bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial Mnemonic Encoding: Theta Power Decreases and Medial Temporal Lobe BOLD Increases Co-Occur during the Usage of the Method of Loci
Authors: Fellner Marie-Christin , Volberg Gregor , Wimber Maria , Goldhacker Markus , Greenlee Mark W. , Hanslmayr Simon
Published: December 2016

The method of loci is one, if not the most, efficient mnemonic encoding strategy. This spatial mnemonic combines the core cognitive processes commonly linked to medial temporal lobe (MTL) activity: spatial and associative memory processes. During such processes, fMRI studies consistently demonstrate MTL activity, while electrophysiological studies have emphasized the important role of theta oscillations (3–8 Hz) in the MTL. However, it is still unknown whether increases or decreases in theta power co-occur with increased BOLD signal in the MTL during memory encoding. To investigate this question, we recorded EEG and fMRI separately, while human participants used the spatial method of loci or the pegword method, a similarly associative but nonspatial mnemonic. The more effective spatial mnemonic induced a pronounced theta power decrease source localized to the left MTL compared with the nonspatial associative mnemonic strategy. This effect was mirrored by BOLD signal increases in the MTL. Successful encoding, irrespective of the strategy used, elicited decreases in left temporal theta power and increases in MTL BOLD activity. This pattern of results suggests a negative relationship between theta power and BOLD signal changes in the MTL during memory encoding and spatial processing. The findings extend the well known negative relation of alpha/beta oscillations and BOLD signals in the cortex to theta oscillations in the MTL.
Functional μ-Opioid-Galanin Receptor Heteromers in the Ventral Tegmental Area
Authors: Moreno Estefanía , Quiroz César , Rea William , Cai Ning-Sheng , Mallol Josefa , Cortés Antoni , Lluís Carme , Canela Enric I. , Casadó Vicent , Ferré Sergi
Published: December 2016

The neuropeptide galanin has been shown to interact with the opioid system. More specifically, galanin counteracts the behavioral effects of the systemic administration of μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists. Yet the mechanism responsible for this galanin–opioid interaction has remained elusive. Using biophysical techniques in mammalian transfected cells, we found evidence for selective heteromerization of MOR and the galanin receptor subtype Gal1 (Gal1R). Also in transfected cells, a synthetic peptide selectively disrupted MOR–Gal1R heteromerization as well as specific interactions between MOR and Gal1R ligands: a negative cross talk, by which galanin counteracted MAPK activation induced by the endogenous MOR agonist endomorphin-1, and a cross-antagonism, by which a MOR antagonist counteracted MAPK activation induced by galanin. These specific interactions, which represented biochemical properties of the MOR-Gal1R heteromer, could then be identifiedin situin slices of rat ventral tegmental area (VTA) with MAPK activation and two additional cell signaling pathways, AKT and CREB phosphorylation. Furthermore,in vivomicrodialysis experiments showed that the disruptive peptide selectively counteracted the ability of galanin to block the dendritic dopamine release in the rat VTA induced by local infusion of endomorphin-1, demonstrating a key role of MOR-Gal1R heteromers localized in the VTA in the direct control of dopamine cell function and their ability to mediate antagonistic interactions between MOR and Gal1R ligands. The results also indicate that MOR-Gal1R heteromers should be viewed as targets for the treatment of opioid use disorders.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe μ-opioid receptor (MOR) localized in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) plays a key role in the reinforcing and addictive properties of opioids. With parallelin vitroexperiments in mammalian transfected cells andin situandin vivoexperiments in rat VTA, we demonstrate that a significant population of these MORs form functional heteromers with the galanin receptor subtype Gal1 (Gal1R), which modulate the activity of the VTA dopaminergic neurons. The MOR-Gal1R heteromer can explain previous results showing antagonistic galanin–opioid interactions and offers a new therapeutic target for the treatment of opioid use disorder.
The Use of a “Ringer” in Natural History Identification Tests
Authors: Proctor Niels , Kobziar Leda , Monroe Martha
Published: December 2016

To encourage greater depths of both processing and retrieval by students during testing, the authors inserted one new, unfamiliar plant (i.e., a “ringer”) into the pool of samples assembled for each plant-identification quiz. Each ringer was chosen to be superficially similar to – and yet distinctively different from – a plant species covered earlier in the course. The addition of the ringer made the tests both more authentic and more valuable by training students to look beyond the superficial details and make substantive, evidence-based identifications.
Frequency doubling in the cyanobacterial circadian clock
Authors: Martins Bruno MC , Das Arijit K , Antunes Liliana , Locke James CW
Published: December 2016

Organisms use circadian clocks to generate 24‐h rhythms in gene expression. However, the clock can interact with other pathways to generate shorter period oscillations. It remains unclear how these different frequencies are generated. Here, we examine this problem by studying the coupling of the clock to the alternative sigma factor sigC in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus. Using single‐cell microscopy, we find that psbAI, a key photosynthesis gene regulated by both sigC and the clock, is activated with two peaks of gene expression every circadian cycle under constant low light. This two‐peak oscillation is dependent on sigC, without which psbAI rhythms revert to one oscillatory peak per day. We also observe two circadian peaks of elongation rate, which are dependent on sigC, suggesting a role for the frequency doubling in modulating growth. We propose that the two‐peak rhythm in psbAI expression is generated by an incoherent feedforward loop between the clock, sigC and psbAI. Modelling and experiments suggest that this could be a general network motif to allow frequency doubling of outputs.
Classification of crankshaft remanufacturing using Mahalanobis-Taguchi system
Authors: Abu M.Y. , Jamaluddin K.R. , Zakaria M.A.
Published: December 2016

Remanufacturing is a process of returning a used product to at least its original performance with a warranty that is equivalent or better than that of a newly manufactured product. During a preliminary inspection on remanufacturing companies, it was found that there is no end life for crankshafts in terms of classifying it either to remanufacture, repair or reject due to limited information provided by the original equipment manufacturer. The manufacturer did not provide any information on the annual quantity produced and their specifications to the remanufacturing company for the purpose of referencing. Eventually, the distinctiveness of the remanufactured crankshaft from the original cannot be measured. Thus, the aim of this work is to classify crankshafts’ end life into recovery operations based on the Mahalanobis-Taguchi System. The crankpin diameter of six engine models were measured in order to develop a scale that represents their population in a scatter diagram. It was found that on the diagram of each engine model, the left distributions from the center point belong to rejected crankshafts, the right distributions belong to re-manufacturable crankshafts, and the upper distributions belong to the repairable crankshafts. The developed scale is believed to be able to help remanufacturers instantaneously identify and match any unknown model crankshafts to its right category. The Ministry of International Trade & Industry (MITI) has established a remanufacturing policy under RMK11 and put in efforts to encourage Malaysians to venture into the remanufacturing business. Thus, this model will help the industry to understand and formulate their decision-making to sustain the end of life of their products
The viability of microwave sintering process to produce a ceramic tool insert
Authors: Thauri S.H. , Baharudin B.T.H.T , Leman Z. , Tahir S.M
Published: December 2016

Microwave processing of ceramics is fast emerging as a new field of ceramic processing and material synthesis. The past year has witnessed significant progress in the aspects of commercialization and application of the technology in new areas. Due to that reason, several experiments were conducted on microwave heating of ceramics. The aim of the study is to investigate i) whether microwave is a viable alternative to produce sintering parts, ii) the effect of soaking time on the properties of the sample, and iii) the influence of several binders including nickel, ferum, chromium and cobalt to tungsten carbide cermets. The study involved studying the density, hardness and microstructure of the sintered samples. The samples were compacted using an Instron machine at 200 MPa in a cylindrical shape using pallet press with a height of 10 mm and a diameter of 20 mm and sintered in microwave hybrid sintering at 1450°C for two different soaking time (10 min and 20 min). The soaking time of 10 min showed better density, hardness and microstructural results compared to those of 20 min. In comparing between the binders, Ni and Fe (Ni-Fe) showed better results compared to Ni and Cr. While cobalt, nickel and ferum (Co-Ni-Fe) had enhanced results compared to Co and Cr (Co-Cr). Although there are a lot of research studies on several other binders, there is still no finding on the use of microwave hybrid sintering to sinter different mixing binders of tungsten carbide cermets. Therefore, in this research, it is believed that the use of microwave hybrid sintering is viable to sinter tungsten carbide cermets with different binders. The density result showed that each composition of the sintered density was higher compared to green density, which increased by 30% than the green density on average. On the other hand, the hardness results from the commercial cutting tool for tungsten carbide cermet was in the range of 80 to 92 HRA and the highest result for hardness in this research was 84.3 HRA, which means that the insert can be used for commercial use depending on the application
Analysis of sound absorption of hollow tube absorbers
Authors: Khair Fazlin A. , Putra Azma , M. Nor Mohd Jailani , Selamat M.Z.
Published: December 2016

This paper discusses the acoustic performance of absorbers constructed using hollow tube structures. Tubes made of polypropylene plastic utilising waste from lollipop sticks were used in this study. The absorption coefficient was tested using the impedance tube method for three different structure arrangements, namely parallel (axial) or perpendicular (transverse and crossed transverse) directions subject to sound incidents on the length of the tubes. The effect of the length or layer thickness of the structures, air gap behind the sample and also introduction of fabric were investigated. The results revealed that the tubes in transverse and crossed transverse arrangements showed greater absorption coefficients compared to the axial arrangement. For a layer thickness of 2 cm and 3 cm, the absorption coefficients were almost unity and the average absorption coefficients were 0.6 above peak frequency. The presence of air gaps shifts the absorption peak to a lower frequency. Enhancements on absorption coefficients in axial arrangements were obtained by introducing fabric covering the front and/or back of the sample.
A review on machining of metal matrix composites using nanoparticle mixed dielectric in electro-discharge machining
Authors: Mohanty Shalini , Routara B.C.
Published: December 2016

The growth in the new advanced materials that are harder till date have led to the improvement of technologies used to machine them. Nowadays, new materials have been developed to be used in different sectors where lighter and harder materials are in vast requirement. Moreover, materials machined with high precision machine tools have to provide the greatest surface finish such that it catches the pace with other competitive materials. Research has shown that the electro-discharge machining (EDM) is the only machine tool that has created history in machining hard materials. In the recent years, metal matrix composites (MMCs) have an increasing demand in the industries since they are hard materials to machine and a good finish is required in the aerospace, marine, aircraft, nuclear and other similar industries. Thus, EDM has gained fame in machining MMCs. With due course, the powder mixed electro-discharge machining (PMEDM) has created efficient EDM, with the use of powders in the dielectric. The dielectric mixed EDM has been used for efficient material removal rate (MRR). With the change in technologies, the sizes of powders that have to be added in the dielectric fluid go on decreasing. In this review, studies by numerous researchers on the MMCs that are machined with the use of PMEDM are mentioned. The powders used in the experimentation are of nano size. Furthermore, the optimization technique used by the researchers is discussed in the present study.
Study of the performance and emission characteristics for a dual fuel powered single cylinder diesel engine
Authors: Dubey Pankaj , Gupta Rajesh
Published: December 2016

In the present study, the performance of a new combination of biofuels jatropha biodiesel and turpentine oil for a diesel engine with a view to eliminate dependency on fossil fuel was observed. Jatropha biodiesel and turpentine oil are a high and low viscosity fuel combination with comparable heating values to that of diesel; this makes them conducive for in a diesel engine. The extensive experimental work was carried out on a Kirloskar make-single cylinder, constant speed, four strokes, 661cc diesel engine to examine the combustion performance and emission characteristics using the jatropha methyl-ester with turpentine oil and pure diesel. The engine was fuelled with the jatropha methyl-ester with turpentine oil (50% - 50% on a volume basis) blend run on different loading conditions from no load, 35%, 65%, and full load. The blend of a dual biofuel was prepared with the help of a magnetic stirrer at 40°C in the presence of a surfactant span 80. The dual fuel blend was found to be superior to the diesel fuel in all aspects such as performance and emissions. In a further full load condition, a decrease of 2.9% in the brake thermal efficiency and reduction of 41.6%, 3%, and 4.43% in CO, NOx and CO2 respectively were recorded while HC was found to increased 29.31%.
Effects of cycle peak temperature ratio on the performance of combined cycle power plant
Authors: Ibrahim Thamir K. , Rahman M.M.
Published: December 2016

Combined cycle power plant (CCPP) is currently the most promising technology to generate power at higher plant thermal efficiencies. The effects of the cycle peak temperature ratio on the improvement of the performance of the combined cycle power plant had been proposed. The MATLAB code was developed to utilize the performance of the CCPP. The results of this study showed that the overall thermal efficiency increased with the increase of cycle peak temperature ratio and decreased with the increase of air fuel ratio. Also, the increase of the cycle peak temperature ratio as well as the increase of the isentropic compressor efficiency led to the increase of the total power output. The thermal efficiencies for CCPP were higher compared to the gas turbine power plant.
Friction stir welding of similar and dissimilar aluminium alloys for automotive applications
Authors: Selamat N.F.M. , Baghdadi A.H. , Sajuri Z. , Kokabi. A.H.
Published: December 2016

Aluminium alloys are lightweight materials relatively used in automotive industries. However, welding using the conventional welding methods is known to be difficult. In this study, the friction stir welding (FSW) known as the solid state joining process was extensively used for joining similar and dissimilar 5 mm aluminium alloy plates. The butt-joint type of similar joints (AA5083-AA5083) and dissimilar joints (AA5083- AA6061) were carried out under the same welding parameters; 1000 rpm (rotational speed) and 100 mm/min (transverse speed). Macro- and microstructural observations were acquired at the cross-section of the weld regions by stereo and optical microscopes. The microstructural study showed that the formation of ‘onion ring’ structure was detected in the nugget zone of similar joints, while wavy and distorted patterns appeared in dissimilar joints. All tensile specimens of similar welding joint showed similar fracture patterns where all fractures occurred in the thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ). However, tensile specimens of dissimilar welding joint broke up at the TMAZ region as well as at Al6061 base metal at the retreating side. The tensile strength of similar joint and dissimilar joint was 22% and 19% lower compared to the base metal of Al5083 and Al6061.
Clinical characteristics and management of growth hormone excess in patients with McCune–Albright syndrome
Authors: Yao Yong , Liu Yang , Wang Linjie , Deng Kan , Yang Hongbo , Lu Lin , Feng Feng , Xing Bing , You Hui , Jin Zimeng , Wang Renzhi , Pan Hui , Chen Shi , Zhu Huijuan
Published: December 2016

Objective

McCune–Albright syndrome (MAS) is a sporadic, postzygotic disease presenting with fibrous dysplasia, cafe-au-lait spots and multiple endocrinopathies. Growth hormone (GH) excess is an uncommon but potentially severe complication of MAS. This study aims to describe the clinical manifestations of GH excess in the context of MAS and analyze the responses of these patients to treatments.

Design

Retrospective clinical study.

Methods

Clinical data from 52 MAS patients were analyzed. Serum GH and IGF1 levels, as well as nadir GH levels after an oral glucose tolerance test and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels were determined before and after the treatment.

Results

In total, 13 MAS patients (25%) had the complication of GH excess, including 10 males (76.9%). Among them, all had FD, and 6 patients had sphenoidal bone involvement. Visual deficits were present in 8 patients, and hearing deficits were present in 5. Olfactory dysfunction was observed in 3 patients. Evident pituitary adenomas were confirmed in 9 patients by MRI. These patients underwent surgery with or without pretreatment of long-acting somatostatin analogue octreotide, and 6 achieved complete remission. The serum ALP levels decreased significantly after treatment for GH excess.

Conclusions

MAS with GH excess is more common in male patients. GH excess can lead to more severe skeletal lesions in MAS patients involving more of the craniofacial bones. Complete trans-sphenoidal complete tumor excision with neuronavigational guidance is effective and could lower ALP levels. LAR is recommended as a preoperative treatment and when patients fail to achieve complete remission after surgery.
Genomic Trajectories to Desiccation Resistance: Convergence and Divergence Among Replicate Selected Drosophila Lines
Authors: Griffin Philippa C , Hangartner Sandra B , Fournier-Level Alexandre , Hoffmann Ary A
Published: December 2016

Adaptation to environmental stress is critical for long-term species persistence. With climate change and other anthropogenic stressors compounding natural selective pressures, understanding the nature of adaptation is as important as ever in evolutionary biology. In particular, the number of alternative molecular trajectories available for an organism to reach the same adaptive phenotype remains poorly understood. Here, we investigate this issue in a set of replicated Drosophila melanogaster lines selected for increased desiccation resistance—a classical physiological trait that has been closely linked to Drosophila species distributions. We used pooled whole-genome sequencing (Pool-Seq) to compare the genetic basis of their selection responses, using a matching set of replicated control lines for characterizing laboratory (lab-)adaptation, as well as the original base population. The ratio of effective population size to census size was high over the 21 generations of the experiment at 0.52–0.88 for all selected and control lines. While selected SNPs in replicates of the same treatment (desiccation-selection or lab-adaptation) tended to change frequency in the same direction, suggesting some commonality in the selection response, candidate SNP and gene lists often differed among replicates. Three of the five desiccation-selection replicates showed significant overlap at the gene and network level. All five replicates showed enrichment for ovary-expressed genes, suggesting maternal effects on the selected trait. Divergence between pairs of replicate lines for desiccation-candidate SNPs was greater than between pairs of control lines. This difference also far exceeded the divergence between pairs of replicate lines for neutral SNPs. Overall, while there was overlap in the direction of allele frequency changes and the network and functional categories affected by desiccation selection, replicates showed unique responses at all levels, likely reflecting hitchhiking effects, and highlighting the challenges in identifying candidate genes from these types of experiments when traits are likely to be polygenic.
Multiple Transcriptional and Post-transcriptional Pathways Collaborate to Control Sense and Antisense RNAs of Tf2 Retroelements in Fission Yeast
Authors: Mallet Pierre-Luc , Larochelle Marc , Bachand François
Published: December 2016

Retrotransposons are mobile genetic elements that colonize eukaryotic genomes by replicating through an RNA intermediate. As retrotransposons can move within the host genome, defense mechanisms have evolved to repress their potential mutagenic activities. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the mRNA of Tf2 long terminal repeat retrotransposons is targeted for degradation by the 3′–5′ exonucleolytic activity of the exosome-associated protein Rrp6. Here, we show that the nuclear poly(A)-binding protein Pab2 functions with Rrp6 to negatively control Tf2 mRNA accumulation. Furthermore, we found that Pab2/Rrp6-dependent RNA elimination functions redundantly to the transcriptional silencing mediated by the CENP-B homolog, Abp1, in the suppression of antisense Tf2 RNA accumulation. Interestingly, the absence of Pab2 attenuated the derepression of Tf2 transcription and the increased frequency of Tf2 mobilization caused by the deletion of abp1. Our data also reveal that the expression of antisense Tf2 transcripts is developmentally regulated and correlates with decreased levels of Tf2 mRNA. Our findings suggest that transcriptional and post-transcriptional pathways cooperate to control sense and antisense RNAs expressed from Tf2 retroelements.
Diseño y validación del cuestionario U-PlanMed para identificación del uso de plantas medicinales en Babahoyo, Ecuador
Authors: Gallegos Zurita Maritza
Published: December 2016

Introducción. El uso medicinal de las plantas, su distribución geográfica, sus formas de preparación, sus formas de administración, entre otros, son cuestiones que todavía buscan respuestas, y no existen en la actualidad instrumentos validados para obtener información. Objetivos. Diseñar y validar un cuestionario para la identificación del uso de las plantas medicinales. Diseño. Estudio descriptivo, observacional, transversal y prospectivo, Lugar. Parroquias rurales de Babahoyo, provincia Los Ríos, Ecuador. Participantes. Jefes de hogar de las comunidades rurales. Métodos. Se diseñó un cuestionario denominado U-PlanMed, el mismo que fue revisado por un equipo multidisciplinario de expertos para determinar su validez lógica y de contenido. También se aplicó a 30 jefes de hogar, en dos momentos, con intervalos de 20 días, durante los meses de enero y febrero de 2015. Se analizaron las respuestas obtenidas de las pruebas de confiabilidad y de validez de constructo, que permitió depurar los ítems, considerando la frecuencia de las opciones de respuesta, su correlación ítem-total y su carga significativa en los ítems durante el análisis factorial. Resultados. El índice de concordancia fue de 97,2 % entre los expertos para la validez de contenido. La confiabilidad del instrumento se midió con el α de Cronbach, siendo su calificación total de 0,82, el índice de fiabilidad 0,98 y el coeficiente de correlación test-retest de 0,96. La medida de adecuación muestral de KMO y prueba de Bartlett resultó 0,8. Conclusiones. El cuestionario U-PlanMed es el primer instrumento utilizado para identificar el uso de las plantas medicinales y las aplicaciones terapéuticas, tiene un alto índice de validez de contenido y de constructo y un nivel aceptable de consistencia, tanto interna como externa.
Evaluación de la inocuidad del sulfuro de hidrógeno en tejido cardiaco de Cavia porcellus (cobayas) normales
Authors: Gómez Herreros César , Arroyo Acevedo Jorge , Rojas Maturano César , Cruz Chàvez Flor , Sifuentes Gava Luis
Published: December 2016

Introducción: El sulfuro de hidrógeno (H2S) es tóxico y mortal para los mamíferos a elevadas concentraciones, pero a bajas concentraciones puede resultar beneficiosa. Objetivos: Evaluar la inocuidad del H2S a 80 ppm en el corazón de Cavia porcellus in vivo. Diseño: Estudio experimental. Instituciones: Laboratorio de Farmacología Facultad de Medicina Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú, y Unidad de Cirugía Experimental del Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño, Lima, Perú. Materiales biológico: Veintiún Cavia porcellus (cobayas). Intervenciones: El diseño experimental consideró 3 grupos (n = 7): 1) Control (exposición a aire limpio); 2) Experimental (exposición gaseosa de H2S a 80 ± 20 ppm); 3) Referente (exposición a sevoflurano 1,5%). Los animales fueron colocados en una campana, donde fueron nebulizados por veinte minutos; al final del experimento se les retiró el corazón para estudio histopatológico. Principales medidas de resultados: Porcentaje de lesión en células cardiacas. Resultados: Los tejidos cardiacos de los grupos control y experimental no mostraron alteraciones, lo contrario al grupo expuesto a sevoflurano que mostraron moderada alteración en 3 muestras de 7, pero el resultado no fue significativo (p > 0,05) para este grupo. Conclusión: El H2S a 80 ± 20 ppm fue inocuo para el tejido cardiaco de Cavia porcellus.
Uso de bevacizumab (avastin) sublesional en papilomatosis laríngea recurrente Sublesional use of bevacizumab (avastin) in recurrent laryngeal papillomatosis
Authors: Alcas Arce Olenka , Pacheco García Mariella
Published: December 2016

La papilomatosis laríngea recurrente es una enfermedad producida por el virus del papiloma humano, que produce lesiones epiteliales exofíticas. En la actualidad, no existe un tratamiento definitivo, existiendo una gran recurrencia de las lesiones. Una de las alternativas promisorias es el uso de láser KTP con bevacizumab. No obstante, en nuestro medio, los hospitales no cuentan con láser KTP, utilizándose únicamente técnica en frío. Se presenta un caso clínico de papilomatosis laríngea recurrente con el uso de bevacizumab (avastin) a 16,5 mg/mL como terapia adyuvante a cirugía con técnica en frío.
Neurofibroma cervical pediátrico. Reporte de caso
Authors: Oré Acevedo Juan Francisco , La Torre Caballero Martín , Urteaga Quiroga Rosmery
Published: December 2016

Los neurofibromas son tumores benignos frecuentes en la región de la cabeza y cuello, los cuales son referidos al especialista para su tratamiento respectivo. Se reporta el caso de un varón de 14 años con un tumor cervical de 14 cm en su diámetro mayor, el cual desplazaba las estructuras de la línea media debido al tamaño que presentaba. Después de la resección quirúrgica, el estudio de patología lo catalogó como neurofibroma. Sin déficit motor, salvo la pérdida de la sensibilidad del paladar blando, el reflejo nauseoso y con el síndrome de Horner ya presente, el paciente fue dado de alta. Se concluye que el tratamiento de los neurofibromas es eminentemente quirúrgico, siendo ideal la resección total y parcial según las peculiaridades del neurofibroma. Se puede presentar déficit neurológico, de acuerdo al nervio de donde se origina.
La verdad es que no queremos aprender quechua
Authors: Oyola García Alfredo Enrique , Quispe-Ilanz Melisa Pamela
Published: December 2016

Sr. Editor: La enseñanza y el aprendizaje de la comunicación en una lengua extranjera diferente a nuestra lengua materna constituyen hoy una necesidad social y una prioridad que puede ser -entre otras- personal, académica, científica, profesional y cultural (1). En consecuencia, su uso no dependerá del nivel de dominio de ellas, sino de la valoración que se le asigne (2). Por ejemplo, sería absurdo pensar que un profesional de la salud podría laborar en un hospital de Alemania sin dominar el alemán. En este caso se convierte una necesidad para el trabajo, es decir, un pre-requisito.
Información para los autores
Authors: Pacheco Romero José
Published: December 2016

Anales de la Facultad de Medicina es la publicación oficial de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, destinada a la difusión de asuntos de educación, investigación, y temas relacionados a la práctica médica, a la enseñanza universitaria, y al mejoramiento de la Salud Pública.
Efecto de la ingestión de Banisteriopsis caapi y Psychotria viridis ‘Binomio ayahuasca’ en el hipocampo del cerebro de ratas
Authors: Castro Américo , Ramos Norma , Juárez José , Inostroza Luis , Ponce Juan , Choquesillo Fritz , Félix Luis , Escudero Jackeline , Navarro Arnaldo , Huaman Susan , Machaca Bryan , López Julio , Ramirez Emilio , Ruiz Julio , Raez José
Published: December 2016

Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de la ingestión de Banisteriopsis caapi y Psychotria viridis ‘Binomio ayahuasca’ en el hipocampo de cerebro de ratas. Diseño. Estudio experimental, descriptivo, analítico, transversal. Institución. Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú. Material biológico. Ratas. Intervenciones. Administración del binomio ayahuasca por vía orogástrica a ratas albinas adultas de la especie Rattus novergicus y de cepa Holtzman. A siete grupos de cinco con un peso promedio de 240 ± 30 g se les administró: (GI) blanco, (GII) 2,5 mL diazepam, (GIII) 0,7 mL solución de Banisteriopsis caapi, (GIV) 0,7 mL Psychotria viridis, y a los grupos (GV), (GVI) y (GVII) se administró 0,7 mL, 3,5 mL y 7,0 mL de solución del binomio ayahuasca, respectivamente. Principales medidas de resultados. Macroscópicos: comportamiento de reflejos y actividad motora. Microscópicos: número de células piramidales y granulosas, y desorganización celular. Resultados. En el tamizaje fitoquímico del extracto se caracterizó presencia de alcaloides, antraquinonas, triterpenoides y esteroides, fenoles, flavonoides y saponinas. Los volúmenes de droga administradas a los grupos de intervención con el binomio en la dosis de 0,7 mL manifestaron significativo aumento en el número de células granulosas sobre las células piramidales; a dosis de 3,5 mL el número de células granulosas fue menor con presencia de células piramidales grandes y pequeñas; y a dosis de 7,0 mL se manifestó desorganización celular, presencia de células piramidales grandes y pequeñas, y aumento de células granulosas. Conclusiones. El extracto alcohólico del binomio ayahuasca presenta efecto neuropatológico en el hipocampo del cerebro de ratas.
Carlos Alberto Seguín: A 75 años de su labor asistencial en el Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen
Authors: Huarcaya Victoria Jeff
Published: December 2016

En febrero del 2016 se conmemoraron los 75 años de fundación del Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen (HNGAI), antiguamente conocido como Hospital Obrero de Lima. Entre los médicos notables que laboraron en dicho hospital, queremos destacar la figura de Carlos Alberto Seguin, maestro de la psiquiatría peruana. Seguin se incorporó como neuropsiquiatra desde la fundación del hospital, en 1941; y en 1942 integró la Cátedra de Psiquiatría de la Facultad de Medicina de San Fernando. Participó en la actividad académica de la segunda mitad del siglo XX, cuando se produjeron cambios en la Psiquiatría peruana, tales como la integración fenomenológica y neurocientífica con la orientación psicosocial y psicodinámica. Reintrodujo ideas psicodinámicas y psicosomáticas con vigor y pasión, enriqueciendo con ello a la psiquiatría peruana, fundada por Valdizán y liderada por Delgado. El magisterio de Seguin trascendió a la psiquiatría misma hasta llegar a la formación básica del médico general. Su obra se puede resumir como una forma de reacción frente al cientificismo deshumanizado que convirtió al hombre en una máquina reparable por un técnico. Las enseñanzas del maestro marcaron la identidad del HNGAI.
Embolismo paradojal - tromboembolismo pulmonar e isquemia cerebral por foramen oval permeable: reporte de caso
Authors: Tapia Pérez Rafael , Álvarez Gamero Julio César
Published: December 2016

El 30 a 40% de las enfermedades cerebrovasculares presentan un origen desconocido o criptogénico. Puede estar relacionado con la persistencia de foramen oval (FOP), cuya prevalencia es de 12 a 30%. Reportamos el caso de una paciente mujer de 62 años, que fue intervenida por tumoración de tiroides. En el postoperatorio presentó disnea, hipoxemia, compromiso de conciencia y afasia de expresión. La ecocardiografía transtorácica mostró dilatación de cámaras derechas y la ecocardiografía transesofágica reveló un foramen oval permeable (FOP) con la presencia de ecos compatibles con coágulos que bordeaban dicho orificio: la tomografía cerebral evidenció un infarto cerebral en el hemisferio izquierdo. El hallazgo de coágulos y del FOP en el intraoperatorio confirmó el desarrollo de tromboembolismo pulmonar y embolismo paradojal.
¿A quién le corresponde la respuesta social?
Authors: Oyola García Alfredo Enrique
Published: December 2016

En una reciente reunión de especialistas en Epidemiología se planteó la pregunta ‘¿La respuesta social la realiza el Estado o la sociedad?’. Una pregunta importante a la hora de analizar la situación de salud de la población y los determinantes sociales que la condicionan, debido a que nos permitirá operacionalizarla y, dentro de este proceso, determinar la fuente de información que nos proporcione datos para medirla.
First record of the beetle family Throscidae (Insecta: Coleoptera), a new species of Aulonothroscus Horn, and new species records to the fauna of Peru
Authors: Johnson Paul J. , Chaboo Caroline S.
Published: December 2016

The beetle family Throscidae is documented from Peru for the first time, based on specimens collected in the regions of Cajamarca, Junín, Loreto and Madre de Dios. Aulonothroscus tambopata new species is described from Madre de Dios. Also, three additional species of Aulonothroscus are reported from Peru for the first time – A. alvarengai Cobos new country record, A. freudi Cobos new country record, and A. oculatissimus Cobos new country record. A key separating these four species is given. This report is part of the “Beetles of Peru” project.
Type material of Cicadellinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) of the Museum für Naturkunde, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany
Authors: Lozada Pedro W. , Deckert Jürgen , Schönefeld Peter
Published: December 2016

In this paper, 65 type species of Cicadellinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) are reported from the collections of the Museum für Naturkunde, Universität Humboldt, Berlin, Germany, described by Signoret, Breddin, Schmidt, Jacobi, Schröder, Burmeister and Emmrich. The species of Melichar have not been included because Wilson & Takiya (2007) reported them as present in the Hungarian Natural History Museum.
Composición florística de los bosques de Polylepis Yauyinazo y Chaqsii-Chaqsii, Reserva Paisajística Nor Yauyos-Cochas, Lima
Authors: Trinidad Huber , Cano Asunción
Published: December 2016

Los bosques de Polylepis (Rosaceae) forman parte de la vegetación natural de los Andes entre los 3500 y 5000 msnm, con una distribución comúnmente restringida a laderas rocosas y quebradas, constituyéndose como ecosistemas de gran importancia. Durante los años 2008-2010 se realizaron recolectas de muestras botánicas dentro de los bosques Yauyinazo y Chaqsii-Chaqsii de la Reserva Paisajística Nor Yauyos-Cochas, en dos épocas del año (húmeda y seca). Se da a conocer la composición de la flora vascular y la variación temporal en los bosques en estudio. Se registró un total de 282 especies agrupadas en 170 géneros y 62 familias, donde las Asteraceae y Poaceae fueron las familias más diversas. Con respecto a la forma de crecimiento las plantas herbáceas y arbustivas fueron las más frecuentes con 71.6% y 17.4% respectivamente. En el bosque Yauyinazo se registraron 232 especies agrupadas en 153 géneros y 58 familias y en el bosque Chaqsii-Chaqsii 213 especies en 137 géneros y 56 familias. Se registraron 41 especies endémicas y 17 especies de flora silvestre amenazada, evidenciándose la importancia ecológica de los bosques de Polylepis.
Expresión de efectores RXLR en el linaje clonal EC-1 de Phytophthora infestans en Perú
Authors: Izarra Myriam , Lindqvist-Kreuze Hannele
Published: December 2016

La papa (Solanum tuberosum L.) es en nuestros días uno de los cultivos alimenticios más importantes. Esta es propensa a la enfermedad de Tizón Tardío, causada por el oomiceto patógeno Phytophthora infestans, el cual secreta cientos de efectores que actúan como factores de virulencia. Poco se conoce sobre la diversidad de genes de virulencia de las cepas pertenecientes al linaje de reproducción clonal EC-1. En el presente estudio, mediante el secuenciamiento del transcriptoma de la interacción de la papa y P. infestans durante los primeros días después de la infección en las hojas de papa, se identificó la expresión diferencial de genes efectores tipo RXLR en dos cepas de P. infestans EC-1, siendo confirmados por qRT-PCR. Estas cepas, aisladas de papas cultivadas en el centro de los Andes peruanos, tienen diferentes patrones de virulencia. Los genes efectores, fueron silenciados en una cepa, para Avr-vnt1 en POX109 y para el homólogo Avh9.1 en POX067, pero expresados en la otra. Los resultados de transcriptoma fueron comparados con tres cepas adicionales del linaje EC-1. La información del repertorio de los efectores del patógeno y su expresión podrían ser informativos para el mejoramiento genético de la resistencia. El descubrimiento de efectores silenciados en las poblaciones del patógeno pueden guiar al uso de genes R específicos en los programas de mejoramiento genético. Por ejemplo, en el contexto de los Andes, donde el linaje clonal EC-1 predomina, el gen Rpi-vnt1 podría no ser recomendado.
Registro adicional de Langea euprosopides (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) para el Perú
Authors: Bustamante-Navarrete Abdhiel Arnaldo
Published: December 2016

Se registra un nuevo espécimen de Langea euprosopides W. Horn, 1901 en la región Cusco (Perú). El género Langea W. Horn contiene tres especies. Debido a la falta de observaciones de miembros de este género en su ambiente natural, se desconocen sus hábitos, ciclo biológico y sus estadios de ciclo de vida. El género es aparentemente endémico del Perú. Se presentan algunos datos sobre el posible sustrato de captura y un mapa de distribución de la especie en el Perú.
Sobre algunos helmintos parásitos de la taruca, Hippocamelus antisensis (Mammalia: Artiodactyla)
Authors: Gomez-Puerta Luis A. , Pacheco Joel , Angulo-Tisoc José
Published: December 2016

En el presente estudio se da a conocer tres especies de helmintos parásitos colectados de una taruca (Hippocamelus antisensis) en el Perú. Una taruca macho adulto fue remitido al Instituto Veterinario de Investigaciones Tropicales y de Altura (IVITA), Sede Maranganí, por el Servicio Nacional Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre del Perú (SERFOR), para su respectiva necropsia. Se colectaron 2 nematodos del sistema digestivo, así como un quiste localizado en el omento. Para el diagnóstico parasitológico se evaluaron las características morfométricas de los especímenes colectados. Los nematodos fueron diagnosticados como Trichostrongylus axei y Mazamastrongylus sp.; por otro lado, el quiste fue diagnosticado como un metacestodo de Taenia hydatigena. El hallazgo de T. axei representa el primer registro para la taruca. En la presente nota se realiza también una breve descripción morfológica de los helmintos mencionados.
Aristida asplundii (Poaceae: Aristidoideae) un nuevo registro para la flora peruana
Authors: Gutiérrez Peralta Harol , La Torre María I.
Published: December 2016

Reportamos por primera vez la presencia de Aristida asplundii Henrard (Poaceae, Aristidoideae) para Perú basada en colectas de la región Puno (sur del Perú). Incluimos una clave que permite diferenciar las especies de Aristida que habitan en Perú.
Distribution and status of the Rufous-tailed Jacamar Galbula ruficauda (Aves: Galbulidae) in Paraguay
Authors: Centrón Silvia , Smith Paul , Del Castillo Hugo , Clay Rob P. , Pérez Nelson
Published: December 2016

Rufous-tailed Jacamar Galbula ruficauda is known from few records in Paraguay, all during the last 20 years. The species has been recorded in the northern Chaco and Paraguayan Pantanal, with all confirmed records from Alto Paraguay department. Here we summarise all reports and localities of the species in Paraguay to date. The species is categorized as Data Deficient at the national level, but may be more widely distributed than is currently recognised.
RESTRUCTURER LA POLITIQUE LINGUISTIQUE DE L’UE ET DÉFENDRE LA DIVERSITÉ DU PATRIMOINE LINGUISTIQUE EUROPÉEN : PRÉVENIR LA TRAGÉDIE DES COMMUNS
Authors: Boufoy-Bastick Béatrice
Published: December 2016

Cet article explique comment la politique linguistique de l’UE en servant les exigences économiques des apprenants en langue contribue à la rapide éradication des langues minoritaires européennes. Il reconnait ce problème comme un exemple classique de la « Tragédie des biens communs » de Hardin (1968) dans laquelle l’intérêt personnel détruit le bien commun. Une solution différente a été présen­tée à la tragédie des biens communs par Elinor Ostrom et Oliver Williamson, lauréats du Prix Nobel en économie en 2009 émergeant des huit principes de gestion durable des biens communs proposés par Ostrom en1990. Cet article applique ces huit principes à la tragédie du bien commun linguistique de l’UE et suggère une restructuration de sa politique linguistique visant la dotation en ressources durables pour sauvegarder les biens communs irremplaçables que constituent les patrimoines linguis­tiques européens.
AN INQUIRY INTO THE PROCESSES OF LEXICAL EXPANSION IN CURRENT ENGLISH
Authors: Kriaučiūnienė Roma , Sangailaitė Vilija
Published: December 2016

The current paper focuses on the study of novel lexical items, i. e. the processes involved in the making of new words, in order to discover which methods contribute to the expansion of the current English lexicon. The research is based on the new words coined since 2004 which are included in the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) Online (ensuring that the items in the sample cover various semantic fields, are of diverse origins, and all are already accepted into the working vocabulary). Two objectives are completed to explore the subject and achieve its aim: 1) to establish the concept of new words and to overview the processes of lexical expansion in the English language, and 2) to determine which methods are employed and which are absent in the creation of new words in current English by analyzing the novel lexical items retrieved from the OED Online. Quantitative and qualitative methods are applied in this study. The results indicate that the concept of new words is not straightforward in the English language. More often than not, the terms neologisms and new words are used synonymously to refer to recent, novel lexical items recognized and used by the language community. English has an extensive inventory of word-forming tools classified into these distinct categories: word-formation, semantic change, borrowing, and other; each further subdivided into various processes. Overall, the subtypes of word-formation – derivation, shortening and compounding – are used the most in the creation of recent additions to the lexicon. Predominantly, the findings are consistent with the tendencies of lexical expansion observed in previous studies.
L’HYPERBOLE ET LA LITOTE DANS LE ROMAN DE F. RABELAIS « GARGANTUA ET PANTAGRUEL »
Authors: Melnikienė Danguolė , Chorevič Karolina
Published: December 2016

« La langue de Rabelais est une des plus imagéesqu’on ait jamais écrite »Pierre de La JuillièreQuelques années avant l’édiction de l’ordonnance de Villers-Cotterêts (1539), l’acte fondateur de la primauté et de l’exclusivité du français dans les documents relatifs à la vie publique du royaume de France, François Rabelais publie ses romans Gargantua (1532) et Pantagruel (1534). Un des grands fondateurs de cet idiome, cet auteur prend beaucoup de plaisir à jouer avec les mots, à écouter leur sonorité et à faire ainsi part de sa richesse prodigieuse. Les signes les plus marquants de son style grotesque sont, de l’avis général, la profusion, l’excès et l’exagération. Cet article est consacré à deux figures emblématiques de l’exagération, à savoir l’hyperbole et la litote. Loin de prétendre traiter de manière exhaustive cette richesse inouïe de l’univers hyperbolique de Rabelais, nous avons concentré notre attention sur les deux types productifs des hyperboles et des litotes, notamment sur celui qui est lié à l’emploi de nombres ainsi qu’à celui qui évoque des personnages historiques, des lieux et des monuments célèbres. Dans cette étude nous avons analysé également la corrélation de ces figures macrostructurales avec les deux figures microstructurales, telles que la comparaison et l’énumération.
PROFESINĖS TERMINIJOS LOTYNŲ KALBA PAGRINDŲ MOKYMASIS: STUDENTŲ POŽIŪRIS
Authors: Butrimė Edita , Grigonienė Giedrutė , Šarkauskienė Laima
Published: December 2016

Mokymo veiksmingumas yra dažnai aptariamas, diskutuojamas ir vertinamas. Akivaizdu, kad jis tiesiogiai susijęs su studentų mokymusi. Bet kaip įvertinti mokymo (-si) kokybę? Vienas iš indika­torių gali būti studentų požiūris, kadangi jie tiesiogiai dalyvauja šiame procese. Tyrimo idėja kilo siekiant grįžtamojo ryšio iš studentų profesinės terminijos lotynų kalba pratybose ir studijų įvado pratybose. Straipsnyje aptariami profesinės terminijos lotynų kalba mokymo ir mokymosi proceso veiksniai remiantis Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universiteto (LSMU) Medicinos akademijos pirmo kurso studentų požiūrio pilotiniu tyrimu. Tyrimo tikslas – remiantis LSMU Medicinos akademijos pirmakursių požiūriu, gauti grįžtamąjį ryšį apie profesinės terminijos lotynų kalba mokymo ir mokymosi proceso teigiamus bei neigiamus veiksnius, kad būtų užtikrinta šio proceso kokybė. Tyrimo rezultatai atskleidė teigiamus ir tobulintinus profesinės terminijos lotynų kalba pagrindų mokymo(-si) proceso aspektus.