bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developments in literary dialect representation in British fiction 1800–1836
Authors: Hodson Jane , Broadhead Alex
Published: November 2013

This study draws on findings from the ‘Dialect in British Fiction 1800–1836’ project to describe changes in literary dialect representation in novels published during the second half of the Romantic Period. We identify an overall increase in literary dialect representation, and trace the different trajectories of Scots, Irish English, Welsh English, London English and Regional English varieties. We consider why literary dialect representation increased in the novel during this period, and why some literary dialects proved more popular than others. In conclusion we argue that while the overall picture presented by this project is one of increased speech by characters from the lower classes, this increase should not be interpreted as de facto evidence of greater acceptance of dialect and dialect speakers.
‘Our War History in Cartoons Is Unique’: J.M. Staniforth, British Public Opinion, and the South African War, 1899–1902
Authors: Williams Chris
Published: November 2013

This article analyses the wartime cartoons of the News of the World’s J.M.Staniforth, whose work reached substantial audiences at the time and in republications. The cartoons tell us about the cartoonist’s views and also suggest the attitudes of his readership, particularly in respect of the approach and outbreak of war; responses to British military reverses; the welfare of servicemen and their families; the controversy surrounding the ‘scorched earth’ policy. Even patriotic supporters of imperial expansion were unable to conceal their doubts and unease over both the causes of the war and the methods by which it was pursued.
The Origins of Chemical Warfare in the French Army
Authors: Krause Jonathan
Published: November 2013

Following the Germans’ first use of chlorine gas during the second battle of Ypres, the Entente had to develop means of protection from future poison gas attacks as well as systems for retaliation. This article, through the analysis of heretofore unexamined archival sources, considers early French attempts at engaging in chemical warfare. Contrary to the existing historiography, the French army aggressively adapted to, and engaged in, chemical warfare. Indeed, the French army would be the first to fire asphyxiating gas shells from field guns and, by June 1915, would pioneer the use of gas as a neutralization weapon to be used in counter-battery fire, as opposed to unleashing gas via canisters to engage enemy infantry. Such innovation invites a rethinking not only of French gas efforts but also of the role and evolution of the French army as a whole on the Western Front, a topic which the Anglophone world is in great need of examining further.
Life Expectancy and Economic Well-being: A Within-country Regional-level Analysis Using the Micro-data of Bangladesh
Authors: Husain Muhammad Jami
Published: November 2013

A frequent empirical approach toward examining the impact of health on economic growth has been to focus on data for a cross-section of countries and to regress the income indicator on the health indicator controlling for the initial level of income and for other factors believed to influence steady-state income levels. From the methodological perspective, such a growth regression approach has mainly offered evidence for the relationship between health and income, using cross-country macro-level data. This article contributes to existing empirical research by introducing within-country regional-level analysis using three rounds of the Demographic and Health Surveys of Bangladesh, combined with corresponding geo-referenced global positioning system (GPS) data, to estimate the contribution of life expectancy to economic well-being. The joint evolution of the regional-level longevity and wealth indicator obtained from the micro-data corroborates Preston’s cross-country macro-level findings. Also, the finding that a 1 per cent increase in life expectancy leads to about 3 per cent increase in the wealth index corroborates the findings of several macro-regression studies and promotes the concept of direct investments in health.

JEL Classification: I10, O40, R10
The Effects of an Early Observational Experience on Medical Students’ Attitudes Toward End-of-Life Care
Authors: Wechter Elizabeth , O'Gorman Denise Carter , Singh Mamta K. , Spanos Pete , Daly Barbara J.
Published: November 2013

End-of-life care is paramount in maintaining the quality of life of the terminally ill, protecting them from unnecessary treatment, and controlling costs incurred in their care. Training doctors to be effective end-of-life caregivers begins in medical school. A survey design was used to collect data from 166 first-year medical students before and after exposure to hospice or palliative care through an early clinical exposure program. Data demonstrated that students had a significant change in attitude scores after the observational experience ( P < .05). Providing students with the opportunity to observe and participate in end-of-life care has a positive effect on attitudes toward the care of dying persons. We recommend that direct exposure to end-of-life care practices be incorporated early in the medical school curriculum.
Clinical applicability of real-time, prehospital image transmission for FAST (Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma)
Authors: Song Kyoung Jun , Shin Sang Do , Hong Ki Jeong , Cheon Kyoung Woo , Shin Ilhyoung , Song Sung-Wook , Kim Hee Chan
Published: November 2013

We evaluated a real-time, prehospital ultrasound image transmission system for use in focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST). The wireless, real-time ultrasound image transmission system comprised an ultrasound scanner with a convex abdominal transducer and a notebook computer connected to a 3 G wireless network for video data transmission. In our simulation experiment, ultrasonography was performed by emergency medical technicians (EMTs) on a human body phantom with simulated haemoperitoneum. Transmitted ultrasound video clips were randomly rearranged and presented to emergency physicians to make a diagnosis of haemoperitoneum. A total of 21 ultrasound video clips was used and 13 emergency physicians participated in the study. The sensitivity and specificity were 90.0% (95% Confidence Interval, CI, 83.5–94.6) and 85.3% (95% CI 78.4–90.7) respectively, and the accuracy of detecting abnormal ultrasound results was 87.7% (95% CI 83.8–91.6). Diagnosis of hemoperitonuem in trauma patients by an emergency physician based on the transmitted video images of FAST performed by an EMT is feasible, and has an accuracy of about 88%.
Partnerships as knowledge encounters: A psychosocial theory of partnerships for health and community development
Authors: Aveling Emma-Louise , Jovchelovitch Sandra
Published: November 2013

In this article, we present a psychosocial theory of partnership, illustrated with case studies from Cambodia and Brazil. Partnerships are conceptualised as encounters with the knowledge of self and others, entailing processes of representation and communication between all stakeholders involved, and shaped by institutional and sociocultural contexts. We argue that partnership is an evolving practice that requires critical reflection and the creation of enabling institutional contexts. As such, it must be understood not as a tool for intervention, but as part of the intervention and definition of success.
Thermal residual stresses in in-plane functionally graded clamped hollow circular plates subjected to an edge heat flux
Authors: Apalak M Kemal , Demirbas M Didem
Published: November 2013

This study carries out the thermal residual stress analyses of functionally graded clamped hollow circular plates for in-plane constant inner and outer edge heat fluxes. The material properties of the functionally graded plates were assumed to vary with a power law along an in-plane direction not through the plate thickness direction. The transient heat conduction and Navier equations describing the two-dimensional thermoelastic problem were discretized using finite difference method, and the set of linear equations were solved using the pseudo singular value method. In order to determine the effect of the plate material properties on the thermal deformation and stress states the circular plates were designed in the way that their material compositions can vary from a pure ceramic (C) outer edge to a pure metal (M) inner edge and vice versa, such as ceramic-to-metal or metal-to-ceramic circular plates. The compositional gradient and direction affected considerably both in-plane temperature levels and heat transfer period whereas similar temperature distributions existed. The displacement components exhibited similar symmetrical distributions and were at lower levels in the metal-rich compositions. The normal strain components had similar distributions to those of the displacement components and were critical around both the inner and outer edges. A metal-rich composition resulted in lower normal strain levels. The equivalent strain distributions were always critical around the heat flux edge and became highest for a ceramic-rich composition. The normal stress components and equivalent stresses were critical in the ceramic-rich regions and the equivalent stress exhibited a sudden increase near the pure ceramic-edge subjected to the heat flux. The lower stress levels were also observed for a metal-rich composition variation. The ceramic material, a good thermal insulator, makes a metal-to-ceramic and a ceramic-to-metal material system suitable for outer and inner edge heat fluxes, respectively in practice. The metal-rich material compositions (with [Formula: see text] and 10.0) can prevent the local cracks in the ceramic-rich regions induced by high heat gradients.
Commercial pacification: Airline advertising, fear of flight, and the shaping of popular emotion
Authors: Popp Richard K
Published: November 2013

Though advertising’s capacity to provoke fear and uncertainty has been the subject of much historical scholarship, we know little about how advertisers have tried to allay the fears surrounding products widely perceived to be risky in nature. This article explores such dynamics by describing how the US advertising industry operated as an emotional community to frame the fear of flight as a marketing problem to be resolved through carefully designed ad campaigns. Drawing on a broad array of primary sources, the article focuses on the period between the 1920s and the 1970s. During this era, infrastructure expansion and new aviation technologies continuously grew the airlines’ carrying capacity, creating an ongoing need to recruit new flyers at a time when many consumers harbored deep concerns about the safety of air travel. The essay concentrates on two particularly influential lines of thought that structured airline marketing efforts: first, that flying fears were feminine in nature; and second, that flight phobias were symptomatic of an underdeveloped psyche. Though the focus is on airline advertising, the study ultimately has broader implications for our understanding of commercial media’s role in the selling of risk and the shaping of emotion in consumer capitalism.
From a court orientation to a victim orientation: The paradigm shift in Israel’s Juvenile Probation Service
Authors: Yanay Uri , Borowski Allan
Published: November 2013

During the course of the last decade, Israel’s Juvenile Probation Service (JPS) added Victim Offender Mediation (VOM), an important example of restorative justice, to its repertoire of diagnostic, therapeutic and caring practices for young offenders. The introduction of VOM represented a major shift from its traditional service orientation.

When first established by the British Mandate over Palestine in the 1930s, the primary beneficiaries of the probation services were His Majesty’s Courts and their British judges. Later, after the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, the JPS specialized in assessing and supervising young offenders. The introduction of VOM meant the acknowledgement by the JPS of the victims of its young clientele. This acknowledgement blurred the boundaries of the JPS’s traditional mission, operations and clientele. This paper describes how this new orientation in the work of the JPS came about. In doing so it draws on some of the findings of a qualitative research study, findings that serve to highlight some of the main issues that arose along the way.
Lifestyle and Breast Cancer Incidence and Survival
Authors: Cuesta Fernandez Ana Elisa , Moroose Rebecca Lynn
Published: November 2013

Recently reported SEER data revealing an increase in the number of younger women who present with advanced breast cancer at diagnosis has led to much speculation regarding epidemiological factors that play a role in breast cancer risk and that may be modifiable by lifestyle. Molecular genomics has identified biological pathways that affect breast cancer prognosis and inform treatment decisions. Depending on menopausal status and breast cancer subtype, evidence is emerging that lifestyle could be implicated not only in the risk for breast cancer but also outcomes following breast cancer diagnosis. Several biologic mechanisms have been explored explaining the physiologic role of lifestyle and cancer risk and survival. In this report, we explore the interaction between lifestyle, breast cancer phenotype, and outcomes and review potential molecular mechanisms linking lifestyle to risk and prognosis in order to establish a platform for future exploration. The cost of breast cancer treatment and breast cancer morbidity and mortality during a woman’s productive years impose a psychosocial and socioeconomic burden on our nation. Efforts to ease that burden through lifestyle modification should be embraced and supported as we reevaluate and scrutinize the allocation of health care resources in our nation.
Preparing and giving presentations
Authors: Simon Dr Chantal
Published: November 2013

Doctors commonly receive little or no advice about preparing and giving presentations during their training. However, GPs and GPs in training are often asked to give presentations, whether to patient groups or to other health professionals. As a young GP, I found this very daunting and was always terrified of the prospect of ‘getting it wrong’. Many years and many presentations later, I still hate presenting, but it is an essential part of my role and I have learned ways to make presenting easier. This article summarises the tips and tricks that I have learned and uses case studies to illustrate these points.
Adherence of antidepressants during pregnancy: MEMS compared with three other methods
Authors: Bosman Judith , ter Horst Peter G.J. , Smit Jan Pieter , Dijkstra Jeroen R. , Beekhuis Hans R. , Slingersland Robbert J. , Hospes Wobbe
Published: November 2013

Background:

Data about adherence of antidepressants during pregnancy are lacking. However, it is important to gain insight into adherence in this population to reduce perinatal risks for relapse of depression.

Objective:

The objective of this study was to search for an inexpensive and easy method to implement daily for assessing medication adherence during pregnancy.

Methods:

An observational study was conducted to measure adherence by comparing pill count, Beliefs about Medicine questionnaire (BMQ) and blood level monitoring against the standard, the Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS). We used a logistic regression model to determine potential predictors for poor adherence (age, marital class, highest level of education, monthly net income, employment, smoking, alcohol use and type of antidepressant).

Results:

From January 2010 until January 2012, 41 women were included within the first trimester of pregnancy; data could be evaluated in 29 women. Using MEMS, 86% of the women took in more than 80% of all prescribed doses on time and could be classified as adherent. Pill counts showed good agreement with MEMS. We did not find predictors for poor adherence in our study population.

Conclusion:

Adherence of antidepressants during pregnancy using MEMS is 86%. There was a good agreement between MEMS and pill counts. This method may serve as a good alternative that can be easily implemented into daily practice.
Global discovery of erythroid long noncoding RNAs reveals novel regulators of red cell maturation
Authors: Alvarez-Dominguez Juan R. , Hu Wenqian , Yuan Bingbing , Shi Jiahai , Park Staphany S. , Gromatzky Austin A. , Oudenaarden Alexander van , Lodish Harvey F.
Published: November 2013

Key Points

Global lncRNA discovery reveals novel erythroid-specific lncRNAs that are dynamically expressed and targeted by GATA1, TAL1, and KLF1. Multiple types of lncRNAs promote red cell maturation by regulating neighboring loci, including DLEU2 and a novel Band 3 enhancer lncRNA.
Some normality criteria for families of meromorphic functions
Authors: Yuan Wenjun , Xiong Weiling , Lin Jianming
Published: November 2013

In the note, we study the normality of families of meromorphic functions. We consider whether a family of meromorphic functions ℱ is normal in D if, for a normal family

G

and for each function

f
∈
F

, there exists

g
∈
G

such that

f
n

f
′

=

a
i

implies

g
n

g
′

=

a
i

for two distinct nonzero points

a
i

,

i
=
1
,
2

and an integer n. An example shows that the condition in our results is best possible.

MSC:30D45, 30D35.
A note on rough singular integrals in Triebel-Lizorkin spaces and Besov spaces
Authors: Liu Feng , Wu Huoxiong , Zhang Daiqing
Published: November 2013

This paper is concerned with the singular integral operators along polynomial curves. The boundedness for such operators on Triebel-Lizorkin spaces and Besov spaces is established, provided the kernels satisfy rather weak size conditions both on the unit sphere and in the radial direction. Moreover, the corresponding results for the singular integrals associated to the compound curves formed by polynomial with certain smooth functions are also given.

MSC:42B20, 42B25.
C. albicansgrowth, transition, biofilm formation, and gene expression modulation by antimicrobial decapeptide KSL-W
Authors: Theberge Simon , Semlali Abdelhabib , Alamri Abdullah , Leung Kai P , Rouabhia Mahmoud
Published: November 2013

Background

Antimicrobial peptides have been the focus of much research over the last decade because of their effectiveness and broad-spectrum activity against microbial pathogens. These peptides also participate in inflammation and the innate host defense system by modulating the immune function that promotes immune cell adhesion and migration as well as the respiratory burst, which makes them even more attractive as therapeutic agents. This has led to the synthesis of various antimicrobial peptides, including KSL-W (KKVVFWVKFK-NH2), for potential clinical use. Because this peptide displays antimicrobial activity against bacteria, we sought to determine its antifungal effect on C. albicans. Growth, hyphal form, biofilm formation, and degradation were thus examined along with EFG1, NRG1, EAP1, HWP1, and SAP 2-4-5-6 gene expression by quantitative RT-PCR.

Results

This study demonstrates that KSL-W markedly reduced C. albicans growth at both early and late incubation times. The significant effect of KSL-W on C. albicans growth was observed beginning at 10 μg/ml after 5 h of contact by reducing C. albicans transition and at 25 μg/ml by completely inhibiting C. albicans transition. Cultured C. albicans under biofilm-inducing conditions revealed that both KSL-W and amphotericin B significantly decreased biofilm formation at 2, 4, and 6 days of culture. KSL-W also disrupted mature C. albicans biofilms. The effect of KSL-W on C. albicans growth, transition, and biofilm formation/disruption may thus occur through gene modulation, as the expression of various genes involved in C. albicans growth, transition and biofilm formation were all downregulated when C. albicans was treated with KSL-W. The effect was greater when C. albicans was cultured under hyphae-inducing conditions.

Conclusions

These data provide new insight into the efficacy of KSL-W against C. albicans and its potential use as an antifungal therapy.
Eye exercises of acupoints: their impact on refractive error and visual symptoms in Chinese urban children
Authors: Lin Zhong , Vasudevan Balamurali , Jhanji Vishal , Gao Tie Ying , Wang Ning Li , Wang Qi , Wang Ji , Ciuffreda Kenneth J , Liang Yuan Bo
Published: November 2013

Background

Traditional Chinese eye exercises of acupoints involve acupoint self-massage. These have been advocated as a compulsory measure to reduce ocular fatigue, as well as to retard the development of myopia, among Chinese school children. This study evaluated the impact of these eye exercises among Chinese urban children.

Methods

409 children (195 males, 47.7%), aged 11.1 ± 3.2 (range 6–17) years, from the Beijing Myopia Progression Study (BMPS) were recruited. All had completed the eye exercise questionnaire, the convergence insufficiency symptom survey (CISS), and a cycloplegic autorefraction. Among these, 395 (96.6%) performed the eye exercises of acupoints. Multiple logistic regressions for myopia and multiple linear regressions for the CISS score (after adjusting for age, gender, average parental refractive error, and time spent doing near work and outdoor activity) for the different items of the eye exercises questionnaire were performed.

Results

Only the univariate odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for “seriousness of attitude” towards performing the eye exercises of acupoints (0.51, 0.33-0.78) showed a protective effect towards myopia. However, none of the odds ratios were significant after adjusting for the confounding factors. The univariate and multipleβcoefficients for the CISS score were -2.47 (p = 0.002) and -1.65 (p = 0.039), -3.57 (p = 0.002) and -2.35 (p = 0.042), and -2.40 (p = 0.003) and -2.29 (p = 0.004), for attitude, speed of exercise, and acquaintance with acupoints, respectively, which were all significant.

Conclusions

The traditional Chinese eye exercises of acupoints appeared to have a modest effect on relieving near vision symptoms among Chinese urban children aged 6 to 17 years. However, no remarkable effect on reducing myopia was observed.
A practical approach to Sasang constitutional diagnosis using vocal features
Authors: Jang Jun-Su , Ku Boncho , Kim Young-Su , Nam Jiho , Kim Keun Ho , Kim Jong Yeol
Published: November 2013

Background

Sasang constitutional medicine (SCM) is a type of tailored medicine that divides human beings into four Sasang constitutional (SC) types. Diagnosis of SC types is crucial to proper treatment in SCM. Voice characteristics have been used as an essential clue for diagnosing SC types. In the past, many studies tried to extract quantitative vocal features to make diagnosis models; however, these studies were flawed by limited data collected from one or a few sites, long recording time, and low accuracy. We propose a practical diagnosis model having only a few variables, which decreases model complexity. This in turn, makes our model appropriate for clinical applications.

Methods

A total of 2,341 participants’ voice recordings were used in making a SC classification model and to test the generalization ability of the model. Although the voice data consisted of five vowels and two repeated sentences per participant, we used only the sentence part for our study. A total of 21 features were extracted, and an advanced feature selection method—the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO)—was applied to reduce the number of variables for classifier learning. A SC classification model was developed using multinomial logistic regression via LASSO.

Results

We compared the proposed classification model to the previous study, which used both sentences and five vowels from the same patient’s group. The classification accuracies for the test set were 47.9% and 40.4% for male and female, respectively. Our result showed that the proposed method was superior to the previous study in that it required shorter voice recordings, is more applicable to practical use, and had better generalization performance.

Conclusions

We proposed a practical SC classification method and showed that our model having fewer variables outperformed the model having many variables in the generalization test. We attempted to reduce the number of variables in two ways: 1) the initial number of candidate features was decreased by considering shorter voice recording, and 2) LASSO was introduced for reducing model complexity. The proposed method is suitable for an actual clinical environment. Moreover, we expect it to yield more stable results because of the model’s simplicity.
Dietary protein and plasma total homocysteine, cysteine concentrations in coronary angiographic subjects
Authors: Xiao Yunjun , Zhang Yuan , Wang Min , Li Xinrui , Xia Min , Ling Wenhua
Published: November 2013

Background

Dietary patterns are associated with plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations in healthy populations, but the associations between dietary protein and tHcy, total cysteine (tCys) in high risk populations are unclear. We therefore examined the association between dietary protein and tHcy and tCys concentrations in coronary angiographic subjects.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study of 1015 Chinese patients who underwent coronary angiography (40–85 y old). With the use of food-frequency questionnaires, we divided the total protein intakes into high animal-protein and high plant-protein diets. Circulating concentrations of tHcy and tCys were simultaneously measured by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.

Results

We found that high animal-protein diet was positively associated with hyperhomocysteinemia after adjustment for potential confounders, with the subjects in the highest quartile of intake having the greatest increase in risk (OR: 4.14, 95% CI: 2.67-6.43), whereas high plant-protein diet was inversely related to hyperhomocysteinemia, with a higher intake being protective. Compared with the first quartile of intake, the adjusted OR was 0.59 (95% CI: 0.38-0.91) for the fourth quartile. The total protein intake was positively associated with the risk of hypercysteinemia and the participants in highest quartile had significant OR of 1.69 (95% CI: 1.02-2.87) compared with those in lowest quartile. In multivariate linear regression analyses, high animal-protein and total-protein intakes were positively associated with plasma tHcy and tCys concentrations. The plant-protein intake was a negative determinant of plasma tHcy concentrations.

Conclusions

High animal-protein diet was positively associated with high tHcy concentrations, whereas high plant-protein diet was inversely associated with tHcy concentrations. Furthermore the total protein intake was strongly related to tCys concentrations.
Best proximity points and extension of Mizoguchi-Takahashi’s fixed point theorems
Authors: Kumam Poom , Aydi Hassen , Karapınar Erdal , Sintunavarat Wutiphol
Published: November 2013

In this paper, we introduce a multi-valued cyclic generalized contraction by extending the Mizoguchi and Takahashi’s contraction for non-self mappings. We also establish a best proximity point for such type contraction mappings in the context of metric spaces. Later, we characterize this result to investigate the existence of best proximity point theorems in uniformly convex Banach spaces. We state some illustrative examples to support our main theorems. Our results extend, improve and enrich some celebrated results in the literature, such as Nadler’s fixed point theorem, Mizoguchi and Takahashi’s fixed point theorem.

MSC:41A65, 46B20, 47H09, 47H10.
Coupled fixed point results on quasi-Banach spaces with application to a system of integral equations
Authors: Hussain Nawab , Salimi Peyman , Al-Mezel Saleh
Published: November 2013

The aim of this paper is to obtain coupled fixed point theorems for self-mappings defined on an ordered closed and convex subset of a quasi-Banach space. Our method of proof is different and constructive in nature. As an application of our coupled fixed point results, we establish corresponding coupled coincidence point results without any type of commutativity of underlying maps. Moreover, an application to integral equations is given to illustrate the usability of the obtained results.

MSC:47H10, 54H25, 55M20.
Some new results on fixed and best proximity points in preordered metric spaces
Authors: Amini-Harandi Alireza , Fakhar Majid , Hajisharifi Hamid Reza , Hussain Nawab
Published: November 2013

In this paper, we first introduce two new classes of

(
ω
,
δ
)

-contractions of the first and second kinds and establish some related new fixed point and best proximity point theorems in preordered metric spaces. Our theorems subsume the corresponding recent results of Samet (J. Optim. Theory Appl. (2013), doi:10.1007/s10957-013-0269-9) and extend and generalize many of the well-known results in the literature. An example is also provided to support our main results.

MSC: 47H10, 41A65.
Existence of three solutions for a Navier boundary value problem involving the "Equation missing" -biharmonic
Authors: Huang Feng-Li , Chen Guang-Sheng , Niu Yu-Qi , Song Ti
Published: November 2013

In this paper, we study

(
p
(
x
)
,
q
(
x
)
)

-biharmonic systems with Navier boundary condition on a bounded domain and obtain three solutions under appropriate hypotheses. The technical approach is mainly based on the general three critical points theorem obtained by Ricceri.
Regulation of axon growth by the JIP1-AKT axis
Authors: Dajas-Bailador Federico , Bantounas Ioannis , Jones Emma V , Whitmarsh Alan J
Published: November 2013

The polarization of developing neurons to form axons and dendrites is required for establishing neuronal connections leading to proper brain function. The protein kinase AKT and the MAP kinase scaffold protein JNK-interacting protein-1 (JIP1) are important regulators of axon formation. Here we report that JIP1 and AKT co-localize in axonal growth cones of cortical neurons and collaborate to promote axon growth. The loss of AKT protein from the growth cone results in the degradation of JIP1 via the proteasome, while loss of JIP1 promotes a similar fate for AKT. Reduced protein levels of both JIP1 and AKT in the growth cone can be induced by glutamate and this coincides with reduced axon growth which can be rescued by a stabilized mutant of JIP1 that rescues AKT protein levels. Taken together, our data reveal a collaborative relationship between JIP1 and AKT that is required for axon growth and can be regulated by changes in neuronal activity.
Figure-ground discrimination behavior in Drosophila. II. Visual influences on head movement
Authors: Fox Jessica L. , Frye Mark A.
Published: November 2013

Visual identification of small moving targets is a challenge for all moving animals. Their own motion generates displacement of the visual surroundings, inducing wide-field optic flow across the retina. Wide-field optic flow is used to sense perturbations in flight course. Both ego-motion and corrective optomotor responses confound any attempt to track a salient target moving independently from the visual surroundings. What are the strategies that flying animals use to discriminate small-field figure motion from superimposed wide-field background motion? We examined how fruit flies adjust their gaze in response to a compound visual stimulus comprising a small moving figure against an independently moving wide-field ground, which they do either by re-orienting their head or by re-orienting their flight trajectory. We found that fixing the head in place impairs object fixation in the presence of ground motion, and that head movements are necessary for stabilizing wing steering responses to wide-field ground motion when a figure is present. When a figure is moving relative to a moving ground, wing steering responses follow components of both the figure and ground trajectories, but head movements follow only the ground motion. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that wing responses can be uncoupled from head responses and that the two follow distinct trajectories in the case of simultaneous figure and ground motion. These results suggest that whereas figure tracking by wing kinematics is independent of head movements, head movements are important for stabilizing ground motion during active figure tracking.
Mechanics and energetics of load carriage during human walking
Authors: Huang Tzu-wei P. , Kuo Arthur D.
Published: November 2013

Although humans clearly expend more energy to walk with an extra load, it is unclear what biomechanical mechanism explains contribute to that increase. One possible contribution is the mechanical work performed on the body center of mass (COM), which simple models predict should increase linearly with added mass. The work should be performed primarily by the lower extremity joints, although in unknown distribution, and cost a proportionate amount of metabolic energy. We therefore tested normal adults (N=8) walking at constant speed (1.25 m/s) with varying backpack loads up to about 40% of body weight. We measured mechanical work (both performed on the COM and joint work from inverse dynamics), as well as metabolic energy expenditure through respirometry. Both measures of work were found to increase approximately linearly with carried load, with COM work rate increasing by about 1.40 W for each 1 kg of additional load. The joints all contributed work, but the greatest increase in positive work was attributable to the ankle during push-off (about 45 - 60% of stride time), and the knee in the rebound after collision (12 - 30% stride). The hip performed increasing amounts of negative work, near the end of stance. Rate of metabolic energy expenditure also increased approximately linearly with load, by about 7.6 W for each 1 kg of additional load. The ratio of the increases in work and metabolic cost yielded a relatively constant efficiency of about 16%. The metabolic cost not explained by work appeared to be relatively constant with load and did not exhibit a particular trend. Most of the increasing cost for carrying a load appears to be explained by positive mechanical work, especially about ankle and knee, with both work and metabolic cost increasing nearly linearly with added mass.
Three floral volatiles contribute to differential pollinator attraction in monkeyflowers (Mimulus)
Authors: Byers Kelsey J.R.P. , Bradshaw H.D. , Riffell Jeffrey A.
Published: November 2013

Flowering plants employ a wide variety of signals, including scent, to attract the attention of pollinators. In this study we investigate the role of floral scent in mediating differential attraction between two species of monkeyflowers (Mimulus) reproductively isolated by pollinator preference. The emission rate and chemical identity of floral volatiles differ between the bumblebee-pollinated Mimulus lewisii and the hummingbird-pollinated M. cardinalis. M. lewisii flowers produce an array of volatiles dominated by D-limonene, β-myrcene, and E-β-ocimene. Of these three monoterpenes, M. cardinalis flowers produce only D-limonene, released at just 0.9% the rate of M. lewisii flowers. Using the Bombus vosnesenskii bumblebee, an important pollinator of M. lewisii, we conducted simultaneous gas chromatography with extracellular recordings in the bumblebee antennal lobe. Results from these experiments revealed that these three monoterpenes evoke significant neural responses, and that a synthetic mixture of the three volatiles evokes the same responses as the natural scent. Furthermore, the neural population shows enhanced responses to the M. lewisii scent over the scent of M. cardinalis. This neural response is reflected in behavior; in two-choice assays, bumblebees investigate artificial flowers scented with M. lewisii more frequently than ones scented with M. cardinalis, and in synthetic mixtures the three monoterpenes are necessary and sufficient to recapitulate responses to the natural scent of M. lewisii. In this system, floral scent alone is sufficient to elicit differential visitation by bumblebees, implying a strong role of scent in the maintenance of reproductive isolation between M. lewisii and M. cardinalis.
Jumping mechanisms in dictyopharid planthoppers (Hemiptera, Dicytyopharidae)
Authors: Burrows Malcolm
Published: November 2013

The jumping performance of four species of hemipteran bugs belonging to the family Dictyopharidae, from Europe, South Africa and Australia were analysed from high speed images. The body shape in all was characterised by an elongated and tapering head that gave a streamlined appearance. The body size ranged from 6-9 mm in length and 6-23 mg in mass. The hind legs were 80-90 % of body length and 30-50% longer than the front legs, except in one species in which the front legs were particularly large so that all the legs were of similar lengths. Jumping was propelled by rapid and simultaneous depression of the trochantera of both hind legs, powered by large muscles in the thorax and was accompanied by extension of the tibiae. In the best jumps, defined as those with the fastest take-off velocity, Engela accelerated in 1.2 ms to a take-off velocity of 5.8 m s-1 which is the fastest achieved by any insect so far described. During such a jump, Engela experienced an acceleration of 4830 m s-2 or 490 g while other species in the same family experienced 225 - 375 g. The best jumps in all species required an energy expenditure of 76 - 225 μJ, a power output of 12 - 80 mW and exerted a force of 12 - 29 mN. The required power output per mass of jumping muscle ranged from 28000 - 140200 W kg-1 muscle and thus greatly exceeded the maximum active contractile limit of normal muscle. To achieve such a jumping performance, these insects must be using a power amplification mechanism in a catapult-like action. It is suggested that their streamlined body shape improves jumping performance by reducing drag, which for a small insect, can substantially affect forward momentum.
Oxygen delivery does not limit thermal tolerance in a tropical eurythermal crustacean
Authors: Ern Rasmus , Huong Do Thi Thanh , Phuong Nguyen Thanh , Wang Tobias , Bayley Mark
Published: November 2013

In aquatic environments, rising water temperatures reduce water oxygen content while increasing oxygen demand, leading several authors to propose cardiorespiratory oxygen transport capacity as the main determinant of aquatic animal fitness. It has also been argued that tropical species, compared to temperate species, live very close to their upper thermal limit and hence are vulnerable to even small elevations in temperature. Little, however, is known about physiological responses to high temperatures in tropical species. Here we report that the tropical Giant freshwater shrimp (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) maintains normal growth when challenged by a temperature rise of 6°C above the present day average (27°C to 33°C). Further, by measuring heart rate, gill ventilation rate, resting and maximum oxygen uptake, and hemolymph lactate, we show that oxygen transport capacity is maintained up to the critical maximum temperature around 41°C. In M. rosenbergii heart rate and gill ventilation rate increases exponentially until immediately below critical temperatures and at 38°C animals still retained more than 76% of aerobic scope measured at 30°C, and there was no indication of anaerobic metabolism at the high temperatures. Our study shows that the oxygen transport capacity is maintained at high temperatures, and that other mechanisms such as protein dysfunction, are responsible for the loss of ecological performance at elevated temperatures.
Increased allocation of adult-acquired carbohydrate to egg production results in its decreased allocation to sex pheromone production in mated females of the moth Heliothis virescens
Authors: Foster Stephen , Anderson Karin , Harmon Jason
Published: November 2013

Females of most species of moths produce a volatile sex pheromone that attracts conspecific males over distance. In females of the polyandrous moth Heliothis virescens, feeding on carbohydrate (e.g., nectar) supplies precursor, via hemolymph trehalose, for both sex pheromone and egg production. With limited carbohydrate acquisition these two reproductive physiologies might compete for hemolymph trehalose, resulting in an allocation deficit to one. Using virgin and mated females, which have low and high egg maturation rates, respectively, we fed females a limited diet of 13C-labeled glucose daily and, using mass isotopomer distribution analysis, determined allocations of adult-acquired carbohydrate (AAC) to newly synthesized pheromone and ovarian and egg fats, our proxies for allocation to egg production. With increased number of feeds, AAC enrichment of hemolymph trehalose increased, as expected. This led to mated females increasing their proportional allocation of AAC to ovarian and egg fats, but decreasing their proportional allocation of AAC to pheromone production. By contrast, virgins increased their proportional allocation of AAC to pheromone production with increased feeds, consistent with increasing AAC enrichment of hemolymph trehalose. These results show that with limited AAC intake, enhanced egg maturation in mated females results in reduced AAC allocation to pheromone production; this does not occur in virgins because of their lower egg maturation rate. This physiological competition for AAC corresponded with decreased pheromone production in mated moths to levels unlikely to attract mates. Therefore, the availability/allocation of AAC may be a proximate mechanism underlying the incidence of polyandry in this and other species of moths.
The specifics of manipulating public opinion
Authors: Тормозова
Published: November 2013

The state and society have on each other noticeable effect, especially in the sphere of information. The article deals with the specifics of manipulating public opinion through the mass media.
Pilot-ATC communication breakdowns: causes, consequences and counteractions
Authors: Мельниченко
Published: November 2013

Breakdowns in pilot-ATC communications are fraught with fatal consequences. Breakdowns for linguistic reasons are usually caused by diversions from ICAO standard phraseology and/or different proficiency in Aviation English. Outcomes of such breakdowns have called for many lives. Standardization, simplification, safeguards and language proficiency provide for considerable reduction in the number of potential communication breakdowns.
Adaptation of foreign students to university life and studies in Russia
Authors: Глебова
Published: November 2013

The article describes the peculiarities of adaptation of foreign students to university life in Russia, which are determined by a number of factors: psychoand physiological, cognitive, socio-cultural, etc. The author studies the process of adaptation analyzing the phenomena presenting major difficulties for foreign students.
The Germans joke seriously
Authors: Лялина
Published: November 2013

The author of the article attempts to define the constituent parts of the concepts «the Germans» and «comic» as well as reveal the main characteristic features of German comic dicourse. The examples are taken from the book of authentic anecdotes by D. Wackel. The author analyzes various ways of manifestation of humour and humourous effect and gives diagrams illustrating percentage parity of groups with respect to the way of creating a comic effect.
Use of Atmosphere Pollution Model Calculations at the Choice of Transport Infrastructure Improvement Scenarios
Authors: Волкодаева  , Volkodaeva M.
Published: November 2013

The question related to use of atmosphere pollution model calculations at the choice of transport infrastructure improvement scenarios is considered, the algorithm and examples of atmosphere pollution calculations and noise cards creation are given.
Current Stability Limits in Hydrodynamic Filter
Authors: Девисилов  , Devisilov Vladimir , Шарай  , Sharay E.
Published: November 2013

The phenomenon related to a loss of laminar stability of fluid flow in hydrodynamic filter’s working zone with formation of toroidal vortexes is considered. Estimated results related to numerical modeling of liquid’s stationary current in a gap between two coaxial cylinders are presented under various boundary conditions. It is shown that existence of liquid suction from rotating internal cylinder surface leads to stabilization and increase of flow’s stability margin in hydrodynamic filters. The flow stability limits depending on Taylor´s number, rotating cylinder’s angular velocity and liquid suction speed through the cylinder’s surface are defined.
Introduction Training on “Ecology and Industrial Safety” Chair of Bauman Moscow State Technical University
Authors: Девисилов  , Devisilov Vladimir , Старостин  , Starostin I.
Published: November 2013

The first introduction training with third-year students of "Ecology and Industrial Safety" Chair (Bauman Moscow State Technical University) is described in this paper. This training includes the acquaintance with various profile enterprises, dangerous and harmful factors of production and measures for their elimination. This group of enterprises includes the specialized productions ensuring the technosphere safety (sewage and waste treatment, atmosphere emissions) as well. The main questions of this training’s organization and carrying out are considered as follows: insight into the program, carrying out excursions on the enterprise, preparation and protection of reports. Knowledge and experience, received during the training, are used further at a choice of subject related to term projects and graduation works and their performance.
Drafts of Federal State Educational Standards related to Higher Education in Technosphere Safety Direction
Authors: Александров  , Aleksandrov Anatoliy , Девисилов  , Devisilov Vladimir , Симакова  , Simakova YElyena
Published: November 2013

The drafts of Federal state educational standards in the direction “Technosphere Safety” which on the instructions of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation were processed in connection with adoption of the Federal law “About education in the Russian Federation” No. 273 dated 29.12.2012, taken effect from 01.09.2013. The contents of standards didn´t undergo essential changes: the educational program of applied bachelor training is entered; the rights of higher education institutions in formation of the curriculum and the educational programs providing the achievement of competences regulated by the standard and results of training are expanded; requirements to educational institutions realizing the educational programs on material, technical, personnel and educational support are specified and expanded. Standards to the present aren´t approved and are published for the purpose of informing of higher education institutions and the faculty on planned changes in higher education standardization system. To the approval of standards the standards which have taken effect since 01.09.2011 work.
EXTREMAL VECTORS FOR VERMA TYPE REPRESENTATION OF B2
Authors: Burdík Čestmír , Navrátil Ondřej
Published: November 2013

Starting from the Verma modules of the algebra B2 we explicitly construct factor representations of the algebra B2 which are connected with the unitary representation of the group SO(3, 2). We find a full set of extremal vectors for representations of this kind. So we can explicitly resolve the problem of the irreducibility of these representations.
EXAMPLES OF QUANTUM HOLONOMY WITH TOPOLOGY CHANGES
Authors: Cheon Taksu , Tanaka Atushi , Turek Ondřej
Published: November 2013

We study a family of closed quantum graphs described by one singular vertex of order n = 4. By suitable choice of the parameters specifying the singular vertex, we can construct a closed path in the parameter space that physically corresponds to the smooth interpolation of different topologies - a ring, separate two lines, separate two rings, two rings with a contact point. We find that the spectrum of a quantum particle on this family of graphs shows quantum holonomy.