bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Collective efficacy and violent crime in suburban housing estates
Authors: Danielsson Petri
Published: May 2019

Collective efficacy theory states that neighbourhood variation in crime can be attributed to social cohesion and informal social control. Despite a substantial body of work, the theory has been subject to little testing in Europe and few studies have compared different outcomes. The current study employed a cluster sampling design to study violent crime in a sample of 70 suburban housing estates built in the 1960s and 1970s throughout Finland. Police-recorded violent crime in public and private space and survey-based measures of neighbourhood violence were studied using register data on neighbourhood characteristics and the residents’ perceptions of social cohesion and perceived capacity for informal control. The results showed that, in a sample of Finnish suburban housing estates, collective efficacy was negatively associated with violence in private space and a survey-based measure of neighbourhood violence, while the association between collective efficacy and violence in public space was not significant. Neighbourhood disadvantage was directly associated with police-recorded violence in private surroundings but not violence in the public sphere.
Campus regenerative design supported by university Wi-Fi connections
Authors: Mangrich Camila Poeta , Pavan Luis Henrique , Gomes Fernanda , Oliveira Lucas , Kos Jose , Martina Jean Everson
Published: May 2019

A 60-year-old Brazilian university campus reflects its development actions throughout history. The degradation of its water streams and automobiles prioritization has significantly impacted the ecosystems’ resilience and the university’s activities. This article explores data analytics and visualization of Wi-Fi authentication processes, whose data have been stored in the last 10 years. This noteworthy connections database is a powerful tool, still overlooked due to the remarkable risks for users’ privacy. Brazil has followed 2018 European regulations to protect data privacy, when working with personal data. Therefore, we present an anonymization process that prevents one to identify and distinguish a subject within a set of subjects of the database. Three studies illustrate our examination of data potential to understand the university’s dynamics. These inquiries present relevant contributions to the process of planning and implementing campus green areas at the rivers’ edges, pedestrian and cycle paths, and places to facilitate interdisciplinary encounters.
The approach of honeycomb sandwich structure for thermal protective clothing
Authors: Du Feifei , Li Xiaohui
Published: May 2019

In view of the cumbersome and sultry problem of thermal protective clothing, this study proposes a new method to optimum the protection and comfort properties of the multilayer fabric systems by changing the structure of a separate fabric layer. This research applied the honeycomb structure into thermal liner of multilayer fabric systems in thermal protective clothing. In the study, the experimental samples included 48 honeycomb sandwich structures and 4 traditional structures. A thermal protective performance tester was applied to measure the thermal protective performance provided by these fabric systems and the influence of honeycomb parameters on thermal performance was studied. The results show that the honeycomb sandwich structure fabric systems are lighter in weight and more comfortable to wear than traditional fabric systems. The core thickness plays a dominant role in the thermal protective performance of honeycomb sandwich structure fabric. Additionally, the honeycomb's side length and wall thickness both affected the thermal protection performance of the fabric system. Increasing wall thickness as well as decreasing the side length can improve the thermal protective performance of honeycomb sandwich structure fabric system. Finally, by comparing the thermal protection performance growth rate ratio, an optimal solution was found (core thickness: 2.04, side length: 2, and wall thickness: 7.8). Research on the thermal protection performance of honeycomb sandwich fabric systems helps to provide appropriate guidance to improve thermal protection and reduce heat burden by means of structural effects that affect heat transfer.
Impact of types of orthophthalic unsaturated polyester matrix on tensile strength of woven roving fibers as reinforcement
Authors: Memon Ghulam Mustafa , Ahmed Jhatial Rafique , Ali Sahito Iftikhar , Ayoub Arbab Alvira
Published: May 2019

This paper focuses on a unique form of polyester matrix composite with woven roving fibers as reinforcing agent, replacing the conventional E-glass. The impact of different types of orthophthalic unsaturated polyester matrix and their composites on tensile strength of polyester matrix composite with woven roving fiber is investigated. Polyester matrix composite with woven roving fiber reinforcement is made by hand lay-up technique, where different types of orthophthalic unsaturated polyester matrices available in the market are used. The mechanical properties of the developed material are tested using universal testing machine, which investigated tensile strength. The BYK A-555 (coded 555) orthophthalic unsaturated polyester matrix showed 30% greater tensile strength and required least curing time as compared to other matrices, including Mc Laren S3133 (coded 3133), LUPOY-GP5300 (coded GP5300) and HSEA-LF1 (coded LF1). However, the composite of 3133 and 555 shows 50% greater tensile strength as compared to single matrix, and when all orthophthalic unsaturated polyester resins (3133 + 555 + GP5300 + LF1) are mixed together, their composite show 70% greater tensile as compared to single unsaturated polyester matrix.
Developing HIV Prevention Interventions for Emerging Adult MSM With a History of Being Bullied: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Boroughs Michael S. , Provenzano Daniel A. , Mitchell Avery D. , O’Cleirigh Conall
Published: May 2019

The experience of being bullied in childhood or adolescence affects health into adulthood and is a public health crisis. Particularly affected are sexual minority young adults who are at the greatest risk for severe and violent bullying, HIV seroconversion, and onset of a substance use disorder. Although the scholarly work in the area of bullying victimization has made great gains over the past few years via improved sampling and methodological rigor, most of the focus of health research in this area has been on prevention efforts. The purpose of the current study was to inform the development of a transdiagnostic integrated treatment platform that will focus on mental and physical health outcomes that include sexual risk taking and substance abuse. This study involved conducting four focus groups with HIV-uninfected gay and bisexual men, aged 18 to 26 years, in order to examine treatment needs and preferences and further develop an evidence-based intervention. Four themes emerged from the analysis of transcripts: (a) learning about bullying and psychopathology, (b) coping with bullying, (c) experiencing psychopathology as a consequence of bullying, and (d) tailoring psychosocial interventions to address health sequelae linked with bullying. These themes provided a solid foundation to develop and test an intervention to address key health risks among men who have sex with men (MSM) with a history of being bullied and recent sexual risk taking and substance abuse.
Experimental condition monitoring for the detection of misaligned and cracked shafts by order analysis
Authors: Azeem Naqash , Yuan Xiaoqing , Raza Hassan , Urooj Iqra
Published: May 2019

Traditional industry is shifting towards the ‘industry 4.0 factory’ that incorporates automatic fault detection and correction. Industry 4.0 also includes online condition monitoring to make maintenance decisions on the basis of the health of a single machine. This research article presents order analysis for detecting two common problems in rotating machinery – misalignment and cracks. The systematic and detailed experimentations were performed on SpectraQuest’s Machinery Fault Simulator™, and the time domain data acquired through the accelerometers mounted on motor and rotor inboard and outboard bearing housing were transformed into spectra using a fast Fourier transform. Two sets of experiments have been performed for misalignment and one set for shaft cracks. Three levels of misalignment with two types of loading conditions have been analysed. The faulty vibration data were compared with the healthy shaft. The misaligned shaft shows higher vibration amplitude at 2× running speed and harmonic vibration behaviour. The slit repair and V-notch crack shaft models were used to analyse the effect of cracks on vibrations and the resulting vibration spectra showed peaks at 2× and 3× running speed. These results indicate that order analysis is helpful in detecting misaligned and cracked shafts, supporting industry 4.0 by facilitating the automatic detection of faults.
Adaptive fuzzy backstepping control for uncertain nonlinear systems with tracking error constraints
Authors: Wan Min , Liu Qingyou
Published: May 2019

This article deals with the design of adaptive fuzzy backstepping control for uncertain nonlinear systems in strict-feedback form with tracking error constraints. In this article, a fuzzy system is used to approximate the unknown nonlinear functions and the differential of virtual control law of each subsystem. In order to satisfy the limitation of tracking error constraints, the barrier Lyapunov function is introduced. Moreover, by applying the minimal learning parameters technique, the number of online parameters update for each subsystem is reduced to only 1. The control scheme not only ensures the tracking error is not to transgress the constraint bounds but also solves the problem of “explosion of complexity” and greatly reduces the initial control input and the number of the adaptive parameters; this provides the conditions for the practical application. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Forced vibration of shape memory alloy spring oscillator and the mechanism of sliding bifurcation with dry friction
Authors: Qu Rui , Li Shaolong , Bi Qinsheng
Published: May 2019

The main purpose of this article is to investigate the qualitative effects of different factors on the response of forced vibration of shape memory alloy spring oscillator. Specially, the introduction of dry friction factor causes the governing equations to change from a smooth system to a (Filippov-type) non-smooth system in which the sliding phenomenon was observed. The mechanism, geometric structure, and analytic conditions of sliding bifurcations in a general n-dimensional piecewise smooth system were discussed in detail. The theoretical results obtained are verified by numerical analysis, and the feasibility of involved theories is estimated by calculation of sliding time.
Perceptions of democracy and the rise of Donald Trump: A framing analysis of Saudi Arabian media
Authors: Isakhan Benjamin , Nwokora Zim , Pan Chengxin
Published: May 2019

The 2016 US presidential election, which brought Donald J. Trump to power, raised concerns that his ascendency could undermine US democracy promotion and enable illiberal regimes to resist calls for reform. This article seeks to hold this argument up to empirical scrutiny via a framing analysis of coverage of the US election in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). To some extent, the analysis supports the claim: throughout the election, the KSA media offered several substantive criticisms of democracy. However, Trump’s campaign also served as a catalyst for a discussion about the merits of democracy, revealing some admiration for its key principles, and an acknowledgement of the challenges it faces in the 21st century.
Reliability and maintenance modeling for competing failures with intermission considered
Authors: Liu Jingyi , Zhang Yugang , Song Bifeng
Published: May 2019

There are many industrial systems experiencing multiple dependent competing failure processes, in detail degradation failure (soft failure) and catastrophic failure (hard failure). Earlier research studied failure behaviors and system reliability during operational period, but did not consider the intermission period. Some industrial systems are not always operating continuously while with intermissions or rest period. The degradation and random shock processes are different between operating period and intermissions, which caused it more challenging and complicated to establish reliability model. In this article, a new reliability model for multiple dependent competing failure processes is developed with intermission considered. The system reliability can be analyzed based on the proposed model more practically. Besides, a preventive replacement maintenance policy is studied by minimizing the average long-run maintenance cost with intermission periods considered. Finally, the availability and general applicability of presented model are demonstrated by a case in different parameter settings.
Effect of different multiplanar reformation algorithms on image quality of intraoperative three-dimensional fluoroscopy
Authors: Graul Isabel , Marintschev Ivan , Rausch Sascha , Eckart Niklas , Hofmann Gunther O. , Gras Florian
Published: May 2019

Different multiplanar reformation (MPR-512 and -256) algorithms of intraoperative acquired 3-D-fluoroscopy data exist without recommendations for use in the literature. To compare algorithms, 3-D-fluoroscopic data sets of 46 radius fractures were blinded and processed using MPR-256 and -512 (Ziehm, Vision-Vario 3D). Each reformatted data set was analysed to evaluate image quality, fracture reduction quality and screw misplacements. Overall image quality was higher rated in the MPR-512 compared with the MPR-256 (3.2 vs. 2.2 points, scale 1–5 points), accompanied by a reduced number of scans that could not be analysed (10 vs. 19%). Interobserver evaluation of fracture reduction quality was fair to moderate (independent of the algorithm). In contrast, for screw misplacements MPR-depended ratings were found (MPR-256: fair to moderate; MPR-512: moderate to substantial). Optimization of post-processing algorithms, rather than modifications of image acquisition, may increase the image quality for assessing implant positioning, but limitations in evaluating fracture reduction quality still exist.
Ulnar head replacement and sigmoid notch resurfacing arthroplasty with minimum 12-month follow-up
Authors: Clark Nicholas J. , Munaretto Nicholas , Elhassan Bassem T. , Kakar Sanjeev
Published: May 2019

Our study aimed to report the short-term outcomes of patients who underwent partial ulnar head replacement and distal radial ulnar joint interposition arthroplasty. From 2012 to 2016, nine patients underwent this procedure with mean follow-up of 27 months (range 12–55). Seven of the nine patients had previously undergone surgical intervention on the ipsilateral wrist. The procedure resulted in substantial improvements in pain and function. Mayo Wrist Score improved from 37 preoperatively to 73 postoperatively, and six patients achieved a good or excellent outcome. Visual analogue pain scores decreased from 7 preoperatively to 1 postoperatively. Grip improved from 20 kg preoperatively to 30 kg postoperatively. There was no significant change in wrist range of motion. Two patients underwent revision surgery to improve wrist motion. We conclude that over short-term follow-up the procedure provides a feasible option for distal radial ulnar joint arthritis.

Level of evidence: IV
Factors associated with failed ulnar nerve fascicle to biceps motor branch transfer: a case control study
Authors: Lovy Andrew J. , Pulos Nicholas , Kircher Michelle F. , Spinner Robert J. , Bishop Allen T. , Shin Alexander Y.
Published: May 2019

We sought to identify predictors of failed ulnar nerve fascicle (to flexor carpi ulnaris) to biceps motor branch transfer. A retrospective review of adult brachial plexus patients treated with flexor carpi ulnaris to biceps transfer with a minimum 1-year follow-up was performed. Failure, defined as modified British Medical Research Council grade <3 elbow flexion was compared with randomly selected controls (M ≥ 4−). Ninety-one patients, of which 80% regained >M3 flexion met criteria. Eighteen failures and 18 controls, with similar follow-up (20 vs 23 months) were evaluated. Preoperative flexor carpi ulnaris weakness (M < 5) was significantly more common in failures (78% vs 33%). The rate of flexor carpi ulnaris recovery after operation was significantly higher in controls (86% vs 7%). Increased failure risk can be expected with impaired preoperative flexor carpi ulnaris function. The challenge is how to identify which patients will regain near normal flexor carpi ulnaris strength as excellent outcomes can be obtained.

Level of evidence: III
A Modular Safety System for an Insulin Dose Recommender: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Liu Chengyuan , Avari Parizad , Leal Yenny , Wos Marzena , Sivasithamparam Kumuthine , Georgiou Pantelis , Reddy Monika , Fernández-Real José Manuel , Martin Clare , Fernández-Balsells Mercedes , Oliver Nick , Herrero Pau
Published: May 2019

Background:

Delivering insulin in type 1 diabetes is a challenging, and potentially risky, activity; hence the importance of including safety measures as part of any insulin dosing or recommender system. This work presents and clinically evaluates a modular safety system that is part of an intelligent insulin dose recommender platform developed within the EU-funded PEPPER project.

Methods:

The proposed safety system is composed of four modules which use a novel glucose forecasting algorithm. These modules are predictive glucose alerts and alarms; a predictive low-glucose basal insulin suspension module; an advanced rescue carbohydrate recommender for resolving hypoglycemia; and a personalized safety constraint applied to insulin recommendations. The technical feasibility of the proposed safety system was evaluated in a pilot study including eight adult subjects with type 1 diabetes on multiple daily injections over a duration of six weeks. Glycemic control and safety system functioning were compared between the two-weeks run-in period and the end point at eight weeks. A standard insulin bolus calculator was employed to recommend insulin doses.

Results:

Overall, glycemic control improved over the evaluated period. In particular, percentage time in the hypoglycemia range (<3.0 mmol/l) significantly decreased from 0.82% (0.05-4.79) at run-in to 0.33% (0.00-0.93) at endpoint ( P = .02). This was associated with a significant increase in percentage time in target range (3.9-10.0 mmol/l) from 52.8% (38.3-61.5) to 61.3% (47.5-71.7) ( P = .03). There was also a reduction in number of carbohydrate recommendations.

Conclusion:

A safety system for an insulin dose recommender has been proven to be a viable solution to reduce the number of adverse events associated to glucose control in type 1 diabetes.
In-office Placement of Mometasone Furoate Sinus Implants for Recurrent Nasal Polyps: A Pooled Analysis
Authors: Stolovitzky J. Pablo , Kern Robert C. , Han Joseph K. , Forwith Keith D. , Ow Randall A. , Wright Simon K. , Gould Andrew , Matheny Keith E. , Karanfilov Boris , Huang Saling , Stambaugh James W. , Gawlicka Anna K.
Published: May 2019

Background

A mometasone furoate (MF) sinus implant (1350 mcg) was evaluated in 2 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in 400 adults with nasal polyps (NP) who were candidates for revision endoscopic sinus surgery (RESS). We conducted a pooled analysis to evaluate the efficacy of MF implant in specific subgroups of NP patients.

Methods

Pooled data from 2 RCTs for 375 patients were analyzed across prespecified subjective and objective end points through day 90.

Results

At day 90, patients receiving implants and MF nasal spray (MFNS) experienced significant improvements in nasal obstruction/congestion (NO/C) score ( P = .0095), bilateral polyp grade (BPG, P = .0008), and ethmoid sinus obstruction ( P < .0001) compared to control using MFNS alone. Fewer treatment than control patients remained candidates for RESS (41.0% vs 69.3%, P < .0001). All subgroups experienced significant treatment effects, except NO/C in smokers ( P = .0509) and patients without altered smell ( P = .1873). Subgroups without asthma and with only 1 prior ESS experienced largest treatment effect on NO/C, and those with recent surgery <24 months and BPG >5 showed largest effect on endoscopic end points and RESS. Control patients with ESS <24 months were at 7 times highest risk for RESS ( P < .0001). One (0.4%) patient experienced implant-related serious adverse event (epistaxis).

Conclusion

On pooled analysis, MF implants with MFNS showed more favorable results than MFNS alone across several subjective and objective end points at day 90 and may play an important role in management of NP patients, especially those who have allergic rhinitis, expanded polyposis, altered smell, or had most recent ESS < 24 months.
Intravoxel incoherent motion perfusion in patients with Moyamoya disease: comparison with 15O-gas positron emission tomography
Authors: Hara Shoko , Hori Masaaki , Ueda Ryo , Hagiwara Akifumi , Hayashi Shihori , Inaji Motoki , Tanaka Yoji , Maehara Taketoshi , Ishii Kenji , Aoki Shigeki , Nariai Tadashi
Published: May 2019

Background

Intravoxel incoherent motion magnetic resonance imaging (IVIM) enables non-invasive measurement of brain perfusion.

Purpose

To investigate whether IVIM could be used to evaluate the hemodynamic disturbance of Moyamoya disease (MMD) by comparison with the gold-standard 15O-gas positron emission tomography (PET) method.

Material and Methods

Ten consecutive patients with MMD (six women; mean age = 42.8 years) and 10 age-matched healthy controls were evaluated by diffusion-weighted images with 12 different b values in the range of 0–900 s/mm2 and 15O-gas PET. Tomographic maps of IVIM parameters, perfusion fraction ( f ), pseudo-diffusion coefficient ( D*), and f・D*, as well as cerebral blood volume (CBV), cerebral blood flow (CBF), and mean transit time (MTT) maps obtained with PET, were normalized and hemispheric gray and white matter values were calculated. IVIM parametric values were compared with PET parameters and with clinically assessed disease severity.

Results

There was significant correlation between D* and MTT ( r = –0.74, P < 0.001) and between f・D* and CBF ( r = 0.52, P = 0.02) in the cortical areas. The f values in the white matter were significantly higher in symptomatic MMD patients than in healthy controls ( P = 0.01).

Conclusion

IVIM may be used to non-invasively investigate cerebral hemodynamic impairment in patients with MMD. Further evaluation is needed to establish IVIM usage in clinical settings.
Malaria in a 2-Month-Old HIV-Exposed Nigerian Infant: Challenges of Care
Authors: Oyedeji Olusola Adetunji
Published: May 2019

Background:

Reports on malaria and HIV coinfections in exposed infants from tropical countries are scarce.

Results:

The case of a 2-month-old HIV-exposed Nigerian infant who presented with intermittent fever at a Nigerian tertiary hospital is reported. The rarity of the case and the challenges associated with making the diagnosis informed our decision to report the case.

Conclusion:

Diagnosing malaria in HIV-exposed infants in early infancy requires a high index of suspicion, good knowledge of the clinical presentation, and appropriate microbiological investigations for sepsis and malaria. Further studies need to be conducted on the association between malaria and HIV exposure.
Epinephrine Auto-Injectors for Anaphylaxis Treatment in the School Setting: A Discussion Paper
Authors: Tarr Cooke Abigail , Meize-Grochowski Robin
Published: May 2019

Introduction: Anaphylaxis is a serious, life-threatening systemic allergic reaction that may occur in individuals not previously diagnosed with an allergy. Emergency first-line treatment of choice for acute anaphylaxis is intramuscular administration of epinephrine via an auto-injector. In the school setting, students with known allergies typically keep or carry an epinephrine auto-injector (EAI). For students who do not have a known allergy or for those whose personal EAIs are unavailable, an anaphylactic event could have serious adverse outcomes if an EAI is not available via an undesignated stock supply in the school.

Methods: We searched the published literature from 2000 through 2018 in CINAHL, MEDLINE, and PubMed using the following search terms: anaphylaxis, school setting, epinephrine auto-injector, and food allergies. Throughout this article, undesignated stock EAIs, stock EAIs, EAI stock, and open-order EAIs are used interchangeably.

Conclusion: Anaphylaxis is increasing worldwide as the incidence of food allergies increases. Although stock EAIs for students in schools can have important benefits, the availability of EAIs in the school setting is limited. Barriers to undesignated stock EAIs include the lengthy administrative process for developing school policies and protocols; gaps in nurses’ self-perceived knowledge versus objective knowledge on the topic of anaphylaxis; limited resources in many school districts; and complex role demands, lack of confidence in trained staff, or insufficient school nurse staffing. It is important that epinephrine be readily available in schools. Barriers to facilitating stock EAIs include those that can be addressed directly by nurses and those that may require policy changes. Nurses, particularly those working in school settings or pediatrics, could take the lead in discussions about the benefits of stock EAIs in schools, advocating for policy changes as warranted. Fully informed nurses can be better prepared to serve as advocates in ensuring that EAIs are available in school settings.
Dean’s Perspective on Academic Communities at UC San Diego, School of Medicine
Authors: Brandl Katharina , Mandel Jess , Kelly Carolyn J
Published: May 2019

Introduction and background:

In 2010, the UC San Diego School of Medicine launched a new curriculum, the integrated scientific curriculum. As part of this curricular redesign, the school instituted academic communities. This perspective article outlines our experience with the first 8 years of these academic communities.

Single-institution experience:

We initiated academic communities with the hope that this structure would cultivate enhanced student-student and student-faculty engagement, improve faculty-student mentoring, and create additional service-learning and student leadership opportunities. The communities would also provide an environment for small group learning throughout the 4-year curriculum. After 8 years of experience, a comparison of student survey data pre- and post establishment of academic communities demonstrated enhanced connectedness between students and faculty and higher scores for faculty mentoring and for career planning. Our own lived experience with the communities revealed several unanticipated outcomes. The community directors became a source of support and advice for one another. Some faculty and administrators whose previous roles were affected by start of the academic communities needed to adjust expectations.

Conclusions:

The establishment of academic communities was associated with improvement in student-faculty engagement, student assessment of faculty mentoring, and career planning.
Gilteritinib induces differentiation in relapsed and refractory FLT3-mutated acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: McMahon Christine M. , Canaani Jonathan , Rea Bryan , Sargent Rachel L. , Qualtieri Julianne N. , Watt Christopher D. , Morrissette Jennifer J. D. , Carroll Martin , Perl Alexander E.
Published: May 2019

Key Points

Gilteritinib induces 2 distinct marrow responses in FLT3-mutated AML: responses with and without differentiation. Ongoing clonal hematopoiesis is ubiquitous during gilteritinib therapy and may promote genetic evolution and drug resistance.
Liaison Psychiatry
Authors: Mayou Richard
Published: May 2019

A previous paper in this series with the same title (Lipowski, 1979) described the history and recent developments in the organisation of consultation liaison psychiatry. I therefore cover two other aspects, the nature of the psychological reactions to physical illness and the clinical role of the psychiatrist working on general surgical and medical wards. Lipowski remarked on the “generally mediocre quality of research” and on the lack of a “single fully adequate textbook”. These deficiencies remain all too apparent and the increasingly large literature is still mainly “clinical and anecdotal”. However straightforward clinical descriptions do provide an essential background to understanding the practical impact on patients' and families' lives of illnesses and of their treatment. A good knowledge of medicine is also essential and the liaison psychiatrist requires an up to date textbook and should try and read review papers and editorials in the general medical journals.
Changing Sociological and Clinical Patterns in Mental Handicap
Authors: Primrose D. A.
Published: May 2019

The historical development of official provision for the care and training of the mentally handicapped—both adults and children—is outlined, to show the changes between Local Authority and Government. Changes in emphasis between compulsory and voluntary admissions to institutions are discussed with particular reference to changes in the law and the administration of the services. Demographic changes due to longer survival, falling birth rate, and prevention, diagnosis and treatment of individual causes of mental handicap are discussed. Particular reference is made to Down's syndrome and to the fragile X syndrome.

The need for psychiatrists in mental handicap is mentioned along with the benefit of early intervention. The numbers of the mentally handicapped needing specialist care and training are not diminishing, but the manner of provision is changing, and partly reverting to ways tried long ago.
Age at Seroconversion, HLA Genotype, and Specificity of Autoantibodies in Progression of Islet Autoimmunity in Childhood
Authors: Bauer Witold , Veijola Riitta , Lempainen Johanna , Kiviniemi Minna , Härkönen Taina , Toppari Jorma , Knip Mikael , Gyenesei Attila , Ilonen Jorma
Published: May 2019

Context

Children with initial autoantibodies to either insulin (IAA) or glutamic acid decarboxylase (GADA) differ in peak age of seroconversion and have different type 1 diabetes (T1D) risk gene associations, suggesting heterogeneity in the disease process.

Objective

To compare the associations of age at seroconversion, HLA risk, and specificity of secondary autoantibodies with the progression of islet autoimmunity between children with either IAA or GADA as their first autoantibody.

Design and methods

A cohort of 15,253 children with HLA-associated increased risk of T1D participated in a follow-up program in which islet autoantibodies were regularly measured. The median follow-up time was 6.7 years. Spearman correlation, Kaplan-Meier survival plots, and Cox proportional-hazard models were used for statistical analyses.

Results

Persistent positivity for at least one of the tested autoantibodies was detected in 998 children; 388 of children progressed to clinical T1D. Young age at initial seroconversion was associated with a high probability of expansion of IAA-initiated autoimmunity and progression to clinical diabetes, whereas expansion of GADA-initiated autoimmunity and progression to diabetes were not dependent on initial seroconversion age. The strength of HLA risk affected the progression of both IAA- and GADA-initiated autoimmunity. The simultaneous appearance of two other autoantibodies increased the rate of progression to diabetes compared with that of a single secondary autoantibody among subjects with GADA-initiated autoimmunity but not among those with IAA as the first autoantibody.

Conclusions

Findings emphasize the differences in the course of islet autoimmunity initiated by either IAA or GADA supporting heterogeneity in the pathogenic process.
Racial Abstraction and Species Difference: Anthropomorphic Animals in “Multicultural” Children’s Literature
Authors: Bow Leslie
Published: May 2019

This essay explores anthropomorphism in contemporary children’s literature, books in which animals model racialized behaviors in order to promote racial resilience and “teach tolerance.” Unveiling the unintended consequences of invoking species difference as a form of racial abstraction, the essay contextualizes “multicultural” picture books that enlist animal surrogates within the “here and now” innovations of Lucy Sprague Mitchell’s Bank Street Writers Lab and the animal stories of Margaret Wise Brown. In keeping with studies in developmental psychology that explain how children acquire and unlearn biases, the work engages two arenas: books that imagine the adoptive family as cross-species alliance and those that depict biodiversity as a visual metaphor for multiculturalism. In looking at the adult’s ventriloquism of imaginary figures for the imagined child, the essay explores the imperfect correspondence between pedagogic aims and fantastical form, the fissures that arise in turning to nonhuman figures to express adult anxieties over racial difference. Anthropomorphic animals reconcile the paradox of diversity at the millennium: envisioning democratic inclusion without invoking the divisiveness of US racial history.
Lines in the Dirt (c. 1969): Postwar Literalism and the Failure of Technology
Authors: Gladstone Jason
Published: May 2019

This essay argues that what most characterizes the late twentieth century is not, as is often assumed, the threat posed to the human by technology but rather that imposed by technology’s failure. The essay does so by tracking the development of a postwar literalism that is neither modernist nor postmodernist. This literalism emerges as an aesthetic in the earthworks and writings of Michael Heizer and Robert Smithson and is isolated as a cultural logic by Thomas Pynchon’s Gravity’s Rainbow (1973). Backed by the rise of cybernetics, this literalism reconfigures the Aristotelian conception of the artifact. Through the lines in the dirt they feature, the works discussed in this essay bracket off the axes of the subject, the human, and the machine. To that end, they generate “failed artifacts” by isolating the exposures of human-made things to their environments as junctures for rendering the empirical limits of technology and putting its conceptual coherence into question. Here, then, technology fails not only in fact but in principle.
The herpes simplex virus 1 Us3 kinase is involved in assembly of membranes needed for viral envelopment and in distribution of glycoprotein K
Authors: Tobler Kurt , Senn Claudia , Schraner Elisabeth M. , Ackermann Mathias , Fraefel Cornel , Wild Peter
Published: May 2019

Background:Capsids of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) are assembled in cell nuclei, released into the perinuclear space by budding at the inner nuclear membrane acquiring tegument and envelope. Alternatively, capsids gain access to the cytoplasm via dilated nuclear pores. They are enveloped by Golgi membranes. Us3 is a non-essential viral kinase that is involved in nucleus-to-cytoplasm translocation, preventing apoptosis and regulation of phospholipid-biosynthesis. Us3-deletion mutants(HSV-1∆Us3) accumulate in the perinuclear space. Nuclear and Golgi membranes proliferate, and homogeneous, proteinaceous structures of unknown identity are deposited in nuclei and cytoplasm. Glycoprotein K (gK), a highly hydrophobic viral protein, is essential for production of infectious progeny virus but, according to the literature, exclusively vital for envelopment of capsids by Golgi membranes. In the absence of Us3, virions remain stuck in the perinuclear space but mature to infectivity without reaching Golgi membranes, suggesting further function of gK than assumed.

Methods:We constructed a HSV-1∆Us3 mutant designated CK177∆Us3gK-HA, in which gK was hemagglutinin (HA) epitope-tagged in order to localize gK by immunolabeling using antibodies against HA for light and electron microscopy.

Results:CK177∆Us3gK-HA-infected Vero cells showed similar alterations as those reported for other HSV-1∆Us3, including accumulation of virions in the perinuclear space, overproduction of nuclear and Golgi membranes containing electron dense material with staining property of proteins. Immunolabeling using antibodies against HA revealed that gK is overproduced and localized at nuclear membranes, perinuclear virions stuck in the perinuclear space, Golgi membranes and on protein deposits in cytoplasm and nuclei.

Conclusions:Us3 is involved in proper assembly of membranes needed for envelopment and incorporation of gK. Without Us3, virions derived by budding at nuclear membranes remain stuck in the perinuclear space but incorporate gK into their envelope to gain infectivity.
Development of a patient reported outcome questionnaire to measure the impact of postpartum blood loss in women with moderate and severe anaemia: A study using a multi-faceted approach
Authors: Miller Lori , Chaudhri Shahana , Beaumont Danielle , Kayani Aasia , Javid Kiran , Chaudhri Rizwana , Edwards Phil , Brenner Amy , Roberts Ian , Shakur-Still Haleema
Published: May 2019

Background: Globally, over one-third of pregnant women are anaemic and are at increased risk of postpartum haemorrhage (PPH).  Tranexamic acid (TXA) given within 3 hours of birth significantly reduces death due to bleeding in women with PPH. However, for many, treatment is too late to prevent death from PPH. The WOMAN-2 trial aims to see if giving TXA can prevent PPH and other outcomes in women with moderate and severe anaemia. Assessing the impact of postpartum blood loss on women’s own perceptions of their health and well-being is an important outcome for the WOMAN-2 trial. This study aimed to develop a conceptual framework and questionnaire to measure the impact of postpartum blood loss on participant-reported outcomes (PRO) in women with moderate and severe anaemia.

Methods: A conceptual framework and PRO questionnaire were developed using a multifaceted, iterative process. Factors influencing anaemic women’s postpartum experience were identified from review of the literature and through group discussion with them.  De novo items were combined with those from an existing instrument (Multi-dimensional Fatigue Symptom Inventory, Short Form (MFSI-SF)). Content validity was tested among a group of obstetricians and anaemic postpartum women, revised and then pilot tested among 124 women with moderate and severe anaemia following vaginal birth. 

Results: Women with moderate and severe anaemia who experienced PPH reported more fatigue on the MFSI-SF (p=0.001); reported feeling more ill (p=0.004); and had greater difficulty breastfeeding (p=0.039), compared to those who did not experience PPH. Compared to women with moderate anaemia, women with severe anaemia reported experiencing worse symptoms of anaemia (p=0.001) and scored worse on the MFSI-SF (p=0.007).

Conclusions: Significant differences between the scores of women who developed PPH and those who did not and the scores between women with moderate and severe anaemia indicate that the questionnaire had satisfactory construct validity.
Implementation of Federal State Educational Standard of Preschool Education in the practice of organizations implementing preschool education programs
Authors: Кроер Е. , Kroer E.
Published: May 2019

The article is devoted to the analysis of monitoring federal state educational standard implementation results for preschool education in educational organizations introducing educational programs for preschool education. The federal state educational standard introduction results, and federal state educational standard implementation results for preschool education for 2016–2018 were reviewed and analyzed. According to the requirements for the federal state educational standard implementation, all monitoring indicators are divided into fi ve groups. Within each group, the analysis was conducted and conclusions were drawn on the results of the federal state educational standard implementation for preschool education in federal districts. Promoting the development of preschool education is one of the priorities of the state program «Development of Education», aimed to ensure the availability and quality of preschool education in all constituent territory of the Russian Federation.
Monitoring as a Method of Actualization of Education Development in Russia and Abroad
Authors: Коростелева А. , Kororsteleva A.
Published: May 2019

The article presents a modern understanding of the nature and purpose of monitoring in the educational system, lists its functions, stages and forms, allowing to evaluate the success and relevance of monitoring development. The author states that the origins of the formation of monitoring lie in the theory of education management. The paper presents the main milestones of the education management development both at the domestic and foreign levels. In particular, it considers the structure of education management in France, which is distinguished by strict regulation, and Denmark, which is in some way an antagonist of France in the education management area. A review of the goals and objectives of monitoring in the system of education allows the author to conclude about the contribution of monitoring to the development of education, in particular, by obtaining operational and reliable data on quality of education and other studied structural parameters.
Methodological Support of Readiness Formation of Future Teachers for Inclusion
Authors: Козырева Ольга , Kozyreva Ol'ga
Published: May 2019

The results of higher education are determined by normative documents and are based on the theory of competence approach. They refl ect the readiness

of the future teacher to professional activities in the terms of inclusive education.

Analytical verifi cation of various scientifi c sources makes it possible to assert that the essence of the various components of the methodological support of the learning process is the subject of scientifi c disputes. But it is worth noting that currently the researchers have not brought a single interpretation of such a concept as “methodological support”, which forces for their own understanding of this designation to refer to it. Methodological support is mainly singled out not just as a pedagogical component, but also as an integral part of the whole educational process. It is characterized by the volume and content of the working programs of disciplines, provides organizational and pedagogical conditions necessary for the formation of the educational environment of the University readiness of future teachers for inclusion. Properly selected and implemented in full methodological support of any process makes it guaranteed to be effective.
CDIO Ideas in the Professional Training of Russian Language Teacher and Literature: Designing an Educational Program Based on the FSES 3 ++
Authors: Савелова Л. , Savelova L. , Серебряков А. , Serebryakov A.
Published: May 2019

The article analyzes the current theoretical and practical aspects of designing eff ective basic professional educational programs aimed at preparing a philologist teacher in the context of the requirements of professional standards.
Features of Mastering the Spelling of Vocabulary Words by Younger Schoolchildren with General Speech Underdevelopment
Authors: Николаева Е. , Nikolaeva E.
Published: May 2019

The article discusses the peculiarities of vocabulary spelling skills by younger schoolchildren with general speech underdevelopment. Persistent diffi culties in forming vocabulary spelling skills are a sign of dysorphography. Among younger schoolchildren with general speech underdevelopment, this disorder occurs quite often. In turn, research in the fi eld of Russian language teaching methods indicates a high prevalence of vocabulary words and imperfect methods of working with them. Mastering vocabulary words at school is reduced to learning their spelling. We organized an experimental work, the purpose of which was to study the level of development of the skill of writing vocabulary words by younger schoolchildren with general speech underdevelopment and establishing its dependence on the level of development of the auditory and visual memory of children. The data we have identifi ed are evidence of the need to search for methods of working with vocabulary words based on a combination of diff erent types

of memory.
Innovation management
Authors: Попадюк Татьяна , Popadyuk Tat'yana , Удальцова Наталья , Udal'cova Natal'ya , Погодина Татьяна , Pogodina Tat'yana
Published: May 2019

The textbook "Innovation management" outlines the main topics of the course necessary for the study of disciplines "innovation management", "investment in innovation and its financing", "innovation management", etc.. The textbook also includes practical material consisting of test and creative tasks, analytical tasks and cases.
The content of the textbook and the workshop aimed at the formation of students ' practical skills and abilities of innovation management
processes at macro and micro levels.
For undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate students and researchers.
Integrated Risk Management for Newsvendors with Value-at-Risk Constraints
Authors: Kouvelis Panos , Li Rong
Published: May 2019

We study a newsvendor problem with profit risk control using value-at-risk (VaR) constraints. When a firm’s demand correlates with the price of a tradable financial asset, both financial tools (derivatives) and operational tools (inventory) can be used for profit risk management. Such integrated risk management (IRM) approaches have been studied using various optimization frameworks to reflect the risk aversion of decision-makers. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to study IRM in a newsvendor setting using profit maximization under VaR constraints. The VaR constraints allow for flexibility in the choice of profit target, [Formula: see text], and confidence level of achieving it, [Formula: see text]. It is important to understand the implications of different [Formula: see text] choices: some choices result in inventory decisions exhibiting risk aversion (and risk neutrality), whereas others result in inventory decisions exhibiting risk seeking. We demonstrate that without financial hedging, under the risk-averse [Formula: see text] choices, the decision-maker has to sacrifice mean profit for risk control by stocking below the profit-maximizing (or the risk-neutral) inventory level. When financial hedging is available, however, the decision-maker can use it alone to control the profit risk, even when demand only partially correlates with the price of the financial asset used. Thus, inventory is solely used for profit maximization, and financial hedging is solely used for profit control. This separation of inventory and financial hedging decisions simplifies the IRM implementation. Such simplification however, is not the case under the mean-variance or expected utility frameworks. In these risk-averse frameworks, both inventory and financial hedging must combine to control risk control, and, thus, these two types of decisions are often highly interdependent. VaR constraints, often preferred by regulators, may be helpful in implementing IRM in many regulated industrial settings.
The ethical aspects of screening for renal disease
Authors: Ellis Peter
Published: May 2019

Screening for renal disease can save many lives each year, but it is also important to consider the ethics of screening programmes. In this article, Peter Ellis looks at the criteria that apply to a screening programme and what these criteria mean for the people being screened