bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Regio‐ and Enantioselective Palladium‐Catalyzed Allylic Alkylation of Nitromethane with Monosubstituted Allyl Substrates: Synthesis of (R)‐Rolipram (VII) and (R)‐Baclofen (V).
Authors: Yang Xiao‐Fei , Ding Chang‐Hua , Li Xiao‐Hui , Huang Jian‐Qiang , Hou Xue‐Long , Dai Li‐Xin , Wang Pin‐Jie
Published: February 2013

In the presence of Pd2(dba)3 and FER, cinnamyl carbonates undergo highly regio‐ and enantioselective reaction with MeNO2 to afford branched nitroalkenes of type (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Regio‐ and Stereoselective Approach to 1,4‐Ditertiary Carbinols from Dimethyl Tartrate.
Authors: Budragchaa Tuvshinjargal , Roller Alexander , Widhalm Michael
Published: February 2013

Starting from (I), convenient syntheses for accessing differently substituted tetrahydroxy compounds in a stereoselective fashion are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Asymmetric α‐Benzoyloxylation of α‐Branched Aldehydes and Enals: A Useful Approach to Oxygenated Quaternary Stereocenters.
Authors: Demoulin Nicolas , Lifchits Olga , List Benjamin
Published: February 2013

A practical and metal‐free methodology is developed using an inexpensive and readily available primary amine as catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Michael Addition of Aldehydes to Trisubstituted Nitroolefins.
Authors: Wang Leilei , Zhang Xiaojing , Ma Dawei
Published: February 2013

The title reaction provides syn,anti‐Michael adducts with good diastereoselectivity (determined for crude mixtures) and excellent enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of Sterically Hindered and Electron‐Deficient Secondary Amides from Isocyanates.
Authors: Schaefer Gabriel , Matthey Coraline , Bode Jeffrey W.
Published: February 2013

The direct coupling of bulky aryl, heteroaryl, or alkyl Grignard reagents to bulky isocyanates affords a variety of sterically hindered and electron‐deficient secondary amides (29 examples).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Allylic Thioetherification: The Effect of Phosphoric Acid Diester on Iridium‐Catalyzed Enantioconvergent Transformations.
Authors: Roggen Markus , Carreira Erick M.
Published: February 2013

The effect of phosphate as a catalyst in combination with its properties as a leaving group is exploited in an enantioconvergent thioetherification of racemic allylic alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient and Recyclable Dendritic Catalyst Able to Dramatically Decrease Palladium Leaching in Suzuki Couplings.
Authors: Keller Michel , Hameau Aurelien , Spataro Gregory , Ladeira Sonia , Caminade Anne‐Marie , Majoral Jean‐Pierre , Ouali Armelle
Published: February 2013

A series of novel monomeric and dentritic thiazolyl phosphines is prepared and their activity in Suzuki couplings evaluated.
ChemInform Abstract: Sc(OTf)3‐Catalyzed Diastereoselective Friedel—Crafts Reactions of Arenes and Hetarenes with 3‐Phenylglycidates.
Authors: Wilcke David , Bach Thorsten
Published: February 2013

It is assumed that a benzylic cation is involved as intermediate.
ChemInform Abstract: A Regio‐ and Diastereoselective Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyclopropanation of Norbornene Derivatives with Molecular Oxygen as the Sole Oxidant.
Authors: Wu Wanqing , Jiang Huanfeng , Gao Yang , Huang Huawen , Zeng Wei , Cao Derong
Published: February 2013

The title reaction allows the highly regio‐ and diastereoselective assembly of various 1,2,3‐trisubstituted cyclopropanes(III), (V), (VII), (IX), and (XI) bearing α,β‐unsaturated ketone moieties.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple Synthesis of 4‐Aryl‐9‐furylnaphtho[2,3‐b]furan.
Authors: Fin'ko A. V. , Serdyuk O. V. , Butin A. V.
Published: February 2013

Naphthofuran (III) is obtained in a simple one‐pot reaction of aldehyde (I) and 2‐methylfuran (II) in the presence of a catalytic amount of perchloric acid.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric [3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides Catalyzed by Silver(I) Triflate with a Chiral Bipyrrolidine‐Derived Phosphine Ligand.
Authors: Gu Xin , Xu Zhen‐Jiang , Lo Vanessa Kar‐Yan , Che Chi‐Ming
Published: February 2013

A chiral (R,R)‐bipyrrolidine‐derived ligand is found to allow a moderately efficient asymmetric Ag (I)‐catalyzed 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides to a variety of functionalized olefins.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed Cascade Reaction for the Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Indoles.
Authors: Jadhav Jagannath , Gaikwad Vipul , Kurane Rajanikant , Salunkhe Rajashri , Rashinkar Gajanan
Published: February 2013

Cross‐coupling of nitrobenzyl cyanides with boronic acids affords 2‐substituted indoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐ and Cu‐Catalyzed C—H Arylation of Indazoles.
Authors: Hattori Keika , Yamaguchi Kazuya , Yamaguchi Junichiro , Itami Kenichiro
Published: February 2013

Conditions B) are effective for the C—H arylation of 1H‐ and 2H‐indazoles with iodoarenes, whereas the less expensive system A) is applicable to the C—H coupling of substituted 2H‐indoles.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Pyrazole and Indazole Derivatives: Synthesis and Evaluation of Their anti‐Proliferative and anti‐Angiogenic Activities.
Authors: Tzanetou Evangelia , Liekens Sandra , Kasiotis Konstantinos M. , Fokialakis Nikolas , Haroutounian Serkos A.
Published: February 2013

Bioactivity studies indicate that the readily formed compounds containing the indazole structural framework exhibit potent cytostatic properties against all cell lines tested, with compounds (VII) and (VIII) being the most active one against MCF‐7 cells.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Synthesis of 2‐Trichloromethyl‐4‐vinyloxazoline and Its Derivatization by Ring Cleavage Reactions.
Authors: Grigorjeva L. , Maleckis A. , Klimovica K. , Skvorcova M. , Ivdra N. , Leitis G. , Jirgensons A.
Published: February 2013

The efficient and eco‐friendly synthesis of the title compound (IV) involves a Lewis‐acid catalyzed cyclization of bisimidate derived from but‐3‐ene‐1,2‐diol.
ChemInform Abstract: A Green Synthetic Route to Imides from Terminal Alkynes and Amides by Simple Solid Catalysts.
Authors: Jin Xiongjie , Yamaguchi Kazuya , Mizuno Noritaka
Published: February 2013

An efficient and new green synthesis of imides is developed that combines a cupric hydroxide‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reaction of terminal alkynes and amides and the Sn‐W mixed oxide‐catalyzed regioselective hydration of the ynamide formed.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile, Diversity‐Orientated One‐Pot Synthesis of Ethyl 1,5‐Disubstituted‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐carboxylates.
Authors: Degorce Sebastien , Delouvrie Benedicte , Davey Paul R. J. , Didelot Myriam , Germain Herve , Harris Craig S. , Lambert‐van der Brempt Christine , Lebraud Honorine , Ouvry Gilles
Published: February 2013

Title compounds can be synthesized by stepwise one‐pot reaction of aryl carboxylic acids with hydrazines followed by ring closure in the presence of thioxoacetate (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquid as Soluble Support for Synthesis of 1,2,3‐Thiadiazoles and 1,2,3‐Selenadiazoles.
Authors: Kumar Anil , Muthyala Manoj Kumar , Choudhary Sunita , Tiwari Rakesh K. , Parang Keykavous
Published: February 2013

A new, simple, and convenient method to prepare 1,2,3‐thiadiazoles and 1,2,3‐selenadiazoles is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt‐Catalyzed Direct Arylation and Benzylation by C—H/C—O Cleavage with Sulfamates, Carbamates, and Phosphates.
Authors: Song Weifeng , Ackermann Lutz
Published: February 2013

The use of an inexpensive cobalt catalyst for the direct arylation and benzylation of (hetero)arenes with aryl carbamates, sulfamates, and phosphates is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Polyfunctionalized Quinolines via the Sequence of Propargyl—Allenyl Isomerization and Aza‐Electrocyclization.
Authors: Zhou Hongwei , Liu Le , Xu Shimin
Published: February 2013

The derivative (VI) can smoothly be converted into the biologically important fused compound (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: A General Intramolecular Friedel—Crafts Approach to Functionalized Pyrrolo[3,2,1‐ij]quinolin‐4‐ones.
Authors: Patil Dadasaheb V. , Cavitt Marchello A. , Grzybowski Paul , France Stefan
Published: February 2013

The synthesis of title compounds (II) and (IV) via intramolecular Friedel‐Crafts alkylation of precursors (I) and (III) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Four‐Component Cascade Heteroannulation of Heterocyclic Ketene Aminals: Synthesis of Functionalized Tetrahydroimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine Derivatives.
Authors: Li Ming , Shao Peng , Wang Shu‐Wen , Kong Wei , Wen Li‐Rong
Published: February 2013

NEt3‐mediated treatment of the ketene aminals (I) and (VI) with diketene, aromatic aldehydes, and amines results in efficient and straightforward formation of tetrahydroimidazopyridines.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,10‐Phenanthrolines Fused with Bicyclo[3.3.0]octane and Bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane Frameworks.
Authors: Visniakova S. , Zilinskas A. , Tumkevicius S.
Published: February 2013

A simple method for the construction of a variety of novel mono‐ and bisphenanthroline derivatives fused with a bicycloalkane scaffold is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile and Efficient Synthesis of 5,7‐Disubstituted Thiazolo[5,4‐d]pyrimidine‐4,6(5H,7H)‐diones.
Authors: Chen Liang , Li Zhan Mei , Zhou Jie , Song Hong Rui , Xu Bai Ling
Published: February 2013

The process renders possible the introduction of structural diversity in the heterocyclic skeleton and thus allows the approach to the construction of libraries for drug discovery.
ChemInform Abstract: Thiamine Hydrochloride (VB1) as an Efficient Promoter for the One‐Pot Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydroquinazolin‐4(1H)‐ones.
Authors: Chen Yijia , Shan Weiguang , Lei Min , Hu Lihong
Published: February 2013

The three‐component reaction of isatoic anhydrides, aromatic aldehydes, and ammonium acetate in the presence of vitamin B1 is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of tert‐Butyl 1‐(5,8‐Dioxohexahydro[1,3]thiazolo[3,4‐a]pyrazin‐3‐yl)ethylcarbamate
Authors: Liu Y. , Liu X. , Sun W. , Fang H. , Li M. , Xu W.
Published: February 2013

starting from N‐N‐protected alanine (I)
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Screening of 1‐N‐{(4′‐[4′′,4′′′‐Difluorodiphenyl)‐methyl] ‐piperazine‐1′‐yl}‐4‐arylidene‐2‐phenyl‐5‐oxo‐imidazolines.
Authors: Savaliya M. D. , Dobaria J. G. , Bhuva V. V. , Purohit H. D. , Purohit D. M.
Published: February 2013

Most of the new imidazolines (V) (10 examples) possess good to remarkable antibacterial and antifungal activities compared to standard drugs ampicillin, chloramphenicol, norfloxacin and greseofulvin.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structural Aspects, and Antimicrobial Activity Investigation of Novel Macrocyclic Amide‐Containing Compounds.
Authors: Aghatabay N. M. , Guenduez S. , Bas A. , Tuerkyilmaz M. , Karabulut H. R. F. , Duelger B.
Published: February 2013

The cycloheterophane amides (III) show moderate to strong biological activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel 1,4‐Benzodiazepine‐3,5‐dione Derivatives: Reaction of 2‐Aminobenzamides under Bargellini Reaction Conditions.
Authors: Mahdavi Mohammad , Asadi Mehdi , Saeedi Mina , Rezaei Zahra , Moghbel Hooman , Foroumadi Alireza , Shafiee Abbas
Published: February 2013

Dichloroepoxides (III) react with various amine substrates to afford the title compounds in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Claisen Rearrangement of Enolphosphonates: Construction of Vicinal Tertiary and All‐Carbon Quaternary Centers.
Authors: Tan Jiajing , Cheon Cheol‐Hong , Yamamoto Hisashi
Published: February 2013

A copper‐catalyzed enantioselective Claisen rearrangement of easily accessible enolphosphonates using commercially available PhBOX as chiral ligand is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent‐ and Catalyst‐Free Regioselective Hydrophosphanation of Alkenes.
Authors: Alonso Francisco , Moglie Yanina , Radivoy Gabriel , Yus Miguel
Published: February 2013

The title reaction, typically promoted by radicals or metal species, is shown to proceed in the absence of a catalyst, under solvent‐free conditions in a highly regioselective manner.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activities of a Novel Series of Heterocyclic α‐Aminophosphonates.
Authors: Abdel‐Megeed Mohamed F. , Badr Badr E. , Azaam Mohamed M. , El‐Hiti Gamal A.
Published: February 2013

The new title compounds (IV) and (VI) show high antibacterial and antifungal activities at low concentrations.
ChemInform Abstract: Organo Phosphorus—Selenium Heterocycles Derived from Haloalkanols and Alkenes.
Authors: Hua Guoxiong , Fuller Amy L. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Woollins J. Derek
Published: February 2013

Five‐ or six‐membered heterocycles are synthesized by treatment of bromoalkanones or alkenes with Woollin′s reagent (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 5‐(Trifluoromethyl)‐2,5‐dihydro‐1,2λ5‐oxaphospholes by a One‐Pot Three‐Component Reaction.
Authors: Fan Hua‐Fang , Wang Xiao‐Wei , Zhao Jing‐Wei , Li Xin‐Jin , Gao Jin‐Ming , Zhu Shi‐Zheng
Published: February 2013

Simple three‐component reactions of styryl or aryl trifluoromethyl ketones, ethyl propiolate, and triphenylphosphine are developed for the synthesis of 5‐(trifluoromethyl)‐2,5‐dihydro‐1,2λ5‐oxaphospholes under optimized mild reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Optical Properties of Dithienostiboles.
Authors: Ohshita Joji , Fujita Risa , Tanaka Daiki , Ooyama Yousuke , Kobayashi Norifumi , Higashimura Hideyuki , Yamamoto Yohsuke
Published: February 2013

Dithienostiboles having a stibole ring fused with a bithiophene system are prepared for the first time.
ChemInform Abstract: Dimethyl(2‐oxo‐2‐ferrocenylethyl)sulfonium Iodide — A Useful Synthetic Equivalent of Ferrocenoylcarbene in the Synthesis of Ferrocene‐Containing Cyclopropanes.
Authors: Ilic Danijela , Damljanovic Ivan , Vukicevic Mirjana , Kahlenberg Volker , Laus Gerhard , Radulovic Niko S. , Vukicevic Rastko D.
Published: February 2013

Treatment of substrate (I) with sodium hydride produces a stabilized ferrocenylmethylide which is coupled with conjugated enones to yield cyclopropane diastereomer (VIII) as main product.
ChemInform Abstract: Phenolic Constituents from the Rhizomes of Acorus gramineus and Their Biological Evaluation on Antitumor and Antiinflammatory Activities.
Authors: Kim Ki Hyun , Moon Eunjung , Kim Ho Kyung , Oh Ju Yeoun , Kim Sun Yeou , Choi Sang Un , Lee Kang Ro
Published: February 2013

The bioassay‐guided fractionation of the methanolic extract of the title plant leads to isolation and identification of thirteen phenolic derivatives, including the new neolignans surinamensinol A (I) and B (II) and the new phenolic compound acoramol (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Design, Synthesis and Identification of a New Class of Triarylmethyl Amine Compounds as Inhibitors of Apolipoprotein E Production.
Authors: Maitra Santanu , et al. et al.
Published: February 2013

The members of this class of small molecules are able to inhibit apoE production in the human CCF‐STTG1 astrocytoma cell line.
ChemInform Abstract: Aqueous Phase Atmospheric Oxidation of Sulfur Dioxide by Oxygen: Role of Trace Atmospheric Constituents — Metals, Volatile Organic Compounds and Ammonia
Authors: Gupta K. S.
Published: February 2013

Review: 95 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Topical Developments of Nanoporous Membranes Filters for Ultrafine Noble Metal Nanoparticles
Authors: El‐Safty Sherif A. , Hoa Nguyen Duc , Shenashen Mohamed A.
Published: February 2013

Review: 71 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrovinylation Reactions — Atom‐Economic Transformations with Steadily Increasing Synthetic Potential
Authors: Hilt Gerhard
Published: February 2013

Review: 103 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Isatins As Privileged Molecules in Design and Synthesis of Spiro‐Fused Cyclic Frameworks
Authors: Singh Girija S. , Desta Zelalem Y.
Published: February 2013

Review: 327 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Concerted Molecular Decomposition of Unsaturated and Oxygen‐Containing Compounds
Authors: Denisov E. T. , Pokidova T. S.
Published: February 2013

Review: 62 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleophilic Substitution at the Halogen Atom (Halogenophilic Reactions)
Authors: Sazonov P. K. , Artamkina G. A. , Beletskaya I. P.
Published: February 2013

Review: 269 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Autocatalysis Triggered by Chiral Crystals Formed from Achiral Compounds and Chiral Isotopomers
Authors: Kawasaki Tsuneomi , Soai Kenso
Published: February 2013

Review: 77 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalyst‐Controlled Regioselective Reactions of Carbohydrate Derivatives
Authors: Lee Doris , Taylor Mark S.
Published: February 2013

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Assignment of Stereochemistry in Open‐Chain Steroidal Saponins
Authors: Challinor Victoria L. , De Voss James J.
Published: February 2013

Review: 31 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses and Properties of Cycloborazines and Cyclocarborazines
Authors: Kavala Miroslav , Zalupsky Peter , Szolcsanyi Peter
Published: February 2013

Review: 48 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Ketone and Iminium Salt Catalyzed Epoxidations
Authors: Wong O. A. , Ramirez T. A. , Shi Y.
Published: February 2013

Review: 164 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Viologen‐Based Supramolecular Structures
Authors: Sliwa Wanda , Bachowska Barbara , Girek Tomasz
Published: February 2013

Review: 170 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphine Catalysis
Authors: Fan Y. C. , Kwon O.
Published: February 2013

Review: 85 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbene‐Catalyzed Stetter Reactions
Authors: DiRocco D. A. , Rovis T.
Published: February 2013

Review: 36 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Generation of Chemical Transformations: Reaction Pathways Prediction and Synthesis Design
Authors: Nowak Grazyna , Fic Grzegorz
Published: February 2013

Review: 101 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Control over Molecular Motion Using the cis—trans Photoisomerization of the Azo Group
Authors: Merino Estibaliz , Ribagorda Maria
Published: February 2013

Review: 139 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Computational Approaches to Target Fishing and Ligand Profiling
Authors: Rognan Didier
Published: February 2013

Review: 59 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in Simultaneous DSC—FTIR Microspectroscopy for Rapid Solid State Chemical Stability Studies: Some Dipeptide Drugs as Examples
Authors: Lin Shan‐Yang , Wang Shun‐Li
Published: February 2013

Review: 149 refs.
Integrating Companion Diagnostic Assays into Drug Development: Addressing the Challenges from the Diagnostic Perspective
Authors: Beeler John
Published: February 2013

Preclinical Research

The drug development process is witnessing a paradigm shift in which new therapies need to be tailored to well‐defined patient subgroups via companion diagnostic assays. This codevelopment paradigm is fostering a new set of partnerships between pharmaceutical and diagnostic developers. Although initial results have illustrated transformative effects associated with the codevelopment process, continued success in the development and commercialization of these paired products will require addressing the challenges and identifying strategies to guarantee future success.
Opportunities and Challenges of Safety Biomarker Qualification: Perspectives from the Predictive Safety Testing Consortium
Authors: Dennis Eslie H. , Walker Elizabeth G. , Baker Amanda F. , Miller Richard T.
Published: February 2013

Preclinical Research

Biomarkers hold tremendous promise to improve the drug development and evaluation process, advance patient care, and reduce health‐care costs. However, understanding the characteristics of novel biomarkers and developing the robust evidentiary packages to support incorporating them into drug development and clinical practice is an enormous undertaking requiring significant resources and commitment from a wide range of stakeholders, including regulators, the biopharmaceutical industry, academia, governmental agencies, patients, and payors. The Predictive Safety Testing Consortium (PSTC) is a unique public–private partnership formed by Critical Path Institute (C‐Path) in collaboration with the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to identify new and improved drug safety testing methods and submit them for formal regulatory qualification by the FDA, the European Medicines Agency, and the Japanese Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency. In 2008, the PSTC obtained the first regulatory qualification of seven urinary renal preclinical safety biomarkers for use in rodent studies and on a case‐by‐case basis for inclusion into clinical development programs. These qualified biomarkers are now successfully informing drug discovery and development decisions. PSTC has expanded their qualification efforts into dogs, nonhuman primates, and humans and focuses on six areas of organ toxicity. The collaborative effort of multiple stakeholders through PSTC has resulted in significant cost savings and more rapid scientific consensus, leading to greater acceptance of these biomarkers by health authorities and pharmaceutical companies. Regulatory qualification of a biomarker for a defined context of use provides scientifically robust assurances to sponsors and regulators that should accelerate appropriate adoption of biomarkers into drug development and, ultimately, clinical practice.
Continuous manipulation and separation of particles using combined obstacle‐ and curvature‐induced direct current dielectrophoresis
Authors: Li Ming , Li Shunbo , Li Weihua , Wen Weijia , Alici Gursel
Published: February 2013

This paper presents a novel dielectrophoresis‐based microfluidic device incorporating round hurdles within an S‐shaped microchannel for continuous manipulation and separation of microparticles. Local nonuniform electric fields are generated due to the combined effects of obstacle and curvature, which in turn induce negative dielectrophoresis forces exerting on the particle that transport throughout the microchannel electrokinetically. Experiments were conducted to demonstrate the controlled trajectories of fix‐sized (i.e. 10 or 15x μm) polystyrene particles, and size‐dependent separation of 10 and 15 μm particles by adjusting the applied voltages at the inlet and outlets. Numerical simulations were also performed to predict the particle trajectories, which showed reasonable agreement with experimentally observed results. Compared to other microchannel designs that make use of either obstacle or curvature individually for inhomogeneous electric fields, the developed microchannel offers advantages such as improved controllability of particle motion, lower requirement of applied voltage, reduced fouling, and particle adhesion, etc.
Transmigration Across Price Discovery Categories: Evidence from the U.S. CDS and Equity Markets
Authors: Xiang Vincent , Chng Michael , Fang Victor
Published: February 2013

We examine credit risk price discovery between the U.S. equity and credit default swap (CDS) markets for 174 firms between 2005 and 2009. Using Gonzalo–Granger [Gonzalo, J., & Granger, C. (1995). Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 13, 27–35] and Hasbrouck [Hasbrouck, J. (1995). Journal of Finance, 50, 1175–1199] measures, we uncover an interesting price discovery transmigration pattern. Before the global financial crisis (GFC), CDS influences price discovery for 92 firms. During the height of the GFC, it increases to 159 firms, despite rising and increasingly volatile CDS spreads. Although the number of firms decrease post‐GFC, it remains high compared to the pre‐GFC period. The substantially higher and more volatile CDS spreads present informed speculators attractive trading opportunities in the CDS market that were not available before the GFC. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark
Intact but not denatured ovine serum immunoglobulins positively modulate mucosal immune mediators in the growing rat challenged with Salmonella enteritidis
Authors: Balan Prabhu , Moughan Paul J.
Published: February 2013

Immunoglobulins are major glycoproteins that modulate the immune response of gut-associated lymphoid tissue. In the present study, we sought to determine whether orally administered ovine serum immunoglobulins modulate selected indices of mucosal immune function and immune mediators in the growing rat challenged with Salmonella enteritidis. Rats were fed a casein-based basal control diet (BD; unchallenged). Three groups of rats were challenged orally with 1 × 107 viable S. enteritidis on day 15 of the study and were fed the BD, the BD containing freeze-dried ovine immunoglobulins (FDOI), or the BD containing autoclaved ovine immunoglobulins (AOI; negative control diet). The rats were randomly allocated to one of the four groups (n 15) and consumed their diet for 18 d. In all of the intestinal segments, the challenged rats fed either the BD or AOI diet produced higher (P< 0·05) mucosal levels of interferon-γ, TNFα, IgA and myeloperoxidase activity than the challenged rats fed the FDOI diet. In contrast, IL-4 and IL-10 levels were higher in the challenged FDOI-fed rats compared with the other challenged groups. The challenged FDOI-fed rats had higher (P< 0·05) mucosal anti-Salmonella IgA and IgG in all of the intestinal segments except the jejunum and ileum. Generally, the challenged rats receiving the FDOI diet had significantly (P< 0·05) higher mucosal mucin protein content compared with challenged rats receiving either the BD or AOI diet. In conclusion, an ovine immunoglobulin fraction positively modulated some selected indices of mucosal immune function and its mediators in growing rats challenged with S. enteritidis.
Relativistic shock waves in the laboratory
Authors: Eliezer Shalom , Martinez Val Jose Maria , Vinikman Pinhasi Shirly
Published: February 2013

Due to the recent developments in high power lasers in the multi-petawatt domain it seems now feasible to accelerate a micro-foil to relativistic velocities. In this paper, we calculate analytically the high velocities achieved by the ponderomotive force of the irradiating laser. The accelerated foil collides with a second foil resulting in the creation of the relativistic shock waves. The density, pressure, temperature, and shock wave velocities are calculated within the context of relativistic fluid dynamics. The calculated thermodynamic parameters that are achieved in these collisions are enormous.
Effect of inside diameter of tip on proton beam produced by intense laser pulse on double-layer cone targets
Authors: Wu Fengjuan , Zhou Weimin , Shan Lianqiang , Zhao Zongqing , Yu Jinqing , Zhang Bo , Yan Yonghong , Zhang Zhimeng , Gu Yuqiu
Published: February 2013

The laser-driven acceleration of proton beams from a double-layer cone target, comprised of a cone shaped high-Z material target with a low density proton layer, is investigated via two-dimensional fully relativistic electro-magnetic particle-in-cell simulations. The dependence of the inside diameter (ID) of the tip size of a double-layer cone target on proton beam characteristics is demonstrated. Our results show that the peak energy of proton beams significantly increases and the divergence angle decreases with decreasing ID size. This can be explained by the combined effects of a stronger laser field that is focused inside the cone target and a larger laser interaction area by reducing the ID size.
Acquiring planning domain models using LOCM
Authors: Cresswell Stephen N. , McCluskey Thomas L. , West Margaret M.
Published: February 2013

The problem of formulating knowledge bases containing action schema is a central concern in knowledge engineering for artificial intelligence (AI) planning. This paper describes Learning Object-Centred Models (LOCM), a system that carries out the automated generation of a planning domain model from example training plans. The novelty of LOCM is that it can induce action schema without being provided with any information about predicates or initial, goal or intermediate state descriptions for the example action sequences. Each plan is assumed to be a sound sequence of actions; each action in a plan is stated as a name and a list of objects that the action refers to. LOCM exploits assumptions about the kinds of domain model it has to generate, rather than handcrafted clues or planner-oriented knowledge. It assumes that actions change the state of objects, and require objects to be in a certain state before they can be executed. In this paper, we describe the implemented LOCM algorithm, the assumptions that it is based on, and an evaluation using plans generated through goal-directed solutions, through random walk, and through logging human-generated plans for the game of freecell. We analyze the performance of LOCM by its application to the induction of domain models from five domains.
Comparison of ranging behaviour in a multi-species complex of free-ranging hosts of bovine tuberculosis in relation to their use as disease sentinels
Authors: YOCKNEY I. J. , NUGENT G. , LATHAM M. C. , PERRY M. , CROSS M. L. , BYROM A. E.
Published: February 2013

Sentinel species are increasingly used by disease managers to detect and monitor the prevalence of zoonotic diseases in wildlife populations. Characterizing home-range movements of sentinel hosts is thus important for developing improved disease surveillance methods, especially in systems where multiple host species co-exist. We studied ranging activity of major hosts of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in an upland habitat of New Zealand: we compared home-range coverage by ferrets (Mustela furo), wild deer (Cervus elaphus), feral pigs (Sus scrofa), brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) and free-ranging farmed cattle (Bos taurus). We also report in detail the proportional utilization of a seasonal (4-monthly) range area for the latter four species. Possums covered the smallest home range (<30 ha), ferrets covered ∼100 ha, pigs ∼4 km2, deer and cattle both >30 km2. For any given weekly period, cattle, deer and pigs were shown to utilize 37–45% of their estimated 4-month range, while possums utilized 62% during any weekly period and 85% during any monthly period of their estimated 4-month range. We suggest that present means for estimating TB detection kernels, based on long-term range size estimates for possums and sentinel species, probably overstate the true local surveillance coverage per individual.
Electrostatic “bounce” instability in a magnetotail configuration
Authors: Fruit G. , Louarn P. , Tur A.
Published: February 2013

To understand the possible destabilization of two-dimensional current sheets, a kinetic model is proposed to describe the resonant interaction between electrostatic modes and trapped particles that bounce within the sheet. This work follows the initial investigation by Tur et al. [Phys. Plasmas 17, 102905 (2010)] that is revised and extended. Using a quasi-parabolic equilibrium state, the linearized gyro-kinetic Vlasov equation is solved for electrostatic fluctuations with period of the order of the electron bounce period. Using an appropriated Fourier expansion of the particle motion along the magnetic field, the complete time integration of the non-local perturbed distribution functions is performed. The dispersion relation for electrostatic modes is then obtained through the quasineutrality condition. It is found that strongly unstable electrostatic modes may develop provided that the current sheet is moderately stretched and, more important, that the proportion of passing particle remains small (less than typically 10%). This strong but finely tuned instability may offer opportunities to explain features of magnetospheric substorms.
Astronomical Dating of the Middle Miocene Hanjiang Formation in the Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea
Authors: Shifeng TIAN , Zhongqiang CHEN , Chunju HUANG , Changhai GAO , Ming ZHA
Published: February 2013

The Hanjiang Formation of Langhian age (middle Miocene) in the Pearl River Mouth Basin (PRMB), South China Sea consists of deltaic siliciclastic and neritic shelf carbonate rhythmic alternations, which form one of the potential reservoirs of the basin. To improve stratigraphic resolutions for hydrocarbon prospecting and exploration in the basin, the present study undertakes spectral analysis of high‐resolution natural gamma‐ray (NGR) well‐logging record to determine the dominant frequency components and test whether Milankovitch orbital signals are recorded in rhythmic successions. Analytical results indicate the orbital cycles of precession (∼19 ka and ∼23 ka), obliquity (∼41 ka), and eccentricity (∼100 ka and ∼405 ka), which provide the strong evidence for astronomically driven climate changes in the rhythmic alternation successions. Within biochronological constraint, a high‐resolution astronomical timescale was constructed through the astronomical tuning of the NGR record to recent astronomically calculated variation of Earth's orbit. The astronomically tuned timescale can be applied to calculate astronomical ages for the geological events and bioevents recognized throughout the period. The first downhole occurrences of foraminifers Globorotalia peripheroronda and Globigerinoides sicanus are dated at 14.546 Ma and 14.919 Ma, respectively, which are slightly different from earlier estimates in the South China Sea. When compared with the global sea‐level change chart, the astronomical estimate for the sequences recognized based on microfossil distributions have the same end time but the different initiation time. This is probably due to the local or regional tectonic activities superimposed on eustatic rise which postponed the effect of global sea‐level rising. Astronomical timescale also resolves the depositional evolution history for the Langhian Stage (middle Miocene) with a variation that strongly resembles that of Earth's orbital eccentricity predicted from 13.65 Ma to 15.97 Ma. We infer that the main factor controlling the variability of the sedimentation rate in the Hanjiang Formation is related to the ∼405‐ka‐period eccentricity.
Neurobehavioural development of preschool‐age children born to addicted mothers given opiate maintenance treatment with buprenorphine during pregnancy
Authors: Sundelin Wahlsten Viveka , Sarman Ihsan
Published: February 2013

Aim

To study the neurobehavioural development and somatic growth of children at preschool‐age born to opioid‐addicted mothers given opiate maintenance treatment (OMT) with buprenorphine during pregnancy.

Methods

Twenty‐eight children, whose 21 opiate‐addicted mothers were treated with OMT during pregnancy and accepted participation to the study, went through a battery of neurobehavioural tests (WPPSI‐R, McCarthy, BROWN and SDQ). Twenty‐five children fulfilled the tests at an age of 5–6 years.

Results

The children showed evidence of serious visual motor and attention problems in the field of performance (WPPSI‐R scales) and major problems in the field of motor skills and memory abilities (McCarthy Scales). The results of behavioural tests also showed significantly elevated levels of hyperactivity, impulsivity and attention problems on the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) scale in BROWN and in SDQ tests estimated by the teachers, while the parents estimated no problems for their children. Regarding the outcomes, there were no significant differences in terms of neonatal abstinence syndrome, gender or socio‐economic factors. The somatic growth of the children corresponded to the mean values of the normal population in weight, length and head circumference at birth and at preschool‐age, respectively.

Conclusion

Children to opiate‐addicted mothers with buprenorphine maintenance treatment during pregnancy constitute a risk population, which should be recognized before start of the school. Whether the effects are associated with buprenorphine exposition during foetal life or not are discussed and need further investigation.
Certification of corporate social responsibility activities in oligopolistic markets
Authors: Manasakis Constantine , Mitrokostas Evangelos , Petrakis Emmanuel
Published: February 2013

Abstract We investigate the impact of alternative certifying institutions on firms’ incentives to engage in costly Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) activities as well as their relative market and societal implications. We find that the CSR certification standard is the lowest under for‐profit private certifiers and the highest under a Non Governmental Organization (NGO), with the standard of a welfare‐maximizing public certifier lying in between. Yet, regarding industry output, this ranking is reversed. Certification of CSR activities is welfare enhancing for consumers and firms and should be encouraged. Finally, the market and societal outcomes of CSR certification depend crucially on whether certification takes place before or after firms’ CSR activities.
Engaging Communities to Strengthen Research Ethics in Low‐Income Settings: Selection and Perceptions of Members of a Network of Representatives in Coastal Kenya
Authors: Kamuya Dorcas M. , Marsh Vicki , Kombe Francis K. , Geissler P. Wenzel , Molyneux Sassy C.
Published: February 2013

There is wide agreement that community engagement is important for many research types and settings, often including interaction with ‘representatives’ of communities. There is relatively little published experience of community engagement in international research settings, with available information focusing on Community Advisory Boards or Groups (CAB/CAGs), or variants of these, where CAB/G members often advise researchers on behalf of the communities they represent. In this paper we describe a network of community members (‘KEMRI Community Representatives’, or ‘KCRs’) linked to a large multi‐disciplinary research programme on the Kenyan Coast. Unlike many CAB/Gs, the intention with the KCR network has evolved to be for members to represent the geographical areas in which a diverse range of health studies are conducted through being typical of those communities. We draw on routine reports, self‐administered questionnaires and interviews to: 1) document how typical KCR members are of the local communities in terms of basic characteristics, and 2) explore KCR's perceptions of their roles, and of the benefits and challenges of undertaking these roles. We conclude that this evolving network is a potentially valuable way of strengthening interactions between a research institution and a local geographic community, through contributing to meeting intrinsic ethical values such as showing respect, and instrumental values such as improving consent processes. However, there are numerous challenges involved. Other ways of interacting with members of local communities, including community leaders, and the most vulnerable groups least likely to be vocal in representative groups, have always been, and remain, essential.
The impact of complementary and alternative medicine on hip development in children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Willoughby Kate , Jachno Kim , Ang Soon Ghee , Thomason Pam , Graham H Kerr
Published: February 2013

Aim

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) approaches on long‐term surgical requirements, and clinical and radiographic outcomes for children with cerebral palsy and hip displacement.

Method

Twenty‐three children with cerebral palsy and early hip displacement who were offered preventive hip surgery and whose parents declined in favour of CAM approaches were followed (13 males, 10 females; mean age 13y 9mo [SD 3y 1mo]; mean length of follow‐up 10y 2mo [SD 2y 11mo]; 17 with spastic quadriplegia, two with spastic triplegia, and four with spastic diplegia; three with gross motor function classified at Gross Motor Function Classification System [GMFCS] level II, four at level III, six at level IV, and 10 at level V). Principal outcome measures were progression of hip displacement (measured by migration percentage: the percentage of the femoral head sitting outside of the acetabulum), eventual need for reconstructive or salvage surgery, and long‐term hip morphology (classified by the Melbourne Cerebral Palsy Hip Classification Scale). The results were compared with a previously reported cohort of 46 children who had surgery when recommended (31 males, 15 females; mean age 13y 11mo [SD 1y 6mo]; mean length of follow‐up 10y 10mo; 10 with diplegia and 36 with quadriplegia; three at GMFCS level II, 11 at level III, 20 at level IV, and 12 at level V).

Results

Outcomes for 23 children who had pursued CAM were analysed (mean length of follow‐up 10y 2mo). Hip displacement progressed in one or both hips in all non‐ambulant children (GMFCS level IV or V). Of the 20 children with documented progressive hip displacement, eight developed pain and deformity requiring salvage surgery. An additional 11 children with progressive hip displacement had late reconstructive surgery when symptoms first started. There was strong evidence of a relationship between GMFCS and both progressive hip displacement (χ2=17.78; p=0.001) and final Melbourne Cerebral Palsy Hip Classification Scale grade (odds ratio 12.5; p=0.012; 95% confidence interval 1.7–90.4). There was also evidence of those children who pursued CAM requiring more complex surgery than the group who had surgery when recommended (odds ratio 2.5; p=0.002; 95% confidence interval 1.4–4.5).

Interpretation

CAM therapy did not apear to influence the progression of hip displacement in children with cerebral palsy. Most children required major reconstructive surgery or salvage surgery despite pursuing CAM.
Coffee‐leaf extract and phosphites on the curative control of powdery mildew in eucalyptus mini‐stumps
Authors: da Silva A. C. , Resende M. L. V. , de Souza P. E. , Silva N. C. N. , Silva M. B. , Vitorino L. R. R.
Published: February 2013

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a plant extract obtained from the leaves of coffee plants infected by Hemileia vastatrix (NEFID), different formulations of phosphites and the combination of the extract and phosphites in controlling powdery mildew in eucalyptus mini‐stumps, as well as to study the effects on the production of mini‐cuttings and their rooting percentage. The experiments were conducted on two eucalyptus hybrids (‘urocam’ and ‘urograndis’) in a clonal garden and greenhouse. First, the NEFID plant extract and phosphites of copper, zinc, potassium and potassium/manganese were evaluated to determine their effectiveness in controlling powdery mildew and their toxic effect on the fungus' morphology. Subsequently, we analysed the direct fungitoxicity, curative efficiency and anti‐sporulating action of the NEFID extract and various combinations of phosphites with or without the extract, and we also evaluated their effects on shoot production and rooting in eucalyptus mini‐cuttings. The NEFID plant extract and phosphites of Cu, Zn and K/Mn were more effective than the fungicide pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole in the control of powdery mildew. Potassium phosphite was not effective in controlling the pathogen. Among the tested mixtures, the combination of 50% NEFID plant extract and 50% copper phosphite was the most effective because it exhibited direct toxicity on powdery mildew, a high curative efficiency, anti‐sporulating action and no adverse effects on the production of shoots or rooting in eucalyptus mini‐cuttings.
The ATP‐binding cassette transporter subfamily C member 2 in Bombyx mori larvae is a functional receptor for Cry toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis
Authors: Tanaka Shiho , Miyamoto Kazuhisa , Noda Hiroaki , Jurat‐Fuentes Juan Luis , Yoshizawa Yasutaka , Endo Haruka , Sato Ryoichi
Published: February 2013

Bacillus thuringiensis is the most widely used biopesticide, and its Cry toxin genes are essential transgenes for the generation of insect‐resistant transgenic crops. Recent reports have suggested that ATP‐binding cassette transporter subfamily C2 (ABCC2) proteins are implicated in Cry intoxication, and that a single amino acid insertion results in high levels of resistance to Cry1 toxins. However, there is currently no available direct evidence of functional interactions between ABCC2 and Cry toxins. To address this important knowledge gap, we investigated the role of Bombyx mori ABCC2 (BmABCC2) or its mutant from a Cry1Ab‐resistant B. mori strain on Cry1A toxin action. When we expressed BmABCC2 ectopically on Sf9 cells, it served as a functional receptor, and the single amino acid insertion found in BmABCC2 from Cry1Ab‐resistant larvae resulted in lack of susceptibility to Cry1Ab and Cry1Ac. Using the same expression system, we found that Bo. mori cadherin‐like receptor (BtR175) conferred susceptibility to Cry1A toxins, albeit to a lower degree than BmABCC2. Coexpression of BtR175 and BmABCC2 resulted in the highest cell susceptibility to Cry1A, Cry1F, and even the phylogenetically distant Cry8Ca toxin, when compared with expression of either receptor alone. The susceptibility observed in the coexpressing cells and that in Bo. mori larvae are likely to be correlated, suggesting that BtR175 and BmABCC2 are important factors determining larval susceptibility. Our study demonstrates, for the first time, Cry toxin receptor functionality for ABCC2, and highlights the crucial role of this protein and cadherin in the mechanism of action of Cry toxin.
Improving the safety of continuously infused fluids in the emergency department
Authors: Cho Junho , Chung Hyun Soo , Hong Seong Hee
Published: February 2013

When an unexpected crisis happens to patients with multiple continuous infusion fluids in the emergency department (ED), nurses need to recognize specific medication promptly and accurately for appropriate action. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of colour‐coded label system in ED fluids during an uneventful crisis simulation event. Promptness and accuracy of finding the correct fluid between the pre‐ and postintervention in each three groups (emergency nurses, intensive care unit nurses and nursing students) for three different scenarios (potassium, heparin and normal saline scenario) were assessed. Time improvement for all three groups from pre‐ to postintervention for all three scenarios were statistically significant (P < 0.001). There were no incorrect fluids indicated by all three groups of participants at postintervention analysis. Colour‐coded labelling system in a simulated environment significantly improved the promptness and accuracy of finding the correct fluid from multiple infused continuous fluids.
An exploration of graduate nurses' perceptions of their preparedness for practice after undertaking the final year of their bachelor of nursing degree in a university‐based clinical school of nursing
Authors: Watt Elizabeth , Pascoe Elizabeth
Published: February 2013

The nursing literature continues to give ongoing attention to university‐educated nurses' preparedness for practice in the first year following graduation. This interpretive descriptive study explored the impact of a university‐based clinical school of nursing experience on graduate nurses' perceptions of their preparedness for practice. Ten registered nurses who undertook their graduate year programme in the same hospital where they attended the university‐based clinical school of nursing were interviewed. The interviews were audio‐recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed to reveal themes and categories. Thematic data analysis revealed three themes: ‘being situated in a clinical school within a hospital’, ‘the university away from the university’ and ‘engagement with practice’. The outcome of the experience of being situated in a university‐based clinical school of nursing contributed to the participants' sense of being prepared for practice as a graduate nurse.
Measuring alcohol craving in Saudi Arabia with possible implications for social work intervention
Authors: Albrithen Abdulaziz
Published: February 2013

It is only in recent times that there has been recognition of alcohol abuse in Saudi Arabia, and social, psychological and health implications are now acknowledged. This study measured craving among Saudi alcoholics and compared it with the levels of alcohol they consumed. The study used an instrument for measuring craving (Alcohol Craving Questionnaire) after identifying the subjects by means of a demographical questionnaire and testing their level of alcohol use by means of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. The study concludes that all Saudi alcoholics experience levels of craving. The overall results of both scales indicate that all patients can be considered to be alcoholics and that they experience various levels of craving for alcohol.