bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Era of the Autogiro
Authors: Bennett J. A. J.
Published: July 2016

The First Cierva Memorial Lecture was given in the Lecture Theatre of the Society on 16th February 1961 with Dr. E. S. Moult, C.B.E., B.Sc., F.R.Ae.S., M.I.Mech.E., President of the Society, in the Chair. Introducing the lecturer, Dr. Moult said that, beginning in 1948, through the generosity of Wing Commander Graham Douglas, the Helicopter Association of Great Britain awarded a prize annually in commemoration of the great pioneer work of Juan de la Cierva in the field of rotary wing flight. When the Helicopter Association merged with the Royal Aeronautical Society in 1960 it was decided to institute a Cierva Memorial Lecture as a main event in the yearly calendar of the newly-formed Rotorcraft Section of the Society.

This was the first lecture of what he was sure would be an outstanding series and they were honoured by having with them for the occasion Dr. Carlos de la Cierva, son of the great pioneer. Professor Bennett had spent much of his working life associated with rotary wing aircraft and had been closely associated with Senor de la Cierva. He had been with the Cierva Autogiro Company for about 10 years, and for some seven years was head of the Helicopter Branch of Fairey Aviation; in America he was for a period a member of the British Air Commission and later, was Chief of Research of Hiller Aircraft. He was now Deputy Principal and Head of the Department of Aerodynamics at the College of Aeronautics.
Electronic Displays for Rotary Wing Aircraft
Authors: Bell J. C. G.
Published: July 2016

Since the first decade of this century aircraft have been equipped with instrumentation to show attitude and direction and to assist navigation and to monitor the performance of the prime mover, if any. Their sophistication has grown with the aircraft but while aerodynamic shapes have apparently simplified over the years, instrument configuration has tended towards complex arrays of electro-mechanical analogues.

Fundamentally, instruments are means of data communication between the systems of the aircraft and the human crew, the latter functioning either as part of a closed loop or, alternatively as the monitor of an automatic control. When functioning as a monitor it must always be considered that the human operator may have to revert with minimum delay and disturbance to the first role, namely that of an active part of the control system. In extreme cases of multiplex automatic systems, such as those intended for Auto-land, there may be a case for denying revertion on the grounds that channel redundancy will reduce the failure rate to an acceptable value, added to the fact that the pilot might in fact be incapable of improving the situation after a certain point in time and space had been reached.
Some Comments “On The Effect of Shock-Induced Turbulent Separation on the Shock-Wave Position in a Nozzle”
Authors: Glass I. I. , Korbacher G. K.
Published: July 2016

In Ref. 1, Professor D. W. Holder describes a very interesting experiment pertaining to shock wave position and boundary layer separation in supersonic nozzles at low Mach numbers (M ⩽ 1·4). A closer examination of this experiment indicates that the results may only be applicable in the Mach number range of M < 1·48, not in the range of M> 1·48.
Drag of a Circular Cylinder with Vortex Generators
Authors: Joubert P. N. , Hoffman E. R.
Published: July 2016

The following is a report of preliminary tests to determine the effect of vortex generators on the drag of a circular cylinder. It was thought that with suitable placement of the vortex generators on the cylinder, the laminar separation of the boundary layer at subcritical Reynolds numbers might be delayed, and a reduction in drag coefficient obtained.
The Five-Point Loading Shear Stiffness Test
Authors: Howard H. B.
Published: July 2016

The shear stiffness of a beam in bending is commonly determined by measuring the central deflection δ in a three-point loading test for a range of values of the span L under a constant central load. The value of bending stiffness, EI, and shear stiffness, GA, can then be obtained by plotting δ/L against L2 and drawing the best straight line through the points so obtained. The slope of this line for unit central load is then 1/48EI and its intercept on the δ/L axis is 1/4GA on the simple “Engineer's” theory.
Loss of Stiffness in a Heated Wing: An Inequality
Authors: Mansfield E. H.
Published: July 2016

The loss of torsional or flexural stiffness due to thermal stresses in a thin solid wing is now well known and has been considered by a number of authors, e.g. Dryden and Duberg, Vosteen and Fuller, Bisplinghoff, Hoff, Budiansky and Mayers, Argyris, and the present author. Exact analyses are available only for the “one-dimensional” case of a wing of infinite aspect ratio with arbitrary chordwise distribution of wing thickness and temperature. The loss of stiffness in a similar wing of finite aspect ratio is not as great and, in particular, the proportional reduction in flexural stiffness in a low aspect ratio wing will tend to be less than the proportional reduction in torsional stiffness.
Calibration of a Cruciform Wind Vane Configuration at Subsonic and Supersonic Speeds
Authors: Dee F. W. , Mabey D. G.
Published: July 2016

Incidence and sideslip must be measured accurately in aircraft performance and stability tests. A convenient method is to install wind vanes on a nose boom. When only one sideslip and one incidence vane are fitted, mutual interference occurs, and the vanes do not indicate the true flow direction. This interference can be 0·5° at 0° incidence at subsonic and supersonic speeds. Thus a symmetric configuration of vanes is essential for accurate measurements of incidence and sideslip.

A cruciform arrangement of four wind vanes was fitted around the nose boom Pitot head of the Fairey Delta 2 supersonic research aircraft. The effect of the Pitot boom on the vane sensitivity was determined by a calibration of the aircraft vanes on a duplicate Pitot-static head in the R.A.E. Bedford 3 ft wind tunnel.

The effects of the fuselage and the wing upwash are only present at subsonic speeds and can be estimated.
The Shock Position in Overexpanded Nozzles.
Authors: Arens M.
Published: July 2016

References 1 and 2 discuss the shock position in over-expanded nozzles, and in particular the transition from nozzle flow characterised by a normal shock in the nozzle to nozzle flow characterised by oblique shocks and separation from the wall. As is well known, the shock position and pressure distribution for unseparated overexpanded flow can be adequately explained using one-dimensional fluid mechanics. Ref. 2, while suggesting a criterion for transition to separated flow, maintains that the separation point is not predictable. The criterion suggested by ref. 2 is that whenever the pressure ratio p2/p0, associated with expansion to the nozzle exit plane followed by normal shock compression at the exit Mach number exceeds the nozzle pressure ratio pb/p0, separated flow will occur. Based on this criterion and the double valuedness of the p2/p0 locus, it is argued that at a nozzle pressure ratio of 0·624, a continuous increase of nozzle exit to throat area ratio will provide for transition from unseparated normal shock flow to separated flow and back to unseparated normal shock flow.
A Note on the Determination of Shearing Stress and Heat Flux around the Perimeter of a Duct
Authors: Barrow Henry , Lee Yung
Published: July 2016

Graphical and experimental methods exist for the determination of the local shearing stress and heat flux on the boundary of a duct of constant cross section in a fully developed turbulent flow. While the graphical method (see for example Ref. 1) is simple to effect, the premise on which it is based is questionable and even so a high order of drawing accuracy is necessary for reliable results. In the graphical method, it is assumed that there is no turbulent stress on surfaces which are perpendicular to the w-velocity contours (see Fig. 1). The shearing forces on the elemental area which is subtended at the boundary are then equated to the difference between the pressure forces acting over the elemental area of the duct cross section. This is a clever technique, but the use of surfaces across which the w-velocity gradient is zero for the calculation of the boundary stress needs more justification. Similarly, for heat flux distribution by a graphical method, it is difficult to determine the planes in the duct across which there is no turbulent heat transfer. As for the stress, surfaces across which there is no temperature gradient are not necessarily coincident with surfaces of zero heat flow. For the experimental determination of the wall stress, the ingenious Preston tube is available, but for the heat flux there is no simple counterpart. Heat meters (and their associated instruments) which are sometimes used are difficult to manufacture and their data must be treated with care.
A Simple Method for Simultaneous Projection of a Schlieren Image on a Viewing Screen and into a Camera
Authors: Nebbeling C.
Published: July 2016

The toepler schlieren system of wind tunnels is usually designed in such a way that an image of the flow in the test section can be formed in a camera for taking flow pictures. For visual observation, a mirror is inserted in the light beam and the image is projected on a screen. When a photograph or film record of the flow is desired, the mirror is removed by some quick-acting mechanism to allow the light beam to enter the camera. Especially in the case of non-steady flows, the time lag involved in removing the mirror can prove to be a drawback. An interesting pattern observed upon the screen may have vanished by the time the light beam is switched over to the camera. At the same time the image disappears from the screen, leaving the operator in doubt whether or not the pattern lasted long enough to be recorded by the camera. In this note a very simple arrangement of the schlieren system is described, which gives simultaneously an image on the viewing screen and in the camera. So far as the author knows, it is not applied elsewhere. The method consists of the use of a mirror knife edge instead of the usual knife edge.
Education — A Discussion
Authors: Anderson David
Published: July 2016

I do not think that any report was ever so fortunate in the timing of its publication—although this was quite accidental— as the Robbins Report. An expiring Government and an aspiring Opposition have both welcomed it with open arms; a quite unusual state of affairs. It has received also a very good press, although there have been criticisms by some who were expecting recommendations on special issues such as sandwich courses or the place of liberal studies in technological courses and so on. But anyone making criticism of this kind has clearly not read the terms of reference given to the Committee, which were to review the pattern of full time higher education and in the light of national needs and resources, to advise the Government on what principles its long-term development should take place and to consider whether there should be any changes in the pattern and whether any new types of institution were desirable. Detailed problems lying within the pattern were outside our terms of reference.
On the Deflection of Rectangular Orthotropic Plates Under Lateral Loads
Authors: Rajappa N. R.
Published: July 2016

Recently the use of Maclaurin’s series was illustrated for the analysis of orthotropic plates. Formulae connecting the deflection of orthotropic plates to that of the corresponding isotropic plate are established here, thus eliminating the need for solving the characteristic equations of orthotropic plates. Rectangular plates with two opposite sides simply-supported and one of the other two sides elastically restrained against rotation are considered.
Gas Turbine Development— Thirteen and a Half Years in Commercial Aircraft
Authors: Lovesey A. C.
Published: July 2016

It is now 13½ years since turbine engines first began airline service with the Dart in the Viscount. It is 11½ years since the de Havilland Ghost jet engine went into airline operation with the Comet. Today there are some 2468 gas-turbined aircraft operating (or on order) on commercial service and it would be interesting to look back over those 13½ years and ask the question, “How do we apply this experience towards meeting the requirements of the future?”

I can only speak with first hand knowledge of that part of the operation associated with engines produced by my Company. However, this is a sizeable sample covering over 50 per cent of the “Free-World’s” civil aircraft including propeller turbines, jet and by-pass engines.
The Activation of The Blue Streak Launching Site at Woomera and the First Blue Streak Flight Trial
Authors: Hume C. R.
Published: July 2016

The activity at Woomera leading to the first flight trial of Blue Streak had two distinct phases. First, the activation of the Blue Streak site and second the preparation, static firing and launching of Blue Streak F1. These events are described in two parts, Part I dealing with the site preparation and Part II with the F1 trial.
The Physical Principles of Hovercraft
Authors: Mair W. A.
Published: July 2016

Any vehicle that is required to travel at high speed over the surface of the earth (either land or water) should have

(a) Low drag and

(b) Some form of spring suspension.

Anyone who doubts the need for the second of these, for travel over water, should consider the accelerations involved in following the surface of the sea at high speed and observe the behaviour of a high-speed motor boat on rough water.
The Determination of an Upper Bound of the Lowest Natural Frequency of a Star Shaped Membrane
Authors: Laura Patricio A.
Published: July 2016

Let Г be a closed curve in the z-plane with p-axis of symmetry. The mapping function

maps in general the interior of the unit circle |ξ| < 1 on to the interior of Г such that ξ=0 is transformed into z=0.
Thrust Throttling of Large Liquid Propellant Rocket Engines
Authors: Smith I. E.
Published: July 2016

The paper concerns rocket engines of the type currently employed in ballistic missiles and satellite booster vehicles, outlining some advantages to be gained from a reduction in thrust towards the end of the burning period. Several methods of throttling a rocket engine are then examined.

Low frequency combustion instability which can arise when an engine is operated below its normal thrust level is considered in some detail, including the effect of such instability on engine performance. Means of ensuring stable operation both in the main thrust chamber and the turbine gas generator are described and compared.

The mechanism of heat transfer to the main injector has been studied and the modifications to the injection pattern necessary to maintain this at a safe level are described. Also, changes in the overall heat transfer rate to the thrust chamber walls are discussed with special reference to the formation of an insulating layer which occurs with carbon-bearing propellants.

The discrepancy between the inlet heads of the propellants at high vehicle accelerations is noted and the relative effect of this on engine operating conditions for the throttled and unthrottled cases described.

Finally, the effect of pressure change on the thrust chamber performance is considered with reference to studies made on the Rolls-Royce RZ.2 engine.
Shear Buckling of Simply-Supported Rectangular Elastic Plate
Authors: Fang Bertrand T.
Published: July 2016

The equation for the buckling of a homogeneous
elastic plate is well known

For a simply-supported rectangular plate without shear (Nxy=0), the critical loads are usually found by substituting
into equation (1) and determining the loads at which nontrivial solutions exist. In the presence of shear, however, the difficulty with the above approach is that the shear term would involve cosines instead of sines.
Investigation of the Possibilities of Rotating Cylinders as an Auxiliary Lift Device
Authors: Chacksfield J. E.
Published: July 2016

The following is an attempt to show the gains and losses achieved when a rotating cylinder is used to create additional lift during the take-off and landing of an aircraft.

A hundred-year old theory lies behind the results (the “Magnus” effect), which, up to the present day has not been put to practical use in flight for increasing CL. Many proposals and tentative designs have been studied at major Research Establishments, notably A.V.A. Gottingen and the RAE but experimental studies on aircraft converted for the purpose have yet to be made.

Limited test results show that the CL on a rotating cylinder can be as great as 15 providing that sufficient care is taken to approach infinite aspect ratio by means of end-plates on a high aspect ratio cylinder. The one great disadvantage with the cylinder is the high drag coefficients produced. However, there seems no reason why a fairing should not be placed in the wake to reduce the drag to that corresponding to a blunt-nosed thick aerofoil section.
Jet Separation in Conical Nozzles
Authors: Sunley H. L. G. , Ferriman V. N.
Published: July 2016

The separation or breakaway of over-expanded gas from a nozzle wall plays an important role in the estimation of the thrust from a rocket engine when run at altitudes considerably less than the design. A number of reports have been written on the subject but the agreement of test results has not appeared to be good.

In an effort to clarify the position, the Rocket Department of Bristol Siddeley Engines Ltd. has carried out tests on experimental combustion chambers having static pressure tappings in the nozzle divergent section. These tests have shown that, contrary to some previous suggestions, the pressure at which the gas separates is neither constant nor independent of the nozzle length. The paper, which includes results from other workers, divides the field into separation adjacent to the nozzle exit and also at positions where the area ratio is less than 80 per cent of the exit area ratio.

For the most part, consideration is given to conical nozzles having divergence half angles of 15° to 17°, but comment is made on the effects of divergence and other variables. A tentative suggestion as to the mechanism of separation is also made.

Finally, the effect of separation on the sea-level thrust of a nozzle designed for high altitude Is shown.
Pressure Coefficient and Diffuser Efficiency
Authors: Cockrell D. J.
Published: July 2016

In a recent Technical Note, Bradshaw offered additional thought on an earlier note by Markland and myself. In doing so he wrote of the efficiency of a diffuser which was confused with the pressure recovery coefficient, Cp. In view of the great significance when designing engine intakes, combustion chambers, nuclear reactor plant and even heating and ventilating systems of even minute improvements in duct efficiency, the distinction is further discussed.
Natural Vibration with Damping Proportional to a Power of the Velocity
Authors: Richardson P. D.
Published: July 2016

In a recent note in the Journal, Morley and Bryce discuss the problem of natural vibration with a damping force proportional to a power of the velocity. They address themselves particularly to the problem of interpreting experimental measurements, and mention an application of the study of an elasticity in metals. They were apparently unaware of previous analytic studies of this problem, and their analysis is somewhat inaccurate in indicating that the full-cycle logarithmic decrement rather than the half-cycle logarithmic decrement characterises the damping.

It is intended here to outline the previous analytic studies, to present the essential results, including those which can be directly employed in the interpretation of amplitude measurements, and to mention typical applications.
Reinforced Fields of Triangular Elements with Linearly Varying Strain; Effect of Initial Strains
Authors: Argyris J. H.
Published: July 2016

This third technical note, on the background of the author's Main Lecture to the Society(1), illustrates the application of the technique given in ref. 2 on a simple example, and develops the basic ideas further, with particular reference to the effect of reinforcing flanges and initial loads, as may arise through differential thermal straining. A more ambitious example demonstrating the improvement achieved by the new triangle appears in ref. 1.
A Trial Flight on HMR33 1919
Authors: Potts R. W.
Published: July 2016

Towards the end of the days of the Royal Naval Service, 1919, I was posted to Barlow, where HMR33 was under construction. Barlow was in Yorkshire, near Selby. I knew where Selby was, as a Sunderland man. Selby was “way down south, near York”.

Barlow must have been the best RNAS station to be posted to, just a small group of officers and ratings, the potential crew of the wonderful new airship HMR33.

When we arrived, the “ship” was about half to three-quarters built, and, among other things, our duties were to make ourselves useful and get to know the construction of the whole airship. We took a great interest in our official duties, but some, I believe, were also interested in the girls working on the ship, which, after all, added a bit of romance, especially to an RNAS station.
A Note on the Static Hole Error Problem
Authors: Rajaratnam N.
Published: July 2016

The static hole error problem has been extensively investigated in the past. It has been shown that, for deep holes (for which the length l of the hole is greater than 1.5 times the diameter d of the hole), the difference between the indicated static pressure p0’ and the true static pressure p0 is a function of the boundary shear stress τ0, hole diameter d, the coefficient of dynamic viscosity μ and the mass density ρ of the fluid.
A Three-Component, Strain-Gauged Sting Balance for Use in Small Low-Speed Wind Tunnels
Authors: Marsden J. A. C.
Published: July 2016

In preparation for the wind tunnel testing of a series of aerodynamic research models a strain-gauged balance was sought which could be successfully made without the use of sophisticated tools. The principal requirements which influenced the design of the balance were:

(a)

It must enable lift, drag and pitching moment to be measured.

(b)

Deformation of the balance under the aerodynamic loads to be small.

(c)

Use of only basic workshop tools.

(d)

Short manufacturing time.

Further, the models were to be sting mounted at one end of the balance with their span vertical. The other end of the balance was to be rigidly fixed to a supporting stand which would be mounted on the wind tunnel turntable to permit incidence variation (Fig. 5).
Developments in Range Instrumentation
Authors: Harrison J. E. A.
Published: July 2016

Developments in Range instrumentation for trajectory measurement over the past ten years are reviewed, and some possible future developments discussed. Instrumentation systems considered include kine-theodolites, tracking radars, multi-station Doppler systems and interferometers. Some common sources of error are discussed; it is shown that atmospheric retraction variations may be the limiting factor on the accuracy of modern trajectory measuring systems.

The most important problems during the next five years will arise from requirements for very low level weapon systems, high precision tracking of small targets with fast response characteristics and long range high precision tracking of space vehicles. Developments to meet these requirements will lead to further requirements for completely automatic data processing for the high data rates needed. It seems probable that fewer completely new instrumentation systems will be developed during the next five years, more attention being given to reducing the size of airborne transponders and other equipment and increasing the reliability and accuracy of existing equipment. Systems using a common carrier lor telemetry signals and tracking may appear.

Considerable work on isolating sources of error in existing systems and reducing them is going on and will continue. This will be combined with more advanced post-flight analysis techniques during the next five years.
The Acquisition and Processing of Data from the Ariel 1 and Ariel 2 Satellites
Authors: Dorling E. B.
Published: July 2016

The first two US/UK co-operative satellites, Ariel 1 and Ariel 2, were put into orbit in April 1962 and March 1964, and both functioned most successfully. The lecture describes the NASA Pulsed Frequency Modulated telemetry system, including the methods used to store and transmit the data to ground stations, the digitising techniques used to prepare these data for entry into a computer and, finally, the organisation of the central data handling operations to the point where the partially or wholly reduced results were handed over to the various experimenters for analysis.
Cotton Spraying in Rhodesia
Authors: Johnstone D. R.
Published: July 2016

The past decade has seen considerable advance in the production of cotton from Rhodesia and the adjacent former Federation territories of Malawi and Zambia, brought about very largely by the introduction of effective pest control measures originating from the work of the Cotton Pest Research Scheme, located at Gatooma, Rhodesia.

Complementary to a work programme investigating the type and formulation of insecticides capable of controlling an insect pest complex including bollworms, jassids, aphids and stainers, attention has been given to the design of spray equipment suited to both extensive European and intensive African forms of cultivation. The “tailboom” modification to the conventional knapsack sprayer has been developed and this versatile piece of equipment in several mechanised guises forms the basis of the recommended ground spray machinery.
Flight Testing the H.P.115 Slender Wing Aircraft
Authors: Henderson J. M.
Published: July 2016

My intention is to give a generalised résumé of the Flight Testing of the H.P.115 from the pilot's viewpoint. It is my belief that, in many respects, the flight testing of an aircraft, so far as the pilot is concerned, starts from its inception in that common sense pilot participation right from the word go can do much to help to ensure the ultimate success of the project. This is one of several reasons why, instead of just discussing what goes on up at the front end of the H.P.115 during flight. I shall trace briefly the growth of the aircraft. It is an interesting and, in many respects, an involved story: I will try to work along its main thread with occasional excursions into some of the more pertinent by-ways.
The Low-Cost Autogyro
Authors: Wallis K. H.
Published: July 2016

Autogyro principles and theory are well known and only the practical aspects of design and construction of the smallest of autogyro aircraft will be considered on this occasion. Also, at this stage, it would be inappropriate to be specific about prices of such aircraft owing to the difficulty of estimating production costs. Tare weights, however, may provide some clues as to costs.

In the “thirties” the autogyro had been brought to quite a high standard of performance, mainly through the pioneering and development efforts of one man, Senor Juan de la Cierva.

During those years many ideas, which would today be regarded as novel, had been tried. Jump-start, pusher engines and tricycle undercarriages are not new.
Analysis of an Orthotropic Plate by Maclaurin's Series
Authors: Rajappa N. R. , Reddy D. V.
Published: July 2016

A method is presented for the analysis of a simply-supported rectangular orthotropic plate subjected to a uniformly distributed load by the application of Maclaurin's series. The solutions have practical applications in the design of interconnected beam systems because of the elastic equivalence of the grid framework to an orthotropic plate.

The application of Maclaurin's series to the analysis of beams in bending was first described by Hetényi. Recently Reddy and Gangadharan described a modified approach for beams with stepped variations in cross section. Ballesteros has extended the method to functions of two variables in the analysis of isotropic plates in bending.
Salmonellosis associated with mass catering: a survey of European Union cases over a 15-year period
Authors: OSIMANI A. , AQUILANTI L. , CLEMENTI F.
Published: July 2016

Salmonellaspp. is the causative agent of a foodborne disease called salmonellosis, which is the second most commonly reported gastrointestinal infection in the European Union (EU). Although over the years the annual number of cases of foodborne salmonellosis within the EU has decreased markedly, in 2014, a total of 88 715 confirmed cases were still reported by 28 EU Member States. The European Food Safety Authority reported that, after the household environment, the most frequent settings for the transmission of infection were catering services. As evidenced by the reviewed literature, which was published over the last 15 years (2000–2014), the most frequently reported causative agents wereSalmonellaEnteritidis andSalmonellaTyphimurium serovars. These studies on outbreaks indicated the involvement of various facilities, including hospital restaurants, takeaways, ethnic restaurants, hotels, in-flight catering, one fast-food outlet and the restaurant of an amusement park. The most commonly reported sources of infection were eggs and/or egg-containing foods, followed by meat- and vegetable-based preparations. Epidemiological and microbiological studies allowed common risk factors to be identified, including the occurrence of cross-contamination between heat-treated foods and raw materials or improperly cleaned food-contact surfaces.
Romantic relationships and alcohol use: A long-term, developmental perspective
Authors: Rauer Amy J. , Pettit Gregory S. , Samek Diana R. , Lansford Jennifer E. , Dodge Kenneth A. , Bates John E.
Published: July 2016

This study considers the developmental origins of alcohol use in young adulthood. Despite substantial evidence linking committed romantic relationships to less problematic alcohol use in adulthood, the uniformity of these protective benefits across different romantic relationships is unclear. Further, the extent to which the establishment and maintenance of these romantic relationships is preceded by earlier adolescence alcohol use remains unknown. To address these gaps in the literature, the current study utilized multitiple-dimensional, multiple-informant data spanning 20 years on 585 individuals in the Child Development Project. Findings from both variable- and person-centered analyses support a progression of associations predicting adolescent alcohol use (ages 15–16), drinking, and romantic relationships in early adulthood (ages 18–25), and then problematic young adult alcohol use (age 27). Although adolescent alcohol use predicted greater romantic involvement and turnover in early adulthood, romantic involvement, but not turnover, appeared to reduce the likelihood of later problematic drinking. These findings remained robust even after accounting for a wide array of selection and socialization factors. Moreover, characteristics of the individuals (e.g., gender) and of their romantic relationships (e.g., partner substance use problems and romantic relationship satisfaction) did not moderate these findings. Findings underscore the importance of using a developmental–relational perspective to consider the antecedents and consequences of alcohol use early in the life span.
An Internet-based Exercise as a Component of an Overall Training Program Addressing Medical Aspects of Radiation Emergency Management
Authors: Levy Kirsten , Aghababian Richard V. , Hirsch Erwin F. , Screnci Domenic , Boshyan Anna , Ricks Robert C. , Samiei Massoud
Published: July 2016

The use of ionizing radiation and radioactive materials continues to increase worldwide in industry, medicine, agriculture, research, electrical power generation, and nuclear weaponry. The risk of terrorism using weapons of mass destruction or simple radiological devices also has increased, leading to heightened concerns. Radiation accidents occur as a consequence of errors in transportation ofradionuclides, use of radiation in medical diagnosis and therapy, industrial monitoring and sterilization procedures, and rarely, nuclear power generation. Compared to other industries, a small number of serious radiation accidents have occurred over the last six decades with recent cases in the Republic of Georgia, Peru, Japan, and Thailand. The medical, psychological, and political consequences of such accidents can be considerable. A number of programs designed to train medical responders in the techniques of radiation accident management have been developed and delivered in many countries. The low frequency of serious radiation accidents requires constant re-training, as skills are lost and medical staff turnover occurs. Not all of the training involves drills or exercises in which responders demonstrate learning or communication over the broad spectrum of medical response capabilities. Medical preparedness within the context of a total emergency response program is lacking in many parts of the world, particularly in Central and Eastern Europe and the Newly Independent States. This paper describes an effort to enhance medical preparedness in the context of a total program of international cooperation and conventions facilitated by the International Atomic Energy Agency. The paper concludes that novel application of telecommunications technology as part of a training activity in radiation accident preparedness can help address gaps in training in this field in which preparedness is essential but experience and practical field exercises are lacking.
Aseptic Efficacy of Prefilled Syringes in a Polluted Environment
Authors: Ninomiya Norifumi , Koido Yuichi , Yamamoto Yasuhiro
Published: July 2016

Introduction:

To evaluate the aseptic efficacy of prefilled syringes compared with ampules when used in a polluted environment similar to that at a disaster site.

Methods:

The researchers tested epinephrine, 0.1%, atropine sulfate, 0.05%, and lidocaine hydrochloride solutions, 2% (Group A) as well as lidocaine hydrochloride, 10%, sodium bicarbonate, 8.4%, and glucose solutions, 50% (Group B), that frequently are used for intravenous injection and intravenous infusion respectively in Disaster Medicine.

Each of these solutions in 10 prefilled syringes (PFSs) and 10 ampules was placed in a box of contaminated soil along with needles and empty syringes for ampules. In the box, each was taken out of its package, all syringes were connected with a needle, and empty syringes were filled with a solution. After this procedure, all syringes were taken out of the box to check their contents for bacterial contamination.

Results:

No bacterium was observed in any of the 10 Prefilled syringes samples of Group A and B solutions. In contrast, out of 10 ampule samples, six of the 10 samples containing epinephrine, nine of the 10 containing atropine sulfate, all 10 samples containing lidocaine hydrochloride, 2%, and all of the ampule samples containing Group B solutions tested positive for bacteria. A statistically significant difference was observed between the PFS and ampule samples in all six solutions.

Conclusion:

Results indicate that, in environments with airborne contaminants, the use of prefilled syringes may be useful for preventing bacterial contamination of the medicine inside.
Theme 5. Application of International Standards to Disasters: Summary and Action Plan
Authors: Burkle Frederick M. , Isaac-Renton Judy , Beck A. , Belgica Clifford P. , Blatherwick John , Brunet Lyse A. , Hardy Norman E. , Kendall Perry , Kunii Osamu , Lokey William , Sansom Guy , Stewart Ronald
Published: July 2016

Introduction:

The need for the application of international standards has been evolving over the last decade. Consistency is needed not just in how we respond, but in when we respond. The discussions in this theme reflected on the progress of standard setting both at the local level and internationally.

Methods:

Details of the methods used are provided in the introductory paper. The chairs moderated all presentations and produced a summary that was presented to an assembly of all of the delegates. The chairs then presided over a workshop that resulted in the generation of a set of action plans that then were reported to the collective group of all delegates.

Results:

Main points developed during the presentations and discussion included: (1) requirement of standards of care for ALL disasters and core parameters, (2) process and procedure is best when there is interagency collaboration and coordination, (3) problems in disasters are management-related, not skill-related, and (4) standards of care must encompass evolving emergencies (e.g., emerging diseases, landmines).

Discussion:

The action plans for Theme 5 included: (1) develop positions of standards for management, health and public health, education and training, research, psychosocial aspects, and disaster plans; (2) advocate for actions and task forces to deal with evolving and emerging disasters, terrorism, landmines, and emerging infections; (3) proactively work to advocate and facilitate the multidisciplinary and multiorganizational requirements for disaster management; and (4) develop a resource list of interdisciplinary institutions and activities organized by country and topic including the design and maintenance of a website.

Conclusions:

There is a clear need for international standards for the management of disasters. Positions and advocacy for these positions are required to define and implement such standards.
Administrative Support of Emergency Medical Services Medical Directors: A Profile
Authors: Swor Robert A. , Krome Ronald L.
Published: July 2016

Prehospital advanced life support (ALS) is provided by non-physicians under the supervision and the responsibility of a physician—the Emergency Medical Service Medical Director (EMSMD). In order to assess the time required of the EMSMD as well as the technical support provided and the medico-legal risks involved, a survey was distributed to physicians in attendance at the Annual Scientific Assemblies of the National Association of EMS Physicians in August 1986 and June 1987. The survey also was mailed to all EMSMDs in Michigan.

Of the 66 EMS medical director respondents, 69% were compensated, 62% were provided with malpractice coverage, and 22% had been involved in legal actions. Clerical support was provided for 89%, office space for 58%, and 60% had access to a computerized record database system. The average time consumed per week was 17±13 hours.

Differences were detected in the amount of support provided between services with an excess of 10,000 ALS responses per year and those with less than 10,000. The larger services more frequently provided office space and equipment (p<.02), malpractice coverage (p<.01), and access to a records database (p<.03) than did the smaller services. The EMSMDs for the larger services also were involved more frequently in legal actions (p<.03).

Legal actions involved 14 of the EMSMDs: paramedic malpractice (6); system failures (3); dispatch errors (2); inappropriate receiving facility (2); and paramedic licensure, equipment failure, union grievance, withdrawal of medical control, and trauma center designation (1 each). Four of the 14 involved had not been provided with malpractice coverage.

Medical direction of a prehospital EMS system requires a significant time commitment, incurs medico-legal risks, and in most communities receives clerical and data retrieval support, and the EMSMDs are compensated.
Current Controversies in Prehospital Resuscitation of the Terminally Ill Patient
Authors: Jack Ayres R.
Published: July 2016

Prehospital health-care providers regularly are called upon to assist terminally ill patients in residential or institutional, non-hospital settings such as nursing homes or hospices. Among the most crucial issues regarding such patients is whether they should be resuscitated. With alarming frequency, EMS providers are encountering vigorous and sometimes violent refusals of examination, treatment, and/or transportation from the terminally ill patient, members of the patient's family, or third persons ostensibly acting on the patient's behalf. Today, the prehospital emergency health-care provider repeatedly is faced with the legal and ethical questions that surround the issue of resuscitation and advanced life support.
An Evaluation of Nitrous Oxide Analgesia During Transcutaneous Pacing
Authors: Kaplan Richard M. , Heller Michael B. , McPherson John , Paris Paul M.
Published: July 2016

Transcutaneous cardiac pacing (TCP) is a promisingprehospital intervention, but there are little data available regarding protocols to improve patient tolerance to TCP. A 50:50 nitrous oxide:oxygen analgesic mixture aho is a commonly employed prehospital intervention. In this randomized, prospective study, we compared the discomfort experienced by 18 healthy subjects when paced in two triah at the capture threshold: one following breathing of a 50:50 nitrous oxide:oxygen mixture; and the second breathing only room air. Discomfort was rated on an analog scale from 1 (minimal discomfort) to 10 (severe pain). Of the 18 subjects, 15 (83%) reported that nitrous oxide improved the tolerance to pacing at capture threshold. The median pain scores at capture threshold in the nitrous oxide and room air group were 3.8 and 5.0 respectively (P<.05). Nine of the subjects tolerated TCP for the maximum allotted time of 30 seconds in each trial; six tolerated TCP for a longer time period in the nitrous oxide trial; three tolerated TCP longer in the room air trial. These data suggest that inhalation of a 50:50 nitrous oxide:oxygen mixture may improve tolerance to TCP in the conscious patient.
International Assistance Operations in Disaster Situations
Authors: Russbach Remi
Published: July 2016

Sound disaster preparedness and a well-organized, local and material response will considerably reduce the necessity for calling on international assistance in the event of disaster. However, despite an excellent level of preparedness, some dramatic situations in the wake of a large-scale disaster always will make the mobilization of international resources absolutely essential.

The international network for disaster relief is quite complex. Many governments have set up emergency relief teams to cope with disasters in their own countries and are able to assign these teams to international relief operations. This type of governmental assistance is provided under agreement with the other governments involved. The United Nations (UN), through the Office of the UN Disaster Relief Coordinator (UNDRO), can play a role in coordinating emergency operations.
The Role of Regional Anesthesia under Field Conditions
Authors: Klöss Thomas , Lenz Gunther , Schwandt-Boden Heidi , Bauer Johannes , Stehle Raimund
Published: July 2016

The authors, who served as anesthesiologists for 15 months at an International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) surgical field hospital in a Cambodian refugee camp, report their anesthesiologic experience with 2,906 patients. In spite of preferential use of regional anesthetic techniques, general anesthesia was required in 68% of the cases. Local infiltration anesthesia was applied in 21% of the cases, conduction anesthesia in 3%, and spinal anesthesia in 8%.
The Language of Disasters
Authors: Gunn S. W. A.
Published: July 2016

If the tower of Babel was a language disaster, disaster itself has a language. Whether act of God or act of man, disaster often calls for multinational assistance. The many governments, agencies, professions, and individuals from different parts of the world, representing different languages, specialties, religions, and cultures, yet all imbued with one and the same spirit of providing succor to the helpless, converge on the stricken land to help the victims, who are themselves of different language and background.
“Medical Miranda”—Improved Emergency Medical Dispatch Information From Police Officers
Authors: Clawson Jeff J. , Sinclair Bob
Published: July 2016

Introduction:

Medical Miranda, also called Secondary Emergency Notification of Dispatch (Secondary Emergency Notification of Dispatch), is a low cost, effective, and welcome addition to emergency medical dispatching systems. The benefits are recognized by emergency medical dispatchers who receive feeder calls from associated public safety agencies that have trained both their field staff and call-takers in the Medical Miranda protocol.

Hypothesis:

The dispatchers would be more satisfied with feeder agencies that used the Secondary Emergency Notification of Dispatch protocol.

Methods:

A survey was conducted and analyzed, taking advantage of a situation in which two agencies (one used Secondary Emergency Notifi-cation of Dispatch) fed calls to the same communication center.

Results:

Dispatchers were more satisfied with the information gained from the feeder agency that used the Secondary Emergency Notification of Dispatch protocol and believed that the officers and dispatchers of that agency had afar better understanding of the emergency medical dispatcher's needs.

Conclusions:

When the emergency medical dispatcher does not talk directly with the reporting scene personnel or caller, Medical Miranda increases the usefulness of the information the dispatcher receives, helps the dispatcher better understand the reported medical emergency, and improves response appropriateness in emergency medical service (Emergency Medical Service) systems where responses routinely are prioritized.
The Cost-Benefit of Pulse-Oximeter Use in the Prehospital Environment
Authors: Macnab Andrew J. , Susak Lark , Gagnon Faith A. , Alred Janet , Sun Charles
Published: July 2016

Introduction:

Pulse-oximetry has proven clinical value in Emergency Departments and Intensive Care Units. In the prehospital environment, oxygen is given routinely in many situations. It was hypothesized that the use of pulse oximeters in the prehospital setting would provide a measurable cost-benefit by reducing the amount of oxygen used.

Methods:

This was a prospective study conducted at 12 ambulance stations (average transport times >20 minutes). Standard care protocols and paramedic assessments were used to determine which patients received oxygen and the initial flow rate used. Pulse-oximetry measurements (oxygen-saturation measured by pulse oximetry) were then taken. If oxygen-saturation measured by pulse oximetry fell below 92% or rose above 96% (except in patients with chest pain), oxygen (O2) flow rates were adjusted. Costs of oxygen use were calculated: volume that would have been used based on initial flow rate; and volume actually used based on actual flow rates and transport time.

Methods:

A total of 1,907 patients were recruited. Oximetry and complete data were obtained on 1,787 (94%). Of these, 1,329 (74%) received O2 by standard protocol: 389 (27.5%) had the O2 flow decreased; 52 had it discontinued. Eighty-seven patients (6%) not requiring O2 standard protocol were hypoxemic (oxygen-saturation measured by pulse oximetry < 92%) by oximetry, and 71 patients (5%) receiving oxygen required flow rate increases. Overall, O2 consumption was reduced by 26% resulting in a cost-savings of $0.20 / patient. Prehospital pulse-oximetry allows unncessary or excessive oxygen therapy to be avoided in up to 55% of patients transported by ambulance and can help to identify suboptimally oxygenated patients (11%).

Conclusion:

Rationalizing the O2 administration using pulse-oximetry reduced O2 consumption. Other health care savings likely would result from a reduced incidence of suboptimal oxygenation. Oxygen cost-saving justifies oximeter purchase for each ambulance annually where patient volume exceeds 1,750, less frequently for lower call volumes, or in those services where the mean transport time is less than the 23 minute average noted in this study.