bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stability analysis of an inverse parabolic problem with discontinuous variable coefficient
Authors: Di Cristo M. , Vessella S.
Published: September 2011

We consider a time-varying inclusion in a thermal conductor specimen. In particular, the thermal conductivity is a variable function depending on space and time with a jump of discontinuity along the interface of the unknown anomalous region. Provided with some a priori information on the conductivity and its support, we study the continuous dependence of the inclusion from infinitely many thermal measurements taken on an open portion of the boundary of our specimen. We prove a rate of continuity of logarithmic type showing, in addition, its optimality.
Multi-dimensional pyramidal travelling fronts in the Allen–Cahn equations
Authors: Kurokawa Yu , Taniguchi Masaharu
Published: September 2011

We study travelling-front solutions of pyramidal shapes in the Allen–Cahn equation in ℝN with N ≥ 3. It is well known that two-dimensional V-form travelling fronts and three-dimensional pyramidal travelling fronts exist and are stable. The aim of this paper is to show that for N ≥ 4 there exist N-dimensional pyramidal travelling fronts. We construct a supersolution and a subsolution, and find a pyramidal travelling-front solution between them. For the construction of a supersolution we use a multi-scale method.
Beauty and Duty in Kant's Critique of Judgement
Authors: Allison Henry E.
Published: September 2011

At the end of §40 of the Critique of Judgement, after a discussion of the sensus communis and its connection with taste, Kant writes:

If we could assume that the mere universal communicability as such of our feeling must already carry with it an interest for us (something we are, however, not justified in inferring from the character of a merely reflective power of judgment), then we could explain how it is that we require from everyone as a duty, as it were (gleichsam), the feeling in a judgment of taste. (5: 296; 162)
The Satisfaction of Reason: The Mathematical/Dynamical Distinction in the Critique of Pure Reason
Authors: Adkins Brent
Published: September 2011

In the preface to the second edition of the Critique of Pure Reason Kant explicitly states that his motivation for writing this work is to make room for faith or the practical employment of reason (Bxxv, xxx). How does Kant accomplish this? The topics of God and the immortality of the soul do not arise until the conclusion of the antinomies. How does Kant get from the desire to make room for faith to its fulfilment in the latter parts of the first Critique? A common response to this question is a discussion of the constitutive and regulative employment of the ideas of reason. It is this distinction that sustains Kant's attempt at reconciling empirical knowledge and moral discourse. The constitutive and regulative analysis, however, has its roots deep within the initial stages of the Critique of Pure Reason. It is, in fact, the mathematical/dynamical distinction, which Kant introduces early in the analytic, that makes possible the constitutive/regulative distinction. Not only has the mathematical/ dynamical distinction itself been disregarded, but the relation between the mathematical/dynamical and the constitutive/ regulative has been almost universally ignored by commentators. If a commentator does mention the mathematical/dynamical distinction, it is usually in a dismissive tone. Walsh, for example, calls the distinction ‘hard to interpret’ and ignores it for the rest of his commentary.
Application of an extended Kalman filter approach to inversion of time‐lapse electrical resistivity imaging data for monitoring recharge
Authors: Nenna Vanessa , Pidlisecky Adam , Knight Rosemary
Published: September 2011

We apply an extended Kalman filter (EKF) approach to inversion of time‐lapse electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) field data. The EKF is a method of time series signal processing that incorporates both a state evolution model, describing changes in the physical system, and an observation model, incorporating the physics of the electrical resistivity measurement. We test the feasibility of using an EKF approach to inverting ERI data collected with 2‐D surface array geometries. As a first test, we invert synthetic data generated using a simulated recharge event and water saturation distributions converted to electrical conductivity values using an Archie's law relationship. In the synthetic example we demonstrate the impact that the noise structure of the state evolution and the regularization weight have on EKF‐estimated model parameters and errors. We then apply the method to inversion of field data collected to monitor changes in electrical conductivity beneath a recharge pond that is part of an aquifer storage and recovery project in northern California. Using lines of electrodes buried at a depth of 0.25 m when the base of the pond is dry, we monitor the wetting front associated with the diversion of stormflow runoff to the pond. Using field data, we demonstrate that by oversampling in time, we are able to apply the so‐called random walk model for the state evolution and to build the model of observation noise directly from collected data. EKF‐estimated values track changes in conductivity associated with both increasing water content in subsurface sediments and changes in the properties of the pore water, showing the method is a feasible approach for inversion of time‐lapse ERI field data.
The first ocean floor evidence of great Cascadia earthquakes
Authors: Griggs Gary B.
Published: September 2011

It can be argued that Japan's giant 11 March 2011 Tohoku earthquake and its tsunami should not have come as geophysical surprises. GPS had shown that the entire subduction zone along the Japan Trench behaves as one enormous unit rather than segmented sections that rupture with different frequencies and strengths [Suwa et al., 2006]. Historical documents and coastal sand deposits had shown a history of Sendai area tsunamis larger than those of recent centuries [Sawai et al., 2008]. Such hindsight brings to mind the Cascadia subduction zone, with its history of great earthquakes that, despite being literally in the backyards of many Pacific Northwest geologists and geophysicists, went unrecognized until late in the twentieth century. In 1969, at the dawn of the development of plate tectonic theory, scientists lacked a record of significant historical earthquakes along the U.S. northwestern coast and had no reason to believe that there were any seismic hazards in the region. What was known was that deep‐sea cores taken offshore in 1965–1967 contained extensive turbidity current deposits— graded beds of sand and silt— interbedded with pelagic clays, sequences that by 1969 I had just finished studying for my doctoral dissertation. At the time, those turbidites (the sediments deposited by turbidity currents or submarine mudflows) posed a great enigma. What process or disturbance could have generated these recurring turbidity currents?
Museum exhibit on climate change draws from National Research Council reports
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: September 2011

With all of science to choose from for topics, the Marian Koshland Science Museum of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) has mounted its second exhibit about climate change since the museum's founding, in 2004, emphasizing the importance it places on the subject. The new exhibit, “Earth Lab: Degrees of Change,” which officially opened in the museum's compact quarters in downtown Washington, D. C., on 15 September, presents some in‐depth interactive displays about climate change, including a centerpiece “decision table,” a mitigation simulation game that challenges visitors to lower carbon dioxide emissions while also balancing costs and other factors. The exhibit is based in part on the America's Climate Choices Reports from the National Research Council, which, along with NAS, is part of the National Academies. Those reports indicate that climate change is occurring, is very likely caused by human activities, and poses significant risks for a broad range of human and natural systems. Further, the reports include a series of recommended steps to respond to those risks (see R. Showstack, Climate change report calls for iterative risk management framework, Eos Trans. AGU, 92(21), 178–179, doi:10.1029/2011EO210002, 2011).
2010 editors' citations for excellence in refereeing
Authors: Anonymous
Published: September 2011

The reviewers listed on these pages have been cited by editors of AGU journals for excellence in refereeing. The editors' citations recognize this special service to the Union. These individuals (photographs provided as available) are to be commended for consistently providing constructive and thoughtful reviews.
Estimating adsorbed water film thickness in unsaturated soil
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: September 2011

In saturated soil, water fills every crack and crevice between the individual grains of dirt. As the water evaporates or drains away, some water can become trapped between soil particles by capillary pressure or be adsorbed onto the surface of the grains in extremely thin films. The variable thickness of these adsorbed films affects contaminant reaction and transfer rates, stored water volumes, and the rate of water transfer through the soil. As such, proper parameterizations of adsorbed film thickness are important in hydrologic models. However, techniques that estimate the film thickness by averaging the total water volume by the soil surface area or by relating the film thickness to the size of the individual soil grains tend to underestimate or overestimate the thickness of the adsorbed films. Many of these previous approaches use macroscopic properties to estimate a quantity that is largely controlled by small‐scale interactions.
Novel network pharmacology methods for drug mechanism of action identification, pre-clinical drug screening and drug repositioning
Authors: Xiong Jianghui
Published: September 2011

The high rates of failure in oncology drug clinical trials highlight the problems of using pre-clinical data to predict the clinical effects of drugs. Here we present two methodology innovations on network pharmacology modeling. (1) We hypothesize that the gene network associated with cancer outcome in heterogeneous patient populations could serve as a reference for identifying drug effects. We proposed a novel in vivo genetic interaction between genes as ‘synergistic outcome determination’, in a similar way to ‘synthetic lethality’. We scanned above genetic interactions based on microarray profiling for cancer prognosis, and identified a cluster of important yet epigenetically regulated gene modules. By projecting drug sensitivity-associated genes on to this network, we could define a perturbation index for each drug based upon its characteristic perturbation pattern. Finally, by using this index, we significantly discriminated successful drugs from the candidate pool, and revealed the mechanisms of drug combinations. Thus, the prognosis-guided synergistic gene-gene interaction networks could serve as an efficient in silico tool for pre-clinical drug prioritization and rational design of combinatorial therapies. Part of this work was published, and we will present new results on this project. (2) MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a key role in the regulation of the transcriptome and have been identified as a key mediator in human disease and drug response. we introduced a novel concept, the Context-specific MiRNA activity (CoMi activity), to reflect a miRNA’s regulation effect on a context specific gene set .Using breast cancer as an example, we examined the CoMi activity based on a Gene Ontology (GO) term as context. Interestingly, we found that chemotherapeutic drug treatment can counteract the dis-regulated CoMi activity in the cancer-specific network. For instance, 100% of down-regulated CoMi activities in a “core” breast cancer network contains apoptosis-related GO terms that could be counteracted by Paclitaxel treatment. By defining a Stability Index for in silico drug screening, we found CoMi activity signatures strikingly outperformed the traditional CMAP method or mRNA-based signatures. Thus, the dynamic remodeling of context-specific miRNAs regulation network could reveal the hidden miRNAs that act as key mediators of drug action and facilitate in silico cancer drug screening.
Factorial toughening at microcorrugated metal-ceramic interfaces
Authors: Garg Saurabh , Teki Ranganath , Lane Michael W. , Ramanath Ganpati
Published: September 2011

We report 10-fold higher toughness at microcorrugated copper-silica interfaces than their planar counterpart and separate the contributions of adhesion, metal layer plasticity, and debond shielding. While corrugations parallel to the crack path toughen the interface due to debond area increase, orthogonal corrugations result in additional toughening due to debond shielding and shielding-induced plasticity that can be more than twice higher than the shielding effect itself. These insights into the toughening mechanisms at corrugated interfaces should enable the design of high integrity heterointerfaces in a wide variety of micro-/nano-structured thin films and composites.
Analysis the physical essence of microscopic fluid-based wear process in the chemical mechanical planarization process
Authors: Han Xuesong
Published: September 2011

Chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) has become the process of choice for surface global planarization for materials surfaces in the fabrication of advanced multilevel integrated circuits (ICs) in microelectronic industry. The surface planarization in the CMP is mainly realized by the tribology behavior of nanoparticles. The suspending abrasive particles impinge on the surface at some velocity and angle thus imparting energy to the surface, resulting in strain, weakened bonds, and eventually material removal. Large-scale classical molecular dynamic (MD) simulation of interaction among nanoparticles and solid surface has been carried out to investigate the physical essence of fluid-based surface planarization process. The investigation shows that the plastic deformation plays an important role in this nanoscale wear process while the contribution of dislocations to the yield stress becomes insignificant. The depth of wear is gradually decreased which makes the fluid-based wear cannot realize the global surface planarization by itself. The abrasive wear process leads to characteristic surface topography running in the same direction as the sliding motion while the adhesive wear leads to the atoms of the substrate materials adhere to the opposing surface. The adhesion wear plays an important role at lower moving speed while the abrasive wear dominates the wear process at higher moving speed which means the moving speed is one of the key factors that influence the particle wear mechanism at the nanometer scale. Different tribology behavior involved in the CMP indicates that the final surface planarization is accomplished by the synergetic effect of different wear mechanism.
Discretization of hyperbolic type Darboux integrable equations preserving integrability
Authors: Habibullin Ismagil , Zheltukhina Natalya , Sakieva Alfia
Published: September 2011

A method of integrable discretization of the Liouville type nonlinear partial differential equations based on integrals is suggested. New examples of the discrete Liouville type models are presented.
Particle acceleration by circularly and elliptically polarised dispersive Alfven waves in a transversely inhomogeneous plasma in the inertial and kinetic regimes
Authors: Tsiklauri D.
Published: September 2011

Dispersive Alfven waves (DAWs) offer, an alternative to magnetic reconnection, opportunity to accelerate solar flare particles in order to alleviate the problem of delivering flare energy to denser parts of the solar atmosphere to match x-ray observations. Here, we focus on the effect of DAW polarisation, left, right, circular and elliptical, in the different regimes inertial and kinetic, aiming to study these effects on the efficiency of particle acceleration. We use 2.5D particle-in-cell simulations to study how the particles are accelerated when DAW, triggered by a solar flare, propagates in the transversely inhomogeneous plasma that mimics solar coronal loop. (1) In the inertial regime, fraction of accelerated electrons (along the magnetic field) in the density gradient regions is ≈20% by the time when DAW develops three wavelengths and is increasing to ≈30% by the time when DAW develops thirteen wavelengths. In all considered cases, ions are heated in the transverse to the magnetic field direction and fraction of heated particles is ≈35%. (2) The case of right circular, left and right elliptical polarisation DAWs, with the electric field in the non-ignorable transverse direction exceeding several times that of in the ignorable direction, produce more pronounced parallel electron beams (with larger maximal electron velocities) and transverse ion beams in the ignorable direction. In the inertial regime, such polarisations yield the fraction of accelerated electrons 20%. In the kinetic regime, this increases to 35%. (3) The parallel electric field that is generated in the density inhomogeneity regions is independent of the electron-ion mass ratio and stays of the order 0.03 ωpecme/e which for solar flaring plasma parameters exceeds Dreicer electric field by eight orders of magnitude. (4) Electron beam velocity has the phase velocity of the DAW. Thus, electron acceleration is via Landau damping of DAWs. For the Alfven speeds of VA = 0.3c, the considered mechanism can accelerate electrons to energies circa 20 keV. (5) The increase of mass ratio from mi/me = 16 to 73.44 increases fraction of accelerated electrons from 20% to 30–35% (depending on DAW polarisation). For the mass ratio mi/me = 1836, the fraction of accelerated electrons would be >35%. (6) DAWs generate significant density and temperature perturbations that are located in the density gradient regions. DAWs propagating in the transversely inhomogeneous plasma can effectively accelerate electrons along the magnetic field and heat ions across it.
Spatially resolved charge-state and current-density distributions at the extraction of an electron cyclotron resonance ion source
Authors: Panitzsch Lauri , Peleikis Thies , Stalder Michael , Wimmer-Schweingruber Robert F.
Published: September 2011

In this paper we present our measurements of charge-state and current-density distributions performed in very close vicinity (15 mm) of the extraction of our hexapole geometry electron cyclotron resonance ion source. We achieved a relatively high spatial resolution reducing the aperture of our 3D-movable extraction (puller) electrode to a diameter of only 0.5 mm. Thus, we are able to limit the source of the extracted ion beam to a very small region of the plasma electrode's hole (Ø = 4 mm) and therefore to a very small region of the neutral plasma sheath. The information about the charge-state distribution and the current density in the plane of the plasma electrode at each particular position is conserved in the ion beam. We determined the total current density distribution at a fixed coaxial distance of only 15 mm to the plasma electrode by remotely moving the small-aperture puller electrode which contained a dedicated Faraday cup (FC) across the aperture of the plasma electrode. In a second measurement we removed the FC and recorded m/q-spectra for the different positions using a sector magnet. From our results we can deduce that different ion charge-states can be grouped into bloated triangles of different sizes and same orientation at the extraction with the current density peaking at centre. This confirms observations from other groups based on simulations and emittance measurements. We present our measurements in detail and discuss possible systematic errors.
Detection and susceptibility measurements of a single Dynal bead
Authors: Di Michele Lorenzo , Shelly Connor , de Marco Patrizia , See Patrick , Cox David , Kazakova Olga
Published: September 2011

In this work we present detection and susceptibility measurement experiments on a single superparamagnetic Dynal bead with a diameter of 1 μm and a magnetic moment of ≈4×108μB. Accurate bead positioning was achieved via non-invasive AFM nanomanipulation. The detection and magnetic characterization of the bead were performed using ultra-sensitive InSb Hall devices. Single bead detection was demonstrated using a step-wise change of the dc magnetic field; measurements were performed using only the in-phase component of the total ac Hall voltage. Very clear evidence of the bead presence is demonstrated simultaneously with explicit separation of parasitic inductive signals. Additional experiments performed using a sweeping change of the dc field allowed susceptibility measurements of a single Dynal bead. The numerical outcomes of both sweeping and stepping experiments are in a very good agreement. The method presented here opens up new possibilities for the reliable and accurate detection of small magnetic moments, which is of high importance for metrological applications as well as highly sensitive biological, medical, and environmental detectors.
Enhanced coupling between light and surface plasmons by nano-structured Fabry–Pérot resonator
Authors: Dennis Brian S. , Aksyuk Vladimir , Haftel Michael I. , Koev Stephan T. , Blumberg Girsh
Published: September 2011

We demonstrate enhancement of photon to surface plasmon (SP) coupling using subwavelength metallic gratings and a variable gap Fabry–Pérot (FP) resonator. Strengthened SPs and light modes are launched by laser excitation in-coupling. Enhancements of out-coupled light intensity up to 15× are measured when compared to systems with no resonator. Out-coupled intensities show a FP type resonance when the resonator gap is scanned. Finite-element time and frequency domain simulations support measured results.
Use of vehicle magnetic signatures for position estimation
Authors: Taghvaeeyan S. , Rajamani R.
Published: September 2011

This letter analyzes the magnetic signatures of cars and investigates the use of anisotropic magnetoresistive sensors to estimate the relative position of a vehicle from its magnetic signature. Theoretical analysis and experimental measurements both show that vehicle magnetic field has a first order inverse relationship with distance at small distances. However, the parameters in the magnetic field-distance relationship vary significantly with the type and size of car. A sensor system consisting of 2 magnetoresistive sensors and an extended Kalman filter can adaptively estimate these parameters in real-time. Experimental results from tests with various vehicles show that the developed sensor system can reliably estimate vehicle distance from magnetic field measurements.
First-principles investigations of the electronic structure and properties related to shape-memory behavior in Mn2NiX (X = Al,Ga,In,Sn) alloys
Authors: Paul Souvik , Ghosh Subhradip
Published: September 2011

Using first-principles density functional theory based method we have performed a systematic investigations of the electronic structures, the structural and magnetic properties related to shape memory applications for Mn2NiAl,Mn2NiGa,Mn2NiSn and Mn2NiIn alloys. Our results confirm that all the alloys undergo a volume conserving martensitic transformation at low temperatures and that the low temperature stable phase is a non-modulated tetragonal one. The relative stabilities of the martensitic phases and the magnetic properties differ considerably for Mn2NiAl, Mn2NiGa and Mn2NiIn and Mn2NiSn. Details of the electronic structures suggest that the differences in hybridizations between the magnetic components are responsible for these trends. Quantitative estimates of the energetics and the magnetizations indicate that Mn2NiGa and Mn2NiAl are more promising candidates for shape memory applications.
Dynamic and temperature effects in microwave assisted switching: Evidence of chaotic macrospin dynamics
Authors: Cimpoesu Dorin , Stancu Alexandru
Published: September 2011

Microwave assisted switching (MAS) is a method that can be used in magnetic recording in order to reduce the writing field. In order to have a robust method, the factors influencing MAS have to be systematically analyzed. In this paper we use the stochastic Landau-Lifsitz-Gilbert simulations to examine MAS in terms of microwave amplitude and frequency, damping, and the parameters describing the pulse field. Also, we discuss about the troubling aspect of numerical induced chaos.
Optical purification of a mixture of chiral forms by dimer formation
Authors: Eilam Asaf , Shapiro Moshe
Published: September 2011

We introduce a readily executable method for the optical purification of “scalemic” (non 50%-50%) mixtures of chiral molecules of opposite handedness (“enantiomers”). The method relies on the formation of two types of dimers, (R-R or S-S) “homodimers” and (R-S) “heterodimers.” The selectivity is linked to the difference in sign recently discovered by us to exist between certain transition-dipole matrix elements of opposite enantiomers. This sign difference results in differences in spectral propensity rules: In homodimers, transitions from the ground state can only take place to inversion symmetricexcited states, while in the heterodimer the transitions are much more likely to proceed to antisymmetric excited states (although for heterodimers weak transitions to symmetric states might exist). These opposing propensity rules fully explain the observed large differences in the spectra of homodimers vs. heterodimers, which exist despite the almost identical energy levels positions. We illustrate the general concepts by computationally demonstrating the optically induced enantio-purification of scalemic mixtures of the hydropropionic \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\text{C}_{3}\text{H}_{6}\text{O}_{3}$\end{document}C3H6O3 (lactic) acid.
Thermoelectric effect in high mobility single layer epitaxial graphene
Authors: Wu Xiaosong , Hu Yike , Ruan Ming , Madiomanana Nerasoa K. , Berger Claire , de Heer Walter A.
Published: September 2011

The thermoelectric response of high mobility (∼20 000 cm2/V s at 4 K) single layer epitaxial graphene on silicon carbide substrates has been experimentally investigated. The temperature dependence of the thermopower displays a strong deviation from the Mott relation at a carrier density of 1 × 1012 cm−2, reflecting the importance of the screening effect. In the quantum Hall regime, the amplitude of the thermopower peaks is lower than a quantum value, despite the high mobility of the sample. In addition, a temperature dependence for the amplitude is observed, unexpected by theories. The Nernst signal changes it sign as the magnetic field increases.
Confinement in nanopores can destabilize α-helix folding proteins and stabilize the β structures
Authors: Javidpour Leili , Sahimi Muhammad
Published: September 2011

Protein folding in confined media has attracted wide attention over the past decade due to its importance in both in vivo and in vitroapplications. Currently, it is generally believed that protein stability increases by decreasing the size of the confining medium, if its interaction with the confining walls is repulsive, and that the maximum folding temperature in confinement occurs for a pore size only slightly larger than the smallest dimension of the folded state of a protein. Protein stability in pore sizes, very close to the size of the folded state, has not however received the attention that it deserves. Using detailed, 0.3-ms-long molecular dynamics simulations, we show that proteins with an α-helix native state can have an optimal folding temperature in pore sizes that do not affect the folded-state structure. In contradiction to the current theoretical explanations, we find that the maximum folding temperature occurs in larger pores for smaller α-helices. In highly confined pores the free energy surface becomes rough, and a new barrier for protein folding may appear close to the unfolded state. In addition, in small nanopores the protein states that contain the β structures are entropically stabilized, in contrast to the bulk. As a consequence, folding rates decrease notably and the free energy surface becomes rougher. The results shed light on many recent experimental observations that cannot be explained by the current theories, and demonstrate the importance of entropic effects on proteins’ misfolded states in highly confined environments. They also support the concept of passive effect of chaperonin GroEL on protein folding by preventing it from aggregation in crowded environment of biological cells, and provide deeper clues to the α → β conformational transition, believed to contribute to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. The strategy of protein and enzyme stabilization in confined media may also have to be revisited in the case of tight confinement. For in silico studies of protein folding in confined media, use of non-Go potentials may be more appropriate.
The microstructure of dislocation clusters in industrial directionally solidified multicrystalline silicon
Authors: Kivambe Maulid M. , Stokkan Gaute , Ervik Torunn , Ryningen Birgit , Lohne Otto
Published: September 2011

The microstructure of commonly occurring dislocation patterns in industrial directionally solidified multicrystalline silicon has been systematically studied by light microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The work has been focused on dislocation clusters on wafers near the top of cast blocks. In near {111} grain surface, dislocation arrays parallel to {110} plane traces are lying in parallel rows of {111} planes inclined to the surface, in mainly 〈112〉30∘ orientation. The dislocation configuration suggests that the microstructure may result from a recovery process. The dislocations formed during crystal growth and cooling have undergone transformations at high temperature in order to achieve low energy configurations for minimization of dislocation and crystal energy.
Large coercivity and polarization of sol-gel derived BaTiO3 nanowires
Authors: Boucher R. , Renz P. , Li C. , Fuhrlich T. , Bauch J. , Yoon K. H. , Lupascu D. C.
Published: September 2011

BaTiO3 nanowires were grown in an amorphous aluminum oxide membrane from a sol-gel via electrophoresis. These had a ferroelectric coercive field of 5 kV/mm after undergoing a thermal treatment. This value is 12–16 times larger than the bulk value. Such enhancements are in agreement with local PFM measurements by others. An enhanced polarization of ≈80 μC/cm2 was also measured, where the bulk is around 26 μC/cm2. In addition, low leakage currents were also observed.
Density dependence of photoluminescence lifetime of CdSe/ZnS core-shell colloidal quantum dots
Authors: Kawata G. , Ogawa Y. , Minami F.
Published: September 2011

We measured the density dependence of both the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum and the PL lifetime of CdSe/ZnS core-shell colloidal quantum dots (QDs) from 0.01 to 10.0 nmol/ml at room temperature. We found that the PL lifetime increased drastically while the PL spectrum changed slightly with an increase in the density of the QDs. The density dependence of the PL lifetime is explained using the imprisonment of resonance radiation model, which has been discussed in atomic systems.
The effects of magnetic field on single-surface resonant multipactor
Authors: Chang Chao , Verboncoeur John , Tantawi Sami , Jing Chunguang
Published: September 2011

The single-surface resonant multipactor in dielectric-loaded accelerating structures has been found to result in serious power absorption [J. G. Power et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 164801 (2004)]. This paper presents an effective method for suppressing the resonant multipactor via an external dc magnetic field B satisfying special amplitudes. Using three-dimensional dynamic calculations and electromagnetic particle-in-cell simulations, the suppression mechanism is researched. The variation of the magnetic field is investigated for the ratio of the gyro-frequency to the rf satisfying Ω/ω ∈ (0.25, 2), over which the suppression effect for the multipactor initially improves and then weakens.
Comparative study on light-induced absorption between MgO:LiNbO3 and MgO:LiTaO3
Authors: Enomoto Satoshi , Ashihara Satoshi
Published: September 2011

A comparative study on the light-induced absorption was performed for lithium niobate and lithium tantalate crystals in which the antisite defects were eliminated by MgO doping. The induced absorption was measured in a spectral window ranging from visible to near infrared with a time resolution of 10 ns. Upon pulsed-light irradiation, a broad absorption peaking near 1250 nm was induced in MgO-doped lithium niobate. It was attributed to the small free polaron, an electron trapped at the regular Nb ion site. In contrast, such absorption in the near infrared originating from the free polaron was absent in MgO-doped lithium tantalates. The findings are highly relevant to the frequency conversion performances of high-power and pulsed lasers based on the current periodically-poled devices. The results also suggest guidelines for improving the crystal qualities.
Anti-bunched photons from a lateral light-emitting diode
Authors: Lunghi Tommaso , De Simoni Giorgio , Piazza Vincenzo , Nicoll Christine A. , Beere Harvey E. , Ritchie David A. , Beltram Fabio
Published: September 2011

We demonstrate anti-bunched emission from a lateral-light emitting diode. Sub-Poissonian emission statistic, with a g(2)(0) = 0.7, is achieved at cryogenic temperature in the pulsed low-current regime, by exploiting electron injection through shallow impurities located in the diode depletion region. Thanks to its simple fabrication scheme and to its modulation bandwidth in the gigahertz range, we believe our devices are an appealing substitute for highly attenuated lasers in existing quantum-key-distribution systems. Our devices outperform strongly attenuated lasers in terms of multi-photon emission events and can therefore lead to a significant security improvement in existing quantum key distribution systems.
Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy of HfO2 gate stacks: A study based on first-principles modeling
Authors: Scalise E. , Houssa M. , Pourtois G. , Afanas’ev V. V. , Stesmans A.
Published: September 2011

A first-principles modeling approach is used to investigate the vibrational properties of HfO2. The calculated phonon density of states is compared to experimental results obtained from inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS) of various metal-oxide-semiconductor devices with HfO2 gate stacks. This comparison provides deep insights into the nature of the signatures of the complicated IETS spectra and provides valuable structural information about the gate stack, such as the possible presence of oxygen vacancies in jet-vapour deposited HfO2. Important structural differences between the interface of atomic-layer or molecular-beam deposited HfO2 and the Si substrate are also revealed.
Magnetic anisotropy of FePt: Effect of lattice distortion and chemical disorder
Authors: Aas C. J. , Szunyogh L. , Chen J. S. , Chantrell R. W.
Published: September 2011

We perform first principles calculations of the magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy (MAE) in the five samples of L10 FePt that were studied experimentally by Ding and co-workers [J. Appl. Phys. 97, 10H303 (2005)]. The effect of temperature-induced spin fluctuations is estimated by scaling the MAE down according to previous Langevin dynamics simulations. Including chemical disorder as given in experiment, the experimental correlation between the MAE and the lattice mismatch is qualitatively well reproduced. Moreover, we determine the chemical order parameters that reproduce exactly the experimental MAE of each of the samples. Our observations lead to the conclusion that the MAE of the FePt samples is determined by the chemical disorder rather than by lattice distortion.
Effects of stress on the optical properties of epitaxial Nd-doped Sr0.5Ba0.5Nb2O6 films
Authors: Yao Y. B. , Liu W. C. , Mak C. L. , Wong K. H.
Published: September 2011

Nd-doped Sr0.5Ba0.5Nb2O6 (SBN) thin films with thicknesses ranging from 15 nm to 460 nm were grown on MgO (100) substrates using pulsed laser deposition technique. X-ray diffraction studies showed that the films were highly (001)-oriented and epitaxially grown on the substrates. Raman spectroscopy revealed the presence of residual stresses in the films especially for those with thicknesses below 100 nm. Transmittance and photoluminescence spectra revealed that the band-gap energies as well as the light-induced emission bands were shifted to higher energies as the film thickness decreased. The Nd3+ emission lines in the films were also dependent on film thickness. Origins of these observations were discussed based upon the stress as well as grain size effects.
Health care in patients 1 year post-stroke in general practice: research on the utilisation of the Dutch Transmural Protocol transient ischaemic attack/cerebrovascular accident
Authors: de Weerd L. , Rutgers A. W. F. , Groenier K. H. , van der Meer K.
Published: September 2011

This study evaluates the kind of aftercare that ischaemic stroke patients receive and the extent that aftercare fulfils the criteria of the ‘Dutch Transmural Protocol transient ischaemic attack/cerebrovascular accident’. Fifty-seven patients were interviewed 1 year post-stroke about secondary prevention and aftercare. Forty general practitioners (GPs) completed a questionnaire about guidance and secondary prevention (concerning medication and lifestyle advice). Most patients would like to see their GP more regularly. More aftercare was required than was planned. The use of aspirin remained the same, fewer patients used statins and more used antihypertensives. Of the 40 GPs who participated, 12% did not apply prevention. Blood pressure, glucose and cholesterol were measured in 84%, 28% and 40% of patients. All of these measures were often elevated, but treatment was not given. Lifestyle advice was offered to one-quarter of patients. Considering all of the advice given in the Dutch Protocol, several aspects can be improved in relation to secondary prevention. Too little attention is paid to giving lifestyle advice, stricter medical checkups by GPs are necessary and there is a decrease in use of preventive medication, partly because GPs monitors use of medication inadequately. The use of the Dutch Protocol in aftercare can be improved by a more detailed description of advice.
Word clusters and reformulation markers in Chinese and English
Authors: Xiao Richard
Published: September 2011

This article presents a corpus-based contrastive study of word clusters and reformulation markers in Chinese and English, and discusses the implications of the findings for translation universal hypotheses. The study is based on three balanced comparable corpora which represent British English, native Chinese and translational Chinese in addition to an English-Chinese parallel corpus which provides a basis for comparing native and translated English and investigating explicitation in translation. Our results show that word clusters are substantially more common in translated Chinese, suggesting a tendency in translations to use fixed and semi-fixed recurring patterns in an attempt to achieve improved fluency. The more frequent use of word clusters, especially those of high frequency and high coverage in translational Chinese, is also likely to be a result of the influence of the English source language because word clusters are significantly more prevalent in native English in relation to native Chinese. Chinese and English tend to use reformulation markers of different styles while on the other hand, reformulation markers are generally more common in both translated English and translated Chinese than in their native counterparts, suggesting that reformulation markers function as a strategy for explicitation in translations, which tend to use oral, stylistically simpler forms than non-translated texts.
Why can’t the sun bloom roses in Spanish?
Authors: Rodríguez Guillermo
Published: September 2011

Levin and Rappaport (1995) have proposed a binary classification for change of state verbs that revolves around the locus of cause for these changes: whether the cause is internal or external to the entity undergoing change. They claim this distinction is crosslinguistically viable and explains the syntactic behavior of these predicates. Based on work done by Smith (1970) and Wright (2001), this paper argues for an extension of Levin and Rappaport’s binary classification. Instead, I propose a continuum resulting from the analysis of corpora in English and Spanish for verbs that would enter the binary categories advanced by Levin and Rappaport. One of the problematic pairs of verbs for their classification when applied to Spanish, florecer ‘to bloom’ and marchitar(se) ‘to wilt’ is analyzed in detail. The continuum proposed here extends Levin and Rappaport’s categories and takes into account the locus of control of the change and whether external factors may be necessary conditions for the change to occur. In particular, this new focus can account for the presence or absence of the clitic se with some of the predicates in Spanish.
“The problem is…”
Authors: Hannken-Illjes Kati
Published: September 2011

This paper relates to recent discussions in narrative research focusing on the actual everyday practices of participants when telling and taking up stories. The field of practice under consideration is that of criminal case work. First, I shall introduce very briefly the status of narrating in criminal case work. Second, I will discuss the double meaning of positioning and positionality used in this paper. After introducing the data and the broader methodological context of the underlying fieldwork, I will show how in lawyer–client meetings narratives are called upon and cited in order to achieve a coherent strategy understandable to both lawyer and client. The purpose of the paper is more a theoretical-conceptual than an empirical one. I want to show that in criminal case work narrative is on the one hand a central means to establish plausibility while on the other hand most of the time told in fragments.
What is consciousness for?
Authors: Frith Christopher
Published: September 2011

In the first talk I discuss recent experiments designed to elucidate the neural correlates of consciousness. Implicit in this discussion are operational definitions of what I mean by consciousness. In the second talk I explore the extent to which we are conscious of being in control of our actions, our sense of agency. I raise the question of why we need to be aware of actions at all since we can achieve so much without such awareness. In the final talk I propose that consciousness has a critical role in social interactions. Consciousness of action allows us to assign responsibility and develop culturally acceptable justifications for action. Furthermore, consciousness enables us to share our experiences in a manner that is optimal for group decisions.
Action and awareness of agency
Authors: Bermúdez José Luis
Published: September 2011

Chris Frith’s target chapters contain a wealth of interesting experiments and striking theoretical claims. In these comments I begin by drawing out some of the key themes in his discussion of action and the sense of agency. Frith’s central claim about conscious action is that what we are primarily conscious of in acting is our own agency. I will review some of the experimental evidence that he interprets in support of this claim and then explore the following three questions about the awareness of agency:

(1) Should we locate the phenomena that Frith describes as awareness of agency at the personal level or at the subpersonal level?

(2) If we are indeed operating at the personal level, then should we think about awareness of agency as something we experience, or as something that we believe?

(3) If awareness of agency is to be understood experientially, is there what some authors have called “a sense of agency”, where this is understood to be a distinctive type of experience that accompanies agentive behaviors but is absent in behaviors that are not under the control of the agent?

In what follows I argue that awareness of agency should be located at the personal level, and that we should think of it as something we experience . But I will reject the claim that there is a distinctive sense of agency.
Tye on materialism without phenomenal concepts
Authors: Senderowicz Yaron M.
Published: September 2011

In this review article I examine Michel Tye’s recent reassessment of the phenomenal concept strategy. The phenomenal concept strategy is employed in the attempts to respond to the classical arguments that challenge materialism. I examine Tye’s reasons for abandoning the phenomenal concept strategy (a strategy that he himself advocated in his earlier writings), and I examine the elements of his new position according to which the materialist response should involve ‘singular when filled’ content schema, as well as a version of the Russellian distinction between knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description. In the final part I criticize the adequacy of Tye’s theory not as a response to the dualists but rather as a response to opponents of representationalism from the materialist camp.
Consciousness and the feeling body
Authors: Kiverstein Julian
Published: September 2011

InHow the Mind Uses the BrainRalph Ellis and Natika Newton develop a novel embodied, enactive theory of consciousness, according to which consciousness has its basis in neural systems that prepare the system to perform actions of emotional significance to the organism. Consciousness emerges out of self-organising processes which function in such a way as to contribute to, and maintain, the organism’s overall wellbeing. I’ll begin this review by reconstructing Ellis and Newton’s view of consciousness as a self-organising process, and then go on to compare and contrast the enactive theory with the model of consciousness Chris Frith has outlined in his lectures.
Nominal periphrasis
Authors: Chumakina Marina
Published: September 2011

Periphrasis, the use of two independent word forms to serve the function of a single inflected word, is usually associated with verbal systems. However, it occurs also in nominal systems. Using the canonical approach to formulate the criteria for nominal periphrasis, I analyse instances of periphrasis in three Samoyedic languages (Tundra Nenets, Forest Enets and Nganasan) where it approaches the canonical ideal, and compare these to the case systems of Romanian, Armenian and Archi where the periphrasis is further away from the canonical centre. An important advantage of the canonical approach is that it provides an instrument to investigate periphrastic realisations in finer detail, and takes periphrasis as an integral part of the morphological and syntactic systems of an individual language.
‘To not be’ or not ‘to not be’
Authors: Eriksen Pål Kristian
Published: September 2011

In a substantial number of languages negation of non-verbal predicates diverges from standard negation. In this paper I approach this phenomenon from a typological perspective, and claim that non-standard negation of non-verbal predicates can be described through a generalization I refer to as DNA (Direct Negation Avoidance), which means that the non-verbal predicates avoid being in the direct scope of negation. DNA can be subcategorized into various DNA strategies, and in the first half of the paper I list and describe these strategies. In the second half I argue how the DNA generalization may be extended to also include languages with standard negation of their non-verbal predicates, and that further research might reveal DNA to be a language universal.