bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Tenuous Use of Exergy as a Measure of Resource Value or Waste Impact
Authors: Gaudreau Kyrke , Fraser Roydon  A. , Murphy Stephen
Published: December 2009

Exergy is a thermodynamic concept that has been widely promoted for assessing and improving sustainability, notably in the characterization of resources and wastes. Despite having many notable benefits, exergy is often misused by authors who tend to apply it as an intrinsic characteristic of an object (i.e., as a static thermodynamic variable). Using both theoretical and empirical evidence the authors present five key limitations that must be overcome before exergy can be applied to characterize objects: (1) the incompatibility between exergy quality and resource quality; (2) the inability of exergy to characterize non work-producing resources via the concentration exergy; (3) the constraints placed on the derivation of exergy; (4) problems with the exergy reference environment; and (5) the multiple perspectives applied to exergy analysis. Until the limitations are addressed, exergy should only be used for its original purpose as a decision making tool for engineering systems analysis.
The Role of Policies in Supporting the Diffusion of Solar Photovoltaic Systems: Experiences with Ontario, Canada’s Renewable Energy Standard Offer Program
Authors: Adachi Chris , Rowlands Ian H.
Published: December 2009

Traditionally, high initial capital costs and lengthy payback periods have been identified as the most significant barriers that limit the diffusion of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. In November, 2006, the Ontario Power Authority (OPA) introduced the Renewable Energy Standard Offer Program (RESOP), offering owners of solar PV systems with a generation capacity under 10 MW a 20 year contract to sell electricity back to the grid at a guaranteed rate of CAD $0.42/kWh. While it is the intent of incentive programs such as the RESOP to begin to lower financial barriers in order to increase the uptake of solar PV systems, there is no guarantee that the level of participation will in fact rise. The "on-the-ground" manner in which consumers interact with such an incentive program ultimately determines its effectiveness. This paper analyzes the relationship between the RESOP and solar PV system consumers. Experiences of current RESOP participants are presented, wherein the factors that are either hindering or promoting utilization of the RESOP and the adoption of solar PV systems are identified.
Design, Synthesis, and Amplification of DNA Pools for In Vitro Selection
Authors: Hall Bradley , Micheletti John M. , Satya Pooja , Ogle Krystal , Pollard Jack , Ellington Andrew D.
Published: December 2009

Preparation of a random‐sequence DNA pool is presented. The degree of randomization and the length of the random sequence are discussed, as is synthesis of the pool using a DNA synthesizer or via commercial synthesis companies. Purification of a single‐stranded pool and conversion to a double‐stranded pool are presented as step‐by‐step protocols. Support protocols describe determination of the complexity and skewing of the pool, and optimization of amplification conditions. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 88:24.2.1‐24.2.27. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
DSPFAP: Distribution systems power flow analysis package using Matlab graphical user interface (GUI)
Authors: Eminoglu U. , Gözel T. , Hocaoglu M.H.
Published: December 2009

This paper describes a software package whose purpose is to provide a tool to be used for load flow analysis in Power System Analysis courses. The software package which is called Distribution Systems Power Flow Analysis Package (DSPFAP) uses the graphical user interface (GUI) capabilities of Matlab. The main advantage of the developed package is that the load flow analysis can be achieved in both transmission and distribution levels. The package facilitates different forward/backward sweep‐based algorithms to be used for the distribution systems and conventional Newton–Raphson, Gauss–Seidel algorithms for the transmission system load flow analysis. In addition to that, effect of voltage dependent load models and effects of DGs on the distribution systems load flow solution can be investigated using the program. It is also possible to use conventional algorithms for distribution system load flow analysis in the package. The package can freely be downloaded from the website: http://www.gyte.edu.tr/Dosya/102/power/. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 18: 1–13, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20209
Evaluation of Left Atrial Function in Physiological and Pathological Left Ventricular Myocardial Hypertrophy by Real‐time Tri‐plane Strain Rate Imaging
Authors: Sun Pin , Wang Zhi‐Bin , Li Jian‐Xing , Nie Jing , Li Yan , He Xiang‐Qin , Su Xiao‐Ting
Published: December 2009

Background

We investigated the difference between left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy caused by primary hypertension and physiological LV hypertrophy in athletes as seen in left atrial (LA) function by real‐time tri‐plane strain rate imaging.

Hypothesis

A real‐time tri‐plane imaging technique using the same phase of the same cardiac circle was used to synchronously demonstrate the section of apical 4‐chamber, 2‐chamber, and apical left ventricle long axis.

Methods

We measured standard Doppler echocardiographic quantitative analysis and the strain rate peak values of each LA wall in the systolic phase, in the early stage of diastole, and in the advanced stage of diastole and made a comparison of these values.

Results

The alteration of configuration and function of the left atrium in hypertensive patients is an early sign of the myocardial damage caused by hypertension. Strain rate imaging could sensitively reflect LA function changes in the early stages of hypertension. While physiological, myocardial hypertrophy is a benign reaction, LA function is significantly different from that of hypertension.

Conclusions

Real‐time tri‐plane strain rate imaging techniques could simultaneously analyze 3 sections, which shortens scanning time and depletes the influence of variations of different cardiac cycles on quantitative analysis of local myocardial segments of the left atrium. This would improve the comparability of myocardial movement of different segments so that we could more comprehensively and accurately evaluate the systolic and diastolic function of the left atrium in primary hypertension and physiological LV hypertrophy in athletes. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Impact of Chronic Antithrombotic Therapy on Hospital Course of Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Bauer Timm , Gitt Anselm , Zahn Ralf , Jünger Claus , Koeth Oliver , Towae Frank , Bestehorn Kurt , Senges Jochen , Zeymer Uwe
Published: December 2009

Background

Little is known about the influence of chronic antithrombotic therapy on treatment and clinical outcome in patients with acute ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).

Hypothesis

The purpose of this study was to investigate the hospital course of STEMI patients on antithrombotics.

Methods

We analyzed data of consecutive patients with STEMI, who were prospectively enrolled in the German Acute Coronary Syndromes registry between July 2000 and November 2002. Overall, 8224 patients were stratified into 3 groups: group 1 had no prior chronic antithrombotic medication (n = 6004), group 2 was on chronic acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) therapy (n = 2022), and group 3 was on chronic oral anticoagulation therapy (n = 198).

Results

Patients on antithrombotic medication were older and had a higher baseline risk profile. The rate of patients receiving early reperfusion (group 1: 74.6%, group 2: 61.2%, group 3: 52.0%) and guideline‐adherent adjustment therapy was lower among patients on antithrombotics. Age and left bundle branch block were strong negative predictors for early reperfusion therapy in patients with prior antithrombotic treatment. Infarct size measured by peak creatine kinase level was lower in patients on antithrombotics. Hospital mortality (group 1: 8.0%, group 2: 12.8%, group 3: 16.2%) and major bleeding complications (group 1: 1.6%, group 2 2.0%, group 3 4.1%) were highest in patients on oral anticoagulants. However, after adjustment for confounding factors, prior ASA (odds ratio [OR]: 0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.80–1.21) and oral anticoagulant treatment (OR: 1.06, 95% CI: 0.66–1.71) were not independent predictors for in‐hospital death.

Conclusions

Despite a higher risk profile, patients with STEMI on a chronic antithrombotic therapy were less likely to receive early reperfusion therapy. However, after adjustment, prior ASA or oral anticoagulant therapy was not associated with higher in‐hospital mortality. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prehospital Electrocardiograms (ECGs) Do Not Improve the Process of Emergency Department Care in Hospitals with Higher Usage of ECGs in Non–ST‐segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients
Authors: Cudnik Michael T. , Frank Peacock W. , Diercks Deborah B. , Roe Matthew T. , Chen Anita Y.
Published: December 2009

Background

This article will describe the impact of prehospital electrocardiogram (ECG) use on emergency department (ED) processes of care for non–ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) patients and assess the characteristics associated with prehospital ECG use.

Methods

This is a retrospective, multicenter, observational analysis of NSTEMI patients captured by the National Cardiovascular Data Registry‐Acute Coronary Treatment and Intervention Outcomes Network Registry—Get with the Guidelines (NCDR ACTION‐GWTG) in 2007. Patient and hospital data were stratified by documentation of a prehospital ECG (pECG). Hospitals were stratified into tertiles of pECG use by higher pECG (>5.6%, n 91), lower pECG (≤ 5.6%, n = 83), or no pECG (n = 100). Statistical evaluation was done via Wilcoxon rank sum and χ2 tests.

Results

There were 21 251 patients eligible for analysis. A pECG was documented in 1609 (7.6%) patients. Of 274 hospitals, 100 (36.5%) had no pECGs recorded. Median ED length of stay (LOS) was shorter at no pECG hospitals vs lower pECG hospitals (3.97 h vs 4.12 h, P < 0.05), but not higher pECG hospitals vs no pECG hospitals (3.85 h vs 3.97 h, P = not significant [NS]). A pECG was not associated with an improvement in ED performance metrics (use of aspirin, β‐blocker, any heparin) in the higher pECG hospitals vs no pECG hospitals or the lower pECG hospitals vs no pECG hospitals.

Conclusions

Use of prehospital ECG in NSTEMI patients is uncommon. In contrast to its impact on reperfusion times in ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients, its use does not appear to be associated with an improvement in ED processes of care at the hospital level. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lens morphogenesis is dependent on Pax6‐mediated inhibition of the canonical Wnt/beta‐catenin signaling in the lens surface ectoderm
Authors: Machon Ondrej , Kreslova Jana , Ruzickova Jana , Vacik Tomas , Klimova Lucie , Fujimura Naoko , Lachova Jitka , Kozmik Zbynek
Published: December 2009

Lens formation in mouse is critically dependent on proper development of the retinal neuroectoderm that is located close beneath the head surface ectoderm. Signaling from the prospective retina triggers lens‐specific gene expression in the surface‐ectoderm. Supression of canonical Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in the surface ectoderm is one of the prerequisites for lens development because, as we show here, ectopic Wnt activation in the retina and lens abrogates lens formation. Wnt inhibiton is mediated by signals coming from the retina but its exact mechanism is unknown. We show that Pax6 directly controls expression of several Wnt inhibitors such as Sfrp1, Sfrp2, and Dkk1 in the presumptive lens. In accordance, absence of Pax6 function leads to aberrant canonical Wnt activity in the presumptive lens that subsequently impairs lens development. Thus Pax6 is required for down‐regulation of canonical Wnt signaling in the presumptive lens ectoderm. genesis 48:86–95, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective concomitant inhibition of mTORC1 and mTORC2 activity in estrogen receptor negative breast cancer cells by BN107 and oleanolic acid
Authors: Chu Ruth , Zhao Xiaoyue , Griffin Chandi , Staub Richard E. , Shoemaker Mark , Climent Joan , Leitman Dale , Cohen Isaac , Shtivelman Emma , Fong Sylvia
Published: December 2009

Hormonal, targeted and chemotherapeutic strategies largely depend on the expression of their cognate receptors and are often accompanied by intolerable toxicities. Effective and less toxic therapies for estrogen receptor negative (ER−) breast cancers are urgently needed. Here, we present the potential molecular mechanisms mediating the selective pro‐apoptotic effect induced by BN107 and its principle terpene, oleanolic acid (OA), on ER− breast cancer cells. A panel of breast cancer cell lines was examined and the most significant cytotoxic effect was observed in ER− breast lines. Apoptosis was the major cellular pathway mediating the cytotoxicity of BN107. We demonstrated that sensitivity to BN107 was correlated to the status of ERα. Specifically, the presence of functional ERα protected cells from BN107‐induced apoptosis and absence of ERα increased the sensitivity. BN107, an extract rich in OA derivatives, caused rapid alterations in cholesterol homeostasis, presumably by depleting cholesterol in lipid rafts (LRs), which subsequently interfered with signaling mediated by LRs. We showed that BN107 or OA treatment in ER− breast cancer cells resulted in rapid and specific inhibition of LR‐mediated survival signaling, namely mTORC1 and mTORC2 activities, by decreasing the levels of the mTOR/FRAP1, RAPTOR and RICTOR. Cotreatment with cholesterol abolished the proapoptotic effect and restored the disrupted mTOR activities. This is the first report demonstrating possible concomitant inhibition of both mTORC1 and mTORC2 activities by modulating the levels of protein constituents present in these signaling complexes, and thus provides a basis for future development of OA‐based mTOR inhibitors.
Accuracy of phase contrast, black‐blood, and bright‐blood pulse sequences for measuring compliance and distensibility coefficients in a human‐tissue mimicking phantom
Authors: Taviani Valentina , Patterson Andrew J. , Worters Pauline , Sutcliffe Michael P.F. , Graves Martin J. , Gillard Jonathan H.
Published: December 2009

Purpose:

To assess the accuracy of MR‐derived luminal diameter variations and its implications for compliance (CC) and distensibility coefficients (DC) by comparison with high‐resolution digital photography (HRDP) in a tissue‐mimicking phantom with pulsatile flow.

Materials and Methods:

Diameters, CC, and DC extracted using cine phase‐contrast (CPC), cine bright‐blood (CBrB), and a cine black‐blood (CBB) sequence were compared. The diameter in the left–right direction was compared against HRDP, as the gold‐standard. The experiments were performed using 2562 and 5122 matrix sizes. Bland‐Altman analysis was performed to compare each sequence with the gold‐standard in terms of diameter changes over the simulated cardiac cycle.

Results:

The bias and 95% limits of agreement (LOA) for CBB and CBrB were comparable. The bias for CPC was larger, however, the LOA were comparable. Increasing spatial resolution improved agreement with HRDP for all sequences. CBrB‐derived CC and DC were within 3% of the high resolution CBB values while CPC CC and DC were underestimated but still within 11%.

Conclusion:

CPC images were found to underestimate the luminal area over the cardiac cycle. CBrB‐derived diameters were more accurate in diastole while CBB‐derived diameters gave the best results in systole. CC and DC varied depending on the pulse sequence. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;31:160–167. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Performance of imaging modalities in diagnosis of liver metastases from colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Floriani Irene , Torri Valter , Rulli Eliana , Garavaglia Daniela , Compagnoni Anna , Salvolini Luca , Giovagnoni Andrea
Published: December 2009

Surgery of liver metastases can be effective, and the appropriate selection of surgical candidates relies first on imaging. Different techniques are available, but information on their relative performance is unclear. The aim of this overview is to assess the imaging modality performance in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastases. MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched for articles published from January 2000 to August 2008. Eligible trials had to be conducted on patients with diagnosis/suspicion of CRC liver metastases, comparing more than two modalities among MRI, computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography using fluoro‐18‐deoxyglucose (FDG‐PET), ultrasonography (US). Pooled estimates of sensitivity, specificity were calculated and pair‐wise comparisons were performed. Of 6030 screened articles, 25 were eligible. Sensitivity and specificity on a per‐patient basis for US, CT, MRI, and FDG‐PET were 63.0% and 97.6%, 74.8% and 95.6%, 81.1% and 97.2, and 93.8% and 98.7%, respectively. On a per‐lesion basis, sensitivity was 86.3%, 82.6%, 86.3%, and 86.0%, respectively. Specificity was reported in few studies. MRI showed a better sensitivity than CT in per‐patient (odds ratio [OR]: 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.47–0.99; P = 0.05) and in per‐lesion analysis (OR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.55–0.80; P < 0.0001). In per‐lesion analysis, the difference was higher when liver‐specific contrast agents were administered. Available evidence supports the MRI use for the detection of CRC liver metastases. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;31:19–31. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Peristaltic motion of a magnetohydrodynamic generalized second‐order fluid in an asymmetric channel
Authors: Wang Yongqi , Ali Nasir , Hayat Tasawar
Published: December 2009

We investigate the peristaltic motion of a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generalized second‐order fluid in an asymmetric channel. The governing equations are first modeled and then numerically solved under the long wavelength approximation. Attention has been focused to analyze the shear‐thinning and shear‐thickening effects of the investigated non‐Newtonian fluid, the influence of the magnetic force on the flow, especially the trapping, pumping characteristics caused by the peristalsis of the walls. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2011
Von Null auf 200 km/h in 40 Femtosekunden
Authors: Nubbemeyer Thomas , Sandner Wolfgang , Eichmann Ulli
Published: December 2009

Dipolkräfte im Fokus eines moderaten Laserfeldes sind seit langem bekannt und ermöglichen zum Beispiel den Einfang makroskopischer neutraler Teilchen (optische Pinzette) oder den Einschluss kalter Quantengase. Im Gegensatz zu Rückstoßkräften wie bei der Laserkühlung sind sie direkt proportional zur Laserintensität, wenn auch bisher angenommen wurde, dass sie nur bei Intensitäten unterhalb der Multiphoton‐ oder gar Tunnel‐Ionisationsschwelle wirksam sein können. Nun konnte unsere Gruppe am Max‐Born‐Institut in Berlin zeigen, dass auch in stärksten fokussierten, gepulsten Laserfeldern neutrale Atome überleben und Kräfte erfahren, die zu den bislang größten im Labor beobachteten Beschleunigungen führen.
Süße Zuckergläser
Authors: Vilgis Thomas
Published: December 2009

Zucker süßt Kaffee, Kuchen und Kekse, hat Kalorien und ist verantwortlich für Karies. Die physikalische Seite des Zuckers ist allerdings differenzierter. Zucker ist ein faszinierendes Material, das Köche und Patissiers wegen seiner thermisch aktivierbaren Zustandsänderungen besonders schätzen. Ein kulinarisches Geheimnis des Zuckers ist sein Glasübergang. Wird geschmolzener Zucker abgekühlt, haben die sperrigen Disaccharidmoleküle bei üblichen Abkühlraten keine Chance, sich in einem Kristall zu ordnen.
Interannual dynamics of aerial and arboreal green spruce aphid populations
Authors: Day Keith Richard , Ayres Matthew P. , Harrington Richard , Kidd Neil A. C.
Published: December 2009

Partial defoliation of spruce by the green spruce aphid Elatobium abietinum (Walker) is a recurrent event in European and, increasingly, North American forests. The patterns of insect abundance on trees have never been satisfactorily described by a numerical model despite considerable knowledge of endogenous and exogenous factors in the population dynamics of the species. Long‐term field population estimates of the aphid on foliage provided the opportunity to evaluate such a model. Unlike comparable models for tree‐dwelling aphids, this was also applicable to almost completely independent aphid field data derived from the Rothamsted Insect Survey's nationwide network of suction traps. Although based on relatively few parameters, the model was robust in its predictions of alate aphids geographically remote from the forest in which the original population was estimated. The population maximum, which causes the greatest forest damage, is reached in early summer and can be predicted from knowledge of winter temperature (chill bouts), spring temperature (thermal sum), and interannual negative feedback (density dependence). The model provides confirmation that alate populations of spruce aphids, upon which a number of other extensive studies have been based, are ultimately influenced by similar endogenous and climatic factors and that they are a reasonable proxy for aphids on trees.
The association of normative perceptions with adolescent smoking intentions
Authors: Brown Abraham Kojo , Moodie Crawford , Hastings Gerard , Mackintosh Anne‐Marie , Hassan Louise , Thrasher James
Published: December 2009

The social norms approach suggests that tobacco use among a referent population will reduce provided they are presented with accurate information about the perceived norms of that behaviour. This study investigated adolescents' perceived tobacco‐related norms on future smoking intentions, using a sample of 11–16 year olds (n = 804) from wave two of the Youth Tobacco Policy Survey. Structural equation modelling was used to analyse, simultaneously, the hypothesized normative model on future smoking intentions among both adolescent smokers and never smokers. While among adolescent smokers perceived prevalence, perceptions of the tobacco industry and risk from smoking were associated with future smoking intentions, among never smokers only perceived sibling approval was associated with future smoking intentions. The research highlights the need for more comprehensive anti‐tobacco related campaigns that incorporate messages and stimuli relevant to behaviour reflecting these normative types.
Self‐discrepancies in work‐related upper extremity pain: Relation to emotions and flexible‐goal adjustment
Authors: Goossens Mariëlle E. , Kindermans Hanne P. , Morley Stephen J. , Roelofs Jeffrey , Verbunt Jeanine , Vlaeyen Johan W.
Published: December 2009

Recurrent pain not only has an impact on disability, but on the long term it may become a threat to one's sense of self. This paper presents a cross‐sectional study of patients with work‐related upper extremity pain and focuses on: (1) the role of self‐discrepancies in this group, (2) the associations between self‐discrepancies, pain, emotions and (3) the interaction between self‐discrepancies and flexible‐goal adjustment. Eighty‐nine participants completed standardized self‐report measures of pain intensity, pain duration, anxiety, depression and flexible‐goal adjustment. A Selves Questionnaire was used to generate self‐discrepancies. A series of hierarchical regression analyses showed relationships between actual–ought other, actual–ought self, actual–feared self‐discrepancies and depression as well as a significant association between actual–ought other self‐discrepancy and anxiety. Furthermore, significant interactions were found between actual–ought other self‐discrepancies and flexibility, indicating that less flexible participants with large self‐discrepancies score higher on depression.

This study showed that self‐discrepancies are related to negative emotions and that flexible‐goal adjustment served as a moderator in this relationship. The view of self in pain and flexible‐goal adjustment should be considered as important variables in the process of chronic pain.
Biochemistry and physiology of mitochondrial ion channels involved in cardioprotection
Authors: Nishida Hirofumi , Matsumoto Akio , Tomono Naohiro , Hanakai Takahiro , Harada Shintaro , Nakaya Haruaki
Published: December 2009

Over the past decades there has been considerable progress in understanding the multifunctional roles of mitochondrial ion channels in metabolism, energy transduction, ion transport, signaling, and cell death. Recent data have suggested that some of these channels function under physiological condition, and others may be activated in response to pathological insults and play a key role in cytoprotection. This review outlines our current understanding of the molecular identity and pathophysiological roles of the mitochondrial ion channels in the heart with particular emphasis on cardioprotection against ischemia/reperfusion injury, and future research on mitochondrial ion channels.
Properties of the intracellular transient receptor potential (TRP) channel in yeast, Yvc1
Authors: Chang Yiming , Schlenstedt Gabriel , Flockerzi Veit , Beck Andreas
Published: December 2009

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are found among mammals, flies, worms, ciliates, Chlamydomonas, and yeast but are absent in plants. These channels are believed to be tetramers of proteins containing six transmembrane domains (TMs). Their primary structures are diverse with sequence similarities only in some short amino acid sequence motifs mainly within sequences covering TM5, TM6, and adjacent domains. In the yeast genome, there is one gene encoding a TRP‐like sequence. This protein forms an ion channel in the vacuolar membrane and is therefore called Yvc1 for yeast vacuolar conductance 1. In the following we summarize its prominent features.
Feline Acromegaly
Authors: Niessen Stijn J M
Published: December 2009

Practical relevance Clinicians who deal with diabetic cats can have mixed experiences. Some patients are ‘textbook cases’, responding very well to insulin administration; others prove to be more challenging. Recent studies have shown a significant proportion of problem diabetic cats to have underlying acromegaly (hypersomatotropism). Recognising this syndrome in these cats will be key to successfully managing the concurrent diabetes.

Patient group Just like the ‘normal’ (non-acromegalic) diabetic cat, the acromegalic diabetic cat tends to be a middle-aged to older male neutered domestic short hair. However, with increasing case experience, this signalment may change. Most patients are insulin resistant, although this may not be the initial presenting sign. No breed predispositions have been recognised to date.

Clinical challenges There is no single diagnostic test for feline acromegaly — a confident diagnosis relies on a combination of clinical signs, feline growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 levels, and intracranial imaging. Additionally, the ideal treatment protocol has yet to be established. Currently, radiotherapy is considered by many to be the best treatment; however, costs, the need for multiple anaesthetics, and the often delayed and unpredictable treatment response represent serious limitations of this modality. Previously, medical treatment has proven unsuccessful. Recent studies provide some evidence in favour of, and some against, the use of newer long-acting somatostatin analogue preparations in a proportion of acromegalic cats.

Evidence base Two recent studies have revealed a relatively high prevalence of acromegaly among diabetic cats. One also specifically assessed the value of hormonal tests, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging during the diagnostic process.
Successful Surgical Management of Spontaneous Gastric Perforations in Three Cats
Authors: Cariou Matthieu P L , Halfacree Zoe J , Lee Karla C L , Baines Stephen J
Published: December 2009

Background In the veterinary literature, feline gastroduodenal ulcer disease has been described only in individual case reports or retrospective studies reporting small numbers of cats. Although its canine counterpart is commonly encountered, less is known about factors predisposing cats to gastroduodenal ulceration and potentially perforation. Similarly the outcome following treatment is not well reported in this species.

Reported risk factors In dogs, hepatic disease and administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been reported as the two most common causes of gastroduodenal ulceration. In cats, only one clinical report so far has implicated an NSAID as a risk factor for spontaneous gastroduodenal perforation.

Findings and practical relevance This report describes the historical and physical findings, as well as the treatment and outcome, in three cats with spontaneous gastric perforation that were receiving anti-inflammatory medication immediately prior to presentation. It highlights the importance of thorough patient evaluation in any cat presenting with non-specific clinical signs and a history of anti-inflammatory drug administration.
Palliative Endoscopic Surgery in Advanced Sinonasal and Anterior Skull Base Neoplasms
Authors: Tabaee Abtin , Nyquist Gurston , Anand Vijay K. , Singh Ameet , Kacker Ashutosh , Schwartz Theodore H.
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVES

To explore the role of endoscopic surgery for palliative intent in patients with advanced sinonasal and anterior skull base neoplasms.

STUDY DESIGN

Retrospective, multi‐institutional case series.

SETTING

Tertiary academic center.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

The medical records of six patients with advanced sinonasal and skull base neoplasms undergoing endoscopic surgery for palliative purposes were reviewed for patient demographics, treatment course, and postoperative outcome measures.

RESULTS

The histology in this series included metastatic sinonasal mucosal melanoma in three patients, and high‐grade sarcoma, chordoma, and pituitary carcinoma each in one patient. The predominant symptoms in all patients related to sinonasal mass effect and local extension of disease. Symptomatic improvement was achieved in five of the six patients despite the poor overall outcome from the underlying lesion. There were no perioperative complications in this series.

CONCLUSION

Endoscopic surgery may allow for palliation in advanced sinonasal and skull base neoplasms. The indications for this procedure are individualized on the basis of disease demographics and overall prognosis.
Facial Nerve Hemangiomas: Vascular Tumors or Malformations?
Authors: Benoit Margo McKenna , North Paula E. , McKenna Michael J. , Mihm Martin C. , Johnson Matthew M. , Cunningham Michael J.
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVE

To reclassify facial nerve hemangiomas in the context of presently accepted vascular lesion nomenclature by examining histology and immunohistochemical markers.

STUDY DESIGN

Cohort analysis of patients diagnosed with a facial nerve hemangioma between 1990 and 2008.

SETTING

Collaborative analysis at a specialty hospital and a major academic hospital.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Seven subjects were identified on composite review of office charts, a pathology database spanning both institutions, and an encrypted patient registry. Clinical data were compiled, and hematoxylin‐eosin–stained specimens were reviewed. For six patients, archived pathological tissue was available for immunohistochemical evaluation of markers specific for infantile hemangioma (glucose transporter protein isoform 1 [GLUT1] and Lewis Y antigen) and for lymphatic endothelial cells (podoplanin).

RESULTS

All patients clinically presented with slowly progressive facial weakness at a mean age of 45 years without prior symptomatology. Hemotoxylin‐eosin–stained histopathological slides showed irregularly shaped, dilated lesional vessels with flattened endothelial cells, scant smooth muscle, and no internal elastic lamina. Both podoplanin staining for lymphatic endothelial cells and GLUT1 and LewisY antigen staining for infantile hemangioma endothelial cells were negative in lesional vessels in all specimens for which immunohistochemical analysis was performed.

CONCLUSION

Lesions of the geniculate ganglion historically referred to as “hemangiomas” do not demonstrate clinical, histopathological, or immunohistochemical features consistent with a benign vascular tumor, but instead are consistent with venous malformation. We propose that these lesions be classified as “venous vascular malformations of the facial nerve.” This nomenclature should more accurately predict clinical behavior and guide therapeutic interventions.
Determinants of Outcomes of Sinus Surgery: A Multi‐Institutional Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Smith Timothy L. , Litvack Jamie R. , Hwang Peter H. , Loehrl Todd A. , Mace Jess C. , Fong Karen J. , James Kenneth E.
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVES

1) To measure the proportion of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) who experience clinically significant improvement after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) in a prospective, multi‐institutional fashion. 2) To identify preoperative characteristics that predict clinically significant improvement in quality of life (QOL) after ESS.

STUDY DESIGN

Prospective, multi‐institutional cohort study.

SETTING

Academic tertiary care centers.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

A total of 302 patients with CRS from three centers were enrolled between July 2004 and December 2008 and followed for an average of 17.4 months postoperatively. Preoperative patient characteristics, CT scan, endoscopy score, and pre‐ and postoperative quality of life (QOL) data were collected. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.

RESULTS

Patients improved an average of 15.8 percent (18.9 points) on the Rhinosinusitis Disability Index and 21.2 percent (21.2 points) on the Chronic Sinusitis Survey (both P < 0.001). Patients significantly improved on all eight Medical Outcomes Study Short Form‐36 (SF‐36) subscales (all P < 0.001). Among patients with poor baseline QOL, 71.7 percent of patients experienced clinically significant improvement on the RSDI and 76.1 percent on the CSS. Patients undergoing primary surgery were 2.1 times more likely to improve on the RSDI (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2, 3.4; P = 0.006) and 1.8 times more likely to improve on the CSS (95% CI, 1.1, 3.1; P = 0.020) compared with patients undergoing revision surgery.

CONCLUSION

In this prospective, multi‐institutional study, most patients experienced clinically significant improvement across multiple QOL outcomes after ESS. Specific patient characteristics provided prognostic value with regard to outcomes.
Facial Nerve Function and Hearing Preservation Acoustic Tumor Surgery: Does the Approach Matter?
Authors: Hillman Todd , Chen Douglas A. , Arriaga Moises A. , Quigley Matthew
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVE

The retrosigmoid and middle fossa approaches to acoustic tumor excision allow for hearing preservation but differ in the angle of approach to the facial nerve. The authors comparatively examined facial nerve results of each approach.

STUDY DESIGN

Case series with chart review.

SETTING

Multiple physician subspecialty practice.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

The authors reviewed facial nerve outcomes of patients undergoing acoustic tumor excision at a single subspecialty practice that had used a hearing preservation approach for the past 15 years. The retrosigmoid and middle fossa approaches were compared. Hearing results and recurrence rates were also examined.

RESULTS

One hundred thirty‐eight patients had adequate data for inclusion in this study. Of the patients undergoing a middle fossa approach, 80 percent had a House‐Brackmann (HB) grade I‐II outcome, whereas 90 percent of patients undergoing the retrosigmoid approach had an HB grade I‐II. When classifying HB I and II outcomes together, we did not find a statistically different result between the surgical groups. Upon more critical analysis, however, facial function recovered faster and there were more long‐term HB grade I function results in the retrosigmoid group. There were more recurrent/residual tumors in the retrosigmoid group and better hearing preservation in the middle fossa group.

CONCLUSION

There are small but important functional outcome differences between the retrosigmoid and middle fossa approach for acoustic tumors. The clinician needs a working understanding of these differences so that the correct approach can be used to produce the best results for each patient.
Is a Positive Family History Predictive for Recurrent Acute Otitis Media in Children? An Evidence‐Based Case Report
Authors: Albersen Monique , Bulatović Maja , Lindner Sanneke H. , van Stiphout Feikje , van der Heijden Geert J. M. G. , Schilder Anne G. M. , Rovers Maroeska M.
Published: December 2009

In this evidence‐based case report, we studied the clinical question: Is a positive family history of acute otitis media (AOM) predictive for recurrent acute otitis media (rAOM) in children between zero and two years of age? The search yielded 3178 articles, of which only two were relevant and had a high validity regarding our clinical question.

Neither of these two studies provided the final answer to our clinical question because they did not report stratified absolute risks for a positive family history. Fortunately, we were able to study the absolute risks in one of the two studies. The absolute risk of rAOM without distinguishing family history was 33 percent; the risk was 27 percent for children without a family history and 45 percent for children with a positive family history. Family history increases the absolute risk, but not in a way that it will help to predict rAOM accurately.
Translating Research Evidence into Action in Daily Practice
Authors: Rovers Maroeska M. , van der Heijden Geert J. M. G.
Published: December 2009

Information from medical research should be used to optimize management for patients. In this issue, our group starts with a new item, that is, evidence‐based case reports, which will provide answers to questions on common clinical problems on diagnosis, prognosis, or interventions in individual patient management in otolaryngology. An explicit and transparent approach is used to separate evidence from judgment in providing reliable updates on these specific patient management issues. These efforts may also prove to be very helpful to identify evidence gaps and provide recommendations for research priorities in otolaryngology.
American Thyroid Association's Central Neck Dissection Terminology and Classification for Thyroid Cancer Consensus Statement
Authors: Orloff Lisa A. , Kuppersmith Ronald B.
Published: December 2009

The American Thyroid Association recently published a consensus statement on central neck dissection terminology and classification for thyroid cancer. The American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery had representation in this multidisciplinary effort, which also included endocrinologists and general endocrine surgeons. This important statement will help surgeons standardize terminology and clarify the intent (elective vs therapeutic) and extent (unilateral vs bilateral) of central neck dissection in operative reports and publications.
Negotiating the Great Depression: The rise of popular culture and consumerism in early-1930s Malaya
Authors: van der Putten Jan
Published: December 2009

The Great Depression (1929–35) seriously affected the world economy but it was also a catalyst of the development of political awareness among the Malays. In conjunction with the growth of political awareness there was the rise of consumerism, which also was accelerated by the Great Depression. People were taught to appreciate a new way of life centring around luxury goods that became cheaper and reportedly within the reach of everyone, if one only tried. The machines of this heightened consumerism were commercials that were disseminated through the rapidly expanding mass media, mainly financed by these advertisements. The huge boom in entertainment businesses and publishing houses defied the logic that the downturn would have a negative impact on the entertainment and popular culture industries. Rather the contrary occurred. The number of magazines, journals and newspapers published in this period increased dramatically, and theatre and dance companies met with great success in their performances in the towns and on tours throughout the region.
I The Accounts of John Balsall, Purser of the Trinity of Bristol, 1480–1
Authors: Reddaway T. F. , Ruddock Alwyn A.
Published: December 2009

A set of shipping accounts kept by the purser of an English ship, the Trinity of Bristol, on a voyage to the ports of Andalusia and North Africa in 1480–1 was discovered recently in the Mercers' Hall in London. It is a very early example of this type of record, for accounts of privately-owned merchant vessels are rarely found in English archives before the files of the High Court of Admiralty begin in the reign of Henry VIII. Its value is enhanced still further, however, by the fact that the ship in question was a vessel of outstanding importance in the early history of English exploration overseas. The Trinity of Bristol was one of the first English ships known to have set out in search of land across the Atlantic more than a decade before Columbus made his first landfall in the New World. This document shows the Bristol men aboard the Trinity in personal contact with the Franciscan friary of Santa Maria de la Rábida, near Huelva, where Columbus found his earliest and most devoted supporters in Spain for his own projected expedition across the western ocean. New lines of speculation are opened up on links between the earliest English and Iberian voyages of discovery, making this a document of great interest to historians of trans-atlantic exploration.
I Ordinances for the Duchy of Lancaster
Authors: Somerville Robert
Published: December 2009

Introduction 1

Text 10
III ‘The Muster-Master’ by Gervase Markham
Authors: Hamilton Charles L.
Published: December 2009

Introduction 49

Text 54
A Charge Delivered to the Grand Jury, at the General Quarter Session of the Peace; Held at Guildhall, Westminster; On Wednesday, April 6th, 1763
Authors: Knt John Fielding
Published: December 2009

London:

Printed for Charles Marsh, at Cicero's Head, Charing-Cross. MDCCLXIII.

To the Earl of Northumberland, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, one of the Lords of His Majesty's most Honourable Privy Council, and Lord Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of the County of Middlesex, and City and Liberty of Westminster.

My Lord,

As the following Charge is published at the unanimous request of the magistrates of the city and liberty of Westminster, present at the last quarter sessions held for the said city and liberty at Guild-hall, as well as that of the Grand Jury, to whom it was delivered, from their polite opinion, that it might be useful to mankind, methinks I feel their consent co-operating with my own inclinations, to dedicate die first fruits, even of a [ii] supposed advantage, arising from Guild-hall in Westminster, to your Lordship; as the origin and present existence of that court-house, so convenient and beneficial to this city and liberty, has been owing to your Lorship's public spirit and generosity. And I flatter myself, that its farther establishment will be much indebted to your care and attention.
A Charge Delivered to the Grand-Jury, at a Sessions of Oper and Cerminer and General Goal Delivery, For the City, and County of the City of Bristol, Held at the Guidhall there, On Saturday the 6th of April, 1793
Authors: Burke Richard
Published: December 2009

The Grand Jurors direct that this Charge be printed and published at their Expence. — They likewise direct that the whole Produce of the Sale be applied at the Discretion of the Rev. Mr. Rimbron, to the relief of the Prisoners in Newgate.

From the well know Benevolence of the Recorder, they presume he will not disapprove of such a Distribution.

Gentlemen of the Grand Jury, After the painful duties attached to this seat were fulfilled, I have had, at the close of every Session, the pleasing task of delivering to the several Grand-Juries, the thanks of the Court. The Task was indeed pleasing, because the thanks have always been well deserved. The punctual attendance, the diligent enquiry, the intelligence with which the Grand-Juries of this City have gone thro' the business prepared for them, have been meritorious and exemplary. [2] You have observed, Gentlemen, that I have now relaxed the strictness of the usual course. The Names of the Defaulters have not been called over. I understand that there are, unfortunately, circumstances in the present time which demand from many persons, I might perhaps not improperly say from all, an encreased attention to their private concerns.
The Substance of a Charge Delivered to the Grand Jury of the County of Hertford, on Monday the 7th Day of March, 1796
Authors: Grose Justice
Published: December 2009

resolved unanimously, THAT the Foreman be desired to convey to the Hon. SIR NASH GROSE, Knight, one of the Justices of his Majesty's Court of king's Bench, the respectful and cordial acknowledgements of the Grand Jury of this County, for the able, judicious, and well-timed CHARGE delivered by him from the Bench on the opening of the Commission of Oyer and Terminer, and General Gaol Delivery, at Hertford, on Monday the 7th of March instant, containing matter of the most important nature, and expressed in terms, which, whether [4] We consider the authority from which they are derived, or the excellence of the sentiments themselves, are most happily calculated to inspire and to confirm, in all ranks of men, a sincere veneration for our Holy Religion, a dutiful submission to the Laws, and a steady attachment to the true principles of our invaluable Constitution; and earnestly to request, in the name of the Grand Jury of this County, that he will consent to the printing and publication of the same.
IV Letters of Bolingbroke to the Earl of Orrery 1712-13
Authors: Dickinson H.T.
Published: December 2009

Henry St. John, Viscount Bolingbroke, was one of the Secretaries of State in Queen Anne's Tory administration of 1710–14 which sought to bring an end to the increasingly burdensome War of the Spanish Succession. Employing somewhat dubious means, he and his ministerial colleagues eventually made peace with France by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; a treaty which paid more attention to the interests of Great Britain than to those of her allies, the Dutch and Austrians. In seeking peace at almost any price Bolingbroke and his colleagues faced a particular problem with the former Spanish territory of the Southern Netherlands (or Flanders). The Dutch were particularly interested in this territory because they hoped to secure possession of strong fortresses there which would provide them with a secure barrier against a sudden attack by the French. The Austrians, for their part, hoped to gain this territory as part of the Emperor's inheritance of former Spanish possessions. Britain herself was concerned to serve her allies in this territory at least. She also had commercial interests in Flanders and had long sought an effective barrier to French efforts to expand into the Low Countries. These concerns were reflected in Bolingbroke's correspondence with Charles, Earl of Orrery, one of his Tory friends, who was appointed in 1711 as the Queen's envoy-extraordinary to the States General in The Hague and to the Council of Flanders in Brussels. Orrery served in this capacity for most of 1711. In late 1712 he returned to these duties and served there for a further year