bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Great Minds Think Alike? Spatial Search Processes Can Be More Idiosyncratic When Guided by More Accurate Information
Authors: Król Michal , Król Magdalena E.
Published: April 2022

Existing research demonstrates that pre‐decisional information sampling strategies are often stable within a given person while varying greatly across people. However, it remains largely unknown what drives these individual differences, that is, why in some circumstances we collect information more idiosyncratically. In this brief report, we present a pre‐registered online study of spatial search. Using a novel technique that combines machine‐learning dimension reduction and sequence alignment algorithms, we quantify the extent to which the shape and temporal properties of a search trajectory are idiosyncratic. We show that this metric increases (trajectories become more idiosyncratic) when a person is better informed about the likely location of the search target, while poorly informed individuals seem more likely to resort to default search routines determined bottom‐up by the properties of the search field. This shows that when many people independently attempt to solve a task in a similar way, they are not necessarily “onto something.”
Threatened songbird Liocichla omeiensis impacted by climate‐induced outbreak of the moth Pantana phyllostachysae: An example of the impact of climate change through multi‐species interactions
Authors: Fu Yiqiang , Xu Yuanyuan , Wang Shufang , Dowell Simon D. , Zhang Zhengwang
Published: April 2022

In this study, we reported a case of insect‐plant‐bird interactions under climate warming. With a succession of warmer winters from 2013 to 2015, successive outbreaks of the moth Pantana phyllostachysae, a common defoliator for most bamboo species, occurred in the Wawushan Nature Reserve of Southwest China, leading to a rapid altitudinal range expansion from 1650 to 2050 m in P. phyllostachysae. The bamboo Chimonobambusa szechuanensis that is largely distributed at moderate altitudes consequently suffered much loss. Accumulated infested area of C. szechuanensis within the reserve during the 3 years covered ~90% of the suitable breeding habitats of Emei Shan Liocichla Liocichla omeiensis, a threatened songbird preferring to nest in the bamboo, which led to diversified nesting‐plant selection and a significant reduction in nesting success of the babbler. Our findings provide new evidence of the plasticity of avian breeding behavior, and of the impact of climate change on ecological communities through multi‐species interactions. The study has important conservation implications.
Simple trick to reposition a maldeployed lumen‐apposing metal stent from a walled‐off cavity and replace the same lumen‐apposing metal stent for multiple necrosectomy sessions
Authors: Lin Jung‐Chun , Liu Tao‐Chieh , Wang Hsiu‐Po
Published: April 2022

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Psyllid honeydew as a Bombus food source in the boreal landscape
Authors: Percy Diana M. , Cronk Quentin C. B.
Published: April 2022

Bumblebees are opportunistic resource consumers and have been known to visit extrafloral nectaries and harvest aphid and scale honeydew. We report the first observation of bumblebees foraging psyllid honeydew in a tritrophic system in the boreal forest of Yukon Territory, Canada.

In this system, a willow (Salix alaxensis) develops bizarrely enlarged petiole bases which act as nursery cavities for large numbers of psyllid immatures of Cacopsylla macleani (Homoptera: Psyllidae), with later instars dispersing over the underside of the leaf.

These immatures produced abundant honeydew which was vigorously and persistently foraged by several bumblebees of multiple species (we identified Bombus vancouverensis, Bombus melanopygus and Bombus mckayi). Ants and vespid wasps were also present but in lower numbers.

Salix alaxensis and Salix‐feeding psyllids are common throughout arctic and boreal regions, so honeydew production is potentially a supplementary food source for Bombus when floral nectar flows are limited due to low temperatures or drought.
Collapse and recovery of seafood wholesale prices in time of COVID‐19
Authors: Amos Holly , Giron‐Nava Alfredo , Nguyen Tu , Cisneros‐Montemayor Andrés M. , Colléter Mathieu , González‐Espinosa Pedro C. , Swartz Wilf
Published: April 2022

The COVID‐19 pandemic has spread around the world, disrupting economies, societies and daily life. Early research anticipated significant negative impacts for the globalized seafood supply network. Here, we explore the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on wholesale prices from five major seafood markets around the world. An anomalies analysis was used to establish a 5‐year baseline price for each commodity. Daily price data from 2020 were compared to the baseline to identify collapses (>1.96 SE from baseline) and analyse collapse characteristics (timing, duration and magnitude). Non‐uniform price collapses were observed across, and within, the markets analysed. Toyosu (Tokyo) Market experienced price collapses to 51% of commodities, Rungis (Paris) 36%, Mercamadrid (Madrid) 19%, Mercado La Nueva Viga (Mexico City) 35% and the Portland Fish Exchange (Portland, Maine) 32%. Collapse magnitude varied from 11% to 79% of the 5‐year average price. Average collapse duration ranged from 13 to 24 weeks with some commodities (4%–22%) remaining collapsed at the end of 2020. For markets where volume data were available, collapses were also noted (59% of commodities in Toyosu, 10% in Mercamadrid and 19% in Portland Fish Exchange); in these cases, the volume collapse was more severe than the related price collapse. To better detect, anticipate and respond to future shocks, we recommend that relevant government agencies conduct comprehensive economic reviews of the COVID‐19 pandemic throughout the seafood supply chain, including the outcomes of emergency measures, short‐ and long‐term implications of market volatility and identify areas of supply and labour vulnerabilities.
Delivery of supported self‐management in remote asthma reviews: A systematic rapid realist review
Authors: Kinley Emma , Skene Imogen , Steed Elizabeth , Pinnock Hilary , McClatchey Kirstie
Published: April 2022

Background

The COVID‐19 pandemic forced health care systems globally to adapt quickly to remote modes of health care delivery, including for routine asthma reviews. A core component of asthma care is supporting self‐management, a guideline‐recommended intervention that reduces the risk of acute attacks, and improves asthma control and quality of life.

Objective

We aimed to explore context and mechanisms for the outcomes of clinical effectiveness, acceptability and safety of supported self‐management delivery within remote asthma consultations.

Design

The review followed standard methodology for rapid realist reviews. An External Reference Group (ERG) provided expert advice and guidance throughout the study. We systematically searched four electronic databases and, with ERG advice, selected 18 papers that explored self‐management delivery during routine asthma reviews.

Setting, Participants and Intervention

Health care professional delivery of supported self‐management for asthma patients during remote (specifically including telephone and video) consultations.

Main Outcome Measures

Data were extracted using Context‐Mechanism‐Outcome (C‐M‐O) configurations and synthesised into overarching themes using the PRISMS taxonomy of supported self‐management as a framework to structure the findings.

Results

The review findings identified how support for self‐management delivered remotely was acceptable (often more acceptable than in‐person consultations), and was a safe and effective alternative to face‐to‐face reviews. In addition, remote delivery of supported self‐management was associated with; increased patient convenience, improved access to and attendance at remote reviews, and offered continuity of care.

Discussion

Remote delivery of supported self‐management for asthma was generally found to be clinically effective, acceptable, and safe with the added advantage of increasing accessibility. Remote reviews could provide the core content of an asthma review, including remote completion of asthma action plans.

Conclusion

Our findings support the option of remote delivery of routine asthma care for those who have this preference, and offer healthcare professionals guidance on embedding supported self‐management into remote asthma reviews.

Patient and Public Contribution

Patient and public contribution was provided by a representative of the Asthma UK Centre for Applied Research (AUKCAR) patient and public involvement (PPI) group. The PPI representative reviewed the findings, and feedback and comments were considered. This lead to further interpretations of the data which were included in the final manuscript.
A codevelopment process to advance methods for the use of patient‐reported outcome measures and patient‐reported experience measures with people who are homeless and experience chronic illness
Authors: Donald Erin E. , Whitlock Kara , Dansereau Tracy , Sands Daniel J. , Small David , Stajduhar Kelli I.
Published: April 2022

Introduction

People who experience social disadvantage including homelessness suffer from numerous ill health effects when compared to the general public. Use of patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) and patient‐reported experience measures (PREMs) enables collection of information from the point of view of the person receiving care. Involvement in research and health care decision‐making, a process that can be facilitated by the use of PROMs and PREMs, is one way to promote equity in care.

Methods

This article reports on a codevelopment and consultation study investigating the use of PROMs and PREMs with people who experience homelessness and chronic illness. Data were analysed according to interpretative phenomenological analysis.

Results

Committee members with lived experience identified three themes for the role of PROMs and PREMs in health care measurement: trust and relationship‐building; health and quality of life; and equity, alongside specific recommendations for the design and administration of PROMs and PREMs. The codevelopment process is reported to demonstrate the meaningful investment in time, infrastructure and relationship‐building required for successful partnership between researchers and people with lived experience of homelessness.

Conclusion

PROMs and PREMs can be meaningful measurement tools for people who experience social disadvantage, but can be alienating or reproduce inequity if they fail to capture complexity or rely on hidden assumptions of key concepts.

Patient or Public Contribution

This study was conducted in active partnership between researchers and people with experience of homelessness and chronic illness, including priority setting for study design, data construction, analysis and coauthorship on this article.
Should We Condition on the Number of Points When Modelling Spatial Point Patterns?
Authors: Møller Jesper , Vihrs Ninna
Published: April 2022

We discuss the practice of directly or indirectly assuming a model for the number of points when modelling spatial point patterns even though it is rarely possible to validate such a model in practice because most point pattern data consist of only one pattern. We therefore explore the possibility to condition on the number of points instead when fitting and validating spatial point process models. In a simulation study with different popular spatial point process models, we consider model validation using global envelope tests based on functional summary statistics. We find that conditioning on the number of points will for some functional summary statistics lead to more narrow envelopes and thus stronger tests and that it can also be useful for correcting for some conservativeness in the tests when testing composite hypothesis. However, for other functional summary statistics, it makes little or no difference to condition on the number of points. When estimating parameters in popular spatial point process models, we conclude that for mathematical and computational reasons, it is convenient to assume a distribution for the number of points.
Beyond online search strategies: The effects of internet epistemic beliefs and different note‐taking formats on online multiple document reading comprehension
Authors: Lee Yuan‐Hsuan
Published: April 2022

Background

Processing and comprehending information from multiple sources have been a primary means of learning and are essential 21st‐century skills to construct knowledge for a deeper understanding.

Objectives

This study examined students' individual differences in search strategies and internet epistemic beliefs as well as the effect of distinct note‐taking formats on students' online multiple‐document reading about measurement scales and statistical graphs, considering students' gender and prior knowledge.

Methods

Participants were 124 Taiwanese university students (79% female) taking the Educational Statistics course in three different classes. I used a quasi‐experimental design to test the effect of different note‐taking formats on online multiple document reading. Three classes of students were randomly assigned to one of the experimental conditions with sourcing cues: the individual note taking with multiple tabs, the collaborative note taking with multiple tabs, or the individual note taking in a single tab.

Results and conclusion

The study showed that the uncertainty belief about Internet‐based information and note‐taking formats predicted students' online multiple document reading. A stronger belief that the internet information is uncertain and may change with time positively predict online multiple document reading comprehension. Moreover, individuals taking notes in a single tab outperformed those taking notes individually in separate tabs.

Major takeaways from the study

Implications for instruction were made to foster students' uncertainty belief and teach them how to construct pre‐outlined tables with sourcing cues to collect the contextual information and reflect on the source information to streamline learners' online multiple document reading comprehension.
Predictors of appropriate implantable cardiac defibrillator therapy in cardiac sarcoidosis
Authors: Mathijssen Harold , Bakker Annelies L. M. , Balt Jippe C. , Akdim Fatima , van Es H. Wouter , Veltkamp Marcel , Grutters Jan C. , Post Marco C.
Published: April 2022

Background

Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is associated with an increased risk for sudden cardiac death. An implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD) is recommended in a subgroup of CS patients. However, the recommendations for primary prevention differ between guidelines. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ICDs in CS and to identify predictors of appropriate therapy.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was performed in CS patients with an ICD implantation between 2010 and 2019. Primary outcome was appropriate ICD therapy. Independent predictors were calculated using Cox proportional hazard analysis.

Results

105 patients were included. An ICD was implanted for primary prevention in 79%. During a median follow‐up of 2.8 years, 34 patients (32.4%) received appropriate ICD therapy of whom 24 (22.9%) received an appropriate shock. Three patients (2.9%) received an inappropriate shock due to atrial fibrillation. Independent predictors of appropriate therapy included prior ventricular arrhythmias (hazard ratio [HR]: 10.5 [95% confidence interval (CI): 5.0–21.9]) and right ventricular late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) (HR: 3.6 [95% CI: 1.7–7.6]). Within the primary prevention group, right ventricular LGE (HR: 5.7 [95% CI: 1.6–20.7]) was the only independent predictor of appropriate therapy. Left ventricular ejection fraction did not differ between patients with and without appropriate therapy (44.4% vs. 45.6%, p = .70).

Conclusion

In CS patients with an ICD, a high rate of appropriate therapy was observed and a low rate of inappropriate shocks. Prior ventricular arrhythmias and right ventricular LGE were independent predictors of appropriate therapy.
Validation of dermatopathological criteria to diagnose cutaneous lesions of mastocytosis: importance of KIT D816V mutation analysis
Authors: Gebhard J. , Horny H.‐P. , Kristensen T. , Broesby‐Olsen S. , Zink A. , Biedermann T. , Brockow K.
Published: April 2022

Background

Cutaneous lesions of mastocytosis (CLM) are often subtle and may require biopsy. However, dermatohistopathological criteria for CLM remain undefined.

Objectives

To establish criteria for CLM by validating histological and molecular parameters.

Methods

In skin samples from Caucasian patients with CLM and controls (atopic dermatitis, chronic urticaria, pruritus, tissue from tumor safety margin excisions), mast cell (MC) numbers, size, shape, distribution, immunostainability with a large panel of markers, pigmentation and presence of KIT D816V mutation were analysed.

Results

Forty‐seven CLM patients (32 maculopapular cutaneous mastocytosis (MPCM), 15 mastocytomas) and 36 controls were included. Mastocytomas were easily identified by densely packed cuboidal MCs. In MPCM, skin MC density in CD117 stains was higher in CLM patients than in controls (P < 0.0001) and values correlated closely (r = 0.65, P < 0.0001) to results in tryptase stains. The optimized upper dermis cut‐off number of 62 MC/mm2 had a sensitivity and specificity of 92% in both stainings, corresponding to approximately 12 MC/high power field (HPF). MC size was larger in MPCM than in controls (P = 0.01). Interstitial (= not perivascular or periadnexal) MCs and stronger basal pigmentation of the epidermis were indicative of MPCM (P < 0.0001 each) and clusters of >3 nucleated MC/HPF exclusively found in MCPM. Surface markers CD2, CD25 and CD30 stained T‐lymphocytes, but only negligibly CLM MC. The KIT D816V mutation in formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) skin was evaluable in 87.5% of MCPM patients and had both 100% sensitivity and specificity.

Conclusions

MPCM can be predicted by major and minor criteria combined in a scoring model. Presence of D816V mutation in FFPE skin and MC density > 27/HPF are >95%‐specific major criteria for MPCM. MC densities 12/HPF, interstitial MC, clusters and basal pigmentation are minor criteria.
Regional and caste‐specific variation in insecticide susceptibility in odorous house ants, Tapinoma sessile (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)
Authors: Brill Kaitlyn , Buczkowski Grzegorz
Published: April 2022

Ants consistently rank as the number one household pest, and many species are pests in agricultural and natural habitats. Despite economic and ecological impact of pest ants, effective management still faces many challenges and control failures with liquid spray insecticides are common. The odorous house ant (Tapinoma sessile Say) is an adaptive and widespread pest ant found in North America. This study examined regional variation in T. sessile insecticide susceptibility to three classes of insecticides commonly used in ant control. T. sessile showed significant regional variation in insecticide susceptibility on a relatively small geographic scale. A comparison of colonies collected in urban vs. natural areas showed no significant difference in susceptibility in tests with lambda‐cyhalothrin and fipronil. In tests with dinotefuran, urban colonies were significantly more tolerant relative to natural colonies. These results suggest that habitat type and previous insecticide exposure do not reliably predict susceptibility levels in individual populations. Queens were significantly more tolerant relative to their worker counterparts across all insecticides. Higher insecticide tolerance in queens may explain why T. sessile is such a persistent pest in urban environments. The results provide a foundation for the development of more effective and efficient control methods for T. sessile and warrant further investigation of spatial and potentially temporal variability in insecticide susceptibility in ants.
Anatomy of the heart of the leatherback turtle
Authors: Jensen Bjarke , Lauridsen Henrik , Webb Grahame J. W. , Wang Tobias
Published: April 2022

Non‐crocodylian reptiles have hearts with a single ventricle, which is partially separated by a muscular ridge that provides some separation of blood flows. An exceptional situation exists in monitor lizards and pythons, where the ventricular left side generates a much higher systolic blood pressure than the right side, thus resembling mammals and birds. This functional division of the ventricle depends on a large muscular ridge and may relate to high metabolic demand. The large leatherback turtle (<1000 kg), with its extensive migrations and elevated body temperatures, may have similar adaptations. We report on the anatomy of the hearts of two leatherback turtles. One stranded in Ballum, Denmark in 2020, and was examined in detail, supplemented by observations and photos of an additional stranding specimen from Canada. The external morphology of the leatherback heart resembles that of other turtles, but it is large. We made morphometric measurements of the Ballum heart and created an interactive 3D model using high‐resolution MRI. The volume of the ventricle was 950 ml, from a turtle of 300 kg, which is proportionally almost twice as large as in other reptiles. The Ballum heart was compared to MRI scans of the hearts of a tortoise, a python, and a monitor lizard. Internally, the leatherback heart is typical of non‐crocodylian reptiles and did not contain the well‐developed septation found in pythons and monitor lizards. We conclude that if leatherback turtles have exceptional circulation needs, they are sustained with a relatively large but otherwise typical non‐crocodylian reptile heart.
Balance bike injuries: A retrospective chart review
Authors: Oishi Takatoshi , Amagasa Shunsuke , Hayashi Yukiko , Uematsu Satoko
Published: April 2022

Aim

To determine the characteristics of balance bike injuries.

Methods

This study retrospectively identified patients injured while riding a balance bike and treated at one paediatric emergency department in urban Japan, from February 2015 to July 2020. Data extracted were patient age and sex, circumstances and location of the injury occurrence, helmet use, adult supervision, injury type and body site, treatment and emergency department disposition. Based on these data and the balance bike manual instructions, cases were classified as correct and incorrect balance bike use.

Results

The study assessed 78 patients, age 2–6 years (median 3 years; 73% male). Of these 78 patients, 63 did not follow balance bike manual instructions (80.8%); 34 (43.6%) were injured while riding in prohibited places of use; 45 (57.7%) were injured in prohibited situations of use; and 37 (47.4%) were injured despite adult supervision. A total of 124 injuries were noted; the most common injured body site was the face (49 injuries, 39.5%), followed by the head (40 injuries, 32.3%). Most injuries were contusions and abrasions (65 injuries, 52.4%). More serious injuries were intensive care unit admission with intracerebral haemorrhage (1 patient) and lateral condyle fracture with surgical repair (1 patient).

Conclusions

Most of the 78 balance bike injuries (76 patients) were mild; 2 were more severe and required intensive care unit admission or operation. Parents must be aware of the rules and instructions for balance bike use and ensure that their children can use the balance bike correctly.
Does the delivery mode affect post‐birth neonatal serumC‐reactive proteinlevels? A causal effect analysis
Authors: Kozlovski Tal , Yochpaz Sivan , Shachar Ido , Friedman Nati , Marom Ronella
Published: April 2022

Aim

To determine if the delivery mode has a causal effect on neonatal serum C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels. If such a causal effect exists, we aim to quantify its magnitude.

Methods

We investigated the causal effect of the delivery mode on serum CRP levels 6–8 h after delivery, with appropriate statistical tools for retrospective studies, combining classical and machine‐learning methods. The statistical inference is followed by sensitivity analysis to quantify the magnitude of unobserved bias required in order to alter the study's conclusion.

Results

This retrospective study reviewed laboratory records of neonates after birth who underwent blood tests due to suspected sepsis. A total of 440 newborns were included, 324 of which underwent a vaginal delivery, 59 an urgent caesarean delivery, and 57 an elective caesarean delivery. Our results revealed that serum CRP values following elective caesarean deliveries were 50% less than those following a vaginal delivery (P = 0.030; −0.907; 95% CI [−1.545, −0.268] in log‐CRP units). No significant effect was found for urgent caesarean deliveries compared to vaginal deliveries (P = 0.887). Those results were strengthened by (1) a sensitivity magnitude of 1.6 to unobserved bias and (2) non‐significant effects when analysis is repeated on blood collected 12–24 h after birth.

Conclusion

CRP concentrations in neonatal blood during the first 6–8 h of life are higher following vaginal deliveries compared to elective caesarean deliveries. Further studies with the intent of improving EONS detection should include information on the delivery mode.
A prediction perspective on the Wiener–Hopf equations for time series
Authors: Subba Rao Suhasini , Yang Junho
Published: April 2022

The Wiener–Hopf equations are a Toeplitz system of linear equations that naturally arise in several applications in time series. These include the update and prediction step of the stationary Kalman filter equations and the prediction of bivariate time series. The celebrated Wiener–Hopf technique is usually used for solving these equations and is based on a comparison of coefficients in a Fourier series expansion. However, a statistical interpretation of both the method and solution is opaque. The purpose of this note is to revisit the (discrete) Wiener–Hopf equations and obtain an alternative solution that is more aligned with classical techniques in time series analysis. Specifically, we propose a solution to the Wiener–Hopf equations that combines linear prediction with deconvolution. The Wiener–Hopf solution requires the spectral factorization of the underlying spectral density function. For ease of evaluation it is often assumed that the spectral density is rational. This allows one to obtain a computationally tractable solution. However, this leads to an approximation error when the underlying spectral density is not a rational function. We use the proposed solution with Baxter's inequality to derive an error bound for the rational spectral density approximation.
Tumefactive eosinophil‐rich non‐granulomatous small vessel vasculitis in the cerebrum in a patient with idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome
Authors: Noro Yoshifumi , Miyata Hajime , Furuta Takuya , Sugita Yasuo , Suzuki Yuki , Kusumi Masayoshi , Tanabe Michiharu , Shomori Kohei
Published: April 2022

The definite diagnosis of central nervous system vasculitis requires pathological verification by biopsy or surgical resection of the lesion, which may not always be feasible. A 74‐year‐old woman with a history of allergic rhinitis, but not asthma, presented with slowly progressive left hemiparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging of the head revealed a heterogeneously enhancing mass involving the right internal capsule and corona radiata. Histological examination of the resected specimen revealed eosinophil‐rich non‐granulomatous small vessel vasculitis with no neutrophil infiltration or foci of microbial infection. Epstein–Barr virus in situ hybridization was negative, and polymerase chain reaction tests for both T‐cell receptor gamma and immunoglobulin heavy‐chain variable region genes did not show rearrangements, excluding the possibility of lymphoma and lymphoproliferative disorders. Blood hypereosinophilia and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate were observed; however, anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies were not detected. A biopsy of the erythema in the hips and thighs revealed perivasculitis with eosinophilic infiltration within the dermis. Chest computed tomography revealed multiple small nodules in the lungs. Her symptoms, aside from hemiparesis, disappeared after corticosteroid administration. The clinicopathological features were similar to eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis but did not meet its current classification criteria and definition. This patient is the first reported case of idiopathic eosinophilic vasculitis or idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome‐associated vasculitis affecting the small vessels in the brain. Further clinicopathological studies enrolling similar cases are necessary to establish the disease concept and unravel the underlying pathogenesis.
Ontogeny and evolution of the elasmosaurid neck highlight greater diversity of Antarctic plesiosaurians
Authors: Brum Arthur S. , Simões Tiago R. , Souza Geovane A. , Pinheiro André E. P. , Figueiredo Rodrigo G. , Caldwell Michael W. , Sayão Juliana M. , Kellner Alexander W. A.
Published: April 2022

The Antarctic plesiosaurian record is critical for understanding the evolution of elasmosaurids in the southern hemisphere. Elasmosaurids exhibit some of the most remarkable modifications of the vertebrate axial skeleton given their extreme elongation of the cervical region. Despite a considerable amount of information available on vertebral counts within Plesiosauria throughout the decades, we have a considerably more limited understanding of the diversity of cervical vertebral shapes in elasmosaurids and how these have changed throughout ontogeny and phylogeny. Here, we compile the largest known morphometric dataset on elasmosaurid cervical vertebrae, including data on juveniles and adults, to answer some of those long‐standing questions. This dataset also includes newly recovered materials from Antarctica, which we describe herein. Using multivariate statistical approaches, we find that the two major elasmosaurid cervical morphotypes, the elasmosaurine anteroposteriorly elongate (can‐shaped) and the aristonectine anteroposteriorly short and dorsoventrally tall (disc‐like), evolved towards opposite regions of the morphospace from the plesiomorphic ‘Cimoliasaurus’‐grade condition. We also find a marked ontogenetic shift from the disc‐like to can‐shaped morphology, which is especially pronounced in elasmosaurines but more limited in aristonectines. Furthermore, we find that juvenile aristonectines occupy a specific region of the vertebral morphospace, distinct from any other group or ontogenetic stage, thus suggesting that reversal to the ‘short‐necked’ condition in elasmosaurids is mostly characterized by ontogenetic predisplacement in aristonectines. Finally, we find that it is possible to discriminate between vertebral shapes of distinct taxonomic groups regardless of ontogenetic stage, and that the diversity of Antarctic elasmosaurids was greater than previously recognized.
Functional Coexistence in Intractable Conflict: A Decades‐long View of Conflict Intervention
Authors: Arai Tatsushi
Published: April 2022

This article develops a theory of functional coexistence, a sustained negative peace which enables conflict parties and intermediaries to resist premature settlement and stay constructively engaged in an enduring state of nonresolution. The case studies of China‐Taiwan relations and the divided Europe and Germany during the Cold War illustrate essential qualities of functional coexistence. These qualities include the dynamic nature of the perceived boundaries of controlled interactions between adversaries who deny their opponents’ legitimacy and, in extreme cases, even their right to exist. Key lessons from the case studies are: (1) the need to build historical awareness of the shifting boundaries of mutually acceptable conflict behavior, (2) the imperative of finding a constructive way of staying engaged in intractable conflict, (3) the role of a multi‐layered, structural view of conflict intervention capable of resisting the inertia of hegemonic stability and submissive inaction, and (4) the importance of making use of short‐term actions to facilitate long‐term social change.
COVID‐19 vaccine inquiries regarding children ages 5–11 years received by NIP‐INFO
Authors: Hall Elisha , Morales Sarah , Wolicki JoEllen , Schillie Sarah
Published: April 2022

We describe COVID‐19 immunization inquiries regarding children age 5–11 years received by NIP‐INFO, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) e‐mail immunization inquiry service for health care professionals, at the launch of vaccination efforts for this age group, using descriptive qualitative analysis. From November 2 through November 30, 2021, NIP‐INFO responded to 154 questions regarding COVID‐19 vaccination for 5–11‐year‐old children. The most common questions related to formulation and dosage (39.6%), vaccination schedule (14.3%), CDC's educational materials for health care professionals (9.1%), and vaccine safety (8.4%); 16.2% of questions across all inquiry categories related to a vaccination error. We discuss CDC guidance related to the most common inquiries to inform further pediatric COVID‐19 vaccination efforts, including future vaccination of younger pediatric age groups, which will be important to help to curb this pandemic.
A multinational survey characterizing the use of surgical magnifying loupes in dermatological surgery
Authors: Hunt William T. N. , Ashraf Iqra , Nelson Toby G.
Published: April 2022

Background

The use of surgical loupes has not been well‐documented in dermatological surgery.

Objectives

An online questionnaire was developed to characterize the use of loupes in dermatological surgery.

Methods

The questionnaire was circulated to the memberships of the British Society of Dermatological Surgery, the European Society of Micrographic Surgery, and the Australasian College of Dermatologists. Responses were analyzed with a mixed methods approach using quantitative data analysis and inductive content analysis.

Results

One‐hundred twenty‐five valid responses were received from 20 nations. Most respondents were from England (40%; 50/125), Australia (16%; 20/125), and the Netherlands (14.4%; 18/125). Overall, 71.2% (89/125) of respondents were consultants/Facharzt/attending. Furthermore, 55.2% (69/125) of respondents were Mohs surgeons. In dermatological surgery 38.4% (48/125) of respondents used surgical loupes routinely. The mode magnification level for loupes was 2.5× (67.5%; 27/40), with 3× second place (12.5%; 5/40). Exactly half (20/40) used through‐the‐lens style loupes and 40% (16/40) used flip‐up‐loupes. Inductive content analysis of the 51 free‐text responses from nonloupe users uncovered several deterring factor themes, including expense (18/51), can manage without/don't need (14/51), and narrow field of view a(11/51), and uncomfortable/too heavy (9/51).

Conclusions

This is the first time the use of surgical loupes in dermatological surgery has been internationally characterized.
Functional characterization of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) PepT2 transporters
Authors: Vacca Francesca , Gomes Ana S. , Murashita Koji , Cinquetti Raffella , Roseti Cristina , Barca Amilcare , Rønnestad Ivar , Verri Tiziano , Bossi Elena
Published: April 2022

The high‐affinity/low‐capacity system Slc15a2 (PepT2) is responsible for the reuptake of di/tripeptides from the renal proximal tubule, but it also operates in many other tissues and organs. Information regarding PepT2 in teleost fish is limited and, to date, functional data are available from the zebrafish (Danio rerio) only. Here, we report the identification of two slc15a2 genes in the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) genome, namely slc15a2a and slc15a2b. The two encoded PepT2 proteins share 87% identity and resemble both structurally and functionally the canonical vertebrate PepT2 system. The mRNA tissue distribution analyses reveal a widespread distribution of slc15a2a transcripts, being more abundant in the brain and gills, while slc15a2b transcripts are mainly expressed in the kidney and the distal part of the gastrointestinal tract. The function of the two transporters was investigated by heterologous expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes and two‐electrode voltage‐clamp recordings of transport and presteady‐state currents. Both PepT2a and PepT2b in the presence of Gly‐Gln elicit pH‐dependent and Na+ independent inward currents. The biophysical and kinetic analysis of the recorded currents defined the transport properties, confirming that the two Atlantic salmon PepT2 proteins behave as high‐affinity/low‐capacity transporters. The recent structures and the previous kinetic schemes of rat and human PepT2 qualitatively account for the characteristics of the two Atlantic salmon proteins. This study is the first to report on the functional expression of two PepT2‐type transporters that operate in the same vertebrate organism as a result of (a) gene duplication process(es).

Key points

Two slc15a2‐type genes, slc15a2a and slc15a2b coding for PepT2‐type peptide transporters were found in the Atlantic salmon.

slc15a2a
transcripts, widely distributed in the fish tissues, are abundant in the brain and gills, while slc15a2b transcripts are mainly expressed in the kidney and distal gastrointestinal tract.

Amino acids involved in vertebrate Slc15 transport function are conserved in PepT2a and PepT2b proteins.

Detailed kinetic analysis indicates that both PepT2a and PepT2b operate as high‐affinity transporters.

The kinetic schemes and structures proposed for the mammalian models of PepT2 are suitable to explain the function of the two Atlantic salmon transporters.
Resonance behavior of a compliant piezo-driven inkjet channel with an entrained microbubble
Authors: Reinten Hans , Jethani Yogesh , Fraters Arjan , Jeurissen Roger , Lohse Detlef , Versluis Michel , Segers Tim
Published: April 2022

Microbubbles entrained in a piezo-driven drop-on-demand printhead disturb the acoustics of the microfluidic ink channel and, thereby, the jetting behavior. Here, the resonance behavior of an ink channel as a function of the microbubble size and number of bubbles is studied through theoretical modeling and experiments. The system is modeled as a set of two coupled harmonic oscillators: one corresponds to the compliant ink channel and the other corresponds to the microbubble. The predicted and measured eigenfrequencies are in excellent agreement. It was found that the resonance frequency is independent of the bubble size as long as the compliance of the bubble dominates over that of the piezo actuator. An accurate description of the eigenfrequency of the coupled system requires the inclusion of the increased inertance of the entrained microbubble due to confinement. It is shown that the inertance of a confined bubble can be accurately obtained by using a simple potential flow approach. The model is further validated by the excellent agreement between the modeled and measured microbubble resonance curves. The present work, therefore, provides physical insight into the coupled dynamics of a compliant ink channel with an entrained microbubble.
SARS-CoV-2 spike protein–induced cell fusion activates the cGAS-STING pathway and the interferon response
Authors: Liu Xiaoman , Wei Liang , Xu Fengwen , Zhao Fei , Huang Yu , Fan Zhangling , Mei Shan , Hu Yamei , Zhai Linxuan , Guo Justin , Zheng Aihua , Cen Shan , Liang Chen , Guo Fei
Published: April 2022

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the unprecedented coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Critical cases of COVID-19 are characterized by the production of excessive amounts of cytokines and extensive lung damage, which is partially caused by the fusion of SARS-CoV-2–infected pneumocytes. Here, we found that cell fusion caused by the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein induced a type I interferon (IFN) response. This function of the S protein required its cleavage by proteases at the S1/S2 and the S2′ sites. We further showed that cell fusion damaged nuclei and resulted in the formation of micronuclei that were sensed by the cytosolic DNA sensor cGAS and led to the activation of its downstream effector STING. Phosphorylation of the transcriptional regulator IRF3 and the expression of
IFNB
, which encodes a type I IFN, were abrogated in cGAS-deficient fused cells. Moreover, infection with VSV-SARS-CoV-2 also induced cell fusion, DNA damage, and cGAS-STING–dependent expression of
IFNB
. Together, these results uncover a pathway underlying the IFN response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our data suggest a mechanism by which fused pneumocytes in the lungs of patients with COVID-19 may enhance the production of IFNs and other cytokines, thus exacerbating disease severity.
Echinocandins Susceptibility Patterns of 2,787 Yeast Isolates: Importance of the Thresholds for the Detection of FKS Mutations
Authors: Desnos-Ollivier Marie , Bretagne Stéphane , Lortholary Olivier , Dromer Françoise ,   the French Mycoses Study Group N. Brieu CH Aix, T. Chouaki , C. Damiani , A. Totet CHU Amiens, J. P. Bouchara , D. Chabasse , M. Pihet CHU Angers, S. Bland CH Annecy, V. Blanc CH Antibes, S. Branger CH Avignon, A. P. Bellanger , L. Millon CHU Besançon, C. Plassart CH Beauvais, I. Poilane Hôpital Jean Verdier, Bondy, I. Accoceberry , L. Delhaes , B. Couprie , F. Gabriel CH Bordeaux, J. Dunand , A. L. Roux , V. Sivadon-Tardy Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne Billancourt, F. Laurent CH, Bourg en Bresse, S. Lega
Published: April 2022

Since echinocandins are recommended as first line therapy for invasive candidiasis, detection of resistance, mainly due to alteration in FKS protein, is of main interest. EUCAST AFST recommends testing both MIC of anidulafungin and micafungin, and breakpoints (BPs) have been proposed to detect echinocandin-resistant isolates.
Evaluation of Therapeutic Vancomycin Monitoring in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Tzu-Ting , Liu Meng-Pu , Sun Hsing-Chih
Published: April 2022

Since 2020, the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) updated vancomycin guidelines, and vancomycin AUC therapeutic drug monitor was updated to AUC/MIC in the United States. But acceptable rate of infection physicians in Taiwan was low. That is why this study evaluated in Taiwan.
Selective Metal Chelation by a Thiosemicarbazone Derivative Interferes with Mitochondrial Respiration and Ribosome Biogenesis in Candida albicans
Authors: Duan Ximeng , Xie Zhiyu , Ma Liying , Jin Xueyang , Zhang Ming , Xu Yuliang , Liu Yue , Lou Hongxiang , Chang Wenqiang
Published: April 2022

The increasing incidence of fungal infections and resistance to existing antifungals call for the development of broad-spectrum antifungals with novel mechanisms of action. In this study, we demonstrate that a thiosemicarbazone derivative 19ak selectively inhibits mitochondrial respiration mainly by retarding mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I activity through iron chelation and inhibits ribosome biogenesis mainly by disrupting intracellular zinc homeostasis in
C. albicans
.
Droplet Digital PCR-Based Detection and Quantification of GyrA Thr-86-Ile Mutation Based Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Campylobacter jejuni
Authors: Luo Yi , Zhang Wenting , Cheng Yiluo , Lu Qin , Guo Yunqing , Wen Guoyuan , Shao Huabin , Cheng Zhenyu , Luo Qingping , Zhang Tengfei
Published: April 2022

Campylobacter jejuni
is considered to be the leading cause of human bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, and fluoroquinolones (FQs) are the main choices for the treatment of bacterial gastroenteritis in clinical practice. In theory, antimicrobial susceptibility testing should help us to choose the most appropriate drugs for the treatment.
Supplemental Material: Hypogenic karst of the Great Basin
Authors: Hose Louise
Published: April 2022

Slide PDFs of trip stops
Supplemental Material: Conditions and timing of metamorphism near the Baie Verte Line (Baie Verte Peninsula, NW Newfoundland, Canada): Multiple reactivations within the suture zone of an arc-continent collision
Authors: Willner Arne , al. et
Published: April 2022

Table S1: Mineral analyses; Figure S1: Normal and inverse isochrons for the 40Ar/39Ar dating presented in Figure 10 and Table 3 
Successful management of life-threatening cardiac tamponade by pericardial aspiration in a boy following blunt trauma to the chest
Authors: Ragunathan Iruthayanathan Reginald , Munasinghe Charitha , Fonseka Chathuranga Lakmal
Published: April 2022

A 7-year-old boy was presented with significant chest pain, reduced consciousness with haemodynamic instability following a minor blunt trauma to the chest. He was diagnosed to have a life-threatening pericardial effusion in FAST (Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma scan) ultrasound examination which was confirmed as haemopericardium causing cardiac tamponade in 2D echocardiogram. Emergency cardiac catheterisation ruled out active bleeding and prompt pericardiocentesis under fluoroscopy guidance rapidly restored patients’ haemodynamic parameters. He was successfully discharged without complications after a few days. This case report highlights uncommon presentation of cardiac tamponade without major cardiac injury after a minor blunt trauma in a paediatric patient which was detected early and successfully managed without complications.
Takayasu’s arteritis in an adolescent with fever of unknown origin: the contribution of PET–CT in the diagnosis
Authors: Fuentes Domínguez Lourdes , Cervera Bravo Áurea , Paniagua Correa Candida
Published: April 2022

Finding the cause of fever of unknown origin can sometimes be a real challenge. We present an adolescent whose diagnosis was achieved after 4 months of fever onset by performing a positron emission tomography (PET)–CT. A young woman presented with prolonged, intermittent fever along with inflammatory and iron deficiency anaemia, loss of weight and abdominal and chest pain. First investigational studies showed high-titre positive antinuclear antibodies, extractable nuclear antibodies and anti-Sjögren's-syndrome-related antigen a autoantibodies (anti-SSA), and mild pericardial effusion and aortic regurgitation, but without meeting criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. She had maxillary sinusitis that did not resolve with antibiotics. Further study displayed elevated calprotectin in faeces. After normal abdominal ultrasound and CT, an intestinal MRI showed thickening of the terminal ileum, orienting towards an inflammatory bowel disease. A colonoscopy showed only minor macroscopic changes. A PET–CT scan was finally requested, which exhibited a diffuse increase in metabolism in the wall of the thoracic and abdominal aortas, suggesting Takayasu’s arteritis.
Monitoring microplastics in the atmosphere and cryosphere in the circumpolar North: A case for multi-compartment monitoring
Authors: Hamilton Bonnie M. , Jantunen Liisa , Bergmann Melanie , Vorkamp Katrin , Aherne Julian , Magnusson Kerstin , Herzke Dorte , Granberg Maria , Hallanger Ingeborg G. , Gomiero Alessio , Peeken Ilka
Published: April 2022

The atmosphere and cryosphere have recently garnered considerable attention due to their role in transporting microplastics to and within the Arctic, and between freshwater, marine, and terrestrial environments. While investigating either in isolation provides valuable insight on the fate of microplastics in the Arctic, monitoring both provides a more holistic view. Nonetheless, despite the recent scientific interest, fundamental knowledge on microplastic abundance, and consistent monitoring efforts, are lacking for these compartments. Here, we build upon the work of the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme’s Monitoring Guidelines for Litter and Microplastic to provide a roadmap for multi-compartment monitoring of the atmosphere and cryosphere to support our understanding of the sources, pathways, and sinks of plastic pollution across the Arctic. Overall, we recommend the use of existing standard techniques for ice and atmospheric sampling and to build upon existing monitoring efforts in the Arctic to obtain a more comprehensive pan-Arctic view of microplastic pollution in these two compartments.