bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alzheimer’s β‐amyloid peptide blocks vascular endothelial growth factor mediated signaling via direct interaction with VEGFR‐2
Authors: Patel Nikunj S. , Mathura Venkatarajan S. , Bachmeier Corbin , Beaulieu‐Abdelahad David , Laporte Vincent , Weeks Ophelia , Mullan Michael , Paris Daniel
Published: October 2009

J. Neurochem. (2010) 112, 66–76.

Beta‐amyloid peptides (Aβ) are the major constituents of senile plaques and cerebrovascular deposits in the brains of Alzheimer’s disease patients. We have shown previously that soluble forms of Aβ are anti‐angiogenic both in vitro and in vivo. However, the mechanism of the anti‐angiogenic activity of Aβ peptides is unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of Aβ1–42 on vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR‐2) signaling, which plays a key role in angiogenesis. Aβ inhibited VEGF‐induced migration of endothelial cells, as well as VEGF‐induced permeability of an in vitro model of the blood brain barrier. Consistently, exogenous VEGF dose‐dependently antagonized the anti‐angiogenic activity of Aβ in a capillary network assay. Aβ1–42 also blocked VEGF‐induced tyrosine phosphorylation of VEGFR‐2 in two types of primary endothelial cells, suggesting an antagonistic action of Aβ toward VEGFR‐2 signaling in cells. Moreover, Aβ was able to directly interact with the extracellular domain of VEGFR‐2 and to compete with the binding of VEGF to its receptor in a cell‐free assay. Co‐immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed that Aβ can bind VEGFR‐2 both in vitro and in vivo. Altogether, our data suggest that Aβ acts as an antagonist of VEGFR‐2 and provide a mechanism explaining the anti‐angiogenic activity of Aβ peptides.
Mechanisms involved in the neurotoxic effects of environmental toxicants such as polychlorinated biphenyls and brominated flame retardants
Authors: Fonnum Frode , Mariussen Espen
Published: October 2009

Many toxic substances have been distributed to the environment, some of which have properties that promote accumulation and biomagnification in living organisms. Approximately 1.2 million metric tons of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been produced and about 30% have been discharged to the environment. Approximately 200 000 metric tons of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are produced annually, of which considerable amounts have been spread globally, even to the Polar Regions. Behavioral testing of animals has shown that these compounds may affect learning, memory and fine motor functions. Animals are most sensitive during early development. Several epidemiological studies have shown that PCBs and BFRs may be responsible for similar effects in humans. Of especially concern are possible effects of PCBs and BFRs in mixtures containing the highly neurotoxic methyl mercury. The compounds affect several targets in the nervous system that seem to be interconnected, and may be responsible for the observed behavioral deficits. It was shown early that PCBs affect dopamine and serotonin levels in the brain. Later studies showed that transport mechanisms of these neurotransmitters appear to be particularly sensitive to PCBs. Furthermore, PCBs affect intracellular calcium levels and induce formation of reactive oxygen species bothin vivoandin vitro, and reduce cell viabilityin vitro.Neuroendocrine functions, particularly the thyroid hormone system, are also sensitive to disruption by PCBs and BFRs. Their metabolites, such as hydroxy‐metabolites, appear to be particularly potent. We conclude that PCBs are particularly toxic during early development and that the toxic effects are a combination of several factors, including disturbance of calcium homeostasis, oxidative stress, and influence on neurotransmitter transport. Monoaminergic cells appear to be particularly vulnerable.
In vivo neurochemical profiling of rat brain by 1H‐[13C] NMR spectroscopy: cerebral energetics and glutamatergic/GABAergic neurotransmission
Authors: Van Eijsden Pieter , Behar Kevin L. , Mason Graeme F. , Braun Kees P. J. , De Graaf Robin A.
Published: October 2009

J. Neurochem. (2010) 112, 24–33.

The quantification of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission and the associated energy metabolism is crucial for a proper understanding of brain function. Although the detection of glutamatergic neurotransmission in vivo by 13C NMR spectroscopy is now relatively routine, the detection of GABAergic neurotransmission in vivo has remained elusive because of the low GABA concentration and spectral overlap. Using 1H‐[13C] NMR spectroscopy at high magnetic field in combination with robust spectral modeling and the use of different substrates, [U‐13C6]‐glucose and [2‐13C]‐acetate, it is shown that GABAergic, as well as glutamatergic neurotransmitter fluxes can be detected non‐invasively in rat brain in vivo.
Bilirubin selectively inhibits cytochrome c oxidase activity and induces apoptosis in immature cortical neurons: assessment of the protective effects of glycoursodeoxycholic acid
Authors: Vaz Ana Rita , Delgado‐Esteban Maria , Brito Maria Alexandra , Bolaños Juan P. , Brites Dora , Almeida Angeles
Published: October 2009

J. Neurochem. (2010) 112, 56–65.

High levels of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) may initiate encephalopathy in neonatal life, mainly in pre‐mature infants. The molecular mechanisms of this bilirubin‐induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND) are not yet clarified and no neuroprotective strategy is currently worldwide accepted. Here, we show that UCB, at conditions mimicking those of hyperbilirubinemic newborns (50 μM UCB in the presence of 100 μM human serum albumin), rapidly (within 1 h) inhibited cytochrome c oxidase activity and ascorbate‐driven oxygen consumption in 3 days in vitro rat cortical neurons. This was accompanied by a bioenergetic and oxidative crisis, and apoptotic cell death, as judged by the collapse of the inner‐mitochondrial membrane potential, increased glycolytic activity, superoxide anion radical production, and ATP release, as well as disruption of glutathione redox status. Furthermore, the antioxidant compound glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA) fully abrogated UCB‐induced cytochrome c oxidase inhibition and significantly prevented oxidative stress, metabolic alterations, and cell demise. These results suggest that the neurotoxicity associated with neonatal bilirubin‐induced encephalopathy occur through a dysregulation of energy metabolism, and supports the notion that GUDCA may be useful in the treatment of BIND.
Membrane‐initiated estradiol signaling increases tyrosine hydroxylase promoter activity with ERα in PC12 cells
Authors: Maharjan Shreekrishna , Serova Lidia I. , Sabban Esther L.
Published: October 2009

J. Neurochem. (2010) 112, 42–55.

Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter activity is induced by 17β‐estradiol (E2) in PC12 cells expressing estradiol receptor‐alpha (ERα) requiring a cAMP/calcium response element (CRE/CaRE) at −45. To examine whether membrane‐initiated estradiol signaling is underlying this induction, cells co‐transfected with TH reporter construct and ERα expression vector were exposed to membrane‐impermeant estradiol conjugate (β‐estradiol‐6‐(O‐carboxy‐methyl) oxime‐bovine serum albumin, E2BSA). TH promoter activity was elevated by E2BSA in dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. E2BSA also elicited rapid phosphorylation of CRE binding protein (CREB) and increased CRE‐driven promoter activity. Over‐expression of dominant negative forms of CREB, with mutations in DNA binding or phosphorylation site, prevented TH promoter response to E2BSA. Pre‐treatment with protein kinase A (PKA) and MEK inhibitors reduced E2 dependent phosphorylation of CREB and ERK, and also decreased induction of TH promoter activity by E2 or E2BSA. Blocking S‐palmitoylation of ERα with C451A mutation and/or pre‐treatment with 2‐Bromopalmitate did not prevent but instead enhanced E2 or E2BSA‐elicited induction of TH promoter activity. These findings reveal, for the first time, that estradiol induction of TH gene transcription with ERα in PC12 cells involves membrane‐initiated estradiol signaling, rapid activation of dual PKA/MEK signaling pathways, leading to CREB phosphorylation, acting at CRE/CaRE. The data demonstrate possible mechanism whereby estradiol affects catecholaminergic systems in vivo.
THE USE OF OXYGEN ISOTOPES IN SHEEP MOLARS TO INVESTIGATE PAST HERDING PRACTICES AT THE NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT OF ÇATALHÖYÜK, CENTRAL ANATOLIA
Authors: HENTON E. , MEIER‐AUGENSTEIN W. , KEMP H. F.
Published: October 2009

This paper presents a pilot study designed to test the use of oxygen isotopes for investigating aspects of early herding practices in the Neolithic of western Asia, using the site of Çatalhöyük in central Anatolia as a case study. Time‐sequenced δ18O values in dental enamel of archaeological sheep are assessed for post‐depositional diagenetic effects and compared with seasonal δ18O meteoric water values in the region today. The evidence is used to indicate the environmental conditions in which individual sheep spent their first year, enabling management of breeding and birthing seasons, and movement to seasonal pastures, to be investigated.
England or Uruguay? The persistence of place and the myth of the placeless Gypsy
Authors: Kabachnik Peter
Published: October 2009

The Roma are often depicted as not only not having a place, but not caring about place. I refer to this common association as the ‘myth of the placeless Gypsy’. There is a need to challenge the myth of the placeless Gypsy as these types of representations further stigmatise the Roma community. To accomplish this I examine the geographies underpinning the Romani Studies discourse in order to see how the Roma's relationship to place is constructed. In this article, I examine four ethnographies about the Roma to highlight how academic representations help to further reinforce the idea that Roma are placeless. I find that even in in‐depth studies, authors simultaneously reproduce and deny the myth of the placeless Gypsy. Despite explicit pronouncements that Roma are placeless, these authors in their detailed discussions of Roma practices actually emphasise the importance of place. In order to account for this incongruity, it is crucial to understand how place is being conceptualised, as limited, essentialist definitions of place typically make it easier to render Roma placeless.
SAFE WATER FOR ALL
Authors: BURTON IAN
Published: October 2009

The supply of safe water is both a necessary condition for human wellbeing and a significant contribution to national production. In reviewing the progress to date, the author finds room for optimism but not complacency. He discusses the elements of success and failure of rural water supply programmes, highlighting the interface which must exist between national planners and local communities. He also draws attention to action needed from governments and international organizations.
RURAL WATER MANAGEMENT IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Authors: WIENER AARON
Published: October 2009

The author focuses on the need in developing countries for an integrated approach to rural water planning and management, advocating that it can and must play a central role in overall rural development and social transformation. He juxtaposes the approaches indicated by the widely differing conditions in developed and developing countries and illustrates, with reference to irrigated agriculture, the appropriate strategies for developing countries to maximize the benefits of water as an input into overall development.
SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING OF NATURAL RESOURCES: SOME ISSUES TO BE RESOLVED
Authors: WALTON KEITH
Published: October 2009

Satellite remote sensing has emerged as a tool which is highly appropriate to the development process. Its applications already are numerous, ranging from the monitoring of catastrophic or geophysical phenomena at the global scale to the delineation of local mineral resources. The author reviews the conditions under which these applications are taking place and outlines the major issues and problems which will have to be resolved if the maximum benefit is to be derived from satellite remote sensing. He also examines the current and future role of an international infrastructure within which the debate on management may be continued and the specific applications be made more effective.
POST‐GRADUATE TRAINING AND RESEARCH IN APPLIED SCIENCE IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: THE CASE OF MINERAL EXPLORATION
Authors: HALE W. E. , GOVETT G. J. S. , GOVETT M. H.
Published: October 2009

If a developing country decides to devote scarce human and material resources to post‐graduate training and research in an applied science ‐ based on a realistic assessment that the potential benefits from such an investment are likely to exceed the benefits from alternative investments ‐ several approaches exist. The authors examine these alternatives as they apply to mineral exploration. They argue that if recourse is made to overseas training, programmes should be restricted by aid agencies to universities that will provide applied research subjects in the trainees' own countries. ‘Twinning’ arrangements between institutions in developing and developed countries may be useful if faculty in the developed country university are interested in and available for overseas work and if university administrations are aware of potential problems. The authors also discuss the provision of short‐term non‐academic fellowships in applied research, an approach which has not been used to extent it deserves.
LIFTING THE VEIL FROM TRANSNATIONAL MINERAL CONTRACTS: A REVIEW OF RECENT LITERATURE
Authors: WAELDE THOMAS W.
Published: October 2009

The author reviews the recent literature on mineral contracts focusing on Smith and Wells' Negotiating Third World Mineral Agreements. He uses the outline of that book to offer a critique of some aspects of the negotiation process and of the position of the negotiating parties, with particular emphasis on most recent forms of agreement.
FRONTIER AREAS, RESOURCES, AND DEVELOPING NATIONS: THE CASE OF GUATEMALA
Authors: McINTOSH TERRY L. , FITZSIMMONS ALLAN K.
Published: October 2009

The conscientious and planned integration of frontier areas into the national economy can at least partially alleviate both environmental and economic problems that are common to many developing countries. Full development of the agricultural potential of frontier areas can lessen the environmental deterioration often found in traditionally settled regions. Exploitation of mineral resources, in particular energy resources, can lessen economic burdens associated with increased costs of imported energy. The authors examine how recent international developments have spurred the government of Guatemala to undertake measures designed to develop a previously underutilized region. The short term negative consequences of increased costs for imported grains and petroleum may well have a positive result in the long term insofar as they lead to more balanced and rational use of land and resources.
AGRICULTURE, WATER AND ENVIRONMENT IN BOTSWANA: A PROBLEM OF POLICY
Authors: STEVENSON ALEXANDER
Published: October 2009

In many countries, an increasing amount of attention is being paid to the economic and environmental repercussions of mineral resources development, and in particular to the problems of industrialisation of an agricultural society. In Botswana, the discovery of and planning for the development of nickel deposits is an important element of national policy. However, often overlooked is the basic and continuing role that has to be provided by the agricultural sector. The pressure of people and of livestock on the land, and the extension of cultivation into increasingly fragile environments where the availability of water is a critical constraint, pose serious problems for policy makers. The author examines the dilemma in a case study of Botswana, showing how changes in the agricultural sector have precipitated problems of water supply and of environmental stress. The need for inter‐disciplinary approaches to policy making is underscored, together with detailed and integrated studies of the dimensions of these inter‐related problems. The problem of the availability of water in adequate quantities and of appropriate quality has become a serious policy concern. Later this year the United Nations Conference on Desertification will address the broad scope of the relationships between man, land and water. This article examines one example of these changing relationships.
INVESTMENT IN THE COPPER INDUSTRY: NEEDS AND POLICIES
Authors: SHAW JOSEPH J F.
Published: October 2009

Investment required in the copper industries of the market economies over the period 1977‐90 is estimated. The estimation methodology involves projection of copper consumption in the developed market economies, developing economies, and centrally planned economies. For the market group as a whole, consumption projections lead to required incremental capacity estimates and finally to required investment figures. (Pollution abatement costs and exploration requirements are also included). The sensitivity of investment requirements to major determining factors is investigated. Finally, the broader question of appropriate intergovernmental policies to influence the geographic allocation of minerals investment ‐ including copper investment ‐ is considered.
MINING AGREEMENTS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES‐ISSUES OF FINANCE AND TAXATION
Authors: FRITZSCHE MICHAEL , STOCKMAYER ALBRECHT
Published: October 2009

This article continues a Forum series on recent trends in mining contracts between host countries and foreign investors begun in the April 1977 issue. Based on intensive research carried out for the preparation of a book on Mining Ventures in Developing Countries, published recently in the Federal Republic of Germany, the authors discuss sources of finance, institutions, exchange controls and special accounts, royalties, income taxation, and equity participation. They conclude that taxation is most likely to remain the principal source of income; equity participation should be evaluated carefully as it does not automatically guarantee maximum benefits. The combination of taxes and royalties provide a steady flow of income. An increase of the total tax burden beyond a certain percentage may be counterproductive for the host country, as it encourages the investor to look for less controllable means of shifting profits or discourages investment for exploration and development.
POLITICAL ECONOMICS OF OFFSHORE OIL
Authors: ROSING KENNETH E. , ODELL PETER R.
Published: October 2009

The exploration of offshore areas for hydrocarbons has involved new technical and economic considerations and has posed new problems, not the least of which has been the changing relationship between companies and governments. In this article, the authors present an analysis of the different perspectives and policies which emanate from national governments on the one hand and from transnational oil companies on the other. The issues examined include the considerations involved in establishing exploration legislation, post‐discovery problems, the impact on revenues of increased production, the interests of companies in developing fields and the overall economic environment within which decisions have to be agreed.
ASPECTS OF PETROLEUM TRANSPORT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Authors: KETHARAMAN S.
Published: October 2009

Dramatic changes in the institutional structure of the international oil industry in recent years have created new responsibilities and opportunities for developing countries in petroleum transport. The article discusses the prospects for changes in the ownership/control pattern of seaborne oil movements and the need for both oil producing and oil importing developing countries to pursue national plans to acquire shipping tonnage and expertise, without being deterred by the present depressed conditions of the world shipping industry. Drawing from the experience in India, it deals with some features and problems of petroleum transport by sea, pipeline, rail and road. It stresses the importance of co‐operation among developing countries through common operation of deep‐water terminals and large size tankers to optimise transport costs.
OIL EXPLORATION STRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Authors: TANZER MICHAEL
Published: October 2009

This paper focuses on the roles of governments of developing countries in the oil exploration area; roles ranging from passive tax collectors to production sharers to full State ownership and control. The historical failure of governments to take full control of this key area is seen as partially due to myths: that only the big international oil companies have the necessary technology and capital and can afford the risk of oil exploration and development. Three case studies showing the large benefits to a developing country from full State control are examined: Mexico, India and Vietnam. It is concluded that only full State control can ensure that the riches of oil can be harnessed for a developing country, and governments are urged to develop greater knowledge both about the international oil industry and their country's potential resources.
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND MODELING TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO WATER MANAGEMENT
Authors: ROGERS P. , BURDEN R. , LOTTI C.
Published: October 2009

This paper gives an overview of systems analysis and modeling applied to water resource management. With increased concern for economic efficiency in water resource usage, the need to exploit the complementary nature of various modes of usages has become more important. Systems analysis is particularly helpful in this regard because assessment of the relative allocation of costs and benefits of two more potential uses requires a systems framework. The process of systems analysis for comprehensive water planning is discussed outlining recognition of the problems, definition of a model, questions of data collection and finally implementation of a practical program of action. The methodology and advantages of water resources systems analysis are discussed relative to three main areas of concern ‐ hydrologic uncertainty, objectives of governments and sponsoring agencies, and overlapping institutional and political boundaries.
WOODFUEL ‐ A TIME FOR RE‐ASSESSMENT
Authors: Openshaw Keith
Published: October 2009

Official statistics and surveys show that woodfuel is the dominant end‐use of forest products especially in developing countries. This paper examines the end‐use pattern and per capita consumption figures for selected developing countries. In terms of total energy requirements woodfuel, a renewable resource, is the third most important fuel after oil and coal, but may be the primary fuel in terms of number of actual consumers. The future consumption pattern is estimated for the developing and developed countries and it is anticipated that total woodfuel consumption may increase by about 2 per cent per year at least until the year 2000. The supply position shows that while present consumption of all forest products is more or less in balance with the increment of the growing stock, in certain areas the forest capital is being depleted to meet demand. Total demand is likely to double by the turn of the century. Therefore, plantations, especially of fuelwood, will have to be established if the growing stock is not to be depleted and if an energy crisis in developing countries is to be averted.
SMALL SCALE MINING AND ECONOMIC AID IN BOLIVIA
Authors: Brower John C.
Published: October 2009

Although the small‐scale mining sector in Bolivia has absorbed economic aid, little or no improvement has resulted. It appears that much closer technical and financial co‐operation with those operating small mines is called for, including rigid credit supervision. Problems in small‐scale mines arise from difficult mining conditions, the tax structure and capital market situation as well as the employment patterns of the mine operators. It is suggested that mechanized projects may not always be the best way to overcome poor conditions, but where they are, lack of collateral is frequently an obstacle. In such cases, a three stage approach to project implementation is proposed.
CHANGING CONCEPTS, APPROACHES AND TECHNIQUES IN MINERAL EXPLORATION
Authors: Rostad Ora H.
Published: October 2009

The concepts, approaches and techniques in mineral exploration are changing to meet the demands of society for the discovery of new ore deposits. Recent developments in mineral processing and metal production have made it possible to consider deposits not acceptable before, such as low‐grade uranium and copper occurrences, lateritic nickel, iron‐rich chromites, lithium in brines, and disseminated beryllium deposits. New concepts on the formation of mineral deposits, as for example the continental drift theory, and new exploration techniques, such as remote sensing, airborne mapping and sampling, electronic data storage and analysis, assure a higher success rate of exploration projects.
THE COMMON FUND IN THE INTEGRATED PROGRAMME FOR COMMODITIES
Authors: Corea Gamani
Published: October 2009

Despite the lack of full agreement on all aspects of a Common Fund, negotiations have clarified the issues involved and created conditions in which there is a basis for agreement. The extent of financial resources required for a Common Fund has been established, involving a once‐for‐all contribution of US$500 million, and supporting a Common Fund that would provide 75 per cent of the stock financing requirements under international commodity agreements. Given the changes in the concept of a Common Fund from that envisaged in earlier discussions, there should now be no substantive barrier to the conclusion of an appropriate international agreement.

Malgré l'absence d'un consensus sur tous les aspects d'un fonds commun, des pourparlers ont permis d'éclaircir les questions en débat et de créer des conditions favorables à un accord. La portée des ressources financières requises pour la création d'un fonds commun a été établie: celles‐ci comprendraient un versement définitif de 500 millions de dollars des E.U. et alimenteraient un fonds commun qui fournirait 75 pour cent des exigences financières des stocks prévus par les accords internationaux sur les produits de base. Compte tenu des modifications apportées au concept d'un fonds commun depuis les derniers débats, il ne devrait pas exister d'obstacles de fond à la conclusion d'un accord international acceptable.

A pesar de que no hay completo acuerdo sobre todos los aspectos del Fondo Común, las negociaciones han aclarado varios de ellos y han creado las condiciones que darían base para un acuerdo. Se ha establecido la magnitud de los recursos financieros para el Fondo Común ‐ se contempla una contribución en una sola vez de US$500 millones que mantendría un Fondo Común capaz de proveer 75 por ciento de las necesidades del financiamiento de existencias bajo acuerdos mercantiles internacionales. En vista de los cambios ocurridos en el concepto de Fondo Común en relación a lo que se proponía inicialmente, no debería haber una dificultad substancial en la conclusión de un acuerdo internacional apropiado.
NON‐FUEL MINERALS AND THE INTEGRATED PROGRAMME FOR COMMODITIES
Authors: Rogers Chirstopher D.
Published: October 2009

The paper reviews progress in the individual commodity negotiations for non‐fuel minerals covered by the Integrated Programme for Commodities (IPC). Given the minimal progress to date, the author reconsiders the objectives of the IPC to gauge the extent to which they meet the needs of countries engaged in mineral production or trade. It is suggested that the major focus of the IPC be towards price stability, with less attention to other aspects of market instability and other market problems. For this reason, the IPC discussions have failed to focus on such major issues of concern in the mineral sector as measures necessary to guarantee adequate supplies of minerals over the long‐term, the financing of the required investments, the expansion of production by developing countries and the securing of price levels sufficient to generate appropriate returns on capital employed.

Cet article est consacré à l'étude des progrès accomplis en matière de négociations individuelles sur les produits de base concernant les minéraux non‐combustibles qui figurent au Programme intégré pour les produits de base. Etant donné les résultats peu concluants qui ont été enregistrés, ‘auteur examine à nouveau les objectifs du programme pour évaluer jusqu’ à quel point ils répondent aux besoins des pays engagés dans la production ou le commerce de minéraux. Selon cet article, ‘accent principal du programme a été mis sur’ instabilité en matière de prix au détriment d'autres aspects de 'instabilité du marché et d'autres problèmes connexes. De telles discussions ont éludé les points d'intérét majeurs du secteur minier, à savoir, les mesures nécessaires à assurer à long terme des approvisionnements suffisants en minéraux, le financement des investissements nécessaires, une participation plus active des pays en développement à 'expansion de la production et le maintien de niveaux de prix susceptibles de créer des profits suffisants sur le capital investi.

Este artículo revisa los progresos alcanzados en la negociación individual de minerales no combustibles cubiertos por el programs ‘Integrated Programme for Commodities’ (IPC). Dado el progreso mínimo presente, el autor reconsidera los objectivos de la IPC para apreciar el grado en que estos objectivos se ajustan a las necesidades de los países dedicados a la producción y comercio de minerales. Se sugiero que el IPC enfoca su acción a la estabilidad de precios, con menor atención a otros aspectos de inestabilidad y otros problemas de mercado. Por esta razón las discuciones de IPC no han considerado asuntos de tanta importancia en el sector minero tales como las medidas para garantizar suministros adecuados de minerales por largos plazos, el financimiento de las inversiones requeridas, la expansión de la producción por los países en desarollo y la garantía de niveles de precios suficientes para generar retornos adecuados del capital invertido.
METROPOLITAN GROWTH AND WATER MANAGEMENT IN LATIN AMERICA
Authors: Lee Terence R.
Published: October 2009

This article discusses some recent developments in water management in Latin America. It is based on research done during the joint CEPAL/UNEP project on Water Development and the Environment. The author discusses the changes in water use occurring in Latin America in general, the contemporary relationship with the water resource in four major metropolitan centres, Bogotá, Colombia, Lima, Peru, and Sāo Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. On the basis of the general and specific experiences described, general conclusions are drawn as to styles of water management current in the region and adjustments to the problem posed by the emergence of very large metropolitan concentrations of population and economic activity.

Cet article reprend des développements récents en matière de gestion des ressources en eau en Amérique latine. II se base sur des recherches effectuées au cours de l'exécution du projet conjoint CEPAL/PNUE sur la mise en valeur des ressources en eau et de l'environnement. L'auteur discute des modifications intervenues dans l'utilisation des ressources en eau en Amérique latine en général et le rapport qui existe actuellement entre les ressources en eau et quatre centres principaux urbains (Bogota en Colombie, Lima au Pérou, et Sāo Paulo et Rio de Janeiro au Brésil). Sur la base des experiences générales et particulières décrites, des conclusions génèrales sont tirées quant aux modes de gestion actuelle des ressources en eau dans la région et aux améliorations apportées au problème créé par l'apparition d'énormes agglomérations urbaines à activité économique intense.

Este artículo trata sobre algunos desarrollos recientes en la administración del uso de recursos de agua en Latinoamérica. El artículo está basado en la investigación realizada en el proyecto conjunto CEPAL/PNUMA sobre Desarrollo de Agua y el Medio Ambiente. El autor analiza los cambios que están ocurriendo en el uso de recursos de ague en Latinoamérica en general y las relaciones entre los recursos de agua y los usos en cuatro centros metropolitanos: Bogotá, Lima, Sāco Paulo y Rio de Janeiro. Basándose en descripciones de experiencias generales y específicas, se extraen conclusiones sobre los estilos de la administración de recursos de agua existentes en la región y sobre la solución a los problemas planteados por la emergencia de grandes concentraciones metropolitanas de población y actividad económica.
WORLD PETROLEUM RESOURCE ESTIMATES AND PRODUCTION FORECASTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR GOVERNMENT POLICY
Authors: Root David H. , Attanasi Emil D.
Published: October 2009

Resource estimates alone will not give advance warning of encroaching production difficulties. An analysis of the general stages in the evolution of petroleum production and discovery and of industry statistics provides an estimate of when the stage characterised by increasing production in the market economy countries outside the United States and Canada will end. The analysis indicates that the year of maximum production will be in the 1990s. Economic growth aggravates the difficulties accompanying the production decline by advancing the date of peak production and by increasing the adjustments that must be made as oil production declines.

Des prévisions de ressources à elles seules ne constituent pas des signes précurseurs de difficultés croissantes de production. Une analyse des étapes générales marquant l'evolution de la découverte et de la production du pétrole ainsi que des statistiques industrielles nous permet de prévoir l'époque à laquelle prendra fin la phase de production accrue dans les pays à économie de marché en dehors des Etats‐Unis et du Canada. Cette analyse révèle que l'année de production maximale se situera dans les années 90. La croissance économique accentue les difficultés qui accompagnent le déclin de la production de pétrole en avancant la date à laquelle cell‐ci atteindra son plafond et en augmentant le nombre d'ajustements qui s'avèrent nécessaires au fur et à mesure qu'elle baisse.

Las evaluaciones de recursos no dan por si solas un aviso anticipado de las dificultades de producción. Un análisis de las etapas principales en la evolución del descubrimiento y producción de petróleo y de las estadísticas industriales provee un estimado de cuando va a terminar la etapa caracterizada por un crecimiento de producción en los paises de economias de mercado otros que Estados Unidos y Canada. El análisis indica que el año de producción máxima se hallará en la década del 90. El crecimiento económico agrava las dificultades debidas a la declinación de la producción al adelantar la fecha de máxima producción (pico) y al aumentar los ajustes que deven hacerse cuando la producción de petróleos disminuye.
ENERGY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: A CLOSE LOOK AT INTER‐COUNTRY COMPARISONS
Authors: KRAL PAVEL
Published: October 2009

The relationship between development and energy, one of the essential inputs into an economic process, is extremely complex. The following article compares energy/GNP ratios of various countries and analyses some of the major factors accounting for the differences in the intensity of their energy use. Among the factors discussed are the exclusion of non‐commercial energy from energy statistics, the share of electricity in total energy consumption, the structure of the economy, end‐use efficiencies, prices, invisible trade in energy, energy mix, and others. The author concludes that future levels of development in most parts of the world will depend on the extent to which past development patterns based on inexpensive non‐renewable energy can be modified.

La relation entre le développement et l'énergie, une des composantes essentielles de tout processus économique, est extrêmement complexe. Cet article établit une comparaison entre les rapports énergie/PNB de plusieurs pays et fait l'analyse de quelques‐uns des principaux facteurs expliquant les différences d'intensité qui existent au niveau de leur utilisation de l'énergie. Parmi les facteurs étudiés, nous remarquons l'exclusion de l'énergie non‐commerciale des statistiques énergétiques, la part de l'électricité qui entre dans la consommation totale de l'énergie, la structure de l'économie, les rendements finaux, les prix, les invisibles en matière d'énergie, la gamme énergétique, etc. L'auteur conclut, qu'à l'avenir, les niveaux de développement de la plupart des régions du monde seront fonction de leur capacité de modification des modèles de développement antérieurs basés sur l'énergie non renouvelable à bon marché.

La relación existente entre desarrollo y energía es muy compleja. En este articulo se comparan las razones energía/PNB de varios países y se analizan los factores mas importantes que explican las diferencias en la intensidad del uso de energía por estos países. Entre los factores analizados se encuentran: la exclusión de las energías no comerciales de las estadísticas energéticas, la parte de la electricidad en el consumo total de energía, la estructura de la economía, eficiencias en el uso final de energía, precios, transferencias comerciales “invisibles” de energía, estructura del consumo y suministro de energía y otros. El autor concluye que los niveles de desarrollo alcanzables en el futuro en la mayor parte del mundo dependerán del grado en que sean modificadas las tendencias de desarrollo basadas en las condiciones de energía barata y no renovable imperantes en el pasado.
A NEW ENERGY EMPHASIS FOR THE UNITED STATES: TRANSFERRING ENERGY‐INTENSIVE INDUSTRY FROM THE UNITED STATES TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Authors: STINGEL DONALD E.
Published: October 2009

This article examines the potential advantages to the United States and to developing countries with abundant energy resources, of shifting energy‐intensive industries from the US to these countries. This would result in a reduction in trade and energy and consequently would lessen the pressure on oil and gas prices. Industries producing alumina, ammonia, fertilizer, refined petroleum products, ferroalloys and cement are among those that might be moved. The shifts proposed would improve both the energy situation of the US, and the industrialization of the developing countries.

Cet article considère les avantages dont peuvent bénéficier les Etats‐Unis ainsi que les pays en développement dotés d'abondantes ressources énergétiques du transfert d'industries à forte intensité d'énergie des Etats‐Unis vers ces pays. Ce transfert entraînerait une réduction du volume commercial en matière d'énergie et donc une diminution de la tension exercée sur les prix du pétrole et du gaz. Les industries productrices d'aluminium, d'amoniaque, d'engrais, de produits derives du pétrole, d'alliages ferreux et de ciment figurent parmi celles qui seront déplacées. Les implantations envisagées permettraient d'améliorer la situation énergétique des Etats‐Unis et de promouvoir l'industrialisation des pays en développement.

Este artículo examina las ventajas potenciales para los Estados Unidos y los países en desarrollo de todos de abundantes recursos energéticos, de transferir las industrias intensivas en energía de los Estados Unidos a dichos países. Esto resultaría en la reducción des transporte de combustibles y, en consecuencia, en la reducción de la presión sobre el precio del gas y del petróleo. Las industrias que producen aluminio, amonia, fertilizantes, productos derivados del petróleo, aleaciones ferrosas y cemento estan entre las industrias que pueden ser trasladadas. Esta acción podría mejorar tanto la situación energética de los Estados Unidos como la industrialización de los países en desarrollo.
MATERIALS, ENERGY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
Authors: RADCLIFFE S. VICTOR
Published: October 2009

While materials and energy are only two of the many factors necessary to support economic activity, it is frequently claimed that special relationships exist between these two resources. This article examines the evidence for and against the existence of correlations between the supply of energy and the availability of materials and how they relate to economic growth. Principal characteristics of past energy and materials use are examined in terms of national, industrial and materials consumption, and then the most significant factors determining past behaviour are examined in terms of the same sectoral breakdowns. Data included in the study are from the United States for the period from 1900 to the present and from 1960 to the present for a number of other industrialized countries.

The article concludes that the energy‐materials correlation is close only at the industrial level, and that this relationship could be of use in predicting future consumption trends.

Quoique les matières premières et l'énergie représentent seulement deux des nombreux facteurs nécessaires à l'activité économique, l'on dit souvent qu'il existe une relation particulière entre les deux. Cet article examine les raisons pour et contre l'existence des relations entre la fourniture d'énergie et la disponibilité des matières premières ainsi que la façon dont elles se relient à la croissance économique.

Les caractéristiques principales de l'utilisation de l'énergie et des matières premières sont étudiées en fonction de la consommation nationale, industrielle et des matières premières. Les facteurs qui ont eu le plus d'influence dans le passé sont examines par secteurs. Les éléments de l'étude concernent les Etats‐Unis pour la période 1900 à nos jours et, pour un certain nombre de pays industrialises, de 1960 à maintenant.

Les conclusions de l'article sont que la relation énergie‐matières premières est étroite au niveau industriel seulement et que cette relation pourrait être utilisée dans la prévision de la tendance de la consommation.

Aunque energía y materias primas son sólo dos de los muchos factores necesarios para la actividad económics, generalmente se supone que existen relaciones especiales entre estos dos recursos. Este artículo examina las evidencias en favor y en contra de la existencia de correlaciones entre suministro de energía y disponibilidad de materias primas y como ellos se relacionan con el crecimiento económico.

Las características principales del uso de materias primas y energía en el pasado son examinados en términos de consumo nacional e industrial; luego se examinan los factores más signifacativos que determinaron en el pasado su comportamiento de acuerdo a la misma clasificación sectorial. La información incluida en el estudio corresponde a Estados Unidos para el periodo 1900 al presente, y de 1960 al presente para un número de otors países industrializados.

El artículo concluye que la correlación materias‐energía es fuerte sólo a nivel industrial y que esta relación puede ser usada para predecir las tendencies futuras de consumo.
PLATE JUNCTIONS AND HYDROCARBON ACCUMULATIONS IN THE INDIAN REGION
Authors: NAIR N. G. K. , GAUR V. K. , AD K. N. KHATTRI , SINVHAL H.
Published: October 2009

This article relates the productive and potential oil fields in India to plate junctions and other major tectonic features. High geothermal gradients are known to accelerate the expulsion of petroleum from the source bed, as well as its migration and accumulation in favourable reservoir rocks, resulting in high yield. Some of the world's major petroleum deposits occur along ‘failed arms’ associated with the plume generated triple junctions. Seven triple junctions have been located in the Indian region, and two more are identified here. Interestingly, India's off‐shore petroleum prospects coincide with some of these triple junctions.

Cet article établit la relation entre les champs de pétrole en production et potentiels en Inde à la théorie des plaques et à d'autres traits tectoniques importants. L'on sait que des gradients géothermiques élevés accélèrent l'expulsion du pétrole à partir de la roche‐mère et favorisent la migration et l'accumulation dans des réservoirs convenables. Quelques‐uns des plus grands champs de pétrole du monde se rencontrent en liaison avec des ‘bras morts’ associés avec un système triple de fossés d'effondrement.

Sept systèmes triples ont été repérés en Inde et deux autres sont reconnus ici. II est intéressant de remarquer que les possibilités pétrolières de l'offshore indien coïncide avec certains de ces systèmes triples.

Este artículo establece la relación entre los campos petrolíferos en producción y potenciales de India a la teoría de placas y otros aspectos tectónicos. Es sabido que una gradiente térmica alta ascelera la expulsión del petróleo desde la roca madre y favorece su migración y acumulación en rocas reservorio favorables. Algunos de los mayores depósitos de petróleo se encuentran a lo largo de los “brazos muertos” asociados a un sistema triple de unión de placas. Siete uniones de este tipo habia sido localizadas en India y otros dos más son identificados aquí. Es interesante notar que las posibilidades petroleras en la zona marítima de India coinciden con alguna forma de sistemas triple de placas.
LEGAL ASPECTS OF MINING DEVELOPMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Authors: LEGOUX PIERRE CH. A.
Published: October 2009

This article discusses the legal criteria of a mining investment decision ‐ the legal status of investments, fiscal regime and mining legislation. The importance of the security of tenure of mining titles and of the stability of the terms and conditions, as stated from the inception, is emphasized, and the concepts of state sovereignty, state ownership of mineral deposits and state participation in mining ventures are considered. The preference for legalistic solutions rather than ad hoc contracts is stated, and a brief review of the various types of mining agreements is given.

Cet article analyse les critères juridiques de la decision concernant l'investissement minier: statut juridique des investissements, régime fiscal et legislation minière. L'importance de la sécurité de la concession minière et la garantie des clauses de contrats est mise en evidence. L'article considère également les concepts de souveraíneté de l'Etat, la propriété étatique des dépôts minéraux et la participation de l'Etat dans la recherche minérale. L'auteur indique sa préférence pour des solutions juridiques plutôt que des contrats particuliers et passe brièvement en revue les différents types d'accords miniers.

Este artículo analiza los criterios legates empleados en la toma de decisiones sobre inversión minera: estado legal de la inversión, régimen fiscal y legislación minera. Se da énfasis a la importancia de la seguridad de posesión de los títulos mineros, la estabilidad de las condiciones iniciales de contrato y se consideran también los conceptos de soveranía del estado, propiedad estatal de los depósitos mineros y la participación del estado en la actividad minera. Se indica la preferencia por las soluciones a través de leyes en vez de contratos ad hoc y se revisan brevemente varios tipos de acuerdos mineros.
THE INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS OF COPPER PROCESSING
Authors: McKERN ROBERT B.
Published: October 2009

Developing countries have increased their activity in smelting and refining of copper in order to retain a greater proportion of the value added and to achieve more control over production and marketing. This article examines the technology and economics of copper smelting and refining and considers the advantages and disadvantages to developing countries of increased investment in copper ore processing.

Les pays en développement ont accru leur activité dans le domaine de la fonte et du raffinage du cuivre dans le but de conserver une part plus grande de la valeur ajoutée et d'établir un contrôle plus efficace sur la production et la commercialisation de cette ressource. Cet article étudie les aspects techniques et économiques de la fonte et du raffinage du cuivre. Il compare les avantages et désavantages, pour les pays en développement, de la croissance des investissements dans le traitement du minerai de cuivre.

Los países en desarrollo han incrementado las actividades de fundición y refinado de cobre con el objeto de retener una porción mayor del valor agregado y de ejercer más control sobre la producción y el mercado. Este artículo examina la tecnología y economía de la fundición y refinado del cobre y considera las ventajas y desventajas de mayores inversiones en el procesado del mineral de cobre por los países en desarrollo.