bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Mathematical Education: An Old Story, Oft Repeated
Authors: Schaaf William L.
Published: January 2021

Some half a dozen years ago, referring to the precarious position of mathematical education, Professor E. T. Bell asserted that “in the coming tempest only those things will be left standing that have something of demonstrable social importance to stand on…. The harsh attrition has already begun. Are not mathematicians and teachers of mathematics in liberal America today facing the bitterest struggle for their continued existence in the history of our Republic? American mathematics is exactly where, by common social justice, it should be—in harassed retreat, fighting a desperate rear-guard action to ward off annihilation. Until something more substantial than has yet been exhibited, both practical and spiritual, is shown the non-mathematical public as a justification for its continued support of mathematics and mathematicians, both the subject and its cultivators will have only themselves to thank if our immediate successors exterminate both. Taking a realistic view of the facts, anyone but an indurated bigot must admit that mathematics has not yet made out a compelling case for democratic support…. This must be done, and immediately, if mathematics is to survive in America.”1
The Function of Verbal Problems in Elementary Algebra
Authors: Ellis Fred E.
Published: January 2021

Teachers of algebra have been on the defensive. Though a favorite subject of traditional educators, algebra has gradually been pushed further and further into the background of the secondary-school curriculum. The present emergency has given rise to a desperate need for mathematics. Must algebra flash across the educational sky only to flicker out when the emergency has passed? Unless teachers evaluate algebra in a more realistic light and take far-reaching steps to improve their instruction its now prominent position in the curriculum will be threatened when it ceases to be of immediate utility. It is not the purpose of this paper to examine the traditional methods of teaching but rather to appraise algebra as a technique for reflective thinking and to show the importance of verbal problems in training secondary-school children how to think reflectively.
Mathematical Theory of the Mercator Map
Authors: Conkwright Nelson B.
Published: January 2021

Because of the attention which the Mercator projection has recently received in the press, the manner in which this map is used by the navigator is doubtless familiar to a large section of the public. The projection owes its importance to the fact that the rhumb line direction between two points on the earth can be found by drawing a straight line between the corresponding points on the map, and measuring the angle at which the line intersects the meridians of the map.
The Art of Teaching: Development of Interest and Skill in the Handling of Trinomial Perfect Squares
Authors: Bowie Harold E.
Published: January 2021

An ability to recognize and form trinomial perfect squares is very useful to the student of mathematics. A good time to develop skill in this work is in connection with the solution of quadratic equations, especially in the case where completion of the square is used.
The Art of Teaching: Mathematics and the Armed Service Educational Program
Authors: Pickett Hale
Published: January 2021

About the time of the financial depression the teaching of mathematics also seemed to be at a low tide. Mathematics was being abandoned by State Departments of Education, college requirements, and local high school programs.
Editorial
Authors: Swenson John A.
Published: January 2021

News has come to us that Dr. John A. Swenson has retired from active teaching and that he will devote the leisure he has so well earned to the further development of the creative mathematical pedagogy for which he has been noted. The National Council takes this occasion to congratulate Dr. Swenson on a long, successful career and one which has given to mathematical education an endowment of original ideas for the future.
Schools and Colleges Face a Challenge
Authors: Bledsoe J. M.
Published: January 2021

For the past several years there has been a steadily increasing shortage of adequately trained teachers of mathematics and the natural sciences in the public schools throughout the country. This has been true especially of mathematics.
Accurate Drawings of Three Dimensional Figures
Authors: Joseph Margaret
Published: January 2021

Every teacher of solid geometry has no doubt experienced having a student fail to prove an original exercise just because his drawing of the figure required was so much out of proportion that he failed to establish the proper relationship between lines, angles, triangles, or planes necessary in the proof. If, for example, a student would draw a square for the base of an oblique prism or a circle for the base of a cone, instead of the parallelogram and ellipse as they appear in perspective, then the whole figure is distorted. Just recently I had a student come to me for help in deriving the formula for the altitude of a regular tetrahedron in terms of its edge e. As soon as I saw the rough sketch he was using, where the faces were scalene triangles, I knew why he had two unknowns in the equation that he was trying to solve. The altitude did not meet the base of the figure at its center. I made a better drawing for him and he immediately recognized his error and proceeded with the solution without further help from me.
Fun for the Mathematics Club
Authors: Porterfield Jacob M.
Published: January 2021

With the teachers carrying a war-time load, the mathematics club is apt to die for lack of anything interesting to do. There just isn't sufficient time for the instructor to make the necessary preparations to keep everything going. The literature intended to be helpful is often so general that its value is lost. Some of the literature appears in the nature of a preachment. This wastes almost as much time as the articles which quibble over “objectives.” To give them something specific to do, it is suggested that mathematics clubs, as a part of their activity, build an interesting and useful calculator which will acquaint them with much elementary algebra and trigonometry. It does not require logarithmic scales and can be drawn with an ordinary straight edge and compass with a satisfactory degree of accuracy.
The Duodecimal System
Authors: Janes W. C.
Published: January 2021

In view of the fact that there seems to be a growing tendency toward the use of decimal notation in almost all lines of numerical computation, let us examine the possibility of a scheme which might be more useful than our present one. Our present method of representing numbers is based on 10. Probably this is due to the fact that we have two hands of five digits each, and that either consciously or unconsciously we use these digits to help us in making numerical calculations. Furthermore, since the psychologists tell us that some sort of muscular reaction is associated with almost every thought process which we perform, there are people who feel that we are merely a race of finger counters and that it would be folly ever to try to adopt any base other than 10. We agree that it would be premature seriously to recommend the adoption of any other base at the present time. But there is ample evidence that the world has long realized that 10 is not always the most convenient base. The dozen has been found useful in many ways; and though the foot may be a rather arbitrary unit of length, the fact that it is divided into 12 equal parts is more likely due to the convenience of 12 than mere accident.
Mathematics in the Senior High Schools Differentiated According to Needs: The Second and Third Tracks of Mathematics Courses
Authors: Braverman Benjamin
Published: January 2021

Those of us who are desirous of having Mathematics make its maximum contribution to the training of every boy and girl for intelligent and happy living will acclaim the recommendation of the Commission on Postwar Plans of The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, in its first report’* that mathematics curricula from now on be organized in three distinct series or tracks or sequences. The first track, which the Commission has labelled sequential mathematics, is intended for those planning to pursue further the study of mathematics and the pure and applied sciences based on it. The name sequential mathematics may not be the best way to describe this first track. For are not the other two tracks to be sequential too? Perhaps specialized mathematics might describe this sequence better since it is intended for pupils who plan to specialize in mathematics. The other two tracks have been labelled by the Commission related mathematics for those planning to go into industry and social mathematics for the large number of pupils in neither of the already mentioned two categories; that is, pupils interested in neither industry nor college; or if planning to go to college, not intending to pursue studies requiring the expert, specialized knowledge of our subject needed by the pupils in the first category. These are the pupils who suffered most from our mathematical diet in prewar times. For we either let them starve entirely or we gave them acute mental indigestion by feeding them the wrong mathematical diet.
A Program for the Teaching of Mathematics in High Schools and Colleges
Authors: Kormes Jennie P.
Published: January 2021

A great deal has been said and written recently about the inadequacy of the curricula of our colleges and the need of coordinated methods of instruction to bring about a better understanding by the student of the interrelation of the doctrines taught and a better preparation for his progress in business, profession or further studies.
Fractions as Whole Numbers
Authors: Berman S. L.
Published: January 2021

Ask a pupil (and most teachers for that matter) for an offhand answer to the simple question, “What is a fraction?” and the replies will not be characterized by their uniformity. True, most will define a fraction as “part of a number,” but after that there will come a variety of answers varying with the maturity and understanding of the individual who answers. “A number with a numerator and a denominator”; “a number which is less than one”; “an indicated division”; “an indicated multiplication”; are some of the other definitions. No doubt each definition has its merit. Let us inspect and analyze.
The Art of Teaching: The Language of Mathematics
Authors: Moulton John K.
Published: January 2021

Every body of knowledge has its own language, and most, at the same time, share a common language with the mother tongue. This is true of mathematics, just as it is of biology, art, or French; and it will be the purpose of this article to reflect a bit on the implications of this language area for the secondary school teacher of mathematics. Since there are so many more non-college preparatory students in secondary schools than there are college preparatory students, the point of view here is that of the teacher of the non-college preparatory students.
Relations Inherent in the Gregorian Calendar
Authors: Running Theodore R.
Published: January 2021

It is the purpose of this article to derive some of the relations inherent in the Gregorian calendar itself. An equation which is the algebraic representation of the calendar will be used. This equation is not new, but it is seldom used. In using the equation we must remember that the Gregorian calendar was not adopted in England and the colonies until 1752. It was introduced in Scotland in 1600.
Adjusting the Teaching of Mathematics to the Requirements of General Education
Authors: Carnahan Walter H.
Published: January 2021

The preacher begins his discourse by quoting a text and by telling chapter and verse where it can be found. It is a good practice which I borrow for present purposes. My text is taken from the first paragraph beginning on page one hundred- fifty-six, Chapter IV of the book sometimes called The Harvard Report, but more accurately called General Education In A Free Society.
The Art of Teaching: The Teaching of Graphs
Authors: Marie Sister Noel
Published: January 2021

One question on the January, 1946, question paper in Intermediate Algebra, in New York State, brings forceably to teachers’ minds the double task lying before them when teaching graphs. The question, in part, is:
Hyperbolic Functions
Authors: Bakst Aaron
Published: January 2021

The development of hyperbolic functions in the traditional trigonometry courses (if this is ever reached during a one-semester instruction) is usually confined to purely algebraic methods. However effective the latter procedures may be, it is doubtful that a student realizes the import of the properties of hyperbolic functions. The student is never offered the opportunity to realize the fact that, essentially, the properties of hyperbolic functions are analogous to the properties of circular functions. It is possible, however, to develop the properties of hyperbolic functions in a manner which is analogous to the processes which are employed in the development of circular functions. Thus, it is proposed to examine and to develop hyperbolic functions by means of a geometric approach.
Tangent Circles and Conic Sections
Authors: Miller William Gilbert
Published: January 2021

A conic section may be defined as the locus of the center of a circle which is tangent to two given circles. In fact, for every combination of two given circles two conic sections will be defined.
Affiliated Group Activities
Authors: Bernhard Ida May
Published: January 2021

In April, 1952, the Board of Directors of the Ford Foundation's Fund for the Advancement of Education offered to finance a five-year program of teacher education in the state of Arkansas. Several months later, Arkansas educators submitted a tentative plan for this program which was accepted by representatives of the Ford Foundation.
Fewer Teachers to Meet Greater Demand
Authors: Maul Ray C.
Published: January 2021

Are we on the eve of a shortage of qualified mathematics teachers to staff the classrooms of the high schools of the nation? Is the annual supply of new candidates coming from the college graduating classes no longer equal to the demand? Have the rapidly changing conditions brought us face to face with a shortage of adequately prepared teachers?
The President's Page
Authors: Mayor John R.
Published: January 2021

These lines arc written just after the page proof for the official program of the Thirty-First Annual Meeting of The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, held last month in Atlantic City, was returned to the printer. The members of our largest Affiliated Group, the Association of Mathematics Teachers of New Jersey, and the officers of the National Council worked hard to make the 1953 annual meeting the “biggest and best”, and more importantly, a meeting of great value to those who attended and to our cause which is that of the improvement of mathematics education at all levels of instruction. Reports on the annual meeting will appear in fall numbers of The Mathematics Teacher.
A mathematics assembly program
Authors: Schor Harry
Published: January 2021

With a little showmanship many of the well-known mathematical facts and theorems can be utilized to make a high-school assembly program.
Points and Viewpoints: Who does the work?—NCTM committee structure
Authors: Wilcox Marie S.
Published: January 2021

A large organization succeeds only to the extent that its members are willing to donate their time and talents to participate in the activities of that organization. Important among the activities of the National Council are those of its several committees. The following committees have been appointed by the president with the approval of the Board of Directors. Appointments are for a period ending at the close of the annual meeting of the year indicated.
Devices for the Mathematics Classroom: An improved trigtractor
Authors: Eagle Edwin
Published: January 2021

A “trigtractor” is a device which may be used to demonstrate the variation in value of each of the six fundamental trigonometric functions in all four quadrants. The device described below is a modification of the original trigtractor described by this writer in The Mathematics Teacher in May, 1945.1
The impact of modern mathematics on secondary schools
Authors: Maclane Saunders
Published: January 2021

A paper on a vacuous subject, but nonetheless one of great importance for the high-school program.
Our national debt reduced to 54,253,475 dominions?
Authors: Churchman Henry Clarence
Published: January 2021

A steak dinner costing one gold donion? Is it possible? While gold donions and dominions (monetary) may be for future generations, this article does provide an interesting idea for our generation to dream about.
Effective mathematics in industry
Authors: Baumgartner W. S.
Published: January 2021

With the existing shortages of technical manpower, it is important to know what mathematics the industrial community wants the schools to teach.
Historically Speaking,— Mathematics on Stamps
Authors: Larsen H. D.
Published: January 2021

A list of stamps carrying portraits of mathematicians was published by the author in the November 1955 number of THE MATHEMATICS TEACHER. Important omissions in this list were kindly called to the author's attention by several readers. Also, during the year 1955 many new stamps were brought out in honor of mathematicians. All of these stamps are listed below and should be added to the list given previously.
Mathematics in the Junior High School: Junior high school mathematics and the manpower shortage
Authors: Parrish Clyde E.
Published: January 2021

At the present time in the United States a shortage of scientific, professional, and technical manpower exists. The problem of alleviating this shortage belongs to American society in general, and in particular it belongs to the educational agencies of our society.
Sobre el respeto a la evidencia empírica. McIntyre en La actitud científica.
Authors: Sanjuan Mariano
Published: January 2021

No hace mucho tiempo, la demarcación, el cambio teórico o la racionalidad científica coloreaban la paleta de la filosofía de la ciencia. Hoy estos problemas son vistos como asuntos clásicos de la disciplina. En La actitud científica, Lee McIntyre renueva el escaparate filosófico recuperando el problema de la demarcación, defendiendo que lo distintivo de la ciencia es “que se preocupa por la evidencia y está dispuesta a modificar sus teorías en función de la evidencia”. Se presentan a continuación una síntesis de la obra y cinco objeciones.

 

Not long ago, demarcation, theory change and scientific rationality used to clutter up debates on the philosophy of science. These issues are now seen as the classical subjects of the discipline. In The Scientific Attitude, Lee McIntyre revamps the philosophical showcase by taking over the demarcation problem by asserting that “what is distinctive about science is that it cares about evidence and is willing to change its theories on the basis of evidence”. I hereby synthetize his proposal and offer five objections.
Efecto del incremento de la actividad física sobre la condición física en un grupo de adolescentes con sobrepeso y/u obesidad
Authors: Ruiz López IM. , Martín-Matillas M. , Delgado-Fernández M. , Delgado-Rico E. , Campoy Folgoso C. , Verdejo-García A.
Published: January 2021

Se analiza el efecto del incremento de actividad física (AF) para conseguir el cumplimiento de recomendaciones de AF para la mejora de la salud  según la Organización Mundial de la Salud  en un grupo de 42 adolescentes (28 chicas) con sobrepeso/obesidad (IMC=29.37±4.5 Kg/m²). El tratamiento de 12 semanas de duración consistió en la prescripción y seguimiento de AF en dos fases: intensiva (seguimiento semanal) y extensiva (seguimiento quincenal). El nivel de AF se valoró mediante el cuestionario Physician-based Assessment and Counseling  y  la condición física  mediante pruebas de fuerza isométrica del tren superior, fuerza explosiva de piernas y capacidad cardiorrespiratoria de la batería ALPHA. Tras el tratamiento se observa una mejora significativa (p<0,05) en capacidad cardiorrespiratoria. En conclusión, se muestra que incrementando la práctica de AF y cumpliendo las recomendaciones semanales de 300 minutos de AF moderada-vigorosa los adolescentes mejoraron su capacidad cardiorrespiratoria.

This study evaluated the effect of increased physical activity (PA) to achieve PA recommendations according to the World Health Organization for improving health in a group of 42 adolescents (28 girls) with overweight / obesity (BMI = 29.37 ± 4.5 Kg / m²). The 12 weeks treatment consisted in the prescription and follow-up of the PA guidelines divided in two phases: intensive (weekly follow-up) and extensive (fortnightly follow-up). PA level was assessed using the Physician-based Assessment and Counseling questionnaire and the Physical Fitness using upper body isometric strength test, lower body explosive strength test and cardiorespiratory fitness test, all from the ALPHA battery fitness tests. After treatment, a significant improvement was observed (p <0.05) in cardiorespiratory fitness. In conclusion, this study shows that increasing PA practice and meeting the weekly recommendations of 300 minutes of moderate-vigorous PA, the adolescents’ group improved their cardiorespiratory fitness.
La estructura de sesión como elemento potenciador del aprendizaje y el entrenamiento en los deportes de colectivos desde la perspectiva de la pedagogía no lineal
Authors: Martín Barrero A. , Camacho Lazarraga P.
Published: January 2021

En los últimos años han emergido con fuerza nuevas tendencias metodológicas, estableciéndose como uno de los elementos importantes la manipulación de constreñimientos, en los cuales se posibiliten ciertos comportamientos con el fin de facilitar el aprendizaje significativo. Sin embargo, estos niveles de constreñimientos no son los únicos que se pueden condicionar para favorecer el aprendizaje, ya que el contexto de aprendizaje está compuesto por más piezas. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo proponer la estructura de la sesión como un nivel de constreñimiento que posibilite el aprendizaje. Se ha realizado una intervención con jugadores de fútbol (n=24) de la categoría sub13 de un club profesional, durante 3 sesiones con diferentes tareas condicionadas. Los resultados indican que, en líneas generales, la ordenación adecuada de las tareas durante la sesión ayuda a favorecer la transferencia de los conocimientos adquiridos, concluyéndose que la estructura de la sesión podría considerarse como un nivel de constreñimiento.

In recent years, new methodological trends have emerged with force, establishing as one of the important elements the manipulation of constraints, in which certain behaviors are made possible in order to facilitate meaningful learning. However, these levels of constraints are not the only ones that can be conditioned to favor learning, since the learning context is made up of more pieces. This work aims to propose the structure of the session as a level of constraint that enables learning. An intervention was carried out with soccer players (n=24) of the U13 category of a professional club, during 3 sessions with different conditioned tasks. The results indicate that, in general terms, the adequate ordering of tasks during the session helps to favor the transfer of the knowledge acquired, concluding that the structure of the session could be considered as a level of constraint.
Panorama científico de intervenciones y formación profesional de entrenadores: una revisión sistemática
Authors: Da Silva Musa V. , Pombo Menezes R.
Published: January 2021

El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar el panorama científico con respecto a los estudios con entrenadores de balonmano. Para esto, se realizó una revisión sistemática con búsquedas en diferentes bases de datos desde el año 2000. El análisis de los artículos seleccionados permitió identificar tres temas: a) intervención de los entrenadores para el desempeño; b) intervención de entrenadores centrados en aspectos psicológicos; y c) perfil y formación de entrenadores. Los artículos analizados destacaron la formación de los entrenadores, teniendo como temas principales abordados por los investigadores las intervenciones de los entrenadores relacionadas con los contenidos técnico-tácticos, los comentarios, la preparación física, las formas de liderazgo y la relación con los jugadores. Se concluyó que los estudios con entrenadores deben ser estimulados para ayudarlos en el proceso de aprendizaje profesional, pero también se debe dar más énfasis a las categorías iniciales de entrenamiento deportivo, ya que se encontró preferencia por artículos que retratan la categoría de adultos.

The aim of this study was to identify the scientific scenario situation of the handball coaches. For this, a systematic review was performed with searches in different databases since 2000 in three specific themes: a) coaches intervention in performance; b) coaches intervention in psychology issues; and c) coaches profiles and formation. The analyzed papers highlighted the coaches professional learning, and the mainly investigated subjects were related to the coaches’ interventions related to the technical-tactical contents, the feedbacks, the physical fitness, the leaderships ways and the relationship with players. It can be concluded that studies with coaches should be stimulated to assist them in the professional formation process, but greater attention should also be given to the youth sports, once that was found a preference for works involving adult teams.
Efecto del entrenamiento de fuerza en deportistas femeninas de deportes colectivos mediante tecnología isoinercial
Authors: Pérez Muñoz S. , Morilla de la Riva D. , Alonso García G. , Sánchez Muñoz A. , Albert García FJ. , Rodríguez Cayateno A.
Published: January 2021

El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el efecto de un programa de fuerza mediante tecnología isoinercial durante cuatro semanas, en la mejora del rendimiento en mujeres de deportes colectivos con carácter intermitente. La muestra estaba compuesta por seis mujeres con una edad media de 21±1.79 años. Se realizaron los test de cambios de dirección V-cut, fuerza explosiva counter movement jump y repeated sprint ability sobre 40 m. Los principales resultados muestran que se mejoraron todas las variables analizadas mediante el entrenamiento con tecnología isoinercial. Además, presentaron diferencias significativas (p<.05) en las variables de fuerza explosiva y de repeated sprint ability. Por lo tanto, un programa de entrenamiento de fuerza a través de tecnología isoinercial durante cuatro semanas de entrenamiento es suficiente para la mejora de los cambios de dirección, la resistencia a la repetición de esprines y la fuerza explosiva de piernas.

The aim of this research is to analyse the effect of a four-week strength programme using isoinertial technology on performance improvement in women in team sports on an intermittent basis. The sample was composed of six women with an average age of 21 (±1.79 years). The tests of V-cut direction changes, explosive force counter movement jump and repeated sprint ability over 40 m were performed. The main results show that all the variables analysed are improved by training with isoinertial technology. They present significant differences (p<.05) in the variables of explosive strength and repeated sprint ability. Therefore, a strength training program using isoinertial technology during four weeks of training is sufficient for the improvement of direction changes, resistance to repeated sprinting and explosive leg strength.
“Back to the future”: Socio-technical imaginaries in 50 years of school digitalization curriculum reforms
Authors: Rensfeldt Annika Bergviken , Player-Koro Catarina
Published: January 2021

This paper examines major Swedish school digitalization curriculum reforms over the past 50 years by analyzing similarities and differences between the late 1960s, mid-1990s, and early 2010s curricular reforms. By drawing on Jasanoff’s (2015) socio-technical imaginary concept, we examine how digitalization reforms are constituted discursively and materially in struggles over curricular knowledge content, preferred citizenship roles, and infrastructural investments and especially by relating curricular reforms to governance transformations. One recurrent strategy of reform is what we call the back to the future argument, where curricula address an ideal citizenship of future societies, politically used to support change. We suggest that in the more than 50 years of school digitalization issues, it has been surrounded by strong and shifting struggles over the curriculum content and governance transformations. This pendulum movement (Englund, 2012) has taken place partly through central, state-led or new monopolized technology governance and infrastructures and partly through decentralized forms of governing (e.g., in municipal contexts and via IT-supported networks).
Urchin Searchin’: Red urchins and drift kelp found at 284 m in the mesophotic zone
Authors: Lowe Alexander T , Galloway Aaron WE
Published: January 2021

Red sea urchins (Mesocentrotus franciscanus) are kelp-associated ecosystem engineers found in rocky habitats throughout the North Pacific from Baja California, Mexico, to Japan. Red sea urchins depend on kelp detritus, herein ‘drift’, for nutrition; in open coast locations (e.g., California) sea urchin abundance declines precipitously with depth outside the kelp forest owing to a lack of drift and habitat. In the Salish Sea, a region of the Northeast Pacific characterized by steep, glacier-carved rocky reefs, red sea urchins have been reported to 125 m depth. Considering the natural history of this species, we predicted red sea urchins could be found deeper than 125 m in areas with hard substrate and abundant drift. We paired submersible and scuba transects to search for deep red sea urchins and quantified availability of drift to sea urchins from the mesophotic (290 m) to macrophyte zones (90% of rocky shorelines in the Northeast Pacific from Baja California to Alaska, suggesting a major portion of the red sea urchin’s habitat, and natural history, remains to be explored.
Electrical Conductivity of Cementitious Composites Mixed with Carbon-Based Nanomaterials Used as a Construction Material
Authors: Lim Kwang-Mo , Yun Seong-Yeon , Lee Joo-Ha
Published: January 2021

Carbon-based nanomaterials are used in various industrial fields because of their excellent performance. In construction, cementitious composites containing carbon-based materials have the potential to be used for various purposes such as crack detection and deicing. However, carbon-based materials have been experienced difficulties that cannot be easily dispersed in the cementitious composite because of the inherent material characteristic. This study aimed to investigate the possibility of using these carbon-based nanomaterials as construction materials. The structural and electrical performances of cementitious composites were investigated based on carbon-based materials such as Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT), Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT), Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNP), Conductive Graphite Powder (CGP). In addition, the microstructural analysis was performed through the noncovalent functionalization of carbon-based nanomaterials to examine the dispersibility.
Prenatal diagnosis of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection: 2D and 3D echocardiographic findings
Authors: Bravo‐Valenzuela Nathalie J. M. , Peixoto Alberto Borges , Araujo Júnior Edward
Published: January 2021

Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) is a rare cyanotic congenital heart disease that accounts for less than 1% of all congenital heart diseases. TAPVC is characterized by the absence of pulmonary venous drainage into the left atrium. It is underdiagnosed in utero, with prenatal detection rates of less than 1.4%. The prenatal diagnosis of TAPVC affects the postnatal outcome, particularly in obstructive forms (critical TAPVC), since planned delivery and perinatal management are mandatory. Thus, identifying the ultrasound key markers of TAPVC is important for the prenatal diagnosis and perinatal assistance. The ventricular size discrepancy (right ventricle > left ventricle) can be a useful marker. Furthermore, the increased retroatrial distance between the left atrium and the aorta could be a diagnostic marker for prenatal TAPVC, especially when the left atrium is small. Three‐ (3D) and four‐dimensional ultrasonography may improve the prenatal diagnosis of TAPVC. This study reviews the two (2D) and 3D ultrasonographic markers used in the antenatal diagnosis of TAPVC, with a focus on the tools that can be used by sonographers, obstetricians, and fetal medicine specialists to improve the prenatal diagnosis of TAPVC, and when to refer the case to a fetal cardiac specialist.
“Theme Doesn’t Just Jump Out”: Teaching for Theme Comprehension
Authors: Morgan Denise N. , Evans Kristen I. , DeFrancesco Justine
Published: January 2021

Teaching for theme is one aspect of reading comprehension that is often elusive for both teachers and students. Specifically, teachers are challenged with elevating students’ thinking from the plot level to a more abstract level when teaching for theme understanding. Students are challenged with transitioning between the story world and the real world to construct viable theme statements. The authors share some initial classroom lessons that can be taught as a starting point to guide students in their interpretation and construction of themes.
Sorghum Farmers’ Climate Change Adaptation Strategies in the Semiarid Region of Cameroon
Authors: Abou Salé , Ali Madi , Wakponou Anselme , Sambo Armel
Published: January 2021

This chapter deals with the problem of sorghum farmers’ adaptation to climate change in the semiarid region of Cameroon. Its general objective is to compare the various adaptation strategies’ typologies and to characterize the sorghum farmers’ adaptation strategies on the basis of the suitable one. The stratified random sampling method was used to select the sites, which consist of twenty (20) villages, and the sample, which consists of six hundred (600) farm household heads. After conducting focus-groups in ten villages and interviews with resource persons, the primary data were collected using a semi-open survey questionnaire. It appears that the poor spatiotemporal distribution of rains and the drought constitute, respectively, the main climate hazard and the main water risk that farmers are dealing with; the farmers are vulnerable to climate change because the adaptation strategies used are mostly traditional, their adoption rates are very low, and the use of efficient adaptation strategies (irrigation, improved crop varieties) is almost unknown. The characterization of the adaptation strategies used shows that they are more complex than most authors who have established the typologies thought. It comes out that improving the resilience of these sorghum farmers absolutely requires the improvement of their basic socioeconomic conditions.
Doing Gender Online: Digital Spaces for Identity Politics
Authors: Andreevskikh Olga , Muravyeva Marianna
Published: January 2021

In contemporary Russia, online discourses on gender reflect the complex legacies of the Soviet and post-Soviet attitudes and approaches to masculinity and femininity. The current discourses on gender affect its digital construction. Mirroring the gendered discourses on masculine and feminine roles and patterns of behavior, digital media spaces impose similar restrictions and expectations on female users as those experienced by women in their offline activities. This chapter offers an analysis of how the World Wide Web and digital technologies influence gender identity politics in contemporary Russian society. We look at the ways Russians construct gender online, how their practices become means of resistance and activism, and how they adapt and shape digital technologies to perform their gender identities and communicate with the State in the situation of increasing surveillance and control of material and cyberspaces.
Digitizing Archives in Russia: Epistemic Sovereignty and Its Challenges in the Digital Age
Authors: Golubev Alexey
Published: January 2021

The chapter discusses the production of digital archives in Russia as part of a complex political economy of historical knowledge. Several high-profile digital archives have been produced within the framework of grant funding provided by international agencies and commercial content providers and have reflected the priorities of the funding organizations by focusing on state violence in Russia and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), international Communist movement, as well as other politicized or easily monetized content. At the same time, national and regional archives in Russia also engaged in the digitization of their collections by soliciting federal and local funding. These latter projects emphasized complexity and objectivity as the two key categories of the digitization of archives while pursuing an underlying political agenda to restore epistemic sovereignty over Russian history.
Tweeting Russian Politics: Studying Online Political Dynamics
Authors: Zherebtsov Mikhail , Goussev Sergei
Published: January 2021

The established study of political networks has surged with the rise of digital social networks and modern computational analytics. Social Network Analysis (SNA) enables the study of Russia’s hybrid politics and society as it produces accurate alternative content to controlled official and semi-official statistics, providing live and detailed insight into current political processes in the country. Using six resonant political events, the chapter illustrates how SNA methods allow the designation of political communities and support the evaluation of such important questions as the presence of “echo-chambers,” the dynamic tracing of group reactions to informational events, and the detection of leaders and influencers. These methods provide a framework for the analysis of political phenomena as astroturfing and botnets, opinion mining, as well as topic and sentiment analysis.
Digital Activism in Russia: The Evolution and Forms of Online Participation in an Authoritarian State
Authors: Lonkila Markku , Shpakovskaya Larisa , Torchinsky Philip
Published: January 2021

This chapter describes how digitalization has affected activism in Russia by tracing the evolution, particularity, and the most visible forms of online activism in the context of the increasingly authoritarian Russian state. It discusses online activism in relation to “connective action” and illustrates it with two examples of contentious political activism: the anti-corruption campaign led by Alexei Navalny and the struggle to protect online communication from state surveillance by the Telegram messenger service. In addition, the chapter presents examples of Russian activism, which do not directly challenge the Kremlin.
Allocation of Regulatory Responsibilities: Who Will Balance Individual Rights, the Public Interest and Biobank Research Under the GDPR?
Authors: Reichel Jane
Published: January 2021

In this chapter, an analysis is undertaken of the division of legislative power in the space created by the GDPR, regarding the balancing of individual rights, the public interest and biobank research. The legislative competences of the EU, international obligations within bioethics, and the regulatory space left for Member States are all examined. The conclusion of the chapter is that in spite of the aim of the GDPR to further legal harmonisation, it is more likely that unity will be brought about through administrative cooperation and soft law tools.
#ko.vernetzt: Digital Transformation of an Educational Organization from a Media Educational Viewpoint
Authors: Bröckling Guido , Behr Julia , Erdmann Julian
Published: January 2021

Like other areas, the education sector is facing challenges posed by digitization. The project #ko.vernetzt supports the educational organization Kolping-Bildungswerk Paderborn in the process of digital transformation. In this article it is presented and reflected from a practice-oriented media educational perspective. The outlined qualification measures are intended to ensure sustainable development in the context of digitization for both employees and the organization itself. The processes that are presented here are viewed from the perspectives of the organization and from the viewpoint of its employees. Media education and the transfer of work-related digital competences are equally of great importance in this respect. Insights from this project can be viewed in the greater discourse and eventually applied to other contexts. The work with Kolping-Bildungswerk Paderborn and all partners involved clearly shows that a successful digitization strategy must include the participation of all stakeholders and should always be viewed from the human perspective first.
Sustainability in a Digital Age as a Trigger for Organizational Development in Education
Authors: Grünberger Nina , Szucsich Petra
Published: January 2021

As we all know the terms sustainability and digitization are often used these days to describe current social challenges from a global perspective. In order to face these challenges, it is clear that we need an efficient and future-oriented education system. The question arises if the challenges in relation to climate change and digitization change these (learning) organizations as well? And, if yes, in what way? As this chapter points out, sustainability can be regarded as a trigger for an extensive organizational development focusing on ecological, economic (e.g. regarding learning outcomes and assessment) and social aspects. As a consequence, the social structure of the various actors in educational organizations as well as the way in which they interact with each other may/will change as well. In addition to that, climate change and digitization are both so-calledwicked problemsas there is neither a single solution nor a stringent strategy on how to cope with them.
The Concept of a Digital Twin and Its Potential for Learning Organizations
Authors: Berisha-Gawlowski Angelina , Caruso Carina , Harteis Christian
Published: January 2021

The digital transformation of organizations in the industrial sector is primarily driven by the opportunity to increase productivity while simultaneously reducing costs through integration into a cyber-physical system. One way to fully tap the potential of a cyber-physical system is the concept of the digital twin, i.e., the real-time digital representation of machines and resources involved – including human resources. The vision of representing humans by digital twins primarily aims at increasing economic benefits. The digital twin of a human, however, cannot be designed in a similar way to that of a machine. The human digital twin shall rather enable humans to act within the cyber-physical system. It therefore offers humans a power of control and the opportunity to provide feedback. The concept of the digital twin is still in its infancy and raises many questions in particular from an educational perspective. The contribution aims at answering the following questions and refers to the example of team learning: Which and how much data should and may the digital twin contain in order to support humans in their learning? To what extent will humans be able to control and design their own learning? How may skills, experiences, and social interactions of humans be represented in the digital twin; their growth and further development, respectively? With cyber-physical systems transcending corporate, national, and legal boundaries, what learning culture will be the frame of reference for the involved organizations?
The Rule of Law Framework in the European Union: Its Rationale, Origins, Role and International Ramifications
Authors: Nowak-Far Artur
Published: January 2021

At present, the European rule of law enforcement framework under Article 7 TEU (RLF) is vulnerable to unguaranteed, discretionary influences of the Member States. This vulnerability arises from its procedural format which requires high thresholds in decision-making with the effect that this procedure is prone to be terminated by the EU Member States likely to be scrutinized under it, if only they collude. Yet, the Framework may prove effective to correct serious breaches against human rights (in the context of ineffective rule of law standards). The European Commission is bound to pursue the RLF effectiveness for the sake of achieving relative uniformity of application of EU law (at large), and making the European Union a credible actor and co-creator of international legal order. The RLF is an important tool for the maintenance of relative stability of human rights and the rule of law in the EU despite natural divergence propensity resulting from the procedural autonomy of the EU Member States. By achieving this stability, the EU achieves significant political weight in international dialogue concerning human rights and the rule of law and preserves a high level of its global credibility in this context. Thus, RLF increases the EU’s effectiveness in promoting the European model of their identification and enforcement.
Drawing Red Lines with No (Significant) Bites: Why an Individual Test Is Not Appropriate in the LM Case
Authors: Frąckowiak-Adamska Agnieszka
Published: January 2021

This contribution argues that an obligation for an executing court to conduct an individual assessment in case of systemic deficiencies of the judiciary in other Member States is not an adequate tool for ensuring the respect for the rule of law. Infringements of the independence of the judiciary require other legal mechanisms of protection than fundamental rights. Moreover, individual test is often not feasible in the European judicial area as some other acts providing for recognition of judgments in the EU do not contain the mechanisms of refusal of recognition or execution. A breach of the obligation to ensure independence of the courts should logically result in suspending the participation of a given Member State in the EU policy area at stake.
Towards a Tyranny of Values?
Authors: von Bogdandy Armin
Published: January 2021

This contribution develops the framework of European reactions to the undermining of checks and balances in EU Member States.It surveys the normative setting with its various institutional options and contrasting constitutional principles and then applies these principles to the panoply of relevant instruments. The building blocks of this framework arecompetence,procedure,standards,andcontrol.This should help Europe to speak with a principled voice. The contribution shows how red lines can be drawn that respect constitutional pluralism, and how any action’s legitimacy is enhanced if many institutions undertake it jointly.
Approach to Musculoskeletal Examination
Authors: Almoallim Hani , Kalantan Doaa , Alharbi Laila , Albazli Khaled
Published: January 2021

Musculoskeletal (MSK) symptoms are one of the most common reasons for patients to seek medical attention. Despite the high prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in all fields of clinical practice, doctors continue to describe poor confidence in their musculoskeletal clinical skills. Here in this chapter an overview of the epidemiology of MSK disorders and the current status of MSK competency skills among clinicians will be discussed. Then a general approach to MSK examination will be introduced. The rest of the chapter will address detailed approach to upper limb and lower and back joints examination. Each section will start with a brief approach to pains originating from each site. Good history is part of the MSK examination.
Soft Tissue Rheumatic Disorders
Authors: Mahroos Roaa , Almoallim Hani
Published: January 2021

By the end of this chapter, you should be able to: