bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Varieties of Bede’s Prose
Authors: Sharpe Richard
Published: February 2012

Bede’s reputation has never stood higher than today. The range of his writings is considerable. Bede composed Latin verse, the climax of secondary school education. His language has been little discussed but often praised. A recent discussion of Bede’s prose takes a statistical approach to five sample passages taken from the Historia ecclesiastica and from two of the homilies; not a single Latin sentence is quoted, and no distinctions are made between the language of the different works. Real analysis of his prose concentrates on the biblical works, which vary substantially from one another. There are two distinct agendas for study here, one focusing on the language of biblical exegesis in Latin, particularly in late antiquity, the other concerning the development of Bede’s own work in this genre. The chapter then reviews the preliminary problems that help to explain why reading the more complex of Bede’s exegetical works is so much more difficult than reading his historical prose.
Realistic Writing in the Tenth Century: Gerhard of Augsburg’s Vita S. Uodalrici
Authors: Berschin Walter
Published: February 2012

This chapter draws attention to a work that stands outside the sphere of Saxony and the Ottonian court: the Vita S. Uodalrici by Gerhard of Augsburg (composed 982×993). This work has come down in twenty-five medieval manuscripts, two of which are preserved in Oxford. Gerhard, the biographer of Ulrich, was a priest of the bishopric of Augsburg and seems to have belonged to the household of Ulrich during the last twenty years of Ulrich’s bishopric. His vocabulary is limited. Gerhard’s Vita S. Uodalrici consists of 23,103 words (not including names and numbers), but only 2,742 different lexical items are found within it. It was criticized for its mass of barbarous names and its realism within ten or fifteen years of its publication.
Introduction
Authors: Runciman W. G.
Published: February 2012

For many years, sociology in Britain has been pulled in two opposite directions, by those on the one side who want to make it into a branch of science and those on the other side who want to make it into a branch of literature. There is another two-way pull to which British sociology has been, and continues to be, subjected. This is the vertical pull exerted in one direction by those who want to give sociology its autonomy by taking it up into an intellectual space of its own where the irreducibly ‘social’ is safely detached from psychology (let alone biology) and in the other direction by those who think that sociology can be fully established only if it is firmly grounded in psychology or biology (or preferably both). Despite all these disagreements and tensions, British sociology as a recognized academic discipline does not appear to be at serious risk of being undermined by irreconcilable differences of principle or purpose.
A View from a French Sociologist
Authors: Schnapper Dominique
Published: February 2012

The French are not familiar with British sociology. As a first indicator, British sociology is hardly ever translated into French. In Britain, Anthony Giddens is the most cited and the most widely read British sociologist, along with Karl Marx, Max Weber, Emile Durkheim, and Talcott Parsons. British sociology is not well known and is rather uninfluential in France. On the one hand, its so-called ‘classical’ form, used by the 1950 generation, appears to many to be too rigorous and too marked by ‘positivism’. This type of sociology is therefore the object of criticism both on the continent and among young British sociologists. What is striking when reading British sociology is that British research has often been more rigorous than French research because it is based on fieldwork of an anthropological nature, an approach which French scholars have often been reticent about. Moreover, British researchers are more scathing, when it comes to criticism of their own nation, than their French counterparts.
The Russian Transition through the Historical Looking-glass: Gradual versus Abrupt Decontrol of Economic Systems in Britain and Russia
Authors: Davis Christopher , Foreman-Peck James
Published: February 2012

This chapter compares the Russian economic transition in the 1990s with the level of economic control in Britain following two world wars. It considers four economic systems in the UK, the USSR, and Russia during times of peace and war. The transition from a war economy in Britain after 1918 and Russia in the 1990s was primarily governed by liberal economic policies and a ‘big bang’ stabilization programme. Their rapid transitions were associated with disorganization in the economic system and problems in the reallocation of resources and the restructuring of industry. In contrast, the successful transitions in the British economy in the post-World War II period were based on continued government intervention and control. The British government pursued a gradualist policy in which wartime rationing and exchange controls were removed sequentially.
An Old Poor Law for the New Europe? Reconciling Local Solidarity with Labour Mobility in Early Modern England
Authors: Solar Peter M. , Smith Richard M.
Published: February 2012

This chapter focuses on welfare and pension benefits in the European Union. It describes how tensions between labour mobility and social solidarity affect the harmonization of social welfare regimes across the Union. An analogous situation existed at the time when a national Poor Law policy was first established. Research on how the Old Poor Law operated suggests that a number of features may be transposed to Europe in the twenty-first century. This research has itself benefitted from looking at the Old Poor Law in the broader context of the European experience with poor relief during these centuries.
Paying for Old Age: Past, Present, Future
Authors: Thomas Mark , Johnson Paul
Published: February 2012

This chapter focuses on one fundamental aspects of an ageing population — how to pay for old age, individually and collectively. It also presents a study of the history of old age support in the UK and US and concludes that despite the quite different beginnings of the public pension and social security systems, government policy in both countries has become similarly locked in to a set of institutional arrangements which were devised to respond to immediate social and economic problems, but which have acquired a rationale and a dynamic of their own.
Isaiah Berlin 1909–1997
Authors: Ryan Alan
Published: February 2012

Isaiah Berlin (1909–1997), a Fellow of the British Academy, was an extraordinary obituarist and memorialist. In the 1930s, Berlin was part of a small group of young and iconoclastic philosophers that included John Austin, Stuart Hampshire, and A. J. Ayer. Ayer was an early convert to logical positivism while Austin, Hampshire and Berlin were not. Berlin’s career was first interrupted and then spectacularly accelerated by the outbreak of World War II. The years he spent in Washington brought Berlin into close contact with the makers of American foreign policy and reshaped his sense of what he might do with his life. Even more important were his postwar encounters with Russian poets, novelists, dramatists and other intellectuals in the winter of 1945–1946. During the 1950s, Berlin became an important figure outside academic life in the broader cultural life of Britain. One of his more surprising insights was that the existence of the state of Israel was a necessity for Jews everywhere. He remained a confirmed liberal Zionist and a good friend of Chaim Weizmann, the first President of Israel.
Morris Keith Hopkins 1934–20041
Authors: Harris W. V.
Published: February 2012

Morris Keith Hopkins (1934–2004), a Fellow of the British Academy, played a key role in broadening the study of ancient history, particularly the history of Rome. Having learned historical sociology, Hopkins was able to conduct a series of structural analyses of Roman society such as had rarely if ever been attempted by previous historians. Hopkins became a real sociologist in Hong Kong, whose massive housing problem he studied. He also spent time in North America; he was a visiting professor at the University of Pennsylvania in 1974. Two major schemes occupied Hopkins’s scholarly energies during the 1970s: one was to put together the structural and sociological account of the Roman Empire which he had already been working on at intervals for several years — this was eventually to become both Conquerors and Slaves and Death and Renewal. Throughout his career as a scholar, Hopkins strove to solve fundamental and very difficult historical problems, and to do this in an exciting and immediate fashion.
Thomas Peter Ruffell Laslett 1915–2001
Authors: Dunn John , Wrigley Tony
Published: February 2012

Thomas Peter Ruffell Laslett (1915–2001), a Fellow of the British Academy, spent much of his childhood in Oxford but his secondary education took place in the Grammar School at Watford, where his father had become minister. In 1935, Laslett went up to St John’s College at the University of Cambridge to read history, graduating with a double first in 1938. In 1947, he married Janet Crockett Clark, who provided the secure and happy foundation for all his other activities over the next half century. From his childhood, well before showing any special aptitude for formal historical study, Laslett was intensely fascinated by the past inhabitants of England. His work on John Locke produced two enduring achievements: an edition of the Two Treatises of Government and a catalogue of Locke’s library. He also exerted a wider influence upon political theory by his editorship of a series of collections of essays devoted to the changing status and vitality of political thinking.
Geoffrey Marshall 1929–2003
Authors: Bogdanor Vernon , Summers Robert S.
Published: February 2012

Geoffrey Marshall (1929–2003), a Fellow of the British Academy, was regarded by many as the greatest constitutional theorist Britain has seen since Albert Venn Dicey. He brought to the study of politics and the law the tools of analytical philosophy and jurisprudence developed at the University of Oxford, and showed that they could yield insights of permanent value in the analysis of the British constitution. He was born in Chesterfield, just before the advent to power of Ramsay MacDonald’s second Labour government. Marshall believed that there was a gap between the jurisdiction of the courts and that of Parliament, a gap within which the powers of ministers had grown unchecked, as had a host of administrative bodies created by statute. This gap, he argued, should be filled by the creation of an Ombudsman and the development of administrative law. Marshall was also a strong supporter of a Bill of Rights for Britain.
Richard Arthur Wollheim 1923–2003
Authors: Budd Malcolm
Published: February 2012

Richard Arthur Wollheim (1923–2003), a Fellow of the British Academy, was an advocate of pacifism. Born in London to Eric Wollheim and Constance Baker, he went to Westminster School as a King’s Scholar at the age of thirteen and was influenced by Aldous Huxley’s Encyclopaedia of Pacifism. After volunteering for service during World War II, he returned to Balliol College at the University of Oxford in 1945, obtaining two first class BA degrees, one in History in 1946, the other in Philosophy, Politics and Economics in 1948. His first substantial piece of work, F. H. Bradley (1959), notable for the elegance and lucidity of its writing and its unrivalled mastery of Francis Herbert Bradley’s philosophy, was immediately recognised as the best book on its subject. Underlying his concern with social issues was one of the deepest commitments of Wollheim’s life, ‘devotion to the cause of socialism’, and it is in the final section of his Fabian Society pamphlet Socialism and Culture (1961) that his own conception of socialism becomes clear.
Montaigne
Authors: Cave Terence
Published: February 2012

This lecture presents a sketch of another kind of historical reading of the Essais. This reading might help in recovering at least something of the modes of thinking and writing that is peculiar to the period during which they were written. It states that Montaigne was often claimed to be distinctively ‘early modern’, since his mental landscape appeared to anticipate many of the features one would regard as belonging to the modern period. The modes of thinking and writing that characterise the Essais are also the focus of this lecture.
The Future of Our Universities
Authors: Moser Lord
Published: February 2012

This lecture discusses the broad ideas that underlie the Robbins Report, as well as its passionate belief in the crucial value of universities to society. It addresses four broad issues that were considered by both Robbins and Dearing. These issues are concerned with the overall number of students going into higher education, the possibility of financial backing, further expansion, and concerns regarding the relations between universities and the State. The lecture expresses a worry over the gradual degradation of the universities, and stresses that high-ranking officials should help solve the problem of continuous underfunding.
Introduction
Authors: Shaw James E.
Published: February 2012

This book examines what market justice really meant for ordinary Venetians, both in the courtroom and out on the street. How was the law enforced in terms of policing and court procedures and how did this alter the nature of justice? How did individuals and families adjust their strategies to fit into the institutional framework of public authorities and private interests? The book begins with the public authority at the heart of the Rialto markets, the Giustizia Vecchia. A central institution in the life of Venetian people of all ranks, its original name of Giustizia – justice – suggests that it may have represented what most Venetians understood by that word. In a literal sense, it was the Justice of Venice. The chapter also introduces the concepts of shadow economy, market justice, urban economy, and political order.
Visitors from North-Western Europe to Byzantium. Vernacular Sources: Problems and Perspectives
Authors: Ciggaar Krijnie
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the visitors from north-western Europe to Byzantium. It shows who could be considered as visitors to the Byzantine Empire and lists several categories of visitors. The linguistic and source problems encountered during the search for visitors to Byzantium are examined, along with the territory of Byzantium. The chapter includes a very brief discussion of the geography and migration activity in north-western Europe.
Jewish Sources
Authors: Lange Nicholas De
Published: February 2012

This chapter provides a brief introduction of the Byzantine Jewish community. It presents the different types of writing that originated from the period and which are still being used today. The focus of the discussion is on Byzantine or ‘Romaniote’ Jews and their works, although the sources written by foreign Jews are also considered.
Conclusion: the Partisan-Chetnik Conflict in Retrospect
Authors: Hoare Marko Attila
Published: February 2012

The war of 1992–1995, which pitted supporters of a unified and multinational Bosnia-Hercegovina against supporters of a Great Serbia, was in a sense a rematch of the Partisan–Chetnik war of a half-century before. Its outcome was equally paradoxical: the establishment of a Bosnian state formally independent but in fact under foreign rule; formally unified but in fact partitioned three ways; formally at peace but in fact locked in a permanent conflict, a conflict that is at once a cold war and a civil war. The very ambiguousness of this outcome is, perhaps, the best testimony to the enduring nature of the Partisan–Chetnik divide in Bosnia-Hercegovina.
Introduction
Authors: Blanning Tim , Schulze Hagen
Published: February 2012

Held in September 2003, the conference on ‘Unity and diversity in European culture, c. 1800’ was a joint initiative on the part of the British Academy and the German Historical Institute London. It tackled a topic of central importance to the historiography of Europe during the period: the transition from the cosmopolitan culture of the Enlightenment to the self-consciously national cultures of the nineteenth century. The nine papers, when presented at the conference, were divided into three sessions in which attendees discussed topics ranging from art and its publics, the idea of a national opera, the invention of German music, political culture, cosmopolitanism, patriotism, nationalism, the cultural policy of the British state in European perspective from 1780 to 1850, the invention of national languages, representations of the past in Irish vernacular literature from 1650 to 1850, the marked decline in the degree and importance of patronage by the churches and the nobility, the decline of international languages in favour of national vernaculars and the significance of the ‘fine arts’ as being conducive to social harmony, economic prosperity and political stability.
Art and Its Publics, c. 1800
Authors: Sheehan James J.
Published: February 2012

This chapter begins by sketching the principal ingredients of what Paul Kristeller called ‘the modern system of the arts’: the concept of art itself; art as created by an artist; and art as public. It then examines the condition of the visual arts at the beginning of the nineteenth century, that is, in the middle of the great revolutionary era that began in 1789. In talking about the arts, a Tocquevillian sense of continuity between old regime and revolution is wholly appropriate. The revolution changed the modern art world in several important ways. Three of these changes are discussed. The first has to do with the social setting of art and artists, and especially with artists' changing relationship to patrons and the public. The second concerns the geographical location of art, particularly the shift in the visual arts' centre of gravity away from Italy to Paris, which would remain the artistic capital of Europe for the next century. The third theme is about the complex relationship of national values and national themes to European art, especially painting.
The Invention of National Languages
Authors: Dann Otto
Published: February 2012

In the second half of the eighteenth century, a qualified kind of ethnogenesis can be observed among the educated classes of the Western world. In the course of their social emancipation a new political identity emerged, one orientated towards the fatherland, the state, and its population. This new ethnic consciousness bridged older identities such as estate, profession or religion. It originated in connection with the great eighteenth-century social movement of patriotism, which became more and more politicised. The philosophical discourse about the nature of language, which had existed since antiquity, intensified immensely during the eighteenth century. John Locke and George Berkeley in Britain and Étienne Bonnot de Condillac in France provided important stimuli in this respect. Johann Gottfried Herder was the first to take vernacular languages and popular poetry seriously as expressions of the culture of illiterate peoples. This chapter examines how national languages were invented and looks at the divergent situations in which the first national languages were used in Europe.
Transparency as an Instrumental Value
Authors: Heald David
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses whether transparency should be valued intrinsically or instrumentally, or both. Put differently, it considers whether transparency is a core concern or a building block for other valued objects sought by public policy. The chapter argues that transparency should be valued instrumentally, and that attempts to elevate it to instrinsic value should be resisted. It proceeds on the basis that transparency – the sunlight metaphor – brings great benefits to economies, governments, and societies. However, there has to be sophistication about directions and varieties of transparency and also subtlety about the specific habitats within which they are situated. In general terms, at very low levels of transparency, more transparency is likely to be beneficial. The trade-offs are most apparent when transparency is already high, in which circumstance the direction and variety, not just the amount, of the incremental transparency will strongly influence the relationship between benefits and costs. The tradeoffs analysed in this chapter relate to: effectiveness; trust; accountability; autonomy and control; confidentiality, privacy and anonymity; fairness; and legitimacy.
Transparency and the Ethics of Communication
Authors: O’neill Onora
Published: February 2012

Transparency is widely supposed to make institutions and their officeholders both more trustworthy and more trusted. Yet in the United Kingdom many institutions and office-holders on whom transparency requirements have been imposed across the last fifteen years are now seen as less trustworthy, and are apparently less trusted than they were before the requirements were introduced. Does this suggest that transparency does not improve trustworthiness? Or that it increases trustworthiness without increasing trust? Or is the supposed evidence for declining trustworthiness and declining trust misleading? How confident can we be that transparency supports either trustworthiness or trust? Government, corporations, and their critics seemingly converge in seeing transparency as indispensable for accountability and good governance, for preventing corruption and improving performance, and for increasing trustworthiness and trust. But does transparency have these desirable effects? Transparency requirements may fail to improve either trustworthiness or trust because they set a one-sided standard for public, corporate, or other communication. Although transparency demands too little for effective communication, it is an effective antidote to secrecy.
The More Closely We Are Watched, the Better We Behave?
Authors: Prat Andrea
Published: February 2012

This chapter provides a brief survey of the economic literature on transparency. The conceptual tool used by economists is the principal-agent model, a game-theoretic setting in which transparency corresponds to the ability of the principal to observe what the agent does. Holmström (1979) provides a powerful and general rationale for full transparency. One can argue that the increase in accountability is not sufficient to offset other drawbacks such as the violation of privacy, the direct cost of disclosure, or the revelation of sensitive information. Alternatively, one can attack the link between transparency and accountability: it is not necessarily true that more disclosure makes the agent behave better. Holmström showed that, in a world of complete contracts, the more the principal knows about the agent, the better the agent behaves. Some objections to Holmström – the right to privacy, the direct cost of disclosure, the risk that hostile parties learn sensitive information – are perfectly valid, but they find limited application in politics, corporate governance, and other important areas.
Member-State Budgetary Transparency in the Economic and Monetary Union
Authors: Savage James D.
Published: February 2012

The Maastricht Treaty raised the standards for transparency in the European Union to new supranational levels. Prior to Maastricht, transparency in member-state budgeting depended largely upon domestic institutions, both public and private, to assess the size, composition, and quality of public finance. Transparency at the member-state level served the traditional functions of encouraging democratic political accountability, promoting political control over bureaucratic institutions, crafting fiscal policy, and ensuring probity in financial management. Transparency for ensuring macro-budgetary treaty compliance promotes EU integration while helping to assure an often doubtful European public, international financial markets, and world press that the Economic and Monetary Union's (EMU) convergence process and excessive deficit procedure rely on reasonably credible budgetary data. This chapter discusses macro-budgetary rules and the creation of compliance information systems, transparency through bureaucratic politics, and the role of Eurostat in budgetary surveillance. It also examines the twin challenges to EU budgetary transparency, those of disclosure and interpretation, faced by Greece.
Introduction
Authors: Pemberton Hugh , Thane Pat , Whiteside Noel
Published: February 2012

In 2002, the British government announced the establishment of a Pensions Commission to assess the state of the country's pension system. In its first report, the Commission confirmed that the nation's pension system is in deep crisis. How come some offer better pension security than that in Britain? How do they cope with similar pressures? In its proposals for extensive reform, the Pensions Commission hopes to plug the holes in the current state system for those (mainly women) with interrupted careers and caring responsibilities. The Commission has three proposals: raising the state pension age to 67, or perhaps 69, by 2050; the creation of a more generous basic state pension by allowing the earnings-related second state pension to evolve into a flat-rate top-up to the present scheme; and the automatic enrolment of all workers into a National Pensions Savings Scheme. This introduction also looks at pension reforms abroad in areas such as Europe, including Germany and Sweden.
The Roots of Public Pensions Provision: Social Insurance and the Beveridge Plan
Authors: Harris Jose
Published: February 2012

William Beveridge and his Report on Social Insurance and Allied Services of 1942 continue to occupy a pivotal position in the history of social security provision not only in Britain and Europe but also in the wider world into the twenty-first century. This chapter examines why the Beveridge Plan and its ideas were so popular and seemingly so authoritative. Although Beveridge's long public career in social policy had been mainly concerned with the quite different sphere of unemployment insurance, his ideas about old-age pensions did not spring from nowhere in 1941, but dated back to the year 1907. In 1908, he became a personal adviser to Winston Churchill at the Board of Trade, where he was instrumental in inserting many of his ideas about social insurance into the unemployment provisions of the National Insurance Act of 1911. At the time of his appointment as chairman of the Social Insurance Committee in June 1941, Beveridge had almost no specialist knowledge of pensions administration or pensions finance.
Politics and Pensions in Post-war Britain
Authors: Pemberton Hugh
Published: February 2012

Understanding the politics of post-war British pensions in its broadest sense is imperative if we are to understand the nature of the pensions crisis that Britain faces, and essential too if we are to devise effective solutions to address that crisis. This chapter examines the development of Britain's overall system of pensions since the Beveridge Report. After discussing the current crisis of complexity in British pensions, it surveys recent work on path dependence in pensions and then analyses developments in British pensions after the publication of the Beveridge Report in 1942. The Pensions Commission, appointed by the government to review British pensions and to make recommendations on future policy, rightly decided that it must necessarily examine Britain's overall system of pensions provision, not just the crisis in voluntary pensions provision. The phenomenon of sub-system contractual lock-in lay behind the initial post-war shift to, and the subsequent rapid development of, occupational pensions in Britain. This chapter also discusses the Beveridge settlement, the growth of occupational pensions in the 1950s, and the adoption of a state graduated pension.
Gender Inequalities: Sidelined in British Pension Policy
Authors: Ginn Jay
Published: February 2012

According to the Pensions Commission in its first report, the state pension system in Britain is among the least generous in the developed world. This reflects the explicit aim of both Conservative and New Labour governments since 1980 to reduce the share of pensions provided by the state and increase that provided by the private sector. This policy has reinforced the gender gap in pensions. Despite recent acknowledgement by the government's pensions minister that women's pensions are ‘a national scandal’, there is no sign of a radical shift in policy which is needed to remedy that situation. This chapter outlines the gender gap in later life income, showing how private pensions shape gender inequality in different ways based on women's marital status. It also examines gender differences in working-age individuals' employment, earnings, and private (occupational or personal) pension scheme membership, focusing on the impact of motherhood on women's position. Moreover, it considers alternative ways of protecting the pension income of carers and assesses the Pensions Commission's 2005 proposals in terms of women's pension needs.
Paying for Our Futures: The Political Economy of Pension Reform in the UK
Authors: Johnson Paul
Published: February 2012

The development of pension provision in Britain since January 1909, when the first public old-age pension was paid, should be celebrated as one of the greatest achievements of collective action in the twentieth century. This chapter examines what has and has not changed in terms of demographic and economic knowledge of pension systems. It then considers the causes and consequences of this delusional consensus and offers some suggestions about how a more responsible set of political and popular attitudes to pensions might be created, beginning with a fundamental reform to the state pension system. The rationale advanced by the Pensions Commission for maintaining much of the complexity of the current state system is the cost and disruption that would be entailed by radical change. This chapter discusses the political economy of pension reform in Britain, focusing on the link between demography and pensions as well as between pensions and economics.
Anglo-Saxon Occupational Pensions in International Perspective
Authors: Sass Steven
Published: February 2012

Occupational pensions are today a major ‘second tier’ in Anglo-Saxon retirement income systems, providing benefits to a significant portion of the elderly population atop the basic ‘first tier’ benefits provided by the state. In the United States, for example, employer plans provide one-fifth of the income of the elderly — one-quarter if earnings from work are excluded — half the amount provided by public plans. By the end of the 1930s, employer pension plans had become standard in governments and mature big businesses throughout the industrial world. They had become critical tools for strengthening, then severing, relationships with workers. Britain took a different tack to strengthening employer plans. It primarily leveraged the contracting-out provisions in the State Earnings-related Pension Scheme (SERPS), introduced in 1978.
Reforming Pensions in Germany and Sweden: New Pathways to a Better Future?
Authors: Hinrichs Karl
Published: February 2012

The development of pension systems in Germany and Sweden shows several similarities. In both countries the decisive leap towards earnings-related public pensions took place at the end of the 1950s. The expanded public pension scheme became the cornerstone of the German Sozialstaat and the ‘jewel in the crown’ of the social democratic welfare state in Sweden. Again, during the 1990s, Sweden and Germany turned away from established paradigms and introduced pension reforms that changed institutions in a path-breaking fashion. This chapter focuses on innovative policy changes and the politics of pension reforms in Sweden and Germany. It examines selected features of the reform process and compares some potential outcomes, focusing on the issue of sustainability. It discusses whether both Swedish and German pension systems continue to protect older people from poverty, deliver appropriate earnings replacement when terminating employment, and assure that pensioners will not fall behind prevailing standards of living throughout their retirement.
The Comparative Study of Ethnic Minority Disadvantage
Authors: HEATH ANTHONY , CHEUNG SIN YI
Published: February 2012

Ethnic minority disadvantage in the labour market has been a matter of growing concern in many developed countries in recent years. Discrimination on the basis of ascriptive factors, such as social origins or ethnicity, is generally regarded to be a source of economic inefficiency and waste. More importantly, it is a source of social injustice and social exclusion. This book explores ethnic inequalities in the labour market, particularly with respect to access to jobs. It examines whether ethnic minorities compete on equal terms in the labour market with equally qualified members of the charter populations and focuses on the experiences of the ‘second generation’, that is, the children of migrants who have themselves grown up and been educated in the countries of destination. In addition to the classic immigration countries of Australia, Canada, Israel, and the United States, the book also covers the major new immigration countries of Western Europe, such as Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, and Sweden, as well as South Africa.
Diversity and Mobility in Australia
Authors: INGLIS CHRISTINE , MODEL SUZANNE
Published: February 2012

The story of ethnic relations in Australia has been very much a story of two groups: the Indigenes and the migrants. One of the major themes evident in this analysis of the Australian ancestry data from the 2001 Census is that, 100 years after the founding of Australia, the same pattern still characterises relations between the non-Indigenes and the Australian-born Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population. In contrast to the ongoing evidence of Indigenous disadvantage in Australia, the experience of immigrant groups provides a far more positive picture of the ability of migrants from a diverse range of European and non-European backgrounds to be incorporated into the Australian labour market. While there are clear variations within the first generation, by the second and later generations, ‘ethnic penalties’ suggestive of disadvantage and discrimination have substantially disappeared. The high levels of intermarriage evident by the second generation result in a large number of individuals being from mixed ancestries and are a further pointer to a pattern of non-economic incorporation in Australia that involves limited discrimination and extensive integration.
Inclusion for all but Aboriginals in Canada
Authors: YU SOOJIN , HEATH ANTHONY
Published: February 2012

Canada is a classic country of immigration, with 21 percent of its working-age population being first generation and a further 9 percent second generation. It employs a ‘point system’ for selection of economic immigrants, and indeed the first generation proves to be highly educated (more so indeed than the charter population). While a number of visible minority groups in the first generation experience substantial disadvantages, in the second generation the one clearly disadvantaged group (in net terms) are the Caribbeans. Almost every other group in the second generation has achieved or surpassed parity with the charter group of the British. Whether this success of the second generation is due to Canadian policies of multiculturalism or to the lagged effects of the ‘point system’ for entry cannot be determined from these data. However, major disadvantages continue to be experienced by the Aboriginals both in employment and in occupational attainment.
Formative Years in the Franche-Comté (1808–31)
Authors: Mercer Wendy S.
Published: February 2012

If the death of Jean–Marie Xavier Marmier in 1892 made headline news in the national press, the date and place of his birth were certainly not common knowledge, and have given rise to biographical errors. The second of six children, he was born to parents descended from long-established Franche-Comté families with strong Catholic and royalist sympathies. The Marmier family was one of the oldest families of Frasne (Haut–Doubs). On a more general level, a number of his reminiscences of Franche-Comté life in the early decades of the century help people to understand the unusual way in which he was later able to form relationships built on respect with others from all social classes.
Iceland (1836): ‘L’Invitation au voyage’
Authors: Mercer Wendy S.
Published: February 2012

The year 1836 was an important year for Marmier, for it marked his first expedition with the Commission du Nord on board the corvette La Recherche to the Scandinavian countries. To his mind, his mission was clear: he was to observe the current state of literature and learning in Iceland in order to compare the intellectual relationship between the ancient and the modern – the Iceland of the sagas and the Iceland of the nineteenth century. Marmier was greatly impressed by the hospitality he received everywhere in Iceland, although a major focus of his criticism is the Danish trade monopoly. On Saturday 28 January 1837, Marmier finished the last page of his book on Iceland. His Lettres sur l'Islande is an important historical document in many respects. The descriptions of Icelandic life are still of great interest today as a record of social conditions at the time.
The New ‘Woman Question’: Gender, Nation, and Citizenship in the First Czechoslovak Republic
Authors: Feinberg Melissa
Published: February 2012

This chapter discusses the question of women's citizenship in the new Czechoslovakia and how the ‘Woman Question’ evolved after 1918. The strong women's movement from pre-war days was largely satisfied by the 1918 ‘revolution’: Czech feminism fitted closely with Masarykian notions of democracy. The events of October 1918 fundamentally changed the debate over women's rights in the Bohemian lands. Within weeks, many Czechs had acknowledged that both men and women would be politically active in the new Czechoslovak Republic, treating universal suffrage as a given of the new political climate. Czech feminism linked an unswerving belief in gender equality with an equally unshakeable faith in liberal democracy, not only as the guarantor of women's rights, but as the essence of the Czech nation. This philosophy had many roots, but was perhaps most closely tied to the work of Tomáš Masaryk.
‘A Leap into Ice-Cold Water’: The Manoeuvres of the Henlein Movement in Czechoslovakia, 1933–1938
Authors: Cornwall Mark
Published: February 2012

The democratic bastion of Czechoslovakia, which was accused of treating its minorities much better than other east European states, was allegedly destroyed in the 1930s through the machinations of the Nazi Henlein movement the Sudetendeutsche Partei (SdP) — which acted from the start as a ‘Trojan horse’ for Adolf Hitler's Third Reich. If we turn to consider the Henlein movement of the 1930s, we can start by challenging one widespread myth in much of the historiography: that the movement would not have arisen but for the economic crisis and Hitler's accession to power in Germany. This chapter examines the divergent views of whether Konrad Henlein and his SdP genuinely sought concessions from the government which might have kept them loyal to Czechoslovakia, or else from the beginning in the pocket of the Nazis across the border in the Reich. In its struggle at home and abroad for some breakthrough after 1935, the Henlein leadership was never aiming at minority rights of a kind envisaged by the Czech authorities.
The Sokol and Czech Nationalism, 1918–1948
Authors: Dimond Mark
Published: February 2012

Jan Masaryk, the foreign minister of Czechoslovakia and son of the country's first president, pointed out just before his death in March 1948 that the gymnastics festival organised by the Sokol gymnastic movement was an opportunity for Czechoslovakia to show off its post-war socialist reforms that had ‘aroused considerable global interest’. The Sokol was not only a gymnastics organization; it was also an outlet for the expression of Czech national identity. Judging by Masaryk's comments, the Sokol appeared to be supportive of the Czech Weltanschauung of socialism that had emerged after the Red Army had liberated Czechoslovakia from Nazi rule in May 1945. This chapter argues that the Sokol had a split personality, one part based on socialist-thinking Jindřich Fügner's concept, the other on that of the nationalist-minded MiroslavTyrš. In addition to its pursuit of ethnic nationalism, this chapter examines the Sokol's ethnic policy, relationship with Slovakia, and support of the Communists.
The Czechs versus the Slovaks: Bilateral Relations, 1944–1948
Authors: Kocian Jiří
Published: February 2012

After the new Czechoslovak Republic emerged in 1918, the relations between Czechoslovakia and Slovakia immediately became one of the crucial domestic problems it had to cope with. The success of the new Republic largely depended on whether the issue of bilateral relations would become a stabilizing factor or not. Czech politicians, however, followed the pre-war Czechoslovakian concepts even after the war. By the end of World War II, problems about the reunification of Bohemia and Moravia with Slovakia reemerged, as the issue of the legal settlement of relations between the Czechs and the Slovaks was raised. There was a continuation of centralism immediately after 1948, justified ideologically by the ‘necessity to struggle against bourgeois nationalism’. Nationally oriented Communists, such as Gustáv Husák, Vladimir Clementis, or Ladislav Novomeský, were accused of plotting to separate Slovakia from the Republic.
William Sidney Allen 1918–2004
Authors: LYONS SIR JOHN
Published: February 2012

William Sidney Allen was an effective and charismatic teacher, and a significant number of those who attended his lectures or came into contact with him when they were students in Cambridge have made major contributions to the development of linguistics in the last thirty years or so. But the principal contribution he made to the promotion of linguistics in Cambridge was not as a teacher, but as someone who skilfully used his professorial authority and (in the early part of his tenure of his chair) his membership of the relevant university committees to get the Department of Linguistics established there and eventually a Chair of General Linguistics, separate from his own Chair of Comparative Philology. In the 1960s, when new departments of linguistics were being created in several British universities, Allen's advice was regularly sought, and on several occasions he served on the appointing committee or acted as an assessor for lectureships and chairs.
George Wishart Anderson 1913–2002
Authors: EMERTON J. A.
Published: February 2012

George Wishart Anderson was appointed Professor of Old Testament Literature and Theology at Edinburgh University in 1962. In 1968, after the retirement of N. W. Porteous as Professor of Hebrew and Semitic Languages, the title of Anderson's chair was changed to Professor of Hebrew and Old Testament Studies. He taught Hebrew to undergraduates in the Faculty of Arts, and lectured on the Old Testament to candidates for the ministry of the Church of Scotland and for the degree of BD. In addition, Anderson taught graduate students, not only from the United Kingdom, but also from various countries, including several from South-East Asia. He was an active member of the Society for Old Testament Study. From 1957 to 1966 he edited the Society's annual Book List, which contains brief reviews of books that had recently been published on the Old Testament and related subjects and is an invaluable bibliographical aid to those interested in biblical studies.
Albinia Catherine de la Mare 1932–2001
Authors: ALEXANDER JONATHAN J. G.
Published: February 2012

Albinia de la Mare was one of the outstanding palaeographers of the 20th century. Just as E. A. Lowe in his Codices Latini Antiquiores mapped the earliest surviving Latin manuscripts, and Bernhard Bischoff classified by date and origin the Carolingian manuscripts, she undertook the task of tracing the careers of the hundreds of scribes writing the newly introduced humanistic script in Italy in the 15th century. The tasks were different in many specific ways, but the methodological principles were largely the same. They consisted in training the memory to recognise the characteristics of script, what palaeographers call the ductus, and combining that expertise with a thorough knowledge of the texts which were being transcribed, of the patrons for whom the manuscripts were written, and of the broader cultural and historical context.
James William Harris 1940–2004
Authors: RUDDEN BERNARD
Published: February 2012

Jim Harris was most unusual in combining the training, techniques, and craft of a conveyance with the concerns and the learning of a philosopher. His abiding interest in ethical theory was thus strengthened by his sound grasp of thorny and frequently litigated legal problems. Harris used this experience, not only to illustrate theses conceived in the abstract, but also as a means of explaining issues which, for the sake of justice, deserved patient consideration, while his grasp of the practical problems thrown up by legislation, litigation, and modern medicine led him to reflect deeply on the many differing accounts of law and justice given by more cloistered minds. In addition, it was his lived experience of the routine of private law–the contracts, conveyances, mortgages, testaments, statements of claim, and such like (the kind of work solicitors do all day)–that led to his fascination with the school of thinkers who attempt a general account of how that unglamorous process all adds up: his thoughts and writings returned to legal positivism again and again.
John Gilbert Hurst 1927–2003
Authors: BUTLER LAWRENCE
Published: February 2012

John Hurst made an important pioneering contribution in three separate but interrelated fields: medieval archaeology, post-medieval archaeology, and ceramic studies. Before his lifetime's devotion to these three disciplines, they had not been taken seriously in Britain or Europe, either academically or professionally. Medieval archaeology was still the study of major buildings seen through the records of historians and anti-quarians, and of portable antiquities divorced from their context. Post-medieval archaeology was principally the study of industrial relics. Ceramic studies in the post-Roman period was the preserve of art collectors, anxious to understand the output of major factories and firms, though a few people collected medieval pottery as examples of folk art. It is a measure of Hurst's perceptiveness and persistence that all these three fields are now studied more widely and practised seriously.
Casimir Lewy 1919–1991
Authors: HACKING IAN
Published: February 2012

Casimir Lewy was a memorable teacher of philosophy who left a deep imprint on the ways that subsequent generations of Cambridge philosophers thought, wrote, and taught. He was able to do so when the university still took its chief glory to be the way that it educated undergraduates. Dr Lewy, as he was always called by his charges, did not have students: he had pupils. He did not give graduate seminars: he lectured undergraduates about philosophical logic and analysis with a furious passion, an intimidating rigour, and an unmatched body language.