bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermal Analysis, Mechanical and Rheological Behaviour of Melt Manufactured Polyethylene/Liquid Crystal Polymer Blends
Authors: ELKSNITE Ilze , MERIJS-MERI Remo , REINHOLDS Ingars , KALKIS Valdis , ZICANS Janis , KALNINS Martins
Published: December 2011

Modification of properties of conventional thermoplastics with thermotropic liquid crystal polymers, from one hand, allows decrease their viscosities, substantially facilitating processing conditions, and, from another hand, allows increase their exploitation properties. Orientation of the labile structure of liquid crystal polymer in extrusion or injection moulding causes specific reinforcement (so-called self-reinforcement) to occur in the blends containing liquid crystal polymer. Up to now the effect of self-reinforcement is mostly investigated in the blends, containing considerable amount of liquid crystal polymer. In this research the effect of minor amounts of liquid crystalline co-polyester modifier on the properties of polyethylene is investigated. Various compositions of laboratory synthesized hydroxybenzoic acid /polyethylene terephtalate copolymer containing polyethylene composites have been manufactured by thermoplastic blending. It has been observed that 1) modulus of elasticity, yield strength and ultimate strength increase with raising the content of liquid crystalline modifier; 2) void content in the investigated polyethylene/liquid crystal copolymer composites is not greater that 1 %; 3) addition of liquid crystalline co-polyester modifier improves arrangement of PE crystalline phase.http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.17.2.483
The Influence of Textile Materials Mechanical Properties upon Virtual Garment Fit
Authors: ANCUTIENĖ Kristina , SINKEVIČIŪTĖ Dovilė
Published: December 2011

3D virtual representation of garment provides high potential for design, product development and marketing processes, especially in mass customization strategies implementation. Clothing industry rapidly turns to virtual simulation which not only presents realistic 3D view of garment but also simulates mechanical behaviour of materials. 3D CAD systems can be used to define strain distribution in virtual garment which describes garment fit without actually producing the garment. Strain and distance ease between body and garment depends not only upon body measurements and garment construction, but also on mechanical and structural properties of selected material. The aim of this research was to investigate virtual garment fit using "Modaris 3D Fit" (Lectra) software subjected to fabrics mechanical (tensile, bending, shear) and structural (composition, thickness, area density) properties investigating strain distribution in garment and distance ease between garment and human body. It was defined that for diagonal cut garments the highest influence upon garment fit has fabric tensile properties in weft direction. The highest influence is obtained at high distance ease and small strain values zones and at negative distance ease and high strain values zones. Therefore, presented method could be used for tight-fitted garments also for garments with draperies on purpose to investigate garment fit upon fabrics used.http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.17.2.486
Analysis of Mechanical Properties of Fabrics of Different Raw Material
Authors: ADOMAITIENĖ Aušra , KUMPIKAITĖ Eglė
Published: December 2011

The study analyzes dependence of mechanical properties (breaking force, elongation at break, static friction force and static friction coefficient) on integrated fabric structure factor j and raw material density r, among the fabrics of different raw material (cotton, wool, polypropylene, polyester and polyacrylnitrile) and woven in different conditions. The received results demonstrate that sometimes strong dependences exist (wool, polypropylene and polyacrylnitrile), whereas in some cases (cotton and polyester) there is no correlation. It was also discovered that the breaking force and elongation at break in the direction of weft increase, when fabric structure becomes more rigid. In the meantime variations of the curves in the direction of warp are insignificant. Regarding static friction force and static friction coefficient (found in two cases, when fabrics were rubbing against leather and materials), it was discovered that consistency of the curves is irregular, i. e. they either increase or decrease, when integrated fabric structure factor j growth. It was also identified that some dependences are not strong and relationship between explored and analyzed factors does not exist. Variation of all these mechanical properties with respect to material density r enables to conclude that increase of material density r results in poor dependences or they are whatsoever non-existent.http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.17.2.487
Frequency Dependent Electrical Properties of Ferroelectric Ba0.8Sr0.2TiO3 Thin Film
Authors: SAIF Ala’eddin A. , ZAHID JAMAL Zul Azhar , SAULI Zaliman , POOPALAN Prabakaran
Published: December 2011

The frequency dependent electrical parameters, such as impedance, electric modulus, dielectric constant and AC conductivity for ferroelectric Ba0.8Sr0.2TiO3 thin film have been investigated within the range of 1 Hz and 106 Hz at room temperature. Z* plane shows two regions corresponding to the bulk mechanism and the distribution of the grain boundaries-electrodes process. M" versus frequency plot reveals a relaxation peak, which is not observed in the ε″ plot and it has been found that this peak is a non-Debye-type. The frequency dependent conductivity plot shows three regions of conduction processes, i. e., a low-frequency region due to DC conduction, a mid-frequency region due to translational hopping motions and a high-frequency region due to localized hopping and/or reorientational motion.http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.17.2.490
On the Properties of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Thin Films Prepared by Sol-Gel Method
Authors: ŽALGA Artūras , ABAKEVIČIENĖ Brigita , ŽARKOV Aleksej , BEGANSKIENĖ Aldona , KAREIVA Aivaras , TAMULEVIČIUS Sigitas
Published: December 2011

The synthesis of nanostructured films of 20 mol% Y2O3 stabilized ZrO2 on corundum (Al2O3) substrates was performed from different sols using dip-coating technique. All obtained samples were repeatedly annealed at 800 °C temperature after each dipping procedure and fully characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. XRD data exhibited that at 800 °C temperature nano-sized Y0.2Zr0.8O2 thin films with cubic (Fm-3m) crystal structure have been formed. The morphological features of obtained coatings were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The surface tension and hydrophility of the synthesized films were determined by contact angle measurements (CAM).http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.17.2.491
Predicting Frost Resistance of Concrete with Different Coarse Aggregate Concentration by Porosity Parameters
Authors: NAGROCKIENĖ Džigita , SKRIPKIŪNAS Gintautas , GIRSKAS Giedrius
Published: December 2011

Frost resistance is one of the key indicators of concrete quality. Frost resistance can be determined by direct testing; however it is time-consuming and labour-intensive method. Concrete decomposition is a complex process (from initial signs of degradation to complete failure of the surface subjected to freezing) involving many factors. Frost resistance of concrete can be predicted from porosity parameters after determining their relation to frost resistance. Test results showed the relation between the closed porosity of concrete and frost resistance factor. Closed porosity of concrete was found to have a significant influence on frost resistance factor. It is shown that closed porosity depends on the concentration of coarse aggregate in concrete, the closed porosity and predicted frost resistance of concrete increase with lower concentration of coarse aggregate.http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.17.2.493
Evaluation of Structure Influence on Thermal Conductivity of Thermal Insulating Materials from Renewable Resources
Authors: VĖJELIENĖ Jolanta , GAILIUS Albinas , VĖJELIS Sigitas , VAITKUS Saulius , BALČIŪNAS Giedrius
Published: December 2011

The development of new thermal insulation materials needs to evaluate properties and structure of raw material, technological factors that make influence on the thermal conductivity of material. One of the most promising raw materials for production of insulation material is straw. The use of natural fibres in insulation is closely linked to the ecological building sector, where selection of materials is based on factors including recyclable, renewable raw materials and low resource production techniques In current work results of research on structure and thermal conductivity of renewable resources for production thermal insulating materials are presented. Due to the high abundance of renewable resources and a good its structure as raw material for thermal insulation materials barley straw, reeds, cattails and bent grass stalks are used. Macro- and micro structure analysis of these substances is performed. Straw bales of these materials are used for determining thermal conductivity. It was found that the macrostructure has the greatest effect on thermal conductivity of materials. Thermal conductivity of material is determined by the formation of a bale due to the large amount of pores among the stalks of the plant, inside the stalk and inside the stalk wall.http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.17.2.494
Health Care Workers' Ability and Willingness to Report to Work During Public Health Emergencies
Authors: Stergachis Andy , Garberson Lisa , Lien Onora , D'Ambrosio Luann , Sangaré Laura , Dold Cynthia
Published: December 2011

Objectives: We conducted a county-wide survey to assess the ability and willingness of health care workers to report to work during a pandemic influenza and a severe earthquake and to identify barriers and strategies that would help them report to work.

Methods: A stratified random sample of 9211 health care workers was selected from the Washington state licensure database and from health care agencies. We assessed correlates between self-reported ability and willingness to report to work and demographic and employer-related variables under two scenarios, influenza pandemic and a severe earthquake.

Results: For the influenza pandemic scenario, 95% of respondents reported that they would be able and 89% reported that they would be willing to report to their usual place of work. Seventy-four percent of respondents reported that they would be able and 88% would be willing to report to their usual place of work following a severe earthquake. The most frequently cited strategies that would help respondents report to work during an influenza pandemic were the availability of anti-viral influenza treatment and the ability to work from home. For persons with children at home, the strategy to increase ability to report to work during an earthquake was the availability of child care.

Conclusions: The majority of the King County health care workforce is willing and able to respond to an influenza pandemic or a severe earthquake.

(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:300–308)
Overview of Drug Product Development
Authors: Narayan Padma
Published: December 2011

The process for developing drug delivery systems has evolved over the past two decades with more scientific rigor, involving a collaboration of various fields, i.e., biology, chemistry, engineering, and pharmaceutics. Drug products, also commonly known in the pharmaceutical industry as formulations or “dosage forms,” are used for administering the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) for purposes of assessing safety in preclinical models, early‐ to late‐phase human clinical trials, and for routine clinical/commercial use. This overview discusses approaches for creating small‐molecule API dosage forms, from preformulation to commercial manufacturing. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 55:7.3.1‐7.3.29. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ICON Probes: Synthesis and DNA Methylation Typing
Authors: Tainaka Kazuki , Okamoto Akimitsu
Published: December 2011

DNA methylation and demethylation significantly affect the deactivation and activation processes of gene expression, respectively. The determination of the location and frequency of DNA methylation is important for the elucidation of the mechanisms of cell differentiation and carcinogenesis and may be a useful and effective index for cancer diagnosis. We have developed an artificial DNA probe that induces a methylation detection reaction of a target cytosine in a long DNA sequence (ICON probe). This artificial DNA allows the rapid detection of a methyl group attached at the C5 position of the target cytosine. In addition, there is no nonspecific cleavage of genomic DNA in this reaction. The ICON probe also facilitates the quantification of methylation at the target cytosine using a small amount of genomic DNA sample. This unit provides a procedure for synthesizing bipyridine‐modified adenosine phosphoramidite and preparation of ICON probes. Additionally, the protocol for the methylation quantification experiments by quantitative PCR utilizing ICON probes is also presented. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 47:8.7.1‐8.7.17. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Electrical Power From Nanotube and Graphene Electrochemical Thermal Energy Harvesters
Authors: Kang Tae June , Fang Shaoli , Kozlov Mikhail E. , Haines Carter S. , Li Na , Kim Yong Hyup , Chen Yongsheng , Baughman Ray H.
Published: December 2011

Nanocarbon‐based thermocells involving aqueous potassium ferro/ferricyanide electrolyte are investigated as an alternative to conventional thermoelectrics for thermal energy harvesting. The dependencies of power output on thermocell parameters, such as cell orientation, electrode size, electrode spacing, electrolyte concentration and temperature, are examined to provide practical design elements and principles. Observation of thermocell discharge behavior provides an understanding of the three primary internal resistances (i.e., activation, ohmic and mass transport overpotentials). The power output from nanocarbon thermocells is found to be mainly limited by the ohmic resistance of the electrolyte and restrictions on mass transport in the porous nanocarbon electrode due to pore tortuosity. Based on these fundamental studies, a comparison of power generation is conducted using various nanocarbon electrodes, including purified single‐walled and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (P‐SWNTs and P‐MWNTs, respectively), unpurified SWNTs, reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and P‐SWNT/RGO composite. The P‐SWNT thermocell has the highest specific power generation per electrode weight (6.8 W/kg for a temperature difference of 20 °C), which is comparable to that for the P‐MWNT electrode. The RGO thermocell electrode provides a substantially lower specific power generation (3.9 W/kg).
Efficient Polymer Solar Cells Based on Poly(3‐hexylthiophene):Indene‐C70 Bisadduct with a MoO3 Buffer Layer
Authors: Fan Xi , Cui Chaohua , Fang Guojia , Wang Jinzhao , Li Songzhan , Cheng Fei , Long Hao , Li Yongfang
Published: December 2011

Polymer solar cells (PSCs) with poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as a donor, an indene‐C70 bisadduct (IC70BA) as an acceptor, a layer of indium tin oxide modified by MoO3 as a positive electrode, and Ca/Al as a negative electrode are presented. The photovoltaic performance of the PSCs was optimized by controlling spin‐coating time (solvent annealing time) and thermal annealing, and the effect of the spin‐coating times on absorption spectra, X‐ray diffraction patterns, and transmission electron microscopy images of P3HT/IC70BA blend films were systematically investigated. Optimized PSCs were obtained from P3HT/IC70BA (1:1, w/w), which exhibited a high power conversion efficiency of 6.68%. The excellent performance of the PSCs is attributed to the higher crystallinity of P3HT and better a donor–acceptor interpenetrating network of the active layer prepared under the optimized conditions. In addition, PSCs with a poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxy‐thiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) buffer layer under the same optimized conditions showed a PCE of 6.20%. The results indicate that the MoO3 buffer layer in the PSCs based on P3HT/IC70BA is superior to that of the PEDOT:PSS buffer layer, not only showing a higher device stability but also resulting in a better photovoltaic performance of the PSCs.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Addition of Boronic Acids to Vinylogous Imines Generated in situ from Sulfonylindoles
Authors: Cao Liang‐Liang , Ye Zhi‐Shi , Jiang Guo‐Fang , Zhou Yong‐Gui
Published: December 2011

The rhodium‐catalyzed addition of arylboronic acids to vinylogous imines generated in situ from sulfonylindoles has been developed. This procedure provided a rapid approach to C‐3 sec‐alkyl‐substituted indoles.
Sepiapterin reductase deficiency: A Treatable Mimic of Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Friedman Jennifer , Roze Emmanuel , Abdenur Jose E. , Chang Richard , Gasperini Serena , Saletti Veronica , Wali Gurusidheshwar M. , Eiroa Hernan , Neville Brian , Felice Alex , Parascandalo Ray , Zafeiriou Dimitrios I. , Arrabal‐Fernandez Luisa , Dill Patricia , Eichler Florian S. , Echenne Bernard , Gutierrez‐Solana Luis G. , Hoffmann Georg F. , Hyland Keith , Kusmierska Katarzyna , Tijssen Marina A. J. , Lutz Thomas , Mazzuca Michel , Penzien Johann , Poll‐The Bwee Tien , Sykut‐Cegielska Jolanta , Szymanska Krystyna , Thöny Beat , Blau Nenad
Published: December 2011

Objective:

Sepiapterin reductase deficiency (SRD) is an under‐recognized levodopa‐responsive disorder. We describe clinical, biochemical, and molecular findings in a cohort of patients with this treatable condition. We aim to improve awareness of the phenotype and available diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to reduce delayed diagnosis or misdiagnosis, optimize management, and improve understanding of pathophysiologic mechanisms.

Methods:

Forty‐three individuals with SRD were identified from 23 international medical centers. The phenotype and treatment response were assessed by chart review using a detailed standardized instrument and by literature review for cases for which records were unavailable.

Results:

In most cases, motor and language delays, axial hypotonia, dystonia, weakness, oculogyric crises, and diurnal fluctuation of symptoms with sleep benefit become evident in infancy or childhood. Average age of onset is 7 months, with delay to diagnosis of 9.1 years. Misdiagnoses of cerebral palsy (CP) are common. Most patients benefit dramatically from levodopa/carbidopa, often with further improvement with the addition of 5‐hydroxytryptophan. Cerebrospinal fluid findings are distinctive. Diagnosis is confirmed by mutation analysis and/or enzyme activity measurement in cultured fibroblasts.

Interpretation:

Common, clinical findings of SRD, aside from oculogyric crises and diurnal fluctuation, are nonspecific and mimic CP with hypotonia or dystonia. Patients usually improve dramatically with treatment. Consequently, we recommend consideration of SRD not only in patients with levodopa‐responsive motor disorders, but also in patients with developmental delays with axial hypotonia, and patients with unexplained or atypical presumed CP. Biochemical investigation of cerebrospinal fluid is the preferred method of initial investigation. Early diagnosis and treatment are recommended to prevent ongoing brain dysfunction. ANN NEUROL 2012;
Effect of 2,2‐dimethyl malonate on the volume shrinkage control of the CaCO3/unsaturated polyester resin composites
Authors: Yan Yu , Wang Hui , Wang Xiao‐Jun , Zhu Wen‐Wen
Published: December 2011

Shrinkage is critical to the unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) composite materials. Shrinkage influences the surface appearance, thus leading to warpage, internal cracks, and depression on the surface of the composite materials' products. Some studies and technologies have been conducted to controll the shrinkage. In this study, we presented 2,2‐dimethyl malonate as an anti‐shrinkage agent, which was different from the previous thermoplastic macromolecular agents. The shrinkage level of the CaCO3/UPR matrix dropped to zero with 12% 2,2‐dimethyl malonate by mass of UPR. The bending strength of CaCO3/UPR matrix with 2,2‐dimethyl malonate was also higher than that with the same adding amount of commercial thermoplastic agents at the low‐shrinkage level (below 0.25%) and the micro‐shrinkage level (below 0.08%). A reaction including two stages was proposed on the supporting of DSC and FTIR investigations. From the analysis results, we deduced that the first stage of the reaction was the esterification between 2,2‐dimethyl malonate and UPR, which did not occur in the UPR containing general thermoplastic anti‐shrinkage agent, and the second stage was restraining the cross polymerization of UPR, same to the reaction processes of general macromolecular anti‐shrinkage agents. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
ABS nanocomposite films based on functionalized‐graphene sheets
Authors: Heo Cheol , Moon Hyun‐Gon , Yoon Choon Sup , Chang Jin‐Hae
Published: December 2011

Acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS)/functionalized‐graphene nanocomposites were synthesized using the solution‐blending method in chloroform. A dispersion of graphite oxide was added to a solution of the ammonium salt of octadecylamine (C18) to form octadecylamine‐graphene (C18‐graphene), which was then used as a functionalized graphene in the preparation of ABS nanocomposite films. ABS nanocomposite films with different C18‐graphene contents (0–3 wt %) were compared in terms of their thermomechanical properties and morphology. Despite the relatively low C18‐graphene loadings studied, the nanocomposite films exhibited greatly improved thermomechanical properties compared with pure ABS. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Grafting hydroxy‐terminated polybutadiene onto nanosilica surface for styrene butadiene rubber compounds
Authors: Pourhossaini M. R. , Razzaghi‐Kashani M.
Published: December 2011

Hydroxy teminated polybutadiene (HTPB) was grafted onto the surface of nanosilica particles via toluene di‐isocyanate (TDI) bridging to reduce filler–filler interactions and improve dispersion of nanosilica in rubber. Also, this prepolymer as modifier contains double bonds which participate in sulfur curing of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) matrix to enhance filler/polymer interaction and reinforcement effects of silica. The reactions were characterized by titration and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis was utilized to evaluate the weight percentage of grafted TDI and HTPB. About 60% of the hydroxyl sites of silica were reacted with excess TDI in the first reaction. In the second reaction, HTPB as desired reactive coating was grafted on the functionalized nanosilica to constitute about 24 wt % of the final modified silica. The sedimentation experiments showed good suspension stability for the modified nanosilica in the organic media. Scanning electron microscopy revealed nanoscale dispersion of modified silica aggregates in the SBR matrix at concentration of about 14 phr. Also, vulcanization characteristics and mechanical properties of compounds demonstrated that HTPB grafting improved dispersion of nanosilica as well as its interaction to the rubber matrix as an efficient reinforcement. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Influence of laser irradiation on the optical and the mechanical properties of Makrofol‐DE polycarbonate
Authors: Hanafy T. A. , Nouh S. A. , Yasein M. N. , El Sayed A. M.
Published: December 2011

The effect of IR laser irradiation on the optical and the mechanical properties of Makrofol‐DE 1‐1 CC polycarbonate films were investigated. Three hundred microns‐thick films of Makrofol‐DE 1‐1 CC polycarbonate were irradiated with 0.00–10.40 J/cm2 of Ga‐As laser pulses, 904 nm, 5 W, and 200‐ns pulse duration. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements showed that (CO) groups degrade under laser irradiation at the studied fluence range. The aliphatic and aromatic (CH) groups exhibited the same behavior, which can be attributed to nature of laser interaction with matter. The Makrofol samples exhibited degradation under the effect of laser irradiation up to 0.94 J/cm2, where crosslinking mechanism started and continued until 7.07 J/cm2. The refractive index had a minimum value at 0.94 J/cm2 and maximum value at 7.07 J/cm2 due to the degradation and crosslinking formation inside the sample, respectively. The decrease in elastic modulus, E, of Makrofol irradiated with 0.47–0.94 and 7.07–10.40 J/cm2 indicates that the sample becomes more flexible, which results from the decrease in interatomic force constants. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Autophagy modulates osteoarthritis‐related gene expression in human chondrocytes
Authors: Sasaki Hiroshi , Takayama Koji , Matsushita Takehiko , Ishida Kazunari , Kubo Seiji , Matsumoto Tomoyuki , Fujita Norifumi , Oka Shinya , Kurosaka Masahiro , Kuroda Ryosuke
Published: December 2011

Objective

Autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved process for the bulk degradation of cytoplasmic components, serves as a cell survival mechanism. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the role of autophagy in human chondrocytes and pathophysiology of osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

Autophagy in articular cartilage and primary chondrocytes was assessed using antibodies for the autophagy markers light chain 3 and beclin 1. The states of autophagy under catabolic and nutritional stresses were examined. We also examined the effects of inhibition or induction of autophagy under stimulation with interleukin‐1β. Autophagy was inhibited by small interfering RNA targeting ATG5, and autophagy was induced by rapamycin. The effects of inhibition or induction of autophagy were examined by real‐time polymerase chain reaction for aggrecan, COL2A1, MMP13, and ADAMTS5 messenger RNA. To further examine the mechanism of autophagy regulation in OA human chondrocytes, we investigated whether autophagy modulates apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Results

Autophagy was increased in OA chondrocytes and cartilage. Catabolic and nutritional stresses increased autophagy. In addition, the inhibition of autophagy caused OA‐like gene expression changes, while the induction of autophagy prevented them. Furthermore, the inhibition of autophagy increased the amount of cleaved poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase and cleaved caspase 9, while the induction of autophagy inhibited these increases. ROS activity was also decreased by induction of autophagy.

Conclusion

These observations suggested that increased autophagy is an adaptive response to protect cells from stresses, and that autophagy regulates OA‐like gene expression changes through the modulation of apoptosis and ROS. Further studies about autophagy in chondrocytes will provide novel insights into the pathophysiology of OA.
Destructive role of myeloid differentiation factor 88 and protective role of TRIF in interleukin‐17–dependent arthritis in mice
Authors: Abdollahi‐Roodsaz Shahla , van de Loo Fons A. J. , Koenders Marije I. , Helsen Monique M. , Walgreen Birgitte , van den Bersselaar Liduine A. , Arntz Onno J. , Takahashi Nozomi , Joosten Leo A. B. , van den Berg Wim B.
Published: December 2011

Objective

Increasing evidence indicates the involvement of Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) in the progression of arthritis; however, the contribution of the two signaling pathways used by TLRs, which are mediated by myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and TRIF, remains unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the specific roles of MyD88 and TRIF in chronic experimental arthritis and the accompanying adaptive immune responses.

Methods

Chronic arthritis was induced in wild‐type, MyD88−/−, and Triflps2 (TRIF−/−) mice by repetitive intraarticular injections of streptococcal cell wall (SCW) fragments. SCW‐specific T cell and B cell responses, joint swelling, and histopathologic changes were analyzed during chronic arthritis.

Results

Both MyD88 and TRIF pathways contributed to antigen‐specific T cell proliferation and antibody production, with the MyD88 pathway playing the dominant role. The severity of joint swelling and synovial inflammation, as well as the histopathologic damage to cartilage and bone, was strongly dependent on MyD88 signaling, whereas TRIF was redundant. MyD88 signaling was critical for the development of pathogenic T cell response (i.e., interleukin‐17 [IL‐17] production) in response to SCW antigen. Interestingly, when the T cell–dependent phase was prolonged, TRIF signaling appeared to down‐regulate bone erosion, an effect accompanied by an inhibitory effect on IL‐17 production.

Conclusion

This study reveals a central role of MyD88 and a counterregulatory function of TRIF in T cell–driven arthritis. The findings provide a rationale for a pathway‐specific interference in order to block the pathogenic features and to preserve or stimulate the beneficial aspects of TLR signaling.
A phase II, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study evaluating the efficacy and safety of MDX‐1100, a fully human anti‐CXCL10 monoclonal antibody, in combination with methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Yellin Michael , Paliienko Igor , Balanescu Andra , Ter‐Vartanian Semen , Tseluyko Vira , Xu Li‐An , Tao Xiaolu , Cardarelli Pina M. , LeBlanc Heidi , Nichol Geoff , Ancuta Codrina , Chirieac Rodica , Luo Allison
Published: December 2011

Objective

CXCL10 (also known as interferon‐γ–inducible 10‐kd protein [IP‐10]) is a chemokine that potentially plays a role in the immunopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We undertook this phase II study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of MDX‐1100, a fully human, anti‐CXCL10 (anti–IP‐10) monoclonal antibody, in RA patients whose disease responded inadequately to methotrexate (MTX).

Methods

Patients with active RA receiving stable doses of MTX (10–25 mg weekly) were randomized to receive intravenous doses of 10 mg/kg MDX‐1100 (n = 35) or placebo (n = 35) every other week. The primary end point was the proportion of patients meeting the American College of Rheumatology 20% improvement criteria (achieving an ACR20 response) on day 85, and patients were followed up for safety to day 141.

Results

The ACR20 response rate was significantly higher among MDX‐1100–treated patients than among placebo‐treated patients (54% versus 17%; P = 0.0024). Statistically significant differences in the ACR20 response rate between treatments were observed starting on day 43 (P < 0.05). The ACR50 and ACR70 response rates on day 85 did not differ between the groups. Overall, 51.4% of MDX‐1100–treated patients and 30.3% of placebo‐treated patients experienced at least 1 adverse event (AE). No study drug–related serious AEs were reported.

Conclusion

MDX‐1100 was well tolerated and demonstrated clinical efficacy in RA patients whose disease responded inadequately to MTX. This is the first study to demonstrate clinical efficacy of a chemokine inhibitor in RA and supports the notion of a potential role of IP‐10 in the immunopathogenesis of RA.
Building environmentally sustainable information services: A green is research agenda
Authors: Chowdhury Gobinda
Published: December 2011

Climate change has become a major area of concern over the past few years and consequently many governments, international bodies, businesses, and institutions are taking measures to reduce their carbon footprint. However, to date very little research has taken place on information and sustainable development in general, and on the environmental impact of information services in particular. Based on the data collected from various research papers and reports, this review article shows that information systems and services for the higher education and research sector currently generate massive greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and it is argued that there is an urgent need for developing a green information service, or green IS in short, that should be based on minimum GHG emissions throughout its lifecycle, from content creation to distribution, access, use, and disposal. Based on an analysis of the current research on green information technology (IT), it is proposed that a green IS should be based on the model of cloud computing. Finally, a research agenda is proposed that will pave the way for building and managing green ISs to support education and research/scholarly activities.
Triclabendazole: An Intriguing Case of Co‐existence of Conformational and Tautomeric Polymorphism
Authors: Tothadi Srinu , Bhogala Balakrishna R. , Gorantla Asha R. , Thakur Tejender S. , Jetti Ram K. R. , Desiraju Gautam R.
Published: December 2011

The crystal polymorphism of the anthelmintic drug, triclabendazole (TCB), is described. Two anhydrates (Forms I and II), three solvates, and an amorphous form have been previously mentioned. This study reports the crystal structures of Forms I (1) and II (2). These structures illustrate the uncommon phenomenon of tautomeric polymorphism. TCB exists as two tautomers A and B. Form I (Z′=2) is composed of two molecules of tautomer A while Form II (Z′=1) contains a 1:1 mixture of A and B. The polymorphs are also characterized by using other solid‐state techniques (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), PXRD, FT‐IR, and NMR spectroscopy). Form I is the higher melting form (m.p.: 177 °C, ΔHf=≈105±4 J g−1) and is the more stable form at room temperature. Form II is the lower melting polymorph (m.p.: 166 °C, ΔHf=≈86±3 J g−1) and shows high kinetic stability on storage in comparison to the amorphous form but it transforms readily into Form I in a solution‐mediated process. Crystal structure analysis of co‐crystals 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 further confirms the existence of tautomeric polymorphism in TCB. In 3 and 11, tautomer A is present whereas in 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 the TCB molecule exists wholly as tautomer B. The DFT calculations suggest that the optimized tautomers A and B have nearly the same energies. Single point energy calculations reveal that tautomer A (in Form I) exists in two low‐energy conformations, whereas in Form II both tautomers A and B exist in an unfavorable high‐energy conformation, stabilized by a five‐point dimer synthon. The structural and thermodynamic features of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 are discussed in detail. Triclabendazole is an intriguing case in which tautomeric and conformational variations co‐exist in the polymorphs.
Polyhedral Magnetite Nanocrystals with Multiple Facets: Facile Synthesis, Structural Modelling, Magnetic Properties and Application for High Capacity Lithium Storage
Authors: Su Dawei , Horvat Josip , Munroe Paul , Ahn Hyojun , Ranjbartoreh Ali R. , Wang Guoxiu
Published: December 2011

Polyhedral magnetite nanocrystals with multiple facets were synthesised by a low temperature hydrothermal method. Atomistic simulation and calculations on surface attachment energy successfully predicted the polyhedral structure of magnetite nanocrystals with multiple facets. X‐ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and high resolution transmission microscopy confirmed the crystal structure of magnetite, which is consistent with the theoretical modelling. The magnetic property measurements show the superspin glass state of the polyhedral nanocrystals, which could originate from the nanometer size of individual single crystals. When applied as an anode material in lithium ion cells, magnetite nanocrystals demonstrated an outstanding electrochemical performance with a high lithium storage capacity, a satisfactory cyclability, and an excellent high rate capacity.
MRI of cells and mice at 1 and 7 Tesla with Gd‐targeting agents: when the low field is better!
Authors: Geninatti‐Crich Simonetta , Szabo Ibolya , Alberti Diego , Longo Dario , Aime Silvio
Published: December 2011

Tumor cells were targeted with Gd‐loaded/LDL (low density lipoproteins) adducts consisting of ca 300 Gd(III) amphiphilic complexes incorporated in the lipophilic LDL particles. The long reorientational time of the Gd(III) complex in the supramolecular adduct yielded a relaxivity peak at ca 1 T, whereas its relaxivity at 7 T was 5 times less. The field‐dependent relaxivity markedly affected the signal enhancement attainable at the two magnetic fields. As tumor cells showed up‐regulation of LDL transporters, B16 melanoma cells were labeled with the Gd‐loaded/LDL adduct. Each cell contained ca 2 × 109 Gd atoms. Upon dispersion of 5000 labeled cells in 1 μl of agar, signal intensity (SI) enhancements of about 30 and 7% were observed at 1 and 7 T, respectively. The results obtained on cellular systems were confirmed in vivo upon the administration of Gd‐loaded/LDL particles to C57 mice bearing a transplanted melanoma (B16) tumor. From the herein reported results, one may conclude that, for slowly moving Gd complexes, it is possible to obtain in vivo sensitivity enhancements at 1 T several times higher than that attained at high fields. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new optical imaging probe targeting αVβ3 integrin in glioblastoma xenografts
Authors: Lanzardo Stefania , Conti Laura , Brioschi Chiara , Bartolomeo Maria Paola , Arosio Daniela , Belvisi Laura , Manzoni Leonardo , Maiocchi Alessandro , Maisano Federico , Forni Guido
Published: December 2011

αVβ3 Integrins are a widely recognized target for in vivo molecular imaging of pathological conditions such as inflammation, cancer and rheumatoid arthritis. We have evaluated the sensitivity of a new, near‐infrared fluorescence (NIRF), RGD cyclic probe (DA364) in noninvasive detection of αVβ3 integrin‐overexpressing tumors. DA364's binding affinity for αVβ3 integrin was first evaluated in vitro. Human αVβ3 integrin‐positive, U‐87 MG glioblastoma cells were then xenografted in nude mice, and DA364 was injected intravenously (i.v.) to evaluate its in vivo distribution, specificity and sensitivity in comparison with a commercially available probe. DA364 bound αVβ3 integrin on U‐87 MG cells with high affinity and specificity, both in vitro and in vivo. This binding specificity was corroborated by the strong inhibition of its tumor uptake induced by nonfluorescent, cyclic‐RGD peptides. Ex vivo analysis showed that DA364 accumulated at the tumor site, whereas very low levels were detected in liver and spleen. In conclusion, DA364 allows sensitive and specific detection of transplantable glioblastoma by NIRF imaging, and is thus a promising candidate for the elaboration of imaging and therapeutic probes for αVβ3 integrin‐overexpressing tumors. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A methodical 68Ga‐labelling study of DO2A‐(butyl‐ l‐tyrosine)2 with cation‐exchanger post‐processed 68Ga: practical aspects of radiolabelling
Authors: Riss Patrick J. , Burchardt Carsten , Roesch Frank
Published: December 2011

Positron emission tomography (PET) with 68Ga is a fast‐growing field in molecular imaging, both in research and in clinical routine. The availability of 68Ga via the 68Ge/68Ga radionuclide generator facilitates the development and production of radiopharmaceuticals independent of a cyclotron. The presented work shows a complete 68Ga labelling study exemplified on [68Ga]DO2A‐(butyl‐ l‐tyrosine)2, a potential tumour tracer for PET. A methodical sequence is followed to optimize the 68Ga‐labelling reaction. Practical aspects are described and the different parameters contributing to the labelling yield are demonstrated. The influence of temperature, time, amount of labelling precursor and pH value on the radiochemical yields is demonstrated. A conventional heating method is compared with microwave irradiation as an alternative labelling method. Finally, purification of 68Ga‐labelled compounds via solid‐phase extraction and quality control is shown. The procedure described in this manuscript may serve as a guideline for optimizing 68Ga labelling reactions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvement of cellularity on cell block preparations using the so‐called tissue coagulum clot method during endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial fine‐needle aspiration
Authors: Yung Rex Chin Wei , Otell Susan , Illei Peter , Clark Douglas P. , Feller‐Kopman David , Yarmus Lonny , Askin Frederic , Gabrielson Edward , Li Qing Kay
Published: December 2011

BACKGROUND:

Cell block (CB) preparation during the endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial fine‐needle aspiration (EBUS‐TBNA) procedure plays an important role in the diagnosis of lung cancer and recovery of cellular material for molecular characterization of the tumor. However, the efficiency of the conventional method of CB preparation is suboptimal.

METHODS:

In the current study, the “tissue coagulum clot” cell block (TCC‐CB) method was used to prepare the CBs and its efficiency was compared with that of the conventional saline rinse cell block (NR‐CB) method. A total of 84 consecutive TCC‐CBs (106 lymph nodes [LNs] and 14 lung lesions) and 28 consecutive cases of NR‐CB (39 LNs and 3 lung lesions) obtained within the same time period were included in the current study.

RESULTS:

In the TCC‐CB specimens, 94 of 106 LN cases (88.7%) yielded sufficient diagnostic material, as did 11 of 14 lung lesions (78.6%). In the NR‐CB group, which was used as the control, 22 of 39 LN specimens (56.4%) and none of 3 lung specimens (0%) were found to provide sufficient diagnostic material. Although the average size of the LNs in the study group were not significantly different from those in the control group (1.76 cm vs 1.82 cm; P > .05), the overall nondiagnostic rates in the TCC‐CB and NR‐CB groups were 11.2% and 43.6%, respectively (P < .001). The nondiagnostic rates of the lung specimens were 15.4% in the TCC‐CB group and 100% in the NR‐CB group (P < .05). In addition, immunohistochemistry studies and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/KRAS mutational analyses were performed in 26 and 14 TCC‐CB cases, respectively. With the exception of 1 case, all of them had satisfactory results.

CONCLUSIONS:

The data from the current study demonstrate that the TCC‐CB method significantly increases the cellular yield of CB preparations without compromising cytomorphological characterization of tumor cells. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Amplification of Anharmonicities in Multiphoton Vibrational Action Spectra
Authors: Calvo F. , Parneix P.
Published: December 2011

The influence of one or several infrared laser pulses on the stability of bare and argon‐tagged sodium chloride clusters is investigated theoretically by a combination of computational methods involving explicit molecular dynamics and properly calibrated unimolecular rate theories. The fragmentation spectra obtained by varying the laser frequency in the far‐IR range is compared to the linear absorption spectrum resulting from the dipole moment autocorrelation function. Under appropriate laser field parameters, the action spectra are found to resemble the absorption spectra quite accurately in terms of positions, line widths, and even relative intensities. However, the action spectra exhibit residual and systematic redshifts of a few percent, which are partly due to the finite spectral bandwidth but are amplified by the progressive heating by the laser. A quantitative analysis suggests that these anharmonicity effects should generally arise upon multiple photon absorption.
Mouse primitive streak forms in situ by initiation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition without migration of a cell population
Authors: Williams Margot , Burdsal Carol , Periasamy Ammasi , Lewandoski Mark , Sutherland Ann
Published: December 2011

Background: During gastrulation, an embryo acquires the three primordial germ layers that will give rise to all of the tissues in the body. In amniote embryos, this process occurs via an epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of epiblast cells at the primitive streak. Although the primitive streak is vital to development, many aspects of how it forms and functions remain poorly understood. Results: Using live, 4 dimensional imaging and immunohistochemistry, we have shown that the posterior epiblast of the pre‐streak murine embryo does not display convergence and extension behavior or large scale migration or rearrangement of a cell population. Instead, the primitive streak develops in situ and elongates by progressive initiation EMT in the posterior epiblast. Loss of basal lamina (BL) is the first step of this EMT, and is strictly correlated with ingression of nascent mesoderm. Once the BL is lost in a given region, cells leave the epiblast by apical constriction in order to enter the primitive streak. Conclusions: This is the first description of dynamic cell behavior during primitive streak formation in the mouse embryo, and reveals mechanisms that are quite distinct from those observed in other amniote model systems. Unlike chick and rabbit, the murine primitive streak arises in situ by progressive initiation of EMT beginning in the posterior epiblast, without large‐scale movement or convergence and extension of epiblast cells. Developmental Dynamics 241:270–283, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hyaluronan is required for cranial neural crest cells migration and craniofacial development
Authors: Casini Paola , Nardi Irma , Ori Michela
Published: December 2011

Background: Hyaluronan is a crucial glycosaminoglycan of the vertebrate embryonic extracellular matrix able to influence cell behaviour, both by assembling the pericellular matrices and by activating signal transducing receptors such as CD44. Results: We showed that the hyaluronan synthases, Has1 and Has2, and CD44 display a dynamic expression pattern during cranial neural crest cells (NCC) development. By knocking down Has1 and Has2 gene functions, we revealed that hyaluronan synthesized by Has1 and Has2 is necessary for the proper development of the visceral skeleton. Conclusions: The data suggest that hyaluronan helps to maintain the active migratory behaviour of cranial NCC, and that its presence around pre‐chondrogenic NCC is crucial for their survival. CD44 knock down also suggests that the role of hyaluronan in cranial NCC migration could be mediated, at least in part, by the activation of CD44. These findings contribute to the unveiling of the functional relation between NCC and their extracellular environment during craniofacial development. Developmental Dynamics 241:294–302, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of Mesoporous Zirconium Organophosphonate Solid‐Acid Catalysts
Authors: Lin Xiu‐Zhen , Yuan Zhong‐Yong
Published: December 2011

Mesoporous zirconium phosphonate materials with bridged organic groups in the framework were hydrothermally synthesized with 1‐hydroxyethylidene‐1,1‐diphosphonic acid as coupling molecule and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as template. The mesostructure is wormhole‐like with a specific surface area of 702 m2/g and a uniform pore size of 3.6 nm, and the organophosphonate groups are homogeneously integrated in the network of the obtained solids. The hydroxyethylidene‐bridged mesoporous zirconium phosphonates can serve as solid‐acid catalysts for the synthesis of methyl‐2,3‐O‐isopropylidene‐β‐D‐ribofuranoside from D‐ribose and exhibit high catalytic activity with rapid reaction rate, which are comparable to the catalytic performance when liquid acid HCl or commercial ion‐exchange resin NKC‐9 is used as catalyst. Furthermore, mesoporous zirconium phosphonates show high stability with good reusability without any loss of catalytic activity after five cycles, which demonstrates their potential for industrial applications.