bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion: War, Food, and Politics in Early Hellenistic Athens
Authors: Oliver G. J.
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents a summary of the preceding chapters. The book has covered these topics: grain supply; warfare, in particular its impact on the countryside; institutions (army, magistracies, politicians); and demography, and has tried to offer a contextual approach. It has drawn together these themes and considered how the economies of the post-classical polis of Athens had to adapt to the new conditions of the early Hellenistic era. Thus, this book is a case study of how some economic structures worked in the post-Classical polis.
Introduction
Authors: Hurst Isobel
Published: September 2007

The extent to which Victorian women writers studied classical texts and made use of them in their writing, has been seriously underestimated. The gendering of 19th-century classical studies as masculine is strongly reinforced by fictional accounts of girls who are denied the educational opportunities granted to their brothers, but the heroines' obvious inclination and potential for classical learning reflect those of their authors, who did learn Latin and Greek. Differing access to texts and tuition made women's responses to the classics distinctive: female classicists did not spend much time composing prose or verse in the classical languages or analysing grammar, but concentrated on translating and understanding Greek and Latin texts. The licensed acquisition of a kind of knowledge, which remained overwhelmingly associated with masculine freedom and authority was a uniquely empowering experience for intelligent girls: some degree of classical education often goes together with successful literary ambitions for women writers.
Introduction
Authors: Whitford Josh
Published: September 2007

This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the supposed decline in American manufacturing. The rationale behind the book and its three main arguments are then laid out. An overview of the succeeding chapters is presented.
Collaboration in Practice: The Cost Reduction (Incremental Innovation) Waltz
Authors: Whitford Josh
Published: September 2007

It has become standard practice for OEMs to expect annual cost reductions from the suppliers to whom they have increasingly devolved production and design responsibilities, often by selectively borrowing target costing techniques originally developed in Japan. These techniques are designed to ensure the protection of supplier margins need not translate into wage reductions or even into immediate changes in the organization of production, given the numerous and imaginative ways in which suppliers and OEMs can jointly develop incremental innovations of product and process to reduce total costs. This chapter uses this idea of ‘cost reduction’ as a point of entry to explain the relational intertwining of incremental innovation and interfirm collaboration.
1 Defining Environmental Justice
Authors: Schlosberg David
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents an introduction and overview of the book as a whole. It lays out the need to apply recent theories of justice — distributive, recognition-based, participatory, and capabilities — to environmental justice movements. It discusses the gap between the academic accounts of environmental justice (or justice among humans on environmental issues and risks) and ecological justice (or justice to non-human nature).
2 Distribution and Beyond: Conceptions of Justice in Contemporary Theory and Practice
Authors: Schlosberg David
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores recent theories of justice, focusing on those that move beyond a sole emphasis on the traditional distributive paradigm. Particular attention is paid to various theories of recognition, the capabilities approach, and participatory justice. Ultimately, the argument is that a thorough understanding and approach to justice requires us to see the linkages between distribution, recognition, capabilities, and participation.
7 Justice and Plurality
Authors: Schlosberg David
Published: September 2007

This chapter addresses the difficult question of how to reconcile the multiple and multifaceted notions of justice that exist simultaneously in environmental and ecological justice. Rather than insisting on a singular and static definition of justice, the point is that a plurality of themes is needed to apply to particular cases as the context requires. The chapter argues for a pluralist approach that allows for unity among different concerns and movements while avoiding the uniformity that is so often debilitating in constructing broad discourses and movements.
Plato's Symposium
Authors: Sheffield Frisbee
Published: September 2007

This book is concerned with Plato's examination of the nature and aims of human desire, and the role that it plays in our ethical lives. For Plato, analysing our desires is a way of reflecting on the kind of people that we are, and on our prospects for a worthwhile and happy life. This assumes that desires are the sorts of thing that are amenable to such reflection. This book considers why Plato held such a view, and in what direction he thought our desires could best be shaped. The kind of relationships which typically took place at symposia was an important way in which young men learnt how to value and desire the right kinds of things, and in the appropriate manner. They were, in short, a way in which virtue was transmitted to the young. The book argues that seen in this light, the Symposium belongs amongst those dialogues concerned with moral education. The Symposium offers a distinctive approach to central Platonic themes concerning education, virtue, epistemology, and moral psychology, one that is grounded in an account of the nature and goals of a loving relationship.
2 Socrates' Speech: The Nature ofErōs
Authors: Sheffield Frisbee C. C.
Published: September 2007

This chapter begins with Socrates' account of the nature of eros. The first part of the chapter explores Socrates' account of eros as an intermediate psychological state. The desire for beautiful and good things confronts us with something beautiful and good that our mortal natures lack (an experience of aporia), and yet we awaken a more than human ability to transcend that nature and to strive towards a divine state of possession (euporia). The second part of the chapter explores Socrates' claim that we desire the good and beautiful things we lack in more detail. Socrates singles out wisdom as one of the most beautiful things, and goes on to sketch an account of how eros' nature manifests itself in the pursuit of wisdom. The chapter concludes by arguing that eros' intermediate nature, as manifested in the pursuit of wisdom in particular, is exemplified in the behaviour of Socrates and his alter ego Diotima at this symposium.
The Techniques of Detection
Authors: Forrest Ian
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines in detail the two main plants of detection — reporting and licensing — and episcopal expectations of popular participation are introduced. The development of laws against unlicensed preaching is described, with an examination of the statues of Thomas Arundel and William Courtenay, besides other diocesan bishops. The role of trustworthy laymen or fidedigni is introduced.
Reporting Heresy
Authors: Forrest Ian
Published: September 2007

This chapter describes the reporting and detection of heresy in general terms across England. The canonical principles of suspicion, accusation, denunciation, and inquisition are described and the role of the laity — the fidedigni — is outlined. The status of various types of evidence, including heretical books, is discussed.
Thai Business Groups: Crisis and Restructuring
Authors: Polsiri Piruna , Wiwattanakantang Yupana
Published: September 2007

This chapter on Thai business groups shows an interesting case of deep state involvement and ethnic conflict. The Thai government tried to restrict ethnic Chinese businesses and to promote indigenous capital. To counter Chinese dominance, the government set up many state-owned enterprises and semi-governmental companies. Under the military regime, major profitable industries were monopolized by the state. In order to operate in this business environment, the ethnic Chinese established close ties with the politicians, particularly the military leaders. These Sino-Thai businessmen provided top government officials capital and the entrepreneurial and managerial expertise that these officials lacked. Although the Asian Crisis severely affected Thailand, Thai business groups’ ownership and governance structures did not change. Only banks and finance companies were closed down or taken over by the government and foreign financial institutions.
7 The Duvergerian Agenda
Authors: Taagepera Rein
Published: September 2007

Starting with the characteristics of the electoral systems, the ‘Duvergerian agenda’ aims at predicting the average seat and vote share distributions of parties, the effective number of parties, and deviation from proportional representation. In the case of simple electoral systems, prediction of seat shares of parties and cabinet duration has become possible. Simple electoral systems are those that use a usual proportional representation formula or First-Past-The-Post, so that assembly size and district magnitude tell most of the story.
10 The Mean Duration of Cabinets
Authors: Taagepera Rein
Published: September 2007

Again the quantity to watch is the ‘seat product’. The inverse square law of cabinet durations says that the mean cabinet duration in a country is approximately forty-two years divided by the square of the effective number of parties. In institutional terms, mean cabinet duration is approximately the inverse of the cube root of the seat product. This quantitatively predictive logical model agrees with the world averages. The results are approximate, because other factors enter.
Psychology and the Problem of Industrial Civilisation
Authors: Thomson Mathew
Published: September 2007

This chapter analyses a key context for the previous two: the problem of industrial civilization. Psychology’s role as a tool of control and measurement is downplayed, this time through a case study of industrial psychology, its limitations, and its pretensions to humanism. The chapter also opens up the subject of interest in psychology in business and advertising, showing that workers too were excited by psychology, not just in self-development, but also for thinking about class. Finally, the chapter considers the mounting concern about work-related psychosomatic illness; barriers to the acceptance of this presented by class and attitudes towards masculinity; and the role of a somatic language of nerves and injury, as well as a class critique of mechanization and capitalism in overcoming resistance.
Medicine and the Psychological
Authors: Thomson Mathew
Published: September 2007

This chapter surveys the limited success of psychiatry in reaching beyond asylums through the development of psychological clinics and the promotion of ‘mental hygiene’ in the interwar years. It draws attention to a quieter but more far-reaching process of integrating a psychological dimension within general practice and general hospitals that reflected, in part, misgivings about an overly materialist medicine. This was encouraged initially by a focus on private consumers of medicine, as well as worthy shell-shock recipients, and by forms of psychotherapy and discourses that focused on the nerves, rest, and personal attention. A shift to patients who were recipients of a state service, despite psychiatric epidemiology that claimed a psychological dimension in a third of all illness, exposed limited state resources and a continuing concern about malingering that held back the development of psychological medicine, even under the National Health Service.
Mind Design and Minimal Syntax
Authors: Hinzen Wolfram
Published: September 2007

This book introduces generative grammar as an area of study, asking what it tells us about the human mind. It lays the foundation for the unification of modern generative linguistics with the philosophies of mind and language. It introduces Chomsky's program of a ‘minimalist’ syntax as a novel explanatory vision of the human mind. It explains how the Minimalist Program originated from work in cognitive science, biology, linguistics, and philosophy, and examines its implications for work in these fields. It also considers the way the human mind is designed when seen as an arrangement of structural patterns in nature, and argues that its design is the product not so much of adaptive evolutionary history as of principles and processes that are historical and internalist in character. The book suggests that linguistic meaning arises in the mind as a consequence of structures emerging on formal rather than functional grounds. From this, the book substantiates an unexpected and deeply unfashionable notion of human nature. It also provides an insight into the nature and aims of Chomsky's Minimalist Program.
From Pre-English to Old English
Authors: Smith Jeremy J.
Published: September 2007

This chapter begins with a brief historical outline, relating Old English to other Germanic varieties and interrogating traditional models of this linguistic relationship. It then focuses on one sound-change in particular: Old English Breaking, a development which, it is argued, took place as the Anglo-Saxons settled in Britain (the Adventus Saxonum).
2 Preliminaries
Authors: Richardson Kylie
Published: September 2007

This chapter provides a detailed analysis of the terminology employed throughout the book. It illustrates that lexical/semantic aspect (i.e., whether an eventuality is telic or atelic) and grammatical/morphological aspect (the perfective-imperfective alternation in the Slavic languages) are distinct. It also defines true lexical case versus so-called structural, inherent, semantic, and default cases.
The Form of the Hexameter: The Origins of Caesura and Diaeresis
Authors: David A. P.
Published: September 2007

This chapter draws on two strands of evidence that bear on the form of the dactylic hexameter: one from Plato (Epinomis) and Aristotle (Metaphysics), one from a modern Greek folk dance (the συρτός). When combined with the new theory of the Greek accent, a theory of hexameter form emerges, which accounts for the peculiar features of traditional hexameter structure. It predicts that there will be two kinds of caesura in the third foot, with one of them favoured; and that there will be a bucolic diaeresis. Detailed analyses of emphasis and accentual reinforcement of metre in passages from Homer reveal such a musical richness, and rhythmic and harmonic density and complexity, that the notion of ‘composition-in-performance’ becomes implausible, and suggests that Homer’s texts, like Mozart’s, were scores that needed to be practiced and prepared in order to be performed.
8 The Lyric Orchestra
Authors: David A. P.
Published: September 2007

This chapter applies the new theory of the accent in a choral analysis of lyric verse. The first section, ‘The Lord of the Dance’, calls attention to a new relationship between the poet and his orchestra in lyric as against epic, and the implications of this new relationship for lyric usage and its interpretation. Gone is the evocative music of the noun-and-epithet phrases in favour of adjectival predication. A section on ‘Prosodic Agreement’ showcases accentual rhyme in the strophic systems of Pindar’s Olympian 1 and three heuristic principles for the choreographic analysis of lyric verse, each discussed in theory and practice: (i) ‘one syllable one step’; (ii) the dactyl as the fundamental element of all lyric rhythm in relation to the cadential cretic; and (iii) the accentual determination of ictus (distinguished from the ictual determination of quantity and accent, more characteristic of epic). A discussion of ‘period’ and ‘strophe’, highlighting the remarkable isochrony of both ancient and modern Greek dance, leads to a discussion and demonstration of the kind of poetic epiphany that choral verse can achieve.
Milton, Islam and the Ottomans
Authors: MacLean Gerald
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines Milton's relation to Islam by examining Arab-Islamic responses to Paradise Lost in the contexts of contemporary Ottoman policies and the Qur'ānic version of the double-fall. Although Milton seldom referred to Islam and was disparaging about the Ottomans, Muslim thinkers have recognized in his literary works an attitude toward religious toleration remarkably in line with their own traditions. Protestant reformers frequently cited the Ottoman state as a model of religious toleration, but for Milton, it remained a model of political tyranny. Nevertheless, while there is no evidence that Milton read the English Alcoran of 1649, his version of Satan's motives and fall from heaven closely resembles the Qur'ānic account of Iblis.
Places of Redemption
Authors: Fulkerson Mary McClintock
Published: September 2007

The primary aim of this book is to explore the contradiction between the widely shared beliefs in the USA about racial inclusiveness and equal opportunity for all, and the fact that most churches are racially homogeneous and do not include people with disabilities. To address the problem, the book explores the practices of an interracial church (United Methodist) that includes people with disabilities. The analysis focuses on those activities that create opportunities for people to experience those who are ‘different’ as equal in ways that diminish both obliviousness to the other and fear of the other. In contrast with theology's typical focus on the beliefs of Christians, this book offers a theory of practices and place that foregrounds the instinctual reactions and communications that shape all groups. The effect is to broaden the academic field of theology through the benefits of ethnographic research and postmodern place theory.
Spherical and Exceptional Objects
Authors: Huybrechts D.
Published: September 2007

Spherical objects — motivated by considerations in the context of mirror symmetry — are used to construct special autoequivalences. Their action on cohomology can be described precisely, considering more than one spherical object often leads to complicated (braid) groups acting on the derived category. The results related to Beilinson are almost classical. Section 3 of this chapter gives an account of the Beilinson spectral sequence and how it is used to deduce a complete description of the derived category of the projective space. This will use the language of exceptional sequences and semi-orthogonal decompositions encountered here. The final section gives a simplified account of the work of Horja, which extends the theory of spherical objects and their associated twists to a broader geometric context.
Prologue
Authors: Anderson John M.
Published: September 2007

This introductory chapter outlines the three parts of the book. Part I (Chapters 2-5) is a brief history of the tradition in the study of case that case grammar develops, and of the early developments in case grammar, including their implications for the then-current notion of ‘deep structure’. Part II (Chapters 6-9) describes modern localist case grammar and the solutions it proposes for various complexities in the implementation of a case grammar. It concludes with a rebuttal of attempts to eliminate or minimize the role of semantic (or ‘case’) relations in the grammar. Part III argues that the semantic groundedness of case is typical of syntactic categories and syntax in general, and looks at the consequences of such a notional view for concepts such as ‘universal grammar’, innateness, and linguistic creativity.
The Classical Tradition and its Critics
Authors: Anderson John M.
Published: September 2007

The pre-modern history of the study of case is the starting point for this chapter, particularly the development by philosophical grammarians of a view of inflexional case as merely one way of representing semantic (e.g., agentive) and grammatical (e.g., subject) relations; other realizations include adpositions and position. Some scholars saw almost all the relations, except the subject, as semantic; others envisaged a richer set of grammatical relations; and there were different approaches to the relationship between the semantic and the grammatical use of the same case. In the 19th century, the main approach came to be inflexional, but there was much criticism of semantic approaches to cases other than the transparently ‘local’ cases, as in Finnish. This became the dominant, autonomist (anti-notional) view of the late 20th-century since the work of the American structuralists, and it was adopted in transformational grammar.
Case Grammar and the Demise of Deep Structure
Authors: Anderson John M.
Published: September 2007

This chapter is concerned with criticisms of early case grammar (including phenomena to do with ‘holisticness’), particularly defences of ‘deep structure’ and its lexical role. It presents earlier arguments against the notion of ‘unaccusativity’ as unitary and as resolving various lexical and syntax problems in non-case-grammars, against the lexical relevance to the lexicon of grammatical relations or the configurations that define them, and against non-case-grammar formulations of syntactic processes, such as ‘raising’. It comments on the belated recognition of semantic relations as ‘thematic relations’ in the main transformational tradition, and the uncertainty of their role in linguistic formulations. It is argued that contrary to this tardy and grudging recognition, the motivations offered for a level of ‘deep structure’, including so-called ‘subject/object asymmetries’, could already be seen to be inadequate at an early stage.
The Category of Case
Authors: Anderson John M.
Published: September 2007

This chapter identifies semantic relations as members of a functional category, functor, like finiteness and determination. Each of these functional categories may be manifested as an independent item, or morphologically, or positionally. They contrast with lexical categories, which are realized as independent items only. A representational system is presented that allows for the diversity in expression of functional categories and provides, in the case of the functor, for the co-occurrence of different representations of the same category (as in Latin In Graeciam pervēnit; ‘In Greece:ACC s/he arrived’ - preposition + case), a problem identified by Kurylowicz. Case and adpositions often express more than a semantic relation but also various dimensionalities, which is illustrated by Hjelmslev’s analysis of the complex case system of Tabassaran, which is paralleled by many adpositional systems, and represented by dimensional nominals as part of the case complex.
Mesenteric Chylothrombosis in Hyperlipidaemic Mink
Authors: Nordstoga K. , Ytrehus B. , Christophersen B. , Olivecrona G.
Published: September 2007

In the familial form of hyperlipoproteinaemia type I of mink (Mustela vison), mesenteric lipogranulomas are common findings in longstanding cases. Patho‐morphological studies of early stages indicated that these lipogranulomas arose from stagnant chyle. The composition of fatty acids of a newly formed mesenteric granuloma was determined, together with fatty acids in liver, plasma and the feed. The results supported the pathological observations, as the fat of the granuloma differed from that of the liver and plasma, and contained only small amounts of the endogenous arachidonic acid, while the exogenous eicosenoic acid was present in amounts comparable with the dietary fat.
Distinct, parallel pathways link the medial mammillary bodies to the anterior thalamus in macaque monkeys
Authors: Vann Seralynne D. , Saunders Richard C. , Aggleton John P.
Published: September 2007

Mammillary body neurons projecting to the thalamus were identified by injecting retrograde tracers into the medial thalamus of macaque monkeys. The source of the thalamic projections from the medial mammillary nucleus showed strikingly different patterns of organization depending on the site of the injection within the two anterior thalamic nuclei, anterior medialis and anterior ventralis. These data reveal at least two distinct modes by which the primate medial mammillary bodies can regulate anterior thalamic function. Projections to the thalamic nucleus anterior medialis arise mainly from the pars lateralis of the medial mammillary nucleus. A particularly dense source is the dorsal cap in the posterior half of the pars lateralis, a subregion that has not previously been distinguished. In contrast, neurons spread evenly across the medial mammillary nucleus gave rise to projections more laterally in the anterior thalamic nuclei. A third pattern of medial mammillary neurons appeared to provide the source of projections to the rostral midline thalamic nuclei. In contrast, the labeled cells in the lateral mammillary nucleus were evenly spread across that nucleus, irrespective of injection site. In addition to the established projection to anterior dorsalis, the lateral mammillary nucleus appears to project lightly to a number of other thalamic nuclei, including lateralis dorsalis, anterior medialis, anterior ventralis, and the rostral midline nuclei, e.g. nucleus reuniens. These anatomical findings not only reveal novel ways of grouping the neurons within the medial mammillary nucleus, but also indicate that the mammillothalamic connections support cognition in multiple ways.
CD4+CD25– effector T‐cells inhibit hippocampal long‐term potentiation in vitro
Authors: Lewitus Gil M. , Zhu Julia , Xiong Huangui , Hallworth Richard , Kipnis Jonathan
Published: September 2007

During neuroinflammation T‐cells invade the CNS, and may lead to the development and progression of several pathologies, of which multiple sclerosis is the most common. In these pathologies neuroinflammation is often associated with cognitive dysfunction. Using mouse hippocampal slices, we show here that CD4+CD25– T‐cells inhibit long‐term potentiation (LTP) induced by high‐frequency stimulation. The T‐cell‐mediated inhibition of LTP can be prevented by blockade of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptors. These findings provide additional insight into the multiple functions of T‐cells in CNS pathologies.
Screening and diagnosis of prediabetes: where are we headed?
Authors: Alberti K. G. M. M.
Published: September 2007

It is currently estimated that more than 300 million people have impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), putting them at increased risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its adverse consequences. In addition, many others are at risk on the basis of a family history of T2DM, obesity, dyslipidaemia and hypertension. Screening for risk should include both blood glucose testing in high‐risk populations and prescreening (e.g. by questionnaire, waist circumference measurement) to identify high‐risk individuals in overall low‐risk populations; these individuals should then undergo glucose testing. Fasting plasma glucose measurement cannot diagnose IGT; the preferred definite test for diagnosis is oral glucose tolerance testing.
Cerebral venous thrombosis caused by spontaneous intracranial hypotension: two cases
Authors: Richard S. , Kremer S. , Lacour J.‐C. , Vespignani H. , Boyer P. , Ducrocq X.
Published: September 2007

The association of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) with cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is rare. We are reporting two new cases. In one case, CVT is extensive concerning three sinuses and bilateral parietal cortical veins and, in the other case, only a cortical vein is involved. Both the patients presented had no thrombosis risk factors. There is certainly a link between these two pathologies. SIH should be considered as a risk factor of CVT. Modification of symptoms of SIH leading to CVT must be known to start early treatment.
Meeting the need for emergency obstetric care in Mozambique: work performance and histories of medical doctors and assistant medical officers trained for surgery
Authors: Pereira C , Cumbi A , Malalane R , Vaz F , McCord C , Bacci A , Bergström S
Published: September 2007

Objective  Nonphysicians in Mozambique have been performing major surgery for more than 20 years, with documented outcomes equivalent to those of specialists. The purpose of this study was to make an inventory of all government hospitals so as to document obstetric surgery performed by ‘técnicos de cirurgia’ (TCs) and to elucidate their retention at district level.

Design  Cross‐sectional study of surgical procedures during 2002; longitudinal study of TCs and doctors graduating in 1987, 1988 and 1996.

Setting  All 34 hospitals with an operating theatre in Mozambique.

Population  Records of 12 178 major surgical obstetric operations were examined, and 59 medical officers and 34 TCs were interviewed.

Methods  Analysis of all surgical registers during 2002 in all government rural, provincial, general and central hospitals in Mozambique. TCs and doctors who had graduated in the specified years were traced and interviewed; health ministry records were reviewed to confirm assignments.

Main outcome measures  Proportion of major obstetric surgeries performed by TCs. Proportion of TCs and medical doctors still at rural/district level at 7 years after graduation.

Results  Major obstetric surgery is conducted by nonphysicians in 57% of the 12 178 operations scrutinised. In district hospitals, they conducted 92% of 3246 operations. Retention of TCs and medical doctors at district hospital level differed markedly: after 7 years, 88% of the TCs remained in post compared with none of the medical doctors.

Conclusion  Nonphysicians, trained in surgery, do most of the emergency obstetric surgery in Mozambique, and almost all of that performed in district hospitals. Nonphysicians, compared with physicians, stay longer in rural areas. After 7 years, around 90% of nonphysicians are still working in district hospitals, while almost no physicians remain there.
Determination of Season at Death Using Dental Cementum Increment Analysis*†
Authors: Wedel Vicki L.
Published: September 2007

Abstract:  Dental cementum anchors teeth into their sockets via the periodontal ligament. In mammals, dental cementum is laid down in alternating opaque and translucent bands representing winter (dormant) and summer (growth) seasons. Each pair of bands represents 1 year of life. Estimates of age at death based on counting pairs of bands are highly accurate. If the timing of the transition between winter and summer bands could be identified in humans, dental cementum increment analysis could be used to specify the season at death. This pilot project attempts to determine when these transitions occur and thus provide forensic anthropologists with a technique that would refine our estimates of postmortem interval. Extracted teeth were obtained from a local oral surgeon, embedded, sectioned, ground, polished, and examined under transmitted polarized light. The outermost increment was identified and measured along with other randomly chosen like bands. A transition from translucent to opaque bands was observed in teeth extracted in early October, while teeth extracted in early April exhibited nascent translucent bands. Further, significant correlations were observed between band thickness and number of days into either season, suggesting that band width increases as either season progresses. In this blind study, extracted teeth were effectively sorted into the spring/summer or fall/winter season 99% of the time.
The Role of Center of Mass Kinematics in Predicting Peak Utilized Coefficient of Friction During Walking*
Authors: Burnfield Judith M. , Powers Christopher M.
Published: September 2007

Abstract: Slips frequently occur when the friction required between the foot and floor exceeds available surface slip resistance. To date, the ability to identify variables that predict an individual’s friction needs during walking, or utilized coefficient of friction (COFU), remains limited. Understanding COFUin the context of pedestrian/walkway accidents is important as individuals who demonstrate higher COFUare at a greater risk of slipping. This study determined if whole body center of mass (CM) kinematics were predictive of peak COFUduring walking. Ground reaction forces and kinematic data were recorded simultaneously as subjects walked. Stepwise regression analysis determined that the combination of the subject’s CM‐to‐center‐of‐pressure angle and CM anterior (i.e., forward) velocity predicted 62% of the variance in peak COFUduring weight acceptance (p < 0.001). The identified relationships between CM kinematics and peak COFUprovide insight into how gait and individual anthropometric characteristics may increase risk for slip initiation.
Brain haemodynamic effects of nasal continuous airway pressure in preterm infants of less than 30 weeks' gestation
Authors: Dani Carlo , Bertini Giovanna , Cecchi Alessandra , Corsini Iuri , Pratesi Simone , Rubaltelli Firmino F.
Published: September 2007

Aim: To evaluate the hypothesis that increasing levels of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) may decrease cerebral blood volume (CBV) and cerebral oxygenation in infants with gestational age (GA) less than 30 weeks.

Methods: We prospectively studied a cohort of preterm infants treated with NCPAP using near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The pressure limit of NCPAP was set at 2, 4, 6 and again 2 cm H2O for 30 min.

Results: Changes of pressure levels were not followed by significant changes of oxygenated haemoglobin (O2Hb), deoxygenated haemoglobin (HHb), cerebral intravascular oxygenation (HbD), oxidized‐reduced cytochrome aa3 (CtOx), tissue oxygenation index (TOI), tissue haemoglobin index (THI) and cerebral blood volume (ΔCBV).

Conclusion: NCPAP at 2–6 cm H2O pressure levels did not affect cerebral oxygenation and CBV. These findings are reassuring and confirm the safety of NCPAP in preterm infants with GA less than 30 weeks.
Successful breastfeeding after discharge of preterm and sick newborn infants
Authors: Åkerström S , Asplund I , Norman M
Published: September 2007

Aim: To determine the extent and duration of breastfeeding in preterm and sick newborn infants admitted to a level IIb neonatal unit (NU).

Method: Hospital‐based follow‐up of 1730 infants born in 1996, 2001 and 2004, and studied from discharge to 6 months of post‐natal age.

Results: At discharge from the NU, 98% of term (n = 945) and 92% of preterm (n = 785) infants were exclusively or partly breastfed. Exclusive breastfeeding increased at 2 months of corrected post‐natal age and 78% of term infants were still exclusively or partly breastfed at 6 months of corrected post‐natal age. Duration of breastfeeding among preterm infants was significantly shorter than in infants born at term. However, even among extremely preterm infants with a gestational age <28 weeks, 41% were still breastfeeding, exclusively or in part, at 6 months of post‐natal age. There was no difference in breastfeeding after neonatal care in1996 as compared to 2004. Moreover, the study showed that the breastfeeding after neonatal care differed only slightly from population data for all infants in Sweden.

Conclusion: Breastfeeding can be successfully established in most preterm and previously sick neonates.
SEXUAL DELINQUENCY IN RACINE: DOES EARLY SEX OFFENDING PREDICT LATER SEX OFFENDING IN YOUTH AND YOUNG ADULTHOOD?*
Authors: ZIMRING FRANKLIN E. , PIQUERO ALEX R. , JENNINGS WESLEY G.
Published: September 2007

Research Summary:

One recent aspect of discourse about sex offenders is a debate about whether juvenile sex offending should be targeted with adult–style registration and stigma. But data on sex offending are quite thin, and data on the link between juvenile sex offending and adult careers are almost nonexistent. In fact, public policies with regard to sex offenders and the nature of their sexual offending assume that they are persistent specialists whose sexual offending is both recidivistic and dangerous. Yet, research on these assumptions is mixed, which leads some researchers to conclude that just about anything can be stated with regard to sex offenders. In an effort to overcome the limitations of previous research (highly select samples, short follow–up periods, lack of comparison group), the current study employs data from three birth cohorts from Racine, Wisconsin to examine the issue of juvenile to adult sex offending and its implications for current sex offender public policy.

Policy Implications:

Several results emerged from the current study. First, the fraction of juvenile sex offenders who committed adult sex offenses was quite small. Second, males who committed juvenile sex offenses were a tiny fraction of the cohort males who had a police contact for a juvenile offense. Third, the best predictor during a juvenile career for adult sex offending was the frequency of offending as a juvenile rather than whether a boy committed a sexual offense. Whether a male in Racine had a juvenile sex police contact contributed little to predicting his likelihood of adult sex offending. Specifically, 8.5% of males with juvenile sex police contacts had adult sex police contacts compared with 6.2% of males with any non–sex juvenile contact. With regard to policy, our findings also indicate that concentrating effort on those who were juvenile sex offenders will miss more than 90% of the cohort members who commit sex crimes as adults and will misidentify 90% of the targeted group of the juveniles as adult sex offenders. Such errors speak to the near impossibility of predicting which adolescent sex offenders will emerge as adult sex offenders and cast some doubt on the long–term predictive utility of juvenile sex offender registration.
Doing What I Like
Authors: Austen K. Frank
Published: September 2007

I have spent my entire professional life at Harvard Medical School, beginning as a medical student. I have enjoyed each day of a diverse career in four medical subspecialties while following the same triad of preclinical areas of investigation—cysteinyl leukotrienes, mast cells, and complement—with occasional translational opportunities. I did not envision a career with a predominant preclinical component. Such a path simply evolved because I chose instinctively at multiple junctures to follow what proved to be propitious opportunities. My commentary notes some of the highlights for each area of interest and the mentors, collaborators, and trainees whose counsel has been immensely important at particular intervals or over an extended period.
Coverage of Node Shorts Using Internal Access andEquivalence Classes
Authors: Debany Warren H.
Published: September 2007

A method is presented that determines the coverage of shorts (bridging failures) in digital logic circuits by internal
access test techniques. These are test techniques that provide observability of circuit nodes, such as CMOS power
supply current monitoring (including IDDQ), CrossCheck, and voltage contrast. Only fault‐free circuit simulation
is used to obtain node states. Two versions of the algorithm are presented: a simple algorithm that is suitable for
use with two‐state logic (0 and 1), and a more general algorithm for four‐state logic (0, 1, X, and Z). The result
is a set of sets of nodes, where a list of all potential shorts that could exist in the circuit yet be undetected after
testing is obtained easily from the power sets of these sets; unlike other approaches the full universe of potential
shorts is not generated. Experiments show that short, randomly generated sequences of test vectors detect
essentially all detectable shorts of multiplicity 2 for both combinational and sequential circuits.
Overlapped Subarray Segmentation: An Efficient TestMethod for Cellular Arrays
Authors: Swartzlander Earl E. , Malek Miroslaw
Published: September 2007

This paper presents a new test approach that is suitable for repetitive structures such as cellular arrays. As such,
it is directly applicable to most arithmetic circuits which are generally quite regular. It is based on exhaustive
testing of overlapping segments of the array. This approach detects bridging faults in addition to stuck‐at faults.
Such bridging faults are a significant problem in arithmetic circuits. The ability to detect arbitrary faults involving
any cells within a designer selected distance (i.e., the diameter of the subset that is exhaustively tested) is unique
to this testing approach. The high coverage of the proposed technique makes it attractive for testing current VLSI
and future WSI arrays.
Computer‐Aided Testing Systems: Evaluation andBenchmark Circuits
Authors: Mourad Samiha
Published: September 2007

As the demand on Computer‐Aided Testing Systems (CATS)—Automatic Test Pattern Generation (ATPG) and
logic and fault simulations as well as testability analysis—increases and the choice becomes more varied, a need
to compare the merits of the different systems emerges. Benchmark circuits are used to carry out the comparisons.

In this paper, criteria for selecting the benchmark circuits are discussed. These criteria are partly based on the
results of experiments carried out to characterize CATS. The focus is particularly on Automatic Test Pattern
Generators. The preliminary results show that there is no general agreement on how: 1) fault collapsing is
performed, and 2) fault coverage is calculated. In addition, the performance of the ATPGs depends on the circuit
representation, topology and size as well as the algorithm. In order to compare the performance of the ATPGs
as the circuit under test increases in complexity, it is important to use regular structures that consist of replication
of medium size circuits. Practical considerations involved in benchmarking are also examined. Emphasis is on
the transfer of circuits between different CATS systems and the use of EDIF as a neutral exchange language.
Partial Reset: An Alternative DFT Approach
Authors: Mathew Ben , Saab Daniel G.
Published: September 2007

Design for testability (DFT) techniques reduce testing costs at the price of extra hardware. Among the many
DFT techniques that have been proposed for this task are full scan, partial scan and hardware reset. In this paper
we explore a relatively new DFT method, called partial reset. Reset lines are added to only a subset of the flip‐flops
and obtain reasonably high coverage. This approach has lower overhead in terms of test application time
and hardware area when compared to previous ones. Further enhancement of the controllability is obtained by
using multiple reset lines. The configuration of these multiple reset lines is described. This technique has been
evaluated on the 1989 ISCAS sequential benchmark circuits and obtained favorable results.
Microscopic Theory of Transconductivity
Authors: Jauho A. P. , Bønsager M. B. , Flensberg K. , Hu B. Y.-K. , Kinaret J.
Published: September 2007

Measurements of momentum transfer between two closely spaced mesoscopic electronic systems,
which couple via Coulomb interaction but where tunneling is inhibited, have proven to
be a fruitful method of extracting information about interactions in mesoscopic systems. We
report a fully microscopic theory for transconductivity σ12, or, equivalently, momentum
transfer rate between the system constituents. Our main formal result expresses the transconductivity
in terms of two fluctuation diagrams, which are topologically related, but not equivalent
to, the Azlamazov‐Larkin and Maki‐Thompson diagrams known for superconductivity.
In the present paper the magnetic field dependence of σ12 is discussed, and we find that
σ12(B) is strongly enhanced over its zero field value, and it displays strong features, which
can be understood in terms of a competition between density‐of‐states and screening effects.
Using PDM on Multiport Memory Allocationin Data Path
Authors: Chen Chien-In Henry
Published: September 2007

A data path consists of memory elements (i.e. registers), data operators (i.e. ALUs) and interconnection units
(i.e. buses) to control the data transfers in the digital system. Many approaches to memory synthesis have been
proposed in the literature. However, only single port memory is considered for register allocation and no efficient
synthesis approach for multiport memory synthesis. In this paper, an efficient method, Partitioned Dependence Matrix (PDM), is presented for memory synthesis which deals not only with single port memory synthesis but
also multiport memory synthesis according to the design constraints. With suitable modifications, the proposed
technique can also be applied to multiport memory synthesis in which the maximum number of read ports is
different from the maximum number of write ports. Therefore, the entire design space is explored and has the
capability to handle early architectural design exploration so that the quality of designs produced by an automatic
synthesis tool is more adequate for production use in comparison to manual design. Illustrations of applying this
method to different synthesis examples are presented. Results and improvements over previous techniques are
demonstrated. A key element in our approach is the successful adoption of techniques originally developed for
problems in test generation to the field of memory synthesis.
Multi‐Level Logic Synthesis Based on KroneckerDecision Diagrams and Boolean Ternary DecisionDiagrams for Incompletely Specified Functions
Authors: Perkowski Marek A. , Chrzanowska-Jeske Malgorzata , Sarabi Andisheh , Schäfer Ingo
Published: September 2007

This paper introduces several new families of decision diagrams for multi‐output Boolean functions. The introduced
families include several diagrams known from literature (BDDs, FDDs) as subsets. Due to this property, these diagrams can
provide a more compact representation of functions than either of the two decision diagrams. Kronecker Decision Diagrams
(KDDs) with negated edges are based on three orthogonal expansions (Shannon, Positive Davio, Negative Davio) and are
created here for incompletely specified Boolean functions as well. An improved efficient algorithm for the construction of
KDD is presented and applied in a mapping program to ATMEL 6000 fine‐grain FPGAs. Four other new families of
functional decision diagrams are also presented: Pseudo KDDs, Free KDDs, Boolean Ternary DDs, and Boolean Kronecker
Ternary DDs. The last two families introduce nodes with three edges and require AND, OR and EXOR gates for circuit
realization. There are two variants of each of the last two families: canonical and non‐canonical. While the canonical
diagrams can be used as efficient general‐purpose Boolean function representations, the non‐canonical variants are also
applicable to incompletely specified functions and create don′t cares in the process of the creation of the diagram.. They lead
to even more compact circuits in logic synthesis and technology mapping.
Decomposition and Reduction: GeneralProblem‐Solving Paradigms
Authors: Servít Michal , Zamazal Jan
Published: September 2007

In this article we will be discussing the utilization of decomposition and reduction for development of algorithms. We will
assume that a given problem instance can be somehow broken up into two smaller instances that can be solved separately.
As a special case of decomposition we will define a reduction, i.e. such a decomposition that one of the resulting instances
is trivial. We will define several versions of decomposition and reduction in a hierarchical way. Different kinds will be
distinguished by their ability to preserve an optimal solution of the original instance. General schema of an algorithm
utilizing the proposed notions will be introduced and a case‐study demonstrating the adaptation of this schema for the
covering problem will be provided.
On the Structure and Closure‐Conditionof the Hydrodynamic Model
Authors: Rudan Massimo , Baccarani Giorgio
Published: September 2007

Basing on a general formulation of the hydrodynamic model for semiconductor devices [1], a consistent approach
to the solution of the model equations is proposed, along with a method for selezting the closure condition. The
definition of the coefficients of the hydrodynamic and energy‐transport models is then re‐examined in order to
make a comparison between them possible. Finally, the closure condition is discussed and compared with others
proposed in the literature.