bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Slow Waves in Cortical Slices: How Spontaneous Activity is Shaped by Laminar Structure
Authors: Capone Cristiano , Rebollo Beatriz , Muñoz Alberto , Illa Xavi , Del Giudice Paolo , Sanchez-Vives Maria V , Mattia Maurizio
Published: November 2017

Cortical slow oscillations (SO) of neural activity spontaneously emerge and propagate during deep sleep and anesthesia and are also expressed in isolated brain slices and cortical slabs. We lack full understanding of how SO integrate the different structural levels underlying local excitability of cell assemblies and their mutual interaction. Here, we focus on ongoing slow waves (SWs) in cortical slices reconstructed from a 16-electrode array designed to probe the neuronal activity at multiple spatial scales. In spite of the variable propagation patterns observed, we reproducibly found a smooth strip of loci leading the SW fronts, overlapping cortical layers 4 and 5, along which Up states were the longest and displayed the highest firing rate. Propagation modes were uncorrelated in time, signaling a memoryless generation of SWs. All these features could be modeled by a multimodular large-scale network of spiking neurons with a specific balance between local and intermodular connectivity. Modules work as relaxation oscillators with a weakly stable Down state and a peak of local excitability to model layers 4 and 5. These conditions allow for both optimal sensitivity to the network structure and richness of propagation modes, both of which are potential substrates for dynamic flexibility in more general contexts.
Tropical Geometric Compactification of Moduli, II: A
g Case and Holomorphic Limits
Authors: Odaka Yuji
Published: November 2017

We compactify the classical moduli variety Ag of principally polarized abelian varieties of complex dimension g, by attaching the moduli of flat tori of real dimensions at most g in an explicit manner. Equivalently, we explicitly determine the Gromov–Hausdorff limits of principally polarized abelian varieties. This work is analogous to [50], where we compactified the moduli of curves by attaching the moduli of metrized graphs. Then, we also explicitly specify the Gromov–Hausdorff limits along holomorphic families of abelian varieties and show that these form special nontrivial subsets of the whole boundary. We also do the same for algebraic curves case and observe a crucial difference with the case of abelian varieties.
Modular finite W-algebras
Authors: Goodwin Simon M , Topley Lewis W
Published: November 2017

Let ${\mathbb{k}}$ be an algebraically closed field of characteristic p > 0 and let G be a connected reductive algebraic group over ${\mathbb{k}}$. Under some standard hypothesis on G, we give a direct approach to the finite W-algebra $U(\mathfrak{g},e)$ associated to a nilpotent element $e \in \mathfrak{g} = \textrm{Lie}\ G$. We prove a PBW theorem and deduce a number of consequences, then move on to define and study the p-centre of $U(\mathfrak{g},e)$, which allows us to define reduced finite W-algebras $U_{\eta}(\mathfrak{g},e)$ and we verify that they coincide with those previously appearing in the work of Premet. Finally, we prove a modular version of Skryabin’s equivalence of categories, generalizing recent work of the second author.
Classical Neumann Problems for Hessian Equations and Alexandrov–Fenchel’s Inequalities
Authors: Qiu Guohuan , Xia Chao
Published: November 2017

Recently, the 1st named author together, with Xinan Ma [12], has proved the existence of the Neumann problems for Hessian equations. In this paper, we proceed further to study classical Neumann problems for Hessian equations. We prove here the existence of classical Neumann problems for uniformly convex domains in $\mathbb {R}^{n}$. As an application, we use the solution of the classical Neumann problem to give a new proof of a family of Alexandrov–Fenchel inequalities arising from convex geometry. This geometric application is motivated by Reilly [18].
1867: Confederation
Authors: Vipond Robert
Published: November 2017

The Constitution Act, 1867 is one of the world’s oldest national constitutions in existence. This chapter explores the possibility that the longevity of Canada’s written constitution reflects design decisions made by its architects in the 1860s. It argues, more specifically, that the Canadian Constitution is characterized by “constitutional ambivalence”. It shows how this ambivalence became lodged in the design of three pillars of the constitutional order—federalism, democracy, and minority rights—and it explains how this ambivalence provided flexibility to adapt to environmental changes. It also shows how, when constitutional ambivalence was not present, for example with respect to the locus of sovereignty and Aboriginal rights, the effect was predictably de-stabilizing.
The Executive, the Royal Prerogative, and the Constitution
Authors: Forcese Craig
Published: November 2017

The royal prerogative is the residue of power once exercised by the Crown. In modern Canadian law, some historic prerogative powers have been codified as part of Canada’s written constitutional law. Others persist in a form governed by constitutional conventions. Most others have been displaced by legislation, through the exercise of parliamentary supremacy. Exactly what is required before this displacement by statute arises is, however, an area of considerable uncertainty in Canadian law. What is clear is that the royal prerogative remains a source of executive authority in several special subject areas, especially defence and foreign relations. Some exercises of the remaining prerogatives constitute matters of high policy, whereas others may affect the interests and rights of individuals. Where exercises of the prerogative do affect interests and rights, the prerogative has been treated no differently than any other exercise of executive power. Specifically, it has been subject to judicial review.
Parliamentary Sovereignty in Canada
Authors: Lovell John
Published: November 2017

Despite a federal division of powers and entrenched constitutional rights provisions, parliamentary sovereignty is accepted in Canada as a significant legal phenomenon. The traditional understanding inherited from Britain is that Parliament remains legally free at all times to make or change any legal rule that it wants. This chapter recounts the story of how that understanding has been adapted to the Canadian constitutional context. It also discusses Canadian experience with the problem of a Parliament binding its successors, including certain qualifications that are now brought to the uncompromising view attributed to constitutional scholar A.V. Dicey. Finally, it examines the question of what official bodies, in addition to courts, are recognized by Canadian law as being able to decide that a statute is invalid.
Contending Sovereignties
Authors: Webber Jeremy
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the manner in which questions of sovereignty have arisen in relation to the Indigenous dimensions of the Canadian Constitution. After a brief discussion of the foundation of Indigenous rights in the Canadian Constitution, it reviews the debate over whether Indigenous peoples possess an inherent right of self-government and the treatment of that demand in constitutional negotiations and before the courts. It explores the ways in which Indigenous ‘sovereignty’ has been discussed by the courts and, in one striking instance, by the BC legislature. And it examines the various meanings attached to ‘sovereignty’, determining which ones are in issue in Indigenous/non-Indigenous relations in Canada.
From Dualism to Cooperative Federalism and Back?
Authors: Gaudreault-DesBiens Jean-François , Poirier Johanne
Published: November 2017

This chapter documents the evolution from a dualist—“watertight compartments”—conception of Canadian federalism, to one that must acknowledge an increased number of intergovernmental cooperative ventures. It first examines Canada’s fundamentally dualist federal architecture before looking at the empirical reality of cooperative federalism which frequently challenges this structural dualism. It then considers how the rise of cooperative federalism influenced the evolution of the interpretive doctrines underpinning the law of Canadian federalism. Finally, it analyses the normative strength and scope of cooperative federalism, concluding that the impact of cooperative federalism in Canadian constitutional law remains tamed by the dualist conception of federalism that still underlies the Supreme Court of Canada’s federalism case law.
Criminal Law in the Federal Context
Authors: Carter Mark
Published: November 2017

Under section 91(27) of Canada’s Constitution Act, 1867 Parliament has jurisdiction over criminal law. The formal characteristics of this concept and its public purposes have developed to take it well beyond its classic concern with prohibiting and punishing immoral conduct. Section 91(27) now supports highly regulatory legislative frameworks addressing not only moral concerns but also areas of well-established provincial regulation such as health and the environment. At the same time, section 92 of the Constitution Act, 1867 allows the provinces considerable jurisdiction to regulate and to create offences in relation to matters that in other aspects fall within section 91(27). The subject of criminal law in the federal context involves unique challenges to the need to retain clear distinctions between federal and provincial powers, while demonstrating the “dominant tide” of federalism which attempts to maximize the operation of federal and provincial statutes without a primary concern for jurisdictional boundaries.
Minority Languages, Education, and the Constitution
Authors: Cardinal Linda , Foucher Pierre
Published: November 2017

The chapter discusses minority education language rights in Canada. It argues that there are institutional constraints to the development of those rights, foremost amongst them constitutionalism and federalism. Minority education language rights concern the English-speaking minority in Quebec and the French-speaking minorities in the rest of the country. First, the chapter reviews minority education and language debates in Canada since 1867. Second, it explains how in the 1960s, English and French became the official languages of the Canadian government and how provinces started to address the schooling needs of their official language minority. Third, the chapter discusses the recognition of minority education language rights in the 1982 Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom. It takes a positive lens in discussing minority language education rights but concludes that constitutionalism and federalism remain important factors in understanding the development and future of minority education language rights in the Canadian context.
Access to Charter Justice
Authors: Mathen Carissima
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses how Canadian constitutional issues come before the courts. Its primary focus is on litigation arising under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Since the entrenchment of the Canadian Charter in 1982, traditional legal process doctrines, such as standing, intervention, costs, and reference opinions have seen significant expansion. Though initially cautious, Canadian courts have recognized that the ability to initiate constitutional claims is integral to the principle of legality. The mechanisms by which constitutional issues are judicially reviewed, and decisions regarding who may participate and how such litigation may be supported, are crucial determinants of substantive constitutionalism in Canada.
The Charter and Criminal Justice
Authors: Stuart Don
Published: November 2017

This chapter analyses the pervasive impact of the Charter on the Canadian criminal justice system. Active judicial interpretation of Charter rights has put in place distinctive constitutional standards of substantive law, including those of fault, and struck down oppressive laws for arbitrariness and overbreadth. Also examined are new standards for police powers to stop, search, detain and interrogate, fair trial rights such as the duty of full Crown disclosure, and for assessing mandatory minimum sentences. This chapter describes and welcomes a robust exclusionary discretion for evidence obtained in violation of the Charter. It is suggested that the Canadian Charter standards are no panacea and are sometimes too weak but that they have often provided a welcome balance to the expedient lure of law-and-order politics.
Equality and Anti-discrimination
Authors: Lawrence Sonia
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers the effect of section 1, the “justification” section of the Canadian Charter, on the doctrinal development of section 15, the equality section. It begins by describing the development of the section 15 substantive equality analysis, including the claim of a conceptually complete separation from the section 1 analysis of state justification. The chapter then identifies some features of section 15 which suggest that this separation is less than complete, including the existence of section 15(2), and anxieties over constraining government action. The chapter then turns to three post-2001 cases in which the Supreme Court of Canada found discrimination under the Charter but then held that discrimination was “justified” through section 1, and asks what these cases might reveal about the symbolic significance of a finding of discrimination and the Court’s struggle with institutional competence concerns in equality claims.
Social and Economic Rights
Authors: Jackman Martha , Porter Bruce
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the status of socio-economic rights in Canada and the competing constitutional visions that confront Canadian courts in this area. The chapter presents the historical context and legislative history of the Canadian Charter as a source of socio-economic rights protection. It describes the Supreme Court’s approach to the Charter in light of Canada’s international human rights obligations and considers sections 7 and 15 with specific reference to the positive versus negative rights debate to which social and economic rights claims have frequently given rise. The chapter discusses recent challenges in two of the most active areas of current socio-economic rights litigation in Canada: housing and health. The chapter concludes by referring to the recommendations of the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights for resolving the opposing paradigms that characterize this important area of constitutional rights.
Constitutional Interpretation
Authors: Beaulac Stéphane
Published: November 2017

The chapter addresses, first, the ontological issue of whether the interpretation of a constitution is fundamentally different than the construction of statutes. Based on a comparison of the Supreme Court of Canada decisions in constitutional interpretation, especially Charter cases, and the contemporary approach to statutory interpretation, endorsing Driedger’s modern principle, it is argued that a convergence of methodology has occurred. Second, recent developments in the domestic use of international law—that is interlegality—also show commonality in constitutional and statutory interpretation. The hypothesis is that recent case law on the operationalization of international normativity, far from supporting the end of the international/national divide, actually reaffirms the Westphalian paradigm. The contextual argument and the presumption of conformity, as interpretative tools, allow courts to be more flexible, indeed more permissive, in resorting to international law.
Canadian Constitutional Culture
Authors: Schneiderman David
Published: November 2017

How might one explain Canadian constitutional practices that have produced outcomes that are, within limits, heterogeneous and pluralistic? The chapter inquires into this question by tapping into constitutional culture, referring to dominant understandings of the fundamental norms that guide relations between citizens and states and between institutions of the state. Contemporary constitutional culture, it is argued, is partly the product of choices made in the past by Imperial and early Canadian authorities. Taking a genealogical approach to Canadian constitutional culture, the chapter examines three episodes in Canada’s constitutional past that help to frame discussions about the constitutional present. Each illustrates the difficulty of governing those who are different; of aspiring to homogeneity while necessitating some heterogeneity in practice. They are representative samples of the waves of accommodation and assimilation that have been recurring features in Canada’s constitutional story and illustrative of the basic elements that make up Canadian constitutional culture.
Feminist Constitutionalism in Canada
Authors: Baines Beverley , Rubio-Marin Ruth
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the Canadian Constitution through feminist lenses. It proposes a feminist framework to evaluate constitutional law. Feminist constitutionalism aims to promote women’s agency and to protect their rights fully. Feminist constitutionalism examines women’s agency in constitutional law. It also examines critically the interpretation of traditional rights, the impact of constitutionally structured diversity, and the approach to equality rights. Feminist constitutionalism pays attention to the constitutional protection of women’s reproductive rights and sexual autonomy (domains of autonomy neglected by classical constitutionalism); it also aims to ensure women’s equal rights within the family, and to promote women’s socioeconomic development and democratic rights. This chapter develops the idea of feminist constitutionalism and uses this framework to evaluate critically some aspects of Canadian women’s constitutional experience.
Supranational Organizations
Authors: Lindseth Peter L.
Published: November 2017

This chapter analyzes the legitimacy of supranational organizations (SNOs). Taking the European Union (EU) as the leading exemplar of the type, an SNO can exercise a whole range of rulemaking, adjudication, and enforcement powers with a comparatively high degree of independence from intergovernmental or national control, at least within the scope of authority delegated to the supranational level. However, as the Eurozone crisis has demonstrated, Europe still depends on the strongly legitimated institutions of outright ‘government’ at the national level. Institutions of supranational ‘governance’, exercising delegated power in a delegated, administrative sense, are simply not yet equal to that task.
Trade
Authors: Trachtman Joel P.
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the functions of international organizations for trade and the corresponding structures. It focuses on the structure of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It begins by describing the functions of the law of international trade, and explains how international organizations may be designed to advance these functions. It then explains the organizational structure of the WTO, which responds to its functions as a facilitator of trade liberalization negotiations; as an occasional forum for secondary law-making through consensus decision-making or amendments to its treaty; as a monitor of national openness to trade; and as a forum for mandatory dispute settlement. The remainder of the briefly addresses the issue of overlap between the concerns of the WTO and those of other international organizations and explains the functions and structure of free trade areas and customs unions.
Monitoring Processes
Authors: Betz Timm , Koremenos Barbara
Published: November 2017

In the practical world of policymaking and implementation, knowledge about a treaty partner's compliance with the terms of an agreement is essential. Without information about the behaviour of the other party, each side has good reasons to defect from the agreement; anticipating this dynamic, both parties may fail to reach an agreement in the first place. This chapter presents a survey of formal monitoring provisions in a random sample of international agreements which covers and is conditional on four issue areas: economics, environment, human rights, and security. It shows that monitoring provisions are indeed an important feature of international agreements: almost six out of ten agreements incorporate some form of explicit monitoring provision. In the coincidence of uncertainty about behaviour and incentives to defect, states are willing to cede sovereignty by involving external entities, such as intergovernmental organizations, in the monitoring process. International organizations may be especially important information providers in cases where private actors are either less reliable or less able to reveal non-compliance.
Relations with Other International Organizations
Authors: Chazournes Laurence Boisson de
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the relationships between international organizations (IOs). IOs may exchange information or participate in their respective fora of discussion. They can establish institutional arrangements to implement a given activity and provide a framework for common purposes. They can also receive logistical, material, or financial aid from each other for operational purposes. The establishment of public-private partnerships allows IOs to work with non-state actors to achieve goals. The latter contribute by mobilizing resources. Due to the specific character of the European Union (EU), its relationship with other IOs is unique and they have had to accommodate the EU through various modes of adaptation. Lastly, relationships with other organizations may give rise to complex forms of collaboration. The topic of responsibility sheds light on the difficulty of apprehending these relationships.
Relations with Civil Society
Authors: Scholte Jan Aart
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the forms, consequences, and challenges of civil society involvement in contemporary global governance. It is organized as follows. The first section considers definitions of civil society. The second section maps the various involvements of civil society actors in global regulatory processes. The third section surveys different theoretical understandings of the relationship between civil society and global governance. The fourth section assesses the substantive impacts of civil society interventions in global governance, that is, how NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) and other civil society groups affect institutional developments, agendas, decisions, discourses, and deeper structures of global governance. The fifth section considers the relationship between civil society and legitimacy in global governance. The conclusion includes several suggestions for future enhancement of civil society engagement of global-scale regulation.
Executive Boards and Councils
Authors: Wessel Ramses A.
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the so-called ‘Boards’ or ‘Councils’ of international organizations (IOs). Alongside a central congress in the form of an ‘Assembly’ and a Secretariat, the Board completes the ‘elementary triad’ forming the basis of the institutional structure of most IOs. Boards differ in almost every aspect: their name, composition, meeting frequency, competences, decision-making procedures, etc. Critical analyses of the increasing role of IOs often relate to extensive regulatory and executive powers of Boards, or the sub-organs and agencies created by them. While technological developments and the increasing complexity of many issues (e.g. the environment, health or finances) calls for a certain distance between the actual rule-makers and politics, this development also caused an intensified debate on the (democratic) legitimacy and accountability of the normative bodies. In that sense, not so much the Boards themselves will be the subject of academic debates, but more the normative institutional machinery in the form of committees and agencies that acts under their mandate, both formally or informally.
Legal Capacity and Powers
Authors: Sarooshi Dan
Published: November 2017

The law of international organizations (IOs) is undergoing profound changes, due in large part to the increasingly important role that these organizations have played in exercising powers conferred on them by national governments. This phenomenon has led to concerted attempts by states, international courts and tribunals, and domestic courts to ensure accountability for these exercises of power by imposing corresponding limits on IOs. This chapter focuses, first, on the development of international law relating to the legal personality of IOs, including in this context a brief consideration of the issue of immunity. It then discusses the relationship between states and IOs and the implications of this relationship for the responsibility of states, and in some cases the responsibility of IOs.
Talking about Humanness
Authors: Kashima Yoshihisa
Published: November 2017

Talking about a human essence is a challenge because it needs to clear two hurdles of answering the first question, what it means to say something is a human essence, and then the second question, what a human essence may be. Accordingly, the chapter first evaluates the human implications of human essence talk (i.e., whether posing a question, “What is a human essence?” and providing an answer is a desirable thing to do) and then evaluate the proposition that human essence talk is a human essence. It argues that human essence talk is wanting because it constrains human potential and forecloses future possibilities of what humans can become. In conclusion, the chapter suggests that “What does it mean to be human?” may be a better question than “What is a human essence?” and the continuous effort to answer this question and to act on tentative answers at a given point in history may be what it means to be human.
Human Essence in Conclusion
Authors: van Zomeren Martijn , Dovidio John F.
Published: November 2017

This chapter asks what the absence of scholarly consensus on the human essence, as illustrated by the many different contributions to this volume, can tell us about the state of psychology and about psychologists in general. Furthermore, it asks how we may be able to move toward such a consensus. It first reviews the different essences (and thus theoretical lenses) in the contributions to each section of this volume, which revolve around the themes of individuality, sociality, and cultural embeddedness. The chapter then outlines what the state of the field signals about the value of broader theorizing, and what changes would be needed in the broader system in order to move from the current fragmented view of human essence toward a truly integrated view. Finally, it considers the question of whether one existing broad and potentially integrative theory—Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution—can serve to connect views of the human essence in terms of individuality, sociality, and cultural embeddedness.
Essential Self-Evaluation Motives
Authors: Sedikides Constantine , Gregg Aiden P.
Published: November 2017

This chapter argues that people care deeply about who they are: that is, their evaluation of their own self as a whole matters greatly to them, one way or another. These evaluations reflect the impact of various self-evaluation motives, or self-motives. Much human psychology addresses the interplay of these self-motives, and whether and how they harmonize or clash. The chapter considers humans’ two most fundamental motivations, which are important elements of the human essence: self-assessment and self-enhancement. The chapter suggests that “the essence of being human is caring about who one is and wishing for it to be some desirable way, but at the same time having the conclusions one wants to draw constrained by rationality.”
The Bible in the Civil War
Authors: Harvey Paul
Published: November 2017

Americans of the Civil War era expressed considerable certainty about how biblical passages applied to the dramatic contemporary events of 1861‒1865. Clergy, laypeople, and soldiers on both sides freely divined God’s purposes in history and suggested scriptures to back up their often apocalyptic prognostications. As with the battle for the Bible in the slavery controversy, however, the standard mode of biblical exegesis for mid-nineteenth-century Protestants, common-sense realism, provided such a plethora of answers about the meaning of contemporary events that there was no clear answer. The Bible did not speak plainly. More than just about any theologian or minister, Abraham Lincoln understood that and articulated it in 1865.
The Bible and Sports
Authors: Scholes Jeffrey
Published: November 2017

If one listens to certain athletes, one might think that the Bible and sports have an initiate connection that dates back to the original texts. While sports are mentioned, however infrequently, in the Bible, these citations are not what forge the modern-day relationship between the Bible and American sports culture. Instead, it is the relatively recent push to use sports as a high-profile vehicle to carry the Gospel to the masses that brings certain Bible verses in tow. This chapter explores both the significance of explicit references to sports in the Bible (and the lack of them) and the meaning of the instrumentalization of the Bible for the purposes of sports evangelism.
The Bible and the Creation of the Nation
Authors: Shalev Eran
Published: November 2017

During the American Revolution and the formative years of the creation of the nation, the Bible was pivotal in shaping the public discourse and contemporaries’ political imagination. The Bible, especially the Old Testament, enabled politicians, commentators, laymen, and ministers to depict their young nation as a new, chosen Israel and to rely on its lessons for political guidance. This chapter examines the nature of that distinct biblicism in the early United States at one of its most formative political periods. It studies the ways in which the Bible shaped and helped to facilitate crucial discussions at every level of society when it came to issues regarding republican ideology and constitutional principles.
The Culturally Situated Process of Personality Judgment
Authors: Yang Yu
Published: November 2017

Personality psychology has made tremendous progress in demonstrating important outcomes of personality traits. Yet the process by which people make personality judgment needs to be better understood. In this chapter, it is argued that to provide personality judgment, people must rely on a reference group of the target, a lay theory of the trait, or both. Importantly, the specific reference group and lay theory that people naturally choose are situated in their immediate cultural milieu, affecting trait judgment in systematic ways. Moreover, the relative impact of reference groups and lay theories on personality judgment can change under different circumstances. Postulates concerning the nature of these circumstances, consideration of how traits are inferred, and possible routes to better compare cultural groups on traits can also stimulate new understanding of the personality process.
Evolutionary Perspectives on Situations
Authors: Neel Rebecca , Brown Nicolas A. , Sng Oliver
Published: November 2017

Evolutionary perspectives presume that the mind has been shaped by human ancestors’ encounters with recurrent adaptive problems. Focusing on these recurrent adaptive problems offers researchers theoretically derived hypotheses about the psychology of situations. Specifically, this analysis suggests novel insights about the cues that signal particular kinds of situations, how situations are differently construed by perceivers, and when situations guide or constrain behavior. It also offers guidance in generating situation taxonomies akin to those found for personality. This chapter aims to show how the integration of evolutionary analysis with the study of situations can be rich and generative, highlighting insights from this perspective that have already emerged, as well as proposing new directions for specific topics in the study of situations.
Women in the Workplace and Management Practices
Authors: Kato Takao , Kodama Naomi
Published: November 2017

This chapter reviews recent studies on management practices and their consequences for women in the workplace. First, the high-performance work system (HPWS) is associated with greater gender diversity in the workplace but there is little evidence it reduces the gender pay gap. Second, work–life balance practices with limited face-to-face interactions with coworkers may hamper women’s career advancement. Third, individual incentives linking pay to objective performance may enhance gender diversity, while those with subjective performance may have the opposite effect. Fourth, a rat race model with working hours as a signal of the worker’s commitment is a promising explanation for the gender gap in promotions. Fifth, corporate social responsibility practices may increase gender diversity. The chapter also identifies three major methodological challenges: (1) how to measure management practices, (2) how to account for endogeneity of management practices, and (3) how to minimize selection bias. (JEL codes: J16, J7, M14, M5)
Mediators of Glucocorticoid-Regulated Adaptive Plasticity
Authors: McEwen Bruce S. , Liston Conor
Published: November 2017

The hippocampus has provided a gateway for understanding of how stress, as well as sex hormones, affect cognitive process and has revealed adaptive plasticity in neuronal structure and function throughout the brain and also contributes to damage. This involves direct and indirect epigenomic transcriptional regulation, as well as rapid, non-genomic signaling pathways initiated by membrane-bound glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors. Downstream of glucocorticoids, multiple mediators—including secreted factors as well as intracellular processes—play critical roles in driving stress-induced remodeling of dendritic arborization and postsynaptic dendritic spines. To understand how these processes act to maintain synaptic homeostasis; prevent permanent, excitotoxic damage; and adaptively regulate learning and decision making, and how we might go about intervening to promote resilience in stress-related neuropsychiatric conditions, new technologies for visualizing and manipulating dendritic spine remodeling and neuronal activity in specific neural circuits are being used to establish causal mechanisms and define new therapeutic strategies.
Decolonization and the Cold War
Authors: Gleijeses Piero
Published: November 2017

The “hot” Cold War, where blood was shed, was fought in the periphery where it overlapped with the struggle for decolonization. The connections between the Cold War and decolonization depend on the specifics of each case. Vietnam, Suez and southern Africa offer complex studies of the intricate relationship between the two struggles. The colonial powers were impelled by greed and hubris, not the Cold War. The Americans, sympathetic in principle to the end of colonial rule, bowed to the Cold War in practice and sided with the colonizers. The Soviets, following their ideology and Cold War concerns, sided with the rebels. Other outside actors crowded the stage, notably Cuba, sending tens of thousands of soldiers to Southern Africa, and Sweden, giving vital economic assistance to African liberation movements. The fundamental role, however, was played by the subject peoples themselves. They fought with desperate courage and paid the highest price.
Herbert Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man
Authors: Heins Volker M.
Published: November 2017

In his widely read classic One-Dimensional Man (ODM), Herbert Marcuse offers a political anthropology of twentieth-century liberal democracy which is deeply pessimistic and yet has been read in the 1960s and 1970s as a call to transformative action in the fields of politics and everyday life. The chapter begins by addressing the concepts introduced by Marcuse to explain why transformative political action is unlikely to succeed: manipulation, false needs, repressive desublimation. It then considers Marcuse’s search for agents of change who are nevertheless able to undermine or circumvent the total power of contemporary society, as well as his normative vision of a libidinal democracy based on an implicit concept of positive freedom. Finally, the chapter assesses both the limitations of ODM and its continuing, if unacknowledged, influence among contemporary theorists who attempt to move beyond liberal theories of justice.
Strangers Are Not All Danger
Authors: Wang Di
Published: November 2017

Sovereign wealth fund (SWF) investment in strategic industries has raiseumerous concerns. While state ownership may motivate SWFs to pursue strategic interests on behalf of the home government, other governments can have different strategic objectives. It suggests that SWFs may behave differently even when investing in strategic industries. This chapter illustrates the heterogeneity of SWF investment in the energy industry and argues that SWFs from energy-poor countries are more likely to invest in the energy industry compared to other types of investors in pursuit of energy security for the home country. Foreign investment in the energy industry is likely to face greater resistance by the host country than investment in other industries. This would increase with the deterioration of bilateral relations, especially for SWFs from energy-poor countries. Empirical analysis of 6,382 foreign acquisitions between 1992 and 2012 support these claims. These results are robust against alternative model specifications and variable measurements.
Investment Terms and Level of Control of China’s Sovereign Wealth Fund in its Portfolio Firms
Authors: Li Jing
Published: November 2017

This chapter briefly reviews the literature on sovereighn wealth funds (SWFs) with a focus on their investment characteristics and strategies. It describes the China Investment Corporation (CIC) with particular reference to its connections with the Chinese government. This is followed by analyses of hand-collected data based on 61 M&As, 8 JVs, and 28 fund investments made by the CIC 2007–15. The analyses focus on the formal control (equity stakes, voting rights, director nomination and board representation) of the CIC in its target firms, and on the indirect control benefits that the CIC can extract from them in their long-term post-investment relationships. The findings question the efficacy of proposals forcing SWFs to remain passive by suspending their voting rights, and suggest that SWF hosting countries should carefully consider the necessity and level of regulations directed at SWFs as a particular type of investors to guard against potential protectionism.
The Australian Future Fund
Authors: Xu Xi-Chong
Published: November 2017

This chapter outlines the creation and development of the Australian Future Fund (FF), showing how and why policy makers adopted this option to manage the challenges presented by the “good economic fortune” that occurred in Australia from the mid-1990s to 2010. It discusses the politics behind the governing structure of the FF, which is copied from its neighbor, New Zealand. Despite its initial emphasis on independence, political influence was inevitable when selecting and appointing the chairman of the Board of Guardians. The chapter examines the two key issues of “ethical investment” and “ethical operation” and shows the difficult balance of demands between diverse constituents; it identifies the space created by the expectation that the FF will behave in a similar fashion of all profit-maximization investors.
Sovereign Wealth Funds and the Global Political Economy of Trust and Legitimacy
Authors: Clark Gordon L. , Dixon Adam D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter unpacks the concepts of trust and legitimacy as they pertain to sovereign funds in the global political economy. Its argument is divided into three parts. First, the importance of trust in finance and geopolitics, and the critical role of transparency, and how this relates to sovereign funds. Second, the legitimacy of sovereign funds at home and abroad in general with particular reference to how the regulatory regime surrounding public institutional investors in developed democracies is emulated in the Santiago Principles, and why it is significant for understanding the legitimacy of sovereign funds. Third, the current state of trust and legitimacy for sovereign funds is evaluated, with an explanation of why the continued opacity of some sovereign funds has not reduced trustworthiness. The chapter concludes on a speculative note, suggesting that the expected institutional form and function of sovereign funds may be at odds with the long-term interests of their state-sponsors.
Sovereign Wealth Funds and Domestic Political Risk
Authors: Rose Paul
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses sovereign wealth fund (SWF) governance as a tool to manage domestic political risk. It adds to the literature on the domestic legitimacy of SWFs and theorizes that legitimacy, broadly conceived, serves as a signal of appropriate entity and political risk management. Sovereign fund legitimacy is a question of increasing importance to sponsor countries as decreasing oil and gas prices force some governments to decide whether the role of SWFs should be changed to deal with the loss of revenue resulting from decreased oil and gas exports, or other budget shocks. Policymakers and fund officials must structure and govern sovereign funds in such a way as to adequately and legitimately fulfill their mandate. Threats to legitimacy include issues involving ultimate ownership of the fund, corruption, unclear or shifting purposes and uses of the fund, and misalignment of the fund with societal mores and interests.
Traditional Knowledge, Indigenous Peoples, and Local Communities
Authors: Frankel Susy
Published: November 2017

This chapter situates the claims for protection of traditional knowledge in the international intellectual property (IP) context. Drawing on examples, it discusses the meaning of “traditional knowledge” and how the goals and means of protecting that knowledge do not fit within the framework of IP law. In order to address the overlap with IP and provide protection against misuse of traditional knowledge, a number of international bodies have been involved in negotiations and treaty drafting. The chapter discusses those developments, and concludes that even though international resolution looks unlikely in the short-term, the protection of traditional knowledge will continue to feature in international IP debates until a minimum level of agreement at least reached. In order to attain such agreement, there needs to be relevant national laws and, as a practical matter, sufficient investment in the innovation of traditional knowledge in order to deliver the value of protection to its holders.
Dialectical Behaviour Therapy in College Counselling Centres
Authors: Uliaszek Amanda A. , Chugani Carla D. , Williams Gregory E.
Published: November 2017

College counselling centres (CCCs) at colleges and universities help in identifying at-risk students, offering variable interventions for a wide range of psychological disorders, and handling acute crisis situations. The CCC’s importance is paramount, particularly in light of the increasing prevalence, severity, and complexity of psychopathological symptoms in student populations. In this changing environment, CCCs are making modifications to their treatment and policy structure (e.g., increasing evidence-based, time-limited practice appropriate for a wide range of disorders). Dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) may be uniquely suited to address many needs of the CCCs. This chapter reviews recent evidence on the efficacy of DBT in CCCs, as well as strategic modifications and implementation challenges based on both research and clinical expertise. It offers information on changing the DBT treatment structure, modifying treatment modes, and utilizing the biosocial module in student populations. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of both pre-implementation assessments and ongoing outcome evaluations.
Populism and Nationalism
Authors: de Cleen Benjamin
Published: November 2017

This chapter disentangles the concepts of populism and nationalism to shed light on how populism and nationalism have been combined in populist politics. Drawing on Essex-style discourse theory, it defines nationalism as a discourse structured around “the nation,” envisaged as a limited and sovereign community that exists through time and is tied to a certain space, and that is constructed through an in/out (member/non-member) opposition. Populism, by contrast, is structured around a down/up antagonism between “the people” as a large powerless group and “the elite” as a small and illegitimately powerful group, with populists claiming to represent “the people.” The chapter uses this theoretical distinction to analyse the intricate empirical connections between populism and nationalism. It pays particular attention to the articulation of exclusionary nationalism and populism in populist radical right politics, populist ways of formulating demands for national sovereignty, and the possibilities and limitations of a transnational populism.
Populism and Identification
Authors: Panizza Francisco
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses relations between populism, identity, and identification, defining populism as a mode of political identification that constructs and gives meaning to “the people” as a political actor. It critically adopts a discursive approach to populism represented, among others, by the works of Ernesto Laclau, as well as the socio-cultural approach of Pierre Ostiguy, in order to show how populist identities are created and how populist interventions shape politics differently in different political contexts. It argues that political identities are complex, relational, and incomplete, challenging binary classifications of political actors as either populists or not, and introducing the notion of populist interventions as a political appeal to be used alongside other political appeals. The notion of incomplete and permanently dislocated institutions is then used to show how populist interventions can be employed in highly institutionalized political settings to change the boundaries of what is sayable and hence doable in a given political order.
Populism and Technocracy
Authors: Bickerton Christopher , Invernizzi Accetti Carlo
Published: November 2017

This chapter studies populism’s relationship to another phenomenon central to contemporary political life, technocracy. Populism and technocracy are generally understood as opposite trends, one a reaction against the other. The chapter contests this view, arguing that populism and technocracy have a complementary relationship insofar as they share an opposition to two key features of party democracy: political mediation and procedural legitimacy. Having identified shared hostility to party democracy as a point of complementarity between populism and technocracy, the chapter turns to explanations for the rise of populism and technocracy. The chapter finds these explanations in long-term structural transformations in modern party democracy, namely the cartelization of the party political system. The conclusion takes up the policy implications of this analysis. Far from being useful correctives to one another, populism and technocracy should be tackled together as parallel expressions of the same underlying crisis of party democracy.