bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bauen im Bestand unter Berücksichtigung des zeitabhängigen Tragverhaltens von Gründungen
Authors: Reul Oliver , Ganal Aljoscha , Kissel Wolfgang , Ramm Hendrik
Published: August 2024

Im Zusammenhang mit der Modernisierung und Revitalisierung von Bestandsbauwerken sind zunehmend komplexe Aufgabenstellungen wie z. B. die Wiedernutzung von vorhandenen Gründungskörpern zu bearbeiten. In der Vergangenheit wurden bspw. in Frankfurt am Main verschiedene Vorhaben realisiert, bei denen Bestandsbauwerke nach Teilabbruch kraftschlüssig mit einem Neubau verbunden wurden. In einem Forschungsvorhaben wurden umfangreiche Untersuchungen zum Langzeitverformungsverhalten von Gründungen unter Wechselbeanspruchungen, wie sie u. a. bei teilweisem Abbruch und Wiederaufbau auftreten, durchgeführt. In diesem Zusammenhang wurde u. a. auf über mehrere Jahrzehnte reichende Messungen an Hochhausgründungen in Frankfurt am Main zurückgegriffen und das zeitabhängige Materialverhalten der überkonsolidierten tertiären Frankfurter Tone in einem umfassenden Laborprogramm untersucht sowie numerische Studien durchgeführt. Mit einer numerischen Parameterstudie wurden u. a. die Auswirkungen von Wechselbeanspruchungen, Konsolidation und Kriechen auf die Lastverteilung zwischen Pfählen und Fundamentplatte von Kombinierten Pfahl‐Plattengründungen (KPP) sowie auf die in der Ingenieurpraxis gebräuchlichen Bemessungskennwerte, nämlich Pfahlfedersteifigkeit und Bettungsmodul, untersucht. In diesem Beitrag werden zum einen im Rahmen der Parameterstudie gewonnene Erkenntnisse zusammengefasst und zum anderen die Projekte Park Tower und Leo in Frankfurt am Main vorgestellt.
Beitrag zur Durchmesserbestimmung an Pfählen auf der Grundlage des Thermal Integrity Profiling
Authors: Kindler Arne , Lübben Jasper
Published: August 2024

Im Rahmen der Durchführung eines Thermal Integrity Profiling (TIP) wird oft davon gesprochen, dass das Profiling u. a. dazu dient, die Kubatur des erstellten Pfahls zu ermitteln. In den einschlägigen Veröffentlichungen zum TIP wird u. a. auch von Pile Dynamics, Inc. darauf hingewiesen, dass es sich nur um eine Abschätzung der Betondeckung bzw. des Überbetons während der Pfahlherstellung handelt. Insbesondere wird in diesem Fall davon ausgegangen, dass das verbaute Betonvolumen ebenfalls monitort werden muss, um dies den Messergebnissen entgegenzusetzen. Dies allein reicht jedoch aus Sicht der Autoren nicht, um einen fundierten Rückschluss auf die Pfahlkubatur aus den Temperaturaufzeichnungen zu ziehen. Insbesondre bei Sonderformen erscheint dieses Vorgehen als problematisch. Im Rahmen des 17. Hans‐Lorenz‐Symposiums 2023 an der Technischen Universität Berlin wurden erste „Neue Erkenntnisse zum Thermal Integrity Profiling (TIP) an tiefen Pfählen mit Sonderformen“ vorgestellt. Diese Erkenntnisse wurden im Rahmen weiterer Untersuchungen unter Anwendung der kommerziellen Software COMSOL Multiphysics ausgebaut und werden im Folgenden näher dargelegt. Im Ergebnis bleibt festzustellen, dass die Einflussfaktoren derart vielfältig sind, dass selbst bei deren Berücksichtigung nicht auf den Durchmesser rückgeschlossen werden kann. Dies wird durch die Autoren im Folgenden dezidiert vorgestellt.
Innovative Gründung von Schallschutzwänden
Authors: Boley Conrad , Pratter Paul , Mölter Tristan , Wistuba Matthias
Published: August 2024

Schraubfundamente werden in der Geotechnik oftmals mit leichten Konstruktionen in Verbindung gebracht und sind weltweit als Gründungselement von Photovoltaikanlagen etabliert. Derzeit werden größere Bauformen der Schraubfundamente entwickelt und im Rahmen von Pilotprojekten erprobt. Diese Schraubfundamente weisen mit ca. 406 mm etwa den vierfachen Rohrdurchmesser der kleinen Bauform auf und sind damit als Pfahlgründung einzustufen und zu bemessen. Im Gegensatz zu konventionellen Rammrohren werden die Schraubfundamente erschütterungsfrei in den Boden eingedreht. Es liegt nahe, dass die Gründungselemente dort zum Einsatz kommen sollen, wo besonders auf Geräusch‐ und Erschütterungsemissionen geachtet werden muss. Beispielsweise als Gründungselement von Schallschutzwänden im Rahmen des Sonderprogramms Lärmsanierung Mittelrheintal. Das Pilotprojekt der Deutschen Bahn wird im vorliegenden Beitrag vorgestellt, Hinweise zur Bemessung der großen Schraubfundamente gegeben und die Vorteile des innovativen Gründungssystems aufgezeigt.
Achieving High‐Performance in Zinc Hybrid Capacitors with Zn(TFSI)2/PEGDME Molecular Crowding Electrolytes
Authors: Patil Nagaraj , Ciurduc Diana Elena , Landazábal F. J. , Marcilla Rebeca
Published: August 2024

Aqueous Zinc‐hybrid capacitors (ZHCs) are gaining attention for their high‐safety, low cost, easy maintenance, high‐power, and longevity. Despite various strategies to mitigate dendrites, corrosion, and HER, practical application remains challenging. Here, we utilize an advanced polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether (PEGDME)‐based molecular crowding electrolyte (MCE) to significantly enhance performance of ZHCs. Our MCE offers a wider electrochemical stability window (2.7 V), low HER activity, and superior Zn anti‐corrosion properties due to reduced water activity compared to conventional electrolyte. This results in higher coulombic efficiencies (98–100 %) at various areal capacities and current densities, and longer longevity of Zn//Cu and Zn//Zn symmetric cells with MCE compared to conventional and water‐in‐salt electrolytes. The Zn/MCE/AC displays an enhanced voltage window (∼2 V), achieving the highest capacitance (281 F/g), competitive energy density (138 Wh/kg), low self‐discharge, and excellent cyclability (19100 cycles at 1 A/g with 100 % capacity retention), indicating that MCE is a promising approach for practical energy storage applications.
Sample Size Calculation Under Nonproportional Hazards Using Average Hazard Ratios
Authors: Dormuth Ina , Pauly Markus , Rauch Geraldine , Herrmann Carolin
Published: August 2024

Many clinical trials assess time‐to‐event endpoints. To describe the difference between groups in terms of time to event, we often employ hazard ratios. However, the hazard ratio is only informative in the case of proportional hazards (PHs) over time. There exist many other effect measures that do not require PHs. One of them is the average hazard ratio (AHR). Its core idea is to utilize a time‐dependent weighting function that accounts for time variation. Though propagated in methodological research papers, the AHR is rarely used in practice. To facilitate its application, we unfold approaches for sample size calculation of an AHR test. We assess the reliability of the sample size calculation by extensive simulation studies covering various survival and censoring distributions with proportional as well as nonproportional hazards (N‐PHs). The findings suggest that a simulation‐based sample size calculation approach can be useful for designing clinical trials with N‐PHs. Using the AHR can result in increased statistical power to detect differences between groups with more efficient sample sizes.
Did court dismiss fraternity members’ legal action?
Authors: Lyerly Eric
Published: August 2024

The Student Conduct and Academic Integrity Office at the University of California Riverside received a report expressing concern for the health of a pledge in the Phi Gamma Delta fraternity. SCAIP began an investigation into the fraternity's pledge process.
Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of 4H‐Chromene Based Indole‐Pyrimidine Hybrids: Synthesis and Molecular Docking Studies
Authors: Vanga Murali Krishna , Bhukya Rambabu , Thumma Vishnu , Tamalapakula Vani , Boddu Lakshmi Satya , Manga Vijjulatha
Published: August 2024

A series of 4H‐Chromene Based Indole‐Pyrimidine Hybrids synthesized using simple and efficient multicomponent reaction. The title molecules were evaluated for their invitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Compounds 8 g containing bromo substituted naphthalene displayed potent antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 1.09±0.34 μM and 1.10±0.36 μM. Compound 10 a, a 4‐methylphenyl derivative presented potent activity with antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 1.29±0.35 μM and 1.43±0.38 μM. Subsequently, compounds 8 a, 8 b, 8 d and 10 g had shown prominent percentage of inhibition and derived effective IC50 values in comparison to reference drug Ascorbic Acid. The invitro antimicrobial activity carried out against two gram positive and two gram‐negative bacteria, and two fungal strains using Ampicillin and Itraconazole as refence drugs. Compound 10 f exhibited exceptional efficacy against all types of bacterial and fungal strains compared to Ampicillin and Itraconazole, compounds 8 e and 8 g showed activity against bacterial strains whereas compound 10 g exhibited the most effective zone of inhibition against fungal strains. The molecular docking study against crystal structure of NADPH oxidase obtained supporting docking scores and showed notable binding interactions such as H‐bond and hydrophobic.
Electrochemical Generation of Nitrogen‐centered Radicals and its Application for the Green Synthesis of Heterocycles
Authors: Titenkova Kseniia , Chaplygin Daniil A. , Fershtat Leonid L.
Published: August 2024

Electrochemistry became a unique and powerful tool for the preparation of a plethora of valuable chemical species including functional materials, drug candidates and clinically approved pharmaceuticals. Organic electrosynthesis well satisfies main goals of green chemistry development and is considered as one of the useful approaches toward the creation of sustainable future. Since nitrogen heterocyclic scaffolds still retain their importance for the construction of novel materials and medications, one of the emerging trends in organic electrochemistry is the discovery of novel green and sustainable synthetic methods toward the assembly of heterocyclic subunits. In this regard, organic electrochemistry provides an efficient platform for environmentally benign generation of various nitrogen‐centered radicals which are prominent intermediates in the synthesis of nitrogen heterocycles. In this Review, recent developments in the creation of green synthetic methods for the construction of nitrogen heterocycles via electrochemical generation of nitrogen‐centered radicals are summarized. The special emphasis is devoted to the influence of solvent, electrodes and electrolytes on the electrochemical step, since these crucial parameters regulate the process efficiency.
Synthesis of 4‐(Phenylamino)quinazoline‐2(1H)‐thiones Using Green Solvents
Authors: Messire Gatien , Adolf Claudie , Berteina‐Raboin Sabine
Published: August 2024

Given the importance of quinazolines and quinazolinethiones in therapeutic and Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved molecules, we thought interesting to consider their synthesis in green solvents. We have shown that obtain 4‐(arylamino)quinazoline‐2‐(1H)‐thiones and 4‐(arylamino)pteridine‐2‐(1H)‐thiones analogues was efficient in green solvents derived from biomass, especially eucalyptol. Although reaction times are somewhat long to achieve good yields, the products were obtained by simple filtration. This considerably limited the loss of atoms due to the use of large quantities of solvents for purification on silica gel columns, and makes our route a sustainable one.
Unraveling the Source of Self‐Induced Diastereomeric Anisochronism in Chiral Dipeptides
Authors: Spiaggia Fabio , Aiello Federica , Sementa Luca , Campagne Jean‐Marc , Marcia de Figueiredo Renata , Uccello Barretta Gloria , Balzano Federica
Published: August 2024

Mastering of analytical methods for accurate quantitative determinations of enantiomeric excess is a crucial aspect in asymmetric catalysis, chiral synthesis, and pharmaceutical applications. In this context, the phenomenon of Self‐Induced Diastereomeric Anisochronism (SIDA) can be exploited in NMR spectroscopy for accurate determinations of enantiomeric composition, without using a chiral auxiliary that could interfere with the spectroscopic investigation. This phenomenon can be particularly useful for improving the quantitative analysis of mixtures with low enantiomeric excesses, where direct integration of signals can be tricky. Here, we describe a novel analysis protocol to correctly determine the enantiomeric composition of scalemic mixtures and investigate the thermodynamic and stereochemical features at the basis of SIDA. Dipeptide derivatives were chosen as substrates for this study, given their central role in drug design. By integrating the experiments with a conformational stochastic search that includes entropic contributions, we provide valuable information on the dimerization thermodynamics, the nature of non‐covalent interactions leading to self‐association, and the differences in the chemical environment responsible for the anisochronism, highlighting the importance of different stereochemical arrangement and tight association for the distinction between homochiral and heterochiral adducts. An important role played by the counterion was pointed out by computational studies.
Burden of 30 cancers among men: Global statistics in 2022 and projections for 2050 using population‐based estimates
Authors: Bizuayehu Habtamu Mellie , Dadi Abel F. , Ahmed Kedir Y. , Tegegne Teketo Kassaw , Hassen Tahir Ahmed , Kibret Getiye Dejenu , Ketema Daniel Bekele , Bore Meless G. , Thapa Subash , Odo Daniel Bogale , Kassa Zemenu Y. , Shifti Desalegn Markos , Amsalu Erkihun , Sarich Peter , Venchiarutti Rebecca L. , Melaku Yohannes Adama , Kibret Kelemu Tilahun , Habte Aklilu , Mefsin Yonatan M. , Seid Abdulbasit , Belachew Sewunet Admasu
Published: August 2024

Background

Men exhibit higher prevalence of modifiable risk factors, such as smoking and alcohol consumption, leading to greater cancer incidence and lower survival rates. Comprehensive evidence on global cancer burden among men, including disparities by age group and country, is sparse. To address this, the authors analyzed 30 cancer types among men in 2022, with projections estimated for 2050.

Methods

The 2022 GLOBOCAN estimates were used to describe cancer statistics for men in 185 countries/territories worldwide. Mortality‐to‐incidence ratios (MIRs) were calculated by dividing age‐standardized mortality rates by incidence rates.

Results

In 2022, a high MIR (indicating poor survival) was observed among older men (aged 65 years and older; 61%) for rare cancer types (pancreatic cancer, 91%) and in countries with low a Human Development Index (HDI; 74%). Between 2022 and 2050, cancer cases are projected to increase from 10.3 million to 19 million (≥84%). Deaths are projected to increase from 5.4 million to 10.5 million (≥93%), with a greater than two‐fold increase among men aged 65 years and older (≥117%) and for low‐HDI and medium‐HDI countries/territories (≥160%). Cancer cases and deaths are projected to increase among working‐age groups (≥39%) and very‐high‐HDI countries/territories (≥50%).

Conclusions

Substantial disparities in cancer cases and deaths were observed among men in 2022, and these are projected to widen by 2050. Strengthening health infrastructure, enhancing workforce quality and access, fostering national and international collaborations, and promoting universal health coverage are crucial to reducing cancer disparities and ensuring cancer equity among men globally.
Rett syndrome: The Natural History Study journey
Authors: Percy Alan K. , Benke Timothy A. , Marsh Eric D. , Neul Jeffrey L.
Published: August 2024

Understanding clinical features and disease progression of Rett syndrome (RTT) and establishing clinical trial readiness was enhanced by the RTT Natural History Study (NHS). The NHS benefited from two key developments: one, the Orphan Drug Act passed by Congress in 1983 defining criteria for rare disorders in the United States and creating opportunities for pharmaceutical companies to develop products for individuals with rare disorders, and two, the Rare Diseases Act of 2002, which established the National Institutes of Health Office of Rare Diseases and provided research funding. Funding for the RTT and related disorders NHS was obtained in 2003, creating a broad network of experienced clinical investigators across the United States and producing critical results not only for RTT but also for related disorders: CDKL5 deficiency disorder, FOXG1 disorder, and MECP2 duplication syndrome. Longitudinal information from over 1800 participants (more than 1600 diagnosed with RTT) led to multiple reports describing their clinical features and natural progression and identified putative biomarkers and clinical outcome measures. Establishing clinical trial readiness assisted in evaluating the first FDA‐approved medication for RTT in 2023 and continues to provide opportunities to develop potentially life‐altering therapies. The experiences of the RTT NHS journey provide informative guidance for studying other rare neurological disorders. These lessons include positive features of developing productive collaborations focused on improving lives of people and families with RTT and related disorders, as well as lessons learned through retrospective analysis for improving overall conduct of natural history studies in rare disorders.
Ratcheting by Stochastic Resetting With Fat‐Tailed Time Distributions
Authors: Liu Jianli , Li Yunyun , Ghosh Pulak K. , Nayak Shubhadip , Marchesoni Fabio
Published: August 2024

We investigated both numerically and analytically the drift of a Brownian particle in a ratchet potential under stochastic resetting with fat‐tailed distributions. As a study case we chose a Pareto time distribution with tail index β. We observed that for
rectification occurs even if for
the mean resetting time is infinite. However, for
rectification is completely suppressed. For low noise levels, the drift speed attains a maximum for β immediately above 1, that is for finite but large mean resetting times. In correspondence with such an optimal drift the particle diffusion over the ratchet potential turns from normal to superdiffusive, a property also related to the fat tails of the resetting time distribution.
Understanding the Electric Double Layer at the Electrode‐Electrolyte Interface: Part I – No Ion Specific Adsorption
Authors: Mazur Daria A. , Brandyshev Petr E. , Doronin Sergey V. , Budkov Yury A.
Published: August 2024

In this work, we present a mean‐field model that takes into account the key components of electrical double layer theory at the interface between an electrode and an electrolyte solution. The model considers short‐range specific interactions between different species, including electrode‐ion repulsion, the hydration of ions, dielectric saturation of solvent (water), and excluded volume (steric) interactions between species. By solving a modified Poisson‐Boltzmann equation, which is derived from the grand thermodynamic potential of an inhomogeneous electrolyte solution, and using the appropriate results of quantum chemistry calculations on the hydration of ions, we can accurately approximate the differential capacitance profiles of aqueous electrolyte solutions at the boundary with a silver electrode. The specific interactions between the ions and the electrodes in the systems under consideration (aqueous solutions of NaClO4 and KPF6) are assumed to be significantly weaker than their Coulomb interactions. A novel aspect of our research is the investigation of the impact of short‐range ion‐water interactions on the differential capacitance, which provides new insights into the behavior of the electrical double layer. This model has the potential to be useful for electrochemical engineers working on the development of supercapacitors and related electrochemical energy storage devices. It serves as a basis for future modeling of electrolyte systems on real electrodes, especially in scenarios where chemical ion‐electrode interactions are significant.
Potential pharmaceuticals targeting neuroimmune interactions in treating acute lung injury
Authors: Wu Di , Liao Ximing , Gao Jing , Gao Yixuan , Li Qiang , Gao Wei
Published: August 2024

Background and main body

Although interactions between the nervous and immune systems have been recognized decades ago, it has become increasingly appreciated that neuroimmune crosstalk is among the driving factors of multiple pulmonary inflammatory diseases including acute lung injury (ALI). Here, we review the current understanding of nerve innervations towards the lung and summarize how the neural regulation of immunity and inflammation participates in the onset and progression of several lung diseases, especially ALI. We then present advancements in the development of potential drugs for ALI targeting neuroimmune interactions, including cholinergic anti‐inflammatory pathway, sympathetic‐immune pathway, purinergic signalling, neuropeptides and renin‐angiotensin system at different stages from preclinical investigation to clinical trials, including the traditional Chinese medicine.

Conclusion

This review highlights the importance of considering the therapeutic strategy of inflammatory diseases within a conceptual framework that integrates classical inflammatory cascade and neuroimmune circuits, so as to deepen the understanding of immune modulation and develop more sophisticated approaches to treat lung diseases represented by ALI.

Key points

The lungs present abundant nerve innervations.

Neuroimmune interactions exert a modulatory effect in the onset and progression of lung inflammatory diseases, especially acute lung injury.

The advancements of potential drugs for ALI targeting neuroimmune crosstalk at different stages from preclinical investigation to clinical trials are elaborated.

Point out the direction for the development of neuroimmune pharmacology in the future.
Fire exclusion alters forest evapotranspiration: A comprehensive water budget analysis in longleaf pine woodlands
Authors: Brantley Steven T. , Stuber O. Stribling , Holder Dakota L. , Taylor R. Scott
Published: August 2024

Forests are critical to water resources, but high evapotranspiration (ET) can reduce water yield. Thinning and prescribed fire reduce forest density and often reduce ET, promoting higher water yield. However, results from such treatments have been inconsistent, possibly because of unknown interactions among individual ET components. We compare water budget components of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) woodlands with frequent prescribed fire to the water budget components of fire‐excluded stands. We hypothesized that fire exclusion would result in higher ET due to increased midstory transpiration (Et) and interception (Ei), and higher evaporation from litter (Ilitter). Reference plots were burned every two years while treatment plots had fire excluded for 15–20 years. Fire treatments were repeated in two sites representing a soil moisture gradient, noted as mesic and xeric. We measured woody Et using sap flux, and we modeled groundcover Et using physiological models. We measured Ei of canopy and groundcover layers, modeled Es litter biomass, and constructed a total component‐based water budget for each site and treatment. Compared with reference plots, midstory Et was 300%–800% higher in fire exclusion plots. Groundcover Et was ~80% less than reference treatments, countering the effects of midstory growth on total ET. Stand Ei followed similar trends, with groundcover Ei in reference plots countering the effects of midstory and litter Ei in fire exclusion plots. As expected, total ET in the xeric site was 18% higher in fire exclusion plots. However, ET in the mesic site was 16% lower in the fire exclusion plots due to high groundcover Et and Ei in reference plots. Thus, our results show that fire exclusion changes total forest ET, but the size and direction of the effect vary depending on the balance between midstory and groundcover transpiration and interception. These results highlight the importance of groundcover in ecosystem function in low‐density forests and may help explain inconsistent results from studies of water yields following thinning and fire. While prescribed fire is a valuable tool in forest management, we suggest that the effects of fire on ET are complex and require careful accounting of all water fluxes within a forest ecosystem.
Minimum safety protection distance of high‐pressure natural gas pipeline based on physical explosion injury consequences
Authors: Liu Yuqing , Zhou Yazhe , Wang Wenshu , Tian Shanshan , Zhou Yawei , Gao Na , Kazman Karyal
Published: August 2024

The transportation of natural gas through pipelines offers numerous advantages. However, physical explosions in high‐pressure natural gas pipelines can cause casualties and property loss. There is currently no method for accurately predicting the damage range of physical explosions in pipelines, and a safer site selection plan cannot be determined during the pipeline construction design stage. This study proposes a method for determining the range of pipeline physical explosion damage by comprehensively considering two factors: the size range of the physical explosion craters, and the attenuation distance of the shock waves. A high‐pressure natural gas pipeline physical explosion crater model was constructed using HyperMesh software, and the accuracy of the model was verified using the PRCI calculation model. Based on the Sadovsky formula, a program was developed to simulate the spatiotemporal changes in shock wave diffusion, demonstrating the law of shock wave diffusion. The results show that the distance from the overpressure peak attenuation of the physical explosion shock wave in air to 0.02 MPa is calculated to be 33 m, and the maximum damage range of the crater is 9.27 m. Finally, the safe protection distance for personnel and buildings was determined to be 33 m.
Nitrogen fertilizer regulates purple rice seed endophytes and grain amino acid accumulation
Authors: Lu Yanyao , Wang Runnan , Wang Shuai , Wu Han , Zhu Jinyan , Xiong Qiangqiang
Published: August 2024

The effects of different nitrogen (N) application levels on seed endophytes and grain nutritional quality are not yet clear. The impact of four N application levels on endophytes and amino acid accumulation in purple rice seeds was examined using 16S rRNA and ITS amplicon sequencing technology. This study integrates 16S rRNA, ITS amplicon sequencing technology and amino acid‐targeted detection to explore the effects of four different nitrogen application levels (0 kg hm−2, Y1N0; 180 kg hm−2, Y1N1; 270 kg hm−2, Y1N2; 360 kg hm−2, Y1N3) on the accumulation of endophytic bacteria, fungi and amino acid content in purple rice seeds and their interaction mechanisms. The findings indicated an increase in the contents of most amino acids with increasing N application. The dominant bacterial species in the community were mainly from the phyla Proteobacteria and Actinobacteriota, while the dominant fungal species were from the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. There was a significant difference in the richness of endophytic fungal communities between Y1N0 and Y1N2. Y1N1 showed significant differences in Mucoromycota compared to Y1N3. The quantity of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the bacterial and fungal community co‐occurrence network increased with increasing N fertilizer, showing strong correlations with Sporidiobolus, Chaetomium, Humicola, Botryotrichum, Ophiosphaeria and Dioszegia for most amino acids. These findings indicate that a high amount of N fertilizer greatly increases amino acid contents in purple rice seeds and improves the diversity and stability of endophytic fungal populations.
Identification of volatile compounds and evaluation of certain phytochemical properties of Turkish propolis
Authors: Yavaş Berfin , Baştürk Ayhan
Published: August 2024

The purpose of this study was to assess volatile component profiles and the antioxidant activity of propolis samples from eight different locations in Türkiye. α‐Pinene, β‐pinene, 3‐carene, limonene, 2‐acetylfuran, benzaldehyde, acetic acid, benzoic acid, longifolene, isopentyl acetate, m‐cymene, styrene, and δ‐cadinene were the most common volatile components found in the most of propolis samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis were performed on the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) data to identify trends and clusters in the propolis samples. As a result of the PCA, the common components in all propolis were m‐cymene, decanal, α‐pinene, limonene, pinocarvone, benzaldehyde, and butanoic acid. The samples had 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) inhibition activity ranging from 19.2% to 92.5% and 2,2′‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS) values ranging from 480 to 1370 μM trolox/g extract. The total phenolic content (TPC) ranged from 10,900 to 34,033 mg GAE/100 g. Compared with butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (control), all but one of the propolis samples exhibited higher DPPH activity. In addition, ABTS levels of propolis extracts were higher than those of BHT. These results unequivocally show that Turkish propolis has remarkable antioxidant qualities, which makes it a viable option for addition to food and medicine products.
Smallholder livestock farming in the face of climate change: Challenges in the Raya Alamata district of Southern Tigray, Northern Ethiopia
Authors: Gebrehiwot Misgina , Kebede Berhanu , Meaza Hailemariam , Hailu Tesfayohanis , Assefa Kiros , Demissie Biadglign
Published: August 2024

Smallholder livestock farming is a crucial component of African economies, particularly south of the Sahara, sustaining millions of farmers and bolstering food security continent‐wide. Our study investigates into the effects of climate change on smallholder livestock farmers in northern Ethiopia's Raya Alamata district, investigating how farmers are adapting to evolving conditions. A field survey encompassing 177 households within three rural communities, coupled with statistical analysis, revealed that droughts strike once every three seasons, causing water and forage shortages, rangeland deterioration and a surge in livestock diseases and deaths. In seasons marked by dryness and heat, the incidence of livestock illness increased markedly, and daily milk yield per cow plummeted from 4 to 1.66 litres. In response, local farmers have transitioned from open grazing to stall‐feeding, heavily dependent on costly market‐bought feeds. Other significant adaptive measures include providing shelter, bathing livestock during heatwaves and practicing transhumance. To enhance resilience to these issues, we advocate for improved environmental conservation, better access to climate data and resources, better animal health care, and subsidized and readily available feed. Our research underscores the profound adversities confronting smallholder livestock farmers in northern Ethiopia due to climate change, implications that extend to food security and the economic equilibrium of the area and beyond.
Evaluation of the McGill‐Tongji Blended Education Program for Teacher Leaders in General Practice: The importance of partnership and contextualization in International Primary Care Training Initiatives
Authors: Wang Ziyue , Zhao Xinxin , Shen Huixia , Wang Hao , Cheng Gemma , Gao Ya Ning , Zuo Wenzhen , Xu Zhuyin , Avallone Francesco , Arora Anish K. , Guo Manxi , Simmons Rachel , Lessard David , Beesley Theresa , Zheng Jialin C. , Lebouché Bertrand , Bergman Howard
Published: August 2024

Purpose

Strong primary health care (PHC) systems require well‐established PHC education systems to enhance the skills of general practitioners (GPs). However, the literature on the experiences of international collaboration in primary care education in low‐ and middle‐income countries remains limited. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the implementation and perceived impact of the McGill‐Tongji Blended Education Program for Teacher Leaders in General Practice (referred to as the “Tongji Program”).

Methods

In 2020–2021, the McGill Department of Family Medicine (Montreal, Canada) and Tongji University School of Medicine (TUSM, Shanghai, China) jointly implemented the Tongji Program in Shanghai, China to improve the teaching capacity of PHC teachers. We conducted an exploratory longitudinal case study with a mixed methods design for the evaluation. Quantitative (QUAN) data was collected through questionnaire surveys and qualitative (QUAL) data was collected through focus group discussions.

Results

The evaluation showed that learners in Tongji Program were primarily female GPs (21/22，95%) with less than 4 years of experience in teaching (16/22，73%). This program was considered a successful learning experience by most participants (19/22, 86%) with higher order learning tasks such as critical thinking and problem‐solving. They also agreed that this program helped them feel more prepared to teach (21/22，95%), and developed a positive attitude toward primary care (21/22，95%). The QUAL interview revealed that both the Tongji and McGill organizers noted that TUSM showed strong leadership in organization, education, and coordination. Both students and teachers agreed that by adapting training content into contextualized delivery formats and settings, the Tongji Program successfully overcame language and technology barriers.

Conclusions

Committed partnerships and contextualization were key to the success of the Tongji Program. Future research should focus on how international primary care education programs affect learners' behavior in their practice settings, and explore barriers and facilitators to change.
The lateral based nasopharyngeal flap: A novel vascularized flap for skull base reconstruction
Authors: Patel Viraj M. , Alshammari Saad M. , Jang David W. , Zomorodi Ali R. , Abi Hachem Ralph
Published: August 2024

As the indications for endoscopic skull base approaches have increased, so has the need for more versatile vascularized flaps for skull base reconstruction. Here, we describe a novel lateral based nasopharyngeal flap (LNPF). Two cadaver heads were dissected to elucidate flap anatomy, dimensions, and technique. A retrospective review was performed on two cases where LNPF was used to repair CSF leaks in the nasopharyngeal area, and outcomes reported. The LNPF is an ascending pharyngeal artery myomucosal flap that includes the nasopharyngeal mucosa and the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle. The flap was 1.2 × 2.2 cm in greatest dimensions. The LNPF was used for salvage CSF leak repair in two cases: one clival and one tubal. Both patients had resolution of leak at 7 months follow‐up. The LNPF is a novel flap with reconstruction potential for the nasopharynx, including the lower clivus and the eustachian tube.
Calculation of Green's functions for heat conduction in curved anisotropic media
Authors: Frishman Anatoli M. , Holland Stephen D.
Published: August 2024

Solving the inverse problems of heat conduction often requires performing a very large number of Green's function evaluations. This paper addresses the calculation of Green's functions in anisotropic curved media, such as composite lamina, where the principal axes of thermal conductivity follow the curved surface. We start with established exact series solutions for cylindrical convex and concave shapes. These solutions are extended to accommodate geometries of real‐world composite materials that do not form a closed surface like a cylinder. Unfortunately, the exact solutions have the form of an infinite series of sums or integrals and are computationally infeasible for the inverse problems of interest, especially for large radii of curvature. This motivates a perturbation solution that is accurate and computationally efficient at large radii of curvature. In addition, it motivates a phenomenological approximation that is extremely computationally efficient over a broad range of curvatures, but with some sacrifice in accuracy. These solutions are compared with exact solutions, with each other, and with numerical finite difference calculation. We identify regions in parameter space where the different approaches are preferable and where they lead to the same numerical result.
Enhanced Commendable Sensitivity and Specificity for MSI in Colorectal Cancer by a New PCR‐HRM Based 8‐Loci MSI Assay
Authors: Xiang Xueping , Ma Xiaojing , Ying Linlin , Zou Hong
Published: August 2024

Background

This study evaluated the performance of the PCR‐HRM assay by comparing it with immunohistochemistry (IHC) for mismatch repair (MMR) proteins and the PCR capillary electrophoresis (PCR‐CE) methods.

Results

A total of 224 patients with colorectal cancer participated in the study, with nearly half having mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR) tissues and the remainder possessing pMMR tissues. There was a 97.77% concordance between the PCR‐HRM assay and IHC, and a 97.56% concordance between PCR‐HRM and the PCR‐CE assay. In comparison with IHC for dMMR proteins, the PCR‐HRM demonstrated a sensitivity of 96.36% and a specificity of 99.12%. When juxtaposed with the PCR‐CE assay, its sensitivity was 98.96% and specificity stood at 96.33%. The mutations observed in the microsatellite loci were uniformly distributed across all eight loci. Discrepant outcomes were more frequent in instances of MLH1 and PMS2 deficiency. Furthermore, the germline mutation status of MLH1, MSH2, PMS2, and MSH6 in 62 patients was ascertained using next‐generation sequencing. All patients displaying MMR gene pathogenic mutations (N = 14) were identified as MSI‐H by PCR‐HRM, whereas those with MSS tissues (N = 43) did not exhibit MMR gene pathogenic mutations. Thus, the PCR‐HRM method proficiently pinpoints tumors with verified germline MMR mutations, indicative of Lynch syndrome.

Conclusion

Conclusively, the PCR‐HRM assay emerges as a swift and congruent diagnostic tool for microsatellite instability, boasting commendable sensitivity and specificity in colorectal cancer.
Optimizing terminology for pancreatectomy: Introducing a new notation system
Authors: Yamane Kei , Nagai Kazuyuki , Anazawa Takayuki , Kasai Yosuke , Yoh Tomoaki , Ogiso Satoshi , Uchida Yoichiro , Ito Takashi , Ishii Takamichi , Hatano Etsuro
Published: August 2024

We introduce a novel notation system for pancreatectomy designed to provide a clear and concise representation of surgical procedures. As surgical techniques and the scope of pancreatic surgeries continue to diversify, existing communication methods among medical professionals regarding the specifics of the surgeries have proven inadequate. Our proposed notation system clearly indicates the approach (open, laparoscopic, or robot‐assisted), type of surgery (e.g., pancreatoduodenectomy, distal pancreatectomy), and extent of resection and accompanying resected organs or vasculature. These elements are all recorded in this order by using abbreviations. For example, a pancreatoduodenectomy with pancreatic transection just above the SMA and combined resection of the SMV would be noted as “OPD(hb')‐SMV”. This new notation system allows for concise expression of the essential information on performed procedures of pancreatic resection, leading to smooth information sharing. This initiative is an essential step towards standardizing pancreatic surgery documentation on a global scale. Here, we present the development and application of this system, highlighting its potential to transform surgical communication and documentation.
Exploring the experiences of sonography students with simulation‐based learning: A perspective from South Africa
Authors: Schwartz Geordean , Naidoo Kathleen , Isaacs Ferial
Published: August 2024

Introduction

Simulation‐based learning (SBL) is widely used in healthcare education to provide a safe environment for students to practice clinical scenarios without causing patient harm. While established in developed countries, SBL's implementation is new in South Africa; there is a lack of research addressing sonography students' experiences. This study aimed to explore and describe the experiences of Bachelor of Science (BSc) second‐year sonography students using SBL for clinical training at a local University of Technology (UoT).

Method

An exploratory, qualitative and descriptive research study was conducted in 2020, with virtual one‐on‐one interviews due to COVID‐19 restrictions. Eight BSc second‐year sonography students, who had undergone SBL in their first year, participated. Data saturation was achieved, and interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim.

Results

Thematic analysis revealed three themes: (1) Enhancing preparedness for the clinical environment, (2) Limitations of the tissue‐equivalent phantom and (3) Suggestions for improving simulation. While students expressed positive feedback and enjoyment of the simulation tool, they also highlighted limitations, such as unrealistic representations of real patient scanning conditions.

Conclusion

This study provides valuable insights into sonography students' experiences with SBL. Positive influence of SBL on clinical training was observed. To enhance SBL for future sonography students, consideration for high‐fidelity simulators with advanced software is recommended. Funding options to invest in such simulators should be explored by radiography educators to promote more realistic training experiences.
Tandem mass spectrometry of π‐expanded triphenylamine and N‐heterotriangulene scaffolds: Radical cation versus silver(I) adduct
Authors: Kinzelmann Marina , Fröhlich Nina , Vogel Alexander , Kivala Milan , Drewello Thomas
Published: August 2024

Triphenylamine (TPA) and N‐heterotriangulene (N‐HTA) scaffolds with up to three oligophenyl extensions are investigated by electrospray ionization (tandem) mass spectrometry (ESI‐[MS/]MS). Due to their low oxidation potentials, all molecules readily form radical cations in the electrospray process. The energy‐resolved collision‐induced dissociation behaviour of the molecular ions is contrasted to that of the silver(I) adducts. Complexation with Ag(I) leads to the expected [1:1] and [2:1] complexes (MAg+ and M2Ag+); however, even [1:2] complexes (MAg22+) can be detected for molecules with two and three large π‐expansions to allow stabilization of two charges. The TPA scaffolds decompose only at high collision energies through the loss of peripheral tert‐butyl groups. A general mechanism for this is proposed commencing with a methyl loss and followed by the release of isobutene and butyl radical moieties. The N‐HTA‐based scaffolds are considerably less stable and molecular ions fragment at low collision energies. This is caused by the facile loss of methyl radicals from the dimethylmethylene‐bridged triangulene core. In contrast, complexation with Ag+ leads to a dramatic stabilization. Most interestingly, dissociation eventually proceeds via the loss of neutral AgCH3, which is indicative of strong bidentate, tweezer‐like bonding of Ag+ to the molecules.
The foot and ankle complex as a four degrees‐of‐freedom system: Kinematic coupling among the foot bones
Authors: Conconi Michele , Sancisi Nicola , Leardini Alberto , Belvedere Claudio
Published: August 2024

Seventy‐eight parameters are theoretically needed to describe the relative position and orientation of all the 14 bones in the foot and ankle with respect to a reference bone (foot posture). However, articular contacts and soft tissues introduce kinematic coupling, reducing the number of the foot degrees‐of‐freedom (DOF). This study aims at providing quantification and definition of these couplings. The foot posture was measured in vitro through a series of computed tomography scans, spanning the whole range of foot dorsi/plantar flexion and pronation/supination, also considering the effect of weightbearing. The envelope of foot postures was investigated by means of principal component analysis. The foot and ankle motion were well described with four principal sets of kinematic couplings, that is, synergies. One synergy covers the independent motion of the ankle, while three synergies describe the foot motion. The first foot synergy shows all the bones rotating approximatively about a common axis, mapping the foot abduction/adduction about the Chopart joint. The second foot synergy results in a spherical motion, whose center is located between lateral cuneiform and navicular bone, mapping the foot pronation/supination. The third foot synergy maps the opening of the foot arches during the load acceptance. The foot and ankle complex can thus be described as a four DOF system, whose motion is the result of the linear combination of four synergies. Significance: Synergies reveal the contribution of each bone to the three‐dimensional foot posture, providing a compact representation of the motion of the foot and ankle complex, improving the comprehension of its physiology.
Immediate single‐tooth implant placement in bony defect sites: A 10‐year randomized controlled trial
Authors: Meijer Henny J. A. , Slagter Kirsten W. , Gareb Barzi , Hentenaar Diederik F. M. , Vissink Arjan , Raghoebar Gerry M.
Published: August 2024

Background

It is unclear whether an intact buccal bony plate is a prerequisite for immediate implant placement in postextraction sockets. The aim of this 10‐year randomized controlled trial was to compare peri‐implant soft and hard tissue parameters, esthetic ratings of, and patient‐reported satisfaction with immediate implant placement in postextraction sockets with buccal bony defects ≥5 mm in the esthetic zone versus delayed implant placement after alveolar ridge preservation.

Methods

Patients presenting a failing tooth in the esthetic region and a buccal bony defect ≥5 mm after an extraction were randomly assigned to immediate (Immediate Group, n = 20) or delayed (Delayed Group, n = 20) implant placement. The second‐stage surgery and provisional restoration placement occurred 3 months after implant placement in both groups, followed by definitive restorations 3 months thereafter. During a 10‐year follow‐up period, marginal bone levels (primary outcome), buccal bone thickness, soft tissue parameters, esthetics, and patient‐reported satisfaction were recorded.

Results

The mean marginal bone level change was −0.71 ± 0.59 mm and −0.36 ± 0.39 mm in the Immediate Group and the Delayed Group after 10 years (p = 0.063), respectively. The secondary outcomes were not significantly different between both groups.

Conclusions

Marginal bone level changes, buccal bone thickness, clinical outcomes, esthetics, and patients’ satisfaction following immediate implant placement, in combination with bone augmentation in postextraction sockets with buccal bony defects ≥5 mm, were not statistically different to those following delayed implant placement after ridge preservation in the esthetic zone.

Plain language summary

Immediate implant placement in case of a failing tooth is a favorable treatment option for patients because it considerably shortens treatment time and the number of surgical treatments. The question is if an intact buccal bone wall is necessary for immediate implant placement. A 10‐year study was performed in which 20 patients with a failing tooth in the frontal region of the upper jaw were treated with immediate implant placement and were compared with 20 patients in whom a more conventional treatment strategy was followed in which the failing tooth was first removed and the bone gap restored and the implant placed in a second step. After a 10‐year follow‐up period, it appeared that the bone around the implant was very stable, gums were healthy, and patients were very satisfied with the result. There was no difference between the two treatment procedures. Such results mean that professionals can discuss the procedure with the patient and apply the individual's preference.