bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multitasking Immune Sp185/333 Protein, rSpTransformer-E1, and Its Recombinant Fragments Undergo Secondary Structural Transformation upon Binding Targets
Authors: Lun Cheng Man , Bishop Barney M. , Smith L. Courtney
Published: February 2017

The purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, expresses a diverse immune response protein family called Sp185/333. A recombinant Sp185/333 protein, previously called rSp0032, shows multitasking antipathogen binding ability, suggesting that the protein family mediates a flexible and effective immune response to multiple foreign cells. Bioinformatic analysis predicts that rSp0032 is intrinsically disordered, and its multiple binding characteristic suggests structural flexibility to adopt different conformations depending on the characteristics of the target. To address the flexibility and structural shifting hypothesis, circular dichroism analysis of rSp0032 suggests that it transforms from disordered (random coil) to α helical structure. This structural transformation may be the basis for the strong affinity between rSp0032 and several pathogen-associated molecular patterns. The N-terminal Gly-rich fragment of rSp0032 and the C-terminal His-rich fragment show unique transformations by either intensifying the α helical structure or changing from α helical to β strand depending on the solvents and molecules added to the buffer. Based on these results, we propose a name change from rSp0032 to rSpTransformer-E1 to represent its flexible structural conformations and its E1 element pattern. Given that rSpTransformer-E1 shifts its conformation in the presence of solvents and binding targets and that all Sp185/333 proteins are predicted to be disordered, many or all of these proteins may undergo structural transformation to enable multitasking binding activity toward a wide range of targets. Consequently, we also propose an overarching name change for the entire family from Sp185/333 proteins to SpTransformer proteins.
Lived experiences of parents of premature babies in the intensive care unit in a private hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa
Authors: Steyn Erika , Poggenpoel Marie , Myburgh Chris
Published: February 2017

Background: Many of the 15 million premature babies born worldwide every year survive because of advanced medical interventions. Their parents have intense experiences when their babies are in the intensive care unit (ICU), and these have an impact on their thoughts, feelings and relationships, including their relationships with their premature babies. Objectives: The aim of the study was to explore and describe the lived experiences of parents of premature babies in an ICU. Method: Research design was qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual. A purposive sample of parents with premature babies in an ICU in a private hospital in Johannesburg Gauteng in South Africa was used. Eight parents, four mothers and four fathers, married and either Afrikaans or English-speaking, were included in the study. Data were collected by conducting in-depth phenomenological interviews with them and making use of field notes. Trustworthiness was ensured by implementing the strategies of credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability. Ethical principles such as autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence and justice were adhered to throughout the research process. Results: Thematic analyses were utilised to analyse the data. Two themes in the experiences of parents with premature babies in ICU became apparent. Parents experienced thoughts, emotions and hope while their premature babies were in the ICU as well as challenges in their relationships and these challenges influenced their experiences. Recommendations: Mindfulness of intensive care nurses should be facilitated so that intensive care nurses can promote the mental health of parents with premature babies in the ICU. Conclusion: Parents with premature babies in the ICU have thoughts and emotional experiences which include hope and they affect parents’ relationships.
Adherence to guidelines on prophylaxis of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in the National Cancer Institute, Sudan
Authors: Elhassan Moawia M.A. , Ali Arwa A.S.A. , Elmustafa Mohamed O.M.
Published: February 2017

Objective: To evaluate the adherence to American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) guidelines for antiemetic prophylaxis of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and assess the outcomes of the prescribed antiemetic drugs.
 Methods: This prospective, observational study enrolled chemotherapy-naive cancer patients who were admitted to the National Cancer Institute between May and July 2015 for intravenous chemotherapy. Patient’s demographic data, chemotherapy protocols and types of antiemetic drugs were collected by reviewing patients’ files, chemotherapy prescription forms and interviewing the patients.
 Results: The data revealed that 90% of pre-chemotherapy antiemetic prescriptions did not adhere to antiemetic guidelines. The trends of non-adherence included an overuse of ondansetron (14%), under-prescribing of dexamethasone (16%) and corticosteroid duplication (14%). Regarding antiemetic use for the prevention of delayed emesis, the data showed that 90% of antiemetic prescriptions were non-adherent with ASCO guidelines, with overuse of ondansetron (20%) and metoclopramide (37%) and lack of dexamethasone prescriptions (80%) on days 2 and 3 being the most frequently reported trends. The percentage of patients with complete response (no emesis or rescue therapy) over 5 days post chemotherapy was 36%.
 Conclusion: The study indicated an extremely low adherence rate to ASCO guidelines for antiemetic prophylaxis of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. Non-adherence included a trend of both underuse and overuse of indicated antiemetic medications.
The counter-terrorist campus: Securitisation theory and university securitisation – Three Models
Authors: Gearon Liam
Published: February 2017

With intensified threats to global security from international terrorism, universities have become a focus for security concerns and marked as locus of special interest for the monitoring of extremism and counter-terrorism efforts by intelligence agencies worldwide.Drawing on initiatives in the United Kingdom and United States, I re-frame three – covert, overt and covert–overt – intersections of education, security and intelligence studies as a theoretical milieu by which to understand such counter-terrorism efforts.Against the backdrop of new legislative guidance for universities in an era of global terrorism and counter-terrorism efforts by security and intelligence agencies and their Governments, and through a review of Open-Source security/intelligence concerning universities in the United Kingdom and the United States, I show how this interstitial (covert, overt and covert– overt) complexity can be further understood by the overarching relationship between securitisation theory and university securitisation.An emergent securitised concept of university life is important because de facto it will potentially effect radical change upon the nature and purposes of the university itself.A current-day situation replete with anxiety and uncertainty, the article frames not only a sharply contested and still unfolding political agenda for universities but a challenge to the very nature and purposes of the university in the face of a potentially existential threat. Terrorism and counterterrorism, as manifest today, may well thus be altering the aims and purposes of the university in ways we as yet do not fully know or understand. This article advances that knowledge and understanding through a theoretical conceptualisation: the counter-terrorist campus.
Electromagnetic Compatibility Measurement Procedure for Vehicle Components-Part 22-Immunity to Radiated Magnetic Fields
Authors:   Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
Published: February 2017

This SAE Standard specifies the test methods and procedures for vehicle components to determine the components immunity to radiated magnetic fields.
Electromagnetic Compatibility Measurement Procedures and Limits for Vehicle Components (Except Aircraft)--Conducted Immunity, 15 Hz to 250 kHz--All Leads
Authors:   Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
Published: February 2017

This document is an SAE Standard and covers the requirements for determining the immunity characteristics of automotive electronic equipment, subsystems, and systems to EM energy injected individually onto all leads. This test may be used over the frequency range of 30 Hz to 250 kHz. The method is applicable to all input, output, and power leads. The method is particularly useful in evaluating DUTs with acoustic or visible display functions.
Vehicle Event Data Interface-Vehicular Data Extraction
Authors:   Event Data Recorder Committee
Published: February 2017

This Recommended Practice is intended to define a common method
for determining how to extract Event Data from a motor vehicle,
including the Event Data Set needed to output the Event Record of
data elements defined in SAE J 1698. It is intended for use by
those developing tools for the purpose of Event Data Set
extraction.

This Recommended Practices aims to utilize existing industry
standards to define a common physical interface and the protocols
necessary to Event Data Set extraction. To accomplish this, the SAE
J 1962 Diagnostics Connector has been designed the primary physical
interface and associated industry standard diagnostic protocols
have been designated for communications.
Measurement of Radiated Emissions from Integrated Circuits -- TEM/Wideband TEM (GTEM) Cell Method; TEM Cell (150 kHz to 1 GHz), Wideband TEM Cell (150 kHz to 8 GHz)
Authors:   Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) Standards
Published: February 2017

This measurement procedure defines a method for measuring the electromagnetic radiation from an integrated circuit (IC). The IC being evaluated is mounted on an IC test printed circuit board (PCB) that is clamped to a mating port (referred to as a wall port) cut in the top or bottom of a TEM or wideband TEM (GTEM) cell. The test board is not in the cell as in the conventional usage but becomes a part of the cell wall. This method is applicable to any TEM or GTEM cell modified to incorporate the wall port; however, the measured RF voltage is affected by the septum to test board (wall) spacing. This procedure was developed using a 1 GHz TEM cell with a septum to wall spacing of 45 mm and a GTEM cell with average septum to wall spacing of 45 mm over the port area. Other cells may not produce identical spectral output but may be used for comparative measurements, subject to their frequency and sensitivity limitations. A conversion factor may allow comparisons between data measured on TEM or GTEM cells with different septum to wall spacing. The IC test board controls the geometry and orientation of the operating IC relative to the cell and eliminates any connecting leads within the cell (these are on the backside of the board, which is outside the cell). For the TEM cell, one of the 50 ohm ports is terminated with a 50 ohm load. The other 50 ohm port for a TEM cell, or the single 50 ohm port for a GTEM cell, is connected to the input of a spectrum analyzer or receiver that measures the RF emissions emanating from the IC and coupled onto the septum of the TEM cell (see Figure 1).
Reduced Physical Layer, 250K bits/sec, Un-Shielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
Authors:   Truck Bus Control and Communications Network Committee
Published: February 2017

As described in the SAE J1939 document, there is a minimum of seven documents required to fully define an SAE J1939 network. This document, SAE J1939-15, describes a physical layer utilizing Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cable. The SAE J1939 Recommended Practice documents are intended for light- and heavy-duty vehicles on- or off-road as well as appropriate stationary applications which use vehicle derived components (e.g., generator sets). Vehicles of interest include but are not limited to: on- and off-highway trucks and their trailers; construction equipment; and agricultural equipment and implements.
The purpose of the J1939 documents is to provide an open interconnect system for electronic systems. It is the intention of these documents to allow electronic devices to communicate with each other by providing a standard architecture.
Connections for On-Board Road Vehicle Electrical Wiring Harnesses Part 2: Tests and General Performance Requirements
Authors:   Electrical Distribution Steering Committee
Published: February 2017

This SAE Standard defines tests methods and general performance requirements of single-pole and multiple connectors for on-board electrical wiring harnesses of road vehicles.

These requirements are not intended for connections internal to electronic devices.

This document applies to connectors designed to be disconnected after mounting in the vehicle in the case of repair and/or maintenance.
Navigation and Route Guidance Function Accessibility While Driving
Authors:   Safety and Human Factors Standards Steering Committee
Published: February 2017

This document applies to both Original Equipment Manufacturer and aftermarket route-guidance and navigation system functions for passenger vehicles. It establishes two alternative procedures, a static method and an interrupted vision method, for determining which navigation and route guidance functions should be accessible to the driver while the vehicle is in motion. These methods apply only to the presentation of visual information and the use of manual control inputs to accomplish a navigation or route guidance task.

The document does not apply to visual monitoring tasks which do not require a manual control input, such as route following. Voice-activated controls or passenger operation of controls are also excluded.

There are currently no compelling data that would support the extension of this document to in-vehicle systems other than navigation systems.
Protocol To Verify Performance of New Xenon Arc Test Apparatus
Authors:   Textile and Flexible Plastics Committee
Published: February 2017

This Recommended Practice is for use by contractual parties to verify new xenon arc test apparatus ability to perform SAE J1885, J1960, J2412, J2527, or other as specified.
Dimensional Specifications for Metallic Body Push-To-Connect Fittings Used on a Vehicle Air Brake System
Authors:   Air Brake Tubing and Tube Ftg Committee
Published: February 2017

This SAE Standard covers general and dimensional specifications for brass bodied reusable Push-to-Connect tube fittings for use in the piping of vehicular air brake systems. This type of fitting is intended for use with nylon tubing per SAE J844. Performance requirements for SAE J844 are covered in SAE J1131. See SAE J1131 for the Performance Requirements of Reusable (Push-to-Connect) Fittings Intended for Use in Automotive Air Brake Systems and U.S. Department of Transportation FMVSS 571.
Recommended Practice for Pass-Thru Vehicle Programming
Authors:   Vehicle E E System Diagnostic Standards Committee
Published: February 2017

This SAE Recommended Practice provides the framework to allow reprogramming software applications from all vehicle manufacturers the flexibility to work with multiple vehicle data link interface tools from multiple tool suppliers. This system enables each vehicle manufacturer to control the programming sequence for electronic control units (ECU's) in their vehicles, but allows a single set of programming hardware and vehicle interface to be used to program modules for all vehicle manufacturers. This document does not limit the hardware possibilities for the connection between the PC used for the software application and the tool (e.g., RS-232, RS-485, USB, Ethernet...). Tool suppliers are free to choose the hardware interface appropriate for their tool. The goal of this document is to ensure that reprogramming software from any vehicle manufacturer is compatible with hardware supplied by any tool manufacturer. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the California Air Resources Board (ARB) have proposed requirements for reprogramming vehicles for all manufacturers by the aftermarket repair industry. This document is intended to meet those proposed requirements for 2004 model year vehicles. Additional requirements for the 2005 model year may require revision of this document, most notably the inclusion of SAE J1939 for some heavy-duty vehicles. This document will be reviewed for possible revision after those regulations are finalized and requirements are better understood. Possible revisions include SAE J1939 specific software and an alternate vehicle connector, but the basic hardware of an SAE J2534 interface device is expected to remain unchanged.
ITIS Phrase Lists (International Traveler Information Systems)
Authors:   V2X Core Technical Committee
Published: February 2017

This SAE Standard provides a table of textual messages meeting the requirements for expressing "International Traveler Information Systems" (ITIS) phrases commonly used in the ITS industry. The tables provided herein follow the rules of SAE J2540 and therefore allow a local representation in various different languages, media expressions etc., to allow true international use of these phrases. The phrases are predominantly intended for use in the description of traffic related events of interest to travelers and other traffic practitioners. Other phrases exit for other specific specialty areas of ITS, and all such phrases follow a set of encoding and decoding rules outlined in SAE J2540 to ensure that the use of these phrases in messages remain interoperable between disparate types of user equipment.

Implementers are cautioned to obtain the most recent set of tables by means of the ITS data registry, a process which involves the SAE and other standards setting organizations and which is intended to maintain and enhance the level of harmonization among ITS standards set by each of the organizations.

This document SHALL define the normative index values to be used to provide phrases needed by ITS practitioners. This document provides non-normative textual phrases which MAY be used by implementers to ensure intelligible results. This document SHALL follow the formats and rules established in SAE J2540 in the expressions, manipulations, and use of such tables.

It should be pointed out that within the rules established by this document a variety of final tables are all considered "compliant" with the document, and may vary as fits the needs of implementers.
Engine Intake Air Water Separation Test Procedure
Authors:   Air Cleaner Test Code Standards Committee
Published: February 2017

This water separation section has been established to cover heavy-duty engine intake filter systems. It may also be applicable to some automotive and industrial air inlet systems where water separation is an issue.
Standardized Dent Resistance Test Procedure
Authors:   Sheet and Strip Steel Committee
Published: February 2017

These test procedures were developed based upon the knowledge that steel panel dent resistance characteristics are strain rate dependent. The “quasi-static” section of the procedure simulates real world dent phenomena that occur at low indenter velocities such as palm-printing, elbow marks, plant handling, etc. The indenter velocity specified in this section of the procedure is set to minimize material strain rate effects. The dynamic section of the procedure simulates loading conditions that occur at higher indenter velocities, such as hail impact, shopping carts, and door-to-door parking lot impact.

Three dent test schedules are addressed in this procedure. Schedule A is for use with a specified laboratory prepared (generic) panel, Schedule B is for use with a formed automotive outer body panel or assembly, and Schedule C addresses end product or full vehicle testing. These schedules are targeted at sheet steel samples obtained at different points in an auto/steel product development cycle. A multiple schedule approach has been utilized to maximize dent test method flexibility and thereby allow both the steel producers and end users to benefit from a standardized approach. Extrapolating results from one schedule to another, however, may not be valid and could result in erroneous conclusions.

For “quasi-static” testing, each test schedule provides a load-displacement curve for a given material, either as-stamped or after assembly, under a prescribed set of conditions such as specified strain state, specimen geometry, boundary conditions, indenter type, etc. In order to obtain the most information about dynamic denting behavior comparable in scope to the quasi-static testing, it is necessary to use high speed measuring and recording equipment. If use of this equipment is cost-prohibitive, other dynamic dent evaluations use a drop weight, pendulum, or air gun to fire a projectile at the test surface. For this latter type of dynamic testing, only the impact energy is calculated and the dent depth measured after impact. This information may be sufficient to measure some aspects of dent resistance in the absence of high-speed measuring and recording equipment, but the indenter speed/energy interaction will not be captured. Uniform methods for calculating panel property characteristics such as stiffness and oil canning load are presented. A format for reporting test results is suggested. Using this procedure, reproducible values of “dent resistance” should be obtained in different laboratories.
Multi-Dimensional Thermal Properties of Insulated Heat Shield Material Systems
Authors:   Materials, Processes and Parts Council
Published: February 2017

This test method measures the system material properties of an insulated formed heat shield under in-vehicle conditions. While the material properties of the individual components can often be determined via existing test methods, the system properties of the entire composite is typically much harder to ascertain (especially for multi-layer shields). System material properties include thermal conductivity in the lateral or in-plane (x) direction, thermal conductivity through the thickness or perpendicular (y), surface emissivity on the top and bottom sides of the shield and specific heat of the shield material.
Fifth Wheel and Gooseneck Attachment Performance Up to 13 608/kg (30 000/lb) Trailer GVW
Authors:   Trailer Committee
Published: February 2017

This document establishes minimum performance criteria and definition of terms for the towing interface between a towing vehicle and fifth wheel or gooseneck trailer at or below 13 608 kg (30 000 lb) gross trailer weight. This establishes criteria for the hitch, tow vehicle attachment structure, trailer attachment structure, and coupling.
Torque Ratings for Power Take-off Mounting Pads
Authors:   Truck and Bus Powertrain Committee
Published: February 2017

This SAE Recommended Practice is intended to serve as a reference for the amount of torque that a Power Take-Off can induce on the transmission mounting pad. This document will apply to six-bolt, eight-bolt, and rear mounted power take-offs.
STRSW (Squeeze Type Resistance Spot Welding) Equipment Acceptance Criteria for the Collision Repair Industry
Authors:   Motor Vehicle Council
Published: February 2017

This SAE Recommended Practice provides a minimum standard for evaluating squeeze-type resistance spot welding (STRSW) equipment and minimum weld performance criteria for two-sided automotive collision repair welding. This document contains several standardized test methods that are designed for evaluating equipment performance in a laboratory environment.
Reduced Effort Brakes and Reduced Effort Vacuum Powered Brake Backup Systems
Authors:   Adaptive Devices Standards Committee
Published: February 2017

This Information Report relates to a special class of automotive adaptive equipment which consists of modifications to the power brake booster systems provided as original equipment of motor vehicles. These modifications are generically called "Reduced Effort Power Brakes" (REPB) The purpose of the modification is to lower the amount of driver effort required to apply the brakes. Retention of reliability, ease of use and maintainability for disabled drivers, passengers, and the general public is of primary concern. Reduced Effort Power Brake modifications should be qualified by the tests referenced in the Recommended Test Procedure. The tests set forth in that procedure should be applied, and failure of a Reduced Effort Power Brake modification to meet those tests should disqualify the modification from the claim of meeting the specifications of this Information Report. Because this is an Information Report, the numerical values for performance measurements presented in this report and in the accompanying Test Procedure, while based upon the best knowledge available at the time, have not been validated by a testing of the Test Procedure.
Reduced Effort Power Steering and Power Steering Backup Systems
Authors:   Adaptive Devices Standards Committee
Published: February 2017

This Information Report relates to a special class of automotive adaptive equipment which consists of modifications to the hydraulic control mechanism of Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) power steering systems provided as original equipment on personally licensed vehicles. These modifications are generically called "reduced effort power steering". The purpose of the modification is to lower the amount of driver effort required to operate the steering system. Retention of reliability, ease of use for physically disabled drivers and maintainability are of primary concern. Because this is an Information Report, the numerical values for performance measurements presented in this report and in the accompanying Test Procedure, while based upon the best knowledge available at the time, have not been validated by a testing of the Test Procedure.
Emotional Reflexivity and the Guiding Principle of Objectivity in an Inter-Disciplinary, Multi-Method, Longitudinal Research Project
Authors: Mckenzie John Stephen
Published: February 2017

This paper demonstrates how emotional reflexivity can help researchers aspire to the benchmark of objectivity. It will be argued that emotional exchanges during interviews with research participants can enhance understanding based on the author's research experiences in an inter-disciplinary, multi-method, longitudinal study of low-energy, social housing in Aberdeen, Scotland. It will then be demonstrated that emotional reflexivity allowed the researcher to identify how his feelings of empathy with the household occupants, who had had a negative experience, developed and how he began to share their frustrations and disappointments with the Council. This allowed him to locate himself within the research field, and help him understand how this influenced his representation of this group. This consequently allowed him to moderate his focus on the negative experiences of some occupants and produce a more comprehensive account of the full range of the householders’ perspectives. In conclusion, it will be argued that emotional reflexivity can help researchers maintain the guiding principle of objectivity whilst locating the researcher within the field and therefore can provide an effective means of negotiating the pitfalls of the reflexive turn.
Classification of summertime synoptic patterns in Beijing and their associations with boundary layer structure affecting aerosol pollution
Authors: Miao Yucong , Guo Jianping , Liu Shuhua , Liu Huan , Li Zhanqing , Zhang Wanchun , Zhai Panmao
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Meteorological conditions within the planetary boundary layer (PBL) are closely governed by large-scale synoptic patterns and play important roles in air quality by directly and indirectly affecting the emission, transport, formation, and deposition of air pollutants. Partly due to the lack of long-term fine-resolution observations of the PBL, the relationships between synoptic patterns, PBL structure, and aerosol pollution in Beijing have not been well understood. This study applied the obliquely rotated principal component analysis in T-mode to classify the summertime synoptic conditions over Beijing using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction reanalysis from 2011 to 2014, and investigated their relationships with PBL structure and aerosol pollution by combining numerical simulations, measurements of surface meteorological variables, fine-resolution soundings, the concentration of particles with diameters less than or equal to 2.5 µm, total cloud cover (CLD), and reanalysis data. Among the seven identified synoptic patterns, three types accounted for 67 % of the total number of cases studied and were associated with heavy aerosol pollution events. These particular synoptic patterns were characterized by high-pressure systems located to the east or southeast of Beijing at the 925 hPa level, which blocked the air flow seaward, and southerly PBL winds that brought in polluted air from the southern industrial zone. The horizontal transport of pollutants induced by the synoptic forcings may be the most important factor affecting the air quality of Beijing in summer. In the vertical dimension, these three synoptic patterns featured a relatively low boundary layer height (BLH) in the afternoon, accompanied by high CLD and southerly cold advection from the seas within the PBL. The high CLD reduced the solar radiation reaching the surface, and suppressed the thermal turbulence, leading to lower BLH. Besides, the numerical sensitive experiments show that cold advection induced by the large-scale synoptic forcing may have cooled the PBL, leading to an increase in near-surface stability and a decrease in the BLH in the afternoon. Moreover, when warm advection appeared simultaneously above the top level of the PBL, the thermal inversion layer capping the PBL may have been strengthened, resulting in the further suppression of PBL and thus the deterioration of aerosol pollution levels. This study has important implications for understanding the crucial roles that meteorological factors (at both synoptic and local scales) play in modulating and forecasting aerosol pollution in Beijing and its surrounding area.
Regional responses of surface ozone in Europe to the location of high-latitude blocks and subtropical ridges
Authors: Ordóñez Carlos , Barriopedro David , García-Herrera Ricardo , Sousa Pedro M. , Schnell Jordan L.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. This paper analyses for the first time the impact of high-latitude blocks and subtropical ridges on near-surface ozone (O3) in Europe during a 15-year period. For this purpose, a catalogue of blocks and ridges over the Euro–Atlantic region is used together with a gridded dataset of maximum daily 8 h running average ozone (MDA8 O3) covering the period 1998–2012. The response of ozone to the location of blocks and ridges with centres in three longitudinal sectors (Atlantic, ATL, 30–0° W; European, EUR, 0–30° E; Russian, RUS, 30–60° E) is examined. The impact of blocks on ozone is regionally and seasonally dependent. In particular, blocks within the EUR sector yield positive ozone anomalies of  ∼  5–10 ppb over large parts of central Europe in spring and northern Europe in summer. Over 20 and 30 % of the days with blocks in that sector register exceedances of the 90th percentile of the seasonal ozone distribution at many European locations during spring and summer, respectively. The impacts of ridges during those seasons are subtle and more sensitive to their specific location, although they can trigger ozone anomalies above 10 ppb in northern Italy and the surrounding countries in summer, eventually exceeding European air quality (AQ) targets. During winter, surface ozone in the north-west of Europe presents completely opposite responses to blocks and ridges. The anticyclonic circulation associated with winter EUR blocking, and to a lesser extent with ATL blocking, yields negative ozone anomalies between −5 and −10 ppb over the UK, northern France and the Benelux. Conversely, the enhanced zonal flow around 50–60° N during the occurrence of ATL ridges favours the arrival of background air masses from the Atlantic and the ventilation of the boundary layer, producing positive ozone anomalies of  ∼  5 ppb in an area spanning from the British Isles to the northern half of Germany. We also show that multiple linear models on the seasonal frequency of occurrence of these synoptic patterns can explain a considerable fraction of the interannual variability in some winter and summer ozone statistics (mean levels and number of exceedances of the 90th percentile) over some regions of western Europe. Thus, this work provides the first quantitative assessments of the remarkable but distinct impacts that the anticyclonic circulation and the diversion of the zonal flow associated with blocks and ridges exert on surface ozone in Europe. The findings reported here can be exploited in the future to evaluate the modelled responses of ozone to circulation changes within chemical transport models (CTMs) and chemistry–climate models (CCMs).
The concentration, source apportionment and deposition flux of atmospheric particulate inorganic nitrogen during dust events
Authors: Qi Jianhua , Zhang Ruifeng , Chen Xiaojing , Lin Xuehui , Gao Huiwang , Liu Ruhai
Published: February 2017

Abstract. To understand the impacts of long-range transport on particulate inorganic nitrogen associated with dust in downwind areas, aerosol samples were collected in the Qingdao coastal region on dust and non-dust (ND) days in spring from 2008 to 2011. The concentrations of water-soluble ions were measured by ion chromatography, with metal elements detected using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Compared to atmospheric aerosols collected on ND days, samples from dust days exhibited higher concentrations of particles and crustal elements. Total aerosol particle concentrations increased by a factor of 5.9 on average dust days. On dust days, the average concentrations of crustal elements (Sc, Al, Fe, Ca and Mg) increased by over a factor of four relative to those on ND days. The inorganic nitrogen content increased 1.2 to 9.2-fold during some dust events in which storms were weak or slow moving and reactions occurred during transport. By contrast, nitrate and ammonium exhibited very low concentrations (
Possibility for an infrared sounder as IASI to document the HCOOH
chemistry in biomass burning plumes
Authors: Pommier Matthieu , Clerbaux Cathy , Coheur Pierre-Francois
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Formic acid (HCOOH) concentrations are often underestimated by models and its chemistry is highly uncertain. HCOOH is, however, among the most abundant atmospheric volatile organic compounds and it is potentially responsible for rain acidity in remote areas. HCOOH data from the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) are analyzed from 2008 to 2014, to estimate enhancement ratios from biomass burning emissions over seven regions. Fire-affected HCOOH and CO total columns are defined by combining total columns from IASI, geographic location of the fires from MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the surface wind speed field from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Robust correlations are found between these fire-affected HCOOH and CO total columns over the selected biomass burning regions, allowing the calculation of enhancement ratios equal to 7.30 × 10−3±0.08 × 10−3 mol/mol over Amazonia, 11.10 × 10−3±1.37 × 10−3 mol/mol over Australia, 6.80 × 10−3±0.44 × 10−3 mol/mol over India, 5.80 × 10−3±0.15 × 10−3 mol/mol over Southern East Asia, 4.00 × 10−3±0.19 × 10−3 mol/mol over Northern Africa, 5.00 × 10−3±0.13 × 10−3 mol/mol over Southern Africa, and 4.40 × 10−3±0.09 × 10−3 mol/mol over Siberia, in a fair agreement with previous studies. The comparison with other studies highlights a possible underestimation by 60 % of emission or a secondary production of HCOOH by Siberian forest fires while the studied fire plumes originating from Southern African savanna could suggest a limited secondary production of HCOOH or a limited sink. In comparison with data set characterizing emissions, it is also shown that the selected agricultural burning plumes captured by IASI over India and Southern East Asia correspond to recent plumes where the chemistry or the sink do not occur.
Direct radiative effects of dust aerosols emitted from the Tibetan
Plateau on the East Asian summer monsoon – a regional climate
model simulation
Authors: Sun Hui , Liu Xiaodong , Pan Zaitao
Published: February 2017

Abstract. While dust aerosols emitted from major Asian sources such as Taklimakan and Gobi Deserts have been shown to have strong effect on Asian monsoon and climate, the role of dust emitted from Tibetan Plateau (TP) itself, where aerosols can directly interact with the TP heat pump because of their physical proximity both in location and elevation, has not been examined. This study uses the dust coupled RegCM4.1 regional climate model to simulate the spatiotemporal distribution of dust aerosols originating in the TP and their radiative effects on the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) during both heavy and light dust years. Two 20-year simulations with and without the dust emission from TP showed that direct radiative cooling in the mid-troposphere induced by the TP locally produced dust aerosols resulted in an overall anticyclonic circulation anomaly in the low-troposphere centered over the TP region. The northeasterly anomaly in the EASM region reduces its strength considerably. The simulations found a significant negative correlation between the TP column dust load produced by local emissions and the corresponding anomaly in the EASM index (R=−0.41). The locally generated TP dust can cause surface cooling far downstream in eastern Mongolia and northeastern China through stationery Rossby wave propagation. Although contribution to the total Asian dust source from within TP (mainly Qaidam Basin) is relatively small, its impacts on Asian monsoon and climate seems disproportionately large, likely owning to its higher elevation within TP itself.
Cyanobacterial endobionts within a major marine planktonic calcifier (Globigerina bulloides, Foraminifera) revealed by 16S rRNA metabarcoding
Authors: Bird Clare , Darling Kate F. , Russell Ann D. , Davis Catherine V. , Fehrenbacher Jennifer , Free Andrew , Wyman Michael , Ngwenya Bryne T.
Published: February 2017

Abstract. We investigated the possibility of bacterial symbiosis in Globigerina bulloides, a palaeoceanographically important, planktonic foraminifer. This marine protist is commonly used in micropalaeontological investigations of climatically sensitive subpolar and temperate water masses as well as wind-driven upwelling regions of the world's oceans. G. bulloides is unusual because it lacks the protist algal symbionts that are often found in other spinose species. In addition, it has a large offset in its stable carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions compared to other planktonic foraminifer species, and also that predicted from seawater equilibrium. This is suggestive of novel differences in ecology and life history of G. bulloides, making it a good candidate for investigating the potential for bacterial symbiosis as a contributory factor influencing shell calcification. Such information is essential to evaluate fully the potential response of G. bulloides to ocean acidification and climate change. To investigate possible ecological interactions between G. bulloides and marine bacteria, 18S rRNA gene sequencing, fluorescence microscopy, 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed on individual specimens of G. bulloides (type IId) collected from two locations in the California Current. Intracellular DNA extracted from five G. bulloides specimens was subjected to 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding and, remarkably, 37–87 % of all 16S rRNA gene sequences recovered were assigned to operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from the picocyanobacterium Synechococcus. This finding was supported by TEM observations of intact Synechococcus cells in both the cytoplasm and vacuoles of G. bulloides. Their concentrations were up to 4 orders of magnitude greater inside the foraminifera than those reported for the California Current water column and approximately 5 % of the intracellular Synechococcus cells observed were undergoing cell division. This suggests that Synechococcus is an endobiont of G. bulloides type IId, which is the first report of a bacterial endobiont in the planktonic foraminifera. We consider the potential roles of Synechococcus and G. bulloides within the relationship and the need to determine how widespread the association is within the widely distributed G. bulloides morphospecies. The possible influence of Synechococcus respiration on G. bulloides shell geochemistry is also explored.
Ba incorporation in benthic foraminifera
Authors: de Nooijer Lennart J. , Brombacher Anieke , Mewes Antje , Langer Gerald , Nehrke Gernot , Bijma Jelle , Reichart Gert-Jan
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Barium (Ba) incorporated in the calcite of many foraminiferal species is proportional to the concentration of Ba in seawater. Since the open ocean concentration of Ba closely follows seawater alkalinity, foraminiferal Ba/Ca can be used to reconstruct the latter. Alternatively, Ba/Ca from foraminiferal shells can also be used to reconstruct salinity in coastal settings where seawater Ba concentration corresponds to salinity as rivers contain much more Ba than seawater. Incorporation of a number of minor and trace elements is known to vary (greatly) between foraminiferal species and application of element/Ca ratios thus requires the use of species-specific calibrations. Here we show that calcite Ba/Ca correlates positively and linearly with seawater Ba/Ca in cultured specimens of two species of benthic foraminifera, Heterostegina depressa and Amphistegina lessonii. The slopes of the regression, however, vary 2–3 fold between these two species (0.33 and 0.78, respectively). This difference in Ba-partitioning resembles the difference in partitioning of other elements (Mg, Sr, B, Li and Na) in these foraminiferal taxa. A general trend across element partitioning for different species is described, which may help developing new applications of trace elements in foraminiferal calcite in reconstructing past seawater chemistry.
Manure nitrogen production and application in cropland and rangeland during
1860–2014: A 5-minute gridded global data set for Earth system modeling
Authors: Zhang Bowen , Tian Hanqin , Lu Chaoqun , Dangal Shree R. S. , Yang Jia , Pan Shufen
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Given the important role of nitrogen input from livestock system in the terrestrial nutrient cycles and the atmospheric chemical composition, it is vital to have a robust estimation of the magnitude, spatiotemporal variation of manure nitrogen production and the application to cropland and rangeland across the globe. In this study, we used the dataset from Global Livestock Impact Mapping System (GLIMS) in conjunction with country-specific annual livestock population to reconstruct the manure nitrogen production from 1860 to 2014. The estimated manure nitrogen production increased from 21.4 Tg N yr−1 in 1860 to 131.0 Tg N yr−1 in 2014, with a significant increasing trend during 1860–2014 (0.7 Tg N yr−1, p < 0.01). Changes in manure nitrogen production exhibited highly spatial variability and concentrated in several hotspots (e.g., Western Europe, India, Northeast China and Southeast Australia) across the globe over the study period. In the 1860s, northern mid-latitude accounted for ~ 52 % of the global total manure production, while tropical region became the largest share (~ 48 %) in the recent five years (2010–2014). Among all the continents, Asia accounted for over one-fourth of the global manure production during 1860–2014. Cattle dominated the manure nitrogen production and contributed ~ 44 % of the total manure nitrogen production in 2014, followed by goat, sheep, chicken and swine. The manure nitrogen production applied to cropland and rangeland accounts for less than one-fifth of the total manure nitrogen production over the study period. The 5-arc minute gridded global data set of manure nitrogen production generated from this study could be used as an input for global or regional land surface/ecosystem models to evaluate the impacts of manure nitrogen on key biogeochemical processes and water quality, and the best management practices of manure nitrogen applications to cropland and rangeland across the globe could be important for food security and environmental sustainability. Datasets available at: doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.871980.
Testing the Effect of Technical Analysis Strategies on Achieving Abnormal Return: Evidence from Egyptian Stock Market
Authors: El Ansary Osama , Atuea Mona
Published: February 2017

This study examined the effect of using inter and exit signals of three of the most common used technical analysis strategies on achieving abnormal return compared with the buy and hold strategy in the Egyptian security market. The tests were done using data for short term, relatively long term, during bull and bear market. Using bootstrap methodology and wilcoxon/mann-whitney test for daily closing prices during the period from 1-1-1998 to 14-1-2016, the results indicated that; First, market timing with technical analysis yields more return and reduces risk in general. Second, short term investing is not recommended at all, as it is less profitable even than bear market period. Third, in long term and during bull market technical analysis is more profitable than short term. Fourth, technical analysis importance have been reduced during the last few years due to the effect of the Egyptian revolution on the security market. As for investors, they should use technical analysis trading rules to determine when to enter and exit the market, so that they can improve their investment decisions, as it leads to achieve abnormal return and reduces risk more than buy and hold strategy in all cases, while pay more attention for the current and political events than before.
The Nonlinear Dynamic Relationship between Stock Prices and Exchange Rates in Asian Countries
Authors: Sakemoto Ryuta
Published: February 2017

This study explores dynamic relationships between stock prices and exchange rates in Asian countries. These relationships are complex and include both linear and nonlinear relationships. We employ a nonparametric causality test to explore them. The nonparametric causality test is more robust to a nonlinear relationship. The empirical results reveal that most countries have bi-directional causality relationships between stock prices and exchange rates. Some relationships are not captured by the linear model. These results support the theoretical model which shows dynamic interactions between stock and exchange rate markets. This study investigates the main driver to generate the nonlinear causality relatioships. The empirical results present that the main source for the nonlinearity is the volatility effects. In particular, they were substantial during the Asian and global financial crises. After controlling for the volatility effects, only one country shows the bi-directional causality relationship. In contrast to the previous studies, this study shows that the volatility effects are important between different asset markets. These findings suggest that controlling for exchange rate markets may be helpful to mitigate turmoil during a financial crisis.