bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurements of nitrogen oxides and ozone fluxes by eddy covariance at a meadow: evidence for an internal leaf resistance to NO2
Authors: Stella P. , Kortner M. , Ammann C. , Foken T. , Meixner F. X. , Trebs I.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) plays an important role in atmospheric pollution, in particular for tropospheric ozone production. However, the removal processes involved in NO2 deposition to terrestrial ecosystems are still the subject of ongoing discussion. This study reports NO2 flux measurements made over a meadow using the eddy covariance method. The measured NO2 deposition fluxes during daytime were about a factor of two lower than a priori calculated fluxes using the Surfatm model without taking into account an internal (also called mesophyllic or sub-stomatal) resistance. Neither an underestimation of the measured NO2 deposition flux due to chemical divergence or an in-canopy NO2 source nor an underestimation of the resistances used to model the NO2 deposition explained the large difference between measured and modelled NO2 fluxes. Thus, only the existence of the internal resistance could account for this large discrepancy between model and measurements. The median internal resistance was estimated to be 300 s m−1 during daytime, but exhibited a large variability (100–800 s m−1). In comparison, the stomatal resistance was only around 100 s m−1 during daytime. Hence, the internal resistance accounted for 50–90% of the total leaf resistance to NO2. This study presents the first clear evidence and quantification of the internal resistance using the eddy covariance method; i.e. plant functioning was not affected by changes of microclimatological (turbulent) conditions that typically occur when using enclosure methods.
Global soil organic carbon stock projection uncertainties relevant to sensitivity of global mean temperature and precipitation changes
Authors: Nishina K. , Ito A. , Beerling D. J. , Cadule P. , Ciais P. , Clark D. B. , Falloon P. , Friend A. D. , Kahana R. , Kato E. , Keribin R. , Lucht W. , Lomas M. , Rademacher T. T. , Pavlick R. , Schaphoff S. , Vuichard N. , Warszawaski L. , Yokohata T.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Soil organic carbon (SOC) is the largest carbon pool in terrestrial ecosystems and may play a key role in biospheric feedback to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) in the warmer future world. We examined seven biome models with climate projections forced by four representative-concentration-pathways (RCPs)-based atmospheric concentration scenarios. The goal was to specify uncertainty in global SOC stock projections from global and regional perspectives. Our simulations showed that SOC stocks among the biome models varied from 1090 to 2650 Pg C even in historical periods (ca. 2000). In a higher forcing scenario (RCP8.5), inconsistent estimates of impact on the total SOC (2099–2000) were obtained from different model simulations, ranging from a net sink of 347 Pg C to a net source of 122 Pg C. In all models, the elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration in the RCP8.5 scenario considerably contributed to carbon accumulation in SOC. However, magnitudes varied from 93 to 264 Pg C by the end of the 21st century. Using time-series data of total global SOC estimated by biome biome model, we statistically analyzed the sensitivity of the global SOC stock to global mean temperature and global precipitation anomalies (ΔT and ΔP respectively) in each biome model using a state-space model. This analysis suggests that ΔT explained global SOC stock changes in most models with a resolution of 1–2 °C, and the magnitude of global SOC decomposition from a 2 °C rise ranged from almost 0 Pg C yr−1 to 3.53 Pg C yr−1 among the biome models. On the other hand, ΔP had a negligible impact on change in the global SOC changes. Spatial heterogeneity was evident and inconsistent among the changes in SOC estimated by the biome models, especially in boreal to arctic regions. Our study revealed considerable climate change impact uncertainty in SOC decomposition among biome models. Further research is required to improve our understanding and ability to estimate biospheric feedback through SOC-relevant processes as well as vegetation processes.
δ18O water isotope in the iLOVECLIM model (version 1.0) – Part 2: Evaluation of model results against observed δ18O in water samples
Authors: Roche D. M. , Caley T.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. The H218O stable isotope was previously introduced in the three coupled components of the earth system model iLOVECLIM: atmosphere, ocean and vegetation. The results of a long (5000 yr) pre-industrial equilibrium simulation are presented and evaluated against measurement of H218O abundance in present-day water for the atmospheric and oceanic components. For the atmosphere, it is found that the model reproduces the observed spatial distribution and relationships to climate variables with some merit, though limitations following our approach are highlighted. Indeed, we obtain the main gradients with a robust representation of the Rayleigh distillation but caveats appear in Antarctica and around the Mediterranean region due to model limitation. For the oceanic component, the agreement between the modelled and observed distribution of water δ18O is found to be very good. Mean ocean surface latitudinal gradients are faithfully reproduced as well as the mark of the main intermediate and deep water masses. This opens large prospects for the applications in palaeoclimatic context.
δ18O water isotope in the iLOVECLIM model (version 1.0) – Part 3: A palaeo-perspective based on present-day data–model comparison for oxygen stable isotopes in carbonates
Authors: Caley T. , Roche D. M.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Oxygen stable isotopes (δ18O) are among the most useful tools in palaeoclimatology/palaeoceanography. Simulation of oxygen stable isotopes allows testing how the past variability of these isotopes in water can be interpreted. By modelling the proxy directly in the model, the results can also be directly compared with the data. Water isotopes have been implemented in the global three-dimensional model of intermediate complexity iLOVECLIM, allowing fully coupled atmosphere–ocean simulations. In this study, we present the validation of the model results for present-day climate against the global database for oxygen stable isotopes in carbonates. The limitation of the model together with the processes operating in the natural environment reveal the complexity of use the continental calcite-δ18O signal of speleothems for a global quantitative data–model comparison exercise. On the contrary, the reconstructed surface ocean calcite-δ18O signal in iLOVECLIM does show a very good agreement with the late Holocene database (foraminifers) at the global and regional scales. Our results indicate that temperature and the isotopic composition of the seawater are the main control on the fossil-δ18O signal recorded in foraminifer shells when all species are grouped together. Depth habitat, seasonality and other ecological effects play a more significant role when individual species are considered. We argue that a data–model comparison for surface ocean calcite δ18O in past climates, such as the Last Glacial Maximum (≈ 21 000 yr), could constitute an interesting tool for mapping the potential shifts of the frontal systems and circulation changes throughout time. Similarly, the potential changes in intermediate oceanic circulation systems in the past could be documented by a data (benthic foraminifers)-model comparison exercise whereas future investigations are necessary in order to quantitatively compare the results with data for the deep ocean.
A distributed computing approach to improve the performance of the Parallel Ocean Program (v2.1)
Authors: van Werkhoven B. , Maassen J. , Kliphuis M. , Dijkstra H. A. , Brunnabend S. E. , van Meersbergen M. , Seinstra F. J. , Bal H. E.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. The Parallel Ocean Program (POP) is used in many strongly eddying ocean circulation simulations. Ideally one would like to do thousand-year long simulations, but the current performance of POP prohibits this type of simulations. In this work, using a new distributed computing approach, two innovations to improve the performance of POP are presented. The first is a new block partitioning scheme for the optimization of the load balancing of POP such that it can be run efficiently in a multi-platform setting. The second is an implementation of part of the POP model code on Graphics Processing Units. We show that the combination of both innovations leads to a substantial performance increase also when running POP simultaneously over multiple computational platforms.
Impact of long-term drainage on summer groundwater flow patterns in the Mer Bleue peatland, Ontario, Canada
Authors: Kopp B. J. , Fleckenstein J. H. , Roulet N. T. , Humphreys E. , Talbot J. , Blodau C.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Long-term impacts of drier conditions on the hydrology of northern peatlands are poorly understood. We used long-term drainage near a historic drainage ditch, separating an area from the main peatland, as an analogue for long-term drying in a northern temperate bog. The objective was to identify the impact of drier conditions on ecohydrological processes and groundwater flow patterns in an area now forested and an area that maintained a bog-like character. Groundwater flow patterns alternated between mostly downward flow and occasionally upward flow in the bog area and were mostly upward-orientated in the forested area, which suggested that there the flow pattern had shifted from bog- to fen-like conditions. Flow patterns were in agreement with changes in post-drainage hydraulic conductivities, storage capacity of the peat and water table levels. Compared to the bog, hydraulic conductivities in the forested area were one to three orders of magnitude lower in the uppermost 0.75 m of peat (paired t test, p < 0.05). Bulk density had increased and the water table level was lower and more strongly fluctuating in the forested area. Our findings suggest hydraulic gradients and flow patterns have changed due to increased evapotranspiration and interception with the emergence of a tree cover. The smaller size of the now-forested area relative to the remaining bog area appeared to be important for the hydrological change. With the main Mer Bleue bog as hinterland, enhanced runoff to the drainage channel had little effect on hydrologic and vegetation patterns. In the cut-off, smaller, now forested area pervasive changes in vegetation and hydrologic processes occurred. The difference in response to local drainage raises questions about tipping points with respect to the impact of drying on peatland ecosystems that need to be addressed in future research.
Explosive development of winter storm Xynthia over the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Liberato M. L. R. , Pinto J. G. , Trigo R. M. , Ludwig P. , Ordóñez P. , Yuen D. , Trigo I. F.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. In winter of 2009–2010 south-western Europe was hit by several destructive windstorms. The most important was Xynthia (26–28 February 2010), which caused 64 reported casualties and was classified as the 2nd most expensive natural hazard event for 2010 in terms of economic losses. In this work we assess the synoptic evolution, dynamical characteristics and the main impacts of storm Xynthia, whose genesis, development and path were very uncommon. Wind speed gusts observed at more than 500 stations across Europe are evaluated as well as the wind gust field obtained with a regional climate model simulation for the entire North Atlantic and European area. Storm Xynthia was first identified on 25 February around 30° N, 50° W over the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean. Its genesis occurred on a region characterized by warm and moist air under the influence of a strong upper level wave embedded in the westerlies. Xynthia followed an unusual SW–NE path towards Iberia, France and central Europe. The role of moist air masses on the explosive development of Xynthia is analysed by considering the evaporative sources. A lagrangian model is used to identify the moisture sources, sinks and moisture transport associated with the cyclone during its development phase. The main supply of moisture is located over an elongated region of the subtropical North Atlantic Ocean with anomalously high SST, confirming that the explosive development of storm Xynthia had a significant contribution from the subtropics.
Resurfacing Hip Replacement and Cemented Total Hip Replacement have Equivalent Outcome at One Year in a Disease Matched Population: A Case-Control Study of Patient Reported Outcome Measures
Authors: Ray Robbie , Goudie Ewan B. , Jenkins Paul , Gaston Paul
Published: September 2013

Resurfacing hip replacement has demonstrated good survival and outcomes for cohorts of younger male patients, but few controlled studies exist. In this study we compared patient reported outcome measures and satisfaction scores at one year following resurfacing hip replacement in 69 male patients with two control groups of equal numbers undergoing cemented total hip replacement: aged-matched patients and disease matched patients. At one year we found no difference in improvement in patient reported outcome measures between patients undergoing resurfacing hip replacement and disease matched patients, whereas patients undergoing resurfacing hip replacement had a statistically significant improvement in Oxford Hip Score compared to the age-matched controls (p<0.047) although this was below the minimally clinically detectable difference. Resurfacing hip replacement and total hip replacement both confer increase in patient reported outcome scores and high patient satisfaction at one year. The results of this study will allow better counselling of patients and help inform treatment decisions.
Auf dem Weg zu “grüneren” übergangsmetallkatalysierten Verfahren: Quantifizierung durch den E‐Faktor
Authors: Lipshutz Bruce H. , Isley Nicholas A. , Fennewald James C. , Slack Eric D.
Published: September 2013

Die übergangsmetallkatalysierte Bildung von Kohlenstoff‐Kohlenstoff‐ oder Kohlenstoff‐Heteroatom‐Bindungen gehört zu den am intensivsten genutzten Reaktionen in der universitären und industriellen Chemie. So bedeutend solche Kreuzkupplungen für die Synthese sind, so hoch ist auch ihr Preis für Umwelt und Nachhaltigkeit. Ein Instrument, um die Menge an Lösungsmittelabfall zu messen, ist der E‐Faktor. Ursächlich für einen hohen E‐Faktor bei der Produktion von Pharmazeutika und Feinchemikalien sind vor allem die verwendeten organischen Lösungsmittel. Eine Alternative zu organischen Lösungsmitteln bei Kreuzkupplungen bietet die Katalyse mit Micellen. Bei diesem Verfahren katalysieren neuartige Nanopartikel aus Designer‐Tensiden die Reaktion, die in wässriger Umgebung und zumeist bei Raumtemperatur abläuft. Da ohne organisches Lösungsmittel auch kein organischer Abfall produziert wird, reduziert sich der E‐Faktor drastisch.
Overview: The Future of the Urban Community College
Authors: Myran Gunder , Parsons Michael H.
Published: September 2013

We view this New Directions for Community Colleges sourcebook as a call to action for America's urban community colleges to become leaders on the frontier of a genuine multiracial democracy. It is a call to redress massive and persistent disparities that have created what Cornel West refers to as the “pathology of despair” in our inner cities. Leaders are challenged to transform the very nature of the urban community college just as those who came before us responded to the social revolution of the 1950s and 1960s amid the civil rights movement of that era. Today's urban college is at the front line of the next phase in this revolution, leading efforts to overcome the persistent and entrenched racial, educational, economic, and social inequities that threaten the vitality of our cities and our nation's democratic principles. Suburban and rural community colleges have a stake in this same experience, as they also serve areas of increasing diversity and poverty.
Increasing the Relevance of Curricular and Student Services in the Urban Community College
Authors: Padrón Eduardo J.
Published: September 2013

As one of the country's biggest and most diverse institutions of higher education, Miami Dade College (MDC) has also grown into a leader among urban community colleges operating in very similar conditions. Here, MDC President Eduardo J. Padrón summarizes the extra measures behind a graduation rate that is among the highest for this sector of the most underprepared postsecondary students.
Capacity Building: Reshaping Urban Community College Resources in Response to Emerging Challenges
Authors: Lassiter Wright L.
Published: September 2013

Urban community colleges face a myriad of convergent challenges, including the loss of state funding and local property tax support, increased demands for better performance and greater accountability, and record‐high enrollment by the most underprepared students in higher education. Sometimes to make sense of it all, it helps to think of an onion.
ChemInform Abstract: Sr8MgB18O36: A New Alkaline‐Earth Borate with a Novel Zero‐Dimensional (B18O36)18‐ Anion Ring.
Authors: Yao Wenjiao , Jiang Xingxing , Huang Hongwei , Xu Tao , Wang Xiaoshan , Lin Zheshuai , Chen Chuangtian
Published: September 2013

Single crystals of Sr8MgB18O36 are obtained by flux melting of SrCO3, MgO, H3BO3, and LiF (or NaF) in the molar ratio of 1:1:2:3.
ChemInform Abstract: Liquid‐Phase Syntheses and Material Properties of Two‐Dimensional Nanocrystals of Rare Earth—Selenium Compound Containing Planar Se Layers: RESe2 Nanosheets and RE4O4Se3 Nanoplates.
Authors: Gu Jun , Zhao Ze‐Qiong , Ding Yi , Chen Hong‐Liang , Zhang Ya‐Wen , Yan Chun‐Hua
Published: September 2013

LnSe2 nanosheets (Ln: La—Nd; nanobars for EuSe2) and Ln4O4Se3 nanoplates (Ln: Nd, Sm, Gd—Ho) are prepared from mixtures of Ln(acac)3 (Ln: La, Pr, Nd, Sm—Ho) or Ce(OAc)3, excess SeO2, oleic acid, oleylamine, and 1‐octadecene (310—320 °C, 30—60 min).
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structures and Raman Spectra of Imidazolium Poly[perfluorotitanate(IV)] Salts Containing the [TiF6]2‐, ([Ti2F9]‐)∞, and [Ti2F11]3‐ and the New [Ti4F20]4‐ and [Ti5F23]3‐ Anions.
Authors: Shlyapnikov Igor M. , Mercier Helene P. A. , Goreshnik Evgeny A. , Schrobilgen Gary J. , Mazej Zoran
Published: September 2013

Crystals of [ImH]2[TiF6]·2HF (I) (Im: imidazole), [ImH]3[Ti2F11] (II), [ImH]4[Ti4F20] (III), [ImH3][Ti5F23] (IV), and [ImH][Ti2F9] (V) are prepared from stoichiometric mixtures of imidazole and TiF4 in anhydrous HF (‐196 °C followed by warming to ambient temperature) and characterized by single crystal XRD, Raman spectroscopy, and quantum chemical B3LYP calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure Characterization, and Reversible Transformation of a Cobalt Salt of a Dilacunary γ‐Keggin Silicotungstate and Sandwich‐Type Di‐ and Tetracobalt‐Containing Silicotungstate Dimers.
Authors: Kikukawa Yuji , Suzuki Kosuke , Yamaguchi Kazuya , Mizuno Noritaka
Published: September 2013

A new cobalt salt of a dilacunary γ‐Keggin silicotungstate (III) is prepared and utilized as a precursor for novel di‐ and tetracobalt‐containing silicotungstate dimers (V) and (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: U3F12(H2O), a Noncentrosymmetric Uranium(IV) Fluoride Prepared via a Convenient in situ Route That Creates U4+ under Mild Hydrothermal Conditions.
Authors: Yeon Jeongho , Smith Mark D. , Sefat Athena S. , Tran T. Thao , Halasyamani P. Shiv , zur Loye Hans‐Conrad
Published: September 2013

U3F12(H2O) is synthesized via a mild hydrothermal route using UO2(O‐Ac)2(H2O)2, Cu(O‐Ac)2(H2O)2, Hf and H2O (autoclave, 200 °C, 1 d) followed by elemental Cu dissolution.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Aerobic Oxidative Cleavage of Cyclic 1,2‐Diketones.
Authors: Gundala Sivaji , Fagan Claire‐Louise , Delany Eoghan G. , Connon Stephen J.
Published: September 2013

Sequential oxidative cleavage of cyclic 1,2‐diones with water as the nucleophile and esterification of the resulting diol allows the synthesis of various diesters.
ChemInform Abstract: TEMPO‐Based Ionic Liquid with Temperature‐Dependent Property and Application for Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols.
Authors: Zhu Jie , Wang Peng‐cheng , Ming Lu
Published: September 2013

A novel temperature‐dependent catalytic system involving a TEMPO functionalized imidazolium salt (TBIL) is developed and successfully applied to the selective oxidation of a variety of alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Domino Double Michael Addition of Nitroolefins and Aldehyde Esters with trans‐Perhydroindolic Acid as an Organocatalyst.
Authors: An Qianjin , Shen Jiefeng , Butt Nicholas , Liu Delong , Liu Yangang , Zhang Wanbin
Published: September 2013

The reaction with aromatic nitroolefins gives functionalized cyclopentanes, generally with good to excellent e.e.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt‐Catalyzed Electrophilic Amination of Arylzincs with N‐Chloroamines.
Authors: Qian Xin , Yu Zailu , Auffrant Audrey , Gosmini Corinne
Published: September 2013

An efficient cobalt‐catalyzed electrophilic amination of arylzinc reagents with chloroamines is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfonamide Synthesis via Oxyma‐O‐sulfonates — Compatibility to Acid Sensitive Groups and Solid‐Phase Peptide Synthesis.
Authors: Palakurthy Nani Babu , Dev Dharm , Rana Shubhasmin , Nadimpally Krishna Chaitanya , Mandal Bhubaneswar
Published: September 2013

The method has many advantages compared to the other known methods as it proceeds at room temperature and avoids the use of strong bases.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Visible Light Mediated Synthesis of Aryl Sulfides.
Authors: Majek Michal , Jacobi von Wangelin Axel
Published: September 2013

A new photocatalytic thiolation protocol which allows the synthesis of aryl sulfides (III) in good yields is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient and Environment‐Friendly Synthesis of Sulfonyl Chlorides from S‐Alkylisothiourea Salts via N‐Chlorosuccinimide Chlorosulfonation.
Authors: Yang Zhanhui , Xu Jiaxi
Published: September 2013

Alkyl halides, sulfonates and sulfates react with thiourea to provide S‐alkylthiourea salts of type (II) which afford the required sulfonyl chlorides on treatment with NCS.
ChemInform Abstract: Visible‐Light Photoredox in Homolytic Aromatic Substitution: Direct Arylation of Arenes with Aryl Halides.
Authors: Cheng Yannan , Gu Xiangyong , Li Pixu
Published: September 2013

In general, aryliodides and ‐bromides afford similar results but the latter are more sensitive to the reaction temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: Monodentate Chiral N‐Heterocyclic Carbene—Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Suzuki—Miyaura and Kumada Coupling.
Authors: Wu Linglin , Salvador Alvaro , Ou Arnold , Shi Ming Wen , Skelton Brian W. , Dorta Reto
Published: September 2013

A novel complex PNC is tested in the title reactions to produce the chiral biaryls with low to moderate e.e′s.
ChemInform Abstract: NHC‐Catalyzed Ester Activation: Access to Sterically Congested Spirocyclic Oxindoles via Reaction of α‐Aryl Esters and Unsaturated Imines.
Authors: Hao Lin , Chuen Chan Wei , Ganguly Rakesh , Chi Yonggui Robin
Published: September 2013

The reaction involves formation of NHC‐bound ester enolate intermediates as key step.
ChemInform Abstract: Dual C—H Activations of Electron‐Deficient Heteroarenes: Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Cross Coupling of Thiazoles with Azine N‐Oxides.
Authors: Fu Xiao‐Pu , Xuan Qing‐Qing , Liu Li , Wang Dong , Chen Yong‐Jun , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: September 2013

Copper(II) pivalate acts as both an oxidant and a C—H bond activator in the synthesis of 2‐thiazolyl pyridine N‐oxides.
ChemInform Abstract: Ionic Liquid Containing Copper(I): A New, Green, Homogeneous, and Reusable Catalyst for Click Cyclization.
Authors: Ahmady Amanollah Zaei , Heidarizadeh Fariba , Keshavarz Mosadegh
Published: September 2013

The ionic liquid containing copper (I) complex is a green, homogeneous, and reusable catalyst for the click synthesis of 1,4‐disubstituted‐1,2,3‐triazoles from α‐azido ketones and terminal alkynes.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of 2‐Arylamino‐Substituted Pyridinyl Nitriles by Buchwald—Hartwig Amination.
Authors: Guo Shuo , Wang Yaping , Sun Chunxia , Li Jingya , Zou Dapeng , Wu Yangjie , Wu Yusheng
Published: September 2013

The title compounds can be obtained under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Silica‐Supported Ionic Liquid Si‐[SbSipim][PF6]: An Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidine‐2‐(1H)‐ones
Authors: Kang Li‐Qin , Jin Dong‐Yuan , Cai Yue‐Qin
Published: September 2013

via a one‐pot, three‐component Biginelli reaction
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Radical Skeletal Rearrangement Induced by Molecular Oxygen: Synthesis of Quinazolinones.
Authors: Wang Yi‐Feng , Zhang Feng‐Lian , Chiba Shunsuke
Published: September 2013

Application of this method is demonstrated in total syntheses of compounds XI and XII.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Method for the Synthesis of Pyridazino[4,5‐b][1,4]thiazine‐diones via Smiles Rearrangement.
Authors: Zhao Yongmei , Bai Yongcheng , Zhang Qihui , Chen Zhi , Dai Qiaoling , Ma Chen
Published: September 2013

The synthesis of the title species from pyridazine derivative (I) and amides proceeds through Smiles rearrangement of an initially generated substitution product.
ChemInform Abstract: A Sequential One‐Pot Protocol for the Synthesis of Dihydrobenzo[6,7]indolo[3′,4′:3,4,5]azepino[2,1‐a]isoquinolines Using a Gold—Silver Combined Catalyst.
Authors: Saifuddin Mohammad , Samala Srinivas , Krishna Deevi G. Venkata , Kundu Bijoy
Published: September 2013

Indole‐based substrates react with a broad spectrum of aromatic aldehydes bearing a 2‐alkynyl chain to produce the title skeletons via imine formation, cationic π‐cyclization, and intramolecular hydroamination.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Phosphonoterephthalic Acids via Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling of Aromatic Iodoesters.
Authors: Ivan Nathaniel , Benin Vladimir , Morgan Alexander B.
Published: September 2013

2‐Phosphonoterephthalic acid (IV) and 2,5‐diphosphonoterephthalic acid (VII), potentially useful flame‐retardant additives or monomers for the construction of acid‐pendant polymer chains, are efficiently obtained via Pd‐catalyzed coupling reactions of corresponding iodinated terephthalate ester with trimethyl phosphite.
ChemInform Abstract: Melanogenesis Inhibitory Daphnane Diterpenoids from the Flower Buds of Daphne genkwa.
Authors: Hwang Bang Yeon , et al. et al.
Published: September 2013

Two new daphnane‐type diterpene orthoesters, daphneresiniferins A (Ia) and B (Ib), are isolated together with seven known diterpenes and their inhibitory effects on the melanin production in activated B16 melanoma cells are evaluated.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective β‐C‐Glycosylation by a Palladium‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Allylation: Formal Synthesis of Aspergillide A.
Authors: Zeng Jing , Ma Jimei , Xiang Shaohua , Cai Shuting , Liu Xue‐Wei
Published: September 2013

The process allows a convenient synthesis of glycals of type (II), (IV), and (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Constituents from Nelumbo nucifera Leaves and Their anti‐Obesity Effects.
Authors: Ahn Jong Hoon , Kim Eun Sil , Lee Chul , Kim Soonok , Cho Soo‐Hyun , Hwang Bang Yeon , Lee Mi Kyeong
Published: September 2013

isolation, structure determination and biological activities of 33 constituents including the new megastigmane, nelumnucifoside A (I), and the new eudesmane sesquiterpene, nelumnucifoside B (II)
ChemInform Abstract: Size‐ and Shape‐Controlled Synthesis of Monodisperse Metal Oxide and Mixed Oxide Nanocrystals
Authors: Nguyen Thanh‐Dinh , Do Trong‐On
Published: September 2013

Review: 121 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Organocatalysis: From Proline to Highly Efficient Immobilized Organocatalysts
Authors: Kucherenko A. S. , Siyutkin D. E. , Maltsev O. V. , Kochetkov S. V. , Zlotin S. G.
Published: September 2013

Review: 61 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Transition Metal‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions for the Construction of Tertiary Stereocenters.
Authors: Swift Elizabeth C. , Jarvo Elizabeth R.
Published: September 2013

Review: < 125 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydroxy‐Substituted Pyridine‐Like N‐Heterocycles: Versatile Ligands in Organometallic Catalysis
Authors: Wang Wan‐Hui , Muckerman James T. , Fujita Etsuko , Himeda Yuichiro
Published: September 2013

Review: 56 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Tetrathiafulvalene: The Advent of Organic Metals
Authors: Martin Nazario
Published: September 2013

Review: 34 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Demonstration of Permanent Porosity in Flexible and Guest‐Responsive Organic Zeolite Analogues (Now Called MOFs)
Authors: Janiak Christoph
Published: September 2013

Review: about 40 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 on TiO2 and Other Semiconductors
Authors: Habisreutinger Severin N. , Schmidt‐Mende Lukas , Stolarczyk Jacek K.
Published: September 2013

Review: < 260 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Manganese‐Mediated C—C Bond Formation via C—H Activation: From Stoichiometry to Catalysis
Authors: Wang Congyang
Published: September 2013

Review: 72 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Winding Pathway to Erythropoietin Along the Chemistry—Biology Frontier: A Success at Last
Authors: Wilson Rebecca M. , Dong Suwei , Wang Ping , Danishefsky Samuel J.
Published: September 2013

Review: <70 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Polymetallic Complexes Linked to a Single‐Frame Ligand: Cooperative Effects in Catalysis
Authors: Bratko Ielyzaveta , Gomez Montserrat
Published: September 2013

Review: 153 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanocarbons for the Development of Advanced Catalysts
Authors: Su Dang Sheng , Perathoner Siglinda , Centi Gabriele
Published: September 2013

Review: 419 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enzyme Nanoarchitectonics: Organization and Device Application
Authors: Ariga Katsuhiko , Ji Qingmin , Mori Taizo , Naito Masanobu , Yamauchi Yusuke , Abe Hideki , Hill Jonathan P.
Published: September 2013

Review: 251 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Immobilization and Application of Lipases in Organic Media
Authors: Adlercreutz Patrick
Published: September 2013

Review: 310 refs.
Requirement for commissureless2 function during dipteran insect nerve cord development
Authors: Sarro Joseph , Andrews Emily , Sun Longhua , Behura Susanta K. , Tan John C. , Zeng Erliang , Severson David W. , Duman‐Scheel Molly
Published: September 2013

Background: In Drosophila melanogaster, commissureless (comm) function is required for proper nerve cord development. Although comm orthologs have not been identified outside of Drosophila species, some insects possess orthologs of Drosophila comm2, which may also regulate embryonic nerve cord development. Here, this hypothesis is explored through characterization of comm2 genes in two disease vector mosquitoes. Results: Culex quinquefasciatus (West Nile and lymphatic filiariasis vector) has three comm2 genes that are expressed in the developing nerve cord. Aedes aegypti (dengue and yellow fever vector) has a single comm2 gene that is expressed in commissural neurons projecting axons toward the midline. Loss of comm2 function in both A. aegypti and D. melanogaster was found to result in loss of commissure defects that phenocopy the frazzled (fra) loss of function phenotypes observed in both species. Loss of fra function in either insect was found to result in decreased comm2 transcript levels during nerve cord development. Conclusions: The results of this investigation suggest that Fra down‐regulates repulsion in precrossing commissural axons by regulating comm2 levels in both A. aegypti and D. melanogaster, both of which require Comm2 function for proper nerve cord development. Developmental Dynamics 242:1466–1477, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Release of genetically engineered insects: a framework to identify potential ecological effects
Authors: David Aaron S. , Kaser Joe M. , Morey Amy C. , Roth Alexander M. , Andow David A.
Published: September 2013

Genetically engineered (GE) insects have the potential to radically change pest management worldwide. With recent approvals of GE insect releases, there is a need for a synthesized framework to evaluate their potential ecological and evolutionary effects. The effects may occur in two phases: a transitory phase when the focal population changes in density, and a steady state phase when it reaches a new, constant density. We review potential effects of a rapid change in insect density related to population outbreaks, biological control, invasive species, and other GE organisms to identify a comprehensive list of potential ecological and evolutionary effects of GE insect releases. We apply this framework to the Anopheles gambiae mosquito – a malaria vector being engineered to suppress the wild mosquito population – to identify effects that may occur during the transitory and steady state phases after release. Our methodology reveals many potential effects in each phase, perhaps most notably those dealing with immunity in the transitory phase, and with pathogen and vector evolution in the steady state phase. Importantly, this framework identifies knowledge gaps in mosquito ecology. Identifying effects in the transitory and steady state phases allows more rigorous identification of the potential ecological effects of GE insect release.
Interploidy hybridization in sympatric zones: the formation ofEpidendrum fulgens × E. puniceoluteumhybrids (Epidendroideae,Orchidaceae)
Authors: Moraes Ana P. , Chinaglia Mariana , Palma‐Silva Clarisse , Pinheiro Fábio
Published: September 2013

Interspecific hybridization is a primary cause of extensive morphological and chromosomal variation and plays an important role in plant species diversification. However, the role of interploidal hybridization in the formation of hybrid swarms is less clear.Epidendrumencompasses wide variation in chromosome number and lacks strong premating barriers, making the genus a good model for clarifying the role of chromosomes in postzygotic barriers in interploidal hybrids. In this sense, hybrids from the interploidal sympatric zone betweenE. fulgens(2n = 2x = 24) andE. puniceoluteum(2n = 4x = 56) were analyzed using cytogenetic techniques to elucidate the formation and establishment of interploidal hybrids. Hybrids were not a uniform group: two chromosome numbers were observed, with the variation being a consequence of severe hybrid meiotic abnormalities and backcrossing withE. puniceoluteum. The hybrids were triploids (2n = 3x = 38 and 40) and despite the occurrence of enormous meiotic problems associated with triploidy, the hybrids were able to backcross, producing successful hybrid individuals with broad ecological distributions. In spite of the nonpolyploidization of the hybrid, its formation is a long‐term evolutionary process rather than a product of a recent disturbance, and considering other sympatric zones inEpidendrum, these events could be recurrent.
Intraspecific variation in the growth and survival of juvenile fish exposed to Eucalyptus leachate
Authors: Morrongiello John R. , Bond Nicholas R. , Crook David A. , Wong Bob B. M.
Published: September 2013

Whilst changes in freshwater assemblages along gradients of environmental stress have been relatively well studied, we know far less about intraspecific variation to these same stressors. A stressor common in fresh waters worldwide is leachates from terrestrial plants. Leachates alter the physiochemical environment of fresh waters by lowering pH and dissolved oxygen and also releasing toxic compounds such as polyphenols and tannins, all of which can be detrimental to aquatic organisms. We investigated how chronic exposure to Eucalyptus leaf leachate affected the growth and survival of juvenile southern pygmy perch (Nannoperca australis) collected from three populations with different litter inputs, hydrology and observed leachate concentrations. Chronic exposure to elevated leachate levels negatively impacted growth and survival, but the magnitude of these lethal and sublethal responses was conditional on body size and source population. Bigger fish had increased survival at high leachate levels but overall slower growth rates. Body size also varied among populations and fish from the population exposed to the lowest natural leachate concentrations had the highest average stress tolerance. Significant intraspecific variation in both growth and survival caused by Eucalyptus leachate exposure indicates that the magnitude (but not direction) of these stress responses varies across the landscape. This raises the potential for leachate‐induced selection to operate at an among‐population scale. The importance of body size demonstrates that the timing of leachate exposure during ontogeny is central in determining the magnitude of biological response, with early life stages being most vulnerable. Overall, we demonstrate that Eucalyptus leachates are prevalent and potent selective agents that can trigger important sublethal impacts, beyond those associated with more familiar fish kills, and reiterate that dissolved organic carbon is more than just an energy source in aquatic environments.
NKG2C zygosity influences CD94/NKG2C receptor function and the NK‐cell compartment redistribution in response to human cytomegalovirus
Authors: Muntasell Aura , López‐Montañés María , Vera Andrea , Heredia Gemma , Romo Neus , Peñafiel Judith , Moraru Manuela , Vila Joan , Vilches Carlos , López‐Botet Miguel
Published: September 2013

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection promotes a persistent expansion of a functionally competent NK‐cell subset expressing the activating CD94/NKG2C receptor. Factors underlying the wide variability of this effect observed in HCMV‐seropositive healthy individuals and exacerbated in immunocompromized patients are uncertain. A deletion of the NKG2C gene has been reported, and an apparent relation of NKG2C genotype with circulating NKG2C+ NK‐cell numbers was observed in HCMV+ children. We have assessed the influence of NKG2C gene dose on the NK‐cell repertoire in a cohort of young healthy adults (N = 130, median age 19 years). Our results revealed a relation of NKG2C copy number with surface receptor levels and with NKG2C+ NK‐cell numbers in HCMV+ subjects, independently of HLA‐E dimorphism. Functional studies showed quantitative differences in signaling (i.e. iCa2+ influx), degranulation, and IL‐15‐dependent proliferation, in response to NKG2C engagement, between NK cells from NKG2C+/+ and hemizygous subjects. These observations provide a mechanistic interpretation on the way the NKG2C genotype influences steady‐state NKG2C+ NK‐cell numbers, further supporting an active involvement of the receptor in the HCMV‐induced reconfiguration of the NK‐cell compartment. The putative implications of NKG2C zygosity over viral control and other clinical variables deserve attention.
PI3Kγ kinase activity is required for optimal T‐cell activation and differentiation
Authors: Ladygina Nadia , Gottipati Sridevi , Ngo Karen , Castro Glenda , Ma Jing‐Ying , Banie Homayon , Rao Tadimeti S. , Fung‐Leung Wai‐Ping
Published: September 2013

Phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase gamma (PI3Kγ) is a leukocyte‐specific lipid kinase with signaling function downstream of G protein‐coupled receptors to regulate cell trafficking, but its role in T cells remains unclear. To investigate the requirement of PI3Kγ kinase activity in T‐cell function, we studied T cells from PI3Kγ kinase‐dead knock‐in (PI3KγKD/KD) mice expressing the kinase‐inactive PI3Kγ protein. We show that CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from PI3KγKD/KD mice exhibit impaired TCR/CD28‐mediated activation that could not be rescued by exogenous IL‐2. The defects in proliferation and cytokine production were also evident in naïve and memory T cells. Analysis of signaling events in activated PI3KγKD/KD T cells revealed a reduction in phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT) and ERK1/2, a decrease in lipid raft formation, and a delay in cell cycle progression. Furthermore, PI3KγKD/KD CD4+ T cells displayed compromised differentiation toward Th1, Th2, Th17, and induced Treg cells. PI3KγKD/KD mice also exhibited an impaired response to immunization and a reduced delayed‐type hypersensitivity to Ag challenge. These findings indicate that PI3Kγ kinase activity is required for optimal T‐cell activation and differentiation, as well as for mounting an efficient T cell‐mediated immune response. The results suggest that PI3Kγ kinase inhibitors could be beneficial in reducing the undesirable immune response in autoimmune diseases.
Nanostructured SnO2@TiO2 Core‐Shell Composites: A High‐Rate Li‐ion Anode Material Usable without Conductive Additives
Authors: Ji Ge , Ding Bo , Ma Yue , Lee Jim Yang
Published: September 2013

Increasing the power density of lithium‐ion batteries at the materials level is still the preferred strategy for meeting the requirements of large‐scale applications such as electric vehicles and grid‐scale energy storage. This paper reports a method to produce reversible Li‐ion storage hosts as nanoparticles furnished with their own current collectors. The consequent decrease in interparticle electrical resistance enabled SnO2 to be used as a lithium‐ion battery anode without conductive additives, even surpassing the rate performance of SnO2 with 10 wt % (typical value) carbon black conductive additive. The “current collector” in this case was a thin, conductive LiyTi1−yO2 shell on a core aggregated from SnO2 nanoparticles. Good electrical connectivity in the electrode was maintained even with the expansion and contraction of the Li‐ion storage host during discharging and charging. The composite fabricated as such delivered a charge (delithiation) capacity of 743 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 in the first cycle and 518 mAh g−1 at the end of 30 cycles without conductive additives. The charge capacity after increasing the current density by a factor of five was similar: 735 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 in the first cycle and 505 mAh g−1 at the end of 30 cycles. Hence the design was effective in minimizing the capacity loss in cycling at high current densities. Impendence measurements indicated that the charge transfer resistance of the composite without conductive additives was even smaller than the charge transfer resistance of pristine SnO2 mixed with carbon black. The TiO2‐coating method can therefore be an effective approach for the preparation of conductive additive‐free high‐power‐density anode materials.
Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders in Female Adolescents with First‐Onset Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Bühren K , Schwarte R , Fluck F , Timmesfeld N , Krei M , Egberts K , Pfeiffer E , Fleischhaker C , Wewetzer C , Herpertz‐Dahlmann B
Published: September 2013

Objective

Patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) exhibit high rates of psychiatric comorbidity. To disentangle the effects of duration of illness on comorbid psychiatric symptoms, we investigated the rates of comorbid psychiatric disorders, suicidality and self‐harm behaviour in adolescent patients with a first onset of AN.

Methods

In adolescent females (n = 148) with a first onset of AN, body mass index, psychiatric comorbidity (according to DSM‐IV), depressive symptoms, suicidality and self‐injurious behaviour were assessed.

Results

Seventy patients (47.3%) met the criteria for at least one comorbid psychiatric disorder. The binge‐purging subtype was associated with increased rates of psychiatric comorbidity, suicidality and self‐injurious behaviour. The severity of eating disorder‐specific psychopathology influenced current psychiatric comorbidity and suicidal ideation.

Conclusion

Prevalence rates of comorbid psychiatric disorders and suicidal ideation are considerably lower among adolescents with AN compared with adults. An early and careful assessment, along with adequate treatment of the eating disorder, might prevent the development of severe psychiatric comorbidities. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
The K‐derived MLT sector geomagnetic indices
Authors: Chambodut A. , Marchaudon A. , Menvielle M. , El‐Lemdani Mazouz F. , Lathuillére C.
Published: September 2013

New subauroral K‐derived sector indices are proposed. They are based on the K local geomagnetic activity indices from the planetary am network stations, and their derivation scheme draws directly from that of am indices. Four Magnetic Local Time (MLT) sectors are considered, leading to four different K‐derived MLT sector indices: the aσDawn (03–09 MLT), aσNoon (09–15 MLT), aσDusk (15–21 MLT), and aσMidnight (21–03 MLT) indices. They cover more than four solar cycles and, thus, allow robust statistical analysis. Statistical studies of the whole aσ data series and case studies for two geomagnetic storms are presented. These analyses clearly show that the four aσ have specific behaviors and that it is possible to get insight into both the statistical properties of the physical processes responsible for the observed geomagnetic activity and contribution to the dynamics of a given storm.
Contribution of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation to global mean sea level trends
Authors: Hamlington B. D. , Leben R. R. , Strassburg M. W. , Nerem R. S. , Kim K.‐Y.
Published: September 2013

Understanding and explaining the trend in global mean sea level (GMSL) have important implications for future projections of sea level rise. While measurements from satellite altimetry have provided accurate estimates of GMSL, the modern altimetry record has only now reached 20 years in length, making it difficult to assess the contribution of decadal to multidecadal climate signals to the global trend. Here, we use a sea level reconstruction to study the 20 year trends in sea level since 1950. In particular, we show that the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) contributes significantly to the 20 year trends in GMSL. We estimate the PDO contribution to the GMSL trend over the past 20 years to be approximately 0.49 ± 0.25 mm/year and find that removing the PDO contribution reduces the acceleration in GMSL estimated over the past 60 years.
Predictors of coupling between structural and functional cortical networks in normal aging
Authors: Romero‐Garcia Rafael , Atienza Mercedes , Cantero Jose L.
Published: September 2013

Understanding how the mammalian neocortex creates cognition largely depends on knowledge about large‐scale cortical organization. Accumulated evidence has illuminated cortical substrates of cognition across the lifespan, but how topological properties of cortical networks support structure‐function relationships in normal aging remains an open question. Here we investigate the role of connections (i.e., short/long and direct/indirect) and node properties (i.e., centrality and modularity) in predicting functional‐structural connectivity coupling in healthy elderly subjects. Connectivity networks were derived from correlations of cortical thickness and cortical glucose consumption in resting state. Local‐direct connections (i.e., nodes separated by less than 30 mm) and node modularity (i.e., a set of nodes highly interconnected within a topological community and sparsely interconnected with nodes from other modules) in the functional network were identified as the main determinants of coupling between cortical networks, suggesting that the structural network in aging is mainly constrained by functional topological properties involved in the segregation of information, likely due to aging‐related deficits in functional integration. This hypothesis is supported by an enhanced connectivity between cortical regions of different resting‐state networks involved in sensorimotor and memory functions in detrimental to associations between fronto‐parietal regions supporting executive processes. Taken collectively, these findings open new avenues to identify aging‐related failures in the anatomo‐functional organization of the neocortical mantle, and might contribute to early detection of prevalent neurodegenerative conditions occurring in the late life. Hum Brain Mapp 35:2724–2740, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.