bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Control Systems on Filter Performance
Authors: Rogers M. E.
Published: February 2018

Current filter design and operating trends are toward higher unit filter rates and wider flow variations through filters. To prevent deterioration of effluent quality from inherent or induced surges at these higher rates, control systems must provide stable performance. The items entering into a flow control loop must be carefully selected. Manufacturers specializing in filter flow control systems have designs available that will fulfill all of the criteria mentioned in this discussion. The sand filter, rather than being an expensive adjunct to water treatment, is now resuming its proper status as an important element in the water treatment process.
Cost Indexes for Water Utility Property
Authors: Fick Henry H.
Published: February 2018

This article presents statistical cost index data for the period of 1953‐63. The data is presented in the same manner as earlier data from the 1913‐52 period including, for comparison purposes, annual indexes at lO‐year intervals for the earlier period.
Economics of Safety Programs
Authors: Anders Willard W.
Published: February 2018

This article provides an economic evaluation of the cost of accidents to the water industry. The article calculates the “severity rate,” or days of work lost per million man‐hours worked, which is the standard by which the costs of accidents are appraised. The results of a safety program instituted in the Richmond, Virginia, Department of Public Utilities are discussed.
Responsibility of the Manager With Respect to Proposed State Legislation
Authors: Healy Edward R.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the role of the utility manager in legislative matters affecting the water industry.
Report on Demonstration Plants for Saline‐Water Conversion
Authors: MacGowan C. F.
Published: February 2018

The program that Congress has authorized for the Office of Saline Water (OSW) of the U.S. Department of the Interior is primarily a research and development effort whose final objective is the improvement of saline‐water conversion until it becomes an economical source of usable water. The program covers a range of activities from fundamental research to the construction and operation of million‐gallon‐per‐day demonstration plants. This article focuses on the “hardware” phases of the work, but a brief overview of other aspects of the program is provided first. The article briefly discusses four of the demonstration plants that were authorized at Freeport, Texas; San Diego, California; Webster, South Dakota; and, Roswell, New Mexico. The fifth plant, because of its experimental nature, has been redesignated a pilot plant; its construction is nearly complete at Wrightsville Beach, North Carolina.
Effect of Watershed Area Oil Fields on Water Quality
Authors: Hirsch A. Adler
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a study on the increasing salinity of Cross Lake, part of a drainage area located across the Texas‐Louisiana border that contains two important oil fields, the Greenwood‐Waskom and Longwood fields in Louisiana, and the Waskom and Longwood fields in Texas. Study results indicate that the lake has become ten times more salty since the widespread production of oil in these fields, and the resulting pollution of the tributaries by uncontrolled brines.
Analytical Chemistry of Aqueous Manganese
Authors: Morgan J. J. , Stumm Werner
Published: February 2018

This article presents methods developed for applications in laboratory studies on the fundamental chemistry of manganese in the II and IV oxidation states. These methods should also apply to the study of manganese in water supplies and other natural waters. The studies described may be grouped under the following headings: separation of solid manganese oxides and soluble manganous manganese; spectrophotometric determination of manganous manganese after separation from higher‐valent forms; and, spectrophotometric determination of manganese in higher oxidation tastes.
Determination of Radioactive Phosphorus
Authors: Hahn Richard B. , Ross Harley H.
Published: February 2018

A solvent extraction method was recently proposed for the determination of radiophosphorus in mixtures of radionuclides. This method is rapid and free of interference from other radionuclides. It is used as the basis for the procedure described in this article for the determination of radiophosphorus in water. In this method, phosphorus activity is concentrated from water by coprecipitation with aluminum hydroxide. The precipitate is dissolved in perchloric acid and a manganese dioxide scavenging step is performed to remove radioniobium. Phosphorus is then separated from other activities by extraction of the phosphomolydate complex into a butanol‐chloroform mixture. The phosphorus is back‐extracted into ammonia and precipitated as magnesium ammonium phosphate, which is weighed and betacounted.
Photographic Examination of Wells
Authors: Jensen Owen F. , Ray William
Published: February 2018

This article describes the subscope camera that has been developed to photograph specific conditions as they exist in a well. Study and evaluation of these photographs can then result in a better selection of corrective methods and can reduce the cost of repairs; or, in some cases, photographs can indicate that wells should be abandoned, because repair would be too expensive or effective for only a short period. The most common uses of the subscope camera are described in this article.
Improvements in Instrumentation and Techniques for Microelectrophoresis
Authors: Black A. P. , Smith Annie L.
Published: February 2018

The determination of the mobility of colloidal particles by microelectrophoresis is a technique that continues to gain widespread interest and application in the field of coagulation. Since the publication of an article in 1962 by Black and Smith on the operating procedures for microelectrophoretic studies, a number of improvements have been made in both the technique and the equipment. This article notes the improvements that have been made since the introduction of this research technique and is presented as additional supplementary information for the procedure.
Industrial Wastes and Water Supplies
Authors: Evans Ralph
Published: February 2018

This article is concerned principally with problems arising where the outlets for conveying liquid industrial wastes are intentionally designed for discharge into a watercourse, rather than sources characterized by unintentional periodic discharges of finished products, such as diesel fuel from a ruptured tank, acid from a valve failure, or gasoline from line leakage. The article recognizes the improbability, but always the possibility, of underground water contamination in using certain methods for properly disposing of liquid industrial wastes. In Illinois, there are no outlets conveying industrial‐waste effluents intentionally designed for discharge into aquifers capable of furnishing potable water; there are, however, installations where excessive subsurface seepage must be minimized.
Sea Water Conversion Study in Southern California
Authors: Skinner Robert A.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a seawater conversion study that the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWD) conducted in collaboration with the federal government. The study objective was the development of a preliminary design for the first really big desalting plant that would use atomic fuel as a source of heat, and would also be the first dual‐purpose plant to produce large quantities of electric power.
Water Line Freeze Problems in Mountainous Colorado Communities
Authors: Wright Kenneth R.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses actual freezing problems encountered by municipal water systems in Colorado's mountains. Individual cases include the towns of Frisco, Blue Spruce, Granby, and Leadville. The article discusses certain observations made during field construction and inspections.
Microelectrophoretic Studies of Coagulation With Aluminum Sulfate
Authors: Williams Robert L.
Published: February 2018

Until recently, no reliable guide was available to adequately measure the optimum coagulation dose. This article discusses a new technique involving the measurement of zeta potential that seems to be the answer to this problem.
Expanded Concept of Water Service
Authors: Burzell Linden R.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the level of customer service offered by U.S. water utilities. Additional services, such as are already offered by other utilities, are beginning to be adopted by water utilities throughout the U.S. and more may prove justified by surveys to determine what special services the customer wants on his side of the meter. Better public relations and a more efficient system as a whole should be the result of an expanded concept of service.
Nematodes in an Aerobic Waste Treatment Plant
Authors: Chaudhuri Nilay , Engelbrecht R. S. , Austin John H.
Published: February 2018

The objective of this study was to evaluate aerobic waste treatment plants as breeding sites for nematodes and to locate the unit processes and operations favorable for such breeding. The Urbana‐ Champaign (Illinois) Sanitary District waste treatment plant was chosen for this study. This plant uses the two processes, trickling‐filter and activated‐ sludge units, to treat the same domestic waste. This arrangement made possible a comparative evaluation of these two processes as nematode breeding sites. Furthermore, previous studies of the origin of the nematode population found in the Boneyard‐Saline Branch Drainage System were of assistance in estimating the relative contribution of nematodes discharged by the treatment plant. The nematode population at various locations within the treatment plant was monitored weekly from September 1962 to mid‐ September 1963.
Economics of Split‐Treatment Water Softening
Authors: Shuey Bruce S.
Published: February 2018

This article presents three major reasons why split treatment is more economical than single‐stage softening. Aside from the monetary savings from split treatment, a water of more uniform quality can be produced with much less trouble than with either single‐stage softening or split recarbonation. This uniform quality makes it easier to treat the water for other purposes. The article concludes that when a finished water with the minimum total alkalinity is produced and an average of S4 mgd is treated, the annual savings at the Dayton, Ohio, Ottawa St. plant presently amounts to more than $80,000.
Elimination of Nematodes, Crenothrix, and Other Organisms
Authors: Maffitt Howard C.
Published: February 2018

This article presents a study on eliminating nematodes, Crenothrix, and other organisms from the water wells and distribution system of Alexandria, Louisiana. The interior of the well was effectively treated with chlorine to eliminate the organisms, which included nematodes, annelids, and nuisance bacteria – iron, sulfur, sulfate‐reducing, and slime. The wells were cleared of organisms in the interior and the formation area adjacent to the well screens.
New Water Supply System at Merida, Yucatan
Authors: Babcock Russell H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the new water supply system that will serve the cities of Merida and Progreso, in the Mexican state of Yucatan. Two additional lines will run from the Progreso booster station to the towns of Chelen and Chicxulub located, respectively, west and east of Progreso. Because of construction problems, all pipe is laid at a depth of about 2 ft, which is sufficient to provide traffic protection. Asbestos‐cement pipe is primarily used throughout the system. Control of the booster stations within Merida will be by means of magnetic couplings on the pumps, so that the pressure conditions will always meet the demand. Elevated storage, located at Progreso, Chelen, and Chicxulub, will fill the reservoirs and shut down the system at times of low flow.
Selective Removal of Mixed Phosphates by Activated Alumina
Authors: Yee William C.
Published: February 2018

This article demonstrates that those forms of phosphate normally introduced into water streams as detergent and fertilizer wastes may be selectively sorbed by a column of activated alumina. The forms of phosphate of concern include sodium orthophosphate (OP), NaH2PO4 tetra‐sodium pyrophosphate (PP), Na4P207, penta‐sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP), Na5P3010, and sodium hexametaphosphate (RTP), (NaP03)n (for these experiments, (NaPO3)8.4 avg. was used). Whereas conventional alum treatment for phosphate decontamination increases the concentration of sulfate ion in the treated water stream, activated alumina treatment does not. The sorption and regeneration data presented demonstrate that the selective removal of phosphates by activated alumina is both efficient and economical.
Consistent Communications
Authors: Gorder Zenno A.
Published: February 2018

This article presents the Madison (Wisconsin) Water Utility's public relations program, which was founded on improved techniques devised by professionals in all fields, with an admixture of ideas derived from personal experience. The program was designed to improve the public image of the utility to the maximum degree; obtain recognition of its responsibilities and capabilities for delivering one of the three most needed substances for life – water – and secure acceptance of its needs and full approval of its operations and expansion program. The major purpose of the program was to establish a good relationship with the news media by giving all the facts, favorable or unfavorable. This objectivity allows the public to make a fair appraisal of the circumstances. The utility's image will continue to benefit from the policy of examining both sides of a situation before informing the public as to the course to be taken.
Effect of Filtration Rate on Filtrate Quality
Authors: Segall Burton A. , Okun Daniel A.
Published: February 2018

In the filtration of water through a granular medium, the effective utilization of the total depth of the medium is sought. Increased grain size and increased filtration rates are two current approaches for inducing deeper penetration of suspended solids into the bed. The purpose of this investigation was to examine, on a plant scale, the effects of filtration rate, influent water quality, and filter media sizes and porosity on filtrate quality. Both sand filters and anthracite filters were examined, and the differences in the performance of both media are attributable to differences in grain size and porosity of the two materials, rather than the materials themselves. The effects of filtration rate and influent turbidity on filtrate quality were also a function of media grain size and porosity. Another problem with the coarser medium was the poor effluent quality at all rates during the initial operating period after backwashing. The results of these experiments indicate that the conventional rate of 2 gpm/sq ft is not necessarily the correct rate.
Aspects of Water Utility Operations in the Atlantic Provinces of Canada
Authors: Kline J. D.
Published: February 2018

This article provides a brief overview of water utility operations in the Atlantic Provinces of Canada that inlcude Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, and Prince Edward Island. Specifically, the article mentions two regulatory authorities in Nova Scotia that govern water utility operation, the Nova Scotia Water Authority and the Nova Scotia Board of Commissioners of Public Utilities. Also mentioned are various sources of revenue for the Halifax Public Service Commission.
Review of Rapid Sand Filtration Theory
Authors: Craft T. F.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses three major aspects of rapid sand filtration: the flow of water through a porous medium; the removal of turbidity during passage through the medium; and, backwashing.
Method for Deep Well Alignment Tests
Authors: Jann Richard H.
Published: February 2018

This article describes a convenient method for plotting and interpreting the results of deep well alignment tests. It is common in making alignment tests to obtain accurate field data and to reduce the readings with mathematical precision, only to interpret the results with vague or inadequate methods. The article describes methods used in making an alignment test of a deep well. The acquisition and mathematical reduction of field data are given briefly to provide background only, as the real intent of this article is to discuss the subsequent utilization of the data obtained.
Water Rights Litigation
Authors: Taylor Edward F.
Published: February 2018

This article briefly covers water rights litigation across most of the U.S., and discusses the water studies and programs many of the states have carried on over the past decade that now have begun to pay dividends in assuring ample supplies to municipalities.
Soil and Geologic Engineering Investigation, Design, and Construction of San Joaquin Reservoir
Authors: Wahler W. A.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the San Joaquin Reservoir project in Orange County, California. The principal features of the project are a compacted earth‐sedimentary rock fill dam, a fully lined reservoir, an emergency spillway system, a storm water diversion system, an inlet pipeline, and an outlet structure and pipeline. In order to line the reservoir, the natural canyon had to be shaped using either cut or fill over most of the reservoir area. The unified‐design concept used in this project was the long‐term monitoring of the embankment instruments. In addition to their use during construction, these instruments provide a basis for determining the postconstruction and operational seepage pressures at various locations within the dam and reservoir lining, as well as the project settlement characteristics. This ability to monitor dam performance, so as to detect the occurrence of any unforeseen major embankment problem, allows the project design to operate on a more realistic and economical basis.
Operating Characteristics of Bacterial Water Quality Standards
Authors: Duttweiler David W.
Published: February 2018

In this paper, operating characteristic curves (GC curves) of the U.S. Public Health Service bacteriologic quality standards for both the membrane filter (MF) method and the most probable number (MPN) method are derived. These curves give the probability, Pa, that water of a certain coliform bacteria density will be acceptable and satisfy the standards as a function of that density.
Planning for State Water Resources Administration
Authors: Metzler Dwight F.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses four basic responsibilities of any state determined to implement a water development and management program: to determine the state water needs in sufficient detail to provide guidance to policy objectives; to provide for the implementation of policies through state assistance and coordination with the local and federal levels of government; to build the legal framework necessary for implementation of policies; and, to focus responsibilities for the development of policy and the coordination of state water programs in one agency, even though several agencies may collect data, carry out investigations, and enforce laws.
Main Extension Policy for New Territory
Authors: Estrada Alfred A.
Published: February 2018

The greatest problem in developing new territories is choosing the best method to finance the extensions. In these days of high construction costs, it is most unusual for the revenue derived from main extensions to support their cost and also pay for its share of operating and other general costs. Pennsylvania private water companies and municipal authorities that supply water have been canvassed to secure data relevant to this problem. Approximately 60 per cent of the 100 private and 120 municipal authorities canvassed, 59 and 72, respectively, responded. Almost three‐fourths of the water agencies that answered had written main extension policies and, in general, these extension policies applied equally to developers and individual applicants. An analysis of the results of this survey is provided in the article.
Water Utility Ratemaking
Authors: Deuel Orville P.
Published: February 2018

This article concludes that the Wisconsin Public Service Commission encourages municipal utilities to establish water rates that will provide sufficient revenues to continue adequate water service. The commission is also concerned with the needs of the state of Wisconsin and the need for water rate schedules that will help in attracting and holding industries. The commission also desires that rate schedules shall impose no unreasonable discrimination on customers and shall, as nearly as possible, place on each class of customer an appropriate share of the cost for services rendered.
Field Testing of Large Meters
Authors: Hudson William D.
Published: February 2018

Experience in field testing of master meters and large industrial meters for a number of years has shown that all meters will produce accurate registration for many years if given reasonable maintenance, and if properly sized, and installed. Frequent testing is necessary, however. The loss of revenue from only a few slow meters will pay for the entire cost of a field testing crew for an entire year. Field testing of meters pays dividends, and the frequency of testing is justified when the tests show no underregistration.
Water Resources of the Delaware River Estuary
Authors: Wright James F.
Published: February 2018

The estuary of the Delaware River is formed by the tidal portion of the Delaware River, the Delaware Bay, and their tributaries. It extends from Trenton, New Jersey in the north, to Cape May, New Jersey and Henlopen, Delaware in the south, a distance of about 130 miles. The upper reach of the tidal river, from Trenton to a location that varies from Philadelphia to Marcus Hook is, in effect, a natural impoundment of fresh water dammed up by the salt water of the lower estuary. The downstream limit of water in which sea salts are undetectable varies with the tide, wind, freshwater inflow, and other factors. The Delaware is vital to the development of the country's most heavily populated area, yet it is not a large river. The article discusses tidal characteristics in addition to the estuary characteristics already mentioned, along with salinity issues and planning considerations.
Undersea Aqueduct System
Authors: McCammon Lewis B. , Lee Fred C.
Published: February 2018

The National Engineering Science Company (NESCO) and the United Technology Center (UTC) have explored the development of an undersea aqueduct system along the Pacific Coast that would transfer large quantities of freshwater from areas of surplus to areas of need in California and the Pacific Southwest. The system's undersea pipelines are titled “mainland shelf aqueducts” because they would be located on the mainland shelf, which is the shallowest portion of the continental shelf off the Pacific Coast. The undersea system's primary features are discussed, along with the bouyancy concept, the hydraulic profile of the system, water costs, the mainland shelf, undersea canyons, and maintenance and conservation issues.
Digital Computers as a Water Utility Tool
Authors: Hann Roy W.
Published: February 2018

The purpose of this article was to provide administrators in the water utility field with a practical summary of computer programming systems, computer hardware, programming training requirements, computer economics, and computer uses.
Virus Inactivation in Water‐Softening Precipitation Processes
Authors: Thayer Steven E. , Sproul Otis J.
Published: February 2018

The principal objective of this research was to determine the nature and extent of the effect of water‐softening precipitation processes on bacterial viruses. The virus used in this study was the T2 bacteriophage. Esch. coli, strain B, was used in a pure culture as the host bacterium for quantitative determinations of the virus concentration. Stock solutions of coagulants were prepared from reagent grade chemicals. Synthetic water samples, containing known amounts of calcium, magnesium, alkalinity, carbon dioxide, and total hardness in the range of 100‐500 mg/l were prepared and placed in each of five 2,000‐ml reaction beakers. A sixth beaker, containing the same volume of distilled water adjusted to pH 7.0 with a hydrated lime solution, served as a control. The six beakers were placed under a standard jar test machine with a variable‐speed mixer. Appropriate volumes of stock bacteriophage suspension were diluted and added to each of the beakers. Immediately after the initiation of rapid mixing (100 rpm), the required amounts of softening chemicals were added, and rapid mixing was continued for one minute after addition of the chemicals.
Legal Problems of Water Utilities
Authors: Taylor Edward F.
Published: February 2018

An apparent socio‐legal policy of placing the burden upon public water utility agencies in negligence cases has been a growing concern of the water problems committee of the National Institute of Municipal Law Officers (NIMLO). This article discusses cases in Kansas, Michigan, and Washington, among others, where the courts have specifically invoked the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur to raise the inference of municipal responsibility for alleged injuries.
Supplementary Supply for Wichita, Kan.
Authors: Weller Lloyd W.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses Kansas' Cheney Reservoir multipurpose project located on the Ninnescah River, Wichita's second water supply, that was conceived and carried out cooperatively by the city of Wichita and the Bureau of Reclamation. The municipal water supply pool has a volume of 149,500 acre‐ft and is calculated to produce a yield of 35 mgd during a drought period such as that of 1952‐56. Under normal rainfall conditions, the pool can be expected to provide 60 mgd. Major works constructed by the city include the Cheney Reservoir pumping station, pretreatment works and appurtenances, the raw‐water transmission line, and a communication and control cable. For convenience, the pumping facilities and the pretreatment works are discussed separately, although they are housed in the same structure.
Fire Protection for Tomorrow's Demand
Authors: Bond Horatio
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the factors that influence demand for fire protection, including: the characteristics of the burning material, as well as the amount of water needed to extinguish the fire; a knowledge of the contents of the buildings and of how the building's materials burn; the arrangement of the building space, with fire sprinkler protection required for hard to reach areas; and, the protection of life against fire, as in nursing homes and hospitals where people can not be moved. Proper allocation of fire protection costs is discussed, along with shifting most of the burden for the extraordinary future demand on public water systems to the property owners who create them, effective enforcement of a building code, fire protection of specific properties, and connection charges.
Prevention of Steel Corrosion by Concrete
Authors: Bailey James H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses a study by the American Concrete Pressure Pipe Association with the overall objective of explaining the principles by which concrete prevents corrosion. Specific objectives were to examine the types of exposure conditions that lessen this protective capacity, and to discover methods by which to preserve the protective effect. Tests were made to determine whether bond between steel and concrete was reduced or destroyed by cathodic protection. In another test, the voltage was applied so that the center electrode was the cathode.
A Statistical Analysis of Water Works Data for 1960
Authors: Seidel Harris F. , Cleasby John L.
Published: February 2018

This analysis is based on a study of the fourth in a series of surveys begun by AWWA in 1945 – a periodic accounting of the U.S. water utility industry. A wealth of information on water use, physical characteristics, rates, and finances is offered by the data from the 1960 survey, published in the form of two AWWA staff reports. The data offer at least two broad areas of interest from the utility management standpoint. The first involves averages, frequencies, and trends that may answer such questions as whether operating costs are affected by size of a city, whether per capita water use is increasing, and whether water rates are keeping up with rising costs. The second general area of interest relates to defining norms or typical values for many phases of operation and management. Such values may serve as a yardstick for utilities of comparable size and circumstances.
Design Parameters for Rural Water Distribution Systems
Authors: Ginn H. W. , Corey M. W. , Middlebrooks E. J.
Published: February 2018

At present, little information is available that gives water demands per residence in rural communities. This study provides information regarding instantaneous demands that should be useful in the design of rural water systems. Also, average daily demands for nine rural water systems are presented. Sampling procedures are provided, along with climatic conditions, and the theory of probability. The study concluded the following: the average daily demands of the rural systems are less than the average daily demands of urban systems and thus impose different design requirements; the peak instantaneous flow of 9.5 gpm for a single residence has a probability of one in 10,000 of occurrence; and, this probability study provides a basis for predicting the instantaneous flow requirements for any given number of houses within the hydraulic limitations of the system.
Natural Processes and Their Influence on Reservoir Water Quality
Authors: Walesh Stuart G.
Published: February 2018

The two principal objectives of this study were to: provide a representative description of the physical, chemical and biologic aspects of Loch Raven Reservoir, the principal source of water supply for Baltimore, Maryland; and, illustrate how natural phenomena may affect the quality of water within, and withdrawn from, surface water supply impoundments. Field work and laboratory analyses were conducted by the author from early April through November of 1964, the period when a large lake or reservoir in this part of the country passes from spring turnover through summer stratification to fall turnover.
AWWA's Role in Training
Authors: Louis Leo
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the acute need for training in the water industry, what AWWA offers in the form of training and education, and the huge gap between what is necessary and what is being done. The article briefly reviews the history of training within AWWA and the water industry, discusses programs currently offered, suggests methods for improving the quality and quantity of training, and stresses the benefits of well‐trained personnel.
Continuous Amperometry for Determination of Fluorides in Water
Authors: Morrow James J. , Henry James L.
Published: February 2018

In this study, a continuous method based on an amperometric principle of determining fluorides in water is presented. The electrochemical cell utilizes a high‐purity aluminum measuring electrode and an aluminum alloy counter‐electrode. The cell's response is virtually instantaneous, permitting the device to act as an ultimate watchdog against fluoride feeder malfunction.
Effects of Federal Legislation on the Investor‐Owned Water Utility
Authors: Healy Edward R.
Published: February 2018

Federal legislation regarding water service in the year 1965 indicated that the government may assume complete control of water resources in the near future. An example of this trend is the loan‐grant subsidy legislation. This article discusses three departments of the U.S. government that are authorized to make direct loans and grants for the construction of water facilities. In each instance, the investor‐owned water utility is not eligible. A fourth department of the federal government is authorized to construct, operate, and maintain water facilities. The article discusses alternative sources of funding for investor‐owned utilities.
Geology, Design, and Construction of Deep Wells in Sedimentary Foundations
Authors: Waggoner Eugene B. , Owens Willard G.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by emphasizing the importance of a predesign study of the feasibility of constructing a well depending on the prevailing geologic and groundwater conditions of the site. The well should then be designed on the basis of known or anticipated underground conditions. Alternate designs and provisions for bidding unit prices should be included in well specifications in case changes in the preliminary design are deemed necessary during construction. Selection of pumping equipment should be based on a pumping test of sufficient duration to determine optimum yield and pumping level.
Shallow Ground Water Development for the Small Colorado Town
Authors: Montgomery Errol L.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses shallow groundwater as a suitable resource for small municipalities seeking to improve their water situation. At this time nearly all of the surface water streams in Colorado are overappropriated. This means that there are more water rights than there is water. Development in many areas need not be curtailed because of this fact. Shallow groundwater, which has many beneficial characteristics for the small town, is often available for development, and usually at lower cost than nearby surface sources that require more extensive treatment before use. Furthermore, water rights for groundwater need not be as early a priority as for surface water sources, where the “appropriation doctrine” governs water use under the concept of “first in time, first in right.”
Engineering Properties of Plastics Applicable to Water Piping
Authors: Reinhart Frank W.
Published: February 2018

This paper primarily discusses the types and properties of plastics used for water piping, including the principal thermoplastic piping materials used in water piping, which are polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyethylene (PE), and acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS).
Water Hammer and Consulting Engineers
Authors: Kerr S. Logan
Published: February 2018

In presenting the viewpoint of the consulting engineer in relation to water hammer problems, this article outlines some of the problems that face a consulting engineer in studying and analyzing water hammer occurrences, and working out solutions to reduce or eliminate excess pressures in closed conduits.
New Management Techniques
Authors: Schultz James R.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses new management techniques such as objective planning constructed around a pattern of inquiry, and basing management decisions on validated knowledge about what motivates people today. The article analyzes three sources from which assumptions about people are formed, recruiting the type of personnel with the correct skill sets, team work successes, preparing managers to meet the challenges of the future, sensitivity training, and flexible guidelines for implementing career plans.
New Materials for Meter Tiles
Authors: Stephenson Ralph L.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the need for a newer, lighter‐weight meter tile for service installations made from a more durable material than the current clay‐type tile. The article concludes that polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic and molded fiberglass are too costly, and that the best materials from the standpoint of lightness, cost, strength, and durability are galvanized copper steel and asbestos‐cement. A material that shows much promise and deserves further investigation is foamed polystyrene.
Water Supply Problems in Developing Countries
Authors: Shipman Harold R.
Published: February 2018

This article begins by presenting statistics on population growth throughout the world as background for a discussion on the water supply situation worldwide. The article discusses the World Bank and its affiliate, the International Development Association (IDA), as international organizations that provide a channel for multilateral lending on easy terms to countries capable of faster development.
Effects of Major New Source in Tunisian Sahara
Authors: Arnold G. E. , Ditzel L. , Scheliga J. T.
Published: February 2018

Substantive information regarding the character and water‐producing potential of the Nubian sandstone aquifer was gained in the drilling of the El Hamma Well No. 1 in southern Tunisia in July 1966. Testing indicated a production capacity of about 4,000 gpm with artesian pressure of 150 psi. Valuable experience in many phases of deep well drilling in high pressure aquifers was gained by the drillers and drilling crews performing on the well site, particularly in deep well cementing, drilling fluid control, and well head control of high pressure hot water wells. Testing to quantitatively evaluate the aquifer in the vicinity of El Hamma will require a long‐term aquifer test involving all three El Hamma region wells. From the performance of existing wells, indications are that regional groundwater supply could be further exploited possibly for generations, without damaging the long‐term production potential of the Nubian sandstone aquifer.
Benefits of a Good Safety Program
Authors: Kuehn Nicholas H.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the benefits of a good safety program and how to measure the progress of a safety program by keeping accurate records of the number and frequency of accidents involving injuries and recording the improvement in those records. The article summarizes the noticeable benefits obtained by the Water Safety Control Section of the Chicago Department of Water and Sewers through the implementation of the department's safety program.
Measurement of Floc Strength by Particle Counting
Authors: Hannah S. A. , Cohen J. M. , Robeck G. G.
Published: February 2018

The objective of a conventional treatment plant is to produce floc of such size and density that the major portion will settle out in the allowed settling time, and the amount of remaining turbidity will be removed by the filter. Strength of the floc is one factor that affects the success with which suspended solids are removed from the water in the various unit operations. This paper reviews some of the factors that may affect floc strength, and describes a method for measuring the relative strength of floc formed under various conditions.
Experiences With Diatomite Filtration in New York State
Authors: Syrotynski Samuel
Published: February 2018

This preliminary report presents an evaluation of survey data collected at municipal diatomite filter plants in New York State. The main focus of the report is on an assessment of source raw‐water quality experienced at diatomite installations, and plant operational flexibility in sustaining a continuity of filtration cycles under varying raw‐water quality. Early in the survey, it was recognized that in order to objectively assess source raw‐water quality, turbidity measurements alone would not suffice. In view of this, microscopic examinations of water samples for determination of total count, expressed as standard units per milliliter, were adopted as an index of water quality. It was assumed that this parameter could be considered as the primary head loss contribution to diatomite filtration at sources having no appreciable amounts of inorganic clay or silt.
Removal of Iron From Ground Water by Filtration
Authors: Ghosh M. M. , O'Connor J. T. , Engelbrecht R. S.
Published: February 2018

This study was conducted using natural waters to determine the influence of biochemical and chemical changes on the removal of iron during filtration. It was conducted using a pilot plant at Clinton, Illinois, where there have been problems with iron removal. The continuous flow pilot plant was designed to include an integrated series of unit operations. Aeration was accomplished by using diffused air in a multiple‐pass aerator. At various stages of treatment, analyses were performed for alkalinity, hardness, pH, oxidation‐reduction potential (ORP), temperature, total dissolved solids, chlorides, nitrates, nitrites, ammonia, total iron, filterable and total ferrous iron, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, organic nitrogen, bacterial count and chlorine demand. All analyses were performed as per Standard Methods except for the two forms of ferrous iron and ORP.
Evaluation of Investments in Water Resources Management
Authors: Fox Irving K.
Published: February 2018

The evaluation of proposed water resources programs is confronted with inherent difficulties. The analysis should include an estimate of what is likely to happen in the future, and much of the analysis must be based upon estimates of physical and biologic consequences which are imprecise. The article discusses the three fundamental limitations of any effort at technical evaluation of public investments.
Corrosion in Steel Water Mains
Authors: Peabody A. W.
Published: February 2018

This paper discusses the principles of corrosion and methods of control. The article provides suggestions for conducting a complete corrosion survey of water mains prior to start of construction. This makes it possible to incorporate the most efficient corrosion control design without any need for physical changes in the water main, which might be necessary if corrosion control is engineered after the water main is built.
Application of Colloid Titration Technique to Flocculation Control
Authors: Kawamura Susumu , Hanna G. P. , Shumate K. S.
Published: February 2018

This paper discusses the application of the colloid titration technique to flocculation control. By using this technique, it is possible to develop a reliable relationship between raw water colloid charge, total alkalinity, and optimum alum dosage. The technique can also be used for the determination of the alum dosage needed to attain the isoelectric point for a given raw water. This technique yields information which can be used in a manner similar to electrophoretic mobility data, and can be used as a possible alternative to electrophoretic mobility measurements.
Experience With a Multimedia Filter
Authors: Culbreath Mark C.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the experience that the Knoxville Utilities Board (KUB) had with the multimedia filter process in the expansion of its Williams Creek Treatment Plant.
Detergents in Wisconsin Waters
Authors: Lawton Gerald W.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses an analytic procedure for detergents that is a modification of the methylene blue method given in Standard Methods. This method is based upon the formation of a blue salt, when methylene blue reacts with anionic surfactants. The salt is soluble in chloroform, and the intensity of the color is proportional to the concentration of the surfactant. The color intensity was measured spectrophotometrically. Various substances that occur in water can interfere. Most interfering substances produce positive errors leading to results that are probably greater than the true value. The minimum concentration detectable by this procedure is about 0.03 mg/l.
The Human Side of Industry
Authors: Mielcarek Henry A.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the human factors involved in the management of a business enterprise. It briefly describes the experiences of one company in the employee relations field.
Water Quality Standards
Authors: Agee James L.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the implementation of standards currently being developed to enhance and preserve water quality. Specific programs, such as monitoring streams for standards compliance, monitoring effluents from municipal and industrial waste treatment plants, and periodic review of progress being made to construct needed treatment facilities, will be expanded through joint efforts of state and federal programs. One of the biggest needs in pollution control is efficient municipal and industrial waste treatment plant operation. Specific programs to train treatment plant operations and surveillance of plant operation are needed if stream water quality criteria are to be satisfied. New or expanded activities to deal with pollution from erosion, vessels and marinas, mine drainage, heat discharges, land and agricultural drainage, and nutrient enrichment will challenge the state and federal programs.
Filetrability Techniques for Improving Water Clarification
Authors: Shull Kenneth E.
Published: February 2018

The Philadelphia Suburban Water Company developed a method for regulating the dosage of a coagulant to obtain a zeta potential (ZP) at the optimal point of ‐5 mv. The coagulant used was aluminum sulfate, or filter alum. This article discusses this method, which until recently was followed at Philadelphia but with only limited success. The article also presents a new method for determining equivalent stirring time that departs somewhat from that used to determine the coagulant dosage for ‐5 mv ZP.
Water Resources Planning in New York State
Authors: Montanari F. W.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses New York State's approach to the responsibility of water resources management. The article discusses the importance of state and local participation in federally sponsored programs, and delegation of the areas of responsibility at various levels to ensure the effectiveness of state and local participation.
Wastewater Reclamation at South Tahoe Public Utilities District
Authors: Culp R. I.
Published: February 2018

This article reports on a unique project in wastewater reclamation at South Lake Tahoe, California. In 1961, large‐scale pilot plant studies were conducted at South Tahoe on chemical coagulation, mixed‐media (or coarse‐ to‐fine) filtration with polyelectrolyte filter aid, and granular carbon adsorption. It was found that the process not only increased removal of BOD, COD, suspended solids, bacteria, and other substances, but also removed color, odor, colloids, viruses, phosphates, ABS, and other organic chemicals that are relatively unaffected by secondary treatment. In 1963, the South Tahoe Public Utilities District (PUD) commissioned a 2.5 mgd tertiary plant that incorporated these processes, including facilities for thermal regeneration of granular activated carbon for flows up to 10 mgd. In February 1964, further studies were begun on coagulant recovery and reuse, nitrogen removal, and data collection in connection with full‐scale carbon regeneration and reuse. In 1966, the capacity of the entire South Tahoe plant was expanded from 2.5 to 7.5 mgd, with an addition of facilities for coagulant recovery and reuse (with lime as the coagulant) and for the incineration of all sludge produced. In addition, a 7.5‐mgd ammonia stripping tower for nitrogen removal is in the design stage.
Comprehensive Water System Plan
Authors: Cornell Holly
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the importance of a comprehensive plan for a water system, which should be developed after the overall planning for community development. The article discusses criteria for consideration in a comprehensive plan for a water system. Forecasting water demand, the accuracy of predictions, and designing the distribution system including fire flow requirements are all briefly discussed.
Virus Control at the Santee, Calif., Project
Authors: Merrell John C. , Ward Paul C.
Published: February 2018

This article summarizes the virus control program for recreational waters at Santee, California. Studies included microbiological identification of virus and bacteria, hydrology investigations of the natural aquifer, aquatic biology determinations including vector control and fish propagation, physical and chemical analyses of the waters, and the usual parameters defining treatment effectiveness of wastewater.