bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ecological factors influencing habitat use by chimpanzees at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda
Authors: Potts Kevin B. , Baken Erica , Levang Ashley , Watts David P.
Published: December 2015

Although numerous ecological and social factors influence range use in vertebrates, the general assumption is that ranging patterns typically accord with principles of optimal foraging theory. However, given temporal variability in resource abundance, animals can more easily meet nutritional needs at some times than at others. For species in which sociality is particularly important for fitness, such as chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and other group‐living primates, the influences of social factors can be particularly strong, and likely interact closely with ecological factors. We investigated home range use by a community of chimpanzees at Ngogo, Kibale National Park, Uganda, to determine whether range use corresponded to energy‐based optimality principles. Chimpanzees were particularly attracted to areas of the home range where individuals ofFicus mucuso(a large but low‐density resource) were found, but only if those areas also offered other preferred or important resource classes. The aggregation of large foraging parties atF. mucusocrowns (frequently seen year‐round) facilitates a number of socially beneficial activities for both males and females. Because chimpanzees apparently seek outF. mucusoin areas where other high‐quality feeding opportunities exist, these social benefits likely do not come at the expense of fitness benefits accrued from feeding on high‐quality resources. Am. J. Primatol. 78:432–440, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bismuth Undecahydro‐closo‐dodecaborane: A Retainable Intermediate of B−H Bond Activation by Bismuth(III) Cations
Authors: Zimmermann Lucas W. , Van Nguyen‐Duc , Gudat Dietrich , Schleid Thomas
Published: December 2015

The [B12H12]2− anion shows an extensive substitutional chemistry based on its three‐dimensional aromaticity. The replacement of functional groups can be attained by electrophilically induced substitution caused by Brønsted or Lewis acidic electrophiles (e.g. Pt2+). Until now, it was impossible to structurally characterize a metal‐substituted [B12H12]2− cage. When an aqueous solution containing both Bi3+ cations and [B12H12]2− anions was heated, the charge‐neutral bismuth undecahydro‐closo‐dodecaborane BiB12H11 was obtained, representing a new class of metalated [B12H12]2− clusters. The title compound was characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopic methods. Compared to the typical B−H bond, the short B−Bi single bond (230 pm) exhibits inverted polarity.
A Universal Polymerase Chain Reaction Developer
Authors: Valentini Paola , Pompa Pier Paolo
Published: December 2015

The versatility of PCR, the gold standard for amplification of DNA targets, is hampered by the laborious, multi‐step detection based on gel electrophoresis. We propose a one‐step, one‐tube method for the rapid (5 min) naked‐eye detection of PCR products, based on controlled aggregation of gold nanoparticles. Our method is universal, instrument‐free, and ultra‐sensitive, as it could detect as low as 0.01 zeptomoles of HIV template DNA in an excess of interfering human genomic DNA.
Construction and optimization of an efficient amplification method of a random ssDNA library by asymmetric emulsion PCR
Authors: Shao Keke , Shi Xinhui , Zhu Xiangjun , Cui Leilei , Shao Qixiang , Ma Da
Published: December 2015

Construction of a random ssDNA sublibrary is an important step of the aptamer screening process. The available construction methods include asymmetric PCR, biotin–streptavidin separation, and lambda exonuclease digestions, in which PCR amplification is a key step. The main drawback of PCR amplification is overamplification increasing nonspecific hybridization among different products and by‐products, which may cause the loss of potential high‐quality aptamers, inefficient screening, and even screening failure. Cycle number optimization in PCR amplification is the main way to avoid overamplification but does not fundamentally eliminate the nonspecific hybridization, and the decreased cycle number may lead to insufficient product amounts. Here, we developed a new method, “asymmetric emulsion PCR,” which could overcome the shortcomings of conventional PCR. In asymmetric emulsion PCR, different templates were separated by emulsion particles, allowing single‐molecule PCR, in which each template was separately amplified, and the nonspecific hybridization was avoided. Overamplification or formation of by‐products was not observed. The method is so simple that direct amplification of 40 or more cycles can provide a high‐quality ssDNA library. Therefore, the asymmetric emulsion PCR would improve the screening efficiency of systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment.
Über Oxidsysteme mit Übergangsmetallen in verschiedenen Oxydationsstufen und ihr elektrisches Verhalten V. Das System Mn(MnxV2−x)O4
Authors: Reuter Bertold , Riedel Erwin
Published: December 2015

Spinelle des Systems Mn(MnxVx+4V2‐2x+3)O4 wurden bei 1000 °C im Bereich 0≤x≤0,68 erhalten. Die Tetraederplätze des Spinellgitters werden von Mn2+‐Ionen besetzt. Für den Spinell der Phasengrenze Mn(Mn0,68V0,660,68V0,64+3)O4 wurde der Sauerstoffparameter zu u = 0,391 bestimmt. Im gesamten Mischkristallbereich wurde p‐Leitung gefunden. Der spezifische Widerstand ρ und die Aktivierungsenergie q zeigen ein Minimum bei x ∼ 0,2 (ρ = 10 Ωcm, q = 0,18 eV). Die thermoelektrische Kraft für Proben mit x > 0,2 ist zwischen 20 und 120°C temperaturunabhängig und nimmt mit wachsendem x ab. Die elektronischen Eigenschaften zeigen, daß lokalisierte d‐Elektronenniveaus vorliegen. Ein Vergleich der kristallchemischen und elektronischen Eigenschaften der Systeme Me(MexVx+4V2‐2x+3)O4 (Me = Cd, Mn, Mg‐Ni, Co) läßt eine ähnliche x‐Abhängigkeit und eine systematische Anderung elektronischer Eigenschaften bei konstanten x‐Werten von den V‐V‐Abständen erkennen.
Bildungsenthalpien und Mesomerieenergien von π‐Bindungssystemen 2. Mitteilung: Zur Mesomeriestabilisierung des 1,3‐Dithiol‐thions‐(2)
Authors: Geiseler G. , Schaffernicht H. , Walther H.‐J.
Published: December 2015

Es wurden die Verbrennungs‐ und Sublimationsenthalpien von 1,3‐Dithiolan‐thion‐(2), 1,3‐Dithian‐thion‐(2), 4,5‐Tetramethylen‐1,3‐dithiola‐thion‐(2) und 4,5‐Tetramethylen‐1,3‐dithiol‐thion‐(2) bestimrat. Aus den hieraus ermittelten Bildungsenthalpien der gasförmigen Verbindungen errechnet sich für die Mesomerieenergie des 4,5‐Tetramethylen‐1,3‐dithiol‐thions(2) ein Wert in der Nähe von Null. Es muß daher angenommen werden, daß im mesomeriestabilisierten 1,3‐Dithiolium‐Kation die Delokalisierungsenergie durch die notwendige Ladungstrennung und eine gegebenenfalls durch Kompression des Bindungsgerüstes herrührende Energieaufnahme nahezu kompensiert wird.
A Continuous Cathodic Reflux Method for the Separation of Lithium Isotopes by Countercurrent Exchange Electrolysis
Authors: van Bennekom A. J. , Arkenbout G. J. , Smit W. M.
Published: December 2015

Continuing the work on the separation of lithium isotopes by means of countercurrent exchange electrolysis n‐propylamine has been investigated as a solvent for the electrolyte phase.

The vapour‐liquid equilibrium diagram of the system n‐propylamine‐water has been determined. From this diagram it has been derived, that a transfer of lithium salts from n‐propylamine into water combined with a complete recovery of sufficiently waterfree propylamine can be obtained by means of a simple stripping column. Combination of this stripping column with a continuously operating electrolyser has led to a completely continuous cathodic reflux system.

A new electrolyser has been developed. The application of a mercury jet electrode and the introduction of a pretreated tube of an iron‐nickel‐cobalt alloy in the amalgam outlet appeared to be important improvements.

The complete set up has been tested in a separation experiment lasting sixty hours, during which time the lithium‐6 content of the reflux section decreased from 7.4% down to 4.2%.

The elementary separation factor derived from CCEE experiments without reflux appeared to be 1.043 ± 0.013.

It may be concluded, that by applying n‐propylamine instead of dimethyl‐formamide and by introducing the stripping‐ and electrolysis procedures described the automation of the process and the reliability of the apparatus have been considerably improved.
Die katalytische Oxydation von Benzol und Maleinsäureanhydrid an verschiedenen Vanadiumoxiden
Authors: Schaefer H.
Published: December 2015

Die Aktivität und Spezifität verschiedener Vanadiumoxide für die katalytische Gasphasenoxydation von Benzol und Maleinsäureanhydrid durch Sauerstoff wurde untersucht. Die Untersuchung wurde mit Hilfe der mikrokatalytischen Technik an Oxiden der Zusammensetzung VO2,60 bis 1,50 durchgeführt. Hierbei ergab sich, daß in Gegenwart von VO1,99 Benzol am leichtesten und im Hinblick auf die Maleinsäureanhydridbildung mit größter Spezifität oxydiert wird. Für die Oxydation von Maleinsäureanhydrid wurde an den Kontakten der Zusammensetzung VO2,50 bis 1,99 kein ausgeprägtes Maximum der Aktivität gefunden. Die beobachteten Aktivitätsfolgen und Spezifitäten werden diskutiert.
Energieübertragung für ein System gekoppelter Oszillatoren mit zwei Kopplungskonstanten II
Authors: Siré E. O. , Hensel V. , Kohlmaier G. H.
Published: December 2015

Ein eindimensionales System von linear angeordneten harmonischen Oszillatoren, die untereinander ebenfalls harmonisch gekoppelt sind, wird als vielatomiges Molekül‐ bzw. Festkörpermodell benutzt, um sowohl die intramolekulare Energiewanderung als auch die bei Stoßprozessen stattfindende intermolekulare Schwingungsenergieübertragung zu beschreiben. Bei dem diskutierten Modell lassen sich zwei Grenzfälle unterscheiden; nämlich der Fall der starken Kopplung, bei dem die Oszillatorfederkonstante wesentlich kleiner ist als die Kopplungskonstante, was auf das Modell der homogenen Kette führt; und andererseits der Fall der schwachen Kopplung, der als Modellsystem schwach gekoppelter Oszillatoren interpretiert werden kann.
A Generalization of the Ehrenfest Scheme for Thermodynamic Transitions
Authors: Schwarz J.
Published: December 2015

The Ehrenfest scheme of classification of thermodynamic transitions in one component systems is extended to multicomponent systems. Some possible applications of the derived relations on unsharp transition phenomena of the second order type in mixed phases are discussed.
The Enthalpy Effect on Forming Diluted Solid Solutions of Two 4d and 5d Transition Metals
Authors: Niessen Anton K. , Miedema Andries R.
Published: December 2015

Predictions of the enthalpies of solution in the solid state will be presented for arbitrary combinations of 4d and 5d transition metals. The approach is similar to the one used in a previous paper on combinations of two 4d metals. In addition to the contribution stemming from the chemical interaction, which is equal to the enthalpy of solution in the liquid state, the enthalpy of solution in the solid state contains two other terms. The first of these accounts for the elastic energy arising from the atomic size mismatch, where this size mismatch has been corrected for volume changes that accompany the alloy formation. The second term takes into account the variation of the structure dependent energy in relation to the number of d‐electrons per atom. – The predictions are generally in good agreement with the solubilities found in the respective phase diagrams. For two systems, Zr in Pt and Pt in Nb, that on first sight present exceptions, preliminary experiments indicate that parts of the respective phase diagrams have to be revised. The structure‐dependent contribution manifests itself not only in the limiting solubilities in the main crystal structures of the pure metals, but also in the existence of disordered intermediate phases and may also be responsible for the anomalously large entropy of fusion recently observed for some transition metals.
Ce3+/Tb3+ non‐/single‐/co‐doped K‐Lu‐F materials: synthesis, optical properties, and energy transfer
Authors: Cao Chunyan , Xie An , Noh Hyeon Mi , Jeong Jung Hyun
Published: December 2015

Using a hydrothermal method, Ce3+/Tb3+ non‐/single‐/co‐doped K‐Lu‐F materials have been synthesized. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) results suggest that the Ce3+ and/or Tb3+ doping had great effects on the crystalline phases of the final samples. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) images indicated that the samples were in hexagonal disk or polyhedron morphologies in addition to some nanoparticles, which also indicated that the doping also had great effects on the sizes and the morphologies of the samples. The energy‐dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) patterns illustrated the constituents of different samples. The enhanced emissions of Tb3+ were observed in the Ce3+/Tb3+ co‐doped K‐Lu‐F materials. The energy transfer (ET) efficiency ηT were calculated based on the fluorescence yield. The ET mechanism from Ce3+ to Tb3+ was confirmed to be the dipole–quadrupole interaction inferred from the theoretical analysis and the experimental data. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation on the interaction of letrozole with herring sperm DNA through spectroscopic and modeling methods
Authors: Huang Yan‐Mei , Zheng Shou‐Jun , Yan Jin , Yang Hong‐Qin , Wu Di , Wang Qing , Li Hui
Published: December 2015

The interaction of letrozole, an efficient and safe aromatase inhibitor, with herring sperm DNA (hsDNA) was investigated in vitro through spectroscopy analysis and molecular modeling to elucidate the binding mechanism of anticancer drugs and DNA. The binding constant and the number of binding sites were 2.13 × 104 M−1 and 1.09, respectively, at 298 K. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔH and ΔS) exhibited negative values, which indicated that binding was spontaneous and Van der Waals forces and hydrogen bond were the main interaction forces. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and other spectroscopy analysis methods illustrated that letrozole could intercalate into the phosphate backbone of hsDNA and interact with the nitrogenous bases. Consistent with the experimental findings, molecular modeling results demonstrated that the interaction was dominated by intercalation and hydrogen bonding. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Title IX emphasis shouldn't diminish focus on other nondiscrimination obligations
Authors: Porter Michael
Published: December 2015

If you say “Title IX all the time” in a student life department or other higher ed office, you're likely to see heads nod in agreement.
Ensure compliance with VAWA updates
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: December 2015

All higher ed professionals should become familiar with the student‐focused training initiatives that your campus community should undertake to remain in compliance with the Violence Against Women Act and to avoid costly fines for not following through on updates that went into effect on July 1.
Follow practical advice to limit legal challenges regarding internship programs
Authors: Bradford Michele G.
Published: December 2015

Colleges and schools with cosmetology programs are facing legal challenges in the courts for having their students work for no compensation while they're in the training or internship phase of their program.
Address campus violence through training for students, advocating with legislators
Authors: Miles David
Published: December 2015

In late August or early September, college and universities opened their doors for the start of another semester. Bright‐eyed freshmen arrived at the campus wondering what college life is all about, while upperclassmen returned for another semester, counting down the months and days to their graduation. For many, the start of college represents a newfound freedom as well as facing the challenges associated with this new journey. For all college students, this should be an exciting time of their life.
Engage community in service to encourage communication, add educational experiences
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: December 2015

Lisa Walter, chief of police at the University of Wisconsin‐Stout, wanted her unit to host an event that would enable police officers and students to get to know one another and have a good time together. Such an event near the beginning of the academic year would increase engagement and communication between students and officers.
Is there such a thing as a ‘refresh button’ anymore?
Authors: Skipworth Stan
Published: December 2015

Ours is a world of infinite individual presence among an equally infinite range of online platforms. People around the globe have the ability to instantly and permanently comment in one form or another about events, and those comments provide a permanent record far beyond the accolades and credentials organizations work so long and hard to acquire. The greatest of those accolades and credentials, of course, are the reputations of the organization, its members and its leaders.
Take time to reflect upon your career
Authors: Hodges Dawn Z.
Published: December 2015

On July 1, I celebrated my 35th anniversary working in higher education. Around this time each year I take time to reflect upon my career. I suggest that you set an annual time to do the same. It might be around the new year, or on your work anniversary, or on your career anniversary, or any time that makes sense for you. It's important to do so if what you want is a meaningful, well‐planned‐out career and not just a string of jobs.
Large‐scale sexual assault survey reinforces violence rates
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: December 2015

The Association of American Universities has released the results of its Campus Climate Survey on Sexual Assault and Sexual Misconduct. The survey collected data from 27 higher education institutions at the end of spring semester 2015 and was conducted to provide accurate measures of sexual misconduct and violence at higher education institutions — as reported by students. More than 150,000 students participated in the study. The primary objective of the survey, as stated by the AAU, was to “provide participating institutions of higher education with information to inform their policies to prevent and respond to sexual assault and misconduct.”
Optogenetics Comes of Age: Novel Inhibitory Light‐Gated Anionic Channels Allow Efficient Silencing of Neural Function
Authors: Peralvárez‐Marín Alex , Garriga Pere
Published: December 2015

Optogenetics, the developing field of research that uses light‐switchable biochemical tools in a sophisticated technological approach to monitor or control neural function, is rapidly evolving with the discovery and development of novel microbial rhodopsins. Light‐absorbing membrane proteins, as tools for brain research, are promoting new applications within the discipline of optogenetics. Light‐gated rhodopsin ion channels with better intrinsic light sensitivity and improved resolution are needed to overcome some of the current limitations of existing molecules. The recent discovery of light‐gated inhibitory anion channels opens new opportunities for studying physiological neural processes and, at the same time, represent a powerful approach for elucidating the mechanisms of neurological and mental disorders that could benefit from this approach.
Adult hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis causing multi organ dysfunction in a patient with multiple autoimmune disorders: when the immune system runs amok
Authors: Fleischmann Robert , Böhmerle Wolfgang , von Laffert Maximilian , Jöhrens Korinna , Mengel Annerose , Hotter Benjamin , Lindenberg Robert , Scheibe Franziska , Köhnlein Martin , von Bahr Greenwood Tatiana , Henter Jan Inge , Meisel Andreas
Published: December 2015

Key Clinical Message

We report a case of several autoimmune disorders eventually presenting as severe multi organ dysfunction syndrome caused by adult hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). Clinical and laboratory tests might lead to fatal misinterpretation without awareness of its diagnostic evaluation, as HLH shares common features with sepsis and immune‐mediated systemic inflammatory response syndromes.
Control of Quaternary Ideal Endothermic Reactive Distillation with and without Internal Heat Integration
Authors: Mathew Anish K. , Kaistha Nitin , Kumar M. V. Pavan
Published: December 2015

Decentralized control system design is evaluated for a basic and an internally heat‐integrated generic, ideal, double‐feed, two‐product reactive distillation system. The internally heat‐integrated reactive distillation column (HiRDC) is obtained via catalyst redistribution into the rectifying zone and feed tray relocation. For basic regulatory control, three two‐point control structures with a fixed reflux rate or a fixed reflux ratio operation policy are synthesized and evaluated for their closed‐loop disturbance rejection characteristics using rigorous dynamic simulations. To eliminate the purity offsets for on‐target product purities, product purity composition controllers manipulating the reflux ratio and stripping tray temperature set point are implemented. Reactive tray section composition control is necessary for on‐target product purity operation of HiRDC.
Kinetic Study of Methyl Isobutyl Ketone Combustion over a Commercial Pt/Alumina Catalyst
Authors: Banu Ionut , Bercaru Georgeta , Bozga Grigore , Danciu Tiberiu D.
Published: December 2015

Catalytic combustion of methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) in diluted air mixtures over a commercial Pt/Al2O3 catalyst was experimentally investigated in a continuous laboratory setup. The experimental data were used to develop a kinetic model of the MIBK combustion over the Pt/Al2O3 catalyst. Among the available kinetic theories, the Langmuir‐Hinshelwood one proved to be the most appropriate for the obtained data. The kinetic parameters of the formulated rate expression were estimated using both differential and integral methods. The adequacy of the proposed kinetic model and the estimated parameter values were tested by statistical criteria and thermodynamic consistency. The computation results indicate that the integral method, based on a heterogeneous reactor model, is the recommended approach in the estimation of the kinetic parameters for catalytic combustion processes involving volatile organic compounds.
Cerasomes: Soft Interface for Redox Enzyme Electrochemical Signal Transmission
Authors: Qiao Yun , Tahara Keishiro , Zhang Qian , Song Xi‐Ming , Kikuchi Jun‐ichi
Published: December 2015

Anionic cerasomes, which consist of a liposomal lipid bilayer and a ceramic surface, were used as a soft interface for the construction of an integrated modified electrode to achieve the transmission of chemical information from a redox enzyme through electrical signals. The morphological properties of the cerasomes were systematically compared with those of two structural analogues, namely, liposomes and silica nanoparticles. The results indicated that the cerasomes combined the advantages of liposomes and silica nanoparticles. The lipid bilayer gave excellent biocompatibility, as in the case of liposomes, and high structural stability, similar to that of silica nanoparticles, was derived from the silicate framework on the cerasome surface. The performance at the electrochemical interface created by means of a combination of cerasomes and horseradish peroxidase on a glassy carbon electrode was much better than those achieved with liposomes or silica nanoparticles instead of cerasomes. The potential use of cerasomes in the construction of supramolecular devices for mediator‐free biosensing was evaluated.
Comprehensively understanding fatigue in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms
Authors: Scherber Robyn M. , Kosiorek Heidi E. , Senyak Zhenya , Dueck Amylou C. , Clark Matthew M. , Boxer Michael A. , Geyer Holly L. , McCallister Archie , Cotter Mary , Van Husen Barbara , Harrison Claire N. , Mesa Ruben A.
Published: December 2015

BACKGROUND

Patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) experience a high persistence, prevalence, and severity of fatigue. There is currently only limited information regarding factors that contribute to fatigue in patients with MPNs.

METHODS

A 70‐item, Internet‐based survey regarding fatigue was developed by MPN investigators and patients/advocates and hosted by the Mayo Clinic Survey Research Center.

RESULTS

Fatigue was found to be prevalent and severe among international survey respondents (1788 respondents). Higher body mass index (P<.001), current use of alcohol (P<.001), and current tobacco use (P = .0025) were found to be significantly associated with greater fatigue. Moderate/severe fatigue was present more frequently in those individuals who did not exercise compared with those who reported exercising at least once per week (P<.001). Medical comorbidities found to be significantly associated with greater fatigue included restless leg syndrome (P = .006), diabetes mellitus (P = .045), fibromyalgia (P < 0.001), chronic fatigue syndrome (P = .006), and chronic kidney disease (P = .02). Current use of antidepressants (P<.001), antihistamines (P = .0276), antianxiety medications (P = .0357), and prescription pain medications (P<.001) were found to be associated with worsened fatigue. Nearly 25% of respondents scored > 2 on the Patient Health Questionnaire, indicating a high probability of depression. Higher Brief Fatigue Inventory score, Myeloproliferative Neoplasm Total Symptom Score, and individual symptom items were all associated with a higher likelihood of depressive symptoms (P<.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

The management of fatigue should be multifactorial, with a comprehensive assessment and treatment plan to address all modifiable fatigue etiologies. Patients with MPNs likely have a higher prevalence of mood disturbances compared with the general population, suggesting the need to assess and intervene in this domain. Cancer 2016;122:477–485. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Cervical cancer control in Latin America: A call to action
Authors: Bychkovsky Brittany L. , Ferreyra Mayra E. , Strasser‐Weippl Kathrin , Herold Christina I. , de Lima Lopes Gilberto , Dizon Don S. , Schmeler Kathleen M. , Del Carmen Marcela , Randall Tom C. , Nogueira‐Rodrigues Angelica , de Carvalho Calabrich Aknar Freire , St. Louis Jessica , Vail Caroline M. , Goss Paul E.
Published: December 2015

Cervical cancer (CC) is second most common cause of cancer in Latin America and is a leading cause of cancer mortality among women. In 2015, an estimated 74,488 women will be diagnosed with CC in Latin America and 31,303 will die of the disease. CC mortality is projected to increase by 45% by 2030 despite human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination and screening efforts. In this setting, the goal was of the current study was to examine CC control efforts in Latin America and identify deficiencies in these efforts that could be addressed to reduce CC incidence and mortality. The authors found that HPV vaccination has been introduced in the majority of Latin American countries, and there is now a need to monitor the success (or shortcomings) of these programs and to ensure that these programs are sustainable. This topic was also reviewed in light of emerging data demonstrating that visual inspection with acetic acid and HPV DNA testing without Papanicolaou tests have efficacy from a screening perspective and are good alternatives to cytology‐based screening programs. Overall, there is a need to build capacity for CC control in Latin America and the best strategy will depend on the country/region and must be tailored to meet the needs of the population as well as available resources. Cancer 2016;122:502–514. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Controller saturation nonlinearity in doubly fed induction generator‐based wind turbines under unbalanced grid conditions
Authors: Li Zhen , Wong Siu‐Chung , Tse Chi K. , Liu Xiangdong
Published: December 2015

Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) is widely used in wind energy generation systems due to its cost‐effective, partially rated back‐to‐back power converters, variable rotor speed operation, and maximum wind power capture. The conventional design assumes balanced grid voltage and utilizes power protection for the power converters. The DFIG wind turbine is naturally one of the major components in distributed generations of the smart grid system. However, newly developed smart grid system is rich in unbalanced loads. This paper summarizes the limiter settings of controllers and explores the nonlinear behaviors of the DFIG‐based wind power generation system with unbalanced loads. The generator rotor speed and an unbalanced load resistance are chosen as variation parameters. An emerging low‐frequency linear‐modulated oscillation at line second harmonic frequency with DC drifting is identified on the DC link voltage of the back‐to‐back power converters. In terms of second harmonic and the usually reported hazardous low‐frequency oscillation, the saturation nonlinearity and over‐modulation of the back‐to‐back power converter and its power flow are investigated and analyzed. The built‐in detailed model of the DFIG wind energy generation system in Matlab with SimPowerSystems library is used in this study. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of Terahertz Radiation Sources Using the LEENA Compact Linear Accelerator
Authors: HASHIMOTO SATOSHI , CHIN SAKAYA , KOBAYASHI KARIN , KAWATA KENJI , LIN DAZHI , AMANO SHO , MIYAMOTO SHUJI
Published: December 2015

Tunable and high‐power terahertz radiation sources using relativistic electron beams from a compact linear accelerator (LEENA) are under development. Synchrotron radiation and Smith‐Purcell radiation in the THz region were successfully measured. The coherent radiation power from an electron bunch shorter than 1 ps is estimated theoretically to be about 107 larger than the incoherent power. Recent experimental results on the generation of THz radiation and numerical results on high‐power coherent radiation from a short electron bunch are reported.
Prototype Experiments on a 1/32‐Scale Model Via‐Wheel Power Transfer Electric Vehicle
Authors: SUZUKI YOSHIKI , MIZUTANI MINORU , SUGIURA TAKAMITSU , SAKAI NAOKI , OHIRA TAKASHI
Published: December 2015

Electric vehicles (EVs) are expected to play a leading role in the changeover from fossil fuels to clean energy. However, EVs are currently not very popular, owing to their short cruising distance and long charging time. Wireless power transfer from the infrastructure to running EVs is expected to be the solution to these problems. Electric vehicle and electrified roadway (EVER) has been proposed as a wireless power transfer system for EVs while in motion. Via‐wheel power transfer (V‐WPT) is expected to be a wireless power transfer scheme for EVER. We designed and prototyped a 1:32 scale model of a V‐WPT system that consists of an RF inverter, an electrified roadway, a rectifier, and an EV with a dc motor. The output power of the prototype RF inverter was 5.9 W and the dc–RF conversion efficiency was 36.6%. The LC matching circuits for the V‐WPT were designed with two‐port conjugate matching because S11 of the V‐WPT was intrinsically –0.06 dB. After matching, the S11 value was reduced to –21.5 dB. The power transmission efficiency of the V‐WPT system was 75%. The RF–dc conversion efficiency of the rectifier was 62%. The total efficiency of the EVER system was 24.2%.
Rationale and design of a pilot randomized controlled trial to assess the role of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in Asian patients with heart failure (PRACTICE‐ASIA‐HF)
Authors: Yeo Tee Joo , Yeo Poh Shuan Daniel , Hadi Farid Abdul , Cushway Timothy , Lee Kim Yee , Tai Bee Choo , Lam Carolyn S. P.
Published: December 2015

Aims

Iron deficiency (ID) is highly prevalent in patients with heart failure (HF) worldwide regardless of haemoglobin levels. Results from therapeutic trials of intermittently dosed intravenous (i.v.) iron are promising in the ambulatory Caucasian population with HF with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, although evidence is scarce in Asia. The Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial to Assess the Role of Intravenous Ferric Carboxymaltose in Asian Patients with Heart Failure aims to assess the effect of single‐dose i.v. ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) in a multi‐ethnic Asian population with HF and ID.

Methods and results

This is an open‐label, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial recruiting stabilized inpatients with decompensated HF (regardless of left ventricular ejection fraction), ID [defined as serum ferritin <300 ng/mL if transferrin saturation <20%] and haemoglobin ≤14 g/dL. Patients from two tertiary institutions were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to receive a single dose of either i.v. FCM (Ferinject®) 1000 mg or i.v. normal saline. The primary endpoint is the change in 6‐min walk distance at Weeks 4 and 12, and secondary endpoints are changes at Weeks 4 and 12 in (i) quality of life as measured by the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire and Visual Analogue Scale scores and (ii) New York Heart Association functional class.

Conclusions

Preliminary efficacy data on i.v. FCM therapy in Asian HF are expected from this pilot study to support larger‐scale multicentre therapeutic i.v. FCM trials within Asia.
Does litter decomposition vary between the foraging pits of two soil‐disturbing mammal species?
Authors: Travers Samantha K. , Eldridge David J.
Published: December 2015

Soil‐disturbing animals play a critical role in many ecosystem processes. The loss of native soil‐foraging mammals (e.g. greater bilby Macrotis lagotis; burrowing bettong, Bettongia lesueur) throughout vast areas of Australia has altered fundamental soil processes such as decomposition. Little is known about whether surviving native soil‐disturbing animals (e.g. short‐beaked echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus) produce soil disturbances that are functionally equivalent to those of locally‐extinct native animals. We used a litter bag study to compare abiotic and biotic mechanisms of decomposition within the foraging pits of two native mammal species. We compared decomposition rates between landforms, which we used as a surrogate for soil texture; grass species Austrostipa scabra subsp. scabra and Triodia scariosa subsp. scariosa, which we used as our substrates; and the effects of chemically excluding fungi and/or termites. There were initial differences in the organic mass loss between echidna and bilby/bettong foraging pits, with bilby/bettong pits losing more over 30 days, and echidnas losing more over 63 days. However, over 396 days there was no significant difference between the two pit types. Landform (soil texture) and chemical exclusion of termites and fungi did not affect our measures of decomposition until the final stage of the study. The two grass species lost significantly different amounts of organic material at each collection interval, with Austrostipa losing more at 30, 63 and 130 days and Triodia losing more at the final 396 day collection. This provided the most consistent effect on decomposition. Our results highlight the temporal idiosyncrasies in the various drivers of decomposition in this dune‐swale system. Overall, this study provides evidence that the foraging pits of the short‐beaked echidna do not differ markedly from those of the locally extinct greater bilby and burrowing bettong in terms of their capacity to maintain rates of decomposition at an annual scale. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nitrous oxide emissions from solar greenhouses during summer fallow in the Loess Plateau of China
Authors: Liu Jinshan , Qiu Weihong
Published: December 2015

In Northern China, vegetables are usually grown in solar greenhouses using intensive fertilization and cultivation, which produces significant greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to the atmosphere. In this study, the nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from 12 solar greenhouses with different fertilization practices (without manure application (SG); with chicken (SG‐CM) or swine (SG‐SM) manure application) were measured in the southern Loess Plateau of China during the summer fallow (35–61 days) in 2013 and 2014. The daily N2O fluxes varied over the ranges of 0.002–0.041, 0.014–12.58, and 0.005–8.41 mg N m−2 h−1 with averages of 0.037, 0.81, and 1.70 mg N m−2 h−1 in the SG, SG‐CM, and SG‐SM greenhouses, respectively, and the total N2O emissions were 1.17, 12.0, and 16.0 kg N ha−1, respectively. Significantly high peak N2O emissions were observed at the beginning of the summer fallow and after manure application, accounting for more than 80% of the total N2O emissions. The management practices of polythene removal, greenhouse enclosure for a week, and tillage also significantly increased the N2O daily fluxes and total emissions. Linear regression analyses showed that soil moisture and manure application were the main factors controlling the N2O emissions during summer fallow, followed by the residual mineral N in the soil. The results indicated that solar greenhouses cause high N2O emissions during summer fallow and farmers should use appropriate measures to mitigate these emissions. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
New insight on Carboniferous (Viséan) brachiopods from eastern Tafilalt (Morocco)
Authors: Mottequin Bernard , Aretz Markus , Herbig Hans‐Georg , Baidder Lahssen , Kaoukaya Abdelhadi , Denayer Julien
Published: December 2015

Late Viséan brachiopods from the eastern Tafilalt (Morocco), and more precisely from the area comprised between the Jebel Begaa to the southwest, and Gara El Itima to the northeast (close to the Algerian border), are described systematically for the first time. Despite the limited material available, 18 species belonging to 17 genera have been recognized within the limestone beds of the Merdani and Zrigat formations, in which the productides (Productidina) and spiriferides are the most diverse. Representatives of the subfamily Gigantoproductidinae, which are close, if not conspecific, to those present in contemporaneous rocks of the nearby Béchar Basin (Algeria), occur in the late Viséan Zrigat Formation. Additional research based on more abundant material is necessary to investigate thoroughly the relationships existing between the Béchar Basin and the Tafilalt, which may have been part of the former during the Carboniferous. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Survival in Isolation*
Authors: Hart Rebekah
Published: December 2015

A group of individuals with widely different work roles and experiences got together about a year ago ostensibly to study family therapy. It soon became clear that the group was meeting many varied needs only one of which was the study of family therapy itself. When the group began to prepare a paper on the influence of isolation on the families in family therapy, a number of surprising parallels between the isolated rural families and the study group were discovered. This paper explores some of these parallels in contact and emotional support; approval by others; balancing intimacy and distance; development of symptoms. The most surprising finding was that the functioning of the group was markedly shaped by the environment in which it lived and worked; in short, we had ‘discovered’ the importance of systemic influences on ourselves as well as on the families with whom we work. Within a systemic theoretical approach this paper also examines three major constraints imposed on both families and professionals alike by the larger environmental system: being too close; being geographically isolated; and being in a rural environment.
The Logical Difference Between Prevention and Treatment
Authors: Gleeson Tony , Muir Patricia
Published: December 2015

The authors have spent 2 1/2 years investigating the process of change in family systems presenting with addictive symptoms in one or more of their members. The context of this research has been the systemic family therapy of more than 36 families in a hospital based drug and alcohol service. Emergent from this research is evidence of potentially destructive effects upon families and addicts who present requesting help, by referring them to programmes which are educative or preventative in nature. The case will be put for a clear distinction to be made between the functions of ‘prevention’ and ‘treatment’ in multi‐disciplinary teams in addiction services (and by implication other community health services); and for establishing a more rigorous intake system based upon such a distinction and designed to respond more appropriately to presenting requests by potential users of such a service.
An English View: An Interview with Bryan Lask
Authors: Martin Graham
Published: December 2015

Prior to the Second International Conference of Family Therapy, a meeting of 29 Editors of International Family Therapy Journals was held for a whole day, convened by Alan Gurman, Editor of The Journal of Marital and Family Therapy. Graham Martin attended as our official representative. One of the most outspoken of the Editors attending was Dr Bryan Lask, Editor of The Journal of Family Therapy. Graham was able to spend a good deal of the subsequent conference with Bryan. The following interview was recorded on the final afternoon when almost all the other attenders had gone home and both the protagonists were exhausted by the formal proceedings and the night life!
What will be, will be: An Interview with Jurgen Hargens
Authors: Martin Graham
Published: December 2015

Graham Martin met Jurgen Hargens at the International Editor's meeting prior to the Second International Conference on Family Therapy in New York, in October 1985, and was struck by his passionate idealism, his development of an international journal almost single‐handed, and his forceful defence of the need for a journal which focussed on systemic issues.
Who is Mum for the Children?. Custody Disputes between Teenage Mothers and Their Mothers
Authors: Renouf Emilia
Published: December 2015

Defended custodies are usually seen as the hardest type of family dispute for which the conciliation method of dispute resolution is available. Family mediators assess custody disputes of ex‐nuptial children among de facto couples, as the least likely to have a successful outcome. Custody disputes about ex‐nuptial children between mothers and their mothers constitute a particular subgroup of these and may be viewed as symptomatic of an adolescent/parental dispute rather than an actual custody dispute.

This paper describes the psychosocial correlates of teenage mothers and the context in which the pregnancies develop, as well as the demographic and social characteristics of a minority of young mothers who engaged in custody disputes with their own mothers. Stierlin's conceptual framework is presented as a way of considering the dynamics of these families.

The writer, based on her experiences with this subgroup of mothers, outlines the point at which conciliation might be appropriately offered, describes the process of mediation and its stages and suggests a suitable format. Necessary guidelines for the conduct of the sessions, techniques for engaging these families, pitfalls and potential problems are highlighted and examples from actual cases given.
Transdermal Scopolamine in Motion Sickness
Authors: Cronin Carol M. , Sallan Stephen E. , Wolfe Lawrence
Published: December 2015

Motion sickness is a common clinical malady. Until recently, the use of scopolamine, the drug of choice for the treatment of motion‐induced nausea and vomiting, has been sometimes associated with a variety of unacceptable side effects. These side effects could result from the unpredictable blood levels attained with oral dosage (pulse delivery). A new system of drug delivery, the transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) — Transderm®‐V — has been developed. The TTS delivers scopolamine across the skin at a constant rate. This permits a drug with a very short half life to be administered over prolonged periods, thereby maintaining blood concentrations at the defined therapeutic level. This precludes the necessity for frequent dosing and increases patient acceptability and compliance while minimizing the untoward effects associated with conventional dosage forms of the drug.
Pharmacology, Clinical Efficacy, and Adverse Effects of Sucralfate, A Nonsystemic Agent for Peptic Ulcer
Authors: Spiro Howard M.
Published: December 2015

Sucralfate, a complex salt of polyaluminum hydroxide with a sulfated disaccharide skeleton, has recently been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the short‐term treatment of duodenal ulcer. The drug is nonsystemic in action and apparently exerts its antiulcer effects by bonding with proteinaceous exudates in the ulcer crater, thereby protecting it from insult. In vitro and clinical studies have shown that the drug is not an antacid but does block the diffusion of acid. Inhibition of pepsin and bile acid activities have also been demonstrated.

In double‐blind clinical trials where patients used antacids as needed for pain, sucralfate 1 g 4 times a day was significantly more effective than placebo and as effective as cimetidine. No serious adverse effects have been caused by this locally‐acting agent.
Pharmacology, Efficacy, and Adverse Effects of Halazepam, A New Benzodiazepine
Authors: Fann William E. , Pitts Wesley M. , Wheless Jeanine C.
Published: December 2015

Halazepam is a new benzodiazepine derivative that is molecularly similar to chlordiazepoxide and diazepam. Animal studies indicated that halazepam produces sedative and antianxiety effects with less toxicity than chlordiazepoxide or diazepam. Computer EEG and somatosensory evoked potential studies demonstrated that halazepam has a significant effect on the EEG, characteristic of changes that occur with benzodiazepines. In initial clinical studies, halazepam exhibited not only anxiolytic properties but also reduced symptoms of depression and had a therapeutic effect on epilepsy.

In preliminary, uncontrolled clinical trials, halazepam was effective in ameliorating anxiety and tension in alcoholic and acute schizophrenic patients, with few adverse effects. Later double‐blind studies generally demonstrated that halazepam is significantly superior to placebo in alleviating symptoms of anxiety and tension. Most comparative studies indicate that halazepam is equal to or more effective than diazepam with a lower frequency of side effects. Halazepam does not increase hostility and aggression, as chlordiazepoxide and diazepam have been shown to do, and it is effective in both situational and characterologic anxiety. Drowsiness and slight dry mouth are the only side effects reported in more than isolated instances, although geriatric patients may frequently become ataxic with higher doses.
Is Chlordiazepoxide the Rational Choice Among Benzodiazepines?
Authors: Baskin Steven I. , Esdale Amy
Published: December 2015

Diazepam is frequently the subject of review by various agencies and institutions charged with determining whether or not to substitute another, more economical drug — in most instances, chlordiazepoxide. A review of the comparative literature has shown that, on clinical and pharmacokinetic grounds, chlordiazepoxide is not the drug of choice for all clinical indications recommended for the benzodiazepines as a class, particularly for use as an antianxiety agent. There is evidence that the antianxiety effect of chlordiazepoxide is related to the appearance of its two active metabolites, which may explain the observed delay in its onset of action. When chlordiazepoxide's reduced clearance in the elderly and in patients with liver disease is considered along with its limited range of indications, substitution of diazepam with chloridazepoxide is clearly not reasonable. Diazepam and lorazepam are preferred choices in acute anxiety because they are themselves active anxiolytics. Oxazepam is recommended in alcoholic cirrhotics because its plasma clearance does not seem to be significantly affected by liver disease. Diazepam is recommended for chronic anxiety because of the rapid onset of action of diazepam itself and the smooth transition to the nondrug state via its longer‐acting active metabolite.