bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of soot‐NSR catalyst contact depending on reactive gas composition on NOx storage
Authors: Wu Dongliang L. , Tschamber Valérie , Limousy Lionel , Fechete Ioana , Garin Francois
Published: August 2015

Interaction between a model soot (carbon black) and a model NOx storage reduction catalyst (Pt‐Ba/Al2O3) is investigated as a function of the strength of the carbon–catalyst contact and the presence or not of H2O in the reactive gas flow. Experiments performed at laboratory scale, using a fixed bed reactor, revealed that the inhibiting effect of carbon on the NOx storage capacity (NSC) of the catalyst increases with the strength of carbon–catalyst contact and affects NOx adsorption on both Al sites and Ba sites, whereas the oxidative function of the catalyst (Pt sites) is not affected. In the presence of water in the reactive gas flow, it was observed that carbon prevents the inhibition of the oxidative function of the catalyst by H2O. On the other hand, the inhibiting effect of carbon on NSC decreases. Hence, a noncumulative effect of carbon and H2O impacts on NSC is observed. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 14–19, 2016
Flake Morphology, Fluvial Dynamics, and Debitage Transport Potential
Authors: Byers David A. , Hargiss Elise , Finley Judson Byrd
Published: August 2015

Since archaeological sites are often located in or near fluvial environments, a thorough understanding of corresponding formation processes is a critical component of archaeological research. Within this context, we address the following question: how does flake morphology condition transport potential? Specifically, do flakes behave as the idealized spheres often used to characterize geological materials and if so, how might this process modify a debitage assemblage? To address this important issue, we present the results of a fluvial transport experiment designed to evaluate the relationships between flake size, shape, weight, curvature, and transport potential. We begin with an overview of fluvial mechanics and previous archaeological fluvial transport studies and use these studies to design an experiment intended to fill gaps in our knowledge of the relationships between flake morphology and transport potential. Our experimental results suggest that all things being equal, flake weight is the most important variable in both settling velocity and transport distance, although flake shape conditions transport as well. Finally, our study demonstrates the potential structure of fluvially transported assemblages as lag deposits and suggests that fluvially transported assemblages may retain key behavioral information.
Chemical and Mineralogical Signatures of Archaeological Features at the Mailhot‐Curran Iroquoian Site, Eastern Canada
Authors: Courchesne François , Turmel Marie‐Claude , Chapdelaine Claude
Published: August 2015

The St. Lawrence Iroquoians built villages in southwestern Quebec (Canada) along the St. Lawrence River. They left behind longhouses, hearths, middens, and storage pits like those discovered at the Mailhot‐Curran archaeological site in Saint‐Anicet. Here, we contrast the properties of Iroquoian features with undisturbed soil to define the chemical and mineralogical signature of hearths, middens, and pits. The native soil has a neutral pH and consists of an Ah horizon overlaying a Bm horizon dominated by quartz and feldspars. In the hearths, ashes are characterized by neoformed calcite and apatite with carbonates, higher total P, and enrichment in amorphous inorganic Al, Fe, and Si. The rubified layer of hearths contain poorly crystallized Fe oxides. The mineralogy of the rubified layer is dominated by authigenetic ankerite, an Fe‐carbonate mineral identified here for the first time in Iroquoian hearths. Middens have the highest organic matter content and contain more organically complexed Al and Fe than the soil. The storage pits have low pH values and carbonate content and contain high levels of amorphous Si and total P. Our work establishes the pedologic signature of three Iroquoian features despite significant alteration of their properties by post‐occupational biogeochemical processes.
A Promising Modified SILAR Sequence for the Synthesis of Photoelectrochemically Active Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) Thin Films
Authors: Suryawanshi M. P. , Shin S. W. , Agawane G. L. , Gurav K. V. , Ghorpade U. V. , Hong C. W. , Gaikwad M. A. , Patil P. S. , Kim Jin Hyeok , Moholkar A. V.
Published: August 2015

A promising modified SILAR sequence approach has been employed for the synthesis of photoelectrochemically active Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films. To study the influence of sulfurization temperatures on the CZTS thin films, the CZTS precursor thin films were annealed at temperatures of 520, 540, 560, and 580 °C for 1 h in an H2S (5 %)+Ar (95 %) atmosphere. These films were characterized for their structural, morphological, and optical properties using X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and UV‐vis spectrophotometer techniques. The film sulfurized at an optimized temperature of 580 °C shows the formation of a prominent CZTS phase with a dense microstructure and optical band gap energy of 1.38 eV. The photoelectrochemical (PEC) device fabricated using optimized CZTS thin films sulfurized at 580 °C exhibits an open circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.38 V and a short circuit current density (Jsc) of 6.49 mA cm−2, with a power conversion efficiency (η) of 0.96 %.
A multimodal approach to ankle instability: Interrelations between subjective and objective assessments of ankle status in athletes
Authors: Golditz Tobias , Welsch Goetz H. , Pachowsky Milena , Hennig Friedrich F. , Pfeifer Klaus , Steib Simon
Published: August 2015

The aim of this retrospective cohort study is to investigate the association between different subjective and objective assessments of ankle function in a population of athletes with or without functional ankle instability (FAI). 29 athletes with a history of ankle spraining were divided into two groups according to their ankle status: 16 with FAI (initial ankle sprain with residual functional instability) (age 24.6 ± 3.1 years), and 13 COPERS (initial ankle sprain without residual instability) (age 25.3 ± 4.4 years). The assessment of each individual's ankle function was based on three approaches: The “functional‐ankle‐ability‐measure” (FAAM) assessing subjective ankle functionality, measures of sensorimotor control as objective functional measurements and MRI‐based T2‐mapping as a quantitative marker of compositional joint status. Pearson's product‐moment‐correlation coefficient, student's t‐test and analysis‐of‐variance were used for statistical analysis. Significant group differences existed for subjective ankle function (FAAM, p = 0.04) and MRI‐data mainly in the medial compartment of the ankle joint (p ≤ 0.05). We found unique associations between T2‐mapping results and sensorimotor scores in the COPER (r = −0.756–0.849), and “FAI”‐group (r = 0.630–0.657). The location and magnitude differed between groups. No correlations existed between these measures and the FAAM. This exploratory study provides preliminary evidence for potential interrelations between various diagnostic measures of ankle function and structure in individuals with and without FAI. We found associations between MRI‐results and selected measures of sensorimotor control, indicating a potential link between loss of ankle function and early joint degeneration. Despite these interrelations, each of the different assessment options appears to contain unique information on ankle functionality important in a clinical assessment. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:525–532, 2016.
Quantitative assessment of vestibular otopathology in otosclerosis: A temporal bone study
Authors: Hızlı Ömer , Kaya Serdar , Schachern Patricia A. , Kwon Geeyoun , Paparella Michael M. , Cureoglu Sebahattin
Published: August 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

To determine if peripheral vestibular otopathology is present in human temporal bones with otosclerosis.

Study Design

Comparative human temporal bone study.

Methods

Seventy‐four human temporal bones from 46 subjects with otosclerosis (mean age of 61 ± 18 years) and 20 within histologically normal limits from 17 subjects (mean age of 59 ± 14 years) were included in this study. Temporal bones with otosclerosis were divided into those with and without endosteal involvement. Using differential interference contrast microscopy at 1008× magnification, type I and type II vestibular hair cell counts were performed on each vestibular sense organ in which the neuroepithelia was oriented perpendicular to the plane of section. The organ‐specific cell densities (cells/0.01 mm2 surface area) were compared between the groups with and without endosteal involvement, and also compared to counts in the nonotosclerosis control group using Student's t‐test.

Results

Mean type I and type II hair cell densities of all vestibular structures in the group with endosteal involvement were significantly lower compared to the group without endosteal involvement. Mean type I and type II hair cell densities of all vestibular structures in the group with endosteal involvement were also significantly lower compared to the control group, but they were not in the group without endosteal involvement compared to the control group.

Conclusion

Endosteal involvement of otosclerotic foci is associated with vestibular hair cell loss that may contribute to the vestibular symptoms in otosclerosis.

Level of Evidence

N/A. Laryngoscope, 126:E118–E122, 2016
Solvent Effects on Acrylate kp in Organic Media: A Response
Authors: Buback Michael
Published: August 2015

Radical propagation rate is adequately understood in the light of fundamental kinetic theory. Differences in bulk and solution kp are primarily of entropic origin, with the effects depending on the differences in polarity and size of monomer and solvent molecules, respectively. Experimental data for the propagation rate coefficient of secondary acrylate radicals demonstrate that bulk and solution‐in‐toluene kp exhibit distinctly different behavior. Bulk kp is clearly enhanced in passing from methyl acrylate (MA) to dodecyl acrylate (DA), whereas solution‐in‐toluene kp is approximately constant with a slight tendency to decrease from MA to DA. This kp behavior has also been found in a recent study, in which it has, however, been concluded that kp in solution of toluene (and of butyl acetate) displays a similar behavior to bulk. This surprising and ina­dequate conclusion requires the present comment and rectification to be made.

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Some new insights into a known Chen‐like system
Authors: Wang Haijun , Li Xianyi
Published: August 2015

In the paper entitled ‘A novel chaotic system and its topological horseshoe’ in [Nonlinear Analysis: Modelling and Control 18 (1) (2013) 66–77], proposed the 3D chaotic system,
, and discussed some of its dynamics according to theoretical and numerical analysis of its parameters
. The present work is devoted to giving some new insights into the system for b≥0. Combining theoretical analysis and numerical simulations, some new results are formulated. On the one hand, after some known errors, mainly the distribution of its equilibrium point which is pointed out, correct results are formulated. On the other hand, some of its more rich dynamical properties hiding and not found previously, such as the stability, fold bifurcation, pitchfork bifurcation, degenerated pitchfork bifurcation, and Hopf bifurcation of its isolated equilibria, the dynamics of non‐isolated equilibria, the singularly degenerate heteroclinic cycle, the heteroclinic orbit, and the dynamics at infinity are clearly revealed. Using these results, one can easily explain those interesting phenomena for invariant Lyapunov exponent spectrum and amplitude control that are presented in the known literature. What is more important, we probably demonstrate a new route to chaos. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gene expression in WAT from healthy humans and monkeys correlates with FGF21‐induced browning of WAT in mice
Authors: Schlessinger Karni , Li Wenyu , Tan Yejun , Liu Franklin , Souza Sandra C. , Tozzo Effie , Liu Kevin , Thompson John R. , Wang Liangsu , Muise Eric S.
Published: August 2015

Objective

Identify a gene expression signature in white adipose tissue (WAT) that reports on WAT browning and is associated with a healthy phenotype.

Methods

RNA from several different adipose depots across three species were analyzed by whole transcriptome profiling, including 1) mouse subcutaneous white fat, brown fat, and white fat after in vivo treatment with FGF21; 2) human subcutaneous and omental fat from insulin‐sensitive and insulin‐resistant patients; and 3) rhesus monkey subcutaneous fat from healthy and dysmetabolic individuals.

Results

A “browning” signature in mice was identified by cross‐referencing the FGF21‐induced signature in WAT with the brown adipose tissue (BAT) vs. WAT comparison. In addition, gene expression levels in WAT from insulin‐sensitive/healthy vs. insulin‐resistant/dysmetabolic humans and rhesus monkeys, respectively, correlated with the gene expression levels in mouse BAT vs. WAT. A subset of 49 genes were identified that were consistently regulated or differentially expressed in the mouse and human data sets that could be used to monitor browning of WAT across species.

Conclusions

Gene expression profiles of WATs from healthy insulin‐sensitive individuals correlate with those of BAT and FGF21‐induced browning of WAT.
Shape‐memory properties of degradable electrospun scaffolds based on hollow microfibers
Authors: Zhang Quanchao , Kratz Karl , Lendlein Andreas
Published: August 2015

Multifunctional thermo‐responsive and degradable porous materials exhibiting a shape‐memory effect are explored in biomedicine as actively moving scaffolds or switchable substrates. One example are electrospun shape‐memory polymer‐based scaffolds comprising solid microfibers or nanofibers. In this work, we explored whether fibrous scaffolds composed of hollow microfibers can be prepared from a degradable shape‐memory copolyetheresterurethane named PDC, which is composed of crystallizable oligo(p‐dioxanone) (OPDO) hard and oligo(ε‐caprolactone) (OCL) switching segments. Scaffolds based on PDC microfibers with identical outer diameter around 1.4 ± 0.3 µm and different hollowness of 0%, 13%, and 33% related to the outer diameter (determined by scanning electron microscopy) were prepared by coaxial electrospinning using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as sacrificial core. Thermal characterization of the scaffolds by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis confirmed a successful removal of PEG. DSC results revealed that the degree of crystallinity increased with increasing microfiber hollowness. The Young's modulus and the failure stress of the prepared scaffolds determined by tensile tests at ambient temperature and 50 °C were found to increase with rising hollowness, while the elongation at break decreased. Cyclic, thermomechanical uniaxial tensile tests showed a pronounced dual‐shape effect for all tested materials. Scaffolds comprising microfibers with a hollowness of 33% exhibited the highest shape recovery ratio. Here, we could demonstrate that the degree of hollowness of microfibers, which alters the degree of macromolecular chain orientation, is a suitable design parameter to tailor the mechanical properties as well as the shape‐memory performance of electrospun shape‐memory polymer fibrous scaffolds. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal sequencing of docetaxel and abiraterone in men with metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Maughan Benjamin L. , Xhou Xian C. , Suzman Daniel L. , Nadal Rosa , Bassi Sunakshi , Schweizer Michael T. , Antonarakis Emmanuel S.
Published: August 2015

BACKGROUND

Recent advances have yielded multiple new life‐prolonging treatments for men with metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) including chemotherapy, next‐generation hormonal therapy, immunotherapy, and radiopharmaceutical products. However, the optimal sequencing of these agents to maximize clinical benefit remains unclear. Recent data from the CHAARTED and STAMPEDE studies suggest that early use of docetaxel in men with metastatic hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) significantly improves survival, but whether early compared with delayed use of chemotherapy also provides a survival advantage in mCRPC is unknown.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis of consecutive mCRPC patients treated at Johns Hopkins is reported. Patients included were treated with sequential docetaxel and abiraterone, in either order. The combined progression‐free survival (combined PFS: PFS1 + PFS2) of abiraterone‐to‐docetaxel is compared to the reverse sequence, where PFS1 and PFS2 represent progression‐free survival on the first and second agents respectively. Overall survival (OS) from the start of the first therapy to death is compared between groups. Baseline characteristics are reported prior to the start of the first agent in the sequence. Propensity score‐weighted multivariable models and Kaplan—Meier analysis are used for evaluation of the primary and secondary outcomes.

RESULTS

Fifty‐eight patients who began treatment for mCRPC between January 2011 (the year of abiraterone's FDA‐approval) and February 2015 were identified: 26 were in the docetaxel‐to‐abiraterone group and 32 were in the abiraterone‐to‐docetaxel group. Patients in the abiraterone‐to‐docetaxel group had more Gleason 8–10 tumors, greater metastatic burden in bone, and higher median PSAs than those in the docetaxel‐to‐abiraterone group. Propensity score‐weighted univariate analyses for combined PFS (HR 0.82; 95%CI 0.50–1.33; P = 0.41) and OS (HR 0.79; 95%CI 0.50–1.25; P = 0.31) do not identify any significant differences based on treatment sequence. Propensity score‐weighted multivariate analyses for combined PFS (HR 0.91; 95%CI 0.52–1.60; P = 0.74) and OS (HR 0.98; 95%CI 0.59–1.63; P = 0.95) also do not identify any significant differences between groups.

CONCLUSIONS

We do not observe differences in clinical outcomes based on alternative sequencing of abiraterone and docetaxel in men with mCRPC. Treatment sequencing should be determined by patient and disease characteristics, comorbidities and end‐organ function, ability to tolerate side effects, and patient preferences. Studies evaluating biomarkers to inform optimal treatment sequencing in men with mCRPC are urgently needed. Prostate 75:1814–1820, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of decortication and protease treatment on physicochemical and functional characteristics of red sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and yellow maize (Zea maiz) starches
Authors: Chew‐Guevara Ana Antonieta , Pérez‐Carrillo Esther , Othon Serna‐Saldívar Sergio Román , de la Rosa‐Millán Julián
Published: August 2015

Sorghum is a cereal from which starch is not commonly isolated; however, its functional characteristics are similar to other cereal starches such as maize. Red sorghum kernels were processed with and without mechanical decortication followed by steeping in a sodium bisulfite solution to 50% solids, with and without a commercial protease following by wet milling. For comparison purposes, yellow maize kernels were also protease treated and wet milled. Results indicate a significant increase on starch yield in both cereals when the decorticated sorghum or maize flours were treated with the protease from 59.11 to 63.21% and 43.59 to 58.89%, as well as purity from 96.52 to 98.45 and 95.95 to 98.75% for maize and sorghum, respectively. The combination of mechanical decortication and protease treatments increase starch gelatinization temperature from 77.5 to 81.5°C, as well as a decrease on the final viscosity, indicating that the protein associated to the starch granules restricted swelling and amylose leaching during pasting. Isolated starch from decorticated sorghum kernels was lighter in color due to the removal of pericarp rich in phenolics. The mechanical decortication prior to wet milling presented the advantage of the removal of stable sorghum bran that contains an array of nutraceutical and antioxidant compounds, whereas the use of the proposed decortication followed by enzyme treatment promote higher yields of refined starch.
Analyses of the loadbearing behaviour of deep‐embedded concrete dowels, CoSFB
Authors: Braun Matthias , Obiala Renata , Odenbreit Christoph
Published: August 2015

The development of the “CoSFB‐Betondübel” is presented in this paper. The “CoSFB‐Betondübel” is a deep‐embedded concrete dowel connecting in situ concrete with a steel section to assure composite action and thus allow for composite beam design. The loadbearing behaviour and parameters influencing this behaviour were determined through experimental tests. Special focus was given to the influence of the ratio of the resistance of the concrete dowel to the concrete compression class. The evaluation of the results concluded in a National Technical Approval [1]. Further investigations were performed via FE analysis in ABAQUS. Further, 3D models with non‐linear material and geometry were prepared and validation undertaken. In addition, a real application example of CoSFB is shown.
Fatigue strength of marked steel components
Authors: Stranghöner Natalie , Jungbluth Dominik
Published: August 2015

According to EN 1090‐2, steel components have to be identifiable and traceable throughout the whole production chain. The choice of identification method is not specified consistently in international rules and standards. In terms of durability and liability, markings should be resistant to particular fabrication processes such as sandblasting, hot‐dip galvanizing or coating. The methods are hard stamping, scribing, plasma marking and needling. The effect of the notch caused by the marking process on the fatigue strength of the components has not yet been investigated in detail. As a result, a classification of the notch details in the European detail categories of EN 1993‐1‐9 is, in principle, impossible. For these reasons, the influence of durable marking methods on the fatigue strength of steel components needs to be clarified by experimental fatigue tests currently being performed at the Institute for Metal and Lightweight Structures, University of Duisburg‐Essen. Part of this investigation involves examining the different surface conditions of hard‐stamped, scribed, plasma‐marked and needled specimens. The experimental investigations are being carried out considering two different steel grades, S355J2 and S460N, and three different steel plate thicknesses, 15, 25 and 40 mm.
Steel solutions for enabling zero‐energy buildings
Authors: Döring Bernd , Reger Vitali , Kuhnhenne Markus , Feldmann Markus , Kesti Jyrki , Lawson Mark , Botti Andrea
Published: August 2015

The European Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings (EPBD) obliges the member states to ensure that, by 31 December 2020, all new buildings are nearly zero‐energy buildings (nZEB). This paper presents solutions for steel‐intensive commercial buildings that achieve this requirement. Several key components such as façades, floor systems and steel piles for ground energy storage were investigated in detail using numerous numerical simulations and practical tests of selected options. Furthermore, options for a whole building which fulfil the zero‐energy building approach were identified for different European climates by performing a parametric study using a thermal building simulation tool.
Reading Games
Authors: Kozdras Deborah , Joseph Christine , Schneider Jenifer Jasinski
Published: August 2015

In this article, we describe how literacy strategies can be adapted for playing (and reading) video games—games that embed disciplinary content in multimedia texts. Using close viewing and guided playing strategies with online games and simulations, we share ideas for helping students navigate and comprehend multimedia texts in order to learn discipline‐specific vocabulary and concepts.
Neuroprotective therapies in glaucoma: I. Neurotrophic factor delivery
Authors: Nafissi Nafiseh , Foldvari Marianna
Published: August 2015

Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative eye disease that causes permanent blindness at the progressive stage and the number of people affected worldwide is expected to reach over 79 million by 2020. Currently, glaucoma management relies on pharmacological and invasive surgical treatments mainly by reducing the intraocular pressure (IOP), which is the most important risk factor for the progression of the visual field loss. Recent research suggests that neuroprotective or neuroregenerative approaches are necessary to prevent retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) loss and visual impairment over time. Neuroprotection is a new therapeutic strategy that attempts to keep RGCs alive and functional. New gene and cell therapeutics encoding neurotrophic factors (NTFs) are emerging for both neuroprotection and regenerative treatments for retinal diseases. This article briefly reviews the role of NTFs in glaucoma and the potential delivery systems. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:240–254. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1361

This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Neurological Disease

Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Ultrasound during Critical Care Simulation: A Randomized Crossover Study
Authors: Olszynski Paul A. , Harris Tim , Renihan Patrick , D’Eon Marcel , Premkumar Kalyani
Published: August 2015

Objectives

We sought to compare two ultrasound simulation interventions used during critical care simulation. The primary outcome was trainee and instructor preference for either intervention. Secondary outcomes included the identification of strengths and weaknesses of each intervention as well as overall merits of ultrasound simulation during high-fidelity, critical care simulation. The populations of interest included emergency medicine trainees and physicians.

Methods

This was a randomized crossover study with two ultrasound simulation interventions. 25 trainees and eight emergency physician instructors participated in critical-care simulation sessions. Instructors were involved in session debriefing and feedback. Pre- and post-intervention responses were analyzed for statistically significant differences usingttest analyses. Qualitative data underwent thematic analysis and triangulation.

Results

Both trainees and instructors deemed ultrasound simulation valuable by allowing trainees to demonstrate knowledge of indications, correct image interpretation, and clinical integration (p<0.05). Trainees described increased motivation to develop and use ultrasound skills. The edus2 was the preferred intervention, as it enabled functional fidelity and the integration of ultrasound into resuscitation choreography. Instructors preferred the edus2, as it facilitated better assessment of trainees’ skills, thus influencing feedback.

Conclusions

These findings support the use of ultrasound simulation during critical care simulations. The increased functional fidelity associated with edus2 suggests that it is the preferred intervention. Further study of the impact on clinical performance is warranted.
Analysis of the pressure buildup behind rigid porous media impinged by shock waves in time and frequency domains
Authors: Ram O. , Sadot O.
Published: August 2015

The transformation of a time-dependent pressure pulse imposed on the front face of a rigid porous medium sample, mounted in a tunnel, through the sample and a fixed-volume air gap between the rear face of the sample and the end wall of a tunnel is studied both experimentally and analytically. In the experiments, rigid porous samples that are placed at various distances from a shock tube end wall are subjected to the impingement of shock waves. The pressure buildup behind the porous sample is monitored and compared with the pressure imposed at the front face of the porous sample. The shock tube is fitted with a short driver section in order to generate blast-like decaying pressure profiles, which continue to decay after the initial shock impingement. In this scenario, the measured pressure profile at the end wall, which is affected by the properties of the porous medium and the size of the air gap separating its rear face and the shock tube end wall, is significantly different from the pressure profile imposed on the front face of the porous sample. The mechanism governing the pressure transformation provided by the porous medium is attributed to a selective filtration process that attenuates the pressure changes associated with high frequencies. The results of the present study are also analysed in conjunction with previously published analytical and numerical models to achieve a broader understanding of the physical mechanisms affecting the pressure buildup.
What To Do About Atheoretic Lags
Authors: Cranmer Skyler J. , Rice Douglas R. , Siverson Randolph M.
Published: August 2015

We examine a problem that is confronted frequently by political science researchers seeking to model longitudinal data: what to do when one suspects a lag between the realization of a regressor and its effect on the outcome variable, but one has no theoretical reason to suspect a particular lag length. We examine the theoretical challenges posed by atheoretic lags, review existing methods for atheoretic lag analysis—most notably distributed lag specifications—and their shortcomings, and present an alternative approach for atheoretic lag analysis based on Bayesian model averaging (BMA). We demonstrate the use and utility of our approach with two examples: the litigant signal model in American politics and modernization theory in political economy. Our examples show the increasing difficulty of analyzing models with atheoretic lags as the set of possible specifications increases, and demonstrate the effectiveness of BMA for the modal type of specification in time-series cross-sectional applications.
Analyzing Manifestos in their Electoral Context A New Approach Applied to Austria, 2002–2008
Authors: Dolezal Martin , Ennser-Jedenastik Laurenz , Müller Wolfgang C. , Winkler Anna Katharina
Published: August 2015

We present a new method to analyze party manifestos to benefit the placement of political partiesper seand to advance the study of elections. Our method improves on existing manual coding approaches by (1) generating semantically complete units based on syntax, (2) standardizing units into a subject–predicate–object structure, and (3) employing a fine-grained and flexible hierarchical coding scheme. We evaluate our approach by comparing estimates for the 2002, 2006, and 2008 Austrian national elections with those yielded by previous studies that employ the entire range of available measurement strategies. We also demonstrate how we link our new manifesto data with other kind of data produced in theAustrian National Election Study, especially mass and elite (party candidate) surveys.
Task dependency effects of collaboration in learners’ corpus consultation: An exploratory case study
Authors: Cho Hyeyoung
Published: August 2015

Collaborative learning has attracted attention as pedagogic mediation to assist learners’ corpus consultation, but some studies have pointed to negative aspects of collaboration. Based on the two sides of collaboration in language learning, this study presents a qualitative investigation of different effects of collaboration depending on task types used in learners’ corpus consultation. This study examined two types of tasks: a conceptual task, which tested students’ competence to draw a generalizable conclusion through a meaning-making process of corpus consultation; and a procedural task, which asked students to complete problem-solving activities strategically through corpus analysis. Two groups of three students were given the same tasks of corpus consultation but asked to complete the tasks either collaboratively or individually. The students’ verbal and nonverbal behaviors during the task completion, pre-and post-interviews, and the instructor’s observation notes were the main sources of data for analysis. The results of this study showed that collaboration has significantly different effects depending on the task types of corpus consultation. The collaborative group (CG) outperformed the individual group (IG) in the conceptual corpus consultation task, but the procedural task was more efficiently completed by the IG than the CG. The underperformance of the CG in the procedural task seemed to be partly attributable to the role of established intersubjectivity and the power inequality in the CG. Despite some limitations, the findings of this study reveal task-dependent effects of collaboration in corpus consultation and suggest practical implications for more effective and pedagogically beneficial use of learners’ corpus consultation in second language (L2) instruction.
Assessing the Relationship between Semantic Processing and Thought Disorder Symptoms in Schizophrenia
Authors: Tan Eric Josiah , Neill Erica , Rossell Susan Lee
Published: August 2015

Aberrant semantic processing has been linked to the etiology of formal thought disorder (TD) symptoms in schizophrenia. In this cross-sectional study, two prominent theories, overactivation and disorganized structure of semantic memory (SM), were examined in relation to TD symptoms using the continuum approach across two established semantic tasks (direct/indirect semantic priming and categorical fluency). The aim was to examine the validity of the two TD theories in relation to TD symptoms in schizophrenia. Greater direct and indirect priming, fluency productivity and category errors were expected if the data supported the overactivation theory. Reduced fluency productivity and increased category errors would be characteristic of disorganized storage. Fifty-seven schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder patients and 48 controls completed a clinical assessment and the semantic tasks. There was significantly reduced direct priming in patients compared to controls (p<.05), while indirect priming was not significantly different; there was no association between TD and degree of priming. Patients produced more category-inappropriate words (p<.005) than controls, which was related to increasing severity of circumstantiality. The pattern of results was more indicative of a disorganized SM storage problem in this sample. This phenomenon may underlie some TD symptoms in general schizophrenia. The findings strengthen the relationship between SM deficits and TD symptoms, though this appears to differ between individual symptoms. The authors discuss the value of the continuum approach in addressing research questions in TD etiology. Given low levels of TD in this study, replication of these findings in a sample with greater TD is desirable. (JINS, 2015, 21, 629–638)
Absorption and Phase Contrast X-Ray Imaging in Paleontology Using Laboratory and Synchrotron Sources
Authors: Bidola Pidassa , Stockmar Marco , Achterhold Klaus , Pfeiffer Franz , Pacheco Mírian L.A.F. , Soriano Carmen , Beckmann Felix , Herzen Julia
Published: August 2015

X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT) is commonly used for imaging of samples in biomedical or materials science research. Owing to the ability to visualize a sample in a nondestructive way, X-ray μCT is perfectly suited to inspect fossilized specimens, which are mostly unique or rare. In certain regions of the world where important sedimentation events occurred in the Precambrian geological time, several fossilized animals are studied to understand questions related to their origin, environment, and life evolution. This article demonstrates the advantages of applying absorption and phase-contrast CT on the enigmatic fossil Corumbella werneri, one of the oldest known animals capable of building hard parts, originally discovered in Corumbá (Brazil). Different tomographic setups were tested to visualize the fossilized inner structures: a commercial laboratory-based μCT device, two synchrotron-based imaging setups using conventional absorption and propagation-based phase contrast, and a commercial X-ray microscope with a lens-coupled detector system, dedicated for radiography and tomography. Based on our results we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the different imaging setups for paleontological studies.
A forward planned treatment planning technique for non-small-cell lung cancer stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy based on a systematic review of literature
Authors: Marchant Anne C. , Macwan Sheela M.
Published: August 2015

Purpose and Method

A systematic literature review of six computerised databases was undertaken in order to review and summarise a forward planned lung stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR) treatment planning (TP) technique as a starting point for clinical implementation in the author’s department based on current empirical research. The data were abstracted and content analysed to synthesise the findings based upon a SIGN quality checklist tool.

Findings

A four-dimensional computed tomography scan should be performed upon which the internal target volume and organs at risk (OAR) are drawn. A set-up margin of 5 mm is applied to account for inter-fraction motion. The field arrangement consists of a combination of 7–13 coplanar and non-coplanar beams all evenly spaced. Beam modifiers are used to assist in the homogeneity of the beam, although a 20% planning target volume dose homogeneity is acceptable. The recommended fractionations by the UK SABR Consortium are 54 Gy in 3 fractions (standard), 55–60 Gy in 5 fractions (conservative) and 50–60 Gy in 8–10 fractions (very conservative). Conformity indices for both the target volume and OAR will be used to assess the planned distribution.

Conclusion

An overview of a clinically acceptable forward planned lung SABR TP technique based on current literature as a starting point, with a view to inverse planning with support from the UK SABR Consortium mentoring scheme.
To determine the source dwell positions of HDR brachytherapy using 2D 729 ion chamber array
Authors: Syam Kumar S. A. , Gangadharan Sitha P. , Cheruparambil Aswathi P. , Parakat Anjana T. , Perumangat Aparna
Published: August 2015

The purpose of this study was to determine the dwell position of a high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy Ir-192 source using a PTW Seven29 2D detector array. A Nucletron Microselectron HDR device and 2D array ionisation chamber, equipped with 729 ionisation chambers uniformly arranged in a 27×27 matrix with an active array area of 27×27 cm2, were used for this study. Different dwell positions were assigned in the HDR machine. Rigid interstitial needles and a vaginal applicator were positioned on the 2D array, which was then exposed according to the programmed dwell positions. Subsequently, the positional accuracy of the source position was analysed. This process was repeated for different dwell positions. The results were analysed using an in-house-developed Excel programme. Different random dwell position checks as well as dwell position measurements were performed using a radiochromic film. The dwell positions measured by the 2D array were found to be in good agreement with those measured by the film. The standard deviations between the doses obtained from the different dwell positions were 0·191828, 0·329973, 0·370632 and 0·779939, whereas the corresponding standard deviations of the doses at the vaginal cylinder were 0·60303, 0·242808, 0·242808 and 0·065309. When the planned and measured dwell positions were plotted, a linear relationship was obtained.
Ideas or institutions? – a comment
Authors: TABELLINI GUIDO
Published: August 2015

Deirdre McCloskey is right, economists interested in comparative development ought to pay more attention to the history of ideas. But, which ideas? And how do they emerge? In this short paper I argue that other ideas, besides the bourgeois ethics, are at least as important. And that a new emphasis on ideas does not make institutions less important, nor does it require that we abandon the traditional method of economics.
THE CLASSICISM OF HUGH TREVOR-ROPER
Authors: Malloch S. J. V.
Published: August 2015

Hugh Trevor-Roper was educated as a classicist until he transferred to history, in which he made his reputation, after two years at Oxford. His schooling engendered in him a classicism that was characterised by a love of classical literature and style, but rested on a repudiation of the philological tradition in classical studies. This reaction helps to explain his change of intellectual career. His classicism, however, endured: it influenced his mature conception of the practice of historical studies, and can be traced throughout his life. This essay explores a neglected aspect of Trevor-Roper's intellectual biography through his ‘Apologia transfugae’ (1973), which explains his rationale for abandoning classics, and published and unpublished writings attesting to his classicism, especially his first publication ‘Homer unmasked!’ (1936) and his wartime notebooks.
Diagnosis-specific CBT as a stepping stone to transdiagnostic CBT in a complex case
Authors: Cowles Megan , Nightingale Jim
Published: August 2015

Comorbid anxiety and mood disorders are common but the majority of treatments tend to focus on a particular diagnosis. Previous research has found that cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) targeted at a specific diagnosis can lead to improvements in comorbidities, especially in the case of CBT for panic. However, there is an emerging evidence base that transdiagnostic CBT, which addresses common underlying processes across presenting problems, may be effective at treating comorbidities simultaneously. Given the simple nature of the cognitive formulation of panic it is arguable that a panic-specific CBT intervention could help socialize patients to CBT before progressing to a transdiagnostic approach. This paper uses a single-case experimental design to illustrate an example of using diagnosis-specific CBT as a springboard to transdiagnostic CBT with a patient presenting with panic and agoraphobia, social anxiety, depression, uncontrollable worry, suicidality, self-harming behaviours and a history of bulimia. Results suggest that this was a well-received and effective intervention. Clinical implications are discussed as well as limitations and directions for future research
A Human Rights-based Approach to Disaster Displacement in the Asia-Pacific
Authors: LEWIS Bridget , MAGUIRE Rowena
Published: August 2015

This paper analyzes the application of rights-based approaches to disaster displacement in the Asia-Pacific region in order to assess whether the current framework is sufficient to protect the rights of internally displaced persons. It identifies that disaster-induced displacement is increasingly prevalent in the region and that economic and social conditions in many countries mean that the impact of displacement is often prolonged and more severe. The paper identifies the relevant human rights principles which apply in the context of disaster-induced displacement and examines their implementation in a number of soft-law instruments. While it identifies shortcomings in implementation and enforcement, the paper concludes that a rights-based approach could be enhanced by greater engagement with existing human rights treaties and greater implementation of soft-law principles, and that no new instrument is required.
A caveolin-dependent and PI3K/AKT-independent role of PTEN in β-catenin transcriptional activity
Authors: Conde-Perez Alejandro , Gros Gwendoline , Longvert Christine , Pedersen Malin , Petit Valérie , Aktary Zackie , Viros Amaya , Gesbert Franck , Delmas Véronique , Rambow Florian , Bastian Boris C. , Campbell Andrew D. , Colombo Sophie , Puig Isabel , Bellacosa Alfonso , Sansom Owen , Marais Richard , Van Kempen Leon C. L. T. , Larue Lionel
Published: August 2015

Loss of the tumour suppressor PTEN is frequent in human melanoma, results in MAPK activation, suppresses senescence and mediates metastatic behaviour. How PTEN loss mediates these effects is unknown. Here we show that loss of PTEN in epithelial and melanocytic cell lines induces the nuclear localization and transcriptional activation of β-catenin independent of the PI3K–AKT–GSK3β axis. The absence of PTEN leads to caveolin-1 (CAV1)-dependent β-catenin transcriptional modulation in vitro, cooperates with NRASQ61K to initiate melanomagenesis in vivo and induces efficient metastasis formation associated with E-cadherin internalization. The CAV1-β–catenin axis is mediated by a feedback loop in which β-catenin represses transcription of miR-199a-5p and miR-203, which suppress the levels of CAV1 mRNA in melanoma cells. These data reveal a mechanism by which loss of PTEN increases CAV1-mediated dissociation of β-catenin from membranous E-cadherin, which may promote senescence bypass and metastasis.
Correction: Corrigendum: Tonic endocannabinoid-mediated modulation of GABA release is independent of the CB1 content of axon terminals
Authors: Lenkey Nora , Kirizs Tekla , Holderith Noemi , Máté Zoltán , Szabó Gábor , Vizi E. Sylvester , Hájos Norbert , Nusser Zoltan
Published: August 2015

Nature Communications 6, Article number: 6557 (2015); Published: 20 April 2015; Updated: 26 August 2015. In Fig. 1g of this Article, three data series were inadvertently omitted from the graph while the final version of the manuscript was prepared for submission. The correct version of Fig. 1 appears below.
Nanomicelle formulation for topical delivery of cyclosporine A into the cornea: in vitro mechanism and in vivo permeation evaluation
Authors: Guo Chuanlong , Zhang Yan , Yang Zhao , Li Mengshuang , Li Fengjie , Cui Fenghua , Liu Ting , Shi Weiyun , Wu Xianggen
Published: August 2015

A stable topical ophthalmic cyclosporine A (CsA) formulation with good tolerance and high efficacy is still a desire in pharmaceutics and clinics. This article describes the preparation of CsA containing nanomicelles using a polyvinyl caprolactam-polyvinyl acetate-polyethylene glycol (PVCL-PVA-PEG) graft copolymer. Both the polymer itself and the CsA nanomicelles were evaluated for cytotoxicity and ocular irritation. The in vitro uptake and intracellular fate of nanomicelles were characterized. In vivo cornea permeation test performed with 0.5 mg/mL CsA containing nanomicelles and compared with a commercially available CsA (10 mg/mL) oil-based ophthalmic solution. The CsA nanomicelle ophthalmic solution was simple to prepare and remained storage stable. PVCL-PVA-PEG had no cytotoxicity as its monomer solution and as its micelle solution (IC50(48 h) = 14.02 mg/mL). CsA nanomicelles also had excellent ocular tolerance in rabbits. The use of nanomicelles significantly improved in vitro cellular uptake, apparently by an energy dependent intracellular endocytosis pathway that involved early endosomes, late endosomes, lysosomes and ER. In vivo permeation showed that 0.5 mg/mL CsA nanomicelles delivered high levels of CsA into the cornea, when compared to the oil-based 10 mg/mL CsA ophthalmic solution. These findings indicated PVCL-PVA-PEG nanomicelles could be a promising topical delivery system for ocular administration of CsA.