bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The inflammasome‐related ASC‐speck is a microglial danger signal and therapeutic target for vaccine development to address neuroinflammation
Authors: Hulse Jonathan P , Sanchez Kathryn E , Bhaskar Kiran
Published: December 2023

Background

Amyloidβ plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles are the primary pathological components of Alzheimer’s disease. In response to these danger‐associated molecular patterns, microglia assemble a multiprotein complex called the inflammasome that drives chronic neuroinflammation. The inflammasome is composed of the NACHT, LRR, and PYD domain‐containing protein 3 (NLRP3); apoptosis‐associated speck‐like protein containing a CARD (ASC); and inflammatory caspase‐1. The fully assembled inflammasome results in the activation of caspase‐1 which promotes the maturation of the inflammatory cytokine IL‐1β. The ASC‐speck, a supramolecular complex of activated inflammasome proteins, is secreted into the extracellular space during an inflammatory cell‐death process and is capable of propagating inflammation and cross‐seeding amyloid beta in a prion‐like fashion. Our recent study in a small patient cohort detected ASC‐specks in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with tauopathies. It is unknown how microglia respond to extracellular ASC‐specks or if ASC‐specks could be therapeutically targeted through a vaccination strategy. We hypothesize that ASC‐specks behave as a danger‐associated molecular pattern to promote microglial inflammation and that neutralizing antibody responses against ASC in response to an active vaccine strategy could reduce inflammatory signaling in the central nervous system.

Method

Primary murine microglia were stimulated with purified ASC‐specks. The release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines were measured using a MesoScale Discovery pro‐inflammatory panel. Vaccines against ASC were synthesized using a Qβ virus‐like particle (VLP) platform conjugated to ASC peptide epitopes and used to vaccinate non‐transgenic mice for safety profile, immunogenicity, and efficacy characterization. Intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection was used to induce systemic inflammation in vaccinated mice and inflammasome activity and tau phosphorylation were measured by Western blot to assess vaccine efficacy.

Result

Upon exposure to ASC‐specks, microglia release significantly higher levels of TNFα, CXCL1, and IL6 compared to control, indicative of a proinflammatory phenotype. ASC‐VLP vaccines are safe in non‐transgenic mice, elicit high‐titer IgG antibody responses against ASC, and reduce hippocampal inflammasome proteins and tau phosphorylation in response to LPS stimulation.

Conclusion

Extracellularly released ASC‐specks have the ability to induce an inflammatory microglial response. Neutralization of microglial ASC‐specks using a systemic active vaccine strategy can mitigate neuroinflammation in the brain parenchyma in response to inflammatory stimuli.
Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders: Is APOE a Biomarker of Disease?
Authors: Tavana Justina P , Kauwe John , Ridge Perry G
Published: December 2023

Background

Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders (NHPI) are among the least represented racial groups in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) research (for example, there are only 18 samples in the NACC). The prevalence of AD is unknown in NHPIs. Likewise, no large studies have reported disease biomarkers, including assessing APOE genotypes for correlation with AD. In one small study in Guam natives, APOE ε4 was not correlated with AD. We have enrolled 648 NHPIs in our cohort with AD8 and CDR scores, and results of their performance on the NACC neuropsychological battery. We collected APOE genotypes for 234 individuals.

Method

Brain health events were held to recruit study participants. Biological samples (saliva or blood) were collected at these events then transported to our lab where DNA was extracted and analyzed to determine APOE genotypes.

Result

Table 1 summarizes the cognitive assessments and APOE genotypes for 234 individuals. APOE allele frequencies vary widely based on race. However, in our dataset, the ε4 frequency in NHPI females and males is the same and higher than reported in other races.

We are underpowered to detect significant trends in subjects with and without dementia (Table 2). Our preliminary data reveal ε4 allele frequencies in subjects with and without dementia. No trend towards ε4 differences in impaired versus normal subjects.

Conclusion

We are augmenting and refining the existing cohort. We are genotyping APOE in 414 additional NHPIs and formally diagnosing each subject. We will have sufficient samples to determine whether or not APOE correlates with AD status. If APOE is not a biomarker of AD in NHPIs, this suggests that the genetic architecture of AD in NHPIs is unique and demonstrates the importance of prioritizing NHPIs in future AD research.
Ketogenic Dietary Effects on Sleep, Cognition and Behavior in MCI: Baseline Sleep Results
Authors: Sanderlin Ashley H. , Hayden Kathleen M. , Baker Laura D , Craft Suzanne
Published: December 2023

Background

Sleep disturbances in dementia occur often, are reported as neuropsychiatric symptoms, and are associated with higher caregiver burden and institutionalization. In mild cognitive impairment (MCI), sleep changes co‐occur with increasing neuropsychiatric symptoms and cognitive decline. Diet quality, like sleep, is a modifiable risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. It is unknown how dietary interventions may impact sleep quality. This controlled clinical trial investigates for the first time a modified Mediterranean ketogenic diet (MMKD) compared to a low‐fat American Heart Association diet (AHAD) over 4 months on multiple sleep indices in adults with amnestic MCI. Here we report our baseline sleep findings.

Method

The WatchPAT Central Plus, an FDA approved home sleep test, was used to assess sleep quality. The WatchPAT quantifies numerous measures including total sleep time, pulse and sleep efficiency. Sleep‐disordered breathing is measured via the apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI) and oxygen‐desaturation index (ODI). Time spent in sleep stages is also quantified along with full night oxygen saturation and pulse rate. Independent samples t‐tests compared baseline sleep differences among male and female MCI participants.

Result

A total of 64 MCI participants completed the baseline sleep assessments (mean age 70.2±7.0, BMI 27.0±4.3; 64.1% women). Mean sleep duration was 6 hrs46 min and 83.9% sleep efficiency. Mean AHI was 17.3±12.2 and mean ODI was 8.2±7.5 measured as >3% 02 desaturations, indicating on average moderate severity sleep apnea (AHI>15). Overnight sleep percentage by sleep stage (estimated from heart rate and accelerometer) averaged 15.4% in deep sleep and 22.3% in REM sleep. Mean REM latency was 105 minutes. Oxygen saturation averaged 94% and pulse, 61 bpm. Women had higher resting pulse (64.3bpm, p<.001). Sleep measures did not significantly differ by sex.

Conclusion

The MCI sample, on average, had moderate severity sleep apnea at baseline, with sleep duration and efficiency slightly below standard recommendations of 7‐8 hours and efficiency > 85%, respectively. Future work will compare longitudinal changes in sleep quality across diet intervention groups. Understanding potential therapeutic effects of the MMKD on sleep quality and cognitive change will be vital in adding to the portfolio of targeted non‐pharmacological interventions for Alzheimer’s disease prevention.
Neuroserpin as a Neuroprotective Molecule in the Central Nervous System, Implications for Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Mirshahvaladi SeyedShahabOddin , Gupta Vivek K , Mirzaei Mehdi , Chitranshi Nitin , Rajput Rashi , Amirkhani Ardeshir , Pascovici Dana , Graham Stuart
Published: December 2023

Background

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative age‐dependent disorder which disrupts cognition and eventually leads to death. Neural regeneration and neuroprotection represent promising therapeutic approaches for AD. The predominantly neurally expressed serine protease inhibitor, neuroserpin, selectively inhibits plasminogen activators/plasmin and plays a neuroprotective role in AD and glaucoma. Abnormal function of this protein has been implicated in stroke, glaucoma, AD and FENIB. Here we report the neuroprotective mechanisms of neuroserpin in different regions of brain, retina, and optic nerve in mouse.

Method

Brains, retinas and optic nerves from 12‐month C57BL6/J neuroserpin knockout (NeuS−/−) mice (n = 5) and their wildtypes were harvested. Brains were further dissected into frontal cortex, visual cortex and cerebellum. Sample were labelled using 10‐plex TMT, fractionated by high pH reversed phase chromatography and analysed by LC‐ESI‐MS/MS on QExactive HFX mass spectrometer. Bioinformatic analyses were performed using TMTPrepPro package, OmicsPlayGround pipeline and WGCNA package. The Candidate pathways were further validated using western blotting, immunofluorescence and in‐house meta‐analysis package for human AD brain tissues.

Result

The effects of neuroserpin vary depending on the brain region. We detected the highest number of differentially expressed genes (DEG) in the visual cortex of KO/WT mice (∼ 700). Several pathways like synaptic plasticity, neurotransmitter transport and mitochondrial electron chain showed dysregulation in most of the regions. Most importantly, neuroserpin increases BCL2/BAX ratio through BDNF/TrkB axis in all regions. This is followed by downstream activation of ERK and Akt/ PI3K signalling which results in anti‐apoptotic and survival effects, without disrupting autophagy.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that neuroserpin plays a neuroprotective role in murine brain and retina, reducing neuronal apoptosis by inhibiting apoptotic pathways. however, its precise mechanism of action is region dependent. These findings provide insights into neural regeneration and novel targets that can be disease modifying for AD.
Efficient Low‐temperature Hydrogen Production by Electrochemical‐assisted Methanol Steam Reforming
Authors: Liu Qie , Du Shiqian , Liu Tianyang , Gong Liyuan , Wu Yujie , Lin Jiaqi , Yang Pupu , Huang Gen , Li Miaoyu , Wu Yandong , Zhou Yangyang , Li Yafei , Tao Li , Wang Shuangyin
Published: December 2023

Methanol steam reforming (MSR) provides an alternative way for efficient production and safe transportation of hydrogen but requires harsh conditions and complicated purification processes. In this work, an efficient electrochemical‐assisted MSR reaction for pure H2 production at lower temperature (~140 °C) is developed by coupling the electrocatalysis reaction into the MSR in a polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis reactor. By electrochemically assisted, the two critical steps including the methanol dehydrogenation and water‐gas shift reaction are accelerated, which is attributed to decreasing the methanol dehydrogenation energy and promoting the dissociation of H2O to OH* by the applied potential. Furthermore, the reduced H2 partial pressure by the hydrogen oxidation and reduction process further promotes MSR. The combination of these advantages not only efficiently decreases the MSR temperature but also achieves the high rate of hydrogen production of 505 mmol H2 g Pt−1 h−1 with exceptionally high H2 selectivity (99 %) at 180 °C and a low voltage (0.4 V), and the productivity is about 30‐fold than that of traditional MSR. This study opens up a new avenue to design novel electrolysis cells for hydrogen production.
Non‐aqueous Liquid Electrolyte Additives for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Hu Xinhong , Wang Yirong , Qiu Yi , Yu Xuan , Shi Qinhao , Liu Yiming , Feng Wuliang , Zhao Yufeng
Published: December 2023

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have been recognized as one of the most promising new energy storage devices for their rich sodium resources, low cost and high safety. The electrolyte, as a bridge connecting the cathode and anode electrodes, plays a vital role in determining the performance of SIBs, such as coulombic efficiency, energy density and cycle life. Therefore, the overall performance of SIBs could be significantly improved by adjusting the electrolyte composition or adding a small number of functional additives. In this review, the fundamentals of SIB electrolytes including electrode‐electrolyte interface and solvation structure are introduced. Then, the mechanisms of electrolyte additive action on SIBs are discussed, with a focus on film‐forming additives, flame‐retardant additives and overcharge protection additives. Finally, the future research of electrolytes is prospected from the perspective of scientific concepts and practical applications.
Forensic neuropsychiatric evaluation of a personal injury case
Authors: Ciccone J. Richard , Fisher Jerid , Jones Josh C. W.
Published: December 2023

Civil litigation involving the forensic neuropsychiatric evaluation of a personal injury case requires an assessment of damages and causation. The expert witness is obliged to integrate data from three critical sources of information: the review of records; the results of neuropsychological testing; and the findings from the clinical examination. In civil litigation involving a personal injury claim, the expert witness can be expected to address causation and prognosis of any neuropsychiatric damages. We discuss the undertaking of a forensic neuropsychiatric evaluation, psychiatric disorders often encountered in personal injury litigation, provide case vignettes and describe a number of special types of forensic neuropsychiatric evaluations, for example, Workers' Compensation, VA Disability and Social Security Disability.
New Indole‐6‐Carboxylic Acid Derivatives as Multi‐Target Antiproliferative Agents: Synthesis, in Silico Studies, and Cytotoxicity Evaluation
Authors: Allawi Mustafa M. , Mahmood Ammar A. Razzak , Tahtamouni Lubna H. , AlSakhen Mai F. , Kanaan Sana I. , Saleh Khaled M. , Yasin Salem R.
Published: December 2023

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) are commonly overexpressed in cancers making them appealing targets for cancer therapeutics. Two groups of indole‐6‐carboxylic acid derivatives, hydrazone derivatives targeting EGFR and oxadiazole derivatives targeting VEGFR‐2, were synthesized and characterized using FT‐IR,1H‐NMR,13CNMR, and HR‐MS techniques. Binding patterns to potential molecular targets were studied using molecular docking and compared to standard EGFR and VEGFR‐2 inhibitors. The newly synthesized compounds were cytotoxic to the three cancer cell lines tested (HCT‐116, HeLa, and HT‐29 cell lines) as evaluated by the MTT assay. Compound 3 b(EGFR‐targeting) and compound 6 e(VEGFR‐2‐targeting) possessed the highest antiproliferation activity, were cancer‐selective, arrested cancer cells in the G2/M phase, induced the extrinsic apoptosis pathway, and had the highest EGFR/VEGFR‐2 enzyme inhibitory activity, respectively. The structure‐activity relationships of the new compounds showed that the presence of an aryl or heteroaryl fragment attached to a linker is required for the anti‐tumor activity. In conclusion, the findings of the current study suggest that compounds 3 band6 eare promising cytotoxic agents that act by inhibiting EGFR and VEGFR‐2 tyrosine kinases, respectively.
Synthesis of Bench‐stable Polycyclic Organophosphorus Heterocycles via Staudinger‐type Annulations of ortho‐Azidophenols
Authors: Wang Zhenguo , Luo Wenjun , Li Zhi‐Wei , Yin Keshu , Wei Mingjie , Li Le
Published: December 2023

The formation of a five‐ or six‐membered ring is known to stabilize unstable molecular structures such as hemiacetals. This idea can also be extended to stabilize other high‐coordinated p‐block element species. Herein, we synthesized two novel polycyclic organophosphorus heterocycles via Staudinger‐type annulations. Reactions of either ortho‐phosphinoarenesulfonyl fluorides 1 or ortho‐phosphinobenzoic acid methyl esters 4 with ortho‐azidophenols 2 gave rise to penta‐coordinated P(V) heterocycles, benzo‐benzo‐1,2,3‐thiazaphospholo‐1,3,2‐oxazaphosphole (B‐B‐TAP‐OAP) 3 and benzo‐benzo‐1,2‐azaphospholo‐1,3,2‐oxazaphosphol‐12‐one (B‐B‐AP‐OAP) 5 in satisfactory yields. It is remarkable that heterocycles 3 and 5 are both bench‐stable and exhibit considerable stability in a 10 % aqueous tetrahydrofuran solution. Preliminary computational studies disclosed that the formation of nitrogen gas is the key driving force for the annulations. In addition, the formation of a strong Si−F bond is another contributor to the annulation of 1 and 2.
Thermoluminescence Studies of High Energy X‐Rays Irradiated Dy3+ Doped Mg0.65Zn0.3Al2O4:0.05Dy Nanophosphor
Authors: Pathak Pankaj , Singh Manisha , Mishra Pankaj Kumar , Mittal Ajay , Jani Snehal , Brajpuriya Ranjeet
Published: December 2023

The solution combustion synthesis method is employed to prepare Magnesium,  Zinc, Aluminate doped with dysprosium (Dy3+) using the general formula Mg(1‐x‐y) Zn(y)Al2O4:xDy (x = 0.05 and y = 0.3 mol%). From X‐ray diffraction studies, the crystal structure belongs to a cubic close‐packed spinel structure with space group Fd3ˉm and an average crystallite size is 26.18 nm. In the Fourier transform infrared spectra, the peaks at 683.69 cm−1, 503.12 cm−1 correspond to the AlO6 groups. The peak temperature (Tm) from the Thermoluminescent glow curve is recorded at 235°C, 237°C, and 235°C, at irradiation doses of 600 Gy, 800 Gy, and 1000 Gy, respectively. The kinetic parameters are evaluated from the thermoluminescent glow curve by calculating the activation energy (E), order of kinetics (b), and frequency factor (s−1). Nanophosphor Mg0.65Zn0.3Al2O4:0.05Dy shows sub linear dose relationship at doses 600–675 Gy and 925–1000 Gy. Further, at doses between 675 and 925 Gy, it shows a super linear relationship. The optimum activation energy (E) of 0.77–0.82 eV and negligible fading make it suitable for high radiation thermoluminescent dosimetry.
Stereographic Projection of Theoretical Orientation Relationships Between Crystals of Any Types in Phase Transformation and Precipitation
Authors: He Youliang
Published: December 2023

Stereographic projection is a classic technology to represent the angular relationships of lattice planes and directions. In some cases, it is necessary to project arbitrary lattice planes or directions of a crystal onto an arbitrary lattice plane of another crystal, e.g., when representing orientation relationships (ORs) in phase transformation or precipitation. Commercial EBSD (electron backscatter diffraction) software cannot illustrate theoretical orientation relationships based purely on the parallelism conditions. This work presents a generalized and unified formulation for stereographic projection of any lattice planes or directions onto any lattice planes of any crystals in the 32 point groups, which is utilized to represent the theoretical orientation relationships between any crystal types. Examples are given to illustrate the correlations of common orientation relationships in both cubic and hexagonal crystals. A procedure is also established to color code and simultaneously project all low‐index Miller/Bravais planes or directions of a crystal onto an arbitrary lattice plane of the same crystal, which can be utilized to visualize the crystal symmetry and determine the standard stereographic triangle (SST). All these illustrations are realized in a computer program written in C++ using the OpenGL graphic libraries.
Pb/FeSe Interfaces Designed for Optical Communication Technology
Authors: Alharbi Seham R. , Qasrawi Atef Fayez , Algarni Sabah E.
Published: December 2023

Herein, thin films of FeSe are coated onto glass and semitransparent Pb substrate of thicknesses of 200 nm. The produced glass/FeSe (GFS) and Pb/FeSe (PFS) are structurally, compositionally, and optically characterized. It is observed that Pb substrates induced the crystallinity of cubic FeSe and cubic PbSe. On average, 21% of the phases in FeSe films are identified as PbSe. Due to the strong orbital overlapping between Pb and FeSe, Pb substrate increases the light absorption, the dielectric constant, the optical conductivity, and the terahertz cutoff frequency by ≈150 %, 180 %, 263 %, and 101 %, respectively. In addition the direct and indirect energy bandgaps shrink from 2.49 and 2.80 to 2.41 and 2.50 eV, respectively. Moreover, treating GFS and PFS as terahertz optical resonators have shown that Pb substrates enhanced the drift mobility and increased the plasmon frequency making it adequate for 6G technology applications. An important feature of the PFS optical resonator is the stability of the terahertz cutoff frequency at 16 THz in the visible range of light. This feature together with the enhanced optical absorption in the visible light region makes the PFS films attractive for visible light communication technology.
Advances in the noninvasive and minimally invasive sample collection for wearable electrochemical sensors
Authors: Lu Danfeng , Yang Chenxi , Chen Luyang , Cao Congjun , Xia Weimin , Li Guanglei , Wen Dan
Published: December 2023

Wearable electrochemical sensors, which can track various biomarkers in real‐time, is one of the most promising bioanalytical devices in the point of care testing and health management. Sample collection modules, as the important front‐end of the sensors, capture and transfer enough sample so as to achieve real‐time, precise and accurate detection. Noninvasive and minimally invasive techniques for sample collection are highly desired. However, it is still a key challenge to realize a reliable sample acquisition. Herein, we provide an overview on the progress in the sample collection methods for wearable electrochemical sensors. It covers the conventional and emerging methods/structures including reverse iontophoresis, microneedles, as well as microfluidic chips. The working principle, fabrication materials and manufacturing technologies will be introduced in detail. Finally, the present challenges and the development trend in the future of these approaches are also put forward.
Modulating selective ionic enrichment and depletion zones in straight nanochannels via the interplay of surface charge modulation and electric field mediated fluid‐thickening
Authors: Bhattacharya Anindita , Chakraborty Suman
Published: December 2023

We report the possibilities of achieving highly controlled segregation of ion‐enriched and ion‐depleted regions in straight nanochannels. This is achieved via harnessing the interplay of an axial gradient of the induced transverse electric field on account of electrical double layer phenomenon and the localized thickening of the fluid because of intensified electric fields due to the large spatial gradients of the electrical potential in extreme confinements. By considering alternate surface patches of different charge densities over pre‐designed axial spans, we illustrate how these effects can be exploited to realize selectively ion‐enriched and ion‐depleted zones. Physically, this is attributed to setting up of an axial concentration gradient that delves on the ionic advection due to the combined effect of an externally applied electric field and induced back‐pressure gradient along the channel axis and electro‐migration due to the combinatorial influences of the applied and the induced electrostatic fields. With an explicit handle on the pertinent parameters, our results offer insights on the possible means of imposing delicate controls on the solute‐enrichment and depletion phenomena, a paradigm that remained unexplored thus far.
A Facile Molten Salt Method for Diverse TiC/C Hybrid as Effective Polysulfide Confinement toward Stable Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Zhou Peilong , Geng Xinwei , Yao Dongxu , Xia Yongfeng , Zeng Yu‐Ping
Published: December 2023

Traditional carbon materials suffer from weak adsorption of lithium polysulfides and excessive consumption of electrolyte. A simple and feasible molten salt method is applied for constructing an active nanocrystalline TiC shell on the surface of porous carbon. The highly active TiC nanoshells endow the core–shell composite with efficient chemical–physical synergistic adsorption, which can effectively confine and convert polysulfides, thereby improving the electrochemical performance of lithium–sulfur batteries. The lithium–sulfur batteries assembled with modified separator deliver a high initial discharge specific capacity of 1396 mAh g−1 at a discharge rate of 0.5 C and a high capacity retention of 747.1 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles, with a high coulombic efficiency of 98% during cycling. Besides, this molten salt method can be applied to modify the porous carbon materials of various composite sulfur cathodes such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and 3D nonwoven carbon fabrics.
WO3–V2O5–Carbon Fiber Self‐Supported Composite Electrodes for High‐Performance Supercapacitors
Authors: Hu Weihang , Liu Hui , Wang Ting , Munir Hafiz Akif , Pang Lingyan , Li Junqi
Published: December 2023

The design of high‐energy‐density device electrodes has garnered significant attention but remains a challenging task. This study proposes an effective strategy for constructing a ternary composite material (WO3/V2O5/CC‐n, n = 1, 2, 3). Utilizing V2O5 as a precursor, a highly efficient electrode (WO3/V2O5/CC‐2) with a 3D nanowire structure is designed. The results demonstrate that the WO3/V2O5/CC‐2 electrode exhibits enhanced capacitive performance with a specific capacity (495.6 F g−1 at 1 A g−1) and remarkable electrochemical stability even after 5000 cycles. Furthermore, kinetics analysis reveals that the charge stored on the electrode is primarily attributed to surface capacitive effects and diffusion‐controlled insertion processes. This facile preparation method of the WO3/V2O5/CC‐2 electrode derived from WO3 and V2O5 holds excellent potential for constructing new‐generation electrochemical energy‐storage devices with superb capacitance performance.
Relative exergy and energy analysis of DI‐CI engine fueled with higher blend of Azadirachta indica biofuel with n‐butanol and NiO as fuel additives
Authors: Srinidhi Campli , Channapattana Shylesha V. , Aithal Kiran , Sarnobath Sandeep , Patil Namdev A. , Patel Sanjaykumar , Karle Anuja , Mohammed Ansam Adil
Published: December 2023

Alternate fuels are in high demand for current engines and such fuels are studied both property‐wise and tested as fuel in the current engines. In current work, diesel engines are studied for higher blend Neem (Azadirachta indica) biodiesel (NB) as fuel, and fuel additives such as n‐butanol and NiO nano additives are chosen. Experimentation was performed on the experimental stationary engine which is coupled to eddy current dynamometer for four test fuels under varying fuel injection timings. Four test fuels were chosen for experimental studies which are Diesel 90% (vol %) + n‐butanol (10%), pure Neem biodiesel, NB 90% (vol %) + n‐butanol (10%), and Neem Biodiesel 90% + 25 ppm of nickel oxide dissolved in solvent. The synthesis of nickel oxide nano additives was done using a homogenous grinding method and XRD, FESEM, and EDS characterization signifies the presence of NiO. The Neem biodiesel was derived from base catalytic process and was studied using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy apparatus for its chemical composition. The experimentation results which were focused were on the energy, exergy derived, and expenditure at varying fuel injection timings. The exergy and energy usage were almost similar in nature and entropy produced during the chemical‐to‐mechanical energy transfer reduced with the advancement in fuel injection timing to 27° bTDC for Diesel 90% + Bt.10%, NB90 + Bt.10% and NB100 + 25 ppm of NiO by 2.2%, 2.9%, and 4.6% respectively. Also, the exergy destruction retarded when with advancement in fuel inlet timing to 27° bTDC by 2.1%, 3%, 6.2%, and 6.8% for the same fuels, respectively.
Carya illinoinensis (Juglandaceae), new to the Italian alien woody Flora and second record for continental Europe
Authors: Iamonico Duilio , Nicolella Gianluca
Published: December 2023

A woody alien species, Carya illinoinensis (Juglandaceae), is found in Rome (central Italy) along banks of river Tevere. The discovery represents the first record for Italy and the second one for the continental Europe. Description, distribution in Italy, phenology, and original photographs are provided. Moreover, the name Juglans illinoinensis (basionym of C. illinoinensis) is lectotypified on a Wangenheim's illustration (Table XVIII, Figure XXXXIII).
Development and adaptation of the Emotion Regulation Skills Questionnaire for adolescents
Authors: McCullen Jennifer R. , Mirabile Scott P. , Wuertz Shelby M. , Scott Brandon G.
Published: December 2023

Introduction

The ability to effectively regulate one's emotions is important for adolescent mental health. However, extant assessments of how adolescents regulate their emotions can be expanded upon in several ways, including incorporating more strategies (e.g., cultural and spiritual) and positive emotions, and being informed by adolescents and expert consultation during the development process. Thus, our study aimed to improve the construct validity of an emotion regulation measure by adapting and refining the Emotion Regulation Skills Questionnaire (ERSQ) into an adolescent self‐report.

Methods

We recruited 24 13–17‐year‐olds (12 males; 11 females; 1 gender fluid) via social media advertisement in the United States in 2020. We used an iterative qualitative approach in which we combined expert consultation, cognitive interviewing with adolescents, and top‐down and bottom‐up coding to review and provide feedback on the ERSQ.

Results

Findings of thematic analysis showed that a need for clarity in wording and inclusion of strategy examples across all sections of the ERSQ was needed. Adolescents also identified the need to replace the Silly/Excited section with a more age‐appropriate positive emotion section.

Conclusion

Findings indicate cognitive interviewing can be successfully completed in a virtual format when necessary, youth utilize a wider range of strategies to maintain or upregulate positive emotions than what is represented in current measures, and use of qualitative methods may have reduced construct underrepresentation and construct‐irrelevant variance in the adapted ERSQ.
Small molecule activation by sila/germa boryne species
Authors: Karnamkkott Harsha S. , Das Sujit , Mondal Totan , Mondal Kartik Chandra
Published: December 2023

The inability of p‐block elements to participate in π‐backbonding restricts them from activating small molecules like CO, H2, and so forth. However, the development of the main group metallomimetics became a new pathway, where the main‐group elements like boron can bind and activate small molecules like CO and H2. The concept of the frustrated Lewis pair, Boron–Boron multiple bonds, and borylene are previously illustrated. Some of these reported classes of boron species can mimic the jobs of the metal complexes. Hence, we have theoretically studied the binding of CO/N2 molecules at B‐center of elusive species like sila/germa boryne stabilized by donor base ligands (cAAC)BE(Me)(L), where E  Si, L  cAACMe, NHCMe, PMe3, E  Ge, L  cAACMe and (NHCMe)BE(Me)(cAACMe)). The substitutional analogues of (cAACR)BSiR1(cAAC) and E  P, L  cAACMe) have been studied by density functional theory (DFT), natural bond orbital, QTAIM calculations and energy decomposition analysis (EDA) coupled with natural orbital for chemical valence (NOCV) analyses. The computed bond dissociation energy and inner stability analyses by the EDA‐NOCV method showed that the CO molecule can bind at the B‐center of the above‐mentioned species due to stronger σ‐donor ability while binding of N2 has been theoretically predicted to be weak. The energy barrier for the CO binding is estimated to be 13–14 kcal/mol by transition state calculation. The change of partial triple bond character to single bond nature of the BSi bond and the bending of CBSi bond angle of sila‐boryne species are the reason for the activation energy. Our study reveals the ability of such species to bind and activate the CO molecule to mimic the transition metal‐containing complexes. We have additionally shown that binding of Fe(CO)4 and Ni(CO)3 is feasible at Si‐center after binding of CO at the B‐center.
Geographic and temporal trends in aetiology, incidence and mortality from hepatocellular carcinoma in European Union 15+ countries
Authors: Hanbury Georgina , Jani Chinmay , Abdallah Nour , Punjwani Shoheera , Al Omari Omar , Singh Harpreet , Jani Ruchi , Shalhoub Joseph , Salciccioli Justin D. , Marshall Dominic C. , Pinato David J.
Published: December 2023

Background and Aims

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. This study considers the geographical trends in incidence and mortality from HCC.

Methods

Data were obtained for each EU15+ country from the Global Burden of Disease Study database. Age‐standardised incidence rates (ASIRs), mortality rates (ASMRs) and disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) were extracted for each year from 1990 to 2019. Data were subdivided into males and females. Mortality‐to‐incidence ratios (MIRs) were calculated. All Indices were reported per 100 000 population, and trends were described using Joinpoint regression.

Results

ASIRs increased in 17/19 countries in females and 18/19 countries in males between 1990 and 2019. ASMRs increased in all countries except Italy (for both sexes) and Sweden (for females). MIR decreased in all countries except Denmark in males (+8.0) and females (+1.2). Ireland saw the greatest decline in MIR among females (−15.0%) and the United Kingdom for males (−16.4%). DALYs increased in all countries except Italy for males and females and Sweden for females.

Conclusions

The incidence of and mortality from hepatocellular carcinoma are increasing in the majority of EU15+ countries. The rise in mortality and fall in MIR may suggest that outcomes from HCC are improving, despite an increased disease burden.
Amelioration of Amyloid‐β Induced Alzheimer's Disease by Bacopa monnieri through Modulation of Mitochondrial Dysfunction and GSK‐3β/Wnt/β‐Catenin Signaling
Authors: Sushma  , Sahu Manas Ranjan , Murugan Natarajan Arul , Mondal Amal Chandra
Published: December 2023

Background

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent dementia, affecting a large number of populations. Despite being under scrutiny for decades, an effective therapeutic option is still not available.

Methods and results

This study explores the therapeutic role of a nootropic herb Bacopa monnieri (BM) in AD‐like pathological conditions produced by injecting preformed amyloid‐β42 (Aβ42) fibril bilaterally into hippocampus of Wistar rats, and ethanolic extract of BM is orally administered for 4 weeks. Assessment of behavioral changes reveals that BM treatment ameliorates Aβ42‐induced cognitive impairment and compromised explorative behavior. Supplementation of BM also reduces oxidative stress biomarkers, proinflammatory cytokines, and cholinesterase activity in the AD rats. Additionally, BM treatment restores Bcl‐2‐associated X protein (Bax)/ B‐cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‐2) imbalance, increases neurotrophic factors expression, and prevents neurodegeneration validated by quantifying Nissl‐positive hippocampal neurons. Interestingly, BM administration eliminates amyloid plaques in the hippocampal region and normalizes the Aβ42‐induced increase in phospho‐tau and total tau expression. Mechanistic investigations reveal that BM interacts with glycogen synthase kinase (GSK‐3β) and restores Wnt/β‐catenin signaling.

Conclusion

BM has been used in diet as a nootropic herb for several centuries. This study highlights the anti‐Alzheimer activity of BM from the behavioral to the molecular level by modulating mitochondrial dysfunction, and GSK‐3β mediates the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway.
Sulforaphane and Sulforaphane‐Nitrile Metabolism in Humans Following Broccoli Sprout Consumption: Inter‐individual Variation, Association with Gut Microbiome Composition, and Differential Bioactivity
Authors: Bouranis John A. , Beaver Laura M. , Wong Carmen P. , Choi Jaewoo , Hamer Sean , Davis Ed W. , Brown Kevin S. , Jiang Duo , Sharpton Thomas J. , Stevens Jan F. , Ho Emily
Published: December 2023

Scope

The glucosinolate glucoraphanin from broccoli is converted to sulforaphane (SFN) or sulforaphane‐nitrile (SFN‐NIT) by plant enzymes or the gut microbiome. Human feeding studies typically observe high inter‐individual variation in absorption and excretion of SFN, however, the source of this variation is not fully known. To address this, a human feeding trial to comprehensively evaluate inter‐individual variation in the absorption and excretion of all known SFN metabolites in urine, plasma, and stool, and tested the hypothesis that gut microbiome composition influences inter‐individual variation in total SFN excretion has been conducted.

Methods and Results

Participants (n = 55) consumed a single serving of broccoli or alfalfa sprouts and plasma, stool, and total urine are collected over 72 h for quantification of SFN metabolites and gut microbiome profiling using 16S gene sequencing. SFN‐NIT excretion is markedly slower than SFN excretion (72 h vs 24 h). Members of genus Bifidobacterium, Dorea, and Ruminococcus torques are positively associated with SFN metabolite excretion while members of genus Alistipes and Blautia has a negative association.

Conclusion

This is the first report of SFN‐NIT metabolite levels in human plasma, urine, and stool following consumption of broccoli sprouts. The results help explain factors driving inter‐individual variation in SFN metabolism and are relevant for precision nutrition.
Effectively improve the mechanical properties of carbon fabric/epoxy composites by oxidized carbon nitride
Authors: Zhu Song‐Qing , Lu Jing‐Jing , Fan Meng‐Xuan , Chernysh Yelizaveta , Pan Ya‐Jie , Dang Rui‐Qiong , Guan Ji‐Peng , Yu Li‐Chao , Lin Ben‐Cai , Shen Xiao‐Jun
Published: December 2023

In this work, carbon nitride (C3N4) powder was oxidized by the Hummers oxidation method, and oxidized carbon nitride (O‐C3N4) was obtained. Epoxy (EP) was modified with O‐C3N4, and then carbon fiber fabric/epoxy (CF/EP) composites were prepared by hand‐pasting molding. The O‐C3N4 greatly improves the wettability of EP resin, enhances the interface properties of CF/EP composites, and makes the composites have better mechanical properties. The interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) is increased from 51.75 to 59.68 MPa, the tensile strength is increased from 564.54 to 635.39 MPa, the bending strength is increased from 809.64 to 938.81 MPa, and the impact strength is increased from 73.48 to 84.84 kJ/m2. Meanwhile, the dynamic mechanical properties of composites are also significantly improved. The energy storage modulus is increased from 14.9 to 21.4 GPa, with an increase of 43.6%.

Highlights

Developing carbon fiber composites is conducive to industrial applications.

O‐C3N4 effectively improves the mechanical properties of the composite.

O‐C3N4 has the advantages of simple synthesis, low costs, and light color.

O‐C3N4 is rich in oxygen‐containing functional groups.
Assessing the benefits and risks of amantadine for irritability and aggression after traumatic brain injury
Authors: Hammond Flora M. , Zafonte Ross D. , Sherer Mark , Bell Kathleen R. , Bogner Jennifer , Malec James F. , Tang Qing , Jang Jeong Hoon
Published: December 2023

Objective

To quantify the benefits versus harms of amantadine in the treatment of irritability and aggression following traumatic brain injury.

Methods

Secondary outcome data from a randomized controlled multisite trial of amantadine 100 mg twice daily were used to calculate number‐needed‐to‐treat (NNT). Given prior findings of positive clinician‐perceived effects and low incidence of adverse events, we hypothesized low number‐needed‐to‐treat for benefit (NNTB; high benefit) and high number‐needed‐to‐treat for harm (NNTH; low risk) based on the clinician ratings, supporting the use of amantadine in clinical practice. Specifically, NNTB values were calculated using number of individuals with improvement on the Clinician Global Impressions–Global Improvement scale (GI). NNTH values were computed using number of individuals with worsening on the GI and experiencing serious and any adverse events.

Results

Based on clinician ratings, on average for every six patients treated with amantadine rather than placebo, one extra patient would be expected to improve (NNTB = 6.4; 95% confidence interval [CI]: [3.3–76.8]). More participants in the placebo group worsened than in the amantadine group, but the result was not statistically significant (NNTH = −92.4; 95% CI: [NNTB −32.9 to infinity to NNTH −19.2]). The amantadine and placebo groups did not differ on the numbers of adverse events experienced during the trial.

Conclusion

Clinician ratings suggest modest benefit of amantadine 100 mg twice daily with low risk to appropriately selected patients with adequate renal clearance. Thus, amantadine should be considered a treatment option for the experienced brain injury clinician. These data may support treatment decisions when a pharmaceutical agent is being considered to control irritability/aggression.
Molecular mechanisms of chaperone‐directed protein folding: Insights from atomistic simulations
Authors: Castelli Matteo , Magni Andrea , Bonollo Giorgio , Pavoni Silvia , Frigerio Francesco , Oliveira A. Sofia F. , Cinquini Fabrizio , Serapian Stefano A. , Colombo Giorgio
Published: December 2023

Molecular chaperones, a family of proteins of which Hsp90 and Hsp70 are integral members, form an essential machinery to maintain healthy proteomes by controlling the folding and activation of a plethora of substrate client proteins. This is achieved through cycles in which Hsp90 and Hsp70, regulated by task‐specific co‐chaperones, process ATP and become part of a complex network that undergoes extensive compositional and conformational variations. Despite impressive advances in structural knowledge, the mechanisms that regulate the dynamics of functional assemblies, their response to nucleotides, and their relevance for client remodeling are still elusive. Here, we focus on the glucocorticoid receptor (GR):Hsp90:Hsp70:co‐chaperone Hop client‐loading and the GR:Hsp90:co‐chaperone p23 client‐maturation complexes, key assemblies in the folding cycle of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a client strictly dependent upon Hsp90/Hsp70 for activity. Using a combination of molecular dynamics simulation approaches, we unveil with unprecedented detail the mechanisms that underpin function in these chaperone machineries. Specifically, we dissect the processes by which the nucleotide‐encoded message is relayed to the client and how the distinct partners of the assemblies cooperate to (pre)organize partially folded GR during Loading and Maturation. We show how different ligand states determine distinct dynamic profiles for the functional interfaces defining the interactions in the complexes and modulate their overall flexibility to facilitate progress along the chaperone cycle. Finally, we also show that the GR regions engaged by the chaperone machinery display peculiar energetic signatures in the folded state, which enhance the probability of partial unfolding fluctuations. From these results, we propose a model where a dynamic cross‐talk emerges between the chaperone dynamics states and remodeling of client‐interacting regions. This factor, coupled to the highly dynamic nature of the assemblies and the conformational heterogeneity of their interactions, provides the basis for regulating the functions of distinct assemblies during the chaperoning cycle.
A CloudSat–CALIPSO view of cloud and precipitation in the occluded quadrants of extratropical cyclones
Authors: Naud Catherine M. , Ghosh Poushali , Martin Jonathan E. , Elsaesser Gregory S. , Posselt Derek J.
Published: December 2023

Using 10 years of satellite‐borne radar and lidar observations coupled with a novel method for automated occlusion identification, composite transects of cloud and precipitation across occluded thermal ridges of extratropical cyclones are, for the first time, constructed. These composites confirm that occluded sectors are characterized by the most extensive cloud cover and heaviest precipitation in any of the frontal regions of the cyclone. Hydrometeor frequency in occluded sectors is sensitive to the cyclone's ascent strength but not to the mean precipitable water in the cyclone's environment. This result is in contrast to the strong relationships between hydrometeor frequency and both precipitable water and ascent strength as previously reported in warm frontal regions. In both hemispheres, cloud and precipitation increase with the maximum value of the equivalent potential temperature at 700 hPa within the occluded thermal ridge, until a threshold is reached. For very large values of maximum equivalent potential temperature, hydrometeors become less frequent while precipitation rates increase. It is suggested that this conjunction is a by‐product of an increase in the frequency of convection in those instances. While in the Northern Hemisphere occluded sectors exhibit deeper and wider cloud structures than their Southern Hemisphere counterparts, their hydrometeor occurrence frequencies are less. The differences in maximum equivalent potential temperature of the thermal ridges in both hemispheres does not appear to explain the more frequent hydrometeors in the Southern Hemisphere. These relationships offer new perspectives on the interplay between cloud processes and cyclone evolution, as well as new observational constraints for process evaluation of Earth system models.
Non‐Viral RNA Delivery During Pregnancy: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Chaudhary Namit , Newby Alexandra N. , Whitehead Kathryn A.
Published: December 2023

During pregnancy, the risk of maternal and fetal adversities increases due to physiological changes, genetic predispositions, environmental factors, and infections. Unfortunately, treatment options are severely limited because many essential interventions are unsafe, inaccessible, or lacking in sufficient scientific data to support their use. One potential solution to this challenge may lie in emerging RNA therapeutics for gene therapy, protein replacement, maternal vaccination, fetal gene editing, and other prenatal treatment applications. In this review, the current landscape of RNA platforms and non‐viral RNA delivery technologies that are under active development for administration during pregnancy is explored. Advancements of pregnancy‐specific RNA drugs against SARS‐CoV‐2, Zika, influenza, preeclampsia, and for in‐utero gene editing are discussed. Finally, this study highlights bottlenecks that are impeding translation efforts of RNA therapies, including the lack of accurate cell‐based and animal models of human pregnancy and concerns related to toxicity and immunogenicity during pregnancy. Overcoming these challenges will facilitate the rapid development of this new class of pregnancy‐safe drugs.
Oxygen Vacancies on NH4V4O10 Accelerate Ion and Charge Transfer in Aqueous Zinc–Ion Batteries
Authors: Peng Yuqi , Mo Li'e , Wei Tingting , Wang Yifan , Zhang Xianxi , Li Zhaoqian , Huang Yang , Yang Guang , Hu Linhua
Published: December 2023

Vanadium‐based compounds are identified as promising cathode materials for aqueous zinc ion batteries due to their high specific capacity. However, the low intrinsic conductivity and sluggish Zn2+ diffusion kinetics seriously impede their further practical application. Here, oxygen vacancies on NH4V4O10 is reported as a high‐performing cathode material for aqueous zinc ion batteries via a facile hydrothermal strategy. The introduction of oxygen vacancy accelerates the ion and charge transfer kinetics, reduces the diffusion barrier of zinc ions, and establishes a stable crystal structure during zinc ion (de‐intercalation). As a result, the oxygen vacancy enriched NH4V4O10 exhibits a high specific capacity of ≈499 mA h g−1 at 0.2 A g−1, an excellent rate capability of 296 mA h g−1 at 10 A g−1 and the specific capacity cycling stability with 95.1% retention at 5 A g−1 for 4000 cycles, superior to the NVO sample (186.4 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1, 66% capacity retention).