bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ascendency of China and Managing Possibility of Conflicts with Muslim Nations
Authors: Abdul Karim Abdul Halim
Published: June 2021

This paper is a preliminary discussion on the ascendancy of China, focusing on managing and avoiding conflicts with Muslim countries. In 2013, Chinese President Xi Jinping announced an ambitious foreign policy and economic initiative; calling for the construction of a new Silk Road Economic Belt over land and sea, known as One Belt, One Road (OBOR). This program of infrastructure building will connect virtually every country in Asia via rail, road and sea. While this initiative portents great promise for promoting trade and international economic cooperation, the risks involved are well-nigh imponderable due to its complexity, not least in terms of the number of nations involved, of diverse interests and cultural backgrounds. OBOR would also involve at least 29 Muslim nations of the Middle East, Central Asia, the littoral states of South Asia, as well as, Southeast Asia. The prospect for ‘civilisational’ conflict will be a matter of when, not if. This paper discusses how the ascendancy of China, in light of the OBOR Project, will impact others, and how potential conflict can be managed or avoided, by looking at potential flashpoints from a range of angles: the socio-economic, cultural, religious, and as well as, Chinese Thought.
Christian-Chagga afterlife beliefs: pertinent tensions
Authors: Asenga Kosmas
Published: June 2021

En la tarea de cumplir el mandato del Señor de anunciar el Evangelio a todo el mundo, el cristianismo se ha encontrado con otras culturas que poseen una concepción diferente de la creencia en la otra vida. El cristianismo tiene su propia antropología y escatología, con su comprensión propia de la realidad del más allá caracterizada por lo que le ocurre al individuo inmediatamente después de la muerte y lo que se refiere a la consumación comunitaria en la Parusía de Cristo. El autor de este artículo examina a los cristianos Chagga de Rombo que han recibido la fe cristiana, basada esta en el evento de Cristo, mientras que el pueblo Chagga se caracteriza por su creencia dominada por los antepasados y los muertos vivientes. El presente artículo abordará la cuestión de cómoconciliar estas dos creencias que parecen estar bien arraigadas en la vida espiritual del pueblo Chagga.
Ethical guidelines for the use of artificial intelligence and the challenges from value conflicts
Authors: Petersen Thomas Søbirk
Published: June 2021

The aim of this article is to articulate and critically discuss different answers to the following question: How should decision-makers deal with conflicts that arise when the values usually entailed in ethical guidelines – such as accuracy, privacy, non-discrimination and transparency – for the use of Artificial Intelligence (e.g. algorithm-based sentencing) clash with one another? To begin with, I focus on clarifying some of the general advantages of using such guidelines in an ethical analysis of the use of AI. Some disadvantages will also be presented and critically discussed. Second, I will show that we need to distinguish between three kinds of conflict that can exist for ethical guidelines used in the moral assessment of AI. This section will be followed by a critical discussion of different answers to the question of how to handle what we shall call internal and external values conflicts. Finally, I will wrap up with a critical discussion of three different strategies to resolve what is called a ‘genuine value conflict’. These strategies are: the ‘accepting the existence of irresolvable conflict’ view, the ranking view, and value monism. This article defends the ‘accepting the existence of irresolvable conflict’ view. It also argues that even though the ranking view and value monism, from a merely theoretical (or philosophical) point of view, are better equipped to solve genuine value conflicts among values in ethical guidelines for artificial intelligence, this is not the case in real-life decision-making.
Keywords: AI; ethical guidelines; algorithm-based sentencing; value conflicts
Visual Processing Assessment on Children: A Pilot Study
Authors: Atmarita Atmarita , Syarifuddin Syarifuddin
Published: June 2021

Visual Processing skill plays a key role on how children learn in some areas, such as math, reading, writing and others. This skill supports a child’s self-esteem in the areas of learning. The researcher aims to investigate the visual processing of a children on this age and see how visual processing works on the children. A children of 4.8 years old is the participant of the research. The researcher provide 3 kinds of visual processing assessment: visual discrimination, visual memory/visualization, and visual-motor integration. The first assessment shows that the children in this age recognized and well-discriminated the visual shapes provided. On the second assessment, he memorized where the specific shapes laid on, then he got the correct recognitions. Dealing with visual motor integration, he experienced the first puzzle and reflected on the second puzzle as he did the visual motor integration well. These visual assessments show that the visual processing in children is developing and becoming a significant variables of the children’s preferences of learning physically and mentally.
Editorial
Authors: Castillo Guido Oscar
Published: June 2021

Tal a como lo acogió la Primera Conferencia Mundial sobre Educación Superior, realizada en París en el año 1998, en lo que hace a la pertinencia social de la Universidad, significa que la Universidad está al servicio de todos los sectores de la sociedad, no solamente para un grupo selectivo de personas, profesionales, empresas o trabajadores, sino que es inclusiva para todos, en un sentido amplio. De igual manera, implica su compromiso de conocer las necesidades del contexto en el cual está inmersa, para que su función se corresponda a las necesidades de todos los sectores, pero especialmente de los sectores más desfavorecidos.
Línguas adicionais no ensino fundamental: Experiências didático-pedagógicas e construção de políticas linguísticas interculturais/translíngues em contexto de fronteira
Authors: Fortes Laura , Tallei Jorgelina Ivana , Camargo João Lucas Cavalheiro , Oliveira Renata Alves de , Pessini Marcia Palharini , Fonseca Lívia Cristina Carvalho da , Murakami Isabella Cristina Haruna
Published: June 2021

Neste trabalho, relatamos experiências de ensino de línguas adicionais no Ensino Fundamental - Anos Iniciais, por meio da construção de políticas linguísticas e educacionais no âmbito de projetos de pesquisa e de extensão vinculados a um Acordo de Cooperação (Universidade/Prefeitura). Dentre as ações estabelecidas pelo acordo, destacamos a formação continuada para as docentes da rede municipal, que objetivou trabalhar a interculturalidade e o acolhimento em contexto de fronteira. Além do curso de formação, implementou-se outra ação indutora de políticas linguísticas e educacionais: a oferta, de modo experimental, de dois cursos (inglês e espanhol) para estudantes do Ensino Fundamental - Anos Iniciais. Adotou-se um enfoque teórico-metodológico intercultural/discursivo, partindo da concepção de línguas como repertórios linguísticos, envolvendo gêneros, estilos, práticas, discursos e interações nas quais a criança se insere diariamente. Assim, o currículo-base do curso foi planejado considerando os conteúdos interdisciplinares, as línguas/sujeitos em contexto de fronteira e as possibilidades de experiências de interculturalidade e de práticas translíngues. Os relatos de experiência aqui apresentados enfocam reflexões pertinentes ao processo de implementação do curso experimental de língua inglesa, discutindo a elaboração de materiais didáticos, a formação dos/as ensinantes-aprendentes, os recursos didático-pedagógicos e a interculturalidade vivenciada em sala de aula.
Should We Delay Urodynamic Study When Patients With Spinal Cord Injury Have Asymptomatic Pyuria?
Authors: Kim EunYoung , Lee Hye Jin , Kim Onyoo , Park In Suk , Lee Bum-Suk
Published: June 2021

Objective To assess the incidence of urinary tract infection (UTI) with post-urodynamic study (post-UDS) in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) and study its relationship with pre-UDS pyuria.Methods Patients with SCI who were hospitalized and underwent UDS during a 4-year period were reviewed. Patients with pre-test lower urinary tract symptoms were excluded. Urinalysis and urine culture were performed before and 24 hours after UDS. Prophylactic antibiotics were administered for 5 days starting from the morning of the UDS. UTI was defined as bacteriuria with accompanying symptoms.Results Of 399 patients reviewed, 209 (52.4%) had pyuria in pre-UDS urinalysis, and 257 (64.4%) had bacteriuria in pre-UDS culture. Post-UDS UTI occurred in 6 (1.5%) individuals who all complained of fever: 5 (2.4%) of the post-UDS UTI cases occurred in patients with pre-UDS pyuria, and 1 (0.5%) in a person without. The differences between groups were not statistically significant (p=0.218). Of 221 patients with bacteriuria (gram-negative isolates) on pre-UDS culture, resistance to ciprofloxacin, cephalosporin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMT) was noted in 52.9% (117 cases), 57.0% (126 cases), and 38.9% (86 cases), respectively.Conclusion No difference was found in the prevalence of post-UDS UTI based on the presence of pyuria in pre-UDS urinalysis. UDS may be performed even in SCI cases of pre-UDS pyuria without increasing the prevalence of post-UDS UTI if prophylactic antibiotics are administered. TMP/SMT could be used as a first-line antibiotic for the prevention of post-UDS UTI in Korea.
Witteboordendaders over (on)eerlijk strafrecht
Authors: Huisman W. , Lesmeister D.
Published: June 2021

Witteboordendaders over (on)eerlijk strafrecht

In dit artikel wordt verslag gedaan van het eerste Nederlandse onderzoek naar de ervaring van justitiabelen die strafrechtelijk zijn vervolgd zijn voor ‘witteboordencriminaliteit’. Dertig ‘witteboordendaders’ zijn geïnterviewd over de beleving en gevolgen van strafrechtspleging tijdens verschillende fasen (opsporing en vervolging, terechtzitting, strafexecutie en na strafexecutie of vrijspraak) en op verschillende levensdomeinen (mentaal, gezin en familie, sociale relaties en zakelijk). Daarnaast is hun gevraagd te reflecteren op het strafproces zelf.
Samenloop van een tuchtrechtelijke en een strafrechtelijke procedure
Authors: Herregodts R.L.
Published: June 2021

Samenloop van een tuchtrechtelijke en een strafrechtelijke procedure

Het komt voor dat over hetzelfde feitencomplex zowel een tuchtrechtelijke als een strafrechtelijke procedure wordt gevoerd. Volgens de jurisprudentie van het EHRM en de tuchtcolleges is dit niet in strijd met het ne bis in idem-beginsel. Toch is die samenloop niet zonder complicaties. Dit artikel gaat over een daarvan, namelijk de situatie dat de beroepsbeoefenaar zich, met het oog op een lopende of naderende strafrechtelijke procedure, niet vrij voelt om in de tuchtprocedure mondeling en schriftelijk te verklaren over de inhoud van de klacht.
De aangifte tegen (oud-)bewindslieden in de toeslagenaffaire
Authors: Sikkema E.
Published: June 2021

De aangifte tegen (oud-)bewindslieden in de toeslagenaffaire

Eerder dit jaar werd namens gedupeerden van de kinderopvangtoeslagenaffaire aangifte gedaan tegen zes (oud-)bewindslieden. Deze (voormalige) ministers en staatssecretarissen zouden zich schuldig hebben gemaakt aan een ambtsmisdrijf. Zij zouden strafrechtelijk verwijtbaar hebben gehandeld, door na te laten wettelijke bepalingen uit te voeren, terwijl dat tot hun taak behoorde. Op basis van een oriënterend onderzoek van de procureur-generaal bij de Hoge Raad heeft minister Grapperhaus beslist dat geen strafvervolging zal worden ingesteld. De aangifte roept vele interessante vragen op over de strafrechtelijke ministeriële verantwoordelijkheid, de daarbij toepasselijke bijzondere procedure van artikel 119 Grondwet en de wenselijkheid van een (fundamentele) herziening van het bestaande stelsel.
SOME REMARKS ON MULTIPLICATION MODULES
Authors: CHOI CHANG WOO , KIM EUN SUP
Published: June 2021

SOME REMARKS ON MULTIPLICATION MODULES
MEAN VALUE CHARACTERIZATION OF 'USEFUL' INFORMATION MEASURES
Authors: BRAKER U. S. , HOODA D. S.
Published: June 2021

In the present communication the generalized mean value characterization of 'useful' information and relativeinformation measures has been studied. Some comparison theorems related to these measures have also been proved.
Observação do direito e das cidades inteligentes: contribuições para formação de diretrizes jurídicas para políticas públicas no Brasil
Authors: Vanin Fabio Scopel , Reck Janriê Rodrigues
Published: June 2021

O objetivo do trabalho é identificar, a partir da observação do ambiente, possíveis contribuições para formação de diretrizes jurídicas para as Políticas Públicas de Cidades Inteligentes no Brasil. O trabalho é desenvolvido expondo-se critérios gerais e conceituais da pesquisa, os elementos centrais sobre Cidades Inteligentes, para a partir de uma observação da Nova Agenda Urbana, estudos do BID e da experiência da Espanha, relacionar tais descrições com a programação do direito público no Brasil. Como método para estruturação das ideias, o artigo vale-se da teoria dos sistemas, observando como o conhecimento do ambiente pode ser acoplado ao sistema do direito. Como resultado, verifica-se que a observação do ambiente, em especial, dos documentos e experiências pesquisadas, contribuem para suprir a ausência de subsídios da programação do Direito no Brasil, apontando diretrizes jurídicas acerca da finalidade, competência e dos meios a serem observados na produção de políticas públicas para Smart Cities.
Luta contra a desinformação e liberdade de expressão e em formação na internet, riscos da intervenção da administração através do procedimento de ação contra a desinformação na Espanha
Authors: Herce Maza José Ignácio
Published: June 2021

Em várias ocasiões, foi proposto o estabelecimento de um regulamento para controlar o conteúdo nocivo na Internet, entre os quais são conhecidos como Fake News. O estabelecimento de órgãos ou procedimentos para controlar essas informações pode colidir com alguns direitos e liberdades fundamentais que também são a essência da Internet. Neste trabalho, será feita uma crítica ao Despacho PCM / 1030/2020, de 30 de outubro, que publica o Procedimento de Ação contra a desinformação aprovado pelo Conselho de Segurança Nacional da Espanha, por considerar que põe em risco a liberdade expressão na Internet.
Asymptomatic COVID-19 in South Africa – implications for the control of transmission
Authors: Paleker M. , Tembo Y. A , Davies M-A. , Mahomed H. , Pienaar D. , Madhi S. A. , McCarthy K.
Published: June 2021

Asymptomatic COVID-19 may contribute significantly to the pandemic trajectory based on global biological, epidemiological and modelling evidence. A retrospective analysis was done to determine the proportion of asymptomatic COVID-19 in the workplace during the lockdown period from 27
March to 31 May 2020. We found that nearly 45% of cases were asymptomatic at the time of the first test. This high proportion of asymptomatic COVID-19 cases has implications for interventions, such as enforcing quarantine of all close contacts of COVID-19 cases regardless of symptoms.
Tackling TB and COVID-19: US leadership is needed on global health, now more than ever
Authors: Reid M.
Published: June 2021

Despite progress towards ending the COVID-19 in the United States, and recognition of the role of the new US administration in supporting the global response to the pandemic, World TB Day offers a moment to highlight the opportunity to better align the US’s pandemic response with
investments in global TB programs. Investing in TB and COVID-19 does not need to be an either-or scenario. With sound science, effective collaboration, smart investments and efficient synergies, COVID-19 efforts can enhance the global TB response, not undermine it.
Diabetes mellitus in patients using psychotropic medications: How does it work?*
Authors: Kosmalski Marcin , Różycka-Kosmalska Monika , Sikora Joanna , Pietras Tadeusz
Published: June 2021

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is not a single disease, but a group of diseases that are characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and risk of damage to tissues and organs. The mechanisms of its development are different and due mainly to disorders of insulin secretion or its effects. For this reason, 4 types of DM have been distinguished. One of them is a specific type of DM, determined, inter alia, by the use of certain psychotropic medications. Chronic hyperglycemia often occurs in association with some of these drugs, but in many cases it is categorized erroneously as type 2 (T2DM) or 1 (T1DM). The relationship between DM and psychiatric disorders is bi-directional, involving two mutually independent risk factors for the development of the disease. However, not all patients with a mental illness develop carbohydrate metabolism disorders, which is due to a varied diabetogenic potential and mechanisms of action of psychotropic medications. In clinical practice, questions concerning the frequency of this type of DM, risk factors of its development and hyperglycemic mechanism of psychotropic medications arise. Therefore, the aim of this article is to attempt to answer these questions. From a practical point of view, obtaining such information should allow for the development of appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.
Strafbarkeit leibesfruchtschädigender Verhaltensweisen der schwangeren Frau de lege ferenda – Sollte es strafbar sein, wenn Schwangere Alkohol, Nikotin oder Betäubungsmittel konsumieren? .
Authors: Schnorr Timm
Published: June 2021

In Deutschland kommt eine Vielzahl von Kindern mit Defekten zur Welt, die durch schädigendes Verhalten der Mutter während der Schwangerschaft (z.B. Konsum von Alkohol, Nikotin oder Betäubungsmittel) hervorgerufen wurden. Zum Schutz der ungeborenen Kinder erscheint die Einführung eines entsprechenden Straftatbestands zunächst naheliegend. Die Argumente für und wider werden in dieser Untersuchung gegeneinander abgewogen um schließlich zu dem Ergebnis zu kommen, dass die Kriminalisierung dieser Verhaltensweisen rechtlich möglich, jedoch weder kriminalpolitisch noch gesellschaftlich wünschenswert ist.
Learning by doing oder doing by learning? Die Wechselwirkung zwischen Online- Privatheitskompetenz und Datenschutzverhalten
Authors: Schäwel Johanna , Frener Regine , Masur Philipp K. , Trepte Sabine
Published: June 2021

Die Nutzung von und die Kommunikation mit sozialen Medien basiert auf dem Austausch persönlicher Daten. Dabei können Privatheitsrisiken entstehen, vor denen man sich oft nur schwer schützen kann. Damit Menschen Online-Angebote selbstbestimmt nutzen können, ist ein gewisser Schutz ihrer Daten erforderlich. Immer häufiger wird die Online-Privatheitskompetenz als Voraussetzung dafür angesehen. Kritisch hinterfragt wird jedoch, ob Wissen über Online-Privatheit tatsächlich zu aktivem Datenschutz führt. Die Kausalität zwischen Online-Privatheitskompetenz und Datenschutz blieb bislang unerforscht: Schützen Menschen mit hoher Online-Privatheitskompetenz ihre Daten besser? Oder ist es umgekehrt, und Datenschutzverhalten macht Internetnutzende kompetenter? Mit einer Längsschnittstudie haben wir die Wechselwirkung zwischen Online-Privatheitskompetenz und der Umsetzung von Datenschutz von N = 898 Internetnutzenden untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Menschen mit höherer Online-Privatheitskompetenz über die Zeit ihre Daten etwas aktiver schützen. Umgekehrt hat Datenschutzverhalten jedoch keinen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Online-Privatheitskompetenz.
Die demokratische Legitimation der Europäischen Wertpapier- und Marktaufsichtsbehörde und ihrer Rechtsakte
Authors: Stolz Dominik
Published: June 2021

The key matter of this book is a phenomenon not only at EU level which is now analyzed from a European and constitutional law perspective: Non-elected expert bodies are significantly involved in the legislative process. With respect to increasingly complex processes and detailed issues, and bearing in mind the experience of the financial crisis of 2008/2009, bodies like the European Commission and Parliament are relinquishing far-reaching powers. Regarding ESMA the question arises whether basic principles of democratic legitimacy have been violated. Therefore, which standard is to be applied at EU level? In other words: Is it the end that justifies the means?
Die Verwaltung von Kultur im Völkerrecht
Authors: Spitra Sebastian M.
Published: June 2021

This book analyses the development of the norms of protecting cultural heritage from a postcolonial perspective. In contrast to the traditional historiography of ‘culture’ in international law, it reveals how the highly problematic and Eurocentric ‘standard of civilisation’ in the 19th and 20th centuries served as a driving force for the formation of cultural heritage protection norms. Various actors used the law in different ways to take part in this discourse on ‘civilisation’. The aim of this book is to lay down a new narrative on the history of the protection of world cultural heritage. It endeavours to replace the inherent politics of the dominant narrative on progress with a critical genealogy which reveals the long-lasting hegemonic structures of today’s international law. Sebastian M. Spitra is a research fellow at the Department of Legal and Constitutional History at the University of Vienna and a Grotius fellow at the University of Michigan Law School.
Décrochage scolaire : la relation élève-enseignants peut-elle l'emporter contre le quotient intellectuel?
Authors: Belleï-Rodriguez Carmen-Édith , Larivée Serge , Morizot Julien
Published: June 2021

Le Québec détient le plus haut taux de non-diplomation au Canada. Les conséquences individuelles et sociales sont nombreuses, ayant des répercussions à très long terme. Bien qu’un faible quotient intellectuel (QI) soit un facteur de risque important du décrochage scolaire, certains facteurs pourraient moduler cette relation. L'objectif de l'étude est d'examiner l'effet modérateur de la relation élève-enseignants sur le lien entre le QI et le décrochage scolaire à l’aide des données provenant de l'étude Stratégie d'Intervention Agir Autrement (SIAA). Selon les analyses de régression logistique, le score de QI contribue à prédire le décrochage scolaire. Cependant, la relation élève-enseignants ne contribue pas au modèle de prédiction et ne modère pas l'association entre le QI et le décrochage scolaire.
INVESTING IN CRYPTOCURRENCYES: BITCOIN - “RAT POISON” OR NEW ASSET CLASS?
Authors: Golić Zorica
Published: June 2021

Although the world of finance has been existing for only ten years, the fact is that Bitcoin (BTC) has unstoppably triggered significant changes in the global financial market and has opened up numerous controversies. There is debate over whether BTC could become a new global currency that will not be subject to inflation or central bank influence. At the same time, decentralization and lack of regulations, which were considered a major asset, were characterized as the main cause of the high volatility of BTC, whose price depends solely on the supply-demand ratio. Like every time, when it comes to revolutionary technologies and issues of their impact on the world of finance, the public is divided, this time into BTC pessimists and BTC optimists. The former claim that BTC is broken and will suffer an inevitable and spectacular collapse, calling it "rat poison". However, optimists are of the view that the BTC era is just beginning and that it will change its payment method, economy and even politics around the world, and they consider it a new asset class worth investing in. In the midst of all these discussions around BTC, there seems to be no topic that is more media-covered, but less discovered. The aim of this paper is to come to the truth by analyzing recent scientific papers dealing with this issue, that is, to try to answer the research question: is BTC a "rat poison" or a new asset class worth investing in?
Internet of Diagnostic Things: Emerging Horizon towards Precision and Digital Health Care
Authors: Verma Vijay , Mishra Abhisek , Bisht Vaishali , Bala Jyoti
Published: June 2021

Digital revolution and advancement of information technologies, smart phone industry, multi-omic technologies, availability with 5G networks and emergence of big data era has greatly impacted on diagnostic, biomedical and e-healthcare sectors. Intelligent sensors, wearable, digital imaging, smart phone based diagnostic and connected networking provides smart approach and platform towards precision diagnostics. Recently, Internet of Things (IoT) have shown remarkable impact on diverge sectors such as digital imaging, smart sensing, digital diagnostic, digital biotech, telemedicine, precision farming, lab-on phone, smart home, smart city planning, smart retails and Research and Development (R&D) automation etc. Application of IoT technology in diagnostic and healthcare opens a way for personalization in the medical care depending on individual needs, additionally giving option for well-organized way for remote healthcare and management. This review focuses on theoretical, technological, advanced aspects of digital diagnostic utilizing IoT technology. Furthermore, we have also highlighted the opportunities and challenges for IoT in exploring the futuristic scope and innovation in diagnostic application. IoT based diagnostic, sensing and imaging devices provides unprecedented precision, automation in the diagnostic and thereby could significantly improve the biomedical and e-healthcare area.
Traditional Architecture in Romanian Philately (III): Households from Drăguș, Dumbrăveni, Dumitra, Fundu Moldovei and Goicea Mică
Authors: Cioruța Bogdan-Vasile , Pop Alexandru Leonard
Published: June 2021

Traditional architecture occupies a central place in the soul and pride of all people and has been accepted as a characteristic and attractive product of society. As a utilitarian architecture, which possesses interest and beauty, it retains the history of society. At the same time, it is unworthy of human heritage if this traditional harmony is not preserved, which is, in fact, the core of the human experience. Acting somehow on the same principle of conservation, philately can be considered as a useful means of preserving the traditional architectural memory in Romanian cities and villages. To show that thematic philately implies in essence this aspect of the preservation of the memory of places, in the present study we appeal to various forms of representation specific to philately. In this context, the study aims to emphasize the beauty of Romanian traditional architecture in terms of thematic philately. We want to expose the architectural specifics from five areas - Drăguș (Brașov), Dumbrăveni (Suceava), Dumitra (Alba), Fundu Moldovei (Suceava) and Goicea Mică (Dolj) using stamps, entire covers, illustrated postcards, and other philatelic effects. We also aim to see if the pieces in question fully illustrate the zonal architectural specificity or only a part of it; equally, we want to show that philately can be a landmark in documenting today's young people about what was and is traditional architecture. Thus, they can be reoriented towards what is durable, specific to the area, without altering the local tradition of folk craftsmen where it sanctifies the place and ensures vigor at the agrotourism level.
Critical Thinking in Basic Education Students: An Inventive Analysis
Authors: Mendoza Clariza Romero
Published: June 2021

This documentary review work is aimed at examining the approach to critical thinking in basic education students, in order to determine how studies have been approached to improve that thinking, published in currently indexed scientific journals in the most prestigious databases, indicating the work characteristics to be included or excluded, the type of methodological design, the type of study, the year of publication and the results obtained, it is necessary to indicate that this competence has been left to abandonment as there are no mechanisms of curriculum progression that guarantee their progress within educational programmes; in this sense, from the initial stage students should be promoted the ability to acquire autonomous learning, collaborative teamwork, to promote the skills of analysis and problem solving, but based on pre-established criteria that involve the need for critical and constructive judgment.
Finding the Possible Solutions to the Cooperation within Livestream and Health and Wellness Tourism
Authors: Yen Tsai-Fa(TF)
Published: June 2021

This article aims at displaying the basic concepts of livestream, health and wellness tourism, and cooperation and tries to find the possible solutions to the cooperation within livestream and health and wellness tourism. The authors first illustrate why the paper has been presented and why has the policy related to livestream been made by the National Internet Information Office in China. Then, the authors perform the definition and its problems of livestream and health and wellness tourism; demonstrate the basic concept of cooperation including its definition and problems. Finally, the conclusions are met and the possible solutions to the government, industry, and future study are drawn.
Post Neonatal Tetanus as Seen in Rivers State University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria: Prevalence, Clinical Profile and Outcome
Authors: Okari Tamunoiyowuna Grace , West Boma Awoala
Published: June 2021

Background: Post neonatal tetanus, a vaccine preventable disease is a cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in many developing countries including Nigeria. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence, clinical profile and outcome of children with post-neonatal tetanus.

Methods: This prospective observational study carried out over 3years in the Paediatric ward of the Rivers State University Teaching Hospital, was among children older than 28days and up to 16years.

Result: Of 966 children admitted during the period of study, 12 had post-neonatal tetanus giving a prevalence of 1.2%. Six (50%) were > 10years old with a M:F ratio of 5:1, 5(41.7%) resided in rural areas and all (100%) were of low socioeconomic status. Six (50%) did not receive tetanus toxoid vaccine and no child had booster doses. Portal of entry for the infection was majorly via injuries on their limbs, 7(58.3%). The mean incubation period was 10.58±7.39 days while the mean onset interval was 31.58±27.85 hours. Three (25%) children had severe tetanus using Ablett’s classification with spasm 11(91.7%) documented as the commonest symptom. Half, 6(50%) of the children had autonomic complications and an overall case fatality rate of 25%.

Conclusion: The prevalence of post-neonatal tetanus in the Rivers State University Teaching Hospital was low being 1.2%, although unacceptable. The mortality rate of post-neonatal tetanus of 25% was high. Thus, there is a need to strengthen existing immunization program and immediately adopt the commencement of booster doses of tetanus toxoid vaccines for eligible children in Nigeria.
Genetic Diversity Study of African Rice (Oryza glaberrima) and its Wild Relatives using Microsatellites Markers
Authors: Montcho David , Sow Mounirou , Kolade Olufisayo , Bocco Roland , Agbangla Clement
Published: June 2021

The Africa Rice Center Gene Bank hold about 2,500 accessions of Oryza glaberrima. To understand well the genetic diversity in O. glaberrima and its wild species, the use of molecular tools is prominent. The sample consisted of 217 accessions of O. glaberrima, 46 of O. barthii and 7 of O. sativa (checks) was genotyped with 21 polymorphic microsatellites markers. A total of 245 alleles were detected with average 11.67 alleles per locus. Number of alleles was ranged from 2 (RM124) to 20 (RM536). The polymorphic information content value was 0.49 while the heterozygosity was 0.091. The result showed that the sample can be clustered into four genotypic groups. Two groups among them were homogeneous. The first one consisted of O. barthii accessions with 82 alleles in total with average 3.90 alleles per locus. However, the second one consisted of only O. glaberrima accessions with 122 alleles with average 5.80 alleles per locus. O. glaberrima accessions were analyzed using model-based population structure. Results revealed two groups among O. glaberrima accessions. At the end, the identified core collection has 26 accessions consisted of 16 O. glaberrima and 10 O. barthii based on 21 microsatellites markers.
Physico-Chemical, Functional and Proximate Properties of Standardised Millet Flakes
Authors: Sohan S. Zubeda , Kumari B. Anila , Suneetha W. Jessie , Gayatri Biradar
Published: June 2021

Millets are the 5th most important cereals in the world after wheat, maize, rice and barley. It is a minor cereal containing abundant of nutrients but its consumption is lacking to a certain extent mainly due to the lack of ready-to-cook or ready-to-eat products and processing of millet to prepare ready to cook (RTC) foods can increase its economic and nutritional value. The processing, physical, chemical and nutritional aspects were analysed against the commercially available foxtail and proso flakes to standardise. The decorticated grains were steeped in 5 L of potable water at ambient conditions (30 ± 2ºC) for 10 hr, autoclaved at 180ºC under the pressure of 20 to 24 lbs/psi for 10 min dried at 50ºC in a mechanical dryer to 18 ± 1% moisture content. The processed grains were rolled to flakes in a heavy-duty roller ﬂakes machine with an aperture size of 0.25 mm. The commercial foxtail and proso flakes had higher values for all physical parameters than standardised ones.
Socioeconomic Profile of Farm Based Agripreneurs in Sanga Reddy District of Telangana State, India
Authors: Srishailam B. , Jirli Basava Prabhu , Priyanka Vavilala , Manasa Keesam
Published: June 2021

Socioeconomic status is measurement of economic and social position of an individual in the society. It influences the accessibility to the resources, livelihood pattern, food and nutritional security. The research investigation was conducted in Zahirabad, Narayanakhed and Sanga reddy.  Revenue divisions purposively based on the highest number of agripreneurs. Nine blocks were selected from each revenue division purposively, thus making up a total of 27 blocks with the objective to know the profile of agri-input based Agripreneurs. Sample size constituted 200 Agripreneurs. The respondents were interviewed with the help of a schedule designed for the study. The exploratory survey design was used for the present study. The analysis of data revealed that majority of the respondents were ‘middle age’ with ‘Graduation level’ education (40.05%), majority of the Farm based agripreneurs with ‘medium’ Socioeconomic status (80.00%), Source of information utilization(53.50%) and Extension agency contact (69.00%), had ‘medium’ value orientation(49.00%) and had ‘high coordinate  ability (64.50%) and medium achievement motivation (71.00%) and medium risk taking behavior (74.00%) and medium innovativeness(57.50%) were observed. Hence these independent variables should be taken care of by the implementing agencies while selecting the beneficiaries for entrepreneurship development programmes and farmer-friendly policies.
Biological Effects of Global System of Mobile Communication- A Review
Authors: Agaku M. R. , Shiada M. S. , Ode O. S.
Published: June 2021

In this study, a review of the biological effects of Global System of Mobile Communication handset was carried out using available literature and safety standards for radiofrequency of the National and International Agencies in conjunction with the International Committee for Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). The dose received by a biological tissue in time 0.5 minutes of dose as stated by the aforementioned agencies is equal to the microwave of 10mw/cm2 SAR of 2 w/kg. The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) limit of tissue for occupational workers for a whole body is 0.04 w/kg and for non-occupational workers is 0.08 w/kg. Additionally, GSM users exceeding the above SAR limits are likely to suffer from physiological effects of various forms such as alteration of calcium balance in the nerve tissues and inhibition of cells growth in the human amniotic, disruption of biorhythms due to the influence of electromagnetic field on the epiphysis resulting in dizziness, headaches and brain tumour.
Molecular Characterisation and Antibiogram of Vaginal Flora from Students Attending a Tertiary Institution in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: Sampson T. , Akani N. P. , Aniwoko O.
Published: June 2021

The microbiome of the vagina is characterized by a community bacteria playing important roles in the overall health status of the female genital tract. This study was conducted to isolate and characterize bacteria from the female genital tract and as well evaluate the antibiotics susceptibility pattern of the vaginal bacterial isolates. For this purpose, a total of fifty (50) vaginal swab samples were collected (using sterile swab sticks) from females attending a tertiary institution in Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria, and subjected to standard bacteriological analysis. Antibiotics sensitivity analysis was carried out using the modified Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. A total of 160 bacterial isolates were obtained from the subjects of different age brackets in the study population. Molecular identification based on the nucleic acid sequence of the bacterial isolates revealed the isolates to be Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus flexus and Lysinibacillus macrolides. The result further showed that Escherichia coli was the most occurring bacterial isolate. Also, female subjects within the age bracket 21-23 years recorded the highest number of bacterial isolates (67) and 24-26 years had the least number of bacterial isolates (36). The antibiotic sensitivity analysis revealed that Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were resistant to 50% of the antibiotics tested, whereas Klebsiella pneumoniae was resistant to all (100% of) the antibiotics tested. The study has revealed that the vaginal microbiome of healthy female subjects is characterised by diverse species of bacteria, including opportunistic bacterial pathogens. The study therefore, recommended that regular screening for bacterial vaginosis as well as personal hygiene, sensitization programs to improve knowledge of women, should be encouraged.
In Vitro Effects of Vitamin and Mineral Supplements on Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Some ESKAPE Pathogens
Authors: Ekwebelem Osmond C. , Ekwe David C. , Eze Emmanuel A.
Published: June 2021

Background: Antibiotics once seen as miracle drugs are now becoming inefficient in treating various bacterial diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of vitamin and mineral supplements on the antibiogram profile of some of the multidrug-resistant bacteria, which the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) has dubbed ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp), the predominant cause of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs).

Methodology: The in vitro effects were evaluated using the disc diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) technique. All test bacteria were inoculated onto Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA), supplemented with varying concentrations (2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 25 mg/ml) of vitamin (A, C, or E) and mineral (calcium or iron). Agar without supplements served as the control. The effects of vitamin and mineral supplements were determined by measuring the zones of inhibition to the nearest millimeter as compared to the control.

Result: Zones of inhibition for nalidixic acid and ampicillin on P. aeruginosa significantly increased from 5mm to 32mm and 0mm to 18mm respectively, with increasing concentration of vitamin C. Similarly, nalidixic acid and ampicillin zones of inhibition on P. aeruginosa increased from 5mm to 12mm and 0mm to 18mm respectively, with increasing concentration of vitamin A. Vitamin C resulted in significant decreases in all of the zones of inhibition for all antibiotics against E. coli, except reflacine and ciproflox. Varying concentrations of iron led to a sharp decrease in the zones of inhibition for all antibiotics against S. aureus and K. pneumonia. Significant changes were also observed in all zones of inhibitions for all antibiotics studied under varying concentrations of calcium.

Conclusion: The effects of vitamin and mineral supplements appear to be important but concentration-dependent. However, there is a need to evaluate the in vivo effects of these vitamin and mineral supplements.
Electrooxidation of the Paracetamol on Boron Doped Diamond Anode Modified by Gold Particles
Authors: Ollo Kambiré , Pacome Alloko Kouamé Serge , Guillaume Pohan Lemeyonouin Aliou , Sylvestre Koffi Konan , Lassiné Ouattara
Published: June 2021

The environment pollution, in particular that of the aquatic environment, by wastewater is a reality because it is discharged for the most part without treatment. The presence of pharmaceutical pollutants such as paracetamol in these waters can constitute a risk to human health. The objective of this work is to study the electrochemical oxidation of paracetamol using cyclic voltammetry on the boron doped diamond (BDD) anode and boron doped diamond modified by gold particles (Au-BDD) anode. The Au-BDD electrode was obtained by modifying the surface of BDD with gold particles. This was done by electrodeposition (chronoamperometry) in 0.5 M HAuCl4 and 0.1 M H2SO4 using a three pulse nucleation and growth process. Physical characterization with Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Dispersive Energy spectroscopy has shown that the Au-BDD surface presents asperities with the presence of microparticles and nanoparticles. The electrochemical characterization made in three electrolytic solutions (H2SO4, NaOH and KClO4) showed that Au-BDD has a high electroactivity domain than that of BDD. The study of the Benzoquinone-hydroquinone redox couple has shown a quasi-reversible character of these two anodes. It also revealed that Au-BDD has a more accentuated metallic character than BDD. The voltammetric measurements made it possible to show that the paracetamol oxidation is limited by the transport of material on each anode. This oxidation is characterized by the presence of an anodic peak in the support electrolytes stability domain. The paracetamol oxidation is rapid on Au-BDD than on BDD in the various medium explored, thus showing that Au-BDD is more efficient than BDD for the paracetamol oxidation by electrochemical means.
Monitoring the Land Cover Change and Its Impact on the Land Surface Temperature of Rajshahi City, Bangladesh using GIS and Remote Sensing Techniques
Authors: Marufuzzaman Md. , Khanam Mst. Mahbuba , Hasan Md. Kamrul
Published: June 2021

Urban growth possesses significant impact on land cover by replacing natural landscape into impervious surface. Substantial alteration of the green space into built-up areas have influential impact on the land surface temperature of a city. The aim of this study is to identify the land cover change on Rajshahi City Corporation (RCC) area for the last twenty years (1998-2018) and to assess the impact of land cover change on land surface temperature. During the last two decades, constant expansion of built-up area within Rajshahi city encroach the substantial amount of vegetation, open space, and waterbody areas, which results in large area of impervious surface. Therefore, two spatial analysis software namely Arc GIS and Erdas Imagine have been used to identify the amount of land cover change and variation in land surface temperature through supervised image classification and spectral radiance calculation methods on Landsat satellite images (1998. 2008 and 2018). The result shows that, the built-up area have been doubled during the last two decades by covering 10.98 and 22.82 square kilometers areas in 1998 and 2018 respectively. With a strong positive correlation between the land surface temperature and the land cover area, the maximum temperature rises from 23.25 to 27.08 degrees Celsius. This trend of Land Surface Temperature indicates, Urban Heat Island is building up within Rajshahi city.
Clinical Characteristics of Urogenital Fistulas in PMCH Nawabshah: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Tehzeen Aneela , Lakhan Hazooran , Awan Shazia , Rani Mona , Baloch Shahida , Suhail Muhammad Ali , Ahmer Arslan
Published: June 2021

Objective: To analyze the clinical characteristics of urogenital fistulas reported at PMCH Nawabshah. 

Methodology: A cross-sectional study, concluded in three years from January 2018 to December, 2020 in all ages patients with urogenital fistulas (UGF). The referred cases of UGF to gynecology and Urology Departments of the PMCH Nawabshah. The females with UGF results after elective caesarean section and gynecologic surgery including hysterectomy, prolapse repair and myomectomy were included whereas patients with UGF results due to other operative measures which includes emergency caesarian section, traumatic and congenital were excluded from this study. The data were analyzed thru SPSS version 22.0.

Results: Total 247 patients were included in present study. The age of patients were 20 years to 66 years with mean age 38.99+SD7.992. Frequency and percentages of different variables that were included in this study were for the demographic and co morbidities. Majority of patients were from rural setup, house wives having low education profile, belonging to low socioeconomically and educational status. DM and HTN were the common co-morbidities observed in study population. The different frequencies and percentages were calculated for the different surgical procedure adopted before the development of fistulas, UVF and OF was assessed in different procedures. Hysterectomies was most common surgical procedure than C/S and others. P value was statistically insignificant here 0.696. Wound infections were also seen in post operated cases with high ratios due to contaminations; wound infection was present in 20.6% cases, which was very high.

Conclusion: Present study revealed that the many of urogenital fistulas treated and repaired patients at our hospital setup, associated with iatrogenic obstetric origin and no any patients of UGF associated with obstructed laboras it is contrasting with other developing countries. Recorded fistulas were cured after the first surgical repair.
Antifungal Effect of Different Plant Extracts against Phytopathogenic Fungi Alternaria alternata and Fusarium oxysporum Isolated from Tomato Plant
Authors: Daradka Haytham M. , Saleem Abdelrahman , Obaid Wael Abdulghani
Published: June 2021

The antifungal activity of 10 plant extracts was tested against the phytopathogenic fungi, Alternaria alternata and Fusarium oxysporum, the pathogens of early blight and wilt diseases of tomato. Plants tested related to different families. Three doses (10, 50 and 100 mg/ml) of plant extracts were assayed on A. alternata and F. oxysporum by measuring the inhibition zone of mycelial growth of fungi by disc-diffusion method on the Potato dextrose agar (PDA). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of plant extracts were determined. The inhibitory effect of plant extracts ranged from 10-29 and 12-31 mm against A. alternata and F. oxysporum, respectively. The extracts of Pulicaria crispa and Olea chrysophylla were the most effective antifungal followed by Citrullus colocynthis, Psiadia arabica and Otostegia fruticosa. These plant extracts contain biologically active major compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and terpenoids. The remaining plant extracts did not emerge any inhibitive effect on tested fungi. The MIC and MFC of plant extracts ranged 6–38, 7-34 and 28-56, 22-50 mg/ml for A. alternata and F. oxysporum, respectively. Therefore, these plant extracts have biologically active compounds and have a potential to control fungal phytopathogens in agricultural crops.