bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
APLICAÇÕES CONTEMPORÂNEAS DA TEORIA DE INTELIGÊNCIAS MÚLTIPLAS: APRENDIZADO PARA O ENSINO DE ADMINISTRAÇÃO
Authors: Bianchi Caio Giusti
Published: June 2015

Howard Gardner, principal nome envolvido na publicação do livro intitulado Inteligências Múltiplas ao Redor do Mundo publicado em 2010, é de origem alemã e se mudou com seus pais para os Estados Unidos da América do Norte em 1938 por conta da perseguição aos judeus na Alemanha nazista. Em 1961 ele ingressou na Universidade de Harvard com o objetivo de graduar em História, porém Erik Erikson, Jerome Bruner e Jean Piaget influenciaram a sua trajetória na universidade para realizar pesquisas voltadas para a psicologia clínica e o desenvolvimento humano (WINNER, s.d.).
Economic Impacts of Productivity Improvements in US Forest Products Industries: A General Equilibrium Analysis
Authors: Hussain Anwar , Munn Ian A. , Grala Robert
Published: June 2015

US forest products industries are faced with significant challenges from global competitors. To effectively address the competitiveness of forest products industries, it is important to understand where their trading advantage lies. Using a global general equilibrium model, this study simulated the implications of 1 percent productivity improvements or technical change in US forest products industries. Counterfactual simulation results associated with alternative scenarios suggested significant differences between the global competitiveness of the industries to exogenous technical change shocks. Systematic sensitivity analysis suggested that while the national welfare estimates as measured by equivalent variation were more sensitive to variations in the Armington import elasticity of substitution than the factor substitution elasticity, they still ranged only between 1.57 and 3.32 percent of the mean values. Regardless of the type of simulation scenario, the ratio of equivalent variation to sector output was largest in the wood products industry, followed by paper products and publishing. The findings should be helpful in analyzing economic return on public and private investment in research and innovation in the US forest industries.
Carbon Mitigation Impacts of Increased Softwood Lumber and Structural Panel Use for Nonresidential Construction in the United States
Authors: Nepal Prakash , Skog Kenneth E. , McKeever David B. , Bergman Richard D. , Abt Karen L. , Abt Robert C.
Published: June 2015

More wood use in the United States to construct low-rise nonresidential (NR) buildings would increase consumption and production of softwood (SW) lumber, engineered wood products, and structural and nonstructural wood panels. Using a consequential life-cycle analysis, we estimated the change in net CO2 emissions that would be caused by increased use of SW lumber and structural panels in NR construction. Carbon (C) storage and emissions were projected over 50 years for baseline and increased wood use scenarios using the US Forest Products Module operating within the Global Forest Products Model (USFPM/GFPM) and the Southern region timber supply model (SRTS). Increased wood use in NR construction (C content of 428 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent [tCO2e]) could provide an emissions reduction of 870 million tCO2e over 50 years or a net emissions reduction of 2.03 tCO2e/tCO2e of extra wood used in NR buildings over 50 years. The CO2 savings varied for products provided in the South, North, and West because of differences in biological timber regrowth; market-induced changes in land use; differences in timber harvests, lumber, and structural panel production; and associated differences in C stored in forests, harvested wood products, logging slash, and manufacturing emissions. The US South provided the largest net change, −2.83 tCO2e/tCO2e of extra wood products, followed by the North and West with −1.89 and −0.60 tCO2e/tCO2e of extra wood, respectively. These results suggest strategies that result in increased use of wood in place of nonwood products in NR buildings would be effective in mitigating CO2 emissions.
Lietuvos gyventojų susidūrimo su korupcija ir pasitenkinimo gyvenimu paradoksas
Authors: Patapas Aleksandras , Diržytė Aistė
Published: June 2015

Much of the debate over corruption has focused on the role of various psychological, economic, political factors. As it is shown in the overview of the current tendencies in research, there is a variety of models explaining the phenomenon of corruption. The presented study aimed at evaluating psychological profiles (emotions, satisfaction with various life domains) of people, stating that they have often experienced corruption. This paper presents some results of the survey, which was conducted in 2014 in Lithuania (n=1002). The analysis of Lithuanian data has demonstrated that the higher are rates of corruption experience, the higher is satisfaction with life in Lithuania as well as satisfaction with the financial situation, consuming possibilities, etc. The authors come to the conclusion that these results could be named “paradox of Lithuanian residents’ corruption experience and satisfaction with life”. The authors indicate that additional research is needed.
Daugiabučių namų atnaujinimas Lietuvoje: problemos ir gyventojų iniciatyva
Authors: Lipnevič Anna
Published: June 2015

Renovation of apartment houses in the academic literature is identified as one of the most important housing policy areas. This is a complex phenomenon in rapidly aging Lithuanian housing stock conditions. In the scientific literature, the need for modernization of apartment houses is emphasized, but in Lithuania, there is the lack of interdisciplinary studies of this phenomenon. Often, this phenomenon is analyzed in engineering and from an economic point of view, but from a sociological point of view, practically there have been no analyzes. The aim of the article is to reveal the apartment houses renovation policy developments in Lithuania and to highlight the most important problems of renovation.
Quantitative research data showed that only a small part of the houses is renovated under the Renovation program. Partial renovation of apartment houses is going on by themselves according to a population initiative. A large proportion of respondents are satisfied with the results, but they listed problems in updating blocks of flats. Without passivity of the population and financial problems, there are other very significant barriers to mass renovation: corruption in government, good construction companies and builders deficiency. Qualitative research results helped to highlight the most important home renovation problems, identify renovation incentives and barriers.
Critical Analysis of Public Debt and Tendencies of its Management
Authors: Karazijienė Žaneta
Published: June 2015

One of the most important factors in the macroeconomic system of every country is public debt. This is due to the processes of debt forming and its servicing has a significant influence to the financial system, the investment climate, the consumption structure and the development of the international corporation. The most common reason of the public debt and its increase is the existing policy which cannot ensure a steady balance of the state revenue and expenditure. A variety of theoretical concepts of the public debt management, scientists’ attitude towards the public debt, critical indicators (selected according to indicators defined in the Maastricht Treaty and in accordance with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank requirements) of the acceptability assessment of the public debt are analysed in this article. On the basis of identified critical indicators of the public debt acceptability, the critical analysis of Lithuanian borrowing tendencies and assessment of indicators is performed. The results revealed that Lithuania is often provided for non-compliance with the criteria approved by the Maastricht Treaty or the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. The mathematical modelling of the Lithuanian public debt projections indicated that a tendency of a positive downward on the Lithuanian public debt share of GDP is likely to happen in the future.
Development of Human Potential in the Innovation Economy of Kazakhstan
Authors: Yessengeldin Bauyrzhan , Sitenko Diana , Ramashova Aissulu
Published: June 2015

The article analyzes the current state of the labor market in the Republic of Kazakhstan and provides the dynamics of the economically active population of the country. The paper identifies positive and negative factors affecting the human potential of economic sectors of Kazakhstan. The authors disclosed structural elements of human potential: basic capacity and technological potential. The paper defines a set of target indicators influencing the formation of elements of human resources in the country. The recommendations for the involvement and training of qualified personnel for the innovation economy, taking into account various factors, are proposed.
Nevyriausybinių organizacijų ir savivaldybių sąveika Lietuvoje: teoriniai sprendimų priėmimo ir įgyvendinimo proceso aspektai
Authors: Šilinskytė Aušra
Published: June 2015

The paper is focused on the discussion about the role of non-governmental organizations during the decision-making process in local governance and what factors influence it. To achieve this, the following steps have been made: first, the concept of non-governmental organizations and their relationship with civil society was analyzed, then possible variations of relationship between non-governmental organizations and their impact to the public sector was described. In the last part of the paper, the stages of the decision–making and implementation process in the municipality were analyzed and theoretical aspects of enabling NGOs were discussed. The analyses showed that the decision-making and implementation processes depend on the understanding of the need to cooperate, the ability of both subjects to work together, their relationship with citizens and other interest groups.
An Evaluation of the Cross-Sectoral Policy Coordination in Latvia
Authors: Vitola Alise , Senfelde Maija
Published: June 2015

Key societal challenges are cross-sectoral and do not correspond to administrative structures. The policy coordination enables synergy or at least prevents overlapping and conflicts of sector policies, which is increasingly important due to growing complexity of many policy issues. The article analyses the notion of policy coordination and offers a classification of the types of policy coordination. It also evaluates the policy coordination in Latvia by analysing national legislation, policy papers and the opinion of public administration officials. Consequently, the article proposes solutions for increasing the policy coordination in Latvia.
Improving the System of Evaluating the Effectiveness Activity of State Bodies in the Republic of Kazakhstan
Authors: Junusbekova Gulsara Ashirbayevna
Published: June 2015

The article presents an evaluation of the effectiveness of state bodies’ activities in the process of improving the system of public administration in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The main trends in improving the system of public administration at the present stage are also under the consideration of this article. The experience of reformation of the evaluation system of the effectiveness of performance of state bodies in the Republic of Kazakhstan is analyzed. A number of systemic problems in evaluating the effectiveness of state bodies in the Republic of Kazakhstan are addressed within the article. Nowadays, an institutional framework of evaluating the performance of state bodies has been created. However, in reality, there are problems in adapting foreign experience in evaluating the performance of state bodies to the Kazakhstani practice. To address these and other problems in a systematic manner, there is a demand for a qualitative evaluation of the effectiveness of state bodies and hold research in this area.
Ekstremalių situacijų valdymas: ekstremalių situacijų vadybininkų kompetencijų modelio formavimo gairės
Authors: Survila Arvydas , Valickas Andrius
Published: June 2015

On the grounds of contemporary understanding of emergency management and basing on the general interdisciplinary approach, the article examines competencies necessary for nowadays emergency managers. In the contemporary changing world, individual, community and the state permanently encounter a variety of threats and possible threats. The states, as the main interested parties, responsible for emergency management on different levels of management, are most interested in qualitative and effective management of such situations on all the levels. Using interdisciplinary approach towards ‘extreme situations’ management, the authors state that in order to successfully manage the threats and the consequences raised by them, different levels of emergency managers have to be competent and the competency model applied to them must be composed of the main two components: the whole of managerial knowledge and leadership skills. Managerial knowledge should be composed of a wide range of managerial subjects relevant to emergency situations, which would enable to effectively manage the situations in the whole range of possible situation. Emergency leadership skills are important in undefined situations, requiring immediate and adequate decisions. Only the managers possessing such competencies will correspond to contemporary requirements and will be able to manage them properly.
Participation and Elements of Direct Democracy in the Czech Republic: Part II
Authors: Jüptner Petr , Valušová Pavla , Kruntorádová Ilona
Published: June 2015

The present paper further elaborates on the text addressing the issue of direct democracy and direct elections in the Czech Republic, published in the previous issue of the journal. Besides the theoretical and methodological outputs, the first part contained the summary of data for local referenda and their original typology, collected from the authors’ own research. The submitted second part analyzes the factors affecting the validity and outcomes of local referenda, which primarily include a voter’s turnout. Furthermore, the second part, in particular, targets the analysis of a political discussion on the direct election of executive positions which structurally correlates with the issue of direct democracy. The conclusion is valid for both parts of the text and aims at the total assessment of the conception of direct democracy within the system of multi-level governance in the Czech Republic and its comparison with the prevailing approaches in other European countries.
Changes in Public Sector Management: Establishment of Project Management Offices – A Comparative Case Study of Lithuania and Denmark
Authors: Pilkaitė Austeja , Chmieliauskas Alfredas
Published: June 2015

This paper analyses an attempt to initiate an organizational-administrative reform on the basis of experimental (pilot) project initiated by the Ministry of Economy in Lithuania which established a specialized unit – Project Management Office (PMO) – responsible for portfolio1 of programs and projects’ coordination at ministerial level. The paper shortly describes types of reforms and how they can be implemented, as well as the notion of portfolio, program and project management and organizational capability to manage them, as one of the attributes of organizational maturity in project management is an existence of PMO. This article focuses on the main features of PMO and describes two qualitative case studies. Lithuanian and Danish cases are provided and differences of PMOs are analysed. The cases provide insights that the transition to portfolio, program and project management might last for decades. Although the reform did not gain the acceleration in Lithuania, the trend toward project management embedment in the public sector in Europe is evidenced and more cases of the establishment of PMO are observed.
XXI a. viešojo valdymo modernizavimo reformų kryptys ir tendencijos
Authors: Raipa Alvydas
Published: June 2015

The analysis of public governance modernization and reform shows that public governance reform for each region and country has universality and specific features. Reform trajectories can be divided, described and explained as the trajectories of development methodology, mechanisms and instruments of ongoing reforms. The author, based on the opportunities of meta-analysis, classification and theoretic modeling methods, in the article seeks to indicate the essence of the main factors, trajectories and problems in the process of construction and implementation of public governance reform and modernization in the first decade of the 21st century. The aim of the article is to discuss and to show methodological aspects of the content of public governance reform and the impact of global change in a period of public governance evolution from the paradigm of the New Public Management to the New Public Governance. The author pays particular attention to the necessity to analyze and to explain the positions of theoretical constructs and to analyze the complexity of public governance reforms, as the modernization of bureaucratic form of governance, problems of centralization and decentralization, the creation of new innovative forms of inter-sector partnership, cross-sector interaction and the development of networking, hybrid organization as the modern form of creation of public value. Finally, the identification of content and complexity of public governance reform can help to define the main tendencies and trajectories, seeking to improve the quality of reform processes.
Developing Cultural Tourism Strategies in Lithuania
Authors: Arimavičiūtė Malvina
Published: June 2015

This paper determines that cultural tourism in Lithuania is significantly influenced by various different agencies which activities are not sufficiently integrated. The paper also analyses the theoretical models for strategic decision-making and possibilities of alternative strategic decisions in the area of tourism. A classification of strategic plans based on the current Lithuanian strategic planning system and the integration of the activities of separate agencies in the area of tourism is proposed. A new model for strategic decision-making based on the classical definition of strategic hierarchies and the specificities of cultural tourism as a business is then proposed.
Political control and perceptions of corruption in Icelandic local government
Authors: Kristinsson Gunnar Helgi
Published: June 2015

Political control is an important value of democratic governance and without it democratic accountability can hardly mean much. This is why a number of authors have seen politicization of public service appointments and greater control by the centre as a potential counterweight against trends in recent decades towards more networked and less hierarchical organizational forms of directing public policy. It may help to reassert democratic control. The option of strengthening political control, however, has not been much studied with regard to its likely effects on corruption. Power has the potential to corrupt unless adequately controlled and strengthening political power in a networked environment may create a structure of temptation which conventional deterrents to corruption are unable to curb. The impact of strong political leadership on corruption is here studied in the context of Icelandic local government, making use of institutional variations in the office of Mayor, which provide a unique opportunity for testing the effects of strong political control on corruption. The analysis indicates that municipalities with strong political mayors are likely to be associated with perceptions of corruption even when other factors, such as the structure of temptation and deterrents, are accounted for.
Icelandic National Culture compared to National Cultures of 25 OECD member states using VSM94
Authors: Guðmundsdóttir Svala , Guðlaugsson Þórhallur , Aðalsteinsson Gylfi Dalmann
Published: June 2015

Researchers such as Hofstede (2002) and House, Hanges, Javidan, Dorfman and Gupta, (2004) have defined well-known cultural clusters such as, Anglo, Germanic, and Nordic cultural clusters. However, Iceland was not incorporated in these studies and therefore the research question of this paper is: In relation to Hofstede´s five cultural dimensions where does Iceland differ in relation to 25 of the OECD member states using VSM94? A questionnaire was sent to students at the University of Iceland, School of Social Sciences by e-mail in October 2013. The five dimensions of national culture were measured using scales developed by Hofstede called VSM 94. The results indicated that Iceland differs considerably from nations such as Slovakia, Japan, India, Thailand and China, which were found high in PDI and the MAS dimension while Iceland was found to be high in IDV and low in PDI. When considering the 25 OECD countries, Iceland is more similar to the Anglo cluster, C3, Canada, New Zealand, United Kingdon, Australia and United States than the Nordic cluster, C1 i.e. Denmark, Sweden and Norway. Iceland is similar to those countries in relation to high IDV, low PDI but differs in the dimensions MAS and UAI where Iceland scores higher.
Populism in Iceland: Has the Progressive Party turned populist?
Authors: Bergmann Eiríkur
Published: June 2015

Though nationalism has always been strong in Iceland, populist political parties did not emerge as a viable force until after the financial crisis of 2008. On wave of the crisis a completely renewed leadership took over the country’s old agrarian party, the Progressive Party (PP), which was rapidly transformed in a more populist direction. Still the PP is perhaps more firmly nationalist than populist. However, when analyzing communicational changes of the new postcrisis leadership it is unavoidable to categorize the party amongst at least the softer version of European populist parties, perhaps closest to the Norwegian Progress Party.
Sjálfsritskoðun íslenskra blaðamanna
Authors: Guðmundsson Birgir
Published: June 2015

Umræða um sjálfsritskoðun fjölmiðla hefur tekið kipp hér á landi eftir árásir á ritstjórnarskrifstofur Charie Hebdo í París í janúar 2015 og sviptingar í yfirstjórn og eigendahópi íslenskra fjölmiðla. En hver er sú reynsla sem blaðamenn lýsa sem sjálfsritskoðun og hvað merkir hugtakið? Í þessari könnun er leitað svara við tveimur rannsóknarspurningum. Annars vegar hvernig blaðamenn skilja hugtakið sjálfsritskoðun og hins vegar hver væri reynsla íslenskra blaðamanna af sjálfsritskoðun. Byggt var á fyrirbærafræðilegri aðferð með viðtölum við sex reynda blaðamenn. Megin niðurstaðan er sú að áhrif umræðunnar um fréttir og fréttamat blaðamanna hafi mikil áhrif á efnistök og framsetningu, bæði almenn stemning í þjóðfélaginu og ekki síður viðbrögð frá áhrifmiklum stjórnmálamönnum og skoðanaleiðtogum í netheimum. Enn fremur skiptir máli hvar þeir fjölmiðilar sem blaðamenn vinna á eru staðsettir í pólitískri/ viðskiptalegri blokkaskiptingu íslenska fjölmiðlakerfisins. Þá sýna niðurstöður ólíkan skilning blaðamanna á hugtakinu sjálfsritskoðun og að brýnt sé að að skilgreina það ef nota á það til greiningar. Loks kemur fram að almenn þjóðfélagsumræða ásamt áhrifmiklum stjórnmálamönnum og skoðanaleiðtogum í netheimum hafi mest áhrif á sjálfsritskoðun blaðamanna.
Lögin sem einingarband samfélagsins - Íhuganir um samhengi laga og samfélags
Authors: Jónsson Arnar Þór
Published: June 2015

Í grein þessari er sjónum sérstaklega beint að tveimur grundvallarhugtökum: Lögum og samfélagi. Af eldri heimildum verður ekki glögglega ráðið að almennur málskilningur hafi dregið skýra markalínu milli samfélags annars vegar og laga hins vegar. Hvað sem framþróun á báðum sviðum líður hefur sambandið þarna á milli ekki enn rofnað og raunar má samhengið heita augljóst þegar að er gáð. Áhrifin eru víxlverkandi. Af gagnkvæmni þessari leiðir meðal annars að frelsis og réttinda verður ekki krafist án þess að menn axli samsvarandi ábyrgð og skyldur. Skilningur á þessum grunnþætti lagahugtaksins markar á þann hátt undirstöðu fyrir daglegt líf okkar og störf.
Hlutverk vátryggingafélaga við úrlausn umhverfislegra vandamála
Authors: Jóhannsdóttir Lára , Ólafsson Snjólfur , Davíðsdóttir Brynhildur
Published: June 2015

Tilgangur greinarinnar er að fjalla um hlutverk vátryggingafélaga við úrlausn umhverfislegra vandamála. Umhverfisleg vandamál eru mörg hver þess eðlis að þau eru ekki einkamál stjórnvalda eða fyrirtækja í mengandi starfsemi, heldur þurfa allir að leggja sitt af mörkum ef bæta á ástandið, stjórnvöld, stofnanir, fyrirtæki og einstaklingar. Uppbygging vátryggingakerfa er mismunandi á milli landa, en vegna stærðar vátryggingageirans og samþættingar við flest alla þætti samfélagsins geta vátryggingafélög verið öflugur liðsmaður þegar kemur að innleiðingu á stefnu stjórnvalda á sviði umhverfis- og loftslagsmála. Greinin byggir á tilviksrannsókn meðal 16 norrænna vátryggingafélaga á Álandseyjum, Færeyjum, Íslandi, Danmörku, Finnlandi, Noregi og í Svíþjóð, en félögunum var skipt upp í tvo tilvikshópa, Eyjahóp og Meginlandshóp. Munur er á aðgerðum/aðgerðaleysi í hópunum og því eru flest öll dæmin í greininni frá Meginlandshópnum. Meðal þess sem Meginlandshópurinn leggur áherslu á út frá umhverfissjónarmiðum eru 1) vörur og þjónusta, 2) tjón og forvarnir, 3) fjárfestingar, 4) eigin starfsemi, 5) eftirfylgni og 6) vátryggjendur sem þrýsitafl. Í tilviki Eyjahópsins eru áherslurnar helst á forvarnir og fáeina þætti sem snerta þeirra daglegu starfsemi. Fræðilegt og hagnýtt gildi rannsóknarinnar felst í því að varpa ljósi á hlutverk og stöðu vátryggingafélaga við úrlausn umhverfislegra vandamála.
Danger and Deformation: A Social Theory of Trauma Part II: Disrupting the Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma, Recovering Humanity, and Repairing Generations
Authors: Prager Jeffrey
Published: June 2015

This essay is the second of a two-part American Imago article on a social theory of trauma. Measures to disrupt the transmission of traumatic experiences and their social sequelae are discussed as an ongoing cross-generational challenge, in which traumatic pasts capture a portion of a nation’s self-understanding. The essay examines how to repair societies and to recover lives freed from past experiences when trauma felt by earlier generations impinges both on collective healing and on in-the-present autonomy. It focuses on post-apartheid South Africa, where recovery from past racist practice requires measures to reduce its continuing effects on those who survived or were born after the 1994 abolition of apartheid. Derived from lessons learned in the psychoanalytic consulting room, three propositions are offered to understand the phenomenology of traumatic experiences. These three insights can help undo trauma’s lasting impacts in subsequent generations, including the persistence of racism: trauma is a memory illness, whose healing can only be done in the present; traumatic transmission across generations often occurs unconsciously and affectively; and traumatic symptoms surface as the result of an in-the-present interpersonal or societal failure.
Endurance
Authors: Frosh Stephen
Published: June 2015

This article explores the nature of artistic and psychoanalytic encounters that promote a kind of endurance. Such encounters slow time down, reminding us that there is something important about stillness, about remaining with a situation until it organizes itself under the pressure of its own desire. The pleasure and pain of endurance is examined with particular reference to the artistic practice of Marina Abramović and the chaotic situation of Jacques Lacan’s waiting room.
Merleau-Ponty and Hallucination
Authors: Benvenuto Sergio
Published: June 2015

The essay rereads the pages that Maurice Merleau-Ponty dedicated to hallucinations in his Phenomenology of Perception , pages that effectively illustrate the phenomenological approach to a psychiatric symptom. Phenomenology was successful in the psychiatric field—especially in continental Europe—throughout the twentieth century. The essay’s analysis of hallucinations, however, shows the philosophical limits of the phenomenological approach to psychiatry in particular and to subjectivity in general. The essay also drafts a deconstruction of phenomenological discourse that questions the deep sense of phenomenological psychiatry and its theoretical assumptions.
From Psychoanalysis to Cybernetics: The Case of Her
Authors: Zaretsky Eli
Published: June 2015

The essay argues that there has been a shift in the culture’s mode of representing and articulating subjectivity—from psychoanalysis to cybernetics. It describes this shift as one from interpretation to feedback. It further argues that the shift is never complete and that psychoanalytic metaphors and images continue to pervade the cybernetic world. Using an analysis of the recent film Her , the essay places the 1970s revolution in gender and sexuality at the center of the shift and shows how the larger background of capitalism has shaped both psychoanalysis and cybernetics.
Science Studies, Context, and Psychoanalysis
Authors: Wilson Arnold
Published: June 2015

The essay explores how a burgeoning field called Science and Technology Studies can influence contemporary psychoanalysis. Both rely upon principles of
interpretation, hierarchical modeling, the complex relations between the present and the past, the nature of nonlinear causality, and the ways in which unique
events are readily but mistakenly cast as generalizations. Specific ways in which psychoanalysis can respond to comparisons with STS are discussed. The
description and features of context provides crucial substance for this interdisciplinary dialogue. Context is the opening through which varying clusters
of processes and phenomena appear at different times and under different circumstances. Context is an arbiter of what both the analytic dyad and the STS
historian construe as objective, correct, or the way things really are.
The Illustrious Anatomist: Authorship, Patronage, and Illustrative Style in Anatomy Folios, 1700–1840
Authors: Berkowitz Carin
Published: June 2015

summary:
A number of anatomists working in the period 1700–1840 used expensive illustrated books to depict their greatest scientific work, establish priority of discovery for posterity, and enlist patrons. These anatomists drew on the grand traditions of anatomical illustration and asserted their right to a place within that history. But with artists mediating the expression of anatomists’ vision, it was important that an anatomist assert his control over the illustrations commemorating his expertise. Anatomists used stylistic signatures to signal that a work was their own. Very different styles of illustration in the works of different anatomists, therefore, were made easily recognizable, and sometimes a single artist adopted notably different styles for different anatomists who employed him. Style became a marker of authorship, identifiable with the anatomist, even when he employed an artist to do the drawing and engraving, and it was also an important method of appealing to patrons.
The Rise of Pathological Illustrations: Baillie, Bleuland, and Their Collections
Authors: Meli Domenico Bertoloni
Published: June 2015

summary:
This essay examines the illustrated pathological works by Matthew Baillie (London, 1799–1803) and Jan Bleuland (Utrecht, 1826–28). Both works relied on extensive collections of specimens preserved in London and Utrecht, respectively. The essay discusses changing notions of disease, the erosion of the boundaries between surgeons and physicians, the role and significance of pathological collections, and the relations between preserved specimens and their representations.
Two Australian Fetuses: Frederic Wood Jones and the Work of an Anatomical Specimen
Authors: O’Sullivan Lisa , Jones Ross L.
Published: June 2015

summary:
A close analysis of two fetal specimens is used to explore of role of material specimens in anatomical practice of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the significance of Indigenous bodies in that era’s quest for an understanding of human difference, and the postcolonial legacies of the global project of creating collections of human specimens.
Women Doctors and Lady Nurses: Class, Education, and the Professional Victorian Woman
Authors: Heggie Vanessa
Published: June 2015

summary:
The lives of the first women doctors in Britain have been well studied by historians, as have the many debates about the right of women to train and practice as doctors. Yet the relationship between these women and their most obvious comparators and competitors—the newly professionalized hospital nurses—has not been explored. This article makes use of a wide range of sources to explore the ways in which the first lady doctors created “clear water” between themselves and the nurses with whom they worked and trained. In doing so, it reveals an identity that may seem at odds with some of the clichés of Victorian femininity, namely that of the intelligent and ambitious lady doctor.
Debating Diseases in Nineteenth-Century Colombia: Causes, Interests, and the Pasteurian Therapeutics
Authors: García Mónica
Published: June 2015

summary:
This article explores the medical conceptualization of the causes of diseases in nineteenth-century Colombia. It traces the history of some of the pathologies that were of major concern among nineteenth-century doctors: periodic fevers (yellow fever and malaria), continuous fevers (typhoid fever), and leprosy (Greek elephantiasis). By comparing the transforming conceptualizations of these diseases, this article shows that their changing pattern, the idea of climatic determinism of diseases (neo-Hippocratism and medical geography), the weak standing of the medical community in Colombian society, as well as Pasteurian germ practices were all crucial in the uneven and varied reshaping of their understanding.
“Something like mine”: Catherine Hutton, Jane Austen, and Feminist Recovery Work
Authors: Wilson Cheryl A.
Published: June 2015

Despite her output and connection to several well-known early nineteenth-century writers, Catherine Hutton has remained almost completely absent from the historical record. This essay begins some recovery work on Hutton, focusing on the ways in which she styled herself as a woman novelist and depicted women’s reading within her texts. In addressing the question of authorial self-fashioning, I also examine the comparisons Hutton made between herself and Jane Austen and build on the work of contemporary feminist critics to consider the benefits and drawbacks to reading understudied women writers in relation to Austen.
Female Quixotism Refashioned: Northanger Abbey , the Engaged Reader, and the Woman Writer
Authors: Wyett Jodi L.
Published: June 2015

This essay explores how Jane Austen's Northanger Abbey (1817) posits the engaged but ultimately discerning woman reader as an ideal in response to the dominant ideology of the dangerously absorbed, anti-social female quixote. Intertextual play between commentary on novel reading in the emergent genre of fashion magazines, Charlotte Smith's Emmeline (1788), Henry James Pye's The Spectre (1789), and Austen's Catharine, or the Bower (written 1792) reveals a counter discourse in defense of women's novel reading. Austen deploys this discourse in Northanger Abbey, shifting focus away from reforming the heroine, to show how quixotism initiates socialization and subsequently functions both to enable and emancipate the increasingly overdetermined and intertwined categories of women's reading and women's writing.
Homespun Gossip: Jane West, Jane Austen, and the Task of Literary Criticism
Authors: Goss Erin M.
Published: June 2015

This essay focuses on Prudentia Homespun, Jane West’s eponymous gossiping narrator in A Gossip’s Story, and reads Prudentia’s gossip as a critical lens through which to consider the role of fiction in the circumscribed lives that gossip indicates. Gossip serves a primary function for the society that produces it, and that function, as shown in the work of both West and Austen, merits some ambivalence. For Patricia Meyer Spacks and others seeking to redeem gossip from its status as a degraded speech act, gossip produces and promotes a healthy and vibrant community. For many others, gossip is primarily a tool for surveillance and control. Ultimately, there may be little difference between these two functions. Through a reading of West’s novel, and by placing West’s novel in relationship to the novels of Jane Austen, I show how gossip also generates an outlet for creativity in constrained circumstances. As a result, gossip in Jane West’s A Gossip’s Story offers not only a way to think about the form of the novel, but also a way to think about the work performed by literary criticism, itself a form of circumscribed community.
The Neighborhoods of Northanger Abbey
Authors: Benis Toby R.
Published: June 2015

In Jane Austen’s Northanger Abbey, a defining feature of Bath is the absence of stable neighbors, and neighborhoods: like its historical counterpart, Northanger Abbey’s Bath is a city of visitors. At the same time, Austen’s novel alludes to a network of texts and spatial practices usefully understood in terms of Henri Lefebvre’s “codes of space,” which aim to orient new arrivals within the urban environment as well as within a constantly shifting social order. Austen herself shows the breakdown of such attempts at regulation, which creates dangerous misunderstandings regarding Catherine Morland’s status even as it affords her unexpected romantic opportunities. The other principle setting of the novel, Northanger Abbey, operates in opposition to Bath insofar as General Tilney aims at exercising ironclad control over not only his estate, but the neighborhood in which it is embedded. The novel’s principal locations of Bath and Northanger thus serve as two spatial extremes, one lacking altogether in “neighbors” and the other suffocated by the dominating patriarch who conflates his estate with its surroundings.
Denaturalizing Lady Bountiful: Speaking the Silence of Poverty in Mary Brunton’s Discipline and Jane Austen’s Emma
Authors: Spratt Danielle
Published: June 2015

This essay argues that Mary Brunton’s non-canonical novel Discipline and Jane Austen’s Emma question the notion of upper-class philanthropy by deconstructing the image of “Lady Bountiful” through their failed philanthropists, Ellen Percy and Emma Woodhouse. In so doing, these novels grant the poor a plaintive voice that indicates how both local and institutional entities are incapable of addressing societal inequity. The essay also suggests that reading these novels in tandem uncovers important possibilities for rethinking how the domestic women’s novel engages in broader questions of social justice for the economically underserved.
The Odds and the Ends: What to Do With Some Letters of Catharine Macaulay
Authors: Jokic Olivera
Published: June 2015

This article argues that Catharine Macaulay’s correspondence calls for alternatives to recovery as the dominant methodology of interpretation for women’s texts. Macaulay’s relative obscurity and the almost complete obscurity of her friends relieve the letters of the burden of canonicity. Rather than instances of “women’s writing,” exceptional personhood, or disclosure of historical and biographical data, the letters can become documents of the effects of epistolary traffic. Reading how the once famous “female historian” and her friends cultivated epistolary exchanges and personas, the essay examines how letters document the writers’ relationship to writing, a medium whose circulation makes explicit its limitations as a vehicle of representation and social convention. These limitations help to refine methodological procedures that define the role of letters in textual interpretation and make gender relevant to literary scholarship.
Introduction: Jane Austen and Her Contemporaries
Authors: Looser Devoney
Published: June 2015

This introduction locates the essays in this special issue in the context of recent criticism of Jane Austen and her contemporaries.
The Dilemma of Friendship in Austen's Emma
Authors: Thomason Laura E.
Published: June 2015

The heroine of Jane Austen's Emma (1815) is well liked by all of the novel's characters but intimate with none until the marriage plot intervenes in the final pages to match her with Mr. Knightley. Yet the novel's reversion to the marriage plot offers little reassurance that marriage is an adequate substitute for friendship. Emma shows that a woman could better fulfill the goals of friendship as the eighteenth century defined it through companionate marriage than through friendship itself, but that marriage is at best a problematic substitute for friendship. This novel criticizes not only the marriage plot as a narrative device, but also the social pressure that steered women away from each other as it steered them toward domesticity. The nature and purpose of marriage was clear, its primacy established by law and custom. Friendship, by contrast, with its unstable boundaries and contradictory definitions, was not a priority. From the contradictions that make up the eighteenth century's definition of friendship, Emma ultimately defines friendship as a hierarchical, power-driven relationship. Women, largely lacking power, could not succeed as friends. Emma's failed attempts at friendship remind readers that no real substitute for egalitarian, intimate feminine friendship exists or should exist. Emma suggests that such a relationship is admirable, desirable, and worthy of pursuit but that the people who need it most cannot achieve it.
From Marginalia to Juvenilia: Jane Austen's Vindication of the Stuarts
Authors: Krueger Misty
Published: June 2015

While Jane Austen's 1791 History of England is generally considered a parody of Oliver Goldsmith's History of England: From the Earliest Times to the Death of George II and history writing, this essay asks readers to consider Austen's work as something beyond burlesque. In studying Austen's text as a vindication, and in terms of martyrology, it becomes clear that Austen takes seriously her task in defending Mary Queen of Scots and Charles I. In putting Austen's juvenilia into conversation with her marginalia written beforehand in the family's volume of Goldsmith's History of England and Vicesimus Knox's Elegant Extracts, this essay shows that Austen's vindication of the Stuarts extends beyond the History and Mary and Charles I as she defends the Stuart heirs, including the Jacobite pretenders. In addition to addressing Austen's Stuart sympathy, this combined analysis of the juvenilia and marginalia contextualizes Austen's adolescent writing in terms of generic multiplicity, as well as the distinction between private and public writing spheres.
The Effect of Input-based Instruction Type on the Acquisition of Spanish Accusative Clitics
Authors: White Justin
Published: June 2015

The purpose of this paper is to compare structured input (SI) with other input-based instructional treatments. The input-based instructional types include: input flood (IF), text enhancement (TE), SI activities, and focused input (FI; SI without implicit negative feedback). Participants included 145 adult learners enrolled in an intermediate Spanish course. Learners completed a pretest, treatment, immediate posttest, delayed post-test (three weeks after treatment) and an extended delayed post-test (six weeks after treatment) measuring both interpretation and production of the Spanish accusative clitics. The results revealed significant findings for all groups on the interpretation task, with SI being the most robust. The findings for the production measures are not so straightforward; however, all groups showed some improvement. The theoretical and methodological ramifications of these findings are discussed.
From Yoknapatawpha to Piratininga and Beyond: Antônio Dutra’s Dias de Faulkner
Authors: Valente Luiz Fernando
Published: June 2015

By reimagining William Faulkner’s 1954 visit to Brazil, Antônio Dutra’s Dias de Faulkner (2008) establishes a creative dialogue with Faulkner’s oeuvre while also inquiring into the author’s enigmatic personality. In the process Dutra’s narrative invites us to reflect on the complex and contradictory relationship between the writer as a private creator and as a public intellectual, on the phenomenology of reading, as well as on the interplay between history and fiction.
Quantification and Mood Distribution in Spanish Complements: On the Negative Features of poco/a/s in Spanish
Authors: Laskurain-Ibarluzea Patxi
Published: June 2015

This paper studies mood distribution in the complement of Spanish assertive matrices when the matrix subject is modified by the quantifier poco/a/s . The focus of this study is solely complement clauses, and adjectival and adverbial clauses are not considered. Following , ) account that the distribution of mood in these complements is determined by the “discourse-old” information status of the propositional content of the complement, the main goal is to determine why this quantifier will in fact elicit “discourse-old” propositional contents in the complement. The hypothesis put forward in this study is that poco/a/s has inherent negative features as part of its semantics, negative features that turn assertive matrices into negation matrices. The analysis proposed here accounts for mood distribution in the complement of negation and doubt matrices in Spanish following , ) theory of information structure. Based on the relation between negation and presupposition (; ), the claim is that negation and doubt matrices take complements in subjunctive not because their propositional content expresses a proposition known to be false, but rather a proposition treated by the speaker as present—or active—in the consciousness of both speaker and audience (or a consciousness-presupposed proposition).
Writing Virtue and Indigenous Rights: Juan Bautista de Pomar and the Relación de Texcoco
Authors: Espericueta José
Published: June 2015

In his Relación de Texcoco , Juan Bautista de Pomar (c. 1535–90) takes a political and moral stance against Spanish colonialism in Texcoco and the entire viceroyalty of New Spain. Responding to the Instrucción y memoria ’s (1577) request for information about the history and cultural practices of local populations, Pomar narrates the history of preconquest Texcocoan civilization as a civilized proto-Christian society, with monotheistic rulers and a virtuous community. In doing so, he enters into the polemic about indigenous rights and contests anti-indigenous discourses that justified conquest and colonialism in the sixteenth century. In particular, Pomar attacks the argument that indigenous populations could be enslaved because of their lack of natural reason. This article analyzes Pomar’s manipulation of Christian discourses, which relocates the Spanish conception of morality in a preconquest indigenous context and enables his criticism of colonial policies of forced labor.
Gender Transformations and Colonial Displacements in Laura Antillano’s “Tuna de mar”
Authors: Reid Alana
Published: June 2015

This paper examines the trajectories of two characters in Laura Antillano’s short story, “Tuna de mar” (1991), as they navigate interrelated systems of power and attempt to position themselves closer to, or further away from, the margins. Set in the late eighteenth century, the tale features a female protagonist who escapes prostitution and joins a pirate fraternity disguised as a man. The male narrator relates her story with an uneven hand, acknowledging her accomplishments while suppressing her voice and perspective, despite having gone through a gender shift of his own. My analysis will reveal the ways in which the protagonist and the narrator rebel against and are reinscribed within hegemonic power structures. I will further analyze the layering of different experiences of marginalization within the story, which provides a context in which to discuss the interdependent nature of colonialism and patriarchy within the history of Maracaibo (Venezuela). Finally, I stress the relevance of this story for considering contemporary Latin American and Caribbean realities, including the marginalization and displacement of sex workers, the gendering of power, and the use of drag as a subversive strategy to undermine global economic as well as patriarchal power structures.