bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formação do professor de história no Brasil: embates e dilaceramentos em tempos de desassossego
Authors: Schmidt Maria Auxiliadora M. dos Santos
Published: March 2016

Observa-se que, na segunda década do século XXI, ocorre na sociedade brasileira uma ênfase em políticas voltadas para a formação de professores, inclusive professores de História. Essa ênfase não está deslocada de um processo de internacionalização da educação brasileira, onde a centralidade do debate está no binômio educação e desenvolvimento. Nesse debate, a personagem que tem sido mais destacada é o professor. Nesse contexto, o presentetrabalho tem como foco apresentar uma síntese das propostas para a formação do professor de História no Brasil, a partir da leitura de documentos oficiais, oriundos de políticas educacionais historicamente determinadas e  que foram estabelecidos para esse fim. Foram elencados alguns documentos para serem analisados, tendo como pressuposto o debate sobre a separação entre a formação teórica e a formação prática. Assim, aanálise dos documentos teve como referência teórica as questões que envolvem a  relação entre a formação fundamentada na epistemologia da prática e a formação fundamentada na epistemologia da práxis. Resultados dessa análise indicam o esvaziamento da formação teórica, da valorização dos conteúdos específicos, em detrimento de uma formação prática, que não leva em consideração a relevância da função social da educação e a finalidade da História para a formação do cidadão crítico.
Ensino de História na perspectiva da Educação histórica: o caso da rede municipal de Curitiba
Authors: Gevaerd Rosi Terezinha Ferrarini
Published: March 2016

Em 2006, o ensino de história na Rede Municipal de Ensino de Curitiba adota a perspectiva da Educação Histórica, tomando como referência, especialmente, os estudos de LEE (2001), BARCA (1998; 2004) e SCHMIDT (2001). Isso está expresso nas Diretrizes Curriculares (CURITIBA, 2006a) e nos Cadernos Pedagógicos – História (CURITIBA, 2006b). Em relação à formação continuada, mais especificamente, em relação aos cursos oferecidos em parceria com a Universidade Federal do Paraná/Laboratório de Pesquisa em Educação Histórica (LAPEDUH), pode-se dizer que a sistemática adotada tem trazido contribuições valiosas, pois, mudou a forma como o professor tem se relacionado com os conteúdos a serem trabalhados, na medida em que investiga as ideias tácitas dos alunos, seleciona diferentes fontes históricas, bem como solicita a produção de narrativas históricas aos alunos.
A formação da consciência social dos jovens no horizonte da Educação Histórica
Authors: Oliveira Maria Isabel Gomes Barca
Published: March 2016

Uma consciência social dos jovens orientada para o desenvolvimento humano exige atenção especial à construção da sua consciência histórica, fundamentada em reflexões epistemológicas instigantes (de Rüsen e outros autores). Esta preocupação tem conduzido a  diversas pesquisas na área da educação histórica, entre os quais o Projeto “Consciência Histórica-Teoria e Práticas” que, em estudos de natureza qualitativa, tem explorado as narrativas de jovens lusófonos acerca do mundo contemporâneo. Neste Projeto, concebeu-se uma proposta de construção de uma narrativa escrita, pelos jovens, acerca da história nacional e da história mundial nos últimos cem anos. Numa primeira fase, participaram estagiários de História de três universidades portuguesas, e em fases subsequentes, jovens em final de escolaridade obrigatória em Portugal, Brasil e Moçambique. A análise indutiva das narrativas sugeriu que os jovens destes países revelam uma identidade nacional relativamente fundamentada, sem xenofobias.. Quanto às narrativas globais, as dos jovens portugueses e moçambicanos aparecem muito menos substanciadas do que as nacionais, enquanto as dos jovens brasileiros narram a um mesmo nível a História do país e do mundo, interligando-as. As produções portuguesas e brasileiras mostram poucos protagonistas, emergindo apenas alguns “vilões”. Por outro lado, os jovens brasileiros e moçambicanos mostram-se interventivos face ao presente; já os jovens portugueses, que apareciam como meros espectadores da História, só recentemente parecem estar a mudar de atitude. Estes e outros resultados da análise das narrativas dos jovens podem constituir-se como pistas valiosas para o trabalho docente, na perspectiva de intervenção positiva na formação da consciência histórica e social dos jovens.
Educação histórica: percepção de crianças sobre tempo e espaço em imagens da cidade de Goiânia
Authors: Silva Maria da Conceição , Fleury Eunice Antunes
Published: March 2016

Esta pesquisa investiga exercícios produzidos por crianças de 10 anos de idade, que cursam a turma E, do Ciclo II, (5º ano do Ensino Fundamental), da Escola Municipal Prof. Lourenço Ferreira Campos, da cidade de Goiânia. O objetivo foi analisar como essas crianças se relacionam com o passado e como percebem a mudança no tempo e no espaço, a partir de três imagens da cidade de Goiânia em diferentes épocas. Foram selecionadas três fotos, dos anos de 1937, 1942 e 2011, para a realização da tarefa em sala de aula. Considerou que a cidade Goiânia foi planejada e começou a ser construída na década de 1930, e no ano de 1942 ocorreu o batismo cultural com as festividades cívicas promovidas pelo poder público.
What's Your Answer? Searching for Triangles
Authors: Meagher Michael S. , Todd Edwards Michael , Özgün-Koca S. Asli
Published: March 2016

The Geoboard Triangle Quest yields many results. The challenge for students is to verify which—if any—are correct.
Stem Cell-Derived Immature Human Dorsal Root Ganglia Neurons to Identify Peripheral Neurotoxicants
Authors: Hoelting Lisa , Klima Stefanie , Karreman Christiaan , Grinberg Marianna , Meisig Johannes , Henry Margit , Rotshteyn Tamara , Rahnenführer Jörg , Blüthgen Nils , Sachinidis Agapios , Waldmann Tanja , Leist Marcel
Published: March 2016

Safety sciences and the identification of chemical hazards have been seen as one of the most immediate practical applications of human pluripotent stem cell technology. Protocols for the generation of many desirable human cell types have been developed, but optimization of neuronal models for toxicological use has been astonishingly slow, and the wide, clinically important field of peripheral neurotoxicity is still largely unexplored. A two-step protocol to generate large lots of identical peripheral human neuronal precursors was characterized and adapted to the measurement of peripheral neurotoxicity. High content imaging allowed an unbiased assessment of cell morphology and viability. The computational quantification of neurite growth as a functional parameter highly sensitive to disturbances by toxicants was used as an endpoint reflecting specific neurotoxicity. The differentiation of cells toward dorsal root ganglia neurons was tracked in relation to a large background data set based on gene expression microarrays. On this basis, a peripheral neurotoxicity (PeriTox) test was developed as a first toxicological assay that harnesses the potential of human pluripotent stem cells to generate cell types/tissues that are not otherwise available for the prediction of human systemic organ toxicity. Testing of more than 30 chemicals showed that human neurotoxicants and neurite growth enhancers were correctly identified. Various classes of chemotherapeutic agents causing human peripheral neuropathies were identified, and they were missed when tested on human central neurons. The PeriTox test we established shows the potential of human stem cells for clinically relevant safety testing of drugs in use and of new emerging candidates.

Significance

The generation of human cells from pluripotent stem cells has aroused great hopes in biomedical research and safety sciences. Neurotoxicity testing is a particularly important application for stem cell-derived somatic cells, as human neurons are hardly available otherwise. Also, peripheral neurotoxicity has become of major concern in drug development for chemotherapy. The first neurotoxicity test method was established based on human pluripotent stem cell-derived peripheral neurons. The strategies exemplified in the present study of reproducible cell generation, cell function-based test system establishment, and assay validation provide the basis for a drug safety assessment on cells not available otherwise.
Strategies and Challenges to Myocardial Replacement Therapy
Authors: Feric Nicole T. , Radisic Milica
Published: March 2016

Cardiovascular diseases account for the majority of deaths globally and are a significant drain on economic resources. Although heart transplants and left-ventricle assist devices are the solution for some, the best chance for many patients who suffer because of a myocardial infarction, heart failure, or a congenital heart disease may be cell-based regenerative therapies. Such therapies can be divided into two categories: the application of a cell suspension and the implantation of an in vitro engineered tissue construct to the damaged area of the heart. Both strategies have their advantages and challenges, and in this review, we discuss the current state of the art in myocardial regeneration, the challenges to success, and the future direction of the field.

Significance

This article outlines the advantages and limitations of the cell injection and patch approaches to cardiac regenerative therapy. If the field is to move forward, some fundamental questions require answers, including the limitations to the use of animal models for human cell-transplantation studies; the best way to measure success in terms of functional improvements, histological integration, electrical coupling, and arrhythmias; and where the cells should be applied for maximal benefit—the epicardium or the myocardium.
Possible formation of one-dimensional chains of C20 fullerenes observed by scanning tunneling microscopy
Authors: Kurokawa Shu , Yamamoto Daisuke , Hirashige Kenji , Sakai Akira
Published: March 2016

We found one-dimensional chains of carbon particles on Ag(111) and Au(111) surfaces after the deposition of carbon using an arc-plasma gun (APG). The observed periodicity of the chains on Ag(111) was 0.58–0.6 nm. Ex situ Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy indicated two peaks at 1343 and 1406 cm−1. The simulation of the infrared spectrum for a tetramer of C20 fullerenes showed good agreement with the experimental result. From these findings, we propose the formation of chains of C20 fullerenes as the most probable explanation of the results of both scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and FT-IR spectroscopy.
How are functionally similar code clones syntactically different? An empirical study and a benchmark
Authors: Wagner Stefan , Abdulkhaleq Asim , Bogicevic Ivan , Ostberg Jan-Peter , Ramadani Jasmin
Published: March 2016

Background. Today, redundancy in source code, so-called “clones” caused by copy&paste can be found reliably using clone detection tools. Redundancy can arise also independently, however, not caused by copy&paste. At present, it is not clear how onlyfunctionally similar clones(FSC) differ from clones created by copy&paste. Our aim is to understand and categorise the syntactical differences in FSCs that distinguish them from copy&paste clones in a way that helps clone detection research.

Methods. We conducted an experiment using known functionally similar programs in Java and C from coding contests. We analysed syntactic similarity with traditional detection tools and explored whether concolic clone detection can go beyond syntax. We ran all tools on 2,800 programs and manually categorised the differences in a random sample of 70 program pairs.

Results. We found no FSCs where complete files were syntactically similar. We could detect a syntactic similarity in a part of the files in <16% of the program pairs. Concolic detection found 1 of the FSCs. The differences between program pairs were in the categories algorithm, data structure, OO design, I/O and libraries. We selected 58 pairs for an openly accessible benchmark representing these categories.

Discussion. The majority of differences between functionally similar clones are beyond the capabilities of current clone detection approaches. Yet, our benchmark can help to drive further clone detection research.
Synthesis of S‐Adenosyl‐L‐Methionine Analogs with Extended Transferable Groups for Methyltransferase‐Directed Labeling of DNA and RNA
Authors: Masevičius Viktoras , Nainytė Milda , Klimašauskas Saulius
Published: March 2016

S‐Adenosyl‐L‐methionine (AdoMet) is a ubiquitous methyl donor for a variety of biological methylation reactions catalyzed by methyltransferases (MTases). AdoMet analogs with extended propargylic chains replacing the sulfonium‐bound methyl group can serve as surrogate cofactors for many DNA and RNA MTases enabling covalent deposition of these linear chains to their cognate targets sites in DNA or RNA. Here we describe synthetic procedures for the preparation of two representative examples of AdoMet analogs with a transferable hex‐2‐ynyl group carrying a terminal azide or amine functionality. Our approach is based on direct chemoselective alkylation of S‐adenosyl‐L‐homocysteine at sulfur with corresponding nosylates under acidic conditions. We also describe synthetic routes to 6‐substituted hex‐2‐yn‐1‐ols and their conversion to the corresponding nosylates. Using these protocols, synthetic AdoMet analogs can be prepared within 1 to 2 weeks. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Preparation of High‐Density Fibrillar Collagen Matrices That Mimic Desmoplastic Tumor Stroma
Authors: Artym Vira V.
Published: March 2016

The stroma of invasive tumors becomes enriched in dense fibrillar collagen as a result of the desmoplastic reaction. This desmoplastic collagen exerts profound effects on tumor and normal cells. In view of these findings, it is important to develop novel in vitro cell systems that mimic this desmoplastic extracellular matrix in order to permit cell studies under in vivo−like conditions. This unit provides a protocol and troubleshooting guide for preparation of high‐density fibrillar collagen (HDFC) matrices that closely model the desmoplastic collagenous matrix of malignant tumors. It then describes the use of this matrix for in vitro cell studies of invadopodia formation and function in extracellular matrix invasion. In addition, it provides a detailed protocol for immunolabeling of invadopodial proteins and detection of HDFC matrix degradation associated with invadopodia to permit visualization of invadopodia using fluorescence microscopy. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Seasonality of photochemical dissolved organic carbon mineralization and its relative contribution to pelagic CO2 production in northern lakes
Authors: Vachon Dominic , Lapierre Jean‐François , del Giorgio Paul A.
Published: March 2016

Boreal and northern temperate lakes (hereinafter referred to as northern lakes) are sites of intense processing of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which is reflected in part in the persistent CO2 supersaturation of their surface waters. These ecosystems are subject to strong seasonal fluctuations in both irradiance and DOC amount and quality, which in turn should result in temporal shifts in the magnitude of DOC photodegradation. Here we explore the temporal patterns in the magnitude of water column DOC photomineralization and its potential contribution to pelagic CO2 production in three northern lakes of different DOC content. We performed laboratory DOC photodegradation incubations and combined the resulting rates with field measurements and modeling to reconstruct the annual cycle in depth‐integrated DOC photomineralization. We found that areal rates of DOC photomineralization were driven by both irradiance and intrinsic DOC photoreactivity, both of which showed seasonality. Over an annual cycle, depth‐integrated DOC photomineralization rates were remarkably similar across lakes, averaging 4.4 (SD = 0.7) g C m−2 yr−1 and daily rates followed an apparent seasonal pattern. The contribution of DOC photomineralization to total pelagic CO2 production (as the sum of respiration and DOC photomineralization) peaked after ice melt (up to 49%), averaging 14% for the entire open water season. Our study identifies potential hot periods of photochemical activity that result from the interplay between DOC properties and environmental conditions, which should be incorporated into models of lake functioning.
Commentary on “Atmospheric ionization by high‐fluence, hard‐spectrum solar proton events and their probable appearance in the ice core archive” by A.L. Melott et al. and “Nitrate ion spikes in ice cores not suitable as proxies for solar proton events” by K.A. Duderstadt et al.
Authors: Sinnhuber M.
Published: March 2016

Key Points

Comment on Duderstadt et al. and Melott et al.

Both come to different conclusions, though they agree in key points

The main reason for the disagreement seems to be different assumptions made
Generating Mouse Models Using CRISPR‐Cas9‐Mediated Genome Editing
Authors: Qin Wenning , Kutny Peter M. , Maser Richard S. , Dion Stephanie L. , Lamont Jeffrey D. , Zhang Yingfan , Perry Greggory A. , Wang Haoyi
Published: March 2016

The CRISPR‐Cas9 system in bacteria and archaea has recently been exploited for genome editing in various model organisms, including mice. The CRISPR‐Cas9 reagents can be delivered directly into the mouse zygote to derive a mutant animal carrying targeted genetic modifications. The major components of the system include the guide RNA, which provides target specificity, the Cas9 nuclease that creates the DNA double‐strand break, and the donor oligonucleotide or plasmid carrying the intended mutation flanked by sequences homologous to the target site. Here we describe the general considerations and experimental protocols for creating genetically modified mice using the CRISPR‐Cas9 system. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effective Work Function Reduction of Practical Electrodes Using an Organometallic Dimer
Authors: Akaike Kouki , Nardi Marco V. , Oehzelt Martin , Frisch Johannes , Opitz Andreas , Christodoulou Christos , Ligorio Giovanni , Beyer Paul , Timpel Melanie , Pis Igor , Bondino Federica , Moudgil Karttikay , Barlow Stephen , Marder Seth R. , Koch Norbert
Published: March 2016

The control of the cathode work function (WF) is essential to enable efficient electron injection and extraction at organic semiconductor/cathode interfaces in organic electronic devices. In this paper, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy is used to confirm that depositing an ultrathin layer of the moderately air‐stable pentamethylrhodocene dimer onto various conducting electrodes, by either vacuum deposition or drop casting from solution, substantially reduces their WF to less than 3.6 eV, with 2.7 eV being the lowest attainable value. Detailed measurements of the Rh core levels with X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveal that the electron transfer from the molecule to the respective substrates is responsible for the appreciable WF reduction. Notably, even after air exposure, the WF of the donor‐covered electrodes remains below those of typically used clean cathode metals, such as Al and Ag, rendering the approach appealing for practical applications. The WF reduction, together with the observed air stability of the covered electrodes, demonstrates the ability of the pentamethylrhodocene dimer to reduce the WF for a wide range of electrodes used in all‐organic or organic–inorganic hybrid devices.
Fabrication of MoS2 Nanowire Arrays and Layered Structures via the Self‐Assembly of Block Copolymers
Authors: Chaudhari Atul , Ghoshal Tandra , Shaw Matthew T. , O'Connell John , Kelly Roisin A. , Glynn Colm , O'Dwyer Colm , Holmes Justin D. , Morris Michael A.
Published: March 2016

The electronics industry is beginning to show interest in 2D molybdenum disulfide (2D‐MoS2) as a potential device material due to its low band gap and high mobility. However, current methods for its synthesis are not “fab” friendly and require harsh environments and processes. Here, a novel method to prepare MoS2 nanowire arrays and layered structures via self‐assembly of a block copolymer system is reported. Well‐controlled films of microphase separated line‐space nanopatterns have been achieved by solvent annealing process. The self‐assembled films are used as “templates” for the generation of nonstoichometric molybdenum oxide by in situ inclusion technique following UV/Ozone treatment. Well‐ordered array of MoS2 and a layered structure are then prepared by chemical vapor deposition using sulfur powder at lower temperature. The surface morphology, crystal structure, and phases are examined by different microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. This strategy can be extended to several other 2D materials systems and open the pathway toward better optoelectronic and nanoelectromechanical systems.
Nanoarchitectured Array Electrodes for Rechargeable Lithium‐ and Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Xu Yang , Zhou Min , Lei Yong
Published: March 2016

Rechargeable ion batteries have contributed immensely to shaping the modern world and been seriously considered for the efficient storage and utilization of intermittent renewable energies. To fulfill their potential in the future market, superior battery performance of high capacity, great rate capability, and long lifespan is undoubtedly required. In the past decade, along with discovering new electrode materials, the focus has been shifting more and more toward rational electrode designs because the performance is intimately connected to the electrode architectures, particularly their designs at the nanoscale that can alleviate the reliance on the materials' intrinsic nature. The utilization of nanoarchitectured arrays in the design of electrodes has been proven to significantly improve the battery performance. A comprehensive summary of the structural features and fabrications of the nanoarchitectured array electrodes is provided, and some of the latest achievements in the area of both lithium‐ and sodium‐ion batteries are highlighted. Finally, future challenges and opportunities that would allow further development of such advanced electrode configuration are discussed.
Transition Metal Disulfides as Noble‐Metal‐Alternative Co‐Catalysts for Solar Hydrogen Production
Authors: Chang Kun , Hai Xiao , Ye Jinhua
Published: March 2016

The production of hydrogen fuels by using sunlight is an attractive and sustainable solution to the global energy and environmental problems. Platinum (Pt) is known as the most efficient co‐catalyst in hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, due to its high‐cost and limited‐reserves, it is highly demanded to explore alternative non‐precious metal co‐catalysts with low‐cost and high efficiency. Transition metal disulfides (TMDs) including molybdenum disulfide and tungsten disulfide have been regarded as promising candidates to replace Pt for HER in recent years. Their unique structural and electronic properties allow them to have many opportunities to be designed as highly efficient co‐catalysts over various photo harvesting semiconductors. Recent progress in TMDs as photo‐cocatalysts in solar hydrogen production field is summarized, focusing on the effect of structural matchability with photoharvesters, band edges tunability, and phase transformation on the improvement of hydrogen production activities. Moreover, recent research efforts toward the TMDs as more energy‐efficient and economical co‐catalysts for HER are highlighted. Finally, this review concludes by critically summarizing both findings and current perspectives, and highlighting crucial issues that should be addressed in future research activities.
Heterogeneous Preferences for Domestic Fresh Produce: Evidence from German and Italian Early Potato Markets
Authors: Colantuoni Francesca , Cicia Gianni , Del Giudice Teresa , Lass Daniel , Caracciolo Francesco , Lombardi Pasquale
Published: March 2016

In this research, we explore the market potential of a domestic agricultural product, the early potato, in two countries, Italy and Germany. We conducted two parallel marketing studies aimed at revealing the most desirable characteristics for the commercialization of this product in each of the two markets, and made comparisons among consumers’ attitudes for several attributes (country of origin, carbon footprint, production method, ethical certification and packaging). Motivation for this study is the declining market share of the domestic early potato, considered an important crop in both countries, due to the competition from abroad. A focal aspect of this research is the recent public interest for social justice, traditionally reserved for products imported from developing countries, with respect to ethical products made in developed countries. The possibility for Italian and German early potatoes to regain important market shares depends on the ability to differentiate their potatoes from potatoes supplied by competing extra‐European countries. [JEL Classifications: Q13; Q18].
Compressed isobutane as a solvent of heavy hydrocarbons
Authors: Rincón Jesusa , Martínez Fabiola , Martín Alicia
Published: March 2016

This research provides solubility data required for environmental applications involving the extraction of heavy hydrocarbons with compressed gases. Dibenzothiophene (DBT), 2‐nitrophenyl disulfide (NPDS), and tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TTDS) have been selected as model compounds for this type of pollutants and isobutane as compressed gas. The solubilities obtained at 367–413 K and 3.9–7.5 MPa, expressed as solute mole fractions, were in the ranges 0.025–0.106 for DBT, 1.2 × 10−4−6.3 × 10−4 for NPDS, and between 2.7 × 10−4 and 1.8 × 10−3 for TTDS. They were compared to other pollutants solubilities (anthracene and carbazole). From the comparison, the following solubility order was established: DBT > anthracene > carbazole > TTDS > NPDS. Furthermore, when comparing these isobutane solubilities to those in propane and CO2, they were found to be about one and two magnitude orders larger, respectively. Results obtained were explained considering solvent density, solute vapor pressure, and interactions between solutes and solvent. Peng–Robinson equation was used to correlate the data and a good fitting attained. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 2870–2878, 2016
More than metabolic: Considering the broader paleoepidemiological impact of vitamin D deficiency in bioarchaeology
Authors: Snoddy Anne Marie E , Buckley Hallie R , Halcrow Siân E
Published: March 2016

Vitamin D deficiency has traditionally been viewed as a metabolic bone disease by bioarchaeologists and considered primarily in terms of the development of specific musculoskeletal changes used for diagnosis in paleopathological research. These skeletal manifestations are usually interpreted as representing general ill‐health. Clinical research shows that vitamin D is also integral to a number of extra‐skeletal physiological processes including immunoregulation, blood pressure homeostasis, cell division, and programmed cell death. Vitamin D deficiency and sub‐clinical insufficiency are thought to be risk factors for infectious and autoimmune diseases, as well as certain cancers and cardiovascular diseases. Epidemiological work indicates that the skeletal manifestations of vitamin D deficiency represent the extreme end of a spectrum of morbidity associated with negative health outcomes, including increased risk for secondary tuberculosis. This article provides a review of clinical research on the extra‐skeletal roles of vitamin D and the pathological consequences of poor vitamin D status. Additionally, it presents an interpretive model for bioarchaeological analyses of rickets and osteomalacia for consideration of the whole‐body impact of poor vitamin D nutriture and possible comorbidities that may have affected the wider population. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:183–196, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Outcome and recurrence 1 year after pediatric arterial ischemic stroke in a population‐based cohort
Authors: Mallick Andrew A. , Ganesan Vijeya , Kirkham Fenella J. , Fallon Penny , Hedderly Tammy , McShane Tony , Parker Alasdair P. , Wassmer Evangeline , Wraige Elizabeth , Amin Sam , Edwards Hannah B. , Cortina‐Borja Mario , O'Callaghan Finbar J.
Published: March 2016

Objective

Arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) is an important cause of acquired brain injury in children. Few prospective population‐based studies of childhood AIS have been completed. We aimed to investigate the outcome of childhood AIS 12 months after the event in a population‐based cohort.

Methods

Children aged 29 days to < 16 years with radiologically confirmed AIS occurring over a 1‐year period residing in southern England (population = 5.99 million children) were eligible for inclusion. Outcome was assessed during a home visit using the Pediatric Stroke Outcome Measure (PSOM). Parental impressions of recovery were assessed using the Pediatric Stroke Recurrence and Recovery Questionnaire. PSOM score was estimated via telephone interview or clinician interview whenever home visit was not possible.

Results

Ninety‐six children with AIS were identified. Two children were lost to follow‐up. Nine of 94 (10%) children died before the 12‐month follow‐up. One child had an AIS recurrence. PSOM scores were available for 78 of 85 living children at follow‐up. Thirty‐nine of 78 (50%) had a good outcome (total PSOM score < 1), and 39 of 78 (50%) had a poor outcome. Seizures at onset of AIS were associated with a poor outcome (odds ratio = 3.5, 95% confidence interval = 1.16–10.6). Twenty‐eight of 73 (38%) children were judged by their carers to have fully recovered. Ten of 84 (12%) children had recurrent seizures, and 17 of 84 (20%) reported recurrent headaches.

Interpretation

AIS carries a significant risk of mortality and long‐term neurological deficit. However, the rates of mortality, recurrence, and neurological impairment were markedly lower in this study than previously published figures in the United Kingdom. Ann Neurol 2016;79:784–793
Use of Three‐Dimensional Arterial Models To Predict the In Vivo Behavior of Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery
Authors: Chetprayoon Paninee , Matsusaki Michiya , Yokoyama Utako , Tejima Takanori , Ishikawa Yoshihiro , Akashi Mitsuru
Published: March 2016

Nanomaterials have been widely used for applications in biomedical fields and could become indispensable in the near future. However, since it is difficult to optimize in vivo biological behavior in a 3D environment by using a single cell in vitro, there have been many failures in animal models. In vitro prediction systems using 3D human‐tissue models reflecting the 3D location of cell types may be useful to better understand the biological characteristics of nanomaterials for optimization of their function. Herein we demonstrate the potential ability of 3D engineered human‐arterial models for in vitro prediction of the in vivo behavior of nanoparticles for drug delivery. These models enabled optimization of the composition and size of the nanoparticles for targeting and treatment efficacy for atherosclerosis. In vivo experiments with atherosclerotic mice suggested excellent biological characteristics and potential treatment effects of the nanoparticles optimized in vitro.
Facile Conversion of Red Phosphorus into Soluble Polyphosphide Anions by Reaction with Potassium Ethoxide
Authors: Dragulescu‐Andrasi Alina , Miller L. Zane , Chen Banghao , McQuade D. Tyler , Shatruk Michael
Published: March 2016

Soluble polyphosphide anions were successfully generated in a number of organic solvents by the reaction between shelf‐stable red phosphorus and potassium ethoxide. The species were identified by 31P NMR spectroscopy in solution and by X‐ray crystal‐structure determination of (Bu4N)2P16 in the solid state. The reaction was scaled up to gram quantities by using a flow‐chemistry process.
Chemoreactive Natural Products that Afford Resistance Against Disparate Antibiotics and Toxins
Authors: Du Lin , You Jianlan , Nicholas Kenneth M. , Cichewicz Robert H.
Published: March 2016

Microorganisms use chemical inactivation strategies to circumvent toxicity caused by many types of antibiotics. Yet in all reported cases, this approach is limited to enzymatically facilitated mechanisms that each target narrow ranges of chemically related scaffolds. The fungus‐derived shikimate analogues, pericoxide and pericosine A, were identified as chemoreactive natural products that attenuate the antagonistic effects of several synthetic and naturally derived antifungal agents. Experimental and computational studies suggest that pericoxide and pericosine A readily react via SN2′ mechanisms against a variety of nucleophilic substances under both in vitro aqueous and in situ co‐culture conditions. Many of the substitution products from this reaction were highly stable and exhibited diminished toxicities against environmental fungal isolates, including the Tolypocladium sp. strain that produced pericoxide and pericosine A.
Synthesis of Aryldifluoroamides by Copper‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Arlow Sophie I. , Hartwig John F.
Published: March 2016

A copper‐catalyzed coupling of aryl, heteroaryl, and vinyl iodides with α‐silyldifluoroamides is reported. The reaction forms α,α‐difluoro‐α‐aryl amides from electron‐rich, electron‐poor, and sterically hindered aryl iodides in high yield and tolerates a variety of functional groups. The aryldifluoroamide products can be transformed further to provide access to a diverse array of difluoroalkylarenes, including compounds of potential biological interest.
Towards Truly Sustainable Polymers: A Metal‐Free Recyclable Polyester from Biorenewable Non‐Strained γ‐Butyrolactone
Authors: Hong Miao , Chen Eugene Y.‐X.
Published: March 2016

The first effective organopolymerization of the biorenewable “non‐polymerizable” γ‐butyrolactone (γ‐BL) to a high‐molecular‐weight metal‐free recyclable polyester is reported. The superbase tert‐Bu‐P4 is found to directly initiate this polymerization through deprotonation of γ‐BL to generate reactive enolate species. When combined with a suitable alcohol, the tert‐Bu‐P4‐based system rapidly converts γ‐BL into polyesters with high monomer conversions (up to 90 %), high molecular weights (Mn up to 26.7 kg mol−1), and complete recyclability (quantitative γ‐BL recovery).
Direct‐current conductivity at a cryogenically low temperature for polymer/carbon composites: Applicability of different theoretical models
Authors: Aldalbahi Ali , Rahaman Mostafizur , Kumar Chaki Tapan , Khastgir Dipak
Published: March 2016

In this study, we focused on the behavior of the direct‐current (dc) conductivity/resistivity in a cryogenically low temperature region (10–300 K) for ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, acrylonitrile butadiene copolymer, and their 50/50 blend composites filled with different conductive carbons. The composites were prepared through a melt‐mixing technique. Different behaviors of the dc resistivity/relative resistivity for the composites were observed; these behaviors depended on the nature of the polymers, the filler types, and the filler concentration when plotted with respect to the temperature. The results of dc conductivity were fitted with some existing theoretical models, including Arrhenius, Kivelson, and Mott's variable range hopping, to check their applicability for these composite systems. We observed that none of the models was applicable within the entire range of measurement temperatures but were confined within limited temperature ranges. The reason behind the nonapplicability of the models is discussed with consideration of their drawbacks and limitations. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43541.
Synthesis, Isolation and Structure of Trifluoromethylated Fullerene D3‐C78, C78(1)(CF3)10−18
Authors: Kosaya Maria P. , Fritz Maria A. , Brotsman Victor A. , Tamm Nadezhda B. , Ignat'eva Daria V. , Troyanov Sergey I.
Published: March 2016

High‐temperature trifluoromethylation of fullerene C78 followed by HPLC separation of C78(CF3)n derivatives resulted in the isolation and X‐ray structural characterization of 15 compounds, that is, two C78(1)(CF3)10, three C78(1)(CF3)12, four C78(1)(CF3)14, and five C78(1)(CF3)16 isomers as well as one isomer of C78(1)(CF3)18. The addition patterns of the C78(1)(CF3)n molecules are discussed in terms of trifluoromethylation pathways and relative formation energies.
Efficient Synthesis of the Disialylated Tetrasaccharide Motif in N‐Glycans through an Amide‐Protection Strategy
Authors: Zhou Jiazhou , Manabe Yoshiyuki , Tanaka Katsunori , Fukase Koichi
Published: March 2016

A disialylated tetrasaccharide, Neu5Ac(α2,3)Gal(β1,3)[Neu5Ac(α2,6)]GlcNAc (1), which is found at the termini of some N‐glycans, has been synthesized. Compound 1 was obtained through an α‐sialylation reaction between a sialic acid donor and a trisaccharide that was synthesized from the glycosylation of a sialylated disaccharide with a glucosaminyl donor. This synthetic route enabled the synthesis of the as‐described disialylated structure. A more‐convergent route based on the glycosylation of two sialylated disaccharides was also established to scale up the synthesis. Protection of the amide groups in the sialic acid residues significantly increased the yield of the glycosylation reaction between the two sialylated disaccharides, thus suggesting that the presence of hydrogen bonds on the sialic acid residues diminished their reactivity.
CTK‐II & RTK: The CCD‐cameras operated at the auxiiary telescopes of the University Observatory Jena
Authors: Mugrauer M.
Published: March 2016

The Cassegrain‐Teleskop‐Kamera (CTK‐II) and the Refraktor‐Teleskop‐Kamera (RTK) are two CCD‐imagers which are operated at the 25 cm Cassegrain and 20cm refractor auxiliary telescopes of the University Observatory Jena. This article describes the main characteristics of these instruments. The properties of the CCD‐detectors, the astrometry, the image quality, and the detection limits of both CCD‐cameras, as well as some results of ongoing observing projects, carried out with these instruments, are presented. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stability of a planet in the HD 41004 binary system
Authors: Satyal S. , Musielak Z. E.
Published: March 2016

The Hill stability criterion is applied to analyse the stability of a planet in the binary star system of HD 41004 AB, with the primary and secondary separated by 22 AU, and masses of 0.7 M⊙ and 0.4 M⊙, respectively. The primary hosts one planet in an S‐type orbit, and the secondary hosts a brown dwarf (18.64 MJ) on a relatively close orbit, 0.0177 AU, thereby forming another binary pair within this binary system. This star‐brown dwarf pair (HD 41004 B+Bb) is considered a single body during our numerical calculations, while the dynamics of the planet around the primary, HD 41004 Ab, is studied in different phase‐spaces. HD 41004 Ab is a 2.6 MJ planet orbiting at the distance of 1.7 AU with orbital eccentricity 0.39. For the purpose of this study, the system is reduced to a three‐body problem and is solved numerically as the elliptic restricted three‐body problem (ERTBP). The Hill stability function is used as a chaos indicator to configure and analyse the orbital stability of the planet, HD 41004 Ab. The indicator has been effective in measuring the planet's orbital perturbation due to the secondary star during its periastron passage. The calculated Hill stability time series of the planet for the coplanar case shows the stable and quasi‐periodic orbits for at least ten million years. For the reduced ERTBP the stability of the system is also studied for different values of planet's orbital inclination with the binary plane. Also, by recording the planet's ejection time from the system or collision time with a star during the integration period, stability of the system is analysed in a bigger phase‐space of the planet's orbital inclination, ≤ 90°, and its semimajor axis, 1.65–1.75 AU. Based on our analysis it is found that the system can maintain a stable configuration for the planet's orbital inclination as high as 65° relative to the binary plane. The results from the Hill stability criterion and the planet's dynamical lifetime map are found to be consistent with each other. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mattig's relation and dynamical distance indicators
Authors: Teerikorpi P. , Baryshev Yu. V.
Published: March 2016

We discuss how the redshift (Mattig) method in the Friedmann cosmology relates to dynamical distance indicators based on Newton's gravity (Teerikorpi 2011). It belongs to the class of indicators where the relevant length inside the system is the distance itself (in this case the proper metric distance). As the Friedmann model has a Newtonian analogy, its use to infer distances has instructive similarities to classical dynamical distance indicators. In view of the theoretical exact linear distance‐velocity law, we emphasize that it is conceptually correct to derive the cosmological distance via the route: redshift (primarily observed) → space expansion velocity (not directly observed) → metric distance (physical length in “cm”). Important properties of the proper metric distance are summarized. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Search for transiting exoplanets and variable stars in the open cluster NGC 7243
Authors: Garai Z. , Pribulla T. , Hambálek Ľ. , Errmann R. , Adam Ch. , Buder S. , Butterley T. , Dhillon V. S. , Dincel B. , Gilbert H. , Ginski Ch. , Hardy L. K. , Kellerer A. , Kitze M. , Kundra E. , Littlefair S. P. , Mugrauer M. , Nedoroščík J. , Neuhäuser R. , Pannicke A. , Raetz S. , Schmidt J. G. , Schmidt T. O. B. , Seeliger M. , Vaňko M. , Wilson R. W.
Published: March 2016

We report results of the first five observing campaigns for the open stellar cluster NGC 7243 in the frame of project Young Exoplanet Transit Initiative (YETI). The project focuses on the monitoring of young and nearby stellar clusters, with the aim to detect young transiting exoplanets and to study other variability phenomena on time‐scales from minutes to years. After five observing campaigns and additional observations during 2013 and 2014, a clear and repeating transit‐like signal was detected in the light curve of J221550.6+495611. Furthermore, we detected and analysed 37 new eclipsing binary stars in the studied region. The best fit parameters and light curves of all systems are given. Finally, we detected and analysed 26 new, presumably pulsating variable stars in the studied region. The follow‐up investigation of these objects, including spectroscopic measurements of the exoplanet candidate, is currently planned. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Begriffsverfälschungen durch vermeintlich modernisierende Übersetzungen: Das Beispiel ‚orbis‘ (Kugel, Sphäre)/‚orbita‘ (Bahn)
Authors: Krafft Fritz
Published: March 2016

Distortion of Scientific Terms by Supposed Modernizing Translations: The Example ‘orbis’ (sphere)/‘orbita’ (orbit). The use of modern terminology and thinking hinders to understand historic astronomical and physical texts and often misleads the reader, because between celestial physics from Aristotle and Ptolemy to Copernic on the one side and since Kepler and Newton on the other side a fundamental change of paradigm had taken place. The former started from the assumption that planets are indirectly moved by large equally rotating etherical spheres combined with each other to form every kind of unequally apparent planetary motion as a resultant, whereas the later started from Kepler's idea that every motion of a planet is directly caused by two forces moulding his (naturally unequal) ‘orbit’. ‘orbita’ was Kepler's new specific term for the way of the planet coined in late 1604; in contrast, the Latin term of the elder paradigm has been ‘orbis’ (‘sphere’), on the one hand as concentric ‘orbis totalis’ of a planet (or the fixed stars), on the other hand as non‐concentric ‘orbes particulares’ (of the eccenters and epicycles) within the space of an ‘orbis totalis’. These terms were interpreted and translated in accordance with modern dynamic (as the supposed ‘true’) thinking as if they were ‘orbits’ (German: ‘Bahn’). But you cannot bring the two paradigms into line. As a result, the texts of seemingly ‘modern’ translations become incomprehensible, absurd and wrong. The study shows this on thinking (1st) about Aristotelian physics of former times using terms and ideas of modern dynamics, and on thinking (2nd) about the former explanation of apparent motions of heavenly bodies using these dynamics and ignoring the different special Aristotelian and Ptolemaic physics of ‘orbes’ (spheres).
An epigenetic resolution of the lek paradox
Authors: Bonilla Melvin M. , Zeh Jeanne A. , Zeh David W.
Published: March 2016

Female choice for traits signaling male genetic quality is expected to erode heritable variation in fitness, undermining the benefits of choice. Known as the lek paradox, this contradiction has motivated extensive population genetic theory, yet remains unresolved. Recent modeling by Bonduriansky and Day concludes that costly female preference is best maintained when male condition is determined by environmentally induced factors transmitted across single generations. Here, we reformulate their model in explicitly epigenetic terms, and review evidence that environmentally induced paternal effects are mediated through epigenetic changes in sperm. Noncoding RNA expression, DNA methylation and histone modifications are highly sensitive to diet, stress, toxicants and stochastic events. Epigenetic variation renews each generation and cannot be exhausted by selection. By choosing well‐endowed males that produce gametes in epigenetically good states, females can increase their fitness directly through increased fertilization success or indirectly through epigenetic effects on the fitness of offspring and potentially subsequent generations.

Also watch the video abstract.
Microfluidic bubbler facilitates near complete mass transfer for sustainable multiphase and microbial processing
Authors: Baker Jordan J. , Crivellari Francesca , Gagnon Zachary , Betenbaugh Michael J.
Published: March 2016

A microfluidic device (channels <70 μm) was utilized to create micro‐scale bubbles to significantly increase mass transfer efficiency at low flow rates. The convergence of one gas and two liquid channels at a Y‐junction generates bubbles via cyclic changes in pressure. At low flow rates, the bubbles had an average diameter of 110 μm, corresponding to a volumetric mass transfer KLa of 1.43 h−1. Values of KLa normalized per flow rate showed that the microbubbler had a 100‐fold increased transfer efficiency compared to four other commonly used bubblers. The calculated percentage of oxygen transferred was approximately 90%, which was consistent with a separate off‐gas analysis. The improved mass transfer was also tested in an algae bioreactor in which the microbubbler absorbed approximately 90% of the CO2 feed compared to 2% in the culture with an alternative needle bubbling method. The microbubbler yielded a cell density 82% of the cell density for the alternative needle tip with an 800‐fold lower flow rate (0.5 mL/min versus 400 mL/min) and a 700‐fold higher ratio of biomass to fed carbon dioxide. The application of microfluidics may transform interfacial processing in order to increase mass transfer efficiencies, minimize gas feeding, and provide for more sustainable multiphase processes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1924–1933. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.