bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La influencia de Alejandro de Humboldt en dos artistas venezolanos del siglo XIX
Authors: Esteva-Grillet Roldán
Published: December 2009

A lo largo del siglo XIX en la pintura latinoamericana se introducen varios temas nuevos, entre ellos el paisaje, ya no más como escenario de escenas patrióticas, religiosas o costumbristas. El modelo propuesto por Alejandro de Humboldt en su libro Vue des cordillères et monuments des peuples indigènes de l’Amérique, de 1810, para el estudio científico del paisaje, va a ser seguido no sólo por artistas alemanes, sino por nacionales como Carmelo Fernández Páez y Ramón Bolet Peraza quienes abordarán modestamente en su obra a la acuarela y al temple. El primero en su carácter de ilustrador de la labor geográfica de Agustín Codazzi, tanto en Venezuela como en Colombia, el segundo al atender solicitudes de comerciantes extranjeros pero también por su participación en expediciones científicas. El estudio de estos dos artistas decimonónicos, carentes de una formación propiamente académica, abre una posibilidad de valoración para otros artistas que no llegaron a competir en Salones europeos y tampoco fueron en su tiempo muy solicitados como retratistas.
[ARTÍCULO RETRACTADO] Iconografía emblemática del héroe nacional costarricense Juan Santamaría
Authors: Brenes Tencio Guillermo
Published: December 2009

[ARTÍCULO RETRACTADO POR EL EDITOR]

Se informa que el artículo de Guillermo Brenes Tencio, titulado

"Iconografía emblemática del héroe nacional costarricense Juan Santamaría", publicado en el anterior numero monográfico de ARBOR “Relatos icónicos de la nación en Iberoamérica y España” vol. CLXXXV nº 740 (2009), páginas 1243-1257

ha sido excluido de dicho número monográfico.

Esta decisión de Arbor y de los coordinadores del número monográfico, se debe a que el autor ha publicado dicho artículo con anterioridad, con contenido idéntico o esencialmente idéntico, en las siguientes revistas:

Brenes Tencio, Guillermo, “Y se hizo la imagen del héroe nacional costarricense... Iconografía emblemática de Juan Santamaría”. Historia crítica, Núm. 37, enero-abril, 2009, pp. 26-53. http://historiacritica.uniandes.edu.co/view.php/569/1.php [03/02/2010]

Brenes Tencio, Guillermo, “Iconografía emblemática del héroe nacional costarricense Juan Santamaría”. Acta Republicana, Año 7, Número 7 (2008), pp. 13-25. http://www.publicaciones.cucsh.udg.mx/pperiod/republicana/pdf/ActaRep07/pags13-26.pdf [03/02/2010]

y ha utilizado indebidamente y sin citar de manera específica diversos párrafos de ensayos publicados previamente y en el ámbito local de Costa Rica por historiadores de dicho país (Prof. Iván Molina Jiménez y Prof. David Díaz Arias), quienes han presentado las pruebas correspondientes.

La dirección de ARBOR, según los usos habituales en caso de fraude o conducta editorial inapropiada, procede a la retractación formal de la publicación de este artículo, por lo cual no tendrá en consideración las posibles réplicas, contrarréplicas o comentarios.

Esta nota editorial se incorporará junto con la versión electrónica del artículo, y se publicará en la edición impresa del próximo número.

Madrid, 4 de febrero de 2010
Identidad, ideología e iconografía republicana en el Perú
Authors: Leonardini Nanda
Published: December 2009

El nacimiento de la iconografía republicana peruana está íntimamente relacionada con la declaración de la Independencia (1821), momento a partir del cual se requiere de símbolos diferentes a los coloniales para ser difundidos en el imaginario colectivo a fin de transmitir mensajes diametralmente distintos. Para lograr este objetivo, tanto las autoridades como iniciativas particulares, recurren a diversas disciplinas y medios de comunicación. Si bien a la fecha la iconografía inicial se mantiene, ésta ha sido reforzada a través de la historia con nuevos aportes necesarios debido a diversas coyunturas políticas por las que ha atravesado el país en sus casi 200 años de vida republicana, siempre en busca de lograr cohesión e identidad nacional.
Nación e identidad en los imaginarios visuales de la Argentina. Siglos XIX y XX
Authors: Giordano Mariana
Published: December 2009

La necesidad de construir referentes e itinerarios simbólicos sobre la “Nación” en la Argentina comienza en los años que siguieron a la emancipación del Río de la Plata en 1810. La mirada de artistas extranjeros y argentinos se centrará en gran parte del siglo XIX en representaciones de la Pampa, el indígena y el gaucho como símbolos identitarios, constituyendo un imaginario que se reactualizará en distintos contextos y acudiendo a diferentes lenguajes a lo largo de los siglos XIX y XX. Cosmopolitismo y nacionalismo se constituyen en dos ejes por donde transitarán las posturas, debates y visiones sobre la identidad argentina, forjando un imaginario hegemónico centrado en lo producido y consagrado en Buenos Aires, con poca o ninguna participación de producciones o referentes regionales.
El control de la verdad: los Murcia de la Llana, una familia de correctores de libros
Authors: Díaz Moreno Félix
Published: December 2009

La familia Murcia de la Llana desarrolló a lo largo de casi un siglo una de las tareas más significativas y a su vez más desconocidas dentro del complicado proceso por el que un manuscrito debía transcurrir hasta abandonar la imprenta: la corrección de libros. Por sus manos pasaron la mayor parte de los escritos del siglo XVII, muchos de los cuales alcanzarían posteriormente un éxito sin precedentes, caso del Quijote de Miguel de Cervantes. Este estudio se articula en base a una serie de noticias documentales, muchas inéditas, que intentan esclarecer la compleja relación de parentescos, así como interesantes datos sobre el oficio de corrector general de libros.
El viaje a Marte de Modesto Brocos
Authors: Jaureguízar Agustín
Published: December 2009

Modesto Brocos (1852-1936) fue un notable pintor compostelano que emigró joven a Brasil y allí vivió respetado hasta su muerte. En 1930 publicó en Valencia, en castellano, su única obra de ficción, un inencontrable Viaje a Marte que es una auténtica utopía socialista. Todo ese mundo está constituido en un solo estado planetario, del que detalla cuanto va de una Constitución a unas Ordenanzas Municipales, pasando por la administración de justicia, la educación, la sanidad y la igualdad de derechos entre los sexos, con una raza única y una lengua única, contando con instituciones tan peculiares como el Ejercito Agrícola o las Hermanas Humanitarias.
Estructura de la zona de plegamiento de Kasbah (Bahía de Agadir, Marruecos). Implicaciones en la cronología de la tectónica reciente del Alto Atlas occidental y la peligrosidad sísmica del área de Agadir
Authors: Mridekh A. , Medina F. , Mhammdi N. , Samaka F. , Bouatmani R.
Published: December 2009

A partir de una detallada reinterpretación del segmento nororiental de un perfil que corta las principales estructuras de la bahía de Agadir a lo largo de una directriz NE-SW, y un análisis de los mapas de isocronas disponibles, se ha podido establecer la historia geológica de la costa del Alto Atlas occidental. En primer lugar, se han distinguido dos secuencias tectonoestratigráficas: la Unidad II, que muestra una estructura simple, y la Unidad I, de estructura más compleja dominada por una falla inversa (F1) de dirección E-W vergente al norte, sobre la que se dispone la Unidad II de forma discordante. La correlación con los sondeos Souss-1 y AGM-1 ha permitido asignar la Unidad I al Triásico-Paleógeno y la Unidad II al Mioceno-Presente. El bloque NE de la falla muestra un plano de falla de tipo rampa-rellano (F2) con un pliegue superpuesto vergente al SW que puede ser interpretado como un pliegue de flexión de falla. Respecto a su evolución temporal, se han distinguido tres estadios: 1) Durante el Cretácico, F1 pudo haber sido una falla normal sindeposicional, con el bloque NE desplazándose hacia abajo; 2) Al comienzo del Terciario, el desplazamiento del plano F2 indujo el desarrollo de un pliegue de flexión de falla y la posterior erosión de su flanco anterior y de la charnela (el desplazamiento a lo largo de F2 fue transferido a F1); y 3) Durante el Mioceno el desplazamiento inverso de F1 deformó y basculó el plano F2, acentuando la estructura de plegamiento. Esta evolución es típica de una cuenca frontal situada sobre un plegamiento relacionado con fallas. La evaluación del espesor y las diferencias de profundidad del lecho muestra que la mayor tasa de crecimiento se registró durante el Mioceno tardío. La actividad sísmica registrada en la Bahía de Agadir parece estar claramente relacionada con esta zona de fracturación, como se infiere de los mecanismos focales. La evaluación del momento sísmico sugiere que los terremotos de magnitud Mw ≥ 6 son probables, pero no mayores, debido a la geometría segmentada de la fracturación del frente del Alto Atlas.
Análisis experimental y numérico del método del intercepto para evaluar la extensión estable de grieta en una probeta C(T) de acero
Authors: Donoso J. R. , Leiva R. , Labbé F.
Published: December 2009

Se presenta un nuevo método de obtención del tamaño de grieta para un ensayo fractomecánico, cuando se tiene sólo información fuerza-desplazamiento, P-v. Este método consiste en generar curvas P-v de tipo “a constante”, y evaluar sus interceptos con la curva experimental. Se demuestra que el método contribuye a generar información fidedigna respecto de la evolución del tamaño de grieta en el ensayo, usando datos P-v-a de una probeta C(T) de acero A 508 y con el respaldo de una modelación bidimensional por elementos finitos. Los resultados obtenidos con el método permiten generar una curva J-R prácticamente idéntica a aquella construida a partir de los datos experimentales originales.
Efecto del tiempo de molienda sobre la estabilidad termica del amorfo Mg50Ni50 producido mediante aleado mecánico
Authors: Guzmán D. , Ordoñez S. , Serafini D. , Rojas P. , Aguilar C. , Santander M. , Navea L.
Published: December 2009

Para estudiar la relación entre el tiempo de molienda aplicado en la obtención de una aleación amorfa Mg50Ni50 producida por aleado mecánico (AM) y su estabilidad térmica, se fabricaron siete aleaciones amorfas con tiempos de molienda de 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50 y 60 h. Los polvos se caracterizaron morfológica y microestructuralmente mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB) y pruebas conjuntas de difracción de rayos-X (DRX) y microscopía electrónica de transmisión (MET), respectivamente. La estabilidad térmica de las aleaciones fue estudiada por calorimetría diferencial de barrido (CDB). Con base en los resultados obtenidos se determinó que el aumento en la cantidad de energía adicionada a los polvos mediante tiempos prolongados de AM, homogeneiza la microestructura de éstos, produciendo un aumento de la cantidad de fase amorfa, la cual posee una mayor cantidad de níquel en su estructura, lo que facilita la cristalización simultanea del Mg2Ni y MgNi2 a temperaturas cercanas a los 345 °C.
Análisis del comportamiento de flujo de fluidos en un horno de reverbero agitado con diferentes impulsores, mediante la modelación física y numérica
Authors: Juárez R. , Flores A. , Macias E. , Reyes N.
Published: December 2009

Utilizando la simulación física y numérica, en este trabajo se presenta un análisis del flujo de fluidos y la trayectoria de partículas, en un modelo escala 1:2 de un horno de reverbero de 5 t. La caracterización del sistema sirvió para determinar el comportamiento del líquido en un sistema agitado mediante impulsores de diferentes formas rotando a diferentes velocidades y alturas, lo cual ha permitido determinar tiempos de circulación, de mezclado, patrones de flujo y patrones de velocidad en las cubas de agitación y fusión. Además, se aportan datos experimentales de la interacción entre flujos turbulentos y partículas sólidas. Los resultados obtenidos sugirieron cambios en la geometría del diseño de un horno convencional, propiciando mezclado más rápido y eficiente e incrementando la eficiencia en la remoción de magnesio.
Basophils Protect against Reinfection with Hookworms Independently of Mast Cells and Memory Th2 Cells
Authors: Ohnmacht Caspar , Voehringer David
Published: December 2009

Hookworms infect several hundred million people worldwide, causing malnutrition, anemia, and growth retardation. Infections generally result in a strong type 2 immune response, but the effector mechanisms that mediate worm expulsion remain poorly characterized. In this study, we determined the role of mast cells and basophils in protective immunity against the murine hookworm, Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis, during primary and secondary infection. Mast cell–deficient c-KitW-sh mice had lower serum IgE levels compared with wild-type mice under steady-state conditions and after N. brasiliensis infection. Worm expulsion was delayed during primary but not during secondary infection of c-KitW-sh mice, even in the absence of CD4 T cells. However, protective immunity was lost when basophils were depleted before reinfection of c-KitW-sh mice. We conclude that basophils play a crucial role for worm expulsion during a memory type 2 immune response independently of mast cells and memory Th2 cells.
Authentication and Banking of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Josephson Richard , Auerbach Jonathan
Published: December 2009

Pluripotent human stem cell lines from embryos or reprogrammed adult cells are not all alike. Cell lines differ widely in their propensity for differentiation, their chromosomal integrity and epigenetic state, immunological profiles, and their availability for research. It is important that all pluripotent cell lines be protected from loss by being properly banked and authenticated, which will also protect current experimental data by enabling its future reproducibility. This unit considers basic guidelines for banking and authentication of pluripotent stem cells that should be easily implementable within any laboratory. Cell Banking is the disciplined preservation of a cell stock in the originally obtained state, as well as stocks representing the baseline state for experimental efforts. Each of these stocks must be authenticated appropriately. Authentication of pluripotent lines verifies five properties: the unique identity of the line, its sterility or freedom from contaminating microorganisms and pathogens, the integrity and stability of its genome, its expression of typical markers of the stem cell phenotype, and its pluripotency upon differentiation. This unit lists and compares several assays to verify each of these stem cell line properties. Thanks to recent advances in molecular biology and the availability of state‐of‐the‐art assays from service providers, the time and material costs of banking and authentication are not excessive for the typical research laboratory. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 11:1C.9.1‐1C.9.11. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Activity‐Based Protein Profiling (ABPP) and Click Chemistry (CC)–ABPP by MudPIT Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Speers Anna E. , Cravatt Benjamin F.
Published: December 2009

Activity‐based protein profiling (ABPP) is a chemical proteomic method for functional interrogation of enzymes within complex proteomes. This unit presents a protocol for in vitro and in vivo labeling using ABPP and Click Chemistry (CC)‐ABPP probes for in‐depth profiling using the Multi‐dimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT) analysis platform. Curr. Protoc. Chem Biol. 1:29‐41. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Perspectives on adult education in Quebec
Authors: Hrimech Mohamed
Published: December 2009

Drawing on an analysis of official policies and initiatives, this chapter presents the specific situation of adult education in Quebec, its problems, and the solutions that have been devised.
Avoiding awareness of betrayal: Comment on Lindblom and Gray (2009)
Authors: Freyd Jennifer J. , Klest Bridget , DePrince Anne P.
Published: December 2009

Betrayal trauma theory (BTT) predicts that unawareness of abuse by someone on whom a victim is dependent may serve to protect a necessary relationship. Lindblom and Gray (2009) contribute to a growing line of BTT studies by measuring narrative detail in a sample of undergraduates who met Criterion A of the PTSD diagnosis and who rated the abuse as their most distressing trauma. Although many core betrayal traumas do not fit Criterion A, Lindblom and Gray found a small effect in the predicted direction. Having found an effect as predicted by BTT, curiously the authors then argue that PTSD Avoidance is a confound for forgetting the abuse to be statistically managed. This is particularly curious since symptom 3 of Criterion C is ‘inability to recall an important aspect of the trauma’. Despite constraining participant selection and other methodological issues, Lindblom and Gray's results add support to BTT. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymmetric meso‐Epoxide Ring‐Opening with Trimethylsilyl Cyanide Promoted by Chiral Binuclear Complexes of Titanium. Dichotomy of CC versus CN Bond Formation
Authors: Belokon Yuri N. , Chusov Denis , Peregudov Alexander S. , Yashkina Lidia V. , Timofeeva Galina I. , Maleev Victor I. , North Michael , Kagan Henri B.
Published: December 2009

In the presence of chiral catalysts derived from the same chiral hexadentate ligand and aluminium, zinc or titanium ions, the reaction between cyclohexene oxide and trimethylsilyl cyanide can be controlled to give predominantly either the nitrile (up to 99% ee) or the isonitrile product (up to 94% ee). The metal ion, ligand stereochemistry and base concentration all play a role in determining the product ratio.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Chiral Tetrahydroisoquinolines by Iridium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Enamines
Authors: Yan Pu‐Cha , Xie Jian‐Hua , Hou Guo‐Hua , Wang Li‐Xin , Zhou Qi‐Lin
Published: December 2009

Chiral iridium complexes based on spiro phosphoramidite ligands are demonstrated to be highly efficient catalysts for the asymmetric hydrogenation of unfunctionalized enamines with an exocyclic double bond. In combination with excess iodine or potassium iodide and under hydrogen pressure, the complex Ir/(Sa,R,R)‐3a provides chiral N‐alkyltetrahydroisoquinolines in high yields with up to 98% ee. The L/Ir ratio of 2:1 is crucial for obtaining a high reaction rate and enantioselectivity. A deuterium labeling experiment showed that an inverse isotope effect exists in this reaction. A possible catalytic cycle including an iridium(III) species bearing two monophosphoramidite ligands is also proposed.
Multiple measures of laterality in Garnett's bushbaby (Otolemur garnettii)
Authors: Hanbury David B. , Edens Kyle D. , Bunch David A. , Legg Claire E. , Watson Sheree L.
Published: December 2009

Behavioral laterality, a common measure of hemispheric specialization of the brain, has been examined in multiple tasks across several species of prosimian primates; however, there is inconsistency among findings between and within species that leaves many questions about laterality unanswered. Most studies have employed few measures of laterality, most commonly handedness. This study examined multiple measures of laterality within subjects in 17 captive‐born Garnett's bushbabies (Otolemur garnettii) to assess the consistency of lateralized behaviors and to examine possible influences such as age, posture, novelty, and arousal to elucidate the relations between direction and strength of laterality. We measured reaching, turning bias, scent marking, tail wrapping, leading foot, side‐of‐mouth preference, and hand use in prey capture. Because autonomic arousal has been invoked as a determinant of strength of lateralization, we included multiple tasks that would allow us to test this hypothesis. All subjects were significantly lateralized on simple reaching tasks (P<0.01) and tail wrapping (P<0.01). Moreover, the number of animals lateralized on turning (P<0.01), leading limb (P<0.05), mouth use (P<0.01), and prey capture (P<0.01) was greater than would be expected by chance alone. There was consistency in the strength and direction of hand biases across different postures. Tasks requiring hand use were more strongly lateralized than tasks not involving hand use (P<0.001). The data do not support the assumption that arousal (as subjectively categorized) or novelty strengthens lateralized responding. The results of this study are discussed in terms of the effects of arousal, posture, and age on lateralized behavior. Am. J. Primatol. 72:206–216, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reproductive ecology and the endometrium: Physiology, variation, and new directions
Authors: Clancy Kathryn B.H.
Published: December 2009

Endometrial function is often overlooked in the study of fertility in reproductive ecology, but it is crucial to implantation and the support of a successful pregnancy. Human female reproductive physiology can handle substantial energy demands that include the production of fecund cycles, ovulation, fertilization, placentation, a 9‐month gestation, and often several years of lactation. The particular morphology of the human endometrium as well as our relative copiousness of menstruation and large neonatal size suggests that endometrial function has more resources allocated to it than many other primates. The human endometrium has a particularly invasive kind of hemochorial placentation and trophoblast that maximizes surface area and maternal–fetal contact, yet these processes are actually less efficient than the placentation of some of our primate relatives. The human endometrium and its associated processes appear to prioritize maximizing the transmission of oxygen and glucose to the fetus over efficiency and protection of maternal resources. Ovarian function controls many aspects of endometrial function and thus variation in the endometrium is often a reflection of ecological factors that impact the ovaries. However, preliminary evidence and literature from populations of different reproductive states, ages and pathologies also suggests that ecological stress plays a role in endometrial variation, different from or even independent of ovarian function. Immune stress and psychosocial stress appear to play some role in the endometrium's ability to carry a fetus through the mechanism of inflammation. Thus, within reproductive ecology we should move towards a model of women's fecundity and fertility that includes many components of ecological stress and their effects not only on the ovaries, but on processes related to endometrial function. Greater attention on the endometrium may aid in unraveling several issues in hominoid and specifically human evolutionary biology: a low implantation rate, high rates of early pregnancy loss, prenatal investment in singletons but postnatal support of several dependent offspring at once, and higher rate of reproductive and pregnancy‐related pathology compared to other primates, ranging from endometriosis to preeclampsia. The study of the endometrium may also complicate some of these issues, as it raises the question of why humans have a maximally invasive placentation method and yet slow fetal growth rates. In this review, I will describe endometrial physiology, methods of measurement, variation, and some of the ecological variables that likely produce variation and pregnancy losses to demonstrate the necessity of further study. I propose several basic avenues of study that leave room for testable hypotheses in the field of reproductive ecology. And finally, I describe the potential of this work not just in reproductive ecology, but in the resolution of broader women's health issues. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 52:137–154, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The origins of American physical anthropology in Philadelphia
Authors: Mann Alan
Published: December 2009

With its location on a river with easy access to the sea, its central placement between the English speaking colonies to the north and south and its trading connections with the western frontier, there were many reasons Philadelphia became one of the most important towns of prerevolutionary America. In the early 1770s, it was the site of the first meeting organized to deal with the perceived inequities of the British government toward the colonies. It was where Thomas Jefferson wrote much of the Declaration of Independence, whose soaring statements reflecting the Age of Enlightenment spoke of the equality of all men. It was to this debate, centered on just who was included in this declaration that the origins of physical anthropology in America can be traced. Notable men in the early phases of this disputation included Samuel Stanhope Smith and especially Samuel George Morton, considered the founder of American physical anthropology. The American School of Anthropology, which argued for the polygenic origins of human races was substantially founded on Morton's work. Recent accusations that Morton manipulated data to support his racist views would appear unfounded. The publication of The Origin of Species in 1859 and the issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1862‐63 effectively ended the earlier debates. By the time of the American Civil War, 1861‐65, physical anthropology was beginning to explore other topics including growth and development and anthropometry. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 52:155–163, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The ecology and evolutionary endocrinology of reproduction in the human female
Authors: Vitzthum Virginia J.
Published: December 2009

Human reproductive ecology (HRE) is the study of the mechanisms that link variation in reproductive traits with variation in local habitats. Empirical and theoretical contributions from biological anthropology, physiology, and demography have established the foundation necessary for developing a comprehensive understanding, grounded in life history theory (LHT), of temporal, individual, and populational variation in women's reproductive functioning. LHT posits that natural selection leads to the evolution of mechanisms that tend to allocate resources to the competing demands of growth, reproduction, and survival such that fitness is locally maximized. (That is, among alternative allocation patterns exhibited in a population, those having the highest inclusive fitness will become more common over generational time.) Hence, strategic modulation of reproductive effort is potentially adaptive because investment in a new conception may risk one's own survival, future reproductive opportunities, and/or current offspring survival. The hypothalamic‐pituitary‐ovarian (HPO) axis is the principal neuroendocrine pathway by which the human female modulates reproductive functioning according to the changing conditions in her habitat. Adjustments of reproductive investment in a potential conception are manifested in temporal and individual variation in ovarian cycle length, ovulation, hormone levels, and the probability of conception. Understanding the extent and causes of adaptive and non‐adaptive variation in ovarian functioning is fundamental to ascertaining the proximate and remote determinants of human reproductive patterns. In this review I consider what is known and what still needs to be learned of the ecology of women's reproductive biology, beginning with a discussion of the principal explanatory frameworks in HRE and the biometry of ovarian functioning. Turning next to empirical studies, it is evident that marked variation between cycles, women, and populations is the norm rather than an aberration. Other than woman's age, the determinants of these differences are not well characterized, although developmental conditions, dietary practices, genetic variation, and epigenetic mechanisms have all been hypothesized to play some role. It is also evident that the reproductive functioning of women born and living in arduous conditions is not analogous to that of athletes, dieters, or even the lower end of the “normal range” of HPO functioning in wealthier populations. Contrary to the presumption that humans have low fecundity and an inefficient reproductive system, both theory and present evidence suggest that we may actually have very high fecundity and a reproductive system that has evolved to be flexible, ruthlessly efficient and, most importantly, strategic. Yrbk Phys Anthropol 52:95–136, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prevention of Osteoporosis in Mice after Ovariectomy via Allograft of Microencapsulated Ovarian Cells
Authors: Guo Xiao‐Xia , Zhou Jin‐Ling , Xu Qing , Lu Xin , Liang Yuan‐Jing , Weng Jing , Shi Xiao‐Lin
Published: December 2009

It is believed that estrogen deficiency is one of the major risk factors associated with osteoporosis. To investigate the effects of the transplantation of microencapsulated ovarian cells in estrogen‐deficient mice, ovarian cells from female Kunming (KM) mice (6‐weeks old) were separated, cultured, and microencapsulated with alginic acid‐polylysine‐alginic acid. Female KM mice (8‐weeks old) were randomly separated into three groups: intact (normal), ovariectomized (OVX), and treatment (OVX+ implantation). Microencapsulated ovarian cells were found to secrete estrogen at normal levels in vitro. Ninety days after transplantation, serum estradiol levels in the OVX group were significantly lower, and the trabecular bone amount and volume were decreased when compared with the normal group. The expression of alkaline phosphatase in chondrocytes appeared lower, while the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP‐9) in the bone matrix was higher. The ratio of MMP‐9‐positive chondrocytes and osteoblasts to osteoclasts was significantly lower than that of the normal group. The concentrations of hydroxyproline (Hyp), Ca, and P in the left femurs of the OVX group were lower than those of the normal group. However, the aforementioned changes were not seen in the treatment group. In conclusion, microencapsulated ovarian cells survive well after transplantation and secrete estrogen in vivo, and they can prevent in some degree osteoporosis caused by ovariectomy. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New Interpretation of the Palate of Pterosaurs
Authors: Ősi Attila , Prondvai Edina , Frey Eberhard , Pohl Burkhardt
Published: December 2009

On the basis of a new, three‐dimensionally preserved specimen of the Early Jurassic pterosaur Dorygnathus
banthensis we present a reinterpretation of the pterosaur palate. The hard palate is formed by the extensive palatal plate of the maxilla and not by the palatine as has been generally reconstructed. This palatal plate of the maxilla emarginates the choana rostrally and rostrolaterally as in other archosaurs and lepidosaurs. The longitudinally elongate and dorsoventrally flat palatine in Dorygnathus is an isolated bone caudal to the palatal plate of the maxilla and morphologically and topographically it resembles that of crocodilians and birds, respectively. The palatine separates the choana laterally from the suborbital fenestra demonstrating the homologous nature of the (primary) choana in all archosaurs and lepidosaurs. Our study indicates that in basal pterosaurs the pterygo–ectopterygoid fenestra existed caudal to the suborbital fenestra, which became confluent with the adductor chamber in pterodactyloids thereby increasing the relative size of the adductor chamber and hence the mass of the jaw adductors. The choana in basal pterosaurs was relatively small compared with the interpterygoid vacuity. With increasing rostroventral inclination of the quadrates in more derived pterosaurs, the interpterygoid vacuity was reduced considerably, whereas the choana increased in size. This exceptional Dorygnathus specimen also shows a hitherto unknown pair of fenestrae situated at the palatal contact of the premaxilla–maxilla and might represent the aperture for the vomeronasal organ. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PTH Stimulated Growth and Decreased Col‐X Deposition are Phosphotidylinositol‐3,4,5 Triphosphate Kinase and Mitogen Activating Protein Kinase Dependent in Avian Sterna
Authors: Harrington Erik Kern , Coon David J. , Kern Matthew F. , Svoboda Kathy K.H.
Published: December 2009

Type X collagen (Col‐X) deposition is a marker of terminal differentiation during chondrogenesis, in addition to appositional growth and apoptosis. The parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone related peptide (PTH/PTHrP) receptor, or PPR, is a G‐Protein coupled receptor (GPCR), which activates several downstream pathways, moderating chondrocyte differentiation, including suppression of Col‐X deposition. An Avian sterna model was used to analyze the PPR GPCR downstream kinase role in growth rate and extracellular matrix (ECM) including Col‐II, IX, and X. Phosphatidylinositol kinase (PI3K), mitogen activating protein kinase (MAPK) and protein kinase A (PKA) were inhibited with specific established inhibitors LY294002, PD98059, and H89, respectively to test the hypothesis that they could reverse/inhibit the PTH/PTHrP pathway. Excised E14 chick sterna were PTH treated with or without an inhibitor and compared to controls. Sternal length was measured every 24 hr. Cultured sterna were immuno‐stained using specific antibodies for Col‐II, IX, or X and examined via confocal microscopy. Increased growth in PTH‐treated sterna was MAPK, PI3K, and PKA dose dependent, suggesting growth was regulated through multiple pathways. Col‐X deposition was rescued in PTH‐treated sterna in the presence of PI3K or MAPK inhibitors, but not with the PKA inhibitor. All three inhibitors moderately disrupted Col‐II and Col‐IX deposition. These results suggest that PTH can activate multiple pathways during chondrocyte differentiation. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Flow cytometry‐based methods for assessing soluble scFv activities and detecting antigens in solution
Authors: Gray Sean A. , Weigel Kris M. , Miller Keith D. , Ndung'u Joseph , Büscher Philippe , Tran Thao , Baird Cheryl , Cangelosi Gerard A.
Published: December 2009

Novel methods are reported for evaluating and utilizing single chain fragment variable (scFv) antibodies derived from yeast‐display libraries. Yeast‐display was used to select scFv specific to invariant surface glycoproteins (ISG) of Trypanosoma brucei. A limiting step in the isolation of scFv from non‐immune libraries is the conversion of highly active yeast‐displayed scFv into soluble antibodies that can be used in standard immunoassays. Challenges include limited solubility or activity following secretion and purification of scFv. For this reason, few scFv derived from yeast‐display platforms have moved into development and implementation as diagnostic reagents. To address this problem, assays were developed that employ both yeast‐displayed and ‐secreted scFv as analytical reagents. The first is a competitive inhibition flow cytometry (CIFC) assay that detects secreted scFv by virtue of their ability to competitively inhibit the binding of biotinylated antigen to yeast‐displayed scFv. The second is an epitope binning assay that uses secreted scFv to identify additional yeast‐displayed scFv that bind non‐overlapping or non‐competing epitopes on an antigen. The epitope binning assay was used not only to identify sandwich assay pairs with yeast‐displayed scFv, but also to identify active soluble scFv present in low concentration in a crude expression extract. Finally, a CIFC assay was developed that bypasses entirely the need for soluble scFv expression, by using yeast‐displayed scFv to detect unlabeled antigen in samples. These methods will facilitate the continued development and practical implementation of scFv derived from yeast‐display libraries. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;105: 973–981. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of a bionanotechnological phosphate removal system with thermostable ferritin
Authors: Jacobs Johannes F. , Hasan M. Nahid , Paik Kamal H. , Hagen Wilfred R. , van Loosdrecht Mark C.M.
Published: December 2009

Phosphate removal to ecologically desired levels of <0.01 mg/L is currently dependent on large overdosing of metal salts and production of large amounts of chemical sludge. The present study focuses on the development and performance of a new bionanotechnological phosphate removal system, based on sorption of oxoanions by nanoscale ferric iron particles stabilized within thermostable ferritin from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus (PfFrt). Laboratory studies show that this thermostable protein nanocage has fast kinetics for phosphate uptake at very low concentrations by catalytic oxidation of iron. In this study we demonstrate essentially complete phosphate removal with a capacity of approximately 11 mg/g PfFrt. Ferritin can easily be immobilized and is amenable to fast and efficient regeneration, making recovery of phosphate possible. The phosphate removal process with PfFrt is, due to its high affinity, able to reach ecologically desired phosphate levels and in addition it is cost competitive with existing techniques. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;105: 918–923. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
School counsellors' perceptions of mandatory reporter training and mandatory reporting experiences
Authors: Bryant Jill K. , Baldwin Patricia A.
Published: December 2009

The purpose of this study was to examine child abuse reporting by a national sample of school counsellors in the United States. The qualitative results from a large mixed methods study incorporating both quantitative and qualitative strands are presented. Participants were asked to comment on past child abuse training, noting the areas of training they found most beneficial and areas where they desired additional training. Participants were also afforded the opportunity to make any general comments regarding their perceptions of the current mandatory reporting legislation and their experiences of reporting child abuse. Results showed that while many school counsellors felt past training on mandatory reporting legislation and identifying types of abuse was helpful, they identified a need for additional training in identifying emotional and sexual abuse, and supervisory neglect (i.e. lack of supervision by a parent or caretaker producing potential injury or harm to the child). They also desired more training regarding working with children and families affected by child abuse. Four themes emerged from the open question. The first theme illuminated concerns regarding the effectiveness of the mandatory reporting process while the second theme was equally negative, with counsellors sharing many frustrations about their working relationship with child protection services. Additional themes related to their reporting experiences and specific challenges embedded in the school context, such as dealing with parents following a report, difficulty getting adolescent reports investigated and working with school personnel to ensure that reporting responsibilities were understood and followed. Copyright. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystal Structure of the Human Monoacylglycerol Lipase, a Key Actor in Endocannabinoid Signaling
Authors: Labar Geoffray , Bauvois Cédric , Borel Franck , Ferrer Jean‐Luc , Wouters Johan , Lambert Didier M.
Published: December 2009

2‐Arachidonoylglycerol plays a major role in endocannabinoid signaling, and is tightly regulated by the monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL). Here we report the crystal structure of human MAGL. The protein crystallizes as a dimer, and despite structural homologies to haloperoxidases and esterases, it distinguishes itself by a wide and hydrophobic access to the catalytic site. An apolar helix covering the active site also gives structural insight into the amphitropic character of MAGL, and likely explains how MAGL interacts with membranes to recruit its substrate. Docking of 2‐arachidonoylglycerol highlights a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic cavity that accommodate the lipid into the catalytic site. Moreover, we identified Cys201 as the crucial residue in MAGL inhibition byN‐arachidonylmaleimide, a sulfhydryl‐reactive compound. Beside the advance in the knowledge of endocannabinoids degradation routes, the structure of MAGL paves the way for future medicinal chemistry works aimed at the design of new drugs exploiting 2‐arachidonoylglycerol transmission.
Experimental Investigation of Performances of Microcapsule Phase Change Material for Thermal Energy Storage
Authors: Fang G. , Li H. , Liu X. , Wu S.
Published: December 2009

Performances of microcapsule phase change material (MPCM) for thermal energy storage are investigated. The MPCM for thermal energy storage is prepared by a complex coacervation method with gelatin and acacia as wall materials and paraffin as core material in an emulsion system. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to study the microstructure of the MPCM. In thermal analysis, a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was employed to determine the melting temperature, melting latent heat, solidification temperature, and solidification latent heat of the MPCM for thermal energy storage. The SEM micrograph indicates that the MPCM has been successfully synthesized and that the particle size of the MPCM is about 81 μm. The DSC output results show that the melting temperature of the MPCM is 52.05 °C, the melting latent heat is 141.03 kJ/kg, the solidification temperature is 59.68 °C, and the solidification latent heat is 121.59 kJ/kg. The results prove that the MPCM for thermal energy storage has a larger phase change latent heat and suitable phase change temperature, so it can be considered as an efficient thermal energy storage material for heat utilizing systems.
Fluorescent Bioprobes: Structural Matching in the Docking Processes of Aggregation‐Induced Emission Fluorogens on DNA Surfaces
Authors: Hong Yuning , Xiong Hao , Lam Jacky Wing Yip , Häußler Matthias , Liu Jianzhao , Yu Yong , Zhong Yongchun , Sung Herman H. Y. , Williams Ian D. , Wong Kam Sing , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: December 2009

Whereas most conventional DNA probes are flat disklike aromatic molecules, we explored the possibility of developing quadruplex sensors with nonplanar conformations, in particular, the propeller‐shaped tetraphenylethene (TPE) salts with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) characteristics. 1,1,2,2‐Tetrakis[4‐(2‐triethylammonioethoxy)phenyl]ethene tetrabromide (TPE‐1) was found to show a specific affinity to a particular quadruplex structure formed by a human telomeric DNA strand in the presence of K+ ions, as indicated by the enhanced and bathochromically shifted emission of the AIE fluorogen. Steady‐state and time‐resolved spectral analyses revealed that the specific binding stems from a structural matching between the AIE fluorogen and the DNA strand in the folding process. Computational modeling suggests that the AIE molecule docks on the grooves of the quadruplex surface with the aid of electrostatic attraction. The binding preference of TPE‐1 enables it to serve as a bioprobe for direct monitoring of cation‐driven conformational transitions between the quadruplexes of various conformations, a job unachievable by the traditional G‐quadruplex biosensors. Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assays reveal that TPE‐1 is cytocompatible, posing no toxicity to living cells.
Design Principles and Theory of Paramagnetic Fluorine‐Labelled Lanthanide Complexes as Probes for 19F Magnetic Resonance: A Proof‐of‐Concept Study
Authors: Chalmers Kirsten H. , De Luca Elena , Hogg Naomi H. M. , Kenwright Alan M. , Kuprov Ilya , Parker David , Botta Mauro , Wilson J. Ian , Blamire Andrew M.
Published: December 2009

The synthesis and spectroscopic properties of a series of CF3‐labelled lanthanide(III) complexes (Ln=Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm) with amide‐substituted ligands based on 1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane are described. The theoretical contributions of the 19F magnetic relaxation processes in these systems are critically assessed and selected volumetric plots are presented. These plots allow an accurate estimation of the increase in the rates of longitudinal and transverse relaxation as a function of the distance between the LnIII ion and the fluorine nucleus, the applied magnetic field, and the re‐rotational correlation time of the complex, for a given LnIII ion. Selected complexes exhibit pH‐dependent chemical shift behaviour, and a pKa of 7.0 was determined in one example based on the holmium complex of an ortho‐cyano DO3A‐monoamide ligand, which allowed the pH to be assessed by measuring the difference in chemical shift (varying by over 14 ppm) between two 19F resonances. Relaxation analyses of variable‐temperature and variable‐field 19F, 17O and 1H NMR spectroscopy experiments are reported, aided by identification of salient low‐energy conformers by using density functional theory. The study of fluorine relaxation rates, over a field range of 4.7 to 16.5 T allowed precise computation of the distance between the LnIII ion and the CF3 reporter group by using global fitting methods. The sensitivity benefits of using such paramagnetic fluorinated probes in 19F NMR spectroscopic studies are quantified in preliminary spectroscopic and imaging experiments with respect to a diamagnetic yttrium(III) analogue.
SN2’ versus SN2 Reactivity: Control of Regioselectivity in Conversions of Baylis–Hillman Adducts
Authors: Baidya Mahiuddin , Remennikov Grygoriy Y. , Mayer Peter , Mayr Herbert
Published: December 2009

TiCl4‐induced Baylis–Hillman reactions of α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds with aldehydes yield the (Z)‐2‐(chloromethyl)vinyl carbonyl compounds 5, which react with 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), quinuclidine, and pyridines to give the allylammonium ions 6. Their combination with less than one equivalent of the potassium salts of stabilized carbanions (e.g. malonate) yields methylene derivatives 8 under kinetically controlled conditions (SN2’ reactions). When more than one equivalent of the carbanions is used, a second SN2’ reaction converts 8 into their thermodynamically more stable allyl isomers 9. The second‐order rate constants for the reactions of 6 with carbanions have been determined photometrically in DMSO. With these rate constants and the previously reported nucleophile‐specific parameters N and s for the stabilized carbanions, the correlation log k (20 °C)=s(N + E) allowed us to calculate the electrophilicity parameters E for the allylammonium ions 6 (−19<E <−18). The kinetic data indicate the SN2’ reactions to proceed via an addition–elimination mechanism with a rate‐determining addition step.
Chlamydomonas mutants display reversible deficiencies in flagellar beating and axonemal assembly
Authors: Wei Mei , Sivadas Priyanka , Owen Heather A. , Mitchell David R. , Yang Pinfen
Published: December 2009

Axonemal complexes in flagella are largely prepackaged in the cell body. As such, one mutation often results in the absence of the co‐assembled components and permanent motility deficiencies. For example, a Chlamydomonas mutant defective in RSP4 in the radial spoke (RS), which is critical for bend propagation, has paralyzed flagella that also lack the paralogue RSP6 and three additional RS proteins. Intriguingly, recent studies showed that several mutant strains contain a mixed population of swimmers and paralyzed cells despite their identical genetic background. Here we report a cause underlying these variations. Two new mutants lacking RSP6 swim processively and other components appear normally assembled in early log phase indicating that, unlike RSP4, this paralogue is dispensable. However, swimmers cannot maintain the typical helical trajectory and reactivated cell models tend to spin. Interestingly the motile fraction and the spokehead content dwindle during stationary phase. These results suggest that (1) intact RS is critical for maintaining the rhythm of oscillatory beating and thus the helical trajectory; (2) assembly of the axonemal complex with subtle defects is less efficient and the inefficiency is accentuated in compromised conditions, leading to reversible dyskinesia. Consistently, several organisms only possess one RSP4/6 gene. Gene duplication in Chlamydomonas enhances RS assembly to maintain optimal motility in various environments. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.