bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermal regime, predation danger and the early marine exit of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka
Authors: Katinic P. J. , Patterson D. A. , Ydenberg R. C.
Published: December 2014

Marine exit timing of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka populations on the Haida Gwaii Archipelago, British Columbia, Canada, is described, with specific focus on Copper Creek. Marine exit in Copper Creek occurs > 130 days prior to spawning, one of the longest adult freshwater residence periods recorded for any O. nerka population. Copper Creek presents an easy upstream migration, with mild water temperatures (7 to 14°  C), short distance (13·1 km) and low elevation gain (41 m) to the lake where fish hold prior to spawning. An energetic model estimates that <1% of the initial energy reserve is required for upstream migration, compared with 62% for lake holding and 38% for reproductive development. Historical records suggest that it is unlikely that water temperature in any of the O.nerka streams in Haida Gwaii has ever exceeded the presumed temperature threshold (19° C) for early marine exit. Although it is not impossible that the thermal tolerance of Copper Creek O.nerka is very low, the data presented here appear inconsistent with thermal avoidance as an explanation for the early marine exit timing in Copper Creek and in three other populations on the archipelago with early marine exit.
Rosuvastatin treatment in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (RODEO): a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Neukamm A. , Høiseth A. D. , Einvik G. , Lehmann S. , Hagve T.‐A. , Søyseth V. , Omland T.
Published: December 2014

Objectives

The objective of this study was to examine whether statin therapy is associated with enhanced endothelium‐dependent vascular function, improved pulmonary function and reduced systemic inflammation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Design and setting

This randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, parallel trial including patients with COPD was performed at two University hospitals in Norway.

Subjects, intervention and measurements

Patients with stable COPD (n = 99) were assigned randomly to receive rosuvastatin 10 mg (n = 49) or matching placebo (n = 50) once daily for 12 weeks. The primary outcome measure was change in endothelium‐dependent vascular function measured using peripheral arterial tonometry and expressed as the reactive hyperaemia index. Secondary end‐points were change in pulmonary function, as assessed by forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC), and change in the circulating levels of the inflammatory markers interleukin‐6 (IL6) and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP).

Results

In the overall study population, no significant between‐group difference in change in endothelium‐dependent vascular or pulmonary function was observed. Rosuvastatin therapy was associated with a reduction in hsCRP (−20% vs. 11%, P = 0.017) and an attenuation of the rise in IL6 concentration (8% vs. 30%, P = 0.028) compared with placebo. In a prespecified subgroup analysis of patients with a supra‐median circulating hsCRP concentration (>1.7 mg L−1), rosuvastatin was associated with improved endothelium‐dependent vascular function (13% vs. 2%, P = 0.026).

Conclusions

In stable COPD patients without the standard indications for statin therapy, rosuvastatin treatment is associated with a significant attenuation of systemic inflammation and improvement in endothelial‐dependent vascular function in patients with evidence of systemic inflammation.
Psychological distress and self‐rated oral health among a convenience sample of Indigenous Australians
Authors: Amarasena Najith , Kapellas Kostas , Brown Alex , Skilton Michael R. , Maple‐Brown Louise J. , Bartold Mark P. , O'Dea Kerin , Celermajer David , Slade Gary Douglas , Jamieson Lisa
Published: December 2014

Objectives

This study sought to: a) estimate the frequency of poor self‐rated oral health as assessed by a summary measure; b) compare frequency according to sociodemographic, behavioral, and psychological distress factors; and (3) determine if psychological distress was associated with poor self‐rated oral health after adjusting for confounding.

Methods

Data were from a convenience sample of Indigenous Australian adults (n = 289) residing in Australia's Northern Territory. Poor self‐rated oral health was defined as reported experience of toothache, poor dental appearance or food avoidance in the last 12 months. A logistic regression model was used to evaluate socio‐demographic, behavioral, and psychological distress associations with poor self‐rated oral health (SROH). Effects were quantified as odds ratios (OR).

Results

The frequency of poor SROH was 73.7 percent. High psychological distress, measured by a Kessler‐6 score ≥8, was experienced by 33.9 percent of participants. Poor SROH was associated with high levels of psychological distress, being older, being female, and usually visiting a dentist because of a problem. In the multivariable model, factors that were significantly associated with poor SROH after adjustment for other covariates included having a high level of psychological distress (OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.25–6.00), being female (OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.03–4.78), and usually visiting a dentist because of a problem (OR 3.57, 95% CI 1.89–6.76).

Conclusions

Poor self‐rated oral health and high levels of psychological distress were both highly frequent among this vulnerable population. Psychological distress was significantly associated with poor self‐rated oral health after adjustment for confounding.
Geographic variation in the time‐frequency characteristics of high‐frequency whistles produced by killer whales (Orcinus orca)
Authors: Samarra Filipa I. P. , Deecke Volker B. , Simonis Anne E. , Miller Patrick J. O.
Published: December 2014

Investigating intraspecific variation in acoustic signals can indicate the extent of isolation and divergence between populations and adaptations to local environments. Here we analyze the variation in killer whale high‐frequency (>17 kHz) whistles recorded off Norway, Iceland, and in the North Pacific. We used a combination of methods including multivariate comparisons of spectral and temporal parameters and categorization of contours to types. Our results show that spectral and temporal characteristics of high‐frequency whistles recorded in the North Pacific show significant differences from whistles recorded in the Northeast Atlantic, being generally stereotyped, lower in frequency, and slightly longer in duration. Most high‐frequency whistles from the North Pacific were downsweeps, whereas this was one of the least common types recorded in the Northeast Atlantic. The repertoire of whistles recorded in Norway was similar to Iceland, but whistles produced in Norway had significantly lower maximum frequency and frequency range. Most methods were able to discriminate between whistles of the North Pacific and the Northeast Atlantic, but were unable to consistently distinguish whistles from Iceland and Norway. This suggests that macro‐ and microgeographic differences in high‐frequency whistles of killer whales may reflect historical geographic isolation between ocean basins and more recent divergence between adjacent populations.
Ethnic disparity in prevalence of diabetic kidney disease in an Asian primary healthcare cluster
Authors: Loh Ping Tyug , Toh Matthias Paul Han Sim , Molina Joseph Antonio , Vathsala Anantharaman
Published: December 2014

Aims

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) incidence is rising in Singapore. While measures to prevent onset and early detection of diabetes as well as optimal diabetes and blood pressure control are important, early detection and treatment of DKD at primary care are crucial to ameliorate its course. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of DKD in a primary care cluster in Singapore and identify its risk factors in a multi‐ethnic Asian population.

Methods

A total of 57 594 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) followed‐up at the National Healthcare Group Polyclinics with estimated glomerular filtration rate and at least two urine albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR) were stratified into DKD stages: normoalbuminuria (UACR <30 mg/g), microalbuminuria (MI, UACR 30–299 mg/g), macroalbuminuria (MA, ≥300 mg/g) and renal impairment (RI, estimated glomerular filtration rate eGFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2). Factors associated with DKD stages were evaluated.

Results

Overall DKD prevalence (T2DM with MI, MA or RI) was high at 52.5%; 32.1% had MI, 5.3% had MA and 15.1% had RI. DKD prevalence within ethnic subpopulations was different: 52.2% of Chinese, 60.4% of Malays and 45.3% of Indians had DKD, respectively. Malays had a 1.42‐fold higher DKD prevalence, while Indians had a 0.86‐fold lower. Other independent risk factors were age, female gender, duration of diabetes and hypertension, HbA1c and body mass index.

Conclusion

The high prevalence of DKD and its interethnic differences suggest need for additional measures to optimize the care of T2DM at primary care to mitigate its progression.
Cross‐sectional study of glycemic control among adults with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Amarasekara Amarasekara Appuhamillage Thamara Dilhani , Fongkaew Warunee , Wimalasekera Savithri Wasundara , Turale Sue , Chanprasit Chawapornpan
Published: December 2014

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition, a global concern, and a serious issue in Sri Lanka, where there is little data regarding the influence of dietary control, exercise, and adherence to medication behaviors among adults diabetes. In this cross‐sectional, descriptive study, we identified current factors influencing glycemic control and glycemic control behavior among adults with diabetes. A total of 230 people attending diabetes clinics in a tertiary hospital and a primary care institute were administered the self‐report Diabetes Information Form, assessing their socioeconomic and medical information and glycemic control behaviors. Data were analyzed by frequency distribution, percentages, mean scores, and standard deviation. The results indicated that most participants had not achieved the recommended fasting blood glucose level (< 126 mg/dL). Although dietary control was practised by 72%, regular exercise was not practised by 85%, and while 77% reported adhering to regular medication, they still had poor glycemic control. The findings highlight the need for health professionals to adopt new strategies for diabetes education to overcome issues related to misconceptions and barriers in providing diabetes care in Sri Lanka.
Carbon sequestration is related to mycorrhizal fungal community shifts during long‐term succession in boreal forests
Authors: Clemmensen Karina E. , Finlay Roger D. , Dahlberg Anders , Stenlid Jan , Wardle David A. , Lindahl Björn D.
Published: December 2014

Boreal forest soils store a major proportion of the global terrestrial carbon (C) and below‐ground inputs contribute as much as above‐ground plant litter to the total C stored in the soil. A better understanding of the dynamics and drivers of root‐associated fungal communities is essential to predict long‐term soil C storage and climate feedbacks in northern ecosystems.

We used 454‐pyrosequencing to identify fungal communities across fine‐scaled soil profiles in a 5000 yr fire‐driven boreal forest chronosequence, with the aim of pinpointing shifts in fungal community composition that may underlie variation in below‐ground C sequestration.

In early successional‐stage forests, higher abundance of cord‐forming ectomycorrhizal fungi (such as Cortinarius and Suillus species) was linked to rapid turnover of mycelial biomass and necromass, efficient nitrogen (N) mobilization and low C sequestration. In late successional‐stage forests, cord formers declined, while ericoid mycorrhizal ascomycetes continued to dominate, potentially facilitating long‐term humus build‐up through production of melanized hyphae that resist decomposition.

Our results suggest that cord‐forming ectomycorrhizal fungi and ericoid mycorrhizal fungi play opposing roles in below‐ground C storage. We postulate that, by affecting turnover and decomposition of fungal tissues, mycorrhizal fungal identity and growth form are critical determinants of C and N sequestration in boreal forests.
Protein domain evolution is associated with reproductive diversification and adaptive radiation in the genus Eucalyptus
Authors: Kersting Anna R. , Mizrachi Eshchar , Bornberg‐Bauer Erich , Myburg Alexander A.
Published: December 2014

Eucalyptus is a pivotal genus within the rosid order Myrtales with distinct geographic history and adaptations. Comparative analysis of protein domain evolution in the newly sequenced Eucalyptus grandis genome and other rosid lineages sheds light on the adaptive mechanisms integral to the success of this genus of woody perennials.

We reconstructed the ancestral domain content to elucidate the gain, loss and expansion of protein domains and domain arrangements in Eucalyptus in the context of rosid phylogeny. We used functional gene ontology (GO) annotation of genes to investigate the possible biological and evolutionary consequences of protein domain expansion.

We found that protein modulation within the angiosperms occurred primarily on the level of expansion of certain domains and arrangements. Using RNA‐Seq data from E. grandis, we showed that domain expansions have contributed to tissue‐specific expression of tandemly duplicated genes.

Our results indicate that tandem duplication of genes, a key feature of the Eucalyptus genome, has played an important role in the expansion of domains, particularly in proteins related to the specialization of reproduction and biotic and abiotic interactions affecting root and floral biology, and that tissue‐specific expression of proteins with expanded domains has facilitated subfunctionalization in domain families.
A Latin American perspective of periodontology
Authors: Caffesse Raúl G.
Published: December 2014

Periodontal diseases occur worldwide, and Latin American populations are significantly affected by different manifestations of periodontal disease. The interest in periodontics and periodontal therapy first developed in the early 1930s in the southernmost countries of Latin America, and spread, as the years went by, throughout the region. Today, periodontal research is vibrant in Latin America. The aim of this volume of Periodontology 2000 was to present an overview of the periodontal research currently being performed in different countries of Latin America. The epidemiology of periodontal diseases in adults, children and adolescents, and the pathogenesis of such diseases (including microbiological characteristics and risk factors), are discussed. The role of systemic antibiotic therapy and the effect of smoking are discussed in relation to the progression and the treatment of periodontitis. In addition, the benefit of lasers in periodontal therapy is evaluated. Latin American research groups have been active in exploring new venues of regenerative periodontal treatment, addressing the role of cementum proteins, growth factors and oral mesenchymal stem cells in tissue engineering. Finally, basic research to study cancerization is reported.
Microstructural abnormality in white matter, regulatory T lymphocytes, and depressive symptoms after stroke
Authors: Yasuno Fumihiko , Taguchi Akihiko , Yamamoto Akihide , Kajimoto Katsufumi , Kazui Hiroaki , Kudo Takashi , Kikuchi‐Taura Akie , Sekiyama Atsuo , Kishimoto Toshifumi , Iida Hidehiro , Nagatsuka Kazuyuki
Published: December 2014

Background

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the existence of microstructure abnormalities in the white matter circuit in stroke patients and its relationship to depressive episodes. To target the prevention of depression, we also investigated the relationship between lymphocyte subsets and cerebral abnormalities in patients.

Methods

Participants included 18 patients with acute ischemic stroke and 22 healthy control subjects. Diffusion tensor imaging was performed. Whole‐brain voxel‐based analysis was used to compare fractional anisotropy (FA) between groups. Blood samples were obtained, and the lymphocyte subsets were evaluated using flow cytometry. Follow‐up examinations were conducted on 12 patients at 6 months.

Results

FA was decreased in the bilateral anterior limb of the internal capsule in stroke patients. At the 6‐month follow‐up examination, there was a significant increase in FA, which was associated with a lower depression scale score. Patients showed a decreased percentage of circulated regulatory T lymphocytes, and the degree of reduction was related to the decrease in the FA value in the internal capsule.

Conclusions

FA reductions in the anterior limb of the internal capsule cause abnormality in the frontal‐subcortical circuits and confer a biological vulnerability, which in combination with environmental stressors results in the onset of depression. Our findings also demonstrated the possibility of preventing post‐stroke depression by targeting the role of regulatory T lymphocytes in brain tissue repair and regeneration after stroke.
The relationship between HIV and prevalence of disabilities in sub‐Saharan Africa: systematic review (FA)
Authors: Banks Lena Morgon , Zuurmond Maria , Ferrand Rashida , Kuper Hannah
Published: December 2014

Objective

To systematically review evidence on the prevalence and risk of disabilities among children and adults living withHIVin sub‐Saharan Africa.

Methods

Articles were identified from 1980 to June 2013 through searching seven electronic databases. Epidemiological studies conducted in sub‐Saharan Africa that explored the association betweenHIVstatus and general disability or specific impairments, with or without anHIV‐uninfected comparison group, were eligible for inclusion.

Results

Of 12 867 records initially identified, 61 papers were deemed eligible for inclusion. The prevalence of disability was high across age groups, impairment types and study locations. Furthermore, 73% of studies using anHIV‐ comparator found significantly lower levels of functioning in people living withHIV(PLHIV). By disability type, the results were as follows: (i) for studies measuring physical impairments (n = 14), median prevalence of limitations in mobility and motor function amongPLHIVwas 25.0% (95%CI: 21.8–28.2%). Five of eight comparator studies found significantly reduced functioning amongPLHIV; for arthritis, two of three studies which used anHIV‐ comparison group found significantly increased prevalence amongPLHIV; (ii) for sensory impairment studies (n = 17), median prevalence of visual impairment was 11.2% (95%CI: 9.5–13.1%) and hearing impairment was 24.1% (95%CI: 19.2–29.0%) inPLHIV. Significantly increased prevalence amongPLHIVwas found in one of four (vision) and three of three studies (hearing) with comparators; (iii) for cognitive impairment in adults (n = 30), median prevalence for dementia was 25.3% (95%CI: 22.0–28.6%) and 40.9% (95%CI: 37.7–44.1%) for general cognitive impairment. Across all types of cognitive impairment, twelve of fourteen studies found a significant detrimental effect ofHIVinfection; (iv) for developmental delay in children withHIV(n = 20), median prevalence of motor delay was 67.7% (95%CI: 62.2–73.2%). All nine studies that included a comparator found a significant difference betweenPLHIVand controls; for cognitive development and global delay, a significant detrimental effect ofHIVwas found in five of six and one of two studies, respectively. In the nine cohort studies comparing vertically infected and uninfected children, eight showed a significant gap in development over time in children withHIV. Finally, fifteen of thirty‐one (48%) studies found a statistically significant dose–response relationship between indicators of disease progression (CD4 orWHOstage) and disability.

Conclusions

HIVis widespread in sub‐Saharan Africa and the evidence suggests that it is linked to disabilities, affecting a range of body structures and functions. More research is needed to better understand the implications ofHIV‐related disability for individuals, their families as well as those working in the fields of disability andHIVso that appropriate interventions can be developed.
THB1, a truncated hemoglobin, modulates nitric oxide levels and nitrate reductase activity
Authors: Sanz‐Luque Emanuel , Ocaña‐Calahorro Francisco , de Montaigu Amaury , Chamizo‐Ampudia Alejandro , Llamas Ángel , Galván Aurora , Fernández Emilio
Published: December 2014

Hemoglobins are ubiquitous proteins that sense, store and transport oxygen, but the physiological processes in which they are implicated is currently expanding. Recent examples of previously unknown hemoglobin functions, which include scavenging of the signaling molecule nitric oxide (NO), illustrate how the implication of hemoglobins in different cell signaling processes is only starting to be unraveled. The extent and diversity of the hemoglobin protein family suggest that hemoglobins have diverged and have potentially evolved specialized functions in certain organisms. A unique model organism to study this functional diversity at the cellular level is the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii because, among other reasons, it contains an unusually high number of a particular type of hemoglobins known as truncated hemoglobins (THB1–THB12). Here, we reveal a cell signaling function for a truncated hemoglobin of Chlamydomonas that affects the nitrogen assimilation pathway by simultaneously modulating NO levels and nitrate reductase (NR) activity. First, we found that THB1 and THB2 expression is modulated by the nitrogen source and depends on NIT2, a transcription factor required for nitrate assimilation genes expression. Furthermore, THB1 is highly expressed in the presence of NO and is able to convert NO into nitrate in vitro. Finally, THB1 is maintained on its active and reduced form by NR, and in vivo lower expression of THB1 results in increased NR activity. Thus, THB1 plays a dual role in NO detoxification and in the modulation of NR activity. This mechanism can partly explain how NO inhibits NR post‐translationally.
The Global Labour University: A New Laboratory of Learning for International Labor Solidarity?
Authors: Fichter Michael , Anner Mark , Hoffer Frank , Scherrer Christoph
Published: December 2014

The Global Labour University (GLU), now 10 years old, is a network of interdisciplinary faculties that offer master level courses and other training programs for trade unionists from around the world. The main purpose of these programs is to enable trade unionists to develop policy expertise for the challenges of globalization. In this article we offer a critical assessment of the activities of the GLU. To what extent does the GLU achieve its objective of building capacity for a critical engagement with policy issues arising from globalization? And to what extent does the international composition of the Masters programs and the ensuing alumni work actually strengthen solidarity among trade unionists across national borders? What we find is that the GLU provides one important approach for addressing these challenges. By helping prepare labor unions of the future with the theoretical understandings and analytical and research skills they need, the GLU contributes to the global labor movement a new generation of labor activists. Our answers to these questions are based on participatory observations, interviews with a wide range of stakeholders and several external evaluation reports.
Impaired sinoatrial node function and increased susceptibility to atrial fibrillation in mice lacking natriuretic peptide receptor C
Authors: Egom Emmanuel E. , Vella Kimberly , Hua Rui , Jansen Hailey J. , Moghtadaei Motahareh , Polina Iuliia , Bogachev Oleg , Hurnik Rhea , Mackasey Martin , Rafferty Sara , Ray Gibanananda , Rose Robert A.
Published: December 2014

Key points

Natriuretic peptides (NPs) elicit their effects via multiple NP receptors (including NPR‐A, NPR‐B and NPR‐C, with NPR‐C being relatively poorly understood).

We have studied the effects of NPR‐C ablation on cardiac structure, function and arrhythmogenesis using NPR‐C knockout (NPR‐C−/−) mice.

NPR‐C−/− mice are characterized by sinoatrial node (SAN) dysfunction and a profound increase in susceptibility to atrial fibrillation.

Increased susceptibility to arrhythmias in NPR‐C−/− mice was associated with slowed electrical conduction in the SAN as well as the right and left atria due to enhanced collagen expression and deposition in the atria (structural remodelling), but without changes in action potential morphology (electrical remodelling) in isolated SAN or atrial myocytes.

This study demonstrates a critical protective role for NPR‐C in the heart.

Natriuretic peptides (NPs) are critical regulators of the cardiovascular system that are currently viewed as possible therapeutic targets for the treatment of heart disease. Recent work demonstrates potent NP effects on cardiac electrophysiology, including in the sinoatrial node (SAN) and atria. NPs elicit their effects via three NP receptors (NPR‐A, NPR‐B and NPR‐C). Among these receptors, NPR‐C is poorly understood. Accordingly, the goal of this study was to determine the effects of NPR‐C ablation on cardiac structure and arrhythmogenesis. Cardiac structure and function were assessed in wild‐type (NPR‐C+/+) and NPR‐C knockout (NPR‐C−/−) mice using echocardiography, intracardiac programmed stimulation, patch clamping, high‐resolution optical mapping, quantitative polymerase chain reaction and histology. These studies demonstrate that NPR‐C−/− mice display SAN dysfunction, as indicated by a prolongation (30%) of corrected SAN recovery time, as well as an increased susceptibility to atrial fibrillation (6% in NPR‐C+/+ vs. 47% in NPR‐C−/−). There were no differences in SAN or atrial action potential morphology in NPR‐C−/− mice; however, increased atrial arrhythmogenesis in NPR‐C−/− mice was associated with reductions in SAN (20%) and atrial (15%) conduction velocity, as well as increases in expression and deposition of collagen in the atrial myocardium. No differences were seen in ventricular arrhythmogenesis or fibrosis in NPR‐C−/− mice. This study demonstrates that loss of NPR‐C results in SAN dysfunction and increased susceptibility to atrial arrhythmias in association with structural remodelling and fibrosis in the atrial myocardium. These findings indicate a critical protective role for NPR‐C in the heart.
Indomethacin‐induced impairment of regional cerebrovascular reactivity: implications for respiratory control
Authors: Hoiland Ryan L. , Ainslie Philip N. , Wildfong Kevin W. , Smith Kurt J. , Bain Anthony R. , Willie Chris K. , Foster Glen , Monteleone Brad , Day Trevor A.
Published: December 2014

Key points

Anterior and posterior cerebral circulations have differential reactivity to changes in arterial blood gases, but the implications for the chemoreflex control of breathing are unclear.

Indomethacin‐induced blunting of cerebrovascular flow responsiveness did not affect central or peripheral respiratory chemoreflex magnitude using steady‐state end‐tidal forcing techniques.

Posterior reactivity was related to hypoxic ventilatory decline, suggesting that CO2 washout from central chemoreceptors modulates hypoxic ventilatory dynamics.

Our data indicate that steady‐state end‐tidal forcing techniques reduce the arterial–venous gradients, attenuating the effect of brain blood flow on ventilatory responses.

Our study confirms the importance of measuring posterior cerebrovasculature when investigating the link between cerebral blood flow and the chemical control of breathing.

Cerebrovascular reactivity impacts CO2–[H+] washout at the central chemoreceptors and hence has marked influence on the control of ventilation. To date, the integration of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and ventilation has been investigated exclusively with measures of anterior CBF, which has a differential reactivity from the vertebrobasilar system and perfuses the brainstem. We hypothesized that: (1) posterior versus anterior CBF would have a stronger relationship to central chemoreflex magnitude during hypercapnia, and (2) that higher posterior reactivity would lead to a greater hypoxic ventilatory decline (HVD). End‐tidal forcing was used to induce steady‐state hyperoxic (300 mmHg ) hypercapnia (+3, +6 and +9 mmHg ) and isocapnic hypoxia (45 mmHg ) before and following pharmacological blunting (indomethacin; INDO; 1.45 ± 0.17 mg kg−1) of resting CBF and reactivity. In 22 young healthy volunteers, ventilation, intra‐cranial arterial blood velocities and extra‐cranial blood flows were measured during these challenges. INDO‐induced blunting of cerebrovascular flow responsiveness (CVR) to CO2 was unrelated to variability in ventilatory sensitivity during hyperoxic hypercapnia. Further results in a sub‐group of volunteers (n = 9) revealed that elevations of via end‐tidal forcing reduce arterial–jugular venous gradients, attenuating the effect of CBF on chemoreflex responses. During isocapnic hypoxia, vertebral artery CVR was related to the magnitude of HVD (R2 = 0.27; P < 0.04; n = 16), suggesting that CO2–[H+] washout from central chemoreceptors modulates hypoxic ventilatory dynamics. No relationships were apparent with anterior CVR. As higher posterior, but not anterior, CVR was linked to HVD, our study highlights the importance of measuring flow in posterior vessels to investigate CBF and ventilatory integration.
A High Flow Rate and Fast Response Electrohydraulic Servo Valve Based on a New Spiral Groove Hydraulic Pilot Stage
Authors: Wu Shuai , Jiao Zongxia , Yan Liang , Dong Wenhao
Published: December 2014

High flow rate electrohydraulic servo valve is widely applied in hydraulic servo systems. Typical high flow rate servo valve is three-stage nozzle flapper pilot structure which is complicated, unreliable, and highly costly. This study proposed a new two-stage structure high flow rate and quick response electrohydraulic spiral pilot servo valve (ESPV) using a novel hydraulic full bridge spiral pilot stage (FBSPS) as hydraulic amplifier. Its structure is simpler than traditional servo valve which could increase reliability. A design parameters optimization method for servo valve is proposed. It is using an optimization objective function which can balance dynamic performance, static performance, and pilot state efficiency for different design objectives. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) method was applied to get the best key design parameters of ESPV. A research prototype was developed based on the optimized parameters for fast response. The experimental results indicated that the frequency bandwidth (−3 dB amplitude attenuation and −90 deg phase lag) of the ESPV is up to 150 Hz at 20% of full range. This frequency response performance is competitive with existing servo valves, and the simpler structure can improve reliability and reduce cost. Thus, it may have great potential in hydraulic servo system with high reliability requirement, such as aircraft hydraulic servo control system.
Designing high performance precursors for atomic layer deposition of silicon oxide
Authors: Mallikarjunan Anupama , Chandra Haripin , Xiao Manchao , Lei Xinjian , Pearlstein Ronald M. , Bowen Heather R. , O'Neill Mark L. , Derecskei-Kovacs Agnes , Han Bing
Published: December 2014

Conformal and continuous silicon oxide films produced by atomic layer deposition (ALD) are enabling novel processing schemes and integrated device structures. The increasing drive toward lower temperature processing requires new precursors with even higher reactivity. The aminosilane family of precursors has advantages due to their reactive nature and relative ease of use. In this paper, the authors present the experimental results that reveal the uniqueness of the monoaminosilane structure [(R2N)SiH3] in providing ultralow temperature silicon oxide depositions. Disubstituted aminosilanes with primary amines such as in bis(t-butylamino)silane and with secondary amines such as in bis(diethylamino)silane were compared with a representative monoaminosilane: di-sec-butylaminosilane (DSBAS). DSBAS showed the highest growth per cycle in both thermal and plasma enhanced ALD. These findings show the importance of the arrangement of the precursor's organic groups in an ALD silicon oxide process.
Enhancement of photoluminescence properties in ZnO/AlN bilayer heterostructures grown by atomic layer deposition
Authors: Zhu Shang-Bin , Lu Hong-Liang , Zhang Qiu-Xiang , Zhang Yuan , Sun Qing-Qing , Zhou Peng , Ding Shi-Jin , Zhang David Wei
Published: December 2014

The AlN/ZnO bilayer heterostructures were deposited on Si (100) substrate by thermal atomic layer deposition. X-ray diffraction results show that the crystallinity of polycrystalline ZnO layer is enhanced by amorphous AlN capping layer. Compared with ZnO thin film, ZnO/AlN bilayer with 10.7 nm AlN capping layer exhibits three times enhanced near band edge (NBE) emission from the photoluminescence measurements. In addition, the near band edge emission from the ZnO can be further increased by ∼10 times through rapid thermal annealing at 600 °C. The underlying mechanisms for the enhancement of the NBE emission after coating AlN capping layer and thermal treatment are discussed. These results suggest that coating of a thin AlN layer and sequential thermal treatments can effectively tailor the luminescence properties of ZnO film.
Complex evolutionary trajectories of sex chromosomes across bird taxa
Authors: Zhou Qi , Zhang Jilin , Bachtrog Doris , An Na , Huang Quanfei , Jarvis Erich D. , Gilbert M. Thomas P. , Zhang Guojie
Published: December 2014

Sex-specific chromosomes, like the W of most female birds and the Y of male mammals, usually have lost most genes owing to a lack of recombination. We analyze newly available genomes of 17 bird species representing the avian phylogenetic range, and find that more than half of them do not have as fully degenerated W chromosomes as that of chicken. We show that avian sex chromosomes harbor tremendous diversity among species in their composition of pseudoautosomal regions and degree of Z/W differentiation. Punctuated events of shared or lineage-specific recombination suppression have produced a gradient of “evolutionary strata” along the Z chromosome, which initiates from the putative avian sex-determining gene
DMRT1
and ends at the pseudoautosomal region. W-linked genes are subject to ongoing functional decay after recombination was suppressed, and the tempo of degeneration slows down in older strata. Overall, we unveil a complex history of avian sex chromosome evolution.
Scratching the surface of martian habitability
Authors: Conrad Pamela G.
Published: December 2014

Are the right chemical ingredients enough to make a habitable planet?
The trouble with tritium
Authors: Normile Dennis
Published: December 2014

Japan searches for a way to cleanse contaminated water from the damaged Fukushima plant.
Highly Purified Mycobacterial Phosphatidylinositol Mannosides Drive Cell-Mediated Responses and Activate NKT Cells in Cattle
Authors: Pirson Chris , Engel Regina , Jones Gareth J. , Holder Thomas , Holst Otto , Vordermeier H. Martin
Published: December 2014

Mycobacterial lipids play an important role in the modulation of the immune response upon contact with the host. Using novel methods, we have isolated highly purified phosphatidylinositol mannoside (PIM) molecules (phosphatidylinositol dimannoside [PIM2], acylphosphatidylinositol dimannoside [AcPIM2], diacyl-phosphatidylinositol dimannoside [Ac2PIM2], acylphosphatidylinositol hexamannoside [AcPIM6], and diacylphosphatidylinositol hexamannoside [Ac2PIM6]) from virulentMycobacterium tuberculosisto assess their potential to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) responses inMycobacterium bovis-infected cattle. Of these molecules, one (AcPIM6) induced significant levels of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in bovine PBMCs. Three PIM molecules (AcPIM6, Ac2PIM2, and Ac2PIM6) were shown to drive significant proliferation in bovine PBMCs. AcPIM6was subsequently used to phenotype the proliferating cells by flow cytometry. This analysis demonstrated that AcPIM6was predominantly recognized by CD3+CD335+NKT cells. In conclusion, we have identified PIM lipid molecules that interact with bovine lymphocyte populations, and these lipids may be useful as future subunit vaccines or diagnostic reagents. Further, these data demonstrate, for the first time, lipid-specific NKT activation in cattle.
Complete Genome Sequence of the Autographa californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus Strain E2
Authors: Maghodia Ajay B. , Jarvis Donald L. , Geisler Christoph
Published: December 2014

Many vectors that are commonly used in the baculovirus/insect cell system (BICS) are derived from the
Autographa californica
multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) strain E2. To facilitate work with these vectors, we sequenced the E2 genome, compared it to that of the AcMNPV C6 strain, and found that they are very similar overall.
Adaptation of Pandemic H2N2 Influenza A Viruses in Humans
Authors: Joseph Udayan , Linster Martin , Suzuki Yuka , Krauss Scott , Halpin Rebecca A. , Vijaykrishna Dhanasekaran , Fabrizio Thomas P. , Bestebroer Theo M. , Maurer-Stroh Sebastian , Webby Richard J. , Wentworth David E. , Fouchier Ron A. M. , Bahl Justin , Smith Gavin J. D.
Published: December 2014

The 1957 A/H2N2 influenza virus caused an estimated 2 million fatalities during the pandemic. Since viruses of the H2 subtype continue to infect avian species and pigs, the threat of reintroduction into humans remains. To determine factors involved in the zoonotic origin of the 1957 pandemic, we performed analyses on genetic sequences of 175 newly sequenced human and avian H2N2 virus isolates and all publicly available influenza virus genomes.
MicroRNA-Mediated Transformation by the Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Kaposin Locus
Authors: Forte Eleonora , Raja Archana N. , Shamulailatpam Priscilla , Manzano Mark , Schipma Matthew J. , Casey John L. , Gottwein Eva
Published: December 2014

The human oncogenic Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) expresses a set of ∼20 viral microRNAs (miRNAs). miR-K10a stands out among these miRNAs because its entire stem-loop precursor overlaps the coding sequence for the Kaposin (Kap) A/C proteins. The ectopic expression of KapA has been reported to lead to transformation of rodent fibroblasts. However, these experiments inadvertently also introduced miR-K10a, which raises the question whether the transforming activity of the locus could in fact be due to miR-K10a expression. To answer this question, we have uncoupled miR-K10a and KapA expression. Our experiments revealed that miR-K10a alone transformed cells with an efficiency similar to that when it was coexpressed with KapA. Maintenance of the transformed phenotype was conditional upon continued miR-K10a but not KapA protein expression, consistent with its dependence on miRNA-mediated changes in gene expression. Importantly, miR-K10a taps into an evolutionarily conserved network of miR-142-3p targets, several of which are expressed in 3T3 cells and are also known inhibitors of cellular transformation. In summary, our studies of miR-K10a serve as an example of an unsuspected function of an mRNA whose precursor is embedded within a coding transcript. In addition, our identification of conserved miR-K10a targets that limit transformation will point the way to a better understanding of the role of this miRNA in KSHV-associated tumors.

IMPORTANCE
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a human tumor virus. The viral Kaposin locus has known oncogenic potential, which has previously been attributed to the encoded KapA protein. Here we show that the virally encoded miR-K10a miRNA, whose precursor overlaps the KapA-coding region, may account for the oncogenic properties of this locus. Our data suggest that miR-K10a mimics the cellular miRNA miR-142-3p and thereby represses several known inhibitors of oncogenic transformation. Our work demonstrates that functional properties attributed to a coding region may in fact be carried out by an embedded noncoding element and sheds light on the functions of viral miR-K10a.
Responding to symptoms suggestive of lung cancer: a qualitative interview study
Authors: Birt Linda , Hall Nicky , Emery Jon , Banks Jon , Mills Katie , Johnson Margaret , Hamilton Willie , Walter Fiona M
Published: December 2014

Background

Late diagnosis of lung cancer can impact on survival rates. Patients delay seeking help for a number of reasons. This study explored symptom appraisal and help-seeking decisions among patients referred to specialist respiratory services with symptoms suggestive of lung cancer.

Methods

In-depth qualitative interviews with patients as soon as possible after referral, ideally before diagnosis and mainly within 10 weeks, explored factors impacting on their pathways prior to referral. Framework analysis, underpinned by the Model of Pathways to Treatment, was used to explore the data with particular focus on patients’ beliefs and experiences, disease factors and healthcare professional influences.

Results

35 patients were interviewed (aged 41–88 years, 15 women, 17 with lung cancer). All described similar presenting symptoms and triggers to seek help. Appraisal of symptoms was influenced by whether they had a lung comorbidity; seriousness of symptoms was interpreted within the context of previous illness experiences. Help-seeking was triggered when: symptoms failed to respond as expected; there was an increased awareness of symptoms of lung cancer; the public nature of a cough meant others were able to endorse help-seeking. Almost half visited the general practitioner (GP) two or more times before referral; during this period they reinterpreted initial symptoms and appraised new symptoms. The meaning given to symptoms changed over time and many became increasingly concerned they may have lung cancer. The GP played a role in ensuring timely further help-seeking but often there was little guidance on how to monitor symptoms or when to reconsult.

Conclusions

Patients diagnosed with and without lung cancer had similar symptom pathways. Findings provide guidance for lung cancer awareness campaigns on the importance of social networks in endorsing patient help-seeking. The importance of appropriate advice, monitoring and safety-netting procedures by GPs for people presenting with symptoms suggestive of lung cancer is also highlighted.
Why a vet – and why a pathologist?
Authors: Wessels Mark
Published: December 2014

Rejecting marine biology as a career, Mark Wessels did a veterinary degree. He moved from practice to diagnostic pathology and then to the State Veterinary Service. He now heads the histopathology team at Finn Pathologists, where he has gone almost full circle as he finds himself developing a large animal diagnostic and pathology service
Dose-dependent optical properties and laser damage of helium-implanted sapphire
Authors: Zhong Mian , Yang Liang , Yang Guixia , Yan Zhonghua , Li Zhijie , Zheng Wanguo , Yuan Xiaodong , Guo Decheng , Huang Jin , Xiang Xia
Published: December 2014

A series of single crystalline Al2O3 samples are implanted with He+ ions at different nominal fluences up to 1 × 1018 ions/cm2 at room temperature. The microstructure evolution and optical properties as well as laser-induced damage threshold are investigated. Optical microscopic images show that the density and amount of defects increase with increasing implantation fluence. In addition, atomic force microscopic images indicate that the surface morphologies have changed distinctly when the fluence reaches 5 × 1017 ions/cm2 and above. After helium implantation, broad purple and green–yellow absorption bands as well as an obvious photoluminescence band at 330 nm are observed, respectively. With the increase of implantation fluence, the intensities of absorption bands increase greatly, whereas the intensity of the photoluminescence band decreases and tends to saturation. The original strong infrared band shifts and broadens with increasing implantation fluence. The mechanism for the shift and broadening of the infrared band is discussed. After laser irradiation, it is found that the implantation fluence has great effect on the laser-induced damage threshold, which decreases significantly from 5.43 J/cm2 to 4.62, 3.71, 2.64, and 1.80 J/cm2 with increasing implantation fluence. A mechanism for the degradation of laser damage resistance is presented.
On the low lying spectrum of the magnetic Schrödinger operator with kagome periodicity
Authors: Kerdelhué Philippe , Royo-Letelier Jimena
Published: December 2014

In a semi-classical regime, we study a periodic magnetic Schrödinger operator in ℝ2. This is inspired by recent experiments on artificial magnetism with ultra cold atoms in optical lattices, and by the new interest for the operator on the hexagonal lattice describing the behavior of an electron in a graphene sheet. We first review some results for the square (Harper), triangular and hexagonal lattices. Then, we study the case when the periodicity is given by the kagome lattice considered by Hou. Following the techniques introduced by Helffer–Sjöstrand and Carlsson, we reduce this problem to the study of a discrete operator on ℓ2(ℤ2;ℂ3) and a pseudo-differential operator on L2(ℝ;ℂ3), which keep the symmetries of the kagome lattice. We estimate the coefficients of these operators in the case of a weak constant magnetic field. Plotting the spectrum for rational values of the magnetic flux divided by 2πh where h is the semi-classical parameter, we obtain a picture similar to Hofstadter's butterfly. We study the properties of this picture and prove the symmetries of the spectrum and the existence of flat bands, which do not occur in the case of the three previous models.
Quantum phases of the frustrated XY models on the honeycomb lattice
Authors: Zhu Zhenyue , White Steven R.
Published: December 2014

Searching for spin-liquid states has long been attracting both experimentalists and theorists. In this paper, we review recent density matrix renormalization group studies of the spin-½ XY model on the honeycomb lattice, with first-neighbor (J1 = 1) and frustrating second-neighbor (J2 > 0) interactions. For the intermediate frustration regime 0.22 ≲ J2 ≲ 0.36, there exists a surprising antiferromagnetic Ising phase, with ordered moments pointing along the z-axis, despite the absence of any SzSz interactions in the Hamiltonian. Surrounding this phase as a function of J2 are antiferromagnetic phases with the moments pointing in the xy-plane for small J2 and a close competition between an xy-plane magnetic collinear phase and a dimer phase for large values of J2. No spin-liquid phases was found in the XY model even with the third-neighbor (J3 > 0) interactions.
Electrochemical Behavior ofLiFePO4Thin Film Prepared by RF Magnetron Sputtering inLi2SO4Aqueous Electrolyte
Authors: Wu Jiaxiong , Cai Wei , Shang Guangyi
Published: December 2014

LiFePO4films were deposited on Au / Si substrate by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering. The effect of annealing on the crystallization and morphology of LiFePO4thin film has been investigated. X-ray diffraction revealed that the films through annealing were well crystallized compared with as-deposited films. The surface morphology of the thin film was also observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Electrochemical tests in 1M Li2SO4showed that the annealed thin film in 500°C exhibits larger Li -ion diffusion coefficient (3.46 × 10-7cm2s-1) than as-deposited film and powder. Furthermore, cyclic voltammetry demonstrate a well-defined lithium intercalation/deintercalation reaction at around 0.45 V versus SCE (i.e., 3.6 V versus Li+/ Li ), suggesting that the annealed LiFePO4thin film is a promising candidate cathode film for lithium microbatteries.