bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is Oral Temperature an Accurate Measurement of Deep Body Temperature? A Systematic Review
Authors: Mazerolle Stephanie M. , Ganio Matthew S. , Casa Douglas J. , Vingren Jakob , Klau Jennifer
Published: March 2017

Context: Oral temperature might not be a valid method to assess core body temperature. However, many clinicians, including athletic trainers, use it rather than criterion standard methods, such as rectal thermometry.

Objective: To critically evaluate original research addressing the validity of using oral temperature as a measurement of core body temperature during periods of rest and changing core temperature.

Data Sources: In July 2010, we searched the electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), SPORTDiscus, Academic Search Premier, and the Cochrane Library for the following concepts: core body temperature, oral, and thermometers. Controlled vocabulary was used, when available, as well as key words and variations of those key words. The search was limited to articles focusing on temperature readings and studies involving human participants.

Data Synthesis: Original research was reviewed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro). Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria and subsequently were evaluated by 2 independent reviewers. All 16 were included in the review because they met the minimal PEDro score of 4 points (of 10 possible points), with all but 2 scoring 5 points. A critical review of these studies indicated a disparity between oral and criterion standard temperature methods (eg, rectal and esophageal) specifically as the temperature increased. The difference was −0.50°C ± 0.31°C at rest and −0.58°C ± 0.75°C during a nonsteady state.

Conclusions: Evidence suggests that, regardless of whether the assessment is recorded at rest or during periods of changing core temperature, oral temperature is an unsuitable diagnostic tool for determining body temperature because many measures demonstrated differences greater than the predetermined validity threshold of 0.27°C (0.5°F). In addition, the differences were greatest at the highest rectal temperatures. Oral temperature cannot accurately reflect core body temperature, probably because it is influenced by factors such as ambient air temperature, probe placement, and ingestion of fluids. Any reliance on oral temperature in an emergency, such as exertional heat stroke, might grossly underestimate temperature and delay proper diagnosis and treatment.
The Level of Medical Services and Secondary School-Aged Athletes
Authors: DeWitt Terry L. , Unruh Scott A. , Seshadri Srivatsa
Published: March 2017

Context:

Medical organizations have recommended that administrators, parents, and community leaders explore every opportunity to make interscholastic athletic programs safe for participation, including employing athletic trainers at practices and competitive events.

Objective:

To determine the overall level of medical services provided for secondary school-aged athletes at high school athletic events in a rural southern state, to evaluate the employment of athletic trainers in the provision of medical services in secondary schools, and to compare athletic training medical services provided at athletic events among schools of various sizes.

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Setting:

Questionnaires were sent to administrators at 199 secondary schools.

Patients or Other Participants:

A total of 144 administrators, including interscholastic athletic directors and school principals, from 199 secondary schools participated (72% response rate).

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Participants completed the Self-Appraisal Checklist for Health Supervision in Scholastic Athletic Programs from the American Academy of Pediatrics, which has been demonstrated to be valid and reliable. The Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used to measure differences in groups.

Results:

We found differences in cumulative scores when measuring between institutional classifications (P≤.05). Cumulative scores for the Event Coverage section of the instrument ranged from 80.5 to 109.6 out of a total possible score of 126. We also found differences in several factors identified in the Event Coverage section (P≤.05).

Conclusions:

The number of coaching staff certified in cardiopulmonary resuscitation or first aid was minimal. Most schools did not have a plan for providing minimal emergency equipment, ice, or water for visiting teams. We found that 88% (n = 7) of the 8 essential Event Coverage components that the American Academy of Pediatrics deems important were not addressed by schools represented in our study.
Orthotic Intervention and Postural Stability in Participants With Functional Ankle Instability After an Accommodation Period
Authors: Hamlyn Chris , Docherty Carrie L. , Klossner Joanne
Published: March 2017

Context:

Most protocols established to treat patients with functional ankle instability (FAI) have focused on taping the ankle. Orthotic intervention is a different treatment protocol that may have a positive effect on these patients, especially after an accommodation period.

Objective:

To determine whether the use of a prefabricated orthotic affects postural stability in patients with FAI and a control group.

Design:

Randomized controlled clinical trial.

Setting:

Research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Forty patients with unilateral FAI.

Intervention(s):

Postural stability was measured on both limbs using a force plate on 3 occasions. Participants were instructed to balance on 1 limb with their eyes closed for 20 seconds. In session 1, postural stability was measured with the patient wearing his or her own athletic shoes. The control group repeated this procedure in sessions 2 and 3. When those in the orthotic group returned for session 2, they received prefabricated, full-length Quick Comfort Insoles for both feet, immediately placed the orthotics in their shoes, and were tested for postural stability. Patients in the orthotic group were instructed to wear the inserts daily and return 2 weeks later for session 3 and repeat postural stability testing.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Center of pressure.

Results:

In the orthotic group, postural stability improved between sessions 1 and 2 and sessions 1 and 3. In session 3, postural stability was different for the orthotic and control groups. We also identified a difference between the limbs such that the FAI ankle displayed worse postural stability than did the healthy ankle.

Conclusions:

Prefabricated orthotics improved postural stability in participants with FAI. Similar to the findings of previous researchers, we found that postural stability was worse in FAI ankles than in healthy ankles.
Identifying Multiplanar Knee Laxity Profiles and Associated Physical Characteristics
Authors: Shultz Sandra J. , Dudley William N. , Kong Yanfang
Published: March 2017

Context:

A single measure of knee laxity (ie, measurement of laxity in a single plane of motion) is probably inadequate to fully describe how knee joint laxity is associated with anterior cruciate ligament injury.

Objective:

To characterize interparticipant differences in the absolute and relative magnitudes of multiplanar knee laxity (ie, sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes) and examine physical characteristics that may contribute to these differences.

Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

140 participants (90 women, 50 men).

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Using cluster analysis, we grouped participants into distinct multiplanar knee laxity profiles based on the absolute and relative magnitudes of their anterior knee laxity (AKL), genu recurvatum (GR), and varusvalgus (VV) and internal-external rotation (IER) knee laxity. Using multinomial logistic regression, we then examined associations between the different laxity profile clusters and physical characteristics of sex, age, activity level, general joint laxity, body mass index, thigh strength, and 8 measures of lower extremity anatomical alignment.

Results:

Six clusters were identified: low (LOW), moderate (MOD) and high (HIGH) laxity overall and disproportionally higher VV/IER (MODVV/IER), GR (HIGHGR), and AKL (HIGHAKL) laxity. Once all other physical characteristics were accounted for, the LOW cluster was more likely to be older, with longer femur length. Clusters with greater magnitudes of VV and IER laxity were more likely to be younger and to have lower body mass index, smaller Q-angle, and shorter femur length (MOD, HIGH, MODVV/IER) and less thigh strength (HIGH). The HIGHGR cluster was more likely to be female and to have a smaller tibiofemoral angle and longer femur length. The HIGHAKL cluster was more likely to have greater hip anteversion and navicular drop.

Conclusions:

The absolute and relative magnitudes of a person's multiplanar knee laxity are not always uniform across planes of motion and can be influenced by age, body composition, thigh strength, and structural alignment. Except in HIGHGR, sex was not a significant predictor of cluster membership once other physical characteristics were taken into account.
Heat Stress and Cardiovascular, Hormonal, and Heat Shock Proteins in Humans
Authors: Iguchi Masaki , Littmann Andrew E. , Chang Shuo-Hsiu , Wester Lydia A. , Knipper Jane S. , Shields Richard K.
Published: March 2017

Context:

Conditions such as osteoarthritis, obesity, and spinal cord injury limit the ability of patients to exercise, preventing them from experiencing many well-documented physiologic stressors. Recent evidence indicates that some of these stressors might derive from exercise-induced body temperature increases.

Objective:

To determine whether whole-body heat stress without exercise triggers cardiovascular, hormonal, and extra-cellular protein responses of exercise.

Design:

Randomized controlled trial.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Twenty-five young, healthy adults (13 men, 12 women; age = 22.1 ± 2.4 years, height = 175.2 ± 11.6 cm, mass = 69.4 ± 14.8 kg, body mass index = 22.6 ± 4.0) volunteered.

Intervention(s):

Participants sat in a heat stress chamber with heat (73°C) and without heat (26°C) stress for 30 minutes on separate days. We obtained blood samples from a subset of 13 participants (7 men, 6 women) before and after exposure to heat stress.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Extracellular heat shock protein (HSP72) and catecholamine plasma concentration, heart rate, blood pressure, and heat perception.

Results:

After 30 minutes of heat stress, body temperature measured via rectal sensor increased by 0.8°C. Heart rate increased linearly to 131.4 ± 22.4 beats per minute (F6,24 = 186, P < .001) and systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased by 16 mm Hg (F6,24 = 10.1, P < .001) and 5 mm Hg (F6,24 = 5.4, P < .001), respectively. Norepinephrine (F1,12 = 12.1, P = .004) and prolactin (F1,12 = 30.2, P < .001) increased in the plasma (58% and 285%, respectively) (P < .05). The HSP72 (F1,12 = 44.7, P < .001) level increased with heat stress by 48.7% ± 53.9%. No cardiovascular or blood variables showed changes during the control trials (quiet sitting in the heat chamber with no heat stress), resulting in differences between heat and control trials.

Conclusions:

We found that whole-body heat stress triggers some of the physiologic responses observed with exercise. Future studies are necessary to investigate whether carefully prescribed heat stress constitutes a method to augment or supplement exercise.
Predicting Football Players' Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Body Composition Using Standard Anthropometric Measures
Authors: Oliver Jonathan M. , Lambert Brad S. , Martin Steven E. , Green John S. , Crouse Stephen F.
Published: March 2017

Context:

The recent increase in athlete size, particularly in football athletes of all levels, coupled with the increased health risk associated with obesity warrants continued monitoring of body composition from a health perspective in this population. Equations developed to predict percentage of body fat (%Fat) have been shown to be population specific and might not be accurate for football athletes.

Objective:

To develop multiple regression equations using standard anthropometric measurements to estimate dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry %Fat (DEXA%Fat) in collegiate football players.

Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Patients and Other Participants:

One hundred fifty-seven National Collegiate Athletic Association Division IA football athletes (age  =  20 ± 1 years, height  =  185.6 ± 6.5 cm, mass  =  103.1 ± 20.4 kg, DEXA%Fat  =  19.5 ± 9.1%) participated.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Participants had the following measures: (1) body composition testing with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; (2) skinfold measurements in millimeters, including chest, triceps, subscapular, midaxillary, suprailiac, abdominal (SFAB), and thigh; and (3) standard circumference measurements in centimeters, including ankle, calf, thigh, hip (AHIP), waist, umbilical (AUMB), chest, wrist, forearm, arm, and neck. Regression analysis and fit statistics were used to determine the relationship between DEXA%Fat and each skinfold thickness, sum of all skinfold measures (SFSUM), and individual circumference measures.

Results:

Statistical analysis resulted in the development of 3 equations to predict DEXA%Fat: model 1, (0.178 • AHIP) + (0.097 • AUMB) + (0.089 • SFSUM) − 19.641; model 2, (0.193 • AHIP) + (0.133 • AUMB) + (0.371 • SFAB) − 23.0523; and model 3, (0.132 • SFSUM) + 3.530. The R2 values were 0.94 for model 1, 0.93 for model 2, and 0.91 for model 3 (for all, P < .001).

Conclusions:

The equations developed provide an accurate way to assess DEXA%Fat in collegiate football players using standard anthropometric measures so athletic trainers and coaches can monitor these athletes at increased health risk due to increased size.
Removal Time and Efficacy of Riddell Quick Release Face Guard Attachment System Side Clips During 1 Football Season
Authors: Gruppen Tonia , Smith Molly , Ganss Andrea
Published: March 2017

Context

In the National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement, “Acute Management of the Cervical Spine-Injured Athlete,” the technique recommended for face-mask (FM) removal is one that “creates the least head and neck motion, is performed most quickly, is the least difficult, and carries the least chance of failure.” Industrial and technological advances in football helmet design and FM attachment systems might influence the efficacy of emergency FM removal.

Objective

To examine the removal times and success rates of the Quick Release (QR) Face Guard Attachment System (Riddell Sports, Inc, Elyria, OH) throughout and at the conclusion of 1 season of play by a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division III football team competing in the Midwest.

Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Setting

College laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants

A total of 69 randomly selected Revolution IQ (Riddell Sports, Inc) football helmets fitted with the QR system were used.

Intervention(s)

Each helmet was secured to a spine board, and investigators attempted to remove both of the QR side clips from the helmet with the Riddell insertion tool.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Dependent variables included total time for removal of both QR side clips from the FM and success rate for removal of both side clips.

Results

The overall success rate for removal of both clips was 94.8% (164/173), whereas the mean times for removal of both clips ranged from 9.92 ± 12.06 seconds to 16.65 ± 20.97 seconds over 4 trial sessions. We found no differences among mean times for trial sessions throughout the season of play among the same helmets or among different helmets (P > .05).

Conclusions

Removal time and success rate of the Riddell QR were satisfactory during and after 1 season of play despite use in various temperatures and precipitation.
Lower Extremity Muscle Activation and Knee Flexion During a Jump-Landing Task
Authors: Walsh Meghan , Boling Michelle C. , McGrath Melanie , Blackburn J. Troy , Padua Darin A.
Published: March 2017

Context:

Decreased sagittal-plane motion at the knee during dynamic tasks has been reported to increase impact forces during landing, potentially leading to knee injuries such as anterior cruciate ligament rupture.

Objective:

To describe the relationship between lower extremity muscle activity and knee-flexion angle during a jump-landing task.

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Setting:

Research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Thirty recreationally active volunteers (15 men, 15 women: age = 21.63 ± 2.01 years, height = 173.95 ± 11.88 cm, mass = 72.57 ± 14.25 kg).

Intervention(s):

Knee-flexion angle and lower extremity muscle activity were collected during 10 trials of a jump-landing task.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Simple correlation analyses were performed to determine the relationship between each knee-flexion variable (initial contact, peak, and displacement) and electromyographic amplitude of the gluteus maximus (GMAX), quadriceps (VMO and VL), hamstrings, gastrocnemius, and quadriceps : hamstring (Q : H) ratio. Separate forward stepwise multiple regressions were conducted to determine which combination of muscle activity variables predicted each knee-flexion variable.

Results:

During preactivation, VMO and GMAX activity and the Q : H ratio were negatively correlated with knee-flexion angle at initial contact (VMO: r = −0.382, P = .045; GMAX: r = −0.385, P = .043; Q : H ratio: r = −0.442, P = .018). The VMO, VL, and GMAX deceleration values were negatively correlated with peak knee-flexion angle (VMO: r = −0.687, P = .001; VL: r = −0.467, P = .011; GMAX: r = −0.386, P = .043). The VMO and VL deceleration values were negatively correlated with knee-flexion displacement (VMO: r = −0.631, P = .001; VL: r = −0.453, P = .014). The Q : H ratio and GM activity predicted 34.7% of the variance in knee-flexion angle at initial contact (P = .006). The VMO activity predicted 47.1% of the variance in peak knee-flexion angle (P = .001). The VMO and VL activity predicted 49.5% of the variance in knee-flexion displacement (P = .001).

Conclusions:

Greater quadriceps and GMAX activation and less hamstrings and gastrocnemius activation were correlated with smaller knee-flexion angles. This landing strategy may predispose an individual to increased impact forces due to the negative influence on knee-flexion position.
Neuromuscular Characteristics of Individuals Displaying Excessive Medial Knee Displacement
Authors: Padua Darin A. , Bell David R. , Clark Micheal A.
Published: March 2017

Context

Knee-valgus motion is a potential risk factor for certain lower extremity injuries, including anterior cruciate ligament injury and patellofemoral pain. Identifying neuromuscular characteristics associated with knee-valgus motion, such as hip and lower leg muscle activation, may improve our ability to prevent lower extremity injuries.

Objective

We hypothesized that hip and lower leg muscle-activation amplitude would differ among individuals displaying knee valgus (medial knee displacement) during a double-legged squat compared with those who did not display knee valgus. We further suggested that the use of a heel lift would alter lower leg muscle activation and frontal-plane knee motion in those demonstrating medial knee displacement.

Design

Descriptive laboratory study.

Setting

Research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants

A total of 37 healthy participants were assigned to the control (n = 19) or medial-knee-displacement (n = 18) group based on their double-legged squat performance.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Muscle-activation amplitude for the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, adductor magnus, medial and lateral gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior was measured during 2 double-legged squat tasks. The first task consisted of performing a double-legged squat without a heel lift; the second consisted of performing a double-legged squat task with a 2-in (5.08-cm) lift under the heels.

Results

Muscle-activation amplitude for the hip adductor, gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior was greater in those who displayed knee valgus than in those who did not (P < .05). Also, use of heel lifts resulted in decreased activation of the gluteus maximus, hip adductor, gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior muscles (P < .05). Use of heel lifts also eliminated medially directed frontal-plane knee motion in those displaying medial knee displacement.

Conclusions

Medial knee displacement during squatting tasks appears to be associated with increased hip-adductor activation and increased coactivation of the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles.
Rapid Weight Loss and the Body Fluid Balance and Hemoglobin Mass of Elite Amateur Boxers
Authors: Reljic Dejan , Hässler Eike , Jost Joachim , Friedmann-Bette Birgit
Published: March 2017

Context

Dehydration is assumed to be a major adverse effect associated with rapid loss of body mass for competing in a lower weight class in combat sports. However, the effects of such weight cutting on body fluid balance in a real-life setting are unknown.

Objective

To examine the effects of 5% or greater loss of body mass within a few days before competition on body water, blood volume, and plasma volume in elite amateur boxers.

Design

Case-control study.

Setting

Sports medicine laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants

Seventeen male boxers (age = 19.2 ± 2.9 years, height = 175.1 ± 7.0 cm, mass = 65.6 ± 9.2 kg) were assigned to the weight-loss group (WLG; n = 10) or the control group (CON; n = 7).

Intervention(s)

The WLG reduced body mass by restricting fluid and food and inducing excessive sweat loss by adhering to individual methods. The CON participated in their usual precompetition training.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

During an ordinary training period (t-1), 2 days before competition (t-2), and 1 week after competition (t-3), we performed bioelectrical impedance measurements; calculated total body water, intracellular water, and extracellular water; and estimated total hemoglobin mass (tHbmass), blood volume, and plasma volume by the CO-rebreathing method.

Results

In the WLG, the loss of body mass (5.6% ± 1.7%) led to decreases in total body water (6.0% ± 0.9%), extracellular water (12.4% ± 7.6%), tHbmass (5.3% ± 3.8%), blood volume (7.6% ± 2.1%; P < .001), and plasma volume (8.6% ± 3.9%). The intracellular water did not change (P > .05). At t-3, total body water, extracellular water, and plasma volume had returned to near baseline values, but tHbmass and blood volume still were less than baseline values (P < .05). In CON, we found no changes (P > .05).

Conclusions

In a real-life setting, the loss of approximately 6% body mass within 5 days induced hypohydration, which became evident by the decreases in body water and plasma volume. The reduction in tHbmass was a surprising observation that needs further investigation.
Distal Biceps Tendon Repair: An Analysis of Timing of Surgery on Outcomes
Authors: Anakwenze Oke A. , Baldwin Keith , Abboud Joseph A.
Published: March 2017

Context:

Surgical repair of the ruptured distal biceps brachaii tendon is an effective treatment in injured patients. Timing of surgery is considered an important factor when managing these patients.

Objective:

To compare our outcomes after distal biceps tendon acute (at 4 weeks or less) or chronic (greater than 4 weeks) repair.

Design:

Cohort study.

Setting:

Clinical practice.

Patients or Other Participants:

Of 18 patients in a tertiary practice who underwent distal biceps repair, 12 and 6 underwent acute or chronic repair, respectively. The average durations from injury to surgery were 15.3 (range, 9 to 25) and 50.1 (range, 29 to 75) days for the acute and chronic groups, respectively.

Intervention(s):

Distal biceps tendon repair.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) scoring, range of motion, and clinical and radiographic complications.

Results:

No differences were noted between the groups in DASH scoring or range of motion. No complications occurred, and radiographic outcomes were satisfactory, without evidence of heterotopic ossification in any patients.

Conclusions:

Secure repair of a distal biceps tendon injury may yield similar results, whether it is performed in the acute or chronic setting.
Scapular Bracing and Alteration of Posture and Muscle Activity in Overhead Athletes With Poor Posture
Authors: Cole Ashley K. , McGrath Melanie L. , Harrington Shana E. , Padua Darin A. , Rucinski Terri J. , Prentice William E.
Published: March 2017

Context:

Overhead athletes commonly have poor posture. Commercial braces are used to improve posture and function, but few researchers have examined the effects of shoulder or scapular bracing on posture and scapular muscle activity.

Objective:

To examine whether a scapular stabilization brace acutely alters posture and scapular muscle activity in healthy overhead athletes with forward-head, rounded-shoulder posture (FHRSP).

Design:

Randomized controlled clinical trial.

Setting:

Applied biomechanics laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Thirty-eight healthy overhead athletes with FHRSP.

Intervention(s):

Participants were assigned randomly to 2 groups: compression shirt with no strap tension (S) and compression shirt with the straps fully tensioned (S + T). Posture was measured using lateral-view photography with retroreflective markers. Electromyography (EMG) of the upper trapezius (UT), middle trapezius (MT), lower trapezius (LT), and serratus anterior (SA) in the dominant upper extremity was measured during 4 exercises (scapular punches, W's, Y's, T's) and 2 glenohumeral motions (forward flexion, shoulder extension). Posture and exercise EMG measurements were taken with and without the brace applied.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Head and shoulder angles were measured from lateral-view digital photographs. Normalized surface EMG was used to assess mean muscle activation of the UT, MT, LT, and SA.

Results:

Application of the brace decreased forward shoulder angle in the S + T condition. Brace application also caused a small increase in LT EMG during forward flexion and Y's and a small decrease in UT and MT EMG during shoulder extension. Brace application in the S + T group decreased UT EMG during W's, whereas UT EMG increased during W's in the S group.

Conclusions:

Application of the scapular brace improved shoulder posture and scapular muscle activity, but EMG changes were highly variable. Use of a scapular brace might improve shoulder posture and muscle activity in overhead athletes with poor posture.
National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Evaluation of Dietary Supplements for Performance Nutrition
Authors: Buell Jackie L. , Franks Rob , Ransone Jack , Powers Michael E. , Laquale Kathleen M. , Carlson-Phillips Amanda
Published: March 2017

Objectives

To help athletic trainers promote a “food-first” philosophy to support health and performance, understand federal and sport governing body rules and regulations regarding dietary supplements and banned substances, and become familiar with reliable resources for evaluating the safety, purity, and efficacy of dietary supplements.

Background

The dietary supplement industry is poorly regulated and takes in billions of dollars per year. Uneducated athletes need to gain a better understanding of the safety, eligibility, and efficacy concerns associated with choosing to take dietary supplements. The athletic trainer is a valuable athletic team member who can help in the educational process. In many cases, athletic trainers are asked to help evaluate the legality, safety, and efficacy of dietary supplements. For this position statement, our mission is to provide the athletic trainer with the necessary resources for these tasks.

Recommendations

Proper nutrition and changes in the athlete's habitual diet should be considered first when improved performance is the goal. Athletes need to understand the level of regulation (or lack thereof) governing the dietary supplement industry at the international, federal, state, and individual sport-participation levels. Athletes should not assume a product is safe simply because it is marketed over the counter. All products athletes are considering using should be evaluated for purity (ie, truth in labeling), safety, and efficacy.
Serendipity face and edge VEM spaces
Authors: Beirão da Veiga Lourenço , Brezzi Franco , Marini Luisa Donatella , Russo Alessandro
Published: March 2017

We extend the basic idea of Serendipity Virtual Elements from the previous case (by the same authors) of nodal (piecewise smooth and continuous) elements, to a more general framework. Then we apply the general strategy to the case of

H

(div) and

H(\mathbf {curl})

conforming Virtual Element Methods, in two and three dimensions.
Transparencia en televisiones públicas: desarrollo de indicadores y análisis de los casos de España y Chile
Authors: López-López Paulo Carlos , Puentes-Rivera Iván , Rúas-Araújo José
Published: March 2017

El presente trabajo desarrolla y propone 29 indicadores de transparencia aplicables a las televisiones públicas, para posteriormente ensayarlos de forma experimental con la Televisión Nacional de Chile (TVN) y Televisión Española (TVE). Metodología: Siguiendo el método analítico, se aplican esos indicadores a la información disponible en las páginas web de TVN y TVE, para finalmente puntuar su nivel de transparencia dentro de una escala de 0 a 100. Resultados: La mayor transparencia se observa en relación con la producción de información y acceso a contenidos, seguido de la información económica. La mayor opacidad tiene que ver con la información institucional y la referida al personal directivo. Discusión y conclusiones: El nivel de transparencia de TVN y TVE es el mismo, ambas obtienen una puntuación de 62,069 sobre 100. Además, se demuestra la validez de los indicadores propuestos para valorar el nivel de transparencia de diferentes televisiones y establecer comparaciones equitativas y objetivas entre ellas, aunque deberán ser ampliados en el futuro
Ренормгрупповое описание влияния дефектов структуры на фазовый переход в сложных спиновых системах с эффектами случайной анизотропии и дефектами структуры
Authors: Dubs Vadim Viktorovich , Prudnikov Vladimir Vasil'evich , Prudnikov Pavel Vladimirovich
Published: March 2017

Впервые осуществлено теоретико-полевое описание фазового перехода в аморфном магнетике с эффектами случайной анизотропии и влиянием дефектов структуры в рамках двухпетлевого приближения при фиксированной размерности $d=3$. Для данной многовершинной модели определена система неподвижных точек ренормгрупповых уравнений и проведен расчет показателей их устойчивости с применением метода суммирования Паде-Бореля. Показана роль дефектов структуры как стабилизирующих факторов при реализации фазовых переходов второго рода.
Формфакторы в $\mathcal N=4$ максимально суперсимметричной теории Янга-Миллса, мягкие теоремы и интегрируемость
Authors: Bork Leonid Vladimirovich , Onischenko Andrei Ivanovich
Published: March 2017

Обсуждается универсальное мягкое поведение формфакторов в $\mathcal N=4$ максимально суперсимметричной теории Янга-Миллса в предельном случае, когда импульс одной из частиц стремится к нулю. Приводятся детали связи древесных формфакторов в данной теории и собственных функций $\mathfrak{gl}(4|4)$ интегрируемой спиновой цепочки.
Метод ВКБ для квантово-механической задачи двух кулоновских центров
Authors: Gnatich Michal , Khmara Viktor Miroslavovich , Lazur Vladimir Yur'evich , Reity Aleksandr Konstantinovich
Published: March 2017

С помощью модифицированной теории возмущений получены асимптотические выражения для двухцентровых квазирадиальной и квазиугловой волновых функций при больших межъядерных расстояниях $R$. Показано, что в каждом порядке по $1/R$ поправки к волновым функциям выражаются через конечное число кулоновских функций с модифицированным зарядом. Для первой, второй и третьей поправок выведены простые аналитические выражения. Разработана последовательная схема получения разложений ВКБ для решений квазиуглового уравнения в квантово-механической задаче двух кулоновских центров. В рамках этой схемы построены квазиклассические двухцентровые волновые функции при больших расстояниях между фиксированными положительно заряженными частицами (ядрами) для всего пространства движения частицы с отрицательным зарядом (электрона). Метод обеспечивает простые равномерные оценки для собственных функций при произвольно больших межъядерных расстояниях $R$, включая $R\gg 1$. В отличие от теории возмущений квазиклассическое приближение не связано с малостью взаимодействия и поэтому имеет более широкую область применимости, что позволяет исследовать качественные закономерности в поведении и свойствах квантово-механических систем.
Модель кварк-антикваркового взаимодействия в квантовой хромодинамике на световом фронте
Authors: Zubov Roman Andreevich , Prokhvatilov Evgenii Vasil'evich , Malyshev Mikhail Yur'evich
Published: March 2017

Сформулирована модель кварк-антикваркового взаимодействия, связанная с рассмотрением предельного перехода к гамильтониану на световом фронте в квантовой хромодинамике. В качестве ультрафиолетовой регуляризации используется решетка в пространстве поперечных координат. Кроме того, вводятся ограничение продольной координаты светового фронта и периодические граничные условия. Нулевая мода поля по этой координате рассматривается как независимая динамическая переменная. Пространство состояний модели ограничивается кварком и антикварком, которые взаимодействуют только посредством нулевой моды глюонного поля на световом фронте. В рамках этого подхода получен дискретный спектр масс связанных состояний. Этот спектр определяется уравнением, которое по продольной координате оказывается аналогичным уравнению 'т Хоофта двумерной квантовой хромодинамики. Данное уравнение также содержит кварк-антикварковый потенциал, который обеспечивает конфайнмент в поперечном пространстве.
Sea ice as a source of sea salt aerosol to Greenland ice cores: a
model-based study
Authors: Rhodes Rachael H. , Yang Xin , Wolff Eric W. , McConnell Joseph R. , Frey Markus M.
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Growing evidence suggests that the sea ice surface is an important source of sea salt aerosol and this has significant implications for polar climate and atmospheric chemistry. It also offers the opportunity to use ice core sea salt records as proxies for past sea ice extent. To explore this possibility in the Arctic region, we use a chemical transport model to track the emission, transport and deposition of sea salt from both the open ocean and the sea ice, allowing us to assess the relative importance of each. Our results confirm the importance of sea ice sea salt (SISS) to the winter Arctic aerosol burden. For the first time, we explicitly simulate the sea salt concentrations of Greenland snow and find they match high resolution Greenland ice core records to within a factor of two. Our simulations suggest that SISS contributes to the winter maxima in sea salt characteristic of ice cores across Greenland. A north-south gradient in the contribution of SISS relative to open ocean sea salt (OOSS) exists across Greenland, with 50 % of sea salt being SISS at northern sites such as NEEM, while only 10 % of sea salt is SISS at southern locations such as ACT10C. Our model shows some skill at reproducing the inter-annual variability in sea salt concentrations for 1991–1999 AD, particularly at Summit where up to 62 % of the variability is explained. Future work will involve constraining what is driving this inter-annual variability and operating the model under different paleoclimatic conditions.
Voxel inversion of airborne electromagnetic data for improved groundwater model construction and prediction accuracy
Authors: Christensen Nikolaj Kruse , Ferre Ty Paul A. , Fiandaca Gianluca , Christensen Steen
Published: March 2017

Abstract. We present a workflow for efficient construction and calibration of large-scale groundwater models that includes the integration of airborne electromagnetic (AEM) data and hydrological data. In the first step, the AEM data are inverted to form a 3-D geophysical model. In the second step, the 3-D geophysical model is translated, using a spatially dependent petrophysical relationship, to form a 3-D hydraulic conductivity distribution. The geophysical models and the hydrological data are used to estimate spatially distributed petrophysical shape factors. The shape factors primarily work as translators between resistivity and hydraulic conductivity, but they can also compensate for structural defects in the geophysical model. The method is demonstrated for a synthetic case study with sharp transitions among various types of deposits. Besides demonstrating the methodology, we demonstrate the importance of using geophysical regularization constraints that conform well to the depositional environment. This is done by inverting the AEM data using either smoothness (smooth) constraints or minimum gradient support (sharp) constraints, where the use of sharp constraints conforms best to the environment. The dependency on AEM data quality is also tested by inverting the geophysical model using data corrupted with four different levels of background noise. Subsequently, the geophysical models are used to construct competing groundwater models for which the shape factors are calibrated. The performance of each groundwater model is tested with respect to four types of prediction that are beyond the calibration base: a pumping well's recharge area and groundwater age, respectively, are predicted by applying the same stress as for the hydrologic model calibration; and head and stream discharge are predicted for a different stress situation. As expected, in this case the predictive capability of a groundwater model is better when it is based on a sharp geophysical model instead of a smoothness constraint. This is true for predictions of recharge area, head change, and stream discharge, while we find no improvement for prediction of groundwater age. Furthermore, we show that the model prediction accuracy improves with AEM data quality for predictions of recharge area, head change, and stream discharge, while there appears to be no accuracy improvement for the prediction of groundwater age.
Participation ahead: Perceptions of master degree students on reciprocal peer learning activities
Authors: Lelis Catarina
Published: March 2017

Peer Learning is broadly described as the development of knowledge or skills by individuals from similar statutory conditions who are learning from and with each other in both formal and informal ways. There is a considerable amount of published work on peer learning in the context of schools and undergraduate courses but little work has been developed around postgraduate levels, specifically with Masters courses. The goal of the research presented in this paper was to understand how Masters degree students perceive and engage with a peer learning activity set in a taught module. One specialist subject topic from the curriculum was assigned to each student who, during two sessions in regular teaching times, had to perform both as peer tutor and tutee in a reciprocal peer learning approach. Two questionnaires were applied - one for each role the students had to perform. Results reveal that the majority of students considered the peer tutor role undeniably positive; however, while performing as tutees, students expressed skepticism regarding the effectiveness of the approach. As the credibility of peers was evidenced as an issue (when set against these students’ high expectations), this paper contends that reciprocal peer learning may not be the most suitable peer learning method for master levels. 
El proceso de escritura de los Comentarios reales y la historia natural
Authors: Del Pino-Díaz Fermín
Published: March 2017

El artículo se propone una revisión y reflexión en torno a los Comentarios reales del Inca Garcilaso, teniendo en cuenta su relación con historias naturales sobre América que se redactaron antes que su texto, en las que se apoyó, haciendo especial hincapié en la crónica de José de Acosta.
El precio de la palabra: la voz indígena en Huasipungo de Jorge Icaza
Authors: Soriano Saljkelsvik Kari
Published: March 2017

Este artículo propone una lectura de la novela de Jorge Icaza, Huasipungo (1934), que se enfoca en la manera en que en ella se construye la voz de los “huasipungueros”. El estudio muestra cómo el texto tiende a crear un espacio para la voz y el cuerpo de la comunidad nacional indígena. No obstante, descubre a su vez que, irónicamente, lo que presenciamos es cómo la población indígena es físicamente destruida justo en el momento en que aparece como hablante. Las ideas de Foucault acompañan este análisis, donde los cuerpos de los indígenas son estudiados en cuanto a su estética, su color, su olor y su higiene.
Migración y migrancia: dos aspectos claves para la configuración de la identidad en Crónica de músicos y diablos de Gregorio Martínez
Authors: Carrillo Jara Daniel
Published: March 2017

El objetivo de este artículo es demostrar que la migración y la migrancia son dos aspectos claves para la configuración de la identidad de los migrantes. El análisis del viaje que realiza la familia Guzmán en Crónica de músicos y diablos de Gregorio Martínez permite demostrar que la migración no solo constituye un movimiento geográfico hacia Lima, ni implica únicamente consecuencias sociales o económicos; por el contrario, la migración involucra también un viaje invisible cuyos efectos son principalmente culturales e identitarios, y al cual se le denomina migrancia. Este último exige el abandono de ciertos elementos de la cultura de origen para así apropiarse de los elementos de la nueva cultura. Se configura, por lo tanto, una identidad que se ubica entre dos espacios culturales.
Retaining Science Teachers in Rural School Districts: Examining the Unintended Consequences of the No Child Left Behind Act
Authors: Harrington James R
Published: March 2017

Previous case studies find that rural school districts have been struggling to recruit and retain high quality teachers after the implementation of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). Scholars and practitioners argue this labor market problem is even more dire in hard-to-recruit subject areas such as science and mathematics. While there is ample antidotal evidence, there is still no empirical studies that have leveraged a longitudinal dataset to estimate the impact of NCLB on teacher retention in rural school districts. To better examine the intended and unintended consequences of NCLB, this study leverages a longitudinal statewide panel dataset at the district level to examine the capability of rural school districts to recruit and retain science teachers. We find that rural school districts near metropolitan or micropolitan statistical areas employed fewer science teachers after the NCLB passage, while remote rural school districts did not experience a decline. This article highlights that rural school districts have differential effects on their ability to recruit and retain science teachers based on their proximity to urban areas.
A DESIGUALDADE AMBIENTAL EM RIO DAS OSTRAS-RJ, BRASIL
Authors: Bellini Juliana Higa , Caixeiro Stephan Ítalo Itamar , Gleriani José Marinaldo
Published: March 2017

Este artigo analisou a desigualdade ambiental em Rio das Ostras-RJ por meio do mapeamento das condições adequadas de habitação, baseada nos índices de abastecimento de água, de esgotamento sanitário, de alfabetização, de renda, de disposição do lixo e de presença de vegetação, oriundos do Censo IBGE de 2010 e de imagens de satélite Cbers-2b e Landsat-5, de 2008. Os índices foram ponderados pelo método Analitic Hierarchy Process e agregados no software ArcGis 10.0, construindo o índice de desigualdade ambiental. O município de Rio das Ostras foi selecionado por apresentar um elevado crescimento populacional entre 2000 e 2010, seguido de um significativo crescimento econômico derivado da exploração de petróleo e gás na Bacia de Campos. Nesse sentido, tornou-se importante verificar se o crescimento populacional e econômico vinha acompanhando de condições de habitação adequadas para toda a população. O resultado expôs a presença de desigualdade ambiental em Rio das Ostras, afetando principalmente a população de menor renda, com maiores porcentagens de analfabetos e localizados no limite da área urbanizada e na área rural, cujas áreas apresentaram deficiência na oferta de serviços e infraestrutura. Concluiu-se que a distribuição condições adequadas de habitação avaliada por este trabalho não é homogênea e segue a lógica de valorização da terra urbana para o processo de especulação imobiliária em Rio das Ostras. A presença da desigualdade ambiental também representa dificuldades na garantia da sustentabilidade urbana, com diversas áreas desprovidas de condições de habitação em que, por isso, acabam por impactar o meio ambiente.
TERRITÓRIO E SAÚDE NA GEOGRAFIA DE MILTON SANTOS: TEORIA E MÉTODO PARA O PLANEJAMENTO TERRITORIAL DO SISTEMA ÚNICO DE SAÚDE NO BRASIL
Authors: Faria Rivaldo Mauro
Published: March 2017

A geografia de Milton Santos vem sendo amplamente incorporada no planejamento territorial do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) no Brasil. Sua proposta baseada no conceito de “território usado” é ainda hoje referência para a definição da porta de entrada das redes de atenção à saúde do SUS. Contudo, os instrumentos normativos de planejamento territorial ainda carecem de embasamento teórico e de método mais aprofundado. Há a apropriação do conceito e a generalização do seu uso, mas falta reflexão e crítica. Por isso, já passados mais de vinte anos da apresentação da sua proposta do “retorno do território”, consideramos relevante refazer o caminho teórico do conceito de “território usado”, à luz e nos termos propostos originalmente por Milton Santos. Esse é o primeiro objetivo desse artigo. O segundo objetivo, não menos importante, é entender como esse conceito vem sendo utilizado em propostas efetivas de planejamento territorial do SUS. A metodologia é baseada num trabalho teórico-descritivo, de um lado, com função de iluminar teoricamente o conceito; e num exercício teórico-crítico, de outro, com função de método. Os resultados teóricos encontrados indicaram equívocos na apropriação do conceito de “território usado” pela saúde no Brasil e a necessidade de aprofundar sua discussão, sobretudo na dimensão da totalidade que lhe é inerente.
Nutrition and AIDS in the Caribbean: Looking beyond survival
Authors: Simpson Nicole , Henry Fitzroy J.
Published: March 2017

This study randomly selected HIV positive patients attending the largest hospital in Jamaica and analyzed their health, nutritional and socio-demographic profiles. Adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy was good overall and patients reported to have good appetite and most consumed at least 1-2 meals daily with snacks despite financial challenges. The nutritional status findings largely mirrored the trends in the general population towards increasingly overweight and obesity. The results also showed low rates of weight loss and under-nutrition but relatively high rates of non-communicable diseases. The contrasting recommendations on energy intake for persons living with AIDS and those obese create a potential nutritional dilemma for treatment and rehabilitation. This study concludes that priority attention must be directed towards designing a comprehensive nutrition program for AIDS survivors in the Caribbean.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of English Linguistics, Vol. 7, No. 2
Authors: Xu Diana
Published: March 2017

Reviewer acknowledgements for International Journal of English Linguistics, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2017.