bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of airliner cabin textile materials after vapour phase hydrogen peroxide decontamination
Authors: Chou S. F. , Gale W. F. , Gale H. S. , Shannon C. G. , Buschle-Diller G. , Sofyan N. I.
Published: April 2009

Decontamination of airliner cabins may be required, for example, in the event of an epidemic or pandemic. To be performed safely, decontamination must be compatible with aircraft materials and systems. This paper examines the suitability, with respect to cabin textiles, of vapour phase hydrogen peroxide for airliner decontamination applications. The effect of vapour phase and liquid hydrogen peroxide on common airliner interior textile materials, namely wool, nylon, polyester, and Nomex, has been studied by examining the physical and chemical changes and the resulting effect on mechanical properties caused by decontamination. The physical changes induced by the sorption of moisture had an effect on the mechanical properties of all of the materials examined. However, only wool attacked chemically by hydrogen peroxide experience a significant effect on its mechanical properties.
Investigating influence of hybrid (yttria + copper) nanoparticulate reinforcements on microstructural development and tensile response of magnesium
Authors: Tun K. S. , Gupta M. , Srivatsan T. S.
Published: April 2009

In the present study, an attempt has been made to tailor the properties of monolithic magnesium by initially reinforcing it with a predetermined amount of nanosize yttria particulates followed by hybridising it with nanocopper particulates in two different volume percentages of 0·3 and 0·6 vol.-% respectively. Both the monolithic magnesium and magnesium nanocomposites were synthesised using the blend press sinter powder metallurgy technique followed by hot extrusion. For sintering of the materials, an innovative hybrid microwave sintering method was chosen with the objective of realising savings in both time and energy. Test results revealed that both strength and ductility of pure magnesium increased with the addition of yttria and a hybrid reinforcement mixture of yttria and copper nanoparticulates. The best combination of properties in uniaxial tension was obtained for the Mg/(0·7Y2O3+0·3Cu) hybrid nanocomposite. The observed improvement in properties is attributed to synergistic influences of a noticeable reduction in grain size of the hybrid nanocomposite, coexistence of both Y2O3 and copper to a reasonable extent, and a fairly uniform distribution of the reinforcement particulates and intermetallics. A scientific attempt is made in this study to highlight the significance of using hybrid reinforcements, at nanolength scale, in a pure magnesium matrix to obtain a noticeable increase in tensile properties.
Application of X-ray and neutron diffraction to determine lattice parameters and precipitate volume fractions in low misfit nickel base superalloys
Authors: Tiley J. , Srinivasan R. , Banerjee R. , Viswanathan G. B. , Toby B. , Fraser H. L.
Published: April 2009

Synchrotron X-ray diffraction and neutron diffraction techniques are employed to characterise the lattice parameters and volume fraction of γ and γ′ phases in a high strength nickel base superalloy. Samples of Rene88DT were solutionised at 1150°C and cooled under three different rates to provide fine and coarse γ′ size distributions. Samples were aged at 760°C to precipitate tertiary γ′ and coarsen secondary precipitates. Lattice parameter misfit and coefficient of thermal expansion parameters were also determined. Results indicate significant microstructure changes within the samples during the initial 25 h of aging.
Influence of coating and alloy additions on distribution of fibres and hardness of cast aluminium base short steel fibre reinforced composites
Authors: Mandal D. , Dutta B. K. , Panigrahi S. C.
Published: April 2009

In the present investigation, the effect of copper and nickel coating on the steel fibre and alloying addition on fibre distribution in Al, Al–2Mg and Al–4Cu alloy matrix composites was investigated experimentally. Short steel fibres reinforced composites were prepared through stir casting process and cast into a cast iron dies. An attempt is made in this study to establish the trend between processing parameters such as coating on the fibre and alloying addition with microstructure, density and hardness of composites. Fibre distribution in the cast composite along longitudinal and transverse direction was determined by sectioning several locations and microstructure, density and hardness investigation techniques. The results revealed that coating on the fibre and alloying addition influenced the fibre distribution in composites. The regions close to the top, bottom and the boundary wall were determined as the fibre segregation areas. Microstructure observation revealed that variation in fibre volume fraction was less in the case of copper coated fibre reinforced composite. Also Al–2Mg base composites reduced the variation of fibre volume fraction. The density and hardness value followed a similar pattern. Density and hardness values were higher at the top, near the side wall and bottom of the plate. Alloying with copper and coating with nickel increased the variation of hardness and density. Copper coating on the fibres as well as alloying with magnesium reduced the variation in fibre distribution. The more uniform fibre distribution was achieved in case of copper coated fibre reinforced composite.
Modelling dissolution of low melting point phases during the homogenisation of AA7020 aluminium alloy
Authors: Eivani A. R. , Ahmed H. , Zhou J. , Duszczyk J.
Published: April 2009

The presence of low melting points (LMP) phases in the structure of 7XXX series aluminium alloys restricts the extrusion speed applicable and extrudate shape complexity. It is thus of great interest to understand and quantify the dissolution behaviour of the LMP phases during homogenisation at various temperatures and times before extrusion. In this research, an interface reaction limited (IRL) model was applied to predict the dissolution of the LMP phases in terms of the radius and volume fraction of the LMP phases as a function of homogenisation time and temperature. A value of 3·7 × 10−6 m s−1 was predicted for the kinetic coefficient of the interface reaction, which is in the typical range of kinetic coefficients for the interface reaction limited processes. The predictions of the volume fraction of the dissolved LMP phases from the model were verified experimentally using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and a good agreement was found.
Interfacial reaction mode and its influence on tensile strength in laser joining Al alloy to Ti alloy
Authors: Chen S. H. , Li L. Q. , Chen Y. B.
Published: April 2009

In order to obtain a robust dissimilar joint of Al/Ti alloys, a filler wire of Al–12 wt-%Si and 45° V shape groove on the base metal were used during CO2 laser welding. Heat input had evident influence on the interfacial reaction mode. It was found that a dissolution mode for low heat input and a melting mode for high heat input exist at the joint interface, which was analysed from thermodynamic point of view. Tensile strength of the joints in the dissolution mode reached as high as 296 MPa, which was significantly higher than that in the melting mode.
Analysis of zonal shrinkage in alloy steels
Authors: Radovic Z. , Jaukovic N. , Lalovic M. , Tadic N.
Published: April 2009

Thermal behaviour of the solidifying steel structure is important for understanding of the defects during ingot solidification. During solidification and cooling, most metals shrink. As a consequence in upper part of solid ingot, pores and pipes of typical shapes and size are formed. Forming of pipes is closely related to the casting and solidification processing parameters. In the present paper the influence of liquid temperature, chemical composition and temperature gradient on the shrinkage intensity are investigated. The ratio of the pipe depth to total ingot height as a criterion of the pipe size is used. The values of the temperature gradients on the base of the numerical model solidification are obtained. The experimental measurements of temperature change have been carried out on laboratory steel ingot. The results by numerical model are compared with the experimental ones and showed a good agreement.
Molecular stratification model for prognosis in cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Santamaría Carlos M. , Chillón María C. , García-Sanz Ramón , Pérez Cristina , Caballero María D. , Ramos Fernando , de Coca Alfonso García , Alonso José M. , Giraldo Pilar , Bernal Teresa , Queizán José A. , Rodriguez Juan N. , Fernández-Abellán Pascual , Bárez Abelardo , Peñarrubia María J. , Balanzategui Ana , Vidriales María B. , Sarasquete María E. , Alcoceba Miguel , Díaz-Mediavilla Joaquín , San Miguel Jesús F. , Gonzalez Marcos
Published: April 2009

We have evaluated 9 new molecular markers (ERG, EVI1, MLL-PTD, MN1, PRAME, RHAMM, and WT1 gene-expression levels plus FLT3 and NPM1 mutations) in 121 de novo cytogenetically normal acute myeloblastic leukemias. In the multivariate analysis, high ERG or EVI1 and low PRAME expressions were associated with a shorter relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). A 0 to 3 score was given by assigning a value of 0 to favorable parameters (low ERG, low EVI1, and high PRAME) and 1 to adverse parameters. This model distinguished 4 subsets of patients with different OS (2-year OS of 79%, 65%, 46%, and 27%; P = .001) and RFS (2-year RFS of 92%, 65%, 49%, and 43%; P = .005). Furthermore, this score identified patients with different OS (P = .001) and RFS (P = .013), even within the FLT3/NPM1 intermediate-risk/high-risk subgroups. Here we propose a new molecular score for cytogenetically normal acute myeloblastic leukemias, which could improve patient risk-stratification.
3D magnetotelluric inversion using a limited-memory quasi-Newton optimization
Authors: Avdeev Dmitry , Avdeeva Anna
Published: April 2009

The limited-memory quasi-Newton method with simple bounds is used to develop a novel, fully 3D magnetotelluric (MT) inversion technique. This nonlinear inversion is based on iterative minimization of a classical Tikhonov regularized penalty function. However, instead of the usual model space of log resistivities, the approach iterates in a model space with simple bounds imposed on the conductivities of the 3D target. The method requires storage proportional to [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the number of conductivities to be recovered and [Formula: see text] is the number of correction pairs (practically, only a few). These requirements are much less than those imposed by other Newton methods, which usually require storage proportional to [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the number of data to be inverted. The derivatives of the penalty function are calculated using an adjoint method based on electromagnetic field reciprocity. The inversion involves all four entries of the MT impedance matrix; the [Formula: see text] integral equation forward-modeling code is used as an engine for this inversion. Convergence, performance, and accuracy of the inversion are demonstrated on synthetic numerical examples. After investigating erratic resistivities in the upper part of the model obtained for one of the examples, we conclude that the standard Tikhonov regularization is not enough to provide consistently smooth underground structures. An additional regularization helps to overcome the problem.
Narratorial Border Crossings in Major Early-Twentieth-Century English Novels
Authors: Daleski H. M.
Published: April 2009

The point of departure for the article is Gérard Genette's distinction between “the world in which one tells” and “the world of which one tells,” the division between the worlds being referred to as a “boundary” and a “frontier.” I propose to discuss the crossing of four kinds of narratorial border: a third-person movement into first-person territory; a shift from the impersonal domain to the personal; a crossing of the line between the consistent and the inconsistent in the use of free indirect discourse; and a movement beyond the restricted area of a monologic code in interior monologue. The article concentrates on a detailed analysis of examples in novels by D. H. Lawrence, Joseph Conrad, Arnold Bennett, Virginia Woolf, and James Joyce.
Three Decades of Writing on Manifesto: The Making of a Genre
Authors: Yanoshevsky Galia
Published: April 2009

The purpose of this article is twofold. First, it aims to survey the abundant writings on manifesto. The study of existing definitions reflects the diffuse frontiers, even the confusion, among the political, the artistic, and the literary manifesto to a point where, besides attributing to it certain generic characteristics, it is difficult to speak of an evolution of the manifesto. Second, this article seeks to show the relationship between scholarly work on manifesto and the position of the researcher in the academic field. The researcher's position in the field of literary criticism is determined by the subject matter of his or her research. Hence manifesto, though a subversive, marginal writing, helps him or her “move toward the center.” Marginal academic domains and peripheral research groups gain notice and centrality by advocating a new research program. Studies of manifestos played such a role for French Canadian literary scholars.
Synthesis of Several Types of Bridged Nucleic Acids
Authors: Rahman S M Abdur , Imanishi Takeshi , Obika Satoshi
Published: April 2009

A number of bridged nucleic acids with conformationally locked sugar moiety were synthesized from the readily accessible sugar derivatives. The conformations of the sugar moiety of the bridged nucleic acids (BNAs) are locked to either N-type or S-type sugar puckering. This article summarizes the synthesis of these nucleic acid analogues.
Preparation of Cu@Ag Core–Shell Nanoparticles Using a Two-step Polyol Process under Bubbling of N2 Gas
Authors: Tsuji Masaharu , Hikino Sachie , Sano Yoshiyuki , Horigome Misao
Published: April 2009

Cu core–Ag shell nanoparticles, denoted as Cu@Ag, were prepared using a two-step polyol reduction process under bubbling N2 gas. Formation of Cu@Ag particles with an average size of ca. 80 nm was confirmed using energy-dispersed X-ray spectroscopic (EDS) measurements. The Cu particle oxidation was suppressed greatly by Ag shell covering.
Selective Uptake of Aromatic Compounds from Aqueous Solutions by Mg–Al Layered Double Hydroxide Intercalated with 2,7-Naphthalenedisulfonate
Authors: Kameda Tomohito , Yamazaki Takashi , Yoshioka Toshiaki
Published: April 2009

Mg–Al layered double hydroxide intercalated with 2,7-naphthalenedisulfonate ions (2,7-NDS·Mg–Al LDH) selectively absorbs aromatic compounds from aqueous solutions. The amount of material absorbed by 2,7-NDS·Mg–Al LDH depends on the electron-donating or electron-withdrawing properties of the functional groups on the molecules to be absorbed. The absorption mechanism is dependent on the π–π stacking interactions between the aromatic ring of the molecules to be absorbed and the naphthalene moiety of 2,7-NDS2−.
Expeditious Construction of Quinazolines via Brønsted Acid-induced C–H Activation: Further Extension of “tert-Amino Effect”
Authors: Mori Keiji , Ohshima Yoshitaka , Ehara Kensuke , Akiyama Takahiko
Published: April 2009

A simple method for the synthesis of quinazolines was developed by exploiting the “tert-amino effect.” A catalytic amount of Brønsted acid (TsOH·H2O) worked as an effective activator for the concise construction of a quinazoline framework from o-formylaniline and amine.
Drastic Change in Dimensional Structures of d-Penicillaminato (AuI2PtII2ZnII)n Coordination Polymers by Moderate Change in Solution pH
Authors: Konno Takumi , Yoshinari Nobuto , Taguchi Mai , Igashira-Kamiyama Asako
Published: April 2009

Treatment of an aqueous solution containing cis and trans isomers of a S-bridged tetranuclear AuI2PtII2 complex, [Au2{Pt(d-pen-N,S)2}2]2− ([1]2−), newly prepared from [Au(d-pen-S)2]3− and [PtCl4]2−, with Zn2+ at pH ≈5 gave a 3D porous (AuI2PtII2ZnII)n coordination polymer 2, in which trans-[1]2− units are linked by Zn2+. On the other hand, a 1D helix (AuI2PtII2ZnII)n coordination polymer 3, in which trans-[1]2− units are linked by [Zn(H2O)2]2+, was produced by similar treatment at pH ≈9.
Extension of Frozen-orbital Analysis to the Tamm–Dancoff Approximation to Time-dependent Density Functional Theory
Authors: Imamura Yutaka , Baba Takeshi , Nakai Hiromi
Published: April 2009

Frozen-orbital analysis (FZOA), which has been proposed in order to analyze excitations between degenerate orbitals, is extended to the Tamm–Dancoff approximation to time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT/TDA). FZOA for TDDFT/TDA with BLYP and B3LYP is applied to a CO molecule, and the difference between TDDFT/TDA and configuration interaction singles (CIS) is discussed.
A Novel Method for Preparing Silanols from Silylmethanols
Authors: Takeda Daisuke , Oyama Ryo , Yamada Shozo
Published: April 2009

Various types of silylmethanols were converted into their corresponding silanols in good to excellent yield under mild oxidation conditions using TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxyl).
Internal Alkyne-to-vinylidene Isomerization at Cationic Ruthenium and Iron Complexes
Authors: Mutoh Yuichiro , Ikeda Yousuke , Kimura Yusuke , Ishii Youichi
Published: April 2009

Cationic ruthenium and iron complexes [CpM(PP)]+ (Cp = η5-C5H5; M = Ru and Fe; PP = Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2, 2PPh3) can affect vinylidene rearrangement of general internal alkynes via the 1,2-migration of aryl and alkyl groups. Judging from the migratory aptitude of substituted aryl groups, the present reaction is viewed as an uncommon electrophilic rearrangement.
A method of bias correction for maximal reliability with dichotomous measures
Authors: Penev Spiridon , Raykov Tenko
Published: April 2009

This paper is concerned with the reliability of weighted combinations of a given set of dichotomous measures. Maximal reliability for such measures has been discussed in the past, but the pertinent estimator exhibits a considerable bias and mean squared error for moderate sample sizes. We examine this bias, propose a procedure for bias correction, and develop a more accurate asymptotic confidence interval for the resulting estimator. In most empirically relevant cases, the bias correction and mean squared error correction can be performed simultaneously. We propose an approximate (asymptotic) confidence interval for the maximal reliability coefficient, discuss the implementation of this estimator, and investigate the mean squared error of the associated asymptotic approximation. We illustrate the proposed methods using a numerical example.
Different meanings of the social dominance orientation concept: Predicting political attitudes over time
Authors: Jetten Jolanda , Iyer Aarti
Published: April 2009

We examined predictors of political attitude change by assessing the independent and interactive effect of social dominance orientation (SDO) as a context‐dependent versus an individual difference construct. In a longitudinal study, British students' political orientation was assessed before entering university (T1) and after being at university for 2 months (T2) and 6 months (T3; N =109). Results showed that initial SDO (T1) did not predict political attitudes change nor did it predict self‐selected entry into course with hierarchy enhancing or hierarchy‐attenuating ideologies. More support was obtained for a contextually determined model whereby SDO (T2) mediated the relationship between social class (T1) and political attitude change (T3). We also found support for mediated moderation in accounting for effects of initial SDO on political attitude change. Findings suggest that SDO as a concept that is sensitive to group dynamics is best suited to explain shifts in political attitudes.
Children's understanding of counterfactual emotions: Age differences, individual differences, and the effects of counterfactual‐information salience
Authors: Ferrell Jennifer M. , Guttentag Robert E. , Gredlein Jeffrey M.
Published: April 2009

The present study investigated developmental trends in the effects of the salience of counterfactual alternatives on judgments of others' counterfactual‐thinking‐based emotions. We also examined possible correlates of individual differences in the understanding of these emotions. Thirty‐four adults and 102 children, 5–8 years of age, were presented scenarios in which characters would be expected to experience regret. In one version of each scenario, the regret‐relevant counterfactual alternative was made more salient than was the case with the other version. Adults consistently judged that a character for whom a counterfactual course of events would have resulted in a better outcome would feel worse than a character for whom an alternative course of events would not have resulted in a more positive outcome. The majority of the children's judgments were not affected by the counterfactual alternatives. However, the judgments of the oldest children (the 8‐year‐olds) were significantly more adult‐like in the high‐salience than in the low‐salience condition. Although the three predictors examined in the present study (verbal ability, working memory capacity, second‐order false belief task performance) together accounted for significant variance in performance on the emotions judgment task, no single predictor alone accounted for significant unique variance in performance. The importance of different social cognitive abilities for understanding people's affective responses is discussed.
In‐task and post‐task affective response to exercise: Translating exercise intentions into behaviour
Authors: Kwan Bethany M. , Bryan Angela
Published: April 2009

Objectives

To test whether affective response to an acute bout of exercise can predict regular voluntary exercise, and specifically whether a positive affective response helps translate intentions into behaviour.

Design

A prospective correlational design.

Methods

Participants (N=127) recruited from the community reported intentions to engage in voluntary exercise and frequency of participation in voluntary exercise both at baseline and at a 3‐month follow‐up. Self‐reported positive affect, negative affect, tranquillity, and fatigue were assessed during a bout of moderate intensity exercise.

Results

Within subject slopes for increases in positive affect and decreases in fatigue during exercise, and increased tranquillity and decreased fatigue post‐exercise were associated with more frequent participation in exercise at follow‐up. Changes in negative affect did not predict exercise at follow‐up; however, this was likely due to floor effects leading to lack of baseline variability in negative affect. Importantly, a positive affective response to exercise moderated the intention–behaviour relationship, such that those who responded to exercise more favourably exhibited stronger relationships between intentions and future exercise behaviour

Conclusions

We conclude that exercise‐related increases in positive affect and tranquillity and decreases in feelings of fatigue can aid in the successful translation of exercise intentions into behaviour.
Our sea of islands: migration and mtissage in contemporary Polynesian writing
Authors: Keown Michelle
Published: April 2009

This article explores metaphors of oceanic migration in contemporary Polynesian writing, investigating the notion of a regional Oceanic identity embraced by a variety of Pacific (and particularly Polynesian) writers and theorists, while also acknowledging the specific historical circumstances and consequences of sea migration within individual Polynesian cultures. Throughout, the essay maintains a multiple temporal focus, identifying the ways in which imagery of the sea and more specifically the traditional Polynesian waka/vaka (voyaging canoe) has been deployed by Polynesian writers as a chronotope not only of pre-European (and early contact) patterns of migration and cultural exchange within the Pacific, but also of the large-scale migrations of Polynesians to various neighbouring nations since the Second World War. The essay also engages with the complex cultural exchanges brought about by various historical phases of European maritime exploration and settlement in the Pacific, analysing how Polynesian writers explore the effects of intermarriage and cultural contact between Polynesians and Europeans since the late eighteenth century. In investigating these patterns of cross-cultural exchange, the essay adopts the French term mtissage, which, alongside the related concepts of hybridity and syncreticity, denotes genetic and cultural exchanges and intermixing. Drawing upon the work of various postcolonial theorists, the essay examines mtissage in the Pacific both at the level of (material) cultural exchange, and within literary texts produced by anglophone and francophone Polynesian writers, particularly those who explicitly identify themselves as of mixed race.
In the belly of the canoe with Ihimaera, Hulme and Gorod. The waka as a locus of hybridity
Authors: Ramsay Raylene
Published: April 2009

The canoe has become a material metaphor for the intrepid skill and ancient knowledge of ancestral indigenous migrations and connections and a popular culture symbol of identity in Oceania. I examine the central role played by the great canoes of the ancestors in Pacific literature,
especially as the canoe is identified with the mauri or spirit of the land in two well-known novels, The Whale Rider by Witi Ihimaera and The Bone People by Keri Hulme. The representations of incest, violence against very young women and sexual possession linked to the site of
a canoe stone in the first Kanak novel, L'Epave, however, open up a troubling and critical space within such apparently idealizing images. Dw Gorod's text makes explicit the extent to which the locations of the (wrecked) forms of the canoe are shifting at once ancestral, imposed by
colonialism and commodified by a global capitalist society. The canoe itself is a hybrid. Hybridity in Gorod's texts derives not only from a century and a half of co-existence with a socio-politically dominant white New Caledonian society but also from a sense of wreckage present behind the
surfaces of custom in whose survival and renewal the writer is nonetheless deeply emotionally and politically invested. Through the metonymy of the canoe rock as wreck I argue, Gorod's work connects with other Pacific writing exploring violence and more generally, hybridity. Paradoxically,
there is transnationality concealed within the very insularity and cultural-centredness of this single published Kanak novelist. Unspoken questions of the pleasure of the feminine body, its power, and, more particularly, the modes of its exploitation, create connections and migrations across
indigenous Pacific communities and between literary texts. In all of these texts, the fluidity and mediation of the sea-voyaging canoe remains a contradictory but not mutually exclusive avatar of the stone, buried deeply in the earth. The voyage into the belly of the canoe is emblematic of
the search for both roots and routes, a locus of hybridity seeking to create new third spaces where women have a different place.
Mtissage and migration through the metaphor of the va'a, or canoe: intellectual cross-fertilization of Ma'ohi literature within an Oceanic context
Authors: Mateata-Allain Kareva
Published: April 2009

As Teissier-Landgraf's novel Hutu Panu: Tahiti, racines, et dchirements and Chantal Spitz's L'le des rves crass suggest, the concept of a Ma'ohi identity and mtissage is not monolithic. The mtiss identity is shaped by a combination of individual personality traits and
preferences, family dynamics and environment. In the spirit of mtissage and migration, Ma'ohi creative and experiential ideas and energies can extend throughout the rest of Polynesia and Oceania, and further outward to the West. Sharing cultural productions, such as art and literature, functions
as a powerful medium to resituate Oceanic peoples in dialogue with one another. Such dissemination will generate a long overdue (re)exchange of ideas and literatures between Oceanians that needs to occur vis--vis an intellectual cross-fertilization between formerly and currently colonized
nation states. Such a shift will result in more inter-island exchanges and access to thoughts and experiences of other Oceanians. Importantly, this cross-fertilization of ideas will allow Ma'ohi writers to engage in a long overdue era of self-representation within their own Oceanic contexts.
Lilith v. Eve: a conversation with Nicole Cage-Florentiny
Authors: Jahn Jennifer
Published: April 2009

Nicole Cage-Florentiny is one of Martinique's most prolific female writers, albeit little known and even less studied. In this interview she explores the role of women in Martinican society, the reason for disturbed malefemale relationships, problems with adolescents and issues in education.
She explains how her upbringing has influenced her work and how her Judeo-Christian education informs what she writes. Her interest in psychotherapy becomes evident in her continuing search to understand people and their actions, and in her attempt to look into their psyches. However, despite
Cage-Florentiny's brutal depiction of Martinican society and her relentless portrayal of taboo subjects such as rape, incest and homosexuality, her works express a desire for a new humanism and a future for healthy malefemale relationships.
I wanted an electronic silence Musicality in Sound Design and the Influences of New Music on the Process of Sound Design for Film
Authors: Underwood Mark
Published: April 2009

This paper explores connections between sounds and music, whether sounds can indeed be musical, and whether they can inhabit the same intellectual landscape as music. Drawing upon the work of composers as well as film-makers and film sound designers, it considers the way in which we
listen, and the way in which our listening has changed over the past century of film and recorded sound. It also considers the ways in which many of the ideas first proposed as a reaction to Late Romanticism have developed into later musical idioms, and the way that some of these have found
their way into film sound.
Reviews
Authors: Leahy James
Published: April 2009

Cinema's Conversion to Sound: Technology and Film Style in France and the U.S.
, Charles O'Brien, (2005) Bloomington and Indianapolis, USA, Indiana University Press. 216 pages, ISBN 0-253-34463-8 Hardback, $45.00 ISBN 0-253-21720-2 Paperback, $19.95
Preliminary Evaluation of Selected Hockey Equipment Tested according to EN TS15256: Protective Clothing—Hand, Arm, Leg, Genital, and Neck Protectors for Use in Ice Hockey—Protectors for Players Other than Goalkeepers—Requirements and Test Methods
Authors: Bishop Patrick J.
Published: April 2009

Several randomly selected models of three types of protective equipment for ice hockey, protective cups, shoulder pads, and shin pads, were tested according to CEN/TS 15256. Three of the nine models of genital protectors, three of the four models of shoulder pads, and four of the fifteen models of shin pads exceeded the threshold limits defined in the Technical Specification. However, these results were not well correlated with injury data to these regions of the body as provided by Hockey Canada. It would appear that the test protocols stated in TS 15256 are not reflective of the reality of the game of ice hockey and if used are likely to drive very adequately functioning equipment from the hockey market. Substantial changes to the test methods must be considered as standards and technical specifications, or both, for personal protective equipment for ice hockey are developed.
Long-Term Outdoor Weathering Study of Construction Sealants
Authors: Bull Errol D. , Lucas Gary M.
Published: April 2009

Long-term weather resistance is an important factor to consider when selecting a sealant product for use as an exterior weatherseal for construction applications. The weathering performance of sealants used in these applications can be dependent upon sealant type, sealant chemistry, product formulation, building location, climate, and joint orientation, among other factors. This paper compares and shows the long-term performance of three construction sealant types: silicone, polyurethane, and acrylic terpolymer. Performance attributes such as toughness, flexibility, adhesion, and physical degradation (i.e., reversion, cracking, hardness, etc.) are compared after a 22 year exposure to outdoor weathering in South Florida.
Crack Size Evaluation Using Unloading Compliance in Single-Specimen Single-Edge-Notched Tension Fracture Toughness Testing
Authors: Shen G. , Tyson W. R.
Published: April 2009

Crack-mouth-opening displacement (CMOD) unloading compliances of single-edge-notched tension (SE(T)) specimens, both pin-loaded and clamped, have been evaluated by finite element analysis (FEA), including evaluation of the effect of rotation during testing on compliance. For pin-loaded specimens, FEA results are compared with compliance correction equations based on a rigid-body rotation model recommended by Joyce and Link. The results agree reasonably well when the load line is far from the midsection of the ligament. However, the discrepancy increases when the load line approaches the midsection of the ligament where the bending load becomes small or negligible compared with the tension component and the rigid-rotation model breaks down. For clamped SE(T) specimens, factors affecting specimen rotation, such as the ratio H/W of span between load points H to width of the specimen W, normalized crack size, a/W, and material strain hardening coefficient, N, were investigated. This work was performed for specific application to surface circumferential cracks in pipes, for which the best constraint matching has been found to occur for clamped specimens with H/W = 10. For this geometry, an equation is proposed to correct compliance for rotation and to estimate crack size from rotation-corrected CMOD compliance. Crack sizes evaluated using this equation are compared with measurements on broken specimens. Excellent agreement has been achieved for initial and final crack sizes of both plain-sided and side-grooved SE(T) specimens.
More Information, Less Understanding: A Randomized Study on Consent Issues in Neonatal Research
Authors: Freer Yvonne , McIntosh Neil , Teunisse Saskia , Anand Kanwaljeet J. S. , Boyle Elaine M.
Published: April 2009

BACKGROUND. Valid consent for research requires comprehensive and understandable information to be disclosed to participants. The way that information is shared varies, but regulatory bodies usually determine style. Some reports have suggested that although information may be all-inclusive, it does little to support understanding.

OBJECTIVE. To explore the impact of various information-sharing approaches on parents' understanding of a research study and the validity of their consent.

METHODS. This was a randomized, controlled trial. Parents of immature but well infants admitted to a large tertiary NICU in Edinburgh, Scotland, were randomly assigned within 72 hours of their infant's admission to receive 1 of 2 information leaflets, with or without a standardized verbal explanation, for a hypothetical intensive care research study. The leaflets differed in length and in the amount of detail in which the study process, risks, benefits, and patient rights were described. A questionnaire was used to elicit understanding about the purpose of the research, design of the study, procedures involved, and the consent process.

RESULTS. Forty-one parents participated in the study. Those who received the longer leaflet without verbal explanation gained only limited understanding of the purpose of the research. The procedures involved in the study were understood better by those who received the shorter leaflet. Issues relating to consent and study design were readily understood in all groups. Irrespective of documentation style, verbal explanation significantly improved understanding. Differences in understanding had little effect on whether a parent would enroll his or her infant into the study.

CONCLUSIONS. Verbal explanation significantly enhances understanding of the research process for participants regardless of the style of written documentation. However, shorter written information may lead to better understanding than lengthy, more complex documentation.
Stability of Neuromotor Outcomes at 18 and 30 Months of Age After Extremely Low Birth Weight Status
Authors: Peralta-Carcelen Myriam , Moses Marybeth , Adams-Chapman Ira , Gantz Marie , Vohr Betty R. ,   for the NICHD Neonatal Research Network
Published: April 2009

BACKGROUND. Extremely low birth weight (≤1000 g) children have increased rates of cerebral palsy and other abnormal neurologic findings.

OBJECTIVE. To investigate the stability of neuromotor findings between 18 and 30 months' adjusted age in extremely low birth weight infants.

METHODS. Seven hundred nineteen extremely low birth weight infants with assessments at 18 and 30 months' adjusted age were included in this analysis. At each visit a neurologic examination, the modified gross motor function classification system, and the Bayley Scales of Infant Development II were administered. Logistic regression models were constructed to assess neonatal factors and neuromotor function at 18 months of age associated with stability in neuromotor function.

RESULTS. Eighty-four percent of the children had agreement in neurologic/motor function at both visits. However, classification changed from normal to abnormal in 6% and from abnormal to normal in 10%. Diagnosis of cerebral palsy was consistent for 91% of the children, and the gross motor function classification system score was consistent for 83%. In multivariate models, factors associated with decreased severity or absence of cerebral palsy diagnosis at 30 months of age were higher gestational age, no periventricular leukomalacia or severe intraventricular hemorrhage, and a gross motor function classification system score of 0 (normal) at the 18-month visit, whereas factors associated with a new cerebral palsy diagnosis at 30 months of age were postnatal steroid use, periventricular leukomalacia or severe intraventricular hemorrhage, a gross motor function classification system score of ≥1 at 18 months of age, and asymmetrical limb movement at 18 months of age.

CONCLUSIONS. Stability of neurologic diagnosis in 84% and cerebral palsy in 91% of the children is reassuring. However, for a significant percentage of children, the neurologic diagnosis changes between 18 and 30 months of age. The diagnosis of cerebral palsy may be delayed in some infants until an older adjusted age.
First-Week Protein and Energy Intakes Are Associated With 18-Month Developmental Outcomes in Extremely Low Birth Weight Infants
Authors: Stephens Bonnie E. , Walden Rachel V. , Gargus Regina A. , Tucker Richard , McKinley Leslie , Mance Martha , Nye Julie , Vohr Betty R.
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE. We sought to evaluate the association between early protein and energy intake and neurodevelopment and growth of extremely low birth weight (<1000 g) infants.

STUDY DESIGN. Daily protein and energy intakes were collected by chart review for the first 4 weeks of life on 148 extremely low birth weight survivors. A total of 124 infants (84%) returned for evaluation at 18 months' corrected age. Bivariate analysis tested correlations between weekly protein or energy intakes and Bayley Mental Development Index, Psychomotor Development Index, or growth at 18 months. Separate regression models evaluated contributions of protein (grams per kilogram per day) and energy intake (kilojoules per kilogram per day) to the Mental Development Index, Psychomotor Development Index, and growth, while controlling for known confounders.

RESULTS. After adjusting for confounding variables, week 1 energy and protein intakes were each independently associated with the Mental Development Index. During week 1, every 42 kJ (10 kcal)/kg per day were associated with a 4.6-point increase in the Mental Development Index and each gram per kilogram per day in protein intake with an 8.2-point increase in the Mental Development Index; higher protein intake was also associated with lower likelihood of length <10th percentile.

CONCLUSIONS. Increased first-week protein and energy intakes are associated with higher Mental Development Index scores and lower likelihood of length growth restrictions at 18 months in extremely low birth weight infants. Emphasis should be placed on providing more optimal protein and energy during this first week.
Intrauterine Inflammation, Neonatal Sepsis, and Chronic Lung Disease: A 13-Year Hospital Cohort Study
Authors: Lahra Monica M. , Beeby Philip J. , Jeffery Heather E.
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE. To determine the impact of intrauterine inflammation of maternal (chorioamnionitis) and fetal (umbilical vasculitis) origin and neonatal sepsis on the development of neonatal chronic lung disease in preterm infants.

METHODS. This study was conducted at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital in Sydney, Australia. All infants born at <30 weeks' gestation, admitted to the NICU, and surviving to 36 weeks' corrected gestation during 1992–2004 were eligible. Infants with major congenital abnormalities and those without placental examination were excluded. Antenatal and perinatal data extracted from hospital databases were correlated with the independent, central neonatal database and diagnostic laboratory reports. Neonatal sepsis was categorized according to blood culture isolates into 3 groups: coagulase-negative staphylococci, other bacteria, and Candida species.

RESULTS. There were 798 eligible infants born during the study period, and 761 (95.4%) had placental examination. The mean gestational age was 27.4 ± 1.5 weeks. Antenatal maternal steroids were given to 94.4%. Regression analysis showed that chorioamnionitis with umbilical vasculitis and increasing gestation were associated with reduced odds of chronic lung disease. Chorioamnionitis without umbilical vasculitis showed a trend to reduced odds of chronic lung disease. Birth weight at <3rd percentile and neonatal sepsis were associated with increased odds of chronic lung disease.

CONCLUSIONS. A fetal inflammatory response is protective for chronic lung disease. Neonatal sepsis is strongly associated with chronic lung disease, and the infecting organism is important. Coagulase-negative staphylococcal infection confers a risk for chronic lung disease similar to that of other bacteremias. Candidemia confers the greatest risk of chronic lung disease.
Prenatal, Perinatal, and Neonatal Factors Associated With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Bilder Deborah , Pinborough-Zimmerman Judith , Miller Judith , McMahon William
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE. To investigate prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal risk factors for autism spectrum disorders by using participants identified through broad ascertainment and reliable classification methods.

METHODS. The targeted population was 8-year-old children born in 1994 and residing in 1 of the 3 most populous counties in Utah who were identified as having an autism spectrum disorder on the basis of methodology used by the 2002 Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network. Of those identified, 132 children (115 boys, 17 girls) had birth certificate records available. Each child was matched by gender and birth year to 100 controls (11 500 boys, 1700 girls) from the birth certificate database in a nested case-control design. Birth certificate records of participants and controls were surveyed for 23 potentially pathologic prenatal, perinatal, and neonatal factors.

RESULTS. The prenatal factors that occurred significantly more frequently among children with autism spectrum disorders were advanced maternal age and parity. Increased duration of education among mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders was small but statistically significant. Significant perinatal factors were breech presentation and primary cesarean delivery. When corrected for breech presentation, a known indication for cesarean delivery, the association between primary cesarean delivery and autism spectrum disorders was eliminated. There were no significant associations found between autism spectrum disorders and neonatal factors.

CONCLUSIONS. In the absence of other complications suggesting fetal distress, the association between breech presentation and autism spectrum disorders in this study suggests a shared etiology rather than causal relationship. Additional investigation focused on both genetic and environmental factors that link these autism spectrum disorder risk factors individually or collectively is needed.
Clonidine as an Adjunct Therapy to Opioids for Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: Agthe Alexander G. , Kim George R. , Mathias Kay B. , Hendrix Craig W. , Chavez-Valdez Raul , Jansson Lauren , Lewis Tamorah R. , Yaster Myron , Gauda Estelle B.
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE. To determine if oral clonidine would reduce the duration of opioid detoxification for neonatal abstinence syndrome.

METHODS. Infants with intrauterine exposure to methadone or heroin and neonatal abstinence syndrome (2 consecutive modified Finnegan scores of ≥9) were enrolled at 2 hospitals during 2002–2005 and followed until final hospital discharge. All enrolled infants (80) received oral diluted tincture of opium according to a standardized algorithm and were randomly assigned to receive oral clonidine (1 μg/kg every 4 hours) (40 infants) or placebo (40 infants). Primary outcome was duration of opioid therapy. Secondary outcomes included the amount of opium required to control symptoms, number of treatment failures, and differences in blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation.

RESULTS. The median length of therapy was 27% shorter in the clonidine group (11 [95% confidence interval: 8–15 days]) than in the placebo group (15 days [95% confidence interval: 12–17 days]). In the clonidine group, 7 infants required restarting opium after initial discontinuation versus none in the placebo group, with the total length of treatment/observation remaining significantly less in the clonidine group. Higher dosages of opium were required by 40% of the infants in the placebo group versus 20% in the clonidine group. Treatment failures occurred in 12.5% of the infants in the placebo group versus none in the clonidine group. Hypertension, hypotension, bradycardia, or desaturations did not occur in either group. Three infants in the clonidine group died as a result of myocarditis, sudden infant death syndrome, and homicide, all after hospital discharge and before 6 months of age.

CONCLUSIONS. In this randomized, double-blind trial, adding clonidine to standard opioid therapy for detoxification from in utero exposure to methadone or heroin reduced the duration of pharmacotherapy for neonatal abstinence without causing short-term adverse cardiovascular outcomes. A larger trial is indicated to determine long-term safety.