bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cavitation Characteristics and Infinite-Aspect-Ratio Characteristics of a Hydrofoil Section
Authors: Daily J. W.
Published: December 2022

This paper describes “two-dimensional” tests in a water tunnel of a profile identical to the 4412 airfoil section of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. The tests included photographic observations of the inception and growth of cavitation as influenced by velocity, pressure (submergence), and angle of attack, and measurements, during cavitation-free operation, of the hydrodynamic forces and moments as functions of Reynolds number and angle of attack. The relation between the angle of attack and the value of the cavitation parameter at which inception occurs is shown for each face of the hydrofoil. The effect of profile geometry in causing cavitation, and the significance of distinctly different types of cavitation obtained with change in variables are discussed. Convenient curves are given showing the submergence required to avoid cavitation for different velocities and angles of attack. The measured hydrodynamic characteristics are presented in graphical form and are also compared with previously existing data from wind-tunnel tests of a finite-aspect-ratio span. The experimental procedure and its reliability in indicating true infinite-aspect-ratio characteristics are discussed.
Continental and American Gas-Turbine and Compressor Calculation Methods Compared
Authors: Martinuzzi P. F.
Published: December 2022

During a recent tour of the United States, it became evident to the author that there is no standard American method for gas-turbine or for axial-compressor calculations. Apparently, each firm goes its own way without much regard for precedents, competitors, or textbooks. In view of the wide diffusion that British data had in this country during the war, it might have been supposed that the Howell (1) method would have been generally used. However, although the actual data given by Howell are considered very reliable, his calculation method is not much used. In practice, calculations seem mostly to be influenced by Keller (2) and, to a much lesser degree, by Traupel (3). The same situation can be noted as regards gas-turbine-cycle calculations; the paper by Soderberg and Smith (4) is generally well known, but no standard system seems to prevail. To simplify matters, it will be assumed that general American practice can be represented by the methods given in Professor Zucrow’s (5) recent book and in the papers by Ponomareff (6), and Howell (1), as regards axial compressors.
Strength and Failure Characteristics of Metal Membranes in Circular Bulging
Authors: Brown W. F. , Thompson F. C.
Published: December 2022

Circular hydraulic bulges were formed from a group of materials having widely varying strain-hardening rates. The complete development of the shapes and strain distributions was determined experimentally, and the stress and radius of curvature at the pole were calculated as a function of the maximum strain. An analysis of the data revealed that strain gradients and, therefore, the bulge heights were influenced by the stress-strain characteristics of the metal. It was also found that the bulge contour was closely approximated by a sphere only at strains in the vicinity of the instability strain. Instability was exhibited by all materials having a sufficient ductility at strains varying from ϵ3 = −0.47 for 75S-O to ϵ3 = −0.64 for annealed low-carbon steel. The phenomenon of instability was related to both the development of the shape and the strain distribution. The previously reported differential equation for instability in a circular bulge was found to yield strains which agreed with the maximum load strain and the instability strains derived from the analysis of the shape and strain distributions. These instability strains were not found to be simply related to the necking strains in uniaxial tension. The height and maximum strains (forming limits) obtainable in bulging were found to be greatly reduced by the presence of surface flaws or a large grain size.
Reheating in Steam Turbines
Authors: Reynolds R. L.
Published: December 2022

This paper outlines the history of the reheat cycle, in which steam is resuperheated after expanding through the high-pressure section of the turbine, and shows the improvement in thermal efficiency to be derived from its use under various operating conditions. Such factors as regenerative feedwater heating, pressure drop through the reheater and its piping, and the temperature to which steam is reheated affect the gain in thermal efficiency obtainable with reheating. Reheating reduces throttle and exhaust-steam flows, exhaust moisture, and heat absorbed by the condenser. The effect of all of these factors is illustrated by the curves included in the paper.
Fouling Rates and Cleaning Methods in Refinery Heat Exchangers
Authors: Butler R. C. , McCurdy W. N.
Published: December 2022

The three phases of heat-exchanger operation and maintenance which are covered in this paper are: rate of fouling (operating data from exchangers in various refinery services are used to correlate rate of fouling with time); reduction of fouling (the use of pressure and temperature control, blanketed feed tankage, feed stripping, and injection of additives as means to reduce fouling rates is discussed, as well as results obtained by refineries); cleaning methods (the mechanics and effectiveness of some methods of cleaning heat exchangers are discussed, the methods described being sandblasting, mechanical cleaning, and chemical cleaning).
Fouling of Marine-Type Heat Exchangers
Authors: Bethon H. E.
Published: December 2022

The paper emphasizes the importance of making due allowance for fouling and cleaning in the initial design of heat exchangers for naval service. It describes briefly the design and construction of marine-type heat exchangers (lubricating-oil and jacket-water coolers, steam condensers, steam- and thermal-compression distilling plants and fuel-oil heaters), in addition to various design and operating procedures which affect fouling characteristics.
Steam-Air Jets for Abatement of Locomotive Smoke
Authors: Benton E. D. , Engdahl R. B.
Published: December 2022

For almost a century experimental work has been conducted on air-injection devices designed to lessen the smoke nuisance inherent in locomotive operation. Not until 1913, however, was any particular progress made in the design of jets for this purpose. At that time the Pennsylvania Railroad developed specifications which were widely used for a number of years. Recently, investigations of the steam-air jet have been conducted by Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., which have developed optimum design values for such devices. The results of the tests and details of application of steam-air jets are given in the paper.
Cinder and Fly-Ash Factors When Burning Small Anthracite Coal on Traveling-Grate Stokers
Authors: Gladden C. S.
Published: December 2022

This paper presents: (a) Certain test data, concerning the quantities and characteristics of cinders and fly ash, which result when burning small sizes of anthracite coal on traveling-grate stokers; (b) distribution of precipitation of cinders and fly ash at various collection locations in the path of the furnace gases from the boiler to the stack; (c) influence of fines in the coal on the quantity of cinders and fly ash produced; d) description of an efficient method of recirculation of cinders and fly ash; and (e) economies to be expected by recirculating and reburning cinders and fly ash.
Regulation Theory for Thermal Power Plants Employing a Closed Gas Cycle
Authors: Salzmann F.
Published: December 2022

This paper deals with the power regulation of gas-turbine plants employing a closed cycle according to the proposals of Ackeret and Keller. Theoretical calculations are shown in order to follow the nonstationary processes which occur in the plant when changing load. It is demonstrated how the regulation means shall operate with respect to the specific properties of the closed cycle for insuring a quick action in the case of sudden load changes.
A Review of Some German Developments in Airplane Anti-Icing
Authors: Tribus Myron
Published: December 2022

The German Air Forces found the heated-wing system of anti-icing to be satisfactory. The empirical design basis used by Junkers is described and found to be very much different from theoretical approaches used by the research groups. The Messerschmidt electrical cycling system is presented and the results of some meteorological measurements are discussed. The theory of electrically anti-icing propellers had been examined and led to a controlling timer whose on and off cycles were responsive to ambient temperature.
Model Tests of Granby Pumps
Authors: Vanderboegh B. L.
Published: December 2022

This paper describes tests of the contractor’s model of the Granby pumps made at the Newport News Hydraulic Laboratory. Comparative curves of casing and impeller performances are illustrated and results of experiments noted.
Hydro in Wartime Germany
Authors: Hoefle A.
Published: December 2022

Technical phases of hydro development in Germany during the war were influenced by the special characteristics of that nation’s remaining power facilities, such as the brown-coal stations. Another factor was the economics of scarcity created by the needs of total war. How the Germans adapted themselves to these conditions in developing the maximum power return from existing facilities and adding new ones is related in this paper. The underwater-type turbine is also extensively treated.
Design and Operation of Some Experimental High-Temperature Gas-Turbine Units
Authors: Hughes A. D.
Published: December 2022

Materials for use in gas turbines may be subjected to a wide range of conditions of temperature, pressure, stress, erosion, and oxidation. Several experimental units have been designed and built to test the endurance life of these materials under actual service conditions. This paper deals with the design and operation of such experimental units.
Haynes Alloys for High-Temperature Service
Authors: Sweeny W. O.
Published: December 2022

Gas-turbine developments have been accelerated by recent advances in the field of high-temperature alloys. Efficient turbosuperchargers, jet engines, and higher-temperature steam turbogenerators have been made possible by the accomplishments outlined in this paper. Physical properties of various alloys in the forged and cast form are given in considerable detail. Applications are described and future possibilities are indicated.
Effect of Varying Relief Angles When Face-Milling Cast Iron With Sintered- Carbide-Tipped Cutters
Authors: Boston O. W. , Gilbert W. W.
Published: December 2022

The tests reported on were preformed to determine tool wear, tool life, and power consumption when varying the relief angles on 0-deg and 45-deg peripheral-cutting-edge-angle (pcea) face-milling cutters.
Application of Tables for Helical Compression and Extension Spring Design
Authors: Ross H. F.
Published: December 2022

Tables have been developed covering all standard steel-wire gages between 0.025 and 0.394 in., music-wire gages between 0.010 and 0.118 in., and most even fractional dimensions. Odd wire sizes or nonferrous materials may also be derived with slight additional work. A summary is given of design considerations, and limitations, together with examples of the application of the spring tables as an aid in applying the fundamental principles outlined.
Liquid-Water Content and Droplet Size in Clouds of the Atmosphere
Authors: Brock G. W.
Published: December 2022

In studying aircraft-icing conditions, the A.A.F. Weather Service conducts flight tests, which are reported, (a) to determine values of liquid-water content and droplet size to be found in clouds through which flight is conducted, (b) to study physical structure of clouds, and (c) to devise methods of improving forecasts of icing conditions.
Electrical Snap-Action Temperature Controls for Aircraft
Authors: Campbell J. R.
Published: December 2022

In this discussion of snap-acting temperature controls for aircraft, a thermostat known as the Cam-Stat will be analyzed with a view to making its characteristics more readily understood by those interested in aircraft temperature controls.
Liquid-Propellant Rocket Power Plants
Authors: Zucrow M. J.
Published: December 2022

This paper discusses some of the general features of liquid-propellant rocket power plants, and the propellant systems which have been developed. The object of the discussion is to call attention to problems requiring solution in order to improve the reliability and performance of liquid-propellant rocket power plants.
The Role of Meehanite Metal Castings in Engineering Production
Authors: Austin C. R.
Published: December 2022

The application of iron castings in engineering production covers an extremely wide field which was extended greatly during the war years. Steel foundries and forging shops were heavily loaded, and it became necessary for the design engineer to seek other facilities, and other engineering materials. In the process, the engineer soon learned that cast irons were available which would replace even with advantage many of the engineering parts which had formerly been specified in fabricated steel or other materials. The engineering facts concerning high-strength cast irons, their production techniques, and examples of important applications are treated in this paper.
Nozzle Flow Characteristics in Pneumatic Force-Balance Circuits
Authors: Kirk D. B.
Published: December 2022

A simple nozzle-diaphragm device for transmitting an air pressure substantially corresponding to an applied process pressure is examined with respect to the factors affecting nozzle clearance. Elementary gas-flow formulas are used to analyze these factors, and auxiliary circuit components are introduced which reduce substantially the variation in nozzle clearance as a function of the transmitted air pressure.
High-Output Combustion of Ethyl Alcohol and Air
Authors: Shapiro A. H. , Rush D. , Reed W. A. , Jordan D. G. , Farnell G.
Published: December 2022

Test results, obtained under sponsorship of the Bureau of Ordnance, are reported for the combustion at 475 psia of air with a mixture of 92.5 per cent ethyl alcohol and 7.5 per cent water by mass. The exit-gas temperature was varied between 1350 F and 2050 F and was controlled through the introduction of excess fuel. A combustor design which gave combustion intensities up to 11 × 106 Btu/hr ft3 atm was employed. The experimental relations between gas temperature, fuel-air ratio, isentropic enthalpy drop obtainable from the combustion gas, gas composition, and thermodynamic properties of the combustion gas are given in detail. Theoretical results based upon the assumption of chemical equilibrium at the temperature of adiabatic combustion are in moderately good agreement with the measured results. It is inferred from the data that a condition approximating “frozen” equilibrium sets in at about 2500 F. Two methods of evaluating isentropic enthalpy drop were used and compared, one based principally upon the measurement of thrust, and the other based principally upon gas analyses. Small variations in combustor size and design were investigated. A discussion of the principles underlying the thrust method is given in an Appendix.
Quick Starting of High-Pressure Steam-Turbine Units
Authors: Falkner J. C. , Williams R. S. , Hare R. H.
Published: December 2022

This paper describes a new method of “quick starting” high-pressure steam-turbine units at locations where, because of their light night loads, in comparison with heavy day loads, some of the high-pressure units must be shut down and started up each night. The method described reduces the thermal start-up stresses in the turbines and boilers, reduces the “rolling-on” fuel losses, reduces the crew personnel required, and increases the available reserve factor, as compared to the conventional start-up methods.
The 103,000-Hp Turbines at Shasta Dam
Authors: Roberts J. F.
Published: December 2022

Details are given of the special features incorporated in the single-runner vertical-shaft reaction-type hydraulic turbines installed by the Central Valley Project at Shasta Dam. Performance curves are given and a comparison made with model-test results and predicted efficiencies.
Proposed Recommended Practices for the Preparation of New Turbine Lubricating Systems
Authors:   Technical Committee C, Section 1, A.S.T.M. Committee D-2
Published: December 2022

Numerous discussions between the representatives of turbine builders, operators, oil suppliers, turbine-equipment suppliers, and consulting turbine engineers in attendance at meetings of Technical Committee C, Section 1, of the American Society for Testing Materials, have indicated the desirability of pooling the available experience with respect to the preparation of new turbine lubricating systems in order that the most desirable practices might be standardized. The pooled information contained herein should be considered a “guide to desirable practices.”
Results of Accelerated Tests and Long-Term Exposures on Glue Joints in Laminated Beams
Authors: Truax T. R. , Selbo M. L.
Published: December 2022

A rapid method developed at the U. S. Forest Products Laboratory for determining the durability of glue joints in laminated beams intended for exterior service is described. The test is based upon the principle that severe shrinking and swelling of laminated members produce stresses, which cause checking of wood, failure of glue joints, or both. Vacuum and pressure are employed in bringing about the desired conditions of shrinking and swelling. Results of the test are correlated with more extended laboratory exposures and with long-term soaking and weathering.
Hydraulic Problems in Connection With the Design of the Granby Pumping Plant
Authors: Moses E. B.
Published: December 2022

Many unusual problems arose in the design of the Granby pumping plant which delivers water across the Continental Divide in Colorado. Owing to the 94-ft variation in suction head, the pumps are located far below ground level. A design for a subterranean plant with a cross section based upon the hydrostatic arch is analyzed. Because of limitation to voltage fluctuation when starting up, imposed by a comparatively small power supply, several methods of bringing the unit up to synchronous speed were studied. The final design comprises a discharge valve which is closed when starting, equipment for depressing the water below the runner when starting at reduced voltage or when using the unit as a synchronous condenser, a surge tank and a siphon at the upstream end of the discharge conduit. An air vent at top of the siphon is provided to stop reverse flow, and an automatic vacuum pump removes accumulation of air in the siphon.
I—Introductory Comments to a Series of Contributions on Gas Properties
Authors: Keyes F. G.
Published: December 2022

The symposium of which this comment serves as an introduction is the result of a meeting in April, 1947, of the ASME Special Research Committee on Properties of Gases, at which it was decided to review the present available knowledge of the properties of twelve gases and to plan a program of investigations to amplify this knowledge to meet present-day application requirements. The twelve pure substances are helium, argon, mercury, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide, water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, methane, and ethylene, to which the natural mixture air has been added because of its general importance.
Facilities for, and Work Under Way in Gas-Properties Research
Authors: Kleinschmidt R. V.
Published: December 2022

The Subcommittee on Research Planning of the Research Committee on Properties of Gases has made a survey of laboratories believed to be interested in research on gas properties, to determine (1) work completed, (2) work in progress, (3) facilities and experienced personnel available but not now utilized, and (4) other laboratories that might be interested in developing such equipment and personnel.
Utilizing Bagasse as Fuel
Authors: Gilg F. X.
Published: December 2022

Modern boilers and bagasse-burning furnaces for steam generation in sugar mills are described in this paper. Performance of an integral-furnace boiler with Ward furnaces is given and includes fly-ash carry-over tests.
Some 1000 F Steam-Pipe Materials
Authors: Robinson Ernest L.
Published: December 2022

This paper presents long-time creep and rupture test results on molybdenum-vanadium pipe material in comparison with low-chromium-molybdenum compositions. The molybdenum-vanadium composition shows superior long-time strength at high temperature. Furthermore, long-time soaking of molybdenum-vanadium piping material at high temperature has so far failed to show graphite formation.
The Structural Stability of Several Cast Low-Alloy Steels at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Malcolm V. T. , Low S.
Published: December 2022

The effect of temperature on several cast low-alloy steels has been investigated in the laboratories of The Chapman Valve Manufacturing Company. ASTM A217-46T Grade WC1, and modifications of this composition, were surveyed thoroughly. The following variables were investigated with respect to structural stability: (1) The effect of aluminum on a cast carbon-molybdenum steel; (2) the effect of furnace practice on a cast carbon-molybdenum vanadium steel; (3) the effect of chromium on a cast carbon-molybdenum steel; (4) the effect of vanadium on a cast carbon-molybdenum steel; (5) the effect of various combinations of chromium, vanadium, and titanium on a cast carbon-molybdenum steel; and (6) the effect of chromium, nickel, and high molybdenum on a cast carbon-molybdenum steel.

The physical properties of the alloys investigated are given in detail. Data are presented on the results of McQuaid-Ehn, tensile, Jominy hardenability, creep, and weldability tests. Photomicrographs are used to illustrate structural stability after various aging cycles. New work is presented to illustrate the effect of aging at elevated temperature on static bend bars and V-notch Charpy bars.
Problems Associated With Use of Diesel Fuels
Authors: Doyle W. L. H. , Landen E. W.
Published: December 2022

This paper presents results of recent investigations dealing with the nature of exhaust products resulting from combustion of Diesel fuels, particularly those products composing smoke. Development of some new inspections for improved control over certain properties of Diesel fuels is suggested. New standardized tests should be developed, one whereby the relative stability of a Diesel fuel can be determined, and another whereby the “Diesel-fuel combustibility” quality can be evaluated. New additive-type lubricating oils must be made available for use in the medium- and higher-speed Diesels to combat the deleterious effects of sulphur contents in the fuels for these engines.
Fluid Devolatilization of Coal for Power-Plant Practice
Authors: Singh Alamjit D. , Kane Leslie J.
Published: December 2022

A brief review on the desirability of burning char in central power stations and the technical as well as economic factors which prevented the development of a satisfactory process in previous years for the production of char, are given. Application of the fluidization process to devolatilization of coking bituminous coal is described, and specific results are presented on Kincaid coal from seam No. 6, Christian County, central Illinois. Composition, yield, and physical characteristics of the important products obtained in fluid devolatilization of Kincaid coal are given to facilitate technical and, to a certain degree, economic evaluation of the process. Reference is made to other recent developments which are expected to play an important role in the successful application of this process in steam and power-generating stations.
Ball-Bearing Slides
Authors: Jobst Conrad
Published: December 2022

From personal experience the author gives examples of progress made in reducing friction in sliding movements to a minimum, with the addition of preloading of the slide mechanism, so that higher operating speeds, greater precision of product, and longer life at lower cost are possible. Such preloading produces high stability in a slide because operating loads merely modify the total load, either increasing or decreasing it, in contrast with conventional slides in which the live load changes from no load to full load, and usually with no reversal of load permissible. Actually, from the standpoint of mechanics, preloaded slides constitute the introduction of couples into the system which are available to resist other couples such as those due to eccentric loads.
Intrinsic Heat Transfer Enhancement Mechanisms in Boiling With Nanoscale Surface Features
Authors: Kandlikar Satish G.
Published: December 2022

Boiling heat transfer results from a number of multiscale phenomena that are activated by the inception of a nucleating bubble that induces motion of the liquid and vapor phases. Heat is transferred by conduction and convection to the liquid from the heated surface, and subsequently by evaporation at different liquid–vapor interfaces. Nanoscale features on the surface lead to boiling heat transfer enhancement by influencing the surface morphology, nucleation characteristics, localized heat transfer processes, motion of the three-phase contact line, growth and departure of the bubble, and liquid flow over the heated surface. This paper discusses the intrinsic mechanisms associated with nanoscale features that are responsible for enhancement in critical heat flux (CHF) and heat transfer coefficient (HTC) in pool boiling. High wettability surfaces provide CHF enhancement through improved bubble dynamics. Improved contact line motion and liquid circulation around a bubble are responsible for enhanced bubble growth rate. High wickability of nanostructures or nanoparticles on the heated surface is able to supply liquid to the evaporating thin film underneath a bubble. Other techniques lead to enhancing heat transfer to liquid through roughness and lateral conduction in high thermal conductivity particles such as graphene and carbon nanotubes. Enhancement in contact line region heat transfer has been effectively utilized at both nano-and microscales. However, for refrigerants, the enhancement with nanoscale features is only modest at best in improving the heat transfer. These mechanisms are discussed in detail and areas for future research are identified.
Two-Dimensional Planar Modeling of the Depth Control of a Subsea Shuttle Tanker
Authors: Ma Yucong , Xing Yihan , Sui Dan , Ong Muk Chen , Hemmingsen Tor Henning
Published: December 2022

A novel subsea shuttle tanker (SST) concept was proposed as a cost-effective alternative to subsea pipelines and tanker ships for liquid CO2 transportation between a source facility and a subsea well. The SST will be deployed to transport CO2 to marginal subsea fields with an annual CO2 storage capacity of around 1 million tonnes. A baseline design was recently developed by the authors to support research work aimed at assessing large and ultra-efficient subsea cargo drone technology. One crucial aspect is the development of SST's operation envelope, i.e., the safe depth versus speed regions. The development of this envelope entails comprehensive and detailed studies of SST's dynamic load-effects under all expected operating scenarios which in the early concept development phase can be performed using suitable computational models. In this technical brief, the initial development of such a model is unveiled. This fully coupled 2D planar model considers the most relevant load-effects which are from hydrodynamics, hydrostatics, and control surface induced loads. The most important features of the model such as the derivation of hydrodynamic derivatives and model verification are also discussed. As an example, this model is then used to study the depth control problem which is a key aspect in the determination of the safety operational envelope. The results show that unsuitable control schemes that do not look ahead in the trajectory lead to undesirable results. In contrast, a feed-forward heading control method achieves a good and fast control response.
Questionnaires Measuring 24-Hour Movement Behaviors in Childhood and Adolescence: Content Description and Measurement Properties—A Systematic Review
Authors: Rodrigues Bruno , Encantado Jorge , Carraça Eliana , Martins João , Marques Adilson , Lopes Luís , Sousa-Sá Eduarda , Cliff Dylan , Mendes Romeu , Santos Rute
Published: December 2022

Background: We aim to systematically review the literature on measurement properties of self- and proxy-reported questionnaires measuring 24-hour movement behaviors in children and adolescents. Methods: PubMed, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, and EMBASE were searched until June 2021. Studies were included if the sample size for validity studies had 50 participants (minimum) and included, at least, both validity and test–retest reliability results of questionnaires. The review followed an adaptation of the Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments guidelines, to evaluate the quality of measurements properties of the questionnaires (content, convergent and criterion validity, reliability, measurement error, and responsiveness), as well as the risk of bias of each measurement property. Results: This review included 29 studies, describing 37 questionnaires. Sixty-eight percent showed “adequate” content validity. None of the questionnaires showed overall “adequate” criterion validity, and the risk of bias was “very low” for 92%. One questionnaire showed “adequate” convergent validity, and 73% of the studies were classified with a “high risk of bias.” Seven questionnaires showed “adequate” reliability, and 27.3% of the studies were rated with a “very low risk of bias.” None of the questionnaires showed “adequate” criterion validity and reliability, simultaneously. Conclusions: Existing questionnaires have insufficient measurement properties, and none considered the 24-hour movement behavior paradigm. These results highlight the need for better questionnaires of movement behavior combinations, to improve the monitoring and surveillance systems of 24-hour movement behaviors in this population.
Wnt5A Signaling Regulates Gut Bacterial Survival and T Cell Homeostasis
Authors: Sengupta Soham , Jati Suborno , Maity Shreyasi , Sen Malini
Published: December 2022

Gut commensal bacterial diversity and T cell homeostasis are crucial entities of the host innate immune network, yet the molecular details of host-directed signaling pathways that sustain the steady state of gut bacterial colonization and T cell activation remain unclear. Here, we describe the protective role of a Wnt5A-actin axis in the survival of several gut bacterial commensals and its necessity in shaping gut bacterial colonization and the associated T cell repertoire.
Horizontal Gene Transfer and Loss of Serotype-Specific Genes in Listeria monocytogenes Can Lead to Incorrect Serotype Designations with a Commonly-Employed Molecular Serotyping Scheme
Authors: Brown Phillip , Kucerova Zuzana , Gorski Lisa , Chen Yi , Ivanova Mirena , Leekitcharoenphon Pimlapas , Parsons Cameron , Niedermeyer Jeffrey , Jackson James , Kathariou Sophia
Published: December 2022

Listeria monocytogenes
is a foodborne pathogen responsible for severe illness (listeriosis), especially in pregnant women and their fetuses, immunocompromised individuals, and the elderly. Three serotypes, 1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b, account for most human listeriosis, with certain serotype 4b clonal complexes (CCs) overrepresented in human disease.
Horizontal Transfer of Bacteriocin Biosynthesis Genes Requires Metabolic Adaptation To Improve Compound Production and Cellular Fitness
Authors: Krauss Sophia , Harbig Theresa A. , Rapp Johanna , Schaefle Timm , Franz-Wachtel Mirita , Reetz Leonie , Elsherbini Ahmed M. A. , Macek Boris , Grond Stephanie , Link Hannes , Nieselt Kay , Krismer Bernhard , Peschel Andreas , Heilbronner Simon
Published: December 2022

Human microbiomes are critically associated with human health and disease. Importantly, pathogenic bacteria can hide in human-associated communities and can cause disease when the composition of the community becomes unbalanced.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Promotes Persistence of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia via Increased Adherence to Depolarized Respiratory Epithelium
Authors: McDaniel Melissa S. , Lindgren Natalie R. , Billiot Caitlin E. , Valladares Kristina N. , Sumpter Nicholas A. , Swords W. Edward
Published: December 2022

Despite advances in treatment options for people with CF, complications of bacterial infections remain the greatest driver of morbidity and mortality in this patient population. These infections often involve more than one bacterial pathogen, and our understanding of how interspecies interactions impact disease progression is lacking.
Emplacement dynamics of a crystal-rich, highly viscous trachytic flow of the Sancy stratovolcano, France
Authors: Prival Jean-Marie , Harris Andrew J.L. , Zanella Elena , Robustelli Test Claudio , Gurioli Lucia , Chevrel Oryaëlle , Biren Jonas
Published: December 2022

Emplacement dynamics of highly viscous, silicic lava flows remain poorly constrained due to a lack of consideration of crystal-rich cases. Emplacement models mostly apply to glassy or microlitic, vesiculated rhyolitic flows. However, crystalline, vesicle-free silicic lava can flow differently. We studied the Grande Cascade unit, which is a vesicle-free, phenocryst-rich, trachytic flow in the Monts Dore massif, France. Field work was carried out to define internal structures, and oriented samples were collected for chemical, petrological, and anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility analyses, allowing us to estimate emplacement temperature and viscosity.

These data allow us to define a new silicic lava flow subtype that is low in temperature (800−900 °C), high in silica content (up to 66.8 wt%), high in viscosity (109−1011 Pa s), rich in phenocrysts (∼35%), and lacks vesicles. Brittle deformation of the lava occurs upon extrusion, generating a cataclasite basal layer and thin (3-m-thick) shear zone that accommodates all of the stress, allowing most of the flow’s volume to slide over its base as a 40-m-thick plug in which there is no deformation. Blocks are rare, of a single size (10 ± 1 cm), and result from localized break-up of the basal shear zone.

Emplacement dynamics are different from those of glassy, pumiceous lava flows. They are closer to glacier dynamics, where most of the volume slides over a thin basal shear zone and till is generated there by abrasion and milling of the underlying layer. For the Grande Cascade lava flow, abrasion means that the flow lacks its classical blocky crust and instead the flow base is marked by a layer rich in fine-grained material. The structures and emplacement dynamics of this crystal-rich flow are consistent with ideal, gravity-driven shear flow. We thus argue for a global reassessment of silicic-rich lava emplacement based on crystal content and using a multidisciplinary approach focused on well-exposed examples in the rock record.
Supplemental Material: Evolutionary, paleoecological, and biostratigraphic implications of the Ediacaran-Cambrian interval in West Gondwana
Authors: Warren Lucas , al. et
Published: December 2022

Supplemental Material 1: Sampling and analytical procedures. Supplemental Material 2: U-Pb SHRIMP data.
Supplemental Material: Two stages of porphyry Cu mineralization at Jiru in the Tibetan collisional orogen: Insights from zircon, apatite, and magmatic sulfides
Authors: Sun Xiang , et al.
Published: December 2022

Table S1: Electron microprobe analysis (EPMA) data for the Durango apatite standards in comparison with published values. Table S2: Zircon compositions of the early Eocene granite and Miocene porphyry in the Jiru porphyry Cu deposit. Table S3: Compositions of zircon-hosted apatites in the early Eocene granite and Miocene porphyry at Jiru. Table S4: Compositions of biotite-hosted apatites in the early Eocene granite and Miocene porphyry at Jiru. Table S5: Apatite and zircon saturation temperatures and Ti-in-zircon temperature of the early Eocene granite and Miocene porphyry at Jiru. Table S6: EPMA data of zircon-hosted sulfides in the early Eocene granite at Jiru.
Supplemental Material: Large-scale basement mobilization endows the giant Carlin-type gold mineralization in the Youjiang Basin, South China: Insights from mercury isotopes
Authors: Gao Wei , et al.
Published: December 2022

Text S1: Mercury isotopic composition of terrestrial and marine reservoirs. Figure S1: Plots of δ202Hg versus ∆199Hg (a), and ∆201Hg versus ∆199Hg (b) of terrestrial and marine reservoirs. Text S2: Two endmember mixing model of mercury isotope. Table S1: Descriptions of the Precambrian basement rocks collected in this study from the periphery the Youjiang basin of South China. Table S2: THg and Hg isotopic compositions of ore-associated sulfides of the Carlin-type gold deposits in the Youjiang basin of South China. Table S3: THg and Hg isotopic compositions of Precambrian basement rocks from the periphery of the Youjiang basin, respectively. Table S4: THg and Hg isotopic compositions of the Permian E’meishan plume-related mafic rocks from the interior of the Youjiang basin, respectively.
Supplemental Material: Astronomically forced climate variability across the Eocene–Oligocene transition from a low latitude terrestrial record (Lühe Basin, South China)
Authors: Xu Ke , Ren Jianye , al. et
Published: December 2022

S1: Tuning details (Fig. S1: Details of tuning of Lühe Basin data). S2: The COCO and eCOCO tests (Fig. S2: COCO testing parameters settings for Rb/Sr data; Fig. S3: eCOCO testing parameters settings for Rb/Sr data; Fig. S4: COCO testing parameters settings for Ti data; Fig. S5: eCOCO testing parameters settings for Ti data). S3: Age model (Table S1: The age-depth model in this study (tuning table)). Supplemental Data 1: Rb/Sr data. Supplemental Data 2: Ti data.
Monitoring the Radiation State of the Near-Earth Space on the Arktika-M No. 1 Satellite
Authors: Osedlo V. I. , Kalegaev V. V. , Rubinshtein I. A. , Tulupov V. I. , Shemukhin A. A. , Pavlov N. N. , Abanin O. I. , Zolotarev I. A. , Barinova V. O. , Bogomolov V. V. , Vlasova N. A. , Myagkova I. N. , Ginzburg E. A.
Published: December 2022

Abstract—

The first results of monitoring the radiation state of the near-Earth space on the Arktika-M no. 1 spacecraft in a high-apogee Molniya orbit are considered. The characteristics of the devices of the heliogeophysical instrumentation complex GGAK-HE are presented. The results of the comparative analysis of experimental and model distributions of energetic particle fluxes of the Earth’s radiation belts in the orbit of the Arktika-M no. 1, as well as of some features of the dynamics of the outer electron radiation belt in 2021 and 2022 and the solar proton event of October 28, 2021, based on the experimental data from Arktika-M no. 1, Meteor-M no. 2, and Elektro-L no. 2 spacecraft are presented.
Detecting intimate partner violence circumstance for suicide: development and validation of a tool using natural language processing and supervised machine learning in the National Violent Death Reporting System
Authors: Kafka Julie M , Fliss Mike D , Trangenstein Pamela J , McNaughton Reyes Luz , Pence Brian W , Moracco Kathryn E
Published: December 2022

Background

Intimate partner violence (IPV) victims and perpetrators often report suicidal ideation, yet there is no comprehensive national dataset that allows for an assessment of the connection between IPV and suicide. The National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) captures IPV circumstances for homicide-suicides (<2% of suicides), but not single suicides (suicide unconnected to other violent deaths; >98% of suicides).

Objective

To facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of the co-occurrence of IPV and suicide, we developed and validated a tool that detects mentions of IPV circumstances (yes/no) for single suicides in NVDRS death narratives.

Methods

We used 10 000 hand-labelled single suicide cases from NVDRS (2010–2018) to train (n=8500) and validate (n=1500) a classification model using supervised machine learning. We used natural language processing to extract relevant information from the death narratives within a concept normalisation framework. We tested numerous models and present performance metrics for the best approach.

Results

Our final model had robust sensitivity (0.70), specificity (0.98), precision (0.72) and kappa values (0.69). False positives mostly described other family violence. False negatives used vague and heterogeneous language to describe IPV, and often included abusive suicide threats.

Implications

It is possible to detect IPV circumstances among singles suicides in NVDRS, although vague language in death narratives limited our tool’s sensitivity. More attention to the role of IPV in suicide is merited both during the initial death investigation processes and subsequent NVDRS reporting. This tool can support future research to inform targeted prevention.
Cost-effectiveness of England’s national ‘Safe At Home’ scheme for reducing hospital admissions for unintentional injury in children aged under 5
Authors: Jones Matthew , Hill Trevor , Coupland Carol , Kendrick Denise , Akbari Ashley , Rodgers Sarah , Watson Michael Craig , Tyrrell Edward , Merrill Sheila , Martin Ashley , Orton Elizabeth
Published: December 2022

Background

Injuries in children aged under 5 years most commonly occur in the home and disproportionately affect those living in the most disadvantaged communities. The ‘Safe at Home’ (SAH) national home safety equipment scheme, which ran in England between 2009 and 2011, has been shown to reduce injury-related hospital admissions, but there is little evidence of cost-effectiveness.

Materials and methods

Cost-effectiveness analysis from a health and local government perspective. Measures were the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio per hospital admission averted (ICER) and cost-offset ratio (COR), comparing SAH expenditure to savings in admission expenditure. The study period was split into three periods: T1 (years 0–2, implementation); T2 (years 3–4) and T3 (years 5–6). Analyses were conducted for T2 versus T1 and T3 versus T1.

Results

Total cost of SAH was £9 518 066. 202 223 hospital admissions in the children occurred during T1-3, costing £3 320 000. Comparing T3 to T1 SAH reduced admission expenditure by £924 per month per local authority and monthly admission rates by 0.5 per local authority per month compared with control areas. ICER per admission averted was £4209 for T3 versus T1, with a COR of £0.29, suggesting that 29p was returned in savings on admission expenditure for every pound spent on SAH.

Conclusion

SAH was effective at reducing hospital admissions due to injury and did result in some cost recovery when taking into admissions only. Further analysis of its cost-effectiveness, including emergency healthcare, primary care attendances and wider societal costs, is likely to improve the return on investment further.
Strangeness thermodynamic instabilities in hot and dense nuclear matter
Authors: Lavagno A. , Pigato D.
Published: December 2022

We explore the presence of thermodynamic instabilities and, consequently, the realization of a pure hadronic phase transition in the hot and finite baryon density nuclear matter. The analysis is performed by means of an effective relativistic mean-field model with the inclusion of hyperons, $$\varDelta $$
Δ
-isobars, and the lightest pseudoscalar and vector meson degrees of freedom. The Gibbs conditions on the global conservation of baryon number and zero net strangeness in symmetric nuclear matter are required. Similarly to the liquid–gas phase transition, we show that a phase transition, characterized by mechanical instabilities (due to fluctuations on the baryon number) and chemical-diffusive instabilities (due to fluctuations on the strangeness number), can take place for a finite range of $$\varDelta $$
Δ
-meson coupling constants, compatible with different experimental constraints. The hadronic phase transition, which presents similar features to the quark-hadron phase transition, is characterized by different strangeness content during the mixed phase and, consequently, by a sensible variation of the strange anti-particle to particle ratios.
Quark stars with 2.6 $$M_\odot $$ in a non-minimal geometry-matter coupling theory of gravity
Authors: Carvalho G. A. , Lobato R. V. , Deb D. , Moraes P. H. R. S. , Malheiro M.
Published: December 2022

This work analyses the hydrostatic equilibrium configurations of strange stars in a non-minimal geometry-matter coupling (GMC) theory of gravity. Those stars are made of strange quark matter, whose distribution is governed by the MIT equation of state. The non-minimal GMC theory is described by the following gravitational action: $$f(R,L)=R/2+L+\sigma RL$$

f
(
R
,
L
)
=
R
/
2
+
L
+
σ
R
L

, where R represents the curvature scalar, L is the matter Lagrangian density, and $$\sigma $$
σ
is the coupling parameter. When considering this theory, the strange stars become larger and more massive. In particular, when $$\sigma =50$$

σ
=
50

km$$^2$$

2

, the theory can achieve the 2.6 $$M_\odot $$

M
⊙

, which is suitable for describing the pulsars PSR J2215+5135 and PSR J1614-2230, and the mass of the secondary object in the GW190814 event. The 2.6 $$M_\odot $$

M
⊙

is a value hardly achievable in General Relativity, even considering fast rotation effects, and is also compatible with the mass of PSR J0952-0607 ($$M = 2.35 \pm 0.17 ~M_\odot $$

M
=
2.35
±
0.17

M
⊙

), the heaviest and fastest pulsar in the disk of the Milky Way, recently measured, supporting the possible existence of strange quark matter in its composition. The non-minimal GMC theory can also give feasible results to describe the macroscopical features of strange star candidates.
Vector meson spectral function in a dynamical AdS/QCD model
Authors: Zhao Yan-Qing , Hou Defu
Published: December 2022

By using gauge/gravity duality, we calculate the spectral function of the heavy vector mesons with the presence of an intense magnetic field in a hot and dense medium. The results show that, a general conclusion, as the increases of magnetic field, chemical potential and temperature, the height of the peak of the spectral function decreases and the width increases. A nontrivial result is the change from the peak position of spectral function. We explain this non-trivial behavior by the interplay of the interaction between the two heavy quarks and the interaction between the medium with each of the heavy quarks.
Convoluted Neighborhood-Based Ordered-Dither Block Truncation Coding for Ear Image Retrieval
Authors: Sowmya M. N. , Prasanna Keshava
Published: December 2022

Image retrieval is a significant and hot research topic among researchers that drives the focus of researchers from keyword toward semantic-based image reconstruction. Nevertheless, existing image retrieval investigations still have a shortage of significant semantic image definition and user behavior consideration. Hence, there is a necessity to offer a high level of assistance towards regulating the semantic gap between low-level visual patterns and high-level ideas for a better understanding between humans and machines. Hence, this research devises an effective medical image retrieval strategy using convoluted neighborhood-based Ordered-dither block truncation coding (ODBTC). The developed approach is devised by modifying the ODBTC concept using a convoluted neighborhood mechanism. Here, the convoluted neighborhood-based color co-occurrence feature (CCF) and convoluted neighborhood-based bit pattern feature (BBF) are extracted. Finally, cross-indexing is performed to convert the feature points into binary codes for effective image retrieval. Meanwhile, the proposed convoluted neighborhood-based ODBTC has achieved maximum precision, recall, and f-measure with values of 0.740, 0.680, and 0.709.