bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Work Motivation and Work Discipline towards the Job Satisfaction with Organizational Commitment as Intervening Variables of the Millennial Generation in Indonesia
Authors: Tama Cienta Tatia Dede , Rosnani Titik , Daud Ilzar , Syukur M. Hanafi A. , Komari Nurul
Published: January 2023

Aims:  In the millennial generation era, the competition between companies is very tight. That is why companies must ensure that their employees’ criteria could compete in such a situation. The level of competition between individuals is very tight, requiring business organizations to face the challenges to survive. The competition between individuals demanded all companies do their work as effectively and efficiently as possible to achieve the companies’ targets by relying on the available human resources. This research aims to analyze the influence of work motivation and work discipline towards job satisfaction with organizational commitment as intervening variables of the millennial generation employees in Indonesia.

Study Design:  Explanatory Research.

Place and Duration of Study: Indonesia between October 2022 and November 2022.

Methodology: This study uses a survey research design method and a quantitative design. The data were collected by using questionnaires which were responded by 219 respondents through purposive sampling technique. The technique of the analysis is Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) with AMOS 26 supporting tools. (156 women, 63 men; age range 25-35 years).

Results: The research result shows that work motivation and work discipline give a positive and significant influence on organizational commitment, work motivation and work discipline also significantly and positively influenced job satisfaction, organizational commitment also give significant and positive influence to job satisfaction and functioned as a significant mediation towards work motivation and work discipline.

Conclusion: This research identified that work motivation and work discipline has both direct and indirect relation to the employees’ job satisfaction. Based on the research done, it is discovered that work discipline and work motivation are factors that could make the employee satisfied with his/her work. If the employee does not have work motivation and work discipline it will affect the commitment to the organization in the company, in which organizational commitment is a mediator that could indirectly influence the job satisfaction of the employee.
Destabilization of vitelline membrane outer layer protein 1 homolog (VMO1) by C‐mannosylation
Authors: Yoshimoto Satoshi , Suzuki Takehiro , Otani Naoki , Takahashi Daisuke , Toshima Kazunobu , Dohmae Naoshi , Simizu Siro
Published: January 2023

C‐mannosylation is a rare type of protein glycosylation whereby a single mannose is added to the first tryptophan in the consensus sequence Trp‐Xaa‐Xaa‐Trp/Cys (in which Xaa represents any amino acid). Its consensus sequence is mainly found in proteins containing a thrombospondin type‐1 repeat (TSR1) domain and in type I cytokine receptors. In these proteins, C‐mannosylation affects protein secretion, intracellular localization, and protein stability; however, the role of C‐mannosylation in proteins that are not type I cytokine receptors and/or do not contain a TSR1 domain is less well explored. In this study, we focused on human vitelline membrane outer layer protein 1 homolog (VMO1). VMO1, which possesses two putative C‐mannosylation sites, is a 21‐kDa secreted protein that does not contain a TSR1 domain and is not a type I cytokine receptor. Mass spectrometry analyses revealed that VMO1 is C‐mannosylated at Trp105 but not at Trp44. Although C‐mannosylation does not affect the extracellular secretion of VMO1, it destabilizes the intracellular VMO1. In addition, a structural comparison between VMO1 and C‐mannosylated VMO1 showed that the modification of the mannose changes the conformation of three loops in VMO1. Taken together, our results demonstrate the first example of C‐mannosylation for protein destabilization of VMO1.
Molecule‐Assembled Plasmonic Gold Nanoparticle Network for Piezophototronic and Human Activity Detections
Authors: Gogoi Kasturi , Pal Srimanta , Chattopadhyay Arun
Published: January 2023

Strain‐based complex functionalities in response to external physical stimuli are significant for the development of intelligent robotic systems. Herein, an assembly of gold nanoparticles through ligand interaction with short linker molecule 2‐picolylamine (PA) is developed. With subnanometer spacing between the nanoparticles (NPs), the network exhibits strain sensitive carrier tunneling between them. Based on these NP networks and a lithographically patterned polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microstructure, a multistimuli‐responsive tactile sensor is developed that effectively transduces mechanical strain to electrical responses, and can identify variable weights, detect finger touch patterns, and is ultrasensitive to vibrational movements. Physical activities such as jogging, leg movements, and sit‐to‐stand postures are identified using the system. A significantly high gauge factor of 243 ± 10 associated with the Au NP–PA network is recorded. In addition, the sensor exhibits strain‐dependent plasmonic photodetection with a responsivity of 309 mA W−1 at a tensile strain of 3.7%. The multistimuli‐responsive Au NP–PA network demonstrated here opens up new perspectives on the development of intelligent multifunctional systems.
A Novel Compositional Design of [Cr–Fe4Co4Ni4]Cr2.6−xTixMo0.4 High‐Entropy Alloy Coating Based on the Cluster‐Plus‐Glue‐Atom Model and Its Mechanism of Resisting Strong Acid Erosion
Authors: Ding Kailu , Wang Zonglun , Wu Xianghai , Shang Xiaojuan , Liu Qibin
Published: January 2023

To extend the service life of the agitator blade, a series of [Cr–Fe4Co4Ni4]Cr2.6−x
Ti
x
Mo0.4 (x = 0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9) high‐entropy alloy (HEA) compositions based on the cluster‐plus‐glue‐atom model is designed, and HEA coatings are deposited on 904L stainless steel using the laser cladding technique. The phase structure, microhardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, and erosion properties of the HEA coatings are determined using X‐ray diffractometer, transmission electron microscope, a microhardness tester, a friction and wear tester, an electrochemical workstation, and an erosion testing machine, respectively. The coating's phase structure is made of FCC solid solution. The coatings’ microhardness, wear, corrosion, and erosion resistance gradually improve by adding Ti. In particular, the microhardness of the [Cr–Fe4Co4Ni4]Cr1.7Ti0.9Mo0.4 coating reaches a peak value of 295.11 HV0.2, over 1.5 times that of the 904L stainless steel (190 HV0.2). Its specific wear rate (3.64 mm3 N−1 m−1) is lower than that of the substrate (8.53 mm3 N−1 m−1). The impedance of the [Cr–Fe4Co4Ni4]Cr1.7Ti0.9Mo0.4 coating is roughly 5.3 times of the 904L stainless steel. Simultaneously, the coating's cumulative volume loss rate of erosion–corrosion (0.054 mm3 h−1) is lower than that of the substrate (0.063 mm3 h−1). Consequently, the innovative HEA coating has an impressive overall performance.
A Viewpoint on Hot Spots in Microwave Sintering and Flash Sintering
Authors: Chaix Jean-Marc , Bouchet Renaud , Bouvard Didier , Fabre Timothée , Garnault Tristan , Harnois Christelle , Koutoati Kouami , Lachal Marie , Marinel Sylvain , Steil Marlu Cesar
Published: January 2023

Microwave sintering and flash sintering are field‐assisted ceramic processing techniques in which heating is totally or partly obtained inside the material itself by a coupling between the ceramic material and the electromagnetic or electrical field. They frequently give rise to the observation of localized temperature excess known as hot spots that can lead to dramatic effects on the sintered parts. This article explores and discusses the common origin of hot spots in both techniques, their development, and the possible ways for limiting their effects.
Immobilizing Poly(vinylphenothiazine) in Ketjenblack‐Based Electrodes to Access its Full Specific Capacity as Battery Electrode Material
Authors: Tengen Bärbel , Winkelmann Timo , Ortlieb Niklas , Perner Verena , Studer Gauthier , Winter Martin , Esser Birgit , Fischer Anna , Bieker Peter
Published: January 2023

Organic batteries are considered as environmentally friendly alternative to lithium‐ion batteries due to the application of transition metal‐free redox‐active polymers. One well‐established polymer is poly(3‐vinyl‐N‐methylphenothiazine) (PVMPT) with a fast reversibility of the electrochemical redox reaction at a potential of 3.5 V versus Li|Li+. The oxidized PVMPT is soluble in many standard battery electrolytes, which diminishes its available specific capacity but at the same time can lead to a unique charge/discharge mechanism involving a redeposition process upon discharge. Herein, the influence of different conductive carbon additives and their properties, e.g., specific surface area, pore size distribution, and electrical conductivity, on the dissolution behavior of oxidized PVMPT is investigated. Compared to the state‐of‐the‐art conductive carbon Super C65 employed in many organic battery electrodes, Ketjenblack EC‐300J and EC‐600J reduce the dissolution of the oxidized PVMPT due to better immobilization on the carbon additive and in the resulting 3D structure of the electrode, as assessed by N2‐physisorption, electrochemical, UV–vis spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy investigations. The studies demonstrate that a dense packing of the carbon particles in the electrode is decisive for the stable immobilization of PVMPT while maintaining its long‐term cycling performance.
Photo‐Patternable Stretchable Semi‐Interpenetrating Polymer Semiconductor Network Using Thiol–Ene Chemistry for Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Tien Hsin‐Chiao , Li Xin , Liu Chang‐Jing , Li Yang , He Mingqian , Lee Wen‐Ya
Published: January 2023

Stretchable polymer semiconductors are an essential component for skin‐inspired electronics. However, the lack of scalable patterning capability of stretchable polymer semiconductors limits the development of stretchable electronics. To address this issue, photo‐curable stretchable polymer blends consisting of a high‐mobility donor–acceptor conjugated polymer and an elastic rubber through thiol–ene chemistry are developed. The thiol–ene reaction can selectively cross‐link the rubber with alkene or vinyl groups without damaging the electronic properties of the conjugated polymer. The conjugated polymer chains embedded in the elastic polymer matrix induce a semi‐interpenetrating polymer network (SIPN). The thiol–ene‐cross‐linked network provides great solvent resistance and enhances stretchability for the embedded conjugated polymer. The well‐defined patterned film with a feature size of ≈10 µm can be obtained using UV light at 365 nm through conventional photolithography processes. Furthermore, the SIPN‐based transistors show increased mobilities from 0.61 to 1.18 cm2 V−1 s−1 when applying the strain from 0% to 100%. Moreover, the hole mobility can still maintain at 0.87 cm2 V−1 s−1 after 1000 strain‐and‐release cycles at the strain of 25%. This study sheds light on the molecular design of photo‐curable polymer semiconductors for the mass production of stretchable circuits.
A Near‐Infrared Light‐Responsive ROS Cascade Nanoplatform for Synergistic Therapy Potentiating Antitumor Immune Responses
Authors: Cen Dong , Zheng Qiang , Zheng Bingzhu , Zhou Ruyi , Xiao Xi , Zhang Tian , Huang Zihao , Yan Tingting , Yu Jicheng , Li Xiang , Deng Renren , Cai Xiujun
Published: January 2023

Tumor occurrence is closely related to the unlimited proliferation and the evasion of the immune surveillance. However, it remains a challenge to kill tumor cells and simultaneously activate antitumor immunity upon spatially localized external stimuli. Herein, a robust tumor synergistic therapeutic nanoplatform is designed in combination with dual photosensitizers‐loaded upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) and ferric‐tannic acid (FeTA) nanocomplex. Dual photosensitizers‐loaded UCNPs can induce photodynamic therapy (PDT) effect by generation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) on demand under near‐infrared (NIR) light irradiation. FeTA can robustly respond to acidic tumor microenvironment to produce Fe2+ and subsequently induce chemodynamic therapy (CDT) by reacting with H2O2 in the tumor microenvironment. More importantly, the CDT/PDT synergy can not only exhibit significant antitumor ability but also induce ROS cascade to evoke immunogenic cell death. It increases tumor immunogenicity and promotes immune cell infiltration at tumor sites allowing further introduction of systemic immunotherapy responsiveness to inhibit the primary and distant tumor growth. This study provides a potential tumor microenvironment‐responsive nanoplatform for imaging‐guided diagnosis and combined CDT/PDT with improved immunotherapy responses and an external NIR‐light control of photoactivation.
A Hybrid Magneto‐Optic Capacitive Memory with Picosecond Writing Time
Authors: Rogers Matthew , Habib Ahasan , Teobaldi Gilberto , Moorsom Timothy , Johansson J. Olof , Hedley Luke , Keatley Paul S. , Hicken Robert J. , Valvidares Manuel , Gargiani Pierluigi , Alosaimi Nader , Poli Emiliano , Ali Mannan , Burnell Gavin , Hickey Bryan J. , Cespedes Oscar
Published: January 2023

The long‐term future of information storage requires the use of sustainable nanomaterials in architectures operating at high frequencies. Interfaces can play a key role in this pursuit via emergent functionalities that break out from conventional operation methods. Here, spin‐filtering effects and photocurrents are combined at metal‐molecular‐oxide junctions in a hybrid magneto‐capacitive memory. Light exposure of metal‐fullerene‐metal oxide devices results in spin‐polarized charge trapping and the formation of a magnetic interface. Because the magnetism is generated by a photocurrent, the writing time is determined by exciton formation and splitting, electron hopping, and spin‐dependent trapping. Transient absorption spectroscopy measurements show changes in the electronic states as a function of the magnetic history of the device within picoseconds of the optical pumping. The stored information is read using time‐resolved scanning magneto optic Kerr effect measurements during microwave irradiation. The emergence of a magnetic interface in the picosecond timescale opens new paths of research to design hybrid magneto‐optic structures operating at high frequencies for sensing, computing, and information storage.
Ultra‐Stable and Sensitive Ultraviolet Photodetectors Based on Monocrystalline Perovskite Thin Films
Authors: Li Xu , Liu Chang , Ding Feng , Lu Zheyi , Gao Peng , Huang Ziwei , Dang Weiqi , Zhang Liqiang , Lin Xiaohui , Ding Shuimei , Li Bailing , Huangfu Ying , Shen Xiaohua , Li Bo , Zou Xuming , Liu Yuan , Liao Lei , Wang Yiliu , Duan Xidong
Published: January 2023

The detection of ultraviolet (UV) radiation with effective performance and robust stability is essential to practical applications. Metal halide single‐crystal perovskites (ABX3) are promising next‐generation materials for UV detection. The device performance of all‐inorganic CsPbCl3 photodetectors (PDs) is still limited by inner imperfection of crystals grown in solution. Here wafer‐scale single‐crystal CsPbCl3 thin films are successfully grown by vapor‐phase epitaxy method, and the as‐constructed PDs under UV light illumination exhibit an ultralow dark current of 7.18 pA, ultrahigh ON/OFF ratio of ≈5.22 × 105, competitive responsivity of 32.8 A W−1, external quantum efficiency of 10867% and specific detectivity of 4.22 × 1012 Jones. More importantly, they feature superb long‐term stability toward moisture and oxygen within twenty‐one months, good temperature tolerances at low and high temperatures. The ability of the photodetector arrays for excellent UV light imaging is further demonstrated.
Design of Calixarene‐Based ICD Inducer for Efficient Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Zhang Zhanzhan , Yue Yu‐Xin , Li Qiushi , Wang Ying , Wu Xueyao , Li Xue , Li Hua‐Bin , Shi Linqi , Guo Dong‐Sheng , Liu Yang
Published: January 2023

Immunogenic cell death (ICD), which in situ generates cancer vaccines and elicits protective cognate anticancer immunity, has brought brightness to cancer immunotherapy. However, poor immunogenicity and low response rate of current ICD‐inducing strategies restrict the development and clinical application of ICD‐based immunotherapy. Herein, a novel calixarene, quaternary ammonium‐modified azocalix[4]arene (CA‐3) that drive bona fide ICD with high efficiency, is presented. In addition, the unique macrocyclic structure offers CA‐3 with great potential to bind with anticancer drugs via host–guest interactions. With these two functions in one molecule, CA‐3 effectively cooperates with various chemotherapeutics to improve their anticancer performance by activating ICD‐associated anti‐tumor immunity. These unique characteristics make CA‐3, a general platform for improving the prognosis of many chemotherapies commonly used in clinical practice. Furthermore, the structure‐activity relationship established in this study also provides insights for the design and synthesis of more efficient calixarene‐based ICD inducers.
Electrically Driven Sub‐Micrometer Light‐Emitting Diode Arrays Using Maskless and Etching‐Free Pixelation
Authors: Moon Ji‐Hwan , Kim Baul , Choi Minho , Woo Kie Young , Kim Byung Su , Ahn Seonghun , Jun Seongmoon , Song Yong‐Ho , Cho Yong‐Hoon
Published: January 2023

For decades, group‐III‐nitride‐based light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) have been regarded as a light emitting source for future displays by virtue of their novel properties such as high efficiency, brightness, and stability. Nevertheless, realization of high pixel density displays is still challenging due to limitations of pixelation methods. Here, a maskless and etching‐free micro‐LED (µLED) pixelation method is developed via tailored He focused ion beam (FIB) irradiation technique, and electrically driven sub‐micrometer‐scale µLED pixel arrays are demonstrated. It is confirmed that optical quenching and electrical isolation effects are simultaneously induced at a certain ion dose (≈1014 ions cm−2) without surface damage. Furthermore, highly efficient µLED pixel arrays at sub‐micrometer scale (square pixel, 0.5 µm side length) are fabricated. Their pixelation and brightness are verified by various optical measurements such as cathodo‐, photo‐, and electroluminescence. It is expected that the FIB‐induced optical quenching and electrical isolation method can pioneer a new defect engineering technology not only for µLED fabrication, but also for sub‐micrometer‐scale optoelectronic devices.
Enriching Metasurface Functionalities by Fully Employing the Inter‐Meta‐Atom Degrees of Freedom for Double‐Key‐Secured Encryption
Authors: Zheng Yaqin , Deng Yanhui , Shi Zhonghong , Fan Yulong , Wang Zhuochao , Lei Dangyuan , Zhou Zhang‐Kai , Wang Xue‐Hua
Published: January 2023

Creating new functionalities has long been the driving impetus for the development of metasurfaces and meta‐devices. This has routinely been achieved by exploiting the intrinsic degrees of freedom (DoFs) of their building blocks—meta‐atoms, such as searching for new materials or increasing geometric variations. However, these approaches are ultimately bottlenecked by the limited species of natural materials, and often incur additional design or fabrication difficulties. In this work, the authors resort to the relative and absolute structural DoFs at the inter‐meta‐atom (IMA) level to circumvent the above‐mentioned limitations. Eventually, a novel double‐key‐secured encryption system with increased image storage capacity approaching the theoretical limit is successfully devised by fully employing all the IMA DoFs. The generic design approach, which provides a new means to enrich the metasurface functionalities by expanding the capacity of meta‐devices, can be readily adapted in the design of other nanophotonic systems.
Transformable Metasurfaces Enabled by Twisting Induced Nonlocality
Authors: Tang Peng , Tao Jie , Li Min , Gao Fei , Chen Hongsheng , Wang Zuojia
Published: January 2023

Reconfigurable optical interfaces with low power cost are of tremendous interest in imaging and communication applications. This work reveals the nonlocal effect in twisted electric dipoles and demonstrates its capability of non‐volatile transformation on scattering. When electric dipoles are rotated to form a tilted array, the dipolar resonances yield nonlocal interactions tuned by the rotation angle. The collective polarizability transformation maps to a series of circles crossing the origin of coordinates in the complex plane, providing 2π phase coverage and continuous amplitude modulation beyond the theoretical limit of an electric surface. Based on this mechanism, a Bluetooth‐driven nonlocal metasurface is developed for remote switching on scattering channels. Due to the stability of mechanical deformation, the twisted metasurface retains the stored functionality even after the power is removed. Our results offer a nonlocal route to transformable planar optics.
Correlating Fluorescence Intermittency and Second‐Harmonic Generation in Single‐Colloidal Semiconductor Nanoplatelets
Authors: Rosenberg Maor , Oron Dan
Published: January 2023

While most single‐nanocrystal spectroscopy experiments rely on fluorescent emission, recent years have seen an increasing number of experiments based on absorption and scattering, enabling to correlate those with fluorescence intermittency. Herein, it is shown that nonlinear scattering by second‐harmonic generation can also be measured from single CdSe/CdS core/shell nanoplatelets (NPLs) alongside fluorescence despite the weak scattering signal. It is shown that even under resonant two‐photon conditions the second‐harmonic scattering signal is uncorrelated with fluorescence intermittency and follows Poisson statistics.
Structural, Optical, and Electrical Characterization of 643 nm Red InGaN Multiquantum Wells Grown on Strain‐Relaxed InGaN Templates
Authors: Lim Norleakvisoth , Chan Philip , Chang Hsun–Ming , Rienzi Vincent , Gordon Michael J. , Nakamura Shuji
Published: January 2023

Red‐emitting (≈643 nm) InGaN multiquantum well active device layers and micro‐LEDs are grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on relaxed InGaN templates, the latter created via thermal decomposition of an InGaN underlayer, and examined via power‐ and temperature‐dependent photoluminescence and electrical measurements. Maximum internal quantum efficiencies are determined to be 7.5% at an excitation power density of 13 W cm−2, radiative recombination occurs through monomolecular recombination, and the fabricated micro‐LEDs do not show any efficiency degradation with decreasing size. Peak on‐wafer external quantum efficiency (EQE) of a 5 × 5 μm2device is 0.44%, demonstrating that thermally decomposed InGaN “strain‐relaxing” underlayers may be useful for long wavelength micro‐LED applications.
Covalent Organic Framework Based Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: Materials, Interfaces, and Solid‐State Electrolytes
Authors: Hu Ben , Xu Jie , Fan Zengjie , Xu Chong , Han Shichang , Zhang Jiaxue , Ma Lianbo , Ding Bing , Zhuang Zechao , Kang Qi , Zhang Xiaogang
Published: January 2023

Lithium–sulfur batteries are recognized as one of the most promising next‐generation energy‐storage technologies owing to their high energy density and low cost. Nevertheless, the shuttle effect of polysulfide intermediates and the formation of lithium dendrites are the principal reasons that restrict the practical adoption of current Li–S batteries. Adjustable frameworks, structural variety, and functional adaptability of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have the potential to overcome the issues associated with Li–S battery technology. Herein, a summary is presented of emerging COF materials in addressing the challenging problems in terms of sulfur hosts, modified separators, artificial solid electrolyte interphase layers, and solid‐state electrolytes. This comprehensive overview focuses on the design and chemistry of COFs used to upgrade Li–S batteries. Furthermore, existing difficulties, prospective remedies, and prospective research directions for COFs for Li–S batteries are discussed, laying the groundwork for future advancements in this class of fascinating materials.
Advances in Ionic Thermoelectrics: From Materials to Devices
Authors: Sun Shuai , Li Meng , Shi Xiao‐Lei , Chen Zhi‐Gang
Published: January 2023

As an extended member of the thermoelectric family, ionic thermoelectrics (i‐TEs) exhibit exceptional Seebeck coefficients and applicable power factors, and as a result have triggered intensive interest as a promising energy conversion technique to harvest and exploit low‐grade waste heat (<130 °C). The last decade has witnessed great progress in i‐TE materials and devices; however, there are ongoing disputes about the inherent fundamentals and working mechanisms of i‐TEs, and a comprehensive overview of this field is required urgently. In this review, the prominent i‐TE effects, which set the ground for i‐TE materials, or more precisely, thermo‐electrochemical systems, are first elaborated. Then, TE performance, capacitance capability, and mechanical properties of such system‐based i‐TE materials, followed by a critical discussion on how to manipulate these factors toward a higher figure‐of‐merit, are examined. After that, the prevalent molding methods for assembling i‐TE materials into applicable devices are summarized. To conclude, several evaluation criteria for i‐TE devices are proposed to quantitatively illustrate the promise of practical applications. It is therefore clarified that, if the recent trend of developing i‐TEs can continue, the waste heat recycling landscape will be significantly altered.
Synergism of Ultrasmall Pt Clusters and Basic La2O2CO3 Supports Boosts the Reverse Water Gas Reaction Efficiency
Authors: Zhang Rui , Wang Xiao , Wang Ke , Wang Huilin , Liu Li , Wu Xueting , Geng Baokang , Chu Xiang , Song Shuyan , Zhang Hongjie
Published: January 2023

The reverse water‐gas shift reaction (RWGS) has been regarded as a promising approach for fighting climate change caused by the excessive emission of the greenhouse gas CO2, but it still suffers from relatively poor low‐temperature reactivity. Herein, a high‐performance RWGS catalyst composed of ultrasmall Pt clusters (1.38 nm on average) anchored by La2O2CO3 support (PtNC/LOC), which possesses a record CO production rate of 2678 molCO molPt−1 h−1 with nearly 100% CO selectivity at 300 °C, is reported. The specific activity is nearly 1.5 and 7.9 fold higher than that of Pt single atoms and nanoparticles on La2O2CO3, respectively. More importantly, over 87.7% of the initial activity of PtNC/LOC remains after 80 h constant operation at 380 °C, firmly verifying the structural robustness. LOC support is essential, because of not only the moderate basicity that can boost the reaction efficiency but also the strong interaction with Pt species that can stabilize the ultrasmall particle size. Further investigations also point out the key role of the Pt clusters. The two key steps, CO2 adsorption, and CO desorption, individually prefer electron‐rich and electron‐deficient Pt species. Ultrasmall Pt clusters successfully integrate the unique surface states of single atoms and nanoparticles, thus achieving excellent low‐temperature RWGS performance.
A Generative Deep Learning Approach for Shape Recognition of Arbitrary Objects from Phaseless Acoustic Scattering Data
Authors: Ahmed Waqas W. , Farhat Mohamed , Chen Pai-Yen , Zhang Xiangliang , Wu Ying
Published: January 2023

A generative deep learning approach for shape recognition of an arbitrary object from its acoustic scattering properties is proposed and demonstrated. The strategy exploits deep neural networks to learn the mapping between the latent space of a 2D acoustic object and the far‐field scattering amplitudes. A neural network is designed as an adversarial autoencoder and trained via unsupervised learning to determine the latent space of the acoustic object. Important structural features of the object are embedded in lower‐dimensional latent space which supports the modeling of a shape generator and accelerates the learning in the inverse design process. The proposed inverse design uses the variational inference approach with encoder‐ and decoder‐like architecture where the decoder is composed of two pretrained neural networks: the generator and the forward model. The data‐driven framework finds an accurate solution to the ill‐posed inverse scattering problem, where nonunique solution space is overcome by the multifrequency phaseless far‐field patterns. This inverse method is a powerful design tool that doesn't require complex analytical calculation and opens up new avenues for practical realization, automatic recognition of arbitrary‐shaped submarines or large fish, and other underwater applications.
Closed‐Loop Control Characterization of Untethered Small‐Scale Helical Device in Physiological Fluid with Dynamic Flow Rates
Authors: Li Chuang , Misra Sarthak , Khalil Islam S. M.
Published: January 2023

Untethered small‐scale helical devices (USHDs) have the potential to navigate blood vessels and treat vascular occlusive diseases. However, there are still many challenges in translating this method into clinical practice, both in terms of localization and wireless motion control. Herein, closed‐loop control characterization of the USHD against and along physiological fluid inside a blood vessel phantom at different penetration depths is shown. First the dynamic flow and ultrasound images noise affecting the measurement are modeled, and control system of the USHD based on bifurcation analysis of a 1D hydrodynamic model is designed. Then a region of attraction of a USHD driven by a permanent magnet robotic (PMR) system inside a blood vessel phantom around an equilibrium point is constructed. Further, the point‐to‐point closed‐loop control strategy is implemented based on the magnetic point‐dipole approximation and kinematic control of the PMR system and ultrasound feedback inside physiological fluid, blood vessel, and soft tissue. The frequency response of the USHD is characterized against and along the flowing streams of fetal bovine serum within different flow rates in the 6–20 mm s−1range. The experimental results demonstrate the ability to navigate the USHD inside blood vessel phantoms with maximum position error of  mm.
Adaptive Actuation of Magnetic Soft Robots Using Deep Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Yao Jianpeng , Cao Quanliang , Ju Yuwei , Sun Yuxuan , Liu Ruiqi , Han Xiaotao , Li Liang
Published: January 2023

Magnetic soft robots (MSRs) have attracted growing interest due to their unique advantages in untethered actuation and excellent controllability. However, actuation strategies of these robots have long been designed out of heuristics. Herein, it is aimed to develop an intelligent method to solve the inverse problem of finding workable magnetic fields for the actuation of strip‐like soft robots entirely based on deep reinforcement learning algorithms. Magnetic torques and a dissipation force to the Cosserat rod model are introduced, and the developed model to simulate the dynamics of MSRs is utilized. Meanwhile, under the reinforcement learning framework, soft robots to move forward without human guidance are successfully trained, and the results intelligently adapt to different magnetization patterns and magnetic field restrictions. The learned actuation strategies by directly applying simulated magnetic fields to real MSRs in an open loop way are validated. The experimental results show good accordance with simulations. By presenting the first case of using strategies entirely generated by reinforcement learning to control real MSRs, the potential of using reinforcement learning to achieve autonomous actuation of MSRs is demonstrated, which can be used to establish a route for the creation of highly adaptive design framework.
Multimodal Neural Network for Recurrence Prediction of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Kim Geun-Hyeong , Lee Dong-Hwa , Choi Jee-Woo , Jeon Hyun-Jeong , Park Seung
Published: January 2023

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common endocrine carcinoma and has frequent recurrence instances. Although PTC recurrence has been predicted using predictors established using various features and techniques, its early detection is still challenging. To address this issue, it is aimed to develop a deep‐learning model that utilizes not only the initial medical records but also the thyroid function tests (TFTs) performed periodically post‐surgery. Herein, a novel multimodal prediction model, called the hybrid architecture for multimodal analysis (HAMA), that can analyze numeric and time‐series data simultaneously, is proposed. For quantitative evaluation, fourfold cross validation is conducted on data of 1613 PTC patients including 63 locoregional recurrence patients, and the HAMA is achieved the following performance: sensitivity (0.9688); specificity (0.9781); F1‐score (0.7943); and area under the receiver‐operating characteristic curve, AUROC (0.9863). Furthermore, a real‐time prediction simulation is conducted at 6‐month intervals by reconstructing the data of each patient into real‐time data. It is demonstrated in the real‐time simulation results that the HAMA predicts PTC recurrence at least 1.5 years in advance by recalculating the recurrence probability using the additional follow‐up data. To the best of the knowledge, the HAMA is the first deep‐learning model to reflect continuous change in the physical condition of a patient post‐surgery.
Primary myelofibrosis: 2023 update on diagnosis, risk‐stratification, and management
Authors: Tefferi Ayalew
Published: January 2023

Disease Overview

Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) characterized by stem cell‐derived clonal myeloproliferation that is often but not always accompanied by JAK2, CALR, or MPL mutations; additional features include bone marrow reticulin/collagen fibrosis, aberrant inflammatory cytokine expression, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH), constitutional symptoms, cachexia, risk of leukemic progression, and shortened survival.

Diagnosis

Bone marrow examination with cytogenetic and mutation studies provides integrated diagnostic information; presence of JAK2, CALR or MPL mutation is expected but not required.

New Classification System

The International Consensus Classification distinguishes “prefibrotic” from “overtly fibrotic” PMF; the former might mimic essential thrombocythemia (ET) in its presentation. Approximately 15% of patients with ET or polycythemia vera (PV) might progress into post‐ET/PV MF.

Mutations

SRSF2, ASXL1, and U2AF1‐Q157 mutations predict inferior survival in PMF; RAS/CBL mutations predict resistance to ruxolitinib therapy. Type 1/like CALR mutation is associated with superior survival.

Karyotype

Very high‐risk abnormalities include −7, inv (3), i(17q), +21, +19, 12p‐ and 11q‐. Favorable risk abnormalities include normal karyotype or isolated +9, 13q‐, 20q‐, 1q abnormalities and loss of Y chromosome.

Risk Stratification

Contemporary prognostic systems include GIPSS (genetically‐inspired prognostic scoring system) and MIPSS70+ version 2.0 (MIPSSv2; mutation‐and karyotype‐enhanced international prognostic scoring system). GIPSS is based exclusively on mutations and karyotype; MIPSSv2 includes, in addition, clinical risk factors.

Risk‐Adapted Therapy

Observation alone is advised for MIPSSv2 “low” and “very low” risk disease (estimated 10‐year survival 56%–92%); allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (AHSCT) is the preferred treatment of choice for “very high” and “high” risk disease (estimated 10‐year survival 0–13%), as well as in carefully selected patients with intermediate‐risk disease (estimated 10‐year survival 30%). Drug therapy in MF is currently palliative and targets anemia, splenomegaly, and constitutional symptoms.

JAK2 Inhibitors

Ruxolitinib, fedratinib, and pacritinib are FDA approved and respectfully utilized in patients failing treatment with hydroxyurea, ruxolitinib, or with platelet count <50 × 10 (9)/L. Momelotinib is another JAK2 inhibitor that is poised for approval sometime in 2023 and has shown erythropoietic benefits, in addition to affecting spleen and symptom responses.

Other Treatment Modalities

Splenectomy is considered for drug‐refractory splenomegaly and involved field radiotherapy for non‐hepatosplenic EMH and extremity bone pain.

New Directions

New agents, alone or in combination with ruxolitinib, are currently under clinical trial investigation (ClinicalTrials.gov) and preliminary results were presented at the 2022 ASH annual meeting and highlighted in the current review.
Periventricular heterotopia in a male child with USP9X missense variant
Authors: De Laurentiis Arianna , Ciaccio Claudia , Erbetta Alessandra , Pinelli Michele , Nigro Vincenzo , Pantaleoni Chiara , D'Arrigo Stefano
Published: January 2023

The ubiquitin‐specific protease USP9X has been found to play a role in multiple aspects of neural development including processes of neuronal migrations. In males, hemizygous partial loss of function variants in USP9X lead to a clinical phenotype primarily characterized by intellectual disability, hypotonia, speech and language impairment, behavioral disturbances accompanied by additional clinical features with variable expressivity. Structural brain abnormalities are reported in all cases where neuro‐imaging was performed. The most common radiological features described include hypoplasia/agenesis of the corpus callosum, widened ventricles, white matter disturbances, and cerebellar hypoplasia. Here we report a child harboring a missense variant in USP9X presenting with the classical neurodevelopmental phenotype and a previously unreported radiological picture of periventricular heterotopia. This case expands the phenotypic landscape of this emergent condition and supports the critical role of USP9X in neuronal migration processes.
BaYaka forager food sharing networks in the Congo Basin: The roles of gender homophily and kin sharing
Authors: Gettler Lee T. , Redhead Daniel , Dzabatou Ardain , Lew‐Levy Sheina
Published: January 2023

Objectives

Food sharing is a costly form of cooperation that was likely critical to human evolutionary success, including the emergence of human's life history strategy. Food sharing in human communities may be maintained through a number of pathways, including direct dyadic reciprocity, reputation‐based processes, and kin‐biased exchange. Differences in reproductive demands, labor, and cultural norms may also result in gendered differences in cooperative networks. Here, we examine cooperative networks in egalitarian BaYaka foragers from the Congo Basin.

Materials and Methods

We collected social network data from 112 adults in 41 households in this subsistence community. We implement a Bayesian latent network model to assess individual‐, dyadic‐, and block‐level predictors of food sharing partners.

Results

Conditioning on covariates, we found limited evidence for direct dyadic reciprocity in food sharing. Despite local norms regarding prestige avoidance, we found status‐based homophily. High‐status individuals—council members and local healers—were more likely to share with one another. Importantly, our results highlight gender differences in patterns of food sharing, interacting with genetic relatedness. Women were more likely to share with one another, especially with kin as genetic relatedness increased.

Discussion

Our results align with evolutionary framing emphasizing kin selection in costly cooperation. The results showing that women cooperate with other women, particularly kin, also complement sex‐based patterns in some other mammalian species, potentially reflecting the social support necessary to manage reproductive costs and childcare. BaYaka women's subsistence productivity and local cultural dynamics for autonomy and egalitarianism may likewise help facilitate women's preferential cooperation with one another.
Identification of Proteins Using Supramolecular Gold Nanoparticle‐Dye Sensor Arrays
Authors: Jiang Mingdi , Gupta Aarohi , Zhang Xianzhi , Nath Chattopadhyay Aritra , Fedeli Stefano , Huang Rui , Yang Junwhee , Rotello Vincent M.
Published: January 2023

The rapid detection of proteins is very important in the early diagnosis of diseases. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) can be engineered to bind biomolecules efficiently and differentially. Cross‐reactive sensor arrays have high sensitivity for sensing proteins using differential interactions between sensor elements and bioanalytes. A new sensor array was fabricated using surface‐charged AuNPs with dyes supramolecularly encapsulated into the AuNP monolayer. The fluorescence of dyes is partially quenched by the AuNPs and can be restored or further quenched due to the differential interactions between AuNPs with proteins. This sensing system enables the discrimination of proteins in both buffer and human serum, providing a potential tool for real‐world disease diagnostics.
Comparative study on CuO–La2O3/ZrO2 catalysts prepared by amino acid complexing‐combustion in CO2 hydrogenation
Authors: Ding Jian , Zhang Can , Zhang Jiaxin , Liu Huimin , Yu Gewen , Yu Tingting , Wang Yuqing , Guo Xiaohui
Published: January 2023

For preparation of functional materials, the facile and efficient complexing‐combustion method has many advantages such as the easily operating, no washing and filtration process, a slight loss of the products obtained, material saving, and so on. Here, CuO–La2O3/ZrO2 catalysts were prepared by using various amino acids as complexing‐combustion agents for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. Based on the results of characterization by N2 physical adsorption, SEM, XRD, XPS, and chemisorption, along with the experimental data, it was found that the structure and catalytic activity of as‐obtained catalysts depended on the group type and carbon chain length of amino acids. Among them, L‐glutamic acid had two carboxyl hydrophilic groups and a moderately long carbon chain, which was conducive to the formation of a larger specific surface area along with abundant pores and a smaller grain size of CuO. Moreover, the prepared catalyst showed a higher Cu dispersion and the abundant surface acidic/basic sites. As a result, the larger Cu+/Cu0 surface area contributed to the active adsorption of H2 and CO2 molecules, which greatly improved the hydrogenation of CO2, while the methanol production increased with the increase of surface basicity/acidity. For example, the selectivity to methanol of 87.9%, which corresponded to a methanol yield of 120 mg/(h gcatalyst), was obtained along with a stable online performance (life span more than 144 h) at 2.2 MPa, 220°C, H2/CO2 = 2, and GHSV = 3000 h−1.
Quaternary ammonium substituted dextrin‐based biocompatible cationic nanoparticles with ultrahigh pH stability for drug delivery
Authors: Sarkar Ankita , Roy Shounak , Bhatia Prachi , Jaiswal Amit
Published: January 2023

Cationic nanoparticles (NPs) are preferred for therapeutic applications due to its better uptake by mammalian cells. However, preparing cationic polymeric NPs with stability in wide pH range along with limited toxicity remains a challenge. Dextrin, a carbohydrate‐based natural biological macromolecule holds great potential in biomedical applications. Further, it is an inexpensive and abundant raw material which has high pH stability making it more advantageous over other widely explored macromolecules like chitosan. Herein, we report a simple process for preparing biocompatible cationic dextrin (CD) NPs. A series of CDs were prepared through a single‐step reaction by incorporating quaternary ammonium groups onto the polymeric backbone using varying amount of glycidyltrimethylammonium chloride. Formation of uniform spherical CD NPs having size within 100 nm were achieved by a facile synthesis process of ionic gelation using a biocompatible cross‐linker sodium tripolyphosphate. The prepared CD NPs remained stable across the pH range of 5.5–11 and demonstrated approximately 75% cellular internalization within 6 h. The CD NPs were also found to be both cytocompatible and hemocompatible. Next, the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin was encapsulated within CD NPs, which is one of the most common chemotherapeutic agents used for the treatment of various types of cancers including breast, lung, ovarian and bladder. The Dox‐loaded CD NPs showed better drug release at acidic pH conditions and induced more than 80% cell death within 24 h at just 2 μg/ml concentration when tested against HeLa cell lines, thus, proving to be a potential drug delivery vehicle for cancer therapy applications.
Fabrication and investigation of physicochemical and biological properties of3Dprinted sodium alginate‐chitosan blend polyelectrolyte complex scaffold for bone tissue engineering application
Authors: Singh Amit Kumar , Pramanik Krishna
Published: January 2023

In tissue engineering technique, a biological scaffold with appropriate composition and structure for promoting growth and differentiation of cells thereby regenerating damaged tissue, is a prime necessity. In this paper, 3D‐printed scaffolds comprising sodium alginate (SA) and chitosan (CH) biopolymers of natural origin are reported. Bioinks with varying ratios of SA and CH were prepared and scaffolds were fabricated by 3D printing. The fabricated scaffolds possess many desired properties that are vital for tissue regeneration purposes. The scaffolds possess open pore microstructures with interconnected pores and desired pore size as revealed by scanning electron microscopic image analysis. The polyelectrolyte complex formation (PEC) between SA and CH as revealed by Fourier‐transform‐infrared spectroscopic analysis is favorable as it offers a better surface for cell attachment and proliferation, and an ideal microenvironment for bone regeneration. Among the scaffolds, SA/CH with 60:40 showed controlled swelling and degradation behavior, with higher tensile strength of 0.387 ± 0.015 MPa. In vitro‐biomineralization showed superior apatite layer deposition ability over the SA/CH: 60/40 scaffold surface. The fabricated SA/CH scaffolds are hydrophilic and biocompatible as evident from the contact angle, protein adsorption, MTT assay, and cell attachment studies. However, SA/CH: 60/40 is shown to have superior biological properties compared with the other SA/CH compositions. Thus, it is concluded that 3Dv printed SA/CH: 60/40 scaffold having some superior properties and bioactivity can be used as a suitable matrix for future bone tissue regeneration applications.
Evidence of silane coupling in torrefied agro‐industrial residue‐filled poly(styrene‐co‐butadiene) rubber compounds
Authors: Torres Lennard F. , McCaffrey Zach , Williams Tina G. , Wood Delilah F. , Orts William J. , McMahan Colleen M.
Published: January 2023

Heat‐treated rice hull residues were evaluated as fillers in poly(styrene‐co‐butadiene) rubber (SBR) compounds. The currently used precipitated silica filler was replaced with torrefied filler in concentrations varying from 0 to 100 wt%, and the influence of coupler concentration varying from 0% to 3% (7 parts per hundred rubber or phr total) on the filler‐rubber interaction was investigated. The curing process, dynamic properties, and mechanical properties of the SBR compounds were examined for silica‐filled and torrefied rice hull (TRH)‐filled materials with and without the coupling agent. Partial or full replacement of silica with TRH resulted in a systematic decrease in compound viscosity. Longer scorch (ts2) and shorter cure times (t90) were also observed. Incorporation of TRH increased compound modulus (stress at 100% elongation or M100 and Young's modulus) but decreased tensile strength and elongation. The presence of coupler brought about improved dynamic and mechanical properties and 30% lower tan δ at 3 phr level. Results provided the first evidence that, when used as a filler in an SBR compound, torrefied rice hulls can be chemically coupled to the SBR polymer, resulting in increased polymer‐filler interactions analogous to the conventional silica‐coupler‐polymer system.