bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Café CIA Roma: Mary McCarthy's Cold War
Authors: Holzman Michael
Published: April 2011

Mary McCarthy had, and has, a formidable reputation in American intellectual life. Brilliant, beautiful, much feared for her biting wit, she is a major figure in the histories of her time and in the biographies of her friends, lovers, and enemies – notoriously unstable categories. She was, with her great friend, Hannah Arendt, a certain archetype of the independent and engaged intellectual. Although she began life as a member of the provincial Seattle upper middle class, and in her final years she constructed a life in Maine not remote from the ideals of that class, its constraints, and decorous pleasures, in her youth and early maturity she lived a myth of New York bohemia: poverty-stricken, promiscuous, politically of the Left. Such is her image. It is not an inaccurate story. It is merely incomplete. For during much of that time, for fifteen or twenty years, her milieu was defined not so much by the culture of the Left, as by that of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Not that she was an official of the Agency; nor was it that she was one of those – like Arthur Schlesinger or Philip Rahv – who were more or less associated with it. She simply lived in a cultural matrix saturated with its influence, where she published in its journals, attended its conferences, stayed in the homes of those who were in its employee or who were members of the families of CIA officials. It is not, or should not be, controversial that such circumstances had an influence on her thought and work as it had on the thought and work of her contemporaries.
Charles Alston's Harlem Hospital Murals: Cultural Politics in Depression Era Harlem
Authors: Linden Diana L. , Greene Larry A.
Published: April 2011

In 1936, the Works Progress Administration/Federal Art Project (WPA/FAP, 1935–43) appointed New York City artist Charles Alston (1907–77) to be the first African American to supervise a New Deal mural project. Alston, five other artists, and their assistants designed narrative, celebratory images of Harlem, African-American life, children's fairy tales, and stories for New York's Harlem Hospital. In paired panels exploring the theme of healing, Alston depicted an African past beyond exotic and barbaric stereotypes in Magic in Medicine for the foyer of Harlem Hospital Women's Pavilion, and a racially egalitarian American present in its companion panel Modern Medicine (each 17 × 9 feet) (Figure 1). Initially, white hospital authorities rejected the works on the basis that they “contain too much Negro subject matter,” which would make them unappealing to residents of Harlem. This judgment angered Alston, since his designs were consistent with project guidelines. Because the building was a hospital in Harlem, Alston selected the theme of medicine and depicted black figures in his two panels. Yet the seeming suitability of images that looked like the people who used Harlem Hospital and referred to their collective history met with loud objections from Harlem Hospital's white administration. While it was common for muralists to base their subject matter on the local community and its history, and in fact the WPA/FAP encouraged artists to do so, officials tried to cancel Alston's commission on these very grounds. Their attempt to prevent artistic self-representation in the 1930s followed on the heels of prolonged racist hiring policies at Harlem Hospital. Alston ultimately painted his mural designs as planned; final approval of the murals did not come until 1940.
Discipline and Varnish: Rhetoric and Subjectivity at the Museum of Modern Art
Authors: Patin Thomas
Published: April 2011

Literary and Cultural Theorist Terry Eagleton argues that “the aesthetic” was from its very inception a development toward a representation of human subjectivity. For Eagleton, the discourse of aesthetics assigned the body to “a subtly oppressive law … a specious form of universalism … [that] blocks and mystifies the real political movement towards … community.” The aesthetic became a “coercion to hegemony,” by informing and regulating sensuous life while at the same time allowing for what seemed like a prospering autonomy. For Eagleton, aesthetics is not ultimately concerned with art objects but with the project of “reconstructing the human subject from the inside.” Autonomy, as it has been described by many theories of the aesthetic, becomes for many a desirable model of independent subjectivity and individual subjective experience. Even though aesthetics works on the subject “from the inside,” as Eagleton writes, it does so through material means. Architecture, art theory, and curatorial practices provide other instances of what Eagleton describes as “apparatuses” of power in the cultural field. One of the things I want to suggest is that cultural practices represent possibilities for subjectivity. Critical, architectural, and museological representations seem to concern artistic production, but also function as subtle suggestions about what it means to be human. These practices work to affect the formation of subjects by attempting to limit andpre-scribe the possibilities for subjectivity. Joel Fineman has similarly argued that subjectivity is constructed from “subjectivity effects” that are in turn produced in a web of discourses. One of Fineman's primary concerns is for how rhetoric can be used to establish compelling and realistic representations of subjectivity, while providing evidence of the artificial nature of the subject at the same time.
Inscriptions of Identity: May Alcott as Artist, Woman, and Myth
Authors: Bullington Judy
Published: April 2011

May Alcott's identity as an artist is overshadowed by, and often confused with, that of the author Louisa May Alcott. Born in Concord, Massachusetts, in 1840, Abbie May Alcott [later Nieriker], was the youngest of the Alcott sisters. Her capricious nature and artistic aspirations served as the inspiration for the character of Amy, the “little Raphael” of the March family, in Louisa's first popular novel,Little Women. Amy's desire to “go to Rome, and do fine pictures, and be the best artist in the whole world” (Alcott, quoted in Bedell, 248) was the embodiment of May Alcott's own fervent childhood dream of becoming a successful artist.
The Painting of Jack Levine and the Politics of Criticism
Authors: Raverty Dennis
Published: April 2011

Jack Levine's Feast of Pure Reason (Figure 1) established him at the forefront of the New York art world when he was just twenty-two years old. Levine's meteoric rise in the years before the Second World War is evidenced by his inclusion in key exhibitions during that time as well as by critical acclaim in both the art magazines and the popular press. Art News went so far as to dub him the “dazzling newcomer.” In the years following the war, however, the art establishment's consensus on Levine's work went through a dramatic reversal. Just how complete was this turnaround is plainly visible in a review, also in Art News from 1955, where Levine's painting was described as “unlikable … tired, thin and lacking in wit.”
Prisoners of the Tree: Lee Blessing's American Eden
Authors: Burch Steven Dedalus
Published: April 2011

American Culture has almost from its beginnings claimed what may be the Western world's primary Judeo-Christian metaphor — that of the Garden of Eden. The vastness of its wilderness, the newness of its culture, and the plasticity of its identity allowed both its citizens and many outsiders to embrace their vision of America as a manifestation of humanity's earliest boon from its deity. In the 20th and 21st centuries, this metaphor has continued to be called forth at moments when the country's soul was perceived as being tested by the failure of American capitalism in the Depression, the country's tentative stretches toward Empire in Southeast Asia and the Middle East, and the Faustian unleashing of the atom at the end of the Second World War.
Topographical Portraits: Seven Views of Richard Avedon'sIn the American West
Authors: Gidley Mick
Published: April 2011

This essay addresses some of the ambiguities of the western portrait project conducted by Richard Avedon (1923–2004) between 1978 and 1984, a project that resulted in both a major exhibition, initially mounted at the Anion Carter Museum of Western Art in Fort Worth, Texas, and the portfolio-sized bookIn the American West(1985). The book version, insofar as such a thing is possible, echoed between covers, in sequencing and scale, the design experience of the exhibition, with its large prints of the images, even though, according the person who supervised the photographic printing, Avedon's regular studio manager Rue-di Hofman, the reproductions in the book did not achieve quite the same “intensifying, clarifying” quality (his words) as the exhibition prints, which — at life size or slightly larger — were huge. All of the images were taken in the same way, with the subjects standing in front of a large sheet of white paper fixed to a wall, in natural light, and in the shade. The white-background technique is a precondition for several of the project's ambiguities. It means that the subjects of the resulting portraits are, in the perceptive words of one critic, “literally nowhere.”

Certainly, if they arefrom— or evenof— the American West, they are not visuallyinthe American West. Indeed, a question mark is raised over the project's referentiality in general. I stress “ambiguities” because the project really does touch upon problematic issues in a number of areas that seem, still, at the suspension of my labors, to elude firm resolution. These areas include both the obvious, such as photographic portraiture and the representation of the American West, and the less evident, such as public taste, corporate patronage, and, at the project's philosophical edge, ontology. I will seek to illuminateIn the American Westby situating it in several contexts — biographical, historical, geographic, aesthetic and, tentatively, philosophical — each of which should serve to bring out differing, and sometimes conflicting, aspects of the project.
Hannah and Her Sister: The Facts of Fiction
Authors: Fay Julie
Published: April 2011

When I was growing up in Southern Connecticut, my mother referred occasionally to an ancestor of ours who had killed some Indians. In 1970, I went away to college and Mom came up to Massachusetts for Parents' Weekend. Just across the river from my campus in Bradford stood a statue in the center of Haverhill's town green. My mother pointed it out to me (my sister had gone to the same school, so Mom knew her way around the area). I'd been passing this tribute to our ancestor – supposedly the first statue of a woman ever erected in this country – every time I went to town to pick up subs or hang out with the townies. Not sure whether to be proud or ashamed, my mother and I stood and looked up at the bronze woman streaked with bird droppings. Her hatchet was raised, her hefty thigh slightly raised beneath her heavy skirts; we imagined we saw a family resemblance – the square jaw and round cheeks that are distinctive in our family. At the base of the statue, bas relief plaques narrated Hannah Emerson Dustin's story: taken by Abenaki Indians from her Haverhill home along with her week-old infant and her midwife, Mary Neff, Dustin watched as her infant was killed by the Indians. She was then marched up along the Merrimack River, through swamps and woods, to a small island where the Merrimack meets the Contoocook River, in present-day New Hampshire. Shortly after her arrival at the island, Dustin – with the aid of Mary Neff and perhaps that of an English boy, Samuel Lenardson, then living with the Indians – hatcheted to death the sleeping people, scalped them, then made her way back down the Merrimack in a canoe. As I looked at the statue, I wondered many things about Dustin.
Physiological origin for the BOLD poststimulus undershoot in human brain: Vascular compliance versus oxygen metabolism
Authors: Hua Jun , Stevens Robert D , Huang Alan J , Pekar James J , van Zijl Peter CM
Published: April 2011

The poststimulus blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) undershoot has been attributed to two main plausible origins: delayed vascular compliance based on delayed cerebral blood volume (CBV) recovery and a sustained increased oxygen metabolism after stimulus cessation. To investigate these contributions, multimodal functional magnetic resonance imaging was employed to monitor responses of BOLD, cerebral blood flow (CBF), total CBV, and arterial CBV (CBVa) in human visual cortex after brief breath hold and visual stimulation. In visual experiments, after stimulus cessation, CBVa was restored to baseline in 7.9 ± 3.4 seconds, and CBF and CBV in 14.8 ± 5.0 seconds and 16.1 ± 5.8 seconds, respectively, all significantly faster than BOLD signal recovery after undershoot (28.1 ± 5.5 seconds). During the BOLD undershoot, postarterial CBV (CBVpa, capillaries and venules) was slightly elevated (2.4 ± 1.8%), and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen ( CMRO2) was above baseline (10.6 ± 7.4%). Following breath hold, however, CBF, CBV, CBVa and BOLD signals all returned to baseline in ∼20 seconds. No significant BOLD undershoot, and residual CBVpa dilation were observed, and CMRO2 did not substantially differ from baseline. These data suggest that both delayed CBVpa recovery and enduring increased oxidative metabolism impact the BOLD undershoot. Using a biophysical model, their relative contributions were estimated to be 19.7 ± 15.9% and 78.7 ± 18.6%, respectively.
Uncovering the intrinsic permittivity of the carbonaceous phase in carbon black filled polymers from broadband dielectric relaxation
Authors: Essone Mezeme M. , El Bouazzaoui S. , Achour M. E. , Brosseau C.
Published: April 2011

An outstanding experimental issue in the physics of composites concerns the reliable extraction of the intrinsic dielectric characteristics from effective permittivity measurements of heterostructures. Though recent analytical and numerical models have made progress in tackling this question, their applicability is typically limited by the lack of information about the structural organization of the filler phase. As a follow-up of our earlier work [S. El Bouazzaoui et al. J. Appl. Phys. 106, 104 (2009), we report in this paper a systematic study of the intrinsic permittivity ɛ2 of the carbonaceous phase in carbon black (CB) loaded polymers. A variety of authors has suggested very early that ɛ2 can be modeled with a simple free-electron (Drude) metal model with static disorder. Despite the interest in the physics of carbonaceous materials, there have been few experimental tests of this assumption, in part, due to the experimental challenge of measuring ɛ2. Here, this interpretation is questioned by an analysis of the frequency-dependent complex effective permittivity of these lossy conductor-insulator composites using the Hashin-Shtrikman bounds of the effective medium approximation. For the materials investigated over the range of frequencies explored (10–104 kHz) it is found that ɛ2 can be written as ɛ2=ɛ2'-iɛ2′′ with ɛ2''>>|ɛ2'|. We critically evaluate the possibility that the estimates of ɛ2 are related to Drude model. We found that the intrinsic permittivity of the carbonaceous phase dispersed in the composite materials investigated is consistent with the dielectric response described by the Drude metal model in a percolative morphology. The sensitivity of this method is fundamentally related to the complexity of the morphological changes which occur during mechanical mixing, i.e., interphase formation, CB particles aggregation. Such knowledge can be used to determine the role of the conducting states at the interface between insulating polymer chains and carbonaceous phase.
Synthesis and properties of LnXBe (Ln=lanthanides, X=Si or Ge)
Authors: Ohnishi T. , Takahashi Y. , Mizusaki S. , Samata H. , Noro Y. , Nagata Y.
Published: April 2011

The crystallographic and magnetic properties of LnXBe (Ln = lanthanides; X = Si or Ge) were investigated. All the samples have a hexagonal structure of space group P63/mmc. LnSiBe (Ln = Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Er) and LnGeBe (Ln = Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho) are ferromagnetic (Tc of 6–70 K), whereas LnSiBe (Ln = Dy, Ho) are antiferromagnetic and LnSiBe (Ln = La, Lu) and LnGeBe (Ln = La, Eu, Er, Lu) are paramagnetic. Possible existence of superconductivity was observed for paramagnetic LaSiBe.
Microwave absorbing properties of iron nanowire at x-band frequencies
Authors: Yang Ruey-Bin , Liang Wen-Fan , Lin Wei-Syuan , Lin Hong-Ming , Tsay Chien-Yie , Lin Chung-Kwei
Published: April 2011

Iron nanowires and nanoparticles are fabricated via the reduction of iron salts (FeCl3•6H2O) with or without a parallel magnetic field, respectively. Polyvinyl pyrrolidone was added during the reduction process and formed a thin passive layer to minimize the oxidation. The as-obtained iron nanomaterials were then used as magnetic fillers, added to an epoxy resin, and iron nanoparticle or nanowire composites were prepared. The complex permittivity (ɛ' – jɛ") and permeability (μ' – jμ") of these composites are measured by a cavity perturbation method from 7 to 14 GHz. The iron nanowire composites exhibited superior microwaving absorbing properties compared to iron nanoparticle composites. The optimal absorption peak of iron nanowire composites reached −10.5 dB (>90% power absorption) and −15.5 dB (>97% power absorption) with a thickness of 2 and 3 mm, respectively.
Production of high energy protons with hole-boring radiation pressure acceleration
Authors: Robinson A. P. L.
Published: April 2011

The possibility of producing energetic protons with energies in the range of 100–200 MeV via hole-boring (HB) radiation pressure acceleration (RPA) at intensities around 1021 W cm−2 is reexamined. It is found that hole-boring RPA can occur well below the relativistically corrected critical density in numerical simulations, with average proton energies in good agreement with established formulas. This suggests that protons in this energy range can be produced via HB RPA at around 1021 W cm−2. It is also shown that the prospects of doing this could be improved by using lasers of the same intensity but longer wavelength.
Influence of defects and interface on radiative transition of Ge
Authors: Jan S.-R. , Chen C.-Y. , Lee C.-H. , Chan S.-T. , Peng K.-L. , Liu C. W. , Yamamoto Y. , Tillack B.
Published: April 2011

The influences of defects and surface roughness on the indirect bandgap radiative transition of Ge were studied. Bulk Ge has 15 times the integrated intensity of photoluminescence of Ge-on-Si. However, for Ge-on-Si sample, the direct transition related photoluminescence intensity is higher than the indirect transition related one. We affirm that the defects in the Ge-on-Si are responsible for the weak indirect transition and relatively strong direct transition. The scattering of electrons by roughness at Ge/oxide interface can provide extra momentum of the indirect band transition of Ge, and thus enhance the indirect radiative transition.
Microglial glucocorticoid receptors play a pivotal role in regulating dopaminergic neurodegeneration in parkinsonism
Authors: Ros-Bernal Francisco , Hunot Stéphane , Herrero Maria Trinidad , Parnadeau Sebastien , Corvol Jean-Christophe , Lu Lixia , Alvarez-Fischer Daniel , Carrillo-de Sauvage María Angeles , Saurini Françoise , Coussieu Christiane , Kinugawa Kiyoka , Prigent Annick , Höglinger Günter , Hamon Michel , Tronche François , Hirsch Etienne C. , Vyas Sheela
Published: April 2011

Among the pathogenic processes contributing to dopaminergic neuron (DN) death in Parkinson disease (PD), evidence points to non–cell-autonomous mechanisms, particularly chronic inflammation mounted by activated microglia. Yet little is known about endogenous regulatory processes that determine microglial actions in pathological states. We examined the role of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs), activated by glucocorticoids released in response to stress and known to regulate inflammation, in DN survival. Overall GR level was decreased in substantia nigra of PD patients and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-intoxicated mice. GR changes, specifically in the microglia after MPTP treatment, revealed a rapid augmentation in the number of microglia displaying nuclear localization of GR. Mice with selective inactivation of the GR gene in macrophages/microglia (GR
LysMCre
) but not in DNs (GR
DATCre
) showed increased loss of DNs after MPTP intoxication. This DN loss in GR
LysMCre
mice was not prevented by corticosterone treatment, in contrast to the protection observed in control littermates. Moreover, absence of microglial GRs augmented microglial reactivity and led to their persistent activation. Analysis of inflammatory genes revealed an up-regulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) by MPTP treatment, particularly TLR9, the level of which was high in postmortem parkinsonian brains. The regulatory control of GR was reflected by higher expression of proinflammatory genes (e.g., TNF-α) with a concomitant decrease in anti-inflammatory genes (e.g., IL-1R2) in GR
LysMCre
mice. Indeed, in GR
LysMCre
mice, alterations in phosphorylated NF-κB levels indicated its protracted activation. Together, our data indicate that GR is important in curtailing microglial reactivity, and its deregulation in PD could lead to sustained inflammation-mediated DN injury.
Simultaneous metrizability of coarse spaces
Authors: Wright Nick
Published: April 2011

A metric space can be naturally endowed with both a topology and a coarse structure. We examine the converse to this. Given a topology and a coarse structure we give necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a metric giving rise to both of these. We conclude with an application to the construction of the coarse assembly map.
Multiple lineages of lice pass through the K–Pg boundary
Authors: Smith Vincent S. , Ford Tom , Johnson Kevin P. , Johnson Paul C. D. , Yoshizawa Kazunori , Light Jessica E.
Published: April 2011

For modern lineages of birds and mammals, few fossils have been found that predate the Cretaceous–Palaeogene (K–Pg) boundary. However, molecular studies using fossil calibrations have shown that many of these lineages existed at that time. Both birds and mammals are parasitized by obligate ectoparasitic lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera), which have shared a long coevolutionary history with their hosts. Evaluating whether many lineages of lice passed through the K–Pg boundary would provide insight into the radiation of their hosts. Using molecular dating techniques, we demonstrate that the major louse suborders began to radiate before the K–Pg boundary. These data lend support to a Cretaceous diversification of many modern bird and mammal lineages.
Neurons show distinctive DNA methylation profile and higher interindividual variations compared with non-neurons
Authors: Iwamoto Kazuya , Bundo Miki , Ueda Junko , Oldham Michael C. , Ukai Wataru , Hashimoto Eri , Saito Toshikazu , Geschwind Daniel H. , Kato Tadafumi
Published: April 2011

Epigenome information in mammalian brain cells reflects their developmental history, neuronal activity, and environmental exposures. Studying the epigenetic modifications present in neuronal cells is critical to a more complete understanding of the role of the genome in brain functions. We performed comprehensive DNA methylation analysis in neuronal and non-neuronal nuclei obtained from the human prefrontal cortex. Neuronal nuclei manifest qualitatively and quantitatively distinctive DNA methylation patterns, including relative global hypomethylation, differential enrichment of transcription-factor binding sites, and higher methylation of genes expressed in astrocytes. Non-neuronal nuclei showed indistinguishable DNA methylation patterns from bulk cortex and higher methylation of synaptic transmission-related genes compared with neuronal nuclei. We also found higher variation in DNA methylation in neuronal nuclei, suggesting that neuronal cells have more potential ability to change their epigenetic status in response to developmental and environmental conditions compared with non-neuronal cells in the central nervous system.
Comprehensive long-span paired-end-tag mapping reveals characteristic patterns of structural variations in epithelial cancer genomes
Authors: Hillmer Axel M. , Yao Fei , Inaki Koichiro , Lee Wah Heng , Ariyaratne Pramila N. , Teo Audrey S.M. , Woo Xing Yi , Zhang Zhenshui , Zhao Hao , Ukil Leena , Chen Jieqi P. , Zhu Feng , So Jimmy B.Y. , Salto-Tellez Manuel , Poh Wan Ting , Zawack Kelson F.B. , Nagarajan Niranjan , Gao Song , Li Guoliang , Kumar Vikrant , Lim Hui Ping J. , Sia Yee Yen , Chan Chee Seng , Leong See Ting , Neo Say Chuan , Choi Poh Sum D. , Thoreau Hervé , Tan Patrick B.O. , Shahab Atif , Ruan Xiaoan , Bergh Jonas , Hall Per , Cacheux-Rataboul Valère , Wei Chia-Lin , Yeoh Khay Guan , Sung Wing-Kin , Bourque Guillaume , Liu Edison T. , Ruan Yijun
Published: April 2011

Somatic genome rearrangements are thought to play important roles in cancer development. We optimized a long-span paired-end-tag (PET) sequencing approach using 10-Kb genomic DNA inserts to study human genome structural variations (SVs). The use of a 10-Kb insert size allows the identification of breakpoints within repetitive or homology-containing regions of a few kilobases in size and results in a higher physical coverage compared with small insert libraries with the same sequencing effort. We have applied this approach to comprehensively characterize the SVs of 15 cancer and two noncancer genomes and used a filtering approach to strongly enrich for somatic SVs in the cancer genomes. Our analyses revealed that most inversions, deletions, and insertions are germ-line SVs, whereas tandem duplications, unpaired inversions, interchromosomal translocations, and complex rearrangements are over-represented among somatic rearrangements in cancer genomes. We demonstrate that the quantitative and connective nature of DNA–PET data is precise in delineating the genealogy of complex rearrangement events, we observe signatures that are compatible with breakage-fusion-bridge cycles, and we discover that large duplications are among the initial rearrangements that trigger genome instability for extensive amplification in epithelial cancers.
Genetic architecture of regulatory variation in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Zhang Xu , Cal Andrew J. , Borevitz Justin O.
Published: April 2011

Studying the genetic regulation of expression variation is a key method to dissect complex phenotypic traits. To examine the genetic architecture of regulatory variation in Arabidopsis thaliana, we performed genome-wide association (GWA) mapping of gene expression in an F1 hybrid diversity panel. At a genome-wide false discovery rate (FDR) of 0.2, an associated single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) explains >38% of trait variation. In comparison with SNPs that are distant from the genes to which they were associated, locally associated SNPs are preferentially found in regions with extended linkage disequilibrium (LD) and have distinct population frequencies of the derived alleles (where Arabidopsis lyrata has the ancestral allele), suggesting that different selective forces are acting. Locally associated SNPs tend to have additive inheritance, whereas distantly associated SNPs are primarily dominant. In contrast to results from mapping of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) in linkage studies, we observe extensive allelic heterogeneity for local regulatory loci in our diversity panel. By association mapping of allele-specific expression (ASE), we detect a significant enrichment for cis-acting variation in local regulatory variation. In addition to gene expression variation, association mapping of splicing variation reveals both local and distant genetic regulation for intron and exon level traits. Finally, we identify candidate genes for 59 diverse phenotypic traits that were mapped to eQTL.
Song Post Height in Relation to Predator Diversity and Urbanization
Authors: Møller Anders P.
Published: April 2011

Birds may sing from positions in the vegetation (song posts) to allow efficient transmission of sexual and territorial vocal displays while simultaneously minimizing the risk of predation because of avian and mammalian predators. Because urban areas are deficient in specialized avian predators, but have many cats while the opposite is the case for nearby rural areas, urban birds should display higher in the vegetation. In a comparison of the abundance of predators in three cities (Oslo, Brønderslev, Orsay), I show that avian predators are more common in rural areas, while mammalian predators are more common in urban areas. Singing birds sang from higher positions in the vegetation of urban than nearby rural areas. Differences in song post heights between urban and rural areas were consistent among cities, suggesting inherent specific difference in microhabitat choice. Bird species that have become urbanized recently had similar song post heights in urban and rural habitats, while species that have been urbanized for a long time sang from relatively higher song posts in urban areas. These findings suggest that urban and rural birds differ in habitat use when singing. These differences in song post choice between urban and rural habitats may have a number of consequences for vocal displays in the two different habitats.
Cow Effects and Estimation of Success of First and Following Inseminations in Dutch Dairy Cows
Authors: Inchaisri C , Jorritsma R , Vernooij JCM , Vos PLAM , van der Weijden GC , Hogeveen H
Published: April 2011

Contents

The objective of this research was to determine the contribution of cow factors to the probability of successful insemination accounting for the serial number of inseminations in analysis. The investigation was performed with 101 297 insemination records in 51 525 lactations of different cows from 1368 herds obtained from the Dutch milk production recording database. Cows that had a first insemination (AI) between 40 and 150 days post‐partum with one or more inseminations (≤6 inseminations) were selected. An insemination was defined successful when not followed by another insemination and when the cow calved between 267 and 295 days after insemination, or when the cow was culled between 135 and 295 days after the last insemination. Breed, parity, days in milk, lactation curve characteristics, milk production traits, moment of AI related to peak milk yield time (before or after peak milk yield), the last calf (female, male, twin or stillbirth) and season of insemination were selected as independent parameters for a model with successful rate of insemination as dependent parameter. A multivariable logistic regression model was used within cow and farm as a random effect. The probability of successful insemination was the highest in the first insemination and decreased in the following inseminations. However, the success rate of all inseminations increased in a later stage of lactation. The improvement in the successful inseminations in a later stage of lactation was better in multiparous cows than in first parity cows. Insemination in summer and before peak milk yield time reduced the success of insemination. The success rate was the lowest in 100% Holstein Friesian cows compared with other breeds and was the highest when the last calf was a female calf compared to a male calf, twin or stillbirth. In conclusion, the success of first and following inseminations depended on parity, breed, season of insemination, last calf status, daily milk yield at insemination date, serial insemination number and days in milk at insemination date.
On the Power and Poverty of Critical (Self) Reflection in Critical Management Studies: A Comment on Ford, Harding and Learmonth
Authors: Tatli Ahu
Published: April 2011

Ford, Harding and Learmonth in their paper in the March 2010 special issue of the British Journal of Management ask ‘who is it that would make business schools more critical?’ Commenting on their paper, I argue that although they raise a very important question they do not deliver rigorous answers because their critical reflexive gaze fails to fall upon the mechanisms of hierarchy and exclusion that operate within the critical management studies (CMS) community. First the reflexivity debate in CMS and Ford, Harding and Learmonth's contribution to this debate is explored. Next institutionalized orthodoxies in CMS, such as the tendency to close ranks for those with different perspectives and the lack of demographic diversity, are problematized, and Ford, Harding and Learmonth's contribution is situated across these orthodoxies. Finally, the commentary offers some alternatives and solutions for CMS to take the step further from verbalism to critical praxis. It is suggested that the solution lies in exercising critical self‐reflection which acknowledges the embeddedness of CMS in structures and relations of power and hegemony and recognizes the role of CMS scholars in sustaining and reproducing these structures in their own institutions and communities.
Buffon's Coin Problem and Beyond
Authors: Schneiter Kady
Published: April 2011

This article describes an investigation of Buffon's coin problem and related problems with the aid of an applet. The problems are accessible at a variety of grade levels and facilitate making connections between geometry and probability.
Disease progression in melanoma patients with negative sentinel lymph node: does false‐negative specimens entirely account for this phenomenon?
Authors: Savoia P. , Fava P. , Caliendo V. , Osella‐Abate S. , Ribero S. , Quaglino P. , Macripò G. , Bernengo M.G.
Published: April 2011

Background  Sentinel lymph node (SLN) status is the most important prognostic factor for subjects with primary melanoma thicker than 1 mm.

Objective  We focused our study on patients with disease progression after negative SLN biopsy (SLNB), with the aim of elucidating their clinical and histopathological characteristics, outcome and real incidence of false negative.

Methods  A total of 688 melanoma patients who underwent SLNB (1 May 1998–31 December 2008) were analysed; all patients had Breslow >1 mm or Breslow <1 mm and at least one of the following features: regression, ulceration and/or Clark level IV–V.

Results  Progression developed in 114 of 503 negative SLN patients (22.7%); the first metastatic site was regional in 64% and distant in 36% of these cases. Thirty‐nine patients had nodal metastases in the SLN basin as first site of progression. High‐risk melanomas (P = 0.001) and elderly patients (P = 0.0005) had an increased probability of progression. Women with a higher median age and lower limbs primary melanoma developed mainly regional skin metastases, while an increased probability of distant metastases was demonstrated in patients with primary on the trunk and axillary SLN (P = 0.003, P = 0.001 respectively). Age at diagnosis, Breslow thickness and regression showed a prognostic relevance in univariate and multivariate analyses on disease‐free survival and overall survival.

Conclusions  Even if SLN status remains the most important prognostic factor for melanoma patients, progressive disease after a negative SLNB is a relatively frequent event. However, in our opinion, only a part of negative SLNB patients with metastatic spreading should be considered as false negative (7.75%).
Influence of angular velocity on Vastus Lateralis and Rectus Femoris oxygenation dynamics during knee extension exercises
Authors: Denis Romain , Wilkinson Jennifer , De Vito Giuseppe
Published: April 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether changes in angular velocity would alter vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) oxygenation status during maximal isokinetic knee extension exercises. Eleven recreationally active male participants randomly performed ten maximal knee extensions at 30, 60, 120 and 240° s−1. Tissue oxygenation index (TOI) and total haemoglobin concentration ([tHb]) were acquired from the VL and RF muscles by means of near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Breath‐by‐breath pulmonary oxygen consumption () was recorded throughout the tests. Peak torque and significantly decreased as a function of velocity (P<0·05). Interestingly, RF and VL TOI significantly increased as a function of velocity (P<0·05), whereas [tHb] significantly decreased as a function of velocity (P<0·05). A greater number of muscle fibre recruited at slow velocity, where the torque and were the highest, might explain the lower VL and RF TOI observed herein. Furthermore, the increase in local blood flow (suggested by [tHb] changes) during isokinetic knee extension exercises performed at slow angular velocity might have been induced by a higher intramuscular pressure during the contraction phases as well as a greater microcirculatory vasodilatation during relaxation phases. Implementing slow‐velocity isokinetic exercises in rehabilitation or other training programmes could delay the short‐term anoxia generated by such exercises and result in muscle metabolism enhancement.
Anti‐nociceptive effect of kinin B1 and B2 receptor antagonists on peripheral neuropathy induced by paclitaxel in mice
Authors: Costa Robson , Motta Emerson M , Dutra Rafael C , Manjavachi Marianne N , Bento Allisson F , Malinsky Fernanda R , Pesquero João B , Calixto João B
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In the current study, we investigated the role of both kinin B1 and B2 receptors in peripheral neuropathy induced by the chronic treatment of mice with paclitaxel a widely used chemotherapeutic agent.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Chemotherapy‐evoked hyperalgesia was induced by i.p. injections of paclitaxel (2 mg·kg−1) over 5 consecutive days. Mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia were evaluated between 7 and 21 days after the first paclitaxel treatment.

KEY RESULTS Treatment with paclitaxel increased both mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia in mice (C57BL/6 and CD1 strains). Kinin receptor deficient mice (B1,or B2 receptor knock‐out and B1B2 receptor, double knock‐out) presented a significant reduction in paclitaxel‐induced hypernociceptive responses in comparison to wild‐type animals. Treatment of CD1 mice with kinin receptor antagonists (DALBK for B1 or Hoe 140 for B2 receptors) significantly inhibited both mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia when tested at 7 and 14 days after the first paclitaxel injection. DALBK and Hoe 140 were also effective against paclitaxel‐induced peripheral neuropathy when given intrathecally or i.c.v.. A marked increase in B1 receptor mRNA was observed in the mouse thalamus, parietal and pre‐frontal cortex from 7 days after the first paclitaxel treatment.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Kinins acting on both B1 and B2 receptors, expressed in spinal and supra‐spinal sites, played a crucial role in controlling the hypernociceptive state caused by chronic treatment with paclitaxel.
“Are You Interested, Baby?” Young Infants Exhibit Stable Patterns of Attention During Interaction
Authors: Messinger Daniel S. , Ekas Naomi V. , Ruvolo Paul , Fogel Alan D.
Published: April 2011

The degree to which infants’ current actions are influenced by previous action is fundamental to our understanding of early social and cognitive competence. In this study, we found that infant gazing manifested notable temporal dependencies during interaction with mother even when controlling for mother behaviors. The durations of infant gazes at mother’s face were positively predicted by the durations of the two previous gazes at mother’s face. Similarly, the durations of gazes away from mother’s face were positively predicted by the durations of the two previous gazes of the same type. The durations of gazes at and away from mother’s face, however, were not predicted by one another. This pattern suggests that infants exhibit distinct and temporally stable levels of interest in social and nonsocial features of the environment. In this report, we discuss the implications of these results for parents, for experimental research using looking time measures, and for our understanding of infants’ developing communicative abilities.
Word Segmentation in Monolingual Infants Acquiring Canadian English and Canadian French: Native Language, Cross‐Dialect, and Cross‐Language Comparisons
Authors: Polka Linda , Sundara Megha
Published: April 2011

In five experiments, we tested segmentation of word forms from natural speech materials by 8‐month‐old monolingual infants who are acquiring Canadian French or Canadian English. These two languages belong to different rhythm classes; Canadian French is syllable‐timed and Canada English is stress‐timed. Findings of Experiments 1, 2, and 3 show that 8‐month‐olds acquiring either Canadian French or Canadian English can segment bi‐syllable words in their native language. Thus, word segmentation is not inherently more difficult in a syllable‐timed compared to a stress‐timed language. Experiment 4 shows that Canadian French‐learning infants can segment words in European French. Experiment 5 shows that neither Canadian French‐ nor Canadian English‐learning infants can segment two syllable words in the other language. Thus, segmentation abilities of 8‐month‐olds acquiring either a stress‐timed or syllable‐timed language are language specific.
Blood group O and black race are independent risk factors for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura associated with severe ADAMTS13 deficiency
Authors: Terrell Deirdra R. , Motto David G. , Kremer Hovinga Johanna A. , Lämmle Bernhard , George James N. , Vesely Sara K.
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND: It has been postulated that blood group O subjects may be partially protected against thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) because they have lower plasma levels of von Willebrand factor.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The Oklahoma TTP Registry enrolled 301 consecutive patients from November 13, 1995 (when systematic ADAMTS13 measurements began), through 2009; 281 (93%) patients had ADAMTS13 measurements. Patients were designated as having severe ADAMTS13 deficiency when the activity measurement by either method was less than 10%. ABO blood group was determined in all 281 patients. The observed frequency of blood group O was compared to the expected frequency. The association between severe ADAMTS13 deficiency and blood group, race, sex, and age were analyzed by logistic regression.

RESULTS: The frequency of blood group O was unexpectedly and significantly greater than the race‐ethnicity–adjusted expected frequency in 65 patients with severe ADAMTS13 deficiency (60.0% vs. 47.4%, p = 0.042) but not in 216 patients without severe ADAMTS13 deficiency (44.9% vs. 46.5%, p = 0.639). Blood group O and race‐ethnicity were independently associated with severe ADAMTS13 deficiency among patients with TTP. The probability for severe ADAMTS13 deficiency was 45.8% with O and 32.1% with non‐O blood groups for black patients and 24.1% with O and 15.1% with non‐O blood groups for white patients.

CONCLUSION: Among patients with TTP and severe ADAMTS13 deficiency the relative frequency of patients with blood group O was greater than expected, suggesting that blood group O may be a risk factor for TTP associated with severe ADAMTS13 deficiency.
MULTIPLICATION OF POTATO LEAF ROLL VIRUS IN THE APHID MYZUS PERSICAE (SULZ.)
Authors: STEGWEE D. , PONSEN M. B.
Published: April 2011

Insect‐to‐insect transmission of potato leaf roll virus proved possible by injecting either juice or haemolymph from viruliferous Myzus persicae into virus‐free ones.

In serial transmission experiments, in which injection of haemolymph was practised, the virus could be carried through as many as 15 successive aphid‐to‐aphid passages without access of inoculated insects to any plants that are susceptible to leaf roll. The theoretical dilution of original virus used for the inoculation in the 15th passage would have been approximately 10−21. It is concluded that such persistence of virus in the aphids could only be explained on the assumption that the insect itself sustains reproduction of the virus.

1. Das Blattrollvirus der Kartoffel konnte durch Injektion von Preßsaft oder Blut virusinfizierter Myzus persicae (Sulz.) auf virusfreie Insekten übertragen werden.

2. Bei Serien‐Übertragungen unter Verwendung von Blutinjektionen blieb das Virus in 15 aufeinander folgenden Generationen ursprünglich virusfreier Blattläuse erhalten. Hierbei wurde nach der Injektion als Zwischenwirt der blattrollunempfindliche chinesische Kohl benutzt.

3. Die theoretische Verdünnung der ursprünglichen Virusmenge pro Blattlaus betrug nach der 15. Passage ungefähr 10−21. Injektion des auf 1: 104 verdünnten Blutes virusinfizierter Läuse ergab dagegen in keinem Fall Infektionsfähigkeit (Tabelle III und IV).

4. Die Existenz einer Latenz‐Periode bei der Übertragung konnte nach Injektion kleiner Virusmengen bewiesen werden. Verdünnung des injizierten Blutes verlängerte diese Periode (Tabelle I und II).

5. Diese Befunde deuten auf Vermehrung des Virus innerhalb der Blattläsen.

6. Wenn virusinfizierte Blattläuse auf chinesischem Kohl gehalten werden, zeigt ihre Infektionsfähigkeit deutlich periodische Schwankungen (Fig. 1).
EFFECT OF PARASITIZATION BY APHIDIUS PLATENSIS BRÈTHES ON THE DEVELOPMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY OF ITS HOST, APHIS CRACCIVORA KOCH
Authors: JOHNSON BRUCE
Published: April 2011

Parasitization of nymphs of Aphis craccivora by Aphidius platensis results in interference with their normal developmental physiology. Different stages of growth of the parasite have opposite influences on the host: unhatched parasite eggs exert a “juvenilizing” effect, producing metathetely; whereas parasite larvae sometimes cause the premature appearance of adult characters (prothetely). When winged nymphs of the host are parasitized, the differentiation of alatiform structures is inhibited. This results in the production of aphids intermediate in form between normal alatae and aptcrae; the extent of development of alatiform structures is determined by their degree of differentiation at the time of parasitization and whether one or more parasite eggs are deposited. It is suggested that parasitic metathetely in aphids is brought about by interference with the titre of juvenile hormone, and that alate‐apterous polymorphism in aphids generally is controlled by the same hormone system as is concerned in moulting and metamorphosis.

DIE WIRKUNG DER PARASITIERUNG DURCH APHIDIUS PLATENSIS BRÈTHES AUF DIE ENTWICKLUNGSPHYSIOLOGIE SEINES WIRTES, APHIS CRACCIVORA KOCH.

Die normale Entwicklungsphysiologie der Junglarven von Aphis craccivora wird durch die Bestiftung mit Eiern von Aphidius platensis gehemmt. Dabei haben verschiedene Entwicklungsstadien des Parasiten gegensätzliche Wirkungen auf den Wirt: nichtgeschlüpfte Parasiteneier haben eine Verjüngungswirkung mit Metatelie als Endeffekt, während Junglarven des Parasiten manchmal eine verfrühte Ausbildung imaginaler Eigenschaften (Protelie) bei den Aphiden verursachen. Werden junge Nymphen des Wirtes parasitiert, so wird die kutikulare Differenzierung ihrer Flügelanlagen gehemmt. Daraus entstehen Imagines, die Intermediärformen zwischen geflügelten und ungeflügelten Morphen darstellen. Das Stadium der Differenzierung der kutikularen Strukturen bei der Belegung und die Anzahl der Parasiteneier bestimmen dabei den endgültigen Ausbildungsgrad dieser Anlagen.

Es wird angenommen, daß die Blattläuse metatdische Entwicklung zeigen, wenn ihr Juvenilhormontitre gestört wird, und daß der Flügelpolymorphismus durch das gleiche Hormonsystem kontrolliert wird wie Häutung und Metamorphose.