bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design and Experiment of Automatic Clip-Feeding Mechanism for Vegetable-Grafting Robot
Authors: Jiang Kai , Guo Wenzhong , Chen Liping , Huang Wenqian , Ge Yiyuan , Wei Xiaoming
Published: March 2022

Aiming to solve the problems of poor performance and low stability in the automatic clip-feeding of a grafting machine, an automatic clip-feeding mechanism with a precise single-clip discharge mechanism was designed, and a clip-feeding performance test was carried out. Taking the grafting clip of the 2TJGQ-800 type of vegetable-grafting robot as the research object, the clamping-force analysis model of the grafting clip was constructed by ABUQUS finite-element analysis software, and the variation law of clamping force, steel wire diameter, and opening deformation, as well as the calculation equation of clamping force, were obtained. The grafting clip model was verified by mechanical test, and test results showed that the grafting clip with a steel wire diameter of 0.7 mm proved safe and reliable for grafted cucumber and watermelon seedlings; the grafting clip with steel wire diameter of 0.8 mm had a risk of producing injury to grafted cucumber and watermelon seedlings when clamping. The method of single-clip discharge in the inclined discharging slideway was put forward, and the components for clip discharge and clip pushing were designed. The critical thrust for sending out the grafting clip in the clip-feeding slideway was 0.603 N after analyzing the force status of the grafting clip in the clip-feeding slideway. Test results showed that the success rate of automatic clip-feeding reached 98.67% when inclination angle of row-discharging slideway was 50° and the thrust of clip-pushing cylinder (input air pressure of 0.4 MPa) was 8.04 N, which met the technical requirements of mechanical grafting. The inclination of the grafting clip and the damaged clip in the feeding slideway is the main reason for the failure of clip-feeding. The research results can provide theoretical and design references for the innovative research of the automatic clip-feeding mechanism of grafting robots.
Involvement of IGFBP5 in the Development of Goose Fatty Liver via p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK)
Authors: Jauregui Diego , Khogali Mawahib K. , Xing Ya , Fan Xiang , Wen Kang , Liu Long , Zhao Minmeng , Geng Tuoyu , Gong Daoqing
Published: March 2022

Previous studies showed that insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5 (IGFBP5) plays a role in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; however, its expression and function in goose fatty liver remain unknown. To address this, we obtained a full-length mRNA sequence of the goose IGFBP5 gene using a 5′-rapid amplification of cDNA ends assay and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Additionally, using the newly acquired sequence of 5’-untraslated region, we determined the missing sequence of the first intron. Bioinformatics analysis revealed three exons and three introns in the goose IGFBP5 gene. Quantitative PCR analysis indicated that the mRNA abundance of IGFBP5 was significantly lower in goose fatty liver than in the normal liver. Comparison of transcriptomes of goose primary hepatocytes transfected with IGFBP5 overexpression vector versus those transfected with empty vector identified 777 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways indicated the focal adhesion, ECM-receptor interaction, regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, and GnRH signaling pathways. Immunoblotting revealed the induction of the p38 MAPK pathway by IGFBP5 overexpression, which is in line with the suppressed expression of IGFBP5 and p38 MAPK in goose fatty liver than in normal liver. These findings suggest that IGFBP5 is involved in the development of goose fatty liver via the p38 MAPK pathway.
Transcriptomic Characterizations of the Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Lipid Production and Composition in Mortierella alpina in Response to Cold Stress
Authors: Ren Jiali , Wang Haijun , Sun Fengjie , Meng Chunxiao , Zhu Xiangyu , Wei Zuoxi , Gao Zhengquan , Li Demao
Published: March 2022

Cold stress causes changes in the lipid composition of Mortierella alpina. In order to investigate the molecular mechanisms of M. alpina in response to cold stress, transcriptome analyses were performed on three groups of M. alpina cultured at (1) 25 °C, (2) 15 °C, and (3) first at 25 °C for 2 days and then 15 °C for 7 days, respectively. The results of a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis suggested that, compared with 25 °C conditions, dry weight and lipid production were significantly decreased in M. alpina grown at 15 °C, with a total of 1552 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified in response to cold stress. The quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis was conducted to verify the expression patterns of six DEGs involved in lipid metabolism. Results of the enrichment analyses of the DEGs based on the Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases showed that fatty acid compositions were regulated by genes involved in the glycolysis pathway, fatty acid synthesis, the pentose phosphate pathway, the glycerolipid pathway, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the glycerophospholipid pathway. Our study provided solid experimental evidence and novel insights into the metabolic engineering and the molecular mechanisms regulating the response to cold stress in M. alpina.
Innovative Recovery of Winemaking Waste for Effective Lead Removal from Wastewater
Authors: Ungureanu Gabriela , Patras Antoanela , Cara Irina Gabriela , Sturza Rodica , Ghendov-Mosanu Aliona
Published: March 2022

Every year, important quantities of winemaking waste create problems for wine producers. These problems arise from the difficulty of disposing of grape marc, which can pollute the environment and affect nearby agricultural crops. The present research proposes a new direction for the valorization of this agri-food waste in residual water depollution. Four biomaterials obtained from winemaking waste were tested for Pb removal: raw Merlot grape marc (MR), raw Sauvignon Blanc grape marc (SbR), Merlot grape marc biorefined (ME) and Sauvignon Blanc grape marc biorefined (SbE). The effects of biosorbent mass and initial Pb concentration, adsorption kinetic, equilibrium isotherms and the matrix influence from a mine effluent were assessed. Very good perspectives for the practical application in lead uptake from wastewaters arise, with better results for biorefined grape marc compared to raw material. The lead removal percentage from an initial solution containing 20 mg Pb/L, at optimum pH (5.5 ± 0.5) was 71%—MR, 78%—SbR, 80%—ME, and 97%—SbE. A Langmuir model revealed a very good removal capacity for ME (40 mg/g) and SbE (64 mg/g). Thus, the grape marc, a polluting waste, can turn into a low-cost and easy-to-prepare sorbent for the bioremediation of contaminated water.
An Assessment of Proso Millet as an Alternative Summer Cereal Crop in the Mediterranean Basin
Authors: Ventura Francesca , Poggi Giovanni Maria , Vignudelli Marco , Bosi Sara , Negri Lorenzo , Fakaros Antonio , Dinelli Giovanni
Published: March 2022

Proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is a cereal well known for its ability to be successfully grown under drought and intense heat conditions, thus sustaining food security in arid regions. Considering that a trend of increasing drought severity is expected in the future in Southern Europe, solutions need to be found to enhance the resilience of agroecosystems to the effects of climate change. From this perspective, proso millet re-introduction could represent an interesting tool in reducing water consumption for grain production and in providing a new resource to farmers. The aim of this study was to characterize proso millet adaptability to drought and low-input field conditions in the Mediterranean environment, especially considering water-related traits, such as water use efficiency. Limited water-demanding crops and yield stability can contribute to the resilience of agroecosystems and their adaptation to climate change. A three-year field crop experiment was conducted in northern Italy to assess proso millet’s performance in terms of productivity and water status in rainfed agriculture conditions. It was compared to a conventional irrigated corn, a typical summer cereal of the area. All years of experimentation were characterized by adverse meteorological trends, in the full manifestation of the uncertainties of climate change. Despite such different conditions from an agro-meteorological point of view, proso millet showed, in non-irrigated conditions, stable yield and water use efficiency (on average 0.30 kg/m2 and 1.83 kg/m3, respectively), and good agronomic performance. Proso millet, therefore, seems to offer interesting traits for reintroduction on the European side of the Mediterranean Basin, representing a resource for farmers. Moreover, the shortness of the proso millet life cycle (on average 108 days) allows it to be used as a catch crop in the event of major crop failure, an event becoming more likely in the climate change scenario. Furthermore, the possibility of producing grain while saving water (and other production inputs), even in very hot and dry years, increases the sustainability of agricultural production and the resilience of agroecosystems.
Boron Removal from Desalinated Seawater for Irrigation with an On-Farm Reverse Osmosis System in Southeastern Spain
Authors: Imbernón-Mulero Alberto , Gallego-Elvira Belén , Martínez-Alvarez Victoriano , Martin-Gorriz Bernardo , Molina-del-Toro Rubén , Jodar-Conesa Francisco J. , Maestre-Valero José F.
Published: March 2022

Seawater desalination can provide water for irrigation in coastal regions where freshwater resources are scarce. Reverse osmosis (RO) is the most common technique to obtain desalinated seawater (DSW) worldwide. However, using DSW for irrigation may pose an agronomic risk as RO permeates have a boron concentration above the phytotoxicity thresholds of some sensitive crops, such as woody crops (0.5 to 1.0 mg/L). In this study, an on-farm RO system designed to reduce the boron concentration of DSW was evaluated from a technical and economic perspective. The impact of variations in the operating parameters feed water temperature, pressure, and pH, on the boron reduction process was assessed. The results showed that boron rejections close to 99% can be obtained by increasing the feed water pH to 11 with an operating pressure of 10 bar. Looking at the affordability of the system, a total production cost of 1.076 EUR/m3 was estimated for the 1.1 m3/h on-farm system used in the trial. However, this cost is expected to decrease to 0.307 EUR/m3 for a commercial RO plant (42 m3/h), highlighting the importance of the scale factor. Our results provide novel guidance on the feasibility of implementing on-farm boron removal RO systems, when DSW is provided by coastal plants with boron concentrations above the crop tolerance.
Combined Effect of Potassium Permanganate and Ultraviolet Light as Ethylene Scavengers on Post-Harvest Quality of Peach at Optimal and Stressful Temperatures
Authors: Alonso-Salinas Ramiro , Acosta-Motos José Ramón , Núñez-Delicado Estrella , Gabaldón José Antonio , López-Miranda Santiago
Published: March 2022

The aim of this study was to evaluate the combination of two ethylene removal methods and temperature on the post-harvest quality of peaches. For this purpose, filters with potassium permanganate (KMnO4) and lamps emitting ultraviolet light (UV) were mounted on machines which enabled air movement in the conservation chambers, facilitating the removal of ethylene by KMnO4 and photocatalysis simultaneously. This system was used at two temperatures, 1 °C and 25 °C, simulating an ideal storage temperature in industry and extreme temperature to observe faster ripening, respectively. The results obtained showed that this combination of ethylene scavengers favoured the efficient elimination of this gas. Consequently, the use of this innovative technique made possible a better preservation of fruit firmness, colour, soluble solids content, pH, total acidity, and maturity index. Moreover, using this method in peaches subjected to 25 °C increased their survival by seven days more than those without this system, indicating the effectiveness of ethylene scavengers even under these extreme temperatures.
High Variation in Yield among Wild Blueberry Genotypes: Can Yield Be Predicted by Leaf and Stem Functional Traits?
Authors: Barai Kallol , Calderwood Lily , Wallhead Matthew , Vanhanen Henri , Hall Bruce , Drummond Francis , Zhang Yong-Jiang
Published: March 2022

Wild lowbush blueberry fields are characterized by high genetic diversity, with a large number of genotypes coexisting in every field. Yield also varies among genotypes, which could be related to the variation in physiological and structural traits, but this has not been rigorously tested. In this study, we aimed to quantify the inter-genotype variation in yield, as well as leaf and stem functional traits, and to establish the relationship between functional traits and yield-related traits in wild blueberries. To do so, we carried out a study during the 2019 harvest season measuring structural and functional traits including stem number, stem length, stem diameter, leaf chlorophyll concentration, leaf mass area, leaf area per stem, leaf number per stem, number of branches per stem, leaf temperature, soil temperature, and soil water content and yield data including yield, berry size (weight of 100 berries), number of berries per stem, and length of berry cluster from two wild blueberry farms. We found high variations in structural, functional, and yield-related traits among genotypes, but not between two fields. We also found negative associations of the leaf mass per unit area and midday leaf temperature with the yield, whereas the leaf chlorophyll concentration was positively associated with the yield. Additionally, we found a quadratic relationship between yield-related traits (weight of 100 berries, number of berries per stem, and length of berry cluster) and stem length, with the optimum stem length for yield at 25 cm. Our results suggest that several leaf and stem functional traits are related with yield-related traits; thereby, those traits can be used to predict wild blueberry yields. Our findings could help growers and breeders select better-yielding genotypes based on structural and functional traits.
Differential Response of Soil Microbial Diversity and Community Composition Influenced by Cover Crops and Fertilizer Treatments in a Dryland Soybean Production System
Authors: Kodadinne Narayana Nisarga , Kingery William L. , Shankle Mark W. , Ganapathi Shanmugam Shankar
Published: March 2022

The response of soil microbial communities to management practices is composite, as it depends on the various environmental factors which contribute to a shift in the microbial communities. In this study we explored the impact of combinations of soil management practices on microbial diversity and community composition in a dryland soybean production system. Soil samples were collected from the experimental field maintained under no till, cover crops, and fertility treatments, at Pontotoc Ridge-Flatwoods Branch Experiment Station, MS, USA. Targeted amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA and ITS2 genes was used to study the bacterial and fungal community composition. Poultry litter amendment and cover crops significantly influenced soil bacterial diversity. Fertilizer sources had significantly different bacterial communities, as specific microbial taxa were strongly influenced by the changes in the nutrient availability, while cover crops influenced the soil fungal community differences. Differential enrichment of advantageous bacterial (Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria) and fungal (Mortierellomycota) phyla was observed across the treatments. Soil pH and easily extractable glomalin-related soil proteins (EE-GRSP) were correlated with bacterial communities and aggregate stability (WSA) was influenced by the poultry litter amendment, thus driving the differences in bacterial and fungal communities. These findings suggest that a long-term study would provide more inferences on soil microbial community response to management changes in these dryland soybean production systems.
Body Condition Score Change throughout Lactation Utilizing an Automated BCS System: A Descriptive Study
Authors: Truman Carissa M. , Campler Magnus R. , Costa Joao H. C.
Published: March 2022

Body condition scoring (BCS) is a traditional visual technique often using a five-point scale to non-invasively assess fat reserves in cattle. However, recent studies have highlighted the potential in automating body condition scoring using imaging technology. Therefore, the objective was to implement a commercially available automated body condition scoring (ABCS) camera system to collect data for developing a predictive equation of body condition dynamics throughout the lactation period. Holstein cows (n = 2343, parity = 2.1 ± 1.1, calving BCS = 3.42 ± 0.24), up to 300 days in milk (DIM), were scored daily using two ABCS cameras mounted on sort-gates at the milk parlor exits. Scores were reported on a 1 to 5 scale in 0.1 increments. Lactation number, DIM, disease status, and 305d-predicted-milk-yield (305PMY) were used to create a multivariate prediction model for body condition scores throughout lactation. The equation derived from the model was: ABCSijk = 1.4838 − 0.00452 × DIMi − 0.03851 × Lactation numberj + 0.5970 × Calving ABCSk + 0.02998 × Disease Status(neg)l − 1.52 × 10−6 × 305PMYm + eijklm. We identified factors which are significant for predicting the BCS curve during lactation. These could be used to monitor deviations or benchmark ABCS in lactating dairy cows. The advantage of BCS automation is that it may provide objective, frequent, and accurate BCS with a higher degree of sensitivity compared with more sporadic and subjective manual BCS. Applying ABCS technology in future studies on commercial dairies may assist in providing improved dairy management protocols based on more available BCS.
Characterisation of Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities in Small Watercourses of the European Central Plains Ecoregion and the Effect of Different Environmental Factors
Authors: Brysiewicz Adam , Czerniejewski Przemysław , Dąbrowski Jarosław , Formicki Krzysztof
Published: March 2022

Most publications on the influence of environmental factors on macroinvertebrate communities focus on large rivers, whereas relatively few examine small watercourses in agricultural areas, which, due to their size and pressure from intensive agricultural production, are much more susceptible to the effects of unfavourable environmental conditions or anthropopressure. The aim of our study was to compare the biodiversity of macrozoobenthos assemblages and to determine the effects of physicochemical and hydrological conditions on their abundance and density in 10 small rivers in agricultural areas located in northwest (53°23′ N 15°14′ E) and central (52°11′ N 20°48′ E) Poland. In total, 105 taxa were recorded, with the majority being euryoecious. Among the assessed physicochemical parameters, oxygenation was found to affect the density and number of taxa; another important factor was the content of nitrate nitrogen. Sensitivity to changes in water temperature was observed in some macrozoobenthos taxa (especially Decapoda). Of the examined hydrological parameters, the greatest effects were exerted by speed, flow, and depth.
The “Real Welfare” Scheme: Changes in UK Finishing Pig Welfare since the Introduction of Formal Welfare Outcome Assessment
Authors: Pandolfi Fanny , Barber Claire , Edwards Sandra
Published: March 2022

Farm animal welfare is an increasingly important issue, leading to the need for an efficient methodology to deliver accurate benchmarking. The “Real Welfare” project developed a methodology based on regular recording of a limited number of animal-based measures, so-called welfare outcomes, which allows faster and easier on-farm assessment of finishing pig welfare. The objective of this paper is to estimate, with sufficient robustness and confidence, the prevalence of different mandatory and optional welfare outcomes in the mainstream herd of the finishing farms in the UK based on the “Real Welfare” scheme data and to assess the changes in prevalence over time, inspection visits and seasons. The mean overall prevalence of the four mandatory welfare outcomes (pigs requiring hospitalization, lame pigs, pigs with severe body marks, and pigs with severe tail lesions) was very low (≤0.2%) and a significant decreasing trend was observed for the first three of these mandatory welfare outcomes since the inception of the scheme. This result might reflect either a reduction in factors giving rise to welfare problems in the mainstream herd or increasing awareness about management of compromised pigs. Additional data are required to clarify these possibilities, but both represent improved pig welfare.
New Biomolecules and Drug Delivery Systems as Alternatives to Conventional Antibiotics
Authors: Felgueiras Helena P.
Published: March 2022

New approaches to deal with the growing concern associated with antibiotic-resistant bacteria are in high demand [...]
Ceftazidime–Avibactam for the Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens: A Retrospective, Single Center Study
Authors: Di Pietrantonio Maria , Brescini Lucia , Candi Jennifer , Gianluca Morroni , Pallotta Francesco , Mazzanti Sara , Mantini Paolo , Candelaresi Bianca , Olivieri Silvia , Ginevri Francesco , Cesaretti Giulia , Castelletti Sefora , Cocci Emanuele , Polo Rosaria G. , Cerutti Elisabetta , Simonetti Oriana , Cirioni Oscar , Tavio Marcello , Giacometti Andrea , Barchiesi Francesco
Published: March 2022

Background: Ceftazidime/avibactam is a new cephalosporin/beta-lactamase inhibitor combination approved in 2015 by the FDA for the treatment of complicated intra-abdominal and urinary tract infection, hospital-acquired pneumoniae and Gram-negative infections with limited treatment options. Methods: In this retrospective study, we evaluate the efficacy of ceftazidime/avibactam treatment in 81 patients with Gram-negative infection treated in our center from January 2018 to December 2019. The outcome evaluated was 30-days survival or relapse of infection after the first positive blood culture. Results: the majority of patients were 56 male (69%), with median age of 67. Charlson’s Comorbidity Index was >3 in 58 patients. In total, 46% of the patients were admitted into the medical unit, 41% in the ICU, and 14% in the surgical ward. Of the patients, 78% had nosocomial infections, and 22% had healthcare-related infections. The clinical failure rate was 35%: 13 patients died within 30 days from the onset of infection. The outcome was influenced by the clinical condition of the patients: solid organ transplantation (p = 0.003) emerged as an independent predictor of mortality; non-survival patients most frequently had pneumonia (p = 0.009) or mechanical ventilation (p = 0.049). Conclusion: Ceftazidime–avibactam showed high efficacy in infections caused by MDR Gram-negative pathogens with limited therapeutic options.
Important Functions and Molecular Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Redox Signaling in Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Reyes-García Jorge , Carbajal-García Abril , Di Mise Annarita , Zheng Yun-Min , Wang Xiangdong , Wang Yong-Xiao
Published: March 2022

Mitochondria are important organelles that act as a primary site to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, mitochondria play a pivotal role in the regulation of Ca2+ signaling, fatty acid oxidation, and ketone synthesis. Dysfunction of these signaling molecules leads to the development of pulmonary hypertension (PH), atherosclerosis, and other vascular diseases. Features of PH include vasoconstriction and pulmonary artery (PA) remodeling, which can result from abnormal proliferation, apoptosis, and migration of PA smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). These responses are mediated by increased Rieske iron–sulfur protein (RISP)-dependent mitochondrial ROS production and increased mitochondrial Ca2+ levels. Mitochondrial ROS and Ca2+ can both synergistically activate nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) to trigger inflammatory responses leading to PH, right ventricular failure, and death. Evidence suggests that increased mitochondrial ROS and Ca2+ signaling leads to abnormal synthesis of ketones, which play a critical role in the development of PH. In this review, we discuss some of the recent findings on the important interactive role and molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial ROS and Ca2+ in the development and progression of PH. We also address the contributions of NF-κB-dependent inflammatory responses and ketone-mediated oxidative stress due to abnormal regulation of mitochondrial ROS and Ca2+ signaling in PH.
Polyphenol Rich Forsythia suspensa Extract Alleviates DSS-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Mice through the Nrf2-NLRP3 Pathway
Authors: Chao Limin , Lin Jin , Zhou Jing , Du Hongliang , Chen Xiaoli , Liu Mengjie , Qu Qian , Lv Weijie , Guo Shining
Published: March 2022

This study systematically evaluated the effect of Forsythia suspensa extract on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) and determined its mechanism of action. The results showed that Forsythia suspensa extract significantly inhibited DSS-induced UC in mice. In vivo mechanistic studies revealed that Forsythia suspensa extract relieved the symptoms of colitis by enhancing antioxidant activity and inhibiting pyroptosis. Further in vitro experiments on the mechanism of Forsythia suspensa showed that it reduced the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in J774A.1 cells. We found that Forsythia suspensa extract enhanced cellular antioxidation activity and inhibited pyroptosis. After silencing NLRP3, it was found to play an important role in pyroptosis. In addition, after Nrf2 was silenced, the inhibitory effect of Forsythia suspensa extract on cell pyroptosis was eliminated, indicating an interaction between Nrf2 and NLRP3. Metabonomics revealed that Forsythia suspensa extract significantly improved metabolic function in colitis mice by reversing the abnormal changes in the levels of 9 metabolites. The main metabolic pathways involved were glutathione metabolism, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis and linoleic acid metabolism. In conclusion, we found that Forsythia suspensa extract significantly alleviated DSS-induced UC injury through the Nrf2-NLRP3 pathway and relieved metabolic dysfunction.
MicroRNAs, Long Non-Coding RNAs, and Circular RNAs in the Redox Control of Cell Senescence
Authors: Lettieri-Barbato Daniele , Aquilano Katia , Punziano Carolina , Minopoli Giuseppina , Faraonio Raffaella
Published: March 2022

Cell senescence is critical in diverse aspects of organism life. It is involved in tissue development and homeostasis, as well as in tumor suppression. Consequently, it is tightly integrated with basic physiological processes during life. On the other hand, senescence is gradually being considered as a major contributor of organismal aging and age-related diseases. Increased oxidative stress is one of the main risk factors for cellular damages, and thus a driver of senescence. In fact, there is an intimate link between cell senescence and response to different types of cellular stress. Oxidative stress occurs when the production of reactive oxygen species/reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) is not adequately detoxified by the antioxidant defense systems. Non-coding RNAs are endogenous transcripts that govern gene regulatory networks, thus impacting both physiological and pathological events. Among these molecules, microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and more recently circular RNAs are considered crucial mediators of almost all cellular processes, including those implicated in oxidative stress responses. Here, we will describe recent data on the link between ROS/RNS-induced senescence and the current knowledge on the role of non-coding RNAs in the senescence program.
Fresh Phyllanthus emblica (Amla) Fruit Supplementation Enhances Milk Fatty Acid Profiles and the Antioxidant Capacities of Milk and Blood in Dairy Cows
Authors: Tilahun Mekonnen , Zhao Liansheng , Sun Lingling , Shen Yifan , Ma Lu , Callaway Todd R. , Xu Jianchu , Bu Dengpan
Published: March 2022

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a diet supplemented with fresh amla fruit as a natural feed additive on blood metabolic parameters, milk antioxidant capacity, and milk fatty acid (FA) proportions in lactating dairy cows. Eight ruminally cannulated mid-lactation dairy cows were used in a repeated crossover design. The first group of four cows received total mixed ration (TMR) feed without fresh amla fruit (control group). The remaining four cows sequentially supplemented fresh amla fruit (FAF) at three levels (200, 400, then 600 g/d) (treatment group) at 14-day intervals. In second period, control and treatment groups were exchanged. The first ten days were adjusted to diet adaptation for each sub-period, and the last four days for sampling milk and blood. A total of 514 metabolites were detected from FAF using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The five main metabolites in FAF were phenolic acids (22%), flavonoids (20%), lipids (20%), amino acids and derivatives (9%), and tannins (7%). Amla fruit supplementation reduced total saturated fatty acid and the omega-6/omega-3 ratio at 200 or 400 g/d FAF dose compared to controls. In addition, amla fruit increased unsaturated FA, such as C20:5 (Eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) and C22:6 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA), and branched-chain FA in a dose-dependent manner at 200 or 400 g/d compared to controls. In addition, amla fruit increased the antioxidant capacity biomarkers in the blood, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and albumin; this confirms that amla fruit is an excellent antioxidant, inhibiting reactive oxygen species’ (ROS) metabolism, and can thereby protect cells from oxidative stress. Moreover, the most remarkable improvement of ferric reducing-antioxidant power (FRAP) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in milk was recorded at 400 g/d FAF doses compared to controls. Therefore, fresh amla fruit doses for lactating cows at 400 g/d on an as-fed basis can be used as an alternative additive feed in dairy cow diets to improve antioxidant capacity, protein efficiency, butter quality, and to produce more desirable milk fatty acid profiles for human consumption.
Role of Food Hydrocolloids as Antioxidants along with Modern Processing Techniques on the Surimi Protein Gel Textural Properties, Developments, Limitation and Future Perspectives
Authors: Walayat Noman , Liu Jianhua , Nawaz Asad , Aadil Rana Muhammad , López-Pedrouso María , Lorenzo José M.
Published: March 2022

Texture is an important parameter in determining the quality characteristics and consumer acceptability of seafood and fish protein-based products. The addition of food-based additives as antioxidants (monosaccharides, oilgosaccharides, polysaccharides and protein hydrolysates) in surimi and other seafood products has become a promising trend at an industrial scale. Improvement in gelling, textural and structural attributes of surimi gel could be attained by inhibiting the oxidative changes, protein denaturation and aggregation with these additives along with new emerging processing techniques. Moreover, the intermolecular crosslinking of surimi gel can be improved with the addition of different food hydrocolloid-based antioxidants in combination with modern processing techniques. The high-pressure processing (HPP) technique with polysaccharides can develop surimi gel with better physicochemical, antioxidative, textural attributes and increase the gel matrix than conventional processing methods. The increase in protein oxidation, denaturation, decline in water holding capacity, gel strength and viscoelastic properties of surimi gel can be substantially improved by microwave (MW) processing. The MW, ultrasonication and ultraviolet (UV) treatments can significantly increase the textural properties (hardness, gumminess and cohesiveness) and improve the antioxidative properties of surimi gel produced by different additives. This study will review potential opportunities and primary areas of future exploration for high-quality surimi gel products. Moreover, it also focuses on the influence of different antioxidants as additives and some new production strategies, such as HPP, ultrasonication, UV and MW and ohmic processing. The effects of additives in combination with different modern processing technologies on surimi gel texture are also compared.
Chondroprotective Effects of 4,5-Dicaffeoylquinic Acid in Osteoarthritis through NF-κB Signaling Inhibition
Authors: Jang Goeun , Lee Seul Ah , Hong Joon Ho , Park Bo-Ram , Kim Do Kyung , Kim Chun Sung
Published: March 2022

Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by cartilage degradation, inflammation, and pain. The dicaffeoylquinic acid (diCQA) isomer, 4,5-diCQA, exhibits antioxidant activity and various other health-promoting benefits, but its chondroprotective effects have yet to be elucidated. In this study, we aimed to investigate the chondroprotective effects of 4,5-diCQA on OA both in vitro and in vivo. Primary rat chondrocytes were pre-treated with 4,5-diCQA for 1 h before stimulation with interleukin (IL)-1β (5 ng/mL). The accumulation of nitrite, PGE2, and aggrecan was observed using the Griess reagent and ELISA. The protein levels of iNOS, COX-2, MMP-3, MMP-13, ADMATS-4, MAPKs, and the NF-κB p65 subunit were measured by Western blotting. In vivo, the effects of 4,5-diCQA were evaluated for 2 weeks in a destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM)-surgery-induced OA rat model. 4,5-diCQA significantly inhibited IL-1β-induced expression of nitrite, iNOS, PGE2, COX-2, MMP-3, MMP-13, and ADAMTS-4. 4,5-diCQA also decreased the IL-1β-induced degradation of aggrecan. It also suppressed the IL-1β-induced phosphorylation of MAPKs and translocation of the NF-κB p65 subunit to the nucleus. These findings indicate that 4,5-diCQA inhibits DMM-surgery-induced cartilage destruction and proteoglycan loss in vivo. 4,5-diCQA may be a potential therapeutic agent for the alleviation of OA progression. In this study, diclofenac was set to be administered once every two days, but it showed an effect on OA. These results may be used as basic data to suggest a new dosing method for diclofenac.
In Silico Study of Superoxide Dismutase Gene Family in Potato and Effects of Elevated Temperature and Salicylic Acid on Gene Expression
Authors: Rudić Jelena , Dragićević Milan B. , Momčilović Ivana , Simonović Ana D. , Pantelić Danijel
Published: March 2022

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the most important vegetable crop globally and is very susceptible to high ambient temperatures. Since heat stress causes the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), investigations regarding major enzymatic components of the antioxidative system are of the essence. Superoxide dismutases (SODs) represent the first line of defense against ROS but detailed in silico analysis and characterization of the potato SOD gene family have not been performed thus far. We have analyzed eight functional SOD genes, three StCuZnSODs, one StMnSOD, and four StFeSODs, annotated in the updated version of potato genome (Spud DB DM v6.1). The StSOD genes and their respective proteins were analyzed in silico to determine the exon-intron organization, splice variants, cis-regulatory promoter elements, conserved domains, signals for subcellular targeting, 3D-structures, and phylogenetic relations. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed higher induction of StCuZnSODs (the major potato SODs) and StFeSOD3 in thermotolerant cultivar Désirée than in thermosensitive Agria and Kennebec during long-term exposure to elevated temperature. StMnSOD was constitutively expressed, while expression of StFeSODs was cultivar-dependent. The effects of salicylic acid (10−5 M) on StSODs expression were minor. Our results provide the basis for further research on StSODs and their regulation in potato, particularly in response to elevated temperatures.
Evaluation of Hemp Seed Oils Stability under Accelerated Storage Test
Authors: Tura Matilde , Ansorena Diana , Astiasarán Iciar , Mandrioli Mara , Toschi Tullia Gallina
Published: March 2022

The interest in hemp seed oil has recently increased, due to the latest regulations which allow its use as food. Hemp seed oil is characterized by a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are highly prone to oxidation. Accelerated thermal oxidation (60 °C, 18 days) has been applied to nine types of cold-pressed hemp seed oils to monitor the evolution of the samples during oxidative deterioration. The results showed that the only determinations of primary (peroxide value) and secondary (TBARs) oxidation products did not allow a sufficient or correct evaluation of the oxidative changes of hemp seed oils during storage. In fact, samples at the end of the test were primarily characterized by a high presence of oxidation volatile compounds and a significant decrease of antioxidants. Several volatiles identified before the accelerated storage, such as the predominant α-pinene and β-pinene, gradually decreased during the accelerated storage period. On the other hand, aldehydes (hexanal, (E)-2-hexenal, heptanal, (E,E)-2,4-hexadienal, (E)-2-heptenal, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal, (E,Z)-2,4-heptadienal, 2-octenal, nonanal, nonenal, 2,4-nonadienal, (E,E)- 2,4-decadienal and 2,4-decadienal), ketones (1-octen-3-one, 3-octen-2-one, (E,E)-3,5-octadien-2- one and 3,5-octadien-2-one), acids (propionic acid, pentanoic acid, hexanoic acid and heptanoic acid) and 2-pentyl-furan increased during the accelerated storage, as principal markers of oxidation.
Preharvest Application of Phenylalanine Induces Red Color in Mango and Apple Fruit’s Skin
Authors: Fanyuk Michal , Kumar Patel Manish , Ovadia Rinat , Maurer Dalia , Feygenberg Oleg , Oren-Shamir Michal , Alkan Noam
Published: March 2022

Anthocyanins are secondary metabolites responsible for the red coloration of mango and apple. The red color of the peel is essential for the fruit’s marketability. Anthocyanins and flavonols are synthesized via the flavonoid pathway initiated from phenylalanine (Phe). Anthocyanins and flavonols have antioxidant, antifungal, and health-promoting properties. To determine if the external treatment of apple and mango trees with Phe can induce the red color of the fruit peel, the orchards were sprayed 1 to 4 weeks before the harvest of mango (cv. Kent, Shelly, and Tommy Atkins) and apple fruit (cv. Cripps pink, Gala and Starking Delicious). Preharvest Phe treatment increased the red coloring intensity and red surface area of both mango and apple fruit that was exposed to sunlight at the orchard. The best application of Phe was 2–4 weeks preharvest at a concentration of 0.12%, while a higher concentration did not have an additive effect. A combination of Phe and the positive control of prohydrojasmon (PDJ) or several applications of Phe did not have a significant added value on the increase in red color. Phe treatment increased total flavonoid, anthocyanin contents, and antioxidant activity in treated fruit compared to control fruits. High Performance Liquid Chromatography analysis of the peel of Phe treated ‘Cripps pink’ apples showed an increase in total flavonols and anthocyanins with no effect on the compound composition. HPLC analysis of ‘Kent’ mango fruit peel showed that Phe treatment had almost no effect on total flavonols content while significantly increasing the level of anthocyanins was observed. Thus preharvest application of Phe combined with sunlight exposure offers an eco–friendly, alternative treatment to improve one of the most essential quality traits—fruit color.
Phyto-Carbazole Alkaloids from the Rutaceae Family as Potential Protective Agents against Neurodegenerative Diseases
Authors: Tan Mario A. , Sharma Niti , An Seong Soo A.
Published: March 2022

Plant-derived (phyto) carbazole alkaloids are an important class of compounds, presented in the family of Rutaceae (Genera Murraya, Clausena, Glycosmis, Micromelum and Zanthoxylum). Due to several significant biological activities, such as antitumor, antibacterial, antiviral, antidiabetic, anti-HIV and neuroprotective activities of the parent skeleton (3-methylcarbazole), carbazole alkaloids are recognized as an important class of potential therapeutic agents. Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) may exhibit a vast range of conditions, affecting neurons primarily and leading ultimately to the progressive losses of normal motor and cognitive functions. The main pathophysiological indicators of NDs comprise increasing atypical protein folding, oxidative stresses, mitochondrial dysfunctions, deranged neurotransmissions and neuronal losses. Phyto-carbazole alkaloids can be investigated for exerting multitarget approaches to ameliorating NDs. This review presents a comprehensive evaluation of the available scientific literature on the neuroprotective mechanisms of phyto-carbazole alkaloids from the Rutaceae family in ameliorating NDs.
Development of Open-Assistant Environment for Integrated Operation of 3D Bridge Model and Engineering Document Information
Authors: Park Sang I. , Kim Bong-Geun , Goh Wonhui , Zi Goangseup
Published: March 2022

This study proposes a method for assistant environments to integrate 3D bridge model information and engineering document fragments. The engineering document content varies depending on the process. Therefore, we accept a loose coupling concept to support the independence of each information set instead of using a specific data model for effective integration. The engineering document is translated into an Extensible Markup Language (XML)-based structured format based on the explicit and apparent semantic structure of the document. An extended industry foundation classes (IFC) schema is proposed to manage the bridge information model, as well as document fragments. An information document (iMapDoc) is proposed to manage interim data to connect a 3D digital model, an IFC model, and engineering document fragments. Document fragments on a specific component in the 3D bridge model are retrieved to validate the developed integrated assistant module.
A Novel Deep Learning Model to Predict Ultimate Strength of Ship Plates under Compression
Authors: Cho So-jeong , Ban Im-jun , Shin Sung-chul
Published: March 2022

The evaluation of ship strength during the hull structure design stage is essential for structural safety. Additionally, plate is one of the basic structural members of the hull, it is important to analyze and predict the ultimate strength. The curved plate used for shipbuilding must be able to withstand repeated axial loads and complex loads, and stability needs to be confirmed through ultimate strength analysis. In general situations, the magnitude of the transverse compression is smaller than that of the longitudinal and combined loads, but transverse compression causes different physical behaviors from the longitudinal load state, which affects the ultimate strength, so study on the ultimate strength of the curved-plate under transverse compression is essential. Therefore, in this paper, a curved plate under transverse compressive load was selected as a subject, and the ultimate strength of the curved plate under the corresponding compression condition was predicted using a deep learning model. To obtain the training data for the deep-learning model, 4050 cases were selected and analyzed using the ANSYS. The accuracy of the model was verified by comparing the results predicted by the model and empirical equations with those of the FEM analysis. The study shows that it is possible to consider the ultimate strength more efficiently in the initial design stage of the ship.
Using Plastic Waste in a Circular Economy Approach to Improve the Properties of Bituminous Binders
Authors: Martinho Fernando C. G. , Picado-Santos Luís G. , Lemos Francisco M. S. , Lemos Maria Amélia N. D. A. , Santos Everton R. F.
Published: March 2022

This work aims to use wax to modify a binder employed in the paving industry. This wax can be obtained either directly or as a by-product from plastic waste′s thermal cracking (pyrolysis). The study characterizes this sustainable material and the binders resulting from blending it with conventional or modified bitumen with other additives applied in the manufacture of bituminous mixtures. Different tests were used: thermogravimetric and spectroscopic analysis; consistency tests; testing of dynamic viscosity at various temperatures; and assessment of the rheologic properties of binders. As a result, several crucial findings were reached: this sustainable wax promotes changes in the viscosity of the binders, their handling temperatures can be reduced, and it contributes to some goals of the U.N. 2030 Agenda. In summary, this work allowed us to conclude that the positive effects of a suitable modification of the bituminous binders, which incorporated this wax and other additives, led to improved consistency and rheological behaviour, having provided, for example, lower temperature susceptibility and higher permanent deformation resistance.
Flow Velocity and Sand Loading Effect on Erosion–Corrosion during Liquid-Solid Impingement on Mild Steel
Authors: Parancheerivilakkathil Muhammed S. , Parapurath Shahid , Ainane Sami , Yap Yit Fatt , Rostron Paul
Published: March 2022

The presence of CO2, sand, and water in oil and gas reservoirs causes erosion–corrosion leading to material degradation in pipelines and fluid handling equipment that results in increasing maintenance and repair costs and a decrease in production. While the weight loss caused by erosion–corrosion is known to depend on flow velocity, angle of impact, sand loading and size and target material properties, field operators often limit the flow rate based on a critical corrosion velocity to protect the equipment. This study investigates the effects of sand loading and flow velocity on weight loss associated with erosion–corrosion in a mild steel sample using a submerged impingement jet. The weight loss by erosion, corrosion and their interaction for a flow velocity range of 10 m/s to 20 m/s and sand loading range of 300 mg/L to 600 mg/L, in a seawater environment, are presented. The results showed that the weight loss by pure erosion and erosion–corrosion interaction increases linearly with jet velocity and sand loading, and that erosion is dominant in all cases except at low velocity and sand loading. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images after impingement tests were analyzed. In addition, correlations for the velocity and sand loading were derived using the design of experiment method (DOE).