bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Investigation on Optical, Mechanical and Thermophysical Properties of Sodium Sulfanilate Dihydrate Single Crystal for Optical Window And Microelectronics Applications
Authors: Preetha N. , Oh Tae Hwan , Muthu S. Esakki , Divya S. , Thirupathy J.
Published: October 2023

A nonlinear optical single crystal of sodium sulfanilate dihydrate (SSDH) is formed using the slow evaporation solution approach. Using X‐ray diffraction, the properties of the unit cell are extracted from a single crystal. Using UV‐Vis‐NIR spectroscopy, the optical transmittance of crystals is determined. Mechanical toughness is evaluated using a Vickers micro hardness test. Sodium sulfanilate dihydrate is synthesized as a single crystal and etched for analysis. Photoacoustic spectroscopy is used to examine the sample's thermal diffusivity. The crystal's thermophysical properties are vital for every element of heat transfer incidences, in addition to being employed in many other applications, including as Nd:YAG lasers, Nd:YLF lasers, acousto‐optics, and microelectronics industry applications.
Structural, Vibrational, Thermal, and Cytotoxic Characterization of Aqua(1,10‐Phenanthroline)(L‐Serinato)Copper(II) Nitrate Complex Combined with DFT Calculations
Authors: Ramos Marina C. , de Oliveira Neto João G. , Nogueira Carlos E. S. , Reis Aramys S. , de Sousa Francisco F. , da Silva Luzeli M. , dos Santos Adenilson O.
Published: October 2023

In this study, X‐ray diffraction confirms the crystallization of aqua(1,10‐phenanthroline)(L‐serinato)copper(II) nitrate in the triclinic system (P‐1). Density functional theory calculations are used to assign the vibration bands of Cu2+ ion and phenanthroline (phen) and L‐serine (L‐ser) ligands obtained by Raman and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. Physical and analytical properties, evaluated by computational study utilizing CrystalExplorer software, show the prevalence of H···O/O···H interaction. Thermal analyses show that the complex is stable in the temperature interval of 300–390 K. For temperatures above 390 K, the elimination of coordinated water molecules (380–430 K), mass loss of serine (440–660 K), and material decomposition process above 660 K. The solubility of the complex in water reaches 21.4 mg mL−1 at 35 °C. Parameters of drug‐likeness and assessment of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties are calculated. The in vitro cytotoxic assays against the cancer cell line of the HCT‐116 type (human colorectal carcinoma) exhibits toxicity (IC50 = 1.88 µm and selectivity index of 2.17) for the complex. The results highlight the potential of ternary copper complexes such as [Cu(phen)(L‐ser)(H2O)]NO3 for anticancer drug development as attractive, efficient, and low‐cost materials.
Research on the design method for uniform wear of shield cutters in sand–pebble strata
Authors: Zhang Jinxun , Li Bo , Wang Guihe , Jiang Yusheng , Jiang Hua , Yin Minglun , Sun Zhengyang
Published: October 2023

During shield tunneling in highly abrasive formations such as sand–pebble strata, nonuniform wear of shield cutters is inevitable due to the different cutting distances. Frequent downtimes and cutter replacements have become major obstacles to long‐distance shield driving in sand–pebble strata. Based on the cutter wear characteristics in sand–pebble strata in Beijing, a design methodology for the cutterhead and cutters was established in this study to achieve uniform wear of all cutters by the principle of frictional wear. The applicability of the design method was verified through three‐dimensional simulations using the engineering discrete element method. The results show that uniform wear of all cutters on the cutterhead could be achieved by installing different numbers of cutters on each trajectory radius and designing a curved spoke with a certain arch height according to the shield diameter. Under the uniform wear scheme, the cutter wear coefficient is greatly reduced, and the largest shield driving distance is increased by approximately 47% over the engineering scheme. The research results indicate that the problem of nonuniform cutter wear in shield excavation could be overcome, thereby providing guiding significance for theoretical innovation and construction of long‐distance shield excavation in highly abrasive strata.
Quantifying interspecific and intraspecific diversity effects on ecosystem functioning
Authors: Govaert Lynn , Hendry Andrew P. , Fattahi Farshad , Möst Markus
Published: October 2023

Rapid environmental changes result in massive biodiversity loss, with detrimental consequences for the functioning of ecosystems. Recent studies suggest that intraspecific diversity can contribute to ecosystem functioning to an extent comparable to contributions of interspecific diversity. Knowledge on the relative importance of these two sources of biodiversity is essential for predicting ecosystem consequences of biodiversity loss and will aid in the prioritization of conservation targets and implementation of management measures. However, our quantitative insights into how interspecific and intraspecific biodiversity loss affects ecosystem functioning and how the effects of these two sources of biodiversity loss on ecosystem functioning can be compared are still very limited. To facilitate such quantitative insights, we extend the interspecific Price partitioning method originally introduced by J. Fox in 2006, previously used to quantify species loss and gain effects on ecosystem functioning, to also account for the effects of intraspecific diversity loss and gain on ecosystem function. Using this extended version can yield the quantitative information required for answering research questions addressing correlations between interspecific and intraspecific diversity effects on ecosystem functioning, identifying interspecific and intraspecific groups with large effects, and assessing whether intraspecific diversity can compensate for losses in interspecific diversity. Applying this method to carefully designed experiments will provide additional insights into how biodiversity loss at different ecological levels contributes to and changes ecosystem functioning.
Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of NPRL3‐related epilepsy: Two case reports and literature review
Authors: Yang Dongling , Wang Jinqiu , Qin Zailong , Feng Juntan , Mao Chengyun , Chen Yuyi , Huang Xuelin , Ruan Yiyan
Published: October 2023

Nitrogen permease regulator‐like 3 (NPRL3) has been reported to play a role in seizure onset. The principal manifestation of NPRL3‐related epilepsy is a range of epilepsy‐associated syndromes, such as familial focal epilepsy with variable foci (FFEVF), sleep‐related hypermotor epilepsy (SHE), and temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). The association between phenotype and genotype of NPRL3 mutations remains inadequately described. This study aimed to explore the phenotypic and genotypic spectra of NPRL3‐related epilepsy. We reported two novel NPRL3 variants in two unrelated epilepsy cases, including a nonsense (c.1174C > T, p.Gln392*) and a missense variant (c.1322C > T, p.Thr441Met). Following a review of the literature, a total of 116 cases of NPRL3‐related epilepsy were assessed, mostly with nonsense and frameshift mutations. Our findings suggest that patients harboring various NPRL3 variants exhibit variable clinical manifestations. In addition, it may be worthwhile to consider the NPRL3 mutations in epilepsy patients with a family history. This study provides useful information for the treatment and prognosis by expanding the phenotypic and genotypic spectrum of NPRL3‐related epilepsy.

Plain Language Summary

This study expands the phenotypic and genotypic spectra of NPRL3‐related epilepsy by reporting two cases with different novel variants. Following a review of the literature, it was observed that patients harboring various NPRL3 variants exhibited a variability of clinical manifestations. Also, patients carrying nonsense mutations are frequently prone to drug resistance and other severe comorbidities such as developmental delay, but more cases need to be collected to confirm these findings.
Commonly consumed processed packaged foods in Bangladesh are unhealthy and their nutrient contents are not in conformity with the label declaration
Authors: Shaheen Nazma , Shamim Abu Ahmed , Choudhury Sohel Reza , Sarwar Sneha , Ashraf Md Musharraf , Bahar Nisarga , Al Mamun Mohammad Abdullah , Sobhan Sheikh Mohammad Mahbubus , Abedin Md Joynul , Karim Md Rizwanul , Amin Mohammad Robed , Alim Abdul
Published: October 2023

The present study was undertaken to identify the major nutrient content in processed foods commonly consumed in Bangladesh, their label conformity healthiness, and percent daily nutrient contribution. Twenty‐four nationally representative composite samples were analyzed using AOAC and other standard methods. Results were compared with label information using a restrictive approach and EU tolerance guidelines. The healthiness of the products was evaluated in terms of the Health Star Rating (HSR) scheme and the UK traffic light labeling system. Among the analyzed samples, fried pulse, chanachur, lozenge, and fried peas had the highest amount of protein, fat, carbohydrates, and dietary fiber, respectively. Biscuits and milk chocolate had high levels of trans fatty acids (TFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA). It was observed that around half of the products lacked information about saturated fatty acid (46%), followed by total dietary fiber and trans‐fat (38% each). Other information was missing in one‐fifth of the products, namely protein (17%), total fat (17%), available carbohydrate (17%), energy (17%), sugar (21%), and salt (21%). Label compliance analysis according to the restrictive approach revealed that none of the products accurately reported the salt, sugar, saturated fat, and trans fat content on the label. According to the EU tolerance guideline, approximately half of the products had protein (58%), fat (54%), and carbohydrate (42%) levels that fell within the EU tolerance limit. However, only around one‐third of the samples had sugar (21%), salt (38%), and saturated fat (33%) levels that met the EU tolerance limit. In terms of healthiness analysis, according to the HSR, the range of stars was between 0.5 and 2.5 of the foods where fried peas got the highest rating (2.5 stars), while in terms of the UK traffic light system, none of the samples got all green signals. The lozenge got green lights for fat, SFA, and salt contents. It was also found that consumption of 100 g of fried peas or pulse would exceed the acceptable daily limit of salt, sugar, and SFA compared to the daily maximum allowable intake for the 2000 kcal diet recommended by the WHO. However, according to the serving size, biscuits were major contributors of TFA, sugar, and SFA, whereas fried pulse was a key contributor of sodium/salt. Proper regulatory actions should be introduced to promote healthy processed foods with user‐friendly front‐of‐the‐pack labeling and monitor their quality to prevent non‐communicable diseases (NCDs).
Masters of mudbrick: Geoarchaeological analysis of Iron Age earthen public buildings at Ashdod‐Yam (Israel)
Authors: Lorenzon Marta , Cutillas‐Victoria Benjamín , Itkin Eli , Fantalkin Alexander
Published: October 2023

Excavations at Ashdod‐Yam exposed a fortification system that features a massive mudbrick wall with large earthen ramparts laid on either side. This fortified horseshoe‐shaped enclosure once surrounded what was likely a human‐made harbor and an adjacent acropolis with complex earthen architecture, constructed and active during Iron Age IIB–C (eighth–seventh centuries B.C.E.). These Iron Age public structures are at the center of the current research. In this paper, we present the geoarchaeological analyses of Ashdod‐Yam's earthen architecture. We applied a multidisciplinary methodology to new evidence for mudbrick manufacture with the goal of understanding the relationship between governing bodies and craftsmen. The analyses combine X‐ray fluorescence, loss on ignition, environmental scanning electron microscopy, and thin‐section petrography to investigate raw material procurement, manufacturing choices, and labor organization at Ashdod‐Yam during Iron IIB–C. Construction techniques and the standardization of the mudbrick recipe point to a local enterprise regarding the site's public earthen architecture. Furthermore, the degree of labor organization must have been closely observed and supervised by a central political power. Thus, it is argued here that construction and maintenance of the site was carried out by the kingdom of Ashdod, either as a part of its own local initiative or on behalf of the Neo‐Assyrian empire.
Writ in water—Unwritten histories obtained from carbonate deposits in ancient water systems
Authors: Sürmelihindi Gül , Passchier Cees
Published: October 2023

Calcium carbonate deposits from ancient water systems such as aqueducts are a hidden archive for archaeology and environmental sciences. These deposits formed wherever carbonate‐rich water was in contact with a water‐containing structure and recorded water composition, temperature, biological content, the operation or nonoperation of a water system segment, flow discharge and velocity, the shape of disappeared segments of water structures, the number of years a water supply system was active, disruptions of the water supply and water management such as repairs, adaptations and cleaning. Indirectly, urban development, resilience, population‐ and socioeconomic dynamics can be studied through the stratigraphy of carbonate in water systems. Carbonate archives can also give insight into long‐term changes in paleoclimate and on environmental pollution, deforestation, extreme floods, droughts, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Archaeological and environmental investigations of carbonate deposits can provide data with up to daily resolution over decades to centuries. Although absolute dating of carbonate from water systems is still problematic, each study on the aqueduct of an ancient city, together with its carbonate deposits, provides its own microstory in Roman life.
Dependency and causal relationship between ‘Bitcoin’ and financial asset classes: A Bayesian network approach
Authors: Mroua Mourad , Souissi Nada , Donia Mrabet
Published: October 2023

This study employs the Bayesian Networks (BN) and the wavelet coherence approaches to invest the relationship between Bitcoin volatility and financial asset classes (MSCI world equity index, S&P Goldman Sachs Commodity Index [GSCI], US index and Investment Grade Corporate Bond Index ETF [PIMCO]) using daily data for the period from August 2011 to October 2021. The results show that the causal relationship between Bitcoin and other financial assets varies depending on the market states. During the low volatility periods, Bitcoin has a stronger impact on the GSCI, while during the stability periods, it has a direct effect on the US index and the MSCI world index. In contrast, during high volatility periods, Bitcoin has a direct impact on both the GSCI and PIMCO indices. The key findings enabled us to provide implications for US investors to promote asset allocation and risk management covering both Bitcoin and traditional financial markets. The results suggest that policymakers should watch Botcoin closely to preserve financial stability.
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells‐derived exosomes ameliorate LPS‐induced acute lung injury by miR‐223‐regulated alveolar macrophage M2 polarization
Authors: Xu Hui , Nie Xiangbi , Deng Wu , Zhou Han , Huang Dan , Wang Zenggeng
Published: October 2023

Numerous studies have shown that the M2 polarization of alveolar macrophages (AM) plays a protective role in acute lung injury (ALI). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) secreted exosomes have been reported to be involved in inflammatory diseases by the effects of polarized M1/M2 macrophage populations. However, whether bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) derived exosomes could protect from ALI and its mechanisms are still unclear. Here, we explored the role of exosomes from BMMSC in rat AM polarization and the lipopolysaccharide‐ (LPS‐) induced ALI rat model. Furthermore, the levels of exosomal miR‐223 in BMMSCs were measured by RT‐qPCR. Additionally, miR‐223 mimics and its inhibitors were used to verify the vital role of miR‐223 of BMMSCs‐derived exosomes in the polarization of M2 macrophages. The results showed that BMMSCs‐derived exosomes were taken up by the AM. Exosomes derived from BMMSCs promoted M2 polarization of AM in vitro. BMMSCs exosomes effectively mitigated pathological injuries, lung edema, and the inflammation of rats from LPS‐induced ALI, accompanied by an increase of M2 polarization of AM in lung tissue. Interestingly, we also found that miR‐223 was enriched in BMMSCs‐derived exosomes, and overexpression of miR‐223 in BMMSCs‐derived exosomes promoted M2 polarization of AM while depressing miR‐223 showed opposite effects in AM. The present study demonstrated that BMMSCs‐derived exosomes triggered alveolar M2 polarization to improve inflammation by transferring miR‐223, which may provide new therapeutic strategies in ALI.
Feasibility and Reliability of Transcranial POCUS Color‐Coded Duplex Sonography Performed by Physicians of Varied Ultrasound Experience in Diagnosing Vasospasm in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Connor‐Schuler Randi , Phillips Steven , Kuo Emory , Kandiah Prem , Sadan Ofer
Published: October 2023

Purpose

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is associated with high morbidity and mortality, which is largely attributable to secondary complications such as vasospasm and subsequent delayed cerebral ischemia. Transcranial Doppler (TCD) is recommended for the screening of vasospasm; however, technicians are not always available. We aimed to see how feasible and reliable bedside transcranial point‐of‐care ultrasound (POCUS) color‐coded duplex sonography was compared with formal non‐imaging TCD in measuring velocities and in diagnosing vasospasm.

Methods

This was a prospective observational study that took place in the neuroscience intensive care unit at a single academic medical center. Patients with aSAH who were undergoing formal TCDs were scanned on days 2–10 of their admission by physicians of ranging ultrasound experience. Absolute velocities were compared as well as the diagnosis of vasospasm via POCUS and formal TCDs.

Results

A total of 226 bedside ultrasound exams were performed and compared with 126 formal TCD studies. Sonographic windows were obtained in 89.4% of patients. Scans took 6.6 minutes to complete on average by the advanced group versus 14.5 minutes in the beginner. Correlation ranged from .52 in the beginner group to .65 in the advanced. When good quality of images obtained at a depth of 4–5 cm were reviewed, correlation of mean velocities increased to .96. Overall sensitivity for diagnosing vasospasm was 75%, with a specificity of 99% and negative predictive value of 99%.

Conclusion

Overall, POCUS TCD cannot replace a formal study performed by expert sonographers. An abbreviated POCUS scan can be performed quickly, however, particularly with more experienced operators. POCUS TCD can also feasibly detect vasospasm, and accurate velocities can be obtained by those with all levels of ultrasound experience. Care must be taken on image interpretation that velocities are obtained at an appropriate depth to ensure appropriate insonation of the MCA as well as in optimal alignment with the vessel to obtain the most accurate velocities.
Temperature dependent rate constant for the reaction of H‐atoms with carbonyl sulfide
Authors: Bedjanian Yuri
Published: October 2023

The kinetics of the reaction of H‐atom with carbonyl sulfide (OCS) has been investigated at nearly 2 Torr total pressure of helium over a wide temperature range, T = 255–960 K, using a low‐pressure discharge flow reactor combined with an electron impact ionization quadrupole mass spectrometer. The rate constant of the reaction H + OCS → SH + CO (1) was determined under pseudo‐first order conditions, monitoring the kinetics of H‐atom consumption in excess of OCS, k1 = 6.6 × 10−13 × (T/298)3 × exp(−1150/T) cm3 molecule−1 s−1 (with estimated total uncertainty on k1 of 15% at all temperatures). Current measurements of k1 at intermediate temperatures (520–960 K) appear to reconcile previous high and low temperature data and allow the above expression for k1 to be recommended for use in the extended temperature range between 255 and 1830 K with a conservative uncertainty of 20%.
Airway Involvement and Intervention in Non‐ACE‐Inhibitor‐Induced Angioedema
Authors: Bacak Bartholomew J. , Castle Michael S. , Barbot Chantal , Srikantha Luxman , Stern Noah A. , Vandjelovic Nathan D.
Published: October 2023

Objectives

Characterize the presentation of patients with non‐angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)‐induced angioedema and determine risk factors associated with patient disposition and possible need for airway intervention.

Methods

The medical records of adult patients in the Emergency Department (ED) and diagnosed with non‐ACEI‐induced angioedema over 4.5 years were included. Demographics, vital signs, etiology, timeline, presenting symptoms, physical exam including flexible laryngoscopy, medical management, and disposition were examined. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS V 23.0 software calculating and comparing means, standard deviations, medians, and correlation of categorical and ordinate variables.

Results

A total of 181 patients with non‐ACEI‐induced angioedema were evaluated with flexible laryngoscopy by otolaryngology. Notably, 11 patients (6.1%) required airway intervention and were successfully intubated. Statistically significant factors (p ≤ 0.05) associated with airway intervention included the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) (p = 0.006 and 0.01 respectively), symptoms of dysphonia (p = 0.018), the presence of oropharyngeal, supraglottic, and hypopharyngeal edema (p ≤ 0.001 for each site), and the number of edematous anatomic subsites documented on physical exam (p < 0.001). Other patient demographics, prior history of angioedema, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, symptom onset, number of symptoms at presentation, and medication administered in the ED did not correlate with airway intervention.

Conclusion

Dysphonia, DBP, MAP, anatomic location of edema and edema in multiple sites are associated with airway intervention and a higher level of care in non‐ACEI‐induced angioedema and can be useful in risk assessment in patient management.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 134:2282–2287, 2024
Microwave‐Optics Entanglement Via Cavity Optomagnomechanics
Authors: Fan Zhi‐Yuan , Qiu Liu , Gröblacher Simon , Li Jie
Published: October 2023

Microwave‐optics entanglement is a vital component for building hybrid quantum networks. Here, a new mechanism for preparing stationary entanglement between microwave and optical cavity fields in a cavity optomagnomechanical system is proposed. It consists of a magnon mode in a ferrimagnetic crystal that couples directly to a microwave cavity mode via the magnetic dipole interaction and indirectly to an optical cavity through the deformation displacement of the crystal. The mechanical displacement is induced by the magnetostrictive force and coupled to the optical cavity via radiation pressure. Both the opto‐ and magnomechanical couplings are dispersive. Magnon–phonon entanglement is created via magnomechanical parametric down‐conversion, which is further distributed to optical and microwave photons via simultaneous optomechanical beamsplitter interaction and electromagnonic state‐swap interaction, yielding stationary microwave‐optics entanglement. The microwave‐optics entanglement is robust against thermal noise, which will find broad potential applications in quantum networks and quantum information processing with hybrid quantum systems.
Multi‐Functional Polymer Nanoparticles with Enhanced Adipocyte Uptake and Adipocytolytic Efficacy
Authors: Choi Suim , Lee In Young , Kim Min Ju , Lee Sang‐Kyung , Lee Kuen Yong
Published: October 2023

Multi‐functional polymer nanoparticles have been widely utilized to improve cellular uptake and enhance therapeutic efficacy. In this study, it is hypothesized that the cellular uptake of poly(D,L‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLG) nanoparticles loaded with calcium carbonate minerals into adipocytes can be improved by covalent modification with nona‐arginine (R9) peptide. It is further hypothesized that the internalization mechanism of R9‐modified PLG nanoparticles by adipocytes may be contingent on the concentration of R9 peptide present in the nanoparticles. R9‐modified PLG nanoparticles followed the direct penetration mechanism when the concentration of R9 peptide in the nanoparticles reached 38 µM. Notably, macropinocytosis is the major endocytic mechanism when the R9 peptide concentration is ≤ 26 µM. The endocytic uptake of the nanoparticles effectively generated carbon dioxide gas at an endosomal pH, resulting in significant adipocytolytic effects in vitro, which are further supported by the findings in an obese mouse model induced by high‐fat diet. Gas‐generating PLG nanoparticles, modified with R9 peptide, demonstrated localized reduction of adipose tissue (reduction of 13.1%) after subcutaneous injection without significant side effects. These findings highlight the potential of multi‐functional polymer nanoparticles for the development of effective and targeted fat reduction techniques, addressing both health and cosmetic considerations.
Ternary Metals in Phase Change Polymers for Efficient Thermal Management of Electronics
Authors: Zhu Yuqing , Peng Hao , Wei Jiangli , Xu Zhe , Liu Shiwei , Jin Sandou , Zhang Jiuyang
Published: October 2023

Phase change materials (PCMs) are paramount for the thermal management of electronics. However, the present PCMs encounter a dilemma in balancing the thermal conductivity and effective latent heat, compromising the heat dissipation function of PCMs for electronics. This work successfully integrates ternary metals and polymer science to design novel PCMs composed of a ternary metal (TM, Ga0.20In0.46Sn0.34) with precise composition and polyethylene glycol (PEG) by physical blending. Due to the introduction of PEG with high melting enthalpy, the ternary metal in PEG (TM@PEG) simultaneously has high thermal conductivity (7.086 W m−1 K−1), desirable effective latent heat (143.6 J cm−3), suitable phase change range, and durability. During thermal management, the thermal conductivity and effective latent heat of TM@PEG contribute to suppressing the working temperature and delaying the temperature rise rate of electronics, respectively. Hence, the TM@PEG effectively behaves as the thermally conductive grease for LEDs and CPU to control the working temperature of electronics in a reasonable range. This work offers a new perspective for TM applied in thermal management.
What is driving consumer resistance to crypto‐payment? A multianalytical investigation
Authors: Sangari Mohamad Sadegh , Mashatan Atefeh
Published: October 2023

Despite the extensive interest in cryptocurrencies over the past years, their application as a means of payment in e‐commerce and retail purchases continues to be much slower than anticipated. This paper investigates the underlying mechanisms and elements that drive consumer resistance in this space. Drawing upon the stimulus‐organism‐response paradigm and the innovation resistance theory, the paper explores how the characteristics of the current cryptocurrency landscape contribute to different factors associated with crypto‐payment rejection. Our findings from empirical and experimental studies reveal how ecosystem volatility and the lack of structural assurances for cryptocurrencies foster negative consumer perceptions, leading to resistance against crypto‐payment use. The paper develops new insights into the main predictors of consumer resistance to crypto‐payment, which is a precursor to the mainstream use of cryptocurrencies. Moreover, it sheds light on the interactions among context‐specific, psychological, and functional determinants of behavioral consumer response.
FXR agonists for MASH therapy: Lessons and perspectives from obeticholic acid
Authors: Wang Kang , Zhang Yuecan , Wang Guangji , Hao Haiping , Wang Hong
Published: October 2023

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, also called metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease, is the most common liver disease worldwide and has no approved pharmacotherapy. Due to its beneficial effects on metabolic regulation, inflammation suppression, cell death prevention, and fibrogenesis inhibition, farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is widely accepted as a promising therapeutic target for nonalcoholic steatosis (NASH) or called metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatohepatitis (MASH). Many FXR agonists have been developed for NASH/MASH therapy. Obeticholic acid (OCA) is the pioneering frontrunner FXR agonist and the first demonstrating success in clinical trials. Unfortunately, OCA did not receive regulatory approval as a NASH pharmacotherapy because its moderate benefits did not outweigh its safety risks, which may cast a shadow over FXR‐based drug development for NASH/MASH. This review summarizes the milestones in the development of OCA for NASH/MASH and discuss its limitations, including moderate hepatoprotection and the undesirable side effects of dyslipidemia, pruritus, cholelithiasis, and liver toxicity risk, in depth. More importantly, we provide perspectives on FXR‐based therapy for NASH/MASH, hoping to support a successful bench‐to‐clinic transition.
Viral vector‐based cancer treatment and current clinical applications
Authors: Xie Lingwan , Han Yinze , Liu Yuanzhi , Zhou Yanmei , Yu Jiao , von Brunn Albrecht , Lei Jian
Published: October 2023

Owing to the limitations of conventional cancer therapies, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery, gene therapy has become a prominent strategy for cancer treatment over the past few decades. Gene therapy is a medical approach for targeting and destroying cancer cells by delivering exogenous genes into the target cancerous cells or surrounding tissues. However, successful delivery of foreign genes into target cells and tissues remains a key issue in such therapy. Efficient gene delivery systems would undoubtedly be important for improving the medical outcomes of gene therapy. With genetic modifications, viral vectors can target specific cells with high gene transduction efficiency, thus, the use of viral vectors is a promising technology for improving foreign gene delivery. Currently, four viral vectors—adenovirus, adeno‐associated virus, herpes simplex virus, and retrovirus—are dominantly being investigated and used in preclinical and clinical trials. In this review, we provide an overview of the mechanisms and latest applications of the four above‐mentioned viral vectors, and summarize the current development of several other viral vectors. In addition, we discuss the challenges and provide insights into future development of viral vectors in cancer treatment.
Exploring the role of mobile genetic elements in shaping plant–bacterial interactions for sustainable agriculture and ecosystem health
Authors: Rajabal Vaheesan , Ghaly Timothy M. , Egidi Eleonora , Ke Mingjing , Penesyan Anahit , Qi Qin , Gillings Michael R. , Tetu Sasha G.
Published: October 2023

Societal Impact Statement

Plants and bacteria interact in complex ways that are crucial to the health and productivity of native vegetation and croplands. While the range of characterised plant‐beneficial bacterial traits continues to grow, key questions remain regarding the distribution and mobility of genes associated with these traits. This work explores the diversity of mobile genetic elements carried by bacteria associated with plant root surfaces, assessing their capacity to help shape plant–bacterial interactions. The significance of this work lies in the potential to contribute to new strategies for enhancing plant health, promoting sustainable agriculture and managing plant diseases in an era when we must respond to environmental change.

Integrons are gene capture and expression systems that contribute to bacterial adaptation. Integron research has mainly focused on the role that these elements play in spreading antimicrobial resistance. However, their contribution to niche adaptation is potentially much broader because integrons can sample the vast repertoire of diverse functions encoded by integron gene cassettes. Integrons and gene cassettes have been identified in many bacterial lineages residing in soil and water across varied ecosystems, but there has been little investigation of integrons in plant‐associated bacteria.

Bacteria and plants have complex, dynamic relationships that influence plant health and productivity. To investigate whether integrons contribute to adaptative processes in plant microbiomes, we examined gene cassette and microbial taxonomic profiles in rhizoplanes of four important crop species grown under controlled glasshouse conditions. We identified 38,546 unique gene cassettes, including elements carrying genes associated with antibiotic resistance, type II toxin–antitoxin systems and genes with putative functions associated with plant growth promotion, along with a larger set encoding genes of unknown functions.

Rhizoplane microbiomes of different plant species showed more similarity in their community composition profiles than in their gene cassette profiles, with complex and distinct suites of gene cassettes associated with each plant species, suggesting that gene cassettes might have a role in specific plant–bacterial interactions.

We show that rhizoplane microbiomes carry diverse integron gene cassettes that could play a role in establishing and maintaining rhizoplane communities.
The association between several serum micronutrients and benign prostatic hyperplasia: Results from NHANES 2003−2006
Authors: Zhou Hang , Xu Mingming , Pan Yang , Wang Shangren , Xu Zhunan , Liu Li , Liu Xiaoqiang
Published: October 2023

Background

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common condition that affects the quality of life of older men. Specific micronutrients, including retinol, retinyl esters, carotenoids, vitamin E, and vitamin C, have antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties. However, the correlation between serum concentrations of these micronutrients and BPH is unclear.

Methods

We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), which included 2067 representative US men. BPH was assessed using the self‐reported questionnaire. This association was explored by adjusting for confounders using multivariate logistic regression.

Results

After fully adjusting for confounders, for every 0.01 μmol/L increase in serum retinyl esters, the risk of BPH increased by 2% (OR = 1.02; 95% CI: 1.01−1.03; p = 0.006). Based on the Bonferroni‐corrected p‐value, we found this correlation to be significant. One μmol/L increase in total carotenoids was associated with a 22% increase in BPH risk (OR = 1.22; 95% CI: 1.03−1.46; p = 0.025). By analyzing the correlation between different types of carotenoids and BPH, we also found that β‐carotenoids (OR = 1.43; 95% CI: 1.03−1.99; p = 0.036) was also positively correlated with BPH. The subgroup analysis revealed a positive correlation between serum vitamin E (OR = 1.02; 95% CI: 1.00−1.04; p = 0.018) and BPH in men under 60 years of age. Serum retinyl ester (OR = 1.02; 95% CI: 1.01−1.04; p = 0.008) and carotenoid (OR = 1.52; 95% CI: 1.22−1.87; p < 0.001) concentrations were positively correlated with BPH in men over 60 years of age.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that excessive serum retinyl esters, total carotenoids, and especially β‐carotenoids are potential risk factors for BPH, and this association should be further investigated.
The roles of CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 in the in vitro metabolism of β‐eudesmol in human liver: Reaction phenotyping and enzyme kinetics
Authors: Muhamad Nadda , Na‐Bangchang Kesara
Published: October 2023

β‐eudesmol is a major bioactive component of Atractylodes lancea (AL). AL has been developed as the capsule formulation of standardized AL extract for treating cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). However, the complex constituents of herbal products increase the risk of adverse drug interactions. β‐eudesmol has demonstrated inhibitory effects on rCYP2C19 and rCYP3A4 in the previous research. This study aimed to identify the cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms responsible for the metabolism of β‐eudesmol and determine the enzyme kinetic parameters and the metabolic stability of β‐eudesmol metabolism in the microsomal system. Reaction phenotyping using human recombinant CYPs (rCYPs) and selective chemical inhibitors of CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 was performed, and enzyme kinetics and metabolic stability were investigated using human liver microsome (HLM). The results suggest that CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 play significant roles in β‐eudesmol metabolism. The disappearance half‐life (t1/2) and intrinsic clearance (CLint) of β‐eudesmol were 17.09 min and 0.20 mL/min·mg protein, respectively. Enzyme kinetic analysis revealed the Michaelis–Menten constant (Km) and maximum velocity (Vmax) of 16.76 μM and 3.35 nmol/min·mg protein, respectively. As a component of AL, β‐eudesmol, as a substrate and inhibitor of CYP2C19 and CYP3A4, has a high potential for drug–drug interactions when AL is co‐administered with other herbs or conventional medicines.
Volatile organic compounds produced by Paenibacillus polymyxaJ2‐4 exhibit toxic activity against Meloidogyne incognita
Authors: Song Wenwen , Dai Mingming , Gao Shasha , Mi Yindong , Zhang Shijia , Wei Jianyong , Zhao Honghai , Duan Fangmeng , Liang Chen , Shi Qianqian
Published: October 2023

BACKGROUND

Root knot nematodes cause great damage to crops worldwide. Due to the negative effects of the application of fumigant and old chemical nematicides, biological nematicides have drawn increasing attention in recent years. Here we tested the fumigant activity of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) blends emitted from Paenibacillus polymyxa and pure commercial VOCs against M. incognita.

RESULTS

In this study, we investigated whether P. polymyxa strain J2‐4 could produce VOCs that exhibit nematicidal activity. In vitro assays indicated that J2‐4 VOCs were highly toxic to second stage juveniles (J2s) and could inhibit egg hatching. Three‐layered pot experiments showed that the number of nematodes that penetrating in cucumber roots was reduced by 69.27% after the application of J2‐4 VOCs under greenhouse conditions. We identified 14 volatiles using solid‐phase micro‐extraction gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The efficacy of six commercially available VOCs, namely 2‐isobutyl‐3‐methylpyrazine, 2,4‐dimethoxybenzaldoxime, 2‐dodecanone, 2‐tridecanol, 2‐tridecanone, and 2‐tetradecanol, against M. incognita were examined. Except for 2,4‐dimethoxybenzaldoxime, the remaining five VOCs showed strong direct‐contact nematicidal activity against J2s of M. incognita, and only 2‐isobutyl‐3‐methylpyrazine showed strong fumigant activity against J2s of M. incognita. In pot experiments, 2‐isobutyl‐3‐methylpyrazine and 2‐dodecanone reduced the number of root galls by about 70%, and 2‐tridecanone reduced the number of root galls and egg masses by about 63% compared with controls.

CONCLUSION

Paenibacillus polymyxa strain J2‐4 exhibited high fumigant activity against M. incognita. Our results provide evidence for the use of J2‐4 and its VOCs as biocontrol agents in the management of root‐knot nematodes. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Creep behaviour of day‐old chicken corrugated paperboard packaging under different uniaxial compression loads—An experimental study
Authors: Fehér Lajos , Pidl Renáta , Böröcz Péter
Published: October 2023

One of the most important elements for animal transportation is the packaging that ensures the safety and health of the transit. During the transport of live small animals, such as day‐old chickens, the animals may only stay in the boxes for a very limited period, in this case, 48 h. Therefore, it is important to be able to model the strength behaviour of these boxes concerning packaging material requirements and sustainability. The aim of this study was to determine the short‐ and relatively long‐term strength of day‐old chicken packages to better estimate packaging design and to use these data to establish an analytical creep model with suitable parameters that adequately approximate the measured data. Two types of packages were tested, and two types of creep models were used to model the creep strain‐time graphs. The creep behaviour of the two samples was tested at four different uniaxial load cases, with consistent environmental conditions during the tests (23°C and 50% relative humidity [RH]). At the two highest loads, both samples failed before the 48‐h cycle, indicating a significant difference in box strength between short‐term and long‐term load tests. The secondary creep strain rate increases with the magnitude of the compressive load. When comparing the two creep models for both box types, the Power law provided the best accuracy at the 50% of box compression test (BCT) load case, while at the other three load cases, the Andrade law showed better predictions.
Effect of flow ramping on stranding potential related to river morphology—Developing hydraulic indices for peaking severity
Authors: Alfredsen Knut , Tekle Mulubirhan Gebretsadik
Published: October 2023

Stranding can be an important negative effect downstream of peaking power plants. Much work is put into computing indices of peaking operation based on flow data from power plant outlets or in reaches downstream of power plants. Such indices give good measures of the frequency and magnitude of hydropeaking and indirectly the potential severity of the operation. To address stranding potential local studies are needed to find measures that relate river geometry to dewatered areas and dewatering speeds and the length of river downstream that is affected by the power plant operation. In recent years, high‐precision laser scans have become available for some Norwegian rivers making it possible to do hydraulic modeling on a scale that can describe the dewatering process in detail. The new data also provides details on the river valley and areas adjacent to the rivers. Using these data, we have carried out simulations for peaking operations in several rivers and computed indices of hydraulic effects of potential shutdown hydrographs. The results show a dampening effect in all rivers and a significant relationship between river features like distance from outlet and cross section geometry and the hydraulic dependent indices ramping rate and dewatering rate. These relations could be a method for initial assessment of the effect of hydropeaking on rivers and a foundation for deciding on where more detailed studies will be needed.
A Multisystemic Approach Revealed Aminated Polystyrene Nanoparticles‐Induced Neurotoxicity
Authors: Schröter Laura , Jentsch Lena , Maglioni Silvia , Muñoz‐Juan Amanda , Wahle Tina , Limke Annette , von Mikecz Anna , Laromaine Anna , Ventura Natascia
Published: October 2023

Exposure to plastic nanoparticles has dramatically increased in the last 50 years, and there is evidence that plastic nanoparticles can be absorbed by organisms and cross the blood‐brain‐barrier (BBB). However, their toxic effects, especially on the nervous system, have not yet been extensively investigated, and most of the knowledge is based on studies using different conditions and systems, thus hard to compare. In this work, physicochemical properties of non‐modified polystyrene (PS) and amine‐functionalized PS (PS‐NH2) nanoparticles are initially characterized. Advantage of a multisystemic approach is then taken to compare plastic nanoparticles effects in vitro, through cytotoxic readouts in mammalian cell culture, and in vivo, through behavioral readouts in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), a powerful 3R‐complying model organism for toxicology studies. In vitro experiments in neuroblastoma cells indicate a specific cytotoxic effect of PS‐NH2 particles, including a decreased neuronal differentiation and an increased Amyloid β (Aβ) secretion, a sensitive readout correlating with Alzheimer's disease pathology. In parallel, only in vivo treatments with PS‐NH2 particles affect C. elegans development, decrease lifespan, and reveal higher sensitivity of animals expressing human Aβ compared to wild‐type animals. In summary, the multisystemic approach discloses a neurotoxic effect induced by aminated polystyrene nanoparticles.
Full‐scale modeling of chemical experiments
Authors: Wang Junfeng , Li Guohui
Published: October 2023

Computational chemistry methods are playing an increasingly pivotal role in chemical experiments. From quantum chemistry simulations to finite element simulations, researchers can always find an appropriate simulation method to elucidate the specific mechanisms at a certain resolution scale. However, in organic or inorganic synthesis, the synthesis mechanisms span multiple spatial and temporal scales of chemical experiments. Furthermore, the intricate nature of these mechanisms renders it impossible for any single simulation method to provide a comprehensive depiction of the entire process. In this perspective, using zeolite and polymer synthesis simulations as examples, we stress the significance of full‐scale modeling techniques for chemical experiments and urge the corresponding sophisticated simulation platform.
Construction of prediction model for fetal growth restriction during first trimester in an Asian population
Authors: Zheng C. , Ji C. , Wang B. , Zhang J. , He Q. , Ma J. , Yang Z. , Pan Q. , Sun L. , Sun N. , Ling C. , Lin G. , Deng X. , Yin L.
Published: October 2023

Objective

To construct a prediction model for fetal growth restriction (FGR) during the first trimester of pregnancy and evaluate its screening performance.

Methods

This was a prospective cohort study of singleton pregnancies that underwent routine ultrasound screening at 11 to 13 + 6 weeks at the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University between January 2019 and April 2022. Basic clinical information, ultrasound indicators and serum biomarkers of pregnant women were collected. Fetal weight assessment was based on the fetal growth curve for the Southern Chinese population. FGR was diagnosed according to Delphi consensus criteria. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (lasso) regression was used to select variables for inclusion in the model. Discrimination, calibration and clinical effectiveness of the model were evaluated in training and validation cohorts.

Results

A total of 1188 pregnant women were included, of whom 108 had FGR. Lasso regression identified seven predictive features, including history of maternal hypertension, maternal smoking or passive smoking, gravidity, uterine artery pulsatility index, ductus venosus pulsatility index and multiples of the median values of placental growth factor and soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase‐1. The nomogram prediction model constructed from these seven variables accurately predicted FGR, and the area under the receiver‐operating‐characteristics curve in the validation cohort was 0.82 (95% CI, 0.74–0.90). The calibration curve and Hosmer–Lemeshow test demonstrated good calibration, and the clinical decision curve and clinical impact curve supported its practical value in a clinical setting.

Conclusion

The multi‐index prediction model for FGR has good predictive value during the first trimester. © 2023 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.