bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The commercialization of sociological research: on the how and why (not)
Authors: Komp Kathrin
Published: November 2017

Recent budget cuts in academia and the spread of neoliberal thought has put pressure on sociology. Unlocking new funding sources is a major concern for sociologists and focusing on funding from the market is a prominent suggestion. Such funding can be generated through research commercialization, that is, developing research findings into products and services that can be sold on the market. This study explores how a commercialization of sociological research can be achieved, and what advantages and disadvantages it has. Methods are expert interviews and participant observation. Findings show that a commercialization of sociological research can be achieved through studies on companies or products, and through the participation in multidisciplinary research projects. The proponents of commercialization are mainly university administrations, consultants, and economists, who see advantages in the acquisition of funding and the improvement of products. The adversaries of commercialization are sociologists, who find a commercialization antithetical to their disciplinary identity, have ethical concerns about aggravating social problems as a side-effect, and fear for their academic careers. In conclusion, a commercialization of sociological research needs to proceed circumspectly, considering that it could internally erode the discipline of sociology.
Modernizing the ATLAS simulation infrastructure
Authors: Di Simone A
Published: November 2017

The ATLAS Simulation infrastructure has been used to produce upwards of 50 billion
proton-proton collision events for analyses ranging from detailed Standard Model
measurements to searches for exotic new phenomena. In the last several years, the
infrastructure has been heavily revised to allow intuitive multithreading and
significantly improved maintainability. Such a massive update of a legacy code base
requires careful choices about what pieces of code to completely rewrite and what to
wrap or revise. The initialization of the complex geometry was generalized to allow
new tools and geometry description languages, popular in some detector groups. The
addition of multithreading requires Geant4-MT and GaudiHive, two frameworks with
fundamentally different approaches to multithreading, to work together. It also
required enforcing thread safety throughout a large code base, which required the
redesign of several aspects of the simulation, including truth, the record of
particle interactions with the detector during the simulation. These advances were
possible thanks to close interactions with the Geant4 developers.
Using aerial photography to estimate wood suitable for charcoal in managed oak forests
Authors: Ramírez-Mejía D , Gómez-Tagle A , Ghilardi A
Published: November 2017

Mexican oak forests (genusQuercus) are frequently used for traditional charcoal production. Appropriate management programs are needed to ensure their long-term use, while conserving the biodiversity and ecosystem services, and associated benefits. A key variable needed to design these programs is the spatial distribution of standing woody biomass. A state-of-the-art methodology using small format aerial photographs was developed to estimate the total aboveground biomass (AGB) and aboveground woody biomass suitable for charcoal making (WSC) in intensively managed oak forests. We used tree crown area (CAap) measurements from very high-resolution (30 cm) orthorectified small format digital aerial photographs as the predictive variable. The CAapaccuracy was validated using field measurements of the crown area (CAf). Allometric relationships between: (a) CAapversus AGB, and (b) CAapversus WSC had a high significance level (R2 > 0.91,p < 0.0001). This approach shows that it is possible to obtain sound biomass estimates as a function of the crown area derived from digital small format aerial photographs.
Self-oligomerization regulates stability of survival motor neuron protein isoforms by sequestering an SCFSlmb degron
Authors: Gray Kelsey M. , Kaifer Kevin A. , Baillat David , Wen Ying , Bonacci Thomas R. , Ebert Allison D. , Raimer Amanda C. , Spring Ashlyn M. , Have Sara ten , Glascock Jacqueline J. , Gupta Kushol , Van Duyne Gregory D. , Emanuele Michael J. , Lamond Angus I. , Wagner Eric J. , Lorson Christian L. , Matera A. Gregory
Published: November 2017

SMN protein levels inversely correlate with the severity of spinal muscular atrophy. The SCFSlmbE3 ligase complex interacts with a degron embedded within the C-terminal self-oligomerization domain of SMN. The findings elucidate a model whereby accessibility of the SMN degron is regulated by self-multimerization.
Use of an Articulating Hinge to Facilitate Cervicothoracic Deformity Correction During Vertebral Column Resection
Authors: Iyer Rajiv R , Elder Benjamin D , Garzon-Muvdi Tomas , Sacks Justin M , Suk Ian , Wolinsky Jean-Paul
Published: November 2017

BACKGROUND

Surgical treatment of severe cervicothoracic kyphotic deformity may require the use of 3-column osteotomies such as the pedicle subtraction osteotomy and vertebral column resection (VCR), or VCR with anterior longitudinal ligament resection. Such procedures are extensive and are associated with high intra- and perioperative morbidity, in part, due to the need for risky reduction maneuvers.

OBJECTIVE

To describe a novel technique utilizing a laterally placed articulating hinge to facilitate kyphotic deformity correction of the cervicothoracic spine.

METHODS

A patient with severe chin-on-chest deformity of the cervicothoracic spine presented for evaluation and a 2-stage VCR with anterior longitudinal ligament resection was planned. To reduce the risk of intraoperative neurological injury and for increased control during reduction maneuvers, lateral instrumentation was placed through the chest wall resection above and below the level of VCR, which was adjoined with an articulating hinge rod apparatus.

RESULTS

Satisfactory reduction of the kyphosis was achieved utilizing the hinge rod apparatus for controlled deformity correction. The patient remained neurologically intact following this procedure with improvement in their spinal alignment.

CONCLUSION

We present a novel technique utilizing a lateral hinge rod apparatus for efficient, controlled correction of severe kyphotic deformity.
Preliminary Exploration of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Skull-Based Chondromyxoid Fibromas
Authors: He Kangmin , Jiang Shize , Zhang Xin , Mao Ying , Zhu Wei , Wang Yin , Song Jianping , Chen Liang
Published: November 2017

BACKGROUND

Chondromyxoid fibromas (CMFs) are benign tumors that occur rarely in the skull base.

OBJECTIVE

To conduct a preliminary exploration of the diagnosis and treatment of cranial CMFs.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis of 19 cases of CMFs in the base of the skull between 2009 and 2014 in our hospital was conducted. The clinical manifestations, imaging characteristics, pathology, treatment strategies, and outcomes were examined.

RESULTS

The study cohort included 7 women (36.8%) and 12 men (63.2%), and symptom duration ranged from 1 mo to 5 yr. Of the 19 intracranial CMF cases examined, 15 (78.9%) conformed with the diagnostic criteria for extracranial CMF. Resection operations yielded subtotal removal of 13 tumors (68.4%) and partial removal of 6 tumors (31.6%). Postoperative pathological analysis demonstrated that the tumors were characterized by spindle-shaped or stellate cells arranged in a myxoid matrix without mitoses or permeation. Follow-up (range 2-7.3 yr; mean, 4.4 ± 1.7 yr) revealed that symptoms improved postoperatively in 15 cases (78.9%), were maintained in 2 cases (10.5%), and worsened in 2 cases (10.5%). Imaging follow-up revealed that residual tumors were stable in 18 cases (94.7%) and enlarged in 1 case (5.3%).

CONCLUSION

An accurate diagnosis should involve comprehensive consideration of clinical, radiological, and pathological features. The treatment strategy for CMFs consists of maximizing tumor removal while protecting adjacent key structures. Postoperative stereotactic radiotherapy is appropriate for residual tumors.
Cavendish’s Atomism
Authors: Boyle Deborah
Published: November 2017

Making sense of Cavendish’s natural philosophy is complicated by the fact that her earliest work in natural philosophy presents an atomistic theory, which she very quickly seemed to repudiate in favor of her later vitalist materialism. This chapter examines Cavendish’s atomism, situating it in the context of seventeenth-century atomism and mechanism. Focusing on the question of how she thinks order and regularities arise within an atomistic framework, the chapter argues that Cavendish’s atomistic poems do not describe her atoms as working together as an organized system; each atom possesses its own inherent principle of motion, and sometimes they work together, but sometimes they do not. The chapter ends with a discussion of whether Cavendish actually endorsed atomism as a scientific theory (arguing that she did not) and why she had good reason to explicitly repudiate it in her subsequent works.
Vitalist Materialism and Infinite Nature
Authors: Boyle Deborah
Published: November 2017

After repudiating atomism, Cavendish described a new theory of matter, vitalist materialism. According to Cavendish’s theory, there are three “degrees” of matter: two self-moving and one inanimate. The varying inherent motions of matter give rise to particular creatures and phenomena. This chapter explains Cavendish’s theory, giving particular attention to the metaphors she uses in describing it; for example, Cavendish appeals to a metaphor of dance, in striking contrast to the clock metaphor favored by mechanists of her day. This chapter also traces the development of Cavendish’s vitalist materialism over time, identifying refinements between her first version of it (in 1653) and her last (in 1668). For example, the claim that the parts of nature have free will is only obliquely mentioned in her early presentations of vitalist materialism but becomes explicit in her later works. Similarly, Cavendish’s theory of occasional causation is not fully worked out until her last texts.
Litigating Across the Color Line
Authors: Milewski Melissa
Published: November 2017

From 1865 to 1950, when the financial futures of their families were on the line, black litigants throughout the South took on white southerners in civil suits. In almost a thousand civil cases across eight southern states, former slaves took their former masters to court, black sharecroppers litigated disputes against white landowners, and African Americans with little formal education brought disputes against wealthy white members of their communities. As black southerners negotiated a legal system with almost all white gatekeepers, they displayed pragmatism and a savvy understanding of how to get whites on their side. They found that certain kinds of cases were much easier to gain whites’ support for than others. In the kinds of civil cases they could litigate in the highest courts of eight states, though, they were surprisingly successful. In a tremendously constrained environment where they were often shut out of other government institutions, seen as racially inferior, and often segregated, African Americans found a way to fight for their rights in one of the only ways they could. This book examines how black southerners adapted and at times made a biased system work for them. At the same time, it considers the limitations of working within a white-dominated system at a time of great racial discrimination and the choices black litigants made to have their cases heard.
Challenging Whites’ Bequests
Authors: Milewski Melissa
Published: November 2017

Chapter 3 examines cases in which masters had set aside money in their wills for their slaves to be emancipated and sent to Liberia upon their owner’s death. In the 35 years after the Civil War, former slaves who had been sent to Liberia or had been slated to be sent to Liberia brought suits in southern courts over these wills to try to gain funds that had been left for their emigration. There, in postwar courts, their suits appealing to white men’s last testaments would often fare well before judges and juries of white southerners, who sought to uphold the right of white Americans to do what they wished with their property upon their death.
Borrowing in the speech community
Authors: Poplack Shana
Published: November 2017

This chapter reports on the first large-scale community-based study of borrowing as it transpires in the course of regular bilingual interactions. It represents an initial attempt to furnish an empirical basis for going beyond attested loanwords to characterize the borrowing process. Departing from distinctions among lone other-language items of varying frequencies, detailed structural analyses ascertain whether English-origin nonce words incorporated into French display different structural properties from established loanwords. Among the diagnostics examined are gender assignment, plural inflection, verb morphology, word order, and phonetic realization. All lone items, whether nonce or established, display virtually identical linguistic behavior to attested loanwords. Integration is achieved almost immediately at the morphosyntactic level, while phonological integration is variable. This work inaugurated the comparative sociolinguistic method, illustrated throughout this volume, which will be seen to be crucial in the analysis of bilingual behavior, and led to the first corpus-based definition of nonce borrowing.
The role of phonetics in borrowing and integration
Authors: Poplack Shana
Published: November 2017

This chapter revisits the question of whether speakers marshal phonetic integration as a strategy to distinguish code-switching, nonce borrowing, and established loanwords. Systematic comparison of the behavior of individuals, diagnostics, and language-mixing types reveals variability at every level of the phonetic adaptation process, providing strong confirmation that individuals do not phonetically integrate other-language words, whether nonce or dictionary-attested, into the recipient language in a systematic way. Nor do they share a phonetic strategy for handling any of their language-mixing types. This is in striking contrast to the morphosyntactic treatment they afford this same material when borrowing it: immediate, quasi-categorical, and consistent adaptation community-wide. This confirms that phonetic and morphosyntactic integration are independent. Only the latter is a reliable metric for distinguishing language-mixing types.
Self-Love
Authors: Beste Jennifer
Published: November 2017

Johann Metz shows that the second aspect of becoming fully human, self-love, has at least two components: (1) our willingness to accept compassionately the limitations and vulnerabilities of our human condition, and (2) the courage to discern and live out our unique calling and become our authentic selves. This chapter suggests that behaviors at college parties (as described in chapter 1) are attempts—not always conscious—to avoid self-acceptance, emptiness, and vulnerability. It then explores how to accept and respect oneself, risk vulnerability and authenticity, and claim one’s unique purpose and vocation so as to experience joy and fulfillment. The author suggests that membership in a supportive community and commitment to a spiritual practice are especially helpful in encouraging discernment about authenticity and life’s purpose.
Understanding the Complexities of Sexual Assault and Its Traumatic Effects
Authors: Beste Jennifer
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the particular injustice of sexual violence because it emerged as a dominant theme in students’ reflections on party and hookup culture. If we hope to create a just sexual culture in which all college students are respected and treated as ends-in-themselves, we first need to confront the reality of sexual violence on college campuses. Drawing both on student perspectives and important research studies, this chapter first examines why sexual violence is so prevalent on college campuses and then identifies risk factors that increase the likelihood of victimization and perpetration. Lastly, the author examines the traumatic effects of sexual violence on sexual assault survivors.
Creating a Sexually Just Campus Culture
Authors: Beste Jennifer
Published: November 2017

Drawing on the theology of Johann Metz, students’ reflections concerning sexual assault, and social scientific research, this final chapter identifies three essential commitments needed to create a sexually just culture. Those three commitments are: endorsing an affirmative sexual consent standard, embracing a culture of zero tolerance for sexual violence, and forming a conscious, collective commitment among undergraduates to free one another from the constrictive sexual, gender, and social norms of typical party and hookup culture. Citing recent changes in federal regulation on sexual assault and recent social movements by undergraduate activists nationwide, the author suggests that the possibility of cultural transformation and sexual justice on college campuses has never been more within our reach than at the present moment. As the author explains, such transformation will require the collaboration of a wide range of constituents on local, state, and federal levels.
The Little Friends
Authors: Pollack Howard
Published: November 2017

Latouche had friendship with a circle dubbed by Virgil Thomson “The Little Friends,” which included Harry Dunham, Paul Bowles, Jane Bowles, and Latouche’s future wife Theodora Griffis, the scion of a distinguished and wealthy family. Latouche introduced Jane and Paul Bowles to each other. Latouche’s romantic relationship with Griffis led to marriage, although both were essentially homosexual. The Little Friends formed part of a larger group that included notable composers, such as Copland and Thomson, and artists, such as Kristians Tonny and Frederick Kiesler. Several of these artist friends drew Latouche’s portrait and photographed him. The social settings of these friends included the celebrated salon of Kirk Askew and his wife.
Rhapsody
Authors: Pollack Howard
Published: November 2017

Latouche’s relationship with publisher Jack Robbins led to a career in the early 1940s as a popular song lyricist. His biggest success in this area during this time was “Day Dream,” with music by Billy Strayhorn and Duke Ellington. During this same period, he wrote some songs with composer Walter Donaldson that have only recently emerged. In 1944, he also wrote the lyrics to the operetta Rhapsody, an adaptation with composer Robert Russell Bennett of Fritz Kreisler’s 1932 operetta Sissy. The piece received poor reviews and proved an expensive flop.
A Paper Trail of Tears
Authors: Greyser Naomi
Published: November 2017

This chapter charts sentimentalism as it opposed and forwarded the displacement of the Five Tribes from lands east of the Mississippi River known as the Trail of Tears. The chapter analyzes an archive of U.S. relocation officers’ journals, Cherokee publications and oral histories, GIS images of the trail, and the living metaphor of the Cherokee rose. As affect permeated new publics and print cultures, court justices, storytellers, legislators, and survivors increasingly turned to the land to evoke, express, and mediate affects in response to genocide. This chapter maps which forms of (tribal, local, federal) belonging emerged, which were foreclosed, and on what and whose grounds. In light of the Trail, still incised on the continent, as well as Cherokee rhetorics that treats the earth as an agent, the chapter excavates the ground as an active participant in, as well as a literal and figurative landscape for, contestations over stewardship, sovereignty, and territory.
Plotting Maidens and Traitors
Authors: Greyser Naomi
Published: November 2017

This chapter maps sympathy’s place in the emplotment of what became known as the “New Southwest” after the U.S.–Mexican War. The chapter reads sympathy in the work of María Amparo Ruiz de Burton and Sarah Winnemucca Hopkins, who opposed U.S. settlers plotting out the American West. In Life Among the Piutes, Hopkins countered the proposals that would eventually become the Dawes Act of 1887, which prescribed allotment (parceling land for tribesmembers’ individual ownership) and severalty (stripping Native Americans of tribal citizenship). She guides Anglo readers in understanding “love thy neighbor as thyself” as a principle best expressed from far away. After Gwin’s Land Law of 1851, de Burton lost a fortune defending her family’s rancho against U.S. squatters. In The Squatter and the Don, she inverts the stock character of the “sad” Mexicano to associate U.S. Americans with tears and grief through the figures of the white railroad baron, corrupt lawyer, and settler citizen.
Aesthetic Understanding
Authors: Hills Alison
Published: November 2017

This chapter applies an account of understanding why (developed by the author elsewhere) to aesthetic understanding, by which is meant understanding why a work of art is aesthetically valuable. The chapter develops some of the main claims, that understanding involves a kind of intellectual know-how, that it is a matter of degree, and that it differs from knowledge. It discusses in some detail aspects of the account that may seem questionable when applied to aesthetics, notably that understanding involves explanation, and that that explanation can be articulated. The chapter finishes by using the account to illuminate a particularly important activity: the appreciation of a work of art.
Understanding and Fluency
Authors: Trout J. D.
Published: November 2017

Philosophy and psychology appeal to a sense of understanding, typically a feeling invoked to explain people’s choices. ‘Understanding’ seems loosely associated with properties like transparency (things we understand we can also introspect), or voluntary (cognitive) control (things we understand we can turn over in our mind). Research on attention and memory shows that many candidate cases of understanding lack properties like transparency and voluntary control. In fact, ‘understanding’ may denote an unprincipled stew of states, processes, capacities, and goals that are only occasionally present when philosophers, and ordinary folks, apply the term or concept. A unified account of understanding might be valuable, but understanding isn’t a natural kind or defined by a set of necessary and sufficient conditions. Any unity we find in understanding comes not from the involvement of common mechanisms across diverse cases, but rather of messy cognitive activities in the common goal of pursuing the truth.
The “Savage Sounds” of Christian Translation
Authors: Rivett Sarah
Published: November 2017

Across a broad chronological and geographical span, from the mid-sixteenth to the mid-seventeenth century, missionaries of disparate national and religious identities instigated a sweeping effort to learn, record, and reproduce native tongues. I argue that through the practice of translating Christian texts into indigenous languages, these early Protestant and Catholic missionaries struggled to address some of the more contentious doctrinal debates of the seventeenth century. Missionary endeavors in early America became a testing ground or laboratory of sorts for discovering what each missionary believed to be the true relationship between the Word and the spirit. What they discovered surprised them: rather than affirming the universal scope of Christian belief, missionary linguistics revealed its limits. While Jesuit and Protestant missionaries searched for Christian universals, indigenous words and speakers resisted these scripts, forcing their interlocutors to confront the realities of multiple cosmologies and language as a human construct.
Learning to Write Algonquian Letters
Authors: Rivett Sarah
Published: November 2017

Atlantic networks of Protestant and Jesuit letters fueled missionary linguistic activity in North America in the 1660s and 1670s, which influenced early modern debates about the representational power of words. A fragmented theological and philosophical context in Europe put pressure on New World missionaries to try to salvage mystical ideas about the representational power of words. Espousing the idea that Algonquian could be redeemed along with the souls of its speakers, missionaries John Eliot in New England and Chrétien Le Clercq in Nova Scotia transformed the New World into language laboratories, in which theological aspirations for Algonquian translation came into conflict with the practical and material reality of learning and proselytizing in Wampanoag and Mi’kmaq. Missionary linguistics revealed language to be socially and culturally contextual rather than universal, and signs to be material rather than metaphysical, thus forcing North American missionaries in dialogue with Enlightenment ideas about language.
Indigenous Cosmologies of the Early Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World
Authors: Rivett Sarah
Published: November 2017

Challenges to biblical linguistics made it increasingly difficult to map human diversity. Consequently, early eighteenth-century language philosophers turned to the specificity of place to integrate language and national genealogy. Edward Lhwyd designed a comprehensive study of British languages. I contrast Lhwyd and his philosophical coterie with Joseph-Francois Lafitau’s and Cotton Mather’s attempts to explain to a European audience how the peopling and languages of North America accord with Genesis. Unmoored from the need to fit indigenous words back into a Christian cosmology and somewhat detached from the broader Atlantic network of knowledge exchange, missionary and indigenous philosophers arrived at new insights into North American linguistics. Among the Wampanoag in Plymouth and Martha’s Vineyard, the Abenaki in Maine, and the Miami-Illinois, Experience Mayhew, Josiah Cotton, Sebastian Rale, Jacques Gravier, and Antoine-Robert Le Boullenger compiled massive dictionaries that in some cases remain the most lasting evidence we have of these languages.
Do Some Soldiers Deserve to Die More Than Others?
Authors: Whetham David
Published: November 2017

Many would say that a conscript coming toward you with “love in his heart” is somehow less blameworthy than a soldier who has quite deliberately chosen to participate in an unjust conflict. If you are more culpable, are you more deserving of death than others who surely cannot be blamed for the predicament they find themselves in? Many states recognize the rights of committed pacifists to refuse to fight, but very few states are willing to allow their soldiers to refuse to fight if it is a particular conflict which they consider to be unjust—a position known as selective conscientious objection. This chapter explores the way that three different Western militaries currently deal with soldiers who refuse on ethical grounds to participate in a specific conflict in order to answer the question Do soldiers from some states deserve to die more than others if those states fight unjust wars?
Defensive Liability
Authors: Draper Kai
Published: November 2017

This chapter aims to identify four common mistakes about defensive liability. Two excellent books on the ethics of defense and war, Helen Frowe’s Defensive Killing and Jeff McMahan’s Killing in War, are used to provide examples of each of the four mistakes. The first mistake is the failure to recognize that defensive liability requires an unjust threat in the sense of a threat to a right or a threat that infringes upon a right. The second is the failure to recognize that defensive liability requires posing (or taking part in a group’s posing) an unjust threat, as opposed to merely contributing to an unjust threat. The third is the failure to recognize that defensive liability requires not merely posing an unjust threat but also being more responsible than the potential victim for the threat one poses. The fourth is the mistake of thinking that defensive liability requires an objective threat.
On the Threshold
Authors: Müller Anna
Published: November 2017

This chapter is devoted to the imbalanced power relations between the interrogator and interrogated. Reading interrogation transcripts in detail, this chapter stays as close as possible to the drama that unfolded in an interrogation room. The physical and verbal violence that arrested prisoners encountered during interrogations was devastating. But the power that was bent on crushing them also left room for creation, which the women ingeniously took advantage of. Despite being under duress and coercion, they entered into dialogue with interrogation officers during which they creatively deployed certain kinds of agency and used the situation to refashion themselves in a way that best suited their needs at that moment. Their efforts served them best in protecting what they held the most valuable at this point: their lives, the lives of people dear to them, or the principles for which they went to prison.
Introduction
Authors: Kleege Georgina
Published: November 2017

The introduction gives an overview of the book as a whole with a summary of all the chapters. The author positions herself in relation to the topic as the blind daughter of two visual artists, therefore both a potential consumer of museum access programs, while simultaneously critical of their shortcomings. She observes that museum access programs typically seem designed either for blind children or else for blind adults who have led such isolated lives that they are unfamiliar with terms associated with vision and visual art. The author also speculates on how this study of one minority—blind and visually impaired people—and one cultural site—the art museum—could serve as a model for future inquiry.
Touch Tourism
Authors: Kleege Georgina
Published: November 2017

The chapter begins with an account of a touch tour at New York’s Museum of Modern Art and goes on to describe similar programs elsewhere. These programs vary widely in terms of their understanding and expectations of blind perception. I will also discuss sites that require visitors to interact with architecture or landscape nonvisually. The “Cathedrals through Touch and Sound” program in England promotes recognition that appreciating architecture engages senses beyond sight. Similarly, a topiary reproduction of Georges Seurat’s “Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte,” though not designed for blind visitors, gives a tactile and kinaesthetic understanding of the painting’s perspective and composition. Ultimately, the chapter calls on museum educators to find ways to collect the observations of blind visitors. Since everyone does not have the opportunity to touch the art, it makes sense to capture the insights of those who do in the interest of enlarging cultural knowledge.
Down Girl
Authors: Manne Kate
Published: November 2017

What is misogyny? And (why) is it still occurring? This book explores the logic of misogyny, conceived in terms of the hostilities women face because they are living in a man’s world, or one that has been until recently. It shows how misogyny may persist in cultures in which its existence is routinely denied—including the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom, which are often alleged to be post-patriarchal. Not so, Down Girl argues. Misogyny has rather taken particular forms following the advent of legal equality, obligating women to be moral “givers,” and validating a sense of entitlement among her privileged male counterparts. Many of rape culture’s manifestations are canvassed—from the ubiquitous entreaty “Smile, sweetheart!” to Donald Trump’s boasts of grabbing women by the “pussy,” which came to light during his successful 2016 presidential campaign; from the Isla Vista killings in California to the police officer in Oklahoma who preyed on African American women with criminal records, sexually assaulting them in the knowledge they would have little legal recourse; from the conservative anti-abortion movement to online mobbings of women in public life, deterring the participation therein of all but the most privileged and well-protected. It is argued on this basis that misogyny often takes the form of taking from her what she is (falsely) held to owe him, and preventing her from competing for positions of masculine-coded power and authority. And he, in turn, may be held to owe her little.
Discriminating Sexism
Authors: Manne Kate
Published: November 2017

This chapter argues that we should use the terms “sexism” and “misogyny” to mark an important contrast. Sexism is taken to be the branch of patriarchal ideology that justifies and rationalizes a patriarchal social order, while misogyny is the system that polices and enforces its governing norms and expectations. So sexism is scientific; misogyny is moralistic. Sexism wears a lab coat; misogyny goes on witch hunts. A close look at the well-known misogyny speech made by Julia Gillard, then prime minister of Australia, shows that the foregoing ameliorative analysis of misogyny is in keeping with its broadly feminist usage. And this usage was defended and became the basis for revising the term’s dictionary definition. The ameliorative analysis also helps to unify various cases that have seen people reach for the term “misogyny” lately, whether they stem from, e.g., a sense of aggrieved entitlement, sanctimonious moralism, or evince male dominance.
Taking His (Out)
Authors: Manne Kate
Published: November 2017

So much for the logic of misogyny. What about its substance? How does it manifest itself in contemporary cultures like those of America and Australia, i.e., suspected of being post-patriarchal? It is argued that the patriarchal norms and expectations misogyny continues to enforce largely consist in an unjust (pseudo-)moral code, obligating women to give, not withhold or eschew, or to ask him to give her, moral goods such as attention, care, sympathy, and other forms of feminine-coded labor. And privileged men’s corresponding sense of entitlement manifests itself in taking her attention and attraction (as in catcalling and pick-up artistry), the conversational “floor” (as in mansplaining), public space (as in manspreading), bodily autonomy (as in Donald Trump’s infamous pussy-grabbing remarks), and sex (as in rape culture). This sense of ownership may even extend to the persons in one’s family. A vivid manifestation of this last is family annihilators.
Redistribution
Authors: Deahl Lora , Wristen Brenda
Published: November 2017

Chapter 4, the first of several chapters devoted to specific alternative strategies for small-handed players, shows how redistributing notes--taking notes with the left hand that are meant to be taken by the right, or the reverse--can mitigate or even eliminate problems caused by small handedness. To redistribute notes, the pianist must mentally reconfigure note distributions printed on the score and translate that information into action. The difficulty of this task may explain why redistribution is underutilized as an adaptive approach. Inventive solutions to common challenges found in a wide range of pedagogical and concert piano literature are presented. Specific areas of focus include: uncrossing parts; eliminating stretches in chords and arpeggios; facilitating leaps or hand shifts; increasing accuracy, power, and control; maintaining more neutral hand and wrist positions; facilitating trills and tremolos; maintaining legato and line; and projecting harmony.
Maximizing Reach and Power
Authors: Deahl Lora , Wristen Brenda
Published: November 2017

Chapter 6 explores strategies that will mitigate the most ubiquitous problem faced by pianists with small hands: dealing with large chords, broken chords, arpeggios, octaves, and other extended shapes that cannot be refingered or redistributed between the hands. The need for speed or power is a complicating factor. This is an area of concern because performance arts medicine practitioners have offered anecdotal evidence that playing with the hand extended for long periods of time can lead to injury. Strategies to maximize the reach and power of small-handed pianists are explored, including facilitating large reaches, dividing or rolling chords, releasing notes, using rotation for power, taking advantage of skeletal support, playing staccato chords and octaves, grouping notes into larger gestures, and omitting and revising notes.
W. H. Auden
Authors: Galvin Rachel
Published: November 2017

This chapter argues that W. H. Auden developed meta-rhetoric in response to his guilt about being too young to fight in World War I and to his reservations concerning the ethics of making verse out of other people’s bodily experience. After demonstrating that Auden’s Spanish Civil War poetry and prose was shaped by his critique of how the press mediates and represents war, the chapter examines his mock reportage of the Sino–Japanese War, contending that ethically motivated self-scrutiny drives Auden’s use of rhetoric during this period and is an unmistakable hallmark of his wartime poetry.
Raymond Queneau Reading the Newspaper
Authors: Galvin Rachel
Published: November 2017

The work of Raymond Queneau, who is usually regarded as avoiding making political statements, presents a fruitful case for examining how a civilian writer critiques the transmission of news of war through formal procedures. In poems that explore civilian witnessing and reception of war news, the figure of a solitary reader hunched over a newspaper during a political crisis appears at the same time as Queneau experiments with forms drawn from classical rhetoric (like the progymnasmata, a handbook of rhetorical exercises) and with journalistic formulae (like the fait divers). Close examination of Exercices de style, along with a series of poems Queneau wrote about the Munich Agreement, reveals he developed tropes and schemes that convey obliquity, self-interruption, and repetition as ways of articulating the civilian experience and critiquing the narrative framing of war news.
From the Democratic Deficit to a Democratic Surplus
Authors: Psygkas Athanasios
Published: November 2017

The conventional account of a European Union (EU) “democratic deficit” misses part of the story. This book argues that member-state regulatory processes operating under EU mandates may actually have become more democratically accountable, not less. EU law creates entry points for stakeholder participation in the operation of national regulatory authorities; these avenues for public participation were formerly either not open or not institutionalized to this degree. In these cases, we see not a democratic deficit but a democratic surplus generated by EU law in the member states. Moreover, the decentralized EU regulatory structure may promote experimentation, innovation, and policy exchange between the member states. The book discusses a series of case studies demonstrating how EU law influenced telecommunications regulation in France, Greece, and the United Kingdom. It assesses the operation of accountability processes by drawing on data from more than 1,000 public consultations and some 8,000 consultation responses. The analysis is supplemented by interviews with agency officials as well as industry and consumer group representatives in Paris, Athens, Brussels, and London. The study finds increased participation by actors other than the traditional powerful firms as well as significant transparency gains compared to the previous regime. Nonetheless, the three countries did not respond to EU pressures in an identical fashion. The book compares how the same EU mandates were translated into divergent institutional practices as a result of the different administrative traditions, bureaucratic culture, and public law history of these countries. It also documents roadblocks and difficulties along the way.
France
Authors: Psygkas Athanasios
Published: November 2017

This chapter presents the first country case. The French example is illuminating because the EU procedural mandates were transposed into a policymaking environment traditionally described as “statist” and suspicious toward interest groups. This pattern has its origins in the French Revolution and the “republican” perception of the state which would squarely oppose the deliberative-participatory model of chapter 1. Chapter 3 examines how the EU push for new mechanisms of public accountability has translated into institutional practice in the electronic communications sector. It situates these developments in the historical context of the evolution of the French administrative model and state-society relations. It also discusses whether these new processes may gradually give rise to a different perception of the administrative state, one that will be more open to participatory influences in all sectors of administrative policymaking.
Theater’s Revenge
Authors: Smith Matthew Wilson
Published: November 2017

Jean-Martin Charcot’s public lectures, in which he exhibited a parade of neurological patients, were popular spectacles even before he turned his attention to the study of hysteria. It was his famous cast of female hysterics, however, that ultimately turned these lectures into popular-science extravaganzas. This chapter argues that the charge of “theatricality” was frequently used by Charcot’s opponents to attack his practices, that theatricality was felt by Charcot himself to pose a potentially mortal danger to his scientific enterprise, that much of Charcot’s method was a sort of theatricality against theatricality, and, finally, that theatricality—the great, necessary repressed of Charcot’s method—returned to take its revenge in the theatrical form known as Grand Guignol.
World War II and Islamically Informed Soviet Patriotism
Authors: Tasar Eren
Published: November 2017

This chapter provides historical background on Islamic institutions in Central Asia since the eighteenth century, as well as the social context of Islamic practices and institutions. It then explains the creation of the Central Asian muftiate, SADUM, in 1943 and its early struggles to cement control over selected Muslim communities. The chapter describes how this unsuccessful centralization drive set the tone for the more nuanced institution-building strategies that SADUM developed in the 1950s. The chapter also discusses early debates within the Communist Party (within the context of World War II) about how to adopt a more flexible posture toward religion after Stalin’s religious reforms of 1943‒44.
Epilogue
Authors: Tasar Eren
Published: November 2017

Dramatic changes took place in the religious sphere during the tumultous final years of Soviet history. Shamsuddin Boboxonov’s unprecedented ouster as mufti in 1989 offered a preview of the confusion that was to come: SADUM’s disintegration into national muftiates for each of the five Central Asian republics took place rapidly, in a climate of ethnic conflict. Though the Central Asian muftiate ceased to exist in 1991, the precedents established by the CRA-SADUM alliance continued to shape relations between Islam and the state in the post-Soviet period. In one important respect, however, those relations have departed dramatically from the Soviet legacy: now that the independent republics have abandoned communism and atheism, little incentive exists for a moderate line toward religion. This explains why state policies toward religion in post-Soviet Central Asia became more repressive after the collapse of the USSR, not less.
Singing the Resurrection
Authors: Lambert Erin
Published: November 2017

This book explores the lived experience of belief in Reformation Europe through two distinct yet deeply connected themes: the resurrection of the body and the act of singing. In late medieval Europe, the chanting of the Creed in the context of the Mass implied a universal community of faith that began in the time of Christ and was to endure until the dead were raised at the apocalypse. In the sixteenth century, these bonds were broken. European Christians continued to affirm the Creed’s promise of the universal resurrection of the dead, but they raised their voices in a range of new songs, each of which expressed a different interpretation of resurrection’s promise of the restoration of the individual body and the reunion of the Christian community. Using case studies drawn from each of the major traditions of the Reformation—Lutheran, Anabaptist, Reformed, and Catholic—this book reveals sixteenth-century belief in its full complexity. Whereas narratives of the Reformation have long equated belief with doctrine, songs of resurrection reveal contemporary understandings of belief that at once emphasized its understanding and embodiment, its ephemerality and eternal endurance, its utter individuality and its power as a tie that bound. In the religious ruptures of the Reformation, this book argues, belief was transformed into a way of living in the world.
Written in the Heart
Authors: Lambert Erin
Published: November 2017

This chapter first explores how elements of fifteenth-century devotion were transformed in sixteenth-century Nuremberg. Using a genre of print culture, the illustrated song pamphlet, it argues that devotional culture provides methodological tools with which to engage with belief. One such pamphlet, containing a hymn originally written to accompany the preaching of the Joachimsthal minister Johannes Mathesius, then provides an avenue into the re-conception of belief in resurrection in Lutheran devotional culture. Mathesius’s writings about resurrection and the power of sight and sound reveal how faith in the raising of the dead was understood to be “written in the heart” of the individual. As Mathesius’s encounter with song in the midst of tragedy confirms, the formation of belief was thus understood to be contingent on personal experience. Yet as the spread of that song across Germany confirms, communal singing also forged an understanding of belief as a tie that bound.
Extremes of Temperature
Authors: Krake Ann M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter covers extremes of temperature conditions, physiological effects, and prevention. All deaths caused by exposure to hot and cold temperature extremes are preventable when proper measures are taken. Described in this chapter are the effects of extreme heat and extreme cold on the health of members of the public, particularly older people and young people, and workers employed in various workplace settings. The differences between heat stress and heat strain are also discussed, as are various regulations governing exposure to temperature extremes. The nature and magnitude of heat- and cold-related conditions and symptoms are described in detail. Final sections of the chapter address various assessment and evaluation tools as well as prevention and control measures. In addition, an appendix describes the hazards related to hyperbaric and hypobaric environments and adverse health effects.
Reproductive and Developmental Disorders
Authors: Frazier Linda M. , Fromer Deborah Barkin
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes reproductive disorders and developmental disorders, with a focus on their recognition and prevention. Certain hazardous exposures at sufficient doses during preconception among men and women have been shown to increase the risk for infertility, miscarriage (spontaneous abortion) and birth defects. Women’s exposures during pregnancy can cause fetal death, congenital anomalies, and neurodevelopmental disorders. Fathers’ occupational exposures can secondarily expose pregnant women through contamination of the home environment. Numerous chemical pollutants readily cross the placenta and are transmitted into breast milk. Prenatal and perinatal exposures have been linked to abnormal development of the immune system, childhood cancer, and learning disabilities. Specific examples, such as lead and dibromochloropropane, are provided in the chapter to illustrate general concepts. A final section addresses evaluation and control of risk.