bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Sages as the Sanhedrin
Authors: Berger Michael S
Published: November 2023

In the last chapter, the ground for the Sages’ authority was sought in a divine commandment, namely, the verses in Deuteronomy requiring obedience to the decisions of “the judge in charge at the time.” Despite my conclusion that only a very indeterminate reading of the passage could apply to the Sages, Rabbinic literature historically saw this verse as specifically referring to the High Court in Jerusalem, known as the Sanhedrin. In this chapter we will examine the claim that the Sages’ authority is, in fact, that of the Sanhedrin. This is a form of excathedra authority: the oce is authoritative for various reasons, and these per sons-the talmudic Sages-occupy that oce.
The Authority of Texts
Authors: Berger Michael S
Published: November 2023

In the last chapter, we focused on Maimonides’ remarks regarding the broad acceptance of the Sages’ decrees and enactments as a possible basis for understanding Rabbinic authority, admittedly with respect to Rabbinic legislation only. Our analysis led us to inquire into the nature of the authority of accepted practice, forcing us to explore a more sophisticated notion, at least within the Jewish context, of the interplay and interdependence of communities and their leadership. In the context of organic theories of the community and the individual, the authority of Rabbinic legislation was seen to have evolved from an initial phase of a court representing the “tmc” interests and will of the collective, to the practices ultimately becoming part of a body of tradition binding on the members of that community.
Value . . . and What Follows
Authors: Kupperman Joel J
Published: November 2023

How can we know what is worth seeking or avoiding in life? Is there anything to know? If so, is it in some sense personal? This fresh and engaging work by noted philosopher Joel Kupperman addresses these questions as it examines the epistemology of value. Kupperman looks first at how judgments of values manifest themselves, whether there can be evidence for them, and whether a realistic account is appropriate. Focusing on emotional states, he rejects the notion that there is one primary value, arguing instead for a pluralistic understanding of value. He contends that value is strongly contextual; the value of a particular set of experiences in one’s life can depend heavily on how they fit in with or provide contrast to other elements. Kupperman argues both for a realistic account of value--some things really do have a value about which we can have reasonable confidence--and for skepticism about how much we can actually know about value. The study moves on to explore the relations between judgments of value, and moral or social policy decisions of how we should behave. Acknowledging strong objections to the attempt by any group to impose its vision of a good life in a pluralistic society, Kupperman nevertheless argues that proper attention to value leads to perfectionism in social policy. Emphasizing the importance of detail in ethics, he focuses on variations among cases, and examines the weight cultural values can have in the social policy of a liberal society. Going further than previous works in determining what counts as evidence for a judgment of value, this book fills a substantial gap in the literature of ethical philosophy. Tackling difficult issues in an accessible manner, it will interest philosophers and students of ethics, epistemology, and social theory.
Moral Obligations to Do What Is Not for the Best
Authors: Kupperman Joel J
Published: November 2023

The last two chapters have left us with a complicated image of what it is best to do. We sometimes could recommend that Smith not do what is optimific if she does not feel like it, or if she reasonably on this occasion can ask, “Why me?” or complain about disruption of projects central to her life. Much depends on what is at stake, both for Smith and for the people affected by her choice. Morality complicates the picture still further. The previous chapter has developed an image of morality as relying on stances and policies that normally will not be constantly adjusted, so that often a moral person will decide what it is best to do without the reckoning of consequences required to determine what is for the best.
Do Perfectionism and Liberalism Conflict?
Authors: Kupperman Joel J
Published: November 2023

It has been widely taken in the last quarter of a century that the answer to the question in this chapter’s title is “Yes.” Perfectionism has been defined by John Rawls as a teleological doctrine (governing what social policy should be) that advocates “the realization of human excellence in the various forms of culture” (Rawls 1971, 25). The promotion of excellence presupposes a set of ideas as to what constitutes excellence. To be guided by such ideas in the allocation of resources is not to be neutral about values or about what count as important goals.
The Archaeology of Ancestors
Authors: Antonaccio Carla
Published: November 2023

There are many studies on Greek burial practices, but little on the transformation process after death described here by Sally Humphreys. We might add to her list of transformations, but we would have to agree that the various possibilities not only may be difficult to sort out, but may in fact function together. This essay examines a variant of one model - whereby society reincorporates the dead as ancestors - for Iron Age and early archaic Greece.
The Athenian Revolution of 508/7 B.C.E.
Authors: Ober Josiah
Published: November 2023

THE periodization of history is, of course, a product of hindsight, and most historians realize that any past era can accurately be described as an “age of transition.’’ The problem of fixing the end of the archaic period and the transition to the classical is thus a historiographic problem, one that reflects contemporary scholarly inclinations more than it does ancient realities. Nevertheless, since historians cannot work without periodization, and since English-language historiography seems to be entering a post-Annales phase characterized by a renewed interest in the significance - especially the symbolic and cultural significance - of events,’ it may be worthwhile to look at a series of events that can be taken as the beginning of a new phase of Greek history. The events we choose to mark the transition will be different for any given region or polis, but for those interested in Athenian political history, the end of the archaic and the beginning of something new may reasonably be said to have come about in the period from ca.
Imperial Purāṇas
Authors: Inden Ronald
Published: November 2023

For more than fifteen years I have been at work on a text called the Viṣṇudharmottara purāṇa (VDhP). When I first opened the printed version of this text, I had no intimation of the trouble we would cause each other. As a result of the dialogue I have had with this text and its authors, most of my views about the issues of texts, authors, genres, contexts, and cultural history have undergone a radical transformation. Most lndologists have considered the Purāṇas, the large genre of texts to which the VDhP belongs, to be of great importance.
Buddhist History
Authors: Walters Jonathan S
Published: November 2023

For more than a century scholars have relied upon the Pali Vaṃsas—Dīpavaṃsa (Dpv), the “Chronicle of the Island” (early fourth century), Mahāvaṃsa (Mhv), the “Great Chronicle” (a fifth-century revision of Dīpavaṃsa), and Vaṃsatthappakāsinf (VAP), the “early medieval” commentary on Mahavaṃsa—as “primary sources.” From them they have gleaned countless “historical facts” now to be found in the histories of ancient India and Sri Lanka.
Persons, Divine and Human
Authors: Coffey David
Published: November 2023

It is time now to take a critical look at the concept of person, which hitherto I have been using rather uncritically. On this subject, both in general and in regard to the Trinity, there exists an extensive body of literature, only a small part of which can be invoked here. But, despite the fact that many others have labored over the subject, I need to address it anew, as for all its apparent obviousness and simplicity it remains a puzzle and a challenge. To give just one example of its elusiveness, and a striking one at that: though Rahner addressed it constantly in the course of his theology and even devoted two lexicon articles explicitly to it, he failed to convince his critics that he had really mastered it.
Recent Theology
Authors: Coffey David
Published: November 2023

In this chapter and the next we shall consider four theologians, two Protestant, two Catholic, with whose work on the Trinity my own invites some comparison. The purpose of the exercise is partly to contextualize my work, partly to discover what can be learned from them. Then will follow the conclusion, which will sum up what I have to say at present about the doctrine of the Trinity. The Protestants are Jurgen Moltmann and Eberhard Jungel, and the Catholics, Heribert Muhlen and Hans Urs von Balthasar. What we all share is that, following Karl Barth, our reflections on the Trinity take their point of departure from the New Testament statements about Jesus Christ, Son of God, about the God to whom he prayed as Father, and about the Holy Spirit sent by him from the Father upon the Church, rather than from the psychological analogy of the Trinity pioneered by St. Augustine and completed by St. Thomas Aquinas.
how did the gospels get to be this way?
Authors: Ehrman Bart D
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter we saw that the gospels contain stories that didn’t happen, or at least that didn’t happen as they are told, but how can this be? to begin answering the question, I should say something about the authors of these books. Who were they, and where did they get their information? The titles of the Gospels in our English Bibles, of course, name their authors.
not in word only: the associates, deeds, and controversies of jesus in apocalyptic context
Authors: Ehrman Bart D
Published: November 2023

We have seen that words are always bound to contexts that help determine their meaning. Contexts affect not only words, but everything we see, do, and experience as well—every gesture, action, and activity, every natural event, every movement, every tactile substance. Everything has a context, and when you change the context, you change what it means.
the last days of jesus
Authors: Ehrman Bart D
Published: November 2023

To understand the death of socrates, it’s not enough to know that he drank hemlock in his prison cell while talking to a group of his admirers. You need to know something about the social and political situation in Athens and about Socrates’ teachings—both those that his enemies found dangerous and those that enabled him to take his own life philosophically and cheerfully, with a clever witticism on his lips before breathing his last. To understand the death of Martin Luther King Jr., it’s not enough to know that he was shot on the balcony of a motel in Memphis. You need to know something about the social and political turmoil in the United States during the Civil Rights Movement and about his message, which inspired his followers and terrified his enemies. To understand the death of Jesus, it’s not enough to know that he was flogged and then crucified outside the walls of Jerusalem. You need to know something about the social and political world of first-century Palestine and about the message that he delivered, a message that brought hope of deliverance to the powerless but a fear of uprising to the powerful.
jesus as the prophet of the new millennium: then and now
Authors: Ehrman Bart D
Published: November 2023

Christians did not stop telling stories about jesus once the earliest gospels were written. Tales of his words and deeds circulated wherever christianity was spread, some of them based on the written texts that were becoming available, others passed along from beginning to end by word of mouth. As we have seen, this mode of transmission allowed the stories to be changed in smaller or greater ways, as they were told and retold year after year, decade after decade, among people who had not actually seen Jesus and who lived in other countries, came from other backgrounds, and spoke other languages. Jesus from Different Perspectives
Introduction
Authors: Hatcher Brian A
Published: November 2023

The mere fact that historians of religion have dedicated little intensive study to the phenomenon of eclecticism would seem in itself a sufficiently good reason to devote some attention to it. However, I would be less than honest if I were to say that’s why I began this project. As it turns out, I started looking at the problem of eclecticism for somewhat different reasons; only subsequently did I come to the realization that this was territory that had not been heavily reconnoitered by my scholarly forebears and contemporary colleagues in the study of religion. Let me begin, then, by simply outlining the genesis of my interest in the phenomenon of eclecticism, especially in its modem Hindu manifestations. Two sets of remarks should serve to suggest how this book came to be written as it did.
Conclusion
Authors: Hatcher Brian A
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters I have tried to raise a number of questions regarding the phenomenon of eclecticism. Is it possible to devise a general model of eclecticism that can do justice to its various historical manifestations? What are the differing valuations of eclecticism within modernist and postmodernist discourse? Can an awareness of the shifting verdicts on eclecticism within the Western intellectual tradition help us revisit or revise dominant Indological attitudes toward the eclectic dimensions of South Asian religious life and literature? If so, how might we formulate an alternate interpretation of modern Hindu eclecticism? At the outset of this undertaking, I made Agehananda Bharati the foil with which to raise these problems. I questioned the presuppositions of scientific rationality and confident historicism that he brought to bear on the apologetic strategies of Renaissance Hinduism. I called into question his posture as the scholar who knew better than to be taken in by what he viewed as a species of sloppy thinking unsupported by the higher traditions of Sanskritic or Brahmanical Hinduism.
Primary Care and its Relationship to Health
Authors: Starfield Barbara
Published: November 2023

There are two main goals for any health services system. The first is to optimize the health of the population by employing the most advanced state of knowledge about the causation of disease, illness management, and health maximization. The second and equally important goal is to minimize the disparities across population subgroups so that certain groups are not at a systematic disadvantage with regard to their access to health services and achievement of optimal health.
Primary Care, Subspecialists, and Non-Physician Practitioners
Authors: Starfield Barbara
Published: November 2023

Since antiquity, the physician has been the officially sanctioned practitioner of medicine, with other types of practitioners assisting or complementing the physician’s role in providing health services. Where physicians were (or still are) in short supply, practitioners such as nurses or medical auxiliaries substituted for physicians. Experimentation with augmented primary care roles for these other practitioners was provided impetus by the “barefoot doctor” movement in China after the 1949 revolution and by the training of nurse practitioners and “physician assistants” in the United States starting in the 1960s and 1970s.
Accessibility and First Contact: The “Gate”
Authors: Starfield Barbara
Published: November 2023

Inherent in the organization of health services by level of care (primary, secondary, tertiary) is the idea that there is a point of entry each new time care is needed for a health problem and that this point of entry must be easily accessible. In current parlance, this point of first contact is known as the gatekeeper.
Patient Lists and Patient-Focused Care Over Time
Authors: Starfield Barbara
Published: November 2023

Longitudinality is not a word that appears in any dictionary. It is derived from longitudinal, which is defined as “dealing with the growth and change of individuals or groups over a period of years.’’ Although the word continuity is usually used instead of longitudinality, the latter conveys the spirit better than the former. Longitudinality, in the context of primary care, is a long-term personal relationship between practitioners and the patients in their practice. Continuity is not necessary for this relationship to be present; interruptions in the continuity of care for whatever reason need not disrupt this relationship. Therefore, the term “longitudinality,” coined by Alpert and Charney in 1974, provides a much better sense of the characteristic that is a critical part of primary care.
Practitioner-Patient Interactions
Authors: Starfield Barbara
Published: November 2023

Dr. K. practices medicine on the lower east side of Manhattan. He says, “Many times patients will come in and give all sorts of exotic stories until they are brave enough to tell you the real reason they are here. Yesterday a patient came in and told me about aches and pains and headaches and problems in all parts of her body and she was sure it wasn’t the flu and that there was something wrong with her and she didn’t know what it was. I examined her but I couldn’t find anything abnormal. So I kept encouraging her to just talk to me about what she was feeling. I noted an anxious look on her face and I watched her. Finally she broke down and said “Listen, I’ve been taking drugs.’’
Comprehensiveness of Care: Who Should Provide What
Authors: Starfield Barbara
Published: November 2023

Alisa is a 4-year-old child whose growth and development have been normal. For the past year, however, she has had acute otitis media that never seems to clear despite apparently adequate antibiotic therapy. Several doctor’s appointments have not been kept, and her mother does not call to cancel or re-schedule them. At a monthly case conference, the situation was discussed and a decision was made to have Dr. S. make a home visit.
Information Systems for Primary Care
Authors: Starfield Barbara
Published: November 2023

Medical records have always been important in the care of patients. Information systems are an extension of medical records to serve not only individual patient needs but also population needs for primary care services (as well as for other levels of health care). This chapter first deals with the traditional uses of medical records for clinical care and with the changes that have been made to make them more useful. The discussion then turns to computerization and its potential for enhancing not only clinical care but also planning, delivering services, evaluation of services for populations, and the knowledge base on which progress in health services delivery rests. Although the importance of medical records and information systems transcends primary care, the focus of this chapter is on issues of special relevance to primary care because primary care practitioners are the coordinators of care and therefore the main repository of information about patients.
A Stitch In Time
Authors: Abernathy Frederick H , Dunlop John T , Hammond Janice H , Weil David
Published: November 2023

The textile and fashion industries have forever been at the mercy of rapidly changing styles and fickle customers who want the latest designs while they are still fashionable. The result for these businesses, often forced to forecast sales and deal with suppliers based on volatile demand, is a history of stock shortages, or costly markdowns. But, as the authors disclose in A Stitch in Time, technological advances that began in the 1980s introduced a new concept in retailing—lean retailing. Pioneered by entrepreneurs such as Sam Walton and WAL-MART and made possible by new information technologies for tracking sales data, lean retailing has enabled apparel producers to reorganize the manner in which they related to retail customers, undertook distribution, forecasted and planned production, and managed supplier relations. In an industry that typically suffered from great delays from warehouse to rack, sales data was now captured at the retailer’s checkout through bar coding and immediately transmitted back to distributors, manufacturers, designers, and even to the textile mills that weave the cloth. Armed with up-to-the-minute data about colors, sizes, and geographic sales, everyone in the chain was able to reduce cost, increase efficiency, and keep the customer in style like never before. And today, the broad changes introduced in the apparal industry by lean retailing are rippling through a growing segment of the American economy. A richly detailed and resonant account, A Stitch in Time brilliantly captures both the history and the future of the fashion industry as it offers executives a new paradigm for understanding the challenges of retailing and manufacturing in all segments of our rapidly transforming economy.
Introduction
Authors: Rojstaczer Stuart
Published: November 2023

It is the second week of August 1990. The U.S. government is determining how to respond to Saddam Hussein’s invasion of Kuwait. On a less serious front, the Oakland Athletics, my beloved A’s, are comfortably in first place in the American League Western Division and are playing with confidence. But I am far from Oakland, having just arrived at the airport of my new address, Durham, North Carolina, where I have taken a position as a not-so-young assistant professor of geology at Duke University. I have been here twice before, once for my job interview and the second time to buy a house with my family. School will start in a week, my wife and six year-old daughter will arrive in a few days from my in-laws’ house in Chicago, and students, mostly from Duke, are filling the airport on the way to their dormitories. For me, having lived in much larger cities almost all of my life, the airport seems like a miniature version of the real thing.
Grants or Goodbye
Authors: Rojstaczer Stuart
Published: November 2023

I was driving from Durham, North Carolina, to Washington, D.C. It was a drive of 260 miles or so through the pine forests of North Carolina and Virginia on interstate highways. I had made this drive once before with my family to visit my wife’s cousin. Back then, we followed the speed limit and stopped for lunch along the way. All told it was a five and a half hour drive.
Shaking the Tree
Authors: Rojstaczer Stuart
Published: November 2023

I was visiting a large state university and sitting in an on-campus eatery with one of their chief fund-raisers. His specialty was corporate fund-raising. He was extremely likeable and unpretentious. He was the kind of person whose company you’d enjoy at the local watering hole for an after-work drink.
The Fifty Percent Solution
Authors: Rojstaczer Stuart
Published: November 2023

I was seated in an audience that consisted almost entirely of women, most of whom were graduate students in the sciences. The topic of the lecture, “Paths to Success, Women as Science Professors,” only mildly interested me, but a friend of mine convinced me to attend. The crowd was fairly large for an end of the week seminar. The lecturer was a female faculty member from another prominent university. She was short and slight of build, energetic and upbeat. She spent the first part of her lecture recounting her own considerable successes. A full professor in her early fifties, she was a part of the very small contingent of female professors who began their careers in the heyday of the Colden Age. She was proud that she had balanced both career and family successfully. Her two children had grown up to be successful in their own right. When she was a young mother and untenured faculty member, she did not have the time to spend the same number of hours performing research as her colleagues. But this, she insisted, did not put her at a disadvantage. During her tenure evaluation, her tenured colleagues noted that she had managed to make extremely efficient use of her time. “It’s not the number of hours that you work, it’s what you do with your hours that counts,” she said.
Attention in Early Scientific Psychology
Authors: Hatfield Gary
Published: November 2023

Attention is a salient feature of human mentality, at least in its conscious manifestations. Yet attention became a central topic in psychology only recently by comparison with such areas as sensory perception, imagination, or memory. Descriptions of the chief characteristics of attention were built up from classical antiquity to the seventeenth century. But attention first became a chapter heading in standard psychology textbooks during the 1730s. This chronology has an air of paradox about it because it dates the entrance of attention into psychology prior to the commonly accepted dates for the origin of psychology itself. The origin of natural scientific psychology is now typically dated to 1879, or to sometime in the two preceding decades. This dating reflects a certain perspective on “natural scientific psychology” that equates it with the experimental psychology of Wundt and Titchener. If one takes a broader perspective, permit ting the definitions of the terms “natural science” and “psychology” to vary across the historical past (according to their interpretation by past thinkers), then natural scientific psychology has a much longer history than is suggested by Ebbinghaus’ s celebrated phrase contrasting a “short history” with a “long past” (1908, p. 1).
Inattentional Blindness: Perception without Attention
Authors: Mack Arien , Rock Irvin
Published: November 2023

This chapter summarizes a body of research done over the last five years in both the perception laboratory at the New School for Social Re search in New York and in Irvin Rock’ s laboratory at the University of California, Berkeley. The majority of the research to be described here concerns a phenomenon we have named Inattentional Blindness (IB), which literally forced itself on our attention while we were studying perception under conditions of inattention. We begin by briefly summarizing some of the research that caused us to pay attention to 1B in the first place. This research project began as an attempt to determine: (1) whether grouping by Gestalt principles of organization occurred without attention, which most investigators have assumed to be the case (e.g., Treisman, 1982), and (2) whether the features which others have found to pop out when searched for in otherwise homogeneous arrays also were perceived under conditions of inattention. Because pop-out has been taken as an indicator of preattentive processing (e.g., Treisman & Gelade, 1980), we conjectured that most people, if asked, would assume that these features, too, would be perceived without attention.
Visual Indexes in Spatial Vision and Imagery
Authors: Pylyshyn Zenon
Published: November 2023

It is a truism that the visual system does some things in parallel and some things serially. The eye moves in rapid saccades several times each second. The centre of the fovea is the centre of our gaze and provides a focus of attention. In addition, attention can also move independently of eye movements. Many people (e.g., Posner, 1980) have shown that a region of most efficient processing can be scanned across the visual field at about 100 degrees/ second when the eye is fixated (published estimates run from 30 to 250 deg/ sec). Much research has been done on this “covert attention movement.” The assumption has generally been made that such focal attention is confined to a contiguous region, possibly expandable in size, that must be scanned over the display from place to place.
Attention in Saccades
Authors: Fischer Burkhart
Published: November 2023

During the last 30 years, neurophysiologists and psychologists have shown close interest in visual functions related to brain processes that contribute to visually guided saccades accompanying natural vision. While work with human observers allows only indirect conclusions, recording from single cells in the visuomotor structures of monkeys performing several fixation and saccade tasks gives more direct insight into processes preceding the beginning of a saccade. One of these pre saccadic processes is attention de-allocation and/ or attention alloction. Because the experimental results reported in this chapter are closely related to the early findings in trained monkeys, and because the express saccade was first discovered in the monkey (Fischer & Boch, 1983), the relevant main results of this earlier research are briefly de scribed and discussed in this chapter.
The Attentional Blink: The Eyes Have It (But So Does the Brain)
Authors: Shapiro Kimron , Terry Kathleen
Published: November 2023

Attention is a highly functional property of the brain, whereby limited cognitive resources can be directed to facilitate the processing of briefly presented sensory information by limiting processing of other information competing for the same resources. For example, attentional mechanisms can facilitate rapid detection of a target by allowing the brain to monitor a particular region of visual space (Posner, Snyder, & Davidson, 1980). In a second example, pointing to a different functional property of attention, attentional mechanisms can be required to decide if a specified target is present among a number of nontarget distractors (Treisman & Gormican, 1988).
Attentional Effects in Visual Search: Relating Search Accuracy and Search Time
Authors: Palmer John
Published: November 2023

In this article, I will describe a program of research that distinguishes among the leading theories of divided attention. Divided attention has often been studied using set-size effects in visual search. A typical search task is illustrated in Figure 1. In both panels the task is to search for the target disk which has a higher luminance than the distractor disks. The subject is to respond “yes” when the higher luminance disk is present and “no” when it is absent. The target is present in both of the panels of Figure 1. The panels differ in the number of disks present: the panel on the left has a set size of 2, and the panel on the right has a larger set size. Increasing set size usually decreases performance. These set size effects have been measured both in accuracy paradigms that use brief displays to prevent multiple eye fixations and in response time paradigms that allow extended inspection of the display with multiple eye fixations. Such set-size effects are of interest because different theories of attention predict set-size effects of different magnitudes.
Black Gods
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

African Americans were subject to the same forces that fostered so many new religious groups among whites, so it is not surprising to find a comparable upsurge of new black religious movements m the early twentieth century. Although scholars tend to treat black and white movements as separate phenomena, the two grew from exactly the same cultural roots and bore far more mutual resemblance than either might have cared to admit.
A blueprint for jewish survival
Authors: Susser Bernard , Liebman Charles S
Published: November 2023

It is not, of course, physical survival to which the chapter heading refers. Jewish physical survival in the United States seems assured. Our concern is with the survival of a community possessing recognizable Jewish cultural attributes. The loaded, question-begging term in this formulation is “recognizable.” At what point do transformations and adaptations-natural life-sustaining processes undergone by all communities-so alter the basic structure and character of the Jewish cultural idiom that it becomes forced and trivial to speak of it as nonetheless “Jewish”? Any such proposed line of demarcation is, inevitably, somewhat arbitrary and conventional. Still, despite the difficulty and interpretive latitude involved in proposing such criteria, it is an inescapable part of our project. We cannot, after all, discuss the prospect for Jewish survival in America unless we first determine what counts as survival.
Intellectual Autobiography An Interview
Authors: Sadri Mahmoud Sadri Ahmad
Published: November 2023

Sadri: I would like to ask you for an account of your intellectual development. I am certainly interested in whether you distinguish any turning points, watersheds, or distinct periods in the evolution of your thought. Soroush: In the name of God the compassionate, the merciful, thank you for giving me this opportunity. Let me first offer a sketchy account of my life. We can then talk about anything you feel needs further clarification. I was born in 1945. My childhood years went by rather uneventfully.
The Idea of Democratic Religious Government
Authors: Sadri Mahmoud Sadri Ahmad
Published: November 2023

Modern science explains the world as if it were not created by a god, not denying his existence, but rather finding no need to postulate it. In other words, it is assumed that even if there were a god, science would nonetheless be able to explain the world without relying on his existence. Nowadays science seems to have left its imprint on the behavior of the individual and the conduct of government as well. In the political culture of liberal secular societies, governments and individuals act as if there is no god, proceeding in utter indifference to His existence or nonexistence, never weighing His approval or disapproval of their policies and behavior. Political struggles and deliberations are designed to satisfy human beings alone.
Let Us Leam from History
Authors: Sadri Mahmoud Sadri Ahmad
Published: November 2023

Is it possible to learn from history? This question reminds us of the idea of historical laws and the attempts made to falsify or verify them. It may also prompt us to think of efforts made to arrive at generalizable laws that use history’s lessons to guide current and future practices to help us seek beneficial results and avoid harmful ones. There is no denying the legitimacy of such an approach: The school of history does instruct, yet it must be emphasized that the above lessons are not the only ones to be discovered there. There are two other lessons that can be learned from history, lessons that are in no way less valuable than the usual feeble deductions and predictions.

Let us recall how Aristotle and Descartes scorned the science of history, one ranking it below poetry and the other regarding it as indelibly tarnished by the fibs and fantasies of historians. Let us also recall that logicians did not deem history-along with geography, geology, and to some extent astronomy, which imparted the knowledge of particulars-as deserving of the name of “science,” a title they reserved only for adducing general statements. Until recently history had no respectable status among the scholarly circles because it was deemed incapable of being taught or learned. Some were genuinely astonished by the appointment of Allameh Mohammad Ghazvini to the chair of history at the faculty.
Ideals and Ruins: Pausanias, Longinus, and the Second Sophistic
Authors: Porter James I
Published: November 2023

This chapter sets out to explore affinities of mind and attitude between two Greek authors from the Roman Imperial period: Pausanias (fl. A.D. 170) and pseudo-Longinus (henceforth “Longinus”), author of On the Sublime (Ilrpl ihpm). The juxtaposition of these two writers may at first glance seem unlikely. The riddle of the latter’s precise dates and name aside. what might an antiquarian and a literary critic have in common? And yet their very location as Greeks in a Roman world. each gazing longingly upon a distant past. that of Classical Greece. makes the comparison irresistible. Both authors practice a fonn of travel (in the first instance) through time, and they seek out monuments as their landmarks. Longinus tours the literary remains of his heritage in much the san1e way as Pausanias collects a material record of the pastitsmonumental, historical, mythological, and religious remains-in an attempt to hold that record together in his imagination. Each in his o\Vl1 way writes a guidebook to the great monuments of Greece. In doing so, they share and exhibit a cultural imaginary that is typical of Greek writers in the Imperial period who are conventionally grouped together under the rubric of the “Second Sophistic.”
Famell’s Cults: The Making and Breaking of Pausanias in Victorian Archaeology and Anthropology
Authors: Henderson John
Published: November 2023

The twentieth century ended like its predecessor with a crescendo of attention paid to Pausanias. The nineteenth-century surge was intimately bound up with thoroughgoing revision of classical studies. The challenge then was to accommodate the astonishing profusion of archaeological finds and to evolve methodologies that would think Hellenism into a viable bond between established philological scholarship and a new cultural history securely founded on material remains. Specifically. three scholarly projects-Jane Harrison and M. de G. Verrall’s guide to Attica, Mythology and Monuments of Ancient Athens (1890, nicknamed the “Blue Jane”), J. G. Frazer’s vast commentary on the Description of Greece (1898), and L. R. Famell’s eventually no less vast synthesis of Cults of the Greek States (1896--1909)-represent scholarly initiatives that grew from broadly similar exposure to the same midVictorian of waves of intellectual energy and institutional refom. In the wake of Empire. comparativist theorizing was responding to seemingly boundless and seething vistas of human behavior planet-wide by casting Science (“scientific naturalism”) as heroic conqueror of the wm1Iy riot of chaotic phenomena.
A Shouting
Authors: Zane Wallace W
Published: November 2023

Imagine, If You Will, that the sky is dark like deep sea velvet, that the hill is steep like a water slide, that the legion crickets’ chirp chirp is testing your ability to think your own thoughts, that the inky shadows in shrubs and trees are hiding men and monsters to challenge your way. If you were a Vincentian, this could be any night of any day of any year. This is a Vincentian night. On sundry evenings, you might also hear, as the clock ticks over to nine o’clock, in any part of the island, a ringing of bells and a singing vibrating from the hills that defeat all other sounds. You would know from friends and neighbors and by the vanloads of arriving visitors in Converted uniform that it is a shouting. If you live nearby, within a quarter mile or so, you might as well go watch.
Spiritual Workers
Authors: Zane Wallace W
Published: November 2023

The Work Of The Converted Is frequently an attractive performative spectacle. If prophets, shamans, and priests are “impresarios of the gods” (LaBarre 1972:161), few are doing a better job than the Spiritual Baptists. Almost any Converted ritual will draw spectators, but one rarely sees interested loungers fighting for a good window position at Anglican, Catholic, or even Pentecostal events. The visually, kinetically, aurally rich religion of the Converted is attractive in ways that no other religions in St. Vincent are. While it may be a performance, it is nonetheless work. To be a Converted person in St. Vincent is to be a spiritual worker.
Mourning
Authors: Zane Wallace W
Published: November 2023

Bands so Tight They Cut Your Ears. Skin hot in a small hot room. Skin arms legs hands itching. Days-old sweat. Floor so hard it bruises your knee. Three days and nights on your right side lying. Seven days praying on your knees on the concrete floor. Seven days sleeping on concrete and the same dirty sheet that was clean when you came in. Ten days begging God. Eleven. Twelve. Twelve days unwashed bodily stench. Twelve days of inaction. Twelve days con¬ fined. Twelve days blindfolded. Every bodily need tended by others, accompanied by others. Twelve days speaking in a whisper. Twelve days of discomfort. Twelve days of sacrality.
Origins
Authors: Koerner David , LeVay Simon
Published: November 2023

The Museum of Creation and Earth History stands on a freeway frontage road in Santee, California, a nondescript suburb tucked among the low hills east of San Diego. We pull into the museum’s forecourt and park backward in our space, thus concealing the “Darwin fish” that adorns the rear of the car. We feel a slight anxiety.
Feminist Reconstructions of Christian Doctrine
Authors: Greene-Mccreight Kathryn
Published: November 2023

What is the relationship between feminist theology and classical Christian theology? Is feminist theology 'Christian', and if so, in what respect and to what extent? This study seeks to analyse and evaluate the relation of feminist 'reconstructions' to traditional Christian teaching. Greene-McCreight uses the extent to which the biblical depiction of God is allowed to guide theological hermeneutics as a test of orthodoxy. She looks at the writings of a wide range of contemporary feminist theologians, discusses their doctrinal patterns, and demonstrates how the Bible is used in their theological reconstructions.
Introduction
Authors: Greene-Mccreight Kathryn
Published: November 2023

What is the relationship between feminist theology and classical Christian the ology7’ Is feminist theology “Christian” and, if so, in what respect and to what extent7 These questions may be approached in many ways. One could ask feminist theologians if they are Christians. Many would answer positively. For a Roman Catholic version of the answer, one might inquire of the magisterium, or one could ask feminist theologians if they honor the church’s tradition as a source and norm in theology. Again, many feminist theologians would answer positively. For a Protestant take on the answer, one could ask feminist theologians if they affirm the authority of the Bible for theology. Likewise here, many feminist theologians would answer affirmatively. However, the answers to these questions will not be helpful in getting us any closer to a satisfying answer to the first question with which we started: what is the relationship between feminist theology and classical Christian theology7 After all, some feminist theologians admit that they are no longer, or maybe never were, Christian, and others answer that they are indeed practicing and faithful Christians. The mag isterium’s hypothetical answer to the question might be extrapolated from the recent study by Francis Martin, The Feminist Question ( I 994), which concludes that feminist theologians pose questions that are not, properly speaking, theological. Most Christian feminists would answer the question regarding the authority of the Bible in the affirmative: yes, the Bible is an important authority in their feminist theology. None of these answers, however, would give an adequately detailed description of the relationship of feminist theology to classical Christian theology.
Narrative Interpretation and the Bible
Authors: Greene-Mccreight Kathryn
Published: November 2023

over the past twenty years, a wealth of titles have explored the possibilities in using the concept of narrative as a theological tool.’ The approach represented in this corpus is usually referred to, not surprisingly, as “narrative theology,” and it has yielded inquiry in biblical studies, philosophy, homiletics, and many of the other theological fields.2 Of the many different ways of using the concept of narrative for theological inquiry, one type has crystallized around the work of Hans Frei and what has come to be known as the “Yale School.”3 While it will not be the goal here to document the theories of the Yale School or to commend the categories of “narrative theology” in general, it will be useful to draw on those insights which can be particularly helpful in analyzing feminist theologies’ use of or relation to the biblical depiction of God.
Feminist Hermeneutics, The Bible, and Patriarchy Governing Doctrines
Authors: Greene-Mccreight Kathryn
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter, we outlined the insights of narrative interpretation and theology. Since Christian and Lindbeck point out that governing doctrines are usually more important than primary doctrines, especially during times of conflict, we should look for the governing doctrines of feminist theologies. We therefore must look to the hermeneutical principles and rules which guide feminist biblical interpretation and theological reflection. This will require, first, looking into the intellectual families of origin from which feminist theology emerges. After this, we can examine the explicit and implicit commitments and principles of interpretation embraced by feminist theologians as they appear in second-order discussion about biblical interpretation. Then we can examine the implicit commitments as they are born out in the practice of biblical interpretation itself.
Feminist Trinitarian Reconstructions
Authors: Greene-Mccreight Kathryn
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter, we saw how some feminist reconstructions of Christology made use of historical-critical tools and, in particular, historical research into feminine representations of the divine. In this chapter, we will consider the extension of this reconstructive work into the doctrine of the Trinity and its application in the church’s liturgy and sacramental life. At this point, feminist theology takes on the practical task of reshaping not only the church’s theology but also its worship.
Feyerabend, Mill, and Pluralism
Authors: Lloyd Elisabeth A
Published: November 2023

Paul Feyerabend had a reputation, among many, for being antiscientific, irrationalist, antimethodological, antireason, a relativist about evidence, and an epistemological anarchist. More generally, he frequently anchors the ‘extreme relativist’ end of many a comparison in philosophy of science. The slogan ‘Anything Goes’, though, has certainly captured the philosophical imagination; as I have emphasized before (Lloyd 1996), this slogan is frequently misinterpreted as being Feyerabend’s methodological recommendation for conducting scientific research. Not so.
Star Wars and the Roman Empire
Authors: Winkler Martin M
Published: November 2023

A wide variety of sources influenced George Lucas in his Star Wars trilogy, which was released from 1977 to 1983, rereleased in a “Special Edition” in 1997, and followed in 1999 by Star Wars: Episode I—The Phantom Menace. Among Lucas’s literary sources are archetypal hero myths as described by C. G. Jung, popularized by Joseph Campbell, and exemplified in the stories and novels of J. R.R. Tolkien, American pulp fiction, and comic strips; among his cinematic sources are science-fiction and war films, medieval epics, westerns, and film noir. Also markedly evident is the influence of individual films, such as Fritz Lang’s Metropolis (1926), Leni Riefenstahl’s Triumph of the Will (1935), Victor Fleming’s The Wizard of Oz (1939), John Ford’s The Searchers (1956), and Akira Kurosawa’s The Hidden Fortress (1958). There is, however, one other aspect of popular culture, generally overlooked, that plays a major part in Lucas’s imagination of the future.
The Organism and the Causal Texture of the Environment [1935]
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

Edward C. Tolman, then perhaps the outstanding academic psychologist in the United States, and chairman of the psychology department at the University of California at Berkeley, spent part of his 1933-1934 sabbatical in Vienna. There he met Egon Brunswik, an assistant in Karl Buhler’s laboratory, and discovered they were kindred souls. They found that “our previous separate investigations had led us quite independently of one another to a common point of view as to the general nature of psychology.” That discovery led Tolman to invite Brunswik to spend the next year (1935-1936) in Berkeley.