bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Overweight/Obesity, Comorbidities, and Associated Factors among Persons Living with HIV/AIDS on ART in Two Treatment Centers in the Fako Division, Cameroon: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Nkanjo Bombey Mary-Flavie , Tambe Ayuk Betrand , Wefuan Randolf Fuanghene , Ufuan Achidi Aduni , Movuh Sam Denise , Ndum Asu Carine , Nicholas Tendongfor
Published: February 2025

Background: The double burden of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with non-communicable disease is a public health problem in Sub-Saharan Africa. A study was conducted among persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) to assess the prevalence of overweight/obesity, hypertension, and diabetes and their risk factors in two HIV treatment centers in the Fako division, Cameroon. 
Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out at the Regional Hospitals of Buea and Limbe, in the Fako Division of the South West Region of Cameroon between June 1st, 2024 to August 31st, 2024. We included 464 persons living with HIV/AIDS. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected using a questionnaire. A 24-hour dietary diversity was assessed using a questionnaire. Blood glucose level, blood pressure, and anthropometric data were recorded to determine the prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and overweight/obesity. A chi-square test was used to test the association between categorical variables and a multiple logistic regression model was fitted to identify factors that were independently associated with overweight/obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25.0.
Results: The study comprised 464 adults aged 18 to 78 years with a mean age of 48.80 ± 11.67 years. The prevalence of overweight/obesity, hypertension, and diabetes among the participants were 62.5%, 25%, and 14% respectively. Factors significantly associated with overweight/obesity were females (aOR: 2.36; CI: (1.48-3.78); p=0.001), age group (50- 65 years) (aOR: 2.41; CI: (1.13-5.17); p=0.024), persons lacking HIV-related symptoms (aOR:3.36; CI:(1.49-7.56); p=0.003) and those who do not smoke. Hypertension was significantly associated with the study site of the participants while diabetes was significantly associated with the duration of ART and marital status.
Conclusion: There is a high burden of overweight/obesity, hypertension, and diabetes in PLWHA in two treatment centers in Fako Division. The expansion of HIV treatment programs must prioritize the initiation and strengthening of interventions aimed at minimizing preventable comorbidities and reducing the risks of non-communicable diseases (NCDs).
Development of Low Erucic Acid Content Rapeseed Mutant Variety BINA Sarisha12
Authors: Emon Reza Mohammad , Khatun Mst. Khadija
Published: February 2025

Any plant breeding program must have genetic variability, and mutagenesis is a proven method of creating new variability. Gamma irradiation was used to create novel genetic variability in rapeseed at different doses. Recently released new rapeseed (Brassica napus) mutant variety, BINA sarisha12 developed from popular variety Binasarisha-9 by gamma irradiation. Though Binasarisha-9 is a high yielding variety but duration is around 90 days and erucic acid content is 39.14%. For developing early maturing and low erucic acid content new variety, initially the seeds of Binasarisha-9 were exposed to different doses of gamma rays (550, 650, 750, 800 and 900 Gy) and M1 was grown in 2013-14. Irradiated populations were evaluated in M2, M3 and M4 generations during 2014-15, 2015-16 and 2016-17, respectively. Selected mutants carried out of various types of yield trial in 2017-18, 2018-19 and 2019-20 in experimental farms and in the farmers’ fields also. Performance of selected three mutants, derived from 650 and 850 Gy of gamma rays (one from 650 and two from 850 Gy), were found to be superior to other mutant lines and mother variety Binasarisha-9. The mutant RM-005 grown in various places around the country following researcher and farmer’s management practices during 2020-21 and 2021-22. Comparative assessment done in respect of seed yield, maturity period, plant height, number of primary branches plant-1, number of siliqua plant-1, number of seeds siliqua-1 etc. Reactions to major disease (Alternaria blight), insect-pest (aphid) infestation and analyzing fatty acid profile also studied. Based on the superior performance of RM-005, like as, tolerant to Alternaria blight, showed the lower incidence of aphid infestation and low erucic acid content than the check variety, National Seed Board of Bangladesh registered this mutant as an improved rapeseed variety named BINA sarisha12.
Locally Attractivity Solutions for Nonlinear Functional Quadratic Integral Equations of Fractional Order
Authors: More Pravin M. , Patil A. N. , Amurtrao P. S.
Published: February 2025

We prove using hybrid fixed point theorem in Banach algebra an existence of solutions to fractional order quadratic functional integral equation in  Also locally attractivity solutions for fractional order of nonlinear functional quadratic functional integral equations is proved by using Dhage’s Hybrid fixed point theorem.
A Novel Algorithm for Solving Fredholm Integro-Differential Equations Using Lucas Polynomials
Authors: Comfort Soomiyol Mrumun , Mahwash Kamoh Nathaniel , Sunday Joshua
Published: February 2025

Fredholm integro-differential equations play a crucial role in mathematical modelling across various disciplines, including physics, biology, and finance. In this paper, Fredholm integro-differential equations are solved using the derivative of the Lucas polynomials in matrix form. The equation is first transformed into systems of nonlinear algebraic equations using the Lucas polynomials. The unknown parameters required for approximating the solution of Fredholm integro-differential equations are then determined using Gaussian elimination. The method has proven to be an active and dependable technique for solving the Fredholm integro-differential equation of any order by updating the matrix of Lucas polynomials. Additionally, the technique is successfully applied to a mixed Fredholm-Volterra integro differential equation demonstrating its versatility. Comparative analysis with some existing methods highlights the improved accuracy and efficiency of the proposed approach. Numerical experiments, including benchmark problems from the literature, confirm the validity and applicability of the technique, achieving lower error margins than conventional methods.
Genetic Insights into Pediatric Achalasia Cardia: A Pilot Study on Family Pedigrees and Risk Assessment in Highly Consanguineous and Closely Related Populations
Authors: Aboud Mohammed , Kadhim Manal
Published: February 2025

Background: Congenital achalasia cardia, a rare esophageal motility disorder, presents with dysphagia and progressive esophageal dysfunction. The interplay of genetic predispositions and familial structures remains underexplored, particularly in high-consanguinity populations. This study aimed to elucidate congenital achalasia's genetic underpinnings and inheritance patterns through a detailed analysis of 15 pediatric cases from consanguineous families in a localized region.
Methods: A cohort of 15 pediatric patients diagnosed with congenital achalasia cardia was identified within a local population known for high rates of consanguinity (15 families with at least one member diagnosed with congenital achalasia cardia were included) living in the same town, and they all belong to one clan. Confirmed diagnosis of congenital achalasia cardia through clinical and diagnostic workup. Genetic investigations included whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and targeted KIT, RET, ANO1, and SCN5A analysis. The KIT and RET mutation frequency was compared between affected and non-affected members using a chi-squared test (P < 0.001). Differences in neural crest cell migration and protein expression were analyzed using unpaired t-tests (P = 0.05). Logarithm of the odds (LOD) score was calculated for linkage in affected families. Pedigree charts were constructed using specialized software, highlighting generational patterns and relationships.
Results: High consanguinity rates (80%) and familial clustering underscored autosomal recessive inheritance. KIT and RET mutations were identified in 60% of cases, with combined mutations linked to severe phenotypes. ANO1 and SCN5A polymorphisms were detected in 40% of cases, contributing to functional impairments in smooth muscle contraction and neural signaling. Early intervention led to significant clinical improvement in 80% of cases, while delayed diagnosis correlated with severe complications. A LOD score >4.0 validated the genetic linkage of identified mutations.
Conclusion: This study highlights the genetic complexity of congenital achalasia, emphasizing the dual role of neural and muscular defects. Findings advocate for systematic genetic screening, early intervention, and genetic counseling to mitigate disease burden in high-risk populations. Future research should expand on these findings to inform precision medicine strategies and public health interventions.
Evaluation of Herbicide Efficacy on Weed Dynamics and Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
Authors: Nagar Rakesh , Singh Akashdeep , Dayma Jyotsana , Sharma Deepak , Rana Bharat Bhushan , Choudhary Raghuveer
Published: February 2025

A field experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2023-24 at the Agronomy Research Farm, Nirwan University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, to evaluate the efficacy of different weed management treatments on weed suppression and chickpea productivity. The experiment, laid out in a randomized block design with ten treatments and three replications, included chemical and manual weed control methods. Treatments included Imazethapyr @ 50 g/ha at 20 DAS, Propaquizafop + Imazethapyr @ 50 g/ha at 20 DAS, Sodium Acifluorfen + Clodinafop Propargyl @ 200 g/ha at 20 DAS, Fomesafen + Fluazifop-p-butyl @ 200 g/ha at 20 DAS, Bentazon @ 750 g/ha at 30 DAS, Pendimethalin + Imazethapyr @ 750 g/ha as pre-emergence, Pendimethalin @ 750 g/ha as pre-emergence, Sulfentrazone @ 75 g/ha as pre-emergence, a weed-free control, and a weedy check. The dominant weeds identified included Chenopodium murale, Chenopodium album, Rumex dentatus, and Cynodon dactylon, reflecting the diverse weed flora. Results showed that the weed-free control achieved the lowest weed density and dry matter, yielding 2033 kg/ha of seed, closely followed by Pendimethalin + Imazethapyr @ 750 g/ha as pre-emergence at 2010 kg/ha. The weedy check had the highest weed density and dry matter, resulting in the lowest yield (633 kg/ha). Pendimethalin + Imazethapyr demonstrated superior weed control efficiency, comparable to the weed-free treatment, and achieved the highest harvest index (38.1%).
Trichomegaly Due to Panitumumab
Authors: Taboada Paz Laura , Vicente Basanta Elena , Monteagudo Sánchez Benigno
Published: April 2024

This case report describes an adult male patient with a severe acneiform eruption on his chest and back.
Nanocalorimetry of Nanoscaled Ni/Al Multilayer Films: On the Methodology to Determine Reaction Kinetics for Highly Reactive Films
Authors: Riegler Sascha S. , Sauni Camposano Yesenia H. , Jaekel Konrad , Frey Maximilian , Neemann Christian , Matthes Sebastian , Vardo Emina , Chegeni Maryam R. , Bartsch Heike , Busch Ralf , Müller Jens , Schaaf Peter , Gallino Isabella
Published: April 2024

Free‐standing Ni/Al multilayer films with a planar morphology, a bilayer thickness of 20 nm, and an average composition of Ni50Al50 (at%) deposited by direct current magnetron sputtering are investigated by nanocalorimetry and conventional calorimetry. Both the novel fast differential scanning calorimeter (FDSC) Flash DSC 2+ from Mettler–Toledo (MT) and conventional calorimeter MT DSC 3 are used to cover a range of heating rates from 0.1 to 104 K s−1. A quantitative kinetic study of the interdiffusion and phase reaction sequence is performed via a Kissinger analysis covering five orders of magnitude of heating rates. Using the calorimetric data, the derived apparent activation energies suggest monotonic reaction kinetics over the entire range of heating rates applied. To correct the thermal lag at the highest heating rates with the FDSC for nonadhered free‐standing films, a new methodology for its correction is used. Overall, this work extends the application of commercial FDSC to nonadhered films.
Multistimulus‐Responsive Miniature Soft Actuator with Programmable Shape‐Morphing Design for Biomimetic and Biomedical Applications
Authors: Nan Minghui , Go Gwangjun , Song Hyeong‐Woo , Darmawan Bobby Aditya , Zheng Shirong , Kim Seokjae , Nguyen Kim Tien , Lee Kyongsu , Kim Heera , Park Jong‐Oh , Choi Eunpyo
Published: April 2024

Miniature soft actuators have garnered attention across healthcare, military, and industrial fields; however, soft actuators mostly have functions and applications in nature‐inspired biomimetic locomotion, without any specific approaches reported for biomedical applications. In biomedical applications, soft actuators must be biodegradable, biocompatible, and visible in vivo. This study presents a multifunctional soft actuator comprising chitosan and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) fabricated via facile casting and laser micromachining. The actuator demonstrates programmable shape morphing and responds swiftly to six stimuli: humidity, chemical solvents, near‐infrared (NIR) light, radio‐frequency (RF) heating, temperature, and magnetic fields. This actuator shows feasibility for biomimetic applications, such as flower, leaf, larva, and finger. Furthermore, the actuator demonstrates magnetic locomotion, real‐time X‐ray visibility, biocompatibility, and biodegradability both in vitro and in vivo. The multistimulus‐responsive shape‐morphing performance of the soft actuator has potential as a wireless miniature robot in various fields, including biomimetic and biomedical applications.
STMP and PVPA as Templating Analogs of Noncollagenous Proteins Induce Intrafibrillar Mineralization of Type I Collagen via PCCP Process
Authors: Wang Yiru , Zhang Yizhou , Shen Zhe , Qiu Yuan , Wang Chaoyang , Wu Zhifang , Shen Minjuan , Shao Changyu , Tang Ruikang , Hannig Matthias , Fu Baiping , Zhou Zihuai
Published: April 2024

The phosphorylated noncollagenous proteins (NCPs) play a vital role in manipulating biomineralization, while the mechanism of phosphorylation of NCPs in intrafibrillar mineralization of collagen fibril has not been completely deciphered. Poly(vinylphosphonic acid) (PVPA) and sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) as templating analogs of NCPs induce hierarchical mineralization in cooperation with indispensable sequestration analogs such as polyacrylic acid (PAA) via polymer‐induced liquid‐like precursor (PILP) process. Herein, STMP‐Ca and PVPA‐Ca complexes are proposed to achieve rapid intrafibrillar mineralization through polyelectrolyte‐Ca complexes pre‐precursor (PCCP) process. This strategy is further verified effectively for remineralization of demineralized dentin matrix both in vitro and in vivo. Although STMP micromolecule fails to stabilize amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) precursor, STMP‐Ca complexes facilely permeate into intrafibrillar interstices and trigger phase transition of ACP to hydroxyapatite within collagen. In contrast, PVPA‐stabilized ACP precursors lack liquid‐like characteristic and crystallize outside collagen due to rigid conformation of PVPA macromolecule, while PVPA‐Ca complexes infiltrate into partial intrafibrillar intervals under electrostatic attraction and osmotic pressure as evidenced by intuitionistic 3D stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (3D‐STORM). The study not only extends the variety and size range of polyelectrolyte for PCCP process but also sheds light on the role of phosphorylation for NCPs in biomineralization.
Tunable Phonon Polariton Hybridization in a Van der Waals Hetero‐Bicrystal
Authors: Wehmeier Lukas , Yu Shang‐Jie , Chen Xinzhong , Mayer Rafael A. , Xiong Langlang , Yao Helen , Jiang Yue , Hu Jenny , Janzen Eli , Edgar James H. , Zheng Xiaolin , Heinz Tony F. , Basov D. N. , Homes Christopher C. , Hu Guangwei , Carr G. Lawrence , Liu Mengkun , Fan Jonathan A.
Published: April 2024

Phonon polaritons, the hybrid quasiparticles resulting from the coupling of photons and lattice vibrations, have gained significant attention in the field of layered van der Waals heterostructures. Particular interest has been paid to hetero‐bicrystals composed of molybdenum oxide (MoO3) and hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), which feature polariton dispersion tailorable via avoided polariton mode crossings. In this work, the polariton eigenmodes in MoO3‐hBN hetero‐bicrystals self‐assembled on ultrasmooth gold are systematically studied using synchrotron infrared nanospectroscopy. It is experimentally demonstrated that the spectral gap in bicrystal dispersion and corresponding regimes of negative refraction can be tuned by material layer thickness, and these results are quantitatively matched with a simple analytic model. Polaritonic cavity modes and polariton propagation along “forbidden” directions are also investigated in microscale bicrystals, which arise from the finite in‐plane dimension of the synthesized MoO3 micro‐ribbons. The findings shed light on the unique dispersion properties of polaritons in van der Waals heterostructures and pave the way for applications leveraging deeply sub‐wavelength mid‐infrared light‐matter interactions.
Construction of Co–Se–W at Interfaces of Phase‐Mixed Cobalt Selenide via Spontaneous Phase Transition for Platinum‐Like Hydrogen Evolution Activity and Long‐Term Durability in Alkaline and Acidic Media
Authors: Zhang Jingtong , Cheng Chuanqi , Xiao Liyang , Han Chunyan , Zhao Xueru , Yin Pengfei , Dong Cunku , Liu Hui , Du Xiwen , Yang Jing
Published: April 2024

Cost‐effective transition metal chalcogenides are highly promising electrocatalysts for both alkaline and acidic hydrogen evolution reactions (HER). However, unsatisfactory HER kinetics and stability have severely hindered their applications in industrial water electrolysis. Herein, a nanoflowers‐shaped W‐doped cubic/orthorhombic phase‐mixed CoSe2 catalyst ((c/o)‐CoSe2‐W) is reported. The W doping induces spontaneous phase transition from stable phase cubic CoSe2 (c‐CoSe2) to metastable phase orthorhombic CoSe2, which not only enables precise regulation of the ratio of two phases but also realizes W doping at the interfaces of two phases. The (c/o)‐CoSe2‐W catalyst exhibits a Pt‐like HER activity in both alkaline and acidic media, with record‐low HER overpotentials of 29.8 mV (alkaline) and 35.9 mV (acidic) at 10 mA cm−2, respectively, surpassing the vast majority of previously reported non‐precious metal electrocatalysts for both alkaline and acidic HER. The Pt‐like HER activities originate from the formation of Co–Se–W active species on the c‐CoSe2 side at the phase interface, which effectively modulates electron structures of active sites, not only enhancing H2O adsorption and dissociation at Co sites but also optimizing H* adsorption to ΔGH* ≈ 0 at W sites. Benefiting from the abundant phase interfaces, the catalyst also displays outstanding long‐term durability in both acidic and alkaline media.
Nonlinear Elastic Bottlebrush Polymer Hydrogels Modulate Actomyosin Mediated Protrusion Formation in Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
Authors: Ohnsorg Monica L. , Mash Kayla M. , Khang Alex , Rao Varsha V. , Kirkpatrick Bruce E. , Bera Kaustav , Anseth Kristi S.
Published: April 2024

The nonlinear elasticity of many tissue‐specific extracellular matrices is difficult to recapitulate without the use of fibrous architectures, which couple strain‐stiffening with stress relaxation. Herein, bottlebrush polymers are synthesized and crosslinked to form poly(ethylene glycol)‐based hydrogels and used to study how strain‐stiffening behavior affects human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs). By tailoring the bottlebrush polymer length, the critical stress associated with the onset of network stiffening is systematically varied, and a unique protrusion‐rich hMSC morphology emerges only at critical stresses within a biologically accessible stress regime. Local cell‐matrix interactions are quantified using 3D traction force microscopy and small molecule inhibitors are used to identify cellular machinery that plays a critical role in hMSC mechanosensing of the engineered, strain‐stiffening microenvironment. Collectively, this study demonstrates how covalently crosslinked bottlebrush polymer hydrogels can recapitulate strain‐stiffening biomechanical cues at biologically relevant stresses and be used to probe how nonlinear elastic matrix properties regulate cellular processes.
High Performance As‐Cast Organic Solar Cells Enabled by a Refined Double‐Fibril Network Morphology and Improved Dielectric Constant of Active Layer
Authors: Wei Yanan , Zhou Xianmin , Cai Yunhao , Li Yun , Wang Siying , Fu Zhen , Sun Rui , Yu Na , Li Congqi , Huang Kexin , Bi Zhaozhao , Zhang Xin , Zhou Yinhua , Hao Xiaotao , Min Jie , Tang Zheng , Ma Wei , Sun Yanming , Huang Hui
Published: April 2024

High performance organic solar cells (OSCs) are usually realized by using post‐treatment and/or additive, which can induce the formation of metastable morphology, leading to unfavorable device stability. In terms of the industrial production, the development of high efficiency as‐cast OSCs is crucially important, but it remains a great challenge to obtain appropriate active layer morphology and high power conversion efficiency (PCE). Here, efficient as‐cast OSCs are constructed via introducing a new polymer acceptor PY‐TPT with a high dielectric constant into the D18:L8‐BO blend to form a double‐fibril network morphology. Besides, the incorporation of PY‐TPT enables an enhanced dielectric constant and lower exciton binding energy of active layer. Therefore, efficient exciton dissociation and charge transport are realized in D18:L8‐BO:PY‐TPT‐based device, affording a record‐high PCE of 18.60% and excellent photostability in absence of post‐treatment. Moreover, green solvent‐processed devices, thick‐film (300 nm) devices, and module (16.60 cm2) are fabricated, which show PCEs of 17.45%, 17.54%, and 13.84%, respectively. This work brings new insight into the construction of efficient as‐cast devices, pushing forward the practical application of OSCs.
Size‐Dependent Catalysis in Fenton‐like Chemistry: From Nanoparticles to Single Atoms
Authors: Guo Jirui , Gao Baoyu , Li Qian , Wang Shaobin , Shang Yanan , Duan Xiaoguang , Xu Xing
Published: April 2024

State‐of‐the‐art Fenton‐like reactions are crucial in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for water purification. This review explores the latest advancements in heterogeneous metal‐based catalysts within AOPs, covering nanoparticles (NPs), single‐atom catalysts (SACs), and ultra‐small atom clusters. A distinct connection between the physical properties of these catalysts, such as size, degree of unsaturation, electronic structure, and oxidation state, and their impacts on catalytic behavior and efficacy in Fenton‐like reactions. In‐depth comparative analysis of metal NPs and SACs is conducted focusing on how particle size variations and metal‐support interactions affect oxidation species and pathways. The review highlights the cutting‐edge characterization techniques and theoretical calculations, indispensable for deciphering the complex electronic and structural characteristics of active sites in downsized metal particles. Additionally, the review underscores innovative strategies for immobilizing these catalysts onto membrane surfaces, offering a solution to the inherent challenges of powdered catalysts. Recent advances in pilot‐scale or engineering applications of Fenton‐like‐based devices are also summarized for the first time. The paper concludes by charting new research directions, emphasizing advanced catalyst design, precise identification of reactive oxygen species, and in‐depth mechanistic studies. These efforts aim to enhance the application potential of nanotechnology‐based AOPs in real‐world wastewater treatment.
Stabilizing the Bulk‐Phase and Solid Electrolyte Interphase of Silicon Microparticle Anode by Constructing Gradient‐Hierarchically Ordered Conductive Networks
Authors: Ma Liang , Fang Youyou , Yang Ni , Li Ning , Chen Lai , Cao Duanyun , Lu Yun , Huang Qing , Song Tinglu , Su Yuefeng , Wu Feng
Published: April 2024

The poor bulk‐phase and interphase stability, attributable to adverse internal stress, impede the cycling performance of silicon microparticles (µSi) anodes and the commercial application for high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion batteries. In this work, a groundbreaking gradient‐hierarchically ordered conductive (GHOC) network structure, ingeniously engineered to enhance the stability of both bulk‐phase and the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) configurations of µSi, is proposed. Within the GHOC network architecture, two‐dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides (Ti3C2Tx) act as a conductive “brick”, establishing a highly conductive inner layer on µSi, while the porous outer layer, composed of one‐dimensional (1D) Tempo‐oxidized cellulose nanofibers (TCNF) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) macromolecule, functions akin to structural “rebar” and “concrete”, effectively preserves the tightly interconnected conductive framework through multiple bonding mechanisms, including covalent and hydrogen bonds. Additionally, Ti3C2Tx enhances the development of a LiF‐enriched SEI. Consequently, the µSi‐MTCNF‐PAA anode presents a high discharge capacity of 1413.7 mAh g−1 even after 500 cycles at 1.0 C. Moreover, a full cell, integrating LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 with µSi‐MTCNF‐PAA, exhibits a capacity retention rate of 92.0% following 50 cycles. This GHOC network structure can offer an efficacious pathway for stabilizing both the bulk‐phase and interphase structure of anode materials with high volumetric strain.
Synthesis of N,N‐Disubstituted Hydrazines by Electrocatalytic Addition of Hydrazines to α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Xu Qingyu , Zhang Chengwei , Xu Hang , Zheng Changying , Li Yue , Xu Sen , Yao Xiaoquan
Published: April 2024

A strategy for the synthesis of N,N‐disubstituted hydrazines via the electrocatalytic addition of hydrazine to α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds is reported. The reaction was carried out under constant current electrolytic conditions in an undivided cell. Using this methodology, various N,N‐disubstituted hydrazines were prepared in 57–94% yield in 40 minutes. By adding cyclohexanone and acetic acid to the reaction mixture of N,N‐disubstituted hydrazines and heating for 2 hours, a one‐pot synthesis of N‐substituted indoles was also developed. Furthermore, based on cyclic voltammetry and control experiments, a plausible mechanism involving a radical pathway is proposed.
Stem Cell‐Based Therapies and Tissue Engineering Innovations for Tendinopathy: A Comprehensive Review of Current Strategies and Future Directions
Authors: Augustin George , Jeong Ji Hoon , Kim Min‐Kyu , Hur Sung Sik , Lee Joon Ho , Hwang Yongsung
Published: April 2024

Tendon diseases commonly lead to physical disability, exerting a profound impact on the routine of affected patients. These conditions respond poorly to existing treatments, presenting a substantial challenge for orthopedic scientists. Research into clinical translational therapy has yet to yield highly versatile interventions capable of effectively addressing tendon diseases, including tendinopathy. Stem cell‐based therapies have emerged as a promising avenue for modifying the biological milieu through the secretion of regenerative and immunomodulatory factors. The current review provides an overview of the intricate tendon microenvironment, encompassing various tendon stem progenitor cells within distinct tendon sublocations, gene regulation, and pathways pertinent to tendon development, and the pathology of tendon diseases. Subsequently, the advantages of stem cell‐based therapies are discussed that utilize distinct types of autologous and allogeneic stem cells for tendon regeneration at the translational level. Moreover, this review outlines the challenges, gaps, and future innovations to propose a consolidated stem cell‐based therapy to treat tendinopathy. Finally, regenerative soluble therapies, insoluble bio‐active therapies, along with insoluble bio‐active therapies, and implantable 3D scaffolds for tendon tissue engineering are discussed, thereby presenting a pathway toward enhanced tissue regeneration and engineering.
Sampling Real‐Time Atomic Dynamics in Metal Nanoparticles by Combining Experiments, Simulations, and Machine Learning
Authors: Cioni Matteo , Delle Piane Massimo , Polino Daniela , Rapetti Daniele , Crippa Martina , Irmak Ece Arslan , Van Aert Sandra , Bals Sara , Pavan Giovanni M.
Published: April 2024

Even at low temperatures, metal nanoparticles (NPs) possess atomic dynamics that are key for their properties but challenging to elucidate. Recent experimental advances allow obtaining atomic‐resolution snapshots of the NPs in realistic regimes, but data acquisition limitations hinder the experimental reconstruction of the atomic dynamics present within them. Molecular simulations have the advantage that these allow directly tracking the motion of atoms over time. However, these typically start from ideal/perfect NP structures and, suffering from sampling limits, provide results that are often dependent on the initial/putative structure and remain purely indicative. Here, by combining state‐of‐the‐art experimental and computational approaches, how it is possible to tackle the limitations of both approaches and resolve the atomistic dynamics present in metal NPs in realistic conditions is demonstrated. Annular dark‐field scanning transmission electron microscopy enables the acquisition of ten high‐resolution images of an Au NP at intervals of 0.6 s. These are used to reconstruct atomistic 3D models of the real NP used to run ten independent molecular dynamics simulations. Machine learning analyses of the simulation trajectories allow resolving the real‐time atomic dynamics present within the NP. This provides a robust combined experimental/computational approach to characterize the structural dynamics of metal NPs in realistic conditions.
Integrating Lithium Sulfide as a Single Ionic Conductor Interphase for Stable All‐Solid‐State Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Wu Xin , Pan Hui , Zhang Menghang , Zhong Hanyun , Zhang Zhenjie , Li Wei , Sun Xinyi , Mu Xiaowei , Tang Shaochun , He Ping , Zhou Haoshen
Published: April 2024

As a very prospective solid‐state electrolyte, Li10GeP2S12 (LGPS) exhibits high ionic conductivity comparable to liquid electrolytes. However, severe self‐decomposition and Li dendrite propagation of LGPS will be triggered due to the thermodynamic incompatibility with Li metal anode. Herein, by adopting a facile chemical vapor deposition method, an artificial solid electrolyte interphase composed of Li2S is proposed as a single ionic conductor to promote the interface stability of LGPS toward Li. The good electronic insulation coupled with ionic conduction property of Li2S effectively blocks electron transfer from Li to LGPS while enabling smooth passage of Li ions. Meanwhile, the generated Li2S layer remains good interface compatibility with LGPS, which is verified by the stable Li‐plating/stripping operation for over 500 h at 0.15 mA cm−2. Consequently, the all‐solid‐state Li–S batteries (ASSLSBs) with a Li2S layer demonstrate superb capacity retention of 90.8% at 0.2 mA cm−2 after 100 cycles. Even at the harsh condition of 90 °C, the cell can deliver a high reversible capacity of 1318.8 mAh g−1 with decent capacity retention of 88.6% after 100 cycles. This approach offers a new insight for interface modification between LGPS and Li and the realization of ASSLSBs with stable cycle life.
Super‐Toughness Carbon Nanotube Yarns by Bio‐Inspired Nano‐Coiling Engineering
Authors: Cho Young Shik , Lee Jae Won , Jung Yeonsu , Park Ji Yong , Park Jae Seo , Kim Sang Min , Yang Seung Jae , Park Chong Rae
Published: April 2024

Lightweight structural materials are commonly used as effective fillers for advanced composites with high toughness. This study focused on enhancing the toughness of direct‐spun carbon nanotube yarns (CNTYs) by controlling the micro‐textural structure using a water‐gap‐based direct spinning. Drawing inspiration from the structural features of natural spider silk fibroin, characterized by an α‐helix in the amorphous region and β‐sheet in the crystalline region, multiscale bundles within CNTYs are reorganized into a unique nano‐coil‐like structure. This nano‐coiled structure facilitated the efficient dissipation of external mechanical loads through densification with the rearrangement of multiscale bundles, improving specific strength and strain. The resulting CNTYs exhibited exceptional mechanical properties with toughness reaching 250 J g−1, making them promising alternatives to commercially available fibers in lightweight, high‐toughness applications. These findings highlight the significance of nano‐coiling engineering for emulating bio‐inspired micro‐textural structures, achieving remarkable enhancement in the toughness of CNTYs.
Molecular Engineering and Morphology Control of Covalent Organic Frameworks for Enhancing Activity of Metal‐Enzyme Cascade Catalysis
Authors: Zhao Hao , Zhang Jialin , Liu Yunting , Liu Xinlong , Ma Li , Zhou Liya , Gao Jing , Liu Guanhua , Yue Xiaoyang , Jiang Yanjun
Published: April 2024

Metal‐enzyme integrated catalysts (MEICs) that combine metal and enzyme offer great potential for sustainable chemoenzymatic cascade catalysis. However, rational design and construction of optimal microenvironments and accessible active sites for metal and enzyme in individual nanostructures are necessary but still challenging. Herein, Pd nanoparticles (NPs) and Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) are co‐immobilized into the pores and surfaces of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with tunable functional groups, affording Pd/COF‐X/CALB (X = ONa, OH, OMe) MEICs. This strategy can regulate the microenvironment around Pd NPs and CALB, and their interactions with substrates. As a result, the activity of the COF‐based MEICs in catalyzing dynamic kinetic resolution of primary amines is enhanced and followed COF‐OMe > COF‐OH > COF‐ONa. The experimental and simulation results demonstrated that functional groups of COFs modulated the conformation of CALB, the electronic states of Pd NPs, and the affinity of the integrated catalysts to the substrate, which contributed to the improvement of the catalytic activity of MEICs. Further, the MEICs are prepared using COF with hollow structure as support material, which increased accessible active sites and mass transfer efficiency, thus improving catalytic performance. This work provides a blueprint for rational design and preparation of highly active MEICs.
Solar‐Powered AEM Electrolyzer via PGM‐Free (Oxy)hydroxide Anode with Solar to Hydrogen Conversion Efficiency of 12.44%
Authors: Ha Jun Seok , Park Youngtae , Jeong Jae‐Yeop , Lee Seung Hun , Lee Sung Jun , Kim In Tae , Park Seo Hyun , Jin Hyunsoo , Kim Soo Min , Choi Suwon , Kim Chiho , Choi Sung Mook , Kang Bong Kyun , Lee Hyuck Mo , Park Yoo Sei
Published: April 2024

Water electrolyzers powered by renewable energy are emerging as clean and sustainable technology for producing hydrogen without carbon emissions. Specifically, anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolyzers utilizing non‐platinum group metal (non‐PGM) catalysts have garnered attention as a cost‐effective method for hydrogen production, especially when integrated with solar cells. Nonetheless, the progress of such integrated systems is hindered by inadequate water electrolysis efficiency, primarily caused by poor oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrodes. To address this issue, a NiFeCo─OOH has developed as an OER electrocatalyst and successfully demonstrated its efficacy in an AEM electrolyzer, which is powered by renewable electricity and integrated with a silicon solar cell.
Aggregation‐based analytical chemistry in point‐of‐care nanosensors
Authors: Li Yuechun , Cui Zhaowen , Huang Lunjie , Zhang Daohong , Shen Yizhong , Cheng Jie , Wang Jianlong
Published: April 2024

It is crucial to realize the point‐of‐care (POC) testing of harmful analytes, capable of saving limited agricultural resources, assisting environmental remediation, ensuring food safety, and enabling early disease diagnosis. Compared with other conventional POC sensing strategies, aggregation‐based analytical chemistry facilitates the practical‐oriented development of POC nanosensors by altering the aggregation status of nanoprobes through the action of multiple aggregation‐induced “forces” originating from the targets. Herein, we have proceeded with a comprehensive review focusing on the aggregation‐based analytical chemistry in POC nanosensors, covering aggregation‐induced “forces”, aggregation‐induced signal transductions, aggregation‐induced POC nanosensing strategies, and their applications in biomolecular monitoring, food safety analysis, and environmental monitoring. Finally, challenges existing in practical applications have been further proposed to improve their sensing applications, and we expect our review can speed up the development of cost‐effective, readily deployable, and time‐efficient nanosensors through aggregation‐based analytical chemistry.
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of MED12 c.887G>A causing both missense and splicing variants in X‐linked Ohdo syndrome
Authors: Togi Sumihito , Ura Hiroki , Niida Yo
Published: April 2024

The phenotypes associated with MED12 pathogenic variants are diverse. Male patients usually have missense variants, but the effects of base substitutions on mRNA splicing have not been investigated. Here, we report a Japanese brother with intellectual disability, characteristic facial appearance with blepharophimosis, cleft palate, Fallot tetralogy, vesicoureteral reflux, and deafness. A known missense pathogenic variant was detected in MED12, NM_005120.3:c.887G>A p.(Arg296Gln), and X‐linked Ohdo syndrome was diagnosed in combination with their phenotype. mRNA splicing of MED12 was evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively using long‐range PCR‐based targeted RNA sequencing (reverse transcribed long amplicon sequencing), and it was shown that this missense variant simultaneously causes aberrant splicing of the 42‐bp in‐frame deletion in exon 7, r.847_888del, which accounts for approximately 30% of the mRNAs in both siblings. The X chromosome inactivation study showed that the X chromosome carrying the mutant allele was 100% inactivated in the carrier mothers. mRNA level analysis is essential for the accurate interpretation of the effects of variants. In this case, the MED12 protein function may be reduced by more than just an amino acid substitution, resulting in the patients with the most severe phenotype of MED12‐related syndrome in males.
Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry with On‐Paper Electrokinetic Manipulations: Part‐Per‐Trillion Detection of Per/Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Water and Opioids in Urine
Authors: Rydberg Magnus , Bruening Merlin L. , Manicke Nicholas E.
Published: April 2024

We developed a simple, paper‐based device that enables sensitive detection by mass spectrometry (MS) without solid phase extraction or other sample preparation. Using glass fiber filter papers within a 3D printed holder, the device employs electrokinetic manipulations to stack, separate, and desalt charged molecules on paper prior to spray into the MS. Due to counter‐balanced electroosmotic flow and electrophoresis, charged analytes stack on the paper and desalting occurs in minutes. One end of the paper strip was cut into a sharp point and positioned near the inlet of a MS. The stacked analyte bands move toward the paper tip with the EOF where they are ionized by paper spray. The device was applied to analysis of PFAS in tap water with sub part‐per‐trillion detection limits in less than ten minutes with no sample pretreatment. Analysis of opioids in urine also occurs in minutes. The crucial parameters to enable stacking, separation, and MS ionization of both positively and negatively charged analytes were determined and optimized. Experimental and computational modeling studies confirm the electrokinetic stacking and analyte transport mechanisms. On‐paper separations were carried out by stacking analyte bands at different locations depending on their electrophoretic mobility, achieving baseline separation in some cases.
Bioorthogonal Cu Single‐Atom Nanozyme for Synergistic Nanocatalytic Therapy, Photothermal Therapy, Cuproptosis and Immunotherapy
Authors: Wu Luyan , Lin Huihui , Cao Xiang , Tong Qiang , Yang Fangqi , Miao Yinxing , Ye Deju , Fan Quli
Published: April 2024

Single‐atom nanozymes (SAzymes) with atomically dispersed active sites are potential substitutes for natural enzymes. A systematic study of its multiple functions can in‐depth understand SAzymes's nature, which remains elusive. Here, we develop a novel ultrafast synthesis of sputtered SAzymes by in situ bombarding‐embedding technique. Using this method, sputtered copper (Cu) SAzymes (CuSA) is developed with unreported unique planar Cu‐C3 coordinated configuration. To enhance the tumor‐specific targeting, we employ a bioorthogonal approach to engineer CuSA, denoted as CuSACO. CuSACO not only exhibits minimal off‐target toxicity but also possesses exceptional ultrahigh catalase‐, oxidase‐, peroxidase‐like multienzyme activities, resulting in reactive oxygen species (ROS) storm generation for effective tumor destruction. Surprisingly, CuSACO can release Cu ions in the presence of glutathione (GSH) to induce cuproptosis, enhancing the tumor treatment efficacy. Notably, CuSACO′s remarkable photothermal properties enables precise photothermal therapy (PTT) on tumors. This, combined with nanozyme catalytic activities, cuproptosis and immunotherapy, efficiently inhibiting the growth of orthotopic breast tumors and gliomas, and lung metastasis. Our research highlights the potential of CuSACO as an innovative strategy to utilize multiple mechanism to enhance tumor therapeutic efficacy, broadening the exploration and development of enzyme‐like behavior and physiological mechanism of action of SAzymes.
The pseudosuchian record in paleohistology: A small review
Authors: Scheyer Torsten M.
Published: April 2024

Archosauria originated around the Earth's largest biotic crisis that severely affected all ecosystems globally, the Permotriassic Mass extinction event, and comprises two crown‐group lineages: the bird‐lineage and the crocodylian lineage. The bird lineage includes the iconic pterosaurs, as well as dinosaurs and birds, whereas the crocodylian lineage includes clades such as aetosaurs, poposaurs, “rauisuchians,” as well as Crocodylomorpha; the latter being represented today only by less than 30 extant species of Crocodylia. Despite playing important roles during Mesozoic and Cenozoic ecosystems, both on land and in water, Pseudosuchia received far less attention compared to the bird‐lineage, which is also reflected in number and scope of histological studies so far. Lately, the field has seen a shift of focus toward pseudosuchians, however, and the symposium on “Paleohistological Inferences of Paleobiological Traits in Pseudosuchia” held during the International Congress of Vertebrate Morphology 2023 in Cairns, Queensland, Australia, is the latest proof of that. To put these novel aspects of paleohistological and paleobiological research into context, an overview of the non‐extant pseudosuchian taxa whose postcranial bones were studied so far is provided here (c. 80 species out of a total of more than 700 extinct species described) and recent trends in pseudosuchian osteohistology are highlighted. In addition, histological studies on cranial and dental material and other potential hard tissues, such as eggshells and otoliths, are briefly reviewed as well.
The scimitar‐cat Homotherium from the submerged continental shelf of the Gulf Coast of Texas
Authors: Moretti John A. , Flores Deanna , Bell Christopher J. , Godwin Will , Hartstone‐Rose Adam , Lewis Patrick J.
Published: April 2024

The machairodontine felid Homotherium achieved a global geographic distribution throughout much of the Pleistocene. Accordingly, that large carnivore is important for understanding patterns of community composition. We report on a new record of Homotherium based on a fragmentary premaxilla–maxilla discovered on McFaddin Beach, Texas, along the Gulf of Mexico. Skeletal remains of extinct, Pleistocene vertebrates accumulate on McFaddin Beach. Those fossils appear to originate from submerged deposits on the continental shelf in the Gulf of Mexico, an area that was subaerially exposed in the Late Pleistocene during glacial intervals. Marine erosion and transport altered the externally visible morphology of the current specimen, obscuring and/or damaging taxonomically informative details of the preserved dentition. However, high‐resolution X‐ray computed tomography revealed diagnostic portions of the unerupted crown of an upper canine within its alveolus. The serrated edges of the canine combined with the position of the incisors demonstrate that the specimen from McFaddin Beach represents a species of Homotherium. That specimen is the latest in a larger sample of Homotherium in Texas that spans most of the Pliocene–Pleistocene. This is the first occurrence of Homotherium from the continental shelf of the Gulf Coast. That landscape may have formed a broad subtropical Gulf Coast corridor that facilitated the dispersal of Neotropical taxa along the coast between Texas and Florida. The associated fauna from McFaddin Beach contains Neotropical mammals common to southern Texas and Florida and indicates that Homotherium was a member of the fauna inhabiting the Gulf Coast corridor during the Late Pleistocene.
Robust predictive minmax fault‐tolerant control for multi‐phase batch processes under partial actuator faults and asynchronous switching
Authors: Shi Huiyuan , Jiang Pu , Su Chengli , Li Hui , Li Ping
Published: April 2024

In view of the uncertainties, partial actuator faults, asynchronous switching as well as unknown external interference in multi‐phase batch processes, a robust predictive minmax fault‐tolerant control approach is presented. First, considering that a controller and a system state cannot switch synchronously during switching, a match‐and‐mismatch switching model is constructed. Then, an output tracking error is introduced to establish an equivalent extended switching model. In this extended model, the robust control issue is transformed into the minmax optimization issue by establishing the minmax performance index. On this basis, the control laws with control input and interference input are designed. Second, sufficient conditions are given to assure the system separately has asymptotic and exponential stabilities in each phase and batch. By calculating the given sufficient conditions online, the gains of the control laws, and the minimum and maximum operating time under match and mismatch cases are obtained. With the maximum operating time, the controller receives the switching signal beforehand to eliminate the mismatch case of switching. Additionally, a robust criterion is supplied to confirm the system's robustness. Finally, a simulation study of an injection molding process shows that the approach is valid and feasible.
Exponential stability for switched semi‐Markov jump systems with mode‐dependent average dwell time and generally uncertain transition rates
Authors: Liu Bo , Li Longsuo
Published: April 2024

This paper investigates the exponential stability in mean square sense for a class of stochastic switched semi‐Markov jump systems (ssSMJS). In this model, a hierarchical control switched regulation is designed, considering the external stochastic disturbances and generally uncertain transition rates (TRs) of the entire system and making the system more general and practical. By using appropriate Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional, linear matrix inequality, Jensen inequality, and mode‐dependent average dwell time (MDADT), sufficient conditions on the exponential stability in mean square sense for ssSMJS are derived. Furthermore, a nonfragile state feedback controller is designed. Finally, two numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed criterion.