bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic analysis of Gigantodax (Diptera: Simuliidae)
Authors: De Hoyos Paulina Muñoz , Miranda-Esquivel Daniel Rafael , Pinto-Sánchez Nelsy Rocío
Published: March 2011

A study of the monophyly and phylogenetic relationships among the Gigantodax species-groups was conducted using all Gigantodax species and six outgroups. This analysis was conducted using 71 characters, 58 of them morphological characters derived from 66 species, and 13 of them cytological characters from 11 species. We conducted two analyses under linear parsimony and implied weights. To define the best concavity value we used the frequency index. The value that recovered the most of the groups was linear parsimony search. We obtained 2037 equally parsimonious trees of 277 steps (CI=0.37 RI=0.65). The second value to recover most of the groups was implied weight search with the concavity value of one. Only the igniculus and minor groups were recovered by both analyses (linear parsimony and implied weights K=1). Under linear parsimony the phylogenetic analysis recovered two species groups (igniculus and cormonsi). The remaining four groups (“brophyi”, “cilicinus”, “minor”, and “wrighti”) are non-monophyletic. Based on the cladogram we suggest the following species groups: igniculus (igniculus group), cormonsi (cormonsi group), minor (containing “minor” + “multifilis”), brophyi (G. antarcticus, G. brophyi, G. femineus, G. rufidulus, and G. trifidus), shannoni (containing G. bettyae, G. incomitatus, G. mariobordai, G. pennipunctus, G. septenarius, and G. shannoni), and rufescens (containing G. aquamarensis, G. arrarteorum, G. basinflatus, G. cervicornis, G. cilicinus, G. clandestinus, G. corniculatus, G. cypellus, G. dryadicaudicis, G. herreri, G. horcotiani, G. impossibilis, G. incapucara, G. nasutus, G. rufescens, and G. wrighti). Some species, previously assigned to “cilicinus”, “wrighti”, and “brophyi” groups are kept as inquerandae.
A new species of Potanthus from montane forests in Taiwan providing additional evidence of biotic relationship between the Philippines and the Asian continent (Lepidoptera, Hesperiidae; Hesperiinae)
Authors: Chiba Hideyuki , Tsukiyama Hiroshi , Hsu Yu-Feng
Published: March 2011

A previously undescribed, montane forest-dwelling Potanthus is reported as a species endemic to Taiwan. Its closest relatives are suggested to be P. flavus, distributed from the continental Asia to Japan, and P. niobe from the Philippines, based upon two synapomorphies in the genital structures of both sexes. This new species inhabits altitudes higher than all the congeneric members previously known from Taiwan. Its presence fills the gap in the P. flavus + P. niobe distribution between the Philippines and the Asian continent, demonstrating a biotic connection between these regions.
Systematics of the southern African genus Epirinus Reiche (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae: Canthonini): descriptions of new species and phylogeny
Authors: Medina Claudia , Scholtz Clarke
Published: March 2011

The genus Epirinus is reviewed. It consists of 29 species, including six new ones described in this paper: E. aquilus, E. hluhluwensis, E. minimus, E. ngomae, E. pseudorugosus and E. sebastiani. A key to all the species of Epririnus is provided as are distribution map and illustrations of the most important morphological features to distinguish the species. Phylogenetic relationships within the genus are investigated, using cladistic analysis of 79 morphological characters including male and female genitalia. Various synapomorphies support the genus Epirinus as a monophyletic group of species. They are: shape of the internal border of the eye, genital segment with short projections, and presence of sclerite “X” in the internal male genitalia. There is no support for the flightless species to be treated as a separate genus, as has been proposed in the past.
Larval morphology and biology of some European Anomalini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Rutelidae: Anomalinae). A phylogenetical approach
Authors: Galante Eduardo , Micó Estefanía
Published: March 2011

The third instar larvae of five anomaline species, Anomala dubia (Scopoli, 1763), Anomala quadripunctata (Olivier, 1789), Blitopertha lineata (Fabricius, 1798), Mimela rugatipennis (Graells, 1849) and Phyllopertha horticola (Linnaeus, 1758) are described as well as their biological data. The analysis of the morphology of the four distinct genera studied revealed diagnostic differences in leg morphology, last abdominal segment, and spiracles. An approach to the phylogeny of the group based on larval characteristics is provided. Finally, the systematic position of Blitopertha Reitter, 1903 is discussed.
Genetic diversity, taxonomy, and phylogeography of the western Palaearctic water strider Aquarius najas (DeGeer) (Heteroptera: Gerridae)
Authors: Damgaard Jakob
Published: March 2011

Genetic diversity and phylogeography was surveyed for the western Palaearctic water strider (Heteroptera, Gerridae) Aquarius najas (DeGeer) based on almost 780 bp of DNA sequence data from the mitochondrial gene encoding cytochrome oxidase c subunit I from 62 specimens sampled throughout its distribution area, and including the two related species A. cinereus (Puton) (6 specimens) and A. ventralis (Fieber) (3 specimens). 34 unique haplotypes were found for A. najas (55%), 5 for A. cinereus (83%), and 3 for A. ventralis (100%). A strict consensus tree obtained after a maximum parsimony analysis of the unique haplotypes was well resolved, and showed that while monophyly of A. ventralis was strongly supported, A. najas and A. cinereus were not reciprocally monophyletic in their mtDNA, since two clades from North Africa include a mixture of both species, and one specimen of A. cinereus from Sicily could not be assigned to any clade. All haplotypes were geographically well structured, and only one A. najas haplotype was widely distributed. This haplotype belongs to a clade with very little sequence divergence, which is distributed throughout Central and northern Europe, but includes also populations from northern Italy and northern Greece, thus indicating one or two possible refuges during the Pleistocene glaciations. Specimens from the Iberian Peninsula and Mallorca comprised a sistergroup to this clade, and show that the Iberian refugium did not contribute to the fauna of other parts of the European continent. Around the Mediterranean the sequence divergences for A. najas were much higher, especially in the Balkans, and on the islands Crete and Corsica. Whether the occurrence of these highly distinct lineages around the Mediterranean is due to extinction - or insufficient sampling - of intermediate haplotypes, or whether it indicates presence of unrecognized sibling species of A. najas and A. cinereus clearly needs further investigation.
Description of a new species of Drupeus Lewis (Coleoptera: Ptilodactylidae), with a discussion of the systematic position of the genus based on larval, pupal, and adult characters
Authors: Satô Masataka , Lawrence John , Lee Chi-Feng
Published: March 2011

The new species Drupeus hygropetricus from hygropetric habitats in North Taiwan is described and illustrated. A cladistic analysis of ten examplar genera of Ptilodactylidae and three outgroups with 81 characters (47 adult, 33 larval and one pupal) strongly supports the monophyly of the Cladotominae and the inclusion of the genus Drupeus within that subfamily. The morphological adaptations of the immature stages of Drupeus to hygropetric habitats are discussed.
Strepsiptera and triungula in Cretaceous amber
Authors: Schawaroch Valerie , Kathirithamby Jeyaraney , Grimaldi David
Published: March 2011

The first definitive strepsipteran is reported from the Cretaceous, named Cretostylops engeli, n.gen., n.sp., which is an adult male in amber from the mid-Cretaceous (approximately Cenomanian) of northern Myanmar (Burma). A triungulin from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian, c. 80 myo) of Manitoba, Canada is possibly a strepsipteran. The triungulin is described in detail but its morphology does not conform to any known clade of Recent strepsipterans. Other Cretaceous triungula reported here are in Burmese amber and are probably of the family Rhipiphoridae (Coleoptera), and bizarre (possibly coleopteran) triungula in mid-Cretaceous (Turonian, c. 90 myo) amber from New Jersey, USA. Phylogenetic analysis confirms the primitive position of Cretostylops among families of Strepsiptera, but it is not as primitive as Protoxenos in Eocene Baltic amber. Protoxenos and Cretostylops are still too highly modified to address the controversial relationships of Strepsiptera among insect orders, but the generalized structure of the mandible is inconsistent with the hypothesis that this order is the sister group to Diptera or closely related to Mecopterida. Phylogeny of living and Recent Strepsiptera suggests an origin of the order in the Early Cretaceous or Late Jurassic, which is also inconsistent with this order being a sister group to the much older Diptera.
Revision and phylogeny of the Neotropical genus Philothalpus Kraatz (=Eugastus Sharp and Allostenopsis Bernhauer) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Xanthopygina)
Authors: Chatzimanolis Stylianos , Ashe James
Published: March 2011

The staphylinid genus Philothalpus is revised. The species of Allostenopsis Bernhauer and Eugastus Sharp are shown to be congeneric with Philothalpus fervidus (the type species of Philothalpus), and consequently, Allostenopsis Bernhauer and Eugastus Sharp are placed as junior synonyms of Philothalpus Kraatz. Allostenopsis kraatzi Bernhauer is shown to be a junior synonym of A. antennaria Bernhauer. Seventeen species are described as new: P. asymmetros sp. n. from Ecuador, P. bilobus sp. n. from French Guiana, Guyana and Suriname, P. brooksi sp. n. from Colombia, Ecuador and Panama, P. chloropennis sp. n. from Panama, P. chotaenus sp. n. from Colombia, P. ecuadorensis sp. n. from Ecuador, P. falini sp. n. from Costa Rica and Nicaragua, P. loksos sp. n. from Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, P. mauroprasinus sp. n. from Guyana, P. nitidus sp. n. from Brazil, P. osanus sp. n. from Costa Rica, P. pecki sp. n. from Brazil and Peru, P. porphyros sp. n. from Ecuador, P. portokalis sp. n. from Ecuador, P. rufus sp. n. from Panama, P. rugosus sp. n. from Panama, and P. stravos sp. n. from Ecuador and Peru. Lectotypes are designated for Eugastus mundus Sharp, Philonthus fervidus Erichson, and Stenopsis kraatzi Bernhauer. Distributional maps, a key and illustrations of structural features including aedeagi are provided for the identification of the known species. Phylogenetic analysis of three outgroup and 21 ingroup taxa based on 43 characters resulted in three equally most parsimonious trees (CI = 0.48, RI = 0.66). The monophyly of Philothalpus is supported by high Bremer support and bootstrap values.
Revision of the bizarre Mesozoic scorpionflies in the Pseudopolycentropodidae (Mecopteroidea)
Authors: Grimaldi David , Rasnitsyn Alexandr , Junfeng Zhang , Fraser Nicholas
Published: March 2011

The Mesozoic family Pseudopolycentropodidae presently consists of seven described species from the mid-Triassic to the Late Jurassic of Europe and Asia. Pseudopolycentropus prolatipennis Whalley, from the Early Jurassic of England, is revised based on re-examination of the type. Four new species are described herein that add significant distributional and stratigraphic extensions to the family. Pseudopolycentropodes virginicus Grimaldi and Fraser, gen. n., sp. n. from the Late Triassic (Carnian) of Virginia USA is the first species of the family from the Western Hemisphere. Pseudopolycentropus daohugouensis Zhang, sp. n. from the Late Jurassic of China is very similar to P. latipennis Martynov, 1927 from the Late Jurassic of Kazakhstan. Four specimens belonging to two very similar species in mid-Cretaceous amber from northern Burma (Myanmar), Parapolycentropus burmiticus Grimaldi and Rasnitsyn, gen. n., sp. n. and P. paraburmiticus Grimaldi and Rasnistyn, sp. n., are the only specimens of the family from the Cretaceous. The amber species are exceptional, with the hind wing reduced to a minute lobe, the antennal flagellum modified into an arista, labial palps are lost, and – like the Late Jurassic species — the laciniae and what are probably mandibles are modified into a long, stylet-like proboscis. What the species with long proboscides fed upon is ambiguous, but it was doubtfully blood. Complete preservation in amber of morphological details, particularly the female terminalia, confirms previous views that this unusual group is phylogenetically basal to Recent Mecoptera.
Phylogenetic position of the ant genus Acropyga Roger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and the evolution of trophophoresy
Authors: Kjer Karl , Schultz Ted , Lapolla John , Bischoff Joseph
Published: March 2011

Trophophoresy is exhibited in two ant genera: Acropyga (Formicinae), in which all 37 species are thought to be trophophoretic, and Tetraponera (Pseudomyrmecinae), in which it has been observed in only one species, T. binghami. This study analyses a dataset comprised of both morphological and molecular (D2 region of 28S rRNA and EF1-alpha) data. Evidence is presented in favor of Acropyga being monophyletic, hence trophophoresy has evolved only once within the Formicinae and twice within the ants overall. The data further suggests that Acropyga belongs within a clade containing Anoplolepis, Aphomomyrmex, and Petalomyrmex. Aphomomyrmex and Petalomyrmex were found to be the sister group to Acropyga. The results indicate that the Lasiini and Plagiolepidini are not monophyletic and are in need of reexamination. Given the extant pantropical distribution of Acropyga it is speculated that Acropyga maybe of Gondwanan origin and that trophobiosis was the first form of agriculture to evolve in the ants.
New genus with three new species of Thalassaphorurini (Collembola: Onychiuridae) from Russian Far East
Authors: Pomorski Romuald , Sveenkova Yulija
Published: March 2011

Three onychiurid springtail species of a new genus are described from the Far East (Russia). Sensillonychiurus gen. n. clearly differs in its antennal III sense organ consisting of three guard setae only. The genus is placed in the tribe Thalassaphorurini. Within the tribe it is related to Detriturus Pomorski, 1998 which it resembles in the lack of d0 setae on the head.
Revision of the Neotropical Genus Roleta (Coleoptera: Lampyridae)
Authors: Yang P.-S. , Branham  , Jeng M.-L.
Published: March 2011

The genus Roleta McDermott is revised. This was a monobasic genus and its type species, R. coracina McDermott, is found to be a junior synonym of Calyptocephalus notaticollis Pic. Four other species of Calyptocephalus, C. austerus Olivier, C. hilaris Olivier and C. inornatus Olivier and C. cincticollis Pic, are transferred to Roleta; austerus and inornatus received mandatory changes to their specific epithets in the new combinations. A key to the species is provided. The systematic position of the genus is discussed.
Neoheterospilus gen. n., a new genus of the tribe Heterospilini (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Doryctinae) with highly modified ovipositor and a worldwide distribution
Authors: Belokobylskij Sergey
Published: March 2011

A new genus Neoheterospilus gen. n. with an almost worldwide distribution and two subgenera (Neoheterospilus s. str. and Harpoheterospilus subgen. n.) are described. Seven new species of this genus are described and illustrated: N. africanus sp. n. (S. Africa); N. australicus sp. n. (Australia, Queensland), N. canberraensis sp. n. (Australia, ACT), N. cardaleae sp. n. (Australia, Queensland), N. insularis sp. n. (Christmas Islands), N. koreanus sp. n. (S. Korea; type species), N. subtropicalis sp. n. (Vietnam, S. China, Japan). New combinations of species originally described in the genus Heterospilus are given: N. coffeicola (Schmiedeknecht), comb. n. (Uganda, Tanzania; Brazil, Indonesia), N. curvicaudis (Belokobylskij), comb. n. (Vietnam), N. falcatus (Marsh), comb. n. (Venezuela). A new synonym is suggested: Pioscelus Muesebeck and Walkley, 1951 = Amazondoryctes Barbalhoa and Penteado-Dias, 1999, syn. n. Reduction of the first radiomedial vein of fore wing in the subfamily Doryctinae is surveyed.
Phylogenetic relationships among Praini (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae) aphid parasitoids, with redescription of two species
Authors: Stanisavljević Ljubiša , Petrović-Obradović Olivera , Milutinović Marija , Tomanović Snežana , Tomanović Željko , Kavallieratos Nickolas , Starý Petr
Published: March 2011

Phylogenetic relationships among four genera and 25 species of the tribe Praini (Braconidae: Aphidiinae) were investigated on the basis of 15 characters (13 morphological and two life history characters) using parsimony analysis. Areopraon Mackauer and Pseudopraon Starý are basal within the tribe. Both genera include species in which the external and internal types of pupation exist simultaneously [for example, Pseudopraon mindariphagum Starý, Areopraon lepelleyi (Waterston) and A. pilosum Mackauer)]. It can therefore be asserted that the external type of pupation behavior in the Praini probably originated in the polymorphic pupation behavior of ancient genera such as Pseudopraon and Areopraon. The genera Areopraon, Pseudopraon, and Dyscritulus Hincks form a monophylum separate from Praon. Areopraon is not retrieved as monophyletic. Species of the genus Praon Haliday possess conical apical spines on the top of the ovipositor sheath as an apomorphic character state. Within the genus Praon, we recognized the following closely related species groups: Parapraon + Praon dorsale-yomenae; and Praon rosaecola. Two Praini species are redescribed. Mesopraon Starý is a new synonym of Areopraon. Areopraon silvestre (Starý) and Areopraon helleni (Starý) are new combinations. A key to the recent Praini genera is given.
Ancestry of the orussoid wasps, with description of three new genera and species of Karatavitidae (Hymenoptera = Vespida: Karatavitoidea stat. nov.)
Authors: Ansorge Jörg , Rasnitsyn Alexandr , Zhang Haichun
Published: March 2011

Praeratavites daohugou Rasnitsyn, Ansorge & Zhang, gen. et sp. n., Grimmaratavites mirabilis Rasnitsyn, Ansorge & Zhang, gen. et sp. n., and Praeparyssites orientalis Rasnitsyn, Ansorge & Zhang, sp. n. are described from the Lower Jurassic (Lower Toarcian) of Grimmen, NE Germany (G. mirabilis) and Middle Jurassic of Daohugou. Karatavitidae Rasnitsyn, 1963, is transferred from Ephialtitoidea into now paraphyletic infraorder Orussomorpha, and elevated to superfamily Karatavitoidea. The described genera, jointly with those earlier described in Karatavitidae and Paroryssidae, are found to form a smooth succession that model evolutionary transition from the basalmost Vespina toward the extant Orussidae.
Morphology, molecules and fritillaries: approaching a stable phylogeny for Argynnini (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Authors: Brower Andrew , Wahlberg Niklas , Simonsen Thomas , de Jong Rienk
Published: March 2011

We examine the phylogenetic relationships among 29 species of Argynnini based on 141 previously published morphological characters and new data from the mitochondrial gene COI and the two nuclear genes EF-1a and wingless. We investigate the stability and robustness of the resulting phylogenetic hypotheses through various combinations of the 4 functionally separate datasets. Increasing the number of datasets in combined analyses led to increased support for clades, sometimes substantially. We find that the tribe Argynnini is a well-supported, robust, monophyletic clade with the following internal subtribal structure: (Euptoietina (Yrameina (Boloriina Argynnina))). Our analyses support the classification of argynnine species into six robust and stable genera: Euptoieta, Yramea, Boloria, Issoria, Brenthis and Argynnis. We suggest that for moderate amounts of data, a total evidence approach is always best.
The phylogenetic position of Hydrovatus Motschulsky: evidence from larval morphology of H. caraibus Sharp (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Hydroporinae)
Authors: Michat Mariano
Published: March 2011

The phylogenetic position of Hydrovatus Motschulsky was investigated based on a cladistic analysis of 18 hydroporine taxa and 69 characters from larval morphology. For this purpose, the three larval instars of H. caraibus Sharp were described and illustrated for the first time, emphasizing the morphometry and chaetotaxy. The resulting cladogram supported a sister-group relationship of the tribes Hydrovatini and Hyphydrini, based on three unambiguous synapomorphies: the absence of pore ANh, the proximal insertion of seta LA8, and the abdominal segment VI sclerotized ventrally. The strong development of seta AB5 and the absence of pore PAj are other two potential synapomorphies for this clade. The tribe Vatellini was resolved as more closely related to members of Hydroporini than to Hyphydrini. However, the support obtained for this relationship was weak, since no unambiguous synapomorphies were discovered. Larvae of H. caraibus are characteristic within Hydroporinae in the absence of an occipital suture, the presence of a galea (secondarily derived according to this study), and the absence of setae LA3 and UR8 and pores PAm and PAo. First instar larva is also unique in that the egg bursters are basally placed on the frontoclypeus and the claws bear ventral spinulae on basal half.
Systematic revision and cladistic analysis of the Neotropical genus Chroaptomus Sharp (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), with descriptions of two new species
Authors: Chani-Posse Mariana
Published: March 2011

The genus Chroaptomus Sharp, 1885 (Staphylininae: Staphylinini), distributed from central Mexico to northwestern Argentina, is revised using characters of external morphology, including sexual dimorphism, and male and female genitalia. Chroaptomus comprises five species, of which two are described as new: C. centralis Chani-Posse and C. mexicanus Chani-Posse and Navarrete-Heredia. Other valid species of the genus are: C. flagrans (Erichson), C. regalis Sharp and C. coelites (Erichson) stat. rev. Lectotypes are designated for C. flagrans (Erichson) and C. regalis Sharp. Belonuchus richteri (Bernhauer), comb. n. is excluded from Chroaptomus. Belonuchus castaneus, new name, is proposed for Belonuchus richteri Bernhauer, 1922, which is a junior secondary homonym of Belonuchus richteri (Bernhauer, 1912). This article includes a redescription of the genus, redescriptions or descriptions of its five species, an identification key, photographs illustrating sexual dimorphic characters, drawings of genital features, a cladogram and a distribution map. The cladistic analysis shows that Chroaptomus comprises a natural group of five species, characterized by nine synapomorphies from the external morphology and male genitalia.
Revision of the termitophilous tribe Pseudoperinthini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in New Guinea
Authors: Bourguignon Thomas , Roisin Yves
Published: March 2011

Until now only one species of the tribe Pseudoperinthini, Austrointhus papuanus, was known from New Guinea. Here, we report the presence of five additional species, four of which are new to science: one species in the genus Pseudoperinthus, one in Austrointhus and two in Papuinthus, new genus. All were found in association with nasute termites of the genera Nasutitermes, Tumulitermes, Niuginitermes and Diwaitermes (subfamily Nasutitermitinae). The absence of distinctive characters and the presence of intermediate species suggest that Indinthus should be considered a synonym of Austrointhus. Some Pseudoperinthini species occur over a broad range and with several related host termites, whereas other species appear to be narrowly distributed and host species-specific. This pattern suggests local speciation, but may also result from insufficient sampling effort.
Diverse Milichiella Giglio-Tos (Diptera: Milichiidae) in Miocene Dominican amber
Authors: Brake Irina
Published: March 2011

Seven new species of Milichiella are described from Dominican amber: M. archaia n. sp., M. dolichosurstyla n. sp., M. dominicana n. sp., M. hennigi n. sp., M. margaretae n. sp., M. quadrisetosa n. sp., and M. theodori n. sp. These species represent the first record of the sub-family Milichiinae in amber and the first descriptions of the family in Dominican amber. The fossil species differ from extant species only in species-level details except M. archaia, which probably belongs to the stemline of Milichiella + Ulia.
Rearrangement of the Agrodiaetus dolus species group (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) using a new cytological approach and molecular data
Authors: Kandul Nikolai , Vila Roger , Lukhtanov Vladimir
Published: March 2011

The Agrodiaetus dolus species group includes cryptic species that have similar external morphology but can be distinguished by their species-specific karyotypes. At the same time, cytogenetic analysis of these butterflies is difficult because of extremely high chromosome numbers. The application of common techniques, such as squash and spread preparations, usually yields inaccurate chromosome counting and, consequently, results in incorrect taxonomical conclusions. To overcome this problem, we combined cytological and molecular data. The former was obtained with a new cytological technique that allowed us to examine intact (notsquashed) metaphase plates and to distinguish all chromosomes in the chromosomal complement. The latter was obtained from published mitochondrial sequences that were used to calculate genetic distances between taxa. While the taxa ainsae and fulgens are generally considered as separate species, here we show that no characters exist that support this hypothesis. As a consequence, we propose several taxonomic changes within the A. dolus species complex and show that this group consists of the following species: A. dolus with haploid chromosome number n=122-125, A. fulgens (n=108-110) and A. fabressei (n=90). The following new combinations are suggested: A. fulgens ainsae comb. n., A. fulgens pseudovirgilius comb. n., A. fulgens leonensis comb. n. and A. fulgens magnabrillata comb. n.
Choreutinula kulla sp. n. A new species of Collembola from Norway and Sweden – the second European species of the genus (Collembola: Hypogastruridae)
Authors: Fjellberg Arne
Published: March 2011

The new species Choreutinula kulla sp. n. is described from dry warm seashore habitats in southern Norway and Sweden. It differs from the other European species of the genus, C. inermis (Tullberg, 1871), by smaller body size, coarser skin granulation, longer maxillary lamellae and less setae on the ventral tube. Also the habitat preferences of the two species are probably different as inermis is usually found in forests, often in bark on live conifers.
Phylogenetic relationships and biogeographic considerations of four new species of Cnemalobus (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from Patagonia
Authors: Ruiz-Manzanos Eider , Roig-Juñent Sergio , Agrain Federico , Sackmann Paula , Tognelli Marcelo , Carrara Rodolfo
Published: March 2011

Four new species of Cnemalobus Guérin-Ménéville, 1838 (Carabidae) from the northern steppe of Patagonia and extra-Andean mountains are described in this work. Two of these species, Cnemalobus nevado sp. n. and Cnemalobus diamante sp. n., are from the Payunia (Argentina), the northernmost region of Patagonia. One species, C. somuncura sp. n., is from the vicinity of the Somuncurá Plateau. The other species, Cnemalobus troll sp. n., is from the northwestern steppe. Illustrations and keys for these new species are provided. The phylogenetic relationships among the new species were defined using a cladistic analysis for the genus Cnemalobus, based on 56 characters of the external morphology and male and female genitalia. The cladogram showed that C. nevado sp. n. and C. diamante sp. n. comprise a monophyletic group that is the adelphotaxon of an apical clade of species that mainly inhabit mountain habitats in central Chile. Cnemalobus somuncura sp. n. and C. troll sp. n. are also sister species and comprise the apical group of the Patagonian species. Cnemalobus nevado and C. diamante occur in the Payunia, and their distribution is restricted to different mountains and are isolated from each other. Given that these two mountains are 200 km apart, it is not likely that dispersal has occurred in these large and flightless species. The ancestral species might have been broadly distributed, and, as a result of habitat changes, they became isolated into restricted habitats in the upper part of each mountain, where speciation might have occurred. The other two new species, C. somuncura and C. troll, are placed in the group of Patagonian species that inhabit the lowlands or plateaus. Distributional data, together with phylogeny, showed that the sister species of Cnemalobus have an allopatric distribution. Strict sympatry (same locality) occurs in the northwestern region of the Patagonian Steppe. Nevertheless, this strict sympatry may be an artifact of geographical scale. For example, within the same area, some species may inhabit grasslands next to forests, while other species inhabit only steppe areas.
Taxonomic revision and preliminary phylogenetic analysis of the subgenus Megalostomis (Scaphigenia) Lacordaire (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Roig-Juñent Sergio , Domínguez Martha , Agrain Federico
Published: March 2011

The subgenus M. (Scaphigenia) Lacordaire includes six species distributed in arid regions of South America. A systematic revision of this subgenus is presented, including re-descriptions and an update of distribution data of the six species. A preliminary cladistic analysis is performed to test the relationships among the species of the subgenus and if the morphological characters used are suitable. A key is presented to separate the seven subgenera of Megalostomis Chevrolat as well as a key for the species of the subgenus M. (Scaphigenia). Male aedeagus internal sac of the nine studied taxa are described and illustrated. This constitutes the first internal sac descriptions for members of this subtribe and could help clarify the homology of such structures within Cryptocephalinae. M. (S) consimilis Achard is reassigned to the species status on the base of genitalic characters. The cladistic analysis was done using forty-one characters from adult external morphology and male and female genitalia. Two species of two different subgenera of Megalostomis: M. (Megalostomis), and M. (Heterostomis) Lacordaire, and one representative of the genus Themesia Lacordaire were selected as out groups. Results were obtained by implicit enumeration using parsimony software. Three equally parsimonious trees were obtained of 45 steps, Ri=0.952, and Ci= 0.941. Support of each group was evaluated by Jacknifing, Bootstrap and Bremer values. Relationships between species are discussed.
Do individual and combined data analyses of molecules and morphology reveal the generic status of 'Pachysoma' MacLeay (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)?
Authors: Scholtz Clarke , Bastos Armanda , Sole Catherine
Published: March 2011

Scarabaeus (Pachysoma) comprises 13 flightless dung beetle species endemic to the west coast of southern Africa that are biologically unique and have a variable taxonomic history at the generic level. Initially considered a valid genus Pachysoma was subsequently synonymised with the genus Scarabaeus and later assigned sub-generic status within this genus. In an attempt to resolve past taxonomic inconsistencies, morphological and molecular data partitions, and combinations thereof, were analysed and compared across different phylogenetic inference methods. Trees obtained from the individual datasets which comprised 64 morphological characters and 1197 nucleotide sites of the mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) gene, were less well-resolved than those obtained from analyses in which the data partitions were combined whilst Bayesian inference generally out-performed parsimony. However, both the individual and combined data partitions, irrespective of the method of analysis, confirmed the monophyly of the Pachysoma lineage. The relative contribution of each data partition to individual nodes as assessed by positive partitioned Bremer support values was 6:5:4 for the molecular:combined:morphological data partitions. However, in terms of contribution to the resolution of terminal versus internal nodes, the morphological dataset made proportionally the greatest contribution and was crucial for recovering a sister relationship of Pachysoma to Scarabaeus, i.e. a generic level, rather than a sub-generic one. This together with the monophyly of the Pachysoma lineage across all methods of analysis and data partitions as well as the unique morphology and biology of its constituent species warrants reinstatement of Pachysoma to its former full generic status.
An illustrated species key of Enclisis Townes including descriptions of two new species (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Mazón Marina , Kolarov Janko , Bordera Santiago
Published: March 2011

Two new species of Enclisis Townes, 1970 from Spain and the Balkan Region are described and illustrated: E. castellana sp.n. and E. balcanica sp.n.. Females of the new species are distinguished between, and from the closest species E. ornaticeps by microsculpture of first lateral area of propodeum and mesopleuron, head features and body colour. The male of E. balcanica is distinguished from the closest species E. infernator and E. schwarzi by its head, less transversal, and by a longer second metasomal tergite. The male of E. castellana is separated from E. ruficeps by its microsculpture on mesopleuron and mesonotum, always on shiny background, and by the position of the subdiscoideus vein, which reach the postnervulus vein in the middle or above the centre. Furthermore, data on phenology of E. castellana and a new illustrated key for Enclisis species, excluding E. nigricoxis and E. ruficoxis, is provided. The species E. alpicola, E. ornaticeps and E. macilenta are recorded for the first time from the Bulgarian fauna. E. infernator is the first record from Bulgaria and Spain.
The genus Bothriurus (Scorpiones, Bothriuridae) in Patagonia
Authors: Mattoni Camilo Iván
Published: March 2011

Historically, the identity and distribution of some Bothriurus species from Patagonia have not been clear. The previous concepts of the Bothriurus patagonicus species group may comprise more than one species. Two new species, Bothriurus huincul sp. n. and B. sanctaecrucis sp. n., are described, and additional morphological and distributional data of B. patagonicus, and B. burmeisteri are provided. An identification key and a map with all the records of Patagonian Bothriurus species are provided. Phylogenetic and biogeographic aspects of Patagonian Bothriurus, reflecting ancient connections of Patagonia with the center and north of Chile, are discussed.
Recovery of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA for systematic studies of Naucoridae (Heteroptera): an assessment of preservation techniques and specimen age
Authors: Sites Robert , Li Hongyan , Song Qisheng
Published: March 2011

Specimens of Pelocoris femoratus (Palisot de Beauvois) (Heteroptera: Naucoridae) preserved in different ways were analyzed to determine which methods of preservation and specimen age lend themselves to the acquisition of PCR amplifiable nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, as a preliminary study to a phylogenetic analysis of the family. Specifically, total DNA was extracted from museum specimens that were either freshly collected, recently preserved in 100% ethanol, or of four age classes (1 to 45-year old) of specimens that were either pinned or preserved in 75% ethanol. Following DNA extraction, the appropriate length of COI mtDNA and nuclear 28s rDNA were amplified using PCR and sequenced. The data revealed that continuous degradation of DNA occurred in ethanol preserved specimens to the point that 30-year old specimens yielded no detectable DNA in spectrometric analysis. However, after an initial, substantial decline in yield, dry-pinned specimens were fairly stable in DNA yield through at least 25 years of specimen age. Both COI and 28s genes were successfully amplified from DNA extracted from pinned (≤ 25 years) or 75% ethanol preserved specimens (≤ 20 years) housed at room temperature in the dark. However, for specimens preserved for longer than 30 years, DNA recovery was less reliable. Our data suggest that it is possible to recover amplifiable DNA from pinned (≤ 25 years) or 75% ethanol preserved specimens (≤ 20 years) for use in phylogenetic analysis when fresh specimens are not available.
Description of a new Palaearctic Trox Fabricius species (Coleoptera: Trogidae) from Thailand, with a review of the Trox opacotuberculatus species-group and its biogeography
Authors: Inward Daegan , Kerley Malcolm , Scholtz Clarke
Published: March 2011

A new

Trox

species,

T. jeanae

Scholtz and Inward, is described from Thailand. The new species belongs to the

Trox opacotuberculatus

species-group, a mainly eastern Palaearctic group consisting of 12 species. Habitus drawings of the

T. jeanae

adult and male genitalia are provided. All members of the species-group are re-examined, a map of species distribution and a tabulated key to the group is provided, and their male genitalia illustrated. The biogeography of the trogid genera

Trox

and

Omorgus

is discussed and contrasted. We suggest that

T. jeanae

sp. nov. is a relict species, persisting in a tropical region where it is now quite isolated from most other members of the predominantly Palaearctic

T. opacotuberculatus

species-group.
Biogeography of bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) in Sahara and the Arabian deserts
Authors: Michez Denis , Patiny Sébastien
Published: March 2011

We discuss the distribution ranges of 57 species of bees (representing 19 genera and 7 subfamilies) within a region including the Sahara and Arabian deserts and their adjacent areas (SAD). More than 8,000 biogeographical records for a total of 291 species of bees were included in this study. We calculated several biodiversity indices and show that the study area is characterised by high species diversity (33%) and endemism (58%) rates. Our results show that composition of the SAD fauna results mainly from a “Nearest Neighbour Effect”, implying the adjacent areas. However, the influences of more distant areas, like Central Asia and the sub-Saharan region, are also significant, notably in their contribution to species endemism. The comparison of the distributions of the studied species support the description of diversity hotspots in specific areas: western Atlas (Morocco), eastern Atlas (Tunisia), Tripolitania, Cyrenaica, Nile Valley, Jordan Valley and Oman hills. Five distributional patterns, fitting the ranges of the studied species, are described. The local water availability and the historical cycles of ecological changes in SAD are hypothesised powerful explanatory factors of the observed distributions shapes.
Revision of the Neotropical genus Leogorrus Stål (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)
Authors: Melo María Cecilia
Published: March 2011

The present work provides a revised diagnosis of the genus

Leogorrus

Stål and its species, digital figures of habitus, and illustrations of the male and female genitalia, as well as a key to the species. Two synonymies are established:

L. incommodus

(Walker) as junior synonym of

L. ochropus

(Stål), and

L. insculptus

Hussey of

L. minusculus

(Walker). Lectotype specimens are designated for all valid species. The fifth instars of

L. litura

(Fabricius) is described and illustrated. Considerable new distributional information is recorded:

L. fasciatus

from Costa Rica;

L. immaculatus

from Colombia, Guiana, Honduras, and Panama;

L. interruptus

from Bolivia, Costa Rica, and El Salvador;

L. litura

from Belize, Ecuador, El Salvador, Paraguay, Peru, and Surinam;

L. longiceps

from Belize and Honduras;

L. minusculus

from French Guiana; and

L. pallipes

from Argentina, Guiana, and Paraguay. Maps showing geographic distribution are given.
A review of the Oriental Culcua with descriptions of seven new species (Diptera, Stratiomyidae)
Authors: Rozkošný Rudolf , Kozánek Milan
Published: March 2011

Culcua

is characterized as a well separated genus of the subfamily Pachygastrinae. In addition to the haired eyes and the unusually short vein R

2+3

, a new autapomorphic character (an additional tube in the phallic complex) is defined. Only two valid species were previously recognized, both distributed exclusively in the Oriental Region. Our revisional study of material from several institutions resulted in the description of 7 new species and one resurrection from synonymy.

Culcua argentea

sp.n. is described from Laos,

C. chaineyi

sp.n. from Malaysia,

C. fasciata

sp.n. from the Philippines,

C. kolibaci

from Laos, Malaysia and Thailand,

C. kovaci

sp.n. from Laos and Thailand,

C. normani

sp.n. from East Malaysia and

C. ornans

from India.

C. albopilosa

(Matsumura) from Taiwan is considered to be distinct from the type species of the genus,

C. simulans

Walker, being distributed in Malaysia.

C. nigra

Brunetti described from Laos is also recorded from Thailand. Two new species are documented by colour illustrations, three additional species by colour photographs and figures of diagnostic characters of all the treated species are included. An identification key to the all known species of

Culcua

is added.
New taxa of relictual Canthonini dung beetles (Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) utilizing rock hyrax middens as refuges in South-western Africa
Authors: Deschodt  , Scholtz  , Kryger
Published: March 2011

Presently 21 canthonine genera with 89 species are presently known from Africa. In this paper we describe three new species collected in rock hyraxes (Procavia capensis (Pallas)) dung middens. They are Dicranocara tatasensis Deschodt and Scholtz sp. n., Dicranocara inexpectata Deschodt and Scholtz sp. n., and Namakwanus davisi Deschodt and Scholtz sp. n. In addition, we describe the immature stages and provide new information on the biology of Dicranocara deschodti Frolov and Scholtz and Namakwanus davisi. The known distribution of all the south-west African endemic canthonine species is also updated. Additionally, a 743 base pair long fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (CO I) gene is used to construct a molecular phylogeny for the genus Dicranocara Frolov and Scholtz. In the resultant trees, D. tatasensis, D. inexpectata and D. deschodti form three monophyletic groups with high bootstrap support. Applying a molecular clock to the sequence divergences dates the separation of the three species to 3.2 – 2.47 million years before present.
Revision of the genus Spathiostenus Belokobylskij 1992 (Hymenoptera, Braconidae: Doryctinae)
Authors: Belokobylskij Sergey
Published: March 2011

The species of the genus Spathiostenus Belokobylskij, 1992 are revised and illustrated. A redescription of the type species Eucorystes formosanus Watanabe, 1934 is given. Two new species are described: S. brevicauda sp. nov. from New Guinea and S. pasohus sp. nov. from Malaysia and Brunei. A new synonym (Eucorystes formosanus Watanabe, 1934 = Eucorystes tenuis Nixon, 1943, syn. nov.) and a new combination [Polystenus anacolus (Chen & Shi, 2004), comb. n.] are suggested. The transformation of the first tergite into the petiole in Doryctinae and the status of the genus Spathiostenus are discussed.
Description of fourteen new Tinodes species from East Africa (Trichoptera: Psychomyiidae)
Authors: Johanson Kjell Arne , Oláh János
Published: March 2011

Fourteen new Tinodes species are described from East Africa. Tinodes guttatus sp. n., Tinodes rungweensis sp. n., Tinodes sanjea sp. n., Tinodes amani sp. n., Tinodes robustus sp. n., Tinodes zigzag sp. n., Tinodes uzungwa sp. n. and Tinodes bumbulii sp. n. are described from the Eastern Arc mountains in Tanzania and represent the first described species of this genus from Tanzania. Tinodes harawa sp. n., Tinodes dehadawate sp. n., Tinodes mohelia sp. n., Tinodes irwini, sp. n., and Tinodes schlingeri sp. n. are described from Madagascar and the Comoros Island, and represent the first described species of this genus from these islands. Tinodes giloensis sp. n. is described from Sudan, and is the first record of Tinodes from the country. With this report the number of known Tinodes species from the Afrotropical region is more than doubled, and the Eastern Arc is made the richest area in number of species of Tinodes in that biogeographical region.
Description of Lobopterocharips arreplegata gen. n. & sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Charipinae) from Nepal, with notes on its phylogenetic position
Authors: Paretas-Martínez Jordi , Pujade-Villar Juli , Melika George
Published: March 2011

Lobopterocharips arreplegata gen. n. and sp. n. from Nepal is described and illustrated. Its phylogenetic position within the subfamily Charipinae is discussed. This new genus is phylogenetically important because it shares some characters with the basal genus Phaenoglyphis and others with the rest of the Charipinae. A key to all the genera of Charipinae is given. A list and map of locations of all the records of Charipinae from Asia is provided.
Gedanoborus kerneggeri, gen. et sp. nov. (Diptera: Chaoboridae) from Eocene Baltic amber
Authors: Szadziewski Ryszard , Giłka Wojciech
Published: March 2011

New genus and new species Gedanoborus kerneggeri from Eocene Baltic amber is described and illustrated. Its systematic position is discussed. The new genus together with fossil Taimyborus Lukashevich, 1999 form sister groups of extant subfamilies Chaoborinae + Eucorethrinae. Tertiary genus Eochaoborites Hong, 2002 is excluded from the Chaoboridae and transferred to Psychodidae. A key for the identification of phantom midges from Baltic amber is provided.
First record of myrmecophily in buprestid beetles: immature stages of Habroloma myrmecophila sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) associated with Oecophylla ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: Šípek Petr , Fikáček Martin , Bílý Svatopluk
Published: March 2011

The association of Habroloma myrmecophila sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Trachydini) with Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius, 1775) ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) has been observed on secondary shrubs in Goa Province (India). After mating, adult beetles were found to invade damaged or newly constructed Oecophylla nests to lay eggs. Larvae mine in the leaves forming the nest wall and pupate within the mines. Only adult beetles interact directly with ants, potentially triggering their necrophoric behaviour when caught. The adults and larvae of the beetles are described in detail and the benefits of the ant association for the beetles are hypothesized.
Sexual dimorphism among Thysanoptera Terebrantia, with a new species from Malaysia and remarkable species from India in Aeolothripidae and Thripidae
Authors: Tyagi Kaomud , Mound Laurence , Kumar Vikas
Published: March 2011

Sexual dimorphism among members of the Thysanoptera suborder Terebrantia is discussed, and compared briefly with intraspecific variation in the suborder Tubulifera. Sexual differences in adult thrips involve size and colour, antennal structure and sensoria, and structure of the abdomen. The previously unknown male of Aroidothrips longistylus Ananthakrishnan (Thripidae) from India is described with the longest antennal sensoria known in any thrips species, and a related sexually dimorphic Malaysian species is described, Filipinothrips ananthakrishnani sp. n. In the Aeolothripidae, the male of Franklinothrips vespiformis (Crawford) is described for the first time and newly recorded from India, and differences between the sexes of Indothrips bhushani Bhatti are described. The lack of information on the development and biological significance of sexual dimorphism in terebrantiate thrips is emphasised.