bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Weapons of peace: Providing alternative means for social change reduces political violence
Authors: Schumpe Birga M. , Bélanger Jocelyn J. , Giacomantonio Mauro , Nisa Claudia F. , Brizi Ambra
Published: August 2018

The present research demonstrates how support for political violence can be reduced by providing peaceful alternatives to produce social change. In Study 1, participants watched a video documenting the activities of a violent activist group, and then either watched a video of a peaceful activist group supporting the same cause or a control video. Participants that watched the peaceful activist group reported less support for the violent activist group than participants in the control condition. Study 2 replicated and extended Study 1 by testing the underlying psychological mechanism. In line with goal systems theory, providing participants with a peaceful alternative to produce social change (vs. no alternative) reduced the perceived instrumentality of the violent group to further the ideological cause, leading to lower support for the violent group. Implications for anti‐violence campaigns are discussed.
Parthenolide and DMAPT induce cell death in primitive CML cells through reactive oxygen species
Authors: Flores‐Lopez Gabriela , Moreno‐Lorenzana Dafne , Ayala‐Sanchez Manuel , Aviles‐Vazquez Socrates , Torres‐Martinez Hector , Crooks Peter A. , Guzman Monica L. , Mayani Hector , Chávez‐González Antonieta
Published: August 2018

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) have become a first‐line treatment for chronic myeloid leuakemia (CML). TKIs efficiently target bulk CML cells; however, they are unable to eliminate the leukaemic stem cell (LSC) population that causes resistance and relapse in CML patients. In this study, we assessed the effects of parthenolide (PTL) and dimethyl amino parthenolide (DMAPT), two potent inhibitors of LSCs in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), on CML bulk and CML primitive (CD34+lin−) cells. We found that both agents induced cell death in CML, while having little effect on the equivalent normal hematopoietic cells. PTL and DMAPT caused an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and inhibited NF‐κB activation. PTL and DMAPT inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell cycle arrest in G0 and G2 phases. Furthermore, we found cell cycle inhibition to correlate with down‐regulation of cyclin D1 and cyclin A. In summary, our study shows that PTL and DMAPT have a strong inhibitory effect on CML cells. Given that cell cycle arrest was not dependent on ROS induction, we speculate that this effect could be a direct consequence of NF‐κB inhibition and if this mechanism was to be evaded, PTL and DMAPT induced cell death would be potentiated.
The interplay of LncRNA ANRIL and miR‐181b on the inflammation‐relevant coronary artery disease through mediating NF‐κB signalling pathway
Authors: Guo Feng , Tang Chengchun , Li Yawei , Liu Yuqing , Lv Ping , Wang Wei , Mu Yongyong
Published: August 2018

This study was designed to investigate whether ANRIL affected the aetiology of coronary artery disease (CAD) by acting on downstream miR‐181b and NF‐κB signalling. Altogether 327 CAD patients diagnosed by angiography were included, and mice models of CAD were established. Human coronary endothelial cells (HCAECs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were also purchased. In addition, shRNA‐ANRIL, shRNA‐NC, pcDNA3.1‐ANRIL, miR‐181b mimic, miR‐181b inhibitor and miR‐NC were transfected into the cells. The lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) were also added to activate or deactivate NF‐κB signalling. Both highly expressed ANRIL and lowly expressed miR‐181b were associated with CAD population aged over 60 years old, with smoking history, with hypertension and hyperlipidemia, with CHOL H 4.34 mmol/L, TG ≥ 1.93 mmol/L and Hcy ≥ 16.8 μmol/L (all P < 0.05). Besides, IL‐6, IL‐8, NF‐κB, TNF‐α, iNOS, ICAM‐1, VCAM‐1 and COX‐2 expressions observed within AD mice models were all beyond those within NC and sham‐operated groups (P < 0.05). Also VEGF and HSP 70 were highly expressed within AD mice models than within NC and sham‐operated mice (P < 0.05). Transfection of either pcDNA‐ANRIL or miR‐181b inhibitor could significantly fortify HCAECs’ viability and put on their survival rate. At the meantime, the inflammatory factors and vascular‐protective parameters were released to a greater level (P < 0.05). Finally, highly expressed ANRIL also notably bring down miR‐181b expression and raise p50/p65 expressions within HCAECs (P < 0.05). The joint role of ANRIL, miR‐181b and NF‐κB signalling could aid in further treating and diagnosing CAD.
miR‐1322 regulates ChREBP expression via binding a 3′‐UTR variant (rs1051943)
Authors: Zhang Ying , Hu Sen‐Lin , Hu Dong , Jiang Jian‐Gang , Cui Guang‐Lin , Liu Xing‐De , Wang Dao Wen
Published: August 2018

The carbohydrate response element‐binding protein (ChREBP), also referred to as MLXIPL, plays a crucial role in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Existing studies have shown an association between genetic variations of the ChREBP gene and lipid levels, such as triglycerides and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. However, mechanistic studies of this association are limited. In this study, bioinformatic analysis revealed that the polymorphism rs1051943A occurs in the complementary binding sequence of miR‐1322 in the ChREBP 3′‐untranslated region (UTR). Studies of potential mechanisms showed that the A allele could facilitate miR‐1322 binding, and luciferase activity significantly decreased when co‐transfected with a ChREBP 3′‐UTR luciferase reporter vector and miR‐1322 mimics in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, miR‐1322 significantly regulated the expression of ChREBP downstream genes and reduced the synthesis of lipids. The expression of miR‐1322 was up‐regulated by glucose and palmitic acid stimulation. Population studies showed that rs1051943‐A allele was only found in the Han Chinese and Uighur ethnic groups, different from European populations (G allele frequency = 0.07). In summary, we provide evidence that the rs1051943 A allele creates a functional miR‐1322 binding site in ChREBP 3′‐UTR and post‐transcriptionally down‐regulates its expression, possibly associated with levels of plasma lipids and glucose.
A Revised Taxonomy of Diplonemids Including the Eupelagonemidae n. fam. and a Type Species, Eupelagonema oceanica n. gen. & sp.
Authors: Okamoto Noriko , Gawryluk Ryan M.R. , del Campo Javier , Strassert Jürgen F.H. , Lukeš Julius , Richards Thomas A. , Worden Alexandra Z. , Santoro Alyson E. , Keeling Patrick J.
Published: August 2018

Recent surveys of marine microbial diversity have identified a previously unrecognized lineage of diplonemid protists as being among the most diverse heterotrophic eukaryotes in global oceans. Despite their monophyly (and assumed importance), they lack a formal taxonomic description, and are informally known as deep‐sea pelagic diplonemids (DSPDs) or marine diplonemids. Recently, we documented morphology and molecular sequences from several DSPDs, one of which is particularly widespread and abundant in environmental sequence data. To simplify the communication of future work on this important group, here we formally propose to erect the family Eupelagonemidae to encompass this clade, as well as a formal genus and species description for the apparently most abundant phylotype, Eupelagonema oceanica, for which morphological information and single‐cell amplified genome data are currently available.
Impact of robustness of hydrological model parameters on flood prediction uncertainty
Authors: Qi Wei , Zhang Chi , Fu Guangtao , Sweetapple Chris , Liu Yanli
Published: August 2018

The robustness of hydrological model parameter values in flood predictions is a known area of concern, but there is a lack of a comprehensive approach to the handling of model parameter robustness, model simulation uncertainty and multiobjective model calibration when calibrating multiple flood data sets. For investigation of the impact of robustness of hydrological model parameters on flood simulation uncertainty, this paper develops a Minimax‐Regret robust multiobjective optimisation framework for robust hydrological model parameter calibration and uncertainty analysis. The robustness is considered as an objective function in this study instead of a constraint as in previous research. A physically based semi‐distributed hydrological model is employed to illustrate the proposed framework in a midscale catchment. Results show that the proposed framework can effectively explore robust hydrological model parameter values and quantify flood simulation uncertainty. A trade‐off between robustness and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency is found, implying that the better the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency, the less robust the non‐dominated parameter values and that improving robustness alone cannot guarantee narrower uncertainty intervals and greater containing ratios. These results reveal that robustness should not be used alone to select behavioural parameter sets, and a balance has to be made between robustness and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency.
Relationship Help‐Seeking in a Danish Population Sample
Authors: Trillingsgaard Tea , Sørensen Trine K. , Fentz Hanne N.
Published: August 2018

Empirically supported couple interventions often transfer from the US to several other parts of the world yet we have little data on their final reach. This study investigated relationship help‐seeking in a random population sample of 1,371 individuals living with a partner in Denmark, a European high income – high divorce country. Only a small fraction of respondents had ever sought couple education (3%) or counseling/therapy (7%) with their partner. Among respondents experiencing a severe relationship crisis, individual types of help‐seeking were the most prevalent. Both women (38.9%) and men (27.8%) with a recent relationship crisis sought information online, and mostly women (19.4%) also sought individual therapy. Findings can inform strategies for increasing the reach of couples in new cultural contexts.
From organized to disorganized capitalism? Market versus nonmarket coordination in Spain's dairy chain
Authors: Collantes Fernando
Published: August 2018

Conventional wisdom has it that the food economy has transitioned from organized to disorganized capitalism. An era of extensive state intervention between around 1930 and 1980 would have been followed by an era of deregulation and increasing coordination through markets after around 1980. This article uses the case of Spain's dairy chain to propose an alternative view. In the case under study, there certainly were elements of state‐coordinated capitalism between 1952 and 1986, as well as elements of deregulation and liberalization from 1986 onwards. However, the structure of economic coordination involved some combination of market and nonmarket mechanisms all the way through. The organized capitalism of the first period was not really so tightly organized, whereas much of its later “disorganization” was in fact a transition towards a different mode of “organization”: one in which the control of nonmarket coordination shifted from political to corporate hierarchies.
Childhood Family Structure and the Accumulation of Wealth Across the Life Course
Authors: Bernardi Fabrizio , Boertien Diederik , Geven Koen
Published: August 2018

Objective: The aim of this article is to document how childhood family structure is related to the accumulation of wealth.

Background: Childhood family structure is a commonly studied determinant of child and adult outcomes, but little is known about its effects on wealth accumulation. Wealth is affected by a wide variety of factors, including human capital formation, family dynamics, and intergenerational transfers. Studying wealth therewith sheds light on how childhood family structure relates to the accumulation of advantages across life.

Method: Data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (N = 7,066) are employed to document wealth differences at ages 47 to 55. Growth curve models are estimated to understand at what ages these differences emerge.

Results: A median wealth penalty of at least $61,600 at ages 47 to 55 is observed for individuals who did not live continuously with both parents from birth to age 18, depending on the alternative childhood family trajectory considered. A subsequent mediation analysis of the “wealth penalty” related to the permanent departure of a parent from the household during childhood points at human capital formation and own family dynamics as the primary channels through which wealth differences are produced; intergenerational transfers matter rather less.

Conclusion: Childhood family structure has moderate effects on multiple different life domains that accrue during the life course and collectively add up to a more considerable penalty in wealth.
Transcranial Doppler and Transcranial Color Duplex in Defining Collateral Cerebral Blood Flow
Authors: Saqqur Maher , Khan Khurshid , Derksen Carol , Alexandrov Andrei , Shuaib Ashfaq
Published: August 2018

In an acute stroke setting, transcranial Doppler (TCD) and transcranial color‐coded duplex (TCCD) have an important diagnostic utility in the monitoring of an arterial occlusion and microemboli detection. In addition, TCD has proven to be a very useful tool in the detection and progression of cerebral vasospasm in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage.

TCD/TCCD may have an important role in defining collateral blood flow (CF) in stroke patients. It is a noninvasive technique and can be utilized repeatedly allowing for changes in the blood flow dynamics as treatment is delivered. In this review, we outlined the evolving role of TCD/TCCD in defining CF in patients with an acute ischemic stroke, predicting clinical outcome and monitoring the treatment's efficacy of the CF augmentation.
When God is your only friend: Religious beliefs compensate for purpose in life in the socially disconnected
Authors: Chan Todd , Michalak Nicholas M. , Ybarra Oscar
Published: August 2018

Objective

Social relationships supply purpose to life. How can socially disconnected people, who show lower levels of purpose, compensate for purpose in life? We propose that religious beliefs can compensate for the purpose in life that social relationships would otherwise provide, through providing (a) greater purpose to turn to and (b) divine figures that can substitute for social relationships.

Method

In three studies, we analyze three nationally representative and longitudinal data sets (N = 19,775) using moderated regression and cross‐lagged panel analyses.

Results

Consistent with our hypotheses, religious beliefs were of minimal influence on purpose in life for socially connected individuals, who already held higher levels of purpose than socially disconnected individuals. However, for socially disconnected individuals, being highly religious predicted higher levels of purpose in life.

Conclusions

Results suggest that although people primarily derive purpose from social relationships, socially disconnected individuals may leverage their religious beliefs for purpose and social comfort until they can reconnect.
The odd one out or a hidden generalist: Hawaiian Melicope (Rutaceae) do not share traits associated with successful island colonization
Authors: Paetzold Claudia , Kiehn Michael , Wood Kenneth R. , Wagner Warren L. , Appelhans Marc S.
Published: August 2018

Oceanic islands are unique in their species composition, which is defined by arrival of colonizers via long distance dispersal followed by establishment of species followed in some cases by adaptive radiation. Evolutionary biologists identified traits facilitating successful colonization of islands as including polyploidy, self‐compatibility, herbaceousness and ability for long‐distance dispersal. Successful establishment and evolutionary diversification of lineages on islands often involves shifts to woodiness and shifts in methods of outcrossing as well as changes in dispersal ability. The genus Melicope colonized numerous archipelagos throughout the Pacific including the Hawaiian Islands, where the lineage comprises currently 54 endemic species and represents the largest radiation of woody plants on the islands. The wide distributional range of the genus illustrates its high dispersibility, most likely due to adaption to bird dispersal. Here we investigate ploidy in the genus using flow cytometry and chromosome counting. We find the genus to be paleopolyploid with 2n = 4x = 36, a ploidy level characterizing the entire subfamily Amyridoideae and dating back to at least the Palaeocene. Therefore Hawaiian Melicope have not undergone recent polyploidization prior to colonization of the islands. Thus Melicope retained colonization success while exhibiting a combination of traits that typically characterize well established island specialists while lacking some traits associated to successful colonizers.
Cultural Authority in Comparative Context: A Multilevel Analysis of Trust in Science and Religion
Authors: O'Brien Timothy L. , Noy Shiri
Published: August 2018

Science and religion are among the most influential forces for organizing social life around the world, yet we know little about how national context shapes perceptions of them. Using data from the 2008 International Social Survey Program, we begin to fill this gap by investigating cross‐national differences in public attitudes about science, religion, and society. We find that exposure to science is associated with more trust in science relative to religion whereas religiosity is associated with less trust in science relative to religion. Moreover, these relationships are amplified in secular societies and in those where science is prioritized. We argue that secular and scientific societies provide a context in which personal characteristics are more influential in the formation of social attitudes. These results highlight the importance of macro‐level factors for shaping trust in science and religion and for understanding the sources of their influence in society more broadly.
A prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled pilot study of sacubitril/valsartan (Entresto) in dogs with cardiomegaly secondary to myxomatous mitral valve disease
Authors: Newhard Daniel K. , Jung SeungWoo , Winter Randolph L. , Duran Sue H.
Published: August 2018

Background

The effects of sacubitril/valsartan (S/V) on the renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system (RAAS) in dogs with cardiomegaly secondary to myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) are currently unknown.

Objectives

To determine the pharmacodynamic effects of S/V on the RAAS, natriuretic peptide concentrations, systolic arterial pressure (SAP), tests of renal function, and serum electrolyte concentrations in dogs with cardiomegaly secondary to MMVD.

Animals

Thirteen client‐owned dogs weighing 4‐15 kg with American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) Stage B2 MMVD.

Methods

Prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled pilot study of S/V in dogs with ACVIM Stage B2 MMVD.

Results

Thirteen dogs were recruited: S/V (n = 7) and placebo (n = 6). The median percentage increase in urinary aldosterone to creatinine ratio (UAldo : C) between day 0 and day 30 was significantly lower in the S/V group (12%;P = .032) as compared with the placebo group (195%). The median percentage decrease of NT‐proBNP concentration from day 0 to day 30 was not statistically different between groups (P = .68). No statistical differences were seen in echocardiographic, thoracic radiographic, SAP, or serum biochemical test results measured at any time point between groups. No adverse events were observed for dogs in either group.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

Sacubitril/valsartan may provide a new pharmaceutical method to effectively inhibit the RAAS in dogs with ACVIM Stage B2 MMVD.
Efficacy of tamoxifen for the treatment of severe equine asthma
Authors: Mainguy‐Seers Sophie , Picotte Khristine , Lavoie Jean‐Pierre
Published: August 2018

Background

Tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, decreased airway neutrophilia and improved clinical signs in an experimental model of equine asthma, and induced neutrophilic apoptosis in vitro.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Tamoxifen reduces airway neutrophilia and improves lung function in severe asthmatic horses.

Animals

Twelve severe asthmatic horses from a research herd.

Methods

Randomized controlled blinded study design. The effects of a 12‐day oral treatment with tamoxifen (0.22 mg/kg, q24h) or dexamethasone (0.06 mg/kg, q24h) on lung function, endoscopic tracheal mucus score and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology were compared.

Results

Tamoxifen significantly improved the pulmonary resistance (RL; mean reduction of 1.15 cm H2O/L/s [CI: 0.29‐2.01,P= .007] on day 13), but had no effect on the other variables evaluated. Dexamethasone normalized lung function (mean reduction ofRLof 2.48 cm H2O/L/s [CI: 1.54‐3.43,P< .0001] on day 13), without affecting airway neutrophilia.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Results of this study do not support the use of tamoxifen at the dose studied as an antineutrophilic medication in the treatment of asthmatic horses in chronic exacerbation.
Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of tolfenamic acid in sheep
Authors: Corum Orhan , Corum Duygu Durna , Er Ayse , Yildiz Ramazan , Uney Kamil
Published: August 2018

The pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and tolerability of tolfenamic acid (TA) were determined after treating sheep withTAvia different routes and doses. This crossover study was carried out with a washout period of 15 days. In the study, 16 clinically healthy sheep were randomly assigned to two equal groups. In the first group (n = 8), animals receivedTAby intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), subcutaneous (SC), or oral (OR) routes at 2 mg/kg. In the second group (n = 8),TAwas administered intravenously to each sheep at 2, 4, 8, and 16 mg/kg. Plasma samples were analyzed with a high‐performance liquid chromatography assay. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analyses were used to evaluate the data. The area under the concentration–time curves (AUC0−∞), elimination half‐life (t1/2ʎz), and the mean residence time (MRT) significantly differed among the administration routes at 2 mg/kg ofTA. FollowingIM,SC, andORadministrations,TAdemonstrated different peak concentrations (Cmax) and time to reachCmax(Tmax), with a bioavailability of 163%, 127%, and 107%, respectively. The dose‐normalizedAUC0−∞revealed a significant difference among the dose groups; however, the relationship between dose andAUC0−∞was linear. Botht1/2ʎzandMRTincreased depending on the dose. Although the total clearance (ClT) decreased depending on dose, the volume of distribution at steady‐state (Vss) increased. Tolfenamic acid indicated a long half‐life and high bioavailability followingIM,SC, andORadministrations at 2 mg/kg.TAexhibited linear kinetics and was well tolerated by the animals, except at 16 mg/kg. Thus,TAmay be used in different routes and doses (≤8 mg/kg) in sheep; however, further studies are needed to determine the clinical efficacy ofTAduring the inflammatory and painful conditions and the pharmacokinetics and safety of repeated administration in sheep.
Evaluation of pharmacokinetic properties of vitacoxib in fasted and fed horses
Authors: Wang Jianzhong , Xue Jiao , Kong Jingyuan , Li Jing , Zhang Suxia , Cao Xingyuan
Published: August 2018

The pharmacokinetic properties of vitacoxib have not been established completely; current dosage recommendations are based on clinical experiences. The primary objective of this study was to describe plasma concentrations and characterize the pharmacokinetics of vitacoxib formulation following oral administrations in horses. Also, the effect of the state of stomach contents on the absorption of vitacoxib was investigated in fed/fasted horses. Blood samples were collected prior to and at various times up to 72 hr post‐administration. Drug concentrations were measured using ultra high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using Non‐Compartmental Analysis Model 200 in WinNonlin™ software. No complications resulting from the vitacoxib administration were noted. All procedures were tolerated well by the horses throughout the study.Cmaxwas 17.5 ± 9.36 ng/ml (fasted) and 9.47 ± 3.53 ng/ml (fed) following oral administrations.AUClastwas 173.7 ± 137.9 ng hr/ml (fasted) and 113.2 ± 70.8 ng h/ml (fed). No significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters were noted and the results from the pharmacokinetic analysis were similar between the studies, regardless of precision of dosage and fasted and fed conditions. The study extends previous studies describing the pharmacokinetics of vitacoxib following p.o. administration to the horses. Further studies investigating the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of vitacoxib are necessary to establish adequate therapeutic protocols (optimal dosage and frequency of administration) in horses.
Sex differences in timing and context of dispersal in Damaraland mole‐rats (Fukomys damarensis)
Authors: Torrents‐Ticó M. , Bennett N. C. , Jarvis J. U. M. , Zöttl M.
Published: August 2018

Dispersal behaviour in cooperatively breeding mammals often differs between the sexes, which can affect how individuals of both sexes compete for breeding opportunities. However, it is largely unknown how the males and females in social mole‐rats differ in frequency, timing and social context of dispersal. Here we show, in Damaraland mole‐rats (Fukomys damarensis), that rainfall increases dispersal probabilities in both sexes. Dispersal is male biased with males dispersing earlier and more frequently in dispersal coalitions than females. Most non‐reproductive individuals disperse from the natal groups before reproducing. Territory inheritance is rare, but when it occurs, female non‐breeders inherit the breeding position from the precious breeding female. After dispersing from the natal group, males are more likely than females to join other established groups and to replace the resident breeder. Our study suggests that differences in dispersal strategy may generate contrasts in intra‐sexual competition, where male breeders are more often challenged by competitors from outside the group and female breeders may face higher competition from individuals within the group.
Immediate interviewing increases children's suggestibility in the short term, but not in the long term
Authors: Otgaar Henry , Chan Jason C. K. , Calado Bruna , La Rooy David
Published: August 2018

Purpose

Children sometimes receive misinformation after being formally interviewed about their experiences in cases of suspected abuse. Following decades of research, many guidelines have been produced for interviewers so they can obtain reliable statements in children, like, for example, the NICHD protocol. One might expect that completing an early interview following research‐based guidelines might guard against the incorporation of misinformation encountered later. The goal of the current experiments was to examine whether following research‐based guidelines such as the NICHD protocol might protect child witnesses against follow‐up ‘misinformation’ or make them more vulnerable to misinformation. This increased vulnerability to misinformation has been referred to as retrieval‐enhanced suggestibility.

Methods

In two experiments, children viewed a video and half of them were interviewed using the NICHD protocol, while the other half were not interviewed. The children received misinformation and a final memory test either immediately after being interviewed (Experiment 1) or 1 week later (Experiment 2).

Results

Retrieval‐enhanced suggestibility was observed when misinformation was presented immediately but not when it was provided after 1 week.

Conclusions

The current experiments indicate that a well‐established interview protocol can, under some circumstances, amplify levels of suggestibility in children.
Underdetermination, domain restriction, and theory choice
Authors: Bowker Mark
Published: August 2018

It is often possible to know what a speaker intends to communicate without knowing what they intend to express. In such cases, speakers need not intend to express anything at all. Stanley and Szabó's influential survey of possible analysis of quantifier domain restriction is, therefore, incomplete and the arguments made by Clapp and Buchanan against Truth Conditional Compositionality and propositional speaker‐meaning are flawed. Two theories should not always be viewed as incompatible when they associate the same utterance with different propositions, as there may be many ways to interpret speakers that are compatible with their intentions.
Dose‐finding study of linaclotide in Japanese patients with chronic constipation: A phase II randomized, double‐blind, and placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Fukudo Shin , Miwa Hiroto , Nakajima Atsushi , Kinoshita Yoshikazu , Kosako Masanori , Nakagawa Ayako , Akiho Hiraku , Kuroishi Kentaro , Johnston Jeffrey M. , Currie Mark , Ohkusa Toshifumi
Published: August 2018

Background

Based on the previous phase II/III studies of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS‐C) in Japan that demonstrated the efficacy and safety of linaclotide 0.5 mg/d, we evaluated linaclotide at doses of 0.5 mg/d and lower in the treatment of Japanese patients with chronic constipation (CC).

Methods

This was a phase II randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, dose‐finding study of linaclotide for Japanese patients with CC (n = 382, 64 men, 318 women, age 20‐75). After a baseline period of two weeks, patients were randomized to receive placebo (n = 80), or 0.0625 mg (n = 82), 0.125 mg (n = 71), 0.25 mg (n = 73) or 0.5 mg (n = 76) of linaclotide during a two‐week treatment period. The primary efficacy endpoint was change from baseline in weekly spontaneous bowel movement (SBM) frequency during the first week. Secondary endpoints included complete SBM (CSBM) responder rates and IBS‐QOL. Safety and adverse events were also evaluated.

Key Results

The change in SBM frequency during the first week (mean) was 3.89, 3.11, 3.87, and 3.85 for 0.0625 mg, 0.125 mg, 0.25 mg, and 0.5 mg for linaclotide, significantly higher than for placebo (1.91, P < 0.05). The CSBM responder, which is an important parameter, showed the greatest improvement at the 0.5 mg during the 2 week. The most frequent adverse event in the linaclotide groups was diarrhea.

Conclusions & Inferences

Our results suggest that 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/d are effective doses of linaclotide for treating CC in Japanese patients. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02425722, supported by Astellas Pharma, Inc.
How long have photosynthetic organisms been aggregating soils?
Authors: Raven John A.
Published: August 2018

This article is a Commentary on Del‐Bem (2018), 219: 1150–1153.
Evolutionary and ecological links between plant and fungal viruses
Authors: Roossinck Marilyn J.
Published: August 2018

Contents

Summary
86

I.
Introduction
86

II.
Lineages shared by plant and fungal viruses
87

III.
Virus transmission between plants and fungi
90

IV.
Additional plant virus families identified in fungi by metagenomics
91

Acknowledgements
91

References
91

Plants and microorganisms have been interacting in both positive and negative ways for millions of years. They are also frequently infected with viruses that can have positive or negative impacts. A majority of virus families with members that infect fungi have counterparts that infect plants, and in some cases the phylogenetic analyses of these virus families indicate transmission between the plant and fungal kingdoms. These similarities reflect the host relationships; fungi are evolutionarily more closely related to animals than to plants but share very few viral signatures with animal viruses. The details of several of these interactions are described, and the evolutionary implications of viral cross‐kingdom interactions and horizontal gene transfer are proposed.
Consequences of invasion for pollen transfer and pollination revealed in a tropical island ecosystem
Authors: Johnson Anna L. , Ashman Tia‐Lynn
Published: August 2018

Pollination is known to be sensitive to environmental change but we lack direct estimates of how quantity and quality of pollen transferred between plant species shifts along disturbance gradients. This limits our understanding of how species compositional change impacts pollen receipt per species and structure of pollen transfer networks.

We constructed pollen transfer networks along a plant invasion gradient in the Hawaiian dry tropical forest ecosystem. Flowers and stigmas were collected from both native and introduced plants, pollen was identified and enumerated and floral traits were measured. We also characterized pollen loads carried by individuals of the dominant invasive pollinator,Apis mellifera.

Species flowering in native‐dominated sites were more tightly connected by pollen transfer than those in heavily invaded sites. Compositional turnover in the pollen loads ofA. melliferawas correlated (70%) with turnover in the composition of pollen transfer networks. Floral traits predicted species roles within pollen transfer networks, but many of these differed qualitatively depending on whether plants were native or introduced.

Our work indicates that pollen transfer networks change with invasion. Floral morphology and foraging behaviour of the introduced super‐generalist pollinator are implicated as key in determining the roles introduced species play within native pollen transfer networks.
The omnibus as social observatory
Authors: Amann Elizabeth
Published: August 2018

The introduction of omnibus and tram services in European cities in the nineteenth century led not only to greater mobility but also to increased exposure to social diversity. City residents now regularly found themselves in close contact with people from very different social backgrounds. Texts from the period often attest to the awkwardness of such encounters as well as to the heightened awareness of social difference to which they led. This essay examines literary representations of the social ‘other’ on urban transportation systems in nineteenth‐century Paris, London and Madrid. Particularly, it explores how bourgeois observers react to and interact with poor and lower‐class passengers, the perspectives from which these encounters are presented and the way in which class difference is conceptualized and represented. Through close readings, it identifies six approaches commonly used in works from the period: (a) the aestheticization or spiritualization of poverty; (b) contrasts between speech and silence; (c) social analyses of behaviour; (d) juxtapositions of classes; (e) stories of mutual understanding; and (f) lessons in compassion.
Reconstruction of Humeral Shaft Defect with an Intercalary Endoprosthesis Following Resection of Tumor
Authors: Zhang Jian‐feng , Wang Feng , Hu Yong‐cheng
Published: August 2018

Diaphyseal defects in long bones of extremities following segmental resection are very common in the clinic, and reconstruction remains a great challenge. Although there are many treatments for diaphyseal defects at present, reconstruction with an intercalary endoprosthesis may be an optimal method. We demonstrate a surgical technique for reconstruction of a humeral shaft defect with an intercalary endoprosthesis following tumor resection, and achieve a good clinical outcome. We conclude that in comparison with other methods, reconstruction with an intercalary endoprosthesis is simple, effective, and allows for earlier weight bearing and more rapid restoration of function.
Radiofrequency ablation of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia in an orthotopic heart transplantation patient
Authors: Nag Tonusri , Jacobson Jason
Published: August 2018

Background

Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) after orthotropic heart transplant (OHT) is rare, in absence of rejection.

Case

We report a case of a 51‐year‐old male who underwent simultaneous kidney and heart transplant. Three months after implantation he developed episodes of dyspnea, dizziness, and palpitations. Presenting electrocardiogram showed supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), and an inducible typical AVNRT was revealed by electrophysiologic study. Radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation successfully eliminated the AVNRT without any complications.

Conclusion

Even with existing sinus rhythm of the donor heart, AVNRT can occur in transplanted heart and RF catheter ablation is safe and feasible at treating symptomatic SVT post‐OHT.
Association between children's emotional/behavioral problems before adenotonsillectomy and postoperative pain scores at home
Authors: Berghmans Johan M. , Poley Marten J. , van der Ende Jan , Veyckemans Francis , Poels Stephanie , Weber Frank , Schmelzer Bert , Himpe Dirk , Verhulst Frank C. , Utens Elisabeth
Published: August 2018

Background

Children undergoing adenotonsillectomy are at risk of severe postoperative pain and sleep problems. Little is known about the specific child risk factors for these problems.

Aims

The aim of this study was to assess the occurrence of postoperative pain, sleep problems, and medication adherence, and assess the influence of internalizing and externalizing problems on postoperative pain.

Methods

This prospective cohort study included 160 children, aged 1.5‐5 years undergoing day‐care adenotonsillectomy. Parents rated their child's pain with the Parents’ Postoperative Pain Measure and their child's sleep problems with Vernon's Post Hospital Behavioral Questionnaire during the first 3 days and at day 10 postoperatively. Emotional/behavioral problems (ie, internalizing and externalizing behaviors) during the past 2 months were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist. Regression analysis was used to assess whether children's pain intensity at home was associated with internalizing/externalizing problems, after controlling for age, preoperative child state anxiety, parental state anxiety, parental need for information, and socioeconomic status.

Results

Applying a threshold of ≥6 on the Parents’ Postoperative Pain Measure, the incidence of moderate to severe pain was 57.6% at day 1, 53.5% at day 2, 35.4% at day 3, and 4.8% at day 10. During the first three postoperative nights, 37.1% of the children woke up. Internalizing problems (β = 0.343; P = 0.001) and parental need for information (β = 0.207; P = 0.011) were independently associated with higher pain scores at home during the first 3 days (R2 = 0.225).

Conclusion

Following adenotonsillectomy, children often experienced moderate to severe pain and sleep problems during the first 3 days at home. Preoperative internalizing problems and parental need for information were independently associated with increased pain at home. Screening for these problems can help to identify vulnerable children and adapt the perioperative analgesic strategy accordingly (which includes preparation, information, and prescription of pain analgesics).
Philosophy and liturgy part 1: Liturgy and philosophy of action
Authors: Cockayne Joshua
Published: August 2018

In this article, I summarise recent work on the philosophy of liturgy. In part 1 of this article, I consider how liturgy can provide a way of acting. I outline the importance of a liturgical script for enacting a liturgy, as well discussing the role of the body in acting liturgically. I conclude by considering the corporate dimension of liturgical action.
Molecular characterization and expression of vitellogenin genes from the wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata (Araneae: Lycosidae)
Authors: Guo Jixing , Wang Liang , Wu Han , Cao Yingshuai , Xiao Rong , Lai Xueshuang , Liu Jianbo , Yi Jiequn , Zhang Guren
Published: August 2018

The wolf spider Pardosa pseudoannulata (Araneae: Lycosidae) is an important biological control agent against rice pests in the paddy ecosystem. Vitellogenin (Vg) is the precursor of the yolk protein and is crucial for reproduction in P. pseudoannulata. We have identified three full‐length cDNAs encoding vitellogenins. The PpVg1 transcript is 5598 bp long, with an open reading frame (ORF) of 5379 bp encoding a 1792 amino acid protein. The PpVg2 transcript is 5394 bp long, with an ORF of 5205 bp encoding a 1734 amino acid protein. The PpVg3 transcript is 5229 bp long, with an ORF of a 5019 bp encoding a 1672 amino acid protein. Typical domains are found in all PpVgs sequences, including an N‐terminal lipoprotein domain, a DUF1943 domain and the von Willebrand factor type D domain. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that PpVg1, PpVg2 and PpVg3 are grouped with other arachnid Vgs. PpVg1 and PpVg2 are more closely related to Parasteatoda tepidariorum vitellogenin, whereas PpVg3 is segregated into a single clade in the arachnid group. Expression analysis by a quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction shows that PpVg1, PpVg2 and PpVg3 are mainly expressed in adult females. Mating elicite an increase in the transcription levels of PpVg1 and PpVg2, and the expression level of PpVg3 is up‐regulated after first oviposition. The present study represents the first report with respect to the molecular characterization and expression patterns for the spider vitellogenin and will greatly facilitate our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of P. pseudoannulata reproduction.
Electroconvulsive therapy for older adult patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Dong Min , Zhu Xiao‐Min , Zheng Wei , Li Xiao‐Hong , Ng Chee H. , Ungvari Gabor S. , Xiang Yu‐Tao
Published: August 2018

Background

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been widely used in treating older adult patients with major depressive disorder. The results of randomized controlled trials (RCT) are mixed. This study systematically examined the efficacy and safety of ECT versus antidepressants (AD) in older adult patients with major depressive disorder.

Methods

A literature search was conducted independently by two reviewers using the PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, and SinoMed databases from their inceptions until 17 May 2017. The Cochrane risk of bias and Jadad scale were used to assess the quality of RCT included in the systematic review.

Results

Five RCT (n = 374; mean age: 66.0–66.4 years; men: 36.4–58.3%) all conducted in China were identified, including three RCT (n = 203) with ECT alone and two RCT (n = 171) with ECT‐AD co‐treatment. In two of the three RCT, ECT alone was superior to AD monotherapy in improving depressive symptoms as assessed by the Hamilton Depression Scale and by clinical judgement at the conclusion of the course of ECT. Both RCT of AD‐ECT co‐treatment showed a significant reduction in the Hamilton Depression Scale total score after ECT compared with AD monotherapy. The response rate ranged from 80% to 97.5% in the ECT groups and from 63.4% to 73.3% in the AD groups. Rates of adverse reactions were similar between ECT and AD groups in studies with available data. Only one RCT reported the discontinuation rate without a significant group difference.

Conclusions

This systematic review showed that ECT appears to be an effective and safe treatment for older adult patients with major depressive disorder. Further high‐quality studies with extended follow‐up are warranted.
The toolbox for protein digestion in decapod crustaceans: a review
Authors: Navarrete del Toro María A. , García‐Carreño Fernando
Published: August 2018

Pancrustacea, including both crustaceans and insects, is the most abundant and diverse clade of Animalia and occupy all types of environments. They are studied because of their ecological, agricultural, health and economic issues, some being delicatessens. Crustaceans evolved during the Cambrian, thanks to adaptations, such as macrophagy, that allowed them to prey on diverse and energy‐rich foods, which depended on complex digestive systems that drove evolution. As heterotrophs, crustaceans depend on their ability to obtain nutrients to fulfil their material, mostly carbon and energy requirements. Protein is the most important nutrient; up to 70% dry mass of a crustacean is protein. Hence, food protein is needed to obtain free amino acids to synthesize protein de novo (from scratch), because animals cannot synthesize the ten essential amino acids de novo. The ability to digest protein must have emerged early in evolution, as shown by the finding of trypsin coding genes in eubacterial genomes. Primitive organisms selectively fixed the ability to use foreign protein as a source of amino acids by synthesizing enzymes, now termed peptidases, which were capable of recognizing and hydrolysing peptide bonds in a specific region of a polypeptide chain, based on specificity for the side chains of amino acid residues in the carboxylic side of the site of cleavage. Here, we present a brief history on what and how digestive peptidases in crustaceans became known.
On correctly responding to all decisive reasons we have
Authors: Fassio Davide
Published: August 2018

Benjamin Kiesewetter has recently provided an argument to the effect that necessarily, if one has decisive reason to φ, then one has sufficient reason to believe that she herself has decisive reason to φ. If sound, this argument has important implications for several debates in contemporary normative philosophy. I argue that the main premise in the argument is problematic and should be rejected. According to this premise (PRR), necessarily, one can respond correctly to all the decisive reasons one has. I show that PRR is confronted with counterexamples and presupposes an implausible commensurability of all kinds of reasons. If so, the conclusion in Kiesewetter’s argument doesn’t follow. I also discuss further implications of my objections to PRR for a specific family of ‘ought’ implies ‘can’ principles and ability constraints on reasons, and the consequences that these could have for a number of contemporary debates in normative philosophy.
Generation of transgenic‐cloned Huanjiang Xiang pigs systemically expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein
Authors: Zhu Xiang‐Xing , Zhong Yi‐Zhi , Ge Yao‐Wen , Lu Ke‐Huan , Lu Sheng‐Sheng
Published: August 2018

Contents

Huanjiang Xiang pig is a unique native minipig breed originating in Guangxi, China, and has great utility value in agriculture and biomedicine. Reproductive biotechnologies such as somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and SCNT‐mediated genetic modification show great potential value in genetic preservation and utilization of Huanjiang Xiang pigs. Our previous work has successfully produced cloned and transgenic‐cloned embryos using somatic cells from a Huanjiang Xiang pig. In this study, we firstly report the generation of transgenic‐cloned Huanjiang Xiang pigs carrying an enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) gene. A total of 504 SCNT‐derived embryos were transferred to two surrogate recipients, one of which became pregnant and gave birth to three live piglets. Exogenous eGFP transgene had integrated in all of the three Huanjiang Xiang piglets identified by genotyping. Furthermore, expression of eGFP was also detected from in vitro cultured skin fibroblast cells and various organs or tissues from positive transgenic‐cloned Huanjiang Xiang pigs. The present work provides a practical method to preserve this unique genetic resource and also lays a foundation for genetic modification of Huanjiang Xiang pigs with improved values in agriculture and biomedicine.