bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dialecto judeo piemontés
Authors: Kuznitzky Adolfo
Published: April 2019

El largo exilio del pueblo judío, y su consiguiente dispersión geográfica, tuvo decisiva influencia tanto en las lenguas que hablaron, como en otro aspecto lingüístico territorial que es el onomástico.

La particularidad que ofrece el dialecto que estamos tratando es que responde, como los otros, a la fragmentación lingüística existente en Italia. Ese desarrollo de diversos lenguajes dialectales se explica porque esa dispersión idiomática se produjo debido a que el proceso de unificación nacional, con la adopción de idioma único, fue tardío. Así es como existen dialectos judeo-ferrarese, florentino, mantovano, modenese, livornese, etc. Consiguientemente, los hebreos radicados en el Piemonte hablaron el dialecto correspondiente a la región.

No obstante, la dificultad para encontrar la expresión idiomática adecuada y otras necesidades, como sostiene Diena, hizo que se introdujeran algunas palabras hebreas, que se conjugarían con la gramática italiana, un verdadero cuerpo extraño desde el punto de vista lingüístico, salvo que se sostenga la idea de que los idiomas semitas e indoeuropeo tengan un tronco común

En síntesis, se trata de una estructura menor, de exiguo patrimonio léxico, fundamentalmente oral -pese a la existencia de textos literarios-, sin un sistema fonético, morfológico o sintáctico propio, con pocos lexemas, que se caracteriza por contar con locuciones y expresiones hebreas insertas en el tejido dialectal piamontés. Consecuentemente, el trato fonético y sintáctico era preferentemente piamontés.
Mujeres Sefardies Lectoras y Escritorias, Siglos XIX-XXI
Authors: Tapia-Adler Ana María
Published: April 2019

Paloma Díaz Mas-Elisa Martin Ortega (eds), Ed. Iberoamericana, 2016,384 pp.
Polémica, controversia y críticas contra los cristianos en los escritos mandeos
Authors: Galisteo Leiva Jesús
Published: April 2019

En este artículo expondré cuáles son los principales temas de conflicto y controversia en la polémica anticristiana de los mandeos que podemos apreciar a través de sus textos religiosos (principalmente, los dos libros del Ginza y su corpus de oraciones rituales y litúrgicas), prestando especial atención en las críticas a los movimientos monacales y clericales y sus formas de ascetismo, así como el trato que reciben en el pensamiento y credo mandeo los personajes comunes entre ambas religiones (Dios Padre, Espíritu Santo, Cristo, María y, por supuesto, Juan Bautista), tan diferente al cristiano, consecuencia de consecuencia de siglos de sincretismo relativamente pacífico, pero también de una tensa y hostil convivencia histórica entre ambas religiones.
Educación, Derechos Humanos y Shoá: Una Aproximación desde la experiencia teórico práctica
Authors: González Lorena
Published: April 2019

El presente artículo señala la importancia de incorporar dentro del currículum de formación ciudadana en educación básica la enseñanza de la Shoá como un recurso pedagógico que permita por una parte enfatizar la pedagogía de la memoria a través del relato vivencial de quienes fueron víctimas de esta; establecer un análisis que permita a los estudiantes comprender la importancia de una educación basada en derechos humanos; relevar el valor del paradigma de inclusión como un componente vital en la conformación de sociedades interculturales; y por último, entender los peligros que genera formar ciudadanos apáticos, abúlicos, indiferentes y poco informados en sociedades democráticas en constante flujo de cambios.
Mario Sznajder, Historia Mínima de Israel
Authors: Tapia Adler Ana María
Published: April 2019

Editorial Colegio de México, AC, México 2018

Turner Publicaciones S.I., 2018

287 páginas
Rhenium Enrichment in the Muratdere Cu-Mo (Au-Re) Porphyry Deposit, Turkey: Evidence from Stable Isotope Analyses (δ34S, δ18O, δD) and Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Sulfides
Authors: McFall Katie , Roberts Stephen , McDonald Iain , Boyce Adrian J. , Naden Jonathan , Teagle Damon
Published: April 2019

The Muratdere Cu-Mo (Au) porphyry deposit in western Turkey contains elevated levels of rhenium and is hosted within granodioritic intrusions into an ophiolitic mélange sequence in the Anatolian belt. The deposit contains several stages of mineralization: early microfracture-hosted molybdenite and chalcopyrite, followed by a quartz-pyrite-chalcopyrite vein set associated with Cu-Au grade, a quartz-chalcopyrite-pyrite-molybdenite vein set associated with Cu-Mo-Re grade, and a later polymetallic quartz-barite-sphalerite-galena-pyrite vein set. The rhenium in Muratdere is hosted within two generations of molybdenite: early microfracture-hosted molybdenite and later vein-hosted molybdenite. In situ laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry analysis of sulfides shows that the later molybdenite has significantly higher concentrations of Re (average 1,124 ppm, σ = 730 ppm, n = 43) than the early microfracture-hosted molybdenite (average 566 ppm, σ = 423 ppm, n = 28). Pyrite crystals associated with the Re-rich molybdenite have higher Co and As concentrations than those in other vein sets, with Au associated with As. The microfracture-hosted sulfides have δ34S values between −2.2‰ and +4.6‰, consistent with a magmatic source. The vein-hosted sulfides associated with the high-Re molybdenite have a δ34S signature of 5.6‰ to 8.8‰, similar to values found in peridotite lenses in the Anatolian belt. The later enrichment in Re and δ34S-enriched S may be sourced from the surrounding ophiolitic country rock or may be the result of changing redox conditions during deposit formation.
The Impact of External Shari'ah Auditing on the Efficiency of Jordanian Islamic Banks Performance
Authors: Falah Al Samara Mohammad , Abdulmunin Al Ali Osama , Hassan AL Afeef Jamal
Published: April 2019

This study aimed to explore the impact of external Shari'ah auditing on the efficiency of Jordanian Islamic banks performance. This study has used SEM to analyze collected data from auditors and employees in Islamic banks in Jordan. This study has used a questionnaire to explore the perception of external Shari'ah audit of Islamic banks in Jordan, then the model estimated, after dropping the variables show good model fit indicators. this study examined the effect of Shari'ah audit through eight construct and found that, seven constructs significantly affect Islamic banks performance, i.e. planning, risk assessment, materiality assessment, sampling, internal controls-testing, evaluation of observations and Shari'ah non-compliances, using the work of relevant internal functions leads to better efficiency of performances in Islamic banks, except internal control-assessment. This study has practical and significance contribution for Islamic banks about of importance external Shari'ah auditing on its efficiency.
The Role of Financial Hedging in Preventing Economic Corruption Penetration: A Field Study
Authors: Moh’d AL-Tamimi Khaled Abdalla , Obeidat Samer Fakhri , Jaradat Mohammad Sulieman , Al-Rjoub Ashraf Mahammad
Published: April 2019

The Study aimed at identifying the extent of accounts auditors contribution and their role in financial hedging to prevent economic corruption of public held companies. Results showed a great contribution of accounts auditor in preventing economic corruption in Jordanian publicly held composes. Results also showed a great contribution of internal auditor at Jordanian public held companies in his role in preventing economic corruption in accordance with financial and professional criteria requirements.
TASKS OF MEDICAL ASSISTANCE TO MINOR AGAINST TO UNDERAGE
Authors: Sobas Magdalena
Published: April 2019

This text refers to the issue of consenting to medical intervention against a minor in the case when it is not possible to contact his or her legal representative. This text is about understanding the concept of “patient” and his rights, the notions of “child” and “minor” as well as the rights of a minor patient were raised. The main considerations, on the other hand, oscillate in relation to the issue of consent for providing a minor health service
COMMENTARY JUDGMENT OF WOJEWÓDZKI SĄD ADMINISTRACYJNY IN WARSAW OF 27 FEBRUARY 2018, NR REF.: VIII SA/WA 658/17
Authors: Gurdek Magdalena
Published: April 2019

This commentary raises the issue of the permissibility of issuing a replacement order regarding the revocation of the mandate of the mayor violating the prohibition established by art. 4 point 1 of the Act on Restricting Business Activity by Persons Performing Public Functions in a situation when a mayor reiterates the conditions of art. 6 of this Act, providing for an exception to the prohibition laid down in Article 4 points 1. The main problem in this case concerns the way in which it should be demonstrated that the conditions of art. 6 par. 1 have been met and on whom the burden of doing this rests: on the mayor violating the prohibition established by art. 4 point 1 of the Act, or on the supervision authority intending to issue a replacement order stating the expiration of the mandate of the commune head. It appears on the occasion, the issue of the dual role in which a physical person performing the functions of the body of the executive body of the commune, what
is the mayor.
Schadensersatz wegen der Verletzung des Gewaltverbotes als Element eines ius post bellum
Authors: Günnewig Elisabeth
Published: April 2019

Diese Arbeit leistet einen Beitrag zu der in der Völkerrechtswissenschaft geführten Diskussion um die Konzeptualisierung eines dritten Strangs des Friedenssicherungsrechts – eines ius post bellum. Die Reparationen für den Verstoß gegen das völkerrechtliche Gewaltverbot werden als ein möglicher Grundsatz herausgegriffen und im Hinblick auf ein praktisches Bedürfnis für die Entwicklung eines ius post bellum analysiert. Ausgehend von der Analyse der relevanten Staatenpraxis, beginnend mit dem Versailler Reparationsregime nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg bis zu den Arbeiten der „Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission“ Anfang dieses Jahrhunderts, erfolgt eine Bestandsaufnahme des geltenden Völkergewohnheitsrechts, insbesondere im Hinblick auf den Haftungsgrund, die Haftungsvoraussetzungen sowie dem Umfang der Haftung. Dabei werden auch Entwicklungslinien oder wiederkehrende Problemstellungen, die sich noch zu keiner völkergewohnheitsrechtlichen Regel verdichtet haben, in den Blick genommen.
Bethesda 2014 Implementation and Human Papillomavirus Primary Screening: Practices of Laboratories Participating in the College of American Pathologists PAP Education Program
Authors: Davey Diane Davis , Souers Rhona J. , Goodrich Kelly , Mody Dina R. , Tabbara Sana O. , Booth Christine N.
Published: April 2019

Context.—

Cervical cancer screening laboratory practices may evolve with new terminology and technologies.

Objective.—

To investigate changes in cervical cytopathology practice resulting from the 2014 Bethesda System updates and screening technologies.

Design.—

Questionnaires accompanied 2016 and 2017 mailings of the College of American Pathologists PAP Education program.

Results.—

In 2016, most laboratories surveyed had adopted or were planning to adopt 2014 Bethesda System updates, and the majority (53%; 365 of 689) used an age cutoff of 45 for reporting benign-appearing endometrial cells. However, 51.3% (354 of 690) of laboratories used the term low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, for cases with indeterminate features, and 44.9% (298 of 664) of laboratories used a 5000-cell cutoff for minimum squamous cellularity for posthysterectomy and posttherapy specimens. Reporting rates for cervical cytology metrics changed very little from 2013 to 2016, and the median ratio of atypical squamous cells to squamous intraepithelial lesion cases was 1.9 for ThinPrep and 1.8 for SurePath preparations. Most laboratories (59.4%; 389 of 655) did not offer stand-alone primary human papillomavirus (HPV) testing in 2017, and primary HPV testing accounted for a low proportion of HPV testing volumes. The Roche Cobas method was the most common platform for HPV primary screening.

Conclusions.—

These questionnaire surveys provide data about the current status of cervical cytology screening, including changes related to the 2014 Bethesda System updates and the adoption of HPV primary screening techniques.
The Big Picture: A Holistic View of E-book Acquisitions
Authors: Lewis Ronald M. , Kennedy Marie R.
Published: April 2019

The merging of two departments into the Acquisitions and Collection Development Department afforded Loyola Marymount University an opportunity to rethink existing workflows, with the acquisition of electronic books (e-books) being identified as a critical task to review. Process mapping was used to show the complexity of different tasks being performed in the department and to provide a visualization mechanism for staff to see how their work fit into a sequence of actions as part of a larger workflow. The authors listed the types of acquisition models used at their library for e-books and constructed process maps for the following six major types: 1. Firm order e-books; 2. Firm order e-book collections; 3. Approval order e-books; 4. Demand-driven e-books; 5. Standing order e-books, and; 6. Subscription e-book database. The authors merged the individual process maps into a single visualization to view the entirety of the acquisition process as a whole and to show how the different e-book acquisition models relate and diverge from one another.
História do Tempo Presente e América Latina: México - uma entrevista com Eugenia Allier-Montaño
Authors: Machieski Elisangela da Silva , Cenamo Tamy Imai
Published: April 2019

EntrevistadaEugenia Allier-Montaño es investigadora titular del Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México y docente en el Colegio de Estudios Latinoamericanos de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la misma universidad. Doctora en Historia por la Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (Francia), realizó una Estancia Posdoctoral en el Instituto de Investigaciones Filosóficas de la unam. Es miembro del Sistema Nacional de Investigadores de México. Su último libro, editado con Emilio Crenzel, es Las luchas por la memoria en América Latina. Historia reciente y violencia política, publicado en inglés como The Struggle for Memory in Latin America. Recent History and Political Violence. Es autora de Batallas por la memoria. Los usos políticos del pasado reciente en Uruguay, que ganó la Mención Honorable del concurso “Mejor libro en Historia Reciente y Memoria 2012” de la Sección “Historia Reciente y Memoria” de la Latin American Studies Association (lasa). Entre otras distinciones, ha sido nombrada en la Cátedra de Estudios del México Contemporáneo de la Universidad de Montreal, Canadá. Actualmente dirige el proyecto de investigación “Hacia una historia del presente mexicano: régimen político y movimientos sociales, 1960-2010”. Entrevista concedida em janeiro de 2019.
Drought, freshwater availability and cultural resilience on Easter Island (SE Pacific) during the Little Ice Age
Authors: Rull Valenti
Published: April 2019

After decades of human-deterministic explanations for the collapse of the ancient Rapanui civilization that inhabited Easter Island (Rapa Nui) before European contact (1722 CE), paleoecological studies developed during the last decade have provided sound evidence for climate changes and their potential socio-ecological impact. Especially significant is the occurrence of a century-scale (1570-1720 CE) drought occurred during the Little Ice Age. Freshwater is a critical resource at Easter Island that heavily depends on rain, which maintains the three only permanent surficial freshwater sources of the island: two lakes (Kao and Raraku) and a marsh (Aroi). In these conditions, the LIA drought could have significantly affected human life; however, the Rapanui civilization remained healthy showing a remarkable resilience. There are two main hypotheses on how the ancient Rapanui civilization could have obtained freshwater to guarantee its continuity. The intra-island migration hypothesis proposes that Lake Raraku, the cultural center of this civilization, dried out and the Rapanui were forced to migrate to Lake Kao, which was likely the only surficial freshwater source during the LIA drought. This shift was accompanied a profound cultural reorganization. The coastal groundwater hypothesis dismisses the use of lakes and other surficial freshwater sources to maintain the water-stressed Rapanui population and contends that the only routine freshwater sources during the LIA drought were the abundant and widespread coastal seeps fed by fresh/brackish groundwater. The pros and cons of these two hypotheses are discussed on the basis of the available archaeological and paleoecological evidence and it is concluded that, in the present state of knowledge, none of them can be rejected. Therefore, these two proposals could be complementary, rather than excluding.
VCF2PopTree: a one-click client-side software to construct population phylogeny from genome-wide SNPs
Authors: Subramanian Sankar , Ramasamy Umayal , Chen David
Published: April 2019

In the past decades a number of software programs have been developed to deduce the phylogenetic relationship between populations. However, these programs are not suited for large-scale whole genome data. Recently, a few standalone or web applications have been developed to handle genome-wide data, but they were either computationally intensive, dependent on third party software or required significant time and resource of a web server. In the post-genomic era, researchers are able to obtain bioinformatically processed high-quality publication-ready whole genome data for many individuals in a population from next generation sequencing companies due to the reduction in the cost of sequencing and analysis. Such genotype data is typically presented in the Variant Call Format (VCF) and there is no simple software available that uses this data to construct the phylogeny of populations in a short time. To address this limitation, we have developed a one-click user-friendly software, VCF2PopTree that uses gnome-wide SNPs to construct and display phylogenetic trees in seconds to minutes. For example, it reads a 1 GB VCF file and draws a tree in less than 5 minutes. VCF2PopTree accepts genotype data from a local machine, constructs a tree using UPGMA and Neighbour-Joining algorithms and displays it on a web-browser. It also produces pairwise-diversity matrix in MEGA and PHYLIP file formats as well as trees in the Newick format which could be directly used by other popular phylogenetic software programs. The software including the source code, a test VCF input file and short documentation are available at: http://sankarsubramanian.net/dat/index.html.
PICO and Risk Of bias Navigator for Evidence Based Medicine
Authors: Yamada Tomohide , Kondo Yoshinobu , Momosaki Ryo
Published: April 2019

Evidence-based medicine (EBM) involves determining treatment that matches the needs of each patient by integrating the best and latest available “scientific evidence” and “clinical skills”. Systematic review and meta-analysis refer to the process of searching databases and performing statistical analysis to integrate the results of multiple independent studies conducted in the past. The results obtained provide the highest quality evidence, which has become the foundation of various clinical guidelines. Systematic review and meta-analysis are conducted in the following sequence: 1) formulation of a hypothesis, 2) searching databases for articles, 3) selection of research articles, 4) evaluation of bias for each study, 5) integration of the results, 6) verification of bias, and 7) evaluation of the quality of the meta-analysis. Especially regarding 2) article searches and 3) article selection, it is usual for two or more researchers to independently conduct a comprehensive search of databases and extract all the articles that meet the eligibility criteria. Generally, each researcher must evaluate thousands of research articles one by one, making the whole process very time-consuming. In addition, articles may be missed since the search is done manually, and the results tend to be arbitrary. Moreover, updating the information requires a lot of time and effort. Generally, it takes one to two years to complete a single systematic review and meta-analysis. As a result, many reviews are obsolete or missing. Therefore, development of software that could contribute to labor saving and automation of systematic review has been advocated. PICORON-EBM aims to shorten the time required for assessment of PICO and Risk of Bias by natural language processing. Strengths: 1. Quick and Easy operation. 2. You can add and delete any keywords to your area of interest.

URL: http://www.picoron.com/
Distinct RanBP1 nuclear export and cargo dissociation mechanisms between fungi and animals
Authors: Li Yuling , Zhou Jinhan , Min Sui , Zhang Yang , Zhang Yuqing , Zhou Qiao , Shen Xiaofei , Jia Da , Han Junhong , Sun Qingxiang
Published: April 2019

Ran binding protein 1 (RanBP1) is a cytoplasmic-enriched and nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling protein, playing important roles in nuclear transport. Much of what we know about RanBP1 is learned from fungi. Intrigued by the long-standing paradox of harboring an extra NES in animal RanBP1, we discovered utterly unexpected cargo dissociation and nuclear export mechanisms for animal RanBP1. In contrast to CRM1-RanGTP sequestration mechanism of cargo dissociation in fungi, animal RanBP1 solely sequestered RanGTP from nuclear export complexes. In fungi, RanBP1, CRM1 and RanGTP formed a 1:1:1 nuclear export complex; in contrast, animal RanBP1, CRM1 and RanGTP formed a 1:1:2 nuclear export complex. The key feature for the two mechanistic changes from fungi to animals was the loss of affinity between RanBP1-RanGTP and CRM1, since residues mediating their interaction in fungi were not conserved in animals. The biological significances of these different mechanisms in fungi and animals were also studied.
The European Council on Chiropractic Education identification of critical standards to accredit chiropractic programs: a qualitative study and thematic analysis
Authors: Peterson Cynthia K. , BSc Maria Browning , Med Cert , DC Kenneth Vall
Published: April 2019

Objective:

The objectives for this project were to: (1) identify and agree upon “critical standards” that must be “fully” or “substantially compliant” for a maximum 8-year reaccreditation, (2) compare recent compliance for each critical standard for all accredited programs, and (3) identify which standards have lower compliance levels compared to others.

Methods:

This qualitative study uses thematic analysis. The 37 European Council on Chiropractic Education (ECCE) standards were assessed by the Quality Assurance Committee (QAC) to identify “critical standards” requiring “fully” or “substantially compliant” ratings for the maximum 8-year accreditation time period. These were approved by the entire ECCE. A table identifying specific criteria for each compliance level then was created. The most recent evaluation reports for all accredited programs were reviewed to record compliance levels for each critical standard and identify the number falling below the status of “substantially compliant”. Specific standards with the highest proportion falling below “substantially compliant” also were identified.

Results:

Eighteen of 37 standards were deemed critical. Two of 10 accredited programs had 0 “critical standards” below “substantially compliant” and two programs had three below this level. The most common standard to fall below “substantially compliant” was “faculty recruitment” with three programs (30%) at “partially compliant.”

Conclusion:

Identification and approval of “critical standards” requiring at least substantial compliance and the compliance criteria table facilitate implementation of the flexible 8-year reaccreditation period, providing the flexibility needed to work collaboratively with national accrediting agencies. “Faculty recruitment” standard had the highest percentage of programs rated as “partially” compliant.
Determination of the Depositional Environment of Outcrop Section at Odoro Ikpe South Eastern Nigeria Using Pebble Morphometry
Authors: Onwuegbuchulam C. O. , Nwugha V. N. , Ikoro D. O. , Ezebunanwa A. C. , Osibe K. O.
Published: April 2019

The depositional Environment of Odoro -Ikpe, South East Nigeria was interpreted using pebble morphometry and sieve analysis. A field observation, sieve analysis and pebble morphometric analysis was carried out on the area which comprises of conglomerate, pebbles, sand stone and intercalation of shale's and clay. The lithofacies observed are lateralitic layer, pebbly sand, alternating layers of sand and conglomerates and layers of massive sand stone. The graphic mean and skewness of the grain size analysis shows that the sediments are very coarse which indicates a high energy environment. Graphic standard deviation gives a clue that the sediment were very poorly sorted, which is indicative of a fluvial deposit with high energy , while kurtosis result revealed very coarse sediment deposits. This implies that the particles were not transported very far. Pebble analysis shows the geometric forms and this was deduced from the plot on shape measurement triangle. The shape is compact bladed which is common with river deposits. The bivarate plot of mean diameter against standard deviation also indicated a fluvial environment as well as bivarate plots of co-efficient of flatness against sphericity and maximum projection sphericity against oblate, prolate index which comprises of river and beach environment.  All results showed or indicated that the environment of deposition was of river.
Interactions of Extracts of Selected Macrofungi and Malaria Parasite, Plasmodium berghei berghei in BALB/c Strain Albino Mice
Authors: Oluranti Olayinka Oluyemi , Jonathan Segun Gbolagade , Olawuyi Odunayo Joseph
Published: April 2019

Malaria is a global menace that claimed many lives. The potential of mushroom at appropriate dosage, concentrations and suitable condition especially as antiplasmodial agents against malaria is important. Therefore, this study investigated the interactive effects of some fungi extracts (Pleurotus tuber-regium, Pleurotus pulmonarius, Fomes lignosus, Lentinus subnudus, Termitomyces robustus) and their combinations with malaria parasite, Plasmodium berghei berghei in BALB/c strain albino mice. Intraperitoneal injection of experimental animals with 0.2 mL of 5x106 parasitized blood was done before or after oral administration of the extracts of 0.1 mL fungi extracts at five concentrations. There were 3 replicates. The percentage parasitemia, packed cell volume (PCV), the weight loss of the albino mice were monitored. The extract; and concentration levels recorded highly significant (p< 0.01) effects on the parasitemic level (137.96; 329.26), PCV (4539.48; 2357.93) and weights (53.46; 510.56) of experimental animals in prophylactic and therapeutic experiments. Also, highly significant interactions (of 521.30) was obtained from extracts x concentrations. Lentinus subnudus and Fomes lignosus as well as P. tuber-regium had the best prophylactic and therapeutic potentials of 30%; 36% and 36% respectively. Lentinus subnudus could be considered a good prophylaxis in prevention of malaria as it exceeds therapeutic effect. Concentrations 0.4 mg/mL and 0.04 mg/mL were found to be the most effective; producing similar effect as chloroquine (20 mg/kg body weight) used as control. Therefore, the optimum activity of the fungi extracts was interactive against the malaria parasite, Plasmodium berghei berghei in the albino mice.
Quecksilber und Quecksilberverbindungen – Bestimmung von Quecksilber in Blut und Urin mittels Kaltdampf‐AAS [Biomonitoring Methods in German language, 2019]
Authors: Heitland P. , Göen T. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2019

The working group “Analyses in Biological Materials” of the Permanent Senate Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area validated the presented biomonitoring method.

Mercury is determined by flow injection cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry (CV‐AAS). The digested blood or urine samples are stabilised with potassium permanganate, introduced into the acid carrier flow (hydrochloric acid) and mixed with the reducing agent sodium borohydride. Mercury vapour formed by reduction is transported with an argon flow into the atomisation cell of the AA spectrometer.

Calibration is performed using matrix matched calibration solutions. The mercury concentrations in real samples are calculated from the linear relationship between the measured absorbance and the mass concentration of mercury.
2‐Chlorethanol [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2019]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated 2‐chloroethanol [107‐07‐3], considering all toxicological endpoints. Available publications are described in detail. The critical effect is high systemic toxicity with a steep dose‐response relationship. The NOAELs are 45, 15, and 45 mg/kg body weight and day in rats, dogs, and monkeys, respectively, after oral administration, and 100 and about 200 mg/kg body weight and day in rats and mice, respectively, after dermal administration. Taking both oral and dermal studies in animals into consideration, a MAK value of 2 ml/m3is derived, which also protects from irritation. As the critical effect is systemic, Peak Limitation Category II is confirmed. The excursion factor of 1 is retained because of the steep dose‐response relationship. The NOAELs for developmental toxicity are 50 and 227 mg/kg body weight and day for mice after gavage or drinking water administration, respectively, and 60 and 36 mg/kg body weight and day for mice and rabbits, respectively, after intravenous administration. The margins between the calculated concentrations at the workplace without effects and the MAK value are sufficiently high. Therefore, damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is not exceeded and the classification of 2‐chloroethanol in Pregnancy Risk Group C is retained. 2‐Chloroethanol is not regarded as genotoxic in vivo. The substance was not carcinogenic in dermal carcinogenicity studies in mice and rats. The substance is not a contact sensitizer in humans and mice. The low dermal LD50values, the estimated dermal absorption of 25% and the reports of poisoning incidents at the workplace after dermal exposure point to a significant contribution of skin contact to systemic toxicity. Therefore, the designation with an “H” is retained.
Glutarsäure [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2019]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated glutaric acid [110‐94‐1] considering all toxicological endpoints. Available publications and unpublished study reports are described in detail.

The critical effect is a moderate local irritation as shown with the Draize test in the rabbit eye. Inhalation studies are not available. Systemic toxicity occurs only at high doses. 500 and 1800 mg/kg body weight and day, respectively. The lowest systemic NOAEL is 250 mg/kg body weight and day for dogs, which corresponds to a concentration of 146 mg/m3at the workplace.

To prevent irritation, a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) of 2 mg/m3is derived for the respirable fraction by analogy with phosphoric acid and adipic acid and the substance is classified in Peak Limitation Category I with an excursion factor of 2.

Glutaric acid is not genotoxic and carcinogenicity studies are not available. After toxicokinetic scaling, the NOAELs from oral developmental toxicity studies in rats and rabbits correspond to concentrations of 2275 mg/m3and 1458 mg/m3, respectively. Therefore, damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is not exceeded and glutaric acid is classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C. Skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity. Limited data show no sensitization.
Acetylaceton (2,4‐Pentandion) [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2019]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) and the Pregnancy Risk Group of acetylacetone [123‐54‐6].

The critical effects are haematotoxicity, neurotoxicity and irritation of the nasal mucosa. A LOAEC of 307 ml/m3for minimal effects on the blood and reduced body weight was obtained in a 14‐week inhalation study in the rat. A MAK value of 20 ml/m3had been set. This value has now been confirmed even considering the increased respiratory volume at the workplace (see List of MAK and BAT Values, Section I b and I c). As a systemic effect is critical, Peak Limitation Category II with an excursion factor of 2 has been confirmed.

In spite of the low margin between the NOAEC for foetal toxicity of 53 ml/m3and the MAK value, acetylacetone had been assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group C because the incidence of unspecific foetal toxicity was very low at the LOAEC of 202 ml/m3. This classification is retained even considering the increased respiratory volume at the workplace.
1,4‐Dioxan [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2019]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated 1,4‐dioxane [123‐91‐1] considering all toxicological endpoints. Available publications and unpublished study reports are described in detail.

The critical effect is nasal toxicity and irritation as well as carcinogenic effects in the nose, liver, and kidneys. New carcinogenicity studies with 1,4‐dioxane in drinking water confirm the previous tumour findings in rats and mice. Squamous cell carcinomas in the rat nose, also occurring in a long‐term rat inhalation study at 1250 ml/m3, are a result of direct tissue contact with 1,4‐dioxane in the drinking water. At 50 ml/m3(LOAEC, lowest observed adverse effect level), no increase in tumour incidences, but nuclear enlargement, atrophy, and respiratory metaplasia in the nasal cavity were noted. The mechanisms involved in the tumour development in the nose are most likely cytotoxicity, inflammation, regenerative cell proliferation and hyperplasia. As the primary mode of action is non‐genotoxic and genotoxic effects play no or at most a minor part at cytotoxic doses, 1,4‐dioxane remains in Carcinogen Category 4.

A NAEC of 16.67 ml/m3(LOAEC / 3) for effects in the nose was calculated from the long‐term rat inhalation study, which is in the same range as the NOAEC of 20 ml/m3from studies with 2‐ to 8‐hour inhalation exposure of volunteers. To provide additional protection from tumour induction in the nose, the MAK value is lowered to 10 ml/m3.

As the critical effect of 1,4‐dioxane is local and no irritation was observed in the study with 2‐hour exposure of volunteers to 20 ml/m3, Peak Limitation Category I and the excursion factor of 2 are retained.

There is an adequate margin between the NOAEC for developmental toxicity and the MAK value. Therefore, damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is not exceeded and 1,4‐dioxane remains assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group C.

Because skin contact is expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity, the substance remains designated with “H”.

Limited data do not show a sensitizing potential.
2‐Methoxypropanol‐1 [MAK Value Documentation, 2018]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) for 2‐methoxypropanol‐1 [
1589‐47‐5
]. Available publications and unpublished study reports are described in detail.

Critical effects of 2‐methoxypropanol‐1 are its irritancy and teratogenicity. A MAK value of 5 ml/m
3
had been set. By analogy with 2‐methoxypropylacetate‐1, this value is now reaffirmed.

Also, by analogy with 2‐methoxypropylacetate‐1 Peak Limitation Category I with excursion factor of 2 is set. 2‐Methoxypropanol‐1 remains assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group B and also remains designated with an “H” (for substances that can be absorbed through the skin in toxicologically relevant amounts).
Methyl styrene (vinyl toluene) (all isomers) [MAK Value Documentation, 2017]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated methyl styrene [25013‐15‐4] considering all toxicological endpoints and revised the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value). Publications are described in detail.

In long‐term inhalation studies with methyl styrene, inflammation and hyperplasia were observed in nasal tissue of rats and mice with LOAECs of 100 ml/m3and 10 ml/m3, respectively. As was shown with styrene, the reason for mice being more susceptible than rats is differences in the rates of phase I and phase II metabolism. While the rate of oxidation to the epoxide is almost the same in rats and mice, the detoxification via epoxide hydrolase and GSH‐transferase is about 10‐fold faster in rats than in mice. In human nasal tissue in vitro, oxidation of styrene is minimal but metabolization via epoxide hydrolase and GSH‐transferase occurs at almost the same rate as in rat nasal tissue. Therefore, humans are much less sensitive to nasal effects of styrene and this species difference is assumed to be the same for the similarly metabolized methyl styrene. The MAK value is derived from the LOAEC in rats and set at 20 ml methyl styrene/m3. Due to the local effect being critical, the substance is assigned to Peak Limitation Category I. As there was no sensory irritation in volunteers with methyl styrene at 50 ml/m3, the excursion factor is 2.

Methyl styrene has a limited genotoxic potential only at systemically toxic doses, and 2‐year carcinogenicity studies were negative.

Dermal absorption does not contribute significantly to the systemic toxicity and investigations in humans and animals do not indicate a significant sensitizing effect.

Because 3 studies on the developmental toxicity of methyl styrene are only available as summaries and the reason for the differing effects cannot be evaluated, methyl styrene is assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group D.
iso‐Decyloleat [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2019]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2019

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated isodecyl oleate [
59231‐34‐4
], considering all toxicological endpoints. Available publications and unpublished study reports are described in detail.

As with white mineral oil, inhalation of aerosols of the hardly water‐soluble isodecyl oleate could result in lung overload, inflammatory reactions and microgranulomas. To prevent this overload, a MAK value of 5 mg/m
3
is derived for the respirable fraction by analogy with white mineral oil and isodecyloleate is classified in Peak Limitation Category II with an excursion factor of 4.

NOAEL for developmental effects was 300 mg/kg body weight and day after oral treatment of rats, but teratogenicity was not examined and isodecyl oleate is assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group D. Isodecyl oleate is not genotoxic in bacteria. Carcinogenicity studies carried out according to the test guidelines are not available. There are no indications of a contact sensitizing potential of isodecyl oleate. Skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity.
The Giant SALR Cluster Fluid: A Review
Authors: Sweatman Martin B. , Lue Leo
Published: April 2019

Recent developments in understanding the behavior of equilibrium fluids with competing short‐range attractions and long‐range repulsions at low concentration are reviewed. Typically, this SALR model system is used to represent solutions where at least one of the solute species interacts via a screened‐Coulomb potential, which includes many colloidal, nanoparticle, and polyelectrolyte solutions among others. Provided neither the short‐range nor long‐range interactions are too strong, and the concentration remains sufficiently low, discrete spherical clusters of solute are expected, here called “Giant SALR clusters.” Because these clusters can themselves be disordered, as though fluid particles with a renormalized interaction, such cluster fluids cannot be treated using standard mean field methods. This review therefore focuses on theoretical routes that aim to overcome this difficulty. The main outcomes of these theories are highlighted and their application to soft matter and especially biology, including complex coacervates, membraneless organelles, and the origin of life is discussed.
A gradient of pollination specialization in three species of Bolivian Centropogon
Authors: Lagomarsino Laura P. , Muchhala Nathan
Published: April 2019

Premise

Closely related plant species with overlapping ranges often experience competition for pollination services. Such competition can select for divergence in floral traits that attract pollinators or determine pollen placement. While most species in Centropogon (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae) have flowers that suggest adaptation to bat or hummingbird pollination, actual pollinators are rarely documented, and a few species have a mix of traits from both pollination syndromes. We studied the pollination biology of a “mixed‐syndrome” species and its co‐occurring congeners to examine the relationship between floral traits and visitation patterns for Centropogon.

Methods

Fieldwork at two sites in Bolivian cloud forests involved filming floral visitors, quantifying pollen transfer, and measuring floral traits. Stamen exsertion, which determines pollen placement, was measured from herbarium specimens across the geographic range of these species to test for character displacement.

Results

Results show a generalization gradient, from primarily bat pollination in white‐flowered Centropogon incanus, to bat pollination with secondary hummingbird pollination in the cream‐flowered C. brittonianus, to equal reliance on both pollinators in the red‐flowered, mixed‐syndrome C. mandonis. Pollen transfer between these species is further reduced by differences in stamen exsertion that are accentuated in zones of sympatry, a pattern consistent with character displacement.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate that key differences in floral color and shape mediate a gradient of specialization in Bolivian Centropogon. Interspecific pollen transfer is further reduced by potential character displacement of a key trait. Broadly, our results have implications for understanding the hyper‐diversity of Andean cloud forests, in which multiple species of the same genus frequently co‐occur.
Eigenvalue assignment via uncertain state feedback controllers
Authors: Siahlooei Esmaeil , Shahzadeh Fazeli Seyed Abolfazl , Karbassi Seyed Mehdi
Published: April 2019

In this paper, we propose a method for eigenvalue assignment using linear control systems containing uncertain elements. Uncertain systems are systems described by state equations which depend on uncertain parameters. In this paper, uncertainty is modeled with interval numbers. The proposed method assigns prescribed eigenvalues to a state feedback control system. Also, we introduce two interval operations to be used in our method use them. Some numerical experiments are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
The dual luciferase reporter system and RT‐qPCR strategies for screening of MicroRNA‐21 small‐molecule inhibitors
Authors: Hei Yuan‐Yuan , Guo Yuan‐Xu , Jiang Cong‐Shan , Wang Si , Lu She‐Min , Zhang San‐Qi
Published: April 2019

The therapeutic potential of microRNA‐21 (miR‐21) small‐molecule inhibitors has been of particular interest to medicinal chemists. Moreover, the development of more facile screening methods is lacking. In the present study, two potential screening strategies for miR‐21 small‐molecule inhibitor including the stem‐loop reverse transcription‐quantitative PCR and dual luciferase reporter assay system were demonstrated and discussed in detail. A pmirGLO‐miR21cswt plasmid and its two different mutants were constructed for dual luciferase reporter assay system. In addition, the sensitivity and specificity of these two methods were validated. Our results demonstrated that both strategies are decent choices for the screening of small‐molecule inhibitors for miR‐21 and possibly other miRNAs. Eventually, we applied our optimized strategy to discover and characterize several promising compounds such as azobenzene derivate A, enoxacin, and norfloxacin for their potential impact on intracellular miR‐21 concentration.
Alkene Hydrosilylation on Oxide‐Supported Pt‐Ligand Single‐Site Catalysts
Authors: Chen Linxiao , Ali Iyad S. , Sterbinsky George E. , Gamler Jocelyn T. L. , Skrabalak Sara E. , Tait Steven L.
Published: April 2019

Heterogeneous single‐site catalysts (SSCs), widely regarded as promising next‐generation catalysts, blend the easy recovery of traditional heterogeneous catalysts with desired features of homogeneous catalysts: high fraction of active sites and uniform metal centers. We previously reported the synthesis of Pt‐ligand SSCs through a novel metal‐ligand self‐assembly method on MgO, CeO2, and Al2O3 supports (J. Catal. 2018, 365, 303–312). Here, we present their applications in the industrially‐relevant alkene hydrosilylation reaction, with 95 % yield achieved under mild conditions. As expected, they exhibit better metal utilization efficiency than traditional heterogeneous Pt catalysts. The comparison with commercial catalysts (Karstedt and Speier) reveals several advantages of these SSCs: higher selectivity, less colloidal Pt formation, less alkene isomerization/hydrogenation, and better tolerance towards functional groups in substrates. Despite some leaching, our catalysts exhibit satisfactory recyclability and the single‐site structure remains intact on oxide supports after reaction. Pt single‐sites were proved to be the main active sites rather than colloidal Pt formed during the reaction. An induction period is observed in which Pt sites are activated by Cl detachment and replacement by reactant alkenes. The most active species likely involves temporary detachment of Pt from ligand or support. Catalytic performance of Pt SSCs is sensitive to the ligand and support choices, enabling fine tuning of Pt sites. This work highlights the application of heterogeneous SSCs created by the novel metal‐ligand self‐assembly strategy in an industrially‐relevant reaction. It also offers a potential catalyst for future industrial hydrosilylation applications with several improvements over current commercial catalysts.