bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Progression and Stability of Adolescent Identity Formation: A Five‐Wave Longitudinal Study in Early‐to‐Middle and Middle‐to‐Late Adolescence
Authors: Meeus Wim , Van De Schoot Rens , Keijsers Loes , Schwartz Seth J. , Branje Susan
Published: September 2010

This study examined identity development in a 5‐wave study of 923 early‐to‐middle and 390 middle‐to‐late adolescents thereby covering the ages of 12–20. Systematic evidence for identity progression was found: The number of diffusions, moratoriums, and searching moratoriums (a newly obtained status) decreased, whereas the representation of the high‐commitment statuses (2 variants of a [fore]closed identity: “early closure” and “closure,” and achievement) increased. We also found support for the individual difference perspective: 63% of the adolescents remained in the same identity status across the 5 waves. Identity progression was characterized by 7 transitions: diffusion → moratorium, diffusion → early closure, moratorium → closure, moratorium → achievement, searching moratorium → closure, searching moratorium → achievement, and early closure → achievement.
Home Media and Children’s Achievement and Behavior
Authors: Hofferth Sandra L.
Published: September 2010

This study provides a national picture of the time American 6‐ to 12‐year‐olds spent playing video games, using the computer, and watching TV at home in 1997 and 2003, and the association of early use with their achievement and behavior as adolescents. Girls benefited from computer use more than boys, and Black children benefited more than White children. Greater computer use in middle childhood was associated with increased achievement for White and Black girls, and for Black but not White boys. Increased video game play was associated with an improved ability to solve applied problems for Black girls but lower verbal achievement for all girls. For boys, increased video game play was linked to increased aggressive behavior problems.
Contagious Yawning in Autistic and Typical Development
Authors: Helt Molly S. , Eigsti Inge‐Marie , Snyder Peter J. , Fein Deborah A.
Published: September 2010

The authors tested susceptibility to contagious yawning in 120 children, 1–6 years, to identify the time course of its emergence during development. Results indicated a substantial increase in the frequency of contagious yawning at 4 years. In a second study, the authors examined contagious yawning in 28 children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), 6–15 years. Children with ASD showed diminished susceptibility to contagious yawning compared with 2 control groups matched for mental and chronological age, respectively. In addition, children diagnosed with Pervasive Developmental Disorder, Not Otherwise Specified (PDD‐NOS) a milder variant of autism, were more susceptible to contagious yawning than were children diagnosed with full Autistic Disorder. The authors explore the implications of these findings for theories about the development of mimicry and emotional contagion.
BRASSICALES – AN ORDER OF PLANTS CHARACTERISED BY SHARED CHEMISTRY
Authors: Fay Michael F. , Christenhusz Maarten J.M.
Published: September 2010

Among the many advances in our understanding of angiosperm relationships in recent decades due to the advent of DNA sequence data is the confirmation that all plants (apart from Drypetes) that produce mustard oil precursors are related to each other and should be treated as one order, Brassicales. Due to the lack of obvious shared morphological characters, this is one of the more unexpected of these advances. Here we give the background to this development and introduce the families in Brassicales, including Tropaeolaceae, the subject of this issue.
Tropaeolaceae: 679. TROPAEOLUM BRACHYCERAS
Authors: Wilford Richard
Published: September 2010

Tropaeolum brachyceras Hook. & Arnott is described and illustrated. An account of its history and distribution in the wild is given and notes on cultivation are provided. The hybrid T. ×tenuirostre, a cross between T. brachyceras and T. tricolor, is also discussed.
Tropaeolaceae: 682. TROPAEOLUM LEPTOPHYLLUM subsp. GRACILE
Authors: Wilford Richard
Published: September 2010

Tropaeolum leptophyllum G. Don subsp. gracile (Hook. & Arnott) Sparre is described and illustrated. The history and distribution in the wild of the two subspecies of T. leptophyllum are discussed and notes on cultivation are given.
Tropaeolaceae: 685. TROPAEOLUM CILIATUM
Authors: Rix Martyn
Published: September 2010

Tropaeolum ciliatum Ruiz. & Pav. is described and illustrated. Its habitat in the wild, and its pollination, are discussed and instructions for its successful cultivation are given.
THOMAS REID ON ACQUIRED PERCEPTION
Authors: COPENHAVER REBECCA
Published: September 2010

Thomas Reid's distinction between original and acquired perception is not merely metaphysical; it has psychological and phenomenological stories to tell. Psychologically, acquired perception provides increased sensitivity to features in the environment. Phenomenologically, Reid's theory resists the notion that original perception is exhaustive of perceptual experience. James Van Cleve has argued that most cases of acquired perception do not count as perception and so do not pose a threat to Reid's direct realism. I argue that acquired perception is genuine perception and as direct as original perception. Perception is grounded in a productive and developing relationship between the mind and world.
KANTIAN PRACTICAL LOVE
Authors: FAHMY MELISSA SEYMOUR
Published: September 2010

In the Doctrine of Virtue Kant stipulates that ‘Love is a matter of feeling, not of willing . . . so a duty to love is an absurdity.’ Nonetheless, in the same work Kant claims that we have duties of love to other human beings. According to Kant, the kind of love which is commanded by duty is practical love. This paper defends the view that the duty of practical love articulated in the Doctrine of Virtue is distinct from the duty of beneficence and best understood as a duty of self‐transformation, which agents observe by cultivating a benevolent disposition and practical beneficent desires.
LEXICAL PRIORITY AND THE PROBLEM OF RISK
Authors: HUEMER MICHAEL
Published: September 2010

Some theories of practical reasons incorporate a lexical priority structure, according to which some practical reasons have infinitely greater weight than others. This includes absolute deontological theories and axiological theories that take some goods to be categorically superior to others. These theories face problems involving cases in which there is a non‐extreme probability that a given reason applies. In view of such cases, lexical‐priority theories are in danger of becoming irrelevant to decision‐making, becoming absurdly demanding, or generating paradoxical cases in which each of a pair of actions is permissible yet the pair is impermissible.
FOUNDATIONALLY JUSTIFIED PERCEPTUAL BELIEFS AND THE PROBLEM OF THE SPECKLED HEN
Authors: PACE MICHAEL
Published: September 2010

Many epistemologists accept some version of the following foundationalist epistemic principle: if one has an experience as if p then one has prima facie justification that p. I argue that this principle faces a challenge that it inherits from classical foundationalism: the problem of the speckled hen. The crux of the problem is that some properties are presented in experience at a level of determinacy that outstrips our recognitional capacities. I argue for an amendment to the principle that adds to its antecedent the requirement that the subject have a recognitional capacity with respect to the given property.
PENSIONS, FERTILITY AND FAMILIES
Authors: Juurikkala Oskari
Published: September 2010

Public pay‐as‐you‐go pension systems induce low fertility rates, which in turn contribute to the insolvency of those very systems. They have replaced the old‐age security motive for having children, which is a major factor behind fertility in their absence. They also penalise fertility by externalising the contributions of children while leaving the costs of child‐bearing unaffected. Fertility rates could be raised by moving towards personal savings schemes or re‐linking pension benefits to fertility.
Correlation risk, cross‐market derivative products and portfolio performance*
Authors: Ho T. S. , Stapleton Richard C. , Subrahmanyam Marti G.
Published: September 2010

We consider portfolios whose returns depend on at least three variables and show the effect of the correlation structure on the probabilities of the extreme outcomes of the portfolio return, using a multivariate binomial approximation. the portfolio risk is then managed by using derivatives. We illustrate this risk management both with simple options, whose payoff depends upon only one of the underlying variables, and with more complex instruments, whose payoffs (and values) depend upon the correlation structure

The question of benchmarking portfolio performance is complicated by the use of derivatives, especially complex derivatives, since these instruments fundamentally alter the distribution of returns. We use the multivariate binomial model to set performance benchmarks for multicurrency, international portfolios. Our model is illustrated using a simple example where a German institution invests a proportion of its funds in Germany equities and the remainder in UK equities. Portfolio performance is measured in Deutsche Marks and depends upon (1) the DAX index, (2) the FTSE index and (3) the Deutsche Mark‐Sterling exchange rate.

The output of the model is a simulation of possible outcomes from the portfolio hedging strategy. the difference in our methodology is that we are able to retain the simplicity of the binomial distribution, used extensively in the analysis of options, in a multivariate context. This is achieved by building three (or more) binomial trees for the individual variables and capturing the correlation structure with the use of varying conditional probabilities.
The search for evidence of chaos in FTSE‐100 daily returns
Authors: Varson Paula L. , Doran Paul
Published: September 2010

This study provides an elementary discussion of deterministic chaos as it applies to security returns. the study demonstrates a simple technique, well known in the physical sciences, for discriminating between random and chaotic time‐series. Applying the technique to a time‐series of daily returns on the FTSE‐100, an index comprised of the stocks of the 100 largest British firms, results in evidence that the time‐series is random, not chaotic.
New Paradigms in Stock Market Indexing
Authors: Jun Derek , Malkiel Burton G.
Published: September 2010

Considerable recent interest has been shown in a new set of stock‐market indices that are weighted by fundamental factors such as sales, earnings, dividends or book values, rather than by capitalization. In this paper, we analyze the performance of Fundamental Indexing™ (“FI”). First, we show that the source of FI's recent excellent performance is not from its ability to systematically arbitrage mispricing in a noisy market but from increasing the portfolio's exposure to stocks with low price‐to‐book values and with small capitalizations. We find that FI does not produce a positive alpha when its excess returns are explained by the Fama‐French three‐factor model of CAPM beta, the value premium and the size premium. Second, we show that it is possible to construct a portfolio of exchange‐traded funds with similar factor loadings that can replicate, and sometimes, even outperform FI. However, we caution investors not to expect consistent outperformance from portfolios tilted towards value and small‐cap stocks. Historical data shows evidence of mean reversion in the performance of such strategies.
Employee Rights on Transfer of Undertakings: Italian Legislation and EC Law
Authors: Novella Marco , Vallauri Maria Luisa
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  The authors examine the conformity with Community law of the recent regulatory changes introduced to the Italian legal system regarding the safeguarding of employees' rights during transfers of undertakings. The investigation takes place on the assumption that the principle of primacy of Community law applies, which first and foremost means that it must be verified whether the domestic legislation in question complies with the interpretation given to the relative provisions of Community law. According to the authors' opinion, domestic law could be judged as non‐conforming to the interpretation that has been given by the Court of Justice, so that the question may be brought before the Court of Justice ex Article 226 EC or by recourse to the preliminary ruling procedure under Article 234 EC, which reveal cases of incorrect implementation of the Directive.
Promoting Human Rights within the Union: The Role of European Private International Law
Authors: Van Den Eeckhout Veerle
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  This article aims to contribute both to the ‘Refgov’ project, which is focused on the ambition to find ways of promoting human rights within the EU, but also, more in general and apart from the project, to an improved understanding of the crucial place conflict of law rules occupy in the building of a common Europe—a highly political question behind apparently technical issues. In the study the author deals with the parameters, points of interest, etc in relation to private international law which should be heeded if European Member States ‘look at’ each other's laws, and—in the context of the ‘Refgov’ project—if the idea is to exchange ‘best practices’ or harmonise substantive law, or to harmonise private international law, etc further through a type of open method of coordination. The contribution also shows that private international law issues are decisive in respect of every evaluation of the impact of European integration on human rights, both if this integration process takes place through ‘negative’ harmonisation (for example by falling back on the principle of mutual recognition) and through ‘positive’ harmonisation.
The transnational politics of judicialization. Van Gend en Loos and the making of EU polity
Authors: Vauchez Antoine
Published: September 2010

This article tracks the genesis of one of the EU's most established meta‐narratives, that of Europeanisation‐through‐case‐law. Instead of studying this theory of European integration as an explanatory frame, I consider what is at stake in its genesis as a dominant frame of understanding of Europeanisation. I trace its emergence in the conflicting theorisations of the relationship between law and the European Communities that come along with the ECJ's ‘landmark’ decisions (Van Gend en Loos and Costa v ENEL). This approach helps seize the genesis of a specific and—at the time—rather unlikely political model for Europe in which a Court (the ECJ) is regarded as the very locus of European integration's dynamics as well as the best mediator and moderator of both Member States' ‘conservatism’ and individuals' ‘potential excesses’.
Feature extraction and dimensionality reduction by genetic programming based on the Fisher criterion
Authors: Guo Hong , Zhang Qing , Nandi Asoke K.
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Feature extraction helps to maximize the useful information within a feature vector, by reducing the dimensionality and making the classification effective and simple. In this paper, a novel feature extraction method is proposed: genetic programming (GP) is used to discover features, while the Fisher criterion is employed to assign fitness values. This produces non‐linear features for both two‐class and multiclass recognition, reflecting the discriminating information between classes. Compared with other GP‐based methods which need to generate c discriminant functions for solving c‐class (c>2) pattern recognition problems, only one single feature, obtained by a single GP run, appears to be highly satisfactory in this approach. The proposed method is experimentally compared with some non‐linear feature extraction methods, such as kernel generalized discriminant analysis and kernel principal component analysis. Results demonstrate the capability of the proposed approach to transform information from the high‐dimensional feature space into a single‐dimensional space by automatically discovering the relationships between data, producing improved performance.
Soft ontologies, spatial representations and multi‐perspective explorability
Authors: Kaipainen Mauri , Normak Peeter , Niglas Katrin , Kippar Jaagup , Laanpere Mart
Published: September 2010

Abstract: It is against the dynamically evolving nature of many contemporary media applications to be analysed in terms of conventional rigid ontologies that rely on expertise‐based fixed categories and hierarchical structure. Many of these rely on sharing ‘folksonomies’, personal descriptions of information and objects for one's own retrieval. Such applications involve many feedback mechanisms via the community, and have been shown to have emergent properties of complex dynamic systems. We propose that such dynamically evolving information domains can be more usefully described by means of a soft ontology, a dynamically flexible and inherently spatial metadata approach for ill‐defined domains. Our contribution is (1) the elaboration of the so far intuitive concept of soft ontology in a way that supports conceptualizing dynamically evolving domains. Further, our approach proposes (2) a whole new mode of interaction with information domains by means of recurring exploration of an information domain from multiple perspectives in search of more comprehensive understanding of it, i.e. multi‐perspective exploration. We demonstrate this concept with an example of collaborative tagging in an educational context.
A new approach based on a discrete hidden Markov model using the Rocchio algorithm for the diagnosis of heart valve diseases
Authors: Uğuz Harun , Arslan Ahmet
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Application of the Doppler ultrasound technique in the diagnosis of heart diseases has been increasing in the last decade since it is non‐invasive, practicable and reliable. In this study, a new approach based on the discrete hidden Markov model (DHMM) is proposed for the diagnosis of heart valve disorders. For the calculation of hidden Markov model (HMM) parameters according to the maximum likelihood approach, HMM parameters belonging to each class are calculated by using training samples that only belong to their own classes. In order to calculate the parameters of DHMMs, not only training samples of the related class but also training samples of other classes are included in the calculation. Therefore HMM parameters that reflect a class's characteristics are more represented than other class parameters. For this aim, the approach was to use a hybrid method by adapting the Rocchio algorithm. The proposed system was used in the classification of the Doppler signals obtained from aortic and mitral heart valves of 215 subjects. The performance of this classification approach was compared with the classification performances in previous studies which used the same data set and the efficiency of the new approach was tested. The total classification accuracy of the proposed approach (95.12%) is higher than the total accuracy rate of standard DHMM (94.31%), continuous HMM (93.5%) and support vector machine (92.67%) classifiers employed in our previous studies and comparable with the performance levels of classifications using artificial neural networks (95.12%) and fuzzy‐C‐means/CHMM (95.12%).
Hermanns Schlachten: Gender, Culture and the German Nation in the Long Eighteenth Century
Authors: Griffiths Elystan
Published: September 2010

This article investigates treatments of the ‘Hermannsschlacht’ motif in the long eighteenth century, focusing particularly on works by Johann Elias Schlegel, Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock and Heinrich von Kleist. In particular, it considers how these authors represent the relationships between gender, culture and the German nation in their plays. It is argued that the development of the ‘Hermannsschlacht’ motif is not driven primarily by a search for models of masculinity (Hans Peter Herrmann), but rather that the gender roles portrayed in these works are shaped by a rapidly changing socio‐political and intellectual climate which saw profound shifts in the understanding of nationhood as a cultural and political construct and in the relationship between gender and nationhood. The article proposes a broader framework of investigation, which on the one hand takes account of the changing relationships between intellectuals and power in Germany and on the other considers intertextual relationships between Kleist's play and the earlier versions of the ‘Hermannsschlacht’ in order to examine the dialogue between different generations of writers.
The Quest for German Nationhood and the Reception of Women in Histories of German Literature, 1835–1872
Authors: Whittle Ruth
Published: September 2010

Writing literary history has been understood as giving a politicised historical account of German culture ever since the inception of this genre in Germany with the publication of the Geschichte der poetischen National‐Literatur der Deutschen by Georg Gottfried Gervinus in 1835.1 The concerted view today is that it was the ‘shockwaves’ of the Napoleonic Age which had fuelled a desire to construct an order and propose a unity, at least in book form, which would prevent similar chaos ever happening again, and this intention informed the first histories of German literature.2 This paper will explore the role women were accorded in such histories, and the selection criteria which contributed to their exclusion or gave them the best chance to be included. It examines the intersection of the narrative of German literary history in the service of nation building, women's writing, and ‘Wissenschaftsgeschichte’ from a gendered perspective by comparing how women writers fared in notable works of contemporary literary history just before the events of the German Revolution of 1848/49 (Gervinus) until the unification of Germany in 1872 (Prutz, Gottschall and Kreyßig).
Descriptive Representation and Policymaking Authority: Evidence from Women in Cabinets and Bureaucracies
Authors: WHITFORD ANDREW B. , WILKINS VICKY M. , BALL MERCEDES G.
Published: September 2010

We examine the forces for the descriptive representation of women in ministerial and subministerial positions. We offer a unified model in which portfolio allocation makes political forces for descriptive representation more important in the case of ministerial lines; in contrast, labor market forces determine the extent of descriptive representation in subministerial lines. We provide evidence for this claim from data for 72 countries and show that the advancement of women into ministerial posts depends on the form of electoral system and presence of women in the legislature (conditional on being in a parliamentary system). In contrast, the subministerial representation for women depends on the supply of women in the workforce. Additionally, the increased incidence of women in ministerial lines is associated with an increase in representation in subministerial lines.
Patterns and predictors of the use of different antiretroviral drug regimens at treatment initiation in the UK
Authors: Easterbrook PJ , Phillips AN , Hill T , Matthias R , Fisher M , Gazzard B , Gilson R , Scullard G , Johnson M , Dunn DT , Orkin C , Anderson J , Schwenk A , Leen C , Sabin CA ,   on behalf of the UK Collaborative HIV Cohort (CHIC) Study Steering Committee
Published: September 2010

Background

We describe the patterns of antiretroviral drug use at treatment initiation from 1996 to 2005 in a large UK multicentre cohort.

Methods

We examined trends over time and across 10 clinical sites in stage of disease and type of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Multivariable regression was used to identify factors associated with the CD4 cell count at ART initiation, and with the choice of a protease inhibitor (PI) over a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), and use of nevirapine over efavirenz.

Results

A total of 14 252 patients initiated ART, of whom 54% had a CD4 count <200 cells/μL. The most important predictors of starting ART at a lower CD4 cell count were being male, nonwhite, and heterosexual or an injecting drug user (P<0.0001). Among those starting ART, the use of highly active ART increased from 23% in 1996 to >96% from 2000 onwards. There were differences over time and across the clinics in the use of PIs vs. NNRTIs, in the choice of specific PIs, NNRTIs and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) backbone, and in the rate at which prescribing practices changed.

Conclusions

Clinic site and calendar year were important determinants of choice of drug at ART initiation, whereas clinical and demographic characteristics were more important in influencing the CD4 cell count at initiation of ART.
Comparison of two genotypic algorithms to determine HIV‐1 tropism*
Authors: Soulié C , Derache A , Aimé C , Marcelin A‐G , Carcelain G , Simon A , Katlama C , Calvez V
Published: September 2010

Objectives

One or both of two co‐receptors, CCR5 (R5) and CXCR4 (X4), are used by HIV‐1 to enter into host cells. The glycoprotein 120 (gp120) V3 sequence is correlated with the R5 and X4 phenotype. CCR5 inhibitors are specifically active against R5 viruses, suggesting the need to determine tropism before the use of these antagonists. A comparison of the position‐specific scoring matrices (PSSM) and Geno2pheno algorithms based on the V3 loop gp120 sequences and previously described to be correlated to the R5 or X4 phenotype was carried out.

Methods

V3 envelope (env) genes from 83 plasma samples were amplified and sequenced, and 69 sequences were analysed with the PSSM and Geno2pheno algorithms.

Results

These two algorithms were concordant in 86.5% of cases. The Geno2pheno algorithm gave a tropism result more frequently than the PSSM algorithm, but R5X4 or X4 viruses were less frequently detected by the Geno2pheno algorithm. R5X4 or X4 tropism was predicted in 29.9% of samples. There was more R5X4 co‐receptor use in the antiretroviral‐treated group than in the antiretroviral‐naïve group.

Conclusions

It is advisable to run a validated co‐receptor use prediction tool before using co‐receptor antagonists. If genotyping methods are considered, the PSSM and Geno2pheno algorithms are complementary and both are necessary. The association between predicted co‐receptor use and virological response to co‐receptor antagonists needs to be thoroughly evaluated.
Regional differences in the risk of triple class failure in European patients starting combination antiretroviral therapy after 1 January 1999
Authors: Mocroft A , Horban A , Clotet B , D'Arminio Monforte A , Bogner JR , Aldins P , Staub T , Antunes F , Katlama C , Lundgren JD ,   for the EuroSIDA Study Group
Published: September 2010

Regional differences across Europe in triple class failure (TCF; the failure of each of the three separate main classes of antiretrovirals (ARVs) with a viral load >1000 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL for >4 months) have not been described. A total of 1956 patients started combination ARV therapy after 1 January 1999, of whom 123 patients developed TCF [6.3%; incidence 16.7 per 1000 person‐years of follow‐up; 95% confidence interval (CI) 13.7–19.6]. After adjustment, patients from Eastern Europe had a significantly increased incidence of TCF compared with patients from Southern Europe/Argentina (3.05; 95% CI 1.36–6.82; P=0.0067) while patients taking either a boosted protease inhibitor regimen (0.33; 95% CI 0.15–0.74; P=0.0072) or a nonnucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)‐based regimen (0.59; 95% CI 0.37–0.94; P=0.026) had a reduced incidence of TCF.
A case of sarcoidosis presenting as a non‐specific intramedullary lesion
Authors: Caneparo D. , Lucetti C. , Nuti A. , Cipriani G. , Tessa C. , Fazzi P. , Bonuccelli U.
Published: September 2010

Neurosarcoidosis occurs in 5–15% of sarcoidosis cases. Approximately 50% of patients with neurosarcoidosis present with a neurological disease at the time sarcoidosis is first diagnosed. Spinal sarcoidosis is rare. We report the case of a 61‐year‐old man with a highly aspecific intramedullary lesion as the first manifestation of sarcoidosis. One year after the onset of neurological symptoms, the high levels of angiotensin‐converting enzyme and the results of a total body gallium scan and bronchoalveolar lavage supported the diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Isolated single reports indicate that spinal neurosarcoidosis may be the initial manifestation of sarcoidosis. In our case, magnetic resonance imaging of the dorsal spine showed a largely aspecific lesion. Neurosarcoidosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of intramedullary cord lesion with leptomeningeal enhancement; a systematic search for evidence of sarcoidosis should be mandatory in all cases for a correct diagnosis and early treatment.
Recombinant human erythropoietin administration protects cortical neurons from traumatic brain injury in rats
Authors: Liao Z.B. , Zhi X.G. , Shi Q.H. , He Z.H.
Published: September 2010

We explored the regulation of erythropoietin and erythropoietin receptor on traumatic brain injury (TBI), as well as the antiapoptotic effects of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) treatment. Female Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: rhEPO‐treated TBI, vehicle‐treated TBI, and sham‐operated. TBI was induced by the Feeney free falling model. Rats were killed 5, 12, 24, 72, 120, or 168 h after TBI. Regulation of EPO, EPOR and Bcl‐2 was detected by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), western blotting and immunofluorescence. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated biotin‐dUTP nick‐end labeling (TUNEL) was used to assess DNA fragmentation after TBI. Induction of EPOR expression persisted for 168 h after TBI, whereas EPO was only slightly elevated for 72 h. In the rhEPO‐treated TBI, Bcl‐2 mRNA and protein levels were greater than in the vehicle‐treated TBI. Bcl‐2 mRNA peaked at 24 h and remained stable for 72–120 h. The number of TUNEL‐positive cells in the rhEPO‐treated TBI was far fewer than in the vehicle‐treated TBI. EPOR regulation is enhanced for almost a week after TBI. Administration of rhEPO protects neurons by enhancing Bcl‐2 expression, thereby inhibiting TBI‐induced neuronal apoptosis.
Economic Gain and Loss from Public Infrastructure Investment
Authors: KIM EUIJLTNE
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of transportation investment on the Korean economy using the dynamic Computable General Equilibrium model. The result of the counterfactual analysis shows that infrastructure investment policy has the advantage of economic growth, but the disadvantage of price inflation. The elasticities of infrastructure investment with respect to GDP, export, private utility, and inflation depend on institutional restrictions on the domestic inflow of foreign capital and financing alternatives for infrastructure projects. The growth effect of transportation investment would be maximized if regulations on inflow of foreign capital to the private sector were lifted. On the other hand, the effect of transportation investment on inflation would be minimized if transportation investment expenditure were completely financed by tax revenues.
Competitive Characteristics of Small and Medium‐sized Manufacturing Firms in the US. and Canada
Authors: BAGCHI‐SEN SHARMISTHA , MACPHERSON ALAN D.
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT
This paper examines the competitive characteristics of small and medium‐sized manufacturing firms (SMFs) in a Canada‐U.S. crossborder region (the Niagara Frontier). Particular attention is given to the innovation and business performance of comparably‐sized firms on both sides of the border. The results of two firm‐level surveys are presented. A comparative analysis of the two groups suggests that Canadian Sh4Fs exhibit significantly stronger export and innovation performance than their US. counterparts. The results also suggest that U.S. firms face tougher competitive difficulties arising fiom specific national and regional circumstances, including shortages of skilled labor, higher corporate tax rates, rising import competition, and a more complex regulatory environment. The implications of the empirical results are discussed in the context of policy options for regional economic development in crossborder zones such as the Niagara Frontier
The Value of Ranch Open Space to Tourists: Combining Observed and Contingent Behavior Data
Authors: ROSENBERGER RANDALL S. , LOOMIS JOHN B.
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT
Several empirical studies have estimated the value of agricultural land as open space to local residents. An important goup of individuals that may be affected by the loss of agricultural land are visitors to a region. The value of ranchland to tourists visiting a resort town in the Rocky Mountains is estimated through a travel cost model that combines information on observed behavior data from actual trips with contingent behavior data on intended current visitation if the resource were converted to urban and resort uses. The value of ranch open space to tourists is the gain or loss in consumer surplus derived from a visit to the study area attributable to the resource. A random effects Poisson regression model is estimated because of the panel nature of the data, accounting for the correlation of the multiple responses from heterogeneous individuals. Twenty‐five percent of the sample would reduce visitation and 23 percent of the sample would increase visitation if ranch open space were converted to urban and resort uses. The overall effect of converting ranch open space to resort and urban uses is no net change in average consumer surplus per trip for summer tourists in general.
Spatial Patterns in the Economic Development of the Mountain West
Authors: BOOTH DOUGLAS E.
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT
Many counties in the mountainous areas of the western U.S. are experiencing rapid growth in population and income, even though extractive industries that served historically as their primary economic base are in decline. The purpose of this paper is to establish statistically the spatial determinants of population, employment, and income densities in 86 rural mountain counties and any changes in those determinants between 1985 and 1994. The results of this analysis indicate that densities are oriented to regional metropolitan centers and critical amenities such as ski areas, national parks, and universities or colleges. Negatively sloped density gradients with respect to distance from regional metropolitan centers suggest that the densities of settlement patterns beyond metropolitan boundaries are analogous to those within metropolitan areas relative to urban centers. In short, a tension apparently exists in locational choice; residents of the Mountain West desire to live near the beauties and amenities of the mountain landscape but do not want to entirely sever their urban ties. Because amenities are the primary attraction of mountain counties rather than employment in locationally dependent industries, at least some migrants must have relatively footloose forms of income.
Spatial and Temporal Metropolitan and Nonmetropolitan Trends in Income Inequality
Authors: NISSAN EDWARD , CARTER GEORGE
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT
Overall total inequality for state per capita personal income as well as total inequality for nonmetropolitan and metropolitan areas are examined for the period 1969 to 1995. In each case, the total inequality was partitioned into between‐and within‐region variations. Statistical testing shows no perceptible differences between the major categories, nonmetropolitan and metropolitan. Further, this study uses a model to test for narrowing of income gaps within these categories. It was found that for both nonmetropolitan and metropolitan, a general trend toward equality was evidenced during the early 1970s decade. In that decade, the nonmetropolitan areas’incomes approached the metropolitan areas’incomes but showed significant divergences in the 1980s, followed again by a narrowing of the gaps in the 1990s.
The Impact of Real‐Time Information on Choices During the Commute Trip: Evidence from a Travel Simulator
Authors: CASAS IRENE , KWAN MEI‐PO
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT  In the area of travel behavior, route choice when facing congestion has been widely researched. However, there are other behavioral alternatives based on people's activities and adaptive decision‐making strategies that have been overlooked. This paper focuses on how and what kind of information is used when considering a subset of these alternatives. Alternatives examined are the final choice of people's decision‐making process when faced with unexpected events during the commute trip in the presence of real‐time information collected using GABRIEL (Gis Activity‐Based tRavel sImuLator) in Columbus, OH. An empirical analysis of the data set, which includes a limited set of alternatives (six in total) is presented. Bivariate analysis and multinomial logit models are used to identify variables that influence the choice. Results show that people are willing to experiment with other alternatives if provided the information to support their choice.
Towards the Spatial Patterns of Sectoral Adjustments to Trade Liberalisation: The Case of NAFTA in Mexico
Authors: FABER BENJAMIN
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT  A recent string of “new economic geography” (NEG) models has set focus on the impacts of trade liberalisation on the intra‐national distribution of economic activity. What the existing contributions have in common is a basic two‐sector assumption (agriculture/manufacturing) and a resulting focus on the question of whether liberalisation leads to a greater concentration of aggregate manufacturing activity. Reconsidering these models from a multi‐sectoral perspective, the aim is to allow for sectoral differences in the spatial adjustments to liberalisation. This introduces a conceptual nexus between comparative advantage (CA)‐type sectoral recomposition effects of trade and NEG‐type spatial adjustments. In the analysis of Mexican manufacturing location 1993–2003, incipient empirical evidence is found in favour of the hypothesis that sectors characterised by a revealed comparative advantage and/or cross‐border intermediate supplies grow faster in regions with good foreign market access, whereas import competing ones gain in relative terms in regions with higher “natural protection” from poor market access. The relevancy of the proposed NEG/CA framework concerns both efficiency and equity objectives of trade adjustment policies, and opens a new perspective on the long‐run effects of trade on spatial inequality.
Geographical Distribution of Unemployment: An Analysis of Provincial Differences in Italy
Authors: CRACOLICI MARIA FRANCESCA , CUFFARO MIRANDA , NIJKAMP PETER
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT  Unemployment rates appear to vary widely at a subregional (e.g., local or provincial) level. Using spatial econometric models for spatial autocorrelation, this paper focuses attention on the spatial structure of regional unemployment disparities of Italian provinces. On the basis of findings from the economic literature and of the available socio‐economic data, various model specifications, including different explanatory variables, are tested to investigate the geographical distribution of unemployment in the 103 provinces of Italy for the years 1998 and 2003. The results suggest that there is a clear explanation of unemployment differentials in terms of spatial equilibrium and disequilibrium factors and a significant degree of spatial dependence among labour markets at the provincial level in Italy. Provinces marked by high unemployment, as well as those characterised by low unemployment, tend to be spatially clustered, demonstrating the presence of unemployment “persistency” in space and time regimes.
Network Structure, Knowledge Governance, and Firm Performance: Evidence from Innovation Networks and SMEs in the UK
Authors: CLIFTON NICK , KEAST ROBYN , PICKERNELL DAVID , SENIOR MARTYN
Published: September 2010

It is increasingly understood that learning and thus innovation often occurs via highly interactive, iterative, network‐based processes. Simultaneously, economic development policy is increasingly focused on small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) as a means of generating growth, creating a clear research issue in terms of the roles and interactions of government policy, universities, and other sources of knowledge, SMEs, and the creation and dissemination of innovation. This paper analyses the contribution of a range of actors in an SME innovation creation and dissemination framework, reviewing the role of various institutions therein, exploring the contribution of cross‐locality networks, and identifying the mechanisms required to operationalise such a framework. Bivariate and multivariate (regression) techniques are employed to investigate both innovation and growth outcomes in relation to these structures; data are derived from the survey responses of over 450 SMEs in the UK. Results are complex and dependent upon the nature of institutions involved, the type of knowledge sought, and the spatial level of the linkages in place but overall highlight the value of cross‐locality networks, network governance structures, and certain spillover effects from universities. In general, we find less support for the factors predicting SME growth outcomes than is the case for innovation. Finally, we outline an agenda for further research in the area.
Urban Polycentricity and the Costs of Commuting: Evidence from Italian Metropolitan Areas
Authors: VENERI PAOLO
Published: September 2010

Polycentricity at the metropolitan scale is perhaps the model of spatial organisation that needs to be investigated more thoroughly as regards its effects on travel. The aim of this paper is to test the role of polycentricity—as well as other spatial characteristics, such as compactness, functional diversification and size—in the costs of commuting, taking into account an external cost component (per‐capita CO2 emissions) and a private cost component (time spent on travelling). The degree of urban polycentricity has been measured by adopting a dynamic approach based on commuting flows and on social network analysis tools. The analysis is carried out using a database of 82 Italian metropolitan areas (MAs). Results show that MAs with a higher degree of polycentricity are more virtuous both in terms of private and external costs of mobility, while the degree of compactness is associated with lower environmental costs but with higher private costs. Size is associated with both higher external and private costs, while the role of functional diversification turns out to be statistically insignificant. Socio‐demographics also play a role.
Immigration and Ethnic Entrepreneurship: A Comparative Study in the United States
Authors: WANG QINGFANG
Published: September 2010

Using Singer's typology of different types of immigration gateways, this study mainly addresses how metropolitan area conditions impact ethnic labor force entrepreneurial choices across ethnicity and gender, within the contexts of different types of immigration gateways. Employing the 5 percent 2000 Integrated Public Usable Microdata Samples and a multilevel regression strategy, this study demonstrates that different types of immigration gateways have distinctive impacts on ethnic entrepreneurship. After controlling for both personal‐ and metropolitan‐level characteristics, it is found that whites and blacks are more likely to own businesses in newer immigration gateways, while Hispanics and Asians are more likely to do so in the more established gateways. In addition, differences as to the interaction effects of gender and regional labor markets are the most significant for blacks and Asians. Such interaction effects reshape gender differences in business ownership across ethnic groups.
The second modern condition? Compressed modernity as internalized reflexive cosmopolitization
Authors: Kyung‐Sup Chang
Published: September 2010

Compressed modernity is a civilizational condition in which economic, political, social and/or cultural changes occur in an extremely condensed manner in respect to both time and space, and in which the dynamic coexistence of mutually disparate historical and social elements leads to the construction and reconstruction of a highly complex and fluid social system. During what Beck considers the second modern stage of humanity, every society reflexively internalizes cosmopolitanized risks. Societies (or their civilizational conditions) are thereby being internalized into each other, making compressed modernity a universal feature of contemporary societies. This paper theoretically discusses compressed modernity as nationally ramified from reflexive cosmopolitization, and, then, comparatively illustrates varying instances of compressed modernity in advanced capitalist societies, un(der)developed capitalist societies, and system transition societies. In lieu of a conclusion, I point out the declining status of national societies as the dominant unit of (compressed) modernity and the interactive acceleration of compressed modernity among different levels of human life ranging from individuals to the global community.
Redefining second modernity for East Asia: a critical assessment
Authors: Han Sang‐Jin , Shim Young‐Hee
Published: September 2010

The aim of this paper is to critically assess the extent to which the concept of second modernity and reflexive modernization proposed by Beck and Grande is relevant to East Asia. Concepts such as driving forces, human agency, objective‐structural versus cultural‐discursive dimensions, radicalizing versus deficiencies aspects of modernity, push versus pull factors are used to clarify the basic conditions of this historical transformation. Utilizing these conceptual schemes, this paper has advanced the following central claims: 1) Second modernity and reflexive modernization, as a global trend, affects East Asia as deeply as it does in the West, especially when we see this as a structurally conditioned historical transformation; 2) Global risks, as a driving force of second modernity, are more relevant in East Asia because, as a result of the side‐effects of the rush‐to development, East Asian countries face complex risks of far greater intensity than in the West; 3) The action‐mediated pull factor of second‐modern transformation in East Asia, expressed through the cultural–discursive articulation of collective desire and aspiration, differs significantly from the West. Consequently, the East Asian pathways to individualization display distinctive characteristics despite the common structural background where push factors operate; 4) East Asia also differs from the West in terms of the normative vision anchored in second modernity; 5) Nevertheless, concrete pathways to second modernity within East Asia differ from one country to another.