bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Liver proteome alterations in psychologically distressed rats and a nootropic drug
Authors: González-Fernández Raquel , Grigoruţă Mariana , Chávez-Martínez Sarahi , Ruiz-May Eliel , Elizalde-Contreras José Miguel , Valero-Galván José , Martínez-Martínez Alejandro
Published: May 2021

Background

Chronic psychological distress is considered today a pandemic due to the modern lifestyle and has been associated with various neurodegenerative, autoimmune, or systemic inflammation-related diseases. Stress is closely related to liver disease exacerbation through the high activity of the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems, and the connection between the development of these pathologies and the physiological effects induced by oxidative stress is not yet completely understood. The use of nootropics, as the cognitive enhancer and antioxidant piracetam, is attractive to repair the oxidative damage. A proteomic approach provides the possibility to obtain an in-depth comprehension of the affected cellular processes and the possible consequences for the body. Therefore, we considered to describe the effect of distress and piracetam on the liver proteome.

Methods

We used a murine model of psychological stress by predatory odor as a distress paradigm. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were distributed into four experimental groups (n = 6 − 7/group) and were exposed or not to the stressor for five days and treated or not with piracetam (600 mg/kg) for six days. We evaluated the liver proteome by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1D-SDS-PAGE) followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GeLC-MS/MS). Besides, we analyzed the activity of liver antioxidant enzymes, the biochemical parameters in plasma and rat behavior.

Results

Our results showed that distress altered a wide range of proteins involved in amino acids metabolism, glucose, and fatty acid mobilization and degradation on the way to produce energy, protein folding, trafficking and degradation, redox metabolism, and its implications in the development of the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Piracetam reverted the changes in metabolism caused by distress exposure, and, under physiological conditions, it increased catabolism rate directed towards energy production. These results confirm the possible relationship between chronic psychological stress and the progression of NAFLD, as well as we newly evidenced the controversial beneficial effects of piracetam. Finally, we propose new distress biomarkers in the liver as the protein DJ-1 (PARK7), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX), peroxiredoxin-5 (PRDX5), glutaredoxin 5 (GLRX5), and thioredoxin reductase 1 (TXNDR1), and in plasma as biochemical parameters related to kidney function such as urea and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels.
Ablation of fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) exacerbates hepatic triacylglycerol and cholesterol accumulation in polyunsaturated fatty acid‐depleted mice
Authors: Hayashi Yuri , Lee‐Okada Hyeon‐Cheol , Nakamura Eri , Tada Norihiro , Yokomizo Takehiko , Fujiwara Yoko , Ichi Ikuyo
Published: May 2021

Deficiency of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is known to induce hepatic steatosis. However, it is not clearly understood which type of PUFA is responsible for the worsening of steatosis. This study observed a marked accumulation of hepatic triacylglycerol and cholesterol in fatty acid desaturase 2 knockout (FADS2−/−) mice lacking both C18 and ≥ C20 PUFAs that were fed a PUFA‐depleted diet. Hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation was associated with enhanced sterol regulatory element‐binding protein (SREBP)‐1‐dependent lipogenesis and decreased triacylglycerol secretion into the plasma via very‐low‐density lipoprotein (VLDL). Furthermore, upregulation of cholesterol synthesis contributed to increased hepatic cholesterol content in FADS2−/− mice. These results suggest that ≥ C20 PUFAs synthesized by FADS2 are important in regulating hepatic triacylglycerol and cholesterol accumulation during PUFA deficiency.
Tourism informing conservation: The distribution of four dolphin species varies with calf presence and increases their vulnerability to vessel traffic in the four‐island region of Maui, Hawai‘i
Authors: Self Holly , Stack Stephanie H. , Currie Jens J. , Lusseau David
Published: May 2021

We need reliable information about the spatial and temporal distribution of mobile species to effectively manage anthropogenic impacts to which they are exposed. Yet, we often cannot sustain dedicated annual surveys and data obtained from platforms of opportunity offer an alternative avenue to understand where these species spend time.

Four odontocete species that occur in the four‐island region of Maui, Hawai'i, USA, are vulnerable to a range of human activities, but there is a lack of information regarding their distribution. We therefore do not know the extent of the risk these activities present for the conservation of these species (bottlenose dolphins, spinner dolphins, Pantropical spotted dolphins and false killer whales).

We used a cross‐validated maximum entropy (MaxEnt) occupancy model to estimate the distribution of these four species in an area extensively observed from platforms of opportunity (PoP). We then determined in a similar fashion whether the calves of those species were more likely to be observed in particular areas and whether distribution changed with season.

Maxent models relying on local environmental variables described dolphin observations well (AUC > 0.7). Their distribution differed for all species when calves were present, indicating that different environmental variables describe area use for schools with calves present.

The number of sighting events of all species varied significantly with season. Bottlenose dolphins and false killer whales were more prevalent in winter, while spotted and spinner dolphins were more prevalent in summer.

We show that an overlap in the distribution of dolphin schools with calves and vessel traffic in the region could result in collision and chronic stress risks. This suggests a need for specific regulations for mitigating anthropogenic influences, such as acoustic disturbance or chronic energetic disturbance from vessel traffic. This elevated risk associated with vessel traffic is likely of conservation concern in this region for the endangered population of false killer whales and for spinner dolphins.
Atomic‐Precision Tailoring of Au–Ag Core–Shell Composite Nanoparticles for Direct Electrochemical‐Plasmonic Hydrogen Evolution in Water Splitting
Authors: Mo Jiaying , Barbosa Eduardo C. M. , Wu Simson , Li Yiyang , Sun Yuancheng , Xiang Weikai , Li Tong , Pu Shengda , Robertson Alex , Wu Tai‐sing , Soo Yun‐liang , Alves Tiago V. , Camargo Pedro H. C. , Kuo Winson , Tsang Shik Chi Edman
Published: May 2021

Traditionally, bandgap materials are a prerequisite to photocatalysis since they can harness a reasonable range of the solar spectrum. However, the high impedance across the bandgap and the low concentration of intrinsic charge carriers have limited their energy conversion. By contrast, metallic nanoparticles possess a sea of free electrons that can effectively promote the transition to the excited state for reactions. Here, an atomic layer of a bimetallic concoction of silver–gold shells is precisely fabricated onto an Au core via a sonochemical dispersion approach to form a core–shell of Au–Ag that exploits the wide availability of excited states of Ag while maintaining an efficient localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of Au. Catalytic results demonstrate that this mix of Ag and Au can convert solar energy to hydrogen at high efficiency with an increase of 112.5% at an optimized potential of −0.5 V when compared to light‐off conditions under the electrochemical LSPR. This outperforms the commercial Pt catalysts by 62.1% with a hydrogen production rate of 1870 µmol g−1 h−1 at room temperature. This study opens a new route for tuning the range of light capture of hydrogen evolution reaction catalysts using fabricated core–shell material through the combination of LSPR with electrochemical means.
Bioinspired Energy Storage and Harvesting Devices
Authors: Ren Jing , Liu Qiang , Pei Ying , Wang Yang , Yang Shuo , Lin Shihui , Chen Wenshuai , Ling Shengjie , Kaplan David L.
Published: May 2021

Knowledge learned from nature demonstrates that system performance can be enhanced and optimized by hierarchical structural design which has dramatically expanded implications for synthetic materials, from design to implementation. In recent years, numerous bioinspired and biomimetic strategies are devoted to design energy storage and harvesting devices. For these devices, efficient and stable electrode/electrolyte interfaces, modified interactions, and new functions are desired, which remain a challenge to fully meet the requirement of the rapidly developed electronic industry. This review, taking lithium batteries, nanogenerators and solar cells as examples, provides a summary and discussion of how the bio‐inspired strategies can influence the electrode/device design and the corresponding interface interactions. By applying and learning from biological materials, natural hierarchical structure, surface topography, and biochemical process, enhanced performance and stability for energy devices can be achieved. Future research expectations in this field and energy management are also discussed.
Printing between the Lines: Intricate Biomaterial Structures Fabricated via Negative Embodied Sacrificial Template 3D (NEST3D) Printing
Authors: Doyle Stephanie E. , Duchi Serena , Onofrillo Carmine , Quigley Anita , Di Bella Claudia , Pirogova Elena , O'Connell Cathal D.
Published: May 2021

Extrusion printing techniques are widely used across tissue engineering and related fields for producing 3D structures from biocompatible thermoplastics, however the achievable structural complexity and porosity can be limited by the nozzle‐based, layer‐by‐layer deposition process. Here, how this limitation can be overcome through a new technique termed Negative Embodied Sacrificial Template 3D printing is illustrated. It is demonstrated how the negative pattern within a 3D printed object can easily describe geometries that are extremely challenging to extrusion print directly with biomaterials, and at high resolution. Negative patterns in a water‐soluble sacrificial template can be “developed” by casting in a secondary material and dissolving the template, creating exquisitely complex 3D structures including hyper‐branched dendritic structures and open lattices with stiffnesses tuneable over 3 orders of magnitude. The technique is amenable to a plethora of materials from biodegradable thermoplastics (such as polycaprolactone) to resins (including acrylic and epoxy), silicones (including the Sylgard 184 polydimethylsiloxane formulation), ceramics (including hydroxyapatite composites), hydrogels (including agarose and gelatin methacryloyl), low‐melt temperature metal alloys and others. Using an unmodified, consumer‐grade printer, NEST3D printing achieves high resolution, intricate biomaterial structures with potential applications in biomedical implants and tissue engineering scaffolds.
Recent Progress in Luminous Particle‐Encapsulated Host–Guest Metal‐Organic Frameworks for Optical Applications
Authors: Guo Bing‐Bing , Yin Jia‐Cheng , Li Na , Fu Zi‐Xuan , Han Xiao , Xu Jialiang , Bu Xian‐He
Published: May 2021

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) as a unique class of porous crystalline materials have received comprehensive attention in the past decades. Among them, luminescent MOFs (LMOFs) have been a well‐known branch on account of their relevance as optical materials in contemporary era. The establishment of host–guest hybrid LMOF materials has triggered a hot search area owing to the extensive range of applications that can be adjusted by soliciting different functional luminescent guests. Current developments in the thought‐provoking application of host–guest LMOFs have stretched into far‐ranging fields, including light regulation, imaging, sensing, data encryption, etc. This review discusses on the hybridization of MOFs with functional luminescent particles (LPs) as guests for the construction of a series of extraordinary host–guest luminescent composite materials (LP@MOFs). The basic aspects, involving the preconcentration of MOF hosts and luminous guests as well as the comprehensive synthetic strategies of LP@MOFs are introduced. Furthermore, the applications of luminescent LP@MOF materials are highlighted, with a particular emphasis on the present and continuing challenges and the demand trends of such materials that need to be explored.
Enhanced Near‐Infrared Perovskite Light‐Emitting Devices by Introducing Choline Chloride Layer
Authors: Xu Xiaoxiao , Xiao Ke , Hou Guozhi , Zhang Yangyi , Zhu Ting , Xu Ling , Xu Jun , Chen Kunji
Published: May 2021

The existing interface defect states between perovskite and the transport layer is one of the dominant reasons to limit the performance of near‐infrared (NIR) perovskite light‐emitting devices (PeLEDs). Herein, a quaternary ammonium halide choline chloride layer is introduced to improve the wettability of the hole transport layer (HTL) and passivate defect states. As a consequence, the performance of the NIR PeLEDs is obviously enhanced. A maximum output power density of 4.7 mW cm−2 has been achieved by optimizing the concentration of choline chloride. Furthermore, the alternating current (AC) driving mode is introduced to reduce thermal degradation and charge accumulation in the interface region. It is demonstrated that the emission intensity as well as the stability of PeLEDs can be further improved.
Blue LED Induced Manganese (I) Catalysed Direct C2−H Activation of Pyrroles with Aryl Diazoesters
Authors: Sar Saibal , Das Ranajit , Sen Subhabrata
Published: May 2021

Herein, we have reported a blue LED mediated manganese pentacarbonyl bromide catalysed incorporation of carbene moieties from aryl diazoesters onto 1H‐pyrroles via their selective C2−H activation. A manganese metal‐carbene has been identified as the active catalyst to facilitate the reaction. Eighteen mono substituted pyrrole derivatives were isolated in good to excellent yields (67→82%) and the disubstituted products were also formed in minor quantities (5 to 8%). HPLC based kinetics study enabled optimization of the reaction. Control experiments, FT‐IR, NMR and GC‐MS based characterization elucidated the putative reaction mechanism.

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Catalyst‐Free Decarbonylative Trifluoromethylthiolation Enabled by Electron Donor‐Acceptor Complex Photoactivation
Authors: Lipp Alexander , Badir Shorouk O. , Dykstra Ryan , Gutierrez Osvaldo , Molander Gary A.
Published: May 2021

A catalyst‐ and additive‐free decarbonylative trifluoromethylthiolation of aldehyde feedstocks has been developed. This operationally simple, scalable, and open‐to‐air transformation is driven by the selective photoexcitation of electron donor‐acceptor (EDA) complexes, stemming from the association of 1,4‐dihydropyridines (donor) with N‐(trifluoromethylthio)phthalimide (acceptor), to trigger intermolecular single‐electron transfer events under ambient‐ and visible light‐promoted conditions. Extension to other electron acceptors enables the synthesis of thiocyanates and thioesters, as well as the difunctionalization of [1.1.1]propellane. The mechanistic intricacies of this photochemical paradigm are elucidated through a combination of experimental efforts and high‐level quantum mechanical calculations [dispersion‐corrected (U)DFT, DLPNO‐CCSD(T), and TD‐DFT]. This comprehensive study highlights the necessity for EDA complexation for efficient alkyl radical generation. Computation of subsequent ground state pathways reveals that SH2 addition of the alkyl radical to the intermediate radical EDA complex is extremely exergonic and results in a charge transfer event from the dihydropyridine donor to the N‐(trifluoromethylthio)phthalimide acceptor of the EDA complex. Experimental and computational results further suggest that product formation also occurs via SH2 reaction of alkyl radicals with 1,2‐bis(trifluoromethyl)disulfane, generated in‐situ through combination of thiyl radicals.

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Exploring the Size‐Dependent Hydrogen Storage Property on Ti‐Doped Bn Clusters by Diatomic Deposition: Temperature Controlled H2 Release
Authors: Rodríguez‐Kessler Peter L. , Rodríguez‐Domínguez Adán R. , MacLeod‐Carey Desmond , Muñoz‐Castro Alvaro
Published: May 2021

The hydrogen storage properties of Ti‐doped Bn () clusters are investigated by using the “diatomic deposition method” with further evaluation by density functional theory computations. The results show that TiBn () clusters possess the ability to storage up to four H2 molecules, reaching a mass fraction of 6.12%. Further, the hydrogen release temperature is analyzed by molecular dynamics simulations with a variable temperature. It turns out that the TiB7 and TiB9 clusters release the H2 molecules at T ≲ 700 K, while TiB8 requires higher temperature due to stronger interactions with the H2 molecules, confirmed by the electronic density of states. The size‐dependent properties and odd–even nuclearity on the clusters can be useful for applications with controlled temperature. These results serve for further design of novel materials with reversible and controlled hydrogen storage properties based on TiB7/TiB9 motifs. Additionally, new lower‐energy isomers for TiB4 and TiB9 clusters were found within the accuracy of the all‐electron triple‐ζ Slater [slater type orbital (STO)‐Triple‐zeta basis set(TZP)] basis set.
A Review of Integrated Systems Based on Perovskite Solar Cells and Energy Storage Units: Fundamental, Progresses, Challenges, and Perspectives
Authors: Zhang Xuefeng , Song Wei‐Li , Tu Jiguo , Wang Jingxiu , Wang Mingyong , Jiao Shuqiang
Published: May 2021

With the remarkable progress of photovoltaic technology, next‐generation perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have drawn significant attention from both industry and academic community due to sustainable energy production. The single‐junction‐cell power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs to date has reached up to 25.2%, which is competitive to that of commercial silicon‐based solar cells. Currently, solar cells are considered as the individual devices for energy conversion, while a series connection with an energy storage device would largely undermine the energy utilization efficiency and peak power output of the entire system. For substantially addressing such critical issue, advanced technology based on photovoltaic energy conversion–storage integration appears as a promising strategy to achieve the goal. However, there are still great challenges in integrating and engineering between energy harvesting and storage devices. In this review, the state‐of‐the‐art of representative integrated energy conversion–storage systems is initially summarized. The key parameters including configuration design and integration strategies are subsequently analyzed. According to recent progress, the efforts toward addressing the current challenges and critical issues are highlighted, with expectation of achieving practical integrated energy conversion–storage systems in the future.
Two‐Dimensional Bis(dithiolene)iron(II) Self‐Powered UV Photodetectors with Ultrahigh Air Stability
Authors: Wang Ying‐Chiao , Chiang Chun‐Hao , Chang Chi‐Ming , Maeda Hiroaki , Fukui Naoya , Wang I‐Ta , Wen Cheng‐Yen , Lu Kuan‐Cheng , Huang Shao‐Ku , Jian Wen‐Bin , Chen Chun‐Wei , Tsukagoshi Kazuhito , Nishihara Hiroshi
Published: May 2021

Organometallic two‐dimensional (2D) nanosheets with tailorable components have recently fascinated the optoelectronic communities due to their solution‐processable nature. However, the poor stability of organic molecules may hinder their practical application in photovoltaic devices. Instead of conventional organometallic 2D nanosheets with low weatherability, an air‐stable π‐conjugated 2D bis(dithiolene)iron(II) (FeBHT) coordination nanosheet (CONASH) is synthesized via bottom‐up liquid/liquid interfacial polymerization using benzenehexathiol (BHT) and iron(II) ammonium sulfate [Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2] as precursors. The uncoordinated thiol groups in FeBHT are easily oxidized, but the Fe(NH4)2(SO4)2 dissociation rate is slow, which facilitates the protection of sulfur groups by iron(II) ions. The density functional theory calculates that the resultant FeBHT network gains the oxygen‐repelling function for oxidation suppression. In air, the FeBHT CONASH exhibits self‐powered photoresponses with short response times (<40 ms) and a spectral responsivity of 6.57 mA W−1, a specific detectivity of 3.13 × 1011 Jones and an external quantum efficiency of 2.23% under 365 nm illumination. Interestingly, the FeBHT self‐powered photodetector reveals extremely high long‐term air stability, maintaining over 94% of its initial photocurrent after aging for 60 days without encapsulation. These results open the prospect of using organometallic 2D materials in commercialized optoelectronic fields.
Layered Perovskites in Solar Cells: Structure, Optoelectronic Properties, and Device Design
Authors: Sirbu Dumitru , Balogun Folusho Helen , Milot Rebecca L. , Docampo Pablo
Published: May 2021

Layered hybrid perovskites (LPKs) have emerged as a viable solution to address perovskite stability concerns and enable their implementation in wide‐scale energy harvesting. Yet, although more stable, the performance of devices incorporating LPKs still lags behind that of state‐of‐the‐art, multi‐cation perovskite materials. This is typically assigned to their poor charge transport, currently caused by the choice of cations used within the organic layer. On balance, a compromise between efficiency and stability is sought, involving careful control of phase purity and distribution, interfaces and energy/charge transfer processes. Further progress is hindered by the difficulty in identifying the fundamental optoelectronic processes in these materials. Here, the high exciton binding energy of LPKs lead to the formation of multiple photoexcited species, which greatly complicate measurement interpretation. In this light, this review gives an overview of how complementary measurement techniques must be used to separate the contributions from the different species in order to identify device bottlenecks, and become a useful tool to narrow down the limitless list of organic cations. A move away from making compromises to mitigate the impact of poor charge transport is required. The root of the problem must be addressed instead through rational design of the interlayer cations.
Synthesis, Applications, and Prospects of Quantum‐Dot‐in‐Perovskite Solids
Authors: Chen Haijie , Pina Joao M. , Hou Yi , Sargent Edward H.
Published: May 2021

Quantum‐dot‐in‐perovskite solids (QDiP), wherein colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) are inside bulk hybrid halide perovskites, have emerged as a novel class of semiconductors with mixed dimensionalities. The interfacial quality achieved enables good charge transport from the perovskite matrix to the embedded dots and leads to photon interaction functionalities that go beyond those of the single‐phase constituents. In this review, recent advances in the synthesis and compositions of QDiP are showcased, the improved optoelectronic properties are discussed, and their applications are explored. The authors focus on how the combination of CQDs and halide perovskites enhances stability, charge transport, and carrier diffusion length. Progress in device operation (prominently, light‐emitting diodes and solar cells) is summarized, and a perspective on future opportunities for QDiPs is given.
Unexpected Formation of Organic Siloxanes alongside Ethylphenols in the Catalytic Hydrogenation of Waste Enzymatic Lignin
Authors: Feng Shanshan , Liu Xudong , Fan Jiajun , Hu Changwei , Clark James H.
Published: May 2021

A multifunctional Ru/SBA‐15 catalyst is prepared via impregnation and used in the depolymerization of crude waste corn stover enzymatic lignin (CSEL) to produce monophenols and, unexpectedly, the industrially important organic siloxanes. In the depolymerization of CSEL over Ru/SBA‐15, a high phenolic monomer yield of 13.91 wt% with a high selectivity to ethylphenols (≈61%) can be achieved. Unexpectedly, when the reaction is carried out in ethanol, the predictable phenolic products are accompanied by both diethyl dimethyl orthosilicate and tetraethyl orthosilicate with the methyl group likely to come from lignin methoxy groups. Changing to a different alcohol solvent changes the siloxane products accordingly. The characterization of catalysts indicates that Ru0 is the active species in Ru/SBA‐15 catalysts and is well dispersed with small particle size (6.2 nm). This catalyst significantly contributes to both the production of phenols and siloxanes and contributes to the hydrogenolysis/hydrogenation of lignin.
Pd‐Catalyzed Amidation of Silyl Enol Ethers With CO and Azides via an Isocyanate Intermediate
Authors: Jiang Yi‐Qian , Gu Zheng‐Yang , Chen Ye , Xia Ji‐Bao
Published: May 2021

An efficient Pd‐catalyzed amidation of silyl enol ethers to produce β‐ketoamides has been developed using carbon monoxide and sulfonyl azides. The tandem reaction provides a simple and straightforward approach for the synthesis of β‐ketoamides under mild conditions without any additive. The mechanistic studies indicate that the reaction undergoes via an in situ generated isocyanate intermediate.
Genetic landscape of Gullah African Americans
Authors: Zimmerman Kip D. , Schurr Theodore G. , Chen Wei‐Min , Nayak Uma , Mychaleckyj Josyf C. , Quet Queen , Moultrie Lee H. , Divers Jasmin , Keene Keith L. , Kamen Diane L. , Gilkeson Gary S. , Hunt Kelly J. , Spruill Ida J. , Fernandes Jyotika K. , Aldrich Melinda C. , Reich David , Garvey W. Timothy , Langefeld Carl D. , Sale Michèle M. , Ramos Paula S.
Published: May 2021

Objectives

Gullah African Americans are descendants of formerly enslaved Africans living in the Sea Islands along the coast of the southeastern U.S., from North Carolina to Florida. Their relatively high numbers and geographic isolation were conducive to the development and preservation of a unique culture that retains deep African features. Although historical evidence supports a West‐Central African ancestry for the Gullah, linguistic and cultural evidence of a connection to Sierra Leone has led to the suggestion of this country/region as their ancestral home. This study sought to elucidate the genetic structure and ancestry of the Gullah.

Materials and Methods

We leveraged whole‐genome genotype data from Gullah, African Americans from Jackson, Mississippi, African populations from Sierra Leone, and population reference panels from Africa and Europe to infer population structure, ancestry proportions, and global estimates of admixture.

Results

Relative to non‐Gullah African Americans from the Southeast US, the Gullah exhibited higher mean African ancestry, lower European admixture, a similarly small Native American contribution, and increased male‐biased European admixture. A slightly tighter bottleneck in the Gullah 13 generations ago suggests a largely shared demographic history with non‐Gullah African Americans. Despite a slightly higher relatedness to populations from Sierra Leone, our data demonstrate that the Gullah are genetically related to many West African populations.

Discussion

This study confirms that subtle differences in African American population structure exist at finer regional levels. Such observations can help to inform medical genetics research in African Americans, and guide the interpretation of genetic data used by African Americans seeking to explore ancestral identities.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene/Carboxylic Acid Co‐Catalysis Enables Oxidative Esterification of Demanding Aldehydes/Enals, at Low Catalyst Loading
Authors: Harnying Wacharee , Sudkaow Panyapon , Biswas Animesh , Berkessel Albrecht
Published: May 2021

We report the discovery that simple carboxylic acids, such as benzoic acid, boost the activity of N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysts in the oxidative esterification of aldehydes. A simple and efficient protocol for the transformation of a wide range of sterically hindered α‐ and β‐substituted aliphatic aldehydes/enals, catalyzed by a novel and readily accessible N‐Mes‐/N‐2,4,6‐trichlorophenyl 1,2,4‐triazolium salt, and benzoic acid as co‐catalyst, was developed. A whole series of α/β‐substituted aliphatic aldehydes/enals hitherto not amenable to NHC‐catalyzed esterification could be reacted at typical catalyst loadings of 0.02–1.0 mol %. For benzaldehyde, even 0.005 mol % of NHC catalyst proved sufficient: the lowest value ever achieved in NHC catalysis. Preliminary studies point to carboxylic acid‐induced acceleration of acyl transfer from azolium enolate intermediates as the mechanistic basis of the observed effect.
Synthesis of dioctyl sulfosuccinate‐doped polypyrrole grains by aqueous chemical oxidative polymerization and their use as light‐responsive liquid marble stabilizer
Authors: Osumi Tomoki , Seike Musashi , Oyama Keigo , Higashimoto Shinya , Hirai Tomoyasu , Nakamura Yoshinobu , Fujii Syuji
Published: May 2021

Polypyrrole grains are synthesized by aqueous chemical oxidative polymerization using ferric chloride as an oxidant in the presence of bis(2‐ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate sodium salt as both a dopant and a hydrophobizing agent. The resulting grain products are characterized in terms of their size, morphology, surface and bulk chemical compositions, hydrophilicity‐hydrophobicity balance, (photo) thermal property, and electrical conductivity. Scanning electron microscopy studies indicate that the grains are aggregates of atypical primary grains with submicrometer size. Elemental microanalysis and thermogravimetric analysis confirm that the polypyrrole is preferably doped with dioctyl sulfosuccinate compared with chloride ion, and dioctyl sulfosuccinate/chloride ion dopant ratio increases with an increase of bis(2‐ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate sodium salt concentration in the polymerization systems. The grains show near‐infrared light‐to‐heat photothermal property, which is confirmed by thermography. The data obtained through X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicate the presence of dioctyl sulfosuccinate dopants on the surface of the grains, and therefore the dried polypyrrole grains show hydrophobic character. The dried grains can work as a light‐responsive liquid marble (LM) stabilizer. Motions of the LM can be driven by near‐infrared laser irradiation‐induced Marangoni flow on planar air‐water surface. The release of internal liquid can be achieved by controlled disruption of the LM via external stimulus application.
Garcinol from Garcinia indica inhibits HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase‐associated ribonuclease H
Authors: Corona Angela , Seibt Sebastian , Schaller David , Schobert Rainer , Volkamer Andrea , Biersack Bernhard , Tramontano Enzo
Published: May 2021

The bioactive components of Garcinia indica, garcinol (camboginol), and isogarcinol (cambogin), are suitable drug candidates for the treatment of various human diseases. HIV‐1‐RNase H assay was used to study the RNase H inhibition by garcinol and isogarcinol. Docking of garcinol into the active site of the enzyme was carried out to rationalize the difference in activities between the two compounds. Garcinol showed higher HIV‐1‐RNase H inhibition than the known inhibitor RDS1759 and retained full potency against the RNase H of a drug‐resistant HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase form. Isogarcinol was distinctly less active than garcinol, indicating the importance of the enolizable β‐diketone moiety of garcinol for anti‐RNase H activity. Docking calculations confirmed these findings and suggested this moiety to be involved in the chelation of metal ions of the active site. On the basis of its HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase‐associated RNase H inhibitory activity, garcinol is worth being further explored concerning its potential as a cost‐effective treatment for HIV patients.
Criss‐cross heart three‐dimensional printed models in medical education: A multicenter study on their value as a supporting tool to conventional imaging
Authors: Valverde Israel , Gomez Gorka , Byrne Nick , Anwar Shafkat , Silva Cerpa Miguel Angel , Martin Talavera Maria , Pushparajah Kuberan , Velasco Forte Maria Nieves
Published: May 2021

The utility of three‐dimensional (3D) printed models for medical education in complex congenital heart disease (CHD) is sparse and limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of 3D printed models for medical education in criss‐cross hearts covering a wide range of participants with different levels of knowledge and experience, from medical students, clinical fellows up to senior medical personnel. Study participants were enrolled from four dedicated imaging workshops developed between 2016 and 2019. The study design was a non‐randomized cross‐over study to evaluate 127 participants' level of understanding of the criss‐cross heart anatomy. This was evaluated using the scores obtained following teaching with conventional images (echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging) versus a 3D printed model learning approach. A significant improvement in anatomical knowledge of criss‐cross heart anatomy was observed when comparing conventional imaging test scores to 3D printed model tests [76.9% (61.5%–87.8%) vs. 84.6% (76.9%–96.2%), P < 0.001]. The increase in the questionnaire marks was statistically significant across all academic groups (consultants in pediatric cardiology, fellows in pediatric cardiology, and medical students). Ninety‐four percent (120) and 95.2% (121) of the participants agreed or strongly agreed, respectively, that 3D models helped them to better understand the medical images. Participants scored their overall satisfaction with the 3D printed models as 9.1 out of 10 points. In complex CHD such as criss‐cross hearts, 3D printed replicas improve the understanding of cardiovascular anatomy. They enhanced the teaching experience especially when approaching medical students.
Effect of Alkyl Chain Length of N‐Alkyl‐N′‐(2‐benzylphenyl)ureas on Gelation
Authors: Komiyama Tomoki , Harada Yoko , Hase Takayuki , Mori Sota , Kimura Shinya , Yokoya Masashi , Yamanaka Masamichi
Published: May 2021

Urea derivatives that were substituted with a 2‐benzylphenyl group and an alkyl group functioned as low molecular weight gelators for various organic solvents and ionic liquids. Urea derivatives with long alkyl chains were effective for the gelation of polar solvents. However, they were not suitable for the gelation of non‐polar solvents, whereas urea derivatives with short alkyl chains were effective. Ionic liquids were similar to polar solvents in that urea derivatives with long alkyl chains were the most effective gelators. The physical properties of the formed supramolecular gels were analyzed by dynamic viscoelasticity measurements using a rheometer.
Linear matrix inequalities‐based adaptive time‐delayed sliding mode control for ships considering ship–bank interaction effect and shallow water effect
Authors: Xue Han
Published: May 2021

To deal with the uncertain system models with less computational cost, expertise knowledge and parameter tuning, a linear matrix inequalities (LMI)‐based adaptive time‐delayed sliding mode control algorithm is proposed. It is used for ships berthing or sailing near the bank or the pier of a bridge considering ship–bank interaction effect and shallow water effect. The closed‐loop system is proved to be uniform ultimate bounded based on the Lyapunov–Razumikhin function in terms of LMI. The switching function is designed to make the system robust to uncertainties and external disturbances and avoid chattering. The trajectory of the system space is contractive and asymptotically tends to the desired position and attitude. The influence of different control parameters on the control effect are compared and analyzed. The results show that when the control coefficients are small, the overshoot of the system is small. The adjustment time of the system is long. When the control coefficients are large, the overshoot of the system is obvious. The adjustment time of the system is shortened. Influence analysis of different input time delays show that when the input delay is long, it takes longer time for the system to reach its desired position with higher overshoot. When the input delay is short, it takes shorter time for the system to reach its desired position with lower overshoot.
Measuring social‐communication difficulties in school‐age siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder: Standardized versus naturalistic assessment
Authors: Gangi Devon N. , Hill Monique Moore , Maqbool Shyeena , Young Gregory S. , Ozonoff Sally
Published: May 2021

Younger siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; high‐risk siblings) are at elevated risk for developing the broader autism phenotype (BAP), which consists of subclinical features of ASD. We examined conversational skills in a naturalistic context and standardized assessments of pragmatic language and communication skills in high‐risk and low‐risk school‐age children with BAP (n = 22) and ASD (n = 18) outcomes, as well as comparison children without ASD or BAP (n = 135). Children with BAP characteristics exhibited lower conversational skills than comparison children, but did not differ on any of three standardized measures. Only the conversational ratings significantly predicted membership in the BAP versus Comparison group. This suggests that naturalistic tasks are crucial when assessing social‐communication difficulties in children with a family history of ASD.

Lay Summary

The broader autism phenotype (BAP) consists of subclinical features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and is more common among family members of those with ASD. School‐age children with BAP characteristics exhibited lower conversational skills than comparison children, but did not differ on standardized language measures tapping similar abilities. This suggests that naturalistic tasks may be more sensitive to the social‐communication difficulties seen in some children with a family history of ASD than the standardized language tests used in most evaluations.
Zombie ideas about early endosymbiosis: Which entry mechanisms gave us the “endo” in different endosymbionts?
Authors: Speijer Dave
Published: May 2021

Recently, a review regarding the mechanics and evolution of mitochondrial fission appeared in Nature. Surprisingly, it stated authoritatively that the mitochondrial outer membrane, in contrast with the inner membrane of bacterial descent, was acquired from the host, presumably during uptake. However, it has been known for quite some time that this membrane was also derived from the Gram‐negative, alpha‐proteobacterium related precursor of present‐day mitochondria. The zombie idea of the host membrane still surrounding the endosymbiont is not only wrong, but more importantly, might hamper the proper conception of possible scenarios of eukaryogenesis. Why? Because it steers the imagination not only with regard to possible uptake mechanisms, but also regarding what went on before. Here I critically discuss both the evidence for the continuity of the bacterial outer membrane, the reasons for the persistence of the erroneous host membrane hypothesis and the wider implications of these misconceptions for the ideas regarding events occurring during the first steps towards the evolution of the eukaryotes and later major eukaryotic differentiations. I will also highlight some of the latest insights regarding different instances of endosymbiont evolution.
Temperature sensitive properties and preparation of europium complexes with double ligands
Authors: Guo Xin , Sun Jing , Li Xiao , Yin Yu‐ting , Zhou Chen , Su Zhong‐min , Khakhinov Vyacheslav
Published: May 2021

Temperature sensitive paints (TSPs) are a class of rising materials for non‐contact temperature measurement technology. Efficient complexes with remarkable luminescent properties play the core role in TSPs. Rare earth organic complexes are often used as probe molecules for TSPs because of their long fluorescence lifetime, narrow fluorescence emission peaks, high fluorescence intensity, and large Stokes shift. Herein, two europium‐based complexes, Eu(PCCA)3phen and Eu (PMCA)3phen, were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions, using europium(III) oxide (Eu2O3), p‐chlorocinnamic acid (PCCA), p‐methoxy cinnamic acid (PMCA) and 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen) as raw materials. Two temperature sensitive paints (Eu(PCCA)3phen/PMMA and Eu(PMCA)3phen/PMMA) were obtained by the polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) with different europium complexes. The structure, morphology, luminescent properties of the europium complexes and temperature quenching properties of the TSPs were characterized by infrared (IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and fluorescence spectroscopy. The fluorescence results show that both of the two TSPs have good temperature quenching performance in the range 20–100°C with high sensitivity 50–60°C and 80–90°C, respectively. Furthermore, the highest sensitivity of Eu(PCCA)3phen/PMMA is greater than that of Eu(PMCA)3phen/PMMA. This work can provide a universal way for preparing efficient TSPs in practical applications.
Navigating through firm–environmental groups' relationships: The impact of societal trust on corporate environmental strategy
Authors: Saeed Abubakr , Riaz Hammad
Published: May 2021

This study examines the impact of societal trust on corporate environmental strategy with particular reference to the firm–environmental groups' relationship, which has received very little attention in trust literature. Using data on 2332 firms from 16 countries, we find that societal trust exerts a negative effect on the likelihood of ISO 14001 certification. The negative relationship between societal trust and the likelihood of ISO 14001 is more pronounced for firms having intense collaboration with environmental groups. However, this effect appears to be weak in higher market uncertainty. These findings, besides significantly adding to the literature, have practical and managerial implications.
Kushiyaki‐related Streptococcus suis meningitis with ventriculitis: A case report
Authors: Kurihara Masaru , Nasu Michitaka , Itokazu David , Tokuda Yasuharu
Published: May 2021

Streptococcus suis causes a zoonotic disease that commonly manifests as meningitis. People handle pork or its derivatives are at a high risk of infection. Handwashing and donning personal protective equipment are the practical preventive measures.
Fabrication of a Sandwich‐like VS4‐Graphene Composite via Self‐assembly for Highly Stable Lithium‐ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Hao , Peng Jiawen , Wang Junpeng , Ren Yuanyuan , Zeng Wenjie , Chen Liang
Published: May 2021

Vanadium tetrasulfide (VS4) owns a distinctive linear‐chain structure which might provide potential sites for lithium‐ion storage. Although it has drew recent attention as an anode material, issues relevant to cycling stability remain unresolved. In this study, a composite of fine‐sized VS4 nanoparticles embedded in graphene sheets (VS4‐G) was prepared using a one‐pot hydrothermal route. It was found that the as‐prepared VS4‐G have a sandwich‐like structure obtained via layer‐by‐layer self‐assembly. Electrochemical experiments revealed that the VS4‐G anode maintained a capacity of 667 mA h g−1 after cycling100 times at 0.1 A g−1. Moreover, the VS4‐G anode achieved highly stable long‐term cycling properties at 1 A g−1. The synergistic effect between the fine crystal size of VS4 and the intrinsic adequate electronic properties of graphene facilitated the effortless and rapid lithium‐ion diffusion in the composite; it was also responsible for the excellent electrochemical performance of the VS4‐G anode. In addition, the robust sandwich‐like structure enabled a stable cycling performance of the VS4‐G anode.
Ru‐TsDPEN catalysts and derivatives in asymmetric transfer hydrogenation reactions
Authors: Mishra Ashish A. , Bhanage Bhalchandra M.
Published: May 2021

This review summarizes current developments, novel synthetic routes for Ruthenium tethered chiral catalyst, and its derivatives along with its application in asymmetric synthesis. The review also covers derivatization in tethering unit, modification in N‐monofunctionalized ligand as well as ligation of other ligand with Ru metal in chiral catalyst. Apparently, the effect of a modified tethered catalyst in the enantioselective synthesis of chiral products as well as in synthetic chemistry is also discussed in detail.
Patient perceptions and use of non‐statin lipid lowering therapy among patients with or at risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: Insights from the PALM registry
Authors: Lowenstern Angela , Li Shuang , Navar Ann Marie , Virani Salim S. , Roger Veronique L. , Robinson Jennifer G. , Goldberg Anne C. , Kampman Wendy , Peterson Eric D. , Wang Tracy Y.
Published: May 2021

Background

Non‐statin lipid lowering therapies (LLTs) provide additional treatment options for patients. Use patterns and patient perceptions of non‐statin LLT remain incompletely described.

Hypothesis

The guideline‐recommended statin intensity remains underutilized in patients treated with and without non‐statin LLT.

Methods

The PALM Registry collected LLT information on patients with or at risk of ASCVD treated at 125 US clinics in 2015. We compared patient perceptions, lipid levels and statin use among patients treated with and without non‐statin LLT.

Results

Among 7720 patients, 1930 (25.0%) were treated with a non‐statin LLT (1249 fish oil, 417 fibrates, 329 ezetimibe, 196 niacin). Concurrent statin treatment occurred in 73.7%, of which 45.4% were dosed under the guideline‐recommended intensity. Compared with patients on statin alone, patients receiving both a statin and non‐statin LLT (n = 1423) were more likely to be male, white race and to perceive themselves as higher risk of ASCVD compared with their peers (38.5% vs. 34.9%, p = .047). Only 27.4% of patients treated with non‐statin LLT alone perceived themselves at higher risk. Most (75.7%) patients treated with a non‐statin LLT alone reported never being treated with a statin, despite ASCVD in 30.8% of these patients. Among those previously treated with a statin, 59.3% reported being willing to try a statin again.

Conclusions

Non‐statin LLT is used in one in four patients with or at risk for ASCVD; its use is frequently in place of statin therapy or in the absence of guideline‐recommended statin intensity. More work is needed to establish statins as first line therapy.
Designing Simple Conjugated Polymers for Scalable and Efficient Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Rech Jeromy James , Neu Justin , Qin Yunpeng , Samson Stephanie , Shanahan Jordan , Josey Richard F. , Ade Harald , You Wei
Published: May 2021

Conjugated polymers have a long history of exploration and use in organic solar cells, and over the last twenty‐five years, marked increases in the solar cell efficiency have been achieved. However, the synthetic complexity of these materials has also drastically increased, which makes the scalability of the highest‐efficiency materials difficult. If conjugated polymers could be designed to exhibit both high efficiency and straightforward synthesis, the road to commercial reality would be more achievable. For that reason, a new synthetic approach was designed towards PTQ10 (=poly[(thiophene)‐alt‐(6,7‐difluoro‐2‐(2‐hexyldecyloxy)quinoxaline)]). The new synthetic approach to make PTQ10 brought a significant reduction in cost (1/7th the original) and could also easily accommodate different side chains to move towards green processing solvents. Furthermore, high‐efficiency organic solar cells were demonstrated with a PTQ10:Y6 blend exhibiting approximately 15 % efficiency.