bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scope of the Thermal Ring‐Expansion Reaction of Boroles with Organoazides
Authors: Braunschweig Holger , Celik Mehmet Ali , Dellermann Theresa , Frenking Gernot , Hammond Kai , Hupp Florian , Kelch Hauke , Krummenacher Ivo , Lindl Felix , Mailänder Lisa , Müssig Jonas H. , Ruppert Annika
Published: April 2017

Electronic and steric factors have been investigated in the thermal ring expansion of boroles with organic azides, a reaction that provides access to highly arylated 1,2‐azaborinines, BN analogues of benzene. Reactions of a variety of boroles and organic azides demonstrate that the synthetic method is quite general in furnishing 1,2‐azaborinines, but the respective reaction rates reveal a strong dependence on the substituents on the two reactants. The products have been characterized by UV/Vis, electrochemical, NMR, and X‐ray diffraction methods, clarifying their constitutions and highlighting substituent effects on the electronic structure of the 1,2‐azaborinines. Furthermore, analysis of several possible mechanistic pathways for 1,2‐azaborinine formation, as studied by DFT, revealed that a two‐step mechanism involving azide–borole adduct formation and nitrene insertion is favored.
Lanthanide Ions Coupled with Photoinduced Electron Transfer Generate Strong Reduction Potentials from Visible Light
Authors: Meyer Andreas Uwe , Slanina Tomáš , Heckel Alexander , König Burkhard
Published: April 2017

Metal ions can have beneficial effects on photoinduced electron transfer. Merging such metal‐ion‐coupled electron transfer (MCET) with consecutive photoinduced electron transfer (conPET) enables the one‐electron reduction of chlorobenzene with blue light in the presence of diisopropylethylamine as an electron donor. The presence of the metal ions extends the substrate scope of the photoredox catalysis to extreme reduction potentials (beyond −3 V vs. SCE).
Rapid Access to Nitrogenous Heterobicycles via RhIII‐Catalyzed Isomerization from Alkynes to Allenes
Authors: Nakamura Itaru , Takeda Keisuke , Sato Yoshinori , Terada Masahiro
Published: April 2017

We show that N‐alkynylnitrones are efficiently converted to nitrogenous heterobicyclic compounds with a nitrogen atom at the bridgehead position by using a RhIII‐catalyst. Our mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction proceeds via an allene intermediate, which is generated in situ through RhIII‐catalyzed isomerization of the alkyne group.
Induction of Axial Chirality in 8‐Arylquinolines through Halogenation Reactions Using Bifunctional Organocatalysts
Authors: Miyaji Ryota , Asano Keisuke , Matsubara Seijiro
Published: April 2017

The enantioselective syntheses of axially chiral heterobiaryls were accomplished through the aromatic electrophilic halogenation of 3‐(quinolin‐8‐yl)phenols with bifunctional organocatalysts that control the molecular conformations during successive halogenations. Axially chiral quinoline derivatives, which have rarely been synthesized in an enantioselective catalytic manner, were afforded in moderate‐to‐good enantioselectivities through bromination, and an analogous protocol also enabled enantioselective iodination. In addition, this catalytic reaction, which allows enantioselective control through the use of mono‐ortho‐substituted substrates, allowed the asymmetric synthesis of 8‐arylquinoline derivatives bearing two different halogen groups in high enantioselectivities.
Cyclization of Ynamide‐Tethered 1,3,8‐Triynes
Authors: Sabbasani Venkata R. , Lee Hyunjin , Xie Peipei , Xia Yuanzhi , Lee Daesung
Published: April 2017

A facile thermal cyclization of ynamide‐tethered 1,3,8‐triynes to form a 3,5,6,7‐tetrahydro‐1H‐pyrano[3,4‐c]pyridine skeleton is described. Although the mechanism of this unusual reaction has yet to be defined, the formation of either a strained keteniminium or a biradical intermediate followed by a 1,5‐hydride or ‐hydrogen shift is tentatively proposed as the key elementary steps in the reaction sequence. Appropriate electronic activation at the carbon center donating a hydride or hydrogen is crucial for successful cyclization.
Impact of Acid‐Reducing Agents on the Pharmacokinetics of Palbociclib, a Weak Base With pH‐Dependent Solubility, With Different Food Intake Conditions
Authors: Sun Wan , Klamerus Karen J. , Yuhas Lisa M. , Pawlak Sylvester , Plotka Anna , O'Gorman Melissa , Kirkovsky Leonid , Kosa Maha , Wang Diane
Published: April 2017

Palbociclib free base capsule is a weak base drug with highly pH‐dependent solubility. In vitro and in vivo studies evaluated the impact of acid‐reducing agents on exposure of palbociclib and determined whether the impact, if any, can be mitigated by food. A drug‐drug interaction study (study 1) was conducted first under fasted conditions and showed that coadministration of multiple doses of the proton‐pump inhibitor rabeprazole substantially reduced palbociclib mean area under the concentration‐time curve from time 0 to infinity and maximum observed plasma concentration by 62% and 80%, respectively. In vitro assessment suggested that the presence of bile salt mixed micelles to mimic the fed state can significantly enhance the solubility of palbociclib. Subsequently, study 2 was conducted under fed conditions and demonstrated that coadministration of rabeprazole decreased palbociclib maximum observed plasma concentration by 41% but had limited impact on area under the concentration‐time curve from 0 to infinity (13% decrease). This study also showed that the histamine‐2 receptor antagonist famotidine and local antacid with staggered dosing had no impact on palbociclib exposure under fed conditions. Food intake effectively mitigated the impact of acid‐reducing agents on palbociclib exposure. Palbociclib free base capsule should be taken with food, and acid‐reducing agent use does not need to be avoided.
Lightweight scheduling for the PRAGMA cloud testbed
Authors: Smallen Shava , Williams Nadya , Papadopoulos Philip
Published: April 2017

The Pacific Rim Application and Grid Middleware Assembly (PRAGMA) is a community of research scientists and institutions from around the Pacific Rim that work together to enable scientific expeditions in areas such as biodiversity distribution and lake ecology. PRAGMA's members collaborate on a testbed infrastructure, and over the past 4 years, the technology focus has shifted to cloud and software defined networking as enabling technologies. This paper describes the design of a web‐based cloud scheduler reservation system that enables users to easily run and manage virtual clusters for their science. Based on a client‐server architecture, the cloud scheduler is designed to require minimal installation and management effort for participating PRAGMA testbed sites. The PRAGMA cloud scheduler is built using a web‐based room reservation tool called Booked and leverages several PRAGMA technologies such as pragma_boot, Personal Cloud Controller, and virtual network overlays (eg, IPOP and ViNe). We discuss our implementation of the pilot cloud scheduler and then describe future work.
The utility of flow cytometry in differentiating NK/T cell lymphoma from indolent and reactive NK cell proliferations
Authors: de Mel Sanjay , Li Jenny Bei , Abid Muhammad Bilal , Tang Tiffany , Tay Hui Ming , Ting Wen Chang , Poon Li Mei , Chung Tae Hoon , Mow Benjamin , Tso Allison , Ong Kiat Hoe , Chng Wee Joo , Liu Te Chih
Published: April 2017

Background

The WHO defines three categories of NK cell malignancies; extra nodal NK/T cell lymphoma (NKTCL), aggressive NK cell leukemia, and the provisional entity chronic lymphoproliferative disorder of NK cells (CLPD‐NK). Although the flow cytometric (FC) phenotype of CLPD‐NK has been described, studies on FC phenotype of NKTCL are limited. To the best of our knowledge ours is the first study to compare the phenotype of NKTCL, CLPD‐NK, reactive NK lymphocytosis (RNKL), and normal NK cells using eight color (8C) FC.

Methods

Specimens analyzed using the Euroflow8C NK Lymphoproliferative Disorder (NKLPD) panel between 2011 and 2014 were identified from our database. All samples were analyzed on the FACSCantoII cytometer. NK cells were identified as CD45+, smCD3−, CD19−, CD56+ and normal T‐cells served as internal controls.

Results

The majority of NKTCL were CD56 bright, CD16 dim, CD57−, and CD94+. CLPD‐NK and RNKL were predominantly CD56+ or dim with positive expression of CD16 and CD57 and weak CD94 expression. Antigen based statistical analyses showed robust division of samples along the NKTCL/normal CD56 bright NK cell and CLPD‐NK/RNKL/normal CD56 positive NK cell groups.

Conclusions

It was concluded that FC can reliably distinguish NKTCL from CLPD‐NK, normal NK cells of CD56+ phenotype, and RNKL. It was proposed that the typical phenotype for NKTCL is: CD56 bright, CD16 dim with positive CD2, CD7, CD94, HLADR, CD25, CD26, and absent CD57. This resembles the phenotype of the CD56 bright immunoregulatory subset of NK cells which we therefore hypothesize is the cell of origin of NKTCL. © 2017 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Deaning, the second time around
Authors: Berliner Herman A.
Published: April 2017

After almost a half‐century in academic administration, including 25 years as Hofstra University's provost, preceded by nine years as Hofstra's business dean, I was set to take a sabbatical and return to the full‐time faculty. Hofstra's president, however, asked me to postpone my sabbatical and serve instead as dean of our Zarb School of Business. Not what I expected, but I have a strong commitment to Hofstra University and I said yes.
Showing feelings and emotions in the workplace is not a character flaw
Authors: Hodges Dawn Z.
Published: April 2017

Having been around for seven decades, and widely accepted in business settings, the Myers‐Briggs Type Indicator has helped me understand myself and my relationships with others in the workplace better than any other instrument designed to date.
Focus on students to boost engagement, promote innovation
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: April 2017

M. Brian Blake entered academic administration reluctantly. When he was first nominated to be a department chair, he turned the opportunity down. But a mentor encouraged him to try it, and he quickly realized he liked administration. He was recruited to be an associate dean at another institution and then the dean of the graduate school at the University of Miami.
Accuracy of cytology in sub typing non small cell lung carcinomas
Authors: Patel Trupti S. , Shah Majal G. , Gandhi Jahnavi S. , Patel Pratik
Published: April 2017

Background

Sub typing of non small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) has an important task in the era of molecular and targeted therapies. Differentiating between squamous cell carcinoma (SQCC) and adenocarcinoma (ADC) is challenging when limited material is available in lung carcinoma. We investigated the accuracy and feasibility of sub typing NSCLCs in cytology and small biopsy material.

Methods

Concurrent cytology and biopsy material obtained in a single CT‐ guided procedure in lung carcinoma over a year period retrospectively. Both materials were individually sub typed and analyzed. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed. Accuracy was determined by comparing the results with IHC.

Results

Total 107 of 126 cases of NSCLCs were included for analysis, where both cytology and biopsy material were adequate for interpretation. FNAC allowed tumor typing in 83 (77.6%) cases; 36 (33.6%) were ADC, 47 (43.9%) cases were SQCC and 24 (22.4%) cases diagnosed as Non‐small cell carcinoma not otherwise specified (NSCLC‐NOS). In biopsy, 86 cases (80.4%) were typed, among which 34 (31.8%) were ADC, 52 (48.6%) were SQCC and 21 (19.6%) were of NSCLC‐NOS type. The result of Chi‐square index was significant. With the aid of IHC, NSCLC‐NOS reduced from 14 (13%) cases to 2 (1.9%) cases.

Conclusion

Cytology and small biopsy specimens achieved comparable specificity and accuracy in sub‐typing NSCLC and optimal results were obtain when findings from both modalities combine. The advantage of paired specimens is to maximize overall diagnostic yield and the remaining material will be available for ancillary technique like IHC or for molecular testing. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2017;45:598–603. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Relationship between desired weight and eating disorder pathology in youth
Authors: Boyd Hope K. , Kass Andrea E. , Accurso Erin C. , Goldschmidt Andrea B. , Wildes Jennifer E. , Le Grange Daniel
Published: April 2017

Objective

Individuals with eating disorders (ED), particularly anorexia nervosa (AN), and bulimia nervosa (BN), often wish to reduce their body weight in pursuit of a thin ideal, but no study has examined the relation between desired weight and ED pathology in a clinical population of youth. Given the potential impact of desired weight on normalization of eating patterns and weight restoration, we examined the relation between desired weight and ED pathology in youth with AN or BN.

Methods

Participants were 340 youth presenting to an outpatient ED clinical research program. Height and weight were measured, and youth completed the Eating Disorder Examination. Desired weight was operationalized as “desired weight percentage” (calculated as a percentage of expected body weight [EBW]) and “weight difference percentage” (actual weight minus desired weight, divided by actual weight and multiplied by 100).

Results

Youth with AN desired to be a lower percentage of their EBW than youth with BN (p < .001). However, youth with AN, on average, wanted to gain 5.28% of their body weight and youth with BN wanted to lose 13.60% (p < .001). Desired weight percentage and weight difference percentage were associated with greater ED psychopathology, controlling for ED diagnosis, age, and sex (ps < .001).

Discussion

Desired weight is associated with elevated ED psychopathology. Weight goals may shift as individuals progress through treatment; if they do not, then desired weight may be an important indicator of a lack of psychological progress.
Incorporating breeding abundance into spatial assignments on continuous surfaces
Authors: Rushing Clark S. , Marra Peter P. , Studds Colin E.
Published: April 2017

Determining the geographic connections between breeding and nonbreeding populations, termed migratory connectivity, is critical to advancing our understanding of the ecology and conservation of migratory species. Assignment models based on stable isotopes historically have been an important tool for studying migratory connectivity of small‐bodied species, but the low resolution of these assignments has generated interest into combining isotopes with other sources in information. Abundance is one of the most appealing data sources to include in isotope‐based assignments, but there are currently no statistical methods or guidelines for optimizing the contribution of stable isotopes and abundance for inferring migratory connectivity. Using known‐origin stable‐hydrogen isotope samples of six Neotropical migratory bird species, we rigorously assessed the performance of assignment models that differentially weight the contribution of the isotope and abundance data. For two species with adequate sample sizes, we used Pareto optimality to determine the set of models that simultaneously minimized both assignment error rate and assignment area. We then assessed the ability of the top models from these two species to improve assignments of the remaining four species compared to assignments based on isotopes alone. We show that the increased precision of models that include abundance is often offset by a large increase in assignment error. However, models that optimally weigh the abundance data relative to the isotope data can result in higher precision and, in some cases, lower error than models based on isotopes alone. The top models, however, depended on the distribution of relative breeding abundance, with patchier distributions requiring stronger downweighting of abundance, and we present general guidelines for future studies. These results confirm that breeding abundance can be an important source of information for studies investigating broad‐scale movements of migratory birds and potentially other taxa.
Dissecting spatiotemporal patterns of functional diversity through the lens of Darwin's naturalization conundrum
Authors: Campbell Sara E. , Mandrak Nicholas E.
Published: April 2017

Darwin's naturalization conundrum describes the paradigm that community assembly is regulated by two opposing processes, environmental filtering and competitive interactions, which predict both similarity and distinctiveness of species to be important for establishment. Our goal is to use long‐term, large‐scale, and high‐resolution temporal data to examine diversity patterns over time and assess whether environmental filtering or competition plays a larger role in regulating community assembly processes. We evaluated Darwin's naturalization conundrum and how functional diversity has changed in the Laurentian Great Lakes fish community from 1870 to 2010, which has experienced frequent introductions of non‐native species and extirpations of native species. We analyzed how functional diversity has changed over time by decade from 1870 to 2010 at three spatial scales (regional, lake, and habitat) to account for potential noninteractions between species at the regional and lake level. We also determined which process, environmental filtering or competitive interactions, is more important in regulating community assembly and maintenance by comparing observed patterns to what we would expect in the absence of an ecological mechanism. With the exception of one community, all analyses show that functional diversity and species richness has increased over time and that environmental filtering regulates community assembly at the regional level. When examining functional diversity at the lake and habitat level, the regulating processes become more context dependent. This study is the first to examine diversity patterns and Darwin's conundrum by integrating long‐term, large‐scale, and high‐resolution temporal data at multiple spatial scales. Our results confirm that Darwin's conundrum is highly context dependent.
α‐Diimine–Palladium Complexes Incorporated in Vinylic‐Addition Polynorbornenes: Synthesis and Catalytic Activity
Authors: Molina de la Torre Jesús A. , Albéniz Ana C.
Published: April 2017

α‐Diimine polymeric ligands have been synthesized using the bicyclic norbornane structure, present in vinylic‐addition polynorbornene (VA‐PNB). The VA‐PNB–diimine ligands have been prepared by functionalization of the copolymer obtained by Ni‐catalyzed polymerization of norbornene and norbornenylcarbonate. Immobilized palladium complexes of the type VA‐PNB–diimine–PdX2 have been prepared, and their catalytic activity has been tested. The trifluoroacetato complex (X = CF3COO) can be used as a recyclable precatalyst in the Suzuki reaction. It is the source of minute amounts of homogeneous palladium active species, which carry out the catalysis with high turnover numbers. The recovered polymeric complex can be reused several times with no significant loss of activity. The polymeric analogue to Brookhart's catalyst, VA‐PNB–diimine–PdMeCl, can also polymerize ethylene, although it is less active than its monomeric counterparts.
Evaluates the chemical fractions of arsenic bounded to solid matrixes of thar coalfield of pakistan by sequential extraction method
Authors: Ali Jamshed , Kazi Tasneem G. , Afridi Hassan I. , Baig Jameel A. , Shah Faheem , Arain Mariam S.
Published: April 2017

The main objective of this work was to evaluate the bounded fractions of arsenic (As), physicochemical parameters, and mineral composition of solid matrices of coal mining area of Pakistan. Clay, sand, and soil samples were collected from different depths of blocks 3 and 5 of Thar coalfield. The As bounded with different chemical fractions of solid matrices was extracted by sequential extraction scheme, proposed by the Community Bureau of Reference protocol (BCR). Certified reference material and spiking tests were performed to check the accuracy of methodology. Extracted As fractions from all studied solid material by sequential extraction method were measured by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. Mineral composition has been determined by scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. All the three solid samples obtained from both blocks varied in their physicochemical parameters and As contents in different chemical forms. The total As and extractable As concentration in block 3 was higher as compared to block 5. The recovery and standard deviation between total As and ∑(1–4) fractions in all studied samples were obtained as >95% and <5%, respectively. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 1667–1675, 2017
Experimental investigation and optimization of exhaust gas recirculation on a Euro‐1 variable speed compression ignition engine
Authors: Gupta Pradeep Kumar , Sharma Dilip , Soni Shyam Lal , Goyal Rahul , Johar Dheeraj Kishor
Published: April 2017

Automobile emissions are the main source of greenhouse gases (GHG) accumulation in environment. As old engines (Euro III or earlier) produce more emissions and it will be difficult to entirely stop their usage especially in developing and underdeveloped nations, it is desired that appropriate emission reduction technologies are tested on such engines to analyze their feasibility and economical acceptability. While most such studies have been conducted on constant speed stationary engines and modern engines, this study tried to analyze the effectiveness of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system on a Euro‐1, water‐cooled, direct injection, variable speed, compression ignition (C.I.) engine in a laboratory setup in India. This was done by testing an electronic control unit (ECU)‐controlled EGR valve running the engine on different speeds; with different torques, as also with varying EGR percentages. Then optimum value of EGR valve opening for each set of engine speed and torque was determined, that is, corresponding to minimum oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Optimum EGR valve position was programmatically fed, for each set of torque and engine speed (in RPM), into EGR ECU and then the engine was run at varying speeds and torques and the emissions were verified in the automated mode. It was found that using EGR, NOx emissions were substantially reduced (average 45% reduction), without significantly impacting the engine performance. However, smoke emission increased with EGR. In order to counter the adverse effects, additional emission reduction technologies should be used in tandem with EGR. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 1685–1693, 2017
Environmental aspects of direct methanol fuel cell: Experimental detection of methanol electro‐oxidation products
Authors: Bayramoglu Mahmut , İlbay Zeynep
Published: April 2017

This study deals with the experimental investigation of compositional changes of various liquid/gas streams during mid‐term (3 h) continuous operation of an active direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). A test system is equipped with various sensors and with sampling ports to collect liquid samples to measure off‐line methanol, formaldehyde, and formic acid concentrations by means of high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and UV spectroscopy. Initially, polarization study is performed to select suitable operating ranges to be considered in an experimental plan according to which runs are performed to collect process data from the system. Then, the experimental data is fitted using regression analysis for the statistical evaluation of the impacts of operating variables on the compositions of methanol tank solution and cathode gas by means of response surface plots. The cathode gas composition is further discussed in the context of methanol crossover and catalytic chemical reactions on the cathode side. Experiments show that methanol, formaldehyde, and formic acid concentrations may exceed their safe limits of exposure depending on the operating conditions. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 1847–1855, 2017
Observations of bedload transport in a gravel bed river during high flow using fiber‐optic DTS methods
Authors: Bray Erin N. , Dunne Thomas
Published: April 2017

The question: ‘how does a streambed change over a minor flood?’ does not have a clear answer due to lack of measurement methods during high flows. We investigate bedload transport and disentrainment during a 1.5‐year flood by linking field measurements using fiber optic distributed temperature sensing (DTS) cable with sediment transport theory and an existing explicit analytical solution to predict depth of sediment deposition from amplitude and phase changes of the diurnal near‐bed pore‐water temperature. The method facilitates the study of gravel transport by using near‐bed temperature time series to estimate rates of sediment deposition continuously over the duration of a high flow event coinciding with bar formation. The observations indicate that all gravel and cobble particles present were transported along the riffle at a relatively low Shields Number for the median particle size, and were re‐deposited on the lee side of the bar at rates that varied over time during a constant flow. Approximately 1–6% of the bed was predicted to be mobile during the 1.5‐year flood, indicating that large inactive regions of the bed, particularly between riffles, persist between years despite field observations of narrow zones of local transport and bar growth on the order ~3–5 times the median particle size. In contrast, during a seven‐year flood approximately 8–55% of the bed was predicted to become mobile, indicating that the continuous along‐stream mobility required to mobilize coarse gravel through long pools and downstream to the next riffle is infrequent. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Tsimane Health and Life History Project: Integrating anthropology and biomedicine
Authors: Gurven Michael , Stieglitz Jonathan , Trumble Benjamin , Blackwell Aaron D. , Beheim Bret , Davis Helen , Hooper Paul , Kaplan Hillard
Published: April 2017

The Tsimane Health and Life History Project, an integrated bio‐behavioral study of the human life course, is designed to test competing hypotheses of human life‐history evolution. One aim is to understand the bidirectional connections between life history and social behavior in a high‐fertility, kin‐based context lacking amenities of modern urban life (e.g. sanitation, banks, electricity). Another aim is to understand how a high pathogen burden influences health and well‐being during development and adulthood. A third aim addresses how modernization shapes human life histories and sociality. Here we outline the project's goals, history, and main findings since its inception in 2002. We reflect on the implications of current findings and highlight the need for more coordinated ethnographic and biomedical study of contemporary nonindustrial populations to address broad questions that can situate evolutionary anthropology in a key position within the social and life sciences.
Older adults' attitudes toward depression screening in primary care settings and exploring a brief educational pamphlet
Authors: Shah Avani , Scogin Forrest , Pierpaoli Christina M. , Shah Amit
Published: April 2017

Objectives

This study aimed to assess older adults' (OAs') attitudes toward depression screening in primary care settings with a survey and explore the impact of an educational pamphlet on these attitudes.

Methods

Older adults above age 55 (N = 140) were randomly stratified by sex to an intervention or control group. The study included a baseline assessment, posttest, the Geriatric Depression Scale‐Short Form, a two‐page pamphlet on health and mood, and a 10‐question quiz.

Results

On the basis of survey responses, most participants (93.6%) were willing to complete a depression screen at their doctor's office, and 92.1% perceived depression screening as valuable to their health care. Participants rated the Geriatric Depression Scale‐Short Form positively. The survey also provided information on how screening could be conducted in primary care settings to maximize OAs' comfort. Participants preferred screening in the waiting room or examination room instead of the nurse's station. Those receiving the pamphlet became significantly more willing to be screened for depression than those who did not, F(1, 134) = 4.47, p = 0.04.

Conclusion

Most OAs appear receptive to completing a depression screen in primary care settings. Educating OAs about the value of depression screening and tailoring recognition systems to account for preferences may be an initial step in improving recognition rates. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Olfactory training with older people
Authors: Birte‐Antina Wegener , Ilona Croy , Antje Hähner , Thomas Hummel
Published: April 2017

Background/objectives

Loss of olfactory function is largely found with aging. Such a reduction in olfactory function affects quality of life and enhances likelihood of depressive symptoms. Furthermore, it has been shown that reduction in olfactory function is associated with cognitive impairment and several diseases such as major depression. Because several studies suggest that discontinuous exposure to odors may improve general olfactory function, the primary aim of this study was to investigate whether such “olfactory training” has positive effects on subjective well‐being and cognitive function.

Design

We performed a controlled, unblinded, longitudinal study

Setting

The study took place at an outpatients' clinic of a Department of Otorhinolaryngology at a Medical University.

Participants

A total of 91 participants (age 50 to 84 years) completed testing. They were randomly assigned to an olfactory training (OT) group (N = 60) and a control group (N = 31). The study included two appointments at the Smell and Taste Clinic.

Measurements

Olfactory and cognitive function as well as subjective well‐being was tested using standardized tests.

Intervention

During the 5‐month interval between sessions, the OT group completed daily olfactory exposure. During the same time, the control group completed daily Sudoku problems.

Results

Analyses show a significant improvement of olfactory function for participants in the OT group and improved verbal function and subjective well‐being. In addition, results indicated a decrease of depressive symptoms.

Conclusion

Based on the present results, OT may constitute an inexpensive, simple way to improve quality of life in older people. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Separate neural systems for behavioral change and for emotional responses to failure during behavioral inhibition
Authors: Deng Wanlu , Rolls Edmund T. , Ji Xiaoxi , Robbins Trevor W. , Banaschewski Tobias , Bokde Arun L. W. , Bromberg Uli , Buechel Christian , Desrivières Sylvane , Conrod Patricia , Flor Herta , Frouin Vincent , Gallinat Juergen , Garavan Hugh , Gowland Penny , Heinz Andreas , Ittermann Bernd , Martinot Jean‐Luc , Lemaitre Herve , Nees Frauke , Papadopoulos Orfanos Dimitri , Poustka Luise , Smolka Michael N. , Walter Henrik , Whelan Robert , Schumann Gunter , Feng Jianfeng
Published: April 2017

To analyze the involvement of different brain regions in behavioral inhibition and impulsiveness, differences in activation were investigated in fMRI data from a response inhibition task, the stop‐signal task, in 1709 participants. First, areas activated more in stop‐success (SS) than stop‐failure (SF) included the lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) extending into the inferior frontal gyrus (ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, BA 47/12), and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Second, the anterior cingulate and anterior insula (AI) were activated more on failure trials, specifically in SF versus SS. The interaction between brain region and SS versus SF activations was significant (P = 5.6 * 10−8). The results provide new evidence from this “big data” investigation consistent with the hypotheses that the lateral OFC is involved in the stop‐related processing that inhibits the action; that the DLPFC is involved in attentional processes that influence task performance; and that the AI and anterior cingulate are involved in emotional processes when failure occurs. The investigation thus emphasizes the role of the human lateral OFC BA 47/12 in changing behavior, and inhibiting behavior when necessary. A very similar area in BA47/12 is involved in changing behavior when an expected reward is not obtained, and has been shown to have high functional connectivity in depression. Hum Brain Mapp 38:3527–3537, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Altered eigenvector centrality is related to local resting‐state network functional connectivity in patients with longstanding type 1 diabetes mellitus
Authors: van Duinkerken Eelco , Schoonheim Menno M. , IJzerman Richard G. , Moll Annette C. , Landeira‐Fernandez Jesus , Klein Martin , Diamant Michaela , Snoek Frank J. , Barkhof Frederik , Wink Alle‐Meije
Published: April 2017

Introduction

Longstanding type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is associated with microangiopathy and poorer cognition. In the brain, T1DM is related to increased functional resting‐state network (RSN) connectivity in patients without, which was decreased in patients with clinically evident microangiopathy. Subcortical structure seems affected in both patient groups. How these localized alterations affect the hierarchy of the functional network in T1DM is unknown. Eigenvector centrality mapping (ECM) and degree centrality are graph theoretical methods that allow determining the relative importance (ECM) and connectedness (degree centrality) of regions within the whole‐brain network hierarchy.

Methods

Therefore, ECM and degree centrality of resting‐state functional MRI‐scans were compared between 51 patients with, 53 patients without proliferative retinopathy, and 49 controls, and associated with RSN connectivity, subcortical gray matter volume, and cognition.

Results

In all patients versus controls, ECM and degree centrality were lower in the bilateral thalamus and the dorsal striatum, with lowest values in patients without proliferative retinopathy (PFWE < 0.05). Increased ECM in this group versus patients with proliferative retinopathy was seen in the bilateral lateral occipital cortex, and in the right cuneus and occipital fusiform gyrus versus controls (PFWE < 0.05). In all patients, ECM and degree centrality were related to altered visual, sensorimotor, and auditory and language RSN connectivity (PFWE < 0.05), but not to subcortical gray matter volume or cognition (PFDR > 0.05).

Conclusion

The findings suggested reorganization of the hierarchy of the cortical connectivity network in patients without proliferative retinopathy, which is lost with disease progression. Centrality seems sensitive to capture early T1DM‐related functional connectivity alterations, but not disease progression. Hum Brain Mapp 38:3623–3636, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Response of soil detachment rate to the hydraulic parameters of concentrated flow on steep loessial slopes on the Loess Plateau of China
Authors: Xiao Hai , Liu Gang , Liu Puling , Zheng Fenli , Zhang Jiaqiong , Hu Feinan
Published: April 2017

Using hydraulic parameters is essential for describing soil detachment and developing physically based erosion prediction models. Many hydraulic parameters have been used, but the one that performs the best for describing soil detachment on steep slopes when the lateral expansion (widening) of rills is not limited has not been identified. An indoor concentrated flow scouring experiment was performed on steep loessial slopes to investigate soil detachment rates for different flow rates and slope gradients. The experiments were conducted on a slope‐adjustable plot (5 m length, 1 m width, 0.5 m depth). Sixteen combinations of 4 flow rates (10, 15, 20, and 25 L/min) and 4 slope gradients (17.6%, 26.8%, 36.4%, and 46.6%) were investigated. The individual and combined effects of slope gradient and flow hydraulic parameters on soil detachment rate were analysed. The results indicated that soil detachment rate increased with flow rate and slope gradient. Soil detachment rate varied linearly and exponentially with flow rate and slope gradient, respectively. Multivariate, nonlinear regression analysis indicated that flow depth exerted the greatest influence on the soil detachment rate, followed by unit discharge per unit width, slope gradient, and flow rate in this study. Shear stress and stream power could efficiently describe the soil detachment rate using a power equation. However, the unit stream power and unit energy of the water‐carrying section changed linearly with soil detachment rate. Stream power was an optimal hydraulic parameter for describing soil detachment. These findings improve our understanding of concentrated flow erosion on steep loessial slopes.
Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of actual and potential respiration in two contrasting floodplains
Authors: Mori Nataša , Simčič Tatjana , Brancelj Anton , Robinson Christopher T. , Doering Michael
Published: April 2017

Floodplains are vital components of river ecosystems and play an important role in carbon cycling and storage at catchment and global scales. For efficient river management and conservation, it is critical to understand the functional role of spatiotemporally complex and dynamic habitat mosaics of river floodplains. Unfortunately, the fundamental understanding of mineralization and carbon flux patterns across complex floodplains is still fragmentary. In this study, respiratory potential (i.e., electron transport system activity [ETSA]) was quantified seasonally across different aquatic and terrestrial habitats (wetted channels, gravel bars, islands, riparian forests, and grasslands) of 2 Alpine floodplains differing in climate, altitude, discharge, flow alteration intensity, and land use (Soča [natural flow regime, 12% grassland area] and Urbach [mean annual discharge reduction by 30% due to water abstraction, 69% grassland area]). In situ respiration (R) was measured, and ETSA–R ratios were calculated to examine differences in exploitation intensity of the overall respiratory capacity among floodplain habitats and seasons. ETSA and R provided potential and actual estimates, respectively, of organic matter mineralization in the different floodplain habitats. Hierarchical linear regression across habitat types showed that organic matter, grain sizes <0.063 mm, and water content were the most important predictors of ETSA in both floodplains, and grain sizes 2–0.063 and >8 mm were also highly important for the Soča floodplain. The combination of ETSA and R measurements conducted in contrasting floodplains increased our understanding of the relationships between floodplain habitat heterogeneity, organic matter mineralization and human impacts, that is, structural–functional linkages in floodplains. These data are integral towards predicting changes in floodplain function in response to environmental alterations from increasing human pressures and environmental change.
Tax Court Applies Independent Investor Test to Compensation
Authors: Dennis‐Escoffier Shirley
Published: April 2017

Twice in the past year the Tax Court applied the independent investor test in considering the issue of whether compensation paid by a corporation to shareholder‐employees was reasonable. In W. H. Johnson, Inc. (TC Memo 2016‐95), the Court determined that the taxpayer satisfied the independent investor test and that the entire $11.3 million paid in compensation was reasonable. However, in Brinks, Gilson & Lione, P.C. (TC Memo 2016‐20), the Court determined that the investor test was not satisfied by a personal service corporation. This case highlights the potential cost of having a large deduction disallowed because the corporation was also assessed a substantial understatement penalty. The Johnson case illustrates the steps to follow in successfully defending a deduction for compensation paid to shareholder‐employees, while the Brinks case points out potential pitfalls.
Country‐by‐Country Reporting: The New OECD Guidelines and IRS Final Regulations
Authors: Tang Roger Y. W. , Schultz Thomas D.
Published: April 2017

Because transfer pricing strategies can artificially shift the recognition of business profits to relatively low‐tax or no‐tax jurisdictions, global tax authorities find it challenging to fairly and consistently measure the economic value created by multinational enterprises in a given country. Action 13 of the OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting Project provides an inclusive framework to address these challenges including a template for annual country‐by‐country reporting of revenues, profits, and taxes paid. In the United States, final regulations have established the reporting requirements for U.S. multinational enterprise groups for taxable years beginning on or after June 30, 2016, when annual revenues exceed $850 million. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The C‐Suite and Fraud
Authors: McGee Jo Ann , Byington J. Ralph
Published: April 2017

Fraud committed by the C‐suite is a secret that is rarely discussed. However, C‐suite fraud happens with enough regularity to be a major concern for firms (Darvall‐Stevens, 2015). The financial debacles of Enron Corporation, Tyco International, WorldCom, and Satyam Computer Services, Ltd. taught us that the C‐suite can certainly play a major role in perpetrating white‐collar crime (WCC). In each of these environments, the C‐suite was either directly or indirectly involved in creating and or approving fraudulent financial statements as well as committing other types of fraud. These actions came at great cost to the firms and those involved with the firms: investors; creditors; and employees, both current and retired. The purpose of this article is to suggest possible safeguards and remedies that an organization can implement to prevent and detect C‐suite fraud in order to eliminate the potential cost of WCC for the organization. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Examining the risk and protective factors of gang involvement among Hispanic youth in Maryland
Authors: Garduno L. Sergio , Brancale Julie Mestre
Published: April 2017

Research on the risk and protect factors of gang membership as they apply to Hispanic youth is limited and inconclusive. This study seeks to advance the literature on the risk and protective factors of gang involvement among a sample of Hispanic youth living in a Maryland county. This study used self‐report data from 936 Hispanic youth about their interaction with gang members, their family, their education, immigration and acculturation status, and self‐concept. Logistic regression was used to determine whether certain factors increased the likelihood of gang membership. Youth with greater levels of sadness and loneliness, those who have been approached by a gang to be recruited, and those who have siblings in gangs are significantly more likely to become gang members. In addition, the more risk factors a youth has, the higher their risk of gang membership. None of the protective factors analyzed had a significant influence on gang membership.
Research on micro‐damage behavior of wool fabrics drying in domestic dryer
Authors: Wei Yuhui , Wang Xu , Su Zhaowei , Ding Xuemei
Published: April 2017

To evaluate the performance degradation of fabric drying in domestic air‐vented dryer, the appearance, mechanical, and microscopic properties of the wool fabric after different drying cycles were studied. Pilling and dimensional stability tests were performed according to established international standards. Microscopic studies were carried out by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray (XRD). The results show that pilling is the dominant damage mechanism and gradually increased during lower number of drying cycles (0–10 cycles). The results of dimensional stability showed that the highest dimensional shrinkage of knit wool fabric was first five drying cycles, and then increased at a relatively slow rate with the increase in drying cycles. And fabric shrinkage takes place mainly in the warp direction. The SEM images of wool fiber showed that the scales on the fiber surface were intact in the first 15 drying cycles but start to flake after 20 drying cycles. In the drying process, fabrics can suffer several fractures such as cut fracture, split fracture, partial fracture and distortion and even scale flaking and interior structural distortion of fiber. The damages occur quite randomly, but complexity and severity of damages increased with increase in drying cycles. XRD analysis showed that drying had little effect on fiber crystallinity, indicating that drying only leads to changes in the physical properties of wool fabrics instead of changes in the chemical composition of the fiber. And found SEM analysis is not only an effective method to characterize the change in the surface morphology of the fibers resulting from the drying treatments, but also explain the cause of fabric performance degradation such as pilling and strength reduction during drying.
Evaluation by the Basic Checklist and the risk of 3 years incident long‐term care insurance certification
Authors: Kamegaya Tadahiko , Yamaguchi Haruyasu , Hayashi Kunihiko
Published: April 2017

Background

A rapidly aging society needs effective approaches to support frail older people who have a high risk of requiring long‐term care. We investigated the validity of the Basic Checklist (the “Kihon Checklist”) as a tool to select candidates for a program to prevent long‐term care.

Method

A survey with questions from the Basic Checklist was conducted with functionally independent older residents aged ≥65 years living in Takasaki City, Japan. Subjects who completed the questionnaire were followed over 3 years for the presence or absence of certification for long‐term care requirement. We used multiple logistic regression analysis to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) for long‐term care requirement certification.

Results

A total of 21 325 subjects were analyzed. The odds ratio was the highest when items number one‐20 had a total of ≥10 checked answers (OR, 2.71; 95%CI, 2.22‐3.32). Physical function (OR, 2.29; 95%CI, 2.05‐2.55), nutritional condition (OR, 1.85; 95%CI, 1.38‐2.48), oral function (OR, 1.40; 95%CI, 1.25‐1.57), whether patients were elected as a care prevention program candidate (OR, 1.90; 95%CI, 1.73‐2.08), Homebound state (OR, 1.91; 95%CI, 1.55‐2.37), the presence of dementia (OR, 1.97; 95%CI, 1.75‐2.20), and depression (OR, 1.96; 95%CI, 1.73‐2.22) were associated with a higher odds ratio.

Conclusion

Individuals who were selected as long‐term care prevention program candidates based on the Basic Checklist had a higher risk of requiring long‐term care. Older residents who corresponded to 10 or more of the 20 Basic Checklist items are at the highest risk of becoming certified as needing long‐term care.