bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Victims of Anti-Gay/Lesbian Violence
Authors: COMSTOCK GARY DAVID
Published: March 2007

In total, 294 lesbians and gay men responded to a national survey about their experiences of anti-gay/lesbian violence. Rates for various kinds of assaults and settings in which violence occurs are reported by gender and race of respondents. Rates of reporting to and experiences with the police are discussed and compared with those of victims of criminal violence in general. The impact of surveys on legislators and policymakers is indicated.
Intentional Falsification in Reports of Interpartner Aggression
Authors: RIGGS DAVID S. , MURPHY CHRISTOPHER M. , O'LEARY K. DANIEL
Published: March 2007

A persistent question in studies of socially undesirable behavior concerns the truthfulness of self-report data. The current study examines the willingness of subjects to report relationship aggression. Male (N = 98) and female (N = 98) undergraduate students rated the likelihood that they would report the occurrence of various hypothetical behaviors on an anonymous questionnaire. Subjects rated themselves much less likely to report physical aggression than other positive and negative relationship behaviors. Subjects also displayed more willingness to report being the victims rather than the perpetrators of physical aggression. These results converge with evidence from other methods of assessing social desirability response bias to suggest that victim reports of interpartner aggression are less biased than are aggressor reports. The results are further discussed in terms of a two-component model of social desirability bias, involving conscious dissimulation and unconscious self-deception.
Family Precursors
Authors: BRESLIN F. CURTIS , RIGGS DAVID S. , O'LEARY K. DANIEL , ARIAS ILEANA
Published: March 2007

A consistent finding is that children of parents who are physically aggressive with each other are more likely to be abusive spouses as adults than are children of nonaggressive parents. Interparental aggression also is predictive of dating aggression for males. In this study, 408 respondents were asked to report on the frequency of physical aggression in a recent dating relationship and between their parents. Respondents also reported the consequences subsequent to aggression. Consistent with prior research, there was a positive relation between interparental aggression and dating aggression for men. An association between women's self-report of aggression and witnessing one or both parents aggress was also found. Item analyses revealed that dating, aggressive respondents anticipate fewer negative dating consequences from their aggression. Further, dating, aggressive respondents experience both negative and positive consequences of their aggression.
A Follow-Up of Rapists Assessed in a Maximum-Security Psychiatric Facility
Authors: RICE MARNIE E. , HARRIS GRANT T. , QUINSEY VERNON L.
Published: March 2007

Recidivism and readmission data were gathered over an average 46-month follow-up period on 54 rapists released from a maximum-security psychiatric hospital. The failure rates for subsequent conviction for a sexual offense, subsequent violent offense, or subsequent offense of any kind were 28%, 43%, and 59%, respectively. Subjects who were convicted of a new sex offense, who committed a new violent offense, or who committed a new offense of any kind, were differentiated from those who did not by means of univariate and multiple discriminant analyses using personal characteristics, offense history data, and sexual-preference testing data. Sexual recidivism and violent recidivism were well predicted by phallometrically measured sexual interest in nonsexual violence and degree of psychopathy. The accuracy of prediction using these two variables alone was at least as good as that obtained in multivariate analyses using all of the study predictors.
Parental Use of Physical Force in Child Discipline
Authors: GRAZIANO ANTHONY M. , NAMASTE KAREN A.
Published: March 2007

Surveys of parents have revealed the common use of physical punishment in disciplining children. In this study, responses of young, unmarried adults about their own personal experiences in having been spanked were obtained from 679 college freshmen. These respondents indicated (a) that being physically punished was a common childhood experience, with 93.2% of the respondents having been spanked as children; (b) that these young adults are now very accepting of the use of spanking by parents and they fully intend to carry on the spanking tradition with their own (future) children; and (c) that those who were not spanked as children are now significantly less accepting of the practice than those who were spanked. Other findings, such as the ages at which spankings occurred, their severity, injuries, the involvement of anger of parents and resentment of children, and the importance of studying common or “subabusive” violence against children are discussed.
Ritualistic Child Abuse in a Neighborhood Setting
Authors: SNOW BARBARA , SORENSEN TEENA
Published: March 2007

Ritualistic child sexual abuse is a relatively unknown and poorly understood form of child maltreatment. This study describes the common characteristics evident in five cases of ritualistic abuse that occurred in five separate neighborhood settings. The sample consisted of 39 children, from 4 to 17 years of age, who described in clinical interviews at least six elements of ritual abuse. Three distinct components to the abuse were identified: incest, neighborhood juvenile perpetration, and organized adult ritual sex rings. These components operated simultaneously and interacted with one another. Lack of understanding of these separate components led to oversimplification of the problem, inaccurate investigative work, and attempts to discredit victims and therapists. Disclosures were difficult and progressed slowly. The majority of children showed little symptomology at initial referral with significant increases during the disclosure process. Perpetrators involved religious leaders, women, and many juveniles that were considered conscientious, responsible members of their community. This study suggests that ritual abuse in neighborhood settings appears secretive, coercive, and complex.
Assessment of Sexual Aggressors
Authors: McGRATH ROBERT J.
Published: March 2007

This article presents recommendations for conducting the clinical interview component of psychosexual assessments of sexual aggressors. Guidelines for administering the referral process are suggested, and specialized clinical interview strategies are detailed.
The Role of Sexual Provocativeness, Rape History, and Observer Gender in Perceptions of Blame in Sexual Assault
Authors: SCHULT DEBORAH G. , SCHNEIDER LAWRENCE J.
Published: March 2007

To assess joint influence of sexual provocativeness and prior sexual assault on perceptions of rape victims, males and females read rape reports presented in a factorial design that completely crossed levels of these variables. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated main effects for the independent variables but no interactions. Observers attributed more blame to victims whose preassault behavior was more provocative and who had a prior rape history. Relative to males, females were generally more empathic toward victims. Observers' perceptions were discussed in terms of attributions of causal and moral responsibility for assault.
Domestic Violence and Local Law Enforcement in Texas
Authors: EIGENBERG HELEN , MORIARTY LAURA
Published: March 2007

In the past decade many states have introduced new legislation that allows police officers to make warrentless arrests in misdemeanor cases of domestic violence. Previous research has concentrated on examining those factors which influence police officers'use of discretion in terms of making arrests, but it has failed to evaluate whether police officers are aware of the changes in the law. This exploratory study evaluated 64 Texas police officers and found that a sizable minority of officers did not know the conditions under which an arrest could have been made.
Children Sexually Abused by Multiple Perpetrators
Authors: LONG PATRICIA J. , JACKSON JOAN L.
Published: March 2007

This study investigates familial characteristics, as measured by the Family Environment Scale, and characteristics of the initial abuse experience as risk factors for multiple sexual victimization. Subjects were 324 college women including 16 with a history of sexual abuse by more than one perpetrator, 146 with a history of sexual abuse by a single perpetrator, and 162 with no history of abuse. Multiple-perpetrator victims characterized their families as displaying less cohesion, less expressiveness, more conflict, and more hierarchical rigidity in rule-governed behavior than did either single-perpetrator victims or nonvictims. In addition, both multiple-perpetrator victims and single-perpetrator victims reported that their families displayed less organization than did nonvictims. Multiple-perpetrator victims were both more likely to be abused by an intrafamilial perpetrator at first abuse, and to be younger at the onset of the first abuse, than were single-perpetrator victims. Initial abuse characteristics were related to characteristics of later victimizations. It is suggested that family dysfunction and initial abuse characteristics may serve as risk factors for multiple victimization.
Alcohol and Marital Aggression in a National Sample of Young Men
Authors: LEONARD KENNETH E. , BLANE HOWARD T.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the relationship between alcohol and individual difference factors on one hand and marital aggression on the other hand. Subjects were 320 married and cohabiting men who participated in a nationally representative study of alcohol consumption in young men. Subjects completed scales assessing hostility, self-consciousness, and marital satisfaction, and the Alcohol Dependence Scale (ADS). They also answered two questions concerning marital aggression: whether they had ever hit their spouse while drinking or hit their spouse while sober. The results indicated that alcohol use was strongly related to marital aggression. Furthermore, scores on the ADS interacted with hostility and marital satisfaction to predict marital aggression, with ADS scores related to marital aggression among men who scored high on hostility or low on marital satisfaction.
Pension Reform: Highlights of the Act
Authors: Staff
Published: March 2007

Many current pension plans will have to make only "housekeeping" adjustments to the recent legislation; others will need complete overhauls, but every company will have to scrutinize its plan.
Getting More Mileage from Overseas Pay
Authors: Lefkowitz Kenneth
Published: March 2007

Expatriate pay plans can be made more cost-effective and goal-oriented by reallocating compensation funds. Here's a new approach to ...
A Payroll Tax Alternative Using FICA II
Authors: Martin Jane L.
Published: March 2007

The Internal Revenue Code and the Social Security Act have provisions whereby companies can save in taxes by paying more tax.
Long-Term Incentives for Management, Part 3: Executive Stock Purchase Plans
Authors: Kimball Richard J.
Published: March 2007

This installment in the series shows how executive stock purchase plans give executives immediate ownership of company stock, usually at far less risk than a direct purchase from the market would entail.
A Unique Approach to Tax Equalization for Foreign Employees
Authors: Krupp Neil B.
Published: March 2007

For multinational companies concerned about the complex tax problems of their many foreign employees working in countries other than their own, here's ...
TEFRA: How the New Tax Law Strikes at Pension Benefits
Authors: Gravitz David H. , Rumack Frederick W.
Published: March 2007

One of TEFRA's sharpest blows is aimed at corporate pension plans. This article examines the damage.
Auditing the Compensation Function For Sex-Based Salary Differences: Some Needed Refinements
Authors: Buford James A. , Wilmoth James N. , Burkhalter Bettye B.
Published: March 2007

In using multiple-regression analysis to weed out any sex-based differences in the company's salary schedule, compensation managers must be alert to the factors that may skew the results.
The Pension Accounting Controversy
Authors: Cropsey Betsy Hollowell
Published: March 2007

Among the controversial rules facing pension administrators are the Financial Accounting Standards Board's proposed rules for employer accounting for pensions and other postemployment benefits. The author spells out the Board's rationale for the proposals.
Managing 401(k) Plan Investment: The Compensation Manager's Role
Authors: Appleton John
Published: March 2007

The author believes that compensation managers should take an active role in selecting the appropriate investment vehicles for company-sponsored, employee-contribution 401(k) plans.
Who Manages the International Compensation and Benefits Function?
Authors: Kühne Robert J. , Toyne Brian
Published: March 2007

A host of complexities make the international compensation and benefits function a tough area to tackle. But a study of current and anticipated practices suggests how to best manage a company's programs.
Executive Compensation: Taking Long-Term Incentives out of the Corporate Ivory Tower
Authors: Zeitz Poster Claudia
Published: March 2007

Tying long-term incentives to business-unit performance is one way to bring pay and performance into line with each other.
Flexible and Incentive Benefits: A Guide to Progam Development
Authors: Stonebraker Peter W.
Published: March 2007

Because most competitive benefits programs will soon contain flexible and centive options, benefits administrators should begin looking into how they can design such packages to suit their particular employee make-up.
Management Compensation Planning in Diversified Companies
Authors: Speck Raymond W.
Published: March 2007

Management pay in diversified companies should be decentralized and customized to fit the economics, objectives, and competitive environment of the firm's various businesses, but corporate strategy should set the standards for all.
A Descriptive Study of Lactation Mastitis in Long-Term Breastfeeding Women
Authors: Riordan Janice M. , Nichols Francine H.
Published: March 2007

This descriptive retrospective study surveyed women attending two lactation/breastfeeding conferences about their experiences with mastitis. One-third of the sample reported having mastitis while breastfeeding their last child. Episodes of mastitis occurred most often in the first three months postpartum; however, one-third 1occurred after six months and nearly one-quarter occurred after one year of breastfeeding. The outer upper quadrants of both breasts were found to be the most frequent sites of infection. The incidence of mastitis in the left and right breasts did not differ. More than onethii-d of the respondents did not contact their physician when they developed mastitis and and nearly half never used antibiotics for the infection. All respondents reported continuing to breastfeed through the infection. Mothers reported that the following factors (in order of importance) preceded their mastitis: fatigue, stress, plugged duct, change in the number of feedings, engorgement/ stasis, an infection in the family, breast trauma and poor diet. Study findings indicate that the most important teaching areas for preventing mastitis are management and control of stress and fatigue.
Infant Feeding Comparisons: A Hazard to Infant Health?
Authors: Auerbach Kathleen G. , Renfrew Mary J. , Minchin Maureen
Published: March 2007

Most investigators accept that infant feeding practices influence infant health in developing countries; however, it is widely believed that in developed countries, no difference in health is found between feeding groups when good hygiene is practiced. We question this conclusion, which may simply reflect poor research whose fundamental flaw is the lack of clear distinctions between feeding categories.

Using forty-three research studies published in a variety of professional journals from 1934 through 1990, we review the feeding group definitions used and the findings derived. We then comment on the relationship between the feeding group comparisons and conclusions drawn from the findings.

We conclude that disarray plagues most discussions of the relationship between infant feeding groups and other variables, such as maternal feeding choice and infant morbidity and mortality. As a result, nearly all findings deriving from such studies deserve serious challenge. We recommend insistence upon careful and consistent infant feeding categories in order to reduce the frequency with which methodologically flawed studies are published and subsequently influence clinical practice.
Does Breastfeeding Protect Against Sudden Infant Death Syndrome?
Authors: Bernshaw Nicole J.
Published: March 2007

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), the leading cause of infant death from one to six months in the developed world, strikes approximately two infants per 1000 live births in the U.S. The characteristics of the infants who die suddenly and unexpectedly are non-specific; none are universal except for the age distribution.' Therefore, an infant is recognized to have died from SIDS only after thorough examination fails to demonstrate any other cause for the death. It is the purpose of this paper to review the most popular hypotheses of the causes of SIDS and try to explain through published scientific findings how breastfed infants appear to be protected from this condition.

Many hypotheses have been proposed to explain SIDS. Some deficiencies/problems are related to the infant, such as a defect in sleep and/or breathing control, severe infant botulism, infections, reactions to immunizations, hypersensitivity to cow's milk, "maternal deprivation syndrome." Other causes are attributed to maternal circumstances, such as lower socioeconomic status, prenatal health, smoking, and the winter season. Additional suggestions of potential causes of SIDS include baby's thiamine deficiency, and hormonal and/or biochemical imbalance. The occurrence of most of these circumstances can be associated with a lack of breastfeeding.

Because SIDS occurs much less frequently in breastfed infants, it is speculated that breastfeeding protects infants against SIDS. However, scientific literature lacks uniformity in the definitions of breastfeeding (whether partial and exclusive)1. This specification is necessary to select control infants to elucidate the well documented substantial lower rate of incidence of SIDS in breastfed babies.
Assessments And Suggested Interventions to Assist Newborn Breastfeeding Behavior
Authors: Matthews M. Kay
Published: March 2007

Assessment of the newborn infant in the first few days after birth is important to ensure that the newborn and mother are beginning to establish lactation successfully. This article discusses breastfeeding assessment of the healthy neonate and includes a description of the Infant Breastfeeding Assessment Tool (IBFAT), a checklist on which neonatal breastfeeding behavior can be scored. Some interventions are suggested for those babies who may be having difficulties.
Memory Complaints and Memory Deficits in Young and Old Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Chandler James D. , Gerndt Julie
Published: March 2007

Memory complaints and memory deficits were investigated in 206 consecutively admitted psychiatric inpatients at the Uni versity of Iowa Psychiatric Hospital. Forty-five percent of patients over age 60 years and 29% of patients less than 60 years old had severe memory complaints. Patients with complaints of memory loss were no more likely than patients without such complaints to have a memory deficit. In patients over age 60 years, memory complaint was more common in depres sion than in dementing and amnestic disorders (73% v 43%), while in younger patients memory complaint was slightly more common in dementing and amnestic disorders than in depression (57% v 41%). Increasing age was significantly corre lated with increasing likelihood of memory complaint for depressed patients but not for nondepressed patients. As a result of these findings, memory complaint was found to be a statistically significant marker for depression in the elderly (sensi tivity = 73%, specificity = 75%) but not in younger patients. Our results confirm the clinical observation that memory com plaints are a useful marker for depressed states in the elderly. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1988;1:84-88).
Clinical Characterization of Alzheimer's Disease: Reliability of 'Age at Onset' and a New Descriptor, 'Age at Shift'
Authors: Small Gary W. , Kuhl David E. , Fujikawa Denson G. , Ashford J. Wesson
Published: March 2007

To determine the interrater reliability of clinical descriptors for Alzheimer's disease (AD), we assessed the degree of agree ment among four clinicians who rated 21 patients during a longitudinal study. Despite variability in response patterns, degree of agreement for determining age at onset of dementia was statistically significant (P < 0.005). We also found significant agreement (P < 0.0001) among three clinicians for the clinical descriptor, "age at shift" from questionable to probable AD, according to the National Institutes of Health Consensus Criteria. These data demonstrate that both retro spective and prospective descriptors can be reliably determined in the clinical assessment of AD. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1988;1:207-211).
Opportunities for Psychotherapy in the Management of Dementia
Authors: Miller Mark D.
Published: March 2007

Demented patients are not usually thought of as candidates for psychotherapy due to their impaired memory, general intel lectual decline, and waning ability to use insight. Families often accede to this view by perceiving their dementing relatives as unable to handle emotion-laden issues. This paper will illustrate with clinical examples that many dementing patients can benefit from psychotherapy. Practical suggestions will be outlined for integrating a psychotherapeutic approach into the management of dementia patients and their caregiving family members.

The format of this paper will begin with suggested techniques for the initial interview, followed by separate con sideration of psychotherapy issues in dementing patients and in caregiving family members. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1989;2:21-17).
Concurrent Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Psychogeriatric Patients
Authors: Rosen J. , Fields R.B. , Hand A.M. , Falsettie G. , Van Kammen D.P.
Published: March 2007

Despite the fact that there are over 11 million World War II veterans in the United States, recent research on combat-related trauma has focused primarily on symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Vietnam veterans. Several studies have found that the majority of Vietnam veterans who meet the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, ed 3 (DSM-III) criteria for PTSD have an additional major psychiatric diagnosis.

This study explores the presence of the diagnosis of PTSD in an inpatient sample of 42 World War II veterans with an admission diagnosis other than PTSD. Following a structured diagnostic interview, a second examiner, blind to the patients' combat history, interviewed the subjects to obtain information regarding the past and current impact of the "most stressful experience" of their lives. Subjects were instructed not to reveal the nature of the stressor until completion of the study.

Fifty-four percent of the combat-exposed veterans (14 of 26) spontaneously listed combat as the most significant stressor in their life. Furthermore, 54% of the combat-exposed veterans met DSM-III criteria for past PTSD and 27% met criteria for current PTSD in addition to another axis I diagnosis. These preliminary findings underscore the need for clinicians to assess the long-term effects of combat trauma in psychogeriatric patients. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1989;2:65-69).
'Don't Know' Responses in Elderly Demented and Depressed Patients
Authors: O'Boyle Michael , Amadeo Marco
Published: March 2007

The suggestion that patients having depression with reversible dementia make more "don't know" responses to cognitive questions than do demented patients was tested. Inpatients were administered the Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) on admission and shortly before discharge. Errors and "don't know" responses were recorded. Groups were defined as (1) demented (n = 20; diagnosis of dementia, entrance and exit MMSE < 24) and (2) depressed with reversible dementia (DRD, n = 11; diagnosis of major depression, entrance MMSE < 24, exit MMSE > 24, ΔMMSE > 3).

Groups differed significantly on MMSE scores and errors, with demented patients scoring lower and making more errors than the DRD group. Groups did not differ significantly in "don't know" responses. Comparisons between groups on sections of the MMSE showed that demented patients scored significantly lower and made more errors than DRD patients only on the orientation section of the MMSE. The results suggest that DRD patients do not make more "don't know" responses than demented patients; however, demented patients make more errors on orientation questions. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1989;2:83-86).
Eating Difficulties in Patients With Probable Dementia of the Alzheimer Type
Authors: Volicer Ladislav , Seltzer Benjamin , Rheaume Yvette , Karner Jo , Glennon Mary , Riley Mary Ellen , Crino Peter
Published: March 2007

Seventy-three institutionalized patients suffering from probable dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) were surveyed for the presence of eating difficulties. Among 71 patients fed by natural means four different groups emerged: (1) patients who fed themselves (n = 17, 23.9%), (2) patients who had to be fed but posed no other eating problem (n = 13,18.3%), (3) patients who refused food although they were able to swallow it (n = 18, 25.4%), and (4) patients who choked on liquid and/or solid food, some of whom also refused food (n = 23, 32.4%). Patients who fed themselves were in a less advanced stage of the disease than those who did not, and their average body weight was equal to the ideal weight. The remaining three groups, ie, those with different eating problems, did not differ in mean severity of DAT, and their body weights were significantly lower. The mortality rate during 2 years following the survey was similar in all four groups of patients, although tube feeding was used in only one case. The mortality rate was also similar in patients whose body weights were 20% or more below the median weight for their age, and in patients whose relative body weight was higher. The results of this study suggest that eating difficulties occur in a majority of institutionalized DAT patients, but can be managed without resorting to tube feeding. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1988; 2:189-195).
Assessment of Disruptive Behavior Associated With Dementia: The Disruptive Behavior Rating Scales
Authors: Mungas Dan , Weiler Philip , Franzi Cheryl , Henry Rick
Published: March 2007

Disruptive behavior associated with dementia is a major clinical problem, but there has been limited methodology for assessing it. This study describes the development of a set of rating scales used to measure four dimensions of disruptive behavior that present frequent problems in patients with dementia: physical aggression, verbal aggression, agitation, and wandering. In addition, a total disruptive behavior scale is derived by averaging scores from these four scales. A sample of 16 patients in a skilled nursing facility was used to test interrater reliability and validity of this instrument. Interrater reliability was quite favorable for all scales. There was clear evidence for convergent validity of all scales except the verbal aggression scale, where a substantial correlation was found with one relevant external measure but not the other. There was also favorable evidence of discriminant validity for all scales except the verbal aggression scale. Psychometric properties of this instrument appear to be promising and indicate that it has potential utility for further research on causes and treatments for disruptive behavior in demented patients. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1989; 2:196-202).
Hospital Utilization and Readmission Rates for Geriatric and Young Adult Patients With Major Depression: Results From a Historical Cohort Study
Authors: Colenda Christopher C. , Trinkle David , Hamer Robert M. , Jones Sidney
Published: March 2007

Late-life depression may have different clinical features, hospital utilization patterns, and natural history, depending on whether the illness begins in midlife or late life. This historical cohort study examined three patient groups, late-onset geriatric depressed patients, early-onset geriatric depressed patients, and young adult depressed patients, to determine hospital utilization patterns, readmission rates, and whether specific clinical symptoms on admission predisposed pa tients to readmission. The two geriatric patient groups had similar demographic, medical comorbidity, and hospital utili zation profiles, except that the early-onset geriatric depressed group had longer hospital lengths of stay. Hospital utilization patterns for the young adult patients were different from the geriatric patients, but in the expected direction, ie, less medical comorbidity and shorter lengths of stay. Patients with late-onset geriatric depression had the highest 24- month readmission rate (47.4%), followed by early-onset geriatric depression patients (23.1%) and young adult patients (16.7%). Delusional symptoms and agitation were similar across the three patient groups and, as expected, somatic com plaints were more frequent in the geriatric patient groups. The relative risk for readmission was greatest for geriatric pa tients who were somatic. Readmission risk was increased for agitated late-onset geriatric depressed patients and young adult patients, but not for early-onset geriatric depressed patients. Delusional symptoms did not predict readmission for any patient group. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1991;4:166-172).
Brain Biochemistry Using Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Relevance to Psychiatric Illness in the Elderly
Authors: Moore Constance M. , Frederick Blaise deB. , Renshaw Perry F.
Published: March 2007

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) allows for the noninvasive study of cerebral biochemistry. It has been used to investigate cerebral metabolic changes associated with mental illness in vivo and in vitro. In this review, we will discuss the application of MRS to psychiatric illness in the elderly. Following a brief description of the basic prin ciples of MRS, the use of phosphorus (31P) and proton (1H) MRS to enable a better understanding of normal brain aging, dementia (Alzheimer's disease, multiple subcortical infarct dementia, Down syndrome, frontotemporal demen tia, vascular dementia, age-associated memory impairment, and other dementias), major depression, and electroconvulsive therapy is detailed. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1999; 12:107-117).
Clinical Neurophysiology Using Electroencephalography in Geriatric Psychiatry: Neurobiologic Implications and Clinical Utility
Authors: Holschneider Daniel P. , Leuchter Andrew F.
Published: March 2007

Electroencephalography (EEG) offers a unique contribution to the armamentarium of imaging technologies used in the evaluation of brain function. The primary clinical application of EEG is in the diagnosis of delirium, demen tia, and epilepsy, which are frequently encountered in the practice of geropsychiatry. This review summarizes the principles behind generation of the EEG signal, its strengths and limitations as a technology, clinical indications for performing an EEG, the principles underlying quantitative EEG (QEEG), and how QEEG is allowing us to probe brain function and connectivity in new ways. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1999; 12:150-164).
Studies on Thermogravimetric Properties of Polyphenylene Sulfide and Polyetherether Ketone Resins and Composites
Authors: Ma Chen-Chi M. , Hsia Hung-Chung , Liu Wen-Liang , Hu Jiann-Tsun
Published: March 2007

Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) and Polyetherether ketone are high performance engineer ing thermoplastics with a unique combination of excellent thermal, mechanical and en vironmental properties. This paper presents the thermogravimetric properties of PPS and PEEK resins and carbon fiber reinforced composites. The addition of carbon fiber and the effects of environment on the thermal stability are presented. Crosslinking of Polypheny lene sulfide in air enhances thermal stability is discussed. PEEK resin and its composite show higher thermal stability than PPS by 70°C to 100°C is also described.
Volunteers and Bureaucrats: Clarifying Roles and Creating Meaning
Authors: Walter Virginia
Published: March 2007

One element largely missing in the literature on coproduction is research on imple menting and successfully maintaining a process that involves the use of citizen and citizens group inputs into bureaucratically organized public agencies. This article is concerned with hozu priblic managers in a large library system create meaning and develop roles for conducting cooperative activities with citizens for the delivery of library services. The data indicates that there are a variety of roles performed by citizens which vary in how successfully they are integrated into the organization from the perspective of managers. Significant differences are found between citizens in the role of service providers and fund raisers, in whether their relationship is with the central library administration or branch libraries and in whether the style of a manager is flexible or bureaucratic.
Coproduction in Emergency Medical Services
Authors: Anderson Jolene , Clary Bruce
Published: March 2007

Coproduction arrangements are being used in a number of places and in a number of forms. Yet, little research exists on assessing the effectiveness of citizen involve ment in the production of public services, which is the focus of this paper. First, drawing upon organizational theory, a method for determining the effectiveness of coproductive activities is proposed. Then the framework is applied to a citizen volunteer emergency medical response (EMS) organization operating in a small rural community as part of a regional response system. The volunteer group is examined in its relationships to the overall EMS system of which it is part, to specific governmental agencies and private emergency response firms it works with and its own members. Variables considered include its contribution to the needs of the system, cost effectiveness, emergency response capacity, interorganizational compatibility, skill levels of participants, and their motivation for volunteering. The study finds that benefits generated by the citizen group exceed its costs and dis cusses how the group successfully integrated itself into a high-skill regional service delivery system and expanded the services it produces to meet other community needs.
The Developer's Role in Coprovision, Cofinancing, and Coproduction of Urban Infrastructure and Services
Authors: Weschler Louis F. , Mushkatel Alvin H.
Published: March 2007

Municipalities are increasingly shifting costs for urban infrastructure and services to private developers through the use of exactions. A complex system of conjoint arrangements has resulted in which a firm, in bargaining over the conditions of a development permit, may agree to provide and operate a water system, where the use of a facility with a city, or participate in a joint commercial venture with a local government. This exaction process has placed many developers in relationships that are analogous to those of citizen coproviders, cofinancers, and coproducers of public goods and services. In addition to public benefits, a number of potential social costs can be identified with these developer-based relations and suggest that there may be analogous costs involving citizen-governmental conjoint activities. These include equity issues concerning who benefits from developer provided infrastructure and services, whether extensive reliance on cost shifts to developers and on revenue generated from joint commercial ventures can compromise the public interest, and whether implicit demands by cities for exactions is reducing truly voluntary contri butions of a public nature by developers.
Role of parents in children's television viewing
Authors: Abrol Usha , Khan N. , Shrivastva Parul
Published: March 2007

Research in other countries has shown that the impact of television on children can be controlled if programmes are watched in the presence of adults and there is suffi cient interaction and discussion. A co-viewing adult can make television viewing an active process and can facilitate learning from it. Television viewing in Indian homes has been studied to examine the extent of such interaction and discussion. Interviews with 754 children and their mothers indicated that parental education is a critical factor. In the households where parents had comparatively higher levels of education, the children spent more time watching television. Educated parents also had more in teraction and discussion with their children about TV programmes. A positive image of television as a healthy source of entertainment and information prevailed among the parents, mainly due to a substantial amount of transmission time being allocated to programmes of educational significance. Some amount of positive learning from TV has also been suggested. Most parents restricted viewing, but more to restrict viewing of certain programmes considered undesirable. The study highlights the im portance of TV-related variables and parental variables. The findings suggest a need to sensitize and educate parents to their role in their children's viewing and how they can make it a fruitful learning experience. The potential of television for promoting child development needs to be utilized more for the benefit of children.
Primary environmental care for sustainable livelihood: a UNICEF perspective
Authors: Bajracharya D.
Published: March 2007

Children constitute nearly half the population of the South. They are the worst- affected victims of resource degradation and environmental pollution. They are also increasingly deprived of the mechanisms for acquiring knowledge, values and sur vival skills, as parents have less time to devote to their care and nurturing, and schools are either inaccessible or ill-equipped for providing relevant education. At UNCED, world leaders and NGO representatives have emphasized the necessity for human-centered, poverty-focused approaches to environment and development. Agenda 21 endorsed the goals agreed upon at the World Summit for Children and appealed for ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. As follow-up, UNICEF is adopting the "primary environmental care" approach to enable children and women to meet their basic needs by using and protecting natural resources optimally. Priority is given to the poorest groups living in environmentally vulner able areas, to fostering opportunities for enhanced livelihood, and to building part nerships with NGOs.
Children in a world of changing maternal occupational patterns: the Nigerian experience
Authors: Obayan A.O.I.
Published: March 2007

Socialization processes in Nigeria as far as women's occupational patterns are con cerned were largely restricted to the home, however, recently there has been a grad ual shift. More women are attracted to traditional and non-traditional occupations usually offering a better package of income, conditions of service, etc. This paper investigates the relationships between maternal employment status (MES) and Nig erian children's perceived feeling of maternal warmth in three main ethnic groups in Nigeria (Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba) and its attendant effect on their personality and behavioural dispositions. Nine hundred children with ages ranging between 12 and 14 years constituted the randomly selected sample. T-test analysis results re vealed a significant relationship between MES and maternal warmth. A significant relationship was also observed between MES and the personality/behavioural dispo sitions of Nigerian children. The implications of these findings are discussed. Recom mendations are made for reducing emotional and psychological risks while improv ing available gains.
Men in the Mirror: Questioning Masculine Identities in In the Heat of the Sun
Authors: Williams Louise
Published: March 2007

In the Heat of the Sun ( Yangguang canlan de rizi 1994 d. Jiang Wen) is a film in which apparent concrete certainties are shattered, from official histories of the Cultural Revolution, to youthful nostalgia and the narrative of the film itself. This article contends that a major part of this demolition process is the questioning of masculine identities. Jiang's main protagonist, Xiaojun, is growing up in the deserted Beijing streets of the mid-1970s. While the film at large has been seen as a criticism of the Maoist styles and rhetoric of the past, this article seeks to reassess this reading, focusing instead on the gendered identities that work to make up such histories. It will hypothesize that Jiang deconstructs versions of masculinities through Xiaojun's performances in front of the mirror. This “performativity” highlights the artificiality inherent in gendered identities, and literalizes the processes that form them. Xiaojun also questions masculinities through his subversion of space, the gaze, and memory. Masculinities form an innate part of the representation system that In the Heat of the Sun places into doubt, a series of reflections that Xiaojun, both in the past and in the reform-era present, finds it impossible to live up to.
Organization and Procedure in Environmental Law Enforcement: Sichuan in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Van Rooij Benjamin
Published: March 2007

This study provides a comparative and internal organizational analysis of the problems of enforcing environmental law in Sichuan. Firstly, from a comparative perspective, the study shows that Sichuan does not perform as well as the richer provinces in Eastern China, mainly due to a lack of local government funding and local environmental awareness. Secondly, when we compare the provincial level with the subprovincial level, we find that the Sichuan provincial EPB is weaker and more understaffed than the subprovincial EPBs. The provincial level's enforcement activities are mainly indirect, consisting largely of verifying the enforcement work of subordinate lower level EPBs. From an internal organizational perspective, this study finds, firstly, that because of the centralist way in which Sichuan's EPBs are organized internally, the bureau, as a whole, has become more dependent on its local government, in whose interests, the environment is often less important than the local economy. Secondly, it finds that the centralist bureau organization, in combination with the bureau's enforcement procedure, provides a large degree of discretionary power to those involved in enforcement pro cedure. This has an adverse impact on the bureau's enforcement activities.
The Impact of Culture in the Mathematics Classrooms of Multicultural Australia
Authors: Dawe Lloyd
Published: March 2007

In hundreds of classrooms across Australia mathematics is taught to a heterogeneous mix of children from many different cultures, including children of indigenous Aboriginal people. These cultures have differing perceptions about the nature of mathematics, its importance in the education of their children and how it should be taught and learned. This paper examines some particular aspects of culture which have a strong impact on the attitudes and performance of boys and girls in Australian schools in mathematics. The multicultural nature of the classroom is seen as an important factor in the dynamic of the culture of learning and teaching.
'... While the Scholar in his Wisdom Bows Down to the Truth'
Authors: Loy David
Published: March 2007

'The Heathen in His Blindness...' makes a strong case for the claim that non-Western 'religions' are projections of the West, but there are gaps. Does this characterization of Christianity also characterize Judaism and Islam? The broad description of Indian culture fits many other Asian and non-Asian cultures. Nietzschean and Buddhist supplements to the Christian-derived conception of truth reveal that we do not evaluate these issues from some transcendental perspective. Balagangadhara's contrast between 'religion' and 'India (Asia)' is employed to criticize the Western tradition, but in this regard he is as much a product (and agent) of it as any other Western scholar who debates these issues.
Mises and Schutz on Ideal Types
Authors: Koppl Roger
Published: March 2007

Ludwig von Mises's fundamental epistemological ideas regarding 'conception' and 'understanding' prevented him from constructing a theory of economic expectations. Building on different philosophical foundations, his student Alfred Schutz discovered the importance of 'anonymity' in economic analysis and was thus able to make a fundamental contribution to the theory of economic expectations. This difference between Mises and Schutz is of interest for several reasons. First, it shows that Mises did indeed fail to provide a theory of expectations and why. Second, it shows that the great lacuna in Mises's theory cannot be filled without changing the philosophical basis of his theory. Third, it helps us to sort out two more varieties of subjectivism in economic theory. Finally, it helps to clarify a leading problem in economic theory, namely, the problem of expectations.
Praxeology and the Development of Human Capital
Authors: Cochran John P. , Glahe Fred R.
Published: March 2007

The paper uses Murray Rothbard's reconstruction of utility and welfare economics to critically analyze current neoclassical justifications for government intervention in the market for educational services and the prospects for meaningful reform through partial privatization of educational services using school choice and educational vouchers. This analysis, which is in the Austrian tradition, implies that it is public funding, not public provision, that is the ultimate cause of the myriad problems within the public school system of the United States. These problems, which are predictable, unintended consequences of tax funding, constitute the current education crisis. Since proposed voucher systems retain the inappropriate form of funding, the reforms will, in the long run, be unsuccessful; the tastes and preferences of those who ultimately control the use of tax dollars will still continue to drive educational policy.
After Culture
Authors: Deshpande Satish
Published: March 2007

Political economy in India has lost its earlier dynamism; can the insights of recent culture-centred perspectives help revive it? This speculative paper outlines a research agenda that might do this by focusing on two important but under-researched themes in the history of the Indian present: the shift in the dominant economic ideology from development to adjustment, and the growth and differentiation of the middle classes. The ideology of development helped to create and sustain a strongly synergistic relationship between the developmental state, a small but significant middle class, and the nation. As development-ideology declined (because of the effects of development, and because dominant fractions of the middle class drifted away from it), this relationship broke down. The emergence of new middle-class audiences with different orientations, and transnationally dominant ideologies of globalization and structural adjustment results in a new conjuncture. Investigating this conjuncture may help us understand not only our recent past, but perhaps also our immediate future.