bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Johnson Dale A
Published: October 2023

The idea for this project began at a time when more than one scholar had noted that the greatest gap in nineteenth-century English religious history was the absence of modern studies of Nonconformity. Amid the revival of interest in religious themes of the Victorian era and earlier, represented by such monumental efforts as Owen Chadwick’s two-volume The Victorian Church (1966, 1970), the lack of attention to specific issues confronting the Nonconformists seemed a curious omission, perhaps more explainable by twentieth-century realities than by nineteenth-century events. In the course of time some of these increasingly visible gaps have been filled by a combination of anthologies, surveys, and monographs, and the overall picture is not nearly so sparse as it once was. Still, there remain a number of unexplored or minimally explored topics and questions, and it is because of these that this particular project has continued. While this volume is not as comprehensive as some have called for, it does attempt to contribute toward a deeper understanding of this phenomenon through the exploration of several interrelated themes that have received insufficient attention. Perhaps it is possible that no single study of nineteenth-century Nonconformity will be adequate to the task or the need.1 Scholars are now more aware of the great variety of Nonconformist forms and practices—from Plymouth Brethren to Unitarians, from a growing sense of denominationalism to fiercely independent congregations, from conservative approaches to issues in theology and culture to radical engagements with “the modern mind”—and corresponding departures from traditional perspectives. Further, studies of individual denominations have given way first to investigations of Nonconformity’s impact in politics and then to a number of social and literary explorations, as well as to consideration of popular identification with the several denominational groupings.
Theology And The Task Of Reconstruction
Authors: Johnson Dale A
Published: October 2023

The theology of the Reformers and their immediate successors is be ginning to show the operation of the silent forces of decay. In many parts of Protestant Europe it is sinking into ruins; and everywhere the work of reconstruction is necessary, if the Protestantism of the next century is to have a theology at all. Reconstruction, we say, is necessary-not repair. The philosophical methods of the present century are new; its exegesis is new; and, although we believe that none of the great articles of the Evangelical creed will be finally rejected, theological systems must be rebuilt from their foundations.Why, again, do we hear so little today of certain once familiar explanations of the Atonement, with their crude analogies drawn from the police-court, and even from the pawn-shop? It is not simply that they have been banned by a truer exegesis; a keener moral sense has declared them inadequate and worse. Conscience is wholly within its rights in maintaining that no explanation of Christ’s saving work is tenable which is unworthy of the Father whom he has revealed.
Individuals Under Conditions of Maximum Adversity: The Holocaust
Authors: Levav ltzhak
Published: October 2023

To our sorrow, human-made situations of extreme adversity have not been erased from the globe since the world discovered the atrocities perpetrated by the Nazi regime in Europe. Indeed, contemporary history has been dotted by frequent loathsome events; witness to this are the persecutions and tortures committed by oppressive military governments wherever they take root or by the atrocities committed of late by warring factions on each other and on civilians in such places as Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia (Basoglu, 199.3).
The Model of Stress: The Bereavement Reaction
Authors: Clayton Paula J
Published: October 2023

In their 1993 Handbook of Stress, Goldberger and Breznitz define stressors as external events or conditions that affect the organism. They then comment that the description of stressors and their impact on behavior is evolving, with more and more events being defined as stressors and more and more behaviors being related to them. This reminds me of Parkes’s summary of the stress literature in his 1972 book, Bereavement. He stated For many years researchers have studied and written about stress. The term has been used to characterize the effect of virtually any novel or unpleasant experience-from doing mental arithmetic to being involved in trench wanare, from being in an unfamiliar environment to having a limb crushed. Human beings and animals of all shapes and sizes have been tricked, confined, terrified, mutilated, shocked, puzzled, embarrassed, challenged, stumped, overwhelmed, confused, or poisoned in the \\7idest variety of experimental conditions in attempts to track down the consequences of this ubiquitous phenomenon. Numerous books and articles describe the results of these experiments. The outcome of all this work has not been negligible but it has been disappointing. Generalizations made in one setting fail to hold up in another.
The Value and Limitations of Stress Models in HIV/AIDS
Authors: Ouellette Suzanne C
Published: October 2023

It is not difficult to make the case that the concept of stress is a useful tool with which to perform research on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In the very first published considerations of the psychological and social dimensions of HIV/AIDS, authors employed stress concepts to do all of the following: simply depict the phenomena requiring attention (Cassens, 1985; Deuchar, 1984), systematically propose a formal research agenda (Coates et al., 1984; Martin & Vance, 1984), and formally call for a multifaceted approach to intervention (Christ et al., 1986; Holland & Trass, 1985). Stress concepts provided an effective way to make the point that society needed to recognize and respond to the epidemic through more than biomedical means; stress concepts served to represent the political, institutional, cultural, historical, and psychological realities of HIV/AIDS.
Exposure to “Fateful” Events: A Confounder in Assigning Causal Roles to Life Events
Authors: Robins Lee N , Robertson Judith
Published: October 2023

Study of the relationships between life events and mental disorder is generally motivated by an interest in identifying adverse life events that serve as risk factors for mental disorders. Getting definitive evidence that life events are risk factors turns out to be difficult because, although it is easy to show that life events and mental disorders are related, it is difficult to decide which is cart and which is horse. The role of a life event as a consequence of disorder can be relatively clear when the employer who precipitated a job loss, the doctor who recommended hospitalization or the spouse who sued for divorce directly states that his or her action was a response to behavior that is known to be a symptom of the mental disorder. The comparable claim by an affected person or his or her relative that an event precipitated the illness is viewed with more suspicion because people are known to be motivated to search for explanations of their misfortunes.
Effects of Improving Achievement on Aggressive Behavior and of Improving Aggressive Behavior on Achievement Through Two Preventive Interventions: An Investigation of Causal Paths
Authors: Kellam Sheppard G , Mayer Lawrence S , Rebok George W , Hawkins Wesley E
Published: October 2023

Early learning problems and aggressive behavior have problematic consequences extending far into the life course, and they have been found to be correlated early in children’s schooling (Jorm et al., 1986; Kellam et al., 1975; Maughn et al., 1985; Tremblay et al., 1992). However, the processes underlying the negative correlation between poor achievement and early aggressive behavior are not clear (Hinshaw, 1992). In this chapter, we report the results of experimentally testing whether improving one maladaptive response to classroom task demands produces change in the other in an effort to determine whether there is a functional and possibly etiological direction underlying their negative correlation.
The Evolution of a Manufacturing System at Toyota
Authors: Fujimoto Takahiro
Published: October 2023

What is the true source of a firm's long-term competitive advantage in manufacturing? Through original field studies, historical research, and statistical analyses, this book shows how Toyota Motor Corporation, one of the world's largest automobile companies, built distinctive capabilities in production, product development, and supplier management. Fujimoto asserts that it is Toyota's evolutionary learning capability that gives the company its advantage and demonstrates how this learning is put to use in daily work.
The Charismatic Group
Authors: Galanter Marc
Published: October 2023

We tend to think of cults as anomalies, as if alien forces had swept their members-people who once seemed normal-into a netherworld beyond rea son or understanding. When a cult is first discussed on the news, it is often described as if it were a new illness, different from the ones that came before. Even so, there is a way of understanding these groups not by their external trappings but by the psychology and social structure they hold in common. Once viewed in this way, their beliefs and behavior become more understand able, and the patterns underlying their idiosyncrasies emerge. We may even see that they have some things in common with movements and groups regarded as socially beneficial, and that the people who join them are not so different from ourselves. Some are looking to belong, others for emotional or physical healing. The purpose of this book is to clarify the puzzling transformations of human nature that take place in cultic groups and to explain how people can become engaged in them, adopt their beliefs, and follow their rules. We will look at spiritually oriented healing groups in this respect, as well, in an effort to shed light on contemporary alternative medicine.
Biology And Behavior
Authors: Galanter Marc
Published: October 2023

The inclination to participate in local social groups is observed in the most diverse cultures, emerging no doubt from the advantages a community confers in meeting daily needs and contending with adversity. This inclination is in tensified, even caricatured, in the paramilitary groups that arise in nations racked by internecine conflicts, such as contemporary Northern Ireland and Lebanon. The intense commitment that participants in military groups can develop toward each other may entail extreme self-sacrifice, as in the human wave tactics involving young Iranian boys in the war with Iraq.
Trouble At The System’s Boundary
Authors: Galanter Marc
Published: October 2023

This chapter examines two examples of the disastrous outcomes that can take place in charismatic groups, and we will use the systems model to put the reported events into perspective. The first example is the Peoples Temple in Guyana, a cult that originated in a mainstream Protestant denomination but ended in the self-inflicted deaths of over nine hundred members. Although the events surrounding this episode are well documented, they still leave un certainty as to how a group of relatively stable people might have evolved to the point that they so flagrantly abrogated the innate human drive for self preservation.
The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies
Authors: Lewy Guenter
Published: October 2023

Roaming the countryside in caravans, earning their living as musicians, peddlers, and fortune-tellers, the Gypsies and their elusive way of life represented an affront to Nazi ideas of social order, hard work, and racial purity. They were branded as “asocials”, harassed, and eventually herded into concentration camps where many thousands were killed. But until now the story of their persecution has either been overlooked or distorted. In The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies, Guenter Lewy draws upon thousands of documents—many never before used—from German and Austrian archives to provide the most comprehensive and accurate study available of the fate of the Gypsies under the Nazi regime. Lewy traces the escalating vilification of the Gypsies as the Nazis instigated a widespread crackdown on the “work-shy” and “itinerants”. But he shows that Nazi policy towards Gypsies was confused and changeable. At first, local officials persecuted gypsies, and those who behaved in gypsy-like fashion, for allegedly anti-social tendencies. Later, with the rise of race obsession, Gypsies were seen as a threat to German racial purity, though Himmler himself wavered, trying to save those he considered “pure Gypsies” descended from Aryan roots in India. Indeed, Lewy contradicts much existing scholarship in showing that, however much the Gypsies were persecuted, there was no general programme of extermination analogous to the “final solution” for the Jews. Exploring in heart-rending detail the fates of individual Gypsies and their families, The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies makes an important addition to our understanding both of the history of this mysterious people and of all facets of the Nazi terror.
The Boundaries of Idealism
Authors: Davis David Brion
Published: October 2023

By the eve of the American Revolution there was a remarkable convergence of cultural and intellectual developments which at once undercut traditional rationalizations for slavery and offered new modes of sensibility for identifying with its victims. Negro slavery had been morally condemned by figures as diverse as John Woolman, Denis Diderot, and John Wesley; its legality had been publicly debated in Jamaica as well as in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
The Quaker Ethic and the Antislavery International
Authors: Davis David Brion
Published: October 2023

The Quakers, more than any other religious group, had long expressed misgivings over the possible sinfulness of buying and selling men. During the first half of the eighteenth century, however, they had been content to issue cautionary warnings about the African slave trade; to exhort Quaker masters to treat their black servants with Christian charity; and to ignore or disown the few deviants, like Benjamin Lay, who shrilly proclaimed that “all slave-keepers” were “apostates.” The Quaker commitment to bear collective testimony against slavery came surprisingly late and coincided with the publication of secular antislavery arguments from jurists, philosophers, moralists, and men of letters.1
Legal Rules And International Politics
Authors: Arend Anthony Clark
Published: October 2023

As noted in the introduction to this book, one question that has occupied recent scholarship of international relations theorists has been the role that norms and institutions play in contemporary international politics. A great debate has ensued between structural realists and institutionalists of various varieties about whether normative concerns need to be considered in order to understand behavior in the international system. Do “rules,” “norms,” and “institutions” really “matter”? Or are normative questions essentially irrelevant to an accurate assessment of the world of international politics? Are norms merely epiphenomena!? Unfortunately, in much of this scholarly debate, there has been little explicit discussion of the role legal rules play in international behavior. This chapter seeks to focus specifically on that issue. What role do legal rules play in international politics? Even if an acceptable methodology for determining the existence of legal rules can be developed-as the previous chapter has attempted-do legal rules matter in international relations? Do they affect international politics in a significant way?1
Born Again: Faith and Yearning in the Cloning Controversy
Authors: Zoloth Laurie
Published: October 2023

Two pieces from the January 1, 2000, edition of the New York Times set the stage for this chapter. In the first, William Safire poses a question that he thinks might reasonably be asked in the twenty-first century. Given recent discussions about the possibility for tissue and organ regeneration through the use of human stem cells, it may soon not be “nutty” to ask the question, “Why die?” In a similar vein, Sheryl Gay Stolberg writes about likely biological advances in cloning, stem cell research, and gene therapy that are changing how we think about reproduction. She quotes Gregory Stock, the director of the Program in Medicine, Technology and Society at UCLA. According to Stock, “in the not-too-distant future, it will be looked at as kind of foolhardy to have a child by normal conception.” Both Safire and Stolberg draw our attention to the mesmerizing quality of the future that reproductive technology appears to have opened. Ethicists, theologians, and moral philosophers find themselves in a public discourse marked by passionate interest in the immediate implications of this new science, in both the personal and the public sphere, and, not tangentially, the marketplace.1 The cloning experiment’s process was revealed only after the patients were obtained, and the details were given in the business section.
International Copyright
Authors: Goldstein Paul
Published: October 2023

This book surveys and analyzes the principal legal doctrines affecting copyright practice around the world, in both transactional and litigation settings. It provides a step-by-step methodology for advising clients involved in exploiting creative works in or from foreign countries. Written by one of the most distinguished scholars of copyright both in the United States and abroad, this volume is a unique synthesis of copyright law and practice, taking into account the Berne Convention, the TRIPs Agreement, and the advent of the Internet. National copyright rules on protectible subject matter, ownership, term, and rights are covered in detail and compared from country to country, as are topics on moral rights and neighboring rights. Separate sections cover such important topics as territoriality, national treatment and choice of law, as well as the treaty and trade arrangements that underlie substantive copyright norms. International Copyright is an indispensable reference work for professionals involved with international intellectual property transactions or litigation. It is essential reading for scholars and for intellectual property practitioners worldwide, yet also uniquely accessible for an American readership.
Facing America
Authors: Samuels Shirley
Published: October 2023

Facing America investigates and explains the changing face of America during the Civil War. Drawing on the literature as well as the photographs and political cartoons of the period, Shirley Samuels also explores the body of the nation imagined both physically and metaphorically, arguing that the Civil War marks a dramatic shift from identifying the American nation as feminine to identifying it as masculine.
Facing West
Authors: Samuels Shirley
Published: October 2023

To face the “West” as an opening term for the divisive national war within the “United States” presents a challenge to the North-South axis most often used to characterize the conflict. To use the term “facing” moves past punning and toward the concept of the interface, the space between. Such a paradoxically western orientation also asks about spatiality and the border. The West shows up here at once as imaginary and as geography, perhaps even, to adapt Benedict Anderson, as an imagined geography.
Brain Tumor Classification, Grading, and Epidemiology
Authors: Greenberg Harry S , Chandler William F , Sandler Howard M
Published: October 2023

Brain tumors grow within a rigid, inelastic bony skull. Benign, slowly growing, and malignant brain tumors may produce significant neurological symptoms and signs prior to treatment or cure. Although brain tumors rarely metastasize outside the central nervous system (CNS), disability and death occur with brain tumors when the intracranial contents exceed the intracranial space, causing herniation and compression of respiratory centers.
Surgery for Brain Tumors
Authors: Greenberg Harry S , Chandler William F , Sandler Howard M
Published: October 2023

The main guiding principle of intracranial tumor surgery is maximum resection with minimal or no harm to neural or supporting structures. A wide range of surgical approaches designed to provide access to tumors and minimize damage to the brain has been developed and refined over the decades. Modern computer-driven imaging has provided an entirely new way of localizing lesions, both before and during surgical procedures.
Malignant Astrocytoma
Authors: Greenberg Harry S , Chandler William F , Sandler Howard M
Published: October 2023

Malignant astrocytomas are devastating tumors that strike adults during their productive years of life, shorten life acutely, and often disable people physically and emotionally during that shortened life span. During the past 25 years, treatment advances for malignant gliomas have not kept pace with those for other central nervous system (CNS) or systemic neoplasms. Their heterogeneity and invasiveness provide particular problems for physicians treating patients with malignant astrocytoma.
Extra-Axial Brain Tumors
Authors: Greenberg Harry S , Chandler William F , Sandler Howard M
Published: October 2023

Acoustic neurinomas (i.e., acoustic schwannoma and vestibular schwannoma) are benign posterior fossa tumors of Schwann cell origin. They originate from the vestibular branches of the eighth cranial nerve, most commonly in the internal auditory canal, distal to where Schwann (periphera!) cells have replaced oligodendroglial (central) cells. This transition zone is variable in location and explains why some tumors arise within the internal auditory canal and others within the cerebellopontine angle.
Pain of Spinal Origin
Authors: Byrne Thomas N , Benzel Edward C , Waxman Stephen G
Published: October 2023

Back pain, neck pain, and referred pain to the trunk and extremities are common and often represent diagnostically challenging problems for the physician. In the United States, low back pain is second only to colds as the most common reason for patients’ visits to physicians1 and is reported to occur at some time in the lives of approximately 65% to 80% of individuals. Back pain is reported to be the most expensive chronic illness among persons 30-60 years of age in our society. The number of individuals reportedly disabled by low back pain grew at a rate 14 times that of the United States population growth between 1971 and 1981.
Degenerative Disorders of the Spine
Authors: Byrne Thomas N , Benzel Edward C , Waxman Stephen G
Published: October 2023

Osteoarthritis and spondylosis, which are “normal” aging phenomena, are almost universally present by the time of late middle age and collectively are often referred to as degenerative disorders of the spine. While osteoarthritis refers to degenerative disease of the diarthrodial facet joints of the spine, spondylosis refers to degeneration of the fibrocartilagenous intervertebral disc joints. Osteoarthritis and spondylosis frequently coexist, because when the process begins in either the facet joint or the intervertebral disc joint, abnormal function (motion) of the affected joint transmits abnormal forces to the corresponding (intervertebral and/or facet) joints at the same and adjacent levels, resulting in additional degeneration. In practice, when referring to the spine, the terms osteoarthritis and spondylosis are often used interchangeably.
Leptomeningeal Metastases
Authors: Byrne Thomas N , Benzel Edward C , Waxman Stephen G
Published: October 2023

Metastases to the leptomeninges from systemic malignancies or primary central nervous system neoplasms are a frequent cause of symptoms and signs of spinal cord and cauda equina dysfunction. Thus leptomeningeal cancer must be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with these complaints and findings. This is especially true among patients with known malignancy. Approximately 5% to 8% of patients dying of solid tumors develop leptomeningeal metastases.
Movements of A Marriage; or, Looking Awry At U.S. History
Authors: Stephen Therese
Published: October 2023

“Family” in an African-American historical and literary perspective is still an encumbered social concept rooted in the trauma of slavery, which deprived black people of the hallmarks of identity: a birth date, a name, a family structure, and legal rights. While the poet Haki Madhubuti, the critic Houston A. Baker, Jr., or the historian Andrew Billingsley try to redeem the image of the black male and the black family, 1 a league of literary voices testifies to the disruption of marital and familial ties. In the “peculiar institution” and its after­ math, rape, incest, exploitation, and separation abound, most notably in Toni Morrison’s interpretation.
Introduction
Authors: Vinten-Johansen Peter , Brody Howard , Paneth Nigel , Rachman Stephen , Rip Michael
Published: October 2023

Sometime Between 1839 and 1841, John Snow drowned a guinea pig. It died in two minutes. An hour after its death, Snow began dissecting. He observed that the heart was perfectly still and that the right side was swollen with blood while the left was nearly empty. As he proceeded he noted that the surface of the lungs changed color when exposed to air. Then, much to his surprise, the heart twitched in the form of “a slight vermicular motion in the right auricle.” He opened the trachea and began artificial respiration. The heart’s ventricles began to move, and through the coats of the left atrium (the chamber that receives blood from the lungs) he could see oxygen-rich, bright red blood. The heart continued to contract weakly, unable to expel blood from its chambers, but it kept beating rhythmically for forty-five minutes.

What exactly was Snow up to in attempting to reactivate a guinea pigs’s dead tissue? This particular experiment took place in the course of his investigations into respiration and asphyxia, undertaken with the desire to establish the physiological basis for pulmonary resuscitation on infants. His efforts involved more unsettled questions than would William Kouwenhoven’s when he developed his cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) techniques in the 1950s.
Chloroform
Authors: Vinten-Johansen Peter , Brody Howard , Paneth Nigel , Rachman Stephen , Rip Michael
Published: October 2023

When Anesthesiologists With A Taste For the history of their specialty read John Snow, they generally turn to On the Inhalation of Ether or On Chloroform and discover comprehensive, albeit dated, accounts of these subjects, but reading Snow’s work from the white-hot years 1847 to 1851 is a very different experience. He conducted research on the installment plan, and he was a serial and accumulative thinker in the golden age of serialization. As the novel-reading public eagerly awaited the latest installment of David Copperfield in Household Words, the British medical world followed the latest developments chiefly via Lancet and LMG. London had learned of ether through articles, bulletins, letters, and journals. Definitive reference works or compendiums were few and far between. Most of the real action was taking place in lectures, medical societies, and journals, and it is in the latter that one finds evidence of Snow’s furiously productive months of research in 1847 on the properties of ether and the risks of administering it, within the context of contemporary debates. Often writing in installments, repeating himself to get new readers up to speed, and modifying as he went, he gradually developed his views on the subject. Then, as the workaholic Snow raced to keep pace with and ahead of developments, the ground shifted unexpectedly. Just as a serial novel might have it, an Edinburgh professor of obstetrics, James Young Simpson, directed the attention of the Medico–Chirurgical Society of Edinburgh to a new agent termed, with all the chemical nicety of the day, perchloride of formyle, or chloroform.
Professional Success
Authors: Vinten-Johansen Peter , Brody Howard , Paneth Nigel , Rachman Stephen , Rip Michael
Published: October 2023

“The Rooms Of The Society, this evening, were crowded to excess,” noted the Lancet’s reporter at the meeting of the Westminster Medical Society on Saturday, 13 October 1849. “Dr. Swayne, of Bristol, was among the visitors” who, along with the regular membership, had gathered to hear Snow read a paper, “On the pathology and mode of communication of cholera.” At the end of his presentation, after outlining preventive measures, Snow mentioned that the visitor from Bristol was a colleague of “Dr. Brittan [who] had found microscopic bodies in the atmosphere, which he considered to be the same as those existing in the alimentary canal.” Snow was skeptical, however. Other investigators had been unable to replicate Brittan’s findings, and “all the evidence he had collected was opposed to the idea that the cause of cholera existed in the air.”

Swayne took the cue. Their microscopical examinations of about sixty samples of cholera evacuations yielded ninety percent evidence of “the bodies in question.” He had found none in diarrheal evacuations that resulted from causes other than cholera. In fact, he had brought a “diagram he had made, which exhibited their peculiar structure.” He “felt quite disposed to agree with the remarks which had been made by Dr. Snow in his paper respecting the probability of cholera being primarily a disease of the alimentary canal and not of the blood.”
Explaining the Increase in Inequality and the Decline in Proverty Reduction
Authors: Khan Azizur Rahman , Riskin Carl
Published: October 2023

Between 1988 and 1995, real per capita GDP in China increased at an annual rate of 8.1% per year—which amounts to an aggregate growth of 72% when compounded over seven years—according to official estimates. Unfortunately, China’s unprecedented growth during this period was accompanied by a sharp increase in the inequality of income distribution. The result, as we have shown, is an unimpressive record of poverty reduction. The head count index of broad rural poverty declined by less than one-fifth, probably by only one-eighth. Although extreme forms of overall rural poverty declined somewhat more, there was an increase in rural poverty in some parts of the heartland of central China, as well as in more remote and resource-poor regions. Overall urban poverty rose. Even among the rich coastal provinces there are examples of rising incidence of poverty.
Policies for the Reduction of Inequality and Poverty
Authors: Khan Azizur Rahman , Riskin Carl
Published: October 2023

The analysis of the preceding chapters suggests the elements of a com prehensive strategy for arresting the trend toward increasing inequality and correcting the poor performance in poverty reduction. Chapter 6 helps to focus attention on the aspects of development policy that shape the pattern of income distribution. A comprehensive strategy for greater equality and less poverty must include consistent actions on a broad front, involving macroeconomic and institutional policies that determine the overall pattern of development, as well as microeconomic interventions to directly enhance the capabilities of poor households. Before outlining the elements of such a strategy, it will be useful to begin with a brief overview of China’s official strategy on income distribution and poverty reduction.1
“It Will Have to Be War!”
Authors: West Elliott
Published: October 2023

During the first days of June 1877, members of all five nontreaty bands gathered near present-day Tolo Lake, about eight miles south of the 1863 reservation boundary. The place was called Tepahlewam (Split Rocks or Deep Cuts). It had always been a favored camping place in early summer. It had fresh water, good pasture, and ample camas bulbs for women to dig and dry—ideal conditions for congregating and socializing before fanning out over the country in the warm months ahead. Deep memories of abundance and free-roaming independence must have given the 1877 gathering a terrible resonance.
Schizophrenia
Authors: Pincus Jonathan H , Tucker Gary J
Published: October 2023

Since the first edition of this book was published in 1974, there has been little change in our ability to diagnose schizophrenia. We now have greater consensus on the diagnostic criteria (DSM-III, DSM-IIIR, and DSM-IV) and we have standardized interviews to reliably apply these criteria. Even with this increased precision, however, the diagnosis is still solely based on history and observation; we do not yet have a laboratory test that can confirm the diagnosis of schizophrenia.

In the early 1970s schizophrenia was the common label for any psychosis. In the U.S., DSM-II (1968) embodied diagnostic criteria that were much broader than European criteria (Hordem et al., 1968; Kendell, 1975). Consequently, schizophrenia was the most common diagnosis for acutely psychotic patients being treated on the newly emerging general hospital psychiatric units. It later became apparent that many of these psychotic patients were not schizophrenic. Many other causes of psychosis emerged: affective disorder, drug reactions, head trauma, seizure disorders, encephalitis, and metabolic disturbances can all mimic schizophrenia. The recent DSM editions have narrowed the definition of schizophrenia and currently we apply the schizophrenic label to a much smaller group of patients, but there is still great variability in probable etiology within this group.
The History of Osteoarthritis
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J
Published: October 2023

Although arthritis was mentioned by scholars in ancient Greece and Rome, such as Hippocrates and Galen, its differentiation into distinct disorders did not take place until the nineteenth century. By the late 1800s, “chronic arthritis” was divided into “atrophic” and “hypertrophic” components. Atrophic disease included several conditions now associated with inflammation of the synovium, and erosion or atrophy of cartilage and bone. This category consisted of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and gout. Hypertrophic disease was coined due to its “excess growth;’ or hypertrophy of adjacent bone and soft tissues. John Kent Spender of Bath, England, was the first to use the term “osteoarthritis” to denote hypertrophic arthritis in 1886. Clinical evaluation methods which could distinguish it from rheumatoid-like arthritis were widely accepted by the first decade of the twentieth century largely due to efforts by Archibald E. Garrod of London.
The Spine
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J
Published: October 2023

Appreciating how elegantly humans are functionally structured creates a feeling of awe. Perhaps such a design could only have been crafted by a higher source. The longest bony structure of the body, the spine, provides stability, mobility, outlets for nearly all of our nerves, protection, rigidity, and distinguishes us from other mammals with its erectness. It allows us to move, function, and feel sensations. In this chapter, you will learn how the spine is constructed, the means by which doctors examine it, which diagnostic studies evaluate symptoms, and how different types of osteoarthritis affect it.
Exercises to Improve Osteoarthritis
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J
Published: October 2023

There is no cure for osteoarthritis, and at present we do not have any medications or procedures that can significantly slow joint destruction. However, exercise can help to reduce joint pain and improve function. It is one of the most important activities we can undertake to help ourselves, and this chapter describes exercises for the major osteoarthritis joint groups. The old school of thought was that exercising arthritic joints wore them out faster. Some believed that individuals had a certain number of heart beats and a certain number of steps over a lifetime and the more active one was, the sooner the joints would wear out. These theories have been disproven. In fact, low-impact activities such as walking and cycling do not accelerate articular cartilage breakdown. They are beneficial for joints, even somewhat arthritic ones. Articular cartilage needs use, and weight-bearing to knee joints pushes fluid out of the cartilage. When the weight is removed, fluids with new nutrients for articular cartilage are absorbed.
When Do We Operate?
Authors: Lane Nancy E , Wallace Daniel J
Published: October 2023

Doctors approach arthritis patients by steering them into one or more of four general directions. Physical measures, including exercise and rehabilitation, can be recommended. The use of medications-whether prescription, over-the-counter, herbal, or topical-may also be advised. Counseling aspects including general advice, instruction in coping skills, and other psychosocial support systems are made available. And if necessary, an orthopedic referral can be made to consider the possibility of surgery. This chapter will review when and how to consider surgical intervention.
Justice, health, and health policy1
Authors: Daniels Norman , Kennedy Bruce P , Wachl Ichiro Ka
Published: October 2023

Much thinking about ethics and health policy focuses on issues of access to medical services and the special problems created when we must limit access to potentially beneficial services as a result of resource limitations. This narrow focus is the result of many things-the widely held belief that it is medical care, especially new medical technologies, that are primarily responsible for population health, the prominence of health expenditures in the budgets of developed economies, and the enormous demand for medical services created by the medical and health promotion industries. Our goal in this essay is to put other issues on the ethics and health policy agenda and to broaden the perspective of those thinking about health policy in light of increased understanding of the social determinants of health. We argue in what follows for a broad view of ethics and health policy.3
Health –care policy in the United States in the 20th century
Authors: Ginzberg Ell
Published: October 2023

I begin with some summary observations about the role that ethics has played in helping to shape health-care policy in the United States in the 20th century. The fact that the United States consists of fifty states occupying an area of about three million square miles with a population of around 270 million with substantial variations in culture, politics, and family wealth and taxable revenue has contributed to substantial variations in private insurance and public services. These variations include large-scale disparities in both the geographic distribution of health care resources and the costs and quality of medical care. These disparities invite inquiry into the dynamic between ethics and health policy. I will be concerned here with the absence of national health insurance in the United States, an absence that serves to contrast this country with all other advanced nations, each of which has implemented universal coverage.
Health policy and state initiatives
Authors: Oberlander Jonathan , Brown Lawrence D
Published: October 2023

As the polity grows impatient with the status quo in health care but fears “too much government,” the states are repeatedly invited to lead and innovate. Several distinctive features of American political life lend recourse to the states a hardy, if not perennial, appeal. The United States is a federal system whose constitution honors states’ rights in several social spheres. Political culture-traditional American distaste for big, central government and the corresponding affection for checks and balances-powerfully reinforces these formalities. American lore contends that states are “closer to the people” and hence more responsive than national government to the demands of the people. States are also said to be “laboratories of democracy,” valuable testing grounds for policy innovations that may wax or wane incrementally in the clarifying light of subnational experience (Leichter, 1996). And devolution-turning back power to the states-is a staple of the conservative agenda that understandably enjoys much political “prime time” when, as in the last 30 years, conservatives have been powerful.
Patient v. population: resolving the ethical dilemmas posed by treating patients as members of populations
Authors: Emanuel Ezekiel J
Published: October 2023

Over the last century there have been recurring attempts to change the dominant model of American health care from an individual patient-focused model to a social, or community-focused, one. As Greenlick has reminded us, as early as 1910 Abraham Flexner had argued that “the physician’s function is fast becoming social and preventive, rather than individual and curative”(Flexner, 1910; Greenlick, 1992). In the 1930s and 1940s, the early prepaid group practices, health care cooperatives such as Group Health Cooperative of Puget Sound and Kaiser Permanente, embodied another effort at creating population-focused health care (Crowley, 1996). In the 1960s, coeval with the larger liberal, social reform movement, there was yet another effort to improve health outcomes by shifting the focus of medical care from high technology, research oriented tertiary care facilities affiliated with medical schools focusing on the latest intervention for the very sickest patients to primary and preventive care in the community (Sardell, 1988; Geiger, 1984; Davis and Schoen, 1978). The goal of this shift was to improve health outcomes by preventing diseases and intervening early. The philosophy was to emphasize “the health of communities, beyond the traditional patient-bypatient focus of clinical medicine.”
Thinking about Crime
Authors: Tonry Michael
Published: October 2023

Crime is an American preoccupation. Campaigns such as “the war on drugs,” zero tolerance policing, and three strikes and you’re out--not to mention the ever-shrill coverage of crime stories-all suggest a perpetually outraged nation determined to keep its criminal element at bay, no matter the cost. But is this really what average Americans think about crime and crime control measures? Or is the “no holds barred” approach merely another oscillation in an ongoing cycle of intolerance and tolerance in American thinking? Have prevailing but short-lived sensibilities on crime overruled our common sense? In this wide-ranging analysis, Michael Tonry argues that those responsible for crafting America’s criminal justice policy have lost their way in a forest of good intentions, political cynicism, and public anxieties. American crime control politics over time have created a punishment system no one would knowingly have chosen yet one that no one seems able to change. Fueled by knee-jerk rhetoric and moral panics, the current crime control regime is founded on short-term thinking and the personal ambitions of politicians terrified of appearing “soft on crime,” rather than on policies that work. Tonry demonstrates that attitudes toward crime in America are cyclical. Prevailing sensibilities rather than timeless truths govern the American war on crime, resulting in policies both wasteful and harsh. U.S. crime trends closely resemble those of other nations, yet American policies are very different. The evolution of the war on drugs is an example; sentencing grew steadily harsher long after the drug problem itself eased. Seamlessly blending history with an easy presentation of day-to-day realities and empirical evidence, Tonry proposes tangible, specific solutions that can serve as a platform for criminal justice reform. A spirited manifesto rooted in a lifetime of crime expertise, Tonry’s book calls on politician and policymakers to choose the right path, not the easy or politically expedient one. We know how to create an effective and humane criminal justice system. Now we must have the courage to do so, by abandoning the current status quo, which is both costly and cruel in favor of practices that will move America closer to the mainstream of contemporary Western values.
I X
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo
Published: October 2023

The story of the woman who was sentenced to death for her crime deserves to be told, however briefly. Married to a poor peasant, she lived on the outskirts of the little town of El Mariel; we do not know how long ago, nor is it of any great importance. But though neither young nor pretty, she entered into illicit relations with an unmarried man of the same town. Either because her husband found out what was going on and threatened to take his vengeance, or because the lovers wished to free themselves of this impediment, the two of them agreed between themselves to kill him. And once they had managed to do so (it is not very hard to kill a man), they endeavored to hide the traces of their crime by quartering the corpse and throwing the bloody quarters, sewn inside a sack, into a nearby river. Such were the principal facts that came out during the trial.
I I I
Authors: Villaverde Cirilo
Published: October 2023

The Gamboa family returned from the countryside in the middle of January: the servants by sea, the masters by land. Leonardo arrived a few days later.The first thing that DoÑa Rosa did in the city was to give MarÍa de Regla the document or permit allowing her to seek employment or a master. The paper in question (which is what it is called in Cuba by antonomasia), signed by Don Cándido, read more or less as follows: “This paper is to certify that I grant permission to my slave MarÍa de Regla for a period of ten days from this date to seek employment or a master in the city.
Banana Strike and Military Massacre: One Hundred Years of Solitude and What Happened in 1928
Authors: Bell-villada Gene H
Published: October 2023

The episode of the banana strike and military repression in One Hundred Years of Solitude constitutes the highest point in García Marquez’s extensive chronicle of Macondo. It is a vivid and dramatic scene, packed with sociopolitical suspense, capped with sanguinary horror, and followed by uncanny official silence and a fantastical rain. Moreover, it is the last occasion in which the Macondoites and their Buendia leaders will collectively resist the meddlings of a high-handed central government.1 With the army occupation and repression, the townspeople will lose once and for all the scant political autonomy still remaining them. With the five-year cloudburst, courtesy of the Banana Company, the decline of Macondo as historical subject and vital entity will be greatly accelerated. The biblical windstorm that sweeps everything off in the concluding paragraph only completes an inexorable cycle of physical and spiritual degradation.
The Dark Side of Magical Realism Science, Oppression, and Apocalypse in One Hundred Years of Solitude
Authors: Conniff Brian
Published: October 2023

Criticism of the latin american novel “magical realism” has typically been described as an impulse to create a fictive world that can somehow compete with the “insatiable fount of creation” that is Latin America’s actual history. This concept of magical realism received perhaps its most influential endorsement in the Nobel Prize acceptance speech of Gabriel Garcfa Marquez.
Mary and Abraham: A Marriage
Authors: Baker Jean H
Published: October 2023

“Marriage is a noose.” “When a man takes a wife, he ceases to dread hell.” “Marry in haste and repent in leisure.” “A woman is necessarily an evil, and he that gets the most tolerable one is lucky”—and so on. There is an edgy, bridegroom-beware quality to the old proverbs that make marriage into a joking matter, with the joke on women. Today, yesterday’s derisive sayings may seem as far removed from contemporary reality as some of the herbal remedies of an earlier age. But unlike calomel and the wild datura vine, these reproachful wisdoms from the past still carry authority and reflect our uncertain attitudes about the matrimonial state.