bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
β ‐ 2 ‐ Microglobulin. Part of the HL‐A Molecule in the Cell Membrane
Authors: Solheim B. G. , Thorsby E.
Published: July 2010

Human lymphocytes were reacted with antisera against β‐2‐microglobulin (β‐2‐m) or HL‐A antigens, and with xenogeneic anti‐lymphocyte sera under conditions where redistribution and aggregation of the corresponding cell‐membrane components were induced. The results demonstrate that:

Treatment with anti‐β‐2‐m antisera aggregated and completely removed the HL‐A anti‐genic structures from the cell membrane, but not, however, the structures reactive with anti‐lymphocyte sera.

Treatment with anti‐HL‐A antisera also aggregated some of the β‐2‐m carrying structures, but left others undisturbed.

Treatment with anti‐lymphocyte sera did not disturb expression of HL‐A antigens or β‐2‐m structures.

Anti‐β‐2‐m and anti‐HL‐A antisera inhibited antigen activation of lymphocytes, but this was not so in the case of the anti‐lymphocyte sera used.

The anti‐β‐2‐m antiserum and the anti‐lymphocyte sera were mitogenic for normal lymphocytes.

Taken together, our results strongly suggest that β‐2‐m is also part of native cell‐membrane bound HL‐A antigens, and that the antigenic structures which react with xenogeneic anti‐lymphocyte sera may reside on molecules separate from those carrying HL‐A and β‐2‐m activity. Furthermore, the results indicate that the two sub‐unit molecules consisting of HL‐A alloantigenic determinants and β‐2‐m are closely associated — structurally or functionally — with lymphocyte receptor structures.
β2‐Microglobulin on the Cell Surface. Relationship to HL‐A Antigens and the Mixed Leucocyte Culture Reaction
Authors: Lindblom J. BERTIL , ÖStberg LARS , Peterson PER A.
Published: July 2010

Fab'‐fragments derived from antibodies against β2‐microglobulin will completely abolish the cytotoxic effect of antibodies against HL‐A serological determinants. This is the result of the Fab'‐fragments competing with the antibodies against the HL‐A antigens for binding to the lymphocyte surface. Reciprocally, it is shown that Fab'‐fragments against the HL‐A alloantigenic structures impeded the binding of Fab'‐fragments to cell surface bound β2‐microglobulin.

Fab'‐fragments against β2‐microglobulin inhibit considerably the mixed leucocyte culture reaction (MLR). The main effect is on the responding cells, whereas when the stimulating cells are treated with Fab'‐fragments against β2‐microglobulin they do not (or, at most, only slightly) change their characteristics in the MLR. Fab'‐fragments against immunoglobulin light chains do not influence the MLR significantly, whereas Fab'‐fragments against HL‐A antigens depress the response.

Fab'‐fragments against β2‐microglobulin do not interfere with the mitogenic stimulation of PHA, whereas Fab'‐fragments from the antiserum used in this study against HL‐A8 reduced the mitogenic effect of PHA considerably.
Distribution of HL‐A Antigens on Blood Cells
Authors: Cook KERRIN M.
Published: July 2010

The presence of HL—A antigens on various blood cells was determined by absorption techniques with the absorbed antisera being tested in the lymphocyte cytotoxicity test for loss of antibody activity.

To overcome the risk of contamination by lymphocytes, methods for the preparation of pure cell suspensions of platelets, granulocytes and erythrocytes were evolved, giving high yields of cells.

The following antigens were detected on platelets and granulocytes, but not on erythrocytes either fresh or papainized: HL—A1, HL—A2, HL—A3, HL—A9, HL—A10 and HL—A11 of the first series, and HL—A5, HL—A7, HL—A8, HL—A12, HL—A13, W5, W14, W15, W17, W18, W22, W27 and possibly W10 of the second series.

The distribution of antigens on the various blood cells using cells from the same donor was also investigated, and it was found that the same HL—A antigens were present on platelets, granulocytes and lymphocytes.
Effect of Inhibitors of Macromolecular Synthesis on HL‐A Antibody Mediated Lysis of Cultured Lymphoblasts1
Authors: Ferrone S. , Pellegrino M. A. , Dierich M. P. , Reisfeld R. A.
Published: July 2010

The effect of inhibitors of macromolecular synthesis on the cell surface expression of HL‐A antigens of cultured lymphoblastoid cells has been investigated by utilizing the complement dependent cytotoxic reaction and the absorption test. Cultured human lymphoid cells (WI‐L2 and RPMI 8866) treated with actinomycin D do not show any change in the expression of HL‐A antigens, while RAJI cells incubated with the same drug display a reduced absorbing capacity for HL‐A alloantisera. Cycloheximide does not affect the absorbing capacity of lymphoblastoid cells, but tends to increase their reactivity in the cytotoxic test with HL‐A alloantisera and complement. Puromycin, which like cycloheximide inhibits protein synthesis but by a different mechanism, decreases the cell surface expression of HL‐A antigens. The effect of puromycin is not due to steric hindrance since analogues of puromycin which do not inhibit protein synthesis do not change the absorbing capacity of lymphoblastoid cells for HL‐A alloantisera. The limitations of the complement dependent cytotoxic test in quantitating antigens on cell membranes are discussed. It is proposed that HL‐A antigens which have been extensively characterized as to their genetical, serological, and chemical properties can be utilized as markers to characterize cell membrane metabolism.
Cell Mediated Lympholysis in Man. Occurrence of Unexpected, HL‐A (LA and FOUR) Irrelevant Lympholysis
Authors: Kristensen T. , Grunnet N. , Kissmeyer‐nielsen F.
Published: July 2010

Generally cell‐mediated lympholysis in man is explainable on the basis of the HL‐A antigens from the first and second series alone, indicating that the target determinants are governed mainly by the LA and FOUR loci themselves, or by loci in very substantial association with these. The object of this communication is to show that lympholysis inexplicable by these two series of the HL‐A system does occur, indicating that determinants apart from the HL‐A antigens of first and second locus do serve as target determinants.
Histocompatibility Antigens (HL–A) in Leprosy
Authors: DASGUPTA A. , MEHRA N. K. , GHEI S. K. , VAIDYA M. C.
Published: July 2010

HL–A antigens of 70 leprosy patients and 40 normal healthy individuals were determined by the standard microlymphocytotoxicity test. Both lepromatous and non‐lepromatous leprosy patients were tested for the presence of 11 HL–A antigens, and the frequency of each specificity was compared with that in a normal population of the same ethnic group. Although the statistical significance of HL–A8 specificity was found to be marginal in lepromatous leprosy patients, when using ordinary 2x2 statistics, there did seem to be a decreased frequency of HL–A9 among the non‐lepromatous type. Other antigens tested did not reveal any significant differences between the two groups of subjects.
HL‐A8: A Genetic Link with Thyrotoxicosis*
Authors: WHITTINGHAM SENGA , MORRIS P. J. , MARTIN F. I. R.
Published: July 2010

The incidence of HL‐A8 was significantly increased in 64 Caucasian patients with thyrotoxicosis compared with 700 Australian blood donors (42% versus 24%). No significant correlation was observed between HL‐A8 and autoantibodies to thyroid components in thyrotoxic patients; thus the association of HL‐A8 must be either with the disease itself, or possibly with immune responses not tested for in this study.
The HL‐A and ABO Antigens in Trophoblastic Disease
Authors: MITTAL KAMAL K. , KACHRU RAJ B. , BREWER JOHN I.
Published: July 2010

No statistically significant deviations in phenotype frequencies of the 25 HL‐A antigens or the ABO antigens were seen when 111 Caucasian patients with trophoblastic disease were compared with 1,259 healthy Caucasian controls. However, an increase in the incidence of HL‐A11 was found in 39 patients who currently had the disease, but not in 72 who had recovered from the disease. Further, an increase in the frequency of W18 was observed among 18 patients who currently had‘invasive’disease (choriocarcinoma or invasive mole), but not in 44 who had recovered from such disease. If valid for larger patient population, these increases may suggest association of HL‐All and W18 with the‘morbidity’of the trophoblastic disease.

No increase in histocompatibility was seen in 45 patient‐couples over 67 control‐couples in terms of decrease in the number of male spouse's HL‐A incompatibilities, and no significant difference was seen in the distribution of pregnancies in the two groups. No significant difference was observed in the incidence of different male‐female combinations of ABO blood groups between 95 patient‐couples and an equal number of control‐couples.

Lymphocytotoxic antibodies were found in 64 patients (158 sera) or 36% of the 178 patients (413 sera) examined. HL‐A specific antibodies were found in 30 or 17% patients (39 sera). Of these 30, 24 patients had molar pregnancies and six had choriocarcinoma. Whether these antibodies have a role in the destruction of neoplastic tissue remains to be determined.
The Specificity of Naturally Occurring Heterophile Antibodies in Normal Rabbit Serum
Authors: Kennett R.H. , Fairbrother T. , Hampshire B. , Bodmer W.F.
Published: July 2010

Rabbit sera used as a complement source contain cytotoxic antibodies which react with cultured human cells. This cytotoxic activity can be inhibited by human IgM. The capacity of IgM, JJL and L chains, and IgM glycopeptides to inhibit these heterospecific antibodies was determined. The inhibitory activity of several monosaccharides, bacterial polysaccharides and blood group substances was also determined. At least some of the heterospecific antibodies in normal rabbit sera are directed against carbohydrate determinants Mannose, fucose, and bacterial polysaccharides containing mannose as the immunodominant sugar are particularly effective in inhibiting cytotoxic antibodies.
HLA Antigens and Susceptibility to Psoriasis Vulgaris in a Non‐Caucasian Population
Authors: Tsuji K. , Nose Y. , Ito M. , Ozawa A. , Matsuo I. , Niizuma K. , Ohkido M.
Published: July 2010

Fifty‐four unrelated Japanese patients with psoriasis vulgaris were tissue typed using the Sixth International Histocompatibility Workshop antisera. Two control groups were included in this study: Thirty‐one pustulosis palmaris et plantaris and 17 seborrheic dermatitis as a disease control and 66 normal, healthy, unrelated Japanese as a reference.

HLA‐A1 (P = 0.0065) from the A locus and HLA‐BW37 (P = 0.0164) from the B locus were found to occur with increased frequency in patients with psoriasis vulgaris. No significant difference in antigen frequencies in pustulosis palmaris et plantaris was found, however, HLA‐AW30 and/or AW31 and HLA‐B12 occurred with increased frequency in seborrheic dermatitits. No linkage between psoriasis and HLA was observed in eight families. Therefore our findings in Japanese do not confirm the previous observation made in Caucasians of an association between psoriasis vulgaris and HLA‐B13 or BW17.
The Major Histocompatibility Complex of Rhesus Monkeys VI. Serology and Genetics of la‐Like Antigens*
Authors: Roger J.H. , van Vreeswijk W. , Dorf M.E. , Balner H.
Published: July 2010

The serology and genetics of 11 new cell surface alloantigens of rhesus monkeys are described. They are controlled by the major histocompatibility complex but are distinct from the conventional serologically defined (SD) antigens of RHL—A. The new specificities are termed “la‐like” because of serological, immunocytological and other characteristics reminiscent of la‐antigens of the mouse. Population and family analyses led to the postulation of two segregant series controlling eight of the 11 la‐like specificities of the monkey. Strong linkage disequilibria with SD2 antigens and genetic mapping on the basis of segregation studies in recombinant Offspring in the monkey families, places at least one of the two loci in the vicinity of the SD2 locus of RHL—A, not in the region of the major MLC or LD1 locus. For this and other reasons, the new B‐cell alloantigens of rhesus monkeys are not believed to be similar to or associated with the stimulator antigens of LD1. The biological function(s) of the la‐like antigens of primates are as yet unknown.
Preparation of Antisera Specific for Human B Cells by Immunization of Rabbits with Immune Complexes
Authors: Welsh K.I. , Turner M.J.
Published: July 2010

Three rabbit antisera are described which are specific without absorption (titer 1:100) for separated human B cells, as measured by complement and non‐complement fixing assays. The method of production of these sera involved injections of rabbits with precipitin lines formed between 10μl of three separate detergent solubilized membrane preparations and 4μl aliquots of rabbit antisera to human B cells. In addition to being B cell specific, the three sera block the MLC reaction, inhibit aggregated IgG binding to B cells, and show differential degrees of B cell lysis when tested on a panel of separated B and T cells. These and other properties suggest that the target specificities of the antibodies are the human equivalent of the murine la antigens.
Preparation of Monospecific HLA Antibodies from Cross‐Reactive Multispecific Antisera
Authors: Cross D.E. , Whittier F.C. , Greiner R.F. , Foxworth J. , Weaver P. , Ross Jo Ann
Published: July 2010

Multispecific, cross‐reactive sera can be demonstrated by absorption studies to be of two types; a single antibody that is multivalent, and some that are mixtures of monospecific and multispecific antibody populations. The second type can be separated by a differential absorption technique. The characteristics of these sera that can be separated and the techniques are discussed.
Cost Comparison Haemodialysis and Renal Transplantation
Authors: Schippers H. M. A. , Kalff M. W.
Published: July 2010

It is generally accepted that renal transplantation as a routine therapy for terminal stage renal patients has various medical advantages over chronic haemodialysis. A comparison of costs of both types of treatment clearly demonstrates a considerable difference also in favour of the former. This comparison is based on patient data from the Leyden University Hospital and on the tariffs agreed upon by the Dutch Public Health Insurance Companies for haemodialysis treatment in 1973. (In this article only cost of center dialysis has been compared with cost of transplantation. In Holland, so far, no comparable data on the cost of home dialysis are available.) Renal transplantation, including 12 months of post‐operative care, requires some Dfl. 45,000 (or $ 18,000) whereas one year of chronic center haemodialysis costs Dfl. 65,000 (or S 26,000). The cost of treatment of a patient with a well‐functioning graft in the second and following years normally does not exceed Dfl. 8,000 (or $ 3,200) per year. These figures demonstrate the enormous economic advantage of transplantation as compared to chronic center haemodialysis, and that together with the medical advantages of transplantation should be sufficient reason to promote transplantation. (1 $= Dfl. 2.50)
Permanent Lymphoid Lines from Genetically Marked Lymphocytes: Success with Lymphocytes Recovered from Frozen Storage
Authors: Sly William S. , Sekhon Gurbax Singh , Kennett Roger , Bodmer Walter F. , Bodmer Julia
Published: July 2010

Permanent human lymphoid cell lines were established successfully from peripheral blood lymphocytes which had been separated for HL‐A typing and stored in liquid nitrogen for two years. Frozen lymphocytes were chosen from two siblings who were homozygous at the LA and FOUR HL‐A loci. Thawed lymphocytes were transformed with EB virus produced by the marmoset lymphoid line B95–8. No chromosome abnormalities were seen on karyotypes prepared on cells from the established human lymphoid lines using G and Q banding techniques. HL‐A typing showed the expected HL‐A antigens plus a considerable number of additional reactions.

Separation of lymphocytes and freezing them for possible future use requires a relatively small investment. This method of preserving cells can be applied to patients with interesting genetic disorders or other biochemical markers to provide cells which can be transformed and propagated years later.
HLA–Dw3 in Sjögren's Syndrome
Authors: Hinzová Eva , Iványi Dagmar , Šula K. , Hořejš J. , Dostál C. , Dřízhal I.
Published: July 2010

The increased frequency of HLA‐B8 in Sjögren's syndrome was recently reported independently by Gershwin et al. (1975) and Iványi et al. (1976).

The association of HLA‐B8 antigen with other diseases, characterized generally by impaired immunologic reactivity, has been shown (see Svejgaard et al. 1975, Dausset & Hors 1975), and in some of these diseases MLC typing has revealed the strong association also with the Dw3 determinant. The degree of association with each of the two, B8 and Dw3, varied between different diseases, in some of them having been reported to be higher for antigen B8 (Möller et al. 1976) and in the others for the determinant Dw3 (Thomsen et al. 1975, 1976). In some of the diseases, the association was found to be equally strong for both determinants (Solheim et al. 1976, Thorsby et al. 1975).

In this communication, we describe the typing of HLA—Dw3 in 29 patients with Sjögren's syndrome (Ss). They represent part of the experimental group reported in a previous study (Iványi et al. 1976).
The Major Histocompatibility Complex of Rhesus Monkeys, RhL—A. VII. Identification of Five New Serologically Defined Antigens*
Authors: van Vreeswijk W. , Roger J.H. , D'Amaro J. , Balner H.
Published: July 2010

Five new serologically defined (SD) tissue antigens of rhesus monkeys are described. Results of a population study and a segregation analysis in families were consistent with their control by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), as alleles of the two previously established SD loci of RhL‐A. The number of identifiable SD specificities of the rhesus monkeys'MHC is now twenty‐five, thirteen controlled by the SD1 locus and twelve by SD2. The recombination frequency between SD1 and SD2 is estimated to be 0.3%. No evidence of a third SD series, as analogue of the human HLA—C locus, has yet been found.
Sibling Method for Detecting HLA‐Linked Genes in Disease
Authors: Green J. R. , Woodrow J. C.
Published: July 2010

Where it is possible to ascertain a number of families each having two or more siblings with a particular disease, data from such families can be used to test for the presence or otherwise of important genes in the HLA chromosomal region causing susceptibility to the disease. The method for analyzing such data is detailed.
The Association of HLA Antigens A3, B7, and DW2 with 330 Multiple Sclerosis Patients in the United States
Authors: Opelz G. , Terasaki P. , Myers L. , Ellison G. , Ebers G. , Zabriskie J. , Weiner H. , Kempe H. , Sibley W.
Published: July 2010

Reported associations of HLA antigens with MS have varied considerably. In this study we have examined 330 clinically definite MS patients from the United States. The frequency of DW2 (52%) was highly statistically significant in MS patients as compared to controls (p < 0.00001). Neither A3 nor B7 was significantly increased in MS; however, the joint occurrences of A3‐DW2 (20% vs 7%, p < 0.001) and B7‐DW2 (30% vs 13%, p < 0.0002) are highly associated with MS.
Hereditary Angioneurotic Edema (HANE): Lack of Close Linkage between HLA Haplotypes and C1 Esterase Inhibitor Deficiency
Authors: Ohela Kyllikki , Tiilikainen Anja , Kaakinen Aulikki , Räsänen Jorma
Published: July 2010

The HLA haplotypes were defined in a series including 11 patients with hereditary angioneurotic edema (HANE), five symptom‐free subjects with pathological laboratory findings characteristic of HANE, and their 33 healthy kinsmen. The subjects belonged to two Finnish families representing the more common form of HANE which is recognized by the immunochemically observed decrease of the inhibitor (C1‐INH) blocking the esterase activity of the first complement component. No linkage between HANE and the HLA system was found.
Reactivity of Anti‐HLA Sera against Mouse Lymphocytes*
Authors: Colombani J. , Colombani M. , Degos L. , David C.S. , Shreffler D.C.
Published: July 2010

The reactivity of anti‐HLA hyper‐immune sera was tested by the microlymphocytotoxicity technique (LCT) against a panel of mouse lymphocytes. Three levels of reactivity were observed: negative (immune sera titre 1: 20 or less), weak (titre 1: 40 to 1: 80 with a percentage of dead cells less than 50%) or strong (titre 1:60 or more with 100% killing). Thirteen normal human sera were non‐reactive. Eleven out of 60 hyper‐immune sera were strongly reactive. Tests using congenic lines showed that the reactivity was controlled at the H‐2 complex. One serum (COD‐RON) was studied in detail. When tested against a panel of strains carrying 10 different H‐2 haplotypes, it reacted strongly against lymphocytes H‐2d, ja, k, p and r; and did not react, or at least only weakly, against lymphocytes H‐2b, f, q, s and v. Tests using mouse strains carrying the recombinant H‐2 haplotypes h4, i5, i, y2, g, g2 and t1, suggested that the observed reactivity was directed against structures controlled at the K end of the H‐2 complex (H‐2.47?). Absorption‐elution experiments with human and murine lymphocytes and platelets confirmed that the structures recognised by serum CODRON were determined at the major histocompatibility complex.
Involvement of MHC‐Linked Hemopoietic‐Histocompatibility Genes in Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation in Mice
Authors: Lotzová Eva
Published: July 2010

Genes controlling resistance of irradiated mice to allogeneic hemopoietic cells were mapped within, or closely linked to the D region of MHC and were designated Hemopoietic‐histocompatibility genes (Hha). Hhp genes responsible for resistance to parental hemopoietic cells had also previously been detected on the D‐end of MHC. Hh genes are regarded as determinants of cell surface antigens (Hh antigens) phenotypically expressed, in contrast to Histocompatibility antigens (H antigens), only on blood‐forming and leukemic cells. The inheritance of Hh genes is not codominant, unlike that of H genes, suggesting that the Hh genes and H genes are independent entities. Hh antigens also seem to exist on rat and dog cells and it is plausible that these antigens also exist in man, and could influence the outcome of clinical bone marrow transplantation.
T‐Lymphocyte Differentiation Antigens Shared by Humans and Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Touraine J.L. , Friedman H.P. , Bonneau M.
Published: July 2010

Anti‐human T‐lymphocyte serum (anti‐HTLA) was used to investigate the relationship between differentiation antigens of human (HTLA) and Macaca lymphocytes. The percentage of lymphocytes sensitive to anti‐HTLA is the same in both species, with thymocytes having a higher concentration of HTLA than more mature T‐lymphocytes. Macaca bone marrow cells acquire pheno‐typic properties of T‐lymphocytes in vitro in the presence of calf thymic factors. Our data suggest that phylogenetic distinctions between various T‐lymphocyte differentiation antigens may be utilized to provide antisera of narrow specificity.
Sensitization against Non‐HLA Antigens Following Bone Marrow Graft Rejection
Authors: Opelz Gerhard , Territo Mary C. , Gale Robert Peter , Sparkes Robert ,   UCLA Bone Marrow Transplant Team
Published: July 2010

A patient with severe aplastic anemia rejected consecutive bone marrow transplants from two HLA‐identical sibling donors. Following rejection, the patient developed antibodies that reacted strongly against donor lymphocytes in the complement‐dependent cytotoxicity assay. Whereas the reactivity was initially directed specifically against the first marrow donor, cells of both donors and most unrelated individuals were killed by sera obtained after the second rejection. These sera were also cytotoxic to the patient's own pre‐transplant cells but not to her autologous post‐transplant lymphocytes.
Association between HLA Determinants and Complement Receptors on Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Galili Uri , Brautbar Chaim , Schlesinger Michael
Published: July 2010

The relationship between the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and functional receptors on the surface of human lymphocytes was studied. HLA antisera were tested for their effect on the formation of E‐, EA‐, and EAC'‐rosettes by human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). Antisera to various HLA specificities inhibited the formation of EAC'‐rosettes, but had no effect on the formation of E‐rosettes. The formation of EA‐rosettes was inhibited by HLA antisera only in part among the individuals tested. Anti β2‐microglobulin serum resembled HLA antisera in its effect on the formation of the various rosettes.

HLA determinants and complement receptors are different entities on the cell surface since elimination of complement receptors by trypsin treatment does not seem to affect the expression of HLA antigens on the cell surface. It is suggested that EAC’receptors are located close to HLA determinants.
B Cell Antigens of Black Americans
Authors: Ward F. E. , Amos D. B. , de Jongh D. , Johnson A. H.
Published: July 2010

Forty‐four unrelated North American Blacks and one Black family were tested for B‐cell specific antigens with 7th International Workshop antisera. DR specificities were clearly defined in this group, but were generally less frequent than those reported for Black Americans in the 7th Workshop report and were most similar in frequency to those reported for African Blacks. Five new B‐cell specificities (DuB40–43, 45) were identified. In contradistinction to Caucasians, Black Americans typed for HLA—D with homozygous typing cells failed to exhibit strong linkage disequilibrium between D and DR types.
Detection of B‐Cell‐Specific Alloantibodies in Pregnancy Sera in the Lymphocytotoxicity and the Indirect Immunofluorescence Techniques
Authors: Décary F. , van Helden‐Henningheim L. , van Griethuysen D. , Helmerhorst F. M. , van Der Werf A. J. M. , Engelfriet C. P.
Published: July 2010

Two hundred and eight pregnancy sera were tested for the presence of antibodies specific for lymphocyte sub‐populations by using the isolated B and T lymphocytes from the women's mating partners. This was done by the microlymphocytotoxicity and the indirect immuno‐fluorescence techniques. Five sera (2.5%) reacted exclusively with B lymphocytes and sixty‐three sera (30.2%) reacted with both B and T lymphocytes; none of the sera was specific for T cells.

Several sera, reacting with both B and T lymphocytes, were absorbed with platelets and this procedure revealed nine additional antisera specific for B lymphocyte antigens.

Specificity studies on a panel of forty‐eight HLA—ABCD typed individuals indicated that most antisera possibly defined new B‐cell antigens. Family studies established that the antigens defined by these antisera were coded for by genes in the Major Histocompatibility Complex.
Improved B Cell Typing for HLA—DR Using Nylon Wool Column Enriched B Lymphocyte Preparations
Authors: Lowry R. , Goguen J. , Carpenter C. B. , Strom T. B. , Garovoy M. R.
Published: July 2010

A rapid, simple procedure for preparing B lymphocytes using nylon wool has been devised. When mixtures of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and monocytes are applied to nylon wool colums, B lymphocytes can then be removed, virtually free of monocytes. Such preparations (Ad) are 85 ± 6% SIg+ and have only 3 ± 1% monocyte contamination. The yield from peripheral blood averages 5% of all mononuclear cells. In contrast, the E rosette depletion method (E‐) yields cells which are only 64 ± 5% SIg+ and have 25 ± 7% monocyte contamination. The superiority of the nylon method for HLA—DR typing was demonstrated in a comparative study of Ad and E‐ with eight normal individuals. Cytotoxic scores were higher and a larger number of reactions, representing DRw groups and additional cross‐reactions, was detected.
Definition of Two LD Antigens in Rhesus Monkeys*
Authors: Maurer Bruce A. , Siwarski David F. , Neefe John R.
Published: July 2010

Two rhesus (Macaca mulatto) monkey lymphocyte‐defined (LD) antigens have been identified using two typing cells as stimulators in a one‐way mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) assay. An analysis of the genetic behavior of these LD antigens in six rhesus monkey families revealed that both antigens were linked with RhLA. One probable recombinant indicated that the LD locus lies outside the two known RhLA‐SD loci and the locus which controls the serum protein, properdin B(Bf). These two antigens, LD1 and LD2, had observed gene frequencies of 0.07 and 0.25, respectively. Neither of these two new LD antigens was significantly associated with any serologically defined (SD) antigen.
Discrimination of T, B, and Null Lymphocytes by Electronic Sizing1
Authors: El‐Awar Nadim , Terasaki Paul I. , Perdue Sondra , Cicciarelli James , Mickey Max R.
Published: July 2010

T, B, and null lymphocytes isolated by sheep red blood cells (SRBC) rosetting or adherence to a nylon wool column had distinct size differences according to Coulter counter size analysis. The diameters in microns were as follows: B = 6.42, T = 6.76, null = 7.16, granulocytes = 8.42, and monocytes = 9.02. Coulter size distributions of cell preparations were compared to the proportions of cells with E, EAC, and surface immunoglobulin (SIg) markers in these preparations as well as their reactivity to HLA‐DR antisera and rabbit anti‐B‐lymphocyte antisera.

Cell preparations monitored by Coulter sizing produced the expected results in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) testing. That is, T cells responded but did not stimulate whereas B lymphocytes and monocytes stimulated but did not respond. NULL lympocytes both stimulated and responded. In antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), null lymphocytes and monocytes functioned as effectors, whereas Tlymphocytes and granulocytes did not.

B lymphocyte preparations were intermediate in activity. Coulter sizing is a rapid, simple means of assessing the purity of suspensions enriched for T, B, and null lymphocytes.
A New Algorithm for Clustering Lymphocyte Typing Sera
Authors: Kahn Charles E. , Curie‐Cohen Martin , Stone William H
Published: July 2010

An algorithm is presented for clustering antisera by computer. It has two novel features: the leading serum to which all other sera in the cluster are compared is chosen as the most centrally located serum in the cluster; the similarity between two sera is defined from the 2X2 table of serum reactions as s = 2a/(2a + b + c). This similarity index is abetter measure of the similarity between two sera than conventional measures of similarity such as the correlation coefficient. Finally, the identification of cluster and serum subsets provides a more complete analysis of cross‐reactivity and multispecificity, and suggests which absorptions might yield monospecific typing sera. A computer program which performs this serum cluster analysis is available upon request.
Monoclonal Antibodies to HLA–DRw Determinants
Authors: Brodsky Frances M. , Parham Peter , Bodmer Walter F.
Published: July 2010

Two monoclonal antibodies recognizing HLA–DRw (human Ia) antigens were produced. The DA2 antibody binds a monomorphic determinant, common to all specificities and Genox3.53 antibody binds to a cross‐reacting site on the HLA–DRw1, 2 and 6 specificities. Both antibodies are IgGl and show complement dependent cytotoxicity only in the presence of rabbit anti‐mouse IgG serum. Specificity of both antibodies for the HLA—DRw molecule was shown by inhibition of antibody binding by preincubation of antibody with detergent solubilized Ia from JY (HLA–DRw4, 6) cells and by preincubation of target cells with F(ab')2 fragments of a rabbit anti‐Ia serum. DA2 antibody reacted with all cells of human B cell origin tested and with peripheral blood lymphocytes of several primate species tested. Genox3.53 antibody bound only to human cells expressing HLA–DRw1, 2 or 6 antigens, giving a negative reaction with all primates tested. Genox3.53 antibody detected a split in the HLA–DRw6 specificity, showing reduced binding to the Daudi cell (HLA–DRw6) in comparison with binding to several other cell lines typed as HLA–DRw6, under saturating conditions. This low reactivity with Daudi was confirmed by absorption experiments. The ratio of DA2 binding to Genox3.53 binding to homozygous and heterozygous cell lines under saturation conditions was compared. Results suggested that, on some cell lines, DA2 might be reacting with a second population of human Ia antigens in addition to the HLA–DRw antigens. When a mixture of saturating concentrations of DA2 and Genox3.53 antibodies was tested for binding to cells under saturating conditions, the number of counts bound suggested the antibodies could bind simultaneously. Direct binding experiments showed that when each antibody was iodinated, its binding was not inhibited by preincubation with the other antibody, confirming that the DA2 and Genox3.53 determinants are distinct on the Ia molecule.
Bovine Lymphocyte Antigens (BoLA): A Serologic, Genetic and Histocompatibility Analysis
Authors: Amorena B. , Stone W. H.
Published: July 2010

Eleven lymphocyte antigens have been defined in cattle using 81 lymphocytotoxic sera. These sera (typing reagents) were selected from over 1,000 normal sera, 35 alloimmune sera, and 111 samples of colostrum whey. Absorptions revealed that nine of the 11 antigens detected by these reagents are serologically independent. Segregation of the genes controlling these antigens was observed among 470 calves from matings of 56 heterozygous sires and 360 dams, indicating that each of the 11 antigens is controlled by one of 11 alleles at a single autosomal co‐dominant locus BoLA–A (Bovine Lymphocyte Antigen, locus A). To determine the relation between BoLA antigens and histocompatibility, skin allografts were exchanged among four unrelated adult cows. Incompatibilities for the SD antigens, but not MLR or blood group antigens, were predictive of early rejection of allografts. Furthermore, graft recipients produced antibodies against the SD antigens of incompatible donors. These results indicate that the BoLA–A locus is part of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of cattle.
Avoidance of Certain Systematic Pitfalls in the Detection of HLA–DR Antibodies Defining Fine Specificities
Authors: Müller Claudia , Fink Doris , Müller G. , Wernet P.
Published: July 2010

A selective screening program has been established to identify rapidly and effectively the fine specificity of HLA‐DR antibodies in pregnancy anti‐HLA sera. Following initial HLA‐A, B, C screening sera with extra‐ or multispecific reactions were selected and specifically tested after platelet absorption on isolated B‐ and T‐lymphocyte populations of the serum donor's husband. Identification of the HLA‐DR type of the husband, as well as screening and typing on HLA, A, B and ‐C typed heterozygous panel B cells led to a more precise characterization of the major specificity of a detected anti‐HLA‐DR serum. Multispecific anti‐DR sera were defined and rendered operationally monospecific by titration.

Some critical steps in a reliable assessment of HLA‐DR typing reagents could be worked out. Weak HLA‐A, B antibodies, B‐cell auto‐ and Lewis antibodies may cause positive reactivity preferentially or even selectively on B lymphocytes. Of particular importance was the hidden presence of HLA‐C specific antibodies, since they cannot be absorbed out by stored platelets. In addition they are not readily detectable through screening on typed panel cells. Because of the frequently very high linkage disequilibrium between HLA‐B and HLA‐C alleles it is difficult to select appropriately dissecting panel cells. The two points demonstrated above gain even more weight when isolated T and B cell populations are used for HLA‐DR typing, because HLA‐C antibodies preferentially kill B cells. In this fashion contaminating HLA‐C antibodies are not only difficult to detect but can mimic the presence of HLA‐DR antibodies.
The Separation of Cell Populations using Monoclonal Antibodies attached to Sepharose
Authors: de Kretser T. A. , Bodmer J. G. , Bodmer W. F.
Published: July 2010

A technique is described for the positive separation of cell populations on the basis of anti‐genicity. Specific antibody is conjugated to Sepharose‐4B and the resulting antibody‐coated beads complexed with cells carrying the antigen against which the antibody is directed. These complexes are separated from non‐complexed cells by centrifugation over Percoll. Specifically, HLA–DR positive human peripheral blood lymphocytes have been obtained with high viability and purity by the use of a monoclonal antibody directed against a determinant common to all HLA–DR antigens. This has greatly facilitated HLA–DR typing of these cells.
HLA‐A, B Typing in Basque and other Pyrenean Populations
Authors: de Mouzon A. , Constans J. , Sommer E. , Sevin A. , Quilici J. C. , Fernet P. , Ducos J. , Ohayon E.
Published: July 2010

Fourteen HLA‐A and 18 HLA‐B antigens were studied in three samples of Pyrenean populations: 198 unrelated individuals of a “Pays Basque” group; 212 non‐Basque individuals from a valley in Beam, l'Ouzom; and 73 non‐Basque individuals from the neighboring valley of Bareges.

The results in the Basque and the non‐Basque people from l'Ouzom were comparable: the gene frequencies of HLA‐A29, Aw19.2, B17 were increased and the haplotypes HLA ‐ Aw 19.2, B18; A29, B12; A2, B5; Al, B17 were found frequently with a striking linkage disequilibrium; HLA‐B18 had an increased gene frequency in all these Pyrenean populations, while Bw35 was frequent in l'Ouzom and Bareges, but not among the Basques. The characteristics of Bareges were very different: the gene frequencies of HLA‐A2, All, B7 were increased while the frequency of HLA‐B5 was low; the most characteristic haplotypes were HLA‐A2, B12; A2, B18; All, Bw35; All, B27.

It is interesting to note discrepancies between ethnic and HLA classification of the Basques and the non‐Basque population of l'Ouzom. The HLA characteristics are quite different in the Bareges sample, more closely resembling those of Northern Europe.
Antibodies against Donor Antigens on Endothelial Cells and Monocytes in Eluates of Rejected Kidney Allografts
Authors: Claas F. H. J. , Paul L. C. , van Es L.A. , van Rood J. J.
Published: July 2010

Acidic eluates from two rejected kidney allografts contained antibodies reacting only with the endothelial cells and the monocytes of the specific kidney donors. No reaction was observed with the B‐cells or the T‐cells of these donors.

When these eluates were tested against the leukocytes of healthy blood donors that were typed for HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C and DR, positive reactions were observed with the monocyte but not with the lymphocyte fraction. The first eluate reacted with 6.4% of the donors and the second eluate with 38.3%. No correlation with any of the HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C or DR antigens was found.

If a more extended study proves that the endothelial‐monocyte antigens do play an important role in kidney transplantation, matching of donors and recipients for these antigens and crossmatching recipient serum with donor monocytes may become a necessity in the future.
The Blocking Effect of Antibodies Against the Products of the H‐2 Gene Complex on Lymphocyte Complement (C3d) Receptors. Complement Dependence and Specificity
Authors: Bishop C. , Demant P. , Capel P.J.A.
Published: July 2010

Antisera against the products of the major histocompatibility system (MHS), produced by immunization between congenic mouse strains differing only at that segment of the 17th chromosome which bears the H‐2 gene complex, exert a reproducible blocking effect on formation of rosettes with EACm (C3d rosettes). In many instances this effect is probably due to specific antibodies reactive with the lymphocytes, as indicated by immunochemical and adsorption experiments. Purified antibodies from the C3H anti‐C3H.B10 immune ascites failed to exert this blocking effect. The blocking capacity can be restored, however, by addition of fresh normal mouse, rabbit or fetal calf serum, but not by heat inactivated serum.

These experiments show that the presently defined H‐2K, H‐2D and H‐2L antigens as well as some la antigens are themselves not the C3d receptors. The blocking effects observed in the presence of complement are possibly due to the proximity of H‐2 or la molecules and C3d receptors, or to a rearrangement of membrane components after reaction with anti‐MHC antibodies and complement.
Lack of Association between the HLA‐A10 (A25), B18 and C2° Haplotype and Anaphylactoid Purpura (AP)
Authors: Kriiger J. , Opferkuch W. , Evers K.‐G. , Bosecker L. , Haase W.
Published: July 2010

In 41 patients with AP and 134 healthy relatives HLA haplotypes and total hemolytic complement and C2 concentrations were determined. Though complement levels were found in the lower normal range in none of the individuals studied, a genetically determined C2 deficient state could be established. No association between low C2 levels and the HLA haplotype A10(A25), B18 or an isolated A25 or B18 was observed. A comparison of phenotype frequencies of AP patients with controls showed no significant difference. Contingency table analysis of patients and control haplotypes showed a definite close association with HLA‐Al, Bw22, A2, Bw16, and A29 B12.
HLA‐B8 in Raynaud's Phenomenon
Authors: van der Meulen J. , van der Voort‐Beelen J. M. , D'Amaro J. , The T. H.
Published: July 2010

A study of the distribution of histocompatibility (HLA) antigens in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) is presented, based upon the analysis of RP patients with and without connective tissue disease (CTD). In all patients, the phenomenon preceded the other symptoms of CTD by several years. The RP patients with CTD showed a significantly increased frequency (59%) of HLA‐B8 compared with the frequency (23%) of that same antigen in the Dutch population. The RP patients without CTD showed no significant difference in frequency of HLA‐B8. At least 50% of the patients with RP and HLA‐B8 develop a CTD versus 18% of the patients without HLA‐B8. It is suggested that HLA testing in patients with isolated RP may help to distinguish the patient in whom RP is the first symptom of CTD from the patient with truly primary RP.
Histocompatibility Antigens and Humoral Immunity to Epstein‐Barr Virus
Authors: Boyer Kenneth M. , Sumaya Ciro V. , Cherry James D. , Spencer Mary J. , Ray Mickey M. , Terasaki Paul I.
Published: July 2010

To explore possible genetic determinants of immunity to Epstein‐Barr (EB) virus infection, prevalence rates and geometric mean titers (GMT) of antibody against EB viral capsid antigen (VCA) were measured in 422 adults of known HLA and ABO histocompatibility types. Deviation from the overall prevalence (87%) of anti‐VCA titers 10 was limited to subjects with HLA‐A10 (95%) and those with a “blank” HLA‐A locus (78%). The latter deviation was largely accounted for by the 13 subjects of HLA‐Al/blank constitution (46%). Deviations from the overall mean anti‐VCA titer (GMT 131.5) were found in seropositive subjects with blood group 0 (GMT 153.3) and tissue antigens HLA‐A3 (GMT 150.8), HLA‐B7 (GMT 152.1), HLA‐Bw15 (GMT 97.0), and HLA‐B27 (GMT 86.4). Separate reanalysis of the data for male and female subjects verified the association of blood group 0 with elevated and HLA‐B27 with reduced mean levels of anti‐VCA antibody.
HLA‐D Region Products Are Expressed in Endothelial Cells Detection by Primed Lymphocyte Typing
Authors: Moen T. , Moen Mette , Thorsby E.
Published: July 2010

The mixed lymphocyte endothelial cell culture was studied by the primed lymphocyte typing (PLT) technique. By comparing the HLA‐D/DR specificity of the secondary response when using either peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) or endothelial cells from umbilical cords for priming or restimulation of lymphocytes, it was found that PBM from newborns would induce a clear‐cut specificity for HLA‐ D/DR when used for priming as well as for restimulation. No HLA‐D/DR specificity was seen, however, when endothelial cells were used for restimulation of lymphocytes primed to HLA‐ D/DR on PBM. On the other hand, lymphocytes primed to endothelial cells showed significant, albeit not very strong specificity for HLA‐D/DR when restimulated with PBM. Our experiments suggest that HLA‐D region products are present on endothelial cells, and thus confirm and extend serological studies using anti DR antisera.
Human B‐Blast Specific Target Determinants in CML:
Authors: Study A Panel , Johnsen H. E.
Published: July 2010

The B blast specific target determinant phenotype defined by cytotoxic lymphocytes and the HLA‐DR phenotype was tested for correlation in two panel studies.

First, CTL reagents with B blast specificity were selected from CTLs educated between HLA‐A, B, (C) identical unrelated donors giving no cytotoxicity with specific T blasts, resulting in free selection of panel B blasts used as targets. Second, CTLs educated between HLA non‐identical unrelated donors giving cytotoxicity against specific T as well as B blast targets could be seen with negative reactions against T blasts but positive reactions against B blasts of selected panel members giving, in this set up, a free selection of donors cocultured for education of CTLs.

These panel studies showed that HLA‐DR associated B blast specific target determinants can be identified by CTLs, indicating that the HLA system codes for these determinants either through gene products of a locus closely linked to or identical with the HLA‐DR locus.
Miniaturized Whole Blood ADCC Assay of Depressed Effector Activity in Cancer Patients1
Authors: Sasaki Mutsuo , Looman Beverly , Terasaki Paul I.
Published: July 2010

The ADCC test has been miniaturized to use 0.05 ml of whole blood per test as ADCC effectors. A linear dose response was shown by dilutions of 0.05 ml of blood down to a 1:16 dilution. ADCC effector activities of 40 patients with lung cancer and four with leukemia were markedly less than the activity of 200 normal subjects. Melanoma patients did not have comparable statistically significant loss of ADCC activity.
Increased Frequency of HLA‐DR/v3 in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Celada Antonio , Barras Catherine , Benzonana Gilbert , Jeannet Michael
Published: July 2010

The distribution of HLA antigens was studied in 40 patients suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus. For loci A and B, increased frequencies of Al, B8 and the presence of only one B antigen were found. Nevertheless, in relation to the number of antigens tested, this increase was not significant. For the DRw locus, DRw3 was significantly increased (P > 0.001, after correction for the 39 antigens tested). However, the patients with DRw3 did not show any correlation with a specific clinical picture or the presence in their serum of lymphocytotoxic antibodies or autoantibodies against T and B lymphocytes.
Lack of Correlation between the Incidence of Rubella Antibody and the Distribution of HLA Antigens in a Danish Population
Authors: Hansen H. E. , Larsen S. Olesen , Leerhoy J.
Published: July 2010

The frequencies of HLA antigens among children (2.5–5 years, n = 71) and adults (ave. age 27 years, n = 154)witha strong Rubella specific antibody, and adults (n = 28)withoutRubella specific antibody were investigated. No significant correlations were found. A total of 997 persons were included in the study.