bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prepared for practice? Law teaching and assessment in UK medical schools
Authors: Preston-Shoot Michael , McKimm Judy
Published: July 2010

A revised core curriculum for medical ethics and law in UK medical schools has been published. The General Medical Council requires medical graduates to understand law and ethics and behave in accordance with ethical and legal principles. A parallel policy agenda emphasises accountability, the development of professionalism and patient safety. Given the renewed focus on teaching and learning law alongside medical ethics and the development of professional identity, this survey aimed to identify how medical schools are responding to the preparation of medical students for practice in the future. Questions were asked about the location, content and methods of teaching and assessment of law in undergraduate medical education. Examples of course documentation were requested to illustrate the approaches being taken. A 76% response rate was achieved. Most responding schools integrate law teaching with medical ethics, emphasising both the acquisition of knowledge and its application in a clinical context. Teaching, learning and assessment of law in clinical attachments is much less formalised than that in non-clinical education. Coverage of recommended topic areas varies, raising questions about the degree to which students can embed their knowledge and skills in actual practice. More positively, teaching does not rely on single individuals and clear descriptions were offered for problem-based and small group case-based learning. Further research is required to explore whether there are optimum ways of ensuring that legal knowledge, and skills in its use, form part of the development of professionalism among doctors in training.
A case of insufficient evidence equipoise: the NICE guidance on antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of infective endocarditis: Table 1
Authors: Mohindra R K
Published: July 2010

This paper argues that the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence should not offer guidance in situations where there is insufficient evidence equipoise about the potential benefit of the treatment in question. This is broadly for two reasons. First, without knowing if the treatment is effective no cost-effectiveness judgement can be logically made. Second, the implementation of a population wide change in treatment where there is equipoise amounts to a de facto clinical trial that falls outside the Clinical Trials Regulations. As such there are strong ethical and possibly legal grounds for preventing such an outcome.

Guidance based upon insufficient evidence equipoise also impacts upon the clinical discretion possessed by individual medical professionals.
EXTENSOR TENDON RUPTURE DUE TO CUTANEOUS LEICHMANIASIS: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Seyhan Nevra , Keskin Mustafa , Tosun Zekeriya , Savaci Nedim
Published: July 2010

Acute cutaneous leishmaniasis is a parasitic infectious disease prevalent in tropical areas. Most doctors in non-endemic countries are not familiar with this disease. Spontaneous tendon ruptures occurring by different mechanisms have been described in the literature but a tendon rupture caused by a skin ulcer secondary to a parasitic infection has not been reported before. In this article clinical and diagnostic features of cutaneous leishmaniasis are reviewed and a case with spontaneous extensor tendon rupture due to cutaneous leishmaniasis is presented.
Immune Competency of a Hairless Mouse Strain for Improved Preclinical Studies in Genetically Engineered Mice
Authors: Schaffer Beverly S. , Grayson Marcia H. , Wortham Joy M. , Kubicek Courtney B. , McCleish Amanda T. , Prajapati Suresh I. , Nelon Laura D. , Brady Michelle M. , Jung Inkyung , Hosoyama Tohru , Sarro Leslea M. , Hanes Martha A. , Rubin Brian P. , Michalek Joel E. , Clifford Charles B. , Infante Anthony J. , Keller Charles
Published: July 2010

Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) of cancer are of increasing value to preclinical therapeutics. Optical imaging is a cost-effective method of assessing deep-seated tumor growth in GEMMs whose tumors can be encoded to express luminescent or fluorescent reporters, although reporter signal attenuation would be improved if animals were fur-free. In this study, we sought to determine whether hereditable furlessness resulting from a hypomorphic mutation in the Hairless gene would or would not also affect immune competence. By assessing humoral and cellular immunity of the SKH1 mouse line bearing the hypomorphic Hairless mutation, we determined that blood counts, immunoglobulin levels, and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were comparable between SKH1 and the C57Bl/6 strain. On examination of T-cell subsets, statistically significant differences in naïve T cells (1.7 versus 3.4 × 105 cells/spleen in SKH1 versus C57Bl/6, P = 0.008) and memory T cells (1.4 versus 0.13 × 106 cells/spleen in SKH1 versus C57Bl/6, P = 0.008) were detected. However, the numerical differences did not result in altered T-cell functional response to antigen rechallenge (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) in a lymph node cell in vitro proliferative assay. Furthermore, interbreeding the SKH1 mouse line to a rhabdomyosarcoma GEMM showed preserved antitumor responses of CD56+ natural killer cells and CD163+ macrophages, without any differences in tumor pathology. The fur-free GEMM was also especially amenable to multiplex optical imaging. Thus, SKH1 represents an immune competent, fur-free mouse strain that may be of use for interbreeding to other genetically engineered mouse models of cancer for improved preclinical studies. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(8); 2354–64. ©2010 AACR.
Treatment of Renal Disease: From Where Does the Opposite View Come?
Authors: El-Sherif Assem K.
Published: July 2010

Professor A.M. El Nahas has recently called for submitting articles concerned with the opposite view in nephrology practice. His call drew attention to several areas of controversy in the art. Also, it brought to mind a question about how an ‘opposite view’ emanates in a practice that ought to be based on experimental research and rigorous observational studies. This short input addresses the question of how nephrologists decide about management of their renal patients when the literature fails to grant an unequivocal answer to what they should do. It particularly focuses on the need to carefully read the existing literature and to appreciate its limitations. Also, it highlights the iterative nature of controversies in therapy of renal disease and how a controversy evolves into an ‘opposite view’.
Spontaneous pneumocephalus associated with pneumocele of the frontal sinus
Authors: Park Chong Yoon , Kim Kyung Soo
Published: July 2010

Background: Pneumoceles of the paranasal sinuses are a very rare condition; characterized by a distended air-filled paranasal sinus extending beyond the margins of the paranasal bone, with bony defects and extension of air into the surrounding soft tissues. Also, spontaneous pneumo-cephalus is a rare condition which represented only 0.6% in the largest reported series of pneumocephalus. Although pneumocephalus caused by sinogenic origins, such as osteoma, has been reported, spontaneous pneumocephalus has not been reported as a complication associated with pneumocele of the frontal sinus.

Methods: We report a case of spontaneous pneumocephalus associated with a pneumocele involving the frontal sinus which presented as acute severe headache.

Results: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report in literature reporting spontaneous pneumocephalus in association with pneumocele of the frontal sinus.

Conclusions: Although pneumocele of the frontal sinus is a very rare condition, it can develop into spontaneous pneumocephalus, and thus it needs to be included in the differential diagnosis of acute severe headache.
Learning as lack: Individual learning in organizations as an empowering encounter with failed imaginary constructions of the self
Authors: Driver Michaela
Published: July 2010

The purpose of this article is to draw on psychoanalytic, particularly Lacanian, theorizing, to examine individual learning as an empowering encounter with fundamental lack. Specifically, I explore learning as an imaginary construction of the learner’s self that invariably fails thereby providing opportunities for the experience of empowerment and liberation. I discuss the implications this has for how we conceptualize and experience learning as an emancipatory discourse in organizations.
LARP-1 promotes oogenesis by repressingfem-3in theC. elegansgermline
Authors: Zanin Esther , Pacquelet Anne , Scheckel Claudia , Ciosk Rafal , Gotta Monica
Published: July 2010

LA-related protein 1 (LARP-1) belongs to an RNA-binding protein family containing a LA motif. Here, we identify LARP-1 as a regulator of sex determination. In C. elegans hermaphrodites, a complex regulatory network regulates the switch from sperm to oocyte production. We find that simultaneous depletion of larp-1 and the Nanos homologue nos-3 results in germline masculinization. This phenotype is accompanied by a strong reduction of the levels of TRA-1, a GLI-family transcription factor that promotes oogenesis. TRA-1 levels are regulated by CBCFEM-1, a ubiquitin ligase consisting of the FEM proteins, FEM-1, FEM-2 and FEM-3 and the cullin CUL-2. We show that both the masculinization phenotype and the reduction of TRA-1 levels observed in nos-3;larp-1 mutants require fem-3 activity, suggesting that nos-3 and larp-1 regulate the sperm-oocyte switch by inhibiting the fem genes. Consistently, fem-3 mRNA levels are increased in larp-1 mutants. By contrast, levels of fem-3 mRNA are not affected in nos-3 mutants. Therefore, our data indicate that LARP-1 and NOS-3 promote oogenesis by regulating fem-3 expression through distinct mechanisms.
Some Responses of Alfalfa Varieties to Fertilization and Cutting Treatments1
Authors: Gross H. Douglass , Wilsie C. P. , Pesek John
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

During a 2‐year period the following significant alfalfa yield responses were noted: variety × P, variety × cutting treatment and variety × cutting treatment × P. The third year, when plots were harvested alike, significant interactions were: variety × P and previous cutting treatment × K. Several varieties displayed flexibility in response to management practices. As measured in the third year, Buffalo and Vernal were the highest yielding varieties over all treatments. Stand differences, though statistically significant, were small and were not reflected in yield.
Some Above‐ and Below‐Ground Relationships of an Alfalfa‐Orchardgrass Mixture1
Authors: Chamblee Douglas S.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

A study of above‐ and below‐ground associational effects of alfalfa and orchardgrass was facilitated by partitioning the root systems of certain treatment combinations. Apparently alfalfa was benefited in an indirect manner in that orchardgrass offered less competition, under the conditions of this experiment, for the various growth factors.
Heat Units as a Method of Measuring Maturity in Corn1
Authors: Gilmore E. C. , Rogers J. S.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Ten hybrids and 10 inbreds were planted on 5 different dates in 1956 and their maturities, based on silking dates, were calculated in heat units by 15 different methods. The present method of calculating degree days, daily mean minus 50° F., was improved by correcting for temperatures below the minimum for growth, 50° F., and above the optimum for growth, 86° F. The number of heat units required for silking, designated as effective degrees, remained relatively constant for crops with different planting dates, while calendar days varied widely.
Megasporogenesis, Embryo Sac Development and Embryogenesis in Dallisgrass, Paspalum Dilatatum, Poir1
Authors: Bashaw E. C. , Holt E. C.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

A yellow‐anthered Dallisgrass biotype introduced from Uruguay has normal female development and apparently reproduces sexually. Common Dallisgrass reproduces apomictically. The occurrence of nucellar embryo sacs, autonomous embryo development and the necessity of pollination for endosperm development indicate apospory and pseudogamy. Combined evidence from cytological and breeding behavior observations suggests obligate apomixis.
Evaluating the Breeding Potential of Inbred Lines of Corn Resistant to the Leaf Blight Caused by Helminthosporium Turcicum1
Authors: Jenkins Merle T. , Robert Alice L.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Thirty blight resistant inbred lines differed significantly in their blight reaction as lines, in their reaction in crosses with 3 susceptible tester lines, and in the performance of the F2 progenies from these crosses. There also were highly significant differences in blight reaction among the 3 testers and for the interaction of lines ✕ testers, both for the F1 crosses and for the F2 progenies. Lines identified as superior breeding sources of resistance were GE440, CI.90A, CI.93A, and Wh4971, with CI.86A, CI.28A, and Kyll4 also showing good promise.
Effects of Spacing of Soybean Plants Between and Within Rows on Yield and Its Components1
Authors: Lehman W. F. , Lambert J. W.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Seed yields tended to be higher at the narrow spacing between rows. The effects of spacing within row were variable. All four components of yield were affected to some degree by spacing. However, seed and pod numbers were affected more than seed weight and seeds per pod. The relative importance of branches varied with spacing for seed and pod numbers but had little or no effect on seed weight and seeds per pod.
A Comparison of Flue‐Cured Tobacco Varieties Repeated Over Locations and Years with Implications on Optimum Plot Allocation1
Authors: Jones Guy L. , Matzinger D. F. , Collins W. K.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Variety ✕ environment first order interactions were small and nonsignificant for most traits studied. But the interaction of variety ✕ location ✕ year was highly significant although small in relation to the variety component for most of the characters. From a comparison of theoretical variances of treatment means with varying plot allocations, adequate information on the relative performance of tobacco varieties in North Carolina can be estimated from data obtained in 2 years, at each of 5 locations with 3 replications.
The Inheritance of Cold Resistance and Its Relation to Fall Growth in F2 and BC1 Generations of Alfalfa1
Authors: Kohel Russell J. , Davis R. L.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

The data indicated partial dominance of gene action conditioning cold susceptibility in Canadian Variegated, Du Puits, and African alfalfas, and, using a model for tetrasomic inheritance, 17% of the variation associated with fall growth was attributed to additive gene action.
Residual Heterozygosity in a Variety of Upland Cotton as Measured by Micronaire, Lint Percent, Percent First Harvest, and Yield of Lint1
Authors: Justus Norman
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Stoneville 62 cotton was found to have residual heterozygosity for the four characters measured. This variety of Upland cotton was near genetic equilibrium and had heterozygosity randomly distributed among plants.
Effect of Temperature on Phosphorus Utilization by Native and Introduced Legumes1
Authors: McKell Cryus M. , Wilson Alma W. , Williams William A.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Top growth, root growth, and P content usually increased with an increase in temperature or P fertility. Responses of the eight legumes to experimental treatments are discussed in relation to the problem of stimulating annual forage legume growth during the winter and spring growing season.
Evapotranspiration by Irrigated Corn1
Authors: Doss B. D. , Bennett O. L. , Ashley D. A.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Evapotranspiration by irrigated corn in Alabama increased with plant development to a maximum of 0.30 inch per day at dough stage and afterwards decreased with physiological activity of the plant. The ratio of evapotranspiration by corn to open pan evaporation varied from 0.38 at emergence to 1.12 during early dough stage, then declined to 0.95 at grain maturity.
Effects of Fatty Alcohols and Acids on Transpiration of Plants
Authors: Oertli J. J.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Fatty alcohols and acids supplied to the roots did not reduce water losses through transpiration without simultaneously reducing yields.
Comparative Responses of a Virginia Runner and a Virginia Bunch Peanut to Cultural Control of Stem Rot1
Authors: Garren Kenneth H. , Bailey Wallace K.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

An effective means of controlling peanut stem rot was developed by modifying conventional practices of culture. Response of the runner did not support the concept that runner peanuts are resistant to stem rot. The results suggest a probable basis for the concept's persistence—that with conventional cultivation S. rolfsii infection is easier to detect in bunch peanuts than in runner peanuts.
Corn Growth as Affected by Aggregate Stability, Soil Temperature, and Soil Moisture1
Authors: Anderson W. B. , Kemper W. D.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

The highest yield was obtained on the 53% water‐stable aggregate treatment, indicating that natural aggregate stability levels may have been higher than those required for optimum yield of corn tops. Corn roots growing in conjunction with the soil microorganisms depleted the oxygen supply of the soil air to somewhat lower values than did the organisms alone. Rate of oxygen use per cc. of roots was greatest at higher oxygen levels and fell off sharply with decrease in oxygen content of soil air.
Effects of Phosphorus and Other Treatments on the Development of Red Fescue, Merion, and Common Kentucky Bluegrass1
Authors: Juska F. V. , Hanson A. A. , Erickson C. J.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Accumulation of P in leaves of Merion exceeded that in common bluegrass. Top growth of Merion was significantly greater and root weights significantly less than common bluegrass. Red fescue outyielded common bluegrass in all plant components except rhizomes. Results indicate that these grass species can tolerate high levels of P and that the upper limits of tolerance were not attained in these studies.
Effect of Storage at Four Locations in the West on Longevity of Forage Seeds1
Authors: Hafenrichter A. L. , Foster Ronald B. , Schwendiman John L.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Seed of 21 grasses, 4 legumes, and 1 forb, many of which were new to agriculture, was stored for 14 years at 4 widely different locations in the West. Some seeds were processed and some were treated with a fungicide. Germination tests were made annually. The results show that longevity is a species ✕ location interaction. Processing seed did not shorten longevity materially, but treatment with the fungicide had an adverse effect.
Diagnosing Sulfur Deficiency of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) from Plant Analysis1
Authors: Pumphrey F. V. , Moore D. P.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Sulfur‐deficient alfalfa harvested at the early bloom stage contained less than 0.22% S and had a N:S ratio greater than 11.
Measurement of Water Stress in Cotton Plant Leaf Discs With a Thermocouple Psychrometer1
Authors: Box J. E.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Peltier psychrometer has been calibrated to measure water activities equivalent to diffusion pressure deficits (DPD's) of 20 to 65 bars suction at 25° C. Cotton leaf discs studied had DPS's from 40 to 65 bars and relative water contents from 94 to 52%, respectively.
Residue Management in Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and Red Fescue (Festuca rubra L.) Seed Fields1
Authors: Pumphrey F. V.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Seed yields of Kentucky bluegrass and red fescue were increased significantly by complete removal of post‐harvest residue prior to initiation of fall growth. Burning the residue after the initiation of fall growth significantly reduced seed yields. A positive interaction between residue removal and fertilizer application was measured.
Calcium Movement in Barley and Wheat as Affected by Copper and Phosphorus1
Authors: Brown John C.
Published: July 2010

Synopsis

Copper facilitated the movement of Ca in ‘Hudson’ barley and in ‘Atlas 66’ and ‘Monon’ wheat. Phosphate accentuated Cu deficiency and decreased the translocation of Ca into the upper leaves of Cu‐deficient plants. Cu‐sufficient plants maintained the Ca level in the upper leaves in the presence of high P. A nutritional relationship between Ca, P, and Cu is demonstrated.
Yields, Stand Persistence, and Carbohydrate Reserves of Perennial Grasses as Influenced by Spring Harvest Stage, Stubble Height, and Nitrogen Fertilization1
Authors: Raese J. T. , Decker A. M.
Published: July 2010

Spring harvests of orchardgrass, bromegrass, and reed canarygrass were made at pre‐joint, early head, early bloom, and late bloom. At least one aftermath was differentially cut leaving either a 1.5‐ or a 3.5‐inch stubble. Nitrogen was applied at either 25 or 75 pounds N per acre per harvest.

Yields increased with maturity at harvest. Greatest persistence with least weed encroachment was obtained at late bloom. The effects of stubble height varied with species, harvest date, and nitrogen rate. Yields were increased with high nitrogen even though stand was reduced. Although a negative relation existed between fructose and aftermath forage production, total fructose was positively correlated with etiolated tiller growth.
Soil Strength and Seedling Emergence Relations II. A Generalized Relation for Gramineae
Authors: Taylor H. M. , Parker J. J. , Roberson G. M.
Published: July 2010

The relation between soil strength, as measured with a penetrometer, and emergence of corn, onions, barley, wheat, switchgrass, and rye seedlings was determined in laboratory studies. This relation was approximately similar for all gramineae used in these tests. Emergence percentages decreased slightly as penetrometer soil strengths increased to the range of 6 to 9 bars. As soil strengths further increased, gramineae seedling emergence decreased until no emergence occurred above the range of 12 to 18 bars strength. Oxygen concentrations ranging from 7 to 42% did not alter the soil strength‐seedling emergence of a grain sorghum. Emergence of onions, a monocotyledonous species but not a gramineae, was prohibited by 2 bars of penetrometer soil strength.
Comparison of Yield Components and Agronomic Characteristics of Four Winter Wheat Varieties Differing in Plant Height1
Authors: Johnson V. A. , Schmidt J. W. , Mekasha W.
Published: July 2010

Four hard red winter wheat varieties differing in plant height were compared in a 4‐year field study conducted at locations in Nebraska and Colorado. Yield, spike number, number of kernels per spike, kernel weight, and 11 other agronomic characteristics were studied.

The short‐statured varieties, ‘C.I. 13678’ and ‘C.I. 13677,’ were more productive on the average than the taller varieties, ‘Pawnee’ and ‘Cheyenne.’

C.I. 13678, which was highest‐yielding, consistently produced more kernels per spike, but its kernel weight and spike number were less than the other varieties. C.I. 13677, the variety with the shortest straw, produced lighter‐weight grain and fewer spikes than Pawnee and Cheyenne.

The high number of kernels per spike of C.I. 13678 was associated with more spikelets per spike and more kernels per spikelet than were produced by the other varieties. C.I. 13677 had fewer spikelets but more kernels per spikelet than the taller varieties. Although their flag leaves were shorter than Pawnee, the greater leaf width of C.I. 13678 and C.I. 13677 produced total flag leaf area equal to, or greater than, Pawnee.

Yield and yield component relationships among the varieties studied are discussed.
Sunflower‐Soybean and Grain Sorghum‐Corn Rotations Versus Monoculture1
Authors: Robinson R. G.
Published: July 2010

Crop alternation was compared with continuous cropping for sunflowers and soybeans and for grain sorghum and corn at Rosemount, Minnesota. No fertilizer was used in order that full effect of crop removal could be observed.

Yields from crop alternations of corn‐sorghum or sunflower‐soybeans exceeded those from continuous cropping. Sunflower‐soybean alternation was superior to continuous sunflower in sunflower disease control. Soybeans in a corn or sorghum sequence greatly increased yields of the feed grains. Differences between sunflowers and soybeans and between sorghum and corn in effect on soil pH and depletion of acid‐soluble P and K were small and unimportant.

Verticillium albo‐atrum on sunflowers increased during the study and became the major factor affecting yield. The benefit of rotation in delaying the appearance of the disease was evident even though one might expect spread of inoculum from plot to plot by tillage practices. No other disease or insect problem was observed as a result of continuous cropping of plots to sunflowers, soybeans, grain sorghum, or corn.
Soil Conditions and Root Distribution in Two Wet Meadows of the Nebraska Sandhills1
Authors: Moore A. W. , Rhoades H. F.
Published: July 2010

Root distribution and properties of two meadow soils in the Nebraska Sandhills were studied. Profile 1 was alkaline while profile 2 was acidic. Both sites carried some legumes but late‐maturing grasses predominated at site 1 and early‐maturing grasses at site 2.

Soil moisture was related to water‐table level. Soil temperatures at the 4‐in. depth remained between 60 and 75F for most of the growing season. Soil aeration was good throughout the growing season, the oxygen content to a depth of 2 to 3 feet rarely falling below 15%.

The broad pattern of root distribution in both soils consisted of a heavy concentration of roots near the surface and a rapid decline with depth. The total weight of roots to a depth of approximately 4 feet was 5.5 and 7.3 tons per acre for soils 1 and 2 respectively. One‐half to two‐thirds of the roots were found in the surface 2 inches. This broad pattern may be attributed to the influence of a high, fluctuating water table.

Soil chemical properties appeared to be the dominant factors resulting in differences in root distribution between the two soils. Grass root penetration virtually ceased on reaching sand low in nutrients.
Utilization of Tracer Nitrogen by Rice in Relation to Time of Application1
Authors: Patnaik S. , Broadbent F. E.
Published: July 2010

Uptake of N16 tagged ammonium sulfate by rice plants was used to evaluate the efficiency of fertilizer applications. Two‐thirds of the basal rate at planting followed by one‐third top‐dressed at boot stage resulted in the highest recovery of fertilizer nitrogen as compared to the full rate at planting or top‐dressing at the tillering stage.
Stem‐Solidness Stability in Spring Wheat, Triticum Aestivum L. Em. Thell.1
Authors: McNeal F. H. , Wallace L. E.
Published: July 2010

Eight plant introductions and four commercial varieties of spring wheat were evaluated for stem‐solidness at five locations. Location and location ✕ variety effects were significant, indicating that entries were influenced by environment, and differentially so by some environments. Differences among locations in average plant and internode stem‐solidness scores indicated that the six P.I. 94585 selections were most stable and least influenced by environment. Pith development of the top internode was influenced most by environment.
Differential Tolerance of Soybean Varieties to an Acid Soil High in Exchangeable Aluminum1
Authors: Armiger W. H. , Foy C. D. , Fleming A. L. , Caldwell B. E.
Published: July 2010

Soybean varieties, representing 10 maturity groups (from North to South), differed significantly in their tolerance to acid Bladen soil (pH 4.4) which contains a high level of KCl‐extractable Al. Previous evidence that Al toxicity is the primary growth‐limiting factor in this soil, and the observation that varietal differences were minimized or eliminated by liming the soil to pH 5.5, led to the conclusion that certain varieties differ in their tolerance to Al. Leaf chlorosis and petiole collapse, observed at low lime levels near the end of one experiment, were tentatively attributed to Al‐induced Ca deficiency and not to a simple Ca deficiency in the acid soil.

Results of these studies suggest the possibility of breeding soybean varieties with greater tolerance to Al and, therefore, greater abilities to exploit acid, Al‐toxic subsoils for both water and nutrients.
Root Structure Reflects Differential Aluminum Tolerance in Wheat Varieties1
Authors: Fleming A. L. , Foy C. D.
Published: July 2010

Differential Al tolerance of Atlas 66 and Monon wheat varieties was associated with morphological damage of root tips and lateral roots.

The response of the root systems to Al was controlled by the sensitivity of the roots, as well as by the concentration of soluble Al in the growth medium. The action of Al was local rather than systemic, and was restricted for the most part to the sensitive root tips and lateral roots. More resistant meristematic areas remained functional, as evidenced by the emergence of new roots when the Al stress was removed.
Zinc Deficiency Symptoms and Zinc and Phosphorus Interactions in Several Strains of Corn (Zea mays L.)1
Authors: Halim A. H. , Wassom C. E. , Ellis R.
Published: July 2010

Zinc deficiency studies were conducted on several inbreds and single crosses of corn in the field and growth chambers. The degree and pattern of zinc deficiency symptoms varied with plant genotype. Some inbreds showed early resistance, becoming susceptible at later stages of growth. Other lines showed the reverse effect, that is, susceptible in early stages of growth and resistant later. Single crosses of these lines resulted in high resistance to zinc deficiency. The appearance of the root system indicated that highly resistant lines had normal and healthy root development whereas susceptible lines had reduced root development and decayed root tips.

Differences in zinc and phosphorus accumulations were found in the leaf tissue, but levels of zinc and phosphorus showed no association with zinc deficiency symptoms. High phosphorus did not appear to reduce the uptake of zinc when lines were considered as a whole. However, high phosphorus appeared to reduce the dry weights of the plants.

Zinc content of some seed sources varied among lines but phosphorus level showed no marked variations. Lines expressing early resistance had higher seed zinc content and late resistant lines had lower seed zinc content.

The nature of resistance to zinc deficiency appeared to be under genetic control.
Grain Yield and Kernel Quality of Winter Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Harvested at Different Moisture Levels1
Authors: Brewer Donald H. , Poehlman J. M.
Published: July 2010

‘Mo. B‐475’ winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) was harvested at daily intervals at Columbia and Portageville, Missouri, beginning when the moisture content of the kernels was around 50%, and continuing until the moisture content dropped to about 10%. Grain yield, 1,000‐kernel weight, and test weight increased as moisture content declined to around 40% but remained relatively constant thereafter. Kernel size increased until the moisture content decreased to about 30% and remained relatively constant thereafter. Barley Agtron color did not change significantly over the range of moisture contents studied. Percentage of nitrogen increased slightly as moisture declined but the change was nonsignificant.
Response of Peas (Pisum sativum L.) to Plant Population and Spacing1
Authors: Gritton Earl T. , Eastin John A.
Published: July 2010

Early (‘Alaska’) and late (‘New Line Early Perfection’) processing pea cultivars were grown in all possible combinations of three row spacings and three populations during 1965 and 1966. Row widths of 9, 18, and 27 cm and population levels of 1,660,000, 1,110,000, and 550,000 plants/ha were used. Maturity, height, total number of nodes, lowest pod bearing node, average size of shelled pea, and number of ovule initials were not greatly affected by the treatments. Productivity per plant and plant population were inversely related. Yields generally increased with increased population and/or decreased row spacing. Greatest yields were obtained with the highest population grown in the narrowest rows.
Windblown Soil Abrasive Injury to Cotton Plants1
Authors: Armbrust D. V.
Published: July 2010

An experiment was established to study the resistance of an upland variety of cotton to soil abrasion and the recovery characteristics of damaged plants. An increase in the amount of soil striking a young cotton plant decreased the plant growth rate and yield, delayed first bloom, and increased the number of plants lost. A soil loss of less than 3.8 kg/ha (1.7 tons/acre) on 1‐ to 3‐weekold cotton plants did not decrease yields.
Effect of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Placements and Rates on Turfgrass Establishment1
Authors: King J. W. , Skogley C. R.
Published: July 2010

The effects of several rates, ratios, and placements of nitrogen and phosphorus on bluegrass‐red fescue turfgrass establishment were investigated.

Fall and spring field trials were conducted on Bridgehampton silt loam of low fertility. The fertilizer placement treatments were (1) surface applied, (2) mixed into the‐upper 10 cm of soil, and (3) 3/4 mixed into the upper 10 cm of soil and 1/4 surface applied. Phosphorus in the form of superphosphate was applied at rates of 490, 980, 1,960 and 3,920 g of phosphorus/100 m2. Nitrogen in the form of ammonium nitrate was applied at rates of 375 and 1,470 g of nltrogen/100 m2.

The effects of establishment treatments lasted for only a few months. Initially, the higher nitrogen rate resulted in improved turfgrass quality and top growth. No seedlling injury from the 1,470‐g nitrogen rate was observed. The surface and 3/4‐1/4 fertilizer placements produced equally satisfactory results. Response to phosphorus levels was inconsistent. No significant differences in root weights were detected. Applications of maintenance fertilizer resulted in great improvement in turfgrass quality and top growth.
Timing and Correlation of Major Developmental Events in Maize, Zea mays L.1
Authors: Siemer E. G. , Leng E. R. , Bonnett O. T.
Published: July 2010

Timing and sequence of major developmental events were studied in Corn Belt dent inbred lines and hybrids,with two dates of planting and two growing seasons. Mean developmental characterizations and sequences were established both for quantitative and qualitative events. The number of days from planting to a given event was greatly influenced by genotype. Hybrids developed faster than corresponding inbred lines in all respects except the full achievement of kernels per row potential; hybrids produced significantly more kernel primordia per row. Developmental differences attributable to planting date or growing season appeared to leflect effects of air temperature, soil moisture, or both. Low temperature and moisture deficiency apparently retarded development. Internode elongation, axillary bud development and cessation of ear elongation proceeded acropetally, while ear initiation was basipetal. Four pairs of events were closely related in time: (1) tassel initiation and the beginning of stalk elongation, (2) top car initiation and beginning of rapid stalk elongation, (3) accelerated tassel peduncle elongation and tassel emergence, and (4) accelerated top ear elongation and attainment of maximum top ear kernels per row potential. Important physiological relationships may exist between these related events.
Increase in Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L. variety ‘N.P. 718’)
Authors: Mohan H. Y. , Rustagi P. N.
Published: July 2010

Plants of wheat were given two to four aqueous sprays of Mendok at 10‐day intervals at 250, 500, and 1,000 ppm. The first foliar application was made at the flag leaf stage. The treatments failed to elicit male or female gamete sterility. However, at low dosages the treated plants were shorter, had stiffer straw, were less susceptible to lodging, and gave a higher grain yield as compared to the controls. Augmentation in grain yield was particularly significant at 250 ppm (two and three sprays) on per plant basis, and at 1,000 ppm (two, three, and four sprays) on the basis of the tallest earing tiller. Increase in grain yield was due to greater number of earing tillers (except at 1,000 ppm, four sprays, where there was actually a decrease) and grains per ear.
Influence of Night Temperature on Growth and Development of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) IV. Seed Quality1
Authors: Gipson J. R. , Joham H. E.
Published: July 2010

Different night temperatures were maintained through‐out the seed development period of two divergent varieties of cotton growing in the field during the 1963, 1964, and 1965 seasons. Viability and oil and nitrogen content of cottonseed of both varieties were found to be affected by the night temperature prevailing during the seed development period. Decreased night temperatures resulted in lower germination percentages and in reduced oil and nitrogen content of the seed. Differences were also noted between varieties and seasons, and an inverse relationship existed between oil and nitrogen content for both varieties at all temperature regimes.
Potential Evapotranspiration as Influenced by Wind1
Authors: Skidmore E. L. , Jacobs H. S. , Powers W. L.
Published: July 2010

The contribution of wind to calculated potential evapotranspiration was investigated with applications for the climate of the Great Plains. A revised combination model proposed by van Bavel for computing instantaneous potential evapotranspiration was used. The model contains two terms that are expressions for the portions of potential evapotranspiration primarily due to net radiation and wind, respectively. With ambient water vapor pressure 20 mb, temperature 30C, wind 2, 4, and 6 m sec−1 at 2 m with a roughness length of 1 cm, contribution of wind dominant term to evaporation from a wet surface is 0.15, 0.30, and 0.45 mm hr−1, respectively. At 10‐mb vapor pressure and the same temperature, the corresponding evaporation rates are 0.22, 0.43, and 0.65 mm hr−1. On representative and consecutive “nonwindy” and “windy” days at Manhattan, Kans. (average daily windspeeds at 45 cm were 0.88 and 2.26 m sec−l), the wind dominant term contributed 33 and 113%, respectively, as much as the radiation dominant term to the total calculated potential evapotranspiration. For these 2 days the ratio of potential evapotranspiration to net radiation was 0.98 and 1.60.
Effect of Some Seed Characteristics on Mechanically Induced Seedcoat Damage in Navy Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Authors: Dorrell D. G. , Adams M. W.
Published: July 2010

Navy bean seeds were evaluated for their response to mechanical abuse. Seed of all lines was hand threshed and equilibrated to a constant moisture content prior to damaging.

Highly significant differences were found among lines in their reaction to seedcoat cracking. Seed weight, shape, density and seedcoat anatomy were examined as components contributing to seedcoat damage. Seedcoat cracking increased as the seed weight increased. Normal within‐line weight differences were small and self‐compensating, but between lines weight variation had a highly significant effect on cracking. Cracking also increased as the shape became more nonspherical. Increased seed density improved seedcoat tolerance to mechanical abuse but caused a nonsignificant increase in cotyledon splitting. Tolerant bean lines generally had a thinner parenchymatous layer underlying the osteosclerids. There was no difference in the thickness of the osteosclerid and macrosclerid layers between tolerant and susceptible lines.
Yield‐Protein Relationships in Wheat Grain, as Affected by Nitrogen and Water1
Authors: Terman G. L. , Ramig R. E. , Dreier A. F. , Olson R. A.
Published: July 2010

Highly significant inverse yield‐protein relationships in wheat grain were found at each level of applied N in an irrigation‐N rate experiment on hard red winter wheat over a 3‐year period at North Platte, Nebraska. The chief effect of applied N with adequate water was to increase yields, while the chief or entire effect with severe water deficits was to increase protein content. In intermediate situations, N increased both yield and protein content.

In dryland experiments in 1966 and 1967 showing significant grain yield response to applied N, protein content also increased. Where little or no yield response occurred, N mainly increased protein content. Content of NO3−N in the soil to a depth of 180 cm was also important in yield‐protein relationships.

Average protein contents of about 20 hard red winter wheat varieties at different locations in Nebraska in 1966 and 1967 were also negatively related to grain yields. Protein contents varied more widely among locations than among varieties at each location.
Influence of Cutting Height in Darkness on Measurement of Energy Reserves of Tall Fescue1
Authors: Matches Arthur G.
Published: July 2010

The objective in these investigations was to determine whether measurement of the energy reserve status of tall fescue plants is influenced by height of cut in darkness.

Vegetatively propagated ‘Kentucky 31’ tall fescue plants, grown in the greenhouse, were preconditioned to have either high or low energy reserves. Plants within each reserve group were then defoliated at cutting heights of 0 (soil level), 3, 6, or 9 cm and placed in a dark chamber. Levels of energy reserves were estimated as the amount of regrowth in darkness expressed on a per plant or a per tiller basis.

Generally, etiolated growth per plant or per tiller increased as the cutting height increased. This indicates that an energy reserve sink exists in the stem bases of tall fescue. High‐reserve plants were the most responsive to differences in height of cut. Concentration of reserves were not necessarily uniform throughout the stem base. We believe height of cut for energy reserve determination should not be less than 3 cm, and the 6‐ and 9‐cm heights appear satisfactory for most investigations.
Drying or Anaerobically Preserving Small Lots of Grain for Seed or Food1
Authors: Dexter S. T. , Chaves A. M. , Edje O. T.
Published: July 2010

Seeds of many species were stored with small decreases in vialibity in air‐tight containers held at low relative humidities with wooden blocks impregnated with suitable salts.

Various sawdusts were repellent or toxic to granary and bean weevils.

Damp grains were dried by mixing with salt—impregnated sawdust. Molding was avoided and germination and edibility were preserved if the proportions of grain and desiccant were such that water uptake did not exceed that to produce a saturated solution.

Corn at moisture contents of 21–31%, stored anaerobicalliy, evolved far more carbon dioxide at the higher moisture content (alcoholic‐lactic acid fermentation) flushing out air. Viability was soon lost. When molds were avoided, fermented meals were palatable. Nigerians preferred the flavor of the slightly fermented grain to dried grain when prepared in their customary manner.

Good viability was maintained in drying corn with sawdust‐salt in a 2‐cycle system.
Evapotranspiration from a Snap Bean Crop1
Authors: Black T. A. , Tanner C. B. , Gardner W. R.
Published: July 2010

A model is described in which transpiration from a loosely structured canopy is calculated from the potential evaporation, the evaporation from the soil, and the stomatal resistance weighted by the leaf area index of the field. Estimation of the evaporation from the soil requires the net radiation at the soil surface and the surface soil water content. A test of the model on snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) resulted in a 4% overestimation attributed to the inaccuracy of the estimate of the evaporation from the soil.
Effects of Short Periods of Anaerobic and Near‐Anaerobic Conditions on Water Uptake by Tobacco Roots1
Authors: Willey C. R.
Published: July 2010

Intact tobacco roots growing in nutrient solution spray in a sealed chamber were treated with mixtures of O2, N2, and CO2 gases. Oxygen and water uptake by roots and plant stem diameter were recorded.

Anaerobic treatments produced by flushing roots with N2 or N2 plus 21% CO2 gases for 6 hours decreased water uptake 50% or more, but restoration of air to roots caused a rapid recovery of water uptake. Root injury was caused by both treatments, as evidenced by reduced oxygen uptake following each treatment. Gases with 1% or more oxygen had little or no effect on water uptake. Treatment gases containing up to 21% CO2 had the same effect on water uptake as treatment gases without CO2. Oxygen deficiency appears to be the primary cause of the initial decrease in water uptake and wilting of tobacco subjected to poor root aeration.
Weather and Technology in the Production of Soybeans in the Central United States1
Authors: Thompson Louis M.
Published: July 2010

Multiple curvilinear regression analysis was used to measure the influence of weather on the yield of soybeans. A linear time trend was introduced to measure the influence of technology. In the five states, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Missouri, and Ohio, yields increased at an annual rate of 21.5 kg per ha from 1930 to 1968. Highest yields have been associated with warmer than normal temperatures in June but with cooler than normal temperatures in July and August. Highest yields have been associated with normal precipitation from September through June and with above normal rainfall in July and August.
Effect of Mulches and Bed Configuration. II. Soil Temperature and Growth and Yield Responses of Grain Sorghum and Corn1
Authors: Adams John E.
Published: July 2010

Clear plastic film and petroleum mulch were used on Austin clay and Houston Black clay to evaluate their effects on soil temperature and on the growth, development, and yield responses of corn (Zea mays L.) and grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). Three bed configurations also were used in conjunction with the mulches with grain sorghum.

Mulches had a highly significant effect on average soil temperature at 7.6 cm below the surface. Soil temperature under clear plastic film 3 weeks after planting had increased 2.6, 2.2, and 1.8C at depths of 30, 61, and 91 cm, respectively.

Mulches increased the rate of growth of both corn and grain sorghum significantly (5% level) and also affected morphological development, with clear plastic having the most effect. Bed configuration had a significant effect on sorghum growth when used with mulches. Clear plastic mulch accelerated growth and morphological development sufficiently to cause 50% bloom to occur 8 to 10 days earlier for both corn and grain sorghum.

Clear plastic mulch increased grain sorghum yield significantly, but mulches had no significant effect on corn yield. Bed configuration caused a significant increase in grain sorghum yield in 1964 but had no important effect on yield in 1963.