bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SAMPLING CARABID ASSEMBLAGES WITH PITFALL TRAPS: THE MADNESS AND THE METHOD
Authors: Spence John R. , Niemelä Jari K.
Published: November 2009

We describe a litter-washing technique for collecting quantitative samples of ground-beetles (Carabidae), and compare the results with those from liner extraction by Tullgren funnels and pitfall (rapping. We also compare performance of four types of pitfall traps across five habitats. Carabid species composition from litter washing and funnel extraction was similar but washing revealed higher densities. Large-bodied species predominated in pitfall samples and small-bodied species predominated in litter samples. Uncovered, round pitfall traps yielded generally higher catches than rectangular or covered, round traps but the pattern was not consistent over all species or the five habitats. Ecological studies of carabid populations and assemblages using pitfall traps may be improved if they are both designed and interpreted in light of the biology of the group and with regard to the deficiencies of pitfall trapping as discussed here and elsewhere.
WORD CLONES, OR BALL WORDS, IN ENGLISH USAGE
Authors: Leech Robin
Published: November 2009

Except for emphasis (as in “. . .very, very good”), it is usual in languages that every following word in a sentence is different. The preceding sentence, this sentence, and the following sentence, are examples of this.

Chinese has double, triple, and quadruple juxtaposed characters, most often for emphasis, but also for changing the meanings (G.-C. Lo, T. Mah, J. Yu, pers. comm.; Fig. la, b, c, and d). The Czech, Slovak, and German languages (M. Pospisil, pers. comm.), and the Ukrainian language each have at least one pair of juxtaposed identical words (see below).
ASSOCIATION OF PHYTOPATHOGENIC FUNGI FOR THE SCOTS PINE (PINUS SYLVESTRIS L.) WITH THE EUROPEAN PINE WEEVIL HYLOBIUS ABIETIS (L.) (COL. CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Lévieux J. , Piou D. , Cassier P. , André M. , Guillaumin D.
Published: November 2009

In 1989 and 1990, the contamination rate of the European pine weevil Hylobius abietis (L.) by several pathogenic fungi for the Scots pine was measured [Leptographium procerum (Kendrick) Wingf. — 45% of the specimens; Pachnodium canum (Upadh. and Kendr.) — 14%; or Ophiostoma piliferum (Fries) H. and P. Syd — 3% (Piou 1993)]. To understand the processes of transportation, a detailed study was conducted by scanning electron microscopy. Several types of spores vectored are found mainly in the thoracic cuticular rounded wells located near the sensorial setae. These wells are connected with an epidermal glandular apparatus whose ultrastructural description is given. We question the origin and composition of these secretions which are believed to protect the spores and contribute to the infection process.
VARIATION IN FEMALE SOUTHERN PINE BEETLE SIZE AND LIPID CONTENT IN RELATION TO FUNGAL ASSOCIATES
Authors: Coppedge Bryan R. , Stephen Frederick M. , Felton Gary W.
Published: November 2009

Female southern pine beetles, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, may propagate two species of symbiotic fungi in a prothoracic mycangium. Females can carry either Ceratocystiopsis ranaculosus Bridges and Perry or an unnamed basidiomycete or both; some carry no fungi. Thus, females can be categorized into one of four groups based on mycangial content. We examined size and lipid content of emerging brood adult females based on these mycangial fungal classes. Female beetles carrying the basidiomycete, either alone or in combination with C. ranaculosus, were larger, heavier, and contained more lipid than did females carrying only C. ranaculosus. Size and lipid content also varied by season, as did the number of females carrying different fungal combinations. Regression analysis showed that variation in the occurrence of the basidiomycete was significantly related to variation in averages of beetle size and lipid content measurements.
EFFECT OF SPRAY DROPLET SIZE AND DENSITY ON EFFICACY OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER AGAINST THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Payne Nicholas J. , van Frankenhuyzen Kees
Published: November 2009

Because microbial insecticides based on Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki cause temporary cessation of larval feeding at sublethal doses, we hypothesized that the delivery of a given dose in a single droplet is more efficacious than delivery of the same dose in multiple smaller droplets. We tested this hypothesis by exposing larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), to an LD50 of a commercial product (Dipel 8L) in combinations of droplet sizes and densities that are commonly observed on coniferous foliage after aerial application. A nominal dose of 5.2 International Units (IU) was presented to fifth-instar larvae on one, two, or four balsam fir, Abies balsamea L., needles in the form of one, two, or four droplets with diameters of 84, 66, or 52 μm, respectively. The combinations of droplet size and density were chosen to represent an increasing degree of dose dispersion. Overall mortality after a 24-h exposure was significantly reduced with increasing dose dispersion from an average of 66% when the dose was presented in one 84-μm droplet on one needle to 40% when presented in multiple droplets on several needles. Increased dose dispersion reduced the proportion of larvae that were able to ingest the full dose, presumably because of feeding inhibition caused by ingestion of sublethal droplets. In addition, mortality of fully dosed larvae declined significantly with increasing dispersion, implying a reduction in the effectiveness of the ingested dose. When compared with operational spray deposits, our results suggest that efficacy of spruce budworm sprays may be improved by increasing the proportion of needles receiving a lethal spray deposit by increasing product potency and possibly the active ingredient application rate.
FORAGING DYNAMICS OF PEPONAPIS PRUINOSA (HYMENOPTERA: ANTHOPHORIDAE) ON PUMPKIN (CUCURBITA PEPO) IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: Willis D. Susan , Kevan Peter G.
Published: November 2009

A large population of Peponapis pruinosa, a solitary, oligolectic, ground-nesting bee and important pollinator of cucurbits in the United States and Mexico, was studied foraging on pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) at a site in Cambridge, Ontario, from 23 July to 30 August 1990. We measured the diurnal and seasonal foraging trends for P. pruinosa and compared our findings with those for P. pruinosa elsewhere. The females are active on flowers in the mornings from dawn on. The males are active later in the mornings and spend afternoons and nights in closed flowers. The seasonal emergence of the bees closely parallels that of the plants’ anthesis. Diurnal activity is related to the availability of pollen resources on the flowers of C. pepo. Almost all pollen is removed from the synandria within 2 h of the start of foraging by female bees. Ambient temperature threshold for foraging by both sexes is about 10 °C.
EFFECTS OF ADULT NUTRITION ON LONGEVITY, FECUNDITY, AND OFFSPRING SEX RATIO OF TRICHOGRAMMA MINUTUM RILEY (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE)
Authors: Leatemia J.A. , Laing J.E. , Corrigan J.E.
Published: November 2009

The role of adult nutrition in longevity, progeny production, and offspring sex ratio of Trichogramma minutum Riley was examined. On average, honey-fed females lived 26.4 days and produced 260 offspring; unfed females lived 3.5 days and produced 80 offspring. Feeding on fructose or sucrose also significantly increased longevity and fecundity over unfed females (fructose, 23 days and 230 offspring; sucrose, 21 days and 230 offspring) but to a lesser degree than feeding on pure honey. Females fed yeast suspension or water had no significant increases in longevity or fecundity compared to unfed females. Offspring sex ratios of long-lived females were male-biased (50–62% males), those of short-lived females were female-biased (74–82% females). Lifetime reproduction of honey-fed females was highest at 20–25 °C and relative humidities of 20–80%, but short-term offspring production (during the first 2 days after emergence) was highest at 30 °C and 60–80% RH. Females that had access to honey for only a 24-h period did not increase their offspring production over the first 4 days of their lives when compared to unfed females. The potential benefits of feeding adult T. minutum for mass-rearing and field release are discussed.
DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN PINE SHOOTS WITH AND WITHOUT OVIPOSITION BY PISSODES TERMINALIS HOPPING (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Maclauchlan Lorraine E. , Borden John H.
Published: November 2009

The lodgepole terminal weevil, Pissodes terminalis Hopping, is the only member of its genus that consistently oviposits in the expanding terminal shoots of its hosts (Stark and Wood 1964). The white pine weevil, Pissodes strobi (Peck), oviposits in the year old shoot of spruce and pine (Wallace and Sullivan 1985) and other Pissodes species have their oviposition sites on boles, root collars, and slash (Furniss and Carolin 1977). In southern British Columbia, P. terminalis is primarily univoltine although adults may live and oviposit for 2 or more years. Although its life cycle is closely synchronized with terminal phenology, its life history is extremely variable (Cameron and Stark 1989). Adults are active in late spring to early summer, when they can be found feeding on the tissues of the developing terminal shoot and foliage. Soon after this maturation feeding, mating occurs, and oviposition punctures are excavated in the bark of the new terminal. Usually a single egg is deposited into each puncture (Drouin et al. 1963; Stark and Wood 1964; Maclauchlan 1992).
SYNCHRONY BETWEEN POPULATIONS OF THE TARNISHED PLANT BUG, LYGUS LINEOLARIS (PALISOT DE BEAUVOIS) (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE), AND ITS EGG PARASITOIDS IN SOUTHWESTERN QUEBEC
Authors: Al-Ghamdi Khalid M. , Stewart Robin K. , Boivin Guy
Published: November 2009

The seasonal occurrence of four species of egg parasitoids of the tarnished plant bug (Lygus lineolaris) was determined in three different habitais: fields of mixed weeds. alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). and crown vetch (Coronilla varia L.) in southwestern Quebec in 1991 and 1992. Parasitoids studied were the mymarids Anaphes iole Girault, Polynema pratensiphagum (Walley), and Erythmelus miridiphagus Dozier and a scelionid, Telenomus sp. Adult populations of these parasitoids showed three or four population peaks in all habitats throughout the season. Adult parasitoid activity started during the first egg-laying period of L. lineolaris at a temperature accumulation of 73 degree-days (DD). The overwintering period began in mid-October at 1277 and 1058 DD for 1991 and 1992, respectively. All the parasitoids had a strong synchrony with L. lineolaris populations; specifically, marked peaks in the adult population of all species were in synchrony with the egg-laying periods of L. lineolaris.
BIONOMICS OF STRAWBERRY ROOT WEEVIL ADULTS, OTIORHYNCHUS OVATUS (L.)(COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), ON YOUNG ORNAMENTAL CONIFER TREES IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: Brandt J.P. , Smith S.M. , Hubbes M.
Published: November 2009

Field and laboratory studies were undertaken in southern Ontario to gain bionomical information on the adult strawberry root weevil (Otiorhynchus ovatus), a pest of ornamental conifer trees in nurseries. Emergence of overwintering adults began on 3 June 1991 and lasted 56 days, with 50% emerging within 18 days. Adults dispersed less than 5 m in 48 days from a single release point. About 50% of females were fecund. The laboratory temperatures at which adults were reared (15, 20, and 25°C) had no significant effect on fecundity (62.3 eggs per female) but influenced longevity; adults at 15°C lived longer than at 20 or 25°C. The mean preovipositional and ovipositional periods were 31.5 and 49.0 days, respectively. Less than 1% of adult weevils released in the field survived the winter; overwintering adults lived 10 months. Egg eclosion occurred 16 days after oviposition with 78% of the eggs viable. The significance of these biological observations in the development of management strategies for this pest is discussed.
A COMPARISON OF EPIGAEIC COLEOPTERA ASSEMBLAGES IN ORGANIC, CONVENTIONAL, AND ABANDONED ORCHARDS IN NOVA SCOTIA, CANADA
Authors: Pearsall Isobel A. , Walde Sandra J.
Published: November 2009

The beetle fauna of conventional, organic, and abandoned apple orchards was monitored in the Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia, between May and September 1991. Treatment in the three types of orchards differed with respect to weed control, disease control, fertilization, and general care. The most commonly captured beetles in all three types of orchards were carabids, in particular,Carabus nemoralisMüller,Carabus granulatusLinné,Harpalus rufipes(DeGeer), andPterostichus coracinus(Newman). In general, abundance of predaceous beetles was highest in the conventional orchards and lowest in the abandoned orchards. Generic composition of predaceous beetles was similar among orchards, although the abandoned orchards were characterized by high proportions of the larger carabids,C.nemoralisandC.granulatus, whereas the organic and conventional orchards were dominated by the smaller carabids,H.rufipesandP.coracinus. Although there were no significant differences among orchard type in the total abundance of non-predaceous beetles, the abandoned orchards displayed the greatest diversity of non-predaceous beetles, with the lowest diversity found in the organic orchards.
LE SOUS-GENREDERCYLUS(LICINODERCYLUS) KUNTZEN, 1912: POSITION SYSTÉMATIQUE, RÉVISION DES ESPÈCES ET DESCRIPTION DE LA LARVE (CARABIDAE, DERCYLINI)
Authors: Moret Pierre , Bousquet Yves
Published: November 2009

Une nouvelle définition des sous-genres deDercylusCastelnau, 1832, est proposée, et leur synonymie est clarifiée. Quatre sous-genres sont retenus :Dercyluss.str.,Eurydercylus, subgen.nov. (espèce-type :Dercylus tenebricosusLa Ferté-Sénectère, 1851),AsporinaCastelnau, 1835, etLicinodercylusKuntzen, 1912.DercylodesChaudoir, 1883, etPterodercylusKuntzen, 1912, sont considérés comme des synonymes deDercyluss.str. Le nomLicinodercylusKuntzen, 1912, remplacePhysomerusChaudoir, 1883, homonyme plus récent de trois autres noms de genre. Les 14 espèces aujourd’hui connues du sous-genreLicinodercylusfont ensuite l’objet d’une révision systématique. Onze d’entre elles sont des espèces nouvelles :Dercylus(Licinodercylus)franiaiMoret,D.onoreiMoret,D.orbiculatusMoret,D.praepilatusMoret,D.screatorMoret,D.davidsoniMoret,D.graniferMoret,D.nodosusMoret,D.gaujoniMoret,D.gibberMoret etD.mathaniMoret. La larve deDercylus(Licinodercylus)orbiculatussp.nov. est décrite, et les affinités phylogénétiques des Dercylini sont discutées. On présente enfin les informations disponibles concernant l’écologie et la répartition biogéographique desLicinodercylusde l’Ecuador, et des hypothèses sont proposées sur les modalités de leur spéciation.
QUANTITATIVE AND SEASONAL ASSOCIATION OF THE PITCH CANKER FUNGUS, FUSARIUM SUBGLUTINANS F. SP. PINI WITH CONOPHTHORUS RADIATAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) AND ERNOBIUS PUNCTULATUS (COLEOPTERA: ANOBIIDAE) WHICH INFEST PINUS RADIATA
Authors: Hoover Kelli , Wood David L. , Fox Joseph W. , Bros William E.
Published: November 2009

The objective of this study was to determine the quantitative and seasonal association between the pitch canker fungus, Fusarium subglutinans f. sp. pini, and two potential beetle vectors, Conophthorus radiatae Hopkins and Ernobius punctulatus Fall. In samples of reared and dissected cones, 21.4 ± 2.5% of C. radiatae and 30.1 ± 8.0% of E. punctulatus adults carried propagules of F. s. pini. Seasonal variation in mean percentage of contaminated C. radiatae and E. punctulatus emerged from cones ranged from 0 to 67% and was highest for both species February through April. In sticky traps 12.5 ± 2.3% and 11.8 ± 3.6% of E. punctulatus and Pityophthorus spp., respectively, were contaminated with propagules of F. s. pini.

Conophthorus radiatae and E. punctulatus co-occurred in 26% of the cones. The percentage of cones containing contaminated C. radiatae was greater when E. punctulatus progeny were also contaminated than when E. punctulatus was not. When contamination status of E. punctulatus was not considered, there was no significant difference in C. radiatae contamination between cones with and without E. punctulatus. Because C. radiatae appears to be a vector of the pitch canker fungus, interspecific transmission of inoculum may increase the incidence of this disease.

The parasitoid, Cephalonomia utahensis Brues (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), was frequently observed parasitizing late-instar larvae of E. punctulatus, but was not found on larvae of C. radiatae. Emergence of large numbers of C. utahensis represents another potential source of inoculum for transmission to prey species.
THE EFFECT OF TILLAGE REGIME ON EMERGENCE OF ROOT MAGGOTS (DELIA SPP.) (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) FROM CANOLA
Authors: Dosdall L.M. , Herbut M.J. , Cowle N.T. , Micklich T.M.
Published: November 2009

The effect of four tillage regimes on the emergence of root maggots (Delia spp.) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) was determined on experimental plots seeded the previous year to either Brassica rupa L. or Brassica napus L. The tillage regimes evaluated comprised no tillage, tillage in the spring only, tillage in the fall only, and tillage in both the fall and the spring. Emergence trap collections of Delia radicum (L.) and Delia floralis (Fallén) were made from the experimental plots from early May to mid-July of 1991 and 1992. In both years, emergence from untilled plots significantly exceeded that from plots subjected to any other tillage treatment. Tillage resulted in a decrease in emergence of 55–64% for D. radicum, and reduction of 53–72% for D. floralis. For D. floralis, greatest reductions in emergence following a tillage treatment occurred in plots tilled only in the fall or in plots tilled in both the fall and the spring; however for D. radicum, tillage in the fall, the spring, and in both the fall and the spring reduced emergence to approximately the same extent. Results of our study indicated that canola growers in regions of high population densities of root maggot should cultivate infested fields, preferably in fall, to reduce the emergence success of Delia spp.
SEASONAL DIAPAUSE DEVELOPMENT, EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND PHOTOPERIOD ON POSTDIAPAUSE EGG DEVELOPMENT, AND VALIDATION OF A DEGREE-DAY MODEL PREDICTING LARVAL ECLOSION OF BLUEBERRY LEAFTIER, CROESIA CURVALANA (KEARFOTT) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Polavarapu Sridhar , Seabrook William D.
Published: November 2009

Eggs of blueberry leaftier, Croesia curvalana (Kearfott), were transferred from outdoors at 15-day intervals from 15 November to 1 March and held in the laboratory at 20°C, 16L:8D. Mean hatching time continually decreased with each successive transfer date and was significantly shorter for eggs transferred on 1 March compared with any previous transfer date. Transfer date also had a significant effect on percentage hatch, which generally increased with longer exposure of eggs to outdoor conditions. Mean hatching time was longer under 10L:14D photoperiod than at 13L:11D or 16L:8D conditions at all three temperatures studied. Rate of postdiapause development was linearly related to constant temperatures in the range from 6 to 25°C, but appeared to have deviated from linearity at 30°C. The lower threshold temperature for postdiapause development of eggs was estimated to be 3.4°C. Means of 60, 77, and 97 degree-days above a lower threshold of 3.5°C were required for hatching of the 10th, median, and 90th percentile of eggs under laboratory conditions, respectively. In each of 3 years, eclosion of first-instar larvae occurred over a 10- to 17-day period in late April to mid-May. Degree-day accumulations based on litter temperatures in the field predicted the dates of 10th, 50th and 90th percentile eclosion of first-instar larvae within ±2 days of the observed dates.
A REVISION OF THE GENUSCOLONHERBST (COLEOPTERA; LEIODIDAE; COLONINAE) OF NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Peck Stewart B. , Stephan Karl
Published: November 2009

The traditional subgenera ofColonHerbst containing the North American fauna areColons.str.,MyloechusLatreille, andEurycolonGanglbauer. We use these and also describeTricolonandStriatocolonas new subgenera. Identification of species in the genusColonis taxonomically difficult because of allometric variation of external characters in males, and lack of distinctive characters in females. We present keys, illustrations, and descriptions to distinguish the known North American species. A total of 37 species names have been previously applied toColonin North America. We designate lectotypes forColon thoracicumHorn,C.asperatumHorn,C.oblongumBlatchley,C.dentatumLeConte,C.pusillumLeConte,C.putumHorn,C.hubbardiHorn,C.nevadenseHorn, andC.liebeckiWickham. We recognize 16 names as synonyms of previously named species as follows:C.clavatumMannerheim =C.bidentatumSahlberg;C.complicatumHatch =C.celatumHorn;C.decoreCasey =C.thoracicumHorn;C.excisumHatch =C.hubbardiHorn;C.femoraleHatch =C.lanceolatumHatch;C.kincaidiHatch =C.hubbardiHorn;C.mannerheimiSzymczakowski =C.oblongumBlatchley;C.pusillumHorn =C.dentatumLeConte;C.putumHorn =C.dentatumLeConte;C.paradoxumHorn =C.bidentatumSahlberg;C.nevadenseHorn =C.celatumHorn;C.productumHatch =C.hubbardiHorn;C.rufumHatch =C.dentatumLeConte;C.schuhiHatch =C.discretumHatch;C.serripoidesHatch =C.asperatumHorn;C.pribilofHatch =C.liebeckiWickham. We describe 22 species as new, as follows. In the subgenusTricolon:C.blatchleyiandC.pacificum. In the subgenusColon:C.arcum,C.nitidum,C.politum, andC.vancouverensis. In the subgenusMyloechus:C.boreale,C.californicum,C.chihuahua,C.chiricahua,C.grossum,C.hatchi,C.hesperium,C.incisum,C.longitorsum,C.megasetosum,C.mesum,C.monstrosum,C.pararectum,C.potosi,C.similare, andC.xilitla. All these species are restricted to North America except forC.bidentatumandC.politumwhich are northern Holarctic. This yields 42 species recognized for the North American fauna. These beetles occur in forest, open woodland, and grassland habitats. Their larvae, biology, and food are still unknown.
ADULT LONGEVITY, FECUNDITY, AND POPULATION GROWTH RATES FOR TRIALEURODES RICINI MISRA (HOMOPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE) AT DIFFERENT CONSTANT TEMPERATURES
Authors: Shishehbor P. , Brennan P.A.
Published: November 2009

Longevity and reproductive potential of adult males and females of Trialeurodes ricini Misra were determined under laboratory conditions at four constant temperatures (20, 25, 30, and 35 ± 1°C). The resulting data were used to calculate life tables and rates of increase at each temperature. Females of T. ricini oviposited means of 183, 224, 294, and 132 eggs at 20, 25, 30, and 35°C, respectively, and had a mean longevity of 38.52, 28.15, 15.78, and 10.11 days at the same four temperatures. The net reproductive rate was 49.92, 72.26, 111.08, and 38.44, and the daily intrinsic rate of increase was 0,05, 0.11, 0.18, and 0.15 at 20, 25, 30, and 35 °C, respectively. Generation times decreased from 69.88 to 24.92 days with increasing temperature. The results indicate that T. ricini can, in otherwise unlimited conditions, persist and increase in numbers within the range 20–35°C.
CONTROL OF THE ENGLISH GRAIN APHID [SITOBION AVENAE (F.)] (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) AND THE OAT-BIRDCHERRY APHID [RHOPALOSIPHUM PADI (L.)] (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) ON WINTER CEREALS
Authors: Neil K.A. , Gaul S.O. , McRae K.B.
Published: November 2009

Seasonal abundance of Sitobion avenae (F.) and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) was monitored in Nova Scotia winter wheat plots. Rhopalosiphum padi was the more common aphid species during "heading out." Winter wheat cultivars differed in their resistance to R. padi development; the highest reproductive rate was on ’Absolvent.’ The effect of chemicals used in intensive cereal management on R. padi and Coccinella septempunctata (L.) was assessed. Dimethoate and carbaryl caused similar high mortality to both insects, but pirimicarb was more toxic to the aphid than to its predator. Over a 2-year period, field plots that received regular pirimicarb treatments for selective aphid control early in the growing season showed a 9% increase in wheat yield, compared with the checks and plots that received carbaryl. Wheat yield increased 18% when pirimicarb was used later in the season; when applied in both periods, pirimicarb gave a total yield increase of nearly 30%. Late applications of carbaryl alone, or in combination with pirimicarb, increased yields by only 9% over the controls. Half of the yield increase (18% vs. 9%) with late season control by pirimicarb was lost with the addition of carbaryl, which minimized the C. septempunctata population for nonselective insect control. Rhopalosiphum padi numbers from June 20 to July 15 had the greatest impact on yield in these plots, and natural control agents including C. septempunctata accounted for a 9% increase in yield.
BIOLOGY OF THE ROSE STEM GALLERDIPLOLEPIS NODULOSA(HYMENOPTERA: CYNIPIDAE) AND ITS ASSOCIATED COMPONENT COMMUNITY IN CENTRAL ONTARIO
Authors: Brooks Scott E. , Shorthouse Joseph D.
Published: November 2009

Diplolepis nodulosa(Beutenmüller) induces small, monothalamous, prosoplasmic galls in stem tissues ofRosa blandaAiton. Adults and galls are redescribed and notes on distribution, host records, morphological variation, and a comparison with related species are presented. Galls are commonly attacked by the inquilinePericlistus pirata(Osten Sacken). Data on life history and mortality of inducers and inquilines, along with seasonal variation in gall density, were obtained from a study site near Sudbury. Ontario, in 1993 and 1994. Inquilines killed 55% of the inducer population in 1993 and 65% in 1994. The abundance and density of galls fluctuated over the 2 years; however, the proportion of galls modified by inquilines remained constant. Six species of parasitoids caused an additional 17% inducer mortality.Aprostocetussp. was the dominant parasitoid ofD.nodulosa, whereas the other five species were incidental. The assemblage of parasitoids associated with galls modified byP.piratacaused 13% inquiline mortality and include seven species, of whichEurytomaspp. andCaenacissp. were dominant. The unique aspects of theD.nodulosagall system are discussed.
TAXONOMIC NOTES ON THREE BLACK-BORDEREDMYZOCALLISFROM OAK IN NORTH AMERICA WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF TWO NEW SPECIES (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Quednau F.W.
Published: November 2009

A redescription ofMyzocallis(Lineomyzocallis)melanoceraBoudreaux & Tissot is given, andMyzocallis(Lineomyzocallis)neoborealissp.nov. andMyzocallis(Lineomyzocallis)atropunctatussp.nov. are described. Lectotypes forM. (L.)melanoceraandMyzocallis(Lineomyzocallis)walshii(Monell) were designated.Myzocallis(Lineomyzocallis)occultasRichards is declared a new synonym ofM. (L.)walshii. The taxonomic affinities of these aphids are discussed.
FIELD AND LABORATORY EVALUATION OF TWO CONIDIAL BATCHES OF BEAUVERIA BASSIANA (BALSAMO) VUILLEMIN AGAINST GRASSHOPPERS
Authors: Inglis G.D. , Johnson D.L. , Goettel M.S.
Published: November 2009

The efficacy of two production batches of conidia of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin that showed differential field efficacy in 1992 (GHA 92) and 1994 (GHA 94) were compared against grasshoppers in the laboratory and field. Conidia of GHA 92 and GHA 94 exhibited good germination (> 92%) by 24 h, but the rate of germination was slower for GHA 94 than for GHA 92. Although both conidial batches were highly virulent (LD50 < 6 × 103 conidia per nymph) against nymphs of Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabricius) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in the laboratory, GHA 92 was slightly more virulent than GHA 94. Conidia were applied to field populations of grasshoppers in a 1.5% emulsifiable oil-emulsion amended with 4% clay at a volume of 112 L/ha. There were no differences between GHA 92 and GHA 94 in the deposition of spray droplets on water-sensitive papers or of conidia on leaves and coverslips (2.4 × 10 to 4.1 × 10 cfu/cm2). All grasshopper nymphs collected from plots sprayed with conidia of GHA 92 and GHA 94 were equally infested with B. bassiana; conidial populations averaged 3.5 × 103 to 4.3 × 103 cfu/nymph. Conditions were hot, dry, and sunny, and regardless of the batch, persistence of conidia was equally short on both leaves and grasshoppers. Neither treatment of B. bassiana significantly reduced field populations nor did either impact differentially on specific grasshopper taxa. However, among grasshoppers collected immediately after conidial application and maintained in cages in the greenhouse, over 80% died of infection with B. bassiana. For both conidial treatments, the prevalence of disease in caged grasshoppers decreased with the sampling date but the onset of mycosis always occurred 3–4 days after collection. This study indicates that environmental conditions in the field and not pathogen virulence or targeting were responsible for the poor efficacy of B. bassiana against grasshoppers.
PATHOGENICITY OF ANUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS TO FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR, MALACOSOMA DISSTRIA (HÜBNER) (LEPIDOPTERA: LASIOCAMPIDAE)
Authors: Ebling P.M. , Kaupp W.J.
Published: November 2009

The forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hiibner, is widely distributed throughout North America and is subject to a variety of naturally occurring infectious diseases, including a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV). NPVs have been isolated from several Malacosoma species in North America and Europe, including M. disstria, M. neustria, M. americanum, M. fragile, M. alpicola, M. californicum, M. pluviale, and M. constrictum (Stairs 1964). The viruses isolated from all North American species of Malacosoma may be cross transmitted from one species to another (Clark 1958). Distinctive isolates of NPV have been characterized from populations of M. disstria in Alberta (Keddie and Erlandson 1995) and Ontario (Ebling and Kaupp 1995).
INCIDENCE OF INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN POPULATIONS OF COLORADO POTATO BEETLE, LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA (SAY) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), ON PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
Authors: Stewart Jeff G. , Kennedy George G. , Sturz Antony V.
Published: November 2009

A survey of 65 populations of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), from locations across Prince Edward Island in 1993 indicated that insecticide resistance was widespread, but was most prevalent in the western and central potato-producing areas. Of the populations surveyed, 31, 26, 19, and 4% were classified as resistant to permethrin, carbofuran, azinphos-methyl, and endosulfan, respectively. Of 53 populations surveyed for resistance to these four insecticides, 13, six, four, and one of the populations were classified as resistant to one, two, three, and four insecticides, respectively.
BEHAVIOURAL EFFECTS OF IMIDACLOPRID, A NEW NICOTINYL INSECTICIDE, ON THE POTATO APHID, MACROSIPHUM EUPHORBIAE (THOMAS) (HOMOPTERA, APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Boiteau G. , Osborn W.P.L.
Published: November 2009

Adult potato aphids, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), caged on potato terminal leaflets treated systemically with imidacloprid solutions ranging between 5.4 × 10−4 and 5.4 × 10−8 mL per mL water showed a significant reduction in the distance they travelled, time taken to travel a given distance, and flight propensity but no significant differences in the frequency or duration of short probing behaviour. The frequency of adult apterous potato aphids colonizing untreated potato leaflets or leaflets treated with an imidacloprid solution (5.4 × 10−4 mL per mL water) was not significantly different, indicating no repellency. Potato aphids moving from systemically treated to untreated leaflets did not recover much and their reduced walking ability was maintained for days. A 3-day exposure to vapour from an imidacloprid solution (5.4 × 10−4 mL per mL water) did not produce significant mortality or changes in nymphal production. The daily cumulative mortality obtained by caging potato aphids on potato leaflets placed in an imidacloprid solution (5.4 × 10−7 mL per mL water) was similar to that obtained in the field, on 20-day-old plants treated at planting with imidacloprid applied at 0.02 g Ai/m. None of the rates of imidacloprid tested stimulated the dispersal of apterous or alate potato aphids.
EXOTIC BIRCH-LEAFMINING SAWFLIES (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE) IN ALBERTA: DISTRIBUTIONS, SEASONAL ACTIVITIES, AND THE POTENTIAL FOR COMPETITION
Authors: Digweed Scott C. , Spence John R. , Langor David W.
Published: November 2009

The exotic birch-leafmining sawflies Fenusa pusilla (Lepeletier), Profenusa thomsoni (Konow), and Heterarthrus nemoratus (Fallen) occurred in Alberta during 1992–1995, but only the first two were abundant. Birch-leafmining sawflies occurred at all sites surveyed in central and southern Alberta, and appeared to be expanding their ranges northward. Adult F. pusilla began emerging in mid-May (approximately 220 DD05), and there were one to three generations per year, depending on location and year. Female F. pusilla were relatively less abundant on young than on mature trees. Profenusa thomsoni began attacking trees in June (between 400 and 550 DD05), and was invariably univoltine. Both species were more abundant and were active earlier on urban trees than at a nearby rural location. The highest catches and most complete representations of seasonal activity were obtained using yellow sticky traps. Larval F. pusilla and P. thomsoni are unlikely to compete directly for leaf resources because their leafmining activities are separated spatially and temporally, but they probably compete intraspecifically.
EVIDENCE FOR LIMITED DISPERSAL OF LARVAL GYPSY MOTH, LYMANTRIA DISPAR L. (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)
Authors: Weseloh Ronald M.
Published: November 2009

From 1985 through 1995, burlap flaps were stapled to 100 trees in a 10 by 10 grid in a 4-ha forest plot. Each year, the number of fourth- to six-instar larvae of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L., under each burlap flap was recorded at least weekly in June and into July. From 1987 through 1990,100 000–120 000 hatching gypsy moth larvae were released near the center of this plot in early May at the time of natural hatch. In the 4 years that releases occurred, there was a distinct, single cluster of large larvae under the burlap flaps near the center of the plot. This pattern did not occur in other years. Results are interpreted to mean that total dispersal of larvae from first to ultimate instar is limited, even though first instars are readily dispersed by wind.
INTERSPECIFIC CROSSES AND FERTILE HYBRIDS AMONG THE CONIFEROPHAGOUS CHORISTONEURA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Harvey George T.
Published: November 2009

Laboratory studies of seven North American Choristoneura species and two subspecies from widely distributed locations demonstrate the low level of genetic separation among them. No differences were found in numbers (n = 30) or morphology of chromosomes among members of the group or in any of the hybrids examined. High levels of mating success were obtained in all inter se matings as well as in crosses and back-crosses. However, mating success was greater for crosses within host type and within pheromone type than for crosses between types. Viability and fertility were similar in all the hybrids and close to those of the inter se progenies. Mean weights of initial eggs varied by a factor of 2 from the lowest (C. pinus Freeman) to the highest (C. lambertiana ponderosana Obraztsov). Mean weights of initial eggs produced by hybrids were generally close to those of the parental species. However, when one parent was C. fumiferana (Clem.), mean weights of initial eggs were either much larger (male C. fumiferana) or much smaller (female C. fumiferana) than either parental type. These differences could affect survival of some progeny under harsh conditions. This evidence supports other studies in indicating that C. fumiferana is genetically distinct from other species in this group.
FORUM: HOW MANY HIDDEN SPECIES ARE THERE? AN APPLICATION OF THE PHYLOGENETIC SPECIES CONCEPT TO GENETIC DATA FOR SOME COMPARATIVELY WELL KNOWN BEE “SPECIES”
Authors: Packer Laurence , Taylor John S.
Published: November 2009

Estimates of global species richness for insects are based upon extrapolations from “known” to unknown faunas and hence rely upon accurate counts of species for the referrent taxon or region. The number of reference species depends upon the species concepts employed by workers in that group combined with the degree to which nonstandard (i.e. nonmorphological) approaches have been used. Genetic data are more directly applicable to the detection of the apparent absence of gene flow, which lies at the heart of any species concept, than is morphological information. But what criteria can be used as a practical guide to suggest the absence of gene flow and define species-level units? Minimally, the phylogenetic species concept requires that there be one fixed difference between two samples for them both to be considered discrete species. The assumptions accompanying this definition include the survey of sufficient geographic locations, loci, and individuals. Based upon six studies of mostly widespread, readily identifiable and well-investigated bee “species”, we estimate that the number of species currently recognised may underestimate the true figure by half (although for at least two of the studies localities have been undersampled and more collections are needed). Even when examples for which there are fewer than five fixed differences between samples are removed from the data set, the number of recognised species increases by perhaps as much as 50% (the same caveat regarding undersampling of populations still applies). We suggest that the presence of morphologically unrecognised species may be more common among widespread, easily identified “species” than is generally accepted. Whether or not similar levels of species underestimation apply to other faunas, such as tropical rainforest canopy beetles, remains to be investigated.
THE DYNAMICS OF APHIS POMI DE GEER (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) AND ITS PREDATOR, APHIDOLETES APHIDIMYZA (RONDANI) (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), ON APPLE IN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Stewart Heather C. , Walde Sandra J.
Published: November 2009

The dynamics of Aphis pomi De Geer (Homoptera: Aphididae) and its predator, Aphidoletes aphidimyza (Rondani) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), were studied over two seasons in a commercial apple orchard in Nova Scotia. Aphid and predator population dynamics were very different in the two seasons. The most numerous predator in both years was A. aphidimyza. This predator was found in the earliest colonies sampled each season and was present throughout the growing season. In the year with relatively high aphid densities a single peak in aphid and predator density was seen in mid-July, just prior to maximum predation rate. The predator’s numerical response resulted in delayed density dependence in predation rate. In the year of low aphid densities, predator and prey dynamics appeared uncoupled, and a higher rate of colony turnover may have been caused by other predators such as mirids. Aphidoletes aphidimyza tended to aggregate oviposition in high-density aphid colonies, but this aggregation resulted in predation that was only very weakly spatially density dependent.
A SECOND SPECIES OF THE DRYWOOD TERMITE GENUS MARGINITERMES (ISOPTERA: KALOTERMITIDAE)
Authors: Myles Timothy G.
Published: November 2009

A second species of the dry wood termite genus Marginitermes Krishna is described from Baja California del Sur, Mexico, and a redescription of the genus is provided. Soldier head capsules, mandibles, antennae, labra, postmenta, and pronota are illustrated for Marginitermes cactiphagus Myles sp.nov. and Marginitermes hubbardi (Banks). Both species occur in dead skeletons of columnar cacti and other wood species. Both species differ from related drywood termites in the structure of the proventricular armature, suggestive of unique adaptation for intestinal manipulation of cactus wood fibres. Marginitermes is shown to be related to a western continental subgroup of Incisitermes comprised of I. minor (Hagen), I. marginipennis (Latreille), and I. fruticavus Rust.
PTOMAPHAGUS INYOENSISN.SP., A NEW MICROPHTHALMIC MONTANE BEETLE FROM CALIFORNIA (COLEOPTERA; LEIODIDAE; CHOLEVINAE; PTOMAPHAGINI)
Authors: Peck Stewart B. , Gnaspini Pedro
Published: November 2009

Ptomaphagus inyoensisis described from Poleta Cave, Inyo County, California. Its reduced, but present, eyes and reduced flight wings suggest that it is a deep soil species. The spermatheca shape and other characters suggest that it is in a group withPtomaphagus fisusHorn, a species widespread in animal nests and burrows in the southwest,Ptomaphagus cocytusPeck, a cave-restricted species from the Grand Canyon of Arizona, andPtomaphagus manzanoPeck, a montane litter species from New Mexico. A comparative morphological analysis of the group is presented.
EFFET DU RAYONNEMENT LUMINEUX ET DE LA VITESSE DE L’AIR AMBIANT SUR LA TEMPÉRATURE CORPORELLE DES LARVES ET DES ADULTES DU DORYPHORE DE LA POMME DE TERRE
Authors: Pelletier Yvan , Bélanger Gilles
Published: November 2009

The effect of light intensity and wind speed on the body temperature of larvae and adults of the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata(Say)) was studied in the laboratory. At a light intensity of 0.95 kW m−2and without wind, the body temperature of larvae and adults was respectively 9.3 and 18.2 °C higher than air temperature. The temperature difference between the body temperature of larvae and adults and the air temperature increased linearly with an increase in light intensity. Wind speed had an important effect on the rate of increase of the body temperature as a function of light intensity in both larvae and adults. Our results demonstrated that the energy balance of larvae and adults differs.
THE CHALCID SEED WASP, MEGASTIGMUS NIGROVARIEGATUS HYMENOPTERA: TORYMIDAE, ON ROSA RUGOSA THUNB. IN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Gillan Tanya L. , Richardson David H.S.
Published: November 2009

Two naturalized populations and two planted populations of Rosa rugosa Thunb. were studied with respect to chalcid seed wasp infestation. Megastigmus nigrovariegatus Ashmead was found in hips from planted R. rugosa in Halifax and Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, but not from bushes at naturalized sites. The percentage of infested hips at the Halifax and Dartmouth locations was 26 and 31%, respectively. The percentage of infested achenes within a single hip varied widely from 3 to 79% at the Halifax site and 7 to 60% at the Dartmouth site.Adult emergence was over 75% successful when achenes were over 2 mm in diameter but less than 15% for smaller achenes. The exit hole on the achene faced the outer wall of the hip. Adults emerged later in Nova Scotia than in the United States and between 59 and 72% were female. More than one adult wasp was observed ovipositing on a single hip.
VARIATION IN WEIGHT OF ALEOCHARA BILINEATA (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE) IN RELATION TO HOST SIZE AND REPRODUCTION
Authors: Langlet X. , Boivin G. , Brunel E. , Nénon J.P.
Published: November 2009

No sexual dimorphism in weight was observed at emergence of adult Aleochara bilineata Gyll. (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). The weight of adults was strongly correlated with the size of the pupa in which the parasitoid developed. Newly emerged adults increased in weight after feeding, and this increase was greater in females than in males, reflecting the beginning of oogenesis. We showed that females invested simultaneously in reproduction and somatic functions the first day following mating. Although males and females showed no significant differences in weight at emergence, the females fed actively upon emergence and weighed significantly more than the males for 30 days after emergence. After that period, most of the eggs has been laid and both male and female weights were similar.
REVISION OF NORTH AMERICAN AGABUS (COLEOPTERA: DYTISCIDAE): THE SEMIVITTATUS-GROUP
Authors: Larson D.J. , Wolfe R.W.
Published: November 2009

The Agabus semivittatus-group is revised. The group, which is restricted to temperate North America, contains six species: Agabus semivittatus LeConte, which is almost transcontinental; Agabus johannis Fall in peninsular Florida; Agabus astrictovittatus new species along the Atlantic coast from New York to northern Florida and Alabama; Agabus stagninus (Say) along the Atlantic coast from New York to Florida and along the Gulf of Mexico coast to Louisiana; Agabus flavovittatus new species with a wide distribution east of the Great Plains, from southern Ontario to Mississippi and eastern Texas but not along the Atlantic coast; and Agabus texovittatus new species in Texas. Agabus stagninus and A. flavovittatus hybridize in southeastern Pennsylvania. The placement of Agabus texanus Sharp as a junior synonym of A. semivittatus is confirmed. A lectotype is designated for Agabus spilotus LeConte (= A. semivittatus). A neotype is designated for A. stagninus. A key to species is presented and, for each species, the following information is provided: description; illustrations of taxonomically important characters; morphological measurements on selected population samples; notes on relationships, variation, and ecology; and a map of collection localities. A cladistic analysis of the relationships of the group within Agabus indicated that the americanus-, spinipes-, and confusus-groups belong to the same clade as the semivittatus-group and that the seriatus-group is sister to this clade. Within the semivittatus-group, there are three well-defined subgroups as follows: A. semivittatus; A. johannis and A. astrictovittatus; and A. stagninus, A. flavovittatus, and A. texovittatus.
ACETONE AFFECTS FLIGHT BEHAVIOUR AND EXPRESSION OF THE VITELLOGENIN GENE OF PISSODES STROBI
Authors: Sahota T.S. , Leal I. , White E. , Manville J.F. , Ibaraki A. , Hollmann J.
Published: November 2009

During their reproductive period, white pine weevils, Pissodes strobi Peck., remain on susceptible Sitka spruce trees, Picea sitchensis (Bong) Carr., that are suitable for their reproduction and progeny development. Weevils depart from resistant Sitka spruce trees, where weevil reproduction is inhibited or blocked by resistance (Sahota et al. 1994). This resistance appears to work by interfering with the juvenile hormone (JH) system of the weevil (Sahota et al. 1994; Leal et al. 1997). In our experiments to investigate whether or not interference with JH could also account for the weevils' domicile at susceptible trees and their departure from resistant trees (see Sahota et al. 1994), we routinely treat weevils with hormones and study their flight behaviour in the laboratory and field.
THE ROLE OF NUTRITION AND TEMPERATURE IN THE OVARIAN DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORKER HONEY BEE (APIS MELLIFERA)
Authors: Lin Huarong , Winston Mark L.
Published: November 2009

Queenless, caged, newly emerged worker bees (Apis melliferaL.) were fed honey, 22 and 40% pollen in honey, and 22 and 40% royal jelly in honey for 14 days. Workers fed royal jelly, pollen, and honey had large, medium, and small ovaries, respectively. Royal jelly had higher nutritive value for workers’ ovarian development than did pollen, possibly because royal jelly is predigested by nurse bees and easily used by adult and larval bees. These results suggest that nurse bees could mediate workers’ ovarian development in colonies via trophallactic exchange of royal jelly. Six levels of royal jelly in honey, 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% (royal jelly without honey), were tested for their effects on workers’ ovarian development and mortality for 10 days. High levels of royal jelly increased ovarian development, but also increased worker mortality. All caged bees treated with 100% royal jelly died within 3 days. When workers were incubated at 20, 27, and 34 °C for 10 days, only bees at 34 °C developed ovaries. These findings suggest that nurse bees functioning as units which digest pollen and produce royal jelly may feed some potentially egg-laying workers in a brood chamber with royal jelly when a queen is lost in a colony. Feeding workers a diet of 50% royal jelly in honey and incubating at 34 °C for 10 days is recommended for tests of ovarian development.