bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From a House Divided to a Full House
Authors: Echevarria Roberto González
Published: October 2023

The outcome of The Game, when Max Lanier beat Habana at the end of the 1946-47 season, was an escalation of hostilities between Latin American and Organized Baseball, with Cuba as the focus. The frenzy created by the race between Almendares and Habana, the attendance records set in the Gran Stadium, and the obvious availability of Latin American talent and money did nothing but whet the appetite of U.S. baseball, and harden its resolve to control the Latin American market and solidify its claim to primacy. Mexico had not only drawn an alarming number of American players, but even more Latin players, mostly from Cuba, though also from Puerto Rico, Panama, and Venezuela. The Mexican League had, in 1946-47, a dangerously intimate relationship with the Cuban League, then the premier winter circuit in Latin America. The sense of alarm among U.S. baseball magnates must have been heightened also by labor problems at home. American players formed a players’ union and then initiated a pension fund. The Mexican League’s tempting offers, moreover, started rumblings among U.S. players about the legality of the reserve clause, which bound them for life to the major-league team that signed him.
Introduction
Authors: Nolan Mary
Published: October 2023

America was very much on the minds of Germans in the mid,1920s. Its advanced technology and unprecedented economic prosperity, its high wages and brisk work pace, its dizzying consumption patterns and emer, gent mass culture, its “new women” and disturbing family life-all were the subject of intense debate. In closed conferences and public forums, indus, trialists sought to unravel the secrets of American economic success, while engineers from universities and firms analyzed American technology and probed factory organization. Trade unionists of varying political affiliations debated the reality and significance of American wages, assessed working conditions, and pondered the possibilities of mass consumption in Germany. For industrialists, engineers, and trade unionists alike, the character of American entrepreneurs and the mentality of American workers were a source of constant fascination and disputation. Nothing symbolized the economic performance and promise of America better than Henry Ford and “Fordism,” as the technological system and economic ideology embodied in the Ford automobile company was grandiously labeled.
Journeys to America
Authors: Nolan Mary
Published: October 2023

In their search for models of modernity, Weimar Germans of many classes and varied political outlooks traveled to America. They were certainly not the first Germans to venture across the Atlantic to explore the United States, observe the peculiarities of its people and institutions, and record their impressions. In the decades before World War I, for example, Carl Legien, the head of the Social Democratic General Confederation of Ger, man Trade Unions, crisscrossed the land, meeting with socialists and trade unionists.1 The novelist and world traveler Arthur Holitscher, with less purpose and a distinct taste for the picaresque, wandered across America absorbing nature and culture, politics and architecture, ethnicity and race.2 Erwin Rosen, the black sheep of a respectable southern German bourgeois family, worked and traveled in America for five years after he was expelled from his academic high school.3 The sociologist Werner Sombart made the journey before completing Why Is’There ]’{o Socialism in the United States?4 And Hugo Mtinsterberg, the German psychologist who taught for years at Harvard, produced a weighty tome on American life and the American psyche in 1904.
The Infatuation with Fordism
Authors: Nolan Mary
Published: October 2023

I have long gone through life with perceptive eyes, a thinking soul, and an open heart, enthusiastic about everything beautiful, be it nature, art, sport, or pro, ductivity. Nonetheless, my most powerful experience was a visit to the Ford works, that gigantic production facility created in a short time by human hands, which not only impresses the eyes by its size and the manner of its technical construction but whose living spirit is palpably present to such a degree that it simply draws people into its orbit. Few observers spoke quite as rhapsodically about Ford’s Highland Park and River Rouge factories as the engineer Franz Westermann, but most shared his sense of awe, regardless of whether it inspired approval, anxiety, or repulsion. In Detroit Germans found something startlingly new. The size and speed of production, the degree of mechanization and division of labor could scarcely be grasped by even the most technologically experienced observer. Nature’s most impressive wonders, such as Niagara Falls, which most Germans visited on the way to Detroit, paled in comparison to such a mechanical creation.2 Production alone did not exhaust the allure and enigma of Fordism. There was the product and the marketing strategy that lay behind it, the Model T and mass consumption; there was the surprising coexistence of high wages and low prices; and there was the man and his philosophy, that spirit of “service” that ostensibly animated every aspect of Fordism, explained its success, and distinguished it-ideologically and practically-from previous forms of capitalism.
Engineering the New Worker
Authors: Nolan Mary
Published: October 2023

A great enveloping assault by German industrialists on the soul of the German worker is in progress. The goal of this attack consists in nothing less than a com, plete restructuring of the mentality of millions of male and female workers. With this ominous warning the Social Democratic trade unionist Fritz Fricke began his 1927 pamphlet ‘They See the Souls. He proceeded to deliver a scathing attack on new forms of social rationalization in industry. His criti, cisms were also aimed at the German Institute for Technical Labor Train, ing (Dinta).1 Fricke’ s alarmist prose was occasioned by a proliferation of fac, tory,based programs aimed at transforming workers’ attitudes toward work and the firm, coworkers and capitalism, family and fatherland. Dinta and the engineers it trained ran apprenticeship programs, company newspapers, and welfare and education services. Like several other Weimar institutions run by scientists of work, engineers, and industrialists, Dinta claimed to have discovered “the human being as a factor of production.”2
The Structure of Classical Legal Thought, 1870-1905
Authors: Horwitz Morton J
Published: October 2023

The separation between law and politics has always been a central aspiration of American legal thinkers. Operating uncomfortably within a democratic political culture that has been obsessed with the threat of “tyranny of the majority,” American jurists since the Revolution have striven to embody “a government of laws and not of men” in a conception of an autonomous system of law untainted by politics.
The Place of Justice Holmes 1n American Legal Thought
Authors: Horwitz Morton J
Published: October 2023

In the first two chapters I sought to capture the basic structure of Classical Legal Thought and to set the stage for the Progressive assault on its premises. In chapter 3, I began to focus on the vast institutional and ideological changes in American society that triggered the crisis of legitimacy at the turn of the century. In this chapter I demonstrate how these changes affected the legal thought of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., the most important and influential legal thinker America has had.
The Legacy of Legal Realism
Authors: Horwitz Morton J
Published: October 2023

Legal Realism is the culmination of the early-twentieth-century attack on the claims of late-nineteenth-century Classical Legal Thought to have produced an autonomous and self-executing system of legal discourse. The creation of a system of legal thought that could separate law and politics has been the leading aspiration of American legal orthodoxy since the Revolution. In a nation lacking either an established social order or an established church to produce the social cement of legitimate authority, from the beginning Americans turned the rule of law into a “civil religion.” 1 And in this most democratic country in the world, Americans after the Revolution obsessed about the dangers of “tyranny of the majority” and about how a “government of laws, not of men” might spare them from its ravages. If in 1776 tyranny of the majority might well have meant sectarian religious tyranny, by 1830 it had come almost exclusively to represent fear of leveling, confiscation-fear of the redistribution of wealth or power from rich to poor.
Economic Dimensions: The Role of Limited Liability
Authors: Blumberg Phillip I
Published: October 2023

Under traditional doctrines of entity law, the concept of the separate personality of the corporation insulates the legal consequences of the actions of one related party, such as a subsidiary corporation (or controlled corporation) from being attributed to its parent corporation (or controlling shareholders). In a significant number of cases, these legal consequences relate to matters of procedure, nonmonetary duties, or restrictions on behavior under statutory law. In these areas, consideration of the application of enterprise principles to supersede traditional entity law does not involve the determination of liability, and the doctrine of limited liability plays no role in the choice between enterprise and entity law. Utilization of entity law in such cases rests solely on the traditional concept of the separate corporate personality. In many other areas, however, the legal consequences of enterprise principles do directly involve the imposition of liability upon one or more constituent corporations of a group for the obligations of an other constituent corporation. In those cases, the use of enterprise principles involves not only the abandonment of traditional principles of entity law but also the repudiation of limited liability. The focus is no longer purely conceptual; it involves issues of profound economic importance.
The Jurisprudence of Enterprise Law
Authors: Blumberg Phillip I
Published: October 2023

As multinational groups have come to dominate the world economy in the twentieth century, the law is inevitably changing. The law is responding to the challenge presented by the fundamental transforma tion of the economy from the very different world of earlier centuries in which business was conducted by single corporations to one dominated by complex corporate groups.
The Rise and Decline of Tweed’s Tammany Hall
Authors: Bernstein Iver
Published: October 2023

William M. Tweed’s Tammany Democracy was the most successful attempt to resolve the problem of political rule exposed by the volcanic social eruption of July 1863. Tweed and Tammany’s domination of the Democratic Party dated from late 1864 and 1865. In the eighteen months after the riots, a loyal Tammany Hall gained ascendancy after the Peace Democracy was branded the provocateur of an insurrectionary working class and traitor to the Northern cause. Tweed’s political domination began with the electoral victories of December 1865 and in the state with the victories of December 1869. His regime lasted until the Orange riot and revelations of fraud in July 1871. During this six-year tenure, Tweed’s organization managed to negotiate tensions between contesting groups of wage earners and elites, an accomplishment which had eluded a host of Republican and Democratic predecessors during the middle decades.
Share tenancy and efficiency in u.s. Agriculture
Authors: Lee Hyunok , Somwaru Agapi
Published: October 2023

Since the time of Adam Smith, economists have argued that share tenancy is ineffi­ cient. Because outputs are shared with the landlord, a share tenant gets only a portion of what he or she produces. Hence, the tenant does not have the incentive to culti­ vate efficiently on share-rented land and the tenant can be expected to undersupply resources [Bardhan and Srinivasan (1971), Bell and Zusman (1976), Braverman and Srinivasan (1981), Braverman and Stiglitz (1982)]. The result is Paretian inefficiency. Share tenancy, however, has survived the modem land reform era in developing as well as developed economies. This persistence has led many economists to attempt an economic explanation of share tenancy. Several have questioned the classical argument of share tenancy inefficiency. Starting by observing that if share tenancy were inefficient as claimed it would have died out, Johnson (1950) and later Cheung (1969) argued that efficiency can be achieved with effective monitoring of share tenants. Johnson argued that short-term contracts could be used to ensure that tenant farmers use resources efficiently. If the tenant does not deliver an adequate share of output to the landlord he or she may be penalized by contract termination.
Why Airplanes Crash
Authors: Oster Clinton V , Strong Johns , Zorn C Kurt
Published: October 2023

The authors discuss what private and public policies can do to increase airline safety in an age of the deregulation of commercial airlines. The book compares the US experience with aviation in other countries, especially Canada. Then it examines the three safety issues: the safety margin that allows for human error and equipment failure; the worldwide ageing of all airline fleets; and terrorism and sabotage.
Risk in Air Travel
Authors: Oster Clinton V , Strong Johns , Zorn C Kurt
Published: October 2023

A series of well-publicized aviation accidents and dramatic changes in airline industry structure during the 1980s and early 1990s have fueled growing public concern about safety. The horrific consequences of a major airline accident have been brought to the public’s attention in dramatic fashion by accidents such as the 1982 crashes of Air Florida in Washington, D.C., and Pan Am in a New Orleans suburb; the 1985 crashes of Delta Airlines in Dallas-Fort Worth and Midwest Express in Milwaukee; the 1986 collision over Los Angeles between an Aeromexico passenger jet and a general aviation aircraft; the 1987 accidents in Detroit and Denver involving Northwest Airlines and Continental Airlines, respectively; the 1988 bombing of a Pan Am B-747 over Lockerbie, Scotland; the crash landing of a United Airlines DC-10 in Sioux City in 1989; the run way collisions between two Northwest jets in 1990 and between a USAir B-737 and a Skywest commuter plane in 1991; and the 1991 crash of a United B-737 in Colorado Springs.
The U.S. Airline Safety Record in the Post-Deregulation Era
Authors: Oster Clinton V , Strong Johns , Zorn C Kurt
Published: October 2023

The U.S. airline industry has changed dramatically since passage of the Airline Deregulation Act in 1978. Flexibility in route entry and exit and in fare setting stimulated competition, encouraged new entrants, and forced all airlines to pay more attention to cost control, productivity improvements, and marketing. These changes, while generally beneficial for consumers,1 have raised questions and concern about safety.
Charter Service and General Aviation
Authors: Oster Clinton V , Strong Johns , Zorn C Kurt
Published: October 2023

Most public attention to aviation safety has focused on scheduled passenger service provided by major airlines and commuter service. Little attention has been paid to other segments of the aviation industry. In the United States, however, only about 21 percent of aviation activity and 12 percent of aviation fatalities occur in the major airline and commuter segments of the industry.
Cotton Dust Regulation: An OSHA Success Story?
Authors: Kip Viscusi W
Published: October 2023

A pivotal regulation in the history of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration is its standard to limit the cotton dust exposures of textile workers. This regulation was the subject of a major internal battle within the Carter administration, served as the focal point of a fundamental U.S. Supreme Court decision in the risk-regulation area, and was the target of a controversial reassessment under the Reagan administration.
The Impact of Occupational Safety and Health Regulation, 1973–1983
Authors: Kip Viscusi W
Published: October 2023

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration began operations in 1971 as the most extensive effort to influence workplace conditions. This regulatory program also assumed broader significance as OSHA became a principal target of opponents of the new risk and environmental regulations. The popular consensus that early OSHA operations epitomized ineffective governmental regulation was borne out in the academic studies as well (Oi [1975]; Mendeloff [1979]; R. S. Smith [1976, 1979b]; Viscusi [1979b, 1983]; Zeckhauser and Nichols [1979]). Econometric studies, such as that in Chapter 11, found little or no impact of OSHA regulation on workplace safety, and this view continues to prevail in the literature.
Retrospective: History, Procedure, and the Social Role of the Federal Courts
Authors: Purcell Edward A
Published: October 2023

Industrialization, the westward movement, urbanization, immigration, the railroads-the composite of elements that transformed American society in the decades after the Civil War-created a social context that shaped anew the day-to-day significance of federal diversity jurisdiction. Those developments helped generate large national corporations that organized far-flung commercial and industrial operations; they spread the American population across vast ranges of the trans Mississippi West; and they created hundreds of bustling towns and cities throughout the land. In the process they also generated new classes of grievances and multiplying numbers of injuries that forced millions of individuals to confront those corporations with claims for redress. Hundreds of thousands of those individuals eventually brought legal actions to seek relief. As they did so, they formed new patterns of litigation around the jurisdiction that the federal courts had exercised since 1789. The system of corporate diversity litigation emerged after 1870 and evolved through three major stages before disintegrating in a new mid-twentieth-century social context.
The Disposition of the Self
Authors: Crittenden Jack
Published: October 2023

Communitarian critiques first began during the Renaissance, when individuality became more of a “virtue” and less a vice. Since that time communitarians have lamented the collapse of community, those bonds of fellowship and solidarity that come from intimately sharing a way of life that both expresses and reinforces a common understanding or worldview. Yet today’s communitarians differ from their predecessors, even those as recent as the 1950s.1 Then communitarians attacked modernity; today many attack liberalism.
The Pursuit of Novelty
Authors: Scitovsky Tibor
Published: October 2023

What does an organism do when all its needs are satisfied, all its discomforts eliminated? The original answer, nothing, is now generally recognized to have been wrong. Perfect comfort and lack of stimulation are restful at first, but they soon become boring, then disturbing. At that stage the or­ ganism actively seeks stimulation. Fighting boredom is the opposite of relieving discomfort: the one raises too low, the other lowers too high, an arousal level. They are opposites also in that, while discomfort is usually specific and is fully relieved only by satisfying the particular need causing it, boredom is general and can be escaped through a great variety of activities. Boredom, therefore, is much harder to analyze, because we must deal with the whole gamut of activities capable of fighting boredom, but try at the same time to find what their common element is which explains their ability to stimulate.
Enter Economics
Authors: Scitovsky Tibor
Published: October 2023

We have looked at the psychologist’s broad canvas of human satisfactions, and though we have made next to no mention so far of economic activity, it should be clear that it is only one of many sources of satisfaction, perhaps not a very important one. Why is it that some satisfactions depend on economic activity while others do not and are kept out of the market altogether? The economy’s contribution to human welfare-its magnitude, nature, and components-is well known, well measured, and much discussed. What we lack, however, is an understanding of the economy’s place in the total scheme of human satisfactions. Only by comparing the economy’s contribution with that of all other sources can we attain a balanced perspective, and to do that we must understand better what all the other contributions are. We also need to reclassify satisfactions according to some principle which will separate the economic from the non-economic and help us identify the factors that distinguish them.
Income and Happiness
Authors: Scitovsky Tibor
Published: October 2023

After all this discussion of the psychologist’s concepts and constructs, it will be useful to stop for a moment and take stock before proceeding to the more practical and interesting task of applying them. At the center of the economist’s stage is the market, with its wheeling and dealing, and its central act in which two parties make an exchange because each prefers what he gets to what he gives in return. That act of exchanging is the source and proof of all economic gain, which explains the economist’s preoccupation with it. Yet market exchange is neither necessary nor sufficient for mutual gain. It is not necessary because innumerable exchanges occur without benefit of the market and because many unreciprocated acts also yield satisfaction to both giver and recipient. It is not sufficient because market exchanges often create not only satisfactions, but also the needs they satisfy, and anything that gives rise to both a need and its satisfaction is of little or no use to anyone.
Our Disdain for Culture
Authors: Scitovsky Tibor
Published: October 2023

Another important cultural force influencing our way of life is a bias in our education, which is likely to sway our consumption pattern in favor of comfort and against stimulus enjoyment. Measured by number of man-years of schooling per head of population, we are the world’s most educated people. Are we also the best educated? The question I want to raise has to do not with the quality of our schools and colleges, but with what they prepare us for. Learning can have many aims; what do we try to achieve by staying in school so long? We are occasionally accused of lagging behind in culture; if we do, what does that mean in terms of our educational philosophy and the nature of our school curricula? To deal with those and related matters, we must first get a clear notion of what culture is. In Chapter Three I dealt at length with novelty as a source of stimulus and an intermediate degree of novelty as the condition that makes stimulus enjoyable.
Days of Decision
Authors: Anderson Terry H
Published: October 2023

The days of decision were between autumn 1965 and the end of 1967. During that time the major issues that defined the first wave of the movement and the sixties-race and war--dominated the evening news. A more militant form of civil rights, an expanding conflict in Southeast Asia, and an emerging “counter” to mainstream culture all provoked citizens to question, to make decisions about their own views and about the direction of the nation. The political became the personal, especially for the sixties generation; they had been awakened by Kennedy’s idealism, aroused by the struggle in the South, and confronted by campus regulations, and during the next years they would be educated by racial strife in America and by the war in Vietnam.
Power and Liberation
Authors: Anderson Terry H
Published: October 2023

Many commentators have ended histories of the sixties during or after 1968 because the election of Nixon is a convenient break and because the focus of the movement blurred. Just what was the movement during 1969 and 1970, from the Third World Strike at San Francisco State to the tragedy at Kent State? Streets became flooded with activists advocating a myriad of causes as the movement swelled into the second wave. The confusion was evident to participants themselves, who defined and redefined the movement. Perhaps its evolution was best described by veterans Michael Ferber and Staughton Lynd: As an expression, “the movement” still enjoys wide currency in America, but it no longer refers to an existing entity.
Chapter VII
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman
Published: October 2023

After parting with her lover, at the edge of the wood, Dorcasina, “gracious, mild and good,” (her displeasure at Betty’s last night’s freedom, being entirely swallowed up in the immensity of her present love and happiness) leaning on the faithful creature’s arm, gave her a particular account of all that had passed; at the conclusion of which, she said, “And would you believe me, Betty? He downright kissed me; and not my cheek, but my lips!” Poor Betty, uneasy and distressed, remained for some time, thoughtful and silent; while her mistress, totally unmindful of her sadness, ran on, in the most extravagant manner, in the praise of O’Connor, saying, that she had, at last, been so fortunate as to meet with her kindred soul; that he was the most modest, most engaging, and perfect of mankind; that her bliss would be complete in an union with him; and, that nothing on this side heaven would be capable of adding to her felicity, when once she should become his wife. Betty, indignant at hearing her mistress express herself in this enthusiastic manner, at length, broke silence. “Then you mean to marry him, ma’am; and not let your father know nothing at all about it!” “Heaven forbid! Betty, that I should be guilty of such an act of ingratitude to the best and most indulgent of parents. But my dear father cannot possibly have any objection to Mr.O’Connor, when he comes to know him as well as I do. He is waiting only for some letters from Philadelphia, to present himself before him; and I am so far from entertaining any doubt of his consent, that I am certain he will rejoice in his daughter’s happy prospects.” “Well, ma’am, I hope every thing will turn out to your heart’s content; for I am sure, I wishes for your happiness as much as for my own.
Chapter XIII
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman
Published: October 2023

Dorcasina did not go to bed; but passed the night in walking the chamber; in sighs, in tears, and in groans, bemoaning her unhappy fate: while Betty, who never left her, endeavoured in vain to console her. Towards morning, she brought a glass of wine, which she persuaded her to drink; and afterwards, by much entreaty, prevailed on her to lie down in her clothes. Nature, being at length wearied out, she fell into a gentle slumber; while Betty nodded in the easy chair by her bed-side.
Chapter XIV
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman
Published: October 2023

The inhabitants of this village, like those of all other small places, were too apt to busy themselves, with the affairs of their neighbours. The recent love adventure of the first lady in it now became the topic of conversation, in every circle. Few had the right of the story; and a thousand circumstances were added, as destitute of truth as of probability. ‘Who would have thought,” said one, “that Dorcasina Sheldon could have wished to run away, and leave her father’s house, to follow a stranger, an outlandish man, to the old countries?” “Sure enough,” cried another, “and so good a father too; no wonder he shut her up. He served her very right, for wishing to leave him.” “I am not of your mind,” said a third. “I think Mr. Sheldon, though in the main a good man, was very cruel to cross his only child in love. If the poor lady should die or go distracted, he would dearly repent his cruelty.” By degrees, the subject of their speculation gained strength, and, in three weeks, was able, for the first time, since her lover’s departure, to pay a visit to the grove. This was an enjoyment, for which she had most earnestly wished. She longed, with a mingled sensation of pain and pleasure, to revisit the spot, where she had first beheld the adored youth, in order to recal the rapturous moments she had passed in company with one, who had taken such full possession of her heart. Before she set out upon this visit, an idea occurred to her, which employed all her thoughts; and from which she flattered herself with drawing much pleasure.
Chapter XV
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman
Published: October 2023

Meantime, the four girls, whom Betty had caused to scamper off in such consternation, began, after they had got safely home, to query who the person could be, that had appeared so suddenly among them from the tree. One supposed it to be some man, who, caught as they were in the shower, had climbed the tree for a better shelter, and jumped down on purpose to frighten them: another, that it was a robber, who had concealed himself there; or a person with a still worse design. But one of them, more sagacious than the rest, said she would wager any thing that Mr. O’Connor kept himself hid there, on purpose to meet Miss Dorcasina, when she walked in the grove. This opinion was immediately adopted by the other three; and it was soon noised over the village that O’Connor had frequently been seen, in the grove, since his abrupt departure from his lodgings.
Chapter XV
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman
Published: October 2023

A fortnight of the month was now elapsed and Harriot had not been able to draw from Dorcasina any concessions in her favour, although she plainly perceived that her visits were far from being disagreeable. Encouraged by this discovery, she made them more frequent, urged her suit with greater earnestness, and more seriously than she had hitherto done. But Dorcasina, true to her resolution, and to her first engagement, conscientiously avoided affording the smallest encouragement.
Chapter XVIII
Authors: Tenney Tabitha Gilman
Published: October 2023

Seymore, who knew not that there was such a man in existence as Mr. Stanly, till he heard him mentioned by Dorcasina, wishing to ascertain the amount of her property, and, if possible, to develope the mystery of her being forced away from L--,employed a person, in whom he could confide, to go thither, and gain what information there was to be obtained, on the subject. The man thus employed being arrived at L--, took lodgings at the only inn in the place; the landlord of which we have frequently before noticed, as a very loquacious and communicative fellow. The man soon found that he need go no further for the desired intelligence.
And Four to Go
Authors: Clark E Culpepper
Published: October 2023

Friday, February 17, 1956, was bitterly cold in New York. Icicles hung like daggers from grilles of parked cars, the sky was bleak, and a freezing rain turned to ice as it hit the ground. Thurgood Marshall sat slouched, his tall frame awkwardly assembled in an airplane seat as workmen prepared the Electra for a 4:35 flight to Atlanta. After greeting a reporter who joined him for the trip, Marshall exchanged pleasantries while the ground crew de-iced the plane. Three and a half hours later, Marshall and the reporter landed in comparatively balmy Atlanta. A gathering of regional NAACP officials occasioned the trip. Conversations centered on recent events in Alabama.
A Moral Issue
Authors: Clark E Culpepper
Published: October 2023

In late May, Brewer Dixon wrote Rufus Bealle to say that his Spanish-born wife Loba and her son, Francisco, wanted to enroll for English lessons during the summer term. “I realize,” the veteran trustee observed, “this might be a very interesting time to be there, should the Negro girl be actually enrolled. I would rather like to be on hand at that time to see just [what) happens, although I would not care to have Loba and Francisco there at such time, and I probably would prefer to be with you in an armored car.”1 Fiery crosses and night callers made everyone nervous. Alex Pow, the university ‘s man in charge of security, left his teenaged sons at home one evening armed with shotguns and explicit instructions. One stood at the bottom of the staircase, the other at the top. If anyone attempted entry, the son at the top was to shoot a window out. A nearby FBI agent would come running. If anyone forced an entry, the boys must shoot to kill. Pow was not alone in his forebodings.
Religious Responses to Secularization
Authors: Sommerville C John
Published: October 2023

By the 1660s English men and women were aware of a decline of religious piety, giving rise to such works as Richard Allestree’s The Causes of the Decay of Christian Piety (1667). With at least fourteen editions before the end of the century, this was one of the best-selling books of the Restoration period. Allestree’s “causes” are all moral and meant to discredit the impious. We have seen them complained of before: ignorance, theological disputes, sensuality, self interest, pride, misplaced zeal, excessive curiosity. Nothing in modern life was presented as creating a new situation with regard to belief. In Allestree’s view the Gospel only had to contend with the same moral flaws as always. And yet the latter seemed to be gaining ground.
The Saudi State and Its Neighbors, 1930-1936
Authors: Kostine Joseph
Published: October 2023

The new Saudi polity that crystallized after the defeat of the Ikhwan is perhaps best described as “encapsulation.” The Saudi state had developed a superior structure capable of subordinating the tribes but unable to institutionalize its rule and cement it by means of a new ethos that would replace tribal practices and values. The government coopted the military prowess and political structures of tribes, which were more tangible and therefore easier to subordinate. However, tribal values and practices are an intrinsic part of the patterns of behavior and the weltanschaung of a society and thus far less amenable to change. Accordingly, a new duality evolved in the Saudi state in the early 1930s: a victorious new regime, politically centralized, reliant on Hijazi, urban centered, and oriented toward economic development, along side a defeated tribal entity, Najdi based, pious, and supportive of the chieftaincy system.

In the years that followed, this duality presented several problems for state building. First, the new elite was lacking in experience. Business entrepreneurs and administrators, many of whom were either based in Hijazi or foreigners, had to cope for the first time with the unfamiliar responsibilities of ruling a rapidly expanding state. Furthermore, they had no internal cohesion or the modes of cooperation necessary for their new role. The more common, parochial, tribal values therefore often governed the behavior of these groups, functioning as a substitute for modern political practices.
Prologue : At Mrs. Shippen’s
Authors: Nagel Paul C
Published: October 2023

Late in August 1774, strangers began rolling into Philadelphia. They arrived from all along the Atlantic coast for an extraordinary meeting. History knows it as the Continental Congress, called because citizens of the American colonies objected to their treatment by England. While most of these newcomers had to learn their way around the city, one of them knew exactly where to go. Richard Henry Lee of Virginia went directly to the residence of his sister, Alice Lee Shippen. Her husband, Dr. William Shippen, was one of Pennsylvania’s leading physicians and medical educators. He and Alice relished the arrival of her brother. Since Richard Henry had been important in summoning the Congress, there was sure to be good talk where he stayed.
Politics in Virginia 1758-1774
Authors: Nagel Paul C
Published: October 2023

While he could be as self-centered as Colonel Phil, Richard Henry’s nature was far more complex. Even his imposing presence was misleading, for he was actually frail. He suffered from epilepsy and he sometimes drank to excess. The fingers from his left hand were missing, blown off when a gun exploded during a mishap while hunting swans in 1767. He kept the deformity covered with black silk, leaving only the thumb ex posed. Such delicacy, however, did not preclude Richard Henry’s being a fierce hater. A brutal political foe, yet he was just as strenuously affectionate and loyal toward his friends.
“Last of the Stratford Lees”: 1786-1817
Authors: Nagel Paul C
Published: October 2023

It happened that Alice Shippen’s son Tommy was visiting Virginia when Uncle Frank died at Menokin. From there Alice heard the sad news that she was, as Tommy put it, “the last of the Stratford Lees.” Of all the family who grew up at Thomas Lee’s proud house on the Potomac, she was now the only survivor. Astonishingly, Alice lived two more decades, long enough to see a new generation come to humiliation at Stratford. But by then, Alice had also watched the sorrows of her own children multiply. Neither her son nor her daughter would brighten the lives of their parents.
Refuge in Alexandria: 1794-1858
Authors: Nagel Paul C
Published: October 2023

While Harry and Richard Lee were heaping calamity upon themselves and others in the Lee family, their wives sought to keep their marriages intact. In doing so, Elizabeth Collins Lee and Ann Carter Lee made the town of Alexandria a refuge. By the 1790s, Alexandria was an attractive and bustling river port. While the town was placed for a time within the newly created District of Columbia, it remained Virginian in spirit.
Charcot
Authors: Goetz Christopher G , Bonduelle Michel , Gelfand Toby
Published: October 2023

This book provides the best available account of the life and contributions of Jean-Martin Charcot. It gives a fascinating picture of the man and his milieu, and clearly defines his role in establishing the new medical speciality of clinical neurology.
Charcot’s Major Neurological Interests
Authors: Goetz Christopher G , Bonduelle Michel , Gelfand Toby
Published: October 2023

Charcot’s neurological interests were widely represented across the clinical spectrum of disorders affecting the cerebral cortex, the brain stern, the spinal cord, and the peripheral nerves. Trained broadly as a general medical doctor, Charcot studied almost all body systems and went be yond the bounds of modern neurology in his studies of joint disease following nerve injury and his intensive investigations of hysteria. In this chapter, the primary areas of neurological research in Charcot’s career are discussed.
The Exercise of Political Power
Authors: Peirce Leslie P
Published: October 2023

From the late thirteenth century to the beginning of the seventeenth century, the Ottoman throne passed in an unbroken line from father to son for fourteen generations. While the sultan was compelled to exercise vigilance in order to protect himself from his sons’ ambitions, he was also concerned with their survival and with protecting them from one another. Furthermore, it was he who was ultimately responsible for his sons’ training for the imperial career. With the institution of succession by seniority, the link between father and son was weakened. Unable to father children until his accession, a sultan might well die before his sons reached maturity. Moreover, he could not regard his sons as his direct heirs since any brothers or cousins he might have would rule before them. If the ruler was still hailed as “the sultan, son of the sultan,” the charismatic link between father and son that had endured for three centuries was broken. It was the relationship between mother and son that became the fundamental dynastic bond, in terms not only of its political utility-for the prince’s mother had always been a vital figure in his career but also its public celebration.
Prologue
Authors: Sherry Vincent
Published: October 2023

The “fallacy” Spender attributes to Ezra Pound and Wyndham Lewis turns on the paradox he finds in these “revolutionary traditionalists.” How does a state-of-the-art technique, Spender is asking, lend its timely energy to the art of an antique State? Archly experimental, the artistic temperament of the modernists promised to be progressive, forward-looking, liberal in a conventional sense, but this aesthetic intelligence colluded with social attitudes manifestly backward, reactionary, indeed atavistic. How can the radical inventions of Pound and Lewis, those ultramodernists, locate the root of their attraction to Nazi Germany and fascist Italy—societies they praised explicitly for recovering an ancient hierarchy?
Ezra Pound, 1921-1939
Authors: Sherry Vincent
Published: October 2023

Hugh Selwyn Mauberley tells Pound’s story of personal failure against the backdrop of contemporary history. Forces larger than private aesthetic programs determine the fates of his poetic characters. The literary economy has broadened its public base— the lowering of standards crushes the individual artistic excellences to which E.P. and Mauberley variously aspire. The antagonism between popular and elite readerships was of course well established by 1920; London, capital of articulate philistia, is well known to Pound. Yet a personal urgency attends his attempts to demonstrate this mass demand on literature — and to reveal its consequences.
Senator from Alabama
Authors: Ball Howard
Published: October 2023

Newly elected junior U.S. Senator Hugo L. Black faced a number of serious problems. First of all, he had never served a day in his life as a state legislator! With no experience, Black was soon to march off to enter the nation’s most elite legislative club.

Another problem Black had to address was the manner in which he was presented in the media to the world beyond the Alabama borders: as a country buffoon and a Klansman with little native intelligence. After all, if Black’s campaign battles over such issues as the availability of cheap fertilizer, improvement of the mud roads in rural Alabama, the evils of industrialization and monopoly, and keeping Alabama dry were any indication of the breadth of his concerns, then the Senate would have to put up with another Southern redneck, another “Tom Tom” Heflin, Alabama’s senior U.S. Senator, who was known only for his hatred of blacks and his stereotypical Southern political oratory.
“I Nominate Hugo L. Black of Alabama”
Authors: Ball Howard
Published: October 2023

The Court-packing debates in the Senate and across the country raged throughout the spring and early summer of 1937, and during that time, many people forgot that Justice Willis Van Devanter, on May 18, 1937, had given President Roosevelt his letter of retirement from the Court at the end of the 1936–1937 term. Van Devanter was one of four extremely conservative jurists on the Court, the others being James McReynolds, George Sutherland, and Pierce Butler.

This extremely cohesive conservative quartet, with occasional voting support from Owen Roberts or Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes, dominated the Supreme Court for over two decades. Justice Van Devanter was appointed by President William Howard Taft in 1911, after serving as a federal appeals court judge in Wyoming. On the Court for over twnety-five years, he wrote fewer opinions than any of his brethren who served with him—averaging three a term during his last decade on the Court. He was a very remote, reserved, tightly disciplined, and inner-directed person who suffered from a severe case of chronic writer’s block.
The Supreme Court Justice from Alabama: The Role and Functions of the U.S. Supreme Court
Authors: Ball Howard
Published: October 2023

Hugo Black was the seventy-fifth person to sit on the high bench since the beginning of the U.S. republic in 1789. When he retired thirty-four years later, he had worked with five chiefs and twenty-eight associates, almost a third of all the men and women who have sat on the nation’s high bench.

When Black joined the U.S. Supreme Court for the start of its 1937 October term, he had already developed a strong commitment to a society based on the rule of law, one in which all citizens, rich and poor alike, regardless of status or power, would be treated fairly. By 1937, he had been engaged in an intense, self paced reading program that, for over a decade, enabled the Judge to absorb the great lessons of history.

Black had a clear political perception of the role of the Supreme Court and its justices in a representative democracy. In speech after speech while in the Senate, he spoke of the importance of the fundamental instrument of governing, the Constitution, and of the limited interpretative role of the federal judges, acting in light of the Constitution’s general principles.
James Gamble Rogers and the Pragmatics of Architectural Representation
Authors: Betsky Aaron
Published: October 2023

The Question of representation, like that of language, is a difficult one to pose in the case of architecture, for the simple fact that a building inserts its physicality in place of its signification. In fact, a building does not in and of itself represent or speak about anything. Meanings must be, and inevitably are, brought to the actual construction by interpretation and use. The building is, in the most literal sense of the word, structure. While one might argue that this interpretation begs exactly the difference between building and architecture2 or that the condition of exile from spoken language makes architecture a more potent critique of accepted norms of cognitive control,3 the question of the necessity of actual building still arises, since the imaginative constructs of interpretation remain within the realm of pictorial or linguistic representation. That realm has little need of the elaborate constructs of building. When does one then need a building for the task of representation, or when do buildings form the only adequate medium for representation?

Representation in architecture assumes the need to represent something in such a way that a building is uniquely suited to that act and cannot be replaced by two-dimensional means, solely with iconography or with mute form.
Socially Motivated Architecture
Authors: Dean Andrea
Published: October 2023

The Prevailing view of architecture with a social or public mission is that it was buried by 1980s consumerism, self-involvement, and privatization, which elevated public greed over public need. As John Zeisel, a sociologist and advocate of social architecture during its heyday in the 1960s and 1970s says, “It’ s not what we praise, it’ s not what gets published, it’ s not what we teach.”1 Zeisel contends that social architecture has been abandoned by architects and by academia, and that neither took it seriously enough to begin with.
Economic Institutions: Spontaneous and Intentional Governance
Authors: Williamson Oliver E
Published: October 2023

Spontaneous governance has been the prevailing economic approach to economic organization since Adam Smith made perceptive reference to, and briefly described, the “invisible hand,” according to which each businessman “by pursuing his own interest ... frequently promotes that of society more effectively than when he really intends to promote it” (Smith, 1922, p. 423). That formulation is properly regarded as a watershed event and has had a massive and continuing influence on economics. One of the most praiseworthy intellectual activities with which an economist can become engaged is to identify and explicate spontaneous control mechanisms through which hands off governance operates.
Individualism and Community in American Life
Authors: Ellis Richard J
Published: October 2023

Few observers of American political culture have failed to comment on the individualistic character of the American people. Most truisms are not without valid ity, and this one is no exception. As a starting point the proposition may be satis factory, but as a conclusion this pat formula disguises far more than it reveals about American political values and social relations. To begin with, the term “individualism” is fraught with ambiguity. Any number of scholars have noted the extraordinary lack of precision that has historically accompanied the word’s usage.1 Steven Lukes, for instance, has identified no less than eleven distinct meanings of the word.2 The extreme variability of the term’s meaning should be enough to give one pause before rushing to affirm the pervasive individualism of Americans.