bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vapor pressures of substituted polycarboxylic acids are much lower than previously reported
Authors: Huisman A. J. , Krieger U. K. , Zuend A. , Marcolli C. , Peter T.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. The partitioning of compounds between the aerosol and gas phase is a primary focus in the study of the formation and fate of secondary organic aerosol. We present measurements of the vapor pressure of 2-methylmalonic (isosuccinic) acid, 2-hydroxymalonic (tartronic) acid, 2-methylglutaric acid, 3-hydroxy-3-carboxy-glutaric (citric) acid and DL-2,3-dihydroxysuccinic (DL-tartaric) acid, which were obtained from the evaporation rate of supersaturated liquid particles levitated in an electrodynamic balance. Our measurements indicate that the pure component liquid vapor pressures at 298.15 K for tartronic, citric and tartaric acids are much lower than the same quantity that was derived from solid state measurements in the only other room temperature measurement of these materials (made by Booth et al., 2010). This strongly suggests that empirical correction terms in a recent vapor pressure estimation model to account for the inexplicably high vapor pressures of these and similar compounds should be revisited, and that due caution should be used when the estimated vapor pressures of these and similar compounds are used as inputs for other studies.
Can we model observed soil carbon changes from a dense inventory? A case study over england and wales using three version of orchidee ecosystem model (AR5, AR5-PRIM and O-CN)
Authors: Guenet B. , E Moyano F. , Vuichard N. , Kirk G.J.D. , Bellamy P.H. , Zaehle S. , Ciais P.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. A widespread decrease of the top soil carbon content was observed over England and Wales during the period 1978–2003 in the National Soil Inventory (NSI), amounting to a carbon loss of 4.44 Tg yr-1 over 141 550 km2. Subsequent modelling studies have shown that changes in temperature and precipitation could only account for a small part of the observed decrease, and therefore that changes in land use and management and resulting changes in soil respiration or primary production were the main causes. So far, all the models used to reproduce the NSI data did not account for plant-soil interactions and were only soil carbon models with carbon inputs forced by data. Here, we use three different versions of a process-based coupled soil-vegetation model called ORCHIDEE, in order to separate the effect of trends in soil carbon input, and soil carbon mineralisation induced by climate trends over 1978–2003. The first version of the model (ORCHIDEE-AR5) used for IPCC-AR5 CMIP5 Earth System simulations, is based on three soil carbon pools defined with first order decomposition kinetics, as in the CENTURY model. The second version (ORCHIDEE-AR5-PRIM) built for this study includes a relationship between litter carbon and decomposition rates, to reproduce a priming effect on decomposition. The last version (O-CN) takes into account N-related processes. Soil carbon decomposition in O-CN is based on CENTURY, but adds N limitations on litter decomposition. We performed regional gridded simulations with these three versions of the ORCHIDEE model over England and Wales. None of the three model versions was able to reproduce the observed NSI soil carbon trend. This suggests that either climate change is not the main driver for observed soil carbon losses, or that the ORCHIDEE model even with priming or N-effects on decomposition lacks the basic mechanisms to explain soil carbon change in response to climate, which would raise a caution flag about the ability of this type of model to project soil carbon changes in response to future warming. A third possible explanation could be that the NSI measurements made on the topsoil are not representative of the total soil carbon losses integrated over the entire soil depth, and thus cannot be compared with the model output.
Using the UM dynamical cores to reproduce idealised 3-D flows
Authors: Mayne N. J. , Baraffe I. , Acreman D. M. , Smith C. , Wood N. , Skålid Amundsen D. , Thuburn J. , Jackson D. R.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. We demonstrate that both the current (New Dynamics), and next generation (ENDGame) dynamical cores of the UK Met Office global circulation model, the UM, reproduce consistently, the long-term, large-scale flows found in several published idealised tests. The cases presented are the Held–Suarez test, a simplified model of Earth (including a stratosphere), and a model of a hypothetical Tidally Locked Earth (TLE). Furthermore, we show that using simplifications to the dynamical equations, which are expected to be justified for the physical domains and flow regimes we have studied, and which are supported by the ENDGame dynamical core, also produces matching long-term, large-scale flows. Finally, we present evidence for differences in the detail of the planetary (meridional) flows and circulations resulting from improvements in the ENDGame formulation over New Dynamics. Specifically, we find greater symmetry in the meridional circulations of the Tidally Locked Earth test case using the ENDGame formulation, which is a better match to our physical expectations of the flow for such a slowly rotating Earth-like system.
COMPARISON OF TWO FUSION BASED BUILDING CHANGE DETECTION METHODS USING SATELLITE STEREO IMAGERY AND DSMS
Authors: Tian J. , Reinartz P.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Digital Surface Models (DSMs) can assist building change detection in a variety of approaches. Limited to the quality of DSMs from satellite stereo imagery, it is hard to reach precise change detection results using only DSMs. Therefore, DSMs should be used in combination with the spectral information from original stereo imagery. For that purpose, two fusion based methods, one using feature level fusion and the other using decision level fusion are proposed in our previous research. In this paper, these two methods are further evaluated and compared based on two different data sets. One test site features a typical urban environment which is captured by two pairs of very high resolution stereo imagery (IKONOS and WorldView-2). The other test site is located in an industrial area, the corresponding stereo imagery of the two dates are both from Cartosat-1. Quantitative and qualitative experiment results obtained from each dataset are analyzed in detail. Over all, the proposed feature fusion model give better results for the industrial area, while the decision fusion method works much better for the urban environment based on very high resolution imagery.
URBAN BUILDING COLLAPSE DETECTION USING VERY HIGH RESOLUTION IMAGERY AND AIRBORNE LIDAR DATA
Authors: Wang X. , Li P.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. The increasing availability of very high resolution (VHR) remotely sensed images makes it possible to detect and assess urban building damages in the aftermath of earthquake disasters by using these data. However, the accuracy obtained using spectral features from VHR data alone is comparatively low, since both undamaged and collapsed buildings are spectrally similar. The height information provided by airborne LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) data is complementary to VHR imagery. Thus, combination of these two datasets will be beneficial to the automatic and accurate extraction of building collapse. In this study, a hierarchical multi-level method of building collapse detection using bi-temporal (pre- and post-earthquake) VHR images and postevent airborne LiDAR data was proposed. First, buildings, bare ground, vegetation and shadows were extracted using post-event image and LiDAR data and masked out. Then building collapse was extracted using the bi-temporal VHR images of the remaining area with a one-class classifier. The proposed method was evaluated using bi-temporal VHR images and LiDAR data of Port au Prince, Haiti, which was heavily hit by an earthquake in January 2010. The method was also compared with some existing methods. The results showed that the method proposed in this study significantly outperformed the existing methods, with improvement range of 47.6% in kappa coefficient. The proposed method provided a fast and reliable way of detecting urban building collapse, which can also be applied to relevant applications.
PIXEL LEVEL DATA FUSION OF MARS EXPRESS HRSC LINEAR PUSHBROOM IMAGERY BASED ON THE RIGOROUS GEOMETRIC MODEL
Authors: Xun G. , Qing X. , Yuange L. , Yifan H. , Shuai X. , Chaozhen L.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. The High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) on European spacecraft Mars Express is especially designed for topographic mapping of Mars. HRSC can acquire both panchromatic and multi-spectral images simultaneously. The resolution of panchromatic image is higher than that of multi-spectral image. Through image fusion, the high resolution multi-spectral image of Mars can be generated. In this paper, the HRSC raw image is geometrically rectified firstly based on rigorous geometric model. Then, the panchromatic image and multi-spectral image are fused based on IHS transformation. In order to improve the processing efficiency, a fast algorithm for back projection of ground points based on the geometric constraints of the central perspective planar of scan line is proposed. Experiments tested on HRSC images demonstrate our algorithm’s feasibility and efficiency.
ANALYSING THE LAW OF DYNAMIC SUBSIDENCE IN MINING AREA BY FUSING INSAR AND LEVELING MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Yang Z. F. , Li Z. W. , Zhu J. J. , Hu J. , Wang Y. J. , Chen G. L.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Understanding the law of mining surface dynamic subsidence plays an important role in protecting the villages and other infrastructures against subsidence damage and disturbance. Unfortunately, the existed methods are mostly based on a few sparse leveling measurements, the accuracy and reliability of which are degraded when the feature points of the leveling measurements are lost in the processing of subsidence evolution. This paper presents a method to analysing the law of mining surface dynamic subsidence by fusing interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) and leveling measurements. By comparing the fitted results obtained by fusing InSAR/leveling and those only by independent leveling, it is shown that the InSAR/levelling fusion not only can make up the deficiency when the leveling measurements lost the feature points of dynamic subsidence, but also can improve the accuracy and reliability of results.
IMAGE FUSION AND IMAGE QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF FUSED IMAGES
Authors: Han Z. , Tang X. , Gao X. , Hu F.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. It is of great value to fuse a high-resolution panchromatic image and low-resolution multi-spectral images for object recognition. In the paper, tow frames of remotely sensed imagery, including ZY03 and SPOT05, are selected as the source data. Four fusion methods, including Brovey, PCA, Pansharp, and SFIM, are used to fuse the images of multispectral bands and panchromatic band. Three quantitative indicators were calculated and analyzed, that is, gradient, correlation coefficient and deviation. According to comprehensive evaluation and comparison, the best effect is SFIM transformation, combined with fusion image through four transformation methods.
RESEARCHES ON THE LAND-USE CHANGE DETECTION OF MINE AREA BASED ON TM/ETM IMAGES
Authors: Qin Y. , Liling H. , Min Y. , Yi L.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. With the economic development and population growth, land use status is changing rapidly in Chinese urban. Since the remote sensing technology can analyze and detect the land use information quickly and accurately, it has been widely applied to obtain the land use/land cover change (LUCC) information today. The land surface destroy occurred in mineral resources exploration will result in a lot of environmental problems in coal mine areas. But there are few research in small and medium-sized cities and coal mine areas. So Peixian is used as the study area in the paper. The Landsat TM/ETM images spanning 3 years and thematic map are adopted to detect the land-use change of the area. In order to improve the classification results, we built an optimized classification model adapting classic SVM method, which was defined "a feature weighted SVM classifier using mixed kernel function". Based on geostatistic and multi-scale statistical knowledge, we calculated the transformation matrix and dynamic index of land-use types, from which we conducted quantitative analysis and the driving force on the mine land-use change of Peixian. Then, we can achieve resource dynamic change detection of four years in Peixian area, analyze the effect of the surface land-use change due to mineral exploration and obtain the causes of land-use change.
Performance of coastal sea-defense infrastructure at El Jadida (Morocco) against tsunami threat: lessons learned from the Japanese 11 March 2011 tsunami
Authors: Omira R. , Baptista M. A. , Leone F. , Matias L. , Mellas S. , Zourarah B. , Miranda J. M. , Carrilho F. , Cherel J.-P.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. This paper seeks to investigate the effectiveness of sea-defense structures in preventing/reducing the tsunami overtopping as well as evaluating the resulting tsunami impact at El Jadida, Morocco. Different tsunami wave conditions are generated by considering various earthquake scenarios of magnitudes ranging from Mw = 8.0 to Mw = 8.6. These scenarios represent the main active earthquake faults in the SW Iberia margin and are consistent with two past events that generated tsunamis along the Atlantic coast of Morocco. The behaviour of incident tsunami waves when interacting with coastal infrastructures is analysed on the basis of numerical simulations of near-shore tsunami waves' propagation. Tsunami impact at the affected site is assessed through computing inundation and current velocity using a high-resolution digital terrain model that incorporates bathymetric, topographic and coastal structures data. Results, in terms of near-shore tsunami propagation snapshots, waves' interaction with coastal barriers, and spatial distributions of flow depths and speeds, are presented and discussed in light of what was observed during the 2011 Tohoku-oki tsunami. Predicted results show different levels of impact that different tsunami wave conditions could generate in the region. Existing coastal barriers around the El Jadida harbour succeeded in reflecting relatively small waves generated by some scenarios, but failed in preventing the overtopping caused by waves from others. Considering the scenario highly impacting the El Jadida coast, significant inundations are computed at the sandy beach and unprotected areas. The modelled dramatic tsunami impact in the region shows the need for additional tsunami standards not only for sea-defense structures but also for the coastal dwellings and houses to provide potential in-place evacuation.
An extended singular spectrum transformation (SST) for the investigation of Kenyan precipitation data
Authors: Itoh N. , Marwan N.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. In this paper a change-point detection method is proposed by extending the singular spectrum transformation (SST) developed as one of the capabilities of singular spectrum analysis (SSA). The method uncovers change points related with trends and periodicities. The potential of the proposed method is demonstrated by analysing simple model time series including linear functions and sine functions as well as real world data (precipitation data in Kenya). A statistical test of the results is proposed based on a Monte Carlo simulation with surrogate methods. As a result, the successful estimation of change points as inherent properties in the representative time series of both trend and harmonics is shown. With regards to the application, we find change points in the precipitation data of Kenyan towns (Nakuru, Naivasha, Narok, and Kisumu) which coincide with the variability of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) suggesting its impact of extreme climate in East Africa.
A New Approach for Assessing Dealership Performance: An Application for the Automotive Industry
Authors: Biondi Stefano , Calabrese Armando , Capece Guendalina , Costa Roberta , Di Pillo Francesca
Published: July 2013

The competitive nature of the contemporary business scenario requires productivity-driven organizations to be aware of the efficiency level of their dealers. The recent economic and financial crisis has highlighted the need for effective evaluation methods going beyond the limits of traditional performance assessment methodologies in the retail industry. The automotive industry is no exception to this logic. In this sector, traditional methods are often based only on market share performances, ignoring the key role of input-output ratios on the overall productivity of the parent company. Following this lead, in this paper we propose a method to evaluate the performance of dealerships taking into account both their market share performances and their efficiency. In order to assess dealership efficiency we use the DEA technique, and apply the proposed methodology to a multinational automotive company considering its Italian dealer network.
Short-Term Spheroid Formation Enhances the Regenerative Capacity of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells by Promoting Stemness, Angiogenesis, and Chemotaxis
Authors: Cheng Nai-Chen , Chen Szu-Yu , Li Jia-Rong , Young Tai-Horng
Published: July 2013

Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) represent an important source of mesenchymal stem cells for clinical application. During in vitro culture, ASCs quickly lose the expression of transcription factors associated with pluripotency and self-renewal (Sox-2, Oct-4, and Nanog) and CXCR4, the key receptor responsible for stem cell homing. To enhance their therapeutic potential despite in vitro passages, we examined whether ASCs exhibit superior regenerative capacity by expanding them in monolayers following short-term spheroid formation. Spheroid-derived ASCs retained the expression pattern of cell surface markers and adipogenic/osteogenic differentiation capabilities of ASCs constantly cultured in monolayers. However, spheroid-derived ASCs exhibited higher expansion efficiency with less senescence. Moreover, spheroid-derived ASCs expressed significantly higher levels of pluripotency markers, CXCR4, and angiogenic growth factors. Enhanced in vitro migration, associated with the increased expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-9 and MMP-13), was also observed in spheroid-derived ASCs. The enhanced migration and MMP expression could be inhibited by a CXCR4-specific peptide antagonist, AMD3100. Using a murine model with healing-impaired cutaneous wounds, we observed faster healing and enhanced angiogenesis in the wounds treated with spheroid-derived ASCs. Significantly more cellular engraftment of spheroid-derived ASCs in the cutaneous wound tissue was also noted, with evidence of ASC differentiation toward endothelial and epidermal lineages. These findings suggest that short-term spheroid formation of ASCs before monolayer culture enhances their properties of stemness, angiogenesis, and chemotaxis and thereby increases their regenerative potential for therapeutic use.
Optimization and Tunnel Junction Parameters Extraction of Electrostatically Defined Silicon Double Quantum Dots Structure
Authors: Sulthoni Muhammad Amin , Kodera Tetsuo , Kawano Yukio , Oda Shunri
Published: July 2013

We propose and simulate electrostatically-defined silicon double quantum dot device with single-layered gates. The device can be easily fabricated and has flexible controllability of quantum dot and tunnel junctions. Numerical simulations on electron distribution as well as potential profile of the device are presented. From the simulated potential profile of the device, we extract parameters required for a double quantum dot transport simulation, such as potential barrier width and height. Estimation of quantum dot size, electron number and tunnel resistance at low temperature is also discussed.
Comparison of Luminescence Properties of CsI Crystals Activated with Ag-, Au-, and Tl+Ions at Room Temperature
Authors: Kawai Taketoshi , Nagata Satoru , Hirai Takeshi
Published: July 2013

We have investigated the luminescence properties of CsI crystals activated with Ag-, Au-, and Tl+ions at room temperature. When the activated CsI crystals are irradiated by light with a wavelength shorter than the absorption edge of CsI bulk crystals, luminescence bands related to the activated centers are observed in the visible wavelength region, in addition to intrinsic luminescence bands due to self-trapped excitons. In CsI:Au-and CsI:Tl+, the visible luminescence bands exhibit decay profiles with a decay time of about 1 µs. On the other hand, the visible luminescence band in CsI:Ag-consists of two luminescence components with decay times of 25 and 250 µs. Their luminescence properties are discussed from the viewpoint of their application as a scintillator material.
Liquid Crystalline Block Copolymers
Authors: Zhou Yuxiang , Ahn Suk‐kyun , Deshmukh Prashant , Kasi Rajeswari M.
Published: July 2013

Liquid crystalline block copolymers (LCBCPs) are fascinating soft materials, which show unique hierarchical assemblies due to liquid crystalline mesophase formation as well as microphase‐segregated domains obtained from the incompatible block architecture. This review is focused on methods to synthesize and characterize the thermal and morphological features of LCBCPs as well as structure–property analysis. Applications of these materials in various fields including lithography, scaffolds for renewable energy applications, responsive materials, and low energy surfaces are discussed. Future trends in the design of new architectures of LCBCPs, their hybrid derivatives, and their structure–property correlations are elucidated.
Third Natures: Incubators of Public Space
Authors: Moreno Cristina Díaz , Grinda Efrén García
Published: July 2013

Cristina Díaz Moreno and Efrén García Grinda, founders of the Madrid‐based office AMID.cero9, shift the notion of the urban from the classic idea of the complete or ideal city, to one which engages with essential urban phenomena: the dynamics of confrontation, dispute and agreement between individuals, social groups and subcultures. In this way, public spaces are transformed from empty spaces into a real context for social interaction; and active involvement with social exchange becomes the main purpose of a project for a new architecture of the city.
Local Climates of the City
Authors: Stewart Iain D
Published: July 2013

A specialist in urban effects on climate, particularly the heat island effect, Iain D Stewart is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the Department of Geography at the University of British Columbia (UBC). Here he describes how the emergence of ‘borderless’, ‘patchwork’ and ‘polynucleated’ cities has led climatologists to develop a new classification system of urban landscapes. The system divides cities into local climate zones (LCZs) according to their surface structure, cover, fabric and metabolism.
Data City: Urban Metabolic Decision Processes
Authors: Segraves Daniel
Published: July 2013

Designer and computational specialist Daniel Segraves describes the decarbonisation tool that he has helped develop in collaboration with Chicago‐based Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architects and the Argonne National Laboratory Computation Department. The creation of the multi‐scale analytic model focusing on the embodied and expended carbon of urban systems allows for energy performance to be tracked across a wider region, encompassing multiple buildings and agents.
Implantable Silk Composite Microneedles for Programmable Vaccine Release Kinetics and Enhanced Immunogenicity in Transcutaneous Immunization
Authors: DeMuth Peter C. , Min Younjin , Irvine Darrell J. , Hammond Paula T.
Published: July 2013

Microneedle vaccines mimic several aspects of cutaneous pathogen invasion by targeting antigen to skin‐resident dendritic cells and triggering local inflammatory responses in the skin, which are correlated with enhanced immune responses. Here, we tested whether control over vaccine delivery kinetics can enhance immunity through further mimicry of kinetic profiles present during natural acute infections. An approach for the fabrication of silk/poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) composite microneedles composed of a silk tip supported on a PAA base is reported. On brief application of microneedle patches to skin, the PAA bases rapidly dissolved to deliver a protein subunit vaccine bolus, while also implanting persistent silk hydrogel depots into the skin for a low‐level sustained cutaneous vaccine release over 1–2 weeks. Use of this platform to deliver a model whole‐protein vaccine with optimized release kinetics resulted in >10‐fold increases in antigen‐specific T‐cell and humoral immune responses relative to traditional parenteral needle‐based immunization.
Visual‐Size Molecular Recognition Based on Gels
Authors: Tu Tao , Fang Weiwei , Sun Zheming
Published: July 2013

Since their discovery, stimuli‐responsive organogels have garnered considerable and increasing attention from a broad range of research fields. In consideration of an one‐dimensional ordered relay in anisotropic phase, the assembled gel networks can amplify various properties of the functional moieties possessed by the gelator molecules. Recently, substantial efforts have been focused on the development of facile, straightforward, and low‐cost molecular recognition approaches by using nanostructured gel matrices as visual sensing platforms. In this research news, the recent progresses in macroscopic or visual‐size molecular recognition for a number of homologues, isomers, and anions, as well as extremely challenging chiral enantiomers, using polymer and molecular gels are reviewed. Several strategies – including guest molecular competition, hydrogen‐bonding blocking, and metal‐coordination – for visual discrimination are included. Finally, the future trends and potential application in facile visual‐size molecular recognition based on organogel matrices are highlighted.
Direct C‐2 Alkylation of Quinoline N‐Oxides with Ethers via Palladium‐Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Cross‐Coupling Reaction
Authors: Wu Zhiyong , Pi Chao , Cui Xiuling , Bai Jie , Wu Yangjie
Published: July 2013

An efficient and concise one‐pot strategy for the direct alkylation of quinoline N‐oxides via palladium‐catalyzed dual CH bonds activation has been developed. This methodology provides quinoline‐containing heterocyclic molecules in moderate to excellent yields.

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Enantioselective Synthesis of Cyclopentadienes by Gold(I)‐ Catalyzed Cyclization of 1,3‐Dien‐5‐ynes
Authors: Sanjuán Ana M. , García‐García Patricia , Fernández‐Rodríguez Manuel A. , Sanz Roberto
Published: July 2013

An asymmetric synthesis of elusive chiral cyclopentadienes has been developed by gold(I)‐catalyzed alkoxycyclization of 1,3‐dien‐5‐ynes. The application of these substrates in completely diastereoselective Diels–Alder cycloaddition reactions, which can be carried out in one pot from achiral 1,3‐dien‐5‐ynes, allows the preparation of highly functionalized products bearing five stereogenic centers with high enantiomeric excesses.
Electrochemical formation of poly(thionine) thin films: The effect of amine group on the polymeric film formation of phenothiazine dyes
Authors: Topçu Ezgi , Alanyalıoğlu Murat
Published: July 2013

The electropolymerization of thionine in an aqueous solution has been carried out by using both cycling voltammetry and chronoamperometry experiments. Electropolymerization has been applied at various pHs by using different working electrodes. The characterization of poly(thionine) thin films is performed by using cyclic voltammetry, current–time transients, atomic force microscopy, scanning tunnelling microscopy, ATR‐FTIR, and UV–vis absorption spectroscopy techniques. It is deduced from current–time transients and morphological data that poly(thionine) film forms with random adsorption process and exhibits an irregular polymeric film. Poly(thionine) film formation was compared with that of previously published results of phenothiazine derivatives of poly(azure A) and poly(methylene blue). It has been concluded that type of amine functional group of phenothiazine dyes is very effective on the formation of polymeric film structure. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39686.
Processing Slow and Fast Motion in Children With Autism Spectrum Conditions
Authors: Manning Catherine , Charman Tony , Pellicano Elizabeth
Published: July 2013

Consistent with the dorsal stream hypothesis, difficulties processing dynamic information have previously been reported in individuals with autism spectrum conditions (ASC). However, no research has systematically compared motion processing abilities for slow and fast speeds. Here, we measured speed discrimination thresholds and motion coherence thresholds in slow (1.5 deg/sec) and fast (6 deg/sec) speed conditions in children with an ASC aged 7 to 14 years, and age‐ and ability‐matched typically developing children. Unexpectedly, children with ASC were as sensitive as typically developing children to differences in speed at both slow and fast reference speeds. Yet, elevated motion coherence thresholds were found in children with ASC, but in the slow stimulus speed condition only. Rather than having pervasive difficulties in motion processing, as predicted by the dorsal stream hypothesis, these results suggest that children with ASC have a selective difficulty in extracting coherent motion information specifically at slow speeds. Understanding the effects of stimulus parameters such as stimulus speed will be important for resolving discrepancies between previous studies examining motion coherence thresholds in ASC and also for refining theoretical models of altered autistic perception. Autism Res 2013, 6: 531–541. © 2013 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination of antazoline hydrochloride in rat plasma and excreta by reversed‐phase ion‐pair chromatography and its application to pharmacokinetics
Authors: Wang Rui , Chu Yanle , Li Xiaotian , Wan Baoluo , Yu Tong , Wang Linxi , Hao Lianqi , Guo Maowen
Published: July 2013

A reversed‐phase ion pair chromatography method with liquid–liquid extraction analytical method was developed and validated for the determination of antazoline hydrochloride in plasma and excreta of rat. The aim of our study was to characterize the preclinical pharmacokinetics and excretion profiles of antazoline hydrochloride in rats after intravenous injection at the dose of 10 mg/kg. Plasma and excreta samples were extracted with ethyl acetate, and phenacetin was used as the internal standard. The result showed that the method is suitable for the quantification of antazoline hydrochloride in plasma and excreta samples. Analysis of accuracy (90.89–112.33%), imprecision (<7.1%) and recovery (>82.5%) showed adequate values. After a single intravenous administration at 10 mg/kg to rats, plasma concentration profile showed a relative fast elimination proceeding with a terminal elimination half‐life of 3.53 h. Approximately 61.8 and 14.2% of the administered dose were recovered in urine and bile after 72 and 24 h post‐dosing respectively; 5.9% of the administered dose was recovered in feces after 72 h post‐dosing. The above results show that the major elimination route is urinary excretion. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of calcipotriol transdermal permeation through pig, rat and mouse skin using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Li Xiaojiao , Wang Jing , Li Guoqing , Lin Changqing , Zhang Xueju , Sun Yantong , Yang Yan , Gu Jingkai
Published: July 2013

ABSTACT

A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric method to evaluate the permeation and retention of calcipotriol in excised samples of pig, rat and mouse skin after application of a calcipotriol ointment has been developed and validated. After sample preparation of ointment, skin homogenate and receptor medium by liquid–liquid extraction, chromatography was performed on an Extend‐C18 column using isocratic elution. Detection was by electrospray ionization in the negative ion mode using multiple‐reaction monitoring of the precursor to product ion transitions of calcipotriol at m/z 411.1 → 393.5, and of lovastatin (internal standard) at m/z 403.2 → 101.2. The assay was linear in all matrices with LLOQs of 1, 0.5 and 40 ng/mL for skin homogenate, receptor medium and ointment samples respectively. In terms of the permeation profiles, it was found that calcipotriol permeated through all skins to only a limited extent over 20 h after application but was efficiently retained in all skins at a level at 20 h of between 40% (pig) and 60% (rat and mouse) of the applied dose. This indicates that calcipotriol ointment has the potential to provide sustained therapeutic benefit in the treatment of psoriasis with minimal systemic side effects. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of pluronic F68 on oxygen mass transfer
Authors: Sieblist Christian , Jenzsch Marco , Pohlscheidt Michael
Published: July 2013

Pluronic F68 is one of the most used shear protecting additives in cell culture cultivations. It is well known from literature that such surface‐active surfactants lower the surface tension at the gas‐liquid interface, which influences the mass transfer. In this study, the effect of Pluronic F68 on oxygen mass transfer in aqueous solutions was examined. Therefore, the gassing in/gassing out method and bubble size measurements were used. At low concentrations of 0.02 g/L, a 50% reduction on mass transfer was observed for all tested spargers and working conditions. An explanation of the observed effects by means of Higbie's penetration or Dankwerts surface renewal theory was applied. It could be demonstrated that the suppressed movement of the bubble surface layer is the main cause for the significant drop down of the kLa‐values. For Pluronic F68 concentrations above 0.1 g/L, it was observed that it comes to changes in bubble appearance and bubble size strongly dependent on the sparger type. By using the bubble size measurement data, it could be shown that only small changes in mass transfer coefficient (kL) take place above the critical micelle concentration. Further changes on overall mass transfer at higher Pluronic F68 concentrations are mainly based on increasing of gas holdup and, more importantly, by increasing of the surface area available for mass transfer. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 29:1278–1288, 2013
Process cost and facility considerations in the selection of primary cell culture clarification technology
Authors: Felo Michael , Christensen Brandon , Higgins John
Published: July 2013

The bioreactor volume delineating the selection of primary clarification technology is not always easily defined. Development of a commercial scale process for the manufacture of therapeutic proteins requires scale‐up from a few liters to thousands of liters. While the separation techniques used for protein purification are largely conserved across scales, the separation techniques for primary cell culture clarification vary with scale. Process models were developed to compare monoclonal antibody production costs using two cell culture clarification technologies. One process model was created for cell culture clarification by disc stack centrifugation with depth filtration. A second process model was created for clarification by multi‐stage depth filtration. Analyses were performed to examine the influence of bioreactor volume, product titer, depth filter capacity, and facility utilization on overall operating costs. At bioreactor volumes <1,000 L, clarification using multi‐stage depth filtration offers cost savings compared to clarification using centrifugation. For bioreactor volumes >5,000 L, clarification using centrifugation followed by depth filtration offers significant cost savings. For bioreactor volumes of ∼2,000 L, clarification costs are similar between depth filtration and centrifugation. At this scale, factors including facility utilization, available capital, ease of process development, implementation timelines, and process performance characterization play an important role in clarification technology selection. In the case study presented, a multi‐product facility selected multi‐stage depth filtration for cell culture clarification at the 500 and 2,000 L scales of operation. Facility implementation timelines, process development activities, equipment commissioning and validation, scale‐up effects, and process robustness are examined. © 2013 The Authors. American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 29:1239–1245, 2013
Simultaneous RP‐HPLC‐DAD Separation, and Determination of Flavonoids and Phenolic Acids in Plantago L. Species
Authors: Jurišić Grubešić Renata , Srečnik Goran , Kremer Dario , Vuković Rodríguez Jadranka , Nikolić Toni , Vladimir‐Knežević Sanda
Published: July 2013

A rapid reversed‐phase (RP) high‐performance liquid chromatography method was developed and applied for simultaneous separation, and determination of flavonoids and phenolic acids in eight Plantago L. taxa (P. altissima L., P. argentea Chaix, P. coronopus L., P. holosteum Scop. ssp. depauperata Pilger, P. holosteum ssp. holosteum, P. holosteum ssp. scopulorum (Degen) Horvatić, P. lagopus L., and P. maritima L.) growing in Croatia. Chromatographic separation was carried out on Zorbax Eclipse XDB‐C18 using gradient elution with a H2O (pH 2.5, adjusted with CF3COOH) and MeCN mixture at 30°. The contents of analyzed phenolic compounds (% of the dry weight of the leaves, dw) varied among examined species: rutin (max. 0.024%, P. argentea), hyperoside (max. 0.020%, P. lagopus), quercitrin (max. 0.013%, P. holosteum ssp. holosteum), quercetin (max. 0.028%, P. holosteum ssp. scopulorum), chlorogenic acid (max. 0.115%, P. lagopus), and caffeic acid (max. 0.046%, P. coronopus). Isoquercitrin was detected only in P. argentea (0.020%), while isochlorogenic acid content was below limit of quantification in all investigated species. Multivariate analyses (UPGMA and PCA) showed significant differences in contents of investigated polyphenolic compounds between different Plantago taxa. Accordingly, investigated substances might be employed as chemotaxonomic markers in the study of the complex genus Plantago.
Versatile Pd‐Catalyzed CH Oxidative Cyclization of Homoallylhydrazones to Pyrazolines and Tetrahydropyridazines
Authors: Mboyi Cleve Dionel , Abdellah Ibrahim , Duhayon Carine , Canac Yves , Chauvin Remi
Published: July 2013

Pd‐catalyzed 5‐exo‐trig or 6‐endo‐trig CH oxidative cyclization of C‐homoallyl‐N‐sulfonylhydrazones to 5‐vinylpyrazolines or 6‐methylidene‐1,4,5,6‐tetrahydropyridazines, respectively, is shown to be controlled in a highly selective manner by the ionic character of the PdII catalytic center. This character is ultimately defined by the nature of the X ligand in the PdX2 salt serving as an in situ precursor of the active catalytic species involving BIPHIMIP {2‐(diphenylphosphino)‐1‐[2‐(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]‐1H‐imidazole} as an optimal spectator diphosphine ligand for both processes. Whereas acetates (X=OAc) favor the 6‐endo process, noncoordinating anions such as tosylates and triflates (X=OTs, OTf) favor the 5‐exo process.
How Cations Change Peptide Structure
Authors: Baldauf Carsten , Pagel Kevin , Warnke Stephan , von Helden Gert , Koksch Beate , Blum Volker , Scheffler Matthias
Published: July 2013

Specific interactions between cations and proteins have a strong impact on peptide and protein structure. Herein, we shed light on the nature of the underlying interactions, especially regarding effects on the polyamide backbone structure. This was done by comparing the conformational ensembles of model peptides in isolation and in the presence of either Li+ or Na+ by using state‐of‐the‐art density‐functional theory (including van der Waals effects) and gas‐phase infrared spectroscopy. These monovalent cations have a drastic effect on the local backbone conformation of turn‐forming peptides, by disruption of the hydrogen‐bonding networks, thus resulting in severe distortion of the backbone conformations. In fact, Li+ and Na+ can even have different conformational effects on the same peptide. We also assess the predictive power of current approximate density functionals for peptide–cation systems and compare to results with those of established protein force fields as well as high‐level quantum chemistry calculations (CCSD(T)).
Self‐Aggregated Dinuclear Lanthanide(III) Complexes as Potential Bimodal Probes for Magnetic Resonance and Optical Imaging
Authors: Regueiro‐Figueroa Martín , Nonat Aline , Rolla Gabriele A. , Esteban‐Gómez David , de Blas Andrés , Rodríguez‐Blas Teresa , Charbonnière Loïc J. , Botta Mauro , Platas‐Iglesias Carlos
Published: July 2013

Homodinuclear lanthanide complexes (Ln=La, Eu, Gd, Tb, Yb and Lu) derived from a bis‐macrocyclic ligand featuring two 2,2′,2′′‐(1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane‐1,4,7‐triyl)triacetic acid chelating sites linked by a 2,6‐bis(pyrazol‐1‐yl)pyridine spacer (H2L3) were prepared and characterized. Luminescence lifetime measurements recorded on solutions of the EuIII and TbIII complexes indicate the presence of one inner‐sphere water molecule coordinated to each metal ion in these complexes. The overall luminescence quantum yields were determined (ϕ=0.01 for [Eu2(L3)] and 0.50 for [Tb2(L3)] in 0.01 M TRIS/HCl, pH 7.4; TRIS=tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane), pointing to an effective sensitization of the metal ion by the bispyrazolylpyridyl unit of the ligand, especially with Tb. The nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion (NMRD) profiles recorded for [Gd2(L3)] are characteristic of slowly tumbling systems, showing a low‐field plateau and a broad maximum around 30 MHz. This suggests the occurrence of aggregation of the complexes giving rise to slowly rotating species. A similar behavior is observed for the analogous GdIII complex containing a 4,4′‐dimethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridyl spacer ([Gd2(L1)]). The relaxivity of [Gd2(L3)] recorded at 0.5 T and 298 K (pH 6.9) amounts to 13.7 mM−1 s−1. The formation of aggregates has been confirmed by dynamic light scattering (DLS) experiments, which provided mean particle sizes of 114 and 38 nm for [Gd2(L1)] and [Gd2(L3)], respectively. TEM images of [Gd2(L3)] indicate the formation of nearly spherical nanosized aggregates with a mean diameter of about 41 nm, together with some nonspherical particles with larger size.
Base‐Dependent Stereodivergent Intramolecular Aza‐Michael Reaction: Asymmetric Synthesis of 1,3‐Disubstituted Isoindolines
Authors: Fustero Santos , Herrera Lidia , Lázaro Ruben , Rodríguez Elsa , Maestro Miguel A. , Mateu Natalia , Barrio Pablo
Published: July 2013

The nucleophilic addition (AN) / intramolecular aza‐Michael reaction (IMAMR) process on Ellman’s tert‐butylsulfinyl imines, bearing a Michael acceptor in the ortho position, is studied. This reaction affords 1,3‐disubstituted isoindolines with a wide range of substituents in good yields and diastereoselectivities. Interestingly, careful choice of the base for the aza‐Michael step allows either the cis or the trans diastereoisomers to be exclusively obtained. This stereodivergent cyclization has enabled the synthesis of C2‐symmetric bisacetate‐substituted isoindolines. In addition, bisacetate isoindolines bearing two well‐differentiated ester moieties are also noteworthy because they may allow for the orthogonal synthesis of β,β′‐dipeptides using a single nitrogen atom as a linchpin.
Diamond Nanoelectrode Arrays for the Detection of Surface Sensitive Adsorption
Authors: Hees Jakob , Hoffmann René , Yang Nianjun , Nebel Christoph E.
Published: July 2013

Nanocrystalline diamond nanoelectrode arrays (NEAs) have been applied to investigate surface‐sensitive adsorption phenomena at the diamond–liquid interface. The adsorption of neutral methyl viologen (MV0) was used as a model system. The adsorption of MV0 was examined on hydrogen‐ and oxygen‐terminated surfaces. On the hydrogenated nanoelectrode surface, a sharp anodic stripping peak was observed upon oxidation of MV0, revealing strong adsorption of MV0. In contrast, a sigmoidal voltammogram was recorded with an oxygenated electrode surface, indicating there was no MV0 adsorption. The changes in the shapes of these voltammograms are due to the drastic changes that occur in the diffusion profiles during the transition. The diffusion profile changes from hemispherical diffusion on oxygen‐terminated surfaces to thin‐layer electrochemistry upon adsorption on hydrogen‐terminated surfaces. Different types and concentrations of buffer solutions were then used to vary the interaction of MV0 with diamond NEAs. The results suggest that the adsorption of MV0 on hydrogen‐terminated diamond NEAs is controlled by hydrophobic interactions. Therefore, diamond NEAs are ideal for the study of adsorption phenomena at the liquid–solid interface with voltammetry.
More than Meets the Eye: Conformational Switching of a Stacked Dialkoxynaphthalene–Naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimide (DAN–NDI) Foldamer to an NDI–NDI Fibril Aggregate
Authors: Peebles Cameron , Piland Rebecca , Iverson Brent L.
Published: July 2013

The thermally induced conformational switching of a stacked dialkxoynaphthalene–naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimide (DAN–NDI) amphiphilic foldamer to an NDI–NDI fibril aggregate is described. The aggregated fibril structures were explored by UV/Vis, circular dichroism (CD), atomic‐force microscopy (AFM), and TEM techniques. Our findings indicate that the aromatic DAN–NDI interactions of the original foldamer undergoes transformation to a fibrillar assembly with aromatic NDI–NDI stacked interactions. These structural insights could help inform new molecular designs and increase our understanding of fibrillar assembly and aggregation process in aqueous solution.
ChemInform Abstract: New Quinternary Selenides: Syntheses, Characterizations, and Electronic Structure Calculations.
Authors: Chung Ming‐Yan , Lee Chi‐Shen
Published: July 2013

The new compounds Sr2.63Y0.37Ge0.63Sb2.37 Se8 (I), Sr2.63La0.37Ge0.63Sb2.37 Se8 (II), Sr2.71La0.29Sn0.77Bi2.23 Se8 (III), Ba2.67La0.33Sn0.67Sb2.33 Se8 (IV), and Ba2.67La0.33Sn0.67Bi2.33 Se8 (V) are synthesized by solid state reactions of the elements (silica tubes, 1023 K, 1 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Large Scale Synthesis, Second‐Harmonic Generation, and Piezoelectric Properties of a Noncentrosymmetric Vanadium Phosphate, Li2VPO6.
Authors: Lee Eun Pyo , Lee Dong Woo , Cho Yoon‐Ho , Tran T. Thao , Halasyamani P. Shiv , Ok Kang Min
Published: July 2013

Phase pure Li2VPO6 is prepared by solid state reaction of a stoichiometric mixture of Li2CO3, V2O5, and NH4H2PO4 (Al2O3 crucible, 580 °C, 36 h, cooling rate 10 °C/h).
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Way to Synthesis KMgF3 and Its Luminescent Property with Eu Doping.
Authors: Wang Wei , Liu Xiaoyang , Zhang Jingchao , Ji Ying , Jiang Nan , Ma Bing , Wang Xiaofeng , Liu Li
Published: July 2013

KMgF3 and KMgF3:Eu are prepared by molten salt synthesis from mixtures of KCl, MgCl2, Eu(NO3)3, and NH4HF2 as fluorine source and fluxing agent (autoclave, 180 °C, 24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Magnetic Properties of a Quaternary Compound Ba3F2MnSe3 with One‐Dimensional Tetragonal Chain Structure.
Authors: Li Yuan‐Bing , Cheng Wen‐Dan , Zhang Wei‐Long , Luo Zhong‐Zhen
Published: July 2013

The title compound is synthesized by solid state reaction of BaF2, Mn, and Se in closed silica tubes at 1253 K for 72 h.
ChemInform Abstract: Pressure‐Induced Hydration and Insertion of CO2 into Ag‐Natrolite.
Authors: Lee Yongmoon , Seoung Donghoon , Jang Young‐Nam , Vogt Thomas , Lee Yongjae
Published: July 2013

Pressure‐induced hydration of Ag16Al16Si24O80 ·16H2O with water and CO2 as pressure‐transmitting medium is studied by in situ synchrotron powder XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemical Route for Accessing Amorphous Metal Oxide Materials for Water Oxidation Catalysis.
Authors: Smith Rodney D. L. , Prevot Mathieu S. , Fagan Randal D. , Zhang Zhipan , Sedach Pavel A. , Siu Man Kit Jack , Trudel Simon , Berlinguette Curtis P.
Published: July 2013

Photochemical metal‐organic deposition produces amorphous (mixed) metal oxide films, which show high electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen evolution reaction.