bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study on the Relationship Between the Detection Distance of Borehole Radar and the Resistivity of Background Medium
Authors: Yan Weicun , Liu Sixin
Published: February 2021

Borehole radar has been widely used in engineering, exploration and other fields, and the detection distance of borehole radar is an important indicator to measure its performance. The detection distance of borehole radar is affected by many factors, including the radar system, the physical properties of background medium, the borehole environment and so on. In this paper, the relationship between the detection distance of the borehole radar and the resistivity of background medium is studied by numerical simulation. The experimental results show that the detection distance of borehole radar increases with the increase of the resistivity of background medium, and the relationship between them is approximately linear. This kind of simulation is helpful to the theoretical study of the borehole radar.
Study on the Anisotropy of Formation Resistivity by Dual Controlled-source Electromagnetic Sounding
Authors: Gao Shude , Luo Weibin
Published: February 2021

We proposed a method to obtain the anisotropy of formation resistivity by dual controlled-source electromagnetic sounding. The two field sources are arranged in two orthogonal directions outside the measuring area: the two grounded dipole sources excite two uncorrelated signals current step by step alternately, and record the current into time series; At sounding station of survey area, the orthogonal horizontal electric field response signals or the vertical magnetic field response signals were recorded into time series; according to the recorded current time series, As well as the time series of electromagnetic response signal, and the parameters of working layouts such as transceiver distance and so on, the whole zone apparent resistivity of the sounding station were calculated by circular cross-correlation system identification method, and then the anisotropy coefficient of the formation resistivity was calculated according to the whole zone apparent resistivity. This method has the advantages of fewer observation components, simple processing, strong anti-interference ability, and high working efficiency.
Rotational Signal Characteristics of a Point Source
Authors: Cao Yujia , Teng Yuntian , Li Zhengbin , Zhang Dingfan , Zeng Weiyi
Published: February 2021

Most of the previous seismic observation and analysis are still focused on the application of three orthogonal translation components. Because of lack of records of rotational motion, the seismic wavefield can not be completely described. We use an A-SM-2km rotation seismograph directly measure the rotation signals of ground motion and analyz them by short-time Fourier transform. The results show that the characteristic of the rotating component as the station spacing increase presents high-frequency attenuation.
Three-component response of transient electromagnetic method
Authors: Yu Chuantao , Xue Guoqiang , Liu Xinyue , Yang Yong , Yang Huiming
Published: February 2021

Based on the three-component TEM forward simulation, through varying the dip angle and strike of underground target, changing overburden conditions, three-component response characteristics were analyzed. According to the three-component responses, the geometric features (the position, size, and occurrence) of anomalous body can be determined. The extreme points of the X and Y component response curves reflect the boundary of the tabular body; the zero-crossing point of the curves corresponds to the center of the tabular body. According to the range size of X and Y component curves, and the position of extreme points and zero-crossing points, the dip angle and extension direction and the center of the tabular body can be determined.
Transforming a time-domain electromagnetic signal to a frequency-domain electromagnetic response using Gauss elimination method
Authors: Yang Cong , Mao Xinxin
Published: February 2021

Time-domain electromagnetic method (TEM) is an electromagnetic prospecting method that has developed rapidly and widely used in recently years. The inversion of this method uses frequency domain electromagnetic method, so the key is how to transform electromagnetic signals from time domain to frequency domain. Aiming at this problem, this paper proposes an inversion algorithm for transforming a time-domain electromagnetic signal to a frequency-domain electromagnetic response. Assuming that the time domain electromagnetic signal is transformed by cosine or sine and fitted by polynomial under the condition of turn-off current, the linear equations composed of these time signals are solved by Gauss elimination method, and then the frequency domain response can be obtained. When this algorithm is applied to the synthesis of the perpendicular magnetic field of the magnetic dipole, the relative error between the inversion frequency domain response and the theoretical result is less than 1%. Thus, this method can maintain a relatively high accuracy when transform the time domain response to the frequency domain response.
Mechanism of Co-seismic Water-Level response to 2015 Nepal earthquake
Authors: Huang Xudong , Zhang Yu
Published: February 2021

Two adjacent wells-Mangshi (MS) and Lijiang (LJ), are located in the southeast margin of the Tibet Plateau The 2015 Mw 7.8 Nepal earthquake induced different far field (>1000 km) co-seismic water level responses that range from 0.16 to 0.76m We confirm that the seismic wave influences the water level greatly in a high-frequency band (f > 8 cpd) by coherence analysis Furthermore we use the tidal-response variations (M2 tide) to explain this hydrological response The results show that the co-seismic water level response to the distant earthquake may be explained by aquifer permeability or transmissivity enhancements caused by the passage of seismic waves through the mobilization of the colloidal particles Horizontal groundwater flow can be induced in a confined aquifer system as in the MS well While in the LJ well vertical groundwater flow can be further induced by a switch to semiconfined aquifers which may be caused by preexisting vertical fractures The post-seismic tidal-response relax which also means a healing of the aquifer after great earthquakes.
GB decomposition method based on standard particle swarm algorithm
Authors: Chen Xianjie , Xie Zhuoliang , Nai Guoru
Published: February 2021

Groom-Bailey decomposition method is the most widely used method of tensor decomposition of magnetotelluric impedance, which is referred to as GB decomposition. The essence of the GB decomposition method is to solve the nonlinear over-determined equations derived from the GB decomposition definition. Traditional GB decomposition methods often use linear optimization methods to solve the equations, which have low calculation accuracy and slow speed. In this regard, this article introduces the standard particle swarm optimization algorithm into the GB decomposition method for the first time. The standard particle swarm algorithm is used to solve the equations. The global optimization method is used to implement the magnetotelluric GB decomposition method, and the synthesized single-point single-frequency data is used. The 3D / 2D model forward data is used to perform decomposition experiments. The experimental results show that the standard electromagnetic particle decomposition method based on the standard particle swarm algorithm is effective.
Research of combined grey model based on entropy weight for predicting anchor bolt bearing capacity
Authors: Sun Xiaoyun , Xing Hui , Zhang Junyao
Published: February 2021

A combined prediction model based on entropy weight was proposed to overcome the shortcomings of single grey model for predicting anchor bolt bearing capacity. Firstly, the grey GM (1,1) model and grey Verhulst model are used to predict the bearing capacity of anchor bolt according to the P-S curve obtained from pull test. Secondly, the entropy weight method is utilized to obtain the weight indexes of the two mode. Then two models are combined by the weight index to achieve final bearing capacity prediction. The experimental results show that the combined prediction model based on entropy weight can improve the accuracy of the grey prediction model as the load increasing.
FDTD Numerical Simulation and Detection Capability Analysis of Small Loop Transient Electromagnetic Method in Shallow Water
Authors: Xu Zhengyu , Fu Nengyi , Fu Zhihong , Liu Longhuan
Published: February 2021

The small loop transient electromagnetic method (TEM) in shallow water has strong adaptability and high resolution and is one of the current research hotspots. In this paper, a shallow-water model of a typical low resistance anomaly is established, which can be obtained through numerical simulation analysis. In the early time, the shallow water layer has large response and the low resistivity abnormal body has small response; In the late time, the shallow water layer has small response induction response and the low resistivity anomaly has larger response, and the response curve shows “double peak” attenuation law; The effects of different thicknesses of shallow water layers on the response of low resistivity abnormal bodies show “single peak”, “double peak”, and “peak wave trough” attenuation laws; However, the effect of different resistivity in shallow water layer on the response of the low resistivity abnormal body only shows the attenuation pattern of “single peak” and “peak wave trough”. Finally, the article takes the highway site selection survey as an example, combined with the high density resistivity method comparison analysis, and verifies the reliability and accuracy of the detection results of the small loop TEM in shallow water. The research work provides a theoretical reference for the qualitative analysis of the response characteristics and data processing interpretation of the small loop TEM in shallow waters.
Using MT data to find velocity traps in middle and shallow layers
Authors: Sun Weibin , Li Yong , Feng Yanbin , Hu Zuzhi , Sun Ximing
Published: February 2021

In the complex piedmont oil and gas exploration, due to the large change of lithology in the middle and shallow strata, the vertical and horizontal changes of velocity in the middle and shallow strata are more intense. It is difficult to identify some strata with obvious changes in velocity on the seismic section, which leads to the inaccuracy of velocity model or obvious velocity trap in the seismic prestack depth migration processing. This will further cause the incorrect deep structure and target layer solution. MT method are mainly characterized by deep sounding depth, high sensitivity to high conductivity geological bodies in high resistivity layers. This makes it very effective to study the deep structures of basements and lithology distribution. We here analyze the technical advantages of MT method in tracing in middle and shallow layers by MT modeling geoelectric model of mountainous areas, and demonstrate that MT method can play an important role in oil and gas exploration in complex areas, especially in finding velocity traps for seismic processing by analyzing some cases.
The mechanism of apparent resistivity change before and after the earthquake in Songyuan
Authors: Li Zhuoyang , Han Jiangtao , Liu Lijia
Published: February 2021

From 2013 to 2019, there have been frequent moderate-small earthquakes in Songyuan. The conductive structure of rocks had obvious changes before and after the earthquake, and the activity of fluid related to the earthquake was also enhanced significantly. Based on the study of 12 magnetotelluric sounding points which were measured before and after the magnitude 5.1 earthquake in the Songyuan on May 18, 2019, it was found that the apparent resistivity curve had translation before and after the earthquake for some measuring points. It is speculated that the translation may be affected by the following factors: 1) Static effect: The earthquake changed the near-surface electrical structure, which caused non-uniform electrical bodies to appear on the shallow surface. The redistribution of accumulated charges caused the resistivity curve to change. 2) Structural change of underground rocks: The earthquake made the underground stress environment change abruptly, the geometry of the rock pores or fractures in the formation changed, and the movement and filling of the pore fluid caused the resistivity to change; 3) The escape of underground gas: the earthquake enabled the gas stored in the formation to escape. The change of pressure made other pore fluids fill the pore resulting in the variation of resistivity.
Application of Three-Dimensional Electrical Resistivity Tomography in Archeological Prospection
Authors: Liu Chenyang , Yin Zhaozhuo , Du Lizhi
Published: February 2021

As the important part of historical relics, ancient architectural sites contain an amount of cultural information, which are of great significance for the future development of mankind. But improper prospection methods will lead irreversible damage to the existing architectural sites. Therefore, appropriate detection methods have significant meaning in archeological prospection and cultural relic protection. At present, there are many methods to explore ancient architectural sites, among which three-dimensional electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) methods are gradually popularized, because of its advantages of non-destructive, high efficiency, economic and deep prospection. But there are too many electrode arrays, such as Wenner array, Schlumberger array, dipole-dipole array and pole-pole array. First, this paper briefly introduces the application status of ERT. Then, a simple geoelectric model is constructed, and the inversion results are obtained with different arrays. The comparison of the inversion results for 4 electrode arrays shows that the dipole-dipole array gives the highest resolution. And, a more complex geoelectric model is constructed and compared with the results of the inversion. The results show that conclusions have a good consistency. And, this paper shows that Wenner method and Schlumberger array have high resolution in archeological prospection.
Application of electrical resistivity tomography method in archaeological excavation
Authors: Gong Mingxu , Zeng Zhaofa
Published: February 2021

Archaeology has always been an important application field of geophysical methods. In this paper, multi-electrode resistivity method is used to detect the sites of Yangshao periods in Xia county, Yuncheng city, Shanxi Province. The inversion principle of multi-electrode resistivity method is introduced, the data are also processed and interpreted in two and three - dimensional inversion. Through this exploration, the resistivity characteristics of the cultural layer of the site and the location and depth of its concentrated distribution are found out, which provides an important basis for further archaeological exploration and excavation.
The special demands on airborne geophysics of engineering projects
Authors: Hodges Greg
Published: February 2021

Airborne geophysics can be very useful in many engineering projects, but geophysicists need to learn to understand and address the needs of the engineering problem. Geophysicists have to design surveys and predict results for never-been-done applications with very little prior information or experience. It is essential to educate the engineers on what geophysics can do and what the limits are, show how geophysics should be properly integrated into the project. Finally, geophysicists must provide data and interpretation in formats and measurements most useful to the project, with proper confidence factors provided for the interpreted results.
Spatial variation and threshold analysis of the urban wetland cooling effect-a case study of Changchun city
Authors: Chen Ziqi , Zhang Yanhong , Wang Yongjie , Li Ye
Published: February 2021

Due to the complexity of the surrounding environment, the cold and wet effects of urban wetlands and the quantitative descriptions of the cold and wet effects of the wetlands are not clear. Therefore, the focus of current research is gradually shifting towards the impact of the microspatial morphology and quantity differentiation of urban wetlands. This paper adopts the July 4, 2016 Landsat 8 data of cloud cover that is less than 0.2, the 10th band as the data source using single window algorithm surface temperature inversion, and further analysis of urban spatial distribution characteristics of land surface temperature. Secondly, based on the numerical analysis of the difference in surface temperature between urban wetland types, shapes, and independent wetland space sizes, the cold temperature effect and spatial distribution of urban wetlands were discussed. Temperature inversion results show that the lowest temperature is 17.94°C, which appears in the Songhuajiang wetland, and the highest temperature is 32.52°C, which appears in the FAW Industrial Concentration Zone in the main urban area of Changchun City. From the perspective of the spatial difference of the temperature distribution, the areas with high temperatures are generally distributed in the industrial concentration area in the southwest of Changchun, followed by other areas with high temperatures in the western part of Changchun. Low-temperature areas are mainly distributed in areas with relatively high distribution densities of rivers and lakes in the northeast and central parts of Changchun. This shows that the temperature is directly related to the urban building density. The temperature is higher in places with high building density. Wetland water bodies generally belong to low temperature areas and are generally 1-2°C lower than the surrounding environment. For the main urban area, the wetland water body is, on average, 2-4°C lower than the surrounding environment, while in areas with high building density, the wetland water temperature is 6-8°C lower than the surrounding area. And further urban wetlands with micro difference threshold temperature distribution characteristics are as follows: (1) The cold and wet effects of the wetland are related to its shape; and, the cooling and influence range of circular wetlands are larger than that of striped wetlands. (2) The cooling effect of a wetland in a circular wetland typified by a lake wetland is not related to the size of the water area when the area exceeds 92 hm2; and, the cooling range of a strip-shaped wetland has nothing to do with the width of the water surface. However, impact range is related to the width of the water surface, the larger the width of the river surface, the larger the range of influence. (3) The cooling effect of wetlands are related to the surrounding environment. When the surrounding area is hard ground, the cooling rate is large, and when the surrounding area is green land, the cooling rate is small.
Application of pseudo-spectral full waveform inversion in underground pipeline detection
Authors: Wang Tong , Yan Xuhao , Huang Zheng , Wang Zhenyi , Zhang Pan , Zhang Fengjiao
Published: February 2021

An accurate description of urban underground pipelines can effectively avoid blind construction and damage to underground pipelines during urban planning, design, construction, and management. Full waveform inversion could reconstruct the underground velocity structures with high resolution and has been widely used in urban engineering geophysical prospecting. The pseudo-spectral method combines the efficiency and accuracy of seismic forward modeling. Using the pseudo-spectral method for full waveform inversion can effectively improve this method’s detection accuracy for urban pipelines. In this paper, we test the pseudo-spectral full waveform inversion method in underground pipeline detection. The synthetic test shows that compared with conventional full wave inversion, the pseudo-spectral method is easier to converge and has higher accuracy. The method has great potential to be used to detect the urban underground pipelines.
Queer Theory
Authors: Acadia Lilith
Published: February 2021

Queer theory describes a network of critiques emerging from a legacy of activism and looking ahead to utopian futures. The analytical tools queer theory provides as a mode of close reading and critique makes it a relevant contemporary approach to literary theory. Beyond reading for queer characters and desires in texts, queer theory is a tool for seeing below the superficial, and supporting unconventional readings that deconstruct normative assumptions. The activist roots of queer theory in the 1969 Stonewall Riots places drag, trans issues, class, race, violence, gender, and sexuality at the heart of queer theorizing. Subsequent work engages topics such as temporality, ecology, geography, and diaspora through the analysis of culture and politics, but also literature, film, music, and other media. Queer theory attends to both the rhetorical power of language and the broader structures of knowledge formulation. As feminist epistemology asks whose knowledge matters and who creates knowledge, queer theory asks whether knowledge matters and whether naturalized knowledge is constructed. Textual or discursive construction of knowledge is a key theoretical approach of queer theory with important implications for literature. Queer theory embraces a multidisciplinary and diverse set of influences, methodologies, questions, and formats. The critiques can be applied to help deconstruct naturalized epistemic frameworks around topics notably including, language, gender, sexuality, history, the subject, universality, the environment, animals, borders, space, time, norms, ideals, reproduction, utopia, love, the home, the nation, and power. Queer theory empowers novel readings of the world, and worldly readings of the novel, opening up new ways of viewing life and text.
Authorship
Authors: Frow John
Published: February 2021

Questions of authorship bring into play many of the central questions of literary theory: questions as to what constitutes the unity and coherence of texts, the interpretive relevance of authorial intention, the relation of oral to literate cultures, the regulation of writing by church and state, the legal underpinnings of literary property, the significance of forgery and plagiarism, and so on. At the heart of many of these questions is a distinction between two different orders of phenomena. Writers are not necessarily authors: authorship requires recognition and attribution, and these depend on institutional processes of publication, textual stabilization, criticism, education, and appropriate legal, regulatory, and economic conditions. Those processes and conditions vary from culture to culture, as do the particular historical forms that authorship takes. In the contemporary world authorship tends to be cast as though it were directly expressive of a personality, an inner core of selfhood, that underwrites the coherence of the texts attributed to it; the commercialization of that form gives rise to a cult of the author in both academic and popular culture.
Daemonic
Authors: Nicholls Angus
Published: February 2021

The term daemonic—often substantivized in German as the daemonic (das Dämonische) since its use by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe in the early 19th century—is a literary topos associated with divine inspiration and the idea of genius, with the nexus between character and fate and, in more orthodox Christian manifestations, with moral transgression and evil. Although strictly modern literary uses of the term have become prominent only since Goethe, its origins lie in the classical idea of the δαíμων, transliterated into English as daimon or daemon, as an intermediary between the earthly and the divine. This notion can be found in pre-Socratic thinkers such as Empedocles and Heraclitus, in Plato, and in various Stoic and Neo-Platonic sources. One influential aspect of Plato’s presentation of the daemonic is found in Socrates’s daimonion: a divine sign, voice, or hint that dissuades Socrates from taking certain actions at crucial moments in his life. Another is the notion that every soul contains an element of divinity—known as its daimon—that leads it toward heavenly truth. Already in Roman thought, this idea of an external voice or sign begins to be associated with an internal genius that belongs to the individual.

In Christian thinking of the European romantic period, the daemonic in general and the Socratic daimonion in particular are associated with notions such as non-rational divine inspiration (for example, in Johann Georg Hamann and Johann Gottfried Herder) and with divine providence (for example, in Joseph Priestley). At the same time, the daemonic is also often interpreted as evil or Satanic—that is: as demonic—by European authors writing in a Christian context. In Russia in particular, during a period spanning from the mid-19th century until the early 20th century, there is a rich vein of novels, including works by Gogol and Dostoevsky, that deal with this more strictly Christian sense of the demonic, especially the notion that the author/narrator may be a heretical figure who supplants the primacy of God’s creation. But the main focus of this article is the more richly ambivalent notion of the daemonic, which explicitly combines both the Greco-Roman and Judeo-Christian heritages of the term. This topos is most prominently mobilized by two literary exponents during the 19th century: Goethe, especially in his autobiography Dichtung und Wahrheit (Poetry and Truth), and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, in his Notebooks and in the Lectures on the History of Philosophy. Both Goethe’s and Coleridge’s treatments of the term, alongside its classical and Judeo-Christian heritages, exerted an influence upon literary theory of the 20th century, leading important theorists such as Georg Lukács, Walter Benjamin, Hans Blumenberg, Angus Fletcher, and Harold Bloom to associate the daemonic with questions concerning the novel, myth, irony, allegory, and literary influence.
The Index in the Premodern and Modern World
Authors: Conrau-Lewis Kyle
Published: February 2021

In the history of the book, indexes emerged as a result of a number of developments in paratexts and organization. The earliest examples of this device varied significantly in layout, organization, and textual form. While various kinds of tables of contents are attested in the ancient world, the index is a much later innovation. The earliest use of indexes is found in legal and then scholastic and patristic texts in continental Europe; they were particularly useful for university students and preachers. Indexes served as aids to help them navigate the growing corpus of legal and theological compilations and commentaries. However, their format and function were variable: the manuscript evidence shows a great degree of experimentation, combining alphabetic, vocalic, and systematic orders of arrangement. In the early modern period, with increasing anxieties about how to organize and manage information, treatises instructed readers how to compile an index. In turn, from the 16th century and well into the 18th, writers cautioned against an excessive reliance on these book aids in lieu of reading the whole books and lampooned so-called “index learning.” The use of indexes in Greek, Hebrew, and Islamic book culture only began in earnest in the early modern period.
Print Culture and Literature in 19th-Century Brazil
Authors: Utsch Ana
Published: February 2021

The history of Brazilian print culture is closely connected to the establishment of national literature in the 19th century. Indeed, after three centuries of prohibition of printing activity in the colony by the Portuguese Crown, Impresão Régia, the first legal printing establishment in Brazil, was created in 1808 due to the arrival of the Portuguese royal family during the Napoleonic wars. From the late implementation of Imprensa Régia, which became Typographia Nacional after the independence of Brazil in 1822, to the consolidation of the publishing world in the second half of the century, marked by the controversial French presence, the discourses on literature and print production modes tend to reflect the different circulation spheres. In fact, following the long period of colonization under Portuguese rule, print production modes were implemented simultaneously with the consolidation of a broad print culture, characterized by the growth of newspapers, the circulation of images, and the impactful arrival of the novel. Undeniably, the sudden and concurrent arrival of the two worlds—technical and cultural—in addition to the paradoxical development of the print world, marked by its two technical systems—artisanal and industrial—strongly influenced the material aspects of 19th-century Brazilian publishing production. In this context, under the argument of an alleged precariousness of local print production, writers, critics, typographers, engravers, and bookbinders created literary and editorial polemics in newspapers, magazines, and books that contributed to the very construction of a “literary system.” Despite the intrinsic relationships established between literature and publishing, the multidisciplinary field of the history of the book insists on separating approaches dedicated to the technical production processes and the material analysis of objects of written culture from the approaches dedicated to print circulation and uses. Understanding the contradictions imposed by the simultaneous implementation of two technical systems, which are found when analyzing the traces left by the print equipment supply trade and the conditions to build a printing workshop, contributes to understanding the historical conditions of print production. In this sense, the historiographical perspective dialogues with heritage studies in the notion of printing heritage, understood in its tangible and intangible dimensions, considering the machines and tools of the past, together with the techniques then in use. In fact, while bringing together a set of material, technical, and mechanical elements of different production modes, printing heritage also contains the memories of the human actions that set them in motion.
Survey Design
Authors: Kluemper Don H.
Published: February 2021

The use of surveys is prevalent in academic research in general, and particularly in business and management. As an example, self-report surveys alone are the most common data source in the social sciences. Survey design, however, involves a wide range of methodological decisions, each with its own strengths, limitations, and trade-offs. There are a broad set of issues associated with survey design, ranging from a breadth of strategic concerns to nuanced approaches associated with methodological and design alternatives. Further, decision points associated with survey design involve a series of trade-offs, as the strengths of a particular approach might come with inherent weaknesses. Surveys are couched within a broader scientific research process. First and foremost, the problem being studied should have sufficient impact, should be driven by a strong theoretical rationale, should employ rigorous research methods and design appropriate to test the theory, and should use appropriate analyses and employ best practices such that there is confidence in the scientific rigor of any given study and thus confidence in the results. Best practice requires balancing a range of methodological concerns and trade-offs that relate to the development of robust survey designs, including making causal inferences; internal, external, and ecological validity; common method variance; choice of data sources; multilevel issues; measure selection, modification, and development; appropriate use of control variables; conducting power analysis; and methods of administration. There are salient concerns regarding the administration of surveys, including increasing response rates as well as minimizing responses that are careless and/or reflect social desirability. Finally, decision points arise after surveys are administered, including missing data, organization of research materials, questionable research practices, and statistical considerations. A comprehensive understanding of this array of interrelated survey design issues associated with theory, study design, implementation, and analysis enhances scientific rigor.
Experiential Learning and Education in Management
Authors: Kayes D. Christopher , Kayes Anna B.
Published: February 2021

Experiential learning describes the process of learning that results from gathering and processing information through direct engagement with the world. In contrast to behavioral approaches to learning, which describe learning as behavioral changes that result from the influence of external factors such as rewards and punishments, learning from experience places the learner at the center of the learning process. Experiential learning has conceptual roots in John Dewey’s pragmatism. One of the most influential approaches to experiential learning in management and management education is David Kolb’s experiential learning theory (ELT) and the learning cycle that describes learning as a four-phase process of direct experience, reflection, abstract thinking, and experimentation.

Experiential learning has been influential in management education as well as adult education because it addresses a number of concerns with traditional education and emphasizes the role of the learner in the learning process. It has been adopted by over 30 disciplines across higher education and has been extensively applied to management, organizations, and leadership development. The popularity of the experiential learning approach is due to many factors, including the growing discontent with traditional education, the desire to create more inclusive and active learning environments, and a recognition of the role that individual differences plays in learning. A renewed interest in experiential learning has brought about new and expanded conceptualizations of what it means to learn from experience. Variations on experiential learning include critical approaches to learning, brain science, and dual-processing approaches.

While the term “experiential learning” is used by scholars to describe a specific philosophy or theory of learning, it often refers to many management education activities, including the use of experiences outside the classroom such as study abroad, internships, and service learning. Experiential learning also includes educational “experiential” learning activities inside the classroom. Within organizations, experiential learning provides an underlying conceptual framework for popular learning and leadership development programs such as emotional intelligence, strengths-based approaches, and appreciative inquiry.

There is a growing recognition that experiential learning is the basis for many management practices such as strategy creation, research and development, and decision-making. Applications of experiential learning and education in management include simulations and exercises, learning style and educator roles, learning as a source of resilience, learning attitudes and other learning-based experiences, learning flexibility, cross-cultural factors, and team learning.

Emerging research interest is also found in the relationship between experiential learning and expertise, intuition, mastery, and professional and career development, decision-making, and judgment in organizations.
Party Members and Activists in Latin America
Authors: Meléndez Carlos , Umpierrez de Reguero Sebastián
Published: February 2021

Despite existing literature that often conflates the terms party membership and party activism, the first is a formal ascription with a given party organization, while the second entails a set of practices, whether sporadic, informal, or devoted, that (a group of) individuals perform to support a political party either during an electoral campaign or more permanently, independently of being enrolled in the party or not. Party members and activists can be analyzed from both the normative model of democracy and the inner functioning of political parties. Focusing on Latin America, party membership and party activism are related to various types of party organizations, social cleavages, and party identification. Individuals join, and/or work for, parties to gain tangible benefits, information, social advantages, and influence, as well as mental satisfaction, without which they could lose financial resources, time, and alternative opportunities. Moreover, prior contributions on party membership and activism based on Latin American countries has emphasized the functions party supporters have as connectors between the citizenry and the party organizations. In this regard, scholars conceive members’ participation not only as a mechanism for party rootedness (“vertical” function), but also as a connection between social and partisan arenas (“horizontal” function). In the region, the research area of party membership and activism portrays virtues and limitations in methodological terms both at the aggregate and the individual level. As a future research agenda, party membership and activism in Latin America should be further studied using comparative strategies, avoiding the pitfalls of public opinion research, not to mention making additional efforts to keep the two terms conceptually distinct. Also, party members and activists can be explored in transnational perspective, joining forces with the blooming literature of political party abroad.
Niger: Armed Force Politics and Counterterrorism
Authors: Baudais Virginie
Published: February 2021

Since the independence of Niger in 1960, Nigerien armed forces have played a prominent role in the country’s history, either because of their recurrent “nonpolitical” interventions in the political arena or based on their involvement in the stabilization process of the Sahel and the fight against terrorism. Nigeriens have lived under civil, military, and authoritarian regimes, experienced four coups d’état (1974, 1996, 1999, and 2010), four political transitions, nine presidents, and have voted on seven constitutions. The Nigerien population lived under military rule for 23 out of 60 years following independence. Thus, Nigerien contemporary politics cannot be analyzed without a sound understanding of the Nigerien Army, how the institution became an “entrepreneur politique,” and how institutional, economic, and social factors may encourage the intervention of a nonpolitical institution in the political arena. Politics and the military are definitely connected in Niger. Each coup has had a different motive. The 1974 military coup is one of the many successful military seizures of power that occurred in Africa in the 1960s and 1970s. This first “praetorian” intervention resulted from intramilitary and domestic factors and lasted 17 years under the rule of Seyni Kountché and his successor Ali Saibou. The second intervention in politics occurred in 1996 and also resulted from institutional factors and the inability of the newly elected authorities to overcome their divisions. The 1996 coup d’état was a classic case: a time-limited military intervention using violence to convert itself into a civilian regime. In 1999 the army overthrew a military regime, whereas in 2010 militaries put an end to the democratically elected president’s shift toward authoritarianism. In 2010, the shift in the security situation in the Sahel marked the armed forces’ return to strictly military functions, such as national defense and security and providing support for external operations. Consequently, the security situation in the Sahel strip deteriorated and the major economic and social challenges of the poorest country in the world were neglected. This has led to recurrent political and social tensions that reinforce the fact that addressing the basic needs of the people is as, important as Niger’s security policy.
Syria: Coup Politics, Authoritarian Regimes, and Savage War
Authors: Droz-Vincent Philippe
Published: February 2021

Why did the Syrian army play such a crucial role in the country? How did it change over the years after independence? At first glance, one would look at the post-independence history of coups d’état for an explanation. Such path dependence helps us to understand how the army positioned itself close to politics and how the surge of the military in the state (cor)related with huge changes in Syrian society. The political role of the Syrian military, however, is much more complex to decipher. The officer corps that acted behind many different regimes became a crucible for political scripts in Syria. The military or politicized cliques within it came to control (civilian) politics in Syria. Yet, quite differently from other Arab countries where coups took place, such as in Egypt, the Syrian army was much more subjected to broad social trends active in the modernizing of Syrian society, in particular the role of ethnicity and confessionalism. Closeness to politics had blowback effects on the (civilian) political system and even on the army institution itself, as it literally imploded in politics.

Syrian politics was later “de-militarized” in a very specific sense, that is, politics was rebuilt on different grounds larger than just military politics, namely authoritarianism. The coup in November 1970 by Hafez al-Assad was a real break and not just another coup in a long series. A new political system was rebuilt by Hafez, himself an officer, with the army as a crucial pillar of his regime, much more focused on internal security functions than on waging wars with Israel. At the same time, however, Hafez pushed the officer corps away from direct politics and relied on other pillars, especially networks of power in the security services and the state bureaucracy. The Syrian military was transformed and adapted to this new enduring regime, quite a novelty in Syria when compared with the 1950s–1960s. The military was part of the enduring status quo of the Assad regime for 40 years and benefited from it—at least the high officers did. No wonder that in March 2011 and at times of Arab uprisings spreading from Tunisia to Egypt, Yemen, Libya, Bahrain, and Syria, the army was pulled by the regime into repression.

The role of the Syrian military became all the more crucial as Syria treaded the path toward full-scale civil war after 2012, or after the latter took the form of a proxy war around Syria with huge regional and international interventions. After a substantial number of individual defections, the military was rebuilt during the conflict with Russian and Iranian support, and this support will be a key component of regime reformation in Syria.
The History of Psychology in Brazil
Authors: de Freitas Campos Regina Helena
Published: February 2021

Studies of the history of Brazilian psychology generally focus on the reception and circulation of Western psychological theories and techniques and their application in research and practice within the country. This approach must be complemented by studying the transformation and production of psychological knowledge originating in Brazilian culture, including its popular levels, and its interaction with imported ideas. There are at least four sources that participate in the formation of Brazilian culture: the native Indians’ ideas on human nature and development; the contributions of African culture to the understanding of the psychological world brought by the Africans sold into slavery and transferred to Brazil between the 16th and the 19th centuries; European views received through the teaching of philosophical psychology, introduced into Catholic educational institutions in colonial times; and scientific psychology, introduced into public medical schools and teacher training institutions from the 19th century onward. The profession of psychologist, born of the confluence of the professions of physician and educator, was regulated in 1962. The tasks of the psychologist were then defined: psychological evaluation through mental tests and the diagnosis of mental and behavioral troubles, psychological guidance, and psychotherapy. The profession was primarily designed for the intellectual and social elites. From the 1990s onward, with the increasing numbers of graduates, the participation of psychologists in public health, education, and social services institutions expanded rapidly. In consequence, psychologists began to develop intervention practices and techniques more fitted to the demands of the low-income population, immersed in the beliefs and practices of Brazilian popular culture. This dialogue contributed to the construction of innovations in psychology, making it more sensitive to the worldviews arising from the cultures that compose the Brazilian cultural landscape and producing original contributions with a profound impact on modern psychology. Today, Brazilian psychology professionals constitute one of the largest communities of psychologists in the world, with a strong presence in mental health, educational, and social services networks. The work of psychologists, strongly influenced by theoretical perspectives that emphasize the relationship between sociocultural dynamics and psychological elaboration, is at present considered relevant in the realization of human rights ideals.
Cultures of Curriculum
Authors: Joseph Pamela Bolotin
Published: February 2021

The concept of cultures of curriculum is an iteration of the classification system known as curricular orientations. Intended as a framework for curriculum development and a heuristic for curriculum inquiry, a culture of curriculum is a philosophy-based curricular orientation supported by coherent practices. A curricular culture is characterized by a shared and unifying vision that guides articulation of goals, inspires consensus, and stimulates the desire for change. Diverse cultures of curriculum have existed historically and are enacted in contemporary schools and universities; they are not static. Societal change, scholarly discoveries, and political or ethical discourse influence educators’ knowledge and public beliefs about education. Essentially, this conceptual model involves perceiving curriculum through a cultural perspective, as a series of interwoven dynamics and not merely as explicit content. Curriculum theorized as culture attends to continuing dialogue, values, metaphors, the environment in which education takes place, power relationships, and the norms that affect educators’ and stakeholders’ convictions about right or appropriate education. Subsequently, the cultures of curriculum framework for curriculum inquiry comprises both analysis of beliefs and ethnographic study of lived curriculum. This conceptual model also casts light on curriculum transformation, viewed through the cultural lens as reculturing curriculum. The process begins with inquiry through the cultures of curriculum framework to investigate the extant curriculum in classrooms and schools. Such examination may result in awareness of ad hoc curriculum featuring a multitude of contradictory purposes and activities or the realization that authorized curriculum work conflicts with educators’ philosophies and moral purposes. Concurrently, the study of curricular cultures may stimulate curriculum leadership as educators imagine ways to change their own curriculum work, initiate conversations with colleagues and stakeholders, and eventually commit energies and resources to reculturing curriculum. Rather than making partial modifications to school structures or trying out the latest instructional methods, curriculum transformation informed by the concept of curricular cultures embodies profound change to values, norms, and practices, as well as to classroom and school cultures.