bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Convective and absolute instabilities in Rayleigh–Bénard–Poiseuille mixed convection for viscoelastic fluids
Authors: Hirata S. C. , de B. Alves L. S. , Delenda N. , Ouarzazi M. N.
Published: January 2015

The convective and absolute nature of instabilities in Rayleigh–Bénard–Poiseuille (RBP) mixed convection for viscoelastic fluids is examined numerically with a shooting method as well as analytically with a one-mode Galerkin expansion. The viscoelastic fluid is modelled by means of a general constitutive equation that encompasses the Maxwell model and the Oldroyd-B model. In comparison to Newtonian fluids, two more dimensionless parameters are introduced, namely the elasticity number${\it\lambda}_{1}$and the ratio${\it\Gamma}$between retardation and relaxation times. Temporal stability analysis of the basic state showed that the three-dimensional thermoconvective problem can be Squire-transformed. Therefore, one must distinguish mainly between two principal roll orientations: transverse rolls TRs (rolls with axes perpendicular to the Poiseuille flow direction) and longitudinal rolls LRs (rolls with axes parallel to the Poiseuille flow direction). The critical Rayleigh number for the appearance of LRs is found to be independent of the Reynolds number ($\mathit{Re}$). Depending on${\it\lambda}_{1}$and${\it\Gamma}$, two different regimes can be distinguished. In the weakly elastic regime, the emerging LRs are stationary, while they are oscillatory in the strongly elastic regime. For TRs, it is found that in the weakly elastic regime, the stabilization effect of$\mathit{Re}$is more important than in Newtonian fluids. Moreover, for sufficiently elastic fluids a jump is observed in the oscillation frequencies and wavenumbers for moderate$\mathit{Re}$. In the strongly elastic regime, the effect of the imposed throughflow is to promote the appearance of the upstream moving TRs for low values of$\mathit{Re}$, which are replaced by downstream moving TRs for higher values of $\mathit{Re}$. Moreover, the results proved that, contrary to the case where$\mathit{Re}=0$, the elasticity number${\it\lambda}_{1}$(the ratio${\it\Gamma}$) has a strongly stabilizing (destabilizing) effect when the throughflow is added. The influence of the rheological parameters on the transition curves from convective to absolute instability in the Reynolds–Rayleigh number plane is also determined. We show that the viscoelastic character of the fluid hastens the transition to absolute instability and even may suppress the convective/absolute transition. Throughout this paper, similarities and differences with the corresponding problem for Newtonian fluids are highlighted.
Effects of exposure to unethical practices on the personal attitudes of accountants in small accounting firms
Authors: Mirshekary Soheila , Carr Rodney
Published: January 2015

We investigate how exposure to unethical practices affects the personal attitude of accountants in small accounting firms towards unethical behaviours. This is an important topic for business because accountants in small accounting firms are in a position to influence the behaviour of the large number of businesses they serve. The main independent variable is a measure of exposure to a variety of different types of unethical practices. A regression involving the exposure variable onto personal attitude is carried out using data from owners/managers of small accounting firms in Australia. Findings confirm a negative relationship between the amount of exposure and personal attitude towards questionable practices: increased exposure to questionable ethical behaviour is related to an increase in the level of acceptance of unethical behaviour. While such a finding is not unexpected, it suggests that other strategies need to be pursued to encourage ethical behaviour.
Aesthetics in Postcolonial Reading: Cinematic Challenges from
Karmen Geï
Authors: Prabhu Anjali
Published: January 2015

This article presents the complex pedagogical challenges and triumphs of an
experience of teaching “postcolonial film.” It contains a
template for teaching undergraduate students both film studies skills and
critical skills to tackle postcolonial artistic creation in its widest
respective theoretical and historical context. It also suggests ways for nonfilm
studies specialists to integrate close study of a film within a course otherwise
using text-based materials. An explication de texte is the most
basic exercise that yields complex analyses of any sutured
“text” and provides opportunities for sustained dialogue
between the student and material. The highly sophisticated, creative,
meticulous, and generative readings that students have produced in my experience
of beginning every class curriculum with this most basic method of the French
tradition has convinced me of its value for insightful reading and clear writing
at all levels. I offer this example of explication, taken from
my method of presenting and discussing a film, for instructors to modify for
their purposes and, more specifically, to adapt film meaningfully into their
courses.1
Feasting in Viking Age Iceland: sustaining a chiefly political economy in a marginal environment
Authors: Zori Davide , Byock Jesse , Erlendsson Egill , Martin Steve , Wake Thomas , Edwards Kevin J.
Published: January 2015

The authors show that the principal correlates of feasting in Viking Age Iceland were beef and barley, while feasting itself is here the primary instrument of social action. Documentary references, ethnographic analogies, archaeological excavation and biological analyses are woven together to present an exemplary procedure for the recognition of feasting more widely.
Dynamic shorelines and submerged topography: the neglected variables
Authors: Bailey Geoffrey N.
Published: January 2015

Atholl Anderson's comment (above) on the recent finds from Jerimalai draws attention to the dangers of over-interpreting the wider significance of marine resources present in Pleistocene coastal sites without careful evaluation of at least three variables: (1) the accurate identification of the species represented and hence of their behaviour and accessibility to capture; (2) the actual quantities and rates of accumulation of the marine food remains; and (3) local ecological and oceanographic conditions. To these I would add a fourth variable: the bathymetry and submerged topography of the marine environment adjacent to the sites in question—the physical structure of what one might call the 'offshore catchment'—and changes resulting from relative sea level variation (including eustatic and isostatic/tectonic effects).
The depiction of the individual in prehistory: human representations in Magdalenian societies
Authors: Fuentes Oscar
Published: January 2015

The Magdalenian stage of the Upper Palaeolithic is renowned for its ‘art’, both in the form of portable objects and of motifs and depictions on cave walls. Many of these portray animals, with human imagery playing a relatively minor role. Systematic analysis of human images from three separate zones of south-western France demonstrates that different styles of image were chosen by different communities. The evocative power of the human form, and the conceptual importance of the human image as a depiction of the self, highlights the significance of these Magdalenian representations. Particular attention is drawn to the realistic styles of portrayal employed in some parts of the region. This, it is argued, betokens the arrival of the individual, and the regional styles illustrate the presence of separate Magdalenian territories, occupied by communities that were in contact with one another but that chose different approaches to the human form as expressions of group identity.
Tainted ores and the rise of tin bronzes in Eurasia,c. 6500 years ago
Authors: Radivojević Miljana , Rehren Thilo , Kuzmanović-Cvetković Julka , Jovanović Marija , Northover J. Peter
Published: January 2015

The earliest tin bronze artefacts in Eurasia are generally believed to have appeared in the Near East in the early third millennium BC. Here we present tin bronze artefacts that occur far from the Near East, and in a significantly earlier period. Excavations at Pločnik, a Vinča culture site in Serbia, recovered a piece of tin bronze foil from an occupation layer dated to the mid fifth millennium BC. The discovery prompted a reassessment of 14 insufficiently contextualised early tin bronze artefacts from the Balkans. They too were found to derive from the smelting of copper-tin ores. These tin bronzes extend the record of bronze making byc. 1500 years, and challenge the conventional narrative of Eurasian metallurgical development.
The Aurignacian in Altai
Authors: Otte Marcel , Derevianko Anatoly
Published: January 2015

Research in the Altai region of central Asia is attempting to establish the development and expansion of the Aurignacian to Europe and the Caucasus. New sites and early dates provide important new data on this key question about the emergence of modern humans in Eurasia.
Archaeobotanical evidence for early date consumption on Dalma Island, United Arab Emirates
Authors: Beech Mark , Shepherd Elizabeth
Published: January 2015

The discovery of carbonized date stones in the United Arab Emirates has made a contribution to the dating of early date consumption in the Near East.
Diet and ethnicity during the Viking colonization of northern Scotland: evidence from fish bones and stable carbon isotopes
Authors: Barrett James H. , Beukens Roelf P. , Nicholson Rebecca A.
Published: January 2015

Diet and ethnicity are strongly related. Recent work on fish-bone ratios and stable carbon isotopes suggest that the Vikings increased the fish contribution to the diet of Orkney and Shetland by a greater investment in deep-sea fishing.
The Gravettian burial known as the Prince (“Il Principe”): new evidence for his age and diet
Authors: Pettitt P. B. , Richards M. , Maggi R. , Formicola V.
Published: January 2015

The famous upper Palaeolithic (Gravettian) burial with shell ornaments known as “Il Principe” was discovered in Italy sixty years ago. Here the authors present recent scientific research on his skeleton, leading to new assessments of the date of the burial and indications of diet.
The Middle Palaeolithic of Arabia: Implications for modern human origins, behaviour and dispersals
Authors: Petraglia Michael D. , Alsharekh Abdullah
Published: January 2015

The Middle Palaeolithic record of the Arabian Peninsula can provide crucial evidence for understanding human dispersal. The authors summarise the archaeological evidence and suggest some of the routes taken by the earliest humans coming out of Africa, including one implying the use of boats. Early populations adapted to a hospitable environment, but had later to adapt to the advance of the desert.
Early multi-resource nomadism: Excavations at the Camel Site in the central Negev
Authors: Rosen Steven A.
Published: January 2015

Excavations at the Camel Site, in the Negev, provide evidence of desert cottage industries making (and probably trading) beads and millstones in the Early Bronze Age. But these were people for whom nomadism was the ‘default lifestyle’.
The deposition of bronzes at Swiss lakeshore settlements: new investigations
Authors: Fischer Viktoria
Published: January 2015

The famous lakeside sites of Switzerland have long been known for their pile dwellings and their massive quantities of Late Bronze Age metalwork. On the most recent excavations, the bronzes have been mapped in situ, allowing comparison with assemblages from dryland sites and rivers, as well as providing a context for the nineteenth-century collections. The pile dwellings emerge as special places where depositions of selected bronze objects in groups or as single discards, comparable to those usually found in dryland deposits or in rivers, accumulated in the shallow water during a unique 250-year spell of ritual practice.
Later hunter-gatherers in southern China, 18 000–3000 BC
Authors: Chi Zhang , Hung Hsiao-chun
Published: January 2015

The authors present new research on social and economic developments in southern China in the Early Holocene, ninth to fifth millennia BC. The ‘Neolithic package’ doesn't really work for this fascinating chapter of the human experience, where pottery, social aggregation, animal domestication and rice cultivation all arrive at different places and times. The authors define the role of the ‘pottery-using foragers’, sophisticated hunter-gatherers who left shell or fish middens in caves and dunes. These colonising non-farmers shared numerous cultural attributes with rice cultivators on the Yangtze, their parallel contemporaries over more than 5000 years. Some agriculturalists became hunter-foragers in turn when they expanded onto less fertile soils. No simple linear transition then, but the practice of ingenious strategies, adaptations and links in a big varied land.
Twilight of the gods? The ‘dust veil event’ of AD 536 in critical perspective
Authors: Gräslund Bo , Price Neil
Published: January 2015

The popular notion of social collapse consequent on natural catastrophe is here elegantly disentangled in a study of the dark summer of AD 536. Leaving aside the question of its cause, the authors show there is good scientific evidence for a climatic downturn, contemporary with good archaeological evidence for widespread disruption of settlement and population displacement in the northern latitudes. They then navigate through the shifting shadows of myth, and emerge with a welcome prize: strong circumstantial reasons for recognising that this widespread horror, like so many others, did leave its imprint on Scandinavian poetry and sculpture.
Archaeology and fiction
Authors: Elphinstone Margaret , Wickham-Jones Caroline
Published: January 2015

In the summer of 2006 author Margaret Elphinstone, embarking on a novel set in the prehistoric period (Elphinstone 2009), sought out archaeologist Caroline Wickham-Jones to discover more about Mesolithic Scotland. The resulting process proved to be more than a simple question and answer session: over three years, the two of us, novelist and archaeologist, each renegotiated the boundaries of our perceptual frameworks. This paper is intended to examine the learning process that most students of archaeology unconsciously experience, and it goes on to champion a respected role for fiction. As the status of history is reduced in the school syllabus, the number of people learning about their past from fiction will increase. Very few people learn much about the Mesolithic through formal education; indeed we are both astonished at how many well-educated people have no idea when or what the Mesolithic was. As representatives of our professions, we here demonstrate the special and timely benefits of what we term the informed novel.
Cities and social order in Sasanian Iran – the archaeological potential
Authors: Karimian Hassan
Published: January 2015

The author shows how several of the great ruins of Sasanian cities of the last centuries BC are enriched by a vivid documentation. And while archaeological study is only just beginning, it clearly has exceptional potential for mapping the social order onto the streets and buildings.
Historic routes to Angkor: development of the Khmer road system (ninth to thirteenth centuries AD) in mainland Southeast Asia
Authors: Hendrickson Mitch
Published: January 2015

Road systems in the service of empires have long inspired archaeologists and ancient historians alike. Using etymology, textual analysis and archaeology the author deconstructs the road system of the Khmer, empire builders of early historic Cambodia. Far from being the creation of one king, the road system evolved organically to serve expeditions, pilgrimages and embedded exchange routes over several centuries. The paper encourages us to regard road networks as a significant topic, worthy of comparative study on a global scale.
European Middle and Upper Palaeolithic radiocarbon dates are often older than they look: problems with previous dates and some remedies
Authors: Higham Thomas
Published: January 2015

Few events of European prehistory are more important than the transition from ancient to modern humans around 40 000 years ago, a period that unfortunately lies near the limit of radiocarbon dating. This paper shows that as many as 70 per cent of the oldest radiocarbon dates in the literature may be too young, due to contamination by modern carbon. Future dates can be made more secure — and previous dates revised — using more refined methods of pre-treatment described here.
Recent research in Southeast Asia: a tribute to Peter Bellwood
Authors: Cameron Judith
Published: January 2015

Few parts of the world have seen such an acceleration in the output of outstanding archaeological research as Southeast Asia, and we are fortunate to have persuaded some of the leading players to provide our readers with a major update of work in progress. The idea arose from a session at the recent IPPA congress, where a number of scholars gathered to pay tribute to Peter Bellwood, on the point of his retiring from his position as Secretary-General. We are very grateful to them for allowing versions of the papers they gave to find a wider audience through Antiquity, and delighted to have the chance to add our tribute to theirs.
Agro-pastoralism and social change in the Cuzco heartland of Peru: a brief history using environmental proxies
Authors: Chepstow-Lusty Alex
Published: January 2015

The author shows how pollen and oribatid mites recovered from the small lake of Marcacocha provide a detailed proxy record of agro-pastoralism over the last 4200 years in the central Andes. The introduction of highland maize and weeding practices 2700 years ago corresponds with major settlement development, as well as evidence for large herds of llamas not only facilitating trade but supplying abundant fertilizer and fuel in the form of excrement. Prolonged droughts and pre-Colombian epidemics probably influenced many of the social changes observed.
Cutting a Gordian Knot: the Bronze Age of Southeast Asia: origins, timing and impact
Authors: Higham Charles , Higham Thomas , Kijngam Amphan
Published: January 2015

Two conflicting theories put the introduction of bronze into Southeast Asia 1000 years apart, one (before China) at 2000 BC, the other at 1000 BC. Both were drawn from radiocarbon dates, the first of pottery, the second of bone. The authors cut the Gordian Knot by showing the earlier dates to be unreliable — but their study has implications way beyond Thailand. The direct dating of pottery, it seems, is full of pitfalls…
Behold the raking geison: the new Acropolis Museum and its context-free archaeologies
Authors: Plantzos Dimitris
Published: January 2015

In December 1834 Athens became the capital city of the newly founded Hellenic Kingdom. King Otto, the Bavarian prince whose political and cultural initiative shaped much of what modern Greece is today, sought to design the new city inspired by the heavily idealised model of Classical Hellas (see Bastea 2000). The emerging capital was from the outset conceived as aheterotopiaof Hellenism, a Foucauldian 'other space' devoted to Western Classicism in view of the Classical ruins it preserved. The Acropolis became, naturally, the focal point of this effort. At the same time, however, and as Greek nationalist strategies were beginning to unfold, Classical antiquity became a disputedtopos,a cultural identity of sorts contested between Greece on the one hand and the 'Western world' on the other (see Yalouri 2001: 77–100). Archaeological sites thus became disputed spaces, claimed by various interested parties of national or supra-national authority wishing to impose their own views on how they should be managed — and to what ends (Loukaki 2008). The Acropolis was duly cleansed from any non-Classical antiquities and began to be constructed as an authentic Classical space, anationalproject still in progress. As Artemis Leontis has argued in her discussion of Greece as a heterotopic 'culture of ruins', the Acropolis of Athens, now repossessed by architectural renovation and scholarly interest, functions'as a symbol not of Greece's ancient glory but of its modern predicament'(Leontis 1995: 40–66; see also McNeal 1991; Hamilakis 2007: 85–99).
Silk Road riches no embarrassment
Authors: James N.
Published: January 2015

The survival of organicmaterials in the waterless fringes of the Takla Makan and Lop Deserts in the Tarim basin in Xinjiang (north-western China) has fascinated us for a century, since Sven Hedin, Aurel Stein and Albert von Le Coq found the remains of settlements and cemeteries at the Great Wall's lonely outposts and along the routes between China and Central Asia known as the Silk Road. The finds date from the Bronze Age to the later firstmillennium AD. In the 1980s and '90s, it was shown that the most striking of them, the Tarim 'mummies', belong to both Mongoloid and Caucasoid peoples (Mallory&Mair 2000). The archaeology here of public and domestic life is full of the kinds of surprises and contradictions that we are learning to expect—if not accept—with 'globalisation'. Development in the region is now prompting new discoveries but also looters, so the research is urgent.
Aging cremated infants: the problem of sacrifice at the Tophet of Carthage
Authors: Smith P. , Avishai G. , Greene J.A. , Stager L.E.
Published: January 2015

The Greeks and Romans reproached the Phoenicians for the sacrifice of infants, and the excavation of cremated infants at ‘Tophets’ (named after the sacrificial site in Jerusalem mentioned in the Bible) seems to bear this out. However, the argument for infant sacrifice depends largely on a skewed age profile, and age is not easy to determine. The authors approach this problem with a battery of new techniques, showing that in the Tophet of Carthage the majority of the infants died between one and one and a half months. Sacrifice was thus very probable.
Conceptualising climate change archaeology
Authors: Van de Noort Robert
Published: January 2015

Archaeology claims a long tradition, going back to the middle of the nineteenth century, of undertaking both palaeoclimate research and studies on the impact of past climate change on human communities (Trigger 1996: 130–38). Such research ought to be making a significant contribution to modern climate change debates, such as those led by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); but in practice this rarely happens (e.g. McIntoshet al.2000). This paper will attempt to conceptualise a ‘climate change archaeology’, which is defined here as the contribution of archaeological research to modern climate change debates (cf. Mitchell 2008). Irrespective of whether climate change poses the greatest challenge in the twenty-first century or whether it is just one of many challenges facing humanity (cf. Rowland 2010), the absence of an archaeological voice diminishes the relevance and impact of the debate as a whole.
Fleas From Pharaonic Amarna
Authors: Panagiotakopulu E.
Published: January 2015

The preservation of ectoparasites in archaeological sites is normally problematic, but the dry environment of the Egyptian desert keeps even the very fragile remains of fleas intact.

Fleas, Siphonaptera, can be divided in three large groups: the sedentary fleas that live in the nest of their hosts, the mobile fleas that still require a nest but can also live on the host, and the stick-tight fleas that attach themselves on the host. The human flea, Pulex irritans L. is one of the mobile fleas, nowadays cosmopolitan, and has been found on a wide range of hosts (Hopla 1980; Cooper 2001). Man evolved in the Old World and although the human flea is closely associated with him, it probably has a New World origin (Hopla 1980: 201; Traub 1985: 408; Buckland & Sadler 1989), as all its congeners are found in the Americas. Donkin (1985) thought that the original host for P. irritans was the peccary (family Tayassuidae). However peccaries do not have relatively permanent nest sites, and Buckland & Sadler (19891, after examining the profiles of different animal hosts, have suggested Cavia porcellus L., the guinea pig (cavy) as the primary host for the flea. C. porcellus was domesticated during the pre-Colombian period for its meat, but its contribution to the South American agricultural economy has always been on a local scale. Recent archaeological finds of Pulex sp. on a pre-Columbian C. porcellus from Peru (Dittmar 2000) support the above hypothesis.
AMS 14C age determinations of Rapanui (Easter Island) wood sculpture: moai kavakava ET 48.63 from Brussels
Authors: Forment F. , Huyge D. , Valladas H.
Published: January 2015

Direct dating, using the Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) 14C method, of a wooden moai kavakava (anthropomorphic woodcarving) in the collection of the Royal Museums of Art and History in Brussels has given a date of about cal AD 1390–1480. As there are reasons to believe that this age not only regards the raw material but also the carving itself, preserved examples of Easter Island wood sculpture may be much older than previously assumed and possibly contemporaneous with the giant monolithic sculpture of the first half of the 2nd millennium AD.
The second phase of Neolithization in east-central Europe
Authors: Nowak Marek
Published: January 2015

This paper presents archaeological and palynological evidence for long continuation of the Mesolithic way of life in east-central Europe irrespective of the presence of early Neolithic farmers. The complete Neolithization of the area took place only about 3500 BC, as a consequence of long-term interactions between indigenous foragers and exotic farmers.
Prehistoric human migration in the Linearbandkeramik of Central Europe
Authors: Price T. Douglas , Bentley R. Alexander , Lüning Jens , Gronenborn Detlef , Wahl Joachim
Published: January 2015

This paper presents a revised chronology for the Linearbandkeramik and strontium isotope measurements of human skeletal material from two cemeteries which indicate a high incidence of migration. It appears that LBK farmers were highly migratory and interacted with surrounding communities.
A feast for the eyes: celebrating prehistory in the de Mortillet dinners (an iconographic dossier)
Authors: Schlanger Nathan , Soulier Philippe
Published: January 2015

Several menus designed as invitations/souvenirs for the de Mortillet dinners from 1898 onwards are presented here as an iconographic dossier to illustrate aspects of prehistoric archaeology. These menus are briefly discussed below, and ten of them are reproduced at appropriate locations throughout this special section (with reference to the present text).
New evidence for the origins of textile production in Bronze Age Cyprus
Authors: Webb Jennifer M.
Published: January 2015

A complete metal spindle in the Zintilis Collection sheds light on the type of spinning practised in the Early to Middle Cypriot Bronze Age. It also indicates the appearance of such spindles and the mounting of the whorls.
Bone stable isotope evidence for infant feeding in Mediaeval England
Authors: Mays S.A. , Richards M.P. , Fuller B.T.
Published: January 2015

This paper is a first study of duration of breastfeeding using bone stable isotopes in infants in a British palaeopopulation, from the deserted Mediaeval village of Wharram Percy, England. Nitrogen stable isotope analysis suggests cessation of breastfeeding between 1 and 2 years of age. Comparison with Mediaeval documentary sources suggests that recommendations of physicians regarding infant feeding may have influenced common practice in this period.
Did prehistoric landscape management retard the post-glacial spread of woodland in Southwest Asia?
Authors: Roberts Neil
Published: January 2015

Pre-Bronze Age human impacts on the East Mediterranean environment have been hard to detect in pollen diagrams and other off-site contexts. New evidence shows that despite a relatively rapid post-glacial wetting-up of the climate, the re-advance of oak woodland across Southwest Asia was slow. Among the factors likely to have contributed to the apparent disjunction between climate and vegetation is Neolithic landscape management, particularly through regular use of late-season ground fires to encourage grasses at the expense of trees and shrubs.
Wood charcoal from Santorini (Thera): new evidence for climate, vegetation and timber imports in the Aegean Bronze Age
Authors: Asouti E.
Published: January 2015

Wood charcoal from stratified layers at Akrotiri is helping to map the ecology of the island of Santorini before the volcanic eruption in the second millennium BC which brought Bronze Age settlement to an end. Far from being treeless like today, the island had a relatively moist and cool climate with diverse vegetation including open oak woodland. Olive cultivation can be traced back to the Early Bronze Age. Cedar, yew and beech were also imported from Lebanon, Cyprus and Anatolia as artefacts, or for building.
Prehistory and its perception in a Melanesian Archipelago: the New Caledonia example
Authors: Sand Christophe , Bolé Jacques , Ouetcho André
Published: January 2015

What were the social structures of prehistoric Melanesia really like – and how did they evolve? This study of the archaeology of New Caledonia shows how the west has had a double impact on its prehistory. First, explorers altered the social structure by their arrival and the introduction of western diseases, and then anthropologists created an image of communities which were ancient, simple and static. New archaeological field data by contrast is mapping nearly 3000 pre-European years of occupation which was marked by dynamic social and cultural change involving sophisticated economic strategies. The evidence suggests that the European anthropologists of the twentieth century were actually interpreting the social effects of the European explorers of the nineteenth century. The new archaeological model is providing food for thought for the modern multi-cultural country of New Caledonia.
Antiquity of early Holocene small-seed consumption and processing at Danger Cave
Authors: Rhode David , Madsen David B. , Jones Kevin T.
Published: January 2015

When did people start to eat small seeds, and what drove them to it? New investigations and dating at the Danger Cave in the American Great Basin show that seeds (pickleweed seeds) did not become part of the staple diet until after 8700 b.p. It was at this time that animal and plant resources had begun to seriously diminish in a shrinking wetland.
New evidence for the origins of sedentism and rice domestication in the Lower Yangzi River, China
Authors: Jiang Leping , Liu Li
Published: January 2015

A newly discovered site at Shangshan in the Lower Yangzi River region has revealed the oldest open-air sedentary village and domesticated rice in south China.
Reflections
Authors: Mulvaney John
Published: January 2015

Professor John Mulvaney, pioneer and champion of Australian archaeology, offers us some reflections from the vantage point of his eightieth year. On his retirement 20 years ago Antiquity was glad to publish his Retrospect (Mulvaney 1986), in which he described his awakening interest in history at Melbourne, his first visit to the Rollright Stones and his fruitful encounters with Gordon Childe, Graham Clark, Glyn Daniel, Mortimer Wheeler and many other great figures of the 50s, 60s and 70s in classrooms at Cambridge and in the field in England and Australia. This paper remains a classic of archaeological history which readers will find in our electronic archive (at http://www.antiquity.ac.uk). It ended with his (victorious) battle for the archaeological heritage of the Franklin River heritage of Tasmania in the early 1980s.

Now he reflects on the subsequent decades in which much has changed. Of especial interest to our readers will be Professor Mulvaney's current assessment of the Aboriginal-European discourse and the management of the Australian heritage.
Imag(in)ing the Celts
Authors: Megaw Vincent
Published: January 2015

In the latest of his periodic reviews of Celtic exhibitions in the pages of Antiquity (Megaw 1981; 1992; 1994) Vincent resumes the Grand Tour and evaluates a series of such events over the past decade.
Late Mesolithic fish traps from the Liffey estuary, Dublin, Ireland
Authors: McQuade Melanie , O'Donnell Lorna
Published: January 2015

An opportunity to investigate in advance of new construction led to the discovery of five Mesolithic hazel fish traps some 6.3m below mean sea level in the River Liffey. Closely paralleled on the continent of Europe they imply a well organised community that knew how to catch fish using the tide, to make wattle-work and baskets and who undertook coppicing on an eight year cycle in about 6100-5700 cal BC. The likelihood of more Mesolithic remains under European towns that have remained attractive to fishers and settlers has considerable implications for Cultural Resource Management. Do we always know how to find and access such delicate and important traces?
Early domesticated cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) from Central Ghana
Authors: D'Andrea A.C. , Kahlheber S. , Logan A.L. , Watson D.J.
Published: January 2015

From examining the remains of charred cowpeas from rock shelters in Central Ghana, the authors throw light on the subsistence strategies of the Kintampo people of the second millennium BCE. Perhaps driven southwards from the Sahel by aridification, the Kintampo operated as both foragers and farmers, cultivating selected plants of the West African tropics, notably cowpea, pearl millet and oil palm.
Funerals and feasts during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B of the Near East
Authors: Goring-Morris Nigel , Horwitz Liora Kolska
Published: January 2015

Evidence for a Neolithic funeral feast has been excavated in northern Israel. A herd of eight wild cattle (aurochs) were slaughtered and joints of their meat placed in a pit which was covered over and the human burial laid on top. This was covered in turn with plaster, but the human skull was later removed through an accurately sited hole. It was the feast that began this funerary sequence, and the authors conservatively calculate that it provided a minimum of 500kg of meat. Given a 200g steak apiece this could theoretically feed some 2500 people, endorsing the authors' claim that the site was a central cult site serving surrounding villages. It is also suggested that the aurochs skulls, missing from the pit, may have been reserved for ritual purposes elsewhere, an early example of the Near Eastern bull cult that was later to have a long history in Europe.
The Qatna lion: scientific confirmation of Baltic amber in late Bronze Age Syria
Authors: Mukherjee Anna J. , Roßberger Elisa , James Matthew A. , Pfälzner Peter , Higgitt Catherine L. , White Raymond , Peggie David A. , Azar Dany , Evershed Richard P.
Published: January 2015

Using pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the authors show that amber was imported into Late Bronze Age Syria and used for making the prestige artefacts found in a Royal tomb of c. 1340 BC. The objects included beads and a unique vessel in the form of a lion, likely fashioned in Syria from raw amber imported from the Baltic via the Aegean.
Patterns of looting in southern Iraq
Authors: Stone Elizabeth C.
Published: January 2015

The archaeological sites of Iraq, precious for their bearing on human history, became especially vulnerable to looters during two wars. Much of the looting evidence has been anecdotal up to now, but here satellite imagery has been employed to show which sites were looted and when. Sites of all sizes from late Uruk to early Islamic were targeted for their high value artefacts, particularly just before and after the 2003 invasion. The author comments that the ‘total area looted … was many times greater than all the archaeological investigations ever conducted in southern Iraq and must have yielded tablets, coins, cylinder seals, statues, terracottas, bronzes and other objects in the hundreds of thousands’.
Terminal Pleistocene to mid-Holocene occupation and an early cremation burial at Ille Cave, Palawan, Philippines
Authors: Lewis Helen , Paz Victor , Lara Myra , Barton Huw , Piper Philip , Ochoa Janine , Vitales Timothy , Carlos A. Jane , Higham Tom , Neri Leee , Hernandez Vito , Stevenson Janelle , Robles Emil Charles , Ragragio Andrea , Padilla Rojo , Solheim Wilhelm , Ronquillo Wilfredo
Published: January 2015

Excavations at a cave site on the island of Palawan in the Philippines show occupation from c. 11000 BP. A fine assemblage of tools and faunal remains shows the reliance of hunter-foragers switching from deer to pig. In 9500-9000 BP, a human cremation burial in a container was emplaced, the earliest yet known in the region.
Basalt bifacial tool production in the southern Levant: a glance at the quarry and workshop site of Giv'at Kipod, Israel
Authors: Rosenberg Danny , Shimelmitz Ron , Nativ Assaf
Published: January 2015

The authors describe the discovery of a Late Neolithic/Chalcolithic basalt axe factory in the Manasseh Hills in Israel and suggest it had a primary role in the region for the production of these functional and symbolic tools. The form of discarded roughouts and flakes is used to deduce the principal eventual product and its sequence of manufacture.
Visualisation of LiDAR terrain models for archaeological feature detection
Authors: Devereux B.J. , Amable G.S. , Crow P.
Published: January 2015

LiDAR is developing into a formidable instrument of aerial survey. Here the author shows how the LiDAR picture can be enhanced so that features picked up by illumination from different directions can be combined in one comprehensive survey.
(Rome + Barbarians) = Europe?
Authors: James N.
Published: January 2015

The exhibition, Rome and the Barbarians: the Birth of a New World, in Venice, meditates on Europe's cultural genealogy. Europe, it argues, is a concoction of disparate traditions conceived and developed by the will of admiring immigrants to the Roman world from the east and north. It raises a range of issues left latent in the gallery. How can we create an appropriate narrative for the first millennium AD, particularly with archaeological finds? How, for that matter, can Europe's tradition be defined; and what prompts the issue?
Late Holocene human occupation of the Patagonian forests: a case study in the Cisnes river basin
Authors: Méndez M. César A. , Reyes B. Omar R.
Published: January 2015

How early did steppe dwellers penetrate the forests? The authors compare and contrast settlement on the steppe, in the forest and on the steep sea coast of western Patagonia, finding that the steppe is occupied first, from 11400 calendar years BP. But around 2800 calendar years BP settlements enter the forest almost simultaneously for a brief period along the length of the Cisnes river valley. Within a few centuries the experiment appears to be abandoned, and the focus of prehistoric peoples returns to the steppe.
Pottery, cultures, people? The European Baden material re-examined
Authors: Furholt Martin
Published: January 2015

The Baden culture, like others in central Europe, has long been assumed to be the material indication of a people. In a searing analytical deconstruction, the author shows that ‘Baden’ pottery has no equivalence with other cultural practices, and is itself an amalgam of a number of different pottery fabrics and styles, many of them regionally diverse. Singled out among them is the early Boreláz fine ware which is actively spread in central Europe, perhaps accompanied by a knowledge of the first wheeled vehicles.
Rocks, views, soils and plants at the temples of ancient Greece
Authors: Retallack Gregory J.
Published: January 2015

This study explores bedrock geology, topographic setting, compass orientation, soil profile and plant cover at 84 temples of Classical (480-338 BC) mainland Greece, several Aegean islands and Cyprus. A striking pattern emerges: the soil and vegetation matches the dedications to particular deities, suggesting an economic basis for particular cults.
What caused the Viking Age?
Authors: Barrett James H.
Published: January 2015

This paper addresses the cause of the Viking episode in the approved Viking manner – head-on, reviewing and dismissing technical, environmental, demographic, economic, political and ideological prime movers. The author develops the theory that a bulge of young males in Scandinavia set out to get treasure to underpin their chances of marriage and a separate domicile.
The date of the Greater Stonehenge Cursus
Authors: Thomas Julian , Marshall Peter , Pearson Mike Parker , Pollard Joshua , Richards Colin , Tilley Chris , Welham Kate
Published: January 2015

The Greater Cursus – 3km long and just north of Stonehenge – had been dated by a red deer antler found in its ditch in the 1940s to 2890-2460 BC. New excavations by the authors found another antler in a much tighter context, and dating a millennium earlier. It appears that the colossal cursus had already marked out the landscape before Stonehenge was erected. At that time or soon after, its lines were re-emphasised, perhaps with a row of posts in pits. So grows the subtlety of the discourse of monuments in this world heritage site.
Multiple uses for Australian backed artefacts
Authors: Robertson Gail , Attenbrow Val , Hiscock Peter
Published: January 2015

Backed artefacts, otherwise microliths or backed bladelets, are key indicators of cultural practice in early Australia – but what were they used for? The authors review a number of favourite ideas – hunting, scarification, wood working – and then apply use-wear analysis and residue studies to three prehistoric assemblages. These showed contact with a wide range of materials: wood, plants, bone, blood, skin and feathers. These results are unequivocal – the backed artefacts were hafted and employed as versatile tools with many functions.
Large-scale storage of grain surplus in the sixth millennium BC: the silos of Tel Tsaf
Authors: Garfınkel Yosef , Ben-Shlomo David , Kuperman Tali
Published: January 2015

The authors report and describe the remarkable grain silos discovered at Tel Tsaf in the southern Levant. These tall, white, barrel-shaped towers seem to mark the first appearance of monuments of demonstrative surplus.
230Th dates for dedicatory corals from a remote alpine desert adze quarry on Mauna Kea, Hawai‘i
Authors: McCoy Patrick C. , Weisler Marshall I. , Zhao Jian-xin , Feng Yue-Xing
Published: January 2015

The authors show how sites in upland Hawai‘i may be dated using uranium series radiogenic measurements on coral. The sites lie in a quarry, inland and at high altitude, with little carboniferous material around, and radiocarbon dating is anyway problematic here for the first millennium. Freshly broken coral had been transported to these sites, remote from the sea – no doubt for ritual purposes. Giving a date in the fifteenth century with an error range of only five years, the method promises to be valuable for the early history of the Pacific.
The early management of cattle (Bos taurus) in Neolithic central Anatolia
Authors: Arbuckle Benjamin S. , Makarewicz Cheryl A.
Published: January 2015

The authors use metrical, demographic and body part analyses of animal bone assemblages in Anatolia to demonstrate how cattle were incorporated into early Neolithic subsistence economies. Sheep and goats were domesticated in the eighth millennium BC, while aurochs, wild cattle, were long hunted. The earliest domesticated cattle are not noted until the mid-seventh millennium BC, and derive from imported stock domesticated elsewhere. In Anatolia, meanwhile, the aurochs remains large and wild and retains its charisma as a hunted quarry and a stud animal.
The beginning of Iron Age copper production in the southern Levant: new evidence from Khirbat al-Jariya, Faynan, Jordan
Authors: Ben-Yosef Erez , Levy Thomas E. , Higham Thomas , Najjar Mohammad , Tauxe Lisa
Published: January 2015

The authors have explored the workplace and house of copper workers of the early Iron Age (twelfth to tenth century BC) in Jordan's Wadi Faynan copper ore district, showing that it belongs in time between the collapse of the great Bronze Age states and the arrival of Egyptians in the area under Sheshonq I. They attribute this production to local tribes – perhaps those engaged in building the biblical kingdom of Edom.
When they come to model Heaven: big science and the monumental in post-war Britain
Authors: Edmonds Mark
Published: January 2015

How useful is the archaeology of the present? In this tour de force the author takes an iconic structure of modern times – the radio telescope at Jodrell Bank – and reveals the conjuncture of its origins and its subsequent parallel lives in science, war, politics and the imagination. The modern example allows us to get behind the scenes and under the covers – into the mentality of monumentality, as it has probably always been, proxy for the zeitgeist. Sceptics should read on…
Poverty as Capability Deprivation: Conceptualising and Measuring Poverty in Contemporary Europe
Authors: Hick Rod
Published: January 2015

Poverty analysis is in the midst of a multidimensional “turn” due, in part, to the growing awareness of the limitations of relative income measures of poverty. In this paper, we argue that the conceptualisation of poverty remains a neglected aspect of this multidimensional turn to date, and demonstrate that the counter-intuitive results which flow from relative income analyses are not problems of measurement, but are entirely consistent with the conceptualisation of poverty under Peter Townsend’s dominantPoverty as Relative Deprivationframework. In response to these problems we articulate an alternative framework,Poverty as Capability Deprivation, drawing on Amartya Sen’s capability approach, and argue that this provides more persuasive explanations as to why some nations have greater poverty than others and why poverty remains a problem even in the richest nations.
THE PROVISION OF VETERINARY SERVICES: WHO ARE THE INFLUENTIAL ACTORS AND WHAT ARE THE GOVERNANCE CHALLENGES? A CASE STUDY OF UGANDA
Authors: ILUKOR J. , BIRNER R. , RWAMIGISA P. B. , NANTIMA N.
Published: January 2015

As a result of continued fiscal challenges from the late 1980s to date, the government of Uganda liberalized and decentralized the provision of veterinary services. As a result, many actors are involved in providing veterinary services without adequate regulation and supervision. With the resurgence of infectious diseases, and increased economic and health risks, especially to the rural poor, there is the need to understand relational patterns of actors to ensure good governance, and address emerging and re-emerging risks of animal diseases. A participatory mapping tool called Process Net-Map was used to identify relevant actors and assess their influence in the delivery of clinical and preventive veterinary services in both pastoral and intensive livestock production systems. The tool also served to elicit governance challenges in veterinary service delivery. The results reveal that important social relations in veterinary service delivery include the following: (1) Cooperation between private veterinarians and paraprofessionals as well as private veterinarians and government veterinarians in intensive production systems; and (2) cooperation between NGOs, government veterinarians and community-based animal health workers in pastoral areas. Staff absenteeism, insufficient and unpredictable budgets, weak legislation, exclusion of technical staff from the decision-making process and policy illogicality were identified as major governance problems of veterinary service delivery. The paper concludes that given the existing fiscal challenges, the key to improving animal service delivery in Uganda is getting priorities, policies and institutions right.