bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scaling Up Symbolic Analysis by Removing Z-Equivalent States
Authors: Li Yueqi , Cheung S. C. , Zhang Xiangyu , Liu Yepang
Published: September 2014

Path explosion is a major issue in applying path-sensitive symbolic analysis to large programs. We observe that many symbolic states generated by the symbolic analysis of a procedure are indistinguishable to its callers. It is, therefore, possible to keep only one state from each set of equivalent symbolic states without affecting the analysis result. Based on this observation, we propose an equivalence relation called z-equivalence, which is weaker than logical equivalence, to relate a large number of z-equivalent states. We prove that z-equivalence is strong enough to guarantee that paths to be traversed by the symbolic analysis of two z-equivalent states are identical, giving the same solutions to satisfiability and validity queries. We propose a sound linear algorithm to detect z-equivalence. Our experiments show that the symbolic analysis that leverages z-equivalence is able to achieve more than ten orders of magnitude reduction in terms of search space. The reduction significantly alleviates the path explosion problem, enabling us to apply symbolic analysis in large programs such as Hadoop and Linux Kernel.
Towards partitioned hierarchical real-time scheduling on multi-core processors
Authors: Åsberg Mikael , Nolte Thomas , Kato Shinpei
Published: September 2014

This paper extends previous work on hierarchical scheduling to multi-core systems. We have implemented partitioned multi-core scheduling of servers in the Linux kernel, using the scheduling framework ExSched. Neither ExSched nor the presented scheduler require any modifications to the Linux kernel. Hence, this makes the installation and kernel-version updates easier. We also present a user-space simulator which can be used when developing new multi-core hierarchical schedulers (plug-ins) for ExSched.

We evaluate the overhead of our new multi-core hierarchical scheduler and compare it to a single-core hierarchical scheduler. Our results can be useful for developers that want to minimize the scheduler overhead when using partitioned hierarchical multi-core scheduling.
A virtual storage environment for SSDs and HDDs in Xen hypervisor
Authors: Cai Yu-Jhang , Kang Chih-Kai , Wu Chin-Hsien
Published: September 2014

Nowadays, virtualization is a popular technology to provide an abstract hardware emulation due to the increasing hardware speed and capabilities such as multi-core CPUs, large-size main memory, and high-bandwidth networking. Virtualization technology enables multiple virtual machines to run on a physical machine, where each virtual machine can run independently and own its operating system. In particular, I/O performance will be an important factor of virtualization technology. Current popular storage devices contain traditional hard-disk drives (HDDs) and solid-state drives (SSDs). Although HDDs can provide a more economical solution than SSDs, SSDs can provide high I/O performance and power saving, especially for random I/O accesses. In the paper, we will build a virtual storage environment for SSDs and HDDs in Xen hypervisor. With the proposed virtual storage environment in Xen hypervisor, we can receive and analyze I/O requests from multiple virtual machines, and perform I/O requests to any physical storage devices. According to the experimental results, the proposed method can include both SSDs (i.e., fast access) and HDDs (i.e, low cost) in virtualization environment. Overall, the proposed method can provide an adjustment mechanism in I/O performance for those (soft real-time) applications that require high I/O performance in virtualization environment.
Two-Dimensional IIR Filter Design Using Simulated Annealing Based Particle Swarm Optimization
Authors: Dhabal Supriya , Venkateswaran Palaniandavar
Published: September 2014

We present a novel hybrid algorithm based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) and simulated annealing (SA) for the design of two-dimensional recursive digital filters. The proposed method, known as SA-PSO, integrates the global search ability of PSO with the local search ability of SA and offsets the weakness of each other. The acceptance criterion of Metropolis is included in the basic algorithm of PSO to increase the swarm’s diversity by accepting sometimes weaker solutions also. The experimental results reveal that the performance of the optimal filter designed by the proposed SA-PSO method is improved. Further, the convergence behavior as well as optimization accuracy of proposed method has been improved significantly and computational time is also reduced. In addition, the proposed SA-PSO method also produces the best optimal solution with lower mean and variance which indicates that the algorithm can be used more efficiently in realizing two-dimensional digital filters.
In Silico Investigation of a Surgical Interface for Remote Control of Modular Miniature Robots in Minimally Invasive Surgery
Authors: Zygomalas Apollon , Giokas Konstantinos , Koutsouris Dimitrios
Published: September 2014

Aim. Modular mini-robots can be used in novel minimally invasive surgery techniques like natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) and laparoendoscopic single site (LESS) surgery. The control of these miniature assistants is complicated. The aim of this study is the in silico investigation of a remote controlling interface for modular miniature robots which can be used in minimally invasive surgery.Methods. The conceptual controlling system was developed, programmed, and simulated using professional robotics simulation software. Three different modes of control were programmed. The remote controlling surgical interface was virtually designed as a high scale representation of the respective modular mini-robot, therefore a modular controlling system itself.Results. With the proposed modular controlling system the user could easily identify the conformation of the modular mini-robot and adequately modify it as needed. The arrangement of each module was always known. The in silico investigation gave useful information regarding the controlling mode, the adequate speed of rearrangements, and the number of modules needed for efficient working tasks.Conclusions. The proposed conceptual model may promote the research and development of more sophisticated modular controlling systems. Modular surgical interfaces may improve the handling and the dexterity of modular miniature robots during minimally invasive procedures.
Validated Method for the Determination of Piroxicam by Capillary Zone Electrophoresis and Its Application to Tablets
Authors: Dal Arın Gül , Oktayer Zeynep , Doğrukol-Ak Dilek
Published: September 2014

Simple and rapid capillary zone electrophoretic method was developed and validated in this study for the determination of piroxicam in tablets. The separation of piroxicam was conducted in a fused-silica capillary by using 10 mM borate buffer (pH 9.0) containing 10% (v/v) methanol as background electrolyte. The optimum conditions determined were 25 kV for separation voltage and 1 s for injection time. Analysis was carried out with UV detection at 204 nm. Naproxen sodium was used as an internal standard. The method was linear over the range of 0.23–28.79 µg/mL. The accuracy and precision were found to be satisfied within the acceptable limits (<2%). The LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.07 and 0.19 µg/mL, respectively. The method described here was applied to tablet dosage forms and the content of a tablet was found in the limits of USP-24 suggestions. To compare the results of capillary electrophoretic method, UV spectrophotometric method was developed and the difference between two methods was found to be insignificant. The capillary zone electrophoretic method developed in this study is rapid, simple, and suitable for routine analysis of piroxicam in pharmaceutical tablets.
Cytokines in Bipolar Disorder: Paving the Way for Neuroprogression
Authors: Barbosa Izabela Guimarães , Bauer Moisés Evandro , Machado-Vieira Rodrigo , Teixeira Antonio Lucio
Published: September 2014

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe, chronic, and recurrent psychiatric illness. It has been associated with high prevalence of medical comorbidities and cognitive impairment. Its neurobiology is not completely understood, but recent evidence has shown a wide range of immune changes. Cytokines are proteins involved in the regulation and the orchestration of the immune response. We performed a review on the involvement of cytokines in BD. We also discuss the cytokines involvement in the neuroprogression of BD. It has been demonstrated that increased expression of cytokines in the central nervous system in postmortem studies is in line with the elevated circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines in BD patients. The proinflammatory profile and the immune imbalance in BD might be regarded as potential targets to the development of new therapeutic strategies.
Effect of Nanofillers on the Polarization and Depolarization Current Characteristics of New LLDPE-NR Compound for High Voltage Application
Authors: Jamail N. A. M. , Piah M. A. M. , Muhamad N. A. , Salam Z. , Kasri N. F. , Zainir R. A. , Kamarudin Q. E.
Published: September 2014

Polymeric nanocomposites in which the nanosize fillers are evenly distributed in the polymer material attract attention as an insulating material due to their ability to enhance the materials performance properties of electrical and mechanical. For high voltage (HV) insulation application, one of the targets is to obtain new insulators with improved dielectric properties. This paper presents the outcome of an experimental study to determine the conductivity level of the linear low-density polyethylene- (LLDPE-)natural rubber (NR) compound, filled with different amount of SiO2and TiO2nanofiller by using the polarization and depolarization current (PDC) measurement technique. linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) and natural rubber (NR) with the ratio composition of 80 : 20 are selected as a base polymer. The experiment was conducted to find PDC pattern and conductivity variations of each of the LLDPE-NR/SiO2and LLDPE-NR/TiO2samples. The results show that the addition of SiO2filler exhibited less conductivity compared to TiO2filler with certain percentage. From the study, it can be concluded that LLDPE-NR/SiO2is a better insulator compared with LLDPE-NR/TiO2.
Rural-Urban Differences in Health Care Expenditures: Empirical Data from US Households
Authors: Lee Wei-Chen , Jiang Luohua , Phillips Charles D. , Ohsfeldt Robert L.
Published: September 2014

Purpose. To estimate the rural-urban differences in expenditures of outpatient care, hospital inpatient care, hospital emergency room services, medications, and total services.Methods. This cross-sectional study used data from the 2010 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. The overall sample size for the study was 22,772. Weighted frequencies, means, or percentages were estimated to illustrate the distribution of each variable. Five two-part utilization models were then fit to determine the likelihood of having nonzero expenses and to identify how residence in a rural versus urban area affected expenditures in our five expense categories. Quantile regressions were estimated to further explore relationships between residence and each quantile of nonzero expenditure.Results. The results of two-part model suggest that rural populations spent more on medications, while urban populations spent more on emergency care. However, no rural-urban difference was found in total health expenditures. The results of quantile regressions suggest that the highest users (at the upper quantiles) of medication and total expenditure experienced the strongest positive effects of living in rural areas.Conclusions. Total health expenditures do not seem to vary significantly across urban and rural areas. However, rurality does have important effects on those who make the most use of outpatient care and prescription medications. Reviewing total health expenditures for urban and rural populations is not enough. Policymakers should monitor the effects of geographic differences, especially in the highest expenditure quantiles, for specific types of health expenditures. Differences in the influence of rurality across this distribution of health expenditures may provide important guidance for interventions.
Applications of Flow Cytometry to Characterize Bacterial Physiological Responses
Authors: Ambriz-Aviña Verónica , Contreras-Garduño Jorge A. , Pedraza-Reyes Mario
Published: September 2014

Although reports of flow cytometry (FCM) applied to bacterial analysis are increasing, studies of FCM related to human cells still vastly outnumber other reports. However, current advances in FCM combined with a new generation of cellular reporter probes have made this technique suitable for analyzing physiological responses in bacteria. We review how FCM has been applied to characterize distinct physiological conditions in bacteria including responses to antibiotics and other cytotoxic chemicals and physical factors, pathogen-host interactions, cell differentiation during biofilm formation, and the mechanisms governing development pathways such as sporulation. Since FCM is suitable for performing studies at the single-cell level, we describe how this powerful technique has yielded invaluable information about the heterogeneous distribution of differently and even specialized responding cells and how it may help to provide insights about how cell interaction takes place in complex structures, such as those that prevail in bacterial biofilms.
Protective Effects of Tualang Honey against Oxidative Stress and Anxiety-Like Behaviour in Stressed Ovariectomized Rats
Authors: Al-Rahbi Badriya , Zakaria Rahimah , Othman Zahiruddin , Hassan Asma’ , Ahmad Asma Hayati
Published: September 2014

The present study aims to evaluate the antioxidant and anxiolytic-like effect of Tualang honey in stressed ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The animals were divided into; (i) nonstressed sham-operated control rats, (ii) sham-operated control rats exposed to stress, (iii) nonstressed OVX rats, (iv) OVX rats exposed to stress, (v) OVX rats exposed to stress and treated with 17β-oestradiol (E2) (20 μg daily, sc), and (vi) OVX rats exposed to stress and treated with Tualang honey (0.2 g/kg body weight, orally). The open field test was used to evaluate the anxiety-like behaviour and ELISA kits were used to measure oxidant/antioxidant status of the brain homogenates. The result showed that anxiety-like behavior was significantly increased in stressed OVX compared to other groups, and administering either E2 or Tualang honey significantly decreased anxiety-like behaviour in stressed OVX rats. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PCO) were significantly decreased while the levels/activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferases (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) were significantly increased in the brain homogenates of treated stressed OVX groups compared to untreated stressed OVX. In conclusion, Tualang honey has protective effects against brain oxidative stress and may be useful alternative anxiolytic agent especially for postmenopausal women.
Unusual Postrhinoplasty Complication: Nasal Dorsum Cyst
Authors: Giacomini Pier Giorgio , Topazio Davide , Di Mauro Roberta , Mocella Stelio , Chimenti Matteo , Di Girolamo Stefano
Published: September 2014

Among all the possible complications of aesthetic rhinoplasty, a rare one is the development of cystic masses on the nasal dorsum: several theories suggest that cysts develop commonly by entrapment of nasal mucosa in the subcutaneous space, but they can also originate from foreign body reactions. This report deals with two cases of nasal dorsum cysts with different pathogenesis: both patients had undergone aesthetic rhinoplasty in the past (26 years ago and 14 years ago, resp.). Both cystic masses were removed via a direct open approach and nasal reconstruction was performed successfully with autologous vomer bone. The pathologic investigations showed a foreign body inclusion cyst associated with latex rubber in the first case and a sequestration of a mucosal-lined nasal bone was not removed at the time of primary rhinoplasty in the second case. A brief review of the literature focuses on the pathophysiology and treatment options for nasal dorsal cysts following aesthetic rhinoplasty.
Case Study of a Parotid Gland Adenocarcinoma Dedifferentiated from Epithelial-Myoepithelial Carcinoma
Authors: Aydın Salih , Taskin Umit , Ozdamar Kadir , Yücebas Kadir , Sar Mehmet , Oktay Mehmet Faruk , Tetikkurt Ümit Seza
Published: September 2014

Dedifferentiation is defined as high-grade malignant tumor development out of a low-grade malignant tumor. We present an adenocarcinoma tumor of the parotid gland that was dedifferentiated from a low-grade epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma and was followed up for 3 years. Our patient, a 46-year-old female, presented with a left parotid mass of 20-year duration. Histopathologic results showed that there was only one area of typical epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma, with foci of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma (not otherwise specified; NOS) and clear cytoplasm in the parotid gland. Immunohistochemical staining results showed SMA (+), P63 (+), CK8 (+), and S100 (+) on epithelial cells. A review of the literature revealed 22 previously reported cases of dedifferentiated epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma. In these cases, the malignant tumors that dedifferentiated from epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma were adenoid cystic carcinoma, actinic cell carcinoma, polymorphous low-grade adenocarcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, and intraductal carcinoma. In our case, the malignant tumor that dedifferentiated from the epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma was a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Histopathological results showed that metastases were not seen in the neck-dissection material. As a result, our case will make a contribution to the literature in terms of prognosis, because there are very few reported cases of dedifferentiated adenocarcinoma development arising from epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma.
A Comparative Study between Olanzapine and Risperidone Regarding Drug-Induced Electrocardiographic Changes
Authors: Shoja Shafti Saeed , Fallah Jahromi Parisa
Published: September 2014

Introduction. Among atypical antipsychotics, none has been linked to torsade de pointes. In the present study, the electrocardiographic changes induced by olanzapine have been compared with risperidone. Method and Materials. 268 patients were entered into an open study for random assignment to olanzapine or risperidone. ECG was taken at baseline and at the end of the treatment. The parameters that had been assessed included Q-T interval (corrected = Q-Tc) and other related parameters. Correction of the observed Q-T interval was done according to Frederica’s formula (QTcF). Results. While 14.86% and 25% of the cases in the olanzapine group showed prolongation and shortening of QTcF, respectively, comparable changes in the risperidone group were restricted to its prolongation (32.5%). Comparison of means between baseline QTcF of risperidone group versus its posttreatment measurement showed a significant increment (P=0.02). Also, the quantity of cases with shortening of QTcF in the olanzapine group was significantly more than its opposite (P=0.02). Conclusion. Comparable propensity of olanzapine and risperidone for induction of electrocardiographic changes demands adequate cautiousness by clinicians, particularly with respect to shortening of Q-T interval, which was mainly noticeable in the olanzapine group.
Transverse Vibration and Waves in a Membrane: Frequency Domain Spectral Element Modeling and Analysis
Authors: Park Jungho , Park Ilwook , Lee Usik
Published: September 2014

Although the spectral element method (SEM) has been well recognized as an exact continuum element method, its application has been limited mostly to one‐dimensional (1D) structures, or plates that can be transformed into 1D‐like problems by assuming the displacements in one direction of the plate in terms of known functions. We propose a spectral element model for the transverse vibration of a finite membrane subjected to arbitrary boundary conditions. The proposed model is developed by using the boundary splitting method and the waveguide FEM‐based spectral super element method in combination. The performance of the proposed spectral element model is numerically validated by comparison with exact solutions and solutions using the standard finite element method (FEM).
Fulminant Wilson’s Disease Managed with Plasmapheresis as a Bridge to Liver Transplant
Authors: Hilal Talal , Morehead R. Scott
Published: September 2014

New-onset jaundice can be a manifestation of multiple pathologic processes including hemolysis, parenchymal liver disease, and cholestasis; the differential diagnosis is broad and requires a systematic approach. We report a case of a patient who presented with jaundice after starting minocycline for the treatment of acne vulgaris and rapidly developed fulminant liver failure found to be due to Wilson’s disease. She also manifested severe Coomb’s negative hemolytic anemia and renal failure secondary to hepatorenal syndrome. As a bridge to liver transplant, she was successfully treated with plasmapheresis to decrease serum copper in addition to hemodialysis for acidosis and hyperkalemia. She was able to receive a liver and made a full recovery. The case highlights the use of plasmapheresis as an adjunctive treatment modality in cases of fulminant liver failure due to Wilson’s disease.
Patch Testing in Suspected Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Cosmetics
Authors: Kumar Pramod , Paulose Rekha
Published: September 2014

Background. Increasing use of cosmetics has contributed to a rise in the incidence of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) to cosmetics. It is estimated that 1–5.4% of the population is sensitized to a cosmetic ingredient. Patch testing helps to confirm the presence of an allergy and to identify the actual allergens which are chemical mixtures of various ingredients.Objectives. The aims of this study are to perform patch testing in suspected ACD to cosmetics and to identify the most common allergen and cosmetic product causing dermatitis.Methods. Fifty patients with suspected ACD to cosmetics were patch-tested with 38 antigens of the Indian Cosmetic Series and 12 antigens of the Indian Standard Series.Results. The majority (58%) of patients belonged to the 21–40 years age group. The presence of ACD to cosmetics was confirmed in 38 (76%) patients. Face creams (20%), hair dyes (14%), and soaps (12%) were the most commonly implicated. The most common allergens identified were gallate mix (40%), cetrimide (28%), and thiomersal (20%). Out of a total of 2531 patches applied, positive reactions were obtained in 3.75%.Conclusion. Incidence of ACD to cosmetics was greater in females. Face creams and hair dyes were the most common cosmetic products implicated. The principal allergens were gallate mix, cetrimide, and thiomersal.
Estimation of Missing Rainfall Data Using GEP: Case Study of Raja River, Alor Setar, Kedah
Authors: Che Ghani Nor Zaimah , Abu Hasan Zorkeflee , Tze Liang Lau
Published: September 2014

Water resources and urban flood management require hydrologic and hydraulic modeling. However, incomplete precipitation data is often the issue during hydrological modeling exercise. In this study, gene expression programming (GEP) was utilised to correlate monthly precipitation data from a principal station with its neighbouring station located in Alor Setar, Kedah, Malaysia. GEP is an extension to genetic programming (GP), and can provide simple and efficient solution. The study illustrates the applications of GEP to determine the most suitable rainfall station to replace the principal rainfall station (station 6103047). This is to ensure that a reliable rainfall station can be made if the principal station malfunctioned. These were done by comparing principal station data with each individual neighbouring station. Result of the analysis reveals that the station 38 is the most compatible to the principal station where the value of R2 is 0.886.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Thermokinetic Analysis of New Epoxy Sugar Derivative
Authors: Erişkin Selinay Y. , Telli Fatma Ç. , Yıldırım Yeliz , Salman Yeşim
Published: September 2014

The synthesis of 5,6-O-isopropylidene-1,2-O-(R)-trichloroethylidene-α-D-glucofuranose (compound1) and 5,6-O-isopropylidene-1,2-O-(R)-trichloroethylidene-3-O-(2′,3′-epoxypropan-1′-yl)-α-D-glucofuranose (compound2) was carried out. The synthesized compounds1and2were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The FTIR and1H NMR spectra showed that the epoxy group in compound2was attached by means of a nucleophilic substitution reaction. The activation energies for thermal degradation of compounds1and2were calculated from their TG data by using the Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) and Tang methods.
Hyperautofluorescence in Outer Retinal Layers Thinning
Authors: Bertolotto Marina , Borgia Luigi , Iester Michele
Published: September 2014

Purpose. To evaluate if paracentral hyperautofluorescence (HAF) retinal regions, which can be occasionally found and analyzed by optical coherence tomography (OCT), were related to retinal layer changes and to detect which layer was involved.Methods. This is a cross-sectional and retrospective study. 648 OCT files were revised. OCTs that showed a paracentral HAF area by using the fundus autofluorescence imaging in Heidelberg Spectralis (Heidelberg Engineering, Germany) were selected. Then retinal layer morphology was analyzed observing OCT scans and a retinal thickness was measured.Results. 31 patients were selected: 20 patients had chronic serous epitheliopathy (CSE), 8 patients had resolved central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), and 3 patients wet age related macular degeneration (ARMD). The HAF zones corresponded to areas of thickness reduction of the external hyporeflective band. In all these areas the retinal pigment epithelium was not atrophic and the neuroepithelium was more or less dystrophic. In particular the retinal thickness was 264 um, 232 um, and 243 um in wet ARMD, CSE, and CSC, respectively; the reduction was significant (P<0.01) compared to the same area of the other eye.Discussion. The presence of HAF imaging might be mostly due to a “window effect” rather than an accumulation of lipofuscin.
Output‐Feedback Control of a Chaotic MEMS Resonator for Oscillation Amplitude Enhancement
Authors: Jimenez-Triana Alexander , Zhu Guchuan , Saydy Lahcen
Published: September 2014

The present work addresses the problem of chaos control in an electrostatic MEMS resonator by using an output‐feedback control scheme. One of the unstable orbits immersed in the chaotic attractor is stabilized in order to produce a sustained oscillation of the movable plate composing the microstructure. The orbit is carefully chosen so as to produce a high amplitude oscillation. This approach allows the enhancement of oscillation amplitude of the resonator at a reduced control effort, since the unstable orbit already exists in the system and it is not necessary to spend energy to create it. Realistic operational conditions of the MEMS are considered including parametric uncertainties in the model and constraints due to the difficulty in measuring the speed of the plates of the microstructure. A control law is constructed recursively by using the technique of backstepping. Finally, numerical simulations are carried out to confirm the validity of the developed control scheme and to demonstrate the effect of controlling orbits immersed in the chaotic attractor.
Wear Behavior of an Unstable Knee: Stabilization via Implant Design?
Authors: Reinders Jörn , Sonntag Robert , Kretzer Jan Philippe
Published: September 2014

Background. Wear-related failures and instabilities are frequent failure mechanisms of total knee replacements. High-conforming designs may provide additional stability for the joint. This study analyzes the effects of a ligamentous insufficiency on the stability and the wear behavior of a high-conforming knee design.Methods. Two simulator wear tests were performed on a high-conforming total knee replacement design. In the first, a ligamentous-stable knee replacement with a sacrificed anterior cruciate ligament was simulated. In the second, a ligamentous-unstable knee with additionally insufficient posterior cruciate ligament and medial collateral ligament was simulated. Wear was determined gravimetrically and wear particles were analyzed. Implant kinematics was recorded during simulation.Results. Significantly higher wear rates (P≤0.001) were observed for the unstable knee (14.58±0.56 mg/106cycles) compared to the stable knee (7.97 ± 0.87 mg/106cycles). A higher number of wear particles with only small differences in wear particle characteristics were observed. Under unstable knee conditions, kinematics increased significantly for translations and rotations (P≤0.01). This increase was mainly attributed to higher tibial posterior translation and internal rotations.Conclusion. Higher kinematics under unstable test conditions is a result of insufficient stabilization via implant design. Due to the higher kinematics, increased wear was observed in this study.
Periodontal Responses to Augmented Corticotomy with Collagen Membrane Application during Orthodontic Buccal Tipping in Dogs
Authors: Lee Dong-Yeol , Ahn Hyo-Won , Herr Yeek , Kwon Young-Hyuk , Kim Seong-Hun , Kim Eun-Cheol
Published: September 2014

This prospective randomized split-mouth study was performed to examine the effects of absorbable collagen membrane (ACM) application in augmented corticotomy using deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM), during orthodontic buccal tipping movement in the dog. After buccal circumscribing corticotomy and DBBM grafting into the decorticated area, flaps were repositioned and sutured on control sides. ACM was overlaid and secured with membrane tacks, on test sides only, and the flaps were repositioned and sutured. Closed coil springs were used to apply 200 g orthodontic force in the buccolingual direction on the second and third premolars, immediately after primary flap closure. The buccal tipping angles were31.19±14.60° and28.12±11.48° on the control and test sides, respectively. A mean of79.5 ± 16.0% of the buccal bone wall was replaced by new bone on the control side, and on the test side78.9±19.5% was replaced. ACM application promoted an even bone surface. In conclusion, ACM application in augmented corticotomy using DBBM might stimulate periodontal tissue reestablishment, which is useful for rapid orthodontic treatment or guided bone regeneration. In particular, ACM could control the formation of mesenchymal matrix, facilitating an even bone surface.
Modeling and Analysis of a Piezoelectric Energy Harvester with Varying Cross-Sectional Area
Authors: Rosa Maiara , De Marqui Junior Carlos
Published: September 2014

This paper reports on the modeling and on the experimental verification of electromechanically coupled beams with varying cross-sectional area for piezoelectric energy harvesting. The governing equations are formulated using the Rayleigh-Ritz method and Euler-Bernoulli assumptions. A load resistance is considered in the electrical domain for the estimate of the electric power output of each geometric configuration. The model is first verified against the analytical results for a rectangular bimorph with tip mass reported in the literature. The experimental verification of the model is also reported for a tapered bimorph cantilever with tip mass. The effects of varying cross-sectional area and tip mass on the electromechanical behavior of piezoelectric energy harvesters are also discussed. An issue related to the estimation of the optimal load resistance (that gives the maximum power output) on beam shape optimization problems is also discussed.
Structural Basis of Binding and Rationale for the Potent Urease Inhibitory Activity of Biscoumarins
Authors: Lodhi Muhammad Arif , Shams Sulaiman , Choudhary Muhammad Iqbal , Lodhi Atif , Ul-Haq Zaheer , Jalil Saima , Nawaz Sarfraz Ahmad , Khan Khalid Mohammed , Iqbal Sajid , Rahman Atta-ur
Published: September 2014

Urease belongs to a family of highly conserved urea-hydrolyzing enzymes. A common feature of these enzymes is the presence of two Lewis acid nickel ions and reactive cysteine residue in the active sites. In the current study we examined a series of biscoumarins1–10for their mechanisms of inhibition with the nickel containing active sites of Jack bean andBacillus pasteuriiureases. All these compounds competitively inhibited Jack bean urease through interaction with the nickel metallocentre, as deduced from Michaelis-Menten kinetics, UV-visible absorbance spectroscopic, and molecular docking simulation studies. Some of the compounds behaved differently in case ofBacillus pasteuriiurease. We conducted the enzyme kinetics, UV-visible spectroscopy, and molecular docking results in terms of the known protein structure of the enzyme. We also evaluated possible molecular interpretations for the site of biscoumarins binding and found that phenyl ring is the major active pharmacophore. The excellent in vitro potency and selectivity profile of the several compounds described combined with their nontoxicity against the human cells and plants suggest that these compounds may represent a viable lead series for the treatment of urease associated problems.
Sex Differences in the Prevalence, Progression, and Improvement of Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Okada Kazuyoshi , Yanai Mitsuru , Takeuchi Kazuhisa , Matsuyama Kazuhiro , Nitta Kosaku , Hayashi Kenji , Takahashi Susumu
Published: September 2014

Background/Aims: We examined sex differences in prevalence, progression, and improvement in early-stage chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods: We analyzed data from 533 participants who took 4 consecutive annual CKD detection tests. Results: Urine albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and hemoglobin (Hb) at baseline in men with and without CKD and in women with and without CKD were 8.3±6.1, 149.2±310.4, 10.2±5.8, and 96.7±246.8 mg/g Cr; 83.4±14.7, 63.8±18.8, 79.9±13.0, and 69.4±20.0 mL/min/1.73 m2; and 14.8±1.2, 14.3±1.4, 13.0±1.0, and 13.0±1.2 mg/dL, respectively. ACR levels decreased significantly over time in men and women with CKD and they increased significantly over time in men and women without CKD. eGFR levels in men and women with CKD did not significantly change over time, but they decreased significantly over time in men and women without CKD. CKD prevalence and progression rate were not significantly different between sexes. Among the CKD participants, significantly more women had a “cured” status at 3 years (39.1% vs. 19.4%, P<0.01). Most whose eGFR increased to >60 mL/min/1.73 m2 at 3 years had values just below those at baseline. Regression analysis showed that change in eGFR correlated significantly with ACR in men with CKD (change in eGFR = -1.707+0.022×ACR, P<0.001, r2=0.201) and with Hb and ACR in women with CKD (change in eGFR = 48.870-3.803×Hb + 0.018×ACR, P<0.05, r2=0.134). Conclusions: These results suggest that the slight decrease of Hb within a normal range and mild anemia can be managed in women with early-stage CKD. The key baseline for eGFR is 60 mL/min/1.73 m2.
Are Natalizumab and Fingolimod Analogous Second-Line Options for the Treatment of Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis? A Clinical Practice Observational Study
Authors: Gajofatto Alberto , Bianchi Maria Rachele , Deotto Luciano , Benedetti Maria Donata
Published: September 2014

Background: It is unclear whether natalizumab and fingolimod have analogous efficacy for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Objective: To compare the outcome of RRMS patients treated with either therapy. Methods: RRMS patients treated with natalizumab or fingolimod at Verona Hospital, Italy, were included. The study design was retrospective, based on prospectively collected clinical and MRI data. As efficacy outcomes, time to relapse, relapse rate, expanded disability status scale (EDSS) score change, and new T2/gadolinium-enhancing lesions on brain MRI were compared over treatment period between the two groups. Multivariate Cox and logistic regression models were used to control for potential confounders. Results: Fifty-seven subjects receiving natalizumab and 30 receiving fingolimod for a median duration of 23 (1-63) and 22 (2-35) months, respectively (p = 0.22) were included. Patients treated with natalizumab had a more active pre-treatment disease course compared to those treated with fingolimod. In multivariate analysis, the relapse risk was reduced in patients on natalizumab (Hazard Ratio = 0.33; 95% CI = 0.11-1.03; p = 0.056) compared to those on fingolimod. There was no significant difference in EDSS and MRI outcomes. No relevant unexpected adverse events occurred. One patient discontinued natalizumab for progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Conclusions: RRMS patients receiving natalizumab had higher baseline disease activity and lower relapse risk over 20 months of treatment compared to those receiving fingolimod. Head-to-head randomized clinical trials are needed.
MRI Study: Objective Olfactory Function and CNS Pathologies in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Holinski Franca , Schmidt Felix , Dahlslett Sarah B. , Harms Lutz , Bohner Georg , Olze Heidi
Published: September 2014

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease characterized by CNS lesions causing physical and cognitive impairment. Using psychophysical testing, an olfactory disorder is diagnosed in 15-38.5% of patients with MS. Olfactometry permits objective testing of the sensory nerve function. Methods: The study looked at 20 patients with MS. Clinical, olfactory (chemosensory evoked potentials), and MRI data (volume of the bulbus olfactorius (BO), olfactory brain (OB), lesions in the CNS) were analyzed. Results: 25 percent of patients were hyposmic, exhibiting higher OB lesion volumes and smaller bulb volumes. H2S and CO2 latencies and the BO volume (inversely) correlated with the volume and number of MS lesions of the olfactory brain in all patients. Patients with a smaller olfactory bulb volume exhibited longer H2S latencies (p = 0.025). Conclusion: A relationship between olfactory bulb volume, olfactory brain lesion load, and objective olfactory function testing in MS patients was investigated in all patients. Our data shows that brain damage characteristic of MS, including reduced bulb volume, causes an increase in chemosensory potential latencies and an olfactory function deficit.
Risk Factors and Therapeutic Outcomes of Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis
Authors: Gu Min Geun , Kim Tae Nyeun , Song Jay , Nam Yoon Jeong , Lee Jae Young , Park Jun Suk
Published: September 2014

Objective: Acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) is traditionally known to occur in critically ill patients and to have a poor prognosis. Although cholecystectomy is usually recommended for treating AAC, nonsurgical management may be a good alternative. The objective of this study was to review the incidence, risk factors, treatment modality, and therapeutic outcomes of AAC compared to acute calculous cholecystitis (ACC). Material and Methods: Data from 69 patients with AAC and 415 patients with ACC between January 2007 and August 2011 were collected. Analysis and comparison of clinicopathological features and therapeutic outcomes between patients with AAC and those with ACC was performed. Results: The number of patients over 50 years of age was significantly higher in the AAC group compared with the ACC group (92.8 vs. 81.7%, p = 0.023). Cerebrovascular accidents were significantly more frequent in patients with AAC than in those with ACC (15.9 vs. 6.7%, p = 0.016). A higher incidence of gangrenous cholecystitis was observed in the AAC group (31.2 vs. 5.6%, p = 0.001). The overall therapeutic outcomes for patients did not differ statistically between the AAC and ACC groups, irrespective of treatment modalities. The recurrence rate after nonsurgical treatment was significantly lower in the AAC group than in the ACC group (2.7 vs. 23.2%, p = 0.005). Conclusions: The risk of AAC increases in patients with advanced age and cerebrovascular accidents. Incidence of gangrenous cholecystitis was higher in AAC compared to ACC. Nonsurgical treatments such as antibiotics alone or percutaneous cholecystostomy might be effective in selected patients.
Comparison of Clinical and Histological Effects between Lactobacillus-Fermented Chamaecyparis obtusa and Tea Tree Oil for the Treatment of Acne: An Eight-Week Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Split-Face Study
Authors: Kwon Hyuck Hoon , Yoon Ji Young , Park Seon Yong , Min Seonguk , Suh Dae Hun
Published: September 2014

Background: Screening of natural compounds for the development of anti-acne therapeutic agents has been steadily required considering various side effects of acne medications. However, previous studies have mainly focused on experimental tests without clinical trials and histopathological analysis. Objectives: To compare the clinical efficacy, safety and histopathological changes between Lactobacillus-fermented Chamaecyparis obtusa (LFCO) and existing tea tree oil (TTO). Methods: A total of 34 patients were instructed to apply 5% LFCO to the involved areas of a randomly allocated side and 5% TTO extract to the other side for 8 weeks in a double-blind split-face clinical trial. Results: After 8 weeks, inflammatory acne lesions were reduced by 65.3% on the LFCO side and by 38.2% on the TTO side. LFCO was also superior to TTO in the onset time of efficacy (p < 0.05). The LFCO side further demonstrated improvement for non-inflammatory lesions (52.6%, p < 0.05), decreased size of sebaceous glands and sebum output reductions. Patients' subjective satisfaction was also higher without severe adverse reactions. Protein expressions of nuclear factor κB decreased earlier on the LFCO side, and those of interleukin-1a (IL-1a), IL-8, insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 decreased subsequently. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry further demonstrated that the contents of dihydroxybenzoic acid, taxifolin and quercetin were increased in LFCO after fermentation. Conclusions: LFCO treatment was rapid and effective for treating acne lesions compared to TTO. Histopathological findings correlated well with the clinical acne grade and treatment response. This novel natural compound appears to be effective and safe for acne treatment.
Molecular Identification of Giardia intestinalis in Patients with Dyspepsia
Authors: Fouad Shawky A. , Esmat Serag , Basyoni Maha M.A. , Farhan Marwa Salah , Kobaisi Mohamed H.
Published: September 2014

Background/Aims:Giardia intestinalis triggers symptoms of functional dyspepsia. The aim of this study was to distinguish genotypes of G. intestinalis isolated from dyspeptic patients to evaluate their correlation with dyspeptic symptoms. Methods: In total, 120 dyspeptic subjects were investigated by upper endoscopy, including gastric and duodenal biopsies for histopathological examination, and parasitological examination of their stools and duodenal aspirates was performed. The patients were classified into five groups: group I (G. intestinalis) included 19 patients, group II (Helicobacter pylori) included 36 patients, group III (coeliac disease) included 3 patients, group IV (mixed G. intestinalis and H. pylori infection) included 4 patients, and group V (unexplained aetiology) included 58 patients. Genotyping of G. intestinalis was performed for groups I and IV using PCR-RFLP. The urease test was performed for H. pylori. Serum anti-gliadin, anti-endomysial and anti-transglutaminase antibody estimation was performed for the diagnosis of coeliac disease. Results: Genotype A of G. intestinalis was detected in the stool samples of 68.42% (13/19) and the duodenal aspirates of 42.1% (8/19) of dyspeptic patients harbouring the parasite. Genotype B was detected in 31.58% (6/19) of cases in stool samples and in 3 cases in duodenal aspirates. Conclusions:H. pylori, G. intestinalis and coeliac disease are common causes of dyspepsia. G. intestinalis genotype A demonstrated a greater association with dyspeptic symptoms.
Sexual Difference in Bone Geometry of Adult Patients with Classical Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Data Using Peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography
Authors: Bechtold Susanne , Beyerlein Andreas , Bonfig Walter , Dalla Pozza Robert , Putzker Stephanie , Otto Ragna , Schmidt Heinrich , Schwarz Hans Peter
Published: September 2014

Background/Aims: Glucocorticoid treatment may influence bone and muscle development in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). This study evaluated bone mineral density (BMD), bone geometry and muscle mass. Methods: 73 adult patients with classical CAH were followed. BMD, bone geometry and muscle mass were measured using peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). Glucocorticoid-equivalent doses throughout life were calculated and at the time pQCT androgen levels were measured. Results: In males the mean standard deviation (SD) score for trabecular BMD (-0.33 ± 0.71) was reduced, whereas mean cortical BMD (1.05 ± 1.11) was elevated. Mean total (0.86 ± 1.12) and medullary cross-sectional area (CSA; 1.12 ± 1.17) were significantly increased (p < 0.001). In all patients SD scores for cortical thickness (-0.65 ± 0.91) and muscle CSA (-0.83 ± 0.91) were reduced. Treatment duration was associated with lower trabecular BMD in males (r = -0.63, p < 0.001). Suppressed androgens and simple virilizing CAH had an adverse effect on the muscle CSA SD score (OR 0.58 and 0.46, respectively, p < 0.05). Conclusion: There was a sexual difference with enlarged total and medullary CSA in females, whereas in males trabecular BMD was reduced and cortical BMD elevated. Cortical thickness and muscle CSA were reduced in all CAH patients with a possible long-term impact on bone development and stability. Monitoring of bone and muscle development might be warranted.
Acute Kidney Injury Induced by Various Pneumoperitoneum Pressures in a Rabbit Model of Mild and Severe Hydronephrosis
Authors: Li Wei , Cao Zhixiu , Xia Zhongyuan , Meng Qingtao , Yu Wei-min , Yao Xiaobing , Cheng Fan
Published: September 2014

Objective: Increased pneumoperitoneum pressure during laparoscopic surgery can result in acute kidney injury. We aimed to clarify whether intraabdominal pressure tolerance is modified in various degrees of unilateral kidney hydronephrosis in rabbits. Methods: A total 90 rabbits were randomly allocated to three groups (group PN, PM and PS, i.e. rabbits with no, mild and severe hydronephrosis, respectively, subjected to intraabdominal pressures). Rabbits in group PM (n = 30) and group PS (n = 30) underwent a surgical procedure inducing a mild or severe left hydronephrosis. Rabbits in all groups were then allocated to 5 subgroups. Then, they were subjected to intraabdominal pressures of 0, 6, 9, 12, and 15 mm Hg, respectively. Acute kidney injury was assessed by measuring serum creatinine (Scr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), tubular cell apoptosis, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and cysteine-rich 61 (Cyr-61/CCN1) expression. Results: Acute kidney injury with increased tubular apoptosis and KIM-1 and Cyr-61 expression occurred when intraabdominal pressure reached 15, 15 and 9 mm Hg in PN, PM and PS groups, respectively. The Scr and BUN levels were similar in all groups. Conclusions: In rabbits, kidneys with severe hydronephrosis were more likely to suffer acute injury when they were exposed to pneumoperitoneal pressure.