bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Personality Adjustment as a Function of Interaction between Locus of Evaluation and Tolerance of Ambiguity
Authors: Shavit Hana
Published: September 2011

59 female high school students differing in scores on internal vs external locus of evaluation and in tolerance vs intolerance of ambiguity were exposed to inconsistency involving self-deprecation. Lower reported distress, compliance, and defensive projection were considered to indicate more ego strength. This pattern of response was a function of the combination of internal locus and tolerance of ambiguity.
The Institutional Aversive Survey Schedule
Authors: Cautela Joseph R. , Scott Donald S. , Leonard Charles
Published: September 2011

The authors describe the use of the Institutional Aversive Survey Schedule developed for the identification of potential and present aversive stimuli by institutionalized patients. 112 patients in four hospitals were administered the questionnaire. Females ( n = 43) rated their environment more aversive than males ( n = 69). This finding is in agreement with similar results obtained with studies employing the Fear Survey Schedule. Hospitals were rated differently in terms of the quality and degree of aversive stimuli. The authors describe in detail the uses of the questionnaire in research and therapy.
Attempted Suicide: Correlates of Increasing Medical Lethality
Authors: Lester David , Beck Aaron T.
Published: September 2011

Ratings of medical lethality of 145 suicide attempts with coma-producing drugs were unrelated to the personal characteristics of the suicide attempter, the precipitating circumstances, and most of the circumstances of the suicidal act. The ratings of medical lethality did, however, appear to have some validity. As the suicide attempter might incorrectly predict the lethality of his planned suicide attempt, his self-report of intent may be more useful for classification of his behavior than the actual lethality of his suicidal action. It was not possible to form reasonable hypotheses about the characteristics of completers of suicide from the characteristics of three groups of attempters of suicide of differing medical lethality.
Effects of Brief Alcoholism Training on General Hospital Personnel
Authors: Distefano M. K. , Craig Stella H. , Henderson George L. , Pryer Margaret W.
Published: September 2011

A brief (31-hour) training program on alcoholism was provided by state mental hospital staff for 27 general hospital personnel. Pre- and post-training comparisons were made on a 20-item opinions about alcoholism scale and a 26-item test designed to measure knowledge of how to interact with alcoholics in a more positive, therapeutic manner. The results indicated that the program significantly improved both staff attitudes and knowledge.
Dimensions of Students' Evaluation of Instruction: An Empirical Synthesis
Authors: Bolton Brian , Bonge Dennis , Hinman Suki
Published: September 2011

A two-stage procedure was used to reduce 75 factors isolated in 11 selected studies of students' evaluation of instruction to six major dimensions: I. Effort demanded by instructor, II. Instructor's preparation and organization, III. Instructor's evaluation of student performance, IV. Instructor's knowledge of subject, V. Value of course to student, and VI. Instructor's friendliness and regard for student. Each dimension is illustrated with four rating items.
Effect of Duration of Time Out in Suppressing Disruptive Behavior of a Severely Autistic Child
Authors: Freeman B. J. , Somerset Tom , Ritvo E. R.
Published: September 2011

Time out from positive reinforcement was examined over a long period of time in a severely autistic child. The child was exposed to three different durations of time out, i.e., 3 min., 1 hr., and 15 min. This child's behavior was best suppressed with the variable 15-min. duration. However, the pitfalls of arbitrarily setting a duration of time out for a child without assessing the effect on him are examined. In addition, the uselessness of group experiments and the problems inherent in long durations of time out are discussed.
Preferred versus Nonpreferred Treatment, and Self-Control Training versus Determination Raising as Treatments of Obesity: A Pilot Study
Authors: Murray D. C.
Published: September 2011

Of 12 overweight women half received 10 wk. of self-control training and the rest received an equal period aimed at increasing determination to lose weight. Half of each treatment group had expressed a preference for the type of treatment they received and half for the other type of treatment. Both groups lost a statistically significant amount of weight, and at a 3-mo. follow-up there was still a significant weight loss. Follow-up at 6 mo. on 9 of the 12 original subjects indicated both groups regained much of their lost weight. There was no evidence that either type of treatment or receiving one's preferred type of treatment was related to weight loss.
Attitudes toward Women: Comparison of Enrolled and Nonenrolled College Students
Authors: Etaugh Claire , Bowen Lynne
Published: September 2011

In the fall of 1973, 1307 university students completed a questionnaire concerning attitudes toward women's role. During the spring of 1975, the attitude scores of those students still enrolled at the university ( N = 813) were compared with those of nongraduates who were no longer enrolled ( N = 289). For each of 3 school years, freshman through junior, nonenrolled males tended to be more liberal than enrolled males, and nonenrolled females tended to be more traditional than enrolled females. These data suggest that the shift to more liberal attitudes over the college years may be partly due to dropout of traditional individuals in the case of women but not men.
Note on Sex Differences in Causal Attribution
Authors: McArthur Leslie Zebrowitz
Published: September 2011

16 male and 16 female subjects made causal attributions for four types of responses ostensibly made by other people—positive and negative manifest and positive and negative subjective. Females more often than males attributed subjective responses to the external stimulus, and they more often than males attributed manifest responses to the external circumstances. Some implications of these results for understanding sex differences in attributions for performance in achievement-related situations are discussed.
Effects of Chlorpromazine on Fear-Motivated Behavior, Urinary Cortisol, Urinary Volume and Heart Rate in the Dog
Authors: Houser Vincent P. , Rothfeld Benjamin , Varady Alexander
Published: September 2011

Several doses of chlorpromazine (6.25, 12.5, 25.0 mg) were administered to dogs while they were subjected to a Sidman nondiscriminated avoidance schedule which contained 7 conditioned stimuli-unavoidable shock (CS-US) pairings. The drug consistently reduced baseline response rate and enhanced shock rate. Facilitation of heart, response, and activity rates normally noted during the aversive CS were unaffected by administration of the drug. In addition, the over-all heart rate, urinary volume, and urinary Cortisol measures showed no consistent pattern of results in response to drug administration. These results suggest that under this schedule of reinforcement only baseline response rate was sensitive to the anxiolytic effects of chlorpromazine.
Personality Correlates of Polydrug Abuse
Authors: Kilpatrick Dean G. , Sutker Patricia B. , Roitzsch John C. , Miller William C.
Published: September 2011

Although the personality correlates of heroin addiction, LSD use, and marijuana ingestion have been frequently investigated, few data are available which describe personality or life-style variables correlated with the pattern of polydrug abuse. Polydrug abuse is characterized by ingestion of drugs from a variety of psychopharmacological categories based largely on the availability of a drug at any given time. A group of 17 polydrug users, identified within a group of 224 young adult male hospitalized veterans, was matched for socioeconomic class and age with 17 controls who reported no experience with drugs of any kind. The two groups were then compared on several personality measures. Polydrug addicts were more neurotic and more candid on the Eysenck Personality Inventory, higher in state anxiety on the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Scale, and higher in sensation seeking as measured by the Zuckerman scale. No differences in dogmatism, ego strength, trait anxiety, extraversion, or fearfulness were found between groups. On the basis of personality characteristics, veterans could be classified into drug-use categories with 97.05% accuracy.
Physiological Arousal, Affect and Interpersonal Attraction
Authors: Veitch Russell
Published: September 2011

The interrelationships among adjectival descriptions, self-reported affect generated by these descriptions, physiological arousal, and attraction responses were studied in the present design. The results indicate that positive and negative adjectival descriptions (a) have, respectively, positive and negative effects on interpersonal evaluation; (b) elicit differential self-reported affect in subjects; (c) are related to latencies in responding; and (d) elicit differential physiological arousal. These results are discussed in terms of Schachter's (1964) two-component process theory of emotions and Byrne and Clore's (1970) reinforcement-affect model of interpersonal attraction. Also, caution is urged regarding the utility of attempting to obtain veridicality between physiological and psychological variables.
Attitude Changes in Alcoholics following Hospitalization
Authors: Powell Barbara J.
Published: September 2011

Attitudes of 20 male and 5 female alcoholic patients toward treatment and treatment personnel were measured by the Semantic Differential at hospitalization and again at discharge. Attitudes toward nursing personnel tended to be less positive following hospitalization while attitudes toward self became more positive. The results are discussed in terms of treatment and its effectiveness.
Conflicts in Values and Attitudes between Parents of Symptomatic and Normal Children
Authors: Gerber Gwendolyn L.
Published: September 2011

Conflicts between parents on their values and attitudes of acceptance or rejection toward their child were studied using the Allport-Vernon-Lindzey Study of Values Scale and a parents' questionnaire. Parents who had a male child, aged 8 to 13 yr., participated in the research. Three groups of 10 mother-father pairs were formed, in which the child (a) was emotionally disturbed, (b) had a primary learning disorder, or (c) was normal. The hypothesis that parents of both groups of symptomatic children would have more value conflicts than parents of normal children was partially supported; parents of children with learning problems tended to be more conflicted than parents of normal and disturbed children. The hypothesis that parents of both groups of symptomatic children would be more discrepant in their acceptance or rejection of the child than parents of normal children was supported. Parents of children with learning problems had their greatest conflicts over values and acceptance-rejection of the child in areas most directly related to learning.
Identification of Reinforcement for Talking-Out in the Classroom
Authors: Ross Joel A. , Levine Bruce A.
Published: September 2011

Talking-out in the classroom has been subjected to applied behavioral analysis. An open implicit assumption has been that peers' attention serves as a powerful reinforcer in this natural setting, although there is little empirical evidence. In the present study, tokens were removed when children responded to verbal outbursts directed at them by peers. As a result, such specifically directed verbal behavior decreased in frequency, while verbal outbursts of a more general nature did not. Such findings lend experimental support to the hypothesis that talking-out, of one variety at least, is maintained by peers' attention.
Type A-B Behavior and Outcomes of Group Process
Authors: Benfari Robert C.
Published: September 2011

A randomized experiment was carried out in order to test the hypotheses of the interactive effects of Type A-B behavior and group process outcomes with 30 students. Small groups were rated on Bales' activity level, feelings in the group, and task orientation at the beginning and end of sessions. Although groups were initially similar, activity level and positive feelings were higher in the Type B group than in Type A group. The implications for behavioral intervention and long-term outcomes were discussed.
Crisis in Adolescence: Parental Attitudes about Children's Behavior
Authors: Sinay Ruth , Nihira Kazuo , Yusin Alvin
Published: September 2011

This paper presents data from a Parental Attitude Scale completed by 132 parents of adolescents in crisis admitted to the Los Angeles County-University of Southern California Medical Center. Factor analysis of the attitude scale delineated three bipolar factors: (1) the gratifying adolescent versus the nongratifying adolescent, (2) the nondelinquent self-controlled adolescent versus the prodelinquent impulse-ridden adolescent, and (3) the loving adolescent versus the rebellious adolescent.
Note on Males' and Females' Preferences for Opposite-Sex Body Parts, Bust Sizes, and Bust-Revealing Clothing
Authors: Wildman Robert W. , Wildman Robert W. , Brown Archie , Trice Carol
Published: September 2011

In Study 1, 55 young women responded that they preferred men with hairy chests and circumcised penises. The chest was the male body part reported to be most “sexually stimulating” to females. The busts were the female body part most “sexually stimulating” to males ( n = 34). In Study 2, men ( n = 35) preferred larger busts than women typically possess on the average, but the women ( n = 48) tended to overestimate the bust size most preferred by males. The ratings of bust-revealing clothing showed the males were more desirous of actually seeing the naked bust than females appear to realize.
Stress Experiences and Combat Fatigue during the Yom Kippur War (1973)
Authors: Sohlberg Shaul C.
Published: September 2011

As a result of steadily improving psychological and psychiatric activities during wartime, there is a growing professional literature on adjustment problems related to combat reactions in soldiers. A description is given of some specific war conditions and related combat reactions observed during the Yom Kippur war of October 1973 in Israel. Typical reactions of combat fatigue, for instance, superstitions and fatalistic thoughts and certain psychosomatic reactions, should be interpreted as basically adjustive reactions and viewed as vital coping patterns. There are, of course, a number of similarities between stress conditions in the Yom Kippur war and those found for World War I and II and the Korean and Viet Nam wars. However, during the October war Israeli soldiers experienced a very strong identification with and commitment to their army and their country, whereas the attitudinal and motivational structure of battle adjustment in American soldiers in countries like Korea and Viet Nam was probably quite different. In interpreting battle reactions in combat soldiers due weight should be given to variables like ego-involvement and commitment to one's country beyond more general variables, which are related to the unavoidable stress and strain of combat conditions and war.
Some Aspects of Belief in Prevailing Superstitions
Authors: Blum Stuart H.
Published: September 2011

A questionnaire revised on the basis of findings from an earlier study and containing 12 prevalent common superstitious beliefs or practices was anonymously completed by 69 adults in New York City and 64 participants in the relatively more rural area of northwestern Pennsylvania. Statistically significant differences were found between the two groups with respect to the influence of certain specific superstitious beliefs. The level of general superstitious belief appeared to be approximately equivalent for the two subsamples. However, a mean superstition score for 68 women was higher than that for 65 men, the difference being statistically significant ( p < .05), and tending to substantiate with broader based evidence a similar finding from the earlier study.
Validity of Achievement Motivation Measures on the California Psychological Inventory
Authors: Marcantonio Robert A.
Published: September 2011

As measures of achievement motivation, the Achievement via Conformance and the Achievement via Independence scales of the California Psychological Inventory, as well as the Achievement Orientation score developed by Carney, were administered to 113 college students. These scores were related to a diversity of achievement behaviors. While some significant relationships were obtained between achievement motivation and achievement behaviors, it was concluded that caution should be exercised in predicting specific achievement behaviors from more general motivation measures. In addition, the three motivation measures used in this study appeared to be measuring diverse aspects of achievement motivation.
Effects of Varying Explanations Given for a Provocation on Subsequent Hostility
Authors: Frodi Ann
Published: September 2011

Groups of junior high school students were highly criticized by the experimenter for their supposedly poor performance on a creative task, and another person then gave varying explanations for the provocation. In addition to two control groups given no explanation, one group was told that E was sick and had problems (Sympathy condition), another group was told that he was a high achieving expert (Achiever condition), and a third group was told that he was habitually obnoxious (Habit condition). Three paper-and-pencil measures of hostility were employed as dependent measures. Results indicated that, when a provocation was said to be due to the instigator's illness or to his habitual ways, the victims rated themselves as feeling less hostility and anger, whereas when the explanation made reference to his achievement the subjects expressed more anger and hostility. In a parallel study, students rated the explanations on dimensions such as intentionality. The provocation was judged as the one least intentional in the Sympathy condition and the most intentional in the Achiever condition. Finally, some sex-typing effects were discussed.
Multiple Measurement of Anxiety and its Effects on Complex Verbal Learning
Authors: Salter Charles A. , Meunier Janet L. , Triplett Nancy M.
Published: September 2011

Some studies have found positive correlations between self-report anxiety and physiological anxiety during learning while others have not. This study used four measures: trait anxiety (IPAT Self-analysis Form), state anxiety (self-evaluation), physiological assessment (respiration rate), and unobtrusive observation by a confederate. 50 undergraduate psychology students (20 males and 30 females) worked on a German-English translation after which they were tested for memory of the German words exposed exactly five times each. The two self-report measures correlated with each other .313, and the two physical measures were correlated .683. But the self-report measures were negatively and nonsignificantly correlated with the physical ones, of which only respiration rate correlated with learning (–.308). Apparently social desirability needs can interfere with anxiety measurement in learning experiments and this may help explain the different findings about learning among studies which used different types of measures. These physiological ones seemed more accurate, perhaps because they are less easily controlled by the subjects themselves.
Sex Differences among Correlates of Extraversion and Neuroticism
Authors: Watkins David
Published: September 2011

The responses of 235 psychology students at the University of Melbourne to the Neuroticism and Extraversion scales of the Eysenck and Heron personality inventories were correlated with their ratings of importance and self-ratings of various areas of their lives. The results indicated that there may be significant differences in the self-perceptions of males and females with similar scores on the Neuroticism and Extraversion scales.
Attitudinal and Behavioral Reactions to Fear-Arousing Communications
Authors: Ramirez Albert , Lasater Thomas L.
Published: September 2011

The present study tested the hypothesis that the relationship between fear arousal and persuasion is a curvilinear one. High-, moderate-, and low-fear messages were presented to over 900 students in 6 public schools. In addition to paper-and-pencil measures, a behavioral measure of toothbrushing was used. In general, the results did not support the curvilinear hypothesis but did tend to support studies showing a positive relationship between levels of fear and attitude change but not with respect to behavioral change. Problems dealing with the curvilinear model are discussed.
Some Factors Associated with Academic Suspension of Students at Pahlavi University
Authors: Hosseini A. A.
Published: September 2011

A survey of all students suspended for academic reasons during the academic years of 1971–72 and 1972–73 uncovered 198 students (160 males and 38 females). The over-all mean of the high school grade point average of the group was significantly lower than that of average university students. The rate of attrition was the same for both sexes. Most subjects were admitted to the university immediately after high school graduation and were majoring in sciences, agriculture, and social sciences; 95% were freshmen and sophomores. The percentages of students of lower socio-economic status were rather high. Approximately 80% of the group were members of large families.
Effects of Extinction Persisting through Reconditioning
Authors: Flanagan John L. , Anger Douglas
Published: September 2011

Changes in extinction responses between repeated extinctions were studied under conditions producing large decreases between the first two extinctions (continuous reinforcement, trial procedure). In a base group with 30 conditioning and 350 extinction trials, responses on the first 50 extinction trials were 49% less on the second extinction than on the first. Decreasing extinction trials to 50 eliminated the decrease between extinctions. Increasing conditioning trials to 270, or food during extinction (not correlated with pressing) increased responses on each extinction, but without eliminating significant decreases between extinctions. The size of the decrease between extinctions, its dependence on extinction trials, and independence of both conditioning trials and feeding, indicate the decrease is not due to discrimination, or motivational changes from food withdrawal. Instead the results indicate some residual effect (other than stimulus control by stimuli differing between conditioning and extinction) persists through reconditioning, where it is not visible, and produces a faster second extinction.
Objective Psychological Measurement and Alcoholism: Review of Literature, 1971–72
Authors: Knox Wilma J.
Published: September 2011

The literature published in 1971 and 1972 on alcoholics in the United States was reviewed for objective psychological test data or behavioral measurements. The review was organized to facilitate further research by assembling information according to problem area and by including tests employed, significant findings ( p = .05), critical comments, and inferences for therapy. An appendix of references from 1968–1970 employing objective psychological measurements is included and cross-indexed.
Preserving a Positive Image of a “Fallen” Politician: A Unique Approach to Studying Attitudes toward Alcoholism via the Case of Wilbur Mills
Authors: Tolor Alexander , Tamerin John S.
Published: September 2011

This study took advantage of the acknowledgment by Wilbur D. Mills, former influential Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, that his recently widely publicized escapades were a result of his being an alcoholic. Subjects were asked to rate Representative Mills as a person on a number of semantic differential scales. It was hoped that fundamental attitudes toward alcoholism and alcoholics would be disclosed that might otherwise not be revealed on more direct attitudinal questionnaires. 139 subjects, representing recovering alcoholics and control subjects, were administered the semantic differential scales and a more direct attitudinal measure. Significant sex and group differences emerged; males rated Rep. Mills more favorably than females, and recovering alcoholics were consistently more favorably disposed toward him than controls. The direct approach also provided important leads to identifying attitudinal group differences. However, the indirect method of attitudinal assessment appeared to be a more sensitive method in uncovering group differences in attitudes toward alcoholics.
Responses to Manipulability of a Play Object
Authors: Gramza Anthony F.
Published: September 2011

Preschool children's (40 boys, 40 girls) responses to varied manipulability of a play object were tested within a free play environment. A length of simple climbing rope was presented to Ss when attached (low manipulability) and unattached (high manipulability). A clear preference was found for rope with high manipulability.
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test: Comments on Administration and Two Methods of Scoring
Authors: Osicka Charles J.
Published: September 2011

Two methods of scoring the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test exist. One deducts credit for all errors above the lowest basal. The second and correct method deducts credit for errors above the highest basal and gives no credit for responses above the lowest ceiling. The Form A was given to 1,885 5-, 876 9-, 837 10-, and 816 11-yr.-old participants in the Child Health and Development Studies of Oakland, California. 45% of these children had multiple basals causing their scores to differ from 1 to 19 points by method of grading used. Means and standard deviations of the raw scores and IQs by age and method of scoring are presented and demonstrate that one consistent method of grading must be used to obtain valid results. The unexpected high frequency of multiple basals is due to the increase over the past 15 yr. in verbal abilities of average children and the currently extreme difficulty of several questions relative to their placement in the test.
Birth-Order Effects at Two Canadian Colleges: Residence and Classroom Samples
Authors: Fandrich Eugen
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis that the stress of a college environment would lead more firstborns than lastborns to live in a college residence was corroborated by data from two colleges in Toronto.
Effects of Stimulative and Sedative Music on Cognitive and Emotional Components of Anxiety
Authors: Smith Carol A. , Morris Larry W.
Published: September 2011

66 college students enrolled in a psychology class took their first examination of the semester, a multiple-choice test, under conditions of stimulative music, sedative music, or no music. One of the five following types of music was played during each section of the test for the two treatment groups: classical, jazz and blues, country-bluegrass, easy listening, and rock/rock and roll. Before and after each of the five sections of the test, subjects responded to a 5-item questionnaire designed to assess (a) worry about the test, (b) emotionality or physiological-affective arousal, (c) ability to concentrate, (d) expectancy of performance, and (e) like or dislike of the music. Stimulative music significantly increased both worry and emotionality while sedative music had no effect on anxiety relative to that of the control group. Test performance was not affected by the music.
Impact of Dogmatism on Reactions to Unvalidated Authority and Anti-Authority
Authors: Bord Richard J.
Published: September 2011

Studies establishing a positive relationship between dogmatism and reverence for authority have generally dealt with sources of authority which were both untested and unquestionable. This research demonstrated that designated authorities who failed to behave in an authoritative manner were evaluated less favorably by 68 high than by 68 low dogmatics. In addition, “anti-authorities” who behaved in a socially acceptable manner were evaluated more favorably by high than by low dogmatics. This pattern of results is predictable if dogmatism is viewed as a general defense mechanism, with reliance-on-authority functioning to reduce anxiety.
Longitudinal Evidence for the Validity of the Quick Test
Authors: O'Malley Patrick M. , Bachman Jerald G.
Published: September 2011

Data are provided on the concurrent and long-term predictive validity of the Amnions and Amnions Quick Test. The test, along with the General Aptitude Test Battery, Part J, and the Gates Reading Comprehension Test, was administered to a national sample of 2,213 male high school sophomores in 1960. The Quick Test correlated .66 with Part J of the General Aptitude Battery, and .63 with the Gates Test, and—for a subsample—.59 with the Scholastic Aptitude Test, taken in 1969. Follow-up surveys through 1974 provide validating criteria, including educational and occupational attainments. The Quick Test is shown to be a valid measure of intellectual ability in that scores obtained in Grade 10 correlated .41 with a measure of educational attainment obtained 8 yr. later. The Quick Test's relationships with the other measures of ability are discussed.
Measurement of Self-Disclosure: Note on Format and Content of Items
Authors: Daher Douglas M. , Banikiotes Paul G.
Published: September 2011

Jourard's 40-item self-disclosure instrument requires responses from Ss concerning reported past disclosure and/or willingness for future disclosure. A 48-item self-disclosure inventory was developed in which a respondent provided actual disclosure. Scores on this inventory for actual disclosure were related to scores on the Jourard past and future form for 83 Ss. The inventory for actual disclosure correlated significantly with the Jourard future form but not with the past form. Scores on past and future forms correlated significantly.
Drug Addiction: II. An Aversive Counterconditioning Technique for Treatment
Authors: Copemann Chester D.
Published: September 2011

Literature suggested that despite the multiplicity of treatment approaches to drug addiction, there appears to be an over-reliance on group therapies for bringing about change in addicts' behavior. Based upon a learning theory framework developed earlier, a broad-spectrum behavioral approach utilizing aversive counterconditioning and behavioral group therapy for treating drug addiction were described. Of 50 subjects beginning treatment, 30 completed, 13 male and 17 female blacks ( Mage = .22.5 yr.) from a poor socioeconomic background. An aversive counterconditioning procedure was used, which involved the administration of a mild electric shock to the wrist while subjects verbalized and imaginally relived past drug-using experiences. Group therapy attempted to modify the addicts' prodrug attitudes and behaviors as well as to train appropriate coping skills via rational emotive therapy and problem-solving techniques. Initial results suggested that aversive counterconditioning produced an avoidance response to drug-related thoughts and activities. Most important was the extremely low readdiction rate reported for a 2-yr. follow-up. Caution in generalization is required as the project was nonexperimental. Shortcomings limiting conclusions were presented.
Food Dominance in Dogs: Effects of Chlorpromazine and D-Amphetamine
Authors: Werboff Jack , Ross Sherman , Hayhurst Viola F.
Published: September 2011

Effects of chlorpromazine and d-amphetamine on food dominance were studied in 18 purebred dogs over a 10-wk. period. Dominance was determined by time spent at a common food dish. Trials were conducted each week with no drugs to determine the dominance relationships, followed by each dominant and submissive member receiving either saline, d-amphetamine, or chlorpromazine. New pairings were created on the following week with a total of 72 pairings and 144 drug treatments. Dominance (dominant or submissive) was a function of particular pairings. Amphetamine altered dominance relationships only when administered to the dominant animal. Chlorpromazine altered the dominance relationship only when administered to the submissive animal.
Cognitive Dissonance Paradigm: A Technique to Improve the Effectiveness of the Team Approach
Authors: Spadafore Gerald J.
Published: September 2011

To reduce professional discord among admission and discharge committee members charged with placement and treatment decisions involving exceptional children, a cognitive dissonance paradigm is proposed. The paradigm allows each team member to present assumptions and his interpretations of causes of the problem without critical review by fellow team members. This problem-solving, goal-oriented procedure is advocated to facilitate communication among team members by diminishing the need for each team member to compete for professional supremacy. The subsequent reduction of cognitive dissonance will enhance the admission and discharge committee's ability to determine the essential features of a proposed solution as well as to establish a meaningful delivery system.
Interaction of Relatedness Need Satisfaction and Strengths of Economic Desires at Different Levels of Education and Social Affiliation
Authors: Scherf Gerhard W. H.
Published: September 2011

It was investigated to what extent dissatisfaction with interpersonal relationships is associated with increased economic desires among the members of samples representing population segments of different educational achievements and social affiliations. M.B.A. students expressed high desires for more items which satisfy existence needs under conditions of both high and low satisfaction with relatedness needs, a minimum of economic desires being observed at intermediate levels of satisfaction with relatedness needs. The same trend was observed when from among respondents of an industrially. employed sample data from those with completed university education were analyzed separately. For the total sample of industrially employed respondents, the expected association between decreasing relatedness satisfaction and increasing desires for items of material value was confirmed. Participative membership in human-relations-oriented organizations eliminated the association between the two variables.
Social Areas and Durkheim's Theory of Suicide
Authors: Wenz Friedrich V.
Published: September 2011

A reformulation of Durkheim's model of social integration and suicide rates was tested using social survey and census data for social area populations in Flint, Michigan. The hypothesis predicts: the more integrated a social-area population, the lower its suicide rate. It is concluded that the concept of social area defines an adequate unit of analysis for testing Durkheim's model, and the empirical data support Durkheim's original formulation.
Spacing Effect in Free Recall as an Obligatory Phenomenon
Authors: Evans James D.
Published: September 2011

Theories of human memory which stress the importance of optional study processes predict that the spacing of repetitions will affect the free recall of twice-presented words only under intentional learning. The present investigation, involving 36 subjects, compared the “spacing effect” obtained with incidental learning to that obtained with intentional learning. That the level of free recall increased as a positive function of the spacing interval under both types of learning upheld hypotheses which attribute the spacing phenomenon to obligatory, or automatic, processes.
Self-Disclosure Patterns of Mennonite Adolescents to Parents and Their Perceived Relationships
Authors: Wiebe Bernie , Scott Thomas B.
Published: September 2011

Mennonite parents consistently express concern to ministers and counselors about a lack of close relationships with their adolescent children, judging from a decrease in personal discussions. However, 159 Mennonite adolescents in 3 schools self-disclosed like other observed adolescents insofar as selected topics were discussed by them with their mothers, fathers, and best friends. Although amount of self-disclosure to these target persons did relate positively to the concurrent perceived relationships with them, perceived relationships with parents were positive even though self-disclosure was less to parents than to best friend, and perceived relationships and self-disclosures were qualitatively different to mothers and fathers.
Output Conditions and Retroactive Inhibition in Categorized Free Recall
Authors: Decker Wayne H.
Published: September 2011

Cueing on both study and recall trials has previously been found to reduce retroactive inhibition in free recall when words from nonrepeated categories appear on the two lists. Strong cues presented only at output were expected to be sufficient to reduce retroactive inhibition. Cueing was expected to reduce the difference between separate and simultaneous recall of two lists by facilitating list differentiation during separate recall. 84 undergraduates were given either a cued or uncued recall trial after learning two lists containing both repeated and nonrepeated categories without cues. List 1 was recalled simultaneously with List 2 or separately. Cued recall was greater than uncued, more nonrepeated category words than repeated were recalled, and cueing was more effective with nonrepeated category words than repeated. No differences as a function of recall test were obtained. The findings add to the mixed results obtained in comparisons of simultaneous and separate recall.
An Attempt to Match Students with Instructors
Authors: Hanna Gerald S. , Newhouse Robert C. , Hudson Wanda L. , Kalb Albert W.
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to match educational psychology students with 2 instructors on the basis of students' preferences concerning instructors' traits. 41 and 14 students who were well matched with their instructors were compared with 78 and 18 students who were poorly matched by means of final examination scores, students' assessment of attainment of objectives, and students' attitude regarding the instructor and the field of study. Results indicated that optimum assignment of students and instructors had not been realized by the procedures used.
Self-Image of Nurses
Authors: Reich Stephen , Geller Andrew
Published: September 2011

163 female graduate nurses described themselves using Gough and Heilbrun's Adjective Check List. The nurses scored higher on Dominance, Self-control, Achievement, Order, Self-confidence, Counseling, Readiness and Nurturance, among other variables and lower on Succorance, Change, Abasement, Lability and Number of Unfavorable Items Checked than the norms.
Conceptual and Associative Context Effects on Speed of Word Recognition
Authors: Peters Ray Gary , Wilson William E. , Powell Arnold
Published: September 2011

Both conceptual and associative relationships between clue words and target words influenced the speed of recognition of tachistoscopically presented target words. When clue and target words were associated, but in a conceptual context different from that in which the clue word occurred, presentation of the clue word actually interfered with recognition speed. This finding was interpreted as supporting the hypothesis that the information relevant to a particular lexical item in working memory is determined by the context in which it is presented. Another finding was that experience in a high school reading laboratory increased recognition speed but did not influence the effect of conceptual and associative contexts, which suggested that these contexts affect memory and memory search rather than perception directly.
Creative Thinking Abilities of Student Nurses
Authors: Ventura Marlene R. , Meyers Carlton R.
Published: September 2011

Creative thinking abilities of nursing students ( N = 335) enrolled in their last year of study in 16 associate degree, diploma, or baccalaureate degree nursing programs were compared. Scores on creativity measures were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and, when significant F ratios were obtained, post hoc multiple comparisons were made using the Scheffé technique. Diploma nursing students scored significantly higher on Verbal Fluency than the other groups. Diploma nursing students earned significantly higher scores on Figural Fluency and on Figural Flexibility than baccalaureate degree students, while baccalaureate degree students scored significantly higher on Verbal Originality than the others. Significant differences appeared among groups on Figural Elaboration; associate degree students scored highest and diploma students lowest. No significant differences were found for Verbal Flexibility and Figural Originality.
Some Behavioral and Test Correlates of the Chapin Social Insight Test
Authors: Holmes Douglas S. , Politzer Rita , Kovacic Allen L. , Wexler Joseph H.
Published: September 2011

With a sample of 45 adult males, correlations reinforced previous findings. Unlike earlier studies the cognitive component of the test was minimized in the present study.
Effects of Pairing Electric Shock with Reinforcement Delivered on a Variable-Interval Schedule
Authors: Doleys Daniel M. , Davidson Robert S.
Published: September 2011

Gradually increased electric shock was superimposed on responding maintained on a VI 60-sec. schedule of reinforcement. Shock was contingent upon the reinforcement producing response and preceded reinforcement delivery. Following total response suppression, shock was removed and then reintroduced at selected intensities. The previously observed monotonic linear relationship between rate of responding and shock intensity was not recorded. Rather, post-reinforcement response bursts and two distinct patterns of response facilitation emerged.
Evaluation of Poetic Mood with the Semantic Differential
Authors: Luber Raymond F.
Published: September 2011

The “isoprinciple,” which requires the classification of poems by mood, is the generally accepted criterion for the selection of poems used in therapy. The semantic differential was used to identify the general mood (positive or negative) of 10 poems. Data from 30 subjects representing 3 populations yielded no significant rating differences between groups. The validity of the scales was confirmed. Areas for further investigation are discussed.
Comparative Study of Reinforcing Stimuli: Imitative Responses and General Behavior of Two Retarded Adults
Authors: Harzem Peter , Damon S. G.
Published: September 2011

In successive series of experimental sessions with two severely retarded adults, different stimuli were used to reinforce the imitation of different modeled actions. Five further actions were also modeled but the imitation of these was not reinforced. These generalized imitation responses were nevertheless imitated. Although imitation generalized to these specific responses other non-specific behaviors of the model were not imitated. The subjects' behavior showed marked changes with changes of the reinforcer even though the model's general behavior remained the same. Thus reinforcing stimuli, in addition to their known effect on the reinforced response, also affected in specific ways the general behavior of the subjects.
Effects of Employing Goldberg's Ambdex Statistic in the Development of Personality Scales
Authors: Turner Robert G. , Horn Joseph M.
Published: September 2011

The effects of employing Goldberg's index of item ambiguity, Ambdex, in the construction of personality scales was investigated with 200 male and 200 female adults, aged (M) 40.1 yr. and 37.1 yr. respectively. The basic procedure involved the development of scales of MMPI items maximally correlating with WAIS subtest performance. The cross-validation correlations of scales developed from the total item pool were compared with the cross-validation correlations of scales constructed from only those items previously identified as having low Ambdex scores. The size of the cross-validation correlations of the two groups of scales was essentially the same even though the low Ambdex scales were approximately half the length of the scales developed from the total item pool.
Some Correlates of Policemen's Attitudes toward Citizenry
Authors: Aldag Ramon J. , Brief Arthur P. , Wallden Richard A.
Published: September 2011

Kelley, et al.'s (1972) policemen's attitudes toward citizenry scale was administered to 75 employees of a midwestern police force. Factor structure of the questionnaire was generally consistent with the Kelly, et al. conceptualization. Three of the four subscales (Policemen's View of Citizens' Support, General Faith in People, and Police Defensive Posture) were significantly related to an index of General Positive Orientation Toward the Job. Significant but small correlations of the subscales with demographic measures and other individual-difference indices were also isolated. Implications of the findings and suggested directions for future research are presented.
Suicidal Behavior in Neurotics and Psychotics
Authors: Lester David , Beck Aaron T.
Published: September 2011

Menninger has argued that the suicidal behavior of psychotics is more serious than such behavior of neurotics. A study of attempted suicides showed that 102 neurotics and 90 psychotics (of 246 consecutive attempted suicides) did not differ in their suicidal intent as measured by self-report and by an objective suicidal intent scale, or in the medical lethality of their attempts. Thus, no support was found for Menninger's hypothesis.
Unobtrusive Detection of Signs of Potential Juvenile Delinquency
Authors: Fakouri M. Ebrahim , Jerse Frank W.
Published: September 2011

The study determined whether school records contain data which would help to identify those children who are most likely to become delinquents. The names of 108 delinquent children were obtained from juvenile court records. Each was matched according to sex, grade level, and school attended with a non-delinquent. From the cumulative school records data were collected on notable change and estimates of academic performance and achievement level, tardiness, attendance pattern and average days absent from school, return of school health record information, the number of residential and school changes, and marital status of parents. The observed differences between the delinquent and non-delinquent group were significant in the predicted direction. Implications for school personnel in detection of signs of potential juvenile delinquency and possible intervention were discussed.
Reliability of the Semantic Differential under Practical Conditions
Authors: Vidali Joseph J.
Published: September 2011

The effects of quasi-polar and concept-scale interaction on the reliability of the semantic differential were investigated. Using a true experimental design one group of 150 out of a total of 300 randomly selected college students rated 10 pretested and standardized interactive and noninteractive concepts over 10 tested and verified bipolar scales. The second group of 150 subjects rated the same 10 concepts over 10 tested and verified quasi-polar scales. Results indicate that neither single rater reliability (range .462 to .532) nor group reliability ratings (range .972 to .982) for the semantic differential are affected ( p = .05) by quasi-polar scales or concept-scale interaction. While the semantic differential is shown to be extraordinarily robust in a variety of situations likely to be incurred in practice, the importance of reliability for the semantic differential, in light of the results, is questioned.
Normative Data on the Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale in a Developing Country
Authors: Opolot Jethro A.
Published: September 2011

The study was designed to provide normative data for Ugandan sample of third through seventh grade children ( n = 711) on Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale. Girls ( n = 352) scored significantly higher than boys ( n — 359) on the anxiety scale. Significant differences on the Lie scale were associated with grade. Comparison of the present mean scores of Ugandan school children with those reported by various American authors underlines the importance of considering ecological differences in future cross-cultural studies with this scale. The collection of further normative data is also suggested.