Metformin associates with improved myocardial perfusion reserve and survival in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Sharrack Noor , Knott Kristopher D , Gulsin Gaurav S , Kotecha Tushar , Brown Louise AE , Yeo Jian L , Porcari Aldostefano , Adam Robert D , Thirunavukarasu Sharmaine , Chowdhary Amrit , Levelt Eylem , Moon James C , McCann Gerry P , Fontana Marianna , Kellman Peter , Munyombwe Theresa , Gale Christopher , Buckley David L , Greenwood John P , Swoboda Peter P , Plein Sven 
Published: April 2023

Background

Metformin is an antihyperglycemic agent frequently used in the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Patients with T2DM are at increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, including coronary artery disease (CAD), silent myocardial infarction (MI) and coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD), all of which can be detected and quantified using Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR). We explored the association between metformin use, stress Myocardial Blood Flow (MBF), Myocardial Perfusion Reserve (MPR), survival and major adverse cardiovascular and cerbrovasular events (MACCE; a composite of all-cause death, MI, stroke, heart failure hospitalisation and coronary revascularisation) in patients with T2DM.

Methods

A multi-centre study of patients with T2DM, and a cohort of healthy controls underwent quantitative myocardial perfusion CMR. Global MBF and MPR were derived using an automatic artificial intelligence-supported process. Multivariable regression analysis and cox proportional hazard models quantified associations between metformin use, MBF, MPR, all-cause death and MACCE.

Results

Analysis included 572 patients with T2DM (68% prescribed metformin) with median follow-up 851 days (interquartile range 935-765). Metformin use was associated with an increase in MPR of 0.12 [0.08-0.40], P=0.004. There was a total of 82 (14.3%) first MACCE in all T2DM patients including a total of 25 (4.4%) deaths. Although the number of first MACCE events was similar for patients prescribed metformin (53 (14%)) compared to those who were not (29 (15.8%) (P=0.73)), there was a total of 9 deaths (2.3%) in patients prescribed metformin compred to 16 (8.7%) in patients who were not, adjusted hazard ratio 0.29 [95% CI 0.12-0.73] P=0.009).

Conclusion

In patients with T2DM, metformin use is associated with higher MPR and improved survival.

Clinical Perspective

Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonane (CMR) can be used to detect and quantify absolute stress myocardial blood flow (MBF) and myocardial perfusion reserve (MPR), both of which are objective measures of coronary microvascular function. Metformin is frequently used in the treatment of T2DM. We investigated the association between metformin use, CMR-derived stress MBF, MPR and clinical outcomes in patients with T2DM.

In a longitudinal cohort study of patients with T2DM, metformin use was associated with higher MPR as a marker of microvascular function, and improved survival after adjusting for certain confounding parameters.

Further prospective studies are needed to confirm the association between metformin use and improved MPR and reduced mortality, as well as to clarify the mechanisms responsible and quantify the dose these associated outcomes are observed.

Central illustration