bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Classroom Environment and Locus of Control in Identifying High and Low Self-Concept in Fourth- and Fifth-Graders
Authors: Madonna Stephen , Bailey Glenda K. , Wesley Andrea L.
Published: August 2011

This study examined classroom environment and locus of control in identifying successfully children showing high and low self-concepts. In their respective intact classrooms, 107 fourth- and fifth-graders were administered the Piers-Harris Children's Self-concept Scale, the Classroom Environment Scale, and the Nowicki-Strickland Children's Locus of Control Scale. A stepwise discriminant analysis indicated that four variables in combination successfully classified 76% all cases, suggesting the importance of environmental factors associated with classrooms and locus of control in identifying self-concepts of children of elementary-school age.
Correlates of Adolescent Sexual Behavior
Authors: Cullari Salvatore , Mikus Robert
Published: August 2011

116 Catholic (50 9th graders and 66 12th graders) and 92 public high school students (52 9th graders and 40 12th graders) completed questionnaires concerning sexual knowledge and information about sexual activity. Analysis indicates that 33% of the Catholic and 73% of the public 12th graders had previous sexual experience. The Catholic school 12th graders had significantly higher scores on a sex knowledge test than the public school students, however, there were no significant correlations between these scores and sexual activity for either school. The factors that students said encouraged sexual experimentation included curiosity, need for love, and peer pressure, while the factors that discouraged these behaviors were fear of pregnancy and sexually transmissible diseases. Fear of contracting AIDS and religious beliefs did not strongly influence sexual behavior.
Creative Thinking in Mentally Retarded Deaf Adolescents
Authors: Johnson Roger A.
Published: August 2011

30 mentally retarded deaf adolescents were matched with 30 mentally retarded hearing adolescents to evaluate (a) differences in creative thinking as a function of hearing status, (b) the effect of severity of mental retardation on hearing status, and (c) interaction between hearing status and intelligence. A multivariate factorial analysis of variance indicated that the mentally retarded deaf adolescents differed significantly from hearing adolescents on Fluency and Originality. The deaf youth scored higher on Fluency while the hearing scored higher on Originality. No other effects in the analysis reached significance.
Self-Complexity and Health Promotion: Promising but Premature
Authors: Hershberger Paul J.
Published: August 2011

Self-complexity, the number of nonredundant aspects by which the self is cognitively represented, was reported in 1987 by Linville to function as a buffer against the adverse consequences of stress under conditions of high stress. An attempt was made to increase the self-complexity of 110 undergraduates through the use of psychoeducational interventions, with the goal of decreasing physical symptoms. None of four interventions produced an increase in self-complexity or a decrease in physical symptoms. Using multiple regression, the previously reported buffering interaction was evident only among those experiencing the strongest intervention, and Linville's results were not replicated when the entire data set was analyzed. The hypothesis of a relationship between self-complexity and individuals' sense of meaning and purpose in life was not corroborated by correlational analysis. It is concluded that the relationship between self-complexity and health remains intriguing but inadequately tested.
Belief in the Paranormal Declines: 1977—1987
Authors: Randall Tom M.
Published: August 2011

Questionnaire data pertaining to belief in the supernatural collected in 1987 ( N = 918) were compared to similar data collected in 1977 (N = 696), using the same questionnaire. Analysis showed over-all a significant drop in supernatural belief scores from the first to the second sample—decades 1977 to 1987. Women showed higher acceptance than men, and older subjects had lower supernatural belief scores than did college and young adult subjects. In general, acceptance of religious values increased along with belief in faith healing. Results are discussed in relation to the recent shift in values in a conservative direction.
Anxiety and Blood Pressure Prior to Dental Treatment
Authors: Benjamins Carmen , Schuurs Albert H. B. , Asscheman Henk , Hoogstraten Johan
Published: August 2011

In the present study dental anxiety and blood pressure were assessed immediately prior to a dental appointment to assess the relationship between self-reported dental anxiety and blood pressure. Blood pressure was assessed by two independent methods, and the interchangeability of the blood-pressure measurement methods was also assessed. No relationship was demonstrated among scores on three dental anxiety questionnaires and blood-pressure values. The blood-pressure measurement methods delivered comparable values for diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure only.
Preliminary Study of the Relationship between Guilt Resolution and Depression in a Gerontological Population
Authors: Levitan Grant W. , Lamb Douglas H.
Published: August 2011

An individual interview process was used to investigate the relationship between proneness to depression in a gerontological sample and their evaluation of critical life incidents. High and low depressed individuals were asked to recall prideful and guiltful incidents from their past, and discrepancy scores were obtained between their past and present evaluations of those events. Limited evidence supported the hypothesis that individuals with higher proneness to depression showed a greater negative discrepancy in evaluations of critical life incidents. Subjects did not differ in the content of their recalled incidents as a function of guilt type or guilt referent.
Emotional Impact on Trail Making Test Performance
Authors: Gass Carlton S. , Daniel Susan K.
Published: August 2011

This study assessed the effect of emotional factors on Trail Making Test Part B performance for a sample of 105 neuropsychological referrals for whom there was no neurodiagnostic evidence of brain damage. Trails B scores declined in relation to elevated MMPI scores on Scales 6, 7, and 8, though only nine patients performed within the impaired range. The results suggest that (a) Trails B performance is resilient to a variety of emotional influences, (b) psychotic symptoms and severe anxiety impede Trails B performance, though rarely to the extent caused by brain damage, and (c) the MMPI provides objective criteria that help rule out emotional effects on Trails B performance.
A Multidimensional Approach for Selecting Child Care Workers
Authors: Jones John W. , Joy Dennis S. , Martin Scott L.
Published: August 2011

A multidimensional selection battery was designed to predict a variety of criteria important in the selection of child care workers. The battery assesses constructs related to honesty, violence, substance abuse, emotional stability, and safety. A series of studies were used to test the validity of the selection battery. Scores on the test battery were compared with those from three alternative selection procedures to define the measured constructs. Three additional studies show the relations of scores on the selection battery and the behavior of child care workers. The test battery was correlated with the job performance of child care workers and identified adults convicted for sexual offenses against minors.
Effect of Response Effort with Reward for Leverpress or Release
Authors: Armus Harvard L.
Published: August 2011

The expectation that greater response effort by rats on an operant task would lead to a higher percentage of rapid repetitions was not supported for lever release although lever depression was sensitive to effort.
Dimensions of the Female Role
Authors: Fiebert Martin S.
Published: August 2011

Four dimensions of traditional femininity are presented and provide a framework within which to examine the adherence to cultural conditioning and expectations.
Effects of Alcohol on Prolonged Cognitive Performance Measured with Stroop's Color Word Test
Authors: Gustafson Roland , Kallmen Hakan
Published: August 2011

24 men and 24 women were randomly assigned in equal numbers to an Alcohol group, a Placebo group, or a Control group. The alcohol dose was 1.0 ml of 100% alcohol/kg of body weight. Subjects were tested three consecutive times using Stroop's Color Word Test. The dependent measures were total time needed to complete the test, number of errors made and number of hesitations. Data were grouped into three blocks of 100 words. Results indicated that number of hesitations was too insensitive a measure to yield any significant effects. On the two first measures alcohol had a detrimental effect in that the Alcohol group needed more time to complete the test and made more errors than the Placebo group. There was also a significant interaction of alcohol dose by sex by blocks on both these measures, indicating that the detrimental effect of alcohol over time was restricted to women. Different implications of the results were discussed.
Multidimensional Differences between Adolescent Substance Abusers and Users
Authors: Hillman Stephen B. , Sawilowsky Shlomo S.
Published: August 2011

High-school-aged adolescents responded to a 48-item survey about their substance use. From an original sample of 190 respondents, groups were created through consequence variables (e.g., school, family, medical, and legal problems) into abuse ( n = 41) and use ( n = 115) categories. Variables were organized along multidimensional lines: stimulus (e.g., frequency of substance use, use in school), organismic (e.g., age, grade), and response (e.g., driving a car while under the influence). From 27 comparisons of the abuse and use groups 16 significant differences emerged.
Changes in Learning-Style Preferences: A Prefatory Report of Longitudinal Findings
Authors: Pinto Jeffrey K. , Geiger Marshall A.
Published: August 2011

Kolb's (1985) Learning Style Inventory has become increasingly popular as a method for measuring preferred approaches to assimilating information and learning in a classroom setting. The purpose of this study was to confirm, by longitudinal study, research suggesting that an individual's preferred learning style is likely to change over the course of a college career. 55 college students were given the inventory at the beginning of their sophomore and junior years. Analysis of scores obtained one year apart indicated no significant changes in learning style preferences. These findings suggest a reanalysis of accepted theory on changes in learning style.
A Fake Bad Scale on the MMPI-2 for Personal Injury Claimants
Authors: Lees-Haley Paul R. , English Lue Thorn , Glenn Walter J.
Published: August 2011

This paper presents a scale for using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 for the detection of malingerers in personal injury claims. Data are reported for personal injury claimants and for medical outpatients simulating emotional distress caused by motor vehicle accidents, industrial stress, and toxic exposure. Criterion problems are discussed. The answers and scored directions are presented in an appendix to the paper.
Breaking the Cycle of Violence: An Examination of Factors Relevant to Treatment Follow-through
Authors: Webersinn A. L. , Hollinger Constance L. , Delamatre James E.
Published: August 2011

To examine differences between a group of battered mothers who followed through with treatment recommended for their children and those who did not, 10 women from each of two comparable women's shelters who followed through with recommended therapy for their children were compared with 10 women from each shelter who did not follow through, in regard to age, years of education, job history, economic status, and prior exposure to therapy. Analysis indicated that women who followed through had significantly more years of education than those women who did not follow-through. Furthermore, women who followed-through were significantly more likely to have had prior experience in counseling or therapy as were their mates. Implications, including education of mothers about the emotional needs of their children by peers, staff, or liaison workers from mental health agencies as a positive means of curtailing transmission of violent patterns from parents to children, are discussed.
Sex Differences in Components of Self-Esteem
Authors: O'Brien Edward J.
Published: August 2011

Sex differences were examined on the Multidimensional Self-Esteem Inventory which measures global self-esteem, specific components of self-esteem, defensiveness, and identity integration. Significant sex differences were obtained on 10 of the 11 scales with the direction of the differences generally consistent with sex-role stereotypes (298 men scoring higher in global self-esteem, competence, body-image; 487 women scoring higher in lovability and likability). However, the magnitudes of the sex differences were quite small, with sex accounting for 1 to 7% of the total variance in scale scores.
Mmpi Profiles of Veterans of WWII and Korea: Comparisons of Former Pows and Combat Survivors
Authors: Sutker Patricia B. , Allain Albert N.
Published: August 2011

MMPI profile patterns were compared between combat veteran groups of 168 POW survivors and 67 servicemen who were not war captives in WWII and the Korean Conflict. Results confirm previous reports that the scales, Hypochondriasis ( Hs), Depression ( D), and Hysteria ( Hy), are characteristically elevated among former POWs. Findings also point to the contribution of scales, Psychasthenia ( Pt), Paranoia ( Pa), and Ego Strength ( Es), in differentiating groups, suggesting that negative ruminations, heightened anxiety, interpersonal anger and suspiciousness, and low self-esteem contribute significantly to group differentiation.
The Mooney Problem Check List—A Standardization of the College Form
Authors: Dreger Ralph Mason , Cawunder Patricia , Elder S. Thomas , Gates Donald , Johnson A. B. , Kemp George A. , Minder Carolyn
Published: August 2011

The Mooney Problem Check List, College Form, was administered to 2261 students from six Louisiana universities for standardization purposes. Usable protocols were obtained from 1929 subjects. Comparisons among schools, school classes, sex, race, and marital status were made for the 11 Mooney categories. Norm tables were developed for all groups with sufficient ns for the several categories. A component analysis was also done, with 13 components retained for rotation by varimax and promax. Comparisons among groups were made for the 11 categories and 13 factors. Tables of norms were likewise developed for sufficiently large groups.
Bibliotherapy Revisited
Authors: Riordan Richard J.
Published: August 2011

Bibliotherapy does not have the kind of research support that was implied in Pardeck's earlier 1990 article in Psychological Reports. Nevertheless, his efforts add precision to the use of this clinical tool.
A Twenty-Five Year Follow-up Study of Ten Exceptionally Creative Adolescent Girls
Authors: Cangelosi Donna M. , Schaefer Charles E.
Published: August 2011

A 25-yr. follow-up of 10 women identified as highly creative during adolescence indicated that most believed they had actualized their creative potential to a moderately high degree. However, only one woman stated that creative expression was a dominant life theme and primary commitment. Factors that facilitate and inhibit creativity over a lifetime are discussed.
Effects of Generation and Sex on Dimensions of Life Success
Authors: Chusmir Leonard H. , Parker Barbara
Published: August 2011

Six dimensions of life success were assessed for three generations of U.S. working women and men: those under 26 years, those born between 1946–1964 (the baby-boom), and people over 43 years. Some generational differences were noted among the 716 people studied, but sex appeared to be a better predictor of life success scores than did age The sex gap may be closing for the youngest group of workers.
Depression and Decision-Making among Intravenous Drug Users
Authors: Joe George W. , Knezek Laverne , Watson Deena , Simpson D. Dwayne
Published: August 2011

Two short scales, the TCU Depression Scale and the TCU Decision-making Scale, were psychometrically evaluated in a sample of 145 intravenous drug users. Coefficient alpha reliabilities were .78 for the 6-item TCU Depression Scale and .77 for the 9-item TCU Decision-making Scale. Concurrent validity of the former scale was assessed by correlating scores with those on the Beck Depression Inventory, r = .75. Based on the Beck Depression Inventory Clinical cutoff scores, 83% of the sample showed some depression, with 23% severely depressed, 39% moderately depressed, and 21% mildly depressed. Individuals scoring higher on depression on both tests tended to score lower on decision-making. Significant demographic associations of age, gender, education, and race-ethnicity were found for the depression and decision-making scales. More depression was noted for women, those younger, white, and having Jess education. Older and more educated intravenous drug users tended to score higher on decision-making. Validity for the depression and decision-making scales was assessed by examining correlations with behaviors. Significant positive correlations were found between depression scores and intravenous use of cocaine only, heroin and cocaine combined, and heroin only. Also, intravenous use of cocaine only and of cocaine and heroin combined were negatively related to decision-making. AIDS sex-risky behavior was positively correlated with depression and negatively correlated with decision-making.
Patients' Compliance: The Problem and Directions for Psychological Research
Authors: Buckalew L. W.
Published: August 2011

The problem of patients' noncompliance with prescribed medications is discussed, to include prevalence and suspected variables of influence. This article seeks to sensitize psychological researchers to the problem, cites research on nonspecific drug factors which could affect noncompliance, and suggests directions for needed research efforts. Variables suggested for study include perceptual qualities of medications and associated expectations and preferences. It is suggested that a psychological research perspective could broaden understanding of noncompliance and possibly lead to “engineering” of medications which could enhance compliance.
Tyranny of the Obsessional Character
Authors: Grumet Gerald W.
Published: August 2011

This essay relates many of the unwelcome features of modern life to the increasing influence of obsessional personality traits. This influence is becoming more pronounced as civilization advances and comes to be increasingly reliant upon depersonalized mechanical and commercial systems. The result has been a glut of unwanted information, an exaggerated reliance upon computing and numbers, an overgrowth of bureaucracy, a discarding of intuitive wisdom in favor of calculative reasoning, a loss of simplicity, a jargonized language, and ultimately, the degradation of human relationships and of human beings themselves.
Group Membership, Strength of Group Identification and Perceptions of Violence for Locations in Northern Ireland
Authors: Cornish Ian M. , Stringer Maurice , Finlay Cathy
Published: August 2011

118 undergraduate students, all of Northern Irish origin, were asked to rate 60 locations in Northern Ireland for violence and denominational composition. As expected from Social Identity Theory, subjects perceived ingroup locations as less violent than outgroup ones. Contrary to expectations, however, there was no increased differentiation of violence judgements with increasing strength of identity, for which two possible explanations were considered.
Selecting Student Analog Samples
Authors: Francis R. D. , Stanley G. V.
Published: August 2011

The use of student analog samples in research may produce low external validity given unintended but perceived coercion on the part of students when the researcher is also their teacher. Using a scale that measured dental fear, analysis showed no significant difference for ‘known’ compared to ‘unknown’ students. The students unknown to the researcher had a lower response rate. Of those who did comply with the request, some were tardy in responding. Neither being known to the teacher-researcher nor tardiness of response affected the outcome.
Mental Health Locus of Control in Agoraphobia and Depression: A Longitudinal Study of Inpatients
Authors: Hoffart Asle , Martinsen Egil W.
Published: August 2011

This study represents a longitudinal extension for 75 inpatients of a previous cross-sectional study, wherein agoraphobic inpatients, both depressed and nondepressed, attributed mental health locus of control more to chance than non-anxious depressed inpatients. This difference regarding chance locus of control persisted across posttest and one-year follow-up. At pre- and posttest, but not at follow-up, the group differences regarding externality to chance could be reduced to differences in reported fear of fear. Mental health locus of control scores exhibited moderate to high stability across assessments. Pretreatment level and during-treatment change of externality to chance did not predict proneness to relapse after treatment. Both a vulnerability model and a symptom model of the relation between externality to chance and agoraphobia received some support. On the other hand, reductions in internality during treatment predicted posttreatment relapse. Locus of control variables were also associated with effectiveness of treatment and posttreatment course, both with respect to fear of fear and to depression.
Does Gender Schema Mediate between Sex-Role Identity and Self-Actualization?
Authors: Faulkender Patricia J.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relationship between the Bern Sex-role Inventory and Self-actualization as measured by the Personality Orientation Inventory. To examine both relationships between sex-role groups and individual scales of the inventory and to assess the relative contributions of masculinity and femininity scores to the Personality Orientation Inventory, 64 men and 116 women undergraduates were tested. There were significant main effects for Bern sex-role groups on the POI scales of Inner-directed, Self-actualizing Value, Feeling Reactivity, Acceptance of Aggression, and Capacity for Intimate Contact. Multiple regression analyses for men and women separately on each personality subscale showed all significant beta weights for femininity were negative and all significant correlations for masculinity were positive. There were more significant beta weights for the women than for the men. The college students' scores indicate high femininity is detrimental to self-actualization and high masculinity is conducive to self-actualization, as measured by POI scales.
Pair-Learning and Spelling Achievement
Authors: Van Oudenhoven Jan Pieter , Wiersema Bert
Published: August 2011

In a field experiment among 123 second, 133 fourth, and 162 sixth graders we observed improvement in achievement as a consequence of learning in pairs only for the fourth graders. The results suggest that there may be a curvilinear relationship between task difficulty and effectiveness of pair-learning.
The Injustice of Nonjudicial Remedies to Address Childhood Violence
Authors: Bennett J. C.
Published: August 2011

The hypothesis that nonjudicial remedies such as mediation, negotiation, and “fair fighting” are effective tools for use in dealing with childhood violence has enjoyed some speculation in recent years. This work evaluates the hypothesis that such methods are unjust to the victims of such violence and that these methods must be abandoned in favor of appropriate punishment for aggressors.
Measurement and Interrelations of Psychiatric Symptomatology in Inpatients
Authors: Block Paul
Published: August 2011

For 152 psychiatric inpatients scores on the Beck Depression Scale, State form of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Self-report Inventory, Hopelessness Scale and 3 MMPI scales, Hypochondriasis, Schizophrenia, and Hypomania, were factor analyzed. The two factors appeared to confirm Gotlib's 1984 suggestion that such questionnaires measure general distress, as responding endorses negative affect.
Contributions to Psychohistory: XVII. Bridging the Great Divide: Psychology and History
Authors: Goldwert Marvin
Published: August 2011

In bridging the divide between psychology and history, this paper moves beyond Freud's psycho-analogical method. Rejecting most psychobiography as well as a return to traditional, positivistic sequence-oriented history, the author proposes to adapt and apply the concepts of “the digested past” from humanistic psychology along with the doctrine of “historicity” from existential philosophy. The foregoing are applied to a case study drawn from Mexican history.
Intellectual Functions and Personality in Subjects with Noncongenital Myotonic Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Franzese A. , Antonini G. , Iannelli M. , Leardi M. G. , Spada S. , Vichi R. , Millefiorini M. , Lazzari R.
Published: August 2011

Mental retardation and personality disorders are commonly described among the symptoms of myotonic dystrophy. Nevertheless, this tendency is not supported by systematic studies performed on large samples, whose results are controversial. We studied the cognitive functions and personalities of a group of 28 patients, in whom myotonic dystrophy had commenced in juvenile or adult life. The severity of the disease was variable, but all subjects were self-sufficient. Only 7.1% of subjects showed low intelligence with deterioration of perceptual-motor functions. This was not correlated with the severity of their disease. Women had a substantially lower mean Wechsler-Bellevue score than men. The personality function study of the entire group showed no change of psychiatric relevance but did present a depressive attitude with marked somatic concern and difficulties in establishing relationships in social life.
Psychological Stress and Gastric Emptying in Normal Subjects
Authors: Magni G. , Cadamuro M. , Borgherini G. , Mastropaolo G. , Mario F. Di
Published: August 2011

Gastric emptying half-time was measured in 10 healthy volunteers on two different occasions over a one-week interval, with an identical test meal. The first was the control evaluation, and at the second assessment, psychological stress was induced by the technique of dichotomous listening. Psychological and physiological parameters were assessed before and during the test period. No significant or consistent modifications of gastric-emptying time were induced by the stress procedure. Looking at individual subjects instead of mean values, gastric emptying was unchanged in 5 subjects, slower in 3, and faster in the remaining 2. These 3 groups had different mean values on two subscales of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire.
Atenolol Treatment of Paruresis
Authors: Zgourides George
Published: August 2011

Atenolol, a cardioselective beta blocker, was administered following unsuccessful treatment with propranolol to a male with a significant history of paruresis. During atenolol therapy, the client reported a decrease in ANS symptoms but no increase in ability to urinate in public restrooms. Rationale for use of atenolol is discussed.
Use of Technological Assistance and Families of Young Children with Disabilities
Authors: Parette Howard P.
Published: August 2011

Research on effects on families of technological assistance to young children with disabilities must be incorporated in the design of service systems. Broad questions which might frame such design are suggested.
Pornography as a Source of Sex Information for Students at a Southeastern State University
Authors: Duncan David F. , Nicholson Thomas
Published: August 2011

Pornography as a source of sex education was surveyed among 388 students at a state university. Women ranked pornography last of seven sources of sex information, while men ranked pornography sixth. More religious subjects ranked pornography lower as a source of sex information. Oral-anal sex was the topic on which the most subjects reported gaining knowledge from pornography.
Temporal Consistency of the Wais—R Memory/Freedom from Distractlbility Factor in a Nonclinical Sample
Authors: Rossini Edward D. , Kowalski Janice M. , Dudish Susan A. , Telcher Sharon L.
Published: August 2011

The temporal consistency of the WAIS—R Memory/Freedom from Distractibility factor and its intrafactorial components were measured over a 4-wk. period in a nonclinical sample of 22 undergraduates. A modest but significant consistency coefficient of .49 was obtained for Memory/Freedom from Distractibility. Neither intrafactorial component manifested significant temporal consistency over four weeks. Significant retest improvements were expected and observed on Memory/Freedom from Distractibility and Advanced Computation. These retest improvements were interpreted in terms of task familiarity rather than specific content recall. The reported temporal consistency coefficients appear to represent the lowest consistency for these neuropsychological constructs. The routine use of Memory/Freedom from Distractibility was questioned pending more comprehensive measurement of reliability.
Coefficient Alpha for a Principal Component and the Kaiser-Guttman Rule
Authors: Kaiser Henry F.
Published: August 2011

The formula for coefficient alpha for a principal component, first derived in 1957 by Kaiser, is developed. Its use in the Kaiser-Guttman Rule for the number of components is discussed, both in theory and in practice, with Hotelling's (1933) original correlation matrix.
Teenage Gambling: A Pilot Study
Authors: Trott J. C. , Griffiths Mark
Published: August 2011

Structured interviews were conducted of 40 gamblers between 17 and 24 years of age. They were males who reported playing 3 or more times per week and spending £1 to £4 per session. Many were unemployed or at school.
Effects of Partial Analogies on Solving an Ill-Defined Problem
Authors: Antonietti Alessandro
Published: August 2011

Two experiments were carried out to verify whether in Duncker's radiation problem undergraduates and secondary school students take advantage of partial analogies (i.e, analogies providing subjects with only one element of the solution) and can integrate two partial analogies to deduce a solution plan which may be transferred successfully to the target problem. Subjects were initially presented verbal stories (Exp. 1, n = 112) or visual patterns (Exp. 2, n = 80) describing situations structurally similar to Duncker's problem and to one of its possible solutions. Then subjects had to solve the target problem. Results of both experiments showed that partial analogies play weak heuristic functions and that two partial analogies can provide a complete problem-solving strategy for the target problem only if their order of presentation corresponds to the sequence of the solution steps.
Taking a Taxi in Sweden: Front or Back Seat? A Study of Sex Differences among Passengers
Authors: Watson John S.
Published: August 2011

A study of the seat choice, front or back, of single adult taxi passengers was carried out in Sweden. No sex differences in sear choice were observed, unlike an earlier Australian study which yielded large sex differences in major cities where male, but not female, solo taxi passengers exhibited a strong preference for the front seat. In both countries, female taxi drivers were a small proportion of all taxi drivers observed.
Relationship between Burnout and Performance
Authors: Garden Anna-Maria
Published: August 2011

This paper seeks to clarify the nature of the relationship between burnout and both perceived and actual performance. A sample was chosen for whom a clear and objective measure of actual performance was available. This was a group of 95 mid-career MBA students, for whom examination scores were obtained. A questionnaire containing items assessing burnout and perceived performance was administered. There were significant positive correlations between the measure of burnout and the items assessing perceived performance, particularly those reflecting self-esteem. There was no significant association between the measure of burnout and actual performance. It is suggested that (i) a clear distinction between actual and perceived performance be made in the burnout literature; (ii) it is premature to assume burnout will lead to an actual decline in performance; (iii) the notion of deteriorating perceived performance in relation to burnout may have more to do with general feelings of self-esteem than performance or accomplishment per se.
Gender Differences in Categorizing Adolescents' Weight Status
Authors: White Donna R. , Schliecker Evelyn , Dayan Joelle
Published: August 2011

Categorization of normal or overweight status, using percent overweight and visual inspection, showed good agreement for 51 adolescent girls, but not 70 boys. Only 49% of boys with high relative weights were seen as overweight compared to 90% of girls.
Poverty and Suicide among Native Canadians: A Replication
Authors: Bagley Christopher
Published: August 2011

In replication of USA research, poverty and suicide were shown to have strong positive correlations in an ecological study of males, aged 15 to 34 years, in 26 Native reservations in Alberta, Canada. The importance of cross-cultural research in replicating and refining psychological research is stressed.
Cholinergic Rebound after Chlorpromazine Exacerbates Lithium Muscarinic-Induced Limbic Seizures in Rats: Implications for Psychiatric Treatment
Authors: Bureau Yves R. J. , Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

When lithium serum levels were within the (human) therapeutic range, young and old adult male and female rats (housed singly or in groups) all displayed faster limbic seizure onset times in response to a muscarinic cholinergic agonist (pilocarpine 20 mg/kg) if a single systemic dosage of chlorpromazine was injected 24 hours previously. The effect was comparable to injecting an additional 10 mg/kg of pilocarpine. These results strongly suggest that cholinergic rebound from chlorpromazine administrations during lithium treatment could facilitate subclinical electrical lability and very localized neuronal necrosis within the limbic system of clinical patients, resulting in normalization of psychiatric symptoms.
Does a Moderate Dose of Alcohol Reinforce Feelings of Pleasure, Well-Being, Happiness and Joy? A Brief Communication
Authors: Gustafson Roland
Published: August 2011

An experiment tested whether a moderate dose of alcohol reinforces some predrinking emotional states. Subjects were assigned to an Alcohol, a Placebo, or a Control group and mood states were manipulated in a positive and a negative direction. An alcohol dose of 1.0 ml of 100% alcohol/kg body weight did not significantly affect feelings of pleasure, well-being, happiness, and joy, so it was concluded that the present dose of alcohol does not per se reinforce the predrinking emotional state and does not significantly reduce unpleasant feelings. Under the present conditions, alcohol is a weak transformer of the studied emotions. Implications with respect to factors in the setting are indicated.
Personality Characteristics of Dyslexic and Nondyslexic Adults
Authors: Kosmos Katherine A. , Kidd Aline H.
Published: August 2011

Dyslexic persons have developmental abnormalities in reading, writing, speech, or more than one area. To study differences in personality characteristics 25 each dyslexic and nondyslexic men and women, ranging in age from 21 to 73 years, completed the 300-word Adjective Check List. Analysis indicated significant differences between the two groups on 15 of the 37 adjectives. Dyslexic men scored significantly lower than nondyslexic men on the Favorable Adjectives checked, Achievement, Dominance, Intraception, Heterosexuality, Self-confidence, Personal Adjustment, Ideal Self, and Military Leadership scales, and they scored significantly higher than nondyslexic men on the Adapted Child scale. Nondyslexic women scored significantly higher than dyslexic women on the Counseling Readiness and the High Origence/High Intellectence scales and significantly lower on the Nurturance, Nurturing Parent, and Feminine Attributes scales.
Children's Estimates of Their Parents' Job Satisfaction
Authors: Trice Ashton D. , Tillapaugh Paula
Published: August 2011

319 3rd and 5th grade children were asked to rate their parents' job satisfaction. These ratings were compared to parents' self-reports of job satisfaction. Older children were more accurate in their estimates. Girls were more accurate in rating their mothers, while boys were more accurate in rating fathers. Children who perceived their parents as satisfied with their jobs were more likely to aspire to their parents' occupations than those who rated their parents less satisfied.
Issues in Clinical-Analogue Research versus Issues in Research Compliance
Authors: Galassi John P.
Published: August 2011

The study by Francis and Stanley is not about clinical-analogue differences but about differences between student-subjects recruited by a known investigator who potentially could influence their course grades versus an unknown investigator who lacks that ability. In such research, differences in mean scores and compliance rates must be investigated in comparable and unconfounded subject samples.
Factor Analysis of Responses to the WISC—R for Gifted Children
Authors: Brown Scott W. , Hwang Mimi Tu , Baron Marc , Yakimowski Mary E.
Published: August 2011

Several researchers have focused on the question of whether the traditional two-factor interpretation of WISC—R scores proposed by Wechsler (1974) is appropriate in selecting students to be admitted to gifted programs. Some researchers have suggested that the two-factor solution (Verbal and Performance) of Karnes and K. E. Brown provides the appropriate model, while others have proposed an alternative model based on exploratory research with gifted and average students. The current study expands exploratory findings of S. W. Brown with Rood in 1982 and Yakimowski in 1987, using confirmatory factor analytical procedures. The confirmatory factor analyses for selected groups of gifted ( n = 158) and average ( n = 195) students ( M = 9.6 yr.) indicate that the alternative three-factor solution model may be a better system for interpreting the pattern of WISC—R subtest scores of gifted students than the conventional Verbal and Performance solution.
Religion and Gender Differences in the Perception of Success
Authors: Jensen Larry C. , Towle Charlotte Ann
Published: August 2011

This study was conducted to investigate differences between men and women in how they perceive success. It was hypothesized that men would perceive success more in terms of self-development and material accomplishments while women would consider relationships, specifically the family, to be the most important element in success. A questionnaire, with the question “What is success in your life?”, was administered to 21 religious men, 29 religious women, 19 nonreligious men, and 30 non-religious women. The most often mentioned categories of success were family, self-development, personal accomplishment, spirituality, and material possessions. Among non-religious persons there were large differences between men and women, but differences between religious men and women were small.
Controlling Extremely Dangerous Aggressive Outbursts When Functional Analysis Fails
Authors: Dura Jason R.
Published: August 2011

This article describes and illustrates a treatment program aimed at addressing intermittent extremely dangerous aggressive behavior in an 11-year-old girl who was blind, multiply handicapped, and profoundly mentally retarded. In the month preceding treatment she had injured a peer, a paid careprovider, and her mother. Functional analysis produced no clear antecedents to aggression. Punishment was used to introduce a superordinate contingency. Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior combined with contingent restraint reduced, then eliminated aggression. Follow-up at an age equivalent of 4 years, 6 months indicated a continued absence of aggression. Results are discussed in regards to the balance between research methodology, agency policy, right to effective treatment, and social validity.
Influences of Situation-Specific Mastery Beliefs and Satisfaction with Social Support on Appraisal of Stress
Authors: Felsten Gary
Published: August 2011

Previous research on the effects of mastery beliefs on appraisal of stress usually employed generalized measures such as locus of control and produced mixed findings, depending, in part, on whether the encounters experienced were within the domains of control assessed. The present study examined the effects of situation-specific mastery and satisfaction with social support on the appraisal of a situation's stressfulness by 147 male college students. Mastery was positively correlated with the appraisal of desirability of the situation and accounted for 36.9% of the variance. Greater satisfaction with social support was related to more positive appraisals by subjects with high mastery but with more negative appraisals by subjects with low mastery. Mastery and satisfaction with support also interacted to moderate the effects of the number of stressors experienced on total stress. For subjects who faced many stressors, those with low mastery experienced high stress regardless of their satisfaction with support, whereas those with high mastery experienced high stress if their satisfaction with support was low, but moderately low stress if satisfaction with support was high.
The Basic HIV Disease Knowledge Questionnaire: A Rasch-Scaled Instrument to Measure Essential HIV Knowledge
Authors: McCown William , Johnson Judith
Published: August 2011

The need for improvement in HIV disease-related psychometric questionnaires is noted. In response to this need a Rasch-scaled measure to ascertain basic HIV disease knowledge was developed and calibrated on 1092 subjects. Four studies conducted with the measure suggest adequate test-retest reliability. Three validity studies also conducted with this questionnaire suggest that the measure is sensitive to knowledge obtained from HIV-related training and education. Potential uses and limitations of this new questionnaire are discussed.
The Short Index of Self-Actualization and Purpose in Life
Authors: Ebersole Peter , Humphreys Pat
Published: August 2011

Jones and Crandall's recently developed Short Index of Self-actualization was statistically significantly correlated .49 ( n = 46) with a measure of purpose in life, thereby providing further construct validation for the former measure.
Differences between Men and Women on Stress Producers and Coping Strategies
Authors: Gadzella Bernadette M. , Ginther Dean W. , Tomcala Maryjane , Bryant George W.
Published: August 2011

Differences in stress producers and coping strategies for 158 men and 243 women were investigated. Analyses of participants' responses to a survey on stress showed significant differences between men and women on eight stress producers and on five coping strategies.
Group Effects on Decision-Making by Burglars
Authors: Cromwell Paul F. , Marks Alan , Olson James N. , Avary D'Aunn W.
Published: August 2011

30 active burglars were observed and interviewed extensively over a period of 16 months. They were asked to evaluate sites they had previously burglarized and those burglarized by others, as to their perceived vulnerability to burglary. Burglars who evaluated sites singly rated the sites more vulnerable than those same burglars when evaluating the sites in the presence of their usual co-offenders—showing a trend toward more cautious decision-making while in groups—a group polarization effect. On the other hand, self-reports indicated that burglars were more active (committed more crimes) when working as part of a group than when working alone. Their self-reported apprehension rate was 5 times greater when working in groups than when working alone, a finding which may reflect task impairment as a result of social facilitation effects.
Cognitions of Self as Learner: A Necessary Objective in Experiential Education
Authors: Tritt Donald G.
Published: August 2011

In any learning event, one's self-concept is being formed, challenged, extended, threatened. Some self-concepts about being a learner can become harmful self-fulfilling prophecies if left unarticulated. A necessary objective in the learning process may be to bring one's own experiences as a learner into cognitions about self as learner. This action permits alternative and flexible self-conceptions. Support for this objective is discussed with reference to theoretical assumptions underlying experiential education. Use of experiential language expressed in terms of polarities and dilemmas is presented as a method by which concepts of self as learner can be articulated effectively.
Comparison of the Diagnostic Achievement Battery and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised: A Pilot Study
Authors: Morgan Robert L. , Whorton James E.
Published: August 2011

The Diagnostic Achievement Battery and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised (WISC—R) were administered to 12 Native American and 13 white students who were referred for psychological testing by their regular classroom teachers. Pearson correlations for the DAB Total Achievement Battery and the WISC—R Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs were .78, .40, and .69, respectively.
On Threat of Shock as an Elicitor of Anxiety: A Methodological Note
Authors: Britt Thomas W. , Blumenthal Terry D.
Published: August 2011

The effects of anxiety on the eyeblink component of the human startle response were measured in 32 college students. The manipulation of threat of shock was not successful in eliciting anxiety, suggesting that, while threat of shock can increase anxiety, this increase is not inevitable, illustrating the importance of a manipulation check of the effectiveness of the threat.
What Constitutes a Romantic Act? An Empirical Study
Authors: Tucker Raymond K. , Marvin Matthew G. , Vivian Barbara
Published: August 2011

Responses to the question, “What constitutes a romantic act?,” were obtained from 149 women and 48 men. Results suggest a large area of agreement and a small area of disagreement between the sexes as to the nature of romantic acts.
Measurement of Sense of Humor
Authors: Thorson James A. , Powell F. C.
Published: August 2011

A sample of 365 individuals completed three scales designed to assess various elements of the personal construct of sense of humor. Data were factor-analyzed to estimate what elements the scales measure. Inadequacies are identified, and additional elements of sense of humor are recommended for a new, multidimensional humor scale.
Microsocionomics versus Macrosocionomics as a Model for Examining Suicide
Authors: Lester David , Yang Bijou
Published: August 2011

The role of social variables in suicide is examined from a microsocionomic and a macrosocionomic perspective. As an example, the influence of divorce on suicide is explored and hypothesized to differ for the individual and for the society as a whole.
Relationship of Liking of One's Given Names to Self-Esteem and Social Desirability
Authors: Joubert Charles E.
Published: August 2011

59 men and 108 women university students rated their first, middle, and last names on seven-point Likert scales. Also, they responded to the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory and the Crowne-Marlowe Social Desirability Scale. Analysis indicated significant sex differences only on the self-esteem measure. Both men and women who scored higher in self-esteem liked their first, middle, and last names better. Persons who had stronger preferences for their own first or last names tended to score higher on social desirability.
The Fruit and Vegetable Component of Students' Diets: An Informal Look
Authors: Trinkaus John
Published: August 2011

An informal inquiry of 442 business students as to their consumption of fruits and vegetables showed that, while these foods are normally consumed daily, the number of servings per day was generally less than that recommended by the US Department of Health and Human Services. Possible reasons for the shortfall are suggested.