bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND SHEAR STRENGTH OF MASONRY UNIT WITH FIBER GLASS AND POLYPROPYLENE FIBER PAINT COATING
Authors: Juliafad Eka , Junelin Restu Lisyana , Yusmar Fajri , Rahmat Putra Rusnardi , Meguro Kimiro
Published: October 2024

In this study, the effects of fiber layers on the compressive and shear strength properties of masonry are investigated. The aim is to improve the mechanical properties of masonry walls that are prone to earthquakes The experimental investigations provide information on the mechanical properties of Indonesian masonry blocks under two conditions: without and with fiber coating. Two different types of fibers were used in this study: Fibreglass and Polypropylene fiber. The fiber content is 8% for 1 kg of paint with 5% water. The thickness of the coating applied to the masonry ranges from 1 mm to 3 mm. The compressive strength of the samples with a layer of polypropylene fibers with a thickness of 1 mm and 3 mm is 30.32 kg/cm², 31.16 kg/cm² and 47.16 kg/cm², respectively. The compressive strength of the samples with a layer of glass fiber paint with a thickness of 1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm is 30.1 kg/cm², 31.22 kg/cm², 53.31 kg/cm² and the value of the control sample is 25.89 kg/cm². The shear strength of masonry with polypropylene-coated fiber with a layer thickness of 1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm is 3.93 kg/cm², 4.64 kg/cm², and 5.89 kg/cm². The bricks reinforced with glass fiber paint with a layer thickness of 1 mm, 2 mm, and 3 mm have 3.77 kg/cm², 5.31 kg/cm², and 5.05 kg/cm².
FINITE ELEMENT SIMULATION OF LOW-RISE SCHOOL BUILDING MODEL WITH SEISMIC LOADS INPUT
Authors: Pang Jet-Wei , Yip Chun-Chieh , Ling Lloyd , Wong Jing Ying , Lam Foong Sin , Wong Chee Fui
Published: October 2024

Earthquake impacts on buildings have garnered increased attention as Malaysia experiences seismic activities, notably from nearby regions like Sumatra and within areas such as Sabah. Despite this, current Malaysian design guidelines, such as BS 8110, do not fully incorporate seismic loads. This study addresses this gap by examining the structural performance of a scaled 1:8 model of a three-storey, low-rise school building under various peak ground accelerations (PGA) from 0.1g to 1.0g. Utilizing ABAQUS finite element simulation and time-history analysis, we evaluated the seismic responses, including local deformations, von Mises stress, and principal stresses. Key findings reveal a maximum structural displacement of 10.22 mm at 1.0g PGA, with significant stress concentrations observed at the column footings, highlighting critical areas for design improvement in seismic resilience.
SUPERIOR ANTIBACTERIAL PROPERTIES OF COPPER-BEARING HIGH ENTROPY ALLOY COATED STAINLESS STEEL SURFACE FABRICATED USING LASER CLADDING
Authors: Khalaf Mahan Nazar , Al Marjani Mohammed Faraj , Abd Aziz Muhammad Safwan , Johari Abdul Rahman , Talib Siti Qistina Arora , Krishnan Ganesan
Published: October 2024

A high-entropy alloy (HEA) coating is applied to a stainless-steel surface using the laser cladding (LC) process. This coating offers a broad-spectrum antibacterial ability and favorable mechanical properties. The release of copper ions from the HEA effectively inhibits the growth of Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), enhancing the alloy’s suitability for various applications requiring antibacterial properties. The elemental compositions, sizes, and morphologies of the constructed HEAs are revealed through X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). This study validates the feasibility of applying the antibacterial CoCrFeCuNi HEA alloy coating to stainless steel via LC. The antibacterial evaluation showcases the enhanced efficacy of the CoCrCuFeNi HEA coating, demonstrating an antibacterial effectiveness of approximately 89% against E. coli and 98% against S. aureus. In contrast, the CoCrFeNi HEA coating exhibits an antibacterial effectiveness of about 40% against E. coli and 93% against S. aureus. The Vickers hardness of the stainless steel coated with CoCrCuFeNi HEA has significantly increased to 352 HV, compared to the CoCrFeNi coating with a hardness of 300.6 HV and the uncoated stainless steel with a hardness of 256.6 HV. This HEA alloy demonstrates considerable potential for use in medical applications or other settings that require antibacterial features.
Acute and long‐term effect of specific and non‐specific exercises in patients with chronic neck pain: A protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Gaban Giovanna Laura Neves Antonio , Vægter Henrik Bjarke , Vivaldini Maria Ramela Schalch , Broisler Camila Nepomuceno , Nunes Giovanna Silva , Selistre Luiz Fernando Approbato
Published: October 2024

Exercise therapy is the most common approach for people with chronic neck pain (CNP). Although well‐established, it remains unknown which type of exercise is the best for treating this condition. Moreover, pain processing can play a role in the persistence of pain and in the response to interventions. Thus, the aim of this randomized controlled trial is to compare the acute and long‐term effects of two exercise protocols (specific and non‐specific) on pain and pain processing in individuals with CNP. One hundred and ten participants aged between 18 and 65 years who have had non‐specific neck pain for more than 3 months will be recruited. They will be randomized and allocated into two groups (specific exercises and non‐specific exercises) and both groups will perform an exercise programme twice a week for 8 weeks. Both programmes are divided into two progressive and individualized phases. The primary outcomes are change in pain intensity after 8 weeks of exercise and exercise‐induced hypoalgesia, and secondary outcomes are pressure pain threshold, temporal summation of pain, conditioned pain modulation, the Neck Disability Index, the Baecke Physical Activity Questionnaire, and the Global Perception of Change Scale. Outcomes will be assessed at baseline, after 8 weeks of intervention, and at 6‐month follow‐up.
The role of platelets and megakaryocytes in sepsis and ARDS
Authors: Leung Gabriel , Middleton Elizabeth A.
Published: October 2024

Since the global COVID‐19 pandemic, there has been a renewed focus on lung injury during infection. Systemic inflammatory responses such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and sepsis are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality for both adults and children. Improvements in clinical care have improved outcomes but mortality remains ∼40% and significant morbidity persists for those patients with severe disease. Mechanistic studies of the underlying biological processes remain essential to identifying therapeutic targets. Furthermore, methods for identifying the underlying drivers of organ failure are key to treating and preventing tissue injury. In this review, we discuss the contribution of megakaryocytes (MKs) and platelets to the pathogenesis of systemic inflammatory syndromes. We explore the role of MKs and the new identification of extramedullary MKs during sepsis. We describe the alterations in the platelet transcriptome during sepsis. Lastly, we explore platelet function as defined by aggregation, activation and the formation of heterotypic aggregates. Much more work is necessary to explore the contribution of platelets to these heterogenous syndromes, but the foundation of platelets as key contributors to inflammation has been laid.

image
Machine learning models of cerebral oxygenation (rcSO2) for brain injury detection in neonates with hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy
Authors: Ashoori Minoo , O'Toole John M. , Garvey Aisling A. , O'Halloran Ken D. , Walsh Brian , Moore Michael , Pavel Andreea M. , Boylan Geraldine B. , Murray Deirdre M. , Dempsey Eugene M. , McDonald Fiona B.
Published: October 2024

The present study was designed to test the potential utility of regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rcSO2) in detecting term infants with brain injury. The study also examined whether quantitative rcSO2 features are associated with grade of hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE). We analysed 58 term infants with HIE (>36 weeks of gestational age) enrolled in a prospective observational study. All newborn infants had a period of continuous rcSO2 monitoring and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessment during the first week of life. rcSO2 Signals were pre‐processed and quantitative features were extracted. Machine‐learning and deep‐learning models were developed to detect adverse outcome (brain injury on MRI or death in the first week) using the leave‐one‐out cross‐validation approach and to assess the association between rcSO2 and HIE grade (modified Sarnat – at 1 h). The machine‐learning model (rcSO2 excluding prolonged relative desaturations) significantly detected infant MRI outcome or death in the first week of life [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.73, confidence interval (CI) = 0.59−0.86, Matthew's correlation coefficient = 0.35]. In agreement, deep learning models detected adverse outcome with an AUC = 0.64, CI = 0.50−0.79. We also report a significant association between rcSO2 features and HIE grade using a machine learning approach (AUC = 0.81, CI = 0.73−0.90). We conclude that automated analysis of rcSO2 using machine learning methods in term infants with HIE was able to determine, with modest accuracy, infants with adverse outcome. De novo approaches to signal analysis of NIRS holds promise to aid clinical decision making in the future.

image

Key points

Hypoxic‐induced neonatal brain injury contributes to both short‐ and long‐term functional deficits.

Non‐invasive continuous monitoring of brain oxygenation using near‐infrared‐ spectroscopy offers a potential new insight to the development of serious injury.

In this study, characteristics of the NIRS signal were summarised using either predefined features or data‐driven feature extraction, both were combined with a machine learning approach to predict short‐term brain injury.

Using data from a cohort of term infants with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy, the present study illustrates that automated analysis of regional cerebral oxygen saturation rcSO2, using either machine learning or deep learning methods, was able to determine infants with adverse outcome.
Structure, maximum mass, and stability of compact stars in $$f(\mathcal {Q,T})$$ gravity
Authors: Nashed G. G. L. , Harko Tiberiu
Published: October 2024

We investigate the properties of compact objects in the f(Q, T) theory, where $$\mathcal {Q}$$
Q
is the non-metricity scalar and $${ \mathcal {T}}$$
T
is the trace of the energy–momentum tensor. We derive an interior analytical solution for anisotropic perfect-fluid spheres in hydrostatic equilibrium using the linear form of $$f(\mathcal {Q}, { \mathcal {T}})=\mathcal {Q}+\psi { \mathcal {T}}$$

f
(
Q
,
T
)
=
Q
+
ψ
T

, where $$\psi $$
ψ
represents a dimensional parameter. Based on the observational constraints related to the mass and radius of the pulsar SAX J1748.9-2021, $$\psi $$
ψ
is set to a maximum negative value of $$\psi _1=\psi / \kappa ^2=-0.04$$

ψ
1

=
ψ
/

κ
2

=
-
0.04

, where $$\kappa ^2$$

κ
2

is the gravitational coupling constant. The solution results in a stable compact object, which does not violate the speed of sound condition $$c_s^2\le \frac{c^2}{3}$$

c
s
2

≤

c
2

3

. The effective equation of state is similar to the quark matter equation of state, and involves the presence of an effective bag constant. When $$\psi $$
ψ
is negative, the star has a slightly larger size as compared to GR stars with the same mass. The difference in the predicted star size between the theory with a negative $$\psi $$
ψ
and GR for the same mass is attributed to an additional force appearing in the hydrodynamic equilibrium equation. The maximum compactness allowed by the strong energy condition for $$f(\mathcal {Q}, { \mathcal {T}})$$

f
(
Q
,
T
)

theory and for GR is $$C = 0.514$$

C
=
0.514

and 0.419, respectively, with the $$f(\mathcal {Q}, { \mathcal {T}})$$

f
(
Q
,
T
)

prediction about $$10\%$$

10
%

higher than the GR one. Assuming a surface density at saturation nuclear density of $$\rho _{\text {nuc}} = 4\times 10^{14}~\hbox {g}/\hbox {cm}^3$$

ρ
nuc

=
4
×

10
14

g
/

cm
3

, the maximum mass of the star is $$4.66 M_\odot $$

4.66

M
⊙

, with a radius of 14.9 km.
EWRD: Entropy‐Weighted Low‐Light Image Enhancement via Reverse Diffusion Model
Authors: Wu Yuheng , Wu Guangyuan , Liao Ronghao
Published: October 2024

Low‐light enhancement significantly aids vision tasks under poor illumination conditions. Existing methods primarily focus on enhancing severely degraded low‐light areas, improving illumination accuracy, or noise suppression, yet they often overlook the loss of additional details and color distortion during calculation. In this paper, we propose an innovative entropy‐weighted low‐light image enhancement method via the reverse diffusion model, aiming at addressing the limitations of the traditional Retinex decomposition model in preserving local pixel details and handling excessive smoothing issues. This method integrates an entropy‐weighting mechanism for improved image quality and entropy, along with a reverse diffusion model to address the detail loss in total variation regularization and refine the enhancement process. Furthermore, we utilize long short‐term memory networks for the learning reverse process and the simulation of image degradation, based on a thermodynamics‐based nonlinear anisotropic diffusion model. Comparative experiments reveal the superiority of our method over conventional Retinex‐based approaches in terms of detail preservation and visual quality. Extensive tests across diverse datasets demonstrate the exceptional performance of our method, evidencing its potential as a robust solution for low‐light image enhancement.
Centralised Air Sampling From a Ventilation System for the Surveillance of Respiratory Pathogens
Authors: Happaerts Michiel , Geenen Caspar , Michiels Jade , Gorissen Sarah , Swinnen Jens , Beuselinck Kurt , Laenen Lies , Raymenants Joren , Lorent Natalie , Ombelet Sien , Keyaerts Els , André Emmanuel
Published: October 2024

Background: The COVID‐19 pandemic has triggered a renewed interest in indoor air sampling for infectious disease surveillance. However, scalability is currently limited, as samples are usually collected in a single indoor space. An alternative is to place the device within a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system (HVAC), but this approach has not been tested against room air sampling.

Methods: In this observational study, we sampled the air in an indoor fitness centre for 2 or 6 h, simultaneously in three locations of the main exercise hall and in the return plenum of the HVAC system. Samples were collected twice weekly for 11 weeks. All samples were tested for 29 respiratory pathogens using PCR. We compared the ventilation system and exercise hall air with regard to the presence and quantity of pathogens.

Findings: Samples collected in two locations in the exercise hall had a similar overall sensitivity to the HVAC sampler for detecting pathogens, while a third sampling location was associated with significantly lower sensitivity. Overall, the pathogen concentration was similar in the ventilation system and the exercise hall air (ratio: 1.0; 95% CI: 0.8–1.3).

Interpretation: Our results show that air sampling within a ventilation system can have equal sensitivity for detecting respiratory pathogens, compared to room‐based sampling. Thus, placing samplers within central ventilation systems could increase the scalability of air sampling for infectious disease surveillance.
Optimizing Breast Cancer Detection With an Ensemble Deep Learning Approach
Authors: Shah Dilawar , Khan Mohammad Asmat Ullah , Abrar Mohammad , Tahir Muhammad
Published: October 2024

In the global fight against breast cancer, the importance of early diagnosis is unparalleled. Early identification not only improves treatment options but also significantly improves survival rates. Our research introduces an innovative ensemble method that synergistically combines the strengths of four state‐of‐the‐art convolutional neural networks (CNNs): EfficientNet, AlexNet, ResNet, and DenseNet. These networks were chosen for their architectural advances and proven efficacy in image classification tasks, particularly in medical imaging. Each network within our ensemble is uniquely optimized: EfficientNet is fine‐tuned with customized scaling to address dataset specifics; AlexNet employs a variable dropout mechanism to reduce overfitting; ResNet benefits from learnable weighted skip connections for better gradient flow; and DenseNet uses selective connectivity to balance computational efficiency and feature extraction. This ensembling strategy combines the predictive output of multiple CNNs, each trained with an individually optimized network, to enhance the ensemble’s overall diagnostic performance. This provides higher precision and stability than any model and shows outstanding performance in the early stage of breast cancer with a precision of up to 94.6%, sensitivity of 92.4%, specificity of 96.1%, and area under the curve (AUC) of 98.0%. This ensemble framework indicated a leap in the early diagnosis of breast cancer as it is a powerful tool that combines several state‐of‐the‐art techniques, hence providing better results.
EIF2S1 Silencing Impedes Neuroblastoma Development Through GPX4 Inactivation and Ferroptosis Induction
Authors: Li Zhen , Wang Yunhui , Liang Shubin , Yuan Tingdong , Liu Jing
Published: October 2024

Background: Neuroblastoma (NB) is one of the most devastating malignancies in children, accounting for a high mortality rate due to limited treatment options. This study is aimed at elucidating the role of the ferroptosis‐related EIF2S1 gene in NB pathogenesis and exploring its potential as a therapeutic target.

Methods: We conducted comprehensive bioinformatics analyses utilizing the FerrDb database and NB‐related transcriptomics data to investigate the role of EIF2S1 in NB. Changes in EIF2S1 expression were subsequently validated in NB tissues and cell lines. Loss‐of‐function experiments were performed in SK‐N‐SH and IMR‐32 cell lines through shRNA‐mediated EIF2S1 knockdown. The impact of EIF2S1 knockdown on the tumorigenesis of SK‐N‐SH cells was assessed in nude mice.

Results: Bioinformatics analyses revealed a significant association between elevated EIF2S1 expression and poor prognosis in NB patients. The increased levels of EIF2S1 expression were confirmed in NB tissues and cancerous cell lines. Furthermore, EIF2S1 overexpression was linked to translational regulation and immune cell infiltration modulation. Silencing of EIF2S1 resulted in the suppression of cell proliferation, migration, and tumorigenicity in NB cells. Additionally, EIF2S1 knockdown led to an accumulation of iron and oxidative stress, as well as a reduction in GPX4 and SLC7A11 expression.

Conclusion: Our findings indicate that EIF2S1 appears to facilitate the progression of NB by protecting tumor cells from ferroptosis through modulating GPX4 and SLC7A11 expression. Consequently, EIF2S1 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the management of NB.
Influence of 1‐Methylcyclopropene and Geranium Oil Treatments on Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Enzyme Activity in Carica papaya L. During Cold Storage
Authors: Loh Meng Yi , Adzahan Noranizan Mohd , Azman Ezzat Mohamad , Koh Soo Peng , Yusof Noor Liyana
Published: October 2024

Carica papaya Linn, known for its limited shelf life, typically relies on conventional cold storage (CS) methods to prolong freshness. However, being a fruit sensitive to chilling, papaya exhibits low tolerance to cold conditions, making it susceptible to chilling injury during CS. This study was undertaken to explore the correlation between postharvest treatment using 1‐methylcyclopropene (1‐MCP) and geranium oil (GO) and the antioxidant responses of papaya against oxidative stress during CS. Various treatments were administered, incorporating different concentrations and durations of exposure. The specified concentrations for 1‐MCP and GO were 300 and 600 mg/L, and 2% and 4% (v/v), respectively, with exposure durations of 30 and 60 min. Over a 16‐day period, the fruits underwent assessments for antioxidant activity, related enzyme activities, hydrogen peroxide content, and superoxide anion production rate at 4‐day intervals. Both 1‐MCP and GO treatments enhanced total phenolic and total flavonoid content, DPPH scavenging antioxidant capacity, and notably improved the activities of SOD, CAT, APX, and POD enzymes. This enhancement in antioxidant capacity and enzyme activities effectively mitigated the rise in reactive oxygen species levels in the fruits. The study revealed that 1‐MCP treatment with higher doses and longer exposure times yielded superior outcomes, while GO treatment with higher doses and shorter exposure times produced favorable results compared to longer exposure times. Considering cost‐effectiveness and time efficiency, a more comprehensive exploration of the synergistic effects of 1‐MCP and GO may be essential to optimize effective doses within a reduced exposure timeframe.
A Respiratory Simulator for the Study of Pathogen Transmission in Indoor Environments
Authors: Mucignat Claudio , Roth Bernhard , Lunati Ivan
Published: October 2024

Detailed investigation of pathogen transmission by respiratory droplets requires extensive experimental datasets with high spatial–temporal resolution in a wide range of ambient conditions. Respiratory simulators are attractive tools for those measurements, because they improve repeatability, endurance, and control of experimental conditions with respect to studies on human subjects. They also enable the use of powerful experimental techniques, which may raise health concerns if employed on humans. In this paper, we design and present a respiratory simulator, which is capable of accurately reproducing physiological flow rate profiles and allows the investigation of the spatial and temporal features of the exhaust flow by background‐oriented schlieren (BOS) and particle image velocimetry (PIV). We use laser interferometry and high‐magnification shadowgraphy to verify the size distributions of the emitted droplets, and we quantify the evolution of the droplet concentration during cough events by Mie scattering analysis. The experiments demonstrate the ability of the respiratory simulator to generate highly reproducible cough events with precise and controllable droplet size distributions over a wide range of flow rates.
Antiviral Activity of Nitazoxanide and Miltefosine Against FeHV‐1 In Vitro
Authors: Longobardi Consiglia , Ferrara Gianmarco , Damiano Sara , Florio Salvatore , Iovane Giuseppe , Pagnini Ugo , Montagnaro Serena , Ciarcia Roberto
Published: October 2024

Feline herpesvirus type 1 (FeHV‐1) is a primary pathogen in cats responsible for respiratory and ocular signs. There are presently no antiviral drugs that are officially licensed for veterinary use in several countries. Consequently, veterinarians must depend on off‐label antivirals designed for human use. Recent advances in virus–host cell interaction have resulted in new insights into FeHV‐1 replication, establishing the importance of the PI3K/Akt axis. The aim of this study was to employ this new information to assess the efficacy of two compounds whose activities involve this pathway. The antiviral properties of miltefosine and nitazoxanide were examined using seven different concentrations, evaluating cell viability and viral titers after 24 h of infection. Furthermore, selected concentrations were supplied at different time points to investigate the influence of the timing of the addition. The best results were obtained when the drugs were added both before and after viral adsorption (in particular for nitazoxanide). Each compound was further investigated by real‐time PCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence. Nitazoxanide was the most effective treatment, reducing the expression of viral glycoproteins as measured by western blot and immunofluorescence, as well as reducing the release of virions in the supernatant (measured by real‐time PCR). Moreover, treatment with nitazoxanide and miltefosine was associated with a decrease in Akt phosphorylation. This work emphasized the significance of comprehending the pathways necessary for viral replication and their use in the assessment of novel and effective antivirals.
A High-Intensity versus Moderate-Intensity Exercise Training Programme in Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency-Related COPD (IMAC): A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: Jarosch Inga , Schneeberger Tessa , Gloeckl Rainer , Kroll Daniela , Dennis Clancy , Hitzl Wolfgang , Kenn Klaus , Koczulla Andreas Rembert
Published: October 2024

Introduction: Training-induced adaptations of the oxidative capacity have been shown to be blunted in alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD)-related chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). To improve training outcomes in AATD, this study was aimed to compare the effects of two exercise training programmes with different training intensities. Methods: Thirty patients with AATD (genotype PiZZ) and COPD III-IV were randomly assigned to either high-intensity (HIT) or moderate-intensity training (MIT), each consisting of endurance, strength, and squat training for a duration of 3 weeks. 6-Min walk distance (6MWD) was used as the primary outcome. Results: Twenty-five subjects augmented with alpha-1 antitrypsin (HIT: n = 12, FEV1 41.3 ± 17.4%pred., MIT: n = 13, FEV1 45.9 ± 15.5%pred.) completed the study. In HIT and MIT, 6MWD (+37 ± 43 m vs. +32 ± 28 m, p = 0.741), 1-min sit-to-stand test (5.6 ± 4.9 repetitions vs. 5.6 ± 4.5 repetitions, p = 0.766), exercise-induced BORG dyspnoea (−1.4 ± 1.7 pts vs. −1.5 ± 2.4 pts, p = 0.952), and all CRQ domains have improved after training without between-group differences. When considering only subgroups of (probably) anxious or depressive patients (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS] ≥8 pts), only HIT induced a significant reduction of anxiety (−4.8 pts, 95% CI [2.1–7.5]) or depression symptoms (−5.0 pts, 95% CI [2.8–7.3]). Conclusion: Although HIT and MIT were equally effective by improving exercise capacity, quality of life, and dyspnoea in homozygous AATD, HIT may show advantages over MIT, if anxiety or depression symptoms were present. The goal should be personalized training based on the patient’s personal preference in order to achieve long-term adherence.
Correlation and Agreement of Quantitative Flow Ratio With Fractional Flow Reserve in Saphenous Vein Grafts
Authors: de Winter Ruben W. , Somsen Yvemarie B. O. , Hoek Roel , van Diemen Pepijn A. , Jukema Ruurt A. , Jonker Mathé P. , van Rossum Albert C. , Twisk Jos W. R. , Kooistra Rolf A. , Janssen Jasper , Porouchani Sina , Wilgenhof Adriaan , Verouden Niels J. , Danad Ibrahim , Reiber Johan H. C. , Nap Alexander , Knaapen Paul
Published: October 2024

Background

The applicability of quantitative flow ratio (QFR), a nonhyperemic, invasive coronary angiography‐derived computation of fractional flow reserve (FFR), has not been studied in coronary artery bypass grafts. We sought to explore the correlation and diagnostic agreement between QFR and FFR in saphenous vein grafts (SVGs).

Methods and Results

A total of 129 prospectively included patients (mean age 73±8 years, 84% male) with prior coronary artery bypass grafting underwent invasive coronary angiography and pressure‐derived functional assessment in 150 nonoccluded SVGs. QFR dedicated angiography images of the SVGs were acquired and used for offline QFR computation. The diagnostic performance of QFR was compared with 2‐dimensional quantitative coronary angiography, using FFR as a reference. A threshold of ≤0.80 was used to define functional significance. QFR was successfully computed in 140 (93%) SVGs. We found a significant correlation between QFR and FFR (r=0.72,
P
<0.001). FFR indicated significant disease in 43 (31%) SVGs, whereas QFR analysis showed significant lesions in 53 (38%) bypass grafts. QFR exhibited a higher sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy compared with angiographic lesion assessment (84% versus 63%,
P
=0.030 and 83% versus 74%,
P
=0.036, respectively), whereas specificity did not differ (82% versus 79%,
P
=0.466). Lastly, QFR demonstrated a higher area under the receiver operating curve than quantitative coronary angiography (0.90 versus 0.82,
P
=0.008) for the detection of FFR‐defined significant vein graft disease.

Conclusions

This study shows the potential applicability of contemporary QFR computation in venous bypass grafts with a moderate correlation and good diagnostic accuracy compared with functional assessment using FFR.
Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction Change Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Correlates and Association With Prognosis
Authors: Ndrepepa Gjin , Cassese Salvatore , Byrne Robert A. , Bevapi Blerina , Joner Michael , Sager Hendrik B. , Kufner Sebastian , Xhepa Erion , Ibrahim Tareq , Laugwitz Karl‐Ludwig , Schunkert Heribert , Kastrati Adnan
Published: October 2024

Background

The association between left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) change (ΔLVEF) following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and the long‐term mortality rate in patients with coronary artery disease is incompletely investigated. We aimed to assess the impact of PCI on LVEF and the association of ΔLVEF after PCI with the long‐term mortality rate.

Methods and Results

This observational study included 8181 patients with paired angiographic LVEF measurements performed at baseline and 6 to 8 months following the index PCI. ΔLVEF was defined as LVEF measured on the 6‐ to 8‐month angiography minus LVEF measured on the baseline angiography. LVEF change was classified according to the following categories: reduced (ΔLVEF <0), mildly improved (ΔLVEF >0% to <10%) and largely improved (ΔLVEF ≥10%). The primary outcome was the 5‐year mortality rate. In patients with baseline LVEF <40%, 40% to <50% and ≥50%, ΔLVEF (median [25th–75th percentiles]) was 6.0% [0.0% to 14.0%], 4.0% [−1.0% to 11.0%] and 0.0% [−4.0% to 3.0%], respectively (
P
<0.001). In patients with reduced, mildly improved, and largely improved ΔLVEF, the 5‐year mortality rate (n=712) was 29.1%, 23.1%, and 16.5%, respectively, in patients with baseline LVEF <40%; 17.0%, 12.2% and 9.8%, respectively, in patients with baseline LVEF 40% to <50%; and 7.8%, 7.1%, and 5.6%, respectively, in patients with baseline LVEF ≥50% (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.91 [95% CI, 0.86–0.96];
P
<0.001) for all‐cause death and adjusted (HR, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.81–0.92];
P
<0.001) for cardiac death, calculated for 5% higher ΔLVEF.

Conclusions

In patients with coronary artery disease undergoing PCI, improvement of LVEF following PCI was associated with a reduced long‐term mortality rate in patients with reduced LVEF but not in patients with preserved LVEF before intervention.
Noise Exposure in the Workplace, Genetic Susceptibility, and Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Li Wenzhen , Zhu Junjie , Hao Xingjie , Chen Zhaomin , Wang Dongming
Published: October 2024

Background

No study explored the association of noise exposure in the workplace and genetic susceptibility with incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF). We aimed to assess the separate and joint relationship of noise exposure in the workplace and genetic susceptibility with the risk of AF.

Methods and Results

We included 167 577 participants without AF at baseline in UK Biobank. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the separate and joint association of noise exposure in the workplace and genetic susceptibility with the risk of AF. During a median follow‐up of 11.83 years, we observed 9355 AF cases. Compared with no noise exposure in the workplace, the hazard ratios (HRs) and were 1.08 (95% CI, 0.99–1.18) for noise exposure in the workplace of <1 year, 1.03 (95% CI, 0.95–1.12) for noise exposure in the workplace of around 1 to 5 years, and 1.08 (95% CI, 1.02–1.14) for noise exposure in the workplace of >5 years, respectively, after adjusting for potential confounders. Genetic risk was positively associated with AF, compared with low genetic risk (tertile 1), the HRs were 1.50 (95% CI, 1.41–1.59) for medium genetic risk (tertile 2) and 2.51 (95% CI, 2.38–2.65) for high genetic risk (tertile 3). However, no interaction between noise exposure in the workplace and genetic susceptibility was observed (
P
>0.05).

Conclusions

Long‐term noise exposure in the workplace is positively associated with a higher incidence of AF regardless of genetic background.
What Makes an Effective Chief of Pediatric Cardiology: Insights From Chiefs of North American Pediatric Programs
Authors: Kim Michael E. , Franklin Wayne , Dubin Anne M. , Kim Jeffrey J. , Sanatani Shubhayan , Kumar R. Krishna , Srivastava Shubhika , Kimball Thomas R. , Lewin Mark , Rossano Joseph , McMahon Colin J.
Published: October 2024

Background

Although the position of a pediatric cardiology chief is often seen as the apex of one's academic career, its roles, responsibilities, and qualifications are not well defined in the literature. This study was done to gain further insight of the role and attributes of a pediatric cardiology chief by surveying those who are currently serving the position across North American centers.

Methods and Results

This was a mixed‐methods study with a survey given to North American pediatric cardiology chiefs at programs with fellowship training programs. The survey was a semistructured questionnaire that was independently reviewed by 3 cardiologists. Smaller private practice groups and nonacademic programs were excluded. Survey inventory included items rated on a 5‐point Likert scale, open‐ended prompts, and targeted questions. A total of 40 of 65 (62%) pediatric cardiology chiefs responded to the survey. Respondents identified key chief attributes included communication skills, honesty/transparency, and conflict‐resolution skills. Likert scale data demonstrated participants were satisfied with their position, although many reported growing concerns of increased demands from administration, faculty, and pressures of program performance in the current era. There is also a noted paucity of diversity among those serving in leadership positions within pediatric cardiology, which was acknowledged by survey respondents.

Conclusions

We gathered information directly from current North American pediatric cardiology chiefs examining the current era of its role. There are resounding themes on the emphasis for communication, honesty, conflict resolution, and mentorship. Future studies should examine faculty perceptions and a global perspective of the role.
Association of Coronary Microvascular Rarefaction and Myocardial Fibrosis With Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Campbell Duncan J. , Francis Victoria C. M. , Young Gregory R. , Woodford Noel W. F.
Published: October 2024

Background

To evaluate, in a cohort study, whether coronary microvasculature and myocardial structure differ between people with and without coronary artery disease (CAD).

Methods and Results

We performed histological analysis of left ventricle free wall obtained at autopsy from 25 men and 23 women with ≥1 coronary artery with ≥75% area stenosis, and 25 men and 25 women without (no or minimal) CAD, matched for sex and age, who died suddenly from noncardiac causes. Decedents with myocardial infarction or other cardiac abnormality were excluded. Decedents with and without CAD had similar height and weight. Heart weight of decedents with CAD was higher than that of decedents without CAD (mean, 391 versus 364 g; mean difference, 27 g [95% CI, 0.3–54.0],
P
=0.048). Decedents with CAD had lower arteriole density (mean, 1.4 per mm
2
versus 1.8 per mm
2
; mean difference, −0.4 per mm
2
[95% CI, −0.6 to −0.2],
P
=0.0001), lower capillary length density (mean, 3164 versus 3701 mm/mm
3
; mean difference, −537 [95% CI, −787 to −286],
P
<0.0001), and higher total myocardial fibrosis (mean, 7.5% versus 5.7%; mean difference, 1.7% [95% CI, 1.0–2.5],
P
<0.0001), than decedents without CAD.

Conclusions

CAD was associated with coronary microvascular rarefaction and increased myocardial fibrosis. The association of CAD with coronary microvascular rarefaction and increased myocardial fibrosis may contribute to the increased risks of death, myocardial infarction and heart failure that accompany CAD, and may attenuate the impact of percutaneous coronary intervention on cardiovascular risk in people with stable angina.
The Influence of Chinese and Western Cultural Differences on English Translation and Its Countermeasures
Authors: Zhang Linying
Published: October 2024

English plays an irreplaceable role as a bridge of global communication. However, the cultural differences between China and the West have a profound impact on English learning and translation practice, resulting in the reduction of semantic accuracy and information richness, which damages the effect of communication and restricts the style of translation. These cultural differences not only lead to understanding errors in the translation process, but also lead to the loss of cultural connotation, the conflict of expression and the mismatch of logical structure, thus increasing the complexity and challenge of English translation. To solve these problems, this paper suggests some strategies to alleviate the influence of Chinese and Western cultural differences on English translation, such as enhancing the training of cultural awareness, improving the accurate grasp of the context, flexibly adjusting the ways of language expression and optimizing the logical expression structure. In addition, it is emphasized that while mastering language skills, English learners should deeply understand and respect the cultural background of the source language and the target language, so as to improve the quality of translation and the effectiveness of communication. These measures will help English learners to translate and apply English more accurately and freely, not only in the literal sense of the language, but also in the cultural level.
Academic Displacement and the Multi-Dimensional Life of Migration Categories: Insights from Global South Migration
Authors: Gallo Ester
Published: October 2024

This article proposes academic displacement as a lens to analyse interconnections between skilled and forced migration, and discusses the policy, work and subjective dimensions of the phenomenon. The analysis suggests that policy construction of academic displacement is framed around a temporal oxymoron between short-term emergency intervention and long-term expectations around ‘rescued’ scholars’ capacity to engage in scientific excellence. It also rests on an individualistic interpretation of academic freedom. Differently, displaced scholars reassert the importance of the communitarian dimension of academic freedom. Being represented as exceptional/temporary guests risks bordering them from both their home academic community and their European ‘host’.
Parametric study on the load-carrying capacity of plain-woven composites hybrid bonded-bolted joints
Authors: Yang Yaxu , Kou Du , Guo Ruilin , Du Junmin , Chen Feiyu , Shi Jianwei
Published: October 2024

This work presents procedures and results from quasi-static uniaxial tensile experiments carried out on hybrid bolted bonded (HBB) joints using carbon fibre reinforced plastic (CFRP) adherends. The impact of various dimensional parameters, including lap length (L), lap width (W), number of bolts ( N), bolt diameter (D), and bolt arrangement, on its ultimate load and failure modes of the HBB joint is investigated. The failure mechanism of the HBB joint is examined and summarized, offering theoretical insights for the engineering application of this structural configuration. The findings of the study indicate that the ultimate load capacity of the hybrid joint is notably enhanced by increasing both the lap length and lap width, and is further influenced by the effective dimensions at the edges and end distances. The transverse configuration of multiple bolts within the adhesive-bolt hybrid joint demonstrates superior maximum load capacity and average stiffness in comparison to a longitudinal arrangement. During tensile testing, the primary mode of failure observed in the Hybrid Bolted-Bonded (HBB) joint is adhesive failure, often accompanied by delamination. Cleavage failure is predominantly observed in configurations with longitudinally aligned multiple bolts arranged in a singular row. On the other hand, shear tear-out and bearing failures are commonly encountered in single-bolt joints characterized by a substantial width-to-diameter (W/D) ratio. Specifically, shear tear-out failure tends to manifest in cases with a small length-to-diameter (L/D) ratio, whereas bearing failure is more prevalent in instances with a large L/D ratio.
Social Class, the Overlooked Element of Diversity within Higher Education: An Analysis of Policy Documents and Data Collection Practices by Russell Group Universities in the United Kingdom
Authors: Bradshaw Andy , Davies Joanna M , Williamson Lesley , Torlay Beka , Braybrook Debbie , Scott Hannah , Bajwah Sabrina
Published: October 2024

Investigating the data that universities collect on the characteristics of staff and students offers an insight into which aspects of diversity they prioritise. We sent Freedom of Information requests to 24 Russell Group institutions asking them to report the data they collect on the class background and protected characteristics of staff and students. We also reviewed university equality policy documents using content analysis. Analysis showed that while all institutions collect data on the protected characteristics of staff and students, and 18 universities collect data on the class background of students, just one university collects data on the class background of staff. This is despite 10 institutions recognising class background as being an important component of diversity within their policies. We propose recommendations on what data universities should collect on the class background of staff, and how they can use these data to support intersectional diversity.
Of Rivals and Enemies: Military–Police Relations in Internal Armed Conflict in Mexico and Colombia
Authors: Ivey Andrew
Published: October 2024

While the dynamics of civil–military relations have traditionally been studied in a dyadic structure, internal deployment changes the relationship between armed agents and their civilian principals. While soldiers fight external wars alone, at home they fight alongside other centrally controlled armed agencies such as police and gendarmeries. This article studies the relationships between militaries, civilians, and centrally controlled police and gendarmeries, which I describe as “alternative security forces (ASFs)” in two democracies with high levels of internal armed conflict, Colombia and Mexico. Based on interview and archival data, I find that while militaries and ASFs will inevitably find themselves in rivalry, the “tone and tenor” of this rivalry matters for civilian governments. While an interservice rivalry allowed for ASF-military cooperation even in the face of competition in Colombia, a zero-sum rivalry in Mexico has hindered the development of law enforcement and perpetuated an unsuccessful over-reliance on the military.
Perceiving Low Social Mobility Induces Zero-Sum Beliefs About Social Hierarchies
Authors: Wang Xue , Zhuo Yuemin , Chen Wei-fen , Du Hongfei , Chen Zhansheng
Published: October 2024

Individuals may consider socioeconomic status (SES) change from an absolute or relative standpoint. Across five studies and supplementary analyses of secondary data, we found that individuals who perceive SES as being unlikely to change (i.e., low perceived social mobility) tend to consider SES change from a relative standpoint—i.e., one person’s gain in SES occurs at the expense of another’s loss in SES—reflecting that they harbor zero-sum beliefs regarding social hierarchies. In other words, the extent to which individuals believe that society is mobile predicts how they consider the nature of social mobility. This relationship is mediated by a scarcity mindset and further predicts the tendency for aggression. The findings held when we controlled for variables such as perceived economic inequality, income, and education.
Tolerance and perceived threat matter! Understanding employment discrimination against immigrants in the Spanish labour market / ¡La tolerancia y la amenaza percibida importan! Entender la discriminación laboral de los inmigrantes en el mercado laboral español
Authors: Cuadrado Isabel , López-Rodríguez Lucía , Ordóñez-Carrasco Jorge L.
Published: October 2024

The threat-based skill paradox suggests that the employability of immigrants decreases compared to nationals as they possess more advanced skills because they are considered a threat to national job applicants. Extending previous research, the present study explores whether the perceived threat to the Spanish labour market generated by an applicant for high- and low-status jobs and the evaluations received (on stereotypes, emotions and facilitation behavioural tendencies) vary depending on the candidate’s ethnicity (Moroccan vs. Spanish) and the tolerance of the evaluator. Participants ( N = 579) were randomly assigned to evaluate a candidate with a CV varying in ethnicity, job status and gender. We found that the threat perceived by medium-low-tolerant evaluators was associated with worse evaluations and less intentions to help Moroccan (vs. Spanish) candidates to a low-status job and with less active facilitation intentions towards Moroccan (vs. Spanish) candidates to a high-status job. However, high-tolerant evaluators expressed more willingness to actively help the Moroccan (vs. Spanish) candidate to high-status conditions, independently of the perceived threat. These findings highlight the important role of the tolerance of the evaluators in this context.