bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Generative Negatives
Authors: Steinbock Eliza
Published: December 2014

The most recent exhibited work of photographer Del LaGrace Volcano is a triptych from the series Herm Body (2011–), which presents Volcano's front and back torso conspicuously pared down, headless, and nude. Whereas in conventional film photography, negatives are used in the darkroom to make positive images (photographic prints), in the outmoded medium Polaroid 665, which Volcano employs, the positive image is used to make a (unique) negative. The generativity of the Polaroid 665 negative in Volcano's hands is not purely photographic; it is also affective. My essay explores the questions, what are the stakes and what are the consequences in a (photographic) negative generating and reflecting the artist's self-image? I attend to the vulnerabilities of the technical process as well as the strong formal and conceptual references to intersex bodies in medical photography and to aging bodies in images from John Coplans. In short, I propose that the Herm Body series shows how negative affect is productive and political, even when it appears to suspend agency.
The vacuolar-type H+-ATPase at a glance – more than a proton pump
Authors: Maxson Michelle E. , Grinstein Sergio
Published: December 2014

The vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) has long been appreciated to function as an electrogenic H+ pump. By altering the pH of intracellular compartments, the V-ATPase dictates enzyme activity, governs the dissociation of ligands from receptors and promotes the coupled transport of substrates across membranes, a role often aided by the generation of a transmembrane electrical potential. In tissues where the V-ATPase is expressed at the plasma membrane, it can serve to acidify the extracellular microenvironment. More recently, however, the V-ATPase has been implicated in a bewildering variety of additional roles that seem independent of its ability to translocate H+. These non-canonical functions, which include fusogenicity, cytoskeletal tethering and metabolic sensing, are described in this Cell Science at a Glance article and accompanying poster, together with a brief overview of the conventional functions of the V-ATPase.
ABS–Scan: In silico alanine scanning mutagenesis for binding site residues in protein–ligand complex
Authors: Anand Praveen , Nagarajan Deepesh , Mukherjee Sumanta , Chandra Nagasuma
Published: December 2014

Most physiological processes in living systems are fundamentally regulated by protein–ligand interactions. Understanding the process of ligand recognition by proteins is a vital activity in molecular biology and biochemistry. It is well known that the residues present at the binding site of the protein form pockets that provide a conducive environment for recognition of specific ligands. In many cases, the boundaries of these sites are not well defined. Here, we provide a web-server to systematically evaluate important residues in the binding site of the protein that contribute towards the ligand recognition through in silico alanine-scanning mutagenesis experiments. Each of the residues present at the binding site is computationally mutated to alanine. The ligand interaction energy is computed for each mutant and the corresponding ΔΔG values are calculated by comparing it to the wild type protein, thus evaluating individual residue contributions towards ligand interaction. The server will thus provide a ranked list of residues to the user in order to obtain loss-of-function mutations. This web-tool can be freely accessed through the following address: http://proline.biochem.iisc.ernet.in/abscan/.
Criminal LIability for Restrait and Elimination of Competition
Authors: Churaev Talgat
Published: December 2014

The problem of protection of the competitive relations is the most urgent, among economic crimes. Its importance is caused by low level of the competition in the economy that is confirmed by the international estimates, prevalence of violations and a galloping rise in prices. The similar situation damages to citizens and society as a whole. For a solution of the problem at first we defined public danger of acts of restriction of the competition, by means of the principles of criminalization: accounting of importance of the public relations, infliction of harm, prevalence and dynamics of negative acts, and also the principle of definition of possibility of collateral consequences from establishment of a criminal ban. Importance of the public relations in the sphere of the competition is defined by the leading role of economy, as one of the main living conditions of society. Social and economic negative consequences of restriction of the competition: pecuniary losses of society, also industrial and dynamic losses from functioning of monopolistically structures and also in violation of the economic rights of citizens. The principle prevalence and dynamics of the socially dangerous acts is confirmed by quantity of administrative offenses, and also a rise in prices. Possibility of a collateral consequence from establishment of a criminal ban, consists in threat of violation of activity and development of large business and, respectively, losses of their competitiveness in the world market. Further we made the analysis of article 178 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the reasons of its small efficiency: in the presence of the material consequences and recurrence in case of abuse of a dominant position (abuses more than two times within three years). We suggest to institute criminal proceedings in case repeated administrative offense limiting the competition without material consequences. Also, we suggest to institute criminal proceedings if there is a material consequences without of the sign of recurrence. Besides, it is necessary to establish the open list of acts of limiting the competition.
The Treaty of the Eurasian Economic Union – New Page of Legal Development of Eurasian Integration
Authors: Kapustin Anatoliy
Published: December 2014

The article is considered the principal features of the Treaty on Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) in the light of modern International law, its legal nature, place and functions in the regulation of Eurasian integration. Analysing the history of the formation of the idea of Eurasian integration after the collapse of the USSR, the value of the EurAsEC in the development of the integration process. Describes the main features of the EAEU Treaty as the foundation treaty of two kinds: establishing international organization for integration (EAEU) and the economic and legal space (the Customs Union and the Common economic space).
Return to theatre for elective hip and knee replacements
Authors: Bottle A. , Aylin P. , Loeffler M.
Published: December 2014

The aim of this study was to define return to theatre (RTT) rates for elective hip and knee replacement (HR and KR), to describe the predictors and to show the variations in risk-adjusted rates by surgical team and hospital using national English hospital administrative data.

We examined information on 260 206 HRs and 315 249 KRs undertaken between April 2007 and March 2012. The 90-day RTT rates were 2.1% for HR and 1.8% for KR. Male gender, obesity, diabetes and several other comorbidities were associated with higher odds for both index procedures. For HR, hip resurfacing had half the odds of cement fixation (OR = 0.58, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.47 to 0.71). For KR, unicondylar KR had half the odds of total replacement (OR = 0.49, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.56), and younger ages had higher odds (OR = 2.23, 95% CI 1.65 to 3.01) for ages < 40 years compared with ages 60 to 69 years). There were more funnel plot outliers at three standard deviations than would be expected if variation occurred on a random basis.

Hierarchical modelling showed that three-quarters of the variation between surgeons for HR and over half the variation between surgeons for KR are not explained by the hospital they operated at or by available patient factors. We conclude that 90-day RTT rate may be a useful quality indicator for orthopaedics.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2014; 96-B:1663–8.
Corrigenda
Authors: Haddad F. S.
Published: December 2014

Goedhart LM, Ploegmakers JJ, Kroon HM, Zwartkruis EC, Jutte PC.The presentation, treatment and outcome of periosteal chondrosarcoma in the Netherlands. Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:823–828.
Corrigenda
Authors: Haddad F. S.
Published: December 2014

Dhinsa BS, Gregory JJ, Nawabi DH, Khan S, Pollock R, Aston WJ, Skinner JA, Briggs TW.The outcome of resection of the distal ulna for tumour without soft-tissue or prosthetic reconstruction. Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:1392–1395.
Vygotsky: revolutionary psychology for contemporary social work
Authors: Franklin Shirley
Published: December 2014

Vygotsky’s revolutionary and holistic account of the development of human beings within our sociocultural world is invaluable for people who work in the field of social work. In this article, his very full, but short life, initially in Tsarist Russia, and his role in the development of care and education policy during the revolutionary period, are portrayed. His complex theories about learning, development and the zone of proximal development are explored, and examples are shown of Vygotskian practitioners.
Crystal Chemistry and Surface Configurations of Two Iron-Bearing Trioctahedral Mica-1M Polytypes
Authors: Elmi Chiara , Brigatti Maria Franca , Guggenheim Stephen , Pasquali Luca , Montecchi Monica , Nannarone Stefano
Published: December 2014

The crystal chemical features of the bulk and the uppermost (001) surface layers of freshly cleaved surfaces of two trioctahedral Fe-rich mica-1M (space group C2/m) polytypes, i.e. a tetraferriphlogopite from an alkaline-carbonatitic complex near Tapira, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, and an Fe2+-bearing phlogopite containing less tetrahedral Fe3+ from the Kovdor carbonatite-bearing, alkaline-ultrabasic complex, Kola Peninsula, Russia, are explored here. Mineral-surface effects were investigated by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and compared to the bulk structure derived from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data. Based on microprobe analysis and the X-ray study, the chemical formulae are [XII](K0.99)[VI](Fe0.082+Fe0.153+Mg2.76Ti0.01)[IV](Fe0.823+Si3.18)O10.37F0.24(OH)1.39 and [XII](K0.94Na0.06)[VI](Fe0.172+Fe0.053+Mg2.75Mn0.01Ti0.05)[IV](Fe0.163+Al0.84Si3.00)O10.21F0.35(OH)1.44 for tetraferriphlogopite and Fe-bearing phlogopite, respectively. The tetrahedrally coordinated sites of the two minerals differ, where Fe-for-Si substitution is at 20.5% in tetra-ferriphlogopite and at 4% in Fe-bearing phlogopite.

The bulk study showed that Fe3+ substitution increases the tetrahedral sheet thickness and the mean tetrahedral edge lengths in tetra-ferriphlogopite compared to Fe-bearing phlogopite. The tetrahedral rotation angle (α) changes remarkably from tetra-ferriphlogopite (α = 10.5°) to the Fe-bearing phlogopite (α = 8.5°), thus indicating a significantly greater initial lateral sheet misfit (leading to a greater tetrahedral ring distortion) between the tetrahedral and the octahedral sheets in the tetra-ferriphlogopite compared to Fe-bearing phlogopite. The Fe3+ substitution for Si and the differences in lateral dimensions of the tetrahedral and octahedral sheets affect the tetrahedral flattening angle (τ), with τ = 109.9° for tetraferriphlogopite and τ = 110.7° for Fe-bearing phlogopite.

The binding energy (BE) of photoelectron peaks in XPS is dependent on the chemical state of atoms and on their local environment at the near surface. The Mg in both phlogopites is bonded to F, with the BE of Mg1s increasing as coordinated oxygen atoms are substituted by fluorine. For Fe-rich phlogopite (BE = 1306.8 eV), the binding energy is greater than for tetra-ferriphlogopite (BE = 1305.9 eV), and this is consistent with the bulk composition having greater F-for-OH substitution in Fe-rich phlogopite (F0.35vs. tetra-ferriphlogopite, F0.24 atoms per formula unit).
Expansion Behavior of Octadecylammonium-Exchanged Low- to High-Charge Reference Smectite-Group Minerals as Revealed by High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy on Ultrathin Sections
Authors: Schumann Dirk , Hesse Reinhard , Sears S. Kelly , Vali Hojatollah
Published: December 2014

Ultrathin sections of reference 2:1 layer silicates treated with octadecylammonium cations were examined using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) to establish the layer structure. Hitherto, few HRTEM ultrathin-section data existed on the expansion behavior of smectite-group minerals with different interlayer-charge values. Without such information, the expansion behavior of both low-charge and high-charge smectite minerals cannot be characterized and the structures observed in HRTEM images of clay-mineral mixtures cannot be interpreted reliably. Reference smectite-group minerals (Upton, Wyoming low-charge montmorillonite; Otay, California high-charge montmorillonite; a synthetic fluorohectorite; and a Jeanne d’Arc Basin offshore Newfoundland clay sample) with a range of layer charge values were examined. To prevent possible intrusion of epoxy resin into interlayers during embedding, the clay samples were first embedded in epoxy, sectioned with an ultra microtome, and then treated with octadecylammonium cations before examination using HRTEM. Lattice-fringe images showed that lower-charge (<0.38 eq/O10(OH)2) 2:1 layers had 13–14 Å spacings, whereas higher-charge (>0.38 eq/O10(OH)2) 2:1 layers had 21 and 45 Å spacings. These differently expanded silicate layers can occur within the same crystal and an alternation of these layer types can generate rectorite-like structures. For comparison, clay samples were also treated with octadecylammonium before epoxy embedding and sectioning and then examined with HRTEM. These samples mostly had highly expanded interlayers due to epoxy intrusion in the interlayer space. The reference clay minerals embedded in epoxy resin, sectioned, and treated with octadecylammonium cations were used to characterize smectite-group minerals in a natural clay sample from the Jeanne d’Arc Basin, Eastern Canada. Smectite-group minerals in this sample revealed similar structures in lattice-fringe images to those observed in the pure reference clay samples. Rectorite-like structures observed in lattice-fringe images were in fact smectite crystals with short, alternating sequences of low-charge and high-charge smectite layers rather than illite-smectite (I-S) phases with expanded smectite layers and non-expanded 10 Å illite layers.
Editorial: Volume 5, Number 4
Authors: Rodrigues Paulo Cesar Chagas
Published: December 2014

This issue of the Independent Journal of Management & production (IJM&P) features a selection of articles submitted and revised until November 2014. Observed that works are the fruit of research and publications of undergraduate, postgraduate and entrepreneurs. The publication also counts on the work of researchers from various parts of the world, which have undergone a process of peer review. As chief editor of IJM&P, I am indebted to all members of the editorial board and reviewers, which contributed to achieving a very decent job during the evaluation and revision. And that has contributed to the Journal in recognition of the international scientific community. And with all the authors, who trusted the results of their research and publications to the scrutiny of editors and reviewers who are part of our Journal. We would like to give an special thanks to our colleague, Professor Dr. Florian Ion Petrescu, Bucharest Polytechnic University, Romania, for their support and dedication to our journal, in order to the recognition by the international scientific community and the main indexes organs.
Reinkultur in Yiddish: World War I, German-Jewish Encounters, and the Founding of the Vilna Troupe
Authors: Caplan Debra
Published: December 2014

Der Beitrag untersucht die Interaktionen zwischen jiddischen Schauspielern und den Angehörigen der deutschen Armee während des Ersten Weltkriegs. Es wird gezeigt, dass diese Beziehungen als Katalysator für die Gründung der »Vilner Trupe« verstanden werden können. Diese zweifellos erfolgreichste jiddische Theatertruppe aller Zeiten gilt bis heute als die maßgebliche Inspiration für die globale jiddische »Kunsttheater«-Bewegung. Der Aufsatz zeigt, wie die zufälligen Begegnungen zwischen jüdischen Flüchtlingen und Deutschen, die in Wilna stationiert waren, zur aktiven Unterstützung der ersten Inszenierungen des Ensembles beigetragen haben. Zudem wird auf den Einfluss eingegangen, der die deutschen Unterstützer und Theaterbesucher auf das Repertoire und die Ästhetik dieser Schauspieltruppe ausgeübt haben.
Von Niederschönenfeld nach Berlin
Authors: Bayerdörfer Hans-Peter
Published: December 2014

Until 1933, highly renowned theatre critics of Jewish descent were dominant in the feuilletons of Berlin’s leading regional papers. In 1919, Ernst Toller, also of Jewish descent and, a year earlier, a member of the short-lived revolutionary regime in Munich, established his fame as a playwright. While serving a five year prison sentence, and until 1927, he contributed five plays to the German expressionist and post-expressionist drama, with four out of five first-night performances at the prominent Berlin stages of Max Reinhardt and Leopold Jessner. The article addresses reviews of these performances by critics such as Emil Faktor, Siegfried Jacobsohn and Alfred Kerr, asking among other questions, whether and how these critics present a viewpoint that can be seen as »Jewish« in terms of how intellectuals belonging to the Jewish minority were viewed in the Weimar Republic.
Partitions of groups into large subsets
Authors: Protasov Igor , Slobodianiuk Sergii
Published: December 2014

Let G be a group and let κ be a cardinal.
A subset A of G is called left (right) κ-large if there exists a subset F of G such that
|F| < κ and G = F
A (G = A
F).
We say that A is κ-large if A is left and right κ-large.
It is known that every infinite group G can be partitioned into countably many ℵ0-large subsets.
On the other hand, every amenable (in particular, Abelian) group G cannot be partitioned into more than ℵ0
ℵ0-large subsets.

We prove that every group G of cardinality κ can be partitioned into κ ℵ1-large
subsets and every free group F
κ in the infinite alphabet κ can be partitioned into κ 4-large subsets
but cannot be partitioned into three 3-large subsets.
Features of the training process of handball players of higher qualification between rounds in the competitive period
Authors: Tyshchenko V.A.
Published: December 2014

Purpose : the technology of preparation of athletes in accordance with the requirements of the system approach. Team management methodology disclosed in terms of the training process in the competitive period between rounds of the regular championship of Ukraine. Material : the experiment involved 85 athletes aged 18-32 years. Results : The recommended during pilot training to perform technical and tactical actions in lockstep future games. Testing and modeling training - at a more complete simulation of conditions of competition. Shock training to perform with significant excess volume and intensity. Shock-modeling training - close to a match where the simulated conditions and confounding factor. The most efficient and effective indicators to consider: the number of substitutions in one match - 8-12 times; residence time player on the court - 12-15 minutes; preferred time of travel players during replacement - 3-5 minutes; heart rate after a rest - 100-120 beats per minute. Conclusions : The developed model microcycle training process handball players between rounds of the Championship of Ukraine.
ICT in Higher Education: uses and implications in two courses of studies of Argentine Institutions/TIC en Educación Superior: usos e implicancias en dos carreras de instituciones argentinas
Authors: Puchmüller Andrea Bibiana , Puebla María Marcela
Published: December 2014

La investigación “Desarrollo de la competencia de género para la comunicación académico-científica en un contexto plurilingüe”,tiene como objetivo identificar en qué instancias de su formación de grado los estudiantes utilizan las TIC, paraanalizar el uso que hacen de ellas a fin de determinar su rol como instrumentos mediadores entre los elementos del triángulointeractivo alumnos-profesor contenidos y las implicancias pedagógicas de sus usos en dos contextos diferentes de educaciónsuperior: Profesorado en Lengua Inglesa - Instituto de Formación Docente (IFDC) San Luis y Profesorado en Ciencias de laEducación, Universidad Nacional de San Luis (UNSL). El estudio es cuantitativo, descriptivo y comparativo. El instrumentoque se utilizó para la recolección de datos fue una encuesta diseñada por los tutores del Postítulo Especialización Docenteen Educación y TIC del Ministerio de Educación de la Nación. Se tomó a 20 estudiantes seleccionados de manera aleatoriade ambas instituciones. Las TIC actúan como intermediarias de relaciones de carácter bidimensional (alumno-contenido,docente-contenido o alumno-docente) en las que no se ponen en juego todas las e-competencias necesarias para lograr laalfabetización digital característica de la actual Sociedad de la Información y el Conocimiento (SIC).
Relationship between Visual Injury from Synthetic Auxin and Glyphosate Herbicides and Snap Bean and Potato Yield
Authors: Colquhoun Jed B. , Heider Daniel J. , Rittmeyer Richard A.
Published: December 2014

Agronomic crops with resistance to the herbicides dicamba and 2,4-D are currently in the regulatory approval process. The potential increased use of these herbicides has raised concern among vegetable producers about potential off-target movement and implications to crop yield. The overall goal of this research was to describe the relationship between visually estimated crop injury and snap bean and potato yield and quality. In snap bean in 2011, injury from dicamba 7 d after treatment (DAT) ranged from 19% at the 1.2 g ae ha−1application rate to 45% at the 7.0 g ae ha−1application rate. By 28 DAT in 2011, injury from 2,4-D was similar to the nontreated control. However, early-season injury in 2011 delayed snap bean flowering and reduced crop yield compared to the nontreated control for all treatments except where the 1.4 g ae ha−1rate of 2,4-D and glyphosate at 7.0 g ae ha−1were applied. Snap bean injury from dicamba was greater than that from 2,4-D at all rating timings in 2011 and two of three rating timings in 2012, and crop yield was reduced compared to where 2,4-D was applied and the nontreated control in both years. Potato tuber size distribution was variable and total yield did not differ among treatments and the nontreated control in 2011. In 2012, tuber size distribution was again variable, but more nonmarketable cull potatoes were harvested when dicamba was applied to 25-cm potato plants at the 7.0 g ae ha−1rate compared to any other treatment. Snap bean injury observations about 3 wk prior to harvest were strongly correlated with crop yield (r= −0.84 and −0.88 in 2011 and 2012, respectively), allowing time to make informed harvest decisions relative to crop quality. In contrast, the relationship between potato injury and tuber yield was poor and highly variable in both years.
Topographic controls on soil nitrogen availability in a lowland tropical forest
Authors: Weintraub Samantha R. , Taylor Philip G. , Porder Stephen , Cleveland Cory C. , Asner Gregory P. , Townsend Alan R.
Published: December 2014

Geomorphic position often correlates with nutrient cycling across landscapes. In tropical forests, topography is known to influence phosphorus (P) availability, but its effect on nitrogen (N) cycling has received less exploration, especially in lowland forests where widespread N richness is frequently assumed. Here, we report significant effects of topographic slope and landscape position on multiple aspects of the N cycle across a highly dissected lowland tropical forest on the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica. A suite of N cycle metrics measured along a topographic sequence revealed a distinct gradient in N availability. Values of soil δ15N, inorganic N pools, net nitrification rates, and nitrification potentials were all substantially lower on a flanking steep hillslope (~28°) compared to a relatively flat ridge top (~6°), indicating lower N availability and a less open N cycle in steep parts of the landscape. Slope soils also hosted smaller total carbon and nitrogen stocks and notably less weathered soil minerals than did ridge soils. These latter findings suggest that elevated N loss resulting from high rates of soil and particulate organic matter erosion could underpin the spatial variation in N cycling and availability. Expanding our analysis to the larger study landscape, a strong negative linear relationship between soil δ15N values and surface slope angles was observed. N isotope mass balance models suggest that this pattern is most plausibly explained by an increase in N loss via erosive, non‐fractioning pathways from steep zones, as most other variables commonly assumed to affect soil δ15N values (such as temperature, precipitation, and vegetation type) did not vary across the sampled region. Together, these results reveal notable hillslope‐scale variation in N richness and suggest an important role for non‐fractionating N loss in the maintenance of this pattern. Such findings highlight the importance of geomorphology and the significant capacity of erosion to influence N availability in steepland ecosystems.
Urban ecology: advancing science and society
Authors: Tanner Colby J , Adler Frederick R , Grimm Nancy B , Groffman Peter M , Levin Simon A , Munshi-South Jason , Pataki Diane E , Pavao-Zuckerman Mitchell , Wilson William G
Published: December 2014

Urban ecology has quickly become established as a central part of ecological thinking. As cities continue to grow in size and number, two questions serve to unify this broad and multidisciplinary research landscape: (1) how can urban ecology contribute to the science of ecology, and (2) how can urban ecology be applied to make cities more livable and sustainable? In spite of the advances made thus far, there are many unexplored ways of integrating the science and application of urban ecology. Although scientists assess and make predictions regarding the connections between environmental and socioeconomic processes, practitioners involved in real‐world application deal with urban planning and with designing ecosystem services to improve living conditions for all urban inhabitants and to make cities more sustainable. Research in urban ecosystems can be developed from many different perspectives, and we suggest that each perspective has something to offer both society and the science of ecology. We present several research perspectives and describe how these can integrate conceptual and applied aspects to bridge the figurative gaps between trees, buildings, and people.
Potential for a New Multimillennial Tree-Ring Chronology from Subfossil Balkan River Oaks
Authors: Pearson Charlotte L. , Ważny Tomasz , Kuniholm Peter I. , Botić Katarina , Durman Aleksandar , Seufer Katherine
Published: December 2014

A total of 272 oak (Quercussp.) samples have been collected from large subfossil trees dredged from sediment deposited by the Sava and various tributary rivers in the Zagreb region of northwestern Croatia, and in northern Bosnia and Herzegovina. Measurement series of tree-ring widths from these samples produced 12 groups, totaling 3456 years of floating tree-ring chronologies spread through the last ca. 8000 years. This work represents the first step in creating a new, high-resolution resource for dating and paleoenvironmental reconstruction in the Balkan region and potentially a means to bridge between the floating tree-ring chronologies of the wider Mediterranean region and the continuous long chronologies from central Europe.
The PPARα pathway in Vγ9Vδ2 T cell anergy
Authors: Poupot Mary , Boissard Frédéric , Betous Delphine , Bardouillet Laure , Fruchon Séverine , L’Faqihi-Olive Fatima , Pont Frédéric , Mekaouche Mourad , Ingoure Sophie , Sicard Hélène , Dubreuilh Guy , Fournié Jean-Jacques
Published: December 2014

Phosphoantigens (PAgs) activate Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes, inducing their potent and rapid response in vitro and in vivo. However, humans and nonhuman primates that receive repeated injections of PAgs progressively lose their Vγ9Vδ2 T cell response to them. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of this in vivo desensitization, we analyzed the transcriptome of circulating Vγ9Vδ2 T cells from macaques injected with PAg. We showed that three PAg injections induced the activation of the PPARα pathway in Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Thus, we analyzed the in vitro response of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells stimulated with a PPARα agonist. We demonstrated that in vitro PPARα pathway activation led to the inhibition of the BrHPP-induced activation and proliferation of human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Since the PPARα pathway is involved in the antigen-selective desensitization of human Vγ9Vδ2 T cells, the use of PPARα inhibitors could enhance cancer immunotherapy based on Vγ9Vδ2 T cells.
FunPred-1: Protein function prediction from a protein interaction network using neighborhood analysis
Authors: Saha Sovan , Chatterjee Piyali , Basu Subhadip , Kundu Mahantapas , Nasipuri Mita
Published: December 2014

Proteins are responsible for all biological activities in living organisms. Thanks to genome sequencing projects, large amounts of DNA and protein sequence data are now available, but the biological functions of many proteins are still not annotated in most cases. The unknown function of such non-annotated proteins may be inferred or deduced from their neighbors in a protein interaction network. In this paper, we propose two new methods to predict protein functions based on network neighborhood properties. FunPred 1.1 uses a combination of three simple-yet-effective scoring techniques: the neighborhood ratio, the protein path connectivity and the relative functional similarity. FunPred 1.2 applies a heuristic approach using the edge clustering coefficient to reduce the search space by identifying densely connected neighborhood regions. The overall accuracy achieved in FunPred 1.2 over 8 functional groups involving hetero-interactions in 650 yeast proteins is around 87%, which is higher than the accuracy with FunPred 1.1. It is also higher than the accuracy of many of the state-of-the-art protein function prediction methods described in the literature. The test datasets and the complete source code of the developed software are now freely available at http://code.google.com/p/cmaterbioinfo/.
Manufactured Nanoparticle Behavior and Transformations in Aquatic Systems. Importance of Natural Organic Matter
Authors: Loosli Frédéric , Omar Fatehah Mohd , Carnal Fabrice , Oriekhova Olena , Clavier Arnaud , Chai Zhi , Stoll Serge
Published: December 2014

Major concerns to elucidate the fate of nanomaterials and manufactured nanoparticles in aquatic systems are related to the lack of data on nanoparticle transformations under relevant environmental conditions. The present article discusses some of the important physicochemical processes
controlling the behavior of manufactured nanoparticles in aqueous systems by focusing on their interaction with natural organic matter, which is expected to play a crucial role when adsorbing at the nanoparticle surface. The precise knowledge and consequences of such adsorption processes are
important not only to predict the nanoparticle stability and dispersion state but also to evaluate their chemical reactivity and ecotoxicology. Most importantly, findings indicate that the presence of natural organic matter, at typical environmental concentrations, can induce significant disagglomeration
of large nanoparticle agglomerates into small fragments. Such a result constitutes an important outcome with regard to the risk associated with the possible transformation and redispersion of large assemblies containing manufactured nanoparticles.
Effect of River Salinity on Crop Diversity: A Case Study of South West Coastal Region of Bangladesh
Authors: Gain Animesh K. , Aryal Kul P. , Sana Pritish , Uddin Md Nazim
Published: December 2014

Saline water intrusion is a major problem and conflicting issue in south-west coastal region of Bangladesh. The increased salinity has negative impact on agricultural diversity in this region. The present study provides an assessment of perception of local farmers about changes of agricultural diversity mainly diversity of vegetable species (both summer and winter) and standing plants with the changes of salinity level in the nearby river. This study was carried out in January to August 2005 through semi-structured questionnaire in selected villages of different salinity prone areas such as high saline zone and moderate saline zone, namely Paikgacha and Rampal, respectively. The study has revealed that in Paikgacha, the salinity varies approximately within the range from 20,000 to 45,000 micro-mhos and in Rampal it is from 10,000 to 30,000 micro-mhos. Due to increased salinity, the summer vegetable species in Paikgacha and Rampal have been reduced from 16 to 2 and 15 to 9 respectively during the period 1975-2005. For winter vegetable species, this figure wasreduced from 13 to 9 in Paikgacha but in Rampal this number remained unchanged. Standing plant species in Paikgacha and Rampal have been reduced from 31 to 14 and 35 to21 respectively during that period. Agricultural diversity is reducing in substantial rate both spatially and temporally.Nepal Agric. Res. J. Vol. 8, 2007, pp. 29-37 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/narj.v8i0.11576
Yield Loss Assessment and Management of Violet Wood Sorrel Weed on Maize
Authors: KC Govind
Published: December 2014

A field experiment was conducted during rainy season of 2003 and 2004 in farmers' field of Dang district (650 masl) to assess the yield loss caused by violet wood sorrel (Oxalis corymbosa Dc) for maize (Zea mays) and to work out effective measure to control this weed. Violet wood sorrel (Chari Amilo) infestation was observed in maize, ginger, and Toria fields of Dang and Salyan districts as well as various mid hilly areas of Nepal. The weed once introduced in uplands, spreads in large scale within few years. Six treatments, comprising 2,4-D Na salt 2 kg/ha, Glyphosate 2 l/ha, Soil digging, turning and expose to sun two months prior to maize sowing were compared with weed free, weed free except Oxalis and weedy check plots. The presence of violet wood sorrel (VWS) in maize field ranging from 38 to 352.3 per square meter in 2003 and 18.6 to 195.5 per square meter in 2004 one month after intercultural operation does not cause significant effect on maize grain yield, 4297 to 4694 kg/ha in 2003 and 3751.4 to 4473.6 kg/ha in 2004 respectively. Thus significant loss in maize grain yield was not found due to higher VWS weed population (352.3 and 195.5/m2) resulted in weedy check treatment and lower weed population (38 and 18.6/m2) in herbicide applied treatment. Repeated application of herbicides at 17 and 37 days after maize sowing (DAMS) both 2,4-D and Glyphosate reduced the weed population in maize field but could not eradicate as it appears in next year but the population was significantly low (59.5 and 65.3/m2) in herbicide applied plots compared to weedy check plot (322.6/m2) at 26 DAMS. It was revealed that presence of violet wood sorrel weed in maize field does not affect the grain yield in farmer's practice of weeding i.e. intercultural operation at 20 to 30 DAMS. Nepal Agric. Res. J. Vol. 8, 2007, pp. 38-41DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/narj.v8i0.11577
Participatory Evaluation of Some Tomato Genotypes for Resistance to Bacterial Wilt
Authors: Timila Ram D. , Joshi Sharada
Published: December 2014

Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum E.F. Smith is one of the destructive diseases of tomato. Experiments were conducted to confirm the resistance and to evaluate varieties received from Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center against bacterial wilt disease in the farmers’ bacterial wilt sick fields at Thaiba and at Panchkhal during 1999 and 2000-2001 respectively. A total of five varieties such as CLN 2026 C, CLN 2026 D, CLN 1466 J, CLN 1466 P and susceptible check Lapsigede or L 390 were included in the experiments. Randomized complete block design with 4 replications was commenced at both the locations. In terms of disease incidence and yield parameters as well as consumers’ preference on the fruit size, CLN 2026 C was found the best variety followed by CLN 2026 D. Wilt incidence was significantly lower in those varieties showing resistant reaction than in susceptible check. However, the marketable fruit yields were significantly higher with low wilt incidences in CLN 1466 P and CLN 1466 J also compared to susceptible check. But the large fruit size of those varieties was not acceptable to the consumers and the  growers. Thus, CLN 2026 C and CLN 2026 D could be used as resistant variety to minimize crop losses from bacterial wilt disease.Nepal Agric. Res. J. Vol. 8, 2007, pp. 50-55DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/narj.v8i0.11580
Evaluation of Selected Species of Fodder Trees Cultivated for Feeding Ruminant Animals in the Hills of Nepal
Authors: Khanal Ramesh C. , Upreti Chet R.
Published: December 2014

Leaves and twigs from four species of tree fodders, Aetocarpus lakoocha (AL), bauhinia  purpurea (BP), Garuga pinnata (GP) and Ficus sroxburghii (FR), cultivated widely for  feeding ruminants in the hills of Nepal and maintained at the Agriculture Research Station  (Goat), Bandipur were investigated for there chemical composition, and nutrient intake,  digestibility, and growth rate in growing female goats. Differences occurred between species  of tree fodders on nutrient composition, which contained 286, 342, 312, and 263 g/kg DM;  174, 98, 116 and 178 g/kg total ash; 137, 163, 140, and 119 g/kg CP; 440, 458, 437, and 451  g/kg NDF; 383, 407, 382, and 406 g/kg ADF; 177, 135, 181, and 143 g/kg ADL; 19.5, 21.6,  20.9, and 29.3 g/kg Ca; and 2.2, 2.8, 2.4, and 2.5 g/kg P on DM basis for AL, BP, GP, and  FR, respectively. The DM intake was higher for goats fed AL (432 g/d) and GP (428 g/d)  than BP (342 g/d) or FR (306 g/d). Nutrient digestibility was higher for goats fed AL and  GP, except Ca, which was higher for goats fed FR. Similarly, highest daily weight gain was  observed for goats fed AL (71 g/d) and GP (64 g/d) than either of BP (54 g/d) or FR (30  g/d). Overall, leaves and twigs from these tree fodders supported moderate growth, but may  not be advisable for maximum production.Nepal Agric. Res. J. Vol. 8, 2007, pp. 88-94DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/narj.v8i0.11600
Current Treatment Concepts for “Terrible Triad” Injuries of the Elbow
Authors: Bohn Kevin , Ipaktchi Kyros , Livermore Meryl , Cao Jue , Banegas Rodrigo
Published: December 2014

Elbow fracture-dislocations destabilize the elbow, preventing functional rehabilitation. If left untreated, they commonly result in functional compromise and poor outcomes. The “terrible triad” injury is classically described as a combination of a coronoid process and radial head fractures, as well as a posterolateral elbow dislocation. Surgical treatment to restore stable elbow range of motion has evolved in the past few decades based on increased understanding of elbow biomechanics and the anatomy of these injuries. This article highlights current concepts in the treatment of these complicated injuries. [
Orthopedics.
2014; 37(12):831–837.]
Revision Hip Arthroplasty in Patients With a Previous Total Hip Replacement for Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head
Authors: Park Youn-Soo , Moon Young-Wan , Lee Keun-Ho , Lim Seung-Jae
Published: December 2014

Patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head are typically relatively young and active and often require high rates of revision after primary total hip arthroplasty. However, outcomes of revision hip arthroplasty in this patient population have rarely been reported in the literature. The authors conducted a retrospective review of 72 patients (75 hips) who underwent revision hip arthroplasty with a primary diagnosis of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Mean age at index revision was 53.3 years (range, 34–76). Components of acetabular revision included a cementless porous-coated cup in 58 hips and an acetabular cage in 3 hips. Components of femoral revision included a fully grit-blasted tapered stem in 30 hips and a proximally porous-coated modular stem in 9 hips. Mean duration of follow-up was 7 years (range, 3–17). Mean Harris Hip Score improved from 49 points preoperatively to 90 points postoperatively. At final follow-up, 11 hips (14.7%) required reoperation because of aseptic loosening (6 hips), infection (2 hips), recurrent dislocation (1 hip), periprosthetic fracture (1 hip), and ceramic fracture (1 hip). Kaplan-Meier survivor-ship with an endpoint of re-revision for any reason was 81% and for mechanical failure was 87.5% for the cup and 100% for the stem at 10 years. Unlike the previous report, the authors’ study showed a lower failure rate of the femoral stem after revision hip arthroplasty using modern cementless femoral components in patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Aseptic cup loosening or osteolysis is the most common mechanism of failure at medium-term follow-up. [
Orthopedics.
2014; 37(12):e1058–e1062.]
Medical Management of Fragility Fractures of the Distal Radius
Authors: Morgan CPT Emily N. , Crawford MAJ David A. , Scully MAJ William F. , Noce LTC Nicholas J.
Published: December 2014

Fragility fractures of the distal radius represent an opportunity to diagnose and treat osteoporosis before further fractures occur. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of prescriptions for calcium/vitamin D supplementation and the prevalence of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans in patients who sustained fragility fractures of the distal radius. A further goal was to determine the prevalence of patients who received prescriptions for the treatment of osteoporosis after DEXA scans. The authors performed a retrospective review of all patients 50 years and older who sustained a fragility fracture of the distal radius and were treated by the orthopedic surgery service at the authors’ institution from 2004 to 2010. After a fragility fracture of the distal radius, fewer than 25% of previously unidentified at-risk patients received a prescription for vitamin supplementation and underwent a DEXA scan. Women were 7 times more likely than men to receive calcium/vitamin D supplementation, 14 times more likely to undergo a DEXA scan for the evaluation of osteoporosis, and 25 times more likely to receive a prescription for bisphos-phonates. Patients who underwent a DEXA scan were 9 times more likely to receive pharmacologic treatment than those who did not undergo this scan. More than half of patients did not receive a prescription for calcium/vitamin D supplementation and did not undergo DEXA scanning as recommended by current National Osteoporosis Foundation guidelines. Most patients who received prescriptions or underwent DEXA scans did so before rather than after fracture, indicating poor compliance with National Osteoporosis Foundation guidelines. [
Orthopedics.
2014; 37(12):e1068–e1073.]
Accuracy of the Lesser Trochanter for Guiding Lag Screw Insertion in Hip Fracture Management
Authors: Xiao Jianlin , Gao Zhongli , Qin Yanguo , Li Xuezhou , Wang Ao , Zhu Lanyu , Wang Jincheng
Published: December 2014

The goal of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of the lesser trochanter for entry of lag screw placement in the fixation of hip fractures. Radiographs of the pelvis with both hips in 50 Chinese patients were analyzed to determine the accuracy of using the lesser trochanter as a reference landmark for inserting lag screws. The femoral neck was divided into 4 parts, and the second distal part was classified as the safe zone. Cobb angles of 125° and 130° were used as representative lag screw insertion angles, referencing the lateral cortex of the lesser trochanter for measurement, and insertion tracks were drawn on the neck of the femur. The accuracy of lag screw placement in the defined safe zone was evaluated. Accuracy of placement in the safe zone for entry points at the superior tip, apex, and inferior tip of the lesser trochanter were 78%, 39%, and 0%, respectively, for the 125° Cobb angle. Rates for the superior tip, apex, and inferior tip of the lesser trochanter were 31%, 74%, and 6%, respectively, for the 130° Cobb angle. The entry point at the level of the inferior tip of the lesser trochanter had incidence rates of 95% and 71% for cutout for 125° and 130° screws, respectively. The authors found that the superior tip of the lesser trochanter was a good reference point for 125° lag screw insertion and that the apex of the lesser trochanter was a good reference point for 130° lag screw insertion. Entry at the level of the inferior tip of the lesser trochanter has a very high rate of cutout and should be avoided. [
Orthopedics.
2014; 37(12):e1080–e1084.]
Damage-Control Orthopedics Versus Early Total Care in the Treatment of Borderline High-Energy Pelvic Fractures
Authors: Han Gengfen , Wang Ziming , Du Quanyin , Xiong Yan , Wang Yu , Wu Siyu , Zhang Bo , Wang Aimin
Published: December 2014

The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of damage-control orthopedics (DCO) vs early total care (ETC) in the treatment of borderline high-energy pelvic fractures. Seventy-two patients with borderline high-energy pelvic fractures were retrospectively reviewed; 39 received DCO and 33 received ETC. Demographic data and initial injury severities were comparable between groups, except for Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) head scores and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores. Regarding postoperative complications, the incidence rates of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome and the mean Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score were significantly lower in the DCO group compared with the ETC group. Similar results were also observed in subgroups stratified by age (younger than 40 years and 40 years and older). Regarding patients with Tile B fractures, there was no significant difference between groups in incidence rates of overall postoperative complications. However, in patients with Tile C fractures, especially in those 40 years and older, the DCO group had a lower incidence rate of ALI and had lower APACHE II scores than did the ETC group. This study’s findings indicate that DCO is the most suitable therapeutic option for patients with Tile C fractures, especially for those 40 years and older, whereas ETC is preferred for patients with Tile B fractures, provided that it is possible to avoid a second operation as well as any delays in patient mobilization. [
Orthopedics.
2014; 37(12):e1091–e1100.]