Chemical studies of the oil from pistacia nuts growing wild in iran
Authors: Daneshrad A. , Aynehchi Y.
Published: July 2007

Large populations of Pistacia grow wild in dif‐ferent parts of Iran. The fruits of two species, namely,Pistacia atlantica Subsp.mutica andP. atlantica Subsp.kurdica are consumed by the natives because of the high content of oil in kernels and outer skin layers. The kernels of both species are rich in oil (over 50%), and the oil content in the outer skin layer ofP. atlantica Subsp.kurdica is 63% and in the other variety 30%. Unsaponifiable matter and fatty acid compositions of the oils were determined and the results compared with the oil fromPistacia vera L.
Hydrogenated sunflowerseed oil: Oxidative stability and polymer formation on heating
Authors: Morrison W. H. , Robertson J. A.
Published: July 2007

The effects of hydrogenation on the stability of pilot plant refined and deodorized northern and southern sunflowerseed oil were studied. Light hydrogenation reduced the iodine value of the northern oil from 134 to 120 and the southern oil from 106 to 102. Hydrogenation increased the overall stability of both oils but did not alter the rate of loss of oxidative stability as represented by a plot of the log of the active oxygen method values versus the number of hours the oil had been heated. Non‐gas liquid chromatography eluting material which includes oxidation products, polymers, and unsaponifiables reached a maximum of 4.1%.
Preparation of some mono‐ and diesters of n,n‐disubstituted amides and their evaluation as plasticizers
Authors: Bailey A. V. , Boudreaux G. J. , Sumrell G.
Published: July 2007

Mono‐ and diesters of fatty acid‐ and aromatic acid‐derived N,N‐disubstituted amides were prepared in which the acid moieties were alternately substituted to function as the basic amide moiety or the terminal ester moiety. Several of the esteramides were evaluated as plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The plasticized stocks exhibited properties that equaled, and in some instances were superior to PVC plasticized with the common plasticizer, di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate (DOP). The monoesters were more compatible than the diesters. Thermal stability was enhanced by the presence of the benzoic acid moiety in the molecule. Brittle point temperatures were shown to be a predictable characteristic for specific terminal groups, based on structural similarity of the basic molecule.
9,9 (10,10)‐Bis(acetoxymethyl)octadecanoate Esters as Plasticizers for Poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Miller W. R. , Pryde E. H. , Riser G. R.
Published: July 2007

Four alkyl 9,9(10,10)‐bis(acetoxymethyl)octadecanoates were evaluated as plasticizers for poly(vinyl chloride). They were all compatible and imparted properties generally equal or superior to those obtained with a dioctyl phthalate (DOP) control. Permanence properties were also generally equal or superior to those reported for analogous acetoxy and acetoxymethyl plasticizers. Volatility was half that for DOP. On heating, the experimental samples remained flexible to failure, whereas the control samples with DOP became stiff and rigid. Acetone acetals of alkyl 9,9(10,10)‐bis(hydroxymethyl)octadecanoates were incompatible with poly(vinyl chloride).
Old and new in winterizing
Authors: Neumunz George M.
Published: July 2007

Winterizing is the process of removing stearines from vegetable oils. The procedures have been developed over the past 75 years and vary according to the type of oil treated or the kind of process used such as batch, continuous systems, or whether in the miscella stage. Dewaxing is also considered a form of winterizing.
Margarine oil formulation and control
Authors: Wiedermann Lars H.
Published: July 2007

The formulation and control of margarine oils and margarines is based on an understanding of the relation between various physical measurements and the composition of the oils and margarines. Solid‐to‐liquid‐fat ratios are determined by dilatometry or by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Oils are chosen for their crystal habit under conditions of processing and finishing.

Some margarine test methods involve appearance, oral melting characteristics, oil‐off, slump or collapse, get‐away, penetration, and spreadability. Many measurements are effective only when they describe conditions over a range of temperatures. These include dilatometry and consistency determinations which require multipoint measurements.
Mass balance of hexane losses in an extraction plant
Authors: Dahlén J. A. H. , Lindh L. A.
Published: July 2007

The hexane losses of an extraction plant processing rapeseed have been surveyed over a period of 5 months. The total average loss was 2.0 L/ton of seed according to inventory. By analyzing all discharge streams containing hexane, it was possible to make an accurate hexane mass balance. It was shown that almost 80% of the total loss was due to hexane residues in the desolventized and dried meal.
Symposium: Binding of upids by proteins conducted Ly The American Oil Chemists舗 Society at its 37tn pall meeting, Minneapolis, Minnesota September 30舑Octoter 2, 1963
Authors: Therriault D. H. , Wheeler D. H. , Chairman Program
Published: July 2007

Steroid compounds form dissociable complexes of low binding energy with numerous proteins of different origin as can be demonstrated by various physicochemical procedures. This interac‐tion has definite physiological consequences in case of the steroid hormones. The sites of attach‐ment between ख4‐3‐ketosteroids and human serum albumin appear to be located at the alpha side of the steroid molecule. The affinity of inter‐action with serum albumins is increased by en‐trance of electron‐repelling groups (alkyl) into the steroid, and decreased by electron‐attracting groups (‐OH; =O; halogen) (舠polarity rule舡). This rule is reversed in interactions with certain proteins which have a higher content of aliphatic hydroxyl groups. It was concluded from compe‐tition studies with higher fatty acids that the attachment of ख4‐3‐ketosteroids to serum albumin does not take place at the anion‐binding sites. The SH‐group of serum albumin is not involved in the interaction with testosterone. The ॅ1‐acid glycoprotein (orosomucoid) from human serum was found to have a particularly high binding affinity for progesterone. Removal of sialic acid results in a decrease of this binding affinity. Complex formation with the orosomucoid leads to physiological inactivation of progester‐one. A highly specific interaction occurs between the adrenocorticoid hormones and the corticosteroid‐binding globulin (transcortin) in serum of hu‐man and other species. For a quantitative test, the endogenous corticosteroids have to be removed by dialysis at 37C. Cortisol, corticosterone and related hormones are bound by transcortin; aldo‐sterone interacts with serum and transcortin‐containing fractions more strongly than with albumin. The 舠transcortin舡 activity of rat se‐rum increases after adrenalectomy and hypo‐physectomy; injection of corticosterone into adre‐nalectomized rats reverses this effect. The general increase of the total ॅ‐globulin fraction in adrenalectomized rats (15‐16%) is smaller than the increase in 舠transcortin舡 activity (100%). The corticosteroid‐binding serum pro‐teins of different mammalian species (rat, rab‐bit, steer, horse) were found to be ॅ‐globulins. Their binding affinities towards different cortico‐steroids will be discussed.
Separation of surfactant mixtures and their homologs by high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Nakamura K. , Morikawa Y.
Published: July 2007

A technique for separating similar and diverse ionogenic mixtures into their individual homologs was studied by high performance liquid chromatography on an octadecyl‐silica (TSK Gel LS‐410) column. Conditions used for the separation were: column size, 6 mm id×200 mm; mobile phase, water/methanol (15:85, v/v) containing (a) 1.0 M sodium perchlorate and adjsting to pH 2.5 with phosphoric acid, (b) 0.1 M and pH 3.5; column temp., 50 C. By using 2 mobile phase conditions, various surfactant mixtures were separated into their individual homologs and simultaneously distinguished from each other, regardless of their ionogenic properties.
Phase transfer catalysts as co‐catalysts in the ethoxylation of nonyl phenol
Authors: Wesslén Bengt , Andreasson Eva , Holmberg Krister
Published: July 2007

Ethoxylation of nonyl phenol has been carried out at 130°C and at an absolute pressure of two bars. Alkali metal hydroxides were used as catalysts, either neat or in conjunction with added co‐catalysts such as 18‐crown‐6 and tetramethyl ethylene diamine (TMEDA). The overall reaction rates were found to increase fivefold on the addition of the co‐catalysts. The use of TMEDA as the sole catalyst gave equally high reaction rates. This fact can be explained by the high basicity of TMEDA and by the formation of a highly reactive ion pair similar to those found in phase transfer catalysis. The differences in the kinetics of the reactions were analysed by computer simulation, using a five parameter model. According to this model, the crown ether‐catalyzed ethoxylation of nonyl phenol was found to proceedvia protonated ethylene oxide, while pure alkali catalysis proceeded mainlyvia uncomplexed ethylene oxide. Small differences in the oligomer distributions were noted.
Soil wetting agents from fatty nonionic tertiary amides: “Aromatic adducts without aminoester”
Authors: Micich T. J.
Published: July 2007

Tertiary amides RCONR'K, where K is a hydroxy function and R,R′ are aliphatic and/or aromatic groups, were oxyethylated to adducts containing 5, 10, 15, and 20 moles of ethylene oxide. The hydroxy function K was derived from CH2CHR″OH,‐(CH2)yOH, or (CH2CH2O)zH, where R″ is methyl, ethyl, or octyl, y is 4 or 6 methylenes, and z is 2 or 3 ethoxy groups. Structural variations in R,R′ and K permitted the oxyethylation of aromatic amides with minimal aminoester formation. When K was diethoxy and R,R′ were linear aliphatic groups, no aminoester accompanied oxyethylation. Minimal aminoester formed when R,R′ were mixed aliphatic/ aromatic or when R was phenethyl and R′ aromatic. For aromatic amides where K was dior triethoxy, large aminoester concentrations accompanied oxyethylation. For aromatic amides where K was (CH2)4OH or (CH2)6OH smaller aminoester concentrations were observed. For branched alphatic amides where R″ is methyl, ethyl, or octyl, aminoester concentration remained at the level found where R″ is hydrogen. The increasing size of R″ decreased solubility and Draves wetting times. The adducts of this study were wetting agents for Idylwild hydrophobic soil and cotton skeins. The availability of aromatic substrates should permit formulation of soil wetting agents with greater stability to biodegradation than would be expected with aliphatic substrates.
A gas chromatographic method for testing antioxidants
Authors: Rogstad Astri , Reinton Ragnhild
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

A gas chromatographic method for evaluating the effect of antioxidants is described. Emulsions of linoleic acid both with and without antioxidant are oxidized enzymatically. Concentrations of uncreacted linoleic acid are measured at varying incubation times and various concentrations of both lipoxidase and antioxidant. Two antioxidants have been tested. The method is simple, precise, and reproducible. The inhibition mechanism and experimental conditions are discussed.
Hulling‐separating cottonseed without delintering
Authors: Clark S. P.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

Saw delintering of cottonseed is coming increasingly into disfavor for several environment and economic reasons. Hulling of undelintered seed would facilitate control of the environmental problems. This process has been estimated to require considerably less energy than saw delintering; therefore, it may become increasingly attractive for this reason. This is a description of experimental, pilot‐plant‐scale hulling‐separating of underlintered seed and the pelleting and baling of the fuzzy hulls. A method is described which has been used to estimate the additional machinery needed to convert a mill from hulling delintered seed to hulling undelintered seed.
Synthesis of cationic surfactants with alkenyl group
Authors: Okahara Mitsuo , Ohashi Yoko , Nishimura Fujio , Ohashi Takehisa , Komori Saburo
Published: July 2007

Quaternary ammonium chlorides with long chain alkenyl groups were synthesized by the reaction of tert‐amines with alkylallyl chloride which, in turn, were obtained by the allylic chlorination of 1‐olefins with N‐tert‐butyl‐ or N‐cyclohexyl‐N‐chloro‐ethanesulfonamides. Of the two kinds of alkylallyl chlorides prepared by the allylic chlorination of 1‐olefins, the γ‐alkylallyl chlorides(I), were found to be reactive with tert‐amines, while the secondary chlorides, α‐alkylallyl chlorides(II), were not so reactive and, when the allylic chloride mixture was reacted with tert‐amine under suitable reaction conditions, the γ‐alkylallyl chloride could be selectively converted to a quaternary ammonium chloride while the α‐alkylallyl chloride was recovered unreacted. The quaternary ammonium chlorides thus obtained were identified as γ‐alkylallyl ammonium chlorides from their spectra, and they were shown to possess almost the same surface tension lowering ability as their saturated homologs, although larger critical micelle concentration values and greater water solubilities were observed.
Preparation and surface‐ active properties of polyoxyethylene‐glycol (600) monoesters of fatty acids
Authors: Rao T. Chandrasekhara , Sastry Y. Sita Rama , Subbarao R. , Lakshminarayana Gollamudi
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

Polyoxyethyleneglycol (PEG‐600) monoesters of undecylenic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, ricinoleic and 12‐hydroxystearic acids were prepared in 80‐85% yield by reacting PEG with boric acid, esterifying the resultant borate with fatty acid, and selectively hydrolyzing the borate ester; their surface active properties were evaluated. Increase in acyl chain length increased the surface tension. The presence of a double bond or hydroxyl group in C18 series improved the wetting and emulsifying proper‐ties. Unsaturation in the fatty acid chain reduced the foaming power.
Conditions and trends in the world protein economy
Authors: Hardin Clifford M.
Published: July 2007

Eating habits and food systems are difficult to change. Isolated and refined vegetable proteins are being used increasingly in a wide variety of food systems to improve nutritive values and functional qualities without displacing the system itself. They provide a way for people with rising affluence to move up the “food ladder” without disturbing familiar and traditional habits of eating. Worldwide commercial demand for food and feed crops from surplus‐producing nations will continue to expand during the next decade. U.S. producers and those of other exporting nations will be able to expand production sufficiently to meet this rising commercial demand at reasonable prices during most of the years of the 1980 decade. But if tonnages necessary to satisfy real nutritional need (mostly in developing countries which are critically short of foreign exchange) were added to the commercial demand, the totals would be so great, there would be no way the export countries could produce enough. If malnutrition is to be stemmed or prevented, developing countries will have to learn to produce more on their own soil and provide the means of getting it to the people who need it. Contrary to some views, the U.S. livestock feeding industry should be regarded as an effective part of a world grain reserve and an aid to maximizing exports. In the short crop year of 1974, U.S. feed grain consumption was reduced to a much greater extent than exports. Livestock have the ability to act as a “surge tank” in the food line. There is urgent need in the world today for improved varieties of high protein legumes that are adapted to the tropics. An important component of sucess in improving food supplies in developing countries will be the emergence of enlightened and courageous political leadership. When country leaders “short term” it by giving in to urban pressures for cheap food, the result is usually counterproductive.
Economic considerations on the use of vegetable proteins in Danish meat products
Authors: Hansen Ole Kaae
Published: July 2007

Use of vegetable proteins in meat products in Denmark is discussed with special reference to economy. Aspects of price vs. quality also are discussed, and performance criteria in the evaluation of vegetable protein products are proposed. Examples are given of recipe optimization with soy protein products, and finally the market perspectives are outlined. It is emphasized that no conflict is seen between the use of vegetable proteins in meat products and agricultural or consumer interests.
Regulatory outlook on vegetable protein
Authors: Roberts Howard
Published: July 2007

Vegetable protein products are increasing in use in the U.S. diet, especially in substitutes for the traditional animal‐protein foods: meat, seafood, poultry, eggs and cheeses. This is occurring despite an ample protein supply which permits U.S. consumers to eat about twice the recommended protein levels. Cost, dietary preferences and the functionality of vegetable proteins appear to assure further increases. In order to permit continued development of these products, while at the same time assuring their nutritional adequacy and providing informative labeling, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recently issued comprehensive tentative regulations. The regulations prescribe that the primary products be named as vegetable flour, vegetable protein concentrate and vegetable protein isolate when they contain less than 65%, 65% up to 90% and 90% or more protein respectively—except that gluten products may be referred to as such. When vegetable protein products are used as protein sources in whole or partial substitution for meat, seafood, poultry, eggs or cheese foods, the name of the substitute food must include the term vegetable protein product. Such substitute foods must be nutritionally equivalent to the original foods to avoid being called imitation. Imitation products must also be named to indicate the nature of the products, such as their use of vegetable protein ingredients. Nutritional equivalency is defined by nutrient profiles for six classes of foods: break‐fast or lunch meats; seafood, poultry and other meats; eggs; cream cheeses; cottage cheeses; and natural cheeses. Fortification of substitute foods to meet nutritional equivalency requires their nutrition labeling. The FDA regulations also require that the PER of substitute foods containing vegetable protein products at more than 30% when combined with meat, seafood, poultry, eggs or cheeses shall be at least 100% that of casein. At 30% or less, the required PER is 80% that of casein. Specific USDA rules or FDA regulations such as the proposed standards for milk, cream or cheese substitutes take precedence over the general vegetable protein regulations. It is FDA intent to finalize the vegetable protein regulations as soon as possible.