bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the taxonomy of the subgenera Cyabarda Karisch, 2013, Idiovulpecula Karisch, 2013 and Paravulpeculella Karisch, 2013 of the genus Cyana Walker, 1854, with descriptions of three new species from africa (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae, Lithosiini)
Authors: VOLYNKIN ANTON V. , LÁSZLÓ GYULA M.
Published: September 2019

The identification of the male of Cyana (Cyabarda) torrida (Holland, 1893) is corrected, the male is illustrated for the first time. Cyana suessmuthi Karisch, 2013 is transferred to the subgenus Cyabarda Karisch, 2013, its female adult and female genitalia are illustrated and diagnosed for the first time. A new species Cyana (Cyabarda) nambi sp. nov. similar to C. torrida is described from Uganda. Cyana torrida maculata Karisch, 2013 is upgraded to species rank and transferred to the subgenus Idiovulpecula Karisch, 2013: C. (Idiovulpecula) maculata Karisch, 2013, stat. nov. Two new species of the subgenus Idiovulpecula are described: C. (Idiovulpecula) lowa sp. nov. (Democratic Republic of the Congo) and C. (Idiovulpecula) foya sp. nov. (Liberia). Adults and genitalia of new and related species are illustrated.
Larvae of Cylindera (Eugrapha) contorta (Fleutiaux) (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) and general review of larval features in the subgenus Eugrapha
Authors: PUTCHKOV ALEXANDER V. , MARKINA TETIANA YU. , NITOCHKO MARIYA I.
Published: September 2019

All larval instars of the tiger beetle species Cylindera (Eugrapha) contorta (Fleutiaux) are described for the first time based on material from Southern Ukraine (Kherson Region). New data on habitat preferences, ecology and bionomy for adults and larvae of C. contorta are listed. Larval characters are differentiated for all instars of species in the subgenus Eugrapha and some other Palearctic genera of the subtribe Cicindelina. The key for second and third instar of all known larvae of Eugrapha is given.
Generation Mechanism of Tropical Instability Waves in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean
Authors: Tanaka Yuki , Hibiya Toshiyuki
Published: September 2019

Tropical instability waves (TIWs) are prominent features in the equatorial Pacific, propagating westward at a speed of ~0.5 m s−1 with a wavelength of ~1000 km. In this study, we show that a linear stability analysis using a 1.5-layer shallow water model can predict successfully an unstable mode whose wavelength, phase speed, growth rate, and meridional structure are all consistent with those of the TIWs simulated by an eddy-resolving ocean general circulation model (OGCM). This unstable mode can be interpreted as resulting from the coupling of two Rossby waves, namely, one trapped just north of the equator (~1°–3.5°N) and the other trapped farther north (~3.5°–8°N). Although these two Rossby waves have opposite intrinsic phase propagation directions reflecting the negative and positive local meridional potential vorticity (PV) gradients, respectively, their actual propagation direction can be adjusted through the advection by the South Equatorial Current and the North Equatorial Countercurrent such that they might propagate westward at the same speed and with the same zonal wavenumber yielding the largest growth rate of TIWs. The unstable mode does not appear during the period in which the negative PV gradient is absent, which demonstrates its essential role in generating TIWs. Indeed, the seasonal and interannual variability of the TIWs simulated by the OGCM is shown to be significantly controlled by the strength of the negative PV gradient just north of the equator, suggesting that it could be a key parameter toward a dynamically based parameterization of the heat and momentum transfer associated with TIWs in coarse-resolution OGCMs.
Frequency of Persistent Blocking and Ridge Events Related to Precipitation over Eastern China during August and Its Preceding Atmospheric Signals
Authors: Zhang Bo , Liu Ge , Zhu Yuejian , Shi Ning
Published: September 2019

Based on a recently developed approach that can recognize both persistent blocking and ridge events effectively, the contributions of the frequency of these persistent events (FOPE) over different regions in Eurasia to precipitation over eastern China were investigated. The results reveal that, the FOPE over the longitudinal range of 110°–130°E, near the Stanovoy Mountains and the Okhotsk Sea, is significantly correlated with precipitation over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (MLRYR) during summer, particularly in August. The preceding full July (or 1–20 July) mean Balkhash Lake–Caucasus geopotential height index, which measures the combined effect of the Balkhash Lake and Caucasus geopotential height anomalies, is closely related to the August geopotential height anomaly around the Stanovoy Mountains and the Okhotsk Sea, and can therefore reflect the August 110°–130°E FOPE. The predictability based on this preceding atmospheric signal seems to be attributable to slow-varying atmospheric processes on a subseasonal (20-day mean) time scale. On this time scale, the Balkhash Lake and Caucasus geopotential height anomalies occur prior to, and seem to modulate, the geopotential height anomaly around the Stanovoy Mountains and the associated 110°–130°E FOPE through an eastward extension and through exciting a positive–negative–positive pattern in 500-hPa geopotential heights, respectively. As a result of the slow-varying atmospheric processes, this preceding atmospheric signal performs well in predicting the August 110°–130°E FOPE, which also facilitates the prediction of the MLRYR precipitation.
Talismans and Amulets
Authors: Levin S.
Published: September 2019

Children in all parts of the world are today wearing charms around their necks or wrists. The nature of these charms is related to the views of a people on the role of their gods. Most people assume that there are gods who are benevolent and malevolent devils who work through demons, evil eyes, and witches. Talismans which record the name of the god, or one of his symbols such as a cross, or even of his supposed writings, enlist the assistance of that god. Amulets, in contrast, are for neutralizing the wicked effects of the malevolent gods. Favorite amulets include garlic bags, turquoise beads, and representations of the devil-god Baal. The familiar R is a talismanic invocation of ancient Horus, child-god of Egypt.
There's More than Cancer on the Brain!
Authors: Samuels LARRY D.
Published: September 2019

Scintigrams can usually allow distinction among these focal brain lesions in children and allow them to be distinguished from cancer.
Effectiveness of spinal cord Injury Rehabilitation
Authors: Inman Clive
Published: September 2019

As in other areas of rehabilitation, relatively small numbers and diversity –both of condition and of patients' goals – hinder the assimilation of robust evidence for the effectiveness of rehabilitation. Patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) tend to be gathered together in a small number of regional services, each with their own philosophy and each with different attitudes to outcome measurement, and thus collection of the existing trials for meta-analysis is problematic.

The marked improvement in outcome from SCI that has occurred with the development of specialist rehabilitation programmes argues strongly for the effectiveness of rehabilitation, and we have progressed beyond the point where randomized controlled trials that deny a group such intervention could be considered ethical. Current research is aimed at teasing apart the aspects of different care models that are most effective, or the evidence for the usefulness of interventions for control of symptoms such as spasticity and pain. This evidence is reviewed and discussed.
Implementation of Artificial Intelligence in Fashion: Are Consumers Ready?
Authors: Liang Yuli , Lee Seung-Hee , Workman Jane E.
Published: September 2019

Given the growing interest in combinations of fashion and digital innovations, it is critical for both researchers and retailers to understand how consumers respond to new technologies, especially artificial intelligence (AI). The purpose of the study was to examine consumers’ attitudes and purchase intention toward an AI device. By adapting the technology acceptance model, a conceptual model was constructed and tested related to consumers’ attitudes and purchase intention toward an AI device—Echo Look. A total of 313 subjects (61% female) between 18 and 65 years old in the top 10 metropolitan areas in the United States participated in the study. The results indicated that perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and performance risk were significant in consumers’ attitude toward AI. Positive attitudes toward technology positively influenced the purchase intention. Based on these results, theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Income Inequality and Health: Expanding Our Understanding of State-Level Effects by Using a Geospatial Big Data Approach
Authors: Haithcoat Timothy L. , Avery Eileen E. , Bowers Kelly A. , Hammer Richard D. , Shyu Chi-Ren
Published: September 2019

Merging geospatial analytics with big data approaches provides a mechanism for leveraging and maximizing uses of traditional survey data to further extant work in meaningful ways. This study examines the income inequality hypothesis, which proposes that ecological (summary-level) income inequality is harmful for population health. However, findings from extant work are inconsistent across health outcomes and levels of geography. We contribute to this debate by applying a big data geospatial approach to create three innovative measures that capture uniformity in income inequality across counties within U.S. states. Using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and American Community Survey, we evaluate multilevel models of individuals within states to examine the ways that income inequality, operationalized as the Gini coefficient, and three spatial uniformity measures that capture the way income inequality is dispersed across space within states, are associated with several health outcomes. Specifically, the uniformity measures capture the extent to which (1) inequality is uniformly distributed spatially in states regardless of whether the level is high or low, (2) the extent to which states are more uniformly high in inequality across space, and (3) the extent to which they are more uniformly low in inequality. We conclude that state income inequality did not predict worse health across these outcomes (and indeed was associated with lower odds of depression and obesity). However, residents of states that have more uniformly high inequality across space are more likely to report below-average health, cardiovascular disease, difficulty concentrating, and that they have not sought care because it was too expensive. We conclude with a discussion of how a big data geospatial approach can further contribute to research on this and other public health topics where scholars primarily rely on traditional survey data.
The Implications of Sociosexuality for Marital Satisfaction and Dissolution
Authors: French Juliana E. , Altgelt Emma E. , Meltzer Andrea L.
Published: September 2019

Most people will get married, and maintaining a quality marriage is critical to well-being. Nevertheless, many intimates experience declines in marital satisfaction, and a substantial proportion of marriages dissolve. Drawing from functional perspectives of human mating, we argue that one source of marital discord and dissolution is that people vary in their motivations to pursue uncommitted sex—that is, sociosexuality. We examined this possibility using data from two independent longitudinal studies of 204 newlywed couples and used actor–partner interdependence growth-curve modeling. Results demonstrated that relatively unrestricted (vs. restricted) sociosexuality was associated with an increased probability of relationship dissolution through declines in marital satisfaction over time. Additional exploratory analyses provided preliminary evidence suggesting that frequent sex, high sexual satisfaction, and low stress weaken this association. These primary findings suggest that strong motives to pursue uncommitted sex may interfere with marital success, and the latter findings suggest potential buffers for these negative outcomes.
Static performance of the aerostatic journal bearing with grooves
Authors: Chen Xinglong , Mills James K , Bao Gang
Published: September 2019

Aerostatic bearings are widely employed in precision machines due to their properties of low friction, low heat conduction, and long-life operation. In this work, static performance of the journal bearing with rectangular grooves is investigated numerically. The effect of geometrical parameters such as axial groove length [Formula: see text], circumferential groove length [Formula: see text], orifice diameter df, groove depth gh, misalignment angles [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] on the load capacity [Formula: see text], stiffness [Formula: see text], and gas flow rate [Formula: see text] are analyzed systematically. The resistance network method (RNM) is utilized to solve the Reynolds equation required in the analysis. Performance parameters including pressure distribution P, load force [Formula: see text], stiffness [Formula: see text], and gas flow rate [Formula: see text] are examined in the simulations.

It is revealed from the simulations that the proper value of axial groove length [Formula: see text] to obtain a better static performance varies from 1/8 to 1/2 when df varies between 0.11 and 0.29 mm, respectively. Therefore, a larger load force and stiffness can be obtained if [Formula: see text] is chosen to be 1/4, when diameter of the bearing orifice df equals 0.17 mm. It is also suggested that [Formula: see text] be chosen from the range of 1/6 and 1/3 to obtain a better static performance and a smaller gas flow rate. [Formula: see text] decreases with an increase in df when [Formula: see text] is set to be 1/8. However, the load force [Formula: see text] increases with an increase in df when [Formula: see text] varies from 3/8 to 1/2. [Formula: see text] has a significant influence on the changes of [Formula: see text] with df when [Formula: see text] is set to be constant. Therefore, df should be selected according to [Formula: see text] for an optimal design. The increase of misalignment angle [Formula: see text] leads to an increase in the load force [Formula: see text]. [Formula: see text] has little influence on the load force [Formula: see text]. Misalignment angles [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] have little influence on stiffness [Formula: see text] and gas flow rate [Formula: see text]. Therefore, it is preferable if [Formula: see text] is larger than 0 rad.
Who is most influential? Adolescents’ intergroup attitudes and peer influence within a social network
Authors: Zingora Tibor , Stark Tobias H. , Flache Andreas
Published: September 2019

Research has shown that adolescents’ intergroup attitudes are subject to friends’ influence, but it remains unknown if certain friends are more influential than others. Popular adolescents may be especially influential of their friends’ intergroup attitudes because they can set peer norms. We examined several indicators of popularity in social networks as possible determinants of social influence: sociometric popularity, prestige popularity, being a clique leader, and frequency of contact with friends. Longitudinal analysis of adolescents’ friendship networks (12–13 years, N = 837) allowed estimating influence of friends on adolescents’ intergroup attitudes, while controlling for the tendency of adolescents to befriend peers with similar intergroup attitudes. Results showed that adolescents’ intergroup attitudes changed in the direction of friends’ intergroup attitudes. Only peers who are popular in terms of having many friends (sociometric popular) were especially influential of their friends’ intergroup attitudes. These findings may inform future interventions aiming to reduce prejudice.
Trade connections’ effect on European regions’ interest in Brexit
Authors: Urbatsch Robert
Published: September 2019

The European Union’s deepening of international economic integration might be expected to correspondingly increase interest in policy (and news) related to trade partners. The United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the organization through invocation of Article 50 offers a particularly clear case for such potential effects, since it directly implicates the relevant economic ties. Yet, evidence from Google searches shows no such effect: European regions that particularly rely on trade with the United Kingdom devote no greater share of their search requests to Brexit-related topics, whether because the public is unaware of local trade linkages or uninterested in the other parties involved.
Pedagogic practices in a deregulated upper secondary school: Students’ attempts to influence their teaching
Authors: Bjarnadóttir Valgerður S. , Öhrn Elisabet , Johansson Monica
Published: September 2019

This article explores strategies, targets, and responses to young people’s attempts to influence pedagogic practices, and the variations between different programmes in a deregulated upper secondary school system. Using Basil Bernstein’s code theory, the study draws on ethnographic data from two of the most popular academic programmes in one upper secondary school in Iceland, the natural science programme and the social science programme. Students tried to a greater extent to influence the ‘how’ of their everyday education rather than the ‘what’. That is, neither of the student groups tried to influence the content of their lessons or courses. There was a strong framing of the selection of knowledge but variations in the framing of pacing and teaching methods, which presented students with various options as to what they tried to influence. The findings imply that mathematics within the natural science programme was a gatekeeper to students’ further studies as it was strongly framed and classified, and students’ attempts to slow down the pacing were unsuccessful. The students in the social science programme targeted monotonous teaching methods, without success. Some of the students responded to the failed attempts by interrupting classes and reducing lesson time for the whole group. The findings indicate that the deregulation of the upper secondary school curriculum needs to be considered, as it leads to stronger classification between schools, subjects, and programmes.
Academisation and teachers’ dilemmas
Authors: Hansson Kristina , Erixon Per-Olof
Published: September 2019

In 2010, the Swedish Education Act introduced new provisions stating that education at all levels should ‘rest on scientific grounds and proven experience’. These requirements led to greater policy activities at the state level and enhanced the cooperation emerging between the municipality and higher education as well as between teachers and researchers at both the middle and micro levels. This study was conducted in a Swedish municipality that adopted a local strategy to meet the Education Act’s scientific requirements for teaching. As part of this strategy, together with a university the municipality designed a postgraduate programme, corresponding to a one-year master’s level under the Bologna Agreement, made up of four years of part-time studies and with a focus on practical research and school development. This article examines how a sample of 15 teachers participating in this postgraduate programme, and their school leaders, perceive this policy (namely, education being based on scientific grounds) within the development of the teaching profession’s practice and which dilemmas they face while trying to interpret and handle the Education Act’s provisions in their schools. Our overall theoretical perspectives are those of policy enactment, academic drift and activity theory. The results indicate that the teachers’ participation in the postgraduate course has caused tension among their colleagues. Moreover, the teachers expressed a feeling of being ‘isolated cogs’ in an organisation and lacking supporting structures. For some, their participation is a step in a more individualised project that contributes primarily to their own professional development; for others, it is more of a collective project with which one can ‘lift’ one’s school and colleagues.
Human neutrophils depend on extrinsic factors produced by monocytes for their survival response to TLR4 stimulation
Authors: SenGupta Shuvasree , Rane Madhavi J , Uriarte Silvia M , Woolley Cassandra , Mitchell Thomas C
Published: September 2019

LPS delays neutrophil apoptosis by a process generally assumed to involve cell-intrinsic TLR4 signaling. However, neutrophil survival responses to LPS have been reported to be monocyte-dependent, which would indicate more complexity than is currently appreciated. We compared the survival responses of conventionally purified vs highly purified neutrophils to confirm or refute the need for secondary cell-types and to identify the cellular or molecular mechanisms involved. Direct stimulation of TLR4 failed to extend the survival of highly purified neutrophils, but survival activity was retained in less pure neutrophil preparations containing low numbers of eosinophils, monocytes, platelets and CD3+ lymphocytes. Sequential depletions identified monocytes as the only cell type required. Transfer of culture supernatants after lipid A-conditioning revealed that purified monocytes were sufficient for production of nearly all of the survival activity observed in mixed populations. The survival factors secreted upon TLR4 stimulation remain unidentified, but were not correlated with IL-1β, IL-6 or TNF-α nor could survival activity be inhibited by Ab blockade of IL-8 or of several other candidate factors other than endogenously produced GM-CSF, which was responsible for about one-tenth of the survival activity present in conditioned supernatants. These observations confirm that ex vivo neutrophil survival responses to TLR4 agonists are not cell intrinsic and involve potentially novel factors secreted by TLR4-stimulated monocytes.
Effect of Zileuton Treatment on Sinonasal Quality of Life in Patients with Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease
Authors: Lee Saangyoung E. , Farquhar Douglas R. , Adams Katherine N. , Masood Maheer M. , Senior Brent A. , Thorp Brian D. , Zanation Adam M. , Ebert Charles S.
Published: September 2019

Background

Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is a subtype of chronic sinusitis comprised of asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, and a non-IgE hypersensitivity to cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitors. AERD is typically refractory to medical and often surgical management and causes significant quality-of-life concerns for patients.

Objective

This study aimed to retrospectively assess the rhinologic disease-specific outcomes as well as quality-of-life metrics in a cohort of AERD patients who medically manage their condition with zileuton, a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor.

Methods

Retrospective review of 45 patients at a tertiary care center with diagnosis of AERD who underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) with at least 6 months of pre- and postoperative clinical data were included in the study. Zileuton cohort chosen based on intention-to-treat after initial FESS. Background data collected included patient demographics, surgery information, and zileuton initiation dates. Zileuton and control cohorts were followed for 2.8 and 2.4 years, respectively. Outcomes measured were rhinosinusitis disability index (RSDI) scores, antibiotics use, corticosteroid use, otolaryngology visits, and time to revision surgery.

Results

RSDI scores, antibiotics use, corticosteroid use, otolaryngology visits, and time to revision surgery had no statistically significant difference between cohorts. However, those taking zileuton tended to undergo fewer revision surgeries during the study.

Conclusion

Zileuton therapy for AERD patients shows no statistical benefit for rhinologic quality-of-life symptoms but may be useful in diminishing frequency of surgical intervention. In addition, pulmonary symptoms may be improved by treatment but were not assessed. Future study is warranted.
Early vedolizumab trough levels predict treatment persistence over the first year in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Guidi Luisa , Pugliese Daniela , Tonucci Tommaso Panici , Bertani Lorenzo , Costa Francesco , Privitera Giuseppe , Tolusso Barbara , Di Mario Clara , Albano Eleonora , Tapete Gherardo , Gremese Elisa , Papa Alfredo , Gasbarrini Antonio , Rapaccini Gian Ludovico , Armuzzi Alessandro
Published: September 2019

Background

Data from trials of vedolizumab for inflammatory bowel disease and from real‐world studies suggest an exposure‐response relationship, such that vedolizumab trough levels may predict clinical and endoscopic outcomes.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to evaluate in a prospective observational study the utility of an early vedolizumab trough level assay for predicting the first‐year vedolizumab therapy outcome.

Methods

This prospective observational study included consecutive inflammatory bowel disease patients. We measured vedolizumab trough levels and anti‐vedolizumab antibodies at weeks 6 and 14. Clinical outcome was assessed at weeks 6, 14, 22 and 54. The primary endpoint was the correlation between early vedolizumab trough levels and vedolizumab persistence over the first year of treatment, defined as the maintenance of vedolizumab therapy due to sustained clinical benefit.

Results

We included 101 patients initiating vedolizumab. A cut‐off vedolizumab trough level of 16.55 µg/ml at week 14 predicted vedolizumab persistence within the first year of therapy, with 73.3% sensitivity and 59.4% specificity (p = 0.0009). Week 14 vedolizumab trough level was significantly higher in patients with clinical remission at weeks 14, 22 and 54; and in patients achieving mucosal healing within 54 weeks.

Conclusion

High vedolizumab trough level at week 14 was associated with a higher probability of maintaining vedolizumab therapy over the first year due to sustained clinical benefit.
Distribution of the feline lungworm Aelurostrongylus abstrusus in the USA based on fecal testing
Authors: Carruth Ariel J , Buch Jesse S , Braff Jennifer C , Chandrashekar Ramaswamy , Bowman Dwight D
Published: September 2019

Objectives

The aim of this study was to compile commercial reference laboratory data over a 10-year period to determine the distribution of Aelurostrongylus abstrusus, commonly known as feline lungworm, within the USA based on widespread fecal testing in cats.

Methods

The results of 3,610,455 feline ova and parasite (O&P) zinc sulfate centrifugation fecal flotation tests performed at IDEXX Reference Laboratories in the USA from January 2008 to December 2017 were compiled and sorted for tests positive for A abstrusus larvae. The results of 3625 Baermann tests, currently considered the gold standard diagnostic for feline lungworm, were also retrieved from the same period.

Results

Of the tests performed, 4721 (0.13%) feline O&P zinc sulfate centrifugation fecal flotation tests and 75 (2.07%) of the Baermann tests conducted were positive for the presence of A abstrusus larvae. The O&P data revealed a significant association between infection status and sex, while male cats in both the O&P and Baermann data sets had a higher risk of A abstrusus infection than females. Significant variation in positive rates were observed by region and most positive cases were clustered in the Northeast, Midwest and West regions of the USA.

Conclusions and relevance

This study highlights the distribution of feline lungworm in the USA and the limitations of using current testing to diagnose this infection. The introduction of higher throughput, less labor-intensive diagnostic methods could help increase awareness of this parasite among veterinary professionals, achieve a greater understanding of epidemiological factors, and improve the care and treatment for clinically ill feline patients.
Use of a Retrospective Methodology to Examine the Process of Care Surrounding Serious Medical Events in HIV-Positive Patients: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Pool Erica R M , Cooper Vanessa , Youssef Elaney , Wright Juliet , Skittrall Jordan , Blach Ola , Fisher Martin , Smith Helen
Published: September 2019

Introduction:

Comorbidities are increasingly common among people living with HIV (PLWH) as they age. There is no evidence regarding models of care. We aimed to assess feasibility of a novel methodology to investigate care processes for serious medical events in PLWH.

Method:

The method was based on the National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (NCEPOD). Data were extracted from medical records and questionnaires completed by general practitioners (GPs), HIV physicians, and non-HIV specialist physicians. A panel reviewed anonymized cases and gave feedback on the review process.

Results:

Eleven of 13 patients consented to the study. Questionnaires were completed by 64% of HIV physicians, 67% of non-HIV specialist physicians, and 55% of GPs. The independent review panel (IRP) advised improvement in the methodology including data presentation and timing.

Conclusion:

This method was acceptable to patients and secondary care physicians. Further work is needed to the improve GP responses and facilitate IRP.
The Role of Place, Geography, and Geographic Information Systems in Educational Research
Authors: Mann Bryan , Saultz Andrew
Published: September 2019

Despite the strong relationship between geography and education policy, educational research tends to draw from other fields of inquiry such as economics, political science, and history. This special topics collection centers the usefulness of geography and place in educational policy research. The introduction explains the rationale for the collection and discusses the themes and articles in the collection. We conclude with a call for researchers, policy makers, and colleges of education to enhance their capacity in incorporating geographic thinking into educational policy research.
Anatomic Augmented Glenoid Implants for the Management of the B2 Glenoid
Authors: Friedman Lisa GM , Garrigues Grant E
Published: September 2019

The B2 glenoid is defined by Walch et al. as a glenoid that is biconcave with posterior erosion accompanied by posterior humeral head subluxation. This creates unique challenges for the treating orthopedic surgeon. Bone loss, excessive retroversion, and posterior subluxation make anatomic shoulder arthroplasty in this setting fraught with increased complications, including instability, glenoid component loosening, and poor clinical outcomes. Many techniques have been devised to treat the arthritic shoulder with a B2 glenoid, including hemiarthroplasty, total shoulder arthroplasty using eccentric reaming, bone grafting and custom implantation, and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty. In this review, we will focus on anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty using augmented glenoid implants to treat the B2 glenoid. Indications, clinical results, and basic science analyses of augmented anatomic glenoids are also discussed.
Race, privilege and the exclusivity of farm internships: Ecological agricultural education and the implications for food movements
Authors: Levkoe Charles Z. , Offeh-Gyimah Abena
Published: September 2019

Internships have become a prominent way of training new ecological farmers across North America. This paper interrogates the social identities of these interns asking: Who is being trained as the next generation of ecological farmers and what are the implications for food movements more broadly? Our research reveals a series of privileges associated with the ability to work for little or no remuneration and to access rural spaces where most internships are located. We argue that, while providing valuable knowledge and skills, the dominant model of ecological farm internships privileges white, middle-class young people and creates barriers to entry for racialized people, thereby limiting access to the subsequent education, training and other privileges awarded as part of the experience. In addition, this model hinders opportunities for building a more diverse ecological farming sector by reproducing a particular kind of farmer, limiting the impact of food movements.
Eosinophil-platelet interactions promote atherosclerosis and stabilize thrombosis with eosinophil extracellular traps
Authors: Marx Charlotte , Novotny Julia , Salbeck Danby , Zellner Katie R. , Nicolai Leo , Pekayvaz Kami , Kilani Badr , Stockhausen Sven , Bürgener Niklas , Kupka Danny , Stocker Thomas J. , Weckbach Ludwig T. , Pircher Joachim , Moser Markus , Joner Michael , Desmet Walter , Adriaenssens Tom , Neumann Franz-Josef , Gerschlick Anthony H. , ten Berg Jurrien M. , Lorenz Michael , Stark Konstantin
Published: September 2019

This study uses genetic and pharmacologic approaches to demonstrate novel roles of eosinophils in the progression of atherosclerosis and arterial thrombosis.
The microbiome in bronchiectasis
Authors: Richardson Hollian , Dicker Alison J. , Barclay Heather , Chalmers James D.
Published: September 2019

Bronchiectasis is increasing in prevalence worldwide, yet current treatments available are limited to those alleviating symptoms and reducing exacerbations. The pathogenesis of the disease and the inflammatory, infective and molecular drivers of disease progression are not fully understood, making the development of novel treatments challenging. Understanding the role bacteria play in disease progression has been enhanced by the use of next-generation sequencing techniques such as 16S rRNA sequencing. The microbiome has not been extensively studied in bronchiectasis, but existing data show lung bacterial communities dominated byPseudomonas,HaemophilusandStreptococcus, while exhibiting intraindividual stability and large interindividual variability.Pseudomonas-andHaemophilus-dominated microbiomes have been shown to be linked to severe disease and frequent exacerbations. Studies completed to date are limited in size and do not fully represent all clinically observed disease subtypes. Further research is required to understand the microbiomes role in bronchiectasis disease progression. This review discusses recent developments and future perspectives on the lung microbiome in bronchiectasis.
Batch automated image processing of 2D seismic data for salt discrimination and basin-wide mapping
Authors: Morris Scott , Li Shuang , Dupont Tony , Grace John D.
Published: September 2019

We have explored the technical utility of analyzing massive sets of digital 2D seismic data, collected and processed in dozens of different surveys, conducted more than 25 years ago, using batch, automated and unsupervised pattern recognition techniques to produce a basin-wide map of the top of salt. This workflow was developed for the United States portion of the Gulf of Mexico to detect top-salt boundaries on 2D poststack migrated lines. Texture-based attributes as well as novel, reflector-based attributes were used to discriminate between salt and nonsalt on each seismic line. Explicit measures of accuracy were not calculated because the data are unlabeled, but an assessment of confidence was used to score the boundaries. The depth to the top of the salt was estimated for more than 67% of the study area ([Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text]), 17% of the study area had insufficient data for processing and analysis, and 16% of the area did not meet confidence requirements for inclusion. The final results compared well with published maps of salt and the locations of salt-trapped fields. Reliable mapping of salt deeper than 6 s two-way time could not be achieved with this data set and approach because many seismic images had indistinguishable features at this depth. The computing time was greater than linear in the number of lines, but parallelization and changes in hardware configuration could reduce the run time of about three weeks to about three days.
Meet West Africa deep exploration challenge with geomorphology and targeted amplitude variation with offset inversion
Authors: Xu Ellen Xiaoxia , Jin Yu , Coyle Sarah , Tiwary Dileep , Posamentier Henry , Royle Andrew , Zhang Zhao
Published: September 2019

Seismic amplitude has played a critical role in the exploration and exploitation of hydrocarbon in West Africa. Class 3 and 2 amplitude variation with offset (AVO) was extensively used as a direct hydrocarbon indicator and reservoir prediction tool in Neogene assets. As exploration advanced to deeper targets with class 1 AVO seismic character, the usage of seismic amplitude for reservoir presence and quality prediction became challenged. To overcome this obstacle, (1) we used seismic geomorphology to infer reservoir presence and precisely target geophysical analysis on reservoir prone intervals, (2) we applied rigorous prestack data preparation to ensure the accuracy and precision of AVO simultaneous inversion for reservoir quality prediction, and (3) we used lateral statistic method to sum up AVO behavior in regions of contrasts to infer reservoir quality changes. We have evaluated a case study in which the use of the above three techniques resulted in confident prediction of reservoir presence and quality. Our results reduced the uncertainty around the biggest risk element in reservoir among the source, charge, and trap mechanism in the prospecting area. This work ultimately made a significant contribution toward a confident resource booking.
Characterization of a shale-gas reservoir based on a seismic amplitude variation with offset inversion for transverse isotropy with vertical axis of symmetry media and quantitative seismic interpretation
Authors: Zhang Feng , Wang Lin , Li Xiang-Yang
Published: September 2019

The Lower Silurian shale-gas formation in the south of the Sichuan Basin represents a strong transverse isotropy with vertical axis of symmetry (VTI) feature. Successful characterization of shale-gas formation requires handling the great influence of anisotropy in the seismic wave propagation. Seismic amplitude variation with offset (AVO) inversion for VTI media using PP-waves only is a difficult issue because more than three parameters need to be estimated and such an inverse problem is highly ill posed. We have applied an AVO inversion method for VTI media based on a modified approximation of the PP-wave reflection coefficient. This approximation consists of only three model parameters: the acoustic impedance (attribute [Formula: see text]), shear modulus proportional to the anellipticity parameter (attribute [Formula: see text]), and the approximated horizontal P-wave velocity (attribute [Formula: see text]), which can be well-inverted and have great interpretation capability in shale-gas reservoir characterization. A statistical-rock-physics method was then applied to the inverted attributes for quantitative interpretation of the shale-gas reservoir. A Markov random field is combined with Bayesian rule to improve the continuity and accuracy of the interpretation results. Shales can be successfully discriminated from surrounding formations by using the attribute pair [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text], and the organic-rich gas-bearing shale can be successfully identified by using the attribute pair [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]. Comparison between the prediction results and well logs demonstrates the feasibility of the inversion and quantitative interpretation approaches.
A perturbed ghost model for estimating air-gun array signatures
Authors: Telling Rob , Grion Sergio
Published: September 2019

Source designature for seismic data acquired using an air-gun array aims to remove the effects of pulse asymmetry, bubble oscillation, array directivity, and ghosting at the sea surface. For the process to be successful, we require an accurate representation of the source signature in the far field over the full data bandwidth. The well-established approach to this problem is to derive signatures from hydrophone data recorded in the near field of the source array. We perform a least-squares inversion of the near-field data, using a representation of the physics of propagation within the vicinity of the array, according to the measured geometry and incorporating bubble motion and source ghost formation. While ghost formation is typically treated using a simple linear model of propagation and reflection at the sea surface, observations suggest that this may be too simplistic. For example, ghost amplitudes are often found to be lower than expected, and features indicative of acoustically induced cavitation are observed. Hence there is interest in developing approaches that allow us to solve for the ghost directly using additional measurements made in the near field. We present an approach that builds on the standard method of inverting for notional sources and that seeks to take account of nonlinear perturbations to the downgoing wavefield, including attenuation of the ghost. Perturbation of the ghost is described using a series of virtual notional sources situated in the water column between the guns and the sea surface. This is found to provide a more accurate treatment of the ghost and does not require optimization of model parameters as is often necessary in practice with the standard approach. It is also found that the inversion is more stable than an alternative parameter-free approach that solves directly for real and mirror virtual notional sources. The improved performance and stability are demonstrated with a field data example.
Semipermanent ocean-bottom seismic node: Toward practical reservoir monitoring
Authors: Shimizu Satoshi , Katagiri Masaya , Watarai Yuta , Ueda Yoshitaka , Sack Peter , Gonzalez Francisco
Published: September 2019

Seismic reservoir monitoring has been found to be effective with recent ocean-bottom seismic techniques. The technology of ocean-bottom nodes can be extended to a semipermanent ocean-bottom-node (SPN) acquisition type, which is fixed on the seabed and activated on demand for reservoir monitoring. A newly developed SPN method allows a high-speed underwater optical to communicate with a remotely operated vehicle or an autonomous underwater vehicle to stably harvest seismic data on multiple repeat surveys. Long-term capabilities of deployment life, cumulative recording time, and internal clock characteristics are also key technologies for practical use of SPN acquisition. This is an alternative to fixed ocean-bottom cables that are currently a major tool of permanent reservoir monitoring. SPN acquisition will present more flexibility for receiver spreads, low installation cost, and fewer risks for asset management compared with existing seabed technologies.
Safeguarding the Child and Adolescent Athlete
Authors: Lamb Micah , Kuhn Andrew W. , LaBotz Michele , Diamond Alex B.
Published: September 2019

Youth athletics can provide numerous benefits to children. Until recently, athletics have been relatively free from scrutiny over the ways they put participants at risk. While it was often disregarded in early childhood research, athletics emerged as an avenue of child abuse in the 1980s. Individual cases reporting maltreatment of children participating in sports certainly existed, but these were felt to be single instances, not sentinel events. By the 1990s a small body of research had been established showing a pattern of abuse, spurring sporting organizations and governing bodies to assess their own policies and produce rough standards for safeguarding children against abuse. While multiple strides have been taken, there still exist gaps in knowledge surrounding abuse of child and adolescent athletes. This article reviews the scope and prevalence of abuse in youth athletics, definitions and what ultimately constitutes “abuse,” the unique aspects of abuse in sport, and recognition and preventative efforts.
Adolescent Pitcher Recovery from Partial Ulnar Collateral Ligament Tear after Platelet-Rich Plasma
Authors: Gordon Andrew H. , De Luigi Arthur Jason
Published: September 2019

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), as a regenerative treatment for partial ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) tears, is validated to lead to faster clinical recovery and return to play in adult athletes. However, studies examining such a role of PRP in younger pediatric and adolescent athletes are scarce. A 14-year-old adolescent throwing athlete, a right-handed pitcher, presented with chronic right medial elbow pain discovered to be secondary to a partial UCL tear, as identified on both ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. A single ultrasound-guided injection of PRP to the pathologic site of the partial UCL tear, in concert with our standardized rehabilitation protocol for throwing athletes after UCL injuries, enabled the boy to heal and return to throwing at full pitching distance without pain and without complications. This emphasizes the utility of PRP as a regenerative treatment option in an adolescent throwing athlete.
Integration of Wearable Sensors Into the Evaluation of Running Economy and Foot Mechanics in Elite Runners
Authors: Muniz-Pardos Borja , Sutehall Shaun , Gellaerts Jules , Falbriard Mathieu , Mariani Benoît , Bosch Andrew , Asrat Mersha , Schaible Jonathan , Pitsiladis Yannis P.
Published: September 2019

Running economy, known as the steady-state oxygen consumption at a given submaximal intensity, has been proposed as one of the key factors differentiating East African runners from other running communities around the world. Kenyan runners have dominated middle- and long-distance running events and this phenomenon has been attributed, in part at least, to their exceptional running economy. Despite such speculation, there are no data on running mechanics during real-life situations such as during training or competition. The use of innovative wearable devices together with real-time analysis of data will represent a paradigm shift in the study of running biomechanics and could potentially help explain the outstanding performances of certain athletes. For example, the integration of foot worn inertial sensors into the training and racing of athletes will enable coaches and researchers to investigate foot mechanics (e.g.,an accurate set of variables such as pitch and eversion angles, cadence, symmetry, contact and flight times or swing times) during real-life activities and facilitate feedback in real-time. The same technological approach also can be used to help the athlete, coach, sports physician, and sport scientist make better informed decisions in terms of performance and efficacy of interventions, treatments or injury prevention; a kind of “telesport” equivalent to “telemedicine.” There also is the opportunity to use this real-time technology to advance broadcasting of sporting events with the transmission of real-time performance metrics and in doing so enhance the level of entertainment, interest, and engagement of enthusiasts in the broadcast and the sport. Such technological advances that are able to unobtrusively augment personal experience and interaction, represent an unprecedented opportunity to transform the world of sport for participants, spectators, and all relevant stakeholders.
Significance of Asymptomatic Tendon Pathology in Athletes
Authors: Splittgerber Lauren E. , Ihm Joseph M.
Published: September 2019

Symptomatic tendinopathy can be a disabling condition for athletes. Common sites of tendinopathy in athletes include the rotator cuff (RTC), Achilles, and patellar tendons. Advanced imaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound occasionally identify tendinopathic changes in asymptomatic individuals. Such asymptomatic changes have been documented in the RTC, Achilles, and patellar tendons of athletes. In the RTC, tendinopathy, partial-, and full-thickness tears have been demonstrated in asymptomatic athletes, though only small numbers of these athletes may develop symptoms despite prolonged periods of ongoing, competitive play. In the Achilles and patellar tendons, neovascularization, hypoechogenicity, and tendon thickening are commonly noted findings in asymptomatic athletes, and though all have been associated with tendon pain in the literature, there is some inconsistency as to which are the strongest predictors of future tendon pain. Evidence on how best to address or intervene upon such asymptomatic changes is limited.