bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF 1,2‐DICHLORO‐3,3‐DIFLUOROCYCLOPROPENE WITH METHANOLIC SODIUM METHOXIDE
Authors: SOULEN R. L. , PAUL D. W.
Published: April 2016

Durch langsame Zugabe von einem Äquivalent Natriummethylat zu einer methanolischen Lösung von 1,2‐Dichlor‐3βrdi?ilorcyclopropen (I) entsteht das Methoxycyclopropen (II) neben geringen Mengen der Dimethoxyverbindung (III).
ChemInform Abstract: NEW ROUTES TO THE SYNTHESIS OF CIS‐JASMONE FROM THE KETENE DERIVATIVES
Authors: TAKANO S. , SUGAHARA T. , ISHIGURO M. , OGASAWARA K.
Published: April 2016

Die Diazoketone (II) reagieren mit dimerem Keten (III) zu den Cyclopropanen (IV) und (V), die zu den Diketonen (VI) gespalten werden.
ChemInform Abstract: β‐THIOXO KETONES. 2. PREPARATION AND STRUCTURE OF SOME FIVE‐ AND SIX‐MEMBERED 2‐ACYLCYCLOALKANETHIONES AND 2‐THIOACYLCYCLOALKANONES
Authors: DUUS F.
Published: April 2016

Die Herstellung verschiedener β‐Thioxo‐ketone wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: OXIDATIVE REARRANGEMENT OF α‐METHOXYSTYRENE DERIVATIVES WITH THALLIUM(III) SALTS‐ SYNTHESIS OF 2‐ARYL ALKANOIC ACIDS
Authors: WALKER J. A. , PILLAI M. D.
Published: April 2016

Aus den Arylketonen (I) erhält man über die Ketale (II) bei der Behandlung mit Th(III)‐nitrat über die Enolether (III) unter oxidativer Umlagerung die Carbonsäureester (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: CONDENSATION REACTIONS WITH CARBANIONS OF SULFONYL KETONES. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ADDITION COMPOUNDS
Authors: LADUREE D. , PAQUER D. , RIOULT P.
Published: April 2016

Die α‐Sulfonylketone (II) bzw. (V) , die aktive Methylen‐ Gruppen enthalten, geben mit CS2 in basischem Medium die entsprechenden Dithiolatdianionen, die in situ mit CH3I zu den Thioketalen (I) bzw. (IV) und mit Ethylenbromid zu den Ethylenthioketalen (III) bzw. (VI) reagieren.
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLOPHANES. 12. (2.2)(1,4)TROPYLIO(1,4)CYCLOHEPTATRIENOPHANE TETRAFLUOROBORATE. SYNTHESIS AND CHARGE‐TRANSFER INTERACTION
Authors: O'CONNOR J. G. , KEEHN P. M.
Published: April 2016

(2,2)Paracyclophan (I) wird nach Birch zu (II) (und Isomeren) reduziert und dann mit Dibromcarben (III) zu Mischungen verschiedener Bis‐cyclopropane (IV) und (V) neben einem Monoaddukt umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS INVOLVING HYDROGEN‐TRANSFER, I. 1,4‐DI(9‐FLUORENYLIDENE)‐2,3‐DIPHENYLBUTANE
Authors: SCHOENBERG A. , SINGER E. , SCHULZE‐PANNIER H.
Published: April 2016

Aus Fluorenon (I) wird über den Alkohol (II) das Olefin (III) dargestellt, das bei längerem Stehen mit 9,9‐Di‐piperidino‐fluoren (2 Monate, keine Ausb.‐Angabe) oder mit Tetrachlor‐o‐benzochinon in Toluol (4 Wochen, Ausb. 49%) durch oxidative Kupplung in die Titelverbindung (IV) übergeht.
ChemInform Abstract: A CONVENIENT SYNTHESIS OF Γ‐LACTAMS VIA MICHAEL ADDITION
Authors: CHATERJEE B. G. , SAHU D. P.
Published: April 2016

Zimtsäurechlorid (I) reagiert mit Anilinomalonester (II) zu Addukten (III) und zu Cyclisierungsprodukten (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: EFFICIENT SYNTHESIS OF TRYPTAMINE
Authors: TAKANO S. , NISHIMURA T. , OGASAWARA K.
Published: April 2016

Beim Erhitzen von Tryptophan in geringen Mengen Tetralin in Gegenwart einer Carbonylverbindung, z.B. (I), erhält man in hoher Ausbeute Tryptamin (III).
ChemInform Abstract: N‐PHENYLPYRAZOLES AND 3H‐INDOLES FROM ALLENIC NITRILES. A NOVEL FISCHER‐INDOLE REACTION
Authors: LANDOR S. R. , LANDOR P. D. , FOMUM Z. T. , MPANGO G. M.
Published: April 2016

Aus den Allen‐nitrilen (I) entstehen mit Hydrazinen (II) die Addukte (III), die zu den Aminopyrazolen (IV) cyclisieren.
ChemInform Abstract: 1H‐THIAZOLO(3,2‐B)‐1,2,4‐TRIAZOLIUM SALTS
Authors: BABICHEV F. S. , KOVTUNENKO V. A. , TYLTIN A. K. , LELYUKH I. G.
Published: April 2016

Die aus den Triazolthionen (I) durch Alkylierung hergestellten β‐Ketosulfide (III) cyclisieren mit konzentrierter Schwefelsäure oder Polyphosphorsäure zu Thiazolotriazoliumsalzen (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF β‐AMINOCINNAMONITRILE AND ITS N‐MONO‐AND NN‐DI‐SUBSTITUTED DERIVATIVES WITH BENZONITRILE OXIDES
Authors: CORSARO A. , CHIACCHIO U. , PURRELLO G.
Published: April 2016

Reaction of β‐Aminocinnamonitrile and its N‐Mono‐ and NN‐Di‐substituted Derivatives with Benzonitrile Oxides.
ChemInform Abstract: LACTAMS. IX. GENERATION OF LACTAM CARBONYL FUNCTION IN 1,3‐DISUBSTITUTED PIPERIDINES BY MERCURIC ACETATE‐EDTA OXIDATION‐ EFFECTS OF HYDROCARBON SUBSTITUENTS AT THE 3‐POSITION
Authors: FUJII T. , YOSHIDA K. , OHBA M. , YOSHIFUJI S.
Published: April 2016

Die Piperidino‐ethanole (IV) ergeben mit Quecksilber(II)‐acetat/ Ethylendiamintetraessigsäure ein Gemisch der Piperidone (V) und (VI), die über Pal‐ 0C ladiumkohle zu den N‐Alkyl‐substituierten Piperidonen (VII) und (VIII) hydriert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: A STEREOELECTRONIC REQUIREMENT FOR THE CYCLIZATION OF CIS‐ AND TRANS‐N‐ACRYLYLOCTAHYDRO‐7(1H)‐QUINOLONES TO DECAHYDRO‐3H,10H‐BENZO(I,J)QUINOLIZINE‐3H,10‐DIONES
Authors: MOMOSE T. , UCHIDE S. , IMANISHI T. , KIM S.‐W. , TAKAHASHI N. , HORII Z.
Published: April 2016

Während die Acroylderivate (II) und (V) nicht zu den Verbindungen (III) bzw. (VI) cyclisieren, erhält man aus (VII) die Ringschlußprodukte (VIII) und (IX).
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS. XX. THE REACTION OF 4‐CYANO‐3,6‐DICHLOROPYRIDAZINE WITH AMINES
Authors: YANAI M. , TAKEDA S. , MITSUOKA T.
Published: April 2016

Das aus 4‐Carbamoyl‐3,6‐dichlorpyridazin (I) durch Erhitzen mit Phosphoroxychlorid erhältliche 4‐Cyan‐3,6‐dichlorpyridazin (II) reagiert mit den sekundären cyclischen Aminen (III) in siedendem Methanol zu den 3‐Aminoderivaten (IV) und den 6‐Aminoderivaten (V).
ChemInform Abstract: SULFUR EXTRUSION WITH N,N‐DIMETHYLFORMAMIDE AND SODIUM ETHOXIDE ‐ A CONVENIENT SYNTHESIS OF 4‐(1‐ACYL AND ‐ACYLOXYALKYLIDENE)‐3,4‐DIHYDROQUINAZOLINES
Authors: SINGH H. , NARULA S. S. , GANDHI C. S.
Published: April 2016

Aus dem Chinazolinon (I) erhält man über die Thio‐Verbindung (II) die 4‐Thiolate (III) mit α‐Halogenketonen.
ChemInform Abstract: ON THE CHEMISTRY OF THE BROMOISOCYANURIC ACIDS‐ PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS OF DIBROMOISOCYANURIC ACID
Authors: GOTTARDI W.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelverbindung DBI (I) verliert beim Erwärmen bis 75°C Kristallwasser und beginnt sich oberhalb 220°C zum Isocyanat (II) und Cyansäure (III) zu zersetzen.
ChemInform Abstract: THE CONFORMATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SATURATED HETEROCYCLES. PART 86. THE SYNTHESIS S AND CONFORMATIONAL ANALYSIS OF PERHYDRO‐1,2,4‐TRIAZINES AND PERHYDRO‐1,3,4‐THIADIAZINES AND A NOTE ON 1‐METHYLMORPHOLINE AND 1,4‐DIMETHYLPIPERAZINE
Authors: KATRITZKY A. R. , PATEL R. C. , READ D. M.
Published: April 2016

1,2‐Dimethyl‐hydrazin (I) reagiert mit Ethylensulfid (II) oder N‐Methyl‐aziridin (VI) zu den Addukten (III) bzw. (VII), die mit Oxo‐Verbindungen (IV) bzw. (VIII) zu den Cyclisierungsprodukten (V) bzw. (IX) führen.
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLIZATION OF NITRILE IMIDES WITH ALKENYL SUBSTITUENTS‐ ROUTES TO 1,2‐BENZODIAZEPINES AND CYCLOPROPA(C)CINNOLINES
Authors: GARANTI L. , ZECCHI G.
Published: April 2016

Die Behandlung der Chlorglyoxylsäureesterhydrazone (I) mit 4 Moläquiv. Triethylamin ergibt über die Intermediären (II) die Benzodiazepine (III), wobei neben (IIIc) auch das Isomere (IVa) (25% Ausb.) entsteht.
ChemInform Abstract: A SYNTHESIS OF DIBENZ(B,F)AZECINES FROM 1‐HALOBENZYL‐1H‐2‐BENZAZEPINES
Authors: KANO S. , YOKOMATSU T. , SHIBUYA S.
Published: April 2016

Die Bromdimethoxybenzyl‐azepine (I) ergeben bei Behandlung mit Dimsylnatrium unter Ringerweiterung die Azecine (II)‐(VI).
ChemInform Abstract: DOUBLE YLIDES, I. SYNTHESIS AND SOME PROPERTIES OF HEXAMETHYL‐ AND SYM‐TETRAMETHYLDIPHENYLCARBODIPHOSPHORANE
Authors: SCHMIDBAUR H. , GASSER O. , HUSSAIN M. S.
Published: April 2016

Das durch Umsetzung von Difluortrimethylphosphoran (II) mit den Methylenphosphoranen (I) gebildete Phosphoranylidenmethyl‐phosphoran (III) wird durch Erhitzen mit extrem starken Basen oder durch Behandlung mit Butyl‐Li unter Bildung der Titelverbindung (IV) dehydrofluoriert.
ChemInform Abstract: 5‐METHYL‐5Λ5‐PHOSPHASPIRO(4.4)NONANE, AS YET THE SIMPLEST PENTAALKYLPHOSPHORANE
Authors: SCHMIDBAUR H. , HOLL P. , KOEHLER F. H.
Published: April 2016

Die Darstellung der unzersetzt destillierbaren, wenig luftempfindlichen, flüssigen Titelverbindung (II) gelingt bei der Umsetzung des Spirophosphoniachlorids (I) mit Methyl‐Li unter geeigneten Reaktionsbedingungen, die eine Ylidbildung unterdrücken.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND SPECTRAL CHARACTERIZATION OF 2‐OXO‐1,3,2‐DIOXARSENANES
Authors: DALE A. J. , FROEYEN P.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelverbindungen (I) wurden durch Reaktion von 2,2‐Dimethylpropandiol‐(1,3) mit entl sprechenden acyclischen Arsonsäureestern in CCl4 bei Raumtemperatur dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: A NOVEL SYNTHESIS OF 10‐ARYL‐9‐ARSAANTHRACENES
Authors: WEUSTINK R. J. M. , JONGSMA C. , BICKELHAUPT F.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelverbindungen (VI) werden durch Blitzlichtphotolyse im Vakuum aus den lO‐mono‐ und disubstituierten 9‐ Aryl‐9,10‐dihydro‐9‐arsaanthracenen (V) synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND CERTAIN PROPERTIES OF COMPOUNDS OF GALLIUM(III) WITH β‐HYDROXYETHYLIMINODIACETIC AND DIGLYCOLIC ACIDS
Authors: ZHARKOV A. P. , KUL'BA F. YA. , PROKOF'EVA T. P.
Published: April 2016

Die stöchiometrische Umsetzung von hydrati siertem Ga(III)‐nitrat mit den Titelsäuren bzw. dem Na‐Salz der Iminodiessigsäure führt zu den Komplexen (I)‐(III) (keine Ausb.‐Angaben).
ChemInform Abstract: DOUBLE YLIDES, III. SYNTHESIS OF DIMETHYL(METHYLENE)(TRIMETHYLPHOSPHORANYLIDEN)AMINO)PHOSPHORANE AND SOME COORDINATION COMPOUNDS WITH MAIN GROUP METALS (LITHIUM, MAGNESIUM, GALLIUM, THALLIUM)
Authors: SCHMIDBAUR H. , FUELLER H.‐J.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelverbindung (I) wird durch Reaktion von Tetramethylphosphoniumhalogeniden mit Na‐amid in THF bei Raumtemp. dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: REAKTIONEN VON NA2(M2(CO)10) (M=CR,MO,W) MIT GEX4 UND SNX4 (X=CL,BR,I)
Authors: BEHRENS H. , MOLL M. , SIXTUS E.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelreaktion liefert in THF die als Carbenanaloge formulierten Germylenund Stannylenkomplexe (I) neben Na‐halogenopentacarbonylmetallaten.
ChemInform Abstract: REAKTIONEN VON NA2(M2(CO)10) (M=CR,MO,W) MIT INX3 (X=CL,BR,I) UND DIE KRISTALLSTRUKTUR VON CR(CO)5INBR.THF
Authors: BEHRENS H. , MOLL M. , SIXTUS E. , THIELE G.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelreaktion in THF liefert neben Halogenopentacarbonylmetallaten die Komplexe (I), die anhand der Schwingungsspektren und der Röntgenstrukturanalyse (Raumgruppe Pbcä‐Däfl, Z=16) des verbindungstypischen Chrom‐Indium‐Brom‐Komplexes charakterisiert wurden.
ChemInform Abstract: ELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTION OF DICYANOBIS(TERTIARY PHOSPHINE)NICKEL(II) COMPLEXES
Authors: BONTEMPELLI G. , CORAIN B. , DE NARDO L.
Published: April 2016

Die Redoxreaktionen der trans‐Titelkomplexe (tert.‐Phosphine: Trialkyl‐, Tricyclohexyl‐ und Ethylphenylphosphine) an einer Hg‐Elektrode in Acetonitrillösung werden mittels cyclischer Voltammetrie, potential‐kontrollierter Elektrolyse und Spektropho‐ tometrie untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF BIS(η‐CYCLOPENTADIENYL)NICKEL WITH SOME PYRAZOLES. UNUSUAL TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF THE HYDROGEN‐1 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTRUM OF THE CYCLOPENTADIENYL GROUP
Authors: BLAKE A. B. , EWING D. F. , HAMLIN J. E. , LOCKYER J. M.
Published: April 2016

Entgegen der Reaktion von (I) mit Pyrazol und 3‐Methylpyrazol, die zu polymeren Ni(II)‐pyrazolaten führt, liefern die 3,5‐Dia]kylpyrazole (II) unter Austausch nur einer C5H5‐ 131 Gruppe die diamagnetischen Komplexe (III).
ChemInform Abstract: METAL‐ION‐PROMOTED HYDROLYSIS OF METHYL 8‐HYDROXYQUINOLINE‐2‐CARBOXYLATE
Authors: HAY R. W. , CLARK C. R.
Published: April 2016

Die basische Hydrolyse der Titelverbindung wird im pH‐Bereich 9‐12 untersucht und die Dissoziationskonstante der Hydroxygruppe bestimmt.
ChemInform Abstract: DOUBLE YLIDES, II. SYNTHESIS, PROPERTIES, AND A CRYSTAL STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF SOME (METHANIDOBIS(DIMETHYLPHOSPHONIUM METHYLIDE)) COMPLEXES OF MAIN GROUP AND TRANSITION METALS (ALUMINUM, GALLIUM, NICKEL, PALLADIUM, PLATINUM, GOLD, ZINC, CADMIUM)
Authors: SCHMIDBAUR H. , GASSER O. , KRUEGER C. , SEKUTOWSKI J. C.
Published: April 2016

Die cyclischen Dimethylmetall(IID‐Komplexe (II) mit dem neuartigen Methanido‐bis‐[dimethylphosphoniummethylid]‐Liganden werden durch Umsetzung des Phosphoranylidenmethyl‐phosphorans (I) mit Li‐tetramethylaluminat bzw. des Carbodiphosphorans (III) mit Trimethyl‐ Ga‐etherat oder Chlorodimethyl‐Au‐Dimerem dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: DOUBLE YLIDES, IV. SYNTHESIS, PROPERTIES, AND AN X‐RAY STRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF NITRIDOBIS(DIMETHYLPHOSPHONIUM METHYLIDE) COMPLEXES OF SOME D8‐ AND D10‐TRANSITION METALS (NICKEL, PLATINUM, GOLD, ZINC, CADMIUM)
Authors: SCHMIDBAUR H. , FUELLER H.‐J. , BEJENKE V. , FRANCK A. , HUTTNER G.
Published: April 2016

Das Ylid (II) reagiert mit Dichloro‐bis‐[trimethylphosphin]‐Ni und ‐Pt unter Umylidierung zu Bis‐[trimethylphosphoranyliden]‐ ammoniumchlorid und den quadratisch‐planar konfigurierten Chelat‐Komplexen (Ia).
ChemInform Abstract: ON THE REPORTED TRANSFORMATION OF β‐AMYRIN INTO OLEANOLIC ACID
Authors: BOAR R. B. , JOUKHADAR L. , DE LUQUE M. , MCGHIE J. F. , BARTON D. H. R. , ARIGONI D. , BRUNNER H. G. , GIGER R.
Published: April 2016

Eine Neuuntersuchung hinsichtlich der Partialsynthese von Oleanolsäure aus β‐Amyrin (III), über die berichtet worden ist, wird durchgeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: DITERPENES FROM DOLABELLA CALIFORNICA
Authors: IRELAND C. , FAULKNER D. J.
Published: April 2016

Die Isolierung von vierzehn verschiedenen Diterpenen der allgemeinen Strukturen (I) und (II) und ihre Identifizierung werden beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: EXPLOITATION OF THE VINYLOGOUS WOLFF REARRANGEMENT. AN EFFICIENT TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF (.+‐.)‐MAYURONE, (.+‐.)‐THUJOPSENE, AND (.+‐.)‐THUJOPSADIENE
Authors: BRANCA S. J. , LOCK R. L. , SMITH A. B. III
Published: April 2016

Aus Trimethylcyclohexanon (I) entsteht über das Ethinylderivat (II) der Aldehyd (III), aus dem die Carbonsäurederivate (IVa) und (IVb) hergestellt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF STEROIDAL HAPTENS. C7‐SUBSTITUTED CARBOXYMETHYL CHAIN DERIVATIVES OF CORTISONE AND CORTISOL
Authors: DUVAL D. , CONDOM R. , EMILIOZZI R.
Published: April 2016

Aus Cortison (I) werden zunäch die Epimeren (IIIa) dargestellt, die chromatographisch trennbar sind.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF (.+‐.)‐3‐METHOXYESTRA‐1,3,5(10)‐TRIENE‐ STITCHING AND RIVETING AS A TOOL FOR STEROID SYNTHESIS
Authors: BRYSON T. A. , PYE W. E.
Published: April 2016

Zum Aufbau von Steroiden wie (VI) dient das Dien (I) als Ausgangsmaterial.
ChemInform Abstract: AMINO ACIDS AND PEPTIDES. XXVIII. A NEW SYNTHESIS OF α‐AMINO ACID DERIVATIVES BY ALKYLATION OF SCHIFF BASES DERIVED FROM GLYCINE AND ALANINE
Authors: OGURI T. , SHIOIRI T. , YAMADA S.
Published: April 2016

Die aus Benzaldehyd und Glycin‐tert.‐butylester hergestellte Schiffsche Base (I) liefert mit Lithiu diisopropylamid ein Carbanion, das durch Alkylierung mit anschließender Entfernung der Benzylidengruppe die Verbindungen (II) und (III) ergibt.
ChemInform Abstract: BIOMIMETIC SYNTHESIS OF ACRIDONE ALKALOIDS
Authors: ADAMS J. H. , GUPTA P. , KHAN M. S. , LEWIS J. R.
Published: April 2016

Die Benzophenone (Ia)‐(Ic) cyclisie4 ,ren in Gegenwart von NaH/DMSO zu den Acridonalkaloiden (IIa)‐(IIc); aus 2‐Acetamido‐2′‐methoxy‐benzophenon bildet sich 1‐Acetyl‐acridon, das beim Behandeln mit NaH/DMSO in (IId) übergeht; das Hydroxyacridon (IIe) entsteht durch Demethylierung von (IIb) mit AlCl3 in siedendem Benzol.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF 3‐(β‐D‐RIBOFURANOSYL)ADENINE WITH PHOSPHORUS OXYCHLORIDE. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF 3(β‐D‐RIBOFURANOSYL)ADENINE 9,5′(P)‐CYCLIC PHOSPHONATE
Authors: UCHIC J. T.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Behandlung mit Phosphoroxychlorid erhält man aus 3‐(β‐D‐Ribofuranosyl)‐ adenin (I) das Dichlorid (II), aus dem mit Bicarbonat neben der erwarteten Phosphor‐ Verbindung (III) das Cyclophosphat (V) entsteht.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIVE LIGNIN INTERMEDIATES. VI. OXIDATION AND COUPLING OF ISOEUGENOL WITH A QUINONE METHIDE
Authors: LEARY G. , THOMAS W.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Reaktion von Isoeugenol (I) mit dem Chinonmethid (II) entstehen Dehydrodimere von (I) und Derivate von 2,ö‐Di‐tert,‐butyl‐4‐methylphenol.
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLOADDITION AS A SYNTHETIC METHOD IN THE FIELD OF AMINOGLYCOSIDES ANTIBIOTICS‐ (‐)KASUGANOBIOSAMINE
Authors: DAVID S. , LUBINEAU A.
Published: April 2016

Das aus dem Di‐isopropylideninosit (I) durch Umsetzung mit dem Diacetylendiol (II) erhaltene Gemisch von isomeren Eninylethern (III) läßt sich zu einem Gemisch von Butadienylethern (IV) hydrieren.
ChemInform Abstract: ANODIC OF OXIDATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. 17. PHEROMONES. 2. SYNTHESIS OF (Z)‐7‐DODECENYL ACETATE (LOOPLURE) BY KOLBE ELECTROLYSIS
Authors: SEIDEL W. , KNOLLE J. , SCHAEFER H. J.
Published: April 2016

Die Wittig‐Reaktion zur Nonensäure (III) verläuft stereoselektiv.
ChemInform Abstract: THE ORGANIC PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF BENZENE. II
Authors: BRYCE‐SMITH D. , GILBERT A.
Published: April 2016

Review: Übersicht (Dimerisation; Photoadditionen; Photosubstitutionen).
Cover Image, Volume 6, Issue 1
Authors: Derntl Alexandra , Plant Claudia
Published: April 2016

The cover image, by Claudia Plant and Alexandra Derntl, is based on the Focus Article Clustering techniques for neuroimaging applications, 10.1002/widm.1174.

image
Typ 2 Diabetes mellitus – Screening und Prävention
Authors: Stadler Marietta , Fröhlich-Reiterer Elke , Prager Rudolf
Published: April 2016

Die Diabetesprävalenz nimmt weltweit zu, wobei etwa die Hälfte aller Betroffenen noch nicht diagnostiziert ist. Dieses Positionspapier der Österreichischen Diabetesgesellschaft basiert auf aktueller Evidenz zu Screening und Prävention des Typ 2 Diabetes mellitus.
Adipositas und Typ 2 Diabetes
Authors: Toplak Hermann , Hoppichler Friedrich , Wascher Thomas C. , Schindler Karin , Ludvik Bernhard
Published: April 2016

Adipositas und Typ 2 Diabetes werden heute gerne unter dem Namen „Diabesity“ zusammengefasst. Das trägt dem Umstand Rechnung, dass die Adipositas dem Diabetes häufig vorangeht und wohl der wichtigste Faktor in der Zunahme des Typ 2 Diabetes mellitus ist. Der Body-Mass-Index (BMI) ist nur ein sehr grobes Maß der Körperverfettung. Sogar Normalgewichtige können bei Muskelmangel zu viel Körperfett aufweisen (Sarkopenie), weswegen Messungen des Bauchumfanges und des Körperfettes empfohlen werden (z. B. BIA). Lebensstilmanagement mit Ernährung und Bewegung ist eine der wichtigsten Maßnahmen in der Diabetesprävention. In der Therapie des Typ 2 Diabetes hat das Gewicht als sekundärer Zielparameter zunehmend Bedeutung erlangt. Auch die Wahl der antidiabetischen Therapie, aber auch der Begleittherapien, nimmt immer mehr darauf Rücksicht. Welchen Stellenwert Antiadiposita selbst in der antidiabetischen Therapie erlangen werden, wird durch zukünftige Studien zu klären sein. Die bariatrische Chirurgie ist derzeit bei einem Typ 2 Diabetes mit BMI > 35 kg/m2 indiziert und kann zumindest teilweise zur Diabetes-Remission beitragen, sie muss aber in ein entsprechendes lebenslanges Betreuungskonzept eingebunden sein.
Mitochondrial dysfunction in liver failure requiring transplantation
Authors: Lane Maria , Boczonadi Veronika , Bachtari Sahar , Gomez‐Duran Aurora , Langer Thorsten , Griffiths Alexandra , Kleinle Stephanie , Dineiger Christine , Abicht Angela , Holinski‐Feder Elke , Schara Ulrike , Gerner Patrick , Horvath Rita
Published: April 2016

Liver failure is a heterogeneous condition which may be fatal and the primary cause is frequently unknown. We investigated mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in patients undergoing liver transplantation. We studied 45 patients who had liver transplantation due to a variety of clinical presentations. Blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with immunodetection of respiratory chain complexes I‐V, biochemical activity of respiratory chain complexes II and IV and quantification of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number were investigated in liver tissue collected from the explanted liver during transplantation. Abnormal mitochondrial function was frequently present in this cohort: ten of 40 patients (25 %) had a defect of one or more respiratory chain enzyme complexes on blue native gels, 20 patients (44 %) had low activity of complex II and/or IV and ten (22 %) had a reduced mtDNA copy number. Combined respiratory chain deficiency and reduced numbers of mitochondria were detected in all three patients with acute liver failure. Low complex IV activity in biliary atresia and complex II defects in cirrhosis were common findings. All six patients diagnosed with liver tumours showed variable alterations in mitochondrial function, probably due to the heterogeneity of the presenting tumour. In conclusion, mitochondrial dysfunction is common in severe liver failure in non‐mitochondrial conditions. Therefore, in contrast to the common practice detection of respiratory chain abnormalities in liver should not restrict the inclusion of patients for liver transplantation. Furthermore, improving mitochondrial function may be targeted as part of a complex therapy approach in different forms of liver diseases.
The alpha angle as a predictor of contralateral slipped capital femoral epiphysis
Authors: Boyle Matthew J. , Lirola Jose F. , Hogue Grant D. , Yen Yi-Meng , Millis Michael B. , Kim Young-Jo
Published: April 2016

Purpose

Contralateral hip involvement in slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is common. Femoral head−neck asphericity, as measured by an elevated alpha angle, has not previously been assessed with respect to SCFE risk. Our aim was to assess the utility of the alpha angle in predicting contralateral SCFE.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 168 patients (94 males) managed surgically for unilateral SCFE between 2001 and 2013 who had a minimum of 18 months follow-up. The alpha angle, the posterior sloping angle (PSA), and the modified Oxford score were recorded for every patient at the time of initial SCFE presentation. Follow-up clinical records and radiographs were assessed to determine the presence of absence of contralateral SCFE.

Results

Forty-five patients (27 %) developed a contralateral SCFE. Patients who developed a contralateral SCFE had a significantly higher alpha angle (51° vs 45°, p < 0.001) than patients who did not develop a contralateral SCFE. There was no significant difference in PSA or modified Oxford score (both p > 0.10) between patients who developed a contralateral SCFE and those who did not. Using a proposed alpha angle of 50.5° as a threshold for prophylactic fixation, 26 (58 %) of the 45 cases of contralateral SCFE in our study would have been prevented and 18 (15 %) of 123 patients would have undergone fixation unnecessarily.

Conclusions

We found the alpha angle to positively correlate with contralateral SCFE risk. Patients with significantly elevated alpha angles may be at greater risk of contralateral SCFE and benefit from further investigation or prophylactic hip fixation.
SKEPTICISM ABOUT META-SKEPTICISM: MEDITATIONS ON EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY
Authors: Hannon Michael
Published: April 2016

Drawing on new empirical data, a group of experimental philosophers have argued that one of the most popular and influential forms of skepticism is much less interesting and much less worrisome than philosophers have thought. Contrary to this claim, I argue that this brand of skepticism remains as threatening as ever. My argument also reveals an important limitation of experimental philosophy and sheds light on the way professional philosophers should go about the business of doing philosophy.
Homoclinic snaking in plane Couette flow: bending, skewing and finite-size effects
Authors: Gibson J. F. , Schneider T. M.
Published: April 2016

Invariant solutions of shear flows have recently been extended from spatially periodic solutions in minimal flow units to spatially localized solutions on extended domains. One set of spanwise-localized solutions of plane Couette flow exhibits homoclinic snaking, a process by which steady-state solutions grow additional structure smoothly at their fronts when continued parametrically. Homoclinic snaking is well understood mathematically in the context of the one-dimensional Swift–Hohenberg equation. Consequently, the snaking solutions of plane Couette flow form a promising connection between the largely phenomenological study of laminar–turbulent patterns in viscous shear flows and the mathematically well-developed field of pattern-formation theory. In this paper we present a numerical study of the snaking solutions of plane Couette flow, generalizing beyond the fixed streamwise wavelength of previous studies. We find a number of new solution features, including bending, skewing and finite-size effects. We establish the parameter regions over which snaking occurs and show that the finite-size effects of the travelling wave solution are due to a coupling between its fronts and interior that results from its shift-reflect symmetry. A new winding solution of plane Couette flow is derived from a strongly skewed localized equilibrium.
A mass-flux perspective of the tidewater glacier cycle
Authors: AMUNDSON JASON M.
Published: April 2016

I explore the tidewater glacier cycle with a 1-D, depth- and width-integrated flow model that includes a mass-flux calving parameterization. The parameterization is developed from mass continuity arguments and relates the calving rate to the terminus velocity and the terminus balance velocity. The model demonstrates variable sensitivity to climate. From an advanced, stable configuration, a small warming of the climate triggers a rapid retreat that causes large-scale drawdown and is enhanced by positive glacier-dynamic feedbacks. Eventually, the terminus retreats out of deep water and the terminus velocity decreases, resulting in reduced drawdown and the potential for restabilization. Terminus readvance can be initiated by cooling the climate. Terminus advance into deep water is difficult to sustain, however, due to negative feedbacks between glacier dynamics and surface mass balance. Despite uncertainty in the precise form of the parameterization, the model provides a simple explanation of the tidewater glacier cycle and can be used to evaluate the response of tidewater glaciers to climate variability. It also highlights the importance of improving parameterizations of calving rates and of incorporating sediment dynamics into tidewater glacier models.
Examining the Causal Impact of the Voting Rights Act Language Minority Provisions
Authors: Fraga Bernard L. , Merseth Julie Lee
Published: April 2016

The following study investigates the causal impact of the Voting Rights Act (VRA) language minority provisions, which mandate multilingual election assistance if certain population thresholds are met. While lower rates of Latino and Asian American political participation are often attributed to language barriers, scholars have yet to establish a direct impact of the provisions on electoral behavior. Building off of previous state- and county-level analyses, we leverage an individual-level voter file database to focus on participation by Latino and Asian American citizens in 1,465 counties and municipalities nationwide. Utilizing a regression discontinuity design, we examine rates of voter registration and turnout in the 2012 election, comparing individual participation rates in jurisdictions just above and just below the threshold for coverage. Our analysis attributes a significant increase in Latino voter registration and Asian American turnout to coverage under the VRA.
LOCATING HIP HOP ORIGINS: POPULAR MUSIC AND TRADITION IN SENEGAL
Authors: Appert Catherine M.
Published: April 2016

This article complicates internationally circulating origin myths that alternately link hip hop to West African griot traditions or highlight the global resonance of its roots in the US inner city. I argue that such generalizing narratives potentially obscure how complex understandings of traditional cultural production inform local engagements with hip hop in Africa, and advocate instead for ethnographically generated interpretive frameworks that enable alternative, locally grounded analyses of hip hop cultures. In doing so, I examine the particularity of Senegalese invocations of origin myths to ask how local and global histories are reimagined through discourse about musical practice. Based on their understandings of tradition as something that precedes, is transformed in, and remains integral to contemporary urban life in Senegal, underground hip hoppers conflate the local popular genrembalaxwith griot practice, contrasting it with hip hop as a modern music born from experiences of urban struggle that resonate with their own realities. I demonstrate that Senegalese hip hop practice is defined not only through political engagement or social action but also through and against local musical practices that performatively re-inscribe the political and social systems that limit and contain youth.
DECENTRALIZATION AND THE LOCAL DEVELOPMENTAL STATE: PEASANT MOBILIZATION IN OROMIYA, ETHIOPIA
Authors: Emmenegger Rony
Published: April 2016

This article explores the politics of decentralization and state–peasant encounters in rural Oromiya, Ethiopia. Breaking with a centralized past, the incumbent government of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) committed itself to a decentralization policy in the early 1990s and has since then created a number of new sites for state–citizen interactions. In the context of electoral authoritarianism, however, decentralization has been interpreted as a means for the expansion of the party-state at the grass-roots level. Against this backdrop, this article attempts a more nuanced understanding of the complex entanglements between the closure of political space and faith in progress in local arenas. Hence, it follows sub-kebeleinstitutions at the community level in a rural district and analyses their significance for state-led development and peasant mobilization between the 2005 and 2010 elections. Based on ethnographic field research, the empirical case presented discloses that decentralization and state-led development serve the expansion of state power into rural areas, but that state authority is simultaneously constituted and undermined in the course of this process. On that basis, this article aims to contribute to an inherently political understanding of decentralization, development and their entanglement in local and national politics in rural African societies.
ARABIC SOURCES AND THE SEARCH FOR A NEW HISTORIOGRAPHY IN IBADAN IN THE 1960s
Authors: Kane Ousmane
Published: April 2016

According to the late Ali Mazrui, modern Africa is the product of a triple civilizational legacy: African, Arabo-Islamic, and Western (Mazrui 1986). Each civilization left Africa with bodies of knowledge rooted in particular epistemologies and transmitted in written and/or oral form. In the first half of the twentieth century, what became known as the colonial library (Mudimbe 1988: x) had provided the sources and conceptual apparatus for studying African history, but from the mid-twentieth century onwards, nationalist intellectuals sought to deconstruct European colonial intellectual hegemony through the search for alternative sources and interpretations of African history. Notable among these intellectuals is Cheikh Anta Diop, whose work highlighted the close connections between Egypt and the rest of the continent to claim Ancient Egypt's historical legacy for the continent. Nigeria's first university – University College Ibadan, which later became the University of Ibadan – provided a forum for talented Africans and Europeans to pursue the project of decolonizing African history. Jeremiah Arowosegbe's survey provides insights into the rise and decline of academic commitment in the African continent, with particular reference to South Africa and Nigeria.
RETHINKING KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION IN AFRICA
Authors: Adebanwi Wale
Published: April 2016

Jean and John Comaroff enthusiastically claim that Africa constitutes a rich site ‘of new knowledges and ways of knowing-and-being … that have the capacity to inform and transform theory in the north, to subvert its universalisms in order to rewrite them in a different, less provincial register’ (Comaroff and Comaroff 2011). What role, then, can the African university – which, as described by Jeremiah Arowosegbe, is in a lamentable state – play in creating and generalizing these ‘new knowledges’?
Byzantine Art and Gospel Commentary: The Case of Luke 13:6–9, 10–17
Authors: Bovon François , Ševčenko Nancy P.
Published: April 2016

This paper represents a conversation between two disciplines that too rarely enter into dialogue: New Testament studies and the history of Byzantine art. Two gospel passages have been chosen for analysis here: the first is a parable, the parable of the fig tree (Luke 13:6–9); the second, which follows immediately upon the first, is a miracle story that provokes a controversy (Luke 13:10–17). Both passages appear exclusively in the Gospel of Luke. Our joint study will start with exegetical notes on the Gospel of Luke and the history of the interpretation of these particular verses and will then turn to the miniatures that illustrate them in an eleventh-century Byzantine manuscript in the Bibliothèque nationale de France, Parisinus graecus 74 (figs. 1–2). François Bovon has interpreted the Gospel of Luke in a German collection, the Evangelisch-katholischer Kommentar zum Neuen Testament, a series attentive to the history of the reception (Wirkungsgeschichte) of the biblical text in the life of the Christian church. He will explain the two New Testament passages and follow the path of patristic and Byzantine interpretation during these periods.
Why Persons Matter: A Jewish Defense
Authors: Deane-Drummond Celia
Published: April 2016

Anyone who has struggled to navigate the challenges that evolutionary and other natural sciences pose to a rich religious sense of the importance of human dignity will enjoy reading this book. Alan L. Mittleman gives the reader more than a robust understanding of the sciences; he also probes carefully their philosophical premises and makes a case for why a detailed engagement with Jewish sources in particular allows one to construct a reasonable and intellectually satisfying alternative to a purely naturalistic account based on the sciences. In the course of his investigation Mittleman deals skillfully with popular scientific motifs that were in the air half a century ago and that remain remarkably persistent today, such as the reductionist view, stemming from well-known writers like Desmond Morris, that humans are little more than naked apes; even at the height of Morris's popularity that view clashed with other philosophical perspectives that were equally prevalent and that stressed the existential alienation of human beings in the world.
Effects of xylanase supplementation on feed intake, digestibility and ruminal fermentation in Rambouillet sheep
Authors: VALLEJO L. H. , SALEM A. Z. M. , CAMACHO L. M. , KHOLIF A. M. , MARIEZCURRENA M. D. , CIPRIANO M. , ALONSO M. U. , OLIVARES J. , LOPEZ S.
Published: April 2016

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of adding xylanase enzyme (XY) to a basal diet containing 300 g maize stover and 700 g concentrate/kg dry matter (DM) on feed intake, ruminal fermentation, total tract and ruminal digestibility, as well as some blood parameters. Four male Rambouillet sheep (39 ± 1·8 kg body weight), with permanent rumen and duodenum cannulae were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Sheep were fed a basal diet without xylanase addition (control, XY0), or with the addition of xylanase at 1 (XY1), 3 (XY3) or 6 (XY6) μl/g of diet DM for 84 days, with four 21-day experimental periods. Feed intake, digestibility and rumen fermentation parameters were determined on days 16–21 in each experimental period, and the apparent ruminal neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility was determined on days 16 and 17. Treatments XY1 and XY3 increased feed intake, whereas digestibility was increased with XY6. Ruminal NDF digestibility increased when sheep were fed diets treated with xylanase. Ruminal pH, ammonia-N and acetic acid increased with xylanase treated diets. Propionic acid concentration increased with diet XY1 at 3 h post-feeding, but after 9 h post-feeding its concentration decreased in the rumen of sheep fed xylanase treated diets. Xylanase had no effect on blood urea, phosphorus and triglycerides. Addition of xylanase at 6 µl/g DM in a diet containing 300 g maize stover and 700 g concentrate/kg DM and fed to Rambouillet sheep improved feed digestibility and ruminal fermentation without affecting blood parameters.
Quarter variation and correlations of colostrum albumin, immunoglobulin G1 and G2 in dairy cows
Authors: Samarütel Jaak , Baumrucker Craig R , Gross Josef J , Dechow Chad D , Bruckmaier Rupert M
Published: April 2016

A high variation in immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) concentration in first milked quarter colostrum has been reported, but BSA quarter colostrum variation is not known. The occurrence of serum albumin in milk has been attributed to increased blood-milk barrier penetration. Reports of serum albumin binding to the Fc Receptor of the neonate, the receptor thought to be responsible for IgG1 transcytosis, suggested that a correlation with the appearance of IgG1 in colostrum of dairy cows was likely. The objective of the study was to establish the quarter colostrum concentration and mass of immunoglobulins and serum albumin. First colostrum was quarter collected within 4 h of parturition from healthy udders of 31 multiparous dairy cows. Individual quarter colostrum weight was determined and a sample of each was frozen for subsequent analysis. Concentrations of immunoglobulin G1, G2, and BSA were measured by ELISA and total mass of components was calculated. In addition, colostrum was also analysed for L-lactate dehydrogenase activity. Analysis of concentration and mass of BSA, immunoglobulin G1, G2 established that the quarter variations were different by cow, quarter and quarter within cow. Partial correlations corrected for colostrum weight indicated that BSA and IgG2 concentration and mass are closely correlated while that of BSA and IgG1 concentration and mass exhibited no correlation suggesting that BSA and IgG1 may have different transport mechanisms. Interestingly, immunoglobulin G1 and G2 concentration and mass exhibited strong correlations suggesting that also some unknown mechanism of immunoglobulin G2 appearance in colostrum is occurring. Finally, no measured protein exhibited any correlation with the activity of lactate dehydrogenase in colostrum.
Expression levels and codon usage patterns in nuclear genes of the filarial nematodeWucheraria bancroftiand the blood flukeSchistosoma haematobium
Authors: Mazumder G.A. , Uddin A. , Chakraborty S.
Published: April 2016

Synonymous codons are used with different frequencies, a phenomenon known as codon bias, which exists in many genomes and is mainly resolute by mutation and selection. To elucidate the genetic characteristics and evolutionary relationship ofWucheraria bancroftiandSchistosoma haematobiumwe examined the pattern of synonymous codon usage in nuclear genes of both the species. The mean overall GC contents ofW. bancroftiandS. haematobiumwere 43.41 and 36.37%, respectively, which suggests that genes in both the species were AT rich. The value of the High Effective Number of Codons in both species suggests that codon usage bias was weak. Both species had a wide range of P3 distribution in the neutrality plot, with a significant correlation between P12 and P3. The codons were closer to the axes in correspondence analysis, suggesting that mutation pressure influenced the codon usage pattern in these species. We have identified the more frequently used codons in these species, most codons ending with an A or T. The nucleotides A/T and C/G were not proportionally used at the third position of codons, which reveals that natural selection might influence the codon usage patterns. The regression equation of P12 on P3 suggests that natural selection might have played a major role, while mutational pressure played a minor role in codon usage pattern in both species. These results form the basis of exploring the evolutionary mechanisms and the heterologous expression of medically important proteins ofW. bancroftiandS. haematobium.
Searching for Franklin where he was ordered to go: Captain Erasmus Ommanney's sledging campaign to Cape Walker and beyond, spring 1851
Authors: Barr W.
Published: April 2016

Since the Admiralty's instructions to Captain Sir John Franklin for his attempt at a transit of the northwest passage in HMSErebusandTerrorin 1845 specified that he should proceed to Cape Walker at the northeastern tip of Russell Island, and head southwest from there to the waterways already explored along the mainland coast of North America, as far as ice conditions and any intervening land permitted, it was natural that the first search expedition to come within striking distance of Cape Walker, should make this one of the starting points of its detailed search. This was the squadron of Captain Horatio Austin that wintered off the northeast coast of Griffith Island in 1850–1851. Following his orders, in the spring of 1851 Captain Erasmus Ommanney of HMSAssistanceset off with an impressive cavalcade of seven man-hauled sledges, most of them support sledges. From Cape Walker Lt. William Browne searched the east coast of Prince of Wales Island, that is the western shores of Peel Sound while Ommanney himself and Lt. Sherard Osborn searched the west coast of Prince of Wales Island, that is the east shore of McClintock Channel. No traces of Franklin's expedition were found. Their conclusions were that both McClintock Channel and Peel Sound were permanently blocked with ice, and that Franklin's ships could not have travelled south by either route. While the conclusion as regards McClintock Channel was absolutely correct, that with regard to Peel Sound was incorrect. This must have been the route wherebyErebusandTerrorhad reached the vicinity of King William Island, and the conclusion that Peel Sound never cleared of ice was very unfortunate in that the next search expedition dispatched by the Admiralty, that of Captain Sir Edward Belcher in 1852–1854 made no attempt to penetrate south, when it is possible that Peel Sound was clear of ice.
The impact of emotion awareness and regulation on social functioning in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis
Authors: Kimhy D. , Gill K. E. , Brucato G. , Vakhrusheva J. , Arndt L. , Gross J. J. , Girgis R. R.
Published: April 2016

Background

Social functioning (SF) difficulties are ubiquitous among individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR), but it is not yet clear why. One possibility is suggested by the observation that effective SF requires adaptive emotion awareness and regulation. Previous reports have documented deficits in emotion awareness and regulation in individuals with schizophrenia, and have shown that such deficits predicted SF. However, it is unknown whether these deficits are present prior to the onset of psychosis or whether they are linked to SF in CHR individuals.

Method

We conducted a cross-sectional comparison of emotion awareness and regulation in 54 individuals at CHR, 87 with schizophrenia and 50 healthy controls (HC). Then, within the CHR group, we examined links between emotion awareness, emotion regulation and SF as indexed by the Global Functioning Scale: Social (Cornblatt et al. 2007).

Results

Group comparisons indicated significant differences between HC and the two clinical groups in their ability to identify and describe feelings, as well as the use of suppression and reappraisal emotion-regulation strategies. Specifically, the CHR and schizophrenia groups displayed comparable deficits in all domains of emotion awareness and emotion regulation. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis indicated that difficulties describing feelings accounted for 23.2% of the SF variance.

Conclusions

The results indicate that CHR individuals display substantial emotion awareness and emotion-regulation deficits, at severity comparable with those observed in individuals with schizophrenia. Such deficits, in particular difficulties describing feelings, predate the onset of psychosis and contribute significantly to poor SF in this population.
Family process and youth internalizing problems: A triadic model of etiology and intervention
Authors: Schleider Jessica L. , Weisz John R.
Published: April 2016

Despite major advances in the development of interventions for youth anxiety and depression, approximately 30% of youths with anxiety do not respond to cognitive behavioral treatment, and youth depression treatments yield modest symptom decreases overall. Identifying networks of modifiable risk and maintenance factors that contribute to both youth anxiety and depression (i.e., internalizing problems) may enhance and broaden treatment benefits by informing the development of mechanism-targeted interventions. A particularly powerful network is the rich array offamily processeslinked to internalizing problems (e.g., parenting styles, parental mental health problems, and sibling relationships). Here, we propose a new theoretical model, thetriadic modelof family process, to organize theory and evidence around modifiable, transdiagnostic family factors that may contribute to youth internalizing problems. We describe the model's implications for intervention, and we propose strategies for testing the model in future research. The model provides a framework for studying associations among family processes, their relation to youth internalizing problems, and family-based strategies for strengthening prevention and treatment.
Improving learners’ oral fluency through computer-mediated emotional intelligence activities
Authors: Abdolrezapour Parisa
Published: April 2016

Previous studies have shown that emotional intelligence (henceforth, EI) has a significant impact on important life outcomes (e.g., mental and physical health, academic achievement, work performance, and social relationships). This study aimed to see whether there is any relationship between EI and English as a foreign language (EFL) learners’ oral fluency and investigated the possibility of enhancing EI through computer-mediated emotional activities. The participants were 63 students on the Interchange 2 course in a language center in Iran. Participants in the experimental group received EI training using movies with highly emotional content, with the express purpose of inducing them to talk about their emotions and raising their emotional intelligence. Movies shown to the control group did not place any emphasis on emotional content. The results showed a significant increase in EI scores in the experimental group, but no significant change was observed in the control group’s EI scores. Moreover, emotional intelligence correlated positively with the students’ levels of oral fluency.
An Engraved Human Bone from the Mesolithic–Neolithic Site of Lepenski Vir (Serbia)
Authors: Wallduck Rosalind , Bello Silvia M.
Published: April 2016

Post-mortem manipulations of the body were common at Mesolithic–Neolithic sites along the Danube River. During assessment of disarticulated human remains from Lepenski Vir, an unusual set of incisions (notches) were observed on the diaphysis of a human left radius along with a few cut-marks. Very few studies have attempted to distinguish clearly the characteristics of these modifications. All incisions were examined using a Scanning Electron Microscope and a Focus Variation Microscope that generated measurable three-dimensional digital models. Our results indicate that, on the basis of their micro-morphometric features, qualitative and quantitative distinctions can be made between cut-marks and notches, a methodology which can be applied to other engraved bones. Cut-marks, accidentally produced during flesh removal, were more irregular, longer, narrower and shallower than the notches. The notches, produced by a ‘nick and slice’ motion (pressure was applied to the bone, then the tool was pulled in one direction), were deliberately engraved. This engraved human bone is a rare example within a Prehistoric European context, possibly a form of notation, marking or counting a series of (important) events.