bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Software and Calculated Correction of the Tip Radius of Turning Tool for Control System FANUC
Authors: Michalik Peter , Zajac Jozef , Hatala Michal , Hutyrova Zuzana , Mital Dusan , Suslo Lukáš
Published: October 2015

The article deals with the correction of the programmed path lathe tool with a tip radius size. This correction is required to use in turning shaped surfaces. The programmed tool path can be corrected in various ways. In the first case, the calculation of the correction applied through mathematical relationships. The latter was used for automatic correction by the preparatory functions. Subsequently, the manufactured parts are measured, compared and evaluated characteristics shaped surfaces. Based on the evaluation method was recommended correction tool tip for the production of shaped surfaces.
Comprehensive Durability Identification of Ceramic Cutting Materials in Machining Process of Steel 80MoCrV4016
Authors: Panda Anton , Duplák Ján , Kormoš Miroslav , Ružbarský Juraj
Published: October 2015

Specification cutting tools durability made of cutting ceramic in machining process of steel 80MoCrV4016 is very important for economics of small and medium-sized enterprises, because cutting tool durability is factor that significantly affects the budget of these enterprises. This problematic is determined for small and medium-sized manufacturers of bearings, because steel 80MoCrV4016 is most commonly used for production of bearings. Durability of cutting tool defines lifetime of this cutting tool and it determines its suitability for select technological operation. Especially for cutting ceramic is necessary to define durability dependence on available set of cutting speeds and to determine lifetime of tools made of cutting ceramic. Technical science defines a lot of different factors, that they may be cause of shorter cutting tool lifetime. For increase cutting tool durability is necessary maximally possible elimination of these factors. Determination of cutting tool durability is very important, because provides comprehensive information how to determine appropriate technological conditions for selected cutting tool. In engineering is for determination of cutting tools durability usedT-vcdependence. The article describes process how to create durability dependence for cutting tools made of cutting ceramic by means ofT-vcdependence in machining process of steel 80MoCrV4016.
Gate Location and its Impact to Flowing Characteristics of Plastic Moldings
Authors: Dobránsky Jozef , Bĕhálek Luboš , Baron Petr
Published: October 2015

Paper deals with simulation analysis of thermoplastic flowing in plastics product. As there is a demand in plastic products, plastic industries are growing in a fastest rate. Hence plastic injection molding process begins in manufacturing of complex shapes, in this process optimum gate location is one of the important criteria in mold design. Knowledge of ideal flow properties of thermoplastic materials give us a very good starting position for design of thermoplastics products which will be made by injection molding. By simulation software Plastic Advisor was compared injection parameters for the mold with varying gate locations. Simulated thermoplastic product is made from polycarbonate and is using for the drum washing machine as console window.
Comparison of Dilatometry Results Obtained by Two Different Devices when Generating CCT and In Situ Diagrams
Authors: Moravec Jaromír , Dikovits Martina , Novakova Iva , Caliskanoglu Ozan
Published: October 2015

For understanding and describing the materials behaviour during phase transformations, dilatometer measurements are commonly used in the scientific community. Generally, standard CCT diagrams are generated by means of dilatometer experiments. However, in many cases, real weld cycles are more suitable for studying the materials behaviour instead of using CCT diagrams. In this regard we talk about so-called in-situ diagrams.In this work, two different devices have been used to obtain CCT as well as in-situ diagrams of a low alloyed steel 10GN2MFA. The goal was to compare the results obtained on the one hand by using a widely used standard dilatometer (Bähr DIL-805A/D) and on the other hand by the usage of a thermomechanical simulator called Gleeble®3800. The paper should finally show advantages as well as disadvantages of using different devices and to keep in mind that the optimal measurement method depends on different parameters. Realized experiments also have revealed the range of operational and diagnostic potential of used devices.
Optimization of the Production and Logistics Processes Based on Computer Simulation Tools
Authors: Dobránsky Jozef , Baron Petr , Vojnová Eva , Manduľák Dušan
Published: October 2015

The decision-making process in the stage of technical preparation, during the planning of logistic portfolio and production queries is marked by individual decisions that may be affected by errors causing in extreme cases the fatal consequences. The tools of computer simulation help to eliminate the negative effects of bad decision-making. This article describes the usage of computer simulation in process of optimization of material flow using an appropriate spatial deployment of production facilities. The triangular method was used for the optimization of the spatial deployment. The factors to create the triangular method were obtained from the final report of the simulation of the current production state in the assessed facility. Subsequently a simulation of the proposed optimization variants was conducted. Based on the selected criteria, the most suitable alternative was chosen for the enterprise.
Methodical Framework of Flexibility Production Evaluation in Terms of Manufacturing Plant
Authors: Balog Michal , Husár Jozef
Published: October 2015

This article describes the evaluation methodology of flexibility production in real conditions. Individual steps analyse the manufacturing plant, form transport matrixes of shipping time between workplaces with conveyor and carriage. The second part of article evaluates short – term flexibility with the change of batch production quantity and the type of transport. The target of this article is pointing out the possibilities of handling systems optimization which is based on flexibility production.
Study on Edgetrimming of Holes in the Thick Steel Plates by Metal Plastic Forming Technology
Authors: Matysiak Waldemar , Bartkowski Dariusz , Hatala Michal , Zajac Jozef , Radchenko Svetlana , Čep Róbert
Published: October 2015

In this paper the results of investigations carried out in the field of hole-flanging in thick steel sheets were presented. All experiments were performed in the Division of Metal Working of the Institute of Materials Technology at the Poznan University of Technology. An experiments of hole-flanging were carried out using cylindrical, spherical and conical punches. The blanks made of BW11, 34GHA and 15HGMV steels were investigated using different holes diameters. The holes were prepared using boring and laser techniques. The influence of the method of holes preparation on the quality and dimensions of obtained flanges were discussed.
Red and Green Phosphors Glow on the Basis of Oxide Glass-Ceramics Doped with Eu3+ and Tb3+
Authors: Tsyretarova Seseg Yu. , Kozhevnikova Nina M. , Ereminа Nina S. , Mokrousov Gennady M.
Published: October 2015

Glass-ceramics phosphors were obtained by the introduction of the crystalline phase NaMg3Sc (MoO4)5:Eu3+,Tb3+ in the glass composition 8SiO2-20B2O3-5Lu2O3-31Bi2O3-36ZnO. The properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL) and photoluminescent excitation spectra (PLE). The XRD patterns were indicated NaMg3Sc (MoO4)5:Eu3+,Tb3+ crystallize well with the novel structure type and were assigned to the triclinic phase (space group PĪ, Z = 6). Glass-ceramic phosphors are well-known and promising as solid electrolytes, laser, luminescent and other inorganic materials. Luminescent properties of the phosphors are performed at room temperature. The excitation spectra of Eu-doped phosphor present strong absorption at 300 nm and the sharp peaks in the 350-500 nm range. Under the 394 nm excitation, intense red emission peak at 616 nm corresponding to 5D0→7F2 transition of Eu3+ is observed in the emission spectrum. The luminescence property indicates that the local symmetry of Eu3+ ion has no inversion center. The excitation spectra of Tb-doped phosphor by monitoring wavelength at 546 nm shows the intense broad band from 260 to 420 nm and the line at 234 nm, which is mainly attributed to charge-transfer band transition in MoO42- group, indicating the existence of energy transfer from MoO42- to Tb3+ in the Tb3+:glass-ceramic. The measured emission spectrum of Tb-doped phosphor has intense green emission at 546 nm corresponding to 5D4→7F5 transition of Tb3+, with λex=368 nm. The as-prepared phosphors may find potential applications in the field such as color displays, light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and optoelectronic devices.
Influence of Wood Flour Additive on Porous Structure and Strength Properties of Moulded Alumina
Authors: Bugrova Tatiana , Tatarkina Anastasia , Zhukov Ilya , Mamontov Grigory
Published: October 2015

The moulded Al2O3 materials prepared by mixing of thermochemically activated aluminum trihydroxide (TCA ATH) with wood flour were proposed to be used as promising porous catalyst support for various processes. A series of Al2O3 supports with different wood flour loading (0, 2 and 5 %wt.) were studied by SEM, low-temperature N2 sorption, XRD, granule strength and water-absorbing capacity. It was shown that supports were characterized by porous structure with mesopore sizes of 2-20 nm and specific surface area of 159-186 m2/g. The increase of the amount of wood flour leads to increase of the share of pore volume with wider than 10 nm and the decrease of the strength of alumina granules. Thus, optimization of preparation conditions allows obtaining alumina materials with desired porous structure.
The Effect of the Method of Gallium Introduction into a Zeolite on its Physico-Chemical Properties and Reactivity in the Course of Propane Aromatization
Authors: Vosmerikova Ludmila N. , Volynkina Aleksandra N. , Zaikovskii Vladimir I. , Vosmerikov Aleksandr V.
Published: October 2015

Different methods are used to prepare gallium-containing zeolites of a ZSM-5 structure. Their acidic and structural characteristics are investigated and the effect of the method of gallium introduction into a zeolite on distribution and ratio of acid sites of different strengths, as well as on pore volume and diameter is determined. The relationship between the localization of gallium introduced into a zeolite by different methods and its electronic state and the catalytic activity and selectivity of the resulting contacts in the course of propane aromatization is established. The Ga-containing zeolite prepared by impregnation is found to be the most efficient catalyst for conversion of propane into aromatic hydrocarbons.
Synthesis and Biological Properties of Thin-Film Materials on the Basis of SiO2–P2O5–СаO–Na2O System
Authors: Borilo Lyudmila P. , Lyutova Ekaterina S. , Spivakova Larisa N.
Published: October 2015

Thin films for the SiO2–P2O5–CaO–Na2O system are synthesized using sol-gel method. Content of the oxides in the system is 52-18-20-10 wt.% correspondingly. Thin films were produced from film-forming solutions on the single-crystal silicon substrates (model substrate) by extraction at a velocity of 5 mm/s following by heat treatment at a temperature of 60-80 °С for 20 minutes and at a temperature of 600 °С for 1 hour. During the experiment it was established that film-forming solutions are usable only for 2 to 7 days from the moment of preparation. Using thermal and infra-red – spectroscopic analysis main stages of oxide system formation were retraced. On the surface of the material NaCl, CaCl2, H2PO4·H2O, Ca5(PO4)3Cl, and SiO2 phases are being registered. Presence of the significant amount of pores leads to the essential increase in the specific surface area, creating optimal conditions for the new bone tissue formation. Biological activity of the received material was evaluated in SBF environment. Ca and P content on the surface of the material increased twofold in two weeks. Such material interchanges calcium ions and phosphate ions with solution; silanol groups fix calcium ions, furthering the formation of the layer of amorphous calcium phosphates gradually crystallizing in hydroxyapatite, and other calcium phosphates. Presence of magnesium and sodium on the surface of the samples after their immersion into SBF solution indicates the settling of SBF solution components on the film surface.
The Effect of EOR Technologies on the Content of Petroporphyrins and Naphthenic Acids of Recovered Heavy Oils from Usinskoye Field
Authors: Stakhina Larisa D. , Petrenko Danil S. , Spabekova Adina S.
Published: October 2015

The effect of EOR technologies on the contents of petroporphyrins and naphthenic acids in recovered crude oil was studied using heavy oil from Usinskoye oil field (Republic Komi), which has high density, high content nickel and vanadium porphyrin complexes, the oxygen compounds and naphthenic acids. It is found that EOR system in combination with thermal steam treatment injection brings about an increase in the content of vanadium porphyrin complexes of crude oils. As a result of the oil-displacement EOR system injection, the naphthenic acids content would decrease in heavy oils.
Transmit/Receive (T/R) Modules—Key Elements for Phased Array Antennas
Authors: Oppermann Martin , Schroth Joerg , Thurow Felix
Published: October 2015

Modern active electronically steered antennas (AESA) operate in different platforms and systems. Inside EADS/CASSIDIAN, the focus on X-band antennas today is on airborne and fighter nose radars, in satellite based SAR antennas (synthetic aperture radar) for earth observation, and ground surveillance and security radars.

Active antennas are assembled with hundreds or even thousands of transmit/receive modules. This paper will describe an example of a so-called standardized module solution based on LTCC package technology. State-of-the-art modules are assembled with active components such as MMICs realized in GaAs technology, for example, the low noise amplifier (LNA) and the high power amplifier (HPA), silicon based devices, and passives. Assembly technologies are optimized for high yield series production inside CASSIDIAN MicroWave Factory. New semiconductor technologies, such as GaN (gallium nitride) are enablers for a new transmit/receive module generation. GaN/SiC based MMICs with higher power density compared with GaAs-based devices are technological challenges for innovative thermal management solutions and assembly alternatives. GaN power devices are soldered on modern heat sink materials with high thermal conductivity and matched CTE (between the MMIC and the heat sink).

The results of thermal simulations comparing different heat sink materials in combination with soldering techniques will be discussed and an optimized solution will be shown. Another type of transmit/receive module technology based on RF-PCB and packaged MMICs will be discussed. Future applications of ground-based security radars, active antenna products with a one-dimensional array, and the need for cost-effective solutions seem to be a good fit for SMD-based products. Different packages, for example, QFN (quad flat pack no lead) and ceramic based (HTCC), mainly for power devices will be shown and compared.
Handwriting Without Tears®: General Education Effectiveness Through a Consultative Approach
Authors: Donica Denise K.
Published: October 2015

OBJECTIVE. This study explores the effectiveness of the Handwriting Without Tears® (HWT) kindergarten printing curriculum in general education through a consultative approach with occupational therapy.

METHOD. One cohort of students was the control (n = 19), whereas two other cohorts were experimental groups learning printing through the HWT curriculum (n = 20 each). The Test of Handwriting Skills–Revised (THS–R) was used to collect end-of-year legibility scores for all cohorts.

RESULTS. Both experimental groups individually and both experimental groups combined into one group outperformed the control group on all 10 of the THS–R subtests—scoring significantly higher (p < .05 using analysis of covariance controlling for age and gender) on 6 of the subtests for the former and 7 for the latter—and on overall score. Large treatment effects were found for the standard score for each experimental group (d = 0.81, 1.03, and 1.00).

CONCLUSION. This study supports the consultative role of occupational therapy with teachers in general education for handwriting curriculum implementation and the success of HWT for printing instruction.
The importance of Asia as a source of black carbon to the European Arctic during springtime 2013
Authors: Liu D. , Quennehen B. , Darbyshire E. , Allan J. D. , Williams P. I. , Taylor J. W. , Bauguitte S. J.-B. , Flynn M. J. , Lowe D. , Gallagher M. W. , Bower K. N. , Choularton T. W. , Coe H.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Black carbon aerosol (BC) deposited to the Arctic sea ice or present in the free troposphere can significantly affect the Earth's radiation budget at high latitudes yet the BC burden in these regions and the regional source contributions are poorly constrained. Aircraft measurements of aerosol composition in the European Arctic were conducted during the Aerosol–Cloud Coupling And Climate Interactions in the Arctic (ACCACIA) campaign in March 2013. Pollutant plumes were encountered throughout the lower to upper Arctic troposphere featuring enhancements in CO and aerosol mass loadings, which were chemically speciated into BC and non-refractory sulphate and organic matter. FLEXPART-WRF simulations have been performed to evaluate the likely contribution to the pollutants from regional ground sources. By combining up-to-date anthropogenic and open fire biomass burning (OBB) inventories, we have been able to compare the contributions made to the observed pollution layers from the sources of eastern/northern Asia (AS), Europe (EU) and North America (NA). Over 90 % of the contribution to the BC was shown to arise from non-OBB anthropogenic sources. AS sources were found to be the major contributor to the BC burden, increasing background BC loadings by a factor of 3–5 to 100.8 ± 48.4 ng sm−3 (in standard air m3 at 273.15 K and 1013.25 mbar) and 55.8 ± 22.4 ng sm−3 in the middle and upper troposphere respectively. AS plumes close to the tropopause (about 7.5–8 km) were also observed, with BC concentrations ranging from 55 to 73 ng sm−3, which will potentially have a significant radiative impact. EU sources influenced the middle troposphere with a BC mean concentration of 70.8 ± 39.1 ng sm−3 but made a minor contribution to the upper troposphere due to the relatively high latitude of the source region. The contribution of NA was shown to be much lower at all altitudes with BC mean concentration of 20 ng sm−3. The BC transported to the Arctic is mixed with a non-BC volume fraction representing between 90–95 % of the mass, and has a relatively uniform core size distribution with mass median diameter 190–210 nm and geometric standard deviation σg = 1.55–1.65 and this varied little across all source regions. It is estimated that 60–95 % of BC is scavenged between emission and receptor based on BC / ΔCO comparisons between source inventories and measurement. We show that during the springtime of 2013, the anthropogenic pollution particularly from sources in Asia, contributed significantly to BC across the European Arctic free troposphere. In contrast to previous studies, the contribution from open wildfires was minimal. Given that Asian pollution is likely to continue to rise over the coming years, it is likely that the radiative forcing in the Arctic will also continue to increase.
Organic peroxides gas-particle partitioning and rapid heterogeneous decomposition on secondary organic aerosol
Authors: Li H. , Chen Z. M. , Huang L. B. , Huang D.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Organic peroxides, important species in the atmosphere, will promote secondary organic aerosols (SOA) aging, affect HOx radicals cycling, and cause adverse health effects. However, the formation, gas-particle partitioning, and evolution of organic peroxides are extremely complicated and still unclear. In this study, we investigate in the laboratory the production and gas-particle partitioning of peroxides from the ozonolysis of α-pinene, which is one of the major biogenic volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere and is an important precursor for SOA at a global scale. We have determined the molar yields of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxymethyl hydroperoxide (HMHP), peroxyformic acid (PFA), peroxyacetic acid (PAA) and total peroxides (TPO, including unknown peroxides) and the fraction of peroxides in SOA. Comparing the gas-phase and particle-phase peroxides, we find that gas-particle partitioning coefficients of PFA and PAA are 104 times higher than theoretical prediction, indicating that organic peroxides play a more important role in the SOA formation than expected previously. Here, we give the partitioning coefficients of TPO as (2–3) × 10-4 m3μg-1. Even so, more than 80 % of the peroxides formed in the reaction remain in the gas phase. Water does not affect the total amount of peroxides in either the gas or particle phase, but can change the distribution of gaseous peroxides. About 18 % gaseous peroxides undergo rapid heterogeneous decomposition on SOA particles in the presence of water vapor, resulting in the additional production of H2O2. This process can partially interpret the unexpected high H2O2 yield under wet conditions. Transformation of organic peroxides to H2O2 also saves OH in the atmosphere, helping to improve the understanding of OH cycling.
Tropospheric mercury vertical profiles between 500 and 10 000 m in central Europe
Authors: Weigelt A. , Ebinghaus R. , Pirrone N. , Bieser J. , Bödewadt J. , Esposito G. , Slemr F. , van Velthoven P. F. J. , Zahn A. , Ziereis H.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Measurements of the vertical distribution of atmospheric mercury (Hg) are rare, because airborne measurements are expensive and labour intensive. Consequently, only a few vertical Hg profile measurements have been reported since the 1970s. Besides the CARIBIC passenger aircraft observations, the latest vertical profile over Europe was measured in 1996. Within the Global Mercury Observation System (GMOS) project four vertical profiles were taken on board research aircraft (CASA-212) in August 2013 in background air over different locations in Slovenia and Germany. Each vertical profile consists of at least seven 5 min horizontal flight sections from 500 m above ground to 3000 m a.s.l. Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) was measured with a Tekran 2537X analyser and a Lumex RA-915-AM. Total gaseous mercury (TGM) was measured using a Tekran 2537B analyser and gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM) was sampled onto 8 denuders for post flight analysis (one for each profile, three during the transfer flights, and two blanks). In addition to the mercury measurements, SO2, CO, O3, NO, NO2, as well as basic meteorological parameters (pressure, temperature, relative humidity) have been measured. Additional ground based speciated mercury measurements at the GMOS master site in Waldhof (Germany) were used to extend the profile to the ground. No vertical gradient was found inside the well mixed boundary layer (variation by less than 0.1 ng m-3) at different sites with GEM varying from location to location between 1.4 and 1.6 ng m-3 (STP; standard conditions: p = 1013.25 hPa, T = 273.15 K). At all locations GEM dropped to 1.3 ng m-3 (STP) when entering the free troposphere and remained constant at higher altitudes. The combination of the vertical profile, measured on 21 August 2013, over Leipzig (Germany) with the CARIBIC measurements during ascent and descent to Frankfurt airport (Germany) at approximately the same time provide a unique central European vertical profile from inside the boundary layer (550 m a.s.l.) to the upper free troposphere (10 500 m a.s.l.) and shows a fairly constant free tropospheric TGM concentration of 1.3 ng m-3 (STP). The highest GOM concentrations of up to 60 pg m-3 (STP, denuder samples) were found above the boundary layer during the transfer flights.
Carbon dioxide exchange of a perennial bioenergy crop cultivation on a mineral soil
Authors: Lind S. E. , Shurpali N. J. , Peltola O. , Mammarella I. , Hyvönen N. , Maljanen M. , Räty M. , Virkajärvi P. , Martikainen P. J.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. One of the strategies to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from the energy sector is to increase the use of renewable energy sources such as bioenergy crops. Bioenergy is not necessarily carbon neutral because of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during biomass production, field management and transportation. The present study focuses on the cultivation of reed canary grass (RCG, Phalaris arundinaceae L.), a perennial bioenergy crop, on a mineral soil. To quantify the CO2 exchange of this RCG cultivation system, and to understand the key factors controlling its CO2 exchange, the net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) was measured during three years using the eddy covariance (EC) method. The RCG cultivation thrived well producing yields of 6200 and 6700 kg DW ha−1 in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Gross photosynthesis (GPP) was controlled mainly by radiation from June to September. Vapour pressure deficit (VPD), air temperature or soil moisture did not limit photosynthesis during the growing season. Total ecosystem respiration (TER) increased with soil temperature, green area index and GPP. Annual NEE was −262 and −256 g C m−2 in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Throughout the studied period, cumulative NEE was −575 g C m−2. When compared to the published data for RCG on an organic soil, the cultivation of this crop on a mineral soil had higher capacity to take up CO2 from the atmosphere.
Autotrophic component of soil respiration is repressed by drought more than the heterotrophic one in a dry grassland
Authors: Balogh J. , Papp M. , Pintér K. , Fóti Sz. , Posta K. , Eugster W. , Nagy Z.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Summer droughts projected to increase in Central Europe due to climate change strongly influence the carbon cycle of ecosystems. Persistent respiration activities during drought periods are responsible for a significant carbon loss, which may turn the ecosystem from sink to source of carbon. There are still gaps in our knowledge regarding the characteristic changes taking place in the respiration of the different components of the ecosystem respiration in response to drought events. Here, we combined a physical separation of soil respiration components with continuous measurements of soil CO2 efflux and its isotopic (13C) signal at a dry grassland site in Hungary. The physical separation of soil respiration components was achieved by the use of inox meshes and tubes inserted into the soil. The root-excluded and root- and mycorrhiza-excluded treatments served to measure the isotopic signal of the rhizospheric, mycorrhizal fungi and heterotrophic components, respectively. In the dry grassland investigated in this study the three components of the soil CO2 efflux decreased at different rates under drought conditions. During drought the contribution made by the heterotrophic components was the highest. Rhizospheric component was the most sensitive to soil drying with its relative contribution to the total soil respiration dropping from 71 ± 4 % (non-stressed) to 36 ± 12 % under drought conditions. According to our results, the heterotrophic component of soil respiration is the major contributor to the respiration activities during drought events.
Processes regulating progressive nitrogen limitation under elevated carbon dioxide: a meta-analysis
Authors: Liang J. , Qi X. , Souza L. , Luo Y.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Nitrogen (N) cycle has the potential to regulate climate change through its influence on carbon (C) sequestration. Although extensive researches have been done to explore whether or not progressive N limitation (PNL) occurs under CO2 enrichment, a comprehensive assessment of the processes that regulate PNL is still lacking. Here, we quantitatively synthesized the responses of all major processes and pools in terrestrial N cycle with meta-analysis of CO2 experimental data available in the literature. The results showed that CO2 enrichment significantly increased N sequestration in plant and litter pools but not in soil pool. Thus, the basis of PNL occurrence partially exists. However, CO2 enrichment also significantly increased the N influx via biological N fixation, but decreased the N efflux via leaching. In addition, no general diminished CO2 fertilization effect on plant growth over time was observed. Overall, our analyses suggest that the extra N supply by the increased biological N fixation and decreased leaching may potentially alleviate PNL under elevated CO2 conditions. Moreover, our synthesis showed that CO2 enrichment increased soil ammonium (NH4+) but decreased nitrate (NO3-). The different responses of NH4+ and NO3-, and the consequent biological processes, may result in changes in soil microenvironment, community structures and above-belowground interactions, which could potentially affect the terrestrial biogeochemical cycles and the feedback to climate change.
A novel bias correction methodology for climate impact simulations
Authors: Sippel S. , Otto F. E. L. , Forkel M. , Allen M. R. , Guillod B. P. , Heimann M. , Reichstein M. , Seneviratne S. I. , Thonicke K. , Mahecha M. D.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Understanding, quantifying and attributing the impacts of extreme weather and climate events in the terrestrial biosphere is crucial for societal adaptation in a changing climate. However, climate model simulations generated for this purpose typically exhibit biases in their output that hinders any straightforward assessment of impacts. To overcome this issue, various bias correction strategies are routinely used to alleviate climate model deficiencies most of which have been criticized for physical inconsistency and the non-preservation of the multivariate correlation structure. In this study, we introduce a novel, resampling-based bias correction scheme that fully preserves the physical consistency and multivariate correlation structure of the model output. This procedure strongly improves the representation of climatic extremes and variability in a large regional climate model ensemble (HadRM3P, climateprediction.net/weatherathome), which is illustrated for summer extremes in temperature and rainfall over Central Europe. Moreover, we simulate biosphere–atmosphere fluxes of carbon and water using a terrestrial ecosystem model (LPJmL) driven by the bias corrected climate forcing. The resampling-based bias correction yields strongly improved statistical distributions of carbon and water fluxes, including the extremes. Our results thus highlight the importance to carefully consider statistical moments beyond the mean for climate impact simulations. In conclusion, the present study introduces an approach to alleviate climate model biases in a physically consistent way and demonstrates that this yields strongly improved simulations of climate extremes and associated impacts in the terrestrial biosphere. A wider uptake of our methodology by the climate and impact modelling community therefore seems desirable for accurately quantifying past, current and future extremes.
Improving data transfer for model coupling
Authors: Zhang C. , Liu L. , Yang G. , Li R. , Wang B.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Data transfer, which means transferring data fields between two component models or rearranging data fields among processes of the same component model, is a fundamental operation of a coupler. Most of state-of-the-art coupler versions currently use an implementation based on the point-to-point (P2P) communication of the Message Passing Interface (MPI) (call such an implementation "P2P implementation" for short). In this paper, we reveal the drawbacks of the P2P implementation, including low communication bandwidth due to small message size, variable and big number of MPI messages, and jams during communication. To overcome these drawbacks, we propose a butterfly implementation for data transfer. Although the butterfly implementation can outperform the P2P implementation in many cases, it degrades the performance in some cases because the total message size transferred by the butterfly implementation is larger than that by the P2P implementation. To make the data transfer completely improved, we design and implement an adaptive data transfer library that combines the advantages of both butterfly implementation and P2P implementation. Performance evaluation shows that the adaptive data transfer library significantly improves the performance of data transfer in most cases and does not decrease the performance in any cases. Now the adaptive data transfer library is open to the public and has been imported into a coupler version C-Coupler1 for performance improvement of data transfer. We believe that it can also improve other coupler versions.
Understanding runoff processes in a semi-arid environment through isotope and hydrochemical hydrograph separations
Authors: Camacho Suarez V. V. , Saraiva Okello A. M. L. , Wenninger J. W. , Uhlenbrook S.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. The understanding of runoff generation mechanisms is crucial for the sustainable management of river basins such as the allocation of water resources or the prediction of floods and droughts. However, identifying the mechanisms of runoff generation has been a challenging task, even more so in arid and semi-arid areas where high rainfall and streamflow variability, high evaporation rates, and deep groundwater reservoirs may increase the complexity of hydrological process dynamics. Isotope and hydrochemical tracers have proven to be useful in identifying runoff components and their characteristics. Moreover, although widely used in humid temperate regions, isotope hydrograph separations have not been studied in detail in arid and semi-arid areas. Thus the purpose of this study is to determine whether isotope hydrograph separations are suitable for the quantification and characterization of runoff components in a semi-arid catchment considering the hydrological complexities of these regions. Through a hydrochemical characterization of the surface water and groundwater sources of the catchment and two- and three-component hydrograph separations, runoff components of the Kaap catchment in South Africa were quantified using both isotope and hydrochemical tracers. No major disadvantages while using isotope tracers over hydrochemical tracers were found. Hydrograph separation results showed that runoff in the Kaap catchment is mainly generated by groundwater sources. Two-component hydrograph separations revealed groundwater contributions of between 64 and 98 % of total runoff. By means of three-component hydrograph separations, runoff components were further separated into direct runoff, shallow and deep groundwater components. Direct runoff, defined as the direct precipitation on the stream channel and overland flow, contributed up to 41 % of total runoff during wet catchment conditions. Shallow groundwater defined as the soil water and near-surface water component (and potentially surface runoff) contributed up to 45 % of total runoff, and deep groundwater contributed up to 84 % of total runoff. A strong correlation for the four studied events was found between the antecedent precipitation conditions and direct runoff. These findings suggest that direct runoff is enhanced by wetter conditions in the catchment that trigger saturation excess overland flow as observed in the hydrograph separations.
IMPLEMENTATION OF OPEN-SOURCE WEB MAPPING TECHNOLOGIES TO SUPPORT MONITORING OF GOVERNMENTAL SCHEMES
Authors: Pulsani B. R.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Several schemes are undertaken by the government to uplift social and economic condition of people. The monitoring of these schemes is done through information technology where involvement of Geographic Information System (GIS) is lacking. To demonstrate the benefits of thematic mapping as a tool for assisting the officials in making decisions, a web mapping application for three government programs such as Mother and Child Tracking system (MCTS), Telangana State Housing Corporation Limited (TSHCL) and Ground Water Quality Mapping (GWQM) has been built. Indeed the three applications depicted the distribution of various parameters thematically and helped in identifying the areas with higher and weaker distributions. Based on the three applications, the study tends to find similarities of many government schemes reflecting the nature of thematic mapping and hence deduces to implement this kind of approach for other schemes as well. These applications have been developed using SharpMap Csharp library which is a free and open source mapping library for developing geospatial applications. The study highlights upon the cost benefits of SharpMap and brings out the advantage of this library over proprietary vendors and further discusses its advantages over other open source libraries as well.
Analysing the Sustainability of Urban Development: A review on the Potential Use of Volunteered Geographic Information
Authors: Ibrahim N. , Ujang U. , Desa G. , Ariffin A.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. The challenges of how to ensure sustainable urban development are currently one of the important agenda among governments around the world. The stakeholders require the latest and high volume of geographic information for the decision making process to efficiently respond to challenges, improve service delivery to citizens, and plan a successful future of the city. However, it is time-consuming and costly to get the available information and some of the information is not up-to-date. Recently, GeoWeb 2.0 technological advances have increased the number of volunteers from non-professional citizen to contribute to the collection, sharing, and distribution of geographic information. The information known as Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) has generated another approach of spatial data sources that can give up-to-date, huge volume of data, and available geographic information in a low cost for various applications. With this in mind, this paper presents a review of literature based on the potential use of Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) in measuring sustainability of urban development. The review highlighted that social, economic, and environment as three pertinent pillars relating to the use of VGI for measurement sustainable urban development.
PROPOSAL FOR A WEB ENCODING SERVICE (WES) FOR SPATIAL DATA TRANSACTIO
Authors: Siew C. B. , Peters S. , Rahman A. A.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Web services utilizations in Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) have been well established and standardized by Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC). Similar web services for 3D SDI are also being established in recent years, with extended capabilities to handle 3D spatial data. The increasing popularity of using City Geographic Markup Language (CityGML) for 3D city modelling applications leads to the needs for large spatial data handling for data delivery. This paper revisits the available web services in OGC Web Services (OWS), and propose the background concepts and requirements for encoding spatial data via Web Encoding Service (WES). Furthermore, the paper discusses the data flow of the encoder within web service, e.g. possible integration with Web Processing Service (WPS) or Web 3D Services (W3DS). The integration with available web service could be extended to other available web services for efficient handling of spatial data, especially 3D spatial data.
ANALYZE THE IMPACT OF HABITAT PATCHES ON WILDLIFE ROAD-KILL
Authors: Seok S. , Lee J.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. The ecosystem fragmentation due to transportation infrastructure causes a road-kill phenomenon. When making policies for mitigating road-kill it is important to select target-species in order to enhance its efficiency. However, many wildlife crossing structures have been questioned regarding their effectiveness due to lack of considerations such as target-species selection, site selection, management, etc. The purpose of this study is to analyse the impact of habitat patches on wildlife road-kill and to suggest that spatial location of habitat patches should be considered as one of the important factors when making policies for mitigating road-kill. Habitat patches were presumed from habitat variables and a suitability index on target-species that was chosen by literature review. The road-kill hotspot was calculated using Getis-Ord Gi*. After that, we performed a correlation analysis between Gi Z-score and the distance from habitat patches to the roads. As a result, there is a low negative correlation between two variables and it increases the Gi Z-score if the habitat patches and the roads become closer.
MULTI-PLATFORM SATELLITE BASED ESTIMATES OF RUNOFF IN UNGAUGED AREAS
Authors: Seo J. Y. , Lee S.-I.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Over the past decades, extreme weather events such as floods and droughts have been on a steady increase. Especially, ungauged or hard-to-reach areas turn out to be the most affected areas by the unexpected water-related disasters. It is usually due to insufficient observation data, and deterioration of infra-structures as well as inadequate water management system. For such reasons, reliable estimation of runoff is important for the planning and the implementation of water projects in ungauged areas. North Korea, whose terrain is mostly hilly and mountainous, has become vulnerable to floods and droughts due to poor watershed management based on unreliable hydrological information along with rapid deforestation. Runoff estimation using data from multi-platform satellites having broad spatio-temporal coverage could be of a valuable substitute for ground-observed measurements. In this study, monthly runoff in North Korea (38°N - 43°N, 124°E - 131°E) was estimated by combining space-borne data from multi-platform satellites with ground observations. Period of analysis is from January 2003 to December 2013. Data sets used for this study are as in the following: {1} Terrestrial Water Storage Anomaly (TWSA) from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), (2) Evapotranspiration from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), (3) Satellite-observed precipitation from Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM), and (4) Ground-observed precipitation from World Meterological Organization (WMO) (see Figure 1 and Table 1). These components are balanced with the terrestrial water storage change, and runoff can be estimated from eq. (1).
AREAL FEATURE MATCHING BASED ON SIMILARITY USING CRITIC METHOD
Authors: Kim J. , Yu K.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. In this paper, we propose an areal feature matching method that can be applied for many-to-many matching, which involves matching a simple entity with an aggregate of several polygons or two aggregates of several polygons with fewer user intervention. To this end, an affine transformation is applied to two datasets by using polygon pairs for which the building name is the same. Then, two datasets are overlaid with intersected polygon pairs that are selected as candidate matching pairs. If many polygons intersect at this time, we calculate the inclusion function between such polygons. When the value is more than 0.4, many of the polygons are aggregated as single polygons by using a convex hull. Finally, the shape similarity is calculated between the candidate pairs according to the linear sum of the weights computed in CRITIC method and the position similarity, shape ratio similarity, and overlap similarity. The candidate pairs for which the value of the shape similarity is more than 0.7 are determined as matching pairs. We applied the method to two geospatial datasets: the digital topographic map and the KAIS map in South Korea. As a result, the visual evaluation showed two polygons that had been well detected by using the proposed method. The statistical evaluation indicates that the proposed method is accurate when using our test dataset with a high F-measure of 0.91.
KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE – AN INITIAL STUDY
Authors: Alsultan S. H. , Rahman A. A.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. This paper reviews the current Geographic Information System (Longley et al.) implementation and status in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Based on the review, several problems were identified and discussed. The characteristic of these problems show that the country needs a national geospatial centre. As a new initiative for a national geospatial centre, a study is being conducted especially on best practice from other countries, availability of national committee for standards and policies on data sharing, and the best proposed organization structure inside the administration for the KSA. The study also covers the degree of readiness and awareness among the main GIS stakeholders within the country as well as private parties. At the end of this paper, strategic steps for the national geospatial management centre were proposed as the initial output of the study.
A novel approach for detecting HMDSO poisoning of metal oxide gas sensors and improving their stability by temperature cycled operation
Authors: Schüler M. , Sauerwald T. , Schütze A.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. In this paper we study the effect of hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) vapor on an SnO2-based gas sensor (GGS 1330, UST Umweltsensortechnik GmbH, Geschwenda, Germany) in a temperature cycled operation (TCO). We show that HMDSO poisoning can be quantified at early stages (85 to 340 ppm × min) with a resolution of ±85 ppm × min using TCO. This novel approach for sensor self-monitoring provides a simple method for early detection of HMDSO poisoning. It is thereby possible to detect poisoning before the sensor function is strongly impaired. In this paper we show that by using an appropriate normalization of the sensor data, the stability of gas discrimination by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) can be improved, which in turn facilitates a more accurate determination of the poisoning state by a hierarchical LDA discrimination. For a specific temperature cycle and feature extraction approach, we show that identification of ethanol and carbon monoxide is still possible after poisoning with 900 ppm × min HMDSO, i.e. a HMDSO poisoning dose more than twice as high as required by DIN EN 50194-1.
Microstructure-based modeling of snow mechanics: a discrete element approach
Authors: Hagenmuller P. , Chambon G. , Naaim M.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Rapid and large deformations of snow are mainly controlled by grain rearrangements, which occur through the failure of cohesive bonds and the creation of new contacts. We exploit a granular description of snow to develop a discrete element model based on the full 3-D microstructure captured by microtomography. The model assumes that snow is composed of rigid grains interacting through localized contacts accounting for cohesion and friction. The geometry of the grains and of the intergranular bonding system are explicitly defined from microtomographic data using geometrical criteria based on curvature and contiguity. Single grains are represented as rigid clumps of spheres. The model is applied to different snow samples subjected to confined compression tests. A detailed sensitivity analysis shows that artifacts introduced by the modeling approach and the influence of numerical parameters are limited compared to variations due to the geometry of the microstructure. The model shows that the compression behavior of snow is mainly controlled by the density of the samples, but that deviations from a pure density parameterization are not insignificant during the first phase of deformation. In particular, the model correctly predicts that, for a given density, faceted crystals are less resistant to compression than rounded grains or decomposed snow. For larger compression strains, no clear differences between snow types are observed.