bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Massive Localized Lymphedema Arising from Abdominal Wall: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Tóth Teodóra , Chang Chien Yi-Che , Kollár Sándor , Kovács Ilona
Published: August 2015

Massive localized lymphedema (MLL) is a rare pseudosarcomatous lesion due to localized lymphatic obstruction from variable causes. It is most common on medial aspect of thigh and inguinal region. Abdominal localization is rare and may cause clinical diagnostic confusion with other malignant tumors due to its large size. We report a case of abdominal wall MLL of a 56-year-old male patient under clinical suspicion of well differentiated liposarcoma. The literature search and differential diagnosis will be addressed. In doubt cases, immunohistochemical stain or fluorescent in situ hybridization can help to separate this entity from the other mimickers.
The Multistage Homotopy Perturbation Method for Solving Chaotic and Hyperchaotic Lü System
Authors: Chowdhury M. S. H. , Razali Nur Isnida , Asrar Waqar , Rahman M. M.
Published: August 2015

The multistage homotopy-perturbation method (MHPM) is applied to the nonlinear chaotic and hyperchaotic Lü systems. MHPM is a technique adapted from the standard homotopy-perturbation method (HPM) where the HPM is treated as an algorithm in a sequence of time intervals. To ensure the precision of the technique applied in this work, the results are compared with a fourth-order Runge-Kutta method and the standard HPM. The results show that the MHPM is an efficient and powerful technique in solving both chaotic and hyperchaotic systems.
Acupoint Catgut Embedding for Obesity: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Guo Taipin , Ren Yulan , Kou Jun , Shi Jing , Tianxiao Sun , Liang Fanrong
Published: August 2015

Acupoint catgut embedding (ACE) was applied widely to antiweight in China. The aim of this review is to estimate the effectiveness and safety of ACE on obesity. A literature search was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane Library, EBASE, CNKI, and so forth, using combination subject terms of obesity (or overweight, weight loss, etc.) and acupoint catgut embedding (or catgut implantation, catgut embedding). Improvement rate, reduction of body weight and body mass index (BMI), and so forth were analyzed. 43 studies were included for systematic review and meta-analysis. Although with poor methodological quality, ACE was superior to manual acupuncture (MA), sham, and cupping in improvement rate and presented a better tendency (OR>1) compared with drugs and electroacupuncture (EA). Mean values of weight loss by ACE were 1.14 kg, 1.26 kg, 1.79 kg, and 3.01 kg comparing with MA, drugs, EA, and sham, respectively. Mean of BMI reduced to 0.56 kg/m2, 0.83 kg/m2, 0.79 kg/m2, and 1.63 kg/m2comparing with MA, drugs, EA, and sham. Less adverse effects were reported. Pooled outcomes presented a tendency of equal or superior effects to other interventions and fewer side effects. Future high quality trials with rigorous design and positive FDA approved drug as control are urgent to assess the effect of ACE for obesity. PROSPERO registration number is as follows:CRD42015016006.
Parametric Modeling of Human Gradient Walking for Predicting Minimum Energy Expenditure
Authors: Saborit Gerard , Casinos Adrià
Published: August 2015

A mathematical model to predict the optimum gradient for a minimum energetic cost is proposed, based on previous results that showed a minimum energetic cost when gradient is −10%. The model focuses on the variation in mechanical energy during gradient walking. It is shown that kinetic energy plays a marginal role in low speed gradient walking. Therefore, the model considers only potential energy. A mathematical parameter that depends on step length was introduced, showing that the optimal gradient is a function of that parameter. Consequently, the optimal negative gradient depends on the individual step length. The model explains why recent results do not suggest a single optimal gradient but rather a range around −10%.
Adaptive Synchronization via State Predictor on General Complex Dynamic Networks
Authors: Wang Lijun , Ruan Pingnan , Li Shuang , Han Xiao
Published: August 2015

This paper considers the adaptive synchronization of general complex dynamic networks via state predictor based on the fixed topology for nonlinear dynamical systems. Using Lyapunov stability properties, it is proved that the complex dynamical networks with state predictor are asymptotically stable. Moreover, it is also shown that the rate of convergence of complex dynamical networks with state predictor is faster than the complex dynamical networks without state predictor.
Determination of System Dimensionality from Observing Near-Normal Distributions
Authors: Razzaq Shahid , Khalid Shehzad
Published: August 2015

This paper identifies a previously undiscovered behavior of uniformly distributed data points or vectors in high dimensional ellipsoidal models. Such models give near normal distributions for each of its dimensions. Converse of this may also be true; that is, for a normal-like distribution of an observed variable, it is possible that the distribution is a result of uniform distribution of data points in a high dimensional ellipsoidal model, to which the observed variable belongs. Given the currently held notion of normal distributions, this new behavior raises many interesting questions. This paper also attempts to answer some of those questions. We cover both volume based (filled) and surface based (shell) ellipsoidal models. The phenomenon is demonstrated using statistical as well as mathematical approaches. We also show that the dimensionality of the latent model, that is, the number of hidden variables in a system, can be calculated from the observed distribution. We call the new distribution “Tanazur” and show through experiments that it is at least observed in one real world scenario, that of the motion of particles in an ideal gas. We show that the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution of particle speeds can be explained on the basis of Tanazur distributions.
Microelectrical Discharge Machining: A Suitable Process for Machining Ceramics
Authors: Schubert Andreas , Zeidler Henning , Kühn Ralf , Hackert-Oschätzchen Matthias
Published: August 2015

Today ceramics are used in many industrial applications, for example, in the biomedical field, for high-temperature components or for cutting tools. This is attributed to their excellent mechanical and physical properties, as low density, high strength, and hardness or chemical resistance. However, these specific mechanical properties lead to problems regarding the postprocessing of ceramics. In particular, cutting processes require expensive tools which cause high manufacturing costs to machine ceramics. Consequently, there is a demand for alternative machining processes. Microelectrical discharge machining (micro-EDM) is a thermal abrasion process which is based on electrical discharges between a tool and a workpiece. The advantages of micro-EDM are more and more in focus for ceramic machining. These advantages include the process of being a noncontact technology, an independency of material brittleness and hardness, a low impact on the material, and the achievable microstructures. This paper presents the current state of investigations regarding micro-EDM of ceramics. Beside the process principle of EDM, the used procedures for machining ceramics and insulating ceramics are described. Furthermore several machining examples are presented to demonstrate the possibilities of the micro-EDM process with regard to the machining of ceramics.
Right Heart Transvalvular Embolus with High Risk Pulmonary Embolism in a Recently Hospitalized Patient: A Case Report of a Therapeutic Challenge
Authors: Acharya Gyanendra Kumar , Adedayo Ajibola Monsur , Prabhu Hejmadi , Brinster Derek R. , Mir Parvez
Published: August 2015

Thrombus-in-transit is not uncommon in pulmonary embolism but Right Heart Transvalvular Embolus (RHTVE) complicating this is rare. A 54-year-old obese male with recent hospitalization presented with severe dyspnea and collapse. Initial investigations revealed elevated d-dimer and troponin. CTA showed saddle pulmonary embolus and bedside echocardiogram revealed right ventricular (RV) pressure overload and dilatation (RV > 41 mm), McConnell’s sign, and mobile echodensity attached to tricuspid valve. Patient was immediately resuscitated and promptly transferred for surgical embolectomy under cardiopulmonary bypass. A long segment of embolus traversing through the tricuspid valve and extensive bilateral pulmonary artery embolus were removed. IVC filter was placed for a persistent right lower extremity DVT. Hypercoagulable work-up was negative. Patient continued to do well after discharge on Coumadin. Open embolectomy offers great promises where there is no consensus in optimal management approach in such patients. Bedside echocardiogram is vital in risk stratification and deciding choice of advanced PE treatment.
Review of Modelling Techniques forIn VivoMuscle Force Estimation in the Lower Extremities during Strength Training
Authors: Schellenberg Florian , Oberhofer Katja , Taylor William R. , Lorenzetti Silvio
Published: August 2015

Background. Knowledge of the musculoskeletal loading conditions during strength training is essential for performance monitoring, injury prevention, rehabilitation, and training design. However, measuring muscle forces during exercise performance as a primary determinant of training efficacy and safety has remained challenging.Methods. In this paper we review existing computational techniques to determine muscle forces in the lower limbs during strength exercisesin vivoand discuss their potential for uptake into sports training and rehabilitation.Results. Muscle forces during exercise performance have almost exclusively been analysed using so-called forward dynamics simulations, inverse dynamics techniques, or alternative methods. Musculoskeletal models based on forward dynamics analyses have led to considerable new insights into muscular coordination, strength, and power during dynamic ballistic movement activities, resulting in, for example, improved techniques for optimal performance of the squat jump, while quasi-static inverse dynamics optimisation and EMG-driven modelling have helped to provide an understanding of low-speed exercises.Conclusion. The present review introduces the different computational techniques and outlines their advantages and disadvantages for the informed usage by nonexperts. With sufficient validation and widespread application, muscle force calculations during strength exercisesin vivoare expected to provide biomechanically based evidence for clinicians and therapists to evaluate and improve training guidelines.
Design and Formulation of Optimized Microemulsions for Dermal Delivery of Resveratrol
Authors: Juškaitė Vaida , Ramanauskienė Kristina , Briedis Vitalis
Published: August 2015

The objective of this study was to formulate optimal formulations of microemulsions (MEs) and evaluate their feasibility for delivery of resveratrol into human skinex vivo.Oil-in-water MEs were formulated using surfactant (S) PEG-8 caprylic/capric glycerides and cosurfactant (CoS) polyglyceryl-6-isostearate. Ethyl oleate was used as an oily phase. MEs were formulated using 5 : 1, 6 : 1, and 7 : 1 surfactant and cosurfactant (S : CoS) weight ratios. Pseudoternary phase diagrams were constructed and optimal compositions of MEs were obtained using Design Expert software. Mean droplet size for optimized ME formulations was determined to be 68.54 ± 1.18 nm, 66.08 ± 0.16 nm, and 66.66 ± 0.56 nm for systems with S : CoS weight ratios 5 : 1, 6 : 1, and 7 : 1, respectively. Resveratrol loading resulted in mean droplet size increase. The distribution of droplet size between fractions changed during storage of formulated MEs. Results demonstrated the increase of number of droplets and relative surface area when S : CoS weight ratios were 6 : 1 and 7 : 1 and the decrease when S : CoS weight ratio was 5 : 1. The highest penetration of resveratrol into the skinex vivowas determined from ME with S : CoS weight ratio 5 : 1. It was demonstrated that all MEs were similar in their ability to deliver resveratrol into the skinex vivo.
Comparison of Optimal Homotopy Asymptotic and Adomian Decomposition Methods for a Thin Film Flow of a Third Grade Fluid on a Moving Belt
Authors: Mabood Fazle , Pochai Nopparat
Published: August 2015

We have investigated a thin film flow of a third grade fluid on a moving belt using a powerful and relatively new approximate analytical technique known as optimal homotopy asymptotic method (OHAM). The variation of velocity profile for different parameters is compared with the numerical values obtained byRunge-Kutta Fehlberg fourth-fifth ordermethod and with Adomian Decomposition Method (ADM). An interesting result of the analysis is that the three terms OHAM solution is more accurate than five terms of the ADM solution and this thus confirms the feasibility of the proposed method.
A Variational Approach to Electrostatics of Polarizable Heterogeneous Substances
Authors: Grinfeld Michael , Grinfeld Pavel
Published: August 2015

We discuss equilibrium conditions for heterogeneous substances subject to electrostatic or magnetostatic effects. We demonstrate that the force-like aleph tensorℵijand the energy-like beth tensorℶijfor polarizable deformable substances are divergence-free:∇iℵij=0and∇iℶij=0. We introduce two additional tensors: the divergence-free energy-like gimel tensorℷijfor rigid dielectrics and the general electrostatic gamma tensorΓijwhich is not divergence-free. Our approach is based on a logically consistent extension of the Gibbs energy principle that takes into account polarization effects. While the model is mathematically rigorous, we caution against the assumption that it can reliably predict physical phenomena. On the contrary, clear models often lead to conclusions that are at odds with experiment and therefore should be treated as physical paradoxes that deserve the attention of the scientific community.
Robust Fault Detection for a Class of Uncertain Nonlinear Systems Based on Multiobjective Optimization
Authors: Yan Bingyong , Wang Huifeng , Wang Huazhong
Published: August 2015

A robust fault detection scheme for a class of nonlinear systems with uncertainty is proposed. The proposed approach utilizes robust control theory and parameter optimization algorithm to design the gain matrix of fault tracking approximator (FTA) for fault detection. The gain matrix of FTA is designed to minimize the effects of system uncertainty on residual signals while maximizing the effects of system faults on residual signals. The design of the gain matrix of FTA takes into account the robustness of residual signals to system uncertainty and sensitivity of residual signals to system faults simultaneously, which leads to a multiobjective optimization problem. Then, the detectability of system faults is rigorously analyzed by investigating the threshold of residual signals. Finally, simulation results are provided to show the validity and applicability of the proposed approach.
Extremum Seeking Based Fault-Tolerant Cooperative Control for Multiagent Systems
Authors: Jiang Fu , Zhang Xiaoyong , Yu Wentao , Li Heng , Peng Jun , He Yong
Published: August 2015

We propose a novel fault-tolerant cooperative control strategy for multiagent systems. A set of unknown input observers for each agent are constructed for fault detection. Then a real-time adaptive extremum seeking algorithm is utilized for adaptive approximation of fault parameter. We prove that the consensus can be still reached by regulating the interconnection weights and changing the connection topology of the fault agent. A numerical simulation example is given to illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.
Pediatric Patient and Parental Anxiety and Impressions Related to Initial Gastrointestinal Endoscopy: A Japanese Multicenter Questionnaire Study
Authors: Hagiwara Shin-ichiro , Nakayama Yoshiko , Tagawa Manabu , Arai Katsuhiro , Ishige Takashi , Murakoshi Takatsugu , Sekine Hiroko , Abukawa Daiki , Yamada Hiroyuki , Inoue Mikihiro , Saito Takeshi , Kudo Takahiro , Seki Yoshitaka
Published: August 2015

Objective.To assess anxiety among pediatric patients and their parents related to initial gastrointestinal endoscopy.Methods.Patients aged <19 years undergoing initial gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy and their parents were invited to complete a self-administered questionnaire related to endoscopy in 13 institutions in Japan.Results.The subjects were 128 children, aged 1 month to 17 years. Forty-eight patients (37.5%) underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), 32 (25%) underwent colonoscopy (CS), 39 (30.5%) underwent both EGD and CS, 3 (2.3%) underwent balloon enteroscopy (BE), 3 (2.3%) underwent capsule endoscopy (CE), and 3 (2.3%) underwent CE and other endoscopic procedures. In the preendoscopy questionnaire, the most common concerns of the patients and parents before undergoing the procedure were “Pain” (45% of the patients underwent EGD or BE via the oral approach, and 52% of the patients underwent CS or BE via the anal approach) and “Procedural accidents related to the endoscopy” (63% of parents). In the postendoscopy questionnaire, the most common difficulty that patients and parents actually experienced before and after undergoing the procedure was “Hunger.”Conclusion.A preparatory intervention including an explanation regarding specific concerns before initial GI endoscopy, which this study revealed, could reduce anxiety experienced by both pediatric patients and parents.
Wavelet Filter Approach andZ-RRelationship in Meteorological Forecasting
Authors: Jiwlong Wallop , Kangrang Anongrit
Published: August 2015

The purpose of this study is to investigate theZ-Rrelationship for computing rainfall using conventional and wavelet filters technique. Wavelet filter technique was applied to data filtration process. The proposed model was applied to determine the rainfall of five rain gauge meteorological stations in Thailand. The three-hourly rainfall and radar reflectivity data were used in this study. The results indicated that the accumulative rainfall of wavelet filters technique was close to the observed rainfall data more than the results of conventional practice for both calibration and validation processes. Consequently, we are confident that a wavelet filters technique is a useful tool for estimating the rainfall.
Effect of Keratin Structures from Chicken Feathers on Expansive Soil Remediation
Authors: Montes-Zarazúa Elda , Colín-Cruz Arturo , Pérez-Rea María de la Luz , de Icaza Miguel , Velasco-Santos Carlos , Martínez-Hernández Ana Laura
Published: August 2015

Chicken feathers are composed mainly of avian keratin, a fibrillar protein with a complex structure, and important properties such as durability, hydrophobicity, being chemically unreactive, and depending on the specific function can change its morphological and inner structure. This study takes advantage of these features and for the first time the use of keratin from chicken feathers to modify characteristics on expansive soils is reported. Swelling characteristics of remolded expansive soil specimens were studied through varying the percentage of keratin fiber content using 0.25, 0.50, 1.00 and 3.00 wt%. One-dimensional swell-consolidation tests were conducted on oedometric specimens, specific surface area was determined using methylene blue, and degree of saturation was also analyzed. Finally random distribution and interaction between keratin structures and soil were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The results show that randomly distributed fibers are useful in restraining the swelling tendency of expansive soils. The maximum reduction of pressure (43.99%) due to swelling is achieved by reducing the void ratio, which can be reached with the addition of chicken feather keratin structures to the expansive soil. Finally, the mechanism by which discrete and randomly distributed fibers reduce swelling pressure of expansive soil is explained.
Network-Wide Traffic Anomaly Detection and Localization Based on Robust Multivariate Probabilistic Calibration Model
Authors: Li Yuchong , Luo Xingguo , Qian Yekui , Zhao Xin
Published: August 2015

Network anomaly detection and localization are of great significance to network security. Compared with the traditional methods of host computer, single link and single path, the network-wide anomaly detection approaches have distinctive advantages with respect to detection precision and range. However, when facing the actual problems of noise interference or data loss, the network-wide anomaly detection approaches also suffer significant performance reduction or may even become unavailable. Besides, researches on anomaly localization are rare. In order to solve the mentioned problems, this paper presents a robust multivariate probabilistic calibration model for network-wide anomaly detection and localization. It applies the latent variable probability theory with multivariatet-distribution to establish the normal traffic model. Not only does the algorithm implement network anomaly detection by judging whether the sample’s Mahalanobis distance exceeds the threshold, but also it locates anomalies by contribution analysis. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results demonstrate its robustness and wider use. The algorithm is applicable when dealing with both data integrity and loss. It also has a stronger resistance over noise interference and lower sensitivity to the change of parameters, all of which indicate its performance stability.
Different Cardiac Anomalies in Mother and Son with 4q-Syndrome
Authors: Marcì Marcello , Guarina Angela , Castiglione M. Cristina , Sanfilippo Nicola
Published: August 2015

We report a female patient with asymptomatic cor triatriatum sinister, associated with 4q34.3 deletion. Her child, carrying the same imbalance, suffers from tetralogy of Fallot. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of cor triatriatum associated with deletion of the long arm of the chromosome 4; furthermore, the majority of patients with chromosome 4 long arm syndrome have de novo deletions and only few familial cases have been reported so far.
MALT Lymphoma of the Bladder: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Vempati Prashant , Knoll Miriam A. , Alqatari Mahfood , Strauchen James , Malone Adriana K. , Bakst Richard L.
Published: August 2015

The presentation of a MALT lymphoma in the bladder is exceedingly rare. Furthermore, the optimal treatment of primary MALT confined to the bladder remains to be defined. Here, we report a case of a 65-year-old female with primary MALT lymphoma treated with definitive radiation therapy. The patient received a total dose of 30 Gy in 20 equal daily fractions to the bladder and tolerated the treatment well. In addition, we have extensively reviewed the relevant literature to better define the optimal management of this rare disease. In conclusion, primary MALT lymphoma of the bladder represents a rare malignancy with excellent prognosis if detected at an early stage. For early stage disease, definitive radiation represents an excellent treatment modality with a minimal side-effect profile.
A Novel Scrambling Digital Image Watermark Algorithm Based on Double Transform Domains
Authors: Wang Taiyue , Li Hongwei
Published: August 2015

Digital watermark technology is a very good method for protecting copyright. In this paper, in terms of requisition of imperceptibility and robustness of watermarking, the multidirectional, multiscale, and band-pass coefficient features of Curvelet transform are introduced and a novel image watermark scheme based on Curvelet and human visual system is proposed. Digital watermark information is embedded into the first 16 directions with larger energy in the fourth layer. Experimental results indicate that the proposed watermark scheme is feasible and simple. Simultaneously, the embedded watermark images just have tiny difference with the original images and the extracted watermark is accurate. Moreover, it is imperceptible and robust against various methods of signals processing such as cropping, noise adding, and rotating and altering.
IL‐4 Inhibits IL‐1β‐Induced Depressive‐Like Behavior and Central Neurotransmitter Alterations
Authors: Park Hyun-Jung , Shim Hyun-Soo , An Kyungeh , Starkweather Angela , Kim Kyung Soo , Shim Insop
Published: August 2015

It has been known that activation of the central innate immune system or exposure to stress can disrupt balance of anti‐/proinflammatory cytokines. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines in the modulation of depressive‐like behaviors, the hormonal and neurotransmitter systems in rats. We investigated whether centrally administered IL‐1β is associated with activation of CNS inflammatory pathways and behavioral changes and whether treatment with IL‐4 could modulate IL‐1β‐induced depressive‐like behaviors and central neurotransmitter systems. Infusion of IL‐4 significantly decreased IL‐1β‐induced anhedonic responses and increased social exploration and total activity. Treatment with IL‐4 markedly blocked IL‐1β‐induced increase in PGE2 and CORT levels. Also, IL‐4 reduced IL‐1β‐induced 5‐HT levels by inhibiting tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) mRNA and activating serotonin transporter (SERT) in the hippocampus, and levels of NE were increased by activating tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA expression. These results demonstrate that IL‐4 may locally contribute to the regulation of noradrenergic and serotonergic neurotransmission and may inhibit IL‐1β‐induced behavioral and immunological changes. The present results suggest that IL‐4 modulates IL‐1β‐induced depressive behavior by inhibiting IL‐1β‐induced central glial activation and neurotransmitter alterations. IL‐4 reduced central and systemic mediatory inflammatory activation, as well as reversing the IL‐1β‐induced alterations in neurotransmitter levels. The present findings contribute a biochemical pathway regulated by IL‐4 that may have therapeutic utility for treatment of IL‐1β‐induced depressive behavior and neuroinflammation which warrants further study.
Impulsive Containment Control in Nonlinear Multiagent Systems with Time-Delay
Authors: Hu Wenshan , Wang Zhenhua , Liu Zhi-Wei , Zhou Hong
Published: August 2015

The containment control problems of nonlinear multiagent systems with time-delay via impulsive algorithms under both fixed and switching topologies are studied. By using the Lyapunov methods, several conditions are derived to achieve the containment control. It is shown that the states of the followers can converge into the convex hull spanned by the states of the leaders if every leader has directed paths to all the followers and the impulsive period is short enough. Finally, some simulations are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms.
Assessment of Knee Cartilage Stress Distribution and Deformation Using Motion Capture System and Wearable Sensors for Force Ratio Detection
Authors: Mijailovic N. , Vulovic R. , Milankovic I. , Radakovic R. , Filipovic N. , Peulic A.
Published: August 2015

Knowledge about the knee cartilage deformation ratio as well as the knee cartilage stress distribution is of particular importance in clinical studies due to the fact that these represent some of the basic indicators of cartilage state and that they also provide information about joint cartilage wear so medical doctors can predict when it is necessary to perform surgery on a patient. In this research, we apply various kinds of sensors such as a system of infrared cameras and reflective markers, three-axis accelerometer, and force plate. The fluorescent marker and accelerometers are placed on the patient’s hip, knee, and ankle, respectively. During a normal walk we are recording the space position of markers, acceleration, and ground reaction force by force plate. Measured data are included in the biomechanical model of the knee joint. Geometry for this model is defined from CT images. This model includes the impact of ground reaction forces, contact force between femur and tibia, patient body weight, ligaments, and muscle forces. The boundary conditions are created for the finite element method in order to noninvasively determine the cartilage stress distribution.
Protective Effects of Modeled Superoxide Dismutase Coordination Compound (MSODa) Against Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rat Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Wang Xin-Tao , Tian Ye , Xu Wen-Xiao , Cui Li-Huang , Xiang Shou-Yang , Lü Song-Cen
Published: August 2015

Background/Aim: Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury of skeletal muscles is common pathophysiology during surgeries and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) plays a critical role in this process. SOD-modeled coordination compound (MSODa) may simulate the protective effects as SOD. Methods: Therefore, this study was designed to explore the protective effects and underlying mechanism of MSODa on malondialdehyde (MDA) and integrin-β2 (CD11b/CD18) in plasma, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in tissue, and morphological changes before and after I/R injury. The rat model of I/R in hind limb was established and randomly divided into sham, ischemia, I/R, I/R-treated with saline, SOD, and MSODa, respectively. Results: These results showed that averaged values for MDA, MPO, CD11b/CD18, and ICAM-1 were significantly increased (P < 0.01 vs ischemia alone) in a time-dependent fashion along with marked tissue remodeling, such as abnormal arrangement of muscular fibers, interstitial edema, vasodilation with no-reflow, inflammatory cells adherent and infiltration, structural changes in mitochondrial, and decrease in glycogens as well. However, all parameter changes induced by I/R injury were reversed, at least partially, by MSODa and SOD treatments and intriguingly, the beneficial/protective effects of MSODa was superior to SOD with an early onset. Conclusion: This novel finding demonstrates that MSODa improves I/R injury of skeletal muscles due at least partially to inhibition of adherent molecule expression and reduction of oxygen free radical formation during I/R pathophysiological processes and this protective action of MSODa was superior to SOD, highlighting the bright future for MSODa in clinical management of tissue I/R injury.
Calpain in Breast Cancer: Role in Disease Progression and Treatment Response
Authors: Storr Sarah J. , Thompson Nicola , Pu Xuan , Zhang Yimin , Martin Stewart G.
Published: August 2015

The calpains are a family of intracellular cysteine proteases that function in a wide array of cellular activities, including cytoskeletal remodelling, survival and apoptosis. The ubiquitously expressed micro (µ)-calpain and milli (m)-calpain are archetypal family members that require calcium for function and can be inhibited by their endogenous inhibitor calpastatin. This review describes the role of the calpain system in the prognosis of breast cancer and disease progression, in addition to the role of the calpain system in the response to breast cancer treatments, including chemotherapeutic, endocrine and targeted therapies.
Role of the Tumor Microenvironment in Breast Cancer
Authors: Soysal Savas D. , Tzankov Alexandar , Muenst Simone E.
Published: August 2015

In recent years, it has been shown that breast cancer consists not only of neoplastic cells, but also of significant alterations in the surrounding stroma or tumor microenvironment. These alterations are now recognized as a critical element for breast cancer development and progression, as well as potential therapeutic targets. Various components of the breast cancer microenvironment, such as suppressive immune cells, soluble factors and altered extracellular matrix, act together to impede effective antitumor immunity and promote breast cancer progression and metastasis. Stromal cells in the breast cancer microenvironment are characterized by molecular alterations and aberrant signaling pathways, some of which are prognostic of clinical outcome. Several new therapies targeting stromal components are in development or undergoing clinical trials. We focus herein on the composition of the breast cancer microenvironment and concomitant molecular alterations, the specific interplay between various cell types and cancer cells, and the clinical implications of these findings.
Breast Neoplasms with Dermal Analogue Differentiation (Mammary Cylindroma): Report of 3 Cases and a Proposal for a New Terminology
Authors: Rakha Emad A. , Lee Andrew H.S. , Sheeran Rachael , Abbosh Chris , Hodi Zsolt , Merchant Will , Ellis Ian O. , Shaaban Abeer M.
Published: August 2015

Salivary gland-like and dermal analogue tumours of the breast are rare lesions that can be diagnostically challenging for pathologists. Data on the clinical behaviour and molecular characterisation of these mammary tumours are limited and their designation is mainly based on similar salivary gland or skin lesions. In this study, we present three cylindromatous breast tumours. These lesions were located within the breast, had ill-defined margins and were composed of nests containing a dual population of cytologically bland cells, surrounded at least partially by basement membrane-like material. The lack of cytological atypia and absence of mitoses led to the diagnosis of benign mammary cylindroma in 1 case. The expression of oestrogen receptor, focal absence of basement membrane material and the focal infiltrative nature together with patchy absence of peripheral basement membrane supported the diagnosis of malignancy in the other 2 cases. We discuss the morphological criteria, immunohistochemical profile and diagnostic pitfalls of these tumours. We also review the literature including previously reported cases of mammary cylindroma and differential diagnoses to be considered before making a diagnosis. We propose the term ‘mammary tumours with cylindromatous differentiation', implying their uncertain malignant nature, and propose management strategies.
Impact of Volume Guarantee on High-Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation in Preterm Infants: A Randomized Crossover Clinical Trial
Authors: Iscan Burcin , Duman Nuray , Tuzun Funda , Kumral Abdullah , Ozkan Hasan
Published: August 2015

Background: High-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) with volume guarantee (VG) is a new ventilation mode that allows the clinician to set a mean tidal volume to be delivered. Objective: This study aimed to investigate whether HFOV with a VG option may result in constant tidal volume delivery and less fluctuant CO2 levels compared to HFOV alone in premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Methods: Inborn infants at less than 32 weeks of gestation with RDS requiring invasive mechanical ventilation were eligible. Patients were randomized to receive HFOV + VG or HFOV alone as the initial ventilator mode and then crossed over to the other mode. HFOV was performed with ‘optimal lung volume strategy' during both of the periods. Results: Twenty infants were evaluated. The mean high-frequency tidal volume (VThf) and CO2 diffusion coefficient (DCO2) were significantly higher in the HFOV + VG mode than HFOV alone. HFOV + VG maintains VThf within the target range more consistently than HFOV. The incidences of hypocarbia and hypercarbia were lower in HFOV with VG than HFOV alone. Conclusion: This is the first prospective, randomized, short-term crossover clinical study that compared HFOV with and without VG in infants with acute RDS. Because of the lower VThf fluctuation and lower incidences of out-of-target PCO2 levels, HFOV combined with VG seems to be feasible for preterm infants. However, the results should be interpreted with caution due to the small sample size and short-term crossover design of the study.
Reference Ranges for Cerebral Tissue Oxygen Saturation Index in Term Neonates during Immediate Neonatal Transition after Birth
Authors: Baik Nariae , Urlesberger Berndt , Schwaberger Bernhard , Schmölzer Georg M. , Mileder Lukas , Avian Alexander , Pichler Gerhard
Published: August 2015

Background: Non-invasive monitoring of the brain with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during immediate transition after birth is of growing interest. Objective: The aim of this work was to define reference ranges and centile charts for a regional cerebral tissue oxygenation index (cTOI), measured with the NIRO 200NX (NIRO, Hamamatsu, Japan), and cerebral fractional tissue oxygen extraction (cFTOE) during the first 15 min after birth in preterm and term neonates without any medical support. Methods: cTOI was measured with the NIRO 200NX during the first 15 min after delivery via Caesarean section in preterm and term infants. The NIRS-sensor was placed on the right forehead. Peripheral arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) and heart rate were continuously measured by pulse oximetry. cFTOE was calculated out of cTOI and SpO2. Neonates with a requirement for any medical support were excluded. Results: A total of 230 neonates were enrolled, from which 90 had to be excluded. Therefore, 140 term neonates were included and data were used to define reference ranges and centile charts. The 50th centile (10th to 90th centiles) of cTOI was 56% (39-75) at 2 min, 66% (50-78) at 5 min, 75% (62-85) at 10 min and 73% (61-84) at 15 min after birth. The 50th centile of cFTOE was 0.24 (0.11-0.44) at 2 min, 0.20 (0.10-0.35) at 5 min, 0.21 (0.09-0.35) at 10 min and 0.24 (0.13-0.37) at 15 min after birth. Conclusion: The present observational study adds the reference ranges and centile charts of cTOI measured with the NIRO 200NX and cFTOE calculated out of cTOI and SpO2 in neonates during the immediate neonatal transition. Centiles for each instrument will be necessary for future clinical application, since the differences between cTOI and cerebral regional tissue oxygen saturation measured with INVOS 5100C change with increasing regional oxygenation.
Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinase-1 and 2 and Obesity Related Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Is There a Relationship?
Authors: Abdelaziz Rokaya , Elbasel Mohamed , Esmat Serag , Essam Kareem , Abdelaaty Sahar
Published: August 2015

Background/Aims: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a spectrum of clinical conditions, including simple steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The aim of the study is to evaluate the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 and 2 (TIMPs) as noninvasive predictors of NASH. Methods: Three groups were included in the study. Obese patients (n = 30) with normal liver enzymes were included in group I and obese patients (n = 30) with elevated liver enzymes with liver biopsy-based diagnosis of NASH were included in group II. Age-matched subjects (n = 30) formed the control as group III. The lipid profile, liver enzyme levels and levels of TIMPs were compared among all the patients and subjects. Results: Comparison of groups I and II showed significantly elevated levels of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in group II as compared to group I (p < 0.05). Similarly, comparison between groups II and III showed significantly increased levels of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in group II as compared to group III (p < 0.05). TIMP-1 (sensitivity 96.7%, specificity 100%) and TIMP-2 (sensitivity 93.3%, specificity 100%) showed high accuracy in NASH diagnosis. Conclusion: TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 may be considered noninvasive markers for the diagnosis of NASH.
Multiple risk factors and ischaemic stroke in the elderly Asian population with and without atrial fibrillation
Authors: Wang Hao , Tian Yingchun , Guo Yutao , Wang Yutang , Lip Gregory Y. H.
Published: August 2015

Ischaemic stroke risk rises with the increasing cardiovascular risk factors. How atrial fibrillation (AF) incrementally contributes to the risk for ischaemic stroke with increasing age and multiple cardiovascular risk factors is unclear. In an individual patient with AF the mechanism of ischaemic stroke may be related directly to AF itself or to risk factors associated with AF. It was this study’s objective to investigate incident ischaemic stroke in relation to age and increasing cardiovascular risk factor(s), and the incremental impact of AF on stroke rates. We studied a 5 % random sampling from Chinese medical insurance data covering more than 10 million individuals, for the years 2001 to 2012. The rate of ischaemic stroke was calculated amongst the individuals with no prior history of ischaemic stroke, in relation to age groups (aged < 65, 65–74,75 years old; n = 348,431, n = 56,952, n = 20,217, respectively), and increasing risk factors using the CHA2DS2-VASc score. Among the randomly sampled 425,600 individuals with total follow-up of 1,864,232 patient-years [63.8 % male, mean age 60 years; 880 with AF, vs 424,720 non-AF], there were 13,242 (3.1 %) ischaemic strokes after 64,834 person-years follow-up. Overall, ischaemic stroke incidence (per 100 person-years) was 0.35 (95 %CI 0.34–0.35) in the non-AF population and 1.11 (0.84–1.45) with AF. The AF population age < 65 and 65–74 had higher CHA2DS2-VASc scores than the nonAF population (p< 0.001), but this was non-significant between the non-AF and AF population age75 (p=0.086). For the population age75 years, incident stroke rates were 2.07 (0.86–4.76) and 4.29 (4.08–4.51) in non-AF and AF populations, respectively. The non-AF population age65 years with2 additional comorbidities (hyper-tension, vascular disease, diabetic, or heart failure) had ischaemic stroke rates similar to an AF population with CHA2DS2-VASc4. In both non-AF and AF populations, those with CHA2DS2-VASc =1 had a 1.9 fold increase in stroke risk, and those with CHA2DS2-VASc2 had more than four-fold increased risk for stroke, compared with those with CHA2DS2-VASc=0. In conclusion, an increasing cluster of multiple cardiovascular risk factors (besides AF) contributes to a greater risk for ischaemic stroke, especially in the elderly population. If elderly and with multiple risk factors, non-AF patients may have a risk of incident ischaemic stroke that is comparable or even higher than patients with AF, suggesting that the incremental stroke risk attributable to AF is marginal in such ‘high risk’ patients.
Transformative Impact of Proteomics on Cardiovascular Health and Disease
Authors: Lindsey Merry L. , Mayr Manuel , Gomes Aldrin V. , Delles Christian , Arrell D. Kent , Murphy Anne M. , Lange Richard A. , Costello Catherine E. , Jin Yu-Fang , Laskowitz Daniel T. , Sam Flora , Terzic Andre , Van Eyk Jennifer , Srinivas Pothur R.
Published: August 2015

The year 2014 marked the 20th anniversary of the coining of the term
proteomics
. The purpose of this scientific statement is to summarize advances over this period that have catalyzed our capacity to address the experimental, translational, and clinical implications of proteomics as applied to cardiovascular health and disease and to evaluate the current status of the field. Key successes that have energized the field are delineated; opportunities for proteomics to drive basic science research, facilitate clinical translation, and establish diagnostic and therapeutic healthcare algorithms are discussed; and challenges that remain to be solved before proteomic technologies can be readily translated from scientific discoveries to meaningful advances in cardiovascular care are addressed. Proteomics is the result of disruptive technologies, namely, mass spectrometry and database searching, which drove protein analysis from 1 protein at a time to protein mixture analyses that enable large-scale analysis of proteins and facilitate paradigm shifts in biological concepts that address important clinical questions. Over the past 20 years, the field of proteomics has matured, yet it is still developing rapidly. The scope of this statement will extend beyond the reaches of a typical review article and offer guidance on the use of next-generation proteomics for future scientific discovery in the basic research laboratory and clinical settings.
Victory in War and Defeat in Peace: Politics and Economics of Post-Conflict Sri Lanka
Authors: Athukorala Prema-chandra , Jayasuriya Sisira
Published: August 2015

This paper examines causes and implications of Sri Lanka's political regime shift in February 2015, which has been widely hailed a victory for democracy, against the backdrop of the country's political and economic development in the post-independence era. The regime shift vividly demonstrates that voters, given the chance, turn against leaders they perceive to be corrupt, nepotistic, or needlessly divisive, even if they deliver handsome growth figures; there are limits to gaining political legitimacy in a multi-ethnic state simply by creating cleavages between majority and minority communities. For the first time, the minority communities in Sri Lanka appear to have felt themselves part of, and potentially an important influence on, the national political scene. It is, however, difficult at this stage to predict whether the regime change would usher in an era of ethnic harmony and robust economic growth. One hope is that war-weariness and discontent with the previous regime seem to have led to a greater willingness to accommodate diverse perspectives and demands within the political system.
Do We Need More Public Investment in Higher Education? Estimating the External Returns to Higher Education in China
Authors: Fan Wen , Ma Yuanyuan , Wang Liming
Published: August 2015

Despite its significance in policymaking and theory, empirical work on external returns to education has not been fruitful, and most studies focus on developed countries. This paper discusses external returns to education in China, an important developing economy. Using longitudinal data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey, we estimate a fixed-effects instrumental variables model and find positive returns of about 10 to 14 percent. Negligible returns are found for urban, female, and highly educated workers, and returns are positive and statistically significant for rural, male, and poorly educated workers. This suggests that China should increase public investment in education and target rural areas and poorly educated workers. Gender differences in the external returns to education may also imply that China should make more efforts to enhance the capacity of “networking” and competitiveness for women.
Shifting between Religious and Economic Leadership
Authors: Serruys Michael-W.
Published: August 2015

This article looks how eighteenth century rulers shift back and forth between ecclesiastical and worldly leadership to obtain their goals. The setting is the small ecclesiastical and abbatial Principality of Stavelot-Malmédy during the election of its prince-abbot in 1787. This principality became increasingly entangled in the geopolitical-ecclesiastical rivalries between the Austrian Netherlands and the Prince-bishopric of Liège. Although this election has been studied before, little attention was given to the way leadership was influenced and how it reacted to these ecclesiastic and economic constraints. The archival sources can be found in the Archives générales du Royaume in Brussels (Conseil des Finances), Archives de l’état à Liège (États du Pays de Liège et du Comté de Looz, Abbaye de Stavelot-Malmédy, Principauté de Stavelot-Malmédy) and the Österreichisches Staatsarchiv in Vienna (Haus-, Hof- und Staatsarchiv).
“Square Like a Bubble”
Authors: Losensky Paul E.
Published: August 2015

The career of the poet Kalim Kāshāni (d. 1061/1651) exemplifies two significant developments in the social and cultural life of the Persianate world of the seventeenth century. First is the oft-noted mobility of poets, scholars, and administrators between Safavid Iran and Mughal India. Second is the revival of the verbal description of architecture (ekphrasis) as a major mode of panegyric poetry. As the ruling elite invested heavily in constructing palaces and cities as a projection of their imperial power, poets increasingly integrated these projects into their celebrations of their patrons. Taking advantage of both of these trends, Kalim rose from being a minor regional poet to the highest rank in the cultural establishment of the court of Shāh Jahān. Close readings of two of Kalim’s architectural inscriptions, from the beginning and end of his career, reveal two different approaches to the verbal representation of architecture and to the expression of political power.