bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Properties of Jupiter's magnetospheric turbulence observed by the Galileo spacecraft
Authors: Tao Chihiro , Sahraoui Fouad , Fontaine Dominique , de Patoul Judith , Chust Thomas , Kasahara Satoshi , Retinò Alessandro
Published: March 2015

In collisionless plasmas, turbulence is thought to play an important role in mass transport and energy dissipation. Magnetic fluctuations in the Jovian magnetosphere are essential in a turbulent state. Previous studies of that turbulence have focused on the large scales using low time resolution of magnetic field data. Here we extend those studies to cover a wider range of scales by combining both low and high‐time‐resolution data of Galileo magnetometer. We use particle data from the plasma instrument and include energetic particle contributions to estimate the local plasma parameters. We obtain 11 power spectra of magnetic field in the frequency range of 10−4–1 Hz, which covers both magnetohydrodynamics and ion kinetic scales. The frequencies of the evidenced spectral breaks are found to be relatively well correlated with the characteristic scales of heavy ion. The spectral indices below and above the spectral breaks are found to be broad and cover the ranges of 0.6–1.9 and 1.7–2.5, respectively. An analysis of higher‐order statistics shows an intermittent feature of the turbulence, found to be more prominent in the plasma sheet than in the lobe. Furthermore, a statistical survey of the power of the fluctuations using low‐time‐resolution data suggests a radially varying dawn‐dusk asymmetry: the total power is larger in the duskside (dawnside) at <50 RJ (>80 RJ), which would reflect flow shear and global magnetospheric activity.
On the incident solar radiation in CMIP5 models
Authors: Zhou Linjiong , Zhang Minghua , Bao Qing , Liu Yimin
Published: March 2015

Annual incident solar radiation at the top of atmosphere should be independent of longitudes. However, in many Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) models, we find that the incident radiation exhibited zonal oscillations, with up to 30 W/m2 of spurious variations. This feature can affect the interpretation of regional climate and diurnal variation of CMIP5 results. This oscillation is also found in the Community Earth System Model. We show that this feature is caused by temporal sampling errors in the calculation of the solar zenith angle. The sampling error can cause zonal oscillations of surface clear‐sky net shortwave radiation of about 3 W/m2 when an hourly radiation time step is used and 24 W/m2 when a 3 h radiation time step is used.
Rayleigh wave dispersion measurements reveal low‐velocity zones beneath the new crust in the Gulf of California
Authors: Persaud Patricia , Di Luccio Francesca , Clayton Robert W.
Published: March 2015

Rayleigh wave tomography provides images of the shallow mantle shear wave velocity structure beneath the Gulf of California. Low‐velocity zones (LVZs) are found on axis between 26 and 50 km depth beneath the Guaymas Basin but mostly off axis under the other rift basins, with the largest feature underlying the Ballenas Transform Fault. We interpret the broadly distributed LVZs as regions of partial melting in a solid mantle matrix. The pathway for melt migration and focusing is more complex than an axis‐centered source aligned above a deeper region of mantle melt and likely reflects the magmatic evolution of rift segments. We also consider the existence of solid lower continental crust in the Gulf north of the Guaymas Basin, where the association of the LVZs with asthenospheric upwelling suggests lateral flow assisted by a heat source. These results provide key constraints for numerical models of mantle upwelling and melt focusing in this young oblique rift.
Exploration and Exploitation of Water in Colloidal Crystals
Authors: Gallego‐Gómez Francisco , Blanco Alvaro , López Cefe
Published: March 2015

Water on solid surfaces is ubiquitously found in nature, in most cases due to mere adsorption from ambient moisture. Because porous structures have large surfaces, water may significantly affect their characteristics. This is particularly obvious in systems formed by separate particles, whose interactions are strongly influenced by small amounts of liquid. Water/solid phenomena, like adsorption, condensation, capillary forces, or interparticle cohesion, have typically been studied at relatively large scales down to the microscale, like in wet granular media. However, much less is known about how water is confined and acts at the nanoscale, for example, in the interstices of divided systems, something of utmost importance in many areas of materials science nowadays. With novel approaches, in‐depth investigations as to where and how water is placed in the nanometer‐sized pores of self‐assembled colloidal crystals have been made, which are employed as a well‐defined, versatile model system with useful optical properties. In this Progress Report, knowledge gained in the last few years about water distribution in such nanoconfinements is gathered, along with how it can be controlled and the consequences it brings about to extract new or enhance existing material functionalities. New methods developed and new capabilities of standard techniques are described, and the water interplay with the optical, chemical, and mechanical properties of the ensemble are discussed. Some lines for applicability are also highlighted and aspects to be addressed in the near future are critically summarized.
Expression, Receptor Binding, and Biophysical Characterization of Guinea Pig Insulin desB30: A Monomeric Insulin Variant
Authors: Engholm Ebbe , Hansen Thomas H. , Johansson Eva , Strauss Holger M. , Vinther Tine N. , Jensen Knud J. , Hubálek Frantisek , Kjeldsen Thomas B.
Published: March 2015

Here we report, for the first time, the heterologous expression of desB30 guinea pig insulin (GI desB30) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The affinities of GI desB30 for the insulin receptor A and the IGF‐I receptor were also quantified for the first time. Small‐angle X‐ray scattering and analytical ultracentrifugation studies confirmed that GI desB30 did not form dimers or hexamers, in contrast to human insulin. Sizeexclusion chromatography connected to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry revealed that GI desB30 has affinity towards several divalent metal ions. These studies did not indicate the formation of any larger structures of GI desB30 in the presence of various divalent metal ions, but did indicate that GI desB30 has an affinity towards Mn, Co, and Cu ions. Finally, the low affinity for the insulin receptor and the very low affinity for the IGF‐I receptor by GI desB30 were quantified.
Bed Pressure Drop in a Draft‐Tube Conical Spouted Bed for Thermal Treatment of Wastes
Authors: José María J. San , Alvarez Sonia
Published: March 2015

An experimental study of operating bed pressure drop was performed in thermal treatment of coarse waste particles of different size, density, and sphericity in conical spouted beds by introducing a nonporous draft tube. The influence of introducing a nonporous draft tube as well as of operating conditions on bed pressure drop was determined. Bed pressure drop in conical spouted beds with a nonporous draft tube was found to be lower than that without any device, which allows for saving operating costs. The most important factor influencing the bed pressure drop was the stagnant bed height. The bed pressure drop was reduced when stagnant bed height, particle density, particle sphericity or inlet gas temperature were decreased. Likewise, the bigger the particle diameter, the lower was the bed pressure drop.
Lithium Alanates as Negative Electrodes in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Silvestri Laura , Forgia Simona , Farina Luca , Meggiolaro Daniele , Panero Stefania , La Barbera Aurelio , Brutti Sergio , Reale Priscilla
Published: March 2015

Hydride conversion reactions have been recently proposed and verified experimentally on simple binary and ternary H‐containing materials. Herein, we show for the first time the incorporation of lithium alanates, that is, LiAlH4 and Li3AlH6, as active materials in negative electrodes in rechargeable lithium cells. Samples were prepared by mechanochemical treatment. Characterization of the samples was performed by X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. Analysis of the electrochemical features of the conversion process was performed by potentiodynamic cycling with galvanostatic acceleration in close comparison with computational data obtained by density functional theory with the use of pseudopotentials and planewaves. The occurrence of the conversion reactions was proved by ex situ synchrotron radiation diffraction experiments. As a final point, the stability of the electrolyte/electrode interface over time was evaluated by impendence spectroscopy and attenuated total reflectance Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy.
Effects of Microwave Treatment on Carbon Electrode for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
Authors: Cho Yong Il , Park Se Jun , Hwang Ho Jung , Lee Jin Goo , Jeon Yu Kwon , Chu Young Hwan , Shul Yong‐gun
Published: March 2015

The vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) is an attractive energy storage technology due to its great advantages such as high energy efficiency and long life cycle. A carbon electrode has been commonly used as the electrode material for the VRB system. In this study, the effects of microwave treatment on the carbon electrode for the VRB are investigated under different microwave powers (0, 500, and 650 W). The microwave‐treated carbon electrode is about twice as large as the pristine carbon electrode in specific surface area, showing about 2.72, 4.46, and 4.63 m2 g−1 at 0, 500, and 650 W, respectively. The oxygen‐containing functional groups such as CO, CO, and OCO, which can promote the redox reactions in the VRB system, are also increased by the microwave treatment. When the microwave‐treated carbon electrode is applied as the positive electrode for the VRB system, the coulomb, voltage, and energy efficiencies are enhanced. Thus, the microwave treatment can be a simple and effective method to prepare the carbon electrode for the VRB system.
Synthesis of a Double Helicene by a Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reaction: Structure and Physical Properties
Authors: Kashihara Hitoshi , Asada Toshio , Kamikawa Ken
Published: March 2015

For this study, twisted π‐extended helicene 1 and double helicene 2 with a helicene framework were synthesized through palladium‐catalyzed CH arylation or Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reaction. X‐ray crystallography revealed grossly twisted structures that were soluble in various conventional organic solvents. Optical properties based on UV/Vis and fluorescence spectra were measured. Electrochemical properties were also studied by measurements of cyclic voltammetry in 1 and 2, which revealed their HOMO and the LUMO energies. Theoretical calculation supports their HOMO and LUMO energies and molecular orbitals. Furthermore, a racemization process of 2 predicted that the activation free energy at 300 K would be 31.8 kcal mol−1 by DFT calculation, which indicated the static helicity at 300 K.
Lanthanide Complexes of Azidophenacyl‐DO3A as New Synthons for Click Chemistry and the Synthesis of Heterometallic Lanthanide Arrays
Authors: Tropiano Manuel , Kenwright Alan M. , Faulkner Stephen
Published: March 2015

Lanthanide complexes of azidophenacyl DO3A are effective substrates for click reactions with ethyne derivatives, giving rise to aryl triazole appended lanthanide complexes, in which the aryl triazole acts as an effective sensitising chromophore for lanthanide luminescence. They also undergo click chemistry with propargylDO3A derivatives, giving rise to heterometallic complexes.
ChemInform Abstract: Semiconducting Properties and Phase‐Matching Nonlinear Optical Response of the One‐Dimensional Selenophosphates ANb2PSe10 (A: K, Rb, and Cs).
Authors: Syrigos Jonathan C. , Clark Daniel J. , Saouma Felix O. , Clarke Samantha M. , Fang Lei , Jang Joon I. , Kanatzidis Mercouri G.
Published: March 2015

ANb2PSe10 (A: K, Rb, Cs) are prepared by polyselenophosphate flux reactions using a mixture of K2Se or A2Se2 (A: Rb, Cs), Nb, P2Se5, and Se (evacuated silica tube, 600 °C, 3 d) followed by flux removal with N2 degassed DMF.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(I) Oxide Nanoparticles in Glycerol: A Convenient Catalyst for Cross‐Coupling and Azide‐Alkyne Cycloaddition Processes.
Authors: Chahdoura Faouzi , Pradel Christian , Gomez Montserrat
Published: March 2015

Copper(I) oxide nanoparticles stabilized by polyvinylpyrrolidone are synthesized and applied to C—heteroatom coupling and azide—alkyne Huisgen type cycloaddition reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Phosphoric Acid Catalyzed Highly Enantioselective Desymmetrization of 2‐Substituted and 2,2‐Disubstituted 1,3‐Diols via Oxidative Cleavage of Benzylidene Acetals.
Authors: Meng Shan‐Shui , Liang Yong , Cao Kou‐Sen , Zou Lufeng , Lin Xing‐Bang , Yang Hui , Houk K. N. , Zheng Wen‐Hua
Published: March 2015

This highly enantioselective reaction proceeds through formation of an “ortho ester” intermediate via oxidation of the 1,3‐diol benzylidene acetal by dimethyldioxirane and a subsequent proton transfer catalyzed by chiral phosphoric acids (CPA).
ChemInform Abstract: Aerobic Oxygenative Cleavage of Electron Deficient C—C Triple Bonds in the Gold‐Catalyzed Cyclization of 1,6‐Enynes.
Authors: Patil Dilip V. , Park Hyun‐Sub , Koo Jaeyoung , Han Jin Wook , Shin Seunghoon
Published: March 2015

19 examples
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel(II)‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Propargyl and Allyl Claisen Rearrangements to Allenyl‐ and Allyl‐Substituted β‐Ketoesters.
Authors: Liu Yangbin , Hu Haipeng , Zheng Haifeng , Xia Yong , Liu Xiaohua , Lin Lili , Feng Xiaoming
Published: March 2015

This is a highly efficient Ni(II)‐catalyzed Claisen rearrangement of a variety of both propargyl and allyl vinyl ethers using a chiral N,N‐dioxide as ligand.
ChemInform Abstract: Zinc(II) Hexachloroantimonate‐Catalyzed Oxidative Allylation of Glycine Derivatives.
Authors: Yoo Woo‐Jin , Tanoue Arata , Kobayashi Shu
Published: March 2015

Glycine‐derived esters and amides (I) and (IV) are chemoselectively C‐allylated in moderate to good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Preparation of Chiral Carbacycles from Morita—Baylis—Hillman Carbonates by an Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation/Olefin Metathesis Sequence.
Authors: Putaj Piotr , Ticha Iveta , Cisarova Ivana , Vesely Jan
Published: March 2015

An efficient asymmetric allylic alkylation of Morita—Baylis—Hillman adducts with allyl and homoallyl malononitrile is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Decarboxylation of a Wide Range of Amino Acids with Electrogenerated Hypobromite.
Authors: Matthessen Roman , Claes Laurens , Fransaer Jan , Binnemans Koen , De Vos Dirk E.
Published: March 2015

Optimized conditions for the electrogeneration of bromide allow the direct decarboxylation of natural amino acids to give nitriles in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Silver‐Catalyzed Regio‐ and Stereoselective Addition of Carboxylic Acids to Ynol Ethers.
Authors: Yin Jing , Bai Yihui , Mao Mengyi , Zhu Gangguo
Published: March 2015

The reaction produces (Z)‐α‐alkoxy enol esters and can be applied to a broad spectrum of ynol ethers and carboxylic acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Annulation Reactions of Allenyl Esters: An Approach to Bicyclic Diones and Medium‐Sized Rings.
Authors: Bhat Bilal A. , Maki Samantha L. , St.Germain Elijah J. , Maity Pradip , Lepore Salvatore D.
Published: March 2015

The addition of allenyl esters (II) to α‐sulfonyl cycloalkanes (I) leads to lactones (III), which are converted into desired bicyclic diones (IV) by a reductive intramolecular aldol cyclization and a subsequent oxidation.
ChemInform Abstract: Design of Novel Chiral N,N,O‐tridentate Phenanthroline Ligands and Their Application to Enantioselective Addition of Organozinc Reagents to Aldehydes.
Authors: Naganawa Yuki , Namba Tomoya , Aoyama Tomotaka , Shoji Kentaro , Nishiyama Hisao
Published: March 2015

Design of the novel type of axially chiral ligand (BPT) is based on the concept of innovation utilizing phenanthroline units which has superior coordination ability with a wide range of metal ions.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Partial Reduction of α,β‐Unsaturated Esters Using DIBAL‐H in Flow.
Authors: Yoshida Masahito , Otaka Hiroyuki , Doi Takayuki
Published: March 2015

The flow rate and the reagent concentrations are crucial for the outcome of this reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,3‐Dihalo‐1‐propenes as Building Blocks in Cu(I)‐Catalyzed Domino Reactions: Efficient and Selective Synthesis of Furans.
Authors: Schmidt Dietmar , Malakar Chandi C. , Beifuss Uwe
Published: March 2015

Trisubstituted furans are synthesized in an efficient and selective one‐pot process by reacting dibromopropenes with 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Double Carboxylation of Alkynes Employing Carbon Dioxide.
Authors: Fujihara Tetsuaki , Horimoto Yuichiro , Mizoe Taiga , Sayyed Fareed Bhasha , Tani Yosuke , Terao Jun , Sakaki Shigeyoshi , Tsuji Yasushi
Published: March 2015

The Ni‐catalyzed double carboxylation of internal alkynes with CO2, affording highly versatile maleic anhydrides as products is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: A Base‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of 5‐Cyano‐Pentyne Derivatives: An Efficient Synthesis of 3‐Cyano‐4,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrroles.
Authors: Meng Jia , Li Yi‐Jin , Zhao Yu‐Long , Bu Xiu‐Bin , Liu Qun
Published: March 2015

The title reaction involves a tandem process providing access to 3‐cyano‐pyrrolines (II) and (IV) with 1,3‐cyano migration as the key transformation.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Functionalized Indoles via Palladium‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Cycloisomerization of o‐Allylanilines.
Authors: Nallagonda Rajender , Rehan Mohammad , Ghorai Prasanta
Published: March 2015

A two‐step one‐pot procedure starting from aniline (IX) and allyl alcohol (X) is also presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of Cyclic Indole Aminals via 1,3‐Stereoinduction.
Authors: Li Hongmei , Chen Cheng‐yi , Nguyen Hoa , Cohen Ryan , Maligres Peter E. , Yasuda Nobuyoshi , Mangion Ian , Zavialov Ilia , Reibarkh Mikhail , Chung John Y. L.
Published: March 2015

Cyclic indole aminals are efficiently prepared through a highly stereoselective, dynamic crystallization‐driven cyclocondensation followed by dehydrogenation of the primary indoline aminals.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Michael/Hemiketalization of 5‐Hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐4H‐pyran‐4‐one to β,γ‐Unsaturated α‐Ketoesters Catalyzed by a Bifunctional Rosin—Indane Amine Thiourea Catalyst.
Authors: Reddy B. V. Subba , Swain Manisha , Reddy S. Madhusudana , Yadav J. S. , Sridhar B.
Published: March 2015

Title reaction provides Michael adducts in high yields and excellent enantiomeric excess.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis and Antifungal Activities of Polysubstituted Furo[3,2‐c]chromen‐4‐ones and 7,8,9,10‐Tetrahydro‐6H‐benzofuro[3,2‐c]chromen‐6‐ones.
Authors: Zhang Rongrong , Xu Zichao , Yin Wenzheng , Liu Pin , Zhang Weihua
Published: March 2015

Most of the new compounds (III) and (V) show potent antifungal activities against Botrytis cinerea, Collecterichum capsica, Alternaria solani, Gibberella zeae, and Rhizoctorzia solani.
ChemInform Abstract: Ru(II)‐Catalyzed Selective C—H Amination of Xanthones and Chromones with Sulfonyl Azides: Synthesis and Anticancer Evaluation.
Authors: Shin Youngmi , Han Sangil , De Umasankar , Park Jihye , Sharma Satyasheel , Mishra Neeraj Kumar , Lee Eui‐Kyung , Lee Youngil , Kim Hyung Sik , Kim In Su
Published: March 2015

Some of the 1‐sulfonaminoxanthones synthesized such as (IIIg), and (IXa) show a promising growth‐inhibition activity against human breast cancer MCF‐7 cells.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Efficient Route to 7‐Aryl‐6‐fluoro‐8‐nitroquinolones as Potent Antibacterial Agents.
Authors: Al‐Trawneh Salah A. , El‐Abadelah Mustafa M. , Al‐Abadleh Mohammad M. , Zani Franca , Incerti Matteo , Vicini Paola
Published: March 2015

All new quinolone derivatives (IV) show antibacterial activities higher than the reference drug ciprofloxacin, both towards Gram positive Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, and Gram negative Haemophilus influenza strains.
ChemInform Abstract: Eco‐Efficient Synthesis of Cyclic Carbamates/Dithiocarbonimidates from Cyclic Carbonates/Trithiocarbonate and Aromatic Amines Catalyzed by Ionic Liquid BmimOAc.
Authors: Wang Binshen , Yang Sijuan , Min Lijun , Gu Yanlong , Zhang Yongya , Wu Xiaopei , Zhang Lifeng , Elageed Elnazeer H. M. , Wu Shi , Gao Guohua
Published: March 2015

The reaction of cyclic carbonates with a variety of aromatic and heteroaromatic amines is advantageously achieved in [bmim]OAc as catalytic solvent to yield cyclic carbamates.
ChemInform Abstract: Lewis Acid Catalyzed Intramolecular Ring‐Opening of Triazole‐Substituted Methylenecyclopropanes: An Approach to 4H‐[1,2,3]Triazolopyrazines and 4H‐[1,2,3]Triazolo[1,4]diazepines.
Authors: Sun Run , Zhang Di‐Han , Shi Min
Published: March 2015

The same products are obtained regardless whether the substrates are applied as their (E)‐ or (Z)‐isomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed 1,2‐Acyloxy Migration/Intramolecular [3 + 2] 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddtion Cascade Reaction: An Efficient Strategy for Syntheses of Medium‐Sized‐Ring Ethers and Amines.
Authors: Zhao Changgui , Xie Xingang , Duan Shuangshuang , Li Huilin , Fang Ran , She Xuegong
Published: March 2015

A facile protocol is developed for the cyclization reaction of ether and amine substrates to form 8‐ and 9‐membered ring products in moderate to good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Sunlight‐Driven Copper‐Catalyst Activation Applied to Photolatent Click Chemistry.
Authors: Beniazza Redouane , Lambert Romain , Harmand Lydie , Molton Florian , Duboc Carole , Denisov Sergey , Jonusauskas Gedeminas , McClenaghan Nathan D. , Lastecoueres Dominique , Vincent Jean‐Marc
Published: March 2015

The copper‐catalyst CUA can be activated by irradiation with daylight or light of 365 nm.
ChemInform Abstract: Palmarumycins from the Endophytic Fungus Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae XSZ‐3.
Authors: Lue Xiaojing , Chen Gang , Li Zhanlin , Zhang Yuhong , Wang Zaiying , Rong Weiwei , Pei Yuehu , Pan Huaqi , Hua Huiming , Bai Jiao
Published: March 2015

One new compound, palmarumycin LP1 (I), is isolated together with three known spiro‐dioxynaphthalene compounds, related to palmarumycins.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclic C‐F‐Metal Containing Species. Solid State and Computational Examples
Authors: Carranza Maribel Arroyo , Miquel Hugo Torrens
Published: March 2015

Review: 40 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Extended π‐Systems Through C—H Activation
Authors: Segawa Yasutomo , Maekawa Takehisa , Itami Kenichiro
Published: March 2015

Review: [recent developments directed toward new optoelectronic materials; 70 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cascade Reactions: A Driving Force in Akuammiline Alkaloid Total Synthesis
Authors: Smith Joel M. , Moreno Jesus , Boal Ben W. , Garg Neil K.
Published: March 2015

Review: [68 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Role for Sulfenate Anions: Organocatalysis
Authors: Schwan Adrian L.
Published: March 2015

Review: 10 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Activation Parameter Changes as a Mechanistic Tool in Acyl‐Transfer Reactions in Solution
Authors: Vlasov Vladislav M.
Published: March 2015

Review: 129 refs.
Selective etching of ZnTe in HF:H2O2:H2O solution: Interpretation of extended defect‐related etch figures
Authors: Yang Rui , Jie Wanqi
Published: March 2015

HF:H2O2:H2O solution (40%wt.HF: 30wt.%H2O2: H2O, 3:2:1 by volume) was used to reveal extended defects (line, face and volume defects) in bulk ZnTe crystals grown from Te solution. The etch patterns were analyzed based on their size, shape and distribution. The etch figures, both in the shape of pits and hillocks with high resolution, show forms controlled by the symmetries of the respective faces were produced. Two different sizes of pits were observed, the larger‐size pits correspond to dislocations penetrating the surface, however, the smaller‐size texture pits are produced on the defect‐free region, which serve as standard pits on respect faces. The face defects, such as grain boundaries, sub‐grain boundaries, dislocation walls, twins and stacking faults, can be all displayed clearly. Another essential feature of the etchant is that, it can effectively dissolve Te‐rich phase (Te inclusion/precipitates), which makes it promising to reveal the shape of this volume defect.
3D printed models of small and large molecules, structures and morphologies of crystals, as well as their anisotropic physical properties
Authors: Stone‐Sundberg Jennifer , Kaminsky Werner , Snyder Trevor , Moeck Peter
Published: March 2015

Three‐dimensional (3D) physical models of atomic structures of crystals, their anisotropic properties and morphologies as well as models of small and large molecules were printed with support from 3D Systems Corporation. Structural information in Crystallographic Information Framework (CIF) files from the Crystallography Open Database and the Protein Data Bank was utilized. Computer programs were either newly developed (Cif2VRML) or enhanced by 3D print file export functions (WinXMorph and WinTensor) in order to design most of these models. Current 3D printing technologies are briefly reviewed. The literature on the impact on students’ comprehension and retention of structural information with access to such models is assessed. Our taking of a historical perspective in this paper illustrates that the usage of models has for more than 200 years been an integral component of crystallography.
Green Synthesis of Ni–Nb oxide Catalysts for Low‐Temperature Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane
Authors: Zhu Haibo , Rosenfeld Devon C. , Anjum Dalaver H. , Caps Valérie , Basset Jean‐Marie
Published: March 2015

The straightforward solid‐state grinding of a mixture of Ni nitrate and Nb oxalate crystals led to, after mild calcination (T<400 °C), nanostructured Ni–Nb oxide composites. These new materials efficiently catalyzed the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of ethane to ethylene at a relatively low temperature (T<300 °C). These catalysts appear to be much more stable than the corresponding composites prepared by other chemical methods; more than 90 % of their original intrinsic activity was retained after 50 h with time on‐stream. Furthermore, the stability was much less affected by the Nb content than in composites prepared by classical “wet” syntheses. These materials, obtained in a solvent‐free way, are thus promising green and sustainable alternatives to the current Ni–Nb candidates for the low‐temperature ODH of ethane.
On multiple‐domain cooperative diversity for communications with distributed content in G.hn networks
Authors: Gacanin Haris , Ligata Amir , Chahibi Youssef
Published: March 2015

Broadband data applications can be delivered to homes over the available home network infrastructure (i.e., mediums). Further enhancement of the network performance is possible by exploiting spatial, time, or frequency diversity. Recently, MIMO systems have been proposed for power line communication (PLC) networks. Because of the extremely diverse physical characteristics of the mediums, an implementation of MIMO systems in G.hn across different domains represents a non‐trivial task. In this paper, we present and theoretically evaluate the performance of multiple‐domain diversity mechanism in G.hn using a cross‐layer classification algorithm. In the proposed network architecture, the signal is transmitted over different mediums selected by the classification algorithm in order to meet the quality‐of‐service demands. At the receiver, joint signal combining and equalization are done to take advantage of the multiple‐domain cooperative diversity and increase the signal‐to‐noise ratio. The merit of the proposed multiple‐domain PLC network has been confirmed by analytical performance analysis and computer simulation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probing Chiral Recognition of Enzyme Active Sites with Octahedral Iridium(III) Propeller Complexes
Authors: Göbel Peter , Ritterbusch Florian , Helms Melanie , Bischof Matthias , Harms Klaus , Jung Manfred , Meggers Eric
Published: March 2015

Chiral bis‐cyclometalated octahedral organoiridium(III) complexes were designed to target different classes of enzymes, namely carbonic anhydrases, histone deacetylases, and serine proteases. The stereoselective non‐racemic synthesis of selected complexes was used to study the chiral discrimination of enzyme active sites for enantiomers of propeller‐type octahedral metal complexes. Cases for negligible, modest, and significant chiral discrimination in the interaction of iridium propeller complexes with enzyme active sites were identified.
Stabilization of cod liver oil with a quaternary combination of α‐tocopherol and synergists: Method of assessment
Authors: Budilarto Elizabeth S. , Kamal‐Eldin Afaf
Published: March 2015

This study aimed to identify the concentrations of a quaternary combination of α‐tocopherol (α‐TOH, 1200–2000 ppm), ascorbyl palmitate (AP, 100–900 ppm), phosphatidylcholine (PC, 1000–9000 ppm), and L‐lysine (1000–9000 ppm) optimum for the protection of cod liver oil against oxidation at 30°C. The control oil contained 1100 ppm α‐TOH. The evaluation of antioxidant potency considered the rates of formation of conjugated dienes (CD) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and rate of loss of α‐TOH between Day 1 and Day 4 of oxidation. The trials were designed and analyzed by RSM. Mathematical models of second order polynomial with good confidence (p ≤ 0.05) fitted the formation of TBARS and loss of α‐TOH but not the length of the induction period (IP) and the rate of formation of CD. The optimal levels of the four additives (in ppm) were found to be 1200 for α‐TOH, 100 for AP, 9000 for PC, and 1000 for L‐lysine. Higher concentrations of α‐TOH and AP either did not give better protections or resulted in a loss of antioxidant efficacy compared to when these additives were added at lower levels. PC was effective at the wide range of high concentrations while L‐lysine was most protective at levels up to 5000 ppm. The rate of formation of TBARS was found to provide a very good model for evaluating the stabilizing effects of additives (R2 = 0.8187, p‐value = 0.012) while the IP and the rate of formation of CD provided unsatisfactory models (p values 0.557 and 0.112, respectively).

Effect of primary antioxidants and synergists on TBARS formation in fish oil.
Diastereoselective Hydrolysis of Asymmetric P–Cl Species and Synthesis of Optically Pure (RP)‐(–)‐Menthyl H‐Phenylphosphinate
Authors: Wang Wei‐Min , Liu Li‐Juan , Zhao Chang‐Qiu , Han Li‐Biao
Published: March 2015

Phenyl dichlorophosphine reacted with (L)‐(–)‐menthol to afford two diastereomers of menthyl phenylphosphinate (RP)‐1a/(SP)‐1a′ in up to 89:11 dr. Compound (RP)‐1a was isolated in 58 % yield (60 g) and > 99:1 dr. An HCl‐promoted diastereoselective hydrolysis of the P–Cl species was found to be involved in the reaction. On the basis of this, a mixture of 1a/1a′ with 50:50 dr was converted to a mixture enriched in 1a with 88:12 dr by treatment with phosphorus trichloride.
Fe3+/Fe2+ Mycobactin‐Complex Electrochemistry as an Approach to Determine Mycobactin Levels in Urine
Authors: McBride Nicholas S. , Hall Elizabeth A. H.
Published: March 2015

Mycobacterium acquire iron by producing siderophores called mycobactins, with an extremely high affinity complexation of Fe3+. The iron complex shows distinctive electrochemistry predicting 18 orders of magnitude greater affinity of the mycobactin for Fe3+ than Fe2+. A heterogeneous standard rate constant, ks of the order of 10−5 cm s−1 confirms quasi reversible electrochemistry and based on the equilibrium in the presence of excess solution Fe3+/Fe2+ the oxidation and reduction peaks for the siderophore complex could be calibrated for ferric mycobactin J (FeMJ). FeMJ spiked urine collected from cows showed a matrix effect on the current peak height. For example, 240±15 µM FeMJ was estimated in 600 µM spiked urine. However, in the presence of excess solution Fe(acac)3 the same sample yielded an estimated 580±25 µM FeMJ.
Determination of Nitrates in Water Samples by In‐Electrode Coulometric Titration in Copper Coated Porous Vitreous Carbon Electrode
Authors: Lauko Lukas , Cacho Frantisek , Lenghartova Katarina , Sadecka Jana , Beinrohr Ernest
Published: March 2015

Nitrate in water samples was determined by in‐electrode coulometric titration in porous electrode made of vitreous carbon particles coated with copper. The sample was mixed with diluted sulfuric acid containing 1 mmol/L hydrochloric acid, the solution was filled into the cell and electrode and the nitrate ions were directly reduced by constant current to ammonium ions. The stoichiometry of the electrode reaction was found by coulometric and photometric measurements. The detection limit and precision were found to be 0.2 mg/L and 1.7 %, respectively. The interfering effect of high chloride contents was eliminated by precipitating chlorides with silver sulfate. The method was applied for the analysis of various water samples and beverages. The results were in good agreement with data from isotachophoretic and photometric measurements.
Quantile Estimation of Optimal Hedge Ratio
Authors: Lien Donald , Shrestha Keshab , Wu Jing
Published: March 2015

In this study, we analyze the dependence of hedging effectiveness on the realization of spot return by introducing the concept of a quantile hedge ratio. We estimate quantile hedge ratios for 20 different commodities at 15 quantiles. For daily data, we find that the quantile hedge ratio varies with the spot return distribution, displaying an inverted‐U relationship such that the quantile hedge ratios are generally smaller at the upper and lower tails of the spot distribution. The severity of these characteristics differs across commodities. However, for weekly and four‐weekly data, these characteristics are less prominent. Thus, the conventional hedge ratio would be appropriate for longer horizons, but not for shorter horizons. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 36:194–214, 2016
The Impervious Route to Peptide‐Based Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Gatto Emanuela , Venanzi Mariano
Published: March 2015

Electron transfer through peptide scaffolds has been studied for a long time as a useful and simple approach to investigate the mechanisms of the ubiquitous electron‐transfer processes in biology. Here, we review our long‐standing work in the field, focused on the study of the electronic conduction properties of hybrid devices based on peptide films immobilized on metal surfaces. In particular, we describe the electrochemical and photoelectrochemical properties of peptide‐based self‐assembled monolayers chemically linked to gold substrates through a disulfide group. Very recently, this work culminated in the construction of a prototype dye‐sensitized solar cell, the photoactive element of which was constituted by a helical oligopeptide functionalized with a near‐UV‐absorbing chromophore. We also take advantage of the occasion to critically review the state of the art of the field, with suggestions for the issues needing further investigation.
School Counselors' Perceptions of Their Academic Preparedness and Job Activities
Authors: Goodman‐Scott Emily
Published: March 2015

School counselors are trained in academic preparation programs for future job activities. However, job expectations taught in such programs can differ from actual school counseling activities. This article reports the findings of a national survey of school counselors' (N = 1,052) perceived preparation and practice.
Electronic reorganization triggered by electron transfer: The intervalence charge transfer of a Fe3+/Fe2+ bimetallic complex
Authors: Domingo Alex , Angeli Celestino , de Graaf Coen , Robert Vincent
Published: March 2015

The key role of the molecular orbitals in describing electron transfer processes is put in evidence for the intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) of a synthetic nonheme binuclear mixed‐valence Fe3+/Fe2+ compound. The electronic reorganization induced by the IVCT can be quantified by controlling the adaptation of the molecular orbitals to the charge transfer process. We evaluate the transition energy and its polarization effects on the molecular orbitals by means of ab initio calculations. The resulting energetic profile of the IVCT shows strong similarities to the Marcus' model, suggesting a response behaviour of the ensemble of electrons analogue to that of the solvent. We quantify the extent of the electronic reorganization induced by the IVCT process to be 11.74 eV, a very large effect that induces the crossing of states reducing the total energy of the transfer to 0.89 eV. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phosphorylation of Runx2, induced by cyclic mechanical tension via ERK1/2 pathway, contributes to osteodifferentiation of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts
Authors: Ren Dapeng , Wei Fulan , Hu Lihua , Yang Shuangyan , Wang Chunling , Yuan Xiao
Published: March 2015

Occlusal force is an important stimulus for maintaining periodontal homeostasis. This is attributed to the quality of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPDLFs) that could transfer occlusal force into biological signals modulating osteoblst differentiation. However, few studies investigated the mechanism of occlusal force‐induced osteodifferentiation of hPDLFs. In our study, we used the cyclic mechanical tension (CMT) at 10% elongation with 0.5 Hz to mimic occlusal force, and explored its effects on osteogenesis of hPDLFs. Firstly, elevated expressions of several osteoblast marker genes (Runx2, ATF4, SP7, OCN, and BSP), as well as activated ERK1/2 pathway were detected during CMT loading for 1, 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h. To gain further insight into how CMT contributed to those effects, we focused on the classic ERK1/2‐Runx2 pathway by inhibiting ERK1/2 and overexpressing Runx2. Our results reflected that Runx2 overexpression alone could induce osteodifferentiation of hPDLFs. Meanwhile, CMT loading could intensify while combined ERK1/2 blockage could weaken this process. Furthermore, we found that CMT promoted Runx2 transcription and phosphorylation via ERK1/2; protein level of phospho‐Runx2 (p‐Runx2), rather than Runx2, was in parallel with mRNA expressions of SP7, OCN, and BSP. Taken together, our study proved that p‐Runx2, elevated by CMT via ERK1/2 pathway, is the predominate factor in promoting osteoblast differentiation of hPDLFs. J. Cell. Physiol. 230: 2426–2436, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Melatonin reduces oxidative stress and restores mitochondrial function in the liver of rats exposed to chemotherapeutics
Authors: Madhu P. , Reddy K. Pratap , Reddy P. Sreenivasula
Published: March 2015

This study was undertaken to investigate whether administration of melatonin protects PVB‐Induced oxidative and metabolic toxicity in the liver of Wistar rats. Adult male Wistar rats were intraperitoneally injected with either melatonin or PVB (cisplatin, vinblastine, and bleomycin) alone or combination for a period of 9 weeks. A significant increase in lipid peroxidation levels and decrease in catalase and superoxide dismutase activity levels were observed in the liver mitochondria of rats treated with PVB indicating increased oxidative stress. PVB treatment significantly decreased the succinate dehydrogenase activity with a significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransaminase, alanine aminotransaminase, and glutamate dehydrogenase activities indicating deranged hepatic metabolism. Melatonin administration, on the other hand was found to significantly improve PVB‐Induced biochemical changes, bringing them closer to the controls. The results from the study provide evidence that treatment with PVB affects hepatic metabolism in rats by inducing oxidative stress followed by decreasing mitochondrial oxidation and also point towards the clinical potential of melatonin as an adjuvant therapy to conventional chemotherapeutic regimens. J. Exp. Zool. 323A: 301–308, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Observation‐status patients in children's hospitals with and without dedicated observation units in 2011
Authors: Macy Michelle L. , Hall Matthew , Alpern Elizabeth R. , Fieldston Evan S. , Shanley Leticia A. , Hronek Carla , Hain Paul D. , Shah Samir S.
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND

Pediatric observation units (OUs) have demonstrated reductions in lengths of stay (LOS) and costs of care. Hospital‐level outcomes across all observation‐status stays have not been evaluated in relation to the presence of a dedicated OU in the hospital.

OBJECTIVE

To compare observation‐status stay outcomes in hospitals with and without a dedicated OU.

DESIGN

Cross‐sectional analysis of hospital administrative data.

METHODS

Observation‐status stay outcomes were compared in hospitals with and without a dedicated OU across 4 categories: (1) LOS, (2) standardized costs, (3) conversion to inpatient status, and (4) return care.

SETTING/PATIENTS

Observation‐status stays in 31 free‐standing children's hospitals contributing observation patient data to the Pediatric Health Information System database, 2011.

RESULTS

Fifty‐one percent of the 136,239 observation‐status stays in 2011 occurred in 14 hospitals with a dedicated OU; the remainder were in 17 hospitals without. The percentage of observation‐status same‐day discharges was higher in hospitals with a dedicated OU compared with hospitals without (23.8 vs 22.1, P < 0.001), but risk‐adjusted LOS in hours and total standardized costs were similar. Conversion to inpatient status was higher in hospitals with a dedicated OU (11.06%) compared with hospitals without (9.63%, P < 0.01). Adjusted odds of return visits and readmissions were comparable.

CONCLUSIONS

The presence of a dedicated OU appears to have an influence on same‐day and morning discharges across all observation‐status stays without impacting other hospital‐level outcomes. Inclusion of location of care (eg, dedicated OU, inpatient unit, emergency department) in hospital administrative datasets would allow for more meaningful comparisons of models of hospital care. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2015;10:366–372. © 2015 Society of Hospital Medicine
Effect of monovalent rotavirus vaccine on rotavirus disease burden and circulating rotavirus strains among children in Morocco
Authors: Benhafid Mohammed , Elomari Nezha , Azzouzi Idrissi Meryem , Rguig Ahmed , Gentsch Jon R. , Parashar Umesh , Elaouad Rajae
Published: March 2015

RotarixTMvaccine was introduced into the National Program of Immunization of Morocco in October 2010, reaching quickly 87% of the target population of children nationally. The incidence of rotavirus gastroenteritis and the prevalence of circulating rotavirus strains has been monitored in three sentinel hospitals since June 2006. The average percentage of rotavirus positive cases among all children under 5 years old hospitalized for gastroenteritis during the pre‐vaccine period (2006–2010) was 44%. This percentage dropped to 29%, 15% and 24% in the 3 years post vaccine introduction (2011, 2012 and 2013), which is a decline of 34%, 66%, and 45%, respectively. Declines in prevalence were greatest among children 0–1 years of age (53%) and were most prominent during the winter and autumn rotavirus season. The prevalence of the G2P[4] and G9P[8] genotype sharply increased in the post vaccine period (2011–2013) compared to the previous seasons (2006–2010). Rotavirus vaccines have reduced greatly the number of children hospitalized due to rotavirus infection at the three sentinel hospitals; it is however unclear if the predominance of G2P[4] and G9P[8] genotypes is related to the vaccine introduction, or if this is attributable to normal genotype fluctuations. Continued surveillance will be pivotal to answer this question in the future. J. Med. Virol. 87:944–953, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Volatile composition and sensory properties of Vanilla ×tahitensis bring new insights for vanilla quality control
Authors: Brunschwig Christel , Rochard Sophie , Pierrat Alexandre , Rouger Anne , Senger‐Emonnot Perrine , George Gérard , Raharivelomanana Phila
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND

Vanilla ×tahitensis produced in French Polynesia has a unique flavour among vanilla species. However, data on volatiles and sensory properties remain limited. In this study, the volatile composition and sensory properties of V. ×tahitensis from three Polynesian cultivars and two origins (French Polynesia/Papua New Guinea) were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and quantitative descriptive analysis, respectively, and compared to Vanilla planifolia.

RESULTS

Vanilla species, origins and cultivars were differentiated by their volatile and sensory profiles using principal component analysis. The V. ×tahitensis flavour from French Polynesia was characterized by a well‐balanced sensory profile, having strong anise and caramel notes due to high levels of anisyl compounds. V. ×tahitensis from Papua New Guinea was distinct from that of French Polynesia, having strong spicy, fruity, brown rum notes due to p‐vinylguaiacol, p‐cresol and esters. Vanilla planifolia showed stronger phenolic, woody, smoky notes due to guaiacol, creosol and phenol, which were found to be biomarkers of the species. Vanilla sensory properties were linked by partial least squares regression to key volatile compounds like guaiacol or creosol, which are indicators of lower quality.

CONCLUSION

This study brings new insights to vanilla quality control, with a focus on key volatile compounds, irrespective of origin. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Authentication of commercial candy ingredients using DNA PCR‐cloning methodology
Authors: Muñoz‐Colmenero Marta , Martínez Jose Luis , Roca Agustín , García‐Vázquez Eva
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND

Commercial candies are consumed by all population age sectors worldwide. Methods for quality control and composition authentication are therefore needed for best compliance with consumers' preferences. In this study applications of DNA‐based methodology for candy quality control have been tested. Eighteen samples of commercial candies (marshmallows, gumdrops, jelly, sherbet, gelatin‐based desserts) produced by five countries were analyzed to identify the component species by polymerase chain reaction, cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA and ribulose −1,5‐diphosphate carboxylase oxygenase genes, and the species determined from BLAST comparison with universal databases and phylogenetic analysis.

RESULTS

Positive DNA extraction and amplification of the target genes were obtained for 94% of candies assayed, even those containing as little as <0.0005 ng µL−1 DNA concentration. The results demonstrated that the species detected from DNA were compatible with the information provided on candy labels only in a few products. DNA traces of undeclared species, including fish, were found in most samples, and two products were labeled as vegetarian but contained porcine DNA.

CONCLUSION

Based on the inaccuracy found on the labels of sweets we recommend the use of DNA tests for quality control of these popular sweets. DNA tests have been useful in this field but next‐generation sequencing methods could be more effective. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry