bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Mothers Regarding Oral Hygiene and Dental Caries Among Children: A Systematic Review
Authors: Iqbal Zunaira , Shafeeq Seema , Ashraf Tahira , Ehsan Wamik
Published: April 2022

Oral hygiene is an important factor in determining good health especially among children. The role of mothers is inevitable in helping their children learn basics of maintaining good oral hygiene. However, the literature is unclear about the exact role and fulfillment of the learning outcomes about oral health given by the mother Objective: To review knowledge, attitude and practices of mothers regarding oral hygiene and dental caries among children Methods: Original observational studies of any sort, both descriptive and analytical and any design were included. PRISMA guidelines were followed to search literature through free web search sources such as google scholar, PubMed, Web of Science and others and BOOLEAN search strategy was opted Results: The total number of subjects included in 9 selected studies were 9,481. All studies reported that mother’s KAP as well as involvement in children’s oral hygiene and care is an important determinant to prevent risk of dental caries as well as to improve overall oral health Conclusions: Mothers have a significant impact on oral health of children. Mother’s good knowledge, attitude and practices may help develop good oral hygiene of the children and may reduce risk of dental caries.
Tecnología y representación simbólica de la cerámica “Torito de Pucará”
Authors: Reyes Apaza Fredy Rubén
Published: April 2022

El trabajo de investigación se realizó en el distrito de Pucará, zona quechua del altiplano puneño, heredero de una cultura milenaria donde existen asociaciones de artesanos e independientes empadronados en el Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y Turismo - MINCETUR dedicados a la elaboración de la cerámica a base de arcilla en diversas líneas. El objetivo de la investigación fue describir y explicar el proceso de cambio tecnológico y representación simbólica, tanto exotérico y esotérico en la manufactura de la cerámica denominado el “Torito de Pucará”, promovido por el programa “FONDOEMPLEO” de la municipalidad distrital de Pucará, se tomó como muestra a 32 pobladores entre Ceramistas: expertos en la elaboración del torito, ceramistas de línea diversa y no ceramistas de la zona rural y urbana. La metodología aplicada fue cuali-cuantitativa y la técnica de encuesta- cuestionario que nos permitió detallar, comprender y explicar los fenómenos socioculturales. El resultado de la investigación permitió identificar la evolución tecnológica que ha sufrido el “Torito de Pucará” en la forma más estilizada, colores brillantes y calidad en el acabado artístico hecha para fines comerciales y decorativos; como también las percepciones de los ceramistas y no ceramistas en la pérdida paulatina de representaciones simbólicas sobre el uso y función original del torito antes conocido como Qonopas o Illas– que no se constituye como elemento vital en los rituales andinos.
Las noticias policiales y estilos de conducta de los estudiantes del programa de estudios Ciencias de la Comunicación Social -UNA Puno
Authors: Macedo Mamani Wiliam Max , Vilca Cutipa Gilberto
Published: April 2022

En la actualidad las noticias policiales como: accidentes de tránsito, crímenes, asaltos, violaciones, delincuencia, etc., son las más leídas, el cual influye en el desarrollo de los estilos de conducta y en el comportamiento de los estudiantes de quienes la leen. Por ello, el propósito del presente estudio es determinar la influencia de las noticias policiales en el desarrollo de los estilos de conducta de los estudiantes del programa de estudios de Ciencias de la Comunicación Social – UNA Puno, 2020. Metodológicamente el presente estudio es hipotético – deductivo; el cual corresponde al enfoque cuantitativo, su tipo de investigación es básico no experimental (transversal), diseño de investigación correlacional – descriptivo. La técnica de investigación que se utilizó fue la encuesta y el instrumento fue el cuestionario de preguntas. Para analizar los resultados se utilizó la prueba estadística del coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. La población y muestra de estudio estaba organizada por 576 estudiantes matriculados en el semestre 2020–II. Finalmente se concluye que la correlación es positiva media entre las noticias policiales y estilos de conducta de acuerdo a su interpretación, porque los resultados obtenidos a través del coeficiente de correlación de Pearson es 0,458.
CAFER SEYDAHMET'İN KIRIM SORUNUNA ÇÖZÜM ARAYIŞLARI (1918-1920)
Authors: ÖZKAN Ümit
Published: April 2022

Cafer Seydahmet, İsmail Gaspralı’nın başlattığı Ceditçilik Hareketi’ne bağlı olarak yetişen, seksenler kuşağının Kırım’daki en önemli temsilcilerinden biridir. İlk öğrenimini Kırım’da, orta öğrenimini İstanbul Vefa Lisesi’nde bitiren Cafer Seydahmet, hukuk eğitimini ise Paris, Moskova ve Petersburg’da sürdürerek Kırım’a dönmüştür. Bu süreç, tam da Çarlık Rusyası’nda ihtilal çanlarının yüksek sesle işitildiği kritik bir döneme denk gelmiştir. Cafer Seydahmet, Numan Çelebi Cihan ve İshak Sükûti gibi mefkûreci arkadaşlarıyla bu süreçten yararlanmak için olağanüstü çaba göstermiştir. Bu bağlamda 1917’nin Nisan ayı içinde yaklaşık 2000 kişinin katılımıyla Akmescit’te Kırım Müslümanları Merkezî İcra Komitesi seçilmiştir. Nihayet aynı yılın sonlarına doğru Kırım Ahali Cumhuriyeti resmen kurulmuştur. Yeni kurulan devletin dışişleri ve savunma bakanı olmuştur. Ancak Bolşeviklerin Kırım yarımadası ve çevresinde kontrolü hemen ele alması üzerine Kırım’ın bağımsızlığı çok kısa sürmüştür. Ayrıca Bolşeviklerin yönetimindeki Kızıl Ordu’nun, Numan Çelebi Cihan başta olmak üzere pek çok mefkûreci Kırım Türk’ünü şehit etmesiyle Cafer Seydahmet, Kırım Türkleri’nin adeta tek umudu ve sesi haline gelmiştir. Yarımada ve çevresiyle kıta Avrupa’sında 1918 yılı boyunca yaşanan baş döndürücü gelişmeler, Cafer Seydahmet’i Kırım sorununun çözümünde çok aktif ve esnek bir hareket tarzına zorlamıştır. Osmanlı Devleti, Almanya ve Polonya nezdinde Kırım Türkleri’ne destek sağlamak için pek çok girişimde bulunmuştur. Ancak bunlardan beklediği sonucu alamamıştır. Bu çalışmada Cafer Seydahmet’in Kırım sorununa çözüm arayışları ve sonuçları analiz edilmiştir.
SON YILLARDA YAPILAN TÜKETİCİ ZİHNİ VE NÖROPAZARLAMA ARAŞTIRMALARI ÜZERİNE BİR DERLEME ÇALIŞMASI
Authors: MERDİN Mustafa
Published: April 2022

Son yıllarda gerçekleşen teknolojik gelişmeler, günümüz pazarlama çalışmaları ve tüketici algısını değiştirmiştir. Bu değişim pazarlama dünyasında giderek daha sık duyulan bir kavram olarak nöropazarlama; yapılan nörolojik araştırmalar sonucunda bulguların pazarlama bilimine aktarılması anlamına gelmektedir. Nörobilim ve Pazarlama disiplinlerinin birbiriyle olan etkileşiminden ortaya çıkan nöropazarlama, üretilen son teknolojik beyin görüntüleme cihazları ile uzmanlar tarafından yapılan istatistiksel analizler sonucu elde edilen bulguların, nörobilim ve pazarlama uzmanları tarafından beraber yorumlandığı bir araştırma alanıdır. Nörobilim, tüketici zihninin ve tüketici davranışlarının arkasında yatan sebeplere ışık tutarken; bir marka imajının ve markanın tüketiciye ilettiği mesajın, marka reklam kampanyasının ve reklam görsellerinin tüketicide bilinç dışında nasıl bir etki yarattığı ve tüketici zihnini nasıl etkilediğine dair yol göstermektedir. Bu derleme çalışmasında; nöropazarlama kavramı, bu alanda yapılan çalışmalar, nöropazarlamanın tüketici üzerindeki etkisi ve tüketici zihin süreçleri hakkında genel bir bilgi verilmiştir. Çalışmanın amacı; nöropazarlama konusunda özellikle son beş yıl içerisinde literatürde ulaşılabilen kaynaklar bağlamında şimdiye kadar yapılan uluslararası makale ve bildirileri derleyerek mevcut çalışmaları ortaya koymak ve gelecekteki nöropazarlama araştırmalarına yön tayin etmeye katkı sağlamaktır.
İHTİSAS KÖRLÜĞÜNE KARŞIT BİR SOSYOLOJİ ANLAYIŞININ MÜMKÜNLÜĞÜ: KURTULUŞ KAYALI ÜZERİNE BİR OKUMA
Authors: ÇETİN Berkay
Published: April 2022

Bu çalışmada, toplumu anlama yönünde sosyolojinin diğer disiplinlerle/alanlarla ilişkisi, Kurtuluş Kayalı merkeze alınarak tartışılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında, Kayalı’nın eserlerinden yola çıkılarak, tarih, edebiyat ve sinemanın toplumu anlamada genel olarak sosyal bilimcilere, özel olarak da sosyologlara ne gibi katkılar sunabileceği sorunsallaştırılmıştır. Kayalı’nın söz konusu alanlara yönelimini daha doğru tespit edebilmek için de akademik formasyonu, eserleri ve danışmanlığını üstlendiği yüksek lisans ve doktora tez çalışmalarına dair kısa bölümler kaleme alınmıştır. Böylelikle, çalışma kapsamında, sosyal bilimler alanında bir tür disiplinler arası eğilimin, sosyal bilim icracılarına ne gibi imkânlar sunabileceği hususu da art alanda tartışma konusu edinilmiştir. Anlamacı, yorumlayıcı yaklaşımın esas alındığı çalışmada, doküman analizi tekniği kullanılmıştır. Çalışmaya konu edinilen sosyoloğun eserlerinden, yani doğrudan birincil kaynaklar üzerinden, üç tema ekseninde okuma gerçekleştirilmiştir. Tarih, edebiyat ve sinema ekseninde yürütülen tartışmanın neticesinde, salt bir disiplinde yahut alt disiplinde uzmanlaşmanın bir tür körlüğü (ihtisas körlüğünü) beraberinde getirebileceği vurgulanmıştır. Kayalı’nın, bu tür bir körlükten (ihtisas körlüğünden) uzak bir biçimde, farklı alanlardan beslenerek Türk toplumunu anlamaya yöneldiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Kayalı’nın toplumu anlama yolunda beslendiği isimlerin de daha ziyade edebiyatçılar, sinemacılar, karikatüristler vb. olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Ek olarak, Kayalı’nın Türkiye’deki entelektüel alana ve bu alanın aktörlerine yönelik gündelik siyasete dönüklük ve güncel sorunlarla sınırlı olmanın yanı sıra belirli bir disiplinle veya alanla sınırlı kalmaya yönelik olarak da eleştiriler getirdiği görülmüştür.
KNOWLEDGE OF THE EFFECT OF SYNTHETIC PROTEINS ON THE OVERALL HEALTH IN LEBANESE ADULTS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Authors: Al Shoufi Zeina , Al Bardan Alaa , Chichnieh Ahmad , Assad Rami , Deek Hiba
Published: April 2022

The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge of gym attendees on the effects of protein shakes on their health. A descriptive cross-sectional study involving a self-administered questionnaire was undertaken. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire in two ways. First method was googled form links which was sent out to acquaintances on social media (WhatsApp, Facebook, Instagram and Twitter) in both English and Arabic language. In addition, questionnaire was printed and distributed to four different gyms in Beirut. The coaches of the gyms took charge of distributing and completing the questionnaire. Reminders were issued every 2 days throughout the data collection period. The mean age of the study participants was 25.58 (SD=6.82) years. The majority were male participants (66.9%). The findings show that participants were not aware about the side effects of protein shakes consumption. Only 61.4% knew about kidney problems, 33.7% knew about its effect on blood pressure, 38% knew about its effect on breast enlargement and only 10% knew about its effect on fertility. As a conclusion, this study provided information about the knowledge base of gym attendees on the use of protein shakes. This information will help in raising and spreading awareness among people about the effect of protein shake on their health. Future studies should address other age groups.
THE EFFECT OF FREQUENTLY WEARING FACE MASKS DURING THE COVID- 19 PANDEMIC ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ACNE IN ADULTS: A CROSSSECTIONAL DESCRIPTIVE STUDY
Authors: Taleb Rawan , Jad Rayan , Salem Rayan , Lababidi Nour , Awassa Noorhan , Atchan Hadi , Deek Hiba
Published: April 2022

The aim was to highlight the dermatological side effect “acne” of repetitive usage of face masks on the skin of adults living in Lebanon through a cross sectional descriptive study involving self-administered questionnaire. Following ethical and administration approval, the questionnaire in English language was generated on a link through Google forms. The link was disseminated through social media; Facebook, Instagram and to the WhatsApp groups of the research group who are nursing BS students at the Faculty of Health Sciences. A total of 305 completed the questionnaire. Data analysis was done via SPSS. The mean age of the study participants was 22.62 years (SD=6.29). The majority (n=218, 71.5%) were female and a large number (n=203, 66.6%) were students living in Beirut (n=172, 56.4%). Skin characteristics were changed significantly after wearing a mask for a long period of time. Maskne developed after routinely wearing a mask for at least five hours daily. Other factors that increased the risk of developing Maskne included female gender, gastrointestinal problems, using hydrating facial products, having an oily or sensitive skin, oral contraceptives use, stress, history of acne, and hot weather. The majority graded their acne as mild and experienced redness and oiliness underneath their masks. The study identified the association between wearing facemasks and acne development during the covid-19 pandemic. Wearing a mask during this pandemic is definitely necessary but expected skin changes can be avoided and skin health can be preserved with the appropriate measures. Additional studies are needed to better understand how to manage mask-related acne development and inform clinical decision-making.
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND PRACTICES OF NURSES REGARDING ANTIBIOTIC STEWARDSHIP IN NORTH LEBANON: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Authors: El Baida Mariam , Mina Sara
Published: April 2022

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is an urgent global issue. Several associations are supporting the implementation of antibiotic stewardship programs in all hospitals. This program is multidisciplinary in its nature however, nurses are often not included in the antibiotic stewardship team. The role of nurses in antibiotic stewardship needs further development, and additional information is needed regarding gaps in nurses’ knowledge and attitudes toward antibiotic stewardship. Hence, this study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of nursing staff regarding antibiotic stewardship in North Lebanon and identify the barriers that prevent their participation. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed using a self-administered questionnaire distributed to 120 nurses working in four hospitals in North Lebanon. The survey included 29 questions addressing (1) demographic and professional characteristics; (2) knowledge and attitude about antibiotic stewardship; (3) delivery of antimicrobials; (4) knowledge and attitude about antimicrobial use, (5) and knowledge and attitude about antimicrobial resistance. Results: In total, 100 staff nurses (33.3%) responded to the survey. 60% of the nurses were familiar with the term antibiotic stewardship and 57% received training in this subject, however, gaps in their knowledge were recorded. Almost all nurses (97%) believed they should be involved in antibiotic stewardship interventions. There was no association between years of experience or level of education with being familiar with ASP. Conclusion: This study showed that although many nurses are familiar with the term antibiotic stewardship, their overall knowledge of core elements and their potential roles in AS were limited. In addition, nurses stated that concerns over physician pushback and knowledge of antibiotics as barriers to their participation in the program. The results highlight the need for further education to fill the gaps in their knowledge.
INTERLEUKIN-16 RS4778889 POLYMORPHISM AND ITS INTERACTION WITH INTERLEUKIN-10 RS1800896 POLYMORPHISM INCREASE THE RISK FOR KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS IN THE LEBANESE POPULATION
Authors: El-Ali Zeina , Ziade Fouad , Zmerly Hassan , Bissar Nisrine
Published: April 2022

To investigate the effect Interleukin-16 (IL-16) and Interleukin-10 (IL-10) polymorphisms, and their interaction, on knee osteoarthritis (KOA) risk in the Lebanese population. Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) genotyping assay was performed to determine IL-16 rs4778889, rs11556218, and rs4072111 and IL-10 rs1800896 polymorphisms in 118 patients diagnosed with KOA ( ≥ 2 points on Kellgren-Lawrence (K&L) radiological classification scale) and 70 controls matched for age and gender (K&L score ≤ 1). After adjusting for age, gender, presence of metabolic disorders, smoking and drinking status, our findings suggest that rs4778889 TT genotype increases the risk for KOA compared to the combined CC and TC genotypes (OR=2.131, 95% CI 1.037 – 4.379, p = 0.04) and that the T allele increases KOA risk compared to the C allele (OR=1.8, 95% CI 1.008 – 3.212, p = 0.047). No significant associations with the disease risk were found for the other studied polymorphisms (p > 0.05). Our data suggest that there is an interaction between IL-16 rs4778889 and IL-10 rs1800896 (p = 0.010). IL-16 rs4778889 TT genotype increases the risk for KOA only among individuals carrying IL-10 rs1800896 GG or GA genotypes (OR=4.821, 95% CI 1.847 – 12.583). None of the IL-16 haplotypes was associated with KOA risk in our study population (p > 0.05). Our findings suggest that IL-16 rs4778889 T allele is associated with KOA and that there is an interaction between this polymorphism and IL-10 rs1800896 with regard to KOA.
FOOD SAFETY PRACTICES AMONG FOOD CARTS IN -NORTH LEBANON
Authors: Hasan Hanin , El Darra Nada , Al Khatib Alissar
Published: April 2022

Street food carts serve different types of popular and traditional foods; it is a common economic sector worldwide. In North Lebanon, food carts are mobile or centered in specific places serving common and well known RTE meals. In addition, the increasing incidence of foodborne illnesses associated with street foods sheds light on the importance of inspecting the practices of street vendors. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the food safety in 30 food carts using an observational checklist and to perform microbiological analysis for the detection of foodborne pathogens namely; yeast, mold, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella, Enterohemorrhagic E.coli, B-glucuronidase E.coli, Enterobacteriaceae and Clostridium perfringens in 10 samples of orange juice, 10 samples of cheese caek and 10 samples of meat shawarma; moreover to investigate the prevalence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in RTE foods and street vendor’s hands. Out of 30 vendors, 100% were males, 80% with an age between 25-44, 80% of them had less than high school level and 66.7% had fixed stalls. When vendors were observed for food safety practices, 70% and 86.7% of them did not store raw materials separately nor in suitable form respectively, 43.5% cleaned their carts monthly, 96% shared utensils between many types of food, 70% did not clean the counter top surface before starting food preparation; moreover 96%, 76 % and 83% of vendors were not wearing net, gloves nor an appropriate uniform, respectively. Results showed that all tested samples were contaminated with at least one of the tested foodborne pathogens, unsatisfactory levels of yeast and mold were recorded in 10 and 9 orange juice samples, respectively. On the other hand, B-glucuronides E.coli exceeded standard limit in two samples of RTE food, one shawarma sample did not meet standard with respect to C. perfringens, Remarkably, unsatisfactory levels of S. aureus were detected in 55 % of RTE samples and in 30 % of vendor’s hands. S. aureus strains were susceptible to at least one of the used antibiotics, accordingly one isolated from vendor’s hand is considered as MRSA. Therefore, the unsatisfactory levels of yeast, mold and S. aureus in tested samples were induced by vendor’s violation of food safety practices. Consequently, the current proposes to improve the legislation needs to provide safe food for the end consumer.
Geoekonomi Bank Investasi Infrastruktur Asia (AIIB)
Authors: Iswardhana Muhammad Ridha
Published: April 2022

Tiongkok sebagai salah satu negara terbesar di dunia dengan populasi terbesar dan negara ekonomi terbesar kedua di dunia. Pada 2013, Presiden Tiongkok Xi Jinping menetapkan jalur perdagangan melalui pembangunan bersama dan kemakmuran dengan meningkatkan kerja sama lintas regional multilateral, yang dapat disebut Jalan Sutra Modern atau One Belt One Road (OBOR). Untuk mendukung OBOR, juga dibentuk Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). Dalam konteks kekuatan ekonomi, AIIB telah berkontribusi dalam meningkatkan dominasi ekonomi Tiongkok di dunia. Munculnya Tiongkok sebagai kekuatan global baru dalam beberapa dekade terakhir telah meletakkan dasar bagi perkembangan ekonominya yang kuat, yang menghasilkan modal yang kuat dalam perangkat dan kapasitas untuk membangun infrastruktur yang ditawarkan oleh AIIB.

Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan bagaimana keberadaan AIIB yang mendukung kerjasama ekonomi menemukan bahwa AIIB dan OBOR merupakan upaya kuat Tiongkok untuk mendapatkan dominasi ekonomi. Penulis menggunakan teori Geoekonomi dan Kepentingan Nasional menjelaskan bahwa AIIB memiliki kelebihan yaitu kerjasama global yang memberikan dana yang besar bagi anggotanya dengan mengadakan perjanjian internasional dengan Tiongkok sebesar USD 150 Milyar atau setara dengan Rp 2.137,6 triliun per tahun yang dapat dipinjamkan oleh negara-negara peserta untuk membangun infrastruktur. Namun, keberadaan AIIB menunjukkan agenda tersembunyi sebagai upaya Tiongkok untuk mengubah dominasi Amerika Serikat. Selain itu, ada atas keberadaan Jebakan Hutang Tiongkok (China Debt Trap) yang menyebabkan ketakutan terhadap AIIB.

Kata Kunci: AIIB, Tiongkok, Kerjasama, Dominasi, Ekonomi.
Reveal the Civilization of Contemporary Islam in Children in India
Authors: Rashedul Mohammad
Published: April 2022

Civilization and culture in the arm of the continent of India had undergone the rise and fall since the colonialism era until the independence day. It can be illustrated by the domination of political map which had existed since the arrival of foreign nation, especially England until they got their indepence. The condition of Indian society at that time was full of contradiction, religion coflicts, quarrelling, robbery, various race, certain group interest dominating, and etc. From this condition, it born many great islamic political figures like Syeh Ahmad Sirhindi, Shah Waliyullah and the next generation, Sayyid Ahmad Khan and the next generation, Indian Moslem League. Which finally made India and Pakistan Independence (1947 M) and Bangladesh’s (1971M). Next, these three countries, which are the same in term of historical country have also various dynamic and sophisticated improvement of Islam.
Mother, Fetal and Disease History Factors as a Preeklampsia Risk in Asia and Africa: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Calini Edoardo
Published: April 2022

Background: Preeclampsia accounts for nearly 10 percent of maternal deaths in Asia and Africa. Therefore, it is important to detect signs and symptoms early on by knowing the factors that are at risk for a mother experiencing preeclampsia. Objective: To determine the risk factors for preeclampsia in Asia and Africa through the application of meta-analysis. Method: A systematic review was carried out on 26 case-control and cohort studies related to risk factors for preeclampsia from four databases (PubMed, BioMed Central, ProQuest, and Google Scholar). The pooled odds ratio was calculated with the fixed-effect and random-effect model using Review Manager 5.3. Result: A total of 20 studies consisting of 2,954,769 women were included in the meta-analysis. Risk factors for preeclampsia based on maternal factors were chronic hypertension=9.74(95% CI 1.69-56.04), gestational diabetes=9.28(95% CI 4, 49-19.19), pre-pregnancy body mass index=2.70(95% CI 2.08-3.50), maternal age during pregnancy=2.37(95% CI 2.29-2.46) and nulliparity=2.08(95% CI 1.44-3.01). The fetal factor was multiple pregnancy=4.24(95% CI 3.14-5.73). Four disease history factors were family history of preeclampsia=13.99(95% CI 6.91-28.33), history of chronic hypertension=8.28(95% CI 5.92- 11.59), history of preeclampsia=OR 6.90(95% CI 3.58-13.31) and family history of hypertension=2.81(95% CI 1.75-4.50). Conclusion: The results of a meta-analysis of 10 risk factors for preeclampsia could be used as a screening tool to determine the magnitude of risk and early diagnosis of preeclampsia that allows timely intervention.
Güçlü Kadın ve Aile İdeolojisinin Yeniden Üretimi: Alev Alev Dizisine Eleştirel Bir İnceleme
Authors: YILMAZ Özgür
Published: April 2022

Son dönemde güçlü kadın karakterlerin yer aldığı televizyon dizilerinin sayısında bir artış yaşanmıştır. Alev Alev dizisi de bu diziler arasında yer almaktadır. Çalışma Alev Alev dizisindeki güçlü kadın figürlerin güçlerinin hangi temellere dayandığını sorgulamaktadır. Alev Alev dizisinde güçlü kadın figürler öne çıkarken bu figürlerin dayandığı ideolojik altyapının ne olduğu bir başka inceleme konusu olarak belirmektedir. Gerek ekranın önünde gerek de arkasında yer alan kadınların özel ve kamusal alanlardaki pratikleri akılla birinci ve ikinci dalga feminizmler arasındaki ayrımı getirmektedir. Birinci dalga feminizm özel alandaki ilişkilere doğrudan eğilmezken, ikinci dalga feminizm özel olanın politik olduğunu iddia eder. Çalışmanın kavramsal çerçevesi kadınlık, annelik, süper kadınlık, süper annelik, patriyarka kavramlarını sorgulayacaktır. Eleştirel söylem analizinin kullanıldığı çalışmadaki kavramsal çerçeve, patriyarka, annelik ve kadınlık kimlikleri, feminizmler olarak belirlenmiştir.
Classification of Unwanted E-Mails (Spam) with Turkish Text by Different Algorithms in Weka Program
Authors: ŞİMŞEK Hüseyin , AYDEMİR Emrah
Published: April 2022

Abstract: Today, with the widespread use of the Internet, electronic communication tools have also been widely used. One of these tools is e-mails. E-mails are easy to use and provide the opportunity to reach thousands of people at the same time. This advantage causes some bad uses. E-mail users are faced with dozens of unsolicited mails (spam) against their will. In this study, 1017 mails collected from about 20 different Gmail and Hotmail accounts were classified as spam or regular e-mail using the algorithms in the Weka program, and the success of the algorithms was compared. In the study, 45 different algorithms were tested. The highest classification success was obtained with the NavieBayesMultinominal and NavieBayesMultinominalUpdateable algorithms with 94.7886% correct classification. Among other classifier algorithms, Trees RandomForest algorithm 93.6087%, Meta. MultiClassClassifier and Functions SGD 92.4287%, Functions SMO 91.7404%, Meta RandomCommittee 91.0521%, Bayes NavieBayes and Bayes NavieBayesUpdateable 90.3638% classification success.
Реторика и комуникации през 21. век: теории, методи, практики
Authors:   Institute of Rhetoric and Comunications, Мавродиева Иванка , Серезлиев Стефан , Кардашевска Валерия , Петков Георги , Генова Вяра , Касабова Иглика , Антова Десислава , Добрева Десислава , Велинов Иво , Вълков Илия , Георгиева Кремена , Василева Мая , Василев Симеон , Рангелов Спас , Колева Таня
Published: April 2022

Предговор Колективната монография „Реториката и комуникациите през 21 век: теории, методи, практики“ включва 15 статии. Авторите са от следните университети и изследователски екипи: Софийски университет „Св. Климент Охридски“, Великотърновски университет „Св. св. Кирил и Методий“, Университет за национално и световно стопанство, Нов български университет, НАТФИЗ „Кръстьо Сарафов“, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Института по реторика и комуникации и др. Статиите са разпределени в следните проблемно-тематични области: 1. Традиции в реториката и комуникациите: теории, понятия, термини, школи, направления. 2. Методи и методики в областта на реторичните и комуникативните изследвания. 3. Формиране на комуникативни компетентности и реторична грамотност. Целта на колективната монография не е да представи широкообхватно реториката в хронологичен, тематичен и изследователски план, а да очертае някои от актуалните явления и процеси. „Ветрилото“ на научните изследвания се разтваря, казано метафорично и реторично: - анализи на дебати и предизборни кампании и политическа комуникации, на речи при стъпване в длъжност на президенти на САЩ; - представяне на методи за преподаване в ситуацията на пандемия при смесено/хибридно обучение на студентите и отчитане на реторичното наследство; - връзката между реториката и научното познание, пресечните точки между брандинга и аргументацията; - проучване на съвременни практики, сред които подкасти и установяване на промени в медийната екосистема; - методи на изследвания, сред които киберетнографското наблюдение. Статиите са публикувани след двойно сляпо рецензиране. Текстът се публикува в два варианта с два издателски номера. Дигиталната версия е в представена в сайта на издателя: Институт по реторика и комуникации https://www.iorc.info/. 25 ноември 2021 г. Научен редактор Проф. д-р Йовка Тишева
The Differences in Attitude Toward Mental Health Services Between Japanese and American College Students
Authors: Yamamoto Noriko , Sato Takeshi , Omodaka Yusaku , Matsuo Hisae , Hasuzawa Suguru , Koda Masahide , Yamawaki Niwako
Published: April 2022

To examine the different patterns in utilization of psychological services between Japanese and American college students, a total of 316 American students (122 men and 194 women) and 362 Japanese students (147 men and 215 women) participated in this study. We used the following psychological instruments: Attitude Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help scale, Interpersonal Openness (openness regarding professional psychological help) and Confidence Self-construal scale, Sex Role Inventory, and Recognition of Psychological Help. This study concluded that collectivism is a significant predictor of recognizing the need for mental health services in the U.S., while it is not in Japan. Compared to American and female participants, Japanese and male participants feel greater stigmas toward mental health professionals. Openness to psychological help collectivism was a significant predictor for openness among the American sample, while it was not in the Japanese sample. Collectivism was a significant predictor for openness among the American sample, while it was not in the Japanese sample. Individualism was a significant predictor for confidence in America, but it was not in Japan. As predicted, Japanese participants feel greater stigma and less recognition, openness, and confidence toward mental health services than Americans. It is important for mental health professionals to educate college students that individual who seek help have high masculine traits to ameliorate the negative attitude toward mental health professionals.
GIFTED CHILDREN AND OUTDOOR EDUCATION: HOW A SHORT-TERM OUTDOOR EDUCATION INFLUENCED THE KNOWLEDGE AND THE NATURE PERCEPTION OF GIFTED STUDENTS
Authors: DEMİRÇELİK Eray , KARAÇETİN Evrim , DADASER-CELİK Filiz
Published: April 2022

Outdoor education has many beneficial effects on children’s learning and cognitive abilities and their connectedness to nature. This study aims to evaluate the impact of short-term outdoor education on the nature perception and knowledge of gifted students. Thirty gifted students were enrolled in a 7-day outdoor education activity. The camp included science, art, and social activities organized based on specific features of Mt. Erciyes. Three different methods were used for assessment of outcomes. The knowledge test was applied to measure students’ newly acquired knowledge. Cognitive mapping was used to assess changes in students’ perceptions. Finally, the drawings and stories of students were evaluated to understand how students incorporated knowledge into their daily experiences and especially into their art. Our results show that outdoor education provided many benefits to the gifted students. They developed positive relationships with their environment, gained knowledge and their perceptions of the Mt. Erciyes ecosystem has changed.
Synthesis of graphene from food and agricultural wastes in ubon ratchathani province, thailand
Authors: Ruaysap Makabodee , Pongphai Tontrakarn , Sirilapphokhin Kanya , Sirilapphokhin Prin , Tipparach Udom
Published: April 2022

This research aims to investigate the possibility of synthesis of graphene from food and agricultural waste materials by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD). The starting materials including coconut shells and cricket legs were used to synthesize graphene. The synthesized graphene specimens were characterized by Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, Dispersive Raman spectroscopy, SEM, and TEM. Both resultant graphene samples: coconut shells and cricket legs showed graphene characteristics with the maximum wavelength of UV spectrum of synthesized graphene in ethanol at ~244 nm comparable with a standard graphene. The graphene characteristics of coconut shells and cricket legs were also confirmed by XRD showing (002) peak at 2θ≈26°. The SEM images showed lamella structure and wrinkle texture, demonstrating the multilayered microstructure and crumpled sheets and folded sheets. The TEM images also confirmed the layered sheets restacking structure with the different numbers of sheets and expressed that the graphene is a semitransparent material. Data obtained from Raman spectroscopy indicated that the defect of structure band or D-band at 1,340 – 1,380 cm–1, the graphite band or G-band at 1,500 – 1,600 cm–1 corresponding to sp2 of carbon atom, the graphene band or 2D-band at 2,500 – 2,600  cm–1 showing that the structure of graphene is a multilayer with small sizes and the overtone band of graphite or 2G - band at 3,100 – 3,200 cm–1. On the basis of the result, graphene was possibly synthesized from coconut shells and cricket legs.
study of annealing temperatures on electrical conductivity and optical properties of nanostructure ITO film as deposited by ion assisted e-beam evaporation
Authors: Nucuhay Peerapong , Laongwan Chinoros , Promcham Wimol , Vora-ud Athorn , Limwichean Saksorn , Horprathum Mati
Published: April 2022

In this research, the electrical and optical properties of nanostructured Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) films were investigated.  The ITO films were deposited by ion assisted e-beam evaporation with the glancing angle deposition (GLAD) technique on commercial ITO substrates, followed by annealing treatment. The results of crystal structure showed that the nanostructured ITO films are polycrystalline and cubic bixbyite structure (222). The sheet resistance and average transmission at the visible region were 12.17 W sq−1 and 89 %, respectively. The films presented the lowest resistivity and good transparency, where the sheet resistance and an average transmittance were 11.21 W sq−1 and 91% after annealing. The omnidirectional characteristics for a wide range of incident angle (0 − 80°) of nanostructured ITO film which was annealed at 300 °C had higher optical transmission than ﬁlms without annealing. This work eventually proved that the plasma treatments have effectively promoted the performance of the dye-sensitized solar cells and confirmed their potentials in the real-world applications.
The reduction of input open-fault in a CMOS Schmitt-Trigger inverter
Authors: Summatta Chuthong , Rattanangam Weera
Published: April 2022

The failure of the CMOS Schmitt-trigger inverter open-fault and capacitor open-fault in the case of a CMOS Schmitt-trigger inverter oscillator circuit cause a self-oscillation of the device. It leads to the high frequency to be emitted on the output side, because the balance of internal smaller parasitic capacitance approximately 5 – 20 pF. In this article, the reduction of CMOS Schmitt-trigger inverter open-fault and capacitor open-fault in the case of a CMOS Schmitt-trigger inverter oscillator circuit is presented, by adding a capacitor between the Gate pin and Drain pin of Q1 by demonstration illusion of an equivalent circuit. This causes the internal parasitic capacitance to unbalance, then the self-oscillation in the case of input open-fault will not accord. Besides in the case of an oscillator circuit, the feedback resistor is not combined with the internal parasitic capacitance. However, it is combined it is with the added capacitance, the higher frequency self-oscillation does not occur. The circuit was tested with a PSPICE computer simulation program.
The optimization of welding hardfacing on wear resistance of FC-25 grey cast iron steel substrate by response surface methodology (RSM)
Authors: Prasomthong Suriya , Charoenrat Sittichai
Published: April 2022

This paper aimed to identify the optimal conditions for welding hardfacing by applying the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The welding heat input, electrode type, and hardfacing layer on wear resistance of welding hardfacing were all optimized using the Box-Behnken experimental design. The findings revealed that these three variables had an impact on the volume loss of welding hardfacing. Because of the high coefficient of determination, the experimental data obtained were to a quadratic equation (96.90%). The ideal condition was determined using a 3D response surface plot and a contour map produced from mathematical models. The following were the ideal welding conditions: With a welding heat input of 1.58 J, a filler metal type of DFA2-600-B, and a third layer of hardfacing, the lower volume loss of the weld was 1.29 mm3.
UJI EFEK SEDATIF EKSTRAK DAUN SELADA Lactuca sativa L. PADA TIKUS PUTIH Rattus norvegicus
Authors: Widyaningrum Widyaningrum , Tiwow Gideon A.R. , Karauwan Ferdy A. , Untu Sonny
Published: April 2022

Insomnia merupakan salah satu gangguan tidur yang paling sering dialami oleh masyarakat yang gejala-gejalanya seperti kesulitan memulai tidur atau kesulitan mempertahankan tidur. Salah satu tanaman yang diduga memiliki efek sedatif adalah tanamanselada Lactuca Sativa L. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek sedatif ekstrak daun selada Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian eksperimental dengan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL), menggunakan tikus putih sebanyak 12 ekor. Uji efek sedatif dilakukan dengan metode Traction test, diamati lamanya waktu jatuh tikus dan diamati ada tidaknya refleks balik badan pada tikus. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak daun selada memiliki potensi sebagai sedatif, dan, dosis 300 mg/kgBB memiliki efek sedatif yang lebih efektif
UJI EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN BANDOTAN Ageratum conyzoides L SEBAGAI HEMOSTATIS TERHADAP LUKA POTONG PADA TIKUS PUTIH.
Authors: Lobot Rivaldy , Datu Olvie , Maarisit Wilmar , Tumbel Silvana
Published: April 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas ekstrak etanol daun bandotan (Ageratumconyzoides L) sebagai hemostatis terhadap luka potong pada tikus putih. Metode penelitian yangdigunakan adalah metode Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL), dengan lima kelompok perlakuandengan tiga kali ulangan. Kelompok pertama yaitu kelompok tanpa perlakuan, kelompok kedua,pemberian ekstrak daun bandotan konsentrasi 50%, kelompok ketiga, pemberian ekstrak daunbandotan konsentrasi 75%, kelompok keempat, pemberian ekstrak daun bandotan konsentrasi 100%,kelompok kelima, kontol positif betadin povidone iodine 10%. Data dianalisis menggunakan metodeANOVA (Analysis of variant) dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95% (?=0,05). Dan dilanjutkan denganuji LSD (Least Significant Different) untuk melihat perlakuan mana yang menberikan efek yangberbeda. Hasil penelitian terdapat perbedaan waktu berhentinya pendarahan dari setiap perlakuan.Ekstrak daun bandotan memiliki efektivitas sebagai hemostatis terbaik pada konsentrasi 75%
Uji Stabilitas Fisik Sediaan Salep Ekstrak Etanol Daun Nangka Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk
Authors: Lasut Tiara Misericordia , Tiwow Gideon , Tumbel Silvana , Karundeng Einstein
Published: April 2022

Daun nangka mengandung senyawa yang berkhasiat sebagai antibakteri sehingga dapatmenghambat pertumbuhan bakteri jerawat. Untuk mempermudah penggunaan daun nangkasehingga dibuat menjadi suatu sediaan topikal berupa salep. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuatsediaan salep dan mengetahui basis salep yang memenuhi syarat uji stabilitas fisik. Salep ekstraketanol daun nangka dibuat dalam dua basis salep yaitu basis hidrokarbon dan basis larut air. Ujistabilitas salep menggunakan uji stabilitas Freeze Thaw Cycle dan diuji sifat fisik salep meliputi ujiorganoleptik, uji homogenitas, uji pH dan uji daya sebar. Sediaan salep ekstrak etanol daun nangkadiamati selama 12 hari (6 siklus). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan basis hidrokarbon memilikikestabilan yang baik dalam uji organoleptik, uji homogenitas dan uji pH. Sedangakan untuk basislarut air hanya memiliki kestabilan yang baik pada uji homogenitas.
Analisis Formalin Pada Tahu Yang Beredar di Pasar Tomohon, Pasar Tondano dan Pasar Karombasan
Authors: Kiroh Novaria , Tiwow Gideon , Paat Vlagia , Ginting Amal
Published: April 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya kandungan formalin pada tahu yang dijual diPasar Tomohon, Tondano dan Karombasan. Jenis penelitian ini yaitu uji laboraturium untukmengetahui adanya kandungan formalin lewat analisis kualitatif dengan menggunakan tiga pereaksiyaitu pereaksi KMnO4 0.1 N, pereaksi Schiff dan Test Kit Formalin. Hasil analisis kandunganformalin, terdapat beberapa sampel yang postif dengan menggunakan pereaksi KMnO4 0.1 N danpereaksi Schiff yaitu sampel A5, A6 dan A7. Dari penelitian yang dilakukan dapat disimpulkanbahwa Metode KMnO4 dan Schiff mampu mendeteksi kandungan formalin dibawah batas deteksiTest kit formalin yaitu 2 ppm. Adanya kandungan formalin pada tahu tidak dapat ditentukan hanyadengan melihat ciri-ciri tahu tersebut namun perlu dilakukan penelitian agar hasil yang di dapatkanlebih akurat.
Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Kayu Kapur Melanolepis multiglandulosa Terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Bakteri Escherichia coli
Authors: Tampongangoy Deo , Maarisit Wilmar , Ginting Amal , Tumbel Silvana , Tulandi Selvana
Published: April 2022

Bakteri adalah salah satu penyebab terjadinya infeksi, Staphylococcus aureus menjadi penyebabinfeksi pada kulit dan luka sedangkan Escherichia coli menyebabkan peradangan pada salurankemih. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri serta nilai MIC dan MBCekstrak daun Kayu Kapur (Melanolepis multiglandulosa) terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureusdan bakteri Escherichia coli. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah difusi agarmenggunakan kertas cakram. Hasil penelitian semua konsentrasi ekstrak daun Kayu Kapur(Melanolepis multiglandulosa) mulai dari 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 hingga 1000 µg/10 µLmenunjukan adanya aktivitas antibakteri yang ditandai dengan terbentuknya zona hambat padabakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli. Dari penelitian yang dilakukan dapatdisimpulkan bahwa ekstrak daun Kayu Kapur memilki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcusaureus dan Escherichia coli. Nilai MIC ekstrak daun Kayu Kapur terhadap bakteri Staphylococcusaureus adalah 43,1 µg/10 µL dan nilai MBC-nya adalah 172,4 µg/10 µL, sedangkan nilai MICekstrak daun Kayu Kapur terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli adalah 43,975 µg/10 µL dan nilai MBCnya adalah 175,9 µg/10 µL.
Aktivitas Antibakteri Kulit Batang Santigi Pemphis acidula Forst Terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Untu Sonny
Published: April 2022

Perkembangan kedokteran modern mengacu pada penggunaan obat dari tanaman herbal. Salah satu tanaman yang digunakan sebagai obat adalah Santigi. Masyarakat di Kabupaten Kepulauan Talaud menggunakan ramuan ini sebagai kosmetik dan obat-obatan, salah satunya adalah untuk mengobati infeksi kulit yang disebabkan oleh bakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri (penghambatan) kulit pohon Santigi terhadap pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan Difusi Untuk menggunakan metode Kirby-Bauer yang dimodifikasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, kulit pohon Santigi memiliki hambatan terhadap pertumbuhan Staphylococcus aureus dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa dengan kategori kuat hingga sangat kuat.
Uji Stabilitas Sediaan Salep Ekstrak Etanol Umbi Ubi Jalar Ungu Ipomea batatas L.
Authors: Sompotan Hide Devid N. , Mongi Jeane , Karauwan Ferdy A. , Karundeng Einstein Z. Z. S.
Published: April 2022

Antosianin ubi jalar ungu memiliki fungsi fisiologis misal antioksidan, antikanker, antibakteri. Bagian daun memiliki kandungan antioksidan dan komponen fitokimia yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan bagian umbinya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat sediaan salep dan mengetahui apakah salep dari ekstrak etanol umbi ubi jalar ungu (Ipomea batatas L.) memenuhi syarat stabilitas fisik sediaan. Penelitian ini adalah Eksperimental Laboratorium. Menggunakan salep ekstrak umbi ubi jalar ungu dengan konsentrasi 10%, 20% dan 30%. Analisis data dilakukan secara deskriptif, data hasil dianalisis secara deskriptif dalam bentuk pernyataan dan tabel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa salep ekstrak etanol umbi ubi jalar ungu memenuhi seluruh syarat sifat fisik sediaan semisolid.
Evaluasi Pengelolaan Obat Di Puskesmas Malanu Distrik Sorong Utara
Authors: Solosa Yulia Tresia , Mongi Jeane , Untu Sonny , Karauwan Ferdy A.
Published: April 2022

Pengelolaan obat dan bahan medis habis pakai merupakan tahapan yang sangat penting dalam suatu pelayanan kesehatan. Pelayanan kefarmasian di Puskesmas mempunyai peranan penting dalam bidang pengembangan pembagunan kesehatan masyarakat Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Pengelolaan Obat di Puskesmas Malanu Distrik Sorong Utara berdasarkan Permenkes RI No 74 Tahun 2016 tentang standar pelayanan kefarmasian. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif kualitatif yang bertujuang untuk mendapatkan informasi secara menyeluruh bagaimana evaluasi penerapan pelayanan kefarmasian tentang pengelolaan Obat di Puskesmas Malanu Distrik Sorong Utara. Hasil wawancara di kelompokan dalam kategori yang sama yaitu berdasasarkan Permenkes No 74 tahun 2016 tentang pengelolan obat. Hasil penelitian: hasil penelitian menujukan bahwa dalam prose perencanaan, permintaan, penerimaan, penyimpanan, pendistribusian, pemusnahan, penarikan pengendalian dan administasi sudah sesuai dengan Permenkes No. 74 tahun 2016.
Studi Potensi Interaksi Obat Pada Pasien Gagal Jantung Di Instalasi Rawat Inap Rumah Sakit Advent Manado
Authors: Adondis Jeike , Mongi Jeane , Tiwow Gideon A.R. , Palandi Royke Reky
Published: April 2022

Penyakit gagal jantung merupakan salah satu penyakit kardiovaskuler yang saat ini merupakan penyebab utama morbiditas dan mortalitas. Pasien yang menderita penyakit gagal jantung biasanya mendapat kombinasi lebih dari dua obat dan menderita lebih dari satu jenis penyakit, sehingga potensi kejadian interaksi obat semakin besar. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi potensi interaksi obat pada pasien rawat inap di Rumah Sakit Advent Manado tahun 2017. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian non eksperimental dengan mengumpulkan data secara retrospektif, kemudian dianalisis dengan metode deskriptif. Pengambilan sampel adalah semua pasien rawat inap dewasa yang menderita gagal jantung yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi diperoleh sebanyak 46 pasien. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian mengenai potensi interaksi obat, disimpulkan bahwa dari 46 pasien yang potensial mengalami interaksi obat sebanyak 42 pasien (91,30%) dengan total 252 kasus dengan mekanisme farmakokinetik (14,29%), farmakodinamik (76,98%), dan tidak diketahui mekanisme interaksinya (8,73%). Interaksi obat yang memiliki insidensi kejadian paling tinggi adalah aspirin dan clopidogrel (31 kasus) dengan peningkatan resiko efek bleeding dalam kategori tingkat keparahan moderate. Interaksi obat berdasarkan tingkat keparahan yaitu minor 21,82%, moderate 60,32%, dan mayor 17,86%. efek interaksi obat yang berbahaya yakni hiperkalemia yang disebabkan oleh golongan (ACE-Inhibitor, ARB) dengan spironolakton. Obat terbanyak yang diberikan adalah diuretik, golongan nitrat, dan beta blocker.