bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interpersonal Psychotherapy Methods in Brief
Authors: Mootz Jennifer J. , Yangchen Tenzin , Weissman Myrna M.
Published: June 2024

Interpersonal Psychotherapy: A Global Reach outlines the rapidly expanding global dissemination of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT). IPT refers to the evidence-based toolbox method to repair human fractures to attachment, such as different cultures and severance through death, disputes, and life changes that result in distress. The implementation of IPT with diverse communities globally includes descriptions of work with African American girls, Indigenous people, and many others. Interpersonal Psychotherapy also provides practical guidance and experiences by referencing the work of experts from 31 different countries across the world. It then details the development of new training, technologies, and the use of IPT in diverse populations.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy Training in France
Authors: Omay Oguz , Glatigny-Dallay Elisabeth , Lavigne Benjamin , Salomé Nathalie , Sengelen Jean-Marie
Published: June 2024

This chapter provides an overview of the introduction of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) in France at the end of the 2000s. It started with the establishment of CREATIP, a nonprofit association for teaching and promoting IPT in France. La Teppe Medical Center perinatal psychiatrist Oguz Omay initiated another way of introducing IPT in France by running IPT courses and seminars led by international experts. The chapter then looks into how IPT took root in France through Limoges. It further elaborates on the training provided by CREATIP and Oguz Omay even outside France and the subsequent publications of books and articles concerned with IPT in French.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy in Kenya
Authors: Yator Obadia , Kumar Manasi
Published: June 2024

This chapter discusses interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) in Kenya. It highlights the importance of interpersonal relationships of family and extended community in the application of IPT in Kenya. The choice of applying IPT in Kenya was also determined by the need to strengthen communication and connection between individuals and families that are disrupted due to extreme adversities, stress, and pressures of modern living. The chapter presents interpersonal psychotherapy as a framework for understanding the subjective experience of distress in Kenya. It considers the work put into task sharing, task shifting, and mental illness stigma reduction while looking into capacity building and interpersonal skill training of healthcare workers.
Interpersonal Counseling Scale-Up in Mozambique
Authors: Khan Saida , Feliciano Paulino , Wainberg Milton L. , Suleman Antonio , Santos Palmira , Ngozo Delson , Clougherty Kathleen F. , Matsuzaka Camila , Mello Milena , Oquendo Maria A. , de Mello Marcelo Feijo , Mootz Jennifer J.
Published: June 2024

This chapter focuses on the interpersonal counseling (IPC) scale-up in Mozambique. It acknowledges that mental disorders consistently rank in the top leading causes of burden globally, which is incredibly disproportionate in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). A national scale-up program of IPC for the treatment of common mental disorders to reduce the treatment gap in access to care is discussed. The chapter explains adapting IPC for the Mozambique context through the training of trainers, national scale-up efforts, and development of the mHealth app. It discusses the National Health Service’s psychological support during the COVID-19 crisis before elaborating on the challenges concerned with the scale-up and implementation.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy Group
Authors: Mayberry Sean
Published: June 2024

This chapter considers the use of the interpersonal psychotherapy group (IPT-G) as a scalable solution to the depression epidemic in Zambia and Uganda. It highlights depression as a development problem instead of just a health problem. The World Health Organization (WHO) now recognizes that mental health is linked to each of the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). According to the theory of change from StrongMinds, which is a social enterprise and nongovernmental organization that treats African women and adolescents suffering from depression, believes that people cannot achieve the SDGs without prioritizing mental health. The chapter then discusses the integration of depression treatment within the Ugandan government.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy in Ukraine
Authors: Law Roslyn , Klymchuk Vitalii , Gorbunova Viktoriia
Published: June 2024

This chapter assesses interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) in Ukraine. Mental health services in Ukraine have traditionally been centralized and provided by psychiatrists and psychologists in outpatient psychiatric clinics of large mental health facilities. As there is no legislative regulation of psychotherapeutic practice in Ukraine, commitment to ethical practice and to evidence-based interventions has been mostly a matter of a professional’s personal conscience. The chapter then describes professor of psychology and mental health expert for the Ukrainian Ministry of Health Vitalii Klymchuk’s ambitious vision of IPT in Ukraine and the steps necessary to achieve it. His vision is to bring IPT to Ukraine in accordance with international standards and establish the IPT Institute in Ukraine. The steps in achieving this include the provision of training in IPT for a multidisciplinary group of 20–30 Ukrainian mental health professionals, including psychologists, psychotherapists, and psychiatrists; the establishment of an Institute for IPT in Ukraine; the promotion of IPT through written material, videos, practice handbooks, and translation of existing manuals that will be used as a foundation for additional IPT training courses; and conducting IPT-focused research in Ukraine.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy in New Zealand
Authors: Luty Sue , Nolan Dawn
Published: June 2024

EThis chapter discusses interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) in New Zealand. New Zealand has both private and publicly funded health services, with the majority of healthcare accessed through the public sector. The Health and Disability Commission NZ (HDCNZ) reported that 1 in 5 New Zealanders experience mental health issues, increasing to almost 1 in 3 for Maori, with the most prevalent disorders being mood disorders, anxiety, mental distress, eating disorders, addictions, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and schizophrenia. This means there is an ever-increasing need to provide effective and efficient mental health services, including evidenced-based talking therapies. IPT research and training initially developed at the Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, in the South Island of New Zealand under the leadership of Professor Peter Joyce in the mid-1990s after Professor Chris Fairburn ran a training workshop. Since then, there have been a number of successful studies that have used IPT and adaptations of IPT and interpersonal social rhythm therapy (IPSRT) to inform clinical practice. The chapter then considers a cultural adaptation of IPT for Māori, the indigenous culture of New Zealand.
A Disciple’s Commentary
Authors: Nadler Steven
Published: June 2024

In addition to providing illustrations for the Traité de l’homme, La Forge also composed an extensive and scientifically informed commentary on the work. This chapter examines the way that La Forge in his commentary defends, expands upon, updates, supplements, and even corrects Descartes, showing himself to be a faithful but not uncritical disciple working on behalf of the success of Cartesian philosophy.
The Pivots before the Pivot
Authors: Blackwill Robert D. , Fontaine Richard
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines the Pivot’s antecedents and details the ways in which the Bill Clinton and George W. Bush administrations viewed Asia’s relative importance in US foreign policy. Competing priorities—notably the post-9/11 wars in Iraq and Afghanistan—consumed much of the available defense and diplomatic resources. But Asia was not wholly neglected: The 1995 United States Security Strategy for the East Asia-Pacific Region, for example, made the case for a continued American military presence in Asia, and the Bush administration deepened ties with countries like Japan. This chapter concludes that, while the two administrations focused largely on issues and events in other regions, some of their actions in Asia were consistent with the Pivot’s logic and set the stage for the Obama administration’s formal announcement.
Turning on China
Authors: Blackwill Robert D. , Fontaine Richard
Published: June 2024

This chapter details the Pivot during the Trump administration and shows how it integrated a focus on Asia with an explicit policy of major power competition. It also identifies policies pursued by the president that undermined the effort, including his rejection of alliances, international institutions, and multilateral initiatives—notably, the Trans-Pacific Partnership. Two parallel tracks formed the administration’s Asia policy: one in which the president focused on trade issues and personal relationships, and the other in which senior officials attempted to strengthen America’s military presence in the Indo-Pacific and resist the expansion of Chinese influence. The administration fundamentally reframed relations with the PRC as rooted in competition rather than cooperation and sought closer relations with Indo-Pacific nations to balance growing Chinese power.
America Is Going Home
Authors: Blackwill Robert D. , Fontaine Richard
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines how Middle East nations came to believe that the United States was determined to reduce its commitment to the region, despite the fact that American resources to the area remained essentially undiminished. As the 2010s progressed, states in the Middle East employed hedging strategies as they sought to reduce their dependence on the United States. As Washington pursues a strategic reorientation to Asia, perceptions of the American commitment in the Middle East will turn more on US activity and performance rather than simply its military presence.
Competition and Cooperation
Authors: Blackwill Robert D. , Fontaine Richard
Published: June 2024

This chapter analyzes the transnational aspects of the Pivot and America’s global approach to China. Transnational issues, including climate change, global health, counterterrorism, human rights, and democratic values have played a key role in the formulation of policies toward and relationships with the Indo-Pacific. The United States has also sought to build out and participate in the regional architecture of Asia through multilateral gatherings and initiatives such as ASEAN and AUKUS. Though no single coherent strategy has addressed the multitude of transnational issues, they remain ever-present in America’s Indo-Pacific agenda. Efforts to address them have been stymied over the past decade as hopes of US-China cooperation have faded in the face of strategic rivalry.
Objectivity and values in research
Authors: Jaspers Jürgen
Published: June 2024

The final chapter of this book suggests that, while it is important to recognize the sociality and interestedness of research, it is necessary to offset the frequent idea that objective knowledge is an unachievable goal. This idea may not just deprive desirable social causes of the credible knowledge that they require to pursue their claims. It may also encourage a conflation of political and epistemological agendas, which the chapter presents as harmful for public debate and science itself. The chapter equally argues that the more it is assumed that language-in-education research must be socially transformative, the more this may overshadow knowledge-focused types of research or dismiss such research as serving the status quo. It will be proposed that, in a research field that frequently highlights teachers’ unreasonableness, interpretive research may be crucial for expanding an understanding of, and empathy for, what teachers do.
An Individual Theory of Parliamentary Brawls
Authors: Batto Nathan F. , Beaulieu Emily
Published: June 2024

This chapter offers a theory to explain why legislators brawl, incorporating insights from literatures not generally associated with legislative behavior, including signaling theory, typically employed in international relations, and the logic of contentious politics from the social movements and nonviolent protest literature. The authors argue that individual legislators engage in brawling to signal a level of commitment that will differentiate them from other legislators, and they often take advantage of opposition disruption in the legislature to do so. Further, although brawling is a behavior that takes place inside legislative institutions, the authors’ theory explicitly considers the broader institutional context in which legislators are embedded. In particular, they argue that the strength of political parties will shape the specific audience that brawlers are targeting with their signal. Finally, the authors identify a small subset of brawls that occur outside of instances of opposition disruption and revolve around questions of honor.
The Fundamental Voter
Authors: Aldrich John H. , Bae Suhyen , Sanders Bailey K.
Published: June 2024

This book asks three questions. How have American national elections changed in the last seventy years? Why have they changed as they did? What are the consequences of these changes for democracy in America? Chapter 1 shows that elections up through 1984 differed dramatically from those after 1984. Landslide presidential elections were once common, but over the last forty years they have converged to become increasingly closely contended elections. Congressional elections become ever more incumbent centered before 1984 and decreasingly so afterward. These changes reflect the changing nature of fundamental forces that shape the public’s electoral opinions and voting behavior. From a single such fundamental, partisan identification, 70 years ago, the electorate now rests on five such fundamentals: partisanship, ideology, issues, racial attitudes, and economic evaluations. Since 1984 each has grown increasingly important in orienting the voter to elections, and they have become more closely aligned, such that the public, by 2020, was aligned in one of two camps based on all five fundamentals. Also since 1984, not only have these two become not just separate camps that disagree over the substance and increasingly the emotions associated with electoral politics; the division is best understood as a broad and deep cleavage. The result is that the number of crosscutting interests that made majorities hard to maintain have been replaced by a cleavage that threatens to undermine the stability of democratic institutions in the United States.
Hindu Nationalism in the Indian Diaspora
Authors: Anderson Edward T.G.
Published: June 2024

Hindu nationalism is transforming India, as an increasingly dominant ideology and political force. But it is also a global phenomenon, with sections of India’s vast diaspora drawn to, or actively supporting, right-wing Hindu nationalism. Indians overseas can be seen as an important, even inextricable, aspect of the movement. This is not a new dynamic--diasporic Hindutva (“Hindu-ness”) has grown over many decades. This book explores how and why the movement became popular among India’s diaspora from the second half of the twentieth century. It shows that Hindutva ideology, and its plethora of organisations, have a distinctive resonance and way of operating overseas; the movement and its ideas perform significant, particular functions for diaspora communities. With a focus on Britain, the book argues that transnational Hindutva cannot simply be viewed as an export: this phenomenon has evolved and been shaped into an important aspect of diasporic identity, a way for people to connect with their homeland. It also sheds light on the impact of conservative Indian politics on British multiculturalism, migrant politics and relations between various minoritised communities. To fully understand the Hindutva movement in India and identity politics in Britain, we must look at where the two come together.
Transnational Hindutva Networks
Authors: Anderson Edward T.G.
Published: June 2024

This chapter argues that the Indian Emergency (1975–7), one of the most notorious and politically significant episodes in India’s democratic history, was not simply a national, but a global moment. It must be understood as a turning point in the relationship between India and its diaspora, and instrumental for transnational Hindutva networks. During this period, Hindu nationalist actors and transnational networks made Indian politics less parochial, de-territorializing it in new ways. Indira Gandhi’s government postponed elections, censored the press, and incarcerated more than 100,000 political prisoners. With their Indian counterparts banned and imprisoned, Hindu nationalists overseas were involved in an international anti-Emergency struggle. The diaspora circulated literature, and attempted to influence the press, politicians, and wider public in their countries of residence. This incensed the Indian government. The period had a lasting impact on the Hindu nationalist movement. The memorialization of the Emergency is significant to the Hindu nationalist movement. But this often exaggerates their role in resisting the Emergency and elides the more dynamic, transnational opposition played by others, particularly on the left. The Emergency requires us to reconsider existing understandings of diasporic and transnational citizenship, and re-evaluate received wisdom about the Indian state’s political engagement with the diaspora.
“Les Mando Saludos”
Authors: Arnold Lynnette
Published: June 2024

This chapter explores cross-border video greetings, asking why they are only sent to migrants and not vice versa. Why are children in El Salvador—but not their counterparts in the United States—socialized to send such greetings? Transnational families understand greetings as care through which nonmigrants reciprocate the economic care migrants provide. Greetings sustain existing care circuits, enacting an imaginary in which asymmetrical reciprocity is the foundation for social life. Through uneven socialization, transnational families envision cross-border life as enduring across generations through the continual migration of individuals raised in El Salvador and socialized as children to transnational family life. Thus, greetings bring political economic inequities between Global North and South into family care even as they resist capitalist normativity by envisioning family relations as the foundation of social life and economic exchange.
Closer than Ever
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua
Published: June 2024

Lyricist Richard Maltby, Jr. and composer David Shire, two of the most gifted songwriters of our time, are revered among musical theater lovers for their groundbreaking off-Broadway revues Starting Here, Starting Now and Closer Than Ever, as well as for the Broadway musicals Baby and Big. Yet relatively little has been written about them and their work. This book sets out to increase appreciation for Maltby and Shire’s large and impressive body of work and establish their place in musical theater history. The book chronicles their six-decade partnership, giving full behind-the-scenes accounts of their musicals, interspersed with illuminating analyses of standout individual numbers. The two songwriters, engaging and articulate, are quoted liberally throughout the book in exclusive interviews. Additionally, the book covers other well-known artistic figures who feature prominently in the Maltby/Shire story, including Stephen Sondheim, Harold Prince, Francis Ford Coppola, Craig Lucas, Mike Ockrent, Susan Stroman, John Weidman, Charles Strouse, Adam Gopnik, Jason Robert Brown, and Jonathan Tunick. Attention is also given to Shire’s separate career as an Oscar- and Grammy-winning film and TV composer and Maltby’s as a Tony Award–winning director. Finally, the book explores the very nature of artistic collaboration: how songs actually get written and what enables some partnerships to last for decades. Written for a wide range of readers, the book has a broad appeal that will extend from Maltby/Shire devotees to anyone interested in the creative process and Broadway musicals in general.
How Bad Could I Be?
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua
Published: June 2024

Love Match fizzles out of town, and an initially promising project with director Harold Prince disappointingly falls through. In LA, Shire begins to explore the world of scoring for film and television with the help of his friend and fellow composer Billy Goldenberg. Maltby goes into therapy and concludes that what he needs is to become a director as well as a writer. Figuring that he can’t be any worse than some of the directors he’s worked with, he proceeds to create an on-the-job directing program for himself. An early directing project was Eugene O’Neill’s Long Day’s Journey into Night at Philadelphia’s Walnut Street Theatre starring Geraldine Fitzgerald. The theater’s artistic director, Jim Freydberg, would later serve as producer on both of Maltby and Shire’s Broadway musicals, Baby and Big. After learning some basic truisms, Maltby becomes a remarkably successful director.
Big
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua
Published: June 2024

This chapter gives an overview of selected songs from Big, with an emphasis on the wide diversity of musical styles employed by Shire—unusual for a Broadway show—to tell all aspects of the story. Brief analyses of key numbers, including “I Want to Know,” “Let’s Not Move Too Fast,” and “Stop, Time,” a standout number for Broadway veteran Barbara Walsh, are given. Choreographer Susan Stroman’s real-life memories were the inspiration for the song “Dancing All the Time.” The chapter specifies which numbers were cut prior to Broadway and then restored for the national tour, offering insight into why the revised version of the show, which was also produced in the United Kingdom and is now licensed for regional and stock performances, had a much better critical reception than the Broadway version.
“Little Susan Lawrence”
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua
Published: June 2024

This chapter provides a close analysis of the song “Little Susan Lawrence,” plus an interview with the writers about it. The number was cut from Big over the authors’ objections during the pre-Broadway tryout, and it was restored for the US tour and UK productions. This number, in Shire’s view, was the greatest casualty of the original rehearsal process, and its absence, he maintains, prevented the audience from developing any empathy toward the main character’s love interest. The analysis reveals how the number, once restored to the show, fulfills a crucial dramatic function with both its music and its lyrics. Librettist John Weidman says the choice of whether or not to include the song continued to be problematic in subsequent productions.
Produced by a Convicted Felon
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua
Published: June 2024

This chapter relates the story behind Sousatzka, another Maltby/Shire musical that has been orbiting New York but hasn’t yet landed. Sousatzka, with a libretto by Craig Lucas, is an adaption of the novel Madame Sousatzka by Bernice Rubens (also the source material for the 1988 movie of the same name starring Shirley MacLaine). The musical was the brainchild of producer Garth Drabinsky, his first project after he completed his seventeen-month prison term. Sousatzka’s Toronto production received mixed reviews, but Drabinsky remained determined to bring it to Broadway. After the failure in 2022 of Paradise Square, another Drabinsky-produced Broadway musical, the future prospects for Sousatzka are dim. The Toronto production featured Tony winner Victoria Clark in the title role, orchestrations by Jonathan Tunick (with whom Drabinsky had an infamous falling-out), and additional arrangements by South African composer Lebo M, who also contributed arrangements to The Lion King (movie and musical).
America Will Break Your Heart
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua
Published: June 2024

This chapter is a chronicle of Waterfall, a long-gestating Maltby/Shire musical that has a Thai novel as its source material and whose score demonstrates Shire’s skill at incorporating non-Western musical elements, such as Japanese pentatonic scales, into an American musical. The show has had New York workshops, as well as productions in Pasadena and Seattle. One of Maltby and Shire’s most emotionally wide-ranging, viscerally powerful works, Waterfall had an elaborate tryout in Bangkok in September 2023 in hopes of raising necessary funding for a Broadway production. A video recording of the Bangkok production was screened in New York a month later.
The Songwriters’ Songwriters
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua
Published: June 2024

Maltby and Shire are now both in their eighties, and their collaboration, which began in 1957, is still going strong after sixty-seven years (as of 2024). This chapter begins with some views on the Maltby/Shire oeuvre from industry heavyweights, including The New Yorker writer and occasional Shire collaborator Adam Gopnik, Broadway conductors Kevin Stites and Joel Fram, and orchestrator Jonathan Tunick, who considers Shire the George Gershwin of his generation. This is followed by investigations of their current projects: an adaptation of The Country Wife (based on William Wycherley’s Restoration comedy), Shire’s autumnal choral/orchestral work Peace Cantata, and the continuing development of what was once referred to as Revue #3 but is now titled About Time, a companion piece to Starting Here, Starting Now and Closer Than Ever. The chapter concludes with the author’s perspective on Maltby and Shire’s legacy and their place in the musical theater canon.
Bottom-Up Reform in Chile
Authors: Schneider Ben Ross
Published: June 2024

Reforms in Chile followed the rare electoral route. Massive student demonstrations especially after 2011, prompted the center-left coalition of Michele Bachelet to adopt education as the top campaign priority. Once elected, her government moved quickly to implement a range of reforms including a make-over of teacher careers. Civil society and the teacher union were also important in shaping the reform. Ecuador suffered a different education crisis, but by 2006, national elections focused on a referendum for reform, thoroughly endorsed by the winning presidential candidate, Rafael Correa. The Correa government proceeded to implement thorough career reforms, but without input from civil society and especially the teacher union which the government destroyed. Reforms to teacher careers in Peru and Colombia were more gradual, partial, and technocratic without electoral salience or engagement by civil society. Mexico, the state of Rio de Janeiro, and South Africa were cases with ambitious reforms—also without electoral or civil-society support—that subsequent governments with union support overturned.
Conclusions
Authors: Schneider Ben Ross
Published: June 2024

There is no single best route to reforming teacher careers. The best route depends on the country context and the relative importance of teacher unions, clientelist politicians, civil society, policy networks, and technocrats. Career reform in education is comparable to other large-scale efforts to reform bureaucracies. Hybrid organizations like teacher unions require careful analysis of internal dynamics. Worldwide development and labor-market opportunities are evolving rapidly. Still, quality education remains the best route to equitable and sustained development.
American Aurora
Authors: Grieve-Carlson Timothy
Published: June 2024

American Aurora explores the impact of climate change on early modern radical religious groups during the height of the Little Ice Age in the seventeenth century. Hermetic, alchemical, and esoteric texts became crucial sources of religious meaning and perspective among radical Protestants during this period as they struggled to understand their changing climate and a cosmos that seemed to be declaring its own decline. In particular, American Aurora focuses on the life and legacy of Johannes Kelpius (1667–1707), an enormously influential but comprehensively misunderstood theologian who settled outside of Philadelphia from 1694 to 1707. American Aurora explores the Hermetic and alchemical dimensions of Kelpius’s Christianity before turning to his legacy in American religion and literature. This includes original translations of Kelpius’s university writings—which have never before been translated into English—along with other important sources from the period in German and Latin. By the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Kelpius’s legacy began to warp under the scrutiny of both Enlightenment historians and antiquarian authors, entangling him in the legacies of nineteenth century Rosicrucianism and the occult revival. American Aurora points toward a time and place when climate change caused an eruption of esoteric thought and practice—and how this moment has been largely forgotten.
“The Woman in the Wilderness”
Authors: Grieve-Carlson Timothy
Published: June 2024

This chapter is about the life of Johannes Kelpius and his companions at Wissahickon, where they made their home from their arrival in Pennsylvania in 1694 until Kelpius’s death in 1707. In the pages that follow, I carve a basic narrative and image of Kelpius and his companions’ communal life in Pennsylvania out of the extant primary sources. The chapter is, in a way, the “heart” of this book. Unlike the previous two chapters, this chapter does not present its sources in service of a single argument: rather, this chapter presents a sustained response to several generations of speculative scholarship on the life of Kelpius in Pennsylvania. In this chapter, I work to arrange the extant primary sources, interpret them, and try to understand what they tell us about Kelpius’s life at Wissahickon.
Aesthetics
Authors: Carnes Natalie
Published: June 2024

As an aesthetically invested approach to texts and artifacts, attunement has deep roots in the negotiations of gender in Christianity. Women and other marginalized individuals have for centuries relied on aesthetic strategies—visions vividly described, for example, or experimentations with theological forms—to make themselves visible to Christian theology and claim their authority in contexts inhospitable to it. As these strategies are traced in works by and about early, medieval, and modern Christian women, they are shown to emerge again later in feminist theology, which was born in the insight that the battle for gender equality is fought in the symbolic imagination. As it did so, feminists also interrogated the literary and aesthetic terms on which theological authority was made. In narrating this history, this chapter sets up aesthetics as central to feminist theological work in a way that lays the ground for its role in the elaboration of attunement in the following chapters.
Repair
Authors: Carnes Natalie
Published: June 2024

This chapter displays attunement and its political implications and imbrications by considering a subject important for feminist religious thought: Mary, a figure who seems to promise so much hope for feminist theology but has brought the field so much disappointment. As a subfield, Mariology is bound by a Gordian knot such that pulling Mary toward either more exalted theologies (Marian maximalism) or humbler ones (Marian minimalism) reinforces patriarchal norms. To attune (to) Mary is to greet her as an image and as the one who comes to us in images—a project in which the icon Our Lady, Mother of Ferguson proves central. Attuned by and with that image, central Mariological texts and artifacts can be received anew, as pointing us both to our human vocation and to God’s own life, in a way that centers women’s bodies as sites of divine revelation.
Conclusion
Authors: Borck Tobias
Published: June 2024

The chapter offers three concluding observations. Firstly, it suggests that studying conceptions of stability, as understood in the book, is useful in understanding countries’ foreign policies as it provides a relatively comprehensive picture of the world as they would like to see it. Secondly, the chapter argues that, although there have been significant changes in the foreign policies of Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Qatar in the early 2020s, many of the book’s findings and conclusions will remain relevant for years to come. Finally, the chapter makes the case that Western governments, including in the US, UK, Germany or elsewhere in Europe, must ensure that their necessary engagement with the Gulf Arab monarchies is rooted in a thorough understanding of how they see the MENA region and are trying to shape it.
Early Life
Authors: McQuade Joseph
Published: June 2024

Unlike some revolutionaries who grew up among Calcutta’s urban intelligentsia, Rash Behari Bose was a product of rural Bengal. This chapter situates Bose’s early life in the context of late nineteenth century colonialism and the emerging strands of anti-colonial thought, social reform movements, and gendered narratives that helped shape him. The chapter traces Bose’s development from a headstrong boy to one of India’s most prominent revolutionaries.
Rebellion and Retreat
Authors: McQuade Joseph
Published: June 2024

The chapter explores how Rash Behari Bose became the most wanted fugitive in colonial India. In 1915, with Britain preoccupied during the First World War, Bose played a key role in planning a series of interconnected mutinies and uprisings across northern India that aimed to replicate and surpass the last India-wide rebellion against the Raj, which occurred in 1857. Revealed to the authorities at the last minute by a double-agent working for the British, the plot was stillborn. The chapter shows how Bose managed to evade the authorities through a series of close calls and daring escapes that eventually led him to seek refuge in Japan.
Introduction
Authors: Erlich Haggai
Published: June 2024

The subject of this book is the story of Tigrinya-speakers and their contributions to the shaping of the Ethiopian and the Eritrean space. The space called “Greater Tigray,” was the cradle of Ethiopia as a state and as a concept. In ancient times Ethiopia was born around the town of Aksum, which developed a civilized culture--complete with urban life, written language, agriculture and commerce, and the adoption of Christianity. In its prime, Aksum became a power in the Red Sea area. It gave shelter to the pioneers of Islam, but with the later rise of Islam as an empire in the Middle East, it was isolated and gradually declined. It left a legacy of Ethiopian awareness, statehood, and culture which have remained throughout history.
‘Medri Bahri’
Authors: Erlich Haggai
Published: June 2024

The rise of Islam in Arabia turned the Red Sea into a wall rather than a bridge, and the political centre of Ethiopian history moved to the south. The Solomonian dynasty of Amharic speakers (as of 1270) revived the empire, and allowed some local autonomy to Tigrayans in “the land of the sea” medri bahri, in the area of today’s Eritrea. The whole Christian empire faced in the 16th century two existential threats. First, Ahmad Gragn from Harar united the Muslims and conquered the country (1529–1543), then the Ottomans invaded the north and established “Habesh Eyaleti,” the Province of Ethiopia. In both cases, the men of medri bahri helped save Ethiopia.
Their Finest Hour
Authors: Erlich Haggai
Published: June 2024

Emperor Yohannes IV, 1872–1889, united Tigray, and restored Tigrayan hegemony in Ethiopia. He derived legitimacy also by crowning himself in Aksum and by uniting Ethiopian Church. In the spirit of the “Tigrayan thesis” he rebuilt Ethiopia as a federation, recognizing the rulers of Shoa and Gojjam as kings. The military superiority of Tigray for a while stabilized the country and enabled Yohannes, and his trusted general Ras Alula, to reannex the future Eritrea. At the same time, Yohannes was facing three external threats: Khedival Egypt, Italian imperialism, and Sudanese jihadism of the Mahdia movement. He managed to defend the country in a series of battles, but eventually lost Eritrea to the Italians, and lost his life facing the Sudanese, 1889.
Towards Jihad?
Authors: Morier-Genoud Eric
Published: June 2024

Since 2017, Mozambique has been confronted with a jihadi insurgency. This book looks at its origins and the broader and longer history of the relationship between Islam and politics in the country. Did Mozambique’s Muslim politics always point towards jihad? The book examines the period after independence, when the state engaged in anticlericalism; it then moves across the decades to the 2000s, when the ruling party and the opposition alike courted Muslims for electoral purposes, before reaching the 2010s, when tensions between “mosque and state” returned. Along the way, it explores a wide variety of phenomena, including the rise of Wahhabism, religious competition, state mediation, secularism, the alleged growth and radicalisation of Islam, and the origins of the ongoing insurgency. The volume offers a rich history, attentive to different branches and elements of the Muslim community, looking far beyond the narrow perspective of jihad. Taking a socio-historical perspective, the book unpacks a complex dynamic which the jihadi insurgency is now disrupting. Understanding the long history of Muslims’ engagement with politics in Mozambique sheds light on where the country has come from, where it stands now amidst violent unrest, and where it might go next.
The 1996 ‘Muslim Holidays’ Affair
Authors: Morier-Genoud Eric
Published: June 2024

The chapter investigates a controversy that took place in Mozambique in 1996 around the “officialization” of two Islamic holidays. Away from arguments about a rise or politicization of Islam, the text explores the role played by religious competition and state mediation in creating the affair. The text analyzes the Muslim holidays’ affair in detail, before exploring the liberalization of the state’s religious policy (the establishment of a free “religious market”) and the resulting religious competition and tensions between faiths which constitute the background to and bedrock of the affair.
Myths of Heroes and Radicalization
Authors: Gregg Heather S.
Published: June 2024

This chapter considers the role that myths of religious heroes—complex stories that tell believers who they are, the community to which they belong, and how they ought to behave—play in explaining and justifying the actions of radical groups in the modern world. Myths of heroes, who have eschewed worldly comforts to defend and promote the faith, often sacrificing their lives in the process, often provide a ready-made resource for recruitment that promises rewards in this life and the next to those who take up the fight on behalf of a wider community. The chapter identified four subtypes of heroes in particular—warrior heroes, rebels and revolutionaries, the hero scholar, and martyrs. It further demonstrates that extremists are using these familiar myths as a means of explaining their actions and gaining recruits to their cause. Finally, it suggests that, if extremist groups are using myths of heroes to gain recruits, motivate behavior, and explain themselves to a wider community, governments and communities need to counter these myths not by providing practical resources, such as jobs and education, but by creating their own compelling causes to which youth can aspire.
Beyond Women
Authors: Pearson Elizabeth
Published: June 2024

This chapter argues that gender has been neglected in radicalization studies, both by neglecting to see women, and by failing to engage gender by going beyond women; gender is a theoretical lens, a means of mediating structure and agency, exploring masculinities and femininities. Incorporating gender cannot simply be about “adding women.” The chapter therefore provides a holistic approach by arguing for reframing theories to recognize that gender is constitutive of radicalization practices in that it determines ideological perspectives, group hierarchies, and individual roles; it is not a variable in radicalization, gender is a fundamental in framing how extremist actors make sense of their world. Finally, the chapter discusses a path for a new approach. It recommends the incorporation of gender for all scholars interested in understanding the factors driving violent extremism in both women and men, arguing for the conceptual reformulation of radicalization, incorporating and informed by—not adding—a gender perspective.
Falun Gong
Authors: Ning Xudong , Lewis James R.
Published: June 2024

This chapter applies the conflict-amplification model to describe the organizational radicalization of Falun Gong, which first emerged in the early 1990s as a health-enhancing practice and part of the state-sanctioned qigong movement in China but gradually transformed into a new religion and political movement. In contrast to single-factor analyses that portray this transition as (1) a market-driven process or as (2) a response to the state, this chapter suggests that the transition should be understood as a spontaneous and voluntary process shaped by multiple interconnected factors.
Between Offline and Online Violent Radicalisation
Authors: Caiani Manuela
Published: June 2024

This chapter contributes to the knowledge of extreme-right radicalization in the CEE region, by exploring the mobilization of the extreme right (party organizations and not-party groups, including neo-Nazis and subcultural movements) in four Eastern European countries (Hungary, Slovakia, Poland, and the Czech Republic), online and offline. Without denying the importance of the electoral arena on the one hand and the use of violence on the other for the extreme right, this chapter argues that extreme right groups in Central and Eastern Europe use a broad(er) repertoire of action, including a strong presence online (for their radicalization), which varies across time and across country, depending on the combination of the specific contextual opportunities, as well as grievances (i.e. issues) and organizational factors. As this chapter shows, in the shadow of the Great Recession popular discontent is more likely to be transformed into radicalization on the Right—especially around immigration (and cultural identity conservative) issues related to the recent European economic and refugee crises. Moreover, right-wing extremist movements and groups, rather than displaying “irrational” or anomic behaviour, are examples of collective action facilitated or hampered by specific political/cultural and discursive opportunities at the local and national level.
The Collapse of Cultures
Authors: Atran Scott
Published: June 2024

This chapter explores the unsettling parallels between jihadist and far-right radicalization amongst the young, and their linkage to the collapse of cultures and the dark side of globalization, arguing that the ideologies, strategies, tactics, and messaging of xenophobic ethno-nationalists and jihadi groups are often strikingly similar and symbiotic. Moreover, for extremists of all stripes, whether alt-right or radical Islam, the values of liberal and open democracy increasingly appear to be losing ground around the world to those of narrow, xenophobic ethno-nationalisms and radical religious ideologies. The chapter further argues that the people most susceptible to joining radical groups are youth in their teens and twenties seeking community and purpose. The attraction of community is especially keen where there are sentiments of social exclusion or collapsed community structures and moral authority, whether or not accompanied by economic deprivation. Purpose most readily propels action and sacrifice, including the willingness to fight and die, when it is perceived to be in defense of transcendent values that are dissociated from material costs or consequences.
Counter-Radicalisation Surveillance as a Public Health Measure
Authors: Heath-Kelly Charlotte
Published: June 2024

This chapter explores what it means to adopt a “public health” response to terrorism and presents findings from an empirical study of UK health professionals’ attitudes towards counter-radicalization responsibilities. The chapter demonstrates how counter-radicalization programs implemented through the public sector are archetypal examples of how policy and administration are being rethought in the twenty-first century around the new organizing concept of resilience. The incorporation of the UK’s National Health Service (NHS) into counterterrorism occurs because healthcare workers have extensive contact with the public, not because the NHS is a site of insecurity where terrorist plots are hatched. The health sector is therefore now used as a component within a “big data” screening of the population for risky behaviours and ideologies. The integration of counterterrorism within the public sector organisations of European states is indicative of a wider epistemological transformation of twenty-first century governance and administration.
The Radical Right
Authors: Pearson Elizabeth
Published: June 2024

The chapter discusses the anti-Islam radical right, exploring the masculine identities interviewees suggest are important in the period before they joined the extreme group. The chapter uses criminological theory emphasizing the importance of everyday interactions and “daily behaviors” in local spaces in the formation of masculine identity in both men and women on the radical right. Extreme actors construct agency and frame actions through a hypermasculine lens: social status is predicated on the potential for violence and confrontation, or proximity to this. Their gendered interactions in local spaces with symbolic meaning produce particular racialized and class-based masculinities, which they later mobilize towards group activism. Perceived differences in gendered and sexual norms also emerge as fundamentally important in identifying in-group and out-group (Muslim communities). What is clear here is that the first steps on the path to extremism are steps that also construct particular masculinities, situated in social and physical space. This chapter also introduces the radical right participants, and their backgrounds.
The Radical Right: Misogyny, Masculinities and Women’s Leadership
Authors: Pearson Elizabeth
Published: June 2024

This chapter explores the tensions and complexities of women’s activism in the radical right. While the radical right emerges as distinct from the traditional far right, and strictly delineated roles for men and women, it has not entirely transformed traditional far-right gender politics. Women can find space as effective and motivational leaders, supported by men and women alike, as long as they do not go too far in challenging dominant patriarchal narratives. Prominent women leaders who center women’s agency will however always face censure, abuse, and pushback from the wider movement, including other women. This internally directed misogyny is consistent with ultra-nationalist ideology and is aimed at controlling women, through narratives of “care,” to protect patriarchy. Class-based misogyny is also often directed by activist men at radical right women, limiting their possibilities for activism. The chapter also considers the role of anti-feminism in women’s participation in the radical right, given all the women interviewed regarded liberal feminists as traitors. In particular, the chapter explores the roles and leadership styles of Jayda Fransen, then Deputy Leader of Britain First, and Anne Marie Waters, then Leader of For Britain, and how they inspire the grassroots.