bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differences between beta‐blocking effects of metoprolol, bisoprolol and carvedilol
Authors: Koshucharova G. , Stoschitzky K. , Klein W.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P62–P62; doi:
QT measurements following ace therapy
Authors: Somberg J. , Agarwal A. , Molnar J. , Ranade V.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P63–P63; doi:
Mevalonate depletion induces up‐regulation of RAS and RAS‐related proteins
Authors: Hohl R. J. , Holstein S. A. , Wohlford‐Lenane C. L.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P67–P67; doi:
Genotypic and phenotypic effects of chronic ethidium bromide (EtBr) exposure in molt‐4 (WT) cells
Authors: Armand R. , Kintner J. , Kristy W. , Jacqueline C. Y. , Raymond P. P. , Lewis L. D.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P68–P68; doi:
Effects of angiotensin‐II type 1 receptor genotypes on pharmacodynamics of angiotensin‐II and valsartan
Authors: Lim H. , Cho J. , Bae K. , Hong K. , Chung J. , Yi S. , Oh D. , Jang I. , Shin S.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P69–P69; doi:
Treatment for psychiatric disorders is a predictor of problem drinking in pregnant women
Authors: Nulman I. , Gargaun S. , Koren G.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P70–P70; doi:
Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sotalol in infants and children with tachycardia
Authors: Meibohm B. , Zhang W. , Elshoff J. , Behn F. , Hulpke‐Wette M. , Läer S.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P71–P71; doi:
A clinical trial comparing rectal diclofenac and tramadol for post‐operative analgesia in children
Authors: Burggraaf K. , Zwaveling J. , van Schaik R. , van Meurs A. , Bubbers S. , de Kam M. , Vermeij P. , Cohen A.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P72–P72; doi:
Pain control in children with otitis media
Authors: Walson P. D. , McClain T. , Wason S. , Bien J. , Davis J.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P73–P73; doi:
The plasma and CSF pharmacokinetics of intravenous topiramate in neonatal pigs
Authors: Galinkin J. L. , Kurth C. D. , Priestley M. A. , Loepke A. W. , Adamson P. C.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P73–P73; doi:
The Australian paediatric pharmacology research unit (A‐PPRU): A dedicated clinical trials centre for children
Authors: Cranswick N. E.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P74–P74; doi:
Drug‐related hospital admissions: A prospective case‐based study
Authors: Thuermann P. , Schneeweiss S. , Hippius M. , Riethling A. , Hasford J.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P74–P74; doi:
Covariates predict medication discrepancies after therapeutic substitution (TS)
Authors: Graumlich J.F. , Novotny N.L. , Cation L.J. , Rusch S.L. , Aldag J.C.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P75–P75; doi:
Comparison of the impact of the CYP2C9 genotype on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the NSAIDS celecoxib, diclofenac, and ibuprofen
Authors: Kirchheiner J. , Meineke I. , Roots I. , Brockmöller J.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P75–P75; doi:
Genetic prescribing of warfarin
Authors: Caraco Y. , Muszkat M. , Barkan D. , Hershko A. , Gillis S.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P78–P78; doi:
Comparison of The Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Metoclopramide, Nasal Spray Versus Orally Administered Metoclopramide Tablets, USP in Patients With Diabetic Gastroparesis
Authors: Bigora S. , Oliver R. E. , Retzios A. D. , Petrone M. E. , Tierney D. S. , Clausen S. P. , Trapnell C. Braun
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P78–P78; doi:
Single Dose Anti‐PCP IGG Alters Tissue Distribution of Bolus PCP Doses During A Continuous, High‐Dose PCP Infusion in Rats
Authors: Pitas G. , Laurenzana E. , Owens M. , Gentry B.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P78–P78; doi:
The Effect of Food on The Absorption of An Oxycodone Ibuprofen Combination Tablet Formulation Following A Single Dose Administration
Authors: Kapil R. , Nolting A. , Roy P. , Abramowitz W.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P82–P82; doi:
Pharmacokinetics of Trastuzumab in Combination With Paclitaxel Given Every 3 Weeks in Women With HER2 Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer
Authors: Ghahramani P. , Lennon S. M. , Leyland‐Jones B. , Gelmon K.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P83–P83; doi:
Population Pharmacokinetics of Theophylline and Metabolite Caffeine in Premature Infants Treated For Apnea
Authors: Sweeney K. R. , Godfrey C. , Gastonguay M. R.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P84–P84; doi:
Qualification of An Osteoporosis Biomarker Model For Simulation
Authors: Girard P. , Claret L. , Ebling W. , Forgue S. , Heathman M. A. , Ghosh A. , Benson C. T.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P85–P85; doi:
Back‐Step Method For Obtaining Unbiased Estimates For Skewed Ordered Categorical Data
Authors: Persson M.C. , Jönsson S. , Karlsson M.O.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P87–P87; doi:
Validation of A Novel Method of Combining Both Continuous and Categorical Covariates in A Single Joint Function For Clinical Trial Simulation
Authors: Tannenbaum S. J. , Mould D. R. , Holford N. H. , Lee H. , Peck C. C.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P87–P87; doi:
Bayesian Optimal Sampling Model (OSM) For Pharmacokinetic (PK) Individualization of Oral and Intravenous Busulfan (B) Regimens
Authors: Bullock J. , Smith P. F. , Booker B. M. , Loughner J. , Capozzi D. , Porter D. , McCarthy P. , Shaw L.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P88–P88; doi:
AUC Estimation For Routine Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Cyclosporine in Pediatric Patients
Authors: van Rossum L. K. , Cransberg K. , Mathot R. A. , Weterings S. , Vulto A. G.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P88–P88; doi:
Regulation of The Human H1‐Histamine Receptor By Chlorpheniramine In Vitro
Authors: Yasuda S. U. , Al‐Qassab S. , Yasuda R. P.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P89–P89; doi:
Folic Acid Fortification and Rates of Neuroblastoma in Ontario
Authors: French A. E. , Grant R. , Weitzman S. , Sung L. , Greenberg M. , Koren G.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P89–P89; doi:
The Bioavailability of Intranasal and Smoked Methamphetamine
Authors: Mendelson J. E. , Boxenbaum H. , Harris D. S. , Uemura N. , Nath R. P. , Everhart E. T. , Jones R. T.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P91–P91; doi:
Enhanced Glucuronide Renal Secretion Following Endotoxin Administration in Humans
Authors: Ess P. J. Van , Tosheva R. T. , Charriez C. M. , Shedlofsky S. I. , Blouin R. A.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P92–P92; doi:
Long‐Term Therapy With Nebivolol Does Not Cause Nitrate Tolerance
Authors: Koshucharova G. , Stoschitzky K. , Klein W.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P92–P92; doi:
Digoxin‐carvedilol interactions in children
Authors: Ratnapalan S. , Costei A. , Benson L. , Griffith K. , Koren G.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P92–P92; doi:
Effects of amitriptyline, gabapentin, and carbamazepine on morphine‐induced respiratory depression in rabbits
Authors: Kozer Eran , Levichek Zina , Hoshino Noriko , Kapur Bushan , Leombruno John , Koren Gideon , Ito Shinya
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P93–P93; doi:
CYP3A and P‐glycoprotein induction with St. John's wort in healthy volunteers of selected ethnic populations
Authors: Xie R. , Tan L. , Polasek E. C. , Hong C. , Teillol‐Foo M. , Gordi T. , Sharma A. , Antal E. J.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P93–P93; doi:
Prediction and mechanism of herb‐drug interaction: Effect of ginkgo biloba on omeprazole in chinese subjects
Authors: Yin O. Q. , Tomlinson B. , Chow M. S.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P94–P94; doi:
Orange juice decreases the oral bioavailability of ivermectin in healthy volunteers
Authors: Vanapalli S. R. , Chen Y. , Ellingrod V. L. , Kitzman D. , Lee Y. , Hohl R. J. , Fleckenstein L.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P94–P94; doi:
The effect of echinacea on CYP3A activity in vivo
Authors: Gorski J. C. , Huang S. , Zaheer N. A. , Desai M. , Pinto A. , Miller M. , Hall S. D.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P94–P94; doi:
Recovery of CYP3A function following single doses of grapefruit juice
Authors: Greenblatt D. J. , von Moltke L. L. , Harmatz J. S. , Chen G. , Weemhoff J. L. , Jen C. , Kelley C. J. , LeDuc B. W. , Zinny M. A.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P94–P94; doi:
Incorporation of ability‐based pharmacology education in an integrated medical school curriculum
Authors: Franson K. L. , Dubois E. A. , van Gerven J. M. , Cohen A. F.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P95–P95; doi:
Use of electronic medical records to detect adverse drug events and medication errors in outpatients
Authors: Hope C. J. , Seger A. C. , Overhage J. M. , Gandhi T. K. , Teal E. Y. , Mills V. L. , Bates D. W. , Murray M. D.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P96–P96; doi:
Beta‐1 adrenoreceptor gene haplotypes and antihypertensive response to Beta‐blocker therapy
Authors: Zineh I. , Puckett B. J. , Pauly D. F. , McGorray S. P. , Johnson J. A.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P97–P97; doi:
Identification of a new beta1‐adrenergic receptor variant VAL5ALA more frequent in African‐Americans
Authors: Prasad H. C. , Kim R. B. , Wood A. J. J. , Stein C. M.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P97–P97; doi:
Contribution of GS‐Alpha and beta2‐adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and antihypertensive response to beta‐blockers
Authors: Beitelshees A. L. , Zineh I. , Yarandi H. N. , Puckett B. J. , Pauly D. F. , Johnson J. A.
Published: February 2005

Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2003) 73, P98–P98; doi:
The missing pillars: a look at the failure of peace in Burundi through the lens of Arend Lijphart's theory of consociational democracy
Authors: Sullivan Daniel P.
Published: February 2005

The failure of a power-sharing attempt at peace in Burundi in 1993 led to the killing of hundreds of thousands of Burundians and played a significant role in feeding tensions leading up to the genocide in Rwanda in 1994, in which another 800,000 people lost their lives. A look at the specifics of this power-sharing arrangement in the framework of Arend Lijphart's theory of consociational democracy leads to some interesting conclusions and insights into why the effort at peace failed and how future efforts could be improved. The paper looks at the arrangement in terms of Lijphart's four main pillars for successful consociationalism in deeply divided states: a grand coalition, segmental autonomy, minority overrepresentation or parity, and a minority veto. The extent to which Lijphart's recommendations were implemented is assessed along with the impact of their presence or absence. The analysis leads to some important lessons and further questions which are of particular importance as Burundi heads into its latest attempt at a stable and peaceful society.
Liaison legislature: the role of the National Assembly in Senegal
Authors: Thomas Melissa A. , Sissokho Oumar
Published: February 2005

A sparse literature examines African legislatures, generally thought to be weak and unimportant. Unlike many African countries that reintroduced multiparty politics in the 1990s, Senegal did so in the 1970s. In 2000, it joined the select group of African countries to experience democratic alternance. What role does the National Assembly play in light of these important steps in democratic consolidation? This article describes the operation of the National Assembly, with attention to its role in legislation, appropriations, executive oversight, constituent service and representation. The article concludes that despite Senegal's democratic advances, the operation of the National Assembly echoes much earlier studies of other African legislatures. These studies found that the legislatures did not play strong roles in legislation, appropriations or executive oversight, but instead played less formal roles such as constituent service and lobbying the administration for spending in their districts.
Growth pattern and leaf morphology of Shorea parvistipulata saplings in a tropical rain forest of Sarawak, Malaysia
Authors: Enoki Tsutomu , Kawaguchi Hideyuki , Nakashizuka Tohru , Hamid Abang A.
Published: February 2005

Spatial variation in canopy structure induces highly variable patterns of light availability for juveniles and understorey trees (Nicotra et al. 1999, Oberbauer et al. 1988, Tang et al. 1999). In the heterogeneous light environment, plasticity in resource use is essential for survival of juveniles and hence maintenance of populations (Valladares et al. 2000). One of the most striking characteristics of plants in their response to a given resource availability is their capacity to change morphological traits (Küppers 1994). Previous studies have attempted to understand the significance of morphological adaptations in their contribution to competitive ability, focusing on crown form (Kohyama 1987, Sterck et al. 2003), branching pattern (King 1998), shoot architecture (Canham 1988) and leaf shape (King & Maindonald 1999, Takenaka 1994, Yamada et al. 2000). Several studies have investigated the changes in morphology of saplings or seedlings growing under different light availability across canopy gaps (Ackerly & Bazzaz 1995, King 1994, Valladares & Pearcy 1998). However, the phenotypic plasticity in morphology of saplings adapting to the fluctuation of light availability has been investigated less (Blundell & Peart 2001, Poorter & Werger 1999).
Adaptative above-ground biomass, stand density and leaf water potential to droughts and clearing in Guiera senegalensis, a dominant shrub in Sahelian fallows (Niger)
Authors: Seghieri Josiane , Simier Monique , Mahamane Ali , Hiernaux Pierre , Rambal Serge
Published: February 2005

Guiera senegalensis tolerates repeated cutting and pruning to which it is increasingly subjected at the onset of each cropping period, and one to three times during the annual cropping period (June–September). It responds by profusely branching at the shrub base. The topographic and geomorphic influences, and the effect of clearing on the relationships between shrub density, mean individual above-ground biomass and leaf water status were analysed for seven fallow sites. They were sampled 75 km east of Niamey in Niger. Surprisingly, shrub density and mean individual above-ground biomass were highest in the sites that had been recently in fallow and intensively cultivated prior to crop abandonment. Stand above-ground biomass was also positively related to mean predawn and daily minimum leaf water potentials. Consequently, in the studied G. senegalensis stands, above-ground biomass appeared to be controlled by water availability – rainfall, runoff, infiltration – rather than by cropping intensity. Anisohydric stomatal regulation, resulting in large safety margins from critical transpiration, was inferred from the diurnal amplitude of leaf water potential during the dry season. The plant physiological resistance to water stress combined with its population adjustment in density and growth contributes to the sustainable dominance of G. senegalensis.
Terrestrial larval development and nitrogen excretion in the afro-tropical pig-nosed frog, Hemisus marmoratus
Authors: Grafe T. Ulmar , Kaminsky Stefan K. , Linsenmair K. Eduard
Published: February 2005

In general, amphibian larvae dispose of nitrogenous wastes as ammonia and change to urea excretion during metamorphosis (Balinsky 1970). Ammonia excretion, however, poses a problem for tadpoles and embryos that live in a limited volume of fluid because it is toxic in higher concentrations. One solution is urea excretion or ureotelism. In amphibians it occurs in species with terrestrial modes of reproduction when larvae develop within the uterus as in the ovoviviparous Salamandra salamandra (Schindelmeiser & Greven 1981), when embryos develop in foam nests as in Leptodactylus bufonius (Shoemaker & McClanahan 1973), or when offspring develop in brood pouches as in Gastrotheca riobambae (Alcocer et al. 1992).
Activation of Cytokine Signaling through Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Receptor (LIFR)/gp130 Attenuates Ischemic Brain Injury in Rats
Authors: Suzuki Shigeaki , Yamashita Toru , Tanaka Kortaro , Hattori Hidenori , Sawamoto Kazunobu , Okano Hideyuki , Suzuki Norihiro
Published: February 2005

Cytokine signaling through leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR)/gp130 is known to exert a neurotrophic action in the central nervous system, although the role of this signaling in cerebral ischemia remains unknown. We examined the effect of intracerebral injection of LIF after focal cerebral ischemia in rats. The animals underwent a sham operation (sham group) or middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed by direct injection of either vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline, the PBS group) or recombinant LIF (10 ng in the low-LIF group and 100 ng in the high-LIF group) into the cerebral cortex adjacent to the inner boundary zone of the infarct area, and neurologic and histologic evaluations were conducted 24 h later. Expression of LIFR, gp130, and phosphorylated Stat3, Akt, and ERK1/2 was investigated by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. The neurologic deficits and ischemic damage were significantly less severe in the high-LIF group than in the PBS group and the low-LIF group. Leukemia inhibitory factor receptor and gp130 were expressed in neurons, and the ischemic damage of these proteins was rescued in the high-LIF group. Early induction of phosphorylated Stat3 was significantly detected on the ischemic side in the high-LIF group after LIF injection. Exogenous LIF attenuates ischemic brain injury by activating cytokine signaling through LIFR/gp130.
Metabolic Crisis without Brain Ischemia is Common after Traumatic Brain Injury: A Combined Microdialysis and Positron Emission Tomography Study
Authors: Vespa Paul , Bergsneider Marvin , Hattori Nayoa , Wu Hsiao-Ming , Huang Sung-Cheng , Martin Neil A. , Glenn Thomas C. , McArthur David L. , Hovda David A.
Published: February 2005

Brain trauma is accompanied by regional alterations of brain metabolism, reduction in metabolic rates and possible energy crisis. We hypothesize that microdialysis markers of energy crisis are present during the critical period of intensive care despite the absence of brain ischemia. In all, 19 brain injury patients (mean GCS 6) underwent combined positron emission tomography (PET) for metabolism of glucose (CMRglu) and oxygen (CMRO2) and cerebral microdialysis (MD) at a mean time of 36 h after injury. Microdialysis values were compared with the regional mean PET values adjacent to the probe. Longitudinal MD data revealed a 25% incidence rate of metabolic crisis (elevated lactate/pyruvate ratio (LPR)>40) but only a 2.4% incidence rate of ischemia. Positron emission tomography imaging revealed a 1% incidence of ischemia across all voxels as measured by oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) and cerebral venous oxygen content (CvO2). In the region of the MD probe, PET imaging revealed ischemia in a single patient despite increased LPR in other patients. Lactate/pyruvate ratio correlated negatively with CMRO2 ( P<0.001), but not with OEF or CvO2. Traumatic brain injury leads to a state of persistent metabolic crisis as reflected by abnormal cerebral microdialysis LPR that is not related to ischemia.
Changes in the Arterial Fraction of Human Cerebral Blood Volume during Hypercapnia and Hypocapnia Measured by Positron Emission Tomography
Authors: Ito Hiroshi , Ibaraki Masanobu , Kanno Iwao , Fukuda Hiroshi , Miura Shuichi
Published: February 2005

Hypercapnia induces cerebral vasodilation and increases cerebral blood volume (CBV), and hypocapnia induces cerebral vasoconstriction and decreases CBV. Cerebral blood volume measured by positron emission tomography (PET) is the sum of three components, that is, arterial, capillary, and venous blood volumes. Changes in arterial blood volume ( Va) and CBV during hypercapnia and hypocapnia were investigated in humans using PET with H215O and 11CO. Arterial blood volume was determined from H215O PET data by means of a two-compartment model that takes Va into account. Baseline CBV and values during hypercapnia and hypocapnia in the cerebral cortex were 0.034 ± 0.003, 0.038 ± 0.003, and 0.031 ± 0.003 mL/mL (mean ± s.d.), respectively. Baseline Va and values during hypercapnia and hypocapnia were 0.015 ± 0.003, 0.025 ± 0.011, and 0.007 ± 0.003 mL/mL, respectively. Cerebral blood volume changed significantly owing to changes in PaCO2, and Va changed significantly in the direction of CBV changes. However, no significant change was observed in venous plus capillary blood volume (= CBV- Va). This indicates that changes in CBV during hypercapnia and hypocapnia are caused by changes in arterial blood volume without changes in venous and capillary blood volume.
Rate‐Dependent Block in the Sinus Venosa of the Swine Heart during Transverse Right Atrial Activation: Correlation Between Electrophysiologic and Anatomic Findings
Authors: GONZALEZ MARIO D. , ERGA KNUT S. , RIVERA JAIME , CONTRERAS LEONARDO J. , MLADINICH CHRISTOPHER R. , SCHULTZ JEFF D. , AFONSO VALTINO X.
Published: February 2005

Introduction: Whether the crista terminalis or the sinus venosa result in rate‐dependent block during transverse activation of the right atrial activation remains unknown. In the present study, right atrial activation at different cycle lengths was studied in the swine heart using high‐resolution noncontact mapping (Endocardial Solutions). The location of the block was tagged and correlated with postmortem anatomical findings.

Methods and Results: Eight pigs were studied using noncontact mapping to obtain right atrial geometry and detailed sequence of activation using noncontact endocardial mapping. During sinus rhythm, activation proceeded uninterrupted craniocaudally along the sinus venosa and crista terminalis with similar conduction velocities (1.08 ± 0.17 and 1.17 ± 0.14 m/sec, respectively). Proximal coronary sinus stimulation was used to create transverse activation of the posterior right atrial wall. A rate‐dependent decrease in conduction velocity occurred in the sinus venosa region (0.93 ± 0.21, 0.82 ± 0.14, and 0.52 ± 0.09 m/sec at 500, 400, and 300 ms, respectively; P < 0.05). The line of block verified by isopotential mapping and double potentials was obtained at cycle lengths of 240 ± 30 ms. This line of the block was tagged with radiofrequency current lesions. Postmortem, all lesions were located in the sinus venosa region, 9.8 ± 4.1 mm from the posteromedial edge of the crista terminalis. This region showed abrupt changes in muscle fiber thickness and orientation as well as in collagen content.

Conclusions: The sinus venosa and not the crista terminalis results in a rate‐dependent line of block during transverse right atrial activation. The morphologic characteristics of the sinus venosa appear to facilitate block in this region.
Temporal Patterns of Ventricular Tachyarrhythmia Recurrences Follow a Weibull Distribution
Authors: WOOD MARK A. , GUNDERSON BRUCE , XIA AMY , ZHOU XIAOHONG , PADMANABHAN VASANT , ELLENBOGEN KENNETH A.
Published: February 2005

Introduction: The objective of this study was to test whether the temporal patterns of ventricular tachyarrhythmia recurrences in patients with implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) follow a random or a clustered distribution.

Methods: Data analysis was conducted using the Medtronic (Minneapolis, MN) Gem DR database of 521 ICD patients. Patients with ≥3 sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmia detections that resulted in shock or antitachycardia pacing therapies were studied. The times between consecutively treated ICD detections for each patient were compared to an exponential model of random recurrences and a Weibull model for clustered recurrences.

Results: Seventy‐one patients had ≥ 3VT episodes during follow‐up of 131 ± 86 days. A total of 2347 VT episodes were recorded (33 ± 65 episodes/patient, median 10 episodes/patient). Patient age was 66 ± 13 years, 78% male, 83% coronary artery disease, ejection fraction 31 ± 11%, and 63% were taking antiarrhythmic drugs. By the Kolmogorov‐Smirnov goodness‐of‐fit test, 38 of 71 patients (53.5%) showed that the pattern of detections differed from an exponential model (P < 0.01 for each patient and the proportion of patients was similar to chance at P = 0.65). In contrast, only 11 out of 71 patients (15.5%) showed that the pattern differed from the Weibull model (P < 0.01 for each patient). The proportion of patients fitting the Weibull model was significantly greater than chance and was greater that the proportion fitting the exponential model (both P < 0.001). The time interval between consecutive detections was less than 1 hour for 78% of all 2347 detections. The proportion of all 521 patients with ≥2, ≥3, ≥ 4, ≥6, ≥8, and ≥10 ICD detections in a 24‐hour period was 10.5%, 9.5%, 8.1%, 7.0%, 6.3%, and 5.2%, respectively.

Conclusion: In most patients with ≥3 ICD detections, the recurrence pattern of treated ventricular tachyarrhythmia detections are clustered and can be described by a Weibull distribution. The proportion of patients with multiple detections in a 24‐hour period declines in a linear fashion as the number of events in 24 hours increases from 2 to 10 events.
Dissociation of Membrane Potential and Intracellular Calcium during Ventricular Fibrillation
Authors: WU SUHUA , WEISS JAMES N. , CHOU CHUNG‐CHUAN , ATTIN MINA , HAYASHI HIDEKI , LIN SHIEN‐FONG
Published: February 2005

Introduction: The cardiac action potential (AP) and the intracellular Ca transient (CaT) are closely associated under normal physiological conditions, but not during ventricular fibrillation (VF). The purpose of this study was to determine whether this dissociation is directly related to the fast activation rate during VF.

Methods and Results: We optically mapped AP and CaT simultaneously in nine isolated rabbit hearts. Pinacidil, a KATP channel opener, was used to shorten the action potential duration (APD) in order to capture tissue at fast pacing rates or to induce ventricular tachycardia (VT) comparable to VF activation rates. Mutual information (MI) was used to calculate the degree of AP and CaT coupling. Pinacidil (40 μM) infusion significantly shortened APD. The CL of VF without pinacidil averaged 77 ± 13 ms, whereas the shortest CL achieved during VT under pinacidil infusion was 76 ms. MIs during fast pacing (1.13 ± 0.15 bits) and fast VT (0.88 ± 0.18 bits) were higher than those during baseline VF (0.39 ± 0.11 bits), VF with pinacidil infusion (0.21 ± 0.07 bits) and VF after pinacidil washout (0.36 ± 0.15 bits). MIs during fast pacing or fast VT were higher than that of VFs at comparable dominant frequencies.

Conclusions: CaT is closely associated with the AP during fast pacing and fast VT, but not during VF. The reduced MI during VF is not secondary to the fast rate of activation.
The binding of He4 and He3 to a hydrogen molecule: A computational study for pH2 and oH2
Authors: Gianturco F. A. , González-Lezana T. , Delgado-Barrio G. , Villarreal P.
Published: February 2005

One bound state for the very weakly interacting complex of H2 with one He atom is computed using a recently obtained, very accurate potential energy surface [A. I. Boothroyd and P. G. Martin, J. Chem. Phys. 119, 3187 (2003)] and employing a discrete variable representation expansion. The spatial features of this very diffused, “halo” state are analyzed and discussed for various isotopic variants of the title system.
Anomalous corresponding-states surface tension of hydrogen fluoride and of the Onsager model
Authors: Weiss Volker C. , Schröer Wolffram
Published: February 2005

In a corresponding-states analysis of the liquid-vapor surface tension originally suggested by Guggenheim, we study the behavior of different simple (i.e., nonpolar), polar and ionic fluids. The results are compared to the corresponding ones for model fluids of each of the three types. For simple and weakly polar fluids (both real and model), the data map onto a master curve, as demonstrated by Guggenheim. For strongly dipolar, associating fluids, which also exhibit hydrogen bonding, one finds deviations from the master curve at low temperatures and, thus, observes the characteristic sigmoid behavior of the reduced surface tension as a function of temperature. The same is obtained for the model ionic fluid, the restricted primitive model. Truly exceptionally low values of the reduced surface tension are found for hydrogen fluoride and for the Onsager model of dipolar fluids, the surface tension of which we evaluate using an approximate hypernetted chain relation to obtain the square-gradient term in a modified van der Waals theory. Remarkably, in the corresponding-states plot, the surface tensions of HF and of the Onsager model agree very closely, while being well separated from the values for the other fluids. We also study the gradual transition of a model fluid from a simple fluid to a strongly dipolar one by varying the relative strength of dipolar and dispersion forces.
Conformational transition free energy profiles of an adsorbed, lattice model protein by multicanonical Monte Carlo simulation
Authors: Castells Victoria , Van Tassel Paul R.
Published: February 2005

Proteins often undergo changes in internal conformation upon interacting with a surface. We investigate the thermodynamics of surface induced conformational change in a lattice model protein using a multicanonical Monte Carlo method. The protein is a linear heteropolymer of 27 segments (of types A and B) confined to a cubic lattice. The segmental order and nearest neighbor contact energies are chosen to yield, in the absence of an adsorbing surface, a unique 3×3×3 folded structure. The surface is a plane of sites interacting either equally with A and B segments (equal affinity surface) or more strongly with the A segments (A affinity surface). We use a multicanonical Monte Carlo algorithm, with configuration bias and jump walking moves, featuring an iteratively updated sampling function that converges to the reciprocal of the density of states 1∕Ω(E), E being the potential energy. We find inflection points in the configurational entropy, S(E)=klnΩ(E), for all but a strongly adsorbing equal affinity surface, indicating the presence of free energy barriers to transition. When protein-surface interactions are weak, the free energy profiles F(E)=E−TS(E) qualitatively resemble those of a protein in the absence of a surface: a free energy barrier separates a folded, lowest energy state from globular, higher energy states. The surface acts in this case to stabilize the globular states relative to the folded state. When the protein surface interactions are stronger, the situation differs markedly: the folded state no longer occurs at the lowest energy and free energy barriers may be absent altogether.
Kinetic theory of gas separation in a nanopore and comparison to molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: ten Bosch A.
Published: February 2005

Kinetic mesoscopic theory derived from an atomistic model is applied to study permeation and separation of gases in a single rectangular pore. The goal is to judge the analytical method against the results of molecular dynamics simulation and to demonstrate the ease and relevance of analytical theories to calculate density profiles, flux, permeance, and separation factors. The permeance is linked to the amount of gas adsorbed in the pore and the effect of the effective gas-wall interaction on adsorption is explored. The effects of pore size, temperature, and the parameters of the pore wall interaction are investigated and reproduce the trends found in the numerical simulation of permeation of a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide in a carbon nanopore.
Spectroscopy and metastability of CO22+ molecular ions
Authors: Slattery Andrew E. , Field Thomas A. , Ahmad Muthanna , Hall Richard I. , Lambourne Joe , Penent Francis , Lablanquie Pascal , Eland John H. D.
Published: February 2005

The spectroscopy and metastability of the carbon dioxide doubly charged ion, the CO22+ dication, have been studied with photoionization experiments: time-of-flight photoelectron photoelectron coincidence (TOF-PEPECO), threshold photoelectrons coincidence (TPEsCO), and threshold photoelectrons and ion coincidence (TPEsCO ion coincidence) spectroscopies. Vibrational structure is observed in TOF-PEPECO and TPEsCO spectra of the ground and first two excited states. The vibrational structure is dominated by the symmetric stretch except in the TPEsCO spectrum of the ground state where an antisymmetric stretch progression is observed. All three vibrational frequencies are deduced for the ground state and symmetric stretch and bending frequencies are deduced for the first two excited states. Some vibrational structure of higher electronic states is also observed. The threshold for double ionization of carbon dioxide is reported as 37.340±0.010eV. The fragmentation of energy selected CO22+ ions has been investigated with TPEsCO ion coincidence spectroscopy. A band of metastable states from ∼38.7 to ∼41eV above the ground state of neutral CO2 has been observed in the experimental time window of ∼0.1–2.3μs with a tendency towards shorter lifetimes at higher energies. It is proposed that the metastability is due to slow spin forbidden conversion from bound excited singlet states to unbound continuum states of the triplet ground state. Another result of this investigation is the observation of CO++O+ formation in indirect dissociative double photoionization below the threshold for formation of CO22+. The threshold for CO++O+ formation is found to be 35.56±0.10eV or lower, which is more than 2 eV lower than previous measurements.
A phenomenological model of dynamical arrest of electron transfer in solvents in the glass-transition region
Authors: Matyushov Dmitry V.
Published: February 2005

A phenomenological model of electron transfer reactions in solvents undergoing glass transition is discussed. The reaction constant cuts off slow polarization modes from the spectrum of nuclear thermal motions active on the observation time scale. The arrest of nuclear solvation in turn affects the reaction activation barrier making it dependent on the rate. The resultant rate constant is sought from a self-consistent equation. The model describes well the sharp change in the solvent Stokes shift of optical lines in the glass-transition region. It is also applied to describe the temperature dependence of primary charge separation and reduction of primary pair in photosynthetic reaction centers. The model shows that a weak dependence of the primary charge separation rate on temperature can be explained by dynamical arrest of nuclear solvation on the picosecond time scale of electron transfer. For reduction of primary pair by cytochrome, the model yields a sharp turnover of the reaction kinetics at the transition temperature when nuclear solvation freezes in.
Chain length dependence of the thermodynamic properties of linear and cyclic alkanes and polymers
Authors: Huang Dinghai , Simon Sindee L. , McKenna Gregory B.
Published: February 2005

The specific heat capacity was measured with step-scan differential scanning calorimetry for linear alkanes from pentane (C5H12) to nonadecane (C19H40), for several cyclic alkanes, for linear and cyclic polyethylenes, and for a linear and a cyclic polystyrene. For the linear alkanes, the specific heat capacity in the equilibrium liquid state decreases as chain length increases; above a carbon number N of 10 (decane) the specific heat asymptotes to a constant value. For the cyclic alkanes, the heat capacity in the equilibrium liquid state is lower than that of the corresponding linear chains and increases with increasing chain length. At high enough molecular weights, the heat capacities of cyclic and linear molecules are expected to be equal, and this is found to be the case for the polyethylenes and polystyrenes studied. In addition, the thermal properties of the solid-liquid and the solid-solid transitions are examined for the linear and cyclic alkanes; solid-solid transitions are observed only in the odd-numbered alkanes. The thermal expansion coefficients and the specific volumes of the linear and cyclic alkanes are also calculated from literature data and compared with the trends in the specific heats.
Correlation and response functions with non-Markovian dissipation: A reduced Liouville-space theory
Authors: Mo Yan , Xu Rui-Xue , Cui Ping , Yan YiJing
Published: February 2005

Based on a recently developed quantum dissipation formulation [R. X. Xu and Y. J. Yan, J. Chem. Phys. 116, 9196 (2002)], we present a reduced Liouville-space approach to evaluate the response and correlation functions of dissipative systems. The weak system-bath interaction is treated properly for its effects on the initial state, the evolution, and the correlation between coherent driving and non-Markovian dissipation. Numerical demonstration shows this correlated effect cannot be neglected even in the calculation of linear response quantities that do not explicitly depend on external fields. Highlighted in this paper is also the proper choice of theory among various formulations in the weak system-bath interaction regime.
A density functional theory study of sulfur poisoning
Authors: McAllister B. , Hu P.
Published: February 2005

Density functional theory calculations have been used to investigate the chemisorption of H, S, SH, and H2S as well as the hydrogenation reactions S+H and SH+H on a Rh surface with steps, Rh(211), aiming to explain sulfur poisoning effect. In the S hydrogenation from S to H2S, the transition state of the first step S+H→SH is reached when the S moves to the step-bridge and H is on the off-top site. In the second step, SH+H→H2S, the transition state is reached when SH moves to the top site and H is close to another top site nearby. Our results show that it is difficult to hydrogenate S and they poison defects such as steps. In order to address why S is poisoning, hydrogenation of C, N, and O on Rh(211) has also been calculated and has been found that the reverse and forward reactions possess similar barriers in contrast to the S hydrogenation. The physical origin of these differences has been analyzed and discussed.
Electronic nonadiabatic effects in the adsorption of hydrogen atoms on metals
Authors: Mizielinski M. S. , Bird D. M. , Persson M. , Holloway S.
Published: February 2005

The time-dependent, mean-field Newns–Anderson model for a spin-polarized adsorbate approaching a metallic surface is solved in the wide-band limit. Equations for the time evolution of the occupation of the spin dependent adsorbate states and for the nonadiabatic and nearly adiabatic adsorbate-surface energy transfer rates are derived. Numerical solutions are obtained using characteristic parameters derived from density functional theory calculations for the H∕Cu(111) system. The time evolution of the model system is shown to be strongly nonadiabatic in the vicinity of the transition point between spin-polarized and nonpolarized ground states. Away from the spin transition the nonadiabatic energy transfer is in close agreement with the nearly adiabatic limit. Near the transition, nonadiabatic effects are large and the nearly adiabatic approximation fails.
Pair correlation function of short-ranged square-well fluids
Authors: Largo J. , Solana J. R. , Yuste S. B. , Santos A.
Published: February 2005

We have performed extensive Monte Carlo simulations in the canonical (NVT) ensemble of the pair correlation function for square-well fluids with well widths λ−1 ranging from 0.1 to 1.0, in units of the diameter σ of the particles. For each one of these widths, several densities ρ and temperatures T in the ranges 0.1⩽ρσ3⩽0.8 and Tc(λ)≲T≲3Tc(λ), where Tc(λ) is the critical temperature, have been considered. The simulation data are used to examine the performance of two analytical theories in predicting the structure of these fluids: the perturbation theory proposed by Tang and Lu [Y. Tang and B. C.-Y. Lu, J. Chem. Phys. 100, 3079 (1994); 100, 6665 (1994)] and the nonperturbative model proposed by two of us [S. B. Yuste and A. Santos, J. Chem. Phys. 101 2355 (1994)]. It is observed that both theories complement each other, as the latter theory works well for short ranges and/or moderate densities, while the former theory works for long ranges and high densities.
Matrix theory of unoriented membranes and Jordan algebras
Authors: Varga Peter
Published: February 2005

We express the equations of motion of unoriented membranes with the help of Jordan algebras.
Spin-relaxation suppression by compensation of bulk and structural inversion asymmetries in [111]-oriented quantum wells
Authors: Vurgaftman I. , Meyer J. R.
Published: February 2005

We investigate the feasibility of compensating the bulk inversion asymmetry in a [111]-oriented quantum well with the Rashba structure inversion asymmetry that has precisely the same functional form. The resulting cancellation is found to provide a promising means for strongly suppressing the spin-relaxation rate associated with the D’yakonov–Perel’ (DP) mechanism. We discuss a detailed numerical study of the spin splitting in a suitable InAlAs∕InGaAs∕InP quantum well grown on a [111] InP substrate, for which an external electric field is used to fine tune the asymmetry. We show that the DP spin-relaxation rate can be suppressed by nearly an order of magnitude at room temperature and by a factor of 2000 at 10K.
Secondary electron contrast in low-vacuum∕environmental scanning electron microscopy of dielectrics
Authors: Thiel Bradley L. , Toth Milos
Published: February 2005

Low vacuum scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a high-resolution technique, with the ability to obtain secondary electron images of uncoated, nonconductive specimens. This feat is achieved by allowing a small pressure of gas in the specimen chamber. Gas molecules are ionized by primary electrons, as well as by those emitted from the specimen. These ions then assist in dissipating charge from the sample. However, the interactions between the ions, the specimen, and the secondary electrons give rise to contrast mechanisms that are unique to these instruments. This paper summarizes the central issues with charging and discusses how electrostatically stable, reproducible imaging conditions are achieved. Recent developments in understanding the physics of image formation are reviewed, with an emphasis on how local variations in electronic structure, dynamic charging processes, and interactions between ionized gas molecules and low-energy electrons at and near the sample surface give rise to useful contrast mechanisms. Many of the substances that can be examined in these instruments, including conductive polymers and liquids, possess charge carriers having intermediate mobilities, as compared to metals and most solid insulators. This can give rise to dynamic contrast mechanisms, and allow for characterization techniques for mapping electronic inhomogeneities in electronic materials and other dielectrics. Finally, a number of noteworthy application areas published in the literature are reviewed, concentrating on cases where interesting contrast has been reported, or where analysis in a conventional SEM would not be possible. In the former case, a critical analysis of the results will be given in light of the imaging theory put forth.
Improvement of magnetization and leakage current properties of magnetoelectric BaFeO3 thin films by Zr substitution
Authors: Matsui T. , Taketani E. , Tsuda H. , Fujimura N. , Morii K.
Published: February 2005

We report on the synthesis of the magnetoelectric BaFe1−xZrxO3−δ (x=0.5 and 0.7) single-crystalline films whose magnetic and leakage properties have been greatly improved. The films were found to be excellent insulators, up to the leakage current density of about 1.1×10−5A∕cm2 at the bias electric field of 150kV∕cm for the x=0.7 sample. This is much less than 10−2 of that for the BaFeO3−δ single-crystalline film, which means that the leakage current properties have been distinctly improved by zirconium substitution. As for the magnetic properties, the hysteresis loops measured at 5K for the x=0.7 samples apparently show huge saturation magnetization of 0.98μB∕Fe ion, in contrast to 0.09μB∕Fe ion for the x=0.5 sample. This implies that the magnetic ordering for the x=0.7 sample has been greatly enhanced, possibly due to the ferromagnetic spin alignment of Fe ions.
Creation of second-order nonlinearity and quasi-phase-matched second-harmonic generation in Ge-implanted fused silica planar waveguide
Authors: Chen Huai-Yi , Lin Chun-Lin , Yang Yu-Hsien , Chao Shiuh , Niu Huan , Shih Chih T’sung
Published: February 2005

A planar waveguide was formed in fused silica plate by implantation of 5-MeV Ge2+ ions to a dose of 1015ions∕cm2. Thermal poling created larger second-order nonlinearity in the waveguide than in blank fused silica plate. The nonlinearity could be erased by 266nm ultraviolet exposure. Periodical nonlinearity distribution in the waveguide was implemented by periodical UV exposure. The first-order quasi-phase-matched second-harmonic generation from 1064nm fundamental mode to 532nm fundamental mode was achieved in the waveguide. The d33:d31 ratio was found to be 3.2:1, in favor of the built-in electric field model for Ge-implanted silica waveguide.
Linking axonal degeneration to microtubule remodeling by Spastin-mediated microtubule severing
Authors: Evans Katia J. , Gomes Edgar R. , Reisenweber Steven M. , Gundersen Gregg G. , Lauring Brett P.
Published: February 2005

Mutations in the AAA adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) Spastin (SPG4) cause an autosomal dominant form of hereditary spastic paraplegia, which is a retrograde axonopathy primarily characterized pathologically by the degeneration of long spinal neurons in the corticospinal tracts and the dorsal columns. Using recombinant Spastin, we find that six mutant forms of Spastin, including three disease-associated forms, are severely impaired in ATPase activity. In contrast to a mutation designed to prevent adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding, an ATP hydrolysis–deficient Spastin mutant predicted to remain kinetically trapped on target proteins decorates microtubules in transfected cells. Analysis of disease-associated missense mutations shows that some more closely resemble the canonical hydrolysis mutant, whereas others resemble the ATP-binding mutant. Using real-time imaging, we show that Spastin severs microtubules when added to permeabilized, cytosol-depleted cells stably expressing GFP-tubulin. Using purified components, we also show that Spastin interacts directly with microtubules and is sufficient for severing. These studies suggest that defects in microtubule severing are a cause of axonal degeneration in human disease.
Cellular organization by self-organization
Authors: Howard Martin , Kruse Karsten
Published: February 2005

We use the oscillating Min proteins of Escherichia coli as a prototype system to illustrate the current state and potential of modeling protein dynamics in space and time. We demonstrate how a theoretical approach has led to striking new insights into the mechanisms of self-organization in bacterial cells and indicate how these ideas may be applicable to more complex structure formation in eukaryotic cells.