bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quality and Intensity of Sugar Solutions as Determinants of Ingestion by the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Maller Owen
Published: September 2008

Ingestive responses to varying concentrations of solutions of sucrose, lactose, glucose and fructose were evaluted in 30-minute, single-stimuli tests with Macaca mulatta. The rhesus distinguished solutions of sugar from water and preferred the former. The quantity of sugar solution ingested by these primates was dependent upon the type and concentration of the sugar offered.
Serotaxonomy of Aotus
Authors: Brumback R.A. , Willenborg D.O.
Published: September 2008

Recent studies have suggested that two groups of the genus Aotus (griseimembra and trivirgatus) should be classified as separate species on the basis of coat coloration and karyotypic differences. Immunologic studies of the serum proteins of these two groups were performed using antisera prepared in Macacafascicularis. Only two differences between the groups were found. Bisalbuminemia appeared only in the trivirgatus group. An immunologically distinct α2-macroglobulin was found between the two groups.
Considerations of Function in Macaque Dermatoglyphics
Authors: Meier R. J.
Published: September 2008

Epidermal patterns on the palms of 44 male and 53 female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatto) were studied for possible functional relationships to hand use. The palmar-pattern areas fell into three distinct groupings, namely: (a) thenar and hypothenardistal areas which had mostly open fields and loops, (b) hypothenar-proximal and interdigital I areas which had about equal proportions of loops and whorl patterns, and (c) the interdigitals II, III, and IV which were almost entirely composed of whorls. These groupings were used to suggest that either epidermal patterns themselves are directly related to monkey hand use during manipulatory and locomotor activities, or that the patterns reflect the degree of volar-pad development which in turn is related to activities of the hand.
Tendances locomotrices des primates traduites par les proportions du pied. L’adaptation à la bipédie
Authors: Lessertisseur J. , Jouffroy F. K.
Published: September 2008

This paper is an attempt to complete previous works on this topic, especially Schultz, by new measurements and indices. From the calculated indices, listed at the end in a table, graphics are drawn and related to four main contents: (1) relative length of the foot to the hind limb and its segments; (2) relative length of the different foot segments to the foot length and between them; (3) relative length of the first toe, or hallux, to the foot, tarsus and longest external toe lengths; (4) position of the morphological axis of the toes: here we define the notion of axony. In conclusion, we try to answer the following questions: (1) what are the mensural distinctions of the human foot? (2) are foot ratios suitable to establish a satisfactory morphological classification of the locomotory adaptations in primates?
Distribution, Divergence and Speciation of the Drill and Mandrill
Authors: Grubb Peter
Published: September 2008

The view that the mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx ) and the drill (M. leucophaeus) are sympatric is examined. Museum records are collated and mapped and evidence that the former species occurs north of the Sanaga river, and the latter exists to the south, are critically evaluated. The distribution and possible speciation patterns of the genus are summarised. Explanations for differences between drill and mandrill are suggested, and the advisability of employing a superspecies classification is considered.
Composition of Lemur Milk
Authors: Buss D. H. , Cooper R. W. , Wallen K.
Published: September 2008

The average composition of 8 samples of milk from Lemur catta, L. fulvus, L. macaco and a hybrid lemur was (in g/100 ml): lipids, 2.3; protein, 2.7; lactose, 6.4; and ash, 0.35. The fatty acids and major minerals were also quantified. The results did not support classification of L. fulvus and L. macaco within the same species.
Comparative Study of the Banding Patterns of the Chromosomes of Cercopithecidae
Authors: Rubio-Goday A. , Caballen M. R. , Caldes M. Garcea , Egozcue J.
Published: September 2008

The diploid number of Macaca fascicularis and Papio sphinx is 42. All chromosomes are biarmed. Using G-banding techniques, the complements of these two species have been compared. The topography of the bands is identical in all but one chromosome pair, showing a small pericentric inversion. The results indicate the existence of an extreme conservation in the arrangement of the genetic material and that changes at the gene level may have contributed to speciation in the Papinae.
Factors Influencing Nursing in Macaca fascicularis
Authors: Chance M. R. A. , Jones E. , Shostak S.
Published: September 2008

Nursing by two mother-infant pairs in a caged colony of Macaca fascicularis was monitored at 1-min intervals for 8 h beginning 8:30 a. m. BST, once a week for 3 months in the summer of 1973. Nursing occupied about 210 min in 8 daylight hours for the infants at 10 weeks of age, and the time spent nursing decreased at the average rate of 9.4 min per week until the infants were about 6 months old. The time spent nursing by the infants studied here resembles closely the times spent nursing by some other macaques and by baboons. In the course of a day the amount of time spent nursing varies significantly with a diurnal peak. If nursing by one mother-infant pair is independent of nursing by the other pair, then the time the two pairs spend nursing together would be a function of the product of the frequencies of nursing by each pair. The expected times for the pairs nursing together based on the hypothesis of independent events were significantly less than the observed times the pairs nursed together. Nursing, therefore, involves a positive influence or imitation of one nursing pair by the other. Nursing sessions involving both mother-infant pairs were longer on the average than sessions involving only one pair.
Tail Carriage in Baboons (Papio cynocephalus): Relationship to Dominance Rank and Age
Authors: Hausfater Glenn
Published: September 2008

Several metric and categorical variables were used to assess tail carriage in 717 photographs of 54 yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus) of known identity, sex, dominance rank, and estimated or known age. Analyses of these data demonstrated that age was the primary factor, influencing tail carriage of baboons not engaged in social interaction. Specifically, the proximal segment of the tail was carried increasingly close to the vertical with increasing age; other changes in tail angles and segment curvature were also correlated with age. There was no relationship between dominance rank and neutral tail carriage in adult male or adult female baboons, nor was the neutral tail carriage of the first-ranking male or female either distinctive or characteristic. The morphological basis of ontogenetic changes in neutral tail carriage in baboons is also discussed.
Neonatal-Maternal Weight Relationship in Macaques: An Example of Intrageneric Scaling
Authors: Leutenegger Walter
Published: September 2008

In the genus Macaca, represented by seven species, neonatal weight scales at a power of maternal weight of a = 0.49. This value is lower than those for subordinal and ordinal scaling of neonatal weight in primates (a = 0.63–0.78), but it is higher than the value for intrageneric scaling of brain weight in Macaca (a = 0.18). A causal interpretation is attempted for differing values of a at different taxonomic levels and between different organ systems.
Sequence of Eruption of Permanent Teeth and Epiphyseal Union in Three Species of African Monkeys
Authors: Wintheiser J. G. , Clauser D. A. , Tappen N. C.
Published: September 2008

Sequences of eruption of teeth and union of epiphyses are determined for three species of African Cercopithecinae. These sequences are highly scalable and are highly comparable between and among the species. Some sex differences in sequence were found within each species. The sequences of epiphyseal union in these species of Old World monkeys are very similar to published sequences in New World monkeys and other groups of higher primates. It appears that there is a single pattern common to the Anthropoidea as a whole.
Variation in Age at Puberty in Monkeys
Authors: Rowell T. E.
Published: September 2008

5 female and 3 male patas monkeys and 6 female and 3 male talapoin monkeys matured in a captive breeding colony. Age at puberty is given, and some variation discussed. The talapoin, a very small monkey, becomes adult at 4½ years for females, 1 or 2 years later for males. The patas, a rather large monkey, becomes adult at 2½ years, for females, and 1 or 2 years later for males. Both these ages for puberty differ from data for the rhesus monkey which has been accepted as generalizable to all Old World monkeys. Possible causes of differences between species in average age at puberty are discussed, including nutrition, environmental inconstancy, and relative size of infant and mother. It is suggested that age at first conception, a biologically more relevant index than menarche, should be considered as a potentially important adaptive variable when describing primate species.
Cranial and Dental Anomalies in Three Species of Platyrrhine Monkeys from Nicaragua
Authors: Smith James Dale , Genoways Hugh H. , Jones J. Knox
Published: September 2008

This paper presents information on the cranial and dental anomalies observed in the crania of three species of platyrrhine monkeys collected in Nicaragua. Cranial anomalies that are discussed include plagiocephaly, bregmatic fontanelle bones, Wormian bones, cranial trauma, and heterotopic bones. Among the dental anomalies that were studied were the following: crazing, caries, periodontal and pulpal disorders, alveolar thinning, mechanical loss, excessive attrition, shear bite, impacted molars, supernumerary teeth, congenital agenesis, congenital crown aberration, and irregular placement.
Verhaltens- und elektrophysiologische Experimente über den Geschmackssinn bei Saguinus midas tamarin (Callitrichidae)
Authors: Glaser D. , Hellekant G.
Published: September 2008

The activity in the gustatory nerve from the anterior part of the tongue, the chorda tympani proper nerve, has been recorded during stimulation of the tongue of a New World monkey, Saguinus midas tamarin. A series of 0.3 m sugars and 0.07 m NaCl, 0.07 m sucrose, 0.004 m acetic acid and 0.00005 m quinine hydrochloride were used as taste stimuli. The concentrations of the last four stimuli were the same as those earlier found to be the lowest concentrations at which this monkey in behavioural experiments discriminates between them and water. The records showed that these threshold concentrations all elicited a neural response. Further, the neural activities during stimulation with the series of 0.3 m sugars were recorded. Using the amplitudes of the responses as a measure, the order between them was found to be fructose glucose lactose arabinose sucrose = galactose raffinose. This order was discussed and related with the order found in behavioural experiments. With both methods, fructose seemed to be the strongest stimulus, but then the order among the sugars differed.
Competition for Meat between Chimpanzees and Baboons of the Gombe National Park
Authors: Morris Kathryn , Goodall Jane
Published: September 2008

Both chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and baboons (Papio anubis) at the Gombe National Park in Western Tanzania are known to catch and eat meat. There are five occasions recorded when chimpanzees were seen to seize prey from baboons and five other occasions when there was evidence strongly suggesting that an appropriation had taken place. This paper describes these observations.
Status Interactions of Captive Female Lowland Gorillas
Authors: Fischer Robert B. , Nadler Ronald D.
Published: September 2008

Agonistic interactions and incentive competition data were examined both under paired confrontations and during a 2-month group living situation. These preliminary data suggest the presence of interactions which may be operationally described as a quasi-linear dominance structure for female gorillas. Particular rankings appear to be sensitive to the total social situation and change to readapt to modifications induced in the social environment. These findings are hypothesized to reflect the overall adaptation of this species in terms of spatial deployment, other signaling systems and the physical characteristics of the animals. Priority to incentives was found to be a valid measure of assertion and competitive success, and appears to be only indirectly related to other motivational states.
A Comparison of the Reproductive Cycle of Three Species of Lemur
Authors: Bogart Mark H. , Kumamoto Arlene T. , Lasley B. L.
Published: September 2008

The duration of the luteal phase and the ‘proestrus’ phase in three species of lemurs (Lemur macaco, Lemur catta, and Lemur variegatus) was determined by serum progesterone measurement. Total immunoreactive estrogens were measured and remained below 0.20 ng/ml except for an apparent peak of short duration during estrus. Circulating testosterone levels in males confirm previously described seasonal gonadal function. The reproductive cycle of the female lemur is discussed and compared to the cycles of estrous and menstrual animals.
Dental Variation in Early Eocene Teilhardina belgica, with Notes on the Anterior Dentition of Some Early Tarsiiformes
Authors: Gingerich Philip D.
Published: September 2008

Statistical analysis of dental variation in specimens currently placed in Teilhardina belgica from the Belgian locality of Dormaal suggests that these specimens probably represent no more than a single biological species. Within this species sample, most specimens have an alveolus for (or the anterior root of P2), but one specimen clearly lacks this alveolus. In the type specimen of Teilhardina belgica, the alveolus for the lower central incisor was only slightly larger than that for I2, a similarity to some other omomyids. The similarities shared by Teilhardina and Eocene Adapidae all appear to be retentions of primitive primate morphology, and thus they do not necessarily indicate any close relationship of early Omomyidae and Adapidae.
A New African Miocene Gibbon-Like Genus, Dendropithecus (Hominoidea, Primates) with Distinctive Postcranial Adaptations: Its Significance to Origin of Hylobatidae
Authors: Andrews Peter , Simons Elwyn
Published: September 2008

The small, common apes of the Miocene deposits of East Africa previously assigned to two species of one genus, Limnopithecus, have been shown to differ at the generic level in both dental and postcranial features. The prior and smaller of the two species (the genotype of Limnopithecus) somewhat resembles in dental morphology African dryopithecines of subgenus Proconsul, while the larger and later described species more nearly resembles European Pliopithecus in dental details but is strikingly different from the latter in comparable postcranial bones. A new genus, Dendropithecus, is here proposed for Limnopithecus macinnesi Clark and Leakey, 1950. Numerous associated postcranial bones and dentitions of Dendropithecus macinnesi were found in a block of red limestone by L.S.B. Leakey in 1948 on Rusinga Island, Lake Victoria, Kenya. These bones make it one of the best known Miocene apes and show clearly that it had advanced away from other Miocene apes in its higher degree of development of suspensory or arm swinging postcranial adaptations. Thus, among known Miocene ape species it has the greatest demonstrated potential to be near the line of ancestry of the modern gibbon and siamang.
Nest and Home
Authors: Hediger H.
Published: September 2008

A nest as a rather loose construction of plant material, as it is used by most birds and some of the lowest primates, never serves as a goal of flight, very rarely as a sleeping place but mainly as a support for the offspring. A home, however, as used by many non-primate mammals and other vertebrates, is a solid construction or an excavation in a solid material (tree hole, burrow, etc.) which serves principally as a goal of flight in case of danger, also as a sleeping place and temporarily as a nest, that is a fix-point for raising the young. In the phylogeny of primates the nest has been given up very early. The sleeping nest of pongids has nothing to do with it. Whereas the most primitive primates using nests transport their young with the mouth, in all other primates the young has to grasp actively the mother’s (parent’s) hair to be tranported. When the hair disappeared phylogenetically, technical devices came into use.
Social Organization of Captive Monandrous Squirrel Monkey Groups (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Anschel S. , Talmage-Riggs G.
Published: September 2008

1 adult male and 4 adult female squirrel monkeys were observed together as a group, isolated from all other monkeys. 3 of the 4 females were deafened for a previous experiment. Deafening, however, had no apparent, permanent effect on social behavior. Social dominance hierarchy was evaluated in a variety of situations. The results were compared with those of a similar set of observations on the females prior to the introduction of the male. Before the male was introduced, the dyadic interactions involving food stealing, body grasping, and sexual behaviors were indicative of a female linear rank order. After the male was introduced, the rank order among the females generally remained intact, with the male becoming the highest ranking member in the group. The noteworthy exception to the stability involved the highest ranking female, whose position in the hierarchy was threatened. Heterosexual interactions predominated. Homosexual behavior was also observed, although appreciably reduced in frequency as compared to the all-female group situation. A similar rank order hierarchy was observed in a second group of squirrel monkeys comprised of 1 adult male and 4 adult females. None of these monkeys was deaf.
Chimpanzee Simian-Type Blood Groups: Reproducibility of Formerly Described Antisera and Demonstration of New Blood Groups 0c and Pc1
Authors: Moor-Jankowski J. , Socha W. W. , Wiener A. S. , Plonski H.
Published: September 2008

A chimpanzee of simian-type blood groups V. A, cef, G, H, L was isoimmunized with the red cells of another chimpanzee of simian-type V.B, cef, G, H, 1 in order to obtain antibodies of specificity anti-Bc, originally produced in another chimpanzee in 1964. In addition to the desired anti-Bc, the immunized chimpanzee produced also three other antibodies; anti-Ye cross-reactive with chimpanzee red cells of the simian-type Bc and/or Dc, a potent cold autoantibody reactive for red cells of all chimpanzees tested, and ‘new’ antibodies anti-Oc and anti-Pc. This study confirms the reproducibility of results obtained over a period of 13 years.
Integrated Analysis of Copy Number Alterations and Loss of Heterozygosity in Human Pancreatic Cancer Using a High-Resolution, Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Array
Authors: Lin Lian-Jie , Asaoka Yoshinari , Tada Motohisa , Sanada Masashi , Nannya Yasuhito , Tanaka Yasuo , Tateishi Keisuke , Ohta Miki , Seto Motoko , Sasahira Naoki , Tada Minoru , Kawabe Takao , Zheng Chang-Qing , Kanai Fumihiko , Ogawa Seishi , Omata Masao
Published: September 2008

Objective: To chart molecular genetic events in pancreatic cancer. Methods: We analyzed genome-wide copy number alterations and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in 25 established pancreatic cancer cell lines using a high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. We verified the data using genomic PCR and applied them to clinical samples. Results: Twenty-six homozygous deletion regions were detected in at least 1 cell line and LOH was found at 9p, 18q, 17p, 8p, 13q, 6q, 3p, 6p, 22q, 9q and 12q with high frequency (>50%), consistent with a previous study. Moreover, we found 23 amplified regions in at least 2 cell lines, including 8 unreported loci. We then examined representative genes at the 8 amplified loci in matched pairs of pancreatic cancer and normal tissues. The amplification was detected in 1 (7.1%) to 5 (35.7%) of 14 microdissected tissue specimens. Conclusion: Using high-resolution SNP arrays, we studied genome-wide copy number alterations and LOH simultaneously. We identified several novel and minute genomic amplifications, which contained candidate oncogenes in human pancreatic cancers.
Infant Killing and Cannibalism in Free-Living Chimpanzees
Authors: Goodall Jane
Published: September 2008

Male chimpanzees at the Gombe National Park were twice seen to attack ‘stranger’ females and seize their infants. One infant was then killed and partially eaten: the other was ‘rescued’ and carried by three different males. Once several males were found eating a freshly killed ‘stranger’ infant. A similar event was observed in Uganda by Dr. Suzuki, and Dr. Nishida reports an incident from the Mahali Mountains, Tanzania. A different kind of killing occurred at Gombe when a female and her daughter killed and ate three infants of other females of the same community during a 2-year period. There is evidence suggesting that other infants may have died in this way. The paper draws attention to puzzling aspects of infant killing and cannibalism in chimpanzees.
Fifty-Day Observation of a Free-Ranging Adult Male Chimpanzee
Authors: Riss David C. , Busse Curt D.
Published: September 2008

An adult male chimpanzee living in Gombe National Park, Tanzania, was observed for 50 consecutive days during the 1974 dry season, for a total of 563 h. This individual, Figan, was the alpha male of a community of 42 chimpanzees. The composition and size of temporary associations within the community was influenced largely by the presence of one estrus female and by characteristics of the food resources. Figan’s daily time budget varied little for travel and grooming, but there were major changes in time spent feeding and inactive over the 50 days. Predatory behavior occurred periodically and meat was eaten on five occasions. Agonistic and sexual behaviors are discussed relative to Figan’s high social status. A cooperative relationship was maintained between Figan and his older brother.
Agonistic Interactions of Captive Female Orang-Utans with Infants
Authors: Nadler Ronald D. , Tilford Barbara L.
Published: September 2008

Female orang-utans with infants were pair-tested for dominance (displacement behavior) and for competitive food-getting. Dominance was quickly established in the first test for each pair, displacements were unidirectional in all tests and dominant animals obtained essentially all food incentives in 3 of the 4 series of tests. Agonistic interactions were similar in most respects to those of monkey, but were not influenced by location of testing, i.e. home cage. Aggressive behavior and food-getting were related to body weight but displacement was not. This development of dominance relationships is similar to those reported for many territorial vertebrates confined to restricted spatial conditions.
Home Range, Activity Pattern, and Agonistic Encounters of a Group of Night Monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) in Peru
Authors: Wright Patricia C.
Published: September 2008

Findings are presented from a 9-week field study on Aotus trivirgatus in continuous primary, tropical forest in Peru. One group of 2 adults and 2 juveniles utilized the same lodge area in the center of a home range of 3.1 ha for the duration of the study. The group utilized eleven fruit trees of nine different species during the 9 weeks. The home range overlapped extensively with that of other Aotus groups.
The Taste Responses in Primates to the Proteins Thaumatin and Monellin and their Phylogenetic Implications
Authors: Glaser D. , Hellekant G. , Brouwer J. N. , van der Wel H.
Published: September 2008

Electrophysiological and behavioural methods have been applied to 34 species of the primates and, for comparison, to the Madagascan hedgehog to determine their responses to the proteins thaumatin and monellin. These substances elicit an intensely sweet taste sensation in man. All Catarrhina prefer monellin to water. The responses of the Pro- simii as well as those of the South American primates to monellin are different, some species show a reaction, other species are not sensitive. In the case of thaumatin neither the Prosimii - including Tupaia and Tarsius - nor the South American primates show any response to this protein. Only the Cercopithecidae, the Hylobatidae and the Pongidae respond to this protein like man and prefer this substance to water. This physiological aspect of taste constitutes a clear dichotomy within the order Primates. This capability to taste thaumatin probably developed as long as 38 million years ago.
Genetic Variation of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase in Primates
Authors: Friedrichson U. , Ritter H. , Schmitt J.
Published: September 2008

Genetic variation of aldehyde dehydrogenase has been demonstrated in catarrhine primates. The results are in accordance with the formal genetic interpretation: three alleles, AldDH1, AldDH2, AldDH3, at the gene locus AldDH. Obviously, the allele AldDH1 has undergone fixation in Homo and Hylobates, the allele AldDH2 in Macaca and Papio, and the allele AldDH3 in Cercopithecus.
Development of Behavior in Lemur macaco in the First Nineteen Weeks
Authors: Harrington Jonathan E.
Published: September 2008

Eight young Lemur macaco were observed in a zoo during the first 19 weeks of life. Data were obtained on general motor development, development of independence from the mother, contributions of mothers and young to the maintenance of proximity, nursing, grooming, relations between twins, play, feeding, sexual dichromatism, and communication. The results are compared with similar data from other prosimians and from anthropoid primates, and some suggestions made about the evolutionary and adaptive significance of certain aspects of L. macaco development.
Drinking from Arboreal Water Sources by Mantled Howling Monkeys (Alouatta palliata Gray)
Authors: Glander Kenneth E
Published: September 2008

Mantled howling monkeys (Alouatta palliala Gray) were observed to drink from arboreal water sources during the wet season but not during the 5 month dry season. The lack of drinking in the dry season is attributed to seasonal differences in their activity patterns and food selection, the water content of the food, and the absence of plant secondary compounds in their dry season diet.
The Social Behavior of a Marmoset (Saguinus fuscicollis) Group
Authors: Vogt Jerry L.
Published: September 2008

The social behavior, and particularly the spacing patterns, of a marmoset (Saguinus fuscicollis) group in a semi-naturalistic enclosure were observed for 14 months. Data analysis revealed various changes as the group grew in size from four to eventually six members. Weekly mean distances between the adult pair supported a spatial measure of estrus for the female. Group dispersion, mean squared distance between all possible pairs, seemed to vary with the age composition of the group. Factor analysis of location correlation matrices by 4-week blocks resulted in age-related subgroupings. Each of the adult pair formed an independent subgroup except for behavioral estrus and early infant care periods when they formed one subgroup. The offspring, initially attached to the adults, gradually moved into juvenile/subadult subgroups. Increasing spatial independence was shown as an animal approached adulthood at 24 months of age.
Food Sharing among Captive Leontopithecus rosalia
Authors: Brown Kaye , Mack David S.
Published: September 2008

Captive L. rosalia were observed to exchange food routinely in family groups, a process varying from donation to theft. Donation involved the use of ‘invitational’ signals which operated most efficiently in parent-infant sharing and in donating live prey. Food moved, by sharing and theft, toward: (a) males prior to the female’s first conception; (b) females during late pregnancy; (c) carriers of infants; (d) weanlings; (e) juveniles when infants died; (f) third animals in trios, regardless of their age and relatedness to the pair. Successful reproduction, a complex behavior involving all group members in cooperative infant care and provisioning, is probably enhanced by captive L. rosalia’s food-sharing habits.
A New Omomyid Primate from the Wasatch Formation of Southern Wyoming
Authors: Savage Donald E. , Waters Barbara T.
Published: September 2008

A new omomyid primate, Arapahovius gazini, is represented by many jaws and teeth and a few tarsal bones from a 15-meter stratigraphic interval at the base of the uppermost one-third of the Main Body of the Wasatch Formation, south-central Wyoming, USA. This primate is a conspicuous element in a faunule which lived at about the same time as the fauna of the Lysite Member of the Wind River Formation, estimated to be in the interval 52-50 million years before present.

Individuals referable to the new omomyid are chiefly specialized by the intricate corrugation of enamel on the occlusal surfaces of their incisors, premolars and molars and by relatively molariform posterior lower premolars. These specializations may be interpreted as adaptation toward a more herbivorous-frugivorous diet. The tarsal bones referred to Arapahovius suggest that animals in this genus were habitual leapers. This new omomyid bears ‘omomyine' and 'anaptomorphine' characters and may have been derived from an earlier Wasatchian (earliest Eocene) 'anaptomorphine' such as Tetonoides pearcei Gazin. Arapahovius seems to have had no phylogenetic successors.
The Nature of a Primary Feeding Habit in Different Age-Sex Classes of Yellow Baboons (Papio cynocephalus)
Authors: Rhine Ramon J. , Westlund Bruce J.
Published: September 2008

Two feeding habits of 30 baboons selected equally from five age-sex classes were studied at Mikumi National Park, Tanzania. The finding, gathering, and preparing of sedge corms and of seeds of tamarind fruit were described in detail. Adults obtained these foods faster than younger animals, although even small juveniles and weaned infants were efficient in gathering and preparing them. While gathering sedges or tamarinds, adult males sat in one place longer than others and obtained more food per sitting. Adults ate more pieces of food per minute than juveniles, but adult rates of eating did not differ by sex. The adult rate of food intake was inconsistent with the assumption of different food requirements for males and females of a species with pronounced sexual dimorphism.
Restoration of the Holotype of Proconsul nyanzae
Authors: Whybrow Peter J. , Andrews Peter
Published: September 2008

The crushed palate and lower face of the holotype of Proconsul nyanzae has been prepared using the acetic acid technique. The prepared and conserved fragments have been restored to their natural positions using a synthetic cement and polyethylene glycol wax (Carbowax 4000) to fill the gaps. Preparation revealed the inferior margin of the right orbit, the inferior border of the nasal bones, and a posterior divergence of the palate which has now been corrected. The restored face of P.nyanzae shows the orbits to have been wider apart than those of Proconsul major, both absolutely and relatively, and that it had a long narrow nose and palate. It differs from Proconsul africanus, which has the shortest and broadest face of all Proconsul species, and from P.major which has a much longer narrower face.
Social Organization and Social Behavior in Two Subspecies of Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus)
Authors: Mendoza Sally P. , Lowe Edna L. , Levine Seymour
Published: September 2008

Social organization and social behavior were examined in two subspecies of squirrel monkeys which differ markedly in the degree of sexual dimorphism. The Bolivian squirrel monkeys, the subspecies with greater sexual dimorphism, manifested a sexually segregated form of social organization, while the social organization of the Guyanese monkeys was sexually integrated. Dominance relationships were found to reflect these patterns of sexual segregation or integration; in the Bolivian social groups separate linear dominance hierarchies were established within each sex while the Guyanese monkeys established a single linear hierarchy which included both males and females. Relationships between males and females in the two subspecies appear to be regulated by two distinct mechanisms, dominance in the Guyanese monkeys and sexual segregation in the Bolivians.
Karyotype Abnormalities in Two Primate Species, Pygathrix nemaeus and Lemur coronatus
Authors: Bogart M. H. , Kumamoto A.T.
Published: September 2008

The karyotypes of 7 douc langurs (Pygathrix nemaeus) and 3 crowned lemurs (Lemur coronatus) were examined. Abnormalities in 23.5% of the karyotypes of 1 male douc langur were associated with a history of fathering stillborns and abortuses (38%). Karyotype analysis of an apparently normal female lemur revealed three differing karyotypes, one normal and two abnormal.
Changes through the Day in the Food Choice of Wild Gibbons
Authors: Raemaekers Jeremy
Published: September 2008

Several studies of primates have found that they tend to eat different foods at different times of day. A detailed study of a small sample of siamang and lar gibbons shows that they select figs in the morning, young leaves in the afternoon and figs again for the last feed of the day. Various explanations of these choices are offered, centering on how the gibbons can best meet their energy demands overnight and at dawn.
The Species of Sakis, Genus Pithecia (Cebidae, Primates), with Notes on Sexual Dichromatism
Authors: Hershkovitz Philip
Published: September 2008

Recognized species of sakis, South American monkeys of genus Pithecia (Cebidae), are P. hirsuta Spix, P. monachus E. Geoffroy, P. albicans Gray, P. pithecia Linnaeus. Evolutionary stages in sexual dichromatism in sakis and other primates arc noted.
New Omomyid Primates (Haplorhini, Tarsiiformes) from Middle Eocene Rocks of West-Central Hot Springs County, Wyoming
Authors: Bown Thomas M.
Published: September 2008

Three new genera and four new species of omomyid primates constitute the first record of the Primates from upland middle Eocene rocks of Wyoming. One of these, Strigorhysis, gen. nov., possesses broadly basined molars with highly crenulated enamel which probably indicates a good deal of tough vegetable matter in its diet. Each of the new genera could have descended from known Wasatchian or early middle Eocene anaptomor- phines: Aycrossia, gen. nov., is a plausible derivative of Tetonius or Chlororhysis; Strigorhysis, gen. nov., is most similar to Absarokius noctivagus; and Gazinius, gen. nov., most closely resembles Absarokius and Anaptomorphus. The anaptomorphines were probably equally as diverse as the better documented omomyines in the middle Eocene, but may have preferred upland environments at the margins of the Tertiary basins of the Rocky Mountain Interior.
Population and Territory Stability of the Lemur catta at Berenty, Madagascar
Authors: Mertl-Millhollen Anne S. , Gustafson Herbert L. , Budnitz Norman , Dainis Kathryn , Jolly Alison
Published: September 2008

Several Lemur catta troops at Berenty, Madagascar have been censused repeatedly since 1963. In 1972, the entire reserve was censused. A recensus in 1975 showed that although some minor changes have occurred in the number of animals in individual troops, the population of the reserve as a whole, the core areas of the lemurs’ territories, and their home range boundaries have all remained stable ever since the first complete census 3 years earlier.
Feeding, Foraging, and Food Sharing Behavior of Immature Chimpanzees
Authors: Silk Joan B.
Published: September 2008

Observations of chimpanzees under naturalistic conditions show that nutritional autonomy increases as young individuals mature. Substantial proportions of feeding time are spent eating food obtained through solicitation. Food sharing at SOPF occurs among mother and infant pairs most frequently; less frequently between adult males and infants or juveniles, and least frequently between adult females and immature individuals. Mothers tend to share what their offspring cannot obtain independently while others primarily share what is easiest to replace. These patterns of solicitation and distribution of food are consistent with predictions based upon benefits to individuals through kin selection and/or energetic efficiency.
Female Dominance in Indri indri
Authors: Pollock J.I.
Published: September 2008

A total of 15 months were spent on field research in eastern Madagascar studying the largest extant lemur Indri indri. Social relationships were analysed according to the frequency and direction of affiliative and agonistic behaviours, and with respect to the relative tree positions and behavioural synchrony of group members. The relationship between the adult male and adult female in each group was distinguished by the subordinance of the former. Between group variation in adults’ relationships are examined with respect to the function of this behaviour.
Gestation and Inter-Birth Intervals in the Owl Monkey (Aotus trivirgatus griseimembra)
Authors: Hunter J. , Martin R.D. , Dixson A.F. , Rudder B.C.C
Published: September 2008

A single, timed mating indicated a gestation period of 133 days for Aotus trivirgatus griseimembra. This figure is confirmed by approximate correspondence with minimum inter-birth intervals, results from radioimmunoassay of urinary oestrogens during pregnancy, and general agreement with a logarithmic plot of gestation period against body weight for simian primates. Birth data indicate that owl monkey females in present colonies in captivity breed throughout the year and will, on average, produce 3 infants every 2 years. There is no evidence of a characteristic post-partum oestrus.
Female Aggression and Male Membership in Troops of Japanese Macaques and Olive Baboons
Authors: Packer C. , Pusey A.E.
Published: September 2008

A detailed comparison of Macaca fuscata and Papio anubis reveals that female aggression to males has an effect on male association with females in both species, but only in M. fuscata do females appear to be able to limit the number of males in their troop. It is suggested that this is the reason why ‘solitary’ males are commonly reported in M. fuscata, but rare in P. anubis, and may be related ultimately to the different degrees of sexual dimorphism in the two species.
Fetal Sex Ratio in the Rhesus (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: DiGiacomo R.F. , Shaughnessy P. W.
Published: September 2008

Fetal sex ratio was determined in several hundred timed Macaca mulatta pregnancies terminated by hysterotomy between 75 and 179 days’ gestation. From 75 to 149 days’ gestation a greater number of females occurred in utero, while after 150 days a greater number of males was observed. However, this difference was not statistically significant.
The Use of Time and Space by the Panamanian Tamarin, Saguinus oedipus
Authors: Dawson Gary A.
Published: September 2008

Tamarin activity patterns and habitat utilization strategies in the Tropical Dry Forest of the Panama Canal Zone were monitored quantitatively using radio-location telemetry. The daily tamarin activity pattern differed from that of other Neotropical primates in that early morning and late afternoon activity normally did not occur. Total daily activity time averaged 676 ± 62 min. Sleeping trees, and behaviors associated with their use, were documented. Daily path length averaged 2,061 ± 402 m. Mean travel distance was 468 t 66 m. Approximately one-third of the home range was utilized on a given day. Wet season home ranges for two social groups were 26 and 32 ha in area. Areas of low brush, forest edge, and vine-entangled second growth were heavily used by foraging tamarins. Large shade trees, particularly evergreens, were important as refuges from solar radiation. Open-canopy forest types and areas of grass were avoided. Social groups on resource-stable lowland sites defended territories; those on unstable upland sites used a system of time-space segregation. Upland groups became seminomadic during the dry season. Suitability of home range site may affect social group stability, natality, and infant survivorship.
Evidence of Microchoerine Evolution from Dielsdorf (Zürich Region, Switzerland) — a Preliminary Report
Authors: Schmid Peter
Published: September 2008

Further evidence of parallel evolution of Necrolemur and Microchoerus is put forward. The two forms were found in a fissure filling of Upper Eocene age (Fons 4) from Dielsdorf (Zürich region, Switzerland). Not only the dentition shows different morphs, but also postcranial material represents two vertical dingers and leapers of different size.
Chromosomal Polymorphism and Somatic Segregation in Saimiri sciureus
Authors: García Montserrat , Miró Rosa , Ponsá Montserrat , Egozcue J.
Published: September 2008

Quinacrine (Q) and Giemsa (G) banding, and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) studies have been carried out in Saimiri sciureus. In one male and one female studied, the diploid number was 2n = 44 and the karyotype corresponded to that described for the geographical region of Georgetown, Guyana. In the second male three different cell lines were observed, one corresponding to the geographical region of Leticia (Colombia), another to the geographical location of Iquitos (Peru) and a third line with 46 chromosomes. In the three lines, pair A2 was heterozygous, with nucleolar organizers of different size, and pair B6 was also heterozygous, with different amounts of heterochromatin in the short arms. The presence of three different cell lines in this male may be due to a mechanism of somatic segregation. The chromosomal changes involved in the intraspecific polymorphism found in Saimiri have been reinterpreted.
New Discoveries of Fossil Primates from the Type Torrejonian (Middle Paleocene) of New Mexico
Authors: Wood Craig B. , Conroy Glenn C. , Lucas Spencer G.
Published: September 2008

For the first time in almost 30 years, new Middle Paleocene primate specimens have been discovered in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico. They are from the ‘Pantolambda zone’ in the type area, Arroyo Torrejon, and are referable to Palaechthon woodi and Torrejonia wilsoni. The only other known association of these two species is in the Shotgun Local Fauna from Wyoming.
Locomotion, Limb Proportions, and Skeletal Allometry in Lemurs and Lorises
Authors: Jungers William L.
Published: September 2008

The allometric patterns of postcranial scaling in lemurs (Lemuridae and Indriidae) and lorises (Lorisinae) are established and discussed in relation to locomotor and postural adaptations. The scaling trends of each limb and its components vary significantly among these three prosimian groups, but all are functionally explicable in reference to habitual locomotor behavior and details of substrate utilization.
Backward and Forward Masking in Macaca mulatta
Authors: Harris Alastair V.
Published: September 2008

8 highly trained rhesus monkeys were examined on both backward and forward masking to determine the feasibility of studying masking in unrestrained monkeys and of studying perceptual phenomenon without the confounding of linguistic variables. It was found that monkeys could respond well under the given conditions. The data indicated a more pronounced effect of the masking stimulus on backward masking than on forward masking.
Effects of Increased Testosterone Secretion on the Behavior of Adult Male Rhesus Living in a Social Group
Authors: Gordon Thomas P. , Rose Robert M. , Grady Cheryl L. , Berstein Irwin S.
Published: September 2008

Selected members of an all-male social group of rhesus monkeys were treated with twice-weekly injections of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) to determine the effects of the consequently increased androgen secretion on social behavior. Radioimmunoassay of blood samples confirmed significant increases in serum testosterone levels in each of 4 subjects, but only 3 of these showed significant behavioral changes. The basic social structure of the group, including the dominance hierarchy, was not disrupted by the treatment with HCG. Rather, the behavioral changes which did occur appeared to be intensifications of previously existing social relationship.
Systematic Relationships of Gorillas from Kahuzi, Tshiaberimu and Kayonza
Authors: Groves Colin P. , Stott Kenhelm W.
Published: September 2008

Previous classifications of gorillas from Mt. Kahuzi, Mt. Tshiaberimu and the Kayonza Forest, placing them in Gorilla gorilla graueri or G.g. beringei, somewhat oversimplify a complex situation. Both Kahuzi and Tshiaberimu gorillas are close to graueri and should be placed in that subspecies, but each (in different ways) shows some approach to beringei, either through independent adaptation to extreme montane conditions, or because they may be points along a (now disrupted) cline from one race to the other. A hypothesis for the dispersal of beringei is presented, making use of geophysical data on the movement of the African plate over the Virunga ‘hot-spot’.
The External Nose of Tarsius bancanus borneanus Horsfield, 1821 (Primates, Tarsiiformes)
Authors: Hofer H.O.
Published: September 2008

A gross anatomical and microscopical study of the external nose of Tarsius bancanus borneanus demonstrated the typical strepsirrhine shape of the nostrils and an extreme platyrrhine condition. The wide internarial area possesses no sinus hairs. The concepts of strepsirrhinism and haplorrhinism may be used to characterize the different shapes of the nostrils, but they do not have any taxonomical significance.
Visual Capacities of the Owl Monkey (Aotus trivirgatus): Temporal Contrast Sensitivity
Authors: Jacobs G.H. , Tootell R.B.H. , Blakeslee B.
Published: September 2008

Aotus monkeys were tested in a forced-choice discrimination task to determine their ability to discriminate sinusoidally flickering lights varying in temporal frequency and luminance contrast. Under conditions of moderate light adaptation this primate is maximally sensitive to lights flickering at 10 Hz while the highest frequency they can discriminate is about 42 Hz. At very low light levels (10−5 ft L) maximum sensitivity is for 2.2−5 Hz flicker. The highest flicker rate that could be discriminated under these conditions was about 29 Hz. In comparison to humans tested in the same situation, Aotus monkeys show relatively lower sensitivity to temporal flicker under conditions of light adaptation but relatively higher sensitivity at very low light levels.
Pregnancy Diagnosis in the Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus jacchus)
Authors: Lunn S.F. , Hobson B.M. , Hearn J.P.
Published: September 2008

Abdominal palpation of the uterus was carried out on 25 pregnant and 29 non-pregnant marmosets (Callithrix jacchus jacchus). 195 complete 24-hour urine specimens, collected between the first week of gestation and term (21 weeks), were tested with the Sub-Human Primate Tube (SHPT) test. No significant differences between the two methods in their ability to diagnose pregnancy were obtained between the first and 13th week of gestation. The SHPT test was seldom positive after the 13th week of pregnancy, whereas, with one exception, palpation always indicated pregnancy.
Immunodiffusion Systematics of the Primates
Authors: Baba Marietta L. , Darga Linda L. , Goodman Morris
Published: September 2008

Evolutionary relationships between New World monkeys and marmoset genera and the place of the Ceboidea within the primates are considered in terms of the immunological specificity of ceboid proteins. Antigenic distances between the New World primates are measured using antisera produced in rabbits to nine ceboid genera: Alouatta, Aotes, A teles, Callicebus, Cebus, Chiropotes, Lagothrix, Saimiri and Saguinus. A cladogram constructed on the basis of increasing degrees of antigenic distance between branches depicts Ceboidea as a monophyletic assemblage within which Alouatta is grouped with the Atelinae genera, Lagothrix and A teles, Chiropotes joins Cacajao and Cebus joins Saimiri. The joining of the cebid genera Aotes and Callicebus with callithricid genera Callimico and Saguinus into a single complex lineage suggests that Cebidae is a paraphyletic or polyphylctic taxon. A phylogenetic taxonomy for Platyrrhini is proposed.