bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lamellibranchia and Plants from the Lower Karroo Beds of Northern Rhodesia
Authors: Bond Geoffrey
Published: May 2009

A small collection of non-marine lamellibranchs and plants from the Madumabisa Shales of the Gwembi district of Northern Rhodesia is described. It includes a new species of the genus Kidodia, Palaeomutela rhomboidalis, and P. neglecta, associated with Glossopteris indica. The Madumabisa Shales may be correlated with similar beds in Southern Rhodesia assigned to the Tapinocephalus zone of the South African Lower Beaufort Series, and are of Upper Permian age.
The Silurian Succession at Gorsley (Herefordshire)
Authors: Lawson J. D.
Published: May 2009

The oldest formation exposed in the Gorsley area is a hard limestone considered by previous authors to be equivalent to the Aymestry Limestone. All the available evidence, however, supports a correlation with the Wenlock Limestone. The succeeding strata comprise 4½ feet of Dayia Beds and 7 feet of Upper Ludlow Beds, so that the total thickness of Ludlovian strata is only 11½ feet. AH the Lower Ludlow Shales and the Aymestry Limestone are cut out by the unconformity below the Dayia Beds. This remarkably thin development is attributed to movement at various times during the Ludlovian epoch along an axis passing through the Gorsley region. The main movements probably took place in middle Ludlow times.
A Note on the Occurrence of Columbite in the Younger Granites of the Jos Plateau, Nigeria
Authors: John T. U. , Paulo K. L.
Published: May 2009

Of the various members of the Younger Granite Complex columbite is found only in the biotite granites. It occurs as an accessory mineral, and varies in amount in different types.
An Occurrence of Chrysotile Asbestos, Usushwana Valley, Mbabane District, Swaziland
Authors: Hunter D. R.
Published: May 2009

An occurrence of chrysotile asbestos in the Usushwana river valley some 10 miles west of Mbabane, has been sporadically prospected since its discovery in 1946. No fibre of economic grade has, however, been discovered but certain features concerning the genesis of this deposit are described and may prove of value in the further search for this valuable mineral.

Cross-fibre asbestos is confined to narrow mylonitized apple green serpentinite (totally serpentinized) occurring as sharply demarcated bands in dark blue-green serpentinite (partially serpentinized). As these mylonitized bands decrease in width they pass out into fractures less than an inch thick filled by verde antique, sometimes with traces of slip fibre. The widest mylonitized band located was 18 inches wide in which were up to a dozen seams of fibre of maximum width ½ in.

The features of the occurrence suggest that fault or shear action has been primarily responsible for the localization of this deposit.
Flow Structure and Laminar Flow in Bostonite Dykes at Armidale, New South Wales
Authors: Spry Alan
Published: May 2009

West of Armidale occur a number of dykes which intrude Woolomin Group greywackes and which are genetically associated with Permian granite. The rocks are similar to bostonites and quartz-bostonites and show remarkably developed flow structures which indicate the condition of the magma at the time of intrusion. It is shown that intrusion probably took place by laminar flow despite the occurrence of a pseudo-turbulent structure in one dyke and it is suggested that evidence of turbulent flow is unlikely to be preserved in intrusions even if such flow did occur.
A Basalt Flow and Feeding Dyke, N.E. Uganda
Authors: Davies K. A.
Published: May 2009

Tholeiitic rocks, which are well represented in the igneous history of the African Continent, occur as a dyke and related flow found by the writer in the north-east corner of Uganda. They outcrop in an area which is notable mainly for alkaline intrusions and lavas, so a brief attempt is made to explain the relationships and origins of the rocks in this limited area of the continent.
The Development of Monograptus dubius and Monograptus chimaera
Authors: Walker Margaret
Published: May 2009

The growth of the rhabdosome from the initial prosicula is described for two species of Monograptus. Sections of the metasicula have shown the nature of the “Stillstandsgürtel” first described by Kraft, and in both species evidence about the structure of the interthecal septum is given. It appears that there are two forms of Monograptus dubius which have the same external appearance but differ in the details of early development.
Drainage and Fracture Patterns in North-West Scotland
Authors: Auden J. B.
Published: May 2009

The drainage pattern of North-West Scotland is considered in relation to already known and newly inferred fracture zones, and it is concluded that a system of Tertiary fractures, connected with the plutonic centres of the Western Isles, has been superimposed on the rhombic pattern of late-Caledonian faulting.
The Distribution of Radioactivity with Depth in the Continents
Authors: Hills G. F. S.
Published: May 2009

The heat generated by the radioactive elements in the surface of the earth has been calculated by Evans and Goodman (1941) and by H. Jeffreys (1952). The amount of radioactivity in the depths of the continents obviously cannot be directly calculated. In the following paper two physical reasons are given for believing that the amount of radioactivity in the depths exceeds that found in the surface.
Hantkenina alabamensis Cushman and Some Related Forms
Authors: Barnard Tom
Published: May 2009

Some variations in the apertures of Cribrohantkenina are arranged in morphological series. The development of the “cribrate” aperture and its relation to other biocharacters, such as the shape of the chambers, development of spines, and globosity of the chambers, is discussed, as also the status of the subgenera of the genus Hantkenina.
Ice-Borne Boulders in the Macduff Group of the Dalradian of Banffshire
Authors: Sutton John , Watson Janet
Published: May 2009

The paper describes a horizon of greywackes outcropping on the coast near Macduff, Banffshire, and containing large boulders of igneous and metamorphic rocks. This horizon belongs to the Macduff Group of the Upper or Banff Division of the Dalradian. It is suggested that the boulders may have been dropped into the greywackes from floating ice.
Records of Irish Trilobites and Brachiopods
Authors: Lamont Archie
Published: May 2009

Records of certain trilobites and brachiopods illustrated in Charlesworth'sGeology of Irelandare critically discussed.
Ultrabasic Pillow Lavas from Cyprus
Authors: Gass I. G.
Published: May 2009

Small isolated masses of highly olivine-rich lavas within a dominantly basaltic series of pillowed flows have been found in the northern foothills of the Troodos Igneous Massif. The rock is characterized by abundant phyric olivine usually set in a glassy, basaltic groundmass. Both intrusive and extrusive varieties of the rock have been found. It is suggested that the rock originated as a melt, possibly from the Troodos ultrabasic complex. Comparison is made with the serpentine lavas of Turkey.
The Use of Magnetic Measurements for the Study of the Structure of Talus Slopes
Authors: McDougall Ian , Green Ronald
Published: May 2009

By means of measurements of the direction of magnetization, talus may be distinguished from rock which has remainedin situ. A criterion has been developed for the conditions under which the boundary between talus and rockin situcan be identified. This method is particularly useful when the upper portion of the rockin situis broken and weathered and it has been applied with success to a scarp in the dolerite of the Western Tiers in Tasmania. Here the results suggest that in the upper part of the talus the jointed blocks have definitely fallen into a sub-horizontal position, whereas at lower levels they are only slightly tilted.
Neoglyphioceras cf. spirale (Phillips) from Ingleborough
Authors: Hopkins William
Published: May 2009

The occurrence of a goniatite horizon in the Yoredale Series exposed on Ingleborough can now be recorded. The goniatite, Neoglyphioceras cf. spirale (Phillips) was found in shales underlying a limestone which may probably be the Five Yard.
Post-Palaeozoic Brachiopod Ecology: a Re-assessment
Authors: Elliott G. F.
Published: May 2009

Consideration of the field occurrence of certain post-Palaeozoic brachioppds, and of published experimental work on the transport of brachiopod shells by water, leads to the conclusion that these fossils are often deceptive as evidence of former conditions at the places where they now occur fossil, due to shell-transport by marine currents after death.
The Insertion of Septa in the later Growth Stages of Clisiophyllid Corals
Authors: Coope G. R.
Published: May 2009

The major septa of clisiophyllid corals originate deep down in the calyx and grow upwards, fanning out towards both the axis and the periphery of the coral. The minor septa originate high up near the rim of the calyx and appear in pairs one septum being inserted on either side of each new major septum. The insertion of minor septa on both sides of a new major septum complicates the development of the subsequent major septum at the fossula.
The Interpretation of Flow-markings and Load-casts
Authors: Prentice J. E.
Published: May 2009

Some sedimentary structures commonly found at the base of beds of greywacke have been given a variety of names. It is suggested that the name flute-cast be used for scour-and-fill structures, which are shown to be oriented parallel to the direction of sediment movement. Superficially similar structures, described as flow-casts, are formed by movement of the greywacke during and after its deposition; study of their internal structure and their relations to ripple-direction shows them to be oriented at right angles to the current direction.
Some Problems of Size and Sorting in Sands
Authors: Humphries D. W.
Published: May 2009

For certain unconsolidated sediments there is a linear relationship between the arithmetic mean size and the “grading factor”, and sediments with an average particle size of 0·2 mm. show the maximum degree of sorting. An hypothesis has been developed to explain this relationship in terms of the environment of deposition.
The Bigga House Basic Igneous Complex, New South Wales
Authors: Hasan Syed M.
Published: May 2009

The complex described is composed of basic to ultrabasic rocks, ranging in composition from hornblendites, through meladiorites, to diorites. It is surrounded by the Bigga Granite, which has an intrusive relationship with the basic complex. The nomenclature of these rocks is discussed, and detailed petrographical descriptions, together with modal and chemical data, are given. It is suggested that the original rocks of this complex were probably of gabbroic composition, and that they subsequently assimilated and hybridized to give rise to the observed rock types.
A Unique Chert Nodule from the Hawes Limestone (Lower Carboniferous, D1) of Wensleydale, Yorkshire
Authors: Moore D.
Published: May 2009

A unique chert nodule, bowl-shaped, ten feet in diameter and three feet deep, with a mass of crystalline calcite in the bottom, occurs in the lower part of the Hawes Limestone at the base of the Yoredale Series. The overall peculiarities of the nodule require an origin after consolidation of the enclosing work.
The Paragenesis of the Varuträsk Pegmatite
Authors: Quensel Percy
Published: May 2009

A preliminary report is presented on the paragenesis of the Varuträsk pegmatite, situated about 10 km. from Skellefteå, in Sweden. Three main stages can be distinguished (a) An epimagmatic-pegmatitoid stage during which the primary zonal development of the pegmatite body into border zone, wall zone, intermediate zones, and core was accomplished; (b) a hydrothermal replacement stage, divisible into a high temperature phase with a Li-replacement unit and a Cs-replacement unit, and a lower temperature phase with a cleavelandite replacement unit and a feebly developed fluorite unit (c) a final stage of supergene alteration. The age of the pegmatite lies between 1650 and 1800 million years.
A Tectonic Analysis of the Muness Phyllite Block of Unst and Uyea, Shetland
Authors: Flinn D.
Published: May 2009

The history of this block of low-grade metamorphic sediments begins with sedimentation, followed by strong deformation. Intrusion of spessartite dykes then took place, after which movement was resumed with deformation of the spessartites. Next followed jointing and the production of peculiar structures here called joint-drags. The final episode was one of block faulting, to which the formation of the Muness Phyllite Block itself as a graben is due.
The Miocene of Western India
Authors: Rao S. R. N. , Tewari B. S. , Mohan Krishna , Chatterji A. K.
Published: May 2009

Miocene foraminifera from the Surat-Broach and Kathiawar regions of Western India are recorded. The suggested correlation of Miocene beds of Western India, and the stratigraphical distribution of foraminifera common to W. India, Ceylon, Indonesia, and the Middle East is indicated in 2 Tables.
Banded Olivines in some Scottish Carboniferous Olivine-Basalts
Authors: Hamilton J.
Published: May 2009

Large, individual olivine crystals exhibiting a banded structure are described from olivine-basalts from a number of localities in the Carboniferous lavas of the Midland Valley. This structure is of deformational nature and provides what seems to be a sound criterion for distinguishing between phenocrystic and xenocrystic olivine in olivine-basalts.
The Cenomanian Compound Coral, Aspidiscus cristatus (Lamarck), from Nezzazat, Western Sinai
Authors: Thomas H. Dighton , Omara S.
Published: May 2009

Aspidiscus cristatus (Lamarck) is recorded from Western Sinai and a full description of the species is given. This includes the first recognition of the calicular pits in the coral, which is thus shown to be a compound form.
Structure and Form of Cheung Chau Island, Hong Kong
Authors: Berry Leonard , Ruxton Bryan P.
Published: May 2009

A study of Cheung Chau Island has revealed a close adjustment between the form of the island and the geological structure. The island is made up of dominant granite cut by granite-porphyry and dolerite dykes, which are affected by later faulting. A theory of progressive emergence is put forward for the denudation chronology of the area and the various forms related to the former submergence have been mapped. The relation of coastal and inland forms to structure is considered, and the evolution of the coast is outlined.
Evidence of Lava Formation in situ, South-West Uganda
Authors: Holmes Arthur
Published: May 2009

Annular mounds of clinkery lava encircling shallow depressions floored with similar lava were recently discovered by the late A. D. Combe in S.W. Uganda. From their morphological, petrographic, and chemical peculiarities, here described, it is inferred that they represent transfusion products of superficial tuff occupying the sites of unusually hot fumaroles. The dominant added materials are found to be iron oxides, TiO2, K2O, and P2O5. It is suggested that the P2O5, which is abnormally abundant, may have been derived from bone beds in the underlying Kaiso Series.
The Subspecies in Palaeontology
Authors: Sylvester-Bradley P. C.
Published: May 2009

The neontological concept of a species as a group of “unit populations” divided into geographical races or subspecies is applied to the palaeontological record, and the intrinsic similarities of geographical and chronological subspecies are discussed. It is concluded that the variety and the subspecies are different entities both of which have value in palaeontology. Quantitative measures of the level of specific and subspecific distinction are proposed.
A New Structure in the Forest Marble of Oxford
Authors: Douglas J. A.
Published: May 2009

An account is given of a new minor structural feature recently found in the Forest Marble of Bladon, Oxfordshire, resembling Pit and Mound structure, and various suggestions as to its mode of origin are discussed.
Interambulacral Plate Atrophy in Lovenia woodsi (Etheridge Fil.)
Authors: Philip G. M.
Published: May 2009

Plate atrophy (“plate crushing”) giving rise to interambulacral plates analogous to demi-plates immediately above the ambitus is described in the Miocene spatangoid Lovenia woodsi, from Beaumaris, Victoria. It appears to be caused by the development of large primary tubercles on the aboral surface, which causes the expansion of the lowest tubercle-bearing plates during ontogeny, so that the more ventral interambulacral plates are squeezed against the ambitus.
A Variety of Quartzite from Craig-choinnich Lodge, near Blair Atholl, Perthshire
Authors: Pantin H. M.
Published: May 2009

An unusual variety of quartzite is associated with Dalradian limestone and dark schist at two localities in Upper Glen Fender, near Blair Atholl. The appearance and texture of this quartzite suggest that it is derived from a chert or jasper, and not from a sandstone.
A Search for the Alleged Sinemurian in the Wadi Araba, Eastern Desert of Egypt
Authors: Arkell W. J.
Published: May 2009

Marine Lower Lias, with Ammonites bucklandi and other fossils, was recorded in the Wadi Araba by Figari Bey in 1864. No one has since been able to find marine Lias in Egypt, but in 1915 Greco figured a Sinemurian faunule, including an Arnioceras, from the Figari Egyptian collections at Florence, and claimed that Figari's discovery was confirmed. A special search for the locality was made in 1951, without success. The paper reviews the evidence and records Carboniferous rocks and fossils that were found. Some general remarks are also made on the structure and origin of the Wadi Araba.
The Lamellibranch Genus Schizodus and Other Palaeozoic Myophoriidae
Authors: Cox L. R.
Published: May 2009

The paper records the characters of the genus Schizodus as defined by its type-species Axinus obscurus, and shows that King's reconstruction of the hinge-characters of Schizodus truncatus, regarded by him and many subsequent authors as the type-species, was inaccurate. The conclusion is reached that Protoschizodus de Koninck and the forgotten genus Prisconaia Conrad should be regarded as synonyms of Schizodus. A new generic name Eoschizodus is proposed for those smooth Myophoriidae of the Devonian, Carboniferous and Permian which differ from Schizodus in possessing the full number of hinge-teeth for the family, but which lack the conspicuous anterior myophorous buttresses of the Triassic Neoschizodus.
A New Eurypterid from the Ordovician of Montgomeryshire, Wales
Authors: Størmer Leif
Published: May 2009

A description is given of a nearly complete specimen of a new Ordovician eurypterid genus belonging to the family Stylonuridae. The classification of the Eurypterida is discussed; two super-families and two new families are proposed and three new names substituted for pre-occupied generic names.
Mylonite, Slickensides, and the Great Glen Fault
Authors: Shand S. J.
Published: May 2009

It is shown that mylonite is extremely rare in the plane of the Great Glen fault, and that horizontal slickensides or friction-grooves directed along the Glen are virtually absent. Grave doubt is consequently thrown on the alleged horizontal displacement in the fault zone.
Slow Anti-Dunes and Flow Marks
Authors: Lamont Archie
Published: May 2009

Antidune wavecrests preserved in mud by contemporaneous currents carrying silt are discussed with reference to some recent criticism. In turbidity currents, at slow rates of directional flow, turbulent eddies may be operative in keeping sediment in suspension. Torose structures and flow marks from the Gala-Tarannon of Southern Scotland are compared with structures probably eroded by turbulent currents in the Gronigel Flysch of the Pre-Alps.
Load-cast Structures: Their Relationship to Upper-Surface Structures and their Mode of Formation
Authors: Kelling G. , Walton E. K.
Published: May 2009

The form and distribution of load-casts suggests a genetic connection with structures previously formed on the upper surface of the underlying bed. On analogy with salt-dome development, the growth of load-casts and associated flame-structures is attributed to the density contrast between upper and lower bands and differential loading caused by the projections and depressions formed by the upper-surface features. This hypothesis is the basis of a new classification of load-cast structures.
An Isolated Occurrence of Igneous Rocks at Gorei in the Las Anod District of the Somaliland Protectorate
Authors: Mason J. E.
Published: May 2009

The quartz-syenite outcrop in the Las Anod District of the Somaliland Protectorate has been known for at least twenty-three years, but the true relationship between it and the overlying Cretaceous sediments has not been clearly resolved. Some geologists have said that the igneous rocks are overlain unconformably by the Cretaceous, whilst others have said that they intrude the Cretaceous. The present contribution brings forward field evidence to confirm the former view.
Fossils from the Fuller's Earth of the Weymouth Anticline
Authors: Arkell— W. J.
Published: May 2009

Fuller's Earth was first recorded at the surface in the core of the Weymouth anticline by Damon (1860, p. 12). It was mapped by the Geological Survey in a semi-elliptical area south of Langton Herring, having a sea coast of about 1¼ miles on the West Fleet (1 inch map, sheet 341). The chief feature of interest is a lumachelle or oyster bed composed of a mass up to some 12 feet thick of the small oyster, Ostrea hebridica Forbes (= 0. sowerbyi Morris and Lycett), the var. elongata Dutertre predominating (see Damon, 1860 and 1884, p. 12, fig. 3). The oyster was recorded by Damon and by Strahan (1898, p. 5, and sheet 341) as O. acuminata J. Sowerby, but that species belongs to a lower horizon, below the Fuller's Earth Rock. The Langton Herring oyster bed, which is seen also at Watton Cliff near Bridport, lies in the Upper Fuller's Earth, above the Fuller's Earth Rock, which does not come to the surface in the Weymouth anticline. The lowest beds exposed in the anticline, for a few feet below the oyster bed, are tough clays with mudstone nodules and abundant Rhynchonella smithi (Davidson) (see Arkell, 1933, p. 252). With the Rhynchonellids there weather out also abundant fragments of a typical Fuller's Earth belemnite, which I follow some French authors in calling Belemnopsis bessina (d'Orb.).
Studies in the Mona Complex
Authors: Greenly E.
Published: May 2009

My paper on The succession and metamorphism of the Mona Complex 1 contains (p. 339) an error of some importance, which I have long desired to correct.
The Dolerite Plugs of Tieveragh and Tievebulliagh near Cushendall, Co. Antrim, with a Note on Buchite
Authors: Tomkeieff S. I.
Published: May 2009

Among the numerous volcanic necks of County Antrim, two—Tieveragh and Tievebulliagh in the neighbourhood of Cushendall—are particularly interesting, the one because it has metamorphosed the country rock into buchite, and the other because of the existence on its scree of a rock of problematic origin. In connection with the buchite of Tieveragh a general note on the name buchite, its origin and its application, has been included at the end of this paper. The paper itself makes no claims to do more than open up the study of these rocks.
New Scottish Material of Eusthenopteron
Authors: Westoll T. Stanley
Published: May 2009

The existence of the Crossopterygian fish Eusthenopteron in the Old Red Sandstone of the Moray Firth area has been recorded recently by the writer (Westoll, 1937). Since that time new material has been found in the collections of the Royal Scottish Museum; the specimens comprise a “parietal” shield and other remains from Boghole, and an imperfect “fronto-ethmoid” shield, of which the provenance is unknown. Dr. A. G. Stephen, of the Royal Scottish Museum, has been most kind in allowing the writer to study this and other comparative material.
Basaltic Lavas of South Kivu, Belgian Congo
Authors: Holmes Arthur
Published: May 2009

In a recent memoir (Holmes and Harwood, 1937, p. 276) I had occasion to point out that “one of the most remarkable features of the igneous activity of late Cretaceous and early Tertiary times is the geochemical and petrological contrast between the kimberlite and olivine-melilitite which perforated the crust of Southern Africa and the widespread outpourings of olivine-basalt and basalt (often followed by acid rocks) in many other parts of the world”. An essentially similar contrast is found in the more recent and more localized volcanic fields of the Western Rift of Africa. The Toro-Ankole fields of multiple vents, east and south-east of Ruwenzori, are characterized throughout by undersaturated potassic types, free from felspar; whereas in the great lava fields south of Lake Kivu the dominant lavas are olivine-basalts of various types. Between these two strongly contrasted provinces, and in some respects sharing the characters of each, the Birunga field (including Bufumbira) extends across the Rift north of Lake Kivu. Although many of the lavas of this field contain abundant plagioclase and look like basalts, they have been found, with few exceptions, to be potassic types ranging from leucite-basanites to basanitoid trachybasalts. True basalts appear to be absent (Holmes and Harwood, 1937, pp. 16–18), the nearest approach to basalt—geographically as well as petrographically—being certain trachybasalts and limburgites from the south of the field, which differ from the other rocks of Birunga in having more soda than potash.
Notes on the Geology of the Lizard Peninsula. No. 4. “The Devil's Frying Pan,” Cadgwith
Authors: Scrivenor J. B.
Published: May 2009

The Devil's Frying Pan is a well-known feature of the coast scenery of The Lizard. It is a deep cavity in the cliffs connected with the open sea by a very fine natural arch; and unlike the Lion's Den, near the Bumble Rock, it has not been spoiled by being used as a rubbish-bin. It is clearly marked on the 6-in. Ordnance Survey Sheet lxxxiv S.E., just south of Cadgwith. Shaped like a funnel, its dimensions are as follows. The beach at the bottom of the funnel is triangular with the apex of the triangle pointing through the natural arch towards the S.E. The sides of the triangle are: a cliff on the S.W. of the beach trending E.S.E. and W.N.W. and about 132 feet long; a cliff on the N.W. of the beach trending N.E. and S.W. and about 115 feet long; a cliff on the E. of the beach trending S.S.E. and N.N.W. and about 148 feet long. On the panorama-sketch shown in Text-fig. 1 these cliffs extend between the following bearings approximately: S.W. cliff, between 160° and 300°; N.W. cliff, between 300° and 10°; E. cliff, between 10° and 130°. The top of the funnel touches the 200-ft. contour-line near White Feather Bungalow and the maximum diameter of the top of the funnel is about 460 feet from E. to W.
Note on an Examination of the Poxwell Anticline, Dorset
Authors: Taitt A. H. , Kent P. E.
Published: May 2009

The discovery of an active oil seepage in Corallian sandstones at Osmington Mills, near Weymouth, led in 1937 to an examination of the adjacent Poxwell or Moigns anticline by geologists of the D'Arcy Exploration Company, a subsidiary of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, Ltd. The investigations, carried out by Dr. C. T. Barber in the earliest stages, and subsequently by the junior author, consisted of surface mapping assisted by pits, trenches, auger holes, and shallow bore-holes, and culminated in the drilling of a test well in the crestal area of the anticline. This note summarizes the more important information obtained with regard to stratigraphy and tectonics.
On Some Tithonian Ammonites from the Northern Range of Trinidad, B.W.I.
Authors: Spath L. F.
Published: May 2009

Through the kind intervention of Dr. R. Rutsch, of Basle, who himself is interested chiefly in the Tertiary mollusca of Trinidad, I have recently been able to study some tolerably well-preserved ammonites from beds in the Northern Range which have long been the subject of discussion. The ammonites had been already recognized by the Trinidad geologists as Upper Jurassic and bore the provisional identification: “Idoceras sp.,” which would have indicated a Lower Kimmeridgian age; but since confirmation of this seemed desirable, I was asked to see whether the ammonites were determinable, and if so to publish a note on the results of my investigation.
The micro-fabric of some members of the “Tarskavaig-Moine” Series
Authors: Phillips F. C.
Published: May 2009

The “Tarskavaig-Moine” schists occupy a small area in the Sleat district of Skye, extending southwards from Tarskavaig to the Point of Sleat, a distance of about seven miles, with a maximum width of outcrop of two and a half miles between the coast on the west and structurally overlying formations on the east. Their tectonic relationships and petrographic characters were first described in detail by C. T. Clough in the Geological Survey Memoir on the North-West Highlands of Scotland (1, pp. 589–594, and pp. 618–621). The northern part of the outcrop falls in Sheet 71 of the one-inch geological maps, and is described in the accompanying memoir (2); the southern part falls in the unpublished Sheet 61. Later publications summarize these earlier discussions (3, p. 171; 4, p. 309; 5, p. 23); the last named includes a map of the whole outcrop, on a scale of two miles to an inch, simplified from manuscript maps by Clough. A summary of the tectonics and metamorphism has recently been published by Dr. E. B. Bailey (6).
Notes on the Geology of the North-Eastern Extremity of the Northern Frontier Province, Kenya Colony
Authors: Busk H. G.
Published: May 2009

The fertile highlands of Kenya, of which the great mountain of that name is the northern outpost, are divided from those of Abyssinia by a great desert nearly 400 miles wide. This tract is a gneiss peneplain of great age, whose degradation, without any regional interruption, has continued since Palaeozoic times. At the present date its undulations are scarcely noticeable, and its ill-supplied rivers do not often reach the coast. Such is the Uaso Nyero, which, rising from the north-western slopes of Mount Kenya, and running spasmodically for 200 miles eastwards through this desert, finally dies away in the great swamp called Lorian, which shifts its position up or down the valley in accordance with the seasons. The Tana River reaches the sea, and its valley also has the appearance of great antiquity; the long slopes down to the valley from its sides are hardly perceptible, and for two-thirds of its 400 mile course the river meanders sluggishly from one side of its valley to the other.
Black Oolites in the Dogger of North-East Yorkshire
Authors: Rastall R. H. , Hemingway J. E.
Published: May 2009

In the course of field work in North-East Yorkshire on the Dogger and associated rocks, in which we have now been engaged for some years, we have found several occurrences of a rock which we may call Black Oolite. In order to prevent any misunderstanding it will be well to say at once that this is not the magnetite-oolite of Rosedale, so often mentioned in the literature and no longer exposed, but quite a different type, which does not appear to have been described by any writer, though well worthy of special investigation. This is the more remarkable in that all the sections known to us where it occurs are referred to in nearly all the standard works. Incidentally we should like to remark that over and over again we have been amazed at the inadequacy and often the entire incorrectness of the petrographical descriptions given in the literature of numerous admirable exposures throughout the district. Not seldom we have found it impossible to reconcile with these descriptions our measurements and petrographical determinations of such sections, although there can be no doubt of their identity; it should also be remarked that sixty or seventy years ago many of these sections, especially in alum works, must have yielded even fresher and more easily determinable material than they do to-day.
Problems of Ammonite Nomenclature. 5. On Acanthohoplites jacobi (Collet) and the jacobi zone of the Folkestone Sands
Authors: Spath L. F.
Published: May 2009

This note is prompted by the recent discovery (by Mr. R. Casey) of ammonites of the jacobi zone at the base of the Folkestone Sands.1 These ammonites include A. jacobi itself and since, more-over, the jacobi zone is likely to be much quoted, it seems particularly desirable to inquire whether the name jacobi can be safely used.
Continental Drift
Authors: Lee J. S.
Published: May 2009

It is still fresh in our memory that the Geological Society of London made a bold attempt a few years ago to arranga a wide-ranging discussion on the problem of continental drift. On an occasion of this nature one might be tempted to imagine a scene as lively as that when the Wernerians and Huttonians met at the Castle Hill of Edinburgh. But the opponents of the hypothesis, as the report revealed, seem to have stood no less firm than do the continents, as they hold. One looks in vain, since the publication of the American Symposium, for a change in the trend of opinion. This, however, does not mean that the problem is closed. We thus welcome the fresh lead given by Dr. A. L. du Toit in his recent volume on Our Wandering Continents.
Problems of Ammonite Nomenclature. 6. The Genus Pachydiscus Zittel
Authors: Spath L. F.
Published: May 2009

This well-known genus presents a nomenclatorial problem apparently even simpler than that of Mortoniceras, dealt with in the first article of the present series, yet I can foresee considerable opposition to the views here put forward. It is, of course, agreed that “names now current are not to be discarded unless the reasons for change show a clear-cut necessity” (Opinion 93); but since “priority of actual date” is quoted as an example of such necessity, I consider that we shall have to change our present interpretation of Pachydiscus, however irksome the change may be to some.1
The Organic Content of Recent Rhyolitic Ashes in Malaya
Authors: Oakley K. P.
Published: May 2009

A series of Recent volcanic ashes and tuffs from various parts of Malaya has been examined on behalf of the Director of the Geological Survey, F.M.S., in order to test the reported occurrence of marine sponge spicules in certain of these deposits (cf. J. B. Scrivenor, 1930, A Recent Rhyolite-ash with Sponge-spicules and Diatoms in Malaya, Geol. Mag., lxvii, 385–393, pls. xxii, xxiii). If such an occurrence were confirmed it might be taken as evidence of very considerable changes in sea-level within recent times, since at one locality the deposits yielding the supposed spicules reach an elevation of 500 feet above M.S.L. (see Willbourn, Rep. Geol. Surv. Dept. F.M.S. for 1937 (1938), PP. 8–10).
The Genus Mentzelia Quenstedt, and its affinities to other members of the Subfamily Martiniinae Waagen
Authors: Douglas James Archibald
Published: May 2009

While studying certain Martinia-like brachiopod shells from the Permian of Iran, I have been struck by the apparent uncertainty that exists among many authors as to the relationship between the various genera represented in the Spiriferid subfamily Martiniinae of Waagen, and the following note is intended to draw attention to some of the anomalies of nomenclature and classification.
An Hypothesis of Submarine Canyons
Authors: du Toit Alex. L.
Published: May 2009

The publication by the Geological Society of America of that momentous work by the late A. C. Veatch and P. A. Smith (1939) with its beautifully executed charts, following closely Douglas Johnson's stimulating contribution on the subject (1938), again focuses attention on those stupendous erosion-features—the “Submarine Canyons”. Through stressing the relatively brief space of time available for their evolution, this latest pronouncement only renders more of an enigma those gigantic furrows that would now seem to fringe so much of the continental margins. As Daly has remarked (1936, p. 402), they appear to be planetary and not merely regional. It is in the Atlantic, however, that they have been most thoroughly studied.
The Fossil Antelopes of Palestine in Natufian (Mesolithic) Times, with Descriptions of New Species
Authors: Bate Dorothea M. A.
Published: May 2009

A study of the fossil vertebrate fauna of the Wady el-Mughara caves was published in 1937 (Bate, 1937), but at that time it had not been found possible to carry out an intensive examination of the antelope remains, except for the purpose of making the first record of a fossil hartebeest in Palestine. This omission was due partly to lack of sufficient time and partly to the fact that the specimens were generally in a very fragmentary state of preservation. Nevertheless, since remains of gazelles, together with those ofDama mesopotamica, occurred throughout the cave leveis and were more plentiful than those of other species it was found practical to make use of these two types as climatic indicators, while other species were used as a control (Bate, 1937, fig. 1).
The Age of Certain Permian Fish-bearing Strata
Authors: Westoll T. S.
Published: May 2009

The Permian fish-fauna of England has been studied by the present writer since 1932. In 1933 Dr. H. Aldinger, then working in Professor E. A. Stensiö's laboratory in Stockholm, informed me of the constitution of a fish-fauna from East Greenland which he was studying. The resemblances to the Marl Slate fishes were remarkable, and I found it extremely difficult, and in some cases impossible, to separate certain forms found in the two areas.
Some Observations on the Geology of Antigua, West Indies
Authors: Trechmann C. T.
Published: May 2009

A Recent short stay on Antigua has enabled me to inquire into a few points in the geology of that island. Among the matters of interest were to investigate the crucial question of the age of the Seaforth Limestone, which carries with it the age of the volcanic mountainous part of the island. Also to inquire into the supposed occurrence of Cretaceous Chalk at Cassada Gardens; to see some of the igneous intrusions in the Central plain and the Antigua Limestone; to collect the freshwater mollusca of the silicified tuff beds; and to search the Antigua Limestone for the so-called “Oligocene rudist”, Neomonopleura (Rothpletzia), which Dr. Lehner told me he thought occurred at Hodge's Bay. The sub-fossil land shells in the Pleistocene marls at St. George's Church also interested me, among other matters.
The Recent History and Pleistocene Deposits of the Plateau North of Lake Eyasi, Tanganyika
Authors: Kent P. E.
Published: May 2009

ONE of the objectives of the East African Archaeological Expedition of 1934–5 was the examination of the plateau north of Lake Eyasi—the Vogel River area—where, it was hoped, a continuation of the richly fossiliferous Oldowaya Middle Pleistocene lake beds would be found. This hope was essentially realized ; deposits with an interesting Middle Pleistocene fauna a little earlier than that of Oldoway were found, with the difference that they were entirely terrestrial. The development of precisely datable beds resting upon a main Rift Valley Scarp made possible a study of physiographical changes associated with the faulting.
A Collection of Carboniferous Limestone Fossils in the Skipton Museum
Authors: Bond G.
Published: May 2009

Recently I have had the opportunity of working through a large collection of Lower Carboniferous fossils, of which there appears to be no record in geological literature. The collection was made by R. H. Tiddeman from the district between Pateley Bridge and Settle, and is now in the care of the Skipton Museum. The bulk of the collection was probably made between 1890 and 1900 and has hardly been touched since.
Microscopic Colloform Structures in “Mud Balls” at Waiotapu, New Zealand
Authors: Bartrum J. A.
Published: May 2009

A Recent paper in this journal by K. P. Oakley (1940) has drawn attention to certain structures in Recent rhyolitic ashes of Malaya, and contraverts the earlier view that these structures represent sponge spicules. Oakley suggests tentatively that most of them are the casts of minute spherical and tubular hollows in the material of the ashes. It may be of interest, therefore, to describe comparable material from New Zealand which appears to support this suggestion.
Statistical Methods in Sedimentary Petrology: Part III. Cartograpic Methods
Authors: Smithson Frank
Published: May 2009

The purpose of this paper is to discuss methods by which the data of sedimentary petrology (mineralogical composition, grainsizes, etc.) may be most usefully recorded upon a map. The ultimate aim which the writer had in mind when commencing this work was to learn something of the palaeogeography of North-East Yorkshire during Middle Jurassic times.1 It soon became evident, however, that a map upon which the data have been registered may be a record not only of the conditions at the time of deposition but also of the subsequent mineralogical changes in the rocks themselves and, what was less expected, of the tectonic development of the region as a whole.
On Coal Veins in Malaya
Authors: Fermor Lewis Leigh
Published: May 2009

For many years I have been interested in the colloidal nature of coal. As long ago as 1914, in discussing the coal resources of Korea State in the Central Provinces of India, I suggested that the bright bands of the Korea coals are colloidal. It is suitable to quote here the exact words used:—
Varved Sediments in Malaya
Authors: Fermor Lewis Leigh
Published: May 2009

During my visit to Malaya in 1938, for the purpose of reporting to the High Commissioner upon the mineral industry of that country, I noticed in cuttings at two places exposures of banded rocks of alternating light and dark tints that recalled the varved sediments of other parts of the world. As such rocks have not hitherto been described from Malaya, and as varved sediments are everywhere considered to be of much interest, a brief note upon these Malayan occurrences seems desirable, in case they should prove to be of similar origin.
Scytalocrinus seafieldensis sp. nov. and a rare Ureocrinus from the Carboniferous Limestones of Fife; with Notes on a Blastoid and Two Crinoids from the Carboniferous Limestones of the Clitheroe area
Authors: Wright James
Published: May 2009

During a recent visit to Fife I was so fortunate as to find in the Seafield Tower Limestone, on the shore at Seafield near Kirkcaldy, two rare crinoids, one of which belongs to a new species of Scytalocrinus and is described herein. The other is a specimen of Ureocrinus bockschii (Geinitz) which has part of the column and three arms attached to the cup. Although cups of this species are common at various horizons in the Scottish Carboniferous limestones, this is the first example hi this state of preservation to be recorded from rocks north of the Forth, other specimens previously noted all occurring on the Scottish border near Penton Linns in Roxburghshire (Wright, 1939–1940, Wright and Strimple, 1945).
On the Significance of Thermal Structure in the Scottish Highlands
Authors: Kennedy W. Q.
Published: May 2009

The formation of a fold mountain chain is, essentially, a thermal phenomenon, as may be deduced from the internal locus of the forces involved, the frequent association of magrriatic activity with erogenic movements, and the widespread thermal and regional metamorphism of the sediments within the deeper parts of the mountain belt.
Sowerby's and Sharpe's Belemnites lanceolatus and their relation to Belemnites lanceolatus Schlotheim, 1813
Authors: Jeletzky Jurij A.
Published: May 2009

Belemnites are common throughout the boreal province of the Upper Cretaceous Series of Eurasia occurring at practically all horizons of the so-called Senonian stage (in the broader sense) nearly everywhere in this province; often they are the only group of fossils to be met frequently enough to be used for stratigraphical purposes. Despite this there have so far been relatively few efforts to use the Upper Cretaceous belemnites as zone-fossils, with the exception of some Actinocamax and Gonioteuthis species. The probable reasons for this regrettable neglect have already been mentioned in a previous paper (e.g. Jeletzky, 1946, pp. 87–90). Our researches, the results of which have till now only partly been published (e.g. Jeletzky, 1940, 1941, 1946) have shown that the Upper Cretaceous belemnites occur relatively frequently, and in the same stratigraphical order throughout the whole Eurasian boreal province and are in fact excellent guide fossils.
On the Remains of Fossil Wood Enclosed in a Tertiary Lava on the Isle of Rum, Inner Hebrides
Authors: Tomkeieff S. I. , Blackburn K. B.
Published: May 2009

In August, 1938, while participating in the expedition to Rum organized by the Botanical Department of King's College, Newcastle-on-Tyne, under the leadership of Professor J. W. Heslop Harrison, I was fortunate enough to discover a fragment of fossil wood enclosed in a trachybasalt lava. This is the first discovery of a fossil of any kind on this island and one of the few discoveries of fossil wood in the British Tertiary lavas.
The Tectonics of Tregarth
Authors: Greenly E.
Published: May 2009

Most of the Cambrian of Arvon has the “Caledonian” strike which is dominant in Snowdonia. But there is a tract at Tregarth, about a square mile in extent, where the beds trend in any direction: that is, have no strike at all. Nothing in the beds themselves is any explanation whatever: there seems no reason for this anomaly. We have to seek an explanation in the underlying floor, and there, I think, we win some light. That floor has more than one component: Mona Complex and Arvonian. In the chapter of the Anglesey Memoir on the Age of the Mona Complex, I have thrown out a suggestion (then in explanation of nothing but the pebbles), that hills of Gwna Quartzite stood up through the Arvonian lavas. Now, in the great conglomerate of the crest and dip-slope of Y Pare, pebbles of quartzite are so numerous as to outnumber those of the rhyolite. It seems legitimate to infer that, underneath this Tregarth tract, these buried knobs of quartzite were exceptionally numerous and exceptionally high, and made the sub-Cambrian floor so uneven that the beds which rested on it could not acquire the usual strike, but were driven hither and thither, in all sorts of irregular ways. The same irregularity, though to a somewhat less degree, affects the Arvonian tuffs themselves.
On the Carboniferous Corals: Zaphrentites shunnerensis sp. nov
Authors: Hudson R. G. S.
Published: May 2009

The Shunner Fell Limestone is one of a group of calcareous shales and impure limestones, in all about fifteen feet thick, occurring in beds of Namurian age and Millstone Grit facies exposed on Shunner Fell, Wensleydale. The presence of Anthracoceras glabrum s.l. Bisat in these beds (Chubb and Hudson, 1925, p. 262) assigns them to the Arnsbergian (Upper Eumorphoceras Age, E2, Hudson and Cotton, 1943). Other fossils include small cornute corals, trilobites, gastropods such as Bellerophon and Euphemus, and brachiopods such as Athyris, Chonetes, Lingula, Schizophoria, Spirfer, and the spinose Productids. The occurrence of these beds and some of their fossils has been recorded by Goodchild (in Dakyns and others, 1891, p. 145), King (1914), and Chubb and Hudson (1925).
An Occurrence of Millerite in the Durham Coal Measures
Authors: Anderson W. , Smythe J. A.
Published: May 2009

During the autumn of 1939 a series of bores were put down in the area immediately west of Green's Farm, 3 miles S.W. of Newcastle-upon-Tyne and 1½ miles E.S.E. of Whickham. Only one bore was carried beyond the Hutton seam, and in the thick sandstone beneath 1 that coal the borer recorded the presence of five “ limey bands ”. These bands were 10, 3, 5, 7, and 4 inches thick at 82, 103, 110, 113, and 116 feet respectively, below the Hutton seam. Each appeared to be a hard, compact, fine-grained greyish sandstone, no different from the remainder of the bed, except that it effervesced freely with dilute hydrochloric acid. On attempting to break open the 7 in. band it parted along a vertical joint, on the face of which were found the crystals of millerite.