bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘I will return as millions?’
Authors: Levingston Oliver
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to present reflections on the contradictions between structure and agency in theories of the Bolivian Revolution, 2000-2005. Most studies into the trajectory and outcomes of the revolutionary period in Bolivia between 2000 and 2005 tend to emphasise on the primary role of structural factors or social movements in shifting the terrain of political debate. This paper argues this represents a false dichotomy and discounts the value of this debate. In doing so, it seeks to highlight the need for research that focuses on the role of institutional variables that mediate between structure and agency.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper uses theories of the Bolivian Revolution, which occurred between 2000 and 2005, to highlight the way theory shapes – and is shaped by – the political organisations that espouse it. This constructivist thesis is applied to conceptions of neoliberalism and Katarismo, an ideology of indigenous liberation, based in Andean-Aymara history. The intellectual and political projects of each approach are demarcated. Theories that privilege either the intellectual project or political project in their narrative of the Bolivian Revolution are then queried.

Findings

– As a consequence of this analysis, the paper concludes by emphasizing the need for political organisation and theory to be considered dialectically along the lines of Gogol (2012). It argues that further research into institutions is required to appreciate why some post-neoliberal projects flourish while others fragment.

Originality/value

– The paper proposes a modified understanding of the interplay between structure and agency in conceptions of the Bolivian Revolution (2000-2005) and suggests an original approach to resolving the underlying questions that motivate these debates.
Insights about the profession: questionable norms and the marginalization of practice
Authors: Murphy Joseph
Published: October 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this article is to discuss concerns about dominant university norms and values and their appropriateness in higher education in the 21st century. It also explains how universities marginalize practice through their practices and values.

Design/methodology/approach

– This article employs the tools of the essayist and historian, primarily reflective inquiry and historical analysis.

Findings

– The primary value of this essay is to point to a new direction for academic departments of school leadership and to place academic units primarily in the service of practice not the academic disciplines. Many of the unquestioned core values and ways of operating in universities require serious review.

Originality/value

– The article contributes in a fresh way critique about values and norms in universities.
Weighing up the commitment: A grounded theory of the transition from occupational therapy clinician to academic
Authors: Murray Carolyn , Stanley Mandy , Wright Shelley
Published: October 2014

Background/aim

Growth in the number of occupational therapy programmes in Australia has resulted in a critical shortage of academics. When experienced clinicians are recruited into academia, they may find the transition process difficult. The study aimed to explore clinicians’ perspectives of what happens when they transition into academia.

Method

A constructivist grounded theory approach was used in this qualitative research project. Recruitment was conducted using purposive and theoretical sampling from occupational therapy programmes in Australia. Interview transcripts were analysed using constant comparative method through a process of open, axial, selective and theoretical coding.

Results

Sixteen participants engaged in semi‐structured in‐depth interviews. The theory of transition into academia included a process of ‘weighing up the commitment’ to academia and the core category of ‘a good fit for me’. The transition was characterised by the taxing nature of the work, the need to learn multiple aspects of a new role, the different values and beliefs in an academic environment and the amount of time it took to achieve success. Participants underwent a shift in identity to adjust to the academic environment and eventually reached a point where they were able to judge if academia suited them.

Conclusion

Australian universities have long‐standing cultural practices which differ considerably from clinical settings. Transitioning from a clinical to an academic occupational therapy role requires complex adjustments to values, beliefs and identity. The process involved consideration by the new academics of their ‘fit’ for academia, and how committed they were to stay.
A multi‐site randomised controlled trial of evidence‐based supported employment for adults with severe and persistent mental illness
Authors: Waghorn Geoffrey , Dias Shannon , Gladman Beverley , Harris Meredith , Saha Sukanta
Published: October 2014

Background/aim

The Individual Placement and Support (IPS) approach is an evidence‐based form of supported employment for people with severe and persistent mental illness. This approach is not yet widely available in Australia even though there is mounting evidence of its generalisability outside the USA. One previous Australian randomised controlled trial found that IPS is effective for young people with first episode psychosis. The aim of the current trial was to assess the effectiveness of evidence‐based supported employment when implemented for Australian adult consumers of public mental health services by utilising existing service systems.

Methods

A four‐site randomised control trial design (n = 208) was conducted in Brisbane (two sites), Townsville and Cairns. The intervention consisted of an IPS supported employment service hosted by a community mental health team. The control condition was delivered at each site by mental health teams referring consumers to other disability employment services in the local area.

Results

At 12 months, those in the IPS condition had 2.4 times greater odds of commencing employment than those in the control condition (42.5% vs. 23.5%). The conditions did not differ on secondary employment outcomes including job duration, hours worked, or job diversity. Attrition was higher than expected in both conditions with 28.4% completing the baseline interview but taking no further part in the study.

Conclusion

The results support previous international findings that IPS‐supported employment is more effective than non‐integrated supported employment. IPS can be successfully implemented this way in Australia, but with a loss of effect strength compared to previous USA trials.
Development and validation of the activity significance personal evaluation (ASPEn) scale
Authors: Mallinson Trudy , Schepens Niemiec Stacey L. , Carlson Mike , Leland Natalie , Vigen Cheryl , Blanchard Jeanine , Clark Florence
Published: October 2014

Background/aim

Engagement in desired occupations can promote health and wellbeing in older adults. Assessments of engagement often measure frequency, amount or importance of specific activities. This study aimed to develop a scale to measure older adults’ evaluation of the extent to which their everyday activities are contributing to their health and wellness.

Methods

Eighteen items, each scored with a seven‐point rating scale, were initially developed by content experts, covering perceptions of how daily activities contribute to physical and mental health, as well as satisfaction and activity participation in the last six months. Rasch analysis methods were used to refine the scale using the pencil and paper responses of 460 community‐living older adults.

Results

Initial Rasch analysis indicated three unlabelled rating scale categories were seldom used, reducing measurement precision. Five items were conceptually different by misfit statistics and principal component analysis. Subsequently, those items were removed and the number of rating scale steps reduced to 4. The remaining 13‐item, 4‐step scale, termed the Activity Significance Personal Evaluation (ASPEn), formed a unidimensional hierarchy with good fit statistics and targeting. Person separation reliability (2.7) and internal consistency (.91) indicated the tool is appropriate for individual person measurement. Relative validity indicated equivalence between Rasch measures and total raw scores.

Conclusions

ASPEn is a brief, easily administered assessment of older adults’ perception of the contribution of everyday activities to personal health and wellness. ASPEn may facilitate occupational therapy practice by enabling clinicians to assess change in meaning of an older adult's activity over time.
Isotretinoin‐induced arthritis mimicking both rheumatoid arthritis and axial spondyloarthritis
Authors: Yilmaz Tasdelen Ozlem , Yurdakul Fatma Gul , Duran Semra , Bodur Hatice
Published: October 2014

Isotretinoin is used for the treatment of various acne lesions that are resistant to other treatments. The most frequent rheumatologic side effect of isotretinoin is transient muscle and/or joint pains. Here, we report a case with bilateral wrist and metacarpophalangeal joint arthritis and unilateral sacroiliitis associated with isotretinoin usage to attract attention, particularly from physiatrists, rheumatologists and dermatologists, to this rare adverse effect of isotretinoin.
The EU's Future Role on the Global Stage
Authors: Ruser Alexander , Anheier Helmut K.
Published: October 2014

What role will the EU play on the global stage? The struggle of some of its members in the current economic crisis, its apparent inability to punch its political weight in international negotiations (e.g. the climate summit in Warsaw in 2013) or play a dominant part in international crisis management (the Arab Spring, Syria) cast doubt on the capabilities of the EU as a global player. In order to regain its strength, the EU has to deal with pressing economic and political questions. It has to provide a credible and feasible road map for economic recovery and social cohesion. At the same time, it has to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of European governance without risking its legitimacy. To preserve its actor capacity, the EU must make sure that the (presently unequally distributed) growth potential stemming from research and development serves the economic recovery of the union as a whole. At the same time, successful efforts to make European governance more efficient must be accompanied by additional safeguard measure to ensure its legitimacy.
Cost‐effectiveness of rapid hepatitisCvirus (HCV) testing and simultaneous rapidHCVandHIVtesting in substance abuse treatment programs
Authors: Schackman Bruce R. , Leff Jared A. , Barter Devra M. , DiLorenzo Madeline A. , Feaster Daniel J. , Metsch Lisa R. , Freedberg Kenneth A. , Linas Benjamin P.
Published: October 2014

Aims

To evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of rapid hepatitisCvirus (HCV) and simultaneousHCV/HIVantibody testing in substance abuse treatment programs.

Design

We used a decision analytic model to compare the cost‐effectiveness of noHCVtesting referral or offer, off‐siteHCVtesting referral, on‐site rapidHCVtesting offer and on‐site rapidHCVandHIVtesting offer. Base case inputs included 11% undetected chronicHCV, 0.4% undetectedHIV, 35%HCVco‐infection amongHIV‐infected, 53% linked toHCVcare after testing antibody‐positive and 67% linked toHIVcare. Disease outcomes were estimated from established computer simulation models ofHCV[HepatitisCCost‐Effectiveness (HEP‐CE)] andHIV[Cost‐Effectiveness of PreventingAIDSComplications (CEPAC)].

Setting and participants

Data on test acceptance and costs were from a national randomized trial ofHIVtesting strategies conducted at 12 substance abuse treatment programs in theUnitedStates.

Measurements

Lifetime costs (2011US$) and quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) discounted at 3% annually; incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios (ICERs).

Findings

On‐site rapidHCVtesting had anICERof $18 300/QALYcompared with no testing, and was more efficient than (dominated) off‐siteHCVtesting referral. On‐site rapidHCVandHIVtesting had anICERof $64 500/QALYcompared with on‐site rapidHCVtesting alone. In one‐ and two‐way sensitivity analyses, theICERof on‐site rapidHCVandHIVtesting remained <$100 000/QALY, except when undetectedHIVprevalence was <0.1% or when we assumed frequentHIVtesting elsewhere. TheICERremained <$100 000/QALYin 91% of probabilistic sensitivity analyses.

Conclusions

On‐site rapid hepatitisCvirus andHIVtesting in substance abuse treatment programs is cost‐effective at a <$100 000/quality‐adjusted life year threshold.
Bottom‐up processes in a declining yellow‐footed rock‐wallaby (Petrogale xanthopus celeris) population
Authors: Sharp Andy , McCallum Hamish
Published: October 2014

Populations of large herbivores are generally considered to be food limited, escaping the regulatory effects of predation through their large body size, migratory behaviour and/or the occurrence of alternate prey species. In the Australian arid and semi‐arid zones, the availability of forage biomass is considered to be the primary driver of fluctuations in kangaroo abundance. However, little is known about the population dynamics of the smaller sympatric macropods. We examined the demographic traits of a large colony of yellow‐footed rock‐wallabies (Petrogale xanthopus celeris), following a 2‐year period of above average rainfall. The population was located within a conservation reserve that was subject to a predator control program around its perimeter and on neighbouring properties. The low predator abundance provided an opportunity to gauge the strength of bottom‐up population processes. During the two years of the study, the population declined in size by 53%, resulting from both the virtual absence of juvenile recruitment and the loss of adult wallabies. Although reproductive output was high, low pouch young and juvenile survival rates resulted in few individuals progressing into the adult population. With minimal recruitment, the rate of population decline (r = 0.77) matched the observed adult survival rate (Φ = 0.76). Despite average rainfall conditions during the study, survival rates across all age‐classes were equivalent to those reported for other rock‐wallaby populations during periods of scarcity. The reduced survival rates were attributed to low levels of forage resources, particularly around the wallabies' refuge sites, suggesting the bottom‐up regulation of the colony at high densities. The data suggest that the colony was at temporarily high abundance, following a rainfall driven pulse of recruitment. Conservation management actions for this species should focus on increasing juvenile survival rates within declining populations, through the control of feral goats (Capra hircus), rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes).
Transcriptomic Profiling of Human Choriodecidua During Term Labor: Inflammation as a Key Driver of Labor
Authors: Stephen Gillian L. , Lui Sylvia , Hamilton Sarah A. , Tower Clare L. , Harris Lynda K. , Stevens Adam , Jones Rebecca L.
Published: October 2014

Problem

Inflammation is a driver of labor in myometrium and cervix; however, the involvement of decidua is poorly defined. We have reported decidual leukocyte infiltration prior to and during labor; the regulators of these inflammatory processes are unknown.

Method of study

Choriodecidua RNA obtained after term labor or elective cesarean delivery was applied to Affymetrix GeneChips. Pathway analysis and gene validation were performed.

Results

Extensive inflammatory activation was identified in choriodecidua following labor, predominantly upregulation of genes regulating leukocyte trafficking and cytokine signalling. Genes governing cell fate, tissue remodelling, and translation were also altered. Upregulation of candidate genes (ICAM1, CXCR4, CD44, TLR4, SOCS3, BCL2A, and IDO) was confirmed. NFκB, STAT1&3, HMGB1, and miRNA‐21, miRNA‐46, miRNA‐141, and miRNA‐200 were predicted upstream regulators.

Conclusion

This study confirms inflammatory processes are major players in labor events in choriodecidua, as in other gestational tissues. Suppressing uterine inflammation is likely to be critical for arresting premature labor.
Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and cladribine synergistically induce apoptosis in NK‐LGL leukaemia
Authors: Sun Xiaoshen , Hasanali Zainul S. , Chen Allshine , Zhang Dianzheng , Liu Xin , Wang Hong‐Gang , Feith David J. , Loughran Thomas P. , Xu Kailin
Published: October 2014

Natural killer (NK) large granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukaemia features a clonal proliferation of CD3− NK cells that can be classified into either aggressive or chronic categories. The NKL cell line, derived from an aggressive Asian NK cell leukaemia, and patient samples from chronic NK‐LGL leukaemia were used in our study to probe for synergistic efficacy of the epigenetic drugs vorinostat (SAHA) and cladribine in this disease. We demonstrate that histone deacetylases (HDACs) are over‐expressed in both aggressive and chronic NK leukaemia. Administration of the HDAC inhibitor SAHA reduces class I and II HDAC expression and enhances histone acetylation in leukaemic NK cells. In vitro combination treatment with SAHA and cladribine dose‐dependently exerts synergistic cytotoxic and apoptotic effects on leukaemic NK cells. Expression profiling of apoptotic regulatory genes suggests that both compounds led to caspase‐dependent apoptosis through activation of intrinsic mitochondrial and extrinsic death receptor pathways. Collectively, these data show that combined epigenetic therapy, using HDAC and DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, may be a promising therapeutic approach for NK‐LGL leukaemia.
Low frequency of anti‐D alloimmunization following D+ platelet transfusion: the Anti‐D Alloimmunization after D‐incompatible Platelet Transfusions (ADAPT) study
Authors: Cid Joan , Lozano Miguel , Ziman Alyssa , West Kamille A. , O'Brien Kerry L. , Murphy Michael F. , Wendel Silvano , Vázquez Alejandro , Ortín Xavier , Hervig Tor A. , Delaney Meghan , Flegel Willy A. , Yazer Mark H. ,   the Biomedical Excellence for Safer Transfusion collaborative
Published: October 2014

The reported frequency of D alloimmunization in D− recipients after transfusion of D+ platelets varies. This study was designed to determine the frequency of D alloimmunization, previously reported to be an average of 5 ± 2%. A primary anti‐D immune response was defined as the detection of anti‐D ≥ 28 d following the first D+ platelet transfusion. Data were collected on 485 D− recipients of D+ platelets in 11 centres between 2010 and 2012. Their median age was 60 (range 2–100) years. Diagnoses included: haematological (203/485, 42%), oncological (64/485, 13%) and other diseases (218/485, 45%). Only 7/485 (1·44%; 95% CI 0·58–2·97%) recipients had a primary anti‐D response after a median serological follow‐up of 77 d (range: 28–2111). There were no statistically significant differences between the primary anti‐D formers and the other patients, in terms of gender, age, receipt of immunosuppressive therapy, proportion of patients with haematological/oncological diseases, transfusion of whole blood‐derived or apheresis platelets or both, and total number of transfused platelet products. This is the largest study with the longest follow‐up of D alloimmunization following D+ platelet transfusion. The low frequency of D alloimmunization should be considered when deciding whether to administer Rh Immune Globulin to D− males and D− females without childbearing potential after transfusion of D+ platelets.
Design, Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Novel NO‐Releasing Benzimidazole Hybrids as Potential Antihypertensive Candidate
Authors: Zhang Yanchun , Xu Jinyi , Li Yunman , Yao Hequan , Wu Xiaoming
Published: October 2014

Two series of novel NO‐releasing benzimidazole derivatives (8a–e, 9a–g) were designed and synthesized by coupling nitro ester and furoxan NO‐donor moieties with benzimidazole biphenyl skeleton. The NO‐releasing assay indicated that all the target compounds had different level of NO‐releasing ability. Furthermore, the isolated organ assay (rat aortic strips) was used to evaluate the antagonism of Ang II‐induced vasoconstriction ability. It was observed that the pA2 values of compounds 8e and 9e were better than that of lead compound 6. Moreover, the pharmacological investigation showed that the antagonism of Ang II‐induced pressure response by oral administration of compound 8e was obviously superior to that of lead compound 6, and comparable to that of the positive control losartan. These results suggested that NO‐releasing hybrids may provide a promising approach for the discovery of novel antihypertensive agents.
Why Does Infant Stepping Disappear and Can It Be Stimulated by Optic Flow?
Authors: Barbu‐Roth Marianne , Anderson David I. , Streeter Ryan J. , Combrouze Marie , Park Juana , Schultz Brooke , Campos Joseph J. , Goffinet François , Provasi Joëlle
Published: October 2014

Two independent experiments (n = 22 and n = 22) showed that 2‐month‐old infants displayed significantly more stepping movements when supported upright in the air than when supported with their feet contacting a surface. Air‐ and surface‐stepping kinematics were quite similar (Experiment 2). In addition, when data were collapsed across both experiments, more air steps and more donkey kicks were seen when infants were exposed to optic flows that specified backward compared to forward translation. The findings challenge the currently accepted heavy legs explanation for the disappearance of stepping at 2 months of age and raise new questions about the visual control of stepping.
Increased arterial stiffness in young normotensive patients with Turner syndrome: associations with vascular biomarkers
Authors: Uçar Ahmet , Öz Fahrettin , Baş Firdevs , Oflaz Hüseyin , Nişli Kemal , Tuğrul Melike , Yetim Aylin , Darendeliler Feyza , Saka Nurçin , Poyrazoğlu Şükran , Bundak Rüveyde
Published: October 2014

Objectives

Factors contributing to arteriopathy in patients with Turner syndrome (TS) remain unclear. We assessed arterial stiffness in young, normotensive patients with TS and correlated arterial stiffness with vascular biomarkers, GH treatment and oestrogen exposure. Sixty‐one patients with TS (mean age, 12·6 years; range 6·6–21·3 years) were matched for age and sex with 61 healthy peers. Associations between arterial stiffness and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP), B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP), atrial NP (ANP), plasma aldosterone/plasma renin activity (PRA), IGF1 and IGFBP3 were examined after adjusting for well‐established confounders of vascular disease.

Results

Carotid intima media thickness standard deviation score (SDS), arterial stiffness index SDS and incremental modulus of elasticity SDS were higher, and distensibility coefficient SDS was lower in patients with TS. The duration of GH treatment and oestrogen exposure was not associated with indices of arterial stiffness. TS patients had higher hsCRP, BNP and ANP. Plasma aldosterone/PRA, IGF1 and IGFBP3 were similar in patients and controls. Multivariable regression analyses (R2 = 0·200–0·668, P < 0·01) showed that BNP was associated with all indices of arterial stiffness. We found that hsCRP was associated with distensibility coefficient SDS (β = −0·16, P < 0·01). TS was independently associated with increased arterial stiffness (β = 0·420–3·424, P < 0·001 for all, R2 = 0·06–0·31).

Conclusions

Young, normotensive TS patients had increased arterial stiffness than that of healthy peers. BNP, and possibly hsCRP, was independently associated with arterial stiffness in TS. Further research will determine any causal inference of these relationships.
Cutaneous gamma‐delta T‐cell lymphoma with central nervous system involvement: report of a rarity with review of literature
Authors: Harrington Lacey , Sokol Lubomir , Holdener Stephanie , Shao Haipeng , Zhang Ling
Published: October 2014

Primary cutaneous gamma‐delta (γδ) T‐cell lymphoma is an extremely rare and aggressive variant of cutaneous lymphoma. Central nervous system (CNS) involvement, a rare finding, and hemophagocytic syndrome are two complications that are commonly fatal. We describe a 58‐year‐old patient presenting with skin plaque who subsequently developed subcutaneous nodules diagnosed as cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL), clinically resembling ‘mycosis fungoides’. The patient was treated with repeat topical radiation therapies but had frequent relapsed disease. Approximately 4.5 years after, the patient presented with third and sixth cranial nerve palsies and was found to have CNS involvement by lymphoma per positron emission tomography—computed tomography (PET/CT) and a biopsy of foramen magnum. Phenotypically, the tumor cells were CD3(+)/CD4(−)/CD8(−)/CD7(+)/CD5(−)/CD30(−)/TCRαβ(−)/TCRγδ(+). Despite aggressive strategies taken, the patient expired 3 months after the diagnosis of the CNS lesion. A retrospective investigation proved the original CTCL to be γδ T‐cell in origin, confirming an indolent cutaneous γδ T‐cell lymphoma with eventual CNS manifestation. We present this case to draw attention to the entity, which can occasionally present with misleading histopathologic and clinical features. In addition, we provide a review of the literature to summarize clinical and pathologic features of the reported similar cases.
Complementary and dynamic type II cadherin expression associated with development of the primate visual system
Authors: Matsunaga Eiji , Nambu Sanae , Oka Mariko , Iriki Atsushi
Published: October 2014

The middle temporal visual area (MT, also known as V5) is a visual association area that is particularly evolved in the primate brain. The MT receives input from the primary visual area (V1), constitutes part of the dorsal visual pathway, and plays an essential role in processing motion. Connections between the MT and V1 in the primate brain are formed after birth, and are related to the maturation of visual system. However, it remains to be determined what molecular mechanisms control the formation and maturation of the visual system. Cadherins are transmembrane proteins, originally isolated as cell adhesion molecules, which have multiple roles in synapse formation and function. To investigate potential involvement of cadherins in development of the primate visual system, we examined type II cadherin expression (cadherin‐6, ‐8, ‐12) in cortical and thalamic visual areas of pre‐ and postnatal brains of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). In the prenatal brain, cadherin‐6 was dominantly expressed in the pulvino‐MT pathway whereas cadherin‐8 was dominant in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)‐V1 pathway. During postnatal development, there was a downregulation of cadherin‐6 and upregulation of cadherin‐8 expression in the MT. The timing of this cadherin exchange preceded the development of V1‐MT connections. Our results suggest the possibility that changes in cadherin expression are involved in the development of the primate visual system, and that a switch in cadherin expression may be a general mechanism to control neural plasticity of highly cognitive abilities.
Nkx2.5 is involved in myeloid cell differentiation at anterior ventral blood islands in the Xenopus embryo
Authors: Sakata Hiroyuki , Maéno Mitsugu
Published: October 2014

We have shown previously that two populations of myeloid cells emerge in the anterior and posterior ventral blood islands (aVBI and pVBI) at the different stages in Xenopus laevis embryo. In order to elucidate the regulatory mechanism of myeloid cell differentiation in the aVBI, we examined the role of Nkx2.5, an essential transcription factor for heart differentiation, in regulation of the myeloid cell differentiation in this region. Knockdown of endogenous Nkx2.5 by introducing MO into the dorsal marginal zone (DMZ) suppressed the expression of MHCα as well as that of mpo and spib in the resultant embryos and in DMZ explants made from the injected embryos. Expression of c/ebpα was less affected in the embryos injected with Nkx2.5 MO. The effect of Nkx2.5 MO in myeloid cell differentiation was recovered by coinjection of nkx2.5 or c/ebpα mRNA, indicating that Nkx2.5 functions at the same or the upper level of C/EBPα for the specification of myeloid cells. An attempt to identify transcription factors for myeloid cell differentiation in ventral marginal zone (VMZ) explants demonstrated that coinjection of two transcription factors out of three factors, namely C/EBPα, Nkx2.5 and GATA4, was sufficient to induce a certain amount of mpo expression. We suggest that C/EBPα is an unequivocal factor for myeloid cell differentiation in the aVBI and that Nkx2.5 and GATA4 cooperate with C/EBPα for promotion of myeloid cell differentiation.
Inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α suppresses neuroprotective endogenous erythropoietin from astrocytes mediated by hypoxia‐inducible factor‐2α
Authors: Nagaya Yoshiaki , Aoyama Mineyoshi , Tamura Tetsuya , Kakita Hiroki , Kato Shin , Hida Hideki , Saitoh Shinji , Asai Kiyofumi
Published: October 2014

Interest in erythropoietin (EPO) as a neuroprotective mediator has grown since it was found that systemically administered EPO is protective in several animal models of disease. However, given that the blood–brain barrier limits EPO entry into the brain, alternative approaches that induce endogenous EPO production in the brain may be more effective clinically and associated with fewer untoward side‐effects. Astrocytes are the main source of EPO in the central nervous system. In the present study we investigated the effect of the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) on hypoxia‐induced upregulation of EPO in rat brain. Hypoxia significantly increased EPO mRNA expression in the brain and kidney, and this increase was suppressed by TNFα in vivo. In cultured astrocytes exposed to hypoxic conditions for 6 and 12 h, TNFα suppressed the hypoxia‐induced increase in EPO mRNA expression in a concentration‐dependent manner. TNFα inhibition of hypoxia‐induced EPO expression was mediated primarily by hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF)‐2α rather than HIF‐1α. The effects of TNFα in reducing hypoxia‐induced upregulation of EPO mRNA expression probably involve destabilization of HIF‐2α, which is regulated by the nuclear factor (NF)‐κB signaling pathway. TNFα treatment attenuated the protective effects of astrocytes on neurons under hypoxic conditions via EPO signaling. The effective blockade of TNFα signaling may contribute to the maintenance of the neuroprotective effects of EPO even under hypoxic conditions with an inflammatory response.
Reflecting Romanness in the Fredegar Chronicle
Authors: Fischer Andreas
Published: October 2014

With its wide geographical and chronological horizons, the so‐called Fredegar Chronicle from the seventh century covers the Roman past and revives elements of the cultural heritage of Rome. This paper addresses the issue of ‘Romanness after Rome’ by analysing two elements of Roman culture important in the text: the architectural remnants of the empire and the tales that relate to a classical Roman tradition. It looks at the prerequisites and the contexts according to which Fredegar adapted Romanness in his chronicle.
All roads lead to Rome? Frechulf of Lisieux, Augustine and Orosius
Authors: Ward Graeme
Published: October 2014

This article considers the influence exerted by Augustine's City of God and Orosius's Histories against the Pagans on the Carolingian historian, Frechulf of Lisieux. In particular, it explores how these two explicitly Roman texts were read and understood in the ninth century, and how they in turn shaped the place of Rome and its empire within Frechulf's narrative. In the first half of this article, I shall take into account modern discussions of Augustine and Orosius, which themselves have shaped scholarship on Frechulf. The second half of the article stresses that for Frechulf, Augustine and Orosius offered complementary, not contradictory perspectives on Christian history and Rome's part in it.
An Appeal for Autonomy, Access, and Accountability in Family Court Reform Efforts
Authors: Davis Gabrielle , Ver Steegh Nancy , Frederick Loretta
Published: October 2014

An array of dispute resolution alternatives should be available to families who elect to use them. We suggest a system where parties maintain unhindered access to traditional courts but are able to knowingly and voluntarily opt into dispute resolution processes that are delivered in a fair, affordable, and accountable manner. We support provision of community‐based and private‐sector services to the extent that court funding and access is not diminished.

Key Points for the Family Court Community

Choices about participation in dispute resolution processes should be party driven.

Parties should receive complete and accurate information about available dispute resolution processes and have access to confidential legal advice.

Dispute resolution processes should be fair, affordable, competently provided, and accountable.

Parties should have open access to traditional court processes.
Insuring That Good Deeds Go Unpunished: Instituting State‐Provided Malpractice Protection for Pro Bono Family Lawyers
Authors: Prisco Julianne
Published: October 2014

In the face of an economic downturn, more litigants are attempting to handle family law actions without representation and the consequences could be disastrous for them. Although some legal aid is available, more pro bono services are needed, and many family lawyers who would otherwise volunteer do not do so because they fear becoming defendants in a legal malpractice suit. Most prospective volunteers do not have the right malpractice insurance and are not covered by current state or federal law. This Note proposes that all states recognize the increasing malpractice exposure risk for family lawyers and incentivize them to volunteer by implementing statewide programs that provide free malpractice insurance for volunteer family lawyers modeled after existing programs in Missouri and Texas. Such programs would recognize that volunteer attorneys are doing a good deed, but also protect every client's right to adequate legal representation, by preserving their right to sue for malpractice.

Key Points for the Family Court Community

More litigants in family court actions are deciding to represent themselves due to their inability to pay market rates for legal services.

Although some legal aid is available, more pro bono services are needed.

Many family lawyers do not volunteer due to fear of being sued for malpractice.

A state‐implemented malpractice insurance plan for volunteer family lawyers would be a low‐cost program that would minimize attorney fears, create incentives to volunteer, and serve as an effective solution to the increasing rate of self‐represented litigants in family court actions.
Stereospecific mechanism of DJ‐1 glyoxalases inferred from their hemithioacetal‐containing crystal structures
Authors: Choi Dongwook , Kim Jihong , Ha Sura , Kwon Kyu , Kim Eun‐Hee , Lee Hee‐Yoon , Ryu Kyoung‐Seok , Park Chankyu
Published: October 2014

DJ‐1 family proteins have recently been characterized as novel glyoxalases, although their cofactor‐free catalytic mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we obtained crystals of Arabidopsis thaliana DJ‐1d (atDJ‐1d) and Homo sapiens DJ‐1 (hDJ‐1) covalently bound to glyoxylate, an analog of methylglyoxal, forming a hemithioacetal that presumably mimics an intermediate structure in catalysis of methylglyoxal to lactate. The deuteration level of lactate supported the proton transfer mechanism in the enzyme reaction. Differences in the enantiomeric specificity of d/l‐lactacte formation observed for the DJ‐1 superfamily proteins are explained by the presence of a His residue in the active site with essential Cys and Glu residues. The model for the stereospecificity was further evaluated by a molecular modeling simulation with methylglyoxal hemithioacetal superimposed on the glyoxylate hemithioacetal. The mechanism of DJ‐1 glyoxalase provides a basis for understanding the His residue‐based stereospecificity.

Database

Structural data have been submitted to the Protein Data Bank under accession numbers 4OFW (structure of atDJ‐1d), 4OGF (structure of hDJ‐1 with glyoxylate) and 4OGG (structure of atDJ‐1d with glyoxylate).
Competing uses of biomass for energy and chemicals: implications for long‐term global CO2 mitigation potential
Authors: Daioglou Vassilis , Wicke Birka , Faaij Andre P. C. , van Vuuren Detlef P.
Published: October 2014

Biomass is considered a low carbon source for various energy or chemical options. This paper assesses it's different possible uses, the competition between these uses, and the implications for long‐term global energy demand and energy system emissions. A scenario analysis is performed using the TIMER energy system model. Under baseline conditions, 170 EJ yr−1 of secondary bioenergy is consumed in 2100 (approximately 18% of total secondary energy demand), used primarily in the transport, buildings and nonenergy (chemical production) sectors. This leads to a reduction of 9% of CO2 emissions compared to a counterfactual scenario where no bioenergy is used. Bioenergy can contribute up to 40% reduction in emissions at carbon taxes greater than 500/tC. As higher CO2 taxes are applied, bioenergy is increasingly diverted towards electricity generation. Results are more sensitive to assumptions about resource availability than technological parameters. To estimate the effectiveness of bioenergy in specific sectors, experiments are performed in which bioenergy is only allowed in one sector at a time. The results show that cross‐sectoral leakage and emissions from biomass conversion limit the total emission reduction possible in each sector. In terms of reducing emissions per unit of bioenergy use, we show that the use of bioelectricity is the most effective, especially when used with carbon capture and storage. However, this technology only penetrates at a high carbon price (>100/tC) and competition with transport fuels may limit its adoption.
Processing‐Property Relationships in Electrospun Janus‐Type Biphasic Ceramic Nanofibers
Authors: Starr Justin D. , Budi Maeve A.K. , Andrew Jennifer S.
Published: October 2014

Electrospinning provides a promising route to quickly produce high‐purity ceramic fibers from readily available sol–gel precursors. Recently, techniques have been developed to enable the production of biphasic nanocomposites on a single fiber, enabling the development of novel composites with connectivities that are difficult to obtain using existing methods. These “composites on a fiber” can be used as a unique anisotropic building block for creating more complex ordered structures. This work examines links between processing, structure, and properties for Janus‐type composite nanofibers for the magnetoelectric BaTiO3–CoFe2O4 system. Specifically, we show how altering the viscosity and conductivity of precursor solutions can provide a unique route to synthesize biphasic composites of a range of sizes and compositions. Furthermore, we show how altering these properties can impact the magnetic and magnetoelectric behavior of these fibers. While this work focuses specifically on the BaTiO3‐CoFe2O4 system, lessons learned can be applied to electrospinning biphasic ceramic materials from a variety of material systems and applications.
p‐Type Optoelectronic and Transparent Conducting Oxide Properties of Delafossite CuAl1/2Fe1/2O2
Authors: Ruttanapun Chesta , Jindajitawat Phumin , Buranasiri Prathan , Harnwunggmoung Adul , Charoenphakdee Anek , Amornkitbamrung Vittaya
Published: October 2014

CuAl1/2Fe1/2O2 delafossite was prepared using a solid‐state reaction method to investigate its optical and electronic transport properties. CuAl1/2Fe1/2O2 formed a hexagonal delafossite structure with an Rm space group. The positive Seebeck coefficient and the direct optical gap of 3.6 eV confirmed that the CuAl1/2Fe1/2O2 delafossite in a p‐type transparent conducting oxide. The fluorescence emission at 390 nm (green emission) confirmed that CuAl1/2Fe1/2O2 has a direct transition band gap. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated a weight loss of 1.2%, caused by the intercalation of O atoms, which produced hole carriers from the different ionic radii at the B sites. The electric conductivity at room temperature was thermally activated, as predicted by the small‐polaron hopping mechanism, with an activation energy of 75 meV and a charge transport energy of 61 meV. CuAl1/2Fe1/2O2 delafossite exhibited p‐type optoelectronic behavior and is a transparent conducting oxide, which may be crucial in the p‐type photonic and electrode industries.
Nanosized‐Layered LiVO2 Prepared from Peroxo‐Polyvanadic Acid and Its Electrochemical Properties
Authors: Tsuyumoto Isao , Nakakura Yuya , Yamaki Satoru
Published: October 2014

Nanosized‐layered rock‐salt LiVO2 was prepared by a new method from peroxo‐polyvanadic acid. The X‐ray diffraction pattern was well fitted with the space group R−3m in the Rietveld analysis and the crystallite size was estimated at 47 nm. The electrochemical properties as cathode materials for lithium ion batteries were investigated. The specific capacity of LiVO2 was greatly improved to 149 mAh/g under the current density of 149 mA/g, in comparison with that of the conventional LiVO2 below 50 mAh/g prepared by the solid‐state reactions.
Behavioral Interventions to Improve Hypertension Control in the Veterans Affairs Healthcare System
Authors: Zullig Leah L. , Bosworth Hayden B.
Published: October 2014

Hypertension is a common and costly disease among US veterans. The Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare system is the largest integrated healthcare provider in the United States and reviewing hypertension interventions developed in the VA may inform interventions delivered in other integrated healthcare systems. This review describes behavioral interventions to improve hypertension control that have been conducted in the VA since 1970. The authors identified 27 articles representing 15 behavioral interventional trials. Studies were heterogeneous across patients, providers, interventionist, and intervention components. The VA bridges services related to diagnosis, treatment, medication management, and behavioral counseling in a unified approach that supports collaboration and provides infrastructure for hypertension management.
Asperger syndrome in males over two decades: stability and predictors of diagnosis
Authors: Helles Adam , Gillberg Carina I. , Gillberg Christopher , Billstedt Eva
Published: October 2014

Objective

To examine the diagnostic stability of a childhood diagnosis of Asperger Syndrome (AS) into adulthood in a prospective longitudinal study, and identify the predictors of stability.

Methods

One hundred males with AS diagnosed in childhood (T0) according to Gillberg's AS criteria, were followed up prospectively into adulthood over an average of 19 years (range 13–26 years). Fifty males (mean age 30 years) participated in this second follow‐up (T2) of the cohort. Seventy‐six had participated in a previous follow‐up (T1) at mean age 22 years (47 participated in both follow‐ups). Diagnosis at T2 was assessed using three sets of diagnostic criteria (Gillberg's AS criteria, DSM‐IV Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) and DSM‐5 Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) criteria) and compared to previous assessments. Background predictors of diagnostic stability were analyzed. General functioning at T2 was assessed and compared to T1.

Results

There was a decline in the stability of AS diagnosis over time, the rate dropping from 82% at T1 to 44% at T2, when using the Gillberg criteria. There was also a significant decrease in the rate of cases fulfilling any PDD diagnosis according to the DSM‐IV, from 91% at T1 to 76% at T2 in the 47 cases followed up twice. Severity of autism spectrum symptoms at T1 was the main predictor of diagnostic stability at T2. Twenty percent of those meeting criteria for a PDD diagnosis according to DSM‐IV, did not meet DSM‐5 ASD criteria although they had marked difficulties in everyday life.

Conclusion

Asperger Syndrome, when considered as an ASD/PDD diagnosis, was fairly stable into adulthood, but there was a significant increase over time in cases no longer meeting criteria for an ASD diagnosis according to the DSM‐IV, or AS according to the Gillberg criteria. Cases with a stable diagnosis showed significantly more core ASD symptoms in adolescence/young adulthood.
Renoprotective effects of atorvastatin compared with pravastatin on progression of early diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Takazakura Akiko , Sakurai Masaru , Bando Yukihiro , Misu Hirofumi , Takeshita Yumie , Kita Yuki , Shimizu Akiko , Hayakawa Tetsuo , Kato Ken‐ichiro , Kaneko Shuichi , Takamura Toshinari
Published: October 2014

Introduction

Several studies have shown that statins suppress the progression of diabetic nephropathy. However, few reports have directly compared the renoprotective effects between potent and conventional statins.

Materials and Methods

Patients with diabetic nephropathy, selected as those with a serum creatinine level of 0.9–1.5 mg/dL and simultaneously having either microalbuminuria or positive proteinuria, were randomly assigned to one of three groups: a conventional diet therapy group, a group given 10 mg of pravastatin and a group given 10 mg of atorvastatin. Renal function was evaluated before and after a 12‐month period of therapy.

Results

The atorvastatin group had a significant decrease in low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol at 3 months and thereafter compared with the other groups. The urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio significantly decreased in the atorvastatin group; the degree of this decrease was significantly greater than that in the diet therapy group. The kidney function estimated with cystatin C (CysC) and the estimated glomerular filtration rate calculated from CysC were significantly preserved in the atorvastatin group compared with the pravastatin group. In a multivariate regression analysis, the use of atorvastatin was the only explanatory variable for the changes in CysC; this was independent of changes in low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Conclusions

Atorvastatin is more effective than pravastatin for the prevention of increase in CysC, and this renoprotective effect was considered to a result of the pleiotropic effect of atorvastatin independent of its lipid‐lowering effect. This study was registered with UMIN (no. UMIN 000001774).