bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Phenolic Compounds and Indoleacetic Acid on Adventitious Root Initiation in Cuttings of Phaseolus aureus, Acer saccharinum, and Acer griseum
Authors: Kling G. J. , Meyer M. M.
Published: October 2022

Twenty-one phenolic compounds in combination with indoleacetic acid (IAA) were applied to mung bean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) cuttings. Catechol, pyrogallol, salicylic acid, and tannic acid stimulated adventitious root initiation in mung bean and were further tested on Acer saccharinum L. Catechol stimulated root initiation in softwood cuttings of Acer saccharinum. Softwood cuttings of Acer griseum Pax. rooted 100% when treated with a combination of catechol (4.5 × 10-3 M) and IAA (1.1 × 10-3 M) for 24 hours and several combinations of catechol and IAA also stimulated the number of roots per cutting of this species.
Distance Measuring and Signaling Device for a Mechanical Tree Planter
Authors: Peterson Donald L. , Miller Stephen S.
Published: October 2022

Depending on soil-surface conditions, an electronic pick-up and counting device to signal within-row tree distances using a mechanical tree planter produced planting distances as accurate or more accurate than those obtained with traditional planting techniques.
Ion Absorption by a Woody Plant with Episodic Growth
Authors: Hershey David R. , Paul J. L.
Published: October 2022

Rooted cuttings of Euonymus japonica Thunb. were grown in solution culture for 3 months and rates of NO3-, Ca2+, K+, and Mg2+ absorption were measured by their disappearance from solution. During shoot elongation, absorption rates for these ions declined and the pH of the nutrient solution decreased to about 4. As a flush of shoot elongation ended, the absorption rates for the ions rose to much higher levels and the pH of the nutrient solution increased to 6 or above. The changes in the nutrient solution pH appear to be caused by changes in the relative cation-anion absorption.
Effect of Fungicides Applied to Polyurethane Propagation Blocks on Rooting of Poinsettia Cuttings
Authors: Lee Leland W. , Sanderson Kenneth C. , Williams John G.
Published: October 2022

All fungicides applied as dips to polyurethane propagation cubes prior to propagation of poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.) cuttings inhibited rooting at the concentrations employed. Least inhibition of rooting resulted from dips containing (per liter) either 37 mg metalaxyl [N-(2,6 dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl) alanine methyl ester] 25 WP plus 300 mg ferbam (ferric dimethyldithiocarbamate) 76 WP, 500 mg ferbam 76WP, or 599 mg benomyl [methyl l-(butyl-carbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole-carbamate] 50 WP. Treatments containing fenaminosulf (p-dimethylaminobenzenediazo sodium sulphonate) 35 WP inhibited rooting most. The PCNB (pentachloronitrobenzene) 75 WP treatment also caused low root counts.
‘Idlewild’ Peach
Authors: Boudreaux J. E. , Johnson C. E. , Hawthorne P. L. , Young W. A. , Cunningham R. L. , Raiford T. J. , Peterson F. J. , Horn N. L. , Wilson P. W. , Newsom D. W.
Published: October 2022

‘Idlewild’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] was released by the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station to provide a 500- to 600-hr chilling-requirement cultivar which produces a good quality fruit. ‘Idlewild’ produces a heavy crop of medium to large semi-freestone fruit that ripen 36 days before ‘Elberta’ or about June 9 in southeastern Louisiana. ‘Idlewild’ has exhibited good resistance to bacterial leaf spot [Xanthomonas campestris pv. pruni (Smith 1903) Dye 1978] when grown under southeastern Louisiana conditions.
Influence of Mechanical Harvesting on Quality of Nonfruit Vegetables
Authors: Kasmire Robert F.
Published: October 2022

Quality in this discussion is interpreted as the market quality, and not nutritional quality, of products. Market quality is comprised of the inherent quality and maturity of a product at harvest, and the condition of the product after the harvesting operation. Mechanical harvesting (MH) includes handling steps from removing plants or plant parts from the field (soil or plant) to delivering them onto a field packing facility or field vehicles for subsequent transporting to packing houses or processing plants.
A Four-channel Counting System for Seed Vigor Analysis and Other Counting Applications
Authors: Buckley D. J. , Amour G. St. , Nicholls C. F. , DiMenna N.
Published: October 2022

A 4-channel, microcomputer-based counting system for one method of seed vigor analysis is described. The system consists of a display/interface module and a hand-held probe/switch assembly. The instrument contains 4 count displays and has 2 serial output interfaces to allow recording of the count data. The operator manipulates seeds with the hand-held probe and enters the visually selected seed vigor rating by pressing the appropriate switch on the probe handle. Audible feedback of different pitch for each channel is provided to confirm that the correct switch was depressed. The instrument greatly reduces the amount of labor required to obtain and analyze these data as compared to completely manual methods. Although designed for seed vigor analysis, the instrument could also be used in other applications where counting of items in a mixed sample is necessary.
Tissue Culture Propagation of Liriope muscari and Ophiopogon jaburan
Authors: Frett John J. , Dirr Michael A.
Published: October 2022

Inflorescence explants of Liriope muscari Bailey ‘ Variegata’ and Ophiopogon jaburan Lodd. ‘Variegatus’ produced multiple shoots in vitro on a modified Murashige and Skoog medium via callus. In subsequent studies with L. muscari‘ Variegata’, there was no difference in floret and scape explant growth, while rhizome and modified root explants were either contaminated or failed to grow. Distal floret explants produced more shoots than proximal explants but there were no significant positional differences in scape explants. In liquid culture 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at 0.5 mg/liter promoted the greatest fresh weight and shoot and root length. Benzylamino purine (BA) at 0.1 mg/liter increased the number of shoots while decreasing the number of roots. Agitation of liquid cultures increased callus fresh weight.
In Vitro Propagation of Syringa vulgaris ‘Vesper’
Authors: Hildebrandt Virginia , Harney Patricia M.
Published: October 2022

Explants of actively growing shoot tips from greenhouse-grown plants of ‘Vesper’ lilac (Syringa vulgaris L.) initiated new shoots in 2–4 weeks on a modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) revised medium plus 0.1 mg/liter 6-benzylamino purine (BA) and either 0.125, 0.25, or 0.5 mg/liter indoleacetic acid (IAA). These shoots were transferred for multiplication to the same medium but with 7.5 mg/liter BA and 0.1 mg/liter β-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). In 5–6 weeks about 6 shoots, 12–15 mm in length, had been produced per explant. There was no increase in the number of shoots by placing them in either a horizontal or inverted position compared to upright. Although excised shoots would root in vitro, rooting was more successful in vermiculite in a plastic-covered flat.
Effect of Vernalization Duration and Storage Method on Forcing of Tall Bearded Irises
Authors: Stephenson Preston M. A. , Buxton J. W. , Anderson R. G. , Mohr H. C.
Published: October 2022

The rhizomes of 3 cultivars of tall bearded irises (Iris spp.)—‘Cayenne Capers’, ‘Babbling Brook’, and ‘Stepping Out’—were stored at 2°C for 9, 14, and 18 weeks and then forced to anthesis in a greenhouse. During vernalization, rhizomes were either planted into pots or placed on cooler shelves. Rhizomes of ‘Cayenne Capers’ required no vernalization to develop the flower bud, yet vernalization was required for ‘Babbling Brook’ and ‘Stepping Out’. The longer the vernalization period, the shorter the time to flower after being removed to the forcing environment. Rhizomes not planted during vernalization required more time to flower than those which were planted.
Effects of GA4+7 and NAA on Several Aspects of Flowering in Streptocarpus
Authors: Lyons R. E. , Meyers P.
Published: October 2022

As the concentration of the exogenously applied gibberellin GA4+7 increased from 1 to 100 ppm, 3 significant correlations were observed: 1) the number of days to first flowering decreased; 2) the peduncle length of the first flower increased; and 3) the number of visible peduncles on the primary phyllomorph increased. A subsequent application of 10 ppm naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) generally had no effect on these results.
Stimulation of Lettuce Productivity by Manipulation of Diurnal Temperature and Light
Authors: Knight Sharon L. , Mitchell Cary A.
Published: October 2022

‘Salad Bowl’ and ‘Waldmann’s Green’ leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were exposed to photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) of 444 or 889 µmol s–1m–2 for 20 hours day–1 under a diurnal temperature regime of 25°C days/15° nights or 20° days/15° nights. Leaf dry weight of both cultivars was highest under the high PPFD/warm temperature regime and lowest under the low PPFD/cool temperature regime. ‘Waldmann’s Green’ yielded more than did ‘Salad Bowl’ at 889 µmol s–1m–2 and 25° days/20° nights. Under high PPFD, both cultivars yielded better with 25° days/25° nights than with 25° days/20° nights, although relative growth rates were the same under both temperature regimes.
Effect of Black Plastic Mulch and Raised Beds on Sweet Potato Growth and Root Yield in a Northern Region
Authors: Hochmuth George J. , Howell John C.
Published: October 2022

Growth of ‘Jewel’ sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] plants was increased significantly by black plastic mulch. Leaf area, number of leaves, and total shoot dry weight were significantly larger for mulched than for unmulched plants. Marketable root yield was increased significantly by black plastic mulch and raised beds. The highest root yield (18.6 MT/ha) was obtained from mulch-covered raised beds.
A Comparison of Microjet and Point Emitter (Trickle) Irrigation in the Establishment of a High-density Peach Orchard
Authors: Mitchell P. D. , Chalmers D. J.
Published: October 2022

Root spread from close-planted (5.5 × 1 m) peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] was restricted when irrigated from trickle or microjet outlets. Roots spread less under trickle, and trees grew more slowly but cropped earlier. Fruit set heavily on both treatments in 5th leaf. The results suggest that irrigation technique can be used as a management tool affecting tree growth and productivity for close-planted orchards.
Evaporative Cooling to Improve Rest Breaking of Nectarine Buds by Counteracting High Daytime Temperatures
Authors: Erez A. , Couvillon G. A.
Published: October 2022

Evaporative cooling (EC) of nectarine buds [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] during rest by overhead sprinkling when day temperature exceeded 16°C lowered bud temperature in bright days by 3° to 5°C. EC resulted in an enhanced break of vegetative and floral buds.
Berry Color, Water-immersion Time, Rot, and Physiological Breakdown of Cold-stored Cranberry Fruits
Authors: Ceponis M. J. , Stretch A. W.
Published: October 2022

More fungal rot developed in storage of water-picked (WP) than in hand-picked (HP) fruit of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait) after the berries had been held in the bog water up to 24 hours. When the water-immersion time was 12 hours or more, more physiological breakdown (PB) occurred in HP than in WP fruits. Generally, less rot and PB developed in the most highly colored berries (dark red) than in berries that were less colored.
‘Tam Mild Jalapeno-1’ Pepper
Authors: Villalon B.
Published: October 2022

The major disease factor in the decline of profitable pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) production in Texas has been the susceptibility of commercial cultivars to a complex of viruses. Some of these viruses are tobacco etch virus (TEV), pepper mottle virus (PMV), potato virus Y (PVY), and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). The survival and expansion of the pepper industry depends on virus-resistant cultivars. “Tam Mild Jalapeno-1’ is the first multiple virus-resistant, mildly pungent pepper developed by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station at Weslaco. It was released in 1981. The new cultivar produces a concentrated set of early maturing Veracruz-type jalapeno fruits that can be machine-harvested. “Veracruz-type” refers to the standard size, shape, wall thickness and epidermal cracks accepted by major Mexican processing firms.
‘Sugarlee’ Watermelon
Authors: Crall J. M. , Elmstrom G. W.
Published: October 2022

‘Sugarlee’ watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] is an early season cultivar that produces high-quality fruits suitable for shipping or local market sales. It is resistant to anthracnose, caused by race 1 of Colletotrichum lagenarium (Pass.) Ellis & Halsted, and fusarium wilt caused by Fu-sarium oxvsporum Schlect. f. sp. niveum (E.F. Sm.) Snyd. & Hans. Because it matures early, ‘Sugarlee’ fits well into Florida’s commercial production program and might be used in conjunction with ‘Dixielee’ to lengthen the shipping season for any given production area or grower. ‘Sugarlee’ has performed well in the Southern Cooperative Watermelon Trials during the period 1977-1981 and is well-adapted throughout most of the watermelon production areas in the eastern United States.
‘Mars’ Strawberry
Authors: Denisen Ervin L.
Published: October 2022

‘Mars’ is a vigorous and productive cultivar of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) that appears to be adapted to machine harvesting and general production.
Close Encounter with an Artichoke
Authors: Ryder Edward J.
Published: October 2022

The artichoke is a popular vegetable in Italy, Spain, and France. The American consumer, upon first encountering this bristly vegetable, may wonder why. Dealing with the artichoke, either as a cook or around the dinner table, may seem more like a confrontation than a culinary venture, and the average artichoke novice may be happy with a stand-off.
Triacontanol as a Plant Growth Regulator
Authors: Ries Stanley , Houtz Robert
Published: October 2022

Triacontanol (TRIA) is synthesized by plants and is a component of most biological material. New formulations of TRIA have shown activity with femtomolar doses. Although the majority of TRIA in plants is bound to (and is located in) the cuticle, small amounts can be found in parenchyma tissue. Exogenous applications of TRIA regulate directly or indirectly several physiological and biochemical processes. Many studies have shown that TRIA can increase the yield of crops, but the results have not been sufficiently consistent in the United States to recommend its use commercially. Several experiments suggest that TRIA, a metabolite of TRIA, or a secondary messenger, moves rapidly in plants after initial application. Changes in the levels of several metabolites and the optimum environmental conditions for treatment indicate that carbohydrate metabolism may be involved in the plants’ response to TRIA. Additionally, several enzymes relating to carbohydrate metabolism increase in activity following TRIA treatment. Warm temperatures before foliar applications improved the plants response to TRIA. Many compounds have an antagonistic effect on the response of plants to TRIA. The most significant are phthalate esters, which commonly occur in water and the research environment. This contamination may explain the inconsistent results encountered by several researchers in the laboratory and field. TRIA has elicited many growth responses in plants with a rapidity not shown for other plant hormones or growth regulators.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Ormrod D. P.
Published: October 2022

Worldwide industrialization and urbanization are resulting in modifications of the atmosphere in which horticultural plants must be produced. CO2 concentration is increasing steadily as fossil fuels are burned and emissions of industrial pollutants are also increasing, in part because lower quality fuels are being used as energy sources. Burning of fossil fuels, particularly low-quality coal, produces emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides. These gaseous pollutants and others resulting directly from industrial processing may have direct and indirect effects on horticultural crops. For example, there is now an acute awareness that acid precipitation originating in industrial emissions may have severe ecological effects and that worldwide political interactions may be involved.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Coal Cinders as a Container Media Component
Authors: Neal J. C. , Wagner D. F.
Published: October 2022

Selected physical and chemical properties of pine bark, 2 sources of coal cinders, and mixtures thereof, were evaluated as container media components. Bulk density, air-filled pore space, particle-size distribution, cation exchange capacity, and soluble salt levels were quantified. Aged and freshly combusted cinders demonstrated no major physical or chemical disadvantages when used in container media. Acid and water extracts indicated that both sources of coal cinders released significant amounts of micronutrients and heavy metals. The concentrations of certain metals were sufficiently high to warrant concern over the possibility of plant nutritional disorders; whereas, other released elements resembled those of a supplemental micronutrient fertilizer.
Spawn Disk Inoculation of Logs to Produce Mushrooms
Authors: San Antonio J. P. , Hanners P. K.
Published: October 2022

Preparation and use of tightly knit disks of grain-spawn mycelium capable of immediate growth as inoculum in growing different mushrooms on logs is described. The aluminum foil used to form a disk is tightly molded over the cut-end surface of the log to hold the inoculum disk in place. This method of inoculation is quick and convenient, saves spawn material and labor, and ensures complete spawn coverage of inoculation surfaces to virtually eliminate contamination by other microorganisms. Grain-spawn disk inoculum was used successfully to inoculate logs with various mushroom species; e.g., Pleurotus sp., Lentinus edodes, Aurieularia sp., and Flamulina velutipes.
Variability among Rabbiteye Blueberry Cultivars for Tolerance of Flowers to Frost
Authors: Gupton C. L.
Published: October 2022

‘Southland’ flowers were significantly more tolerant to frost than 4 other cultivars of rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade). Reduced fruit set from flowers with damaged corollas could not be attributed to lack of pollination but probably was caused by freeze damage to pistils.
Effect of Pyrene and Fluoranthene on Pollen Tube Growth in Apricot and Sweet Cherry
Authors: Facteau T. J. , Chestnut N. E.
Published: October 2022

In vivo pollen tube growth of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L. cv. Tilton) was unaffected by air concentrations of pyrene or fluoranthene ranging from 0 to 4.7 μg/m3 and times of exposure from 16 to 48 hours. At similar exposure times and pollutant concentrations, pollen tube growth of ‘Van’ sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) in ‘Napoleon’ styles was reduced as In dose (hours exposure times pollutant concentration in μg/m3) of pyrene increased.
Xylem Water Potential of Peach Trees Infected with Phony Disease
Authors: Evert Dean R. , Mullinix Benjamin G.
Published: October 2022

The xylem water potential of leaves of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] was lower for trees with moderate to high counts of the phony peach disease organism in roots during the day in September and October (P = 0.1%), after bloom in March (P = 3%), and before harvest in May (P = 1%). No significant differences occurred for predawn measurements on any date, during periods of rapid shoot growth in June, and for measurements made on terminal twigs in January. Experimental results suggest that the phony disease organism invades and clogs the new xylem each year. The internal water stress that results when the tree transpires produces the fruit and shoot symptoms known as phony disease of peach.
Preferred Temperature for Prestorage Conditioning of ‘Marsh’ Grapefruit to Prevent Chilling Injury at Low Temperatures
Authors: Hatton T. T. , Cubbedge R. H.
Published: October 2022

Prestorage conditioning of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) at 16°C was better than at 21° and 27° in minimizing chilling injury (Cl) to grapefruit stored at 1°. Fruit preconditioned for 7 days at 16° did not develop Cl during 21 days at 1°. Fruit stored for 28 days at 1° without preconditioning sustained 23% CL Fruit stored for 21 days at 1° after 7 days of preconditioning at either 21° or 27° sustained 11% CI.
Yield and Yield Quality in Precocious Yellow Zucchini Cultivars
Authors: Paris Harry S. , Karchi Zvi , Nerson Haim , Burger Yosef
Published: October 2022

Two precocious yellow-fruited zucchinis (Cucurbita pepo L. cvs. Goldy and Gold Rush) and a green-fruited control, ‘Burpee Hybrid Zucchini9, were compared for yield and yield quality in a series of 6 trials conducted in Israel. Overall, ‘Goldy’ and ‘Burpee Hybrid Zucchini’ produced a similar number of fruits and yield of “Grade A’’ fruits, but ‘Gold Rush’ produced significantly less. Yield quality, expressed as the percentage of “Grade A” fruits, was higher in ‘Goldy’ and ‘Burpee Hybrid Zucchini’ than in ‘Gold Rush’. Off-color fruit production was the most important parameter which reduced yield quality in ‘Gold Rush’.
Starch and Glucose Distribution within Cassava Roots as Affected by Cultivar and Location
Authors: O’Hair S. K. , Forbes R. B. , Locascio S. J. , Rich J. R. , Stanley R. L.
Published: October 2022

Four cultivars of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), grown at 4 locations, were analyzed for root starch distribution. Starch and glucose variation among cultivars and locations indicated that both genetic and environmental factors were involved. Glucose content of all tissues sampled was less than 2%. The correlation between glucose and starch was negative in the parenchymatous and pith tissues for all cultivars except ‘HMC-2’. Location seemed to have little effect on starch concentration, which ranged from 23-33% in the central pith, 19-26% in the peel, and 34-44% in the parenchymatous tissue between the peel and the pith. The portion of the root closest (proximal) to the plant had a higher starch concentration than did the distal portion.
Identification and Distribution of Some Carbohydrates of the Muskmelon Plant
Authors: Hughes D. L. , Yamaguchi M.
Published: October 2022

The concentration of fructose, glucose, sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose in the leaves, stem, and fruit of the muskmelon plant (Cucumis melo L.) was determined using paper and gas chromatography. Stachyose was the predominant sugar in the leaves but was absent in the developing fruit. Most of the 14C label in 14CO2-treated leaves was associated with stachyose, while the 14C label in the fruit was associated with fructose and glucose. The concentration of stachyose was highest in the leaves, intermediate in the stem, and lowest in the fruit.
Alteration of the Carrot Root Periderm by Ethofumesate
Authors: Knowles Lisa O’Rear , Flore J. A.
Published: October 2022

Soluble lipids from periderm of carrot (Daucus carota L. cv. ‘Danvers’) were not decreased significantly by foliar sprays of linuron, chlorpropham, ethofumesate, or Stoddard oil applied to field plots. Ethofumesate treatments to ‘Scarlet Nantes’ grown in the greenhouse produced significant reductions in isolated periderm weight per unit area. This decrease occurred both in the chloroform/methanol-soluble and insoluble fractions. The diffusion resistance of treated roots was lower significantly than controls.
Transfer of Genes for Multiple Flowers from Capsicum chinense to Capsicum annuum
Authors: Subramanya R.
Published: October 2022

An interspecific cross between Capsicum annuum L. cv. Delray Bell which has a single flower per node, and Capsicum chinense Jacq. Plant Introduction (PI) 159236 which has multiple flowers per node, was studied. The F1 generation was intermediate with double flowers per node. The segregating (F2, F3, and backcross) populations indicated that a few major genes controlled the double flower character, whereas additional genes were needed for the expression of multiple flower character.
The Effect of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilization and Sample Date on the Macronutrient Composition of Poinsettia Leaves
Authors: Cox Douglas A. , Seeley John G.
Published: October 2022

Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotz) was grown in peat-perlite and fertilized at every watering with N and K at 2 levels each, 300 and 30 ppm, in all combinations. Recently matured upper leaves were sampled biweekly and analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. N level exerted its greatest effect on N concentration. Ca and Mg concentrations were significantly reduced and K increased by 300 vs. 30 ppm K. P concentration was unaffected by fertilizer treatment. Both N and P concentrations tended to decrease with later sampling. The pattern of change in K, Mg, and Ca concentration during the sampling period was dependent on K level.
Phthalimides, Gibberellic Acid, and Flowering of Cyclamen
Authors: Thomas Paul A. , Coorts Gerald D. , Preece John E.
Published: October 2022

Gibberellic acid (GA3) at 5 and 10 ppm hastened flowering of cyclamen Cyclamen persicum Mill., but 10 ppm caused flower abnormalities. The phthalimides AC-99524 and AC-92802 at 30 and 100 ppm stimulated an increase in flower number on all cultivars except ‘Gypsy’.
Postharvest Effects of Shipping Temperatures and Subsequent Interior Keeping Quality of Ficus benjamina
Authors: Collins P. C. , Blessington T. M.
Published: October 2022

Ficus benjamina L. was dark-stored for 4, 8, or 12 days at 3°, 7°, 21°, 35° or 39°C, and then held indoors for 30 days. Plants received no damage when stored at 21° or 35° or when stored for 4 days at any temperature treatment. Leaf loss and foliar damage were more severe and dry weight, chlorophyll content, and plant grade were reduced as exposure time increased from 4 to 12 days. Plants exposed to 21° or 35° had less leaf loss and no foliar damage and greater dry weight, chlorophyll content, and plant grade than plants exposed to 3°, 7°, or 39°. Chlorophyll content was least in plants exposed to 39°.
Electrical Resistance Related to Volume of Discolored and Decayed Wood in Silver Maple
Authors: Gallagher Peter W. , Sydnor T. Davis
Published: October 2022

Columns of discolored and decayed wood associated with 42 wounds in silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.) were examined with a pulsed-current resistance meter (Shigometer) prior to dissection. Resistance measurements, expressed as a percentage of control readings, were correlated to depth, cross-sectional areas, and calculated volume of the discolored and decayed wood column. The instrument accurately detected the presence and depth of discolored wood. Relative decay volume could be established in a nondestructive manner.
Propagation of Arizona Rosewood by Stem Cuttings
Authors: Smith Eileen Y. , Lee Chi Won
Published: October 2022

Softwood stem cuttings of Arizona rosewood (Vauquelinia californica Torr.) rooted in 2 months in a mixture of 1 vermiculite and 1 perlite when grown under mist. The rooting percentages (0-95%) and the number of roots per cutting varied by clone and month. Rooting percentage was higher in May than in April, June, or July. Treatments of 4000-8000 ppm indolebutyric acid (IB A) enhanced rooting in some clones but not in others.
‘Novole’ Apple
Authors: Cummins James N. , Aldwinckle Herb S. , Byers Ross E.
Published: October 2022

‘Novole’ is being introduced for its value as a parent in resistance breeding programs and for trial use as a vole-resistant root- and trunk-stock for the commercial apple orchard. ‘Novole’ transmits to progeny resistance to a number of environmental hazards, including pine vole and meadow vole.
‘NemaSnap’ Snap Bean
Authors: Wyatt J. E. , Fassuliotis George , Hoffman J. C. , Deakin J. R.
Published: October 2022

‘NemaSnap’ is the first bush snap bean cultivar with resistance to the southern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Ko-foid & White) Chitwood. ‘NemaSnap’ is a useful bean for home and market gardens infested with large populations of root-knot nematodes due to continuous cropping with susceptible vegetable species. ‘NemaSnap’ offers a viable alternative for those who may not wish to use nematicides or who may be unable to obtain effective, restricted-use nematicides.
Content and Organization of the University-level Course in Plant Propagation
Authors: Clark James R. , Davies Frederick T.
Published: October 2022

During 1982, the Propagation Working Group (ASHS) conducted a survey on the content and organization of plant propagation courses. The survey, sent to 112 major colleges or universities, was composed of 4 sections: 1) general information, 2) course organization, 3) course content, and 4) evaluation. The following results were compiled from 28 completed forms.
In situ Measurements of Electrical Impedance and Resistance of Fruits: A Review
Authors: Lougheed E. C. , Fischer C. W. , Murr D. P.
Published: October 2022

In situ measurements of impedance and resistance of fruits have not found general use in measuring fruit maturation, senescence, and physiological condition despite some advantages over measurements of electrolyte leakage (exosmosis) from excised tissue. The advantages are ease and rapidity of techniques and preservation of the fruit for other analyses. The disadvantages or difficulties are the small measurable differences, cost and suitability of instrumentation for rapid measurements, choice of frequency of imposed current, suitable placement of electrodes to compensate for variation, and interpretation of data in physiological terms relating to membrane permeability or other developmental changes. With proper selection of methods and instrumentation, in situ impedance and resistance measurements have a potential not yet exploited.
The Clone in Horticulture
Authors: Kester Dale E.
Published: October 2022

The clone is one of the basic categories of cultivar (4) with extremely important applications in horticulture. “Cloning” can be defined as the vegetative regeneration of a single genotype as represented by a single plant, single growing point, single meristem, or single explant. More recently this term has been expanded to cover regeneration of a fragment of a chromosome or gene. Cloning is a powerful procedure both as a plant selection tool for breeding and as a plant propagation tool for reproduction. This paper focuses attention on the opportunities and problems in propagation as it relates to horticulture.
Variation at the Cellular Level
Authors: Sinden Stephen L. , Shepard James F.
Published: October 2022

Certain plant species have been propagated clonally over long periods of time using classical techniques. Variants occasionally appear, but usually in relatively low frequencies (31). Thus, “carbon copies” of the parent plant might have been expected when tissue explants and single cells were first isolated and regenerated into plants by cell-culture techniques. Most regenerated plants are, in fact, apparent exact copies of the parent plant (40, 41). However, some culture systems now available for commercial propagation and research purposes appear to produce cell cultures and regenerated plants with considerable phenotypic variability.
Selection of Lines of Agaricus brunnescens Peck for Higher Production Temperatures
Authors: Horna S. L. , Royse D. J.
Published: October 2022

Eight hybrids, 6 single spore lines selected from a mushroom known to grow at higher temperatures, and 2 commercial cultivars differed significantly in yield when grown at 18° and 24°C. In general, the lower production temperature resulted in a higher total yield but results were inconsistent from crop to crop, indicating a sensitive interaction between genotype and environment. Mushrooms were larger at the higher production temperature in most cases.
Influence of Environment, Seed Tissue, and Seed Maturity on ‘Manzanillo’ Olive Seed Germination
Authors: Lagarda A. , Martin G. C. , Kester D. E.
Published: October 2022

Harvesting seed of ‘Manzanillo’ olive (oleo europaea L.) at the end of October, when embryo growth was complete, gave optimum germination and extended storage life with lower germination rates and shorter storage life before or after this date. Optimum germination occurred at 15°C for whole seed and 25° for excised embryos; both grew faster at 25° after germination. Seed and excised embryos germinated equally well in light or dark.
‘Manzanillo’ Olive Seed Dormancy as Influenced by Exogenous Hormone Application and Endogenous Abscisic Acid Concentration
Authors: Lagarda Angel , Martin George C.
Published: October 2022

Embryo germination of olive (oleo europaea L.) was inhibited by 10 ppm abscisic acid (ABA); no embryo germination effects were found with treatment of gibberellins (GA3 or GA4+7) or 6-benzylamino purine (BA). Whole seed germination was reduced by 100 ppm GA3. Only ABA was found in extracts of olive seed tissues. Young developing embryos contained up to 600 ng/g fresh weight ABA which declined to nondetectable amounts at seed maturity. ABA was not detected in endosperm plus seedcoat until seed maturity, then at 8 ng/g dry weight. In early stratification, no ABA could be detected in any seed tissues. It seemed evident that embryo tissues were more sensitive to ABA as seed maturity approached, and by then seed germination may be prevented by ABA at 8 ng/g dry weight found in endosperm and seedcoat.
Breaking Dormancy with Ethanol and Storage
Authors: Hosoki Takashi
Published: October 2022

Ethanol treatment broke dormancy in Gladiolus spp., Freesia spp., Lilium longiflorum Thunb., Zingiber myoga Rose., Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC., Paeonia suffruticosa Andr., and Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. Effectiveness of ethanol depended on species and stage of dormancy.
Influence of Warm Night Temperatures on Growth and Flowering of Primula x polyanthus
Authors: Armitage A. M. , Billingsley W.
Published: October 2022

Plants of Primula x polyanthus Hort. grown at 20°C night temperature had more flowers and leaves but shorter peduncles than at 10°. Area of individual leaves was smaller for plants grown at 20° compared with 10°, but total leaf surface area was the same for 10° or 20°. No difference was observed in dry weight or flowering time.
Sedge Moss Peat, Solite, and Melaleuca quinquenervia as Potting Medium Components for Shadehouse Production of Foliage Plants
Authors: Conover Charles A. , Poole Richard T.
Published: October 2022

Artificial media composed of sedge moss peat (P), solite, a fired Montmorillonite clay (SO), and shredded bark (MB), or the entire tree (MM) (shredded bark, wood, seed pods, and leaves) of Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake, in various combinations were evaluated on Ficus benjamina L. and Dracaena marginata Lam. against a 3 sedge peat : 1 sand (P:S) medium under shadehouse growing conditions. Media composed of P:SO in 3:1 or 2:1 (v/v) ratios compared favorably with the 3P : IS medium, while mixes composed of P:MB:SO or P:MM:SO produced equivalent plants only when the melaleuca component was less than 50% by volume. Media containing melaleuca had high noncapillary pore space and reduced water-holding capacities which may have been responsible for decreased plant quality when 50% by volume was used.
Influence of Temperature and Auxin on Root Regeneration by Seedlings of Liriodendron tulipifera L.
Authors: Kelly R. J. , Moser B. C.
Published: October 2022

Root regeneration and shoot growth of seedlings of Liriodendron tulipifera (tulip tree) increased as temperature of either the soil or aerial growing environment increased from 10° to 21°C. Indolebutyric acid-potassium salt, (IBA), applied to the tap roots at 1000 mg liter−1, increased root regeneration and shoot growth when both air and soil temperatures were held at either 15.5° or 21°. When air temperature was maintained at 21° and soil temperature was varied from 10° to 21°, root regeneration and shoot growth increased as soil temperature increased. IBA increased root regeneration only when soil temperature was 21°.
Morphological and Cytogenetic Analyses of an Interspecific Hybrid Eggplant, Solanum melongena x Solanum torvum
Authors: McCammon K. R. , Honma S.
Published: October 2022

Interspecific hybrids between Solanum melongena L. cv. Millionaire and S. torvum Sw. were produced by hybridization using S. torvum as the pollen parent. The progeny was determined to be hybrid based on morphological and cytological observations. Reciprocal attempts to self- and backcross the hybrid to the parental species were unsuccessful. Observations of the pollen from the F1 plants indicated low viability. Meiosis in the parents appeared normal. Cytological observations of hybrid pollen mother cells (PMC) indicated abnormalities at all meiotic stages.
Covariate Measurements for Increasing the Precision of Plant Response to O3 and SO2
Authors: Ormrod D. P. , Tingey D. T. , Gumpertz M.
Published: October 2022

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Grand Rapids) and radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv. Cherry Belle) plants growing at baseline environmental conditions were exposed to charcoal-filtered air, 0.40 ppm (v/v) ozone, and 0.80 ppm sulfur dioxide alone or in combination for 6 hours at 14 days from seeding. Analysis of covariance was used to account for significant within-treatment variation in plant growth. Covariates used were: planar leaf area (PLA) at 14 days for leaf area, fresh weight, and dry weight at harvest; plastochron index (PI) at 14 days for PI at harvest; and hypocotyl diameter for hypocotyl weights of radish roots at harvest. The covariates reduced the variability (standard geometric errors) of the response variables and increased the precision of statistical tests substantially for lettuce but much less for radish. For lettuce, the effect of the gas mixture on plant growth and foliar injury was less severe than that of the single gases. Radish plants, in contrast, exhibited no response to SO2 and the effects of O3 and the mixture on foliar injury and plant growth were similar.
Inheritance of Bacterial Spot Resistance in Pepper
Authors: Adamson W. C. , Sowell Grover
Published: October 2022

All possible crosses, excluding reciprocals, among 3 bacterial-spot-resistant plant introductions of pepper and the susceptible ‘Yolo Wonder’ were evaluated for resistance in the F3 along with the backcross (BC) F2s derived from backcrosses to the susceptible cultivar. PI 322719 carries a single dominant gene for resistance that is independent of the one carried by PI 163192. The resistance of PI 163189 is more complex; it is independent of the resistance of PI 322719 but may be associated with that of PI 163192. Nonsegregating, resistant families were recovered in the F3s of all crosses and backcrosses.
Effects of Maturity at Harvest, Storage Temperature, and Cultivar on Muskmelon Quality
Authors: Evensen Kathleen B.
Published: October 2022

Six cultivars of cantaloupe-type muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.), grown in central Pennsylvania, were harvested at the yellow full-slip, green full-slip, or half-slip stages of maturity and evaluated for quality after storage at 0° or 4.5°C. Fully ripe (yellow full-slip) melons had excellent appearance and flavor at harvest, but they deteriorated rapidly in storage, as shown by loss of flavor and ascorbic acid, development of stem-end cracks and decay, and water-soaking of the flesh. Of the 3 maturity stages, green full-slip melons had the highest soluble solids and ascorbic acid content and excellent flavor at harvest, and maintained flavor and appearance best in storage. Halfslip melons maintained a good appearance during storage, but were slightly inferior in flavor to full-slip melons. No evidence of chilling injury was found for melons harvested at any of the maturity stages and stored up to 2 weeks at 0° plus 1 day at 13°; in fact, melons stored at 0° were superior to those stored at 4.5° because less decay was evident.
Nutrient-fortified Gel as a Growth Medium for Tomato Seedlings
Authors: Pill W. G. , Watts D. M.
Published: October 2022

Emergence and growth of ‘Heinz 1350’ seedlings of tomato (Lycopersieon esculentum Mill.) in magnesium silicate (Laponite 445) gel was compared with that in a commercial peat-lite. The gel was prepared in 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0-fold Hoagland solution (version 1). Emergence was decreased by the highest gel nutrient concentration. Seedling growth ceased 8 days after sowing seed onto gel with no nutrients. Seedling growth rate was greatest in peat-lite and least in gel prepared from 0.5-fold Hoagland solution. Shoot:root dry weight ratio was increased by gels relative to peat-lite and by decreasing gel nutrient concentration.
Influences of Planting Depth on Growth, Root Suckering, and Yield on Interstem Apple Trees
Authors: Costante J. F. , Lord W. J. , Howard D. , Connington L.
Published: October 2022

A 7-year trial with ‘Empire’, ‘Rogers McIntosh’, ‘Macspur’, and ‘Oregon Spur Red Delicious’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) with a Mailing (M) 9 stempiece on Mailing Merton (MM) 106 or MM 111 rootstocks showed that planting depth influenced trunk cross-sectional area, number of root suckers, and yield. More root suckers and smaller trunk circumferences were found with trees whose stempieces were aboveground. Growth and yield was influenced more by the rootstock and/or cultivar than by planting depth. ‘Delicious’ trees were the smallest and least productive. Suckering seemed to be related to less growth and yield.
Burrknot Control on Apple
Authors: Young Eric , Tyler Ronald H.
Published: October 2022

Burrknot development on the aboveground portion of apple (Malus sp.) rootstocks Mailing Merton (MM) 111 and MM 106 was arrested effectively by direct application of a commercial, emulsified formulation of 2,4-xylenol and m-cresol plus 3 organic penetrants. M-cresol in mineral oil at 1.5% (v/v) was as effective as the commercial formulation in killing the burrknot tissue. Covering untreated burrknots with soil allowed complete rooting from the burrknot within 6 months.
Influence of Planting Depth on Growth and Anchorage of Young ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees
Authors: Lyons C. G. , Byers R. E. , Yoder K. S.
Published: October 2022

Shallow-planted trees of ‘Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) on Mailing (M) 7A and Mailing Merton (MM) 111 rootstock had increased frequency of burr-knots and were less likely to be loosened in the soil by wind than were deep-planted trees. Deep-planted trees on seedling roots were more likely to be loosened by handshaking; however, burrknots were not a problem. Leaf size was larger significantly for all shallow-planted trees. Growth differences were related to soil type, rootstock, and planting depth.
Vesicular–Arbuscular, Mycorrhizal Fungi Associated with Apples Grown in Oregon
Authors: Geddeda Yosef I. , Trappe J. M. , Stebbins R. L.
Published: October 2022

Vesicular-arbuscular (VA) fungi from roots of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and soil from apple orchards in Oregon included Gigaspora margarita Becker & Hall, Glomus fasciculatum (Thaxter sensu Gerdemann) Gerd. & Trappe, and Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe. G. mosseae was the most competitive species in colonizing apple roots in certain Oregon orchards, based on spore identification. Other mycorrhizal fungi were identified in soils in which apples were growing.
Time of Pruning and Bloom Date in Cultivated Highbush Blueberry
Authors: Gough R. E.
Published: October 2022

Mature bushes of several cultivars of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) were left unpruned or pruned on September 16, November 15, and February 15 in each of 3 years. Plants left unpruned usually reached full bloom first. Plants pruned in September usually attained full bloom last, while those pruned in February bloomed earliest, shortly after those that were not pruned. Pruning resulted in an average delay in full bloom of from 0–5 days.
Irrigation and Peatmoss for the Establishment of Rabbiteye Blueberries
Authors: Spiers James M.
Published: October 2022

Plant yield, height, and vigor were increased and chlorosis symptoms were decreased by irrigation and/or mulching of rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade). Plant growth ratings were highest in plants receiving both irrigation and mulching. Height, vigor, and survivability of irrigated plants were about twice that of nonirrigated plants. Incorporated organic matter increased height and vigor for nonirrigated and nonmulched plants. Organic matter types and levels resulted in little difference in irrigated plant growth. Incorporated organic matter, mulching, and irrigation all improved the soil moisture condition and enhanced the growth of rabbiteye blueberries.
Drip Irrigation Based on Soil Matric Potential Conserves Water in Peach and Grape
Authors: Klein Isaac
Published: October 2022

Drip irrigation of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Hermosa] and grape [Vitis vinifera (L.) cv. Perlette] was scheduled according to soil matric potential and water applied was expressed as a coefficient of class A pan evaporation. Water consumption by grape increased progressively from planting until the 4th year. A sigmoidal pattern of water consumption from budbreak through harvest was evident in both crops. The gradual rise of water consumption after budbreak was correlated with development of the full canopy, while a 2nd rise coincided with the final fruit-swelling stage and harvest. An intermediate period of steady water consumption was evident in the late-maturing crop (peach) while absent in early maturing crop (grape). Volume of water, as well as frequency of applications, had to be increased to maintain soil water potential within predetermined limits. At the period of peak requirement, tensiometers indicated rapid withdrawal of soil water and the necessity for daily irrigation. Estimates show a 12% to 23% conservation in water use by programming irrigation according to soil water potential rather than by pan evaporation.
Rooting Leafy Muscadine Grape Cuttings
Authors: Goode D. Z. , Lane R. P.
Published: October 2022

Leafy cuttings of muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) were taken at 2-week intervals from May 30 through August 7. Shoots were divided into basal, middle, and terminal sections and were treated with either 0, 3000, or 6000 ppm indolebutyric acid (IBA) and placed in vermiculite under mist. The cuttings were harvested on November 27 and evaluated for rooting percentage, root quality, and shoot growth. For cuttings taken on or before July 13, 58% to 80% rooting occurred, but it decreased to less than 49% for cuttings taken after this date. Cuttings taken in late May and mid-June had higher root quality ratings and greater shoot growth than those collected later. Terminal shoot sections had a lower rooting percentage than the basal and middle sections on the early dates but were equivalent or better on later cutting dates. Terminal sections with good to fair root quality had less shoot growth than basal and middle sections. Cuttings with poor root-quality ratings had similarly very low shoot growth. Root quality was improved by the IBA treatments on cuttings taken on or before June 29. The 6000-ppm treatment increased root quality over that of the 3000-ppm treatment only on cuttings taken May 30.
Effects of Low-pressure Storage on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Postharvest Infection of Papaya
Authors: Chau K. F. , Alvarez A. M.
Published: October 2022

Fruit of papaya (Carica papaya L.) stored at 15 mm Hg and 10°C for 21 days immediately after inoculation with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides developed less anthracnose during 5 days of ripening at room temperature than fruit stored for the same period at normal pressure. Fungistasis occurred in pure culture at low pressure and the infection process on inoculated papaya fruit was delayed. Infection did not appear to be altered otherwise and low pressure did not damage papaya fruit tissue.
Genetic Variability in Pecan Fruit Development
Authors: Thompson Tommy E.
Published: October 2022

Fresh and dry weights of fruit (nut and shuck) samples of 39 clones of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang) K. Koch] were determined weekly from July 23 until harvest. One early maturing clone had accumulated 24% of its final fruit dry weight by July 23, when the average for all clones was 11%. Total fruit dry matter decreased during October for some late-maturing clones. These decreases, which were the most obvious in ‘Mahan’ and its progeny clones, were not as common in early maturing clones.