bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Agar Plate Method for Culturing Hookworm Larvae: Analysis of Growth Kinetics and Infectivity Compared With Standard Coproculture Techniques
Authors: Reiss Daniel , Harrison Lisa M. , Bungiro Richard , Cappello Michael
Published: September 2018

An agar plate (AP) method has been developed for culturing infectious larvae of the hookworm Ancylostoma ceylanicum. The third-stage larvae reared using the AP method displayed similar morphology to those cultured using Baermann or Harada-Mori coproculture techniques. The yield of viable larvae from the AP method (50%) was comparable to that of the Baermann (47%), and both were superior to Harada-Mori (2.1%). Third-stage larvae cultured by the AP method established patent infection in naturally permissive laboratory hosts, although the yield of adult worms was reduced compared with animals infected with L3 obtained by Baermann culture. The AP method is useful for defining growth requirements for hookworm development, as well as characterizing the effects of bacterially expressed compounds on hookworm larvae in vivo.
Edematous Mycobacterium ulcerans Infection (Buruli Ulcer) on the Face: A Case Report
Authors: Phanzu Delphin M. , Ablordey Anthony , Imposo Desire B. , Lefevre Lucien , Mahema Roger L. , Suykerbuyk Patrick , Meyers Wayne M. , Portaels Françoise
Published: September 2018

We report a case of a four-year-old Angolan boy with the edematous form of Buruli ulcer on the face and scalp, who was treated at a rural hospital in the Bas-Congo Province, Democratic Republic of Congo. Treatment consisted of a series of surgical interventions and antimycobacterial chemotherapy (rifampin and ciprofloxacin) for two months. This case demonstrates the diagnostic and management difficulties of an edematous lesion of BU on the face and suggests an enhancement of healing and limitation of extent of excision by specific antibiotherapy. The outcome in this patient also underscores the importance of prompt referral of suspected cases and training of health professionals in the early diagnosis of BU.
Borrelia valaisiana Infection in a Japanese Man Associated with Traveling to Foreign Countries
Authors: Saito Kan , Ito Takafumi , Asashima Nobuko , Ohno Minoru , Nagai Ryozo , Fujita Hiromi , Koizumi Nobuo , Takano Ai , Watanabe Haruo , Kawabata Hiroki
Published: September 2018

A 78-year-old Japanese man who had clinical symptoms and a flu-like illness with fever, chills, diarrhea, and arthralgia had traveled to Cambodia and Khabarovsk, Russia, before the onset of symptoms and illness. He had been bitten by an Ixodes persulcatus tick in which the DNA of Borrelia valaisiana was detected. The patient’s symptoms improved rapidly after treatment with minocycline. Serologic examination detected antibodies to Lyme disease Borrelia. An flaB polymerase chain reaction with the patient’s plasma amplified a DNA fragment similar to that of B. valaisiana.
Molecular Epidemiology of Malaria in Cameroon. XXV. In Vitro Activity of Fosmidomycin and its Derivatives against Fresh Clinical Isolates of Plasmodium falciparum and Sequence Analysis of 1-Deoxy-D-Xylulose 5-Phosphate Reductoisomerase
Authors: Tahar Rachida , Basco Leonardo K.
Published: September 2018

The in vitro activities of fosmidomycin derivatives, chloroquine, and pyrimethamine were assessed by the radioisotopic assay in clinical isolates of Plasmodium falciparum. In a series of experiments with RPMI 1640 medium–10% fetal bovine serum, the geometric mean 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) (n = 34) for fosmidomycin and FR900098 were 301 nM and 118 nM, respectively. In another series of experiments, the geometric mean IC50s (n = 33) for fosmidomycin and TH II46 were 413 nM and 249 nM, respectively. The IC50s were 2–3 times lower with RPMI–10% fetal bovine serum than the IC50s obtained with RPMI–10% human serum. FR900098 and TH II46 were 2.6 and 1.7 times more potent, respectively, than fosmidomycin. There was no correlation between chloroquine or pyrimethamine and fosmidomycin, which suggested the absence of in vitro cross-resistance. Sequence analysis showed five amino acid substitutions, but their possible relationship with the response to fosmidomycin is not clear. Fosmidomycin derivatives are promising candidates for further development.
Broken Promise? Taxes and Tariffs on Insecticide Treated Mosquito Nets
Authors: Alilio Martin , Mwenesi Halima , Barat Lawrence M. , Payes Roshelle M. , Prysor-Jones Suzanne , Diara Malick , McGuire David , Shaw Willard
Published: September 2018

Seven years ago, the removal of taxes and tariffs on insecticide treated nets (ITNs) was considered one of the easiest resolutions for most countries to implement among the targets agreed upon at the African Summit on Roll Back Malaria in Abuja, Nigeria, on April 25, 2000. However, seven years later, 24 of the 39 Abuja signatories continue to impose taxes and tariffs on this life-saving tool. Taxes and tariffs significantly increase the price of an insecticide treated net, reduce affordability, and discourage the commercial sector from importing insecticide treated net products. Consequently, Roll Back Malaria partners are engaged in advocacy efforts to remove taxes and tariffs on insecticide treated nets in malaria-endemic countries of Africa. This viewpoint summarizes key obstacles to the removal of taxes and tariffs that have been identified through a review of country situations. To achieve the goal of producing and supplying more than 160 million insecticide treated nets needed to reach the revised Roll Back Malaria Partnership targets by 2010, tax and tariff reforms are urgently needed. Such reforms must be accompanied by country-specific systems to protect the poor (e.g., through voucher systems for vulnerable groups and other forms of targeted subsidies).
Impact of Intermittent Preventive Anti-Malarial Treatment on the Growth and Nutritional Status of Preschool Children in Rural Senegal (West Africa)
Authors: Ntab Balthazar , Cissé Badara , Boulanger Denis , Sokhna Cheikh , Targett Geoffrey , Lines Jo , Alexander Neal , Trape Jean-François , Simondon François , Greenwood Brian M. , Simondon Kirsten B.
Published: September 2018

Negative consequences of malaria might account for seasonality in nutritional status in children in the Sahel. We report the impact of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of seasonal intermittent preventive anti-malarial treatment on growth and nutritional status in 1,063 Senegalese preschool children. A combination of artesunate and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine was given monthly from September to November. In the intervention arm, mean weight gain was significantly greater (122.9 ± 340 versus 42.9 ± 344 [SD] g/mo, P < 0.0001) and losses in triceps and subscapular skinfold measurements were less (−0.39 ± 1.01 versus −0.66 ± 1.01 mm/mo, and −0.15 ± 0.64 versus −0.36 ± 0.62 mm/mo, respectively, P < 0.0001 for both). There was no difference in height increments. The prevalence of wasting increased significantly in the control arm (4.6% before versus 9.5% after, P < 0.0001), but remained constant in intervention children: 5.6% versus 7.0% (P = 0.62). The prevention of malaria would improve child nutritional status in areas with seasonal transmission.
Antimalarial Drug Susceptibility and Point Mutations Associated with Drug Resistance in 248 Plasmodium falciparum Isolates Imported from Comoros to Marseille, France in 2004–2006
Authors: Parola Philippe , Pradines Bruno , Simon Fabrice , Carlotti Marie-Paule , Minodier Philippe , Ranjeva Marie-Pierre , Badiaga Sékéné , Bertaux Lionel , Delmont Jean , Morillon Marc , Silai Ramatou , Brouqui Philippe , Parzy Daniel
Published: September 2018

A total of 248 Plasmodium falciparum isolates were sampled in travelers with malaria who came to Marseille, France from Comoros to investigate in vitro activities of antimalarial drugs and molecular markers of drug resistance. Of the 248 isolates, 126 were maintained in culture. Of these, 53% were resistant to chloroquine, and 3% had reduced susceptibility to quinine, mefloquine, and atovaquone; 1% had reduced susceptibility to halofantrine and dihydroartemisinin; 7% had reduced susceptibility to monodesethylamodiaquine; 37% had reduced susceptibility to cycloguanil; and none had reduced susceptibility to lumefantrine. Resistance-associated point mutations were screened in 207 isolates. No mutations in the cytochrome b gene were found. Of the 207 isolates, 119 (58%) had a mutation in the P. falciparum dihydrofolate reductase (Pfdhfr) gene at codon 108, 6 (5%) had mutations in both Pfdhfr codon 108 and the P. falciparum dihydropteroate synthase codon 437, and 115 (56%) had the chloroquine resistance–associated K76T mutation in the P. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter gene. This study represents a unique opportunity to improve surveillance of P. falciparum drug resistance in Comoros with consequences for treatment and chemoprophylaxis guidelines.
Prevalence and Risk of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax Malaria among Pregnant Women Living in the Hypoendemic Communities of the Peruvian Amazon
Authors: Parekh Falgunee K. , Hernandez Jean N. , Krogstad Donald J. , Casapia W. Martin , Branch Oralee H.
Published: September 2018

The Amazon region of Iquitos, Peru is hypoendemic for Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum. There is limited information regarding the epidemiology of malaria during pregnancy in this region. Passive surveillance for clinical malaria among pregnant women was conducted in eight health posts in 2004 and 2005. Community-based active surveillance was conducted to determine the incidence of malarial infection among pregnant women in the community of Zungarococha in 2004 and 2005. Passive surveillance demonstrated that pregnant women had a prevalence of clinical malaria of 7.5% in 2004 and 6.6% in 2005 compared with 20.6% and 22.4% of the total population. Active surveillance showed that pregnant women were 2.3 (95% confidence interval = 1.32–3.95, P = 0.004) times more likely to have a P. falciparum infection compared with non-pregnant women. This study demonstrated that because of detection bias, passive surveillance underestimates the burden of malarial infection during pregnancy, and that subclinical malarial infections may occur frequently among pregnant women in this region. Furthermore, pregnant women in this low-transmission and P. vivax–dominant setting, experience an increased risk for P. falciparum infection, but not P. vivax infection.
Electrocardiographic Characteristics in a Population with High Rates of Seropositivity for Trypanosoma cruzi Infection
Authors: Williams-Blangero S. , Magalhaes T. , Rainwater E. , Blangero J. , Corrêa-Oliveira R. , VandeBerg J. L.
Published: September 2018

This study was conducted in Posse, a rural community in Goiàs, Brazil. Persons were recruited into the study through house-to-house sampling of all houses in the sampled area. Blood samples were collected for seropositivity assessments for Trypanosoma cruzi and an electrocardiogram was assessed using a portable system. The results demonstrate significant differences between seropositive and seronegative persons for electrocardiographic (ECG)–derived traits. Seropositive persons had substantially longer QRS and QT intervals than seronegative persons. The PR interval was significantly different between seropositive and seronegative persons. Conduction abnormalities were observed more frequently in seropositive than seronegative persons. Right bundle branch block, an ECG abnormality typical of Chagas disease, was observed in 15% of seropositive persons compared with less than 1% of seronegative persons. Results indicate that T. cruzi infection and subsequent Chagas disease will continue to be major health problems for the foreseeable future in this typical rural area of Brazil.
Epidemiologic and Ultrasonographic Study of Echinococcosis in a Community in the State of México
Authors: Mata-Miranda Pilar , Osnaya-Palma Israel , Rodríguez-Prado Ulises , Gutiérrez-Marín América , Tawil Marcos , Hernández-González Sandy , Solano-Ceh Miguel , Villalvaso Luis , Martínez-Maya José Juan , Maravilla Pablo , García-de-la-Torre Guadalupe , Flisser Ana
Published: September 2018

No epidemiologic study for cystic echinococcosis in México has yet been described. The objective of this work was to determine the prevalence and distribution of human echinococcosis in a community of the state of México and its probable risk factors. A cross-sectional study was performed; household census was used to randomly select houses. The larval stage of Echinococcus was searched by ultrasound in liver, spleen, and kidney. A questionnaire was used for the investigation of risk factors. The study was performed with 401 persons, 64% were female. The prevalence of echinococcosis was 0.75%. Cases were distributed in the same sector of the community. The close distribution of cases suggests the same exposure source. There were 426 dogs in the community; feces were collected from 414 of these in search of cestode eggs. After treatment, 3 dogs had Taenia pisiformis but none had Echinococcus. This paper pioneers the search of human echinococcosis in México because it provides evidence of the presence of this tissue parasite at the community level.
Comparison of Different Artemisinin-based Combinations for the Treatment of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Children in Kigali, Rwanda, an Area of Resistance to Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine: Artesunate Plus Sulfadoxine/Pyrimethamine versus Artesunate Plus Sulfamethoxypyrazine/Pyrimethamine
Authors: Rulisa Stephen , Gatarayiha Jean Philip , Kabarisa Tharcisse , Ndayisaba Gill
Published: September 2018

In view of the changing policy towards artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), the efficacy, tolerance, and degree of re-infection of two ACTs were investigated: artesunate plus sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (As + SP) and AS plus sulfamethoxypyrazine/pyrimethamine (As + SMP). One hundred three children were assigned to receive As + SP and 109 to receive As + SMP. In spite of the high incidence of resistance to SP, As + SP showed satisfactory results consistent with recent recommendations for ACTs (adequate clinical and parasitologic response on day 28 [ACPR] ≥ 90%), but results with As + SMP fulfilled the most stringent criteria (ACPR ≥ 95%). The absence of side effects and the low price of these drugs make them it worth to reconsider national therapies in favor of either of these two drug combinations.
Fecal Contamination of Drinking Water within Peri-Urban Households, Lima, Peru
Authors: Oswald William E. , Lescano Andrés G. , Bern Caryn , Calderon Maritza M. , Cabrera Lilia , Gilman Robert H.
Published: September 2018

We assessed fecal contamination of drinking water in households in 2 peri-urban communities of Lima, Peru. We measured Escherichia coli counts in municipal source water and, within households, water from principal storage containers, stored boiled drinking water, and water in a serving cup. Source water was microbiologically clean, but 26 (28%) of 93 samples of water stored for cooking had fecal contamination. Twenty-seven (30%) of 91 stored boiled drinking water samples grew E. coli. Boiled water was more frequently contaminated when served in a drinking cup than when stored (P < 0.01). Post-source contamination increased successively through the steps of usage from source water to the point of consumption. Boiling failed to ensure safe drinking water at the point of consumption because of easily contaminated containers and poor domestic hygiene. Hygiene education, better point-of-use treatment and storage options, and in-house water connections are urgently needed.
Severe Scrub Typhus Confirmed Early via Immunohistochemical Staining
Authors: Kim Dong-Min , Lim Sung-Chul , Won Kyung Jun , Choi Yeon-Joo , Park Kyung-Hee , Jang Won-Jong
Published: September 2018

We describe a case of interstitial pneumonia that was confirmed as scrub typhus by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of an eschar. When a patient presents with interstitial pneumonia accompanied by generalized lymphadenopathy on the thoracic CT scan, clinicians should suspect scrub typhus, especially when the patient has a history of travel to a scrub typhus-endemic area. IHC staining on an eschar revealed invasion by Orientia tsutsugamushi coccobacilli of the patient’s sweat ducts and glands as well as vascular endothelium. IHC staining of an eschar could be used as an early-confirmation diagnostic method to establish scrub typhus.
Epidemiology of Plasmodium-Helminth Co-Infection in Africa: Populations at Risk, Potential Impact on Anemia, and Prospects for Combining Control
Authors: Brooker Simon , Akhwale Willis , Pullan Rachel , Estambale Benson , Clarke Siân E. , Snow Robert W. , Hotez Peter J.
Published: September 2018

Human co-infection with Plasmodium falciparum and helminths is ubiquitous throughout Africa, although its public health significance remains a topic for which there are many unknowns. In this review, we adopted an empirical approach to studying the geography and epidemiology of co-infection and associations between patterns of co-infection and hemoglobin in different age groups. Analysis highlights the extensive geographic overlap between P. falciparum and the major human helminth infections in Africa, with the population at coincident risk of infection greatest for hookworm. Age infection profiles indicate that school-age children are at the highest risk of co-infection, and re-analysis of existing data suggests that co-infection with P. falciparum and hookworm has an additive impact on hemoglobin, exacerbating anemia-related malarial disease burden. We suggest that both school-age children and pregnant women—groups which have the highest risk of anemia—would benefit from an integrated approach to malaria and helminth control.
Demographic Risk Factors for Severe and Fatal Vivax and Falciparum Malaria Among Hospital Admissions in Northeastern Indonesian Papua
Authors: Barcus Mazie J. , Basri Hasan , Picarima Helena , Manyakori C. , Sekartuti  , Elyazar Iqbal , Bangs Michael J. , Maguire Jason D. , Baird J. Kevin
Published: September 2018

Between January 1998 and December 2000, the Jayapura Provincial Public Hospital in northeastern Indonesian New Guinea (Papua) admitted 5,936 patients with a diagnosis of malaria. The microscopic diagnosis at admission was Plasmodium falciparum (3,976, 67%), Plasmodium vivax (1,135, 19%), Plasmodium malariae (8, < 1%), and mixed species infections (817, 14%). Approximately 9% (367) of patients were classified as having severe malaria (277 P. falciparum, 36 P. vivax, 53 mixed infections, and 1 P. malariae) and 88 died (79 P. falciparum/mixed infections and 9 P. vivax). Risk of fatal outcomes among severe malaria patients was indistinguishable between those with falciparum versus vivax malaria (OR = 0.89; P = 0.771). Compared with non-pregnant women, pregnant women showed no higher risk of severe malaria (P = 0.643) or death caused by severe malaria (P = 0.748). This study compares admissions per population (based on census data), parasitemia, morbidity, and mortality among children versus adults, pregnant versus non-pregnant women, and urban/suburban versus rural residents.
Hemophagocytic Syndrome in a Patient with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome and Acute Disseminated Penicilliosis
Authors: Pei Sung-Nan , Lee Chen-Hsiang , Liu Jien-Wei
Published: September 2018

Penicilliosis marneffei, which is caused by the opportunistic fungus Penicillium marneffei, is one of the troublesome infections in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in southeast Asia. We report an HIV-positive patient with acute disseminated penicilliosis marneffei that manifested as hemophagocytic syndrome. Numerous nucleated erythrocytes were also found in peripheral blood of the affected patient. Bone marrow aspirate histopathologically showed hemophagocytosis and abundant P. marneffei. The hemophagocytic syndrome and peripheral nucleated erythrocytes improved after therapy with amphotericin B. Our report underscores the importance of recognition of this peculiar phenomenon in penicilliosis marneffei. This awareness may alert clinicians to potential penicilliosis marneffei in HIV-positive patients, therefore making early diagnosis and timely effective treatment of the infectious disease possible.
A Filter Paper Method for the Detection of Plasmodium falciparum Gametocytes by Reverse Transcription–Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Mlambo Godfree , Vasquez Yessika , LeBlanc Ralph , Sullivan David , Kumar Nirbhay
Published: September 2018

Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes are obligate parasite sexual stages required for transmission of malaria from human hosts to the mosquito vector. Assessment of gametocyte carriers in the population is critical in understanding malaria transmission dynamics and in epidemiology studies. We applied a reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)–based approach to detect pfs25 transcripts from blood dried on different filter papers in the laboratory. The detection limit was 1–2 gametocytes/μL. We further validated this assay by analyzing RNA in 10 matched blood samples (liquid blood and blood spotted on filter papers) collected from subjects under field conditions in Zambia. These results thus establish feasibility of detection of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes by RT-PCR method from dried blood on filter paper. This assay will greatly facilitate bulk analysis of gametocyte RNA transcripts on filter paper, especially in areas where collection and preservation of liquid blood is not feasible.
Influence of the Distribution of Host Species on Adult Abundance of Japanese Encephalitis Vectors—Culex vishnui Subgroup and Culex gelidus—in a Rice-Cultivating Village in Northern Vietnam
Authors: Hasegawa Maiko , Tuno Nobuko , Yen Nguyen Thi , Nam Vu Sinh , Takagi Masahiro
Published: September 2018

A field study was conducted in a village in northern Vietnam to investigate how host distribution influences Japanese encephalitis (JE) vector abundance. Indoor and outdoor collections were conducted from 50 compounds. We collected three JE vector species—Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Culex vishnui that comprised the Culex vishnui group and Culex gelidus. Spatial autocorrelation was not observed in the mosquito assemblies at any scale larger than the house compounds. Multivariate analyses revealed that the Cx. gelidus density correlated positively with both the host proximity to the breeding sites and cattle density; however, the Cx. vishnui subgroup density correlated positively only with cattle density. These results showed that the number of cattle in a compound influenced the JE vector abundance in that compound, and the abundance of Cx. gelidus, not of the Cx. vishnui subgroup, was affected by the host proximity to the breeding sites in the village.
A Description of Malaria-Related Knowledge, Perceptions, and Practices in the Artibonite Valley of Haiti: Implications for Malaria Control
Authors: Keating Joseph , Eisele Thomas P. , Bennett Adam , Johnson Dawn , Macintyre Kate
Published: September 2018

A two-stage cluster survey (n = 200 households) was conducted in the Artibonite Valley of Haiti during the high malaria transmission season in November–December 2006. Knowledge, perceptions, and practices related to malaria were obtained from household representatives using a standardized questionnaire. Blood drops were obtained on filter paper from all household members more than one month of age (n = 714). Determinants of malaria infections and correct malaria-related knowledge were assessed using logistic regression. Respondents in households with more assets were significantly more likely than those in households with fewer assets to have correct malaria-related knowledge. Respondents from households with at least one malaria infection were less likely to have correct malaria-related knowledge. Older children (5–9 years of age) were shown to be at increased risk of malaria infection. Results suggest malaria control in Haiti should focus on enhanced surveillance and case management, with expanded information campaigns about malaria prevention and treatment options.
Predictors of Compliance in Mass Drug Administration for the Treatment and Prevention of Lymphatic Filariasis in Leogane, Haiti
Authors: Talbot Jeffrey T. , Viall Abigail , Direny Abdel , de Rochars Madsen Beau , Addiss David , Streit Thomas , Mathieu Els , Lammie Patrick J.
Published: September 2018

The global strategy for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF) is based on annual mass drug administration (MDA) to interrupt transmission. Noncompliance with MDA represents a serious programmatic obstacle for the LF program because systematically noncompliant individuals may serve as a reservoir for the parasite and permit recrudescence of infection. Using a survey questionnaire concerning practices, beliefs, and attitudes towards MDA, we assessed differences between noncompliant individuals and compliant individuals in Leogane, Haiti (n = 367) after four years of treatment. A logistic regression model showed the odds of being noncompliant were significantly increased for women (odds ratio = 2.74, 95% confidence interval = 1.12–6.70), as well as for people who lacked knowledge about both LF and programs to eliminate infection. Public health programs should be designed to target people who are at risk for systematic noncompliance.
Mass Drug Administration Trial to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis in Papua New Guinea: Changes in Microfilaremia, Filarial Antigen, and Bm14 Antibody after Cessation
Authors: Tisch Daniel J. , Bockarie Moses J. , Dimber Zachary , Kiniboro Benson , Tarongka Nandao , Hazlett Fred E. , Kastens Will , Alpers Michael P. , Kazura James W.
Published: September 2018

Laboratory tools to monitor infection burden are important to evaluate progress and determine endpoints in programs to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. We evaluated changes in Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria, filarial antigen and Bm14 antibody in individuals who participated in a five-year mass drug administration trial in Papua New Guinea. Comparing values before treatment and one year after four annual treatments, the proportion of microfilaria positive individuals declined to the greatest degree, with less marked change in antibody and antigen rates. Considering children as sentinel groups who reflect recent transmission intensity, children surveyed before the trial were more frequently microfilaria and antibody positive than those examined one year after the trial stopped. In contrast, antigen positive rates were similar in the two groups. All infection indicators continued to decline five years after cessation of mass drug administration; Bm14 antibody persisted in the greatest proportion of individuals. These data suggest that Bm14 antibody may be a sensitive test to monitor continuing transmission during and after mass drug administration aimed at eliminating transmission of lymphatic filariasis.
A Major Trichinellosis Outbreak Suggesting a High Endemicity of Trichinella Infection in Northern Laos
Authors: Barennes Hubert , Sayasone Somphou , Odermatt Peter , De Bruyne Aymeric , Hongsakhone Sitthivone , Newton Paul N. , Vongphrachanh Phengta , Martinez-Aussel Bertrand , Strobel Michel , Dupouy-Camet Jean
Published: September 2018

Trichinellosis is an important and under-recognized food-borne zoonosis in Southeast Asia. After 30 years of no reports, a small outbreak was described in Central Lao PDR (Laos) in 2003. Here we report a large outbreak of at least 650 estimated patients in Udomxay (northern Laos) in June 2005. Trichinella ELISA assays on serum from 133 patients and Western blot assays on 16 patients were positive in 67.6% and 81.2%, respectively. No deaths were recorded. Consumption of uncooked or fermented pork at funeral and wedding ceremonies was the main source of infection. Larvae of Trichinella spiralis were found in 1 of 11 local pigs not involved in this outbreak. The results suggest that trichinellosis may be an under-recognized but important endemic disease in Laos and reinforces the need to urgently implement veterinary and educational programs.
Genetic Relationships among Aedes aegypti Collections in Venezuela as Determined by Mitochondrial DNA Variation and Nuclear Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
Authors: Urdaneta-Marquez Ludmel , Bosio Christopher , Herrera Flor , Rubio-Palis Yasmin , Salasek Michael , Black William C.
Published: September 2018

A population genetic analysis of gene flow was conducted among 619 Aedes aegypti from nine collections distributed among six geographic regions of Venezuela. Genetic markers included a 387-basepair region of the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase 4 (ND4) gene and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 11 nuclear loci. Genotypes at SNP loci were identified using melting curve analysis. Six different ND4 haplotypes were detected and patterns of variation suggested that collections were isolated by distance. The variance in SNP allele frequencies was much less than the variance in haplotype frequencies and a pattern of isolation by distance was not detected. Aedes aegypti from eight collections were orally challenged with dengue 2 virus. Disseminated infection rates ranged from 77% to 95%. The percentage of mosquitoes exhibiting a midgut infection barrier ranged from 2% to 15%, and those exhibiting a midgut escape barrier ranged from 2% to 18%. Venezuelan Ae. aegypti appear to be susceptible to dengue virus infection.
Detection and Characterization of Human Caliciviruses Associated with Sporadic Acute Diarrhea in Adults in Djibouti (Horn of Africa)
Authors: Maslin Jérôme , Nicand Elisabeth , Ambert-Balay Katia , Fouet Christine , Kaplon Jérôme , Haus Rachel , Pothier Pierre , Kohli Evelyne
Published: September 2018

Recent advances in molecular diagnostics have allowed us to recognize Human caliciviruses (HuCVs) as important agents of acute diarrhea in industrialized countries. Their prevalence and genetic diversity in developing countries remains unknown. We report on the characterization of HuCVs among adults presenting acute diarrheas in Djibouti; 108 stool samples collected were screened by EIA, RTPCR, or cell cultures for the group A Rotaviruses, Adenoviruses, Astroviruses, and HuCVs, which were further characterized by genotyping. Among stool samples screened for HuCVs, 25.3% were positive. The other enteric viruses were less prevalent. The 11 HuCV strains sequenced revealed a large diversity (3 sapoviruses and 8 noroviruses). GII strains noroviruses were predominant, five were newly described genotypes, and two were recombinant with a pol gene related to GGIIb strains with the particularity to associate a unique pol gene to different capsid genes. These results could help to the knowledge of HuCV infections in Tropical Africa.
Dihydroartemisinin—Piperaquine Rescue Treatment of Multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum Malaria in Pregnancy: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Rijken Marcus J. , McGready Rose , Boel Machteld E. , Barends Marion , Proux Stephane , Pimanpanarak Mupawjay , Singhasivanon Pratap , Nosten François
Published: September 2018

Dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHA-PPQ) is a promising new artemisinin combination treatment. There are no published data on the intentional use of the drug in pregnancy. Between June 2006 and January 2007, 50 Karen pregnant women with recurrent P. falciparum infections, despite 7-day treatments with quinine or artesunate (+/−clindamycin) or both, were treated with DHA-PPQ. This rescue treatment was effective and well tolerated and there was no evidence of toxicity for the mothers or the fetus. The PCR adjusted cure rate by Kaplan Meier analysis at day 63 was 92.2% (95% CI: 76.9–97.4).
Brucellosis in Household Members of Brucella Patients Residing in a Large Urban Setting in Peru
Authors: Mendoza-Núñez Marjorie , Mulder Maximilian , Franco María Pía , Maas Kathlène S. J. S. M. , Castañeda Maria L. , Bonifacio Nilo , Chacaltana Jesús , Yagui Elena , Gilman Robert H. , Espinosa Benjamin , Blazes David , Hall Eric , Abdoel Theresia H. , Smits Henk L. , _ _
Published: September 2018

During home visits and using a point-of-care test for brucellosis, we screened the household members of adult patients found to have brucellosis by investigation at the Hospital Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrión in Callao, Peru. A total of 206 household members of 43 patients were screened, and 15 (7.3%) household members in 10 (23.3%) households tested seropositive. Brucellosis was diagnosed in 14 of them, all but 4 presenting with acute or subacute uncomplicated disease. Regardless of attempts to control brucellosis in Peru, the disease continues to be reasonably common among household members of brucellosis patients. Household members presumably remain the single most important identifiable risk group in an urban setting, and screening them provides an effective means for their early diagnosis. Although contact with livestock was rare, the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products was reported by almost all patients with brucellosis, their household members, and hospitalized non-brucellosis patients.
A Novel Exo-antigen-based ELISA for the Detection of Canine Leishmaniasis
Authors: Rajasekariah G-Halli R. , Cardoso Luis , Dogcio Diane A. , Martin Samuel K. , Smithyman Anthony M.
Published: September 2018

Dogs which are infected with leishmania parasites serve as major reservoir hosts for zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis. The incidence of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis is rising in many countries. This may be associated with the continuing drift of people and their pets from rural areas into peri-urban settings, particularly at the fringe of large cities. At the same time, there is evidence of adaptation of sand fly vectors to these urban settings. This has created an alarming situation because, even though domestic and stray dogs may be infected, many remain asymptomatic but are still highly infectious to the sand fly vectors and thus pose a serious threat to human health. Over half of the infected dogs have asymptomatic infections and current assays are not sensitive enough under field conditions to distinguish asymptomatic from symptomatic dogs. There is an urgent need for a specific and sensitive screening tool for use in the field. We have previously demonstrated that promastigote exo-antigen-based ELISAs can be used in the specific diagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL). A cocktail of exo-antigens prepared from three species (L. infantum, L. donovani, and L. major) was used to develop and optimize a canine ELISA assay. Serum samples from dogs with a variety of pathological conditions but living in a non-leishmania endemic area were used as negative controls and their reactivity was used to determine a cut-off value for the ELISA. Samples from dogs residing in a leishmania endemic area were tested in parallel using direct agglutination (DAT), immunofluorescence (IFAT), and ELISA. The ELISA results correlated closely (100%) with the clinical symptoms, and were elevated in one asymptomatic dog. This sample was also found to be positive by IFAT. Based on its sensitivity and specificity, the cocktail exo-antigen-based ELISA may prove useful, even at 1:2,000 serum dilutions, for screening dogs in different geographical regions of the world.
Evaluation of a Modified Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Approach for the Identification of Leptospira Serovars
Authors: Galloway Renee L. , Levett Paul N.
Published: September 2018

The genus Leptospira is composed of spirochetes that are morphologically indistinguishable and cannot be differentiated by phenotypic methods. Determining the identity of an infecting serovar is valuable from both epidemiologic and public health standpoints. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of Leptospira has had limited use in few laboratories. In this study, we modified the existing PFGE protocol to reduce time to completion and developed a PFGE database using the restriction endonuclease Not I to generate PFGE profiles for the identification and evaluation of Leptospira. Reference strains (n = 206) from a collection maintained by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were studied. Eighty-nine percent of the serovars produced distinct patterns, and different strains of the same serovar showed profiles that were highly similar. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of Leptospira is a useful tool for molecular characterization of reference serovars, the investigation of potentially new species or serovars, and ultimately for the routine identification of clinical isolates.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever in Argentina
Authors: Paddock Christopher D. , Fernandez Susana , Echenique Gustavo A. , Sumner John W. , Reeves Will K. , Zaki Sherif R. , Remondegui Carlos E.
Published: September 2018

We describe the first molecular confirmation of Rickettsia rickettsii, the cause of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), from a tick vector, Amblyomma cajennense, and from a cluster of fatal spotted fever cases in Argentina. Questing A. cajennense ticks were collected at or near sites of presumed or confirmed cases of spotted fever rickettsiosis in Jujuy Province and evaluated by polymerase chain reaction assays for spotted fever group rickettsiae. DNA of R. rickettsii was amplified from a pool of A. cajennense ticks and from tissues of one of four patients who died during 2003–2004 after illnesses characterized by high fever, severe headache, myalgias, and petechial rash. The diagnosis of spotted fever rickettsiosis was confirmed in the other patients by indirect immunofluorescence antibody and immunohistochemical staining techniques. These findings show the existence of RMSF in Argentina and emphasize the need for clinicians throughout the Americas to consider RMSF in patients with febrile rash illnesses.
Suppression of Dengue Transmission by Application of Integrated Vector Control Strategies at Sero-Positive GIS-Based Foci
Authors: Kittayapong Pattamaporn , Yoksan Sutee , Chansang Uruyakorn , Chansang Chitti , Bhumiratana Amaret
Published: September 2018

A serological survey of primary school children from six schools in Chachoengsao Province, Thailand, was performed at the end of the peak of dengue transmission. GIS analysis of sero-positive cases was carried out to determine transmission foci. Vector control implementation was conducted in the foci and also within 100 meters around the foci in the treated areas by community participation in collaboration with the local government. Vector control strategies included source reduction together with the use of screen covers, a combination of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and Mesocyclops thermocyclopoides, and lethal ovitraps. Implementation of vector control strategies in the foci was continued until the end of the rainy season. Vector control effectiveness was monitored using entomological, serological, and clinical parameters. Results showed a significant reduction of dengue vectors as well as a decrease in sero-positive children and clinical cases in treated areas when compared with untreated areas.
Reduced Risk of Uncomplicated Malaria Episodes in Children with Alpha+-Thalassemia in Northeastern Tanzania
Authors: Enevold Anders , Lusingu John P. , Mmbando Bruno , Alifrangis Michael , Lemnge Martha M. , Bygbjerg Ib C. , Theander Thor G. , Vestergaard Lasse S.
Published: September 2018

The prevalence of human red blood cell (RBC) polymorphisms is high in areas of intense Plasmodium falciparum transmission, and individuals carrying these genetic traits are believed to be partially protected against severe malaria. However, it remains uncertain how RBC polymorphisms affect the susceptibility to uncomplicated malaria. We compared the risk of suffering from febrile, uncomplicated malaria between individuals carrying three common RBC polymorphisms (sickle cell trait, alpha+-thalassemia, and glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase deficiency) and controls. The study was performed in an area of intense malaria transmission where 202 individuals 0–19 years of age were monitored clinically for a period of 6 months. RBC polymorphisms were assessed with molecular methods, and plasma antibodies to P. falciparum variant surface antigens (anti-VSA IgG) and glutamate-rich protein (anti-GLURP IgG) were measured with flow cytometry and ELISA assays, respectively. Regression analyses showed that alpha+-thalassemia was associated with a reduced risk of uncomplicated malaria episodes and that this advantageous effect seemed to be more predominant in children older than 5 years of age, but was independent of levels of antibodies to VSA and GLURP.
Leishmania infantum DNA Detection in Urine from Patients with Visceral Leishmaniasis and after Treatment Control
Authors: Fisa Roser , Riera Cristina , López-Chejade Paulo , Molina Israel , Gállego Montserrat , Falcó Vicenç , Ribera Esteban , Portús Montserrat
Published: September 2018

A urine–polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay was validated for diagnosis of human visceral leishmaniosis (VL), taking advantage of the accessibility of urine samples. Leishmania infantum DNA presence was examined in 17 urine samples from 17 patients with VL during a clinical episode and in 55 urine samples from 17 patients with VL monitored after treatment at different intervals. Fifty-nine urine samples from 59 controls with no history of VL were also studied. The urine–PCR test was positive in 15/17 samples obtained during the episode (sensitivity, 88%). None of the controls tested were urine–PCR positive (specificity, 100%). During the monitoring period, 25% of the samples gave a positive urine–PCR. Results were compared with other diagnostic methods, such as urine antigen detection and peripheral blood–PCR and culture, with good concordance during the clinical episode and differences in the follow-up period. This study suggests that urine–PCR is sensitive for diagnosis and may be useful to monitor treatment efficacy.
Human IgG Antibody Response to Glossina Saliva: An Epidemiologic Marker of Exposure to Glossina Bites
Authors: Poinsignon Anne , Remoue Franck , Rossignol Marie , Cornelie Sylvie , Courtin David , Grébaut Pascal , Garcia Andre , Simondon Francois
Published: September 2018

The evaluation of human antibody response specific to arthropod saliva may be a useful marker of exposure to vector-borne disease. Such an immunologic tool, applied to the evaluation of the exposure to Glossina bites, could be integrated in the control of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). The antibody (IgG) response specific to uninfected Glossina fuscipes fuscipes saliva was evaluated according to the vector exposure and trypanic status in individuals residing in an HAT-endemic area. A high level of anti-saliva IgG antibodies was only detected in exposed individuals, whether infected or not by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. In addition, the evaluation of specific IgG response represented spatial heterogeneity according to studied sites. These results suggest that the evaluation of anti-saliva IgG could be an indicator of Glossina exposure and thus could be integrated in other available tools to identify populations presenting risks of HAT transmission.
Evaluation of Three PCR Assays for the Identification of the Sheep Strain (Genotype 1) of Echinococcus granulosus in Canid Feces and Parasite Tissues
Authors: Boufana Belgees S. , Campos-Ponce Maiza , Naidich Ariel , Buishi Imad , Lahmar Selma , Zeyhle Eberhard , Jenkins David J. , Combes Benoit , Wen Hao , Xiao Ning , Nakao Minoru , Ito Akira , Qiu Jiamin , Craig Philip S.
Published: September 2018

The performance of 3 PCR assays for the identification of the G1 sheep genotype of Echinococcus granulosus was evaluated using tissue and canid fecal samples. The “Dinkel” and “Štefanić” primers were the most sensitive in detecting E. granulosus DNA in feces of necropsied dogs (73.7% and 100%, respectively). The “Abbasi” primers detected 52.6% of E. granulosus infected dogs but were the most species-specific, cross-reacting only with Echinococcus shiquicus (tissue 90.9%; feces 75%). The Štefanić primers were the least specific (tissue, 27.3%; feces, 25%) for E. granulosus. The Dinkel primers also showed inter-species cross-reactivity (tissue, 63.6%; feces, 100%) but were found to be strain-specific for the E. granulosus G1 sheep genotype. Improvement of PCR tests for Echinococcus species and subspecific variants should rely on the use of less-conserved genes and development of protocols that improve the quality and quantity of DNA extracted from feces.
Halting the Toll of Malaria in Africa
Authors: Campbell Carlos C.
Published: September 2018

A renaissance in commitment to malaria control is transforming the perspectives and aspirations of the global community, prompting a consideration of goals for confronting a disease that is responsible for legendary death and suffering in Africa. The results in several countries are producing confidence that current control interventions can result in a dramatic reduction in the burden that malaria causes. However, the complexities of the challenges that must be addressed for comprehensive Africa programming are formidable in terms of the time required and the resources that will have to be mobilized. Progress toward elimination of the malaria burden in the African region in the next 5 years will be the critical benchmark for the feasibility of a comprehensive global campaign to eliminate and potentially eradicate malaria.
Evaluation of a Sticky Trap for Collecting Aedes (Stegomyia) Adults in a Dengue-endemic Area in Thailand
Authors: Facchinelli Luca , Koenraadt Constantianus J. M. , Fanello Caterina , Kijchalao Udom , Valerio Laura , Jones James W. , Scott Thomas W. , della Torre Alessandra
Published: September 2018

Development of new operational techniques for collection and monitoring of adult Stegomyia mosquitoes is considered a pressing need for surveillance and prevention of arboviruses. Here we report the results from a trial carried out in 2 dengue-endemic villages in Thailand to compare the ability to collect Aedes adults of a sticky trap versus a CDC backpack aspirator, which has been used routinely at the study area for entomological/epidemiological surveys. Our comparison was based on a comparable sampling effort required to carry out collections with 2 approaches. Over 19,000 specimens were collected, ~90% of which were Culex spp. Sticky traps collected significantly more Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus females than did backpack aspirators when located outdoors. The percentage of positive sticky-trap catches was double for Ae. aegypti and almost 20 times higher for Ae. albopictus. Operational benefits of the sticky trap are discussed within the context of the results obtained.
Differences in Complement-mediated Killing of Entamoeba histolytica Between Men and Women—An Explanation for the Increased Susceptibility of Men to Invasive Amebiasis?
Authors: Snow Margaret , Chen Minghe , Guo Jian , Atkinson John , Stanley Samuel L.
Published: September 2018

Men are more than 7 times more likely to develop amebic liver abscess or amebic dysentery caused by Entamoeba histolytica than women. Because the complement system could play a key role in controlling amebiasis, we determined whether serum from men and women differ in the ability to kill amebic trophozoites. We found that serum from women was significantly more effective in killing E. histolytica trophozoites than serum from men, and this killing was complement dependent. Our results provide a possible explanation for the differential susceptibility of men and women to amebic liver abscess and amebic colitis.