bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dental Caries Rate for Permanent First Molars among Children Aged 8-9 Years
Authors: Cahyani Putri Indah , Ningsih Neny Setiawaty , Fathiah Fathiah , Herlina Rita
Published: February 2025

Caries in permanent first molars is the main cause of the high prevalence of extractions since the first molars are the first teeth to erupt. Such eruption is due to poor behavior in maintaining dental health as well as the anatomical shape of the first molars which have pits and fissures as the places for the food waste to stop. This study aims to determine the dental caries status of permanent first molars among children aged 8-9 years at SDN 35 of North Pontianak. This was a descriptive study with a survey method. The results of the study showed that the highest caries incidence rate of 20% was found in the first permanent molars, namely tooth 4.6. Caries incident was mostly found among female respondents by 69% and aged 9 years by 64%. It can be concluded that there were 65 healthy teeth with the highest number for tooth 1.6 by 48%. Furthermore, there were 119 dental caries with the highest number for tooth 4.6 by 78%. The rates of dental caries among female respondents and those aged 9 years were higher by 69% and 64%, respectively. Dental caries rate among respondents aged 9 years were larger, namely 64%. It is recommended to conduct further study regarding the level of understanding in maintaining dental health among children.
River Water Consumption as A Source of Drinking Water with Caries in Stunting Children
Authors: Ulfah Rasuna , Fansurna Anderi , Kai Meggy Wulandari , Pratama Muhammad Yusril
Published: February 2025

Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem, which is currently still an important problem in Indonesia. Chronic malnutrition also has an impact on dental and oral health, such as causing disturbances in the development of salivary glands and can affect the eruption time of milk teeth, which can increase the risk of dental caries. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of consuming river water as drinking water on caries in stunted children in Sungai Tuan Ilir Village, Banjar Regency. This research is an analytical survey with a cross-sectional design. The study population consisted of elementary school children from the Sungai Tuan Ilir Village area in Banjar Regency. The sampling method used was total sampling, involving 95 children. The results of the research using the Chi-Square Tests obtained a Sig value. (2-tailed) = 0.000, so there is a relationship between drinking water consumption and dental caries in stunted children. The conclusion drawn from this study is that there is a significant relationship between water consumption and caries in stunted children in Sungai Tuan Ilir Village, Banjar Regency. It is recommended that promotive and preventive efforts need to be increased from pregnant women to toddlers regarding stunting and the importance of maintaining healthy teeth as early as possible.
Analysis and Infrastructure Suggestion for a Reactive Emergency Incident Management System: case of enhancing an existing legacy system for Hewler city
Authors: Lateef Bahaalddin Rozhgar , Monnet Wrya
Published: February 2025

Effective emergency management is vital for optimizing resources and responding efficiently to critical situations, which directly impact lives and the environment. This study focuses on enhancing emergency management in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq by analysing the current system and proposing a modernized approach using information systems. The analysis reveals current system limitations due to outdated technology and slow response times. To overcome the underlying challenges, we propose a proactive technology-driven framework based on a user-friendly mobile application with accurate geographic location data. In-situ testing verifies its potential to reduce response times to approximately 10 minutes, aligning with the average worldwide range. Suggestions for further enhancement and implementation are also provided.
Optimization Efficiency of Solar-Powered Air Conditioning Systems: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Mohammed Hashim Alhadithie Abdulghafor , Raphael Ibraheem Barwari Ramzi
Published: February 2025

This review investigates the use of solar energy for air conditioning, highlighting the advantages and limitations of using photovoltaic (PV) panels to power cooling systems. With the global increase in energy demands and the depletion of fossil fuels, renewable energy sources have become crucial. The review covers various solar-powered cooling technologies, including PV systems, solar thermal cooling, and adsorption/absorption chillers, demonstrating notable energy savings and reduced environmental impact. Optimizing system designs and utilizing intelligent control technologies can significantly enhance efficiency. The paper suggests that future research should aim at improving these systems' performance and sustainability.
Preliminary Study Regarding Local Potential for the Use of Wood Waste for the Generation of Energy as an Alternative to Energy Which Produces Gas Emissions – A Man Made Disaster
Authors: Rotariu Mugurel  , Tofan Lavinia  , Toma Ovidiu
Published: February 2025

This paper presents a study made of two villages in the Bucovine region, Bilca and Vicov, regarding gas emissions – a man made disaster – their reduction, and the possibility of recovering wood waste in order to use it as resource. We present an assessment of the recoverable quantity and a rate of the calorific power calculation. In the last chapter, we present a couple of ideas for steam and hot water boilers, using combustible wood waste as fuel, and the most important direction for use of this energy in the manufacturing of wood products (like dryers, heat exchangers).
Risk management of natural and man made processes – the basis of population and territorial protection in the Republic of Armenia
Authors: Avagyan Arman Artashes
Published: February 2025

Estimation of natural and man-made processes which have occurred in the territory of Armenia are presented, as well as planning measures for risk reduction in the case of emergencies in the structure of ARS of the Ministry of Territorial Administration of RA.
Monitoring Dangerous Geological Processes in Moldova
Authors: Sudarev Alexander P.  , Seremet Eugen N.  , Osyiuk V.A.
Published: February 2025

The high degree of development of the territory of the Republic of Moldova and the limited availability of lands favourable for agriculture stipulate the necessity of introducing potentially unstable slopes, exhausted quarries and wetlands into extensive agricultural and building use. However, this is often hindered by a wide spread of exogenous processes significantly complicating normal land use. Such processes result in human-caused damage as well as decreasing the crop capacity of agricultural lands with negative consequences for the national economy.
Earthquakes and the Vulnerability of Industries – A Concept for the German Mining Industry
Authors: Rudolph Tobias
Published: February 2025

In general analyses of earthquakes often only the vulnerability of surface installations is considered, without subsurface installations. But in the last decades, insurance assessments of losses due to earthquake catastrophes showed the need for a more detailed assessment of vulnerability to earthquakes. Therefore it is also necessary to precisely understand the exposure of subsurface installations. Research results identified the possibility of a categorisation and classification of damage to surface and subsurface installations of mines related to tectonic earthquakes. Collapses have the biggest impact for underground structures, whereas the surface installations suffer from damage to buildings and their contents. An interesting feature is the link between surface and subsurface damage scenarios. This leads to extensive economic loss, which could influence a whole region. The transposition of the loss scenarios to the German Mining industry indicated only a minor vulnerability. This is due to lower earthquake intensities.
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) for Fire Brigades and Fire-Fighting Actions
Authors: Coldewey Wilhelm G.
Published: February 2025

In making effective decisions on fire-fighting actions on major fires, such as the choice of appropriate extinguishing agents, detailed knowledge about possible risks to people, buildings and the environment are essential. Thus, advance information about the potential emissions of various pollutants that are generated as a result of these actions, is particularly important. This is because the overall emissions can depend on various combustion processes and on the tactics adopted in fighting the fire.
Violent Events and Collective Identity
Authors: Eckert Roland
Published: February 2025

Conflicts arise and, no matter what they are about, turn violent if there are no institutions within which they can be conducted by other means. Such unregulated conflicts intensify the process of establishing unambiguous collective identities, which appear to safeguard personal integrity and dignity. This is a precondition of successful terrorism. What are the links between migration and violent conflict? In some cases the connection is obvious, especially when native people in a country with high immigration feel threatened. Among migrants, migration can lead to both relativization and radicalization of ethnic or communal identity. The return to specific traditions to “blood and belief, faith and family” (Huntington) is only one option among others, mostly caused by perceived fraternal relative deprivation (Runciman) of the group they belong to. The escalation toward violence and terrorism among activists is caused by the experience (or imagination) of humiliation and victimization (Montville). “Religion and violence are seen as antidotes to humiliation” (Juergensmeyer). Bloody events confirm – like unquestionable “base sentences” – an overwhelming reality of friend and foe and therefore are decisive for further escalation. Long term prevention therefore should hinder and avoid humiliating and violent events.
Palestinian Refugees in Jordan as a Successful Example of Immigrants
Authors: Amro Rateb
Published: February 2025

The Middle East is a crossroad for three continents and is one of ‘hottest’ zones in the world. Since the early years of the last century, after more than eighty years of conflict and three main wars, the Arabs and the Jews have endured bitter trials and tribulations. As a result of the military conflicts, around one million Palestinians were forced to leave their homes, properties and country, and seek refuge elsewhere. The current article focuses on the situation of the Palestinian community in Jordan - which has taken Jordanian citizenship at the early fifties - from political and economic points of view while discussing security issues. However, since the state as refugees experienced by Palestinians since 1948, and in addition the continual Israeli occupation since 1967, the issue of the refugees did not come to an end. The importance of the Refugee Question is emphasized as one of the major elements of stability in the Middle East. It is argued, that without settling this issue - which cannot be suppressed neither by force nor by neglect - the Middle East would continue to be unstable.
Chechens in Poland – Life in a Vacuum or on the Highway to the West
Authors: Gmaj Katarzyna
Published: February 2025

In this article some important issues faced by Poland as a country hosting asylum seekers are pointed out. It also describes factors influencing process of asylum seekers' integration to the hosting society. Peculiarity of the Polish situation is constituted by the nationality of asylum seekers. Since 2000 Russian citizens of Chechen origins have dominated the flow and they constitute approximately 90% of applicants for refugee status. Almost none of them is left without any form of international protection – majority is granted tolerated stay. For majority of Chechens Poland is the first safe country on their route to Western Europe. Therefore they apply for refugee status here but they treat it only as a transfer country.
Bit-Parallel Circuits for Arithmetic in Finite Fields
Authors: Gashkov Sergey B.  , Sergeev Igor S.
Published: February 2025

The paper surveys methods of constructing bit-parallel circuits for arithmetic operations in finite fields.
On Properties of Correlation Immune Functions with High Nonlinearity
Authors: Botev Anton
Published: February 2025

We present a new large family of correlation immune Boolean functions having high nonlinearity. This family includes some known classes of highly nonlinear m-resilient functions as particular cases. We state that functions of this family have a growing algebraic immunity (together with the growth of inputs). Velocity of such a growth is at least.
Bent Rectangles
Authors: Agievich Sergey
Published: February 2025

We study generalized regular bent functions using a representation by bent rectangles, that is, a particular class of matrices with certain rows and columns. We characterize affine transformations of bent rectangles, propose new constructions of biaffine and bilinear bent squares, study partitions of a vector space into affine planes of equal dimension, and use such partitions to build bent rectangles. We illustrate the concept of bent rectangles by examples for the Boolean case.
Classification of the Cosets of RM(1, 7) in RM(3, 7) Revisited
Authors: Borissov Yuri  , Braeken An  , Nikova Svetla  , Preneel Bart
Published: February 2025

Based on classification of Boolean cubic forms of seven variables given by X.D. Hou in 1996, we show how to efficiently classify the cosets of RM(1, 7) in RM(3, 7) under the action of the general affine group AGL(7, 2). At the same time the sizes of the orbits are determined. We discuss also, the correctness of our computations.
Understanding the Psycho-Social and Political Processes Involved in Ideological Support for Terrorism
Authors: Speckhard Anne
Published: February 2025

Suicide bombers have become ever more common in recent years due to a combination of trauma felt by occupied/oppressed populations and the well-organized propaganda of Islamist groups using modern media such as the Internet. Without understanding the causes of their hatred and disaffectedness there is little hope of countering them.
The Drama of the Suicide Terrorist
Authors: Grosbard Ofer
Published: February 2025

Muslim societies tend to be traditional-collectivist in mindset, unlike the west which fosters a more individualist outlook. Islamic suicide-bombers feel they, as part of their own societies, have been humiliated by the west, and the only way to regain their personal honour is through martyrdom fighting the oppressor. In order to understand the motivations of potential suicide bombers, and to have any hope of dissuading them, westerners must learn to think and communicate in ‘collectivist’ terms, as suitable for Islamic societies, rather than the ‘individual’ modes of western discourse.
Identifying Young Muslims Susceptible to Violent Radicalisation: Psychological Theory and Recommendations
Authors: Liht Jose  , Savage Sara
Published: February 2025

Much of the psychological debate on European home-grown Islamic terrorism leaves out the wider societal context from which the phenomenon arises. In this essay we examine the social psychological research relevant to understanding Islamic terrorism, beginning with an explanation of the wider societal forces impinging upon individuals in post-material societies. We then discuss the social psychological processes – congruent with this wider societal context – that increase the possibility of terrorism. In line with the evidence that terrorists who self-radicalise or are recruited come from ordinary social strata [1], these processes are very much part of universal human social and psychological functioning. We also consider how young Muslims draw upon available religious resources to actively construct their identities and choose courses of action. Both the structuralist approach (in which social processes are seen to impinge upon individuals) and the phenomenological approach (in which individuals are seen to construct their own identities and world views) are utilised. Research from both traditions intersects when thinking complexity is considered, and both approaches feed into our recommendations for identifying the social niches vulnerable to violent radicalisation.
Psychological Prerequisites and Consequences of Suicide Terrorism: the Russian Experience
Authors: Krasnov Valery N.
Published: February 2025

In recent years multiple acts of terrorism have occurred in Russia, mainly in connection with military actions in the Chechen Republic (North Caucasus). In some cases suicide bombers have been responsible. In the aftermath of these traumatic events, (which have included explosions in metro stations, the capture of hospitals, a theatre complex in 2002, and the capture of a school in Beslan in 2004) witnesses have emerged who can comment indirectly on the psychological and other characteristics of the suicide bombers. Interestingly, most of these witnesses have been young women recruited by older “mentors”. Many of these young women have undergone some profound psychological crisis in the past, a crisis which has led to episodes of frustration and depression. Also, within a terrorism context, these young women have been called “widows”, even though only one of them was in fact a close relative of a victim.
Suicide Bombing as Deluded Self-Enhancement
Authors: Kristjánsson Kristján
Published: February 2025

The failure of pure psychological profiling to capture the identities of suicide bombers should prompt moves towards a more interdisciplinary approach, which would avail itself of insights from disciplines such as sociology, philosophy and the history of ideas, as well as from psychology. This chapter aims in that direction by exploring ‘traditional’ versus ‘Western liberal’ conceptions of the self, with special emphasis on their possible pathologies. It then aims to integrate those pathologies with insights from Durkheimian suicidology. It is hypothesised that suicide bombers in the West are typically callow, malleable young men targeted by terror merchants, and that their suicide missions are, first and foremost, acts of deluded self-enhancement, which need to be understood against the backdrop of the Western liberal conception of the self. Finally, some implications for moral education are suggested.
Understanding Combat Trauma – the Psychotherapeutic Meetings of Iraqi Veterans
Authors: Ilnicki Stanislaw  , Dobkowska Sylwia  , Zbyszewski Maciej  , Tworus Radosław  , Ilnicki Piotr
Published: February 2025

This article describes the process of the therapy in a group of Iraqi veterans, which took place in September, 2006. The psychotherapeutic meeting was organized by the Department of Psychiatry and Combat Stress in Warsaw. The group of veterans was composed of 16 male patients homogenous in age and ranking. During the meeting, the participants faced the opportunity to confront and to work through their traumatic experience.
Interdisciplinary Joint Approach to Suicide Prevention of Warfighters
Authors: Ćosić Krešimir  , Slamić Miroslav  , Popović Siniša  , Doričić Svjetlana
Published: February 2025

Intense multi-factorial stresses faced by participants in combat operations may cause high levels of psychological suffering that may progress to serious mental disorders or even suicide. Therefore, the impact of stress and mental disorders on modern military is analyzed, including the role and importance of military training and leadership in protecting warfighters from devastating combat-related psychological disorders. Mental health indicators and stress-related impact factors, extended with known risk and protective factors for suicide, lead to a comprehensive mental health profile. In order to address the issues of psychological suffering and potential suicide of warfighters, the need for an interdisciplinary approach and joint institutional efforts has been stressed. Finally, an integrated strategy of suicide risk detection and prevention is proposed, based on longitudinal acquisition of an extended vector of comprehensive mental health indicators and appropriate probabilistic analyses. Regressive analysis of the individuals' databases is the starting point for identification of various psychological disorders, degraded operational performance, and potential suicide risk.
Prevention Of Suicides In The United States Army
Authors: Yosick Todd M
Published: February 2025

The annual report of the United States (U.S.) Army Suicide Event Report (ASER) allows for detailed Army-wide statistical reports on suicide events, including attempts and completions. The report submitted as of March 1st2007 provided statistics for Calendar Year (CY) 2006 indicating a suicide rate of 16.91 (per 100,000) for the overall Army-Active Component only – the highest they have been since 1991. Historically, the U.S. Army annual average is 12 suicides per 100,000 Soldiers.
Role of the United Nations, North Atlantic Treaty Organization and European Union in Countering Terrorism
Authors: Ersen Ugur
Published: February 2025

The United Nations (UN) is the most significant organization in the fight against terrorism. This paper details the legal basis for the UN's counter-terrorism (CT) role, quoting both the UN Charter and relevant resolutions. Since 2005 the UN has a Counter-Terrorism Implementation Task Force (CTITF), heading up coordination work with numerous international bodies. The following year saw the adoption of the UN Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy. Also in the wake of 9/11, but also of the Madrid and London bombings, the European Union (EU) has taken an active role. The EU Action Plan to Fight against Terrorism dates from 21 September 2001. In 2005 The EU committed itself to a CT Strategy, covering four strands of work: prevention, protection, pursuit, and response. The third organization examined in this chapter is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), which endorsed a Military Concept for Defence against Terrorism at the 2002 Prague Summit. Here again there are four roles: anti-terrorism, consequence management, CT, and military cooperation. The Alliance has recently developed a NATO Response Force, with over 20,000 troops. There follow details of NATO operations relating to CT. In conclusion, cooperation among UN, EU, NATO and others should be enhanced, since it is necessary to take an integrated approach to CT.
Terrorism; Today and in the Future with Possible Aspects (Conventional, Bio, WMD, Cyber, etc.)
Authors: Charvat J.P.I.A.G.
Published: February 2025

This paper examines the causes of modern terrorism and the motivation behind contemporary terrorist groups. It looks at terrorist recruitment to study the type of people who become terrorists. It looks at future battlefields of terrorism and the type of weaponry and attack that may be used by the terrorists in the future.
Recruitment Methods of Terrorist Organizations
Authors: Alkan Necati  , Özdemir Yavuz
Published: February 2025

Terrorist organizations draw individuals into a group dynamics in which the scenery, decor and players have already been adjusted, by using friend relationships, relative relationships, nepotism, local associations, social and cultural activities, ethnic roots, and religious values. While doing so, needs which have not been able to be satisfied are misused as propaganda tools. The terrorist arganizations active in Turkey take advantage, not only of social methods, but also psychological methods, in recruiting new members. They use the promise of meeting the target individuals' physiological and psychological needs, using friends, relatives, fellow-countrymen, social and cultural activities, and religious values. Through the organization's ideology, the terrorists change the attitude of the targeted persons, they penetrate into their perception of the world, form a new subconscious, and in these ways the terrorists give them a militant identity and personality. This paper analyses the group dynamics which shape the life of members of terrorist organizations.
Financial Resources of Terrorist Organizations
Authors: Freeman Michael
Published: February 2025

Terrorist groups must acquire funds to conduct attacks and operate their organizations. The sources of terrorist funding are divided into five categories: state support, illegal activity, legal activity, popular support, and involuntary support. For each of these different sources, there are advantages and disadvantages for terrorist groups and different opportunities for the state to utilize countermeasures to exploit different vulnerabilities. Nevertheless, targeting terrorist financing is a difficult task because the amounts raised tend to be low and easily raised and because terrorist organizations are adaptive in the face of government pressure.
Thermal Distribution Evaluation Directly from the Electromagnetic Field Finite Elements Analysis
Authors: di Napoli A.  , Lidozzi A.  , Serrao V.  , Solero L.
Published: February 2025

This paper deals with the thermal field evaluation achieved directly from the finite elements representation of the relative electromagnetic field. The proposed strategy can be applied to any generic electrical device; in this work it has been proved on a permanent magnets electrical machine. This methodology has been implemented in two different ways. At first laminar and turbulent motions have been considered from thermal convection point of view and then convection has been reduced to pure conduction heat transfer.
Some Methods to Evaluate Leakage Inductances of a Claw Pole Machine
Authors: Tamto Y.  , Foggia A.  , Mipo J.-C.  , Kobylanski L.
Published: February 2025

To increase claw pole machine efficiency, we evaluate leakages in the magnetic circuit. These leakages are mainly due to end windings, air gap and slot leakages. Thus we obtain an equivalent circuit model. This model will be helpful to simulate the machine under load conditions and to make possible its optimization. The aim of this paper is then to present some methods of determination of leakage inductance, by computation and under test.
Analysis and Performance of a Hybrid Excitation Single-Phase Synchronous Generator
Authors: Naoe Nobuyuki  , Minamide Akiyuki  , Takemata Kazuya
Published: February 2025

This paper describes a hybrid excitation-type single-phase synchronous generator. The generator has a permanent magnet and wound fields on the same shaft. The finite-element method (FEM) is applied to analyze the no-load characteristic of the generator. The test results obtained on a 0.5-kVA prototype machine demonstrate its capability for field regulation.
Influence of the Magnetic Anisotropy on Electrical Machines
Authors: Herranz Gracia M.  , Hameyer K.
Published: February 2025

Non grain-oriented electrical steel has an inherent anisotropy, which is normally neglected in the calculation of electrical machines. Moreover, the magnetic anisotropy is usually measured in small material samples. Due to the cutting effect, the magnetic anisotropy in the machine is not the same as in the sample. In this paper, the magnetic anisotropy is considered as a global problem. A method to measure it is presented and its influence on the electromagnetic and acoustic behavior is considered through the example of an induction motor.
Electromagnetic Aspects of Data Transmission
Authors: Byczkowska-Lipińska Liliana  , Wiak Sławomir
Published: February 2025

The aim of this paper is to analyze the problems connected with transmission of information and the application of electromagnetic wave in data transmission. The issue of electromagnetic compatibility is discussed. The problem of electromagnetic radiation as a threat to natural environment is presented.
Coupling Thermal Radiation to an Inductive Heating Computation
Authors: Scheiblich Christian  , Frenner Karsten  , Hafla Wolfgang  , Rucker Wolfgang M.
Published: February 2025

Inductive ovens heat with eddy currents due to a low frequency electromagnetic field. Within a first approximative approach, the effects of thermal conduction and thermal radiation are taken into account. Therefore, a finite element method for calculating the thermal conduction is coupled to a boundary element method for calculating the resulting thermal radiation. For the presented application, a steel tube surrounded by an axisymmetric coil is chosen and the normalized thermal radiation distribution resulting from the thermal conductive transfer and the eddy current density is examined.
Microwave Nondestructive Detection of Longitudinal Cracks in Pipe with U-bend and Prediction of its Location by Signal Processing
Authors: Abbasi Kavoos  , Ito Satoshi  , Hashizume Hidetoshi
Published: February 2025

A circular electromagnetic TE11-mode is used for detection of longitudinal crack in a stainless steel pipe. To show the capability of microwave nondestructive testing for detection of cracks in large and complex piping systems such as steam generator (SG) tube, inspected pipe including U–bend are examined in this study. The crack location is determined through time of flight (TOF) of the reflected wave and group velocity of electromagnetic signal. The TOF is evaluated in the time domain via Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) of the wave spectrum. Then, two different methods of signal processing are applied to obtain TOF more accurately.
Evaluation of Subsurface Cracks In Riveted Aluminium Joints Using Industrial Eddy Current Instrumentation
Authors: Morozov Maxim  , Rubinacci Guglielmo  , Tamburrino Antonello  , Ventre Salvatore
Published: February 2025

This paper concerns the efficient numerical modeling of subsurface flaws emanating from a fastener hole in riveted aluminum joints on the basis of eddy current (EC) signals measured with industrial instrumentation. Modeling of EC signals from modern industrial instrumentation is a difficult task because of the typical “complex” (in term of geometry and materials) configuration of the probes. The computational technique we applied is based on an integral formulation of the eddy current problem in the presence of magnetic (the core of the probe) materials. Measured and simulated eddy current signals due to the second-layer artificial flaws of various profiles are compared.
Theory of Four-Point Alternating Current Potential Drop Measurements on a Layered Conductive Half-Space
Authors: Bowler Nicola  , Bowler John R.
Published: February 2025

An analytic expression describing the complex voltage measured between the pickup points of a four-point probe, in contact with the surface of a layered metal half-space, is derived. The driving current is assumed to be time-harmonic. A Green's function formulation leads to a result in which the voltage is expressed as a sum of two terms. One represents the potential drop due to a homogeneous half-space conductor with properties the same as those of the surface layer. The other represents the effect of the substrate and is expressed as a Hankel transform. A scheme for numerical evaluation of this term, by truncating the range of integration, is presented. An example calculation is given.
Modeling of Flawed Riveted Structures for EC Inspection in Aeronautics
Authors: Paillard S.  , Pichenot G.  , Choua Y.  , Le Bihan Y.  , Lambert M.  , Voillaume H.  , Dominguez N.
Published: February 2025

Within the framework of a collaborative project between CEA and EADS, a semi-analytical model based on a Volume Integral Method (VIM) has been developed so as to simulate the Eddy Current (EC) inspection of riveted structures in aeronautics. The modeling is the one of a layered planar structure with a flaw located nearby a fastener. The VIM involving dyadic Green's functions is considered, a fastener and a flaw being introduced as a variation of conductivity in a stack of slabs. This semi-analytical approach is compared to a Finite-Element one (FE) developed by LGEP and is validated with experimental data acquired on an aeronautical configuration.
Noninvasive Characterization of Bjork-Shiley Convexo-Concave Prosthetic Heart Valves using an Electromagnetic Method
Authors: Grimberg Raimond  , Chan Shiu C.  , Savin Adriana  , Udpa Lalita  , Udpa Satish S.
Published: February 2025

Prosthetic heart valves Bjork-Shiley Convexo-Concave type were intense implanted during long time, being reported cases of breaking of one component of the valves which had lead to deceases. This paper presents a new method for noninvasive electromagnetic method for this type of valve, using an eddy current transducer with orthogonal coils. In vitro experiments had shown that discontinuities of outlet strut with depths equal or bigger than 0.4mm can be detected with a probability of detection of 86.4% and in the case of discontinuities with depth equal or bigger than 0.6mm with POD of 97%.
Advanced Probe with Array of Pick-up Coils for Improved Crack Evaluation in Eddy-Current Non-Destructive Testing
Authors: Janousek Ladislav  , Capova Klara  , Yusa Noritaka  , Miya Kenzo
Published: February 2025

The paper proposes a new probe for enhancing crack evaluation in eddy-current non-destructive testing. The probe consists of one exciting coil and two identical pick-up coils. The pick-up coils are situated at different locations relative to the position of the exciting coil for gaining signals using various depth profiles of eddy current density. The two signals are linearly superposed and a certain indication of crack's depth is extracted from the resulting signal. Numerical as well as experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the new probe in the evaluation of a crack's depth. In addition, cracks much deeper than the standard depth of penetration can be evaluated using the new probe.
A Bridge Between NDE and Charpy Impact Testing
Authors: Takahashi Seiki  , Kobayashi Satoru
Published: February 2025

Charpy impact test is explained from the viewpoint of the transition of hammer's energy to the kinetic energy of dislocations. Ductile-brittle transition temperature is θ is represented as a simple function of the nucleation energy of dislocations ϵn, the dislocation density ρ, the maximum density of mobile dislocations ρ0and the interaction energy of obstacles with dislocations Uob;when ρ<ρ0, whilewhen ρ>ρ0, where k is Boltzmann constant and ρmis the density of mobile dislocations. The relationship is compared with the experimental results for cold rolled S15C steels and neutron irradiated low and high copper A533B steels of nuclear reactor pressure vessel materials. The experimental results are qualitatively explained by the present model.
Evaluation of Contact Fatigue Damage on Gears using the Magnetic Barkhausen Noise Technique
Authors: Vaidhianathasamy Moorthy  , Shaw Brian Andrew  , Bennett Will  , Hopkins Peter
Published: February 2025

Gears made from Case-carburised SAE8620H steel were subjected to contact fatigue testing at different contact stress levels in the Gear Test Rig facility at Newcastle University. The High frequency Magnetic Barkhausen Noise (MBN) measurements were made at different intervals of fatigue cycles. The MBN signal level gradually increases with progressive fatigue cycles and the rate of change in MBN level systematically increases with the increase in contact stress level. However, at higher contact stress levels, the MBN level quickly reaches a maximum value and then starts to decrease with further fatigue cycles. This maximum MBN level may be considered as an indication of the critical stage of fatigue life beyond which a gear may be expected to fail soon. With increasing numbers of fatigue cycles, the large MBN activity occurs at lower magnetic field strength which clearly indicates the formation of soft magnetisation regions near the surface. This may be attributed to the deformation induced transformation of paramagnetic retained austenite into ferromagnetic martensite.
Nuclear Doctrines of the United Kingdom and France: a Russian perspective
Authors: Romashkin Petr
Published: February 2025

Nuclear doctrines of the United Kingdom and France have their own specific features, but to a great extent reflect the national consent on principal issues. But in broader terms, the three allied nuclear powers – France, the USA and the UK – have in fact come out with a coordinated position which reveals a break from the doctrine and rhetoric of the defensive nuclear deterrence of the Cold War period and the shift to the doctrine of pre-emptive and coercive use of nuclear weapons. The position of these three states, at the same time, determines the outlook of NATO in this sphere.
A New Look at China's Nuclear Policy
Authors: Teng Jianqun
Published: February 2025

Release of the 2006 Defence White Paper broke China's traditional silence and ambiguity regarding its nuclear policy and strategy, which continues to be founded on the principles of self-defense and global balance. China's emphasis on its commitment to a minimal deterrence capability shows that its nuclear forces are primarily a srategic political tool. The core elements of China's nuclear policy are that nuclear weapons must be the last resort for China and it is the quality not quantity that plays the key role. Beijing is unlikely to change its non-first use nuclear policy in the future. The most important aspect of Chinese nuclear transparency is a clear understanding of China's actual policies rather than its number of warheads.
Evolving networks
Authors: Borgnat Pierre  , Fleury Eric  , Guillaume Jean-Loup  , Magnien Clémence  , Robardet Céline  , Scherrer Antoine
Published: February 2025

Most real networks often evolve through time: changes of topology can occur if some nodes and/or edges appear and/or disappear, and the types or weights of nodes and edges can also change even if the topology stays static. Mobile devices with wireless capabilities (mobile phones, laptops, etc.) are a typical example of evolving networks where nodes or users are spread in the environment and connections between users can only occur if they are near each other. This who-is-near-whom network evolves every time users move and communication services (such as the spread of any information) will deeply rely on the mobility and on the characteristics of the underlying network. This paper presents some recent results concerning the characterization of the dynamics of complex networks through three different angles: evolution of some parameters on snapshots of the network, parameters describing the evolution itself, and intermediate approaches consisting in the study of specific phenomena or users of interest through time.
Using language-independent rules to achieve high multilinguality in Text Mining
Authors: Steinberger Ralf  , Pouliquen Bruno  , Ignat Camelia
Published: February 2025

A lot of information is hidden in foreign language text, making multilingual information extraction tools – and applications that allow cross-lingual information access – particularly useful. Only a few system developers offer their products for more than two or three languages. Typically, they develop the tools for one language and then adapt them to the others. Information on guidelines how to produce highly multilingual applications with the least possible effort is scarce. Due to the multinational character of the European institutions, the Text Mining applications developed at the Joint Research Centre (JRC) had to be planned with the multilinguality requirements in mind. The purpose of this chapter is to present the design principles behind the in-house developments and to show a number of different applications that are built according to these guidelines. The results of the text analysis applications presented here are visible on the publicly accessible multilingual news gathering, analysis and exploration tool NewsExplorer.NewsExplorer currently covers 19 languages. It is publicly accessible at http://press.jrc.it/NewsExplorer.
Using linguistic information as features for text categorization
Authors: Montejo-Ráez Arturo  , Ureña-López Luis Alfonso  , García-Cumbreras Miguel Ángel  , Perea-Ortega José Manuel
Published: February 2025

We report on some experiments using linguistic information as additional features as part of document representation. The use of linguistic features on several information retrieval and text mining tasks is a hot topic, due to the polarity of conclusions encountered by several researchers. In this work, extracted information of every word like the Part Of Speech, stem and morphological root have been combined in different ways for experimenting on a possible improvement in the classification performance and on several algorithms. Our results show that certain gain can be obtained when these varied features are combined in a certain manner, and that these results are independent from the set of classification algorithms applied or the evaluation paradigm chosen, providing certain consistency to our conclusions in text categorization on the Reuters-21578 collection.
Text Mining from the Web for Medical Intelligence
Authors: Steinberger Ralf  , Fuart Flavio  , van der Goot Erik  , Best Clive  , von Etter Peter  , Yangarber Roman
Published: February 2025

Global medical and epidemic surveillance is an essential function of Public Health agencies, whose mandate is to protect the public from major health threats. To perform this function effectively one requires timely and accurate medical information from a wide range of sources. In this work we present a freely accessible system designed to monitor disease epidemics by analysing textual reports, mostly in the form of news gathered from the Web. The system rests on two major components—MedISys, based on Information Retrieval technology, and PULS, an Information Extraction system.
Filtering Multilingual Terrorist Content with Graph-Theoretic Classification Tools
Authors: Last Mark
Published: February 2025

Since the web is increasingly used by terrorist organizations, the ability to automatically detect multilingual terrorist-related content is extremely important. In this chapter, we present an efficient detection methodology based on the recently developed graph-based web document representation models. Evaluation is performed on real-world corpora in English and Arabic languages.
Smoothness and sparsity tuning for Semi-Supervised SVM
Authors: Gasso Gilles  , Zapien Karina  , Canu Stephane
Published: February 2025

Using unlabeled data to unravel the structure of the data to leverage the learning process is the goal of semi supervised learning. Kernel framework allows to model the data structure using graphs and to build kernel machines such as Laplacian SVM [1]. But a remark is the lack of sparsity in variables of the obtained model leading to a long running time for classification of new points. We provide a way of alleviating this problem by using a L1penalty and a algorithm to efficiently compute the solution. Empirical evidence shows the benefit of the algorithm.
Sustainable Distribution of Petrol Products to Service Stations Based on Demand Forecast, Inventory and Transportation Costs
Authors: Bersani Chiara  , Minciardi Riccardo  , Sacile Roberto
Published: February 2025

The distribution of petrol products to service stations is generally based on the receipt of orders by the service stations and on the daily optimisation of the deliveries by tank trucks. Recently, the technologic possibility to monitor remotely the level of the underground storage tanks in the service stations allows a new formulation of the problem, planning deliveries on the current level of the inventory rather than on orders. An original formulation of the problem is proposed joining in the objective function of the related mathematical programming formulation both the inventory and the routing costs. In the case study the proposed formulation is applied to evaluate the improvements of the performance of the distribution of petrol products by tank trucks when the central depot can receive in real-time the levels of the underground storage tanks. The results shows that the proposed approach would have allowed a reduction in the number of deliveries and in the overall amount of kilometres necessary for the deliveries themselves. The consequences are the decreasing both of the delivery costs and of the risk - for the people, their properties and the environment in the territory affected by this transportation.
Thermoeconomical Optimization Of Net For Energy Resources Transportation
Authors: Nikulshin Vladimir  , von Zedtwitz Viktoria
Published: February 2025

Systems for different kinds of energy resources transportation are potentially dangerous objects. In the design and operation of these systems, the possibility of improving the system's efficiency is very important to explore. The main way of improving efficiency is through optimisation. This paper describes the application of exergy topological models and, in particular, the graph of thermoeconomical expenditure for thermoeconomical optimal design of different kind of nets for energy supply -with circled (CNES) and tree shape (TSESN) structure. The questions of thermoeconomical optimisation of these nets , as well as suggested modelling algorithms, are illustrated in the numerical example of the optimisation of a energy supply system for a city with seven regions of energy consumption for CNES and for twelve regions for TSESN.
Assessment of Risk and Accident Impacts related to Dangerous Goods Transport in a Dense Urbanized Area
Authors: Garbolino Emmanuel  , Tomasoni Angela Maria  , Trasforini Eva
Published: February 2025

France and Italy are characterized by a huge flow of Dangerous Goods carried by trucks inside their own territory and between them and the European Union. It is well known that the Dangerous Goods Transport (DGT) leads risks for the population, the environment and the human activities, according to the experience feedback of the major accidents occurred during the last 30 years. Due to the particular damages caused by the different types of dangerous goods transported (explosions, toxic release, corrosion, radioactivity etc.) and of the potential subjects exposed to this phenomenon (population, environment, infrastructure etc.), risk prevention and emergency management necessitate the design and development of a Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) dedicated to the various decision makers involved. This chapter aims to present the methodology that establishes the base of a SDSS dedicated to the risk assessment of a DGT accident and the evaluation of the consequences in order to provide to the decision makers the best information to support their decision. The first part of this chapter presents the definition of DGT accident risk on road, taking into account the specificities of the traffic flow, the weather conditions, the accident feedback in the selected infrastructure and its structural characteristics. The second part is related to an overview of the main phenomena that occur if an accident of DGT occurs, presenting the main model to estimate the effect of these phenomena on the population. The third part is the case study, in the city of Nice (French Riviera), which corresponds to the simulation of two scenarios of DGT accidents in two urbanized places and the damage assessment induced. The last part is a discussion about the interest of this methodology and its results for the public authorities, the Civil Protection and the motorway companies.
Traffic Optimization in Hazardous Materials Transport on Roads Flowing Towards One Critical Infrastructure
Authors: Minciardi Riccardo  , Robba Michela  , Sacile Roberto
Published: February 2025

A preliminary approach to model the hazardous material vehicles flowing towards one critical road infrastructure is presented. Two different approaches are shown. The first one, macroscopic approach, aims to define a problem in which the state and the control variables correspond to the number of vehicles, for which the integrity condition may be relaxed, in order to obtain a continuous-variable decision problem. The second one considers a problem at a microscopic level, in which the granularity of the process is explicitly taken into account, so that the state and the control variables are directly related to each vehicle. Some preliminary results are shown on a case study referred to a highway connecting to a tunnel.