bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of a Water Droplet on the Heated Surface of Nano- and Micro-Structures
Authors: Kim Seol Ha , Ahn Ho Seon , Kim Joonwon , Kim Moo Hwan
Published: July 2013

In this study, we investigated the dynamic behavior of a water droplet near the Leidenfrost point (LFP) of bare and modified zirconium alloy surfaces with bundles of nanotubes (∼10–100 nm) or micro mountain-like structures using high-speed photography. A deionized water droplet (6 μL) was dropped onto the sample surfaces (20 × 25 × 0.7 mm) that were heated to temperatures ranging from 250°C to the LFP. The modified zirconium alloy surfaces showed complete wetting and well-spread features at room temperature due to strong liquid spreading by the structure. The meniscus of the liquid droplet on the structured surface experienced more vigorous dynamics with intensive nucleate boiling, compared with the clean, bare surface. The cutback phenomenon was observed on the bare surface; however, the structured surfaces showed a water droplet “burst”. We observed that the LFPs were 449°C, 522°C, and 570°C, corresponding to the bare, micro-, and nano-structures, respectively.
Energy Harvesting for Powering Biomedical Devices
Authors: Romero Edwar
Published: July 2013

Energy harvesting techniques have been proved commercially for powering electronic devices, as shown by thermoelectric, piezoelectric, electrostatic or electromagnetic approaches, among others. The human body itself can be an alternative power source for energizing miniature electronic devices. Biomedical applications can embrace the use of these new technologies by extending the battery lifetime of actual devices, or even requiring no batteries for some endeavors. New applications such as constant patient monitoring, wireless body sensor networks, or continuous therapies that are actually bounded by batteries or power cords can benefit from this approach. This paper reviews the capabilities and future trends of energy harvesting techniques for powering portable medical devices including thermal energy, kinetic energy, and glucose fuels. Several transduction techniques (piezoelectric, electromagnetic, and electrostatic) are evaluated as well.
Novel ArF photoresist polymer to suppress the formation of roughness in plasma etching processes
Authors: Uesugi Takuji , Okada Takeru , Wada Akira , Kato Keisuke , Yasuda Atsushi , Maeda Shinichi , Samukawa Seiji
Published: July 2013

The most serious problem associated with 193 nm lithography using ArF photoresists is the formation of roughness on photoresist film during plasma processes. The main determining factor for the formation of roughness during plasma etching is a chemical reaction between the photoresist polymer and reactive species from the plasma. The lactone group in photoresist polymer is highly chemically reactive, and shrinking the lactone structure enhances the formation of roughness. The authors propose a novel ArF photoresist polymer on the basis of the mechanism for the formation of roughness. The formation of roughness was suppressed much more in the novel photoresist polymer than that in the previous type. Chemical reactions in the novel photoresist polymer were evenly spread on the photoresist film surface by adding a polar structure. As a result, decreases in the lactone group were inhibited, which led to ArF photoresist roughness being suppressed.
Improved design of 5 nm class electron optical microcolumn for manufacturing convenience and its characteristics
Authors: Oh Tae-Sik , Kim Dae-Wook , Ahn Seungjoon , Seob Kim Ho
Published: July 2013

The achievement of small probe beam size at a target plane with higher probe beam current is an important challenge in the development of electron beam equipment, such as an electron optical microcolumn. Though ∼10 nm class probe beam size with acceptable current was reported already, it was achieved through a series of sophisticated technologies. In this work, the authors would like to report on the improved design of a ∼5 nm class electron optical microcolumn which can be assembled through relatively convenient manufacturing processes. The advantage of the improved design is that it can mitigate the complexities in its manufacturing processes by simply enlarging the aperture diameter of an extractor electrode and inserting an additional subsidiary electrode. The design parameters and the results of analysis on the performance of the improved electron optical microcolumn will be discussed through simulation investigation.
A surprise behind a case of winter vomiting virus
Authors: Panopoulou Aikaterini , Vermaak Erin , McHugh Neil
Published: July 2013

A 79-year-old man was admitted through the medical take with norovirus gastritis. Routine plain chest radiography demonstrated a right coin lesion. CT and subsequent positron emission tomography showed a right upper lobe mass consistent with primary bronchial carcinoma. The lesion was resected and histology revealed a granulomatous necrotising mass without evidence of dysplasia. Meticulous investigations for infectious and non-infectious causes of necrotising granulomatous diseases were repeatedly negative. His postoperative recovery was complicated by a hospital-acquired pneumonia and a pulmonary embolism. CT pulmonary angiography showed progression of the previously resected mass and repeat biopsy was similar to the initial. A clinical diagnosis of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-negative vasculitis without extrapulmonary manifestations was made and immunosuppressive therapy was initiated with rapid clinical response.
Disorder of sex development as a diagnostic clue in the first Spanish known newborn with P450 oxidoreductase deficiency
Authors: Sánchez-Garvín Dunia , Albaladejo Sonia , Ezquieta Begoña , Corripio Raquel
Published: July 2013

We report the first known case of p450 oxidoreductase deficiency (PORD) in a Spanish boy who presented ambiguous genitalia at birth as a unique feature. He had palpable gonads in the inguinal canal and a normal 46,XY karyotype. Blood tests showed increased lanosterol and androgen precursors (17-OH-pregnenolone and 17-OH-progesterone) and low adrenal androgens (dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate). Blood pressure and serum electrolytes were normal. As he had low-testosterone response to human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation but responded to exogenous testosterone with phallic growth, male sex was assigned. Testosterone/dihydrotestosterone ratio and inhibin B were normal. Adrenal insufficiency was detected by corticotropin test. Hydrocortisone replacement treatment was administered. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia was ruled out and molecular analysis of POR gene showed the missense mutation p.Gly539Arg in compound heterozygosity located at splice acceptor site of intron 2 and the coding variant p.Gly80Arg. Surgery for cryptorchidism and hypospadias was performed.
Acute respiratory failure in a rapidly enlarging benign cervical goitre
Authors: Garingarao Carlo Jan , Añonuevo-Cruz Cecille , Gasacao Ryan
Published: July 2013

Benign goitres have the potential to reach massive sizes if neglected, but most have a protracted course that may or may not present with compressive symptoms. We report the case of a 57-year-old man who presented with a rapidly enlarging nodular goitre resulting in acute respiratory failure. Endotracheal intubation and emergency total thyroidectomy were performed, revealing massive thyroid nodules with minimal intrathoracic extension and tracheal erosion. Despite a course and clinical findings suggestive of malignant disease, histopathology was consistent with a benign multinodular goitre. Several cases of benign goitres necessitating endotracheal intubation have been reported. Airway compromise was attributed to a significant intrathoracic component, or inciting events such as thyroid haemorrhage, pregnancy, radioiodine uptake or major surgery. Obstructive symptoms may not correlate well with objective measures of upper airway obstruction such as radiographs or flow volume loops.
ACE inhibitor-induced intestinal angio-oedema: rare adverse effect of a common drug
Authors: Shahani Lokesh
Published: July 2013

ACE inhibitors are the leading cause of drug-induced angio-oedema in the USA. ACE inhibitor-induced intestinal angio-oedema, a much rarer complication of this medication, has been reported. The author reports a patient presenting with a 1-day history of severe abdominal pain. The patient was started on lisinopril 2 days prior to this presentation. Computer axial tomography (CAT) scan of the abdomen demonstrated extensive and marked thickening, and oedema involving the duodenum and proximal jejunum associated with significant mesenteric oedema. Concerns for visceral angio-oedema and a possible association with lisinopril according to the Naranjo algorithm were raised. Lisinopril was discontinued and the patient was treated with antihistamines. The patient improved clinically in the next 24 h and discharged home with education and documentation of this serious allergy. ACE inhibitor-induced visceral angio-oedema is under-reported and most often missed resulting in waste of hospital resources towards working up this clinical diagnosis.
Application of longitudinal-wave time-of-flight sound speed measurement to Pinus radiata seedlings
Authors: Emms Grant W. , Nanayakkara Bernadette , Harrington Jonathan J.
Published: July 2013

The sound speed of wood is related to important wood quality properties such as the microfibril angle of the S2 layer in the cell wall, stiffness, and shrinkage propensity. Measuring the sound speed of seedling stems has benefits to the forestry industry, potentially enabling early selection of trees that yield better quality wood. A nondamaging longitudinal-wave time-of-flight (LWToF) acoustic technique was used to determine the sound speed of 10 cm long sections of 2-year-old Pinus radiata D. Don seedlings. The measured sections were harvested and acoustic resonance used to determine the sound speed of the sections before and after the bark was removed and after the remaining xylem was dried. A linear relationship between the acoustic resonance sound speed of the dry xylem and the LWToF sound speed of the seedling stem was found (R2 = 0.89). To demonstrate a potential application using the LWToF acoustic technique, it was used as a tool for investigating the effect of various applied stresses on wood properties of a clone of P. radiata. The LWToF sound speed measurements of phytohormone stressed stems were significantly lower than the control stems, indicating the negative impact on stiffness and shrinkage propensity imposed by this treatment.
Bacterial community changes along a salinity gradient in a Chinese wetland
Authors: Zhang Lei , Gao Guang , Tang Xiangming , Shao Keqiang , Bayartu Sai , Dai Jiangyu
Published: July 2013

We analyzed the composition and diversity of a bacterial community to determine its response to increasing salinity in the Xiangsi Lake wetland in the arid region of northwest China. We studied 12 sites, ranging from freshwater to saltwater habitats, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes of 5 selected samples. Cluster analysis and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the bacterial community changed significantly in response to increased salinity within the small-scale wetland (50.8 km2). Detailed analysis showed that (i) Betaproteobacteria can maintain balanced growth over a salinity range (from 0.34 to 6.86 g/L) through intergenus changes in community structure, followed by a sharp decrease in relative abundance (from 62.2% to 16.0%) when salinity reaches 26.18 g/L; (ii) salt-sensitive and halophobic taxa were progressively replaced by halotolerant and halophilic taxa with increasing salinity; (iii) bacterial diversity was lowest at intermediate salinity levels (6.86 g/L); and (iv) an increasing percentage of unclassified bacterial taxa were found with increasing salinity. This study has implications to improve understanding of bacterial community response to water salinization.
MHD mixed convection flow of a viscoelastic fluid over an inclined surface with a nonuniform heat source/sink
Authors: Ramesh G.K. , Chamkha Ali J. , Gireesha B.J.
Published: July 2013

The steady mixed convection boundary layer flow over an inclined stretching surface immersed in an incompressible viscoelastic fluid is considered in this paper. Employing suitable similarity transformations, the governing partial differential equations are transformed into ordinary differential equations, and the transformed equations are solved numerically using Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg method. Herein, two different types of heating processes are considered, namely, (i) prescribed surface temperature and (ii) prescribed wall heat flux. The effects of the governing parameters on the flow field and heat transfer characteristics are obtained and discussed. It is found that velocity decreases and temperature increases with an increase in the value of angle of inclination.
A FAMILY OF PSEUDO-ANOSOV BRAIDS WHOSE SUPER-SUMMIT SETS GROW EXPONENTIALLY
Authors: CARUSO SANDRINE
Published: July 2013

We prove that the size of the super-summit set of a braid can grow exponentially with the canonical length of the braid, even for pseudo-Anosov braids.
A SURVEY ON SOFTWARE PATENTS AND THEIR LINKAGE TO PROMOTING INNOVATION: INDIA PERSPECTIVE
Authors: TYAGI ANKITA , YADAV OMNI , GARG AJAI KUMAR
Published: July 2013

Personal computers (PC) have significantly increased demand for mass market software. Computer software has also now become an enabler for all fields of technology; innovation is inevitable for growth of this fast emerging industry. For economic viability for such innovations, there is an increased advocacy for incorporating software as a patentable subject matter forcing countries to make computer software patentable either completely or in limited form. However, patenting of computer software related inventions have not been without its own set of controversies. Not only software patents globally are being protected under vastly divergent legal perspectives, with varying interpretations of trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS) agreement, but are also still evolving through continued interventions from policy makers and federal courts. This has led to a very broad boundary between patentable and non-patentable subject matter and has resulted in a large number of trivial inventions being accepted as patents in this area. This paper analyzes these varying perceptions as regards to software patents in different jurisdictions like United States, Europe, Japan and India. Linkage between software patents and innovation has also been attempted by taking into account historical perspectives of technological arts and their effect on promoting innovation.
CHISELED NICKEL HYDROXIDE NANOPLATES GROWTH ON GRAPHENE SHEETS FOR LITHIUM ION BATTERIES
Authors: TIAN LEI-LEI , WEI XIAN-YONG , ZHUANG QUAN-CHAO , WU CHAO , XIE RUI-LUN , ZONG ZHI-MIN , CUI YONG-LI , SUN SHI-GANG
Published: July 2013

The morphologies and structures of Ni ( OH )2–graphene hybrid materials were tailored by using different mineralizers in this work. It was revealed that the synergic effects of the highly oxidized graphene sheets and the mineralizers played a crucial role in controlling the morphology and structure of the nanocomposites, and Na 2 CO 3 is a very effective mineralizer for growing chiseled 2D nanoplates of Ni ( OH )2 on graphene sheets. When produced with NaOH , fragmental Ni ( OH )2 crystals with irregular shapes erratically decorated on graphene sheets. In contrast, chiseled Ni ( OH )2 hexagonal nanoplates grown on graphene sheets were obtained when Na 2 CO 3 was used as the mineralizer. These unique 2D–2D nanoarchitectures with higher contact area between the nanocrystals and graphene substrate can increase the interfacial interaction and then efficiently improve the structural stability of the composite material, thus exhibiting an enhanced Li storage capacity and excellent cycling performance of 562 mAh g-1 after the 36th cycle.
THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS AND PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT OF A CASCADE ACTIVE MAGNETIC REGENERATIVE REFRIGERATION SYSTEM
Authors: GANJEHSARABI HADI , DINCER IBRAHIM , GUNGOR ALI
Published: July 2013

In the present study, a thermodynamic model is proposed to analyze and assess the performance, through energy and exergy, of a cascade active magnetic regenerative (AMR) refrigerator operation a regenerative Brayton cycle. This cascade refrigeration system works with Gd x Tb 1–x alloys as magnetic materials where the composition of the alloy varies for different stages. In this model, the heat transfer fluid considered is a water– glycol mixture (50% by weight). The refrigeration capacity, total power consumption, coefficients of performance (COP), exergy efficiency and exergy destruction rate of a cascade AMR refrigeration (AMRR) system are determined. To understand the system performance more comprehensively, a parametric study is performed to investigate the effects of several important design parameters on COP and exergy efficiency of the system.
GTP-Dependent Membrane Fusion
Authors: McNew James A. , Sondermann Holger , Lee Tina , Stern Mike , Brandizzi Federica
Published: July 2013

Shape changes and topological remodeling of membranes are essential for the identity of organelles and membrane trafficking. Although all cellular membranes have common features, membranes of different organelles create unique environments that support specialized biological functions. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a prime example of this specialization, as its lipid bilayer forms an interconnected system of cisternae, vesicles, and tubules, providing a highly compartmentalized structure for a multitude of biochemical processes. A variety of peripheral and integral membrane proteins that facilitate membrane curvature generation, fission, and/or fusion have been identified over the past two decades. Among these, the dynamin-related proteins (DRPs) have emerged as key players. Here, we review recent advances in our functional and molecular understanding of fusion DRPs, exemplified by atlastin, an ER-resident DRP that controls ER structure, function, and signaling.
Microtubule-Depolymerizing Kinesins
Authors: Walczak Claire E. , Gayek Sophia , Ohi Ryoma
Published: July 2013

The microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton supports a broad range of cellular functions, from providing tracks for intracellular transport, to supporting movement of cilia and flagella, to segregating chromosomes in mitosis. These functions are facilitated by the organizational and dynamic plasticity of MT networks. An important class of enzymes that alters MT dynamics is the depolymerizing kinesin-like proteins, which use their catalytic activities to regulate MT end dynamics. In this review, we discuss four topics surrounding these MT-depolymerizing kinesins. We provide a historical overview of studies focused on these motors and discuss their phylogeny. In the second half, we discuss their enzymology and biophysics and give an overview of their known cellular functions. This discussion highlights the fact that MT-depolymerizing kinesins exhibit a diverse range of design principles, which in turn increases their functional versatility in cells.
The Genomics of Memory and Learning in Songbirds
Authors: Clayton David F.
Published: July 2013

Songbirds have unique value as a model for memory and learning. In their natural social life, they communicate through vocalizations that they must learn to produce and recognize. Song communication elicits abrupt changes in gene expression in regions of the forebrain responsible for song perception and production—what is the functional significance of this genomic response? For 20 years, the focus of research was on just a few genes [primarily ZENK, now known as egr1 (early gene response 1)]. Recently, however, DNA microarrays have been developed and applied to songbird behavioral research, and in 2010 the initial draft assembly of the zebra finch genome was published. Together, these new data reveal that the genomic involvement in song processing is far more complex than anticipated. The concepts of neurogenomic computation and biological embedding are introduced as frameworks for future research.
Translational Genetics for Diagnosis of Human Disorders of Sex Development
Authors: Baxter Ruth M. , Vilain Eric
Published: July 2013

Disorders of sex development (DSDs) are congenital conditions with discrepancies between the chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic sex of the individual. Such disorders have historically been difficult to diagnose and cause great stress to patients and their families. Genetic analysis of human samples has been instrumental in elucidating the molecules and pathways involved in the development of the bipotential gonad into a functioning testis or ovary. However, many DSD patients still do not receive a genetic diagnosis. New genetic and genomic technologies are expanding our knowledge of the underlying mechanism of DSDs and opening new avenues for clinical diagnosis. We review the genetic technologies that have elucidated the genes that are well established in sex determination in humans, discuss findings from more recent genomic technologies, and propose a new paradigm for clinical diagnosis of DSDs.
The Genetics of Melanoma: Recent Advances
Authors: Hill Victoria K. , Gartner Jared J. , Samuels Yardena , Goldstein Alisa M.
Published: July 2013

Cutaneous malignant melanoma results from the interplay of genetic, host, and environmental factors. Genetic factors implicated in melanoma etiology include inherited high-, intermediate-, and low-risk susceptibility genes as well as numerous somatic mutations in melanoma tumors. CDKN2A is the major high-risk melanoma susceptibility gene identified to date. Recent identification of low-risk loci has been accomplished predominantly through genome-wide association studies. Whole-exome and whole-genome studies have identified numerous genes somatically altered in melanoma tumors and highlighted a higher mutation load in melanoma tumors compared with those in other cancers. This higher load is believed to be attributable to the preponderance of cytosine-to-thymine nucleotide substitutions as a result of UV radiation exposure. Technological advances, particularly next-generation sequencing, have increased the opportunities for germline and somatic gene discovery in melanoma and are opening up new avenues for understanding melanoma pathogenesis as well as leading to new opportunities for treatment.
The Genetic Landscapes of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Huguet Guillaume , Ey Elodie , Bourgeron Thomas
Published: July 2013

The autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are characterized by impairments in social interaction and stereotyped behaviors. For the majority of individuals with ASD, the causes of the disorder remain unknown; however, in up to 25% of cases, a genetic cause can be identified. Chromosomal rearrangements as well as rare and de novo copy-number variants are present in ∼10–20% of individuals with ASD, compared with 1–2% in the general population and/or unaffected siblings. Rare and de novo coding-sequence mutations affecting neuronal genes have also been identified in ∼5–10% of individuals with ASD. Common variants such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms seem to contribute to ASD susceptibility, but, taken individually, their effects appear to be small. Despite a heterogeneous genetic landscape, the genes implicated thus far—which are involved in chromatin remodeling, metabolism, mRNA translation, and synaptic function—seem to converge in common pathways affecting neuronal and synaptic homeostasis. Animal models developed to study these genes should lead to a better understanding of the diversity of the genetic landscapes of ASD.
The Spatial Organization of the Human Genome
Authors: Bickmore Wendy A.
Published: July 2013

In vivo, the human genome functions as a complex, folded, three-dimensional chromatin polymer. Understanding how the human genome is spatially organized and folded inside the cell nucleus is therefore central to understanding how genes are regulated in normal development and dysregulated in disease. Established light microscopy–based approaches and more recent molecular chromosome conformation capture methods are now combining to give us unprecedented insight into this fascinating aspect of human genomics.
The Role of Patient Advocacy Organizations in Shaping Genomic Science
Authors: Koay Pei P. , Sharp Richard R.
Published: July 2013

Patient advocacy organizations (PAOs) are nonprofit groups that represent patients and families affected by a significant medical condition or disease. We review some of the different approaches that humanities and social researchers use to study PAOs. Drawing on this recent scholarship, we describe some contemporary patient groups and explore how PAOs can collaborate with biomedical researchers to advance genomic science. We highlight research that aims to describe how PAOs are contributing to multiple aspects of biomedical research, including study design, definition of research goals, data collection and analysis, dissemination of results, and research funding. We also describe several challenges that genomic researchers may encounter in collaborations with PAOs. Throughout our review, we focus on the manner in which new PAO roles challenge traditional boundaries between researchers and subjects, thereby redefining the relationship of patients to science. We consider how this shift may affect our view of scientific collaborations and impact genomic researchers in the future.
Sounds in the Ocean at 1–100 Hz
Authors: Wilcock William S.D. , Stafford Kathleen M. , Andrew Rex K. , Odom Robert I.
Published: July 2013

Very-low-frequency sounds between 1 and 100 Hz propagate large distances in the ocean sound channel. Weather conditions, earthquakes, marine mammals, and anthropogenic activities influence sound levels in this band. Weather-related sounds result from interactions between waves, bubbles entrained by breaking waves, and the deformation of sea ice. Earthquakes generate sound in geologically active regions, and earthquake T waves propagate throughout the oceans. Blue and fin whales generate long bouts of sounds near 20 Hz that can dominate regional ambient noise levels seasonally. Anthropogenic sound sources include ship propellers, energy extraction, and seismic air guns and have been growing steadily. The increasing availability of long-term records of ocean sound will provide new opportunities for a deeper understanding of natural and anthropogenic sound sources and potential interactions between them.
An Unusual Case of Pleuropulmonary Blastoma in a Child with Jejunal Hamartomas
Authors: Lucia-Casadonte Chantal , Kulkarni Sakil , Restrepo Ricardo , Gonzalez-Vallina Ruben , Brathwaite Carole , Lee Edward Y.
Published: July 2013

We report a rare case of 9-month-old girl who presented with a choking episode and was found to have an incidental finding of a lung cyst and iron deficiency anemia leading to the diagnosis of pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) and a jejunal hamartoma. Our patient is the eighth that has been reported with the association of PPB with jejunal hamartoma and the first one in the radiological literature. PPB is the pulmonary analog of other dysontogenetic neoplasms in childhood. A biological sequence has been described with the three types of PPB to be interrelated as part of pathologic progression. PPB can be associated with other cysts and/or neoplasms in different organs. PPB is part of a hereditary neoplasia predisposition syndrome in up to 40% of cases. Mutations in DICER gene have been described with PPB. Hence, a pediatric patient diagnosed with PPB should be screened for associated conditions during childhood and adolescence including intestinal polyps. Obtaining family history for other neoplasms or cysts is important information that should raise the possibility of PPB in pediatric patients with cystic lung lesions. The presence of this syndrome should alert the clinician to screen and follow up patients and their relatives.
Dynamical Analysis of SIR Epidemic Models with Distributed Delay
Authors: Zhao Wencai , Zhang Tongqian , Chang Zhengbo , Meng Xinzhu , Liu Yulin
Published: July 2013

SIR epidemic models with distributed delay are proposed. Firstly, the dynamical behaviors of the model without vaccination are studied. Using the Jacobian matrix, the stability of the equilibrium points of the system without vaccination is analyzed. The basic reproduction numberRis got. In order to study the important role of vaccination to prevent diseases, the model with distributed delay under impulsive vaccination is formulated. And the sufficient conditions of globally asymptotic stability of “infection-free” periodic solution and the permanence of the model are obtained by using Floquet’s theorem, small-amplitude perturbation skills, and comparison theorem. Lastly, numerical simulation is presented to illustrate our main conclusions that vaccination has significant effects on the dynamical behaviors of the model. The results can provide effective tactic basis for the practical infectious disease prevention.
Performance Prediction of a Synchronization Link for Distributed Aerospace Wireless Systems
Authors: Wang Wen-Qin , Shao Huaizong
Published: July 2013

For reasons of stealth and other operational advantages,
distributed aerospace wireless systems have received much attention in recent years. In a distributed aerospace wireless system, since the transmitter and receiver placed on separated platforms which use independent master oscillators, there is no cancellation of low‐frequency phase noise as in the monostatic cases. Thus, high accurate time and frequency synchronization techniques are required for distributed wireless systems. The use of a dedicated synchronization link to quantify and compensate oscillator frequency instability is investigated in this paper. With the mathematical statistical models of phase noise, closed‐form analytic expressions for the synchronization link performance are derived. The possible error contributions including oscillator, phase‐locked loop, and receiver noise are quantified. The link synchronization performance is predicted by utilizing the knowledge of the statistical models, system error contributions, and sampling considerations. Simulation results show that effective synchronization error compensation can be achieved by using this dedicated synchronization link.
Ameliorative Potentials of Cocoyam (Colocasia esculentaL.) and Unripe Plantain (Musa paradisiacaL.) on the Relative Tissue Weights of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Eleazu C. O. , Iroaganachi M. , Eleazu K. C.
Published: July 2013

Aim. To investigate the ameliorating potentials of cocoyam (Colocasia esculentaL.) and unripe plantain (Musa paradisiacaL.) incorporated feeds on the renal and liver growths of diabetic rats, induced with 55 and 65 mg/kg body weight of Streptozotocin.Method. The blood glucose level of the rats was measured with a glucometer, the protein and glucose and specific gravity (SPGR) in the urine samples of the rats were measured using urine assay strips and urinometer respectively. The chemical composition and antioxidant screening of the test feeds were carried out using standard techniques.Results. Administration of the test feeds for 21 days to the diabetic rats of groups 4 and 5, resulted in 58.75% and 38.13% decreases in hyperglycemia and amelioration of their elevated urinary protein, glucose, SPGR, and relative kidney weights. The diabetic rats administered cocoyam incorporated feeds, had 2.71% and 19.52% increases in weight and growth rates, the diabetic rats administered unripe plantain incorporated feeds had 5.12% and 29.52% decreases in weight and growth rates while the diabetic control rats had 28.69%, 29.46%, 248.9% and 250.14% decreases in weights and growth rates. The cocoyam incorporated feeds contained higher antioxidants, minerals and phytochemicals except alkaloids than unripe plantain feed.Conclusion. Cocoyam and unripe plantain could be useful in the management of diabetic nephropathy.
Moxibustion Inhibits the ERK Signaling Pathway and Intestinal Fibrosis in Rats with Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Wang Xiaomei , Lu Yuan , Wu Luyi , Zhao Chen , Song Chunbin , Yu Shuguang , Zhao Baixiao , Zhao Tianping , Liu Huirong , Dou Chuanzi , Zhang Yingying , Wu Huangan
Published: July 2013

Intestinal fibrosis is the main pathological process in Crohn’s disease (CD); acupuncture and moxibustion can inhibit the process of fibrosis in CD rats, but the regulatory mechanism remains unknown. The present study observed the effect of moxibustion on the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway in the CD rat. The result shows that the phosphorylation of the Ras, Raf-1, MEK-1, and ERK-1/2 proteins and the expression of the corresponding mRNAs in the colon tissue of CD rat were significantly higher than the normal control group. Both treatments with mild moxibustion and with herb-separated moxibustion significantly reduced the expression of the Ras, Raf-1, MEK-1, and ERK-1/2 proteins and Ras and Raf-1 mRNA. MEK-1 and ERK-1/2 mRNA expression in each treatment group showed a downward trend, and the ERK-1/2 mRNA levels were significantly lower in the mild moxibustion group. It indicates that Ras, Raf-1, MEK-1, and ERK-1/2 are involved in the process of intestinal fibrosis in CD rats. Moxibustion can downregulate the abnormal expression of colonic Ras, Raf-1, MEK-1, and ERK-1/2 protein and mRNA levels in CD intestinal fibrosis in rats. Moxibustion may play a role in the treatment of CD intestinal fibrosis by regulating ERK signaling pathway.
Homeostatic T Cell Proliferation after Islet Transplantation
Authors: Monti Paolo , Piemonti Lorenzo
Published: July 2013

Pancreatic islet transplantation in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus is performed under immunosuppression to avoid alloreactive T cell responses and to control the reactivation of autoreactive memory T cells. However, lymphopenia associated with immunosuppression and T cell depletion can induce a paradoxical expansion of lymphocyte subsets under the influence of homeostatic proliferation. Homeostatic T cell proliferation is mainly driven by the IL-7/IL-7 receptor axis, a molecular pathway which is not affected by standard immune-suppressive drugs and, consequently, represents a novel potential target for immuno-modulatory strategies. In this review, we will discuss how homeostatic T cell proliferation can support autoimmunity recurrence after islet transplantation and how it can be targeted by new therapeutic approaches.
Limb Body Wall Complex with Sacrococcygeal Mass and Agenesis of External Genitalia
Authors: Baruah Prabahita , Ray Choudhury Pradipta
Published: July 2013

Limb body wall complex (LBWC) is a rare clinicopathological entity, characterized by the presence of an abdominal wall defect associated with variable spectrum of limb and visceral anomalies. A stillborn baby of LBWC with placentoabdominal phenotype is reported here. Kyphoscoliosis, sacrococcygeal mass and agenesis of external genitalia are the associated features.
Calibrating the In-Medium Behavior of Quarkonia
Authors: Satz Helmut
Published: July 2013

Quarkonium production has been considered as a tool to study the medium formed in high-energy nuclear collisions, assuming that the formation of a hot and dense environment modifies the production pattern observed in elementary collisions. The basic features measured there are the relative fractions of hidden to open heavy flavor and the relative fractions of the different hidden heavy flavor states. Hence the essential question is if and how these quantities are modified in nuclear collisions. We show how the relevant data must be calibrated; that is, what reference has to be used, in order to determine this in a model-independent way.
Myosin Isoforms and Contractile Properties of Single Fibers of Human Latissimus Dorsi Muscle
Authors: Paoli Antonio , Pacelli Quirico F. , Cancellara Pasqua , Toniolo Luana , Moro Tatiana , Canato Marta , Miotti Danilo , Reggiani Carlo
Published: July 2013

The aim of our study was to investigate fiber type distribution and contractile characteristics of Latissimus Dorsi muscle (LDM). Samples were collected from 18 young healthy subjects (9 males and 9 females) through percutaneous fine needle muscle biopsy. The results showed a predominance of fast myosin heavy chain isoforms (MyHC) with 42% of MyHC 2A and 25% of MyHC 2X, while MyHC 1 represented only 33%. The unbalance toward fast isoforms was even greater in males (71%) than in females (64%). Fiber type distribution partially reflected MyHC isoform distribution with 28% type 1/slow fibers and 5% hybrid 1/2A fibers, while fast fibers were divided into 30% type 2A, 31% type A/X, 4% type X, and 2% type 1/2X. Type 1/slow fibers were not only less abundant but also smaller in cross-sectional area than fast fibers. During maximal isometric contraction, type 1/slow fibers developed force and tension significantly lower than the two major groups of fast fibers. In conclusion, the predominance of fast fibers and their greater size and strength compared to slow fibers reveal that LDM is a muscle specialized mainly in phasic and powerful activity. Importantly, such specialization is more pronounced in males than in females.
Condensation Polymers of Terephthalic Acid and 1,4-Diaminobutane and Their Schiff Base Complexes
Authors: Rai Sandeep , Bajpai Anjali , Lokhandwala Snehal
Published: July 2013

Amino-terminated oligomeric poly(tetramethylene terephthalamide) (PTTA) was prepared by condensation of terephthalic acid and 1,4-diaminobutane using phosphorylation technique. Schiff base complexes of this polyamide were synthesized with salicylaldehyde and 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde complexes of Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II). The polyamide as well as Schiff base complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Thermal stabilities of ligand and its various complexes were compared by thermogravimetric analysis.
Evaluation of the Impacts of Land Use on Water Quality: A Case Study in The Chaohu Lake Basin
Authors: Huang Juan , Zhan Jinyan , Yan Haiming , Wu Feng , Deng Xiangzheng
Published: July 2013

It has been widely accepted that there is a close relationship between the land use type and water quality. There have been some researches on this relationship from the perspective of the spatial configuration of land use in recent years. This study aims to analyze the influence of various land use types on the water quality within the Chaohu Lake Basin based on the water quality monitoring data and RS data from 2000 to 2008, with the small watershed as the basic unit of analysis. The results indicated that there was significant negative correlation between forest land and grassland and the water pollution, and the built‐up area had negative impacts on the water quality, while the influence of the cultivated land on the water quality was very complex. Besides, the impacts of the landscape diversity on the indicators of water quality within the watershed were also analyzed, the result of which indicated there was a significant negative relationship between them. The results can provide important scientific reference for the local land use optimization and water pollution control and guidance for the formulation of policies to coordinate the exploitation and protection of the water resource.
IL-10 Induction from Implants Delivering Pancreatic Islets and Hyaluronan
Authors: Bollyky Paul L. , Vernon Robert B. , Falk Ben A. , Preisinger Anton , Gooden Michel D. , Nepom Gerald T. , Gebe John A.
Published: July 2013

Local induction of pro-tolerogenic cytokines, such as IL-10, is an appealing strategy to help facilitate transplantation of islets and other tissues. Here, we describe a pair of implantable devices that capitalize on our recent finding that hyaluronan (HA) promotes IL-10 production by activated T cells. The first device is an injectable hydrogel made of crosslinked HA and heparan sulfate loaded with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibodies and IL-2. T cells embedded within this hydrogel prior to polymerization go on to produce IL-10in vivo. The second device is a bioengineered implant consisting of a polyvinyl alcohol sponge scaffold, supportive collagen hydrogel, and alginate spheres mediating sustained release of HA in fluid form. Pancreatic islets that expressed ovalbumin (OVA) antigen were implanted within this device for 14 days into immunodeficient mice that received OVA-specific DO.11.10 T cells and a subsequent immunization with OVA peptide. Splenocytes harvested from these mice produced IL-10 upon re-challenge with OVA or anti-CD3 antibodies. Both of these devices represent model systems that will be used, in future studies, to further evaluate IL-10 induction by HA, with the objective of improving the survival and function of transplanted islets in the setting of autoimmune (type 1) diabetes.
The Visual Brain, Perception, and Depiction of Animals in Rock Art
Authors: Hodgson Derek
Published: July 2013

Several aspects of the depiction of animals in rock art can be explained by certain perceptual correlates relating to the visual brain and evolutionary factors. Recent evidence from neuroscience and the visual brain not only corroborates this claim but provides important new findings that can help delineate which graphic features relate to biological/genetic criteria. In addition to highlighting how the insights from visual science and evolutionary studies can promote a greater understanding of the depictive strategies employed to portray animals, this paper will also explore ways in which the findings from these disciplines can be assimilated with semiotics that provide novel insights into the preference for depicting animals in a particular format over an extended period. The emphasis throughout is placed on dual-inheritance theory where culture and evolutionary determinants are seen as complementary.
Occurrence of Nitrogen Fixing Cyanobacterium Trichodesmium under Elevated pCO2 Conditions in the Western Bay of Bengal
Authors: Shetye Suhas , Sudhakar Maruthadu , Jena Babula , Mohan Rahul
Published: July 2013

Recent studies on the diazotrophic cyanobacterium Trichodesmium showed that increasing CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) enhances N2 fixation and growth. We studied the in situ and satellite-derived environmental parameters within and outside a Trichodesmium bloom in the western coastal Bay of Bengal (BoB) during the spring intermonsoon 2009. Here we show that the single most important nitrogen fixer in today’s ocean, Trichodesmium erythraeum, is strongly abundant in high (≥300 μatm) pCO2 concentrations. N : P ratios almost doubled (~10) at high pCO2 region. This could enhance the productivity of N-limited BoB and increase the biological carbon sequestration. We also report presence of an oxygen minimum zone at Thamnapatnam. Earlier studies have been carried out using lab cultures, showing the increase in growth rate of T. erythraeum under elevated pCO2 conditions, but to our knowledge, this study is the first to report that in natural environment also T. erythraeum prefers blooming in high pCO2 concentrations. The observed CO2 sensitivity of T. erythraeum could thereby provide a strong negative feedback to rising atmospheric CO2 but would also drive towards phosphorus limitation in a future high CO2 world.
The Total Solar Irradiance, UV Emission and Magnetic Flux during the Last Solar Cycle Minimum
Authors: Benevolenskaya E. E. , Kostuchenko I. G.
Published: July 2013

We have analyzed the total solar irradiance (TSI) and the spectral solar irradiance as ultraviolet emission (UV) in the wavelength range 115–180 nm, observed with the instruments TIM and SOLSTICE within the framework of SORCE (the solar radiation and climate experiment) during the long solar minimum between the 23rd and 24th cycles. The wavelet analysis reveals an increase in the magnetic flux in the latitudinal zone of the sunspot activity, accompanied with an increase in the TSI and UV on the surface rotation timescales of solar activity complexes. In-phase coherent structures between the midlatitude magnetic flux and TSI/UV appear when the long-lived complexes of the solar activity are present. These complexes, which are related to long-lived sources of magnetic fields under the photosphere, are maintained by magnetic fluxes reappearing in the same longitudinal regions. During the deep solar minimum (the period of the absence of sunspots), a coherent structure has been found, in which the phase between the integrated midlatitude magnetic flux is ahead of the total solar irradiance on the timescales of the surface rotation.
Noether Current of the Surface Term of Einstein-Hilbert Action, Virasoro Algebra, and Entropy
Authors: Majhi Bibhas Ranjan
Published: July 2013

A derivation of Noether current from the surface term of Einstein-Hilbert action is given. We show that the corresponding charge, calculated on the horizon, is related to the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy. Also using the charge, the same entropy is found based on the Virasoro algebra and Cardy formula approach. In this approach, the relevant diffeomorphisms are found by imposing a very simple physical argument:diffeomorphisms keep the horizon structure invariant. This complements similar earlier results (Majhi and Padmanabhan (2012)) (arXiv:1204.1422) obtained from York-Gibbons-Hawking surface term. Finally we discuss the technical simplicities and improvements over the earlier attempts and also various important physical implications.
Knowledge and Skill Retention of In-Service versus Preservice Nursing Professionals following an Informal Training Program in Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Repeated-Measures Quasiexperimental Study
Authors: Sankar Jhuma , Vijayakanthi Nandini , Sankar M. Jeeva , Dubey Nandkishore
Published: July 2013

Our objective was to compare the impact of a training program in pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on the knowledge and skills of in-service and preservice nurses at prespecified time points. This repeated-measures quasiexperimental study was conducted in the pediatric emergency and ICU of a tertiary care teaching hospital between January and March 2011. We assessed the baseline knowledge and skills of nursing staff (in-service nurses) and final year undergraduate nursing students (preservice nurses) using a validated questionnaire and a skill checklist, respectively. The participants were then trained on pediatric CPR using standard guidelines. The knowledge and skills were reassessed immediately after training and at 6 weeks after training. A total of 74 participants—28 in-service and 46 preservice professionals—were enrolled. At initial assessment, in-service nurses were found to have insignificant higher mean knowledge scores (6.6 versus 5.8,P=0.08) while the preservice nurses had significantly higher skill scores (6.5 versus 3.2,P<0.001). Immediately after training, the scores improved in both groups. At 6 weeks however, we observed a nonuniform decline in performance in both groups—in-service nurses performing better in knowledge test (10.5 versus 9.1,P=0.01) and the preservice nurses performing better in skill test (9.8 versus 7.4,P<0.001). Thus, knowledge and skills of in-service and preservice nurses in pediatric CPR improved with training. In comparison to preservice nurses, the in-service nurses seemed to retain knowledge better with time than skills.