bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TcellInflamedDetector: an R package to distinguish T cell inflamed tumor types from non–T cell inflamed tumor types
Authors: Yang San-Duk , Park Hyun-Seok
Published: March 2022

A major issue in the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors is their lack of efficacy in many patients. Previous studies have reported that the T cell inflamed signature can help predict the response to immunotherapy. Thus, many studies have investigated mechanisms of immunotherapy resistance by defining the tumor microenvironment based on T cell inflamed and non–T cell inflamed subsets. Although methods of calculating T cell inflamed subsets have been developed, valid screening tools for distinguishing T cell inflamed from non–T cell inflamed subsets using gene expression data are still needed, since general researchers who are unfamiliar with the details of the equations can experience difficulties using extant scoring formulas to conduct analyses. Thus, we introduce TcellInflamedDetector, an R package for distinguishing T cell inflamed from non–T cell inflamed samples using cancer gene expression data via bulk RNA sequencing.
San Agustín y la iniciación cristiana
Authors: Eguiarte B. Enrique A. ,   Order of Augustinian Recollects
Published: March 2022

The article presents the traces of rituals and celebrations of Lent in the Church of Milan in 387, following the clues that we have in the texts both of St. Augustine and St. Ambrose. It deals also about the structure of the catechumenate in Hippo, St. Augustine’s Diocese, underlining those things which were common to other Churches, and those which were exclusive of Northern Africas Church. It presents briefly the ritual of the traditio symboli and the traditio orationis, and also describes St. Augustine’s sermons to the newly baptized or infants, during the in albis Week.
El pensamiento antropológico de san Agustín
Authors: Fidelibus Giuseppe , Anoz José ,   Order of Augustinian Recollects
Published: March 2022

The article deais with St. Augustine’s anthropology, taking as point of departure Mazzarellas’s ideas. It presents the different moment of St. Augustine’s Life and his anthropological sources, both Latin and Greek. The nowadays importance of St. Augustine’s anthropology is based on his performative attitude and the perennial situation of crisis in which he had to live all his life.
Sobre el ascetismo cristiano. Ejercicios espirituales en las ‘Confesiones’ de san Agustín
Authors: Grabau Joseph , Anoz José ,   Order of Augustinian Recollects
Published: March 2022

The present article seeks to address an important point of contact between early Christian ascetic practice and the heritage of Platonism through the end of the fourth century AD. In short, I find marked similarities between Pierre Hadot’s reading of Plato's Phaedo, for example, and that of St Augustine’s personal prayer book, the Confessions. After outlining essential characteristics of Hadot’s take on spiritual exercises and Augustinian anthropology, I subject the text of the Confessions to critical examination in order to determine whether an emphasis on ‘spiritual exercises’ is indeed present. I argüe that similar spiritual practices may be clearly discerned. First, I discuss the distinct ‘Christian’ and Augustinian character of ‘spiritual exercises’ which incorporate biblical typology of Adam and Christ as paradigmatic for the spiritual life. Next, in terms of concrete practices, I then discern from the first four books of the Confessions a series of exercises through which such a path of spiritual progress (i.e., from ‘Adam’ to ‘Christ’) may occur. Of note, I consider the dialectic praxis of 1) contemplative reading, 2) prayer-writing and 3) prayer itself, or ‘pure’ prayer - distinct from Augustine’s written reflections; 4) the role of lectio divina or meditation on Scripture; and, finally, 5) meditation on death. In addition to developing these individual practices, it is the traditional Augustinian anthropology (rooted as it is in a theology of divine grace) that reveals the essential ‘Christian’ contribution of Augustine.
¿Por qué orar? Doctrina polifacética de Agustín de Hipona sobre la oración
Authors: Knotts Matthew W. , Dupont Anthony , Anoz José ,   Order of Augustinian Recollects
Published: March 2022

This essay, «Why pray? Augustine of Hippo’s multifaceted doctrine of prayer », will consist of three moments through which we shall progressively reveal the inner logic at work in Augustine’s understanding of prayer and how it is integrally connected with other aspects of his theological doctrine in general, and sapientia in particular, thus revealing the intrinsically mystagogical nature of prayer in Augustine’s mind-set. First, we shall explain how Augustine’s goal of arriving at sapientia became a matter of seeking Christ, the Incarnate Sapientia Dei. But Christ is most fully encountered in and through prayer, above all the prayer of His Body, the Church, in her scriptures, her sacraments, and above all, her divine liturgy, through which one is initiated into and progressively grows in one’s knowledge of the divine mysteries. Henee in order to attain to Wisdom, one had to engage in true worship, the point which will constitute our second focus. Finally, we shall consider two case studies of a sort, that is, Augustine’s exegesis of two biblical passages in which Christ Himself is depicted praying. The first is Matthew 6,9-13, in which Christ teaches His followers the Pater Noster, and the second John 17, the so-called High-Priestly Prayer, in which Christ is seen in a candid moment of profound communication with His Father. Paul van Geest understands a mystagogue as one who attempts «to kindle a desire in people for the incomprehensible and unspeakable mystery behind everything and everyone », and our contention in this essay will be that this reading of Augustine is confirmed when one examines Augustine’s theology through the lens of prayer and sapientia.
Variaciones de la ‘distentio’ agustiniana
Authors: Mosto Marisa ,   Order of Augustinian Recollects
Published: March 2022

The article focuses on the concept of distentio and makes a comparison between book XI of St. Augustine’s Confessions and «The seventh letter» of the Column and Fundament of the Truth, of the Russian scientific, philosopher and theologian Pavel Florenskij (1882-1937).
Aportaciones del pensamiento agustiniano a la educación del siglo XXI
Authors: Carrón de la Torre Antonio ,   Order of Augustinian Recollects
Published: March 2022

We are sure that Augustinian pedagogy can be very relevant to the 21st century education, especially if we compare St. Augustine’s context and ours, to find that many things have undoubtedly changed, but others remain. Studying history is always inspiring, but very especially in the educational context, where, even taking into account the progress of neurobiology, learning patterns remain intact. We are living a time of social, cultural and educational changes. However, we cannot forget that many modern learning theories, methods, concepts, etc. are nothing but restatements of old, clear, and well-defined facts that can be found in St. Augustine’s writings. Our main task is to know how to apply St. Augustine’s thought in today’s context.
La voluntad buena asediada por la gracia. Estructura y argumento del sermón agustiniano 193, predicado un 25 de diciembre
Authors: van Neer Joost , Anoz José ,   Order of Augustinian Recollects
Published: March 2022

This article intends to contribute to research of the structure and argument of Augustine’s sermons. Application of the dual method of analysis used here shows that these were much more structured and better considered than has long been assumed. This contribution will provide evidence for the view that s. 193 consists of three parts that reflect a learning trajectory. It will do so by examining structure and argument in the sermon according to a dual method: the use of language and of Scripture. It will become clear that the transitions between the parts found through an analysis of the use of language are the same as those resulting from analysis of the use of Scripture.
MacIntyre on Practical Reasoning
Authors: Bernacchio Caleb ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: March 2022

Patrick Byrne argues that MacIntyre’s account of practical reasoning is inadequate because it is based upon a notion of flourishing that places too much emphasis on impersonal facts, likewise because it is excessively focused on means without considering the role of desire for ends, and because it is does not account for the role of feelings in explaining how knowledge of ends is attained. In this essay, I argue that MacIntyre’s account provides adequate responses to each of these concerns. But more broadly, I argue that Byrne is right to suggest that a Lonerganian perspective offers important insights that can extend MacIntyre’s neo-Aristotelian practical philosophy. Specifically, Lonergan’s account of the generalized empirical method may inform MacIntyre’s theory of rival, and potentially incommensurable traditions, explaining how standards of argument are both transcultural and historically articulated.
Strategic Leadership as a Tool for Growth, Mission Alignment and Long-term Stability
Authors: Donovan Aine ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: March 2022

This article provides guidance and rationales for managing transitions within ethics centers as directors and staff are hired. The structures that reinforce the mission and ensures that the center continues to provide benefit to the community requires delicate strategizing among campus and community constituencies. The principles and practices that serve as a best-practices management approach are articulated within this article.
Literature Review on Control Charts for Autocorrelated Processes
Authors: Lirio Valentina Wolff , Martins Tailon , Reichert Bianca , Lirio Gilvete Silvania Wolff , Souza Adriano Mendonça , Silva Wesley Vieira da
Published: March 2022

This research aims to present a literature review (LR) on control charts for autocorrelated processes, intending to contribute to the scientific knowledge of the process management area. The article was constructed having a research question defined ex-ante, elaborated based on the literature, where a research protocol adapted from Tranfield, Denyer, and Smart (2003) was systematized according to the methodological rigor demanded in the literature review, which resulted in the composition of the research corpus. The research corpus was evaluated in detail using the bibliometric packages HistCite, VOSviewer, package R and Iramuteq. It was evaluated the validity of the 3 bibliometric laws were verified: Lotka's Law, Bradford's Law, and Zipf's Law based on the authors’ citation and co-citation techniques. This study is considered as relevant and original since it is the first literature review on control charts for autocorrelated processes. The results confirmed the 3 classical bibliometric laws for the researched corpus. As a practical implication, this review provides support for quality management scholars to unlock potential research gaps. The main limitation of the work refers to the composition of the textual corpus, given that databases of national journals were not consulted due to the difficulty in terms of compatibility of the software used in this research.
Regimes pluviais pela técnica dos quantis e seus balanços hídricos em Barbalha - CE, Brasil
Authors: Saboya Luciano Fallé , Medeiros Raimundo Mainar
Published: March 2022

O clima de uma região resulta das diferentes combinações dos processos atmosféricos com uma diversidade de tipologia. Objetiva-se analisar as oscilações pluviais e a suas flutuações temporais pela técnica dos quantis aplicado ao estudo da pluviometria para diferentes regimes pluviais, muito seco (MS), seco (S), normal (N), chuvoso (C) e muito chuvoso (MC), em conjunto com os balanços hídricos, para Barbalha – CE, entre 1973 e 2019. Utilizou-se dos valores mensais pluviais e térmicos, adquiridos do Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia. Observou-se valores menores que 922,90 mm, 17 eventos MS entre 922,90 e 1083,23 mm, 13 eventos S entre 1083 e 1210,79 mm, 6 eventos N entre 1210,79 e 1294,79 mm e 4 eventos C, precipitações maiores que 1294,79 mm em 8 eventos MC. Ocorrem chuvas de janeiro a abril, quanto à reposição d’água no solo e criação de excedente, respostas diversas foram observadas. A metodologia dos quantis e o balanço hídrico possibilita a compreensão dos regimes pluviais sendo indispensável para o planejamento das atividades agropecuárias, trazendo benefícios para a sociedade local.
Rubra fluidez: uma performance sobre a menarca
Authors: Matzenauer Camila , Biancalana Gisela
Published: March 2022

O presente artigo apresenta um relato sobre o processo de criação da Performance Rubra Fluidez. A obra artística é uma abordagem poética da menarca a partir do relato de várias mulheres, incluindo a artista, sobre a primeira menstruação. Com um viés feminista, a obra busca discutir como questões biológicas, entendidas como marcadoras do tempo no corpo feminino, podem ser lidas e interpretadas culturalmente. Além disso, o texto aborda a multiplicidade da obra enquanto característica própria da Arte Contemporânea. Rubra Fluidez integra uma dissertação de mestrado do programa de pós-graduação em Artes Visuais. A obra integra uma série de Performances ancoradas em questões relativas ao universo feminino ao explorar a passagem do tempo no corpo da mulher. O estudo é subsidiado por autores como Beauvoir; Ribeiro; Ricoeur e Cauquelin.
Todas las utopías son deprimentes
Authors: Yeregui Mariela
Published: March 2022

Bordes (Todas las utopías son deprimentes),  trabajo que realicé en coautoría con Marlin Velasco, surgió en el marco de un proyecto de creación/investigación inscripto dentro del programa de investigación de la Universidad Nacional de Tres de Febrero. El proyecto propuso una dinámica de trabajo basada en el concepto de deriva. Abordó problemáticas específicas en un entorno propio y abierto desde el cual se implementaron estrategias de experimentación creativa en el ámbito del arte, la acción, la tecnología y el territorio, poniendo en crisis nociones tradicionales de cartografía institucionalizada y cómo estas resuenan en el escenario de local de Buenos Aires.
Avec vous: um olhar compartrilhado
Authors: Vasconcelos Flávia Maria de Brito Pedrosa , Reherman Fernanda Stellfeld
Published: March 2022

O presente trabalho AVEC VOUS em formato de narrativas visuais tem uma poética compartrilhada conforme a artista visual Lucimar Bello indica. Emerge de discussões no Grupo de Pesquisa em Artes Visuais e Criatividade - AVEC, cadastrado no Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq, via Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM. Com base nessas discussões, refletimos sobre o  Projeto , contemplado pelo Edital de  de 2020 e que no subprojeto Arte Contemporânea na América Latina, Criatividade e Inovação em Santa Maria busca aprofundar o estudo sobre teorias das Artes Visuais com enfoque nas narrativas decoloniais, através de leituras e investigação de dados dos artistas locais da cidade de Santa Maria tendo por objetivo maior visibilidade destes artistas. Como parte para produção das narrativas visuais nos apoiamos na análise bibliográfica de autores que tratam das mulheres artistas e da decolonialidade, atentando para a produção na América Latina de trabalhos em Artes Visuais. A partir dessas configurações, selecionamos imagens que funcionam como narrativas visuais, percebendo como elas dialogavam de uma maneira que a pesquisa delineava à medida em que as discussões em grupo ocorriam, uma maneira narrativa do olhar, do apreender o perceber em que o trabalho artístico e o processo criador fazem parte de uma experiência produtora de sentidos.
Arte en movimiento: Subjetividades nómadas
Authors: Blanca Rosa Maria , Malinowski Bruna
Published: March 2022

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo estudiar cómo el movimiento interfiere en las prácticas artísticas y consecuentemente en la subjetividad de la artista. Pártese del supuesto que el movimiento de artistas en migración, en viaje o en desplazamiento, agencia percepciones que conciben una subjetividad cambiante, en contraposición a una identidad artística institucionalizada, incidiendo en categorías como género o nacional. Úsase el concepto de nómada para la investigación de las prácticas artísticas en movimiento. Como resultado, el estudio propone un pensamiento nómada reflexionar el arte en la contemporaneidad. Son expuestas categorías como exilio, xenofeminismo, nomádica y amefricanidad, formulaciones de proyectos artísticos y de las propias artistas.
Measurement of mathematics anxiety in an Israeli adult population
Authors: Batashvili Michael , Cipora Krzysztof , Hunt Thomas E.
Published: March 2022

Maths anxiety is common and refers to feelings of anxiety, fear and other negative emotions and thoughts in individuals when confronted with mathematical tasks or numerical information. Self-report measures of maths anxiety have been created, but the majority are in English and are not culturally relevant to all countries. This study aimed to translate and validate existing measures for future use in Hebrew-speaking adult populations. The Mathematics Anxiety Scale – UK (MAS-UK) was translated to Hebrew and adult participants completed it alongside the Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale – Revised (MARS-R) and a general anxiety measure. Factor structures were explored for both the translated MAS-UK and a Hebrew version of the MARS-R, as well as being checked for reliability and convergent and discriminant validity. Results from a final sample of 213 participants, indicated the shortened, Hebrew version of the MAS-UK and the MARS-R are internally consistent and suitable for use in future maths anxiety research in adult Israeli populations. Findings regarding sex differences in maths anxiety are also discussed.
ПОСЛЕДЊИ ПЛАН КНЕЗА МИХАИЛА ОБРЕНОВИЋА О БОСНИ И ХЕРЦЕГОВИНИ
Authors: Рајић Сузана
Published: March 2022

Мишљење да је за време друге владавине кнеза Ми- хаила Обреновића (1860–1868) „пропуштена прилика” да се процес ос- лобођења и уједињења српског народа оконча, те трагична смрт кнеза 1868, најчешће се доводе у везу са прекидом „активне” националне по- литике Србије. Оба става су с временом прерасла у мит. Припреме за општебалкански устанак кнез је обављао у оквирима далекосежних ос- лободилачких планова, који ће наступити тек пошто се укаже повољна прилика. До те прилике, свакако, није дошло за кнежева живота. И баш зато кнез Михаило за све време своје друге владавине, припремајући се и ишчекујући повољне околности, интензивно ради на што већем сна- жењу Србије и на јачању јединства међу балканским народима, имајући у виду да је присаједињење Босне и Херцеговине приоритет. Циљ овог рада јесте да објасни сложене околности на међународној позорници 1866/67. које су условиле укључивање нових елеманата у рад на спољ- нополитичком пољу а који нису пореметили основни правац који је кнез Михаило трасирао од почетка своје друге владавине.
LAJOŠ KOŠUT U SAVREMENOJ SRPSKOJ ISTORIOGRAFIJI
Authors: Lukić Sandra
Published: March 2022

U radu je predočeno pisanje savremene srpske istoriografije o istorijskoj ulozi Lajoša Košuta tokom revolucije 1848–1849. godine, njegova politika prema manjinskim narodima u Ugarskoj i planovi o saradnji podunavskih naroda koje je razvio tokom perioda emigracije. Košut, jedan od najistaknutijih revolucionara u Mađarskoj, borio se za nezavisnu Ugarsku vjerujući u nadmoćnost i privilegovanost mađarskog naroda i jezika i oštro se suprotstavljajući pokušajima nacionalne emancipacije manjinskih naroda u Ugarskoj. Nakon sloma revolucije i odlaska u emigraciju uvidio je greške svoje prethodno vođene politike i pokušao da usmjeri Mađare ka saradnji sa podunavskim narodima. Do kraja života ostao je u emigraciji, odlučan da neće biti habzburški podanik i vjeran ideji nezavisne Ugarske.
[The groundwater compliance point in contaminated sites between avulsed application practices and difficulties of interpretation]
Authors: Sottani Andrea , Merlin Angelo
Published: March 2022

[The groundwater Point of Compliance (POC) in contaminated sites represents a strategic tool for directing environmental actions and resource protection criteria, as well as for achieving the ultimate goals of restoration. In this paper, an integrated legal and technical study is proposed, in order to highlight some critical issues relating to the interpretative practice of the national legislation in force, which has become customary in administrative procedures. The specific regulatory system is contextualized by making explicit use of those hydrogeological elements, which govern the development of fate and transport problems in the aquifers. To facilitate understanding of the case, it is considered the international regulatory framework, noting the availability of interesting perspectives, useful at clarifying many of the methodological and operational implications in the environmental remediation process, especially for the compliance point location].
 
[In Italian]
[Groundwater in the areas Est and South of Napoli]
Authors: Allocca Vincenzo , Coda Silvio , Corniello Alfonso , De Vita Pantaleone , Ducci Daniela , Fabbrocino Silvia , Forte Giovanni , Petrosino Paola
Published: March 2022

Not available
Electron density depletion by releasing carbon dioxide in plasma wind tunnel
Authors: Liu Xiang-Qun , Liu Yu , Ling Yi-Ming , Lei Jiu-Hou , Cao Jin-Xiang , Li Jin , Zhong Yu-Min , Shen Ming , Li Yan-Hua ,   Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment of Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China,   Center for Excellence in Comparative Planetology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230026, China,   Frontiers Science Center for Planetary Exploration and Emerging Technologies, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China,   Beijing Institute of Near Space Vehicle System Engineering, Beijing 100076, China,   Beijing Research Institute of Telemetry, Beijing 100076, China
Published: March 2022

During the spacecraft from geospace penetrating into the atmosphere, a plasma sheath can be formed around its external surface due to shock heating which subsequently leads the radio communications between the space vehicle and ground-based stations to interrupt, i.e. the blackout problem happens. Many techniques have been developed to mitigate the blackout problem, and the attachment chemicals releasing is considered as an effective method. Previously, halogenides and water have been widely investigated both theoretically and experimentally. In this work, we report the mitigation of the reentry plasma sheath through releasing carbon dioxide, in which the electron density is reduced through different mechanisms and processes from the releasing halogenides. Controlled experiments are performed to investigate the carbon dioxide released in the arc wind tunnel and the high-frequency plasma wind tunnel. Results suggest that the electron density can be significantly reduced in the simulated plasma sheath environment, which provides a potential approach to solving the communication blackout problem encounterin the reentry process.
Opacities of \begin{document}${ X}^1\Sigma^+_{\rm g}, a'{}^1\Sigma^-_{\rm u}, a{}^1\Pi_{\rm g} \text{ and } { b}^1\Pi_{\rm u}$\end{document} electronic states for nitrogen molecule
Authors: Chen Chen , Zhao Guo-Peng , Qi Yue-Ying , Wu Yong , Wang Jian-Guo ,   Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China,   College of Data Science, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China,   National Key Laboratory of Computational Physics, Institute of Applied Physics and Computational Mathematics, Beijing 100088, China,   Center for Applied Physics and Technology, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Published: March 2022

Multi-reference configuration interaction (MRCI) approach with Davison size-extensivity correction (+Q) is employed to calculate the potential curves and dipole moments of \begin{document}${X^1}\Sigma _{\rm{g}}^ + ,{a^\prime }^1\Sigma _{\rm{u}}^ - ,{a^1}{\Pi _{\rm{g}}}$\end{document} and \begin{document}$b{}^1{\Pi _{\rm u}}$\end{document} electronic states of N2. The spectroscopic constants and vibrational level spaceings are calculated and in excellent agreement with the available theoretical results and experimental data. Based on the calculated molecular structure parameters, the opacities of N2 in a temperature range of 295–20000 K under a pressure of 100 atm (1 atm = 1.01×105 Pa) are presented. The results demonstrate that the wavelength range of absorption cross sections are enlarged with the temperature increasing. Moreover, the cross sections are mainly dominated in the range of ultraviolet for the cases with temperature T < 5000 K, while the obvious population can be found in the infrared ranges for the cases with temperature T > 10000 K due to the contribution of the excited states. The influence of temperature on the opacities of nitrogen molecule are investigated in the present work, which can provide theoretical and data support for researches of astrophysics and nuclear weapons.
The pupillary light response as a physiological index of aphantasia, sensory and phenomenological imagery strength
Authors: Kay Lachlan , Keogh Rebecca , Andrillon Thomas , Pearson Joel
Published: March 2022

The pupillary light response is an important automatic physiological response which optimizes light reaching the retina. Recent work has shown that the pupil also adjusts in response to illusory brightness and a range of cognitive functions, however, it remains unclear what exactly drives these endogenous changes. Here, we show that the imagery pupillary light response correlates with objective measures of sensory imagery strength. Further, the trial-by-trial phenomenological vividness of visual imagery is tracked by the imagery pupillary light response. We also demonstrated that a group of individuals without visual imagery (aphantasia) do not show any significant evidence of an imagery pupillary light response, however they do show perceptual pupil light responses and pupil dilation with larger cognitive load. Our results provide evidence that the pupillary light response indexes the sensory strength of visual imagery. This work also provides the first physiological validation of aphantasia.
Design and experimental validation of a multifunction Single layer UHF-RFID Tag antenna
Authors: El Bakkali M. , Ennasar M. A. , El Mrabet O. , García R. F.
Published: March 2022

In this paper, we report a new design of a multifunction RFID tag antenna operating in the European band (665-868.5MHz) and the North American band (902-928 MHz) separately. The multifunction behavior can be achieved by changing the position of the RFID chip. It is found that at each feeding position, the RFID tag antenna can operate separately on both bands. The characteristics of the proposed design including S-parameters, impedance and reading range pattern have been investigated using simulation software CST Microwave Studio and experimental results. Further insight into the mechanism radiation is sought through the investigation of the current density and the equivalent circuit model. The tolerance of this design on various background materials is also investigated experimentally. The measured and simulated results show good agreement, providing a simple and low-cost design.
Physico-chemical Characteristics and Nutrient Status of Guava (Psidium guajava L.) Orchards in North-Western India
Authors: Singh Charan , Yadav Parmod Kumar , Prakash Ram , Kumar Jitender
Published: March 2022

One hundred eight soil samples were collected from 12 guava orchards existing at different locations as well as 108 soil samples from non-orchard soils adjoining in the vicinity of selected orchards spread over five blocks of district Rewari namely Bawal, Rewari, Jatusana, Khol and Nahar. The samples were collected from 3 depths (0-15, 15-30, 30-60 cm) and analyzed for physico-chemical properties and available nutrients viz., nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. The composite leaf sample of guava plants was also collected from each orchard. Rewari district soils (orchard and non-orchard) were sandy loam to loamy sand in nature. The calcium carbonate content in soils showed an increasing trend with depth and it increased significantly with an increase in sand and pH. Soils were alkaline with low organic carbon and nearly one-third of samples were saline. Available nitrogen was low, available phosphorus was low to medium while available potassium was medium to high in soil samples. Despite the high content of available potassium in soils, the plant leaves were found deficient in potassium. Therefore, the use of balanced fertilizers is required for sustainable and enhanced productivity of the guava orchards.
Droop Control of Inverter Interfaced Distributed Generation
Authors: Bhatt Neha , Arora Sudha
Published: March 2022

In recent times, interest in renewable energy-based Distributed Generation (DG) is increasing rapidly. These sources are connected to AC bus through inverter interface. During islanded mode, output voltage and frequency of sources should be properly regulated for stable operation and it is done by applying control action on inverter. The paper presents a control strategy for controlling inverter output. It deals with active power-frequency and reactive power-voltage (P-f/Q-V) droop control strategy for voltage and frequency regulation. Droop control can be implemented for communication-less control of inverter-based DG units. The control adjusts voltage and frequency of individual generating unit according to the power flow. P-f droop uses real power(P) of the DG unit to decide the operating frequency and Q-V droop uses reactive power(Q) to decide operating voltage. The simulation is conducted in the MATLAB/Simulink and results are analyzed. Results show that droop control is an effective technique for the control of inverters that are interfaced with distributed generation sources.
Agency in Language Studies
Authors: Bouchard Jeremie , Glasgow Gregory Paul
Published: March 2022

This entry examines the phenomenon of agency in second language acquisition (SLA) by drawing insight from seminal works in social theory which conceptualize agency and its relationship with structure and culture, and by reviewing three general perspectives on how agency is positioned within SLA research. The entry defines agency as a principally conscious, reflexive, and goal‐oriented phenomenon, and concludes by highlighting pedagogical possibilities toward the emancipation of teacher/learner agency in SLA contexts.
Complexity, Accuracy, and Fluency in Second Language Writing
Authors: Uzun Kutay
Published: March 2022

Even though complexity, accuracy, and fluency measures have chiefly been a concern in L2 oral production, they have their particular ways of manifesting in L2 written production, too. As a result, written learner texts are being increasingly studied with respect to those measures thanks to the improvements in applications for the computational analysis of texts. Centered around two major hypotheses regarding their trade‐offs, namely the limited attentional capacity model and the cognition hypothesis, this entry presents the concepts of complexity, accuracy, and fluency within the context of L2 writing along with the pedagogical implications for their development and assessment.
Solvent‐Free Upcycling Vitrimers through Digital Light Processing‐Based 3D Printing and Bond Exchange Reaction
Authors: Li Honggeng , Zhang Biao , Wang Rong , Yang Xiaodan , He Xiangnan , Ye Haitao , Cheng Jianxiang , Yuan Chao , Zhang Yuan‐Fang , Ge Qi
Published: March 2022

Vitrimers, a type of dynamically crosslinked polymers that combine the solvent‐ and heat‐resistance of thermosets with the reprocessability of thermoplastics, offer a new solution to the problem of plastic pollution. However, the current recycling approaches of vitrimers greatly constrain the shapes of recycled vitrimers to simple geometries, thus significantly limiting the application scopes of recycled vitrimers. Here, a simple but universal method for upcycling vitrimer wastes is reported by developing a UV curable recycling (UVR) solution system. Conventional unprintable vitrimer powders can be mixed with the UVR solution, and the resulting mixture is compatible with digital light processing based 3D printing to fabricate 3D structures with high resolution (up to 20 µm) and high geometric complexity. Heat treatment triggers bond exchange reactions in the printed structures, and greatly enhances the mechanical properties. This method allows to cyclically print vitrimer wastes multiple times. Moreover, the UVR‐vitrimer mixture solution can work as an adhesive to bond printed small parts together to build a larger and more complex structure which cannot be printed. The upcycling method reported in this work extends the application scope of recycled vitrimers and provide a practical solution to address environmental challenges associated with plastic pollution.
Novel GaPtMnP Alloy Based Anodic Electrocatalyst with Excellent Catalytic Features for Direct Ethanol Fuel Cells
Authors: Yoon Young Soo , Basumatary Padmini , Kilic Mehmet Emin , Cha Yoo Lim , Lee Kwang‐Ryeol , Kim Dong‐Joo , Konwar Dimpul
Published: March 2022

Although considerable effort has been devoted to developing bifunctional electrocatalysts with enhanced atomic utilization in ethanol fuel cells, significant progress in this field has been hindered by notable drawbacks of the electrocatalysts, such as low stability, poor activity, and inefficient repeatability for multiple startup and shutdown cycles. Considering these issues herein, a novel nanosized GaPtMnP alloy anchored on N‐doped multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is developed. The average size of the spherical GaPtMnP alloy nanoparticles is ≈3.5 nm. The atomic structure and d‐band shift of Pt in the GaPtMnP alloy are demonstrated using state‐of‐the‐art density functional theory calculations. Cyclic voltammetry analysis revealed that GaPtMnP/N‐MWCNT delivered high mass and specific activities of 9.16 A mgPt−1 and 10.4 mA cm−2, respectively, in 0.3 m H2SO4 + 0.5 m ethanol, values that are ≈13‐ and 8‐fold higher than the corresponding values for Pt/C. In addition, it exhibits long‐term stability and durability even after 3000 cycles. A single cell based on the GaPtMnP/N‐MWCNT anodic electrocatalyst exhibits a peak power density of 86.64 mW cm−2, which is approximately fourfold higher than that of Pt/C at 70 °C. Furthermore, the performance of a fuel cell comprising the GaPtMnP/N‐MWCNT catalyst remained constant even after multiple startup–shutdown cycles.
Receptor‐Level Proximity and Fastening of Ligands Modulates Stem Cell Differentiation
Authors: Bae Gunhyu , Kim Myeong Soo , Thangam Ramar , Koo Thomas Myeongseok , Jang Woo Young , Yoon Jinho , Han Seong‐Beom , Yang Letao , Kim Seong Yeol , Kang Nayeon , Min Sunhong , Hong Hyunsik , Fu Hong En , Ko Min Jun , Kim Dong‐Hwee , Jeong Woong Kyo , Kim Dong‐Hyun , Kim Tae‐Hyung , Choi Jeong‐Woo , Lee Ki‐Bum , Paulmurugan Ramasamy , Zhu Yangzhi , Kim Han‐Jun , Lee Junmin , Kim Jong Seung , Khademhosseini Ali , Kim Young Keun , Kang Heemin
Published: March 2022

Cellular adhesion is regulated by the binding of 10 nm sized integrin to Arg‐Gly‐Asp (RGD) ligands present in extracellular matrix proteins. In this study, seed‐mediated growth of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on the surface of iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanotemplates is employed to tune the diameter and interdistance of RGD‐bearing AuNPs at the receptor‐level. The Fe3O4 nanotemplates decorated with RGD‐bearing AuNPs arranged in various RGD diameters and interdistances at the receptor‐levels are flexibly fastened to a substrate. Similar to fully connected RGDs, subreceptor‐level‐gapped (quasiconnected) RGDs activate integrin binding with the adjacent RGDs, which stimulates focal adhesion, mechanosensing, and differentiation of stem cells. This stimulation of stem cells is hindered when the RGD interdistance increases above the receptor‐level gap. However, this stimulation is partially effective when the RGD diameter also increases far above the receptor‐level gap. Strikingly, magnetically attracted fastening of the RGDs toward the substrate via polymer linker tightening fully stimulates adhesion and differentiation of stem cells in a reversible manner, both in vitro and in vivo. Various RGD diameter and interdistance on Fe3O4 nanotemplates can further elucidate the dynamic receptor‐level RGD proximity‐regulated stem cell differentiation that govern tissue repair.
Polystyrene Pocket Lithography: Sculpting Plastic with Light
Authors: Samal Pinak , Samal Jay Rabindra Kumar , Gubbins Eva , Vroemen Pascal , van Blitterswijk Clemens , Truckenmüller Roman , Giselbrecht Stefan
Published: March 2022

Tissue‐culture‐ware polystyrene is the gold standard for in vitro cell culture. While microengineering techniques can create advanced cell microenvironments in polystyrene, they require specialized equipment and reagents, which hinder their accessibility for most biological researchers. An economical and easily accessible method is developed and validated for fabricating microstructures directly in polystyrene with sizes approaching subcellular dimensions while requiring minimal processing time. The process involves deep ultraviolet irradiation through a shadow mask or ink pattern using inexpensive, handheld devices followed by selective chemical development with common reagents to generate micropatterns with depths/heights between 5 and 10 µm, which can be used to guide cell behavior. The remarkable straightforwardness of the process enables this class of microengineering techniques to be broadly accessible to diverse research communities.
Glutathione‐Depleting Organic Metal Adjuvants for Effective NIR‐II Photothermal Immunotherapy
Authors: Chen Yun , He Peiying , Jana Deblin , Wang Dongdong , Wang Menghao , Yu Peiyuan , Zhu Wei , Zhao Yanli
Published: March 2022

Although photothermal immunotherapy (PTI) is a compelling strategy for tumor therapy, the development of promising photothermal agents to overcome the insufficient immunogenicity of tumor cells and the poor immune response encountered in PTI is still challenging. Herein, commercial small‐molecule‐based organic metal adjuvants (OMAs) are presented, with second near‐infrared photoacoustic and photothermal properties as well as the ability to perturb redox homeostasis to potentiate immunogenicity and immune responsiveness. OMAs, assembled from charge‐transfer complexes and characterized by a broad substrate scope, high accessibility, and flexibly tuned optical properties, demonstrate strong phototherapeutic and adjuvant abilities via the depletion of glutathione and cysteine, and subsequently elicit systemic immunity by evoking immunogenic cell death, promoting dendritic cell maturation, and increasing T cell infiltration. Furthermore, programmed cell death protein 1 antibody can be employed to synergize with OMAs to suppress tumor immune evasion and ultimately improve the treatment outcomes. This study unlocks new paradigms to provide a versatile OMA‐based scaffold for future practical applications.
Two‐Photon Printing of Shape‐Memory Microstructures and Metasurfaces via Radical‐Mediated Thiol‐Vinyl Hydrothiolation
Authors: Jeske Madelyn P. , Zhang Wenshi , Anthamatten Mitchell
Published: March 2022

Shape‐memory resists capable of high‐resolution curing into arbitrarily designed structures are increasingly demanded for soft robotics, optical sensors, microscale manufacturing, and biomedicine. Amorphous, shape‐memory thiol‐vinyl networks are printed using two‐photon polymerization (2PP) curing of a simple resin formulated with commercially available reagents. The ability to print high‐resolution feature sizes down to 200 nm is attributed to the use of radical‐mediated, thiol‐vinyl step‐growth polymerization that quickly cross‐links the resin, limiting diffusive transport. The thermomechanical behavior of the 2PP‐cured material analyzed in compression, tension, and three‐point bending is similar to the behavior of the UV‐polymerized samples. To demonstrate the ability to design, field, and test 4D responsive microstructures, an array of nine springs with coil diameters of 330 µm is printed. Following compressive shape‐fixing, printed arrays can release 11 µJ of stored elastic strain energy when reheated. Further, a new concept of dichroic‐memory of a metamaterial device is demonstrated by printing a twisted woodpile structure with circular dichroism as characterized by Mueller Matrix ellipsometry. The results of this study demonstrate how combining high‐resolution 2PP curing with stimuli‐responsive molecular architectures can further the engineering of responsive microstructures and metamaterials.
Experimental Demonstration of the Non‐Hermitian Radio Frequency Metasurface with Polarization‐Dependent Unidirectional Reflectionless Propagation
Authors: Gao Fan , Yuan Peicheng , Sun Zhiyu , Deng Juan , Li Yun , Jin Guoli , Yan Bo
Published: March 2022

Unidirectional reflectionlessness is one of the most fascinating effects at the exceptional point (EP) in a non‐Hermitian system. Herein, a polarization‐dependent non‐Hermitian radio frequency metasurface with unidirectional reflectionless (UR) phenomenon in dual frequency is proposed, which originates from the EP‐based effect. EP generation is observed in the loss‐assisted system by optimizing structure parameters. At EPs, when the incident light is x‐ or y‐polarized, ideal backward or forward reflectionlessness is spotted at 8.86 and 14.97 GHz, respectively. In contrast, the polarization state of the incident light has great influence on the UR phenomenon and controllably switches the reflected directions and frequencies. Furthermore, when the polarization angle of the incident light is 50°, bilateral unidirectional reflectionlessness can be observed at two characteristic frequencies. The study on the non‐Hermitian metasurface provides experimental solutions toward EP‐based effects, which are greatly beneficial to the development of unidirectional devices.
Construction of Pyridine Ring Systems by Mn(OAc)2‐Promoted Formal Dehydrative Dehydroaromatizing [4+2] Cycloaddition of Enamides with Maleimides
Authors: Li Xiaolan , Zhang Xiuqi , Zhang Fukuan , Luo Xuzhong , Luo Haiqing
Published: March 2022

Herein, we report a Mn(OAc)2‐promoted formal dehydrative dehydroaromatizing [4+2] cycloaddition of enamides with maleimides for the construction of pyridine rings to access the diverse synthetically valuable pyrrolo[3,4‐c]‐pyridine derivatives. This protocol allows two C−C bond formation for the assembly of pyridine derivatives from enamides synthesizable in two steps and inexpensive maleimides, which exhibits broad substrate scope and good functional group compatibility.

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Reverse electrodialysis for emerging applications
Authors: Yeon Song Yi , Rho Jihun , Kim Yunju , Chung Taek Dong
Published: March 2022

Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is an eco‐friendly power generation system that produces electricity from the salinity difference between two solutions of different concentrations. Recently, research on RED has expanded not only to increase the maximum power density, but also to converge with other energy generation systems. Most importantly, miniaturized RED has been developed rooted on its nature, such as convenient customization and electrodeless character. This RED, being compact and readily disposed, functions as a unique type of power source, operating solely by the flow of ions, which is thus perfectly compatible to integrate with various bio‐related systems. We emphasize the potential of this RED as a hybrid, disposable, portable and fully ionic power source and look forward to its wide range of application scopes in the future.
Virtual labs for the study of enzymatic stirred tank bioreactors
Authors: Sánchez Zurano Ana , Fernández Sevilla José María , Esteban García Ana Belén , Pinna‐Hernández María Guadalupe , Casas López José Luis
Published: March 2022

Virtual laboratories have successfully proven to be very versatile and intuitive when simulating experiments in science, biotechnology, and engineering. These tools must complement the experiments carried out in real labs or pilot plants. This study describes the creation of a virtual laboratory through the Easy JavaScript Simulation platform. A web‐based simulation of an enzymatic stirred‐tank bioreactor has been built using a dynamic model. This simulation reproduces the behavior of a continuous bioreactor, including the deviations of ideal mixing conditions as by the use of an in tanks‐in‐series model for nonideal flow. This article describes the continuous dynamic model in a stirred tank bioreactor, as well as the operation of a tool capable of carrying out virtual practice with students. Practice scripts have been developed that should be used by students during the practical classes. This interactive tool is powerful and useful to develop many experiments by varying the different input parameters, saving time and resources. In addition, the tool allows following teaching sessions in specific situations such as the health situation derived from the pandemic caused by COVID‐19.
Postsecondary access without a high school diploma: Lessons from Louisiana's Five for Six Scholarship
Authors: Campbell Emily B. , Clayton Ashley B.
Published: March 2022

This article provides an overview of community colleges as an access point to higher education, specifically for individuals without a high school diploma. The article highlights how one community college system is addressing both postsecondary access and workforce demands through policy and practice change. The Louisiana Community and Technical College System's (LCTCS)Five for Six Scholarshipprovides individuals without a high school diploma a path towards college and a credential that can lead to a high‐wage, high‐demand career. Ultimately, other community college leaders and practitioners can learn from the positive findings of this unique policy and practice in Louisiana, which is proving that educational pathways are not always linear.
The access‐equity dualism of online learning in community colleges
Authors: Sublett Cameron
Published: March 2022

The COVID‐19 pandemic led to an unprecedented adoption of online learning in community colleges. On one hand, online learning increases access and offers students flexibility and convenience. On the other hand, existing research illustrates online courses increase achievement and equity gaps. Hence, this article contends that online learning in community colleges, as practiced, represents an access‐equity dualism which the author argues is an extension of the contradictory college paradigm. In addition to detailing the access‐equity dualism of community college online learning, the goal of the article is to inform decision making among community college stakeholders interested in building the next generation of accessible and equitable community college online courses and programs.