bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cross‐cultural consumer values, needs and purchase behavior
Authors: Kim Jai‐Ok , Forsythe Sandra , Gu Qingliang , Jae Moon Sook
Published: October 2002

This study examined the relationship of consumer values, needs and purchase behavior in two Asian consumer markets, China and South Korea. Between self‐directed values and social affiliation values, self‐directed values were the underlying determinant of needs to be satisfied by apparel products. Among the three types of needs identified to be satisfied through apparel (i.e. experiential, social and functional needs), experiential needs were the most important needs that influenced apparel purchases of female consumers in both Asian markets. Consumers in both country markets exhibited brand loyal behavior in apparel purchases, fulfilling all three needs. However, actualization patterns of each need through brand loyal behavior differed between the two consumer samples. While for brand‐loyal Chinese consumers experiential image was the most important aspect of the branded apparel appeal to female consumers, social image with performance quality assurance was a more important feature of the branded apparel appeal to consumers in Korea. Implications for brand image management for international markets were discussed.
Implementing your BAM2 strategy: 11 steps to making your brand a more valuable business asset
Authors: Davis Scott
Published: October 2002

Businesses are becoming more sophisticated about brand, its value and its role as a crucial driver of business success. But what do they need to put in place to realize the benefits of brand as an asset? In the previous issue, the author looked at the philosophy behind brand asset management. This article continues the discussion with an 11‐step approach to putting a brand asset management strategy in place, from developing a brand vision for the organization to the need to establish a brand‐based business culture.
Increasing margins by joining your customers
Authors: von Campenhausen Claus , Lübben Hauke
Published: October 2002

Just as in real estate, the key success factors for business in cyberspace are location, location, and location. Potential customers on the Internet tend not to be widely dispersed but are found to clog together at virtual water‐holes, known as communities and defined by common interest. In response, every respectable company established its own virtual landmark, i.e. portal, during the (short) era of Internet hype in an attempt to attract customers. Often enough with little success. We propose a different way of thinking. The key to improving profits and margins is in understanding the Internet as a tool rather than a place to be. Companies do not have to build their own Internet water‐hole. Instead, they have to leverage existing online and offline communities. Companies have to access these communities and serve their customers at their place of convenience. This article illustrates how the application of this idea results directly in increased margins and lower customer servicing costs. It explains the drivers of potential gains from understanding virtual communities.
Effect of social influence on repurchase intentions
Authors: Butcher Ken , Sparks Beverley , O’Callaghan Frances
Published: October 2002

The social interaction between customers and individual employees can be critical for business success. Similarly, factors such as customer convenience and value for money are important to repeat purchase. Frontline employees often face the dilemma of how much social interaction is appropriate. Data were collected in a cross‐sectional survey of 406 customers to determine the relative importance of social influence on repurchase intentions across three services. The findings show that social influence variables can be as important as convenience and value for money factors. Further, the data indicate that the nature of the interaction is the critical factor, rather than the amount of social interaction. For naturopathic clinics, the enthusiasm shown by the health care professional is the key factor, whereas in hairdressing salons, making the customer feel relaxed and comfortable is critical.
A customer‐oriented new service development process
Authors: Alam Ian , Perry Chad
Published: October 2002

The purpose of this research is to answer the question: how can a new service development (NSD) program in the financial services industry be managed? More specifically, this research has two objectives: to explore the stages in the NSD process; and to explore how customer input may be obtained in the various stages of the development process. After a review of the new product development literature, the case study methodology involving in‐depth interviews with managers and their customers is described. Analysis of the data showed that there were ten stages in the NSD process, and whether those stages were managed linearly or sequentially was a function of the size of the firm. In addition, how NSD managers obtained customer input in each stage, was uncovered. Implications for NSD managers include which stages to concentrate on, and how to capture customer input.
Using the incomplete information framework to develop service provider communication guidelines
Authors: Smith Rachel , Bush Alan J.
Published: October 2002

The debate over how services should be advertised and communicated has raged on for decades. Much of the early work on services emphasized the use of tangible cues and was primarily issue and/or profession specific. There are no real communication guidelines that encompass all service marketers. This paper looks at how consumers use information in a purchase situation to establish communication guidelines for service providers. Marketers know consumers rarely have full information in a buying situation and have devised communication strategies accordingly. Services in particular offer less information than traditional consumer goods because of services inherent distinguishing characteristics, e.g. intangibility, non‐standardization and concurrent production and consumption. Integrating both conceptual and empirical work this paper uses a framework of incomplete information to examine commonly practiced communication methods of advertising, signaling, personal sources and relationship marketing. Using the two‐dimensional framework advanced in this paper, 16 communication guidelines for service providers are presented.
Effects of personal control on adoption of self‐service technology innovations
Authors: Lee Jungki , Allaway Arthur
Published: October 2002

A new literature is emerging around the role of self‐service technologies (SSTs) such as airline ticketing machines, automatic teller machines, and computer‐based shopping services in the strategic offering of service providers. SSTs allow (or force) consumers to help produce their own service encounters via machine interaction rather than by interacting with a firm’s service personnel. Firms which introduce SSTs wish to gain rapid acceptance and usage of these technologies by potential consumers. This study investigates whether the provision of more personal control to consumers can reduce their perceived risk, enhance the perceived value of the SST, and induce greater adoption intention associated with the innovation. Propositions are tested using an experiment. Multiple analysis of covariance and follow‐up tests either fully or partially supported 11 out of 12 hypotheses. A set of managerial implications and recommendations is provided.
Effectiveness of tailored and non‐tailored educational materials to promote nutrition label reading
Authors: Kreuter Matthew W. , Lukwago Susan N. , Brennan Laura K. , Scharff Darcell P. , Wadud Eric S.
Published: October 2002

A randomized field trial compared the effectiveness of three types of printed educational materials designed to increase nutrition label reading. Adult primary care patients (n=915) from four health centers in Missouri were recruited from the lobby while waiting to see a doctor. Participants completed a baseline assessment and were randomly assigned to one of three intervention groups or to a control group. A three‐month follow‐up questionnaire was mailed to participants’ homes. Printed materials were either tailored and personalized, general and personalized, or general and non‐personalized. Main outcome measures were patients’ recall and ratings of the nutrition education materials, and self‐reported use of nutrition labels. Chi‐square analyses compared rates of recall and ratings of the materials across the four study groups. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify group differences on each outcome. Results and conclusions are discussed.
Resistance to health promotion: a preliminary comparative investigation of British and Australian students
Authors: Crossley Michele L.
Published: October 2002

Recent empirical and theoretical research suggests increasing resistance by the general public to health promotion messages and interventions. Using the recently developed “health resistance scale” this paper presents the comparative results obtained in a number of different samples. The main objective is to assess the extent to which “health resistance” differs amongst these samples. In addition, the paper provides further clarification of the concept of “health resistance”. The HR scale was distributed in the form of a questionnaire to two student samples, one from the University of Manchester, UK (n=167), the other from the University of Sydney, Australia (n=188). In each sample, students were selected from the three different faculties of arts, business and dentistry. Results from the random sample on which the original HR measure was developed are compared. Measures of health perception, health behaviours and psychological reactance were also obtained.
Elementary school students’ understanding of the common cold
Authors: Badani Rupal V. , Schonfeld David J.
Published: October 2002

This study examines children’s understanding of the causality, treatment, and prevention of the common cold. Using a standardized, developmentally‐based, semi‐structured interview (ASK), 800 children (43 per cent black, 38 per cent white, 18 per cent Hispanic; 48 per cent female) in kindergarten through sixth grade attending six public elementary/middle schools in New Haven, Connecticut, USA were asked open‐ended questions about the causality, treatment, and prevention of the common cold. Responses were scored for factual content. The study found that with increasing grade level, a greater percentage of students mentioned contagion and germs as causes of the cold, medicine as a means of treatment, and avoidance of casual contact as a means of prevention. Common misconceptions were identified across all grade levels. These misconceptions did not decrease as children acquired more factual information about colds. Additionally, these misconceptions did not appear to stem from developmental constraints in children’s ability to comprehend illness concepts, indicating that health education can and should begin early in school.
Using focus groups to explore children’s perceptions of smoking: reflections on practice
Authors: Porcellato Lorna , Dughill Lindsey , Springett Jane
Published: October 2002

This paper reflects on the appropriateness of using focus groups with young children, based on a real life study carried out in Liverpool, UK which used 12, single‐sex focus groups (n=50, mean age=7) to explore children’s perceptions of smoking. The technique proved both useful and appropriate for young children, although in practice the groups needed more direction by the moderator than is thought to be ideal with adults. The findings produced by the study were comparable to those attained by other research methods. There was no evidence of over conformity as a range of responses were given, and the children appeared to enjoy the exercise, which encouraged spontaneity. We conclude, with certain preconditions, that focus groups with young children are a viable method for exploring young children’s perspectives but need to be small in number, homogenous and interactive, to maintain a high level of interest.
Contact styles
Authors: Bentley Trevor
Published: October 2002

Indicates ways in which contact styles can significantly enhance and interrupt learning. Claims there is considerable benefit to be obtained by everyone assessing their contact style tendencies and then moderating them so that they become more helpful in maintaining contact and learning. Discusses six contact styles that impact on our contact and engagement with people and ideas.
Leading with the Tao: the energizing power of respect
Authors: Dreher Diane E.
Published: October 2002

Written over 25 centuries ago in ancient China, the Tao Te Ching offers ideational principles and practical guidelines for today’s learning organizations. By portraying the energy patterns that recur throughout creation, the Tao provides new insights for planning and problem solving. By focusing on process, the Tao reveals the vital connection between personal growth and growth in organizations. Unlike mechanistic management that treats people like replaceable parts, leading with the Tao respects people and process, leveraging positive personal and organizational change to produce greater energy, innovation, and productivity.
Refocusing learning on pedagogy in a connected world
Authors: San Chee Yam
Published: October 2002

Advances in technology provide valuable opportunities for furthering the goals and methods of education. In this paper, we argue that, unfortunately, many of these opportunities are not seized because of restrictive conceptions of education that constrain teachers to viewing the educational mission primarily in terms of providing instruction. Adopting a pedagogical stance on this issue leads us to a fundamental rethink of how technology can and should be used. From this reconsideration, we conclude that using technology predominantly to provide access to learning content is a misguided use of technology. Technology is rendered more powerful for learning objectives when it is used to support learning‐by‐doing. Technological advancement on its own does not lead to better education. Pedagogical guidance is vital if technology is to be productive for human learning.
Modeling of Riser Response for DP Control
Authors: Leira Bernt J. , Chen Qiaofeng , Sørensen Asgeir J. , Larsen Carl M.
Published: October 2002

The present paper is concerned with modeling of riser response to static and dynamic loading. Focus is on top and bottom angles which are of crucial importance, e.g., during drilling and workover operations. Parametric studies are performed for a representative deep-water riser configuration. The relationship between surface floater motion and angle responses is investigated. In a wider context, the possibility of reducing the maximum response levels by dynamic positioning of the floater is the main objective. It is illustrated by a numerical simulation of the system behavior how the response relations obtained herein can be utilized for such a purpose. Generally, minimization of one of the riser end angles by adjusting the vessel position can only take place at the cost of increasing the other one. Hence, an optimum position should be defined by considering both angles but with different weight functions. An attractive approach is to determine these weights as functions of the respective reliability indices for each of the two angles. The viability of this scheme is also explored by numerical simulation for the same example riser configuration.
Stepwise Response Surface Method and its Application in Reliability Analysis of Ship Hull Structure
Authors: Yu Lei , Das Purnendu K. , Zheng Yunlong
Published: October 2002

A stepwise response surface approach is proposed in this paper. The response surface is determined by modified stepwise regression, so that the square and cross terms can be absorbed into the model automatically according to their actual contribution, which is calculated by repeated variance analysis. Besides, by applying a weighting factor to the statistical value of contribution and changing the thresholds of introduction and rejection, the entry of each term can be controlled in a fairly flexible manner. None other criteria than those in the traditional statistics are needed to check the goodness of fit. Considering the relatively small sample set at the beginning, the algorithm starts with a linear response surface. As the adaptive iteration proceeds, the bar to quadratic terms is lifted gradually to allow ordered entry. Since the sampling points in one step of iteration are recycled in the succeeding ones, a simple experimental design is enough to fit a robust response surface. A double bottom hull system is analyzed with randomized Young’s modulus, load distribution, and geometric properties. The sensitivity analysis is also performed with respect to the random variables and the parameters in their distributions.
Drilling of Aramid and Carbon Fiber Polymer Composites
Authors: Won M. S. , Dharan C. K. H.
Published: October 2002

Drilling tests were conducted on aramid and carbon fiber-reinforced composite laminates using an instrumented machining center. Machining parameters for the damage-free drilling of these materials were established together with semi-empirical relationships between drilling forces and cutting parameters. The drilling force responses as a function of various feed rates and drill sizes were characterized to define the key process stages taking place during a drilling cycle. Using a previously established delamination-based criterion for initiating damage during drilling, the critical feed rate for damage-free drilling was established for the two composite material types: aramid and carbon fiber-reinforced polymer laminates. Independent measurements of the opening-mode delamination crack energy release rates were conducted on both materials to determine the critical thrust force for damage initiation. This study establishes the key process stages exhibited by carbon and aramid fiber composites during drilling, the critical threshold feed rates to avoid damage, and machining relations that can be utilized for the design of intelligent controllers for efficient drilling of composite laminates.
Environmentally Benign Manufacturing: Trends in Europe, Japan, and the USA
Authors: Allen Dave , Bauer Diana , Bras Bert , Gutowski Tim , Murphy Cindy , Piwonka Tom , Sheng Paul , Sutherland John , Thurston Deborah , Wolff Egon
Published: October 2002

In this paper, findings of the Panel for International Assessment of Environmentally Benign Manufacturing Technologies, sponsored by the United States National Science Foundation, are discussed. The mission of this interdisciplinary panel was to assess the international state-of-the-art in Environmentally Benign Manufacturing (EBM), and to identify priorities and collaborative opportunities. Over 50 sites in Japan, Europe and the United States were visited over the course of the yearlong study. This paper focuses on some global trends that were observed.
Modeling of Residual Stress in Grinding of Nodular Cast Iron
Authors: Xiao Guoxian , Stevenson Robin , Hanna Ihab M. , Hucker Scott A.
Published: October 2002

In grinding operations, the high specific energy generates high temperatures in the grinding zone, and therefore causes various types of thermal damage on the workpiece surface such as burn or high tensile residual stresses. High tensile residual stresses attract significant attention because they may initiate cracks on the surface, either immediately after grinding or under in-service loading. Cracking will significantly reduce component life. Thus, avoidance of surface damage in general, and residual stresses in particular, dominates any discussion of quality/productivity trade-offs in grinding. By increasing the material removal rate (MRR) productivity is enhanced but the temperature and temperature gradient in the grinding zone are increased as is the likelihood and severity of surface damage. Currently there is no analytic or numerical tool for predicting residual stresses in ground parts. Thus developing a robust grinding process while minimizing residual stress is a lengthy trial and error process. This report proposes an analytic model, based on the temperature profile in the workpiece, for predicting the severity of the residual stress under various grinding cycles. Further, the model also comprehends the cumulative effects of multiple grinding passes (which are routinely employed in any production grinding environment) and predicts the final residual stress after the complete process cycle has been completed. In addition to achieving excellent correlation with measured residual stresses, the validity of the model assumptions was evaluated and independently verified.
Machining Quality and Cost: Estimation and Tradeoffs
Authors: Nicolaou Panicos , Thurston Deborah L. , Carnahan James V.
Published: October 2002

Simultaneous improvement of machining cost, quality and environmental impact is sometimes possible, but after the Pareto optimal frontier has been reached, decisions must be made regarding unavoidable tradeoffs. This paper presents a method for formulating a mathematical model for first estimating quality, cost and cutting fluid wastewater treatment impacts of two machining operations (end milling and drilling), and then for tradeoff decision making. The milling quality estimation model is developed through virtual experimentation on a simulation model, while the drilling quality estimation model is developed through physical experimentation. Cost is estimated through an activity based costing approach. Cutting fluid wastewater treatment impacts (BOD and TSS) are estimated through stoichiometric analysis of cutting fluids. Input decision variables include material choice, design, manufacturing and limited lubrication parameters. The contribution of this paper is the integration of activity based cost estimation, machining quality estimation via statistical analysis of data from virtual and physical experiments, cutting fluid wastewater treatment impact estimation and formal decision theory. A case study of an automotive steering knuckle is presented, where decision variables include material choice (cast iron versus aluminum), feed rate, cutting speed and wet versus dry machining.
Fatigue Fracture Investigation of Cemented Carbide Tools in Gear Hobbing, Part 1: FEM Modeling of Fly Hobbing and Computational Interpretation of Experimental Results
Authors: Antoniadis A. , Vidakis N. , Bilalis N.
Published: October 2002

Gear hobbing is a highly utilized flexible manufacturing process for massive production of external gears. However, the complex geometry of cutting hobs is responsible for the almost exclusive utilization of high-speed steel (HSS) as cutting tool material. The limited cutting performance of HSS, even coated HSS, restricts the application of high cutting speeds and restricts the full exploitation of modern CNC hobbing machine tools. The application of cemented carbide tools was considered as a potential alternative to modern production requirements. In former investigations an experimental variation of gear hobbing, the so-called fly hobbing was applied, in order to specify the cutting performance of cemented carbide tools in gear production. These thorough experiments indicated that cracks, which were not expected, might occur in specific cutting cases, leading to the early failure of the entire cutting tool. In order to interpret computationally the reasons for these failures, an FEM simulation of the cutting process was developed, supported by advanced software tools able to determine the chip formation and the cutting forces during gear hobbing. The computational results explain sufficiently the failure mechanisms and they are quite in line with the experimental findings. The first part of this paper applies the verified parametric FEM model for various cutting cases, indicating the most risky cutting teeth with respect to their fatigue danger. In a step forward, the second part of the paper illustrates the effect of various technological and geometric parameters to the expected tool life. Therefore, the optimization of the cutting process is enabled, through the proper selection of cutting parameters, which can eliminate the failure danger of cemented carbide cutting tools, thus achieving satisfactory cost effectiveness.
Fatigue Fracture Investigation of Cemented Carbide Tools in Gear Hobbing, Part 2: The Effect of Cutting Parameters on the Level of Tool Stresses—A Quantitative Parametric Analysis
Authors: Antoniadis A. , Vidakis N. , Bilalis N.
Published: October 2002

Gear Hobbing is a complex gear manufacturing method, possessing great industrial significance. The convoluted geometry of the cutting tools brings on modeling problems and is the main reason for the almost exclusive application of HSS as cutting material. However, despite its complicated kinematics, gear hobbing is sufficiently described by well-established software tools, which were presented in the first part of the present paper. Experimental investigations exhibited the cutting performance of cemented carbide cutting teeth, which were expected to be potential alternatives for massive hob production. In these cutting experiments, hardmetal tools exhibited in several cases early and unexpected brittle failures, which were interpreted by the FRSFEM model in the first part of the paper. This analysis indicated that the occurring dynamic stresses are the reason for the observed fatigue failures on the cemented carbide tools. The occurring stresses are highly dependent on the selection of cutting parameters and on the tool geometry. Therefore, the proper selection of the cutting data may prevent the early tool failures, as the dominant parameters for tool wear, allowing it to be worn out by the conventional abrasive mechanisms. Thus, the doubtless dominance of cemented carbide over the HSS tools, may be rendered. The present work illustrates a parametric analysis, which describes quantitatively the effect of various cutting and technological parameters on the stress level occurring in gear hobbing, with cemented carbide cutting teeth. Hereby, the optimization of the tool life is enabled, allowing the maximum exploitation of modern gear hobbing machine tools. Optimized gear hobbing with cemented carbide tools may be used, in order to introduce higher cutting speeds in massive gear production.
A Model for Predicting the Heat Flow into the Workpiece in Dry Drilling
Authors: Bono Matthew , Ni Jun
Published: October 2002

A model is developed for predicting the heat that flows into the workpiece during dry drilling processes. The model can be applied to any drill of known geometry. The measured drilling thrust and torque are used as inputs in an oblique cutting analysis, and an advection heat partition model is developed to calculate heat flux loads on a finite element model of the workpiece. Experiments using embedded thermocouples have verified that the model accurately predicts the temperature field in the workpiece for a range of drilling speeds and feeds.
Analysis of Sound Signal Generation Due to Flank Wear in Turning
Authors: Lu Ming-Chyuan , Kannatey-Asibu, Elijah
Published: October 2002

A new concept is introduced to model the main effect of tool wear on system dynamics during stable cutting. Audible sound generated from the cutting process is analyzed as a source for monitoring tool wear during turning, assuming adhesive wear as the predominant wear mechanism. The analysis incorporates the dynamics of the cutting process. In modeling the interaction on the flank surface, the asperities on the surfaces are represented as a trapezoidal series function with normal distribution. The effect of changing asperity height, size, spacing, and the stiffness of the asperity interaction is investigated and compared with experimental data.
Machinability of Pearlitic Cast Iron With Cubic Boron Nitride (CBN) Cutting Tools
Authors: Liu Jiancheng , Yamazaki Kazuo , Ueda Hiroyuki , Narutaki Norihiko , Yamane Yasuo
Published: October 2002

In order to increase the accurate finishing productivity of pearlitic cast iron, face milling by CBN (Cubic Boron Nitride) cutting tools was studied. The main focus of the study is the machinability investigation of pearlitic cast iron with CBN cutting tools by studying the relationships among machining conditions such as feed rate, cutting speed as well as CBN cutting tool type, tool wear, workpiece surface quality, cutting forces, and cutting temperature. In addition, an emphasis is put on the effect of Al additive in pearlitic cast iron on its machinability and tool wear characteristics. High-speed milling experiments with CBN cutting tools were conducted on a vertical machining center under different machining conditions. The results obtained provide a useful understanding of milling performance by CBN cutting tools.
Laser-Assisted Machining of Reaction Sintered Mullite Ceramics
Authors: Rebro Patrick A. , Shin Yung C. , Incropera Frank P.
Published: October 2002

The present study focuses on the evaluation of the laser-assisted machining (LAM) of pressureless sintered mullite ceramics. Due to mullite’s low thermal diffusivity and tensile strength, a new method for applying laser power is devised to eliminate cracking and fracture of the workpiece during laser heating. The LAM process is characterized in terms of cutting force, surface temperature, chip morphology, tool wear, surface roughness and subsurface damage for a variety of operating conditions. Estimated material removal temperatures and the ratio of the feed force to the main cutting force are used to determine material removal mechanisms and regimes for brittle fracture and semi-continuous and continuous chip formation. Surface roughness and subsurface damage are compared between typical parts produced by LAM and grinding. Tool wear characteristics are investigated for variations in laser power, and hence material removal temperature, during LAM of mullite with carbide tools.
A Method for Measuring the Temperature Distribution Along the Cutting Edges of a Drill
Authors: Bono Matthew , Ni Jun
Published: October 2002

A drill-foil thermocouple system is developed for measuring the temperature distribution along the cutting edges of a drill. The system is simple to implement, and it does not suffer the problems experienced by previously developed methods. Experiments show that the method is accurate, produces repeatable measurements, and is sensitive to the drilling conditions, including the speed, feed, and drill geometry.
Dynasim—A Time Domain Simulator of Anchored FPSO
Authors: Nishimoto Kazuo , Fucatu Carlos H. , Masetti Isaias Q.
Published: October 2002

The prediction of the dynamic behavior of moored tankers like FPSO system is very important to the mooring systems design. There are several types of mooring systems, such as Turret, Spread Mooring System (SMS) and Single Point Mooring (SPM), for which the specification of number and dimensions of the lines depends on the dynamic of the entire system composed by tanker and mooring and riser lines. Although several moored systems were already installed as a positioning system of FPSO, there are still some unknowns that should be investigated to provide more safety and lower cost systems. The drag/damping terms on the ship hull and the mooring and riser lines damping are one of the most important terms in the dynamics of the moored tanker that should be investigated. The hydrodynamic model due to the interaction between hull and fluid has been very studied due to the complexity of the phenomenon. The authors have studied the models of several researchers and three of them were picked up and implemented in the DYNASIM, a moored ship dynamic simulator. These models will be discussed and compared. In deep water, the total length of the mooring lines and risers becomes large and consequently the forces acting on these elements become more important. However, in many cases these important forces acting on the lines have not been considered. There are some works that point out the magnitude of the damping forces of the lines. Recently, a full scale decay test using a 30kDWT moored tanker was realized in Brazil offshore. The results showed the significance of the line damping, in particular on surge motion. Another important phenomenon that has been discussed is the wave drift damping term. There are several research studies concern’s this force resulting in several estimation methodologies. However, only surge direction has been considered important and there is little research about the damping in others directions. The time simulation methodology will be used to analyze and compare the effects of each term in the dynamics of the system. Finally, the comparison between simulated results and model test data will be performed in order to validate the model proposed. In this study, the experimental data of DICAS system (Differentiated Compliant Anchoring System) will be used.
Whither the Museum?
Authors: Sabloff Jeremy A.
Published: October 2002

Treasures on Earth
. Museums, Collections and Pardoxes. Keith S. Thomson. Faber and Faber, London, 2002. 128 pp. Paper, £12.99. ISBN 0-571-21295-6.

The Poetic Museum
. Reviving Historic Collections. Julian Spaulding. Prestel, London, 2002. 184 pp. £24.95. ISBN 3-7913-2678-3.

Making Museums Matter
. Reviving Historic Collections. Stephen E. Weil. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, 2002. 287 pp. $40. ISBN 1-58834-025-2. Paper, $18.95. ISBN 1-58834-000-7.

These three books discuss the current state of museums, the challenges such institutions face, and changes that may improve their futures.
Role of
Toxoplasma gondii
Myosin A in Powering Parasite Gliding and Host Cell Invasion
Authors: Meissner Markus , Schlüter Dirk , Soldati Dominique
Published: October 2002

Obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasites rely on gliding motion powered by their actomyosin system to disperse throughout tissues and to penetrate host cells.
Toxoplasma gondii
myosin A has been implicated in this process, but direct proof has been lacking. We designed a genetic screen to generate a tetracycline-inducible transactivator system in
T. gondii
. The
MyoA
gene was disrupted in the presence of a second regulatable copy of
MyoA
. Conditional removal of this myosin caused severe impairment in host cell invasion and parasite spreading in cultured cells, and unambiguously established the pathogenic function of this motor in an animal model.
Oscillatory Expression of the bHLH Factor Hes1 Regulated by a Negative Feedback Loop
Authors: Hirata Hiromi , Yoshiura Shigeki , Ohtsuka Toshiyuki , Bessho Yasumasa , Harada Takahiro , Yoshikawa Kenichi , Kageyama Ryoichiro
Published: October 2002

Transcription of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) for Notch signaling molecules oscillates with 2-hour cycles, and this oscillation is important for coordinated somite segmentation. However, the molecular mechanism of such oscillation remains to be determined. Here, we show that serum treatment of cultured cells induces cyclic expression of both mRNA and protein of the Notch effector Hes1, a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) factor, with 2-hour periodicity. Cycling is cell-autonomous and depends on negative autoregulation of
hes1
transcription and ubiquitin-proteasome–mediated degradation of Hes1 protein. Because Hes1 oscillation can be seen in many cell types, this clock may regulate timing in many biological systems.
Targeting of Cyclic AMP Degradation to β
2
-Adrenergic Receptors by β-Arrestins
Authors: Perry Stephen J. , Baillie George S. , Kohout Trudy A. , McPhee Ian , Magiera Maria M. , Ang Kok Long , Miller William E. , McLean Alison J. , Conti Marco , Houslay Miles D. , Lefkowitz Robert J.
Published: October 2002

Catecholamines signal through the β
2
-adrenergic receptor by promoting production of the second messenger adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP). The magnitude of this signal is restricted by desensitization of the receptors through their binding to β-arrestins and by cAMP degradation by phosphodiesterase (PDE) enzymes. We show that β-arrestins coordinate both processes by recruiting PDEs to activated β
2
-adrenergic receptors in the plasma membrane of mammalian cells. In doing so, the β-arrestins limit activation of membrane-associated cAMP-activated protein kinase by simultaneously slowing the rate of cAMP production through receptor desensitization and increasing the rate of its degradation at the membrane.
Reversal of Bone Loss in Mice by Nongenotropic Signaling of Sex Steroids
Authors: Kousteni S. , Chen J.-R. , Bellido T. , Han L. , Ali A. A. , O'Brien C. A. , Plotkin L. , Fu Q. , Mancino A. T. , Wen Y. , Vertino A. M. , Powers C. C. , Stewart S. A. , Ebert R. , Parfitt A. M. , Weinstein R. S. , Jilka R. L. , Manolagas S. C.
Published: October 2002

We show that sex steroids protect the adult murine skeleton through a mechanism that is distinct from that used to preserve the mass and function of reproductive organs. The classical genotropic actions of sex steroid receptors are dispensable for their bone protective effects, but essential for their effects on reproductive tissues. A synthetic ligand (4-estren-3α,17β-diol) that reproduces the nongenotropic effects of sex steroids, without affecting classical transcription, increases bone mass and strength in ovariectomized females above the level of the estrogen-replete state and is at least as effective as dihydrotestosterone in orchidectomized males, without affecting reproductive organs. Such ligands merit investigation as potential therapeutic alternatives to hormone replacement for osteoporosis of bone mass in both women and men.
Robotic Observations of Dust Storm Enhancement of Carbon Biomass in the North Pacific
Authors: Bishop James K. B. , Davis Russ E. , Sherman Jeffrey T.
Published: October 2002

Two autonomous robotic profiling floats deployed in the subarctic North Pacific on 10 April 2001 provided direct records of carbon biomass variability from surface to 1000 meters below surface at daily and diurnal time scales. Eight months of real-time data documented the marine biological response to natural events, including hydrographic changes, multiple storms, and the April 2001 dust event. High-frequency observations of upper ocean particulate organic carbon variability show a near doubling of biomass in the mixed layer over a 2-week period after the passage of a cloud of Gobi desert dust. The temporal evolution of particulate organic carbon enhancement and an increase in chlorophyll use efficiency after the dust storm suggest a biotic response to a natural iron fertilization by the dust.
The Effect of Size-Dependent Nanoparticle Energetics on Catalyst Sintering
Authors: Campbell Charles T. , Parker Stephen C. , Starr David E.
Published: October 2002

Calorimetric measurements of metal adsorption energies directly provide the energies of metal atoms in supported metal nanoparticles. As the metal coverage increases, the particles grow, revealing the dependence of this energy on particle size, which is found to be much stronger than predicted with the usual Gibbs-Thompson relation. It is shown that this knowledge is crucial to accurately model long-term sintering rates of metal nanoparticles in catalysts.
Postsynaptic Signaling and Plasticity Mechanisms
Authors: Sheng Morgan , Kim Myung Jong
Published: October 2002

In excitatory synapses of the brain, specific receptors in the postsynaptic membrane lie ready to respond to the release of the neurotransmitter glutamate from the presynaptic terminal. Upon stimulation, these glutamate receptors activate multiple biochemical pathways that transduce signals into the postsynaptic neuron. Different kinds of synaptic activity elicit different patterns of postsynaptic signals that lead to short- or long-lasting strengthening or weakening of synaptic transmission. The complex molecular mechanisms that underlie postsynaptic signaling and plasticity are beginning to emerge.
Emerging Roles of Presynaptic Proteins in Ca
++
-Triggered Exocytosis
Authors: Rettig Jens , Neher Erwin
Published: October 2002

Molecules involved in late steps of neurotransmitter release at the synapse can be examined by noting the two speeds of the components of the exocytotic burst that are triggered by an increase in free Ca
++
. From studies of Ca
++
-dependent exocytosis of large dense-core vesicles in chromaffin cells, it seems that initiation of the SNARE complex is the molecular event underlying the priming process and that Munc13 acts as a priming factor by opening syntaxin. If synaptic mechanisms are similar, much could be learned from the molecular and kinetic studies that can be performed in chromaffin cells. The twinning of techiques from biophysics and molecular biology has led to remarkable progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms of synaptic transmission. Here we review the current picture of Ca
++
-triggered exocytosis, which has emerged from studies of a simple cellular model, the adrenal chromaffin cell. We discuss the molecular players that have been assigned a specific role in a particular step of this process and give a brief outlook on what these insights might tell us about mechanisms of short-term plasticity at classical synapses.
Global Air Pollution Crossroads over the Mediterranean
Authors: Lelieveld J. , Berresheim H. , Borrmann S. , Crutzen P. J. , Dentener F. J. , Fischer H. , Feichter J. , Flatau P. J. , Heland J. , Holzinger R. , Korrmann R. , Lawrence M. G. , Levin Z. , Markowicz K. M. , Mihalopoulos N. , Minikin A. , Ramanathan V. , de Reus M. , Roelofs G. J. , Scheeren H. A. , Sciare J. , Schlager H. , Schultz M. , Siegmund P. , Steil B. , Stephanou E. G. , Stier P. , Traub M. , Warneke C. , Williams J. , Ziereis H.
Published: October 2002

The Mediterranean Intensive Oxidant Study, performed in the summer of 2001, uncovered air pollution layers from the surface to an altitude of 15 kilometers. In the boundary layer, air pollution standards are exceeded throughout the region, caused by West and East European pollution from the north. Aerosol particles also reduce solar radiation penetration to the surface, which can suppress precipitation. In the middle troposphere, Asian and to a lesser extent North American pollution is transported from the west. Additional Asian pollution from the east, transported from the monsoon in the upper troposphere, crosses the Mediterranean tropopause, which pollutes the lower stratosphere at middle latitudes.
Cancer Regression and Autoimmunity in Patients After Clonal Repopulation with Antitumor Lymphocytes
Authors: Dudley Mark E. , Wunderlich John R. , Robbins Paul F. , Yang James C. , Hwu Patrick , Schwartzentruber Douglas J. , Topalian Suzanne L. , Sherry Richard , Restifo Nicholas P. , Hubicki Amy M. , Robinson Michael R. , Raffeld Mark , Duray Paul , Seipp Claudia A. , Rogers-Freezer Linda , Morton Kathleen E. , Mavroukakis Sharon A. , White Donald E. , Rosenberg Steven A.
Published: October 2002

We report here the adoptive transfer, to patients with metastatic melanoma, of highly selected tumor-reactive T cells directed against overexpressed self-derived differentiation antigens after a nonmyeloablative conditioning regimen. This approach resulted in the persistent clonal repopulation of T cells in those cancer patients, with the transferred cells proliferating in vivo, displaying functional activity, and trafficking to tumor sites. This led to regression of the patients' metastatic melanoma as well as to the onset of autoimmune melanocyte destruction. This approach presents new possibilities for the treatment of patients with cancer as well as patients with human immunodeficiency virus–related acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and other infectious diseases.
A Scientific Rhetoric
Authors: Ceccarelli Leah
Published: October 2002

Communicating Science
. The Scientific Article from the 17th Century to the Present. Alan G. Gross, Joseph E. Harmon, and Michael Reidy. Oxford University Press, New York, 2002. 279 pp. $60, £45. ISBN 0-19-513454-0.

The authors examine aspects such as style, presentation of text and images, and argumentation in examples of papers drawn from the scientific literature in English, French, and German.
Direct Observation of Percolation in a Manganite Thin Film
Authors: Zhang Liuwan , Israel Casey , Biswas Amlan , Greene R. L. , de Lozanne Alex
Published: October 2002

Upon cooling, the isolated ferromagnetic domains in thin films of La
0.33
Pr
0.34
Ca
0.33
MnO
3
start to grow and merge at the metal-insulator transition temperature
T
P1
, leading to a steep drop in resistivity, and continue to grow far below
T
P1
. In contrast, upon warming, the ferromagnetic domain size remains unchanged until near the transition temperature. The jump in the resistivity results from the decrease in the average magnetization. The ferromagnetic domains almost disappear at a temperature
T
P2
higher than
T
P1
, showing a local magnetic hysteresis in agreement with the resistivity hysteresis. Even well above
T
P2
, some ferromagnetic domains with higher transition temperatures are observed, indicating magnetic inhomogeneity. These results may shed more light on the origin of the magnetoresistance in these materials.
New Life for Dead Things (in Jars)
Authors: Gramates L. Sian
Published: October 2002

The Darwin Centre
The Natural History Museum. Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK.
www.nhm.ac.uk/darwincentre/

The newest building at London's Natural History Museum in London combines storage facilities for the specimens preserved in alcohol and a behind-the-scenes view of museum work and research.
Network Motifs: Simple Building Blocks of Complex Networks
Authors: Milo R. , Shen-Orr S. , Itzkovitz S. , Kashtan N. , Chklovskii D. , Alon U.
Published: October 2002

Complex networks are studied across many fields of science. To uncover their structural design principles, we defined “network motifs,” patterns of interconnections occurring in complex networks at numbers that are significantly higher than those in randomized networks. We found such motifs in networks from biochemistry, neurobiology, ecology, and engineering. The motifs shared by ecological food webs were distinct from the motifs shared by the genetic networks of
Escherichia coli
and
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
or from those found in the World Wide Web. Similar motifs were found in networks that perform information processing, even though they describe elements as different as biomolecules within a cell and synaptic connections between neurons in
Caenorhabditis elegans
. Motifs may thus define universal classes of networks. This approach may uncover the basic building blocks of most networks.
A DNA Methyltransferase Can Protect the Genome from Postdisturbance Attack by a Restriction-Modification Gene Complex
Authors: Takahashi Noriko , Naito Yasuhiro , Handa Naofumi , Kobayashi Ichizo
Published: October 2002

In prokaryotic genomes, some DNA methyltransferases form a restriction-modification gene complex, but some others are present by themselves. Dcm gene product, one of these orphan methyltransferases found in
Escherichia coli
and related bacteria, methylates DNA to generate 5′-C
m
CWGG just as some of its eukaryotic homologues do. Vsr mismatch repair function of an adjacent gene prevents C-to-T mutagenesis enhanced by this methylation but promotes other types of mutation and likely has affected genome evolution. The reason for the existence of the
dcm
-
vsr
gene pair has been unclear. Earlier we found that several restriction-modification gene complexes behave selfishly in that their loss from a cell leads to cell killing through restriction attack on the genome. There is also increasing evidence for their potential mobility.
Eco
RII restriction-modification gene complex recognizes the same sequence as Dcm, and its methyltransferase is phylogenetically related to Dcm. In the present work, we found that stabilization of maintenance of a plasmid by linkage of
Eco
RII gene complex, likely through postsegregational cell killing, is diminished by
dcm
function. Disturbance of
Eco
RII restriction-modification gene complex led to extensive chromosome degradation and severe loss of cell viability. This cell killing was partially suppressed by chromosomal
dcm
and completely abolished by
dcm
expressed from a plasmid. Dcm, therefore, can play the role of a “molecular vaccine” by defending the genome against parasitism by a restriction-modification gene complex.