bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FINANCING OF HIGHER EDUCATION: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
Authors:   Tashkent State University of Law, Goziev Kozimbek
Published: September 2023

The article provides a comparative analysis of public relations related to the organization and regulation of the activities of charitable foundations in the USA, England, and Uzbekistan in educational institutions. Based on the analysis of national legislation, the features of the management of higher educational institutions are disclosed. The issues of granting broad autonomy and freedom in this area were considered. At the same time, proposals were put forward to bring the foundations of higher education financing into line with modern requirements, not only traditional sources of financing, but also the creation of funds based on the study of foreign experience using methods of generality, similarity, identification of features, and comparison. Appropriate conclusions were drawn, as well as suggestions and recommendations that should be applied in the future in scientific research works. As one of the modern means of eliminating problems related to the financial independence of higher educational institutions, applying the experience of universities in foreign countries was proposed to create charitable foundations (Endowment). The author reveals the history of the development of charitable foundations in Western and Eastern countries, their current situation, and the relevance of the organization of charitable foundations for higher education institutions in order to increase the attractiveness of education.
Optimization design of ground grid mesh of 69/13,8 KV substation using ETAP
Authors: Saltos-González Joan , Saltos-Aráuz Wilber , Pico-Mera Hugo Adrián
Published: September 2023

This scientific document presents the analysis and optimization of the mesh of the grounding system of a 69 / 13.8 kV substation in Ecuador. The mesh is made up of horizontal and vertical conductors connected with vertical electrodes buried under the ground of the substation. The function of the structure is to effectively dissipate the high short-circuit currents generated in the system. The objective is to determine the safety parameters of the ground mesh by comparing the mesh design analysis using the IEEE method and the Finite Element Analysis (FEM) method. These two methods are used differently to determine the electrical parameters of the ground mesh, the step voltage and touch voltage, the number of horizontal conductors, the number of vertical conductors, the number of electrodes, and the earth resistance of the Substation. ETAP 16.0 software is used for analysis. First, the maximum short-circuit current of the substation of 69 / 13.8 kV is determined. Second, the analysis is performed to determine the input and output parameters of the ground mesh structure using the IEEE and FEM methods. It ends with the results of the optimization of each of the specific methods, making a comparison of the two methods used and giving a recommendation regarding the best method for the design of the ground mesh.
O USO DAS TECNOLOGIAS ASSISTIVAS COMO UMA FERRAMENTA INCLUSIVA NA EDUCAÇÃO ESPECIAL
Authors: Ribeiro Elberto Teles , Rocha Erimar Pereira da , Martins Gabriella Lely Cardoso , Neves Luci Rodrigues , Souza Maria de Fátima Fernandes de , Silva Junior Gilberto Claudino da , Silva Rita de Kássia Leopoldo Claudino da , Souza Regina Garcia Toledo de , Mora Filho Pedro Sergio , Siqueira Junior Edson Ferreira de , Pinto Alexandre Montanari , Alves Andreia Cristiane Cuesta
Published: September 2023

Este artigo apresenta uma análise sobre o uso das tecnologias assistivas como uma ferramenta inclusiva na educação especial. Com o objetivo de promover a igualdade de oportunidades educacionais para todos os estudantes, independentemente de suas habilidades físicas, cognitivas ou sensoriais, as tecnologias assistivas têm desempenhado um papel fundamental na promoção da inclusão educacional. Ao longo do artigo, são apresentados estudos de casos que demonstram como as tecnologias assistivas podem ser utilizadas de forma eficaz em sala de aula, auxiliando alunos com deficiências a acessarem e participarem de atividades educacionais de maneira equitativa. Dentre as tecnologias assistivas abordadas, destacam-se os softwares de reconhecimento de voz, os leitores de tela, os recursos de acessibilidade em dispositivos móveis e as interfaces cerebrais. Os resultados obtidos em diversas pesquisas sugerem que a utilização das tecnologias assistivas contribui para o desenvolvimento acadêmico e social dos estudantes com deficiência, bem como para a melhoria da qualidade do processo de ensino e aprendizagem. Além disso, a implementação dessas tecnologias nas escolas pode promover a valorização da diversidade e o respeito às diferenças, permitindo que todos os alunos tenham uma participação ativa e significativa na comunidade escolar. Nó entanto, o artigo também traz à tona alguns desafios limitações na utilização das tecnologias assistivas na educação especial, como a falta de acesso a equipamentos e treinamentos de professores. Diante disso, são apresentadas recomendações para a superação dessas barreiras, como a capacitação dos docentes, a parceria com instituições especializadas e a busca por legislações que garantam a disponibilidade e o uso adequado dessas tecnologias nas escolas. Portanto, conclui-se que as tecnologias assistivas representam uma importante ferramenta inclusiva na educação especial, potencializando a participação e o aprendizado de alunos com deficiência. Contudo, para que esse uso seja efetivo, é necessário superar desafios e garantir o acesso e a formação adequada de professores e estudantes, visando promover uma educação inclusiva e de qualidade para todos.
DYNAMICS OF IMMUNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS IN PATIENTS WITH MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AFTER TRANSPLANTATION OF ALLOGENEIC MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS
Authors:   Belarusian State Medical University, A. S. Fedulov , M. M. Zafranskaya ,   Belarusian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, A. V. Borisov ,   Belarusian State Medical University, D. B. Nizhegorodova ,   Belarusian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, N. A. Volkova ,   Belarusian State Medical University, Krivenko S. I. ,   Minsk Scientific and Practical Center for Surgery, Transplantology and Hematology, A. Yu. Adamovich ,   Belarusian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education, E. A. Primakova ,   Minsk Scientific and Practical Center for Surgery, Transplantology and Hematology, A. A. Symanovich ,   Minsk Scientific and Practical Center for Surgery, Transplantology and Hematology, I. A. Romanova ,   Minsk Scientific and Practical Center for Surgery, Transplantology and Hematology, E. A. Nazarova ,   Minsk Scientific and Practical Center for Surgery, Transplantology and Hematology, N. I. Dedyulya ,   Minsk Scientific and Practical Center for Surgery, Transplantology and Hematology, E. G. Petrovskaya ,   Minsk Scientific and Practical Center for Surgery, Transplantology and Hematology, A. G. Bayda ,   Belarusian State Medical University, K. V. Blagochinnaya ,   Belarusian State Medical University, T. V. Kachan ,   Belarusian State Medical University, T. A. Shalukho ,   Belarusian State Medical University
Published: September 2023

Mesenchymal stromal stem cells (MSSCs) are a unique object for the development of new methods for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS) due to their immunomodulatory properties, stimulation of repair and transdifferentiation processes under certain conditions in the direction of glial cells and even neurons. The article presents the results of a study aimed at assessing the effect of allogeneic MSSC transplantation on some immunological parameters of patients with MS. The most significant changes in the immunological status were observed by 6 months of the post-transplantation period. After therapy with allogeneic MSSCs, there was no pronounced inhibition of the functional state of T-lymphocytes in response to nonspecific stimulation, which indicates the functional viability of immune system cells in maintaining antigenic homeostasis.
DRUG OTOTOXICITY, DIAGNOSIS, PREVENTION AND TREATMENT
Authors:   Belarusian State Medical University, G. G. Maksimenya , A. Ch. Buzel ,   Belarusian State Medical University
Published: September 2023

Hearing helps a person by warning him of danger, serves to receive information and to acquire knowledge, and can cause very strong emotions. Drug damage to the inner ear occurs during the treatment of other diseases. The main reason is incorrectly selected drugs or non-compliance by patients with the recommended dosage and frequency of administration. This review defines the concept of "iatrogenic ototoxicity", describes the mechanisms of its occurrence in some groups of drugs. Also, measures have been proposed to prevent the ototoxic effect of drugs that cause irreversible hearing changes up to deafness or lead to temporary hearing loss and hearing loss when applied topically, especially in the presence of perforation of the tympanic membrane. There is no specific treatment for drug-induced iatrogenic ototoxicity. The report lists drugs that have ototoxicity, as well as clinical and pharmacological characteristics of drugs used to improve hearing in sensorineural hearing loss. The review proves that the significant ototoxicity of certain groups of drugs in many cases limits or completely excludes their prescription to patients, and also requires strict medical control, timely detection and accounting.
LEFT VENTRICULAR THROMBOSIS IN CLINICAL PRACTICE
Authors:   Belarusian State Medical University, A. M. Borys , A. M. Savchenko ,   Belarusian State Medical University
Published: September 2023

Left ventricular thrombosis is a potentially life-threatening condition due to a significant risk of stroke and systemic thromboembolism. Despite the more frequent use of primary percutaneous coronary interventions and dual antiplatelet therapy in clinical practice the majority of left ventricular thrombus are diagnosed after myocardial infarction, although such a complication can occur both in ischaemic and non-ischaemic cardiomyopathies. The article provides information on left ventricular thrombosis in internal diseases according to current concepts. The authors characterize risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms in thrombosis, the predictors of embolic events. Modern imaging methods for diagnosis of left ventricular thrombosis are described. The article outlines that cardiac magnetic resonance has the highest diagnostic accuracy, followed by echocardiography with the use of echocardiographic contrast agents. Particular attention is paid to the treatment with vitamin K antagonists and direct oral anticoagulants. There is growing evidence of the benefits of direct acting oral anticoagulants in treatment of left ventricular thrombosis. It is expected that ongoing clinical trials will help elucidate the best management strategies for these patients.
RESULTS OF TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH INGUINAL HERNIAS DEPENDING ON THE HERNIOPLASTY METHOD
Authors:   Belarusian State Medical University, A. A. Bezvadzitskaya , А. М. Pozharytski ,   Belarusian State Medical University, A. P. Golovatski ,   Belarusian State Medical University
Published: September 2023

The article presents an analysis of the surgical treatment of 224 male patients who underwent inguinal hernioplasty: 90 patients with the Liechtenstein operation, 124 with TEP (total extraperitoneal hernioplasty). The presence of concomitant pathology in patients, the duration of surgery, the need for analgesics, early and late postoperative complications were analyzed. Patients with TEP needed less analgesia in the early postoperative period, they had fewer postoperative wound complications, and their ability to work was restored faster. The Liechtenstein operation was performed in older patients with comorbidities. In the late postoperative period, no recurrence of the disease was observed, regardless of the hernioplasty technique.
Quantifying the seasonal variations in and regional transport of PM2.5 in the Yangtze River Delta region, China: characteristics, sources, and health risks
Authors: Zhan Yangzhihao , Xie Min , Zhao Wei , Wang Tijian , Gao Da , Chen Pulong , Tian Jun , Zhu Kuanguang , Li Shu , Zhuang Bingliang , Li Mengmeng , Luo Yi , Zhao Runqi
Published: September 2023

Abstract. Given the increasing complexity of the chemical composition of PM2.5, identifying and quantitatively assessing the contributions of pollution sources has played an important role in formulating policies to control particle pollution. This study provides a comprehensive assessment between PM2.5 chemical characteristics, sources, and health risks based on sampling data conducted over 1 year (March 2018 to February 2019) in Nanjing. Results show that PM2.5 exhibits a distinct variation across different seasons, which is primarily driven by emissions, meteorological conditions, and the chemical conversion of gaseous pollutants. First, the chemical mass reconstruction shows that secondary inorganic aerosols (62.5 %) and carbonaceous aerosols (21.3 %) contributed most to the PM2.5 mass. The increasing oxidation rates of SO2 and NO2 from summer to winter indicate that the secondary transformation of gaseous pollutants is strongly positively correlated with relative humidity. Second, the positive matrix factorization (PMF) method shows that identified PM2.5 sources include secondary inorganic aerosol source (SIS, 42.5 %), coal combustion (CC, 22.4 %), industry source (IS, 17.3 %), vehicle emission (VE, 10.7 %), fugitive dust (FD, 5.8 %), and other sources (1.3 %). The Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model and the concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) analysis are used to further explore different spatial distributions and regional transport of sources. The concentrations (10–11 µg m−3) of SIS and CC distribute in Nanjing and central China in winter. The concentrations (8–10 µg m−3) of IS and VE are potentially located north of Jiangsu, Anhui, and Jiangxi. Finally, the health risk assessment indicates that the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of toxic elements (Cr, As, Ni, Mn, V, and Pb) mainly come from IS, VE, and CC, which are within the tolerance or acceptable level. Although the main source of pollution in Nanjing is SIS at present, we should pay more attention to the health burden of vehicle emissions, coal combustion, and industrial processes.
A retrieval of xCO2 from ground-based mid-infrared NDACC solar absorption spectra and comparison to TCCON
Authors: Chiarella Rafaella , Buschmann Matthias , Laughner Joshua , Morino Isamu , Notholt Justus , Petri Christof , Toon Geoffrey , Velazco Voltaire A. , Warneke Thorsten
Published: September 2023

Abstract. Two global networks of ground-based Fourier transform spectrometers are measuring abundances of atmospheric trace gases that absorb in the near infrared and mid-infrared: the Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) and the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON). The first lacks a CO2 product; therefore, this study focuses on developing an xCO2 retrieval method for NDACC from a spectral window in the 4800 cm−1 region. This retrieval will allow extending ground-based measurements back in time, which we will demonstrate with historical data available from Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard. At this site, both TCCON and NDACC measurements are routinely performed, which is an advantage for collocated comparisons. The results are compared with collocated TCCON measurements of column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of CO2 (denoted by xCO2) in Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, and only TCCON in Burgos, Philippines. We found that it is possible to retrieve xCO2 from NDACC spectra with a precision of 0.2 %. The comparison between the new retrieval and TCCON showed that the sensitivity of the new retrieval is high in the troposphere and lower in the upper stratosphere, similar to TCCON, as seen in the averaging kernels, and that the seasonality is well captured as seen in the retrieved time series. Additionally, we have included a retrieval strategy suggestion to improve the quality of the xCO2 product.
Dust storms from the Taklamakan Desert significantly darken snow surface on surrounding mountains
Authors: Xing Yuxuan , Chen Yang , Yan Shirui , Shi Tenglong , Cao Xiaoyi , Niu Xiaoying , Wu Dongyou , Cui Jiecan , Wang Xin , Pu Wei
Published: September 2023

Abstract. The Taklamakan Desert (TD) is a major source of mineral dust emissions into the atmosphere. These dust particles have the ability to darken the surface of snow on the surrounding high mountains after deposition, significantly impacting the regional radiation balance. However, previous field measurements have been unable to capture the effects of severe dust storms accurately, and their representation on regional scales has been inadequate. In this study, we propose a modified remote-sensing approach that combines data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite and simulations from the Snow, Ice, and Aerosol Radiative (SNICAR) model. This approach allows us to detect and analyze the substantial snow darkening resulting from dust storm deposition. We focus on three typical dust events originating from the Taklamakan Desert and observe significant snow darkening over an area of >2100, >600, and >630 km2 in the Tien Shan, Kunlun, and Qilian Mountains, respectively. Our findings reveal that the impact of dust storms extends beyond the local high mountains, reaching mountains located approximately 1000 km away from the source. Furthermore, we observe that dust storms not only darken the snowpack during the spring but also in the summer and autumn seasons, leading to increased absorption of solar radiation. Specifically, the snow albedo reduction (radiative forcing) triggered by severe dust depositions is up to 0.028–0.079 (11–31.5 W m−2), 0.088–0.136 (31–49 W m−2), and 0.092–0.153 (22–38 W m−2) across the Tien Shan, Kunlun, and Qilian Mountains, respectively. This further contributes to the aging of the snow, as evidenced by the growth of snow grain size. Comparatively, the impact of persistent but relatively slow dust deposition over several months during non-event periods is significantly lower than that of individual dust event. This highlights the necessity of giving more attention to the influence of extreme events on the regional radiation balance. Through this study, we gain a deeper understanding of how a single dust event can affect the extensive snowpack and demonstrates the potential of employing satellite remote-sensing to monitor large-scale snow darkening.
Technical Note: two-component Electrical Conductivity-based hydrograph separaTion employing an EXPonential mixing model (EXPECT) provides reliable high temporal resolution young water fraction estimates in three small Swiss catchments
Authors: Gentile Alessio , von Freyberg Jana , Gisolo Davide , Canone Davide , Ferraris Stefano
Published: September 2023

Abstract. The young water fraction represents the fraction of water molecules in a stream that have entered the catchment relatively recently, typically within 2–3 months. It can be reliably estimated in spatially heterogeneous and nonstationary catchments from the amplitude ratio of seasonal isotope (δ18O or δ2H) cycles of streamwater and precipitation, respectively. It has been found that young water fractions increase with discharge, thus reflecting increased direct runoff with wetter catchment conditions. This so-called discharge sensitivity of the young water fraction (S*d) can be useful for describing and comparing catchments’ hydrological behaviour; however, the estimation of S*d can be highly uncertain and unreliable when the streamwater isotope data are sparse and don’t capture the entire flow regime. Here, we present a new method that can increase the temporal resolution of the young water fraction estimates, and thus better constrain the estimation of S*d. Our so-called EXPECT method is built upon three key assumptions: 1) the two-component hydrograph separation technique can be used to obtain the portion of young water and old water in a stream by considering EC as a proxy of the water age, 2) the EC value of the young water endmember (ECyw) is lower than that of the old water endmember (ECow), and 3) the mixing of young water and old water fractions is described assuming an exponential decay of electrical conductivity with increasing young water fraction. We calibrate the two endmembers, ECyw and ECow, by constraining the time-weighted and flow-weighted average young water fraction achieved with hydrograph separation to be equal to the same quantities obtained from seasonal isotope cycles. We test the EXPECT method with data from three small experimental catchments in the Swiss Alptal valley by using two different temporal resolutions of Q and EC data: sampling-resolution (i.e., we only consider Q and EC measurements during dates of isotope sampling) and daily-resolution. By leveraging high-resolution and low-cost EC measurements and bi-weekly isotope data, the EXPECT method has provided reliable young water fraction estimates at bi-weekly and daily resolution, from which S*d could be determined with higher accuracy compared to the existing method that uses only bi-weekly isotope data. For proper use of the EXPECT method, we further highlight its main limitations that may vary in their relevance depending on the characteristics of the catchments under study.
Alternative climatic steady states for the Permian-Triassic paleogeography
Authors: Ragon Charline , Vérard Christian , Kasparian Jérôme , Brunetti Maura
Published: September 2023

Abstract. Because of spatial scarcity and uncertainties in sedimentary data, initial and boundary conditions in deep-time climate simulations lack of constraints. On the other hand, climate is a nonlinear system with a multitude of feedback mechanisms, which compete and balance in a different way that depends on the initial and boundary conditions, opening the possibility, in numerical experiments, to obtain multiple steady states under the same forcing. Here, we use the MITgcm with a coupled atmosphere-ocean-sea ice-land configuration to explore the existence of such alternative steady states around the Permian-Triassic Boundary (PTB). We construct the corresponding bifurcation diagram accounting for processes on a timescale of thousands of years, in order to identify the stability range of the steady states and tipping points in regard to atmospheric CO2 content. We find three alternative steady states with a difference in global mean surface air temperature of around 10 °C. We also investigate how these climatic steady states are modified when feedbacks acting over comparable or longer time scales are included, in particular vegetation dynamics and air-sea carbon exchange. Our findings for multistability provide a useful framework for explaining climatic variations observed in Early Triassic geological records, and some discrepancies between numerical simulations in the literature and geological data at the PTB and its aftermaths.
An effective machine learning approach for predicting ecosystem CO2 assimilation across space and time
Authors: De Bartolomeis Piersilvio , Meterez Alexandru , Shu Zixin , Stocker Benjamin David
Published: September 2023

Abstract. Accurate predictions of environmental controls on ecosystem photosynthesis are essential for understanding the impacts of climate change and extreme events on the carbon cycle and the provisioning of ecosystem services. Using time-series measurements of ecosystem fluxes paired with measurements of meteorological variables from a network of globally distributed sites and remotely sensed vegetation indices, we train a recurrent deep neural network (Long-Short-Term Memory, LSTM), a simple deep neural network (DNN), and a mechanistic, theory-based photosynthesis model with the aim to predict ecosystem gross primary production (GPP). We test these models' ability to spatially and temporally generalise across a wide range of environmental conditions. Both neural network models outperform the theory-based model considering leave-site-out cross-validation (LSOCV). The LSTM model performs best and achieves a mean R2 of 0.78 across sites in the LSOCV and an average R2 of 0.82 across relatively moist temperate and boreal sites. This suggests that recurrent deep neural networks provide a basis for robust data-driven ecosystem photosynthesis modelling in respective biomes. However, limits to global model upscaling are identified using cross-validation by vegetation types and by continents. In particular, our model performance is weakest at relatively arid sites where unknown vegetation exposure to water limitation limits model reliability.
Geographic variability of dust and temperature in climate scaling regimes over the Last Glacial Cycle
Authors: Acuña Reyes Nicolás , van ’t Wout Elwin , Lambert Fabrice , Lovejoy Shaun
Published: September 2023

Abstract. Temperature and mineral dust records serve as valuable paleoclimate indicators for studying atmospheric variability across a wide range of temporal scales. Due to the typically lower resolution of older sections within these records, studies investigating the geographical variability of the atmosphere have predominantly focused on periods shorter than one glacial cycle, such as the Holocene or the Last Glacial Maximum. In this study, we utilise a Haar-based algorithm to evaluate the geographic variability of dust and temperature records throughout the last glacial cycle. This algorithm enables us to analyse non-equidistant sampling series, allowing for the utilisation of both high and low-frequency information from the records. Consequently, we can investigate timescales ranging from decades to thousands of years. Notably, our findings indicate that the transition from macroweather to climate regimes occurs at shorter timescales in polar regions compared to the tropics or mid-latitudes. Furthermore, disparities between the dust records of the North and South Poles were observed. Finally, we assess the time-dependent correlation between the polar regions and the lower latitudes. Our analysis reveals high correlations at timescales of approximately 20, 40, and 100 kyr, which aligns with the Milankovitch cycles. Conversely, all sites exhibit a loss of correlation between 40 and 80 kyr, indicating the absence of an identifiable oscillation synchronisation mechanism at these scales. On the one hand, our findings support the use of the Haar-based method as an alternative for analysing nonuniform datasets. On the other hand, they underscore the necessity for additional high-resolution or longer time series data from the tropics or mid-latitudes, as the currently available data fail to adequately represent the glacial-interglacial cycles.
A comparison of the atmospheric response to the Weddell Sea Polynya in AGCMs of varying resolutions
Authors: Ayres Holly Cara , Ferreira David , Park Wonsun , Kjellson Joakim , Ödalen Malin
Published: September 2023

Abstract. The Weddell Sea Polynya (WSP) is a large opening within the sea ice cover of the Weddell Sea sector. It has been a rare event in the satellite period, appearing between 1973 and 1976, and again in 2016/17. Some studies have suggested that there may be a large-scale atmospheric response to the WSP. Here, we use high and low-resolution atmosphere-only experiments with the HadGEM3 UK Met Office model, the ECHAM5 Max Planck Institute model and the OpenIFS ECMWF model, to isolate the atmospheric response to the WSP. Results show a large (~100–200 Wm-2) turbulent air-sea flux anomaly above the polynya. The response to the WSP is local and of short duration (barely outlasting the WSP) with a similar magnitude and spatial pattern of lower tropospheric warming and increase in precipitation in all 6 configurations. All models show a weak decrease in surface pressure over the WSP, but this response is small (~2 hPa) in comparison to internal variability. The dynamic response is inconsistent between models and resolutions, notably above the boundary layer, suggesting a weak or null response that is covered by internal variability aloft. The high resolution does alter the pattern of the response but increases its magnitude by up ~50 % in two of the three models. The response is influenced by natural variabilty of the westerly jet. The models perform well against ERA5 reanalysis data for the 1974 WSP in spatial response and magnitude, showing a turbulent heat flux of approximately 150 Wm-2.
A comprehensive and version-controlled database of glacial lake outburst floods in High Mountain Asia
Authors: Shrestha Finu , Steiner Jakob F. , Shrestha Reeju , Dhungel Yathartha , Joshi Sharad P. , Inglis Sam , Ashraf Arshad , Wali Sher , Walizada Khwaja M. , Zhang Taigang
Published: September 2023

Abstract. Glacial lake outburst floods (GLOFs) have been intensely
investigated in High Mountain Asia (HMA) in recent years and are the most
well-known hazard associated with the cryosphere. As glaciers recede and
surrounding slopes become increasingly unstable, such events are expected to
increase, although current evidence for an increase in events is ambiguous.
Many studies have investigated individual events, and while several regional
inventories exist, they either do not cover all types of GLOF or are
geographically constrained. Further, downstream impacts are rarely
discussed. Previous inventories have relied on academic sources and have not
been combined with existing inventories of glaciers and lakes. In this
study, we present the first comprehensive inventory of GLOFs in HMA,
including details on the time of their occurrence, processes of lake
formation and drainage involved, and downstream impacts. We document
697 individual GLOFs that occurred between 1833 and 2022. Of these, 23 %
were recurring events from just three ephemeral ice-dammed lakes. In
combination, the documented events resulted in 6906 fatalities of which 906
can be attributed to 24 individual GLOF events, which is 3 times higher
than a previous assessment for the region. The integration of previous
inventories of glaciers and lakes within this database will inform future
assessments of potential drivers of GLOFs, allowing more robust projections
to be developed. The database and future, updated versions are traceable and
version-controlled and can be directly incorporated into further analysis.
The database is available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7271187 (Steiner and Shrestha, 2023), while
the code including a development version is available on GitHub.
High temporal resolution records of the velocity of Hansbreen, a tidewater glacier in Svalbard
Authors: Błaszczyk Małgorzata , Luks Bartłomiej , Pętlicki Michał , Puczko Dariusz , Ignatiuk Dariusz , Laska Michał , Jania Jacek , Głowacki Piotr
Published: September 2023

Abstract. Monitoring changes in glacial dynamics is essential for understanding the environmental response to accelerated climate warming in the Arctic. However, geodetic surveys in polar regions continue to present considerable challenges because of the harsh environmental conditions and the polar night. This study records a 14–year–long time series (2006–2019) of GNSS surveys of the positions of 16 ablation stakes distributed across Hansbreen, a tidewater glacier in southern Svalbard. The measurements were conducted with an exceptionally high temporal resolution, from about one week to about one month, and covering altitudes ranging from 0 to 490 m asl. The position of one stake was surveyed every day. The primary data products consist of the stake coordinates and velocities. Time series of annual and seasonal velocities are also provided. This dataset may be a subject of further studies of glacier dynamics in relation to the long–term and seasonal impact of climate change on ice flow in the region. It also offers unique material for tuning numerical models of glacier dynamics and for validating satellite–derived products such as velocity and digital elevation models. The dataset described here has been made publicly available through the  Zenodo repository: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8289380 (Błaszczyk et al., 2023).
Passive-tracer modelling at super-resolution with Weather Research and Forecasting – Advanced Research WRF (WRF-ARW) to assess mass-balance schemes
Authors: Fathi Sepehr , Gordon Mark , Chen Yongsheng
Published: September 2023

Abstract. Super-resolution atmospheric modelling can be used to interpret and optimize environmental observations during top-down emission rate retrieval campaigns (e.g. aircraft-based) by providing complementary data that closely correspond to real-world atmospheric pollution transport and dispersion conditions. For this work, super-resolution model simulations with large-eddy-simulation sub-grid-scale parameterization were developed and implemented using WRF-ARW (Weather Research and Forecasting - Advanced Research WRF). We demonstrate a series of best practices for improved (realistic) modelling of atmospheric pollutant dispersion at super-resolutions. These include careful considerations for grid quality over complex terrain, sub-grid turbulence parameterization at the scale of large eddies, and ensuring local and global tracer mass conservation. The study objective was to resolve small dynamical processes inclusive of spatio-temporal scales of high-speed (e.g. 100 m s−1) airborne measurements. This was achieved by downscaling of reanalysis data from 31.25 km to 50 m through multi-domain model nesting in the horizontal and grid-refining in the vertical. Further, WRF dynamical-solver source code was modified to simulate the release of passive tracers within the finest-resolution domain. Different meteorological case studies and several tracer source emission scenarios were considered. Model-generated fields were evaluated against observational data (surface monitoring network and aircraft campaign data) and also in terms of tracer mass conservation. Results indicated agreement between modelled and observed values within 5 ∘C for temperature, 1 %–25 % for relative humidity, and 1–2 standard deviations for wind fields. Model performance in terms of (global and local) tracer mass conservation was within 2 % to 5 % of model input emissions. We found that, to ensure mass conservation within the modelling domain, tracers should be released on a regular-resolution grid (vertical and horizontal). Further, using our super-resolution modelling products, we investigated emission rate estimations based on flux calculation and mass-balancing. Our results indicate that retrievals under weak advection conditions (horizontal wind speeds < 5 m s−1) are not reliable due to weak correlation between the source emission rate and the downwind tracer mass flux.
In this work we demonstrate the development of accurate super-resolution model simulations useful for planning, interpreting, and optimizing top-down retrievals, and we discuss favourable conditions (e.g. meteorological) for reliable mass-balance emission rate estimations.
EVALUATING PUBLIC URBAN GREEN SPACES: A COMPOSITE GREEN SPACE INDEX FOR MEASURING ACCESSIBILITY AND SPATIAL QUALITY
Authors: Ghale B. , Gupta K. , Roy A.
Published: September 2023

Abstract. Greenspaces (GSs) available to the public for recreational, environmental, and aesthetic purposes are termed Public Urban Green Spaces (PUGS). Accessibility to PUGS is one of the main pre-requisite for their frequent use. With rising urbanization and inequitable distribution of GSs, a significant portion of the population remains inaccessible to the benefits provided by PUGS. Therefore, it is essential to have tools to evaluate these GSs. This study evaluates the accessibility and spatial quality of various hierarchies of PUGS using GIS-based analysis in Dehradun, India. Accessibility is assessed using network analysis, aesthetics is determined by the presence of bird population and waterbody, the surface index is determined based on NDVI thresholding, and affordability, and spaciousness are computed based on survey and GIS data. The indices are combined to form a composite green space index (CGSI) using analytical hierarchy process. CGSI shows that most of the PUGS in Dehradun have relatively poor accessibility and quality. As per World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for providing a minimum of 9m2 of GS for each person, Dehradun lies way behind, providing 2.02m2/person. The lower hierarchy PUGS, notably totlots, which are crucial for young children’s physical, mental, and cognitive development, is quite limited. On the contrary, city parks are well distributed with moderate to good accessibility and quality. CGSI is a comprehensive index encompassing different characteristics of GSs and serves as a valuable tool for setting goals, prioritizing investments, identifying areas in need of improvement, and potential locations for future GS development.
Data-driven optimisation of wind farm layout and wake steering with large-eddy simulations
Authors: Bempedelis Nikolaos , Gori Filippo , Wynn Andrew , Laizet Sylvain , Magri Luca
Published: September 2023

Abstract. Maximising the power production of large wind farms is key to the transition towards net zero. The overarching goal of this paper is to propose a computational method to maximise the power production of wind farms with two practical design strategies. First, we propose a gradient-free method to optimise the wind farm power production with high-fidelity surrogate models based on large-eddy simulations and a Bayesian framework. Second, we apply the proposed method to maximise wind farm power production by both micro-siting (layout optimisation) and wake steering (yaw angle optimisation). Third, we compare the optimisation results with the optimisation achieved with low-fidelity wake models. Finally, we propose a simple multi-fidelity strategy by combining the inexpensive wake models with the high-fidelity framework. The proposed gradient-free method can effectively maximise wind farm power production. Performance improvements relative to wake-model optimisation strategies can be attained, particularly in scenarios of increased flow complexity, such as in the wake steering problem, in which some of the assumptions in the simplified flow models become less accurate. The optimisation with high-fidelity methods takes into account nonlinear and unsteady fluid mechanical phenomena, which are leveraged by the proposed framework to increase the farm output. This paper opens up opportunities for wind farm optimisation with high-fidelity methods and without adjoint solvers.
Wind turbine rotors in surge motion: New insights into unsteady aerodynamics of FOWT from experiments and simulations
Authors: Schulz Christian W. , Netzband Stefan , Özinan Umut , Cheng Po Wen , Abdel-Maksoud Moustafa
Published: September 2023

Abstract. An accurate prediction of the unsteady loads acting on floating offshore wind turbines (FOWT) under consideration of wave excitation is crucial for a resource-efficient turbine design. Despite a considerable number of simulation studies in this area, it is still not fully understood, which unsteady aerodynamic phenomena have a notable influence on the loads acting on a wind turbine rotor in motion. In the present study, investigations are carried out to evaluate of the most relevant unsteady aerodynamic phenomena for a wind turbine rotor in surge motion. As a result, inflow conditions are determined for which a significant influence of these phenomena on the rotor loads can be expected. The experimental and numerical investigations are conducted on a two-bladed wind turbine rotor subjected to a tower top surge motion. A specialised wind tunnel test rig has been developed to measure the aerodynamic torque response of the rotor subjected to surge motions with moderate frequencies. The torque measurements are compared to two free vortex wake methods, namely a panel and a lifting-line method. Unsteady contributions that cannot be captured using quasi-steady modelling have not been detected in either the measurements or the simulations in the covered region of motion frequencies. The surge motion frequencies were limited to a moderate range due to vibrations occurring in the experiments. Therefore, a numerical study with an extended the range of motion frequencies using the panel and the lifting-line method was performed. The results reveal significant unsteady contributions of the surge motions to the torque and thrust response that cannot be modelled in a quasi-steady way. Furthermore, the results show the presence of the returning wake effect, which is known from helicopter aerodynamics. Additional simulations of the UNAFLOW scale model and the IEA 15 MW rotor demonstrate that the occurrence of the returning wake effect is independent from the turbine, but determined by the ratio of rotor speed and surge motion. In case of the IEA 15 MW, a notable impact of the returning wake effect was found at surge motion frequencies in the range of typical wave periods. Finally, a comparison with OpenFAST simulations reveals notable differences in the modelling of the unsteady aerodynamic behaviour in comparison to a FVW method.
Aşırı İzleme Bağımlılığı Ölçeği’nin (AİBÖ) Türkçe Uyarlaması: Geçerlilik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması
Authors: Demirbaş Elif , Irmak Yaşar Hatice Selin
Published: September 2023

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, Aşırı İzleme Bağımlılığı Ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlamasını yapılarak geçerlilik ve güvenirliğinin incelenmesidir.
Yöntem: Çalışmanın örneklemini araştırmaya gönüllü olarak katılmayı kabul eden, İstanbul’da yer alan bir vakıf üniversitesinin sağlık alanında lisans eğitimi almakta olan 446 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın verileri "Kişisel Bilgi Formu", "Aşırı İzleme Bağımlılığı Ölçeği" ve “Problemli Dizi İzleme Belirtileri Ölçeği” aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Aşırı İzleme Bağımlılığı Ölçeği’nin dil uyarlaması yapılmış olup güvenirlik çalışması için iç tutarlılık, madde-toplam puan güvenirlik katsayısı ve iki yarı test güvenirliği incelenmiş; yapı geçerliliğini ortaya koymaya yönelik Açıklayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) ve Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA); ölçüt bağıntılı geçerlilik için ise benzer ölçek ile analiz yapılmıştır.
Bulgular: Aşırı İzleme Bağımlılığı Ölçeği’nin yapılan faktör analizi sonucunda orijinal ölçekte olduğu şekilde dört boyutlu olarak kullanılabileceği belirlenmiştir. Ortalama puanı 25.26±13.28 olan ölçeğin iç tutarlılık katsayısının .903 olduğu, madde toplam korelasyon katsayılarının .322 ile .656 arasında değişim gösterdiği bulunmuştur. Ölçüt bağıntılı geçerlilik için yapılan analiz sonucunda iki ölçek arasında (r=.298, p
Bots, Fake News and Election Conspiracies: Disinformation During the Republican Primary Debate and the Trump Interview
Authors: Graham Timothy , FitzGerald Katherine M.
Published: September 2023

We used Alexandria Digital, a world leading disinformation detection technology, to analyse almost a million posts on X (formerly known as Twitter) and Reddit comments during the first Republican primary debate and counterprogrammed Tucker Carlson and Donald Trump interview on the 23rd of August. What we did: • Collected 949,259 posts from the platform X, formerly known as Twitter. These posts were collected if they contained one of 11 relevant hashtags or keywords and were posted between 8:45pm and 11:15pm EST on 23rd August 2023. • Collected 20,549 comments from two separate Reddit threads. Both were discussion threads dedicated to the first Republican primary Debate and the Tucker Carlson and Donald Trump interview from r/Conservative and r/politics. • This methodology allowed us to capture narratives and conduct analysis of coordinated behaviour that occurred immediately before, during, and after the Republican primary debate and the airing of the Tucker Carlson interview of Donald Trump. What we found: • A coordinated network of over 1200 accounts promoting the conspiracy theory that Donald Trump won the 2020 United States presidential election that received over 3 million impressions on the platform X; • A sprawling bot network consisting of 1,305 unique accounts with a variety of clusters; • Some of the largest clusters were coordinated troll networks in support of Donald Trump; a coordinated network of misleading news outlets, and a clickbait Pro-Trump bot network. • No coordinated activity was found on Reddit during the Republican Primary Debate or in discussion of the Tucker Carlson and Donald Trump interview. What does this mean? • X is flooded with platform manipulation of various kinds, is not doing enough to moderate content, and has no clear strategy for dealing with political disinformation. • A haven for disinformation. While pre-Musk Twitter previously managed to moderate harmful conspiracy theories such as QAnon, X is now a safe space for conspiracy theorists and political disinformation. • That no evidence of coordinated influence activity was found on Reddit suggests the extensive rules and moderation either prevented or removed coordinated activity from the platform. • Worrying trends. Given the prevalence of mis- and disinformation during the debate and interview, the leadup to the US 2024 Presidential Election is likely to witness a surge of information disorder on the platform. • Trump is back. The reinstatement of Donald Trump’s X account has emboldened conspiracy theorists and the far right, who are interpreting this as a sign that the reason why Trump was suspended (incitement to violence) validates election fraud disinformation and activism. • Anything goes. The lack of a freely available Twitter Application Programming Interface (API) means that researchers, journalists, and regulators cannot monitor disinformation on X and hold the platform to account.
Panorama del derecho cooperativo en América Latina
Authors: Cracogna Dante
Published: September 2023

El artículo apunta a ofrecer una visión general de los principales rasgos que caracterizan al derecho cooperativo en América Latina y comienza brindando algunas precisiones acerca de sus alcances y sus límites, poniendo especial énfasis en la distinción entre legislación cooperativa y derecho cooperativo. Un esbozo de periodización histórica del desarrollo de la materia constituye la apertura de su tratamiento para entrar seguidamente en la consideración de los lineamientos comunes del derecho cooperativo regional en la que se incluye una referencia a la presencia del cooperativismo en las constituciones de los países de la región para luego abordar los temas de mayor relevancia en cuanto a la relación entre el Estado, emisor de la legislación, y las cooperativas, a saber: la constitución legal de estas entidades, la supervisión pública y el régimen de promoción, con un enfoque básicamente descriptivo aunque no exento del análisis crítico que las circunstancias ameritan. Seguidamente se tratan ciertos aspectos particulares que en la hora actual pueden reputarse como especialmente significativos para delinear su estado de situación. Básicamente se abordan los intentos de armonización de la legislación cooperativa regional que representan el Proyecto de Ley Marco para las Cooperativas de América Latina, por una parte, y el Estatuto de las Cooperativas del Mercosur como forma de cooperación transfronteriza, por otra. Por último, se trata acerca del notable crecimiento de las cooperativas de trabajo asociado producido por la crisis económica y algunas manifestaciones patológicas derivadas del fenómeno de la tercerización y la consiguiente respuesta brindada por la legislación. Finalmente, se concluye que un adecuado derecho cooperativo es una condición para el progreso de las cooperativas en la región.