bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Politique de l'art : une politique du réel ?
Authors: Chassagne Annie
Published: September 2014

Ce texte relate l’histoire du festival de cinéma documentaire grand public « Traces de vies », né en 1991, à partir d’un centre de formation au travail social. Quelles sont les conditions d’émergence de la création artistique dans les secteurs du soin, du social et des institutions ? La richesse des signifiants qui circulent dans un lieu à la réflexion exigeante, la volonté de ce lieu de soutenir les initiatives atypiques et peu raisonnables peuvent permettre des croisements inédits. C’est l’occasion d’ébaucher une réflexion sur la notion de réel dans le champ cinématographique et pour l’art en général aujourd’hui.
Des voleurs d'enfants ? Une recherche sur les représentations de l'assistante sociale dans les médias
Authors: Allegri Elena
Published: September 2014

Cet article présente une recherche analytique à partir de vingt films et vingt et un romans, complétée par des entretiens semi-directifs, sur le thème de l’image des assistants de service social dans les médias. Cinq catégories de personnages ont été identifiées : les héros, les personnages positifs et négatifs, les ambivalents et les personnages neutres. Une majorité des caractères étudiés sont des femmes. Peu correspondent à l’image du héros et, contrairement aux attentes, peu véhiculent une image négative. À partir de la construction d’une typologie, l’auteure montre toute l’importance pour les travailleurs sociaux de prendre conscience des stéréotypes dont ils sont l’objet et de développer des stratégies pour influencer les médias.
L'accompagnement global par le gestionnaire de cas pour un changement dans la situation de la personne âgée
Authors: Hugues Leïla
Published: September 2014

Il s’agit ici de rendre compte d’une recherche, à partir d’un petit échantillon, sur le rôle du gestionnaire de cas dans l’accompagnement d’une personne âgée aux prises avec un changement de situation. La caractéristique de cet accompagnement est de devoir à la fois s’adapter à la personne et aux circonstances qui nécessitent cette intervention. « La définition du besoin n’est donc plus à la charge du seul usager, l’élaboration de solutions à la charge du seul professionnel. [...] Chacun apprend au contact de l’autre, dans le cours d’une résolution d’un problème mal défini et à construire. » L’échantillon était constitué de onze personnes, huit gestionnaires de cas et trois aidants naturels. Cette recherche met en valeur la qualité d’un accompagnement de proximité, au plus près de la personne en situation de grande vulnérabilité, pour que les ressources possibles et disponibles soient au service d’un mieux-être quotidien.
Psychometric Evaluation of a Patient Safety Competency Self-Evaluation Tool for Nursing Students
Authors: Lee Nam-Ju , An Ji-Young , Song Tae-Min , Jang Haena , Park Su-Yeon
Published: September 2014

This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of a patient safety competency self-evaluation (PSCSE) tool. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to investigate the compositions of the PSCSE. The internal structure of the PSCSE was schematized using a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Three hundred fifty-four students attending six schools of nursing participated in the study. On the basis of the results of the CFA, the PSCSE consisted of 12 factors (four for attitude, six for skill, and two for knowledge) with a good model fit. It was confirmed that the structures of the PSCSE were identical between EFA and CFA. The PSCSE consisted of multidimensional structures of the 12 factors and hierarchical models of three categories. The PSCSE can be used to assess nursing students’ perception of their own competency regarding patient safety and to develop educational strategies integrating patient safety competency into nursing curricula. [
J Nurs Educ.
2014;53(10):550–562.]
Felipe II y la conquista de reliquias por los Tercios de Flandes: el ejemplo de Leiden (1570-1574)
Authors: Ferrer García Félix A.
Published: September 2014

La concepción patrimonial y el inflamado ímpetu religioso de Felipe II, en el marco de la compleja política exterior del siglo XVI, provocaron la presencia de las tropas castellanas en numerosos campos de batalla europeos. Durante su gobierno el rey contempló la creciente hostilidad internacional, bien por factores estratégicos, bien por un no disimulado afán imperialista, sin olvidar algunos elementos ideológicos, pues el monarca se consideraba defensor de la cristiandad. Los Tercios de Flandes, con el Gran Duque de Alba, ejercitaron su función militar, pero también actuaron como buscadores, acopiadores y custodios de numerosas reliquias depositadas en los territorios europeos septentrionales.
El devenir pedagógico de los seminarios conciliares españoles en la Edad Contemporánea
Authors: Comella Gutiérrez Beatriz
Published: September 2014

El artículo aborda una síntesis sobre la evolución pedagógica los seminarios conciliares españoles partiendo de la Ilustración; la legislación de los gobiernos españoles y los acuerdos Iglesia Estado sobre los mismos; además expone concisamente la naturaleza y pedagogía de estos centros académicos en los documentos pontificios y conciliares del siglo XX.
Northern Ireland and the Euro: Changing Attitudes (2003-2013)
Authors: Berberi Carine
Published: September 2014

Between 2003 and 2013 Northern Ireland has
become more silent on the euro because of the eurozone crisis and the
Eurosceptic discourse of the Cameron-Clegg government. Nevertheless,
it has not become Eurosceptic and sends out mixed messages on this
issue. While the viewpoint of the main parties and the population can
mainly be explained by the republican/unionist divide, business
leaders – particularly those in border areas – remain the most
enthusiastic owing to their trade links with Ireland.
Joseph O’Kelly (1828-1885) and the “Slings and Arrows of Fortune”
Authors: Klein Axel
Published: September 2014

As the most prominent member of a family of four
generations of Irish musicians in France, Joseph O’Kelly was part of
the Irish community in 19th-century France. However, despite the
presence of an active network of eminent musicians and prominent Irish
exiles during his lifetime, and although he produced a prolific oeuvre
of published compositions and received a number of public honours, his
name was quickly forgotten after his early death. Today, his place in
the histories of French or Irish music is less than prominent. Yet,
the study of his music through press coverage of his performances
reveals fascinating insights into a Franco-Irish biography, his
astonishing perseverance in opera, his successes and failures, and
possible reasons for his early neglect.
“Daringly, yet with Reverence”: Pearse, Mickiewicz and the Theology of National Messianism
Authors: Ruczaj Maciej
Published: September 2014

The article attempts to apply the elaborate theory
of Polish romantic messianism to the rhetoric of Patrick Pearse,
frequently – yet without further specifications – characterized as
“messianistic”. Pearse’s writings are analyzed alongside those of the
central figure of Polish nationalist messianism – poet Adam Mickiewicz
– whose texts were discovered by the Irish nationalist press in the
years preceding the Easter Rising. The argument focuses mainly on the
theme of the redemptive sacrifice and the attempts of both authors to
balance its theological roots and revolutionary, “heretical”,
potential.
Le Mouvement d’occupation d’espaces publics : Occupy Dame Street et Occupy Galway
Authors: Royall Frederic , Desbos Clément
Published: September 2014

Cet article revient sur des épisodes contestataires
inédits en République d’Irlande : des occupations d’espaces publics
entre 2001 et 2012 qui se veulent, à l’origine, une critique des
conséquences du néolibéralisme rampant sur le pays. Malgré une
occupation de plusieurs mois, ces protestataires ont eu beaucoup de
mal à susciter un engouement chez le grand public et à dépasser le
cadre extrêmement réduit des campements eux-mêmes. Cet article revient
sur le sens et la valeur de ces occupations et les analyse à l’aune
d’une certaine spécificité irlandaise.
Entre guerre et paix: les murals de Belfast
Authors: Pragnère Pascal
Published: September 2014

Cet article procède à un état des lieux des
peintures murales nationalistes dans la ville de Belfast. Leur
fonction essentielle est d’activer et de pérenniser les processus
d’identification nationale. Les politiques publiques de transformation
des murals n’enrayent que superficiellement ces
dynamiques conflictuelles. Les questionnaires et données quantitatives
soulignent une perception négative – voire un rejet – des peintures
murales plus fréquents au sein des organisations modérées et parmi la
population la plus qualifiée. À l’inverse, les supporters des partis
radicaux appréhendent les murals plus
positivement. Les radicaux des deux communautés ont ainsi une culture
populaire et militante commune – et semble-t-il un respect réciproque
pour ces œuvres – sur lesquels ils essayent parfois de construire des
rapprochements intercommunautaires. Bien plus qu’un instrument de
communication de masse, ces peintures sont des outils de communication
de classe.
Suppressed Voices: The Suffering and Silencing of Irish Institutional Abuse Survivors in Áine Phillips’s Redress Performances
Authors: Antosik-Parsons Kate
Published: September 2014

This essay examines Redress (2010-2012), a recent
series of performances by Irish artist Áine Phillips that interrogate
the legacy of abuse perpetrated in Irish residential institutions in
the 20th century and the official efforts to
compensate abuse survivors. These powerful performances are imbued
with simple, yet compelling bodily gestures informed by spectatorship,
memory and representation. Redress embodies the marginalised memories
of abuse survivors, revealing the deliberate gaps and silences in
Irish hegemonic narratives.
Death – a source in Seamus Heaney’s early autobiographical poetry
Authors: Stephens Jessica
Published: September 2014

Seamus Heaney’s first poetry books teem with
evocations of life on a farm. In the wake of Wordsworth’s Prelude, the Irish poet traces turning points in
his childhood – highly charged moments when he observed the cycle of
life at work in the natural world around him and when he experienced
and learned to master deep fears. How can the dawning sense of
mortality perceptible in these early poems be related to his
apprenticeship, to his access to the society of men but also to his
poetic gift? The perception of death portrayed in the early poems is
later revisited in “Clearances”, the series of sonnets he devotes to
his mother where the otherworldly dimension of the world is associated
with a field of force.
The familiar and the foreign: Finnish landscapes in contemporary Irish poetry
Authors: Karhio Anne
Published: September 2014

This essay focuses on contemporary Irish poets’
engagement with Finnish landscapes, more specifically on poems drawing
on Finnish art, culture and history. It examines how Irish poets
negotiate between the “familiar and the foreign”, as Edna Longley has
phrased it, in adapting Finnish material to address cultural and
personal crises in new contexts. Three poems by Michael Hartnett,
Seamus Heaney and Tom Paulin are discussed as instances of de- and
re-contextualising recognisably Finnish motifs and art works, often in
order to rise above the social and political pressures of specific
cultural frameworks.
Once the Terror of His Flock – Now the Laughing Stock: Rise and Decay of the Clerical Master Narrative in Modern Irish Literature and Beyond
Authors: Lenz Peter
Published: September 2014

Since the 5th century Christian
monks and (later) Catholic priests gradually adopted the leading
positions within Irish society, thereby initially replacing the Celts’
heathen spiritual rites, the ethical codex and societal norms as
propagated and preserved by the lawyer, druid, and seanchaí with their own master narrative. The
cleric’s leadership in worldly and spiritual matters within Irish
private and social life has rendered him the pivotal role in a master
narrative in which the status quo of Irish Society at different times
is mirrored. This master narrative has been of central importance to
Irish literature but has undergone a massive change in recent
times.
Consolidação da paz numa perspetiva crítica: O caso de Timor-Leste
Authors: Freire Maria Raquel , Lopes Paula Duarte
Published: September 2014

Partindo do debate sobre intervencionismo e em particular discutindo a abordagem das Nações Unidas em termos de manutenção e construção da paz, este artigo adota uma leitura crítica de ações e reações, discurso e prática, bem como de terminologias adotadas e praticadas, sem consensualização quanto a conteúdos. O artigo analisa em particular a intervenção das Nações Unidas em Timor-Leste procurando identificar os principais contributos e limites da organização na promoção da paz, segurança e estabilidade no país. O texto conclui com o entendimento de que é necessário procurar equilíbrios na gestão destes processos complexos de intervenção, partindo do reconhecimento do contributo que estas presenças externas pode efetivamente significar em termos de consolidação da paz, embora questionando abordagens, e sugerindo uma melhor articulação entre instrumentos e práticas na operacionalização de mandatos.
Para uma genealogia do debate em torno da viabilidade do Estado em Timor‑Leste
Authors: Mendes Nuno Canas
Published: September 2014

O artigo procura traçar uma genealogia do debate em torno da construção e da viabilidade do Estado em Timor‑Leste, desde os alvores da ideia de independência aos nossos dias: percorre o período 1974‑75, a ocupação indonésia até ao início e termo da administração internacional das Nações Unidas (1999‑2002) e finalmente a assunção da soberania em 2002, com os subsequentes desafios e dificuldades desde então sentidos. Este debate reflete tensões políticas de âmbito regional e internacional e deve ser inserido nos contextos históricos específicos em que ocorreu tal produção discursiva. Para além da definição de um quadro conceptual que se ensaia na aplicação ao caso, serão analisadas as posições dos principais intervenientes externos no processo, Estados e organizações internacionais, cujas motivações serão objeto de reflexão.
Construção da democracia, diálogo político e capital social na transição de Timor‑Leste para a independência
Authors: Matsuno Akihisa
Published: September 2014

O artigo defende que a crise de 2006 em Timor‑Leste adveio parcialmente de um processo deficiente de construção da democracia durante a administração de transição da Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU). Embora o mandato de construção da democracia fosse ambíguo, as Nações Unidas iniciaram o estabelecimento de instituições liberais com base no pressuposto, largamente consensual, de que a democracia tinha que ser firmemente estabelecida no Timor‑Leste pós‑conflito. Contudo, ao concentrar os seus recursos na criação de instituições estatais na capital, a administração de transição exacerbou as disparidades entre a capital e os distritos, criando um Estado forte isolado e deixando as pessoas menos capacitadas a nível das comunidades. A apressada agenda de transição também privou as elites políticas da oportunidade de um diálogo político para lidar com os aspetos mais importantes da agenda de reconciliação e não conseguiu criar as infraestruturas de apoio ao ativismo cívico para, a longo prazo, aumentar o capital social.
O governo da e pela kultura. Complexos locais de governança na formação do Estado em Timor‑Leste
Authors: Silva Kelly
Published: September 2014

Este artigo discute certos modos pelos quais o Estado leste‑timorense tem lidado com elementos dos complexos locais de governança, chamados kultura desde o ponto de vista local. A partir da análise de usos recentes do tara bandu e das dinâmicas de estruturação do poder local, argumento que o reconhecimento e a incorporação de dimensões dos complexos locais de governança têm se dado de modo a transformá‑las em vias para geração de efeitos de pacificação, integração e monopolização do poder. Ao mesmo tempo, os usos da kultura servem à transposição e internalização de práticas e projetos modernos de organização social e subjetivação. Exploro as críticas à partidarização das eleições locais como um ato de resistência e agência de setores das populações rurais aos projetos de apropriação política de aspetos de suas dinâmicas de reprodução social pelas elites nacionais baseadas em Díli.
As culturas de desenvolvimento e o local em Timor‑Leste
Authors: Pogodda Sandra
Published: September 2014

Numa inversão das políticas anteriores, as agências de desenvolvimento têm vindo a ajustar cada vez mais as suas intervenções às culturas locais. Neste artigo, analisa‑se a forma como em Timor‑Leste a cultura tem sido interpretada, processada e incorporada em programas de desenvolvimento das Nações Unidas (ONU). Que tipo de concessões fazem as agências de desenvolvimento? Quais são os limites neste processo de hibridização e será que este implica uma renegociação das abordagens de desenvolvimento ou apenas concessões unilaterais? O artigo argumenta que os esforços das agências da ONU para aumentar a sua sensibilidade cultural nas operações em Timor‑Leste tinham claras limitações e não conseguiram refletir a cultura local em toda a sua diversidade. Nesta complexa interação entre variantes de cultura local, assimetrias de poder e ortodoxia internacional, as agências de desenvolvimento estão simultaneamente um passo atrás, na sua compreensão da cultural local, e um passo à frente, em termos do seu poder para definir as regras de envolvimento.
Caractérisation des systèmes de production et des ressources fourragères dans un terroir test de la zone soudanienne du Burkina Faso
Authors: Sanon H.O. , Savadogo M. , Tamboura H.H. , Kanwé B.A.
Published: September 2014

La zone soudanienne du Burkina Faso est considérée comme la zone à fortes potentialités agro-sylvo-pastorales du pays. Cette étude a été conduite dans le but de caractériser les systèmes de production et l’état des ressources fourragères à partir de deux terroirs contigus sites dans le Sud-ouest du pays. La méthodologie a consisté en des enquêtes formelles auprès des producteurs et des inventaires de terrain. La caractérisation des systèmes de production a permis de distinguer quatre groupes de producteurs qui se différentient par leur statut social, les moyens et les stratégies de productions utilisés. Les deux premiers groupes (Lobi) sont des autochtones propriétaires terriens, pratiquant une agriculture traditionnelle itinérante; tandis que les deux autres groupes constitués d’allochtones (Peulh et Mossi) exploitent des terres essentiellement empruntées de façon permanente. Ils sont les mieux nantis en matériels agricoles et utilisent quelques intrants (fumure organique et minérale) afin d’améliorer les productions. De façon générale, il n’y a pas une bonne intégration des activités de productions végétales et d’élevage au niveau des producteurs autochtones, tandis que les producteurs allochtones s’y investissent de plus en plus. La cartographie de la zone d’étude a permis de distinguer 5 unités de paysages qui diffèrent par la physionomie de la végétation et l’occupation du sol : les savanes arbustives, les savanes arborées claires, les savanes arborées denses, la formation ripicole et les zones de culture. Les enquêtes phyto-sociologiques réalisées dans ces unités (en dehors des zones de culture) ont permis d’identifier une flore de 95 espèces herbacées et 55 espèces ligneuses. La biomasse herbacée varie de 2,9 tonnes/ha de MS dans les savanes arborées denses à 10,6 tonnes/ha dans les formations ripicoles, autorisant une capacité de charge de 0,45 à 1,63 UBT /ha/an. La contribution des résidus de culture est substantielle et pourrait supporter une charge supplémentaire de 1300 UBT/an de valeur nutritive légèrement plus élevée que celle des pâturages en saison sèche. De façon générale, le bilan fourrager de la zone est positif, confirmant la disponibilité fourragère importante, avec cependant des contraintes pour une exploitation rationnelle.
A Multiple Sclerosis–Associated Variant of CBLB Links Genetic Risk with Type I IFN Function
Authors: Stürner Klarissa Hanja , Borgmeyer Uwe , Schulze Christian , Pless Ole , Martin Roland
Published: September 2014

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the CNS, and autoreactive CD4+ T cells are considered important for its pathogenesis. The etiology of MS involves a complex genetic trait and environmental triggers that include viral infections, particularly the EBV. Among the risk alleles that have repeatedly been identified by genome-wide association studies, three are located near the Casitas B-lineage lymphoma proto-oncogene b gene (CBLB). The CBLB protein (CBL-B) is a key regulator of peripheral immune tolerance by limiting T cell activation and expansion and hence T cell–mediated autoimmunity through its ubiquitin E3-ligase activity. In this study, we show that CBL-B expression is reduced in CD4+ T cells from relapsing-remitting MS (RR-MS) patients during relapse. The MS risk-related single nucleotide polymorphism of CBLB rs12487066 is associated with diminished CBL-B expression levels and alters the effects of type I IFNs on human CD4+ T cell proliferation. Mechanistically, the CBLB rs12487066 risk allele mediates increased binding of the transcription factor C/EBPβ and reduced CBL-B expression in human CD4+ T cells. Our data suggest a role of the CBLB rs12487066 variant in the interactions of a genetic risk factor and IFN function during viral infections in MS.
Bullous Pemphigoid Autoantibodies Directly Induce Blister Formation without Complement Activation
Authors: Ujiie Hideyuki , Sasaoka Tetsumasa , Izumi Kentaro , Nishie Wataru , Shinkuma Satoru , Natsuga Ken , Nakamura Hideki , Shibaki Akihiko , Shimizu Hiroshi
Published: September 2014

Complement activation and subsequent recruitment of inflammatory cells at the dermal/epidermal junction are thought to be essential for blister formation in bullous pemphigoid (BP), an autoimmune blistering disease induced by autoantibodies against type XVII collagen (COL17); however, this theory does not fully explain the pathological features of BP. Recently, the involvement of complement-independent pathways has been proposed. To directly address the question of the necessity of the complement activation in blister formation, we generated C3-deficient COL17-humanized mice. First, we show that passive transfer of autoantibodies from BP patients induced blister formation in neonatal C3-deficient COL17-humanized mice without complement activation. By using newly generated human and murine mAbs against the pathogenic noncollagenous 16A domain of COL17 with high (human IgG1, murine IgG2), low (murine IgG1), or no (human IgG4) complement activation abilities, we demonstrate that the deposition of Abs, and not complements, is relevant to the induction of blister formation in neonatal and adult mice. Notably, passive transfer of BP autoantibodies reduced the amount of COL17 in lesional mice skin, as observed in cultured normal human keratinocytes treated with the same Abs. Moreover, the COL17 depletion was associated with a ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. In conclusion, the COL17 depletion induced by BP autoantibodies, and not complement activation, is essential for the blister formation under our experimental system.
IL-17A Influences Essential Functions of the Monocyte/Macrophage Lineage and Is Involved in Advanced Murine and Human Atherosclerosis
Authors: Erbel Christian , Akhavanpoor Mohammadreza , Okuyucu Deniz , Wangler Susanne , Dietz Alex , Zhao Li , Stellos Konstantinos , Little Kristina M. , Lasitschka Felix , Doesch Andreas , Hakimi Maani , Dengler Thomas J. , Giese Thomas , Blessing Erwin , Katus Hugo A. , Gleissner Christian A.
Published: September 2014

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease. Lesion progression is primarily mediated by cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage. IL-17A is a proinflammatory cytokine, which modulates immune cell trafficking and is involved inflammation in (auto)immune and infectious diseases. But the role of IL-17A still remains controversial. In the current study, we investigated effects of IL-17A on advanced murine and human atherosclerosis, the common disease phenotype in clinical care. The 26-wk-old apolipoprotein E–deficient mice were fed a standard chow diet and treated either with IL-17A mAb (n = 15) or irrelevant Ig (n = 10) for 16 wk. Furthermore, essential mechanisms of IL-17A in atherogenesis were studied in vitro. Inhibition of IL-17A markedly prevented atherosclerotic lesion progression (p = 0.001) by reducing inflammatory burden and cellular infiltration (p = 0.01) and improved lesion stability (p = 0.01). In vitro experiments showed that IL-17A plays a role in chemoattractance, monocyte adhesion, and sensitization of APCs toward pathogen-derived TLR4 ligands. Also, IL-17A induced a unique transcriptome pattern in monocyte-derived macrophages distinct from known macrophage types. Stimulation of human carotid plaque tissue ex vivo with IL-17A induced a proinflammatory milieu and upregulation of molecules expressed by the IL-17A–induced macrophage subtype. In this study, we show that functional blockade of IL-17A prevents atherosclerotic lesion progression and induces plaque stabilization in advanced lesions in apolipoprotein E–deficient mice. The underlying mechanisms involve reduced inflammation and distinct effects of IL-17A on monocyte/macrophage lineage. In addition, translational experiments underline the relevance for the human system.
NF-κB–Inducing Kinase in Thymic Stroma Establishes Central Tolerance by Orchestrating Cross-Talk with Not Only Thymocytes but Also Dendritic Cells
Authors: Mouri Yasuhiro , Nishijima Hitoshi , Kawano Hiroshi , Hirota Fumiko , Sakaguchi Nobuo , Morimoto Junko , Matsumoto Mitsuru
Published: September 2014

Essential roles of NF-κB–inducing kinase (NIK) for the development of medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) and regulatory T cells have been highlighted by studies using a strain of mouse bearing a natural mutation of the NIK gene (aly mice). However, the exact mechanisms underlying the defect in thymic cross-talk leading to the breakdown of self-tolerance in aly mice remain elusive. In this study, we demonstrated that production of regulatory T cells and the final maturation process of positively selected conventional αβ T cells are impaired in aly mice, partly because of a lack of mature mTECs. Of note, numbers of thymic dendritic cells and their expression of costimulatory molecules were also affected in aly mice in a thymic stroma–dependent manner. The results suggest a pivotal role of NIK in the thymic stroma in establishing self-tolerance by orchestrating cross-talk between mTECs and dendritic cells as well as thymocytes. In addition, we showed that negative selection was impaired in aly mice as a result of the stromal defect, which accounts for the development of organ-specific autoimmunity through a lack of normal NIK.
Dynamic Changes in Macrophage Activation and Proliferation during the Development and Resolution of Intestinal Inflammation
Authors: Little Matthew C. , Hurst Rebecca J. M. , Else Kathryn J.
Published: September 2014

Macrophages (Mφs) accumulate at sites of inflammation, and, because they can assume several functionally distinct states of activation, they can either drive or restrain inflammatory responses. Once believed to depend on the recruitment of blood monocytes, it is now clear that the accumulation of Mφs in some tissues can result from the proliferation of resident Mφs in situ. However, little is known about the proliferation and activation state of Mφ subsets in the gut during the development and resolution of intestinal inflammation. We show that inflammatory Mφs accumulate in the large intestine of mice during the local inflammatory response to infection with the gastrointestinal nematode parasite Trichuris muris. Classically activated Mφs predominate initially (as the inflammation develops) and then, following worm expulsion (as the inflammation resolves), both the resident and inflammatory populations of Mφs become alternatively activated. A small but significant increase in the proliferation of inflammatory Mφs is seen but only during the resolution phase of the inflammatory response following both worm expulsion and the peak in Mφ accumulation. In contrast to recent studies in the pleural and peritoneal cavities, the proliferation of resident and alternatively activated Mφs does not increase during the inflammatory response. Furthermore, in CCR2−/− mice, monocyte recruitment to the gut is impeded, and the accumulation of alternatively activated Mφs is greatly reduced. In conclusion, the recruitment of blood monocytes is the principle mechanism of Mφ accumulation in the large intestine. This study provides a novel insight into the phenotype and behavior of intestinal Mφ during infection-driven inflammation.
Recognition of Lysophosphatidylcholine by Type II NKT Cells and Protection from an Inflammatory Liver Disease
Authors: Maricic Igor , Girardi Enrico , Zajonc Dirk M. , Kumar Vipin
Published: September 2014

Lipids presented by the MHC class I–like molecule, CD1d, are recognized by NK T (NKT) cells, which can be broadly categorized into two subsets. The well-characterized type I NKT cells express a semi-invariant TCR and can recognize both α- and β-linked glycolipids, whereas type II NKT cells are less well studied, express a relatively diverse TCR repertoire, and recognize β-linked lipids. Recent structural studies have shown a distinct mode of recognition of a self-glycolipid sulfatide bound to CD1d by a type II NKT TCR. To further characterize Ag recognition by these cells, we have used the structural data and screened other small molecules able to bind to CD1d and activate type II NKT cells. Using plate-bound CD1d and APC-based Ag presentation assay, we found that phospholipids such as lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) can stimulate the sulfatide-reactive type II NKT hybridoma Hy19.3 in a CD1d-dependent manner. Using plasmon resonance studies, we found that this type II NKT TCR binds with CD1d-bound LPC with micromolar affinities similar to that for sulfatide. Furthermore, LPC-mediated activation of type II NKT cells leads to anergy induction in type I NKT cells and affords protection from Con A–induced hepatitis. These data indicate that, in addition to self-glycolipids, self-lysophospholipids are also recognized by type II NKT cells. Because lysophospholipids are involved during inflammation, our findings have implications for not only understanding activation of type II NKT cells in physiological settings, but also for the development of immune intervention in inflammatory diseases.
Intrinsic Self-DNA Triggers Inflammatory Disease Dependent on STING
Authors: Ahn Jeonghyun , Ruiz Phillip , Barber Glen N.
Published: September 2014

Inflammatory diseases such as Aicardi–Goutières syndrome and severe systemic lupus erythematosus are generally lethal disorders that have been traced to defects in the exonuclease TREX1 (DNase III). Mice lacking TREX1 similarly die at an early age through comparable symptoms, including inflammatory myocarditis, through chronic activation of the stimulator of IFN genes (STING) pathway. In this study, we demonstrate that phagocytes rather than myocytes are predominantly responsible for causing inflammation, an outcome that could be alleviated following adoptive transfer of normal bone marrow into TREX1−/− mice. TREX1−/− macrophages did not exhibit significant augmented ability to produce proinflammatory cytokines compared with normal macrophages following exposure to STING-dependent activators, but rather appeared chronically stimulated by genomic DNA. These results shed molecular insight into inflammation and provide concepts for the design of new therapies.
Vizantin Inhibits Endotoxin-Mediated Immune Responses via the TLR 4/MD-2 Complex
Authors: Oda Masataka , Yamamoto Hirofumi , Shibutani Masahiro , Nakano Mayo , Yabiku Kenta , Tarui Takafumi , Kameyama Naoya , Shirakawa Daiki , Obayashi Sumiyo , Watanabe Naoyuki , Nakase Hiroshi , Suenaga Midori , Matsunaga Yoichi , Nagahama Masahiro , Takahashi Hironobu , Imagawa Hiroshi , Kurosawa Mie , Terao Yutaka , Nishizawa Mugio , Sakurai Jun
Published: September 2014

Vizantin has immunostimulating properties and anticancer activity. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of immune activation by vizantin. THP-1 cells treated with small interfering RNA for TLR-4 abolished vizantin-induced macrophage activation processes such as chemokine release. In addition, compared with wild-type mice, the release of MIP-1β induced by vizantin in vivo was significantly decreased in TLR-4 knockout mice, but not in TLR-2 knockout mice. Vizantin induced the release of IL-8 when HEK293T cells were transiently cotransfected with TLR-4 and MD-2, but not when they were transfected with TLR-4 or MD-2 alone or with TLR-2 or TLR-2/MD-2. A dipyrromethene boron difluoride–conjugated vizantin colocalized with TLR-4/MD-2, but not with TLR-4 or MD-2 alone. A pull-down assay with vizantin-coated magnetic beads showed that vizantin bound to TLR-4/MD-2 in extracts from HEK293T cells expressing both TLR-4 and MD-2. Furthermore, vizantin blocked the LPS-induced release of TNF-α and IL-1β and inhibited death in mice. We also performed in silico docking simulation analysis of vizantin and MD-2 based on the structure of MD-2 complexed with the LPS antagonist E5564; the results suggested that vizantin could bind to the active pocket of MD-2. Our observations show that vizantin specifically binds to the TLR-4/MD-2 complex and that the vizantin receptor is identical to the LPS receptor. We conclude that vizantin could be an effective adjuvant and a therapeutic agent in the treatment of infectious diseases and the endotoxin shock caused by LPS.
Cutting Edge: Discrete Functions of mTOR Signaling in Invariant NKT Cell Development and NKT17 Fate Decision
Authors: Wei Jun , Yang Kai , Chi Hongbo
Published: September 2014

Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells recently were classified into NKT1, NKT2, and NKT17 lineages with distinct transcription factor and cytokine profiles, but the mechanisms underlying such fate decisions remain elusive. In this article, we report crucial roles for mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, especially mTORC2, in iNKT cell development and fate determination of NKT17 cells. Loss of Rictor, an obligatory component of mTORC2, decreased thymic and peripheral iNKT cells, which was associated with defective survival. Strikingly, Rictor deficiency selectively abolished the NKT17 lineage, as indicated by a marked reduction in RORγt and IL-17 expression. Moreover, deletion of phosphatase and tensin homolog (Pten) upregulated mTORC2 activity and enhanced NKT17 generation, but concomitant loss of Rictor reversed the NKT17 dysregulation. In contrast, mTORC1 regulators Raptor and Rheb are dispensable for NKT17 differentiation, despite their importance in iNKT cell thymic development. Our findings establish pivotal and unique roles for mTORC2 signaling, which is reciprocally regulated by Rictor and Pten, in NKT17 lineage determination.
Land surface phenological response to decadal climate variability across Australia using satellite remote sensing
Authors: Broich M. , Huete A. , Tulbure M. G. , Ma X. , Xin Q. , Paget M. , Restrepo-Coupe N. , Davies K. , Devadas R. , Held A.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Land surface phenological cycles of vegetation greening and browning are influenced by variability in climatic forcing. Quantitative spatial information on phenological cycles and their variability is important for agricultural applications, wildfire fuel accumulation, land management, land surface modeling, and climate change studies. Most phenology studies have focused on temperature-driven Northern Hemisphere systems, where phenology shows annually recurring patterns. However, precipitation-driven non-annual phenology of arid and semi-arid systems (i.e., drylands) received much less attention, despite the fact that they cover more than 30% of the global land surface. Here, we focused on Australia, a continent with one of the most variable rainfall climates in the world and vast areas of dryland systems, where a detailed phenological investigation and a characterization of the relationship between phenology and climate variability are missing. To fill this knowledge gap, we developed an algorithm to characterize phenological cycles, and analyzed geographic and climate-driven variability in phenology from 2000 to 2013, which included extreme drought and wet years. We linked derived phenological metrics to rainfall and the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI). We conducted a continent-wide investigation and a more detailed investigation over the Murray–Darling Basin (MDB), the primary agricultural area and largest river catchment of Australia. Results showed high inter- and intra-annual variability in phenological cycles across Australia. The peak of phenological cycles occurred not only during the austral summer, but also at any time of the year, and their timing varied by more than a month in the interior of the continent. The magnitude of the phenological cycle peak and the integrated greenness were most significantly correlated with monthly SOI within the preceding 12 months. Correlation patterns occurred primarily over northeastern Australia and within the MDB, predominantly over natural land cover and particularly in floodplain and wetland areas. Integrated greenness of the phenological cycles (surrogate of vegetation productivity) showed positive anomalies of more than 2 standard deviations over most of eastern Australia in 2009–2010, which coincided with the transition from the El Niño-induced decadal droughts to flooding caused by La Niña.
Australian net (1950s–1990) soil organic carbon erosion: implications for CO2 emission and land–atmosphere modelling
Authors: Chappell A. , Webb N. P. , Viscarra Rossel R. A. , Bui E.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. The debate remains unresolved about soil erosion substantially offsetting fossil fuel emissions and acting as an important source or sink of CO2. There is little historical land use and management context to this debate, which is central to Australia's recent past of European settlement, agricultural expansion and agriculturally-induced soil erosion. We use "catchment" scale (∼25 km2) estimates of 137Cs-derived net (1950s–1990) soil redistribution of all processes (wind, water and tillage) to calculate the net soil organic carbon (SOC) redistribution across Australia. We approximate the selective removal of SOC at net eroding locations and SOC enrichment of transported sediment and net depositional locations. We map net (1950s–1990) SOC redistribution across Australia and estimate erosion by all processes to be ∼4 Tg SOC yr−1, which represents a loss of ∼2% of the total carbon stock (0–10 cm) of Australia. Assuming this net SOC loss is mineralised, the flux (∼15 Tg CO2-equivalents yr−1) represents an omitted 12% of CO2-equivalent emissions from all carbon pools in Australia. Although a small source of uncertainty in the Australian carbon budget, the mass flux interacts with energy and water fluxes, and its omission from land surface models likely creates more uncertainty than has been previously recognised.
Contrasting vulnerability of drained tropical and high‐latitude peatlands to fluvial loss of stored carbon
Authors: Evans Chris D. , Page Susan E. , Jones Tim , Moore Sam , Gauci Vincent , Laiho Raija , Hruška Jakub , Allott Tim E. H. , Billett Michael F. , Tipping Ed , Freeman Chris , Garnett Mark H.
Published: September 2014

Carbon sequestration and storage in peatlands rely on consistently high water tables. Anthropogenic pressures including drainage, burning, land conversion for agriculture, timber, and biofuel production, cause loss of pressures including drainage, burning, land conversion for agriculture, timber, and biofuel production, cause loss of peat‐forming vegetation and exposure of previously anaerobic peat to aerobic decomposition. This can shift peatlands from net CO2 sinks to large CO2 sources, releasing carbon held for millennia. Peatlands also export significant quantities of carbon via fluvial pathways, mainly as dissolved organic carbon (DOC). We analyzed radiocarbon (14C) levels of DOC in drainage water from multiple peatlands in Europe and Southeast Asia, to infer differences in the age of carbon lost from intact and drained systems. In most cases, drainage led to increased release of older carbon from the peat profile but with marked differences related to peat type. Very low DOC‐14C levels in runoff from drained tropical peatlands indicate loss of very old (centuries to millennia) stored peat carbon. High‐latitude peatlands appear more resilient to drainage; 14C measurements from UK blanket bogs suggest that exported DOC remains young (<50 years) despite drainage. Boreal and temperate fens and raised bogs in Finland and the Czech Republic showed intermediate sensitivity. We attribute observed differences to physical and climatic differences between peatlands, in particular, hydraulic conductivity and temperature, as well as the extent of disturbance associated with drainage, notably land use changes in the tropics. Data from the UK Peak District, an area where air pollution and intensive land management have triggered Sphagnum loss and peat erosion, suggest that additional anthropogenic pressures may trigger fluvial loss of much older (>500 year) carbon in high‐latitude systems. Rewetting at least partially offsets drainage effects on DOC age.
Capillary Electrophoresis in Detection of Chemicals Related to the Chemical Weapons Convention
Authors: Ginter Joy M. , Tokarz John A.
Published: September 2014

This article describes the application of capillary electrophoresis (CE) to the analysis of compounds relevant to the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). CE is an analytical technique that employs narrow‐bore, fused silica capillaries to perform high‐efficiency separations of analytes based on their mobilities in an electric field. In CE, analytes are dissolved in a buffer solution and placed in a capillary to which an electric field is applied. The analytes then migrate at a rate determined by their charge and size and are detected as they migrate past a detector. CE can analyze a broad range of compounds and is particularly applicable to the analysis of water‐soluble degradation products of scheduled compounds under the CWC. Compounds typically analyzed by CE include the hydrolysis products of nerve agents such as the alkylphosphonates and hydrolytic or oxidative products of the sulfur mustards such as thiodiglycol (TDG). The alkylphosphonates require the use of indirect ultraviolet (UV) detection or other detection methods as they do not possess a suitable UV chromophore. Degradation products of the sulfur mustards have been analyzed by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) and direct UV detection. The ability of CE to analyze anionic, cationic, zwitterionic, and neutral CWC‐related compounds, whether they be chemical warfare (CW) degradation products or scheduled starting materials, without the requirement for elaborate sample processing or labeling procedures, is an important demonstration of the utility of CE for the analysis of CWC‐related compounds. CE can be an important screening method for rapid sample processing, and capillary electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry (CE‐MS) can provide further analysis for unambiguous identification.
Asbestos Analysis
Authors: Höfert Norbert , König Reiner
Published: September 2014

The comprehensive use of asbestos in approximately 3000 industrial applications in the past requires asbestos analysis at present and in the future. The different analysis methods range from simple and cost‐effective procedures in order to decide whether asbestos is present up to the expensive and time‐consuming determination of low fiber number concentrations of asbestos fibers, including the identification of the fiber type using highly sophisticated measurement equipment. The following survey discusses the most relevant objectives of asbestos analysis and the measurement techniques that are applied:

Ambient/indoor air measurements – low concentration range, fiber type usually not known, identification required – using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in combination with energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDXA) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in combination with EDXA.

Workplace air measurements – low to high concentration range, fiber type usually known, identification possibly required – using SEM, TEM, and phase contrast optical microscopy (PCOM).

Stationary source emission measurements using
SEM
,
TEM
, and
PCOM
.

Bulk material analysis – usually qualitative and/or indicative measurements – using
SEM
,
TEM
, infrared (IR) spectroscopy,
PCOM
, polarized light microscopy (PLM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD).

Surface dust analysis – usually indoor measurements; qualitative and/or indicative measurements – using
SEM

Water analysis using
TEM
.
Data Treatment in Kinetics
Authors: Baeza‐Baeza Juan J. , Pérez‐Pla Francisco F.
Published: September 2014

Chemical kinetics is an important part of chemistry devoted to study how reactions proceed and quantify the rate of the process. The reaction mechanism is the chemical model that describes how the chemical change occurs. From the proposed mechanism, a mathematical model can be obtained to explain the evolution of the chemical species with time. In many cases, the mechanism can be simplified to a single rate law that relates the reaction rate with concentrations. In the last decades, the study of kinetic systems has benefited from the development of instrumentation, the increasing availability of specialized computer software, and the advances in data treatment techniques. A comprehensive review of data treatment in kinetics is presented here from a practical viewpoint. The different factors that influence the reaction kinetics are summarized. Finally, how to take advantage of the kinetic information contained in the experimental data with an analytical aim is described.