bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Origins of felsic magmas in Japanese subduction zone: Geochemical characterizations of tephra from caldera‐forming eruptions <5 Ma
Authors: Kimura Jun‐Ichi , Nagahashi Yoshitaka , Satoguchi Yasufumi , Chang Qing
Published: June 2015

Dacitic to rhyolitic glass shards from 80 widespread tephras erupted during the past 5 Mys from calderas in Kyushu, and SW, central, and NE Japan were analyzed. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to determine 10 major and 33 trace elements and 207Pb/206Pb‐208Pb/206Pb isotope ratios. The tephras were classified into three major geochemical types and their source rocks were identified as plutonic, sedimentary, and intermediate amphibolite rocks in the upper crust. A few tephras from SW Japan were identified as adakite and alkali rhyolite and were regarded to have originated from slab melt and mantle melt, respectively. The Pb isotope ratios of the tephras are comparable to those of the intermediate lavas in the source areas but are different from the basalts in these areas. The crustal assimilants for the intermediate lavas were largely from crustal melts and are represented by the rhyolitic tephras. A large heat source is required for forming large volumes of felsic crustal melts and is usually supplied by the mantle via basalt. Hydrous arc basalt formed by cold slab subduction is voluminous, and its heat transfer with high water content may have melted crustal rocks leading to effective felsic magma production. Coincidence of basalt and felsic magma activities shown by this study suggests caldera‐forming eruptions are ultimately the effect of a mantle‐driven cause.
What favors convective aggregation and why?
Authors: Muller Caroline , Bony Sandrine
Published: June 2015

The organization of convection is ubiquitous, but its physical understanding remains limited. One particular type of organization is the spatial self‐aggregation of convection, taking the form of cloud clusters, or tropical cyclones in the presence of rotation. We show that several physical processes can give rise to self‐aggregation and highlight the key features responsible for it, using idealized simulations. Longwave radiative feedbacks yield a “radiative aggregation.” In that case, sufficient spatial variability of radiative cooling rates yields a low‐level circulation, which induces the upgradient energy transport and radiative‐convective instability. Not only do vertically integrated radiative budgets matter but the vertical profile of cooling is also crucial. Convective aggregation is facilitated when downdrafts below clouds are weak (“moisture‐memory aggregation”), and this is sufficient to trigger aggregation in the absence of longwave radiative feedbacks. These results shed some light on the sensitivity of self‐aggregation to various parameters, including resolution or domain size.
Long‐period ground motion simulation of a subduction earthquake using the offshore‐onshore ambient seismic field
Authors: Viens Loïc , Miyake Hiroe , Koketsu Kazuki
Published: June 2015

Large earthquakes that occur in subduction zones are likely to generate long‐period ground motions that can cause severe damage even at great distances from the epicenter. We extracted surface‐to‐surface impulse response functions from the ambient seismic field recorded by offshore ocean bottom seismometers located atop the Nankai subduction zone and onshore stations. We showed that these offshore‐onshore impulse response functions can be used to accurately simulate the long‐period ground motions generated by an offshore moderate subduction earthquake. Moreover, we also found that the distributions of the earthquake and impulse response function pseudovelocity response spectra have similar maximum amplifications in the same area close to the earthquake epicenter. This suggests that the ambient seismic field recorded by the increasing number of ocean bottom seismometers around the world can be used to assess seismic hazard related to offshore subduction earthquakes without prior knowledge of the velocity structure.
Nonlinear bounce resonances between magnetosonic waves and equatorially mirroring electrons
Authors: Chen Lunjin , Maldonado Armando , Bortnik Jacob , Thorne Richard M. , Li Jinxing , Dai Lei , Zhan Xiaoya
Published: June 2015

Equatorially mirroring energetic electrons pose an interesting scientific problem, since they generally cannot resonate with any known plasma waves and hence cannot be scattered down to lower pitch angles. Observationally it is well known that the flux of these equatorial particles does not simply continue to build up indefinitely, and so a mechanism must necessarily exist that transports these particles from an equatorial pitch angle of 90° down to lower values. However, this mechanism has not been uniquely identified yet. Here we investigate the mechanism of bounce resonance with equatorial noise (or fast magnetosonic waves). A test particle simulation is used to examine the effects of monochromatic magnetosonic waves on the equatorially mirroring energetic electrons, with a special interest in characterizing the effectiveness of bounce resonances. Our analysis shows that bounce resonances can occur at the first three harmonics of the bounce frequency (nωb, n = 1, 2, and 3) and can effectively reduce the equatorial pitch angle to values where resonant scattering by whistler mode waves becomes possible. We demonstrate that the nature of bounce resonance is nonlinear, and we propose a nonlinear oscillation model for characterizing bounce resonances using two key parameters, effective wave amplitude
and normalized wave number
. The threshold for higher harmonic resonance is more strict, favoring higher
and
, and the change in equatorial pitch angle is strongly controlled by
. We also investigate the dependence of bounce resonance effects on various physical parameters, including wave amplitude, frequency, wave normal angle and initial phase, plasma density, and electron energy. It is found that the effect of bounce resonance is sensitive to the wave normal angle. We suggest that the bounce resonant interaction might lead to an observed pitch angle distribution with a minimum at 90°.
Callisto plasma interactions: Hybrid modeling including induction by a subsurface ocean
Authors: Lindkvist Jesper , Holmström Mats , Khurana Krishan K. , Fatemi Shahab , Barabash Stas
Published: June 2015

By using a hybrid plasma solver (ions as particles and electrons as a fluid), we have modeled the interaction between Callisto and Jupiter's magnetosphere for variable ambient plasma parameters. We compared the results with the magnetometer data from flybys (C3, C9, and C10) by the Galileo spacecraft. Modeling the interaction between Callisto and Jupiter's magnetosphere is important to establish the origin of the magnetic field perturbations observed by Galileo and thought to be related to a subsurface ocean. Using typical upstream magnetospheric plasma parameters and a magnetic dipole corresponding to the inductive response inside the moon, we show that the model results agree well with observations for the C3 and C9 flybys, but agrees poorly with the C10 flyby close to Callisto. The study does support the existence of a subsurface ocean at Callisto.
High‐resolution TanDEM‐X DEM: An accurate method to estimate lava flow volumes at Nyamulagira Volcano (D. R. Congo)
Authors: Albino F. , Smets B. , d'Oreye N. , Kervyn F.
Published: June 2015

Nyamulagira and Nyiragongo are two of the most active volcanoes in Africa, but their eruptive histories are poorly known. Assessing lava flow volumes in the region remains difficult, as field surveys are often impossible and available Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) do not have adequate spatial or temporal resolutions. We therefore use TerraSAR‐X add‐on for Digital Elevation Measurement (TanDEM‐X) interferometry to produce a series of 0.15 arc sec (∼5 m) DEMs from between 2011 and 2012 over these volcanoes. TanDEM‐X DEMs have an absolute vertical accuracy of 1.6 m, resulting from the comparison of elevation with GPS measurements acquired around Nyiragongo. The difference between TanDEM‐X‐derived DEMs from before and after the 2011–2012 eruption of Nyamulagira provides an accurate thickness map of the lava flow emplaced during that activity. Values range from 3 m along the margins to 35 m in the middle, with a mean of 12.7 m. The erupted volume is 305.2 ± 36.0 × 106 m3. Height errors on thickness depend on the land covered by the flow and range from 0.4 m in old lavas to 5.5 m in dense vegetation. We also reevaluate the volume of historical eruptions at Nyamulagira since 2001 from the difference between TanDEM‐X and SRTM 1 arc sec DEMs and compare them to previous work. Planimetric methods used in literature are consistent with our results for short‐duration eruptions but largely underestimate the volume of the long‐lived 2011–2012 eruption. Our new estimates of erupted volumes suggest that the mean eruption rate and the magma supply rate were relatively constant at Nyamulagira during 2001–2012, respectively, 23.1 m3 s−1 and 0.9 m3 s−1.
Retrieval of aerosol microphysical properties from AERONET photopolarimetric measurements: 1. Information content analysis
Authors: Xu Xiaoguang , Wang Jun
Published: June 2015

This paper is the first part of a two‐part study that aims to retrieve aerosol particle size distribution (PSD) and refractive index from the multispectral and multiangular polarimetric measurements taken by the new‐generation Sun photometer as part of the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET). It provides theoretical analysis and guidance to the companion study in which we have developed an inversion algorithm for retrieving 22 aerosol microphysical parameters associated with a bimodal PSD function from real AERONET measurements. Our theoretical analysis starts with generating the synthetic measurements at four spectral bands (440, 675, 870, and 1020 nm) with a Unified Linearized Vector Radiative Transfer Model for various types of spherical aerosol particles. Subsequently, the quantitative information content for retrieving aerosol parameters is investigated in four observation scenarios, i.e., I1, I2, P1, and P2. Measurements in the scenario (I1) comprise the solar direct radiances and almucantar radiances that are used in the current AERONET operational inversion algorithm. The other three scenarios include different additional measurements: (I2) the solar principal plane radiances, (P1) the solar principal plane radiances and polarization, and (P2) the solar almucantar polarization. Results indicate that adding polarization measurements can increase the degree of freedom for signal by 2–5 in the scenario P1, while not as much of an increase is found in the scenarios I2 and P2. Correspondingly, smallest retrieval errors are found in the scenario P1: 2.3% (2.9%) for the fine‐mode (coarse‐mode) aerosol volume concentration, 1.3% (3.5%) for the effective radius, 7.2% (12%) for the effective variance, 0.005 (0.035) for the real‐part refractive index, and 0.019 (0.068) for the single‐scattering albedo. These errors represent a reduction from their counterparts in scenario I1 of 79% (57%), 76% (49%), 69% (52%), 66% (46%), and 49% (20%), respectively. We further investigated those retrieval errors over a variety of aerosol loading and fine‐/coarse‐mode prevalence, which indicates that observations in scenario P1 can yield the retrieval of refractive index and single‐scattering albedo for both fine and coarse aerosol modes, when aerosol optical depth at 440 nm is larger than 0.2 and 870/1020 nm Ångström exponent ranges between 0.7 and 1.6.
Interferon‐α and the calcifying microangiopathy in Aicardi–Goutières syndrome
Authors: Klok Melanie D. , Bakels Hannah S. , Postma Nienke L. , van Spaendonk Rosalina M. L. , van der Knaap Marjo S. , Bugiani Marianna
Published: June 2015

Aicardi–Goutières syndrome is a leukoencephalopathy with calcifications and increased cerebrospinal fluid interferon‐α. The relation between interferon‐α and brain pathology is poorly understood. We report a patient with mutations in the disease‐associated gene SAMHD1. Neuropathology showed an extensive microangiopathy with calcifications consistently associate with blood vessels. In an in vitro model of the microangiopathy, interferon‐α enhanced vascular smooth muscle cell‐derived calcifications. The noninfarcted white matter harbored apoptotic oligodendrocytes and increased numbers of oligodendrocyte progenitors. These findings better define the white matter pathology and provide evidence that interferon‐α plays a direct pathogenetic role in the calcifying angiopathy typical of this disease.
More Inaccurate But Not More Biased: Anxiety During Encoding Impairs Face Recognition Accuracy But Does Not Moderate the Own‐Ethnicity Bias
Authors: Curtis Guy J. , Russ Andrew , Ackland Corrie
Published: June 2015

Heightened state anxiety can have a deleterious impact on memory for faces. In this paper we investigated whether anxiety: (i) moderates the own‐ethnicity bias (OEB) and (ii) impairs face recognition accuracy at the encoding or retrieval phase of an OEB face‐recognition task. Using a typical OEB task, anxiety was induced during encoding and retrieval in Experiment 1, but only during retrieval in Experiment 2. An OEB was found in both experiments, but anxiety did not moderate the OEB in either experiment. In Experiment 1, anxious participants were poorer at face recognition for both own‐ and other‐ethnicity faces. In Experiment 2 anxiety did not impair face recognition. Together, these studies suggest that anxiety impaired participants' encoding, but not retrieval, of faces. The implications of these findings are discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collecting Narrative Data on Amazon's Mechanical Turk
Authors: Grysman Azriel
Published: June 2015

Memory researchers collect data using Amazon's Mechanical Turk (AMT). Despite numerous reports documenting the reliability of data collected on this web site, no study of its uses for narrative memory research has been published. Participants reported narratives of stressful events and were recruited via AMT and in various formats with college students, including completing Internet surveys, typing in the presence of an experimenter, and verbal reports to the experimenter. Data were compared on linguistic indicators, event type reported, and questionnaire responses about these event narratives. AMT participants reported shorter event narratives than all groups of college students but reported stressful events that they self‐reported as more difficult than college students reporting via the Internet and used proportionally more negative emotion terms than college students reporting verbally to an experimenter. Factors such as context and demographics are considered, and recommendations are made for researchers using this web site. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interfacial Energy Effect on the Distribution of Ag3Sn in Full Intermetallic Joints
Authors: Yang Ting‐Li , Zhu Zi‐Xuan , Yu Jen‐Jui , Lin Yan‐Fu , Kao C. Robert
Published: June 2015

Intermetallics, including Cu6Sn5, Ni3Sn4, and Ag3Sn, are to be used for structural applications in microjoints of three‐dimensional integrated circuits. However, the phase distribution behavior of Ag3Sn particles in Cu6Sn5 is very different from that in Ni3Sn4. It is shown for the first time that the interfacial free energies between these intermetallics are responsible for this difference. It is found that the interfacial energy between Cu6Sn5 and Ag3Sn is very low, even lower than the Cu6Sn5 grain boundary energy.
Eclipse Pulsed Laser Deposition for Damage‐Free Preparation of Transparent ZnO Electrodes on Top of Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Schubert Sylvio , Schmidt Florian , von Wenckstern Holger , Grundmann Marius , Leo Karl , Müller‐Meskamp Lars
Published: June 2015

Pulsed laser deposited gallium doped zinc oxide (ZnO:Ga) is reported as transparent top electrode for organic solar cells. In contrast to standard coating techniques, prone to harm organic sublayers and leading to strongly reduced device efficiencies, eclipse pulsed laser deposition (PLD) in argon atmosphere is identified as compatible, nonharmful deposition method for ZnO:Ga, even on top of sensitive organic material. Although PLD is not yet ready for mass production, the experiments reveal and solve crucial process limitations, e.g., droplet impacts, which might be useful also for high yield deposition methods. Optimized ZnO:Ga top electrodes achieve a high mean transparency in the visible spectral range of Tvis = 82.7% and a reasonable sheet resistance of RS = 83 Ω sq−1. The organic photovoltaic devices prepared with this electrode obtained an efficiency of η = 2.9%, almost equal to the efficiency of reference samples using a state‐of‐the‐art metal top contact (η = 3.0%). The investigations here demonstrate the successful deposition of transparent conductive oxides as top electrode for organic devices and open a new path towards the combination of metal oxides and organic semiconductors.
Protein Corona Influences Cell–Biomaterial Interactions in Nanostructured Tissue Engineering Scaffolds
Authors: Serpooshan Vahid , Mahmoudi Morteza , Zhao Mingming , Wei Ke , Sivanesan Senthilkumar , Motamedchaboki Khatereh , Malkovskiy Andrey V. , Goldstone Andrew B. , Cohen Jeffrey E. , Yang Phillip C. , Rajadas Jayakumar , Bernstein Daniel , Woo Y. Joseph , Ruiz‐Lozano Pilar
Published: June 2015

Biomaterials are extensively used to restore damaged tissues, in the forms of implants (e.g., tissue engineered scaffolds) or biomedical devices (e.g., pacemakers). Once in contact with the physiological environment, nanostructured biomaterials undergo modifications as a result of endogenous proteins binding to their surface. The formation of this macromolecular coating complex, known as “protein corona,” onto the surface of nanoparticles and its effect on cell–particle interactions are currently under intense investigation. In striking contrast, protein corona constructs within nanostructured porous tissue engineering scaffolds remain poorly characterized. As organismal systems are highly dynamic, it is conceivable that the formation of distinct protein corona on implanted scaffolds might itself modulate cell–extracellular matrix interactions. Here, it is reported that corona complexes formed onto the fibrils of engineered collagen scaffolds display specific, distinct, and reproducible compositions that are a signature of the tissue microenvironment as well as being indicative of the subject's health condition. Protein corona formed on collagen matrices modulated cellular secretome in a context‐specific manner ex vivo, demonstrating their role in regulating scaffold–cellular interactions. Together, these findings underscore the importance of custom‐designing personalized nanostructured biomaterials, according to the biological milieu and disease state. The use of protein corona as in situ biosensor of temporal and local biomarkers is proposed.
Improved Heat Spreading Performance of Functionalized Graphene in Microelectronic Device Application
Authors: Zhang Yong , Han Haoxue , Wang Nan , Zhang Pengtu , Fu Yifeng , Murugesan Murali , Edwards Michael , Jeppson Kjell , Volz Sebastian , Liu Johan
Published: June 2015

It is demonstrated that a graphene‐based film (GBF) functionalized with silane molecules strongly enhances thermal performance. The resistance temperature detector results show that the inclusion of silane molecules doubles the heat spreading ability. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations show that the thermal conductivity (κ) of the GBF increased by 15%–56% with respect to the number density of molecules compared to that with the nonfunctionalized graphene substrate. This increase in κ is attributed to the enhanced in‐plane heat conduction of the GBF, resulting from the simultaneous increase of the thermal resistance between the GBF and the functionalized substrate limiting cross‐plane phonon scattering. Enhancement of the thermal performance by inserting silane‐functionalized molecules is important for the development of next‐generation electronic devices and proposed application of GBFs for thermal management.
Graphene‐Oxide‐Conjugated Polymer Hybrid Materials for Calmodulin Sensing by Using FRET Strategy
Authors: Yuan Hongbo , Qi Junjie , Xing Chengfen , An Hailong , Niu Ruimin , Zhan Yong , Fan Yibing , Yan Wenmin , Li Ruihua , Wang Bing , Wang Shu
Published: June 2015

The conformation of calmodulin (CaM) changes from closed configuration to open one, converting to a claviform dumbbell‐shaped biomolecule upon Ca2+‐binding. A hybrid probe of graphene oxide (GO) cationic conjugated polymer for detection of the conformation transition of CaM by using FRET technique is demonstrated. The stronger hydrophobic interaction and weaker electrostatic repulsion leads to more CaM adsorption to the surface of GO upon binding with Ca2+ than that of CaM in the absence of Ca2+ (apoCaM), resulting in much farther proximity between poly[(9,9‐bis(6′‐N,N,N‐trimethy­lammonium)hexyl)‐fluorenylene phenylene dibromide] (PFP) and green fluorescent protein labeled at the N‐terminus of CaM and therefore much weaker FRET efficiency for PFP/Ca2+/CaM in comparison with that of PFP/apoCaM in the presence of GO. Notably, the assembly of CaM with GO is quantitatively and reversibly controlled by Ca2+ ions.
Exploring the Material‐Induced Transcriptional Landscape of Osteoblasts on Bone Graft Materials
Authors: Groen Nathalie , Tahmasebi Niloofar , Shimizu Fumitaka , Sano Yasuteru , Kanda Takashi , Barbieri Davide , Yuan Huipin , Habibovic Pamela , van Blitterswijk Clemens A , de Boer Jan
Published: June 2015

During the past decades, there have been major advances in the field of biomaterials, thereby generating a vast variety of materials for a broad range of tissue engineering and regeneration applications. Although gene expression profiling has been used occasionally in biomaterial research, its usefulness for understanding cell–biomaterial interactions should be further explored for it to fulfill its promise as a tool to assess and improve material properties. Here, the transcriptional landscape induced by 23 materials is explored with a variety of properties within the scope of bone regeneration. An osteoblast cell line is used to identify the gene expression profiles that can be adopted in response to biophysical and chemical cues. It is shown that TGF‐β and WNT signaling may be involved in the cellular response to osteoinductive materials along with differential cell adhesion kinetics via attenuated FAK signaling. The previously reported effect of calcium and phosphate on BMP2 and TGF‐β signaling is confirmed and the biological effect of the addition of nanohydroxyapatite in poly (d,l‐lactic acid) polymer particles is studied. Together with future applications, this approach will help researchers understand cellular responses in relation to material properties, which will promote the development of more effective biomaterials for applications in tissue regeneration.
Enhanced Polymer Thin Film Transistor Performance by Carefully Controlling the Solution Self‐Assembly and Film Alignment with Slot Die Coating
Authors: Chang Jingjing , Lin Zhenhua , Li Jun , Lim Siew Lay , Wang Fei , Li Gongqiang , Zhang Jie , Wu Jishan
Published: June 2015

Polymer‐based organic semiconductors inherently facilitate solution processing and have the mechanical robustness necessary for printable and large area applications. In order to achieve large area solution‐processed high‐performance polymer based devices, controlling the crystallization and self‐assembly behavior of the polymer thin films through solution processing method is desirable. Here, well controlled diketopyrrolopyrrole‐thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene copolymer (DPPT‐TT) thin films are developed using slot die coating controlled self‐assembly. The thin film morphologies and microstructure are investigated in details. This well‐defined morphology is rationalized in terms of the strong intermolecular interactions. The organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) with these controlled thin films are fabricated and exhibited charge carrier mobilities of 4.6–7.2 cm2 V−1 s−1 for the slot die coating controlled devices when measured in ambient air and up to 8.9–10.2 cm2 V−1 s−1 when measured in nitrogen. When applying native grown AlO
x
as gate dielectric, the OTFT achieves a mobility of 2.0 cm2 V−1 s−1 at the operating voltage ≤−3 V.
Prevalence and clinical presentation of headache in a National Neurofibromatosis 1 Service and impact on quality of life
Authors: Afridi Shazia K. , Leschziner Guy D. , Ferner Rosalie E.
Published: June 2015

In our clinical practice, we noticed a high frequency of headaches amongst NF1 patients. We sought to characterize the phenotype and prevalence of headache in our cohort of NF1 patients attending the London NF clinic and to determine the impact on quality of life.

Participants over the age of 16 fulfilling diagnostic criteria for NF1 from the general NF1 outpatient clinics at Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and the nationally commissioned Complex NF1 service were asked to fill in a questionnaire during the clinic consultation. Data were recorded regarding the headache frequency, intensity, duration, and phenotype, and a validated quality of life questionnaire, HIT‐6 was also completed by the participant. IHS (International Headache Society) criteria were used to diagnose migraine.

One hundred fifteen patients (48 males, 67 females) completed the questionnaire. The age range of participants was 16–67 with a mean age of 36 years. Twenty‐five reported no headaches. Seventy‐five (65%) fulfilled IHS diagnostic criteria for migraine (15 with aura). The mean HIT‐6 score was 56 (out of a maximum 78) implying a significant effect on quality of life.

Migraine is common in our NF1 population and has a significant impact on quality of life. Patients may not volunteer information regarding headache and this should be actively sought during consultations and the headache phenotype should be carefully characterized. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The state of supersymmetry
Authors: Pokorski Stefan
Published: June 2015

The state of supersymmetry after RUN I of the LHC is discussed. Several scenarios with signatures of supersymmetry more hidden than it is suggested by the simplest models are reviewed.
Dynamic Release of Bending Stress in Short dsDNA by Formation of a Kink and Forks
Authors: Kim Cheolhee , Lee O‐chul , Kim Jae‐Yeol , Sung Wokyung , Lee Nam Ki
Published: June 2015

Bending with high curvature is one of the major mechanical properties of double‐stranded DNA (dsDNA) that is essential for its biological functions. The emergence of a kink arising from local melting in the middle of dsDNA has been suggested as a mechanism of releasing the energy cost of bending. Herein, we report that strong bending induces two types of short dsDNA deformations, induced by two types of local melting, namely, a kink in the middle and forks at the ends, which we demonstrate using D‐shaped DNA nanostructures. The two types of deformed dsDNA structures dynamically interconvert on a millisecond timescale. The transition from a fork to a kink is dominated by entropic contribution (anti‐Arrhenius behavior), while the transition from a kink to a fork is dominated by enthalpic contributions. The presence of mismatches in dsDNA accelerates kink formation, and the transition from a kink to a fork is removed when the mismatch size is three base pairs.
The effect of organic solvent thermal treatment on the physicochemical properties of lignite
Authors: Liu Meng , Duan Yufeng , Ma Guilin
Published: June 2015

Two organic solvents (ethanol and n‐hexane) were selected to dewater and upgrade Indonesian lignite under high pressure and moderate temperature. The solid products yield of lignite upgraded by ethanol and n‐hexane are 65.1% and 74.4% at 300 °C, 17 MPa and 300 °C, 12 MPa, respectively. In addition, the organic solvents upgrading significantly reduced the moisture content, increased the fixed carbon content, decreased the atomic ratios of O/C and H/C, and considerably increased the calorific value of lignite. Numerous porous and large holes were created on the surface of the upgraded lignite due to the extraction of absorbed water and organic matter in raw lignite. Because of the extraction and decomposition of functional groups in the process of upgrading, the content of carboxyl, carbonyl, hydroxyl, and other oxygen‐containing functional groups is significantly decreased. Also, the condensation degree of the aromatic ring increased, and the quality of lignite upgraded by n‐hexane was better than that of lignite upgraded by ethanol. The content of carbonyl in the lignite decreased from 19.42% to 5.72% after ethanol upgrading and to 2.04% after n‐hexane upgrading at 300 °C, but the carboxyl groups were decomposed at 300 °C. © 2015 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Human Shoulder Suspension Apparatus: A Causal Explanation for Bilateral Asymmetry and a Fresh Look at the Evolution of Human Bipedality
Authors: Osborn Michelle L. , Homberger Dominique G.
Published: June 2015

The combination of large mastoid processes and clavicles is unique to humans, but the biomechanical and evolutionary significance of their special configuration is poorly understood. As part of the newly conceptualized shoulder suspension apparatus, the mastoid processes and clavicles are shaped by forces exerted by the musculo‐fascial components of the cleidomastoid and clavotrapezius muscles as they suspend the shoulders from the head. Because both skeletal elements develop during infancy in tandem with the attainment of an upright posture, increased manual dexterity, and the capacity for walking, we hypothesized that the same forces would have shaped them as the shoulder suspension apparatus evolved in ancestral humans in tandem with an upright posture, increased manual dexterity, and bipedality with swinging arms. Because the shoulder suspension apparatus is subjected to asymmetrical forces from handedness, we predicted that its skeletal features would grow asymmetrically. We used this prediction to test our hypothesis in a natural experiment to correlate the size of the skeletal features with the forces exerted on them. We (1) measured biomechanically relevant bony features within the shoulder suspension apparatus in 101 male human specimens (62 of known handedness); and (2) modeled and analyzed the forces within the shoulder suspension apparatus from X‐ray CT data. We identified eight right‐handed characters and demonstrated the causal relationship between these right‐handed characters and the magnitude and direction of forces acting on them. Our data suggest that the presence of the shoulder suspension apparatus in humans was a necessary precondition for human bipedality. Anat Rec, 298:1572–1588, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Three‐Dimensional Visualization of Developing Neurovascular Architecture in the Craniofacial Region of Embryonic Mice
Authors: Sugimoto Toshiaki , Taya Yuji , Shimazu Yoshihito , Soeno Yuuichi , Sato Kaori , Aoba Takaaki
Published: June 2015

Recent studies have highlighted the mechanism of vascular and axonal guidance to ensure proper morphogenesis and organogenesis. We aimed to perform global mapping of developing neurovascular networks during craniofacial development of embryonic mice. To this end, we developed histology‐based three‐dimensional (3D) reconstructions using paraffin‐embedded serial sections obtained from mouse embryos. All serial sections were dual‐immunolabeled with Pecam1 and Pgp9.5/Gap43 cocktail antibodies. All immunolabeled serial sections were digitized with virtual microscopy to acquire high spatial resolution images. The 3D reconstructs warranted superior positional accuracy to trace the long‐range connectivity of blood vessels and individual cranial nerve axons. It was feasible to depict simultaneously the details of angiogenic sprouting and axon terminal arborization and to assess quantitatively the locoregional proximity between blood vessels and cranial nerve axons. Notably, 3D views of the craniofacial region revealed the following: Branchial arch arteries and blood capillary plexi were formed without accompanying nerves at embryonic day (E) 9.5. Cranial nerve axons began to grow into the branchial arches, developing a labyrinth of small blood vessels at E10.5. Vascular remodeling occurred, and axon terminals of the maxillary, mandibular, chorda tympani, and hypoglossal nerve axons had arborized around the lateral lingual swellings at E11.5. The diverged patterning of trigeminal nerves and the arterial branches from the carotid artery became congruent at E11.5. The overall results support the advantage of dual‐immunolabeling and 3D reconstruction technology to document the architecture and wiring of the developing neurovascular networks in mouse embryos. Anat Rec, 298:1824–1835, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and Anticonvulsant Activity Evaluation of 4‐Phenyl‐[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐a]quinazolin‐5(4H)‐one and Its Derivatives
Authors: Zhang Hong‐Jian , Jin Peng , Wang Shi‐Ben , Li Fu‐Nan , Guan Li‐Ping , Quan Zhe‐Shan
Published: June 2015

A series of 4‐(substituted‐phenyl)‐[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐a]quinazolin‐5(4H)‐ones (6a–x) with triazole and other heterocyclic substituents (7–14) were synthesized and the compounds were evaluated for their anticonvulsant activity and neurotoxicity by maximal electroshock (MES) and rotarod neurotoxicity tests. Among the compounds studied, 6o and 6q showed wide margins of safety with protective indices (PIs) that were much higher than those of currently used drugs (PI6o > 25.5, PI6q > 26.0). Compounds 6o and 6q showed significant oral activity against MES‐induced seizures in mice, with ED50 values of 88.02 and 94.6 mg/kg, respectively. The two compounds were also found to have potent activity against seizures that were induced by pentylenetetrazole and bicuculline.
Spatial mediations in historical understanding: GIS and epistemic practices of history
Authors: Suri Venkata Ratnadeep , Ekbia Hamid R.
Published: June 2015

Scientific disciplines are distinct not only in what they know but in how they know what they know—that is, in their “epistemic cultures.” There is a close relationship between the technologies that a field utilizes and sanctions and the process of inquiry, the character and meaning of corroborative data and evidence, and the kinds of models and theories developed in a field. As the machinery changes, epistemic practices also change. A case in point is how the epistemic practices of historians are reconfigured by the introduction of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). We argue that GIS mediates historical understanding and knowledge creation in at least three ways: (a) by allowing historians to bring new sets of data into analysis, (b) by introducing novel questions, fresh insights, and new modes of analysis and reasoning, or discovering new answers to older questions; and (c) by providing new tools for historians to communicate with each other and with their audiences. We illustrate these mediations through the study of the historiography of Budapest Ghettos during World War II. Our study shows how GIS functionalities reveal hitherto unknown aspects of social life in the ghettos, while pushing certain other aspects into the background.
Teen online information disclosure: Empirical testing of a protection motivation and social capital model
Authors: Chen Hongliang , Beaudoin Christopher E. , Hong Traci
Published: June 2015

With bases in protection motivation theory and social capital theory, this study investigates teen and parental factors that determine teens’ online privacy concerns, online privacy protection behaviors, and subsequent online information disclosure on social network sites. With secondary data from a 2012 survey (N = 622), the final well‐fitting structural equation model revealed that teen online privacy concerns were primarily influenced by parental interpersonal trust and parental concerns about teens’ online privacy, whereas teen privacy protection behaviors were primarily predicted by teen cost–benefit appraisal of online interactions. In turn, teen online privacy concerns predicted increased privacy protection behaviors and lower teen information disclosure. Finally, restrictive and instructive parental mediation exerted differential influences on teens’ privacy protection behaviors and online information disclosure.
Control of Selective Catalytic Reduction Systems Using Feedback Linearisation
Authors: Tayamon Soma , Wigren Torbjörn
Published: June 2015

This paper discusses the identification and control of a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system. SCR after‐treatment systems form an important technology for reducing the nitrogen oxides, NOx, produced by diesel engines. To be able to control the system, i.e. reducing the output NOx, good models of the after‐treatment system are essential. In this paper a nonlinear black‐box model is identified using a recursive prediction error method. The nonlinear model is applied for design of a controller using feedback linearization techniques including an adaptive strategy. A linear quadratic Gaussian controller is used for the control of the linearized system. A total of 17 parameters were estimated for the nonlinear model. The results indicate that output NOx control using feedback linearization based on a second order black‐box nonlinear model is feasible, provided that identification or adaptivity is used for model tuning. The latter requirement is a result of a study of the robustness. In summary, the paper indicates that significant improvements as compared to linear control can be obtained with the proposed strategy.
Sol–gel preparation and luminescent properties of red‐emitting phosphor Sr‐Ba‐Mo‐W‐O‐(Eu3+,Sm3+)
Authors: Li Fei , Xie Huidong , Xi Haihong , Wang Xiaochang
Published: June 2015

Two series of red‐emitting phosphors Sr‐Ba‐Mo‐W‐O:Eu,Sm and Sr‐Ba‐Mo‐W‐O:Eu have been synthesized by a sol–gel method. The effects of the chemical composition, concentrations of Sm3+ and Eu3+, the Sr2+/Ba2+ ratio, and the W6+/Mo6+ ratio on the luminescent properties were investigated. The as‐prepared phosphors were characterized by X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectra. Results showed that single phases of the two series were prepared. The compositions of Sr0.6Ba0.13Mo0.8 W0.2O4:Eu0.10Sm0.08 and Sr0.75Ba0.1Mo0.8 W0.2O4:Eu0.10 had the strongest luminescent intensity. The excitation spectra of Sm3+, Eu3+ co‐doped phosphors were broader and the strongest peak moved to 404 nm when compared with that of Eu3+ single‐doped phosphors. The luminescent intensity of the Sr0.6Ba0.13Mo0.8 W0.2O4:Eu0.10Sm0.08 at 618 nm were 2.8 times greater than that of Sr0.75Ba0.1Mo0.8 W0.2O4:Eu0.10. The luminescent intensity of Sr0.6Ba0.13Mo0.8 W0.2O4:Eu0.10Sm0.08 and Sr0.75Ba0.1Mo0.8 W0.2O4:Eu0.10 at 150 °C decreased to 56.8% and 50.3% of the initial value at room temperature, respectively. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy transfer between Ce3+ → Gd3+ or Tb3+ in KNaSO4 microphosphor
Authors: Manik Urvashi , Gedam S. C. , Dhoble S. J.
Published: June 2015

KNaSO4 microphosphor doped with Ce,Gd and Ce,Tb and prepared by a wet chemical method was studied using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and photoluminescence (PL) characterization. KNaSO4 has a 5‐µm particle size detected by SEM. KNaSO4:Ce3+,Tb3+ showed blue and green emission (at 494 nm, 557 nm, 590 nm) of Tb3+ due to 5D4 → 7FJ (J = 4, 5, 6) transitions. KNaSO4:Ce3+,Gd3+ showed luminescence in the ultraviolet (UV) light region at 314 nm for an excitation at 271 nm wavelength. It was observed that efficient energy transfer took place from Ce3+ → Gd3+ and Ce3+ → Tb3+ sublattices indicating that Ce3+ could effectively sensitize Gd3+ or Tb3+ (green emission). Ce3+ emission weakened and Gd3+ or Tb3+ enhanced the emission significantly in KNaSO4. This paper discusses the development and understanding of photoluminescence and the effect of Tb3+ and Gd3+ on KNaSO4:Ce3+. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A validated HPLC‐MS/MS method for the quantification of caderofloxacin in human plasma and its application to a clinical pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Zhang Xianhua , Zhai Suodi , Duan Jingli , Yang Li.
Published: June 2015

A simple, selective and rapid HPLC‐MS/MS method was developed and validated for the determination of caderofloxacin in human plasma. Sparfloxacin was used as the internal standard (IS). After precipitation with methanol and dilution with the mobile phase, the samples were injected into the HPLC‐MS/MS system. The chromatographic separation was performed on a Zorbax XDB Eclipse C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with a mobile phase of ammonium acetate buffer (20 mm, pH 3.0)–methanol, 45:55 (v/v). The MS/MS analysis was done in positive mode. The multiple reaction monitoring transitions monitored were m/z 412.3 → 297.1 for caderofloxacin and m/z 393.2 → 292.2 for the IS. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 50.0–8000 ng/mL with an aliquot of 100 μL plasma. The precision of the assay was 2.0–9.4 and 6.6–11.5% for the intra‐ and inter‐run variability, respectively. The intra‐ and inter‐run accuracy (relative error) was 4.4–10.0 and −1.2–4.0%. The total run time was 3.5 min. The assay was fully validated in accordance with the US Food and Drug Administration guidance. It was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of caderofloxacin in healthy Chinese volunteers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of sorafenib treatment and hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: a comparative study using the propensity score matching method
Authors: Fukubayashi Kotaro , Tanaka Motohiko , Izumi Kazuhiro , Watanabe Takehisa , Fujie Satomi , Kawasaki Takeshi , Yoshimaru Yoko , Tateyama Masakuni , Setoyama Hiroko , Naoe Hideaki , Kikuchi Ken , Sasaki Yutaka
Published: June 2015

While sorafenib (SFN) is the established worldwide standard therapeutic agent for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) is also considered a favorable treatment for some advanced HCCs. This study aimed to evaluate each treatment and provide an optimal therapeutic choice for advanced HCCs. We analyzed 72 patients treated with SFN and 128 patients receiving HAIC. Both treatment groups were analyzed for prognostic and disease progression factors, and matched pair analysis was performed using the propensity score matching method. The preferable status of intrahepatic lesions, that is, no lesions or only a single (<3 cm) intrahepetic lesion, was positively associated with good prognosis and negatively associated with disease progression in the SFN group. Maximum tumor size (>5 cm) and low albumin (≤3.4 g/dL) were poor prognostic and disease progression factors in the HAIC group. Analysis of 53 patients selected from each of the SFN and HAIC groups based on the propensity score matching method showed no significant differences in survival or disease progression between the two matched subgroups. On the other hand, progression‐free survival (PFS) in the HAIC‐matched subgroup was significantly longer than in the SFN‐matched subgroup, particularly in patients with portal vein invasion (PVI) and/or without extrahepatic spread (EHS). The treatment efficacy of HAIC is similar to that of SFN regarding survival and disease progression. Longer PFS might be expected for HAIC compared with SFN, particularly in patients with PVI and/or without EHS.
Interactive thin elastic materials
Authors: Tang Wen , Wan Tao Ruan , Huang Donjing
Published: June 2015

Despite great strides in past years are being made to generate motions of elastic materials such as cloth and biological skin in virtual world, unfortunately, the computational cost of realistic high‐resolution simulations currently precludes their use in interactive applications. Thin elastic materials such as cloth and biological skin often exhibit complex nonlinear elastic behaviors. However, modeling elastic nonlinearity can be computationally expensive and numerically unstable, imposing significant challenges for their use in interactive applications. This paper presents a novel simulation framework for simulating realistic material behaviors with interactive frame rate. Central to the framework is the use of a constraint‐based multi‐resolution solver for efficient and robust modeling of the material nonlinearity. We extend a strain‐limiting method to work on deformation gradients of triangulated surface models in three‐dimensional space with a novel data structure. The simulation framework utilizes an iterative nonlinear Gauss–Seidel procedure and a multilevel hierarchy structure to achieve computational speedups. As material nonlinearity are generated by enforcing strain‐limiting constraints at a multilevel hierarchy, our simulation system can rapidly accelerate the convergence of the large constraint system with simultaneous enforcement of boundary conditions. The simplicity and efficiency of the framework makes simulations of highly realistic thin elastic materials substantially fast and is applicable of simulations for interactive applications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sandwich osteotomy of the atrophic posterior mandible prior to implant placement
Authors: Mavriqi Luan , Baca Egresa , Demiraj Ariona
Published: June 2015

Key Clinical Message

The continuing resorption of the alveolar ridge will eventually result in insufficient bone height superior to the IAN, making dental implant placement impossible. The augmentation procedure above the IAN in terms of height provides sufficient bone for implant placement and allows long‐term successful restoration of missing teeth with implant‐supported prosthesis.
Acute kidney injury due to abdominal compartment syndrome caused by duodenal metastases of prostate cancer
Authors: Gurel Ali
Published: June 2015

Key Clinical Message

Organ dysfunctions caused by intraabdominal hypertension is named as abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS). A patient with prostate cancer admitted with dyspnea and oliguria. After decompression his health status improved. For patients with malignant disorders presented with oliguria and respiratory problems who have abdominal distension, ACS should be in mind.
ChemInform Abstract: Cost Effective Urea Combustion Derived Mesoporous‐Li2MnSiO4 as a Novel Material for Supercapacitors.
Authors: Chaturvedi Prerna , Kumar Amit , Sil Anjan , Sharma Yogesh
Published: June 2015

Mesoporous Li2MnSiO4 (LMS) with a surface area of 35 m2/g is produced by urea combustion using a HNO3 solution of LiNO3, Mn(OAc)2, and Si(O‐Et)4.
ChemInform Abstract: An Investigation of Polyhedral Deformation in Two Mixed‐Metal Diarsenates: SrZnAs2O7 and BaCuAs2O7.
Authors: Kovac Sabina , Karanovic Ljiljana , Dordevic Tamara
Published: June 2015

Single crystals of SrZnAs2O7 (I) and BaCuAs2O7 (II) are prepared under hydrothermal conditions using 1:1:1 molar mixtures of Sr(OH)2 or Ba(OH)2, ZnO or Cu(NO3)2, and As2O5 at pH 3 [autoclave, 493 K resp.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal and Electronic Structure, and Optical Property of the Quaternary Selenide: La3Sb0.33SiSe7.
Authors: Zhao Hua‐Jun
Published: June 2015

La3Sb0.33SiSe7 is prepared by solid state reaction of the elements (evacuated silica tube, 1223 K, 4 d; cooling to 200 °C with a rate of 2.5 °C/h).
ChemInform Abstract: [(Pb6I8){Mn(CO)5}6] 2‐: An Octahedral (M6X8)‐Like Cluster with Inverted Bonding.
Authors: Wolf Silke , Reiter Kevin , Weigend Florian , Klopper Wim , Feldmann Claus
Published: June 2015

[bmim]2[{PbMn(CO)5}6I8] is synthesized from a solution of PbI2 and Mn2(CO)10 in [bmim][NTf2] (NTf2: bis‐trifluoromethanesulfonimide) in a glass ampule at 130 °C for 20 d (about 20% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Ferrocene Analogues of Hydrogen‐Bond‐Donor Catalysts: An Investigative Study on Asymmetric Michael Addition of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds to Nitroalkenes.
Authors: Rao Kadiyala Srinivasa , Trivedi Rajiv , Kantam M. Lakshmi
Published: June 2015

Eight ferrocene derivatives of squaramide‐ or thiourea‐ based bifunctional catalysts containing cinchona alkaloid moieties are synthesized and used as bifunctional catalysts in asymmetric Michael additions of 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds to β‐nitrostyrenes.