bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Victim-Offender Relationship
Authors: Schultz Leroy G.
Published: March 2007

The victim of an offense may have engaged in behavior that intentionally or unintentionally triggered his own victimization; some victims may have consented to the criminal act. Since consent occurs in degrees, and a certain degree of consent negates or reduces the severity of the offense, probation officers should become familiar with the concept of "victimology" and consider its application in the presentence investigation. About 85 per cent of all defendants plead guilty without a trial; the presen tence report, therefore, is perhaps the best device for acquainting the court with factors of victimology. Probation and parole officers must understand victim-offender relationships. The per sonality of the victim, as a cause of the offense, is oftentimes more pertinent than that of the offender.
Limitations in Residential Treatment
Authors: Finkeistein Harry
Published: March 2007

Group care facilities, essentially custodial in nature, have tended recently to convert to "residential treatment centers." However, this conversion to meet changing community needs has been complicated by a lack of agreement as to just what constitutes a residential treatment center. This diversity is re flected in variations in intake policies, treatment modalities, staffing, size of Physical plant, and administrative direction.
Volunteer Case Aide Program
Authors: Lee Robert J.
Published: March 2007

How to involve the community in solving social problems, such as delinquency, is a source of major concern, not only locally but nationally. The answer is not as complex as some theoreticians would lead us to believe. In Eugene, Oreg., the Lane County Youth Project found that people will volunteer their services if they are asked a single question: "Will you please give the Juvenile Department a hand with a delinquent boy or girl who needs a friend?" The motivation and training of volunteer case aides assisting probation officers in handling delinquents as well as the positive values of such a program are described in detail.
Wanted: A Balanced System of Justice
Authors: Downs William T.
Published: March 2007

Under a slightly ruffled surface, the legal system is in ferment. National focus on the plight of the indigent defendant, the void in legal services for the poor, the dearth of treatment facilities, and antiquated correctional systems have converged with signifi cant impact on the staid and settled ways of the justice system. Suggestions considered outright heresy a few years ago are today regarded only as unorthodox.
Innovations in Probation Management
Authors: Loughery Donald L.
Published: March 2007

Because of rising public expectations and dwindling tax sup port, correction must provide better results at a lower price. For probation this means a re-examination of fundamental purposes, a reappraisal of the field officer's role, and an expanded use of such supplemental resources as auxiliary staff, group work, and specialized caseloads. To use such supplements properly the field needs a consistent body of theory regarding criminal behavior—a case classification system which includes a complete offender typology and a treatment strategy for each offender type.
Correctional Data Reporting
Authors: Le Jins Peter P.
Published: March 2007

Because of the influence of the punitive crime control ideolo gy, criminal statistics report only legally relevant actions of the law enforcement agencies. But with the advent of the behavior modification approach, coordinated and categorized data about another body of information—of correctional rather than legal significance—are urgently needed.
Drugs for Kicks
Authors: Chapel James L. , Taylor Daniel W.
Published: March 2007

This paper is a review of drugs that are being abused by chil dren and adolescents. The format includes subheadings of "General Information," "Effects," "Techniques of Administra tion," "Habit Description," "Clinical Findings," "Association with Crime, Sex, Antisocial Behavior," "Personality Dynamics," "Treatment," and, where applicable, "Preventive Measures." The paper is summarized in a table and includes a comprehensive bibliography of some ninety references.

Inhaling noxious vapors of toluene, gasoline, etc., results in an acute brain syndrome that resembles alcohol intoxication but has more serious side effects, including hallucinations and delusions. The deterioration of judgment accompanying this intoxication sometimes results in serious accidents and even fatal conse quences. The possibility of chronic physical and psychological morbidity is accepted.

More serious is the problem of the adolescent narcotic addict who is under compulsion to obtain drugs (usually by crime) to feed his physical and psychic craving.

Of the hallucinogenic drugs, LSD and marijuana are by far the most commonly abused. Though neither has been shown to be addictive, both produce physiologic and psychic manifesta tions that can be rather severe, and both can precipitate psychotic breaks. LSD has been shown to cause "chromosomal breaks" in

the cells of the users and their offspring. Other hallucinogenic drugs such as morning-glory seeds, nutmeg, etc., give essentially the same reactions but are less frequently used.

The paper conjectures that usage of LSD, STP, and other psychedelic drugs (but not marijuana) will eventually drop off but that other modes of getting "kicks" or "acting out" will quickly spring up to take their place.
Marijuana, Morality, and the Law
Authors: Hills Stuart L.
Published: March 2007

The increasing use of marijuana in the United States despite the harsh penalties for violation of anti-marijuana laws suggests the need for a reassessment of our present policies. Are the effects of the use of the marijuana drug sufficiently injurious to either the individual or society to warrant such severe legal intervention by the government? What are the social consequences of pursuing a prohibitionist policy backed up by the threat of severe penal sanctions? Just what are the limits of curbing deviant behavior through punitive legal control in a free and heterogeneous soci ety with diverse moral codes and life styles? These questions— along with a review of the development of the major anti-mari juana legislation, the changing composition of marijuana users, and some of the known effects of the drug—are explored in order to stimulate the kind of research and inquiry that will lead to a more realistic and informed basis for formulating and evaluating public policy on drug use.
Automatic Linguistic Forms for Correctional Administrators and Researchers
Authors: Czajkoski Eugene H.
Published: March 2007

As a result of increasing public interest in the treatment of criminal offenders, the correctional administrator may find himself more and more frequently invited to address various organizations, to participate in criminological research, and to write articles for publication . Such opportunities offer a challenge to the administrator who, though not a speaker or writer by profession, wishes to ensure a successful presentation. He must be prepared not only to communicate convincingly, but also to meet the questions and arguments that his statements may engender. This article provides the administrator with the fundamental principles of public speaking and research prose.
Follow-up Study of Predicted Delinquents
Authors: Tait C. Downing , Hodges Emory F.
Published: March 2007

This study began with 179 elementary school children in 1954 and followed 151 of them to the end of the juvenile jurisdiction period. It succeeded for about three out of four cases in predict ing which boys would become known to juvenile court on a delinquency complaint by age seventeen.. These results were sur prisingly similar to those of the original retrospective study by the Gluecks, who devised the main prediction instrument. Pre dictions on a small sample of nondelinquents were not as ac curate as those reported by the Gluecks, but no generalizations are offered because of the sample's smallness.
A Systems Approach to Comprehensive Criminal Justice Planning
Authors: Howlett Frederick W. , Hurst Hunter
Published: March 2007

The final report of the President's Crime Commission, The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society, underscored the necessity for comprehensive criminal justice planning at local, state, and national levels. Passage of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 and the Juvenile Delinquency Prevention and Control Act resulted in the formation of a variety of state and local planning bodies, which were charged with considering all elements of law enforcement activity, including police, court, and correctional programs and systems in addition to prevention and control programs.
Making the Criminal Justice System Accountable
Authors: Wolfgang Marvin E.
Published: March 2007

All parts of the criminal justice system should be accountable to the public at large, to the victim, and to the offender. More over, each subpart of the system should be accountable to the immediately preceding subpart. The democratic process requires public officials and organizations to be on public display.
A Dream Deferred
Authors: Higginbotham A. Leon
Published: March 2007

The National Institute on Crime and Delinquency is a unique combination of solid expertise and broad citizen involvement. Organizations in the criminal justice field need to blend intel lectual insight with civic commitment to develop an effectively functioning system.
Change in a Correctional Institution
Authors: Galliher John F.
Published: March 2007

This is a case study of a fairly new correctional institution that greatly increased its emphasis upon security during its first five years of operation. According to the employees, who perceived the increase in security as a shift in the institution's role, the new prison began as a minimum-security institution for model prisoners and later, because it received prisoners transferred to relieve crowding in an older institution, was forced to tighten security. Actually, however, the new institu tion was built to ease the overcrowding in the old prison. Initially it was most expedient to reduce the congestion by sending the new facility the most cooperative prisoners. The changes that occurred in this new institution cannot be attrib uted to pressures from the community, the institutional staff, or the inmates. The only adequate way to account for them is to consider the Department of Correction's influence on the institution.
Female Juvenile Delinquency: A Nineteenth-Century Follow-up
Authors: Rosenberg Chaim M. , Paine Herbert James
Published: March 2007

With the mid-nineteenth century's rapid industrialization and great increases in social displacement and crime came the estab lishment of the Industrial School for Girls in Lancaster, Mass.— the first of its kind in the United States. This paper examines the records of the first 250 girls committed to this school, between 1856 and 1861. Follow-up data are available on 184 of these girls, classifying them according to the following categories: good outcome, inadequate or poor outcome, grossly antisocial, chronic mental illness requiring hospitalization, and premature death. Excerpts taken from the girls' background reports are given as examples. Acknowledging the disturbing lack of research on female juvenile offenders, the authors offer this study in the hope that it provides a perspective on the present crisis in the management of young delinquents.
Some Manpower Aspects of the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Cobern Morris
Published: March 2007

Manpower planning and the application of manpower econom ics seem likely to become important in the management of law enforcement and criminal justice activities in the future. The major portion of expenditures to operate police departments and criminal justice facilities is now spent for salaries and other costs directly associated with employment. Because the financial re sources of local and state governments are limited, greater in terest is being shown in a more rational use of manpower re sources to reduce the costs of police protection while improving its efficiency. Any imbalance in the criminal justice system is self- defeating. If a disproportionate amount of the total resources available is allotted to police activities at the expense of other parts of the system, bottlenecks are created in the courts, and cor rectional institutions are hindered in the performance of their functions.
A Voucher System for Correction
Authors: Greenberg David F.
Published: March 2007

As an alternative to coerced programs of in-prison rehabilita tion that are designed and implemented by administrators, a voucher system is proposed in which prisoners would be given wide discretion in designing and purchasing their own rehabilita tion programs. Problems of implementing and evaluating the proposal are discussed.
Administrative Innovations in Probation Service
Authors: Sigurdson Herbert R. , McEachern A.W. , Carter Robert M.
Published: March 2007

This paper asserts that restructuring the organization and management patterns of existing probation departments is funda mental to the more effective delivery of probation service and to the testing of new programs. Organizational administrative prob lems are analyzed within the context of administrative theory and practice. Max Weber's principles of bureaucracy are applied to probation practice as a method of conceptualizing problems in contemporary justice; they are buttressed by Douglas McGregor's more recent analysis of bureaucratic organizations and the as sumptions about human nature and behavior underlying such organizational structures (Theory X). Finally, personnel motiva tion is examined from the perspective of Abraham Maslow's "hierarchy of needs" theory.
Rehabilitating Forgers
Authors: Mccall Cecil C. , Grogan Hiram J.
Published: March 2007

Compared with other felons, forgers are more capable—more intelligent, more skilled in home relations, more employable— and more liable to violate the conditions of their probation by repeating their offense.
The Case of Marvin
Authors: Zirin Sidney
Published: March 2007

This is a report of an experiment in adapting the management principle of redundancy to treating delinquent children in a resi dential treatment facility. In management parlance, redundancy refers to the practice of increasing the possibilities of success in any activity by adding to the number of components, each of which has successively a smaller possibility of success but all of which, added together, have a much higher possibility of achieve ment.
Crime Statistics: A Historical Perspective
Authors: Maltz Michael D.
Published: March 2007

Crime statistics, in the form of Uniform Crime Reports, have been collected by the FBI since 1930. A dominant motivation for their collection was to combat the publicity about "crime waves" generated by the press. This paper analyzes the historical development of crime statistics from the standpoint of three questions that first arose over forty years ago: What kinds of statistics should be collected? Who should collect them? How accurate are they? Current developments in crime statistics, notably the initiation of the National Crime Panel Survey, have affected these three issues markedly.
Doing Good with a Hard Nose
Authors: Conrad John P.
Published: March 2007

The stress on Management By Objectives, particularly the emphasis on achieving the unattainable goal of reducing the crime rates or recidivism, has led to several ineffectual administrative styles in criminal justice. The author describes these phenomena and traces their causes. In all cases, the suggested remedy is to shift from the struggle to reduce crime rates or recidivism and to focus on effective performance of necessary immediate tasks.
A Look at Four Critical Premises in Correctional Views
Authors: Shawver Lois , Sanders Bruce
Published: March 2007

Agreement with the four statements below is widespread and often leads people to conclude that prisons should stop their efforts to prepare offenders for a successful reentry into society.
Trends in State Correction: Juveniles and the Violent Young Offender
Authors: Vinter Robert D.
Published: March 2007

Formulation and implementation of rational and responsive juvenile correctional policies continue to present serious problems for state governments. Institutionalization trends are reported for the nation over the 1970-74 period: There was a decrease for juveniles and only a slight rise for adults (with sharp rises for adults in more recent years). Correlational analysis is used to examine associations over this period between the fifty states' rates of juvenile and adult institutionalization and levels of four crime categories (total index, violent, property, and burglary). No associa tions are found between states' crime and juvenile institutionalization rates. Associations are found between states' crime and adult institu tionalization rates; for each of these years, the correlation is strongest for violent crime. It is argued that state juvenile justice policies and practices impede rational assignment of young offenders according to severity of offense or degree of risk. Youths who commit violent and other serious crimes are typically mixed in all kinds of facilities with large proportions of misdemeanants and status offenders. Explanations of these nonrational patterns are offered along with suggestions for ways of improving state policy making and implementation.
Legal Issues Facing Parole
Authors: Barkin Eugene N.
Published: March 2007

Judicial decrees enunciating the due process required in parole board decisions impose restraints upon the boards' decision making and supervision. Confusion reigns in many instances because the courts do not speak with one voice or even clearly. As a consequence, parole board administrators often remain in states of uncertainty for long periods of time. It is vital that the United States Supreme Court speak clearly and categorically on the issues in question.
A Foreigner's View of American Diversion
Authors: Andriessen Margo
Published: March 2007

As part of a Dutch-sponsored project to learn about the American ex perience with diversion, five diversion projects in California are described and evaluated: university-sponsored counseling of status offenders inside a police department; police-sponsored counseling and job seeking for sta tus offenders and minor delinquents outside the police department; a "barrio organization" for all types of young offenders, with counselors acting without links to the police as advocates and community workers; a police program of supervision and controlled activities for cooperative de linquents ; and a probation program inside a juvenile hall for counseling detained status offenders. With exception of the barrio organization, all projects proved disappointing. There was little actual diversion; instead, the projects were largely an extension of the justice system. They did not deal with delinquent youths from the lower class and they appeared to function as a "velvet cloak" for the hardening of judicial policy in other respects. Project workers do not participate because they believe in di verting, but because they believe in counseling. Therefore, they are not aware of the antidiversion aspects of the projects.
Toward a New Law on Rape
Authors: Schwartz Martin D. , Clear Todd R.
Published: March 2007

Forcible rape has become a major issue in the past decade, not only for political reasons but also because of the unique practical roadblocks placed in the path of prosecution by criminal law. A number of approaches to removing these obstacles are discussed here, based largely on the idea, acceptable from both a feminist and a practical standpoint, that rape law be "normalized" as part of a general assault code, rather than remaining a separate sex crime statute. Such a change would not only be an important political statement by the criminal law, but would also automatically remove most of the problems discussed in the literature. A suggested basic statute takes into account problems ranging from psychological harm to rape shield laws to statutory rape, in addition to the usual complaints about rape law.
Crime, Punishment, and the Decline of Liberal Optimism
Authors: Bayer Ronald
Published: March 2007

Postwar American liberalism was an optimistic ideology assuming the possibility of resolving the problems of the social order within the context of capitalism. That optimism has now been shattered, with liberals exhibittng great pessimism about the possibility of fashioning policy that can meet the challenge of the times. In this essay, this transformation is traced through an analysis of the shifting perspective of liberalism on crime and punishment. A review of the journals of liberal opinion be tween 1945 and 1975 reveals a growing recognition of the seriousness of urban crime and a profound shift from the rehabilitative ideology to a more punitive response to criminals. The distinction between conservative social thought and the liberal critique of that outlook has thus begun to vanish.
What Lockheed and La Cosa Nostra Have in Common
Authors: Albanese Jay S.
Published: March 2007

A comparative analysis is presented of the testimony of A. Carl Kotchian, President of Lockheed Corporation, and that of Joseph Valachi, reputed member of La Cosa Nostra, before Senate in vestigative committees. In the Lockheed case, the corporation was found to be making illicit payments to foreign officials in order to secure sales abroad. The legislation enacted following the investiga tion was the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, which established criminal penalties for any payment made by American corporations or employees in pursuit of sales contracts abroad.
Rethinking Juvenile Justice
Authors: Krisberg Barry , Schwartz Ira
Published: March 2007

Data on juvenile arrests, court processing, and admissions to juvenile correctional facilities offer important information to help rethink juvenile justice policy directions of the last decade. Most striking is the progress in reducing the involvement of status offenders within the juvenile justice system between 1974-1979. Less encouraging is that similar progress was not achieved in the case of delinquent offenders. Moreover, the primary consequence of the removal of status of fenders from the juvenile justice system is the large decline in female admissions to public correctional facilities whereas male admissions were either stable or actually increased from 1974-1979. Also interesting is the levelling off of rates of Part 1 juvenile arrests from 1974-1979: this directly contradicts public perceptions of a steady and alarming increase in serious youth crime.
The Authority Structure of the School: System of Social Exchange
Authors: Anderson James G.
Published: March 2007

In this paper the bureaucratic authority structure of the school is viewed as consisting of an asymmetric system of role relationships with teachers' obligations and institutional expectations considered as an exchange system. It is suggested that the decision concerning how much authority to invest in teachers depends upon expectations of a return of the investment and an assessment of the risk involved. There appears to be a withdrawal of authority invested in teachers due to the perceived risk involved resulting in an abandonment of their professional orienta tion and a tendency to adopt a more rewarding bureaucratic orienta tion toward the schools. Since school administrators invest little author ity in their instructional staff, teachers in turn have little authority to invest in students. Consequently, the school fails to draw upon the pow erful societal norms of the adolescent subculture to reinforce achieve ment of the school's goals.
On the Development of Urethane Foam Manufacturing Technology
Authors: Kadowaki Seiji
Published: March 2007

An outline of Japanese urethane foams now under production is given, including a description of formulation, processing and testing techniques. Extra super-soft foams, prepared from a 3000 M.W. glycerol-based triol and a reactive additive to satisfy a de mand in the bedding industry, have good drape properties, quick recovery after com pression and retain their softness at low tem peratures.

High load-bearing flexible and semirigid foams with good physical properties have been successfully prepared by a one-shot process using polyolefins as the cell-opening agent. Rigid foams containing more than 95% open cell have also been prepared by this method.
Air Flow Measurement and Its Relations to Cell Structure, Physical Properties, and Processibility for Flexible Urethane Foam
Authors: Jones R.E. , Fesman G.
Published: March 2007

A slab stock urethane foam cell ideally resembles an elongated pentagonal dodeca hedron. The faces are bounded by ribs, and membranes stretch across the ribs during the expansion of the foam. The normal formation of the foam does not result in the rupture of all the membranes. Data are presented showing that Air Flow values for flexible polyether and polyester foams are affected profoundly by the membrane population and, to a smaller extent, by density and cell geometry. It is also shown that within a given bun Air Flow values may vary with both position and orientation. Air Flow val ues also vary considerably between different foams. Because variation in Air Flow values is related to cell structure, it can be related to certain physical properties. Examples of this are given for ball rebound, compression load deflection, flex fatigue, and color shad ing. A quantitative definition of operating range based on Air Flow values is demon strated for tin catalyst concentration in a polyether foam. As a result of these findings Air Flow is recommended as a new parame ter for describing flexible urethane foam cell structure.
Homicide in Chicago, 1965-1970
Authors: Block Richard , Zimring Franklin E.
Published: March 2007

Rates of criminal homicide have been increasing in many ma jor metropolitan areas. In Chicago from 1965 to 1970; the rate of homicides noted by the police more than doubled. A study of Patterns of homicide during that period reveals that robbey -killings, killings involving younger victims and offenders, group- related killings, and gun killings all increased far more substan tially than aggregate homicide rates. Homicide offense rates for black males aged 15-24 almost tripled during the six years, while victimization among the same group more than tripled. The dramatic increase in robbery killings appeared to be but one manifestation of a broader increase in young, group-related, gun homicides.
Patterns of Disturbed Classroom Behavior of Nondelinquent and Delinquent Adolescent Girls
Authors: Swift Marshall , Spivack George , Back Linnea
Published: March 2007

Ten patterns or syndromes of classroom behavior of 337 junior and senior high school girls were derived and analyzed for rela tionship to academic success or failure among special (delin quent) and regular school students. The behavior patterns ac counted for over 98 per cent of the students in both groups and clearly differentiated the academically successful from the un successful. Each of the patterns is described both numerically and graphically to provide a reliable means of analyzing and comparing students in other special and regular class settings. It was concluded that in both settings unsuccessful achievement could not be viewed in only academic or cognitive terms, but rather was an indication of failure of the total child to cope with classroom and teacher expectations.
Empirical Criminology
Authors: Orsagh Thomas
Published: March 2007

Statistical results based on aggregate data are, in part, artifacts of discre tionary research activity. In demonstrating this, the author examines the rela tionships between theoretical constructs and empirical concepts and between empirical concepts and statistical proxies, as well as the sensitivity of statistical results to the selection of control variables, the structure of the explanatory model (single v. multiple equation systems), and the mode of esti mation (ordinary least squares v. a simultaneous equation estimation tech nique). Further, aggregation can produce heteroskedastic disturbances, heter oskedasticity produces biased statistical results, and there is no general pro cedure for eliminating aggregation bias. Improper correction for bias can pro duce misleading results. The author proposes that, since empirical research is far from pure, it behooves empiricists to develop a formal metastatistical methodology.
The Distinctive Opportunity of the Small Liberal-Arts College in Teacher Education— a Challenge
Authors: Moore Raymond S.
Published: March 2007

One of the moot questions in education today is treated in this article: What is, or should be, the place of the liberal-arts college in the education of teachers? Mr. Moore, Professor of Education, Pacific Union College, Angwin, California, pre sents teacher education as a unique op portunity for service on the part of the small liberal-arts college that undertakes wholeheartedly a program of professional preparation. Liberal-arts college prac tices in teacher education have been the author's special field of study for several years.
The Measurement and Behaviour of the UK Saving Ratio in the 1970s
Authors: Cuthbertson K.
Published: March 2007

The consumption function is probably the most widely researched area in macro-economics and until the early seventies it seemed to be one of the most stable relationships. However, in the 1970s there was a sharp and rapid rise in the saving ratio of the personal sector that was not predicted by existing equations. Moreover the rise in the saving ratio coincided with an increase in the rate of inflation and the conventional view had been that inflation would discourage saving. This prompted a search for theories that would explain the ‘paradox’ of saving behaviour.
Bank Lending To Industrial and Commercial Companies in Three Models of the UK Economy
Authors: Cuthbertson Keith , Foster Nigel
Published: March 2007

In this article we compare the determination of bank advances to UK industrial and commercial companies (ICC) in three forecasting models of the British economy: those developed at the National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR), at the Treasury (HMT) and at the Bank of England (BOE). In each of these models the private sector's demand for loans is an important element in the determination of the broadly-defined money stock (£M3), the rate of growth of which has been an important intermediate target of macroeconomic policy in recent years.
Productivity, Machinery and Skills in a Sample of British and German Manufacturing Plants
Authors: Daly A. , Hitchens D.M.W.N. , Wagner K.
Published: March 2007

On the basis of interviews with management and factory floor employees at 45 matched firms in Britain and West Germany, this article examines the roles of machinery and workforce skills in explaining comparative produc tivity performance. The average age of British machinery was not very different from that found in German plants, but it was less technically advanced, was subject to more frequent breakdowns and breakdowns took longer to correct. Productivity was higher in Germany in each of our matched product groups and the importance of skills at all levels was apparent.
Stagflation in the UK Since 1970: A Model-Based Explanation∗
Authors: Saville I.D. , Gardiner K.L.
Published: March 2007

The UK's economic performance, like that in many industrial economies, worsened in the 1970s after about twenty years of relatively stable and strong growth and low inflation. This article investigates to what extent this worsening in performance can be attributed to factors outside the UK's control—to world recession—and how far it was the result of domestic policies. Simulations of the NIESR model suggest that about half of the slackening in output growth can be explained by these two sets of factors. Adverse trends in import and export behaviour appear the major behavioural impediment to faster economic growth.
Does Manufacturing Matter?
Authors: Mayes David G.
Published: March 2007

It is a trivial truth that manufacturing matters while at current relative prices there are plenty of willing purchasers of manufactured goods. The question addressed in this article is whether it is important how much of that demand for manufactures is met from UK sources. There seem to be three general lines of argument which have been pursued. The first is that if manufacturing is low in relative importance then, since the UK is an open economy, it is relatively difficult for other sectors to generate the foreign exchange necessary to pay for the desired net imports of manufactures. In these circumstances the balance of payments acts as a brake on economic growth. The second line of argument is that because of its inherently faster rate of growth of productivity, particularly at the high technology end of the spectrum, an emphasis on manufacturing allows the economy to grow faster. The third argument is largely distributional; namely, that a decline in manufacturing would have wide knock-on effects on other firms and on employment.
1992: Removing the Barriers
Authors: van de Gevel AD , Mayes David G.
Published: March 2007

In the four years that have elapsed since the publication of the European Commission's White Paper on ‘Completing the Internal Market’ in June 1985 understanding of the issues involved in removing the various physical, fiscal and technical barriers to having a ‘single market’ in Europe has developed considerably. The public debate has gone through a series of phases, starting with scepticism, strikingly translated into enthusiasm and almost euphoria during 1988, to be replaced with serious concerns about many specific areas as general principles have come to be replaced by detailed proposals by the European Commission. The member states signed the Single European Act in 1986 for a variety of motives and it is often only when explicit proposals are tabled that the conflicting objectives and detailed implications become obvious.
Smoothing The Transition To Skilled Employment: School-Based Vocational Guidance in Britain and Continental Europe
Authors: Jarvis Valerie
Published: March 2007

This article compares how vocational guidance is provided in schools in Britain and three Continental European countries. The comparisons are based on classroom observations and interviews with teachers in some two dozen secondary schools in Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, together with a similar number in Britain. Careers guidance on the Continent begins earlier, is taught by careers specialists in separate lessons devoted to the topic, and is geared specifically to providing youngsters with detailed information on the content and requirements for particular types of work. The lack of focus on occupationally-specific information in ‘careers guidance’ in British schools, particularly in the now-widespread ‘Personal and Social Education’ (PSE) courses, leaves many British youngsters at a distinct disadvantage in making a successful transition to the world of work. The article suggests a number of relatively simple measures which could significantly improve careers education in British schools.
Developing a Language Programme
Authors: Ingram D.E.
Published: March 2007

The paper describes the nature and development of the lan guage programme for one of the world's largest single ESL pro grammes, viz., that of the Australian Adult Migrant Education Program. The syllabus development approach adopted was needs- based with the language specification integrating themes, situa tions, functions, notions, syntax and cultural information and using as its intergrating methodological principle "community involvement." Development of the programme and streaming and assessment within it required the development of a proficiency rating scale, the ASLPR. The paper argues that the approach adopted is as relevant to foreign as to second language teaching and refers to the results of an evaluation of the programme's success.
Back to parallel computation: Proposal for a completely new on-line simulation system using standard minicomputers for low-cost multiprocessing
Authors: Korn Granino A.
Published: March 2007

This proposal suggests a novel and different system for fast on-line solution of the differential equa tions or difference equations describing a dynamical system (aerospace vehicle, ship, plant, physiologi caZ system, social/economic system, etc.). In an earlier study sponsored by the National Science Foundation, we have demonstrated beyond doubt that on-line, interactive, and scale-factor-free aZZ digital simulation, with a graphic solution display, is far more convenient than analog-hybrid computa tion. We now propose a simple multiprocessor system employing parallel operation of several inexpensive, standard, unmodified, minicomputers for faster on- line simulation at a cost dramatically lower than with conventional digital computers. The essential hardware features of the proposed system will be found in Section 2 of Part III and in Figure 3.

Minicomputers specifically suitable for such multi processing are now mass-produced for a very large nonsimulation market; the proposed use of such commercially available components is a significant feature of our system, which will also draw on our laboratory's five years' experience with simulation software and display design.
Digital Simulation for Automobile Maneuvers
Authors: Garrott W. Riley , Wilson Douglas L. , Scott Richard A.
Published: March 2007

A new all-digital simulation of automobile handling allows severe maneuvers involving braking or accel eration and cornering. A novel feature is the in corporation of closed-loop control based on a mathematical model of the human driver. The program is modular and well-documented. The model includes provisions for nonlinear tire and suspension forces and moments; it also allows the user to switch off the nonlinearities and to include an antilock brake system.
A Comparison of Methods for Calculating Flow About Irregular Bodies
Authors: Campbell George S.
Published: March 2007

Calculation of the flow around aerodynamic shapes can lead to difficulties associated with ill-condi tioned matrices. These difficulties become readily apparent when one attempts to improve calculation accuracy by using more singularities to represent the flow. Another type of difficulty arises when the designer chooses a shape which is somewhat irre gular. We have found that these difficulties are alleviated when we use an over-determined set of equations obtained by using more than 2N boundary conditions for a body represented by 2N singularities along the axis. Results obtained using this least- squares approach appear to be less sensitive to local errors in body shape than the commonly used method of simultaneous equations. The problem we have consi dered involves the Fredholm equation of the first kind. It is hoped that the results obtained may have relevance to problems in electrostatics, heat conduc tion, and elasticity that involve this type of integral equation.
Simulating the response to a sonic boom
Authors: Singh Rajendra , Kung Chaw-Hua
Published: March 2007

Sonic booms can cause considerable annoyance and damage. Studying the response of a room with an open win dow can be useful in design and acoustic treatment. In most cases, a one-dimensional lumped parameter model can be used for the acoustics of the room-window system. A linear, energy-equivalent damping model is adequate for shock response calculations at off-resonance conditions. A shock response spectrum showing the maximum response as a function of shock duration is a convenient way to present results for design purposes. Output from a CSMP program suggests that a little damping is usually sufficient when the natural period of the room and window is well above the duration of the sonic boom; heavy damping is necessary when this is not true.
Moving averages for environmental standards
Authors: Gardenier Turkan K.
Published: March 2007

The use of moving averages is gaining acceptance in environ mental standards and regulations. Indexes based on moving averages are useful because they summarize a fixed number of the immediately preceding observations. If calendar-based monthly averages, for example, are used rather than moving averages of the last 30 days, data from industrial sources would not have a uniform time base. Only four observations would be averaged from a source inspected on the 4th of the month, while 28 would be averaged for a source inspected on the 28th.

Many problems occur in implementing a standard based on moving averages:

(1) Most environmental data are autocorrelated because they are averages of successive measurements. Autocor relation changes the variance of the statistical distribution and, therefore, the probability of detecting a violation.

(2) When continuous monitors are installed, a suitable aver aging time must be determined.

(3) Time-averaging affects the variance of the statistical dis tribution. This effect must be incorporated into simulation studies.

(4) The relationships between exceedances (probable viola tions), transient changes, and long-term trends should be specified and used as inputs in simulation models. In en vironmental monitoring, a statistical decision about whether a change is permanent may result in substantial penalties.

Cumulative sum ( CUSUM) charts are a practical approach to establishing standards and determining compliance for auto regressive data. An example of an air-quality monitor illus trates the procedure.
Synchronous debugging of real-time microprocessor-based control systems
Authors: Pajak Henry G.
Published: March 2007

Real-time debugging of large microprocessor control software applications can be a formidable task. Programmers must be concerned with more than software requirements. The develop ment tools, the electrical control hardware and debugging techniques all affect an individual's productivity.

This paper contrasts software debugging environments and their capabilities. A xerographic copier is used as an example of a real- time application. Two debugging environments are discussed. One is a real-time-only configuration where copier application software is debugged using the actual copier. The other, sug gested as an improved method, substitutes a real-time simulator in place of the copier. In each case the actual electrical control system of the copier is used.

A copier is a mechanical device that cannot be stopped quickly. This characteristic is not a good match for software debugging methods that use breakpoints and stepping techniques. Com mercial microprocessor development equipment aids the de bugging effort by adding hardware support to store trace infor mation while debugging in real time.

Although this is an effective method for debugging software, there are several shortcomings that should be evaluated. These are:

• Only a portion of software debugging techniques can be used in this real-time-only environment.

• The copier's operation is difficult to monitor and change. The copier is inflexible in comparison to the capabilities of the software debugging tools.

Simulating the copier, on the other hand, offers significant debugging capabilities to the control applications engineer.

• It is a separate computer system. The computer characteristics of the simulator match the character of the software de bugging tools.

• It can be manipulated, as desired, on-line.

• It is capable of displaying the copier in two-dimensional form.

The complete development environment including the simu lator, a microprocessor support and in-circuit emulator system, a logic analyzer and copier controls can be stopped by adding a hardware signal called "freeze." This signal is asserted by any development equipment to synchronously stop the entire en vironment. Considerations for designing the freeze function into the electrical controls system are discussed.

Synchronizing the development environment during debugging, enables use of powerful non-real-time debugging techniques. This configuration offers the controls application programmer an efficient alternative to "run to crash" techniques commonly used in real-time-only efforts.
An exploration of the behaviour of resale markets through computer simulation
Authors: Berczi Andrew
Published: March 2007

A considerable proportion of marketing transaction activities in North America (and a considerably higher proportion in the other continents) takes place in secondary or resale markets. (Examples of these are the real estate markets, the used car markets, etc.) In spite of this, a survey of the published literature indicates that only limited academic attention has been paid to the behaviour of these markets.

The research project described in this paper is a heuristic study of random imperfect markets utilizing computer simulation; the research design consists of 35 separate but correlated ex periments. The objective of the research is to investigate to what extent (if any) the average transaction prices and total transac tion volumes are affected by various degrees of price-information and/or bargaining strength on the one hand, and the shape of supply and demand schedules on the other. Tentative conclu sions are drawn based on the experimental results for these rela tionships, and readers are invited to pursue this investigation further (either analytically or heuristically) in order to develop a body of knowledge and understanding for the behaviour of these imperfect markets.
Maintainability analysis using Q-GERT network simulation
Authors: Engi Dennis
Published: March 2007

In reliability analyses of nuclear reactor safety systems, time- dependent phenomena (such as component failure during op eration and the ensuing repair activity) are often disregarded or treated quasi-statically because the time dependencies involved are not amenable to closed-form analytic formulation. In addi tion, conditional phenomena (such as a failure mode that depends on the failure mode in a previous event) and phenom ena that must be characterized by arbitrary probability distribu tions are often ignored. This paper reports the initial applica tion of the computer program Q-GERT, an existing code that uses dynamic Monte Carlo modeling, to reactor safety-system simulation and analysis. Using Q-GERT with its Monte Carlo techniques, the above shortcomings can, in principle, be dealt with, and the analysis can be elevated from the level of a reliabil ity analysis to that of a maintainability analysis. This new applica tion of Q-GERT, called the Maintainability Analysis Procedure (MAP), is illustrated by simulating and evaluating the behavior of a simple safety system as this system is subjected to each of four possible failure processes. These processes are distinguished by the number and complexity of the included phenomena, and the effects on estimates of the probability of system failure are shown to be significant as the processes become more complex.