bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La reforma del estado: democracia y gobernabilidad
Authors: Cruz Rafael de la
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: El autor muestra, desde la experiencia venezolana, que la decadencia de las instituciones políticas populistas tiene la mayor responsabilidad en la crisis que atraviesa América Latina. La reforma del Estado, en sus aspectos económicos, políticos y administrativos, debe entenderse como una oportunidad para restablecer la gobernabilidad y preservar la democracia en el continente.ABSTRACT: By looking at the Venezuelan experience, the author shows that the decline of the populist political institutions is the main cause of the crisis that Latin America is going through. The reform of the State in its economic, political and administrative aspects must be understood as an opportunity to restore the governance of the system and to preserve the democracy in the continent.
Legitimación y políticas públicas
Authors: Viñas Verónica Esther
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: Un gobierno puede construir su legitimación basándose en principios diferentes. Después de describir y analizar los discursos del gobierno autoritario del Proceso de Reorganización Nacional argentino (1976-1983) y del gobierno democrático de la Unión Civica Radical (1984-1989), se deduce que hubo cambios en los principios de legitimación de cada uno de ellos y en la concepción de las funciones que asignaron al Estado y a la Administración Pública. Una investigación posterior y complementaria tendría como objetivo analizar si existió una correspondencia entre los conceptos relacionados con la legitimación, el Estado y la Administración, y las políticas públicas implementadas por cada gobierno.ABSTRACT: Goverments base their legitimation on differents principies. After describing and analysing the discourses of the autoritarian argentinian government "Proceso de Reorganización Nacional" (1976-1983) and the democratic government of Unión Cívica Radical (1984-1989), we can infer that changes occurred to the legitimating principies of both goverrment and to the conception of the function of the State and the Public Administration. Further research shold have as its goal that of analysing whether there existed a correspondence between the related concepts of legitimacion, State and Administration, and public polices carried out by both governments.
Libre comercio en norteamerica. Algunas explicaciones e implicaciones para México
Authors: González Martínez Carlos
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: El autor exmina las oportunidades y retos que puede encontrar México en el tratado de Libre Comercio, firmado entre México, Estados Unidos y Canadá. Considera esta integración económica como parte de un proceso más amplio de reforma del Estado y replanteamiento de los vínculos económicos con el exterior.ABSTRACT: The author analizes the opportunities and challenges that the Free Trade Agreement signed by México, The United States and Canada represents for Mexico. This economic integration is considered as a part of a greater process of reform of the State, and of reconsideration of the external economic links of Mexico with abroad.
Los Municipios en México: el eslabón de la cadena
Authors: Merino Huerta Mauricio
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: Tanto la reforma económica en busca de mayor libertad de mercado como la transición política que aspira a la democracia pueden realizarse a partir de cualquier esquema institucional. Así, en el caso de México, la reforma estatal ha transcurrido por un proceso de (des) centralización en el que, sin embargo, los municipios no han participado.ABSTRACT: The author tries to prove that any institucional scheme is useful for the economic reform which persecues the free market and the political transition to democracy. So, in the Mexican case, the state reform has been going through a process of decentralization in which, however, the councils have not participated.
Economía y democracia: el empresariado argentino frente a los programas de ajuste y reforma económica
Authors: Alegre Jorge R.
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: El autor analiza las diferentes posiciones que asumieron los distintos sectores del empresariado argentino en relación a la evolución económica del régimen democrático. Se hace especial referencia al comportamiento que este sector social tuvo frente a los sucesivos programas de estabilización y reforma económica llevados a cabo por los gobiernos democráticos.ABSTRACT: The author analyzes the different positions which have been assumed by the distinctive sectors of the Argentine industrial managers in relation with the economic evolution of the democratic regime. There is an special analysis of the behaviour of this social sector and its position with respect to the successive programs of stabilization and economical reform implemented by the democratic goverments.
Las expulsiones y desplazamientos en las comunidades indígenas de los Altos de Chiapas: consecuencias no anticipadas de la modernización
Authors: Rey Poveda Luis Alberto del
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: Las expulsiones y desplazamientos de población en algunas comunidades indígenas de los Altos de Chiapas aparecen como el resultado de las diferencias religiosas surgidas al interior de las comunidades. La conversión a una religión distinta a la tradicional supone la ruptura con el orden tradicional y afecta a uno de los espacios claves de la unidad de la comunidad.Sin embargo, bajo el cariz religioso de las expulsiones existen condiciones estructurales más profundas, las cuales posibilitan ver estos desplazamientos forzados como una respuesta de las mismas comunidades a una situación insustentable que amenazaba con destruirlas. El peculiar proceso de modernización del estado de Chiapas vino a agravar la insustentabilidad en la región de los Altos.ABSTRACT: The evictions and migratory movements of some indigenous communities of the Altos of Chiapas are the result of religious differences which arose within those communities. Conversion to non-traditional religions involves a rupture with the traditional order and alters one of the key elements relating to the unity of the community.However, there are more profound, structural determinants under these religious considerations. These determinants allow us to see these forced movements as a response of communities to an unsustainable situation. The peculiar modernization process of the state of Chipas contributed to make this situation even more dramatic in the region of the Altos.
El proceso de incorporación política de los sectores indígenas en el Ecuador. Pachakutik, un caso de estudio
Authors: Sánchez López Francisco , Freidenberg Flavia
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: Las élites y el sistema político ecuatoriano han, tradicionalmente marginado, la integración y la participación en el proceso de toma de decisiones de los indígenas aunque este sector de la población formara parte de la etapa fundacional de la sociedad ecuatoriana. En las tres últimas décadas la situación se ha ido transformando y, paralelamente al proceso de democratización experimentado por el sistema político en su conjunto, los indígenas han comenzado a organizarse y se han ido convirtiendo en un actor con gran capacidad de presión en la vida política del país. Este trabajo reflexiona acerca del proceso de incorporación política de los indígenas en el marco institucional del Ecuador y, en particular, analiza el período que abarca desde la utilización de "modos alternativos de acción política" hasta su integración a las instituciones a partir del empleo de los instrumentos de "participación política" del sistema político. En este marco se analiza el papel desempeñado las organizaciones indígenas como la Confederación de Nacionalidades Indígenas del Ecuador (CONAIE) y por el Movimiento de Unidad Plurinacional Pachakutik-Nuevo País (MUPP-NP). La hipótesis principal de este trabajo es que el proceso de modernización rural llevado a cabo desde el Estado, la iglesia, las organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONG's) y los organismos internacionales ha facilitado la incorporación del sector indígena campesino al sistema político a través del desarrollo organizativo de las comunidades.ABSTRACT: Elites and political system in Ecuador have traditionally marginalized integration and participation in process of decision-marking of indigenous people, even if this sector of population were part of the founders of ecuatorian society. During the last three decades, situation has changed because indigenous people start to be organized and has became in important actor with incidence in political life. This work focuses on process of political incorporation on indigenous people in institutional frame in Ecuador. Particularly, it analyzes the period of time from use of alternative methods of political action to integration in institutions with uses of instruments of political participation of political system. In this frame, rol devolopped by organizations as Confederacion de Nacionalidades Indígenas del Ecuador (CONAIE) y por el Movimiento de Unidad Plurinacional Pachakutik-Nuevo País (MUPPNP) are analyzed. Main hypothesis of this article is that process or rural modernization carried out by the State, the Catholican Church, NGO's and international organizations has facilitated the incorporation of rural indigenous sector into political system through community organizational development.
Buenos Aires: por las veredas del Ajuste
Authors: Díaz Orueta Fernando
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: A lo largo de los dos últimos decenios, el número de estudios que abordan la realidad sociourbanística de las metrópolis latinoamericanas ha crecido de forma sensible. Este esfuerzo analítico, que paradójicamente se produce en un contexto de restricciones económicas que dificulta enormemente la labor investigadora, trata de explicar la transformación acelerada de las estructuras urbanas. Al surgimiento de nuevas problemáticas, hay que añ'adir el mantenimiento de muchas de las antiguas presentadas ahora, eso sí, bajo formas diferentes. Por lo tanto, el intento de aprehensión del fenómeno urbano se vuelve más complejo, llegando incluso a ponerse en cuestión la validez de los paradigmas «clásicos» (Duhau, 1992). Además, todo este proceso tiene lugar en un momento en que América Latina alcanza los mayores niveles de urbanización de su historia.
La asistencia externa y su impacto socioeconómico
Authors: Maté De Castro Víctor
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: Maté de Castro trata de definir la relación que se da entre la ayuda externa al desarrollo y las posibilidades de que éste se concrete en América Latina, concluyendo, después de un análisis de los tres tipos de ayuda que existen actualmente, que la cantidad y el propósito de dicha asistencia no es suficiente para incrementar el crecimiento económico en esta región.ABSTRACT: Maté de Castro tries to concrete the relationship between the external assistance and the possibilities of development in Latin America, and he concludes, after an analysis of the three types of assistance actually existing, that the amount and proposal of this one is not sufficient to improve the economic growth in this region.
Transición y elecciones en el Salvador
Authors: González Secundino , Harto De Vera Fernando
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: Las elecciones de marzo de 1994 marcan un hito en el calendario del proceso de transición a la democracia que vive este país centroamericano. En este artículo se señalan las características más sobresalientes del mismo y se procede a un análisis de los efectos de estos comicios para el sistema político.ABSTRACT: The march '94 elections are a very important event in the salvadorean democratic transition. In this article, the authors show its more important caracteristics and analyze the effect of this elections for the political system.
Procesos electorales recientes y representatividad de los partidos: el caso centroamericano
Authors: Rojas Bolaños Manuel
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: En este trabajo se examinan los resultados de las elecciones realizadas entre 1993 y 1996 en cuatro de los cinco países de la Región, en los aspectos relativos a la situación de los partidos y de los incipientes sistemas de partidos. Se busca identificar algunas de las siomilitudes y diferencias entre la situación de los partidos en países donde el conflicto llevó la confrontración política a extremos, y en países en donde la estabilidad, cuando menos relativa, ha sido la tónica. Asimismo se examinan las tendencias y los posibles escenarios.ABSTRACT: In this article, the author deals with elections results in Guatemala, El Salvador, Costa Rica and Honduras between 1993 and 1996. The principal issues are the relationship between election results and party systems in a comparativa perspective in the countries that experience civil conflict and in the countries without civil conflict. Anothe issues dealed are the trends and the future scenes for the items.
Los efectos de las elecciones de 1993 y 1995 sobre el sistema de partidos en Venezuela
Authors: Ramos María Luisa
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: La autora analiza los cambios ocurridos en las dos últimas convocatorias electorales en Venezuela. Sus observaciones muestran cómo un sistema de partidos tradicionalmente fuerte, bipartidista, se recompone a partir de la crisis política derivada de la dificultades económicas que vive este país. Emergencia de nuevas fuerzas, altas tasas de volatilidad y de desidentificación política son algunos de los nuevos procesos que aparecen en la vida política venezolana.ABSTRACT: The author analyzes the changes which have happened in the last two elections in Venezuela. Her observations show how a strong traditionally party system, bipartidist, it's recomponed from the political crisis provoked by economic problems in the country. The emergency of new political forces, high rates of volatility and political desafection are some of the new processes which appeared in the Venezuelan political life.
Ballotage versus colegio electoral. Sistemas electorales y elecciones presidenciales en Argentina
Authors: Cabrera Ernesto
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: El autor analiza la evolución electoral argentina desde la redemocratización de 1983. En todos los ámbitos territoriales se observa una creciente fragmentación que cuestiona el tradicional bipartidismo entre peronistas y radicales, y afecta a la estabilidad institucional del país —específicamente al colegio electoral—. En este contexto, se produce la reforma constitucional de 1994.ABSTRACT: The author analyzes the Argentinian electoral evolution from the 1983 redemocratization. There is a growing fragmentation in all territorial frameworks which questions the traditional bipartidism among Peronists and Radicals, and which affect the institutional stability of this country —specifically the electoral college. In this context, the 1994 constitutional reform is approved.
El nuevo horizonte económico argentino
Authors: Gambarotta Héctor
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: Gambarotta hace un repaso de los diferentes esquemas de gestión gubernamental de las últimas décadas en Argentina, para después hacer un balance de resultados económicos para este país y de los temas actuales más conflictivos: el desempelo, la lenta desregulación del sistema financiero local y el reducido nivel de capital doméstico.ABSTRACT: Gambarotta checks the different paths of the government management in Argentina during the last decades, and after he makes a balance of economical outcomes for this country and of the main issues in this moment: unemployement, the slow desregulation of local financial system and the small level of domestic capital.
Temas y problemas de la historia política argentina (1890-1916)
Authors: Malamud Carlos
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: Carlos Malamud señala en su artículo los principales problemas con los que se ha encontrado la historia política argentina en el período 1890-1916. Menciona también los mecanismos del "orden conservador" la vida política local y provincial, el funcionamiento del PAN, etc. y la importancia de los procesos electorales y participación ciudadana en ese período.ABSTRACT: Carlos Malamud points out in his article the mean problems of the Argentinian political history in the period 1890-1916. He mentiones the mechanisms of the "conservative order" —such as the local and provincial political life, the functioning of PAN, — and the importance of the electoral processes and citizen participation in this period.
Las transformaciones ideológicas del discurso liberal—conservador en la Argentina contemporánea: un examen del pensamiento político de Federico Pinedo y Alvaro Alsogaray
Authors: Llamazares Valduvieco Iván
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: A través de este artículo, Iván Llamazares examina algunos de los rasgos principales de la evolución de la ideología liberal-conservadora durante el presente siglo. Con este fin, en el mismo se presentan algunas características básicas del pensamiento político de Federico Pinedo y Alvaro Alsogaray, dos políticos liberal-conservadores que representan muy bien las características principales del liberalismo conservador antes y después del surgimiento del peronismo.ABSTRACT: Through this article, Iván Llamazares examines some of the mean characteristics of the liberalconservative ideology evolution along this century. With this aim, some basic features of Federico Pinedo's and Alvaro Alsogaray's political thought are shown. These two liberal-conservative political men are representative of the conservative liberalism before and after the emergente of peronism.
Crimen sin castigo. Impunidad en América Latina
Authors: Beltrán Esteban
Published: March 2020

RESUMEN: El hecho de que la situación política de los países se dirija hacia la consolidación democrática no implica necesariamente que cesen las violaciones a los derechos humanos, situación que sí puede ser superada cuando los índices de impunidad se reduzcan al mímino a través del fortalecimiento de un sistema internacional de justicia. El panorama de derechos humanos en América Latina es crítico especialmente en Colombia, Brasil, Perú, México, Chile y Cuba. La implementación de estrategias como investigaciones exhaustivas e independientes, sanción a las violaciones de los derechos humanos, apoyo a los defensores de derechos humanos y respeto de los Estados a determinadas responsabilidades fundamentales es prioritario para la superación de la impunidad.ABSTRACT: The fact that the political situation in Latin American countries is moving towards democratic consolidation, does not imply the end of human rights violations. The impunity indexes should be minímized through the strengthening of an international system of justice. The human rights situation in Latin America is critical, especially in Colombia, Brazil, Peru, Mexico, Chile and Cuba. To address impunity, the priority is the implementation of strategies such as exhaustive and unconstrained investigations, sanctions to human rights violations, support to the defendants of human rights and state respect to specific fundamental responsibilities.
Schistosoma japonicum infections in cattle and water buffaloes of farming communities of Koronadal City, Philippines
Authors: Tenorio Jan Clyden B. , Molina Elizabeth C.
Published: March 2020

Background and Aim: Schistosomiasis is one of the seven neglected tropical diseases that are of public health concern in the Philippines. The disease is prevalent in few of the barangays (communities) in Koronadal City, Philippines. Status of the Schistosoma japonicum infections in domestic animal reservoir host has yet to be explored in these endemic communities. The study aimed to determine the prevalence and infection intensity of the disease in cattle and water buffaloes of endemic communities of Koronadal City.

Materials and Methods: Schistosomiasis was investigated in 70 cattle and 38 water buffaloes from three endemic communities in Koronadal City. The copro-parasitological technique used was the formalin-ethyl acetate sedimentation method.

Results: S. japonicum infection was observed in 48.6% of cattle and 60.5% in water buffaloes. The bovine contamination index indicated that all infected animals released 3,505,500 eggs/day. On average, infected cattle released 1,674,500 eggs daily, while infected water buffaloes liberated 1,932,000 eggs in the environment daily.

Conclusion: Cattle and water buffaloes in these endemic areas are infected with S. japonicum. These animals release large numbers of eggs in the environment daily; hence, played an important role in disease transmission. Those living and working in endemic areas should be aware of the inherent dangers of the disease.
Hydraulic simulation in fractured media using 1D equivalent pipes - FratCond tool module II
Authors: Reis Alan , Alamy Filho José Eduardo
Published: March 2020

Diferentes modelos conceituais para a simulação hidráulica em meios fraturados estão presentes na literatura, dentre os quais se destacam o modelo poroso equivalente, o modelo de dupla porosidade e o uso das redes de fraturas discretas. Considerando esta última abordagem, foram realizados alguns estudos avaliando de forma bem-sucedida a possibilidade de se resumir a geometria das fraturas como um conjunto de condutos ou canais. Desta forma, é possível verificar o trânsito de fluido nestas descontinuidades de maneira simplificada, reduzindo o esforço computacional das simulações, quando comparado às abordagens tradicionais. Neste sentido, este trabalho visa apresentar a implementação de uma ferramenta computacional destinada a realização de simulação de escoamentos permanentes em meios fraturados, utilizando condutos unidimensionais equivalentes. Tais condutos são construídos a partir de uma rede de fraturas discretas, previamente gerada, ligando as interseções das fraturas com seus respectivos centros, que se transformam em nós de referência. A partir do uso de equações de balanço de massa, é possível estimar as cargas hidráulicas nestes nós e as vazões que transitam no interior das fraturas. As propriedades hidráulicas do meio, tais como a transmissividade, a abertura da fratura e o comprimento do conduto criado, são devidamente levadas em conta. Desta forma, permite-se a avaliação adequada deste fenômeno, tanto em termos do escoamento propriamente dito, como para uma possível avaliação de transporte de poluentes nestes meios.
Systems of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion to maintain metabolic compensation for type 1 diabetes mellitus among children and adolescents
Authors: Bashnina Elena B. , Tsargasova Irina M. , Klitsenko Olga A.
Published: February 2020

BACKGROUND: Insulin pumps (IP) are a widespread treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) in children because of its several advantages over multiple insulin injection regimens (MII). However, the long-term effectiveness of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) in achieving and maintaining sustained metabolic compensation remains controversial.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the factors affecting the long-team effectiveness of CSII in children and adolescents with T1DM in real clinical practice.
METHODS: Data of 239 children and adolescents treated with CSII for 3 years were examined during the registration of patients receiving insulin pump therapy in Saint-Petersburg was formed. HbA1с level changes over time were analysed before switching to CSII and were assessed depending on sex and age, baseline HbA1с level and factors as the frequency of using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), temporary transitions from CSII to MII with injection pens and use of bolus calculators (BC).
RESULTS: The final HbA1с value showed no significant changes as compared with the HbA1с level before switching to CSII (baseline, 7.821.46%; final, 7.931.30%). Approximately 42% of patients had HbA1с level of 7.5%. Better results were observed in the 4.57-year age group, where 67% of patients had HbA1с level of 7.5%; in 1218-year age group, only 35% of patients reached the target HbA1с level. Majority of patients with baseline HbA1с level of 7.5% remained within the target level during the final examination, whereas only 23% of patients with HbA1с level of 7.5% before switching to CSII reached the target level. Better glycaemic control was also observed in patients treated with CSII regularly, as compared to patients who periodically switched to MII with the injection pen (p0.05). HbA1с appeared to be lower in the group of 1218-year-old adolescents who used CGM regularly, as compared to the group not treated with CGM (p0.05).
CONCLUSION: Children and adolescents treated with CSII for 3 years did not experience a significant improvement in metabolic control. However, the influence of factors in maintaining the metabolic control, such factors as the patients age, initial HbA1с level, CGM use and frequency, and the presence or absence of changes in insulin therapy regimen is observed.
¿Qué convierte en «exitoso» al envejecimiento de éxito?
Authors: Viejo García Rodrigo
Published: March 2020

El envejecimiento ha despertado un gran interés en las últimas décadas, estimulando así la aparición de multitud de modelos tanto explicativos como descriptivos, siendo uno de los más destacados el envejecimiento de éxito. Sin embargo, el interés por la vejez parece haber partido de aspectos cuantitativos y económicos, caracterizándolo de problemática social. Este hecho, sumado a los frecuentes estereotipos y prejuicios sociales de los que son objeto las personas mayores, ha convertido a la vejez en un factor de marginalidad. Así, este artículo se propone reflexionar sobre algunos posibles factores, tanto psicológicos como psicosociales, implicados en un supuesto envejecimiento considerado de éxito, pero desde una óptica bioética que asegure un foco de interés último en la autonomía, dignidad y libertad de las personas.
Healing the Hurricane in Our Chest
Authors: Muñoz Sosa Nylca J.
Published: March 2020

Healing through the stories we rescue and the history we make is what Aurora Levins Morales's Medicine Stories: Essays for Radicals is about. The author, a historian curandera, compiled a series of twenty-eight essays in this second edition, published twenty years after the first. Levins Morales theorizes movements for social justice and how to overcome challenges faced by activists and all those fighting and resisting oppression. She does this through accounts of her studies, personal experiences, and social conditions, providing a view of the world that allows collective healing and encourages it in others through a comprehensive understanding of history.
Efficacy of Allium sativum oil to alleviate tebuconazol-induced oxidative stress in the liver of adult rats
Authors: Berrouague Salma , Rouag Meriem , Khaldi Taha , Boumendjel Amel , Boumendjel Mahieddine , Taibi Faiza , Messarah Mahfoud
Published: March 2020

The present study focused on the protective efficacy of Allium sativum oil (ASO) against tebuconazol (TEB)-induced oxidative stress in the liver of adult rats. Thirty-two rats were randomly divided into four groups of eight each: group I served as control rats, group II was treated with TEB (100 mg/kg bw), group III received ASO (5ml/kg bw). The animals of group IV were treated with TEB and ASO, during 4 weeks. The obtained results showed that TEB induced a significant change of some hematological parameters, including red blood cells (RBC), haemoglobin content (Hb), haematocrit (Ht), white blood cells (WBC) and platelet (Plt) compared to the control group. Moreover, while the total cholesterol levels and the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and Î³-Glutamyltranspeptidase (Î³GT) significantly increased due to TEB administration, the concentrations of plasma total protein, albumin and triglyceride considerably decreased. Furthermore, the exposure to TEB significantly increased the malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PCO) and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) levels and decreased glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities in the hepatic tissues. The results were confirmed by the histological impairments. Besides, the co-administration of ASO improved the status of all studied parameters. Therefore, our investigation revealed that ASO had protective effects against TEB-induced liver injury, which could be attributed to its phenolic compounds.
Spinoza on Action and Immanent Causation
Authors: Zylstra Stephen
Published: February 2020

I address an apparent conflict between Spinoza’s concepts ofimmanent causationandacting/doing [agere]. Spinoza apparently holds that an immanent causeundergoes [patitur]whatever itdoes. Yet according to his stated definition of acting and undergoing in theEthics, this is impossible; to act is to be anadequatecause, while to undergo is to be merely a partial cause. Spinoza also seems committed to God’s being the adequate cause of all things, and, in a well-known passage, appears to deny categorically that God is capable of undergoing. How then can God also be the immanent cause of all things, as Spinoza claims? On the basis of a close reading of the passage in question, I argue that Spinoza actually distinguishes between two senses of undergoing. An immanent cause undergoes not by being a partial cause but rather by being themetaphysical subjectof its effect. While this sense of undergoing has its roots in scholasticism, Spinoza’s willingness to attribute such a capacity to undergo to God is idiosyncratic and reveals important ways in which his understanding of essence, perfection, and causation differs from the scholastic model.
Managerial Accountability Under Yardstick Competition
Authors: Giuranno Michele G. , Scrimitore Marcella , Stamatopoulos Giorgos
Published: February 2020

Two well-known mechanisms for enhancing managers’ accountability are yardstick competition and internal monitoring. Yardstick competition puts managers in direct competition when firms make decisions for re-appointment. Monitoring is used by firms to detect managers’ rent-seeking activities. While common wisdom suggests that the joint use of the two means would reinforce each other in promoting managers good practices, we find that their interplay distorts managers’ behavior who may end up acting in a less accountable way. Furthermore, differences in monitoring across firms bias that distortion, yielding even more counterintuitive results.
On the history of the dotted runes and the connexion to the British Isles
Authors: Schulte Michael
Published: February 2020

Der Beitrag untermauert die mehrfach (vor allem von Hagland/Page 1998) geäußerte Vermutung, dass die punktierten Runen zu diakritischen Zwecken auf den Britischen Inseln entstanden sind, und zwar an Orten, wo die englische, skandinavische und keltische Bevölkerung in engem Kontakt miteinander stand. Auch der lateinische Einfluss auf Manuskriptrunen wird ausführlich diskutiert. Ein Zentrum dieser multikulturellen Mischgesellschaft war die Insel Man. Bei ihren Schreibern steht zu vermuten, dass sie außer den skandinavischen und englischen Runen vor allem die Ogam-Schrift kannten, in der Punkte ebenso wie Kerben eine konstitutive und nicht nur diakritische Rolle spielen. Dies könnte die Schreiber zur Punktierung von Runen angeregt haben.

Die für diese These wichtigste Inschrift Kirk Michael III, in der Runen und Ogam kombiniert erscheinen, wird detailliert untersucht. Verschiedene ungrammatische Formen werden als Zeichen eines fortschreitenden Sprachverfalls (language attrition) des Skandinavischen gedeutet. Die Entstehung der Inschrift wird aus kunstgeschichtlichen Gründen in der 2. Hälfte des 10. Jahrhunderts, auf jeden Fall aber vor 1000 angesetzt. Diese Datierung lässt einen Transport der neuen diakritischen Technik nach Skandinavien vor ihrem ersten Auftreten in dortigen Inschriften zumindest möglich erscheinen.
Das Erbe des Lazarus
Authors: Gebert Bent
Published: February 2020

Following the resurrection of the Arthurian knight Erec at the castle of Limors, this article attempts to review the question of the religious ties of the courtly romance by investigating figurations of re-entering life. These typological ties, when considered in detail, turn out to be ambivalent precisely when the religious horizon appears particularly affirmative, as in the case of Limors. This gets especially palpable in connection with returnees who, like Lazarus and Erec, become ambiguous between religious wonder and judicial discussion. The article explores their interferences in a 13th-century Latin debate poem as well as in a key scene of the first vernacular Arthurian romance, which both equally glorify and disempower their heroes.
Characterisation and valorisation of the bark ofMyrcia eximiaDC. trees from the Amazon rainforest as a source of phenolic compounds
Authors: Araujo Elesandra da Silva , Mota Graciene da Silva , Lorenço Mário Sérgio , Zidanes Uasmim Lira , Silva Lucas Rodrigues da , Silva Eliandra Pereira , Ferreira Vanuzia Rodrigues Fernandes , Cardoso Maria das Graças , Mori Fábio Akira
Published: February 2020

The bark of the tree speciesMyrcia eximiaDC., which occurs in secondary forests in the Brazilian Amazon, is described for the first time. The aim was to provide a broad knowledge of its composition, to add value, and to direct uses to the bark of this species based on its polyphenolic content and antioxidant capacity. The bark is formed by conducting phloem, nonconducting phloem, and rhytidome. In addition, dead phloem occurs between the periderms. The average chemical composition of the bark was 45.6% total extractives, 1.4% suberin, 1.7% ash, and 21.1% lignin. The ethanol-water extract had a high content of flavonoids and condensed tannins [300.8 and 877.3 mg catechin equivalents (CE) g−1of the extract, respectively]. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to quantify the presence of rutin, quercetin, and gallic, ferulic, and o-coumaric acids. The bark extract showed strong 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, which was superior to that of the commercial antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), with an IC50of 85.2 μg mL−1. Based on these results, it is evident that the bark ofM. eximiafrom the Brazilian Amazon rainforest is a new and potential natural source of phenolic compounds and antioxidants, and its extracts can be used in the food and pharmaceutical industry and in various condensed tannin-based products.
Indonesia in 2019
Authors: Weiss Meredith L.
Published: March 2020

A tumultuous year brought Indonesia from a polarizing general election to disparate waves of mass protests that tested the state’s tether and revealed frailties in democratic consolidation. Granted a second term, President Joko Widodo ratcheted up plans for infrastructure and human resource development, wooing foreign capital despite a challenging global environment.
Pakistan in 2019
Authors: Lalwani Sameer
Published: March 2020

Relatively prudent foreign policy maneuvers stole the headlines in 2019, overshadowing Pakistan’s downward economic spiral and political decay. The Imran Khan government made the most of extra-regional strategic opportunities with the US and China while weathering a collapsing bilateral relationship with India. Officials struggled to arrest a mounting economic crisis. The state further accelerated the long-term corrosion of Pakistan’s political institutions with threats to federalism, suppression of opposition elements, and greater space for the military at the expense of civilians.
China in 2019
Authors: Breslin Shaun
Published: March 2020

In a year of considerable pomp and circumstance at home, China’s leaders continued to focus on how to deal with slowing economic growth, and the need for greater unity and support for the party (and Xi’s) priorities and goals. Despite efforts to persuade others of the global benefits of China’s rise, a number of key international actors seemed to increasingly think otherwise.
Afghanistan in 2019
Authors: Dadabaev Timur
Published: March 2020

Afghanistan in 2019 was marked by advances and setbacks with respect to stabilizing the country and reshaping its relations with international partners. The year brought new presidential elections and signs of potential political dialogue, as well as hopes for expanded economic ties with neighbors. But there are still uncertainties about the prospects of US withdrawal and the country’s future.
South Korea in 2019
Authors: Hahm Sung Deuk
Published: March 2020

The two biggest stories of 2019 in South Korea were a series of meetings between US President Donald Trump and North Korean leader Kim Jong-un to discuss the denuclearization of North Korea in the first half of the year, and the trade war with Japan in the second half. President Moon Jae-in’s income-led growth policies still have not stimulated the economy. In fact, South Korea’s macroeconomic performance was virtually at a standstill; the economic growth rate in 2019 has stayed below 2.0%, showing no sign of turnaround.
North Korea in 2019
Authors: Delury John
Published: March 2020

This was a year of transition in North Korea, as leader Kim Jong Un held firm to his strategic shift of putting “all efforts” into economic development in the face of ongoing international sanctions. Kim’s summit diplomacy with the US and South Korea stalled, while ties improved markedly with China and modestly with Russia. The US and South Korea resumed downsized joint military exercises and North Korea resumed short-range missile testing.
The United States and Asia in 2019
Authors: Holslag Jonathan
Published: March 2020

The Trump administration’s policy on Asia in 2019 displayed a mix of overreach and fecklessness. In terms of economic, strategic, and cooperative relations, the US floundered, stumbled, and fell short, particularly in its efforts to deal with China and North Korea. Overall, observers saw more grandstanding than anything else.
Russia and the CIS in 2019
Authors: Swanström Niklas
Published: March 2020

I examine the relationship between Russia and the other members of the Commonwealth of Independent States, including how Moscow’s responses to changing geopolitical dynamics framed these relations in 2019. In particular, I consider the changes in preparation for Russia to assume the rotating presidency of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, whose membership overlaps partially with the CIS and which has become a key instrument for engaging with China in the region. For Russia, the organizational structures of both the SCO and the CIS are key instruments to maintain influence within the former Soviet Space, although how Moscow does this varies greatly, not least due to sensitivities about China.
ANALYSIS AND SYNTHESIS OF THE RESULTS OF COMPLEX EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH ON REENGINEERING OF OPEN CAD SYSTEMS
Authors: Velykodniy Stanislav S.
Published: March 2020

The article presents the final results of scientific research on the development of models and methods of reengineering, as well as technologies of multilingual recoding of open systems of automated design. The common feature of all software systems lies in the fact that there is an evolutionary aging of the types of support under the influence of time and other integral factors of information, namely, updating: operating systems, programming languages, principles of the operation of distributed data processing systems, etc. Such a tendency leads to deterioration of speed, information and communication, graphic, time and other characteristics, up to a complete system failure. Reengineering is a process that allows creating quickly and easily new, improved software systems, using the experience of previous software products. The purpose of the article is to systematize the results of the integration of reusable component, which have been accumulated by developers over a certain period of development of sectoral computer-aided design systems in updating the software structures of ready-made resources. Based on the obtained scientific and practical results, the analysis of the developed models and methods of reengineering of types of support for open computer-aided design systems is performed. In general, reengineering includes the processes of reorganization and restructuring of a software system, conversion of individual system components into another, more modern programming language, as well as the modification or modernization processes of the structure and data system. The study involved the following methods: assembly, specifying, synthesizing and compositional programming, methods of generative and recognizing grammars. At present time, the process of a new software products design is not very effective without the use of the UML methodology, but when it is applied, the speed of development increases by times. UML as a language for a graphical description for object modeling, in addition to simple design, supports also the function of generating and reengineering code based on model data, as discussed in the article. The distinctive feature of this research is the ability to support the work of more than ten most popular programming languages. In applying these technologies, it is possible to automate the process of software components recoding and, therefore, to free the working time of programmers from routine reprogramming and reduce the probability of occurrence of structural errors inherited from the previous system. The use of the obtained results will improve significantly the efficiency of the application of automated design systems in such fields of their use as: mechanic engineering, telecommunications, production and transport management, education, etc. The developed models and methods will be useful to system architects and program engineers involved in redesigning software already being in their multi-year operation.
BEHAVIORAL VERIFICATION OF INTERNET OF THINGS SYSTEMS BY PETRI NETS
Authors: Martynyuk Oleksandr N. , Drozd Oleksandr V. , Nesterenko Sergey A. , Ahmesh Tamem
Published: March 2020

The rapid development, implementation in all spheres of human activity and the growing responsibility of the functions of the Internet of things systems tighten and complicate the requirements for the reliability of their design decisions at the development stages and operability during the implementation of implementations. Well-known methods of verification of projects and implementations are based on the means of systemic, structural, functional, design and technological analysis and synthesis of Internet of things systems. However, their capabilities do not underestimate the feasibility of developing formalized models and verification methods. This study presents the elements of technology and the steps of the behavioral verification methodology of functional level projects for Internet of things systems represented using Petri nets. General verification is represented by three stages - the analysis of the correctness of the general structural and functional properties, the actual verification of inter-level and inter-component interactions, behavioral online and offline testing in the class of functional type errors. In the proposed analysis, the basic entities and relationships of the Internet of things systems are determined and verified architectural level, defining the structure, components, functions, interfaces, asynchronous-event interactions and represent elements of Petri nets - their positions, transitions, arcs, functions, markup. Online and offline testing for dynamic verification of the behavior of the Internet of things systems is carried out on the basis of, respectively, the background or special formation of many process threads in the Petri net, activated during its modeling and covering the Petri net objects. This paper presents general estimates of resource and time costs for the design of Internet of things systems without verification and with verification, showing their reduction in the event of design errors, redesign and application of verification. Verification is illustrated by the example of Petri nets simulating an automatic lighting system.
Transformation Prospect of a Non Disaster-Prepared-School in Implementing Management of Child Safety Education
Authors: Widowati Evi , Sugiharto Sugiharto , Wahyuningsih Anik Setyo , Husodo Adi Heru , Istiono Wahyudi
Published: March 2020

Primary School X is an inclusive primary school that enrolls children with special needs, located in a disaster-prone area and never been exposed to information and training related to child safety education. The purpose of this study is to investigate the readiness of Primary School X as a non disaster-prepared inclusive-primary-school in implementing child safety education management. This study combined descriptive and analytic studies. Descriptive study was used to assess school management condition through 28 assessment and was conducted through interviews, document study and observation. The analytic study used was quasi-experimental study with one group pre- and post-test design. The result showed that the readiness level of Primary School X to transform into multi-disaster-based child safety was 36%, which is included into transformation “ready” category.
RhoBTB Proteins Regulate the Hippo Pathway by Antagonizing Ubiquitination of LKB1
Authors: Nguyen Thanh Hung , Ralbovska Adela , Kugler Jan-Michael
Published: February 2020

The Hippo pathway regulates growth and apoptosis. We identify RhoBTB proteins as novel regulators of Hippo signaling. RhoBTB depletion in the Drosophila wing disc epithelium cooperated with Yki to drive hyperplasia into neoplasia. Depletion of RhoBTB2 caused elevated YAP activity in human cells. RhoBTB2 deficiency resulted in increased colony formation in assays for anchorage-independent growth. We provide evidence that RhoBTBs acts on Hippo signaling through regulation of the kinase LKB1. LKB1 protein levels were reduced upon RhoBTB2 depletion, which correlated with increased LKB1 ubiquitination. Restoring LKB1 levels rescued loss of RhoBTB in Drosophila. Our results suggest that RhoBTB-dependent LKB1 regulation may contribute to its tumor-suppressive function.
Teaching for Student Learning: Exploration of Teaching Strategies Based on Protocol-Guided Learning
Authors: Xia Jianping
Published: March 2020

The teaching strategy based on the case study guide is based on the case study guided, with teachers as the mainstay, students as the main body, and teacher-student working together to complete the teaching tasks, which is in line with Chinese education characteristics of localized teaching strategies. This teaching strategy advocates coordinating the relationship between various elements of teaching, so that teachers, students, and teaching materials maintain a coordinated state. We herein prospect through a case of a middle school in Jiangsu, China to explain the basic content of the teaching strategy, and analyze the practical exploration of the teaching strategy based on the protocol-guided study.
Eating Breakfast or Attending Extracurricular Tutoring, Which One is More Effective in Improving Student’s Performance? An Empirical Study Based on the Data from A Large-Scale Provincial Survey
Authors: Liu Yanli , Yao Jijun , Cai Ru , Zhou Shike
Published: March 2020

To improve children’s academic achievements, parents often try to provide them with adequate nutrition or/and send them to attend extracurricular tutoring classes. The effect of extracurricular tutoring on students’ performance has been well explored, whereas no rigorous empirical study was conducted to observe the relationship between breakfast and students’ academic performance. Besides, little empirical evidence has been presented to compare the effect of breakfast and that of extracurricular tutoring on students’ academic achievements. This study fills this gap by adopting the multiple linear regression model and Shapley Value Decomposition to analyze the academic quality monitoring data of 50,516 Year-3 students and 83,505 Year-8 students in Jiangsu, China. The results showed that both breakfast and extracurricular tutoring can improve students’ grades, and breakfast was superior to the tutoring in efficacy. This conclusion is of great significance for planning family education strategies scientifically and improving family education efficiently. It is necessarily convincible for parents and educators to rationally understand the role of extracurricular tutoring and pay enough attention to breakfast in improving students’ performance.