bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computation of flow rates in rarefied gas flow through circular tubes via machine learning techniques
Authors: Sofos F. , Dritselis C. , Misdanitis S. , Karakasidis T. , Valougeorgis D.
Published: October 2023

Kinetic theory and modeling have been proven extremely suitable in computing the flow rates in rarefied gas pipe flows, but they are computationally expensive and more importantly not practical in design and optimization of micro- and vacuum systems. In an effort to reduce the computational cost and improve accessibility when dealing with such systems, two efficient methods are employed by leveraging machine learning (ML). More specifically, random forest regression (RFR) and symbolic regression (SR) have been adopted, suggesting a framework capable of extracting numerical predictions and analytical equations, respectively, exclusively derived from data. The database of the reduced flow rates W used in the current ML framework has been obtained using kinetic modeling and it refers to nonlinear flows through circular tubes (tube length over radius $$l \in [0,5]$$

l
∈
[
0
,
5
]

and downstream over upstream pressure $$p \in [0,0.9]$$

p
∈
[
0
,
0.9
]

) in a very wide range of the gas rarefaction parameter $$\delta \in [0,10^3]$$

δ
∈
[
0
,

10
3

]

. The accuracy of both RFR and SR models is assessed using statistical metrics, as well as the relative error between the ML predictions and the kinetic database. The predictions obtained by RFR show very good fit on the simulation data, having a maximum absolute relative error of less than $$12.5\%$$

12.5
%

. Various expressions of the form of $$W=W(p,l,\delta )$$

W
=
W
(
p
,
l
,
δ
)

with different accuracy and complexity are acquired from SR. The proposed equation, valid in the whole range of the relevant parameters, exhibits a maximum absolute relative error less than $$17\%$$

17
%

. To further improve the accuracy, the dataset is divided into three subsets in terms of $$\delta$$
δ
and one SR-based closed-form expression of each subset is proposed, achieving a maximum absolute relative error smaller than $$9\%$$

9
%

. Very good performance of all proposed equations is observed, as indicated by the obtained accuracy measures. Overall, the present ML-predicted data may be very useful in gaseous microfluidics and vacuum technology for engineering purposes.
Synthesis and applications of cyclonucleosides: an update (2010–2023)
Authors: Burchiellaro Katherine , Mieczkowski Adam
Published: October 2023

Cyclonucleosides are a group of nucleoside derivatives which, in addition to the classical N-glycosidic bond, have an additional covalent bond (linker, bridge) in their structure, which connects the heterocyclic base and sugar ring. The majority of them have been discovered in the laboratory; however, few such compounds have also been found in natural sources, including metabolites of sponges or radical damage occurring in nucleic acids. Due to their structural properties—rigid, fixed conformation—they have found wide applications in medicinal chemistry and biochemistry as biocides as well as enzyme inhibitors and molecular probes. They have also found use as convenient synthetic tools for the preparation of new nucleoside analogues, enabling structural modifications of both the sugar ring and heterocyclic base. This review summarizes the recent progress in the synthesis of various purine and pyrimidine cyclonucleosides using diverse chemical approaches based on radical, “click”, metal-mediated, and other types of reactions. It also presents recent reports concerning possible applications in medicinal chemistry, as well as their applications as valuable key intermediates in the synthesis of sugar- and base-modified nucleoside analogues and heterocyclic compounds.

Graphical abstract
Technologieversprechen Künstliche Intelligenz. Vergangene und gegenwärtige Konjunkturen in der Bundesrepublik
Authors: Hirsch-Kreinsen Hartmut , Krokowski Thorben
Published: October 2023

Die Fragestellung des Beitrages ist, wie das Auf und Ab der Entwicklung der Künstlichen Intelligenz seit ihrem Anbeginn an zu erklären ist. Dabei richtet sich der Fokus auf die Entwicklung der Künstlichen Intelligenz in der Bundesrepublik seit den 1970er-Jahren sowie hier besonders auf ihre gegenwärtige Dynamik. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass allein der Verweis auf die schnellen Fortschritte der Informationstechnologien und der verschiedenen Methoden und Konzepte der Künstlichen Intelligenz der letzten Jahrzehnte diese Dynamik nicht zureichend erklären kann. Denn aus sozialwissenschaftlicher Sicht handelt es sich dabei um eine verkürzte technikzentrierte Erklärung. Mit Rückgriff auf Überlegungen aus der sozialwissenschaftlichen Innovationsforschung lässt sich vielmehr die These begründen, dass Künstlichen Intelligenz als „promising technology“ zu verstehen ist. Derart aufgefasst, wird Künstliche Intelligenz in ihren verschiedenen Entwicklungsphasen stets erneut von Technologieversprechen über ihre besondere Leistungs- sowie Problemlösungsfähigkeit für ökonomische und gesellschaftliche Herausforderungen getrieben. Das gilt verstärkt für den seit den 2010er-Jahren anhaltenden KI-Hype, der durch „solutionistische“ Hoffnungen mit Blick auf die ökologische Krise einerseits und durch das Vordringen von KI-Software ins Alltagserleben andererseits präzedenzlose Ausmaße erreicht hat. Auch wenn der nächste „KI-Winter“ wohl nicht bevorsteht, deuten vergangene Erfahrungen darauf hin, dass sich auch in diesem Fall weder sämtliche Technologieversprechen noch -befürchtungen erfüllen werden.
Ethical Considerations in Research With People From Refugee and Asylum Seeker Backgrounds: A Systematic Review of National and International Ethics Guidelines
Authors: Davidson Natasha , Hammarberg Karin , Fisher Jane
Published: October 2023

Refugees and asylum seekers may experience challenges related to pre-arrival experiences, structural disadvantage after migration and during resettlement requiring the need for special protection when participating in research. The aim was to review if and how people with refugee and asylum seeker backgrounds have had their need for special protection addressed in national and international research ethics guidelines. A systematic search of grey literature was undertaken. The search yielded 2187 documents of which fourteen met the inclusion criteria. Few guidelines addressed specific ethical considerations for vulnerable groups much less people with refugee and asylum seeker backgrounds. One guideline explicitly addressed vulnerability for refugees and asylums seekers. To ensure members of ethics committees and researchers consider the potential challenges of conducting research with these groups, guidelines may need to be supplemented with a refugee and asylum seeker specific research ethics framework. Such a framework may be necessary to optimally protect people with refugee and asylum seeker backgrounds in research.
Hybrid epoxy-SiO2/GO nanosheets anti-corrosive coating for aeronautic aluminum Al6061-T5
Authors: López-Campos Jevet E. D. , Mojica-Gómez José , Maciel-Cerda Alfredo , Castaño Víctor M. , Hernández-Padrón Genoveva
Published: October 2023

The mechanical and anti-corrosive evaluation of a hybrid epoxy resin–SiO2 and graphene oxide (GO) are presented. Three composite materials were prepared with 0%, 0.1 wt% and 0.5 wt% GO concentrations. The hybrid material was prepared by the sol-gel process incorporating the silica particles in situ within the epoxy resin (ER) matrix and previously that ER was functionalized with carboxyl groups using abietic acid and labeled as functionalized epoxy resin. The deposition of the three hybrids in aluminum 6061 substrates was made by blade coating, measuring wet and dry film thickness. The study of mechanical properties involved adhesion, pencil scratch hardness, and abrasion test methods where the incorporation of 0.5 wt% of GO improved the mechanical properties considerably. The anti-corrosive properties of the coatings were evaluated through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and accelerated corrosion using a salt spray chamber showing that GO forms an anti-corrosive barrier increasing the operation life of the coatings in corrosive environments. Anti-ice properties were related to the contact angle measurement from which the GO concentrations showed more hydrophobic behavior. All the tests were carried out according to ASTM standards. The incorporation of 0.5% of GO showed a significant improvement in the mechanical and anti-corrosive results, improving corrosion resistance up to 500 h. The abrasion tests had an increase in 35%, its hardness up to 9H, and the wear index improved by 29.14% compared with composites with 0.1 wt% of GO and without GO. The HREF1 and HREF5 materials do present an increase in the contact angle thanks to the incorporation of graphene oxide. The results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and the impedance curves show a better behavior for the HREF5 composite due to the difference in resistance over time.
The Clinical Impact of Change in the Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio During the Perioperative Period in Gastric Cancer Patients Who Receive Curative Gastrectomy
Authors: Aoyama Toru , Hashimoto Itaru , Maezawa Yukio , Hara Kentaro , Kazama Keisuke , Numata Masakatsu , Otani Kazuki , Sawazaki Sho , Cho Haruhiko , Morita Junya , Kawahara Shinnosuke , Tanabe Mie , Yukawa Norio , Saito Aya , Ogata Takashi , Rino Yasushi , Oshima Takashi
Published: October 2023

Aim

Recently, change in the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (cNLR) has been shown to be a promising prognostic inflammation marker in some malignancies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical impact of the cNLR in gastric cancer patients who received curative gastrectomy.

Patients and Methods

The present study included 450 patients who underwent curative treatment for gastric cancer between 2013 and 2017 at Kanagawa Cancer Center. The cNLR was defined as follows: cNLR = NLR at 1 month after surgery–NLR at 1 week before surgery. The prognosis and clinicopathological parameters of the increased cNLR and decreased cNLR groups were analyzed.

Results

The OS stratified by each clinical factor was compared using the log-rank test, and a significant difference was observed using a cutoff value of cNLR at 0.762. When comparing the patient background factors between the increased cNLR (≥ 0.762) and decreased cNLR (< 0.762) groups, there were no significant differences in age, sex, T status, or N status. In the increased cNLR group, the OS rates at 3 and 5 years after surgery were 87.5% and 77.3%, respectively, while those in the decreased cNLR group were 92.8% and 87.3%, which amounted to a statistically significant difference (p = 0.041). The univariate and multivariate analyses of factors associated with OS showed that cNLR was a significant prognostic factor. When the postoperative course was compared between the two groups, the incidence rates of postoperative surgical complications and other-cause death were significantly higher in the increased cNLR group (p = 0.001 and p = 0.005, respectively).

Conclusion

The cNLR is one of the significant risk factors in gastric cancer patients. Our results suggested that the changes of inflammation status during perioperative periods might be a promising prognostic factor for gastrointestinal cancer patients.
Multimode sensing based on optical microcavities
Authors: Wu Yanran , Duan Bing , Li Changhong , Yang Daquan
Published: October 2023

Optical microcavities have the ability to confine photons in small mode volumes for long periods of time, greatly enhancing light-matter interactions, and have become one of the research hotspots in international academia. In recent years, sensing applications in complex environments have inspired the development of multimode optical microcavity sensors. These multimode sensors can be used not only for multi-parameter detection but also to improve measurement precision. In this review, we introduce multimode sensing methods based on optical microcavities and present an overview of the multimode single/multi-parameter optical microcavities sensors. Expected further research activities are also put forward.

Graphical abstract
Arbeitsbeeinträchtigung bei Patienten mit axialer Spondyloarthritis in Österreich
Authors: Haschka Judith , Kranewitter Wolfgang , Hucke Miriam , Finsterwalder Richard , Meyer-Olson Dirk , Hammel Ludwig , Kiltz Uta , Leeb Burkhard
Published: October 2023

Hintergrund: Axiale Spondyloarthritis (axSpA) bringt für Patienten neben körperlicher und psychischer Beeinträchtigung oft eine verminderte gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität mit sich. Mit dem Krankheitsbeginn im erwerbsfähigen Alter ist vor allem das Arbeitsleben betroffen. Ziel dieser Untersuchung war es, die Auswirkungen der axSpA-Erkrankung auf die Erwerbssituation und Arbeitsbeeinträchtigung bei Patienten mit axSpA-in Österreich zu analysieren.

Methodik: ATTENTUS-axSpA (AT) war eine multizentrische, querschnittliche Fragebogenuntersuchung von österreichischen axSpA-Patienten, die zwischen 114 und 153 Fragen pro Patient zu demografischen und klinischen Charakteristika, der Erwerbssituation und Arbeitsbeeinträchtigung, patientenberichteten Endpunkten (PROs) und der medizinischen Rehabilitation beinhaltete.

Ergebnisse: Daten von insgesamt 82 Patienten wurden ausgewertet (59,8 % in Vollzeitbeschäftigung; 11,0 % in Teilzeitbeschäftigung; 29,3 % derzeit nicht berufstätig). Obwohl 84,1 % der Patienten (n = 69) eine medikamentöse Therapie erhielten, berichteten 81,7 % der Patienten (n = 67) von axSpA bedingten Auswirkungen auf ihre Fähigkeit normalen täglichen Aktivitäten nachzugehen. Bei über der Hälfte (58,1 %, n = 43) der derzeit erwerbsfähigen Patienten (n = 74) lag eine eingeschränkte Arbeitsleistung vor. Diese Patienten zeigten ein erhöhtes Maß an Präsentismus hatten häufiger einen Grad der Behinderung, waren weniger oft vollzeitbeschäftigt und berichteten von mehr Einschränkungen in den PROs als Patienten mit uneingeschränkter Arbeitsleistung. Behinderung, Bezug von Krankengeld, und berufliches ausgebremst werden oder Änderungen der Karrierepläne waren häufig.

Schlussfolgerungen: Insgesamt zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass trotz medikamentöser Therapie eine erhebliche Arbeitsbeeinträchtigung in der österreichischen axSpA-Population vorliegt.
Popularisierung von Wissenschaft um 1968
Authors: Scharloth Joachim
Published: October 2023

Der Beitrag untersucht am Beispiel von Störungen und Antiritualen an bundesrepublikanischen Universitäten in den 1960er Jahren, wie alternativem Wissen und alternativen Vorstellungen von Wissenschaft in der 1968er-Bewegung Geltung verschafft wurde, und welche Konsequenzen dies für die Konzeption der Rollen von Experten und Laien, von Professionellen und ihren Klienten hatte. Ausgehend von zeitspezifischen Semantiken von »Massen« und »Eliten« und Vorstellungen von Popularität als Ergebnis von Manipulation und strategischer Agitation werden aktionistische Formen der Kritik und Außerkraftsetzung traditioneller Rollenbeziehungen im Wissenschaftsbetrieb in einen Prozess der Entdeckung des Performativen als Medium einer »Popularisierung von unten« eingebettet. Es zeigt sich, dass Popularisierung in der 1968er-Bewegung einem normativen Konzept des Populären verpflichtet war, demzufolge nur solches Wissen als populär galt, das von den Massen für die Massen in einem Prozess der Verschmelzung von Reflexion und gesellschaftlicher Praxis zur Geltung gebracht wurde.
Examining the Accuracy of Using a Single Short-Term Historical Flow Period to Assess the Nile’s Downstream Water Deficit from GERD Filling: A Technical Note
Authors: Heggy Essam , Ramah Mohamed , Abotalib Abotalib Z.
Published: October 2023

Increasing water and energy demands, hydroclimatic fluctuations, damming, and usage rights disputes present major challenges in managing transboundary rivers worldwide. Of particular interest is the Eastern Nile River Basin (ENRB), which is subject to broad debate over which modeling approach should be applied to resolve the disparities in transboundary water management among the river’s riparian nations, under increased upstream damming. Several studies have simulated the downstream High Aswan Dam (HAD) storage change during the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) filling under different hydrological conditions. However, their findings diverge regarding the impacts of GERD filling on HAD storage, especially when considering a specific, naturalized, historical 10-year period to represent the average flow condition used, as a benchmark for assessing potential downstream impacts. Our extended analysis of the Nile flow historical records demonstrates that considering a single historical 10-year period to simulate the downstream water budget, as performed in Wheeler et al. (Nat Commun 11:5222, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19089-x), widely communicated to policymakers as a robust proof that GERD filling will not generate a deficit at HAD under average flow conditions, is inconclusive as it strongly depend on the selection of the historical inflow period, due to the river high interannual flow variability. Our simulation results of 20 average/near average historical flow periods in Wheeler et al. (Nat Commun 11:5222, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19089-x)’s datasheet indicates that 60% of them generates a downstream water deficit ranging from 0.5 to 14.5 BCM under the same modeling conditions and filling policy. Therefore, considering the simulation results of multiple flow sequences is crucial for accurately reflecting the impact of the Nile’s high interannual flow variability on downstream water deficit assessments, thereby settling the disparities in transboundary water management forecasts for the impacts of GERD filling and operation.
Structural neural correlates of mental fatigue and reward-induced improvement in performance
Authors: Matuz András , Darnai Gergely , Zsidó András N. , Janszky József , Csathó Árpád
Published: October 2023

Neuroimaging studies investigating the association between mental fatigue (henceforth fatigue) and brain physiology have identified many brain regions that may underly the cognitive changes induced by fatigue. These studies focused on the functional changes and functional connectivity of the brain relating to fatigue. The structural correlates of fatigue, however, have received little attention. To fill this gap, this study explored the associations of fatigue with cortical thickness of frontal and parietal regions. In addition, we aimed to explore the associations between reward-induced improvement in performance and neuroanatomical markers in fatigued individuals. Thirty-nine healthy volunteers performed the psychomotor vigilance task for 15 min (i.e., 3 time-on-task blocks of 5 min) out of scanner; followed by an additional rewarded block of the task lasting 5 min. Baseline high-resolution T1-weigthed MR images were obtained. Reaction time increased with time-on-task but got faster again in the rewarded block. Participants’ subjective fatigue increased during task performance. In addition, we found that higher increase in subjective mental fatigue was associated with the cortical thickness of the following areas: bilateral precuneus, right precentral gyrus; right pars triangularis and left superior frontal gyrus. Our results suggest that individual differences in subjective mental fatigue may be explained by differences in the degree of cortical thickness of areas that are associated with motor processes, executive functions, intrinsic alertness and are parts of the default mode network.
Complex motions embedded in a hand exercise regimen – effects on thumb function in participants with carpometacarpal osteoarthritis: A pilot study
Authors: Vocelle Amber R. , Shafer Gail , Bush Tamara Reid
Published: October 2023

Objective:

The goal of this pilot study was to identify changes associated with completion of a unique six-week hand exercise program in persons with carpometacarpal osteoarthritis.

Methods:

Twenty-four individuals, aged 55–80, with doctor-diagnosed carpometacarpal osteoarthritis participated in the study. Movement data from standard clinical motions and complex multi-planar motions were obtained using a motion capture system at three-time points: an initial visit, after two weeks of hand exercises, and after completion of the six-week exercise program.

Results:

This exercise program produced trends of improvement in complex multi-planar motions. Specifically, joint angle changes were seen during opposition and the formation of an “okay sign” that was included as part of the exercise program.

Conclusion:

Through the use of motion capture, changes were identified in thumb joint function after exercise. Specifically, motions associated with the more complex multi-planar tasks showed changes in individual joint contributions following the six-week exercise intervention. The results suggest that further exploration of this exercise program, particularly the inclusion of complex multi-planar tasks during osteoarthritis treatment and associated evaluations, should be considered in future clinical studies.
Andrew Jackson Davis and Spiritualist Constructions of Religion(s)
Authors: Messamore E. H.
Published: October 2023

That the concept of religion is of recent construction is well established in the literature. What is less understood is the American contribution to this global discourse, in particular its nineteenth-century popularization below the upper echelons of Unitarians, Transcendentalists, and comparative religion scholars. The small but very influential group of Spiritualists associated with the seer Andrew Jackson Davis offer a fascinating window into popular construals of religion and world religions—here, internally oriented, naturalized, and evolutionary—taking shape amid increasing globalization and the challenge of scientific materialism. The subdiscourse articulated by Davis and his circle provides an interesting case not only for its antiinstitutional and individualized qualities but also for its radical decentering of Christianity and paradoxical relationship to science. Moreover, Davis's efforts to define true religion and frame his system as its purest expression are connected to struggles for legitimacy within the public sphere and contests concerning religious authority.
(In)Gratitude, US Ascendancy and Transatlantic Relations after the First World War
Authors: Piller Elisabeth
Published: October 2023

During and after the First World War, the United States provided very substantial amounts of humanitarian and economic aid to war-torn Europe. All compassion aside, international historians have long recognised the strategic and social expectations attached to such foreign aid. US generosity was to build trust, reverence and influence abroad and, by inspiring ‘gratitude’ among recipients, to translate into a foreign policy advantage. But what happened when these expectations were disappointed? This article looks at transatlantic relations after the First World War to explore the role of gratitude in interwar international politics. It shows just how difficult it often was for Europeans to be appropriately ‘grateful’ and how emotionally the US public could react to such displays of perceived ‘ingratitude’. US aid – and the expectations and obligations that came with it – could excite distrust and resentment on both sides of the Atlantic.
The role of college English teaching reform in overcoming students’ learning anxiety disorders
Authors: Wang Jin
Published: October 2023

Background

In the study of colleges and universities, students are under greater pressure to learn English, so the reform of the teaching mode of English in colleges and universities is of great significance to alleviating students’ learning anxiety.

Subjects and Methods

This study chose 150 students with English learning anxiety as its experimental subjects at a particular university in order to investigate the impact of English teaching reform on helping students overcome their learning fear. The experimental employees were split into two groups using the random approach. One group was designated “blank,” and that group was taught using conventional English methods. The experimental group, which uses a multimedia-reformed approach to English instruction, is the other group. The experimental statistical scale uses the Anxiety Disorder Somatic Symptom Assessment Scale, and the experimental period lasts for 3 months.

Results

The panic index scores of the blank group and the experimental group were 78.49 ± 2.32 and 79.50 ± 2.26, respectively, after the evaluation of the Anxiety Disorder Somatic Symptom Assessment Scale, and the tension index scores were 84.65 ± 2.42 and 83.17 ± 1.58, respectively, prior to the start of the experiment. Following the experiment, the scores for stress indicators were 83.79 ± 1.87 and 72.49 ± 4.01, while the scores for panic indicators were 77.76 ± 2.46 and 67.65 ± 1.28, respectively, in the blank group and experimental group. The experimental group’s scores for somatic symptoms of anxiety displayed a considerable decline.

Conclusions

The reform of college English teaching through multimedia can effectively alleviate students’ learning anxiety.

Acknowledgement

A project of Wuchang Shouyi University (No. 2021Y05).
Michiko Toyama Disrupts the Historiography of Modernism
Authors: COHEN BRIGID
Published: October 2023

The Paris-trained, Japanese composer Michiko Toyama (1913–2006) was appointed as the earliest foreign-born visiting composer at the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center (CPEMC), the first institutionally supported studio of its kind in the United States. Yet she remains virtually unknown to scholarship, despite a growing literature on women pioneers in electronic music. Drawing on interviews, archival research, and the interpretive study of music, this article studies the conditions under which Toyama has found little remembrance to date; and it conceptualizes Toyama's own ideas of modernity formulated over the massive cultural and geographical dislocations of her lifetime. Within an intensely lyrical compositional practice, Toyama thematized hallmarks of traditional modernism studies: self-reflexivity, estrangement, exile, and exoticism. Racist criticism during her lifetime dismissed her music as a belated mimicry of Western models. Yet the modernist qualities and themes of her work emerge as a consequence of her life lived in intercultural contact zones of uprooting – the very conditions that make ideas of the ‘modern’ possible.
Conducting a narrative medicine workshop in ambulatory palliative care: A feasibility and exploratory study
Authors: Heinonen Gregory , Spiegel Maura , Blinderman Craig D.
Published: October 2023

Objectives

This pilot study aimed to assess the feasibility and impact of a narrative medicine group for patients receiving palliative care.

Methods

This pilot study aimed to assess the feasibility of a six-session, physician-led narrative medicine group for patients receiving palliative care. Ten patients were recruited by their outpatient providers. Symptom severity and patient dignity scores were collected pre-intervention, at the mid-point, and post-intervention using the Patient Dignity Inventory (PDI) and Edmonton Symptom Assessment Survey (ESAS). Qualitative reports of pain, expectations, and anticipated challenges were collected before the intervention. Participant interviews were conducted after the intervention to assess overall experience in the group, challenges experienced, recommendations for future endeavors, and general feedback.

Results

No significant changes in PDI or ESAS scores were observed at baseline, 3 weeks, and 6 weeks. Participants reported overall satisfaction, with 8 of 9 participants stating they “strongly agree” they would participate in the group again and recommend the group to others. Qualitative responses indicated benefits in the realms of relating to other patients, subjective reduction in pain, and relieving feelings of isolation.

Significance of results

A narrative medicine group for ambulatory patients receiving palliative care appeared to be both beneficial and feasible when delivered through a virtual format. A randomized trial with a larger sample is needed to fully assess the impacts of engaging in narrative work on symptom burden, survival, and quality of life.
Does grazing winter cereal rye in Iowa, USA, make it profitable?
Authors: Plastina A. , Acharya J. , Marcos F. M. , Parvej M. R. , Licht M. A. , Robertson A. E.
Published: October 2023

Unproven economic returns at the farm level are a major barrier to large-scale adoption of cover crops. The objective of this study was to evaluate the short-run private net returns to producers implementing a cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) cover crop preceding the no-till corn (Zea mays L.) phase of a US Midwest corn–soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) rotation in an integrated crop and cow–calf operation. We used experimental agronomic data from six location-years in Iowa to estimate private net returns to cereal rye across alternative scenarios in a partial budget framework. Net returns in the absence of grazing averaged −$123.74 ha−1 and were negative for 82.2% of the treatments, while net returns under partial grazing averaged −$15.24 ha−1 and were negative for 54.8% of the treatments. Early-broadcast cereal rye produced higher biomass and larger net cost savings in the livestock enterprise than late-drilled cereal rye, but it also resulted in higher corn yield penalties. In the no-grazing scenario, net losses for early-broadcast cereal rye were $165.97 ha−1 larger, on average, than for late-drilled cereal rye. Our findings should raise awareness about the low probability of obtaining positive annual private net returns to cereal rye in Iowa in the absence of sizable targeted financial incentives, and inform the policy discussion on the cost-effectiveness of government-sponsored conservation programs.
Utopian constitutionalism in Chile
Authors: Landau David , Dixon Rosalind
Published: October 2023

In this article, we argue that the 2022 Chilean draft Constitution helps to articulate the distinction between a transformative constitutional project and a utopian one. Whereas a transformative project lays down markers for social change that will take time to achieve, a utopian project sets out goals that are unlikely to be achieved within any reasonable timeframe. Utopianism is a product of two relationships. The first is the internal relationship between the transformative goals laid out in a constitution and the institutional pathways through which changes will occur. The second is the external relationship between the goals in the text and the views and support of key groups. In Chile, both relationships were problematic. First, the Convention adopted a draft that was heavy on ambitious programmatic content but lacked a clear vision of how to implement it. Second, the Convention produced a draft that was supported by the ephemeral civil society groups galvanized by the 2019 protests but divorced from the vision of Chile’s parties and public opinion. Some of this was a product of the peculiar electoral context in which the Convention acted, which has already been corrected. But some of it reflects deeper tensions within transformative constitutionalism.
How do constitution-making processes fail? The case of Chile’s Constitutional Convention (2021–22)
Authors: Verdugo Sergio , García-Huidobro Luis Eugenio
Published: October 2023

This introduction to the symposium ‘How do Constitution-Making Processes Fail? The Case of Chile’s Constitutional Convention (2021–22)’ situates the project in the field of constitution-making, provides context regarding the Chilean case, summarizes some possible explanations for the failure, and describes how each article contributes to the symposium as a whole.
Some Work with Rotating-Wing Aircraft
Authors: Fitzwilliams O L L
Published: October 2023

Ladies and Gentlemen,

It is my privilege to introduce to you today MR FITZWILLIAMS, whose subject is “Some work with Rotating Wing Aircraft”

MR FITZWILLIAMS is a founder member of the Helicopter Association and a member of our Council and has been engaged on various aspects of rotating wing development over the past nine years, first with Mr PULLIN at Messrs G & J Weir Ltd, and later with Mr HAFNER at the Ministry of Supply He is now Helicopter Engineer of the Westland Aircraft Company

During the latter part of his time with the Ministry he was in charge of the rotating wing section of the Airborne Forces Experimental Establishment at Beaulieu I understand that this period supplies the bulk of the material for his talk and I feel sure we shall find it both interesting and entertaining

On behalf of the Association I extend a cordial welcome to our guests
General Problems of the Helicopter for Civil Use
Authors: Roxbee-Cox H
Published: October 2023

The CHAIRMAN opening the meeting, said he supposed that in aeronautics the helicopter was the dream which had taken longest to come true He believed that LEONARDO DA VINCI had dreamed it and he was certain that JULES VERNE had done so But there was a long period in a sort of borderland between dream and reality when helicopters were made which either did not fly or only just did so

In the past few years the helicopter had truly become a reality, there were many years of research and development ahead, but the helicopter had arrived In the Royal Aeronautical Society the helicopter had for long been one of the matters to which close attention had been given and in the past a number of eminent people had presented papers on the subject as well as on its sister, the “Autogiro,” before the Society and one or two eminent people had also given lectures against the helicopter and the “Autogiro”
A Description of the Bristol Type 171, Mk I
Authors: Hafner Raoul , Marsh H A
Published: October 2023

LADIES AND GENTLEMEN,

Our lecturer today is too well known to all of you to need any introduction from me” MR HAFNER is a member of the Council of our Association, a member of the Helicopter Committee of the Aeronautical Research Council and Chief Designer, Helicopter Division, of the Bristol Aeroplane Co Ltd

Since he talked to a joint meeting of the S L A E and our Association in April, 1946, the Bristol Helicopter 171 has successfully flown and is now accumulating flying time at a rapid pace I am sure we shall all watch the progress of the 171 with very great interest, particularly as it would appear to have possibilities of being the first British helicopter to go into production

On behalf of the Association I extend a cordial welcome to all our guests
Helicopter Transmission Systems
Authors: Watson Kenneth
Published: October 2023

Mr Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen

It gives me great pleasure to introduce the lecturer this afternoon, particularly as I have known him for the past 16 years and, better still, we have been associated in the development of rotating wing aircraft during most of that period

MR KENNETH WATSON, who is a Founder Member of the Helicopter Association and an Associate Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society, is also Chief Mechanical Engineer to the Cierva Autogiro Company

MR WATSON served his apprenticeship with Messrs G & J Weir, Glasgow, and joined the Aircraft Department of that firm in 1933, which was then under my control His designing ability was quickly appreciated and he was entrusted with the design of some of the major components, such as rotor hubs, transmission systems and control organs I think I am right in saying that the Cierva Autogiro Company and their Licencees, Messrs G & J Weir, have designed more prototype rotor systems than any other firm engaged in the art, and in 1936 no less than five rotor hubs were made and tested within seven months
Some Operational Aspects of Helicopter Vibration
Authors: McClements A
Published: October 2023

The helicopter as we know it is a good example of a potential vibration producing machine It has in it the means for providing vibratory frequencies similar to those which we meet in fixed-wing aircraft and, in addition, it can throw up periodic disturbances having much lower frequencies With this in mind it will be easy to appreciate that the vibrations produced in a helicopter can be a major source of worry to the operator unless they are carefully kept under control

To the helicopter operator, vibratory disturbances mean possible structural failure from fatigue, and probable difficulty in the protection of equipment from the lower frequency disturbances In addition, vibratory sensations have to be contended with in respect of both passengers and crew Many of these sensations come within the aural frequency band, they are all within the frequency range which can be felt, and the lower frequency displacements originating from the main rotor may be seen and followed visually These sensations, if excessive, will result in physical fatigue and discomfort, further they are not conducive to safety
Tuning the Rotor
Authors: Turner K W
Published: October 2023

In some ways I am an intruder into this discussion on the Design and Construction of Rotor Blades, because my paper deals with what happens to rotors long after they have been designed and constructed, when, that is to say, they are passing through the hands of the test pilot, the operating pilot and the maintenance engineer I shall try to confine myself to those parts of the rotor’s career which have repercussions on design and construction

Tuning, whether of an engine or a musical instrument, consists of adjusting all the variables available in a systematic manner calculated to make the device as a whole work in the best way possible If the device is a piano, this may mean doing what the piano tuner does on his three-monthly visit, but it may perhaps involve a bit of what happened when the earlier types of piano were developed into what J S BACH called his “well-tempered clavier”
Independent Ideas on Helicopters
Authors: Greensted Bryan
Published: October 2023

The paper attempts to underline the difficulties of determining, from the various recorded opinions, papers and performances, the possible usefulness of the helicopter and of its future It seeks to point out some of the technical and economic difficulties which must be surmounted before it can be considered a commercial project It suggests a different concentration of effort on present and future development work and finally concludes that not enough is yet known of the capabilities, operational or commercial, for any definite assessment of its transport use to be safely made
Ground Resonance of the Helicopter
Authors: Howarth R M , Jones C H
Published: October 2023

Self excited vibrations of helicopters on the ground have been the cause of several accidents It is, therefore, essential that the means of ensuring freedom from such phenomena should receive serious attention

The theory of R P COLEMAN, is briefly reviewed and compared with results obtained from model rotor tests This comparison affords general confirmation of the theoretical results

The theory of a rotor on idealised supports is applied to a single rotor helicopter of known hub impedance Then experimental methods for determining this impedance are described

Finally, the influence of Ground Resonance on undercarriage design is reviewed The influence of shock absorber struts and tyres on the coupled rigid body modes of the helicopter is discussed and three undercarriage schemes representing alternative approaches to ground resonance elimination are examined It is found that, with respect to ground resonance, the most advantageous system for land based operations is one in which all the helicopter-undercarriage modes have very low frequencies

An Appendix indicates the application of the theory to a twin rotor helicopter of any configuration
Higher Exposure of Poorer People to Emerging Weather Whiplash in a Warmer World
Authors: Zhang Boen , Wang Shuo , Zscheischler Jakob , Moradkhani Hamid
Published: October 2023

The emergence of abrupt shift from drought to downpour has attracted widespread attention in recent years, with particularly disastrous consequences in low‐income regions. However, the spatiotemporal evolution and poverty exposure to such drought‐to‐downpour events remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate the connection between poverty and drought‐to‐downpour events based on three data products and climate models on a global scale. We find that the drought‐to‐downpour events increased by 24%–48% in the poorest 20% of the world's population from 1980 to 2010. The drought‐to‐downpour events do not appear to be occurring more frequently in most regions globally, just affecting regions with higher poverty rates more frequently, especially in African countries. The exposure inequality remains under future socioeconomic pathways, with a nearly fivefold increase in the exposure for the poorer populations. Poverty exposure to more frequent drought‐to‐downpour events demands greater support for climate adaptation in low‐income countries to reduce poverty and inequality.
Eikonal Equation Reproduces Natural Landscapes With Threshold Hillslopes
Authors: Anand Shashank Kumar , Bertagni Matteo B. , Singh Arvind , Porporato Amilcare
Published: October 2023

Many natural landscapes maintain steep planar hillslopes bounded at a typical angle, beyond which shallow landslides or slope failures remove the excess sediment volume by mass wasting. Here we show that the celebrated eikonal equation, derived from a landscape evolution model in conditions of negligible soil diffusion and fluvial erosion, accurately portrays the organization of these topographies. Referred to as “eikonal landscapes,” such solutions feature constant‐slope hillslopes originating from downstream boundary conditions and culminating in sharp upstream ridges. We demonstrate that the eikonal landscapes reproduce well a variety of natural landforms, including small islands, a volcano, and an extended mountain ridge. The boundary condition for the eikonal representation is specified through the natural landscape's slope‐area relation. Going beyond merely representing landscape statistical features, the present results provide a first‐of‐kind direct match of mathematical and natural landscapes.
Multiscale Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere Coupling During Stormtime: A Case Study of the Dawnside Current Wedge
Authors: Sorathia K. A. , Michael A. , Merkin V. G. , Ohtani S. , Keesee A. M. , Sciola A. , Lin D. , Garretson J. , Ukhorskiy A. Y. , Bao S. , Roedig C. B. , Pulkkinen A.
Published: October 2023

A characteristic feature of the main phase of geomagnetic storms is the dawn‐dusk asymmetric depression of low‐ and mid‐latitude ground magnetic fields, with largest depression in the dusk sector. Recent work has shown, using data taken from hundreds of storms, that this dawn‐dusk asymmetry is strongly correlated with enhancements of the dawnside westward electrojet and this has been interpreted as a “dawnside current wedge” (DCW). Its ubiquity suggests it is an important aspect of stormtime magnetosphere‐ionosphere (MI) coupling. In this work we simulate a moderate geomagnetic storm to investigate the mechanisms that give rise to the formation of the DCW. Using synthetic SuperMAG indices we show that the model reproduces the observed phenomenology of the DCW, namely the correlation between asymmetry in the low‐latitude ground perturbation and the dawnside high‐latitude ground perturbation. We further show that these periods are characterized by the penetration of mesoscale bursty bulk flows (BBFs) into the dawnside inner magnetosphere. In the context of this event we find that the development of the asymmetric ring current, which inflates the dusk‐side magnetotail, leads to asymmetric reconnection and dawnward‐biased flow bursts. This results in an eastward expansion and multiscale enhancement of the dawnside electrojet. The electrojet enhancement extends across the dawn quadrant with localized enhancements associated with the wedgelet current systems of the penetrating BBFs. Finally, we connect this work with recent studies that have shown rapid, localized ground variability on the dawnside which can lead to hazardous geomagnetically induced currents.
The Onset, Middle, and Climax of Precursory Hydrothermal Intrusion of the 2018 Phreatic Eruption at Kusatsu‐Shirane Volcano
Authors: Yamada Taishi , Terada Akihiko , Noguchi Rina , Kanda Wataru , Ueda Hideki , Aoyama Hiroshi , Ohkura Takahiro , Ogawa Yasuo , Tanada Toshikazu
Published: October 2023

Triggering intrusions of phreatic eruptions are often observed as seismic and ground deformation signals on a time scale of minutes. The current understanding of hydrothermal intrusions still needs improvement to obtain insight into the eruption scale from the observables. We examine local geophysical data from the precursory hydrothermal intrusion of the 2018 phreatic eruption of Kusatsu‐Shirane volcano. To achieve an integrated intrusion model, we divide analyzing time window into the onset, middle, and climax. Focusing on the transient response of tilt data for the sudden pressurization, we estimate a vertical tensile opening (1.7 × 103 m3/s in 40 s) at 1.1 km depth for the intrusion onset. Pressurization can represent the start of vapourization. Very long period (VLP, 0.033–0.1 Hz) seismic signals are adopted to constrain the middle and climax phases. We obtained two sequential semi‐horizontal tensile crack oscillation sources with peak volume changes of 3.6 × 104–1.9 × 105 m3 at 0.3–0.6 km depths. The second VLP source acted as a final trigger of the eruption to cause depressurization in the shallow portion of the intruded region, which is constrained as having reached 0.1 km depth by surface deformation. Simultaneously, we find another depressurization originated from depth in the climax due to a decrease in the hydrothermal intrusion rate. Through comparison with the 2014 Ontake phreatic eruption, the total inflation volume may correlate with eruption scales. Intruded hydrothermal fluid and local structure characteristics also may have to be considered to evaluate the eruptions scales from inferred signal source intensity.
Early Nitrogen Budget of the Martian Atmosphere and Its Evolution
Authors: Pieris Heshani , Jakosky Bruce M.
Published: October 2023

In 1976, Viking measured a 14N/15N ratio of 170 ± 15 in the Martian atmosphere, and in 2012, MSL measured a ratio of 173 ± 11. This type of enrichment of the heavier isotope can only be explained by a significant loss of N to space, with the lighter isotope escaping more efficiently. A quantitative understanding of this nitrogen evolution of the Martian atmosphere requires analyzing all of the sources, sinks and exchanges of N2. We employ the processes of sputtering, photochemical escape by dissociative recombination and photodissociation, volcanic outgassing and impact processes to understand the evolution of N2 through time. We use a forward time‐marching model starting at initial abundance at 4 Gya to calculate the N2 abundance and 15N/14N enrichment over the history of Mars. We also incorporate a simultaneous CO2 evolution, which decays in either a power‐law or linear function to the present‐day value of 6 mbar. We constrain the simulated evolutionary tracks to the present day N2 abundance and 15N/14N ratio of the Martian atmosphere to explore the initial conditions of the early atmosphere. Our model indicates a modal value of 120 mbar of initial N2 pressure, with an upper limit of 3.6 bars, for an initial CO2 pressure of 1 bar. This modal value is in good agreement with the N2 budget of Earth's atmosphere when scaled to the mass of Mars, which amounts to ∼110 mbar.