bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Co-occurrence of toxigenic moulds, aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, Fusarium and Alternaria mycotoxins in fresh sweet peppers (Capsicum annuum) and their processed products.
Authors: Gambacorta L. , Magistà D. , Perrone G. , Murgolo S. , Logrieco A.F. , Solfrizzo M.
Published: January 2018

Forty-five samples of a landrace of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) widely cultivated in Basilicata (Italy) were screened for 17 mycotoxins and potential toxigenic fungal species. Two different LC-MS/MS methods were used for the determination of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A (OTA), Fusarium mycotoxins zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisins (FB1 and FB2), nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 and HT-2 toxins and Alternaria mycotoxins altenuene (ALT), alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tentoxin (TTX) and tenuazonic acid (TeA). Frequency of potential toxigenic fungal species occurrence was: 87% Aspergillus Sect. Nigri; 58% Aspergillus Sect. Flavi; 38% Aspergillus Sect. Circumdati; 42% Alternaria spp.; 33% Penicillium spp. and 20% Fusarium spp. Frequency of mycotoxin occurrence and mean of positives were: 51% OTA, 29.5 µg/kg, 5 samples above the EU limit of 20 µg/kg; 31% aflatoxins, 12.8 µg/kg, two samples above the EU limit of 5 µg/kg for aflatoxin B1; 91% ZEA, 1.4 µg/kg; 78% FB2, 7.6 µg/kg; 58% FB1, 22.8 µg/kg; 38% NIV, 39.5 µg/kg; 36% DON, 6.9 µg/kg; 20% T-2 toxin, 5.6 µg/kg and 22% HT-2 toxin, 13.8 µg/kg. For the Alternaria mycotoxins, 100% of samples contained TeA, 4817.9 µg/kg; 93% TTX, 29.7 µg/kg; 56% AOH, 114.4 µg/kg; 33% AME, 13.0 µg/kg and 9% ALT, 61.7 µg/kg. Co-occurrence of mycotoxins in each sample ranged from 2 to 16 mycotoxins (mean 7). No statistical correlation was found between moulds and their mycotoxins occurrence. Within the four groups of peppers collected herein (fresh, dried, grounded and fried) higher percentages of contamination and mycotoxin levels were measured in grounded peppers, whereas much lower values were observed for fried peppers. The high percentages of positive samples and the high levels of some mycotoxins observed in this study confirm the susceptibility of peppers to mycotoxin contamination and claims for an improvement of the conditions used during production and drying process.
Korean Nursing Students' Acquisition of Evidence-Based Practice and Critical Thinking Skills
Authors: Kim Sang Suk , Kim Eun Joo , Lim Ji Young , Kim Geun Myun , Baek Hee Chong
Published: January 2018

Background:

Evidence-based practice (EBP) is essential for enhancing nurses' quality of care. We identified Korean nursing students' practices, attitudes, and knowledge concerning EBP, as well as their critical thinking disposition (CTD).

Method:

The EBP Questionnaire (EBPQ) was administered to a convenience sample of 266 nursing students recruited from four nursing schools in Seoul and its metropolitan area.

Results:

Average EBPQ and CTD total scores were 4.69 ± 0.64 and 3.56 ± 0.32, respectively. Students who were ages ⩾23 years, male, and satisfied with their major demonstrated higher EBPQ and CTD scores. EBPQ scores were significantly correlated with CTD scores (
r
= .459,
p
< .01), and CTD was an explanatory factor of EBP (adjusted
R
2
= 0.200).

Conclusion:

It is necessary to develop comprehensive teaching strategies to help nursing students improve their CTD and information utilization skills, as well as integrate EBP in undergraduate programs to enhance nurses' EBP abilities. [
J Nurs Educ.
2018;57(1):21–27.]
Burnout and Its Contributing Factors Among Midlevel Academic Nurse Leaders
Authors: Flynn Linda , Ironside Pamela M.
Published: January 2018

Background:

Amid concerns regarding administrator shortages, a survey conducted by the American Association of Colleges of Nursing indicates that 10% of all vacant faculty positions are those that include administrative responsibilities. This study was designed to determine the frequency, predictors, and potential retention consequences of burnout among midlevel academic nurse leaders, such as assistant deans, associate deans, and others.

Method:

The sample consisted of 146 midlevel academic nurse leaders from 29 schools of nursing. Burnout was measured by the emotional exhaustion subscale of the Maslach Burnout Inventory. Logistic regression models were estimated to determine effects of study variables on burnout and intent to leave.

Results:

Dissatisfaction with workload, dissatisfaction with work–life balance, and hours typically worked per week increased odds of burnout. Burnout was associated with intent to leave.

Conclusion:

High workloads and long work weeks are increasing the odds of burnout among midlevel academic nurse leaders. [J Nurs Educ.2018;57(1):28–34.]
Bio-historical diversity, sustainability and collaboration in the Xingu
Authors: Heckenberger Michael
Published: January 2018

Os estudos de sustentabilidade no século XXI reconhecem amplamente que os vínculos teóricos e práticos entre ciências naturais e sociais são necessários para se entender a dinâmica de sistemas humano-naturais, especialmente na escala de séculos e milênios. A arqueologia e estudos congêneres sobre a história local indígena têm um papel crucial para entendermos a dinâmica de longo prazo de sistemas humano-naturais e a formação de paisagens culturais na Amazônia, inclusive a influência antropogênica do passado e o uso atual da terra por descendentes de populações indígenas locais. Esses estudos têm por objetivo levantar questões chave em pesquisas tropicais contemporâneas, principalmente, sobre como seres humanos precipitaram, direcionaram ou foram influenciados por mudanças ambientais ao longo do tempo em termos de respostas e resiliência frente a mudanças ecológicas, gestão sustentável de recursos naturais, além da herança indígena e direitos culturais. Além disso, esse entendimento fornece soluções alternativas “caseiras” ligadas a sistemas semi-intensivos indígenas de uso da terra, incluindo a substancial engenharia de paisagem e como funcioram e mudaram. Portanto, as estratégias indígenas de gerenciamento de recursos, enquanto modelos de uso alternativo da terra, contêm indícios vitais para o desenvolvimento sustentável e mitigação de mudanças climáticas, além de adaptação a longo prazo. Este trabalho elabora essas ideias do ponto de vista específico do Alto Xingu no sul da Amazônia brasileira, enfatizando que a questão crítica a ser posta pelos arqueólogos, depois que já estejam bem adiantadas as tarefas de escavar, mapear, rearranjar e falar sobre coisas do “passado”, é a seguinte: quais são as questões sociais e éticas dessa pesquisa, especialmente em termos dos próprios povos indígenas.
Conocimiento, historia y lugares sagrados. La formación del sistema regional del alto río Negro desde una visón interdisciplinar
Authors: Cayón Luis , Chacon Thiago
Published: January 2018

A partir de um olhar interdisciplinar que cruza, principalmente, conhecimentos da arqueologia, da etnologia e da linguística histórica, este texto dá os primeiros passos para construir uma história plausível da formação do sistema regional do Alto Rio Negro e, assim, localizá-lo na história geral da Amazônia. Para a reconstrução da história deste sistema regional, composto principalmente por povos falantes de línguas tukáno orientais e aruaques, se dá destaque ao conhecimento indígena associado aos lugares mencionados nas narrativas de origem que não apenas evidencia as memórias do processo de formação histórica e cultural da região, mas formas específicas de manejo ambiental que têm sido muito bem sucedidas durante séculos.
Multi-year succession of cyanobacteria blooms in a highland reservoir with changing nutrient status, Guizhou Province, China
Authors: Long Shengxing , Hamilton Paul B. , Yang Yang , Ma Jianrong , Chobet Ondhoro C. , Chen Chuan , Dang Anzhi , Liu Zhiwei , Dong Xian , Chen Jiangan
Published: January 2018

Over the last 22 years significant phytoplankton changes in Hongfeng lake reservoir have been observed with multiple years of harmful cyanobacteria blooms (cHABs). Fish farming and other anthropogenic activities from 1994-2001 triggered the harmful blooms. Nine years after the cessation of aquaculture, a conversion from problematic species (Microcystis spp, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae) to the less problematic species P. limnetica and other associated non-cyanobacteria taxa was recorded. Through this period of change, trophic factors (bottom-up) were re-examined, and correlations between cHABs and selected environmental variables were observed. Higher temperatures, nutrients (TN, TP) and available light significantly favored the development of Microcystis spp blooms. With declining nutrient loads, and a decline in TP relative to TN there was a competitive shift from Microcystis summer blooms to the growth of Pseudanabaena limnetica and other non-cyanobacteria. Pseudanabaena limnetica was favored over Microcystis spp when temperatures were <20°C and TP was <0.03 mg L-1. The apparent species succession to P. limnetica was enhanced by a competitive advantage under varied light conditions. Multiple environmental and biotic conditions (not always nutrients) were driving cHABs. Although only a selected number of environmental variables were examined, the CCA analysis supports observations that temperature and nutrients were associated with the species shift. The replacement of cHABs with the growth of less toxic cyanobacteria like P. limnetica, and other algae creates an interesting scenario (new community condition) for the removal of problematic taxa in reservoir systems. Diverting or controlling blooms will have direct implications on water quality and economic remediation initiatives in reservoir and lake management.
Plexiform Neurofibroma in the Axilla with Intraosseous Neurofibroma in the Humerus in Neurofibromatosis 5
Authors: Khaladkar Sanjay Mhalasakant , Chauhan Surbhi , Kalra Raghav , Chauhan Shishir
Published: January 2018

Segmental neurofibromatosis type 5 (NF5) is a rare form of NF, in which the cutaneous and/or neural changes are confined to one region of the body. It is often underdiagnosed or undetected due to the absence of symptoms. Inheritance of NF is different from other types of NF. Intraosseous neurofibromas are rare tumors which develop from nerves supplying the periosteum or nerves following the intraosseous course. Plexiform neurofibroma with associated intraosseous neurofibroma is extremely rare. We report a case of plexiform neurofibroma in the left axilla of a 17-year-old female with associated intraosseous neurofibroma in adjoining left humerus.
Citizens without Borders – new media and global accountability measures
Authors: Geiselhart Karin
Published: January 2018

In an environment of globalisation and rapidly expanding deployment of interactive digital communication, this paper takes a complex systems approach to the mapping of large scale global indicators onto electronic flows of information and intent. It argues that democracy is being transformed by online technologies, and that governments which embrace and encourage citizen inputs and monitoring of public information can establish vital groundwork for more effective forms of global governance. Growing awareness of issues that transcend jurisdictions makes such transformations both necessary and increasingly acceptable. The prism for this bird’s eye view is the Australian Government’s evolution in its uses of information communication technologies (ICTs) for citizen engagement.
Breastfeeding in the Australian Media
Authors: Bridges Nicole
Published: January 2018

Breastfeeding is a topic that frequently evokes extreme and passionate arguments – both for and against. The way a mother decides to nourish her baby can be one of the most antagonistic and emotive decisions she will ever make. A woman’s decision to breastfeed is influenced by a number of factors: demographic, psychological, cultural and social, and it is often difficult to isolate which factors are most influential (Hector, King, & Webb, 2005). One factor to be explored is the way the media represents and reports on breastfeeding issues, and the role the media can play in this decision-making process. This paper employs meta-analysis of existing literature and a limited content analysis of recent media coverage of high profile breastfeeding issues in Australia, to explore this issue.
Editorial
Authors: Macnamara Jim , Crawford Robert
Published: January 2018

Welcome to the first issue of Public Communication Review.

Borrowing an approach from journalism, it is appropriate in this first issue to briefly explain the who, what, where, when, why and how of this publication.

Who and where?

Public Communication Review is published by the Australian Centre for Public Communication (ACPC) at the University of Technology Sydney.

Why?

The Centre was established in 2002 to facilitate research in the field of public communication and to engage with industry and the professions through the dissemination of research and stimulation of debate on important issues, encouraging innovation, and promoting ethical practice. The ACPC is very much a result of UTS’ vision and goal to integrate theory and practice. Along with undertaking partnership and contract research, hosting seminars on key issues, and conducting short courses, the Centre decided that a quality journal is a key channel for achieving its objectives.

When we asked the question ‘why launch another journal’, the members and the Advisory Board of the Australian Centre for Public Communication agreed that integration of theory and practice and our holistic view of the field of public communication fill a gap in the field.

What?

While recognising and respecting the specialist disciplinary fields of public relations, advertising, journalism and media studies, we use the title ‘public communication’ to draw focus to the interrelated and inter-dependent nature of a range of public communication practices. We define public

communication as comprising advertising, public relations, organisational and corporate communication, and political communication including campaigns and engagement in the public sphere, as well as media communication generally. These practices are also closely inter-connected

with journalism – albeit, sometimes in a tensioned relationship. We believe that this holistic view brings a new perspective and vantage point for exploring public communication. It recognises convergence and an increasing blurring of boundaries between practices of production, practices of distribution, and practices of consumption in the ‘Second Media Age’, and it facilitates discussion of common concerns and interests across practices of public communication.

When?

We intend to publish two issues a year.

How?

We have decided that Public Communication Review will be an e-journal as this allows research to be distributed more quickly than print publications and it enables the journal to respond to topical issues. Furthermore, it reflects the practices of the digital media age which are a focus of this journal.

On behalf of the Centre and the University of Technology Sydney, I thank the distinguished scholars who have agreed to be members of the Editorial Board and welcome you to Public Communication Review.
The HPV school vaccination program: A discourse analysis of information provided to parents about the product and the program
Authors: Wise Deborah , James Melanie Brigid
Published: January 2018

Public relations practitioners play a central role in the construction and maintenance of discourse. Through the use of specialised techniques and strategies, texts are designed so that they have the power to mean something. Australia was one of the first countries to roll out a national HPV vaccination program for schoolgirls. However, research indicated that parents lack knowledge about HPV and HPV vaccination. This paper reports on a discourse analysis of the brochure: “Questions and Answers (Q&A) about HPV Vaccination Program: A prevention strategy for cervical cancer”. This brochure is given to parents prior to vaccination and as such is a primary source of information about HPV for these audiences. The research strove to answer the question: What are the discourses contained in the information given to parents about the NSW HPV school vaccination program? A critical discourse analysis of the Q&A brochure found a discourse of the risk of cancer, supported by a discourse that HPV is sexually transmitted. The findings should provide an avenue to further research the role, motivations and techniques of public relations practitioners working as discourse technologists and in whose interests such discourses operate.
Is Issue Management evolving or progressing towards extinction: A status review
Authors: Jaques Tony
Published: January 2018

After almost 40 years of development, issue management has reached a point where it could either fade out of fashion or continue evolving into new forms. Reviewing both the past and possible future, four major trends are identified – migration of the discipline beyond the corporation to Government agencies and NGOs; the impact of social media and the rise of new community expectations; continuing developments in the relationship between issue management and crisis management; and the challenge of how issue management is positioned within organizations and among other management activities. Each of these trends is analysed to assess its impact on the future of issue management, and how the roles of corporate and non-corporate players will likely have significantly different influences on shaping its survival.
Crisis Communication Characteristics & Errors: A Case Study
Authors: Pasquier Martial , Fivat Etienne
Published: January 2018

In 2006, events surrounding the University of Geneva led to the resignation of its executive board, and a political reform of the institution. This case constitutes a typical example of where a crisis is strengthened, and even created, by inappropriate information-management. Such situations, in which material damages and personal harm are generally quite limited, are increasingly frequent and have a particularly important impact on public trust in political and administrative institutions. The main aim of this paper is to identify the characteristics of this type of crisis, and errors linked to it from a media-communications perspective. This will be done through an analysis of publications in four different newspapers, as well as of official documents and statements from the period during which the crisis took place and in the months that followed.
The Power of Apology: Mercy, Forgiveness or Corrective Justice in the Civil Liability Arena (2007) Vol 1 Art 5
Authors: Vines Prue
Published: January 2018

The recent rash of apology-protecting legislation in tort law in the common law world raises interesting questions about why apologies are so important. The function of apologies within society generally is not absolutely clear. It is even less clear what their function in relation to civil liability is and how the relationship between the law and apologies works. It is fairly clear that legislators desire apologies to reduce litigation on the basis of some naïve view that that is what people really want and that the common legal advice to never apologise is actually very bad for society in general. In this paper I argue first that defining apologies is crucial to determining their function, that apologies have multiple functions and that one of them is corrective justice. Another is to mediate relationships and to achieve reconciliation or healing through a process of apology, forgiveness and redemption. When should an apology be protected and why can only be answered if we have a real understanding of both the psychological and sociological effects of apologies. In particular we need to understand the interactions of different types of norms, including norms of civility, legal norms, professional ethics and so on. The article attempts to go some way towards this understanding.
Yin
Authors: Avgoustinos Costa
Published: January 2018

Costa Avgoustinos

To watch Costa’s cartoon about two characters who must find a way of becoming part of the stars please visit http://rl01.revver.com/watch/291888
UTS Conference on Cosmopolitan Civil Societies
Authors: Elkington Ossian Leo
Published: January 2018

What does cosmopolitanism mean in an age where globalisation is accompanied by the War on Terror, and where unprecedented levels of

international migration are accompanied by attacks on multiculturalism and heightened ‘border security’ politics?
A Feminist Critique of the Role of Medical Discourse in the Introduction of the Breastfeeding Amendment in the Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 NSW
Authors: McLean Sallie
Published: January 2018

Although breastfeeding in public space is protected under anti-discrimination laws throughout Australia, public breastfeeding remains an ambiguous and controversial issue. The NSW anti-discrimination amendment that expressly permits women to breastfeed in public was introduced using a decidedly medical discourse. Public breastfeeding was legitimised by recourse to the nutritional and economical advantage of breastfeeding. This rationale effectively disengages breastfeeding from the paradigm of women’s rights, and leaves the act of breastfeeding itself open to substitution. A feminist jurisprudential analysis of the legitimising arguments behind the amendment illustrates how the focus on medical and economical concerns obscures the role that nationhood, capital and cultural practice play in denigrating breastfeeding as a distinctly female practice.
CALL FOR PAPERS: "On Art" and "W(h)ither Human Rights?"
Authors: Reynolds Rocque
Published: January 2018

Public Space: the Journal of Law and Social Justice is the new multi-media peer reviewed online journal published by the Faculty of Law of the University of Technology, Sydney and UTS ePress. Our multi-media capability means that contributors can include photographic, video and sound recordings in their text-based contribution or submit a purely image-based or sound-based contribution. Our first two editions can be viewed at

http://epress.lib.uts.edu.au/ojs/index.php/publicspace We are now calling for papers for our next two editions due for publication in March 2009 and

September 2009. The March edition is “On Art”. The September edition is “W(h)ither Human Rights?""
Paradigm not procedure: current challenges to police cultural incorporation of human rights in England and Wales
Authors: Harfield Clive G
Published: January 2018

This paper examines the extent to which human rights have become an organizational norm in UK policing, a decade after the Human Rights Act 1998 was enacted. Particular reference is made to covert investigation and human rights in the context of new police powers enacted after the HRA 1998 which extended police access to and use of covert investigation. The paper concludes that attempts to achieve transparency through documentation has created the impression that protection of human rights is a bureaucratic process rather than a cultural paradigm.
Media Neutrality or Stakeholder Inequality? Why emerging technology requires a rethinking of the stakeholder balance in copyright law.
Authors: Donovan Kieran G
Published: January 2018

This paper considers a number of emerging technologies and how they challenge the underpinnings of copyright law in Australia. It draws upon the idea that copyright law must ‘balance’ the rights of stakeholders (creators of works, inventors of technology and users of works) in order to provide the most effective environment for the protection and use of works. This paper further suggests that existing copyright legislation can be divided into provisions that offer rights to creators of works (‘front end’ provisions), and other provisions that restrict the rights of users and inventors of technology (the ‘back end’ provisions). It analyses the use of ‘media neutral’ language in copyright legislation in both the front and back end provisions and argues that the creators of works have far broader rights and protections than those offered in the back end to users and inventors. Further, through an analysis of emerging technologies it is argued that this imbalance offers an environment that restricts the uptake of new technologies and fails to properly foster the protection of the rights of users of these new works and technologies.
The Police Logic of Balancing the Interests in Copyright Law
Authors: Reynolds Rocque
Published: January 2018

This article examines the use of the phrase ‘balancing the interests’ in political debate relating to copyright law. I argue that this phrase no longer leads to broad debate on the proper balance to be struck between private, public and social interests in copyright law. Rather, today the phrase has come to represent a type of police logic which reflects the private interests of copyright owners and users as they already exist. Drawing on the work of Jacques Rancière I suggest that this balance of private interests may be upset by a strategy of ‘subjectivisation’ which challenges the existing distribution of social bodies by making new subjects appear. I conclude that the recent cases of Telstra Corporation v Phone Directories Company Pty Ltd1 and IceTV Pty Ltd v Nine Network Australia Pty Ltd2 represent a surprising and effective use of this strategy by reintroducing the ‘artist’ and the ‘maker’ into copyright law in such a way as to upset and displace the prior claims of copyright owners and users.
Mabel Hannah’s Justice: a contextual re-reading of Donoghue v Stevenson
Authors: Van Rijswijk Honni
Published: January 2018

In Donoghue v Stevenson,1 the House of Lords established negligence as an independent tort and reformulated the responsibility owed by one person to another in civil society. The accident of Mabel Hannah finding a snail in her ginger beer became the occasion for the law to disrupt the (then) normal practices of manufacture specifically, and socioeconomic conditions more generally, by introducing attentiveness to vulnerability as a civil ethic. This essay looks back at the case and reads it in its cultural and material contexts—with the intention of illuminating Lord Atkin’s neighbour principle within its specific historical framework, and to look again at the justice Mabel Hannah received through the decision. This reading will examine the gap between law and social justice, and re-contextualise the potential of tort law to operate as a kind of civil ethics or system of moral value. In this reading I consider the inflections of the neighbour figure, reading the case’s Biblical ‘Golden Rule’ alongside the anti-ethics of Nietzsche and Freud. I also consider the ongoing paradox of the neighbour as a figure for the recognition of suffering.
The Educational Rights of Asylum Seeking Children: Observing Failure
Authors: Stern Melanie
Published: January 2018

This article is based on observations of the educational facilities provided for asylum seeking children detained on Christmas Island. The article concludes that these facilities fail to meet Australia’s international obligations and political pledges which aim to protect the right to education of asylum seeking children.
The effects of isoprene and NOx on secondary organic aerosols formed through reversible and irreversible uptake to aerosol water
Authors: El-Sayed Marwa M. H. , Ortiz-Montalvo Diana L. , Hennigan Christopher J.
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Isoprene oxidation produces water-soluble organic gases capable of
partitioning to aerosol liquid water. The formation of secondary organic
aerosols through such aqueous pathways (aqSOA) can take place either
reversibly or irreversibly; however, the split between these fractions in the
atmosphere is highly uncertain. The aim of this study was to characterize the
reversibility of aqSOA formed from isoprene at a location in the eastern
United States under substantial influence from both anthropogenic and
biogenic emissions. The reversible and irreversible uptake of water-soluble
organic gases to aerosol water was characterized in Baltimore, Maryland, USA, using
measurements of particulate water-soluble organic carbon (WSOCp)
in alternating dry and ambient configurations. WSOCp evaporation
with drying was observed systematically throughout the late spring and
summer, indicating reversible aqSOA formation during these times. We show
through time lag analyses that WSOCp concentrations, including
the WSOCp that evaporates with drying, peak 6 to 11 h after
isoprene concentrations, with maxima at a time lag of 9 h. The absolute
reversible aqSOA concentrations, as well as the relative amount of reversible
aqSOA, increased with decreasing NOx ∕ isoprene ratios, suggesting
that isoprene epoxydiol (IEPOX) or other low-NOx oxidation products may
be responsible for these effects. The observed relationships with NOx
and isoprene suggest that this process occurs widely in the atmosphere, and
is likely more important in other locations characterized by higher isoprene
and/or lower NOx levels. This work underscores the importance of
accounting for both reversible and irreversible uptake of isoprene oxidation
products to aqueous particles.
Detection and variability of combustion-derived vapor in an urban basin
Authors: Fiorella Richard P. , Bares Ryan , Lin John C. , Ehleringer James R. , Bowen Gabriel J.
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Water emitted during combustion may comprise a significant portion of ambient humidity (> 10 %) in urban areas, where combustion emissions are strongly focused in space and time. Stable water vapor isotopes can be used to apportion measured humidity values between atmospherically transported and combustion-derived water vapor, as combustion vapor possesses an unusually negative deuterium excess value (d-excess, d = δ2H − 8δ18O). We investigated the relationship between d-excess of atmospheric vapor, ambient CO2 concentrations, and atmospheric stability across four winters in Salt Lake City, UT. We found a robust inverse relationship between CO2 excess above background and d-excess on sub-diurnal to seasonal timescales, which was most prominent during periods of strong atmospheric stability that occur during Salt Lake City winter. We developed a framework for partitioning changes in water vapor d-excess between advective changes in vapor and the addition of combustion derived vapor. Using a Keeling-style mixing model approach, we estimated the d-excess of combustion derived vapor in Salt Lake City to be between −125 ‰ and −308 ‰, broadly consistent with theoretical estimates. Moreover, our analysis highlights that changes in the observed d-excess during periods of high atmospheric stability cannot be explained without a vapor source possessing a strongly negative d-excess value. Further refinements in our estimate of the isotopic composition of combustion derived vapor require constraints on valley-scale stoichiometry between CO2 and H2O in combustion products, yet our results demonstrate the utility of stable water vapor isotopes to constrain contributions of combustion to urban humidity and meteorology.
The monsoon effect on energy and carbon exchange processes over a highland lake in southwest of China
Authors: Du Qun , Liu Huizhi , Xu Lujun , Liu Yang , Wang Lei
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Lake Erhai is a subtropical highland shallow lake on southeast margin of Tibetan Plateau, which is influenced by both South Asian and East Asian summer monsoon. Based on four years continuous eddy covariance (EC) data over Lake Erhai, the monsoon effect on water–atmosphere exchange process is investigated by comparing the energy and CO2 fluxes patterns and their main drivers during pre-monsoon (March–April), monsoon (May–October) and post-monsoon (November–December) periods. The results show the atmospheric properties display a large difference for during three different periods. There is a negative difference between water surface and air temperature (ΔT) during pre-monsoon period, while a positive ΔT during post-monsoon period. The diurnal sensible heat flux (Hs) is larger during post-monsoon period, while the latent heat flux (LE) is larger during monsoon period. The monthly average Hs and heat storage (ΔQ) in the lake remain negative during pre-monsoon period and the early monsoon period, and they become positive in the middle monsoon period, which indicates that the lake absorbs heat at first and releases it subsequently. LE plays a dominating role in the energy partitioning of the lake. The Bowen ratio is higher during post-monsoon period. An uptake of CO2 flux is observed in middle of a day during monsoon and post-monsoon period. The ΔT is the main drivers for Hs and the effect of ΔT is increased as time scales are extended from half-hourly to monthly. The wind speed has a weak effect on Hs but a strong effect on LE and CO2 fluxes. Similar main drivers for Hs are found during pre-monsoon period and post-monsoon period, which is also found for CO2 flux, indicating a large impact of monsoon on the heat and carbon exchange process over Lake Erhai.
Formation and evolution of Tar Balls from Northwestern US wildfires
Authors: Sedlacek III Arthur J. , Buseck Peter R. , Adachi Kouji , Onasch Timothy B. , Springston Stephen R. , Kleinman Lawrence
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Biomass burning is a major source of light-absorbing black and brown carbonaceous particles. Brown carbon is a poorly characterized mixture that includes tar balls (TBs), a type of carbonaceous particle apparently unique to biomass burning. Here we describe the first atmospheric observations of the formation and evolution of TBs from forest fires. Aerosol particles were collected on TEM grids during aircraft transects at various downwind distances from the Colockum Tarp wildland fire. TB mass fractions, derived from TEM and in-situ measurements, increased from
Determining the link between hygroscopicity and composition for semi-volatile aerosol species
Authors: Alroe Joel , Cravigan Luke T. , Mallet Mark D. , Ristovski Zoran D. , Miljevic Branka , Johnson Graham R.
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Internally and externally mixed aerosols present significant challenges in assessing the hygroscopicity of each aerosol component. This study presents a new sampling technique which uses differences in volatility to separate mixtures and directly examine their respective composition and hygroscopic contribution. A shared thermodenuder and unheated bypass line are continuously cycled between an aerosol mass spectrometer and a volatility and hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyser, allowing real-time comparative analysis of heated and unheated aerosol properties. Measurements have been taken of both chamber-generated secondary organic aerosol and coastal marine aerosol at Cape Grim, Australia, to investigate system performance under diverse conditions. Despite rapidly changing aerosol properties and the need to restrict analysis to a narrow size-range, the former experiment separated the hygroscopic influences of ammonium sulfate and two distinct organic components with similar oxygen to carbon ratios but different volatilities. Analysis of the marine aerosol revealed an external mixture of non-sea salt sulfates and sea spray aerosol, both of which likely shared similar volatile fractions composed of sulfuric acid and a non-hygroscopic organic component.
Gross and net land cover changes in the main plant functional types derived from the annual ESA CCI land cover maps (1992–2015)
Authors: Li Wei , MacBean Natasha , Ciais Philippe , Defourny Pierre , Lamarche Céline , Bontemps Sophie , Houghton Richard A. , Peng Shushi
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Land-use and land-cover change (LULCC) impacts local energy and
water balance and contributes on global scale to a net carbon
emission to the atmosphere. The newly released annual ESA CCI (climate change initiative) land
cover maps provide continuous land cover changes at 300 m
resolution from 1992 to 2015, and can be used in land surface models
(LSMs) to simulate LULCC effects on carbon stocks and on surface
energy budgets. Here we investigate the absolute areas and gross and
net changes in different plant functional types (PFTs) derived from
ESA CCI products. The results are compared with other
datasets. Global areas of forest, cropland and grassland PFTs from
ESA are 30.4, 19.3 and 35.7 million km2 in the year 2000. The
global forest area is lower than that from LUH2v2h (Hurtt et al.,
2011), Hansen et al. (2013) or Houghton and Nassikas (2017) while
cropland area is higher than LUH2v2h (Hurtt et al., 2011), in which
cropland area is from HYDE 3.2 (Klein Goldewijk et al., 2016). Gross
forest loss and gain during 1992–2015 are 1.5 and
0.9 million km2 respectively, resulting in a net forest
loss of 0.6 million km2, mainly occurring in South and
Central America. The magnitudes of gross changes in forest, cropland
and grassland PFTs in the ESA CCI are smaller than those in other
datasets. The magnitude of global net cropland gain for the whole
period is consistent with HYDE 3.2 (Klein Goldewijk et al., 2016),
but most of the increases happened before 2004 in ESA and after
2007 in HYDE 3.2. Brazil, Bolivia and Indonesia are the countries
with the largest net forest loss from 1992 to 2015, and the
decreased areas are generally consistent with those from Hansen
et al. (2013) based on Landsat 30 m resolution
images. Despite discrepancies compared to other datasets, and
uncertainties in converting into PFTs, the new ESA CCI products
provide the first detailed long-term time series of land-cover change and
can be implemented in LSMs to characterize recent carbon dynamics,
and in climate models to simulate land-cover change feedbacks on
climate. The annual ESA CCI land cover products can be downloaded
from http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download.php (Land
Cover Maps – v2.0.7; see details in Sect. 5). The PFT map
translation protocol and an example in 2000 can be downloaded from
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.834229. The annual ESA CCI PFT maps from
1992 to 2015 at 0.5∘×0.5∘ resolution can
also be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1048163.
GSFLOW-GRASS v1.0.0: GIS-enabled hydrologic modeling of
coupled groundwater–surface-water systems
Authors: Ng G.-H. Crystal , Wickert Andrew D. , Somers Lauren D. , Saberi Leila , Cronkite-Ratcliff Collin , Niswonger Richard G. , McKenzie Jeffrey M.
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Water flow through catchments sustains ecosystems and human activity, shapes landscapes, and links climate to the outermost layers of the solid Earth. The profound importance of water moving between the atmosphere and aquifers has led to efforts to develop and maintain coupled models of surface water and groundwater. However, developing inputs to these models is usually time-consuming and requires extensive knowledge of software engineering, often prohibiting their use by many researchers and water managers, and thus reducing these models' potential to promote science-driven decision-making in an era of global change and increasing water-resource stress. In response to this need, we have developed GSFLOW-GRASS, a straightforward set of open-source tools that develops inputs for and runs GSFLOW, the U.S. Geological Survey's coupled groundwater-surface-water flow model. As inputs, GSFLOW-GRASS requires at a minimum a digital elevation model, a precipitation and temperature record, and estimates of channel parameters and hydraulic conductivity. GSFLOW-GRASS is written in Python as a set of (1) GRASS GIS extensions, (2) input-file-builder scripts, and (3) visualization scripts. We developed a set of custom GRASS GIS commands that generate "hydrologic response units" for surface water, discretized topologically as sub-basins of the tributary network; build the MODFLOW grid; and add necessary attributes to each of these geospatial units. These GIS outputs are interpreted by a second set of Python scripts, which link them to hydrologic variables, build inputs to GSFLOW, and run GSFLOW. Lastly, GSFLOW output files are used to produce figures and time-lapse movies of simulation results using a third set of post-processing Python scripts. We demonstrate the broad applicability of these tools to diverse settings through examples based on: the high Peruvian Andes, the Channel Islands of California, and the formerly-glaciated Upper Mississippi valley in Minnesota.
A brief warming event in the late Albian: evidence from calcareous nannofossils, macrofossils, and isotope geochemistry of the Gault Clay Formation, Folkestone, southeastern England
Authors: Kanungo Sudeep , Bown Paul R. , Young Jeremy R. , Gale Andrew S.
Published: January 2018

Abstract. This paper documents a warming event across the middle–upper Albian interval in a ∼ 22 m long section from the Gault Clay Formation of Copt Point, Folkestone (UK). Evidence for the event comes from three independent datasets: calcareous nannofossils, ammonites, and the bulk sediment carbon and oxygen stable isotope record, which collectively indicate a brief period (∼ 500 kyr) of significant surface water warming (in excess of 6 ∘C) at around 107.5 Ma (the base of the Dipoloceras cristatum Ammonite Zone). A surface water productivity increase based on high percentages of the eutrophic nannofossil Zeugrhabdotus noeliae is found to be concomitant with this warming event, suggesting that surface waters were nutrient-rich and the warming was associated with increased precipitation and run-off, delivering more nutrients into the basin.
Accuracy assessment of real-time flood forecasting of coupled hydrological and mesoscale meteorological models
Authors: Jabbari Aida , So Jae-Min , Bae Deg-Hyo
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Hydro-meteorological predictions are important for water management plans, which include providing early flood warnings and preventing flood damages. This study evaluates the real-time precipitation of an atmospheric model at the point and catchment scales to select the proper hydrological model to couple with the atmospheric model. Furthermore, a variety of tests were conducted to quantify the accuracy assessments of coupled models to provide details on the maximum spatial and temporal resolutions and lead times in a real-time forecasting system. As a major limitation of previous studies, the temporal and spatial resolutions of the hydrological model are smaller than those of the meteorological model. Here, through ultra-fine scale of temporal (10 min) and spatial resolution (1 km × 1 km), we determined the optimal resolution. A numerical weather prediction model and a rainfall runoff model were employed to evaluate real-time flood forecasting for the Imjin River (South and North Korea). The comparison of the forecasted precipitation and the observed precipitation indicated that the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model underestimated precipitation. The skill of the model was relatively higher for the catchment than for the point scale, as illustrated by the lower RMSE value, which is important for a semi-distributed hydrological model. The variations in temporal and spatial resolutions illustrated a decrease in accuracy; additionally, the optimal spatial resolution obtained at 8 km and the temporal resolution did not affect the inherent inaccuracy of the results. Lead time variation demonstrated that lead time dependency was almost negligible below 36 h. With reference to our case study, comparisons of model performance provided quantitative knowledge for understanding the credibility and restrictions of hydro-meteorological models.
A Comparison of Comprehensive HIV/AIDS Knowledge Among Women Across Seven Post-Soviet Countries
Authors: Zainiddinov Hakim , Habibov Nazim
Published: January 2018

Introduction: Post-Soviet countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia have witnessed a recent growth of HIV infection through heterosexual transmission. Women’s low levels of knowledge about HIV prevention and transmission methods have been found to account for the higher female-to-male ratio among cases infected through the heterosexual route. This cross national comparison study assessed comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge and its key determinants among women of seven post-Soviet countries and identified which countries face the highest levels of risk due to the low levels of HIV/AIDS awareness.Methods: Study data were obtained from the third wave of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS3) (conducted in 2005 and 2006), nationally representative samples of women aged 15-49 years. Data on HIV/AIDS knowledge were analyzed for women in Kazakhstan (N=14,310), Kyrgyzstan (N=6,493), Tajikistan (N=4,676), Uzbekistan (N=13,376), Belarus (N=5,884), Ukraine (N=6,066), and Georgia (N=7,727) using descriptive statistics and ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions.Results: We found that the percentage of women who could correctly identify all five modes of HIV/AIDS transmission and prevention was highest in Eastern European countries of Belarus (34.98%) and Ukraine (31.67%). Across all countries, the strongest predictors of comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge were age, education, and region of residence. Marital status, area of residence (urban vs. rural), and household wealth were significant predictors for several countries.Conclusion: High rates of comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge were found among women of Belarus and Ukraine. To reduce the spread of HIV in the region, programs promoting comprehensive HIV/AIDS knowledge for women of younger ages and with lower education are recommended.
Teaching Radically with Koch Money
Authors: Colson Dan
Published: January 2018

This essay narrates my experiences applying for a grant from my university’s Koch Center for Leadership and Ethics, and teaching the redesigned Survey of Later American Literature the grant funded. In it, I explore the Koch Center’s rhetoric, focusing especially on the space between their putative neutrality and their clear embrace of right-wing definitions of freedom. I detail my grant proposal, addressing primarily my methods for redeploying their language about “leadership,” “ethics,” and “freedom” in order to echo their putative neutrality while allowing myself room to foreground their circumscribed notions of “freedom.” Then, I outline the course I redesigned with the Koch Center’s funds, addressing both the course’s content and its pedagogical strategies. In closing, this essay offers some thoughts about how we might resist higher education’s seemingly inexorable shift rightward by reshaping the language and emphases of organizations like the Koch Center, ultimately suggesting we combat these neoliberal tendencies by battling them directly on the ground of “freedom.”
Introduction: Carrying the Banner of Socialism
Authors: Bennett Michael
Published: January 2018

Introduction to Volume 110.
To accommodate or to ignore?: The presuppositions of again and continue across contexts
Authors: Bacovcin Hezekiah Akiva , Zehr Jeremy , Schwarz Florian
Published: January 2018

One central question in presupposition theory concerns the effect of using a presupposition trigger in a context where its presupposition is not supported. We test the predictions of recent accounts based on the idea that presuppositions of certain triggers, such as again, can be ignored entirely in such circumstances. We sketch two possible alternative accounts wherein presuppositions cannot be ignored and provide experimental results suggesting that presupposed content is fully considered for all triggers across contexts. Specifically, we find that presupposition accommodation does takes place when not strictly necessary for the task at hand. We also find some indications of differences between triggers, which are consistent with our alternative accounts.