bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Portrayals of Human Sexuality as Entertainment
Authors: Dillman Carpentier Francesca R. , Mazandarani Farnosh
Published: February 2021

From flirtatious glances to a passionate kiss to the explicit depiction of sexual intercourse, sexual content in entertainment has historically enjoyed wide appeal. This essay reviews the scholarly literature on the nature of sexual depictions in entertainment media and discusses people’s attraction to, and enjoyment of, these depictions. Drawing from studies in entertainment, psychology, and sexual motivation and drive, the appeal of sexual content in media is argued to be the result of a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and social interactions that inform our appraisal of a sexual depiction as serving or hindering our hedonic need for pleasure. Sexual depictions that emphasize romantic relationships are also discussed in terms of fulfilling nonhedonic needs, wherein vicariously experiencing sexual activity within a relational context might serve an inherent need to find meaningful connections with others and with humanity as a whole.
Sports as (Digital) Media Entertainment
Authors: Lewis Nicky
Published: February 2021

Over the last six decades, mediated sports have become an entertainment phenomenon. Sports coverage and content continue to grow on both traditional and digital platforms. As a result, scholars and industry professionals alike have spent considerable time and energy examining the sports media entertainment experience. This chapter identifies the core theoretical perspectives used to explain mediated sports’ overarching appeal, including excitation transfer, suspense, disposition, mood management, and hedonic/eudaimonic approaches. It also outlines key factors of the sports media entertainment experience, which include viewer characteristics, content features, and the context in which the experience takes place. The chapter concludes by providing several directions for future research, addressing the roles of technology, identity, and morality in mediated sports consumption and how they inform our understanding of sports as a fundamental part of the larger media entertainment landscape.
Interactivity as Demand
Authors: Bowman Nicholas David
Published: February 2021

The interactive nature of video games has perpetually drawn the focus of game developers and game scholars alike—the former eager to create immersive and involving digital worlds to shock and awe players, and the latter eager to understand the potential for powerful effects stemming from this immersion and involvement. Yet as video games evolve in terms of their technology and their content, the relationship between the player and the system becomes increasingly complex. This dialogue demands near-constant attention from the players, and these demands exist on at least four dimensions: cognitive, emotional, physical, and social. In the present chapter, these four demands are explicated, theoretically and empirically positioned as entertaining in their own right, and discussed as important mediators of media entertainment experiences.
Entertainment Theories and Media Addiction
Authors: Reer Felix , Janzik Robin , Wehden Lars-Ole , Quandt Thorsten
Published: February 2021

Discussions about unhealthy, addictive forms of media entertainment use have a long-lasting tradition. While early debates focused on traditional media, namely, excessive television viewing or book reading, current discourses primarily concern the disordered use of digital media, such as computer games or social networking sites. From a theoretical perspective, existing research on media addictions is rather underdeveloped and falls short in explaining underlying mechanisms. The current chapter aims at filling this gap by referring to established entertainment theories. Classical hedonic and new two-factorial approaches are considered to deepen the understanding of how joyful, recreational media use may shift to pathological, discorded usage patterns. Finally, an integrative framework of media entertainment overuse (the “pentagon model”) is suggested that may serve as a basis for future theoretical considerations and empirical studies.
A Systematic Gender Perspective on Entertainment Theory
Authors: Reich Sabine
Published: February 2021

The chapter provides a systematic overview of the role gender plays in entertainment research. Starting with a theoretical primer on the gender concept, the chapter continues by summarizing empirical findings on gender differences in the selection of, exposure to, and responses to entertainment, using the examples of violent, dramatic, and sexually explicit entertainment media. In the second part, the chapter systematically reviews theoretical arguments that have been made to explain these gender differences. The media user’s personality, gender identity, gender-role expectation, and social identity are discussed as individual level factors. The representation of gender in entertainment media is introduced as a second potential source for gender differences. Starting with the numeric underrepresentation of women, the chapter goes on to review misrepresentations of gender and gender roles as cause for gender differences. A critical reflection of the theoretical and methodological integration of the gender concept in entertainment theory closes the chapter.
How Universal Is Media Entertainment, Really? On the Enriching Potential of Cross-Cultural Approaches for Existing Entertainment Scholarship
Authors: Odağ Özen
Published: February 2021

The current chapter focuses on the (cross-)cultural appeal of existing entertainment theories, showcasing the meager evidence that exists with respect to their universality. The central argument throughout the chapter is that most entertainment theories have originated in the Western world and little has so far been done to apply them to the much larger rest of the world. The rest of the world has shown to be profoundly different, however, with respect to various dimensions of human behavior and cognition, including self-concepts, emotion appraisal and display, valued affect, thinking styles, values, and well-being maxims. The chapter scrutinizes five pertinent entertainment theories for their ability to explain this cultural variation. It suggests the inclusion of fruitful macro- and micro-level concepts from cross-cultural psychology and intercultural communication to increase their global explanatory power. The main aim of the current chapter is to spark an overdue (cross-)cultural evolution of media entertainment scholarship.
Entertainment and Resonance
Authors: Vorderer Peter
Published: February 2021

This chapter aims to differentiate between two kinds of media use experiences that in the past twenty some years have uniformly been labeled entertainment experiences. In the background of four identified fundamental assumptions in entertainment theory (entertainment as reception phenomenon, disparity between what media users want and what they should want, entertainment between approaching and avoiding affective states, entertainment as self-transcendence) media experiences are dichotomized between those that serve users’ hedonic motivations, needs, and interests and others, more fundamental experiences of resonance (which in the recent past have often been labeled eudaimonic) that connect users to the content of a media narrative and ultimately changes them. The argument is made here for communication scholars and media psychologists to refer to entertainment experiences only in the first case in order to be less vague and ambiguous in explicating entertainment theory.
Race and Intersectionality in Study of the Minor Prophets
Authors: Davis Stacy
Published: February 2021

Because race is a modern and problematic category, this essay focuses on ethnicity, as interpreted through the lense of intersectionalilty. Key texts in the Minor Prophets, particularly the oracles against the nations, reveal the connections among religion, politics, and skin color. Other nations must be destroyed or assimilated, but they cannot be allowed to exist independently. Differences in color, religious practices, and/or political ideology indicate the inferior nature of non-Israelites. After paying particular attention to the pre-exilic books of Amos, Hosea, Nahum, and Zephaniah and the postexilic books of Zechariah and Joel, the essay concludes that more analysis of prophetic ethnocentrism is needed.
Metaphor in the Minor Prophets
Authors: Dempsey Carol J.
Published: February 2021

This essay explores metaphor in the Minor Prophets, one of many figures of speech in the Minor Prophets. This figure of speech has the power to capture and affect the human imagination. Many of the metaphors found in the Minor Prophets depict human–divine relationships, human–human relationships, and in rare instances, human–nonhuman relationships. Bible scholars typically study metaphor theory and the different kinds of metaphors found in the Minor Prophets. Only a few Bible scholars venture into the realm of cognitive linguistic and conceptual metaphor theory. After commenting on the development of metaphor and metaphor theory, the essay highlights work done in this area by Bible scholars. Central to the discussion is the metaphorical language for the Divine. The essay concludes with a clarion call to study the Minor Prophets in the context of the present-day, globalized, twenty-first-century world that offers readers new metaphors, especially as they pertain to the Divine.
Textual History of the Minor Prophets
Authors: Glenny W. Edward
Published: February 2021

This essay discusses the textual history of the Minor Prophets in the Hebrew manuscripts and the Versions, excluding Qumran. The most important textual tradition for the Minor Prophets is the Hebrew Masoretic Text tradition from the medieval period (MT), which continues the earlier proto-masoretic textual tradition that is represented in the Qumran scrolls and is the basis of the translations of the Targums and Peshitta. The Septuagint (LXX) is the most important ancient Version of the Hebrew Bible, because it was the first complete translation and because its Hebrew source differed considerably from the other textual witnesses. Other important Versions of the Hebrew Bible are the Targums, the Syriac Peshitta, and the Latin Vulgate.
The Relation of the Minor Prophets to the Wisdom Tradition(s)
Authors: McLaughlin John L.
Published: February 2021

This essay analyzes the commonalities between the Minor Prophets and biblical Wisdom Tradition(s). After briefly addressing whether Proverbs, Job, and Qoheleth constitute a unified “Wisdom Literature” whose writers are distinct from the authors of other bodies of First Testament literature, this essay outlines three methodological criteria for identifying influence from one corpus to the other. Rather than examine every (often isolated) point of contact between the two groups of books, the essay discusses clusters of wisdom elements in Hosea, Jonah, and Habakkuk that point to wisdom influence in each, as well as some prophetic elements in Proverbs and Job. Each book has adapted material from the other body of literature to its own purposes.
The Minor Prophets in Early Christianity
Authors: Shepherd Michael B.
Published: February 2021

This essay seeks to examine the evidence from early Christianity (the New Testament and the church fathers) not only for the transmission of the Twelve (the Minor Prophets) as a single work but also for the reading of the Twelve as a unified composition. It identifies several examples of exegesis shaped by the reading of the Twelve as a single composition, showing that early Christian writers were aware of the larger context of the Book of the Twelve from which citations are made. Discussion focuses on three areas: citation formulae, text and canon (including manuscripts and canonical lists, and the early history of interpretation.
The Problem of “Justice” as Social Criticism in the Twelve Prophets
Authors: Smith-Christopher Daniel L.
Published: February 2021

This essay considers the theme of justice in the Minor Prophets. The Hebrew term mishpat is prominent in some of the prophetic voices in the Twelve, notably Amos and Micah, where criticism of the Israelite or Judean people but especially the leadership is typically the context for discussions of justice. However, modern commentary literature often proposes that ideas of “justice” are nevertheless implied in those prophetic texts where the Hebrew term itself does not appear—and even in those individual voices or portions that do not include any criticism of the people and their leaders but only foreign peoples. This raises some difficult issues when attempting to read the Book of the Twelve as a single work, forcing commentators to explain why these two ideas—justice and social criticism—do not appear in virtually half of the prophetic voices featured in the work. Is the significance of “justice” a casualty of a proposed “final form” of the Book of the Twelve?
From “Historical” Prophets to Prophetic Books
Authors: Ben Zvi Ehud
Published: February 2021

This essay touches on the manifold ways in which sociocultural systemic features governed the construction of individual prophets in prophetic books and the ways in which these characters were remembered. It argues the case that the shift from “historical” prophets to prophetic figures in texts and memory in contemporary research calls also for stronger attention to be paid to sociocultural ecosystems and their substantial roles in the continuous production (through reading, and in the late Persian/early Hellenistic period, in addition by means of writing, composing, editing, etc.) and social “consumption” of the prophetic books and the prophets of memory that they served to evoke.
Historical Economics and the Minor Prophets
Authors: Silverman Jason M.
Published: February 2021

This essay calls for a thorough reassessment of economics and the Minor Prophets. Since existing economic models based on both Marxism or (Neo-) liberalism are problematic as are many basic economic concepts, new theorizing based on ancient data is necessary. Taking Bourdieu’s “economic field” as a starting frame, this essay considers the material elements of production and consumption in the ancient southern Levant, their patterns and social structures, and some issues in the socioeconomic world of the Minor Prophets. These then raise new questions for sample prophetic passages (Amos, Joel, Haggai, Micah, and Zechariah). The essay points to some issues these considerations raise for analyzing the famous calls for social justice, and it closes by pointing in some potential directions for improved theoretical models in future research.
The Minor Prophets in Jewish Life Today
Authors: Fuchs Stephen Lewis
Published: February 2021

This essay demonstrates the major roles the Minor Prophets play in shaping contemporary Jewish thought and practice. These books are read on or near occasions such as Yom Kippur, Chanukah, and Passover when more Jews are likely to attend synagogue than any other time of the year. The essay discusses passages from Amos, Hosea, Joel, Micah, Obadiah, Jonah, Zechariah, and Malachi and their significance as Haftarah portions for Sabbaths and festivals throughout the year. Their emphases on social justice, repentance, concern for the stranger, and the less fortunate of society make these issues vital concerns in Jewish life today. The essay underscores the prophets’ ability, in the midst of often harsh messages, to cling to hope for a better future and point to a time when humanity will live in peace and harmony.
Violence in the Minor Prophets
Authors: Werse Nicholas R.
Published: February 2021

Although the theme of violence assumes different nuances in the different voices within the Twelve (Minor Prophets), these texts reflect certain patterns in their response to violence. This article explores the prophetic response to violence in two social spheres. First, the texts speaking into pre-exilic Israelite and Judean societies respond to the internal violence within these societies by proclaiming divine violence utilizing foreign nations as judgment against these societies. Second, the texts speaking into the postexilic experience respond to the violence of foreign nations by proclaiming divine retributive violence against the nations. In both cases, God responds to violence with violence. Although this worldview would seem to produce an endless cycle of violence, some of these texts proclaim a possible path to peace and restoration beyond the violence, which is inextricably linked to the theme of violence.
Obadiah
Authors: Becking Bob
Published: February 2021

This essay touches on three topics: (1) the relation between Obadiah and Jeremiah not as an instance of one prophet quoting the other but as an example of both prophets quoting a traditional anthem; (2) the animosity between Edom and Judah in the book of Obadiah as not referring to Edom’s role during the Babylonian conquest of Jerusalem but reflecting postexilic struggles after the Edomite occupation of Southern Judah; and (3) Obadiah’s conceptual coherence as a separate book. The contribution ends with a few hermeneutical remarks on the violent character of vengeance.
The Minor Prophets in Early Judaism
Authors: Simkovich Malka Z.
Published: February 2021

This essay explains that early Jewish interpreters read the Minor Prophets as portenders of the recent past and as predictors of a final restoration. With the exception of references to Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi, the Minor Prophets were almost always cited on an individual basis in the rabbinic period but were nevertheless viewed by most early Jewish interpreters as comprising a cohesive collection whose prophecies underscored the importance of repentance through prayer and fasting, and the theme of God’s unbroken commitment to Israel. Given the common expectation of a messianic restoration among the early rabbinic community following the destruction of the second Temple, the essay concludes that by citing these prophets, early Jewish interpreters sought to imply that, just as its warnings of punishments had come to pass, the comforting predictions preserved in the Minor Prophets would soon be fulfilled.
Joel
Authors: Hagedorn Anselm C.
Published: February 2021

This essay offers an introduction to the major literary and theological issues of the book of Joel. It shows how an agrarian disaster (locusts and drought) is transformed into a prophecy concerning the nations. The book’s engagement with with earlier texts ( especially those relating to the “Day of Yahweh”) attests to its late origin, and its ending reflects late theological thinking about the relationship between Israel and the nations, portraying Yahweh as the ruler of the whole world. In its final form, the book is shaped by a vague specificity that allows its use and application over a broad period of time.
The Minor Prophets in Christianity
Authors: Wagner Kimberly R. , Beard Brady Alan
Published: February 2021

Due to Habakkuk’s ahistoricity, communities and interpreters throughout the ages have applied the prophetic book to their present situations and concerns. This essay follows in the interpretive footsteps of those who have come before by considering how Habakkuk might be a valuable resource to contemporary posttraumatic prophetic preachers in this present moment. Given the rising prevalence of mass shootings and gun violence in the United States, alongside seemingly endless occurrences of natural disasters, abuse, hate crimes, and other traumatic incidents, it is no longer a question of if a preacher or pastor will need to address trauma or a traumatized congregation, but when. The essay argues that Habakkuk may serve as a valuable resource to address contemporary homiletical concerns, specifically how preachers might conceive of “posttraumatic prophetic preaching” in the midst of congregations experiencing communal trauma. In particular, Habakkuk may help preachers as they seek to locate themselves and reflect on their communal responsibilities after a traumatic incident as well as provide an eschatological theological orientation from which to preach.
Genres and Forms in the Minor Prophets
Authors: Floyd Michael H.
Published: February 2021

This essay explores the category of genre, the verbal conventions that signal what kind of messages are being sent and received. The prophetic books of the Bible are a distinctive genre. They are characterized by a dipolar rhetorical strategy, reinterpreting revelatory messages addressed by prophets to their audiences in the past as the basis for the writers’ own revelatory messages addressed to their present and future readers. In prophetic books, genres function on two levels simultaneously. The oracular raw material on which the text is based takes various conventional forms of prophetic speech, and the literary composition into which it has been refashioned takes one of several conventional forms of prophetic books. In the Minor Prophets three types of prophetic books are represented—typological books, narrative books, and massa books—each of which utilizes various basic forms of prophetic speech. Jonah is sui generis.
The Minor Prophets in Modern Culture
Authors: McEntire Mark
Published: February 2021

This essay considers the ways in which the Twelve appear in contemporary culture. These books present a challenge for the most skilled interpreters, and their obscurity proves an even greater challenge for more casual readers. It is not surprising that expressions related to the Minor Prophets in contemporary culture tend toward notable phrases or images and the sparse characters, like Hosea and Jonah, which readers find there. In many cases these elements eclipse the larger concerns in the prophetic literature and become primary themes unto themselves, such as war and peace, civil rights, or the apocalypse. The ancient Israelite prophets were odd reshapers of tradition themselves, though, so the forms in which they have found their way into modern contexts may be oddly fitting.
Zephaniah
Authors: Quine Cat
Published: February 2021

This essay discusses the key topics for the study of the book of Zephaniah, including structure, authorship, date, central themes, Zephaniah’s relationship with the Book of the Twelve, and the Hebrew Bible. The themes explored include the Day of Yahweh, illicit cult practice, the contrast between corrupt elite classes and a humble remnant, the city, redemption, and restoration. Many of these themes are found in the other Minor Prophets, but they find unique expression in Zephaniah, carefully crafted to convey the prophet’s message. The essay ends with a reflection on how to read Zephaniah—how to make sense of the individuality of the book among the plurality of intertextual connections found within it.
Popular Music, Advertising, and “Selling Out”
Authors: Klein Bethany
Published: February 2021

The use of popular music in advertising has provided a key battleground for debates over whether popular musicians have “sold out,” or compromised their values for financial gain. However, as the practice of licensing to advertising has become an important source of revenue for musicians and a more common practice, the stigma once attached to it has lifted, leading some popular musicians and commentators to claim that there is now “no such thing as selling out.” This chapter focuses on how and why selling out has emerged and receded as a valuable concept for understanding the use of popular music in advertising. It looks across both historical and contemporary cases to understand the practice of licensing popular music to advertising as an increasingly standard yet at times contentious activity within popular music culture.
“Pushin’ It”
Authors: Love Joanna
Published: February 2021

Formative scholarship on musical appropriation has tended to focus on how dominant groups borrow subaltern signifiers to elevate their hipness. However, in contemporary American advertising campaigns, marketers often deploy humorous devices that place stereotyped signifiers of distinctive groups in opposition to one another to magnify their perceived differences and create comedy for the spot. This chapter investigates this practice by examining a 2014 Geico insurance commercial that features the pioneering female hip-hop crew Salt-N-Pepa performing their 1988 hit “Push It.” The commercial aims for humor by re-envisioning the trio’s suggestive music video as a means for cheering suburbanites through mundane tasks. But the incongruence of old-school hip-hop sounds and imagery against those of the modern-day, white-washed lifestyles onscreen reveals a more obvious message: The urban, Black trio and their one-time hit song about female sexual empowerment do not belong there. Musicological inquiry is thus paired here with cultural studies of hip-hop, hipness, advertising, and humor to reveal the process by which signifiers of Salt-N-Pepa’s iconicity are placed in opposition to the pictured residents in ways that reaffirm hierarchies of race, gender, and class.
Sensory Marketing in Advertising and Service Environments
Authors: Hultén Bertil
Published: February 2021

The chapter starts with an introduction to the notion of “sensory marketing” and the five human senses as an emergent marketing paradigm in theory and practice. In mainstream marketing, the shift from goods and services to sensory experiences emphasizes new concepts and practices in understanding sensory marketing. The ubiquitous role of music in our daily lives and in advertising is then briefly summarized, focusing on the emotional responses that music evokes. This chapter describes the influence of music in service environments and answers the question: How do consumers perceive and respond to music in different types of encounters in settings such as stores, restaurants, and banks? The author argues that concepts such as congruency and symbolism are central for understanding how music and sound shape consumers’ experience of service environments and perceptions of brand identities and products. Finally, suggestions for future research in “sound” sensory marketing are presented.
Methods for Testing the Emotional Effects of Music in Advertising and Brand Communication
Authors: Müllensiefen Daniel
Published: February 2021

Recent models of advertising perception distinguish between emotional and rational processing of advertising contents. These models are in agreement with the theoretical framework of heuristics and biases in decision making proposed by Kahneman and Tversky. While practitioners can target the two modes of advertising processing for different marketing purposes, the emotional mode has been shown to be a more effective vehicle for long-term brand building. Here, music can be an effective cue for the emotional appeal of advertising communication and therefore increasing advertising effectiveness. However, the effectiveness of music is conditional on its fit to the target brand. This chapter presents a practical, quantitative tool for determining the fit of candidate music tracks compared to a target brand in an emotional space. In addition, the chapter explains the importance of testing the effects of music for TV advertising and presents a range of behavioral and neuroscientific methods that are better suited to assess the emotional effects of music than traditional questionnaires or interviews. Also reported are findings from a series of studies done in collaboration with advertising agency adam&eveDDB that explore the potential of various testing methods when investigating the effects of music on the perception of TV ads.
“Once You Hear This, Act Fast”
Authors: Wissner Reba A.
Published: February 2021

During the 1950s and 1960s, the Federal Civil Defense Administration (FCDA), in cooperation with the Ad Council, featured television commercials that served as public service announcements and fifteen-minute television civil defense advertisements that educated the public about civil defense protocols. Part of its mission was to educate the public in the event of the detonation of a nuclear bomb. This chapter surveys the styles of music used in the televised civil defense advertisements from the early Cold War. The music is distinctly different from what was normally heard on television at the time, often featuring distinct moments of atonality or musical stylings of “us versus them,” that is, American political songs alternating with distinctly Soviet-style music to convey the origin of the threat without directly naming it. These musical oppositions were employed to persuade people to pay attention to the important message onscreen, underscore the potential destruction of the bomb, and relay the importance of civil defense.
Music and Sound Design as Propaganda in Hell-Bent for Election
Authors: Scoggin Lisa
Published: February 2021

Though political television and film commercials may be thought of as a recent phenomenon, these have in fact existed for a number of years. Consider, for example, the animated two-reel film Hell-Bent for Election from 1944. Created by the left-leaning studio Industrial Film and Poster Service (later UPA) for the United Auto Workers union, the cartoon pushes for the re-election of Franklin Delano Roosevelt over Thomas Dewey. The film is a metaphor where the two candidates are represented by trains. Joe Worker represents the voter, who must let the “Win the War Special” (Roosevelt) through the station rather than the “Defeatist Limited,” despite the obstacles put in Joe’s way. As with many propagandistic and political messages, the symbolism is not subtle, and the cartoon certainly gets the message across. This chapter examines how Earl Robinson’s music, along with the lyrics of Yip Harburg, works with the other aspects of the film to accomplish the mission of getting out the vote. Robinson, a classically trained composer who is best known for his pro-labor songs, uses a variety of musical styles to convey the message in the animated film, from classical modernist to popular song quotation to agitprop mass song, each of which is designed to appeal to the primary audience: the working class and union members.
About a B(r)and
Authors: Westrup Laurel
Published: February 2021

In 1991, Nirvana’s Nevermind not only launched grunge and alternative rock into the mainstream but also helped launch the DGC imprint of Geffen Records. Following Nirvana singer/songwriter Kurt Cobain’s suicide in 1994, Nirvana’s recordings, and Cobain’s previously unreleased solo recordings, have continued to be a lucrative asset for Geffen and their corporate parent, Universal. They have regularly released and reissued Nirvana material, often with the promise of new songs and other bonuses. This chapter surveys Geffen/Universal’s strategies in packaging and marketing Nirvana, with a focus on the band’s posthumous releases. Geffen initially followed Cobain’s lead, striking a balance between underground credibility and mainstream promotion. However, Universal has increasingly lost that balance, raising questions about Nirvana’s and Cobain’s long-term marketability. This case study demonstrates the complex negotiation of industrial forces, legal concerns, fan demand, and artistic integrity involved in marketing a paradigm-shifting act.
Contextual Marketing
Authors: Strank Willem
Published: February 2021

The online distribution of music has altered its materiality, its presentation, and the practices of its interpretation. Participatory online environments empower listeners to rank, review, and classify music, adding new layers of meaning and context to the works in question. At the same time, popular streaming platforms provide the means for compilations by listeners, once again creating new and often arbitrary connections. This approach to music is accompanied by the concept of “contextual marketing” introduced in this chapter. The professional online contextualization of music complements the amateur approaches, leading to a new network of references and pop-cultural connections. The chapter shows how some of these labeling techniques work and how some of the related platforms are organized to provide a snapshot of the status quo of online music distribution and the resulting consequences for the way we perceive and construct musical affiliations in the digital age.
Music and the Formal Structures of Contemporary Action Film Trailers
Authors: Watts Catrin
Published: February 2021

Music and sound are key to creating film trailers that are coherent pieces of media because the visual and narrative content is so fragmented in trailers. Deaville and Malkinson note that sync points “tend to occur with greater frequency in trailers than in narrative films” (Chion, 1994). This chapter develops this claim further: Not only are sync points more frequent in trailers than in narrative films, but also they more commonly extend to small-scale characteristics such as the beat and rhythm of the music. Using a corpus of fifty contemporary action film trailers, this chapter demonstrates the integral role of “tightly organized synchronization” (Watts, 2018) in unifying and organizing a trailer’s materials into a compact audiovisual experience, as well as outlining common trailer structures. This work begins to unpack the relationship between music, narrative, and spectacle that is imperative to understanding how contemporary trailers go beyond promoting and previewing the feature film.
Creating Big-Screen Audiences Through Small-Screen Appeals
Authors: Deaville James
Published: February 2021

Film trailers have begun to garner scholarly interest among film and music specialists, whereas spots or trailers produced for cinematic campaigns on television remain unexamined. This chapter attempts to redress the gap by studying the history, functions, and aesthetics of film advertising on television, primarily from the perspective of their soundtracks. The study documents how film studios only gradually accepted the medium of television for promoting their products, initially experimenting with a variety of formats and distribution models into the 1960s. Analysis of recent television trailer texts and practices reveals their reliance upon music as a narrative and gestural force, which increases as the release day draws closer and the short forms become shorter: music’s concision dictates its leading role in creating the urgency of last-minute appeals. Closer examination of one television marketing campaign in particular, for The Dark Knight Rises (2012), illustrates how music functions within typical small-screen advertising promotion.
Organized Labor and Commercial Advertising
Authors: Getman Jessica
Published: February 2021

The J. Walter Thompson Company (JWT) collection at Duke University’s Hartman Center for Sales, Advertising, and Marketing outlines the swift changes that a revitalized organized labor culture made to music-making in the advertising industry between 1954 and 1960, as groups like the Screen Actors Guild (SAG), the American Federation of Radio and Television Artists (AFTRA), and the American Federation of Musicians (AFM) negotiated for updated talent guidelines. The papers of John F. Devine, JWT’s Vice President of Radio and Television during this period, are especially illuminating, as he served as a representative for the advertising industry in several union negotiations through the American Association of Advertising Agencies (AAAA) and was further responsible (in collaboration with JWT contracts officer Marion Preston) for enacting JWT’s operational responses to the new rules. This chapter traces, with a specific focus on issues faced by advertisers during this period, Devine and the AAAA’s role in talent negotiations, SAG and AFTRA’s tussle over jurisdiction regarding videotaped material, the significant transitional period the AFM endured as its contentious Music Performance Trust Fund was challenged by both its members and their employers, and JWT’s in-house responses to resulting talent contract changes.
The Conquest of Kool
Authors: Chapman Dale
Published: February 2021

This chapter takes up a case study that provides a window onto the shifting cultural significance of jazz during the 1980s, a decade that saw both the emergence of neoclassical jazz in the music industry and the consolidation of new strategies of market segmentation in the advertising industry. The present project examines internal corporate correspondence at the Brown and Williamson tobacco firm to trace the evolving understanding of jazz in the company’s formulation of its “Kool Music” campaign for its Kool brand of menthol cigarettes in the early 1980s. Brown and Williamson’s correspondence during this period foregrounds not only the reasoning behind its embrace of jazz as a symbolic property from the outset of the campaign but also why it would eventually come to abandon it. Brown and Williamson’s “Kool Music” campaign highlights the very different uses to which jazz was put in an earlier moment of targeted marketing. Brown and Williamson struggled to identify the music’s affective resonances, its appeal to specific race and class demographics, and its potential usage as a marketing tool. In this context, the internal debates surrounding jazz at Brown and Williamson help to make sense of the music’s later enlistment as a signifier of upscale consumerism.
‘para empresas más altas y de mayor importancia’
Authors: Nelson Benjamin J.
Published: February 2021

Due to the popularity of Don Quixote and later works, Cervantes’s La Galatea has suffered from being overlooked or maligned. This chapter argues that Cervantes, by choosing the pastoral as his first substantial narrative, continues the tradition of the pastoral novel initiated by Montemayor’s La Diana and supersedes it. Cervantes introduces himself as an Orphic poet who participates in the famed rota Virgilii, or Virgil’s Wheel, which may have originated from the enigmatic verses that appeared in the frontispiece of a first-century edition of Virgil’s Aeneid: ‘I am he who once tuned my song on a slender reed, / then, leaving the woodland, compelled the neighbouring / fields to serve the husbandman, however grasping— / a work welcome to farmers: but now of Mars’ bristling’. By starting with the pastoral, a writer would emulate the famed Virgil by later composing works comparable to the Georgics and, afterwards, to the Aeneid.
Novelas ejemplares (1613)
Authors: Ife Barry
Published: February 2021

Cervantes’s claim in the prologue to his Novelas ejemplares to be the first to write novels in Spanish is more than justified, not just on grounds of originality, but also for the skilful blend of entertainment and literary sophistication they offer. Whereas other Spanish collections of novelas are imitated or plagiarised, these are all his own work. And while other novelas are often little more than bawdy anecdotes, these novels offer the most wholesome entertainment, that is, entertainment that a book-buyer could allow his wife—or even his servants—to read. While there is evidence that the title was originally longer, what is certainly clear is that the title Cervantes eventually settled on would have struck most contemporary readers and book-buyers as an intriguing contradiction in terms. This chapter explores this uniquely Cervantine collection of novellas and its significance in the history of Spanish literature.
Cervantes and Genre
Authors: Brewer Brian
Published: February 2021

In Don Quixote I.47 and 48, Cervantes sets out his most sustained exposition of literary theory. This chapter points out that the dialogue staged in these chapters between the canon from Toledo and the priest from Don Quixote’s village contains in embryonic form the primary tensions that infuse Cervantes’s attitude toward literary genre as revealed in his fiction. The critical exchange is divided into two parts: the canon’s critique of the romances of chivalry that have caused Don Quixote’s insanity, and the priest’s appraisal of the state of contemporary popular theatre. In both cases, which are complementary, the characters’ criticisms are harsh without being completely uncompromising. Also, in both cases, the artistic precepts expounded accurately describe Cervantes’s actual practice of composing literary fiction, with the non-trivial caveat that they also contain important limitations.
First Writings for the Stage (1580s)
Authors: Burton David G.
Published: February 2021

In the 1580s, Cervantes turned to writing for the stage in pursuit of a career as a professional playwright, capitalizing on the popularity of the public theatres and the lucrative trade it produced. However, after a modicum of success his career was soon thwarted by the comedia nueva and the advent of Lope de Vega in the late-1580s would take that obsession to a national level. This chapter explores the first stage of Cervantes’s writing career prior to this new type of play establishing a monopoly on the tastes of the paying public.
Ocho comedias (1615)
Authors: Henry Melanie S.
Published: February 2021

Towards the end of his life, Cervantes returned nostalgically to his earlier days as a playwright, and in 1615 he published eight full-length plays that had never appeared on stage. As with most of his output, Cervantes strayed from form and convention and criticized the trendy theatre of the day that seemed to pander to the masses. This chapter explores the plays that Cervantes chose to publish in the same year as the second part of Don Quixote as a collection, and how his resistance to and departure from established norms are representative of his marginalization in the literary and theatrical world. In fact, they serve as a direct reaction to the comedia nueva.
The Ignominies of Persuasion in Cervantes’s Entremeses (1615)
Authors: Lukens-Olson Carolyn
Published: February 2021

The first part of this chapter is an extended development of Eugenio Asensio’s work on Cervantes’s innovations in the entremeses, examining the features of the genre both before and after Cervantes’s changes. With Cervantes’s innovations, he revitalized the humble and tired genre, updating its themes, expanding its repertoire of characters, and deepening its considerations of human nature, ushering the Spanish entremés into modernity. As Asensio describes, Cervantes achieved this through changes in character, resolution, and language, all further examined here. New to the analysis of language is a consideration of rhetoric, leading to the second part of the essay, a detailed look at Cervantes’ focus on the ignominies of the persuasion employed by these characters who represent, on the whole, the marginalized society of early seventeenth-century Madrid. Cervantes’s concerns with rhetoric are as present in the entremeses as in his other works and closely correspond to the nature of the genre.
Cervantes and the comedia nueva
Authors: Castillo Moisés R.
Published: February 2021

It is known that Cervantes wanted, above all things, to be successful on the Golden Age stage and to become a famous playwright. Due in part to the rising popularity of Lope de Vega and the comedia nueva, Cervantes gave up his aspirations to the stage and focussed on his prose. However, unlike any author during this period, Cervantes continued to breathe theatricality into that prose. Structures, themes, characters, and settings shift constantly between distinct genres, unveiling details about Cervantes’s life and worldview. Moreover, at times, the line between theatre and prose seems to mix or blur, demonstrating the dramatic imagination in Cervantes’s works. Additionally, the fact that Cervantes’s writing emphasizes dialogue is of no surprise, as it is infused with a profound humanism, often of Erasmian roots. This chapter explores the significance of this new type of comedy in the works of Miguel de Cervantes.
Versification in Cervantes’s Drama
Authors: Jeffs Kathleen
Published: February 2021

With the overwhelming success of Don Quixote, many writers were as damning of his poetic verses as they were praising of the famous novel. However, students of Cervantine writing and its idiosyncrasies identify a wealth of ingenuity in his verse writing, including in poems and theatrical works. This chapter focuses on the use of polymetric verse in Cervantes’s drama, exploring its different uses and meanings in comparison with other writer, principally Lope de Vega, and demonstrating that it is much more sophisticated than it has been given credit for over the centuries.
Cervantes’s Sources and Influences
Authors: Triplette Stacey
Published: February 2021

Cervantes’s literary works reference a complex set of ancient, medieval, and early modern sources. Having been raised with a humanist education, Cervantes would have been familiar with many classical writes, such as Homer and Virgil, as well as European writers who lived and worked closer to his own time, such as Torquato Tasso and Mateo Alemán. This chapter does not pretend to be exhaustive in its treatment of Cervantes’s sources, but it does offer the reader a guide to many of the most important influences on Cervantes’s literary production from Spain, early modern Europe, and classical antiquity.
Cervantes and Other Literary Circles
Authors: Ríos Castaño Victoria
Published: February 2021

As a continuation of an understanding of Cervantes’s rapport with other well-known writers of his day, this chapter explores the world of the literary academies, in which he interacted with aristocrats, court officials, soldiers, preachers, lawyers, playwrights, and theatre impresarios, among many others. Firstly, it offers a brief introduction into the academies that Cervantes knew and into the literary contests in which he participated by looking at Cervantes’s own satirical remarks throughout his work. Secondly, it adopts a chronological approach and considers Cervantes’s attendance of several academies in Seville and Madrid. His comments and allusions to the members of these literary circles, as made in works like the ‘Canto de Calíope’ [Song of Calíope] and the Viaje del Parnaso, allow us an appreciation of the relationship he maintained with his peers and patrons, and how these contributed to or impinged upon his work.
Cervantes’s Biographers
Authors: Sliwa Krzysztof
Published: February 2021

As Cervantes became a famous writer during his own lifetime, information about the life and times of the man who composed the works that carry his name became in high demand. However, more than 100 years passed after his death before the first comprehensive biography was written. This chapter provides the reader with an overview of the most important biographers of Miguel de Cervantes, beginning with Gregorio Mayáns y Siscar in the early eighteenth century, and including Vicente de los Ríos, Juan Antonio Pellicer y Pilares, Martín Fernández de Navarrete, Jerónimo Morán, James Fitzmaurice-Kelly, Luis Astrana Marín, and concluding with Jean Canavaggio, contributor to this volume. The chapter lists these critics’ works and aims to analyse and meticulously compare all the major biographies in order to determine the vision obtained by the biographers of the hero of Lepanto.
Cervantes and Warfare
Authors: Triplette Stacey
Published: February 2021

Miguel de Cervantes travelled the Mediterranean as a professional soldier, fought in the battle of Lepanto in 1571, and endured five years in captivity in Algiers before he published his first literary work in 1585. References to warfare appear throughout Cervantes’s literary production, serving as a metaphor, background, or interpolation, even in texts that concern themselves primarily with civilian life. Though Cervantes celebrates his personal career as a soldier, he subjects the theme of warfare more generally to the irony and distance with which he treats other cultural phenomena of early modern Spain. In all his texts, Cervantes expresses a concern for justice in military action. For the individual soldier, citizen, or knight-errant, personal heroism and correct behaviour appear to be possible, but on the scale of the nation, warfare leads inevitably to financial opportunism and human suffering.