bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The colored-brain thesis
Authors: Pessoa Jr. Osvaldo
Published: March 2021

The “colored-brain thesis”, or strong qualitative physicalism, is discussed from historical and philosophical perspectives. This thesis was proposed by Thomas Case (1888), in a non-materialistic context, and is close to views explored by H. H. Price (1932) and E. Boring (1933). Using Mary’s room thought experiment, one can argue that physicalism implies qualitative physicalism. Qualitative physicalism involves three basic statements: (i) perceptual internalism, and realism of qualia; (ii) ontic physicalism, charaterized as a description in space, time, and scale; and (iii) mind-brain identity thesis. In addition, (iv) structuralism in physics, and distinguishing the present version from that suggested by H. Feigl and S. Pepper, (v) realism of the physical description. The “neurosurgeon argument” is presented, as to why the greenness of a visually perceived avocado, which (according to this view) is present in the brain as a physical-chemical attribute, would not be seen as green by a neurosurgeon who opens the observer’s skull. This conception is compared with two close views, Russellian (and Schlickian) monisms and panprotopsychism (including panqualityism). According to the strong qualitative physicalism presented here, the phenomenal experience of a quale q is identical to a physico-chemical quality q, which arises from a combination of (1) the materiality wassociated with the brain, and (2) the causal organization or structure of the relevant elements of the brain S, including in this organization the structure of the self: (Sw)q. The “explanatory gap” between mental and physical states is shifted to a gap between the physico-chemical qualities q and the organized materiality of a specific brain region (Sw)q, and is seen as being bridged only by a set of non-explanatory postulates. Keywords: Colored-brain thesis, qualitative physicalism, mind-brain identity thesis, qualia, panprotopsychism, sensorium.
Noncanonical Roles of Caspase-4 and Caspase-5 in Heme-Driven IL-1β Release and Cell Death
Authors: Bolívar Beatriz E. , Brown-Suedel Alexandra N. , Rohrman Brittany A. , Charendoff Chloé I. , Yazdani Vanda , Belcher John D. , Vercellotti Gregory M. , Flanagan Jonathan M. , Bouchier-Hayes Lisa
Published: March 2021

Excessive release of heme from RBCs is a key pathophysiological feature of several disease states, including bacterial sepsis, malaria, and sickle cell disease. This hemolysis results in an increased level of free heme that has been implicated in the inflammatory activation of monocytes, macrophages, and the endothelium. In this study, we show that extracellular heme engages the human inflammatory caspases, caspase-1, caspase-4, and caspase-5, resulting in the release of IL-1β. Heme-induced IL-1β release was further increased in macrophages from patients with sickle cell disease. In human primary macrophages, heme activated caspase-1 in an inflammasome-dependent manner, but heme-induced activation of caspase-4 and caspase-5 was independent of canonical inflammasomes. Furthermore, we show that both caspase-4 and caspase-5 are essential for heme-induced IL-1β release, whereas caspase-4 is the primary contributor to heme-induced cell death. Together, we have identified that extracellular heme is a damage-associated molecular pattern that can engage canonical and noncanonical inflammasome activation as a key mediator of inflammation in macrophages.
Determinants of Use of Indigenous Fish Processing Practices in Maritime and Inland States of Nigeria
Authors: Adeogun MO , Adeogun OA
Published: March 2021

The study examined the various factors affecting the level of utilization of Indigenous Fish Processing Practices {IFPP} in Maritime and Inland States of Nigeria. The study was carried out in four fish processing states viz; Akwa -Ibom and Lagos (Maritime states) while Borno and Niger (Inland states). From snowball generated lists, 74, 34, 34 and 47 respondents were randomly selected from the states, respectively. Primary data were collected through the use of interview schedule. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the socio- economic features of the fish processors while the logit model was used to capture the socio-economic factors determining the utilization of indigenous fish processing practices. The result of the logit model shows that in maritime states, age (β=0.01), sex (β=3.46), education (β=1.90), household size (β=2.48), FAI (β=2.80), consumers preference (β=3.37), processing tradition (β=3.74), VFP (β=0.02) and cosmopoliteness (β=4.11) were prominent factors likely to determine IFPPs use significantly. In Inland states, age (β=0.05), sex (β=3.45), consumer preference (β=2.90), income generating activities at peak season (β=2.26), VFP (β=2.39) and cosmopoliteness (β=0.41) were significant factors likely determining IFPP use. Factors influencing use of indigenous fish processing practices were similar in maritime and inland states. However, income generating activity was a peculiar factor influencing indigenous fish processing practices in inland states, while processing tradition, education and household size were peculiar factors in maritime states. Therefore, development program should consider the aforementioned factors while adequate consideration should be on IFPPs as a spring board to development of affordable, accessible and sustainable intervention.Key words: Indigenous Fish Processing Practices, Maritime, Inland
Involvement of Farm Households in Banana and Plantain Production in Aguata Agricultural Zone of Anambra State, Nigeria.
Authors: Dimelu MU
Published: March 2021

The study examined backyard banana and plantain production among households in Aguata Agricultural Zone. Sixty randomly selected heads of households were used for the study. Data were generated using structured interview schedule and analysed by means of descriptive statistics Majority (63.3%) of the respondents had 1-50 stands of banana and plantain on their farm under mixed cropping pattern (68.3%). About 53.4% of the households were engaged in banana and plantain production mainly for consumption and they sourced planting materials from personal farms, All members of the household were involved in the production process, though the adult female dominated the execution of most farming tasks. The major agronomic practices employed by the households in banana and plantain production were de-suckering/pruning (96.7%), de-budding (91.7%), application of organic/inorganic manure (90.0%), de-leafing/de-trashing (76.7%), mulching (65.0%) and weeding (61.7%). Major factors militating against backyard banana and plantain production were susceptibility to wind, storm and drought (M= 2.25), poor yield (M=2.08), cluster nature of growth (M=1.91), high incidence of pest and diseases (M=1.88), long maturation period, high temperature/low rainfall (M=1.66) and unstable market price (M=1.65).Therefore extension agents from public and non- governmental organisations should The study thus, recommended that extension agents from public and non- governmental organisations should build knowledge and skills of farm households on critical agronomic practices, pest and disease management necessary to boost production and increase return to households. This can be achieved through workshop; radio programmes, and community awareness campaign. Research institutions should intensify efforts towards generation of drought and disease resistance and high yielding varieties for enhanced production.Key Words : Plantain, banana, household, agronomic.
Benefits of Mobile Phone Usage among Cassava Processors in Lafia Local Government Area of Nasarawa State
Authors: Salau E.S. , Kachiro S. L. , Darason Y.M. , Cyril J.E.
Published: March 2021

This study investigated the benefits of mobile phone usage among cassava processors in Lafia Local Government Area of Nasarawa State. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 81 cassava processors across four processing centres as respondents. Data collection was by a structured interview schedule. Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and a linear regression model. The results show that the majority (80.2%) of the respondents were females; the respondents’ mean age was 37 years. All (100%) the respondents had one level of education or the other with a greater proportion (49.4%) of them having primary education. Their mean monthly income was N88, 395.06. The majority (72.8%) of them owned mobile phones which they used for business communication with customers. There was high level (M>2.0) of use of mobile phones for business communication by the respondents. The perceived benefits of mobile phone usage were reduced cost of transportation (67.9%); stability of prices of raw materials (66.7%); easy access to market information (61.7%) among others. The regression results show that only membership of social group and ownership of mobile phone had significant effects on level of use of mobile phones for business communication. The major constraints to the use of mobile phones for business communication were poor mobile network services in rural areas (63%), Lack of /unstable power supply to charge phones (48.2%) and high cost of recharge cards (47%). It was recommended that governments at all levels should provide electricity to rural communities to promote agricultural production and processing. Cassava processors in the area need to be mobilized by extension service providers (ADP and private) to form cooperative groups to enhance their businesses.Key words: Mobile Phone, Entrepreneurship Skills, Cassava Processors.
Enhancing Entrepreneurship Among Farmers Through Fadama 111 Development Project Abia, State, Nigeria
Authors: Agbarevo M.N.B. , Iworie Chdindu
Published: March 2021

The study determined the extent the Fadama111 Development Project has been able to help participating farmers/agro-processors in acquiring entrepreneurial skills needed to successfully run their chosen agribusiness enterprises offered by the Project in Abia State, Nigeria. Fadama 111 is the third phase of the Fadama Project in Nigeria, and is essentially an agricultural diversification project. Multi-stage sampling technique was used in the selection of the sample. In the first stage, the state was stratified into the three geo-political zones of the state. In the second stage, three local governments were selected from each of the zones, giving a total of 9 local governments out the 17 Local Government Areas of the State. In the third stage, two Fadama Users’ Groups ( FUGs) were selected from each of the 9 local governments, giving a total of 18 FUGs. In the fourth stage, 10 participants were randomly selected from each of the FUGs, giving a sample size of 180 farmers. Data were collected through the use 180 copies of questionnaire/ interview schedule distributed to respondents. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, such as mean, and inferential statistics, such as Z- test. The rating of respondents in this regard showed that the following agribusiness enterprises were highly beneficial to them: cassava production and processing(gari), broiler/egg production, plantain chips, cassava odorless fufu, fish smoking, goat and sheep production, and pork production, while chin-chin, cassava bread, tom-brown, pepper production, snail production, grass cutter production The result of z-test showed no significant difference between the population and sample means at 5% level. The study recommend among others, greater sensitization of rural dwellers on the benefits of the Fadama capacity building activities, to develop entrepreneurial skills as this would encourage greater participation of rural people to see farming as a business instead of a way of life to reduce rural poverty.Key words: Enhancement, entrepreneurship, farmer, fadama 111, project.
Information and Communication Technologies Usage among Agricultural Students of Tertiary Institutions in Southwest of Nigeria
Authors: Yekinni Oyedeji.T. , Ladigbolu Temitope. A. , Adeniyi Rhoda. T. , Oluwasusi Sola. J.
Published: March 2021

The study examined information and communication technologies usage among agricultural students of tertiary institution in Southwest of Nigeria. Multistage sampling procedure was used to select 300 agricultural students from tertiary institutions. Structured questionnaire was employed to elicit information on students’ socioeconomic characteristics, availability of ICTs, accessibility and purposes of ICTs usage. Data were subjected to percentage, chi-square, the Pearson Product Moment Correlation and the Analysis of variance at p=0.05. Findings revealed that the most available ICTs among students were internet and mobile phone (95.0%) respectivelywhile they had access to mobile phone (Weighted Mean (WM)=0.58) and radio (WM=0.51), they used ICTs for information (WM=0.77), academics (WM=0.70) and entertainment (WM=0.70) purposes; with high level of availability (71.0%), access (56.7%) and ICTs usage purpose (51.3%) respectively. There were significant relationships between respondents’ monthly stipend (r=0.200), state of institution (χ2=8.000), religion (χ2=222.660), marital status (χ2=211.680), category of students’ programme (χ2= 320.4608), type of institution (χ2=56.000) and their purposes for using ICTs but with a significant difference across the states (F=23.821; p=0.00). Students used ICTs for information, academic and entertainment purposes based on their age and type of their institutions. Since ICTs are used for beneficial purposes, it is recommended that ICTs should be adapted, applied and incorporated into tertiary institutions’ curricula across the nation.

Keywords: ICTs usage, undergraduate students, entertainment purposes, mobile phone, tertiary institutions.
In-Vivo and In-Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Aqueous Extract of Di-Herbal Formulation (Euphorbia hirta and lactuca virosa)
Authors: Uwaya DO , Okakwu R , Omozuwa OP
Published: March 2021

Euphorbia hirta and Lactuca virosa are medicinal plants that have been used in the cure and treatment of various diseases and for health care. This study aims at evaluating the anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous extracts of Euphorbia hirta and Lactuca virosa plants. Albumin and histamine induced inflammation in mice and xylene induced ear edema were used for the in-vivo anti-inflammatory studies. Erythrocyte membrane stabilization and inhibition of protein denaturation assays were used for the in-vitro anti-inflammatory studies. Combined doses of 100 mg/kg Euphorbia hirta and 50 mg/kg Lactuca virosa, 100 mg/kg Euphorbia hirta and 100 mg/kg Lactuca virosa, 100 mg/kg Lactuca virosa only and 10 mg/kg diclofenac significantly reduced inflamed paw in mice (P<0.05) compared to control in albumin and histamine induced inflammatory test. Combined doses of 50 mg/kg Euphorbia hirta and 100 mg/kg Lactuca virosa,100 mg/kg Euphorbia hirta, 100mg/kg Lactuca virosa significantly reduced xylene induced inflammation (P<0.001) compared to control. The extracts at 1 mg/ml, 2 mg/ml and 3 mg/ml significantly inhibited protein denaturation (P<0.001) and heat induced hemolysis of erythrocytes (P<0.0001). The plant extract of Euphorbia hirta and lactuca virosa possesses in-vivo and in-vivo anti-inflammatory effects.

Keywords: Euphorbia hirta, Lactuca virosa, anti-inflammatory, protein denaturation
Geospatial analysis of vehicular emissions in some parts of Benin City, Nigeria
Authors: Iyeke S.D. , Ilaboya I.R. , Abulu E.I.
Published: March 2021

Decline in air quality over the years has been linked to the growing rate of urbanization and the increase in the number of vehicles plying the roads. The focus of this study is to monitor the incidence of vehicular emissions in some parts of Benin City and employ geostatistical techniques such as kriging interpolation to study the spatial distribution of some selected pollutants around the study area. Seven (7) georeferenced points, namely; University of Benin Main Gate, Ekosodin junction, Agen Junction, Super D junction, Nitel junction, Okhunmwun junction and Oluku Market junction were used for data collection. Pollutant from vehicular emission, namely; dinitrogen oxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO) including the total radiation were monitored in the morning and evening for a period of 35 days (7th July to 12th August 2020) with the aid of portable toxic gas monitors and radiation alert meters. Other parameters of interest which were also measured include; maximum temperature and wind speed using infra-red thermometers and portable anemometer. To ascertain the quality of the data, selected preliminary analysis, namely; test of normality, test of homogeneity, outlier detection and reliability test were done. Results of the study revealed a growing concentration of CO and NO2 around Ugbowo maingate and Okhunmwun community especially during the peak hours.
Optimization of bioethanol production from cassava peels
Authors: Osemwengie S.O. , Osagie E.I. , Onwukwe B.
Published: March 2021

The bioethanol production from waste is acquiring attraction as a strategy for increasing energy security. This study aims to optimize the production of ethanol from cassava peel using Box Bhenken experimental design. The total carbohydrate content of about 90% in cassava peel was subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis using Alpha-amylase followed by Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) by Saccharomyces cerevisiae for bioethanol production. The production of bioethanol from cassava peels was investigated for 1-4 hours (hydrolysis time), 0.5–1.5mg/L (enzyme loading), and 1-5 days (incubation time). A statistical model was developed and validated to predict the yield of bioethanol after fermentation, and the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the conditions. The results revealed that the maximum ethanol yield of 1.911% was obtained at the optimum hydrolysis time, enzyme loading, and incubation time (i.e. 2.5 hours, 1 mg/L, and 3 days respectively).
Some preliminary phytochemical screening and assessment of four solvents extracts of button weed (Borreria verticillata)
Authors: Kontagora G.F. , Lawal N. , Adebote D.A. , Kamba B. , Nafiu M.I. , Jufare A.I.
Published: March 2021

Borreria vertcillata is a woody perennial shrub with false-button weedy herb belonging to the family (Rubiaceae), used for treating/curing various forms of diseases across the world since ancient times. Qualitative phytochemical screening of Borreria vertcillata pulverized whole plant was carried out using four different solvent extracts (N-hexane, chloroform, ethyl-acetate and methanol). The phytochemicals screeened contained alkaloids, triterpenes, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, saponnins, anthraquinones and steroids. The extracts were then screened for the presence of some phytochemicals such as alkaloids, anthraquinones, saponnins, steroids, terpenes, flavonoids, tannins and glycosides. All the extracts contained alkaloids, triterpenes and glycosides present but flavonoids, saponnins and tannins only present in ethyl acetate and methanol while anthraquinones and steroids were totally absent from the extracts .Of all the extracts Ethyl acetate extracts had the most influential effects on pathogenic organisms such as Culex quinquefasciatus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candidas albican
Comparative Analysis of Ellipsoidal Height and Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission Elevation
Authors: Ijaware V.A.
Published: March 2021

Ellipsoidal elevation represents a precise geospatial data type within the analysis and modelling of various hydrological and ecological phenomenon  required in preserving the human environment. Likewise, Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) has created an unparalleled data set of global elevations that are freely available for modelling ubiquitous environmental applications. This research aims to carry out a  comparative analysis of ellipsoidal heights and SRTM heights with the following objectives: downloading DEM’s (SRTM) data covering the study  area, determining the spot heights within the boundary in conventional method, extract DEM’S heights within the boundary of the study area, and compared the heights in the conventional method with DEM’S heights. South GPS and Leica Total Station were used to acquire data for control extension and spot heightening respectively while the elevation of SRTM data was obtained by transforming the X and Y data from GPS observationto Longitude and Latitude before using ArcGIS 10.6 to extract the elevation of the boundary pillar and all the spot heights which were relatively  compared in terms of its products- heights, contour, 3-D wireframe, 3-D surface model, and overlaid of contour on shaded relief. The results of the study showed that vertical difference using conventional method and SRTM dataset ranges between -2.345m to 11.026m. Also, the hypothesis tested using a two-tail student t-test and F-test revealed that one mean is not significantly different from the other at 95% confidence level. The research recommends that the products obtained for the two systems can be used interchangeably.

Keywords: Shuttle radar topographic mission, Ellipsoidal elevation, contour, 3D wireframe, 3D surface model
Bacteriological Quality Evaluation of Ready-to-Eat Pineapple Fruit Slices Sold in Markets around Port Harcourt and it’s Environ in Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: Okoronkwo F.I. , Disegha G.C.
Published: March 2021

Thirty-six samples of “ready to eat” pineapple samples collected in the morning and evening from six different markets in Port Harcourt were  analyzed to determine their bacteriological quality. All the pineapple slices examined were contaminated with some bacterial species. The average microbial load of the sample on Nutrient agar, MacConkey agar and Mannitol salt agar for the morning and evening samples were 6.6672×106cfu/g, 2.5833×104cfu/g and 8.0000×103cfu/g respectively while those of the evening samples were 1.2494×107cfu/g, 3.9688×104cfu/g and 8.8888×103cfu/g respectively. The total heterotrophic bacterial count on the different samples bought at different times (morning and evening) were significantly different at probability P<0.05 while E. coli and Staphylococcal counts on the different media at the different times (morning and evening) were not significant at P>0.05. The predominant genera of bacteria observed were Escherichia, Staphylococcus, Klebsiella, Shigella, Enterobacter, Providencia, Proteus, Serratia, Salmonella and Citrobacter with Escherichia having the highest frequency of occurrence (23.61%). These findings suggest that most “ready to eat” pineapples hawked in the local  markets may be implicated in Public Health issues as bacterial agents responsible for food poisoning were isolated from them. The need for improvement and maintenance of good hygiene practices by food handlers and vendors in these markets and trading outlets is recommended.

Keywords: Pineapple, Bacteria, Fruit, Rivers state, Ready-to-eat
Towards sustainable water resource management in rural Nigeria: The role of communities
Authors: Arimoro Augustine Edobor , Musa Habibah
Published: March 2021

Access to water is crucial for healthy living and survival. In developing countries such as Nigeria, rural communities often suffer from a severe shortage of the supply of fresh, potable water. The need to change the tide has led to the inclusion of the adequate availability of water for allas one of the 2030 United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Evidence shows that the lack or poor supply of freshwater could lead to a prevalence of waterborne diseases and might negatively affect economically important activities. While water sustainability deals with ensuring adequate supply of water for the present and future generations, water resource management is the strategy for achieving water sustainability. Considering the above, this article examines the literature on water resource management vis-à-vis the legal framework for water management in Nigeria. The article notes that rural communities in the country have a critical role to play in water resource management in the country and in the quest to attain the goals for water. It is recommended that policies should be implemented to provide for sustainable management of water as well as a strategy for educating rural communities on what they must do to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals for water management in Nigeria at the rural community level. For example, there is a need to provide for private sector led water development projects in rural areas backed by government subsidy as well as programmes to enlighten community leaders on their role in ensuring water sustainability.

Keywords: Water, access to water, legal framework for water management, rural area, SDGs, Nigeria.
Should Countries Fire Sell their Oil & Gas Assets? Addressing the Mis-conceptions Surrounding the Continued Role of Fossil Fuels in the Energy Transition Era
Authors: Nalule Victoria R. , Mu Xiaoyi (Shawn)
Published: March 2021

Access to modern energy such as electricity is key in the economic development of any country, and yet over 600 million people remain with no access to electricity in developing countries. It is true that both renewable energy and fossil fuels are key in the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development (UN SDG) Goal 7 and Goal 1 on energy access and poverty eradication respectively. However, the current global efforts to transition to a low carbon economy, and tackle climate change as stipulated in the SDG 13 and the 2015 Paris Agreement, have created a lot of tension on fossil fuel developments in recent years.This commentary article is presented as a question and answer session aimed at addressing the misconceptions surrounding the achievement of SDG 7 and SDG 13 in this energy transition era. The paper is of interest to oil producing countries. The article follows the various questions raised by policymakers during an online seminar delivered by both the authors entitled, ‘Fossil Fuels in the Energy Transition Era’.
Adsorptive and Photocatalytic Properties of Green Synthesized ZnO and ZnO/NiFe2O4 Nanocomposites for Tannery Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Tijani J.O. , Aminu U.A. , Bankole M.T. , Ndamitso M.M. , Abdulkareem A.S.
Published: March 2021

This study investigated adsorptive and catalytic behaviour of ZnO and ZnO/NiFe2O4 nanocomposites for the removal and degradation of organic pollutants in tannery wastewater. ZnO and ZnO/NiFe2O4 nanomaterials were synthesized via a green method using Zn, Fe and Ni salts precursor and leaves extract of Anacardium occidentale (linn.). Subsequently, the synthesized samples were characterized by different analytical tools. The adsorptive and catalytic performance of the prepared nanomaterial were assessed using reduction in Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) in tannery wastewater as indicator parameters. High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscope (HRSEM), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM), and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis of ZnO and ZnO/NiFe2O4 confirmed the formation of hexagonal wurtzite nanoparticle and cubic spinel phase with an average crystallite sizes in the range of 13- 28 nm and 30.44 – 42.53 nm respectively. XRD analysis confirmed no change in the polymorph of ZnO upon the addition NiFe2O4. XPS spectrum showed the existence of the elements in the following oxidation state (+2) for Zn, (+1, +2) for Ni and (+2 and +3) for Fe. BET analysis revealed order of the specific surface area of ZnO/NiFe2O4 (44.61 m2/g) > NiFe2O4 (40.39 m2/g) > ZnO (8.91 m2 /g). The adsorptive and photocatalytic results revealed that 3% ZnO/NiFe2O4 exhibits higher efficiency compared to ZnO and NiFe2O4 nanoparticles alone and in the order of 3% ZnO/NiFe2O4 > NiFe2O4 > ZnO. The study revealed that the prepared nanomaterial behaved better as photocatalyst than as nanoadsorbent.

Keywords: Adsorption, photocatalytic technology; ZnO; ZnO/NiFe2O4, tannery wastewater
Investigating the Effects of Pentanol and Biodiesel Blends on the Performance and Emission Characteristic of Compression Ignition Engine
Authors: Ibrahim I.U. , Idris M. , Hussain I.A. , Kaisan M.U. , Ajunwa I. , Shitu A.
Published: March 2021

Emissions from use of fossil fuels have consistently posed significant threat to the environment and wellbeing of man. This has prompted several studies aimed at finding solution to the emissions and their effects. The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of adding pentanol and biodiesel from Moringa Oleifera seed to pure diesel content of 70% by volume. pentanol and biodiesel make up the remaining 30 percent by volume and were also varied, with pentanol percentage being increased from 2 percent to 8 percent so as to carefully monitored the effects of adding pentanol while the Moringa oleifera biodiesel made up the balance for the 30%. These blends were labelled according to the percentage composition of biodiesel and pentanol (B28P2, B26P4, B24P6, B24P6, and B22P8). The physicochemical properties of all blends such as viscosity, density, pour point, acid value and iodine value determined. From the result of the engine performance and emission tests, B24P6 blend has been noted to have the best engine performance parameters, haven shown the best engine brake power of 19.787 kW, and with the highest engine brake thermal efficiency of 19.78%.While in term of engine emission, B22P8 blend, have the lowest Nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission, with a value of 82.4994 ppm which is about 3% lower than that of pure diesel, while B26P4 have the lowest carbon monoxide (CO) emission among all the samples tested with value of 6.1556 ppm which is about 58% lower than that of Petro diesel. However, blends appeared to have good brake mean effective pressure except for B22P8 which have the lowest BMEP, that’s about 2.8% lower than that of Petro diesels. Conclusively, the addition of Moringa oleifera biodiesel with pentanol improved the diesel quality, yielding good improvement in engine  performance and emission.

Keywords: Diesel, biodiesel, pentanol, biofuel blends, Moringa oleifera seed, engine emissions
Mechanical Performance of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Containing Lathe Waste Steel Fibre
Authors: Alabi S.A. , Arum C.
Published: March 2021

The increasing demand, diminishing supplies, and growing pressure on natural resources have necessitated recycling and reusing waste. Several kinds of research have been done on the reuse and recycling of debris from building projects. Thus, with a view to the reuse of waste materials, the elimination of environmental contamination, the reduction of overhead costs of concrete, and the extension of the service life of concrete structures, this research aimed to study the feasibility of utilizing recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) with constant inclusion of waste steel fibre (LWSF) in concrete by evaluating its workability, compressive and splitting tensile strengths. A concrete mix ratio of 1:2:4 by weight of cement, sand, and granite was adopted with a water-cement ratio of 0.45. Five different concrete mixes were prepared in this study; one normal aggregate concrete (NAC) and four (4) other mixes with 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% recycled aggregate content with a constant 1.5% addition of LWSF. The result of workability shows a reduction with an increase in the percentage replacement level. The recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) was characterized by lower compressive strength as compared with the NAC. When the replacement ratio increased from 25% to 50%, a significant reduction of about 14% and 30% were observed in the compressive strength at 7-days, but at 28-days slight increase in the compressive strength was observed. Also, a decrease in splitting tensile strength as the percentage replacement of crushed granite (CG) with RCA is increased was observed. Overall, the findings showed that the RAC-containing LWSF is environmentally sustainable and would significantly reduce the global greenhouse impact and building materials' overall quality.

Keywords: Recycled concrete, lathe waste, steel fibre, compressive strength, tensile strength
Evaluation of efficacy of some serological tests used for diagnosis of brucellosis in cattle in Egypt using latent class analysis
Authors: Etman RH , Barsoum SA , Ibrahim IGA , El-Ashmawy WR , Abou-Gazia KA
Published: March 2021

In this study serum samples were collected from 4 different groups of cattle, Group I (non-vaccinated Brucella infected group), Group II (Vaccinated Brucella infected group), Group III (Non-vaccinated Brucella free group) and Group IV (vaccinated Brucella free group). These samples were subjected to the different serological tests including Rose Bengal plate antigen test, Tube Agglutination test, Rivanol test, Indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay and Competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Statistical analysis of the obtained results in different cattle groups was carried out using Latent Class Analysis (Lem model). The prevalence of brucellosis was 6.4%, the sensitivity of RBPT was 96.1% while its specificity was 99.3%, the sensitivity of Rivanol test was 85% while its specificity was 100%, the sensitivity of Indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent assay was 100% while its specificity was 98.3 % and the sensitivity of Competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent assay was 97.1% while its specificity was 100%. The results proved that, the most sensitive test was Indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent assay while the most specific test was Competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent assay. This study therefore, recommends the use of Indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent assay as a screening test and Competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent assay as a confirmatory test. Bacteriological examination was carried out on supramammary lymph nodes and spleen of some slaughtered seropositive cattle, the rate of isolation was 25% from non-vaccinated infected group and 10% from vaccinated infected group. Brucella melitensis biovar3 was recovered only from supramammary lymph nodes.Keywords: Brucellosis, Cattle, Sensitivity, Serology, Specificity, Latent Class Analysis
Hepatozoon species infections in Nigeria
Authors: Aydin MF
Published: March 2021

No Abstract.
Microbial flora of the gastro-intestinal tract of Clarias gariepinus caught from river Dandaru Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Jimoh WA , Oladele-Bukola MO , Adebayo MD , Yusuff AA , Azeez FA , Salami OO
Published: March 2021

The study reports the microbial load and diversity in the gastro-intestinal tract of Clarias gariepinus caught in River Dandaru, Ibadan. A set of adult samples of Clarias gariepinus was caught from the river Dandaru, Ibadan. Determination of microbial loads and characterization of microorganisms present in the gut region of the captured Clarias gariepinus were carried out using standard microbiological procedures. The fungi isolated were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Penicillium atrovenetum and Penicillium expansum while the bacteria isolated were Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus alvei, Aeromonas hydrophilia, Bacillus megaterium, Flavobacterium rigense and Enterobacter aerogenes. The microbial counts were; total plate count 6.5 x 105 CFUs/g, total coliform count 1.9 x104 CFUs/g, total anaerobic count 4.2 x 102 CFUs/g, total faecal coliform count was 2.2 x 103 CFU/ml, total fungi count 3.0 x 103 spore/g.Keywords: Microbial Load,Catfish gut, Microbial diversity, River Dandaru
Prevalence of gastro-intestinal parasites in primates and their keepers from two zoological gardens in Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Adetunji VE
Published: March 2021

A study was conducted to determine the levels of infestation of gastro-intestinal parasites in 36 non-human primates (NHP) and 19 zoo keepers at the University of Ibadan Zoological Garden (UIZG) and Agodi Zoological Garden (AZG) in Ibadan, Nigeria. Freshly passed faecal samples were collected from NHP, zoo keepers, and from apparently healthy individuals (control). The faecal samples were processed using standard parasitological techniques. Twenty-two (61.1%) out of 36 NHP at UIZG and AZG were infested with gastro-intestinal parasites. Infestations at UIZG and AZG were 61.3% and 60%, respectively. All the red patas, mangabey and mandrill monkeys and 90.9% (10/11) of the green monkeys were infested. There were higher infestation rates in young NHP than in adults (P<0.05). The infestation rate in males and females were the same (61.1%). The most prevalent gastro-intestinal parasites were Trichuris trichiura (47.2%), Strongyle spp(13.9%), Entamoeba spp (13.9%) and Stronglyloides spp (5.6%). Six (27.3%) of the infested NHP have mixed infestations. Only one of the 19 zoo keepers screened was infested with Ascaris lumbricoides and two (15.4%) of the 13 members of control group (non-zoological garden workers) were infested with Ancylostoma duodenale. There was no evidence of cross transmission of gastro-intestinal helminths between the NHP and the zoo keepers.Keywords: Gastro-intestinal parasites, Helminths, Infestation, Primates, Prevalence, Zoos
Evaluation of microbial contents of table eggs at retail outlets in Sokoto metropolis, Nigeria
Authors: Salihu MD , Garba B , Isah Y
Published: March 2021

This study was carried out to evaluate the microbial contents of chicken eggs, sold at retail outlets in Sokoto metropolis. A total of 160 eggs were collected from 16 randomly selected retail outlets, in Sokoto metropolis, for microbial evaluation. Samples were cultured and isolated using nutrient and McConkey agar for bacteria while Sabauroud dextrose agar was employed for fungus and identified using Harvey and Green Wood method. All the 160 (100%) samples were positive for bacteria (nine different genera); while 104 (65%) egg shells were positive for fungi isolation from the genus Aspergillus; however, evaluation of the egg contents revealed 95(59.4%) positive for bacteria isolations from seven different genera and 86(53.8%) positive for fungi isolations from only one genus Aspergillus. The bacterial genera include Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, Shigella spp, Corynebacteria, Proteus spp Bacillus spp Staphylococcus spp Streptococcus spp and Klebsiella. The only fungal genus was Aspergillus, which were identified to be Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus fumigatus. The eggs from these areas should therefore be taken with caution and the public should be educated on the dangers associated with consumption of raw and under cooked eggs and egg products, retailers should be encourage to store their eggs in refrigerators and practice good hygiene in order to prevent microbial growth on the eggs.Keywords: Bacterial isolation, Microbial contents, Retail outlets, Sokoto, Table eggs.
Severe gastric impaction in an 8-Year-old Nigerian local dog
Authors: Mshelia CP , Adeyanju JB , Abubakar AA , Yakubu AS , Jibril A , Kolo MY , Garba S , Jibrin MS , Balami AG
Published: March 2021

An 8-year old male, neutered Nigerian indigenous dog was presented to the Usmanu Danfodiyo University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Sokoto because of chronic intermittent vomiting, off feed and progressive wasting. Physical examination of the abdomen revealed hard mass in the abdominal cavity. Survey abdominal radiography (lateral view) revealed impacted material along with electrical wire in the stomach. Standard gastrotomy was successfully performed to evacuate the gastric foreign body.Keywords: Dog, Foreign Body, Gastrotomy, Pica, Radiography
The dynamics of anticoccidial drug usage in poultry within Umuahia, Abia state, Nigeria
Authors: Okonkwo C.J. , Uwalaka E.C.
Published: March 2021

Coccidiosis is one of the most important parasitic diseases of poultry worldwide. Chemotherapy remains the principal means to control this disease albeit the increasing problems of drug resistance. The aim of this study was to examine the drug usage of anticoccidials in the six communities of Umuahia, Abia state. Data such as type, class and composition of drugs used, level and frequency of usage, route ofadministration and anticoccidial program adopted by different farms were collected from 85 poultry farms within the study region. Results showed that the ionophores anticoccidials were not in use whereas the sulphonamides constituted the bulk of the drugs used (79.3%). Others were; thiamine analogue (21.1%), aminopyrimidine (33.7%), guanidine (14.4%), pyrimidine derivative (15.1%) and nitroimidazol (8.6%). Most of the drugs (>60) contained vitamin A and K. The most popular drug combinations were sulphaquinoxaline and diveradine with vitamin A and K (Embazine Forte) among thirteen trade-marked drugs under use. Close to 25.0% of farms practiced shuttle program and the rest continuous program of administration. Anticoccidials were administered through in-water medication for prophylactic and therapeutic use, and for both in the different farm applications in 43.5, 27.7 and 31.8 (%) respectively. The lack of usage of the ionophores and the massive use of sulphonamides coupled with low application of the right anticoccidial programs in this region presents a serious danger of anticoccidial resistance with consequent high prevalence of the disease.

Keywords: Anticoccidials, Coccidiosis, Drug resistance, Ionophores, Poultry, Sulphonamides
Impact of Co-administration of Red Palm Oil (Elaeis guineensis Arecaceae) and Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis Fabaceae) on Glycaemic Parameters, Liver Function and Key Glycolytic Enzymes in Diabetic Rats
Authors: Ayeleso AO , Oguntibeju OO , Brooks NL
Published: March 2021

Purpose: To investigate the anti-diabetic effects of red palm oil (RPO), rooibos tea extract (RTE) and their combination (RPO + RTE).Methods: Diabetes was induced by a single administration of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) and the rats were treated for 49 days. The effects of these plant products on plasma glucose, serum insulin, serum fructosamine, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbIAC), liver enzymes in serum and liver glycolytic enzymes were studied using standard techniques.Results: The combined treatment of RPO and RTE significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the glucose (20.98 ± 6.46 mmol/L to 15.60 ± 5.94 mmol/L), HbIAC (16.74 ± 2.73 % to 12.41 ± 2.25 %), fructosamine (98.61 ± 23.35 mmol/L to 62.52 ± 28.41 mmol/L) levels and increased insulin (0.30 ± 0.09 ng/mL to 0.72 ± 0.21 ng/mL) levels in the diabetic rats. Similarly, the combined treatment significantly (p < 0.05) reduced alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the serum of diabetic rats. RPO + RTE significantly (p < 0.05) increased the activity of pyruvate kinase in the liver when compared with the diabetic control group.Conclusion: Combined treatment with red palm oil and rooibos shows promising beneficial effects in diabetic conditions of rats. Further studies on the mechanism of actions of the plant products are required.Keywords: Red palm oil, Rooibos, Glycaemic parameters, Liver function, Glycolytic enzymes, Diabetic rats
Double-layer Tablets of Lornoxicam: Validation of Quantification Method, In vitro Dissolution and Kinetic Modelling
Authors: Gönüllü Ü , Gürpınar P , Üner M
Published: March 2021

Purpose: To formulate double-layer tablets of lornoxicam (LRX) prepared by direct compression method and evaluate their physical and drug release  characteristics.Methods: The outer layer of tablets, composed of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), starch and lactose, incorporated tan initial or prompt dose of the drug (4 mg) for immediate release. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K90) and carbomer, in varying concentrations, were used to prepare the tablet cores for sustained drug delivery. Weight variation, dimensions, hardness,  tensile strength, friability and disintegration time of the tablets were evaluated. Drug release from double-layer tablets as well as kinetic models of drug release were determined after validating the method used for the quantification of the drug. The analytical method for quantification of LRX by UV spectroscopy was validated and verified for linearity, intra-day and inter-day precision, accuracy, recovery and specifity.Results: Tablet cores based on HPMC and HPMC:PVP K90 mixture displayed better compression and flow properties (good and fair to passable) than those  formulated with PVP K90 and carbomer (poor). Satisfactory results were obtained from all the tablet formulations met compendial requirements. The slowest drug release rate was obtained with tablet cores based on PVP K90 (1.21 mg%.h-1). Drug release followed Higuchi kinetic model and the tablet cores released drug by diffusion/polymer relaxation or diffusion/erosion.Conclusion: Double-layer tablet formulation of lornoxicam based on HPMC or HPMC-PVP mixture is suitable for the treatment of inflammatory and painful conditions.Keywords: Lornoxicam, Controlled release, Double-layer tablets, Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug, Oral delivery
Impact of Caryolanemagnolol on Gait and Functional Mobility on Individuals with Huntington’s Disease
Authors: Du Ran
Published: March 2021

Purpose: To highlight the impact of caryolanemagnolol on gait measures in forward walking, balance and mobility measures, as well as in hand and forearm function measures.Methods: Twenty patients with Huntington’s disease (HD) on stable doses of caryolanemagnolol were evaluated after medication and again following resumption of medication. The improvement in spatiotemporal gait parameters was measured by GAITRite, balance and/or mobility using Tinetti mobility test (TMT), five times sit-to-stand test (5TSST), and six-condition Romberg tests, as well as the function of the hand and forearm by finger tapping and Luria tests on Huntington's disease rating scale (UHDRS) motor scale.Results: The results demonstrated significant improvement in the unified UHDRS motor scores, Tinetti mobility test (TMT) total and balance subscale scores, and the five times sit-to-stand test when oncaryolanemagnolol compared to off-caryolanemagnolol. Spatiotemporal gait measures, the six condition Romberg test, and UHDRS hand and forearm function items remained unaffected on caryolanemagnolol treatment. Improved TMT and 5TSST performance when on drug indicates that caryolanemagnolol use may improve balance and functional mobility in individuals with HD.Conclusions: Caryolanemagnolol improves chorea and functional mobility by improving dynamic balance in individuals without any negative impact on motor function in walking and transfers.Keywords: Huntington's disease, Caryolanemagnolol, Gait measures, Choreic movements, Mobility tests
Prognostic Importance of Circulating Tumor Cells in Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer: A Prospective Study
Authors: Bi H , Shi H , Sun X , Su J , Mao Z
Published: March 2021

Purpose: To investigate the prognostic value of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and to predict the treatment response in a non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Methodology: A single-center prospective study involving 93 patients with NSCLC was conducted. Blood samples were analyzed for CTC count before and after chemotherapy. Clinical relevance of CTCs with patient`s characteristics and treatment response were determined.Results: Higher levels of CTCs were associated with severe stage of NSCLC (p = 0.003), tumor histology (p = 0.014) and metastases (p = 0.013). Significant difference in CTC count was observed in favorable (CTCs < 5) and unfavorable (CTCs ≥ 5) groups. Progression-free survival (PFS) was 5.8 months (range: 5.32 to 6.43) and 2.2 months (range: 1.85 to 3.01) in the favorable and unfavorable groups, respectively (HR: 3.88, 95% CI, p < 0.001). Similarly, overall survival (OS) was 7.3 months (95% CI, 6.51 to 7.92) and 3.9 months (95% CI, 1.99 to 5.13), respectively (HR: 4.8, 95% CI, p < 0.001). Multivariate  regression analysis revealed CTCs as strong predictors of OS and PFS. Significant reduction (p < 0.001) in CTC count was also observed after one cycle of chemotherapy.Conclusion: Patients with low CTC count live longer and remain progression-free for a longer period of time than those with high CTC count. High CTCs can be detected in severe forms of lung cancer and can be used as a valid prognostic marker. However, this assertion requires validation in larger prospective clinical cohorts.Keywords: Circulating tumor cells, Non-small cell lung cancer, Circulating tumor cell, Prognosis