bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Welches Präventionspotential bietet die hausärztliche Praxis aus Sicht pflegender Angehöriger? – Befunde einer qualitativen Interviewstudie
Authors: Wangler Julian , Jansky Michael
Published: September 2021

Die Unterstützung von pflege- und hilfsbedürftigen Personen wird oft durch pflegende Angehörige übernommen. Bei der Betreuung dieser Zielgruppe können Hausärzt*innen eine bedeutende Rolle einnehmen, wenn sie sich auf die Problematiken und Wünsche Pflegender einstellen.

Ziel der explorativen Studie ist es, hausärztliche Betreuungsbedürfnisse mit tatsächlich erlebter Betreuung zu kontrastieren und dadurch Ansätze für eine Stärkung der hausärztlichen Rolle im Themenzusammenhang herauszuarbeiten.

Über 13 Online-Pflegeforen wurden insgesamt 37 pflegende Angehörige rekrutiert, mit denen zwischen September 2020 und März 2021 telefonische Interviews geführt wurden.

Die Mehrheit der Interviewten erachtet Hausärzt*innen als wichtige Unterstützungsinstanz mit hoher Kompetenz- und Vertrauenszuweisung. Geschätzt wird die hausärztliche Kenntnis der persönlichen Betreuungssituation, die Ansprechbarkeit bei verschiedensten Problemlagen und die Hinwendung zum Pflegebedürftigen. Allerdings fällt auf, dass die Kommunikation über die Pflege oft erst deutlich verzögert erfolgt (verspätete Identifizierung und Ansprache Pflegender). Auch nehmen Hausärzt*innen nicht immer im selben Maße Rücksicht auf die Bedürfnisse von Angehörigen wie sie auf Gepflegte eingehen. Nur ein Teil der Ärzt*innen verweist Angehörige zu Beratungs- und Hilfsangeboten.

Die Hausarztpraxis kann eine zentrale Rolle bei der Unterstützung pflegender Angehöriger spielen. Hierfür ist eine frühzeitige Erkennung und Einbeziehung von pflegenden Angehörigen unverzichtbar. Zur effektiven Unterstützung einer gelingenden Pflege ist es wichtig, die Bedürfnisse, Wünsche und Belastungen Pflegender und Gepflegter gleichermaßen zu berücksichtigen. Konsequente Verweise auf Hilfsangebote erleichtern pflegenden Angehörigen die Organisation der Pflege und gewähren (psychosoziale) Unterstützung.
Technologiebewertung digitaler Gesundheitsanwendungen für Refundierungsentscheidungen
Authors: Jeindl Reinhard , Wild Claudia
Published: September 2021

Hintergrund

Für die meisten digitalen Gesundheitsanwendungen (DiGA) liegt wenig Evidenz zum Nutzen vor. Bisher verfügbare Bewertungsinstrumente umfassen häufig nicht alle Domänen eines vollen Health Technology Assessments (HTA). Die Evaluation von DiGA erfordert zusätzlich technologiespezifische Aspekte. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, verfügbare Bewertungsinstrumente zu analysieren und daraus einen Bewertungsprozess zu konzipieren.

Methodik

Durch eine systematische Literatursuche wurden 6 Bewertungsinstrumente für DiGA ausgewählt und analysiert. Es wurde eine Handsuche zur Beschreibung der Strategien einzelner Länder im Umgang mit DiGA durchgeführt.

Ergebnisse

Studiendesigns wurden in 4 der analysierten Bewertungsinstrumente beschrieben. Eine Risikoklassifikation wurde in 1 Bewertungsinstrument vorgeschlagen. Aspekte der künstlichen Intelligenz wurden in 1 Bewertungsinstrument erhoben. Einzelne Länder weisen unterschiedliche Strategien zur Refundierung von DiGA auf.

Schlussfolgerungen

Die Bewertungsinstrumente für DiGA zeigen eine große Heterogenität. Rezente Entwicklungen verschiedener Länder zeigen Bestrebungen, Regelungen auf nationaler Ebene zu finden. Für einen Bewertungsprozess von DiGA empfiehlt sich ein abgestuftes Vorgehen unter Berücksichtigung von Risikoklassen mit anschließender Bewertung relevanter HTA-Aspekte.
The economic development of regions in Ukraine: with tests on the territorial capital approach
Authors: Getzner Michael , Moroz Serhiy
Published: September 2021

The territorial capital approach is used to investigate the economic development of regions in Ukraine in an empirical model. In addition to ‘traditional’ models of regional development, potentially important variables for economic growth, such as elements of social and societal capital (e.g., trust, corruption, non-profit organizations, libraries), are included. Furthermore, the effects of the military conflicts in Ukraine on regional development are described. The empirical results suggest that—while there are no clear-cut effects of all elements of the territorial capital—some interesting variables are of significant importance for the regional development in Ukraine. For instance, strengthening the cultural and social, as well as institutional capital as parts of the overall governance structure, may have positive effects on regional development equal to those originating from hard infrastructure, such as roads and railroads. The results also indicate that—besides the devastating effects of the military conflicts—there is a range of options for public policies supporting territorial capital. These policies include the provision and implementation of robust legal frameworks to increase trust and to reduce corruption, the support of educational efforts and the institutions of civil society, and the promotion of local (i.e. municipal) investments in the framework of a foundational economy.
Economic valuation of water services related to protected forest management: a case of Bukit Batabuh in the RIMBA corridor, Central Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Sulistyawan Barano Siswa , Resosudarmo Budy P. , Verburg Rene W. , Verweij Pita , Amalia Mia , Bockarjova Marija
Published: September 2021

The context of daily household needs of rural communities, particularly the needs for water, often remains insufficiently considered in tropical forest management as it is facing an important decision-making trade-off between profit and preservation. We conducted a choice experiment study to elicit preferences of the rural community members in Central Sumatra, Indonesia, who perpetually depend on the ecosystem services of tropical forests. To inform a spatial planning policy for the protected forest, we focus on the valuation of water services in the protected forest area of Bukit Batabuh where the surrounding communities living rely on upstream watershed and water storage management. We find that those communities have a strict preference for improving forest water provisioning services, compared to the current situation (status quo), with the estimated aggregate benefit of non-commercial use ranging between USD 2.71 million and USD 2.47 million per year for each of the options of (1) maintaining and enhancing water storage, (2) rehabilitating forest in the upper watershed or (3) restoring the riparian forest. This study also identifies preference attributes, such as water storage capacity, water scarcity and water turbidity which can be used in other tropical landscape contexts in Indonesia and beyond.
Effects of nitro-butoxyl- and butyl-esters of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs compared with parent compounds on the contractility of digital arterial smooth muscle from the fallow deer (Dama dama)
Authors: Callingham Brian A. , Khan M. Akram , Milton Anthony S. , Rainsford K. D.
Published: September 2021

Background

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a major cause of upper gastro-intestinal (GI) ulceration and bleeding as well as cardiovascular (CV) diseases (e.g., myocardial infarction and stroke). A feature common to both these adverse events is a variety of vascular reactions. One approach to overcome these side effects has been the development of nitric-oxide (NO)-donating NSAIDs. The NO is considered to overcome some of these vascular reactions caused by NSAIDs. Unfortunately, the NO-NSAIDs developed so far have not had the expected benefits compared with NSAIDs alone.

Objectives

Using in vitro preparations it is hoped to gain insight into the vascular and smooth muscle reactions induced by NO-NSAIDs compared with NSAIDs as a basis for improving the protective responses attributed to the NO-donating properties of these drugs.

Methods

A range of NO-NSAIDs was synthesized based on the esterification of NSAIDs with the nitro-butoxylate as a prototype of an NO-donor. These compounds, as well as NO-donor agents and NSAIDS, were examined for their possible effects on isolated segments of digital arteries of fallow deer, which provide a robust model for determining the effects of vasodilator and vasoconstrictor activities, in comparison with those of standard pharmacological agents.

Results

The NO-NSAIDs were found to antagonise the smooth muscle contractions produced by 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin, 5-HT). However, while almost all their parent NSAIDs had little or no effect, with the exception of the R-(−)-isomers of both ibuprofen and flurbiprofen, which caused vasodilatation, all the NO-NSAIDs tested antagonised the increase in tension produced by 5-HT.

Conclusions

R-(−)-ibuprofen and R-(−)-flurbiprofen, along with the nitro-butoxyl esters of the NSAIDs examined, produce relaxation of segments of deer digital artery smooth muscle in vitro. The evidence presented suggests that their mechanism involves the release of NO or its products.
Brief Report: Preferred Processing of Social Stimuli in Autism: A Perception Task
Authors: Meermeier A. , Jording M. , Alayoubi Y. , Vogel David H. V. , Vogeley K. , Tepest R.
Published: September 2021

In this study we investigate whether persons with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) perceive social images differently than control participants (CON) in a graded perception task in which stimuli emerged from noise before dissipating into noise again. We presented either social stimuli (humans) or non-social stimuli (objects or animals). ASD were slower to recognize images during their emergence, but as fast as CON when indicating the dissipation of the image irrespective of its content. Social stimuli were recognized faster and remained discernable longer in both diagnostic groups. Thus, ASD participants show a largely intact preference for the processing of social images. An exploratory analysis of response subsets reveals subtle differences between groups that could be investigated in future studies.
Professional Growth of Novice and Experienced STEM Teachers
Authors: Akiri Effrat , Dori Yehudit Judy
Published: September 2021

The first years of teaching are crucial for novice teachers’ integration into and retainment in the education system. The support they receive from experienced teachers impacts their professional development. Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) teachers require specialized support from domain-specific mentors. In this study, we examined how a three-level mentoring support system contributes to STEM novice teachers’ professional growth (PG) and to their mentors. The support system levels are individual mentoring, group mentoring, and mentoring networks. Based on the framework of teachers’ professional development, there are three PG dimensions: personal, professional, and social. Our research goal was to analyze teachers’ professional growth by the various mentoring level and dimension combinations. The study, conducted using a mixed methods approach, included 123 novice and 78 experienced STEM teachers. We examined the novice teachers’ perceptions of their teaching efficacy, the mentoring factors, correlations between the professional growth dimensions, and the contribution of each support level to the growth dimensions. We found that experienced teachers perceive novice teachers’ efficacy as lower than that perceived by the novice teachers. We identified gaps between the mentoring factors described by novice and experienced teachers and a strong correlation between the growth dimensions. All three mentoring support levels facilitate substantive personal, professional, and social growth. Individual mentoring contributes the most to all three growth dimensions, followed by mentoring networks. The contribution of this research is its elucidation of the intertwined support levels, which provide scaffolds for the novice teachers and facilitate the growth of the experienced teachers.
Feminist approach to geriatric care: comprehensive geriatric assessment, diversity and intersectionality
Authors: Weßel Merle
Published: September 2021

Despite being a collection of holistic assessment tools, the comprehensive geriatric assessment primarily focuses on the social category of age during the assessment and disregards for example gender. This article critically reviews the standardized testing process of the comprehensive geriatric assessment in regard to diversity-sensitivity. I show that the focus on age as social category during the assessment process might potentially hinder positive outcomes for people with diverse backgrounds of older patients in relation to other social categories, such as race, gender or socio-economic background and their influence on the health of the patient as well as the assessment and its outcomes. I suggest that the feminist perspective of intersectionality with its multicategorical approach can enhance the diversity-sensitivity of the comprehensive geriatric assessment, and thus improve the treatment of older patients and their quality of life. By suggesting an intersectional-based approach, this article contributes to debates about justice and diversity in medical philosophy and advocates for the normative value of diversity in geriatric medicine.
Ant nests as a microbial hot spots in a long-term heavy metal-contaminated soils
Authors: Klimek Beata , Poliwka-Modliborek Hanna , Grześ Irena M.
Published: September 2021

Interactions between soil fauna and soil microorganisms are not fully recognized, especially in extreme environments, such as long-term metal-polluted soils. The purpose of the study was to assess how the presence of Lasius niger ants affected soil microbial characteristics in a long-term metal-polluted area (Upper Silesia in Poland). Paired soil samples were taken from bulk soil and from ant nests and analysed for a range of soil physicochemical properties, including metal content (zinc, cadmium, and lead). Microbial analysis included soil microbial activity (soil respiration rate), microbial biomass (substrate-induced respiration rate), and bacteria catabolic properties (Biolog® ECO plates). Soil collected from ant nests was drier and was characterized by a lower content of organic matter, carbon and nitrogen contents, and also lower metal content than bulk soil. Soil microbial respiration rate was positively related to soil pH (p = 0.01) and negatively to water-soluble metal content, integrated into TIws index (p = 0.01). Soil microbial biomass was negatively related to TIws index (p = 0.04). Neither soil microbial activity and biomass nor bacteria catabolic activity and diversity indices differed between bulk soil and ant nests. Taken together, ant activity reduced soil contamination by metals in a microscale which support microbial community activity and biomass but did not affect Biolog® culturable bacteria.
Grice and Kant on Maxims and Categories
Authors: Schamberger Christoph , Bülow Lars
Published: September 2021

Apart from a passing reference to Kant, Grice never explains in his writings how he came to discover his conversational maxims. He simply proclaims them without justification. Yet regardless of how his ingenious invention really came about, one might wonder how the conversational maxims can be detected and distinguished from other sorts of maxims. We argue that the conversational maxims can be identified by the use of a transcendental argument in the spirit of Kant. To this end, we introduce Grice’s account of conversational maxims and categories and compare it briefly with Kant’s thoughts on categories. Subsequently, we pursue a thought experiment concerning what would happen if speakers constantly broke one or another of the maxims. It seems that it would not be possible for children to recognize a significant number of lexical meanings under such circumstances. Hence, the conversational maxims are rules whose occasional application is a necessary condition of language and conversation.
Stories of water: preschool children’s engagement with water purification
Authors: Elkin Postila Teresa
Published: September 2021

This article aims to investigate environmental education in preschools by taking Donna Haraway’s call of staying with the trouble together with preschool children seriously, here-and-now, in explorations of dirty water and water purification. This posthumanist inspired research project draws theoretically and methodologically on the writings of Haraway, Anna L. Tsing and Isabelle Stengers. The empirical data consist of three stories from a multidisciplinary intervention research project in the Stockholm region in Sweden, collected from collaboratively produced data such as films, photographs, drawings, and notes from the project. The study can be seen as an invitation to preschools to engage in the debate on climate change and to create a togetherness around environmental concerns, not only in the future, but also here-and-now in the preschool.
Isogeometric analysis based on geometric reconstruction models
Authors: Wang Yingjun , Gao Liang , Qu Jinping , Xia Zhaohui , Deng Xiaowei
Published: September 2021

In isogeometric analysis (IGA), the boundary representation of computer-aided design (CAD) and the tensor-product non-uniform rational B-spline structure make the analysis of three-dimensional (3D) problems with irregular geometries difficult. In this paper, an IGA method for complex models is presented by reconstructing analysis-suitable models. The CAD model is represented by boundary polygons or point cloud and is embedded into a regular background grid, and a model reconstruction method is proposed to obtain the level set function of the approximate model, which can be directly used in IGA. Three 3D examples are used to test the proposed method, and the results demonstrate that the proposed method can deal with complex engineering parts reconstructed by boundary polygons or point clouds.
A comparison of two dissimilarity functions for mixed-type predictor variables in the $$\delta $$-machine
Authors: Yuan Beibei , Heiser Willem , de Rooij Mark
Published: September 2021

The$$\delta $$δ-machine is a statistical learning tool for classification based on dissimilarities or distances between profiles of the observations to profiles of a representation set, which was proposed by Yuan et al. (J Claasif 36(3): 442–470, 2019). So far, the$$\delta $$δ-machine was restricted to continuous predictor variables only. In this article, we extend the$$\delta $$δ-machine to handle continuous, ordinal, nominal, and binary predictor variables. We utilized a tailored dissimilarity function for mixed type variables which was defined by Gower. This measure has properties of a Manhattan distance. We develop, in a similar vein, a Euclidean dissimilarity function for mixed type variables. In simulation studies we compare the performance of the two dissimilarity functions and we compare the predictive performance of the$$\delta $$δ-machine to logistic regression models. We generated data according to two population distributions where the type of predictor variables, the distribution of categorical variables, and the number of predictor variables was varied. The performance of the$$\delta $$δ-machine using the two dissimilarity functions and different types of representation set was investigated. The simulation studies showed that the adjusted Euclidean dissimilarity function performed better than the adjusted Gower dissimilarity function; that the$$\delta $$δ-machine outperformed logistic regression; and that for constructing the representation set,K-medoids clustering achieved fewer active exemplars than the one usingK-means clustering while maintaining the accuracy. We also applied the$$\delta $$δ-machine to an empirical example, discussed its interpretation in detail, and compared the classification performance with five other classification methods. The results showed that the$$\delta $$δ-machine has a good balance between accuracy and interpretability.
Associations between alcohol consumption and anxiety, depression, and health-related quality of life in colorectal cancer survivors
Authors: Révész Dóra , Bours Martijn J. L. , Wegdam Johannes A. , Keulen Eric T. P. , Breukink Stéphanie O. , Slooter Gerrit D. , Vogelaar F. Jeroen , Weijenberg Matty P. , Mols Floortje
Published: September 2021

Purpose

Alcohol consumption is a major risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC). It is currently poorly understood, however, how alcohol and different alcoholic beverage types are related to psychosocial outcomes in CRC survivors.

Methods

We used data of N = 910 CRC survivors from the pooled EnCoRe and PROCORE cohorts and harmonized them into five time points: at diagnosis and 3, 6, 12, and 24 months post-diagnosis. Generalized estimated equation models were used to examine longitudinal associations of alcohol consumption, including consumption of beer, wine, and liquor, with anxiety, depression, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL), while correcting for sociodemographic, lifestyle, and clinical factors.

Results

Survivors were on average 67 years and 37% was female. In the first 2 years post-diagnosis, survivors who consumed more alcoholic drinks/week reported lower anxiety and depressive symptoms and better HRQoL on all domains and symptom scales. This was the case for moderate and heavy amounts of alcohol and mostly for consuming beer and wine, but not for liquor. Associations were more often significant for men and for younger persons (< 67 years at baseline).

Conclusions

Generally, alcohol consumption was observed to be longitudinally related to less anxiety and depression and better HRQoL in CRC survivors.

Implications for Cancer Survivors

Although alcohol consumption is generally unfavorable due to increased risk of carcinogenesis and worse prognosis after CRC, it seems to be associated with better psychosocial outcomes in the first 2 years after diagnosis and treatment. More research is needed to gain knowledge about reasons for drinking and causality.
The many elusive pollinators in the genus Amorphophallus
Authors: Claudel Cyrille
Published: September 2021

The genusAmorphophallusencompasses some 230 species and is one of the largest genera of the Araceae family. Most species release scents, smelling of carrion, faeces, dung and similar nauseating odours for pollinator attraction and are therefore considered to have evolved a deceptive pollination syndrome. Some of the most iconic members of the genus, such as theA.titanumandA.gigas, are considered to be carrion mimics. Copro-necrophagous insects, beetles and flies in particular, are attracted by these scents and are therefore assumed to act as pollinators. However, many reports and observations onAmorphophalluspollinators are anecdotal in nature or do not distinguish between legitimate pollinators and non-pollinating visitors. Moreover, some published observations are not readily accessible as they are many decades old. Therefore, the available data and information about insect visitors and/or pollinators in the genusAmorphophallusis compiled, reviewed and discussed.
The shape of you: do individuals associate particular geometric shapes with identity?
Authors: Manippa Valerio , Tommasi Luca
Published: September 2021

For more than a century, psychologists have been interested in how visual information can arouse emotions. Several studies have shown that rounded shapes evoke positive feelings due to their link with happy/baby-like expressions, compared with sharp angular shapes, usually associated with anger and threatening objects having negative valence. However, to date, no-one has investigated the preference to associate simple geometric shapes to personal identities, including one’s own, that of a close acquainted, or that of a stranger. Through 2 online surveys we asked participants to associate a geometric shape, chosen among a circle, a square and a triangle, to each of three identities, namely “you” (the self), “your best friend” or “a stranger”. We hypothesized that the circle would be more associated with the self, the square with the friend and the triangle with the stranger. Moreover, we investigated whether these associations are modulated by 3 personality traits: aggressivity, social fear and empathy. As predicted, we found that participants associate more often the circle with the self, both the circle and the square with the best friend, whereas they matched angular shapes (both the triangle and the square) to the stranger. On the other hand, the possibility that personality traits can modulate such associations was not confirmed. The study of how people associate geometric figures with the self or with other identities giving them an implicit socio-affective connotation, is interesting for all the disciplines interested in the automatic affective processes activated by visual stimuli.
Increase of serum uric acid levels associated with APOE ε2 haplotype: a clinico-genetic investigation and in vivo approach
Authors: Ogura Masatsune , Toyoda Yu , Sakiyama Masayuki , Kawamura Yusuke , Nakayama Akiyoshi , Yamanashi Yoshihide , Takada Tappei , Shimizu Seiko , Higashino Toshihide , Nakajima Mayuko , Naito Mariko , Hishida Asahi , Kawai Sayo , Okada Rieko , Sasaki Makoto , Ayaori Makoto , Suzuki Hiroshi , Takata Koki , Ikewaki Katsunori , Harada-Shiba Mariko , Shinomiya Nariyoshi , Matsuo Hirotaka
Published: September 2021

Elevated serum uric acid (SUA)—hyperuricemia—is caused by overproduction of urate or by its decreased renal and/or intestinal excretion. This disease, which is increasing in prevalence worldwide, is associated with both gout and metabolic diseases. Several studies have reported relationships between apolipoprotein E (APOE) haplotypes and SUA levels in humans; however, their results remain inconsistent. This prompted us to investigate the relationship between APOE polymorphisms and SUA levels. Our subjects were 5,272 Japanese men, premenopausal women, and postmenopausal women. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed the ε2 haplotype of APOE to be independently associated with higher SUA in men (N = 1,726) and postmenopausal women (N = 1,753), but not in premenopausal women (N = 1,793). In contrast, the ε4 haplotype was little related to SUA levels in each group. Moreover, to examine the effect of Apoe deficiency on SUA levels, we conducted animal experiments using Apoe knockout mice, which mimics ε2/ε2 carriers. We found that SUA levels in Apoe knockout mice were significantly higher than those in wild-type mice, which is consistent with the SUA-raising effect of the ε2 haplotype observed in our clinico-genetic analyses. Further analyses suggested that renal rather than intestinal underexcretion of urate could be involved in Apoe deficiency-related SUA increase. In conclusion, we successfully demonstrated that the ε2 haplotype, but not the ε4 haplotype, increases SUA levels. These findings will improve our understanding of genetic factors affecting SUA levels.
In situ reduced MXene/AuNPs composite toward enhanced charging/discharging and specific capacitance
Authors: Zheng Zixiang , Wu Wei , Yang Tao , Wang Enhui , Du Zhentao , Hou Xinmei , Liang Tongxiang , Wang Hailong
Published: September 2021

In this work, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) decorated Ti3C2Txnanosheets (MXene/AuNPs composite) are fabricated through a self-reduction reaction of Ti3C2Txnanosheets with HAuCl4aqueous solution. The obtained composite is characterized as AuNPs with the diameter of about 23 nm uniformly dispersing on Ti3C2Txnanosheets without aggregation. The composite (MXene decorated on 4.8 wt% AuNPs) is further employed to construct supercapacitor for the first time with a higher specific capacitance of 278 F·g−1at 5 mV·s−1than that of pure Ti3C2Txand 95% of cyclic stability after 10,000 cycles. Furthermore, MXene/AuNPs composite symmetric supercapacitor with filter paper as separator and H2SO4as electrolyte, is assembled. The supercapacitor exhibits a high volumetric energy density of 8.82 Wh·L−1at a power density of 264.6 W·L−1and ultrafast-charging/discharging performance. It exhibits as a promising candidate applied in integrated and flexible supercapacitors.
Design and preparation of an ultra-high temperature ceramic by in-situ introduction of Zr2[Al(Si)]4C5 into ZrB2-SiC: Investigation on the mechanical properties and oxidation behavior
Authors: Yu Lei , Liu Hui , Fu Yaohui , Hu Weijiang , Wang Zhefei , Liu Quan , Wei Bo , Yang Jian , Qiu Tai
Published: September 2021

Novel ZrB2-matrix composites were designed and prepared byin-situintroducing SiC and Zr2[Al(Si)]4C5simultaneously for the first time. The obtained composites were dense and showed good mechanical properties, especially the strength and toughness, 706 MPa and 7.33 MPa·m1/2, respectively, coupled with high hardness of 21.3 GPa, and stiffness of 452 GPa. SiC and Zr2[Al(Si)]4C5constituted a reinforcing system with synergistic effects including grain refinement, grain pull-out as well as crack branching, bridging, and deflection. Besides, the oxidation results of the composites showed that the oxidation kinetics followed the parabolic law at 1600 °C, and the oxidation rate constants increased with the increase of Zr2[Al(Si)]4C5content. The formation and evolution model of the oxidation structure was also investigated, and the oxide scale of the composite exhibited a three-layer structure.
Porosity, cracks, and mechanical properties of additively manufactured tooling alloys: a review
Authors: Bidare Prveen , Jiménez Amaia , Hassanin Hany , Essa Khamis
Published: September 2021

Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies are currently employed for the manufacturing of completely functional parts and have gained the attention of high-technology industries such as the aerospace, automotive, and biomedical fields. This is mainly due to their advantages in terms of low material waste and high productivity, particularly owing to the flexibility in the geometries that can be generated. In the tooling industry, specifically the manufacturing of dies and molds, AM technologies enable the generation of complex shapes, internal cooling channels, the repair of damaged dies and molds, and an improved performance of dies and molds employing multiple AM materials. In the present paper, a review of AM processes and materials applied in the tooling industry for the generation of dies and molds is addressed. AM technologies used for tooling applications and the characteristics of the materials employed in this industry are first presented. In addition, the most relevant state-of-the-art approaches are analyzed with respect to the process parameters and microstructural and mechanical properties in the processing of high-performance tooling materials used in AM processes. Concretely, studies on the AM of ferrous (maraging steels and H13 steel alloy) and non-ferrous (stellite alloys and WC alloys) tooling alloys are also analyzed.
Insights into Delivering Cross-Cultural Medical Education in the UK and Malaysia
Authors: Guilding Clare , Li Zhi Paul Khoo , Mohana Krishnan Sailesh , Hubbard Paul Stephen , McKeegan Kenneth Scott
Published: September 2021

Newcastle University UK operates an international campus, NUMed, in Malaysia. NUMed delivers the same medical degree programme as in the UK, within a different cultural context. In this paper, medical education faculty and NUMed graduates with experience working in both the UK and Malaysia provide insights into cross-cultural diversity in approaches to learning. Observations from small and large group teaching and approaches to assessment are discussed in relation to students’ cultural backgrounds including previous learning experiences and English language abilities. We provide practice points for educators preparing a diverse range of students to work in global healthcare settings.
Capital as an Integrative Conceptualisation of Human Characteristics, Behaviour, and Outcomes Predicting Reproductive Success and Evolutionary Fitness
Authors: Kordsmeyer Tobias L.
Published: September 2021

According to evolutionary theory, human cognition and behaviour are based on adaptations selected for their contribution to reproduction in the past, which in the present may result in differential reproductive success and inclusive fitness. Because this depiction is broad and human behaviour often separated from this ultimate outcome (e.g., increasing childlessness), evolutionary theory can only incompletely account for human everyday behaviour. Moreover, effects of most studied traits and characteristics on mating and reproductive success turned out not to be robust. In this article, an abstract descriptive level for evaluating human characteristics, behaviour, and outcomes is proposed, as a predictor of long-term reproductive success and fitness. Characteristics, behaviour, and outcomes are assessed in terms of attained and maintained capital, defined by more concrete (e.g., mating success, personality traits) and abstract (e.g., influence, received attention) facets, thus extending constructs like embodied capital and social capital theory, which focuses on resources embedded in social relationships. Situations are framed as opportunities to gain capital, and situational factors function as elicitors for gaining and evaluating capital. Combined capital facets should more robustly predict reproductive success and (theoretically) fitness than individual fitness predictors. Different ways of defining and testing these associations are outlined, including a method for empirically examining the psychometric utility of introducing a capital concept. Further theorising and empirical research should more precisely define capital and its facets, and test associations with (correlates of) reproductive success and fitness.
Green and Near-Infrared Dual-Mode Afterglow of Carbon Dots and Their Applications for Confidential Information Readout
Authors: Wang Yuci , Jiang Kai , Du Jiaren , Zheng Licheng , Li Yike , Li Zhongjun , Lin Hengwei
Published: September 2021

Near-infrared (NIR), particularly NIR-containing dual-/multi-mode afterglow, is very attractive in many fields of application, but it is still a great challenge to achieve such property of materials. Herein, we report a facile method to prepare green and NIR dual-mode afterglow of carbon dots (CDs) through in situ embedding o-CDs (being prepared from o-phenylenediamine) into cyanuric acid (CA) matrix (named o-CDs@CA). Further studies reveal that the green and NIR afterglows of o-CDs@CA originate from thermal activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) and room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) of o-CDs, respectively. In addition, the formation of covalent bonds between o-CDs and CA, and the presence of multiple fixation and rigid effects to the triplet states of o-CDs are confirmed to be critical for activating the observed dual-mode afterglow. Due to the shorter lifetime and insensitiveness to human vision of the NIR RTP of o-CDs@CA, it is completely covered by the green TADF during directly observing. The NIR RTP signal, however, can be readily captured if an optical filter (cut-off wavelength of 600 nm) being used. By utilizing these unique features, the applications of o-CDs@CA in anti-counterfeiting and information encryption have been demonstrated with great confidentiality. Finally, the as-developed method was confirmed to be applicable to many other kinds of CDs for achieving or enhancing their afterglow performances.
Mandatory Human Rights Due Diligence in Germany and Norway: Stepping, or Striding, in the Same Direction?
Authors: KRAJEWSKI Markus , TONSTAD Kristel , WOHLTMANN Franziska
Published: September 2021

Germany and Norway are the two latest states to adopt laws mandating human rights due diligence by companies. Germany adopted a Law on Supply Chain Due Diligence (German Law) on 10 June 2021.1 The same day, the Norwegian parliament passed a Transparency Act (Norwegian Act) requiring human rights and decent work due diligence.2 Like the French Loi de Vigilance and the Dutch Child Labour Due Diligence Law, these laws provide further momentum for mandatory measures to promote corporate respect for human rights, including future regulations in the European Union (EU). While the aims are similar, the German and Norwegian laws contain certain important differences when it comes to the substance and scope of the due diligence requirement. In this context, adherence to international standards remains the way forward to ensure compliance with divergent requirements in different jurisdictions.
Results on Martin’s Conjecture
Authors: Lutz Patrick
Published: September 2021

Martin’s conjecture is an attempt to classify the behavior of all definable functions on the Turing degrees under strong set theoretic hypotheses. Very roughly it says that every such function is either eventually constant, eventually equal to the identity function or eventually equal to a transfinite iterate of the Turing jump. It is typically divided into two parts: the first part states that every function is either eventually constant or eventually above the identity function and the second part states that every function which is above the identity is eventually equal to a transfinite iterate of the jump. If true, it would provide an explanation for the unique role of the Turing jump in computability theory and rule out many types of constructions on the Turing degrees.

In this thesis, we will introduce a few tools which we use to prove several cases of Martin’s conjecture. It turns out that both these tools and these results on Martin’s conjecture have some interesting consequences both for Martin’s conjecture and for a few related topics.

The main tool that we introduce is a basis theorem for perfect sets, improving a theorem due to Groszek and Slaman. We also introduce a general framework for proving certain special cases of Martin’s conjecture which unifies a few pre-existing proofs. We will use these tools to prove three main results about Martin’s conjecture: that it holds for regressive functions on the hyperarithmetic degrees (answering a question of Slaman and Steel), that part 1 holds for order preserving functions on the Turing degrees, and that part 1 holds for a class of functions that we introduce, called measure preserving functions.

This last result has several interesting consequences for the study of Martin’s conjecture. In particular, it shows that part 1 of Martin’s conjecture is equivalent to a statement about the Rudin-Keisler order on ultrafilters on the Turing degrees. This suggests several possible strategies for working on part 1 of Martin’s conjecture, which we will discuss.

The basis theorem that we use to prove these results also has some applications outside of Martin’s conjecture. We will use it to prove a few theorems related to Sacks’ question about whether it is provable in
$\mathsf {ZFC}$
that every locally countable partial order of size continuum embeds into the Turing degrees. We will show that in a certain extension of
$\mathsf {ZF}$
(which is incompatible with
$\mathsf {ZFC}$
), this holds for all partial orders of height two, but not for all partial orders of height three. Our proof also yields an analogous result for Borel partial orders and Borel embeddings in
$\mathsf {ZF}$
, which shows that the Borel version of Sacks’ question has a negative answer.

We will end the thesis with a list of open questions related to Martin’s conjecture, which we hope will stimulate further research.

Abstract prepared by Patrick Lutz.

E-mail: pglutz@berkeley.edu
Transfer Principles in Henselian Valued Fields
Authors: Touchard Pierre
Published: September 2021

In this thesis, we study transfer principles in the context of certain Henselian valued fields, namely Henselian valued fields of equicharacteristic
$0$
, algebraically closed valued fields, algebraically maximal Kaplansky valued fields, and unramified mixed characteristic Henselian valued fields with perfect residue field. First, we compute the burden of such a valued field in terms of the burden of its value group and its residue field. The burden is a cardinal related to the model theoretic complexity and a notion of dimension associated to
$\text {NTP}_2$
theories. We show, for instance, that the Hahn field
$\mathbb {F}_p^{\text {alg}}((\mathbb {Z}[1/p]))$
is inp-minimal (of burden 1), and that the ring of Witt vectors
$W(\mathbb {F}_p^{\text {alg}})$
over
$\mathbb {F}_p^{\text {alg}}$
is not strong (of burden
$\omega $
). This result extends previous work by Chernikov and Simon and realizes an important step toward the classification of Henselian valued fields of finite burden. Second, we show a transfer principle for the property that all types realized in a given elementary extension are definable. It can be written as follows: a valued field as above is stably embedded in an elementary extension if and only if its value group is stably embedded in the corresponding extension of value groups, its residue field is stably embedded in the corresponding extension of residue fields, and the extension of valued fields satisfies a certain algebraic condition. We show, for instance, that all types over the power series field
$\mathbb {R}((t))$
are definable. Similarly, all types over the quotient field of
$W(\mathbb {F}_p^{\text {alg}})$
are definable. This extends previous work of Cubides and Delon and of Cubides and Ye.

These distinct results use a common approach, which has been developed recently. It consists of establishing first a reduction to an intermediate structure called the leading term structure, or
$\operatorname {\mathrm {RV}}$
-sort, and then of reducing to the value group and residue field. This leads us to develop similar reduction principles in the context of pure short exact sequences of abelian groups.

Abstract prepared by Pierre Touchard.

E-mail: pierre.pa.touchard@gmail.com

URL: https://miami.uni-muenster.de/Record/a612cf73-0a2f-42c4-b1e4-7d28934138a9
On Transfinite Levels of the Ershov Hierarchy
Authors: Peng Cheng
Published: September 2021

In this thesis, we study Turing degrees in the context of classical recursion theory. What we are interested in is the partially ordered structures
$\mathcal {D}_{\alpha }$
for ordinals
$\alpha <\omega ^2$
and
$\mathcal {D}_{a}$
for notations
$a\in \mathcal {O}$
with
$|a|_{o}\geq \omega ^2$
.

The dissertation is motivated by the
$\Sigma _{1}$
-elementary substructure problem: Can one structure in the following structures
$\mathcal {R}\subsetneqq \mathcal {D}_{2}\subsetneqq \dots \subsetneqq \mathcal {D}_{\omega }\subsetneqq \mathcal {D}_{\omega +1}\subsetneqq \dots \subsetneqq \mathcal {D(\leq \textbf {0}')}$
be a
$\Sigma _{1}$
-elementary substructure of another? For finite levels of the Ershov hierarchy, Cai, Shore, and Slaman [Journal of Mathematical Logic, vol. 12 (2012), p. 1250005] showed that
$\mathcal {D}_{n}\npreceq _{1}\mathcal {D}_{m}$
for any
$n < m$
. We consider the problem for transfinite levels of the Ershov hierarchy and show that
$\mathcal {D}_{\omega }\npreceq _{1}\mathcal {D}_{\omega +1}$
. The techniques in Chapters 2 and 3 are motivated by two remarkable theorems, Sacks Density Theorem and the d.r.e. Nondensity Theorem.

In Chapter 1, we first briefly review the background of the research areas involved in this thesis, and then review some basic definitions and classical theorems. We also summarize our results in Chapter 2 to Chapter 4. In Chapter 2, we show that for any
$\omega $
-r.e. set D and r.e. set B with
$D<_{T}B$
, there is an
$\omega +1$
-r.e. set A such that
$D<_{T}A<_{T}B$
. In Chapter 3, we show that for some notation a with
$|a|_{o}=\omega ^{2}$
, there is an incomplete
$\omega +1$
-r.e. set A such that there are no a-r.e. sets U with
$A<_{T}U<_{T}K$
. In Chapter 4, we generalize above results to higher levels (up to
$\varepsilon _{0}$
). We investigate Lachlan sets and minimal degrees on transfinite levels and show that for any notation a, there exists a
$\Delta ^{0}_{2}$
-set A such that A is of minimal degree and
$A\not \equiv _T U$
for all a-r.e. sets U.

Abstract prepared by Cheng Peng.

E-mail: pengcheng@nankai.edu.cn
Spectrum of Movement Disorders of Late-Onset Niemann-Pick Disease Type C
Authors: Parihar Jasmine , Dash Deepa , Aggarwal Bhawana , Kabra Madhulika , Rajan Roopa , Vibha Deepti , Singh Rajesh Kumar , Bhatia Rohit , Gupta Neerja , Tripathi Manjari
Published: September 2021

Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC), is a rare lysosomal storage disorder, which has a variable presentation based on the age of onset. We describe five adult/adolescent-onset NPC cases presenting with a range of movement disorders along with vertical supranuclear gaze palsy as part of the clinical presentation. A diagnostic delay of 4–17 years from the symptom onset was found in this case series. A high index of clinical suspicion in adult/adolescent patients presenting with vertical supranuclear gaze palsy along with various movement disorder phenomenology can help in the early diagnosis of NPC.
Neuroprotection in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Brief Review
Authors: Buchan Alastair M. , Pelz David M.
Published: September 2021

The goal of effective neuroprotection in acute ischemic stroke remains elusive. Despite decades of experimental preclinical and clinical experience with innumerable agents, no strategy has proven to be beneficial in humans. As endovascular therapies mature and approach the limits of speed and efficacy, neuroprotection will become the next frontier of acute stroke care. This review will briefly summarize the history, preclinical and clinical triumphs and failures, and future directions of cerebral neuroprotection.
On the comparison of Shapley values for variance and standard deviation games
Authors: Galeotti Marcello , Rabitti Giovanni
Published: September 2021

Motivated by the problem of variance allocation for the sum of dependent random variables, Colini-Baldeschi, Scarsini and Vaccari (2018) recently introduced Shapley values for variance and standard deviation games. These Shapley values constitute a criterion satisfying nice properties useful for allocating the variance and the standard deviation of the sum of dependent random variables. However, since Shapley values are in general computationally demanding, Colini-Baldeschi, Scarsini and Vaccari also formulated a conjecture about the relation of the Shapley values of two games, which they proved for the case of two dependent random variables. In this work we prove that their conjecture holds true in the case of an arbitrary number of independent random variables but, at the same time, we provide counterexamples to the conjecture for the case of three dependent random variables.
Pathwise large deviations for the rough Bergomi model: Corrigendum
Authors: Gerhold Stefan , Jacquier Antoine , Pakkanen Mikko , Stone Henry , Wagenhofer Thomas
Published: September 2021

This note corrects an error in the definition of the rate function in Jacquier, Pakkanen, and Stone (2018) and slightly simplifies some proofs.
Asymptotic behavior of the weak approximation to a class of Gaussian processes
Authors: Jiang Hui , Yang Qingshan
Published: September 2021

We study, under mild conditions, the weak approximation constructed from a standard Poisson process for a class of Gaussian processes, and establish its sample path moderate deviations. The techniques consist of a good asymptotic exponential approximation in moderate deviations, the Besov–Lèvy modulus embedding, and an exponential martingale technique. Moreover, our results are applied to the weak approximations associated with the moving average of Brownian motion, fractional Brownian motion, and an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process.
An upper bound for the bond percolation threshold of the cubic lattice by a growth process approach
Authors: Yu Gaoran , Wierman John C.
Published: September 2021

We reduce the upper bound for the bond percolation threshold of the cubic lattice from 0.447 792 to 0.347 297. The bound is obtained by a growth process approach which views the open cluster of a bond percolation model as a dynamic process. A three-dimensional dynamic process on the cubic lattice is constructed and then projected onto a carefully chosen plane to obtain a two-dimensional dynamic process on a triangular lattice. We compare the bond percolation models on the cubic lattice and their projections, and demonstrate that the bond percolation threshold of the cubic lattice is no greater than that of the triangular lattice. Applying the approach to the body-centered cubic lattice yields an upper bound of 0.292 893 for its bond percolation threshold.