bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disrupting the present to build a stronger health workforce for the future: a three-point agenda
Authors: Gauld Robin
Published: June 2018

ABSTRACT
The health professional workforce in high-income countries is trained and organised today largely as it has been for decades. Yet health care professionals and their patients of the present and future require a different model for training and working. The present arrangements need a serious overhaul: not just change, but disruption to the institutions that underpin training and work organisation. This article outlines a three-point agenda for this, including: the need to reorganise workforce and care systems for multimorbidity; to reorient workforce training to build genuine inter-professionalism; and to place primary care at the apex of the professional hierarchy.
Traduire les dialogues de Marianne Apostolides
Authors: Stratford Madeleine
Published: June 2018

Voluptuous Pleasure: The Truth about the Writing Lifede Marianne Apostolides se compose de neuf histoires « vraies », inspirées de la vie d’Apostolides et de sa famille : l’action se situe entre la réalité et la fiction. Ce livre, tout en racontant des histoires, remet en question l’acte d’écrire et le concept d’histoire lui-même. Le fil conducteur est le rapport au père de l’auteure et à sa terre natale, la Grèce. Sur le plan traductif, les dialogues occupent une place essentielle. C’est en effet grâce au naturel et à l’authenticité des paroles rapportées (inventées?) par Apostolides que l’on saisit la personnalité et la profondeur des personnages. Dans cet article, j’aborderai mon processus de traduction de ce livre pour les éditions La Peuplade en m’attardant à la nouvelleTwo Dialogues: On Bravery. Puisant dans les cadres théoriques et méthodologiques de la recherche-création, je propose de retracer mon processus de recréation des dialogues en analysant plusieurs versions françaises produites au cours de l’été 2014. J’observerai l’évolution de mon postulat traductif en décrivant et en catégorisant les stratégies adoptées en cours de traduction, puis en les contrastant avec celles qui ont été privilégiées dans la version finale.
The Econo-Rhetorical Presidency and the U.S. Fiscal Situation
Authors: Saas William O.
Published: June 2018

This essay expands James Aune’s theory of the econo-rhetorical presidency to analyze how presidents define the U.S. fiscal situation. By “fiscal situation,” I refer to any rhetorical representation of the federal government’s ability to create and spend money, levy and collect taxes, and issue debt. Through historical analysis of the “balanced budget” topos in presidential discourse, I find that Presidents Carter through Obama tended to define the U.S. fiscal situation in austere terms, with balanced budgets figured as deontological goods unto themselves. I conclude by advocating for increased critical engagement with economic theory, generally, and theories of the U.S. fiscal situation, specifically.
Energeia, Kinesis, and the Neoliberal Rhetoric of Strategic Default
Authors: Colombini Crystal Broch
Published: June 2018

Recently, rhetoricians have explored the potential of energeia to unfold new understandings of agency and highlight the mutability of rhetorical topoi. This article harnesses such potential to neoliberal rhetorical analysis, examining the “strategic default” debate that dominated the later foreclosure crisis. Tracing the constitution of a moralized binary distinction between intentional and forced default, I argue that the kinesthetic metaphor of “walking away” from underwater houses disciplines consumers while disclosing the latent potentiality for rational actors to abuse their power of choice. To counter this denial of agency, I draw possibilities for resistant practice from de Certeau’s theory of everyday life.
Predicting Fish Ecological As Indicator of River Pollution Using Decision Tree Technique
Authors: Hsu Che-Yu , Ou Sheng-Jung , Hsieh Wei-Fan
Published: June 2018

The Goal of the research is to introducing the principle of Decision Tree that is being used to forecast river pollution, it provides a new method to evaluate the river pollution based on its water quality. We collected monthly monitoring data of water quality from Dezikou River basin of Yilan County, and the data of fish ecology obtained from ecological survey and report, in which to build a water quality and ecology resources database through an actual field investigation. By using data mining software, IBM SPSS Modeler 14.1’s decision tree, conducting the River Pollution Index. Shannon-Weaver diversity, Pielou’s Evenness Index, Margalef’s Species Richness Index, Fish Tolerant Index and Simpson’s Index of Diversity’s classification and prediction, to build a model for river pollution prediction, and to compare this with the Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis. The results showed that the model for river pollution prediction built under the Decision Tree can obtain a better forecast result. The following are the accurate rates of Decision Tree: 88% for CART, 90% for CHAID, 91.67% for C5.0, and 86.11% for Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis. Therefore, the Decision Tree’s algorithm shows a better result in forecasting than the Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis.
A novel requirement for ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBC-13 in retrograde recycling of MIG-14/Wntless and Wnt signaling
Authors: Zhang Junbing , Liu Jinchao , Norris Anne , Grant Barth D. , Wang Xiaochen
Published: June 2018

After endocytosis, transmembrane cargoes such as signaling receptors, channels, and transporters enter endosomes where they are sorted to different destinations. Retromer and ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) are functionally distinct protein complexes on endosomes that direct cargo sorting into the recycling retrograde transport pathway and the degradative multivesicular endosome pathway (MVE), respectively. Cargoes destined for degradation in lysosomes are decorated with K63-linked ubiquitin chains, which serve as an efficient sorting signal for entry into the MVE pathway. Defects in K63-linked ubiquitination disrupt MVE sorting and degradation of membrane proteins. Here, we unexpectedly found that UBC-13, the E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme that generates K63-linked ubiquitin chains, is essential for retrograde transport of multiple retromer-dependent cargoes including MIG-14/Wntless. Loss of ubc-13 disrupts MIG-14/Wntless trafficking from endosomes to the Golgi, causing missorting of MIG-14 to lysosomes and impairment of Wnt-dependent processes. We observed that retromer-associated SNX-1 and the ESCRT-0 subunit HGRS-1/Hrs localized to distinct regions on a common endosome in wild type but overlapped on ubc-13(lf) endosomes, indicating that UBC-13 is important for the separation of retromer and ESCRT microdomains on endosomes. Our data suggest that cargo ubiquitination mediated by UBC-13 plays an important role in maintaining the functionally distinct subdomains to ensure efficient cargo segregation on endosomes.
Correlation of CRM1-NES affinity with nuclear export activity
Authors: Fu Szu-Chin , Fung Ho Yee Joyce , Cağatay Tolga , Baumhardt Jordan , Chook Yuh Min
Published: June 2018

CRM1 (Exportin1/XPO1) exports hundreds of broadly functioning protein cargoes out of the cell nucleus by binding to their classical nuclear export signals (NESs). The 8- to 15-amino-acid-long NESs contain four to five hydrophobic residues and are highly diverse in both sequence and CRM1-bound structure. Here we examine the relationship between nuclear export activities of 24 different NES peptides in cells and their CRM1-NES affinities. We found that binding affinity and nuclear export activity are linearly correlated for NESs with dissociation constants ( Kds) between tens of nanomolar to tens of micromolar. NESs with Kds outside this range have significantly reduced nuclear export activities. These include two unusually tight-binding peptides, one from the nonstructural protein 2 of murine minute virus (MVM NS2) and the other a mutant of the protein kinase A inhibitor (PKI) NES. The crystal structure of CRM1-bound MVM NS2NES suggests that extraordinarily tight CRM1 binding arises from intramolecular contacts within the NES that likely stabilizes the CRM1-bound conformation in free peptides. This mechanistic understanding led to the design of two novel peptide inhibitors that bind CRM1 with picomolar affinity.
Against Preservation
Authors: Mandelkern Matthew , Khoo Justin
Published: June 2018

Bradley (2000) offers a quick and convincing argument that no Boolean semantic theory for conditionals can validate a very natural principle concerning the relationship between credences and conditionals. We argue that Bradley’s principle, Preservation, is, in fact, invalid; its appeal arises from the validity of a nearby, but distinct, principle, which we call Local Preservation, and which Boolean semantic theories can non-trivially validate.
Identification of phenol- and p-cresol-producing intestinal bacteria by using media supplemented with tyrosine and its metabolites
Authors: Saito Yuki , Sato Tadashi , Nomoto Koji , Tsuji Hirokazu
Published: June 2018

To identify intestinal bacteria that produce phenols (phenol and p-cresol), we screened 153 strains within 152 species in 44 genera by culture-based assay using broth media supplemented with 200 µM each of tyrosine and its predicted microbial metabolic intermediates (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, DL-4-hydroxyphenyllactate, 3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, 4-hydroxyphenylacetate and 4-hydroxybenzoate). Phenol-producing activity was found in 36 strains and p-cresol-producing activity in 55 strains. Fourteen strains had both types of activity. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences of strains that produced 100 µM or more of phenols revealed that 16 phenol producers belonged to the Coriobacteriaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Fusobacteriaceae and Clostridium clusters I and XIVa; four p-cresol-producing bacteria belonged to the Coriobacteriaceae and Clostridium clusters XI and XIVa; and one strain producing both belonged to the Coriobacteriaceae. A genomic search for protein homologs of enzymes involved in the metabolism of tyrosine to phenols in 10 phenol producers and four p-cresol producers, the draft genomes of which were available in public databases, predicted that phenol producers harbored tyrosine phenol-lyase or hydroxyarylic acid decarboxylase, or both, and p-cresol producers harbored p-hydroxyphenylacetate decarboxylase or tyrosine lyase, or both. These results provide important information about the bacterial strains that contribute to production of phenols in the intestine.
The Women, Peace, and Security Agenda and Feminist Institutionalism: A Research Agenda
Authors: Thomson Jennifer
Published: June 2018

Since the inception of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 (UNSCR 1325) in 2000, feminist academia has been closely interested in the developing women, peace, and security (WPS) agenda in international affairs. The majority of this work has emerged from within feminist international relations (Mcleod 2015; Shepherd 2008) and feminist legal studies. Less attention has been paid to the WPS agenda by feminist political science. As a result, less consideration has been given to political institutions within the WPS framework.

This paper argues that the design and implementation of postconflict political institutions is an important component of the WPS agenda and one which deserves greater attention. It demonstrates that using certain tenets of feminist political science, and feminist institutionalism in particular, can offer key insights into greater understanding of the importance of political institutions within postconflict societies.

The article illustrates how political institutions have been underconsidered within academic work on the WPS agenda. It then argues that political institutions are an important part of the puzzle when it comes to implementing the WPS agenda. It shows how feminist institutional theory can help to provide key insights into the nature of postconflict institutions.
Aristotle on the Heterogeneity of Pleasure
Authors: Strohl Matthew
Published: June 2018

In Nicomachean Ethics 10.5, Aristotle gives a series of arguments for the claim that pleasures differ from one another in kind in accordance with the differences in kind among the activities they arise in connection with. This chapter develops an interpretation of these arguments based on an interpretation of Aristotle’s theory of pleasure (which the author has defended elsewhere) according to which pleasure is the perfection of perfect activity. Aristotle’s phenomenology of pleasure is reconstructed, with the argument that while he denies that all pleasures share any particular phenomenal element, he does think that all pleasures have a common phenomenal structure. Finally, the chapter argues that Aristotle’s view that pleasures differ in kind does not imply that they cannot be compared in pleasantness.
Pleasure in Later Medieval Latin Philosophy
Authors: Pickavé Martin
Published: June 2018

This contribution examines, through a discussion of Thomas Aquinas’s teaching, what philosophers in the later Middle Ages thought about the nature of pleasure. Generally speaking, Aquinas and his contemporaries consider pleasures as passions of the soul. After exploring what this means for their understanding of pleasure, it is explained how this approach to pleasure is compatible with two aspects we often associate with pleasure: perfection and feeling. The essay then turns to the distinction between different kinds of pleasures, especially between sensory and intellectual pleasures. This leads to the question of where pleasures are located in the soul and to the idea, defended by some authors, that truly human pleasures belong to the will. Finally, by way of concluding, some brief indications are given as to how other later medieval philosophers further develop or react to the views on pleasure that we can find in Aquinas’s works.
Pleasures, Pains, and Sensible Qualities in Berkeley’s Philosophy
Authors: Frankel Melissa
Published: June 2018

Pleasures and pains play an important role for Berkeley, not just in motivating action, but also by providing knowledge of the physical world in which we act. This chapter considers the parallels that Berkeley draws between sensible quality perceptions and pleasures/pains. Importantly, Berkeley holds that we can have intuitive or demonstrative knowledge of the existence and nature of the physical world on the basis of our sensory perceptions. His parallel analysis of pleasures and pains thus surprisingly implies that these, too, can provide us with intuitive or demonstrative knowledge of the physical world. Taking pleasures and pains to have an epistemic and cognitive function allows us to reread certain Berkeleyan texts in ways that are illuminating. This includes texts on the laws of nature, which enable us to regulate actions precisely because knowledge of the natural laws involves generalizing over regularities of sensory perceptions, which include pleasures/pains.
John Stuart Mill
Authors: Kuenzle Dominique
Published: June 2018

Philosophical thinking about pleasure today, especially in the context of normative ethics, is deeply influenced by the concept’s function within Bentham’s and Mill’s utilitarianism, according to which the moral quality of any action depends on its tendency to “maximize pleasure” and “minimize pain.” According to Mill’s own philosophy of science and language, the content and function of “pleasure” is determined by its role in scientific induction, specifically within the associationist psychological theory Mill shares with his father, James Mill. Pleasures, it turns out, are qualities of sensations with inductive links to other mental states, the power to explain actions, and the potential for being physiologically explained. The semantic content of “pleasure” as a general name, and thus the content of the moral precepts set up by Mill’s principle of utility, must be thought of as responsive to inductive progress in associationist psychology, ethology, and neuroscience.
Building Cultures and Climates for Effective Human Services
Authors: Hemmelgarn Anthony L. , Glisson Charles
Published: June 2018

This book explains how organizational culture and climate affect the quality and outcomes of human services and describes the Availability, Responsiveness, and Continuity (ARC) model of organizational effectiveness that the authors developed for improving social service, behavioral health, health care, and other human service organizations. The authors summarize decades of practice and research experience, including organizational improvement efforts, randomized controlled trials, and nationwide studies with hundreds of human services organizations. The book provides a balance between the use of empirical data and applied examples in explaining how human services can be improved. By combining numerous case examples and experiential knowledge with decades of organizational research, readers learn about empirically proven approaches tested in real organizations that are supported with case examples of organizational change. The book explains that creating the organizational social contexts necessary for providing effective services requires three types of organizational strategies. These strategies include organizational tools for identifying and addressing service barriers, principles for aligning organizational priorities to guide improvement, and the development of shared mental models among organizational members to support the principles and tools.
The Role of Mental Models in Organizational Change
Authors: Hemmelgarn Anthony L. , Glisson Charles
Published: June 2018

This chapter describes ARC’s third strategy of employing mental models. This strategy fosters reasoning and thinking that reinforces the use of ARC’s organizational components and that maintains alignment with ARC’s five principles of effective service organizations. Reasoning and thinking are reflected in the mental representations of work experiences service providers hold, and these mental models guide priorities followed when providing services. Case examples are provided to illustrate work with mental models to influence organizational members’ thinking, reasoning, and subsequent actions to improve service quality and outcomes. This chapter reviews the empirical evidence for mental models, including research from social cognition and neuroscience. The description of this strategy highlights several activities and techniques used to explore and alter mental models. These activities foster examination of implicit assumptions and beliefs that help drive reasoning and thinking toward or away from ARC’s key organizational principles, tools, and desired OSCs.
Basic Goods
Authors: Reinert Kenneth A.
Published: June 2018

This chapter describes the basic goods approach to global policy priorities. It reviews the treatment of human need in political philosophy, economics, and social policy and defines basic goods as those goods and services that meet objective human needs. The chapter identifies a set of basic goods that includes nutritious food, clean water, sanitation, health services, education services, housing, electricity, and human security services. It gives a sense of the magnitudes of deprivations for each of these basic goods. The chapter goes on to link the basic goods approach to minimalist ethics and subsistence rights, to assess the role of basic goods provision in growth processes, and to assess general approaches to basic goods provision.
Meta-Ethnography
Authors: Noblit George W.
Published: June 2018

This chapter explains meta-ethnography as created by Noblit and Hare and how the method has been used since. This is the methodology each of the chapters in this volume used to synthesize qualitative research studies of cultural identity. Meta-ethnography is an approach to qualitative research synthesis that is interpretive rather than aggregative. In this volume, we introduce critical meta-ethnography as an approach to informing social theory. It involves identifying the key metaphors or concepts in the selected studies and comparing them. Studies are translated into one another, developing a synthesis that takes the form of an analogy. In recent years, meta-ethnography has been used extensively in health studies, particularly in the United Kingdom. This chapter both clarifies the status of meta-ethnography as a methodology of synthesis based in the translation of studies into each other and addresses the current state of the art of meta-ethnography. The chapter ends by introducing the meta-ethnographies that follow.
Meta-Ethnography
Authors: Price Charles , Burton Orisanmi
Published: June 2018

The authors use meta-ethnography to learn how dissertation researchers have used Black racial identity theory (BRIT) to qualitatively study race and Black racial identity. BRIT has gained increasing currency since the early formulations of the 1970s—nigrescence theory in particular—but mainly in branches of psychology, education, and organizational change. As BRIT has developed, however, researchers have emphasized quantitative analysis of Black racial identity. The authors examine 13 dissertations to meta-ethnographically explore how researchers conduct qualitative studies of Black racial identity that engage BRIT and to determine what researchers learned as a result. An important value of the qualitative approach is how it allows experience-near and context-specific analysis of Black racial identity to address how racial identity intersects with other identifications.
Multiracial Youth Identity Meta-Ethnography
Authors: Bettez Silvia C. , Chang Aurora , Edwards Kathleen E.
Published: June 2018

“Multiracial Youth Identity Meta-Ethnography” describes the findings from a meta-ethnography of research accounts about Multiracial identity development in young adults. This chapter examines eight purposefully selected studies about Multiracial identity uncovering how identity theories are being deployed in qualitative studies of mixed-race youth and what is revealed in the collective that may be obscured when each study is independently evaluated. These themes came to the fore: (a) fluid identities, (b) isolation from “monoracial” individuals and communities, and (c) the importance of place/space for Multiracial people. The analysis also revealed (a) a lack of attendance to intersectionality in both participants’ identities and authors’ positionalities and (b) the absence of attention to Whiteness and White supremacy in discussing Multiraciality, a discursive strategy the authors call Whiteblindness. This meta-ethnography revealed that researchers’ paradigmatic perspectives and theoretical frameworks impact the framing of problems and solutions related to understanding and working with Multiracial youth.
Tools of Navigation
Authors: Parkhouse Hillary , Pennell Summer Melody
Published: June 2018

Much qualitative education research has examined the intersectional identities of queer youth and Latina youth, in both cases highlighting how their identities converge with, collide with, or in other ways relate to their lives in schools. These studies have approached identity from a variety of lenses—borderlands, social practice and figured worlds, and others. They have also offered various positions on the extent to which the youth demonstrate agency and resistance. This chapter reports on a study that used meta-ethnography to synthesize the theoretical approaches, claims, and implications of the extant ethnographic work on Latina gender identities and sexualities. It finds that Latina high school and college students explored their identities in complex ways while questioning norms from both their own backgrounds and the dominant culture. At the same time, the authors represented their participants as having varying degrees of agency and commitments to collective, transformative resistance.
How “Identity Play” Protects White Privilege
Authors: LaGarry Alison , Conder Timothy
Published: June 2018

This chapter, “How ‘Identity Play’ Protects White Privilege: A Meta-Ethnographic Methodological Test,” presents the findings of a 2013 meta-ethnographic analysis on White identity in preservice teachers (PSTs), as well as a methodological test of those findings in light of recent publications on Second-Wave White Teacher Identity Studies (SWWTIS). In the 2013 meta-ethnography, the authors first found a reciprocal argument in which the authors described similar tools or strategies by which White PSTs defended their own privilege. Through further reflexive interpretation, the authors then found a line of argument that situated the multiple theories used in the studies as contested spaces in a larger figured world of whiteness. In testing findings from 2013 against recently published studies on SWWTIS, the authors found that the earlier study anticipated a shift in thinking and theorizing within the field.
The Peace Continuum
Authors: Davenport Christian , Melander Erik , Regan Patrick
Published: June 2018

The idea of studying peace—rather than studying war, genocide, and political violence and then inferring about peace—has gained considerable traction in the past few years, after languishing in the shadows of conflict studies for decades. But how should peace be studied? The book offers a parallax view of how we think about peace and the complexities that surround the concept—that is, the book explores the topic from different positions at the same time. Toward this end, the authors review existing literature and provide insights into how peace should be conceptualized—particularly as something more than the absence of conflict. They provide an approach that can help scholars overcome what the authors see as the initial shock of unpacking the “zero” in the war–peace model of conflict studies. Additionally, they provide a framework for understanding how peace and conflict have and have not been related to one another in the literature. Finally, they put forward three alternative ways that peace can be studied, thereby avoiding any attempt to control the emerging peace research agenda and, rather, assisting in and encouraging thinking about a topic we all have some opinions on but that has yet to be measured and analyzed in a way comparable to that of political conflict and violence.
Thalidomide
Authors: Sharfstein Joshua M.
Published: June 2018

In 1962, the United States found itself transfixed by a crisis involving the medication thalidomide. Marketed widely in Europe for a variety of ailments, including nausea during pregnancy, thalidomide turned out to be a severe teratogen, causing thousands of severe birth defects in Germany alone. Yet as a result of diligence by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), thalidomide was never approved for marketing in the United States.). When the close call came to light, Congress responded by granting the agency new authority, including the unprecedented power to require medications to be proven effective before sale. A key to turning tragedy into progress was the decision to highlight the central role of the FDA reviewer Dr. Frances Oldham Kelsey in protecting the nation.
Fixing Democracy
Authors: Corrales Javier
Published: June 2018

This book explores the origins of presidential powers in new constitutions. Much is known about the effects of different presidential powers—less on the conditions that lead to their emergence. The book focuses on the origins of these powers. It argues that the most important predictor of whether a new constitution will expand (instead of restrict) presidential powers is power asymmetry, or more specifically, the difference in power assets between the Incumbent and the Opposition. These power assets can include electoral results, seats at key institutions such as the negotiating table, and even approval ratings. This argument draws from bargaining theories on self-dealing. Power asymmetry is a more powerful variable in explaining variations in presidential powers than others, such as the president’s ideology, class differences, or overall economic conditions. To make the case for this argument, the book reviews all the constituent assemblies from Latin America since the late 1980s, as well as several failed assemblies, and thereby provides one of the most comprehensive reviews of constitutional overhaul in Latin America thus far. The book also examines constitutional amendments that affect presidential powers, especially term limits. The conclusion is that to get more balanced constitutions (i.e., those that strengthen checks on presidential powers), neither side of the debate should have a huge power advantage over the other.
Introduction
Authors: Corrales Javier
Published: June 2018

This chapter introduces the book’s two central puzzles: what explains Latin America’s obsession with fixing democracy via constituent assemblies, and what explains variations in outcomes of constituent assemblies? It introduces the key argument: power asymmetries between Incumbents and Opposition forces—in the form of variations in the relative strength of the Incumbent vis-à-vis the Opposition, more so than other factors such as economics, ideology, or partisanship—lead to constitutions that offer weaker checks and balances. Power asymmetries, the book argues, influence to some extent the incidence of constitutional change and to a large extent the content of resulting constitutions. The book illustrates these points by examining twenty-four constitutional moments in Latin America since the 1980s, including eleven drafted new constitutions and thirteen aborted constituent assemblies. Finally, this chapter offers a justification for the book’s case selection and explains the research design pursued therein.
Syncretism and Containment in Spatial Deixis
Authors: Lander Eric , Haegeman Liliane
Published: June 2018

This chapter investigates spatial-deictic systems (e.g. English this vs. that, or Latin hīc vs. iste vs. ille) from a wide range of typologically diverse languages. We propose that spatial deixis is encoded as a three-way contrast in Universal Grammar (UG): Proximal ‘close to speaker,’ Medial ‘close to hearer,’ and Distal ‘far from speaker and hearer.’ The empirical core of the chapter focuses on two phenomena: (i) syncretism and (ii) morphological containment. It is shown that only certain kinds of syncretism patterns are attested crosslinguistically: Syncretism cannot target Proximal and Distal without also targeting Medial (a case of *ABA). Furthermore, the cases of morphological containment we have found show that Distal contains Medial, which, in turn, contains Proximal. A functional sequence of three heads is posited that captures our generalizations in a simple and effective way.
Complex Left Branches, Spellout, and Prefixes
Authors: Starke Michal
Published: June 2018

Higher-function words such as complementizers, negation, functional prepositions, definiteness particles, comparative markers, and so forth, occurring to the left of their lexical category, are argued to be base-generated as complex left branches, rather than spelling out the main functional sequence. This is generalized to all (base-generated) pre-asymmetries and post-asymmetries and derived from the structure of the lexical entries of the function words, dispensing with idiosyncratic notational devices equivalent to [+ suffix] or [+ needs-to-move]. These complex left branches require a merge-XP operation, and the place of this operation in the algorithm of spellout-driven movement is discussed.
Institutionalizing the Just War
Authors: Buchanan Allen
Published: June 2018

This chapter begins the process of making the case that Just War Theory should take institutions seriously. I show that if Just War Theory is to go beyond highly abstract norms that provide little practical guidance, it must recognize that the proper object of evaluation is norm/institution packages.
A Second Look at Views on Women’s Ordination
Authors: Knoll and Benjamin R. , Bolin Cammie Jo
Published: June 2018

This chapter asks whether it is reasonable to expect that the data is revealing a fully accurate picture of the prevalence of support for female ordination in the United States. When asked by a telephone surveyor whether they are in favor of women being allowed to serve as clergy in their own congregation, respondents might feel social pressure to say “yes” when in actuality they are more hesitant. This chapter takes advantage of a survey tool called a “list experiment” (or “item-count technique”) to examine whether there is any evidence that support for female ordination is either over- or underreported in our public opinion surveys. It finds this is indeed the case: support for female clergy is likely overreported among our survey respondents, especially among women, meaning that there are fewer supporters of female ordination than our public opinion surveys would lead one to believe.
The Effect of Clergywomen
Authors: Knoll and Benjamin R. , Bolin Cammie Jo
Published: June 2018

This chapter returns to the public opinion survey data to examine the same question as the previous chapter but from a quantitative perspective. In general, the evidence shows that the presence of female clergy, policies regarding female clergy, and lay female leadership in congregations matter in terms of people’s level of religiosity, spirituality, and trust in and identification with their congregations. These effects, though, are more modest than often asserted: women in congregations with the strongest degree of female leadership have levels of religiosity—about 13% higher than women in congregations with the maximum amount of male leadership. The evidence also shows that sharing leadership equally between men and women would produce similar results. Most interestingly, we find that the effects are found not only among women but especially among political and theological progressives.
Behavioral Insights and Basic Features of the Law
Authors: Zamir Eyal , Teichman Doron
Published: June 2018

This chapter argues that reference-dependence and loss aversion are crucial not only to understanding human behavior, but also to understanding how the law shapes people’s behavior. Moreover, it argues that reference-dependence and loss aversion can explain—and possibly justify—key features of the law itself. It shows how these psychological notions permeate the law and illuminate fundamental characteristics of the legal system. It then considers an evolutionary explanation for the congruency between loss aversion and the law, as well as an explanation based on the correspondence between loss aversion, prevailing moral judgments, and the law. Finally, it is argued that reference-dependence and loss aversion not only explain basic features of the law, but can justify them, as well.
Tort Law
Authors: Zamir Eyal , Teichman Doron
Published: June 2018

This chapter presents an overview of the behavioral analysis of tort law. It begins by presenting a summary of traditional economic analysis of tort law. That done, it examines various tort regimes (i.e., negligence and strict liability), as well as alternative legal regimes that base liability on the creation of risk rather than the materialization of harm, in light of the bounded rationality of potential tortfeasors and adjudicators. The chapter further explores the implications of behavioral findings for the calculation of damages in tort cases. Finally, it addresses the topic of product liability law, and highlights the ramifications of consumers’ bounded rationality for this area of law.
Criminal Law and Enforcement
Authors: Zamir Eyal , Teichman Doron
Published: June 2018

This chapter surveys the contributions of behavioral studies to the analysis of criminal law and law enforcement. It begins by introducing the key insights of economic analysis of crime control. It then examines the extent to which people’s moral judgments are compatible with the dictates of economic analysis in this sphere—and the associated normative implications. It proceeds to analyze the ramifications of behavioral findings regarding how people perceive probabilities and sanctions for deterrence theory. The chapter e also examines the contribution of research in the area of behavioral ethics to crime control. Finally, it discusses the implications of behavioral research for recidivism.
Grounding Orthodoxy and the Layered Conception
Authors: Rabin Gabriel Oak
Published: June 2018

Ground offers the hope of vindicating and illuminating a classic philosophical idea: the layered conception, according to which reality is structured by relations of dependence, with physical phenomena on the bottom, and upon which chemical, then biological, and finally psychological and other phenomena reside. However, ground can only make good on this promise if it is appropriately formally behaved. The paradigm of good formal behavior can be found in the currently dominant grounding orthodoxy, which holds that ground is transitive, anti-symmetric, irreflexive, and foundational. However, heretics have recently challenged the orthodoxy. This paper examines ground’s ability to vindicate the layered conception upon various relaxations of the orthodox assumptions. It is argued that highly unorthodox views of ground can still vindicate the layered conception and that, in some ways, the heretical views enable ground to better serve as a guide to reality’s layering than do orthodox views of ground.
Fundamentality and Ontological Minimality
Authors: Tahko Tuomas E.
Published: June 2018

In this chapter, a generic definition of fundamentality as an ontological minimality thesis is sought and its applicability examined. Many discussions of fundamentality are focused on a mereological understanding of the hierarchical structure of reality, which may be combined with an atomistic, object-oriented metaphysics. But recent work in structuralism, for instance, calls for an alternative understanding and it is not immediately clear that the conception of fundamentality at work in structuralism is commensurable with the mereological conception. However, it is proposed that once we understand fundamentality as an ontological minimality thesis, these two as well as further conceptions of fundamentality can all be treated on a par, including metaphysical infinitism of the ‘boring’ type, where the same structure repeats infinitely.
Taking iPhone Seriously
Authors: Record Isaac , Miller Boaz
Published: June 2018

David Chalmers thinks his iPhone exemplifies the extended-mind thesis by meeting the criteria that he and Andy Clark established in their well-known paper (1998). Andy Clark agrees. This chapter takes this proposal seriously, evaluating the case of the GPS-enabled smartphone as a potential mind extender. It is argued here that the “trust and glue” criteria enumerated by Clark and Chalmers are incompatible with both the epistemic responsibilities that accompany everyday activities and the practices of trust that enable users to discharge them. Prospects for revision of the original criteria are dim. The chapter therefore calls for a rejection of the trust criterion and a reevaluation of the extended-mind thesis. It also addresses the extended mind, extended knowledge, digital technology and devices, varying stakes and GESs.
Keeping Track with Things
Authors: Menary Richard
Published: June 2018

The chapter begins with an evolutionary account of tracking systems, from simple detection systems to complex decoupled and highly flexible tracking systems. The important mediator is the role of the environment in providing the complexity, translucency, and hostility that produces the evolutionary pressures that result in more complex tracking systems. An evolutionary platform is provided for how modern humans could have come to innovate epistemic tracking tools (ETTs) for keeping track of salient features of the environment. Three examples of ETTs in action are given, ranging from highly iconic and contextual learning tools—such as the Mattang—to highly abstract and decoupled conventional symbol systems. Finally, it is argued that ETTs are compatible with a responsibilist-reliabilism since their correct deployment requires epistemic diligence and the reliable functioning of the tool itself. As such, a framework for understanding and exploring how we keep track with things has been given.
The Development and Application of Efficient Coding Explanation in Neuroscience
Authors: Chirimuuta Mazviita
Published: June 2018

In the philosophy of neuroscience, much attention has been paid to mechanistic causal explanations, both in terms of their theoretical virtues, and their application in potential therapeutic interventions. Non-mechanistic, non-causal explanatory models, it is often assumed, would have no role to play in any practical endeavors. This assumption ignores the fact that many of the non-mechanistic explanatory models which have been successfully employed in neuroscience have their origins in engineering and applied sciences, and are central to many new neuro-technologies. This chapter examines the development of explanations of lateral inhibition in the early visual system as implementing an efficient code for converting photoreceptor input into a data-compressed output from the eye to the brain. Two applications of the efficient coding approach are considered: in streamlining the vast datasets of current neuroscience by offering unifying principles, and in building artificial systems that replicate vision and other cognitive functions.
Introduction
Authors: Bergqvist Anna , Cowan Robert
Published: June 2018

In this Introduction the central themes of the Evaluative Perception volume are set out. After identifying historical and recent contemporary work on this topic, some central questions are discussed under three headings: (1) Questions about the Existence and Nature of Evaluative Perception: Are there perceptual experiences of values? If so, what is their nature? Are experiences of values sui generis? Are values necessary for certain kinds of experience? (2) Questions about the Epistemology of Evaluative Perception: Can evaluative experiences ever justify evaluative judgements? Are experiences of values necessary for certain kinds of justified evaluative judgements? (3) Questions about Value Theory and Evaluative Perception: Is the existence of evaluative experience supported or undermined by particular views in value theory? Are particular views in value theory supported or undermined by the existence of value experience?
On the Epistemological Significance of Value Perception
Authors: Milona Michael
Published: June 2018

This chapter explores the epistemological significance of the view that we can literally see, hear, and touch evaluative properties (the high-level theory of value perception). Its central contention is that, from the perspective of epistemology, the question of whether there are such high-level experiences doesn’t matter. Insofar as there are such experiences, they most plausibly emerged through the right kind of interaction with evaluative capacities that are not literally perceptual (e.g., of the sort involved in imaginative evaluative reflection). Even if these other evaluative capacities turn out not to alter the content of perceptual experience, they would still be sufficient to do all the justificatory work that high-level experiences are meant to do. The chapter closes by observing that it may matter a great deal whether a certain other picture of value perception is true. This alternative picture has it that desires and/or emotions are perceptual-like experiences of value.
Volunteering in hospice and palliative care in India
Authors: Paleri Anil Kumar , Sallnow Libby
Published: June 2018

India, the second most populated country in the world has more than six million people needing palliative care but only 2 per cent have access to it. The state of Kerala with a positive approach towards palliative care shown both by the government and the public has extensive coverage by the government institutions and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO), but in rest of the country mostly NGOs are the palliative care providers. Volunteering has long been considered an integral part of palliative care programmes but there are varying extents to which volunteers participate in the process and their numbers vary from state to state, with Kerala topping the list. The Neighbourhood Network in Palliative Care (NNPC) in Kerala is an attempt to develop sustainable community owned services led by volunteers capable of offering comprehensive long-term care (LTC) and palliative care (PC) to those in need.
Criteria for Moral Realism
Authors: Marshall Colin
Published: June 2018

This chapter discusses the nature of moral realism, identifying desiderata that the view defended here (Compassionate Moral Realism) needs to meet. First, the general idea behind the moral realism/anti-realism distinction is described, drawing on Geoffrey Sayre-McCord’s work: the issue of whether morality lives up to its apparent importance and objectivity. Several approaches to defining the distinction are described and clarified. These approaches concern paradigmatic views, the literal truth of moral claims, stance-independent moral facts, and (drawing on Sharon Street’s work) an epistemic asymmetry between virtuous and vicious agents. It is claimed that it is sufficient for moral realism to hold if these semantic, metaphysical, and epistemic criteria are jointly satisfied. Certain robust metaphysical criteria such as metaphysical fundamentality are also considered, but are rejected as necessary conditions for moral realism.
Regard for Reason in the Moral Mind
Authors: May Joshua
Published: June 2018

The burgeoning science of ethics has produced a trend toward pessimism. Ordinary moral judgment and motivation, we’re told, are profoundly influenced by arbitrary factors and ultimately driven by unreasoned feelings or emotions—fertile ground for sweeping debunking arguments. This book counters the current orthodoxy on its own terms by carefully engaging with the empirical literature. The resulting view, optimistic rationalism, maintains that reason plays a pervasive role in our moral minds and that ordinary moral reasoning is not particularly flawed or in need of serious repair. The science does suggest that moral knowledge and virtue don’t come easily, as we are susceptible to some unsavory influences that lead to rationalizing bad behavior. Reason can be corrupted in ethics just as in other domains, but the science warrants cautious optimism, not a special skepticism about morality in particular. Rationality in ethics is possible not just despite, but in virtue of, the psychological and evolutionary mechanisms that shape moral cognition.
A Fundamental Ground of Demand-Rights
Authors: Gilbert Margaret
Published: June 2018

This chapter provides a solution to the demand-right problem. It argues that joint commitment is a ground of demand-rights. A joint commitment in the sense in question is not a conjunction of personal commitments. It is formed when two or more people together commit them all. Given this ground, the right’s addressee is subject to a peremptory normative constraint. There is also a clear sense in which a right-holder can view the action to which he has a right as his. Further, the directed obligation of the right’s addressee can plausibly be said to be willed into being by those who jointly committed themselves. The question whether joint commitment is the only ground of demand-rights is raised. In a coda, pertinent passages in Kant’s discussion of contract right are reviewed.