bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Home-based Reach-to-Grasp training for people after stroke is feasible: a pilot randomised controlled trial
Authors: Turton AJ , Cunningham P , van Wijck F , Smartt HJM , Rogers CA , Sackley CM , Jowett S , Wolf SL , Wheatley K , van Vliet P
Published: July 2016

Objective:

To determine feasibility of a randomised controlled trial (RCT) of home-based Reach-to-Grasp training after stroke.

Design:

single-blind parallel group RCT.

Participants:

Residual arm deficit less than 12 months post-stroke.

Interventions:

Reach-to-Grasp training in 14 one-hour therapist’s visits over 6 weeks, plus one hour self-practice per day (total 56 hours). Control: Usual care.

Main Measures:

Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT), pre-randomisation, 7, 12, 24 weeks post-randomisation.

Results:

Forty-seven participants (Reach-to-Grasp=24, usual care=23) were randomised over 17 months. Reach-to-Grasp participants received a median (IQR) 14 (13,14) visits, and performed 157 (96,211) repetitions per visit; plus 30 minutes (22,45) self-practice per day. Usual care participants received 10.5 (5,14) therapist visits, comprising 38.6 (30,45) minutes of arm therapy with 16 (6,24) repetitions of functional tasks per visit. Median ARAT scores in the reach-to-grasp group were 8.5 (3.0,24.0) at baseline and 14.5 (3.5,26.0) at 24 weeks compared to median of 4 at both time points (IQR: baseline (3.0,14.0), 24 weeks (3.0,30.0)) in the usual-care group. Median WMFT tasks completed at baseline and 24 weeks were 6 (3.0,11.5) and 8.5 (4.5,13.5) respectively in the reach-to-grasp group and 4 (3.0,10.0), 6 (3.0,14.0) in the usual care group. Incidence of arm pain was similar between groups. The study was stopped before 11 patients reached the 24 weeks assessment.

Conclusions:

An RCT of home-based Reach-to-Grasp training after stroke is feasible and safe. With ARAT being our preferred measure it is estimated that 240 participants will be needed for a future two armed trial.
What palliative care–related problems do patients with drug-resistant or drug-susceptible tuberculosis experience on admission to hospital? A cross-sectional self-report study
Authors: Harding Richard , Defilippi Kath , Cameron David
Published: July 2016

Background:

The new World Health Organization’s ‘End TB’ strategy specifies palliative care within its strategic pillars. Limited data on patient-reported problems are available to inform an effective care response.

Aim:

We aimed to (1) identify most burdensome problems, (2) compare intensity of problems for drug-susceptible and drug-resistant tuberculosis and (3) identify predictors of problem identifiers.

Design:

Cross-sectional self-report quantitative study.

Setting/participants:

Self-report palliative care problems (physical, psychological, social and spiritual) were collected among patients on admission to a general district hospital with tuberculosis and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis wards in South Africa.

Results:

Totally, 114 patients were recruited. The items with worst score responses were worry (60.5%), pain (42.1%), help and advice to plan for the future (35.1%), symptoms (29.0%) and ability to share feelings (25.1%). In ordinal logistic regression, age was predictive of a higher (worse) score for total Palliative Outcome Scale total score (0.058, 95% confidence interval = 0.0018–0.099, p = 0.005) and Factor 2 (interpersonal wellbeing: 0.038, 95% confidence interval = 0.003–0.073, p = 0.031). Interestingly, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis was predictive of lower (better) score for both total Palliative Outcome Scale score and Factor 1 (physical and psychological wellbeing). Weight, human immunodeficiency virus status and prior treatment were not significantly associated with any of the three.

Conclusion:

Currently, patients with drug-susceptible tuberculosis are only admitted to hospital with complications, explaining their worse scores. The high burden of physical and psychosocial problems experienced by our sample provides strong evidence of the need for palliative care alongside potentially curative options.
Inpatient transfer to a care home for end-of-life care: What are the views and experiences of patients and their relatives? A systematic review and narrative synthesis of the UK literature
Authors: Thomas Tabitha , Kuhn Isla , Barclay Stephen
Published: July 2016

Background:

Transfers from hospital or ‘hospice palliative care units’ to care homes for end-of-life care are an increasingly common part of clinical practice but are a source of anxiety and distress for patients, relatives and healthcare professionals.

Aim:

To understand the experiences of patients discharged to care homes for end-of-life care.

Design:

Systematic review and narrative synthesis of the UK literature concerning inpatient transfer from a hospital or hospice palliative care unit to a care home for end-of-life care.

Results:

The published literature is very limited: only three papers and one conference abstract were identified, all of low quality using Gough’s weight of evidence assessment. No papers examined transfer from hospital: all were of transfers from hospices and were retrospective case note reviews. Many patients were reported to have been negative or ambivalent about moving and experienced feelings of anxiety or abandonment when transferred. Relatives were often either vehemently opposed or ambivalent. Although some came to accept transfer, others reported the transfer to have seriously affected their loved one’s quality of life and that the process of finding a care home had been traumatic. No studies investigated patients’ views prospectively, the views of staff or the processes of decision-making.

Conclusion:

The UK literature is very limited, despite such transfers being an increasingly common part of clinical practice and a source of concern to patients, relatives and staff alike. Further research is urgently needed in this area, especially studies of patients themselves, in order to understand their experiences and views.
Parents’ Experiences When Seeking Assistance for Their Children With Challenging Behaviors
Authors: Doubet Sharon L. , Ostrosky Michaelene M.
Published: July 2016

The experiences of seven parents, whose preschoolers engaged in persistent challenging behaviors, were investigated. Individual interviews with each parent, member checking, and follow-up discussions to seek clarity on participants’ comments were conducted. Four major categories of responses emerged from the data as parents shared their journeys of seeking assistance for their children: (a) challenging behaviors and first concerns (i.e., ages and descriptions of concerns), (b) steps taken to access support (including the number of times parents sought support and from whom, as well as the type of feedback they received when seeking support), (c) challenges faced when seeking assistance, and (d) supports that were helpful for parents. Results revealed that parents initially sought support from child care staff and medical professionals, persisted when seeking support, and offered several suggestions to improve the systems of support and services. Implications for practice and further research are discussed.
Government-led Macro-social Marketing Programs in Vietnam
Authors: Truong V. Dao
Published: July 2016

Although social marketing is regarded as an effective consumer-oriented approach to promoting behavioral change and improved well-being for individuals and communities, its potential for generating societal change is still under-researched. This article examines government-led macro-social marketing in Vietnam, a country where the national government is interested in using social marketing to engender societal change. Using a search strategy, we identify four macro-social marketing programs that target smoking cessation, helmet use, drunk driving prevention, and nutrition. These programs have achieved meaningful outcomes but are facing some critical challenges. We argue that policy change can become an important component of social marketing intervention but that it may not be sufficient to create societal change in Vietnam. Measures are required so that policies are implemented. Furthermore, social marketers need to consider the social and cultural environment that enables societal change to occur.
Exploring the thoughts and attentional focus of music students under pressure
Authors: Oudejans Raôul R. D. , Spitse Anne , Kralt Elmer , Bakker Frank C.
Published: July 2016

Musicians often play under circumstances in which pressure may lead to anxiety and performance deterioration. Theories suggest that a drop in performance is due to a shift in focus of attention towards task-irrelevant information. In this study, we asked music students to report what they think and where they focus attention in three situations: when they play under pressure (Study 1; n = 81), the moment just before choking under pressure and when they try to recover after a mistake (Study 2; n = 25). Focus of attention was examined using retrospective verbal reports and point-spread distributions. Besides a notable focus on music-related information (36.9%), music students reported a considerable number of worries and disturbing thoughts (26.1%) during playing under pressure (Study 1). Just before choking, they showed even more worries and disturbing thoughts (46.4%) at the cost of music-related focus (21.1%) (Study 2), as also confirmed by the point-spread distributions. During recovery after a mistake, attention was mainly focused on music-related information (53.0%) and less on thoughts that give confidence (18.5%) and physical aspects (16.6%). It is advisable to help music students with improving their performance, for example, by attentional control training or providing training with elevated levels of anxiety.
Life at the urban margins: Sanitation infra-making and the potential of experimental comparison
Authors: Lancione Michele , McFarlane Colin
Published: July 2016

How is life at the urban margins made and remade? In this paper, we examine this question in relation to ‘sanitation urbanism’, and through attention to what we call ‘infra-making’, defined as the interstitial labour of human and non-human agencies and atmospheres that take place in the production of forms of sanitation. We do so through close engagement to sanitation at the margins of two very different cities across the global North–South divide: Turin and Mumbai. Despite the apparent impossibility of comparing such different cities, in the paper we develop a form of ‘experimental comparison’ that is oriented at understanding the everyday making of specific urban processes around urban sanitation. We argue that a comparative focus on how urban life at the margins is made and remade is important for critical urbanism. Our experimental comparison leads us to a discussion of the relationship between specification and generalisation, in which the latter is positioned not as an end-point but as an informant serving to enlighten understanding and intervention in specific contexts.
Voluntary governance in clothing production networks: Management perspectives on multi-stakeholder initiatives in Dhaka
Authors: Tighe Eleanor
Published: July 2016

Multi-stakeholder initiatives aim to promote better working conditions in the supply chains of global retailers and brands. These initiatives promote closer relationships, or ‘relational governance’ between lead firms and their suppliers, in order to increase social compliance to a ‘multi-stakeholder’ code of conduct. However, industrial disasters in clothing export factories have exposed gaps and disconnections in this model. Adopting a Global Production Networks approach, this article explores how multi-stakeholder initiatives connect and interact with local industry actors in the Bangladesh garment industry. This article explores how intra- and inter-firm dynamics influences how factory managers engage and interact with multi-stakeholder initiatives, highlighting the unevenness through which multi-stakeholder initiatives undertake their activities on the ground, and the extent to which these initiatives promote better working conditions inside factories. The findings presented here indicate how local and global productive relations and strategic economic interests frame the ways the codes of conduct are implemented, and negotiated, giving weight to individual elements within the codes. These dynamics should be taken into account when considering relational governance as a mechanism to improve working conditions.
Gambling and Problem Gambling among Canadian Urban Aboriginals
Authors: Williams Robert J. , Belanger Yale D. , Prusak S. Yvonne
Published: July 2016

Objective:

To assess the prevalence of gambling and problem gambling in urban Aboriginals in the Canadian Prairie provinces and to determine the predictors of problem gambling.

Method:

In total, 1114 Aboriginals living in 15 cities in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba were recruited via posters and direct solicitation at Native Friendship Centres, shopping malls, and other locations where Aboriginals congregated. They each completed a self-administered 5- to 10-minute survey.

Results:

Urban Aboriginals in the present sample were found to have a much higher level of gambling participation than the general Canadian public, especially for electronic gambling machines, instant lotteries, and bingo. Their intensity of participation in terms of number of formats, frequency of play, and gambling expenditure was also very high. This, in turn, is an important contributing factor to their very high rate of problem gambling, which was found to be 27.2%. Problem gambling was higher in males, unemployed people, and cities having the highest proportion of their population consisting of urban Aboriginals.

Conclusions:

Urban Aboriginal people appear to have some of the highest known rates of problem gambling of any group in Canada. This is attributable to having many more risk factors for problem gambling, such as a greater level of participation in gambling, greater participation in continuous forms of gambling (e.g., electronic gambling machines), younger average age, higher rates of substance abuse and mental health problems, and a range of disadvantageous social conditions (e.g., poverty, unemployment, poor education, cultural stress) that are conducive to the development of addictive behaviour.
Resident Aggression and Abuse in Assisted Living
Authors: Gimm Gilbert , Chowdhury Syeda , Castle Nicholas
Published: July 2016

This article estimates the prevalence and identifies risk factors of resident aggression and abuse in assisted living facilities. We conducted multivariate analyses of resident-level data from an analytic sample of 6,848 older Americans in the 2010 National Survey of Residential Care Facilities. Nationwide, 7.6% of assisted living residents engaged in physical aggression or abuse toward other residents or staff in the past month, 9.5% of residents had exhibited verbal aggression or abuse, and 2.0% of resident engaged in sexual aggression or abuse toward other residents or staff. Dementia and severe mental illness were significant risk factors for all three types of resident aggression and abuse. Resident aggression and abuse in assisted living facilities is prevalent and warrants greater attention from policy makers, researchers, and long-term care providers. Future research is needed to support training and prevention efforts to mitigate this risk.
Grit Under Duress
Authors: O’Neal Colleen R. , Espino Michelle M. , Goldthrite Antoinette , Morin Molly F. , Weston Lynsey , Hernandez Pamela , Fuhrmann Amy
Published: July 2016

Undocumented Latina/o college students face obstacles and stressors; their stressful experiences and academic strengths merit empirical attention. This cross-sectional, mixed-methods study explored stress, depression, grit, and grade point average (GPA) of 84 non-citizen, Latina/o first-generation college students with a comparison group of 180 citizen, Latina/o first-generation college students in Maryland. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 21 non-citizens and 26 citizens, after conducting a quantitative online survey. Immigrant status moderated the relation between depression and GPA in addition to grit and depression. Qualitative findings suggested that stress for citizens and non-citizens centered on financing college, but non-citizens faced additional stress due to policies pertaining to immigration status. Both groups displayed grit in navigating obstacles and contained their emotions with positive self-talk, but most non-citizens did not turn to anyone outside of the family for support. Findings hold implications for ecological processes and achievement among Latina/o undocumented college students.
Clinical Reasoning in the Assessment and Intervention Planning for Major Depression
Authors: Hanchon Timothy A. , Phelps Kenneth W. , Fernald Lori N. , Splett Joni W.
Published: July 2016

Accurate assessment and effective treatment of mood disorders, particularly depression, is critically important for the millions of youth who are experiencing such symptomatology and who are at risk for a multitude of deleterious outcomes. Although the extant empirical literature provides substantial guidance for the assessment and treatment of depression, real-life complexities necessitate the inclusion of sound clinical judgment throughout the diagnostic, treatment planning and intervention phases. The purpose of this article is to present an example of a real-life case study reliant on evidence-based practices and sound clinical judgment in the assessment and treatment of depression. We first review the extant diagnostic, epidemiological, assessment, and treatment literature. The case study is intended to highlight the therapist’s use of evidence-based treatment (i.e., Cognitive Behavioral Therapy), while also considering points during treatment at which the therapist was required to use clinical judgment. Outcomes of the case are described and limitations reviewed.
Clinical Reasoning in the Assessment and Intervention Planning for Writing Disorder
Authors: Harrison Gina L. , McManus Kelly L.
Published: July 2016

The incidence of writing disorder is as common as reading disorder, but it is frequently under-identified and rarely targeted for intervention. Increasing clinical understanding on various subtypes of writing disorder through assessment guided by data-driven decision making may alleviate this disparity for students with writing disorders. The purpose of this article is to provide the reader with insight into the clinical reasoning involved in the assessment and intervention planning for a child with a writing disorder. The reader will be guided through the authors’ conceptualization of this case reflecting a recursive problem-solving approach to assessment for intervention.
Risk Factors for Domestic Child Sex Trafficking in the United States
Authors: Fedina Lisa , Williamson Celia , Perdue Tasha
Published: July 2016

Despite increased effort to respond to human trafficking at national and state levels, very little empirical research has been conducted on domestic child sex trafficking. This study retrospectively examines associations between multiple risk factors and domestic child sex trafficking (i.e., entry into the commercial sex industry under the age of 18) in a sample of individuals aged 16 and older currently involved in the commercial sex industry ( N = 273). Two primary research questions are addressed: (1) What set of risk factors, prior to entering the commercial sex industry, are associated with domestic child sex trafficking and (2) what group differences, if any, exist in risk factors between current or former domestic child sex–trafficking victims and non-trafficked adults engaged in the commercial sex industry? A cross-sectional survey was administered using Respondent-Driven Sampling (RDS) in five cities in one Midwestern state. Overall, 115 participants (48.3%) were identified as current or former domestic child sex–trafficking victims. Bivariate results suggest that childhood emotional and sexual abuse, rape, ever running away from home, having family members in sex work, and having friends who purchased sex were significantly associated with domestic child sex trafficking. Multivariate results indicate that domestic child sex trafficking victims were significantly more likely to have ever run away and to be a racial/ethnic minority than non-trafficked adults engaged in the commercial sex industry. Findings can inform state-level policies on human trafficking and assist child protection and juvenile justice agencies in developing prevention and intervention responses to commercial sexual exploitation.
A Critical Discourse Analysis of Welfare-to-Work Program Managers’ Expectations and Evaluations of Their Clients’ Mothering
Authors: Turgeon Brianna
Published: July 2016

Dominant ideologies about poverty in the USA draw on personal responsibility and beliefs that a ‘culture of poverty’ creates and reproduces inequality. As the primary recipients of welfare are single mothers, discourses surrounding welfare are also influenced by dominant ideologies about mothering, namely intensive mothering. Yet, given the centrality of resources to intensive mothering, mothers on welfare are often precluded from enacting this type of parenting. In this paper, I conduct a critical discourse analysis of 69 interviews with Ohio Works First (USA) program managers to examine how welfare program managers talk about and evaluate their clients’ mothering. My findings suggest three themes regarding expectations and evaluations of clients’ mothering: (a) enacting child-centered mothering, (b) breaking out of the ‘culture of poverty’ and (c) (mis)managing childcare.
Telomere Length Among Older U.S. Adults: Differences by Race/Ethnicity, Gender, and Age
Authors: Brown Lauren , Needham Belinda , Ailshire Jennifer
Published: July 2016

Objective: We examine race/ethnic, gender, and age differences in telomere length (TL) within a diverse, nationally representative sample of older adults. Method: Data come from 5,228 White, Black, and Hispanic respondents aged 54+ in the 2008 Health and Retirement Study. TL was assayed from saliva using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) by comparing telomere sequence copy number with a single gene copy number (T/S ratio). Linear regression was used to examine TL by race/ethnicity, gender, and age adjusting for social, economic, and health characteristics. Results: Women had longer TL than men (p < .05). Blacks ( p < .05) and Hispanics ( p < .10) had longer TL than Whites. Black women and men had the longest TL relative to other groups ( p < .05), while White men had the shortest TL ( p < .05). Black women and Hispanic men showed greater differences in TL with age. Discussion: Findings indicate social patterns in TL by race/ethnicity, gender, and age among older adults do not reflect differences observed in most population health outcomes.
Deterministic polishing of freeform optical surface by iterative intersection tool path in an off-axial three-mirror anastigmat imaging system
Authors: Liang Fusheng , Zhao Ji , Ji Shijun , Lu Lei
Published: July 2016

Deterministic polishing as the final step of freeform surface machining can acquire preferable form accuracy. In this article, a deterministic polishing model based on iterative intersection tool path is presented to meet the requirement of high-form accuracy in freeform surface. In the polishing process, on-machine measurement and point set registration method are adopted for installation error extraction and form error calculation. The iterative polishing can be finished without discharging of workpiece by on-machine measurement strategy, which will reduce the processing time and improve the machining efficiency. In addition, a boundary extension method is employed to diminish the surface edge collapse generated by edge effect. Finally, the polishing experiment of freeform optical surface in an off-axial three-mirror anastigmat imaging system is conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model.
A strategy to analyse composite designs to improve automated production speeds
Authors: Astwood Simon , Krishnamurthy Kiran , Tiwari Ashutosh
Published: July 2016

When a composite laminate is tailored to suit its design intent, it is possible to improve the individual ply shapes to reduce component mass. If the laminate is going to be manufactured using an automated deposition system such as an automated fibre placement machine, then the design of the laminate will also influence the material deposition speed. This article identifies methodologies for indicating the likely impact on automated manufacture at the design optimisation stage by evaluating the ratio of ply perimeter to ply surface area when the laminate is defined as a simplified array of cells which are filled or unfilled to create a two-dimensional representation of the ply shape. A set of recommendations are made for using the methodology for improving deposition speed.
Numerical and experimental studies on deformation behavior of 5083 aluminum alloy strips in equal channel angular rolling
Authors: Nemati Chari Reza , Mollaei Dariani Bijan , Fallahi Arezodar Alireza
Published: July 2016

Improvement of mechanical properties of metal strips can be achieved by producing ultra-fine grained microstructure. The equal channel angular rolling process is one of the effective severe plastic deformation techniques which can lead to proper ultra-fine grained structures. In this research, the influence of process parameters such as pre–equal channel angular rolling annealing temperature, number of equal channel angular rolling passes, routes and post–equal channel angular rolling annealing on deformation behavior of 5083 Al alloy is investigated by experimental studies and numerical simulations. Metallurgical investigations revealed that grain refinement and increased dislocation density are two effective parameters on the mechanical strength improvement. The investigation of mechanical properties demonstrated that increasing number of equal channel angular rolling passes leads to a considerable increase in yield stress, ultimate tensile strength and hardness. In contrast, elongation was dramatically reduced. Also, improvement of mechanical properties reaches saturation at a critical strain level, depending on the microstructure evolution. In addition, investigation of effects of post–equal channel angular rolling annealing on the specimens annealed at 415 °C indicated that elongation and toughness increase, accompanying with a low decrease in yield and tensile strengths and hardness. In this study, the equal channel angular rolling process was numerically simulated using ABAQUS software in two different routes for three passes. It is shown that upper roller force is increased by increasing the number of equal channel angular rolling passes, but the rate of this increase is reduced at higher passes.
Asymptotic trends in time-varying oscillatory period for a dual-staged torsional system
Authors: Krak Michael D , Singh Rajendra
Published: July 2016

The primary goal of this article is to propose a new analysis tool that estimates the asymptotic trends in the time-varying oscillatory period of a non-linear mechanical system. The scope is limited to the step-response of a torsional oscillator containing a dry friction element and dual-staged spring. Prior work on the stochastic linearization techniques is extended and modified for application in time domain. Subsequently, an instantaneous expected value operator and the concept of instantaneous effective stiffness are proposed. The non-linear system is approximated at some instant during the step-response by a linear time-invariant mechanical system that utilizes the instantaneous effective stiffness concept. The oscillatory period of the non-linear step-response at that instant is then approximated by the natural period of the corresponding linear system. The proposed method is rigorously illustrated via two computational example cases (a near backlash and near pre-load non-linearities), and the necessary digital signal processing parameters for time domain analysis are investigated. Finally, the feasibility and applicability of the proposed method is demonstrated by estimating the softening and hardening trends in the time-varying oscillatory period of the measured response for two laboratory experiments that contain clearance elements and multi-staged torsional springs.
The quantitative reconstruction of temperature and precipitation in the Guanzhong Basin of the southern Loess Plateau between 6200 BP and 5600 BP
Authors: Sun Nan , Li Xiaoqiang , Dodson John , Zhou Xinying , Zhao Keliang , Yang Qing
Published: July 2016

Understanding the features of the paleoclimate and paleoenvrionment from key areas is crucial for predicting the climate variation of the future. In this study, fossil charcoal coupled with high-accuracy accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C dating from the Guanzhong Basin is analyzed to reconstruct the paleoclimate. Here, the coexistence approach (CA) was applied, and the result showed that the mean annual temperature (MAT) was about 14.8°C, and the annual precipitation (AP) was about 831.1 mm in the Guanzhong Basin during 6200–5600 cal. a BP. Comparing the climate between the mid-Holocene and present in the Xi’an area, the MAT was about 1.1°C higher than today and the AP was about 278 mm higher than today, similar to the modern climate of the Hanzhong area in the southern Qinling Mountains.
Changes in the influence of affect and cognition over time on consumer attitude formation toward nanotechnology: A longitudinal survey study
Authors: van Giesen Roxanne I. , Fischer Arnout R.H. , van Trijp Hans C.M.
Published: July 2016

Insights into how consumer attitudes toward nanotechnology are formed and develop are crucial for understanding and anticipating possible barriers in consumer acceptance of nanotechnology applications. In this study, the influence of affect and cognition on overall opinion is investigated longitudinally for emerging nanotechnologies, and compared with conventional technologies. Overall, in attitude formation toward nanotechnology applications, people rely relatively more on affect than cognition. Over time, reliance on affect decreases whereas reliance on cognition increases for nanotechnology. This suggests that over time nanotechnology applications have become somewhat more integrated within people’s already existing knowledge structure. However, for conventional technologies the influence of affect and cognition on overall attitude remains stable over time. The current study shows that it is essential to address both affective and cognitive aspects of public opinion of nanotechnology.
Living tissue and organ donation by minors
Authors: Van Assche Kristof , Thys Kristof , Vansweevelt Thierry , Genicot Gilles , Borry Pascal , Sterckx Sigrid
Published: July 2016

Whether living tissue and donation by minors is acceptable is the subject of considerable debate. In view of the vulnerable position of minors, the risks involved in the medical procedure, and the possible conflict of interests on the part of the parents, the legal approach in Europe has traditionally been very restrictive. However, this approach may raise concerns when a situation would arise where donation by a minor would still be in that person’s best interests. Moreover, a very restrictive approach may be difficult to reconcile with the requirement to give due weight to the views of minors in accordance with their age and maturity. In the light of these considerations, this article examines whether there is room to improve the way in which living tissue and organ donation by minors is currently regulated across Europe. We first sketch the debate about the acceptability of using minors as living donors and explore its potential clinical need. Subsequently, we assess whether international legal instruments and guidelines offer any guidance to address the issues raised. This is followed by an analysis of the legal situation in the United States. Finally, we examine in detail the legal situation in Europe. To that aim, relevant regulations were compiled, translated, and analyzed in close cooperation with national legal experts. By way of conclusion, we compare the legal approach followed in the great majority of European countries with the one preferred in the United States and make suggestions to amend European transplant regulations to better protect the interests of minors.
Pattern of Physical Activity Among Sri Lankan Adults in the District of Colombo
Authors: De Silva Weliange Shreenika , Fernando Dulitha , Gunatilake Jagath
Published: July 2016

Physical inactivity is a modifiable risk factor of many non-communicable diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the pattern of physical activity among Sri Lankan adults in the district of Colombo, Sri Lanka. The study was carried out among a sample of 1320 adults aged 20 to 59 years, selected using stratified, cluster sampling method. Physical activity was assessed using the long form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire validated for Sri Lanka. The prevalence of sufficient physical activity was 82.0% (CI = 78.5-85.0) for males and 79.7% (CI = 76.5-82.6) for females. The odds of having sufficient activity were lower with increase in the level of urbanisation. Activity was achieved mainly through domestic and transport related activity. Only 21.7% carried out at least some activity for leisure. As Sri Lanka continues to urbanize, it is important to find strategies to increase the level of activity especially at leisure.
Accounting in the dynamic of discourses: The rise and fall of the Spanish system of intendants, 1718–1724
Authors: Sánchez-Matamoros Juan Baños , Domínguez-Orta Manuela , Gutiérrez-Hidalgo Fernando
Published: July 2016

Most accounting literature based on the Foucauldian frame has explained the role of accounting in the imposition of a governmental programme over a population, without considering the consequences in terms of resistance. This paper analyses the state power exerted over populations by means of accounting and also the role of accounting in cases of contestation and resistance towards the various agents of government. To this end, we have studied the enactment, implementation and fall of the Instrucción de Intendentes ( Instruction for Intendants) of 1718 in Spain, the roles of the different actors involved, and how accounting was used to defend these conceptions. The change in government by means of accounting is an example of what Foucault identified as the dynamic of discourses.
Experiences and Perceptions of Physical Activity Among South Asian and Anglo-Australians With Type 2 Diabetes or Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Gupta Sabrina S. , Aroni Rosalie , Teede Helena
Published: July 2016

Research indicates that there are worryingly low levels of physical activity among South Asians compared with Anglo-Australians with type 2 diabetes and/or cardiovascular disease (CVD). We compared perceptions, barriers, and enablers of physical activity in these groups. We used a qualitative design, conducting in-depth, semistructured iterative interviews in Victoria with 57 South Asian and Anglo-Australian participants with either type 2 diabetes or CVD. While both groups exhibited knowledge of the value of physical activity in health maintenance and disease management, they wished for more specific and culturally tailored advice from clinicians about the type, duration, and intensity of physical activity required. Physical activity identities were tied to ethnic identities, with members of each group aspiring to meet the norms of their culture regarding engagement with physical activity as specific exercise or as incidental exercise. Individual personal exercise was deemed important by Anglo-Australians whereas South Asians preferred family-based physical activity.
Digital Organizational Storytelling on YouTube: Constructing Plausibility Through Network Protocols of Amateurism, Affinity, and Authenticity
Authors: Bell Emma , Leonard Pauline
Published: July 2016

In this article, we focus on “digital organizational storytelling” as a communicative practice that relies on technologies enabled by the Internet. The article explores the dialogical potential of digital organizational storytelling and considers how this affects the relationship between online storytellers and audiences. We highlight the importance of network protocols in shaping how stories are understood. Our analysis is based on a case study of an organization, which produces online animated videos critical of corporate practices that negatively affect society. It highlights the network protocols of amateurism, affinity, and authenticity on which the plausibility of digital organizational storytelling relies. Through demonstrating what happens when network protocols are breached, the article contributes toward understanding digital organizational storytelling as a dialogical practice that opens up spaces for oppositional meaning making and can be used to challenge the power of corporations.
HPV Vaccination Status and Mandate Support for School-Aged Adolescents Among College Females
Authors: Wilson Kelly L. , Smith Matthew Lee , Rosen Brittany L. , Pulczinski Jairus C. , Ory Marcia G.
Published: July 2016

The purpose of this study was to describe college-aged females’ human papillomavirus (HPV) knowledge and beliefs, perceptions and perceived benefits of the HPV vaccine, and identify characteristics associated with vaccination status and support for HPV vaccine mandates. Data were collected from 1,105 females by an Internet-delivered questionnaire during February to March 2011. This descriptive study utilizes χ2 tests and t-tests to compare participant responses. HPV-related knowledge scores were 8.08 out of 11 points. Those who initiated HPV vaccination were significantly younger, single, engaged in sex, were sexually active, and had a Pap test. Participants who had more friends receiving the vaccine were significantly more likely to support mandates for 9–11 and 12–17 years and were more likely to complete the HPV vaccination cycle. Findings suggest the importance of educational programs adopted and delivered by school nurses, which aim to improve student knowledge and reduce misconceptions related to the HPV vaccine and vaccination mandates.
Effect of Changes in Sleep Quantity and Quality on Depressive Symptoms Among Korean Children
Authors: Lee Joo Eun , Park Sohee , Nam Jin-Young , Ju Young Jun , Park Eun-Cheol
Published: July 2016

This study aims to determine whether changes in sleep quantity and quality in childhood are associated with incidence of depressive symptoms. We used the three waves of the Korean Children & Youth Panel Survey (2011–2013). Statistical analysis using a generalized estimating equation model was performed. The 2,605 subjects analyzed included 1,453 students in 2012 and 1,152 students in 2013 without depressive symptoms in the prior year. We found that deteriorated or consistently poor sleep quality were important risk factors for depressive symptoms in children. We suggest that early detection and intervention of poor sleep quality in elementary school is required to reduce early onset depressive symptoms.
Crowdsourcing the Egyptian Constitution
Authors: Maboudi Tofigh , Nadi Ghazal P.
Published: July 2016

Drawing on empirical evidence from online citizen feedback on the 2012 Egyptian Constitution, we demonstrate that despite normative skepticism about implications of participatory constitution making, citizen participation matters. Using data of more than 650,000 online votes and comments on the constitution, we find that draft provisions with higher public approval are less likely to change and those with lower approval are more likely to change. We also find that Articles related to rights and freedoms are more likely to change based on online public input. Finally, following the boycott of the Constituent Assembly by non-Islamists, changes in draft Articles based on public feedback drop sharply. These findings highlight the conditions under which participatory constitution making becomes more effective. First, consensus among citizens over the most salient issues increases the probability that those issues would be successfully incorporated in the constitution. Second, without ex ante elite agreement over the design of the constitution, it becomes difficult to account for citizen proposals amid political clash between elites.
Social Cognitive Career Theory in a Diverse World
Authors: Brown Steven D. , Lent Robert W.
Published: July 2016

The purposes of this special issue were (a) to examine social cognitive career theory’s (SCCT) relevance to the career development of a diverse range of persons and contexts and (b) to encourage researchers to extend the theory to new cultures, social justice themes, and populations that remain underserved or understudied by vocational psychology. We believe that the range of populations and issues addressed in this special issue illustrate well SCCT’s current scope of applicability. In this article, we offer some final thoughts intended to further strengthen SCCT’s research base. We first comment on each of the articles, highlighting their implications for future research. We conclude by emphasizing a few larger issues that emerged for us across the set of articles and that point to additional directions for advancing research on SCCT within a diverse world.
First Source Hiring: An Essential Tool for Linking the Poor to Employment or a “Dead Letter” Progressive Policy?
Authors: Douthat Thomas H. , Leigh Nancey Green
Published: July 2016

Although cities have revived as economic centers for the middle and upper classes, poor and minority communities continue to be locked out of urban job markets. First Source Hiring is designed to act as both a linkage program and a targeted hiring rule to ensure low-income residents have opportunities to work on publicly sponsored projects. A first wave of FSH began in the 1980s but was abandoned due to political push-back. A second wave emerged in response to growing inequality in the 1990s and 2000s. In this article, we review the literature on FSH development and implementation through a Four Rs evaluation framework. Then, we use case studies of FSH for Los Angeles World Airports, the Atlanta BeltLine, and the City of San Francisco to assess the potential of “second-wave” FSH programs to make meaningful contributions to linking disadvantaged job seekers with opportunities.
Gray Matter Increase in Motor Cortex in Pediatric ADHD: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study
Authors: Sutcubasi Kaya Bernis , Metin Baris , Tas Zeynep Cubukcuoglu , Buyukaslan Ayse , Soysal Aysegul , Hatiloglu Deniz , Tarhan Nevzat
Published: July 2016

Objective: Several studies report that ADHD is associated with reduced gray matter (GM), whereas others report no differences in GM volume between ADHD patients and controls, and some even report more GM volume in individuals with ADHD. These conflicting findings suggest that reduced GM is not a universal finding in ADHD, and that more research is needed to delineate with greater accuracy the range of GM alterations. Method: The present study aimed to identify GM alterations in ADHD using pediatric templates. 19 drug-naïve ADHD patients and 18 controls, all aged 7 to 14 years, were scanned using magnetic resonance imaging. Results: Relative to the controls, the ADHD patients had more GM, predominantly in the precentral and supplementary motor areas. Moreover, there were positive correlations between GM volume in these areas and ADHD scale scores. Conclusion: The clinical and pathophysiological significance of increased GM in the motor areas remains to be elucidated by additional research.
Childhood ADHD and Delayed Reinforcement: A Direct Comparison of Performance on Hypothetical and Real-Time Delay Tasks
Authors: Yu Xue , Sonuga-Barke Edmund
Published: July 2016

Objective: Individuals with ADHD have been shown to prefer smaller sooner over larger later rewards. This has been explained in terms of abnormally steeper discounting of the value of delayed reinforcers. Evidence for this comes from different experimental paradigms. In some, participants experience delay in the laboratory (real-time delay tasks; R-TD), in others they imagine the delay to reinforcers (hypothetical delay tasks; HD). Method: We directly contrasted the performance of 7- to 12-year-old children with ADHD ( n = 23) and matched controls ( n = 23) on R-TD and HD tasks with monetary rewards. Results: Children with ADHD displayed steeper temporal discounting on the R-TD, but not the HD tasks. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the experience of waiting prior to the delivery of rewards is an important determinant of heightened temporal discounting in ADHD—a finding consistent with models that emphasize the aversive nature of delay for children.
The impact of the TelEmergency program on rural emergency care: An implementation study
Authors: Sterling Sarah A , Seals Samantha R , Jones Alan E , King Melissa H , Galli Robert L , Isom Kristen C , Summers Richard L , Henderson Kristi A
Published: July 2016

Introduction

Timely, appropriate intervention is key to improving outcomes in many emergent conditions. In rural areas, it is particularly challenging to assure quality, timely emergency care. The TelEmergency (TE) program, which utilizes a dual nurse practitioner and emergency medicine-trained, board-certified physician model, has the potential to improve access to quality emergency care in rural areas. The objective of this study was to examine how the implementation of the TE program impacts rural hospital Emergency Department (ED) operations.

Methods

Methods included a before and after study of the effect of the TE program on participating rural hospitals between January 2007 and December 2008. Data on ED and hospital operations were collected one year prior to and one year following the implementation of TE. Data from participating hospitals were combined and compared for the two time periods.

Results

Nine hospitals met criteria for inclusion and participated in the study. Total ED volumes did not significantly change with TE implementation, but ED admissions to the same rural hospital significantly increased following TE implementation (6.7% to 8.1%, p-value = 0.02). Likewise, discharge rates from the ED declined post-initiation (87.1% to 80.0%, p-value = 0.003). ED deaths and transfer rates showed no significant change, while the rate of patient discharge against medical advice significantly increased with TE use.

Discussion

In this analysis, we found a significant increase in the rate of ED admissions to rural hospitals with TE use. These findings may have important implications for the quality of emergency care in rural areas and the sustainability of rural hospitals’ EDs.
Physical activity–related social control and social support in older adults: Cognitive and emotional pathways to physical activity
Authors: Newsom Jason T , Shaw Benjamin A , August Kristin J , Strath Scott J
Published: July 2016

A survey of 217 older adults assessed physical activity–related positive and negative social control and emotional and informational support, using structural equation modeling to investigate mediational effects of emotional responses and behavioral intentions on physical activity. There were significant indirect effects of social control and social support on intentions as mediated by positive, but not negative, emotional responses, and significant indirect effects of emotional responses on physical activity as mediated by intentions. These findings help to identify the cognitive and emotional pathways by which social control and social support may promote or detract from physical activity in later life.