bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strong Chromatic Index of Sparse Graphs
Authors: Yang Daqing , Zhu Xuding
Published: October 2015

A coloring of the edges of a graph G is strong if each color class is an induced matching of G. The strong chromatic index of G, denoted by , is the least number of colors in a strong edge coloring of G. Chang and Narayanan (J Graph Theory 73(2) (2013), 119–126) proved recently that for a 2‐degenerate graph G. They also conjectured that for any k‐degenerate graph G there is a linear bound , where c is an absolute constant. This conjecture is confirmed by the following three papers: in (G. Yu, Graphs Combin 31 (2015), 1815–1818), Yu showed that . In (M. Debski, J. Grytczuk, M. Sleszynska‐Nowak, Inf Process Lett 115(2) (2015), 326–330), Dȩbski, Grytczuk, and Śleszyńska‐Nowak showed that . In (T. Wang, Discrete Math 330(6) (2014), 17–19), Wang proved that . If G is a partial k‐tree, in (M. Debski, J. Grytczuk, M. Sleszynska‐Nowak, Inf Process Lett 115(2) (2015), 326–330), it is proven that . Let be the line graph of a graph G, and let be the square of the line graph . Then . We prove that if a graph G has an orientation with maximum out‐degree k, then has coloring number at most . If G is a k‐tree, then has coloring number at most . As a consequence, a graph with has , and a k‐tree G has .
A Reconfigurations Analogue of Brooks' Theorem and Its Consequences
Authors: Feghali Carl , Johnson Matthew , Paulusma Daniël
Published: October 2015

Let G be a simple undirected connected graph on n vertices with maximum degree Δ. Brooks' Theorem states that G has a proper Δ‐coloring unless G is a complete graph, or a cycle with an odd number of vertices. To recolor G is to obtain a new proper coloring by changing the color of one vertex. We show an analogue of Brooks' Theorem by proving that from any k‐coloring, , a Δ‐coloring of G can be obtained by a sequence of recolorings using only the original k colors unless

G is a complete graph or a cycle with an odd number of vertices, or

, G is Δ‐regular and, for each vertex v in G, no two neighbors of v are colored alike.

We use this result to study the reconfiguration graph of the k‐colorings of G. The vertex set of is the set of all possible k‐colorings of G and two colorings are adjacent if they differ on exactly one vertex. We prove that for , consists of isolated vertices and at most one further component that has diameter . This result enables us to complete both a structural and an algorithmic characterization for reconfigurations of colorings of graphs of bounded maximum degree.
The impact of emergency department observation units on United States emergency department admission rates
Authors: Capp Roberta , Sun Benjamin , Boatright Dowin , Gross Cary
Published: October 2015

OBJECTIVE

Prior studies suggesting that the presence of emergency department (ED) observation units decrease overall ED hospital admissions have been either single‐center studies or based on model simulations. The objective of this preliminary national study is to determine if the presence of ED observation units is associated with hospitals having lower ED admission rates.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective cross‐sectional analysis using the 2010 National Hospital Ambulatory Care Survey and estimated ED risk‐standardized hospital admission rates (RSHAR) for each center. The following were excluded from the study: ages <18 years, leaving prior to completion of ED visit, died in the ED, transferred to another facility, and missing disposition. Hospitals with less than 30 ED visits or unknown observation unit status were also excluded. We used linear regression analysis to determine the association between ED RSHAR and presence of observation units.

RESULTS

There were 24,232 ED visits in 315 hospitals in the United States. Of these, 82 (20.6%) hospitals had an ED observation unit. The average ED risk‐standardized hospital admission rates for hospitals with observation units and without hospital observation units were 13.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 11.3–16.0) and 16.0% (95% CI: 14.1–17.7), respectively. The difference of 2.3% was not statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS

In this preliminary study, we did not find an association between the presence of observation units and ED hospital admission rates. Further studies with larger sample sizes should be performed to further evaluate the impact of ED observation units on ED hospital admission rates. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2015;10:738–742. © 2015 Society of Hospital Medicine
Glycemic control in inpatients with diabetes following august changeover of trainee doctors in England
Authors: Rajendran Rajesh , Jankovic Dina , Rayman Gerry
Published: October 2015

The first Wednesday of August is the day of changeover of trainee doctors in England. It is widely perceived that inexperience and nonfamiliarity with the new hospital systems and policies in these first few weeks lead to increased medical errors, mismanagement, and mortality. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of the August changeover of trainee doctors on inpatient glycemic control in a single English hospital. This is currently unknown in England. Overall, 16,870 patient‐day capillary glucose reading measures in 2730 inpatients with diabetes were analyzed for 4 weeks before and after the changeover period for the years 2012, 2013, and 2014. Only inpatients hospitalized for longer than 1 day were included. Contrary to expectations, inpatient glycemic control did not worsen in the first 4 weeks after changeover compared to the preceding 4 weeks before changeover in the 3‐year period. This may be due to forethought and planning by the deanery foundation school and the inpatient diabetes team in this hospital. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2016;11:206–209. © 2015 Society of Hospital Medicine
Hepatic hemorrhage as a consequence of rapid response to combined targeted therapy in metastatic melanoma
Authors: Flaherty Devin C. , Hoffner Brianna W. , Lau Briana J. , Hamid Omid , Faries Mark B.
Published: October 2015

A middle‐aged female with metastatic melanoma was found to have hemoperitoneum after starting systemic therapy with the BRAF and MEK inhibitors dabrafenib and trametinib. Etiology proved to be bleeding from a known hepatic metastasis. The patient was managed conservatively and eventually resumed systemic therapy with ongoing response. This case serves to illustrate the possible deleterious effects of rapid tumor response after initiation of targeted systemic therapy in patients with metastatic melanoma. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015;112:844–845. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ageing Migrants and the Creation of Home: Mobility and the Maintenance of Transnational Ties
Authors: Buffel Tine
Published: October 2015

This paper combines two strands of literature that hitherto have often been kept separate in studies of ageing migrants: research in environmental gerontology on the one hand and work dealing with transnational migration on the other. In doing so, it aims to contribute to the understanding of the ways in which ageing migrants experience the notion of ‘home’, both as a location and a set of relationships that contribute to feelings of belonging and identity. The paper is based on 34 interviews with first‐generation Turkish migrants living in inner‐city districts of Brussels. The paper reviews the variety of ways in which ‘home’ is experienced and created, the constraints and environmental pressures which may prevent people from developing a sense of home, and the meaning of transnational ties and mobility for the experience of home. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of edible corn starch nanocomposite films: The effect of self‐assembled starch nanoparticles
Authors: Liu Chengzhen , Jiang Suisui , Zhang Shuangling , Xi Tingting , Sun Qingjie , Xiong Liu
Published: October 2015

Corn starch nanocomposite films with varying concentrations (0–25%) of starch nanoparticles (SNPs) were obtained with the solution casting method. The scanning electron microscopy images, crystalline characteristics, transparency, water vapor permeability, mechanical properties, and thermal behavior of the nanocomposite films were evaluated. The results showed that when incorporated SNPs from 0 to 15% in the films, the water vapor permeability decreased from 5.89 × 10−12to 3.08 × 10−12 g/m s Pa, and the tensile strength significantly improved from 1.40 to 2.35MPs. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the film surfaces were rougher than those of the pure starch films. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that the thermal stability of the nanocomposite films increased. A slight change in the crystalline structure of the nanocomposite films was observed in the X‐ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, due to the SNPs. Our research suggested that SNPs have a favorable effect on the properties of corn starch films, which would helpful in applications as biodegradable packaging material.
A new decoupling method for asymmetry‐parameter quadruple‐circuit lines on same tower
Authors: Liu Qi , Fan Chunju , Tai Nengling , Shang Jin
Published: October 2015

Quadruple‐circuit lines with different self‐impedances have been applied in power system with the development of power industry. However, the different self‐impedances in quadruple‐circuit lines will cause problems in fault analysis and related relay protection in the lines. The impedance matrix of these lines is different from that of symmetrical lines, and existing methods cannot completely eliminate all mutual impedance. A new method is proposed to decouple these asymmetrical quadruple‐circuits lines in this paper. The phase‐to‐phase mutual impedance is eliminated first, and then the line‐to‐line mutual impedance is eliminated according to the circulating current method. The mathematical deduction is formulated to ensure the complete decoupling of the impedance matrix. The fault conditions can be used to obtain the relationship between the independent sequence networks, which can be used to calculate the fault current. Power Systems Computer Aided Design (PSCAD) simulations indicate that the decoupling method is suitable for fault analysis of the quadruple‐circuit lines with different self‐impedances. The related fault analysis method is quite accurate and easy to be applied. The fault analysis accuracy is not affected by the fault resistance, fault type, fault location, or length of lines. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Complex two‐dimensional TNIPM for l1 norm‐based sparse optimization to collocated MIMO radar
Authors: Jabbarian‐Jahromi Mohammad , Kahaei Mohammad Hossein
Published: October 2015

In collocated multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) radar, because of the sparse nature of the received signal in the three dimensions of range, angle, and Doppler, accurate estimates of range/angle/Doppler parameters can be achieved using a sparse signal recovery. In this paper, we develop a complex two‐dimensional truncated Newton interior point method (2D TNIPM) for l1‐norm‐based sparse optimization. Because of the 2D sparse representation of received signal in collocated MIMO radar systems, the performance of proposed algorithm is investigated in order to estimate the target position and velocity. Simulation results show that the 2D TNIPM requires much lower computations compared to the 1D one. Also, it outperforms some other 2D algorithms in the estimation of range, angle, and Doppler parameters under low signal‐to‐noise ratios. © 2015 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
G‐CSF administration attenuates brain injury in rats following carbon monoxide poisoning via different mechanisms
Authors: Ghorbani Maryam , Mohammadpour Amir Hooshang , Abnous Khalil , Movassaghi Ahmad Reza , Sarshoori Javad Raouf , Shahsavand Shabnam , Hashemzaei Mahmoud , Moallem Seyed Adel
Published: October 2015

Acute severe carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning induces hypoxia that leads to cardiovascular and nervous systems disturbances. Different complex mechanisms lead to CO neurotoxicity including lipid peroxidation, inflammatory and immune‐mediated reactions, myelin degeneration and finally neuronal apoptosis and necrosis. Granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) is considered to be a novel neuroprotective agent. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of G‐CSF therapy on CO neurotoxicity in rats with acute CO poisoning. Rats were exposed to 3000 ppm CO in air (0.3%) for 1 h, and then different doses (50,100, and 150 µg/kg) of G‐CSF or normal saline were administrated intraperitoneally. Water content of brain as an indicator for total edema and blood brain barrier integrity (Evans blue extravasation) were evaluated. Malondialydehyde was determined in order to evaluate the effect of G‐CSF on CO‐induced lipid peroxidation in brain tissues. Also, the effect of G‐CSF on myeloperoxidase activity in the brain tissue was evaluated. The effect of G‐CSF administration on induced apoptosis in the brain was measured using TUNEL method. To evaluate the level of MBP, STAT3 and pSTAT3 and HO‐1 proteins and the effect of G‐CSF on these proteins Western blotting was carried out. G‐CSF reduced water content of the edematous poisoned brains (100 µg/kg) and BBB permeability (100 and 150 µg/kg) (P < 0.05). G‐CSF (150 µg/kg) reduced the MDA level in the brain tissues (P < 0.05 as compared to CO poisoned animals). G‐CSF did not decrease the MPO activity after CO poisoning in any doses. G‐CSF significantly reduced the number of apoptotic neurons and Caspase 3 protein levels in the brain. Western blotting results showed that G‐CSF treatment enhanced expression of HO‐1 and MBP, STAT3 and pSTAT3 proteins in the brain tissues. Based on our results, a single dose of G‐CSF immediately after CO poisoning significantly attenuates CO neurotoxicity via different mechanisms. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 37–47, 2017.
Children's online coping strategies: Rethinking coping typologies in a risk‐specific approach
Authors: Vandoninck Sofie , d'Haenens Leen
Published: October 2015

Understanding how children deal with problematic situations online is helpful in developing efficient awareness raising and online resilience building initiatives. In this article, we will discuss and develop typologies for online coping strategies. In a school survey, 2046 Flemish children aged 10–16 were asked about how they (would) respond when confronted with different types of online risks. Using principal component analyses and multi‐dimensional scaling, we identified different types of cross‐risk and risk‐specific coping strategies, and explored which types of coping have similar underlying meanings. The results suggest to distinguish behavioral avoidance tactics from mere passive responses or indifference. Young people tend to perceive online coping strategies along two dimensions: engagement versus disengagement and technical versus non‐technical measures. Behavioral avoidance is popular among younger children and is associated with a medium level of active engagement and often combined with communicative approaches. Girls are more communicative and respond more proactively.
Kinetic studies on the oxidation of semiquinone and hydroquinone forms of Arabidopsis cryptochrome by molecular oxygen
Authors: van Wilderen Luuk J.G.W. , Silkstone Gary , Mason Maria , van Thor Jasper J. , Wilson Michael T.
Published: October 2015

Cryptochromes (crys) are flavoprotein photoreceptors present throughout the biological kingdom that play important roles in plant development and entrainment of the circadian clock in several organisms. Crys non‐covalently bind flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) which undergoes photoreduction from the oxidised state to a radical form suggested to be active in signalling in vivo. Although the photoreduction reactions have been well characterised by a number of approaches, little is known of the oxidation reactions of crys and their mechanisms. In this work, a stopped‐flow kinetics approach is used to investigate the mechanism of cry oxidation in the presence and absence of an external electron donor. This in vitro study extends earlier investigations of the oxidation of Arabidopsis cryptochrome1 by molecular oxygen and demonstrates that, under some conditions, a more complex model for oxidation of the flavin than was previously proposed is required to accommodate the spectral evidence (see P. Müller and M. Ahmad (2011) J. Biol. Chem. 286, 21033–21040 [1]). In the absence of an electron donor, photoreduction leads predominantly to the formation of the radical FADH. Dark recovery most likely forms flavin hydroperoxide (FADHOOH) requiring superoxide. In the presence of reductant (DTT), illumination yields the fully reduced flavin species (FADH−). Reaction of this with dioxygen leads to transient radical (FADH) and simultaneous accumulation of oxidised species (FAD), possibly governed by interplay between different cryptochrome molecules or cooperativity effects within the cry homodimer.
A Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Veterans' In‐home Program for Military Veterans With Traumatic Brain Injury and Their Families: Report on Impact for Family Members
Authors: Moriarty Helene , Winter Laraine , Robinson Keith , Piersol Catherine Verrier , Vause‐Earland Tracey , Iacovone Delores Blazer , Newhart Brian , True Gala , Fishman Deborah , Hodgson Nancy , Gitlin Laura N.
Published: October 2015

Background

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) creates many challenges for families as well as for patients. Few intervention studies have considered both the needs of the person with TBI and his or her family and included both in the intervention process. To address this gap, we designed an innovative intervention for veterans with TBI and families—the Veterans' In‐home Program (VIP)—targeting veterans' environment, delivered in veterans' homes, and involving their families.

Objectives

To determine whether the VIP is more effective than standard outpatient clinic care in improving family members' well‐being in 3 domains (depressive symptoms, burden, and satisfaction) and to assess its acceptability to family members.

Design

In this randomized controlled trial, 81 dyads (veteran/family member) were randomly assigned to VIP or an enhanced usual care control condition. Randomization occurred after the baseline interview. Follow‐up interviews occurred 3‐4 months after baseline, and the interviewer was blinded to group assignment.

Setting

Interviews and intervention sessions were conducted in veterans' homes or by telephone.

Participants

A total of 81 veterans with TBI recruited from a Veterans Affairs (VA) polytrauma program and a key family member for each participated. Of the 81 family members, 63 completed the follow‐up interview.

Intervention

The VIP, guided by the person–environment fit model, consisted of 6 home visits and 2 telephone calls delivered by occupational therapists over a 3‐ to 4‐month period. Family members were invited to participate in the 6 home sessions.

Main Outcome Measures

Family member well‐being was operationally defined as depressive symptomatology, caregiver burden, and caregiver satisfaction 3‐4 months after baseline. Acceptability was operationally defined through 3 indicators.

Results

Family members in the VIP showed significantly lower depressive symptom scores and lower burden scores when compared to controls at follow‐up. Satisfaction with caregiving did not differ between groups. Family members' acceptance of the intervention was high.

Conclusions

VIP represents the first evidence‐based intervention that considers both the veteran with TBI and the family. VIP had a significant impact on family member well‐being and thus addresses a large gap in previous research and services for families of veterans with TBI.
Inverting Donaldson’s Framework: A Managerial Approach To International Conflicts Of Cultural And Economic Norms
Authors: Stark Andrew
Published: October 2015

Thomas Donaldson’s framework for dealing with value-conflicts between a manager’s home and host country distinguishes between a “conflict of relative [economic] development”—conflicting norms that arise because home and host are at two different stages of economic development—and a “conflict of culture,” which arises because the home and host’s different cultures generate conflicting norms on the issue the manager faces. My question here is a thought experiment. What different insights might emerge if we flipped Donaldson’s framework around? Specifically: What if we viewed the kinds of conflicts that fall under Donaldson’s “conflicts of culture” as arising not because the home and host exhibit a “fundamental” conflict in cultural norms, but because they are at two different stages ofculturaldevelopment? And what if we viewed “conflicts of relative economic development” as conflicts that occur not because home and host are at two different stages of economic development but, simply, because their economies contemporaneously interact with each other in ways that generate normative conflict: call them “conflicts of economy”?
Treatment of Cervicogenic Headache: New Insights on the Treatment of Pain in the Neck
Authors: Chitsantikul Prin , Becker Werner J.
Published: October 2015

This manuscript served as a companion piece for the original article “Pregabalin for the Management of Cervicogenic Headache; A Double Blind Study” by Guy P. Boudreau and Luc Marchand, which was published in the September 2014 issue ofThe Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences.1
The analogical modeling of linguistic categories
Authors: CHANDLER STEVE
Published: October 2015

abstract

In recent years proponents of usage-based linguistics have singled out ‘categorization’ as possibly the fundamental cognitive operation underlying the acquisition and use of language. Despite this increasing appeal to the importance of categorization, few researchers have yet offered explicit interpretations of how linguistic categories might be represented in the brain other than vague allusions to prototype theory, especially as implemented in connectionist-like frameworks. In this paper, I discuss in some detail the implications of superimposing the theoretical representations of linguistic structures onto domain-general models of categorization. I first review the evidence that instance-based, or exemplar-based, models of categorization provide empirically and theoretically better models of both domain-general categorization and of linguistic categorization than do the most commonly cited alternative models. I then argue that of the three exemplar-based models currently being applied to linguistic data, Skousen’s Analogical Model (AM) appears to provide the simplest, most straightforward account of the data and that it appears to be fully compatible with our current understanding of the psychological capabilities and operations that underlie categorization behavior.
APPIAN THE ARTIST: RHYTHMIC PROSE AND ITS LITERARY IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Hutchinson G.O.
Published: October 2015

If we had no idea which parts of Greek literature in a certain period were poetry or prose, we would regard it as our first job to find out. How much of the Greek prose of the Imperial period is rhythmic has excited less attention; and yet the question should greatly affect both our reading of specific texts and our understanding of the whole literary scene. By ‘rhythmic’ prose, this article means only prose that follows the Hellenistic system of rhythm started, it is said, by Hegesias, and adopted by Cicero and by many Latin writers of the Imperial period. Estimates of how much Greek Imperial prose is rhythmic have long varied drastically. Some experts suggest that all or much artistic Greek prose in the period is rhythmic, others that what little there is fades out after the first centurya.d., as part of the victory of Atticism. There has been fairly little substantial work on rhythmic prose in the first three centuriesa.d.for over fifty years (more on accentual prose from the fourth). The object of this article is to investigate a large part of one author's work thoroughly, and to establish that that part is rhythmic. It will also aim to show how that conclusion should greatly affect our whole conception of the author as a writer, and our reading of his every sentence.
China's Campaign to Build a New Socialist Countryside: Village Modernization, Peasant Councils, and the Ganzhou Model of Rural Development
Authors: Looney Kristen E.
Published: October 2015

Since the mid-2000s, the Chinese government has promoted village modernization under the banner of “building a new socialist countryside.” To explain the origins and outcomes of this policy, this article examines the case of Ganzhou city in Jiangxi province. Ganzhou became a national model for rural development known for involving organizations called peasant councils in policy implementation. The study found that despite an initial emphasis on rural participation and moderate change, the new socialist countryside evolved into a top-down campaign to demolish and reconstruct villages. Three factors shaped this process: the strength of bureaucratic mobilization, the weakness of rural organizations, and shifting national policy priorities. After obtaining model status, Ganzhou's rural policy became more ambitious and politicized, leaving little space for participation. This insight suggests there are both benefits and costs to China's policy process. Despite the advantages of policy innovation, scaling up local experiments may actually undermine their success.
The Internal Forum of the Later Middle Ages. A Modern Myth?
Authors: P. Müller Wolfgang
Published: October 2015

Scholars today are unanimous about the existence of a forum internum in the Western church since the rise of scholastic theology and jurisprudence in the twelfth century. From that time onward, they agree, an “inner court,” dedicated exclusively to individual believers who confessed their sins in absolute secrecy to a priest was sharply distinguished from the so-called forum externum, which dealt with publicly alleged breaches of the canon law.
Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) SCNT embryos produced from somatic cells isolated from frozen–thawed semen: effect of trichostatin A on the in vitro and in vivo developmental potential, quality and epigenetic status
Authors: Selokar Naresh L. , Saini Monika , Agrawal Himanshu , Palta Prabhat , Chauhan Manmohan S. , Manik Radheysham , Singla Suresh K
Published: October 2015

This study examined the effects of trichostatin A (TSA) treatment of reconstructed buffalo embryos, produced by hand-made cloning using somatic cells isolated from over a decade old frozen–thawed semen, on their in vitro and in vivo developmental competence, quality and epigenetic status. Following treatment of reconstructed embryos with TSA (0, 50 or 75 nM) for 10 h prior to culture, the cleavage (100.0 ± 0, 94.5 ± 2.3 and 96.1 ± 1.2%, respectively) and blastocyst rate (50.6 ± 2.3, 48.4 ± 2.7 and 48.1 ± 2.6%, respectively), total cell number (275 ± 17.4, 289 ± 30.1 and 317 ± 24.2, respectively) and apoptotic index (5.6 ± 0.7, 3.4 ± 0.9 and 4.5 ± 1.4, respectively) were not significantly different among the three groups. However, TSA treatment increased (P < 0.05) the global level of H4K5ac and decreased (P < 0.05) that of H3K27me3 in blastocysts whereas the global level of H3K18ac was not affected significantly. Transfer of embryos treated with 75 nM TSA (n = 10) to recipients resulted in two pregnancies (20%), one out of which was aborted in the second and the other in the third trimester whereas transfer of control embryos (n = 20) or those treated with 50 nM TSA (n = 12) did not result in any pregnancy. In conclusion, these results suggest that TSA treatment of cloned buffalo embryos produced using somatic cells isolated from frozen–thawed semen improved their epigenetic status but not the in vitro developmental potential and offspring rate.
Measurement Uncertainty of Microscopic Laser Triangulation on Technical Surfaces
Authors: Mueller Thomas , Poesch Andreas , Reithmeier Eduard
Published: October 2015

Laser triangulation is widely used to measure three-dimensional structure of surfaces. The technique is suitable for macroscopic and microscopic surface measurements. In this paper, the measurement uncertainty of laser triangulation is investigated on technical surfaces for microscopic measurement applications. Properties of technical surfaces are, for example, reflectivity, surface roughness, and the presence of scratches and pores. These properties are more influential in the microscopic laser triangulation than in the macroscopic one. In the Introduction section of this paper, the measurement uncertainty of laser triangulation is experimentally investigated for 13 different specimens. The measurements were carried out with and without a laser speckle reducer. In the Materials and Methods section of this paper, the surfaces of the 13 specimens are characterized in order to be able to find correlations between the surface properties and the measurement uncertainty. The last section of this paper describes simulations of the measurement uncertainty, which allow for the calculation of the measurement uncertainty with only one source of uncertainty present. The considerations in this paper allow for the assessment of the measurement uncertainty of laser triangulation on any technical surface when some surface properties, such as roughness, are known.
Legislating against humanitarian principles: A case study on the humanitarian implications of Australian counterterrorism legislation
Authors: Wynn-Pope Phoebe , Zegenhagen Yvette , Kurnadi Fauve
Published: October 2015

The humanitarian principles – humanity, neutrality, impartiality and independence – have come to characterize effective humanitarian action, particularly in situations of armed conflict, and have provided a framework for the broader humanitarian system. Modern counterterrorism responses are posing significant challenges to these principles and the feasibility of conducting principled humanitarian assistance and protection activities. This article explores the origins of the principles, the history behind their development, and their contemporary contribution to humanitarian action. The article then discusses some of the ways in which the principles are threatened, both by practice and by law, in the Australian context, and finally makes suggestions as to how the principles can be reclaimed and protected for the future of effective, impartial humanitarian action.
Early life nutritional programming of health and disease in The Gambia
Authors: Moore S. E.
Published: October 2015

Exposures during the early life (periconceptional, prenatal and early postnatal) period are increasingly recognized as playing an important role in the aetiology of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCD), including coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, Type 2 diabetes and osteoporosis. The ‘Developmental Origins of Health and Disease’ (DOHaD) hypothesis states that these disorders originate through unbalanced nutrition early in life and risk is highest when there is a ‘mismatch’ between the early- and later-life environments. Thus, the DOHaD hypothesis would predict highest risk in countries where an excess of infants are born with low birth weight and where there is a rapid transition to nutritional adequacy or excess in adulthood. Here, I will review data from work conducted in rural Gambia, West Africa. Using demographic data dating back to the 1940s, the follow-up of randomized controlled trials of nutritional supplementation in pregnancy and the ‘experiment of nature’ that seasonality in this region provides, we have investigated the DOHaD hypothesis in a population with high rates of maternal and infant under-nutrition, a high burden from infectious disease, and an emerging risk of NCDs.
Does Gender Moderate the Relationship between Callous-Unemotional Traits and Physical Aggression?
Authors: Nwafor Chidozie E. , Onyeizugbo Euckay U. , Anazonwu Charles O.
Published: October 2015

The study investigates the interaction effect of callous-unemotional (CU) traits and gender on physical aggression among Nigerian adolescents. Two hundred and ninety five (295) senior secondary school students who were between 14–16 years of age participated in the study. These participants included boys (152) and girls (143). They were selected from a public senior secondary school in Anambra a South Eastern State of Nigeria and all the participants were of Igbo ethnic group. The raw data for Callous-unemotional traits and Physical Aggression were collected using Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits (ICU) by Frick (2004) and Aggression Scale by Orpinas and Frankowski (2001) respectively. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation, and conditional process analysis (model number 1; Hayes, 2013). The results showed that gender correlated significantly with uncaring and physical aggression but did not correlate significantly with CU and callousness. The results further showed that gender, CU traits, uncaring and callousness subscales significantly predicted physical aggression. Gender also moderated the effect of CU traits and uncaring on physical aggression, but did not moderate the effect of callousness on physical aggression. The discussion focused on the ways of helping individuals with high level of CU traits to reduce aggression, also the limitations of the study, suggestions for further studies and the implications of the finding were highlighted.
Using the Theory of Planned Behavior to Predict College Students’ Intention to Intervene With a Suicidal Individual
Authors: Aldrich Rosalie S.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Background: Suicide among college students is an issue of serious concern. College peers may effectively intervene with at-risk persons due to their regular contact and close personal relationships with others in this population of significantly enhanced risk. Aims: The current study was designed to investigate whether the theory of planned behavior constructs predicted intention to intervene when a college peer is suicidal. Method: Undergraduate students (n = 367) completed an on-line questionnaire; they answered questions about their attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control regarding suicide and suicide intervention, as well as their intention to intervene when someone is suicidal. The data were analyzed using multiple regression. Results: The statistical significance of this cross-sectional study indicates that the theory of planned behavior constructs predicts self-reported intention to intervene with a suicidal individual. Conclusion: Theory of planned behavior is an effective framework for understanding peers’ intention to intervene with a suicidal individual.
Perceptions of the Functions of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury in a College Sample
Authors: Batejan Kristen L. , Swenson Lance P. , Jarvi Stephanie M. , Muehlenkamp Jennifer J.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Background: Rates of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) are particularly high on college campuses. Commonly endorsed reasons for NSSI include interpersonal (e.g., seeking support) and intrapersonal (e.g., affect regulation) functions. Aims: This study compared college students with and without a history of NSSI on their views of NSSI functions in order to inform gatekeeper intervention/prevention programs targeting NSSI. Method: The Inventory of Statements About Self-Injury, which assessed NSSI behavior and functions of NSSI, was completed by 367 college students (73% female, 95% white). Results: Ninety-eight participants endorsed lifetime moderate/severe NSSI, 109 endorsed minor NSSI, and 160 denied any history of NSSI. Noninjuring participants' views of NSSI functions were compared with the views held by participants with histories of NSSI. The groups did not differ in their views of the relevance of intrapersonal functions, although noninjuring individuals appeared to stress some interpersonal factors (e.g., influence) slightly more than individuals with a history of NSSI did. Conclusion: These results suggest that college students generally hold similar perceptions of the functions of NSSI. Our findings suggest intervention/prevention efforts may consider broadening the selection of gatekeepers (e.g., peers with no history of NSSI) in schools and colleges to identify at-risk students and encourage help-seeking behaviors.
Frontal Motor Cortex Activity During Reactive Control Is Associated With Past Suicidal Behavior in Recent-Onset Schizophrenia
Authors: Minzenberg Michael J. , Lesh Tyler , Niendam Tara , Yoon Jong H. , Cheng Yaoan , Rhoades Remy N. , Carter Cameron S.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Background: Suicide is prevalent in schizophrenia (SZ), yet the neural system functions that confer suicide risk remain obscure. Circuits operated by the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are altered in SZ, including those that support reactive control, and PFC changes are observed in postmortem studies of heterogeneous suicide victims. Aims: We tested whether history of suicide attempt is associated with altered frontal motor cortex activity during reactive control processes. Method: We evaluated 17 patients with recent onset of DSM-IV-TR-defined SZ using the Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale and functional magnetic resonance imaging during Stroop task performance. Group-level regression models relating past suicidal behavior to frontal activation controlled for depression, psychosis, and impulsivity. Results: Past suicidal behavior was associated with relatively higher activation in the left-hemisphere supplementary motor area (SMA), pre-SMA, premotor cortex, and dorsolateral PFC, all ipsilateral to the active primary motor cortex. Conclusion: This study provides unique evidence that suicidal behavior in patients with recent-onset SZ directly relates to frontal motor cortex activity during reactive control, in a pattern reciprocal to the relationship with proactive control found previously. Further work should address how frontal-based control functions change with risk over time, and their potential utility as a biomarker for interventions to mitigate suicide risk in SZ.
Numb is required to prevent p53-dependent senescence following skeletal muscle injury
Authors: Le Roux Isabelle , Konge Julie , Le Cam Laurent , Flamant Patricia , Tajbakhsh Shahragim
Published: October 2015

Regeneration relies on coordinated action of multiple cell types to reconstitute the damaged tissue. Here we inactivate the endocytic adaptor protein Numb in skeletal muscle stem cells prior to chronic or severe muscle injury in mice. We observe two types of senescence in regenerating muscle; a transient senescence in non-myogenic cells of control and Numb mutant mice that partly depends on INK4a/ARF activity, and a persistent senescence in myogenic cells lacking Numb. The senescence levels of Numb-deficient muscle is reduced to wild type levels by an anti-oxidant treatment or p53 ablation, resulting in functional rescue of the regenerative potential in Numb mutants. Ex vivo experiments suggest that Numb-deficient senescent cells recruit macrophages to sustain inflammation and drive fibrosis, two hallmarks of the impaired muscle regeneration in Numb mutants. These findings provide insights into previously reported developmental and oncogenic senescence that are also differentially regulated by p53.
High-temperature water–rock interactions and hydrothermal environments in the chondrite-like core of Enceladus
Authors: Sekine Yasuhito , Shibuya Takazo , Postberg Frank , Hsu Hsiang-Wen , Suzuki Katsuhiko , Masaki Yuka , Kuwatani Tatsu , Mori Megumi , Hong Peng K. , Yoshizaki Motoko , Tachibana Shogo , Sirono Sin-iti
Published: October 2015

It has been suggested that Saturn’s moon Enceladus possesses a subsurface ocean. The recent discovery of silica nanoparticles derived from Enceladus shows the presence of ongoing hydrothermal reactions in the interior. Here, we report results from detailed laboratory experiments to constrain the reaction conditions. To sustain the formation of silica nanoparticles, the composition of Enceladus’ core needs to be similar to that of carbonaceous chondrites. We show that the presence of hydrothermal reactions would be consistent with NH3- and CO2-rich plume compositions. We suggest that high reaction temperatures (>50 °C) are required to form silica nanoparticles whether Enceladus’ ocean is chemically open or closed to the icy crust. Such high temperatures imply either that Enceladus formed shortly after the formation of the solar system or that the current activity was triggered by a recent heating event. Under the required conditions, hydrogen production would proceed efficiently, which could provide chemical energy for chemoautotrophic life.
Lipophilic prodrugs of nucleoside triphosphates as biochemical probes and potential antivirals
Authors: Gollnest Tristan , de Oliveira Thiago Dinis , Schols Dominique , Balzarini Jan , Meier Chris
Published: October 2015

The antiviral activity of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors is often limited by ineffective phosphorylation. We report on a nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) prodrug approach in which the γ-phosphate of NTPs is bioreversibly modified. A series of TriPPPro-compounds bearing two lipophilic masking units at the γ-phosphate and d4T as a nucleoside analogue are synthesized. Successful delivery of d4TTP is demonstrated in human CD4+ T-lymphocyte cell extracts by an enzyme-triggered mechanism with high selectivity. In antiviral assays, the compounds are potent inhibitors of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in CD4+ T-cell (CEM) cultures. Highly lipophilic acyl residues lead to higher membrane permeability that results in intracellular delivery of phosphorylated metabolites in thymidine kinase-deficient CEM/TK− cells with higher antiviral activity than the parent nucleoside.
Breast cancer cell adhesome and degradome interact to drive metastasis
Authors: Rizwan Asif , Cheng Menglin , Bhujwalla Zaver M , Krishnamachary Balaji , Jiang Lu , Glunde Kristine
Published: October 2015

Background:

Although primary breast tumors are detected early in most cases, it is inevitable that many patients remain at risk for future recurrence and death due to micrometastases. We investigated interactions between the degradome and the adhesome that drive metastasis, and have focused on matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) within the degradome and integrins and E-cadherin within the adhesome.

Aims:

The aim of this study is to identify interaction networks between adhesion molecules and degradative enzymes in breast cancer metastasis.

Methods:

We compared non-metastatic (BT-474, T47D, MCF7) and metastatic (MDA-MB-231, SUM149, SUM159) human breast cancer cell lines and xenografts, in which we measured growth rate, migration, invasion, colony formation, protein expression, and enzyme activity in vitro and in vivo.

Results:

The metastatic breast cancer lines and xenografts displayed higher expression and activity levels of MMPs, which was also confirmed by noninvasive imaging in vivo. These metastatic breast cancer models also displayed elevated heterophilic cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) and lower homophilic cell–cell adhesion compared with those of non-metastatic models. This was conferred by an increased expression of the heterophilic cell adhesion molecule integrin β1 (ITGB1) and a decreased expression of the homophilic cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin. Inhibition of MMPs in metastatic cells led to a reduced expression of ITGB1, and stimulation of ITGB1 resulted in higher MMP activities in metastatic cancer cells, demonstrating reciprocal dependencies between degradome and adhesome. Re-expression of E-cadherin (CDH1) led to an increased expression of the precursor form of ITGB1.

Conclusions:

Our results point toward a concerted interdependence of MMPs, ITGB1, and CDH1 that is critical for breast cancer metastasis.
Activation of the Small G Protein Arf6 by Dynamin2 through Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors in Endocytosis
Authors: Okada Risa , Yamauchi Yohei , Hongu Tsunaki , Funakoshi Yuji , Ohbayashi Norihiko , Hasegawa Hiroshi , Kanaho Yasunori
Published: October 2015

The small G protein Arf6 and the GTPase dynamin2 (Dyn2) play key roles in clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). However, their functional relationship remains obscure. Here, we show that Arf6 functions as a downstream molecule of Dyn2 in CME. Wild type of Dyn2 overexpressed in HeLa cells markedly activates Arf6, while a GTPase-lacking Dyn2 mutant does not. Of the Arf6-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factors, EFA6A, EFA6B and EFA6D specifically interact with Dyn2. Furthermore, overexpression of dominant negative mutants or knockdown of EFA6B and EFA6D significantly inhibit Dyn2-induced Arf6 activation. Finally, overexpression of the binding region peptide of EFA6B for Dyn2 or knockdown of EFA6B and EFA6D significantly suppresses clathrin-mediated transferrin uptake. These results provide evidence for a novel Arf6 activation mechanism by Dyn2 through EFA6B and EFA6D in CME in a manner dependent upon the GTPase activity of Dyn2.
Three-Dimensional Blood-Brain Barrier Model for in vitro Studies of Neurovascular Pathology
Authors: Cho Hansang , Seo Ji Hae , Wong Keith H. K. , Terasaki Yasukazu , Park Joseph , Bong Kiwan , Arai Ken , Lo Eng H. , Irimia Daniel
Published: October 2015

Blood–brain barrier (BBB) pathology leads to neurovascular disorders and is an important target for therapies. However, the study of BBB pathology is difficult in the absence of models that are simple and relevant.In vivoanimal models are highly relevant, however they are hampered by complex, multi-cellular interactions that are difficult to decouple.In vitromodels of BBB are simpler, however they have limited functionality and relevance to disease processes. To address these limitations, we developed a 3-dimensional (3D) model of BBB on a microfluidic platform. We verified the tightness of the BBB by showing its ability to reduce the leakage of dyes and to block the transmigration of immune cells towards chemoattractants. Moreover, we verified the localization at endothelial cell boundaries of ZO-1 and VE-Cadherin, two components of tight and adherens junctions. To validate the functionality of the BBB model, we probed its disruption by neuro-inflammation mediators and ischemic conditions and measured the protective function of antioxidant and ROCK-inhibitor treatments. Overall, our 3D BBB model provides a robust platform, adequate for detailed functional studies of BBB and for the screening of BBB-targeting drugs in neurological diseases.
Dense Helical Electron Bunch Generation in Near-Critical Density Plasmas with Ultrarelativistic Laser Intensities
Authors: Hu Ronghao , Liu Bin , Lu Haiyang , Zhou Meilin , Lin Chen , Sheng Zhengming , Chen Chia-erh , He Xiantu , Yan Xueqing
Published: October 2015

The mechanism for emergence of helical electron bunch(HEB) from an ultrarelativistic circularly polarized laser pulse propagating in near-critical density(NCD) plasma is investigated. Self-consistent three-dimensional(3D) Particle-in-Cell(PIC) simulations are performed to model all aspects of the laser plasma interaction including laser pulse evolution, electron and ion motions. At a laser intensity of 1022 W/cm2, the accelerated electrons have a broadband spectrum ranging from 300 MeV to 1.3 GeV, with the charge of 22 nano-Coulombs(nC) within a solid-angle of 0.14 Sr. Based on the simulation results, a phase-space dynamics model is developed to explain the helical density structure and the broadband energy spectrum.