bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Martin Carthy’s rhythms
Authors: Ford Charles
Published: September 2008

A relatively large number of popular songs in the late sixties are metrically irregular, probably because of the popularity of pre-War blues and UK folk song at this time. Most young people encountered the latter through the recordings of Martin Carthy. This essay concerns the many irregularly metered songs that he recorded between 1963 and 1970. I use five terms to characterize the relative irregularity of these songs: Regular, Less than Regular, Irregular, Highly Irregular and Variably Pulsed. I analyse seven songs in rhythmic detail, and include an appendix summarizing the rhythmic properties of about 100 songs from this time as well as from two later albums. The essay concludes that Martin Carthy, if unwittingly, both contributed to and absorbed the general trend towards rhythmic irregularity in late sixties popular music.
Book review of 'In Search of the Blues: Black Voices, White Visions' by Marybeth Hamilton
Authors: Laing Dave
Published: September 2008

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IFATS Collection: Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Seeded on a Silk Fibroin-Chitosan Scaffold Enhance Wound Repair in a Murine Soft Tissue Injury Model
Authors: Altman Andrew M. , Yan Yasheng , Matthias Nadine , Bai Xiaowen , Rios Carmen , Mathur Anshu B. , Song Yao-Hua , Alt Eckhard U.
Published: September 2008

Soft tissue loss presents an ongoing challenge in reconstructive surgery. Local stem cell application has recently been suggested as a possible novel therapy. In the present study we evaluated the potential of a silk fibroin-chitosan (SFCS) scaffold serving as a delivery vehicle for human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) in a murine soft tissue injury model. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled ASCs were seeded on SFCS scaffolds at a density of 1 × 105 ASCs per cm2 for 48 hours and then suture-inlaid to a 6-mm, full-thickness skin defect in 6-week-old male athymic mice. Wound healing was tracked for 2 weeks by planimetry. Histology was evaluated at 2 and 4 weeks. Our data show that the extent of wound closure was significantly enhanced in the ASC-SFCS group versus SFCS and no-graft controls at postoperative day 8 (90% ± 3% closure vs. 75% ± 11% and 55% ± 17%, respectively). Microvessel density at wound bed biopsy sites from 2 weeks postoperative was significantly higher in the ASC-SFCS group versus SFCS alone (7.5 ± 1.1 vs. 5.1 ± 1.0 vessels per high-power field). Engrafted stem cells were positive for the fibroblastic marker heat shock protein 47, smooth muscle actin, and von Willebrand factor at both 2 and 4 weeks. GFP-positive stem cells were also found to differentiate into epidermal epithelial cells at 4 weeks postoperative. In conclusion, human adipose-derived stem cells seeded on a silk fibroin-chitosan scaffold enhance wound healing and show differentiation into fibrovascular, endothelial, and epithelial components of restored tissue.
A Sox1 to Pax6 Switch Drives Neuroectoderm to Radial Glia Progression During Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Suter David M. , Tirefort Diderik , Julien Stephanie , Krause Karl-Heinz
Published: September 2008

The transcription factors Sox1 and Pax6 are expressed sequentially during early mouse embryonic neurogenesis. Sox1 expression starts upon formation of neuroectoderm, whereas Pax6 is subsequently expressed in radial glial cells, the latter giving rise to most neurons of the cerebral cortex. Here we used mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells to study the role of Sox1 and Pax6 in regulating differentiation of neural progenitors. For this purpose, we investigated the effect of overexpression and knockdown of Sox1 and Pax6, using three differentiation protocols. We show that (a) expression of Sox1 or Pax6 in uncommitted ES cells favored neuroectodermal lineage choice; (b) continuous Sox1 expression maintained cells at the neuroepithelial stage and prevented expression of Pax6 and other radial glial cell markers; (c) Sox1 knockdown facilitated exit from the progenitor stage, whereas Pax6 knockdown decreased formation of radial glia; (d) forced Pax6 expression in neuroepithelial cells triggered their differentiation into radial glia and neurons; and (e) Pax6 expression induced cell migration, a feature typical of radial glia-derived early neurons. We conclude that Sox1 enhances neuroectodermal commitment and maintenance but blocks further differentiation. In contrast, Pax6 is involved in the progression of neuroectoderm toward radial glia.
Analysis of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase 2 Function in Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells via Nervous System-Specific Gene Disruption
Authors: Imamura Osamu , Satoh Yasushi , Endo Shogo , Takishima Kunio
Published: September 2008

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 (ERK2) is involved in a variety of cell fate decisions during development, but its exact role in this process remains to be determined. To specifically focus on the role of ERK2 in the brain, and to avoid early lethalities, we used a conditional gene-targeting approach to preferentially inactivate Erk2 in the embryonic mouse brain. The resulting mutant mice were viable and were relatively normal in overall appearance. However, the loss of Erk2 resulted in a diminished proliferation of neural stem cells in the embryonic ventricular zone (VZ), although the survival and differentiation of these cells was unaffected. The multipotent neural progenitor cells (NPCs) isolated from ERK2-deficient brains also showed impaired proliferation, reduced self-renewal ability, and increased apoptosis. By neurosphere differentiation analysis we further observed that lineage-restricted glial progenitors were increased in ERK2-deficient mice. The decline in the self-renewal ability and multipotency of NPCs resulting from the loss of ERK2 was found to be caused at least in part by upregulation of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and reduced G1/S cell cycle progression. Furthermore, by global expression analysis we found that neural stem cell markers, including Tenascin C NR2E1 (Tlx), and Lgals1 (Galectin-1), were significantly downregulated, whereas several glial lineage markers were upregulated in neurospheres derived from ERK2-deficient mice. Our results thus suggest that ERK2 is required both for the proliferation of neural stem cells in the VZ during embryonic development and in the maintenance of NPC multipotency by suppressing the commitment of these cells to a glial lineage.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
1,4,5-Inositol Trisphosphate-Operated Intracellular Ca2+ Stores and Angiotensin-II/Endothelin-1 Signaling Pathway Are Functional in Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes
Authors: Sedan Oshra , Dolnikov Katya , Zeevi-Levin Naama , Leibovich Noa , Amit Michal , Itskovitz-Eldor Joseph , Binah Ofer
Published: September 2008

On the basis of previous findings suggesting that in human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CM) the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-induced release of calcium machinery is either absent or immature, in the present study we tested the hypothesis that hESC-CM contain fully functional 1,4,5-inositol trisphosphate (1,4,5-IP3)-operated intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) stores that can be mobilized upon appropriate physiological stimuli. To test this hypothesis we investigated the effects of angiotensin-II (AT-II) and endothelin-1 (ET-1), which activate the 1,4,5-IP3 pathway, on [Ca2+]i transients and contractions in beating clusters of hESC-CM. Our major findings were that in paced hESC-CM both AT-II and ET-1 (10−9 to 10−7 M) increased the contraction amplitude and the maximal rates of contraction and relaxation. In addition, AT-II (10−9 to 10−7 M) increased the [Ca2+]i transient amplitude. The involvement of 1,4,5-IP3-dependent intracellular Ca2+ release in the inotropic effect of AT-II was supported by the findings that (a) hESC-CM express AT-II, ET-1, and 1,4,5-IP3 receptors determined by immunofluorescence staining, and (b) the effects of AT-II were blocked by 2 μM 2-aminoethoxyphenyl borate (a 1,4,5-IP3 receptor blocker) and U73122 (a phospholipase C blocker). In conclusion, these findings demonstrate for the first time that hESC-CM exhibit functional AT-II and ET-1 signaling pathways, as well as 1,4,5-IP3-operated releasable Ca2+ stores.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Preserving the Sacred Bond: An Audit Must Be Performed
Authors: Chabner Bruce A.
Published: September 2008

In light of additional questions raised in the Letters to the Editor section of this issue regarding results of the International Early Lung Cancer Action Program clinical trial on computed tomography screening for lung cancer, Editor-in-Chief of The Oncologist, Bruce A. Chabner, M.D., in this editorial calls for a thorough, complete, and impartial audit of this trial.
Modulation of Polyamine Biosynthesis in Transformed Tobacco Plants by Targeting Ornithine Decarboxylase to an Atypical Subcellular Compartment
Authors: Nölke G. , Schneider B. , Agdour S. , Drossard J. , Fischer R. , Schillberg S.
Published: September 2008

Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is a cytosolic enzyme that catalyses the direct decarboxylation of L-ornithine
to putrescine, one of the rate-limiting steps of polyamine biosynthesis in plants. We targeted recombinant human ODC to
the cytosol and apoplast of transformed tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants, and evaluated the impact of subcellular compartmentalization
on the accumulation of the enzyme and its corresponding metabolic product. Immunoblot analysis
showed that human ODC accumulated to high levels in both the cytosol and apoplast of transiently transformed tobacco
leaves. In stably transformed tobacco plants with ODC targeted to the apoplast, enzyme activity increased by up to 32-
fold (P < 0.001) and putrescine levels increased by up to 8.5-fold (P < 0.05) compared to wild type plants. These results
demonstrate that the subcellular targeting of polyamine pathway enzymes may provide a useful strategy to enhance the
accumulation and activity of enzymes involved in polyamine biosynthesis and may increase metabolic flux toward desired
end products.
Ferrous Iron Oxidation by Immobilized on Refractory Clay Tiles
Authors: Donati E.R.
Published: September 2008

Refractory clay tiles are composed of kaolin, which is the commercial name of clay, and this consists mainly of
kaolinite mineral. Two such tiles and caowool packed in glass columns were used for the immobilization of Acidithiobacillus
ferrooxidans cells in a ferrous iron medium, which was percolated through the supports. Colonization was carried
out by several media replacements with no further inoculation until maximum ferric iron productivity was reached. One of
the tiles was discarded due to the high iron precipitation during bacterial growth. The columns with the other supports
were used for ferrous iron oxidation in batch and continuous flow modes of operation and these appeared to be promising
supports for A. ferrooxidans. A ferrous iron oxidation rate of 14.5 mmol.l-1.h-1 was reached in one of the columns in the
continuous culture. After being used for several cultures, pieces of tiles with immobilized cells were stored at 4 ºC. Samples
at different times were incubated in ferrous medium and these showed high cell activity even after 6 months.
Desiccation Tolerance of Adult Stem Cells in the Presence of Trehalose and Glycerol
Authors: Mittal Surbhi , Devireddy Ram V.
Published: September 2008

Development of protocols for storing desiccated cells at ambient temperatures offers tremendous economic and
practical advantages over traditional storage procedures like cryopreservation and freeze-drying. As a first step for developing
such procedures for adult stem cells, we have measured the post-rehydration membrane integrity (PRMI) of two
passages, Passage-0 (P0) and Passage-1 (P1), of human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs). ASCs were dried using a convective
stage at three different drying rates (slow, moderate and rapid) in D-PBS with trehalose (50 mM) and glycerol
(384 mM). ASCs were incubated in the drying media for 30 mins prior to drying at the prescribed rate on the convective
stage for 30 mins. After drying, the ASCs were stored for 48 hrs in three different conditions: i) at ambient temperature,
ii) in plastic bags at ambient temperature and iii) in vacuum sealed plastic bags at ambient temperature. PRMI was assessed
after incubating the rehydrated ASCs with stromal medium for a further 48 hrs. Our measurements show that the
PRMI of ASCs was: i) higher when ASCs were dried slowly; ii) increased when they were stored in vacuum as opposed
to at ambient or in plastic bags; and iii) decreased with increasing passage of ASCs, i.e. under similar drying and storage
conditions P0 ASCs had higher PRMI than P1 ASCs. Our results suggest that the best PRMI (37% for P0 ASCs and
~14% for P1 ASCs) can be achieved when the ASCs were dried slowly and stored in vacuum.
Cytotoxic Activity of CD48 Monoclonal Antibodies Against Human Lymphoma Cells
Authors: Wei Jiewei , Chin David Y. , Mahler Stephen M.
Published: September 2008

CD48 is a cell surface, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked glycoprotein, and a potential target for treatment of
leukemia and lymphoma. Two anti-CD48 mAbs, murine HuLy-m3 and human IgG1-N2A, were compared in cellular assays
using a human lymphoma cell line (Raji) for their ability to inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis. In vitro studies
revealed both HuLy-m3 and IgG1-N2A mAbs were able to induce potent growth inhibition, reflected by a reduction in viable
cells of approximately 70% compared to controls after 90 h. Furthermore, Raji cells treated with IgG1-N2A showed
evidence of apoptosis, including increased ethidium bromide uptake, cell shrinkage and chromosomal DNA degradation.
Effect of Pluronic F-68, 5% CO, Atmosphere, HEPES, and Antibiotic-Antimycotic on Suspension Adapted 293 Cells
Authors: Negrete Alejandro , Ling Tau Chuan , Lyddiatt Andrew
Published: September 2008

The influence of different parameters upon cell culture of serum-free adapted 293 cells including the surfactant
Pluronic F-68, carbon dioxide (5% CO2 atmosphere), buffer HEPES and antibiotic-antimycotic has been explored. A defined
serum-free medium (SFM) formulated without human or animal origin components from Invitrogen was used to
grow the suspension adapted 293 cells. For all cell culture parameters cell density and viability of the suspension adapted
293 cells were monitored. The results indicated that the PF68 concentrations ranging from 0.05% to 0.2% can be used in
the culture of the suspension adapted 293 cells since no negative effect upon either cell density or viability was detected.
This will minimize the formation of aggregates during cell culture. It was demonstrated that neither the cell density nor
the viability of the suspension adapted 293 cells were affected by the 5% CO2 atmosphere at the inoculation cell densities
evaluated. The use of the buffer HEPES in the cultivation of suspension adapted 293 cells did not cause negative effects
upon cell density and viability. The addition of HEPES makes more robust the culture to pH fluctuations. The antibioticantimycotic
can be used when needed at concentrations of up to 50 IU/ml for the culture of this particular cell line, with
no apparent effect upon cell growth. The results obtained will contribute to a basic understanding of the 293 cell culture in
the 293 SFM II and to the process development of their culture in bioreactors for the expression of different products of
biotechnology interest.
Determination of the Thickness of a Power-Law Fluid Driven by the Penetration
of a Long Gas Bubble in a Rectangular Channel Using a Singular
Perturbation Method
Authors: Escobar C. , Méndez F. , Luna E.
Published: September 2008

In the present work an analytical and numerical study is presented in order to determine the residual fluid film
thickness of a power-law fluid on the walls of a rectangular horizontal channel when it is displaced by another immiscible
fluid of negligible viscosity. The mathematical model describes the motion of the displaced fluid and the interface between
both fluids. In order to obtain the residual film thickness, m , we used a singular perturbation technique: the matching
asymptotic method; in the limit of small capillary number, Ca . The main results indicated that the residual film
thickness of the non-Newtonian fluid decreases for decreasing values of the power-law index, which is in qualitative
agreement with experimental results.
Nε-(Carboxymethyl)Lysine-Induced Choroidal Angiogenic Potential Facilitates Retinal Neovascularization in Advanced-Diabetic Rat In Vitro
Authors: Kobayashi Shinjiro , Nomura Masaaki , Takahashi Tatsuo , Suzuki Miho , Nagai Ryoji , Hagino Nobuyoshi
Published: September 2008

Nε-(Carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) over-stimulates choroidal neovascularization in vitro in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rat. In this study, we investigated the effects of CML-induced choroidal angiogenic potential on retinal neovascularization during the course of STZ-induced diabetes in rats. Retinal and choroidal explants were isolated from the same eyeball of early-diabetic, advanced-diabetic and age-matched normal rats. When retinal explant was co-cultured with early-diabetic choroidal explant, the number of retinal microvessels was significantly decreased. When retinal explant was co-cultured with advanced-diabetic choroidal explant, the number of retinal microvessels was significantly increased. Anti-CML antibody blocked the retinal changes caused by co-culture with both early-diabetic and advanceddiabetic choroidal explant. Antibodies against TNF α and VEGF reduced the number of retinal microvessels in the coculture with advanced-diabetic choroidal explant. These results indicate that the CML-induced choroidal activity is associated with the angiogenic actions of TNF α and VEGF on retinal capillaries in advanced diabetes. During the course of diabetic retinopathy, different actions on retinal neovascularization may operate.
Surgical Implications of Coronary Arterial Anatomy in Adults with Congenital Cardiac Disease
Authors: Bogers Ad J.J.C , Eralp Ismael , Kappetein A. Pieter
Published: September 2008

In adults with congenital heart disease coronary arterial anatomy, normal as well as anomalous, may have implications in surgical reconstruction of an underlying cardiac structure.

In addition to the diagnostic imaging, necessary in surgery for adult congenital heart disease, additional information with regard to the spatial relation between the relevant cardiac structure and the coronary arterial system may be required for planning the operation and providing a good outcome.

The congenital cardiac surgeon should have the necessary skills in coronary artery bypass techniques.

With lack of adequate data, the estimation of mortality due to complications as a result of coronary damage in surgery for adult congenital cardiac disease of below 1% seems fair.
Predicting In Vivo Efficacy of Potential Restenosis Therapies by Cell Culture Studies: Species-Dependent Susceptibility of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Epstein Hila , Rabinovich Laura , Banai Shmuel , Elazar Vicktoria , Gao Jianchuan , Chorny Michael , Danenebrg Haim D , Golomb Gershon
Published: September 2008

Although drug-eluting stents (DES) are successfully utilized for restenosis therapy, the development of local and systemic therapeutic means including nanoparticles (NP) continues. Lack of correlation between in vitro and in vivo studies is one of the major drawbacks in developing new drug delivery systems. The present study was designed to examine the applicability of the arterial explant outgrowth model, and of smooth muscle cells (SMC) cultures for prescreening of possible drugs. Elucidation of different species sensitivity (rat, rabbit, porcine and human) to diverse drugs (tyrphostins, heparin and bisphsophonates) and a delivery system (nanoparticles) could provide a valuable screening tool for further in vivo studies. The anticipated sensitivity ranking from the explant outgrowth model and SMC mitotic rates (porcine>rat>>rabbit>human) do not correlate with the observed relative sensitivity of those animals to antiproliferative therapy in restenosis models (rat≥rabbit>porcine>human). Similarly, the inhibitory profile of the various antirestenotic drugs in SMC cultures (rabbit>porcine>rat>>human) do not correlate with animal studies, the rabbit- and porcine-derived SMC being highly sensitive. The validity of in vitro culture studies for the screening of controlled release delivery systems such as nanoparticles is limited. It is suggested that prescreening studies of possible drug candidates for restenosis therapy should include both SMC cell cultures of rat and human, appropriately designed with a suitable serum.
Oxidative Stress As A Common Mediator for Apoptosis Induced-Cardiac Damage in Diabetic Rats
Authors: Dallak Mohammad M , Mikhailidis Dimitri P , Haidara Mohamed A , Bin-Jaliah Ismaeel M , Tork Olaa M , Rateb Moshira A , Yassin Hanaa Z , Al-refaie Zeinb A , Ibrahim Ibrahim M , Elawa Samy M , Rashed Laila A , Afifi Noha A
Published: September 2008

Abstract:Aim:

To investigate the possible role of oxidative stress as a common mediator of apoptosis and cardiac damage in diabetes.

Materials and Methods:

This experimental work was conducted on 5 groups of Wistar rats. Group I was the control group. Diabetes type 1 was induced in other groups (by streptozotocin) and animals received insulin or vitamin E (300 mg /kg body weight), both insulin and vitamin E, or no treatment for 4 weeks according to their group. At the end of the study, serum and cardiac tissues were examined for biochemical parameters of cardiac function, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Electron microscopy pictures of cardiac tissue were also evaluated for signs of cardiac damage

Results:

Markers of oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation as well as manifestations of cardiac damage as assessed by electron microscopy were significantly decreased in rats treated with both insulin and vitamin E when compared with untreated diabetic rats or rats treated with either insulin or vitamin E alone

Conclusion:

Administration of both vitamin E and insulin was effective in reducing markers of oxidative stress and apoptosis and improving parameters of cardiac function in experiments animals. Antioxidants might prove beneficial as an adjuvant treatment in addition to insulin in type 1 diabetes associated with manifestations of cardiac complications
Isolation and Partial Characterization of an Antiviral Proteolytic Fraction from the Venom of Echis Carinatus Sochureki
Authors: Borkow G. , Marco D. , Ovadia M.
Published: September 2008

The venom of the viper Echis carinatus sochureki suppresses the hemolytic activity of Sendai virus on human
erythrocytes, when pre-incubated with the virions prior to their binding to cells. A fraction (C1), with an IC50 of 1.25
􀀁g/ml, was isolated from the venom. Fraction C1 possesses strong azocollase, azocaseinase and gelatinase activity. The
proteolytic and anti-hemolytic potency of C1 depends on the period and temperature of incubation. Its antiviral activity is
inhibited by Sodium-EDTA but not by PMSF. SDS PAGE of Sendai virus incubated with fraction C1 shows disappearance
of several of the virion high molecular weight bands. We suggest that inhibition of the hemolytic activity of the virions is
probably a result of the cleavage of viral surface proteins, such as the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein found on
the virion envelope that mediates the absorption of the virus to cells.
Wind Channeling by the Dead-Sea Wadis
Authors: Shafir H. , Jin F. J. , Lati Y. , Cohen M. , Alpert P.
Published: September 2008

Wind channeling by small wadis of few kilometers width at the Dead-Sea area is demonstrated with highresolution modeling. Previous works have not shown such channeling in very small rivers due to computation difficulties on the meso-γ and the lack of suitable observations for verification. The wind channeling is demonstrated in three wadis, and was verified by meteorological model simulations on the meso-γ scale, as well as by surface and upper layers observations. There are two dominant mechanisms for the wind channeling, the geometrical forcing and the thermal katabatic effect as shown by the model negative divergence zone inside the wadis. The unique features of the Dead-Sea i.e., the absence of vegetation cover and urban areas can serve as a proposed natural model for the wind-wadi interaction.
Algebraic Formulation for the Dispersion Parameters in an Unstable Planetary Boundary Layer: Application in the Air Pollution Gaussian Model
Authors: Buligon Lidiane , Degrazia Gervásio A. , Szinvelski Charles R.P. , Goulart Antonio G.
Published: September 2008

An alternative formulation for the dispersion parameters in a convective boundary layer is presented. The development consists of a simple algebraic relation for the dispersion parameters, originated from the fitting of experimental data, in which the turbulent velocity variances and the Lagrangian decorrelation time scales are derived from the turbulent kinetic energy convective spectra. Assuming homogeneous turbulence for elevated regions in an unstable planetary boundary layer (PBL), the present approach, which provides the dispersion parameters, has been compared to the observational data as well as to results obtained by classical complex integral formulations. From this comparison yields that the vertical and lateral dispersion parameters obtained from the simple algebraic formulas reproduce, in an adequate manner, the spread of contaminants released by elevated continuous source in an unstable PBL. Therefore, the agreement with dispersion parameters available by an integral formulation indicates that the hypothesis of using an algebraic formulation as a surrogate for dispersion parameters in the turbulent convective boundary layer is valid. In addition, the algebraic vertical and lateral dispersion parameters were introduced into an air pollution Gaussian diffusion model and validated with the concentration data of Copenhagen experiments. The results of such Gaussian model, incorporating the algebraic dispersion parameters, are shown to agree with the measurements of Copenhagen.
Long Term Cyclic Pamidronate Reduces Bone Growth by Inhibiting Osteoclast Mediated Cartilage-to-Bone Turnover in the Mouse
Authors: Evans K.D , Sheppard L.E , Grossman D.I , Rao S.H , Martin R.B , Oberbauer A.M
Published: September 2008

Bisphosphonates, used to treat diseases exhibiting increased osteoclast activity, reduce longitudinal bone growth through an as yet undefined mechanism. Pamidronate, an aminobisphosphonate, was given weekly to mice at 0, 1.25, or 2.50 mg/kg/wk beginning at 4 weeks of age. At 12 weeks of age, humeral length, growth plate area, regional chondrocyte cell numbers, chondrocyte apoptosis, TRAP stained osteoclast number, and osteoclast function assessed by cathepsin K immunohistochemistry were quantified. Humeral length was decreased in pamidronate treated mice compared to vehicle control mice, and correlated with greater growth plate areas reflecting greater proliferative and hypertrophic chondrocyte cell numbers with fewer hypertrophic cells undergoing apoptosis. Pamidronate treatment increased TRAP stained osteoclast numbers yet decreased cathepsin K indicating that pamidronate repressed osteoclast maturation and function. The data suggest that long term cyclic pamidronate treatment impairs bone growth by inhibition of osteoclast maturation thereby reducing cartilage-to-bone turnover within the growth plate.
Recent Developments in Targeting Eosinophil Accumulation as a Novel Therapeutic Approach for Asthma
Authors: Walsh Garry M. , Robinson Alexander J. , Wu Ping
Published: September 2008

Current therapies for asthma are aimed at controlling disease symptoms and for the majority of patients inhaled
glucocorticoid anti-inflammatory therapy is both effective and well-tolerated. However, concerns remain about the adverse
effects of glucocorticoids while a subset of asthmatic patients remains symptomatic despite optimal treatment
thereby creating a clear unmet medical need. There is considerable evidence that implicates eosinophils as important effector
cells and immunomodulators in the inflammation characteristic of asthma. Numerous in vitro and animal studies
have demonstrated essential roles for cell adhesion molecules in eosinophil adhesion and transendothelial migration including
the selectins, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 together with many of the μ1 and μ2 integrins. A large body of evidence has
also implicated several cytokines and chemokines in the selective recruitment of eosinophils to sites of asthmatic inflammation.
Biopharmaceutical approaches have been used to identify inhibitory molecules that target key elements in the
processes controlling eosinophil accumulation in asthma. This review will summarise the problems and successes regarding
recent developments in therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing eosinophil-mediated inflammation in the asthmatic
lung.
Patch Testing for Contact Allergy and Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Authors: Spiewak Radoslaw
Published: September 2008

Contact allergy (CA) is alteration of immune response with readiness to develop an inflammatory reaction
against a specific substance of low molecular weight (hapten). The prevalence of CA is estimated at 26-40% among
adults, and 21-36% children. A proportion of people with CA will remain asymptomatic, among the rest, the most frequent
clinical manifestation is allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) with lifetime prevalence estimated at 10%. Less frequent
manifestations include allergic contact stomatitis, conjunctivitis, vaginitis, systemic reactions, implant intolerance, and
rarely urticaria, asthma, and allergic rhinitis. Patch test (epicutaneous test) is the gold standard in the diagnosis of CA and
ACD: Performing the test significantly increases probability of accurate diagnosis, reduces costs of treatment, and leads to
improved patients’ quality of life. Patch test results may be influenced by patient’s medication and health status, and interpretation
requires due knowledge and experience. Other diagnostic methods are more laborious and not validated; no in vitro tests are available for routine application at present.
Bridging Data Management and Knowledge Discovery in the Life Sciences
Authors: Kugler Karl , Tejada Maria Mercedes , Baumgartner Christian , Tilg Bernhard , Graber Armin , Pfeifer Bernhard
Published: September 2008

In this work we present an application for integrating and analyzing life science data using a biomedical data
warehouse system and tools developed in-house enabling knowledge discovery tasks. Knowledge discovery is known as a
process where different steps have to be coupled in order to solve a specified question. In order to create such a combination
of steps, a data miner using our in-house developed knowledge discovery tool KD3 is able to assemble functional objects
to a data mining workflow. The generated workflows can easily be used for ulterior purposes by only adding new
data and parameterizing the functional objects in the process. Workflows guide the performance of data integration and
aggregation tasks, which were defined and implemented using a public available open source tool. To prove the concept
of our application, intelligent query models were designed and tested for the identification of genotype-phenotype correlations
in Marfan Syndrome. It could be shown that by using our application, a data miner can easily develop new knowledge
discovery algorithms that may later be used to retrieve medical relevant information by clinical researchers.
A Better Plan for Addressing the Financial Crisis
Authors: Bebchuk Lucian A.
Published: September 2008

This paper puts forward a proposal for redesigning the Treasury's plan for addressing the financial crisis. The redesigned plan, argues Lucian Bebchuk, would do a far better job of protecting taxpayer interests and restoring financial stability.
Modeling the Effect of Temperature on Propylene Conversion during Warm-Up in a Monolithic Converter
Authors: Chauhan Sanchita , Srivastava V. K
Published: September 2008

In order to improve air quality, catalytic converters have been extensively employed throughout the world. These monolithic catalytic converters are very effective in reducing pollution only after they have heated up. The catalyst warming-up process takes some time and during this period a considerable amount of pollutants, especially hydrocarbons, is released into the atmosphere. In this paper, a one-dimensional model for the hydrocarbon propylene was developed, taking into account heat and mass transfer between the exhaust gas and the catalyst surface and the catalytic reaction. The equations so formed are a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and a partial differential equation (PDE). The ODEs are solved using the Runge-Kutta method of fourth order and the PDE by backward implicit scheme. The effect of varying the inlet gas temperature and initial catalyst solid temperatures on conversion of propylene was analysed.
Megalencephalic Leukoencephalopathy with Subcortical Cysts: A Third Confirmed Case with Literature Review
Authors: Miles Lili , deGrauw Ton J. , Dinopoulos Argirios , Cecil Kim M. , van der Knaap Marjo S. , Bove Kevin E.
Published: September 2008

Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts (MLC) causes early-onset, slowly progressive central nervous system white matter disease, macrocephaly, and later cognitive and motor decline. We describe brain structure in a patient with MLC and proven MLC1 mutations. A male, normal at birth, had macrocephaly at 6 months followed by developmental delay. Magnetic resonance imaging showed extensive signal abnormality in cerebral white matter and subcortical progressive cystic changes in the bilateral temporal and right frontal areas. Biopsy of frontal gyrus at age 15 months showed normal gray matter. The subcortical white matter was pale due to prominent fine uniform 2- to 4-μ-thick vacuoles with a few interspersed myelinated axons and rare microglia. The vacuoles had a single-, double-, or, rarely, triple-unit membrane (resembling myelin) and contained occasional organelles but no intermediate filaments. Both normal myelinated and thinly myelinated axons were observed. The outer and occasionally the inner layers of myelin surrounding intact axons formed blebs that may represent a source for vacuoles. Genetic analysis identified 2 heterozygous mutations of intron 3 (c.322–1 G>A) and intron 7 (c.597+1G>A), the 1st leading to deletion of amino acids 60 to 89 and the 2nd to deletion of amino acids 194 to 199. Fine uniform vacuolation of white matter with wide separation of myelinated axons is the hallmark of MLC in early childhood.
Electron irradiation effects in doped high temperature superconductors YBa2Cu3−x
MxOy (M = Fe, Ni; x=0; x=0:01)
Authors: Sahakyan Aram , Nikoghosyan Sergei , Yeritsyan Hrant
Published: September 2008

The influence of irradiation by electrons with an energy of 8 MeV, at dose intervals between 1013 and 2×1018el/cm2, on the properties of impurity doped, high-temperature superconductor YBa2Cu3−x
MxOy (M = Fe, Ni; x=0; x=0:01) ceramics has been studied.

It has been established that, as the irradiation dose is increased, the onset temperature of the transition to the superconducting state (T
con), and the intergranular weak link coupling temperature between granules (T
mJ), exhibit an oscillation around their initial values of approximately about 1–1.5 K. This oscillation indicates that the process of radiation defect formation in HTSC occurs in multiple stages. It was also found that the critical current (J
c)decreases with an increase of the irradiation dose, and exhibits a local minimum at a dose of 8×1016el/cm2coinciding with minima for T
con and T
mJ at this dose. It was found that the introduction of Fe atoms to the ceramic decreases T
mJ, while introducing Ni atoms decreases both T
con and T
mJ; it is suggested that this is a result of Ni substitution of Cu both in Cu2 plane sites and Cu1 chain sites. The introduction of Ni causes a large change in the intergranular critical current density, J
c. A critical irradiation dose is obtained (2×1018)after which all HTSC parameters strongly decrease, i. e. the superconductivity of HTSC is destroyed.
Light polarization fingerprints on nonlinear dynamics of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers
Authors: Panajotov K. , Sciamanna M. , Gatare I. , Arizaleta Arteaga M. , Thienpont H.
Published: September 2008

In this paper we summarize the recent results on nonlinear dynamics of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) which are bearing the fingerprints of the particular polarization properties of VCSELs. Due to the surface emission and cylindrical symmetry, VCSELs lack strong polarization anisotropy and may undergo polarization switching and polarization mode-hopping. This provides new specificities to the rich nonlinear dynamics induced in VCSELs by an external perturbation. We unveil both experimentally and theoretically these new specificities for the case of optical feedback, optical injection, and unidirectional synchronization between VCSELs.
Electron beam irradiation induced changes in liquid-crystal compound 5CB
Authors: Rath M. , Sarkar S. , Wadhawan V. , Verma R. , Das I. , Dąbrowski R. , Tykarska M. , Dhar R.
Published: September 2008

Electron beam irradiation studies on liquid crystal material 5CB have been carried out at a temperature where the compound exists in the isotropic liquid phase. In situ time-resolved spectroscopic characterization was carried out during the irradiation. Three different transients were observed during the 2-μs electron pulse. After about 50 μs, only one transient species was found to be present, which has an absorption peak at 360 nm. Radiolysed sample exhibits a broad absorption at ∼400 nm. The dielectric measurements show that even a low level of irradiation results in a dramatic increase in the component of dielectric permittivity normal to the long axes of the molecules ε⊥′, and a corresponding decrease in the dielectric anisotropy (Δε′=ε∥′−ε⊥′ ). These studies show that 5CB is prone to substantial radiation damage on exposure to the beam of high-energy electrons.
Nanopatterning in a compact setup using table top extreme ultraviolet lasers
Authors: Wachulak P. , Capeluto M. , Menoni C. , Rocca J. , Marconi M.
Published: September 2008

The recent development of table top extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lasers have enabled new applications that so far were restricted to the use of large facilities. These compact sources bring now to the laboratory environment the capabilities that will allow a broader application of techniques related to nanotechnology and nanofabrication. In this paper we review the advances in the utilization of EUV lasers in nanopatterning. In particular we show results of the nanopatterning using a table-top capillary discharge laser producing 0.12-mJ laser pulses with 1.2-ns time duration at a wavelength λ = 46.9 nm. The nanopatterning was realized by interferometric lithography using a Lloyd’s mirror interferometer. Two standard photoresists were used in this work, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ). Pillars with a full width half maximum (FWHM) diameter of 60 nm and holes with FWHM diameter of 130 nm were obtained over areas in excess of 500×500 μm2.
Einfache Energieumsatzstudien an verschiedenen Oberflächen und Materialschichten der Geosphäre
Authors: Werner Julius
Published: September 2008

This paper attempts to show the possibility of simulating temporal developments of temperature in soil structures near the surface and in layers of asphalt during the course of geoscientific field studies by the application of simple instrumental and mathe matical methods. All the necessary input parameters can be measured comparatively easily, "in situ". In so far as the specific heat and density of the layers of material studied are known, this will produce satisfactory conformity between temperatures thus measured and those median temperatures of the layers calculated on the basis of hourly energy balances.The application of this method seems promising for objects of climatological significance in open country and in cities, e.g. to forecast micro-climatological effects of anthropogenic activities.
Eagle syndrome as a cause of transient ischemic attacks
Authors: Farhat Hamad I. , Elhammady Mohamed Samy , Ziayee Habib , Aziz-Sultan Mohammad Ali , Heros Roberto C.
Published: September 2008

Eagle syndrome is an uncommon entity but is well known in the otorhinolaryngology and oral surgery literature. This syndrome results from the compression of cranial nerves in the neck by an elongated styloid process causing unilateral cervical and facial pain. The styloid process can also cause compression of the cervical carotid arteries leading to the so-called carotid artery syndrome together with carotidynia or neurological symptoms due to flow reduction in these arteries.

The authors discuss the case of a 70-year-old man who suffered from transient ischemic attacks on turning his head to the left, with immediate remission of symptoms when his head returned to the neutral position. The patient was studied with dynamic angiography, which clearly showed focal flow restriction. Once a diagnosis was made, the styloid process was removed surgically and the patient completely recovered from his symptoms. A postoperative angiogram demonstrated complete resolution of the pathology.

Neurosurgeons might encounter patients with Eagle syndrome and should be aware of the symptoms and signs. Once the diagnosis is made, the treatment is clear and very effective.
Responsiveness of short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache with conjunctival injection and tearing to hypothalamic deep brain stimulation
Authors: Lyons Mark K. , Dodick David W. , Evidente Virgilio Gerald H.
Published: September 2008

Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT) is a severe primary headache disorder that is often refractory to medical therapy. Although the pathogenesis of this and other trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias is not completely understood, ipsilateral activation of the posterior and inferior hypothalamus has been identified on functional imaging studies during attacks. The authors report on a case of SUNCT syndrome successfully treated with hypothalamic deep brain stimulation and discuss the current literature.
Early brain tumor metastasis reduction following Gamma Knife surgery
Authors: Da Silva Arnaldo Neves , Nagayama Kazuki , Schlesinger David , Sheehan Jason P.
Published: September 2008

Object

Unlike whole-brain radiation therapy, Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) is delivered in a single session for the treatment of brain metastases. The extent to which GKS can facilitate early tumor control was the focus of this study.

Methods

The authors reviewed 134 metastatic lesions in 82 patients treated with GKS at the University of Virginia who underwent follow-up MR imaging within 30 days or less of GKS. For accurate volumetry only tumors measuring 0.5 cm3 or greater in volume were included. Radiological review as well as tumor volumetry was performed to assess the tumor's response to GKS. Tumors were characterized as either enlarged (> 15% volume increase), stable (follow-up volume ± 15% of the initial volume), or decreased (> 15% volume decrease). A multivariate analysis was performed to determine factors related to each volume outcome group.

Results

Within the first month following GKS, a decrease was observed in 47.8% of the tumors. Tumor reduction varied according to carcinoma histopathological subtype, with 46.4% of non–small cell lung carcinomas, 70% of breast carcinomas, and 22.6% of melanomas showing volume reduction within 30 days after GKS. The mean volume decrease was 41.7%. For the remaining tumors, 41% were stable and 11.2% increased in volume. The overall analysis showed that there was a significant difference in percentage tumor change according to histopathological type (p < 0.001). There was a trend toward increased tumor reduction in those carcinoma types that are traditionally viewed as radiation sensitive (breast and non–small cell lung carcinomas).

Conclusions

Gamma Knife surgery can offer patients early substantial volume reduction in many brain metastases. In instances in which early volume reduction of limited intracranial disease is desired, GKS may be used alone or before whole brain radiation therapy.
Sulcal and ventricular trajectories in stereotactic surgery
Authors: Elias W. Jeff , Sansur Charles A. , Frysinger Robert C.
Published: September 2008

Object

The authors analyzed deep brain stimulation electrode trajectories on MR images to identify risks of cerebrovascular complications associated with the number of electrode insertions, traversal of a sulcus, and penetration of the ventricle.

Methods

Pre- and postoperative MR volumes were fused to determine the proximity of electrodes to a sulcus or ventricle and whether there were cortical, subcortical, or intraventricular complications. Complications were further classified as hemorrhagic or nonhemorrhagic and symptomatic or asymptomatic. The authors examined 258 electrode implantation for deep brain stimulation. There were 4 symptomatic events (1.6% incidence): 3 hemorrhagic and 1 nonhemorrhagic, all within the cortex. Asymptomatic events included cortical hemorrhage in 1 patient, nonhemorrhagic cortical changes in 6, pallidal hemorrhage in 1, thalamic infarction in 1, and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) in 5 patients.

Results

Proximity to a sulcus was a significant risk factor for hemorrhagic and nonhemorrhagic cortical complications (p = 0.001). There was a complication rate of 10.1% within the trajectories penetrating or adjacent to a sulcus, and a 0.7% rate with trajectories clearly positioned within the gyrus. Asymptomatic IVH was observed in 5% of ventricular penetrations. A history of hypertension was a risk factor for cortical hemorrhage (p = 0.019), but not for cortical ischemic/edematous events (p = 0.605). The number of electrode penetrations did not differ between patients with and without complications (p = 0.868), and the sequence of electrode insertions was not a risk factor in bilateral surgeries.

Conclusions

Symptomatic cortical complications occur when electrodes traverse close to a sulcus. Asymptomatic IVH occurs infrequently with ventricular penetration. Despite intraoperative efforts to avoid cortical sulci, a higher than expected incidence of electrode proximity to the sulci was identified on careful postoperative trajectory analysis. This finding emphasizes the importance of assiduously planning trajectories and reviewing cases with thorough MR analysis.
Characteristics of tumor-associated endothelial cells derived from glioblastoma multiforme
Authors: Charalambous Christiana , Chen Thomas C. , Hofman Florence M.
Published: September 2008

✓ Glioblastomas multiforme (GBMs) are highly vascular brain tumors characterized by abnormal vessel structures in vivo. This finding supports the theory that glioma-associated endothelial cells (ECs) have intrinsically different properties from ECs in normal human brain. Therefore, identification of the functional and phenotypic characteristics of tumor-associated ECs is essential for designing a rational antiangiogenic therapy. The GBM-associated ECs have a large, flat, and veil-like appearance, in contrast to normal ones, which are small and plump. Although the tumor ECs have the typical markers, they proliferate more slowly than these cell types in normal brain. The GBM-associated ECs are resistant to cytotoxic drugs, and they undergo less apoptosis than control cells. Also, GBM-associated ECs migrate faster than controls and constitutively produce high levels of growth factors such as endothelin-1, interleukin-8, and vascular endothelial growth factor. An understanding of these unique characteristics of glioma-associated ECs is important for the development of novel antiangiogenic agents that specifically target tumor-associated ECs in gliomas.