bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The First Two Decades of a Versatile Electron Acceptor Building Block: 11,11,12,12‐Tetracyano‐9,10‐anthraquinodimethane (TCAQ)
Authors: Gomez Rafael , Seoane Carlos , Segura Jose L.
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
What Do We Need for a Superhydrophobic Surface? A Review on the Recent Progress in the Preparation of Superhydrophobic Surfaces
Authors: Li Xue‐Mei , Reinhoudt David , Crego‐Calama Mercedes
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Appropriate Usage of Antibiotics by Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Authors: Kokubun Hideya , Kimura Toshimi , Yago Kazuo
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
PK/PD Analysis and Proper Dosage of Antimicrobial Agents for Effective and Safe Treatment of Infectious Diseases
Authors: Hori Seiji
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Uronic Acids in Oligosaccharide Synthesis
Authors: van den Bos Leendert J. , Codee Jeroen D. C. , Litjens Remy E. J. N. , Dinkelaar Jasper , Overkleeft Herman S. , van der Marel Gijsbert A.
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Functional Molecules in Electronic Circuits.
Authors: Weibel Nicolas , Grunder Sergio , Mayor Marcel
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chiral Glycolate Equivalents for the Asymmetric Synthesis of α‐Hydroxycarbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Ley Steven V. , Sheppard Tom D. , Myers Rebecca M. , Chorghade Mukund S.
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Guest‐Induced Assembly of PdII‐Linked Coordination Nanotubes.
Authors: Tominaga Masahide , Fujita Makoto
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave Heating: A New Synthetic Tool for Cluster Synthesis
Authors: Millos Constantinos J. , Gavin Whittaker A. , Brechin Euan K.
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Chemical Development of CHIR‐258
Authors: Zhu Shuguang , Harwood Eric , Cai Shaopei , Shang Xiao , Galvin Gabriel , Jin Li , Yeung Arthur , Diaz Brian , Zheng Minna , Ryckman David
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Construction of Functional Electrode Interface for Electroorganic Synthesis
Authors: Kashiwagi Yoshitomo
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide: Beyond a Redox Coenzyme
Authors: Lin Hening
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Forty Years of in vitro Evolution.
Authors: Joyce Gerald F.
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Fungal Terpene Metabolites: Biosynthetic Relationships and the Control of the Phytopathogenic Fungus Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Collado Isidro Gonzalez , Macias Sanchez Antonio Jose , Hanson James R.
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Water as a Reaction Solvent: An Industry Perspective
Authors: Wiebus Ernst , Cornils Boy
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Biomimetic Particles
Authors: Petri Denise F. S. , Carmona‐Ribeiro Ana M.
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Present Day Condition of Fluoroaromatic Compound Production Technology
Authors: Furin G. G. , Deev L. E.
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Dependence of Micellar Rate Effects Upon Reaction Mechanism
Authors: Bunton Clifford A.
Published: October 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Noncompaction and Neuromuscular Disease with Positive Troponin‐T in a Nonagenerian
Authors: Finsterer Josef , Stöllberger Claudia
Published: October 2007

In a 94‐year‐old male with a history of atrial fibrillation, aortic stenosis, heart failure, apical thrombus, arterial hypertension, aneurysm of the abdominal aorta, and a urinary bladder carcinoma, cardiologic investigations revealed pulmonary rales, enlarged heart, absolute arrhythmia, and positive troponin‐, myocardial thickening, enlarged cardiac cavities, hypocontractility, aortic stenosis, slight aortic insufficiency, severe mitral insufficiency, and surprisingly left ventricular hypertrabeculation. Upon neurological investigations, a polyneuropathy was suspected but a myopathy not completely excluded. The presented case shows that LVHT occurs also in nonagenarians and is associated with neuromuscular disease and positive troponin‐T, in the absence of ischemic heart disease or severe renal failure. The cause of troponin‐T‐positivity remains multi‐factorial. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Asynchronous Movement of Mitral Annulus: An Additional Mechanism of Ischaemic Mitral Regurgitation
Authors: Szymanski Piotr , Klisiewicz Anna , Hoffman Piotr
Published: October 2007

In‐coordinate mitral annulus movement might participate in the pathogenesis of functional mitral regurgitation. We evaluated a relationship between indices of mitral annulus systolic asynchrony and mitral regurgitation in patients after myocardial infarction in order to determine independent determinants of effective regurgitant orifice (ERO) area in a multivariate regression model.

Tissue Doppler echocardiographic studies and quantitative analysis of mitral regurgitation were performed in 40 patients (33 men, 7 women, mean age 60.1 ± 9.2 years) with a history of Q‐wave myocardial infarction, with and without significant functional mitral regurgitation.

A multivariate regression model showed that mitral annulus movement asynchrony index—difference between the longest and the shortest time from the R wave in the electrocardiogram to the cessation of systolic movement of the four aspects of mitral annulus, is an independent from ejection fraction, sphericity index, tenting, annulus diameter and infarct location, determinant of mitral regurgitation ERO area (r2 change 0.72, p ≤ 0.01). The only other independent predictor of ERO area was mitral annulus diameter (r2 change 0.79, p ≤ 0.01). Other variables were predictors of ERO only in univariate analyses: ejection fraction (r2 change 0.59, p ≤ 0.01), tenting area (r2 change 0.76, p ≤0.01 ) and sphericity index (r2 change 0.75, p ≤0.01).

In conclusion, mitral annulus asynchrony is an additional mechanism contributing to the development of functional mitral regurgitation. This suggests, that cardiac resynchronization might be considered, either as a first line intervention in patients with mitral regurgitation not considered for mitral surgery or as a supplementary measure, when results of surgery are suboptimal. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sphingomyelinase and ceramidase in the intestinal tract
Authors: Duan Rui‐Dong
Published: October 2007

Sphingomyelin (SM) has emerged as an important source of lipid messengers affecting cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. SM is present in mammalian cell membranes as a lipid constituent and also found as a component of dietary products such as milk, egg and meat. Digestion of SM has been found to have important implications in colon cancer development, gut maturation, and cholesterol absorption. SM in the intestine is sequentially digested by alkaline sphingomyelinase and neutral ceramidase before absorption. In the last decade, rapid progress has been made in many aspects of these two enzymes. The review intends to provide a short summary of the current knowledge on the properties, functions and the pathological changes of the enzymes in the intestinal tract.
Potential of Biowaste from the Food Industry as a Biomass Resource
Authors: Mahro B. , Timm M.
Published: October 2007

The importance of biomass as a resource for energy production or as a chemical feedstock will increase significantly in the next decades. The amounts of biomass that can be used for non‐food purposes however will be limited and its use will compete with other claims like food and feed production. In order to minimize such food‐feed‐fuel conflicts it is necessary to integrate all kinds of biowaste into a biomass economy. The food industry in particular might be a good candidate for assessment, since it produces inevitably large amounts of biogenic residues each year. The possibilities to use food processing residues for non‐food purposes like bioenergy, biomaterial production, chemical feedstock or as animal feed are therefore discussed in more detail in this paper. It is shown that food processing residues represent a small but valuable biomass fraction that can be exploited in numerous ways. The most promising approach appears to be to design new microbial bioconversion processes as part of more complex biorefinery concepts.
Optimization of Citric Acid Production from Glucose by Yarrowia lipolytica
Authors: Moeller L. , Strehlitz B. , Aurich A. , Zehnsdorf A. , Bley T.
Published: October 2007

Citric acid (CA) is mainly produced in a biotechnological process using Aspergillus niger. In this process, large amounts of wastes have to be removed. Since the use of Yarrowia lipolytica for CA production is an environmental compatible alternative method, the CA production was optimized in regard to growth temperature and pH as well as substrate and product inhibition. The highest value of the maximum specific growth rate at pH 6.5 was found to be μmax = 0.192 h–1, whereas the largest amount of CA of 24.91 g/L as well as the highest selectivity of the bioprocess (89.9 % CA) and the maximum yield (0.22 gCA/gGlucose) were obtained at pH 6.0. During the growth phase, the temperature optimum was found to be in the range of 30–34 °C (μmax = 0.132 h–1). Nevertheless, the highest concentration of CA during the production phase was obtained at 30 °C (41 g/L CA, 93.1 % CA, 0.55 gCA/gglucose). In studying the substrate inhibition of the process, a clear tendency of decrease in the maximum specific growth rate was detected when the initial glucose concentration was increased from 50 g/L (μmax = 0.17 h–1) to 200 g/L (μmax = 0.055 h–1). The addition of 120 g/L CA to the culture broth at the start of the production phase reduced the production of CA from 32.1 g/L to 7.4 g/L.
Gasoline Vapor Biofiltration
Authors: Paca J. , Halecky M. , Maryska M. , Jones K.
Published: October 2007

While gasoline vapor emissions are common sources of air pollution, very few results have been published on the biofilter biodegradation of gasoline vapors in flowing waste gases. This investigation reports on a bench‐scale biofilter of an ID of 50 mm and a bed height of 850 mm with an inexpensive fire clay chip medium as a packing material. The biofilter was inoculated with a concentrate of a mixed culture of the common microflora. After an acclimatization period of three weeks, loading tests were carried out at increasing gasoline inlet concentrations at a constant Empty Bed Retention Time (EBRT) of 16 min. Evaluating the removal rate and efficiency of aliphatic and aromatic fractions of the gasoline vapor, it was found that in a range of overall organic loading (OLTPH) up to 33.6 g/m3 h the removal efficiency of aromatic hydrocarbons decreased from 90 to 70 %, while that of the aliphatic components decreased much more significantly from 60 to 10 % after six months of operation. The removal rate and efficiency achieved for total petroleum hydrocarbons were 13 g/m3 h and 45 %, respectively. The microbial strains and genera of culturable cells in the inoculum and in the biofilm after six months of gasoline degradation were evaluated.
Production of PHB from Crude Glycerol
Authors: Mothes G. , Schnorpfeil C. , Ackermann J.‐U.
Published: October 2007

Crude glycerol – a by‐product of the large scale production of diesel oil from rape – is examined for its possible use as a cheap feedstock for the biotechnological synthesis of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB). The glycerol samples of various manufacturers differ in their contamination with salts (NaCl or K2SO4), methanol or fatty acids. At high cell density fermentation these pollutants could possibly accumulate to inhibiting concentrations. The bacteria used were Paracoccus denitrificans and Cupriavidus necator JMP 134, which accumulate PHB from pure glycerol to a content of 70 % of cell dry mass. When using crude glycerol containing 5.5 % NaCl, a reduced PHB content of 48 % was observed at a bacterial dry mass of 50 g/L. Furthermore the PHB yield coefficient was reduced, obviously due to osmoregulation. The effect of glycerol contaminated with K2SO4 was less pronounced. The molecular weight of PHB produced with P. denitrificans or C. necator from crude glycerol varies between 620000 and 750000 g/mol which allows the processing by common techniques of the polymer industry.
Effects of Cultivation Parameters on the Morphology of Rhizopus arrhizus and the Lactic Acid Production in a Bubble Column Reactor
Authors: Zhang Z. Y. , Jin B. , Kelly J. M.
Published: October 2007

The use of filamentous Rhizopus for lactic acid production is facing a challenge due to its low yield mainly caused by the difficulty to control its morphology in submerged fermentation processes. This study was aimed at investigating the impacts of cultivation parameters on the morphology of Rhizopus arrhizus DAR 36017 and lactic acid production using waste potato starch in a laboratory scale bubble column reactor (BCR). The fungal morphology was significantly influenced by carbon sources, process pH, starch concentrations, sparger designs and aeration rates. The favorable morphology for lactic acid production was a freely dispersed small pellet, which was achieved under operation conditions at pH 5.0–6.0, starch concentrations of 60–120 g/L and aeration rates of 0.2–0.8 vvm using a sintered stainless steel disc sparger. Optimal cultivation conditions at pH 6.0 and an aeration rate of 0.4 vvm resulted in the formation of freely dispersed small pellets and 103.8 g/L lactic acid with a yield of 87 % from 120 g/L liquefied potato starch in 48 h. The overall results in terms of lactic acid yield and productivity are comparable to those reported in previous studies using immobilized Rhizopus cells in batch fermentations.
Asymmetric synthesis of δ‐lactones with lipase catalyst
Authors: Shimotori Yasutaka , Sekine Kazuki , Miyakoshi Tetsuo
Published: October 2007

Both enantiomers of δ‐lactones (δ‐decalactone, δ‐undecalactone and δ‐dodecalactone) were synthesized in three steps via Novozym 435‐catalysed acetylation of rac‐N‐methyl‐5‐hydroxyalkylamides with about 80% e.e. The enantiomeric excess of δ‐lactones was increased to 89–99% e.e. by substitution of porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL)‐catalysed hydrolysis of rac‐N‐methyl‐5‐acetoxyalkylamides for Novozym 435‐catalysed acetylation of rac‐N‐methyl‐5‐hydroxyalkylamides. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hepatic gene expression during treatment with peginterferon and ribavirin: Identifying molecular pathways for treatment response
Authors: Feld Jordan J. , Nanda Santosh , Huang Ying , Chen Weiping , Cam Maggie , Pusek Susan N. , Schweigler Lisa M. , Theodore Dickens , Zacks Steven L. , Liang Jake T. , Fried Michael W.
Published: October 2007

The reasons for hepatitis C treatment failure remain unknown but may be related to different host responses to therapy. In this study, we compared hepatic gene expression in patients prior to and during peginterferon and ribavirin therapy. In the on-treatment group, patients received either ribavirin for 72 hours prior to peginterferon alpha-2a injection or peginterferon alpha-2a for 24 hours, prior to biopsy. The patients were grouped into rapid responders (RRs) with a greater than 2-log drop and slow responders (SRs) with a less than 2-log drop in hepatitis C virus RNA by week 4. Pretreatment biopsy specimens were obtained from a matched control group. The pretreatment patients were grouped as RRs or SRs on the basis of the subsequent treatment response. Gene expression profiling was performed with Affymetrix microarray technology. Known interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) were induced in treated patients. In the pretreatment group, future SRs had higher pretreatment ISG expression than RRs. On treatment, RRs and SRs had similar absolute ISG expression, but when it was corrected for the baseline expression with the pretreatment group, RRs showed a greater fold change in ISGs, whereas SRs showed a greater change in interferon (IFN)-inhibitory pathways. The patients pretreated with ribavirin had heightened induction of IFN-related genes and down-regulation of genes involved in IFN inhibition and hepatic stellate cell activation.

Conclusion:

These data suggest that ISG inducibility is important for the treatment response and that ribavirin may improve outcomes by enhancing hepatic gene responses to peginterferon. Collectively, these mechanisms may provide a molecular basis for the improved efficacy of combination therapy.
Toll-like receptor-mediated control of HBV replication by nonparenchymal liver cells in mice
Authors: Wu Jun , Lu Mengji , Meng Zhongji , Trippler Martin , Broering Ruth , Szczeponek Agnes , Krux Frank , Dittmer Ulf , Roggendorf Michael , Gerken Guido , Schlaak Joerg F.
Published: October 2007

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the most frequent causes of chronic liver disease worldwide. Because recent studies have suggested that Toll-like receptor (TLR)-based therapies may be a promising approach in the treatment of HBV infection, we studied the role of the local innate immune system of the liver as a possible mediator of this effect. Murine nonparenchymal cells, including Kupffer cells (KCs) and sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), were isolated from C57/BL6 wild-type or MyD88−/− mice and stimulated by agonists of TLR1 to TLR9. Supernatants were harvested and assayed for their antiviral activity against HBV in HBV-Met cells. No direct antiviral effect of TLR agonists could be observed. In controls (myeloid dendritic cells), TLR1, TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, and TLR9 activation lead to production of antiviral cytokines. By contrast, only supernatants from TLR3-stimulated and TLR4-stimulated KCs and TLR3-stimulated LSECs from wild-type mice were able to potently suppress HBV replication as assessed via Southern blotting. Similar results were found with cells from MyD88−/− mice, indicating that the effect was independent of this signaling pathway. Cellular HBV RNA and hepatitis B surface antigen or hepatitis B e antigen levels in supernatants remained unchanged. Using neutralizing antibodies, we demonstrated that the TLR3-mediated effect but not the TLR4-mediated effect is mediated exclusively through interferon-β.

Conclusion:

Our data indicate that the innate immune system of the liver can control HBV replication after activation by TLR agonists. This has implications for the development of TLR-based therapeutic approaches against HBV. (Hepatology 2007.)
Present status of ABO-incompatible living donor liver transplantation in Japan
Authors: Egawa Hiroto , Teramukai Satoshi , Haga Hironori , Tanabe Minoru , Fukushima Masanori , Shimazu Motohide
Published: October 2007

ABO-incompatible (ABO-I) living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) has been performed in Japan to overcome the organ shortage. Reported herein are the results of this approach through March 2006 in the National Registry of the Japan Study Group for ABO-incompatible transplantation. The questionnaires consisted of patient characteristics, operative data, and strategies for preventing antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). Data of 291 patients (follow-up period, 8 months-15 years; mean, 35 months) from 28 institutions were collected. Age was younger than 1 year in 68 patients, 1 to 7 years in 60 patients, 8 to15 years in 27 patients, and 16 years or older in 136 patients. The strategy for the blood-type barrier was heterogeneous in terms of recipient age, transplant center, and era. Local infusion and rituximab prophylaxis were applied in 2000 and 2003, respectively. The 5-year patient survival rate was 85% in infants and 52% in adults. The major causes of death were infection and antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). Multivariate analysis showed that age group, preoperative condition, antibody titer, and infection significantly affected survival. Age group, antibody titer, and local infusion treatment significantly affected the incidence of AMR. Patient survival rates were significantly higher and the incidence of AMR was significantly lower in adult patients after 2000 (3 year-survival rate, 29%, 56%, and 61%; incidence of AMR, 47%, 27%, and 16%, through May 2000, from June 2000 through October 2003, and from November 2003, respectively).

Conclusion:

ABO-incompatible LDLT is a standard practice in children, and local infusion and rituximab prophylaxis are promising in adults. (Hepatology 2007.)
Learning invariants to illumination changes typical of indoor environments: Application to image color correction
Authors: Bascle B. , Bernier O. , Lemaire V.
Published: October 2007

This paper presents a new approach for automatic image color correction, based on statistical learning. The method both parameterizes color independently of illumination and corrects color for changes of illumination. This is useful in many image processing applications, such as image segmentation or background subtraction. The motivation for using a learning approach is to deal with changes of lighting typical of indoor environments such as home and office. The method is based on learning color invariants using a modified multi‐layer perceptron (MLP). The MLP is odd‐layered. The middle layer includes two neurons which estimate two color invariants and one input neuron which takes in the luminance desired in output of the MLP. The advantage of the modified MLP over a classical MLP is better performance and the estimation of invariants to illumination. The trained modified MLP can be applied using look‐up tables, yielding very fast processing. Results illustrate the approach and compare it with other color correction approaches from the literature. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 17, 132–142, 2007
On modeling interchannel dependency for color image denoising
Authors: Li Xin
Published: October 2007

In this article, we study the modeling of interchannel dependency and its application into removing additive noise from corrupted color images. We start from an ad hoc spatially invariant linear interpolative model for characterizing color‐difference and demonstrate how it can be jointly used with a variational intrachannel dependency model to suppress noise by alternating projections. Then we present two nonlinear diffusion‐based models in the color‐difference domain and suggest their spatial adaptation property better matches the class of images with strong chromatic edges. The diversity of interchannel dependency models also motivates us to fuse multiple denoised images from different models to obtain better denoised results. Experimental results are reported to justify the importance of matching the hypothesized dependency model with observation data as well as the benefit of multihypothesis fusion. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 17, 163–173, 2007
Color aided motion‐segmentation and object tracking for video sequences semantic analysis
Authors: Briassouli Alexia , Mezaris Vasileios , Kompatsiaris Ioannis
Published: October 2007

The high rates at which digital multimedia is being generated and used makes it necessary to develop systems that can process it in an efficient manner. This can be achieved by extracting semantics from processing the video's low‐level information. We present a novel algorithm which fuses color and motion information, in order to extract semantics from the video sequence. The motion estimates are processed statistically to give areas of activity in the video. Color segmentation is applied to these areas, and also to their complementary regions in each frame, in order to achieve the moving object segmentation. The extracted color layers in the activity and background areas are compared using the earth mover's distance (EMD), and a novel method, which we introduce, and which is based on a likelihood ratio test (LRT). The segmentation results of our LRT‐based approach are shown to be more robust than the EMD results, and both methods are shown to be more accurate than the existing combined color‐motion approaches. Furthermore, the LRT method allows the retrieval of additional semantics, namely of “maps” that indicate with what likelihood a pixel belongs to a moving object. The areas of activity can be used to retrieve semantics for the kind of activity taking place. The color‐aided segmentation of the moving entities provides a full description of their appearance, so it can be used, for example, to classify the video based on the objects in it. Experiments with real sequences show that this method leads to accurate results and useful semantics. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 17, 174–189, 2007
Skin sensitization potency of isoeugenol and its dimers evaluated by a non‐radioisotopic modification of the local lymph node assay and guinea pig maximization test
Authors: Takeyoshi Masahiro , Iida Kenji , Suzuki Keiko , Yamazaki Shunsuke
Published: October 2007

Allergic contact dermatitis is the serious unwanted effect arising from the use of consumer products such as cosmetics. Isoeugenol is a fragrance chemical with spicy, carnation‐like scent, is used in many kinds of cosmetics and is a well‐known moderate human sensitizer. It was previously reported that the dimerization of eugenol yielded two types of dimer possessing different sensitization potencies. This study reports the differences in skin sensitization potencies for isoeugenol and two types of dimer, β‐O‐4‐dilignol and dehydrodiisoeugenol (DIEG), as evaluated by the non‐radioisotopic local lymph node assay (non‐RI LLNA) and guinea pig maximization test. In the guinea pig maximization test, isoeugenol, β‐O‐4‐dilignol and DIEG were classified as extreme, weak and moderate sensitizers, respectively. As for the results of non‐RI LLNA, the EC3 for isoeugenol, β‐O‐4‐dilignol and DIEG were calculated as 12.7%, >30% and 9.4%, respectively. The two types of isoeugenol dimer showed different sensitizing activities similar to the case for eugenol dimers. A reduction of sensitization potency achieved by dimerization may lead to developing safer cosmetic ingredients. Isoeugenol dimers are not currently used for fragrance chemicals. However, the dimerization of isoeugenol may yield a promising candidate as a cosmetic ingredient with low sensitization risk. The data may also provide useful information for the structure‐activity relationship (SAR) in skin sensitization. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An anti‐apoptotic protein, Hax‐1, inhibits the HIV‐1 rev function by altering its sub‐cellular localization
Authors: Modem Suhasini , Reddy Thipparthi R.
Published: October 2007

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) Rev protein facilitates the nuclear export of viral mRNA containing the Rev response element (RRE). Although several host proteins co‐operating with Rev in viral RNA export have been reported, little is known about the innate host defense factors that Rev overcomes to mediate the nuclear export of unspliced viral mRNAs. We report here that an anti‐apoptotic protein, HS1‐associated protein X‐1 (Hax‐1), a target of HIV‐1 Vpr, interacts with Rev and inhibits its activity in RRE‐mediated gene expression. Co‐expression of Sam68 emancipates Rev activity from Hax‐1‐mediated inhibition. Hax‐1 does not bind to RRE RNA by itself, but inhibits Rev from binding to RRE RNA in vitro. The impact of Hax‐1 on Rev/RRE interactions in vitro correlates well with the reduced level of RRE‐containing mRNA in vivo. Immunofluorescence studies further reveal that Hax‐1 and Rev are cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins, respectively, when expressed independently. However, in Hax‐1 co‐expressing cells, Rev is translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it is co‐localized with Hax‐1 in the cytoplasm. We propose that over‐expression of Hax‐1, possibly through binding to Rev, may interfere with the stability/export of RRE‐containing mRNA and target the RNA for degradation. J. Cell. Physiol. 214:14–19, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative potential of white and red clover to modify the milk fatty acid profile of cows fed ryegrass‐based diets from zero‐grazing and silage systems
Authors: van Dorland H Anette , Kreuzer Michael , Leuenberger Hans , Wettstein Hans‐Rudolf
Published: October 2007

BACKGROUND: Two experiments were conducted to compare the effects of white and red clover on the fatty acid composition of milk fat from cows fed ryegrass‐based diets. In experiment 1, fresh ryegrass was mixed with white or red clover (60/40, on a dry matter (DM) basis). Experiment 2 involved similar mixed diets in ensiled form, and one ryegrass‐silage diet without the addition of clover.

RESULTS: Total DM intake, milk yield and milk fat content were not affected by dietary treatments. Feeding freshly cut white versus red clover supplemented diets resulted in a higher proportion of n‐3 fatty acids, especially α‐linolenic acid, in milk fat. Addition of any clover silage to ryegrass silage increased the proportions of n‐3 fatty acids in milk fat, and reduced the proportions of conjugated linoleic acids (CLA), including C18:2 c9t11, and C18:1cis isomers. The n‐6/n‐3 ratio was elevated compared to the diet not supplemented with clover.

CONCLUSION: White clover seemed to be slightly superior to red clover supplementation, but the effects of clover supplementation as such were generally larger than that of clover type. However, a higher concentration of n‐3 fatty acids with clover supplementation coincided with a lower concentration of CLA in the milk fat. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
A standardized sentinel lymph node enhanced pathology protocol (SEPP) in patients with breast cancer
Authors: Fortunato L. , Amini M. , Costarelli L. , Piro F.R. , Farina M. , Vitelli C.E.
Published: October 2007

Background and Objectives

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy allows enhanced pathology with serial sections and immunohistochemical analysis of the retrieved node. We present our experience with a simple, practical, pathology protocol.

Methods

We analysed 416 consecutive breast cancer patient who underwent SLN biopsy. These were studied with six couples of sections at three different levels, each stained with hematoxylin‐eosin (H/E) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) (MNF 116).

Results

With conventional analysis the SLN was positive in 106/416 cases (25%).The addition of serial sections, according to the protocol, allowed diagnoses of micrometastases (MICRO) (n = 22) or isolated tumor cells (ITC) (n = 38) or MICRO (n = 1) in 51/416 patients (14.6%). Specifically, the diagnosis was undertaken at level I (8.9%), level II (4%), or level III (1,6%). The incidence of MICRO or ITC was not different in T1 and T2 cases (13% vs. 15%, P = 0.7). The addition of the third level of analysis added very little both in T1 and T2 cancers (1.3% vs. 3.8%, P = 0.1).

Conclusions

Serial sectioning of the SLN allows diagnosis of MICRO and ITC in a significant percentage of cases. Adoption of our protocol seems practical, as the incidence of level III positivity is extremely low, particularly in T1 cancers, and additional sections would be, therefore, unlikely useful. J. Surg. Oncol. 2007;96:470–473. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Primary non‐hodgkin's lymphomas of the major salivary glands
Authors: Roh Jong‐Lyel , Huh Jooryung , Suh Cheolwon
Published: October 2007

Background

The clinical course of primary salivary gland lymphomas has received little attention.

Methods

We retrospectively assessed 20 patients with previously untreated non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs) and histologically confirmed as having parenchymal involvement of the salivary glands. The clinical presentation, therapy, and outcomes were compared between the 12 patients with mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas and the 8 patients with other NHLs.

Results

At diagnosis, the 12 patients with MALT lymphoma had a greater mean age and longer duration than did the 8 patients with other NHLs (P < 0.05). Eight of the 12 MALT lymphoma patients had recurrent episodes of salivary gland swelling and 5 had myoepithelial sialadenitis, Sjögren syndrome, or gastric MALT lymphoma; these were not observed in the 8 other NHL patients. Compared with the latter group, the MALT lymphoma group had significantly greater five‐year relapse‐free (37.5% vs. 91.7%, P < 0.05) and disease‐free (35.0% vs. 90.9%, P < 0.05) survival rates. However, two MALT lymphoma patients with high‐grade transformation had recurrences beyond the head and neck region.

Conclusion

Understanding the distinct clinical presentation and course of primary salivary gland lymphomas may help guide the proper diagnosis and management of patients with these tumors. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;97:35–39. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Screening for basal marker expression is necessary for decision of therapeutic strategy for triple‐negative breast cancer
Authors: Sasa Mitsunori , Bando Yoshimi , Takahashi Masako , Hirose Toshiyuki , Nagao Taeko
Published: October 2007

Background

Triple‐negative breast cancer (estrogen receptor‐negative, progesterone receptor‐negative and Her2‐negative) can be classified into two subtypes: basal and non‐basal phenotype. Among these subtypes the basal phenotype is associated with poor outcome. Ordinarily, clinicopathological testing involves only screening for ER, PgR and Her2, and for this reason the therapeutic approach that is decided for triple‐negative disease is usually the same regardless of the subtype.

Methods

Immunohistochemical staining was performed for the CK5/6, CK14, and CK17 basal markers in 66 triple‐negative patients for the purpose of classifying as basal or non‐basal phenotype, and the clinicopathology was investigated.

Results

Forty (60.1%) were the basal phenotype. Compared with the non‐basal phenotype, the basal phenotype lesions were significantly larger in diameter, higher incidences of EGFR‐positive and a high nuclear grade. In the node‐negative group the basal phenotype clearly showed those same clinicopathological differences and a higher incidence of distal recurrence compared with the non‐basal phenotype.

Conclusions

Although there was the small number of the patients, this study results show that it is important to perform basal marker immunohistochemical staining and classify lesions as the basal or the non‐basal phenotype, since this will aid in deciding the therapeutic strategy for triple‐negative breast cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;97:30–34. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prognostic significance of cyclooxygenase‐2 expression and nuclear p53 accumulation in patients with colorectal cancer
Authors: Lim Sung‐Chul , Lee Tae‐Bum , Choi Cheol‐Hee , Ryu So‐Yeon , Min Young‐Don , Kim Kyung‐Jong
Published: October 2007

Background

Cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 is believed to be an important enzyme related to the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). p53 has been reported to be a negative regulator of COX‐2 expression in in vitro studies. The aim of this study was to investigate COX‐2 expression and its relationship with nuclear p53 accumulation and their prognostic significance in CRC.

Methods

COX‐2 expression and nuclear p53 accumulation were examined by immunohistochemistry in 231 sporadic CRCs. Their prognostic significance and interrelationship were statistically evaluated.

Results

We found 42.4% of the 231 cases of CRCs with positive COX‐2 expression. Nuclear p53 accumulation was observed in 46.8% of cases. There was no significant correlation between COX‐2 expression and nuclear p53 accumulation. COX‐2 expression had no correlation with patient survival, whereas nuclear p53 accumulation was significantly correlated with poor patient survival on univariate and multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

These results suggest that COX‐2 expression does not play a role in the prognosis of CRC and COX‐2 expression is not affected by the status of nuclear p53 accumulation in CRC. In addition, our findings support that nuclear p53 accumulation may be a useful prognostic marker for patients with CRC. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;97:51–56. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retention characteristics of aromatic hydrocarbons on silica and aminopropyl‐modified monolithic columns in normal‐phase HPLC
Authors: Sutton Paul A. , Nesterenko Pavel N.
Published: October 2007

A suite of aromatic hydrocarbons were used to investigate the influence of structure upon retention in normal‐phase HPLC mode using bare silica and aminopropyl‐modified silica Chromolith type monolithic columns. The aminopropyl‐modified silica monolith was used to separate a complex petroleum fraction based on double bond equivalence.
Preparation and evaluation of rigid porous polyacrylamide‐based strong cation‐exchange monolithic columns for capillary electrochromatography
Authors: Dong Jing , Ou Junjie , Dong Xiaoli , Wu Renan , Ye Mingliang , Zou Hanfa
Published: October 2007

A CEC monolithic column with strong cation‐exchange (SCX) stationary phase based on hydrophilic monomers was prepared by in situ polymerization of acrylamide, methylenebisacrylamide, and 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) in a complete organic binary porogenic solvent consisting of DMSO and dodecanol. The sulfonic groups provided by the monomer AMPS on the surface of the stationary phase generate an EOF from anode to cathode, and serve as an SCX stationary phase at the same time. The monolithic stationary phase exhibited normal‐phase chromatographic behavior for neutral analytes. For charged analytes, electrostatic interaction/repulsion with the monolith was observed. The strong SCX monolithic column has been successfully employed in the electrochromatographic separation of basic drugs, peptides, and alkaloids extracted from natural products.
Macromol. Rapid Commun. 20/2007
Authors: Lee Nae Yoon , Kim Youn Sang
Published: October 2007

Cover: The cover picture describes a facile method for multi‐tiered polymer nanopatterning by the combination of imprint‐ and photo‐lithography. Imprint lithography generates nano‐scale patterns by utilizing a hemispheric PDMS pad and a flexible mold, and subsequent photolithographic process imparts multi‐tier to the imprinted nanopatterns. Further details can be found in the article N. Y. Lee and Y. S. Kim* on page 1995.
The dynamics of daily retail gasoline prices
Authors: Davis Michael C.
Published: October 2007

Previous research has analyzed the behavior of retail gasoline stations in how they adjust their prices. In this paper we analyze the daily movements in prices of four retail gasoline stations located in Newburgh, New York. We find some evidence to support the notion that the behavior is explained by menu costs. There is substantial evidence that the firms adjust their prices asymmetrically, being more inclined to increase than to decrease prices. We conclude that the pricing behavior is being determined by a combination of search costs for the consumers and menu costs for the producers. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Follow the leader: price change timing in Internet‐based selling
Authors: Kauffman Robert J. , Wood Charles A.
Published: October 2007

Internet technologies should lessen information asymmetry, prompting competitive price reactions, but this does not seem to be happening in Internet‐based selling. We study empirical regularities of price change timing for music CD vendors and booksellers to assess several theoretical explanations. Our sample includes 123, 680 daily prices for 169 products and 53 firms. Bertrand competition is insufficient to explain our observation that sellers do not shift prices this way. Tacitly collusive responses to competitors' price changes are observed rather than price changes solely in response to demand or cost shifts as would be expected with Bertrand competition. We find evidence of business rules for strategic pricing associated with tacitly collusive pricing and Edgeworth competition. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Price rigidity and flexibility: new empirical evidence
Authors: Levy Daniel
Published: October 2007

The marketplace, along with its price system, is the single most important institution in a western‐style free enterprise economy. The ability of prices to adjust to changes in supply and demand conditions enables the market to function efficiently, and that ability lies behind the magical invisible hand mechanism. The behaviour of prices and in particular the ability of prices to adjust to changes in market conditions, therefore, have fundamental implications for many key issues in many areas of both microeconomics as well as macroeconomics. It is, therefore, critical to study and understand whether there are barriers to price adjustments, what are the nature of these barriers, how the barriers lead to price rigidity, what are the possible implications of these rigidities, etc. This introductory essay briefly summarizes the 14 empirical studies of price rigidity that are included in this special issue. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Information Searching Tactics of Web Searchers
Authors: Zhang Mimi , Jansen Bernard J. , Spink Amanda
Published: October 2007

This paper examines patterns and features of query reformulation within a Web searching session. We pursued this study in response to the growing interest in the area of interactions during information searching. In this study, we randomly selected a stratified sample of Web sessions containing 8,030 queries from an AltaVista (www.altavista.com) transaction log. Then, we analyzed these sessions for query reformulation tactics that the searcher employed. Our results show that changing the query topic was the primary means to modify queries; and most of the time the users were inclined to modify nouns or subtract some types of words when changes were made. The searchers appear to know how to increase and decrease the coverage (i.e., number of results retrieved) of queries. We believe our study can benefit researchers in terms of understanding people's behavior when interacting with Web search engines. It also could benefit search engine providers in terms of improving their services.
Digital Images in United States and Canadian Dental Education: The Role of Delivery Medium and Metadata
Authors: Paling Stephen , Miszkiewicz Melissa , Abbas June
Published: October 2007

This is the first of two papers that will describe the outcome of a needs assessment that focused on the image‐related needs of dental faculty members and clinicians. The needs assessment was conducted in 2005 at the University at Buffalo School of Dental Medicine. It addressed two specific goals: to begin examining whether online delivery of digitized dental images would match the needs of dental faculty members and clinicians, and to begin examining what type of image metadata would best match the needs of those faculty members and clinicians.
A Goal‐based Classification of Web Information Tasks
Authors: Kellar Melanie , Watters Carolyn , Shepherd Michael
Published: October 2007

While researchers have been studying user activity on the Web since its inception, there remains a lack of understanding of the high level tasks in which users engage on the Web. We have recently conducted a field study in which participants were asked to annotate all web usage with a task description and categorization. Based on our analysis of participants' recorded tasks during the field study, as well as previous research, we have developed a goal‐based classification of information tasks which describes user activities on the Web.