bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Time of Cholera
Authors: Arnold David
Published: January 2023

Cholera, the ur-pandemic of the nineteenth century, had its undisputed origins in South Asia, becoming pandemic from 1817 onwards. The chapter examines the historical and epidemiological reasons why deltaic Bengal proved so conducive to the production and spread of this disease. The waterborne character of cholera underpinned its association with Hindu bathing festivals and epidemics linked to the absence of clean drinking water during famines; a connection via water is also made to migrant Indian labor and the health of the army. In considering whether cholera created a sense of human injustice or was regarded as natural misfortune, the chapter discusses vernacular ideas of disease-causing and disease-preventing deities as well as the colonial preoccupation with climate as a determinant of disease and the manner of its spread. It describes the gradual introduction of a colonial public health system, including from the 1890s prophylactic inoculation, but further intervention was held back by the regime's fear of provoking an Indian backlash through the use of more overtly coercive measures.
Orphans of the Storm
Authors: Arnold David
Published: January 2023

Returning to the question of mortality, the chapter reflects on the various estimates of deaths from influenza made at the time and the unreliability of the statistical data. It measures the experience of those who survived the pandemic as widows and orphans against the paucity of post-pandemic labor and the incentives famine and contagion created for labor migration within India. It turns to the question of memory and memorialization and considers why, despite the extreme incidence of sickness and mortality, there appears to have been so little recollection of the pandemic in India in contrast to the memorialization of the dead of World War I and the Gandhi-led nationalist upsurge of the postwar years. While thus not part of the established historical narrative of modern India and Indian nationhood, there is nonetheless testimony to the grief and suffering experienced by individuals, just as the pandemic mortality in India in 1918–19 subsequently became a dramatic marker for anticipating or measuring subsequent pandemic episodes.
Trump’s Withdrawal from the JCPOA
Authors: Monshipouri Mahmood
Published: January 2023

In this chapter, I critically assess Trump's Iran policy within the larger context of the Middle East with an eye toward gauging the net results of this policy and its wide-ranging implications. The key question raised in this chapter is whether or not the application of the "maximum pressure" policy yielded the outcome favoured by the Trump administration. This chapter argues against this contention, demonstrating how the Trump administration's disjointed and dangerous policy of "maximum pressure" pushed Iran further into the arms of Russia and China, and revealing other detrimental regional implications from the failed policy.
Conflict Minerals, Inc.
Authors: Vogel Christoph N.
Published: January 2023

In the twenty-first century, the relationship between violent conflict and natural resources has become a matter of intense public and academic debate. As a result of fervent activism and international campaigning, the flagship case of "conflict minerals" has captured global attention. This term groups together the artisanal tin, tantalum (coltan), tungsten and gold originating from war zones in Central Africa. Known as "digital minerals" for their use in high-end technology, their exploitation and trade have been singled out in numerous media and United Nations reports as a key driver of violence, provoking an unprecedented popular outcry and prompting transnational efforts to promote "conflict-free", ethical mining. Focusing on the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, Conflict Minerals, Inc. is the first comprehensive analysis of this phenomenon. Based on meticulous investigation and long-term fieldwork, this book analyzes why the campaign against "unethical" mining went awry, and radically disrupted eastern Congo's political economy. It dissects the evolution of the conflict minerals paradigm, the policy responses it triggered and their impact on artisanal miners. Vogel demonstrates how Western advocacy and policy have relied on colonial frames to drive change, and how White Saviorism perpetuates structural violence and inequality across global supply and value chains.
Ethical Monopolies
Authors: Vogel Christoph N.
Published: January 2023

This chapter combines ethnographic insights with survey data into the impact of transnational minerals regulation. Through the prism of iTSCi, a private sector-led mineral traceability initiative, it explains how due diligence and transnational regulation impact local livelihoods, market access, and the fluidity of property regimes. The chapter explains how new, incoming regulation contributes to disarticulating supply chains and creating buyer-end monopolies. Justified by the need to offer due diligence by tracing mineral bags from mines to markets, iTSCi works through a territorializing logic of incorporating specific mining sites into its clean supply chains. This, the chapter highlights, has two major implications. In those sites included in the traceability scheme, local producers are forced into monopsony (buyer-end monopoly) and face pressure due to the lack of competition among trading houses and smelters. In other mining sites, not (yet) partaking in the scheme, miners are de facto excluded from access to legal markets. Both scenarios lead to decreasing local revenue. The chapter then closes with a broader reflection on the disjuncture between the demands of Western consumers and the livelihoods of mining communities in eastern Congo. It argues, similar to other policy fields, that the definition of global values and morality is a highly contested and diverse playing field.
Epilogue
Authors: Pacheco Pardo Ramon
Published: January 2023

South Korea is no "shrimp among whales" anymore as of 2022. It has one of the strongest democracies in the world, one of the ten largest economies in the world, a globally recognized culture, and a society that makes its leaders accountable. At the same time, South Korea has to adapt and respond to issues and changes affecting fellow developed countries, such as higher levels of inequality, declining birth rates and an ageing society, the changing role and expectations of women, or growing immigration and multiculturalism. Looking at the country's history, one can predict that South Korea will continue to evolve, adapt to change, and successfully strengthen its democracy, develop its economy, promote its culture, and bring social change.
Introduction
Authors: Winter Charlie
Published: January 2023

This chapter sets out the research questions, describes the source data, runs through key definitions, and provides a structural synopsis.
The Army
Authors: Winter Charlie
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on the Islamic State's framing of its military forces as a collective entity. Deployed alongside photographs of the warrior mujāhidīn, images glorifying the broader military machine within which they were fighting tended to manifest in three ways: pictures of battle-ready squadrons, weapons systems, and war spoils. Together, and working in harmony with the image frames described in the previous chapter, this subgenre of photo-propaganda continuously reiterated three underlying ideals, each of which was implied to characterize the essential nature of the Islamic State's military machine: professionalism; power; and supremacism. Through them, the Islamic State positioned its forces as equivalent to the standing armies of modern nation-states and, hence, a manifestation of Salafi-jihadism that was uniquely capable of fighting its enemies as equals
Conclusion
Authors: Winter Charlie
Published: January 2023

This chapter draws together key findings from the book and considers the overarching implications of the Islamic State's uniquely expansive and ambitious approach to propagandistic war photography.
The Political Game
Authors: Elhoudaiby Ibrahim
Published: January 2023

Rejecting the dualism of politics and professional football, this study explores the genealogy of Egypt's football league--the oldest league in Africa and the Middle East. I take the league's inauguration to be an uncertain outcome of a complex historical process, at the heart of which was the emergence of clubs as sites for negotiating Egyptian nationalism and organizing sports and youth under British colonial rule. While accepting the inseparability of football and politics, I contend that such a view falls short of capturing the politics of the game. It takes professional football to be a platform on which (inter)national politics (the purview of formal political institutions) plays out, and not a political terrain in its own right. But professional football is not just a sport played by athletes. It is, more importantly, a game organized by clubs, associations, and other corporations that are invested in forming subjects, distributing power, and organizing the collective lives of teams and fans alike—all of which are political matters par excellence. Professional football does not therefore merely overlap with politics: it is politics. The very organization of a football league is ipso facto political, and it is inseparable from the broader contestations of power that were taking place in colonial Egypt.
Beyond Soft Power
Authors: Al-Arian Abdullah
Published: January 2023

Beginning with the premise that “soft power” explanations fall short in explaining fully the ways by which states utilize football toward their political objectives, this chapter pursues a more expansive exploration of the political uses of football within authoritarian contexts among states in the Middle East and North Africa regions. Specifically, it argues that states have found uses of football as a tool for acquiring legitimacy in the face of internal and external threats. It demonstrates this by highlighting five categories of state instrumentalization of football. Utilizing cases studies that span the region over a two-decade period, it showcases state uses of football to legitimize neo-imperial control, to stabilize authoritarian transitions of power, to ward off external threats, to achieve goals of securitization, and to deflect criticism of unpopular policies in a practice known as sportswashing. Though they have appeared under different circumstances and have taken on a variety of forms, all of these state uses of football share the desire for legitimacy. The cases under examination demonstrate the limits of football as a form of legitimation, given its inability to address underlying concerns on the part of domestic and international audiences.
To See and be Seen
Authors: Akhavan Niki
Published: January 2023

Given football's popularity, one might expect the Iranian state to embrace football and the opportunities it affords for mobilizing nationalist sentiments and exercising state symbolic power. Yet football has become a site for contestation and not consensus. Iranian football is both a literal and figurative arena for challenging the state's social policies, particularly as they pertain to women. The state's policies on football and football spectatorship--in-person spectatorship or broadcasting--reflect both the inconsistencies of an internally divided power structure and the attempts of that power structure to maintain control on how Iranian sport and society are defined. To show these dynamics at work, this chapter addresses key developments and debates inside Iran around football stadium and broadcasting policies. Using two football-related incidents from 2019 as case studies, the chapter also shows how football in contemporary Iran has become a central site for political action and social change enacted by the state, activists, and ordinary citizens. It concludes that while contemporary Iranian football is a game, political theater, and a powerful opportunity for challenging the state, the state has not relented in its attempts to claim football as a site for asserting state power and state legitimacy.
Post-Authoritarian Governance and Elusive Stability
Authors: Zayani Mohamed
Published: January 2023

In the midst of the turmoil that ensued after the Arab uprisings and put the MENA region on an uncertain course, Tunisia charted for itself a unique path. Embracing a new culture of democracy based on freedoms, pluralism, peaceful rotation of power, and civic engagement, it emerged for some time as a lone "success story" of democratization, peaceful transition, and civil rule. In spite of these achievements, Tunisia finds itself facing daunting challenges, which are impeding its transition and hindering its ability to consolidate the gains it has made since the revolution. Although Tunisia has fared better than other Arab states shaken by revolutions, its transition has been uneasy and its democracy fledgling. A decade after its revolution, the country faces formidable political, economic, social, and security challenges. Particularly noteworthy is the instability of the political scene, the slow pace of reform, deepening economic difficulties, enduring social unrest, the unrealized aspirations of the youth, the elusiveness of social justice, and the unfulfilled promises for development in the inner regions. Increasingly, these challenges are locking the country in a liminal state that is characterized by perpetual fragility.
The Tunisian Transition and Authoritarianism in the Middle East
Authors: Ottaway Marina
Published: January 2023

The Tunisian transition, triggered by the uprising of 2010-11, has resulted in a democratic system that reflects the realities of democracy as it is in practice, not an ideal and unrealistic concept of democracy. The outcome, unique so far among countries that experienced uprisings in 2011, is due to a number of internal factors. The most important factors include a combination of structural conditions, the deeply embedded political pluralism that had survived repressive regimes; agency, in the form of capable leadership; an element of luck; and a degree of pragmatism as major players accepted the politics of the possible rather than of absolute principles and ideals. These internal factors were crucial, particularly considering that the international context was unfavorable and had at best a minor impact. Significantly, though, Tunisia paid a price to become democratic, trading success in achieving some form of democracy for failure to carry out the substantive reforms that many of its citizens expected. As a result, many Tunisians, particularly among the youth, are disillusioned about the outcome of the transition and believe that the formation of a democratic system does not make up for the absence of concrete socioeconomic changes.
Tunisia’s Re-Invigorated Civil Society
Authors: Hudáková Zuzana
Published: January 2023

Following the departure of Ben Ali in January 2011, Tunisian civil society has witnessed a profound transformation. Thousands of new civil society organizations (CSOs) have mushroomed around the country, more than doubling the total number of associations over the last decade. Driven by a resurgence of citizen activism, as well as the availability of foreign funding, the Tunisian civil society landscape has also become more diverse. Tracing the historical development of Tunisian civil society, as well as the general trends in the evolution of both new and established CSOs, the chapter highlights the diversity of civil society, including in its roles, issues of concern, and approaches to activism. Located between political parties and social movements, CSOs have an important function as both mediators and actors in their own right. In particular, CSOs have played a crucial role in both steering the democratic transition, as well as increasing citizen participation and articulation of societal interests in the public sphere. However, as an increasing disillusionment with the Tunisian democratic transition demonstrates, a strong, vibrant civil society might be an important element of democratization but it is not a panacea for all the problems faced by the country on its path to democracy.
Mobilization in Tunisia Post-2011
Authors: Weipert-Fenner Irene
Published: January 2023

Social contention in Tunisia has changed substantially since the 2011 revolution. This chapter differentiates between three distinct phases. From 2011 to 2013, political protests along lines of polarization between Islamist and secular forces were dominant during the struggle over the political transition. After the re-institutionalization of the political system from 2014 to 2017, socioeconomic protests at the local level erupted over particular issues such as unemployment. Outbursts of discontent occasionally amounted to regional waves of contention, but the protesters tended to remain isolated from one another. During this second phase, initial attempts to campaign for socioeconomic demands developed, paving the way for more networked forms of mobilization in the third phase. Now broader in political scope, protests against austerity policies specifically targeted the budget laws of 2018 and 2019, leading to greater cooperation between different protest actors and the re-emergence of the UGTT as a key socioeconomic protest actor. This development of mobilizing social discontent partly accounts for the victory of populist individuals and parties during the 2019 elections. The question as to whether the change in political personnel will actually lead to different policies remains to be seen, but will certainly influence the future of Tunisian democracy.
Changing Security Dynamics in Tunisia
Authors: Santini Ruth Hanau
Published: January 2023

The 2016 jihadist attack on Ben Gardane represented a watershed moment for Tunisia's post-revolutionary trajectory, the capacity of the state and its institutions, and the relationship between marginalized citizens and the state. When a group of Islamic State, mostly Tunisian, militants stormed the city, counting on popular support against a distant state, their attack was met with fierce resistance by local residents who sided with Tunisian security forces and defended the city. The response to the Ben Gardane attack reveals two significant developments: The first is evolving notions and practices of security, from authoritarian regime security--which revolved around the physical and political survival of the rulers--to state security--which is premised on defending the country's borders and physical security of the population. The second is a post-Ben Gardane attack transformation into granular practices of citizens' involvement in local security practices, signalling the emergence of a new pact between the authorities and citizens. A pivotal moment in the country's fight against security threats, Ben Gardane has come to epitomize the rapidity with which rhetorically the image and perception of a local community can be transformed, but also the limited impact this has on material conditions of inequality and marginalization.
What Can Tunisia’s Past Tell Us About its Future?
Authors: Blackman Alexandra Domike
Published: January 2023

A decade after the revolution, Tunisia's process of democratization continues to transform the country's formal and informal political institutions. Despite these changes, important continuities between Tunisia today and Tunisia prior to the revolution remain. Debates around secularism, women's rights, and regional inequalities continue to dominate the national conversation, much as they did in the colonial and postcolonial periods. This chapter explores some of the long-run political patterns and critical junctures that continue to shape Tunisian politics today. It discusses the historical legacies linked to the pre-colonial, colonial, and Bourguiba and Ben Ali eras, and explores the mechanisms of persistence that connect the past and present. Focusing on two issues that remain critical today--regional inequality and the Islamist-secular cleavage--this chapter provides a critical analysis of the historical processes that have contributed to these issues since the colonial era. These case studies are of interest not only because of their continued importance in Tunisian politics, but also because the post-revolutionary period represents an opportunity for a break with past patterns.
The Sacred Depths of Nature
Authors: Goodenough Ursula
Published: January 2023

The book presents an accessible and engaging account of our science-based understandings of Nature, with a focus on biology and ecology, and then suggests ways that this account can elicit abiding and enriching non-theistic spiritual responses, generating a religious naturalist orientation. Each chapter begins with a story about the dynamics of Nature, recounting what has been called “The Epic of Evolution” or “Everybody’s Story”: our current understandings of the origins of the universe and the planet; the origins of chemistry and life; the workings of cells and organisms; the patterns of biological evolution and the resultant biodiversity; awareness and feelings; sex and intimacy; multicellularity and death; and human evolution. Each chapter then concludes with a “reflection” that articulates spiritual sensibilities elicited by these understandings, many of which are also central to traditional religions and to indigenous peoples. For example, the existence of the Cosmos invokes a sense of mystery; the exuberance of biodiversity invokes humility and reverence; the evolution of consciousness opens pathways to experiences called immanence and transcendence; and the evolution of death offers important ways to think about our forthcoming death. The final chapter, Morality and Ecomorality, explores ways that a religious naturalist orientation can anchor our quest for planetary social and environmental justice and sustainability. The book builds on the well-received first edition but has been extensively updated and revised to expand and deepen both the science-based accounts and the avenues they offer to an immersion in the sacred.
Origins of the Earth
Authors: Goodenough Ursula
Published: January 2023

In the chapter’s Narrative, the 13.8 billion year story of our universe and the 4.6 billion year story of our planet is told in sparse and evocative language: the Big Bang, the material composition and physical forces of the universe, the expansion of the universe, the formation of hydrogen atoms and the fusion of their nuclei to form helium nuclei in early stars; the forging of heavier elements during the late stages of large stars; the association of billions of stars into billions of galaxies; the Milky Way; our star and its planets; the geological history of planet Earth. In the chapter’s Reflections, the specter of cosmic and quantum alienation is considered and a Covenant with Mystery is offered as a pathway to its resolution.
How Life Works
Authors: Goodenough Ursula
Published: January 2023

The chapter’s Narrative outlines the core molecular dynamics of present-day organisms, with a consideration of DNA and RNA, protein structure and protein-protein interactions in three dimensions, enzymes as catalysts, the biophysics of membrane channels and ion gradients, biochemical cascades and signal transduction cascades, and cellular homeostasis. The chapter’s Reflections include a consideration of reductionism vs. holism. The “grunge theory of matter” is replaced by a paean to matter for all the incredible things it has achieved, followed by a consideration of the distress we may feel in considering our materiality and an invitation to invoke the spiritual practice of assent.
How an Organism Works
Authors: Goodenough Ursula
Published: January 2023

This chapter’s Narrative considers how organisms regulate the expression of their genes, and hence the levels of their encoded proteins, via complex feedback systems. These programs play out in time in response to internal and external cues and are governed by transcription factors called activators and repressors that bind to promoter sequences in DNA. In multicellular organisms, such patterns of gene expression also play out in space, with some genes expressed in some cells/tissues and not others, creating embryonic and adult forms. The chapter’s Reflections consider how the complexity and improbability of being a human self, of having a life, invites profound gratitude for and celebration of one’s existence.
Interpretations and Feelings
Authors: Goodenough Ursula
Published: January 2023

The chapter’s Narrative considers awareness as entailing interpretations of what is perceived. In animals these are guided by homeostatic feelings, generated by neuroendocrine systems, that are elicited by internal states like hunger and fatigue, and by emotional feelings generated by external stimuli, such as anger, fear, and elation. In humans, these feelings can also be elicited by memories of past experience, and they become integrated with our language-based thoughts and ideas. The chapter’s Reflections explores the various temperaments encountered in nonhuman and human apes and the feeling states that accompany a religious frame of mind, with attention given to empathy/compassion.
Sex
Authors: Goodenough Ursula
Published: January 2023

The chapter’s Narrative describes how eukaryotic sex entails the coming together of two parental genomes and their assortment into new genome configurations and hence new kinds of gametes, generating new kinds of offspring. The reader is introduced to genetic concepts such as alleles, meiosis, independent assortment, and crossing over. A detailed overview of the process is given with analogies to encyclopedia volumes and the shuffling of playing-card decks, and the evolutionary role of sex is discussed. The chapter’s Reflections consider how sex introduces the imperative that immature offspring be nurtured and our human sense that children represent the hope and promise of what we might become.
Human Morality and Ecomorality
Authors: Goodenough Ursula
Published: January 2023

The chapter’s Narrative and Reflections, which are merged, first consider how human morality derives from our communal sensibilities as a social lineage. Religious traditions mold these sensibilities into aspirational mindful virtues—compassion, fair-mindedness, reverence, and courage—that are pitted against our tendencies to be self-serving, proactively aggressive, and xenophobic. Particular attention is given to war and racism. The virtues can be broadened in scope to become eco-virtues—respecting, cherishing, nurturing, and celebrating that from which we have come and upon which we depend—sensibilities that are prominent in indigenous and Asian traditions. Ecomoral practices are suggested, and the chapter closes with a tribute to the sustainable life-styles of the lichens.
Epilogue: Emergent Religious Principles
Authors: Goodenough Ursula
Published: January 2023

The epilogue offers emergent religious principles in the context of the naturalist perspective presented in this book. These principles include taking on ultimacy and orienting oneself in the universe; offering gratitude for the gift of the planetary matrix and its creatures; experiencing reverence for the planetary matrix and its creatures and humility when considering our Earthly context; and committing to nurture and compassion in our human relationships and in our planetary presence. A Credo of Continuation—the continued flourishing of life, including human life—is offered as the foundation of the author’s Faith. A weaving metaphor is presented for the integration of our religions of origins with naturalist perspectives.
Epilogue: The Religious Naturalist Orientation
Authors: Goodenough Ursula
Published: January 2023

The foundations of this orientation, infused throughout the book, are summarized here. A naturalist is defined as one who adopts Everybody’s Story as a core narrative. A religious person self-orients within a core narrative, and develops responses to that narrative along three axes: the interpretive (e.g. what does it tell me about the meaning of life and my life?), the spiritual (inward states such as reverence, gratitude, humility, and joy), and the moral/ethical (outward virtue-laden responses to family, community, and the natural world). A religious naturalist explores these three axes in the context of Everybody’s Story, usually without employing God language, taking nature to both mind and heart. Many religious-naturalist sensibilities are to be found in the teachings, rituals, and art of the traditional religions.
Motivation Resides Only in Our Language, Not in Our Mental Processes
Authors: Murayama Kou
Published: January 2023

Motivation is, in the author’s view, a convenient linguistic construct that subjectively explains a coherent series of phenomena or subjective experiences without explicitly referring to underlying behavioral, psychological, and neural processes. Many motivation theories suppose that types of motivation exist in our mind. But most human decision-making processes can be sufficiently explained without supposing the concept of motivation. Rather, motivation is a consequence of our active psychological construction of underlying psychological decision-making processes. This can be illustrated by using the reward-learning model of autonomous knowledge acquisition as an example. This model explains autonomous behavior, and it does so without supposing any specific types of motivation.
Two Routes to the Self-Regulation of Motivation and Goals
Authors: Gollwitzer Peter M. , Bargh John A.
Published: January 2023

Motivation and goals are two different things. Motivation strength is determined by how much the person desires a future outcome as well as by the perceived feasibility of reaching it. Goal strength is determined by the commitment to realize it. The self-regulation of motivation can thus be achieved by heightening the desirability and feasibility of future outcomes (e.g., by highlighting their attractiveness and reachability), whereas the self-regulation of goals is achieved by strengthening goal commitment (e.g., by setting specific challenging goals). Such self-regulation can be further advanced by engaging in self-regulatory strategies that facilitate the translation of one’s motivation into binding goals and by the translation of one’s goals into successful action. These two self-regulation strategies may be used separately and in combination.
Transactions Among Motivation, Emotion, and Cognition
Authors: Schutz Paul A.
Published: January 2023

The question, “Can you distinguish motivation from cognition and emotion?,” tends to create a theoretical illusion that motivation, emotion, and cognition can be measured and researched separately. However, when the research focuses on actual transactions occurring within particular activity settings nested within social-historical contexts, it becomes hard to distinguish where motivation ends and emotion or cognition begins. Researchers basically use these constructs or distinctions while trying to make sense out of human activity. At a theoretical and/or variable level, they may be able to suggest that there are distinctions among these three constructs and even develop separate measures. However, when the lens is changed to look at an actual activity which emerges over a designated period of time, the author suggests that the usefulness of those construct distinctions becomes much harder to maintain.
How Does Context Shape Motivation?
Authors: Bong Mimi
Published: January 2023

Motivation arises in response to a goal, and it then operates within and interacts with an ever-evolving context. Sound motivational principles, therefore, should take into consideration the critical influence of contexts on motivation. While much is known about motivation in general, little is known about how motivation changes with context. For motivation science to have greater practical relevance, three questions about how context shapes motivation need to be resolved. First, does context change motivation? Second, which among many possible motivational beliefs determines action in a particular context? Third, is special motivation needed in a context that require intense engagement?
When It Comes to Motivating Others, What’s Easy Is Not Always What Works
Authors: Patall Erika A.
Published: January 2023

“If you finish your dinner, you can have dessert” is a phrase uttered nightly by millions of parents. At the core of this phrase is the belief that the best way to get people do something is to offer a reward or impose a consequence. Rewards and consequences do control behavior, which makes it seem like motivating others is pretty easy. You just need to find something the person likes (or dislikes). But it’s not nearly that simple. If you want to encourage motivation that creates long-lasting, high-quality behavior rather than makes people feel like vulnerable pawns, you need to tap into a person’s inner resources, including their interests, values, and identities. At the heart of optimally motivating others is taking their perspective and using it to create an environment that supports their inner resources.
Motivating People
Authors: Anderman Eric M.
Published: January 2023

Motivation is not a one-size-fits-all science. Whenever the question, “How do we motivate people?” is posed, the answer necessarily needs to be “It depends . . . ”. It depends on whom one is trying to motivate, and it depends on what one is trying to motivate that person to do. The author of this essay presents several real-world examples to illustrate this point. Similarly, the author also provides several strategies that can be offered to motivate people, each of which acknowledges that the recommended strategy depends on “who” is being motivated and “what” they are being motivated to do.
A Control-Value Approach to Affective Growth
Authors: Pekrun Reinhard
Published: January 2023

Control-value theory (CVT) can be used to understand and promote affective growth. The theory explains how emotion and motivation are shaped by individual appraisals of control and value as well as situational conditions, and how all three factors impact thought, action, and performance. Emotions and motivation are linked with these antecedents (control, value) and outcomes by reciprocal effects over time, which opens up various possibilities to manage emotions and motivate people. As the author of this essay explains, according to CVT, four major motivation strategies include modifying appraisals, enhancing personal competencies, changing emotional and motivational reactions, and changing situational factors.
Improving Social Contexts Can Enhance Student Motivation
Authors: Wentzel Kathryn R.
Published: January 2023

How can we motivate school-aged children to achieve both personal and socially valued goals? In their pursuit of these school-related goals, students ask questions such as, “Can I do this?”, “Is this an interesting thing to do?”, “What am I supposed to do?”, “Does anybody care?”, and “Why will I succeed or fail?” Parents, teachers, and peers provide answers to these questions through their communication of values and expectations for social and academic accomplishments, their provisions of help and offering of social support, and their creation of an emotionally supportive and safe environment within which students can learn and interact with each other in positive ways.
What Teachers Need to Know About Promoting Student Motivation to Learn
Authors: Patrick Helen
Published: January 2023

Student motivation is an important issue for teachers because low motivation undermines teachers’ efforts to help students learn. Researchers have accumulated a considerable body of research that addresses how teachers can promote their students’ motivation. In this essay, the author condenses much of this research into five principles which, when addressed by teachers, promote students’ adaptive motivation to learn by helping students want to learn, helping students learn, helping students recognize they are learning, communicating the teacher’s interest in the material, and communicating that the teacher wants to help students learn and that the teacher can do so. These jargon-free principles have been distilled from research that represents a range of motivational theories and use a variety of methodologies.
Motivational Researchers Must Move Beyond Linear Models to Consider Motivational Processes as Part of a Complex System
Authors: Linnenbrink-Garcia Lisa
Published: January 2023

The development of motivation occurs as part of a complex, dynamic system. However, the majority of research on motivational beliefs does not adequately account for this complexity. For instance, researchers often study a specific form of motivation in isolation, examining its relation to engagement or learning after controlling for all other factors. However, this seems unlikely to reflect how various forms of motivation combine to shape engagement and learning. It also overlooks multiple patterns of development and assumes that motivational supports function in the same way across different individuals. This dominant perspective limits our understanding of motivational phenomena. Remedies are needed and suggested.
Gregory of Nyssa
Authors: Cain Emily R.
Published: January 2023

Gregory of Nyssa’s In Canticum Canticorum (Homilies on the Song of Songs) allegorically interprets the Song of Songs as the love between God and humanity and offers a rich collection of metaphors to illustrate the love and desire that draw the human to the divine. Within this collection of metaphors, the one that best illustrates Gregory’s depiction of the mystical ascent and union with God is that of visual perception in general, and the mirror more specifically, following Gregory’s interpretation of 1 Corinthians 13:12, “For now we see in a mirror, dimly, but then we will see face to face.” It is precisely vision’s subjectivity that allows it to become the prime metaphor for human mutability, and it is the enigmatic nature of this Pauline mirror that points to divine incomprehensibility, both of which merge to offer a foundation for Gregory’s doctrine of perpetual progress. Gregory breaks from the other authors of this project to reimagine vision’s subjectivity, along with human mutability, as the very foundation for growth and progress.
Conclusion
Authors: Cain Emily R.
Published: January 2023

Eyes and mirrors have long played a significant role in our collective imaginings, functioning in art, stories, metaphors, and scientific debates. The conclusion explores this significance of visual perception today and in antiquity to show that how we think we see says something about who we think we are, what we think we can know, and how we can act. Drawing from metaphor theory, it demonstrates vision’s link to discursive struggles over claims of Christian identity, Christian authority, and Christian epistemology. This final chapter ends by pointing to further areas of research relating to disability studies and epistemology.
Structures of Suppression
Authors: Waseem Zoha
Published: January 2023

This chapter traces the historical origins of policing in Karachi, situating the police as critical actors in the city's governance and politics. It also discusses how, with the creation of the post-colonial state in Pakistan, specific challenges emerged for state security institutions and efforts were made to retain the colonial policing apparatus.
The Other Brother
Authors: Waseem Zoha
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines how Pakistan's police culture is affected by the civil-military dynamics at large, with a special focus on the relationship between the police and a paramilitary force. It critically examines how the existence of a paramilitary force, the Sindh Rangers, affects the work, legitimacy, and culture of the civilian police.
Introduction
Authors: Charlton-Stevens Uther
Published: January 2023

Introducing readers to the mixed-race group officially designated as Anglo-Indians since 1911 (and previously referred to as Eurasians, East Indians, Indo-Britons or, more pejoratively as "half-castes"), the chapter begins with the internationally famous examples of film stars Merle Oberon and Boris Karloff. The prism of their respective film careers highlights how changes of name and passing as white or European was one major strand of the wider experience of this group. The intertwined social, economic, and political position of the mixed in colonial India is then drawn out through a discussion of cinematic, televisual, and literary depictions of the Anglo-Indian dilemma towards the end of empire--caught between imperialism and nationalism--particularly through the film adaptation of John Masters' novel Bhowani Junction. Anglo-India as an imagined space within British India or "the Raj" is explored in relation to the external stereotypes and internal realities of Anglo-Indian monarchism, empire loyalism, identification with Britishness, and loyalty to Britain as an imagined homeland which, through migration, offers one possible route of escape, in the face of decolonisation and the looming threat of aggrieved and vengeful anticolonial Indian nationalism. An overview of existing literature on and by Anglo-Indians is followed by detailed book chapter summaries.
Forging a ‘Mixed-Race’ Community in India
Authors: Charlton-Stevens Uther
Published: January 2023

Mixed-race origins and mixedness (métissage) in India are detailed from the first arrival of Europeans through early phases of community formation in the nineteenth century. Initial open-mindedness towards interracial sex is explained principally in terms of religious/denominational (i.e. Catholic vs. Protestant) and national rivalries between European powers. To secure Anglican/English predominance in initially tenuous colonial footholds, intermarriages with local or mixed-race women were at first officially sanctioned and financially incentivised. Social closure against the mixed, forcing their separation into a distinct and largely self-contained group (endogamy), followed a series of economic prohibitions on their employment in East India Company service from 1786–1808, triggering an increasing political self-consciousness within the group, articulated in a series of petitions to company state and imperial metropole in the 1820s. The reasons for this dramatic policy reversal are debated, alongside analysis of how a contrary attitude towards mixed-race women permitted them to retain a more elevated position, allowing for a prolongation of widespread "miscegenation" through the early nineteenth century. Thereafter the growth of racial and color prejudice is explored through literary sources and the emergence of so-called "scientific racism". Economic displacements from clerkships were followed by increasing employment by the group in the railways.
Contesting Anglo-India
Authors: Charlton-Stevens Uther
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines discordant left-wing voices. Whilst Kenneth Wallace subsequently focused on practical problems, like unemployment and demography, intellectually he and Cedric Dover championed pan-Eurasianism--rejecting the 1911 redesignation of the group and seeking to make common cause with other mixed-race peoples of the European empires, thereby laying the imaginative groundwork for a potential mixed-race nation of Eurasia. Dover became famous for his subsequent career in Britain and the United States and what Nico Slate refers to as his "colored cosmopolitanism". However, the main thrust of his interdisciplinary work Half-Caste articulated this vision alongside his efforts to debunk Nazi pure race theory pseudoscience and to establish, "scientifically" (in terms of eugenics), the genetic superiority of people of mixed-race (i.e. heterozygosity). Others argued in favour of racial absorption into whiteness through mate selection. What united the efforts of those of wildly different political viewpoints was their shared desire to build up racial self-respect and a positive sense of group identity. The chapter's other major theme--racial passing--was, by contrast, largely an attempt to dissociate from the group. Primarily an individual strategy, it facilitated access to better employment and marriage prospects within the elaborately gradated socioracial hierarchy of British colonial society.
Anglo-India Under Siege
Authors: Charlton-Stevens Uther
Published: January 2023

This chapter emphasizes Anglo-Indian roles defending the colonial state, and intertwined anxieties concerning their future in a self-governing India. Anglo-Indians served in the police, the Intelligence Branch, and the Raj's strategically sensitive transport and communication infrastructure, principally the railways, telegraphs, and customs services. After the disbandment of the Anglo-Indian Force/AIF following the conclusion of the Great War, Army authorities refused to recognise Anglo-Indians as a "martial race", substituting de facto compulsory enlistment in the Auxiliary Force (India)/AF(I). Nonetheless, despite ongoing discrimination, Anglo-Indians remained keen to volunteer for the Royal Air Force/RAF during the Second World War. In these military and auxiliary roles Anglo-Indians policed anticolonial terrorism, infrastructural/industrial sabotage, civil unrest, and intercommunal conflict, especially Hindu-Muslim. British parliamentary debates over Anglo-Indians' future involved Winston Churchill and Clement Attlee, while the proposals of the Cripps Mission of 1942 stunned Henry Gidney, encouraging agricultural colonisation in McCluskiegunge (founded by Earnest Timothy McCluskie) and the Britasian League of Calcutta's proposed Andaman Islands scheme. Colonisation assumed various guises-- Europeanising, Christianising, segregationist, confidently mixed, or pan-Eurasiainist--triangulating between pro-British, pro-Indian, and separationist orientations. The chapter concludes with the discordant cases of a Nazi sympathizer and Colonel Cyril John Stracey of Subhas Chandra Bose's Indian National Army/INA.
The End of Anglo-India?
Authors: Charlton-Stevens Uther
Published: January 2023

During the Quit India movement of 1942, pressure on all Indian communities to abandon British/Western clothing in the spirit of sartorial nationalism reached fever pitch. Anglo-Indians remained attached to markers of their European ancestry, especially the topi. Dress was but one of several perceived threats to Anglo-Indians' hybridized identity. In this climate and with Indian independence imminent, Frank Anthony sought to reorient Anglo-Indians through his communal nationalist formula "Anglo-Indian by community, Indian by nationality". Despite Anthony promising the preservation of Anglo-Indians' English mother tongue and westernized culture, a significant pro-British faction opposed his prescription. After unavailing pleas to the incoming Labour government in London and their Cabinet Mission of 1946 for representation in the Constituent Assembly of India, Anthony met with Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Vallabhbhai Patel, who generously conceded three seats on the constitution-making body, enabling Anthony to achieve almost unique constitutional recognition. In Pakistan, a rival leader, Cecil Edward Gibbon, sought to rebrand Anglo-Indians as Anglo-Muslims (though Anglo-Pakistanis or "Anglos" remained more common). Some sought to register as British as an insurance against deterioration in their position whilst remaining in India and Pakistan. Others proposed colonization schemes or emigrated, principally to Anglosphere countries, resulting in a global diaspora.