bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Data Centers and International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Delerue François
Published: December 2023

This chapter addresses the challenges of applying international humanitarian law (IHL) to the targeting of data centers during armed conflicts. Around the world, such centers store vast quantities of civilian and military data—contributing significantly to “Big Data”—along with applications that process the data. The chapter assesses the circumstances under which such data centers could constitute military objectives as defined in IHL, a predicate finding for targeting operations. The diversity of locations, nature, purposes, and use of data centers complicates this analysis, in part because these centers often commingle military and civilian data and applications, can be owned by public or private actors, and so on. The chapter concludes that, in some cases, data centers may be considered military objectives and thus qualify as lawful objects of attack. The most important elements are the purpose and use of the data center. The chapter also considers the challenges of applying the principles of distinction, proportionality, and precautions to the targeting of data centers that qualify as military objectives, which could be achieved through kinetic or cyber means. Notably, attacks could take the form of temporary or permanent destruction of parts or all of the data center, including the infrastructure necessary to operate the centers. The commingling of civilian and military data presents significant challenges in determining whether attacks can satisfy distinction and proportionality. With respect to proportionality, a particularly thorny issue is to determine potential reverberating effects, due to the number and diversity of the data’s users and uses.
Corporate Data Responsibility
Authors: Sarfaty Galit A.
Published: December 2023

This chapter analyzes the role of corporations in the mobilization of big data for humanitarian aid. Big data has become an important tool to facilitate early warning systems and provide real-time awareness of human rights violations as well as emerging humanitarian crises that arise out of armed conflicts. While the use of big data is facilitating the mapping of conflict and the delivery of humanitarian aid, it is also transforming the corporation into a primary gatekeeper of rights protection. The private sector is playing a critical role as the mediator of information by exerting control over access to and analysis of big data. Yet companies may sometimes be reluctant to share data even in situations of mass atrocities and humanitarian crises, whether inside or outside armed conflict. Furthermore, they may be complicit in human rights abuses committed by authoritarian regimes when they engage in digital surveillance and other forms of data manipulation. In order to ensure accountability to vulnerable populations, I argue for the promotion of corporate data responsibility in the name of the corporate responsibility to respect human rights. Corporate data responsibility includes two components. The first is a negative responsibility to do no harm by not assisting states that use data to commit human rights violations. The second is a positive responsibility to respect human rights by making available data that could prevent gross human rights abuses or humanitarian crises.
Deciding What the Jury Sees
Authors: Erlich Henry A.
Published: December 2023

This chapter describes specific criminal cases in which the author testified as an expert witness and discusses the general issue of the admissibility of scientific evidence. He discusses how the results generated by new technology are evaluated in an adversarial system in which one side (the prosecution or the defense) typically tries to prevent the jury from hearing the evidence. He gives a personal account of testifying in several admissibility hearings for rape/murder cases and how the judge ruled in each case. In some cases, the DNA profile matched the suspect while in others, it excluded him. The chapter also discusses the historic New York vs. Castro murder case, based on RFLP genotyping, in which the judge ruled that an exclusion was admissible but an inclusion was not and the controversy among population geneticists (the “DNA Wars”) about whether DNA genotyping for forensics was reliable.
The Weight of Evidence
Authors: Erlich Henry A.
Published: December 2023

This chapter describes the metrics used in assessing the significance of a DNA match: the random match probability (RMP) and the likelihood ratio (LR). It explains how these numerical estimates are calculated and what assumptions are used. It discusses the concept of statistical independence that allows the product rule to be used in estimating genotype frequencies from population databases and calculating the RMP. The chapter explains how the power of discrimination is a function of the number of different genetic markers used in analyzing the forensic evidence and traces the history of PCR-based genetic typing from the initial HLA-DQalpha test based on sequence polymorphism to the current panels of short tandem repeat (STR) markers analyzed by electrophoresis. The chapter discusses recent technological developments like next generation DNA sequencing and the implementation of rapid DNA instruments that automate STR genotyping and can generate a profile in ninety minutes.
Databases, Cold Hits, and Hot Button Issues
Authors: Erlich Henry A.
Published: December 2023

This chapter discusses how, in a suspect-less crime, searching a database to find a match between the evidence profile and an individual in the database, a “cold hit,” can lead to a suspect and, ultimately, a conviction. It discusses what kind of metric should be presented to the jury when a DNA match results from a database search, arguing that the random match probability (RMP) is the most appropriate. The chapter discusses the strategy of “familial searching,” using specialized software to identify partial matches between the evidence DNA profile and someone in the database, making relatives of that individual potential suspects. The initial searches were restricted to criminal databases, but some states now allow searches of arrestees. Recently, some major unsolved crimes, such as the Golden State Killer case, have been solved by searching genealogy databases. Specific cases as well as the ethical issues involved are discussed in detail.
DNA, Doggerel, and Race Cards
Authors: Erlich Henry A.
Published: December 2023

This chapter discusses the DNA evidence and the verdict in the OJ Simpson case. The author reviewed the DNA results and was scheduled to testify in the admissibility hearing, but the defense team stipulated to the reliability of DNA genotyping and the hearing was canceled. The defense claimed contamination of the crime scene samples by the LAPD and suggested that some evidence might have been planted. The chapter discusses the nature of the DNA evidence and the strategies used by the prosecution and the defense in this case, but also discusses more generally the different roles these two groups play in the US criminal justice system. The chapter suggests the DNA evidence clearly pointed to the defendant’s guilt; it speculates about what might have led to the jury’s nonguilty verdict.
Populations, Genes, and History
Authors: Erlich Henry A.
Published: December 2023

This chapter discusses how the genetic relationships among different populations can be represented by phylogenetic networks or trees based on the frequency distribution of genetic variants in each population. These data on the population frequency of genetic variants are also used to estimate the random match probability in the forensic DNA analysis in the criminal justice system. The history of human migrations can be inferred from these networks. The chapter presents a few examples of work from the author’s lab using HLA genetic markers, including the settlement of Polynesia and of the Americas. The chapter discusses various strategies for analyzing population data, comparing individual genotype datapoints and population datapoints.
Introduction
Authors: Orford Jim
Published: December 2023

The Introduction describes the author’s background and motivation for writing the book. The purpose of the book is to explore leading psychological ideas that might explain why ordinary people, the general public, so often and so willingly support war. In comparison with the amount of attention given to the war roles of political and military leaders, states or organizations, the territory this book explores has been relatively neglected. The book will draw on sources both within psychology and from other disciplines and more generally. The book’s chapter structure is summarized, with the final chapter bringing together, in the form of a war support model, what the author has learned.
Wars, Old and New, Costs and Controversies
Authors: Orford Jim
Published: December 2023

Chapter 1 sets the scene by covering some basic topics which need to be kept in mind when thinking about the psychology of war support. The chapter begins by discussing what is included in a reasonable definition of war and what excluded. It continues by covering some topics familiar to scholars and students of international relations but which will be less well known outside that discipline. They include the role of the state in war, variations in types of war, and how recent “new” wars may or may not differ from “old” interstate wars. A brief summary is then given of the varied “costs” of war, including mortality for combatants and civilians, dislocation, injury, and ill health. The chapter proceeds to discuss two areas of active controversy: whether there are positive outcomes from war and the evidence that war has been in decline.
The Personal Attraction of War
Authors: Orford Jim
Published: December 2023

Chapter 2 starts by making the point, with quotations from historians, ordinary citizens, and veterans, that the experience of war has often been described as a positive one, even sometimes a healthy or spiritually uplifting one. That war can provide meaning and purpose to life is a common theme taken up by war theorists and researchers including those who have recently been studying terrorism and the “new wars.” There are individual differences in attitudes toward war. The gendered nature of war, and to an extent of war support, may suggest that war is not inherent in human nature generally but rather in maleness and masculinity. Some combination of circumstance, personal belief—for example, belief in a competitive or dangerous world, authoritarianism, and social dominance orientation—plus the forefronting of the masculine side of our natures, goes a long way to predicting who will find war more or less attractive.
War in Defense of National and Other Identities and Values
Authors: Orford Jim
Published: December 2023

The focus of Chapter 3 is the part in support for wars played by personal, strongly held values and beliefs which are based on state, ethnic, religious, or regional identity. The presumed central role of nationalism as the basis of people’s support for war is questioned, particularly in relation to the “new” type of wars. The chapter concludes that the more a set of identity values departs from cosmopolitanism and the more it carries the elements of superiority over others, dominance, or chauvinism, the more available it is to be exploited in support of armed hostility. That potential for war may lie dormant for years, even for generations; but given the right circumstances, it may harden and escalate rapidly.
Introduction
Authors: Nai Alessandro , Maier Jürgen
Published: December 2023

This chapter introduces the darker sides of human personality—known as the Dark Triad, and revolving around narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism—and sets the stage for our comparative investigation into the dynamics of dark politics worldwide. It introduces the growing literature on the (dark) personality of voters and political leaders, provide details about the data used throughout the book—most notably, a large-scale expert survey—and previews the content of the book. The chapter also discusses the personality profile of a selection of political leaders worldwide (Donald Trump, Boris Johnson, Vladimir Putin, Angela Merkel, Emmanuel Macron, and more), as well as some cross-sectional trends found when looking at all candidates comparatively.
Who Likes Dark Politicians?
Authors: Nai Alessandro , Maier Jürgen
Published: December 2023

This chapter dives deeper into the mechanisms of dark politics and asks a fundamental question: Are the effects of dark politics the same across all voters? Are some citizens more attuned—or responsive—to dark politics than others? The chapter makes use of new experimental evidence gathered in an online sample of American citizens. In the experiment, we exposed respondents to fictive candidates with manipulated personality traits and assessed whether such controlled exposure to dark politics is particularly “effective” for some voters and not others. We show strong evidence for this argument. Broadly speaking, the experimental evidence presented suggests that some individuals “like” dark politics. The chapter also includes an investigation of the driving role of populist attitudes in voters. Leveraging again the comparison between our NEGex data and the CSES data set, we show that populist voters, all things considered, like dark politicians.
Dark Consequences?
Authors: Nai Alessandro , Maier Jürgen
Published: December 2023

This chapter presents evidence that politicians with dark personalities are potentially detrimental for the current state and functioning of democracy. The chapter investigates whether the dark personality of political figures is associated with lower turnout, voters’ cynicism, and affective polarization—and suggests that this might seem to be the case. Finally, the chapter explores whether the personality of political leaders is related to real-world outcomes of their governance, looking in particular at three tangible outcomes: the economic performance of the country, how the country tackled the Covid-19 pandemic, and whether the country is facing signs of democratic deconsolidation. Leaders’ personality matters for real-world outcomes. If dark leaders tend to perform better in terms of economic outcomes (higher GDP), their countries are also marred by higher pandemic-related mortality and a deterioration of democratic rights.
Conclusion
Authors: Nai Alessandro , Maier Jürgen
Published: December 2023

This chapter summarizes the main findings of the book, and puts them in perspective to answer the main overarching question: is dark politics detrimental to democracy? The chapter also includes a preliminary analysis of the role of news media for dark politics—in particular, discussing the extent to which it might provide a platform to dark politicians and even increase their electoral success.
How to Make a New Spain
Authors: Rodríguez-Alegría Enrique
Published: December 2023

How to Make a New Spain presents an unprecedented view of the material worlds of Mexico City in the sixteenth century based on an original analysis of the probate inventories of thirty-nine Spanish colonizers, and on the excavations by the Programa de Arqueología Urbana. It begins with a critique of theories of materiality that call for scholars to emphasize the agency of things and to set aside their emphasis on society. Rodríguez-Alegría argues that now that scholars have discovered the active roles that Indigenous people played in colonial societies, it is no time to set aside our interest in how people use the material world to shape their social lives. This study takes Indigenous power seriously to reexamine how Indigenous people, colonizers, and Black people created the material and social worlds of colonial Mexico. Chapters focus on money and wealth, architecture and urban planning, furniture, pottery and food, clothing, tools, slaves, and livestock. Different chapters show how people diluted gold in coins and used slips of paper to create wealth. Colonizers adopted Indigenous technologies to create their own items of display, and they also used their own material culture to try to seek distinction from Indigenous people, but simultaneously to negotiate with Indigenous lords. Indigenous people often made some of the most admired items owned by colonizers. People’s social strategies, and not their wealth, shaped patterns of consumption. This history of materiality and power compels us to reimagine colonial Mexico and the people who created it materially and socially.
How to Get Pottery and Food
Authors: Rodríguez-Alegría Enrique
Published: December 2023

The differences between the pottery and other containers found in the probate inventories and those found in archaeological excavations is surprising, and it is related to the materials represented and to the descriptions that archaeologists and the scribes in the sixteenth century find satisfactory. A combination of archaeological evidence and data from the probate inventories reveals much variation in pottery consumption among colonizers. While some used plenty of Indigenous pottery, others used mostly imports. Variation is also true in terms of consumption of Asian porcelain. In terms of food, and in spite of the great differences between local and Spanish food, colonizers incorporated plenty of Indigenous ingredients into their diet, as revealed in the faunal and botanical remains excavated in their houses. The patters do not show a correlation between wealth and variation in terms of consumption of Indigenous foods or pottery.
Beware Euphoria
Authors: Fisher George
Published: December 2023

This book seeks the moral roots of America’s antidrug regime and debunks claims that early antidrug laws arose from racial animus. The moral roots of our antidrug laws trace to early Christian sexual strictures. Augustine condemned sex as indulging beastly appetites and suspending godlike reason. The demands of procreation excuse indulgence but only as necessary. Puritans similarly condemned drunkenness as suspending reason and rendering persons bestial. Yet alcohol too was deemed necessary—as a foodstuff, sanitary beverage, and pain and cold remedy. One could use alcohol as necessary, never to intoxicate. Saint Thomas Aquinas defined temperance, drinking in moderation, as a moral safe harbor. These principles largely defined temperance debates in England and America, helping make and unmake England’s eighteenth-century gin ban and American national prohibition. The regime that followed embraced alcohol’s social necessity, permitting drinking in moderation. Other drugs can’t easily strike this moral balance. Nineteenth-century Chinese opium dens served no apparent need and seemed to allow no subintoxicating use. Worse, opium was thought a sexual stimulant, ruining respectable young women. Hence lawmakers banned opium dens and later cocaine and cannabis. Lawmakers distinguished necessary medical use from recreational abuse by criminalizing sales unless prescribed by a physician. Early antidrug laws rarely rose from racial strife. They sprang from the traditional moral censure of intoxication and perceived threats to respectable white women and youth. Today’s drug war’s racial dynamic differs greatly. As harsher penalties swell prisons with mostly non-white dealers, antidrug laws suffer attack as tools of racial oppression, helping tip public opinion toward legalizing marijuana.
Prohibition’s Rise, Its Fall, and the Reign of Social Drinking
Authors: Fisher George
Published: December 2023

The same moral notions that prompted and then brought down England’s 1736 gin ban informed Georgia’s 1735 rum ban, imposed by founder James Oglethorpe. When settlers insisted rum was necessary in Georgia’s heat, Britain’s Parliament ended the prohibition in 1742. America’s broader temperance movement traces in part to Anthony Benezet and Benjamin Rush. Rush’s 1784 Enquiry into the Effects of Spirituous Liquors rebutted notions of alcohol’s necessity and inspired Methodist leaders, temperance preacher Lyman Beecher, and Portland Mayor Neal Dow, who engineered Maine’s first-in-the-nation ban on all alcoholic drinks. Though many states quickly mimicked Maine’s law, most soon abandoned that course. The prohibition movement lagged till the early twentieth century, when racism, nativism, women’s suffrage, and war fever overcame resistance, leading to the Eighteenth Amendment and national prohibition. Because prohibition overreached public morality and drained liquor revenues, repeal followed with the Twenty-First Amendment. A web of social norms and state laws combined to ensure the new alcohol regime, which embraced the social necessity of drink, encouraged moderation.
Monogamy’s Demise?
Authors: Fisher George
Published: December 2023

In 2016 Oakland’s city council enacted the nation’s first equity permit program, extending preference in recreational cannabis dispensary licenses to persons who have served time for marijuana offenses or have lived in neighborhoods with many marijuana-related arrests. Such programs, later enacted across the country, show how concerns for racial justice help drive today’s movement to legalize recreational cannabis. Those concerns result in part from harsh twentieth-century antidrug regimes, which helped drive mass incarceration and social destabilization. Michelle Alexander’s New Jim Crow of 2010 proved hugely influential in arguing that the antidrug regime is a system of racial oppression. The earliest successful legalization campaigns followed in Colorado and Washington in 2012. Today, twenty-three mostly liberal states have legalized recreational cannabis. It is not inevitable the trend will blanket the country. Studies showing the drug’s popularity among youth, together with its dangers to developing brains and future job success, could derail further legalization efforts.
On Happiness and the Passions
Authors: Hayes Julie Candler
Published: December 2023

This chapter examines multiple configurations of the relationship between the passions and happiness in the work of French women moralists. Reflection on the passions extends back to classical antiquity, but the term evolved and took on new significance in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The passions had been traditionally viewed as antithetical to happiness, but with the Enlightenment’s valorization of sentiment and sensibility happiness emerges as a key value and increasingly as a human right. Key figures studied include Marguerite de La Sablière, Louise Dupin, Émilie Du Châtelet, Marie-Geneviève-Charlotte Thiroux d’Arconville, and Germaine de Staël.
On Marriage
Authors: Hayes Julie Candler
Published: December 2023

This chapter explores women moralists’ views on the institution of marriage, a noncanonical topic in the moralist tradition. By the early eighteenth century, a new emphasis on equality and natural rights, as well as a valorization of affectivity and personal happiness, brought the legal and moral foundations of marriage increasingly into question. Women philosophers such as Gabrielle Suchon and Louise Dupin critique marriage from legal and philosophical perspectives; moralists offer different approaches. In an implicit critique, Madeleine de Puisieux and Anne-Thérèse de Lambert reveal the inherent inequality in the institution. Marie de Verzure and Marie-Geneviève-Charlotte Thiroux d’Arconville are explicit in their critique. Suzanne Necker, however, offers a strong defense of marriage in her arguments against the 1792 French law permitting divorce. The chapter concludes by setting the moralist critique of marriage in the larger context of women philosophers’ views on liberty.
Modernity and Impersonality
Authors: Zerubavel Eviatar
Published: December 2023

Impersonality is one of the most distinctive features of modern social life, and this chapter begins by examining science’s distinctly modern rationalist quest for an objective epistemology devoid of subjectivity (and therefore personalness). Contrasting the anonymity of the modern city with life in a traditional small town, where everybody knows everybody, it then argues that impersonality is primarily an urban phenomenon that is also fostered by the modern capitalist marketization of social life, as evidenced by the sharp contrast between pre-modern effectively personcentric customized production and modern, pronouncedly standardized mass production. The chapter concludes with a discussion of outsourcing in general and automation in particular. As exemplified by the distinctly modern emergence of robocalls, asynchronous online teaching, and internet shopping, for instance, many traditionally personal social encounters are nowadays mediated by machines, which thus play a major role in the impersonalization of modern social life.
Impersonality and Its Discontents
Authors: Zerubavel Eviatar
Published: December 2023

This chapter begins with a discussion of the benefits of impersonality, such as gaining greater stability and predictability. It then proceeds to examine its costs, the most serious of which is promoting group-level stereotypes that are indiscriminately applied to the entire membership of that group. Such stereotypification often fosters prejudice that may lead to hate crimes, targeting people simply for being members of certain social categories. Such crimes are motivated not by personal hatred toward specific individuals but by impersonal hostility toward the entire social group to which they epistemically “belong.” To counteract the often-dehumanizing impact of impersonalization, individuals sometimes try to nevertheless add some “personal touch” (that is, project a semblance of personalness) to otherwise impersonal situations. Such personalization has thus given rise, for example, to ultimately customized “personalized learning,” “person-centered” health care, and “personalized diets” respectively defying standardized and thus formulaic curricular, clinical, and nutritional regimes.
The Mummy-Pits of Egypt
Authors: Holt Frank L.
Published: December 2023

Clues to Ankh-Hap’s travels were discovered in the packing material wedged around his mummy. This led to an investigation of Henry Augustus Ward, proprietor of Ward’s Scientific Establishment in Rochester, New York. In the nineteenth century, Ward visited the mummy-pits of Egypt, where he collected mummified remains and coffins for his emporium. Evidence of his active role in the mummy trade was found among the letters, diaries, inventories, and company documents now archived at the University of Rochester. Among the mummies sold by Ward was Pahat and presumably Ankh-Hap as well. Ward stocked mummy parts and mummy cloth that may have been used to make Frankenmummies.
Introduction to Forensic Social Work
Authors: Natale Anthony P. , McLeod David Axlyn , Mapson Kristin W.
Published: December 2023

The first chapter of this text begins with a brief orientation to the history of the current criminal justice system in the United States and forensic social work. The criminal justice system in the United States is both complicated and nuanced. Therefore, a foundation of knowledge associated with the development of this system clarifies the current state of both legal systems and practice. Next, forensic social work is detailed, including how it’s defined, followed by an examination of current challenges in forensic social work. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the organization of the text and recommendations on how to maximize its utility.
Women in Forensic Settings
Authors: McLeod David Axlyn , Dunnells Zackery D.O. , Ozturk Burcu
Published: December 2023

The ways the criminal justice system interacts with women are distinctly different from men. To provide competent services to these women, forensic social workers must take explicit account of these differences. Often, women who experience crime and victimization choose not to interact with the system at all. This chapter will cover the specifics of gender inequalities and women’s experiences across multiple facets of survivorship, the differential nature by which they interact with the criminal justice system, and the social and political realities that drive these circumstances. Intersectionality and the complexities of women’s experiences will be examined and theoretical and pragmatic approaches to remedying some of these challenges provided.
Sexual Orientation in Forensic Settings
Authors: Natale Anthony P.
Published: December 2023

The chapter’s author aims to provide definitions and examples for key terms relative to lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) people and the oppression resulting from societal response to sexual orientation. Next, an overview of the rates and trends of LGB engagement with forensic institutions is provided. Then, he provides an overview of constitutional and legislated rights that impact LGB people in forensic settings are reviewed. The LGB prison pipeline is discussed in detail next. The author closes the chapter with a listing of crucial reforms needed relative to LGB experiences with forensic settings, along with a discussion of critical strategies for social workers to engage in to accomplish these goals.
Mental Health in Forensic Settings
Authors: Matejkowski Jason , Wright Kelechi
Published: December 2023

This chapter identifies the challenges encountered by people with mental health problems who contact criminal law enforcement along with the roles that social workers have in assisting this population to overcome these challenges. The chapter presents three prominent and rigorously tested theories explaining the high rates of justice system contact among this population: the criminalization hypothesis, general personality and cognitive social learning theory (i.e., the risk-need-responsivity model), and the focal concerns theory addressing stigma and discrimination. Through the lens of these theories, the chapter identifies many of the complex needs of justice system–involved adults with mental illness. The chapter also identifies various settings along the sequential intercept model in which social workers are called upon to address these needs, either through direct clinical intervention or through the enactment of agency- and system-level policy reform.
Trauma-Informed Theory in Criminal Justice
Authors: Chapple Constance L. , Maher Erin J.
Published: December 2023

Many children, youth, and adults involved with the criminal justice system have long histories of emotional, psychological, and physical traumas, often stemming from child abuse and neglect Estimates suggest that upwards of 80% of justice-involved youth report at least one adverse childhood experience (ACE). This finding is echoed within a sample of justice-involved women, with nearly 90% indicating a history of emotional, physical, or sexual abuse. This chapter reviews the ACE and trauma research as it applies to criminal justice involvement. In particular, it examines how trauma such as child maltreatment and exposure to violence is represented in criminological theories such as general strain theory and the gendered pathways perspective and how criminal justice programs integrate trauma-informed responses into treatment, training, and education.
Mass Incarceration and For-Profit Prisons
Authors: Carl John
Published: December 2023

Mass incarceration in the Unites States is a social issue of enormous proportion. The United States leads the world in incarceration rates by an order of magnitude. This high rate of mass incarceration has specific policy and practice implications for forensic social workers. The values of the social work profession assert advocacy for the dignity of all people, while carceral spaces are overrun with the poor, mentally ill, and overtly vulnerable. This chapter provides information about the state of mass incarceration in the United States. The chapter also discusses specific intersections for social workers and social work as a profession.
Drug Policy
Authors: Plassmeyer Mark
Published: December 2023

This chapter provides readers with a comprehensive understanding of how substances and the people that use them were criminalized over time and the current efforts to reverse that trend. It begins with an overview of the outcomes of the prohibition-based model. Then the major historical policies that led to the current drug control framework in the United States, along with some efforts at reform, are explored. Next, the chapter delves into alternative approaches to drug policy that consider drug use from a public health perspective. Notably, these policies aim to reduce the possible harms of drug use and redress the damages suffered by vulnerable people and communities during past approaches that were primarily based within the criminal legal system. The conclusion discusses the emerging drug policies and practices most in line with social work values and the need for social work to engage more meaningfully in shaping drug policy moving forward.
Mental Health Policies
Authors: Scheyett Anna M. , Leonard Margaret B.
Published: December 2023

This chapter examines policies that impact individuals with mental illness in the criminal justice system and their resultant overrepresentation and vulnerabilities. Policies are organized in two categories: in the courtroom and during incarceration. In the courtroom, the chapter reviews policies that protect the rights of individuals with mental illness including due process, competence to stand trial, and not guilty by reason of insanity. The chapter then examines policies during incarceration, including policies addressing assessment of individuals with mental illness, the right to adequate treatment while incarcerated, forced medication while incarcerated, discipline, and preparation for release from incarceration. The chapter concludes with recommendations for social workers to become educated regarding all these policies in order to advocate, both at the individual and policy levels, to protect the rights and well-being of individuals with mental illness who are involved in the criminal justice system.
Reentry
Authors: Sommers Carly , Justesen Elizabeth A. , Leibowitz George S.
Published: December 2023

Reentry into the general population after being incarcerated presents many difficulties, such as finding housing, shelter, and support. Recidivism rates continue to be high, and people often are rearrested within nine years of being released. Formerly incarcerated people often struggle with the stigma surrounding those who have been incarcerated, and this often leads to difficulties finding housing, jobs, and government funding. Advocating for enhancing community resources for those who are reentering society after being incarcerated can change the outcome of their futures. Instead of focusing funding solely on the policing and court side of the criminal justice system, investing in substance use and mental health prevention and treatment can help reentry success. This chapter covers the difficulties of reentry, the stigma surrounding incarcerated people, and ways to advocate for change to make reentry more successful.
Juvenile Justice
Authors: McCarter Susan , Menon Sujeeta E. , Taylor Kris
Published: December 2023

This chapter highlights contemporary facets of forensic social work practice with juvenile justice-involved youth. Readers will consider the additional systems that many justice-involved youth contact (e.g., education, health/mental health care, substance abuse services, foster care); challenges to their biopsychosocial, spiritual, and cultural development; and their relevant subpopulation groups categorized by gender identity, LGBTQ+ identity, poverty status, and race/ethnicity. The chapter presents theoretical foundations in juvenile justice services and current treatment strategies with particular attention to youth development, wraparound service provision, reentry, trauma-informed care, culturally relevant interventions, and probation reform. The chapter concludes with an exploration of forensic social work settings and the role of social work with justice-involved youth along with a relevant case study featuring a young woman charged with assault with a deadly weapon at school.
Human Trafficking
Authors: Preble Kathleen M. , Nichols Andrea
Published: December 2023

As awareness about human trafficking has increased, so too has knowledge about the phenomenon and appropriate interventions. This chapter details theoretical underpinnings, evidenced-based knowledge, and interventions for supporting survivors of human trafficking. It offers a critical examination of interventions and how they may be applied when working with survivors. The chapter discusses the impacts of human trafficking response on communities of color and gender and sexual minorities and how these considerations may influence interactions with potential survivors. Concluding this chapter is a case study involving a survivor experiencing intimate partner–based trafficking and the ethical implications of intervention based on the social work code of ethics. A table of social work principles is provided with illustrations of evidence-based and competency-based social work actions when working with survivors of trafficking.
A Longer Road to Adulthood
Authors: Arnett Jeffrey Jensen
Published: December 2023

This chapter introduces the concept of emerging adulthood as a new stage of the lifespan between adolescence and young adulthood, lasting from the late teens through the 20s. The historical origins of emerging adulthood are explored, focusing on four revolutions in the 1960s and 1970s that laid the foundation for the world as we know it today, including the new life stage of emerging adulthood: the Technology Revolution, the Sexual Revolution, the Women’s Movement, and the Youth Movement. Emerging adulthood is described in terms of five distinctive features: identity explorations, instability, self-focus, feeling in-between, and possibilities/optimism. Reasons are presented for why previous terms for the years 18 to 29 are inadequate (e.g., “late adolescence,” “youth”). Then the plan of the book is presented, including the methodology of the research the book was based on.
What Is It Like to Be an Emerging Adult?
Authors: Arnett Jeffrey Jensen
Published: December 2023

This chapter presents profiles of four diverse emerging adults, ages 21 to 27. Two are male and two are female, two are White and two are members of ethnic minorities, two are college graduates and two are not, and the four of them grew up in several different parts of the United States. Although the persons in the profiles are diverse, they were not chosen to be representative of all persons in the original study, much less all persons in their 20s. Rather, the persons in the profiles were chosen because they exemplify the five features that define emerging adulthood as a distinct life stage: identity explorations, instability, self-focus, feeling in-between, and a sense of possibilities. The profiles presented in this chapter will serve to illustrate the essential characteristics of emerging adulthood described in Chapter 1 by connecting them to the real lives of emerging adults.
Emerging Adulthood(s)
Authors: Arnett Jeffrey Jensen
Published: December 2023

This book focuses mainly on American research, but emerging adulthood is a cultural theory and an international phenomenon. All over the world, young people are attaining longer and more widespread education and entering marriage and parenthood at later ages. Nevertheless, the clarion call for research on emerging adulthood is “one stage, many paths.” That is, although the demographic changes are similar worldwide, there may be many different forms that emerging adulthood can take. This chapter presents research from four places in the world that illustrate this variation: China, India, South Africa, and Brazil. Each of the forms of emerging adulthood in these countries has distinctive features, from filial piety in China to the “Black Tax” in South Africa, but they share a common contrast to the American pattern in their stronger sense of obligation to their natal families.
Speculation about replacement epistemic norms
Authors: Talbot Brian
Published: December 2023

This chapter speculates on what the right replacement for standard epistemic norms will look like and points to potential future projects for epistemology. The chapter suggests a new type of epistemic goodness, which is had only by collections of beliefs—those constituting our overall picture of the world around us—and is worthy of respect. The norms governing these collections cannot be truth-oriented, and thus require jettisoning epistemic concepts such as knowledge, truth, accuracy, evidence, coherence, and reliability. In addition to this new notion of goodness, the chapter discusses important questions about norms governing interesting beliefs, and argues for the complete replacement of knowledge in our normative systems. Finally, the chapter discusses how epistemic norms might interact with practically or socially vindicated norms on belief.
Introduction
Authors: Sawyer R. Keith , Henriksen Danah
Published: December 2023

Chapter 1 introduces the reader to scientific research on creativity. The chapter begins by providing the rationale for studying creativity—the need for creative solutions to challenging problems, whether in business, personal life, or society. The chapter then provides the two definitions of creativity that will be used throughout the book: the individualist definition, associated with psychological research, and the sociocultural definition, associated with group dynamics, sociology, economics, and anthropology. The chapter ends by describing the Western cultural model of creativity—a set of 10 beliefs that most people ascribe to in Western countries, including the United States. These 10 beliefs will be referenced throughout the book.
Conceptions of Creativity
Authors: Sawyer R. Keith , Henriksen Danah
Published: December 2023

This chapter summarizes a wide range of approaches to creativity through history. The chapter begins by reviewing how conceptions of creativity have changed over the centuries. These changes tend to oscillate between two extremes. The first is rationalism—the view that creativity is a conscious activity that is pursued with intention and with expertise. The second is Romanticism—the view that creativity is unexplainable and bubbles up from the unconscious mind; creativity is associated with rejecting convention; and expertise might actually interfere with creativity. The chapter quickly reviews additional conceptions of creativity: that children are more creative than adults; that creativity is a form of self-discovery; that creativity is available to all people, not only the educated experts.
The Creative Process, Part 1
Authors: Sawyer R. Keith , Henriksen Danah
Published: December 2023

This chapter is the first of three chapters that review psychological research on what happens in the mind when people are being creative. These three chapters are organized around the creative process—an eight-step process where each step is associated with mindsets and cognitive processes. The core theme of these three chapters is that creativity emerges from action in time, not from a single brilliant idea that happens in a brief moment. Chapter 5 reviews the first four of the eight stages. The first is Find and formulate the problem, referred to as problem finding. The second stage is Acquire knowledge relevant to the problem. This research includes studies of expertise. The third stage is Gather a broad range of potentially related information. The fourth stage is Take time off for incubation.
The Creative Process, Part 2
Authors: Sawyer R. Keith , Henriksen Danah
Published: December 2023

Chapter 6 continues to review research on the eight stages of the creative process. Chapter 5 reviewed the first four stages and this chapter reviews the next two: Stage 5 is Generate a large variety of ideas. This research includes studies of the moment of insight, cognitive fixation, and studies of whether insights are incremental or sudden. Stage 6 is Combine ideas in unexpected ways. This research includes studies of cross-fertilization, conceptual combination, and metaphor and analogy. The chapter concludes with reviews of research on creative imagery and a taxonomy of types of insights, including combinatorial, exploratory, and transformational.
The Creative Process, Part 3
Authors: Sawyer R. Keith , Henriksen Danah
Published: December 2023

Chapter 7 continues to review research on the eight stages of the creative process that began in Chapters 5 and 6. This chapter reviews the final two stages. Stage 7 is Select the best ideas, applying relevant criteria. Research shows that creativity is not simply the generation of original ideas; many ideas should be generated because most of them will not be creative. This is called the productivity theory. Each idea has to be evaluated because many ideas will turn out to not be original or not be useful or appropriate. Stage 8 is Externalize the idea using materials and representations. Research shows that creativity is enhanced when mental concepts and insights are sketched or built into prototypes.
Creative Self-Beliefs
Authors: Sawyer R. Keith , Henriksen Danah
Published: December 2023

This chapter explores creative self-beliefs—what people believe about themselves and their own creativity. It discusses the “self,” which distinguishes a person from others as a unique individual, and how people build a sense of meaning about the self—their self-beliefs. Self-beliefs influence how people will act in a given situation, including how they use, or don’t use, their creativity. Creative self-beliefs are an internal sensibility that people often use to help them decide if, when, or how to act creatively. The chapter reviews research on how one’s creative self-beliefs affect creative skills, behaviors, or abilities, looking at creative self-belief concepts like creative self-efficacy, creative personal identity, and creative mindset. The chapter reviews the effects of personality, social, family, cultural, and experiential influences on these different kinds of creative self-beliefs and creative outcomes. It concludes with promising areas and possible tensions in research on creative self-beliefs.
Technology and Creativity
Authors: Sawyer R. Keith , Henriksen Danah
Published: December 2023

This chapter reviews the relationship between creativity and technology. Recent decades have seen bursts of creativity and innovation fueled by digital technologies, and creativity also fuels the development of new technological tools. From social media, to artificial intelligence (AI), to other daily digital tools that people use, new technologies are accelerating, and they affect how people live, work, communicate, and create. In this chapter, the authors define technology (both digital and otherwise) and consider the theoretical foundations of how technologies support creativity, and how creativity impacts the development of technologies (e.g., affordances, affordance theory, sociocultural influences). The chapter discusses research on creativity relative to new technological phenomena, like internet creativity, YouTube, content creators, crowdsourced creativity, online art, makerspaces, augmented reality, virtual reality, artificial intelligence, and more. The authors conclude by considering how technology alters the landscape of creativity in ever-changing ways.
Visual Arts
Authors: Sawyer R. Keith , Henriksen Danah
Published: December 2023

This chapter reviews studies of creativity in the visual arts—such as painting, sculpture, and graphic design. The first half of the chapter takes an individualist approach, and the second half takes a sociocultural approach. Individualist research, which is generally done by psychologists, has studied the personality of the painter; the role of problem finding in creativity; neuroaesthetics, or the brain basis of creativity and visual perception; and how visual creativity has changed over the decades in Europe and the United States. The chapter takes a sociocultural approach in reviewing studies of outsider art, installation art, photography, movies, and animated cartoons.