bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increased Performance in Elite Runners Following Individualized Timing of Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation
Authors: Lassen Tue A.H. , Lindstrøm Lars , Lønbro Simon , Madsen Klavs
Published: September 2021

The present study investigated individualized sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3−) supplementation in elite orienteers and its effects on alkalosis and performance in a simulated sprint orienteering competition. Twenty-one Danish male and female elite orienteers (age = 25.2 ± 3.6 years, height = 176.4 ± 10.9 cm, body mass = 66.6 ± 7.9 kg) were tested twice in order to identify individual time to peak blood bicarbonate (HCO3− peak) following supplementation of 0.3 g/kg body mass NaHCO3 with and without warm-up. The athletes also performed two 3.5 km time-trial runs (TT-runs) following individualized timing of NaHCO3 supplementation (SBS) or placebo (PLA) on separate days in a randomized, double-blind, cross-over design. The occurrence of individual peak HCO3− and pH ranged from 60 to 180 min. Mean HCO3− and pH in SBS were significantly higher compared with PLA 10 min before and following the TT-run (p < .01). SBS improved overall performance in the 3.5 km TT-run by 6 s compared with PLA (775.5 ± 16.2 s vs. 781.4 ± 16.1 s, respectively; p < .05). SBS improved performance in the last half of the TT-run compared with PLA (p < .01). In conclusion, supplementation with NaHCO3 followed by warm-up resulted in individualized alkalosis peaks ranging from 60 to 180 min. Individualized timing of SBS in elite orienteers induced significant alkalosis before and after a 3.5 km TT and improved overall performance time by 6 s, which occurred in the last half of the time trial. The present data show that the anaerobic buffer system is important for performance in these types of endurance events lasting 12–15 min.
An Exploration of the Content and Quality of Online, Text-Based Coach Development Programs Specific to Parasport
Authors: Lawson Janet A. , Turnnidge Jennifer , Latimer-Cheung Amy E.
Published: September 2021

Nonformal learning opportunities, such as accessing text-based online resources, are an important means of developing parasport coaches’ knowledge of how to coach. However, the focus of such resources, as well as their quality and quantity, are unknown. Using an adapted version of Lefebvre, Evans, Turnnidge, Gainforth, and Côté’s taxonomy of coach development programs, the authors explored and cataloged text-based online resources for parasport coaches identified through a broad Internet search. In addition, the technical quality of these resources was evaluated. After cataloguing and evaluating 136 resources, professional knowledge domains, specifically pedagogy and planning, were identified as the most commonly targeted domains of focus. The least frequently cited professional domains of focus were maltreatment, movement fundamentals, and preventative health and health promotion. Limited resources addressed interpersonal and intrapersonal domains of focus. Resource quality varied greatly, but the overall quality was low indicating that increasing the technical quality of online resources should be prioritized in the future.
Reactive Strength as a Metric for Informing Return-to-Sport Decisions: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Teichmann Jorg , Hébert-Losier Kim , Tan Rachel , Lem Han Wei , Khanum Shabana , Subramaniam Ananthi , Yeo Wee-Kian , Schmidtbleicher Dietmar , Beaven Christopher M.
Published: September 2021

Objective: Current return-to-sport decisions are primarily based on elapsed time since surgery or injury and strength measures. Given data that show rates of successful return to competitive sport at around 55%, there is strong rationale for adopting tools that will better inform return to sport decisions. The authors’ objective was to assess reactive strength as a metric for informing return-to-sport decisions. Design: Case-control design. Methods: Fifteen elite athletes from national sports teams (23 [6.0] y) in the final phase of their return-to-sport protocol following a unilateral knee injury and 16 age-matched control athletes (22 [4.6] y) performed a unilateral isometric strength test and 24-cm drop jump test. Pairwise comparisons were used to determine differences between legs within groups and differences in interleg asymmetry between groups. Results: Strength measures did not distinguish the control from the rehabilitation group; however, clear differences in the degree of asymmetry were apparent between the control and rehabilitation groups for contact time (Cohen d = 0.56; −0.14 to 1.27; 8.2%; P = .113), flight time (d = 1.10; 0.44 to 1.76; 16.0%; P = .002), and reactive strength index (d = 1.27; 0.50 to 2.04; 22.4%; P = .002). Conclusion: Reactive strength data provide insight into functional deficits that persist into the final phase of a return-to-sport protocol. The authors’ findings support the use of dynamic assessment tools to inform return-to-sport decisions to limit potential for reinjury.
Heat shock protein 27 activity is linked to endothelial barrier recovery after proinflammatory GPCR-induced disruption
Authors: Rada Cara C. , Mejia-Pena Hilda , Grimsey Neil J. , Canto Cordova Isabel , Olson Joshua , Wozniak Jacob M. , Gonzalez David J. , Nizet Victor , Trejo JoAnn
Published: September 2021

Phosphorylation at distinct sites determines the effect of the chaperone protein HSP27 on endothelial barrier permeability.
Viral Characteristics of the Warm Atlantic and Cold Arctic Water Masses in the Nordic Seas
Authors: Gao Chen , Xia Jun , Zhou Xinhao , Liang Yantao , Jiang Yong , Wang Meiwen , Shao Hongbing , Shi Xiaochong , Guo Cui , He Hui , Wang Hualong , He Jianfeng , Hu Denghui , Wang Xiaoyu , Zhao Jinping , Zhang Yu-Zhong , Sung Yeong Yik , Mok Wen Jye , Wong Li Lian , McMinn Andrew , Suttle Curtis A. , Wang Min
Published: September 2021

This is a systematic study of Nordic Sea viromes using metagenomic analysis. The viral diversity, community structure, and their relationships with host cells and the complex water masses from both the cool Arctic and the warm Atlantic oceans were illustrated.
Geographic Variations in Test Reactivity for the Serological Diagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi Infection
Authors: Truyens Carine , Dumonteil Eric , Alger Jackeline , Cafferata Maria Luisa , Ciganda Alvaro , Gibbons Luz , Herrera Claudia , Sosa-Estani Sergio , Buekens Pierre
Published: September 2021

Chagas disease is a neglected disease caused by
Trypanosoma cruzi
parasites. Most diagnosis is based on serological tests, but the lack of a gold standard test complicates the measurement of test performance.
Whole-Genome Sequencing Evaluation of MALDI-TOF MS as a Species Identification Tool for Streptococcus suis
Authors: Werinder Anna , Aspán Anna , Söderlund Robert , Backhans Annette , Sjölund Marie , Guss Bengt , Jacobson Magdalena
Published: September 2021

Streptococcus suis
is an important bacterial pathogen in pigs that may also cause zoonotic disease in humans. The aim of the study was to evaluate matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) identification of
S. suis
case isolates from diseased pigs and tonsil isolates from healthy pigs and wild boar using sequence analysis methods.
High Seropositivity Rate of Neutralizing Antibodies to Astrovirus VA1 in Human Populations
Authors: Janowski Andrew B. , Owen Macee C. , Dudley Holly , López Tomás , Espinosa Rafaela , Elvin-Lewis Memory , Colichon Alejandro , Arias Carlos F. , Burbelo Peter D. , Wang David
Published: September 2021

Astroviruses are human pathogens with emerging disease associations, including the recent recognition of their capacity to cause meningoencephalitis. Astrovirus VA1 is the most commonly identified astrovirus genotype from cases of human encephalitis, but it is unknown what percentage of the human population has neutralizing antibodies to VA1.
Use of opioids in patients with cancer with hepatic impairment—a systematic review
Authors: Hughes Lewis Thomas , Raftery David , Coulter Paul , Laird Barry , Fallon Marie
Published: September 2021

Purpose

Opioids are recommended for moderate-to-severe cancer pain; however, in patients with cancer, impaired hepatic function can affect opioid metabolism. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the evidence for the use of opioids in patients with cancer with hepatic impairment.

Methods

A systematic review was conducted and the following databases searched: AMED (−2021), MEDLINE (−2021), EMBASECLASSIC + EMBASE (−2021) and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (−2021). Eligible studies met the following criteria: patients with cancer-related pain, taking an opioid (as defined by the WHO Guidelines for the pharmacological and radiotherapeutic management of cancer pain in adults and adolescents); >18 years of age; patients with hepatic impairment defined using recognised or study-defined definitions; clinical outcome hepatic impairment related; and primary studies. All eligible studies were appraised using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system.

Results

Three studies (n=95) were eligible but heterogeneity meant meta-analysis was not possible. Each individual study focused on only one each of oxycodone±hydrocotarnine, oxycodone/naloxone and morphine. No recommendations could be formulated on the preferred opioid in patients with hepatic impairment.

Conclusions

Morphine is the preferred opioid in hepatic impairment owing to clinical experience and pharmacokinetics. This review, however, found little clinical evidence to support this. Dose adjustments of morphine and the oxycodone formulations reviewed remain necessary in the absence of quality evidence. Overall, the quality of existing evidence on opioid treatments in cancer pain and hepatic impairment is low and there remains a need for high-quality clinical studies examining this.
End-of-life transitions for family member on the solid tumour oncology ward: the 3 Wishes Project
Authors: Day Gwenyth , Bear Danielle , Swinton Marilyn , Karlin Daniel , Phung Peter , McCann Kelly , Bell Allegra , McParlane Rayna , Granone Maria Carmela , Cook Deborah J , Neville Thanh H
Published: September 2021

Objectives

Although death is not uncommon for hospitalised patients with cancer, there are few interventions in oncology that are designed to create a dignified, compassionate end-of-life (EOL) experience for patients and families. The 3 Wishes Project (3WP), a programme in which clinicians elicit and implement final wishes for dying patients, has been shown effective in intensive care units (ICUs) at improving the EOL experience. The objective was to initiate 3WP on an oncology ward and evaluate its effect on family member experiences of their loved one’s EOL. We hypothesised that the 3WP can be implemented in the non-ICU setting and help oncological patients and their families with transition to the EOL.

Methods

When the patient’s probability of dying is greater than 95%, patients and families were invited to participate in the 3WP. Wishes were elicited, implemented and categorised. Audiorecorded, semistructured interviews were conducted with family members, transcribed and analysed using content analysis.

Results

175 wishes were implemented for 52 patients with cancer (average cost of US$34). The most common wish (66%) was to personalise the environment. Qualitative analysis of 11 family member interviews revealed that the 3WP facilitates three transitions at the EOL: (1) the transition from multiple admissions to the final admission, (2) the transition of a predominantly caregiver role to a family member role and (3) the transition from a focus on the present to a focus on legacy.

Conclusion

The 3WP can be implemented on the oncology ward and enhance the EOL experience for hospitalised patients with cancer.
A Large-scale Analysis of Mixed Initiative in Information-Seeking Dialogues for Conversational Search
Authors: Vakulenko Svitlana , Kanoulas Evangelos , De Rijke Maarten
Published: September 2021

Conversational search is a relatively young area of research that aims at automating an information-seeking dialogue. In this article, we help to position it with respect to other research areas within conversational artificial intelligence (AI) by analysing the structural properties of an information-seeking dialogue. To this end, we perform a large-scale dialogue analysis of more than 150K transcripts from 16 publicly available dialogue datasets. These datasets were collected to inform different dialogue-based tasks including conversational search. We extract different patterns of mixed initiative from these dialogue transcripts and use them to compare dialogues of different types. Moreover, we contrast the patterns found in information-seeking dialogues that are being used for research purposes with the patterns found in virtual reference interviews that were conducted by professional librarians. The insights we provide (1) establish close relations between conversational search and other conversational AI tasks and (2) uncover limitations of existing conversational datasets to inform future data collection tasks.
The Complexity of Promise SAT on Non-Boolean Domains
Authors: Brandts Alex , Wrochna Marcin , Živný Stanislav
Published: September 2021

While 3-SAT is NP-hard, 2-SAT is solvable in polynomial time. Austrin et al. [SICOMP’17] proved a result known as “(2+ɛ)-SAT is NP-hard.” They showed that the problem of distinguishing
k
-CNF formulas that are
g
-satisfiable (i.e., some assignment satisfies at least
g
literals in every clause) from those that are not even 1-satisfiable is NP-hard if
g/k
< 1/2 and is in P otherwise. We study a generalisation of SAT on arbitrary finite domains, with clauses that are disjunctions of unary constraints, and establish analogous behaviour. Thus, we give a dichotomy for a natural fragment of
promise constraint satisfaction problems
(
PCSPs
) on arbitrary finite domains.

The hardness side is proved using the algebraic approach via a new general NP-hardness criterion on polymorphisms, which is based on a gap version of the Layered Label Cover problem. We show that previously used criteria are insufficient—the problem hence gives an interesting benchmark of algebraic techniques for proving hardness of approximation in problems such as PCSPs.
Optogenetic activation of the distal colon epithelium engages enteric nervous system circuits to initiate motility patterns
Authors: Najjar Sarah A. , Edwards Brian S. , Albers Kathryn M. , Davis Brian M. , Smith-Edwards Kristen M.
Published: September 2021

Using an all-optical approach to measure real-time cell-to-cell communication responsible for colon functions, we show that selective optogenetic stimulation of distal colon epithelium produced activity in myenteric neurons, as measured with red genetically encoded calcium indicators. The epithelial-induced neural response led to local contractions, mediated by both purinergic and serotonergic signaling, and facilitated colonic motor complexes that propagate from proximal to distal colon.
Exogenous Hsp70 attenuates nitroglycerin-induced migraine-like symptoms in mice
Authors: Wu Fengfang , Huang Yifeng , Wei Guifang , Huang Zhiwei , Shi Congwen , Lin Weinian , Liao Jun
Published: September 2021

The study suggests that exogenous HSP70 may be a potential therapy for alleviating migraine symptoms and our promising finding warrants further investigation of HSP70 for clinical application.
Analysis on the Effect of Different Surgical Methods on the Treatment of Senile Osteoporotic Spinal Compression Fractures and the Influencing Factors of Complications
Authors: Yu Dejun , Liu Zuyao , Wang Hongqing , Yao Ran , Li Fu , Yang Yang , Sun Fenglong
Published: September 2021

Osteoporotic fractures are a common type of fractures in the elderly, among which spinal compression fractures are more common. After the occurrence of fractures, due to the compression and burst of the vertebral body, this will lead to local kyphosis deformity and even affect the balance of the sagittal spine. In the past, conservative treatments were used for osteoporotic spinal compression fractures. Although it can relieve pain symptoms, it can easily lead to complications such as aggravation of osteoporosis and deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities. At present, percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) and percutaneous kyphoplasty (PKP) are the main clinical surgical treatments, both of which are minimally invasive surgery, short operation time, effective pain relief, and rapid postoperative recovery. Although both of them are effective, there is still controversy over the efficacy of both in the treatment of osteoporotic spinal compression fractures. The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of PVP and PKP in the treatment of elderly osteoporotic spinal compression fractures and to analyze the related factors that affect the occurrence of postoperative complications. The results show that both PVP and PKP can effectively improve the pain and dysfunction of elderly patients with osteoporotic spinal compression fracture, restoration of vertebral height, and correct kyphosis, but PKP has better effect and higher safety and is worth promoting. Postoperative complications of patients are related to their age, bone mineral density, use of hormones, and antiosteoporosis treatment.
Remote Sensing of Atmospheric CO and O3 Anomalies before and after Two Yutian MS7.3 Earthquakes
Authors: Liang Haodong , Xin Cunlin , Liu Haibo , Di Guoyun , Liu Songxin , Zhang Liang
Published: September 2021

Satellite remote sensing data were used to extract concentrations and volume mixing ratios (VMR) of CO and O3 and Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) data associated with Yutian MS7.3 earthquakes on March 21, 2008, and February 12, 2014. Difference value and anomaly index methods and the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model were used to simulate gas backward trajectories and analyze the relations between spatial and temporal variations in total columns of CO and O3 (TotCO and TotO3) and earthquakes. Then, the causes of abnormal changes were examined. Maximum anomalies in TotCO and TotO3 occurred one month before the 2008 earthquake and one month after the 2014 earthquake. Anomalies in TotCO and TotO3 were distributed along or were consistent with the fault zone. Furthermore, during the abnormal period, the coefficient of correlation between CO and O3 was 0.672 in 2008 and 0.638 in 2014, with both values significant at

p
<
0.05

. The correlation between TotCO and TotO3 was also significant. The abnormal phenomena of TotCO and TotO3 associated with the two earthquakes were attributed to underground gas escape, atmospheric chemical reactions, and atmospheric transportation caused by in situ stress in the generation of earthquakes.
Study on the Geo‐Stress Loading and Excavation Unloading Devices of the Large‐Scale Photoelastic Model Test for Deep‐Buried Tunnels
Authors: Guo Jiaqi , Zhu Binzhong , Liu Xiliang , Luo Jing , Li Zhaoyuan
Published: September 2021

At present, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and other methods cannot be used to properly solve the problems associated with the stability and bearing capacity of the surrounding rock and its supporting system, the interaction between the supporting structure and surrounding rock, and the sharing role of each supporting structure, all of which commonly occur in deep tunnels. The model test method represented by the photoelastic test is still an important approach to study this kind of problem. In view of the deficiency of the current loading system of the photoelastic model test, we developed a geo‐stress loading system for the photoelastic model test, which can simulate the in situ geo‐stress environment of unidirectional loading, bidirectional equal pressure, bidirectional unequal pressure, and tridirectional unequal pressure. The universal retaining force loading rod can realize the stability and effective compensation of loading, which is an original design. According to the principle of umbrella‐shaped expansion and contraction mechanism, an excavation unloading device for the photoelastic model test is developed, which can realize the simulation of various degrees of displacement release in the excavation process of deep tunnels and other underground projects. The loading simulation test and excavation unloading simulation test show that the geo‐stress loading system and excavation unloading device developed in this paper are flexible, exhibit good performance, and can fully achieve their respective test functions. The combination of two devices can compensate for the insufficiency of the current photoelastic model test and will promote the application of photoelastic model tests in underground engineering applications such as deep tunnel projects.
Evaluation of Paediatric Critical Care Needs and Practice in Nigeria: Paediatric Residents’ Perspective
Authors: Abiodun Moses Temidayo , Eki-Udoko Fidelis E.
Published: September 2021

Background. There is a dire need for paediatric critical care (PCC) services, but their availability in tertiary hospitals in Nigeria is not well defined. Objective. We evaluated self-reported PCC practice, resources, and perceived challenges in various zones of the country, using paediatric residents’ perspective. Methods. This is a descriptive cross-sectional survey, carried out at an Intensive Course in Paediatrics at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. Participants’ PCC practice and perceived adequacy of PCC resources and services were assessed using a 100 mm uncalibrated visual analogue scale (VAS). A comparison between northern and southern zones was done. A 2-sided

p

value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results. A total of 143 residents participated in the study, 37.1% of them were male, and 62.9% were female. Their mean age was 34.6 ± 3.2 years. They were mainly (86.7%) from federal institutions across the country. Less than a half (46.7%) of the trainees attended to critically ill children daily, but only 4 out of every 10 respondents stated that such severely ill children survived till hospital discharge; 12.1% of the trainees had PICUs in their institutions. Financial constraints hindered PICU admissions. PCC staff were relatively fewer in northern zones than southern zones (

p
<
0.05

). Their perceived adequacy of PCC equipment and services were low (VAS scores 32.7 ± 2.6 and 30.9 ± 2.8, respectively) with a strong positive correlation between the two measurements (r = 0.839;

p
<
0.001

). Conclusion. There is an unmet need for PCC practice in Nigerian tertiary hospitals with a resultant low survival rate of critically ill children. PCC training curricula and improved critical care resources are desirable in the setting.
Prediction of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Using Machine Learning Algorithms in SWAT, Pakistan
Authors: Ali Mian Haider , Khan Dost Muhammad , Jamal Khalid , Ahmad Zubair , Manzoor Sadaf , Khan Zardad
Published: September 2021

In this paper, we have focused on machine learning (ML) feature selection (FS) algorithms for identifying and diagnosing multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB). MDR-TB is a universal public health problem, and its early detection has been one of the burning issues. The present study has been conducted in the Malakand Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, to further add to the knowledge on the disease and to deal with the issues of identification and early detection of MDR-TB by ML algorithms. These models also identify the most important factors causing MDR-TB infection whose study gives additional insights into the matter. ML algorithms such as random forest, k-nearest neighbors, support vector machine, logistic regression, leaset absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), artificial neural networks (ANNs), and decision trees are applied to analyse the case-control dataset. This study reveals that close contacts of MDR-TB patients, smoking, depression, previous TB history, improper treatment, and interruption in first-line TB treatment have a great impact on the status of MDR. Accordingly, weight loss, chest pain, hemoptysis, and fatigue are important symptoms. Based on accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity, SVM and RF are the suggested models to be used for patients’ classifications.
Evidence-Based Research Strategy of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Pan Hao , Wang Heng , Tao Yanlin , Yuan Jinfeng , Xu Sanbin , Ni Jianli , Huang Meiqin , Wu Xiaojun , Liu Te
Published: September 2021

Among adult-onset motor neuron diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common. ALS involves the increasing loss of lower and upper motor neurons. Within a few years of onset, ALS causes patient death via progressive paralysis of respiratory muscles. However, the current drugs used to treat ALS, riluzole, edaravone, and dextromethorphan/quinidine, can only delay the progression of the disease and alleviate a small number of symptoms in some patients, and no completely effective treatment is available. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has shown significant advantages in the treatment of ALS in China and Asia; however, the mechanism of its efficacy is unclear. This review discusses the pathogenetic hypothesis of ALS in detail from the level of neurons and glial cells and uses two current experimental animal models of ALS to design experimental strategies to study TCM treatment. We aim to provide a scientific explanation of the mechanism of the effect of TCM in the treatment of ALS, which will help clinicians and research scientists to accept the theory of TCM to treat ALS and promote the development of TCM modernization.
Analyzing the Origin of Low Resistivity in Gas-Bearing Tight Sandstone Reservoir
Authors: Jiang Yanjiao , Zhou Jian , Fu Xiaofei , Cui Likai , Fang Chao , Cui Jiangman
Published: September 2021

Complex characteristics exist in the resistivity response of Gs reservoirs in the central inversion belt of the Xihu Sag, East China Sea Basin. Some drilling wells have confirmed the existence of abnormally low resistivity in gas reservoirs of the area; and the electrical logging response was unable to reflect fluid properties of the reservoir accurately. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the origin of the low resistivity and determine its controlling factors. Based on experimental data of core analysis and numerical simulations of mud invasion, this study thoroughly explores the origin of low resistivity in the subject gas-bearing reservoir considering both internal and external factors. The results indicated that when there is no or a low degree of mud invasion, the fine lithology, complex pore structure, additional clay mineral conductivity, and high content of pyrite are the main internal factors driving the conditions present in the studied gas reservoir. When mud invasion occurs, the invasion of highly saline mud is the main external cause of low resistivity. The numerical simulation results indicated that a formation with good permeability and high overbalance pressure has a deep invasion depth. The resistivity around the well is obviously reduced after the invasion, and low resistivity would form easily. Combined with actual data of several wells, the main influencing factors of the reservoir’s electrical characteristics were analyzed, and the main controlling factors of low resistivity in the gas reservoirs are given. This study provides valuable support for studying the low-contrast complex reservoir conductivity mechanism. The study also offers novel ideas for accurate calculation of saturation and the meticulous evaluation of reservoir for subsequent studies.
Deep Learning-Based Ultrasound Imaging Diagnosis for Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonists Treatment of Central Precocious Puberty
Authors: Qi Ruifang , Yang Kun , Li Rongmin
Published: September 2021

To explore the adoption of ultrasound imaging diagnosis based on deep learning of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in the treatment of central precocious puberty (CPP) by gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRHa), ultrasound imaging based on CNN was utilized to treat CPP. The bone age, uterine and ovarian volume, and breast development of incomplete precocious puberty (IPP) group and CPP group were observed and recorded. The peak values of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured. The uterine and ovarian volume before and after GnRHa treatment of CPP were compared. The results showed that the bone age (9.03 ± 1.07), uterine volume (2.37 ± 1.52), ovarian volume (2.36 ± 0.82 mL), and breast development of the CPP group were considerably higher in contrast to the IPP group and control group (

P
<
0.05

). The LH peak (11.97 ± 5.63) and FSH peak (12.89 ± 3.15) of the CPP group were substantially higher relative to the IPP group (

P
<
0.05

). The uterine volume (1.06 ± 0.42) and ovarian volume (1.12 ± 0.49) after treatment were inferior to those before treatment (

P
<
0.05

). In short, ultrasound images based on deep learning could diagnose precocious puberty, which could also provide a certain basis for GnRHa treatment of CPP, as well as an important basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment of precocious puberty.
Research on Optimization of Coal Pressure Relief Borehole Parameters under High-Stress Conditions
Authors: Zhang Heng , Li Tie , Ouyang Zhenhua , Liu Su , Yi Haiyang
Published: September 2021

Determining the parameters of boreholes drilled for relieving pressure in coal seams is the key preventing and controlling rock bursts in boreholes of large diameter. In this study, theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, literature research, and other analysis methods are applied to study the angles of elastic energy dissipation and stress transfer, the distribution law of the pressure relief area, and the areas of stress concentration, energy, stress, displacement, and plastic behavior of large-diameter pressure relief boreholes in coal seams under high-stress conditions. The results are then used to evaluate the relationship between large-diameter pressure relief boreholes and the borehole arrangement. The following results are obtained. (1) A large-diameter results in a large amount of elastic energy released by the surrounding coal, low residual elastic energy density, strong interaction between boreholes, large pressure relief range of the borehole, and high pressure relief efficiency. (2) The main evaluation factor of the borehole pressure relief effect is its thickness and stress concentration area; secondary evaluation is based on the areas of energy, displacement, stress, and plastic behavior. (3) Six evaluation index systems are established to evaluate the effects of borehole pressure relief, which are found to be the thicknesses of the borehole pressure relief area and stress concentration area, reduction degree of energy density, percentage of stress reduction, displacement, and penetration degree of the plastic area. (4) It is determined that when the diameters of the pressure relief boreholes are 100, 120, 180, and 200 mm, a single-row borehole arrangement is adopted; a three-pattern borehole arrangement is adopted with diameters of 140 and 160 mm. These research results can provide theoretical support in selecting reasonable borehole arrangements for pressure relief boreholes of different diameters.
Optimization of the Formulation of Rice Biscuits Supplemented with D. Edulis (L.) Powder Using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Eyenga Eliane Flore , Mouafo Hippolyte Tene , Achu Mercy Bih Loh , Mbacham Wilfred F. , Ndindeng Sali Atanga
Published: September 2021

Trends in the food industry are nowadays directed towards the reduction of the level of trans fatty acids in food intended for human consumption. The present study was designed and aimed at valorizing Dacryodes edulis (L.) powder as a substitute for margarine in the production of functional rice biscuits. The effect of substituting margarine and refined wheat flour with D. edulis powder locally called safou and rice flour, respectively, at different proportions was assessed for the sensory and physicochemical properties of the formulated biscuits. For this, statistical models were developed, validated, and optimized using the response surface methodology with the Doehlert design as a tool. The results showed that an increase in the substitution rate of margarine with of D. edulis powder enhanced the aroma while the substitution of refined wheat flour with rice flour led to an improvement of the overall quality of the biscuits. The optimal composition of dough for the production of biscuits with satisfying sensory properties was 20.24% of wheat flour, 24.51% of rice flour, 19.09% of margarine, and 2.47% of D. edulis powder. The optimized biscuit which scored the highest overall acceptability contained proteins (10.33 g/100 g DM), fat (27.66 g/100 g DM), crude fibers (2.5 g/100 g DM), ash (3.55 g/100 g DM), and carbohydrates (54.01 g/100 g DM). It has an energy density of

506.3
±
0.1
 
kcal
/
g

and could therefore be suitable for the management of malnutrition. Mineral analysis revealed that the biscuit contained sodium (0.200 mg/100 g), potassium (0.192 mg/100 g), phosphorus (0.123 mg/100 g), iron (33.60 ppm), and zinc (26.81 ppm) at levels satisfying the recommended daily intakes. The results of this study demonstrated the suitability of safou as substitute of margarine in the rice biscuit formulation and suggests the potential of the formulated biscuits in the management of malnutrition and noncommunicable diseases such as hypertension, obesity, and cardiovascular diseases.
[Retracted] Exosome: Function and Application in Inflammatory Bone Diseases
Authors: Hu Yingkun , Wang Yi , Chen Tianhong , Hao Zhuowen , Cai Lin , Li Jingfeng
Published: September 2021

In the skeletal system, inflammation is closely associated with many skeletal disorders, including periprosthetic osteolysis (bone loss around orthopedic implants), osteoporosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. These diseases, referred to as inflammatory bone diseases, are caused by various oxidative stress factors in the body, resulting in long‐term chronic inflammatory processes and eventually causing disturbances in bone metabolism, increased osteoclast activity, and decreased osteoblast activity, thereby leading to osteolysis. Inflammatory bone diseases caused by nonbacterial factors include inflammation‐ and bone resorption‐related processes. A growing number of studies show that exosomes play an essential role in developing and progressing inflammatory bone diseases. Mechanistically, exosomes are involved in the onset and progression of inflammatory bone disease and promote inflammatory osteolysis, but specific types of exosomes are also involved in inhibiting this process. Exosomal regulation of the NF‐κB signaling pathway affects macrophage polarization and regulates inflammatory responses. The inflammatory response further causes alterations in cytokine and exosome secretion. These signals regulate osteoclast differentiation through the receptor activator of the nuclear factor‐kappaB ligand pathway and affect osteoblast activity through the Wnt pathway and the transcription factor Runx2, thereby influencing bone metabolism. Overall, enhanced bone resorption dominates the overall mechanism, and over time, this imbalance leads to chronic osteolysis. Understanding the role of exosomes may provide new perspectives on their influence on bone metabolism in inflammatory bone diseases. At the same time, exosomes have a promising future in diagnosing and treating inflammatory bone disease due to their unique properties.
Calculation Model of Shear Capacity of Multiple Composite Core Column Joints Based on Softened Tension‐Compression Bar Model
Authors: Wentao Xu , Chengyu Yang
Published: September 2021

This paper aims to study the seismic performance of multiple composite core column joints. The influence of the stress mechanism, axial compression ratio, and shear span ratio on the failure mode, hysteretic performance, and shear capacity of the multiple composite core column joints was studied through the low‐reversed cyclic loading tests of three specially designed and manufactured multiple composite core column joints. The angle ratio method is used to calculate the effective area of the vertical tie bar, and based on the mechanism of the softening tension‐compression bar, the formula for calculating the shear capacity of the joint with multiple composite core column is established. In addition, it is also verified by the test data in this paper. The experimental results show that when the axial compression ratio increases from 0.26 to 0.45, the number and width of cracks at the beam end decrease. When the shear span ratio increases from 1.67 to 2.22, the number and width of cracks at the joint beam end increase. The average value and standard deviation of the ratio between the measured value and the calculated value of the shear capacity are 0.97 and 0.16, indicating that the proposed calculation method has a high agreement with the actual value and strong engineering application.
Study on Desorption Experiment and Desorption Model of Deep Shale Gas Containing Water
Authors: Xiang Zuping , Ding Yangyang , Ao Xiang , Cheng Zehua , Xiao Qianhua , Liu Zhezhi , Zhu Shijie , Chen Zhonghua
Published: September 2021

In this work, the methane desorption isothermal curves at different water contents on deep sampled from Western Chongqing of China were measured at pressures up to 65 MPa and at 130°C by the volumetric method. In the first instance, the desorption increases with the decrease of pressure, the adsorbed gas desorbs slightly with decreasing pressures from 65 to 30 MPa. When the pressure drops to 30–20 MPa, the desorption rate increases rapidly with the decrease of pressure and the desorption curve begins to separate from the adsorption curve, resulting in desorption hysteresis. At last, when the pressure is lower than 20 MPa, the desorption increases almost linearly with the further decrease of pressure, but eventually there will be some adsorbed gas which cannot be desorbed to form residual adsorbed gas. After that, the isotherm desorption data of CH4 was fitted using the improved desorption model. The fitting results showed that the improved desorption model can be used to describe the desorption process of deep shale gas containing water and has a strong applicability. In addition, the critical desorption pressure increases with increasing water content. When the water content is lower than 1%, the effect of the water content on the desorption of deep shale gas increases rapidly with increasing water content, as well as when the water content is greater than 1%, the impact changes slowly.
Position of the Hyoid Bone in Anteroposterior Skeletal Patterns
Authors: Bilal Rabia
Published: September 2021

Introduction. Hyoid bone plays a vital role in the craniofacial dynamics. From the maintenance of pharyngeal airway to phonation, deglutition, and mandibular movements, it has multifactorial roles to fulfill. The hyoid bone has a spatial relationship with cranial base, mandible, and cervical vertebrae. This study was performed to determine the position of the hyoid bone in different anteroposterior growth patterns. Materials and Methods. 75 lateral cephalograms belonging to all three sagittal skeletal patterns were evaluated in the study. The angular and linear measurements using 10 variables were made to determine the relationship of the hyoid bone with different craniofacial structures. SPSS was used to calculate the descriptive statistics, mean, and standard deviation of all the linear and angular variables. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc test were used to compare the means of linear and angular measurement and multiple comparisons, respectively, at

p
<
0.05

significance level. Results. There was no significant difference in the mean angular measurements (NSH and MPH) between the 3 groups (

p
>
0.05

). Also, the multiple comparisons showed no significant difference between the linear measurements (H-FH, H-MP, H-H′, and H-N). However, there was a significant difference in three linear measurements: H-Rgn, RGN-C3, and C3-H. The values were more in class III subjects, compared to class I and class II. Conclusion. The linear millimetric distance between points H-RGN, RGN-C3, and C3-H which determine the relationship and spatial position of the hyoid bone with the mandible and third cervical vertebrae was statistically significant among groups. The values were more in class III subjects inferring the anterior position of the hyoid bone.
Continuous Deep Sedation until Death in Neonates and Infants in Flanders: A Post-Mortem Survey
Authors: Dombrecht Laure , Cools Filip , Cohen Joachim , Deliens Luc , Goossens Linde , Naulaers Gunnar , Chambaere Kenneth , Beernaert Kim
Published: September 2021

Background: The use of analgesics and sedatives to alleviate pain and discomfort is common in end-of-life care in neonates and infants. However, to what extent those drugs are used in that context with the specific aim of bringing the infant in a state of continuous deep sedation (CDS) is currently unknown. Methods: We performed a nationwide mortality follow-back survey based on all deaths under the age of 1 over a period of 16 months in Flanders, Belgium. Data on CDS were linked to sociodemographic information from death certificates. Physicians completed an anonymous questionnaire. Questions measured whether CDS preceded death, and which clinical characteristics were associated with the sedation (e.g., type of drugs used and the duration of sedation). Results: The response rate was 83% (229/276). In 39% of all deceased neonates and infants, death was preceded by CDS. Physicians used a combination of morphine and benzodiazepines in 53%, or morphine alone in 45% of all sedation cases in order to continuously and deeply sedate the infant. In 89% of cases, death occurred within 1 week after sedation was begun, and in 92% of cases, artificial nutrition and hydration were administered until death. In 49% of cases there was no intention to hasten death, and in 40% of cases, the possibility of hastening was taken into account. Conclusions: CDS precedes about 2 in 5 neonatal and infant deaths. Guidelines for CDS in this age group are non-existent and it is unclear whether the same recommendations as in the adult population apply and can be considered a good practice.
Maestras de preescolar: características reconocidas en niños y niñas con aptitudes sobresalientes
Authors: Morales-Nava Rosa Adriana , González-Arreola Mercedes Rosalía , Chávez Blanca Ivet
Published: September 2021

(analítico)El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo identificar las características que las profesoras de preescolar reconocían en las niñas y los niños con aptitudes sobresalientes. Es una investigación cuantitativa, transversal y exploratoria. Participaron 58 profesoras de preescolar. Se empleó la técnica de redes semánticas naturales modificadas a través de cuatro preguntas estímulo: qué características tienen los niños con aptitud sobresaliente en el área cognitiva, en el área creativa, en el área psicomotriz y área socioemocional. Los resultados mostraron que las profesoras lograron reconocer algunos rasgos de los niños sobresalientes que coinciden con lo reportado en la literatura, lo que sugiere que ellas pueden ser un elemento clave en la detección de la población si se les proporcionan los instrumentos apropiados con las características del alumnado sobresaliente.
Palabras clave: Red semántica, aptitud sobresaliente, preescolar, inteligencia, creatividad. Tesauro de Ciencias Sociales de la Unesco.
Short‐ and Long‐Term Clinical Outcomes for Patients With Takotsubo Syndrome and Patients With Myocardial Infarction: A Report From the Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry
Authors: Redfors Björn , Jha Sandeep , Thorleifsson Sigurdur , Jernberg Tomas , Angerås Oskar , Frobert Ole , Petursson Petur , Tornvall Per , Sarno Giovanna , Ekenbäck Christina , Ravn‐Fisher Annika , Y‐Hassan Shams , Lyon Alexander R. , James Stefan , Erlinge David , Omerovic Elmir
Published: September 2021

Background

Takotsubo syndrome (TS) is a potentially life‐threatening acute cardiac syndrome with a clinical presentation similar to myocardial infarction and for which the natural history, management, and outcome remain incompletely understood. Our aim was to assess the relative short‐term mortality risk of TS, ST‐segment–elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), and non‐STEMI (NSTEMI) and to identify predictors of in‐hospital complications and poor prognosis in patients with TS.

Methods and Results

This is an observational cohort study based on the data from the SCAAR (Swedish Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty Registry). We included all patients (n=117 720) who underwent coronary angiography in Sweden attributed to TS (N=2898 [2.5%]), STEMI (N=48 493 [41.2%]), or NSTEMI (N=66 329 [56.3%]) between January 2009 and February 2018. We compared patients with TS to those with NSTEMI or STEMI. The primary end point was all‐cause mortality at 30 days. Secondary outcomes were acute heart failure (Killip Class ≥2) and cardiogenic shock (Killip Class 4) at the time of angiography. Patients with TS were more often women compared with patients with STEMI or NSTEMI. TS was associated with unadjusted and adjusted 30‐day mortality risks lower than STEMI (adjusted hazard ratio [adjHR], 0.60; 95% CI, 0.48–0.76;
P
<0.001), but higher than NSTEMI (adjHR, 2.70; 95% CI, 2.14–3.41;
P
<0.001). Compared with STEMI, TS was associated with a similar risk of acute heart failure (adjHR, 1.26; 95% CI, 0.91–1.76;
P
=0.16) but a lower risk of cardiogenic shock (adjHR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.34–0.89;
P
=0.02). The relative 30‐day mortality risk for TS versus STEMI and NSTEMI was higher for smokers than nonsmokers (adjusted
P
interaction STEMI=0.01 and
P
interaction NSTEMI=0.01).

Conclusions

The 30‐day mortality rate in TS was higher than in NSTEMI but lower than STEMI despite a similar risk of acute heart failure in TS and STEMI. Among patients with TS, smoking was an independent predictor of mortality.
Lower‐Intensity Statins Contributing to Gaps in Care for Patients With Primary Severe Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Eid Wael E. , Sapp Emma Hatfield , Flerlage Elijah , Nolan Joseph R.
Published: September 2021

Background

Although severe hypercholesterolemia confers a 5‐fold increased long‐term risk for coronary artery disease, treatment guidelines may not be fully implemented, leading to underdiagnosis and suboptimal treatment. To further understand the clinical features and gaps in treatment approaches, we analyzed electronic medical record data from a midwestern US multidisciplinary healthcare system, between 2009 and 2020.

Methods and Results

We retrospectively assessed the prevalence, clinical presentation, and treatment characteristics of individuals currently treated with statin therapy having a low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) value that is either (1) an
actual
maximum electronic medical record–documented LDL‐C ≥190 mg/dL (group 1, n=7542) or (2) an
estimated
pretreatment LDL‐C ≥190 mg/dL (group 2, n=7710). Comorbidities and prescribed lipid‐lowering therapies were assessed. Statistical analyses identified differences among individuals within and between groups. Of records analyzed (n=266 282), 7% met the definition for primary severe hypercholesterolemia. Group 1 had more comorbidities than group 2. More individuals in both groups were treated by primary care providers (49.8%–53.0%, 32.6%–36.4%) than by specialty providers (4.1%–5.5%, 2.1%–3.3%). High‐intensity lipid‐lowering therapy was prescribed less frequently for group 2 than for group 1, but moderate‐intensity statins were prescribed more frequently for group 2 (65%) than for group 1 (52%).

Conclusions

Two percent of patients in our study population being treated with low‐ or moderate‐intensity statins have an
estimated
LDL‐C ≥190 mg/dL (indicating severe hypercholesterolemia), but receive less aggressive treatment than patients with a maximum
measured
LDL‐C ≥190 mg/dL.