bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High concentrations of triglycerides are associated with diabetic kidney disease in new‐onset type 2 diabetes in China: Findings from the China Cardiometabolic Disease and Cancer Cohort (4C) Study
Authors: Gong Lei , Wang Chuan , Ning Guang , Wang Weiqing , Chen Gang , Wan Qin , Qin Guijun , Yan Li , Wang Guixia , Qin Yingfen , Luo Zuojie , Tang Xulei , Huo Yanan , Hu Ruying , Ye Zhen , Shi Lixin , Gao Zhengnan , Su Qing , Mu Yiming , Zhao Jiajun , Chen Lulu , Zeng Tianshu , Yu Xuefeng , Li Qiang , Shen Feixia , Zhang Yinfei , Wang Youmin , Deng Huacong , Liu Chao , Wu Shengli , Yang Tao , Bi Yufang , Lu Jieli , Li Mian , Xu Yu , Xu Min , Wang Tiange , Zhao Zhiyun , Hou Xinguo , Chen Li
Published: July 2021

Aims

The aims of this study were to evaluate the associations of metabolic abnormalities with incident diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and to explore whether dyslipidaemia, particularly high fasting triglyceride (TG), was associated with the development of DKD.

Methods

In total, 11 142 patients with new‐onset type 2 diabetes with baseline estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2 were followed up during 2011‐2016. Incident DKD was defined as eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 at follow‐up. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to explore the relationship of metabolic abnormalities at baseline and at follow‐up with risks of DKD. High TG was defined by TG ≥1.70 mmol/L. Low high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐c) was defined by HDL‐c <1.0 mmol/L for men or <1.3 mmol/L for women.

Results

Participants who developed DKD had higher levels of waist circumference and systolic blood pressure, and lower levels of HDL‐c at both baseline and follow‐up visits. The DKD group also had higher levels of post‐load plasma glucose and TG at follow‐up. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that both high TG at baseline [odds ratio (OR) = 1.37, p = .012) and high TG at follow‐up (OR = 1.71, p < .001) were significantly associated with increased risks of DKD. Patients with high TG levels at both baseline and follow‐up had higher risk of DKD compared with constantly normal TG (OR = 1.65, p < .001) after adjustment for covariates.

Conclusions

In a large population of patients with new‐onset type 2 diabetes, a high TG level was an independent risk factor for the development of DKD. Tight TG control might delay the occurrence of DKD.
Diverging facets of grassland ant diversity along a Mediterranean elevational gradient
Authors: Silvestre Mariola , Carmona Carlos P. , Azcárate Francisco M. , Seoane Javier
Published: July 2021

1. We address associations of taxonomic diversity (TD), functional diversity (FD), and phylogenetic diversity (PD) of ant assemblages with gradients of elevation to assess whether energetic limitations or deterministic or stochastic niche‐building processes are more relevant to the assembly of communities.

2. We sampled ant assemblages using pitfall traps in grassland habitats along an elevational gradient of 1712 m in the Guadarrama Mountains of Central Spain. The relationships of alpha and beta diversity metrics with soil temperature, productivity, elevation, and geographical distances were examined with generalised additive (mixed) models.

3. The facets of diversity showed strong and partially coincident responses to the gradients, but the responses and the similarities among them weakened or disappeared when the effects of species richness were factored out. TD and FD changed roughly in a similar manner with elevation and productivity, but PD did not show clear responses to those factors. Taxonomic and functional richness increased with productivity and decreased with elevation. Mean pairwise functional and phylogenetic dissimilarities did not change along the gradients. Elevation and productivity gradients accounted for much of the beta TD among assemblages but only explained a moderate variation of functional traits and phylogenetic relationships, while geographical distances were more explanatory of beta PD.

4. The partial redundancies among facets of diversity suggest that the spatial variation of diversity is mainly related to the sheer number of species. However, both environmental filtering and limiting similarity could be acting in concordance to reduce the number of species present in communities.
LEOBAT: Lightweight encryption and OTP based authentication technique for securing IoT networks
Authors: Goel Aarti , Sharma Deepak Kumar , Gupta Koyel Datta
Published: July 2021

Authentication is one of the foremost pillars in the Internet of Things (IoT) security that authenticates the identity of a device or a person with the help of a unique identification number. If authentication is compromised then an intruder can gain access and launch a variety of attacks on the network. The world of IoT devices is benefiting us in many ways, but the vulnerability of becoming a victim of cybercrime is also increasing at a rapid pace. This research paper proposes an authentication‐based solution for designing a secure communication network to ensure safe access to data and stop attackers from any unauthorized access to various IoT applications using cryptography and cloud computing. The proposed work is then compared with other popular cryptosystems such as Secure Internet of Things (SIT), Data Encryption Standard (DES) and Blowfish. LEOBAT is simulated using MATLAB and proves to be a fast and efficient authentication technique.
Efficacy of a pediatric headache infusion center: A single‐center experience
Authors: Kumar Gogi , Payne Asia M. , Maag Logan Mark , MacDonald Sarah
Published: July 2021

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of a pediatric headache infusion center (HIC) in alleviating the symptoms and preventing future visits to the emergency department (ED).

Background

Headache is a common reason for visits to the pediatric ED. ED visits are associated with inordinate costs of care and are conceived by parents to be avoidable if adequate alternatives are available. An infusion center for acute treatment of intractable headache in children with chronic migraine may be an effective alternative to an ED visit.

Methods

This was a retrospective analysis of data from a single‐center cohort of patients with a known history of chronic migraine, presenting to Dayton Children's HIC with an acute migraine from June 1, 2017 to June 1, 2020. Patients were treated according to established protocols divided into two pathways. Patient demographics, clinical characteristics, pre‐ and postinfusion pain scores, ED visits and inpatient admissions within 2 weeks of HIC visit, and ED visits 1 year prior and 1 year after the HIC visit were noted.

Results

A total of 297 HIC visits were analyzed from 201 patients. The HIC was effective in controlling symptoms with a significant reduction in pain score (median [interquartile range; IQR] 7.0 [2.0] preinfusion vs. 1.0 [2.0] postinfusion, p < 0.001). Only 25/297 (8.4%) patients came to the ED within 2 weeks of the HIC visit, and an even smaller number of patients (20/297, 6.7%) were admitted as inpatients within 2 weeks of the HIC visit. The number of ED visits was significantly reduced in the year after the HIC visit compared with the year prior (median [IQR] 1.0 [2.0] before vs. 0.0 [1.0] after, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

A pediatric HIC is effective in alleviating the symptoms and preventing ED visits. These centers should be considered as standard of care at children's hospitals.
Non‐malignant portal vein thrombosis in a cohort of cirrhotic patients: Incidence and risk factors
Authors: Lopez‐Gomez Marta , Llop Elba , Puente Angela , Hernández Conde Marta , Ruiz Patricia , Alvárez Silvia , Martínez Jose Luis , Abad Javier , Fernández Natalia , Perelló Christie , Fernández‐Carrillo Carlos , Ferre Carlos , Trapero Maria , Fraga Enrique , Crespo Javier , Calleja Panero Jose Luis
Published: July 2021

Aim

Non‐malignant portal vein thrombosis (PVT) is a complication of liver cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the annual incidence of PVT and related risk factors.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed clinical, laboratory, and radiological data collected prospectively from September 2016 to September 2017. A follow‐up of 36 months was performed in a subset of patients to determine the cumulative incidence of PVT and related complications.

Results

The study included 567 patients. The incidence of PVT at 12, 24, and 36 months was 3.7%, 0.8%, and 1.4%, respectively. Patients with PVT were compared with patients without PVT, and showed differences in albumin (p = 0.04), aspartate aminotransferase (p = 0.04), hemoglobin (p = 0.01), and prothrombin activity (p = 0.01). The presence of hydropic decompensation (57.1% vs. 30.1%; p 0.004), gastroesophageal varices (76.2% vs. 39.5%; p = 0.05), variceal bleeding (52.4% vs. 22.7%; p < 0.001), hepatic encephalopathy (38.1% vs. 9.9%; p = 0.01), spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (9.5% vs. 1.7%; p < 0.001), and use of beta‐blockers (71.4% vs. 27.7%; p < 0.001) were significantly associated. In the multivariate analysis, use of beta‐blockers and hepatic encephalopathy appeared as risk factors, and high albumin levels a protective factor.

Conclusions

The incidence of PVT was 3.7%. Beta‐blockers and hepatic encephalopathy were risks factors. High albumin levels were a protective factor.
Effectiveness of smartphone application–based self‐management interventions in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: He Qianyu , Zhao Xiaoyan , Wang Yarui , Xie Qinqin , Cheng Li
Published: July 2021

Aims

To synthesize evidences on smartphone application–based intervention and determine its effectiveness on glycaemic control, self‐management behaviours, psychological well‐being, quality of life and cardiometabolic risk factors.

Design

A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Data sources

Major English and Chinese electronic databases were searched from January 2008 to January 2021, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Google Scholar, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang and Sinomed.

Review methods

RCTs were screened and selected if they used smartphone applications to support patients in the self‐management of diabetes. Data extraction and methodological assessment were performed by two reviewers independently. Meta‐analysis was performed to pool the intervention effect on outcomes of interest using RevMan 5.3.

Results

Across 19 included trials involving 2585 participants, smartphone application–based interventions were associated with a clinically and statistically significant reduction of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Beneficial effects were also observed in participants’ behavioural performance, especially in medication adherence. Intervention effects on psychological status, quality of life and cardiometabolic risk factors were nonsignificant. Subgroup analysis showed interactive approach with medium frequency or flexible facilitator–patient interaction induced a larger effect on HbA1c reduction. Besides, patients with baseline HbA1c ≥9% benefited more than those with HbA1c <9% from the use of smartphone applications.

Conclusions

Smartphone application–based diabetes self‐management intervention could optimize patients’ glycaemic control and enhance participants’ self‐management performance. Further endeavour is required to examine the long‐term effects and cost‐effectiveness of smartphone application–based intervention before promoting the adoption and dissemination of such intervention.

Impact

This review supports the potential of smartphone application–based intervention as effective approach to optimize glycaemic control and promote self‐management engagement among patients with type 2 diabetes. Suggestions for future research and practice are provided and discussed.
The extravascular implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator: The pivotal study plan
Authors: Crozier Ian , O'Donnell David , Boersma Lucas , Murgatroyd Francis , Manlucu Jaimie , Knight Bradley P. , Birgersdotter‐Green Ulrika Maria , Leclercq Christophe , Thompson Amy , Sawchuk Robert , Willey Sarah , Wiggenhorn Christopher , Friedman Paul
Published: July 2021

Background

Transvenous implantable cardioverter defibrillators (TV ICD) provide life‐saving therapy for millions of patients worldwide. However, they are susceptible to several potential short‐ and long‐ term complications including cardiac perforation and pneumothorax, lead dislodgement, venous obstruction, and infection. The extravascular ICD system's novel design and substernal implant approach avoids the risks associated with TV ICDs while still providing pacing features and similar generator size to TV ICDs.

Study Design

The EV ICD pivotal study is a prospective, multicenter, single‐arm, nonrandomized, premarket clinical study designed to examine the safety and acute efficacy of the system. This study will enroll up to 400 patients with a Class I or IIa indication for implantation of an ICD. Implanted subjects will be followed up to approximately 3.5 years, depending on when the patient is enrolled.

Objective

The clinical trial is designed to demonstrate safety and effectiveness of the EV ICD system in human use. The safety endpoint is freedom from major complications, while the efficacy endpoint is defibrillation success. Both endpoints will be assessed against prespecified criteria. Additionally, this study will evaluate antitachycardia pacing performance, electrical performance, extracardiac pacing sensation, asystole pacing, appropriate and inappropriate shocks, as well as a summary of adverse events.

Conclusion

The EV ICD pivotal study is designed to provide clear evidence addressing the safety and efficacy performance of the EV ICD System.
Same‐day discharge after catheter ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation in a large nationwide administrative claims database
Authors: Field Michael E. , Goldstein Laura , Corriveau Kevin , Khanna Rahul , Fan Xiaozhou , Gold Michael R.
Published: July 2021

Background

Catheter ablation (CA) is a common treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF). This study evaluated outcomes of same day discharge (SDD) versus overnight stay (ONS) among AF patients undergoing outpatient CA.

Methods

The Optum SES Clinformatics Extended Data Mart database was used to identify patients ≥18 years of age undergoing outpatient CA for AF (2016–2020). Eligible patients were indexed to the date of first CA and classified into SDD and ONS groups based on the length of service. A 1:3 propensity score matching was used to create comparable SDD:ONS samples. The primary safety outcome was CA‐related complications within 30 days of index procedure. The primary efficacy outcome was AF recurrence within 1 year. Cox proportional hazards models were estimated for outcome comparison.

Results

In the postmatch 30‐day cohort for safety evaluation, there were 6600 patients (1660 [25.2%] SDD; 4940 [74.8%] ONS), with a mean age of 66.6 years. There was no significant difference in the 30‐day composite rate of postablation complications (4.7% [78/1660] vs. 3.8% [187/4940];p = 0.100) and 1‐year composite rate of AF recurrence (14.3% [142/996] vs. 14.5% [430/2972];p = 0.705) between the SDD and ONS groups.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that SDD following CA to treat patients with AF is safe, with low rates of postablation complications and AF recurrence, which were comparable to rates in patients with an ONS after CA.
Phenotypic and functional variation in venom and venom resistance of two sympatric rattlesnakes and their prey
Authors: Robinson Kelly E. , Holding Matthew L. , Whitford Malachi D. , Saviola Anthony J. , Yates John R. , Clark Rulon W.
Published: July 2021

Predator–prey interactions often lead to the coevolution of adaptations associated with avoiding predation and, for predators, overcoming those defences. Antagonistic coevolutionary relationships are often not simple interactions between a single predator and prey but rather a complex web of interactions between multiple coexisting species. Coevolution between venomous rattlesnakes and small mammals has led to physiological venom resistance in several mammalian taxa. In general, viperid venoms contain large quantities of snake venom metalloproteinase toxins (SVMPs), which are inactivated by SVMP inhibitors expressed in resistant mammals. We explored variation in venom chemistry, SVMP expression, and SVMP resistance across four co‐distributed species (California Ground Squirrels, Bryant's Woodrats, Southern Pacific Rattlesnakes, and Red Diamond Rattlesnakes) collected from four different populations in Southern California. Our aim was to understand phenotypic and functional variation in venom and venom resistance in order to compare coevolutionary dynamics of a system involving two sympatric predator–prey pairs to past studies that have focused on single pairs. Proteomic analysis of venoms indicated that these rattlesnakes express different phenotypes when in sympatry, with Red Diamonds expressing more typical viperid venom (with a diversity of SVMPs) and Southern Pacifics expressing a more atypical venom with a broader range of non‐enzymatic toxins. We also found that although blood sera from both mammals were generally able to inhibit SVMPs from both rattlesnake species, inhibition depended strongly on the snake population, with snakes from one geographic site expressing SVMPs to which few mammals were resistant. Additionally, we found that Red Diamond venom, rather than woodrat resistance, was locally adapted. Our findings highlight the complexity of coevolutionary relationships between multiple predators and prey that exhibit similar offensive and defensive strategies in sympatry.
Cultures of listening, dark listening and a plea for theory
Authors: Motzkau Johanna
Published: July 2021

Russi (2021) suggests ‘eavesdropping’ as a way to appreciate the practical implications of Shotter’s (2015) stance that social inquiry is an art/craft beginning with experience, rather than a technique pre‐determined by theory and methods. Following Russi’s instruction to eavesdrop on his eavesdropping, I explore his concepts of experience and listening. Contrary to Russi I issue a plea for theory, as theoretical frameworks are key for tracking the politics of knowledge surrounding social inquiry. Illustrating the process theoretical character of Russi’s concepts of experience and listening, I argue for the possibility of theory as emergent within experience. Here my concept of cultures of listening is relevant, as it helps to consider eavesdropping as a form of dark listening (Motzkau & Lee, forthcoming).
Gentamicin‐induced sensorineural auditory loss in healthy adult horses
Authors: Aleman Monica R. , True Alexander , Scalco Rebeca , Crowe Chelsea M. , Costa Lais R. R. , Chigerwe Munashe
Published: July 2021

Background

Irreversible sensorineural auditory loss has been reported in humans treated with aminoglycosides but not in horses.

Objective

Investigate if auditory loss occurs in horses treated using the recommended IV daily dosage of gentamicin for 7 consecutive days.

Animals

Ten healthy adult horses (7‐15 years; females and males, 5 each).

Methods

Prospective study. Physical and neurological examinations and renal function tests were performed. Gentamicin sulfate was administered at a dosage of 6.6 mg/kg via the jugular vein on alternating sides for 7 days. Gentamicin peak and trough concentrations were measured. Horses were sedated using detomidine hydrochloride IV to perform brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAER) before the first dose, immediately after the last dose, and 30 days after the last dose. Peaks latencies, amplitudes, and amplitude ratios were recorded. Data from the second and last BAER were compared to results at baseline. Bone conduction was performed to rule out conduction disorders.

Results

Seven horses had auditory loss: complete bilateral (N = 1), complete unilateral (N = 2), and partial unilateral (N = 4). Based on physical examination and BAER results, sensorineural auditory loss was suspected. Absent bone conduction ruled out a conduction disorder and further supported sensorineural auditory loss in horses with completely absent BAER. Auditory dysfunction was reversible in 4 of 7 horses.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Gentamicin at recommended doses may cause sensorineural auditory loss in horses that might be irreversible. Follow‐up studies are needed to investigate if other dosing protocols present a similar risk.
The association between single nucleotide polymorphism in vitamin D receptor and calcium oxalate urolithiasis in dogs
Authors: Chamsuwan Sumonwan , Angkanaporn Kris , Dissayabutra Thasinas , Chuaypen Natthaya , Buranakarl Chollada
Published: July 2021

Background

Polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) are associated with calcium oxalate (CaOx) nephrolithiasis in humans.

Objectives

To investigate the association betweenVDRpolymorphisms and susceptibility to CaOx urolithiasis in dogs.

Animals

Thirty‐five dogs with CaOx urolithiasis were compared with 40 stone‐free dogs.

Methods

This was a case‐control study. TwoVDRgene polymorphisms (rs851998024 and rs852900542) were detected by specific TaqMan real‐time polymerase chain reaction assay, and their relationship with serum 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D, serum and urinary electrolyte concentrations was evaluated.

Results

The distribution of the rs852900542 polymorphism was significantly different between the case and the control dogs (x2 = 6.369,P = .04). Dogs with a CC or CT genotype had an increased risk of CaOx stones than those with the TT genotype (odds ratio = 3.82, 95% confidence interval 1.04‐13.98). The CaOx dogs with the TT genotype had a significantly lower urinary calcium‐to‐creatinine ratio than the CT+CC genotypes. 1,25‐(OH)2D concentrations did not differ between the cases and the controls (308.7 ± 217.4 vs 286.7 ± 185.1 pg/mL,P = .45).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

This finding suggests that vitamin D metabolism might play a role in CaOx stone formation in dogs.
Yilan crater, China: Evidence for an origin by meteorite impact
Authors: Chen Ming , Koeberl Christian , Tan Dayong , Ding Ping , Xiao Wansheng , Wang Ning , Chen Yiwei , Xie Xiande
Published: July 2021

The Yilan crater is 1.85 km in diameter and is located in the northeast of China's Heilongjiang Province. The crater is exposed in the Early Jurassic granite of the regional Paleozoic–Mesozoic granite complexes. The southern third of the crater rim is missing, but other rim sections are well preserved, with a maximum elevation above the present crater floor of 150 m. A drillcore from the center of the structure shows that the crater fill consists of 110 m thick lacustrine sediments underlain by a 319 m thick brecciated granite unit mainly composed of unconsolidated granite clasts and fragments. Melt products derived from the target granite, which include melted (and recrystallized) granite clasts, vesicular glass, and teardrop‐shaped glass, were found in the brecciated granite unit at 218–237 m depth. Petrographic investigations of unmelted granite clasts in the brecciated granite unit from this depth interval show the presence of multiple sets of planar deformation features (PDFs) in quartz. Orientation measurements for 79 PDF sets in 38 quartz grains with a U‐stage indicate the dominance of the ω{103} and π{102} orientations with a relative frequency of 39% and 18%, respectively. Only 7.6% of the observed PDFs remain unindexed. The observations of PDFs with the appropriate orientations are clear evidence of shock metamorphism and thus of an impact origin of the Yilan structure. Crystallite aggregates of coesite embedded in silica glass were found in the impact‐melted granite clasts. The carbon‐14 dates of possibly impact‐produced charcoal and lacustrine sediments from the crater fill suggest a young age for the impact event of 0.0493 ± 0.0032 Ma.
Looking after each other in a crisis—Lessons from Novichok and the parallels with Covid‐19
Authors: Jenkins Kate S. M. , Thomas Jess , Duggan Megan , Scott Hannah , Lang Jenny
Published: July 2021

Background

In March 2018, three patients were admitted to the Emergency Department of a District General Hospital. Originally suspected of having suffered an opiate overdose, it became clear that they were the victims of anti‐cholinesterase poisoning—the Soviet era poison Novichok. Twenty‐five days later, two further patients were admitted with the same symptoms. One of these patients died 8 days later and the second remained in hospital for 3 weeks. A Clinical Psychologist was present on the unit throughout the major incident and all staff directly involved received psycho‐educational support regarding self‐care.

Aims

To examine the psychological impact of the longest running major incident in NHS history on the staff directly involved.

Design

A cross‐sectional design was used, with structured questionnaires administered retrospectively.

Methods

A link to an electronic survey was emailed to every member of staff in the organization. The survey included the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, the Impact of Events Scale—Revised (to both the March and June events).

Results

540/4000 hospital staff responded (13.5% response rate) with a 29/59 (49%) response rate in intensive care staff. Frontline staff had significantly lower scores on anxiety (P < .05 for the June incident), depressive symptoms (P < .05 March and June) and subscales of burnout than managers (depersonalization P < .05). On the remaining two burnout subscales and on anxiety scores for those involved in March, results trended towards significance (P < .1).

Conclusions

Staff in management roles during major incidents may experience higher levels of psychological distress than staff in front line clinical roles and should be encouraged to seek psychological support.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

This article informs teams of the psychological impact of major incidents on staff in intensive care settings.
Reflections on researching vulnerable populations: Lessons from a study with Bhutanese refugee women
Authors: Parajuli Jamuna , Horey Dell
Published: July 2021

This paper explores the critical roles of researchers in research involving vulnerable populations. Its purpose is to reflect on the complex nature of vulnerability of Bhutanese refugee women who had resettled in Australia involved in research looking at the barriers to accessing preventive cancer screening. First, we describe the vulnerabilities considered prior to the research study and the actions taken to protect participants while the study was conducted. Second, we discuss those vulnerabilities that we did not anticipate, but were subsequently revealed during the study and consequently included in the study findings. These vulnerabilities should be considered for future research involving similar populations. It is important for researchers to use appropriate research designs that enable the voice of vulnerable people to be heard and to use research strategies that ensure findings are robust and participants are protected and empowered. Potential implications include the development of research practices that take account of the sources of vulnerabilities and consideration of how different vulnerabilities can evolve and affect findings and research recommendations.
Explaining normative reasons
Authors: Fogal Daniel , Risberg Olle
Published: July 2021

In this paper, we present and defend a natural yet novel analysis of normative reasons. According to what we callsupport‐explanationism, for a fact to be a normative reason toφis for it to explain why there's normative support forφ‐ing. We critically consider the two main rival forms of explanationism—ought‐explanationism, on which reasons explain facts about ought, andgood‐explanationism, on which reasons explain facts about goodness—as well as the popular Reasons‐First view, which takes the notion of a normative reason to be normatively fundamental. Support‐explanationism, we argue, enjoys many of the virtues of these views while avoiding their drawbacks. We conclude by exploring several further important implications: among other things, we argue that the influential metaphor of ‘weighing’ reasons is inapt, and propose a better one; that, contrary to what Berker (2019) suggests, there's no reason for non‐naturalists about normativity to accept the Reasons‐First view; and that, contrary to what Wodak (2020b) suggests, explanationist views can successfully accommodate what he calls ‘redundant reasons’.
Environmental and spatial planning with ngā Atua kaitiaki: A mātauranga Māori framework
Authors: Walker Dean P. , Ataria James M. , Hughey Kenneth F. D. , Park Patrick T. , Katene John P.
Published: July 2021

Internationally, Eurocentric hegemonies rooted in coloniality dominate the discourse on environmental wellbeing and sustainable development. Māori frameworks are being used and developed in Aotearoa New Zealand to support bicultural approaches to the management of natural resources and built environments. This paper reports on an Atua (Māori gods and spirits) framework that was found to be valuable as a cultural lens for the co‐creation of a toolkit for assessing the wellbeing of indigenous forests. This article provides guidance on the development and application of kaupapa Māori frameworks, particularly Atua frameworks, in wider geographical contexts including urban design and spatial planning.
IGF‐1 TMJ injections enhance mandibular growth and bone quality in juvenile rats
Authors: Joshi Ashwini S. , Hatch Nan E. , Hayami Takayuki , Jheon Andrew , Kapila Sunil
Published: July 2021

Objectives

Dentofacial orthopaedic treatment of mandibular hypoplasia has unpredictable skeletal outcomes. Although several biomodulators including insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) are known to contribute to chondrocyte proliferation, their efficacy in modulating mandibular growth has not been validated. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of locally delivered IGF‐1 on mandibular growth and condylar bone quality/quantity in juvenile rats.

Setting and sample population

Institutional vivarium using twenty‐four 35‐day‐old male Sprague‐Dawley rats.

Methods

PBS or 40 µg/kg (low‐dose) IGF‐1 or 80 µg/kg (high‐dose) IGF‐1 was injected bilaterally into the temporomandibular joints of the rats at weekly intervals for four weeks. Cephalometric and micro‐computed tomography measurements were used to determine mandibular dimensions. Bone and tissue mineral density, volume fraction and mineral content were determined, and serum IGF‐1 concentrations assayed.

Results

Intra‐articular administration of high‐dose IGF‐1 contributed to a significant 6%‐12% increase in mandibular body and condylar length compared to control and low‐dose IGF‐1‐treated animals. Additionally, IGF‐1 treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the angulation of the lower incisors to mandibular plane. Condylar bone volume, bone volume fraction, mineral content and mineral density were significantly increased with high‐dose IGF‐1 relative to control and low‐dose IGF‐1 groups. Serum IGF‐1 levels were similar between all groups confirming limited systemic exposure to the locally administered IGF‐1.

Conclusion

Local administration of high‐dose 80 µg/kg IGF‐1 enhances mandibular growth and condylar bone quality and quantity in growing rats. The findings have implications for modulating mandibular growth and potentially enhancing condylar bone health and integrity.
Epidemiological and clinical study of microsporidiosis in French kidney transplant recipients from 2005 to 2019: TRANS‐SPORE registry
Authors: Dumond Clément , Aulagnon Florence , Etienne Isabelle , Heng Anne‐Elisabeth , Bougnoux Marie‐Elisabeth , Favennec Loic , Kamar Nassim , Iriart Xavier , Pereira Bruno , Büchler Mathias , Desoubeaux Guillaume , Kaminski Hannah , Lussac‐Sorton Florian , Gargala Gilles , Anglicheau Dany , Poirier Philippe , Scemla Anne , Garrouste Cyril ,   The French Microsporidiosis Network
Published: July 2021

Introduction

Microsporidiosis is an emerging opportunistic infection in renal transplantation (RT) recipients. We aimed to describe its clinical presentation and treatment.

Materials and methods

We collected microsporidiosis cases identified in RT recipients between 2005 and 2019 in six French centers from the Crystal, Divat and Astre prospective databases.

Results

We report 68 RT recipients with intestinal microsporidiosis; the patients were predominantly male (61.8%), with a median age of 58 (46–69) years. Infection occurred at a median time of 3 (0.8–6.8) years posttransplant. Only Enterocytozoon bieneusi was found. Microsporidiosis manifested as diarrhea (98.5% of patients) with weight loss (72.1%) and acute renal injury (57.4%) without inflammatory biological parameters. The therapeutic approaches were no treatment (N = 9), reduction of the immunosuppressive regimen (∆IS) (N = 22), fumagillin alone (N = 9), fumagillin and ∆IS (N = 19), and albendazole or nitazoxanide and ∆IS (N = 9). Overall clinical remission was observed in 60 patients (88.2%). We observed no acute kidney rejection, renal transplant failure, or death within 6 months after microsporidiosis.

Conclusion

E. bieneusi is an underestimated opportunistic pathogen in RT recipients, and infection with E. bieneusi leads to diarrhea with important dehydration and acute renal injury. The treatment is based on the reduction of the immunosuppressive regimen and the administration of fumagillin if available.
Notas sobre Spinosauridae (Theropoda, Dinosauria)
Authors: Machado Elaine Batista , Kellner Alexander Wilhelm Armin
Published: July 2021

Spinosaur remains were collected in Africa, Europa, Asia and Brazil, coming from deposits with ages ranging from the Late Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous. Although having a wide distribution - both geographically and temporally - little is actually known about the group since most specimens are incomplete. Up to now, only eight species were described. Spinosauridae is divided into the Baryonychinae (Suchomimus + Baryonyx + Cristatosaurus) and Spinosaurinae (Spinosaurus+ Angaturama + Irritator). Only in Africa members of both clades were found. One possible scenario that could explain the spinosaurid distribution, suggests that forms related to Baryonyx (the most primitive member of this clade) dispersed from Europe to Northern Africa, where Spinosaurinae were originated. Later, members of the Spinosaurinae further spread to South America.
Bleaching in foraminifera with algal symbionts: implications for reef monitoring and risk asessment
Authors: Hallock Pamela , Williams D. E , Fisher E. M , Toler S. K
Published: July 2021

Reef-dwelling larger foraminifers share key characteristics with reefbuilding corals: they are prolific producers of calcium carbonate, they are physiologically dependent upon algal endosymbionts, and representatives of both groups have suffered bleaching episodes in recent decades. Since 1991, bleaching has been observed in populations of Amphistegina in all subtropical oceans, with peak bleaching in 1992 and secondary peaks in 1998 and 2005. Amphistegina populations exhibiting chronic, intermediate-intensity bleaching characteristically show anomalously high incidences of shell breakage, shell deformities, evidence of predation, and microbial infestation. Asexual reproduction is profoundly affected; broods from partly bleached parents typically have fewer individuals, many of which are anomalous in shape and size. Key differences between bleaching in corals and Amphistegina are that corals typically bleach by expelling their symbionts, while Amphistegina bleach when damaged symbionts are digested, and that mass coral bleaching requires high light but correlates most consistently with elevated temperatures, while bleaching in Amphistegina is induced by light. Amphistegina are particularly sensitive to the shorter (300-490 nm) wavelengths of solar radiation, which have increased in intensity relative to longer visible wavelengths (>;490-700 nm) in clear reef waters over the past 30 years as a consequence of stratospheric ozone depletion. Abundances and visual assessments of Amphistegina populations can be used as a low-cost risk-assessment tool. These protists are sensitive to environmental conditions over days to weeks, and provide a method to quickly distinguish between water quality (local) and photo-oxidative (global) stresses. Risk assessments based on the combined use of in situ measurements and low-cost indicators can provide resource managers with essential information to decide when more costly chemical or molecular procedures are needed to determine local sources of stress.
Micro-to macro-scale foraminiferal distributions: the contributions of Martin A. Buzas
Authors: Culver Stephen J
Published: July 2021

The research that Martin A. Buzas has published over the past more than 40 years has influenced us greatly. That research has many strands that cannot be dealt with in this short review. However, the theme of micro- to macroscale foraminiferal distributions is interwoven throughout Buzas's research career. Distributions are something that Buzas is very fond of. He was trained in statistics as well as foraminifera and so it was inevitable that he would combine his knowledge of statistical distributions with foraminiferal distributions at several different scales. He has studied the distribution of foraminifera at microscales, horizontally within a 10 cmÂ² area of the sea floor or vertically, cm by cm within a 20 cm core. He has also worked at the mesoscale, quantifying, through the pioneering use of the General Linear Model, the relationship of foraminiferal distributions and environmental variables in space and time. This research led to the hypothesis of pulsating patches. He has worked at the macroscale with S. J. Culver, defining the distribution of benthic foraminiferal provinces, showing that all foraminiferal distributions, particularly around the coasts of North and Central America, belong to the same statistical distribution. Their work has documented the assembly and disassembly of communities and the latitudinal patterns of deep-sea benthic foraminiferal diversity in the Atlantic basin. Most recently, with his coauthor, mathematical statistician L. C. Hayek, Buzas has delved deep into the intricacies of species diversity and solved a 50 year-old supposedly intractable problem of mathematically relating species richness with species evenness. This work led to the introduction of new approaches to understanding community structure and recognizing boundaries between adjacent communities (SHE analysis). Many of us work long hours and publish many papers over our careers but few of us truly influence the fundamentals of our science. Marty Buzas is one micropaleontologist whose work will be of lasting significance.
Convergent evolutionary patterns of shell ornamentation in Cretaceous planktonic foraminifera: was there method to the madness?
Authors: Huber Brian T.
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Rethinking the test: functional and evolutionary implications
Authors: Bowser S.S. , Habura A. , Bernhard J.M. , Pawlowski J.
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Benthic foraminifera biofacies in upper Cretaceous Ceará basin (Mundaú Sub-basin)
Authors: Costa Denize Santos , Viviers Marta Claudia
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Use of benthic foraminifera with elongated tests (endofauna) in the determination of depositional environments: case of the interval 1840-345 m of oil-well IVCO 25 off Côte d"Ivoire, West Africa
Authors: Digbehi Zéli Bruno , Affian Kouadio , Kouamé Aka , N. da Loukou Victor , Tahe Thierry
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Micropaleontological investigations and sequence stratigraphyof the drilled strata of Qutb-Abad Well #1, Southwestern Iran
Authors: Hosseini Seyed Abolfazl
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Micropaleontological characterization of Cenozoic deep-sea fan deposits, Congo Fan, offshore Angola
Authors: Kender Sev , Kaminski Michael A. , Jones Bob W.
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Tempo and mode of planktonic foraminiferal evolution
Authors: Liu Chengjie
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) larger foraminifera from Santiago Coatepec, SE Puebla, Mexico
Authors: Omaña Lourdes , Arreola Celestina González , Villaseñor Ana Bertha
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Biometrical study of the benthic foraminifera Cribroelphidium oregonense and morphological features of its deformed individuals
Authors: Abe Kohei , Hasegawa Shiro
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Glossary and "eForams": free rapid access to the current basic knowledge on foraminifera
Authors: Hottinger Lukas , Tyszka Jaroslaw , Topa Pawe
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Morphological variability of Globorotalia menardii banner and blow in the caribbean sea and the eastern Equatorial pacific during the past 8 million years
Authors: Knappertsbusch Michael
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Morphometric data on topotype assemblage of Miogypsina (Lepidocyclina) droogeri from Kachchh, India
Authors: Singh Swarndeep D. , Raju D. S. N.
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Annual variation of foraminifera from a sublitoral zone near Cachoeira River mouth, Paranaguá Bay (Paraná, Brazil)
Authors: Itice Isabela , Disaró Sibelle Trevisan
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Calcareous foraminifera from tropical north Queensland, Australia: their usefulness as proxy sea-level indicators in the absence of fossil agglutinated foraminifera
Authors: Woodroffe Sarah , Horton Ben
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Paleoenvironmental interpretation of the Danian-Selandian transition (Paleocene) in the North Sea Basin based on foraminifera
Authors: Clemmensen Anne , Thomsen Erik
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Cenomanian/Turonian benthic foraminiferal faunas of the Demerara Rise depth transect (ODP Leg 207)
Authors: Friedrich Oliver , Erbacher Jochen , Mutterlose J¶rg
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Divergence of late Miocene Caribbean and tropical Eastern Pacific shallow-water benthic foraminifera
Authors: Collins Laurel S.
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Latitudinal and sediment depth gradients in foraminiferal assemblage of the southeast Atlantic
Authors: Müllegger Stefan , Piller Werner E.
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Morphotype analysis of calcareous benthic foraminifera in the Carapita Formation, eastern Venzuela Basin
Authors: Sánchez Dennis
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Benthic foraminifera in a human-dominated environment: Long Island Sound
Authors: Thomas Ellen , Varekamp Johan C.
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Paleocene-Eocene Brazilian sedimentary successions and their "flysch-type" foraminiferal assemblages
Authors: Viviers Marta Claudia , Ferreira Elizabete Pedrâo
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Signature of the Brazil-Malvinas confluence in the isotopic composition of planktonic foraminifera from core top sediments
Authors: Chiessi Cristiano Mazur , Ulrich Shannon , Mulitza Stefan , Pätzold Jürgen , Wefer Gerold
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Distribution of planktonic foraminifera: a modeling approach
Authors: Fraile Igaratza , Schulzl Michael , Mulitza Stefan , Ganssen Gerald
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary at the Poty section, NE Brazil: foraminiferal record and sequence of events - a review
Authors: Koutsoukos Eduardo A. M
Published: July 2021

The Poty Quarry, near Recife, Pernambuco, in northeastern Brazil, is presently the best exposed marine Cretaceous-Paleogene (K/Pg) boundary section known in southern low-latitude regions, spanning the uppermost Maastrichtian, Plummerita hantkeninoides Zone, to Danian, PÎ±, P1a/P1b and P2 zones. It provides evidence for a possible extraterrestrial bolide impact which occurred in the earliest Danian, corresponding to near or at the boundary between the PÎ± and P1a foraminiferal zones (c. 100,000 to 200,000 years after the K/Pg transition). The dating of the possible impact-triggered tsunami beds at Poty suggests a secondary K/Pg boundary event, perhaps part of multiple impacts during a few hundred thousand years around the transition.
Domínios geo-hidroecológicos do maciço da Tijuca, RJ: subsídios ao entendimento dos processos hidrológicos e erosivos
Authors: Fernandes Manoel Do Couto , Avelar André De Souza , Coelho Netto Ana Luiza
Published: July 2021

Tijuca massif constitute a geomorphologic system, where the replacement of vegetation cover by urban features and grass areas, contribute to change in the hydrological behavior.As a consequence of this change there is an increase of erosion processes by different mechanisms, and in the solid and liquid discharge that can affect lowlands. The understanding of these processes, in a geoecological research above center of interest geomorphologic view requires the interpretation of the elements control them, in structural, functional and dynamic way. This way, the aim at interpreting the transformation processes that occur in this massif, and delimitate the use and covering of the soil that with others structural and functional elements define areas with differents hydrological and erosive results (geo-hydroecological dominions). To define this dominions, it was taken into consideration systematically, the soil use, type and characteristic of the soil, geology and drenage efficiency, using geoprocessing technic and analytic-integrative method. The results show that in the sectors 1, 2 and 5 have dominions that make is inundation in them lowlands. The areas of urbarn ocupation in the sectors 2, 3 e 4 concentrate the landslides, because in this areas occur the bigger drenage efficiency, reflex of higher gradients and density of concave axis. In this way the continuatily will promote a drastic growth of Tijuca massif's erosive processes.
Anomalias de drenagem e evolução da paisagem no médio vale do rio Paraíba do Sul (RJ/SP)
Authors: Silva Telma Mendes da , Monteiro Hevelyn Da Silva , Cruz Marcela Andrade , Moura Josilda Rodrigues da Silva de
Published: July 2021

The evolution of the drainage system is driven by influence structural and changes in the climatic regime resulting in specific morphological features. We studied one of these features - drainage anomalies - in the middle valley of Paraíba do Sul River (RJ/SP), the influence exerted by the lithology and geological structures and the mechanism of the drainage system rearrangement. We identified many morphotectonic features (knickpoints, flat drainage dividers, and low drainage dividers with or without drainage capture) using topographic charts and a geomorphological map Silva (2002), and we also analyzed their spatial distribution to establish a reliable relationship between the drainage anomalies and the substract characteristics. Most of the drainage anomalies identified are located in the Paraíba do Sul Middle Valley Intra-plateau Depression (Depressão Interplanáltica Médio Paraíba do Sul - DIMPS) and show a significant structural control.
Zoneamento climático da cana-de-açúcar, da laranja e do algodão herbáceo para a região Nordeste do Brasil
Authors: Waldheim Patricia Vieira , Carvalho Vanessa Silveira Barreto , Correa Eduardo , França José Ricardo de Almeida
Published: July 2021

The present study had as objective to carry through a climatic zoning of the Northeast Region of Brazil for sugar cane, orange and herbaceous cotton cultures. The choice of these cultures was made through the identification of factors as the production performance, the dissemination of the culture in the region, the potential market and the social importance. The results were gotten through analysis of the water balance and average, maximum and minimum temperatures for meteorological stations located in 23 cities in the region. Water balance, calculated for the method of Thornthwaite & Mather (1955), and temperature data were gotten through the Climatic Data base of Brazil (EMBRAPA, 2003). The cities have been classified in apt, restricted, restricted-inapt and inapt, in accordance with the climatic requirements of each culture. The majority of the cities presents water restrictions for the sugar cane and orange agriculture while two-thirds of these were considered apt for the herbaceous cotton culture.