bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Colaboração em equipes de designers: a percepção de alunos em projetos acadêmicos
Authors: Silva Arabella Natal Galvão da , Ferro Gláucia De Sales , Costa Humberto , Gouveia Ana Leocádia de Souza Brum Donikian
Published: February 2017

Este artigo tem por objetivo caracterizar a colaboração, no contexto da prática do design, no Curso Superior de Tecnologia em Design Gráfico do Centro Universitário Curitiba - UNICURITIBA. O método de pesquisa buscou o referencial teórico por meio de uma breve revisão bibliográfica. Posteriormente elaborou-se uma pesquisa do tipo survey com: questionário, pesquisa piloto e pesquisa qualitativa com todos os participantes do universo escolhido e, finalmente, a tabulação das respostas e a análise dos dados. Os resultados demonstram que, nos módulos iniciais do Curso Superior de Tecnologia em Design Gráfico, os grupos de estudantes mostraram-se entusiasmados com os projetos e alcançaram os objetivos propostos por meio do trabalho em equipe. No módulo intermediário os estudantes evitaram trabalhar de modo colaborativo. No entanto, no último módulo, a colaboração passou novamente a ser percebida como positiva e os alunos começaram a trabalhar de modo mais espontâneo, produzindo resultados mais consistentes. A partir de tal pesquisa, foi possível notar que a colaboração em projetos de design de natureza acadêmica tem potencial a ser desenvolvido, e como tal, pode exercer um papel determinante na formação de profissionais que passarão a atuar em um universo mercadológico cada vez mais desafiador e competitivo.
Common Birds of Chitwan National Park, Nepal
Authors: Jha Parveen Kumar
Published: February 2017

This research paper gives checklist of common birds of Chitwan National Park, which is a wild-life protected area in south-central Nepal. It covers tropical and sub-tropical vegetation. It is first protected area and includes 932 sq. km. Common birds observed are about 170 belonging to 48 Avian families during 2013-2014. Present investigator has very minutely observed birds in habitat conditions. Bird species were recognized by very high binocular. Birds were thoroughly studied from point of view of Taxonomy. Machans were also erected for observing birds.
Enabling and Impending Factors of NGOs in Karnali Zone, Nepal
Authors: Mahat Kushendra Bahadur , Pokharel Bihari Binod
Published: February 2017

Introduction: Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs) are one of the major parts of the Civil Society institutions to develop the nation. Government has established the separate social welfare act to register and operate to contribute their efforts as complementary support for addressing the basic development requirements of the community to synergic the joint efforts of the development stakeholders. The study was conducted in Midwestern Development Region of Karnali Zone in Nepal where Social Welfare Council and Donor communities are highly prioritized to mainstream into national development process.Objective: The objective of this research was to identify the enabling and impending factors of NGOs in Karnai Zone, Nepal.Methodology: This study was based on the pragmatism philosophy. The study had done 45 in-depth interview and 15 focus group discussion with key informants. Qualitative analysis was done to identify the enabling and impending factors of NGOs.Result: Nine factors find the enabling and 7 points impending in general. In enabling factors are the will power of the NGOs, donors are interested and their priority, structural factors, environmental, ethical, program based, policy and democratic practice in the institution. Similarly, impending factors were geographical factors, weak planning and implementation, dependency mentality, lack of trained human resources, inadequate coordination and socio-economic problem.Conclusion: Impending factors may cause the problem in performances of NGOs so it is necessary to minimize the effect of impending factors by addressing though policy and program.
The Role of Biogas for Economic Sustainability in Nepal: User’s Perspective
Authors: Yadav Maheshwar Prasad
Published: February 2017

Background: Economic sustainability is an important ingredient of sustainable development. Sustainable development is the positive changes in a pattern of resources use in such a way that present needs can be met without destroying the ability for the future generations to meet their needs. Furthermore, renewable energy as an essential ingredient of environment comes from resources which are continually replenished. Renewable energy technologies such as biogas, solar and micro-hydro are widely promoted in Nepal and biogas only considered for this study.Objective: To examine role of biogas for economic sustainability in Nepal based on a case study of Niglihawa VDC of Kapilvastu district.Methodology: This study consists of descriptive cum analytical research design and based on both primary and secondary data. The users’ perspectives of sixteen out of twenty two biogas users have been collected by using structured questionnaire. Moreover, the simple statistical techniques of analysis such as table, percentage, and graphs have been employed in this study.Results: Biogas is an important factor in relation to enterprises and employment through saving time and creating agro-based micro enterprises. Biogas also contributes for economic activities through utilizing bio-slurry as feed and fertilizer.Conclusion: Biogas plays the vital role for the economic sustainability through creating enterprises and employment as well as utilizing bio-slurry as fish meal and fertilizer in the context of Nepal in one way or another. The results may be varied in other area and/or sector of Nepal and beyond.
Socio-Cultural Impact in Tourism: A Case Study of Sauraha, Nepal
Authors: Poudel Janardan
Published: February 2017

Locaton: Sauraha is 166 km. south west from Kathmandu. It is situated at an altitude of 150m (492 feet) form the sea level. Its shape is rectangular and speared with east west direction. It is in close proximity with the Chitwan National Park, Tandi and Chitrasari being at a distance of 6 and 3 km. respectively from it. However, Tandi, the entry point to Sauraha, is situated on the east west highway, 20km. from the main city of Bharatpur.Objective: The objective of the study is to study the socio cultural impact in Tharus’ culture, customs, tradition and lifestyle by tourism.Methodology: Observation and questionnaire method will be used as data collection tools. This research will adopt descriptive research design. Descriptive in a sense: the research will carefully try to record all the observed events from the study area and describes fairly as possible.Result: Local people have changed their life style, their traditional values, cultural aspects and are following the borrowed values and aspects in the name of modernization.Conclusion: Sauraha, is the best location for the tourism industry. It is a part of Bachhauly VDC. It is worldwidely famous for its ethnic and cultural diversity. Numbers of tourists have come to visit the Chitwan National Park and most of the tourists go to Sauraha to stay and to study the cultural and traditional aspects of the Tharus. The cultural assimilation occurs when two cultures come in contact. The more technologically influential group gains supremacy while the latter society readily adopts the former’s way of living. The same phenomenon can be observed in Sauraha, where the host culture is highly influenced and affected by the guest culture.
Stress and Coping Mechanism among the Parents of Intellectual Disable Children
Authors: Takuri Bhawani Shahi
Published: February 2017

Background: High perceived stress levels and lack of effective coping skills could be a barrier to achieve the challenges of parenting process. Objectives: The study was conducted to find out the level of stress and coping strategies used by the parents of intellectual disable children. Methodology: A descriptive cross sectional quantitative research design was adopted among 100 respondents from three organizations. The study was conducted by using a Perceived Stress Index and Coping Inventory tools in Kathmandu valley. Result: It showed that three forth of parents had severe stress to clinical significant stress level during their parenting process. Parents were used to cope up stress by using various coping strategies like use of instrumental social support, positive reinterpretation and growth, planning, suppression of competing activities and use of emotional social support.Conclusion: Health educators should find out the most stressful areas and give a serious thought to encourage the use of healthy coping strategies to improve their parenting process.
Antenatal and Post-natal Check-up Practices Among Chepang and Non-Chepang Communities of Nepal
Authors: Ghimire Mayanath , Maharjan Ram Krishna
Published: February 2017

Health check-up during pregnancy and after pregnancy is a must because of the critical health status of the mother and baby. The study identifies the health seeking behavior of mothers of Chepang and Non-Chepang communities of Makawanpur and Chitwan district of Nepal regarding the ANC and PNC check-up. The study was cross sectional descriptive design. Total sample size was 1250 (511 Non-Chepang and 739 Chepang). The result found that Non-Chepang community was found more aware and better practice of health check-up than Chepang communities in both districts. Nepal Government should focus on Chepang or similar types of marginalized and backward communities to increase their access on health services as well as concerned authorities should be responsible to address their problem which become as barrier to change their health seeking behavior.
Prospective and Challenges: Tourism Development at Meghauli
Authors: Subedi Bishwa Raj
Published: February 2017

Background: Meghauli is known as one of the richest villages in Nepal in terms of floura and fauna. It is the heart of beauty that is totally unexpected in a country known mainly for a majestic and powerful location teeming with wild life. It hosts one of Asia’s finest national parks, renowned for its dense concentration of wild life. Tourists can be attracted from all over the world to view the floura and fauna along with other attractions. Objectives: The objective to study the prospective and the challenges of tourism development in Meghauli.Methodology: Descriptive and analytical research designs have been followed. Required information for the study has been obtained both from secondary and primary sources. Result: Some of the prime tourism attractions of Meghauli are the rare flora and fauna, natural beauty, villages, community forest, cultural diversity, religious places, rivers, lakes, world heritage CNP, eco-park, picnic park and the sunset view point. Due to these various tourism attractions, Meghauli has potential for the establishment of magnificent resorts and future development of tourism.Conclusion: Meghauli is situated by the side banks of CNP and two big rivers: Rapti and Narayani. The community forest and CNP are home to many types of wildlife. Almost 500 species of birds and wide variety of vegetations can be found in Meghauli. The dense forests, grasslands, rivers and many lakes embrace a balanced park ecology providing an environment suitable for animals, birds, insects and other forms of life. But it is not managed naturally and properly.
Knowledge and Practice regarding Self-Care among the patients with type II Diabetes of Kapan, Kathmandu
Authors: Sharma Saraswati , Bhadari Sushila Devi
Published: February 2017

Introduction: Diabetes is considered as one of the chronic health problems and the 6th leading cause of mortality in the world. Self-management of diabetes involves a number of considerations and choices that the patient with Diabetes must make on a daily basis. It requires that patients are able to reconcile their resources, values and preferences with a therapeutic of a healthy diet, exercise, no smoking, low or no alcohol intake, glucose monitoring and for some patients, medication. Objective: To assess the knowledge regarding Self-Care and practice among the patients with type II Diabetes in Kapan muncipality Kathmandu.Methods: Descriptive cross sectional study was adopted to assess the knowledge regarding Self-Care and the practice among the patients with type II Diabetes. The study population was 100and study period was From 2014 September 15-October15 in Kapan, Kathmandu. Result: The study was carried out in 100 respondents among them the majority 30 % respondent have adequate knowledge and 12% respondent have inadequate knowledge. In these respondents practice seem to be sufficient. Among the 58 respondent, majority of the respondents (38%) have insufficient knowledge and (20%) have sufficient. Knowledge and in these respondents practice seems to be inadequate. The result shows that majority (58%) of the respondents has inadequate practice and (42%) had adequate practice. There was equal percentage of sufficient and insufficient knowledge among respondents i.e. 50%.Conclusion: The present study concluded that respondents who have sufficient knowledge have adequate practice about self-care majority of the respondents having insufficient knowledge have inadequate practice.
Integrated Property Tax The Potential Own Source Revenue of Municipal Finance in Nepal
Authors: Upadhyay Shankar Prasad , Manandhar Kamal Das
Published: February 2017

No abstract available
Respondents wise Status of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) of Karnali Zone Nepal
Authors: Mahat Kushendra Bahadur , Pokharel Bihari Binod
Published: February 2017

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) have been promoted in the development activities in Nepal since the restoration of democracy in 1990. NGOs have been recognized as one of the development facilitator institutions in Karnali Zone. The objective of this study was focused to identify the status of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) on the basis of its structure, environment, values and Impact. The study had adopted the civil society index as a theoretical tool of study. Randomly in total 562 respondents were selected from five districts of Karnali zone. The findings of ANOVA showed that there was a significant difference between respondents in the structure of NGOs in P=0.007 significant level at 95% confidence interval. But other three components environment, values and impact were not significantly difference. It could be assumed that because of the geographical differences, involvement of human resources, basic infrastructure, access on communication and technologies and perception on NGOs activities are the major factors which made the perceptual difference among the respondents in structure of NGOs. Similarly, contribution of NGO in promotion of political awareness, transparency of their work and empowering citizenship were more or less in the same level in all five districts so response of participants became similar in environment, values and impact of NGOs. It is necessary to identify the locally reliable and related indicators of NGO to assess the NGO's status and their performance.
Researcher Observational Analysis of the Role of Educational Facilities on Students' Achievement
Authors: Nepal Bijaya , Maharjan Ramkrishna
Published: February 2017

This study was undertaken to analyse the researcher's observation on different five variables: school’s library, e-library, science laboratory, availability of computer laboratory and its management. These educational facilities effect on the learning process and the achievement of the students’. The main objective of this study was to analyse the role of schools' educational facilities on students' achievement on community-based school and institutional schools of Central Development Region of Nepal. The data presented in this paper were collected to know the measurement of availability of educational facilities and students' achievement from the selected schools for the research. This study was conducted from January to July 2014. During this time, observation checklist was designed to obtain descriptive results using cross tabulation and percentage; and multi-stage sampling methods were applied. The sample size was taken proportionately from 3,125 numbers of Secondary and Higher Secondary schools. The selected districts were Sindhupalchok, Kavre, Makwanpur, Kathmandu and Chitwan. From the universe, 32(1.02 percent) schools were taken by using proportionate stratified random sampling. The value of data Cronbach's Alpha is 0.86 within 36 variables. Analysis of data was done by using the SPSS version 20. Chi-square test was applied to analyze the data. There was significance association (p=.000) between community and institutional schools students' achievement test min score of science and computer subjects and significance association (p=.010) among ecological region (Mountain, Hill, Valley and Terai) students achievement test min score of five core subjects has been found which means that the availability and management of educational facilities and achievement in most of the private schools are better than governmental one.
Gender Role in Global Personal Self-Esteem and Narcissism among Nepalese School Adolescents
Authors: Neupane Dasarath , Timsina Tatwa
Published: February 2017

Introduction: Global personal self-esteem and narcissism with reference to gender role among school adolescents was studied in Kathmandu. The general aim of this research was to explore the correlation in global personal self-esteem and narcissism with response to gender among Nepalese school adolescents.Methodology: The study was correlational in design employing a pen-and-paper self-report survey. Within the survey, instruments (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale 1979 / RSES and Narcissistic Personality Inventory 1981/ NPI) measured the global personal self-esteem and narcissism. Participants were drawn from thirty (fifteen public and fifteen private) schools of Kathmandu. These schools were chosen in random selection. The number of participations was 936 school students.Results: The study investigated the prevalence of global personal self-esteem in the school with reference to gender. The result from the survey indicates that there is no significant difference between self-esteem and gender. On the other hand, girls are reported slightly higher narcissistic behaviour than boys.Conclusion: Self-esteem is how people feel about themselves generally. This study explored the prevalence rates of global personal self-esteem with reference to gender. It showed that there is no significant correlation between them. On the other hand, narcissism is a psychological condition defined as a total obsession with self, to the exclusion of almost all other interaction with people. The present study explored the prevalence rates of narcissism with reference to gender. It showed that girls reported slightly higher narcissistic behaviour than boys’ which contradicts the previous findings. Why it is found so in the Nepalese context is left for further research.
Media and Advertising Preferences of Nepalese Audiences
Authors: Thapa Gopal
Published: February 2017

No one can escape from death, tax and advertising. There are various media available for advertising. Advertising is used by different organization in different ways. Different customers have responded differently, to the different message and media. This article highlights on the consumers’ preference towards the message and media on the basis of age, gender and education. This study is part of the pilot study of my PhD research work. It is a descriptive study based on survey method. Total 80 respondents consisting different gender, age and education background were taken as sample on judgmental basis. The result revealed that most of the Nepalese prefer television, television advertising and musical message.
Application of Structural-Functional Theory in Risk of HIV Transmission
Authors: Karki Tej Bahadur , Gartoulla Ritu Prasad
Published: February 2017

The study was conducted with the purpose to explore the interrelationship and interdependency between the individual and whole social systems that effects on HIV transmission during the time of social changes and transformation. The concept of structural functional theory was adopted to conduct this study. Phenomenological approach was applied to explore the experiences of risk behavior of human immune deficiency virus (HIV) transmission among the respondents working in Kathmandu valley (Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktpur districts). This Research was based on exploratory research design and simple random technique was used to select the respondents. The Study was conducted in Kathmandu valley among garment factory workers, brick factory workers, transport workers and health workers. Individual factors, socio-cultural factors, economic factors, educational factors and political factors are found as a functional unit of society which functions to influence the risk of HIV transmission in whole social structure. So, the finding is individual should be aware on the negative function of factors which can influence to increase the risk of HIV transmission. Cultural practices should be open to discuss about the risk behavior of people regarding their connection with HIV transmission.
Study of Credit Risk Identification Techniques Followed by Commercial Banks in Nepal
Authors: Kattel Indra Kumar
Published: February 2017

The main purpose of this study is to explore the current credit risk identification techniques used by Nepalese commercial banks. A questionnaire was developed and surveyed to 9 commercial banks operating in Nepal. This paper attempts to ascertain the perceptions of Nepalese bankers about the importance of credit identification techniques and the practice of various tools to identify the risk related with the borrowers. The result of the study indicates that the Nepalese bankers are aware of the importance of various techniques to effectively identify the risk level. Furthermore, the Nepalese commercial banks have used various techniques like interview, root cause effect, check list analysis, Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat (SWOT) analysis, scenario analysis, expert judgment, simulation, stress testing etc. In addition, there was significant difference between all three categories of bank, namely State-Owned bank with Private Bank, State-Owned bank with Joint Venture Bank, and Joint Venture Bank with Private Bank in terms of tools and techniques used for credit risk identification.
Role of Ayurvedic Treatment in Minimizing Gastric Cancer Related Complication: A Case Study
Authors: Bhatta Pramod , Shrestha Bhakta Man
Published: February 2017

The patients usually have the trend to come to the Ayurvedic clinic at the final stage when there is no hope of promising treatment from other conventional system of medicine. One of the major causes of reaching to health facility in the final stage might be the geographical difficulty of Nepal. The patients usually come with the hope of getting support for prolonging life with less pain and misery. In this article role of Ayurvedic treatment in gastric cancer cases are presented analytically. The Purpose of this article is to present the cases that are treated in Private Ayrvedic Clinic, and benefitted in cancer related pain, difficulty and complications with Ayurvedic treatment. The method applied in this study was qualitative longitudinal observation, interview based on the initial and final benefit outcome of the treatment from the Ayurvedic clinic. The findings of treatment are found very encouraging in terms of the signs and symptoms and quality of life they were spending. Patients’ initial problems found to be reduced by the end of observation and interview. It was found that patients were consistently in contact of doctor for the regular treatment. Patients shared that the treatment was less costly compared to its outcome. It seemed that integration of treatment with conventional treatment method might be quite meaningful to reduce gastric cancer related complications and provide better life to the patients. Extensive research on Ayurvedic treatment is necessary to expand the better services to support patients in meaningful way.
Renewable Energy Enterprises in Nepal: Growth and Development
Authors: Yadav Maheshwar Prasad , Pradhan Radhe S.
Published: February 2017

Nepal has enormous potential for different kinds of renewable energies; however, biogas, solar and micro-hydro energies are only selected for this study. The study aims at determining growth and development of renewable energy sector and its relationship with renewable energy enterprises in Nepal. This study is based on secondary data covering a period of 37 years of biogas sector, 20 years of solar sector and 50 years of micro-hydro sector. Frequency table, percentage, graph, growth rate and correlation coefficient are employed to analyze the data. The study reveals the largest number of renewable energy enterprises is located in central development region (62.69%) while it is least in far-western region (3.08%) of Nepal. The average growth of biogas, solar and micro-hydro construction companies are 7.96%, 21.18% and 16.07% respectively. The high penetration of biogas plants is in western region while solar home systems are in mid-western region. The highest number of micro-hydro schemes’ installation in term of number and capacity are in eastern and western development region respectively. The result shows that biogas and solar sectors are growing in decreasing trend while micro-hydro sector has ups-down trend. There is significant positive relationship of renewable energy sector with renewable energy enterprises. The study concludes that the growth and development of the renewable energy sector plays a vital role in growth and development of renewable energy enterprises in Nepal. The paper can be extended through investigating characteristics of renewable energy enterprises and renewable energy entrepreneurs to get a greater insight into the results.
Characteristics of Morbidity and Choice of Health Care Facilities in Nepal
Authors: Thapa Arjun Kumar , Adhikari Shiva Raj
Published: February 2017

In aftermath of People’s Movement 2008, the Government of Nepal promulgated health as a component of basic human rights. But Nepalese health consumers can seek health care services in government primary health facilities, hospitals, private clinics or do self–medication. The study intends to describe the characteristics of morbidity and factors associated in choosing particular type of health facility. For data, the study depends on a nationally representative rich cross sectional household survey data (Nepal Living Standard Survey, 2010/11) of Nepal. The findings of the study show that around one fifth of the total population reported acute illness while near about 10 percent is facing chronic illness. Around 30 percent of people reporting acute illness do not seek any health care services. Most of the rural people and poor population seek health care services in government primary health care facilities and private pharmacies. People belonging to low income quintiles are likely to seek health care services in government primary facilities. Similarly people residing in mountain & hill are likely to utilize services of government primary facilities. The study shows that urbanites are more likely to seek services in hospitals and private clinics. Therefore a homogeneous health care service production and delivery cannot address the country wide demand of health care services.
Impact of Climate Change on Land and Water Management: The Case of Nepal, India and Bangladesh
Authors: Shrestha Krishna Kumar , Timsina Tatwa P.
Published: February 2017

Agriculture is the backbone of economic development of country like Nepal, India and Bangladesh. Quantity and quality of production depends on quality of soils, irrigation facilities, quality of seeds, farming methods and time, climate, quality and types of fertilizer and the technologies used. In the recent times, the climate change has been reported to impact highly in the performance of the agriculture sector of these countries. Because of the rise of temperature, there is much concern on food securities and other agricultural issues like the changes in cropping pattern due to changing rainfall pattern thus impacting directly and indirectly to their gross domestic product. The objective of this study was to assess the situations against the climate change perspectives including the soil and water issues and its impacts on agriculture and food security of these communities. It also aimed to examine the local adaptation cases with respect to developing criteria for potential adaptation possibilities at the local community level and to make a comparative study in three locations of South Asia namely Madhuri village, Rupandehi district (foot hills) of Nepal, Vaishali village, Patna State (plains) of India and Harikahali village, Khulna district (sea coast) of Bangladesh. The finding of this study helps to provide policy support in mainstreaming adaptation at the community level in the context of natural resource management for the vulnerable communities of the three locations of SA region, and helps governments, development partners and donors in their planning and implementation of climate change related activities from a long term regional perspectives.
Determinants of Profitability in Nepal Oil Corporation
Authors: Shah Gyanshyam Prasad , Pradhan Radhe Shyam
Published: February 2017

Profitability is the primary goal of all business organization. Without profitability the business will not survive in the long run. So measuring current and past profitability is very important. Profitability is measured by income and expenses where as income is generated from the activities of the business. This study aims to analyze the microeconomic and macroeconomic factors of profitability in the context of Nepal Oil Corporation. Regression analysis was used to determine the determinants of profitability. The results showed that operating cost and interest rate have a negative impact on profitability where as Gross domestic product, Inflation and size have a positive impact on profitability. This implies that the profitability of Nepal Oil Corporation depends on macroeconomic factors and microeconomic factors. The positive relationship between gross domestic product and profitability is in line with theory. Thus government policies on employment and investments should be intensified to increase the profitability of Oil Corporation. Inflation seemed to have been a positive influence on profitability; high inflation may generally be undesirable. The result suggests that probably the managers are accurately predicting inflation and are able to adjust their lending rates accordingly. Low inflationary regimes create stable economy and a congenial investment climate for business, enabling businesses to pursue long term project critical to their survival and growth.
Association Between Socio-Cultural Factors and HIV And AIDS
Authors: Karki Tej Bahadur
Published: February 2017

Background: society is a web of relationship and cultural is manmade. Social change depends on the socio-cultural norms and values. With changing of society, prevalence of HIV and AIDS came in existence from 1988 in Nepal and brought the disturbance on social harmony. This study investigated the roles of socio-cultural factors increasing the risk of HIV and AIDS in Nepalese context. Methods: study was non-experimental cross sectional. In total 404 respondents were randomly selected from the workers of long route transport, brick factory, and garment factory and health sectors. The study was conducted from Oct 2012 to Mar 2013 in Kathmandu valley.Result: There was association found between stigma (p=.033), human trafficking (p=.000), trust on sex partners (p=.001), gender based violence (p=.000), early marriage (p=.000), gender inequality (p=.000) and polygamy (p=.002) and HIV and AIDS. 56.7%, 93.6%, 77.0% and 94.3% respondents agreed on association between the stigma and discrimination, human trafficking, trust on sex partners and polygamy respectively with HIV and AIDS. Similarly, 52% respondents were found disagree on association between early marriage with risk of HIV transmission. Majority of respondents are not sure to say the association of genders based violence (36.7%) and gender inequality (36.1%) with risk of HIV and AIDS. Conclusion: Significant association found between the socio-cultural factors (such stigma and discrimination, human trafficking, trust on sex partners, gender based violence, early marriage system, gender inequality and polygamy) and HIV and AIDS.
A Critical Study of Class Ten Our English Book
Authors: Shrestha R.K.P. , Khanal Ramnath
Published: February 2017

A textbook holds an important place in ELT programme, particularly in an EFL setting where most teachers depend totally on the approved books, and don't bother to prepare tailor-made teaching materials. Objectives: The main objective is to critically examine the current English textbook for class ten used by all the government as well as English-medium private schools across Nepal. Methodology: A descriptive qualitative research design was adopted to evaluate the quality of the book on mainly two criteria: what to teach and how to teach, At the same time, many other things have been taken into consideration, for example, what is the quality of the input in the book from the viewpoints of four elements of language and four macro skills as well as their constituent micro skills, what is the learning outcome of the book, and so on. Result: There seems to be serious loopholes in the organization of the presentation and practice materials of the book from both viewpoints: knowledge transmission and communicative ability development. Conclusion: The book needs to be adapted and rewritten.
Commodification and Trauma in Wordsworth’s Poetry: A Preface
Authors: Datta Vija Kr. , Pandey Beerendra
Published: February 2017

Commodity refers to physical sexual desire to fulfill the material needs as well as to lead the luxurious life and the colonial system affects the life and literature society and everywhere. The Romantic period, particularly the time of Wordsworth, witnessed turbulent social upheaval due to the ascendancy of commodification in British life. Although the Romantic writers used to describe British life as reverberating with natural richness, it was actually a ploy to hide massive natural devastation as Jerome McGann’s alleges in The Romantic Ideology (1983). England, during the Romantic age, had been engulfed by modernization, deforestation, industrialization, urbanization and other different types of problems, including traumas.
Investment in education and its impact on economy of nepal (An empirical analysis of educational spending to agriculture productivity)
Authors: Bhattarai Dhruba , Shrestha Devendra Prasad
Published: February 2017

Using 20 years of time series data, 1994 -2014 , on key macro-economic variables the present paper attempts to examine the significance of public spending in education in GDP through agriculture technical education. We argue that education plays a crucial role in the adaptation of new agriculture technology and methodologies through the availability of more trained agriculture Agriculture manpower including extension workers and thereby help increase agriculture productivity. The increase in agriculture productivity eventually helps to increase the GDP of the country. Results from our econometric analyses revealed that variables like students enrollment in agriculture and forestry institute and agriculture output ratio in GDP are not in expected direction though this one is statistically significant. The result thus signifies that the impact of investment in education especially in agriculture and forestry technical education is inconclusive demanding more deeper analysis is about the possible mechanism of the nexus between the two.
Co-workers' impact on attitudinal behavior of the faculty members of educational institutions of Nepal
Authors: Gaire Amrit Kumar Sharma , KC Fatta Bahadur
Published: February 2017

This paper attempts to analyze the relationship between co-workers' behavior and its impact on attitudinal behavior of the faculty members. The co-worker's behavior such as team support and lack of team support are used as an independent dimension and employee attitudinal behavior such as job satisfaction, job performance and job commitment are used as a dependent variable. The major objective of this research was to identify the effect on attitudinal behavior of faculty members' of higher educational institutions of Nepal due to their co-worker's behavior. Pair t- test was used to examine between the current and expectation co-worker's behavior of faculty members in the working place. Similarly, the one way analysis of variance was also used to test the hypothesis. The sample size was 400 faculty members. The findings show that here is significant relationship between the current and expected perception of the faculty towards the co-workers’ behavior. Similarly, the findings of team support co-workers’ behavior has positive significant and with lack of team support co-workers’ behavior has negatively significant difference with attitudinal behavior of the faculty.
A Pregnant Women’s Group: Its Effects on Maternal and Neonatal Health Care Services among Disadvantaged Community in Makawanpur, Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Bhagawan Das
Published: February 2017

In Nepal, the utilization of maternal, newborn and child health (MNCH) care services exhibit big gaps between rich and poor, for instance poorest quintile is at 10.7% skill births attendant services but richest at 81.5%, despite the services being free of cost. Pregnant women group (PWG) approach was initiated to address MNCH inequities prevailing in the disadvantaged community. The PWG is a socially cohesive peer support group of 8-15 pregnant women and postnatal mothers who meet monthly for participatory teaching and learning sessions on MNCH cares and semi-annual publicly group commitment meetings. At the meetings, husbands and mothers-in-law verbally commit to support their pregnant wives and daughters-in-law in present of pregnant women. Local health staff also commits to provide those services. Retrospective cohort study was undertaken in which 449 randomly selected recently delivered women who were members of PWG in last pregnancy and next 449 non-members to PWG from same villages of Makwanpur were introduced the structured questionnaires between March and April 2015. The results indicated that the increase in the utilization of MNCH care services was statistically significant (P<0.0001 for all indicators) among women who were PWG members than those who were not. Despite the fact that the average age, educational status, parity, ethnicity, location and access to health services were constant. Pregnant women’s group approach increases the utilization of MNCH care services for disadvantaged community in Makwanpur, Nepal. Thus, the PWG approach can be a strategy to reduce the inequity MNCH care services coverage in developing countries.
Study of Solar Energy Potential using CMP6 Pyranometer at Nepalgunj, Nepal
Authors: KC Bed Raj , Gurung Shekhar
Published: February 2017

The global solar radiation (GSR) is measured at the horizontal surface since 2011 using calibrated CMP6 Pyranometer at Nepalgunj which is located at an altitude 150m above sea level. This paper explains the daily, monthly and seasonal variation of global solar radiation and also compares temperature with global solar radiation. The average temperature in Nepalgunj varies between 44°C (it is hottest from May through July) and 30°C, although during winter (November-January) it can reach 4°C. The annual average daily global solar radiation is about 12.9MJ/m2/day which is sufficient to promote active and passive solar energy technology in Nepalgunj and other similar geographical locations.
English language proficiency level of Higher Secondary level students in Nepal
Authors: Sijali Keshab Kumar
Published: February 2017

The objective of this study is to investigate the proficiency level of English language of higher secondary level students in Nepal regarding their gender, nature of institution, medium of instruction and stream. The subject of this study comprises 529 learners from 22 higher secondary school of academic year 2015/6 among whom an English language proficiency test was conducted. The data obtained were analyzed using mean, Mann-Whitney U-test and Kruskal Wallis H-test of non-parametric test. The result showed that the English language proficiency level of higher secondary level students in Nepal was poor (M = 10.4490). Regarding the gender, the result showed that there was no statistically significant difference between female and male ELT students in their English language proficiency level. However, ELT students of government higher secondary level were found statistically significantly less proficient in English language than that of private higher secondary level .Similarly, the Nepali medium ELT students were found statistically significantly highly less proficient in English language than that of English medium. The result further showed that there was statistically significant difference in the English language proficiency level of higher secondary level students in Nepal from different streams
Key Factors of Enterprise Development: Evidence from Biogas Sector of Nepal
Authors: Yadav Maheshwar Prasad , Pradhan Radhe S.
Published: February 2017

This paper aims at determining key factors for enterprise development in biogas sector in Nepal. The variables are introduced via an extension of the econometric model, which explicitly includes Almon (1965) Polynomial Lag Model using SPSS. The number of biogas companies comprises as a dependent variable for the indicator of enterprise development while number of biogas plants, numbers of biogas plants constructed with loan, micro credit i.e., loan, and subsidy are included as independent variables. The empirical results were estimated using annual data of 22 years from fiscal year 1992/93 to 2013/14 with entire study period divided into different sub-periods. The study reveals that enterprise development is influenced not only by the current values of the key factors but also by the past values. The study also shows that number of biogas plants and subsidy play a very strong role while number of plants constructed with loan and loan play a weak role in enterprise development in the context of biogas sector of Nepal. The paper can be extended by investigating characteristics of renewable energy enterprises and renewable energy entrepreneurs to get a greater insight into the results.
Effect of Advertisement on Buying Behavior of OTC Medicines in Nepalese Context
Authors: Tiwari Pankaj Kumar
Published: February 2017

Buying of OTC medicines is the self-medication practice. From the very ancient period, people used different types of herbs for the treatment of their health problems. In the changing practice of human life, people modern treatment took over. Advertisement has become the fastest marketing communication to disseminate the message in the global society. In this connection, the study is going to identify the effect of advertisement on buying behavior of OTC medicines in Nepalese context. The study was based on the descriptive design. Data was collected from the 400 OTC consumers by using the structured questionnaire survey. Systematic random sampling technique was used to select the respondents. The study found that 41.2% people were aware through the advertisement of OTC medicines whereas only 32% had purchased the OTC medicine after watching the advertisement. Similarly, only 14.8% reported that they were influenced by the advertisement and 46% said that advertisement of OTC medicine had positive effect on the people as people are well informed regarding the medicines through such advertisements. It helped to sensitize the people. Study found that there was positive contribution of advertisement to disseminate the message but not so effective to change the buying behavior of consumer. Only 6.8% people believe in the advertisement done through the television or print media. People mostly rely on the recommendation of doctors or pharmacists in Nepalese context. Thus, pharmaceutical companies can use the pharmacists for the effective advertisement and sales of OTC medicines.
Sustainable Model of Organic Agriculture: A Case study of Nepalese Farmers
Authors: Banjara Raj Kumar , Poudel Meena
Published: February 2017

Epistemology of organic agriculture is logically and practically associated with the conventional farming practices. Organic agriculture can contribute in the social life of people by improving health and ecology. It is even more important for the preservation of natural resources. In relation to the importance of organic agriculture, the main objective of this study was to develop the sustainable model of organic agriculture. The study was based on the inductive approach; qualitative design. Study was conducted in 4 districts of Nepal among the 614 respondents. The result found that there was significant contribution made by the organic agriculture to improve the socio-economic status of farmers as well as to care the relationship between the human being and their environment. Family farming system is the fundamental base for changing trend of agriculture in worldwide practices. There is need to protect and enhance family farming through farmers’ cooperative for the sustainability of organic agriculture. The study developed the sustainable model covering the need of infrastructure development, policy improvement, and motivational factors for farmers and changing process of modern agriculture to organic agriculture. The roles of government, non-government, private sectors, individual farmers and consumers are equally important for the sustainability of organic agriculture. The model focuses on the collective effort of all responsible stakeholders. There is need to test the effectiveness of this model.
Perception and Perceived Experiences about Prevention and Consequences of Teenage Pregnancy and Childbirth among Teenage Mothers: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Bhandari Sushila Devi , Joshi Sarala
Published: February 2017

Teenage pregnancy and childbirth is a social problem in many Asian countries including Nepal. Many quantitative studies have been done on teenage pregnancy, its outcomes, and challenges faced by teenager, but very little are known about their perceptions and experiences about teenage pregnancy and their consequences during childbirth. This study aimed to explore the perceptions and experiences of teenage pregnancy and childbirth among teenage mothers. This study has adopted phenomenology approach to explore the perceptions and experiences of being a teen mother. Study was based on data collected through in-depth interviews (IDIs), and Focus Group Discussion (FGDs). All respondents provided verbal as well as written consent to face the interview. IDI guide was used to collect information among teenage mothers to assess their perception and experiences on teenage pregnancy and childbirth. Similar guide was used for FGDs. Collected information was manually processed through qualitative content analysis and grouped into theme and subthemes. The teenage mother understood that teenage pregnancy and childbirth is a risk for both mother and child. A majority of them perceived that low education, poverty, love marriage, family problems, in-laws pressure; cultural prospects are aggravating factors leading to teenage pregnancy. Almost all of the respondents mentioned the negative impact of teenage pregnancy on the health. But very few respondents knew advantages of teenage childbirth. Most of them however knew that the teenage pregnancy can be prevented. Access to family planning services to teenage mothers, community awareness, and government support is needed to reduce teenage pregnancy and childbirth.