bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Static behaviour of induced seismicity
Authors: Mignan Arnaud
Published: April 2016

Abstract. The standard paradigm to describe seismicity induced by fluid injection is to apply non-linear diffusion dynamics in a poroelastic medium. I show that the spatio-temporal behaviour and rate evolution of induced seismicity can, instead, be expressed by geometric operations on a static stress field produced by volume change at depth. I obtain laws similar in form to the ones derived from poroelasticity while requiring a lower description length. Although fluid flow is known to occur in the ground, it is not pertinent to the geometrical description of the spatio-temporal patterns of induced seismicity. The proposed model is equivalent to the static stress model for tectonic foreshocks generated by the Non-Critical Precursory Accelerating Seismicity Theory. This study hence verifies the explanatory power of this theory outside of its original scope and provides an alternative physical approach to poroelasticity for the modelling of induced seismicity. The applicability of the proposed geometrical approach is illustrated for the case of the 2006, Basel enhanced geothermal system stimulation experiment. Applicability to more problematic cases where the stress field may be spatially heterogeneous is also discussed.
História dos homens no Brasil
Authors: Fontoura Jr Antonio
Published: April 2016

Este texto apresenta uma resenha de "História dos Homens no Brasil". Lançada em 2013, e organizada por Mary del Priore e Márcia Amantino – ambas professoras da Universidade Salgado de Oliveira, de Niterói –, a obra é composta por 12 artigos, cujos temas partem do período colonial até alcançar os lutadores de MMA da atualidade, e objetiva apresentar um quadro amplo a respeito dos recentes estudos sobre a construção das masculinidades no Brasil.
O PAPEL DA LEGÍSTICA NA (RE)LEGITIMAÇÃO DAS DECISÕES JUDICIAIS E NO EQUILÍBRIO DO EXERCÍCIO DA FUNÇÃO JUSPOLÍTICA PELOS TRIBUNAIS
Authors: Costa Rafael De Oliveira
Published: April 2016

O presente estudo busca repensar o problema da racionalidade e legitimidade das decisões judiciais sob a égide da legística material, revelando-se de grande utilidade para uma compreensão mais profunda do fenômeno do poder criativo do direito e priorizando o questionamento acerca do próprio papel desse ramo do conhecimento (não mais limitado ao estudo de métodos adequados para a elaboração da norma). Assim é que, à luz da avaliação de impacto e partindo de um “ponto de vista hermenêutico”, sustentamos que a legística material pode contribuir decisivamente para a delimitação da função juspolítica exercida pelos tribunais, ajudando a estabelecer as atribuições dos Poderes constituídos e a determinar o papel do Judiciário e do Legislativo no contexto hodierno, sem prejuízo da responsabilização do legislador pela elaboração de proposições normativas que não produzam os efeitos esperados.
O CONTROLE DE CONVENCIONALIDADE E A AUTOANÁLISE DO PODER JUDICIÁRIO BRASILEIRO
Authors: Chaves Denisson Gonçalves , Sousa Mônica Teresa Costa
Published: April 2016

O fenômeno do controle de convencionalidade das leis modificou o modo de compreender o Direito no mundo contemporâneo, unindo temas do direito internacional com metodologias do direito interno. Entretanto, muitos questionamentos com relação a este controle normativo ainda persistem. O objeto do presente artigo é discorrer sobre como o controle de convencionalidade tem transformado o entendimento do Poder Judiciário sobre a aplicação dos direitos humanos no Brasil. Utilizando-se de uma metodologia crítico-analítica, constata-se que o controle de convencionalidade, mais do que um exercício de controle normativo, é uma oportunidade para o Judiciário rever as concepções que tem sobre si mesmo.
DESENHO CONTRATUAL EM PERSPECTIVA COMPARADA: REFLEXÕES SOBRE A RELAÇÃO ENTRE TIPIFICAÇÃO LEGAL E INOVAÇÃO CONTRATUAL
Authors: Pargendler Mariana
Published: April 2016

As diferenças no estilo entre os modelos contratuais oriundos de sistemas romano-germânicos e de common law são bem conhecidas. Tradicionalmente, os instrumentos contratuais anglo-saxônicos são mais extensos, minuciosos e individualizados do que aqueles provenientes de países de tradição romanista. As razões para essas discrepâncias não são, porém, suficientemente compreendidas na literatura. O presente trabalho busca examinar como o papel proeminente dos tipos contratuais na tradição romanista e a sua menor relevância no common law repercute nos padrões de modelagem contratual observados na prática negocial. Do ponto de vista descritivo, a origem anglo-saxônica de expressiva parcela de contratos atípicos – como os contratos terminados em “-ing” (leasing, franchising, engineering, entre outros) – sugere a existência de fatores associados à tradição jurídica. Do ponto de vista normativo, verifica-se um tradeoff entre a redução dos custos de transação proporcionada pela padronização dos tipos contratuais, de um lado, e os desincentivos criados à inovação nas formas contratuais, de outro. Por fim, conclui-se por suscitar reflexão sobre o futuro das técnicas de redação contratual em tempos de globalização e sobre os possíveis papéis do Estado na indução da inovação contratual na tradição romano-germânica.
TERROR
Authors: Scheerer Sebastian
Published: April 2016

O que é terror e como ele se relaciona com a teoria política e com o direito? Em primeiro lugar, o terror garantiu o sucesso da revolução burguesa. Em segundo lugar, os governos ocidentais (e outros) exploram o medo do terror(ismo) para justificar reajustes autoritários. Terceiro, ao se rotular concorrentes ao poder como terroristas, ele se torna útil para defender posições privilegiadas. Em quarto lugar, o terror legitima extensões extralegais de poderes nas sociedades supostamente democráticas. Considerando tudo isso, o terror e o terrorismo têm maior chance de sobreviver no século XXI do que os ideais da teoria política clássica.
Apocalyptic Imagery and Its Significance in James Fenimore Cooper’s The Prairie
Authors: Mnassar Sabri
Published: April 2016

This article analyzes the meaning and significance of the apocalyptic imagery and metaphors used in James Fenimore Cooper’s The Prairie. It examines the peculiar features and characteristics of the setting of Cooper’s novel and studies the ways and techniques through which the prairie is portrayed as an apocalyptic place. Among these techniques is Cooper’s use of ocean imagery, the gothic and apocalyptic scenes. This article also examines the importance of the setting of The Prairie in underlining Cooper’s own attitude towards the causes and origins of the apocalypse. It suggests that the apocalypse is caused by mankind rather than by divine will and that human environmentally-hazardous practices and behaviour are the main causes of the earth’s becoming a gloomy and uninhabitable place. In order to emphasize this idea, this paper analyzes two of the most powerful and apocalyptic scenes in Cooper’s novel which are the buffalo stampede and the prairie fire. It suggests that these scenes highlight Cooper’s warning about the threats and dangers of the thoughtless destruction of the natural environment. Due to the recurrent use of apocalyptic terms, imagery and metaphors, this article suggests that The Prairie is the most pessimistic of Cooper’s novels and that it announces the death of the author’s ideal myths.
Domestic Violence and Its Related Factors Based a Prevalence Study in Iran
Authors: Abbaspoor Zahra , Momtazpour Mozhgan
Published: April 2016

The aim of present study was to assess the frequency of violence against married women and its related factors in health centers affiliated to Isfahan University of medical sciences.

This is a cross-sectional study was conducted on married women who were attending in health centers in Isfahan city, Iran. Woman Abuse scale was used to illicit information regard to violence and a structured questionnaire was used to gathering data regard to socio demographic characteristics. Out of the total 600 women (61.7%) reported positive domestic violence.

Psychological, physical, sever (life threatened) and sexual violence was found to be 59.7%, 33.2%, 10% and 39.3% respectively. Significant difference was found between violence and some socio demographic characteristics including: age, years of marriage, occupation, education, smoking, number of children, satisfaction with baby sex and socio economic status (p<0.05).

Prevalence of domestic violence is high in Isfahan city. Thus, the health providers should be trained to help and support victims through providing referral services and also adequate treatment to making a positive difference in their lives.
Physical Inactivity among Danish and Colombian Adolescents with Lower Level of Family Affluence
Authors: Olaya-Contreras Patricia , Stock Christiane
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess levels of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviours among Danish and Colombian adolescents, and to compare relevant environmental and psychosocial factors associated with physical inactivity (PI) between both student groups. Further, we aimed to compare PI between Danish students born in Denmark and those with immigrant background living in Denmark, but born in another country.

METHODS: The comparative study was performed with 1.374 Danish adolescents (among them 152 born outside the country) who participated in the Danish Youth Cohort and 452 Colombian students who completed the ISCOLE questionnaire, both from the most disadvantaged socioeconomic strata.

RESULTS: The prevalence of physical inactivity (PI) was much higher among Colombian students (74.6%) compared with Danish (25.2%) and with students with a non-Danish background living in Denmark (21.1%). Both groups of Danish adolescents participated more often in organized sports, spent more time on sports after school, were more likely to actively commute to school compared to Colombians and spent less time on screen viewing than Colombians did. In both Columbian and Danish students, low time spent on sports after school, and poorer self-perceived health, were associated with PI. Sedentary behaviours (time in front of screen) were also positively associated with PI.

CONCLUSION: Most Colombian adolescents were not meeting the recommendation of accumulating at least 60 minutes per day of moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA for positive health outcomes as most Danish adolescents did independently of their ethnic background. We assume that the physical and social environment in the neighbourhoods where adolescents live may explain the differences in levels of PA between the countries.
Feasibility and Outcome of Reducing Salt in Bread: A Community Trial in Southern Iran
Authors: Jafari Mohammad , Mohammadi Mashallah , Ghazizadeh Hushang , Nakhaee Nouzar
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND: Salt is linked to hypertension, stomach cancer, kidney stone, and some other diseases. Given the harmful effect of eating too much salt, which has been reported in recent years more than ever before, culture-bound interventions are emphasized to be designed in Middle Eastern Countries in order to reduce dietary salt.

OBJECTIVES: This research was aimed at studying the feasibility of gradually reducing salt in bread and its effect on blood pressure.

PATIENTS & METHODS: In this community trial, two cities from the southeast of Iran with similar cultural conditions were selected. In addition to the installation of educational banners and door-to-door distribution of pamphlets, salt in bread in one of the cities reduced by 40% over a 4-week period. In the control city, only door-to-door distribution of pamphlets was carried out. Urinary sodium, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and individuals’ height and weight were measured before and 12 weeks after the intervention.

RESULTS: The average age, weight, and height in the intervention city (n=346) and control city (n=310) were comparable (P>0.05). Perceived harm of salt was similar in both groups (P>0.05). ANCOVA results indicated that salt intake and post-intervention systolic blood pressure had a significantly greater reduction in the intervention group than in the control group (P<0.05).

CONCLUSION: Reduction of salt in bread by 40% was an acceptable intervention to people, which reduced urinary sodium and systolic blood pressure.
Barriers to Communication and Information Exchange in Patient Transfer and Its Consequences
Authors: Pourasghar Faramarz , Kavakebi Nesa , Tabrizi Jafar Sadegh , Mohammadi Ahad Banagozar
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: The patient transfer is multidisciplinary process and communication and information exchange are crucial for its successful accomplishment. The purpose of this study was to identify barriers that negatively influence communication and information exchange during the patient transfer between hospitals and the Center for Treatment Guidance and Information (CTGI) and to describe their consequences.

METHODS: A qualitative study based on Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and semi-structured interviews were conducted. Three FGDs were carried out with 5 experts with years of experience working in the CTGI and 25 interviews with individuals involved in patient transfer process. Data were analyzed using content analysis method.

FINDINGS: Three major themes including poor communication and information exchange at the CTGI, referring hospital, and receiving hospital were identified. The most important sub-themes at the level of CTGI were: the unavailability of accurate patient medical history and lack of confidence and different working process for patient admission in hospitals. At the level of referring hospital they were incomplete medical history, medical documents, vague patient transfer indications and lack of effective communication. At the level of receiving hospital they were lack of providing feedback, lack of mutual communication and incorrect report of available beds. Also four major consequences of poor communication and information exchange were identified which are managerial, clinical, economic and social consequences.

CONCLUSIONS: To overcome the barriers, there is a need for proper monitoring by accountable organizations, reviewing the protocols for patient transfer, an increase in inter-sector collaboration and improvement in communications infrastructure and collection of data.
Effect of the Implementation of the Family Physician Program 2015 on Fair Accessibility for People to Health Care Services in the Sistan Region
Authors: Sarani Mohammad , Arbabisarjou Azizollah , Saravani Soleyman , Miri Ali , Shahrakivahed Aziz
Published: April 2016

Equitable access to primary health care is an indispensable right and a basic need of all human beings. Currently, the development of any society is judged based on the level of public access to primary health care services. This comparative study attempted to examine the fairness accessibility of people in Sistan to health care services through Family Physician Program 2015.

This was a descriptive, analytical research focusing on the level of equitable public access to primary health care in Sistan. Samples were taken from all the service-providing centers. Data were collected through HNIS software, network management center to analyze the gathered data. The results showed that prior to the implementation of the family doctor plan (before 2005), there was a doctor for every 9545 people, a midwife for every 10,000 people and one paramedic for 1,111 people. After beginning the family doctor plan, the figures showed that there was one doctor or MD for every 3387 people and one midwife for every 2916 people, and one health worker for every 549 rural residents. The implementation of the family physician program was an opportunity for the health system in Sistan region, where the appropriate resources management and equitable distribution of health care services throughout the region could facilitate accessibility to identical services.
Evaluation of Hospital Information Systems in Iran: A Case Study in the Kerman Province
Authors: Hekmat Somayeh Noori , Dehnavieh Reza , Behmard Tahereh , Khajehkazemi Razieh , Mehrolhassani Mohammad Hossain , Poursheikhali Atousa
Published: April 2016

The Hospital Information system (HIS) is a comprehensive solution that offers complete data integration for different administrative levels in hospitals. To the extent that this system is close to its aim, the efficiency and quality of health care would increase in hospitals. The performance of HIS systems in 13 hospitals in Kerman province that they were evaluated based on four major criteria of ownership, location, education and software design. Seven hospitals were located in the capital city of Kerman province. According to teaching status of hospitals, four were teaching and based on their ownership three were public. The checklist of Iranian ministry of health and medical education, containing 20 indexes were used to evaluate each hospital’s HIS system in three main supportive, diagnosis and clinical sectors. Spearman correlation coefficient was used to assess the association between major sectors. The highest score (mean±SD) was observed in laboratory information systems (88.19±13.69), resource management (84.47±8.94), and registration information systems (84.47±18.06); the lowest scores were for telemedicine (45.58±3.86), staff information and timing systems (40±16.64), and decision support systems (23.6±4.97). The total score of HIS software was positively correlated with all its three components. There were strong positive correlations between all three components. The three factors of decision support systems, staff information systems and telemedicine have an important role in providing solutions for non-structured management problems and for leading decision-makers to insights, improving human resource management and solving the problem of access to services. Thus, based on the survey findings, those three factors need to be improved in the Iranian hospital information system.
The influence of the body mass index (BMI) on selected
parameters of the coagulation system in patients with
disorders of the balance system taking oral contraceptives
Authors: Bielińska Marzena , Urbaniak Joanna , Kuśmierczyk Krzysztof , Olszewski Jurek , Pietkiewicz Piotr
Published: April 2016

Introduction: The objective of the paper is to evaluate the influence of the body mass index (BMI) on selected parameters
of the coagulation system in patients with disorders of the balance system taking oral contraceptives.
Material and methods: 105 young women participated in the study who were divided into 2 groups. Group I: 52 women
disorders of the balance system taking hormonal contraceptives for at least 2 months, between the age of 20–49;
Group II: 53 women with no disorders of the balance system taking hormonal contraceptives for at least 2 months, between
the age of 18–40. Patients entering the study underwent full otoneurological examination, detailed laryngological
assessment and the examination of selected parameters of the hemostasis system, including the evaluation of
fibrinogen and D-dimer levels, APTT and PT, estradiol and progesterone concentrations in the blood serum and evaluation
of the body mass index (BMI).
Results: Central vertigo was the most common type of vertigo in the study group (59,6% of cases). Other vertigo types
in this group included compensated vertigo of mixed origin (36,6% of cases) and peripheral vertigo (only 3,8% of cases),
which indicates that 40.4% of the cases suffer from damage to the labyrinth.
The analysis of the concentration of estradiol in the blood serum revealed, after consideration of a menstrual cycle
phase, that estradiol concentration exceeded normative values significantly more often in the study group than in the
control group and that estradiol concentration was significantly less frequently below the norm in the study group;
the difference was statistically significant (p=0,048). The body mass index (BMI) of women participating in the study
significantly correlated with the concentration of D-dimers only in the study group (p=0,35 vs p=0,012).
Conclusions: Evaluating the body mass index before administering hormonal contraception can be useful to eliminate
other risk factors for thromboembolism. In order to prevent potential thromboembolism episodes, administering
hormonal contraception only after lowering the body mass index may also be worth considering.
Radiation-Associated Angiosarcoma of the Breast: Clinical and Pathologic Features
Authors: Shah Saira , Rosa Marilin
Published: April 2016

Breast angiosarcoma is an unusual malignancy accounting for approximately 1% of soft tissue sarcomas. It can occur as a primary form without a known precursor or as a secondary form associated with radiotherapy. Adjuvant radiotherapy has a significant role in preventing local recurrence in women treated with conservation therapy for early stage breast carcinoma or multicentric tumors. Postradiation angiosarcoma usually affects the dermis of the breast within the radiation field and may occasionally develop in the breast parenchyma. Compared with the latency of other radiation-associated sarcomas, the latency for breast radiation-associated angiosarcoma is relatively short with a median of 6 years. The risk of developing secondary angiosarcoma does not outweigh the benefit of treatment; therefore, radiation therapy continues to be a mainstay modality in the treatment of breast cancer patients. Early detection is essential because angiosarcomas are associated with a poor prognosis. Wide surgical resection is the standard treatment for these tumors.
Jejunoileal Neuroendocrine Tumors Complicated by Intestinal Ischemic Necrosis Are Associated With Worse Overall Survival
Authors: Landau Michael , Wisniewski Stephen , Davison Jon
Published: April 2016

Context.—Jejunoileal neuroendocrine tumors (JINETs) are slow-growing, malignant tumors that are often associated with protracted survival, despite their frequent presentation at an advanced stage. A subset of JINETs is complicated by intestinal ischemic necrosis (IIN), which leads to their initial clinical presentation.

Objective.—To assess the effect of IIN on overall survival in patients with JINETs.

Design.—Ten JINETs with IIN during a 14-year period and a control group of 52 JINETs without IIN were identified retrospectively. The hematoxylin-eosin slides and gross descriptions were reviewed, and pathologic features were assessed. Overall survival was compared between the 2 groups using the Kaplan Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model.

Results.—At 1 year postresection, only 40% (4 of 10) of the patients with IIN were alive, whereas 94% (49 of 52) of those without IIN were alive (P < .001). Patients with IIN were significantly older than those without IIN (median, 83 years versus 65.5 years, P = .001). By univariate Cox proportional hazards regression, IIN was associated with a 4.30-fold increased risk of death (95% confidence interval 1.75–10.56; P = .001). When controlling for age, advanced stage (stage III or IV), tumor grade, and synchronous carcinoma in a multivariate analysis, IIN showed a trend toward prognostic significance (2.31-fold increased risk of death; 95% confidence interval, 0.85–6.27; P = .10).

Conclusions.—The pathologic identification of tumor-associated IIN portends a worse overall survival among patients with JINETs.
Molecular Subtypes of Colorectal Cancer and Their Clinicopathologic Features, With an Emphasis on the Serrated Neoplasia Pathway
Authors: Bae Jeong Mo , Kim Jung Ho , Kang Gyeong Hoon
Published: April 2016

Context.—Colorectal cancer is a heterogeneous disease entity with 3 molecular carcinogenesis pathways and 2 morphologic multistep pathways. Right-sided colon cancers and left-sided colon and rectal cancers exhibit differences in their incidence rates according to geographic region, age, and sex. A linear tendency toward increasing frequencies of microsatellite instability–high or CpG island methylator phenotype–high cancers in subsites along the bowel from the rectum to the cecum or the ascending colon accounts for the differences in tumor phenotypes associated with these subsites. The molecular subtypes of colorectal cancers exhibit different responses to adjuvant therapy, which might be responsible for differences in subtype-specific survival.

Objectives.—To review the clinicopathologic and molecular features of the molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer generated by combined CpG island methylator phenotype and microsatellite statuses, to integrate these features with the most recent findings in the context of the prognostic implications of molecular subtypes, and to emphasize the necessity of developing molecular markers that enable the identification of adenocarcinomas involving the serrated neoplasia pathway.

Data Sources.—Based on the authors' own experimental data and a review of the pertinent literature.

Conclusions.—Because colorectal cancers arise from 2 different morphologic multistep carcinogenesis pathways with varying contributions from 3 different molecular carcinogenesis pathways, colorectal cancer is a heterogeneous and complex disease. Thus, molecular subtyping of colorectal cancers is an important approach to characterizing their heterogeneity with respect to not only prognosis and therapeutic response but also biology and natural history.
Architectural Decision Management for Digital Transformation of Products and Services
Authors: Zimmermann Alfred , Jugel Dierk , Sandkuhl Kurt , Schmidt Rainer , Schweda Christian , Möhring Michael
Published: April 2016

The digitization of our society changes the way we live, work, learn, communicate, and collaborate. The Internet of Things, Enterprise Social Networks, Adaptive Case Management, Mobility systems, Analytics for Big Data, and Cloud services environments are emerging to support smart connected products and services and the digital transformation. Biological metaphors of living and adaptable ecosystems provide the logical foundation for self-optimizing and resilient run-time environments for intelligent business services and service-oriented enterprise architectures. Our aim is to support flexibility and agile transformations for both business domains and related information technology. The present research paper investigates mechanisms for decision analytics in the context of multi-perspective explorations of enterprise services and their digital enterprise architectures by extending original architecture reference models with state of art elements for agile architectural engineering for the digitization and collaborative architectural decision support. The paper’s context focuses on digital transformations of business and IT and integrates fundamental mappings between adaptable digital enterprise architectures and service-oriented information systems. We are putting a spotlight on the example domain – Internet of Things.
Effect of Inflammation on Fibrosis Staging Measured by Quantitative Elasticity Parameters in Rats With Immune Hepatitis
Authors: Hao Lei , Tu Ji-Zheng , Wang Xing-Hua , Shi Ying , Liu Xiao-Li , Zhang Huan-Hu
Published: April 2016

Objectives

To investigate the effect of inflammation on fibrosis staging measured by quantitative elasticity parameters in rats with immune hepatitis.

Methods

Fifty‐two rats were injected with swine serum as a model group, whereas 8 rats were injected with saline as a control group. Rats were randomly subjected to real‐time tissue elastography biweekly. Tissue dispersion quantitative analysis was performed to obtain 12 quantitative elasticity parameters: relative mean value, standard deviation, blue area percentage, complexity, kurtosis, skewness, contrast, entropy, inverse difference moment, angular second moment, correlation, and liver fibrosis index. Subsequently, rats were euthanized, and liver specimens were taken for pathologic examination. The Kruskal‐Wallis test was used for comparisons among groups. Spearman rank correlation analysis was used for correlation analysis. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to optimize cutoff values and evaluate the diagnostic performance of the liver fibrosis index.

Results

Except for complexity, kurtosis, and correlation, the other 9 parameters had statistical differences (P < .05), and among these 9 parameters, the liver fibrosis index had the strongest correlation with fibrosis staging (r = 0.809; P < .05). Except for kurtosis and correlation, the other 10 parameters had statistical differences (P < .05), and among these 10 parameters, the liver fibrosis index had the highest correlation with inflammation grading (r= 0.766; P< .05). The fibrosis index cutoff values were 2.35 for stage S1 or higher (area under the curve [AUC], 0.940; sensitivity, 97.1%; specificity, 73.3%), 2.99 for stage S2 or higher (AUC, 0.865; sensitivity, 78.6%; specificity, 81.0%), 3.48 for stage S3 or higher (AUC, 0.924; sensitivity, 94.4%; specificity, 87.1%), and 4.05 for stage S4 (AUC, 0.933; sensitivity, 87.5%; specificity, 95.1%).

Conclusions

Real‐time elastography could be used to noninvasively evaluate fibrosis staging in rats with immune hepatitis. However, inflammation had an effect on the accuracy of this technique.
Simulation of energy‐dependent electron diffusion processes in the Earth's outer radiation belt
Authors: Ma Q. , Li W. , Thorne R. M. , Nishimura Y. , Zhang X.‐J. , Reeves G. D. , Kletzing C. A. , Kurth W. S. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Henderson M. G. , Spence H. E. , Baker D. N. , Blake J. B. , Fennell J. F. , Angelopoulos V.
Published: April 2016

The radial and local diffusion processes induced by various plasma waves govern the highly energetic electron dynamics in the Earth's radiation belts, causing distinct characteristics in electron distributions at various energies. In this study, we present our simulation results of the energetic electron evolution during a geomagnetic storm using the University of California, Los Angeles 3‐D diffusion code. Following the plasma sheet electron injections, the electrons at different energy bands detected by the Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer (MagEIS) and Relativistic Electron Proton Telescope (REPT) instruments on board the Van Allen Probes exhibit a rapid enhancement followed by a slow diffusive movement in differential energy fluxes, and the radial extent to which electrons can penetrate into depends on energy with closer penetration toward the Earth at lower energies than higher energies. We incorporate radial diffusion, local acceleration, and loss processes due to whistler mode wave observations to perform a 3‐D diffusion simulation. Our simulation results demonstrate that chorus waves cause electron flux increase by more than 1 order of magnitude during the first 18 h, and the subsequent radial extents of the energetic electrons during the storm recovery phase are determined by the coupled radial diffusion and the pitch angle scattering by EMIC waves and plasmaspheric hiss. The radial diffusion caused by ULF waves and local plasma wave scattering are energy dependent, which lead to the observed electron flux variations with energy dependences. This study suggests that plasma wave distributions in the inner magnetosphere are crucial for the energy‐dependent intrusions of several hundred keV to several MeV electrons.
Maintaining the anonymity of cadavers in medical education: Historic relic or educational and ethical necessity?
Authors: Jones D. Gareth , King Mike R.
Published: April 2016

Throughout the modern history of anatomical dissection by medical and other health science students, cadavers have been anonymized. This has meant that students have been provided with limited, if any, information on the identities or medical histories of those they are dissecting. While there was little way around this when the bodies were unclaimed, this need not be the case when the bodies have been donated. However, with a few exceptions, no efforts have been made to change this model. Recent attempts to move anatomy teaching in a more humanistic direction, by emphasizing the cadaver as the students' first patient and with the growth of commemoration services following the dissecting process, raise the question of whether cadavers should continue to be anonymized. In laying a basis for discussion of this matter, we outline what appear to be the virtues of anonymity, and the form that alternatives to anonymity might take. The options identified are nonidentification, low information; nonidentification, moderate information; and identification, full information. The virtues and drawbacks of each of these possibilities are assessed by analyzing their value for students, and also for donors and their families. Policy issues raised by alternatives are also considered. This article provides a basis for continued discussion and suggestions for further research in this area. Anat Sci Educ 10: 87–97. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.
Three‐Dimensional Carbon‐Coated SnO2/Reduced Graphene Oxide Foam as a Binder‐Free Anode for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Tao Huachao , Zhu Shouchao , Xiong Lingyun , Yang Xuelin , Zhang Lulu
Published: April 2016

A three‐dimensional carbon‐coated SnO2/reduced graphene oxide (SnO2/RGO/C) foam has been prepared by using glucose as the carbon source and cross‐linking agent through a one‐step hydrothermal process followed by freeze drying. The foam, as a free‐standing anode for lithium‐ion batteries, exhibits a large capacity and excellent cycling stability (717 mAh g−1 after 130 cycles at 100 mA g−1). The outstanding electrochemical performance could be related to the synergistic effect between the nano‐sized high‐capacity SnO2, the excellent electronic conductivity and large specific surface area of RGO, and the carbon coating layer, which could enhance the bonding strength of SnO2 nanoparticles and RGO nanosheets, keep the structural integrity, and increase the electronic conductivity. The strong interaction between SnO2 and RGO, the high electronic conductivity, and the porous structure of the composite result in high electrochemical activity and stable cycling performance as a binder‐free anode for lithium‐ion batteries.
ChemInform Abstract: THE STRUCTURE OF NICKEL(II) BROMIDE IN HIGHLY CONCENTRATED AQUEOUS SOLUTION BY X‐RAY DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS
Authors: WAKITA H. , ICHIHASHI M. , MIBUCHI T. , MASUDA I.
Published: April 2016

In wäßrigen NiBr2 ‐Lösungen der Konzentrationen 2.004, 4.064 und 4.845 mol dm′3 liegt der inner sphere‐Komplex (I) mit Ni‐Br‐Abständen zwischen 2.52 und 2.58 Å und Ni‐OHZ‐Abständen von 2.04‐2.05 Å vor.
ChemInform Abstract: CHARACTERIZATION OF OXYNITRIDED PHOSPHATE GLASSES
Authors: MARCHAND R.
Published: April 2016

Bei Umsetzungen von NH3 mit NaPO3 tritt im Zusammensetzungsbereich NaPO3‐NaPO2N",67 ein Glasbi1‐ dungsbereich auf.
ChemInform Abstract: THE ANODIC EVOLUTION OF OZONE
Authors: FOLLER P. C. , TOBIAS C. W.
Published: April 2016

Die Trends der anodischen O3‐Entwicklungsreaktion werden für eine Reihe unterschiedlicher Anodenmaterialien und Elektrolytkombinationen charakterisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF ALUMINUM CORROSION. V. ENERGY TRANSFER IN ALUMINUM DISSOLUTION
Authors: FOLEY R. T. , NGUYEN T. H.
Published: April 2016

Der Energietransfer während der Auflösung von A1 wird durch eine Potentialfläche dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: ELECTROORGANIC REACTIONS. PART 18. THE COMPETITION BETWEEN CLEAVAGE AT ARYL‐OXYGEN AND AT TETRAZOL‐5‐YL‐OXYGEN BONDS IN THE CATHODIC REDUCTION OF ARYL TETRAZOLYL ETHERS
Authors: AKBULUT U. , TOPPARE L. , UTLEY J. H. P.
Published: April 2016

Die kathodische Spaltung der Ether (Ia) und (Ib) führt über einen 2F‐Prozeß zu den Phenolen (IIa) und (IIb), die im ersten Fall von den Kohlenwasserstoffen (IIIa) begleitet werden.
ChemInform Abstract: MODELING HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSTS WITH HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSTS. 2. MODELING CATALYTIC HYDRODENITROGENATION
Authors: LAINE R. M. , THOMAS D. W. , CARY L. W.
Published: April 2016

Im Rahmen der Suche nach einem wirtschaftlichen Verfahren zur N‐Entfernung aus Brennstoffen wird die Wirksamkeit von Katalysatoren bei der Hydrierung von Trialkylaminen geprüft.
ChemInform Abstract: ELECTROPHILIC IPSO‐SUBSTITUTIONS. PART 2. REACTIONS OF 3‐SUBSTITUTED INDOLES AND 4‐SUBSTITUTED N,N‐DIMETHYLANILINES WITH ARENEDIAZONIUM IONS
Authors: COLONNA M. , GRECI L. , POLONI M.
Published: April 2016

Als Zwischenprodukte bei den Reaktionen der Indole (I) und der Aniline (IV) mit Arendiazoniumkationen sind o‐Komplexe anzusehen, die unter Abspaltung der Fluchtgruppe als Kation in die entsprechenden Azoverbindungen (III) bzw. (VI) übergehen.
ChemInform Abstract: FACILE, PALLADIUM(II)‐MEDIATED SYNTHESIS OF BRIDGED AND SPIROCYCLIC BICYCLOALKENONES
Authors: KENDE A. S. , ROTH B. , SANFILIPPO P. J.
Published: April 2016

(XIII), (XV) + (XVI) bzw. (XVIII).
ChemInform Abstract: LEWIS ACID‐CATALYZED REACTIONS OF ARYL CYCLOPROPYL KETONES. SCOPE AND MECHANISM
Authors: MURPHY W. S. , WATTANASIN S.
Published: April 2016

Die Cyclisierung der Cyclopropylketone (I) zu den Tetralonen (II) ist stark von der Substitution, der Reaktionszeit und dem Lösungsmittel (untersucht CH2C12, Nitromethan und Benzol) abhängig.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF HETEROCYCLES USING A NEW IMMONIUM SALT DERIVED FROM N,N‐DIMETHYLTHIOUREA
Authors: YOKOYAMA M. , ARAI K. , IMAMOTO T.
Published: April 2016

Das Immonium‐Salz (II) wird durch Reaktion des Thioharnstoffs (I) mit CS2 und nachfolgende Methylierung erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: STABLE CARBOCATIONS. PART 239. PREPARATION AND CARBON‐13 AND NITROGEN‐15 NMR SPECTROSCOPIC STUDY OF CYANOCARBENIUM IONS. SUBSTITUENT EFFECTS ON THE EXTENT OF MESOMERIC NITRENIUM ION CHARACTER IN CYANODIPHENYLMETHYL CATIONS. THE SEARCH FOR RELATED STABLE α‐CYANOCARBENIUM IONS
Authors: OLAH G. A. , ARVANAGHI M. , PRAKASH G. K. S.
Published: April 2016

Benzophenoncyanhydrin bildet bei ‐78°C in superacidem Medium das Methylkation (Ia); das Ausmaß des mesomeren Nitreniumcharakters läßt sich durch den elektronischen Effekt der p‐Substituenten in (Ib) verändern.
ChemInform Abstract: OXIDATION OF KETALS TO ORTHOCARBONATES: A DOUBLE BAEYER‐VILLIGER REACTION
Authors: BAILEY W. F. , SHIH M.‐J.
Published: April 2016

Die Ketale bzw. die Orthoester (I), (IV), (V), (VII), (VIII) und (X) werden mit Persäure in meist exothermer Reaktion zu den Orthocarbonaten (II), (VI), (IX) und (XI) sowie zu Diethylcarbonat (III) oxidiert.
ChemInform Abstract: CATALYTIC REDUCTIVE DEBROMINATION AS A NEW METHOD OF SYNTHESIZING DEUTERO‐SUBSTITUTED THIOPHENE AND FURAN DERIVATIVES
Authors: SHARF V. Z. , BELEN'KII L. I. , GUROVETS A. S. , KARMANOVA I. B.
Published: April 2016

Die reduktive Enthalogenierung der Bromthiophene (I) und (IIIa) sowie des Furans (IIIb) mit Wasserstoff über einem Palladiumkatalysator, der sich auf einem mit γ‐Aminopropylgruppen modifizierten Silicagelträger befindet, wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF (9‐ANTHRYL)ARYLMETHYL CHLORIDES WITH GRIGNARD AND LITHIUM REAGENTS
Authors: TAKAGI M. , NOJIMA M. , KUSABAYASHI S.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktion der Anthryl‐ary1‐methylchloride (I) mit den Organometall‐Reagenzien (II) und (III) kann zu Gemischen aus den Alkylierungs‐ (IV)+(V) , Dimerisierungs‐ (VI)‐(VIII) und Reduktionsprodukten (IX)+(X) führen.
ChemInform Abstract: INTERACTION OF COPPER COMPLEXES DERIVED FROM 1,2‐QUINONE MONOOXIMES (2‐NITROSOPHENOLS) WITH AMINES
Authors: BUCKLEY R. G. , CHARALAMBOUS J. , BRAIN E. G.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktion von Anilin (II) mit den Cu(II)‐Komplexen (I) bzw. (V) führt zu dem Komplex‐Addukt (IIIa) bzw. zu den Naphthalin‐Derivaten (VI) + (VII); (IIIa) reagiert mit Pyridin zu dem Dipyridin‐Addukt (IIIb), aus dem der Komplex (IIIc) bzw. das Aminonaphthochinon (IV) zugänglich sind.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF NORCARANE AND OF 2‐NORBORNENE WITH IODINE(I) AZIDE AND IODINE(I) CHLORIDE
Authors: CAMBIE R. C. , DIXON G. , RUTLEDGE P. S. , WOODGATE P. D.
Published: April 2016

Norcaran (I) reagiert mit IN3 (erzeugt in situ aus ICI und NaN3) bzw. ICl unter Ringöffnung und/ oder Fragmentierung gefolgt von Addition zu den Produkten (II)‐(IV) bzw. (V)‐(VII), wobei die Produktverteilung vom eingesetzten Lösungsmittel beeinflußt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: ALLENES AND ACETYLENES. XXIII. SYNTHESIS OF α‐ALLENIC AMINES VIA ALLENIC IMINES OBTAINED FROM ORGANOCOPPER REACTIONS
Authors: CLAESSON A. , SAHLBERG C.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Imin (I) und BuLi wird das Li‐ Derivat dargestellt und mit dem Komplex (II) zu dem Kupfer‐Reagenz (III) umgesetzt, das in situ mit dem Tosylat (IVa) bzw. mit den Mesylaten (IVb)‐(IVg) zu den entsprechenden α‐allenischen Iminen (V) reagiert.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,5‐BIS(TRIMETHYLSILOXY)‐1,5‐DIMETHOXY‐1,4‐PENTADIENES. CYCLOPROPANE SYNTHESIS VIA INTRAMOLECULAR COUPLING
Authors: CHAN T. H. , WALLACE H. M.
Published: April 2016

Aus den 1,3‐Dicarbonsäureestern (I) erhält man mit Lithiumdiisopropylamid und Trimethylchlorsilan die Bis‐ketenacetale (II), die mit TiCl4 zu den Cyclopropanen (III) kondensiert werden können.
ChemInform Abstract: PARTICIPATION OF THE PERCHLORATE ANION IN ADDITION REACTIONS OF ARYLTHIO CHLORIDES AND HALOGENS WITH UNSATURATED DERIVATIVES OF TRICYCLO(4.2.2.02,5)DECANE. SYNTHESIS OF STABLE COVALENT PERCHLORATES
Authors: ZEFIROV N. S. , KOZ'MIN A. S. , ZHDANKIN V. V.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktionen der olefinischen Tricyclodecan‐Derivate (II), (VI), (VIII) bzw. (XII) mit den Nucleophilen (I) in Gegenwart von 2, 10 oder 16 Moläquiv. Lithiumperchlorat in nichtnucleophilen Lösungsmitteln wie Diethylether, Ethylacetat oder Methylenchlorid werden untersucht; die Umsetzungen mit lod (Ia) und den Sulfenylchloriden (Id) und (Ie) werden bei 25°C, die mit Chlor (Ib) und Brom (Ic) bei ‐ 75°C durchgeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOPALLADIUM APPROACHES TO PROSTAGLANDINS. 1. SYNTHESIS OF THIOPHENE‐CONTAINING PROSTAGLANDIN ENDOPEROXIDE ANALOGS VIA THIENYLPALLADATION OF BICYCLIC OLEFINS
Authors: LAROCK R. C. , LEACH D. R. , BJORGE S. M.
Published: April 2016

Thiophen‐acrylsäure (Ia) wird zu (Ib) verestert, bzw. zur entsprechenden Propionsäure hydriert und anschließend zu (IIa) verestert.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF SOME 1,4‐BENZOQUINONE MONOOXIMES WITH METHANOLIC HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
Authors: SARGENT M. V.
Published: April 2016

Die p‐Benzochinon‐monooxime (I) reagieren mit methanolischem HCl bei 25‐30°C zu den o‐Chloranilinen (II); unter analogen Bedingungen geben die Chinonoxime (III) bzw. (V) die o‐Chloraniline (IV) bzw. (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF NUCLEAR HYDROXYLATED DERIVATIVES OF FLUFENAMIC ACID AND ETOFENAMATE
Authors: BOLTZE K.‐H. , BAECKER U. + , KREISFELD H.
Published: April 2016

Die Trifluormethylanilinobenzoesäuren (VIII) werden auf den skizzierten Synthesewegen dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: MOLECULAR INCLUSION IN FUNCTIONALIZED MACROCYCLES. PART 3. SYNTHESIS, PROTON AND CARBON‐13 NMR SPECTRA, AND CONFORMATIONAL PREFERENCE OF OPEN CHAIN LIGANDS ON LIPOPHILIC MACROCYCLES
Authors: BOCCHI V. , FOINA D. , POCHINI A. , UNGARO R. , ANDREETTI G. D.
Published: April 2016

Basen‐katalysierte Kondensation der Phenole (Ia) und (Ib) mit Formaldehyd nach der Methode von Cornforth liefert die Calix[n]arene (IIa)‐(IIc); das Analoge (IId) entsteht durch Desalkylierung von (IIb) oder (IIc) mit AlCl3 in Toluol (3 h, 20°C).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF NEW β‐LACTAM AND THIAZOLIDINONES CONTAINING A SULFANILAMIDE MOIETY
Authors: HASSAN K. M. , EL‐SHAFEI A. K. , EL‐KASHEF H. S. , MASHALY M. M.
Published: April 2016

Aus den Sulfonamiden (I) und den aromatischen Aldehyden (II) werden die Schiffschen Basen (III) erhalten, aus denen mit Chloracetyl‐ Chlorid (IV) und Triethylamin die Azetidinone (V) und mit Thioglykolsäure (VI) die Thiazolidinone (VII) hergestellt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: NUCLEAR ANALOGS OF β‐LACTAM ANTIBIOTICS. 8. STEREOSPECIFIC SYNTHESIS OF A C‐3 METHOXYLATED MONOCYCLIC β‐LACTAM
Authors: DEMARINIS R. M. , BRYAN W. M.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem cis‐Azetidinon (Ia) erhält man mit Lithiummethylat und tert.‐Butylhypochlorit definiert die Methoxy‐Verbindung (Ib), die mit Persulfat direkt zu (IIa) deblockiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND CNS ACTIVITY OF N,N‐DISUBSTITUTED 1‐(AMINOMETHYL)‐5‐ALKYL‐3‐(ARYLOXYACETYLHYDRAZONO)INDOLIN‐2‐ONES
Authors: AGARWAL R. , MISRA S. , SATSANGI R. K. , TIWARI S. S.
Published: April 2016

Aus Isatin (I) erhält man mit den Alkyloxyacetylhydrazinen (II) die Hydrazone (III), die mit Formaldehyd (IV) und den Aminen (V) die Mannich‐Basen (VI) ergeben.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF PYRROLO(3,2‐B)INDOLE DERIVATIVES
Authors: GRINEV A. N. , RYABOVA S. YU.
Published: April 2016

Das Hydrazon (I) des N‐Acetylindoxyls reagiert mit Ketonen (II) zu unsymmetrischen Ketazinen (III), die unter dem Einfluß von Essigsäure zu Pyrroloindolen (IV) cyclisieren.
ChemInform Abstract: POLYSUBSTITUTED PYRAZOLES. PART 3. NEW O‐ AND C‐ALLYL DERIVATIVES OF 4‐HYDROXYPYRAZOLES OF POSSIBLE BIOLOGICAL INTEREST
Authors: SOLIMAN F. S. G. , LABOUTA I. M.
Published: April 2016

Die Allylierung der Hydroxypyrazole (I) mit Allylbromid (II) führt zu den O‐Allyl‐Verbindungen (III), die bei der Claisen‐ Umlagerung die C‐Allyl‐Verbindungen (IV) ergeben.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIVITY AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECT IN THE THIAZOLE SERIES. PART 5. SYNTHESIS OF F Ω‐(5‐AROYL‐4‐ARYLTHIAZOL‐2‐YL)ACETOPHENONES
Authors: KREY P. , DEHNE H.
Published: April 2016

Die N‐Acylthioacetamide (I) werden mit den Bromacetophenonen (II) zu den Thiazolen (III) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF ALDONITRONES WITH PHENYLPHOSPHONOTHIOIC DICHLORIDE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS. FORMATION OF 2‐ARYLBENZOTHIAZOLES FROM α,N‐DIARYLNITRONES
Authors: YOSHIFUJI M. , NAGASE R. , KAWASHIMA T. , INAMOTO N.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktion der cx‐Aryl‐N‐methylnitrone (I) mit dem Dichlorid (II) bzw. ‐monochlorid (V) liefert die Benzamide (III) und die Thiobenzamide (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOSELECTIVE REACTIONS OF CHIRAL ENOLATES. APPLICATION TO THE SYNTHESIS OF (+)‐PRELOG‐DJERASSI LACTONIC ACID
Authors: EVANS D. A. , BARTROLI J.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem chiralen Oxazolidon (I) erhält man nach vorheriger Metallierung mit Methallyliodid (II) überwiegend das Diastereomere (III) (97% im Diastereomerengemisch), das mit Lithjumalanat zum Alkohol (IV) reduziert und anschließend mit Pyridin‐Schwefeltrioxid zum Aldehyd (V) oxidiert werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF N‐(CARBONYLAMINO)‐1,2,3,6‐TETRAHYDROPYRIDINES WITH ANALGESIC, ANTIINFLAMMATORY, AND HYPERGLYCEMIC ACTIVITY
Authors: YEUNG J. M. , CORLETO L. A. , KNAUS E. E.
Published: April 2016

Durch Umsetzung der Pyridiniumverbindungen (I) mit den Carbonsäurehydraziden (II) erhält man über (III) die Pyridinium‐Ylide (IV), die zu den gesuchten Tetrahydropyridinen (V) reduziert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,4‐DIHYDROPYRIDINE‐3‐ AND 3,5‐CARBOTHIOLIC ACID ESTERS
Authors: VIGANTE B. A. , OZOLS YA. YA. , DUBUR G. YA. , BEILIS YU. I. , BELASH E. M. , PREZHDO V. V.
Published: April 2016

Durch Kondensation von β‐Aminocrotonsäureethyk, bzw. ‐S‐ethyl und ‐S‐benzylestern (I) mit α‐Alkylidenacetessigsäure‐ bzw. α‐Alkyliden‐thioacetessigsäureestern (II) werden die Dihydropyridine (III) hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESES AND REACTIONS OF PYRIDAZINE DERIVATIVES. XIV: SYNTHESES OF VINYL PYRIDAZINECARBOXYLIC ALDEHYDES
Authors: HEINISCH G. , MAYRHOFER A. , WAGLECHNER R.
Published: April 2016

Die Pyridazinaldehyde (I) werden mit dem Wittig‐Reagenz (II) zu den trans‐konfigurierten gib‐ungesättigten Aldehyden (III) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: DIAZABICYCLOALKANES WITH NITROGEN ATOMS AT NODAL POSITIONS. 8. EFFECT OF C‐SUBSTITUENTS ON THE N‐METHYLATION OF 1,4‐DIAZABICYCLO(2.2.2)OCTANES AND DEMETHYLATION OF THEIR BISQUATERNARY SALTS
Authors: VYSOCHIN V. I. , SHISHKIN G. V.
Published: April 2016

Die Untersuchung der Monomethylierung von Diazabicycloalkanen (I) mit Methyliodid oder Benzoesäuremethylester zeigt, daß die Methylierung mit Methyliodid ohne Einfluß der Substituenten verläuft, daß aber eine Erhöhung der Akzeptoreigenschaften der Substituenten in 2‐Stellung zu einer Verminderung der Reaktionsfähigkeit sowohl bereits bei der Monomethylierung mit Benzoesäuremethylester als auch bei der N,N′‐Dimethylierung führt.