bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
School-Related Perceptions in Disturbed Children
Authors: Thomas Elizabeth C. , Yamamoto Kaoru , Morris Elizabeth
Published: September 2011

To study school-related attitudes of disturbed children, a semantic differential form was administered in a special treatment center to 68 children ranging in age from 10 to 16 yr. Four people concepts (classmates, parent, teacher, myself) and four curriculum concepts (social studies, language, science, mathematics) were rated by each S on, respectively, 9 and 8 scales. Adult ratings (patent, teacher) were higher than children ratings (classmates, myself) on the factors of Movement and Security, but on Merit teacher was viewed as the least favorable of the four people concepts. On the Vigor factor for curricular concepts, these children viewed science as most vigorous with arithmetic in second place, and language and social studies falling in less favorable positions. The relatively high scores in the Certainty factor indicate these children perceive the various curricular areas as safe, easy, usual and familiar. Comparisons were made with ratings by normal children from an earlier study by two of the authors.
Commonality of Response to Personality Tests
Authors: Eisenman Russell , Hare Rachel T.
Published: September 2011

Ss from a Quaker secondary school ( N = 121), a high prestige liberal art college ( N = 32), and a nursing school ( N = 70) were given five personality tests, and their responses examined whenever any one group agreed 80% or more. High commonality was found, and the values of the groups were inferred from their responses. Common values pose a problem for the assessment of the individual, since his responses to tests may reflect over-all cultural values rather than his unique opinions.
Psychological and Electroencephalographic Relationships in Cryothalamectomy for Parkinsonism
Authors: Riklan Manuel , Levita Eric
Published: September 2011

Psychological tests and a scalp electroencephalogram were administered to parkinsonians undergoing left, right, or second side thalamic surgery for alleviation of contralateral tremor and rigidity. The psychological tests were designed to assess a range of behavioral activation. EEGs were subjected to frequency analysis from which an activation index was derived. No significant preoperative correlations obtained between EEG activation ratios and the scores of any of the psychological tests under consideration. Nor was any significant relationship found between pre- to postoperative psychological change scores and alterations in EEG patterns of activation. However, a significant decrease in EEG activation ratios for left-brain operates was found in the absence of any such changes for the right-brain operates. This finding was consistent for EEG ratios of both left- and right-hemisphere leads and for parietal and central leads. Some primarily cortical hemispheric specialization was suggested with regard to the processes underlying EEG activation, and a possible mechanism was proposed.
Perceptual Style, Test Anxiety and Test Structure
Authors: Stuart Irving R. , Bronzaft Arline L.
Published: September 2011

In an investigation of the relationships between perceptual style, test anxiety and test structure, 95 young adult college students were studied. It was hypothesized that perceptually field-dependent Ss would score higher on anxiety and perform relatively poorly on unstructured, essay type, examinations than field-independent Ss. This hypothesis was not confirmed. Explanation centered around the lack of differentiation in perceptual style among Ss as well as probable faulty equipment.
The Moon and Mental Illness: A Failure to Confirm the Transylvania Effect
Authors: Shapiro J. L. , Streiner D. L. , Gray A. L. , Williams Nancy L. , Soble Connie
Published: September 2011

The Transylvania effect—the notion that certain patient behavior coincides with moon phases—was carefully tested during a 3-mo. summer period in 1969. Three non-reactive measures were employed and no significant results were found on any of them. It was concluded that a meaningful correlation between the moon phase and acting out behavior of mental patients did not exist and, therefore, did nor explain many unresolved problems in the area.
Scale for Theological Conservatism, and its Personality Correlates
Authors: Stewart Robert A. C. , Webster Alan C.
Published: September 2011

15 conservative and 15 liberal theological items were administered to 77 Baptist ministers and deaconesses in New Zealand, along with the Rokeach Scale, Personal Orientation Inventory, General Conservatism Scale, N. Z. Ethnocentrism Scale, and Edwards Personal Preference Schedule. The theological conservative was significantly more dogmatic, conservative, ethnocentric, and non-self-actualizing than the theologically liberal minister. Factor analysis yielded a single factor on the Scale for Theological Conservatism.
Validity of Person-Perception Accuracy Scores
Authors: Christensen Larry
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the validity of 5 approaches to computing an accuracy score unaffected by response biases. 117 judges made predictions of four targets' self-ratings on a 10-point bipolar rating scale. Results indicated that each method is eliminating the response biases it attempts to eliminate. Examination of the response biases eliminated by each method revealed that RD3 scores were the most appropriate measure of accuracy since these scores concentrated on eliminating rating response biases.
Reliability of the Higgins-Wertman Test of Visual Closure
Authors: Rusch Reuben R.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the alternate form reliability of the Higgins-Wertman Test of Visual Closure. Alternate forms were given 1 wk. apart to 25 boys and 25 girls. 5 boys and 5 girls were randomly selected from each of 5 first grade classes in a school located in a low socio-economic census tract. Significant reliability coefficients, ranging from .61 to .80, were found for alternate forms. Aspects of reading achievement correlated significantly with final closure.
Case Study: Restoration of Binocular Vision to a Functionally Monocular Sighted Adult
Authors: Fried P. A.
Published: September 2011

Binocular vision was restored to a 26-yr.-old woman who had had, functionally, monocular vision since infancy. Testing was carried out a few hours and 2 wk. after restoration. The normative, data obtained from testing on such items as color vision, visual illusions, depth perception, and recognition thresholds are discussed.
Form Discrimination: Spatial Relationships between a Standard and Comparison Figure
Authors: Enterline Esther Goldstein
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relative difficulty with which 5-yr.-old children learn to discriminate between simultaneously presented standard and comparison figures in various relative positions and orientations. Figures in skewed relative position were easier to discriminate than those in aligned relative position; figures with an up-down orientation were easier than the same figures in right-left orientation. There were no significant differences in the number of errors made when the figures were placed so that the open sides of the figures faced each other, e.g., Group 1A, and the number of errors made when the figures were placed so that they were back to back, e.g., Group 1B.
Validity of the Harris Quality Scale with a Child Guidance Population
Authors: Gayton William F.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between the Harris Quality Scale and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test was examined. When 50 male, child patients in a guidance clinic were administered these tests as part of a regular psychological evaluation, the Quality Scale significantly underestimated the Binet IQs.
Note on Pain Reactivity and Family Size
Authors: Sweeney Donald R. , Fine Bernard J.
Published: September 2011

Ss ( N = 33) were divided into high, medium and low pain-reactivity subgroups, based on their subjective responses to immersion of their hands in cold (4°C) water. The subgroups were compared for differences in family size and birth order. Ss from smaller families (1 to 3 children) exhibited significantly higher pain reactivity than Ss from larger families (4 or more children).
Evoked Sleep-Talking
Authors: Aarons Louis
Published: September 2011

Evidence for modifications of verbal behavior without awareness when awake, increased spontaneous sleep-speech by posthypnotic suggestion, and discriminative motor responses during sleep suggested the possibility of induced/conditioned sleep-talking. Three students with no history of sleep disturbance or talking were trained for a total of 8 nights with avoidance-escape conditioning to sleep talk. The administration of light and tone stimuli followed schedules based on sleep stage and time (continuous, variable and fixed interval), with Ss at first naive and later informed. Reinforcements of vocalization through reductions or elimination of stimuli were adjusted to maximize responding without awakening S. Responses varied from groans, sighs, and unintelligible mumbling to coherent speech with and without affective tone, related and unrelated to the experiment, and rich or stereotyped. Latency and frequency of sleep responses over successive nights may depend on the interaction of stimuli intensity levels with type of sleeper (light/deep). Avoidance vocalizations, behavioral and transient EEG awakening significantly decreased from Stage 1 through 4. Conditioning techniques may be feasible in the development of sleep-talking skills.
Note on the Effects of a Gross-Motor Approach to Training Attention Control on Discrimination Learning in Mentally Retarded Ss
Authors: Maloney Michael P. , Charrette Harriett
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that a gross-motor approach to training (walking board) attention control would generalize (à la Zeaman and House) to a two-choice discrimination learning task. Results for 22 Ss support this hypothesis.
Person Perception Accuracy as a Function of Ethnic Group and Familiarity
Authors: Christensen Larry
Published: September 2011

A survey of the literature indicates that the effect of race on person perception accuracy has been neglected in spite of the fact that studies (e.g., Byrne & McGraw, 1964) have shown that one's perception of others is influenced by race. This study investigated the effect of race and familiarity on perceptual accuracy.
School Readiness Skills, Personality Characteristics and Peer Popularity of Kindergarten Children
Authors: Patton William F. , Edwards Elizabeth
Published: September 2011

In a class of 20 kindergarten children school readiness was related to positive personality growth and peer popularity. Improvement over the school year in academic and personality ratings by the teacher were highly correlated.
Method of Increasing Graffito Responses
Authors: Collins Thomas B. , Batzle Paul
Published: September 2011

The frequency of graffiti did not change following posting of a sign prohibiting writing on the walls in a men's washroom. After blackboards were installed, the numbers of graffiti increased significantly. It was hypothesized that the ease of making a graffito response is a controlling variable and that the reported method will produce a large number of responses. Data did not support the idea that graffiti reflect important social issues.
Perception of Disability by Welfare and Rehabilitation Clients
Authors: Walls Richard T. , Miller John J.
Published: September 2011

Recent federal legislation has provided for the active rehabilitation, by vocational rehabilitation agencies, of socially and economically disadvantaged persons. 11 welfare and 14 rehabilitation clients were compared on the basis of internal-external control expectancy and perception of disability. Salient commonalities exist between the samples that may have implications for intervention strategies used by agencies working with either or both types of clients.
Scale for the Appraisal of Movement Satisfaction
Authors: Nelson Barbara A. , Allen Dorothy J.
Published: September 2011

Previous research concerned with body and self-concept has not taken into consideration the possible significance of S's attitude toward his ability to move. To explore this variable, a scale was developed to assess Ss satisfaction or dissatisfaction with his movement ability. By the use of a panel of experts who judged the items and through item analysis the original 129 items were reduced to 50 in a final form. This form was administered to 877 men and women between the ages of 14 and 21 yr.; reliability was .95. Males tended to express greater satisfaction with their ability to move than females, and older Ss tended to express less satisfaction than younger Ss.
Reactions of Two Strains of Young Chicks to Depth
Authors: Stern Ferdinand , Holmes Nan K.
Published: September 2011

An auditory stimulus, cheeping, was used in an attempt to establish a preference in 40 DeKalb No. 131 and 40 Ghostley chicks for the deep side of a visual cliff. Approximately 80% of all responses were made to the shallow side. The cheeping, however, did have a differential effect on the number of deep responses by the two strains; in one strain a significantly greater number of deep responses was made when the deep side of the cliff faced in the direction of the noise, while in the other strain this difference was not observed. Some theoretical aspects of depth perception are discussed.
Preferences for Color, Form, Borders, Lines and Dots by Preschool Children and Adults
Authors: Borich Gary D.
Published: September 2011

The research identified preference for color, form, borders, lines and dots for 25 preschool children and 25 adults under choice conditions. Both groups strongly preferred form over color and borders. In the presence of form, children preferred color over borders, while adults preferred the reverse. Some variations of form were significantly more preferred than others, but the order of these variations was constant across groups. Adults preferred borders and form similarly, but preschool children preferred form significantly more often than borders. Adults preferred lines and dots similarly, but preschool children preferred lines significantly more often than dots. The research illustrates the use of Luce's choice axiom in predicting form preference in the context of a larger number of dimensions.
Sibling Positions of a Sample of Distinguished Persons
Authors: Toman Walter , Toman Eleonore
Published: September 2011

The sibling positions of an imperfect sample of distinguished persons (mostly men) showed an over-representation of oldest and single children as well as an under-representation of sisters for all sibling positions.
Auditory Threshold for Evoking an Orienting Reflex in Mongoloid Patients
Authors: Moskowitz Herbert , Lohmann Werner
Published: September 2011

Auditory intensity thresholds for evoking an orienting reflex to a 1000-Hertz tone were obtained from 15 Mongoloid retardates and 15 normal Ss. Mongoloids differed from normals both in the character of their OR and in requiring 32 db greater intensity for evocation.
Spatial Orientation and Visual Discrimination
Authors: Becker John T.
Published: September 2011

An experimental Visual Discrimination Test of Words was administered to two groups of 32 kindergarten children each, matched for chronological age, intelligence, and sex. One group was identified as having visual perceptual problems in spatial orientation on the Bender Visual-motor Gestalt Test; the other group displayed adequate spatial orientation on the Bender. The data indicated that the experimental task discriminated between Ss with adequate spatial orientation and Ss with poor spatial orientation on the Bender. Ss with developmental lag or deficits in spatial orientation tended to do poorly on both the word-related and non-word-related tasks.
Perception of Self as Related to Perception of the “Ideal Personality”
Authors: Sappenfield Bert R.
Published: September 2011

The prediction that persons assumed to have normal orientations will perceive their own personalities as similar to the “ideal personality” was tested with an Adjective Q Sort, on which Ss Q sorted 55 adjectives (a) to describe the self, and/or (b) to describe the ideal personality. The prediction was confirmed, as evidenced by the findings (a) that median rs, for individual Ss, between the two sets of Q-sort scores, were .67 to .75, for 4 groups who performed both Q sorts, and (b) that, when group medians were based on first Q sorts by the Ss involved, median self-descriptive Q-sort scores were highly correlated ( r = .85 to .91) with median ideal-personality Q-sort scores. Across-group rs between variables were only slightly lower than across-group rs within a given variable.
Minimum Visual Feedback Processing Time for Amendment of an Incorrect Movement
Authors: Christina Robert W.
Published: September 2011

The average minimum time required by a performer to amend an incorrect movement based upon his ability to process visual feedback is discussed. Further, a decremental effect of the psychological refractory period on minimal visual feedback processing time is suggested.
Beginning Reading Discrimination Taught at IQ 35 by Conditioning
Authors: Rydberg Sven
Published: September 2011

A simple conditioning method, using cards for control of attention, was tried out on 6 severely retarded children (CA 6:4–15:11, MA 2:11–4:3, IQ 22–47). After 17 workdays the three “high-MA” Ss discriminated 8 to 10 words out of 10 and 9 to 10 words 24 and 48 days later (with 50 to 100% transfer to smaller, different print). “Low-MA” Ss retained 10 to 40% (40% for the one S without speech).
Iranian Perceptions of the Reza Shah and President Johnson
Authors: Merenda Peter F. , Shapurian Reza , Bassiri Torab , Clarke Walter V.
Published: September 2011

56 faculty members of an Iranian university were asked for their perceptions of the public image of the Reza Shah, the Great, and of President Johnson. The instrument used in obtaining these public image profiles was the Activity Vector Analysis (AVA). Findings showed a very tight cluster around AVA “Administrative Pattern” for perceptions of the Reza Shah and a less tight cluster about the same reference pattern for perceptions of President Johnson in terms of profile shape. Differences in profile scatter and elevation, however, were noted. As expected the Iranian nationals yielded significantly higher scatter and elevation scores in their perceptions of the Shah.
Common Errors in Reports of Psychological Studies
Authors: Smith O. W. , Smith P. C. , Scheffers J. , Steinmann D.
Published: September 2011

Over 90% of manuscripts finally accepted for publication by Perceptual and Motor Skills require revision. Frequently, faults are found in the formal structure and content of reports, and in the style and grammar of reporting. Examples of common deficiencies in both categories are reported.
A Case of Pursuit-like Eye Movements Directly Reflecting Dream Content during Hypnotic Dreaming
Authors: Weitzenhoffer André M.
Published: September 2011

A sample of eye movements from a hypnotized S spontaneously dreaming of watching a watch swing on a chain is described. These were repeated on another dream occasion and in imagination.
Mood Changes after Alpha Feedback Training
Authors: Schmeidler Gertrude , Lewis Larry
Published: September 2011

Immediately before alpha feedback training, 13 Ss responded to a mood checklist and the Breskin Rigidity Test (measuring preference for perceptual closure). After 2 sessions of alpha training, retests showed significant increases in (a) production of alpha EEG waves, (b) scores for those moods which prior research had shown to be associated with alpha, (c) preference for closure.
Risk Taken by the Opponent and Experience of Subject as Determinants of Imitation in a Competitive Situation
Authors: Liebert Diane E. , Swenson Sharon A. , Liebert Robert M.
Published: September 2011

In order to determine whether, and under what circumstances, adults would imitate their opponents in a competitive game situation when no feedback was given to either player, the effects of experimentally manipulating the riskiness of the opponent's strategy and the experience of S were examined. Both high- and low-risk opponents were imitated relative to a control group, but Ss' experience decreased imitation only when the opponent displayed high risk. Ironically, Ss pitted against a low-risk player evaluated their opponent more favorably and played less well themselves than did Ss in the high-risk opponent or control groups.
Intratest and Sex Differences on a Portable Rod-and-Frame Test
Authors: Morf Martin E. , Kavanaugh Robert D. , Conville Marc Mc
Published: September 2011

Portable Rod-and-frame Test (RFT) scores and the Jackson Personality Inventory (JPI) scale scores were obtained for 41 male and 41 female college students. Two partial RFT scores were computed: the summed deviations of RFT Trials 1 to 8 and RFT Trials 9 to 16. The results suggest that RFT performance of men and women is a function of different determinants and that, at least for men, performance on Trials 1 to 8 is a function of different determinants than performance on Trials 9 to 16. To explain a major portion of the variance of RFT performance an arousal interpretation appears useful for men and an interpretation in terms of energy level for women.
Preferred Sensory Modality, Reading Readiness, and Reading Achievement in First-Grade Children
Authors: Smith Inez L. , Ringler Lenore H.
Published: September 2011

The relationships among reading readiness, preferred sensory modality, and reading achievement of 82 first-grade boys and girls from a low socio-economic area of New York City were studied. A step-wise multiple-regression analysis indicated that the major variable related to predicting first-grade reading achievement was reading readiness.
Perceptions of Indian, Mexican, Negro, and “White Children concerning the Development of Responsibility
Authors: Zunich M.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that children's perceptions concerning the development of responsibility are independent of race. The data failed to support this hypothesis, suggesting that children's perceptions of responsibility are dependent upon race.
On the Developmental Aspects of the Range-Frequency Compromise in Judgment
Authors: Steger Joseph A. , De Setto Louis
Published: September 2011

A developmental hypothesis is derived from Parducci's Range-Frequency Compromise model of judgment. It is held that the range is developmentally the first basis of judgment and subsequently one learns the range-frequency compromise. Using 6- and 18-yr.-olds to test this hypothesis, the results clearly indicate that 6-yr.-olds are already making the range-frequency compromise in judgment. Therefore under the present experimental conditions the hypothesis is disallowed.
Anxiety Reactions of Extraverts and Introverts to Experienced and Anticipated Sensory Redundancy
Authors: Terry Roger L. , Howard Eric
Published: September 2011

Anxiety reactions of 5 extraverted and 6 introverted male Ss to 45 min. of extreme sensory redundancy and to the prospect of prolonging the experience were measured. Extraverts were slightly more anxious about the actual experience and were significantly more anxious about the anticipated experience than the introverts. These results conflict with most of the earlier studies, but they are consistent with theoretical expectations.
Serial Position Preferences in Children in Simultaneous vs Successive Matching Tasks
Authors: Ford Marguerite P.
Published: September 2011

A visual matching task was administered under simultaneous and successive conditions to 2 groups of 4th grade children. The purposes of the study were (a) to compare the relative difficulty of the two conditions, (b) to analyze position preferences under the two conditions, and (c) to investigate sex differences in performance. The successive condition was significantly more difficult than the simultaneous condition. There were significant position preferences under the successive condition but not under the simultaneous condition. There were no sex differences. It was hypothesized that serial position preferences were due both to interference effects and to the forced-choice format of the task.
The Partial Reinforcement Effect in a Vigilance Task
Authors: Warm Joel S. , Hagner Gerald L. , Meyer Dale
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to determine if the partial reinforcement effect could be observed in a vigilance task when knowledge of results (KR) was varied as the incentive. Ss detected the onset of a visual signal during a 1-hr. vigil divided into four periods. Five groups of 25 Ss were employed: (1) 100% KR throughout the session, (2) 50% KR throughout the session, (3) 100% KR during the first 2 periods and none thereafter, (4) 50% KR during the first 2 periods and none thereafter, and (5) no evaluative feedback but acknowledgment of each response by E. Response times (RTs) in the group receiving no evaluative feedback exceeded those of all of the others and increased consistently across periods. Those groups maintained on a KR schedule throughout the session had similar RTs and their performances remained invariant throughout the session. Withdrawal of KR during the last two periods was accompanied by a notable increment in RT. Consistent with the partial reinforcement effect, the relative magnitude of this increment was greater for those Ss exposed to continuous than to intermittent KR during the earlier portion of the session.
Lability in Learning
Authors: Tainsh Michael A.
Published: September 2011

The term lability is defined and calculated for each individual's scores across a series of trials. This is demonstrated using the results of 3 learning tasks. Three task situations were employed and this gave three orders of commencing the tasks in a Latin square design. The analyses of variance performed showed that for the group the score provided an index which was invariant across trials but varied between tasks and with the order of commencing tasks. The lability score was shown to be characteristic of individual performance across a series of trials such that it correlated between tasks. This showed a probablistic relationship existing between scores on consecutive trials which would not have been expected from current theories of learning.
Activity Measurement in Revolving and Immobile Cages
Authors: Newbury Edward
Published: September 2011

A device is described which, registering at alternate trigger points, automatically gives analogous measures of activity defined as entrances into track segments of 180° or less in either a revolving or a circular immobile cage.
Increase in Fine Motor Control in Parkinson Patients following Levodopa
Authors: Marsh Gayle G. , Kravitz Edward A.
Published: September 2011

25 Parkinson patients and 31 controls, matched for age and verbal IQ, were tested on a handwriting task prior to receiving levodopa. 14 of the original 25 patients and 22 of the original 31 controls were also tested on maze-tracing ability prior to levodopa treatment. The Parkinson patients were retested on the same tests after being on levodopa for at least 2 1/2 mo.; the controls were retested after a comparable time interval. Parkinson patients demonstrated improvement in tasks measuring fine motor control and speed. The control groups did not show improvement on either task.
Attitudes to Sex, Personality and LIE Scale Scores
Authors: Eysenck S. B. G. , Eysenck H. J.
Published: September 2011

8 sex-attitude items were found to have appreciable loadings on a psychoticism factor and a lie factor for random population samples of 228 men and 263 women. These factors were independent of each other, and of extraversion and neuroticism. The bearing of these results on the problem of dissimulation (“faking good”) on the sex attitude items is discussed.
Learned Control of Heart Rate and Blood Pressure
Authors: Hnatiow Michael
Published: September 2011

Cardiac rate-variability control and an initial demonstration of systolic blood-pressure variability control using visual feedback of physiological information were examined. Continuous measures of respiration, heart rate, EXG waveform analysis, and systolic blood pressure were obtained for both experimental groups and for yoked controls who saw the same visual display as the experimental Ss. Ss successful at reducing heart-rate variability showed clear changes in the P-R wave relationships of the EKG, indicating possible direct attempts to manipulate heart rate so as to reduce variability. Ss controlling blood-pressure variability who had high heart rates were more successful in reducing variability than those with low rates, possibly because of differential feedback to Ss with high and low heart rates. In addition, apparently as a reaction to E's adjustment of the visual target range, experimental Ss showed decreases in mean blood-pressure levels.
Graphing the Bivariate Normal Distribution
Authors: Silverstein A. B.
Published: September 2011

A simple procedure is presented for graphing the bivariate normal distribution. To facilitate graphing the 1- SD ellipse, a table is provided.
Lateralized Brain Damage and Differential Psychological Effects: Reply to Dr. Woo-Sam
Authors: Vega Arthur , Parsons Oscar A.
Published: September 2011

Four serious flaws in Dr. Woo-Sam's critique are discussed.
Lateral Organization in Pictures and Aesthetic Preference: II. A Predictive Study
Authors: Swartz Paul , Swartz Shirley
Published: September 2011

University Ss, 25 men and 25 women, rendered aesthetic preferences for original vs mirror-image views of each of 12 pictures. The stimuli used allowed a prediction of liking for 6 originals and 6 reversals. Prediction was based on the following properties of lateral organization: (a) pattern of lighting, (b) profile orientation, (c) handedness characteristics, (d) quadrant distribution of important objects, and (e) ease of entering the picture space. Two predictions were confirmed, while no differences in the opposite direction achieved significance. In a supplemental study with 18 boys and 20 girls in fourth grade, only one prediction was sustained, but this replicated a confirmation for the older Ss. Again, no differences in the nonpredicted direction reached significance. The results encourage expanded study.
An Essay in Rorschach Revisionism, with Special Reference to the Maslowian Self-Actualizer: I. Innovation vs Imagination, Idealism, Mysticism, Romanticism
Authors: Stark Stanley
Published: September 2011

This is the first part of an essay designed: (1) to interrelate Rorschachian and Maslowian theory, (2) to propose modifications on the inner creation side of the former, and (3) to amplify implications on the self-actualization side of the latter. In this part, the focus is on the non-innovativeness of inner creation—or, to put it positively, on inner creation as the Imagination, Intuition, or Reason of idealism, mysticism, and romanticism. In the next part, the focus is on the role of inner creation in perception. The over-all thesis is that “self-actualizing creativeness” involves inner creative thought and perception but not creativity in the sense of social novelty.
Systematic Evaluation of an Auditory Perceptual Skill Model in a Prereading Sample
Authors: McNinch George , Hafner Lawrence
Published: September 2011

The skills proposed in the adapted skill model devised by Flower (1968) do seem to exist. These skills are related in a generic sense, but they are independent in measurement as the commonality between them is quite low. Separate skills can be measured. The auditory perceptual skills are significantly related to mental functioning, but again the common variance is quite low. The auditory skills do not seem to be completely unique from measured mental functioning. The skills in the perceptual model do not show differences when the sexes are considered. When cross-cultural comparisons by race are made, equating for intelligence, significant differences in task performance are not found. Factors involved in mental functioning seem to influence performance on perceptual tasks. The noted differences in mental functioning seem to be more important in determining perceptual performance than do factors such as race. The questions usually leveled at the integrity of models can be answered when specific hypotheses are generated and tested. Independent instruments can be constructed with some degree of reliability, but instruments free from the effects of mental ability are not yet readily available.
Cognitive Styles and the Schizophrenias and Character Disorders
Authors: Moore N. I.
Published: September 2011

Witkin's Embedded-figures Test, Pettigrew's Category Width Measure, the Random Figures Test, the Howard Maze, and Silverman's Scanning Procedure were administered to 48 schizophrenics and 24 character disorders. All Ss were male inpatients at a Veterans Administration Hospital who were without organic impairment. The schizophrenics were divided into 4 groups depending on whether they were paranoid or nonparanoid and process or reactive. Using analysis of variance, a main effect was found for Category Width (p < .05) and a three-way interaction effect for the Embedded-figures Test, Category Width, and Scanning (p < .04) in accounting for a significant amount of the variance on the Paranoid Rating Scale. A three-way interaction effect of these same measures was also found to account for a significant (p < .05) amount of the variance in the chronicity variable. Character disorders were less field independent and formed broader conceptual categories than reactive schizophrenics. They also showed less preference for complexity.
Visual Imagery in Brain-Injured Children
Authors: Symmes Jean S.
Published: September 2011

The incidence of eidetic imagery and prolonged after-imagery was investigated in a population of young retardates. Incidence of eidetic imagery was 19%, significantly higher than normal samples, and all children with eidetic imagery were classified as “brain-injured” by common neurological diagnostic criteria. Children with long, stable afterimages had a significantly higher mean IQ than those with short afterimages, capacity for fixation and task learning being controlled. A possible explanation of the IQ discrepancy in terms of how a longer time to process visual input into short-term memory may be functional for children of low intelligence is presented.
Short-Term Retention of Object Discriminations in Experienced and Naive Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Balogh Bela A. , Zimmermann Robert R.
Published: September 2011

2 groups of adult rhesus monkeys, one learning-set-sophisticated (LS-S) and one learning-set-naive (LS-N), were trained on 360 object-quality discrimination problems. Each set of 6 daily problems was followed by one retention trial on each of the original problems. The order of the presentation of the retention trial was counterbalanced. The LS-S Ss had significantly higher acquisition scores and retained a greater absolute number of items than the LS-N Ss. But when the retention scores were adjusted for level of performance on Trial 6 of acquisition, the LS-N animals showed a significantly higher retention score. No serial or sequential effects were found and the results were interpreted as indicating that the learning-set procedure overloaded the short-term memory mechanism of both naive and sophisticated animals, thus eliminating sequence effects. The rapid forgetting of the characteristics of individual items in a learning-set situation would facilitate learning-set performance.
Comparison of Two Methods of Teaching Piaget's Principles of Conservation
Authors: Sweetland Richard C. , Sharp Heber C. , Willis Jerry W.
Published: September 2011

64 Ss from kindergarten through Grade 3, classified as non-conservers on a pretest for principles of conservation, were matched into Groups 1 and 2 by IQ, sex, and grade level. Then, Group 1 received tutoring in principles of conservation in the form of verbal instructions to imagine the transformation of materials, while Group 2 manipulated actual materials. A posttest, measuring the level of conceptual acquisition, showed significant gains after instruction by both methods. There was no significant relationship between chronological or mental age and grasp of conservation concepts after instruction.
Evaluation and Identification Responses of Negro Preschoolers to the Colors Black and White
Authors: Williams John E. , Rousseau Cynthia A.
Published: September 2011

Previous studies had demonstrated a tendency toward the positive evaluation of white and the negative evaluation of black among Caucasian and Negro college students, and among Caucasian preschoolers. This study was aimed at assessing this tendency, and the tendency toward self-identification with these colors, among 89 Negro preschoolers ranging in age from 3-2 to 6-5. Ss' responses to procedures employing pictures of two animals, one colored white and one black, indicated that the children: (1) tended to associate positive evaluative adjectives (e.g., “good”) with the white figures and negative evaluative adjectives (e.g., “bad”) with the black figures; and (2) tended to identify with the white figure rather than the black figure. The findings were interpreted as providing additional evidence of the cross-racial, cross-cultural character of the evaluative connotations of white and black. Possible origins of these meanings, and their relationship to self-concept development in the Negro child, were discussed.
Indian Students' Perceptions of Eight Internationally Known Personalities
Authors: Merenda Peter F. , Mohan Jitendra , Clarke Walter V.
Published: September 2011

The Activity Vector Analysis (AVA) was administered to samples drawn from a population of graduate students in psychology at an Indian university, with instructions that would elicit Ss' public image perceptions of 8 internationally known personalities. Three clusters of profiles were noted. One included Kosygin, Mao, and Wallace, another one included De Gaulle and Wilson, and still another, included Hussein, I. Ghandhi, and Radhakrishnah, the great Indian philosopher.
Short-Interval Delay of Reinforcement Gradients in Human Discrimination Learning
Authors: Kral Paul A.
Published: September 2011

200 Ss learned to associate 1 member of each of 8 picture-pairs with a green light which appeared above the position of the correct cue either 0, .5, 1, 3, or 5 sec. after termination of presentation of an array. During subsequent exposures Ss indicated correct cues from memory. Only a 1-sec. delay resulted in some learning decrement.
Ultradian Rhythms in Human Performance
Authors: Globus Gordon G. , Drury Robert L. , Phoebus Eric C. , Boyd Robert
Published: September 2011

An ultradian rhythm in waking performance on the order of 100 min. was hypothesized based on the period of the rapid eye-movement—non-rapid eye-movement intrasleep cycle. Errors on a visual continuous performance task (signal detection) over 6 hr. were analyzed for 19 Ss. Data analysis by fitting sinusoidal curves showed a peak at the expected frequency of 100 min.
Analysis of Wisc Coding: 1. Figural Reversibility
Authors: Johnson E. G. , Lyle J. G.
Published: September 2011

To determine whether the difference between good and poor coders of similar CA and IQ was accounted for by difficulty in discriminating between shapes, two Coding tasks were used. One task consisted only of symmetric shapes, the other of asymmetric shapes and their reversible images. The reversible shapes reduced output for all Ss but did not differentially affect the poor coders, who performed relatively poorly on both tasks.
Age Changes in Preference and Skill Measures of Handedness
Authors: Bruml Hana
Published: September 2011

Children in three school grades (kindergarten, Grades 2 and 4) were given 21 preference tasks (unimanual and bimanual) and 5 skill tasks, with half the children retested after a 2-wk. interval. Age changes in performance on each task, in intercorrelations among tasks, and in the reliability of retest performance point to several ways in which tasks differ from one another and also to the general importance of considering the growth of skill in both hands and the development of divisions of labor between them.
Methodological Studies Involving Reward and Punishment in Human Learning: I. Effects of Design and Instructions
Authors: Mueller Donald J. , Gumina James M.
Published: September 2011

A 2-choice concept discrimination task provided Ss with varying amounts (0% to 50%) of positive and/or negative feedback or no feedback as to correctness or incorrectness of response. In addition Ss were given either explicit instructions advising them about the no-feedback condition or were given standard instructions without such a warning. No feedback constituted being told neither “right” nor “wrong” to a response. The intent was to prevent S from assuming that no feedback meant either right or wrong, to provide for direct comparison of the effectiveness of Right vs Wrong as feedback sources, and to select the most appropriate of several explanatory models. Results generally favored an extended version of Buchwald's meaning induction hypothesis, and with control over the meaning-induction process positive and negative feedback were interpreted to be equivalent in effectiveness.
Speech-Sound Discrimination Skills as Measured by Reaction Time for Normal and Articulatory Defective Speaking Children
Authors: Weiner Frederick F. , Falk Mervyn L.
Published: September 2011

Reaction time measures were obtained from 30 normal speaking children and 30 articulatory defective children on a task which required determining similarities or differences between speech sounds presented in nonsense syllables. The results showed that there was no significant difference between these groups in the time needed to make the discriminations. These results are in opposition to the findings of various authors who have concluded that children with articulation deficits also demonstrate some type of auditory discrimination deficit.
Significance of Sign in an S-R Separation Problem
Authors: Sayner Richard B. , Davis Roger T.
Published: September 2011

13 monkeys were trained to discriminate between identical squares of Masonite, 13 in. apart, using cues provided either by variable positions of a pointer or by position relevant signs attached to the pointer. Signs facilitated performance, but the effect did not transfer to the no-sign condition. 10 other monkeys were trained in a similar paradigm bur with a raisin reward rather than a sign attached to the pointer. High levels of performance were attained with the raisin present, but when Ss were tested with the pointer alone their performance was very poor.
Relaxation and Neuromuscular Tension Control and Changes in Mental Performance under Induced Tension
Authors: Chaney Dawn S. , Andreasen Lois
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of specific instructions in relaxation and neuromuscular tension control on changes in the performance of a memorization test under stress. The memorization test required recall of random numbers. Stress was induced by a verbal threat. GSR, respiration rate, and EMG recordings were obtained from each S on initial and final tests. Ss who were taught to control neuromuscular tension performed significantly better on the final test than Ss who were not taught to control neuromuscular tensions.
Visual Exploratory Behavior in the Squirrel Monkey (Saimiri Sciureus)
Authors: Gammon William D. , Singer Jay J. , Michels Kenneth M.
Published: September 2011

3 male squirrel monkeys were tested for visual preferences among another monkey, a toy snake, or an empty cage. The sight of another monkey was preferred to either of the other stimuli. The response shows little habituation but undergoes fairly rapid extinction.
Personality Correlates of Lateral Eye Movement and Handedness
Authors: Etaugh Claire F.
Published: September 2011

After being asked a reflective question, S will make a lateral eye movement, right or left, away from the questioner before responding. Some relationships between lateral eye movement, handedness, and personality characteristics as measured by the 16 Personality Factor Test were examined among 89 college students. Left-movers were significantly less affected by feelings, and more assertive, shrewd, and suspicious than right-movers, contrary to Day's clinical observations. Left-handers scored significantly lower in intelligence and higher in trust than right-handers. Consistency of eye movement and of handedness showed little relationship to personality measures.
Life-Span Age Differences in Visual Perception
Authors: Eisner Donald A.
Published: September 2011

16 perceptual measures were administered to 20 males at each of 5 age levels. Analyses of variance indicated significant age differences on 13 of the 16 variables. The young (10–13 yr.) and old (60–83 yr.) age groups performed at a lower level than the other groups on 12 of the 13 variables.
Division and Orientation in the Vertical-Horizontal Illusion
Authors: Becker James A.
Published: September 2011

This study attempted to determine the influence of the division (bisection of the horizontal line by the vertical line) and orientation (vertical line seems longer than horizontal line) factors on the vertical-horizontal illusion. 100 Ss were divided into two groups, one with knowledge of the division and orientation factors and the other group without knowledge of these factors. The results indicated that the amount of error for the group with knowledge was significantly smaller than for the group without knowledge.
Feasibility of Perceptual-Motor Training for Headstart Children: An Empirical Test
Authors: Rice James A.
Published: September 2011

Difference scores on the Bender-Gestalt for 4 Headstart children given experience in visual-motor activities suggested improvement over performance of controls without such experience although for another group of 7 pairs the comparison was nonsignificant.
Accurate Performance of a Time-Estimation Task in Relation to Sex, Age, and Personality Variables
Authors: Bell Clifford R.
Published: September 2011

The accuracy with which a rate of digit count was estimated as 1 digit/sec. was assessed in relation to the sex, age, and selected personality characteristics of Ss Marginally significant relationships between time-estimation accuracy data and age were found for each sex. Women tended to be slightly less accurate and more variable in their estimations than men. Few scores derived from the 16 PF Questionnaire were associated with time-estimation accuracy. The findings serve to confirm the inconsistencies existing in the time-estimation literature and point to the necessity of further research examining the interaction of variables before a theory relating personality characteristics to time-estimation performance may be attempted.