bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Medical Toxicology
Authors: Murray B. Patrick , Carpenter Joseph
Published: February 2024

Encountering a toxicologic emergency can be an overwhelming experience. Despite the rarity of these events, their potential implications for a patient's life make timely and accurate intervention paramount. Yet, for many emergency medicine providers, these scenarios stir a troubling question: “What do I do now?” “What Do I Do Now?: Emergency Medicine series: Toxicology Emergencies” is crafted to address this knowledge gap. This book serves as a guide for a broad audience, stretching beyond the foundational steps of management, delving into the nuanced care of complex cases, and shedding light on the pathophysiology of severe overdoses. Whether you're a prehospital provider, Medical Student, Resident, Advanced Practice Provider, staff member in an Emergency Department, Hospitalist, or Critical Care physician, this volume promises to be a valuable reference. Yet, it’s crucial to understand the scope of this volume. While it offers an overview, it's not designed to supplant the specialized knowledge of a Poison Center or a Medical Toxicologist. Instead, think of it as a supplementary tool, a reservoir of knowledge and background reasoning for those times when a more profound exploration isn't feasible. In the face of a toxicological emergency, let this book be an ally, a dependable companion, and a ready guide to illuminate the path forward.
Gravitational wave mergers of accreting binary black holes in AGN discs
Authors: Ishibashi W , Gröbner M
Published: February 2024

Binary black hole (BBH) evolution in the discs of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) is a promising channel for gravitational wave (GW)-driven mergers. It is, however, unclear whether binaries interacting with the surrounding disc undergo orbital contraction or expansion. We develop a simple analytical model of accreting BBHs in AGN discs to follow the orbital evolution from the disc-dominated regime at large separations into the GW-driven regime at small separations (the coupled ‘disc + GW’-driven evolution). We obtain that accreting binaries expand in thick discs with aspect ratio greater than a critical value (>hcrit); whereas accreting binaries contract and eventually merge in thin discs (<hcrit). Interestingly, accreting BBHs can experience faster mergers compared to non-accreting counterparts, with a non-monotonic dependence on the disc aspect ratio. The orbital contraction is usually coupled with eccentricity growth in the disc-dominated regime, which lead to accelerated inspirals in the GW-driven regime. We quantify the resulting BBH merger time-scales in AGN discs (τmerger ∼ 105–107 yr) and estimate the associated GW merger rates ($\mathcal {R} \sim (0.2 {\small --} 5) \, \text{Gpc}^{-3} \text{yr}^{-1}$). Overall, accreting binaries may efficiently contract and merge in thin discs, hence this particular BBH-in-AGN channel may provide a non-negligible contribution to the observed GW merger event rate.
Optimizing the Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis—A Case for Combination Therapy
Authors: Wake Rachel M , Allebone-Salt Phoebe E , John Larissa L H , Caswall Ben A , Govender Nelesh P , Ben-Ami Ronen , Murray Lyle W , Logan Clare , Harrison Thomas S , Bicanic Tihana A
Published: February 2024

Invasive candidiasis is a rising global health threat with increasing incidence, persistently high mortality, and diminishing treatment options. Antifungal resistance has rapidly emerged and spread, with multidrug-resistant species deemed an urgent and serious threat. While acknowledging the key role of antifungal stewardship and infection control in curbing spread, we examine the role of antifungal monotherapy in driving resistance and the potential for combination therapy to prevent stress adaptation and emergence of drug resistance. In addition to its role in mitigating resistance, combination treatment may improve drug penetration, expedite fungal clearance, and allow lower, less toxic doses of individual drugs to be used. A growing body of laboratory-based evidence suggests that antifungal combinations can yield synergistic activity against Candida spp., including against frequently multidrug-resistant Candida auris. It is imperative to test these combinations in clinical trials, incorporating resistance end points as a marker of success.
Allied Victory and Art Recovery
Authors: Campbell Elizabeth
Published: February 2024

Chapter two examines the wartime Allied reaction to Nazi art plunder, tracing the western powers’ creation of civilian and military agencies meant to document losses in occupied territories and prevent further destruction of cultural treasures. It explores the origins of the US-led Monuments, Fine Arts and Archives (MFAA) division in western Allied forces, and includes first-hand accounts of cultural officers—the “Monuments Men”—who recovered Nazi plunder from caches in churches, castles, and salt mines, often in harrowing circumstances.
Recovered Art as French Patrimony
Authors: Campbell Elizabeth
Published: February 2024

Among the countries of western Europe, France lost the greatest number of artworks through Nazi plunder and correspondingly received the most items in the MFAA repatriation effort—around sixty thousand pieces. This chapter examines the French government’s successful restitution of some forty-five thousand items by 1949. Over the next four years, French authorities selected more than two thousand of the remaining objects for display in public museums, palaces, and other government buildings. The appropriated items swiftly became part of the national cultural patrimony, as curators vied to secure the most coveted of so-called heirless items for museums across France. The state also sold lesser items not selected for the custodianship and deposited proceeds into the national treasury, thus further benefiting from the recovery of artworks at the expense of potential owners.
To Rialto
Authors: Romano Dennis
Published: February 2024

This chapter begins with the Lombard invasions that sealed the division between mainland (Lombard) Venetia and maritime (Byzantine) Venetia which was part of the Exarchate of Ravenna. It shows how, unlike in earlier invasions, the displacement of persons from the mainland to the lagoon was permanent. People from various mainland towns established new settlements throughout the northern, central, and southern lagoon. The theological controversy over icons (iconoclasm) caused the residents of the lagoons to revolt against Byzantium and elect their first doge. It considers the power struggle between various elites within the lagoon community with shifting ties to the Carolingians and/or the Byzantines. It concludes with Charlemagne’s son Pepin’s unsuccessful invasion of the lagoon and the decision to move the capital of the lagoon to Rialto (Venice).
Introduction
Authors: Lee Joel , Satyanarayana K.
Published: February 2024

Concealing Caste: Passing and Personhood in Dalit Literature is an anthology of stories by Dalit authors in India who describe what it is like to lead a risky double life: Dalit at home, but ‘high caste’ at school or in the neighbourhood, the workplace, or public life. The short stories and autobiographical essays of this volume throw light on the vast, open secret of caste concealment, a phenomenon that is arguably a South Asian analogue to racial ‘passing’ in the United States. In both caste and race contexts, narratives of the clandestine crossing of categorical borders—of persons of oppressed communities allowing themselves to be perceived by others as belonging to a social group other than their ‘own’—reveal the hidden operations and internal contradictions of a vicious social order. The present chapter is the Introduction to Concealing Caste. Here the editors sketch the contours of caste concealment as a concept, contextualize it in the growing field of Dalit literature, identify key themes in its literary representation, and consider theoretical frameworks productive for comparative study alongside the literature on ‘passing’. Opening previously uncharted terrain and framing questions for further study, the Introduction lays the foundation for an interdisciplinary discussion of caste concealment in literature and in life.
In the Name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit
Authors: Jeyachandran Pratibha
Published: February 2024

Part I of Concealing Caste: Passing and Personhood in Dalit Literature contains short stories by Dalit authors addressing the theme of hidden identity. The fourth of these is Pratibha Jeyachandran’s ‘In the Name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit’ (Pithakumaran Parisutha Aaviyin Namathinaale), first published in 1995 and translated from Tamil by Torsten Tschacher. The story reveals the working of caste in a deeply Christian milieu in Tamil Nadu. Introspective and devout, Stephen lives far from home in a hostel at his university, where he attends church with his friend and fellow student, Thangaraj. Thangaraj’s sister Keren-Happuch and mother Gnanam take a liking to Stephen. Stephen wrestles with temptation while Gnanam and her children, misperceiving his caste background, draw him into the family.
Madness
Authors: Ayyappan C.
Published: February 2024

Part I of Concealing Caste: Passing and Personhood in Dalit Literature contains short stories by Dalit authors addressing the theme of hidden identity. The tenth of these is C. Ayyappan’s ‘Madness’ (Branthu), translated from Malayalam by Jobin Thomas. The story is about an educated Dalit employee whose fair-skinned wife appears to belong to ‘upper caste’ society. Their anonymity in a middle-class colony is threatened when his friends remind him of his responsibility to take care of his mad sister. Justifying his choice not to take his sister to the hospital, the narrator opens a window into the wretchedness, humiliation, and guilt experienced by educated Dalits alienated from their caste fellows in contemporary Kerala.
My Caste
Authors: Kardam Jai Prakash
Published: February 2024

Part II of Concealing Caste: Passing and Personhood in Dalit Literature contains autobiographical writings by Dalit authors addressing the theme of hidden identity. This chapter is Jai Prakash Kardam’s essay ‘My Caste’ (Meri Jati), published in a Hindi literary magazine in 1997 and translated by Joel Lee. In the essay, Kardam relates his experience of relocating to Allahabad when his work in a central bank takes him there. The first order of business is finding a place to rent. Navigating a new social environment in a place known for its casteism, Kardam finds himself caught in a bind that tests his Ambedkarite commitments and his loyalty to friends.
Herodes Atticus, Hadrian, and the Antonines
Authors: Strazdins Estelle
Published: February 2024

This chapter examines Herodes Atticus’ use of imperial images against the backdrop of his broader monumentalizing programme in Roman Greece. In particular, it draws out the implications of how Hadrian and Antinous, and Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus are represented and displayed in a series of portrait busts commissioned by Herodes and arranged in his private villa at Loukou-Eva Kynouria or in the public sanctuary of Nemesis at Rhamnous in Attica. These images are integrated into a broader visual, cultural, and historical programme that recasts the power relationships between Romans and Greeks in the eastern empire. The chapter argues that Herodes employs these portraits of contemporary emperors to assert his own centrality to the maintenance and mediation of Roman imperial power in the province of Achaea and that this message complements the contemporary promotion of Greek culture evident in the ‘Second Sophistic’ more broadly.
Reluctant Race Men
Authors: Bryant Joan L.
Published: February 2024

Activists in the earliest Black antebellum reform endeavors contested and deprecated the concept of race. Attacks on the logic and ethics of dividing, grouping, and ranking humans into races became commonplace facets of activism in anti-colonization and emigration campaigns, suffrage and civil rights initiatives, moral reform projects, abolitionist struggles, independent church development, and interrogations of scientific thought on human origins. Denunciations persisted even as later generations of reformers felt compelled by theories of progress and American custom to promote race as a basis of a Black collective consciousness. Reluctant Race Men traces a history of the disparate challenges Black American reformers lodged against race across the long nineteenth century. It factors their opposition into the nation’s history of race and reconstructs a reform tradition largely ignored in accounts of Black activism. Black-controlled newspapers, societies, churches, and conventions provided the principal loci and resources for questioning race. In these contexts, people of African descent generated a lexicon for refuting race, debated its logic, and, ultimately, reinterpreted it. Assaults on the validity of race call into question the notion that it is a self-evident site of identity among Black people. Their ideas spotlight legal, social, political, religious, and scientific practices that configured human difference, sameness, hierarchy, and consciousness. They show how diverse actions constituted varied American phenomena dubbed “race.”
“One Common Family”
Authors: Bryant Joan L.
Published: February 2024

Opposition to race became diffuse, ad hoc, inconsistent, and occasionally idiosyncratic in the 1840s and 1850s as it spread among people who defended segregated reform associations. The chapter analyzes this phenomenon in efforts to secure the franchise and civil rights, debates over colored churches and segregated schools, antislavery activism, and emigration campaigns. It explores how concerns over proper bases of public authority for citizens and members of the human race informed misgivings about race for an ideologically diverse set of individuals confronting disparate issues.
Trolling Ourselves to Death
Authors: Hannan Jason
Published: February 2024

Almost forty years ago, Neil Postman argued that television had brought about a fundamental transformation to democracy. By turning entertainment into our supreme ideology, television had recreated public discourse in its image and converted democracy into show business. In Trolling Ourselves to Death, Jason Hannan builds on Postman’s classic thesis, arguing that we are now not so much amusing, as trolling ourselves to death. Yet, how do we explain this profound change? What are the primary drivers behind the deterioration of civic culture and the toxification of public discourse?  Trolling Ourselves to Death moves beyond the familiar picture of trolling by recasting it in a broader historical light. Contrary to the popular view of the troll as an exclusively anonymous online prankster who hides behind a clever avatar and screen name, Hannan asserts that the trolls have emerged from the cave, so to speak, and now walk in the clear light of day. Trolls now include politicians, performers, patriots, and protesters. What was once a mysterious phenomenon limited to the darker corners of the Internet has since gone mainstream, eroding our public culture and changing the rules of democratic politics. Hannan shows how trolling is the logical outcome of a culture of possessive individualism, widespread alienation, mass distrust, and rampant paranoia. Synthesizing media ecology with historical materialism, he explores the disturbing rise of political unreason in the form of mass trolling and sheds light on the proliferation of disinformation, conspiracy theory, “cancel culture,” and digital violence. Taking inspiration from Robert Brandom’s innovative reading of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Trolling Ourselves to Death makes a case for building “a spirit of trust” to curb the epidemic of mass distrust that feeds the plague of political trolling.
Introduction
Authors: Hannan Jason
Published: February 2024

Revisiting the events of January 6, 2021, the introduction addresses the crisis of democracy today. Of the many possible angles for analyzing the acidification of the public sphere, the introduction focuses on social media, arguably the dominant media of communication today. It notes that we have been living with trolls for decades. It discusses the beginnings of trolling on Usenet forums in the 1990s, emphasizing the element of anonymity. It emphasizes that trolling has since gone mainstream and shed its anonymity, something that demands explanation. The introduction revisits Neil Postman’s Amusing Ourselves to Death, acknowledging its strengths and limitations. It also discusses Alasdair MacIntyre’s After Virtue. The book is framed as a synthesis of Postman’s media ecology and MacIntyre’s metaethics, two studies that help explain the degradation of public discourse. Following a chapter breakdown, the introduction concludes with a note about the challenge of writing about our rapidly evolving social media landscape.
Disenlightenment
Authors: Hannan Jason
Published: February 2024

This chapter opens with a hypothetical flame war on social media and asks whether things were really better before the digital age. It then discusses Alasdair MacIntyre’s main work, After Virtue, which guides the historical discussion of the chapter. The central argument is that the historical roots of trolling lie in instrumental and manipulative social relations. The chapter discusses moral order in the premodern world and moral theory during the Enlightenment. The two key paradigms discussed are those of David Hume (the passions) and Immanuel Kant (transcendental reason). The chapter then discusses MacIntyre’s explanation for why Enlightenment moral theory failed and what took its place: capitalist individualism and the ethic of moral instrumentalism. Next, three consequences of instrumentalism are discussed: acts of unmasking, appeals to individual rights, and the proliferation of protest. Trolling is presented as a fourth consequence.
Introduction
Authors: Jollimore Troy
Published: February 2024

The introduction provides an overview of themes related to loyalty, its nature and significance, and its status as a virtue, paying particular attention to the moral concerns that tend to arise with respect to loyalty and its demands, and possibility of conflict between our various loyalties, or between loyalty’s demands and those arising from other sources. It also offers a brief synopsis of each chapter in the collection, and it notes some connections between the various chapters.
Loyalty Dilemmas
Authors: Gilbert Margaret
Published: February 2024

This chapter attempts to understand loyalty’s status as a virtue by reference to a class of obligations it refers to as loyalty obligations. Notably, one’s loyalty obligations can conflict, resulting in loyalty dilemmas. The chapter begins with a working account of loyalty as a matter of fulfilling the obligations associated with a given relationship. It then argues against the common idea that the obligations in question are all-things-considered moral requirements. Rather, they are directed obligations of joint commitment. The author argues that this proposal allows us to retain the Aristotelian idea that loyalty as a virtue is a mean between two extremes. It also accords with a plausible joint-commitment account of friendship. Two other contexts of loyalty are briefly discussed in relation to this proposal: loyalty to country and loyalty to self. Against this background, an account of the virtue of loyalty is proposed.
A Dubious Virtue
Authors: Milligan Tony , Cobham Heidi
Published: February 2024

This chapter addresses the paradoxical nature of the virtue of loyalty and the doubts many have felt about whether it is a genuine virtue. It is argued that loyalty is, in fact, a virtue, but that skepticism about this claim expresses important truths and should not be ignored. Iris Murdoch’s novel The Bell is examined to illustrate why certain kinds of loyalty tend to strike us as anything but virtuous. Readers of Murdoch’s novel are led to sympathize with Dora, who has been unfaithful, rather than with her husband, Paul, who has unreasonable and damaging expectations. The kind of loyalty that Paul expects presupposes and is motivated by rigid, external ideals while neglecting the internal features of Paul and Dora’s particular relationship. The chapter concludes by generalizing from Murdoch’s example in The Bell in order to work toward a broader understanding of loyalty’s paradoxical and sometimes troubling aspects.
Right Belief and True Belief
Authors: Singer Daniel J.
Published: February 2024

Right Belief and True Belief is about what we should believe, and it defends a deeply truth-centric answer to that question. The book starts by laying out an approach to the question of what we should believe, one that mirrors how normative ethicists approach the question of what we should do. The rest of the book uses that approach to defend a truth-loving consequentialist conception of right belief. The central claim of truth-loving epistemic consequentialism is that what we should believe (and what credences we should have) can be understood in a simple consequentialist way in terms of what conduces to us having the most accurate beliefs (credences). This view straight-forwardly vindicates the popular intuition that epistemic norms are about getting true beliefs and avoiding false beliefs, and it coheres well with how scientists, engineers, and statisticians (i.e. those who are particularly rigorous in regulating their beliefs) think about what we should believe. Many previous works in epistemology have flirted with similar truth-based consequentialist approaches to epistemic norms, but most reject the view in response to one of several persuasive objections, most famously including trade-off and counting-blades-of-grass objections. Right Belief and True Belief shows how a simple truth-based consequentialist account of epistemic norms can avoid these objections and argues that truth-loving epistemic consequentialism can undergird a compelling general approach to epistemic questions.
Normative Epistemology
Authors: Singer Daniel J.
Published: February 2024

This chapter introduces the central question of the book, the question of what we should believe. Just as normative ethicists aim to construct a complete and correct theory of right action, so ought normative epistemologists aim to construct a complete and correct theory of right belief, this chapter argues. In that vein, this chapter introduces the idea of normative epistemology, a subfield of epistemology that aims to understand what we should believe. It clarifies the nature of that question, and it begins to discuss how it might relate to other things epistemologists research, such as knowledge, justified belief, and rational belief. It also sketches a methodology of normative epistemology that's analogous to the standard methodology of normative ethics.
Motivation and Introduction
Authors: Müller Veronika , Gries Thomas
Published: February 2024

This chapter describes the motivation and intention of the book. We provide empirical stylized facts to show that most conflicts today are intrastate conflicts. Data also indicate that, for intrastate conflicts, ideologies play a major role. This empirical fact motivates us to have a closer look at ideologies and belief systems as an important source of conflict beyond the traditional controversy of communist versus capitalist views. Hence, in this chapter we argue why and how this book can contribute to understanding conflicts by focusing on ideologies and belief systems. Understanding the microfoundations of ideologies allows us to explain the psychological functions of ideologies and how ideologies can mobilize individuals, influence political outcomes, and exacerbate violence and conflict. Finally, we give a first introduction to our main arguments and reasoning.
From Individual Psychological Needs to Social and Political Conflicts
Authors: Müller Veronika , Gries Thomas
Published: February 2024

Chapter 2 introduces the main framework of the book to understand why human needs play an important role in conflict onset, why adopting ideologies is reasonable given certain socioeconomic conditions, how ideologies can address and reconcile thwarted human needs, and why individuals lean toward destructive ideologies and join groups to advance the goals of these groups. The framework consists of three layers: (i) fundamental (psychological) human needs, (ii) ideologies, and (iii) the (extremist) groups or organizations that recruit and mobilize individuals and decide between violent and nonviolent alternatives. With the first layer we identify the fundamental human needs that we categorize as existential, epistemic, relational, and agency needs. The second layer emphasizes the role of ideologies as a viable option for need reconciliation. The third layer describes how radical groups or organizations disseminate their beliefs and ideas to mobilize followers. This chapter is key in that it illustrates the whole concept of the book; that is, the idea, the framework, and the aim of the book.
Right, Left, and Religious Ideologies
Authors: Müller Veronika , Gries Thomas
Published: February 2024

Chapter 7 provides empirical evidence and real-life examples of how particular ideologies—those found on the left, right, and religious political spectrums—can reconcile human needs. This wide range of ideologies covers different paradigms and provides different moral models, which form attitudes toward social, economic, and political issues. From this point of departure, we examine various ideologies; their specific narratives, ideas, values, and norms; and how they can serve specific human needs. However, we put our emphasis on political ideologies that have the potential to exacerbate violence and conflict, namely racism, nationalism, ethnic nationalism, fascism, left-wing extremism, communism/socialism, the New Left, and religious fundamentalism. Here we explain how these ideologies have the capacity to reconcile human needs by incorporating real-life examples. Finally, we discuss findings showing that adherents, in particular extremists, of various ideologies are not a homogeneous group and have different needs, preferences, and personalities.
Entrepreneurship
Authors: Katz Richard
Published: February 2024

Japan can foster entrepreneurship and embrace creative destruction today because it has done so before. Most of today’s corporate giants emerged from ambitious, risk-taking entrepreneurial firms that began in the late 1940s through the early 1970s, or else earlier in the 1870s through 1920s. That’s made Japan rich in record time. During this process, people were willing to lose jobs and see inferior companies die because they could get good new jobs at rising wages. Japan was safe for failure. In the aftermath of the two 1970s oil shocks, however, Japan switched from creating new innovators to protecting older firms from competition in the name of preserving jobs. It did so because the primary social safety net was one’s current job at one’s current company. The system was no longer safe for failure. However, without room for enough experiments, most of which will fail, there will be too few triumphs. This shift eventually led to the three lost decades that began in 1990.
Analog Mindset in a Digital World
Authors: Katz Richard
Published: February 2024

The shift from the analog era to the digital era requires a change in business institutions. Yet, Japan’s companies remain stuck in the analog mode that was successful in the older era: huge, capital-intensive companies that try to develop all their innovations in-house. That works in some industries, like autos. But in rapidly changing ones like electronics, it fails. Moreover, products incorporate too many different technologies for one company to master. Additionally, modern software allows more and more business R&D to be conducted by smaller firms (e.g., under 1,000 rather than over 25,000 as before (see C2P30)). For all these reasons, the digital era requires more entrepreneurial companies, as well as cooperation among wide networks of companies ranging in size, a process called open innovation. Failure to adapt is why Japan came in 63rd out of 63 countries in how much benefit its companies get for their digital investments, and why Japanese electronics has suffered falling global sales even as global purchases of electronics are exploding.
Big Company Disease
Authors: Katz Richard
Published: February 2024

Sometimes, the most successful long-lived companies have the worst blind spots, leaving them unable even to perceive that times have changed, let alone come up with ways to adapt to that change. That’s why economic progress in every country requires new, entrepreneurial companies able to see things with fresh eyes. Because there are so few entrepreneurs in today’s Japan, it is particularly vulnerable to what the Japanese call the “big company disease.” This is not about a lack of intelligence or technological genius, but of commercial vision: the ability to transform technical innovations and ideas into goods and services that household and business customers want. The failure of Fujitsu versus Cisco in Internet networks is a case in point. As in the Fujitsu case, many older incumbents reject innovations because they often disrupt existing business models, a phenomenon known as disruptive innovation. This syndrome is hardly unique to Japan. The only answer is a business system that nourishes new entrants, thereby allowing new ideas to be attempted.
Gazelles
Authors: Katz Richard
Published: February 2024

New rapidly growing innovative companies—nicknamed gazelles—are indispensable to dynamism and productivity growth in all rich countries. Nations and industries with a high rate of new entries have higher average levels of productivity. Partly, this is because new gazelles are more efficient and more imaginative than the firms they replace. They are not fettered by the blind spots of older firms. While most would-be gazelles fail, the few that succeed have an outsized impact. During the 1980s–1990s, American firms less than five years old supplied a stunning 60% of the growth in factory output per worker. Equally important is that competition from the gazelles compels the older corporate giants—nicknamed elephants—to up their game. It was Tesla’s rise that led older automakers to jump into electric vehicles. Countries need both gazelles and elephants, but the balance between them has to be right. Japan, in shoring up its elephants, has deprived itself of enough gazelles.
The Butterfly Effect in Finding Customers
Authors: Katz Richard
Published: February 2024

In the form of e-commerce, the technology megatrend has altered a fundamental part of the power balance in business, finally giving newcomers far more access to millions of customers. Traditionally, that access was blocked by a complex distribution system dominated by the big incumbents. Now, on the Rakuten Internet mall alone, 56,000 ordinary small and medium enterprises (SMEs) sell ¥5.6 trillion ($43 billion) worth of products to 110 million customers. One furniture maker saw its sales explode from $1 million per year to $160 million. Technology has similarly altered business-to-business transactions. Companies that traditionally preferred to deal with suppliers they’ve known for decades now find that they need services and products that they cannot master. At Toyota, the number of software vendors now exceeds traditional parts makers among its top 5,000 suppliers. Most are new to the Toyota supply chain, and they cherish their independence and ability to collaborate with anyone. The spread of open innovation would give a further boost to newcomers.
Why We Need Cost-Effectiveness Analysis, How It Is Done, and Why It Needs Fixing
Authors: Phelps Charles E , Lakdawalla Darius N.
Published: February 2024

In medical care markets, health insurance severs the link between value and cost. Consequently, patients receive considerable amounts of minimally valuable medical care—“flat-of-the-curve medicine.” Value falls as treatment use expands to populations with minimal potential health gains (the extensive margin) or by increasing the frequency of use (the intensive margin). To replace the “discipline” normally provided by market forces, cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) calculates the added costs and added health gains in any treatment, both compared to an appropriate “control” therapy. CEA then computes the ratio of added costs to added benefits—the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER). To use CEA methods, decision-makers must choose a threshold value, above which ICERs are deemed as too high. This chapter discusses missing “elements of value” that could enter more complete analyses. This sets the stage for showing how the generalized and risk-adjusted cost-effectiveness model captures many of these missing value elements in a coherent and theory-based way.
Measuring the Risk Parameters
Authors: Phelps Charles E , Lakdawalla Darius N.
Published: February 2024

The generalized risk-adjusted cost-effectiveness (GRACE) model requires estimates of people’s risk preferences regarding health, similar to those regarding income. Key parameters in GRACE include relative risk aversion and prudence. To date, no estimates of these parameters have been published. This chapter details two approaches to obtaining these estimates. The first relies on the growing field of “happiness” economics, relying on people’s stated levels of happiness on numerical scales (e.g., 0–10) and on their level of health and income. Then, using the same data, multiple regression techniques allow recovery of key risk preference parameters both for health and for income. The second method uses discrete choice experiments to estimate relative risk aversion and relative prudence in health. The chapter also shows how the hyperbolic absolute risk aversion utility function can expand from parameters directly estimated to all that might be needed to fully implement GRACE.
Sustaining Progress
Authors: Angelo Paul J.
Published: February 2024

Chapter 8 assesses the sustainability of results achieved during Plan Colombia and the Mérida Initiative following a drawdown of US security assistance in Colombia and Mexico after more than a decade. Concerns about excessive militarization and waning accountability continued. Nonetheless, the institutionalization of reforms through bureaucratic processes and doctrine publication in Colombia helped prevent major reversals in professionalism among security forces. Mexican authorities, on the other hand, failed to build on lessons from the Mérida Initiative period. President Andrés Manuel López Obrador’s reorganization of the security sector replicated many of the shortcomings of previous reform attempts, including militarization, corruption, and rising insecurity.
Intersectionality
Authors: Zack Naomi
Published: February 2024

Intersectionality occurs when people who are already oppressed experience more oppression. Examples include women who experience racism or black poor people who are disabled. Identifying such intersections allows for more precise analysis of oppression, as well as newly recognized identities, such as black women or homeless people of color. Identifying oppression always compares one group to another group that is not oppressed, and both groups form units. The method of intersectionality can be expanded to many areas of progressive thought, across disciplines. The injustice of oppression logically requires a broad humanistic framework. Despite its immense popularity, intersectionality is often confused with diversity and inclusion, and its broad applications are often not recognized. This text explains what intersectionality is in theory and reality, with vivid examples of contemporary intersected groups. The three parts of this book encompass the nature of intersectionality as a theory, how the indeterminacy of intersectional method allows for the identification of new intersections such as victims of sudden violence, and intersections that result when minority students are “firsts” in higher education. Intersectional analysis compares those oppressed with those unoppressed in the same unit. The lack of oppression is justified by moral requirements for more general groups to which units ultimately belong. Intersectionality logically depends on universal egalitarian humanism. Humans owe other human beings certain goods and recognition and are prohibited from harming them in certain ways.
Class and Race in Higher Education
Authors: Zack Naomi
Published: February 2024

Higher education for minority “firsts” acquaints them with middle-class lifestyles that exceed higher earning power. Elements of such lifestyles can be chosen, without changing social class identities. Recent evidence suggests that college graduates are healthier, not because they have more money but because they gain more autonomy through fulfilling employment. While wellness is increasingly emphasized, the life of the mind is often neglected as a high value of college experience. Learning to learn is a skill that endures lifelong. Theorists now view social class as more than economic advantage because it includes cultural capital, made up of chosen purposeful activities in leisure. Given the history of intellectual disparagement of both women and racial/ethnic minorities, the overemphasis on college as a means for earning more money is a factor of oppression for minority college students.
Transitions Between Treatment Settings
Authors: Horan Sarah , Hamilton Allie
Published: February 2024

This chapter explores the challenges that patients, families, and rehabilitation teams face when transitioning from one healthcare setting to another, a common occurrence in the process of rehabilitation. Treatment setting transitions are well known to set up the potential for deleterious impacts on patients’ functional outcomes. Primary challenges including preserving momentum, changes in the patient–provider relationship, accessibility of resources, ensuring patient understanding, navigating role conflicts, and coordination of care between settings, are some of the specific barriers discussed. Fortunately, motivational interviewing (MI) spirit and skills can be utilized by rehabilitation professionals to enhance communication and understanding between treatment setting teams and with patients and caregivers, reducing the likelihood of negative impacts. This chapter uses two thorough case examples to highlight how MI can be used in these contexts.
Motivational Interviewing and Quality Improvement Research
Authors: Choflet Amanda , Lavezza Annette , Daley Kelly
Published: February 2024

This chapter outlines a variety of approaches to systematically measure the impact of motivational interviewing (MI) spirit and skills on clinical care, focusing not only on quality improvement (QI) techniques but also on research and implementation science frameworks. QI is designed to improve clinical outcomes in as close to real time as possible without necessarily generating new knowledge and is best applied in a clinical setting. Research is required when best practices are not clearly defined for a clinical environment or population and new knowledge must be discovered. Implementation science focuses on approaches to address challenges in the integration of new knowledge into practice. Putting the electronic health record to work allows for QI evaluation and feedback reporting through access to process measures and outcome measures. It is critical to have a foundation of a strong team with trusting relationships and flexible strategic planning.
The Choice of Odysseus
Authors: Van der Laan Sarah
Published: February 2024

The Choice of Odysseus reveals that the Odyssey provided Renaissance authors and readers with a poetic ethics—tools for living developed in poetry—to navigate the challenges of their age. As they endured schisms, ruptures, and failures of ideals, readers and poets turned to the Odyssey for narratives of recovery and aftermath. The Choice of Odysseus reconstructs Renaissance readings of the Odyssey from myriad sources. Situating major works by Petrarch, Poliziano, Ariosto, Tasso, Spenser, Monteverdi, and Milton in these Odyssean contexts, it recovers a powerful Renaissance tradition of Odyssean epic. Renaissance poets adopted the Odyssey as an epic model that supplements and even opposes the Virgilian epic model of conquest and imperial foundations. For Renaissance readers and authors, the Odyssey renders heroic other kinds of lived experience: the necessity of facing the world and its challenges with only human wisdom and reason; the ability to integrate traumatic detours and reversals into a vision of an accomplished self; the recovery of a private life and personal desires painfully suspended for public service. Emphasizing marriage, reconciliation, homecoming, and the return to private life and private desires as suitably heroic matter for epic and powerful conventions for narrative and poetic closure, the Renaissance Odyssey and the epics and operas it inspired confer a uniquely heroic status on experience for men and women alike.
Daniel After Babylon
Authors: Grillo Jennie
Published: February 2024

Daniel After Babylon explores the afterlife of those parts of the biblical book of Daniel unique to the Septuagint and its translations. These Additions to Daniel—the Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three Young Men, the story of Susanna, and the legend of Bel and the Dragon—have generated a large and diverse body of reception in liturgy, exegesis, homily, typology, art, music, literature, and other media. This book first traces the material lives of the Additions to Daniel in manuscript and print inside and outside the Greek Bible, and then examines three thematic nodes where readers of the Additions have especially gathered: martyrdom, different visions of the afterlife, and the experience of seeing beauty.
Prelude on Prayer
Authors: Grillo Jennie
Published: February 2024

A Roman gold glass bowl found in Cologne makes Daniel, Susanna, and the Three Hebrews into matching figures praying in a place of danger. Their separate stories map onto a common template, and this motif of the orans in the place of peril becomes a nutshell of the whole book of Daniel across not only its early Christian reception but also its early Jewish afterlife. The inclusion of prayer within this Daniel meme derives from the Additions version of Dan. 3, and so we see that the Additions are at the heart of the reception of Daniel from earliest times.
Afterlives and Otherworlds
Authors: Grillo Jennie
Published: February 2024

There is a growing focus on the afterlife even within the Hebrew and Aramaic textual tradition of Daniel, where the second half of the book develops a heightened awareness of extra-mundane realities. The Additions continue this trajectory by giving further specification to the book of Daniel’s growing realism about resurrection, and by giving a fuller sense of Hades as a place. The reception of the Additions to Daniel shows their special aptness for imagining life after death, with several recurring emphases: the idea that the dead inhabit other worlds of their own; that they have conscious experience; that their experience is neither wholly good nor wholly bad; that it can change; and that the living can influence those changes. Later interpreters have used the Additions to explore ideas of hell and its harrowing, refrigerium interim, purgatory, and paradise.
The Safety Net Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic Recession and the Older Population
Authors: Moffitt Robert A. , Ziliak James P.
Published: February 2024

The chapter examines how receipt of several major transfer programs changed during the pandemic recession for persons age 50–74. Unemployment Insurance (UI) and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) receipt grew for less educated men and women age 50–61, and both provided significant support to those age 62+. Receipt responded more strongly during the pandemic than during the Great Recession. Medicaid benefits responded much less and little response occurred for the Supplemental Security Income (SSI), Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI), and social security programs. The chapter provides policy suggestions for reforms of the SSI and DI programs and for safety-net programs in general, for greater countercyclical assistance to the older population.
Shakespeare and the Royal Actor
Authors: Barnden Sally
Published: February 2024

Shakespeare and the Royal Actor argues that members of the royal family have identified with Shakespearean figures at various times in modern history in order to assert the continuity, legitimacy, and national identity of the royal line. The book provides an account of the relationship between the Shakespearean afterlife and the royal family through the lens of a broadly conceived theatre history. It suggests that these two hegemonic institutions have had a mutually sustaining relationship across a period of modern history from the accession of George III in 1760 to that of Elizabeth II in 1952. Identifications with Shakespearean figures have been strategically deployed to assert the Englishness of a dynasty with strong familial links to Germany, and to cultivate a sense of continuity from the more autocratic Plantagenet, Tudor, and Stuart monarchs informing Shakespeare’s drama to the increasingly ceremonial monarchs of the modern period. The book is driven by new archival research, particularly in the Royal Collection and Royal Archives. As such its argument and case studies are shaped by the archival practices espoused by the monarchy’s own narrative of itself. It reads these archives critically, asking how different forms of royal and Shakespearean performance are remembered in the material holdings of royal institutions.
Law at the Movies
Authors: Fish Stanley
Published: February 2024

This book asks the question “How can legal doctrine be turned into filmic art?” By “legal doctrine” I do not mean the sonorous abstractions that usually accompany the self-presentation of law—Justice, Equity, Equality, Liberty, Autonomy, and the like. Rather I have in mind the specific rules and procedures invoked and analyzed by courts on the way to declaring a decision—mail fraud, lawyer–client confidentiality, property law, libel law as applied to public figures, the distinction between interdicted violence and the violence performed by the legal system, the interplay of positive law and laws rooted in morality, the difference between civilian law and military law, the category of class action, the death penalty, the legal definition of insanity, the admissibility of different forms of evidence. In the movies I discuss, these and other points of doctrine and procedure do not serve as a background, occasionally visited, to the substantive issues that drive the plot and provide the characters with choices; they declare the plot, and character is formed and tested in relationship to their demands. Apparently technical matters are pressed until they occupy both foreground and background and become the movie’s true subject. If large, abstract concepts emerge, they emerge at the back end of doctrine and are, in effect, produced by doctrine. These are not law-themed movies; they are movies about the unfolding of legal process. They do not begin with grand definitions of law; they begin (and end) with the details of legal practice in a particular, delimited, legal space. Grand definitions, if there are any, follow.
Russian Wedding Songs
Authors: Levaniouk Olga
Published: February 2024

Every step of the traditional Russian wedding finds expression in songs and laments. Interactions between the two parties are staged as mock conflict with blaming and teasing songs, humor, and obscenity. The largest share of songs belongs to the bride, whose loss of maidenhood, often imagined as a withered or cut flower, constitutes the central plot line. The songs dramatize the irreversible change she undergoes in ceasing forever to be a girl (free, playful, and cherished by parents and friends), her resistance, and eventual acquiescence. In her laments, the bride composes in performance, acting her own self within the world of the wedding. As the turning point in the wedding is reached, the laments cease; and the songs reflect this reversal by transitioning to praise for the newlyweds and themes of fertility and abundance.