bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transformations for climate change mitigation: A systematic review of terminology, concepts, and characteristics
Authors: Moore Brendan , Verfuerth Caroline , Minas Angela Mae , Tipping Christianne , Mander Sarah , Lorenzoni Irene , Hoolohan Claire , Jordan Andrew J. , Whitmarsh Lorraine
Published: September 2021

Deep, broad, and rapid society‐wide changes are urgently required to limit global temperature rise in line with the goals of the Paris Agreement. Since 2005, academics and policy makers have increasingly referred to such changes as transformations. This recent uptake and rapid diffusion of transformation‐related concepts in research on climate change mitigation calls for a systematic and up‐to‐date analysis. In this article, we address this gap by undertaking a systematic review of articles that use transformation‐related terms in the social science literature on climate change mitigation. Drawing on a corpus of 198 articles identified from Scopus, we find a diverse, fragmented research field that strongly focuses on the national, city, and international levels, the energy sector, and high‐income countries. Although the use of transformation terminology has increased rapidly, there are few shared definitions, which arguably constitutes a serious challenge to scholarship and evidence‐based policy making. To facilitate a more cumulative and impactful approach to research, we propose transformational climate change mitigation as a new umbrella term for the varied mitigation‐related societal transformations required to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement. We conclude by identifying priorities for future research.

This article is categorized under:

The Carbon Economy and Climate Mitigation > Benefits of Mitigation
P not PQ
Authors: Craig Nathaniel , Garcia Isabel Garcia , Koszegi Giacomo , McCune Amara
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Parity solutions to the strong CP problem are a compelling alternative to approaches based on Peccei-Quinn symmetry, particularly given the expected violation of global symmetries in a theory of quantum gravity. The most natural of these solutions break parity at a low scale, giving rise to a host of experimentally accessible signals. We assess the status of the simplest parity-based solution in light of LHC data and flavor constraints, highlighting the prospects for near-future tests at colliders, tabletop experiments, and gravitational wave observatories. The origin of parity breaking and associated gravitational effects play crucial roles, providing new avenues for discovery through EDMs and gravity waves. These experimental opportunities underline the promise of generalized parity, rather than Peccei-Quinn symmetry, as a robust and testable solution to the strong CP problem.
Causality constraints in Quadratic Gravity
Authors: Edelstein José D. , Ghosh Rajes , Laddha Alok , Sarkar Sudipta
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Classifying consistent effective field theories for the gravitational interaction has recently been the subject of intense research. Demanding the absence of causality violation in high energy graviton scattering processes has led to a hierarchy of constraints on higher derivative terms in the Lagrangian. Most of these constraints have relied on analysis that is performed in general relativistic backgrounds, as opposed to a generic solution to the equations of motion which are perturbed by higher curvature operators. Hence, these constraints are necessary but may not be sufficient to ensure that the theory is consistent. In this context, we explore the so-called CEMZ causality constraints on Quadratic Gravity in a space of shock wave solutions beyond GR. We show that the Shapiro time delay experienced by a graviton is polarization-independent and positive, regardless of the strength of the gravitational couplings. Our analysis shows that as far as the causality constraints are concerned, albeit inequivalent to General Relativity due to additional propagating modes, Quadratic Gravity is causal as per as the diagnostic proposed by CEMZ.
Sliding behaviour and surface quality after static air polishing of conventional and modern bracket materials
Authors: Hodecker Lutz , Bourauel Christoph , Braumann Bert , Kruse Teresa , Christ Hildegard , Scharf Sven
Published: September 2021

Objectives

As part of orthodontic treatment, air polishing is routinely used for professional tooth cleaning. Thus, we investigated the effects of static powder polishing on sliding behaviour and surface quality of three different bracket materials (polymer, ceramic, metal), including a 3D-printed bracket.

Methods

Two bracket types of each material group were polished with an air-polishing device using sodium bicarbonate. Exposure times were set at 10, 20, and 60 s; the application distance was 5 mm. The force loss due to sliding resistance was tested with an orthodontic measurement and simulation system (OMSS) using a 0.016 inch × 0.022 inch stainless steel archwire. Untreated brackets served as control. Polishing effects and slot precision were evaluated using an optical digital and scanning electron microscope.

Results

Sliding behaviour and slot precision differed significantly between and within the groups. Prior to polishing, polymer brackets showed the least force loss, ceramic brackets the highest. With progressive polishing time, the resistance increased significantly with titanium brackets (26 to 37%) and decreased significantly with steel brackets (36 to 25%). Polymer brackets showed the smallest changes in force loss with respect to polishing duration. Slot precision showed the largest differences between material groups and was primarily manufacturer-dependent with hardly any changes due to the polishing time.

Conclusion

Powder polishing can positively or negatively affect the sliding properties of the bracket–archwire complex but is more dependent on the bracket–archwire material combination (i.e., manufacture-dependent slot precision). For titanium brackets, resistance only increased after 60 s of polishing. For ceramic brackets, effective reduction was observed after 10 s of polishing. Polymer brackets, including the 3D-printed brackets, showed better sliding properties than ceramic or metal brackets even after polishing for 60 s. Removal of plaque and dental calculus should lead to a noticeable improvement of the sliding properties and outweighs structural defects that may develop.
Updated pathology reporting standards for bladder cancer: biopsies, transurethral resections and radical cystectomies
Authors: Compérat Eva , Oszwald André , Wasinger Gabriel , Hansel Donna E. , Montironi Rodolfo , van der Kwast Theodorus , Witjes Johannes A. , Amin Mahul B.
Published: September 2021

Aim

Optimal management of bladder cancer requires an accurate, standardised and timely pathological diagnosis, and close communication between surgeons and pathologists. Here, we provide an update on pathology reporting standards of transurethral resections of the bladder and cystectomies.

Methods

We reviewed recent literature, focusing on developments between 2013 and 2021.

Results

Published reporting standards developed by pathology organizations have improved diagnosis and treatment. Tumor sub-staging and subtyping has gained increased attention. Lymph nodes continue to be an area of debate, and their staging has seen minor modifications. Several tasks, particularly regarding specimen preparation (“grossing”), are not yet standardized and offer opportunity for improvement. Molecular classification is rapidly evolving, but currently has only limited impact on management.

Conclusion

Pathological reporting of bladder cancer is continuously evolving and remains challenging in some areas. This review provides an overview of recent major developments, with a particular focus on published reporting standards.
High varus stem alignment in short-stem total hip arthroplasty: a risk for reconstruction of femoro-acetabular offset, leg length discrepancy and stem undersizing?
Authors: Luger Matthias , Stiftinger Julian , Allerstorfer Jakob , Hochgatterer Rainer , Gotterbarm Tobias , Pisecky Lorenz
Published: September 2021

Purpose

Short stems are increasingly used in in total hip arthroplasty (THA) because of advantages in bone and soft tissue preservation and reconstruction of hip geometry. Short stems can be inserted in a more varus position compared to conventional straight stems. This poses the risk of final varus misplacement of the femoral component, which is not intended in all femoral short stems.

Methods

We wanted to evaluate the effect of a high varus stem positioning in MIS THA on hip offset, leg length and femoral canal fill index. A series of 1052 consecutive THAs with a singular cementless femoral short stem and press-fit cup was retrospectively screened for inclusion. One hundred six patients with unilateral THA and a contralateral healthy hip met the inclusion criteria. Measurements were carried out on preoperative and 3 months anterior–posterior postoperative radiographs. Patients were divided into Group A (varus stem alignment ≤ 3°) and Group B (varus stem alignment > 3°).

Results

Hip offset (HO) increased significantly in Group B by 4 mm (p = 0.013). No influence on leg length difference was detected in both groups. Preoperative CCD angle was significantly lower in Group B (p < 0.001). Canal Fill Indices (CFI) were significantly lower in Group B (CFI I: p < 0.001; CFI II p = 0.003; CF III p = 0.002).

Conclusion

High varus stem alignment > 3° leads to a statistically significant but minor increase in HO and poses the risk of stem undersizing. A preoperatively low genuine CCD angle pose a risk for varus stem positioning.
Pitfalls in Sample Preparation of Metalloproteins for Low-Temperature EPR: The Example of Alkaline Myoglobin
Authors: Serra Ilenia , García Rubio Inés , Van Doorslaer Sabine
Published: September 2021

Due to fast relaxation processes of transition metal ions, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of metalloproteins needs to be performed at cryogenic temperatures. To avoid damaging the biological system upon freezing, a cryoprotectant is generally added to the sample as a glassing agent. Even though cryoprotectants are expected to be inert substances, evidences in literature show their non-innocent role in altering the shape of EPR spectra of proteins and biological objects in general. In this work we conduct a systematic study on the impact of several experimental factors—such as buffer composition, choice of cryoprotectant, pH and temperature—on the EPR spectrum of myoglobin, taken as a reference system for being a well-characterized heme-containing protein. We focus on high-pH buffers to induce and investigate the alkaline transition of ferric myoglobin (pKa ~ 8.9). A combined approach of continuous-wave EPR and UV–visible absorption spectroscopy shows that using particular pairs of buffers and cryoprotectants determines a considerable pH variation in the sample and that this effect is enhanced at cryogenic temperature. In addition, phase memory times were measured to evaluate the efficiency of different cryoprotectants and compared with spectral linewidths in continuous-wave EPR. Our findings suggest that among the selected cryoprotectants ethylene glycol is rather effective, even more than the widely used glycerol, without having unwanted effects.
Insulin and the insulin receptor collaborate to promote human gastric cancer
Authors: Saisana Marina , Griffin S. Michael , May Felicity E. B.
Published: September 2021

Background

Gastric adenocarcinoma is common and consequent mortality high. Presentation and mortality are increased in obese individuals, many of whom have elevated circulating insulin concentrations. High plasma insulin concentrations may promote, and increase mortality from, gastric adenocarcinoma. Tumour promotion activities of insulin and its receptor are untested in gastric cancer cells.

Methods

Tumour gene amplification and expression were computed from sequencing and microarray data. Associations with patient survival were assessed. Insulin-dependent signal transduction, growth, apoptosis and anoikis were analysed in metastatic cells from gastric adenocarcinoma patients and in cell lines. Receptor involvement was tested by pharmacological inhibition and genetic knockdown. RNA was analysed by RT-PCR and proteins by western transfer and immunofluorescence.

Results

INSR expression was higher in tumour than in normal gastric tissue. High tumour expression was associated with worse patient survival. Insulin receptor was detected readily in metastatic gastric adenocarcinoma cells and cell lines. Isoforms B and A were expressed. Pharmacological inhibition prevented cell growth and division, and induced caspase-dependent cell death. Rare tumour INS expression indicated tumours would be responsive to pancreatic or therapeutic insulins. Insulin stimulated gastric adenocarcinoma cell PI3-kinase/Akt signal transduction, proliferation, and survival. Insulin receptor knockdown inhibited proliferation and induced programmed cell death. Type I IGF receptor knockdown did not induce cell death.

Conclusions

The insulin and IGF signal transduction pathway is dominant in gastric adenocarcinoma. Gastric adenocarcinoma cell survival depends upon insulin receptor. That insulin has direct cancer-promoting effects on tumour cells has implications for clinical management of obese and diabetic cancer patients.
Towards a Physiological Computing Infrastructure for Researching Students’ Flow in Remote Learning
Authors: Li Maximilian Xiling , Nadj Mario , Maedche Alexander , Ifenthaler Dirk , Wöhler Johannes
Published: September 2021

With the advent of physiological computing systems, new avenues are emerging for the field of learning analytics related to the potential integration of physiological data. To this end, we developed a physiological computing infrastructure to collect physiological data, surveys, and browsing behavior data to capture students’ learning journey in remote learning. Specifically, our solution is based on the Raspberry Pi minicomputer and Polar H10 chest belt. In this work-in-progress paper, we present preliminary results and experiences we collected from a field study with medical students using our developed infrastructure. Our results do not only provide a new direction for more effectively capturing different types of data in remote learning by addressing the underlying challenges of remote setups, but also serve as a foundation for future work on developing a less obtrusive, (near) real-time measurement method based on the classification of cognitive-affective states such as flow or other learning-relevant constructs with the captured data using supervised machine learning.
Mathematical problem-solving in scientific practice
Authors: Rizza Davide
Published: September 2021

In this paper I study the activity of mathematical problem-solving in scientific practice, focussing on enquiries in mathematical social science. I identify three salient phases of mathematical problem-solving and adopt them as a reference frame to investigate aspects of applications that have not yet received extensive attention in the philosophical literature.
Environmental life cycle implications of upscaling lithium-ion battery production
Authors: Chordia Mudit , Nordelöf Anders , Ellingsen Linda Ager-Wick
Published: September 2021

Purpose

Life cycle assessment (LCA) literature evaluating environmental burdens from lithium-ion battery (LIB) production facilities lacks an understanding of how environmental burdens have changed over time due to a transition to large-scale production. The purpose of this study is hence to examine the effect of upscaling LIB production using unique life cycle inventory data representative of large-scale production. A sub-goal of the study is to examine how changes in background datasets affect environmental impacts.

Method

We remodel an often-cited study on small-scale battery production by Ellingsen et al. (2014), representative of operations in 2010, and couple it to updated Ecoinvent background data. Additionally, we use new inventory data to model LIB cell production in a large-scale facility representative of the latest technology in LIB production. The cell manufactured in the small-scale facility is an NMC-1:1:1 (nickel-manganese-cobalt) pouch cell, whereas in the large-scale facility, the cell produced in an NMC-8:1:1 cylindrical cell. We model production in varying carbon intensity scenarios using recycled and exclusively primary materials as input options. We assess environmental pollution–related impacts using ReCiPe midpoint indicators and resource use impacts using the surplus ore method (ReCiPe) and the crustal scarcity indicator.

Results and discussion

Remodelling of the small-scale factory using updated background data showed a 34% increase in greenhouse gas emissions — linked to updated cobalt sulfate production data. Upscaling production reduced emissions by nearly 45% in the reference scenario (South Korean energy mix) due to a reduced energy demand in cell production. However, the emissions reduce by a further 55% if the energy is sourced from a low-carbon intensity source (Swedish energy mix), shifting almost all burden to upstream supply chain. Regional pollution impacts such as acidification and eutrophication show similar trends. Toxic emissions also reduce, but unlike other impacts, they were already occurring during mining and ore processing. Lastly, nickel, cobalt, and lithium use contribute considerably to resource impacts. From a long-term perspective, copper becomes important from a resource scarcity perspective.

Conclusions

Upscaling LIB production shifts environmental burdens to upstream material extraction and production, irrespective of the carbon intensity of the energy source. Thus, a key message for the industry and policy makers is that further reductions in the climate impacts from LIB production are possible, only when the upstream LIB supply chain uses renewable energy source. An additional message to LCA practitioners is to examine the effect of changing background systems when evaluating maturing technologies.
Comparative Transcriptome Profiling Indicated that Leaf Mesophyll and Leaf Vasculature have Different Drought Response Mechanisms in Cassava
Authors: Wang Shujuan , Lu Cheng , Chen Xin , Wang Haiyan , Wang Wenquan
Published: September 2021

Drought stress is one of the major environmental factors that limited crop’s growth and production. Cassava known as a tropical crop that is widely distributed in Sub-Saharan Africa. It has a strong drought tolerance and can grow well under tough environmental conditions. Therefore, understanding how cassava responds to drought stress and coordinates survival and accumulation has great theoretical significance for improving crop drought resistance breeding. Many studies on cassava drought responses mainly focused on the leaf and whole seedling. Nevertheless, how the vasculature plays an important role in plant response to water deficiency remains to be fully elucidated. Here, comparative transcriptome analysis was performed on isolated mesophyll tissue and leaf vein vascular tissue of cassava variety KU50 after mild drought treatment to determine the molecular mechanism behind drought resistance in cassava vasculature. Our results showed that KU50 leaves had increased leaf temperature, with characters of rapidly decreased net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate in leaves, and the intercellular CO2 concentration accumulated under drought stress. Comparative transcriptome profiling revealed that under drought stress, leaf mesophyll tissue mainly stimulated the biosynthesis of amino acids, glutamic acid metabolism, and starch and sucrose metabolism. In particular, the arginine biosynthesis pathway was significantly enhanced to adapt to the water deficiency in leaf mesophyll tissue. However, in vascular tissue, the response to drought mainly involved ion transmembrane transport, hormone signal transduction, and depolymerization of proteasome. Concretely, ABA signaling and proteasome metabolism, which are involved in ubiquitin regulation, were changed under drought stress in KU50 leaf vascular tissue. Our work highlights that the leaf vasculature and mesophyll in cassava have completely different drought response mechanisms.
New late Oligocene rodent faunas from the Pannonian basin
Authors: van de Weerd Andrew A. , de Bruijn Hans , Wessels Wilma , Marković Zoran
Published: September 2021

The rodent associations from the late Oligocene deposits of Ugljevik and Paragovo in the Pannonian basin are described. Pannoniamys paragovensis, a new genus and species of Spalacidae, is defined. The published data from a third late Oligocene locality in the area (Banovići) is included in the discussion of the changes in community structure through the time-interval studied. Although the composition of the rodent faunas studied differs, the dominating cricetid genus in all three associations is Deperetomys, a genus that appears in western Europe during the late middle Miocene. While the late Oligocene rodent record of central and southwestern Europe is characterised by endemic development, the regime in the Balkans seems to have been one of multiple immigrations and replacements. The late Oligocene age of the rodent fauna from Ugljevik estimated at about 26 Ma, provides a minimum age for the start of rifting in the Pannonian basin, some 6 Ma earlier than previously documented.
Analytical solution to pressure transient analysis in non-Newtonian/Newtonian fluids in naturally fractured composite reservoirs
Authors: Ukwuigwe Onyinyechi Chizobam , Igbokoyi Alpheus O.
Published: September 2021

During polymer flooding into the reservoir using shear-thinning non-Newtonian fluids, an interface exists between the in situ Newtonian crude oil in the reservoir and the injected polymer solution. This paper examines the application of non-Newtonian well test analysis techniques to develop an analytical solution to non-Newtonian/Newtonian fluids with different flow index composite reservoirs for estimating the interface boundary conditions in such reservoirs. Mathematical models were presented and solved analytically using the Laplace transform. The solution was inverted to real domain with the Stehfest algorithm (Stehfest Commun ACM, 1970). Solutions were obtained for three boundary conditions that are infinite acting, constant pressure and no-flow boundaries. New pressure and pressure derivative type curves are developed for naturally fractured reservoirs. A general solution was obtained, which is adaptable to the case of non-Newtonian/Newtonian fluid interface. Numerical examples are used to estimate the radius of investigation, reservoir and power-law flow parameters using type curve matching and Tiab’s direct synthesis technique.
An ultrapotent pan-β-coronavirus lineage B (β-CoV-B) neutralizing antibody locks the receptor-binding domain in closed conformation by targeting its conserved epitope
Authors: Liu Zezhong , Xu Wei , Chen Zhenguo , Fu Wangjun , Zhan Wuqiang , Gao Yidan , Zhou Jie , Zhou Yunjiao , Wu Jianbo , Wang Qian , Zhang Xiang , Hao Aihua , Wu Wei , Zhang Qianqian , Li Yaming , Fan Kaiyue , Chen Ruihong , Jiang Qiaochu , Mayer Christian T , Schoofs Till , Xie Youhua , Jiang Shibo , Wen Yumei , Yuan Zhenghong , Wang Kang , Lu Lu , Sun Lei , Wang Qiao
Published: September 2021

New threats posed by the emerging circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2 highlight the need to find conserved neutralizing epitopes for therapeutic antibodies and efficient vaccine design. Here, we identified a receptor-binding domain (RBD)-binding antibody, XG014, which potently neutralizes β-coronavirus lineage B (β-CoV-B), including SARS-CoV-2, its circulating variants, SARS-CoV and bat SARSr-CoV WIV1. Interestingly, antibody family members competing with XG014 binding show reduced levels of cross-reactivity and induce antibody-dependent SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein-mediated cell-cell fusion, suggesting a unique mode of recognition by XG014. Structural analyses reveal that XG014 recognizes a conserved epitope outside the ACE2 binding site and completely locks RBD in the non-functional “down” conformation, while its family member XG005 directly competes with ACE2 binding and position the RBD “up”. Single administration of XG014 is effective in protection against and therapy of SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo. Our findings suggest the potential to develop XG014 as pan-β-CoV-B therapeutics and the importance of the XG014 conserved antigenic epitope for designing broadly protective vaccines against β-CoV-B and newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.
Reduced neuronal population in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in infant macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)
Authors: Haddad Alexandra , Voth Brittany , Brooks Janiya , Swang Melanie , Carryl Heather , Algarzae Norah , Taylor Shane , Parker Camryn , Van Rompay Koen K. A. , De Paris Kristina , Burke Mark W.
Published: September 2021

Pediatric HIV infection remains a global health crisis with an estimated 150,000 new mother-to-child (MTCT) infections each year. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has improved childhood survival, but only an estimated 53% of children worldwide have access to treatment. Adding to the health crisis is the neurological impact of HIV on the developing brain, in particular cognitive and executive function, which persists even when ART is available. Imaging studies suggest structural, connectivity, and functional alterations in perinatally HIV-infected youth. However, the paucity of histological data limits our ability to identify specific cortical regions that may underlie the clinical manifestations. Utilizing the pediatric simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection model in infant macaques, we have previously shown that early-life SIV infection depletes the neuronal population in the hippocampus. Here, we expand on these previous studies to investigate the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). A total of 11 ART-naïve infant rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) from previous studies were retrospectively analyzed. Infant macaques were either intravenously (IV) inoculated with highly virulent SIVmac251 at ~1 week of age and monitored for 6–10 weeks or orally challenged with SIVmac251 from week 9 of age onwards with a monitoring period of 10–23 weeks post-infection (19–34 weeks of age), and SIV-uninfected controls were euthanized at 16–17 weeks of age. Both SIV-infected groups show a significant loss of neurons along with evidence of ongoing neuronal death. Oral- and IV-infected animals showed a similar neuronal loss which was negatively correlated to chronic viremia levels as assessed by an area under the curve (AUC) analysis. The loss of dlPFC neurons may contribute to the rapid neurocognitive decline associated with pediatric HIV infection.
The Limits of Marginality
Authors: Heathcote Andrew , Matzke Dora
Published: September 2021

The “marginality principle” for linear regression models states that when a higher order term is included, its constituent terms must also be included. The target article relies on this principle for the fixed-effects part of linear mixed models of ANOVA designs and considers the implication that if extended to combined fixed-and-random-effects models, model selection tests specific to some fixed-effects ANOVA terms are not possible. We review the basis for this principle for fixed-effects models and delineate its limits. We then consider its extension to combined fixed-and-random-effects models. We conclude that we have been unable to find in the literature, including the target article, and have ourselves been unable to construct any satisfactory argument against the use of incomplete ANOVA models. The only basis we could find requires one to assume that it is not possible to test point-null hypotheses, something we disagree with, and which we believe is incompatible with the Bayesian model-selection methods that are the basis of the target article.
Investigating preferences in art collecting: the case of the François Pinault Collection
Authors: Codignola Federica , Mariani Paolo
Published: September 2021

This article focuses on private art collections that play a relevant role on the art market while reducing its information asymmetry. Knowledge of how art consumers such as private art collectors show preferences for specific artworks may allow to identify collecting patterns based on the preference of some artworks’ signs. Understanding these patterns is essential for evaluating the impact of art collectors on the art market. The evolution of the art market shows complex consumption systems that shape the cognition and behavior of actors such as private art collectors. Consequently, to be a key art collector and to progress as such in today’s art world implies a constant reinterpretation about what it means to consume and to collect art. This paper explores the collection of one of the most important art collectors in the world, the French tycoon François Pinault. More precisely, his background as a key collector was examined, and a number of preferences toward particular signs which connote his collected artworks were identified. All the collected artworks were observed through a descriptive data analysis of the Pinault Collection’s exhibition catalogues, published from 2006 to 2015, enforced by the statistical decision tree classifier. Results show how the Pinault Collection is shaped by collecting preferences that can be described as collecting patterns. As a preeminent collector and owner of one of the two major auction houses in the world, Pinault’s consumption preferences and decisions may impact the art market, for instance through signals and by influencing other art market players or the artists’ careers.
Power-scalable sub-100-fs Tm laser at 2.08 μm
Authors: Wang Li , Chen Weidong , Zhao Yongguang , Yang Hanlin , Jing Wei , Pan Zhongben , Huang Hui , Liu Jiachen , Bae Ji Eun , Rotermund Fabian , Loiko Pavel , Mateos Xavier , Wang Zhengping , Xu Xinguang , Griebner Uwe , Petrov Valentin
Published: September 2021

We report on a power-scalable sub-100-fs laser in the 2-μm spectral range using a Tm3+-doped ‘mixed’ (Lu,Sc)2O3 sesquioxide ceramic as an active medium. Pulses as short as 58 fs at 2076 nm with an average output power of 114 mW at a pulse repetition rate of approximately 82.9 MHz are generated by employing single-walled carbon nanotubes as a saturable absorber. A higher average power of 350 mW at 2075 nm is obtained at the expense of the pulse duration (65 fs). A maximum average power of 486 mW is achieved for a pulse duration of 98 fs and an optical conversion efficiency of 22.3%, representing the highest value ever reported from sub-100-fs mode-locked Tm lasers.
Conjuring Caliban's Woman: Moving beyond Cinema's Memory of Man in Praise House (1991)
Authors: Dozier Ayanna
Published: September 2021

Julie Dash's experimental short film, Praise House (1991), situates conjuring as both a narrative and formal device to invent new memories around Black womanhood that exceed our representation within the epistemes of Man. I view Praise House as an example of conjure-cinema with which we can evaluate how Black feminist filmmakers, primarily working in experimental film, manipulate the poetic structure and aesthetics of film to affect audiences rather than rely on representational narrative alone. Following the scholarship of Sylvia Wynter, I use Man to refer to the representational body of the Western episteme that defines value through mass accumulation. It is through Wynter's scholarship that we find the ontological emancipation from Man that is Caliban's woman, who represents discourse beyond our normative, colonial mode of feeling/knowing/being. Through an analysis of Praise House that foregrounds film's ability to generate affect via its aesthetics, this article argues that aesthetics can similarly enact the same power of conjure as found in Praise House's narrative, and as such conjures an epistemological rupture to our normative order that is Caliban's woman.
Sanctuary Cities in Europe? A Policy Survey of Urban Policies in Support of Irregular Migrants
Authors: Kaufmann David , Räss Nora , Strebel Dominique , Sager Fritz
Published: September 2021

Irregular migrants tend to live in dense urban settings. Cities therefore formulate various policies in support of irregular migrants. Given the US phenomenon of sanctuary cities, the study of these policies has been rather US-centric so far. This letter examines urban policies in support of irregular migrants in Europe's 95 largest cities. Only 27 per cent of European cities formulate these types of policies. We discovered two relevant policy categories: status and services. Only five cities formulate policies that aim to award irregular migrants with a (more) secure status, and 24 cities formulate policies that facilitate access to city services. Our mixed-methods analysis suggests that status policies take advantage of policy-making discretion whereas service policies hinge on the availability of local resources. Yet, there are no simple explanations for the observed policy diversity that is the product of place-based policy-making.
THE BEAUTY OF FAILURE: HAMARTIA IN ARISTOTLE'S POETICS
Authors: Vinje Hilde
Published: September 2021

In Poetics 13, Aristotle claims that the protagonist in the most beautiful tragedies comes to ruin through some kind of ‘failure’—in Greek, ἁμαρτία. There has been notorious disagreement among scholars about the moral responsibility involved in ἁμαρτία. This article defends the old reading of ἁμαρτία as a character flaw, but with an important modification: rather than explaining the hero's weakness as general weakness of will (ἀκρασία), it argues that the tragic hero is blinded by temper (θυμός) or by a pursuit for fine, good and desirable things—that is, by what may be labelled ‘qualified’ weakness of will. The upshot is that ἁμαρτία ends up as being less blameworthy than ‘proper’ ἀκρασία, but still explains why morally outstanding people are unsuitable for the most beautiful tragedies.
A pilot study of dialectical behaviour therapy skills training for autistic adults
Authors: Ritschel Lorie A. , Guy Lisa , Maddox Brenna B.
Published: September 2021

Background:

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common and lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder with the hallmark features of social impairment and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviour. Individuals with ASD often experience co-occurring mental health difficulties, some of which may obfuscate the ASD features themselves. Although there is a high need for mental health services for autistic adults, there are surprisingly few evidence-based treatments (EBTs) available; moreover, many mental health practitioners who are well-trained in EBTs shy away from treating autistic individuals due to lack of training in ASD.

Aims:

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of dialectical behaviour therapy skills training (DBT-ST) in a sample of autistic adults without intellectual disability.

Method:

Sixteen adults with ASD were recruited from a treatment waiting list to enrol in this study, which included 24 weeks of DBT-ST delivered in a group setting. Feasibility and acceptability were assessed using retention and attendance data and a participant satisfaction questionnaire.

Results:

Retention (81.3%) and attendance data (mean 87.5%) provided support for the feasibility of this intervention. Overall satisfaction ratings were high (mean 4.5 out of 5), and participants reported that they felt that DBT-ST would probably be helpful for others with ASD (mean 4.5 out of 5).

Conclusions:

The study findings provide preliminary evidence of (1) the feasibility of providing DBT-ST for autistic adults in community-based clinics, and (2) the perceived benefit of DBT-ST for this under-served population. Recommended modifications to the standard DBT-ST materials are discussed.
The assessment of an extended set of socio-economic determinants to explain anxiety and uncertainty, insufficient quality and food intake of Afghan refugees
Authors: Pakravan-Charvadeh Mohammad Reza , Vatanparast Hassan , Frongillo Edward A , Khakpour Mahasti , Flora Cornelia
Published: September 2021

Objectives:

In this study, socio-economic factors associated with Afghan refugee households’ food insecurity, anxiety and uncertainty, insufficient quality and food intake were determined.

Design:

Household Food Insecurity Assess Scale measurement was applied to assess food insecurity, anxiety and uncertainty, insufficient quality and insufficient food intake. Descriptive analysis and multivariable regression models were used to determine the associated factors.

Setting:

The study was carried out in urban areas of Tehran province in Iran.

Participants:

To collect data, interviews were conducted among 317 Afghan households. The questionnaire was administered via face-to-face interviews to either the breadwinner of the selected households or a member who could respond on behalf of the household.

Results:

About 11·3 % of Afghan households who resettled in Tehran province were food secure, while 11·7 % were marginally, 40·7 % moderately and 36·3 % severely food insecure. Economic and financial factors were inversely and significantly associated with food insecurity. Employment, income, distance from the central market and personal saving were inversely associated with food insecurity, while other determinants, including the length of living time in Tehran, house type and the number of male and female children, had a direct association with food insecurity.

Conclusions:

The associations of socio-economic factors with three categories of food insecurity differed. Elimination of occupation bans that the Iranian government imposes on refugees provides simple access to financial supports like long-term loans, and opening a bank account for refugees will benefit both Iranians and refugees.
What exactly is Takeuchi Yoshimi's logic of Asian resistance?
Authors: Stromback Dennis
Published: September 2021

Literary Critic and Sinologist, Takeuchi Yoshimi, provides post-colonial and decolonial studies a logic of resistance that seeks to destabilize the colonialist projects of Western modernity without repeating its structural logic. In this regard, Takeuchi's logic of resistance functions as a dialectical lens into the “emancipatory traps” of Western modernity that frame the victim–victimizer paradox by turning negativity into a method of generating heuristic possibilities. But in this pursuit to look for alternative sites for mining theoretical possibilities, Takeuchi returns to the origins of Chinese modernity for imagining a proper logic of Asian resistance, that which could be deployed as a resource for negating the imperial gestures of modernist thought while affirming the positive kernel of the Enlightenment with the hope of bringing forth a global world that is continuously transformed by the cultural particulars themselves. The goal of this article is to further elucidate Takeuchi's logic of Asian resistance and to discuss how this logic can be read as having the potential to correct Nishida Kitarō's and the Kyoto School's failed attempt to overcome modernity.
Illness-Related Cognition, Distress and Adjustment in Functional	Stroke Symptoms, Vascular Stroke, and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Authors: Jones Abbeygail , Smakowski Abigail , Hughes Alicia , David Anthony S. , Chalder Trudie
Published: September 2021

Abstract. Background: High rates of psychological distress are reported in functional conditions and vascular stroke, but there is limited understanding of how patients with functional neurological symptoms in stroke settings respond to symptoms. Aims: This study compared patients with functional stroke symptoms to those with vascular stroke and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Methods: A prospective cohort of 56 patients with functional stroke symptoms were age-gender matched to patients with vascular stroke and CFS. Analysis of variance compared groups on cognitive and behavioral responses to symptoms, psychological distress, and functioning. Sensitivity analyses controlled for known confounders. The proportions of clinical anxiety and depression were compared between groups. Results: The functional stroke symptom group had a higher proportion of clinical anxiety cases than the CFS group, and a higher proportion of clinical depression cases than the vascular stroke group. Patients with functional stroke symptoms reported the highest rate of “damage beliefs” and “all-or-nothing” behaviors and greater symptom focusing and resting behavior than patients with vascular stroke. Limitations: Larger cohorts and a longitudinal design would strengthen study findings. Conclusion: Compared to patients with vascular stroke or CFS, patients with functional stroke symptoms show a somewhat distinct profile of illness-related beliefs and behaviors, as well as higher rates of clinical anxiety. Understanding such group differences provides some insights into aetiology and cognitive-behavioral responses. Appropriate support and referral should be available to patients with functional stroke symptoms to address distress and reduce the likelihood of severe impairment.
The Merluza Graben: How a Failed Spreading Center Influenced Margin Structure, and Salt Deposition and Tectonics in the Santos Basin, Brazil
Authors: Pichel Leonardo M. , Jackson Christopher A.‐L. , Peel Frank , Ferrer Oriol
Published: September 2021

The relative timing between crustal extension and salt deposition can vary spatially along passive margin salt basins as continents unzip, or as the locus of extension shifts toward the embryonic ocean spreading center. Determining the relative timing of salt deposition, rifting, and seafloor spreading is often problematic due to the diachronous nature of rifting, the ability of salt to fill pre‐existing topography, and the subsequent flow and deformation of that salt. We here use 2D PSDM seismic data and structural restorations to investigate the Merluza Graben, a large rift‐related depocentre located in the southern, most proximal part of the Santos Basin, Brazil, along‐strike of a failed spreading center, the Abimael Ridge. The graben is defined by up to 3.5 km of base‐salt relief along its basinward‐bounding fault and internal base‐salt horsts that are up to 1 km high. This compartmentalizes deformation, producing intra‐graben extensional and contraction salt structures, ramp‐syncline basins, and expulsion rollovers, resulting in a remarkably different salt‐tectonic structural style to that seen in the adjacent areas. We also conduct structural restorations to analyze the spatial and temporal evolution of salt‐tectonic structural styles and the relationship this has to potential prolonged crustal extension in the Merluza Graben. This approach further constrains local variations in the relative timing of rifting and salt deposition, and the impact this has on salt tectonics along the margin. The results of our study can be applied to better understand the tectono‐stratigraphic development of other salt‐bearing rifted margins.
Isolated Cavities Dominate Greenland Ice Sheet Dynamic Response to Lake Drainage
Authors: Mejia J. Z. , Gulley J. D. , Trunz C. , Covington M. D. , Bartholomaus T. C. , Xie S. , Dixon T. H.
Published: September 2021

Seasonal variability in the Greenland Ice Sheet's (GrIS) sliding speed is regulated by the response of the subglacial drainage system to meltwater inputs. However, the importance of channelization relative to the dewatering of isolated cavities in controlling seasonal ice deceleration remains unsolved. Using ice motion, moulin hydraulic head, and glaciohydraulic tremor measurements, we show the passing of a subglacial floodwave triggered by upglacier supraglacial lake drainages slowed sliding to wintertime background speeds without increasing the hydraulic capacity of the moulin‐connected drainage system. We interpret these results to reflect an increase in basal traction caused by the dewatering of isolated cavities. These results suggest the dewatering of isolated parts of the subglacial drainage system play a key role in driving seasonal slowdowns on the GrIS.
When and Where do Free Bars in Estuaries and Tidal Channels Form?
Authors: Ragno Niccolò , Tambroni Nicoletta , Bolla Pittaluga Michele
Published: September 2021

The incipient formation of free bars in weakly converging tidal channels and estuaries is mathematically framed within a unified two‐dimensional shallow water and sediment mass balance model. The analysis is driven by the recognition that none of the theoretical models introduced so far account for the spatially varying character of the planform morphology, which characterizes estuaries and creeks forming networks in coastal wetlands and in the tide‐dominated reaches of deltas. The problem is tackled by means of a linear stability analysis, by observing that width variations act on a spatial scale that is typically much longer than bars wavelength, allowing for an analytical treatment of the governing system of equations. We focus on two limit cases: first, the river transition into a micro‐tidal sea (estuarine case); second, a tidal channel in the absence of a fluvial supply of freshwater and sediment (coastal case). In the estuarine case, bars arise as a result of an intrinsic instability of the equilibrium state. Width increases toward the mouth leading to channel shallowing, which in turn promotes the development of multiple bars. This effect is partially counteracted by the channel deepening produced by the tidal action, which tends to reduce bar growth and migration rate. In the coastal case, tidal bars form far from the equilibrium state of the system, adapting instantaneously to the evolving bed profile, which in turn affects channel flow conditions. Noteworthy, the model suggests that the spatial‐temporal distribution of bars observed in nature reflects the evolutionary history of the system.
Melatonin potentiates the cytotoxic effect of Neratinib in HER2+ breast cancer through promoting endocytosis and lysosomal degradation of HER2
Authors: Liu Zundong , Sang Xiaolin , Wang Min , Liu Yichao , Liu Jiao , Wang Xuefei , Liu Pixu , Cheng Hailing
Published: September 2021

Complete blockade of the HER2 protein itself and HER signaling network is critical to achieving effective HER2-targeted therapies. Despite the success of HER2-targeted therapies, the diseases will relapse in a significant fraction of patients with HER2+ breast cancers. How to improve the therapeutic efficacy of existing HER2-targeted agents remains an unmet clinical need. Here, we uncover a role of Melatonin in diminishing HER2-mediated signaling by destruction of HER2 protein. Mechanistically, Melatonin treatment attenuated the protective effect of the HSP90 chaperone complex on its client protein HER2, triggering ubiquitylation and subsequent endocytic lysosomal degradation of HER2. The inhibitory effect of Melatonin on HER2 signaling substantially enhanced the cytotoxic effects of the pan-HER inhibitor Neratinib in HER2+ breast cancer cells. Lastly, we demonstrate that dual inhibition of HER2 by combined use of Melatonin and Neratinib effectively blocked the growth of HER2+ breast tumor xenografts in vivo. Our findings shed light on the potential use of Melatonin in a novel dual HER2 blockade strategy for HER2+ breast cancer treatment.