bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crosstalk between Edc4 and Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (mTORC1) Signaling in mRNA Decapping
Authors: Rahman Hazir , Qasim Muhammad , Oellerich Michael , Asif Abdul
Published: December 2014

The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is involved in the cellular transcription and translation processes. The undertaken study characterized the enhancer of mRNA decapping protein 4 (Edc4) as mTORC1 interacting protein. Human T lymphoblast (CCRF-CEM) cells were used for mTORC1 purification. Co-immunoprecipitation coupled with immunoblotting analysis was used to confirm the interaction of Edc4 in mTORC1 specific purifications. Further assays were incorporated to conclude the role of mTORC1 in mRNA decapping via Edc4. Edc4 was identified as a new interacting protein with mTORC1 in both the endogenous and myc-tag raptor component mTORC1 specific purifications. Quantitative co-localization using confocal microscopy demonstrated that raptor component of mTORC1 coexists with Edc4 in processing (P) bodies, a site for mRNA degradation. Incubation of cells with rapamycin, a known inhibitor of mTOR kinase activity, increased the total Edc4 protein expression but at the same time decreased the Edc4 interaction with mTORC1. Moreover, rapamycin treatment resulted in a significant decrease in total serine phosphorylated Edc4 protein signal and the total 5'-capped mRNA. These findings provide the first evidence for the pivotal role of mTORC1 in Edc4 regulation. Further in-depth studies are required to get a complete understanding of molecular crosstalk between mTORC1 signaling and mRNA decapping pathway.
Preparation and Cycling Performance of Iron or Iron Oxide Containing Amorphous Al-Li Alloys as Electrodes
Authors: Thoss Franziska , Giebeler Lars , Weißer Karsten , Feller Jörg , Eckert Jürgen
Published: December 2014

Crystalline phase transitions cause volume changes, which entails a fast destroying of the electrode. Non-crystalline states may avoid this circumstance. Herein we present structural and electrochemical investigations of pre-lithiated, amorphous Al39Li43Fe13Si5-powders, to be used as electrode material for Li-ion batteries. Powders of master alloys with the compositions Al39Li43Fe13Si5 and Al39Li43Fe13Si5 + 5 mass-% FeO were prepared via ball milling and achieved amorphous/nanocrystalline states after 56 and 21.6 h, respectively. In contrast to their Li-free amorphous pendant Al78Fe13Si9, both powders showed specific capacities of about 400 and 700 Ah/kgAl, respectively, after the third cycle.
Up-Regulation of Urotensin II and Its Receptor Contributes to Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Growth via Activation of the PKC, ERK1/2, and p38 MAPK Signaling Pathways
Authors: Yu Xiao-Tong , Wang Peng-Yan , Shi Zheng-Ming , Dong Kun , Feng Ping , Wang Hong-Xia , Wang Xue-Jiang
Published: December 2014

Urotensin II (UII) and its receptor (UTR) have mitogenic effects on tumor growth. Our previous study demonstrated that the UII/UTR system is up-regulated in dithyinitrosamine-induced precancerous rat liver lesions. However, its role in human hepatocellular carcinoma remains unknown. In this study, the mRNA and protein expression of UII and its receptor (UTR) in human hepatocellular carcinoma samples and in the BEL-7402 human hepatoma cell line were evaluated. In addition, the effect of exogenous UII on the pathways that regulate proliferation in BEL-7402 cells in vitro were determined. Liver sections were subjected to immunohistochemical staining. mRNA expression was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis, and protein levels were evaluated by western blotting. Proliferating cells were detected by BrdU incorporation. The expression of UII/UT mRNA and protein significantly increased in human hepatocellular carcinoma samples, and in BEL-7402 cells. Administration with UII increased the phosphorylation of protein kinase C (PKC), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK). Furthermore, GF109203x, PD184352, and SB203580 partially abolished UII-induced proliferation of BEL-7402 cells. These results provide the first evidence that up-regulation of the UII/UT system may enhance proliferation of the human hepatoma cell line at least in part via PKC, ERK1/2, and p38 MAPK signaling pathways, and may provide novel therapeutic targets for inhibiting human hepatocellular carcinoma.
A Survey of Middleware for Sensor and Network Virtualization
Authors: Khalid Zubair , Fisal Norsheila , Rozaini Mohd.
Published: December 2014

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is leading to a new paradigm of Internet of Everything (IoE). WSNs have a wide range of applications but are usually deployed in a particular application. However, the future of WSNs lies in the aggregation and allocation of resources, serving diverse applications. WSN virtualization by the middleware is an emerging concept that enables aggregation of multiple independent heterogeneous devices, networks, radios and software platforms; and enhancing application development. WSN virtualization, middleware can further be categorized into sensor virtualization and network virtualization. Middleware for WSN virtualization poses several challenges like efficient decoupling of networks, devices and software. In this paper efforts have been put forward to bring an overview of the previous and current middleware designs for WSN virtualization, the design goals, software architectures, abstracted services, testbeds and programming techniques. Furthermore, the paper also presents the proposed model, challenges and future opportunities for further research in the middleware designs for WSN virtualization.
Morita–Baylis–Hillman reaction of acrylamide with isatin derivatives
Authors: Singh Radhey Mohan , Bharadwaj Kishor Chandra , Tiwari Dharmendra Kumar
Published: December 2014

The Morita–Baylis–Hillman reaction of acrylamide, as an activated alkene, has seen little development due to its low reactivity. We have developed the reaction using isatin derivatives with acrylamide, DABCO as a promoter and phenol as an additive in acetonitrile. The corresponding aza version with acrylate and acrylonitrile has also been developed resulting in high product yields.
Cognition and Speech-In-Noise Recognition: The Role of Proactive Interference
Authors: Ellis Rachel J. , Rönnberg Jerker
Published: December 2014

Background:Complex working memory (WM) span tasks have been shown to predict speech-in-noise (SIN) recognition. Studies of complex WM span tasks suggest that, rather than indexing a single cognitive process, performance on such tasks may be governed by separate cognitive subprocesses
embedded within WM. Previous research has suggested that one such subprocess indexed by WM tasks is proactive interference (PI), which refers to difficulties memorizing current information because of interference from previously stored long-term memory representations for similar information.Purpose:The
aim of the present study was to investigate phonological PI and to examine the relationship between PI (semantic and phonological) and SIN perception.Research Design:A within-subjects experimental design was used.Study Sample:An opportunity sample of 24 young listeners with normal
hearing was recruited.Data Collection and Analysis:Measures of resistance to, and release from, semantic and phonological PI were calculated alongside the signal-to-noise ratio required to identify 50% of keywords correctly in a SIN recognition task. The data were analyzed using t-tests
and correlations.Results:Evidence of release from and resistance to semantic interference was observed. These measures correlated significantly with SIN recognition. Limited evidence of phonological PI was observed.Conclusions:The results show that capacity to resist semantic
PI can be used to predict SIN recognition scores in young listeners with normal hearing. On the basis of these findings, future research will focus on investigating whether tests of PI can be used in the treatment and/or rehabilitation of hearing loss.
Les biens communs à l'hôpital : De la « T2A » à la tarification au cycle de soins
Authors: Angelé-Halgand Nathalie , Garrot Thierry
Published: December 2014

Cet article contribue à alimenter la réflexion relative aux voies d’évolution de la tarification à l’activité (T2A), actuel mode de financement du court séjour hospitalier en France, en mobilisant les travaux sur les biens communs initiés par Elinor Ostrom. À partir d’un état actualisé des limites de la T2A, vues sous l’angle du pilotage des performances hospitalières, nous appelons à revisiter le financement hospitalier sous l’angle des incitations. Sur ces bases, nous présentons une proposition de réforme fondée sur une tarification au cycle de soins, qui renouvelle fondamentalement l’approche de la performance hospitalière et celle de son pilotage.
Proposition d'un modèle de représentation et de mesure de la performance globale
Authors: Maurel Christophe , Tensaout Mouloud
Published: December 2014

Notre article vise à améliorer la compréhension des liens entre les dimensions économique, sociale, et sociétale (incluant l’environnement) de la performance globale, en mobilisant un cadre théorique mixte (la théorie des parties prenantes et la théorie des ressources). Dans ce cadre, nous développons un modèle de représentation et de mesure de la performance globale explicitant simultanément les relations structurelles entre ses différentes dimensions. Ce modèle conceptuel est validé sur des données collectées auprès des sociétés coopératives et participatives (SCOP) et ses implications sont discutées.
Extension du domaine de la classe. Technologies numériques et rapport au temps des enseignants
Authors: Rinaudo Jean-Luc
Published: December 2014

Parce qu’elles fonctionnent sur les principes de permanence et d’immédiateté, les technologies de l’information et de la communication modifient le rapport au temps et à l’espace des enseignants qui utilisent ces outils dans leur pratique professionnelle. Elles favorisent une confusion des espaces professionnels et privés et une extension du champ de l’action pédagogique. Peuvent en découler des processus psychiques de déliaison, de désinscription du sujet dans une filiation. Mais en rester à ce discours techno-septique ne permet pas de rendre compte totalement des pratiques numériques des enseignants. Cette extension du domaine de la classe amène parfois, de façon paradoxale, des processus de subjectivation, de restauration narcissique. Étudier les pratiques numériques et le rapport au temps des enseignants impose de considérer simultanément comment s’opposent ou s’articulent processus de déliaison et renforcement du lien.
Rester neutre ou demeurer bienveillant ? Le psychologue convoqué sur le champ politique par la pratique en milieu précaire
Authors: Daviet Olivier
Published: December 2014

À partir d’une pratique de psychologue en foyers d’hébergement ( CADA et CHRS ) et dans des quartiers touchés par la précarité sociale, l’auteur interroge le devenir de la fameuse « neutralité bienveillante », lorsque la clinique s’emmêle avec la politique, au contact de publics particulièrement fragilisés par les récentes évolutions sociétales. Des vignettes (individuelles et groupales) et l’analyse des relations transféro-contre-transférentielles laissent apparaître une mise en concurrence entre le clinicien et le citoyen. Des précautions conceptuelles qu’impose la pratique psychologique dans le « champ social » sont développées, qui incitent à éviter les écueils de la « psychologisation » ou celui du déni du subjectif. Enfin, la question de la neutralité technique est discutée en parallèle à l’obligation déontologique de la bienveillance, toutes deux indispensables au travail thérapeutique d’inspiration psychanalytique. Dans certains contextes sociopolitiques, la difficulté de concilier les deux peut aller jusqu’à plonger le clinicien dans le paradoxe.
Décision et non-décision dans les organisations
Authors: Lemoine Claude
Published: December 2014

Après avoir indiqué que la possibilité de décider n’est pas l’apanage des dirigeants d’entreprise mais relève d’une autonomie et d’une rationalité limitées, on examine les formes de décision en fonction des styles d’organisation, selon le modèle Focus, puis en fonction des types d’autorité, selon le modèle Lewin. Le fait que les décisions sont des opérations difficiles conduit à repérer les stratégies organisationnelles qui évitent les décisions directes ou du moins protègent les décideurs. La procrastination ou report de la décision, l’indécision, la non-décision, l’usage de moyens intermédiaires, comme les systèmes automatiques informatisés et surtout le passage par des expertises ou des cabinets conseil, sont autant de méthodes pour contourner la difficulté de décision. En conclusion, il s’avère que la logique organisationnelle ne suit pas la logique mathématique et qu’une formation à la décision est souhaitable.
Conduire un discernement collectif
Authors: Bougon Bernard
Published: December 2014

À côté, des méthodes classiques de la décision, identifiées et développées dans les sciences de gestion et du management nord-américaines, il est possible de mettre en œuvre un processus de discernement, au sens où il s’agit de « juger clairement et sainement des choses » (Dictionnaire Robert). Ce processus, en accompagnant le décideur pas à pas et en l’intégrant en tant que personne avec ses pensées et ses émotions dans son contexte socio-organisationnel, permet de dépasser nombre des limites des méthodes classiques, sans pour autant les disqualifier. Après avoir succinctement rappelé les grandes lignes d’une pratique du discernement pour un choix personnel, l’article s’attache à décrire comment ce processus peut se mettre en œuvre dans l’accompagnement d’un choix collectif où la recherche de la finalité (mission de l’organisation) se trouve de manière concomitante avec les réponses aux questions posées à l’organisation. L’article insiste sur les postures de l’animateur du processus de décision, en commençant par rappeler tout le soin qu’il est nécessaire d’apporter à l’identification de la demande
Un bon consentement vaut-il mieux que de mauvaises contraintes ?
Authors: Alix Jean-Sébastien , Autès Michel
Published: December 2014

Gouverner par les normes : telle serait, au fond, la caractéristique de la gouvernementalité néolibérale. Cette stratégie a l’avantage de mettre en action les deux principes majeurs de la pensée libérale : décider le moins possible, quitte à encadrer les conduites et rechercher l’adhésion des acteurs en produisant leur autonomie. Cela nous invite à approfondir ce que recouvre la notion de norme dans ce nouveau contexte où gouverner le moins possible des individus rendus libres forme le cœur même de la politique. Notre hypothèse est qu’il s’agit plus de normes destinées à produire une normativité comme principe général d’une gouvernementalité limitée plutôt que d’une norme qui normalise fondée sur une conception traditionnelle du droit qui sanctionne les comportements déviants. Cette conception d’une normativité qui incite plutôt qu’elle ne sanctionne, nous nous proposons de l’appliquer au travail social à partir de deux exemples : la logique de projet telle qu’elle se formalise dans les formations et tend à s’imposer dans les pratiques professionnelles, et les aspects de la loi 2002-2 qui promeuvent les pratiques d’évaluation des établissements et services. Bien loin d’une critique acerbe, nous souhaitons réintroduire un débat qui mette en avant la conflictualité inhérente à toute relation intersubjective et la nécessaire place d’une dimension démocratique à l’intérieur de celle-ci.
Contexte et consultation dans la prise de décision
Authors: Guerra Giovanni
Published: December 2014

Dans la discussion des processus de prise de décision, l’article se propose d’analyser les effets de l’introduction d’éléments habituellement non suffisamment pris en considération : le contexte dans lequel se déroule la prise de décision et le rôle et la fonction d’un consultant. Étudier la décision comme un processus cognitif dont on peut définir les règles et dénoncer les erreurs risque d’ignorer la complexité qui dérive de la multiplicité des variables subjectives en jeu. L’autre élément de complexité est donné par la présence d’un consultant qui peut donner des informations au décideur : quelle est-elle la valeur des informations ? Quelle est-elle la place du consultant ? L’analyse de la relation patient/soignant permet d’explorer les deux éléments en question : le contexte de la santé, avec son cortège inévitable d’angoisses liées à la vie et à la mort, et la position du médecin consultant.
Repenser la décentralisation et renforcer la participation... et le pouvoir de décision des citoyens dans les territoires
Authors: Calame Pierre
Published: December 2014

L’article traite des relations entre le niveau central (l’État et les administrations centrales) et le niveau local (communes et territoires) dans les prises de décision. Il tente de reposer autrement la question de la démocratie en réinterrogeant la fonction des lois et en tirant un bilan de trente ans de pratiques de la décentralisation. Comment faire en sorte que la démocratie puisse s’ancrer et se développer au travers de construction de communautés d’intérêts dans les territoires, d’une coconstruction du bien public et d’un apprentissage individuel et collectif du codéveloppement. Enfin, il décrit le dispositif de conduite de changement autour de dix concepts transformateurs.
Espace, temporalité et rêverie : écrire l'histoire des futurs au Congo belge
Authors: Hunt Nancy Rose
Published: December 2014

Cet article explore l’histoire de la région de l’Equateur au Congo Belge, des violences de l’époque de l’État Indépendant du Congo à leur mise en mémoire écrite dans les années 1950. Un récit de type « évènement/ répercussion » ou « évènement/catastrophe » ne peut que simplifier l’histoire mouvementée de cette région. L’article fait plutôt appel à la notion de rêverie, empruntée à Gaston Bachelard, et aux concepts liés à la temporalité chez Reinhart Koselleck (espace d’expérience, horizons d’attente). En s’appuyant sur trois corpus d’archives distincts, il montre que les Congolais recouraient à la rêverie pour (1) ajouter une dimension d’émerveillement et d’aléatoire à la mémoire ; (2) se ménager des espaces de refuge et d’autonomie, les nganda, et (3) nourrir des mouvements rebelles et thérapeutiques afin d’imaginer des futurs dans lesquels ils auraient évincé les colonisateurs belges.
Nicolas de Francfort, un Allemand à Venise au tournant du xv e siècle
Authors: Rideau-Kikuchi Catherine
Published: December 2014

Nicolas de Francfort (mort en 1524) est un imprimeur-éditeur d’origine allemande qui commence son activité à Venise en 1473. À travers le parcours de ce personnage mineur dans l’histoire de l’imprimerie, il est possible de comprendre le fonctionnement de ce milieu artisanal neuf, celui du livre imprimé à Venise entre la fin du xv e  siècle et le début du xvi e  siècle, ainsi que la manière dont Venise intégrait les étrangers en son sein. La grande variété des sources documentaires conservées sur ce personnage nous permet une étude de cas précise. En tant qu’imprimeur-éditeur d’origine allemande, Nicolas de Francfort s’insère dans la colonie germanique bien présente et structurée à Venise ; elle lui permet de nouer de fructueuses collaborations éditoriales. Mais les sources le concernant à Venise témoignent également d’une volonté de s’ancrer dans la ville par d’autres moyens, en particulier à travers ses nombreuses participations aux confréries ou scuole de la ville ; ses alliances matrimoniales lui permettent de s’ouvrir aux autres milieux commerciaux et artisanaux de la ville ; enfin, il investit également dans le foncier à Venise et en Terre ferme. Son parcours signale donc la volonté de chercher une assise plus large au sein de la société vénitienne, au-delà du monde du livre. Il révèle également les mécanismes d’intégration des artisans étrangers à Venise qui, malgré une attitude parfois ambivalente des autorités, disposent d’un certain nombre de leviers pour construire une position économique et sociale stable et finissent par faire oublier leur statut d’étranger.
Reply to: Clinical Evaluation of the Ability of a Proprietary Scoliosis Traction Chair to De-Rotate the Spine: 6-Month Results of Cobb Angle and Rotational Measurements
Authors: Woggon A. Joshua , Woggon Dennis
Published: December 2014

We appreciate the efforts of Stitzel et al. (doi: 10.4081/cp.2014.642) in publishing an article on CLEAR Institute’s proprietary Scoliosis Traction Chair (STC). [...]
Mathematics, curriculum and assessment: The role of taxonomies in the quest for coherence
Authors: Long Caroline , Dunne Tim , De Kock Hendrik
Published: December 2014

A challenge encountered when monitoring mathematics teaching and learning at high school is that taxonomies such as Bloom’s, and variations of this work, are not entirely adequate for providing meaningful feedback to teachers beyond very general cognitive categories that are difficult to interpret. Challenges of this nature are also encountered in the setting of examinations, where the requirement is to cover a range of skills and cognitive domains. The contestation as to the cognitive level is inevitable as it is necessary to analyse the relationship between the problem and the learners’ background experience. The challenge in the project described in this article was to find descriptive terms that would be meaningful to teachers. The first attempt at providing explicit feedback was to apply the assessment frameworks that include a content component and a cognitive component, namely knowledge, routine procedures, complex procedures and problem solving, currently used in the South African curriculum documents. The second attempt investigated various taxonomies, including those used in international assessments and in mathematics education research, for constructs that teachers of mathematics might find meaningful. The final outcome of this investigation was to apply the dimensions required to understand a mathematical concept proposed by Usiskin (2012): the skills-algorithm, property-proof, use-application and representation-metaphor dimension. A feature of these dimensions is that they are not hierarchical; rather, within each of the dimensions, the mathematical task may demand recall but may also demand the highest level of creativity. For our purpose, we developed a two-way matrix using Usiskin’s dimensions on one axis and a variation of Bloom’s revised taxonomy on the second axis. Our findings are that this two-way matrix provides an alternative to current taxonomies, is more directly applicable to mathematics and provides the necessary coherence required when reporting test results to classroom teachers. In conclusion we discuss the limitations associated with taxonomies for mathematics.
Mathematical Literacy teachers’ engagement with contextualised income tax calculations
Authors: Bansilal Sarah , Mkhwanazi Thokozani W.
Published: December 2014

This study focuses on teachers’ engagement with tasks based on the income tax tables issued by the South African tax authorities. The participants in the study are a group of 37 teachers who were enrolled in an in-service programme for Mathematical Literacy teachers. The purpose of the study is to explore the teachers’ interpretation and use of the rule used to calculate income tax. Data were generated from written responses of the teachers to three tasks, as well as follow-up interviews with eight of the participants. The findings indicate that some teachers (8%) did not recognise any of the demands inherent in the income tax rule that they teach to their learners. Most teachers (54%) were in the novice category, showing that they met some of the demands but need some help in carrying out the rule fluently. A further 32% were able to use the rule to work out the tax given various input incomes, but could not use the rule to find the input income when given the tax output, because they did not have the necessary algebraic skill.
The African indigenous churches' spiritual resources for democracy and social cohesion
Authors: Masondo Sibusiso T.
Published: December 2014

This article outlines resources possessed by the African indigenous churches (AICs) that help them engage with the democratic dispensation and could be used to foster social cohesion in South Africa. It starts off with the premise that social cohesion is that which holds the nation together. The South African rainbow-nation narrative tended to focus on tolerance and there cognition of diversity as strength. Tolerance does not address the fundamental issues that would facilitate cohesion. The idea of cultural justice as advocated by Chirevo Kwenda is seen as the most useful tool to move forward. Cultural justice ensures that all citizens are able to draw on their cultural resources without any fear of being discriminated against. The AICs have an assortment of resources at their disposal that are drawn from African religion,Christianity and Western culture. These resources enable AIC members to appreciate being African and Christian, as well as being South African.
Ontology based Biomedical Research Paper Authoring Support Tool
Authors: Jeong Senator , Nam Sejin , Park Hyun-Young
Published: December 2014

Biomedical research papers typically formatted as IMRAD structure: Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion. Even though following this format, writing a paper in English is challenging for authors, because the most difficult thing is to organize and present their ideas with appropriate expressions.

Our goal is to develop a paper authoring support system that helps biomedical scientists to organize their ideas for a specific discourse purpose. As an initial step toward the goal, this study developed an abstract authoring support tool that provides candidate lexical bundles organized according to IMRAD structure. Lexical bundles function as basic building blocks of this discourse structure. For example, the lexical bundle "the purpose of this study was" indicates the research purpose in the Introduction section. Lexical bundles were extracted from sentences in 152,083 structured abstracts of the PubMed Central Open Access Subset and analyzed their distribution by IMRAD sections. To organize lexical bundles according to IMRAD, the Lexical Bundle Ontology was built. Then, a JATS-compliant authoring support tool was implemented. This tool lists up candidate lexical bundles responding to authors' discourse purposes in a specific section and thereby helps to complete sentences. We present a use case scenario of this authoring support tool. We expect that this tool be a useful, at least in biomedical abstract writing, to organize author's ideas to achieve specific discourse purpose. This tool is target to primarily for biomedical scientists whose mother tongue is not English. However, native speakers may still find the utility.
On Teaching XQuery to Digital Humanists
Authors: Anderson Clifford B.
Published: December 2014

XQuery provides an excellent means for teaching programming to digital humanists because it works seamlessly with their existing XML data, has an elegant and simple core with a well-structured standard library, and can be used in conjunction with XML databases to develop end-to-end web applications. However, current teaching materials for XQuery do not address the needs of digital humanists, presupposing implicit knowledge of programming concepts that they frequently lack. Based on experience teaching XQuery to digital humanists (including alt-ac professionals, archivists, faculty members, graduate students, and librarians) in three distinct settings: a weekly training session for librarians, a graduate seminar on digital humanities, and a two week NEH-supported Institute for Advanced Topics in Digital Humanities, I suggest how the XML community might develop resources to widen the appeal and accessibility of XQuery.
JSOX: A Justly Simple Objectization for XML
Authors: DeRose Steven J.
Published: December 2014

XML can be as easy to work with as JSON. However, this has not been obvious until now. JSON is easy because it supports only datatypes that are already native to Javascript and uses the same syntax to access them (such as [1:10], ["x"], and “.” notation). XML, on the other hand, supports additional datatypes, and is most commonly handled via SAX or DOM, both of which are low-level and meant to be cross-language. Typical developers want high-level access that feels “native” in the language they are using. These shortcomings have little or nothing to do with XML, and can be remedied by a different API. Software that demonstrates this is presented and described. It uses Python's richer set of abstract datatypes (such as tuples and sets), and provides native Python style syntax with richer semantics than JSON or Javascript.
How to survive the coming namespace winter
Authors: Miłowski R. Alexander , Walsh Norman
Published: December 2014

Is XML condemned to be an orphaned syntax with a dimly lit future within the Web browser? What can information providers with rich sources of XML do, other than down-translate to HTML? The evolving Web Components environment may provide a solution! With some simple translations, stylesheets and scripts, it will be possible to wrap custom XML in a minimum amount of HTML and serve it over the Web. The browsers will never know they’re being tricked into delivering XML.
Hierarchies within range space
Authors: Piez Wendell
Published: December 2014

LMNL provides a markup syntax for annotating arbitrary ranges, irrespective of hierarchical relations, in text. A LMNL processor can parse this syntax (or any other syntax, if mapped) into a generalized data model, which can be queried and processed. Among the applications that LMNL supports readily is the creation of visual "sketches" of the markup on a document, e.g. using SVG. Such sketches can discover and depict any range relations of interest. It turns out the overlap is often less interesting than the hierarchies.

Examining texts showing overlapping hierarchies (MCH or multiple concurrent hierarchies) suggests some interesting things about the evolution, purposes and uses of the OHCO (ordered hierarchy of content objects) as a concept applied to "documents" or literary artifacts in general— and by implication of any hierarchical data model such as XML.
Seeing things whole
Authors: Sperberg-McQueen C. M.
Published: December 2014

Sometimes we need to focus on the trees, or the leaves on the trees. Sometimes we need to focus on the forest.
What do we still lack?
Authors: DeRose Steven J.
Published: December 2014

Hypertext on The Web is ubiquitous; it is hyperlinking that makes it a web. The current hypertext Web is useful and comfortable, but it could and should be richer, more expressive, and more enabling. Capabilities that could and should be added include annotation, precise linking, bidirectional linking, transclusion, dynamic views, dynamic linking, trails, orientation, integration of linking and style, and chunking. These capabilities are especially important to readers as opposed to authors. They have been implemented and proven in multiple systems, and some have been tried on a small scale on the Web; but they presently depend on individual sites' sufferance and sophistication. For basic functionality like this, we need to do better. A feature that only works with certain sites, plug-ins, or conventions; or only for sophisticated authors rather than for all authors and readers — makes “readers” (all of us at most times) second-class citizens in the world of information. We must rid ourselves of the notion that a reader is of a different class than an author: that the Web is largely a broadcast system that requires expertise to contribute beyond the occasional comment or re-post. Readers must become first-class citizens on The Web.
Diagnostic Reasoning for ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) Interpretation Is Preserved Despite Fatigue
Authors: Kellogg Adam R. , Coute Ryan A. , Garra Gregory
Published: December 2014

Background

Fatigue and sleepiness contribute to medical errors, although the effect of circadian disruption and fatigue on diagnostic reasoning skills is largely unknown.

Objective

To determine whether circadian disruption and fatigue negatively affect the emergency medicine (EM) resident's ability to make important clinical decisions based on electrocardiogram (ECG) interpretation.

Methods

Senior EM residents at 2 programs completed a questionnaire consisting of various measures of fatigue followed by an ECG test packet of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and STEMI mimics. Participants were asked to examine each ECG and determine whether cardiac catheterization laboratory activation (CLA) was indicated, and to report their confidence in their decision making on an 11-point, numeric rating scale. The primary outcome measured was a pairwise difference in accuracy of CLA between daytime and overnight testing.

Results

A total of 23 residents were enrolled in 2011 and 2012. Subjects demonstrated significant differences in multiple measures of sleepiness and fatigue during overnight periods. The median (interquartile range [IQR]) accuracy of CLA was not significantly different between daytime and overnight (70% [IQR, 50–80] versus 70% [IQR, 60–70], P  =  .82). There were no significant differences in the median number of overcalls (CLA when not a STEMI) and undercalls (no CLA when a STEMI was present; P  =  .57 and .37, respectively). Diagnostic confidence and confidence in CLA were not statistically different between daytime and overnight.

Conclusions

Despite a measurable degree of fatigue, senior EM residents experienced no decrease in their ability to accurately make CLA decisions based on ECG interpretation.
Comparisons of polar processing diagnostics from 34 years of the ERA-Interim and MERRA reanalyses
Authors: Lawrence Z. D. , Manney G. L. , Minschwaner K. , Santee M. L. , Lambert A.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. We present a comprehensive comparison of polar processing diagnostics derived from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Modern Era Retrospective-analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Interim Reanalysis (ERA-Interim). We use diagnostics that focus on meteorological conditions related to stratospheric chemical ozone loss based on temperatures, polar vortex dynamics, and air parcel trajectories to evaluate the effects these reanalyses might have on polar processing studies. Our results show that the agreement between MERRA and ERA-Interim changes significantly over the 34 years from 1979 through 2013 in both hemispheres, and in many cases improves. By comparing our diagnostics during five time periods when an increasing number of higher quality observations were brought into these reanalyses, we show how changes in the data assimilation systems (DAS) of MERRA and ERA-Interim affected their meteorological data. Many of our stratospheric temperature diagnostics show a convergence toward significantly better agreement, in both hemispheres, after 2001 when Aqua and GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) radiances were introduced into the DAS. Other diagnostics, such as the winter mean volume of air with temperatures below polar stratospheric cloud formation thresholds (VPSC) and some diagnostics of polar vortex size and strength, do not show improved agreement between the two reanalyses in recent years when data inputs into the DAS were more comprehensive. The polar processing diagnostics calculated from MERRA and ERA-Interim agree much better than those calculated from earlier reanalysis datasets. We still, however, see fairly large relative biases in many of the diagnostics in years prior to 2002, raising the possibility that the choice of one reanalysis over another could significantly influence the results of polar processing studies. After 2002, we see overall good agreement among the diagnostics, which demonstrates that the ERA-Interim and MERRA reanalyses are equally appropriate choices for polar processing studies of recent Arctic and Antarctic winters.
Ceilometer aerosol profiling vs. Raman lidar in the frame of INTERACT campaign of ACTRIS
Authors: Madonna F. , Amato F. , Vande Hey J. , Pappalardo G.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Despite their differences from more advanced and more powerful lidars, the low construction and operation cost of ceilometers, originally designed for cloud base height monitoring, has fostered their use for the quantitative study of aerosol properties. The large number of ceilometers available worldwide represents a strong motivation to investigate both the extent to which they can be used to fill in the geographical gaps between advanced lidar stations and also how their continuous data flow can be linked to existing networks of the more advanced lidars, like EARLINET (European Aerosol Research LIdar NETwork). In this paper, multi-wavelength Raman lidar measurements are used to investigate the capability of ceilometers to provide reliable information about atmospheric aerosol content through the INTERACT (INTERcomparison of Aerosol and Cloud Tracking) campaign carried out at the CNR-IMAA Atmospheric Observatory (760 m a.s.l., 40.60° N, 15.72° E), in the framework of ACTRIS (Aerosol Clouds Trace gases Research InfraStructure) FP7 project. This work is the first time that three different commercial ceilometers with an advanced Raman lidar are compared over a period of six months. The comparison of the attenuated backscatter profiles from a multi-wavelength Raman lidar and three ceilometers (CHM15k, CS135s, CT25K) reveals differences due to the expected discrepancy in the SNR but also due to effect of changes in the ambient temperature on the short and mid-term stability of ceilometer calibration. A large instability of ceilometers in the incomplete overlap region has also been observed, making the use of a single overlap correction function for the whole duration of the campaign critical. Therefore, technological improvements of ceilometers towards their operational use in the monitoring of the atmospheric aerosol in the low and free troposphere are needed.
The Ice Selective Inlet: a novel technique for exclusive extraction of pristine ice crystals in mixed-phase clouds
Authors: Kupiszewski P. , Weingartner E. , Vochezer P. , Bigi A. , Rosati B. , Gysel M. , Schnaiter M. , Baltensperger U.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Climate predictions are affected by high uncertainties partially due to an insufficient knowledge of aerosol-cloud interactions. One of the poorly understood processes is formation of mixed-phase clouds (MPCs) via heterogeneous ice nucleation. Field measurements of the atmospheric ice phase in MPCs are challenging due to the presence of supercooled liquid droplets. The Ice Selective Inlet (ISI), presented in this paper, is a novel inlet designed to selectively sample pristine ice crystals in mixed-phase clouds and extract the ice residual particles contained within the crystals for physical and chemical characterisation. Using a modular setup composed of a cyclone impactor, droplet evaporation unit and pumped counterflow virtual impactor (PCVI), the ISI segregates particles based on their inertia and phase, exclusively extracting small ice particles between 5 and 20 μm in diameter. The setup also includes optical particle spectrometers for analysis of the number size distribution and shape of the sampled hydrometeors. The novelty of the ISI is a droplet evaporation unit, which separates liquid droplets and ice crystals in the airborne state, thus avoiding physical impaction of the hydrometeors and limiting potential artifacts. The design and validation of the droplet evaporation unit is based on modelling studies of droplet evaporation rates and computational fluid dynamics simulations of gas and particle flows through the unit. Prior to deployment in the field, an inter-comparison of the WELAS optical particle size spectrometers and a characterisation of the transmission efficiency of the PCVI was conducted in the laboratory. The ISI was subsequently deployed during the Cloud and Aerosol Characterisation Experiment (CLACE) 2013 – an extensive international field campaign encompassing comprehensive measurements of cloud microphysics, as well as bulk aerosol, ice residual and ice nuclei properties. The campaign provided an important opportunity for a proof of concept of the inlet design. In this work we present the setup of the ISI, including the modelling and laboratory characterisation of its components, as well as a case study demonstrating the ISI performance in the field during CLACE 2013.
Technical Note: Reducing the spin-up time of integrated surface water–groundwater models
Authors: Ajami H. , Evans J. P. , McCabe M. F. , Stisen S.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. One of the main challenges in the application of coupled or integrated hydrologic models is specifying a catchment's initial conditions in terms of soil moisture and depth-to-water table (DTWT) distributions. One approach to reducing uncertainty in model initialization is to run the model recursively using either a single year or multiple years of forcing data until the system equilibrates with respect to state and diagnostic variables. However, such "spin-up" approaches often require many years of simulations, making them computationally intensive. In this study, a new hybrid approach was developed to reduce the computational burden of the spin-up procedure by using a combination of model simulations and an empirical DTWT function. The methodology is examined across two distinct catchments located in a temperate region of Denmark and a semi-arid region of Australia. Our results illustrate that the hybrid approach reduced the spin-up period required for an integrated groundwater–surface water–land surface model (ParFlow.CLM) by up to 50%. To generalize results to different climate and catchment conditions, we outline a methodology that is applicable to other coupled or integrated modeling frameworks when initialization from an equilibrium state is required.
“Liberdade, Justiça e Democracia”: construções de uma “sensibilidade jurídica” no discurso zapatista
Authors: Lima Júnia Marúsia Trigueiro de
Published: December 2014

O presente artigo foi extraído de uma pesquisa sobre discursos do Movimento Zapatista. Caracterizado inicialmente como uma insurgência armada formada por indígenas Maias, este movimento deve grande parte da sua visibilidade aos seus escritos que circulam pela internet em proporções globais. O objetivo deste texto é refletir sobre a construção de três categorias fundamentais para o embasamento do pleito zapatista: “liberdade, justiça e democracia”. Tais categorias moldam a percepção de uma “sensibilidade jurídica” no discurso. No entanto, para entender essa tríade, faz-se necessária uma fundamentação em construções êmicas acerca de atores e elementos que historicamente estão presentes na configuração do que os zapatistas entendem por estes pilares: o México, a Sociedade Civil, os Direitos Humanos e o “Mandar Obedecendo”.
A Filha do Inca: A Ficção científica de Menotti Del Picchia
Authors: Laraia Roque De Barros
Published: December 2014

Menotti Del Picchia, importante poeta paulista da primeira metade do século XX, publicou, na década de 40, talvez o primeiro livro de ficção científica brasileiro, no qual o herói é um oficial do Exército que também é um antropólogo. A aventura se desenrola no coração do Brasil Central. Esta resenha tardia pretende analisar os conhecimentos do Autor no que se refere à ciência da época, à geografia do interior do país e, principalmente, ao seu conhecimento antropológico.
Jihad: duas interpretações contemporâneas de um conceito polissêmico
Authors: Cherem Youssef
Published: December 2014

Quais são os papéis e os significados do conceito de jihad para os movimentos islamistas contemporâneos? O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar duas releituras contemporâneas do conceito de jihad – entendido este como luta armada e militância pública – através da análise das obras de dois pensadores islamistas contemporâneos, Sayid Imam e Yusuf al-Uyayri, em cujos escritos se torna evidente a concepção do jihad como luta moral e ascese. A especificidade das leituras do jihad em contextos contemporâneos é que ele se individualiza, tornando-se, ele próprio, um “modo de vida” e uma escolha no plano individual, sendo reformulado e vivido por pensadores e militantes islâmicos alheios tanto às instituições tradicionais de transmissão do conhecimento religioso islâmico quanto ao Estado. Os percursos diversos de vida e as obras de Sayid Imam e Yusuf al-Uyayri podem ser, assim, lidas como exemplo de um enfoque distinto do tema de jihad entre os militantes islâmicos.
Direitos entrelaçados: Práticas jurídicas e território quilombola na Ilha do Marajó - PA
Authors: Cardoso e Cardoso Luís Fernando , Schmitz Heribert , Da Mota Dalva Maria
Published: December 2014

Apresentamos os resultados de uma investigação sobre o ordenamento e as práticas jurídicas da comunidadequilombola de Bairro Alto. Esta comunidade de aproximadamente 340 habitantes é localizada na Ilha do Marajó,no Estado do Pará. Buscamos compreender as formas de manutenção, organização e os laços de pertencimentoao território desta comunidade. Notou-se em pesquisa de campo que as práticas jurídicas locais se estruturaramdesde o momento da formação da comunidade, gerando princípios de uso e usufruto que definem simbolicamenteo território, território este que está ordenado a partir do processo de ocupação da terra e de um conjunto derelações sociais com os fazendeiros, com comunidades vizinhas e com o Estado. Analisaremos os entrelaçamentosde ordens jurídicas internas e externas à comunidade para a definição dos direitos socioterritoriais, e como issomanteve o território sob o domínio do grupo, mesmo diante de perdas de certas áreas, no confronto com sujeitosexpropriadores. Ressalta-se, portanto, que o ordenamento jurídico da comunidade se formou por um processoinfluenciado pelas relações sociais com outros sujeitos. Nesse processo, o Estado é um agente importante comquem a comunidade estabelece diálogo para formação de seu ordenamento jurídico, mesmo que ele a tenhadeixado à margem, nas bordas de suas ações políticas, jurídicas e sociais por grande parte da história do grupo.
Uma serra de forrós: sociabilidade e festas em Gameleiras – RN
Authors: Ferreira Flávio Rodrigo Freire
Published: December 2014

O presente artigo objetiva compreender como as festas de forró informam sobre a organização social na Serra da Gameleira (RN). Identificam-se os lugares festivos: cinco casas de forró que funcionam com regularidade. Nelas, os espaços públicos e privados apresentam limites tênues entre casa de forró e casa residência. Cada casa de forró tem seu dono que, ao realizar as festas, mobiliza os moradores e favorece o estreitamento das relações sociais. Assim, ao observar a sociabilidade festiva entre os diferentes grupos familiares, que vivem respectivamente em Gameleira de Baixo, Gameleira de Cima e Chaves Belas, o forró aparece como um evento propício à circulação dos indivíduos e aos encontros entre os segmentos sociais no espaço da Serra.
Do Um e do Todo: o Anti-Dualismo de Gregory Bateson e Marilyn Strathern
Authors: Barbosa Gustavo Baptista
Published: December 2014

O presente artigo procura aproximar e distanciar as construções teóricas de Gregory Bateson e Marilyn Strathern. Com tal objetivo, procede por abdução: identifica no 'sintoma' - a 'afecção' que os dois antropólogos exercem sobre o autor do artigo - indícios que permitem aproximar o pensamento de Bateson e Strathern em função do anti-dualismo de que comungam. O idealismo peculiar de um e de outro reconhece privilégio analítico para as relações e os padrões que conectam, cuja consideração sugere saída para as opções excludentes entre pares dicotômicos a que determinada Antropologia tradicionalmente se viu forçada: partes ou todos; história ou estrutura; mudança ou permanência; sincronia ou diacronia; indivíduo ou sociedade.