bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Storage of Human Red Blood Cells II. The effect of pH and of the addition of adenine
Authors: Verdier Carl‐Henric de , Högman Claes , Garby Lars , Killander Johan
Published: December 2008

Blood was stored for different periods of time in three solutions 1) ACD solution 2) a less acidic medium and 3) a neutral solution containing citrate and phosphate buffer. At the beginning of the storage period the pH of the blood ranged from 6.8 (ACD) up to 7.4 (neutral solution). Furthermore the effect of the addition of adenine to each of these three solutions was tested. In some experiments storage of blood with final hematocrit values of about 66% instead of the usual about 40% was also investigated. With the two more neutral media hemolysis and glycolysis were more pronounced than in the acidic medium. Addition of adenine to the three solutions decreased hemolysis and increased glycolysis but its effect was much more pronounced in the two more neutral media. It was possible to maintain the concentration of 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate in the erythrocytes if the cells were kept in a neutral solution, although this method gave a more rapid drop in the ATP level. In the more acid solutions the concentration of ATP remained higher, but the 2,3‐diphosphoglycerate rapidly disappeared. No major differences were observed between blood preserved in ACD solution with hematocrit of about 66% and the usual hematocrit of about 40%.
Effect of Prostaglandins on Gatecholamine Induced Changes in the Free Fatty Acids of Plasma and in Blood Pressure in the Dog Prostaglandin and related factors 22
Authors: Bergström Sune , Carlson Lars A. , Orö Lars
Published: December 2008

Prostaglandins E1, E2, E3 and F1α (PGE1 etc) were given intravenously to anesthetized dogs during continuous infusion of norepinephrine. PGE1, PGE2 and PGE3 in doses of 5 micrograms all significantly reduced the arterial concentration of the free fatty acids of plasma (FFA) and the blood pressure, while the same dose of PGF1α had no significant effect. Continuous intraarterial infusions of PGE1 during continuous infusion of norepinephrine had a more pronounced effect on FFA and blood pressure than continuous intravenous infusions. Infusion of PGE1 almost completely blocked the usual increase of FFA caused by epinephrine and also resulted in a blood pressure fall during epinephrine infusion. PGE1 diminished the plasma glucose response to epinephrine only slightly. Studies on the turnover rate of FFA with labeled albumin bound palmitate showed that PGE1 completely blocked the norepinephrine induced stimulation of lipid mobilization. Infusion of PGE1 during continuous infusion of norepinephrine also decreased the elevated plasma glycerol concentration.
Uptake of L‐ and D‐Isomers of Catecholamines in Adrenergic Nerve Granules
Authors: Euler U. S. V. , Lishajko F.
Published: December 2008

The spontaneous depletion of endogenous noradrenaline (NA) from bovine splenic nerve granules is diminished or prevented by incubation with either L‐NA or D‐NA. However, the effect observed following the addition of L‐NA is significantly greater than that produced by the D‐isomer. No significant difference is observed between the uptake of the two isomers of adrenaline (A) in undepleted granules. The enhanced uptake of A or NA in a concentration of 10 üg/ml in the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) similarly did not differ for the L‐ and D‐isomers of the amine. However, the ATP‐ dependent uptake at an amine concentration of 1 μg/ml was 2–3 times as high for L‐NA and L‐A than for the D‐isomers.

It is concluded that the ATP‐dependent uptake in nerve granules of NA and A at low amine concentrations is to some extent stereospecific, while the amine‐uptake at higher concentrations with and without added ATP is not or only slightly dependent on the steric configuration.
Activity of Intrafusal Muscle Fibres in Muscle Spindles of Xenopus Laevis
Authors: Smith Richard S.
Published: December 2008

Observations were made of the mechanical and electrical activity of intrafusal muscle fibres in semi‐isolated muscle spindles from Xenopus laevis. The spindle capsule, which formed a part of the recording system, was studied and was found to be a a laminated, ohmic, structure with a characteristic length of approximately 0.7 mm. Electrical and histological evidence combined with observations of the movements of the intrafusal muscles led to the conclusion that the intrafusal muscle bundle consisted of either two or three muscle fibres and that these muscle fibres could be divided into large and small diameter groups. The large diameter muscle fibres showed a fast contraction in response to single stimuli, and were supplied by large diameter motor nerves. The small diameter muscle fibres showed a very slow contraction in response to single stimuli and were supplied by small diameter motor nerves. Evidence was obtained that the innervation of the large and the small fibres did not overlap. The electrical event in both types of muscle fibre was conducted transcapsularly except on repetitive stimulation, and external current records indicated that the membrane potential change in the small muscle fibres was considerably longer than in the large fibres. Transcapsular conduction failed in the large fibres at a a stimulation rate of approximately 30/sec, and in the small fibres at 5/sec. This conduction failure was associated with a fusion of contraction on the innervated side of the preparation. Evidence was obtained that a region of low safety factor exists in the large intrafusal muscle fibres in the approximate region of the sensory contacts.
Vasoconstriction Resulting from Diencephalic Stimulation
Authors: Feigl Eric O.
Published: December 2008

Received 2 September 1963

Using the Horsley‐Clarke technique in cats, diencephalic and rostral mesencephalic structures were systematically explored with stimulating electrodes. Blood pressure, and venous outflows from skeletal muscle, kidney, and intestine were measured. Except for areas where active cholinergic muscle vasodilatation was elicited, stimulation points which gave increases in blood pressure also gave Vasoconstriction in skeletal muscle, kidney and intestine. A search was made for areas which would give selective Vasoconstriction in a single organ or a differentiated response in the blood flows of different organs. A region in the reticular formation of the rostral mesencephalon was found where points giving Vasoconstriction in muscle and kidney beds were anatomically separate.
Effects of Hypothalamic Lesions on the Erythropoietic Response to Hypoxia in Rabbits1
Authors: Halvorsen Sverre
Published: December 2008

Previous studies have indicated that electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus increases erythropoiesis (Seip et al. 1961) and erythropoietin production (Halvorsen 1961). The effects of hypothalamic lesions on the erythropoietic response to hypoxia have been investigated in the present study. The lesioned rabbits were exposed to low oxygen and the erythropoietic response evaluated by means of reticulocyte counts. Eleven out of 26 rabbits showed a normal response to hypoxia while 15 showed a reduced response. Of these 15 rabbits, 6 showed a normal response when ACTH was given prior to the hypoxic test indicating that the reduced response to hypoxia in these rabbits was due to ACTH deficiency following the hypothalamic lesion. The lesions in these 6 rabbits were in the ventral and median part of hypothalamus. Seven out of the 15 rabbits neither responded normally to hypoxia alone nor to hypoxia following ACTH injections. The lesions in these 7 rabbits were in the posterior part of the hypothalamus. It is concluded that an extra‐pituitary influence on erythropoiesis may be exerted from this region.
Palmitate Utilization in Obese‐Hyperglycemic Mice In vitro studies of epididymal adipose tissue and liver
Authors: Hellman Bo , Westman Sighild
Published: December 2008

The in vitro utilization of 14C1‐palmitate was studied in epididymal adipose tissue and liver slices from obese‐hyperglycemic mice and their lean littermates. Starvation and/or addition of glucose to the incubation medium had less effect on the palmitate metabolism of the epididymal fat pad in the obese mice than in the lean controls. The presence of glucose thus resulted in a significantly lower recovery of radioactive carbon dioxide and tissue fatty acids in the controls; no such effect being noted in the obese mice. In both types of mice starvation decreased the incorporation of palmitate carbon in the lipid fraction of adipose tissue incubated in a glucose‐containing medium. Fatty acid release from the isolated epididymal fat pad was also less affected in the obese mice than in the lean littermates by starvation and addition of glucose. The incorporation of the substrate palmitate into hepatic tissue lipids did not differ significantly between the two types of mice, when tested in the presence of glucose. In this case starvation resulted in reduced amounts of radioactivity in carbon dioxide and insoluble residue only for the liver slices taken from the lean mice. The results are discussed with regard to previous metabolic findings in the obese‐hyperglycemic syndrome.
The Measurement of Input Impedance and Apparent Phase Velocity in the Human Aorta
Authors: Gabe I. T. , Karnell J. , Porjé I. G. , Rudewald B.
Published: December 2008

Measurement of the input impedance in the aorta in 3 patients with rheumatic mitral disease is described. The aortic flow was measured by recording the pressure gradient along the ascending aorta with a differential manometer through a double‐lumen catheter; a separate strain gauge on one side of the system enabled the arterial pressure to be recorded simultaneously. Records were made before and during the administration of i.v. nor‐adrenaline. Computation of blood flow, apparent phase velocity and impedance was performed on a digital computer. The moduli of aortic input impedance decreased with frequency over the first few harmonics both before and during nor‐adrenaline but were higher during infusion. The pattern of impedances tended to suggest that some reflection was reaching the ascending aorta; this was also suggested by the high values obtained for apparent phase velocity at low frequencies.
The Excitation of Thalamic Neurones by Acetylcholine
Authors: Andersen P. , Curtis D. R.
Published: December 2008

Electrophoretically administered acetylcholine (ACh) excited neurones located within the ventro‐basal thalamic complex of cats anesthetised with pentobarbital. All ACh sensitive neurones were fired synaptically by volleys in cutaneous nerve fibres; thalamic relay neurones which were fired antidromically from the primary sensory cortex were more sensitive than thalamic interneurones. In comparison with Renshaw cells the excitatory action of ACh was of slow onset and prolonged duration; the spontaneous spindle activity of some cells was depressed prior to excitation. Possible explanations of these time differences between the excitant of ACh upon thalamic and Renshaw cells are discussed.
The Pharmacology of the Synaptic and Acetylcholine‐Induced Excitation of Ventrobasal Thalamic Neurones
Authors: Andersen P. , Curtis D. R.
Published: December 2008

The pharmacological properties of acetylcholine (ACh) sensitive neurones in the ventrobasal nucleus of the thalamus of cats anes‐thetised with pentobarbital sodium have been investigated by the electro‐phoretic method of ejecting substances from multibarrelled micropipettes. Carbamoylcholine, acetyl‐β‐methyl choline, dl‐muscarine and nicotine were effective excitants when compared with ACh; other choline esters and related compounds were less active. Physostigmine and neostigmine increased the effectiveness of ACh and, in addition, were excitants. The excitatory action of ACh was effectively abolished by dihydro‐β‐erythroidine and by atropine; the action of atropine however was not very specific. It is proposed that the sensitivity of these neurones to cholinomimetics indicates that ACh normally functions as an excitatory transmitter within the thalamus; the synaptic pathway involved has not yet been identified. Cholinomimetics, 5‐hydroxy‐tryptamine and some related substances also depress the excitability of thalamic neurones.
Localized Slow Wave Activity in the Somatosensory Cortex of the Cat
Authors: Anderson S. A. , Wolpow E. R.
Published: December 2008

Depth recordings with microelectrodes have revealed that transection of the specific projection pathways in the spinal cord induces regular slow waves with a frequency of 8–12 waves per second in the parts of the somatosensory areas SI and SII corresponding to the projection from below the level of the lesion. Surface recordings showed an increased spindle activity in the same areas. The slow wave activity occurs at various depths of Nembutal anesthesia. There is evidence that the appearance of slow waves after interruption of the specific pathways is a general phenomenon in the specific projection cortical areas.
Relation of Preoptic Temperature to the Function of the Sympathico — Adrenomedullary System and the Adrenal Cortex
Authors: Andersson B. , Gale C. C. , Hökfelt B. , Ohga A.
Published: December 2008

During local cooling of the preoptic/anterior hypothalamic region (the“heat loss center”) at about 18° C external temperature, the urinary excretion of catecholamines was increased. At the same time marked core hyperthermia developed. The relative increase of adrenaline excretion was considerably greater than that of noradrenaline excretion (117 % vs. 48 %). Repetitive central cooling performed over longer periods of time caused signs of cold acclimation in spite of the fact that the animals were not exposed to a lowered external temperature. During local warming of the“heat loss center” in a cold environment (2 to 5° C) the urinary excretion of catecholamines remained low but increased considerably on cessation of central warming. Both adrenaline and noradrenaline excretion then rose to high levels if a more pronounced hypothermia had developed during central warming. With induction of a milder degree of hypothermia the increase was predominantly in noradrenaline excretion. Plasma cortisol determinations did not reveal any clear cut relation between preoptic temperature and adrenocortical activity.
Potentiation of Sham Feeding Response in Pavlov Pouch Dogs by Subthreshold Amounts of Gastrin with and without Acidification of Denervated Antrum
Authors: Olbe Lars
Published: December 2008

The sham feeding response of Pavlov pouch dogs, in which gastrin release had been suppressed by total denervation or resection of the antrum, was augmented 4–21 times by i.v. injection of subthreshold amounts of gastrin demonstrating that subthreshold amounts of gastrin potentiated the effect of vagal stimulation of the HCl glands. The sham feeding responses with or without potentation by subthreshold amounts of exogenous gastrin were not inhibited by acidification of totally denervated antral pouches, suggesting that the hypothetical antral chalone does not interfere at the parietal cell level with the cephalic phase of gastric acid secretion.
Gastric Acid Secretion in Gastric Fistula Cats before and after Vagotomy and in Vagotomized Gastric Fistula Cats during Reserpine Treatment1
Authors: Emås Sverre
Published: December 2008

In nonanesthetized cats with gastric fistulae reserpine ijencted daily for 3 days or more increased basal gastric secretion of acid and the acid secretory responses to intravenous histamine and gastrin. The increases had in an earlier study been shown to persist after symphathectomy and the main purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of vagotomy on these increases. Vagotomy significantly reduced the secretory responses of non‐anesthetized cats to histamine and gastrin and after vagotomy reserpine treatment did not produce any increase of basal secretion or of the secretory responses to histamine and gastrin. The latter finding proves that intact vagal innervation of the stomach is necessary for the development of hypersecretion during reserpine treatment. Maximal subthreshold amounts of methacholine infused intravenously into vagotomized cats produced increases of the secretory responses to histamine and gastrin approximately equal to those produced by reserpine treatment in cats before vagotomy. It is suggested that the reduction of the responses following vagotomy is due mainly to the elimination of the vagal tone which in the fasting cats is assumed to sensitize the parietal cells to histamine and gastrin. The hypersecretory effects of reserpine treatment in cats with gastric fistulae and the absence of these effects after vagotomy demonstrates that reserpine treatment increases the sensitivity of the parietal cells to histamine and gastrin only in the vagally innervated stomach. The increased sensitivity is supposed to be due to a centrally irduced enhancement of vagal tone. The increases in the secretory responses of vagotomized cats during the infusion of subthreshold amounts of methacholine are consistent with this explanation.
Uterine Motility of the Estrogenized Rabbit
Authors: Setekleiv Johannes
Published: December 2008

A technique for isotonic and isometric recording of uterine contractions in vivo is described. No significant difference was found in the spontaneous contractions recorded simultaneously from the two horns by the two methods. On the other hand, differences were found in the responses to gradually increasing stimuli, such as increasing concentrations of noradrenaline or of increasing strength of stimulation of the hypogastric nerve. The isotonic response rapidly reached a maximum, whereas the isometric response increased more gradually. Since the isotonic response can be maximal in spite of submaximal activation, the isometric response is a more reliable quantitative measure, which is in agreement with previous findings with in vitro recording. However, for qualitative evaluation of responses near threshold stimulation, isotonic recording at low loads is preferable. Anesthetics administered i.v. in small doses to lightly anesthetized animals slightly enhanced uterine contractions, whereas deep anesthesia and local application of the anesthetics depressed the activity. Uterine motility is extremely sensitive to decrease in body temperature.
Contraction in Intrafusal Muscle Fibres of Xenopus Laevis Following Stimulation of Their Motor Nerves
Authors: Smith Richard S.
Published: December 2008

Smith, K. S. Contraction in intramural muscle fibres of Venous leaves following stimulation of their motor nerves. Acta physiol. scand. 1964. 62. 195–208. — The contractile behaviour of amphibian intramural muscle fibres following stimulation of their motor nerves was investigated by cinephotography of the changing sarcomere length. Two types of intrafusal muscle fibre were distinguished: large and small. Small intrafusal muscle fibres were supplied by small diameter motor nerves and had a longe: lasting contraction than the large intrafusal fibres which were supplied by large diameter motor nerves. Contraction was a propagated event in both large and small muscle fibres following single nerve stimuli. At high stimulation frequencies the contraction was not propagated through the complete length of the large muscle fibres. Evidence was obtained that the large muscle fibres contained, in the region of sensory contacts, zones which were less stiff than the resting striated muscle fibre and that the small muscle fibres did not contain such zones. Some observations were also made on spontaneous contraction in these muscle fibres.
The Influence of Chemically Pure Secretin on Hepatic Bile Output
Authors: Jonson Gunnar , Sundman L. , Thulin L.
Published: December 2008

Jonson, G., L. Sundman, and L. Thulin. The influnce of chemically pure secretin on hepatic bile output. Acta physiol. scand. 1964. 62. 287–290. — In awake cholecystectomized dogs with a permanent external common duct fistula the bile output increased during infusion of a secretin preparation, containing about 20,000 clin. units per mg of substance (Jorpes and Mutt 1961). At the largest dose, about 43 clin. units per kg b. wt. and hour, it was about 3 times the initial output, and even then it was smaller than the output during digestion of food with bile. The relation between the log of the secretin dose and the bile output was linear.
Uterine Motility of the Estrogenized Rabbit
Authors: Setekleiv Johannes
Published: December 2008

The uterus can be reflexly activated by stimulation of the rectum, various somatic nerves, and the central and peripheral ends of the cut vagus nerve. The initial uterine contraction is followed by a period of reduced rhythmic activity. Similar responses can be elicited by asphyxia and by clamping of the common carotid arteries. All these responses are due to activation of the sympathico‐adrenal system. A transient inhibition of the “spontaneous” rhythmic activity is obtained by electrical stimulation of the depressor nerve. Since it is abolished by sympathetic blocking agents, it is most likely due to a reduction of a sympathetic tonic influence. The results indicate that although the autonomy of the myo‐genic rhythmic uterine activity is strong in the estrogenized rabbit, it can be influenced by various reflexes. It is suggested that the sympathetic nervous system exerts a tonic influence on the uterus in vivo.
The Effect of Partial Clamping of the Renal Artery on Pressures in the Proximal and Distal Tubules and Peritubular Capillaries of the Rat Kidney
Authors: Leyssac Paul P.
Published: December 2008

The purpose of this study was to measure the intratubular and peritubular capillary hydrostatic pressures in acute experiments of partial clamping of the renal artery to such a degree that a significant reduction of the filtration pressure was ascertained. The renal artery of rats weighing about 250 grams were clipped with a 0.20 mm silver clamp, which reduced the urine flow and the glomerular filtration rate to below the range of spontaneous variations and caused occlusion of minor or major parts of the nephron population. Intratubular and peritubular capillary pressures were measured directly by the micropuncture technique. The results demonstrated that proximal intratubular as well as peritubular capillary pressures in partially clamped kidneys were not measurably different from those of normal, control kidneys (12–13 mm Hg), whereas distal intratubular pressures were significantly reduced (from 6.7 mm Hg in normal to 3.9 mm Hg) in clamped kidneys. The results are discussed in relation to previous and recent findings and interpretations. The hypothesis a proposed that the physiological function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus is to serve as a feed‐back mechanism whereby changes being a function of the proximal intratubular pressure via the release of angiotensin adjusts the proximal reabsorption and the intrarenal vascular resistance in such a way that proximal intratubular hydrostatic pressures are maintained.
Presynaptic Depolarization of Cutaneous Afferents by Volleys in Contralateral Muscle Afferents
Authors: Eccles Rosamond M. , Holmqvist Birgitta , Voorhoeve P. E.
Published: December 2008

Depolarization of cutaneous nerve terminals by all contralateral muscle volleys has been demonstrated by several procedures; by intracellular recording from the cutaneous fibres; by electrotonic spread to dorsal root filaments so giving the dorsal root potentials (DRP); and by threshold changes in the fibre terminals. Groups II and III muscle afferents depolarized cutaneous fibre terminals on both sides of the spinal cord while the Ib volleys were effective only ipsi‐laterally. The crossed actions of group II and III volleys were weaker than the ipsilateral actions and had a longer latency (10–20 msec) and a later summit (50–80 msec). This depolarization of the central terminals of the cutaneous fibres by afferent volleys from contralateral muscles resulted in a depression of synaptic activity of these cutaneous fibres as evidenced by the flexor reflex, the cutaneous dorsal root potential and the afferent cutaneous tract discharge in the spinal cord.
On the Bile Acid and Neutral Fecal Steroid Excretion in Man and Rabbits Following Cholesterol Feeding Bile Acids and Steroids 150
Authors: Hellström Kjell
Published: December 2008

The effect of cholesterol feeding on bile acid turnover and neutral fecal steroid excretion was studied in rabbits and human subjects. In rabbits the addition of 1% cholesterol to a low fat pellet diet (on the average 700 mg of cholesterol per day) caused a marked increase of the serum cholesterol level but a reduction of the turnover and the fecal elimination of deoxycholic acid. On the subsequent feeding of a semisynthetic cholesterol free diet, the serum cholesterol level decreased in spite of a further reduction of the fecal bile acid excretion. When human subjects received a diet containing egg yolk lipids, which provided 1.4 g cholesterol per day, the serum cholesterol level increased moderately over the control values, but there were no consistent effects on either the biliary bile acid composition or on the turnover of cholic acid. The amount of cholesterol excreted as neutral fecal steroids during the cholesterol feeding period corresponded on the average to 80 and 77% of the amount of cholesterol given to rabbits and human subjects respectively. Cholesterol and the plant sterols β‐sitosterol and methylcholesterol were metabolized into neutral compounds that were the same in rabbit and in human feces. Rabbit feces contained proportionally more 5α‐sterols than human feces.
Mixed Venous CO2 Tension‐Determined by a CO2 Rebreathing Method. Influence of Rebreathing Time
Authors: Lundin G. , Thomson D.
Published: December 2008

The influence of rebreathing time when using a CO2 rebreathing method for graphical determination of the mixed venous CO2 tension was studied. An almost significant difference of 0.6 mm was found between values obtained at rebreathing rates of 30 and 50 breaths per min with rebreathing times of 22 and 13 sec. This should give a difference at rest of about 5 per cent when the cardiac output is calculated, with the higher value when the fast rate is used for the mixed venous CO2 determination. The solubility of CO2 in lung tissue probably doses not cause this difference.
Modernized Scholander Respirometer for Small Aquatic Animals
Authors: Steen J. B. , Iversen O.
Published: December 2008

A method is described for measuring oxygen uptake of small aquatic animals using from 0.1 to 20 ml oxygen/hr. The water containing the animal is continuously equilibrated with air in a closed system and respiration is measured as the oxygen necessary to maintain a constant gas volume in the presence of a carbon dioxide absorber.
Fusimotor Activity in the Spinal Cat
Authors: Alnæs E. , Jansen J. K. S. , Rudjord T.
Published: December 2008

Fusimotor activity has been assessed from the changes in the response of muscle spindle receptors to a linear stretch and release of the muscle at various levels of fusimotor drive. The background fusimotor activity of the spinal cat caused an increased dynamic responsiveness of primary endings of ankle flexor as well as the ankle extensor muscles. Further, dynamic activation of both flexor and extensor primary endings was observed during electrical stimulation of the ipsilateral saphenous and the contralateral lateral popliteal nerve. Definite signs of activity in static fusimotor neurones were not found in spinal preparations. The observations support the hypothesis of an independent control of the static and dynamic properties of primary endings of the muscle spindle. It is suggested that the activity in the dynamic fusimotor system largely is supported by dorsal root inflow, whereas the static fusimotor system mainly depends upon descending suprasegmental activation.
Fusimotor Activity in a Flexor Muscle of the Decerebrate Cat
Authors: Jansen J. K. S. , Rudjord T.
Published: December 2008

Fusimotor activity has been assessed from changes in the response of muscle spindle receptors. There was very little background fusimotor activity to the anterior tibial muscle in the decerebrate cat. To the ankle extensor muscles of the same preparations, appreciable dynamic as well as static fusimotor effects were observed. During stimulation of various spinal nerves, fusimotor activation was more pronounced to ankle extensor than to the flexor muscle. The flexor fusimotor effects could almost exclusively be ascribed to the static fusimotor system. A release of dynamic fusimotor activity to the flexor muscle occurred after section of the spinal cord in the lower thoracic region. The observations are discussed in terms of independent control of static and dynamic fusimotor systems.
Effect of Insulin on the Isolated Rat Diaphragm in the Presence and in the Absence of Puromycin and Actinomycin D1
Authors: SØVIK ODDMUND
Published: December 2008

To determine if insulin‐induced sugar uptake and glycogen synthesis in isolated muscle tissue are dependent upon RNA or protein synthesis, the effect of puromycin and actinomycin D was studied on these parameters. At a concentration of puromycin which inhibited by 97 % the incorporation of 14C‐protein hydrolysate into proteins, an inhibition of the insulin‐stimulated incorporation of 14C‐glucose into glycogen and of the net glycogen synthesis was observed. This puromycin effect was demonstrated in the cut as well as in the intact diaphragm preparation, and at low as well as high glucose concentrations in the incubation medium. The insulin‐induced glucose uptake and D‐xylose transport was not altered by puromycin. Actinomycin D at a concentration which almost blocked the incorporation of 14C‐orotic acid into RNA had no inhibitory effect on glucose uptake or glycogen synthesis. At a higher concentration of actinomycin D, where incorporation of labelled amino acids into proteins was strongly inhibited, insulin stimulation of glycogen synthesis was almost abolished. The results favour the view that synthesis of messenger‐RNA is not involved in the insulin effect on muscle. The relationship between protein synthesis and insulin‐induced glycogen synthesis is discussed.
On the Nervous Factors Controlling Respiration and Circulation during Exercise Experiments with curarization
Authors: Asmussen Erling , Johansen S. H. , Jørgensen Mogens , Nielsen M.
Published: December 2008

In the steady state of work on a bicycle ergometer repeated i.v. injections of (+) tubocurarine produced a decrease in handgrip strength. In spite of this the intensity of work was maintained constant for 20 to 30 min. During this time pulse rate and blood pressure increased slightly and irregularity but the ventilation increased, both absolutely and in relation to the oxygen uptake, by up to about 50 %. The cardiac output was uninfluenced by the curarization. By adding CO2 to the inspired air the alveolar PCO2 was maintained at the normal exercise level. It is therefore assumed that all the known humoral factors controlling respiration in exercise must have been normal. The greatly increased ventilation must consequently have been caused by some nervous factors. The origin of these factors, whether central or peripheral, is discussed on the background of earlier experimental findings. A tentative explanation, based on the assumption that bicycle‐work is performed by the mediation of the gamma‐loop, is suggested. According to this the“nervous factor” of respiratory regulation in exercise may be the feed‐back to the reticular formation of afferent impulses from the muscle spindles.
The Effects of Surfactants on the Potential, Short‐circuit Current, and Ion Fluxes Across the Isolated Frog Skin
Authors: Webb George D.
Published: December 2008

It has been shown previously that ionic surface active agents (surfactants) depolarize nerve and muscle membranes and the isolated frog skin. The isolated frog skin was used in the present studies. Measurements of skin potential, short circuit current, and of Na, K, and Cl fluxes were made to determine the relative roles of inhibition of active Na transport and increases in passive ion permeability in producing the depolarization. The electrical data were in agreement with the flux data in demonstrating that lower concentrations of ionic surfactants (0.5 mM) generally inhibit the active Na transport process but have little effect on passive ion permeability. At higher concentrations (2 mM or more) surfactants produce an increase in permeability in addition to inhibiting the“Na pump”. The outside surface of the frog skin was more sensitive to the surfactants than was the inside.
Concentration and Turnover of the Free Fatty Acids of Plasma and Concentration of Blood Glucose during Exercise in Horses
Authors: Carlson Lars A. , Froberg Sven , Persson Sune
Published: December 2008

The concentration of FFA and glycerol in plasma and of glucose and lactate in blood was studied in 5 horses during exercise. The turnover of FFA was also determined. During exercise the efflux of FFA from plasma as well as the mobilization of FFA into plasma was increased. The glycerol concentration generally increased while the concentration of glucose fell. This decrease of glucose was very pronounced in 2 of the horses. The lactate concentration showed no consistent changes. When epinephrine was infused into 2 horses the concentration and the turnover of FFA as well as the concentration of glycerol increased. The concentration of glucose fell slightly while the lactate concentration increased significantly in response to adrenaline.
On the Competition between Metabolic Vasodilatation and Neurogenic Vasoconstriction in Skeletal Muscle1
Authors: Kjellmer I.
Published: December 2008

Using a plethysmographic method combined with recording of blood flow and, at times, recording of the volume of blood in the calf of the cat with an isotope technique, the responses of the resistance vessels, of the capillary filtration coefficient and of the capacitance vessels were studied when the vessels were subjected to the antagonistic influences of muscular exercise and vasoconstrictor fibre activity.

At the higher frequencies of stimulation used sympathetic activation caused an equally marked reduction of blood flow during exercise as during rest, but during exercise the response of the resistance vessels subsided within a few minutes to become steady at a level only a little above starting level despite continued stimulation. The capillary filtration coefficient, already increased during exercise, was affected, and then increased still further only when the sympathetic were stimulated at such frequencies as impeded blood flow markedly. Sympathetic stimulation during exercise increased the tone of the capacitance vessels—a response that did not weaken at all so soon as that of the resistance vessels.

It is concluded that the resistance vessels and particularly the precapillary sphincters are more sensitive to vasodilator metabolites locally released during exercise than to the vasoconstrictor fibre supply, while the reverse is true for the capacitance vessels.
Coronary Collateral Blood Flow in Relation to the Mass of Ischemic Myocardium, Studied with Krypton85
Authors: Johansson Börje , Linder Erland , Seeman Torsten
Published: December 2008

Blood flow in the ischemic region during acute coronary occlusion in anesthetized open chest dogs was studied by external recording of wash out curves after intracoronary administration of Kr85. Flow values were satisfactorily well reproducible in 29 double determinations. Collateral blood flow ranged from 6 to 44 ml/min × 100 g tissue. The magnitude of flow was inversely related to the weight of the ischemic region in 14 of 20 dogs. In 6 dogs with the lowest flow values this correlation was only slightly indicated. Arterial occlusion did not seem to affect flow in adjacent nonischemic myocardium. The potential advantages of the present technique for the study of collateral blood flow are discussed in comparison with other methods.
The Metabolism of Fatty Acids in the Rat VI. Arachidonic Acid
Authors: GÖRANSSON GÖRAN
Published: December 2008

Göransson, G. The metabolism of fatty acids in the rat. VI. Arachidonic acid. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 64. 1–5. ‐H3‐labeled arachidonic acid and C14‐labeled palmitic acid were simultaneously injected into male rats. Arachidonic acid was preferentially incorporated into liver phospholipids as might be expected from the preponderance of this fatty acid in liver phospholipids as compared to glycerides. Initially, the labeled arachidonic acid and the labeled palmitic acid were oxidized at similar rates but at later times more arachidonic acid than palmitic acid was recovered from the whole animal. This may be explained by the preferential incorporation of arachidonic acid into phospholipid in combination with the low turnover rate of the phospholipids, especially those containing essential fatty acids. The pattern of label in the blood glycerides closely resembled that in the corresponding liver fraction.
The Steady State and Endogenous Respiration in Neuron and Glia
Authors: HYDÉN HOLGER , LANGE PAUL W.
Published: December 2008

Hydén, H. and Lange, P. W. The steady state and endogenous respiration in neuron and glia. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 64. 6–14. –The oxygen consumption of individual, surviving nerve cells and glial cells was studied for two hours periods. An extrapolation procedure was worked out which permitted the determination of the oxygen consumption rate in the steady state in vivo and the substrate amount for endogenous respiration. The oxygen consumption rate of the neurons exceeded that of the glia by at least ten times in the steady state. The values obtained were used for calculation of the amount of glucose per nerve cell which was found to be 5 per cent of the dry weight of the cell corresponding to a 70 mM glucose solution. The amount of glucose in glia is 5 to 10 times lower than that of nerve cells. Addition of glucose or β‐hydroxybutyrate to nerve cells having respired without exogenous substrate for two hours highly increased the respiration rate. In neurons with increased RNA synthesis and respiratory enzyme activities, the respiration rate and substrate level were low.
Some Mechanical Aspects of an Intestinal Smooth Muscle
Authors: ÅBERG A. K. G. , AXELSSON J.
Published: December 2008

Åberg A. K. G. and J. Axelsson. Some mechanical aspects of an intestinal smooth muscle. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 64. 15–27. – Atonic pieces of taenia coli muscle were obtained with the aid of adrenaline which abolishes spontaneous spike discharge. As reference length the in vitro length at 37° C, relaxed with adrenaline, was used. Lo (isometric) is arbitrarily defined as the greatest length of an inactive muscle when the force applied to straigthen it does not exceed 50 dynes. At this length the muscles were found to develop maximum tension. Lo (isotonic) is the preloaded length of a relaxed muscle. These conditions gave results which were repeatable with reasonable statistical accuracy, other conditions gave less reproducible results. Force‐velocity curves obeying Hill's equation (P+a) (v + b) = (Po + a) b were obtained. Maximum velocity of shortening of an unloaded muscle was extrapolated to 30 per cent of Lo/sec. Velocity of shortening appeared related to the ratio Po: P. Rate of tension development was related to muscle length and resting tension, with a maximum at 130 to 180 per cent of Lo. The highest rate measured was 2,800 dynes/sec. Maximum physical work was performed with constant load of about 30 per cent of Po. Maximum shortening of the muscles under 100 dynes tension varied from 60–80%. The results are discussed in relation to other types of muscle.
The Effect of Removing and Readmitting Glucose on the Electrical and Mechanical Activity and Glucose and Glycogen Content of Intestinal Smooth Muscle from the Taenia Coli of the Guinea Pig
Authors: AXELSSON J. , HÖGBERG S. G. R. , TIMMS A. R.
Published: December 2008

Axelsson, J., S. G. R. Högberg and A. R. Timms. The effect of removing and readmitting glucose on the electrical and mechanical activity and glucose and glycogen content of intestinal smooth muscle from the taenia coli of the guinea‐pig. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 64. 28–42. The effects of changing the glucose concentration in the bathing solution on frequency of spike discharge, membrane potential, and on the mechanical responses is described quantitatively and related to tissue content of glucose and glycogen. Removing glucose increases and readmitting inhibits spike discharge. The membrane potential depends on carbohydrate metabolism for its maintenance. Its dependence is, however, quantitatively or qualitatively different from that of the contractile mechanism. Spike discharge of high frequency persisted for hours after the mechanical response was abolished. In glucose‐free solution the mechanical response fell in parallel with tissue content of glycogen. In normal solution there was no correlation between tension and glycogen content.
Renal Clearances of Inulin, Polyfructosan‐S and a Polyethylene Glycol (PEG 1,000) in the Rat
Authors: BERGLUND FREDRIK
Published: December 2008

Berglund, F. Renal clearance of inulin, polyfructosan‐S and a polyethylene glycol (PEG 1,000) in the rat. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 64. 238–244. The renal clearances of inulin, polyfructosan‐S and PEG 1,000 were measured in the rat by means of a constant infusion technique. The inulin/PEG 1,000 clearance ratio in 10 rats averaged 0.81, and polyfructosan‐S/PEG 1,000 ratio in 10 rats averaged 0.87. The clearance ratios differed signicantly from unity and were not influenced by phlorizin. The restricted filterabliity of the two polysaccharides in the rat is attributed to the pore size of the glomerular membrane, and a relationship between pore size and animal size is suggested.
Influence of Passive and Active Heating on the Temperature Regulation of Man
Authors: NIELSEN BODIL , NIELSEN MARIUS
Published: December 2008

Nielsen B. and M. Nielsen. Influence of passive and active heating on the temperature regulation of man. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 64. 323–331. – The effect of passive heating through diathermia on thermoregulatory responses is compared to the effect of active heating by exercise on a Krogh bicycle ergometer in 2 human subjects. The rate of heat production in the two conditions was of the same magnitude (about 5 times the basal heat production). – The rectal temperature increased with passive heating to about the same level as during active heating and appeared, within limits, to be independent of the environmental temperature. At the same mean skin temperature conductance and sweat rate with passive and active heating were much higher than during normal rest. But in the two conditions of heating the rates of skin blood flow were equal and the rates of sweating not much different, when compared at the same mean skin temperature. The results indicate, therefore, that the main stimulus for the increase of heat dissipation during the steady state of work caused by the work itself, is the increased internal temperature, and that the changes in heat dissipation during work caused by changes in the environmental temperature within wide limits are mainly due to changes in skin temperature.
Electrophysiological Investigation of the Gustatory Effect of Ethyl Alcohol II: A Single Fibre Analysis in the Cat
Authors: HELLEKANT GÖRAN
Published: December 2008

Hellekant, G. Electrophysiological investigation of the gustatory effect of ethyl alcohol. II: A single fibre analysis in the cat. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 64. 398–406.–The response of single gustatory fibres of the chorda tympani in the cat to alcohol has been recorded and compared to the responses to NaCI, sucrose, acetic acid and quinine. Alcohol ewoked a response in all gustatory fibres tested. In regard to their response pattern two principal groups of fibres have been observed. In the first group alcohol produces an initial decrease of the spontaneous activity followed by a delayed and moderate increase. When the tongue is rinsed with water after the alcohol there is a strong burst of impulses. In the second group alcohol produces an immediate response characterized by a moderate increase in impulse frequency. A subsequent application of water does not give rise to any burst of impulses in this group but brings the impulse frequency back to the resting level. An analysis of the response pattern of single gustatory fibres revealed also that the first group of fibres are predominantly sensitive to water, acid and quinine, but is usually not stimulated by NaCl. The second group is generally activated by salt.
Effects of Ganglionic Blocking Drugs on Blood Glucose, Amino Acids, Free Fatty Acids and Catecholamines at Exercise in Man
Authors: CARLSTEN ARNE , HÄGGENDAL JAN , HALLGREN BO , JAGENBURG RUDOLF , SVANBORG ALVAR , WERKÖ LARS
Published: December 2008

Carlsten, A., J. Häggendal, B. Hallgren, R. Jagenburg, A. Svanborg and L. Werkö. Effects of ganglionic blocking drugs on blood glucose, amino acids, free fatty acids and catecholamines at exercise in man. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 64. 439–447. – The influence of exercise of submaximal load on the arterial concentration of catecholamines, free fatty acids (FFA), and amino acids was studied in 6 young healthy men. The noradrenaline (NA) level increased as a rule successively but the low adrenaline (A) level was unchanged. After 14–18 min of work there was no change in the total FFA level, but among the individual FFA the percentage of stearic and oleic acid decreased, whereas that of palmitic, palmitoleic and linoleic acid increased. The total amino nitrogen level increased and among the individual amino acids there was a marked elevation in alanine. When the exercise was performed during the infusion of ganglionic blocking drugs the increase in NA was abolished or less marked but the changes in the arterial concentrations of glucose, lactic acid, pyruvic acid, amino acids and FFA were similar as without drugs. These results indicate that the role of the sympathetic nervous system is of minor importance for the regulation of the free fatty acid level in serum during exercise.
The Kidney Cortex Slice Technique as a Model for Sodium Transport In Vivo A Qualitative Evaluation
Authors: Bojesen E. , Leyssac Paul P.
Published: December 2008

Bojesen. E. and P. P. Leyssac. The kidnty cortex slice technique as a model for sodium transport in vivo. A qualitative evaluation. Acta physiol. scand. 1965, 65, 20–32. — Morphologically the tubules of slices incubated at 37°C present thrmselves as occluded with greatly swollen cells in contrast to the open ancl distended tubules with well‐defined and cubic cells in vivo. The cellular sodium and potassium concentrations of incubated slices differ markedly from the calculated intra‐cellular concentrations in the functioning cells, which were found to be: 4–15 μeq Na+/g cellular Water and 123–135 μeq K+/g cellular water. Efflux studies on slices incubated with radioactive sodium did not disclose any active component when flushed with Ringer solutions of different electrolyte composition and temperatures, or in the presence of metabolic inhibitors. At a sulfate concentration of 6 mM, at which concentration the volume of distribution was equal to that of sodium, the curves on the log. of efflux rates of the two species of ions were parallel during eluation of almost the entire amount.

The results suggest that at least a major fraction of sodium in cortical slices is in diffusion equilibrium with the surrounding medium. The turnover rate of sodium in the remaining minor fraction of the sodium pool subjected to active transport must be of an order of magnitude comparable to the diffilsion rate of sodium in the thin slices and thereforc faster than the turnover rate of intracellular sodium of striated muscles.
Periodic Variation in the Amount of Semen Yielded at Spontaneous Ejaculations of the Male Rat
Authors: Kihlström J. E.
Published: December 2008

J. E. Kihlström. Periodic variation in the amount of semen yielded at spontaneous ejaculations of the male rat. Acta physiol. scand. 1965. 65, 61–64. — Male rats have been prevented from grooming the penis by means of a stiff girdle, and the spontaneously ejaculated semen has been collected. The amount of semen yielded varies rhythmically with a mean period of 4.4 days.