bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphometric Relationships in the Blue Swimming Crabs, (Portunus pelagicus) (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Palk Bay, Sri Lanka
Authors: Haputhantri S. S. K. , Weerasekera S. J. W. W. M. M. P. , Bandaranayake K. H. K.
Published: February 2021

The blue swimming crab (Portunus pelagicus) has become the focus of an important export-oriented fishery in Sri Lanka for a decade. The Palk Bay in the Northern coastal waters of Sri Lanka is one of the best-known fishing grounds for blue swimming crabs in Sri Lanka. This study was undertaken with the aim of establishing some morphometric relationships for P. pelagicus in the Palk Bay.

Biological sampling was conducted for five consecutive days per month from November 2014 - October 2015 in the Northern landing sites in the Jaffna District where the catch of Palk Bay blue swimming crab fishery was landed. P. pelagicus specimens were also randomly collected for laboratory analysis. The morphometric measurements of the specimens for the following parameters were undertaken: CW - carapace width with the spine, CWW - carapace width without spine, MW – mouth width, TL - total length, LCPL - left chelar propodus length, LMOV - left movable part Length, RMOV - right movable part length, LCPH - left chelar propodus height, RCPH - right chelar propodus height, ABW - abdominal width, ABL - abdominal length and BW - body weight. The least squared method was used to obtain the Length-Length (L-L) and Length-Weight (L-W) relationships.

Of the 65 L-L relationships obtained for P. pelagicus from the study, 34 relationships were correlated (r2>0.5). The estimated relationships between BW and CW for males and females were BW=0.0001 CW 3.01 (r2 =0.84) and BW= 0.0001 CW 2.90 (r2 =0.86), respectively.

Positive allometric growth was observed for male P. pelagicus, whereas a negative allometric growth was observed for female P. pelagicus. Most of the morphometric relationships of P. pelagicus obtained in this study were not isometric.
Microbiological Evaluation of Laboratory Prepared Suya and Vendor Samples in Ilaro, Ogun State Nigeria
Authors: Aduke Noah, Abimbola
Published: February 2021

Aims: Suya is a popular spicy roasted meat product in Nigeria. The aim of the work is to investigate the microbial safety and effect of Lactobacillus species on some pathogens when used as a biopreservative on suya.

Methodology: Five suya group samples were used. Two samples were prepared in the laboratory, one of them was inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum while the other was un-inoculated. Three other group samples coded C, D and E were bought from different vendors at different locations in Ilaro. All the samples were subjected to microbial analysis using standard method.

Results: The result of microbiological analysis shows that significant difference exist in all the samples. Total viable counts of the samples ranged from 16.0 ±2.5 x 103 cfu/g to 50.0 ±1.5 x 103 cfu/g, coliform counts ranged from 8.0±3 x 103 cfu/g to 44 ±3.0 x 103 cfu/g, Staphylococcus counts ranged from 10.0 ± 2.0 x 103 cfu/g to 45.5 ±3.5 x 103 cfu/g, and fungi counts ranged from 10.0 ± 2.5 x 103 cfu/g to 34.02 ±4.0 x 103 cfu/g, while Salmonella had no growth. The prepared samples harbored Streptococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp. and Staphylococcus spp. Four bacteria and three fungi species were isolated from vendor suya meat. The isolates were Staphylococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Escherichia coli and Streptococcus spp., while the fungi were Rhizopus spp, Penicillium spp. and Saccharomyces spp.

Conclusion: The sample inoculated with Lactobacillus plantarum had the lowest microbial count; however, the isolation of potential pathogens from suya samples is of public health significance.
High Specific C-Reactive Protein in Prediction of the Early Outcome of Primary Intra Cerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Eltoukhy Khaled , Gomaa Mohamed , Ibrahim Yasmin , Saad Mohamed
Published: February 2021

Background: Primary intra cerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has high rate of disability and death. Many factors was supposed to be predictors of the outcome. The significance of measuring C-reactive protein (CRP) levels to predict the outcome is uncertain, and data have been controversial. The objective of our clinical study was to determine the relationship of hs-CRP levels with bad outcome. The authors tested if (independent of confounding factors) hs-CRP levels was elevated on admission (< 24 hours after ictus). Fifty patients with acute spontaneous hemorrhagic stroke, within 24 hours of onset confirmed by CT brain were admitted at neurology department, Mansoura University Hospital from June 2017 to September 2018. Age and sex cross-matched 50 healthy persons were studied as control group. Patient and control groups were subjected to full history, general and neurological examination, GCS on admission, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) on admission, ICH score and Canadian scale on admission and after 30 days, Venous Blood samples were taken within 24 hours of onset and tested for routine laboratory investigations (liver function, serum creatinine, CBC and blood glucose) and High Sensitive C-Reactive Protein level using Enzyme Immunoassay Test Kit. Computed tomography (CT) brain was repeated 72 hours later. Multivariable regression analyses were used to evaluate associations of hs-CRP concentration and ICH outcome. Kaplan–Meier analysis was used for survival.

Results: This study revealed that Hs-CRP is significantly higher in patient group (9.3 mg/l) when compared to control group (0.68 mg/dl) with p value < 0,001. There was statistically significant correlation between NIHSS and hs-CRP levels but there was no statistically significant correlation between hs-CRP levels and stroke outcome.

Conclusion: Taking these covariates into multivariable analysis revealed that there is correlation between hs-CRP and hemorrhagic stroke but it cannot be used as a predictor of its outcome.
Deep Neck Space Infections in Northern Ghana
Authors: Adjeso Theophilus , Dzogbefia Mawutor , Dzantor Edem Kojo
Published: February 2021

Background: Deep neck space infections (DNSI) continue to pose a challenge due to its potentially lethal complications that can arise despite the reduced prevalence as a result of widespread antibiotic use and improved dental care. We conducted a review of our experience with DNSI at the Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) Unit, Tamale Teaching Hospital (TTH).

Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients hospitalized with a diagnosis DNSI at the ENT Unit, TTH from January 2013 to June 2020. Parameters analyzed included the age and sex distribution of patients, source of infection, sites involved, duration of admission and outcomes. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 20.0 (Chicago, IBM 2010).

Results: The study involved 135 cases of DNSIs with age range of 5 months to 76 years (35.7± 19.0 years). Majority of the DNSIs cases occurred within the third decade of life and slightly more common among males (50.4%). The duration of hospital stays ranged from a day to 41 days (10.1± 8.2 days). Multi-space abscesses were the most common diagnosed DNSIs with odontogenic infections (63%) being the most common source of DNSIs. Majority (83.7%) of the patients were successfully treated with a mortality rate of 12.6%.

Conclusion: DNSIs was most common among males with patients in their third decade most affected. Odontogenic infections were the most common source of DNSI with multi-space abscesses being the most common presentation. Majority of the patients were treated successfully.
Effects of Agricultural Management Practices on Soil Properties in the Sahelian Zone of Burkina Faso
Authors: Soulama Soungalo , Amadou Issoufou Abdourhimou , Sanou Lassina , Zombre Prosper
Published: February 2021

Agro-ecosystem degradation is a real socio-environmental problem in the Sahel. Face to the declining of yields from cultivated soils, populations are adopting various adaptation strategies. This study was conducted to assess the impact of three agricultural technologies on the evolution of soil fertility in the Sahel area of Burkina Faso. Soil was sampled from the agro-systems and submitted to physico-chemical and biological analyzes in laboratory. We evaluated soil infiltration capacity , inventoried herbaceous vegetation.Also grasses biomass was measured, and millet straw and grains were weighted in the field. Results from this study showed that plowing + bund + organic manure (LDF) treatment was the best management option in the Sahel. It reduces soil infiltration time by 1.65%, increase soil fine elements (clay and silt), chemical elements (N, P and K), exchangeable bases and cation exchange capacity. In addition, soil respiration under LDF treatment is significantly higher (P = 0.001) than other treatments. Simple plowing, is not recommended in the Sahel. It must necessarily be accompanied by measures to improve the nutrient content of soils, especially with manure. These results could guide agricultural actors (farmers, agricultural extension agents, NGOs) for sustainable farming in the Sahel areas.
Status and Properties of Soils under Some Woody Species of Degraded Glacis in Northern Burkina Faso
Authors: Kadéba Abel , Traoré Salifou , Soulama Soungalo , Schmidt Marco , Thiombiano Adjima , Boussim Joseph Issaka
Published: February 2021

Land degradation is a threat to biodiversity and has negative impacts on agricultural communities by aggravating food insecurity. The objective of this study was to examine the responses of native woody species and soil variables to different levels of glacis degradation in the Sahelian zone of Burkina Faso. Field investigations were performed according to the degradation gradient outlined in the Braun-Blanquet method. Soil samples were collected and analyzed in the laboratory. The results indicate that the diversity and diametric structure of woody species are functions of the glacis degradation stage. A total of eight (08) woody species were recorded on the glacis (7 species in non-degraded glacis, 7 species in moderately-degraded glacis and only 1 species in degraded glacis). Acacia raddiana is the only local woody species present in all three glacis degradation stages. It is recommended to rehabilitate degraded glacis in the Sahel in response to desertification. The high levels of sand, nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) characterize the non-degraded and moderately-degraded glacis, whereas the high levels of silt, clay, bulk density, pH-H20 and pH-Kcl indicate degraded glacis. This study can inform the future rehabilitation and management of Sahelian glacis.
Chicken Feather Ash (CFA) as a Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete
Authors: Amah Victor Emeka , Ugwoha Ejikeme , Macaulay Jahswill
Published: February 2021

Every day, large quantities of chicken feathers are disposed of as waste at markets where birds are slaughtered and sold for meat. The possibility of using Chicken feather ash (CFA) as a partial replacement of cement in the concrete making was investigated. Water-cement ratio and percentage CFA used for replacement were chosen as variables in the design of the experiment. Compressive strength and workability were chosen as the required responses to observe and analyzed using response surface methodology. Full factorial design was used for the design of experiment, with CFA replacement and water-cement ratio ranging from 2 – 11% and 0.3 – 0.7 % by mass respectively. There were 27 trial mixes and the freshly made concrete mix was tested for workability. Concrete cubes were molded and cured for 7 and 14 days and were crushed to determine the compressive strength. It was found that as the CFA percentage increases, the workability of the concrete increases making it more fluid. The optimum water-cement ratio was observed to range from 0.49 to 0.51 % as the curing age increases. The optimum compressive strength was observed to range from 15.6 to 18.6 N/mm2 as the curing age increased. However, the allowable range of CFA to be used for concrete making is 3.8 to 6.34 % beyond which compressive strength reduces.
Ball Crack Mitigation through Wirebond Process Optimization
Authors: Moreno Anthony R. , Gomez Frederick Ray I. , Rodriguez Rennier S.
Published: February 2021

Intermetallic is a critical factor that is controlled and limit during manufacturing of integrated units. Through improving the ball flatness response of the semiconductor wire significantly impact the outcome for the intermetallic characteristic between metal such as Gold-Aluminum connection. The implementation of this study on the actual manufacturing control eliminates escapee of poor intermetallic that would impact the reliability and integrity of the package upon its application to the end product.
Determination of Microbial Load Accumulating in Paper Mouth and Face Masks and Obtaining Antimicrobial Properties with Chamomile Extract
Authors: Yilmaz Ufuk , Koçer Ferudun , Tutuş Ahmet , Sönmez Sinan
Published: February 2021

The aim of this study was to determine the microfungi and bacteria accumulated in different usage periods of paper mouth and face masks which are used for protection against microfungi and bacteria in many areas and to give antimicrobial properties to these masks by impregnating Chamomile extract with high antimicrobial properties. Disc diffusion test was applied in this study. The mouth and face masks used for different periods (3-6-12 hours) were cultured on the media to calculate the microbial load. Nutrient Agar and Malt Extract Agar were used to determine bacterial loads. Then, the paper mouth and face mask were impregnated with different concentrations of chamomile extract and microbial loads were compared. The results of the study show that the use of chamomile extract in paper mouth and face masks, where fungus flora is low and bacteria flora is rich, has the effect of reducing microbial load. These paper masks impregnated with chamomile extract concentration can be used in first aid units, clinics, surgery, dental units and so on. places can be used to prevent the spread of infection. At the same time, this study is expected to be the source of similar studies.
The Prescribing Pattern of Methyldopa in the Outpatient Setting
Authors: Ahmed Nehad J.
Published: February 2021

Aim: This study aimed to describe the prescribing pattern of methyldopa in a public hospital in Alkharj.

Methodology: This is a retrospective study that was conducted to know the prescribing pattern of methyldopa. The data were collected from the outpatient electronic prescriptions in a public hospital in Alkharj in 2017 and 2018.

Results: Only 27 patients in the outpatient setting received methyldopa in 2017 and 23 patients in 2018. all of the patients who received methyldopa were females. Most of the prescribers were residents (82.61%) and only 17.39% were consultants. About 82.61 % of the prescriptions were written by obstetrics and gynecology department.

Conclusion: The prescribing of methyldopa is infrequent in the outpatient setting. Although it is generally safe, it may cause numerous side-effects as well as it can interact with other medications, so it is important to monitor its prescribing trends to ensure that it is prescribed appropriately.
SAFFIOTI REVISITADA: a atualidade do enfrentamento entre feminismo e capitalismo
Authors: Regina Jardim Pinto Céli
Published: February 2021

O artigo parte das teses do livro de Heleieth Saffioti “A Mulher na Sociedade de Classes” analisando a centralidade do capitalismo na opressão das mulheres e suas consequências na produção teórica feminista que defende a superação do capitalismo como essencial para a sua libertação. Está divido em quatro partes: na primeira expõe as teses de Saffioti informadas por um marxismo ortodoxo que não reconhece a luta feminista; na segunda, discute o encontro entre o marxismo e o feminismo na década de 1980; na terceira parte discute algumas teses de Nancy Fraser, mostrando sua trajetória de uma postura eclética a uma neomarxista; finalmente, na ultima parte, as questões discutidas nas três primeiras são trabalhadas de uma perspectiva pós estruturalista.

 

SAFFIOTI REVISITED: the topicality of the confrontation between feminism and marxism

The article departs from the theses of Heleieth Saffioti’s book “The woman in the Class Society” and analyzes the centrality of capitalism in the oppression of women and the consequences of this in the feminist theoretical scholarship that defends the overcoming of capitalism as essential for women’s liberation. It is divided into 4 parts: the first exposes Saffioti’s theses subsidized by an orthodox Marxism that does not recognize the feminist struggle; the second discusses the encounter between Marxism and feminism in the 1980s; the third part discusses some of Nancy Fraser’s theses, showing her trajectory from an eclectic to a neo-Marxist stance; finally, in the last part, the issues discussed are examined from a post structuralist perspective.

Keywords: Saffioti. Docial classes. Women. Feminism. Female work.

 

SAFFIOTI REVISITED: la confrontation actuelle entre féminisme et capitalisme

L’article part des thèses du livre d’Heleieth Saffioti “La femme dans la société de classe” et analyse la centralité du capitalisme dans l’oppression des femmes et les conséquences de cela dans la production théorique féministe qui défend le dépassement du capitalisme comme essentiel pour la libération des femmes. Il est divisé en 4 parties: dans la première, le texte expose les thèses de Saffioti cultivés par un marxisme orthodoxe qui ne reconnaît pas la lutte féministe; dans le second, il évoque la rencontre entre le marxisme et le féminisme dans les années 1980; dans la troisième partie, le texte discute certaines des thèses de Nancy Fraser, montrant sa trajectoire d’une position éclectique à une néo-marxiste; enfin, dans la dernière partie, les questions abordées dans les trois premières sont traitées dans une perspective post-structuraliste.

Mots-clés: Saffioti. Classes sociales. Femmes. Féminisme. Travail féminin.
A novel diphtheria toxin‐based bivalent human EGF fusion toxin for treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Qi Zeng , Qiu Yue , Wang Zhaohui , Zhang Huiping , Lu Ling , Liu Yanqiu , Mathes David , Pomfret Elizabeth A. , Gao Dexiang , Lu Shi‐Long , Wang Zhirui
Published: February 2021

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is often overexpressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and represents a top candidate for targeted HNSCC therapy. However, the clinical effectiveness of current Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved drugs targeting EGFR is moderate, and the overall survival rate for HNSCC patients remains low. Therefore, more effective treatments are urgently needed. In this study, we generated a novel diphtheria toxin‐based bivalent human epidermal growth factor fusion toxin (bi‐EGF‐IT) to treat EGFR‐expressing HNSCC. Bi‐EGF‐IT was tested for in vitro binding affinity, cytotoxicity, and specificity using 14 human EGFR‐expressing HNSCC cell lines and three human EGFR‐negative cancer cell lines. Bi‐EGF‐IT had increased binding affinity for EGFR‐expressing HNSCC compared with the monovalent version (mono‐EGF‐IT), and both versions specifically depleted EGFR‐positive HNSCC, but not EGFR‐negative cell lines, in vitro. Bi‐EGF‐IT exhibited a comparable potency to that of the FDA‐approved EGFR inhibitor, erlotinib, for inhibiting HNSCC tumor growth in vivo using both subcutaneous and orthotopic HNSCC xenograft mouse models. When tested in an experimental metastasis model, survival was significantly longer in the bi‐EGF‐IT treatment group than the erlotinib treatment group, with a significantly reduced number of metastases compared with mono‐EGF‐IT. In addition, in vivo off‐target toxicities were significantly reduced in the bi‐EGF‐IT treatment group compared with the mono‐EGF‐IT group. These results demonstrate that bi‐EGF‐IT is more effective and markedly less toxic at inhibiting primary HNSCC tumor growth and metastasis than mono‐EGF‐IT and erlotinib. Thus, the novel bi‐EGF‐IT is a promising drug candidate for further development.
Rapid Implementation of a Multidisciplinary COVID‐19 Cytokine Storm Syndrome Task Force
Authors: Ayesha Bibi , Kumthekar Anand , Jain Ruchi , Patel Sneha , Ramesh Manish , Ferastraoaru Denisa E , Hudes Golda , Karagic Merhunisa , Zafar Sheema , Bartash Rachel , Vasquez‐Canizares Natalia , Kitsis Elizabeth , Tagoe Clement , Wahezi Dawn M. , Rubinstein Tamar , Broder Anna
Published: February 2021

Objective

Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) can progress to a state of unregulated inflammation called cytokine storm syndrome (CSS). We describe formation and operation of a COVID‐19 multidisciplinary consultation service that was allowed to individualize treatment for critically ill patients with COVID‐19 during the pandemic.

Methods

Institutional experts from different subspecialties formed a COVID‐19 CSS task force at Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY. They agreed on a set of four clinical and six laboratory parameters that can help early identify COVID‐19 CSS. We describe the formation and implementation of the COVID‐19 task force. The case series description of the COVID‐19 CSS consultation cohort highlights consultation volume, baseline characteristics, clinical and laboratory parameters, and how biologic treatments were allocated to these patients.

Results

Between April 4,2020, and May 7,2020, the COVID‐19 CSS task force was formed, consisting of adult and pediatric rheumatologists and allergy and immunology physicians. The task force evaluated a total of 288 patients, of whom 197 (68%) were male, the median (interquartile range [IQR]) age was 62 (51‐70) years, 122 (42%) were Hispanic, and 88 (31%) were Black or African American. The common presenting symptoms in all referred patients were dyspnea (85%) and diarrhea (80%). Thirty‐one patients who received biologic therapy were younger, with a median (IQR) age of 53 (32‐63) years, as opposed to 62.5 (52‐70) years in the nonbiologic group (P = 0.008). A higher proportion receiving biologics was in the critical care setting (26 [84%] vs 151 [59%]; P = 0.006).

Conclusion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first multidisciplinary collaborative effort to provide individualized patient recommendations for evaluation and treatment of patients with COVID‐19 who may have CSS. This working model helped to devise an approach that may have identified patients who were most likely to benefit from biologic therapy in the absence of evidence‐based guidelines.
Significant Enhancement of Thermoelectric Figure of Merit in BiSbTe‐Based Composites by Incorporating Carbon Microfiber
Authors: Yang Guangsai , Sang Lina , Yun Frank Fei , Mitchell David R. G. , Casillas Gilberto , Ye Ning , See Khay , Pei Jun , Wang Xungai , Li Jing‐Feng , Snyder G. Jeffrey , Wang Xiaolin
Published: February 2021

Bismuth telluride‐based materials are already being commercially developed for thermoelectric (TE) cooling devices and power generators. However, the relatively low efficiency, which is characterized by a TE figure of merit, zT, is the main obstacle to more widespread application. Significant advances in the TE performance have been made through boundary engineering via embedding nanoinclusions or nanoscale grains. Herein, an effective approach to greatly enhance the TE performance of p‐type BiSbTe material by incorporating carbon microfibers is reported. A high zT of 1.4 at 375 K and high average zT of 1.25 for temperatures in the range of 300 to 500 K is achieved in the BiSbTe/carbon microfiber (BST/CF) composite materials. Their superior TE performance originates from the low thermal conductivity and the relatively high power factor. A TE unicouple device based on the p‐type BST/CF composite material and the commercially available n‐type bismuth telluride‐based material shows a huge cooling temperature drop in the operating temperature range of 299–375 K, and is greatly superior to the unicouple device made of both commercial p‐type and n‐type bismuth telluride‐based material. The materials demonstrate a high average zT and excellent mechanical properties and are strong candidates for practical applications.
Encoding Information on the Excited State of a Molecular Spin Chain
Authors: Katcko Kostantine , Urbain Etienne , Ngassam Franck , Kandpal Lalit , Chowrira Bhavishya , Schleicher Filip , Halisdemir Ufuk , Wang Di , Scherer Torsten , Mertz Damien , Leconte Benoit , Beyer Nicolas , Spor Daniel , Panissod Pierre , Boulard Arnaud , Arabski Jacek , Kieber Christophe , Sternitzky Emmanuel , Da Costa Victor , Hehn Michel , Montaigne François , Bahouka Armel , Weber Wolfgang , Beaurepaire Eric , Kübel Christian , Lacour Daniel , Alouani Mébarek , Boukari Samy , Bowen Martin
Published: February 2021

The quantum states of nano‐objects can drive electrical transport properties across lateral and local‐probe junctions. This raises the prospect, in a solid‐state device, of electrically encoding information at the quantum level using spin‐flip excitations between electron spins. However, this electronic state has no defined magnetic orientation and is short‐lived. Using a novel vertical nanojunction process, these limitations are overcome and this steady‐state capability is experimentally demonstrated in solid‐state spintronic devices. The excited quantum state of a spin chain formed by Co phthalocyanine molecules coupled to a ferromagnetic electrode constitutes a distinct magnetic unit endowed with a coercive field. This generates a specific steady‐state magnetoresistance trace that is tied to the spin‐flip conductance channel, and is opposite in sign to the ground state magnetoresistance term, as expected from spin excitation transition rules. The experimental 5.9 meV thermal energy barrier between the ground and excited spin states is confirmed by density functional theory, in line with macrospin phenomenological modeling of magnetotransport results. This low‐voltage control over a spin chain's quantum state and spintronic contribution lay a path for transmitting spin wave‐encoded information across molecular layers in devices. It should also stimulate quantum prospects for the antiferromagnetic spintronics and oxides electronics communities.
Nonlinear Photonics Using Low‐Dimensional Metal‐Halide Perovskites: Recent Advances and Future Challenges
Authors: Chen Weiqiang , Zhang Feng , Wang Cong , Jia Mingshuang , Zhao Xinghang , Liu Zhaoran , Ge Yanqi , Zhang Yupeng , Zhang Han
Published: February 2021

Low‐dimensional metal‐halide perovskites have exhibited significantly superior nonlinear optical properties compared to traditional semiconductor counterparts, thanks to their peculiar physical and electronic structures. Their exceptional nonlinear optical characteristics make them excellent candidates for revolutionizing widespread applications. However, the research of nonlinear photonics based on low‐dimensional metal‐halide perovskites is in its infancy. There is a lack of comprehensive and in‐depth summary of this research realm. Here, the state‐of‐the‐art research progress related to third‐and higher‐order nonlinear optical properties of low‐dimensional metal‐halide perovskites with diverse crystal structures from 3D down to 0D, together with their practical applications, is summarized comprehensively. Critical discussions are offered on the fundamental mechanisms beneath their exceptional nonlinear optical performance from the physics viewpoint, attempting to disclose the role of intrinsic attributes (e.g., composition, bandgap, size, shape, and structure) and external modulation strategies (e.g., developing core–shell structures, transition metal ion doping, and hybridization with dielectric microspheres) in tuning the response. Additionally, their potential applications in nonlinear photonics, nonlinear optoelectronics, and biophotonics are systematically and thoroughly summed up and categorized. Lastly, insights into the current technical challenges and future research opportunities of nonlinear photonics based on low‐dimensional metal‐halide perovskites are provided.
Polycationic Polymer Layer for Air‐Stable and Dendrite‐Free Li Metal Anodes in Carbonate Electrolytes
Authors: Wu Jingyi , Rao Zhixiang , Liu Xueting , Shen Yue , Fang Chun , Yuan Lixia , Li Zhen , Zhang Wuxing , Xie Xiaolin , Huang Yunhui
Published: February 2021

The short cycle life and safety concerns caused by uncontrollable dendrite growth have severely hindered the commercialization of lithium metal batteries. Here, a polycationic and hydrophobic polymer protective layer fabricated by a scalable tape‐casting method is developed to enable air‐stable, dendrite‐free, and highly efficient Li metal anodes. The polymeric cations of poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium) (PDDA) provide an electrostatic shielding effect that unifies Li+ flux at the surface of the Li anode and promotes a homogeneous Li plating, while the bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI) anions bring hydrophobic characteristics and improve moisture stability. The accumulated TFSI anions by the polycationic film also facilitate the formation of a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Steady Li plating/stripping in the carbonate electrolyte can be achieved under a high areal capacity of 10 mAh cm−2 for 700 h with Li utilization efficiency up to 51.6%. LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 and LiFePO4 cells using the modified anode exhibit much improved electrochemical performance compared with the bare Li counterpart. Moreover, ultrasonic imaging shows no gas generation in the modified Li/LiFePO4 pouch cell. Mechanism investigation demonstrates the stable SEI and homogeneous Li deposition derived by the polycationic layer.
Luminous Butterflies: Rational Molecular Design to Optimize Crystal Packing for Dramatically Enhanced Room‐Temperature Phosphorescence
Authors: Ruan Zhijun , Liao Qiuyan , Dang Qianxi , Chen Xiaoli , Deng Chunyun , Gao Ziru , Lin Junqi , Liu Shanshan , Chen Yanmei , Tian Zhengfang , Li Zhen
Published: February 2021

In general, the properties of organic molecules for persistent room‐temperature phosphorescence (p‐RTP) rely heavily on the molecular packing in aggregated state, and the molecular packing is highly related to the structure and electronic properties of molecules. Thus, through rational design of molecules, it is possible to control the packing and hence the properties of p‐RTP molecules. In this work, traditional CO is replaced by phthalide (PT) unit to achieve desired molecular packing with strong intermolecular interactions. Butterfly‐like molecules are successfully synthesized, which show bright mechanoluminescence (ML) as well as robust p‐RTP effect with phosphorescence lifetime (τp) up to 810 ms and efficiency (ΦP) of 5.1%. Compared to their contrastive carbonyl‐only molecules, two butterfly‐like molecules increase their τp from 12.1 to 810 ms and 1.3 to 396 ms, respectively. Herein, from elaborate molecular structure design to the expected packing, and then to excellent performance, new pure organic p‐RTP and ML molecules are shared for the better understanding of the molecular structure–packing–performance relationship.
Photoluminescence of Bound‐Exciton Complexes and Assignment to Shallow Defects in Methylammonium/Formamidinium Lead Iodide Mixed Crystals
Authors: Francisco‐López Adrián , Charles Bethan , Alonso M. Isabel , Garriga Miquel , Weller Mark T. , Goñi Alejandro R.
Published: February 2021

The high defect tolerance of metal halide perovskites, in terms of their exceptional optoelectronic properties, is assumed to be due to the very fact that most native point defects are shallow, which does not contribute to the non‐radiative recombination of free carriers. Here, a systematic study is presented, which concerns the evolution of shallow‐defect signatures observed at low temperatures in the photoluminescence (PL) spectra of mixed organic‐cation lead iodide perovskite single crystals (FAxMA1−xPbI3, where MA stands for methylammonium and FA for formamidinium). Below ≈100 K, a number of peak‐like features become clearly apparent in the PL spectra at energies lower than the strong free‐exciton emission, which are related to the radiative recombination of bound exciton complexes associated with native shallow defects (donors and/or acceptors). Based on state‐of‐the‐art ab initio calculations, a tentative assignment is provided for all PL features to different shallow‐defects (Pb, I, and MA vacancies as well as I interstitials) typically present in hybrid perovskites. The defect‐related signatures exhibit a clear trend regarding the mixed‐crystal composition, indicating that the material becomes less prone to defect formation with increasing FA content.
Non‐Rare‐Earth UVC Persistent Phosphors Enabled by Bismuth Doping
Authors: Liu Qi , Feng Zhao‐Yang , Li Hong , Zhao Qing , Shirahata Naoto , Kuroiwa Yoshihiro , Moriyoshi Chikako , Duan Chang‐Kui , Sun Hong‐Tao
Published: February 2021

Long persistent phosphors (LPPs) have drawn tremendous research interest owing to their mysterious optical phenomena and widespread applications. LPPs in the ultraviolet‐C (UVC, 200–280 nm) spectral range particularly hold promise in terms of sterilization, drug release, and cancer therapy. However, all reported UVC LPPs have so far relied on the use of Pr3+ as the emitter, resulting in a limited scope of such phosphors. Here, a new concept for designing UVC LPPs is proposed, leading to the birth of the first non‐rare‐earth phosphor (YPO4:Bi3+) with a UVC afterglow duration of more than 2 h. Experimental characterizations including thermoluminescence spectra and high‐resolution synchrotron X‐ray diffraction, coupled with first‐principles calculations, reveal that various intrinsic defects in YPO4, such as Y vacancies and Y–O vacancy complexes, serve as hole traps to capture and store a large number of holes created by X‐ray irradiation, while Bi3+ ions can trap thermalized electrons. This work highlights the key role of Bi3+ ions in mediating energy storage and release in persistent phosphors by acting as both electron traps and emitters, and thus offers new opportunities for rationally designing non‐RE‐activated UVC LPPs.
Ultraviolet and Near‐Infrared Dual‐Band Selective‐Harvesting Transparent Luminescent Solar Concentrators
Authors: Yang Chenchen , Sheng Wei , Moemeni Mehdi , Bates Matthew , Herrera Christopher K. , Borhan Babak , Lunt Richard R.
Published: February 2021

Visibly transparent luminescent solar concentrators (TLSC) can optimize both power production and visible transparency by selectively harvesting the invisible portion of the solar spectrum. Since the primary applications of TLSCs include building envelopes, greenhouses, automobiles, signage, and mobile electronics, maintaining aesthetics and functionalities is as important as achieving high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) in practical deployment. In this work, massive‐downshifting phosphorescent nanoclusters and fluorescent organic molecules are combined into a TLSC system as ultraviolet (UV) and near‐infrared (NIR) selective‐harvesting luminophores, respectively, demonstrating UV and NIR dual‐band selective‐harvesting TLSCs with PCE over 3%, average visible transmittance (AVT) exceeding 75% and color metrics suitable for the window industry. With distinct wavelength‐selectivity and effective utilization of the invisible portion of the solar spectrum, this work reports the highest light utilization efficiency (PCE × AVT) of 2.6 for a TLSC system, the highest PCE of any transparent photovoltaic (TPV) devices with AVT greater than 70%, and outperforms the practical limit for non‐wavelength‐selective TPV.
Soil water flow due to surface topography in research drainage plots
Authors: Logsdon Sally , Cambardella Cindy
Published: February 2021

Tile drainage is common in the central United States and has resulted in greater storm flashiness. The purpose of this study was to determine if surface topography influenced water table depths, tile outflow, and water flow patterns in experimental plots. Tiles (1.22‐m deep) were installed at the center of each plot, and plastic barriers (1.83‐m deep) were installed between plots. Monitoring wells were installed and were read monthly during the growing season. During times with little rain the well‐drained block had the deepest water table depths (maximum of 4.75 m), and the wettest block had the shallowest water table depths (maximum of 2.15 m). During times with much rain, water table depths were similar for all blocks; however, water table gradients were larger during wet periods than dry periods (for example, 3.0 m m−1 vs. 0.5 m m−1). Mean water table depths for the well‐drained block were below the plastic barrier 47% of the time and below the tile depth 72% of the time. Conversely mean water table depths for the wettest block were deeper than the plastic barrier only 18% of the time and below the tile 54% of the time. There was slow lateral flow below the barriers from the upslope block to downslope plots; some downslope plots still had tile flow when there was lateral flow from upslope.
Soil carbon dioxide emissions in a sorghum field: Row position and growth stage effects
Authors: Kuang Xianyan , Xiao Rong , Xiao Xinhua , Yuan Qunying , Sauer Thomas , Davis Dedrick
Published: February 2021

Soil carbon dioxide emission (SCE) is known to be impacted by multiple factors including sources of respiration, environmental factors, and crop and soil management practices, yet few reports exist on how crop row position and growth stage affect SCE in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] fields. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of row position and growth stage on SCE dynamics in a field under grain and sweet sorghum production in northern Alabama. Soil CO2 emissions were measured weekly during the growth period using a closed soil CO2 survey chamber system. The results showed that SCEs increased steadily from approximately 4 μmol CO2 m–2 s–1 during the vegetative stage and reached maximum values of approximately about 5 μmol CO2 m–2 s–1 and 6 μmol CO2 m–2 s–1 for grain sorghum and sweet sorghum, respectively. Soil CO2 emissions then decreased to approximately 2 μmol CO2 m–2 s–1 at the maturity and post‐maturity periods for both sorghum types. Significant differences in SCE were observed between row positions. Soil CO2 emissions at the row (R) positions were 19% greater than at interrow (I) positions during the entire growing season under grain sorghum production. Significant difference occurred only during the vegetative stage (SCE at R was 9% greater than at I position) under sweet sorghum production. Additionally, a significantly greater response of SCE to soil temperature (Ts) during the vegetative stage was observed under sweet sorghum production but not grain sorghum production. This study provides evidence that SCE is affected by row position, growth stage, and crop type and suggests that crop row position and growth stage should be taken into consideration for SCE estimation.
Grazing winter rye cover crop in a cotton no‐till system: Soil strength and runoff
Authors: Schomberg Harry H. , Endale Dinku M. , Balkcom Kipling S. , Raper Randy L. , Seman Dwight H.
Published: February 2021

Grazing cover crops (CC) could provide an economic incentive to increase adoption rates in the southeastern United States. However, understanding grazing effects on soil properties is lacking for most soils of the region. Effects of grazing or rolling a cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) CC prior to no‐till planting cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) were determined in 2009 after 4 yr on Cecil soil, in the Southern Piedmont near Watkinsville, GA. The four catchments had a previous long history of no‐till cropping with CC. Wet spring conditions in 2009 resulted in visible surface roughness from cattle hooves. Average soil penetration resistance (PR) for the 0‐ to 30‐cm profile was 14% greater following rye CC grazing than rolling (1.95 vs. 1.53 MPa) and was still apparent the following February (1.86 vs. 1.58 MPa) after cotton harvest. Increases in PR at 2.5‐ to 7.5‐ and 7.5‐ to 15‐cm soil depths were observed following CC grazing but not rolling. Depth to 2 MPa resistance, considered sufficient to impede root growth, was similar for CC grazing and rolling treatments in March prior to grazing but decreased in the grazed treatment to 10.7 cm in May and 15.6 cm in February. Seasonal runoff data for 2006–2009 indicated no differences between grazed and rolled CC management. We concluded that grazing CC for short periods under wet conditions presents a risk of short‐term negative effects even for Southern Piedmont soils where a long history of conservation tillage and CC has improved soil quality.
Comprehensive performance characterization of conductive fabric made of reduced graphene oxide (rGO)
Authors: Özen Özgü , Yapıcı Kerim , Yılmaz Demet
Published: February 2021

In this study, the production and comprehensive characterization of graphene based electrically conductive textile products, which will allow lower processing costs, such as, low temperature and short process times, and known textile production processes without losing their flexibility, lightness, permeability, and washability characteristics of textile products. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was applied with a single step process by impregnation to woven fabrics and various properties of fabrics related to performance and comfort were analyzed besides electrical conductivity. The results obtained in the study have shown that it is possible to produce flexible and soft conductive textiles with low resistance values below 100 kΩ, resistant to mechanical deformations, such as, bending, rubbing, and stretching (cyclic test). In addition, the findings indicated that the fabrics applied rGO with the one‐step production process will provide significant advantages to the electronic textile market in terms of wearability, cost‐effectiveness, and applicable processes.
Spatio‐temporal distribution of mutton snapper and dog snapper spawning aggregations in the South‐west Atlantic
Authors: França Aline R. , Olavo George , Rezende Sergio M. , Ferreira Beatrice P.
Published: February 2021

Sites and periods of spawning aggregations of two important fishery resources, the mutton snapper, Lutjanus analis, and the dog snapper, Lutjanus jocu, were identified and validated along the Brazilian north‐east coast (latitude 8–15°S) using exploratory analysis of catch per unit effort (CPUE) data, gonadosomatic index analysis, and gonad histology.

The CPUE analysis for both species allowed the identification of outliers and far outliers, representing fisheries with exceptional catches, which were used as proxies of possible aggregation.

The presence of pre‐spawning and recent spawning signs (hydrated oocytes and post‐ovulatory follicles) in the ovary of females caught at sites with recurrent records of high CPUE allowed the validation of spawning activity at those specific sites for each species. All aggregation sites identified in this study were located on the outer shelf, close to the shelf break, a region that has been declared an Ecologically and Biologically Significant Marine Area.

Comparison of two subregions showed significant differences in size structure of the fish sampled during landings, suggesting a fishing depletion effect in the north region.

For both species, reproduction peaked twice in all regions studied, with a more marked peak during summer. However, spawning activity was observed in almost every month of the year, suggesting that seasonal closures could be more effective if combined with spatial measures.

In the northern part of the study range, spawning grounds were found to lie just outside the boundaries of one of Brazil's largest marine protected areas. Inclusion of those grounds in the marine protected area would increase protection of these species and also mean increased protection of an Ecologically and Biologically Significant Marine Area, encompassing mesophotic reefs.

The identification of these spawning aggregations sites on the north‐east coast of Brazil was conducted in collaboration with local fishers that traditionally use bottom handline. Co‐management approaches are suggested in view of the importance of these fishing sites for traditional fishing communities that may also face threats due to encroachment of mobile fleets.
Evolutionary history or function? Which preponderates in the expression of the muscle mass of the thoracic limb in wild carnivorans?
Authors: de Souza Junior Paulo , de Souza Pahim Alyssa Brum , Viotto‐Souza Wilson , Pellenz Jade , Bernardes Fernanda Coelho Simas , Abidu‐Figueiredo Marcelo , Santos André Luiz Quagliatto
Published: February 2021

Thoracic limbs are extremely versatile and exhibit informative characteristics about habits of the Carnivora order in the wild. Despite this relevance, comparative studies with quantitative variables on thoracic limb muscles are still scarce in carnivorans. The aims of this study were to measure the mass of the intrinsic muscles of the thoracic limb of neotropical species of the Carnivora order and to establish comparative conjectures. For this purpose, 39 thoracic limbs of 10 neotropical carnivorans species were dissected. The mass of each muscle was measured on a digital scale, muscles were grouped by function, and the mass average percentage that each functional group of muscles occupied in the thoracic limb was calculated. The data of the present study was added to that available in the literature for 22 other carnivoran species. Three groups of species were considered: Canidae, Musteloidea, and Feliformia. Comparatively, the eight canid species included in this analyses concentrate muscle mass proximally in the thoracic limb to prioritize essential cursoriality. The nine musteloids had more muscle mass in the distal muscles due to the demand for versatility and manual strength, and the 14 Feliformia species exhibited an intermediate trend. The analysis of clusters revealed a great overlap of the percentage distribution of muscle mass with the phylogeny previously established for carnivorans. It could be verified that the distribution of muscle masses meets the demand of the locomotor habits of the species up to a certain level, from which phylogeny begins to limit morphological adaptations.
Use of micro‐CT to determine tracheobronchial airway geometries in three strains of mice used in inhalation toxicology as disease models
Authors: Oldham Michael J. , Lucci Francesco , Foong Clement , Yeo Demetrius , Asgharian Bahman , Cockram Steve , Luke Stephen , Chua Joanne , Hoeng Julia , Peitsch Manual C. , Kuczaj Arkadiusz K.
Published: February 2021

Aerosol dosimetry estimates for mouse strains used as models for human disease are not available, primarily because of the lack of tracheobronchial airway morphometry data. By using micro‐CT scans of in‐situ prepared lung casts, tracheobronchial airway morphometry for four strains of mice were obtained: Balb/c, AJ, C57BL/6, and Apoe−/−. The automated tracheobronchial airway morphometry algorithms for airway length and diameter were successfully verified against previously published manual and automated tracheobronchial airway morphometry data derived from two identical in‐situ Balb/c mouse lung casts. There was also excellent agreement in tracheobronchial airway length and diameter between the automated and manual airway data for the AJ, C57BL/6, and Apoe−/− mice. Differences in branch angle measurements were partially due to the differences in definition between the automated algorithms and manual morphometry techniques. Unlike the manual airway morphometry techniques, the automated algorithms were able to provide a value for inclination to gravity for each airway. Inclusion of an inclination to gravity angle for each airway along with airway length, diameter, and branch angle make the current automated tracheobronchial airway data suitable for use in dosimetry programs that can provide dosimetry estimates for inhaled material. The significant differences in upper tracheobronchial airways between Balb/c mice and between C57BL/6 and Apoe−/− mice highlight the need for mouse strain‐specific aerosol dosimetry estimates.