bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temporal Cycles and Sequences in Family Systems
Authors: Keeney Bradford P. , Cromwell Ronald E.
Published: April 2019

This paper explores ways in which temporal cycles and sequences organize events \Nithin family systems. The family is viewed as being in a network of systems which includes biological, behavioral and social interactional levels. Dimensions of temporal organization in the family system discussed are: (1) circadian cycles, particularly the relation between body temperature biorhythms and day-night periodicity; (2) the various forms of time frames which arise from different system levels; (3) the degree of synchrony within and across time frames; (4) and the sequential ·organization of family interaction. Implications for research are discussed wh.ich suggest multi-methodologies in examining cyclical and sequential temporal organization in the family over various time frames and system levels.
One-Parent Families in Denmark
Authors: Koch-Nielsen Inger
Published: April 2019

In spite of a sharp increase in the number and proportion of births outside marriage as well as divorces the number and proportion of genuine oneparent families in Denmark does seem rather stable. This fact is explained by the large number of couples cohabiting without a marriage certificate.; As expected, the social conditions of the genuine single-parent families are not as good as those of the two-parent families although family allowances, rent subsidy etc. to some extent will substitute the lack in income.; It is suggested that the incidents creating single-parent families should be regarded, as great and important changes in the family situation rather than as social accidents. Changesand especially unanticipated oneswill often result in economic as well as emotional problems. This indicates further that perhaps social policy measures ought to focus more on the incident itself and the period immediately following than on single parents as a whole.
Children and Divorce in Sweden
Authors: Trost Jan
Published: April 2019

A discussion of different types of divorce and the factors leading to different types of custody decisions is presented, based of Swedish data. The effects of custody decisions on the child are briefly discussed. A classification of different custodial decisions and family situations follows.

A study of satisfaction with family situation among Swedish women is presented and analyzed according to formal marital status, presence of stepchildren, and maternal employment outside the home. Based on observation of the data, it is concluded that unmarried cohabitation and presence of stepchildren in the family each tend to decrease satisfaction, especially among housewives.
Family Perceptions among Pre-Adolescent Children in Israel
Authors: Weil Shalva , Benvenisti Rami
Published: April 2019

Family studies concentrating on power, conflict and exchange theory both tend to abscure “emic” approaches to the subject and contain inherent adult-centered biases. The study overcomes both these difficulties by employing a Q-technique whereby a sample of pre-adolescent children in Israel described their families as they perceive them both in the actual and in the ideal. The difference between actual and ideal perceptions, conceived as “perceptual dissonance”, indicated areas of desired change by children and showed that the quest for independence concurrent with dependence upon parents characterized the pre-adolescent stage.
A Typological Approach to Enduring Relationships: Children as Audience to the Parental Relationship
Authors: Fitzpatrick Mary Anne
Published: April 2019

Married couples, using the Relational Dimensions Instrument, can reliably and unambiguously classify their relationships into one of three basic types: Traditional, Independent or Separate. These types differ in their levels of interdependence, the ideological bases for their relationships as well as their typical communication patterns. The purpose of this investigation was to see if the perceptions of college-age young adults concerning the marriages of their parents also fell into one of the three categories. The results indicated that these respondents did perceive the same three basic relational types. The majority perceived their parents as having an Independent relationship. Additionally, they perceived the Independent relationship as the best they could hope to achieve for themselves. When asked to rate the desirability of the relational types, the respondents indicated that the Traditional relationship was the most preferable and the Separate relationship, the least preferabie of the types.
The Evolution of Soviet Family Policy: Female Liberation Versus Social Cohesion
Authors: Bowen Gary Lee
Published: April 2019

Since the Bolshevik Revolution, Soviet family policy has been like a ship on a stormy sea, reflecting an undercurrent between the conflicting imperatives of female liberation and social cohesion. This turbulence has had profound implications for Soviet family life. Recent reforms have Jed to calmer waters, creating a more reasonable balance between the State’s priorities toward family stability and the need for greater freedom and equality in personal relationships. Current demographic indicators depict Soviet marriage as popular, but relatively weak, and characterized by high rates of divorce and low fertility.
The Effect of Ethnic Origin on Children’s Perceptions of their Families
Authors: Weil Shalva
Published: April 2019

This paper investigates ‘emically’ whether ethnicity among second-and third-generation pre-adolescent Israeli children influences perceptions of their families. Q-methodology was employed to compare the actual and ideal family sorts of children from Ashkenazi, Iraqi and Moroccan backgrounds; ‘factor arrays’ were generated; and the average sorts of children were factor analysed in order to examine inter-ethnic relationships. The results show differences in perceptions of actual family patterns but a trend towards convergence in the ideal. The implications of the research are examined in the light of current sociological and anthropological data on the Israeli family.
An Exploratory Study of Kin Ties Among Korean Immigrant Families in Atlanta
Authors: Min Pyong Gap
Published: April 2019

This study explored the level and kinds of kin involvement of Korean immigrant families in Atlanta. By doing so, it intended ( 1) to substantiate the theoretical position concerning the positive relationship between immigration and kin ties, and (2) to shed light on Korean immigrant families in the U.S. The sample consisted of 116 married Korean adults under the age of 60 each of whom represented a Korean family in Atlanta. The respondents were selected by a combination of the purposive and systematic sampling. A semistructured questionnaire was administered to the respondents, to 79 respondents through face-to-face interview, and to -the others over the phone. The findings suggest the following. About 40 percent of the respondents had one or more nonnuclear family members at home, either elderly parents and/or others. Kin assistance was found to be the most important source of help not only for immigration orientation, but also for financial and non-financial problems after settlement. In terms of friendship networks, relatives were found to be as important as friends; making friends outside of the kin group did uot significantly reduce the importance of kin members. An overwhelming majority of the respondents reported kin relations to be important for their immigrant life, and the majority indicated that they maintain closer kin relations in this country than they did in Korea. These findings support our original expectation that immigration enhances kin ties.
A Comparison of Soviet and American Women’s Perceptions of the Postpartum Period
Authors: Ispa Jean
Published: April 2019

Thirty-three American-born and 30 Soviet immigrant women completed questionnaires concerning their postpartum experiences and attitudes. Comparisons revealed that Soviet women viewed infant care and breast-feeding as more difficult. They also recalled less satisfaction with their husbands’ contributions to domestic work. Their mothers, however, were reported to participate more than the American womens’ mothers in household chores, and the Soviet women saw this involvement as supportive. Soviet women turned to medical personnel for child-rearing ad vice more than to other possible sources; American women were most likely to seek advice in books. These differences are attributed to a variety of cultural and economic factors.
Role Socialization Through the Life Cycle of the Yanomama: The Developmental Approach to the Study of Family in a Preliterate Society
Authors: Peters John F.
Published: April 2019

The development approach to the study of the family has been significantly and appropriately used in western societies. This research applies this approach to a preliterate group, the Yanomama of north Brazil, the specific stages in the life cycle are total dependency, and early childhood for both sexes, after which the stages are distinctly separated by gender. In the female the five remaining stages are later childhood, puberty and marriage, childbearing and child rearing, diminishing family involvement and appendage. For the male these stages are later childhood, a prolonged premarriage stage, first family of procreation, second family of procreation and appendage. Each stage is described in detail relating the process to the functions, values and goals of the Yanomama.
Age-at-Family Formation and Family Size: A Cross-Cultural Comparison
Authors: Pillai Vijayan Kumara
Published: April 2019

Demographers suggest that as the less developed societies become modernized, the direction and effect of the determinants of fertility in these societies will become similar to that of the developed societies. This study explores the net influence of age-at-family formation on family size among two high fertility populations in two different social contexts : one a developed setting (Racine in Wisconsin) and the other a developing setting (city of Ahmedabad in India).

Age-at-family formation has a strong negative effect on completed family size. The effect is found to be stronger in the case of the population in Racine. For explaining the cross-cultural differences in fertility, the differences in the decision making process related to fertility may be more important than mere structural changes such urbanization and industrialization resulting in similar mean age-at-family formation.
Women in the Development Process: Occupational Mobility of Female Migrants in Cities in Nigeria
Authors: Lacey Linda
Published: April 2019

This article explores changes in occupational status of female migrants in Nigeria. The data are based on migration histories of individuals in Ibadan, Benin, and Kano. I explore three aspects of the complex relationship between migration and occupational status: spatial experiences, types of skills brought to the cities, and occupational change experienced within the cities. The analyses show that migrants came from both rural and urban origins. In two cities, interurban movements were more common than rural-to-urban. Interurban male migrants were more likely to arrive in the cities with established urban skills than rural-urban migrants. Women, both interurban movers and rural- urban migrants, arrived with either no occupational experience or only informal work experience such as farming or trading. While most men moved from traditional to modern sector jobs, most women’s occupational shifts were within the traditional sector or from not working to traditional and modern sector jobs. Overall, the analyses suggest that women do not gain in occupational status as do men in the three cities. These differences may be influenced by factors such as education, marriage, childbearing, and the community’s view of the woman’s economic role in society.
Self-Presentation During Courtship: A Content Analysis of Classified Advertisements in Israel
Authors: Peres Yochanan , Meivar Hanna
Published: April 2019

Classified matrimonial advertisements (c. m. a.) are one of several ways used by courting individuals to present themselves to prospective mates. By accumulating and analysing 1800 such c.m.a., which appeared in a leading Israeli daily newspaper, over 35 years, we aspired to learn something about the changing ideals and perception of husbands and wives in Israel. Our main findings were: the discrepancy between the attributes of desirable brides and grooms diminished considerably since 1948. Women are significantly more selective (or choosey) in courting. While in the past marriage was viewed primarily in terms of “partnership” it has gradually shifted toward more emphasis on companionship, based more on personal attraction and mutual satisfaction than on complementarity of material interests.
Education and the Extended Family Ideology: The Case of Nigeria
Authors: Obikeze D.S.
Published: April 2019

The extended family principle provides the ideological basis for social organization, orders social relationships and regulates communal life in most traditional African societies. However, some recent research findings and informed opinions on the effects of Western education, urbanization and industrialization on the extended family system have raised disturbing questions regarding the future of this important institution. The inconclusive nature of the available evidence as it relates to Nigeria has made continued inquiry and the present study necessary.

Focusing on level of education and urbanization as the major independent variables, and attitude to basic extended family norms and degree of compliance with customary extended family practices as dependent variables the study seeks to ascertain whether these forces of modernization have produced appreciable effects on the key values that support the extended family ideology.

Based on questionnaire data derived from a sample survey of 493 respondents from two communities�one urban, one rural�the study found that while majority of respondents considered themselves duty�bound to help educate, secure employment for and to extend customary hospitalities to extended family members, the proportion of nonadherents to these ideals increased with the level of education. Effects of education and urbanization were not so clear on pattern of extended family expenditure. However, opinion was strongly expressed, especially among the educated and urban respondents that the extended family places too heavy responsibility on loyal members and that it requires some modifications to serve the present needs of Nigeria.
Generational Succession: The Passing on of Family Headship
Authors: Rosenthal Carolyn J.
Published: April 2019

Generational succession in families is investigated through the passing on of authority as embodied in the position of head of the family. Paths of succession and processes of timing and negotiation accompanying shifts in headship are examined. In a random sample of 464 residents of Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, two-thirds of respondents said their family had a head; one-third also identified a past and future head. Headship transitions are analysed by gender and kinship category of occupant, and generational direction of transition. Headship usually descends from father to son to grandson. Succession is precipitated by life course events, which are perceived as creating vacancies into which one�s own generation� but almost never a younger generation, may step.
Custody: An Attempt Toward A Conceptual Clarification
Authors: Trost Jan
Published: April 2019

Especially the Californian, the Nor- weigian, and the Swedish recent laws on custody are discussed and compared. Emphasis is laid upon both sole and joint custody as well as legal and physical custody. The background for joint custody in California as well as in Norway were demands from divorcing parents, while in Sweden the demands came from cohabiting parents. These demands came mainly at the end of the 1960s, in Sweden based upon an increase in cohabitation without marriage, an increase more rapid and intense than in other countries. The confusion between legal and physical custody is discussed as are differences in approach to the meaning of joint custody. Finally the paradigms behind the varieties of custody are discussed.
Modernity and the Quality of Marriage in Israel: The Impact of Socio-Cultural Factors on Marital Satisfaction
Authors: Katz Ruth , Briger Rosana
Published: April 2019

The impact of modernization on marriage has been acknowledged by social scientists, but the evaluation of this impact underwent several changes. While in the 1950s and early 1960s modernization (i.CA. secularization, urbanization, affluence etc.) was considered to contribute to the specialization of the family in its emotional functions, the adverse impact of modernity on marital stability came into focus during the 1970s and 1980s.

This study addresses itself to a reexamination of the impact of various facets of modernity on marital quality. A representative sample of 1500 Israeli married urban Jewish couples was interviewed regarding their marital satisfaction. Multiple regression analysis revealed that couples with modern attributes tended to have higher marital satisfaction. Most of the indicators of modernity can be interpreted as resources at the couples disposal (e.g. schooling and employment. Thus, while an urban secular and affluent life-style probably causes marital instability it also contributes, through specialization and selection, to a more egalitarian as well as to a more satisfying marital relationship.
The Impact of Children's Death on Shona Mothers and Families
Authors: Folta Jeannette R. , Deck Edith S.
Published: April 2019

This study was designed to examine the effects of the crisis of the death of children on Shona women and families in Zimbabwe, Africa. Participant observation, intensive marital history interviews and demographic questionnaires of 124 women provided the data for analyzing the relationship between marriage and family life situations before and after the deaths.

The major finding is the refutation of the literature which suggests that people who experience high death rates depersonalize the high risk group and therefore are little affected by the loss. The death of a child in this culture represents a profound crisis, the dimensions of which are enormously complex and related to a wide array of circumstances. Neither the extended family nor the polygamous family acted as a support system to allow families to withstand the crisis. All women experienced profound private grief and when blamed for the death, divorce, wife abuse, and/or a deterioration in family relations resulted along with a loss of status and self-esteem, and physical or psychological health problems. Pressures to maintain their roles and to replace the dead child added to problems in family relationships.
Matrilineal Joint Family Patterns in India
Authors: Ehrenfels U. R. Von
Published: April 2019

Joint family shrinkage, as caused by external forces, such as mechanization, industrialization-urbanization, increased mobility and acculturation with their stresses on individualism, affect patrilineal and matrilineal family patterns differently. The mother’s brother plays in matrilineal families an important role, besides mother and father, thus forming a pluralistic family authority.

Though this inculcates more family democracy than patriarchy, the mother’s brother in Kerala (Malãyalam: kãranavan) is accused of dictatorial overbearing and neglect of his traditional duties. Ironically, this complaint against matriliny, eventually resulting in abolition, was the neglect of its pluralistic principle in South India, by dictatorial karanavans under the influence from Nambudiri Brahmanism, Westernism and northern India.

Though essentially comparable, the matrilineal joint family pattern of the Khasi in north-eastern India, resisted acculturation and even Christianization better.

The Garos, western neighbours of the Khasi, may have adopted the latter’s matrilineal - though not so much their joined family pattern, the mother’s brother’s position being different.

The asymmetry of pluralistic matrilineal family patterns, as compared to patriarchy, finds expression also in various other Khasi-Garo differences. Predictions for further developments hinge on future acculturation of feminist trends in various contemporary power-centres, such as Europe, the USA, USSR, China and their frequently changing patterns.
Newlywed’s Narrative Themes: Meaning in the First Year of Marriage for African American and White Couples
Authors: Chadiha Letha A. , Veroff Joseph , Leber Douglas
Published: April 2019

This study addresses the meaning of marriage in the first year through themes in joint narratives told by 343 African American and White urban newlyweds in first marriages. Controlling for spouses’ education, household income, years lived together prior to marriage, premarital parental status, and length of narrative in logistic regression analysis, the authors found no significant differences between African American and White newlyweds on children, education, family, finances and time themes. They found significant differences between the couples on achievement, couple relations, religion, and work themes. White newlyweds were more likely to report achievement and work themes; African-American newlyweds were more likely to report themes of couple relations and religion. The authors discuss these results in terms of the different and similar meanings of African American and White marriages as well as implications for family practice.
Family Relations and the Self-Concepts of African Adolescents: Gender-Related Differences
Authors: Mboya Mzobanzi M.
Published: April 2019

This study examines gender differences in perceived parental behaviors and self-concepts among Black African adolescents in Cape Town, South Africa. Four hundred ninety-six boys and girls were administered the Perceived Parental Behavior Inventory and the Self-Description Inventory. No significant differences were found between boys and girls on the three domains of the Perceived Parental Behavior Inventory. On the Self-Description Inventory, however, boys scored higher than girls on relations with family, physical abilities, emotional stability, relations with peers dimensions as well as global selfconcept. Girls had a higher mean score on music ability dimension than did boys. Significant positive relationships were found between perceived parental behaviors and specific dimensions of self-concept between boys and girls, but the magnitude of the relationships between the two variables was stronger among boys than among girls. The view that family relationships are a significant influence on the development of self-concepts of adolescents, regardless of the gender of the individual, is supported in this study.
Social Networks and Support: A Comparison of African Americans, Asian Americans, Caucasians, and Hispanics
Authors: Kim Hyoun K. , McKenry Patrick C.
Published: April 2019

Using data from the National Survey of Families and Households (1988), this study examines cultural variations in social networks and support. The responses of African American (n=2,391), Asian (n=127), Caucasian (n=9,403), and Hispanic (n= 1,004) adults were compared, controlling for education. Multivariate analysis of covariance and logistic analysis indicated few cultural differences. However, the three ethnic minority groups were more likely to rely on parents or children for support as compared to Caucasians; African Americans were more likely to participate in religious organizations; Asian Americans were more likely to be involved in occupational and nationality groups; and Asian Americans and Caucasians were more likely to participate in recreational groups. These findings suggest different strategies for using networks as resources and paths of intervention across cultures.
What’s Love Got to Do with It?: Economic Viability and the Likelihood of Marriage Among African American Men
Authors: James Angela D.
Published: April 2019

A key goal of this research was to determine whether selected economic and demographic factors explaining entry into marriage among African American men are constant across time, or are salient only at certain historical junctures. The study uses 1970-1990 Public Use Microdata Sample 5% Census data files from metropolitan areas with large African American populations. The study’s key innovation is the use of multilevel analysis to link macro-level indicators with individual level characteristics and marital outcomes. Several structural explanations of change in marriage are explored in this study, and particular attention is given to examining theories which link changes in the U.S. economy to changing family formation among African Americans. In 1970, only individual level characteristics were important predictors of marriage among African American men. In the latter two decades, context exerted more significant effects on marriage likelihood. In 1980, the contextual predictors, male joblessness and industrial composition, had a significant effect on the likelihood of marriage. In 1990 the proportion of single women who worked fulltime contributed significantly to the model. Female economic independence, represented by the proportion of single women who worked fulltime, had a negative effect on the likelihood of marriage among men. These findings suggest that the manner in which context constrains marriage and family formation has changed over the time period in question.
Rural African Family Structure in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
Authors: Siqwana-Ndulo Nombulelo
Published: April 2019

The article presents findings of a study of household arrangements in the Transkei subregion of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The article begins by questioning persisting assumptions about African family and household structure. Households are viewed as “disorganized” and “disintegrating.” A parallel is drawn with the way the African American family has been characterized as “disorganized,” “deviant,” and “pathological” in the context of American society. Household arrangements of Africans and those in the diaspora, it is argued, are informed by a cultural value system based on the African philosophical view of life.

While western nuclear family is based on the cultural value of individualism characteristic of western society, African “extended families” are based on a value system that emphasizes collectivity and interdependence. Households studied vary in household head and include a variety of kin. The household structure varies from time to time, depending on which kin are present as individuals go back and forth in their struggles to survive. The article concludes that there is no evidence that African families are going to evolve to nuclear families and calls for more systematic studies of African family and household arrangements based on the principles of social organization of the Africans, rather than some imagined universal household structure.
Beyond Joint and Nuclear: The Indian Family Revisited
Authors: D’Cruz Premilla , Bharat Shalini
Published: April 2019

Careful perusal of the family literature in India dispels the belief that the Indian family was basically joint, and that following industrialisation and urbanisation, the nuclear family replaced it. On the contrary, the literature demonstrates that family plurality has been an essential feature of Indian society and that joint, nuclear, single parent, dual earner and adoptive families have always coexisted. The evolution of family research, characterised by distinct phases, each with specific questions, resulted in biases in the research process that hindered the early cognisance of this reality. This paper discusses the multiplicity of family forms simultaneously present in the country. The authors have adopted the chronological phases of family research in India as the mode of presentation in order that an appreciation of the development of family studies in the country, the biases of family researchers and the process of according recognition to family plurality in India emerges.
Decision-Making Influence in the Family: A Comparison of Turkish Families in Germany and in Turkey
Authors: Schönpflug Ute
Published: April 2019

In a longitudinal study including 200 Turkish male adolescents from two regions in Germany and 100 in Turkey, power attributions and power discrepancies in decision-making influence between positions in familial dyads were explored. The power attributions were measured by assessing the childrens ratings of their own and their parents influence in decision-making in four main domains: financial issues, childrens affairs and general family decisions. Discrepancy measures were computed for each familial dyad separately (father-mother; father-child; motherchild). Furthermore, the impact of personal resources and normative social attitudes on the attributions were explored.

The results show that the family power structure as perceived by male adolescent children are influenced by the cultural context favoring father dominance in Turkish families independent of cultural context. Furthermore, the attributions of decision-making showed a reversed relationship to fathers resource of education. The more educated the fathers the less powerful they were perceived by their sons. With increasing age the sons attributed more power to themselves in Germany but less power to their parents in Turkey. Thus, during adolescent development sons use two different mechanism for reducing power discrepancies between themselves and their parents depending on cultural context. Turkish mothers seem to profit from fathers empathetic parenting style in Germany but not in Turkey. The results were interpreted as favoring a nonnative resource theory that takes into account that with some levels of resources, e.g. education, different social normative attitudes are associated; these attitudes may counterbalance a positive linear resource effect.
Strategic Adjustments of Elderly Asian Americans: Living Arrangements and Headship
Authors: Phua Voon Chin , Kaufman Gayle , Park Keong Suk
Published: April 2019

While many elderly whites in the US live in nuclear families, elderly minorities are more likely to live in extended families. The prevalence of extended families among elderly minorities is often explained in terms of cultural characteristics of ethnic minorities. Using the 1990 US census, we examine family living arrangements and headship among elderly Asian Americans and non-Hispanic whites. Headship is included to distinguish the intergenerational relationship within families. Results show that elderly Asian Americans are more likely than elderly whites to live in extended families, either as a head or in the household of another family member. In addition, the effects of some economic and cultural factors are different for each racial group. We suggest that extended family living among elderly Asian Americans is a result of more than cultural preferences but also reflects their strategic adjustments in American society.
Marriage Ceremonies: An Exploratory Cross-Cultural Study
Authors: Rosenblatt Paul C. , Unangst David
Published: April 2019

In an investigation of marriage ceremonies, a random sample of 50 cultures was drawn from a defined universe of representative, well-described cultures. Ceremonies were found to be present in 86% of the 44 cultures that could be evaluated. Considerations of the value of commitment in protecting stakes where marriages have substantial wealth and alliance implications led to the predictions that ceremonies and elaboration of ceremonies would be associated with magnitude of wealth transferred as a concomitant of marriage and with importance of inheritable wealth. The data support these predictions. However, there are many other factors that may covary with ceremonies, value of wealth transferred, and importance of inheritable wealth. These covarying factors include size of local community and a surplus producing economy. Although a deviant case analysis provides some bolstering for the original hypothesis, whether the confounded factors are systemically inseparable from the variables being correlated or provide plausible alternative interpretations of the observed correlations is impossible to say at this time.
Ecology, Socialization, and Personality Development Among Athabascans
Authors: Boyer L. Bryce , Boyer Ruth M. , Hippler Arthur E.
Published: April 2019

Field work in Alaska and the Southwest and a review of the literature suggest the presence of common dominant personality features among Athabascan-speaking Indians, regardless of rather widely differing social structural characteristics and acculturative influences. We hypothesize that (1) the harsh subarctic environment of the earliest Athabascans necessitated the development of individuals with personality and societal configurations which enabled them to function adequately within the frame-work of their specific ecology and that (2) the conservatism of socialization practices and attitudes accounts for the perpetuation of dominant personality characteristics among today’s widespread Athabascans.
Religious Involvement and Marital Sex in Australia and the United States
Authors: Bell Robert R.
Published: April 2019

The main purpose of this paper is to examine religious involvement as measured by church attendance, and how it is related to various dimensions of sexual expression within marriage for women. Data on marital sexual behavior as related to church attendance is examined for 1,442 Australian women and 2,372 women in the United States. In general the evidence supports the assumption that women who are religious are more conservative in their sexual behavior than are women who are not religious. Our evidence also indicates that religion tends to influence marital sex in Australia and the United States in essentially the same way. There is some evidence that sex roles are more segregated in Australia and there is more confusion and frustration on the part of Australian women in sexual matters than there is for American women.
Ancestor Worship in Korea: Tradition and Transition
Authors: Moon Seung Gyu
Published: April 2019

Against the background of the traditional procedures and functions of ancestor worship in Korea, the recent changes in actual practices and certain selected attitudes are examined in this paper. The changing patterns indicate that those traditional or religious elements that are directly contradictory to the ideology of modernization and yet not conflicting with the fundamental values of ancestor worship, are more easily susceptible to change, as compared to those elements which constitute the basic values of ancestor worship. On the basis of such findings, the future of ancestor worship in Korea, both short and long ranges, is also discussed.
Oclacitinib no controle do prurido em pacientes atópicos e outras dermatopatias caninas: Relato de 22 casos
Authors: Alves  Machado Machado , Clare Goulart de Carvalho Flávia , Massessine Rosas Tábata , Lopes Lôres Natália , Bezerra Mascarenhas Mariana , Israel Fernandes Julio
Published: April 2019

Interleukin-31 is a cytokine responsible for inducing pruritus by binding to specific receptor in the nervous system. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of oclacitinib in pruritus control in dogs with pruritic dermatopathies. Twenty-two dogs, males and females that presented pruritus, were randomly selected for diagnosis of pruritic dermatopathies. Assessments were made through visual pruritus scale (VAS). The tutors assessed the degree of pruritus, scoring 0-10 before the drug, 4 hours after, 24 hours after and 4, 7, 14, 15, 21 and 28 days after starting treatment. The study achieved efficacy of 67% after 28 days. It is concluded that clactinib has shown to be effective and rapid, inhibited pruritus stimulation in all dermatopathies studied, thus it can be used in diseases with secondary or primary pruritus.
Programação fetal e efeito da suplementação pré-parto sobre o desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo da progênie: Revisão
Authors: Moreira Elizângela
Published: April 2019

Fetal programming, also called developmental programming, is concept of a maternal dietary stimulus on fetal performance and growth, which are related to the effects of the uterine environment through epigenetic mechanisms, which modulate the adaptation to the fetus to the uterine environment through gene silencing or activation. Tropical forages cultivated in Brazil have low nutritional value, especially in the dry season of the year, and may be inadequate to ensure optimal nutrition for growth, pregnancy and lactation. Thus, protein supplementation of beef cows in the final third of gestation becomes important, since it is a phase in which the exponential growth occurs of the fetus with higher nutritional demand. Have as goals to alter the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of the fetus by causing metabolic or endocrine impression, as well as effects on muscle cells, allowing the potential promotion of myogenesis and fetal muscle adipogenesis. The objective of this review is to discuss the concepts related to fetal programming and the effects of protein supplementation of beef cows in the final third of gestation on performance productive and reproductive your progenies.Keys-words: fetal programming, beef cow, productivityFetal programming and effect of supplementation pre-partum on productive and reproductive performance of progenie: ReviewAbstract. Fetal programming, also called developmental programming, is concept of a maternal dietary stimulus on fetal performance and growth, which are related to the effects of the uterine environment through epigenetic mechanisms, which modulate the adaptation to the fetus to the uterine environment through gene silencing or activation. Tropical forages cultivated in Brazil have low nutritional value, especially in the dry season of the year, and may be inadequate to ensure optimal nutrition for growth, pregnancy and lactation. Thus, protein supplementation of beef cows in the final third of gestation becomes important, since it is a phase in which the exponential growth occurs of the fetus with higher nutritional demand. Have as goals to alter the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis of the fetus by causing metabolic or endocrine impression, as well as effects on muscle cells, allowing the potential promotion of myogenesis and fetal muscle adipogenesis. The objective of this review is to discuss the concepts related to fetal programming and the effects of protein supplementation of beef cows in the final third of gestation on performance productive and reproductive your progenies.
KELAYAKAN BUKU AJAR MATA KULIAH PEMBELAJARAN IPA SD BAGI MAHASISWA PGSD
Authors: Wedyawati Nelly , Lisa Yasinta
Published: April 2019

Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui kelayakan dan efektivitas buku ajar pembelajaran IPA SD untuk mahasiswa PGSD. Indikator kelayakan pakar Pembelajaran; isi, penyajian, dan kebahasaan. Indikator kelayakan pakar media; ukuran buku ajar, desain cover, dan desain isi. Indikator kelayakan dosen adalah kejelasan, kesesuaian dengan kurikulum, keutuhan penerimaan, pengaruh produk, ketepatan waktu dan kepraktisan. Tahapan penelitian R&D; studi pendahuluan, perancangan produk, validasi pakar, implementasi produk dan sosialisasi. Alat pengumpul data; angket, soal tes, dan dokumentasi. Data kualitatif dianalisis dengan hitungan persentase. Data kuantitatif diujiprasyaratkan dan uji hipotesis. Hasil menunjukkan produk sangat baik (96,1), penilaian dari pengguna buku sangat baik (90,1). Hasil implementasi menunjukkan sebaran data normal dan tidak homogen. Sehingga uji hipotesis menggunakan uji non parametrik diperoleh nilai p-level (0.000) < alpha artinya ada pengaruh penggunaan produk terhadap hasil belajar. Rata-rata hasil belajar sangat baik (95,31).  Kesimpulannya bahwa buku ajar mata kuliah pembelajaran IPA di SD sudah layak dan efektif untuk diimplementasikan.

 
Kata Kunci: buku ajar, pembelajaran IPA, mahasiswa, PGSD.
KELAYAKAN VIDEO TUTORIAL PEMBUATAN DONAT JAHE SUBMATERI PERAN TUMBUHAN DI BIDANG EKONOMI
Authors: Apriani Apriani , Daningsih Entin , Yokhebed Yokhebed
Published: April 2019

Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelayakan video tutorial sebagai media pembelajaran untuk membantu kegiatan pembuatan donat jahe(Zingiber officinale var. officinale) pada submateri peran tumbuhan di bidang ekonomi. Penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif kuantittatif. Instrumen validasi video tutorial oleh ahli media terdiri dari 8 aspek dan 15 kriteria, sedangkan validasi oleh ahli materi terdiri dari 3 aspek dan 10 kriteria. Kelayakan video tutorial pembuatan donat jahe divalidasi oleh 3 orang ahli materi dengan hasil validasi yaitu RTVTK sebesar 3,92 dan 3 orang ahli media dengan hasil validasi yaitu RTVTK sebesar 3,44  yang termasuk dalam kategori valid. Sehingga secara keseluruhan video tutorial pembuatan donat jahe layak untuk digunakan (LD) sebagai media untuk membantu pembelajaran dalam pembuatan donat jahe pada sub materi peran tumbuhan di bidang ekonomi.
Kata Kunci: kelayakan, video tutorial, donat jahe.
The Influence of Social Media on Public Value: A Systematic Review of Past Decade
Authors: Irfan Asmara , Rasli Amran , Sulaiman Zuraidah , Sami Abdul , Qureshi Muhammad Imran
Published: April 2019

Social Media is accepted and recognized as the most effective medium in the field of marketing, higher education, customerâ€™s relationship management, electronic word of mouth and in public administration. Social media is an important tool for economic development as its tools provide two-way communication and low-cost marketing, to gain information and communicate and build a relationship with its customers. While public value is used to check the influence of government actions to create values for its citizens. The main objective of this research is to systematically study the literature on social media and public value relationship. By reviewing the 36 articles, out of which 29 articles published in Scopus Index Journal from the year 2011 to 2018 and 7 articles published in Web of Science Index Journal from the year 2014 to 2018, this paper provides the data about these articles. The systematic literature review shows that most work has been done in developed countries. In this review, the main objective of these papers is also discussed.
Revenue Autonomy and Entrepreneurship in The Municipalities of the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
Authors: Wichowska Anna , Wierzejski Tomasz
Published: April 2019

One of the most important problems in the proper functioning and fulfillment of entrusted tasks by municipalities in Poland is their high income independence. It depends, inter alia, on the broadly understood entrepreneurship undertaken in their area. Therefore the aim of this study was to identify the factors affecting entrepreneurship in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship in 2014–2016, which determined the revenue autonomy of municipalities in the region. The analysis was conducted with the use of a multiple linear regression model. Revenue autonomy, which is measured by the proportion of a municipality’s own-source revenues in total revenues, was the explained (dependent) variable. The initial group of explanatory (independent) variables consisted of 22 indicators linked with the operations of local businesses in the evaluated region. The key determinants of the revenue autonomy of municipalities were: the percentage of commercial partnerships in the total number of companies in the private sector, the percentage of private-sector companies in the total number of companies, the percentage of industrial and construction companies in the total number of companies, the percentage of self-employed in the total number of companies in the private sector, the number of agricultural producers, livestock breeders and hunting companies per 1000 residents, and the number of companies employing up to 9 people per 10,000 working-age residents.
Prawno-międzynarodowe aspekty stosowania klauzuli derogacyjnej w amerykańskim systemie ochrony praw człowieka, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem problematyki derogacji praw dziecka
Authors: Andrzejczak-Świątek Małgorzata
Published: April 2019

Problematyka zakresu i zobowiązań pozytywnych dla państw  stron Amerykańskiej Konwencji Praw Człowieka na tle klauzuli derogacyjnej zawartej w jej art. 27 z kilku względów jest niezwykle istotna dla właściwego zrozumienia natury instytucji derogacji. Przede wszystkim, „amerykańska” klauzula derogacyjna różni się w swej treści od podobnych klauzul występujących w innych traktatach międzynarodowej ochrony praw człowieka, ważna jest zatem analiza orzecznictwa Międzyamerykańskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka w kontekście rozpatrywania przez ten organ skarg indywidualnych dotyczących stosowania środków derogacyjnych.

Kluczowym zagadnieniem poruszonym w niniejszym artykule jest aspekt derogacji praw dziecka w amerykańskim systemie ochrony praw człowieka. Amerykańska Konwencja Praw Człowieka odnosi się bezpośrednio do ochrony praw dziecka i praw rodziny w sytuacji nadzwyczajnej. Ponadto, wykładnia poczyniona przez Międzyamerykański Trybunał Praw Człowieka pozwala na wyprowadzenie w tejże materii interesujących wniosków w zakresie gwarancji na rzecz dzieci znajdujących się w sytuacji nadzwyczajnych, nierzadko odmiennych od interpretacji dokonywanej w toku rozpatrywania podobnvch  skarg przez Europejski Trybunał Praw Człowieka.
Africa joins the growth capital revolution: Examining the growth of venture capital in the continent
Authors: Osborn Tom L
Published: April 2019

Small businesses play an important role in African economies. But because of a funding gap, many of these businesses struggle to access adequate growth capital. Venture capital (VC) can fill this funding gap and has emerged as an important global source of growth capital. While VC can help grow African businesses, our understanding of VC activities in Africa remains limited. Sparse research has limited the ability of small business owners to expand their financing options. We use a sample of 120 VC funds that primarily invest in Africa to investigate trends in the growth of VC activities in Africa, as well as to examine the associations between VC fundraising and micro-level firm variables between 2000-2018. We find that at least $4.57b of VC funding has been raised during this period by African VC funds. We observe that most funds keep diversified portfolios and invest in businesses at various stages of growth, and that funds prefer to keep their investment activities within domiciled countries. Using a multiple linear regression model, we find significant associations between VC fundraising and VC fund type, location focus, and vintage year. We do not find any associations between VC fundraising and industry focus, fund manager domicile or fundraising target size. These findings are important because small businesses can better assess their funding options, VC firms can update their strategies, and policy makers can update their policy priorities.