bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alto summer rape
Authors: Kondra Z. P. , Degenhardt D. F. , Campbell D. C.
Published: April 2011

Alto summer rape (Brassica napus L.), registered in 1988, is a canola-quality cultivar. Alto has a high meal protein content and is similar to the cultivar Westar in seed yield, oil content, and maturity. Alto is adapted to all of the B. napus growing areas in western Canada. Key words: Rape (summer), cultivar description
A survey of the relationships among accumulated orchard hours below 10 °C, fruit maturity, and the incidences of storage scald on 'Starkrimson Delicious' apples
Authors: Blanpied G. D. , Bramlage Wm. J. , Chu C. L. , Ingle M. , Kushad M. M. , Lau O. L. , Lidster P. D.
Published: April 2011

Incidences of storage scald were recorded in three seasons for 'Starkrimson Delicious' apples sampled 137, 144 and 151 d after full bloom and stored for 150 d in air at 0 °C at several North American locations. Severity of storage scald was inversely related to fruit maturity (determined by starch index) and the number of accumulated hours when orchard air temperature was below 10 °C between 100 d after full bloom and harvest. Key words: Malus domestica, climate, fruit maturity, physiological disorder, apples
Effect of drought stress on residual transpiration and its relationship with water use of wheat
Authors: Clarke J. M. , Richards R. A. , Condon A. G.
Published: April 2011

Increasing the water use efficiency (WUE) of wheat (Triticum spp.) has long been a goal in semiarid areas. Low rates of residual (cuticular) transpiration are thought to improve yield potential of wheat under dry conditions, although the linkage is tenuous. The objective of this work was to investigate the association of residual transpiration with water use, WUE, and leaf water status in hexaploid (T. aestivum L.) and tetraploid (T. turgidum L. var. durum) genotypes grown under two watering regimes in two glasshouse experiments. Single plants were grown in 0.1-m × 1-m (0.1-m × 0.5-m in exp. 2 low-stress treatment) PVC tubes filled with soil. The watering regimes consisted of weekly replenishment of water used (low stress), or addition of sufficient water to ensure plant survival (high stress). At anthesis, flag leaf residual transpiration (rate of water loss from excised leaves), stomatal conductance, relative water content (RWC), and osmotic potential (exp. 1 only) were measured. Water use was not correlated with residual transpiration rate in either experiment. Residual transpiration rate did not differ for the two stress treatments in exp. 1, but there were significant (P < 0.01) genotype by stress treatment interactions. Residual transpiration rate was not related to plant water status (leaf RWC or osmotic potential) as had been reported in other studies. Key words: Cuticular transpiration, water use efficiency, Triticum aestivum L., Triticum turgidum L. var. durum
Growth and forage yield of cowpea and mungbean in the northern Great Plains
Authors: Boe A. , Twidwell E. K. , Rephart K. D.
Published: April 2011

Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] and mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] are summer-annual legumes which have potential as forages in the northern Great Plains region of the USA during late summer when cool-season grass pastures decline in productivity. The objective of this study was to evaluate forage yield and growth response of these species when grown under different row spacings and planting rates. Victor cowpea and Berken mungbean were planted at 500 000 pure live seeds (PLS) ha−1 in row spacings of 25, 50, and 75 cm at two South Dakota locations in 1987. In 1988 the two species were planted at rates of either 250 000 or 500 000 PLS ha−1 in the same row spacings at three locations. Cowpea produced higher forage yields than mungbean at all locations in both years. Yields of both species decreased with increased row spacing. Species did not differ in plant weight, but plant number per unit of harvested area was greater for cowpea than mungbean. Forage yield was not significantly affected by planting rate at any location in 1988; however, plant weight, leaflets plant−1, and leaf area plant−1 were significantly greater for the low rate, showing that forage yield remained relatively constant across wide variations in plant population. Results indicate that both cowpea and mungbean have potential as summer annual forage crops. However, the consistently higher yield performance of the cowpea cultivar suggests that it was better adapted than the mungbean cultivar to the northern Great Plains region and consequently should be a better forage crop. Key words: Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek, yield, plant density, cowpea, mungbean
A planting template for seed treatment trials
Authors: Berkenkamp B. , Jan E. -Z.
Published: April 2011

To reduce variation of seedling emergence in chemical seed treatment trials, a template and frame unit was designed, constructed and tested with seed of various crops. This system controlled the depth of seed placement. Variability in seeding depth was less with the template than with a Swift Current power seeder and a hand-pushed cone seeder. Key words: Seeding, method, depth control
TK 89 soybean
Authors: Bradner N. R. , Simpson R. D. , Hadlock A. A.
Published: April 2011

TK 89 is a Maturity Group II soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar which has higher protein content, larger seed size and better lodging resistance than Corsoy 79 but is 2 d later and lower yielding. Key words: Glycine max, TK 89 cultivar, cultivar description, soybean
The determination of the herbicide terbacil in asparagus spears by gas chromatography
Authors: Cessna Allan J.
Published: April 2011

In a 2-yr study, asparagus spears from established plantings at two sites in British Columbia and one site in Ontario were analyzed for terbacil residues following preemergence and early postemergence applications of terbacil at 0.6, 1.1 and 2.2 kg ha−1. Gas chromatographic determination of terbacil residues using N-specific alkali flame ionization detection indicated that at one site, maximum terbacil residues in the preemergence samples were 14 ± 3 μg kg−1 for the 2.2 kg ha−1 application rate, whereas maximum residues in the early postemergence samples for the 2.2 kg ha−1 application rate were 493 ± 250 μg kg−1 at a second site. Recoveries of terbacil from fortified asparagus tissue were 96 ± 19%, 87.2 ± 11.9% and 83.3 ± 7.8% at 10, 50 and 100 μg kg−1, respectively. Key words: Asparagus officinalis L., terbacil, residues, gas chromatography, asparagus
Annapolis and Cornwallis strawberries
Authors: Craig D. L. , Jamieson A. R. , Sanford K. A. , Nickerson N. L.
Published: April 2011

Annapolis and Cornwallis are short-day, fresh market strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivars with resistance to red stele root rot caused by Phytophthora fragariae Hickman. Annapolis, which produces large fruit, is early ripening. Cornwallis, which ripens in the early to mid-season, may have some processing applications. Key words: Fragaria × ananassa, fruit breeding, Phytophthora fragariae
Glooscap and Blomidon strawberries
Authors: Craig D. L. , Jamieson A. R. , Sanford K. A.
Published: April 2011

Glooscap and Blomidon are short-day strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivars which produce large fruit suited to the fresh market. Glooscap, which is particularly high yielding and winter hardy, ripens in midseason whereas Blomidon, which is particularly glossy and attractive, ripens mid- to late season. Key words: Fragaria × ananassa, fruit breeding, strawberry
Effect of nitrogen fertilization on yield, storage losses and chemical composition of winter cabbage
Authors: Freyman S. , Toivonen P. M. , Lin W. C. , Perrin P. W. , Hall J. W.
Published: April 2011

Increasing rates of field nitrogen (N) application (0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 kg N ha−1) resulted in markedly higher yields of winter white cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata 'Bartolo') due to larger head size. Glucose and fructose contents increased with increased nitrogen. In contrast, ascorbic acid and sucrose contents declined slightly with increased nitrogen. Nitrogen rate had little effect on storage losses. The results indicated that increased N fertilization provided overall benefit to cabbage production. Key words: Cabbage, nitrogen fertilization, storage losses, yield
Bromoxynil tolerance during the seedling phase is associated with genetic grain yield improvement in maize
Authors: Tollenaar M. , Mihajlovic M.
Published: April 2011

Genetic grain yield improvement of maize (Zea mays L.) in Ontario during the past three decades can be attributed, in part, to increased tolerance to environmental stresses. We have observed a differential response of field-grown old and new hybrids after application of the photosystem II inhibiting herbicide bromoxynil (4-hydroxy-3,5-dibromobenzonitrile). Studies were conducted to test whether tolerance to bromoxynil is associated with stress tolerance and grain yield in maize hybrids representing three decades of yield improvement in Ontario. Experiments were carried out with seedlings of eight maize hybrids grown in pots in controlled-environment growth cabinets and, in one experiment, with seedlings grown in pots outside during the months of July and August at Guelph, Ontario. Bromoxynil was applied to the youngest fully-expanded leaf of plants at the 6- to 8-leaf stage and chlorophyll fluorescence of the treated leaves was measured in the 2- to 24-h period after bomoxynil application. Results showed that the chlorophyll fluorescence ratio Fv/Fm, an indicator of photosynthetic efficiency, declined after bromoxynil application until 4 h after application and, subsequently, recovered slightly during the next 20 h. Large differences in the Fv/Fm ratio were apparent among hybrids in the response to bromoxynil. The Fv/Fm ratio was significantly higher for hybrids released in the 1980s than for hybrids released in the 1970s, and the Fv/Fm ratio of the latter group was significantly higher than that of the four oldest hybrids. Chlorophyll fluorescence ratios Fv/Fm after bromoxynil application in the seedling phase were highly correlated with grain yield of the hybrids in field experiments conducted during 1987 and 1988 (r = 0.91). Results of this study support the contention that maize genotypes that are less sensitive to bromoxynil are less susceptible to environmental stresses. Key words: Zea mays L., stress tolerance, bromoxynil, chlorophyll fluorescence, Fv/Fm ratio, detoxifying agents
Triallate absorption and metabolism in relationship to tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum and Triticum durum)
Authors: McMullan Patrick M. , Nalewaja John D.
Published: April 2011

Research was conducted to determine the influence of temperature on triallate absorption and metabolism in triallate-tolerant durum wheat (Triticum durum L. 'Monroe'), moderately tolerant Hard Red Spring (HRS) wheat (Triticum aestivum L. 'Coteau'), and susceptible HRS wheat, Alex. Uptake of 14C-triallate by the shoot was greater at 24 than at 8 °C by all species. Triallate uptake as influenced by soil temperature is a factor affecting triallate phytotoxicity to wheat. However, Monroe shoot meristematic tissue contained more 14C-label than Alex or Coteau, indicating that 14C-label content in the meristematic tissue was not related to triallate tolerance. Further, the coleoptile tissue of Monroe contained less 14C-label than Alex or Coteau. The coleoptile tissue did not prevent 14C-label entry into shoot tissue. Coleoptile tissue did not seem to be a factor influencing triallate tolerance. 14C-triallate concentration in the shoot related to triallate tolerance at both 8 and 24 °C. Triallate metabolism was apparently involved in differential tolerance among cultivars as the more tolerant Monroe and Coteau had more 14C-metabolites than susceptible Alex. Key words: Wheat, triallate, herbicide, temperature, absorption, metabolism
Kenyon hard red spring wheat
Authors: Hughes G. R. , Hucl P.
Published: April 2011

Kenyon hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) possesses excellent resistance to leaf rust and stem rust. Kenyon was developed using the backcross breeding method, resulting in the recovery of the maturity and wide adaptation of its recurrent parent Neepawa. Kenyon was developed at the University of Saskatchewan. Key words: Cultivar description, leaf rust, Triticum aestivum L., spring wheat
Flowering in native white clover (Trifolium repens) populations and cultivars in Nova Scotia
Authors: Fraser Joanna
Published: April 2011

Flowering in white clover (Trifolium repens L.) was measured on four native populations and 10 cultivars over a 2-yr period. Overwintering in the field increased flowering synchrony and number of racemes per plant. In native white clover, variations in raceme number per plant appeared to be related to latitude of origin. Key words: White clover, populations, cultivars, flowering
Leaf gas exchange of 11 species of fruit crops with reference to sun-tracking/non-sun-tracking responses
Authors: Andersen Peter C.
Published: April 2011

Leaf gas exchange of 11 species of fruit crops supplied with nonlimiting soil moisture was measured under varying levels of irradiance. In full sunlight net CO2 assimilation (A) and stomatal conductance to water vapor (gs) were highest (A = 16.4 μmol m−2 s−1, gs = 455 mmol m−2 s−1) for pecan, intermediate to high (A = 12.1 to 14.6 μmol m−2 s−1, gs = 230 to 370 mmol m−2 s−1) for peach, apple, pear, grape, blackberry and fig, and low (A = 5.7 to 10.2 μmol m−2 s−1, gs < 220 mmol m−2 s−1) for Satsuma, persimmon, blueberry and kiwi. Shadecloth was used to apply 80-s reductions in irradiance in the sequence 100, 66, 33, and 10% full sun. For all species A declined rapidly, yet gs was not altered. Transpiration rate (E) declined slightly, and water use efficiency (WUE) was often near zero at 10% sun. Intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) was 199 to 237 μmol mol−1 in full sun, but rose to near ambient levels with increased shading. Upon re-exposure to full sun A, gs, E, WUE, and Ci returned to pretreatment levels within 1 min for all species. Interior canopy leaves of pecan, peach, apple, and grape exposed to prolonged periods of low irradiance manifested greater reductions in A than gs or E, hence, WUE was lower and Ci was higher than for sun-exposed leaves. In addition, pecan leaves shaded (33% full sun) for 54 min manifested 50 and 25% reductions in A and gs, respectively. These data indicate that the 11 species under well-watered conditions may be classified as "non-sun tracking". Key words: Intercellular CO2 concentration, leaf conductance, net CO2 assimilation rate, transpiration rate, water use efficiency
Rate of fruit development, leaf growth, and earliness in determinate tomatoes
Authors: Poysa V.
Published: April 2011

The component subperiods of reproductive development as well as rate of leaf growth were determined for three trusses in eight determinate tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. Mill) genotypes in an attempt to identify effective selection criteria for improving earliness. Days from transplanting to anthesis and first red fruit to the first truss correlated well with days to plant maturity (r = 0.58 and r = 0.63 respectively; P < 0.01). These correlations were stronger for full season genotypes (r = 0.53 to r = 0.69) than for early maturing genotypes (r < 0.41). Plant maturity was correlated moderately better with these periods in the later trusses than in the first truss. Leaf growth parameters were not correlated significantly with either earliness or fruit yield. Key words: Tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum, earliness
Influence of nitrogen fertilization on cabbage yield, head nitrogen content and extractable soil inorganic nitrogen at harvest
Authors: Zebarth B. J. , Freyman S. , Kowalenko C. G.
Published: April 2011

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) was fertilized at rates of 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 kg N ha−1. Yield and plant total N increased with increasing N rate. Apparent recovery of fertilizer N in the cabbage heads averaged 32% and was independent of N rate. Soil extractable inorganic N at harvest was low and increased with increasing N rate in only one of the 2 yr. Key words: Brassica oleracea, N recovery
A procedure for converting an ultra-low temperature freezer for freezing biological material
Authors: Quamme H. A. , Mathers H. M. , Brownlee R. T.
Published: April 2011

A plan for a precise temperature-controlled freezing chamber for studying plant freezing responses to temperatures between 0° and −70 °C is described. The chamber is especially useful for conducting biological freezes requiring slow freeze-thaw rates and rapid response times. Key words: Ultra-low temperature freezer, controlled freezing chamber
A microcomputer-based precision impedance analyzer for measuring electrical impedance in plant tissues
Authors: Zhang M. I. N. , Willison J. H. M.
Published: April 2011

A system for electrical impedance measurement in plant tissues has been built using a Hewlett Packard Precision LCR Meter controlled by a personal computer. This system is able to measure an impedance spectrum of 40 frequency points and automatically store the measured impedance data in the computer system within 30 s. Since this system is 1–2 orders more efficient than earlier systems for measuring impedance in plant tissues, it may have wide application in plant physiology. Key words: Electrical impedance, plant tissue, personal computer
Identification of North American soybean lines that form nitrogen-fixing nodules with Rhizobium fredii USDA257
Authors: Balatti P. A. , Pueppke S. G.
Published: April 2011

Rhizobium fredii produces nitrogen-fixing (Fix+) nodules on primitive soybean lines, but most strains do not form such structures with the small number of agronomically advanced lines that have been tested. We systematically evaluated the ability of R. fredii USDA257 to produce Fix+ nodules on 197 soybean lines available in the midwestern United States. Thirty-four of 197 such lines were Fix+. The frequency of this response was positively correlated with increasing maturity group. The acetylene-reduction rate of one advanced cultivar, Davis, was greater than that of the primitive cultivar, Peking. Our data indicate that the capacity to nodulate effectively with USDA257 is widespread in contemporary North American soybean lines.Key words: Acetylene-reduction, nodulation, Rhizobium, soybean
Evaluation of four Japanese soybean cultivars for Rps alleles conferring resistance to Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea
Authors: Rennie B. D. , Beversdorf V. D. , Buzzell R. I. , Anderson T. R.
Published: April 2011

Four Japanese soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr.) cultivars (Fujiotome (PI 360836), Misaodaizu (PI 360839), Nezumisaya (PI 360841) and Honiku 65 (PI 360837)) were evaluated for Rps alleles conferring resistance for Phytophthora megasperma (Drechs.) f. sp. glycinea (Hildeb.) Kuan & Erwin. Fujiotome contains Rps1-a and Rps5; Misaodaizu contains Rsp1-c and Rps3; and Nezumisaya contains Rps1-b and a new allele, designated Rps? (Nezumisaya). Honiku 65 is susceptible but two variants obtained from it each contain a new Rps allele designated Rps? (OX939) and Rps? (OX940).Key words: Soybean, Phytophthora resistance
Conway hard red spring wheat
Authors: Hughes G. R. , Hucl P.
Published: April 2011

Conway is a hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar which is best adapted to the Brown and Dark Brown soil zones of Saskatchewan and Alberta. Conway matures a day earlier than Neepawa and yields 2–3% more.Key words: Cultivar description, Triticum aestivum L., wheat (spring)
Effects of nitrogen fertilization on grain protein content, nitrogen uptake, and nitrogen use efficiency of six spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, in relation to estimated moisture supply
Authors: Gauer L. E. , Grant C. A. , Bailey L. D. , Gehl D. T.
Published: April 2011

The effects of nitrogen fertilization on protein content, N uptake and N use efficiency of grain for six spring wheat cultivars were evaluated over a N application range of 0–200 kg ha−1, under two moisture supply levels, on Black Chernozemic soils in Manitoba. Moisture supply influenced protein content, protein yield, and grain N use efficiency (NUE) of applied fertilizer. Increased moisture supply lowered protein content and increased protein yield and NUE. Increasing N level increased protein, N uptake and decreased NUE, but effects depended on moisture supply. Cultivar differences occurred, especially at the higher moisture level.Key words: Protein, Triticum aestivum L., nitrogen uptake, nitrogen use efficiency, moisture
Effect of phosphorus rate and placement on the yield and cooking quality of field pea
Authors: Gubbels G. H.
Published: April 2011

High rates of phosphorus (P) banded with or near the seed did not consistently improve seed yield or cooking quality of yellow field pea (Pisum sativum L. ’Century’) in soils initially moderate to high in P. Triple superphosphate applied at 50 kg ha−1 P2O5 with the seed, in rows spaced 30 cm apart, resulted in small decreases in seedling stands, but generally did not reduce yields.Key words: Field pea (Pisum sativum L.), seeding date, nitrogen, phosphorus, fertilizer placement, cooking quality
Influence des couvertures hivernales sur la productivité du fraisier au Québec
Authors: Lamarre Michel , Payette Suzanne , Lareau Michel J.
Published: April 2011

For 3 yr we studied the influence of time of removal of different types of rowcovers on fruiting earliness, yield and fruit size of 5 strawberry cultivars. We also evaluated the effectiveness as winter covers compared with conventional straw and no protection. When removed at the green bud stage the Agronet rowcover delayed fruiting but gave better yield and fruit size than removal at first flowers and 15% flowering stages. The effectiveness in decreasing order of the different treatments in terms of yield and fruit size were as follows: traditional straw mulch, Agronet rowcover, no winter covering, Kimberly Farms and perforated polyethylene rowcovers. This order was almost opposite for earliness of fruiting.Key words: Strawberry, rowcovers, yield, fruit number, fruit size
Fertilisation soufrée du soja
Authors: Abbès C. , Karam A. , Parent L. E. , Isfan D.
Published: April 2011

The effect of S (60, 120 and 240 kg ha−1) and N (45 and 90 kg ha−1) fertilization on the yield and quality of soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill ’Maple Amber’), grown on a Kamouraska silty clay loam, was studied under greenhouse conditions, and in the field over a period of 2 yr. In the greenhouse, soybean (dry matter and pod weights) was responsive to N and S, and an excess of sulfate reduced P and K levels in the upper leaves. In the field, small or nonsignificant differences between fertilizer treatments were found for yield parameters in 1988 and 1989. However, as compared to the 45-kg ha−1 application rate, application of 90 kg N ha−1 decreased methionine concentration in the grain in 1989, when yield was low. Thus, excessive N reduced the nutritive value of soybean without affecting yield.Key words: Protein, oil, amino acids, nutritive value of soybean
Planting dates and seeding rates for soft white winter wheat in eastern Ontario
Authors: Andrews C. J. , Pomeroy M. K. , Seaman W. L. , Hoekstra G.
Published: April 2011

A study was made to determine optimum fall planting dates and rates of seeding of soft white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in three counties in eastern Ontario. This area is considered marginal for winter survival of the crop, although yield potential is high. Plots were sown at Douglas (lat. 45°33′), Ottawa (lat. 45°23′) and Kemptville (lat. 45°00′). Four planting dates were used at Douglas and Ottawa (dates 1 to 4) and five dates at Kemptville. These were: date 1, 27 August; date 2, 10 September; date 3, 24 September; date 4, 8 October; and date 5, 22 October. Split-plot designs were used, with dates as main plots and with rates and cultivars randomized as subplots. Harvest years were between 1983 and 1987. Winter survival was generally reduced below 60% in later plantings, but survival remained high from the date 4 planting in two years at Ottawa. Grain yields were increased by early plantings. Maximum yields at Douglas were obtained from dates 1 and 2; at Ottawa and Kemptville, from dates 1 to 3. A significant advantage of date 2 planting was recorded at Kemptville. Kernel weight and test weight were reduced by late planting dates. Grain yields and winter survival were highly correlated at seven of nine location-years. At Ottawa, there was a significant yield increase from the 160 kg ha−1 seeding rate, compared with 130 kg ha−1, the currently recommended rate. Yield increases from higher seeding rates were greater at later planting dates. Cultivar effects on grain yields were frequently significant, but were less so on winter survival. The cultivar Houser produced the highest yield in five of nine location-years.Key words: Winter survival, wheat (winter), sowing date, sowing rate
Evaluation of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) genotypes for yield and quality in simulated swards
Authors: McElroy A. R.
Published: April 2011

Previous studies have indicated that individual timothy (Phleum pratense L.) genotypes being evaluated for quality should be grown under competition. There is little information on the effect of differential plant competition on the precision of yield or quality estimates. In a series of three experiments, timothy genotypes of uniform maturity were grown in field simulated swards with a population density of 100 plants m−2. The objectives were (i) to investigate the effect of planting patterns (1, 2 or 4 plants per experimental unit) on the precision of DM yield and a quality parameter, acid-pepsin digestibility (APD) estimates; (ii) to determine if adjusting for differential competition would increase the precision of yield estimates; and (iii) to evaluate the adequacy of a two-replicate simulated sward for commercial screening of timothy genotypes for yield and APD. Wide ranges among genotypes for DM yield indicated that plants within the sward were under strong competitive pressure. The highest precision for DM yield was obtained with the four-plant experimental unit but was marginally better than the two-plant unit. Size of experimental unit had little effect on the precision of APD estimates. Differential competitive pressure had no effect on either DM yield or APD estimates. Including the yield of neighbouring plants in the statistical model as a covariate did not improve the precision of yield estimates. It is concluded that a two-replicate sward with a two-plant experimental unit is adequate for routine screening of yield and APD in a breeding program.Key words: Competition, Phleum pratense L., simulated swards, timothy
Influence de la fertilisation azotée sur la production du tabac à cigarette au Québec
Authors: Lamarre Michel , Payette Suzanne
Published: April 2011

The effect of nitrogen applications on flue-cured tobacco production and chemical composition have been observed for 5 yr. The nitrogen applications resulted in an increase of yield, gross return, total alkaloids and total nitrogen and a decrease of quality index, maturity index, reducing sugars and ratio of reducing sugars:total alkaloids. The use of 30–45 kg ha−1 of nitrogen, depending on soil type and the cultivar, produces a tobacco with acceptable agronomic and chemical characteristics.Key words: Flue-cured tobacco, nitrogen, yield, quality, gross return, total alkaloids, total N, reducing sugars
Effect of harvest methods on moisture content and quality of lentil seeds
Authors: Tang Juming , Sokhansanj Shahab , Sosulski F. W. , Slinkard A. E.
Published: April 2011

The effects of desiccation and swathing on moisture content and quality of lentil seeds were studied. Topography of the field resulted in seed moisture content ranging from 18.2 to 54.5%. Desiccation with diquat resulted in more rapid dehydration of lentil seeds than with swathing, but these seeds required a longer time to cook.Key words: Lentil, harvesting, swathing, desiccation, moisture content, quality
Influence du nombre de feuilles et de la répartition des fruits sur la production et la qualité des pêches
Authors: Génard Michel
Published: April 2011

We compared the production of flower buds, fruit abscission, fruit growth and quality according to the fruit distribution on limbs (regular or not) and to the number of leaves per fruit (0, 1 or 2 shoots per fruit). Only one limb per tree was treated from a sample of 15 trees. The yield per limb and the mean growth of fruits were lowest, and the fruit abscission was highest on limbs without leaves. On leafy limbs, the yield components and the number of flower buds were not significantly affected by changes in the number of leaves per fruit or by the fruit distribution. Fruits on limbs without leaves had a lot of purple color, a greater firmness and a low sugar content. Fruits on limbs with many leaves before harvest had high sugar and malic acid content, as well as yellow and orange color.Key words: Yield components, quality, leaf, fruit, distribution, Prunus persica L.
Electrical impedance analysis in plant tissues: The effect of freeze-thaw injury on the electrical properties of potato tuber and carrot root tissues
Authors: Zhang M. I. N. , Willison J. H. M.
Published: April 2011

Electrical impedances in the range 100 Hz to 800 KHz were measured in potato tubers and carrot root cortex both before and after freeze-thaw cycles. These impedance data were analyzed using equivalent circuit modelling based on complex nonlinear least squares (CNLS) (Zhang and Willison 1991a). After freezing to and thawing from −3, −6, −9 and −12 °C, carrot root tissues were best characterized by a double shell model composed of extracellular resistance, cytoplasmic resistance, plasma membrance capacitance, vacuole interior resistance, and tonoplast capacitance. Although freeze–thaw cycles to −3 or −6 °C did not kill the carrot tissues, extracellular resistance and vacuole interior resistance were halved relative to control tissues, and cytoplasmic resistance decreased to a third of the control value. Plasma membrane capacitance and tonoplast capacitance were not affected by the −3 and −6 °C noninjurious stresses. After carrot root or potato tuber tissues had been killed by freezing (−3 °C for potato tuber and −18 °C for carrot), the tissues were best represented by a single-shell model composed of extravesicular resistance, intravesicular resistance, and vesicle membrane. Compared with unfrozen controls, freeze-killed potato tubers were characterized by a 30-fold decrease in extracellular resistance, a 7-fold decrease in intracellular resistance, and a 10-fold decrease in plasma membrane capacitance. Freeze-killed carrot roots were characterized by a 30-fold decrease in extracellular resistance, 3-fold decrease in intracellular resistance, and 3.5-fold decrease in plasma membrane capacitance. These results are compatible with massive rupturing of protoplasts during lethal freeze–thaw injury.Key words: Solanum tuberosum L., Daucus carota L., freeze–thaw injury, electrical impedance
Biska creeping bentgrass
Authors: Cattani D. J. , Bamford K. C. , Clark K. W. , Smith Jr. S. R.
Published: April 2011

Biska is a creeping bentgrass cultivar (Agrostis palustris Huds.) selected for increased tiller density, dark green colour and seed yield. In comparison with other bentgrasses, Biska has shown higher tiller densities and higher seed yields under Manitoba conditions.Key words: Cultivar description, creeping bentgrass, Agrostis palustris Huds.
Distinctive leaf feeding patterns on oilseed rapes and related Brassicaceae by flea beetles, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Bodnaryk Robert P.
Published: April 2011

Two distinctive leaf feeding patterns, termed "edge" and "random", by flea beetles, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze) were identified in 38 Brassicaceae belonging to nine groups of known genomic composition. Edge feeding occurred in the monogenomic diploid Brassica oleracea group (cc genome) and the digenomic amphidiploid B. napus group (aacc genome). All other genomic groups were fed upon randomly. Experimental manipulation of the plant (by leaf edge removal and new edge creation) and the insect (by antennectomy) and paired feeding tests with plants selected for type of feeding pattern revealed some of the salient features of pattern feeding by P. cruciferae. Leaf edge feeding was correlated with a feeding rate one-tenth of that observed for random feeding, suggesting that edge feeding may be determined by physical and/or chemical factors that render the leaf unpalatable or difficult to feed upon or both.Key words: Insecta, Phyllotreta cruciferae, Brassicaceae, feeding pattern, feeding rate
Effects of genotype and environment on seed chlorophyll degradation during ripening in four cultivars of oilseed rape (Brassica napus)
Authors: Ward K. , Scarth R. , McVetty P. B. E. , Daun J.
Published: April 2011

The rate of chlorophyll degradation in ripening canola seed was investigated using two sowing dates in each of 2 yr at one location and four cultivars of oilseed rape (Brassica napus), Westar, Regent, Global and Tribute. In general, the cultivars had the same rate of chlorophyll breakdown when grown in the same environment. All cultivars had a slower rate of chlorophyll breakdown in the late versus the early seeding date. The chlorophyll degradation rate using log ppm chlorophyll versus days showed significant differences between the two seeding dates and 2 yr in the study. The use of growing degree days (GDD) to determine rate of chlorophyll degradation removed many of these significant differences, confirming a major influence of temperature on the rate of chlorophyll breakdown. A second study correlating swathing date and chlorophyll levels in harvested canola seed indicated that rapid moisture loss from the seed fixed the chlorophyll at a higher level than that obtained with a slow moisture loss. Seeds harvested from the side branches contained more chlorophyll than seeds from the main stems. Late seeding resulted in higher seed chlorophyll levels at harvest. Low seed chlorophyll levels could be achieved if canola was sown early, using a high seeding rate to reduce branching, and swathed at physiological maturity under conditions which allow for slow moisture loss from the seed in the field.Key words: Oilseed rape, seed chlorophyll, Brassica napus
Performance of small-seeded common bean from the second selection cycle and multiple-cross intra- and interracial populations
Authors: Singh Shree P. , Urrea Carlos A. , Molina Albeiro , Gutiérrez J. Arièl
Published: April 2011

Twenty experimental lines of small-seeded common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) of Middle American origin from the second cycle of selection (SCS) in multiple-cross intra- and interracial populations were evaluated with two control cultivars from the first cycle of selection (FCS) derived from single-cross intraracial populations and three standard controls at three locations for 3 yr (1988–1990) in Colombia. A 5 × 5 lattice design with four replications was used. Each plot consisted of four rows, 5 m long in the first year and 7 m long in the next 2 years. To develop experimental lines in both selection cycles, visual mass selection for seed yield and/or resistance to diseases in individual plants and plant-to-progeny rows was practiced in early generations. The F2 and F3 were managed by the single-pod bulk method followed by the single plant harvests (F4 or F5), progeny tests (F5 or F6), and seed increases (F6 or F7). The F4- or F5-derived lines were tested for seed yield in F7 or F8. Thirteen lines from the SCS outyielded both control cultivars from the FCS and one standard control. However, only two lines, A 785 and A 774, from the SCS outyielded the best standard control, cultivar Carioca, by an average of 7.7%. Both lines were derived from interracial populations involving high-yielding parents possessing positive general combining ability for seed yield. Most improved lines from the SCS possessed higher yield per day and higher disease resistance. No apparent changes were recorded in days to maturity and 100-seed weight for high-yielding lines. Late-maturing lines usually had lower yield and yield per day.Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris, small-seeded common bean, seed yield, cycles of selection, intra- and interracial crosses
AC Prairie Gold proso millet
Authors: Kiehn F.A.
Published: April 2011

AC Prairie Gold is a cultivar of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.). It has early maturity with seed yields 12% greater than Crown, a registered forage cultivar. The large, smooth, shiny, yellow-gold colored seed is suitable for the birdfeed market.Key words: Proso millet, cultivar description, birdfeed
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) cultivar response to boron deficiency
Authors: Shelp B. J. , Penner R. , Zhu Z.
Published: April 2011

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) cultivar, Commander, characterized by low susceptibility to the hollow stem disorder commonly associated with boron (B) deficiency was compared to one with high susceptibility (cv. Stolto) and to two which are grown commercially (cvs. Baccus and Premium Crop). Beginning 3 wk after germination plants grown in a glasshouse in vermiculite were supplied continuously with a nutrient solution containing adequate B (0.5 mg L−1) or none (deficient), or were supplied initially with 0.5 mg B L−1 up to the initiation of inflorescence development after which no B was supplied. All cultivars showed visible symptoms of B deficiency (leaf midrib cracking, stem corkiness, necrotic lesions and hollowing in the stem pith) and reductions in shoot fresh weight with the zero B treatment, but Commander was least affected. Also, the B concentrations of the florets from Commander were highest and showed the lowest percent decline relative to the 0.5 mg B L−1 treatment. When B was removed from the nutrient solution at initiation of inflorescence development, the B concentrations of the florets and young leaves of all cultivars were higher than in the zero B treatment. Compared to the 0.5 mg B L−1 treatment, the B concentrations of old leaves from all cultivars were reduced, but only in Premium Crop was the floret B significantly decreased.Key words: Boron nutrition, Brassica, broccoli, nutrient deficiency, retranslocation
Differences in the reaction of sunflower hybrids to sclerotinia wilt
Authors: Rashid K. Y. , Dedio W.
Published: April 2011

Commercial sunflower hybrids were evaluated from 1988 to 1990 for their reaction to sclerotinia wilt in naturally infested fields in southern Manitoba. Significant differences in disease incidence were recorded between sunflower hybrids which ranged from 8 to 33%, with some hybrids consistently showing < 10% infected plants. The disease incidence was consistently low in some hybrids indicating genetic resistance to sclerotinia. The effects of sclerotinia wilt on yield, kernel density, kernel weight and oil content of 16 selected sunflower hybrids were also assessed for 3 yr. The yield was reduced drastically in diseased plots, especially in 1988 and 1990, and ranged from 16 to 43% of the healthy control plots. The low reduction in yield, in some hybrids, under natural disease infestation indicated that these hybrids were tolerant to the disease. Sclerotinia wilt significantly reduced the kernel density by 2–14% in different hybrids. Kernel weight was generally increased by up to 18% in diseased plots. Oil content was reduced by 4–9% in the sclerotinia-infected plots but differences were nonsignificant between hybrids.Key words: Helianthus annuus, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, sclerotinia wilt, yield, kernel weight, kernel density, oil content
Alfalfa plant death during the summer versus the winter in interior British Columbia
Authors: Stout Darryl G. , Acharya S. N. , Huang H. C. , Hanna M. R.
Published: April 2011

Single plants of 12 alfalfa (Mediccigo sativa L.) cultivars, chosen to represent a range of winter hardiness and resistance to verticillium wilt (Verticillium albo-atrum), were space planted to determine the time of plant death during the year. Plant mortality was assessed in spring and fall for three consecutive years. The relationship between plant survival during summer or winter and the cultivars’ resistance to verticillium wilt or fall growth was examined. During the first 2 yr of this field study, natural mortality during both summer and winter ranged from 1.0 to 2.1%. But by the third year an average of 9% of the plants died during the summer. Survival during the third summer was correlated (r = 0.76, P = 0.004) with the veritcillium wilt resistance measured using a greenhouse screening test, but was not correlated with fall growth of the cultivars. During the third winter, plant death for all cultivars averaged 67%. Survival of a cultivar during the winter was negatively correlated (r = −0.84, P = 0.001) with its fall growth, but not with its verticillium wilt resistance. These results indicate that programs to develop alfalfa cultivars with long-term persistence in the interior region of British Columbia should include both fall growth and verticillium wilt resistance in their selection criteria.Key words: Verticillium wilt, winter injury, fall dormancy, winter hardiness, stand persistence
Characterization of barley silage – maturity relationships for Central Alberta
Authors: Baron V. S. , Dick A. C. , Wolynetz M. S.
Published: April 2011

Production of high-quality whole-plant barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) silage requires an understanding of the relationships among whole-plant percent dry matter (WPDM), whole-plant yield parameters reflecting both whole plant and kernel maturity, grain-to-straw ratio (harvest index) and in vitro digestible organic matter (IVDOM) over the grain-filling period. Eight six-row, standard-type barley cultivars, representative of the range of maturity and stature of cultivars recommended for grain production in Alberta, were grown at Lacombe, Alberta during 1983 and 1984. Seven weekly whole-plant harvests were carried out on each cultivar beginning at heading. Fresh and dry weights on whole-plant and kernel fractions at each harvest allowed calculation of the essential parameters. Regression analyses were used to determine whether several production-related response variables could be predicted from variables such as WPDM, days after heading and cumulative growing degree days (DD) greater than 5 °C after heading. All cultivars exhibited similar trends with DD after heading for these relationships over two years of very different climatic conditions. IVDOM did not vary (P > 0.05) during the growing seasons indicating that IVDOM content cannot be a criterion for determining harvest date. Other relationships indicated that if whole-plant harvest occurred at 30% WPDM it would precede the time of maximum whole-plant yield and grain maturity by 160 and 208 DD, respectively, resulting in a loss in potential whole-plant yield of about 17%. Cultivars which produce more herbage but are too late maturing for grain production could be used to offset this yield loss and there may be a place in barley breeding programs for late-maturing, tall, strong-strawed cultivars specifically for silage production. For havest index, a large difference (8%) between years indicated that a simple relationship between harvest index and DD was not adequate to routinely predict grain content in barley silage.Key words: Silage, whole-plant maturity, barley, forage, yield
Genotype variation in BOAA, condensed tannins, phenolics and enzyme inhibitors of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus)
Authors: Deshpande S. S. , Campbell C. G.
Published: April 2011

Genotypic variability in the neurotoxin, beta-N-oxalyl-amino-L-alanine (BOAA), condensed tannins and phenolics, and protein inhibitors of trypsin, chymotrypsin and alpha-amylase was investigated in 100 lines of Lathyrus sativus (grass pea) germplasm maintained at the Morden Research Station. The ranges for these antinutrients (overall means in the parentheses) were as follows: BOAA 0.22–7.20 (2.95) g kg−1, condensed tannins 0.0–4.38 (1.17) g kg−1, trypsin inhibitor 133–174 (155) units mg−1, chymotrypsin inhibitor 0–23 (10) units mg−1, and alpha-amylase inhibitor 3.6–91.4 (35.2) units g−1. Condensed tannins were positively correlated with the seed coat pigmentation, with coloured genotypes containing greater levels of tannins. The wide range in condensed tannins suggests that selection for low levels of this antinutrient should be feasible. Whereas the low levels of chymotrypsin and amylase inhibitors in L. sativus may not pose any serious problems in animal and human nutrition, further screening of a larger germplasm is required to identify genotypes containing low/no levels of the trypsin inhibitor.Key words: Lathyrus sativus, tannins, phenolics, enzyme inhibitors, grass pea, BOAA
Soybean nodulation and grain yield as influenced by N-fertilizer rate, plant population density and cultivar in southern Quebec
Authors: Chen Zhengqi , MacKenzie A. F. , Fanous M. A.
Published: April 2011

Optimum soybean (Glycine max (L) Merr.) production requires information on the interaction between cultivars, population densities and fertilizer nutrients as related to climate and region. Consequently, field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of N-fertilizer rate, plant population and cultivar on soybean nodulation and grain yield on two soils in southern Quebec. N-fertilizer application consistently depressed soybean nodulation, but it improved soybean growth where initial soil inorganic-N levels were low. High plant population densities had little effect on individual plant nodulation, but they increased fresh nodule mass per unit area. Grain yields were increased with high plant population densities. The two cultivars tested, Apache and Maple Arrow, generally produced similar grain yields on the Ste. Rosalie soil, where yields were low due to moisture stress or low initial inorganic-N levels. On the more productive Ormstown soil, Apache produced higher grain yields than Maple Arrow.Key words: Glycine max (L.) Merr., N fertilization, plant population, nodulation, grain yield
Response of no-till winter wheat to nitrogen fertilization and drought stress
Authors: Johnston A. M. , Fowler D. B.
Published: April 2011

The yield of recrop winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a function of the interaction between agronomic management and the prevailing environment. Eight field trials were conducted over 2 yr on Dark Brown and Black Chernozemic soils in Saskatchewan to determine the influence of fertilizer-N rate and time of application on the early-season crop development and water use of no-till seeded winter wheat. Ammonium nitrate was surface broadcast on one of three schedules: as early as possible (early); 67% early and 33% at the beginning of stem elongation (split): or 3 wk after early (late), at rates of 0, 67, 134 and 202 kg N ha−1. In 1987, N fertilization resulted in the development and maintenance of a larger leaf-area index (LAI) and increased leaf conductance, leading to higher dry matter (DM) yield at anthesis and harvest. High air temperatures increased evaporative demand in 1988 and hastened crop development. Early-season response of both LAI and tiller number to fertilizer-N were abruptly terminated, followed by rapid pre-anthesis senescence in 1988. On average, 43% of harvest DM had accumulated by anthesis in 1987, compared with 78% in 1988. Although early N application increased and maintained LAI over late N in three of the eight trials, tiller responses to early N application were lost before anthesis under the environmental stress encountered. Increases in water-use efficiency of DM production with added N were a reflection of DM responses and not water use. Most of the soil water was extracted pre-anthesis, with on average 98% of post-anthesis evapotranspiration (ET) coming from rainfall. Maximum ET was associated with periods of high rainfall. Pre-anthesis DM yield increases associated with fertilizer-N, and dependence of post-anthesis ET on rainfall, resulted in increased plant stress and reduced leaf conductance during grain filling with fertilizer-N additions. Early correction of N deficiencies were required to efficiently utilize rainfall and stored soil water for biomass production under the recrop conditions used to produce no-till winter wheat in Saskatchewan’s semi-arid environment.Key words: Winter wheat, N application time, drought, water-use efficiency