bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tritiated thymidine ([3H]-TdR) and immunocytochemical
tracing of cellular fate within the asexually dividing
cestode Mesocestoides vogae (syn. M. corti)
Authors: SMITH A. G. , McKERR G.
Published: July 2002

This report documents the presence of an active thymidine kinase (TK) system within Mesocestoides vogae tetrathyridia
as quantified by tritiated thymidine ([3H]-TdR) incorporation using liquid scintillation counting. A 100-fold increase in
[3H]-TdR incorporation was observed at 37 °C when compared with its incorporation at 0 °C. Thymidine's competitive
analogue, BrdU, competed for sites within newly replicated DNA. Immunohistochemical trials performed here using
antibodies against BrdU identified cells that have entered and passed through S-phase. Positively stained nuclei were most
numerous at the anterior tip of tetrathyridia especially within the ganglia, lesser numbers of these cells occurred along the
growing commissure and amongst surface tegumental cytons suggesting that stem cells do not exist in one region but are
found throughout the entire body. As M. vogae has no internal organ systems the major sites for cell proliferation are those
exhibiting maximal cell recruitment and undergoing tissue repair. These results show that it is possible to monitor changes
in the cell recruitment pattern within this cestode. Thus use of BrdU and immunohistochemistry demonstrates how spatial
arrangement and cellular reorganization can be successfully traced within M. vogae.
Living High and Letting Die
Authors: Bourbaki Nicola
Published: July 2002

Imagine that your body has become attached, without your permission, to that of a sick violinist. The violinist is a human being. He will die if you detach him. Such detachment seems, nonetheless, to be morally permissible. Thomson argues that an unwantedly pregnant woman is in an analogous situation. Her argument is considered by many to have established the moral permissibility of abortion even under the assumption that the foetus is a human being. Another popular argument is that presented by Singer and Unger to the effect that even those who are moderately prosperous are morally obliged to help the poor if they can do so at relatively small cost to themselves. The paper considers the question whether these two arguments can be simultaneously valid.
Statement Concerning the Supplementary Volume of the Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Authors: EDWARDS PAUL
Published: July 2002

The Macmillan Reference Company and Prentice Hall International recently released a volume entitled ‘Supplement of the Encyclopedia of Philosophy’. As the editor-in-chief of the original eight-volume Encyclopedia I wish to explain why I must disassociate from this Supplement.

The Supplement does contain many valuable articles by recognized philosophers, but it violates the spirit of the original work in one important respect. An article in the Oxford Companion to Philosophy accurately describes the Encyclopedia as a ‘massive Enlightenment work’ and similar descriptions were offered in a front-page review in the Times Literary Supplement of London (September 14, 1967) by Anthony (now Lord) Quinton. My associates and I edited the Encyclopedia in the spirit of Voltaire and Diderot, of Hume and Bertrand Russell. We tried to be fair to religious and metaphysical philosophers, but a good deal of space was devoted to radical thinkers and movements that had been frequently neglected or mishandled in earlier reference works. Furthermore, philosophers whom we regarded as obscurantists, while their ideas were never misrepresented, received the kind of critical treatment we thought appropriate. This spirit has not been preserved in the Supplement. There are some interesting and balanced articles on religious topics, but the highly significant biological research, reported in the writings of Stephen J. Gould and Richard Dawkins, which undermines one major form of the design argument, is not even mentioned. The ‘big bang’ is briefly mentioned (p. 143), but there is no reference to the work of Adolf Grünbaum, Steven Weinberg and other scientists and philosophers showing that neither the big bang nor any other cosmological theory of modern physics support a First Cause. More seriously, a number of contemporary writers, mostly German and French, who are regarded with suspicion if not outright contempt by most analytic philosophers are given extensive and even enthusiastic coverage. In alphabetical order they are Hannah Arendt, Simone de Beauvoir, Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, Hans-Georg Gadamer, and Paul Ricoeur (five articles on Ricoeur). It may be argued that, whatever the defect of their work, these figures have achieved such prominence that articles about them are warranted. Perhaps so, but what we get are totally uncritical pieces.
Reported trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder and major depression among primary care patients
Authors: MCQUAID J. R. , PEDRELLI P. , MCCAHILL M. E. , STEIN M. B.
Published: July 2002

Background. Trauma is a necessary diagnostic criterion for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the nature of traumas experienced (e.g. assaultive versus non-assaultive) may influence whether any mental disorder will arise. Traumatic experiences may also be associated with other mental disorders, particularly major depressive disorder (MDD). This report examines the relationship of trauma history to the likelihood of full or partial PTSD and MDD. In addition, the study examines the frequency with which assaultive and non-assaultive traumas are reported by patients with full or partial PTSD and MDD.

Methods. Three hundred eighty-six primary care patients completed psychiatric symptom measures during their clinic visit. A subset of 132 participants completed a diagnostic interview within 2 weeks following the screening.

Results. Most patients reporting traumas did not meet criteria for a mental disorder. Patients reporting traumas were more likely to experience current MDD (27·8%) than current full or partial PTSD (20·0%) although a high percentage of patients with traumas (41·1%) had experienced full or partial PTSD diagnosis in their lifetime. Respondents reporting assaultive events as their most severe trauma, when compared with those whose most severe trauma was non-assaultive, were more likely to have met criteria for either full or partial PTSD in their lifetime, and were more likely to have current MDD.

Conclusions. These findings suggest that trauma history is often not associated with psychopathology, and when it is, trauma is often associated with major depression rather than PTSD. The likelihood of psychopathology is increased for individuals reporting assaultive traumas.
Single mothers, poverty and depression
Authors: BROWN GEORGE W. , MORAN PATRICIA M.
Published: July 2002

The present study set out to examine the relationship between marital status, poverty
and depression in a sample of inner-city women. Single and married mothers were followed up over
a 2-year period during which time rates of psychosocial risk factors, onset of depression and
experience of chronic episodes were measured. Risk of onset was double among single mothers.
Single mothers were twice as likely as their married counterparts to be in financial hardship, despite
being twice as likely to be in full-time employment. Both of these factors were independently
associated with onset in single mothers. The link between them and onset was via their association
with humiliating or entrapping severe life events. Single parents were at a much raised risk of
experiencing these events. Onset was also more likely to follow such an event when women had poor
self-esteem and lack of support, both of which were more common among single mothers. These
risk factors were more frequently found among those in financial hardship. Financial hardship was
also related to risk of having a chronic episode (lasting at least a year), of which single parents were
also at greater risk. The majority of chronic episodes among single mothers had their origins in prior
marital difficulties or widowhood and rates of chronicity reduced with length of time spent in single
parenthood. Results are discussed in terms of an aetiological model of onset in which financial
hardship probably influences outcome at a wide variety of points.
Pre-morbid psychometric profile of subjects at high familial
risk for affective disorder
Authors: LAUER C. J. , BRONISCH T. , KAINZ M. , SCHREIBER W. , HOLSBOER F. , KRIEG J.-C.
Published: July 2002

Background. Recent observations indicate that a
certain pre-morbid personality profile (‘autonomic
lability’, i.e. elevated neuroticism, frequent somatic
complaints and increased inter-personal sensitivity) appears to be a
valid antecedent of major depression. However, most of these
prospective studies used samples drawn from the general population,
which limits the power of any observed differences between subjects
who developed a depressive disorder during the follow-up period and
those who did not.

Methods. We investigated the psychometric profile of 54
high-risk probands (aged between 18 years and 45 years) without a
current or lifetime diagnosis of any psychiatric disorder, but who had
first-degree relatives with an affective disorder according to
DSM-III-R criteria. Twenty-two control probands, matched for age and
gender and without any personal or family history of psychiatric
disorders, served as the reference group.

Results. As a group, the high-risk probands scored higher
than the controls on scales that assessed neuroticism, rigidity,
depressive cognitions, vegetative lability and stress. With an
individual-orientated approach (cluster analysis), 30 high-risk
probands were identified as conspicuous, characterized by elevated
rigidity and increased ‘autonomic lability’. The remaining
24 high-risk probands showed a psychometric profile very similar to
that of the controls.

Conclusions. The present findings in 54 probands at high
risk for affective disorders not only strongly underline the
assumption that the personality trait ‘autonomic lability’
is a valid antecedent of at least major depression, but also add the
personality trait ‘rigidity’ as a further and potential
candidate for a true vulnerability marker for affective
disorders.
The assessment of parenting using the Parental Bonding
Instrument: two or three factors?
Authors: MURPHY E. , BREWIN C. R. , SILKA L.
Published: July 2002

Background. The Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) is
a widely used measure of parenting, and is usually used to measure two
parenting dimensions, care and over-protection. However, there is
disagreement in the research literature about whether the PBI is best
used as a two-factor or a three-factor measure.

Method. PBI scores from 583 US and 236 UK students were
factor analysed to assess whether a three-factor solution was more
satisfactory than a two-factor solution.

Results. A three-factor (care, denial of psychological
autonomy and encouragement of behavioural freedom) solution was found
to be more satisfactory than a two-factor solution. Using the
three-factor solution, group differences that were not apparent with
the two-factor solution were identified and it was found that the
parenting behaviours associated with depression could be more
accurately identified.

Conclusion. The authors suggest that with modifications,
the PBI could be used to measure three parenting variables (care,
denial of psychological autonomy and encouragement of behavioural
freedom), which would allow greater accuracy of prediction and a
greater understanding of underlying processes.
A conceptual framework for mental health services: the matrix model
Authors: TANSELLA MICHELE , THORNICROFT GRAHAM
Published: July 2002

Background. The reform of mental health services needs
to be
guided by an overall conceptual
framework. Such a framework is important to avoid many risks, including
extrapolating from a
specific service site to other services, without taking into account local

and regional variables.

Methods. A conceptual framework, the ‘matrix model’,

is proposed. This model has been developed
using the most relevant information that is necessary for describing and

interpreting mental health services data as well as patient-based information.

Results. The ‘matrix model’ has two dimensions:

the geographical, which refers to three levels
(country, local and patient) and the temporal, which refers to three
phases (inputs, processes and
outcomes). Using these two dimensions a nine-cell matrix is constructed

to bring into focus critical
issues for mental health services. The relevance of each level and each
phase
is briefly presented.

Conclusions. The matrix is intended to assist clinicians, planners

and researchers to deal with clinical
phenomena, organizational issues, and research questions that share a degree
of complexity that
render inadequate analyses and the interventions made only at one
level. The matrix model applies
particularly to mental health systems of care that are provided with a

public health framework, and
is less useful for contexts that consist of clinicians offering only one-to-one

treatments, within fragmented programmes of care.
The Leicester 500 Project. Social support and the

development of postnatal depressive symptoms,

a prospective cohort survey
Authors: BRUGHA T. S. , SHARP H. M. , COOPER S.-A. , WEISENDER C. , BRITTO D. , SHINKWIN R. , SHERRIF T. , KIRWAN P. H.
Published: July 2002

Background. A prospective epidemiology study evaluated the

role of specific social and psychological

variables in the prediction of depressive symptomatology and

disorders following childbirth in a

community sample. Measures of social support used previously in

clinically depressed populations facilitated further comparison.

Methods. Nulliparous pregnant women (N=507)

were interviewed during pregnancy with the

Interview Measure of Social Relationships (IMSR) and a contextual

assessment of pregnancy-related support and adversity and 427 were

followed up at 3 months postpartum with the 30-item

GHQ, including six depression items. To establish the clinical

representativeness of the GHQ, high

GHQ scorers and a random subsample of low scorers were interviewed

using the SCAN. Regression

models were developed using the GHQ Depression scale (GHQ-D), the

IMSR and other risk factor data.

Results. GHQ-D after childbirth was predicted by lack of

perceived support from members of the

woman's primary group and lack of support in relation to the

event becoming pregnant; this held

even after controlling for antenatal depression, neuroticism, family

and personal psychiatric history

and adversity. Informant-rated deficits in provision of social

support also predicted later depression.

The size of the primary social network group previously found to

be related to depression in women,

did not predict depressive symptom development.

Conclusion. Predictors of depressive symptom development

differ from predictors of recovery from

clinical depression in women. Interventions should be designed to

reduce specific deficits in social

support observed in particular study populations.
How does light regulate chloroplast enzymes? Structure–function studies of the ferredoxin/thioredoxin system
Authors: Dai Shaodong , Schwendtmayer Cristina , Johansson Kenth , Ramaswamy S. , Schürmann Peter , Eklund Hans
Published: July 2002

1. Introduction 68

2. Ferredoxin reduction by photosystem I 72

3. Ferredoxins 73

4. Ferredoxin[ratio ]thioredoxin reductase 73

4.1 Spectroscopic investigations of FTR 76

4.2 The three-dimensional structure of FTR from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 77

4.2.1 The variable subunit 77

4.2.2 The catalytic subunit 81

4.2.3 The iron–sulfur center and active site disulfide bridge 82

4.2.4 The dimer 84

4.3 Thioredoxin f and m 85

4.4 Ferredoxin and thioredoxin interactions 86

4.5 Mechanism of action 88

4.6 Comparison with other chloroplast FTRs 92

5. Target enzymes 95

5.1 NADP-dependent malate dehydrogenase 95

5.1.1 Regulatory role of the N-terminal extension 97

5.1.2 Regulatory role of the C-terminal extension 99

5.1.3 Thioredoxin interactions 101

5.2 Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase 101

5.3 Redox regulation of chloroplast target enzymes 103

6. Conclusion 103

7. Acknowledgements 104

8. References 104

A pre-requisite for life on earth is the conversion of solar energy into chemical energy by
photosynthetic organisms. Plants and photosynthetic oxygenic microorganisms trap the
energy from sunlight with their photosynthetic machinery and use it to produce reducing
equivalents, NADPH, and ATP, both necessary for the reduction of carbon dioxide to
carbohydrates, which are then further used in the cellular metabolism as building blocks and
energy source. Thus, plants can satisfy their energy needs directly via the light reactions of
photosynthesis during light periods. The situation is quite different in the dark, when these
organisms must use normal catabolic processes like non-photosynthetic organisms to obtain
the necessary energy by degrading carbohydrates, like starch, accumulated in the chloroplasts
during daylight. The chloroplast stroma contains both assimilatory enzymes of the Calvin
cycle and dissimilatory enzymes of the pentose phosphate cycle and glycolysis. This
necessitates a strict, light-sensitive control that switches between assimilatory and
dissimilatory pathways to avoid futile cycling (Buchanan, 1980, 1991; Buchanan et al. 1994;
Jacquot et al. 1997; Schürmann & Buchanan, 2000).
On a Sociological Challenge to the Veridicality of Religious Experience
Authors: GELLMAN JEROME
Published: July 2002

This paper replies to Evan Fales' sociological explanation
of mystical
experience in two articles in Religious Studies vol. 32

(143–63 and 297–313). In these
papers Fales applies the ideas of I. M. Lewis on spirit possession to show
how mystical
experiences can be accounted for as vehicles for the acquisition of political
power
and social control. The rebuttal of Fales contains three main elements:
(a) the
presentation of specific examples of theistic mystical experience from
Christianity
and Judaism which provide counter-examples to Fales' theory; (b) the
presentation
of some general objections to its plausibility; and (c) an argument for
the conclusion
that the burden of proof lies with naturalistic, reductionist explanations
of religious
experiences rather than with theistic interpretations of those experiences.
NUMBER ONE HUNDRED AND SEVEN November 1997 to January 1998
Authors: BENNETT FRAN
Published: July 2002

Contents

1 Social security and income maintenance

2 Health care

3 Education

4 Housing and environment

5 Personal social services

6 Law and the treatment of the offender

7 Unemployment and the labour market

8 Race relations

9 The voluntary sector

10 Local government

11 Gender

12 Demography
Does the UK Have a Private Welfare Class?
Authors: BURCHARDT TANIA , PROPPER CAROL
Published: July 2002

The use of private welfare services in the UK has risen. But relatively little
is known about the patterns of use of private welfare services. This article
investigates whether there is a private welfare class, and how attitudes to
welfare state spending are linked to use of private services. It finds that
there is considerable use of the private sector, but the size of the group
consistently using a range of private welfare services is small. Changes in
attitudes to public financing of welfare spending do not appear to be
directly linked to use of private services.
Social Policy Digest NUMBER ONE HUNDRED AND TWELVE February to April 1999
Authors: BENNETT FRAN
Published: July 2002

Contents

1 Social security and income maintenance

2 Health (formerly Health care)

3 Education

4 Housing and environment

5 Personal social services

6 Law and the treatment of the offender

7 Unemployment and the labour market

8 Race relations

9 The voluntary sector

10 Government (formerly Local government)

11 Gender

12 Demography
Claire Lefebvre, Creole genesis and the acquisition
of grammar: The case of Haitian Creole. (Cambridge studies in
linguistics, 88.) Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press,
1998. Pp. xviii, 461. Hb £45.00, $74.95.
Authors: Bruyn Adrienne
Published: July 2002

In the continuing debate on the origins of creole
languages, Lefebvre has long taken a strong stance in favor
of an essential contribution of the West African substratum
to the grammatical makeup of Haitian Creole; thus, she
opposes both a universalist account along the lines of
Derek Bickerton's bioprogram (e.g. 1984), and Robert
Chaudenson's superstratist approach (e.g. 1992). Lefebvre's
present book summarizes the main findings of two decades
of research by herself and others (such as John Lumsden
and Anne-Marie Brousseau) through various projects carried
out at the Université du Québec à
Montréal. The overall aim of this enterprise has
been to test the hypothesis that adult speakers of the
substratum languages, in creating a new creole language,
use the properties of their native lexicons as well as
the parametric values and semantic interpretation rules
of their native grammars (9). In order to test this hypothesis,
Haitian Creole is compared, on the one hand, with its superstratum
or lexifier language, French, and on the other hand, with
Fongbe (or Fon, belonging to the Gbe cluster of Kwa languages),
as a representative of the substratum. Most of the book
consists of the presentation of such three-way comparisons
in regard to nominal structure (Chap. 4), the marking of
tense, mood, and aspect (Chap. 5), pronouns (Chap. 6),
clausal operators and the structure of the clause (Chaps.
7–8), the properties of verbs (Chap. 9), derivational
affixes (Chap. 10), compounds (Chap. 11), and parametric
options (Chap. 12). In all these areas, striking similarities
between Haitian and Fongbe are revealed.
Memory‐driven processing in human medial occipital cortex: An event‐related optical signal (EROS) study
Authors: Gratton Gabriele , Fabiani Monica , Goodman‐Wood Marsha R. , Desoto M. Catherine
Published: July 2002

Memory‐driven processing in medial occipital areas (Area V1 and immediately adjacent structures) was investigated noninvasively using the event‐related optical signal (EROS). Subjects viewed two letter stimuli presented in the left and right hemifields, respectively. They then viewed a centrally presented test letter and had to indicate whether this letter was the same as either of the letters presented earlier. The initial EROS response to the test stimulus in medial occipital areas (latency: 50–150 ms) was unilaterally suppressed in the hemisphere previously exposed to the same stimulus. This finding suggests that medial occipital cortex activity is modulated by a rapidly adapting hemispheric‐specific pattern recognition mechanism.
BRITAIN AND THE UNION, 1797–1801
Authors: Jupp Peter
Published: July 2002

STUDENTS of the Union and the Irish and British contexts in which it was shaped owe G.C. Bolton and his study of the subject,The Passing of the Irish Act of Union, a considerable debt. By 1966, the year of its publication, J.C. Beckett, E.M. Johnston and R.B. McDowell had laid the foundations for a re-evaluation of Irish politics and British–Irish relations in the later eighteenth century, but for many aspects of those subjects, including the Union, Lecky's near-eighty-year-old history still remained the principal source. Bolton's was therefore a pioneering book and not only in the sense that it was the first to be based on an exhaustive study of the available evidence: it also broke new ground in its attempt to measure Irish elite and popular opinion on the issue and in the techniques that were used to do so. For these and other reasons, Bolton's study has had a strong influence on more than a generation of undergraduates at Queen's, some of whom have become major historians of the period; his study is, and will remain, an essential guide to the subject.
Neural constructivism or self-organization?
Authors: Molenaar Peter C. M. , van der Maas Han L. J.
Published: July 2002

Three arguments are given to show that neural constructivism lacks an essential ingredient to explain cognitive development. Based on results in the theory of adaptive signal analysis, adaptive biological pattern information and self-organization in nonlinear systems of information processing, it is concluded that neural constructivism should be further extended to accommodate the occurrence of phase transitions generating qualitative development in the sense of Piaget.
The status of LTP as a mechanism of memory formation in the mammalian brain
Authors: Shors Tracey J. , Matzel Louis D.
Published: July 2002

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a long-lasting increase in synaptic efficacy that many consider the best candidate currently available for a neural mechanism of memory formation and/or storage in the mammalian brain. In our target article, LTP: What's learning got to do with it?, we concluded that there was insufficient data to warrant such a conclusion. In their commentaries, Jeffery and Zhadin raise a number of important issues that we did not raise, both for and against the hypothesis. Although we agree with a number of these issues, we maintain that there remains insufficient evidence that LTP is a memory mechanism.
One phonemic representation should suffice
Authors: Gow David W.
Published: July 2002

The Merge model suggests that lexical effects in phonemic processing reflect the activation of post-lexical phonemic representations that are distinct from prelexical phonemic input representations. This distinction seems to be unmotivated; the phoneme fails to capture the richness of prelexical representation. Increasing the information content of input representations minimizes the potential necessity for top-down processes.
Heuristics in technoscientific thinking
Authors: Gorman Michael E.
Published: July 2002

This review of Gigerenzer, Todd, and the ABC Research Group's Simple heuristics that make us smart focuses on the role of heuristics in discovery, invention, and hypothesis-testing and concludes with a comment on the role of heuristics in population growth.
Human mating models can benefit from comparative primatology and careful methodology
Authors: Fuentes Agustin
Published: July 2002

Conditional mating strategies and within-sex variation in mating patterns occur across a wide range of primate taxa. Attempts to model the evolution of human mating strategies should incorporate current primatological data sets and phylogenetic perspectives. However, comparisons between interview and questionnaire-based human behavioral data and observationally and experimental generated nonhuman behavioral data should be conducted with prudence.
Is the higher order of linguistic thought model of feeling adequate?
Authors: Van Gulick Robert
Published: July 2002

Despite its explanatory value, the “higher order linguistic thought” model comes up short as an account of the felt aspect of motivational states.
Rational distinctions and adaptations
Authors: Over D. E. , Evans J. St. B. T.
Published: July 2002

Stanovich & West (S&W) distinguish between evolutionary rationality and normative rationality, and System 1 and System 2 mental processes. They hold that the main function of System 2 has to do with normative and not evolutionary rationality. We ask how System 2 could then be an adaptation, especially given S&W's own work on individual differences.
The sensory and affective components of pain
Authors: Benedetti Fabrizio
Published: July 2002

Both the sensory and the motivational-affective component of
pain must be taken into account in studies on sex differences as well
as on neuropathic, postoperative, sympathetic, and visceral pain. In
all these cases, therapeutic strategies should be aimed at controlling
the peripheral, central, and psychological mechanisms underlying the
global pain experience. Similarly, it should be recalled that some
neuropeptides act on both sensory and affective pain mechanisms.
[berkley; mcmahon; dickenson; coderre & katz;
wiesenfeld-hallin et al.; blumberg et al.]
Availability: The cognitive basis of experience
Authors: Chalmers David J.
Published: July 2002

Although A-consciousness and P-consciousness are conceptually
distinct, a refined notion of A-consciousness makes it plausible that
the two are empirically inseparable. I suggest that the notion of
direct availability for global control can play a central role here,
and draw out some consequences.
Toward an integration of P3 research with cognitive neuroscience
Authors: Verleger Rolf
Published: July 2002

In this response, I will first summarize my 1988 argument on
the issue of expectancy. Second, I will re-evaluate that argument in
the light of the findings made by Sommer et al. and by others. Third,
I will describe some other problems with the 1988 views. Fourth, I
will outline the direction in which I feel that a hypothesis on the P3
complex should be pursued further.
Problems with the concept of dominance and lack of empirical support for a testosterone–dominance link
Authors: Archer John
Published: July 2002

Mazur & Booth fail to consider the conceptual complexities
of dominance; it is unlikely that there is a motive to dominate in
animals. Also, the lack of empirical evidence for a causal link
between testosterone and dominance is obscured by the narrative
reviewing procedure, which is prone to bias.
A new puzzle for the evolution of speech?
Authors: Abry Christian , Boë Louis-Jean , Laboissière Rafael , Schwartz Jean-Luc
Published: July 2002

We agree with MacNeilage's claim that speech stems
from a volitional vocalization pathway between the cingulate
and the supplementary motor area (SMA). We add the vocal self-
monitoring system as the first recruitment of the Broca-Wernicke
circuit. SMA control for “frames” is supported by wrong
consonant-vowel recurring utterance aphasia and an imaging study of
quasi-reiterant speech. The role of Broca's area is questioned in
the emergence of “content,” because a primary motor
mapping, embodying peripheral constraints, seems sufficient. Finally,
we reject a uniquely peripheral account of speech emergence.
The dynamical model is a Perceptron
Authors: Bridgeman Bruce
Published: July 2002

Van Gelder's example of a dynamical model is a
Perceptron. The similarity of dynamical models and Perceptrons in turn
exemplifies the close relationship between dynamical and algorithmic
models. Both are models, not literal descriptions of brains. The brain
states of standard modeling are better conceived as processes in the
dynamical sense, but algorithmic models remain useful.
Listeners' perceptual mapping of locus equations and variability
Authors: Govindarajan Krishna
Published: July 2002

Although an individual speaker's productions obey locus
equations, whether listeners' perceptions are based on them needs
further exploration. Comparing the results from the perceptual
experiments to predicted identifications, one sees qualitative
similarities and some discrepancies. However, the variability of
locus equations and individual consonant-vowel (CV) tokens across
speakers seems problematic if listeners are using locus equations for
perception.
Staying in touch: Externalism needs descriptions
Authors: Hampton James A.
Published: July 2002

Externalism cannot work as a theory of concepts without
explaining how we reidentify substances as being of the same kind.
Yet this process implies just the level of descriptive content to
which externalism seeks to deny a role in conceptual
content.
Surface representation by population coding
Authors: Komatsu Hidehiko
Published: July 2002

Although there is empirical evidence of neural filling-in,
this does not necessarily entail “isomorphic” theory.
Most cortical neurons do not respond to a uniform surface and are
instead sensitive to surface size and quality. I propose that a
population of such neurons encodes the presence of a surface.
This scheme is different from either the “cognitive”
or “isomorphic” theories.
Finding the Pope in the pizza: Abstract invariants and cognitive constraints on perceptual learning
Authors: Hummel John E. , Kellman Philip J.
Published: July 2002

Schyns, Goldstone & Thibaut argue that categorization
experience results in the learning of new perceptual features that are
not derivable from the learner's existing feature set. We explore
the meaning and implications of this “nonderivability”
claim and relate it to the question of whether perceptual invariants
are learnable, and if so, what might be entailed in learning
them.
Trading in form for content and taking the sting out of the mind-body problem
Authors: Myin Erik
Published: July 2002

Analytical isomorphism is an instance of the demand for a
transparent relation between vehicle and content, which is central to
the mind-body problem. One can abandon transparency without begging
the question with regard to the mind-body problem.
Filling-in is for finding out
Authors: Pessoa Luiz , Thompson Evan , Noë Alva
Published: July 2002

The following points are discussed in response to the
commentaries: (1) A taxonomy of perceptual completion phenomena
should rely on both phenomenological and mechanistic criteria.
(2) Certain forms of perceptual completion are caused by
topographically organized neural processes – neural
filling-in. (3) The bridge locus, understood as the final site of
perceptual experience in the brain, should be replaced by the
principle that each token percept has a neural substrate that
is nomically sufficient for it, all else being equal. (4) Analytic
isomorphism – the view that there must be a pictorial or
spatial neural-perceptual isomorphism at the bridge locus –
should be rejected. Although more abstract kinds of isomorphism
are central to the neural-perceptual mapping, the perceptual cannot
be exhaustively explained in terms of the neural, and therefore
the explanation of perception cannot be reduced to uncovering
neural-perceptual isomorphisms. (5) The task of vision is to guide
action in the world, not to construct a detailed world-model in the
head. (6) Neural filling-in facilitates the integration of information
and thereby helps the animal find out about its environment.
(7) Perceptual content needs to be understood at the level of
the person or animal interacting in the world.
The processing of inflected forms
Authors: Clifton, Charles , Cutler Anne , McQueen James M. , van Ooijen Brit
Published: July 2002

Clahsen proposes two distinct processing routes, for regularly and irregularly inflected forms, respectively, and thus is apparently making a psychological claim. We argue that his position, which embodies a strictly linguistic perspective, does not constitute a psychological processing model.
Neurogenetic determinism is a theological doctrine
Authors: Freeman Walter J.
Published: July 2002

In “Lifelines” Steven Rose constructs a
case against neurogenetic determinism based on experimental data from
biology and in favor of a significant degree of self determination. Two
philosophical errors in the case favoring neurogenetic determinism are
illustrated by Rose: category mistakes and an excessively narrow view
of causality restricted to the linear form.
Can we answer the unanswerable?
Authors: Uttal William R.
Published: July 2002

Pylyshyn circumvents an even more fundamental question: Are
the mechanisms of visual perception accessible to the theoretician?
Neurophysiology, computer modeling, and psychophysics, as well as
his definitions of visual phenomena suggest that he has asked an
unanswerable question.
Penetrating the impenetrable?
Authors: Yu Karen
Published: July 2002

A distinction is made between structural and semantic
knowledge, focusing on the possible influences of the latter. To
the extent that early vision may be influenced by object-identity,
it would seem necessary to evoke compiled transducers to explain
such an influence. Compiled transducers may furnish a way in which
vision can be and is penetrated.
English as lingua franca: Double talk in global persuasion. Karin Dovring.
Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997. Pp. 153.
Authors: Morgan Marcyliena
Published: July 2002

As we journey into the new millennium, few among us would bother to argue against the
importance of English as a world language, especially considering its role in technology, industry,
and politics. Many people of the world are introduced to English as a modern version of a contact
language, since the need to know it occurs simultaneously with the need for specific knowledge
(to negotiate borders and so on). Of course, there is much to the story of language contact. As
Mary Louise Pratt (1992) observed, contact situations are often catastrophic events involving
power relations that include conquerors and the conquered, intermediaries, onlookers, and more.
The position of English as a national language in many countries and its worldwide influence have
occurred within the context of civil wars, political negotiation, constant transmigration,
globalization, and the formulation and reconstruction of nationalist ideologies and identities.
Though the nature of today's contact may seem benign, its result may still be catastrophic
and have far-reaching consequences, as the ideology and practices that accompany English may
not complement all societies and situations. Today, the United States often represents the global
influence of English, and as America becomes the symbol of border and civil war negotiation and
policing, technology, art, conflict and power, so too does English. Predictably, the people and
polities throughout the world wrestle with America's ideological influence by participating
in the invigoration and transformation of English to suit their needs.
Subshifts of multi-dimensional shifts of finite type
Authors: QUAS ANTHONY N. , TROW PAUL B.
Published: July 2002

We show that every shift of finite type $X$ with positive entropy has proper subshifts of finite type with entropy strictly smaller than the entropy of $X$, but with entropy arbitrarily close to the entropy of $X$. Consequently, $X$ contains an infinite chain of subshifts of finite type which is strictly decreasing in entropy.
Une généralisation du théorème de
Conley–Zehnder aux homéomorphismes du tore de dimension deux
Authors: LE CALVEZ PATRICE
Published: July 2002

Let $F$ be an area-preserving homeomorphism of the
two-dimensional torus homotopic to the identity and let $f$ be a lift to the plane which
preserves the center of mass. We prove that $f$ has at least three fixed points
whose images are distinct in the torus.
Codimension ${\bi n}$ flips
Authors: GHEINER JAQUES
Published: July 2002

The generic unfolding of codimension $n$ flips (one eigenvalue $-1$ and the others with norm different from 1) embedded in a Morse–Smale diffeomorphism is analyzed. Local and global bifurcations are described.
Morse cocycles and simple Lebesgue spectrum
Authors: GUENAIS MÉLANIE
Published: July 2002

It is well known that the spectrum of dynamical systems arising from generalized Morse sequences (M. Keane. Generalized Morse sequences. Z. Wahr. Verw. Geb.10 (1968), 335–353.) is simple as soon as it is non-discrete. We give, in this paper, a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of such a transformation with non-purely singular spectrum. From this, it follows that this problem is equivalent to an open problem of the existence of ‘flat’ polynomials on the Torus group. We show that this latter question can be given an affirmative answer on some other group, and this allows us to construct a countable abelian group action with simple spectrum whose spectral type is the sum of a discrete measure and of the Haar measure on the dual group.
Michael P. Hanagan, Leslie Page Moch, Wayne te Brake, eds., Challenging Authority: The Historical Study of Contentious Politics. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1998. vii + 284 pp. $54.95 cloth; $21.95 paper.
Authors: Krabill Ron
Published: July 2002

To create a festschrift in honor of a scholar as important as
Charles Tilly is a daunting task. To their credit, the editors and authors of
Challenging Authority successfully provide a thoughtful and
particularly readable glimpse into both the past and the future of the study of
contentious politics, a field in which Tilly's contributions have been
undeniably crucial. From more traditional interpretations of Tilly's work
to innovations in chapters by Kim Voss and Marc W. Steinberg, this volume
displays the wide array of applications and insights provided by the political
process model for studying collective action, whether in medieval Spain or 1989
China. However, the volume moves only in fits and starts toward the new
“relational structuralism” (xix) that the editors herald as
coalescing around the study of collective action.
Judith Stein, Running Steel, Running America: Race, Economic Policy, and the Decline of Liberalism. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998. xi + 323 pp. $59.95 cloth; $19.95 paper.
Authors: Lichtenstein Alex
Published: July 2002

Judith Stein recounts two histories in tandem that all too frequently
are narrated separately: “that of a changing [American] economy and that
of changing race relations” (2). The brilliant originality of Running
Steel is to bring the history of civil rights in employment together with
larger questions of national, indeed international, post-1945 political economy.
The struggle for racial justice appears neither a beneficiary nor a casualty of
an easily invoked but vaguely defined “liberalism,” as in so many
other studies. Instead, the limits of fair employment prove an integral part of
the making and unmaking of a political and economic totality with quite specific
elements seemingly unconnected to race relations. In contrast to currently
fashionable neoliberal accounts, Stein concludes “it was the foreign
commitments and economic policies of liberalism, not the excesses of racial
reformers or the racism of the culture, that transformed American politics in
the postwar era” (6).
Critical reflections on the Westphalian assumptions of international law and organization: a crisis of legitimacy
Authors: CUTLER A. CLAIRE
Published: July 2002

This article argues that the fields of international law and organization are experiencing a legitimacy crisis relating to fundamental reconfigurations of global power and authority. Traditional Westphalian-inspired assumptions about power and authority are incapable of providing contemporary understanding, producing a growing disjunction between the theory and the practice of the global system. The actors, structures, and processes identified and theorized as determinative by the dominant approaches to the study of international law and organization have ceased to be of singular importance. Westphalian-inspired notions of state-centricity, positivist international law, and ‘public’ definitions of authority are incapable of capturing the significance of non-state actors, informal normative structures, and private, economic power in the global political economy.
Beyond the Great Divide: globalization and the theory of international relations
Authors: CLARK IAN
Published: July 2002

This article assesses the general significance for International Relations theory of the literature on globalization. It argues that globalization is a pervasively unsettling process which needs to be explained not only as an issue in its own right but for the insight which it affords into cognate areas of theory. In short, it advances an analytical model whereby globalization itself can be understood and utilizes this as a theoretical scheme that may be applied more generally. The predominant conceptualization of the globalization issue within International Relations has been the debate between the proponents of state redundancy and the champions of continuing state potency. In turn, these arguments rest upon an image of state capacities being eroded by external forces, or alternatively of external forces being generated by state action. In either case, there is the assumed duality of the state(s) set off from, and ranged against, a seemingly external environment. Instead, this article argues that the state occupies a middle ground between the internal and external and is itself both shaped by and formative of the process of globalization.
Forum: Fantasy theory
Authors: SCHWELLER RANDALL L.
Published: July 2002

I applaud Linklater for dreaming the impossible dream: a triple transformation of political community, whereby social relations become more universalistic, less unequal, and more sensitive to cultural differences. The primary mechanism posited for this change is the expansion of dialogic communities, in which insiders and outsiders recognise one another as moral equals and the special ties and ‘harmony of dispositions’ inherent in bounded communities do not preclude membership within a universal communication community or the right of free movement in a global society. Linklater offers sophisticated and original analysis of a possible post-Westphalian international order centred on this ‘thin conception of cosmopolitanism’ that should provoke wide debate. Unfortunately, I am not persuaded in the least by his thesis, despite its being repeated like a mantra throughout the volume.
Sovereignty, survival and the Westphalian blind alley in International Relations
Authors: PAUL DAREL
Published: July 2002

That states are sovereign units interacting under conditions of anarchy has long been the core assumption of the discipline of International Relations. Operating largely with an anthropomorphic conceptualization of the state, 'statists' create a stunted ontology of the international system dominated by the concepts of state survival and an assumed state survival interest. By constituting sharp lines of demarcation between being and non-being, between 'life' and 'death', statists ignore a host of more subtle changes in the ontological status of states which are ill-treated by reference to 'survival'. This Westphalian ontology leads ultimately to a dead end, for such a definition rejects from the outset an ontology of overlapping political authorities in a single territory but at distinct scales which is characteristic not only of the present international system but of the so-called Westphalian era as well.
Capsule design for the National Ignition Facility
Authors: DITTRICH T.R. , HAAN S.W. , MARINAK M.M. , HINKEL D.E. , POLLAINE S.M. , McEACHERN R. , COOK R.C. , ROBERTS C.C. , WILSON D.C. , BRADLEY P.A. , VARNUM W.S.
Published: July 2002

Several choices exist in the design and production
of capsules intended to ignite and propagate fusion burn
of the deuterium–tritium (D–T) fuel when imploded
by indirect drive at the National Ignition Facility (NIF).
These choices include ablator material, ablator dopant
concentration and distribution, capsule dimensions, and
X-ray drive profile (shock timings and strengths). The
choice of ablator material must also include fabrication
and material characteristics, such as attainable surface
finishes, permeability, strength, transparency to radio
frequency and infrared radiation, thermal conductivity,
and material homogeneity. Understanding the advantages
and/or limitations of these choices is an ongoing effort
for LLNL and LANL designers. At this time, simulations
in one-, two-, and three-dimensions show that capsules
with either a copper-doped beryllium or a polyimide (C22H10N2O4)
ablator material have both the least sensitivity to initial
surface roughnesses and favorable fabrication qualities.
Simulations also indicate the existence of capsule designs
based on these ablator materials which ignite and burn
when imploded by less than nominal laser performance (900-kJ
energy, 250-TW power, producing 250-eV peak radiation temperature).
We will describe and compare these reduced-scale capsules,
in addition to several designs which use the expected 300-eV
peak X-ray drive obtained from operating the NIF laser
at 1.3 MJ and 500 TW.