bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression of proteins containing disulfide bonds in an insect cell‐free system and confirmation of their arrangements by MALDI‐TOF MS
Authors: Ezure Toru , Suzuki Takashi , Shikata Masamitsu , Ito Masaaki , Ando Eiji , Nishimura Osamu , Tsunasawa Susumu
Published: December 2007

Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase (AP) and human lysozyme (h‐LYZ), which contain two and four disulfide bonds, respectively, were expressed in a cell‐free protein synthesis system constructed from Spodoptera frugiperda 21 (Sf21) cells. AP was expressed in a soluble and active form using the insect cell‐free system under non‐reducing conditions, and h‐LYZ was expressed in a soluble and active form under non‐reducing conditions after addition of reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). The in vitro synthesized proteins were purified by means of a Strep‐tag attached to their C termini. Approximately 41 μg AP and 30 μg h‐LYZ were obtained from 1 mL each of the reaction mixture. The efficiency of protein synthesis approached that measured under reducing conditions. Analysis of the disulfide bond arrangements by MALDI‐TOF MS showed that disulfide linkages identical to those observed in the wild‐type proteins were formed.
Protein Immobilization Using Atmospheric‐Pressure Dielectric‐Barrier Discharges: A Route to a Straightforward Manufacture of Bioactive Films
Authors: Heyse Pieter , Roeffaers Maarten B. J. , Paulussen Sabine , Hofkens Johan , Jacobs Pierre A. , Sels Bert F.
Published: December 2007

An alternative single‐step method for biomolecule entrapment in atmospheric plasma polymers is described. Relying on our experience to fabricate organic coatings at mild plasma conditions, fluorescent proteins and an organic coating precursor were simultaneously introduced to the DBD. Fluorescence microscopy and spectrum analysis unambiguously illustrate the single‐step protein immobilization procedure using DBD. Moreover, in contrast to covalent immobilization procedures, the developed technique showed a homogeneous protein distribution in the coating.

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Creation and Recombination of Free Radicals in Fluorocarbon Plasma Polymers: An Electron Spin Resonance Study
Authors: Haupt Michael , Barz Jakob , Oehr Christian
Published: December 2007

Generation and recombination processes of plasma‐induced radicals in plasma polymers are investigated using ESR, which provides valuable information about radicals in thin polymer films. The polymer films are prepared by means of r.f. plasma polymerization of c‐C4F8. Radical numbers and densities of fluorocarbon plasma polymer coatings of different thicknesses are measured by extrapolating mixed‐order recombination processes. The kinetics of radical generation in plasma polymer films is modeled using the results of the time‐dependent radical decay studies. The life times, line‐broadening effects, activation energies, and the temperature behavior of the radicals are discussed.

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Modelling of ice‐wedge networks
Authors: Plug L. J. , Werner B. T.
Published: December 2007

The fundamental and dominant process operating in all ice‐wedge networks is thermal contraction fracturing. This assumption forms the basis of a numerical model combining fracture initiation and propagation in frozen ground and ice, influence of open fractures on stresses, growth of ice wedges and ground deformation above wedges (Plug and Werner, 2001, 2002). Modelled polygonal networks self‐organise through interactions between fractures, stress and re‐fracture in ice wedges. The resultant polygonal form feeds back on fracturing in individual ice wedges. Spacing, wedge width and fracture frequency in wedges do not reflect mean climate parameters, but instead are sensitive to infrequent climate events and initial conditions, and may vary even under stationary climate — meaning that ice‐wedge casts are difficult to use as estimators of past climate. Burn (2004) suggested that that some of the assumptions underlying the model are incorrect in that they either misrepresent field conditions or ignore crucial site‐specific factors. These criticisms misread and invert the goal of our work, shared in part by any modelling exercise or field investigation, which is to elucidate common, robust behaviours and characteristics across a range of sites rather than to reproduce or describe in precise terms a particular instance. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects on litter‐dwelling earthworms and microbial decomposition of soil‐applied imidacloprid for control of wood‐boring insects
Authors: Kreutzweiser David P , Good Kevin P , Chartrand Derek T , Scarr Taylor A , Holmes Stephen B , Thompson Dean G
Published: December 2007

BACKGROUND: Imidacloprid is an effective, systemic insecticide for the control of wood‐boring insect pests in trees. Systemic applications to trees are often made by soil injections or drenches, and the resulting imidacloprid concentrations in soil or litter may pose a risk of harm to natural decomposer organisms. The authors tested effects of imidacloprid on survival and weight gain or loss of the earthworms Eisenia fetida (Savigny) and Dendrobaena octaedra (Savigny), on leaf consumption rates and cocoon production by D. octaedra and on microbial decomposition activity in laboratory microcosms containing natural forest litter.

RESULTS: Dendrobaena octaedra was the most sensitive of the two earthworm species, with an LC50 of 5.7 mg kg−1, an LC10 of about 2 mg kg−1 and significant weight losses among survivors at 3 mg kg−1. Weight losses resulted from a physiological effect rather than from feeding inhibition. There were no effects on cocoon production among survivors at 3 mg kg−1. The LC50 for E. fetida was 25 mg kg−1, with significant weight losses at 14 mg kg−1. There were no significant effects on microbial decomposition of leaf material at the maximum test concentration of 1400 mg kg−1.

CONCLUSION: The results indicate that, when imidacloprid is applied as a systemic insecticide to the soil around trees, it is likely to cause adverse effects on litter‐dwelling earthworms if concentrations in the litter reach or exceed about 3 mg kg−1. Copyright © 2007 Her Majesty the Queen in the Right of Canada, Canadian Forest Service. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of sticky traps and insecticides to prevent gall induction by Gynaikothrips uzeli Zimmerman (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) on Ficus benjamina
Authors: Held David W , Boyd Jr David W
Published: December 2007

BACKGROUND: Gynaikothrips uzeli Zimmerman was first detected in North America from galls on weeping fig (Ficus benjamina L.) in 2003. It has been reported from ten states in the continental United States, Hawaii, Trinidad and Costa Rica. Adult thrips induce leaves to fold permanently along the midvein, making it a significant pest of weeping fig. Studies were initiated to determine monitoring methods and establish control recommendations.

RESULTS: Comparison of captures of adult G. uzeli on blue, yellow, white and green sticky traps found yellow to be the most effective color. Yellow traps were effective for capturing adult Thripastichus gentilei (del Guercio), a larval parasitoid of G. uzeli. Thrips were first captured around 10:00 h. Captures peaked around 15:00–16:00 h and typically ceased by 21:00 h. Systemic neonicotinoid insecticides applied to container media were ineffective against adult G. uzeli feeding on foliage, and foliar applications of these products provided ≤7 days control. Conventional products provided satisfactory control after 1 day, but efficacy declined thereafter. Bifenthrin provided ≥ 14 days residual control of adults.

CONCLUSION: This paper represents the first report of monitoring phlaeothripids with sticky traps. Data from multiple trials suggest that products effective against other thrips have limited use against G. uzeli. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Combined effects of termiticides and mechanical stress on chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) pipe
Authors: Smith Joseph A , Saunders Justin , Koehler Philip G
Published: December 2007

BACKGROUND: CPVC pipe failures have recently been reported beneath structures as a result of termiticide soil treatments. To determine whether these CPVC failures were actually caused by termiticides, CPVC tubes were filled with 50 mL of either termiticide concentrate, dilutions or treated builder's sand and sealed. Mechanical stress was added to these sealed tubes by hanging bricks from their ends.

RESULTS: As concentrates, eight of nine emulsifiable concentrates tested caused failure within 8 weeks. None of the three suspensible concentrates tested caused failure over this period. Dilution of emulsifiable concentrates caused progressively fewer CPVC tube failures. No treated soils caused tube failures. Excessive CPVC glue applications in combination with chlorpyrifos 440 g kg−1 EC (Dursban™ TC) degraded the CPVC. All volatile organic compounds (VOCs) found in the termiticide formulations caused CPVC tube failure within 1 week as pure chemicals. The VOC 1,3,5‐trimethylbenzene caused CPVC tube failure within minutes of exposure. This VOC was found in all termiticides that caused failures as concentrates.

CONCLUSION: It is highly improbable that a properly conducted preconstruction soil treatment, where termiticide is completely adsorbed to the soil, would be solely responsible for CPVC pipe failure. Manufacturers should consider removing 1,3,5‐trimethylbenzene from termiticide formulations to minimize the risk of CPVC pipe failure. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Inhibitory activity against plant pathogenic fungi of extracts from Myoporum bontioides A. Gray and indentification of active ingredients
Authors: Yecheng Deng , Zhen Yang , Yanzhen Yu , Xiulian Bi
Published: December 2007

BACKGROUND: In order to understand the bioactivity of Myoporum bontioides A. Gray against plant pathogens and determine its active ingredients, the inhibitory activities of methanol extracts from M. bontioides against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum (E. F. Smith) Snyder & Hansen, Pestalotia mangiferae P. Henn., Thielaviopsis paradoxa (De Seynes) v. Hohnel, Colletotrichum musae (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) v. Arx, Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler, Mycosphaerella sentina (Fr.) Schroter and Sphaceloma fawcettii Jenk. were evaluated using a growth rate method, and the active ingredient was isolated by activity‐directed isolation and identified by determination and analysis of IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectra and correlative physical constants.

RESULTS: The results showed that the extracts from stems and leaves of M. bontioides exhibited inhibitory activity against the seven fungi, with > 58% inhibition at 10 g L−1 after 72 h. The active compound was isolated and identified as (−)‐epingaione, and showed inhibitory activity against the above seven fungi. The inhibitory activity against P. mangiferae was the highest, with an EC50 value of 77 mg L−1. The EC50 values against the other six fungi were 147–245 mg L−1. (−)‐Epingaione also inhibited spore germination of F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum, T. paradoxa and S. fawcettii.

CONCLUSION: (−)‐Epingaione demonstrated broad‐spectrum inhibitory activity against plant pathogenic fungi and is promising for exploitation as a fungicide. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
The benefits of combining elemental sulfur with a DMI fungicide to control Monilinia fructicola isolates resistant to propiconazole
Authors: Holb Imre J , Schnabel Guido
Published: December 2007

BACKGROUND: Management of demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicide resistance in Monilinia fructicola (G. Winter) Honey is a priority in peach orchards of the southeastern United States, but DMI fungicides are still an important component of antiresistance strategies in view of the few effective alternatives. The goal of this study was to investigate potential benefits of a sulfur/propiconazole mixture for the control of propiconazole‐resistant isolates.

RESULTS: The mixture provided the best control for propiconazole‐resistant isolates, regardless of protective or curative application timings, or the presence or absence of fruit injury. Propiconazole‐resistant isolates developed disease on detached fruit after protective or curative applications of propiconazole or its mixture with sulfur, but protective applications of the mixture significantly reduced (P = 0.05) disease symptoms compared with the individual compounds. Additive to slightly synergistic effects were observed for the mixture in protective treatments of peaches inoculated with propiconazole‐resistant isolates.

CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the addition of elemental sulfur to a DMI fungicide is likely to be a relatively inexpensive means to improve brown rot control in peach production areas where reduced sensitivity to DMI fungicides is suspected but has not led to noticeable control failure. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Residue distribution of the acaricide coumaphos in honey following application of a new slow‐release formulation
Authors: Karazafiris Emmanuel , Tananaki Chrysoula , Menkissoglu‐Spiroudi Urania , Thrasyvoulou Andreas
Published: December 2007

Acaricide used in beehives for the control of varroa often leaves residues in bee products. The behaviour and distribution of the acaricide coumaphos in honey following the application of a new slow‐release strip formulation (CheckMite+) was assessed. The bee colonies were allowed to build new combs without foundation, and two strips were hung in the brood chamber of each colony for a period of 42 days. The distribution of coumaphos residues in honey in relation to the position of the frame and the duration of treatment was examined by collecting samples from each comb at various time intervals up to 145 days after treatment. In the brood chamber, coumaphos was incorporated into honey from the first day of application, and residues accumulated mainly in combs placed next to strips. In the adjacent combs, residues remained at low concentrations with slight variations. In the honey chamber, residue concentrations on the day of strip removal ranged between 0.006 and 0.020 mg kg−1, while 79 days after application the concentration of coumaphos residues was below 0.020 mg kg−1. Residues above the EC fixed maximum residue limit (MRL) of 0.1 mg kg−1 were measured only in brood chamber honey obtained from those combs placed next to strips. In these samples, 0.060–0.111 mg kg−1 of coumaphos was detected up to 103 days after strip removal. Coumaphos residues in honey extracted from combs that were placed at the edge of the brood chamber were found below the MRL value, even during the 42 day period of CheckMite+ strip treatment. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Infrared characterization of ZnO films on Si substrates
Authors: Engelbrecht J. A. A. , Roro K. T. , Swanepoel R.
Published: December 2007

The refractive index and extinction coefficient of ZnO films on Si substrates were obtained in the infrared region from calculations and from employing infrared reflectance spectroscopy. The reflectivity R of the samples were expressed as function of the complex dielectric function, including the use of a modified envelope method, and dielectric parameters obtained from computer curve fitting of reflectance spectra. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterization of sol‐gel SiO2:Ce,Tb powder and pulsed laser deposited thin film phosphors
Authors: Ntwaeaborwa O. M. , Dhlamini M. S. , Harris R. A. , Botha J. R. , Buttner U. , Swart H. C.
Published: December 2007

Thin films of SiO2:Ce,Tb (Ce = Tb = 0.5 mol%) nanoparticulate phosphor (nanophosphor) were ablated on Si (100) substrates using either the conventional pulsed laser deposition (PLD) or pulsed reactive crossed beam laser ablation (PRCLA) technique. Morphology and surface topography of the films were analysed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) respectively. The chemical composition and thicknesses of the films were determined by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS). Luminescence properties of the films were studied with cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy and a 325 nm HeCd laser. Enhanced green cathodoluminescence and photoluminescence (PL) associated with 5D4→7F4 transitions in Tb3+ was observed at ∼540 nm in powder and thin film samples, and is attributed to non‐radiative energy transfer from co‐doped Ce3+. Luminescence intensities of the films and that of the SiO2:Ce,Tb powder used to make the films are compared. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Preparations and luminescent properties of PbS nanoparticle phosphors incorporated in a SiO2 matrix
Authors: Dhlamini M. S. , Terblans J. J. , Ntwaeaborwa O. M. , Joubert H. D. , Swart H. C.
Published: December 2007

A synthetic route for the preparation of luminescent PbS nanoparticles encapsulated in SiO2 at room temperature by the sol‐gel process is presented. The particle size and morphology of the PbS nanoparticles were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The particle sizes were estimated from the X‐ray diffraction (XRD) peaks using the Scherrer's equation. The measured particle sizes were in the range of 10 to 50 nm inside the SiO2 matrix. The cathodoluminescence (CL) measured with a Fiber Optics PC2000 spectrometer showed the emission peak to be at the wavelength of 680 nm. The phosphor was degraded in an oxygen atmosphere. The chemical composition of the prepared samples was analyzed by an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). X‐ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) was used to measure the surface chemical composition of the SiO2:PbS nanoparticles before and after electron degradation. XPS analysis on the degraded spot showed the development of characteristic SiO, SiOx and elemental Si peaks on the low‐energy side of the SiO2 peak. The desorption of O2 from the surface, which resulted in a decrease in the CL intensity is attributed to the dissociation of SiO2 into elemental Si and O by the electron bombardment. The degradation was less severe at higher oxygen pressures. PbSO4 was also formed on the surface during the electron beam degradation process. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A study of electron induced defects in n‐type germanium by deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS)
Authors: Nyamhere C. , Das M. , Auret F. D. , Chawanda A.
Published: December 2007

This paper presents the electrical characteristics of electron irradiation induced defects in n‐type germanium doped with antimony (Sb) by deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) and Laplace‐ DLTS. The following electrons traps at 0.15 eV, 0.20 eV, 0.21 eV 0.23 eV, 0.31 eV and 0.38 eV below the conduction band were observed and two hole traps at 0.09 eV and 0.31 eV above the valence band were also recorded. The electron trap level at 0.38 eV is the E – center and is the most dominant electron trap for our measurements. The capacitance versus temperature and current versus temperature characteristics of our samples showed good correlation as the irradiation dose is increased. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Degradation of commercial Gd2O2S:Tb phosphor
Authors: Dolo J. J. , Swart H. C. , Terblans J. J. , Coetsee E. , Dhlamini M. S. , Ntwaeaborwa O. M. , Dejene B. F.
Published: December 2007

The degradation of Gd2O2S:Tb phosphor was studied with Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) and Cathodoluminescence (CL). The surface reactions were monitored with AES while the light output was measured with a PC2000‐UV spectrometer. The CL of the Gd2O2S:Tb was excited with a 2 keV energy electron beam with a beam current density of 26 mA/cm2. The CL and AES were measured simultaneously while the sample was bombarded with the electrons in an oxygen atmosphere. A comparison between the low energy peaks of the AES spectra before and after degradation showed significant differences in the shape of the different peaks. A linear least squares (LLS) method was applied to resolve the peaks. Elemental standards from Goodfellow were used in conjunction with the measured data to subtract the S and Gd peaks. A direct correlation between the surface reactions and the CL output was found. The CL decreased while the S was removed from the surface during electron bombardment. A new non‐luminescent surface layer that formed during electron bombardment was responsible for the degradation in light intensity. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Hydrogen in semiconductors: From basic physics to technology
Authors: Weber J.
Published: December 2007

Hydrogen is incorporated unintentionally in most semiconductors during crystal or epitaxial growth and during many processing steps. The knowledge of how hydrogen interacts with itself or other defects is of fundamental scientific interest but also of crucial importance for the understanding of processes in device technology and the performance of devices. A few examples will be presented from our work on the electrical and optical properties of hydrogen in semiconductors and connections will be made to device related issues. Subjects addressed are the passivation of shallow donors and acceptors, the interaction of hydrogen with transition metals and the formation of H2 molecules. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Solar selective absorber functionality of carbon nanoparticles embedded in SiO2, ZnO and NiO matrices
Authors: Katumba G. , Makiwa G. , Baisitse T. R. , Olumekor L. , Forbes A. , Wäckelgård E.
Published: December 2007

It is possible to design an optical material, through control of the substrate and coatings, to absorb a large fraction of the solar spectrum and to emit very little radiation energy in the near and far infra‐red wavelength range. This requires a coating structure that transmits in the ultraviolet and visible, but reflects in the near and far infrared, with a sharp drop in transmission near 2 (m. In this paper, we report on selective solar absorber coatings of carbon nano‐particles embedded in SiO2, ZnO and NiO matrices, fabricated by a sol‐gel technique. The coatings were tested on aluminium substrates. UV‐VIS and FTIR spectroscopies were used to determine the spectral response of the composite coatings, from which the solar absorptance and thermal emittance were determined. We show that the NiO matrix samples have the best solar selective behaviour, and suggest a theoretical evaluation framework for future comparison of such materials. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Temperature‐dependent electroluminescence intensity in green and blue (In,Ga)N multiple‐quantum‐well diodes
Authors: Jimi H. , Inada T. , Fujiwara K.
Published: December 2007

The electroluminescence (EL) intensity has been investigated of green and blue (In,Ga)N multiple‐quantum‐well diodes grown on c ‐plane sapphire over a wide temperature range and as a function of current between 0.01 mA and 10 mA. The EL intensity of the green diode with p‐(Al,Ga)N electron blocking layer does not show low‐temperature quenching, especially at low injection levels, previously observed for the blue (In,Ga)N quantum‐well diodes. This finding rules out possi‐ bilities that the freeze‐out of holes at deep Mg acceptor levels and the failure of hole injections through the p‐(Al,Ga)N layer are directly responsible for the EL quenching at temperatures below 100 K. Variations of the EL efficiency with current level suggest that capture/escape efficiencies of injected carriers by the wells play an important role for the determination of EL external quantum efficiency. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Piezoresistivity in GaAs/InxGa1–xAs/AlAs superlattice structures
Authors: Zhang Wendong , Hu Jie , Xue Chenyang , Zhang Binzhen , Xiong Jijun , Qiao Hui , Li Junhong
Published: December 2007

We report on a strong piezoresistive effect in GaAs/ Inx Ga1–x As/AlAs superlattice structures fabricated on a GaAs‐base cantilever. The measurements of the piezoresistive properties were performed for tensile strains by static pressure experiments. The maximum gauge factor (GF) for the GaAs/Inx Ga1–x As/AlAs epilayer can be estimated to 200, which is higher than the value of the gauge factor reported for Si transducers. Our results demonstrate a higher potential of GaAs/Inx Ga1–x As/AlAs superlattice structures for the development of piezoresistive sensors. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Determination of aqueous acid‐dissociation constants of aspartic acid using PCM/DFT method
Authors: Sang‐Aroon Wichien , Ruangpornvisuti Vithaya
Published: December 2007

Determination of acid‐dissociation constants, pKa, of aspartic acid in aqueous solution, using density functional theory calculations combined with the conductor‐like polarizable continuum model (CPCM) and with integral‐equation‐formalism polarizable continuum model (IEFPCM) based on the UAKS and UAHF radii, was carried out. The computed pKa values derived from the CPCM and IEFPCM with UAKS cavity model of bare structures of the B3LYP/6‐31+G(d,p)‐optimized tetrahydrated structures of aspartic acid species are mostly close to the experimental pKa values. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Rapid screening of anthocyanins in berry samples by surfactant‐mediated matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Grant David C. , Helleur Robert J.
Published: December 2007

Surfactant‐mediated matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS) has been used for the identification of flavonoids from three berry extracts: lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium), lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis‐idaea), and blackberry (Rubus armeniacus). The addition of the surfactant led to suppression of matrix ions from both α‐cyano‐4‐hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) and 2′,4′,6′‐trihydroxyacetophenone (THAP). This is the first case of this method being successfully employed with a matrix other than CHCA. It was observed that CHCA led to a great deal of fragmentation of the sugar moiety from glycosides, whereas THAP produced more intact glycoside molecules, and thus leads to better characterization of the flavonoids in a berry sample. The flavonoids were characterized and quantified by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MS) with UV detection. Although MALDI‐TOF‐MS did not lead to the identification of as many flavonoids, it did enable us to identify many anthocyanin glycosides. Quantification was achieved and demonstrated that use of the THAP matrix can enable quantification of the intact glycosides with relative standard deviation (RSD) values of less than 10% with surfactant addition. These results are comparable with LC results. MALDI‐TOF‐MS with THAP matrix thus provided a rapid method for the qualitative screening of these compounds. It took only a few minutes, greatly reducing the analysis time from that in traditional LC/MS methods. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Less is More: Sparse Graph Mining with Compact Matrix Decomposition
Authors: Sun Jimeng , Xie Yinglian , Zhang Hui , Faloutsos Christos
Published: December 2007

Given a large sparse graph, how can we find patterns and anomalies? Several important applications can be modeled as large sparse graphs, e.g., network traffic monitoring, research citation network analysis, social network analysis, and financial transactions. Low‐rank decompositions, such as singular value decomposition (SVD) and CUR, are powerful techniques for revealing latent/hidden variables and associated patterns from high dimensional data. However, those methods often ignore the sparsity property of the graph, and hence usually incur too high memory and computational cost to be practical.

We propose a novel method, the Compact Matrix Decomposition (CMD), to compute sparse low‐rank approximations. CMD dramatically reduces both the computation cost and the space requirements over existing decomposition methods singular value decomposition (SVD) and CUR. Using CMD as the key building block, we further propose procedures to efficiently construct and analyze dynamic graphs from real‐time application data. We provide theoretical guarantee for our methods, and present results on two real, large datasets, one on network flow data (100 GB trace of 22K hosts over one month) and one on DBLP (200 MB over 25 years).

We show that CMD is often an order of magnitude more efficient than the state of the art (SVD and CUR): it is over 10X faster, but requires less than 1/10 of the space, for the same reconstruction accuracy. Finally, we demonstrate how CMD is used for detecting anomalies and monitoring time‐evolving graphs, in which it successfully detects worm‐like hierarchical scanning patterns in real network data. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company Statistical Analy Data Mining 1: 000‐000, 2007
Globalization and its alternatives: antiglobalism, alterglobalism and the idea of sustainable development
Authors: Gawor Leszek
Published: December 2007

Three alternative strategies concerning the development of humanity are discussed. These concepts were created in opposition to the globalization processes that are exerting a major influence on the modern world's free market economy. Antiglobalism is presented as a determined criticism of globalization, while alterglobalism indicates the importance of social sensibility towards globalization processes, and sustainable development reveals that a profound reconstruction of present economic and political structures is needed. However, all of these trends share a common purpose in the prosperity of mankind. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Construction and validation of a scale to assess attitudes to mysticism: the need for a new scale for research in the psychology of religion
Authors: Edwards Anthony C. , Lowis Mike J.
Published: December 2007

This paper argues that two concepts, attitudes to mysticism and mystical experience, need to be distinguished carefully. This implies that a new questionnaire is needed to assess the former, and the paper reports on construction of a new scale to assess Attitudes to Mysticism. This scale was found to have good internal consistency, criterion‐related validity and construct validity, and evidence is also given that this concept is related to but conceptually distinct from mystical experience. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microanalyses on Mo films before and after hydrogen ion irradiation
Authors: Liu C. H. , Huang N. K. , Wang D. Z. , Yang B.
Published: December 2007

Molybdenum (Mo) thin films were deposited by direct current magnetron sputtering on stainless steel followed by argon ion bombardment. Samples were then irradiated by hydrogen ion beam with an energy of 10 keV and a dose of 1 × 1018 ions cm−2. In order to understand the effect of hydrogen ion irradiation on the films, SEM was used to observe the surface morphology of films. X‐ray diffraction spectra (XRD) and XPS were used for characterization of the chemical bonding states of Mo and O contamination on the surface of the Mo films before and after hydrogen ion irradiation. Infrared (IR) spectra were also used to study bonds of Mo, O, and H. The mechanism related to this phenomenon is suggested in this article. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in the electronic structure of silicone rubber surfaces induced by oxygen plasma treatment
Authors: Haines S. R. , Beamson G. , Williams R. L. , Weightman P.
Published: December 2007

The electron spectroscopy of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and PDMS following oxygen plasma treatment and subsequent exposure of the plasma‐treated surface to glycine are compared. The results obtained for the Auger parameter show no significant differences, whereas the results for the valence band spectra are consistent with the changes that are expected to occur as a result of the replacement of CH3 groups by oxygen and OH groups during the plasma treatment and by the adsorption of glycine. Differences observed in line shape of the Si KLV spectra for PDMS and pure Si are attributed to the changes in the local Si environment in PDMS. The oxygen plasma treatment introduces a small shift in the local p DOS to lower binding energies and exposure of the plasma‐treated surface to glycine introduces a similar small shift in the p DOS to higher binding energies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychiatric Disorders in Clinical Genetics II: Individualizing Recurrence Risks
Authors: Austin Jehannine C. , Palmer Christina G. S. , Rosen‐Sheidley Beth , Veach Patricia McCarthy , Gettig Elizabeth , Peay Holly L.
Published: December 2007

This is the second article of a two‐part professional development series on genetic counseling for personal and family histories of psychiatric disorders. It is based on an Educational Breakout Session presented by The Psychiatric Special Interest Group of the National Society of Genetic Counselors at the 2006 Annual Education Conference. While the first article in this two part series dealt with addressing family histories of psychiatric disorders in clinical practice, the following discussion deals with the generation and provision of individualized recurrence risks for psychiatric disorders, based on empiric risk data. We present four cases that illustrate important components of and process for generating individualized risk assessment for family histories of psychiatric disorders.
On the Relation between States and Maps in Infinite Dimensions
Authors: Grabowski Janusz , Kuś Marek , Marmo Giuseppe
Published: December 2007

Relations between states and maps, which are known for quantum systems in finite-dimensional Hilbert spaces, are formulated rigorously in geometrical terms with no use of coordinate (matrix) interpretation. In a tensor product realization they are represented simply by a permutation of factors. This leads to natural generalizations for infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces and a simple proof of a generalized Choi Theorem. The natural framework is based on spaces of Hilbert-Schmidt operators [Formula: see text] and the corresponding tensor products [Formula: see text] of Hilbert spaces. It is proved that the corresponding isomorphisms cannot be naturally extended to compact (or bounded) operators, nor reduced to the trace-class operators. On the other hand, it is proven that there is a natural continuous map [Formula: see text] from trace-class operators on [Formula: see text] (with the nuclear norm) into compact operators mapping the space of all bounded operators on [Formula: see text] into trace class operators on [Formula: see text] (with the operator-norm). Also in the infinite-dimensional context, the Schmidt measure of entanglement and multipartite generalizations of state-maps relations are considered in the paper.
The Jamiołkowski Isomorphism and a Simplified Proof for the Correspondence Between Vectors Having Schmidt Number k and k-Positive Maps
Authors: Ranade Kedar S. , Ali Mazhar
Published: December 2007

Positive maps which are not completely positive are used in quantum information theory as witnesses for convex sets of states, in particular as entanglement witnesses and, more generally, as witnesses for states having Schmidt number not greater than k. Such maps and witnesses are related to k-positive maps, and their properties may be investigated by making use of the Jamiołkowski isomorphism. In this article we review the properties of this isomorphism, noting that there are actually two related mappings bearing that name. As a new result, we give a simplified proof for the correspondence between vectors having Schmidt number k and k-positive maps and thus for the Jamiołkowski criterion for complete positivity. Another consequence is a special case of a result by Choi, namely that k-positivity implies complete positivity, if k is the dimension of the smaller one of the Hilbert spaces on which the operators act.
Impact of Dispersion on Dynamics of a Discrete Metapopulation Model
Authors: Huang Yu , Zou Xingfu
Published: December 2007

We propose and analyze a discrete time model for metapopulation on two patches with local logistic dynamics. The model carries a delay in the dispersion terms, and our results on this model show that the impact of the dispersion on the global dynamics of the metapopulation is complicated and interesting: it can affect the existence of a positive equilibrium; it can either drive the metapopulation to global extinction, or prevent the metapopulation from going to global extinction and stabilize a positive equilibrium; it can also destabilize a positive equilibrium or a periodic orbit.
Local Stability of an Endoreversible Heat Engine Working in an Ecological Regime
Authors: Chimal-Eguía J. C. , Reyes-Ramírez I. , Guzmán-Vargas L.
Published: December 2007

We present a local stability analysis of an endoreversible engine working in an ecological regime, for three common heat transfer laws. From our local stability analysis we conclude that the system is stable for every value of the heat conductivity g, the heat capacity C and the ratio of temperatures τ = T2/T1with T1> T2. After a small perturbation the system decays exponentially to the steady state determined by two different relaxation times. We observe that the stability of the system improves as r increases whereas the steady-state energetic properties of the engine decline. Moreover, we compare the stability properties of the engine working in the ecological regime and under maximum power output. Finally, qualitative phase-space portraits for the evolution of the system are presented for representative cases.
Generic Quantum Markov Semigroups: the Gaussian Gauge Invariant Case
Authors: Carbone Raffaella , Fagnola Franco , Hachicha Skander
Published: December 2007

We study a class of generic quantum Markov semigroups on the algebra of all bounded operators on a Hilbert space h arising from the stochastic limit of a discrete system with generic Hamiltonian HS, acting on h, interacting with a Gaussian, gauge invariant, reservoir. The selfadjoint operator HS determines a privileged orthonormal basis of h. These semigroups leave invariant diagonal and off-diagonal bounded operators with respect to this basis. The action on diagonal operators describes a classical Markov jump process. We construct generic semigroups from their formal generators by the minimal semigroup method and discuss their conservativity (uniqueness). When the semigroup is irreducible we prove uniqueness of the equilibrium state and show that, starting from an arbitrary initial state, the semigroup converges towards this state. We also prove that the exponential speed of convergence of the quantum Markov semigroup coincides with the exponential speed of convergence of the classical (diagonal) semigroup towards its unique invariant measure. The exponential speed is computed or estimated in some examples.
Correlations in a General Theory of Quantum Measurement
Authors: Podsędkowska Hanna
Published: December 2007

The paper investigates correlations in a general theory of quantum measurement based on the notion of instrument. The analysis is performed in the algebraic formalism of quantum theory in which the observables of a physical system are described by a von Neumann algebra, and the states — by normal positive normalized functionals on this algebra. The results extend and generalise those obtained for the classical case where one deals with the full algebra of operators on a Hilbert space.
Master Fields, Drift and Dispersion in the Stochastic Limit of Quantum Theory
Authors: Accardi L. , Cubillo F. G.
Published: December 2007

This work is a detailed study of the convergence of the rescaled creation and annihilation densities, which lead to the master fields, and the form of the drift in the stochastic limit of quantum theory. The approach, based on the distributional theory of Fourier transforms, dispenses with the “analytical condition” and other restrictions usually considered and also establishes the dependence of the stochastic golden rules upon the dispersion function of the quantum field.
Facile Synthesis of ZnO Nanorods by Microwave Irradiation of Zinc–Hydrazine Hydrate Complex
Authors: Bhat DenthajeKrishna
Published: December 2007

ZnO nanorods have been successfully synthesized by a simple microwave-assisted solution phase approach. Hydrazine hydrate has been used as a mineralizer instead of sodium hydroxide. XRD and FESEM have been used to characterize the product. The FESEM images show that the diameter of the nanorods fall in the range of about 25–75 nm and length in the range of 500–1,500 nm with an aspect ratio of about 20–50. UV–VIS and photoluminescence spectra of the nanorods in solution have been taken to study their optical properties. A mechanism for microwave synthesis of the ZnO nanorods using hydrazine hydrate precursor has also been proposed.
Review on Anionic/Cationic Surfactant Mixtures
Authors: Kume Gustavo , Gallotti Manlio , Nunes George
Published: December 2007

It is commonly known that cationic and anionic surfactants cannot be mixed without the risk of precipitation or instability. However, many studies have shown that not only is it possible to combine cationic and anionic surfactants, but also that this combination can present synergic properties. Mixtures of anionic and cationic surfactants have many unique properties that can be very useful when used properly. The aim of this report is to present relevant information concerning the interaction between anionic and cationic surfactants. A bibliographic review on anionic/cationic mixtures is presented here in order to better understand their properties and possible synergic effects, as this is of practical importance for the chemical industry.
The Isolation of Ricinoleic Acid from Castor Oil by Salt‐solubility‐based Fractionation for the Biopharmaceutical Applications
Authors: Vaisman Boris , Shikanov Ariella , Domb Abraham J.
Published: December 2007

The goal of this work was to develop a method for the preparative isolation of ricinoleic acid (RA) from Castor oil (CO) for use as building blocks in biopharmaceutical synthesis. The separation efficiency achieved with the impurity extraction approach (IEA) and the salting‐out approach (SOA) based on utilization of monobasic alkali salt of RA was examined. SOA showed better separation efficiency. Fractional precipitation from the co‐solvent system consisting of isopropyl ether:ethanol (IPE:EtOH) 65:35 v/v and applied at a CO: co‐solvent system mass: volume ratio of 1:5 produced a high quality purified RA (purity 97.9–98.6%). It contains residuals of linoleic acid and oleic acid as the main impurities and satisfies all requirements of the official compendia for oleaginous vehicles for parenteral administration. The total yield of this process was 55.5 ± 2.5% and the recovery of RA was about 70% (calculated relatively to the yield of the crude product). The study of the synthesis kinetics of RA oligomers and of the biopolymer prepared from these oligomers indicated that mono‐functional fatty acids (FAs) affect the composition of the oligomers' mixture and delay chain elongation of both RA oligomers and biopolymer. The developed novel process is simple, flexible, highly reproducible, inexpensive, and has high scalability potential.
Prognostic factors versus predictive factors: Examples from a clinical trial of erlotinib
Authors: Clark Gary M.
Published: December 2007

It would be helpful to have factors that could identify patients who will, or will not, benefit from treatment with specific therapies. Ideally, these should be molecular‐based factors. When results with molecular‐based factors are disappointing, physicians often use clinical characteristics to make treatment decisions. Several characteristics have been suggested to predict sensitivity to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in patients with non‐small lung cancer, including gender, histology, smoking history. This report demonstrates that gender and histology are actually prognostic, rather than predictive factors. Before biomarkers or clinical characteristics are included in guidelines for selecting patients for specific treatments, it is imperative that the prognostic effects of these factors are distinguished from their ability to predict a differential clinical benefit from the specific treatment.
The prevalence of personality disorder in schizophrenia and psychotic disorders: systematic review of rates and explanatory modelling
Authors: Newton-Howes G. , Tyrer P. , North B. , Yang M.
Published: December 2007

Background

Personality disorder (PD) in psychosis is poorly studied. As PD can affect outcome in mental disorders, it is important to understand its prevalence in order to plan services, understand prognosis more fully and maximize management options.

Method

Literature searching revealed 3972 potential papers. Twenty papers including 6345 patients were included in the final analysis. There was great variation in prevalence and multilevel modelling was used to identify possible reasons for this heterogeneity.

Results

The prevalence of PD varied from 4.5% to 100%. Multilevel analysis suggested country of study, study type, the instruments used to diagnose PD and patient care correlated with the prevalence data explaining the study level heterogeneity, with 34.2, 33.4, 17.0 and 4.5% by each variable respectively. Personality studies in Canada and Sweden reported lower PD prevalence, whereas in Spain it was higher than the multinational study. Compared with randomized controlled trials, case-control studies reported lower prevalence [odds ratio (OR)=0.35, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.15–0.79] and observational studies higher prevalence (OR 70.5, 95% CI 8.5–583). Primary-care patients were less likely to be diagnosed (OR 0.02, 95% CI 0–0.19) than hospital patients, and out-patients had higher prevalence (OR 12.5, 95% CI 1.77–88.6).

Conclusions

The reported prevalence of PD in schizophrenia varies significantly. Statistical modelling suggests care, country, study type and diagnostic tools for PD all bias prevalence rates. The number of papers reaching the inclusion criteria, the relative paucity of information and the difficulties in developing an accurate statistical model limited interpretation from the study.
Toward an understanding of risk factors for anorexia nervosa: a case-control study
Authors: Pike K. M. , Hilbert A. , Wilfley D. E. , Fairburn C. G. , Dohm F.-A. , Walsh B. T. , Striegel-Moore R.
Published: December 2007

Background

Prospective, longitudinal studies of risk factors for anorexia nervosa (AN) are lacking and existing cross-sectional studies are generally narrow in focus and lack methodological rigor. Building on two studies that used the Oxford Risk Factor Interview (RFI) to establish time precedence and comprehensively assess potential risk correlates for AN, the present study advances this line of research and represents the first case-control study of risk factors for AN in the USA.

Method

The RFI was used for retrospective assessment of a broad range of risk factors, while establishing time precedence. Using a case-control design, 50 women who met DSM-IV criteria for AN were compared to those with non-eating disorder DSM-IV psychiatric disorders (n=50) and those with no psychiatric disorder (n=50).

Results

Women with psychiatric disorders reported higher rates of negative affectivity, maternal and paternal parenting problems, family discord, parental mood and substance disorder, and physical and sexual abuse than women with no psychiatric disorder. Women with AN specifically reported greater severity and significantly higher rates of negative affectivity, perfectionism and family discord, and higher parental demands than women with other psychiatric disorders. The role of weight and shape concerns was most salient in the year preceding onset of AN.

Conclusions

Convergent data identifying common risk factors as well as those more severe in the development of AN are emerging to inform longitudinal risk factor and prevention studies for this disorder.