bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A comparison of CO2 dynamics and air‐water fluxes in a river‐dominated estuary and a mangrove‐dominated marine estuary
Authors: Akhand Anirban , Chanda Abhra , Manna Sudip , Das Sourav , Hazra Sugata , Roy Rajdeep , Choudhury S. B. , Rao K. H. , Dadhwal V. K. , Chakraborty Kunal , Mostofa K. M. G. , Tokoro T. , Kuwae Tomohiro , Wanninkhof Rik
Published: October 2016

The fugacity of CO2 (fCO2 (water)) and air‐water CO2 flux were compared between a river‐dominated anthropogenically disturbed open estuary, the Hugli, and a comparatively pristine mangrove‐dominated semiclosed marine estuary, the Matla, on the east coast of India. Annual mean salinity of the Hugli Estuary (≈7.1) was much less compared to the Matla Estuary (≈20.0). All the stations of the Hugli Estuary were highly supersaturated with CO2 (annual mean ~ 2200 µatm), whereas the Matla was marginally oversaturated (annual mean ~ 530 µatm). During the postmonsoon season, the outer station of the Matla Estuary was under saturated with respect to CO2 and acted as a sink. The annual mean CO2 emission from the Hugli Estuary (32.4 mol C m−2 yr−1) was 14 times higher than the Matla Estuary (2.3 mol C m−2 yr−1). CO2 efflux rate from the Hugli Estuary has increased drastically in the last decade, which is attributed to increased runoff from the river‐dominated estuary.
Iceberg meltwater fluxes dominate the freshwater budget in Greenland's iceberg‐congested glacial fjords
Authors: Enderlin Ellyn M. , Hamilton Gordon S. , Straneo Fiammetta , Sutherland David A.
Published: October 2016

Freshwater fluxes from the Greenland ice sheet have increased over the last two decades due to increases in liquid (i.e., surface and submarine meltwater) and solid ice (i.e., iceberg) fluxes. To predict potential ice sheet‐ocean‐climate feedbacks, we must know the partitioning of freshwater fluxes from Greenland, including the conversion of icebergs to liquid (i.e., meltwater) fluxes within glacial fjords. Here we use repeat ~0.5 m‐resolution satellite images from two major fjords to provide the first observation‐based estimates of the meltwater flux from the dense matrix of floating ice called mélange. We find that because of its expansive submerged area (>100 km2) and rapid melt rate (~0.1–0.8 m d−1), the ice mélange meltwater flux can exceed that from glacier surface and submarine melting. Our findings suggest that iceberg melt within the fjords must be taken into account in studies of glacial fjord circulation and the impact of Greenland melt on the ocean.
Laboratory air‐entraining breaking waves: Imaging visible foam signatures to estimate energy dissipation
Authors: Callaghan A. H. , Deane G. B. , Stokes M. D.
Published: October 2016

Oceanic air‐entraining breaking waves fundamentally influence weather and climate through bubble‐mediated ocean‐atmosphere exchanges, and influence marine engineering design by impacting statistics of wave heights, crest heights, and wave loading. However, estimating individual breaking wave energy dissipation in the field remains a fundamental problem. Using laboratory experiments, we introduce a new method to estimate energy dissipation by individual breaking waves using above‐water images of evolving foam. The data show the volume of the breaking wave two‐phase flow integrated in time during active breaking scales linearly with wave energy dissipated. To determine the volume time‐integral, above‐water images of surface foam provide the breaking wave timescale and horizontal extent of the submerged bubble plume, and the foam decay time provides an estimate of the bubble plume penetration depth. We anticipate that this novel remote sensing method will improve predictions of air‐sea exchanges, validate models of wave energy dissipation, and inform ocean engineering design.
ECMWF Extreme Forecast Index for water vapor transport: A forecast tool for atmospheric rivers and extreme precipitation
Authors: Lavers David A. , Pappenberger Florian , Richardson David S. , Zsoter Ervin
Published: October 2016

In winter, heavy precipitation and floods along the west coasts of midlatitude continents are largely caused by intense water vapor transport (integrated vapor transport (IVT)) within the atmospheric river of extratropical cyclones. This study builds on previous findings that showed that forecasts of IVT have higher predictability than precipitation, by applying and evaluating the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Extreme Forecast Index (EFI) for IVT in ensemble forecasts during three winters across Europe. We show that the IVT EFI is more able (than the precipitation EFI) to capture extreme precipitation in forecast week 2 during forecasts initialized in a positive North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) phase; conversely, the precipitation EFI is better during the negative NAO phase and at shorter leads. An IVT EFI example for storm Desmond in December 2015 highlights its potential to identify upcoming hydrometeorological extremes, which may prove useful to the user and forecasting communities.
Unexpected characteristics of the 150 km echoes observed over Gadanki and their implications
Authors: Patra A. K. , Pavan Chaitanya P.
Published: October 2016

Recent discovery of two distinct types of 150 km echoes, namely, type‐A and type‐B, and subsequent progress in the large‐scale kinetic simulation of photoelectron‐induced plasma waves have begun a new era in resolving the five decades long 150 km echoing riddle. In this paper, we present hitherto unrevealed three important and unexpected findings on the two distinct types of 150 km echoes based on Gadanki radar observations. Our observations show unexpected predominance of type‐A echoes, strong seasonal dependence of both type‐A and type‐B echoes, and a surprising connection of the type‐B echoes to the unusually deep solar minimum of 2008–2009. We discuss how these results provide important new clues in tethering the competing processes involved in the daytime 150 km echoes and have significance in the recently proposed photoelectron‐induced plasma fluctuations as a potential mechanism for the 150 km echoes.
B isotopes of Carboniferous‐Permian volcanic rocks in the Tuha basin mirror a transition from subduction to intraplate setting in Central Asian Orogenic Belt
Authors: Liu Hai‐Quan , Xu Yi‐Gang , Wei Gang‐Jian , Wei Jing‐Xian , Yang Fan , Chen Xuan‐Yu , Liu Liang , Wei Xun
Published: October 2016

Controversies remain as to the Permian tectonic setting in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), in particular, regarding the triggering of Permian magmatism. To address this issue, we carried out a geochemical study on Dananhu volcanics from the Tuha basin, southwestern CAOB. 40Ar/39Ar analyses for feldspar separates yield a Carboniferous age of 321.2 ± 9.8 Ma for the andesites and a Permian age of 278.9 ± 4.2 Ma for the basalts. Both the andesites and basalts geochemically resemble subduction‐related magmas in aspects of their trace element and Sr‐Nd‐Pb isotopic composition, but they may differ in petrogenesis. The andesites are typical adakites. Their high Cr and Ni contents, and low heavy rare earth element contents, and positive correlation between B/Nb ratios and δ11B values suggest that they were generated by interaction between slab‐derived melts/fluids and the mantle wedge. The Permian basalts are subdivided into two subgroups: alkali and tholeiitic basalts. High Ba/La and Ba/Zr ratios indicate that the source of the alkali basalts has been metasomatized by fluids/melts derived from altered oceanic crust. In contrast, a volatile‐free source metasomatized by sediment‐derived fluids/melts is inferred for the tholeiitic basalts given their high Th/Zr and Th/Ce ratios. Negative correlation between B/Nb and δ11B for the Permian basalts imply that the arc signatures were imposed by previous subduction events, and no direct slab‐derived fluids/melts participated in their petrogenesis. These geochemical characteristics alongside regional geologic records collectively suggest a tectonic shift in the southwestern CAOB from subduction‐related setting during the Late Carboniferous to an intraplate setting during the Early Permian.
Studying the influence of groundwater representations on land surface‐atmosphere feedbacks during the European heat wave in 2003
Authors: Keune Jessica , Gasper Fabian , Goergen Klaus , Hense Andreas , Shrestha Prabhakar , Sulis Mauro , Kollet Stefan
Published: October 2016

The impact of 3D groundwater dynamics as part of the hydrologic cycle is rarely considered in regional climate simulation experiments. However, there exists a spatial and temporal connection between groundwater and soil moisture near the land surface, which can influence the land surface‐atmosphere feedbacks during heat waves. This study assesses the sensitivity of bedrock‐to‐atmosphere simulations to groundwater representations at the continental scale during the European heat wave 2003 using an integrated fully coupled soil‐vegetation‐atmosphere model. The analysis is based on the comparison of two groundwater configurations: (1) 3D physics‐based variably saturated groundwater dynamics and (2) a 1D free drainage (FD) approach. Furthermore, two different subsurface hydrofacies distributions (HFD) account for the uncertainty of the subsurface hydraulic characteristics, and ensemble simulations address the uncertainty arising from different surface‐subsurface initial conditions. The results show that the groundwater representation significantly impacts land surface‐atmosphere processes. Differences between the two groundwater configurations follow subsurface patterns, and the largest differences are observed for shallow water table depths. While the physics‐based setup is less sensitive to the HFD, the parameterized FD simulations are highly sensitive to the hydraulic characteristics of the subsurface. An analysis of variance shows that both, the groundwater configuration and the HFD, induce variability across all compartments with decreasing impact from the subsurface to the atmosphere, while the initial condition has only a minor impact.
Diacetyl (Butandion) [Air Monitoring Methods in German language, 2016b]
Authors: Schuh C. , Kirchner M. , Hebisch R. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: October 2016

Diacetyl (Butanedione) – Determination of diacetyl in workplace air using gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS)

This analytical method is a validated measurement procedure for the determination of 2,3‐butanedione (diacetyl) in workplace air in a concentration range of a tenth up to twice the currently valid Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL) or MAK value. Sampling is performed by drawing a defined volume of air through a silica gel tube using a suitable flow‐regulated pump with a volumetric flow rate of 0.33 L/min. For sampling 1 hour or 15 min (checking the short‐term value) can be used. The collected diacetyl is desorbed with acetone containing the internal standard cyclohexanone and then analysed by means of gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Quantitative evaluation is based on a 10‐point calibration using cyclohexanone as internal standard. The limit of quantification for diacetyl is 0.0034 mg/m3based on an air sample volume of approx. 20 L or 0.0137 mg/m3based on an air sample volume of approx. 5 L (for short‐term value).
Aluminium and its soluble inorganic compounds [Air Monitoring Methods, 2014]
Authors: Rosenberger W. , Netz‐Piepenbrink S. , Hahn J. U. , Schon C. , Hebisch R. , Brock T. H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: October 2016

This analytical method is a validated measurement procedure for the determination of aluminium and its soluble inorganic compounds in the inhalable and respirable dust fraction in workplace air. Both personal and stationary sampling can be performed for assessment of workplaces. Sampling is carried out by drawing a defined volume of air through a membrane filter located in a sampling head of the sampling device using a suitable pump. The respirable dust fraction is collected with the sampling head FSP 2 or 10 and the inhalable dust fraction with the GSP 3.5 or 10. The dust deposited on the membrane filter is treated with 0.1 M hydrochloric acid at 100 °C and then analysed using atomic absorption spectrometry with the graphite furnace technique (GFAAS). The quantitative determination is based on a calibration function obtained by means of a 10‐point calibration. For the inhalable dust of aluminium the limit of quantification (LOQ) is 0.024 mg/m3for a sampling period of two hours (flow rate 3.5 L/min; air sample volume 420 L) and 0.0042 mg/m3for the respirable dust for a sampling period of two hours (flow rate 2.0 L/min; air sample volume 240 L).

Joint Publication of the Analytical Subcommittee of the Chemistry Board of Experts of the Expert Committee Raw Materials and Chemical Industry of the German Social Accident Insurance and the Working Group “Air Monitoring Methods” of the Permanent Senate Commission of the DFG for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area.
Phthalates, long‐chain (diisononyl phthalate, di‐n‐decyl phthalate, diisodecyl phthalate, diundecyl phthalate and didodecyl phthalate) [Air Monitoring Methods, 2014]
Authors: Hahn J.‐U. , Assenmacher‐Maiworm H. , Koch H.M. , Pannwitz K.‐H. , Hebisch R. , Brock T. H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: October 2016

This analytical method is a validated measurement procedure for the determination of long‐chain phthalates such as diisononyl phthalate, di‐n‐decyl phthalate, diisodecyl phthalate, diundecyl phthalate and didodecyl phthalate present in the workplace air in the gaseous and particulate state. Sampling is performed by drawing a defined volume of air through a cellulose acetate filter located in the sampling head with an adsorption tube filled with silica gel connected downstream using a suitable pump. The flow rate is set to 1 L/min with a recommended air sample volume of 60 or 120 litres after 1 or 2 hours. The collected phthalates are desorbed with methanol and then analysed by means of liquid chromatography using a UV detector (HPLC‐UV). Quantitative determination is based on calibration functions obtained by means of multiple‐point calibrations using an internal standard. The limits of quantification (LOQs) for a phthalate are between 0.003 and 0.26 mg/m
3
for an air sample volume of 240 litres. The expanded uncertainty for these parameters is between 16 and 22%, depending on the phthalate and concentration.

Joint Publication of the Analytical Subcommittee of the Chemistry Board of Experts of the Expert Committee Raw Materials and Chemical Industry of the German Social Accident Insurance and the Working Group “Air Monitoring Methods” of the Permanent Senate Commission of the DFG for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area.
Ethylbenzol, Addendum [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2016]
Authors: Reuter U. , Göen T. , Drexler H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK‐Kommission
Published: October 2016

Addendum to Ethylbenzol

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the biological tolerance value at the work place (BAT value) and the exposure equivalents for carcinogenic substances (EKA) for ethylbenzene, considering mandelic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid in urine as well as 2‐ and 4‐ethylphenol in urine (after hydrolysis) to characterize the internal exposure. Ethylbenzene was classified in category 4 for carcinogenic substances. It can easily pass through the skin, so biological monitoring is necessary for a valid individual risk assessment.

The BAT value for styrene, which also considers the sum of mandelic acid and phenylglyoxylic acid, was evaluated as creatinine related value. For practical reasons, the BAT value and the EKA for ethylbenzene are transformed into creatinine related values as well. Therefore, volume‐related results of studies were re‐calculated using a conversion factor of 1.2 g creatinine/l urine. The available studies are in good accordance. A BAT value for the sum of mandelic acids plus phenylglyoxylic acid of 250 mg/g creatinine was evaluated. Sampling should be performed at the end of exposure or end of the shift.

For the EKA correlation, the values for the parameter mandelic acid plus phenylglyoxylic acid were also re‐calculated using a conversion factor of 1.2 g creatinine/l urine. Sampling time is at the end of exposure or end of the shift. For the parameter 2‐plus 4‐ethylphenol, data differ in the two available older studies. While in one study only 2‐ethylphenol was found as metabolite of ethylbenzene, in the other study only 4‐ethylphenol was determined. In a more recent study, solely 4‐ethylphenol, but no 2‐ethylphenol could be analysed. Because of the inconsistency of the data, the EKA for the parameter 2‐ plus 4‐ethylphenol is withdrawn.
Iod und anorganische Iodide [BAT Value Documentation in German language, 2016]
Authors: Nasterlack M. , Drexler H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK‐Kommission
Published: October 2016

Iodine and inorganic iodides

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated iodine and inorganic iodides. Available publications are described in detail.

There is no reproducible quantitative relation between iodine exposure, absorption and resulting body burden. The association between iodine absorption and the incidence of thyroid dysfunction seems to be U‐shaped. Therefore, no sharp boundary can be drawn between iodine oversupply and iodine deficiency relating to individual health. No harmless range could be indicated, so a BAT value (biological tolerance value) for iodine and inorganic iodides could not be derived.

There are major regional differences due to different geological deposits of iodine, different concentrations of iodine in drinking water, iodine‐containing aerosols and nutritional habits. Furthermore, there is a high variability in the urinary analysis. Therefore, a BAR (“Biologischer Arbeitsstoff‐Referenzwert”) for iodine and inorganic iodides could not be derived.
Sprengstofftypische Nitroaromaten (Nitrobenzol; 2‐Nitrotoluol; 3‐Nitrotoluol; 4‐Nitrotoluol; 1,2‐Dinitrobenzol; 1,3‐Dinitrobenzol; 2,4‐Dinitrotoluol; 2,6‐Dinitrotoluol; 2,4,6‐Trinitrotoluol) in Urin [Biomonitoring Methods in German Language, 2015]
Authors: Bader M. , Heinrich‐Ramm R. , Knecht U. , Göen T. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: October 2016

Nitroaromatic explosives (Nitrobenzene; 2‐Nitrotoluene; 3‐Nitrotoluene; 4‐Nitrotoluene; 1,2‐Dinitrobenzene; 1,3‐Dinitrobenzene; 2,4‐Dinitrotoluene; 2,6‐Dinitrotoluene; 2,4,6‐Trinitrotoluene) in urine

Explosive substances primarily include nitroaromatic compounds based on benzene and toluene. The presumably best known representative of this substance class is 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT), which has been used as a main component in most military explosives since the beginning of the 20thcentury. Explosive blends commonly comprise additional nitroaromatic ingredients allowing for a modification of the explosive force. These are mainly dinitrotoluenes and poly‐nitrated benzenes.

The documentation presents a gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC–MS) method for the determination of nine nitroaromatic explosives (nitrobenzene, 2‐nitrotoluene, 3‐nitrotoluene, 4‐nitrotoluene, 1,2‐dinitrobenzene, 1,3‐dinitrobenzene, 2,4‐dinitrotoluene, 2,6‐dinitrotoluene and 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene) in urine using the Selected Ion Monitoring (SIM) mode. Hydrochloric acid and sodium chloride are added to the urine samples to be analyzed, then the samples are mixed thoroughly and subsequently extracted with iso‐octane. After evaporation of the organic extracts under a stream of nitrogen, analysis is carried out using GC–MS. For calibration, pooled urine is spiked with different concentrations of the nitroaromatic compounds and processed in the same way as the urine samples to be analyzed.13C‐labelled nitrobenzene is added to all samples as internal standard.
Chromium(VI) compounds (inhalable fraction) [MAK Value Documentation, 2012]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: October 2016

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated chromium(VI) compounds.

Chromium(VI) compounds are associated with lung cancer in humans as shown in several epidemiological studies of workers at chromate production and chrome‐plating plants. Animal studies confirm the carcinogenic effects of several/different chromium(VI) compounds in the lung. After subcutaneous and intramuscular administration of lead chromate, malignant tumours are formed at the site of injection, and, in one study, renal tumours were induced in rats. As the results of kinetic, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity studies were similar for lead chromate and other chromium(VI) compounds, carcinogenic effects of lead chromate in the lung of humans are to be expected. There are no carcinogenicity studies available for barium chromate. As a result of the higher water solubility of barium chromate, better absorption and bioavailability compared with that of lead chromate can be assumed. Therefore, all chromium(VI) compounds must be considered as carcinogenic in humans and are classified in Carcinogen Category 1.

Chromium(VI) compounds were found to be genotoxic in numerous studies with bacteria and mammalian cells. In mice, intraperitoneal injection produces micronuclei in the bone marrow and dominant lethal mutations in the germ cells. As the poorly soluble lead chromate and barium chromate can be absorbed into the cells, and the results of in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity studies with somatic cells were similar for all chromium(VI) compounds, they must be regarded as genotoxic. Chromium(VI) compounds are thus classified in Category 2 for Germ Cell Mutagens.

In humans and in animal studies, chromium(VI) compounds, with the exception of lead and barium chromate, can induce skin sensitization. Asthma is very rare in persons exposed to chromium(VI). With the exception of barium chromate and lead chromate, chromium(VI) compounds thus continue to be designated with “Sh”, but not with “Sa”.

The absorption of chromium(VI) compounds through the skin is possible. As lead chromate, barium chromate, strontium chromate and zinc chromates are poorly soluble and only lead to low chromium concentrations, these compounds are not designated with an “H”. In the case of the soluble chromium(VI) compounds, however, there is a danger of dermal penetration with exposure to more highly concentrated solutions, and they therefore continue to be designated with an “H”.

No MAK value has been derived and thus also no peak limitation has been established, and classification in one of the Pregnancy Risk Groups is not possible.
N‐Ethyl‐2‐pyrrolidone [MAK Value Documentation, 2014]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: October 2016

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated the maximum concentration at the work place (MAK value) of N‐ethyl‐2‐pyrrolidone to derive a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value), considering all toxicological endpoints. The main effect observed in a 28‐day inhalation study in rats is mild degeneration/regeneration of the olfactory epithelium at 17 ml/m3. As a NOAEC was not achieved and the effects were mild, a NAEC (no adverse effect concentration) of about 8 ml/m3is assumed. It cannot be excluded that the NAEC may be lower after long‐term exposure, therefore, a MAK value of 2 ml/m3has been established forN‐ethyl‐2‐pyrrolidone. As local effects are critical, N‐ethyl‐2‐pyrrolidone is assigned to Peak Limitation Category I and because only minimal irritation occurred at the LOAEC, an excursion factor of 2 is set. The NOAEL for developmental toxicity is 50 mg/kg body weight and day in rats and 60 mg/kg body weight and day in rabbits, which after toxicokinetic scaling correspond to concentrations of 87.5 and 175 mg/m3, respectively, at the work place. Damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is observed and thus,N‐ethyl‐2‐pyrrolidone is classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C. Skin contact may contribute significantly to systemic toxicity and N‐ethyl‐2‐pyrrolidone is designated with an “H” notation.N‐Ethyl‐2‐pyrrolidone is not genotoxic and there are no carcinogenicity studies available. Sensitization is not expected from the limited data.
Di‐n‐butyl phthalate [MAK Value Documentation, 2015]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: October 2016

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the carcinogenicity and developmental toxicity of di‐n‐butyl phthalate. The literature has been checked for new studies relevant to the evaluation considering all toxicological endpoints.

The assumption made in the documentation from 2010 that the squamous metaplasia in the larynx of rats in the 29‐day inhalation study will not increase over time is supported by the results of inhalation studies with glycerine and butynediol. The maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) of 0,05 ml/m3and the assignment to peak limitation category I with an excursion factor of 2 have therefore been retained.

In the previous documentation, merely sporadic Leydig cell adenomas were reported in the offspring of rats exposed in utero. From a study in B6C3F1 mice with numerous shortcomings and co‐exposure to other substances, a carcinogenic potential of di‐n‐butyl phthalate cannot be derived. Di‐n‐butyl phthalate, like Di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate, activates various receptors, which are assumed to be involved in carcinogenicity. Therefore, di‐n‐butyl phthalate is suspected to be a non‐genotoxic carcinogen and is classified in Carcinogen category 3B. No classification as germ cell mutagen as well as assignment to Pregnancy Risk Group C are confirmed.

Skin absorption does not contribute significantly to systemic toxicity. The substance is not sensitising to skin or airways.
How do Lawyers Examine and Cross‐Examine Children in Scotland?
Authors: Andrews Samantha J. , Lamb Michael E.
Published: October 2016

In the first study to systematically assess lawyers' questioning of children in Scotland, we examined 56 trial transcripts of 5‐ to 17‐year‐old children testifying as alleged victims of sexual abuse, focusing on differences between prosecutors and defense lawyers with respect to the types of questions asked and effects on witnesses' responses. Prosecutors used more invitations, directives, and option‐posing prompts than defense lawyers, who used more suggestive prompts than prosecutors. Children were more unresponsive and less informative when answering defense lawyers than prosecutors. All children contradicted themselves at least once, with defense lawyers eliciting more self‐contradictions than prosecutors. Suggestive questions were most likely to elicit self‐contradictions, with suggestive confrontational and introductory questions eliciting significantly more self‐contradictions than suggestive suppositions. Children also acquiesced more in response to tagged suggestions than untagged suggestions. Overall, lawyers altered their behavior little in response to variations in children's ages. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strain Relaxation of Monolayer WS2 on Plastic Substrate
Authors: Zhang Qianhui , Chang Zhenyue , Xu Guanzhong , Wang Ziyu , Zhang Yupeng , Xu Zai‐Quan , Chen Shujian , Bao Qiaoliang , Liu Jefferson Zhe , Mai Yui‐Wing , Duan Wenhui , Fuhrer Michael S. , Zheng Changxi
Published: October 2016

Strain‐dependent electrical and optical properties of atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides may be useful in sensing applications. However, the question of how strain relaxes in atomically thin materials remains not well understood. Herein, the strain relaxation of triangular WS2 deposited on polydimethylsiloxane substrate is investigated. The photoluminescence of trions (X–) and excitons (X0) undergoes linear redshifts of ≈20 meV when the substrate tensile strain increases from 0 to 0.16. However, when the substrate strain further increases from 0.16 to 0.32, the redshifts cease due to strain relaxation in WS2. The strain relaxation occurs through formation of wrinkles in the WS2 crystal. The pattern of wrinkles is found to be dependent on the relative angle between an edge of the triangular WS2 crystal and tensile strain direction. Finite element simulations of the strain distribution inside the WS2 crystals explain the experimental observations.
CuCo Hybrid Oxides as Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Efficient Water Splitting
Authors: Kuang Min , Han Peng , Wang Qihao , Li Jun , Zheng Gengfeng
Published: October 2016

Solar‐driven water splitting is a promising approach for renewable energy, where the development of efficient and stable bifunctional electrocatalysts for simultaneously producing hydrogen and oxygen is still challenging. Herein, combined with the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity of a copper(I) complex and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity of cobalt‐based oxides, a type of 1D copper‐cobalt hybrid oxide nanowires (CuCoO‐NWs) is developed via a facile two‐step growth‐conversion process toward a bifunctional water splitting catalyst. The CuCoO‐NWs exhibit excellent catalytic performances for both HER and OER in the same basic electrolyte, with optimized low onset overpotentials and high current densities. The efficient HER activity is ascribed to the formation of Cu2O, while the activity for OER is primarily enabled by Co‐based oxides and abundant oxygen vacancies. The CuCoO‐NWs allow for the assembly of a water electrolyzer with strong alkaline media, with a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at 1.61 V. Further combination with a commercial silicon photovoltaic allows the direct use of solar energy for spontaneous water splitting with excellent stability for over 72 h, suggesting the potential as a promising bifunctional electrocatalyst for efficient solar‐driven water splitting.
A Pharmacokinetic Model of a Tissue Implantable Cortisol Sensor
Authors: Lee Michael A. , Bakh Naveed , Bisker Gili , Brown Emery N. , Strano Michael S.
Published: October 2016

Cortisol is an important glucocorticoid hormone whose biochemistry influences numerous physiological and pathological processes. Moreover, it is a biomarker of interest for a number of conditions, including posttraumatic stress disorder, Cushing's syndrome, Addison's disease, and others. An implantable biosensor capable of real time monitoring of cortisol concentrations in adipose tissue may revolutionize the diagnosis and treatment of these disorders, as well as provide an invaluable research tool. Toward this end, a mathematical model, informed by the physiological literature, is developed to predict dynamic cortisol concentrations in adipose, muscle, and brain tissues, where a significant number of important processes with cortisol occur. The pharmacokinetic model is applied to both a prototypical, healthy male patient and a previously studied Cushing's disease patient. The model can also be used to inform the design of an implantable sensor by optimizing the sensor dissociation constant, apparent delay time, and magnitude of the sensor output versus system dynamics. Measurements from such a sensor would help to determine systemic cortisol levels, providing much needed insight for proper medical treatment for various cortisol‐related conditions.
Pericyte Seeded Dual Peptide Scaffold with Improved Endothelialization for Vascular Graft Tissue Engineering
Authors: Campagnolo Paola , Gormley Adam J. , Chow Lesley W. , Guex Anne Géraldine , Parmar Paresh A. , Puetzer Jennifer L. , Steele Joseph A. M. , Breant Alexandre , Madeddu Paolo , Stevens Molly M.
Published: October 2016

The development of synthetic vascular grafts for coronary artery bypass is challenged by insufficient endothelialization, which increases the risk of thrombosis, and the lack of native cellular constituents, which favors pathological remodeling. Here, a bifunctional electrospun poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) scaffold with potential for synthetic vascular graft applications is presented. This scaffold incorporates two tethered peptides: the osteopontin‐derived peptide (Adh) on the “luminal” side and a heparin‐binding peptide (Hep) on the “abluminal” side. Additionally, the “abluminal” side of the scaffold is seeded with saphenous vein‐derived pericytes (SVPs) as a source of proangiogenic growth factors. The Adh peptide significantly increases endothelial cell adhesion, while the Hep peptide promotes accumulation of vascular endothelial growth factor secreted by SVPs. SVPs increase endothelial migration both in a transwell assay and a modified scratch assay performed on the PCL scaffold. Seeding of SVPs on the “abluminal”/Hep side of the scaffold further increases endothelial cell density, indicating a combinatory effect of the peptides and pericytes. Finally, SVP‐seeded scaffolds are preserved by freezing in a xeno‐free medium, maintaining good cell viability and function. In conclusion, this engineered scaffold combines patient‐derived pericytes and spatially organized functionalities, which synergistically increase endothelial cell density and growth factor retention.
Genetic variants associated with risk of Alzheimer's disease contribute to cognitive change in midlife: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study
Authors: Bressler Jan , Mosley Thomas H. , Penman Alan , Gottesman Rebecca F. , Windham Beverly Gwen , Knopman David S. , Wruck Lisa M. , Boerwinkle Eric
Published: October 2016

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and is characterized by impairment in memory, behavioral changes, and gradual loss of autonomy. Since there is a long latent period prior to diagnosis, the aim of this study was to determine whether twenty single nucleotide polymorphisms identified in genome‐wide association analyses of AD are associated with cognitive change in 8,320 white and 2,039 African‐American middle‐aged adults enrolled in the prospective Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Cognition was evaluated using the Delayed Word Recall Test (DWRT; verbal memory), Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST; processing speed), and Word Fluency Test (WFT; executive function). General linear models were used to assess mean differences in 6‐year change in test scores among individuals categorized by genotype after adjusting for age, gender, and years of education. Addition of the minor allele for rs670139 (MS4A4E), rs9331896 (CLU), and rs12155159 (NME8) was nominally associated with change on the DWRT, DSST, and WFT, respectively, in whites. The ZCWPW1(rs1476679) andCDS33(rs3865444) variants were nominally associated with change on the DWRT and WFT in African‐Americans. For rs670139 and rs9331896 the association was only significant in individuals bearing at least oneAPOEϵ4 allele in stratified analyses. An unweighted genetic risk score aggregating the risk alleles for 15 polymorphisms was not associated with change in cognitive function. Although the AD‐associated genetic variants appear to have small effects on early cognitive change, replication will be required to establish whether there is a discernible influence on cognitive status in midlife. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reversible Dimerization and Polymerization of a Janus Diradical To Produce Labile C−C Bonds and Large Chromic Effects
Authors: Zafra José L. , Qiu Lili , Yanai Naoyuki , Mori Takamichi , Nakano Masahiro , Alvarez Miriam Peña , Navarrete Juan T. López , Gómez‐García Carlos J. , Kertesz Miklos , Takimiya Kazuo , Casado Juan
Published: October 2016

Conducting polymers can be synthesized by irreversible diradical monomer polymerization. A reversible version of this reaction consisting of the formation/dissociation of σ‐dimers and σ‐polymers from a stable quinonoidal diradical precursor is described. The reaction reversibility is made by a quinonoidal molecule which changes its structure to an aromatic species by forming weak and long intermolecular C−C single bonds. The reaction provokes a giant chromic effect of about 2.5 eV. The two opposite but complementary quinonoidal and aromatic tautomers provide the Janus faces of the reactants and products which produces the observed chromic effect. A reaction mechanism is proposed to explain the variety of final products starting with structurally very similar reactants. These reversible reactions, covering an unusual regime of weak covalent supramolecular bonding, yield products which might be envisaged as novel molecular and polymeric soft matter phases.
Pathology of healing: what else might we look at?
Authors: Horimoto Yoshiya , Hayashi Takuo , Arakawa Atsushi
Published: October 2016

Several aspects of the article by Morita et al. (Cancer Medicine 5:1607‐18, 2016), examining the spontaneous healing phenomenon with reference to tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), require clarification. The concept of “healing”, which can perhaps be more accurately termed “regressive change”, remains controversial due to a lack of concrete evidence. Since regressive change is characterized by fibrosis and lymphocytes, a cancer nest that appears to lack a distinct basement membrane, surrounded only by lymphocytes, as in Morita et al's Figure 2F, should be meticulously examined because the appearance may correspond to a tumor having just completed the process of invasion. In our experience, a layer of myoepithelial cells in such foci is often difficult to detect even with immunohistochemistry. Thus, we suggest evaluating the viability of cancer cells within the nest by employing several markers, such as Ki67 and apoptotic markers, to judge whether the tumor is intraductal. It might also be useful to compare cases with versus without regressive change to elucidate the biology of such tumors. For these reasons, a tumor, floating within a pool of TILs and lacking obvious fibrous bands, might be an interesting material to examine in future studies.
Keep your eye on…
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: October 2016

The dangers to the fetus of using marijuana to treat morning sickness

Canada's plans to regulate ‘vaping’ to protect teens from nicotine

The search for therapies that prevent PTSD in children
Metallosurfactant Ionogels in Imidazolium and Protic Ionic Liquids as Precursors To Synthesize Nanoceria as Catalase Mimetics for the Catalytic Decomposition of H2O2
Authors: Wang Xiaolin , Yang Qiao , Cao Yixue , Hao Haibin , Zhou Junhan , Hao Jingcheng
Published: October 2016

The gelation behavior of cationic surfactants with different counterions, Br−, [FeCl3Br]−, and [CeCl3Br]−, in imidazolium ionic liquids (ILs) and protic ethylammonium nitrate was investigated. Small‐angle X‐ray scattering measurements and freeze‐fracture transmission electron microscopy observations revealed the lamellar phases of metallosurfactant ionogels. The characteristics of imidazolium ILs, including the size and type, have effects on metallosurfactant ionogel properties, such as transformation temperatures, interlayer spacing, and mechanical strength. Cubic fluorite structured cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) were produced by using metallosurfactant ionogels as precursors. Cubic fluorite CeO2 exhibited good catalase mimetic activity toward H2O2 to generate O2, providing more multiple mimetic enzyme activities of CeO2 NPs for H2O2.
Contribution of Energy Transfer from the Singlet State to the Sensitization of Eu3+ and Tb3+ Luminescence by Sulfonylamidophosphates
Authors: Kasprzycka Ewa , Trush Victor A. , Amirkhanov Vladimir M. , Jerzykiewicz Lucjan , Malta Oscar L. , Legendziewicz Janina , Gawryszewska Paula
Published: October 2016

A series of stable lanthanide complexes Na[Ln(L)4] (Ln=La3+, Eu3+, Gd3+, Tb3+, with L=dimethyl(4‐methylphenylsulfonyl)amidophosphate and dimethyl‐2‐naphthylsulfonylamidophosphate) were synthesized. The compounds were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, IR, absorption, and emission spectroscopy at 293 and 77 K. In contrast to the usual and well‐known dominant role of the ligand triplet state in intramolecular energy transfer processes in Ln complexes, in this particular new class of Ln compounds with sulphonylamidophosphate ligands, strong experimental and detailed theoretical evidence suggest a dominant role is played by the ligand first excited singlet state. The importance of the role played by the 7F5 level in the case of the Tb3+ compound in this process is shown. The theoretical approach for the energy transfer rates was successfully applied to the rationalization of the experimental data. The higher‐lying excited levels of Eu (5DJ, 5LJ, 5GJ) and Tb (5DJ, 5GJ, 5LJ, 5HJ, 5FJ, 5IJ) were included in the calculations for the first time. Both the multipolar and exchange mechanisms were taken into account. The experimental intensity parameters (Ωλ), emission lifetimes (τ), radiative (Arad) and non‐radiative (Anrad) decay rates, and quantum yields (theoretical and experimental) were determined and are discussed in detail.
Enhanced Peroxidase‐Like Properties of Graphene–Hemin‐Composite Decorated with Au Nanoflowers as Electrochemical Aptamer Biosensor for the Detection of K562 Leukemia Cancer Cells
Authors: Liu Jing , Cui Meirong , Niu Li , Zhou Hong , Zhang Shusheng
Published: October 2016

Graphene composites with hemin and gold nanoparticles show a better performance for hydrogen peroxide decomposition compared to that of the three components alone or duplex/hybrid complexes. Our previous studies showed that the morphology of the Au nanoparticles may greatly influence the catalytic activity of graphene‐family peroxidase mimics. Recently, we found that Au nanoflowers could grow in situ and form on the surface of hemin/RGO (reduced graphene oxide). The prickly morphology of this Au nanoflower brought a higher catalytic ability with enhanced kinetic parameters than traditional Au nanoparticles that showed a smooth surface. Therefore, based on this discovery, a smart electrochemical aptamer biosensor for K562 leukemia cancer cells was further presented with good performance in selectivity and sensitivity attributed to the excellent mimetic peroxidase catalytic activity of this newly synthesized Au nanoflower decorated graphene–hemin composite (H‐RGO‐Au NFs).
Management of newly treated diabetes in Medicare beneficiaries with and without heart failure
Authors: Cooper Lauren B. , Mi Xiaojuan , Mentz Robert J. , Green Jennifer B. , Anstrom Kevin J. , Hernandez Adrian F. , Curtis Lesley H.
Published: October 2016

Background

Several diabetes mellitus (DM) therapies are associated with worse heart failure (HF) outcomes, yet limited data exist characterizing routine DM management based on HF status.

Hypothesis

DM medications prescribed for patients with HF will differ in meaningful ways from patients without HF, and co‐morbidities will impact the choice of medications prescribed.

Methods

Using Medicare fee‐for‐service claims data, we identified patients with newly treated DM between 2008 and 2011 and used multivariable logistic regression to assess associations between baseline HF status and DM medication use. We used the cumulative incidence function to describe outcomes at 1 year by HF status and DM medication use.

Results

Of 35 603 patients with newly treated DM, 8965 (25.2%) had HF at baseline. Patients with HF had greater comorbidity, including renal dysfunction. After adjustment for baseline covariates, patients with HF had higher odds of initiation on insulin monotherapy (odds ratio: 1.72, 95% confidence interval: 1.59‐1.87, P < 0.001) and lower odds of initiation on metformin (odds ratio: 0.66, 95% confidence interval: 0.62‐0.71, P < 0.001) compared with patients without HF. Cumulative incidence of 1‐year mortality was higher among patients with HF than among those without (22.4% vs 6.4%) and highest among those prescribed insulin.

Conclusions

Patients with HF were more likely to be initiated on insulin monotherapy than were patients without HF, who were more likely to be initiated on metformin. Studies of comparative effectiveness and safety are needed for DM treatment options in patients with comorbid HF.
Recent Developments Using Small Molecules to Target RAD51: How to Best Modulate RAD51 for Anticancer Therapy?
Authors: Budke Brian , Lv Wei , Kozikowski Alan P. , Connell Philip P.
Published: October 2016

Homologous recombination (HR) is an evolutionarily conserved DNA repair process. Overexpression of the key HR protein RAD51 is a common feature of malignant cells. RAD51 plays two distinct genome‐stabilizing roles, including HR‐mediated repair of double‐strand breaks (DSBs) and the promotion of replication fork stability during replication stress. Because upregulation of RAD51 in cancer cells can promote tumor resistance to DNA‐damaging oncologic therapies, we and others have worked to develop cancer therapeutics that target various aspects of RAD51 protein function. Herein, we provide an overview of recent developments in this field, together with our perspectives on the challenges associated with these evolving anticancer strategies.
Validation of prostate‐specific antigen laboratory values recorded in Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registries
Authors:   The National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Prostate‐Specific Antigen Working Group, Adamo Margaret (Peggy) , Boten Jessica A. , Coyle Linda M. , Cronin Kathleen A. , Lam Clara J. K. , Negoita Serban , Penberthy Lynne , Stevens Jennifer L. , Ward Kevin C.
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND

Researchers have used prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) values collected by central cancer registries to evaluate tumors for potential aggressive clinical disease. An independent study collecting PSA values suggested a high error rate (18%) related to implied decimal points. To evaluate the error rate in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program, a comprehensive review of PSA values recorded across all SEER registries was performed.

METHODS

Consolidated PSA values for eligible prostate cancer cases in SEER registries were reviewed and compared with text documentation from abstracted records. Four types of classification errors were identified: implied decimal point errors, abstraction or coding implementation errors, nonsignificant errors, and changes related to “unknown” values.

RESULTS

A total of 50,277 prostate cancer cases diagnosed in 2012 were reviewed. Approximately 94.15% of cases did not have meaningful changes (85.85% correct, 5.58% with a nonsignificant change of <1 ng/mL, and 2.80% with no clinical change). Approximately 5.70% of cases had meaningful changes (1.93% due to implied decimal point errors, 1.54% due to abstract or coding errors, and 2.23% due to errors related to unknown categories). Only 419 of the original 50,277 cases (0.83%) resulted in a change in disease stage due to a corrected PSA value.

CONCLUSIONS

The implied decimal error rate was only 1.93% of all cases in the current validation study, with a meaningful error rate of 5.81%. The reasons for the lower error rate in SEER are likely due to ongoing and rigorous quality control and visual editing processes by the central registries. The SEER program currently is reviewing and correcting PSA values back to 2004 and will re‐release these data in the public use research file. Cancer 2017;123:697–703. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
d‐Glucose: An Efficient Reducing Agent for a Copper(II)‐Mediated Arylation of Primary Amines in Water
Authors: Bollenbach Maud , Wagner Patrick , Aquino Pedro G. V. , Bourguignon Jean‐Jacques , Bihel Frédéric , Salomé Christophe , Schmitt Martine
Published: October 2016

A copper‐catalyzed Ullmann‐type amination with primary amines in water with a combination of copper(II) triflate [Cu(OTf)2], dipivaloylmethane, and d‐glucose is reported. The mild conditions and the use of an inexpensive catalyst as well as a renewable feedstock (d‐glucose and the surfactant TPGS‐750‐M, which is derived from vitamin E) make this protocol a safe and convenient strategy for efficient C−N bond formation. This easy‐to‐handle procedure is extremely competitive compared to palladium‐based reactions and may be used to synthesize N‐containing molecules, such as drugs or organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs).