bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Androgen deprivation induces human prostate epithelial neuroendocrine differentiation of androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells
Authors: Yuan Ta-Chun , Veeramani Suresh , Lin Fen-Fen , Kondrikou Dmitry , Zelivianski Stanislav , Igawa Tsukasa , Karan Dev , Batra Surinder K. , Lin Ming-Fong
Published: April 2006

Neuroendocrine (NE) cells are the minor cell populations in normal prostate epithelial compartments. During prostate carcinogenesis, the number of NE cells in malignant lesions increases, correlating with its tumorigenicity and hormone-refractory growth. It is thus proposed that cancerous NE cells promote prostate cancer (PCa) cell progression and its androgen-independent proliferation, although the origin of the cancerous NE cells is not clear. To investigate the role of cancerous NE cells in prostate carcinogenesis, we characterized three NE subclone cell lines–NE-1.3, NE-1.8 and NE-1.9, which were transdifferentiated from androgen-sensitive human PCa LNCaP cells by culturing in an androgen-depleted environment, resembling clinical androgen-ablation therapy. These subclone cells acquire many features of NE cells seen in clinical prostate carcinomas, for example exhibiting a neuronal morphology and expressing multiple NE markers, including neuron-specific enolase, chromogranin B, neurotensin, parathyroid hormone-related peptide, and to a lesser degree for chromogranin A, while lacking androgen receptor (AR) or prostate specific antigen (PSA) expression. These cells represent terminally differentiated stable cells because after 3 months of re-culturing in a medium containing androgenic activity, they still retained the NE phenotype and expressed NE markers. Despite these NE cells having a slow growth rate, they readily developed xenograft tumors. Furthermore, media conditioned by these NE cells exhibited a stimulatory effect on proliferation and PSA secretion by LNCaP cells in androgen-deprived conditions. Additionally, we found that receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase α plays a role in upregulating multiple NE markers and acquiring the NE phenotype. These NE cells thus represent cancerous NE cells and could serve as a useful cell model system for investigating the role of cancerous NE cells in hormone-refractory proliferation of PCa cells.
The insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 is a promising target for novel treatment approaches in neuroendocrine gastrointestinal tumours
Authors: Höpfner Michael , Baradari Viola , Huether Alexander , Schöfl Christof , Scherübl Hans
Published: April 2006

Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumours (NET) represent a heterogeneous tumour entity. The anti-neoplastic therapy of advanced NET disease is still unsatisfactory and innovative therapeutic approaches are needed. As NET frequently express insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and their receptors (IGFR), known to promote survival, oncogenic transformation, tumour growth and spreading, the inhibition of the IGF/IGF-receptor system may offer possibilities for novel targeted treatment strategies of NET. Here, we studied the anti-neoplastic effects of an inhibition of the IGF-I receptor (IGF-1R) signalling in NET cells by the novel IGF-1R tyrosine kinase (TK) inhibitor NVP-AEW541, whose anti-neoplastic potency has not yet been tested in NET disease. Using two human NET cell lines with different growth characteristics, we demonstrated that NVP-AEW541 dose-dependently inhibited the proliferation of NET cells by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Anti-neoplastic effects of NVP-AEW541 were also detected in primary cultures of human neuroendocrine gastrointestinal tumours. Apoptosis was characterized by activation of the apoptotic key enzyme, caspase-3, as well as by detection of changes in the expression of the pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, BAX and Bcl-2, after NVP-AEW541 treatment. Cell cycle was arrested at the G1/S checkpoint. The anti-neoplastic effects of NVP-AEW541 involved the inactivation of ERK1/2. Induction of immediate cytotoxicity did not account for the anti-neoplastic effects of NVP-AEW541, as shown by measurement of lactate dehydrogenase release. Moreover, additive anti-neoplastic effects were observed when NVP-AEW541 was combined with cytostatics such as doxorubicin or the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, fluvastatin. This is the first report on the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by the IGF-1R-TK inhibitor, NVP-AEW541, in NET cells. The inhibition of the IGF/IGFR system appears to be a promising novel approach for future treatment strategies of NET disease.
TRPM8 in prostate cancer cells: a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker with a secretory function?
Authors: Zhang Lei , Barritt Gregory J
Published: April 2006

During the past 5 years it has emerged that the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of Ca2+-and Na+-permeable channels plays a diverse and important role in cell biology and in pathology. One member of this family, TRPM8, is highly expressed in prostate cancer cells but the physiological and pathological functions of TRPM8 in these cells are not known. Here we address these questions, and the issue of whether or not TRPM8 is an effective diagnostic and prognostic marker in prostate cancer. TRPM8 is known to be activated by cool stimuli (17–25 °C) and cooling compounds such as menthol. The activation mechanism(s) involves voltage sensing of membrane potential, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and Ca2+. In addition to prostate cancer cells, TRPM8 is expressed in sensory neurons where it acts as a sensor of cold. In prostate epithelial cells, expression of TRPM8 is regulated by androgen and is elevated in androgen-sensitive cancerous cells compared with normal cells. While there is some evidence that in prostate cancer cells Ca2+ and Na+ inflow through TRPM8 is necessary for survival and function, including secretion at the apical membrane, the function of TRPM8 in these cells is not really known. It may well differ from the role of TRPM8 as a cool sensor in sensory nerve cells. Androgen unresponsive prostate cancer is difficult to treat effectively and there are limited diagnostic and prognostic markers available. TRPM8 is a potential tissue marker in differential diagnosis and a potential prognostic marker for androgen-unresponsive and metastatic prostate cancer. As a consequence of its ability to convey Ca2+ and Na+ and its expression in only a limited number of cell types, TRPM8 is considered to be a promising target for pharmaceutical, immunological and genetic interventions for the treatment of prostate cancer.
Suppression of EGF-R signaling reduces the incidence of prostate cancer metastasis in nude mice
Authors: Angelucci Adriano , Gravina Giovanni Luca , Rucci Nadia , Millimaggi Danilo , Festuccia Claudio , Muzi Paola , Teti Anna , Vicentini Carlo , Bologna Mauro
Published: April 2006

The activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) plays a key role in the promotion of proliferation and invasion in prostatic carcinoma (PCa). Gefitinib (Iressa; ZD1839), an orally active EGF-R tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has shown an important anti-proliferative activity in tumors expressing EGF-R both in vitro and in vivo. Our aim was to elucidate the role of gefitinib in the modulation of the metastatic spread of PCa cells. The therapeutic role of gefitinib was investigated by evaluating the proliferative and invasive ability of the PCa cell line PC3 and of its high metastatic sub-line, PCb2, by in vitro assays and intracardiac injection in nude mice. The inhibitory effect of gefitinib was tested in vivo by injecting PCa cells subcutaneously or in the left ventricle of nude mice and by administrating daily 150 mg/kg of gefitinib. While xenograft growth was equally reduced in all PCa lines (about 50%), the bone metastasis formation was inhibited especially for the high metastatic PCb2 sub-line (81%) in comparison to PC3 cells (47%). The comparative in vitro analysis among PCa cell lines showed that PCb2 cells were more sensitive to the inhibitory effect of gefitinib in their invasive ability compared to parental PC3 cells but not in their proliferation rate. Moreover, PCb2 cells demonstrated an increased invasive ability in vitro in response to bone stromal cell conditioned medium (BCM). The simultaneous presence of 0.1 ng/ml gefitinib was sufficient to reduce the number of invaded cells in the presence of both EGF and BCM. The molecular characterization of the highly aggressive PCa sub-lines demonstrated that this phenomenon was associated with an increment in uPA/uPAR axis but not in EGF-R expression. In conclusion, our data suggest that the use of gefitinib as a therapeutic agent may be indicated in the control of PCa spreading to bone.
Endocrine response after prior treatment with fulvestrant in postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer: experience from a single centre
Authors: Cheung K L , Owers R , Robertson J F R
Published: April 2006

The pure anti-oestrogen fulvestrant has now been licensed for use in advanced breast cancer which has progressed on an anti-oestrogen. Optimal sequencing of various endocrine agents becomes very important in the therapeutic strategy. We report our experience of further endocrine response with another endocrine agent after prior fulvestrant treatment. Among all patients with advanced breast cancer who had been entered into five phase II/III trials using fulvestrant as first- to ninth-line endocrine therapy in our Unit since 1993, 54 patients who fulfilled the following criteria were studied for their subsequent endocrine response: (i) oestrogen receptor positive or unknown; (ii) having been on a subsequent endocrine therapy for ≥6 months unless the disease progressed before; and (iii) with disease assessable for response according to International Union Against Cancer criteria. Eleven patients had received an aromatase inhibitor prior to fulvestrant, which resulted in five CBs (clinical benefit = objective remission/stable disease (SD)) for ≥6 months). Twenty-eight patients achieved CB on fulvestrant. They went on subsequent endocrine therapy with two partial responses, 11 SDs and 15 PDs (progressive disease) at 6 months. The median survival from starting fulvestrant and subsequent endocrine therapy was respectively 46.6 and 18.2 months. Among the remaining 26 patients who progressed at 6 months on fulvestrant, there were three SDs and 23 PDs at 6 months on subsequent endocrine therapy. The median survival from starting fulvestrant and subsequent endocrine therapy was respectively 12.5 and 9.3 months. Of all these 54 patients, 30% (n = 16) therefore achieved CB using another (second- to tenth-line) endocrine agent (anastrozole = 26; tamoxifen = 12; megestrol acetate = 11; others = 5). It would thus appear that further endocrine response can be induced in a reasonable proportion of patients after failing fulvestrant.
The oncogene BRAFV600E is associated with a high risk of recurrence and less differentiated papillary thyroid carcinoma due to the impairment of Na+/I− targeting to the membrane
Authors: Riesco-Eizaguirre G , Gutiérrez-Martínez P , García-Cabezas M A , Nistal M , Santisteban P
Published: April 2006

The oncogene BRAFV600E is the most frequent genetic event in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) but its prognostic impact still remains to be elucidated. We evaluated a representative series of 67 individuals with PTC who underwent total thyroidectomy. BRAF-positive tumours correlated with early recurrences (32% vs 7.6%; P=0.02) during a median postoperative follow-up period of 3 years. Interestingly, within the recurrences, a significant majority had negative radioiodine (131I) total body scans, predicting a poorer outcome as treatment with 131I is not effective. This last observation led us to investigate the role of BRAFV600E and the MEK-ERK pathway in thyroid dedifferentiation, particularly in Na+/I− symporter (NIS) impairment, as this thyroid-specific plasma membrane glycoprotein mediates active transport of I− into the thyroid follicular cells. A subset of 60 PTC samples was evaluated for NIS immunoreactivity and, accordingly, we confirmed a significant low NIS expression and impaired targeting to membranes in BRAF-positive samples (3.5% vs 30%; P=0.005). Furthermore, experiments with differentiated PCCl3 thyroid cells demonstrated that transient expression of BRAFV600E sharply impaired both NIS expression and targeting to membrane and, surprisingly, this impairment was not totally dependent on the MEK-ERK pathway. We have concluded that BRAFV600E is a new prognostic factor in PTC that correlates with a high risk of recurrences and less differentiated tumours due to the loss of NIS-mediated 131I uptake.
Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors and bone metastases: different mechanisms of action for a novel therapeutic application?
Authors: Normanno Nicola , Gullick William J
Published: April 2006

The paper by Angelucci et al. published in the current issue of Endocrine-Related Cancer suggests a potential, novel application of epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) in the treatment of bone metastases. Interestingly, activity of anti-EGFR agents on the pathogenesis and progression of bone metastases has been described in previous reports, and a number of different mechanisms seem to be involved in this phenomenon. Anti-EGFR agents have a direct activity on tumour cells in which they produce growth inhibition, apoptosis, and reduced invasive capacity through the inhibition of molecules associated with tissue invasion such as urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9. In addition, these compounds have an anti-angiogenic activity, either direct by affecting the proliferation and survival of endothelial cells, or indirect by blocking the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in bone marrow stromal cells and in tumour cells. Finally, EGFR-TKIs can inhibit recruitment of osteoclasts in bone lesions, by affecting the ability of bone marrow stromal cells to induce osteoclast differentiation and activation. Taken together, these findings strongly support prospective clinical trials of anti-EGFR agents in cancer patients with bone metastases in order to define their role in the management of bone disease.
Regulation of
DNA
methylation by
Dnmt
3
L
Authors: Bourc'his Déborah , Bestor Timothy H.
Published: April 2006

Imprinted genes and transposable elements simultaneously undergo de novo methylation during mammalian gametogenesis. Dnmt3L, a catalytically inactive DNA‐methyltransferase homolog, regulates this process by directing the methylation machinery to target maternally imprinted genes in growing oocytes, and transposable elements and to a lower extent paternally imprinted genes in perinatal prospermatogonia. Engineered mutations in the
Dnmt3L
gene highlighted the importance of germ line methylation in reproduction and development. Failure to methylate maternally imprinted genes in
Dnmt3L
‐mutant female germ cells resulted in a loss of allele‐specific expression of these genes in the heterozygous progeny and caused maternal‐effect lethality. Dnmt3L‐deficient male germ cells showed demethylation and mass reactivation of retroposons associated with an interruption of spermatogenesis at the pachytene stage due to anomalies in homologous chromosome pairing. Further studies of the methylation regulator Dnmt3L should provide important clues about the mechanisms that establish methylation patterns in the mammalian genome.
L
isteriae
Authors: Buchrieser Carmen , Glaser Philippe
Published: April 2006

The genus
Listeria
contains six species of ubiquitous environmental bacteria.
Listeria monocytogenes
is an invasive, opportunistic, food‐borne pathogen and
Listeria ivanovii
, a pathogen that specifically affects ruminants. The
Listeria
genomes encode a high number of surface, transport, and regulatory proteins. Comparison of the five genomes revealed a high conservation in genome organization, size, and gene content. Strain specific differences are present, probably related to niche adaptation and different virulence properties. However known virulence factors necessary for human infection are conserved among all

L. monocytogenes

strains.
Advances of
LC
‐
MS
and
CZE
‐
MS
in proteome analysis
Authors: Lee Hookeun , Aebersold Ruedi
Published: April 2006

The combination of high‐performance separation techniques and mass spectrometry (MS) has had a significant impact on proteomics over the past decade. High‐resolution separation of peptides prior to MS is essential to improve sensitivity, speed, and throughput of the analysis of peptides that originate from the global digestion of complex protein mixtures. This article will review recent advances of microcapillary chromatography and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) in the field of proteomics.
Analyzing proteomic, genomic and transcriptomic elemental compositions to uncover the intimate evolution of biopolymers
Authors: Baudouin‐Cornu Peggy , Bragg Jason G.
Published: April 2006

The main elemental constituents of living organisms are subjected to biogeochemical cycles that result in both temporal and spatial variation in their abundance. Since organisms have to find their molecular constituents in the environment, this variability may affect the synthesis of biopolymers, in a manner that depends on their atomic (elemental) composition. For example, a biopolymer that is rich in a particular element may become more difficult to synthesize when that element is scarce. Indeed, several studies have now demonstrated that nutritional constraints can shape the evolution of biopolymers specifically in relation to their atomic composition; that is, at a more intimate scale than amino acid or base composition. We discuss these studies, and propose that the increasing availability of data on genomes, proteomes, and RNAs be exploited to study adaptive imprints in the atomic composition of biopolymers, and the factors driving these adaptations.
Polyelectrolyte Brushes as Ink Nanoreservoirs for Microcontact Printing of Ionic Species with Poly(dimethyl siloxane) Stamps
Authors: Azzaroni O. , Moya S. E. , Brown A. A. , Zheng Z. , Donath E. , Huck W. T. S.
Published: April 2006

In this work a new variation of microcontact printing is described, which is used to transfer chemical patterns onto different substrates. The approach is based on the use of conventional elastomeric stamps modified with polyelectrolyte brushes. It is demonstrated that, by using stamps modified with brushes acting as preconcentrating/sorbent nanolayers, it is possible to control the uptake of aqueous inks containing ionic species. This controlled uptake can be easily used for site‐selective delivery of the loaded species by means of soft lithography. The potential of this approach is demonstrated by creating patterned counterion domains in a flat polyelectrolyte brush and by promoting a site‐selective metallization through galvanic displacement reactions with reactive species.
Wavelength and Intensity Multiplexing of Metal Nanoparticles for the Fabrication of Multicolored Micro‐ and Nanospheres
Authors: Lim Y. T. , Kim J. K. , Shin Y. B. , Chung B. H.
Published: April 2006

Multicolored micro‐ and nanospheres have been successfully fabricated by a novel method that was developed to broaden the selection of colors available in the application of metal nanoparticles (NPs). The colors of the metal NPs have been systematically tuned over a wide spectral range by wavelength and intensity multiplexing of three‐colored NPs. Multicolor polystyrene micro‐ and nanospheres could be fabricated by combining the systematic color tuning of metal NPs and self‐assembly of metal NPs on the surfaces of the polymer spheres. The agglomeration of metal NPs on the surfaces of polymer spheres could be prevented by optimizing the concentration of the metal NPs and the reaction pH.
High Carrier Density and Metallic Conductivity in Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) Achieved by Electrostatic Charge Injection
Authors: Panzer M. J. , Frisbie C. D.
Published: April 2006

The use of electrostatic charge injection (i.e., the transverse field effect) to induce both very large two‐dimensional hole densities (∼ 1015 charges cm–2) and metallic conductivities in poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is reported. Films of P3HT are electrostatically gated by a solution‐deposited polymer‐electrolyte gate dielectric in a field‐effect‐transistor configuration. Exceptionally high hole field‐effect mobilities (up to 0.7 cm2 V–1 s–1) are measured concurrently with large hole densities, resulting in an extremely large sheet conductance of 200 μS sq.–1. The large room‐temperature conductivity of 1000 S cm–1 together with the very low measured activation energies (0.7–4 meV) suggest that the metal–insulator transition in P3HT is achieved. A maximum in sheet conductance versus charge density is also observed, which may result from near‐filling of the valence band or from charge correlations that lower the carrier mobility. Importantly, the large hole densities in P3HT are achieved using capacitive coupling between the polymer‐electrolyte gate dielectric and P3HT (i.e., the field effect) and not via chemical or electrochemical doping. Electrostatic control of carrier density up to 1015 charges cm–2 (∼ 1022 charges cm–3) opens opportunities to explore systematically the importance of charge‐correlation effects on transport in conjugated polymers without the structural rearrangement associated with chemical or electrochemical doping.
The seasonal forecast of electricity demand: a hierarchical Bayesian model with climatological weather generator
Authors: Pezzulli Sergio , Frederic Patrizio , Majithia Shanti , Sabbagh Sal , Black Emily , Sutton Rowan , Stephenson David
Published: April 2006

In this paper we focus on the one year ahead prediction of the electricity peak‐demand daily trajectory during the winter season in Central England and Wales. We define a Bayesian hierarchical model for predicting the winter trajectories and present results based on the past observed weather. Thanks to the flexibility of the Bayesian approach, we are able to produce the marginal posterior distributions of all the predictands of interest. This is a fundamental progress with respect to the classical methods. The results are encouraging in both skill and representation of uncertainty. Further extensions are straightforward at least in principle. The main two of those consist in conditioning the weather generator model with respect to additional information like the knowledge of the first part of the winter and/or the seasonal weather forecast. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Posterior sampling with constructed likelihood functions: an application to flowgraph models
Authors: J. Williams Brian , V. Huzurbazar Aparna
Published: April 2006

We consider posterior sampling in situations where data are incomplete in such a way that likelihood functions corresponding to portions of the data must be constructed. Slice sampling, a recently developed Markov chain Monte Carlo method, makes such computation feasible. Such situations arise in the context of stochastic networks where an overall predictive waiting time is comprised of convolutions and finite mixtures of individual transitions and portions of the individual transition information is unobserved for some records. We present applications involving flowgraph models in the reliability setting; however, the methodology presented is relevant to any application where likelihood functions cannot be specified in closed form but can be evaluated numerically. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Bayesian analysis of clusters of extreme losses
Authors: Vaz de Melo Mendes Beatriz
Published: April 2006

Occasional short range dependence in a claim generating process, probably induced by some subordinated process, may result in clusters of extreme losses. Under such circumstances, the iid assumption for the exceedances may not hold anymore. For a given value of the retention level, we overcome this difficulty by applying an empirical rule for cluster definition and aggregating the excesses within clusters. This modelling strategy is compared to the classical random sum of excess losses model based on the iid assumption. The usual discrete probability models and an extreme value distribution from the Pareto family are assumed, respectively, for the counting processes and the severities. Bayesian techniques are then used to obtain a predictive distribution of the annual excess claim amount. Maximum likelihood estimates are also computed and compared. We illustrate using a fire insurance claims data. The Bayesian approach provided more conservative point and interval estimates for the statistical premium. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental design principles for isotopically instationary 13C labeling experiments
Authors: Nöh Katharina , Wiechert Wolfgang
Published: April 2006

13C metabolic flux analysis (MFA) is a well‐established tool in Metabolic Engineering that found numerous applications in recent years. However, one strong limitation of the current method is the requirement of an—at least approximate—isotopic stationary state at sampling time. This requirement leads to a principle lower limit for the duration of a 13C labeling experiment. A new methodological development is based on repeated sampling during the instationary transient of the 13C labeling dynamics. The statistical and computational treatment of such instationary experiments is a completely new terrain. The computational effort is very high because large differential equations have to be solved and, moreover, the intracellular pool sizes play a significant role. For this reason, the present contribution works out principles and strategies for the experimental design of instationary experiments based on a simple example network. Hereby, the potential of isotopically instationary experiments is investigated in detail. Various statistical results on instationary flux identifiability are presented and possible pitfalls of experimental design are discussed. Finally, a framework for almost optimal experimental design of isotopically instationary experiments is proposed which provides a practical guideline for the analysis of large‐scale networks. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A validated high‐performance liquid chromatographic assay for determination of lumiracoxib in human plasma
Authors: Cheremina Olga , Brune Kay , Hinz Burkhard
Published: April 2006

Lumiracoxib {2‐[(2‐fluoro‐6‐chlorophenyl)amino]‐5‐methyl‐benzeneacetic acid} is a highly selective and potent cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) inhibitor, which is chemically distinct from other coxibs in that it contains a carboxylic group and is weakly acidic. In the present study, a liquid–liquid extraction‐based reversed‐phase HPLC method with UV detection was validated and applied for the analysis of lumiracoxib in human plasma. The analyte was separated on a reversed‐phase column with acetonitrile and 0.05% trichloracetic acid in water (35:65, v/v) as mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min, and UV detection at 270 nm. The retention times for lumiracoxib and niflumic acid (internal standard) were 16.9 and 10.4 min, respectively. The validated quantitation range for lumiracoxib was 10–10,000 ng/mL. The developed procedure was applied to assess the pharmacokinetics of lumiracoxib following administration of a single oral 200 mg dose to a healthy male volunteer. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Twin Probes as a Novel Tool for the Detection of Single‐Nucleotide Polymorphisms
Authors: Ergen Erhan , Weber Markus , Jacob Josemon , Herrmann Andreas , Müllen Klaus
Published: April 2006

Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most common form of DNA sequence variation. There is a strong interest from both academy and industry to develop rapid, sensitive and cost effective methods for SNP detection. Here we report a novel structural concept for DNA detection based on fluorescence dequenching upon hybridization. The so‐called “twin probe” consists of a central fluorene derivative as fluorophore to which two identical oligonucleotides are covalently attached. This probe architecture is applied in homogeneous hybridization assays with subsequent fluorescence spectroscopic analysis. The bioorganic hybrid structure is well suited for sequence specific DNA detection and even SNPs are identified with high efficiency. Additionally, the photophysical properties of the twin probe were investigated. The covalent attachment of two single stranded oligonucleotides leads to strong quenching of the central fluorescence dye induced by the nucleobases. The twin probe is characterized by supramolecular aggregate formation accompanied by red‐shifted emission and broad fluorescence spectra.
Structure and Magnetic Properties of the Orthorhombic n = 2 Ruddlesden—Popper Phases Sr3Co2O5+δ (δ = 0.91, 0.64 and 0.38).
Authors: Viciu L. , Zandbergen H. W. , Xu Q. , Huang Q. , Lee M. , Cava R. J.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Phase Transitions in K3AlF6.
Authors: Abakumov Artem M. , Rossell Marta D. , Alekseeva Anastasiya M. , Vassiliev Sergey Yu. , Mudrezova Svetlana N. , Van Tendeloo Gustaaf , Antipov Evgeny V.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Oxide Foams for the Synthesis of High‐Surface‐Area Vanadium Nitride Catalysts.
Authors: Krawiec Piotr , De Cola Patrizia Laura , Glaeser Roger , Weitkamp Jens , Weidenthaler Claudia , Kaskel Stefan
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Capturing an Aluminophosphite Intermediate in the New Route of Synthesizing Zeolite‐Like Aluminophosphates.
Authors: Li Niu , Ma Yanfeng , Xiang Shouhe , Guan Naijia
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Chiral 1,3‐Diphosphine Ligands for Rh‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydrogenation: A Search for Electronic Effects.
Authors: Dubrovina Natalia V. , Tararov Vitali I. , Monsees Axel , Spannenberg Anke , Kostas Ioannis D. , Boerner Armin
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalytic Oxidations of Alcohols to Carbonyl Compounds by Oxygen under Solvent‐Free and Transition‐Metal‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Herrerias Clara I. , Zhang Tony Y. , Li Chao‐Jun
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Regioselective Terminal Alkynes Hydroformylation and Pauson—Khand Reaction Catalyzed by Mesoporous Organized Zirconium Oxide Based Powders.
Authors: Goettmann Frederic , Le Floch Pascal , Sanchez Clement
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 1,2,3‐Trisubstituted Cyclopropanes by MIRC Reactions of Dithianyllithiums with Monocarboxylic Vinyl Epoxide Analogues.
Authors: Tang Shouchu , Xie Xingang , Huo Xing , Liang Qiren , She Xuegong , Pan Xinfu
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Protonated N′‐Benzyl‐N′.prolyl Proline Hydrazide as Highly Enantioselective Catalyst for Direct Asymmetric Aldol Reaction.
Authors: Cheng Chuanling , Sun Jian , Wang Chao , Zhang Yu , Wei Siyu , Jiang Fan , Wu Yundong
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Amides from Carboxylic Acids and Urea in the Presence of Pyridine under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Pasha M. Afzal , Jayashankara V. P.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Addition of Trimethylsilyl Cyanide to Ketones Catalyzed by Al(salen)/triphenylphosphine Oxide.
Authors: Kim Sung Soo , Kwak Ju Myung
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave‐Promoted Suzuki Coupling Reactions with Organotrifluoroborates in Water Using Ultra‐Low Catalyst Loadings.
Authors: Arvela Riina K. , Leadbeater Nicholas E. , Mack Tamera L. , Kormos Chad M.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of a Cyclopent[fg]acenaphthylene‐1,2‐bis(p‐quinone methide)s Derivatives. An Extended Pyracyloquinone.
Authors: Kurata Hiroyuki , Takehara Yuko , Matsumoto Kouzou , Kawase Takeshi , Oda Masaji
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Supramolecular Triads Bearing Porphyrin and Fullerene via “Two‐Point” Binding Involving Coordination and Hydrogen Bonding.
Authors: D'Souza Francis , El‐Khouly Mohamed E. , Gadde Suresh , Zandler Melvin E. , McCarty Amy Lea , Araki Yasuyaki , Itoh Osamu
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Short Approach to Trisubstituted γ‐Butyrolactones.
Authors: Dias Luiz C. , de Castro Ilton B. D. , Steil Leonardo J. , Augusto Tatiana
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Naphthofuroquinone Derivatives: Inhibition of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases.
Authors: Cho Heeyeong , et al. et al.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave‐Assisted Rearrangement of Vinylaziridines to 3‐Pyrrolines: Formal Synthesis of (‐)‐Anisomycin.
Authors: Hirner Sebastian , Somfai Peter
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Reactivity of N‐Hydroxy‐2‐aminoindoles.
Authors: Belley Michel , Sauer Effiette , Beaudoin Daniel , Duspara Petar , Trimble Laird A. , Dube Pascal
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 3,5,7‐Substituted Indoles via Heck Cyclization.
Authors: Charrier Nicolas , Demont Emmanuel , Dunsdon Rachel , Maile Graham , Naylor Alan , O'Brien Alistair , Redshaw Sally , Theobald Pam , Vesey David , Walter Daryl
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Approach to Synthesis of Dimethyl‐1‐oxaazulenio[7,8‐b]indole Salts.
Authors: Smirnov S. K. , Butin A. V. , Stroganova T. A. , Didenko A. V.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nitrile Oxide 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions in Water: Novel Isoxazoline and Cyclophane Synthesis.
Authors: Bala Kason , Hailes Helen C.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Chemiluminescent High Throughput Screening for Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase Activity by Imidazo[2,1‐b]thiazole Derivatives.
Authors: Andreani Aldo , Granaiola Massimiliano , Guardigli Massimo , Leoni Alberto , Locatelli Alessandra , Morigi Rita , Rambaldi Mirella , Roda Aldo
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Highly Convergent Synthesis of 2‐Phenyl Quinoline as Dual Antagonists for NK2 and NK3 Receptors.
Authors: Wan Zehong , et al. et al.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Pyrrolo[3,4‐c]quinoline‐1,3‐diones as Potent Caspase‐3 Inhibitors. Synthesis and SAR of 2‐Substituted 4‐Methyl‐8‐(morpholine‐4‐sulfonyl)‐pyrrolo[3,4‐c]quinoline‐1,3‐diones.
Authors: Kravchenko Dmitri V. , Kysil Volodymyr M. , Tkachenko Sergey E. , Maliarchouk Sergey , Okun Ilya M. , Ivachtchenko Alexandre V.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Green Synthesis of Pyrano[2,3‐d]pyrimidine Derivatives in Ionic Liquids.
Authors: Yu Jing , Wang Hanqing
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
On the Nucleophilic tele‐Substitution of Dichloropyrazines by Metallated Dithianes.
Authors: Torr Jane E. , Large Jonathan M. , Horton Peter N. , Hursthouse Michael B. , McDonald Edward
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Three‐Component Coupling Strategy for Expeditious Synthesis of 4‐Aminobenzoxazinones on Mineral Support.
Authors: Yadav Lal Dhar S. , Kapoor Ritu
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Beibersteneolide‐a and ‐b: Two New Sesquiterpene Lactones from Achillea beiberstenii
Authors: Al‐Howiriny Tawfeq A. , Mossa Jaber S. , Ahmed Bahar
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalytic and Stereoselective Glycosylation with Glycosyl N‐Trichloroacetylcarbamate.
Authors: Matsuo Jun‐ichi , Shirahata Tatsuya , Omura Satoshi
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
HClO4—SiO2‐Catalyzed Glycosylation Using Sugar Trichloroacetimidates as Glycosyl Donors.
Authors: Du Yuguo , Wei Guohua , Cheng Shuihong , Hua Yuxia , Linhardt Robert J.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Phenyl Polypropanoids from Lindelofia stylosa
Authors: Choudhary Muhammad Iqbal , Begum Afshan , Abbaskhan Ahmed , Ajaz Asma , Shafique‐ur‐Rehman Shafique‐ur‐Rehman , Atta‐ur‐Rahman Atta‐ur‐Rahman
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of Racemosol and De‐O‐methylracemosol, Potent Cyclooxygenase (COX) Inhibitors and Antimalarial Agents.
Authors: Sae‐Lao Patcharaporn , Kittakoop Prasat , Rajviroongit Shuleewan
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave‐Polyol Process for Functionalizing Carbon Nantubes with SnO2 and CeO2 Coating.
Authors: Bai Jingyi , Xu Zhude , Zheng Yifan
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Progress on the Chemistry of Dibenzocyclooctadiene Lignans
Authors: Chang Junbiao , Reiner John , Xie Jingxi
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reserpine: A Challenge for Total Synthesis of Natural Products
Authors: Chen Fen‐Er , Huang Jian
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Bidentate Group 13 Lewis Acids with ortho‐Phenylene and peri‐Naphthalenediyl Backbones
Authors: Melaimi Mohand , Gabbai Francois P.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Influence of Micelles of Different Types of Surfactant on the Mechanism of Diphenylamine Oxidation with Potassium Persulfate
Authors: Gevorkyan M. G.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Applications of Transition‐Metal Catalysts to Textile and Wood‐Pulp Bleaching
Authors: Hage Ronald , Lienke Achim
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Differential Receptor Arrays and Assays for Solution‐Based Molecular Recognition
Authors: Wright Aaron T. , Anslyn Eric V.
Published: April 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A new “Logicle” display method avoids deceptive effects of logarithmic scaling for low signals and compensated data
Authors: Parks David R. , Roederer Mario , Moore Wayne A.
Published: April 2006

Background:

In immunofluorescence measurements and most other flow cytometry applications, fluorescence signals of interest can range down to essentially zero. After fluorescence compensation, some cell populations will have low means and include events with negative data values. Logarithmic presentation has been very useful in providing informative displays of wide‐ranging flow cytometry data, but it fails to adequately display cell populations with low means and high variances and, in particular, offers no way to include negative data values. This has led to a great deal of difficulty in interpreting and understanding flow cytometry data, has often resulted in incorrect delineation of cell populations, and has led many people to question the correctness of compensation computations that were, in fact, correct.

Results:

We identified a set of criteria for creating data visualization methods that accommodate the scaling difficulties presented by flow cytometry data. On the basis of these, we developed a new data visualization method that provides important advantages over linear or logarithmic scaling for display of flow cytometry data, a scaling we refer to as “Logicle” scaling. Logicle functions represent a particular generalization of the hyperbolic sine function with one more adjustable parameter than linear or logarithmic functions. Finally, we developed methods for objectively and automatically selecting an appropriate value for this parameter.

Conclusions:

The Logicle display method provides more complete, appropriate, and readily interpretable representations of data that includes populations with low‐to‐zero means, including distributions resulting from fluorescence compensation procedures, than can be produced using either logarithmic or linear displays. The method includes a specific algorithm for evaluating actual data distributions and deriving parameters of the Logicle scaling function appropriate for optimal display of that data. It is critical to note that Logicle visualization does not change the data values or the descriptive statistics computed from them. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Multiplexed and microparticle‐based analyses: Quantitative tools for the large‐scale analysis of biological systems
Authors: Nolan John P. , Mandy Francis
Published: April 2006

While the term flow cytometry refers to the measurement of cells, the approach of making sensitive multiparameter optical measurements in a flowing sample stream is a very general analytical approach. The past few years have seen an explosion in the application of flow cytometry technology for molecular analysis and measurements using microparticles as solid supports. While microsphere‐based molecular analyses using flow cytometry date back three decades, the need for highly parallel quantitative molecular measurements that has arisen from various genomic and proteomic advances has driven the development in particle encoding technology to enable highly multiplexed assays. Multiplexed particle‐based immunoassays are now common place, and new assays to study genes, protein function, and molecular assembly. Numerous efforts are underway to extend the multiplexing capabilities of microparticle‐based assays through new approaches to particle encoding and analyte reporting. The impact of these developments will be seen in the basic research and clinical laboratories, as well as in drug development. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology