bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pd‐Catalyzed Highly Regioselective Hydroesterification of Terminal Alkyl Olefins with Formates
Authors: Li Junhua , Shen Tianci , Yang Yan , Shi Yian
Published: March 2024

Comprehensive Summary

A Pd‐catalyzed regioselective hydroesterification of alkyl terminal olefins with aryl formates is described. A wide variety of linear carboxylic esters bearing various functional groups can be obtained in good yields with high regioselectivities under mild reaction conditions by using 1,2‐DTBPMB or (p‐F‐Ph)3P as ligand. The reaction process is operationally simple and requires no handling of toxic CO or strong acid. The resulting aryl esters can be readily converted to other carboxylic acid derivatives.
Achieving Seconds‐to‐Hours Duration‐Tunable Organic Long Persistent Luminescence from Carbon Dots‐Based Exciplex Systems by Energy Gaps Regulation†
Authors: Xu Yixuan , Jiang Kai , Feng Linger , Tong Xinyuan , Zhou Zuxu , Li Fengshi , Zhang Yi , Du Jiaren , Lin Hengwei
Published: March 2024

Comprehensive Summary

Duration‐tunable afterglow materials have garnered considerable attention in various applications. Herein, carbon dots (CDs)‐based long persistent luminescence (LPL) composites with a tunable duration in an ultrawide range of seconds‐to‐hours levels were designed and prepared for the first time. In contrast to the established CD‐based afterglow materials, we reported that CD‐based composites exhibit LPL in the form of exciplexes and long‐lived charge‐separated states, enabling the LPL to be prolonged from several seconds to over one hour, exceeding the typical regulation range (limited to 1 min). Further studies revealed that the relationship between the excited and charge‐transfer states of CDs plays a pivotal role in activating the LPL and regulating its duration. Furthermore, these composites exhibited high photoluminescence (PL) quantum yields of up to 60.63%, and their LPL was robust under ambient conditions, even in aqueous media. Their robust and superior LPL performance endows these composites with a strong competitive advantage in dynamic display systems, such as tags for time‐resolved data encryption and displays of the remaining time of takeaways. This study offers an approach to preparing CDs‐based LPL composites with tunable durations and may provide new insights for the development of rare‐earth‐free LPL materials.
Smoking and outcomes following personalized antiplatelet therapy in chronic coronary syndrome patients: A substudy from the randomized PATH‐PCI trial
Authors: Pan Ying , Wu Ting‐Ting , Deng Chang‐Jiang , Yang Yi , Hou Xian‐Geng , Yan Tuo , Wang Shun , Zheng Ying‐Ying , Xie Xiang
Published: March 2024

Background

This is a sub‐analysis of the Personalized Antithrombotic Therapy for Coronary Heart Disease after PCI (PATH‐PCI) trial in China to explore the relationship between smoking and outcomes following personalized antiplatelet therapy (PAT) in chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Methods

As a single‐center, prospective, randomized controlled and open‐label trial, the PATH‐PCI trial randomized CCS patients undergoing PCI into standard group or personalized group guided by a novel platelet function test (PFT), from December 2016 to February 2018. All patients were divided into smokers and nonsmokers according to their smoking status. Subsequently, we underwent a 180‐day follow‐up evaluation. The primary endpoint was the net adverse clinical events (NACE).

Results

Regardless of smoking status, in the incidence of NACE, there was a reduction with PAT but that the reductions are not statistically significant. In the incidence of bleeding events, we found no statistically significant difference between two groups (smokers: 2.0% vs. 1.4%, HR = 1.455, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.595−3.559, p = .412; nonsmokers: 2.2% vs. 1.8%, HR = 1.228, 95% CI: 0.530−2.842, p = .632). In smokers, PAT reduced major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) by 48.7% (3.0% vs. 5.9%, HR = 0.513, 95% CI: 0.290−0.908, p = .022), compared with standard antiplatelet therapy (SAT). PAT also reduced the major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) but there was no statistically difference in the reductions (p > .05). In nonsmokers, PAT reduced MACCE and MACE by 51.5% (3.3% vs. 6.7%, HR = 0.485, 95% CI: 0.277−0.849, p = .011) and 63.5% (1.8% vs. 4.9%, HR = 0.365, 95% CI: 0.178−0.752, p = .006), respectively. When testing p‐values for interaction, we found there was no significant interaction of smoking status with treatment effects of PAT (pint‐NACE = .184, pint‐bleeding = .660).

Conclusion

Regardless of smoking, PAT reduced the MACE and MACCE, with no significant difference in bleeding. This suggests that PAT was an recommendable regimen to CCS patients after PCI, taking into consideration both ischemic and bleeding risk.
Medical Applications of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles and Core‐Shell Nanostructures Based on Silver or Gold Core: Recent Progress and Innovations
Authors: Kowalska Agata , Adamska Elżbieta , Grobelna Beata
Published: March 2024

Nanoparticles (NPs) of noble metals such as silver (Ag NPs) or gold (Au NPs) draw the attention of scientists looking for new compounds to use in medical applications. Scientists have used metal NPs because of their easy preparation, biocompatibility, ability to influence the shape and size or modification, and surface functionalization. However, to fully use their capabilities, both the benefits and their potential threats should be considered. One possibility to reduce the potential threat and thus prevent the extinction of their properties resulting from the agglomeration, they are covered with a neutral material, thus obtaining core‐shell nanostructures that can be further modified and functionalized depending on the subsequent application. In this review, we focus on discussing the properties and applications of Ag NPs and Au NPs in the medical field such as the treatment of various diseases, drug carriers, diagnostics, and many others. In addition, the following review also discusses the use and potential applications of Ag@SiO2 and Au@SiO2 core‐shell nanostructures, which can be used in cancer therapy and diagnosis, treatment of infections, or tissue engineering.
The prosubiculum in the human hippocampus: A rostrocaudal, feature‐driven, and systematic approach
Authors: Rosenblum Emma W. , Williams Emily M. , Champion Samantha N. , Frosch Matthew P. , Augustinack Jean C.
Published: March 2024

The hippocampal subfield prosubiculum (ProS), is a conserved neuroanatomic region in mouse, monkey, and human. This area lies between CA1 and subiculum (Sub) and particularly lacks consensus on its boundaries; reports have varied on the description of its features and location. In this report, we review, refine, and evaluate four cytoarchitectural features that differentiate ProS from its neighboring subfields: (1) small neurons, (2) lightly stained neurons, (3) superficial clustered neurons, and (4) a cell sparse zone. ProS was delineated in all cases (n = 10). ProS was examined for its cytoarchitectonic features and location rostrocaudally, from the anterior head through the body in the hippocampus. The most common feature was small pyramidal neurons, which were intermingled with larger pyramidal neurons in ProS. We quantitatively measured ProS pyramidal neurons, which showed (average, width at pyramidal base = 14.31 µm, n = 400 per subfield). CA1 neurons averaged 15.57 µm and Sub neurons averaged 15.63 µm, both were significantly different than ProS (Kruskal–Wallis test, p < .0001). The other three features observed were lightly stained neurons, clustered neurons, and a cell sparse zone. Taken together, these findings suggest that ProS is an independent subfield, likely with distinct functional contributions to the broader interconnected hippocampal network. Our results suggest that ProS is a cytoarchitecturally varied subfield, both for features and among individuals. This diverse architecture in features and individuals for ProS could explain the long‐standing complexity regarding the identification of this subfield.
Deep code search efficiency based on clustering
Authors: Liu Kun , Liu Jianxun , Hu Haize
Published: March 2024

The deep‐learning based code search model mainly takes accuracy as the only target for judging the performance of the model, ignoring the efficiency of code search. This article proposes a clustering‐based code search model (C‐DCS). C‐DCS uses the K‐Means to divide the code vector base into K clusters and obtains the center vectors of K clusters. While searching, C‐DCS first matches the query vector with the K center vectors to get the best matching center vector. After matching the center vector, C‐DCS matches the query vector with code vectors in the cluster corresponding to the best matching center vector one by one and then gets the best matching code snippet vector. To verify the efficiency of C‐DCS in the code search task, experimental analysis was built on a large dataset. The experimental results showed that C‐DCS saves 92.2% of the search time compared to the baseline model while remaining the accuracy. In the experimental evaluation section, we optimized the K‐Means algorithm to improve the code search efficiency of C‐DCS further, reducing the search time to 93.8% of the baseline model. Hence, C‐DCS reduces the code search time greatly with not affecting the accuracy, improving the efficiency of software development.
A spatio‐temporal graph convolutional approach to real‐time load forecasting in an edge‐enabled distributed Internet of Smart Grids energy system
Authors: Liu Qi , Pan Li , Cao Xuefei , Gan Jixiang , Huang Xianming , Liu Xiaodong
Published: March 2024

As the edge nodes of the Internet of Smart Grids (IoSG), smart sockets enable all kinds of power load data to be analyzed at the edge, which create conditions for edge calculation and real‐time (RT) load forecasting. In this article, an edge‐cloud computing analysis energy system is proposed to collect and analyze power load data, and a combination of graph convolutional network (GCN) with LSTM, called KGLSTM is used to achieve mid‐long term mixed sequential mode RT forecasting. In the proposed edge‐cloud framework, distributed intelligent sockets are regarded as edge nodes to collect, analyze and upload data to cloud services for further processing. The proposed KGLSTM network adopts a double branch structure. One branch extracts the data characteristics of mid‐short term time‐series data through an encoding–decoding LSTM module; the other branch extracts the data features of long term timing data through an adapted GCN. GCN is used to extract spatial correlations between different nodes. In addition, by combining a dynamic weighted loss function, the accuracy of peak forecasting is effectively improved. Finally, through various experimental indicators, this article shows that KGLSTM and weighted KGLSTM have achieved significant performance improvement over recent methods in mid‐long term time‐series forecasting and peak forecasting.
Mapping the landscape of environmental, social and governance research: A bibliometric analysis
Authors: Dwibedi Pruthiranjan , Pahi Debasis , Sahu Antarjyami
Published: March 2024

Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) policies have increased to the forefront of global discourse, appealing to the consideration of international and national institutes alike. To stay ahead of the curve and build long‐term competitive advantage, companies must prioritize proactive ESG research and integrate its findings into their strategies. Additionally, comprehensive ESG research is crucial to inform effective policy interventions that address pressing environmental, social, and governance issues. This article leverages Scopus data to conduct a bibliometric analysis of ESG research from 2007 to 2022, aiming to map the field's intellectual landscape and identify key themes driving its current state. The study highlights the top contributors, institutions, and journals that have focused on ESG issues. Moreover, it examines co‐citation networks, collaboration networks, and keyword co‐occurrences, which provides a comprehensive overview of intellectual structure. This study contributes to the understanding of the ESG research landscape and provides insights for future research directions.
Dual wideband high‐efficient reflective linear‐to‐dual‐circular dual‐rotational polarization converter with two complementary twin‐split square‐ring resonators
Authors: Zaker Reza
Published: March 2024

A high‐efficient linear‐to‐circular polarization (LP‐to‐CP) converter with dual‐band, dual‐rotational‐direction reflectivity using a single‐layer selective surface (FSS) with a thickness of
at 3.5 GHz is designed and investigated. The unit cell, measuring 8 mm × 8 mm (
at 3.5 GHz), consists of two dual‐slotted square rings, with the outer ring providing two nonadjacent CP bands with two reflective resonances in each. The inner ring, with a 90° rotation and the ability to create different polarization and phase behavior, obtains two wide bands with high CP quality. Parametric studies and optimal results show an interesting fact that incident x(y)‐direction LP wave is effectively converted into right‐hand CP, that is, RHCP (left‐hand CP, i.e., LHCP) wave at the former band and into LHCP (RHCP) at the later band. Finally, a practical 10 × 10 optimal array is fabricated which offers excellent axial ratio below 2 dB over two wide bandwidths: 3.46 to 5.96 GHz (53%: S and C bands) and 7.8 to 12.2 GHz (44%: X band). The converter is angularly stable over 45° and 30° in the stated bands, respectively. A good agreement between simulation and measurement and essential comparisons with literature are also proposed. The results demonstrate significant potential for different dual‐band CP applications with simultaneous isolated uplink and downlink.
Using capillary electrophoresis to identify Anopheline species in routine sampling sites
Authors: Chabanol Estelle , Romoli Ottavia , Talaga Stanislas , Epelboin Yanouk , Heu Katy , Prévot Ghislaine , Gendrin Mathilde
Published: March 2024

In the Anopheles genus, various mosquito species are able to transmit the Plasmodium parasites responsible for malaria, while others are non‐vectors. In an effort to better understand the biology of Anopheles species and to quantify transmission risk in an area, the identification of mosquito species collected in the field is an essential but problematic task. Morphological identification requires expertise and cannot be checked after processing samples in a destructive treatment, while sequencing of numerous samples is costly. Here, we introduce a method of Species identification via Simple Observation Coupled with Capillary Electrophoresis Technology (SOCCET). This molecular technique of species identification is based on precise determination of ITS2 length combined with a simple visual observation, the colour of mosquito hindleg tip. DNA extracted from field‐collected Anopheles mosquitoes was amplified with universal Anopheles ITS2 primers and analysed with a capillary electrophoresis device, which precisely determines the size of the fragments. We defined windows of amplicon sizes combined with fifth hind tarsus colour, which allows discrimination of the major Anopheles species found in our collections. We validated our parameters via Sanger sequencing of ITS2 amplicons. Using the SOCCET method, we characterised the composition of Anopheles populations in five locations of French Guiana, where we detected a total of nine species. Anopheles braziliensis and Anopheles darlingi were detected in four locations each and represented 13 and 67% of our samples, respectively. The SOCCET method can be particularly useful when working with routine sampling sites with a moderate species diversity, that is, when the number of local species is too high to define species‐specific primers but low enough to avoid individual ITS2 sequencing. This tool will be of interest to evaluate local malaria transmission risk and this approach may be further implemented for other mosquito genera.
Systemic sclerosis is associated with increased in‐patient mortality in patients hospitalized for heart failure
Authors: Sherif Akil A. , Gilvaz Vinit J. , Abraham Sonu , Saji Anu Mariam , Mathew Don , Isath Ameesh , Rajendran Aiswarya , Contreras Johanna , Lanier Gregg M. , Reginato Anthony M.
Published: March 2024

Aims

We aimed to analyse the characteristics and in‐hospital outcomes of patients hospitalized for heart failure (HF) with co‐morbid systemic sclerosis (SSc) and compare them to those without SSc, using data from the National Inpatient Sample from years 2016 to 2019.

Methods and results

International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision diagnosis codes were used to identify hospitalized patients with a primary diagnosis of HF and secondary diagnoses of SSc from the National Inpatient Sample database from 2016 to 2019. Patients were divided into two groups: those with and without a secondary diagnosis of SSc. Baseline characteristics including demographics and co‐morbidities, outcomes of mortality, length of stay (LOS), and costs were compared between the two groups. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to adjust for confounders and assess the impact of SSc on in‐hospital mortality, cost, and LOS. A total of 4 709 724 hospitalizations for HF were identified, with 8150 (0.17%) having a secondary diagnosis of SSc. These patients were predominantly female (82.3% vs. 47.8%; P = 0.01), younger (mean age of 67.4 vs. 71.4; P < 0.01), and had significantly lower rates of traditional cardiovascular risk factors such as coronary artery disease (35.8% vs. 50.6%; P < 0.01), hyperlipidaemia (39.1% vs. 52.9%; P < 0.01), diabetes (22.5% vs. 49.1%; P < 0.01), obesity (13.2% vs. 25.0%; P < 0.01), and hypertension (20.2% vs. 23.8%; P < 0.01). Higher rates of co‐morbid pulmonary disease in the form of interstitial lung disease (23.1% vs. 2.0%; P < 0.01) and pulmonary hypertension (36.6% vs. 12.7%; P < 0.01) were noted in the SSc cohort. Unadjusted in‐hospital mortality was significantly higher in the HF with SSc group [5.1% vs. 2.6%; odds ratio: 1.99; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.60–2.48; P < 0.001]. Unadjusted mortality was also higher among female (86.7% vs. 47.0%; P < 0.01), Black (15.7% vs. 13.0%; P < 0.01), and Hispanic (13.3% vs. 6.9%; P < 0.01) patients in the SSc cohort. After adjusting for potential confounders, SSc remained independently associated with higher in‐hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio: 1.81; 95% CI: 1.44–2.28; P < 0.001). Patients with HF and SSc also had longer LOS (6.4 vs. 5.4; adjusted mean difference [AMD]: 0.37, 95% CI: 0.05–0.68; P = 0.02) and higher hospitalization costs ($67 363 vs. $57 128; AMD: 198.9; 95% CI: −4780 to 5178; P = 0.93).

Conclusions

In patients hospitalized for HF, those with SSc were noted to have higher odds of in‐hospital mortality than those without SSc. Patients with HF and SSc were more likely to be younger, female, and have higher rates of co‐morbid interstitial lung disease and pulmonary hypertension at baseline with fewer traditional cardiovascular risk factors.
Solvent Effects on the Spin Crossover Properties of Manganese (III) (sal‐N‐1,5,8,12) Complexes
Authors: Zhao Sheng‐Ze , Liu Chang , Zhang Hao‐Zhe , Zhou Hua‐Wei , Zhang Sen‐Yu , Qin Chun‐Yan , Li Yong‐hua , Tang Chao , Wang Shi
Published: March 2024

The interplay of host‐guest interactions and controlled modulation of spin‐crossover (SCO) behavior is one of the most exploited topics regarding data storage, molecular sensing, and optical technologies. This study examines the effect of solvents on the spin‐crossover (SCO) behavior of manganese(III) complexes [Mn(sal‐N‐1,5,8,12)]I•S (S=CH3OH, C2H5OH, CH3CN) (1) and [Mn(sal‐N‐1,5,8,12)]I3 (2), where (sal‐N‐1,5,8,12)2− is 2,2′‐((1E,13E)‐2,6,9,13‐tetraazatetradeca‐1,13‐diene‐1,14‐diyl)diphenol synthesized by salicylaldehyde and 1,2‐bis(3‐aminopropylamino)ethane. The complexes, crystallizing in orthorhombic or monoclinic systems, exhibit similar supramolecular arrangements with one‐dimensional cationic chains at low temperatures. Magnetic studies reveal that solvent inclusion sharpens the SCO transition and lowers the transition temperature. Specifically, 1⋅CH3OH shows a 13 K thermal hysteresis due to methanol‘s mobility through the channels in the cationic framework. Although the solvent‐free compound was not obtained, compound 2 with a linear I3− anion was synthesized, displaying extensive cation‐anion contacts and a distinct 13 K thermal hysteresis upon heating due to altered intermolecular cooperativity. This emphasizes the significant role of solvent introduction and variation in crystal packing and their impact on the SCO properties.
One‐Pot Gold/Acid‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Indolo[1,2‐a]quinolin‐5(6H)‐ones from 1‐(2‐Ethynylphenyl)‐1H‐indoles
Authors: Brambilla Elisa , Gugiatti Mariaclara , Rizzato Silvia , Abbiati Giorgio , Pirovano Valentina
Published: March 2024

We present a method for the synthesis of substituted indolo[1,2‐a]quinoline‐5(6H)‐ones starting from 1‐(2‐ethynylphenyl)‐1H‐indoles. The transformation involves gold‐catalyzed oxidation of the triple bond followed by acid‐promoted intramolecular cyclization at the indole C2 position. Demonstrating noteworthy versatility, the reaction tolerates a wide array of substituents on the indole core and proceeds in good to excellent yields (up to 93 %).
Feasibility of integrated solar photovoltaic pico‐pumped storage self‐sustained system for multi‐storey building in India
Authors: Balachandran Shyam , Ponnusamy Kanakasabapathy
Published: March 2024

This study explores the potential of utilizing a pico‐pumped storage system (PPSH) as an energy storage solution to enhance the integration of renewable energy sources in a multi‐story building. The study seeks to evaluate the system's ability to fulfil the energy requirements of a part of a multi‐storey building, considering factors such as cost‐effectiveness, longevity, and environmental impact. Basic relationships are used to model both floating solar PV systems and pumped storage systems in MATLAB. An algorithm based on linear programming is used to generate the optimal schedule, while a particle swarm optimization‐based algorithm is employed for the optimal design of the proposed system. In order to analyze the economic feasibility, the levelized cost of solar energy and the levelized cost of stored energy are estimated. An optimally sized floating solar PV integrated pico pumped storage system with an optimal operating strategy can perform technically. However, due to practical limitations, the system's dimensions cannot accommodate real‐world storage requirements. When levelized costs are considered, a pico‐pumped storage system becomes less appealing than battery storage systems, particularly if a new storage tank is to be constructed. Compared to battery storage systems, pumped storage systems have a lower energy density, which requires more space and height, especially in buildings. Pumped storage systems, on the other hand, have a longer lifespan and a lower environmental impact. Overall, the proposed system, along with an optimal scheduling algorithm, provides a long‐term solution for energy storage, aligning with the growing global emphasis on lowering carbon emissions and embracing renewable energy sources. Although there may be a high initial investment requirement and a restricted storage capacity, the sustained advantages of energy independence and a diminished carbon footprint render it an appealing option for environmentally conscious communities and green buildings.
How we missed the inflation surge: An anatomy of post‐2020 inflation forecast errors
Authors: Koch Christoffer , Noureldin Diaa
Published: March 2024

This paper analyzes the inflation forecast errors over the period 2021Q1–2022Q3 using forecasts of core and headline inflation from the International Monetary Fund World Economic Outlook for a large group of advanced and emerging market economies. The findings reveal evidence of forecast bias that worsened initially and then subsided towards the end of the sample. There is also evidence of forecast oversmoothing, indicating rigidity in forecast revision in the face of incoming information. Focusing on core inflation forecast errors in 2021, four factors provide a potential ex post explanation: a stronger‐than‐anticipated demand recovery; demand‐induced pressures on supply chains; the demand shift from services to goods at the onset of the pandemic; and labor market tightness. Ex ante, we find that the size of the COVID‐19 fiscal stimulus packages announced by different governments in 2020 correlates positively with core inflation forecast errors in advanced economies. This result hints at potential forecast inefficiency, but we caution that it hinges on the outcomes of a few, albeit large, economies.
The optimal design of assisted reproductive technologies policies
Authors: Leroux Marie‐Louise , Pestieau Pierre , Ponthiere Gregory
Published: March 2024

This paper studies the optimal fiscal treatment of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) in an economy where individuals differ in their reproductive capacity (or fecundity) and in their wage. We find that the optimal ART tax policy varies with the postulated social welfare criterion. Utilitarianism redistributes only between individuals with unequal fecundity and wages but not between parents and childless individuals. To the opposite, ex post egalitarianism (which gives absolute priority to the worst‐off in realized terms) redistributes from individuals with children toward those without children, and from individuals with high fecundity toward those with low fecundity, so as to compensate for both the monetary cost of ART and the disutility from involuntary childlessness resulting from unsuccessful ART investments. Under asymmetric information and in order to solve for the incentive problem, utilitarianism recommends to either tax or subsidize ART investments of low‐fecundity‐low‐productivity individuals at the margin, depending on the degree of complementarity between fecundity and ART in the fertility technology. On the opposite, ex post egalitarianism always recommends marginal taxation of ART.
A cross‐sectional study of online learning during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Student perceptions
Authors: Koja Gjergji , Abazaj Erjona
Published: March 2024

Background

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 caused an unprecedented pandemic for more than 2 years, affecting the lifestyle health, and education systems at the global level. During this long pandemic period, online learning was considered the only secure learning alternative. Multiple studies have demonstrated positive or negative perceptions related to online teaching.

Aim

Through this study, we identified the perceptions and different challenges that online learning brought to the education of the students of Alexander Xhuvani University, Elbasan, focusing on their achievements.

Method

This cross‐sectional study was conducted by Alexander Xhuvani University from March to May 2021. A questionnaire that assessed students' perceptions related to the effectiveness of distance learning was used for this study. This questionnaire had a Cronbachαvalue of 0.760. Students from two faculties were welcomed to be part of this survey and to fill out the questionnaire on the Google platform. The data of the online questionnaire was made in Excel format and then analyzed using the statistical program SPSS version 20.0.

Results

Overall, 350 students were included in the study about 268 (76.6%) belong to the female gender, and most students 239 (68.3%) belong to the age group of 18–20 years. It is worth mentioning that 271 (77.4%) had a negative perception related to e‐learning. Approximately, 201 (57.4%) of students encountered difficulties with the internet, 49 (14%) of cases reported a lack of technological equipment, and 111 (31.7%) encountered distraction while using the phone to listen to the online lesson. Problems with visual images and audio were also reported. As advantages, we mention freer time and greater flexibility in the learning process. Changes in health and management of online learning were observed in 123 (35.1%) of students, where loss of time and lack of concentration to learn, sleep problems, stress, anxiety, and fear were encountered the most.

Conclusions

This is the first study in university education to assess students' perceptions and results achieved by online learning during our country's pandemic. Our study's findings show that 271 (77.4%) of participants have a negative perception of online learning. The most common challenges among students were Internet speed, a lack of technological equipment, and Internet disconnection. In terms of expectation fulfillment during online learning and assessment results, 245 (70%) of students' expectations were unsatisfied and unmet. These findings will address the gaps in the literature and may influence future online learning design in our country.
A comprehensive review of oral microenvironment changes and orofacial adverse reactions after COVID‐19 vaccination: The good, the bad, and the ugly
Authors: Najary Shaghayegh , Vatankhah Mohammadreza , Khadivi Gita , Salehi Seyyede N. , Tabari Mohammad A. K. , Samieefar Noosha , Behnaz Mohammad
Published: March 2024

Background and Aims

Anti‐severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) vaccines have the potential to alter several biological systems concurrently with remolding the immune system, most of which are related to immunization, while some others are known as adverse effects. This review aims to explore the potential effects of vaccination on the oral microenvironment and classifies them as good, bad, or ugly, with a brief review of facial diseases following coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) vaccination.

Methods

This study was a comprehensive review conducted through searching related articles in Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases.

Results

On one side, the “Good” impacts of vaccination on the oro‐nasal mucosa are explained as if the mucosal immune responses followed by SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccines are enough to provide immunity. On the other side, the possible “Bad” and “Ugly” effects of the vaccine, which manifest as orofacial adverse events and autoimmune reactivations, respectively, should be noted. Exacerbation of pre‐existing autoimmune conditions such as lichen planus, pemphigus vulgaris, bullous pemphigoid, and Stevens‐Johnson syndrome have been reported.

Conclusion

COVID‐19 vaccines could affect different biological systems alongside stimulating the immune system, and some of these effects are referred to as adverse effects. Nonetheless, these adverse effects are treatable, and healthcare professionals should not prevent patients from taking the first available vaccination.
Collaborative medication reviews in community pharmacies—Drug‐related problems and the process of communicating them with physicians: A retrospective validation study
Authors: Kanninen Jonna‐Carita , Toivo Terhi , Airaksinen Marja , Holm Anu , Savela Eeva , Dimitrow Maarit , Tuunanen Jarkko , Leikola Saija , Puustinen Juha
Published: March 2024

Background and Aims

Cooperation between practicing community pharmacists (PPs) and primary care physicians has traditionally been limited, with scarce communication on therapeutic issues. The aim of this study was to assess how PPs communicate in writing with physicians regarding (1) the clinically relevant problems they have identified in patients' medications and (2) recommendations to solve the problems to identify development needs in the communication process.

Methods

This retrospective validation study assessed medication reviews conducted by PPs in collaboration with home care nurses, practice nurses, and physicians for 46 older (≥65 years) home care clients in the Municipality of Lohja, Finland. The therapeutic and communicative appropriateness of clinically relevant drug‐related problems (DRPs) identified by PPs and reported in writing to physicians was blindly evaluated by (1) an accredited pharmacist (AP) and (2) two physicians specialized in geriatric pharmacotherapy. Descriptive statistical analysis was conducted to compare the assessments.

Results

The PPs (n = 13) identified 189 DRPs and made 4.1 recommendations per patient in 46 written reports to physicians. Of the PPs' written recommendations for medication changes, 46% (155/334) were the same as those by the AP. The two specialized physicians evaluated 69% and 67% of PPs' recommendations to be clinically relevant. The way the DRPs and recommendations to solve them were communicated was evaluated as appropriate in 38% and 38%, respectively, of the case reports written by the PPs.

Conclusion

The PPs were able identify DRPs quite well, particularly inappropriate medication use, according to current care guidelines and formularies. It was found that improvement was needed in the communication of DRPs in written reports with physicians. Interprofessional learning by working in care teams would be suitable for strengthening patient care–oriented competencies.
Role and limitation of cell therapy in treating neurological diseases
Authors: Li Yu‐Qi , Li Peng‐Fei , Tao Qian , Abuqeis Issam J. A. , Xiyang Yan‐Bin
Published: March 2024

The central role of the brain in governing systemic functions within human physiology underscores its paramount significance as the focal point of physiological regulation. The brain, a highly sophisticated organ, orchestrates a diverse array of physiological processes encompassing motor control, sensory perception, cognition, emotion, and the regulation of vital functions, such as heartbeat, respiration, and hormonal equilibrium. A notable attribute of neurological diseases manifests as the depletion of neurons and the occurrence of tissue necrosis subsequent to injury. The transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) into the brain exhibits the potential for the replacement of lost neurons and the reconstruction of neural circuits. Furthermore, the transplantation of other types of cells in alternative locations can secrete nutritional factors that indirectly contribute to the restoration of nervous system equilibrium and the mitigation of neural inflammation. This review summarized a comprehensive investigation into the role of NSCs, hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and support cells like astrocytes and microglia in alleviating neurological deficits after cell infusion. Moreover, a thorough assessment was undertaken to discuss extant constraints in cellular transplantation therapies, concurrently delineating indispensable model‐based methodologies, specifically on organoids, which were essential for guiding prospective research initiatives in this specialized field.
The application of extracellular vesicles in orthopedic diseases
Authors: Li Yuexin , Zhang Haiyan , Jiang Yu , Yang Jian , Cai Daozhang , Bai Xiaochun
Published: March 2024

Orthopedic diseases, such as osteoarthritis and fractures, place a significant burden on individuals and healthcare systems worldwide. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are membrane‐derived particles, have emerged as a novel tool in the field of orthopedics. EVs play a crucial role in diagnosing, regenerating, and treating orthopedic diseases. In terms of diagnosis, EVs serve as potential biomarkers, carrying unique donor cell information and circulating effectively in bodily fluids. Specific biomolecules within EVs, including proteins, nucleic acids, and microRNAs, hold promise as biological markers for the early detection and monitoring of orthopedic diseases. EVs have shown significant potential in promoting bone and cartilage regeneration. They can enhance tissue regeneration by stimulating various stem cells to proliferate, migrate, and differentiate into mature chondrocytes and osteocytes. EVs can also target specific tissues, making them attractive candidates for drug delivery in orthopedic diseases. They can efficiently deliver therapeutic cargo, such as anti‐inflammatory agents and growth factors, to the affected sites, enhancing treatment efficacy while minimizing toxicity and adverse effects. In conclusion, EVs have significant potential in diagnosing, regenerating, and treating orthopedic diseases.
Conspiracy theory beliefs in the adolescent population: A systematic review
Authors: Byrne Anthony , Martin David , Jones Claire , Galbraith Niall , Mercer Tom
Published: March 2024

Introduction

While the study of conspiracy theory beliefs is a relatively new research area, there has been a rise in academic interest in recent years. The literature provides evidence of relationships between conspiracy theory beliefs and a range of factors, but the vast majority of studies are limited to adult samples, and it is unclear how such beliefs present in adolescence.

Methods

The systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA‐S format. Relevant databases were searched up to February 23, 2023, for quantitative studies related to adolescent conspiracy theory beliefs.

Results

The six included articles show that conspiracy theory beliefs are present from the start of adolescence, and stable from age 14 upwards, with correlations reported for mistrust and paranoid thinking. Negative relationships were reported for cognitive factors such as ontological confusion, cognitive ability, and actively open‐minded thinking. Health‐related beliefs correlated with adverse childhood experiences, peer problems, conduct, and sociodemographic factors. Right‐wing authoritarianism and anxiety positively correlated with intergroup conspiracy theory beliefs.

Conclusion

While some factors from adult studies are replicated in the review, there are differences between age groups. The age at which conspiracy theory beliefs begin to form indicate developmental aspects of adolescence, and possibly childhood, that require further examination. Cognitive factors show promise for interventions and should be explored further. However, the lack of studies using adolescent populations is an issue that must be resolved for a greater understanding of conspiracy theory beliefs and a move toward effective interventions.
CYP14 family in Caenorhabditis elegans: Mitochondrial function, detoxification, and lifespan
Authors: Lim Sharoen Yu Ming , Pan Yan , Alshagga Mustafa , Lim Willone , Cin Kong , Alshehade Salah A. , Alshawsh Mohammed
Published: March 2024

CYP‐14 members of the Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme family, plays important roles in mitochondrial dysfunction, detoxification, lipid metabolism, defense and lifespan regulation. The review identifies CYP‐14 members: cyp‐14A1, cyp‐14A2, cyp‐14A3, cyp‐14A4, cyp‐14A5 and their homology with human CYP families. Despite limited studies on C. elegans cyp‐14 members, the findings unraveled their complex crosstalk between mitochondrial stress, detoxification mechanisms, and lifespan regulation, emphasizing the complexity of these interconnected pathways as well as how their regulation depends on environmental cues changes including pH, nutrients, ROS and chemical stressors. The review underscores the translational relevance to human health, shedding light on potential human homologues and their implications in age‐related, metabolic and respiratory diseases. Among other genes, cyp‐14A2 and cyp‐14A4 predominate the mitochondrial function, heat resistance, lipid metabolism, detoxification and lifespan pathways. In conclusion, these insights pave the way for future research, offering promising avenues for therapeutic interventions targeting CYP‐14 activity to address age‐related diseases and promote healthy aging.
Resolving coupled pH titrations using alchemical free energy calculations
Authors: Wilson Carter J. , de Groot Bert L. , Gapsys Vytautas
Published: March 2024

In a protein, nearby titratable sites can be coupled: the (de)protonation of one may affect the other. The degree of this interaction depends on several factors and can influence the measured . Here, we derive a formalism based on double free energy differences () for quantifying the individual site values of coupled residues. As values can be obtained by means of alchemical free energy calculations, the presented approach allows for a convenient estimation of coupled residue s in practice. We demonstrate that our approach and a previously proposed microscopic formalism, can be combined with alchemical free energy calculations to resolve pH‐dependent protein values. Toy models and both, regular and constant‐pH molecular dynamics simulations, alongside experimental data, are used to validate this approach. Our results highlight the insights gleaned when coupling and microstate probabilities are analyzed and suggest extensions to more complex enzymatic contexts. Furthermore, we find that naïvely computed values that ignore coupling, can be significantly improved when coupling is accounted for, in some cases reducing the error by half. In short, alchemical free energy methods can resolve the values of both uncoupled and coupled residues.
LRRK2 regulates ferroptosis through the system Xc‐GSH–GPX4 pathway in the neuroinflammatory mechanism of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Zheng Zijian , Zhang Shushan , Liu Xinjie , Wang Xiangrong , Xue Cheng , Wu Xiao , Zhang Xinran , Xu Xinping , Liu Zheng , Yao Longping , Lu Guohui
Published: March 2024

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder. Neuroinflammation mediated by activated microglia and apoptosis of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the midbrain are its primary pathological manifestations. Leucine‐rich repeat protein kinase 2 (LRRK2) kinase has been observed to increase expression during neuroinflammation, however, the effect of LRRK2 on microglia activation remains poorly understood. In this study, we have established lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treated BV2 cells and 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) models for both in vivo and in vitro investigation. Our data in vivo reveal that LRRK2 can promote microglia activation by regulating ferroptosis and activating nuclear factor‐κB. Inhibition of LRRK2 expression effectively suppressed the LPS‐induced pro‐inflammatory cytokines and facilitated the secretion of neuroprotective factors. Importantly, by co‐overexpressing LRRK2 and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), we identified the system Xc‐GSH–GPX4 pathway as a crucial component in LRRK2‐mediated microglial ferroptosis and inflammatory responses. Using a microglial culture supernatant (MCS) transfer model, we found that inhibiting LRRK2 or downregulating ferroptosis in BV2 cells prevented SH‐SY5Y cell apoptosis. Additionally, we observed abundant expression of LRRK2 and P‐P65 in the midbrain, which was elevated in the MPTP‐induced PD model, along with microglia activation. LRRK2 and P‐P65 expression inhibition with PF‐06447475 attenuated microglia activation in the nigrostriatal dense part of MPTP‐treated mice. Based on our findings, it is evident that LRRK2 plays a critical role in promoting the neuroinflammatory response during the pathogenesis of PD by regulating the system Xc‐GSH–GPX4 pathway. Taken together, our data highlights the potential research and therapeutic value of targeting LRRK2 to regulate neuroinflammatory response in PD through ferroptosis.
Ultrasound analysis of cervical thoracic duct for patients with constrictive pericarditis and chylothorax
Authors: Wang Yingying , Zheng Binyu , Zhao Xiaoning , Chen Qi , Yi Mei , Wen Zhe , Liu Yong
Published: March 2024

Purpose

To analyze ultrasound features of cervical thoracic duct for patients with constrictive pericarditis and chylothorax.

Methods

Patients were retrospectively assessed. The patients were divided into a non‐pleural effusion (PE) group (n = 54), a chylothorax group (n = 23), and non‐chylothorax group (n = 28). Conventional ultrasound was used to obtain the maximum inner diameter and collapse of the inferior vena cava, the inner diameter of left cervical thoracic duct, and the frequency of opening of the valve at the end of the left thoracic duct. Contrast ultrasonography was used to score the reverse flow of the thoracic tube.

Results

The percentage of PE was 48.5%, and the percentage of chylothorax was 21.9%. The three groups had significant differences in five parameters. The inner diameter of left cervical thoracic duct was correlated with the degree of central venous pressure. Contrast ultrasonography was effective in quantitative assessment of the degree of intravenous‐thoracic cord reverse flow which correlated with all parameters of central venous pressure.

Conclusion

Thoracic duct dilation and regurgitation secondary to central venous pressure can lead to chyloreflux disorder and may be the mechanism of chylothorax occurrence in constrictive pericarditis.
Challenge‐based learning implementation in engineering education: A systematic literature review
Authors: Doulougeri Karolina , Vermunt Jan D. , Bombaerts Gunter , Bots Michael
Published: March 2024

Background

Challenge‐based learning (CBL) is a pedagogical approach increasingly adopted in engineering education. Despite its growing practice, there is little consensus in the literature about how CBL is implemented in engineering curricula and what experiences teachers and students have in relation to it.

Purpose

To address this gap, the following research questions guided the study: How is CBL currently implemented in engineering education? What difficulties and lessons learned are associated with the implementation of CBL?

Methods

We systematically reviewed the empirical literature published between 2010 and 2021. Forty‐eight empirical studies describing CBL implementation were analyzed using the curricular spider‐web framework.

Results

The review shows the variation in CBL implementation at the course and project levels. CBL courses and projects shared the use of open‐ended, real‐world challenges as a starting point for student learning. However, they differed in the embeddedness of a challenge in specific courses and the focus of the learning, which ranged across knowledge acquisition, knowledge application, and development of transversal skills. CBL experiences also varied in terms of challenge characteristics, such as the link with global societal challenges, stakeholders' involvement, and multidisciplinarity. Similar difficulties and lessons learned were reported by teachers and students across the different examples of CBL implementation.

Conclusions

CBL as a pedagogical approach in engineering education can promote student engagement with complex societal challenges within a real‐world context. However, there are limitations to the review and implications of the findings for educational research and practice.