bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cognitive extension and musical consciousness
Authors: Zbikowski Lawrence M.
Published: July 2019

This chapter explores how the notion of cognitive extension, which is the idea that cognitive processes can be extended through material resources, reshapes the way we think about musical consciousness. A brief review of recent work on cognitive extension by Andy Clark is provided and linked with Edwin Hutchins’s idea of distributed cognition. Examples of cognitive extension from musical practices are discussed, including mnemonic devices employed during the middle ages, musical scores, and the use of musical instruments. It is proposed that musical sound itself can be thought of as a means through which musical thought is extended out into the world, especially where a distributed cognitive system is manifested as a musical ensemble.
The interplay between conscious and subconscious processes during expert musical improvisation
Authors: Norgaard Martin
Published: July 2019

Musical improvisation is a skill that involves the generation of new material in real time within musical and physical constraints. Qualitative accounts from expert jazz musicians describe two processes that appear to occur simultaneously during improvisation. One process involves consciously focusing on higher-level musical elements, interaction with other ensemble members, and responding to surprising musical events; another subconscious process generates actual note choices. Descriptions by developing improvisers indicate that the subconscious process component is advanced through practice. These accounts align with influential cognitive models—notably the dual-process framework—that can help to describe various aspects of improvisation. The accounts are also supported by traditional and new research in motor learning and by brain imaging studies with improvisers. Specifically, fMRI and EEG research using solo improvisation tasks in which the construction of larger architectural structures was not required, shows deactivation in control areas and less connectivity. These results are consistent with experimental research in which improvisers, forced to focus on an unrelated task, appear to rely on the automated process of inserting learned patterns. On the other hand, if improvisers are focused on interaction with others, improvised exchanges cause engagement of control areas as the higher-level conscious process is engaged.
What kind of conscious activity is ‘listening to music’? A contribution from Theodor Adorno by way of psychoanalysis
Authors: Nicholsen Shierry Weber
Published: July 2019

This chapter elaborates Theodor Adorno’s notion of genuine music listening and the role of consciousness within it by analogy with the psychoanalytic conceptualization of listening in the analytic dialogue as described in Freud’s model of the free-association process. Crucial in both models of listening is the simultaneous restraining of conventional expectations and the reception of what is new in what is being heard. For both, listening is collaborative work (between patient and analyst, or between listener and the musical composition), engaging the interaction of consciousness and the unconscious by confronting resistances and bringing new meaning into conscious awareness. Implicit in Adorno’s conception of music listening, as part of his critical theory of society, is a socio-historical dimension: the collaboration between genuinely advanced music like that of the Second Viennese School and the individual engaged in genuine listening works against false consciousness to further an authentic subjecthood..
(Un)consciousness? Music in the Daoist context of nonbeing
Authors: Kuang Lanlan
Published: July 2019

This chapter explores the interpretation of music as a philosophical concept within the context of Chinese aesthetics. A particular focus is the Daoist connection of music with psychological concepts such as consciousness, the experience of time, and the emergence of memory in space and time. The human body, regarded as both physical and spiritual, is an integral element of Daoism, which offers a route to understanding consciousness as coterminous with being and nonbeing, and to linking the latter to music. In the Daoist tradition nonbeing, in musical time, brings forth dynamic and temporal connections between the conscious and the unconscious through memory. The chapter uses the programmatic title and literary preface of Seagulls and Forgetting Schemes, a Song dynasty qin piece, as an exemplar of the Daoist aesthetic of (un)consciousness, approached as both an ideal comprising a world or state of enlightened detachment and an aesthetic activity for cultivating such a world or state.
Inversion as a residual old Romance V2 grammar
Authors: Nicolae Alexandru
Published: July 2019

This chapter focuses on ‘inversion’ in the verbal domain (i.e. verb–auxiliary and verb–pronominal clitic linearizations) and shows that old Romanian inversion represents the residual instantiation of an old Romance V2 grammar by means of a word order pattern widespread in the Balkan languages – the so-called ‘Long Head Movement’ pattern. Prior to its complete jettison, residual V2 is reanalysed as a focus-marking strategy. Patterns of pronominal cliticization, the structure of auxiliary-based analytic constructions, verb-initial structures, the height (V-to-I vs V-to-C movement) and strategy (head vs phrasal movement) of V-raising in Romanian, the syntax of adverbial clitics, as well as quantitative analyses of the distribution of V-to-C movement vs V-to-I movement are addressed in the analysis of the V2 phenomenon with reference to old Romanian.
Group music therapy with adolescents referred for aggression
Authors: Santos Andeline dos
Published: July 2019

A music therapy group for adolescents referred for aggression can afford a context where the sense of aggression can be received, explored, and processed, but also where aggression becomes non-sense. This chapter examines the multifaceted nature of aggression and how, through group music therapy, adolescents’ multiplicities can be welcomed, a non-judgemental space for the exploration of anger and self-control can be offered, generative negotiation can be practised, personal pain can be voiced, and the pain of others can be heard and held. Through this process adolescents can grow increasingly aware of how their own behaviour impacts the cycles of aggression they are part of, and how alternative behavioural strategies can elicit more generative responses from others.
Musical affect regulation in adolescents: A conceptual model
Authors: Baltazar Margarida
Published: July 2019

Adolescents actively use music for affect regulation. In this chapter, affect is considered as a broad umbrella term containing moods, emotions, motivational impulses, and energy levels. Theoretical and empirical research has recently been unveiling the components involved in affect self-regulation, such as the psychological functions of music listening, affective goals, regulation strategies, and musical mechanisms. The study of these components and of their interactions has resulted in a better understanding of the dynamics between music engagement, wellbeing, and psychological development among adolescents. The purpose of this chapter is to present a conceptual model of musical affect self-regulation. The core components of the model are regulatory strategies and musical mechanisms, which interact across the dimensions of cognition, feelings, and bodily reactions.
Music as a resource for agency and empowerment in identity construction
Authors: Saarikallio Suvi
Published: July 2019

Identity construction is the defining process of youth. Adolescents are renegotiating a multitude of fundamental self-perceptions from body image to social roles. At the same time, their self-regulatory skills are still developing, and society is placing increased demands on responsible behaviour, yet not always facilitating adolescents’ own abilities to act and voice. All this is challenging for adolescents’ sense of agency, the experience of being the actor in their lives, and holding ownership of their feelings, thoughts, and actions. This chapter discusses music as a resource for supporting agency during identity construction. In many ways, music is the space in which adolescents can be the actors of their life, give voice to their feelings and throughts, safely search for themselves, and feel ownership of their actions. Music can empower adolescents and facilitate their indentity construction by fostering their own capacity for self-reflection, self-regulation, self-expression, and participation. The chapter introduces the identity section of this book, discussing how music functions as an empowering playground for agency in healthy development, and also how music can restore agency when it has been compromised.
Working in music with adolescents who experience disability
Authors: Rickson Daphne
Published: July 2019

Working in music with adolescents who experience disability to support their health and wellbeing involves creating opportunities for their emotional expression and successful interaction with others. Music is a resource that can highlight their capabilities, yet they might need the support of a music therapist to maximize the positive affordances that music can provide. In this chapter, two contrasting examples of music therapy work, with adolescents who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and those who have intellectual disability, are offered to demonstrate how young people have engaged with music therapy group processes and in turn developed positive relationships and self-identities. Music making can be a motivating and enjoyable activity for adolescents with disabilities, and a powerful resource to support their personal growth, autonomy, and sense of wellbeing.
Reframing intervention and inclusion: The importance of exploring gender and sexuality in music therapy with all young people
Authors: Scrine Elly
Published: July 2019

This chapter reflects upon dominant gender and sexuality norms, and ways of navigating these in music-based contexts without positioning marginalized groups as inherently vulnerable. Queer theorists dedicated to transforming endemic gendered violence emphasize the importance of examining the effects of normativity to which we are all subjected, and the significant potential of creativity and collaboration. This chapter establishes a theoretical grounding as to why exploring gender and sexuality is relevant for all young people, and how addressing systems of normativity can be considered a relevant ‘intervention’ within music therapy. Using illustrative case vignettes and drawing on existing critical frameworks, the chapter offers suggestions as to how practitioners may better confront their own beliefs, think politically about assessment, work towards safe(r) spaces, and support young people’s gender-based activism through music.
‘What’s the WiFi code in here?’: Connecting with adolescents in music therapy
Authors: Derrington Philippa
Published: July 2019

Introducing the third section of the Handbook, which broadly addresses connectedness, music, and adolescents, this chapter focuses on the context of a secondary school in the United Kingdom for students with social, emotional, and mental health needs, and explores how music therapy can help young people find creative new ways of connecting. The importance of the music therapy space, the resources, and communication with teaching staff are highlighted alongside a person-centred and psychodynamic approach. One resource, the video camera, is presented as having an important role in connecting with young people in sessions. Discussed and illustrated through case examples, the camera is shown to offer young people different ways of experiencing and re-experiencing, interacting, sharing control, witnessing, and being witnessed, leading to positively adaptive interconnectedness and emotional wellbeing.
“An end to housekeeping”
Authors: Dougherty Carol
Published: July 2019

This chapter offers a reading of Marilynne Robinson’s 1980 novel Housekeeping—the story of a transient woman, Sylvie, who returns home to take care of her recently orphaned nieces, Ruth and Lucille, and the novel raises important questions not just about life on the road, but also about the house and home that is left behind. Whereas the Odyssey maintains a perpetually idealized notion of Penelope and Odysseus as emblems of a like-minded merger of travel and home by deferring indefinitely the moment when the two actually live (or travel) together, in Housekeeping there is always an attempt to blur the divide between people who stay and people who go, one that is most clearly embodied in the character of Sylvie. Like Odysseus, who will one day leave home again and whose travels are also always returns, Sylvie’s travels keep taking her home; yet like Penelope as well, she keeps her family by her side. In particular, by taking men out of the picture, Robinson radically reorients the traditionally gendered relationship of travel to home that Homer’s Odyssey represents, and the novel prompts us to ask how women can reconcile family responsibilities with travel. Can the possibilities, rather than the constraints, of mobility help redefine what makes a house a home?
“Come brother. Let’s go home”
Authors: Dougherty Carol
Published: July 2019

This chapter offers a reading of Toni Morrison’s 2012 novel Home, telling the story of a Korean War veteran’s return to the USA and his attempts to find his way in the racially segregated America of the 1950s. Discharged from the army and suffering from what we would now call post-traumatic shock syndrome, Frank Money reluctantly heads to Atlanta to find his sister and bring her home with him to Georgia—in this way, Home not only reverses the northward journey of the Great Migration, but it re-routes Odysseus’ itinerary in interesting ways. Homer’s Odyssey ends rather abruptly, and our delight at the romantic reunion of Odysseus and Penelope distracts us from the poem’s less than satisfactory way of dealing with the violence of war and the challenges of bringing that violence home. Where The Return of the Soldier focuses on the disorientation that follows from its protagonist’s inability to negotiate a successful return home from war, Morrison’s novel draws upon the restorative powers of nostalgia to reconstruct Lotus at the novel’s conclusion as a new and better home than the one Frank left behind, conjuring an image of return that is not defined as the romantic reunion of husband and wife but one that looks instead to the brother–sister family bond to attend to the themes of violence and redemption at the individual, familial, and collective levels.
Conclusion
Authors: Dougherty Carol
Published: July 2019

The Conclusion returns to the beginning of the book, bringing it full circle. The Introduction focused on the way that Odysseus introduces himself to King Alcinous as an improviser, a man of metis, to raise the possibility that we, too, as critics, might embrace the productive capacity of the unexpected literary encounter. The readings offered in the individual chapters demonstrate the ways in which the rich and complicated dynamic between coming home and keeping house already at work in the Odyssey can be seen to shift and develop in new ways, just as our appreciation of contemporary fiction dealing with these themes has expanded from its unexpected association with Homer’s Odyssey. In particular, nostalgia emerges as offering an apt interpretive framework and mode of critical analysis, striking a balance between engagement with the past and looking to the present or future. If improvisation offers a framework for the unexpected literary encounter, for finding ourselves as readers and critics in a place unknown, reading unexpected texts together, nostalgia provides us with a way to return home to Homer.
Mental health of refugees
Authors: Ventevogel Peter , Pereira Xavier , Verghis Sharuna , Silove Derrick
Published: July 2019

Mental health and psychosocial problems among refugees are increasingly being recognized as a priority issue. This chapter will critically examine and synthesize what is known about mental health problems among refugees. The scope will be broad, extending beyond post-traumatic stress disorder, and include brief information on other common mental disorders in refugees (such as prolonged grief, depression as well as severe mental disorders such as psychosis and bipolar disorder). The chapter briefly introduces social-ecological frameworks that assist in conceptualizing the psychosocial problems facing refugees. Emphasis is given to the need for multi-sectoral, multi-level interventions that are sensitive to culture and context, and that are evidence-informed and scalable. Key issues are: the integration of mental health into general health using brief psychological interventions; use of task shifting approaches; and interventions to strengthen self-help and family and community support in refugee settings.
The health challenges facing children on the move
Authors: Bissell Susan , Bhabha Jacqueline
Published: July 2019

An unprecedented number of young people are crossing borders; many more are ‘internally displaced’. This chapter explores the vulnerability and resilience of refugee children and adolescents. It examines standards and policies designed to protect and enable these young people to survive and thrive. Given the growth in its importance, the matter of minors being ‘returned’ to countries of origin is also examined. This is followed by an analysis of some real-life situations in which these standards and policies are applicable. What is ultimately clear is that for a range of reasons—including the political and the practical—there are growing challenges to the safety of children and youth who are ‘on the move’.
The health impacts of displacement due to conflict on adolescents
Authors: Ataullahjan Anushka , Gaffey Michelle F. , Spiegel Paul B. , Bhutta Zulfiqar A.
Published: July 2019

Globally, it is estimated there are a minimum of 9.8 million forcibly displaced adolescents (10–19 years old). Forcibly displaced adolescents face difficulties obtaining health services with conflict disrupting care, aggravating existing health concerns, and introducing new health issues. Displaced adolescents experience increased injury, psychological trauma, nutritional deficiencies, and physical and sexual violence. This chapter describes the health impact of conflict, and several factors that exacerbate the health of adolescents. It then describes the evidence base on the most effective interventions to address the health of adolescents. Lastly, it points to gaps within the literature suggesting how adolescent health can be mainstreamed in refugee health services.
Threshold Effects of Fiscal-Monetary Interdependence and Exchange Rate Regimes in Oil-Dependent Arab Economies
Authors: Elbadawi Ibrahim , Goaied Mohamed , Tahar Moez Ben
Published: July 2019

This chapter contributes to the literature on fiscal-monetary interdependence in resource-dependent economies in the Arab World, specifically during the post-mid-1990s oil boom. It also provides empirical evidence on threshold effects for oil rents per capita. These findings support differentiated exchange rate regime choices in economies with low rent per capita, such as Sudan and Yemen, relative to wealthier Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) economies and Algeria. The first group suffers from fiscal dominance, which explains their choice of soft pegged exchange rate regimes and their failure to sustain credible exchange rate-based stabilization programs. GCC countries, however, managed to maintain credible de facto pegged exchange rate regimes and convertible currencies, while Algeria graduated to a successfully managed exchange rate regime. Nevertheless, in contrast to Chile and Norway, Arab oil economies still need to establish credible fiscal rules for conducting monetary policy in order to withstand the effects of permanently lower oil prices.
Exchange Rate Regimes and Economic Performance in Resource-Dependent Economies
Authors: Kamar Bassem , Soto Raimundo
Published: July 2019

This chapter presents empirical findings on the relationship between resource rents, alternative exchange rate regimes, and economic performance. It shows that resource abundance leads to higher growth, while oil dependency, captured by a high level of export concentration and/or being an oil exporter, reduces economic growth relative to diversified and/or non-oil exporters. Resource rents, including oil and gas, lead to higher inflation, while oil dependence has a dampening effect. The results confirm that exchange regimes matter for the long-term performance of a resource-rich economy (RRE). Countries with floating exchange regimes tend to have lower growth and higher inflation than those with intermediate exchange rate systems but being an oil exporter helps mute the inflationary effect of floating exchange rate regimes. On the other hand, while fixed exchange rates do not have a significant direct effect on growth, they help dampen the negative effect of inflation on growth and lead to lower inflation.
Reforming Fiscal Institutions in Resource-Rich Arab Economies
Authors: Mohaddes Kamiar , Nugent Jeffrey B. , Selim Hoda
Published: July 2019

This chapter traces the evolution of the fiscal institutions of resource-rich Arab economies (RRAEs) since pre-oil days. It then identifies challenges faced by RRAEs and variations in their severity over time. Finally, it articulates specific policy reforms aimed at dealing with these challenges. These include making budgets and budgetary processes more transparent and inclusive, minimizing expenditures which could be vulnerable to corruption or lead to relative price distortions and environmental damage, integrating short-term with medium- and long-term time horizons, and making use of appropriately designed budgetary rules and sovereign wealth funds. It also points to the need for institutional reforms going well beyond budgets and other fiscal institutions to labor laws, efficient judicial systems, greater checks and balances between government branches, and more competitive conditions for private enterprise. In some cases, however, these policy proposals may give rise to tradeoffs that will have to be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.
The Trans-Pacific Partnership as Megaregulation
Authors: Kingsbury Benedict , Mertenskötter Paul , Stewart Richard B. , Streinz Thomas
Published: July 2019

The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) brings into legal effect a new form of inter-governmental economic ordering and regulatory governance on an extended “megaregional” scale. This chapter proposes the concept of “megaregulation” as a way to understand what is distinctive about TPP and about the particular type of governance project which it partly pioneered. Megaregulation as exemplified by TPP is characterized by five features. First, it comprehensively covers commercial flows in goods, services, capital, and data. Second, its broad aim is to create a generalized freedom to operate for large corporations and their affiliates across the set of national markets covered by the treaty. Third, as its method, megaregulation employs regulatory alignment—nudging and shaping both the substance and the processes of national regulatory systems. Fourth, megaregulation involves a large but not universal (like the WTO) scale in volume of covered economic activity and creates significant gravitational pulls and emulatory pressures for third parties. Fifth, megaregulation takes the treaty-institutional form which prescribes detailed rules and empowers some inter-governmental or transnational institutions and the communities of practice spawning around them. TPP’s specific version of megaregulation further advances an ordo- or neo-liberal vision of the state and its relation to markets that deliberately builds out contrasts with China’s party-state economic ordering, thereby giving it lasting geopolitical and geoeconomic relevance.
The Lessons of TPP and the Future of Labor Chapters in Trade Agreements
Authors: Santos Álvaro
Published: July 2019

Linking labor standards to trade agreements out of dual concern for poor working conditions in low-wage countries and unfair labor competition in rich countries reached its high point in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). The US labor movement’s opposition to TPP shows the disenchantment with this agenda. Other elements of the agreement were seen as equally important to workers: investment, rules of origin, procurement, and currency manipulation. These new frontiers for labor advocacy in trade agreements highlight the need to re-balance how trade agreements treat capital and labor. A promising, though overlooked, feature of TPP was the pressure the US exercised to encourage domestic labor reforms—formally through a side agreement in the case of Vietnam and informally in the case of Mexico. The US withdrawal set those reforms back. The hardening opposition to TPP also made clear that rich countries’ workers expected losses from trade will not be made palatable in the absence of effective domestic safety nets and compensatory mechanisms. TPP’s reception in the United States was a resounding rejection of liberal globalization as we know it, and the CPTPP, unfortunately, does not seem to chart a different path.
Sales, Sourcing, or Regulation?
Authors: Osgood Iain
Published: July 2019

The scope of trade agreements has grown and changed dramatically over the past two decades, especially in the areas of investment and regulation. While the substance of these changes has received much attention, the links between them and producers’ political activities require more systematic investigation. I take two steps toward this goal, using the case of US corporate lobbying on TPP to illustrate. I first document the rich array of political activities undertaken by corporate America in support of the agreement, and the broad set of concerns discussed by firms and associations. I then show that interests in sales, sourcing, and regulation all explain corporate support for TPP. These findings contradict a skeptical view that trade agreements serve only a select set of large multinationals focused on a narrow set of interests, primarily to erode state sovereignty. Instead, support for these agreements is extensive, multi-faceted, and highly heterogeneous across firms, and oriented toward solving a multiplicity of distinct problems in international relations. Although the United States withdrew from TPP and, at least for the time being, does not intend to join TPP11, this case study is nonetheless relevant in demonstrating the various motivations behind US corporate input into trade agreements beyond TPP. Moreover, corporate America’s imprint on many provisions of TPP12 can still be seen in TPP11.
Regulating Regulation: Impact Assessment and Trade
Authors: Livermore Michael , Schwartz Jason
Published: July 2019

Recent generations of international trade agreements have attempted to address non-tariff barriers in various ways, including by encouraging the adoption of regulatory impact assessment (RIA) by national governments. This chapter examines the benefits of RIA for trade in light of experience over the past several decades. It argues that, although misunderstanding of the nature of RIA has likely led to some false hopes, given the right institutional setting, RIA can help avoid irrational regulatory conflict that unnecessarily hampers trade. Specifically, RIA is unlikely to advance the goals of increasing regulatory harmonization, supporting mutual recognition, or reducing regulatory burdens. On the other hand, RIA can enhance the transparency and trade rationality of regulatory decision-making. These two goals can be further advanced if RIA is paired with institutional reforms, such as international secondments, appropriate roles for domestic offices of trade policy in the regulatory process, and sharing best practices and resources, especially with developing countries.
Trade and Exchange Rates: The Joint Declaration of the Macroeconomic Policy Authorities of TPP Countries
Authors: Helble Matthias , Chantapacdepong Pornpinun , Yoshino Naoyuki
Published: July 2019

The original Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement was the first regional trade deal explicitly to address the issue of exchange rate misalignment by attaching a “Joint Declaration of the Macroeconomic Policy Authorities” (Joint Declaration) to the main text. The declared objective was to avoid the use of currency devaluations as a means to alter market access commitments agreed to under TPP. A similar agreement is absent in the CPTPP. This chapter analyzes the Joint Declaration by studying the main elements and comparing them with existing reporting provisions of the International Monetary Fund and the World Trade Organization. We find that the Joint Declaration provisions would have increased the transparency of the central banks’ actions only marginally, as the transparency requirements were not different from the existing practices of most TPP members. Most importantly, the Joint Declaration failed in providing a definition of the concept of exchange rate manipulation and linking it to any dispute settlement procedure.
The Institutions of TPP11: Back to the Future?
Authors: Howse Robert
Published: July 2019

This chapter canvasses the institutions of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP)—left entirely unchanged in TPP11—to assess their cumulative potential to contribute to ties of solidarity among regulatory elites and consequently foster (mega)regional integration. The promise of treaty institutions as conduits of sanguine economic integration, the narrative championed by TPP’s architects, is contrasted with a more critical account in which plurilateral institutions are seen to serve as mechanisms to advance particular economic interests in the face of opposition in the almost-universal trade governance institutions such as the World Trade Organization (WTO). This “divide and conquer” strategy, so the argument goes, dominates in TPP’s institutions, which remain generally weak and unconnected to existing frameworks in Asia and beyond. But they also vary significantly between stronger mechanisms primarily for business interests and almost entirely aspirational efforts in more social areas such as environment, labor, and development.
State-to-State Dispute Settlement in Megaregionals
Authors: McRae Donald
Published: July 2019

State-to-state dispute settlement (SSDS) in trade matters was transformed from the traditional model through the compulsory two-tier mechanism of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It now functions to contain unilateralism in trade adjudication and remedies, supplies workable interpretations and new jurisprudence on contested and evolving issues in a unified way for all states, and helps overcome impasses in WTO political bodies. The megaregional agreements, the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) and the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), did not spur much further innovation over the WTO’s baseline and in fact stay closer to the weaker SSDS model of the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). The megaregionals continue the trend of bilateral and regional free trade agreements to include both SSDS and investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS), but do little to recalibrate the relationship and interactions between the two. It is therefore likely that ISDS cases arising under these agreements will largely resemble the dynamics of existing bilateral investment treaty (BIT)-based and United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) or International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)-ruled disputes, and that WTO dispute settlement will continue to hold sway in the field of trade for the vast number of obligations that are common to the WTO and the megaregionals.
Finding a Workable Balance Between Investor Protection and the Public Interest in the Trans-Pacific Partnership
Authors: Lim Chin Leng
Published: July 2019

This chapter discusses the apparent isolation of investment rules from mid-20th-century efforts to embed international economic rules within the overall social context of the ‘New Deal’ in the United States and the British welfare state. Whilst embedded liberalism may have found its way subsequently into modern bilateral investment treaties (BITs) through the United States’ ‘friendship, commerce and navigation’ (FCN) treaties forged during the New Deal era, this did not halt the growth of more pro-investor treaties. An eventual global backlash against investment treaties and investment arbitration formed the background against which TPP emerged. TPP’s framers delegated significant aspects of the task of striking an appropriate balance between host state rights and investor rights to investment tribunals. This chapter explains how such delegation works in the application of TPP’s contingent standards of protection, fair and equitable treatment standard and rule against expropriation. It explains TPP’s legal-philosophical contribution to future treaty design, and its relevance to global reform of investment arbitration.
Brazil in the Shadow of Megaregional Trade and Investment Standards: Beyond the Grand Debate, Pragmatic Responses
Authors: Trubek David M. , Morosini Fabio , Sanchez-Badin Michelle R.
Published: July 2019

This chapter addresses the impact of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP)-like policies on third countries, looking at the case of Brazil, one of the most important emerging economies. We argue that TPP-like agreements are a way to bypass resistance to neoliberal ordering in the World Trade Organization (WTO) through the institution of alternative fora. We investigate whether this type of agreement—or bilateral agreements with TPP-type standards—could represent a threat to Brazil’s state-led development mode and conclude they could significantly affect industrial policy, the role of state-owned enterprises, and foreign investment regulation while possibly also constraining Brazil’s policy space in areas such as intellectual property and the digital economy. We review a series of pragmatic moves by Brazil as it seeks to carve out a new role in global economic space during a period of rapid change. This evolving approach, we contend, could allow Brazil to engage in the 21st century economy while preserving the core of its state-led development model.
TPP and India: Inspirations for Sequenced Reforms
Authors: Singh Harsha Vardhana
Published: July 2019

This chapter takes the optic of core objectives of India’s internal and external policy-making in order to evaluate existing structures and future possibilities in global economic governance after the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). It draws insights from a series of expert studies by the author and colleagues covering several core elements of megaregulatory programmes. It evaluates the challenges and opportunities for India, which has undertaken significant but uneven reforms but as yet is unable either to fully align with WTO-plus or TPP-type approaches, or to exert enough influence to remake international rules to better align them with India’s directions. The chapter evaluates future pathways including free trade agreements (FTAs), a possible future TPP-plus, innovative flexibilities and phase-ins, and how even countries that find it difficult to become members of TPP-like agreements could use parts of TPP for their domestic reform, bilateral initiatives, and negotiations in FTAs and the WTO.
The theory of natural selection
Authors: Sætre Glenn-Peter , Ravinet Mark
Published: July 2019

Natural selection is the scientific explanation for the evolution of adaptations. Wonders of the living world, such as the anatomy and physiology that grants the cheetah its unchallenged running speed; the seductive colors and scents of a flower that are irresistible to its pollinators; and the accuracy and sophistication of sense organs such as the human eye are the ultimate results of this one creative force in evolution. This chapter investigates simple models of natural selection to explore its power in causing evolutionary change. Mathematical techniques including invasion fitness analysis and adaptive landscapes are powerful tools for analyzing such models and for identifying evolutionarily stable and unstable equilibria. The chapter further investigates frequency-dependent selection and evolutionary game theory. An important goal here is to show that selection can take many different forms and yield very different evolutionary outcomes.
Principles and Contraries
Authors: Delcomminette Sylvain
Published: July 2019

Contrary to readings that consider Physics I 5 as doxographical, this chapter argues that it is the first step of a constructive inquiry whose conclusions, paradoxical as they may seem, are never dismissed later. Its main thesis is that the contraries are principles of coming-to-be and passing-away, but it also endorses the stronger thesis that the principles are contraries. Although it appeals to doxographical considerations, its main section is an inductive argument which heralds the concept of privation, without mentioning it explicitly. This chapter studies the relationship between the opposition of contraries and that of possession and privation, as well as the way Aristotle reduces the intermediates to the contraries. Finally, it shows how the device of sustoikhia (‘series’) allows Aristotle to identify the opposition between possession and privation as the first pair of contraries and to organize the positions of his forerunners in respect of their proximity to the truth.
The Principles of Natural Things—Two or Three?
Authors: Lorenz Hendrik
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines part 2 of Physics I 7, in which Aristotle connects the concepts of what underlies and of the contraries with the question of what the principles of natural things are. He articulates the concept of the contraries involved in any given change in terms of the distinction between form and privation. He privileges form over privation, treating only form and matter as indispensable principles of natural substances. Furthermore, he focuses on the principles of the being and coming-to-be of substances, at the expense of the non-substantial forms of change such as alteration and locomotion. He also introduces the idea that form is not only a principle of natural substances once they have come to be, but also a principle from which they come to be. Aristotle employs these new thoughts in stating his own view of what the principles of natural things are: form, privation, and the substratum that underlies them.
Bonhoeffer’s Theological Anthropology and the Greater Tradition, Part II
Authors: Zimmermann Jens
Published: July 2019

Chapter 3 continues to outline parallels in patristic and Bonhoeffer’s theology. The first two segments focus on the humanist significance of the church as Christ’s body. Bonhoeffer’s relational understanding of God’s image disallows an individualistic understanding of salvation. His view of the church as “Christ existing as community,” with its transformative ethical implications mirrors Irenaeus’ and Augustine’s ecclesiology. In Bonhoeffer’s deeply sacramental understanding of the church as God’s presence in the world his theology of Stellvertretung, the eucharist, and his ethics converge into a depiction of Christianity as transformative humanism. The chapter then elucidates the biblical roots of “being in Christ,” along with the often overlooked, deeply Trinitarian structure of this participatory ontology in Bonhoeffer. The remainder of the chapter compares his anthropology to the teaching of deification that defines patristic theology. Once deification is properly understood as becoming Christlike, Bonhoeffer’s Christian humanism aligns most clearly with the synergistic, ethical view of the Cappadocian fathers of the Christian life as becoming truly human in conformity to Christ.
Recovering the Natural: Humanizing Politics
Authors: Zimmermann Jens
Published: July 2019

Chapter 8, sketching out Bonhoeffer’s political vision to argue its validity for modern, secular states, falls into two main parts. The first section offers a detailed analysis of Bonhoeffer’s recovery of the natural for Protestant theology in the contexts of Protestant and Catholic thought of his time. It becomes clear that prompted by Nazi atrocities, Bonhoeffer recovers Reformational natural law theory in a particular Christ-centered way that is similar to the nature-grace relation proposed by Henri de Lubac, and to the concept of natural law propounded by Jacques Maritain. The second part of the chapter describes Bonhoeffer’s political theology as reflected in his view of church-state relations. The chapter shows that Bonhoeffer appropriates the greater Christian tradition from Augustine to Luther’s two-kingdom theory for his own day. He envisions a secular society and forum of public reasoning on the basis of the natural, a society in which the church bears witness to Christ’s true humanity and labors for the common good of a humane society.
Oxford’s urban growth and its potential impact on the local climate
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim
Published: July 2019

This chapter deals with the growth of Oxford since 1767 and assessment of the potential influence of the expanding urban area on the temperature record from the Radcliffe Observatory, using long-period data from a semi-rural site at Rothamsted (Hertfordshire) and a more recent 3-year comparison with records from nearby Wallingford to assess the extent of, and changes in, Oxford’s urban heat island. The urban heat island effect remains small but is shown to have increased in magnitude in recent decades, and is likely to affect the homogeneity of the Oxford temperature record. In addition, the chapter provides a comparison of the data from the Radcliffe Observatory with that from the Central England Temperature series.
March
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim
Published: July 2019

Chapter 9 provides a detailed analysis of the long weather record at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford for March. Averages and extremes of temperature, precipitation and sunshine are presented, with coverage relevant to the month or season including the incidence of snowfall, thunderstorms, gales and the like, illustrated by contemporary accounts and photography. Each chapter ends with a complete time series of the mean temperature, total precipitation and total sunshine for the month or season from the entire record, updated to 2018.
July
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim
Published: July 2019

Chapter 13 provides a detailed analysis of the long weather record at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford for July. Averages and extremes of temperature, precipitation and sunshine are presented, with coverage relevant to the month or season including the incidence of snowfall, thunderstorms, gales and the like, illustrated by contemporary accounts and photography. Each chapter ends with a complete time series of the mean temperature, total precipitation and total sunshine for the month or season from the entire record, updated to 2018.
September
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim
Published: July 2019

Chapter 15 provides a detailed analysis of the long weather record at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford for September. Averages and extremes of temperature, precipitation and sunshine are presented, with coverage relevant to the month or season including the incidence of snowfall, thunderstorms, gales and the like, illustrated by contemporary accounts and photography. Each chapter ends with a complete time series of the mean temperature, total precipitation and total sunshine for the month or season from the entire record, updated to 2018.
December
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim
Published: July 2019

Chapter 18 provides a detailed analysis of the long weather record at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford for December. Averages and extremes of temperature, precipitation and sunshine are presented, with coverage relevant to the month or season including the incidence of snowfall, thunderstorms, gales and the like, illustrated by contemporary accounts and photography. Each chapter ends with a complete time series of the mean temperature, total precipitation and total sunshine for the month or season from the entire record, updated to 2018.
The calendar year
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim
Published: July 2019

Chapter 19 provides a detailed analysis by calendar year of the long weather record at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford. Averages and extremes of temperature, precipitation and sunshine are presented, with notes on the warmest and coldest, wettest and driest, sunniest and dullest years. Details are included on notable heatwaves, wet and dry spells, heavy snowfalls and the like. A brief analysis is presented on the extremes of barometric pressure at the Radcliffe Observatory since 1820. The chapter ends with a complete time series of the mean temperature, total precipitation and total sunshine for each calendar year from the entire record, updated to 2018.
Spring
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim
Published: July 2019

Chapter 21 provides a detailed analysis of the long weather record at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford for spring. Averages and extremes of temperature, precipitation and sunshine are presented, with coverage relevant to the month or season including the incidence of snowfall, thunderstorms, gales and the like, illustrated by contemporary accounts and photography. Each chapter ends with a complete time series of the mean temperature, total precipitation and total sunshine for the month or season from the entire record, updated to 2018.
Summer
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim
Published: July 2019

Chapter 22 provides a detailed analysis of the long weather record at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford for summer. Averages and extremes of temperature, precipitation and sunshine are presented, with coverage relevant to the month or season including the incidence of snowfall, thunderstorms, gales and the like, illustrated by contemporary accounts and photography. Each chapter ends with a complete time series of the mean temperature, total precipitation and total sunshine for the month or season from the entire record, updated to 2018.
Warmest, driest, sunniest, …
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim
Published: July 2019

This brief chapter is based upon daily weather statistics for the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford, over the standard 30-year period 1981–2010. The warmest (i.e. most reliably warm) week of the year in Oxford is the final week of July; this also is one of the least rainy periods of the year, although the frequency of thunder is often at its greatest in the year around the same time. Mid-July and mid-August are the sunniest (i.e. most reliably sunny) times of the year, and amongst the driest too. Early to mid-February tends to be the coldest time of the year, and the most likely to see snowfall, while late December is the least sunny.
Earliest and latest dates
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim
Published: July 2019

This brief chapter catalogues the earliest and latest dates (extremes) on which various values of daily temperature, sunshine and snow depths have been recorded at the Radcliffe Observatory in Oxford.
Droughts and wet spells
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim
Published: July 2019

This brief chapter analyses the extremes of precipitation excess and deficit recorded at the Radcliffe Observatory in Oxford since 1827. Tables of noteworthy spells of drought are included together with precipitation depth–duration extremes from 1 day to 1 year, updated to 2018.