bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ocular complications and mortality in peripheral ulcerative keratitis and necrotising scleritis: The role of systemic immunosuppression
Authors: Ogra Siddharth , Sims Joanne L. , McGhee Charles N. J. , Niederer Rachael L.
Published: December 2019

Importance

Inflammatory ocular diseases are associated with systemic disease, ocular morbidity and mortality.

Background

To examine clinical characteristics of subjects with peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK) and necrotising scleritis.

Design

Retrospective case series in a single tertiary centre over 10 years.

Participants

All patients presenting with necrotising scleritis, PUK or scleritis with corneal infiltrates. Fifty‐two eyes (41 subjects) were identified.

Methods

Demographic and clinical data analysis.

Main Outcome Measures

Visual loss, ocular complications and mortality.

Results

Mean follow up was 7.0 ± 5.3 years, presentation age 51.3 ± 18.6 years, and 23 subjects (56.1%) were female. Overall, 27 eyes presented with PUK, 26 with necrotising scleritis, and 22 with corneal infiltrates associated with active scleritis. Associated systemic diagnosis was observed in 12 subjects at presentation, and in 21 subjects (51.2%) by final follow up. Recurrence occurred in 23 eyes (44.2%): 10 eyes experiencing PUK or necrotising scleritis; 13 eyes with non‐necrotising scleritis. Perforation occurred in six eyes (11.5%). Moderate vision loss occurred in 10 eyes (19.2%) and severe loss in six eyes (11.5%). Five subjects (12.2%) were deceased by study conclusion, of whom four were not on immunomodulatory therapy (IMT). A marked difference in estimated survival was observed with IMT, with mean estimated survival of 10.7 years without treatment, compared to 24.7 years with IMT (P = .045).

Conclusions and Relevance

PUK and necrotising scleritis represent a severe inflammatory disease with high rates of perforation, visual loss and mortality. IMT was associated with a lower rate of mortality and longer estimated survival in this group.
Parent–professional interviews in child protection: Comparing viewpoints
Authors: Boutanquoi Michel , Ansel Dominique , Bournel‐Bosson Maryse
Published: December 2019

Several studies have analysed the parent–professional relationship in the field of child protection. Although social workers tend to privilege interviews when working with families and view them as a means through which to build ties, few studies have focused on these interviews. To analyse how professionals and parents position themselves, we chose to focus on the content of these interviews and on the associated interactions. To this end, we recorded 13 parent–professional interviews after receiving the consent of the concerned parties. After analysing the interviews, we asked volunteer social workers and parents to analyse their own recorded interviews. Our results confirm the asymmetric nature of the parent–professional relationship. They show that professionals' viewpoints carry more weight than those of parents. They also underscore professionals' lack of openness and the strategies parents implement to cope with this power imbalance. Lastly, our results open new avenues for reflection on the evolution of practices that may enable professionals to better take into account families' viewpoints.
Learning from parents: A qualitative interview study on how parents experience their journey through the Dutch child protection system
Authors: Bouma Helen , Grietens Hans , López López Mónica , Knorth Erik J.
Published: December 2019

The quality of parents' experiences with the child protection system (CPS) is related to the outcomes of their family's process in the system. The importance of collaboration with parents in child protection is underpinned by human and children's rights conventions addressing the right for family life and parents being first responsible in fulfilling children's rights. We interviewed 20 parents about their experiences with the Dutch CPS. Our thematic analysis shows that a CPS serving the best interests of their children is most important to parents. To realize this, professionals should (1) “not let it happen but do something,” (2) “get a clear picture of the family's situation,” and (3) “take parents seriously.” Parents emphasize that a system providing sufficient “money, time, and knowledge” is needed to facilitate professionals. Their experiences seem to influence their trust in the system and their attitude towards it. This study shows new insights in parents' experiences, such as their advice to professionals to determine the truth and to be decisive. This deepened knowledge about parents' experiences is essential for evaluating and improving the CPS.
Aligning marine spatial conservation priorities with functional connectivity across maritime jurisdictions
Authors: Maina Joseph M. , Gamoyo Majambo , Adams Vanessa M. , D'agata Stephanie , Bosire Jared , Francis Julius , Waruinge Dixon
Published: December 2019

Globally, maritime boundaries on oceans form the basis of governance and management of natural resources, yet the fish, and other marine resources neither conform nor confine to these artificial boundaries. As goods and services from marine life continue to retrogress under the intense human exploitation and changing global environment, resilience could be supported through establishment of a functionally connected network of marine reserves across maritime jurisdictions. While the establishment of protected areas within the exclusive economic zones (EEZ) is expanding, mechanisms that would allow governments to conserve marine areas beyond national jurisdictions are currently inadequate. Consequently, implementing marine reserves is largely confined within territorial waters, high connectivity among contiguous maritime zones notwithstanding. As the global focus shifts toward achieving sustainable development goals for the oceans, there is a need for region‐specific approaches to area‐based biodiversity conservation that extends the scope of protection to areas in the high seas beyond the EEZ. Using simulations of functional connectivity and seafloor geomorphology, we present and apply in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) region a contextual approach to regional marine conservation planning to inform a more effective regional marine conservation across maritime zones.
Markers of perinatal hypoxia–ischaemia and neurological injury: assessing the impact of insult duration
Authors: Baxter Peter
Published: December 2019

Hypoxic–ischaemic insults occurring during or after birth can cause both acute and long‐term neurological impairment. The duration of the insult is a critical factor, but most published reports of duration have important limitations. After the onset of a persistent bradycardia in 125 term born infants, abnormal outcomes occurred in two by 10 minutes, in 12 out of 47 (26%) delivered between 11 and 20 minutes, and in 55 out of 65 (85%) delivered after 20 minutes. Series with unspecified gestation or including infants born preterm give comparable results in over 500 additional cases. Before 20 minutes there was little correlation with severity, while after 20 minutes most were severely impaired. Limited neuroimaging data suggest that damage restricted to the basal ganglia and thalamus may begin to occur after 10 minutes, associated Rolandic damage after 15 minutes, and other cortical involvement after 20 minutes. Associated white matter damage can occur after any duration. There were little data for other patterns of damage.

What this paper adds

Some term born infants can withstand 20 minutes of fetal bradycardia without acute or chronic damage.

Durations in humans are not the same as in animal models.
Electrophysiology of statistical learning: Exploring the online learning process and offline learning product
Authors: Ordin Mikhail , Polyanskaya Leona , Soto David , Molinaro Nicola
Published: December 2019

A continuous stream of syllables is segmented into discrete constituents based on the transitional probabilities (TPs) between adjacent syllables by means of statistical learning. However, we still do not know whether people attend to high TPs between frequently co‐occurring syllables and cluster them together as parts of the discrete constituents or attend to low TPs aligned with the edges between the constituents and extract them as whole units. Earlier studies on TP‐based segmentation also have not distinguished between the segmentation process (how people segment continuous speech) and the learning product (what is learnt by means of statistical learning mechanisms). In the current study, we explored the learning outcome separately from the learning process, focusing on three possible learning products: holistic constituents that are retrieved from memory during the recognition test, clusters of frequently co‐occurring syllables, or a set of statistical regularities which can be used to reconstruct legitimate candidates for discrete constituents during the recognition test. Our data suggest that people employ boundary‐finding mechanisms during online segmentation by attending to low inter‐syllabic TPs during familiarization and also identify potential candidates for discrete constituents based on their statistical congruency with rules extracted during the learning process. Memory representations of recurrent constituents embedded in the continuous speech stream during familiarization facilitate subsequent recognition of these discrete constituents.
Clinicopathological characterisation of renal cell carcinoma in young adults: a contemporary update and review of literature
Authors: Abdulfatah Eman , Kennedy John M , Hafez Khaled , Davenport Matthew S , Xiao Hong , Weizer Alon Z , Palapattu Ganesh S , Morgan Todd M , Mannan Rahul , Wang Xiao‐ming , Dhanasekaran Saravana M , Kaffenberger Samuel D , Spratt Daniel E , Kunju Lakshmi , Wu Angela , Lew Madelyn , Udager Aaron M , Chinnaiyan Arul M , Mehra Rohit
Published: December 2019

Aims

Renal cell carcinomas are relatively rare in children and young adults. While well characterised in adults, the morphological and molecular characterisation of these tumours in young patients is relatively lacking. The objective of this study was to explore the spectrum of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) subtypes in children and young adults and to determine their clinico–pathological, immunohistochemical and molecular characteristics by evaluating a large retrospective cohort of renal cell carcinoma patients age 30 years or younger.

Methods and results

Sixty‐eight cases with confirmed diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma at age 30 years or younger were identified at our institution. Clear cell carcinoma accounted for the most common subtype seen in this age group. Translocation renal cell carcinoma and rare familial syndrome subtypes such as succinate dehydrogenase deficient renal cell carcinoma and tuberous sclerosis complex‐associated renal cell carcinoma were found relatively more frequently in this cohort. Despite applying the 2016 WHO classification criteria, a high proportion of the tumours in our series remained unclassified.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that renal cell carcinoma in children and young adults is a relatively rare disease that shares many histological similarities to renal cell carcinoma occurring in adults and yet demonstrate some unique clinical–pathological differences. Microphthalmia‐associated transcription (MiT) family translocation RCC and rare familial syndrome subtypes are relatively more frequent in the paediatric and adolescent age groups than in adults. Clear cell RCC still accounted for the most common subtype seen in this age group. MiT family translocation RCC patients presented with advanced stage disease and had poor clinical outcomes. The large and heterogeneous subgroup of unclassified renal cell carcinoma contains phenotypically distinct tumours with further potential for future subcategories in the renal cell carcinoma classification.
Burden of influenza‐associated outpatient influenza‐like illness consultations in China, 2006‐2015: A population‐based study
Authors: Feng Luzhao , Feng Shuo , Chen Tao , Yang Juan , Lau Yiu Chung , Peng Zhibin , Li Li , Wang Xiling , Wong Jessica Y. T. , Qin Ying , Bond Helen S. , Zhang Juanjuan , Fang Vicky J. , Zheng Jiandong , Yang Jing , Wu Peng , Jiang Hui , He Yangni , Cowling Benjamin J. , Yu Hongjie , Shu Yuelong , Lau Eric H. Y.
Published: December 2019

Background

Human influenza virus infections cause a considerable burden of morbidity and mortality worldwide each year. Understanding regional influenza‐associated outpatient burden is crucial for formulating control strategies against influenza viruses.

Methods

We extracted the national sentinel surveillance data on outpatient visits due to influenza‐like‐illness (ILI) and virological confirmation of sentinel specimens from 30 provinces of China from 2006 to 2015. Generalized additive regression models were fitted to estimate influenza‐associated excess ILI outpatient burden for each individual province, accounting for seasonal baselines and meteorological factors.

Results

Influenza was associated with an average of 2.5 excess ILI consultations per 1000 person‐years (py) in 30 provinces of China each year from 2006 to 2015. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 led to a higher number of influenza‐associated ILI consultations in 2009 across all provinces compared with other years. The excess ILI burden was 4.5 per 1000 py among children aged below 15 years old, substantially higher than that in adults.

Conclusions

Human influenza viruses caused considerable impact on population morbidity, with a consequent healthcare and economic burden. This study provided the evidence for planning of vaccination programs in China and a framework to estimate burden of influenza‐associated outpatient consultations.
Class effect of xanthine oxidase inhibitors on flow‐mediated dilatation in hypertensive patients: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Hoshide Satoshi , Kabutoya Tomoyuki , Ueno Hiromi , Kario Kazuomi
Published: December 2019

A direct comparison of the effects of febuxostat and allopurinol on flow‐mediated dilatation (FMD) will help to clarify which agent provides a better reduction of cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients. Hypertensive patients with hyperuricemia were randomized into a febuxostat (10‐40 mg, n = 33) or allopurinol (100‐200 mg, n = 31) group and followed up for 6 months. Both the febuxostat (7.9 ± 1.3 mg/dL vs 5.6 ± 1.0 mg/dL, P < .001) and allopurinol (8.2 ± 1.3 mg/dL vs 6.1 ± 1.0 mg/dL, P < .001) groups exhibited significant reductions in uric acid after treatment. There was no significant difference in the change in FMD between the two treatment groups (0.6 ± 2.6% vs 0.2 ± 2.3%, P = .504). However, stratified analysis showed that febuxostat achieved a significantly greater change in FMD compared to allopurinol in the elderly group (1.3 ± 2.9% vs −0.7%±1.8%, P = .047). There was no difference in the improvement of FMD between febuxostat and allopurinol, but febuxostat may provide an improvement of FMD in elderly people.
Rosette Colonies of Choanoflagellates (Salpingoeca rosetta) Show Increased Food Vacuole Formation Compared with Single Swimming Cells
Authors: L'Etoile Nathan J. , King‐Smith Christina
Published: December 2019

Choanoflagellates exist as both single‐celled and colonial forms and filter‐feed by generating water currents using a single apical flagellum. Hydrodynamic modeling studies have differed in predictions of whether single cells or colonies produce greater fluid flow to enhance feeding, and a recent study reported no increase in feeding efficiency of stalked colonies of choanoflagellates compared with single cells. We report that rosette colonies of Salpingoeca rosetta demonstrate higher rates of food vacuole formation compared with unicellular, slow swimmers.
Schooling, numeracy, and wealth accumulation: A study involving an agrarian population
Authors: Estrada‐Mejia Catalina , Peters Ellen , Dieckmann Nathan F. , Zeelenberg Marcel , De Vries Marieke , Baker David P.
Published: December 2019

Accumulating wealth is one of the main concerns for consumers. Higher education is widely associated with higher wealth, but the underlying reasons for this association remain unclear. Using data from a field study conducted with 218 adults in agrarian communities in Peru's Andean highlands, we explored the extent to which education, non‐numeric fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, and numeracy skills were related to wealth. Wealth was measured using data on asset ownership (e.g., owning a fridge) and housing characteristics (e.g., toilet facilities). Structural equation modeling revealed that the level of schooling was associated with greater numeracy as well as greater non‐numeric fluid and crystallized intelligence; only greater numeracy was associated with greater wealth. Our findings are consistent with the idea that education is linked with financial outcomes, at least in part, through the enhancement of cognitive skills, particularly numeracy that then leads to greater wealth accumulation.
Association of atopic dermatitis with vitiligo: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Acharya Prakash , Mathur Mahesh
Published: December 2019

Background

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with multiple immune‐mediated disorders. A comprehensive meta‐analysis assessing the prevalence or risk of vitiligo in AD patients is lacking.

Objective

To compare the prevalence and assess the risk of vitiligo in patients with AD by performing a meta‐analysis of observational studies.

Methods

PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane databases were systematically searched until August 25, 2019, following the PRISMA guidelines. Published English‐language articles including case‐control, cross‐sectional, or cohort studies that reported either odds or risk of vitiligo in AD patients were included. Full‐text review and study assessment were performed by the two authors independently. Random‐effects meta‐analysis model was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and risk ratio (RR) with the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI). The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale.

Results

Seven studies with a total of 1 540 688 unique AD patients were included. The random‐effects meta‐analysis of case‐control and cross‐sectional studies showed a significant association of AD with vitiligo (OR, 3.21; 95% CI, 1.90‐5.43). Subgroup analyses also showed a significant association for both adult AD (OR, 4.46; 95% CI, 1.65‐12.07) and childhood AD (OR, 2.83; 95% CI, 1.53‐5.25). Pooling of the results of 2 cohort studies showed an increased risk of vitiligo in patients with AD (RR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.27‐2.13).

Conclusions

Results from this study support an association of AD with vitiligo. Exploration of possible mechanisms responsible for this association could be important to develop proper treatment approaches for the affected patients.
Assessing changes in genomic divergence following a century of human‐mediated secondary contact among wild and captive‐bred ducks
Authors: Lavretsky Philip , McInerney Nancy Rotzel , Mohl Jonathon E. , Brown Joshua I. , James Helen F. , McCracken Kevin G. , Fleischer Robert C.
Published: December 2019

Along with manipulating habitat, the direct release of domesticated individuals into the wild is a practice used worldwide to augment wildlife populations. We test between possible outcomes of human‐mediated secondary contact using genomic techniques at both historical and contemporary timescales for two iconic duck species. First, we sequence several thousand ddRAD‐seq loci for contemporary mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) throughout North America and two domestic mallard types (i.e., known game‐farm mallards and feral Khaki Campbell's). We show that North American mallards may well be becoming a hybrid swarm due to interbreeding with domesticated game‐farm mallards released for hunting. Next, to attain a historical perspective, we applied a bait‐capture array targeting thousands of loci in century‐old (1842–1915) and contemporary (2009–2010) mallard and American black duck (Anas rubripes) specimens. We conclude that American black ducks and mallards have always been closely related, with a divergence time of ~600,000 years before present, and likely evolved through prolonged isolation followed by limited bouts of gene flow (i.e., secondary contact). They continue to maintain genetic separation, a finding that overturns decades of prior research and speculation suggesting the genetic extinction of the American black duck due to contemporary interbreeding with mallards. Thus, despite having high rates of hybridization, actual gene flow is limited between mallards and American black ducks. Conversely, our historical and contemporary data confirm that the intensive stocking of game‐farm mallards during the last ~100 years has fundamentally changed the genetic integrity of North America's wild mallard population, especially in the east. It thus becomes of great interest to ask whether the iconic North American mallard is declining in the wild due to introgression of maladaptive traits from domesticated forms. Moreover, we hypothesize that differential gene flow from domestic game‐farm mallards into the wild mallard population may explain the overall temporal increase in differentiation between wild black ducks and mallards, as well as the uncoupling of genetic diversity and effective population size estimates across time in our results. Finally, our findings highlight how genomic methods can recover complex population histories by capturing DNA preserved in traditional museum specimens.
Single gene enables plant pathogenic Pectobacterium to overcome host‐specific chemical defence
Authors: van den Bosch Tijs J. M. , Niemi Outi , Welte Cornelia U.
Published: December 2019

Plants of the Brassicales order, including Arabidopsis and many common vegetables, produce toxic isothiocyanates to defend themselves against pathogens. Despite this defence, plant pathogenic microorganisms like Pectobacterium cause large yield losses in fields and during storage of crops. The bacterial gene saxA was previously found to encode isothiocyanate hydrolase that degrades isothiocyanates in vitro. Here we demonstrate in planta that saxA is a virulence factor that can overcome the chemical defence system of Brassicales plants. Analysis of the distribution of saxA genes in Pectobacterium suggests that saxA from three different phylogenetic origins are present within this genus. Deletion of saxA genes representing two of the most common classes from P. odoriferum and P. versatile resulted in significantly reduced virulence on Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica oleracea. Furthermore, expressing saxA from a plasmid in a potato‐specific P. parmentieri strain that does not naturally harbour this gene significantly increased the ability of the strain to macerate Arabidopsis. These findings suggest that a single gene may have a significant role in defining the host range of a plant pathogen.
Apolipoprotein D: a potential biomarker for cerebral amyloid angiopathy
Authors: Kuiperij H. B. , Hondius D. C. , Kersten I. , Versleijen A. A. M. , Rozemuller A. J. M. , Greenberg S. M. , Schreuder F. H. B. M. , Klijn C. J. M. , Verbeek M. M.
Published: December 2019

Aims

We investigated the potential of apolipoprotein D (apoD) as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker for cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) after confirmation of its association with CAA pathology in human brain tissue.

Methods

The association of apoD with CAA pathology was analysed in human occipital lobe tissue of CAA (n = 9), Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (n = 11) and healthy control cases (n = 11). ApoD levels were quantified in an age‐ and sex‐matched CSF cohort of CAA patients (n = 31), AD patients (n = 27) and non‐neurological controls (n = 67). The effects of confounding factors (age, sex, serum levels) on apoD levels were studied using CSF of non‐neurological controls (age range 16–85 years), and paired CSF and serum samples.

Results

ApoD was strongly associated with amyloid deposits in vessels, but not with parenchymal plaques in human brain tissue. CSF apoD levels correlated with age and were higher in men than women in subjects >50 years. The apoD CSF/serum ratio correlated with the albumin ratio. When controlling for confounding factors, CSF apoD levels were significantly lower in CAA patients compared with controls and compared with AD patients (P = 0.0008).

Conclusions

Our data show that apoD is specifically associated with CAA pathology and may be a CSF biomarker for CAA, but clinical application is complicated due to dependency on age, sex and blood–CSF barrier integrity. Well‐controlled follow‐up studies are required to determine whether apoD can be used as reliable biomarker for CAA.
Respiration in wood: integrating across tissues, functions and scales
Authors: Meir Patrick , Mencuccini Maurizio , Coughlin S. Ingrid
Published: December 2019

This article is a Commentary on Salomón et al. (2020), 225: 2214–2230.
Testing the effect of quantitative genetic inheritance in structured models on projections of population dynamics
Authors: Simmonds Emily G. , Cole Ella F. , Sheldon Ben C. , Coulson Tim
Published: December 2019

Global climate change is altering the timing of life history events for species living in seasonal environments. These shifts in phenology can lead to the disruption of interspecific relationships with implications for individual fitness. Predicting phenological change and its population level consequences can provide insights into population persistence. Achieving this is challenging for labile traits as current structured population models do not explicitly distinguish between the roles of phenotypic plasticity and micro‐evolution, hindering realistic predictions of trait change. In this study we present the first empirical test of a new integral projection model (IPM) framework, which allows phenotypic plasticity and micro‐evolution to be teased apart by incorporating a quantitative genetic inheritance function. We parameterise this model for a population of wild great tits Parus major and test its predictive capabilities through K‐fold cross validation. We test the predictive accuracy of the quantitative genetic IPM in comparison to the standard IPM. We demonstrate that adding genetic inheritance rules maintains high accuracy of projections of phenological change, relative to the standard IPM. In addition, we find almost identical projections of population dynamics in this population for both IPMs, demonstrating that this model formulation allows researchers to investigate the contributions of phenotypic plasticity and micro‐evolution to trait change, without sacrificing predictive accuracy. Modelling in this way reveals that, under directional environmental change, both micro‐evolution and plasticity contribute to an advance of phenology, although the effect of plasticity is an order of magnitude higher than evolution. Despite this, synchrony between great tits and their caterpillar prey was reduced and population declines occurred. Our approach demonstrates that this model framework provides a promising avenue through which to explore the roles of phenotypic plasticity and evolution in trait changes and population dynamics.
Narratives of older persons’ frailty and physical activity in relation to environmental landscapes and time
Authors: Thinuan Payom , Siviroj Penprapa , Barry Charlotte D. , Gordon Shirley C. , Lerttrakarnnon Peerasak , Lorga Thawon
Published: December 2019

Aims and objectives

The objective of this study was to explore the influence of the environmental landscape on the physical activity of older persons experiencing frailty.

Background

This manuscript describes the second phase of an unpublished larger study in the northern province of Lampang, Thailand. Phase One revealed that 14% of 1,788 older persons surveyed were found to have experienced frailty according to Fried's frailty phenotypes, and low physical activity was associated with frailty. In the light of frailty, how older persons experience physical activity in their day‐to‐day living environments warrants in‐depth exploration.

Design

This was a qualitative study guided by narrative inquiry.

Methods

In‐depth interviews and observations were conducted with 13 older persons living with frailty. The method of analysis was thematic and performance analysis.

Results

Two broad themes relating to the environmental landscapes were as follows: (a) limiting environmental landscapes and (b) engaging environmental landscapes. These landscapes, which change across time, refer to physical and social spaces, and beliefs of older persons and their family that have either positive or negative impacts on physical activity of frail older persons.

Conclusion

Complex interactions between physical and social spaces and beliefs of older persons and family influence the physical activity behaviours of older persons living with frailty.

Implications for practice

This study warrants education and policy aiming at creating optimal environmental landscapes to promote physical activity in frail older persons.
Inside the ice shelf: using augmented reality to visualise 3D lidar and radar data of Antarctica
Authors: Boghosian Alexandra L. , Pratt Martin J. , Becker Maya K. , Cordero S. Isabel , Dhakal Tejendra , Kingslake Jonathan , Locke Caitlin D. , Tinto Kirsty J. , Bell Robin E.
Published: December 2019

From 2015 to 2017, the ROSETTA‐Ice project comprehensively mapped Antarctica's Ross Ice Shelf using IcePod, a newly developed aerogeophysical platform. The campaign imaged the ice‐shelf surface with lidar and its internal structure with ice‐penetrating radar. The ROSETTA‐Ice data was combined with pre‐existing ice surface and bed topography digital elevation models to create the first augmented reality (AR) visualisation of the Antarctic Ice Sheet, using the Microsoft HoloLens. The ROSETTA‐Ice datasets support cross‐disciplinary science that aims to understand 4D processes, namely the change of 3D ice‐shelf structures over time. The work presented here uses AR to visualise this dataset in 3D and highlights how AR can be simultaneously a useful research tool for interdisciplinary geoscience as well as an effective device for science communication education.
Anaplastic variant of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma: Reappraisal as a nodal disease with sinusoidal involvement
Authors: Megahed Nirmeen A. , Kohno Kei , Sakakibara Ayako , Eladl Ahmed E. , Elsayed Ahmed A. , Wu Chun‐Chieh , Suzuki Yuka , Takahara Taishi , Kato Seiichi , Nakamura Shigeo , Satou Akira , Asano Naoko
Published: December 2019

Anaplastic variant (av) of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is morphologically defined in the 2017 World Health Organization classification, but still an enigmatic disease in its clinicopathologic distinctiveness, posing the differential diagnostic problem from gray zone lymphoma (GZL) and classic Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL).

Thirty‐one cases previously diagnosed as avDLBCL were reassessed. Of these, 27 (87%) and 4 (13%) were node‐based and extranodal diseases, respectively. They were further reclassified into nodal avDLBCL (n = 18), nodal CD30+ DLBCL with T‐cell/histiocyte‐rich large B‐cell lymphoma‐like features (CD30+ DLBCL‐THRLBCL) (n = 6), GZL with features intermediate between DLBCL and cHL (n = 3) and CD30+ extranodal DLBCL, NOS (n = 4). The nodal avDLBCL cases had a sheet‐like proliferation of large cells and/or Hodgkin/Reed‐Sternberg (HRS)‐like cells in 12 (67%) notably with a sinusoidal pattern in 16 (89%). They showed an expression of CD20 and/or CD79a in all and CD30 in 15 of 18. All of them were negative for PD‐L1 on tumor cells, although HRS‐like cells showed negativity or partial loss of other B‐cell markers to varying degrees. The present study highlighted the distinctiveness of the nodal avDLBCL with sinusoidal pattern, but without neoplastic PD‐L1 expression, which provide refined diagnostic criteria for a more precise pathologic and clinical characterization of this disease.
Molecular techniques for respiratory diseases: MicroRNA and extracellular vesicles
Authors: Gon Yasuhiro , Shimizu Tetsuo , Mizumura Kenji , Maruoka Shuichiro , Hikichi Mari
Published: December 2019

miRNA are a class of evolutionarily conserved non‐coding 19‐ to 22‐nt regulatory RNA. They affect various cellular functions through modulating the transcriptional and post‐transcriptional levels of their target mRNA by changing the stability of protein‐coding transcripts or attenuating protein translation. miRNA were discovered in the early 1990s, and they have been the focus of new research in both basic and clinical medical sciences. Today, it has become clear that specific miRNA are linked to the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases, as well as cancer and cardiovascular disease. In addition, EV, including exosomes, which are small membrane‐bound vesicles secreted by cells, were found to contain various functional miRNA that can be used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. As body fluids, such as blood and respiratory secretions, are major miRNA sources in the body, EV carrying extracellular miRNA are considered potentially useful for the diagnosis and assessment of pathological conditions, as well as the treatment of respiratory or other diseases. Although research in the field of lung cancer is actively progressing, studies in other respiratory fields have emerged recently as well. In this review, we provide an update in the topics of miRNA and EV focused on airway inflammatory diseases, such as asthma and COPD, and explore their potential for clinical applications on respiratory diseases.
Inductive Risk, Science, and Values: A Reply to MacGillivray
Authors: Hicks Daniel J. , Magnus P. D. , Wright Jessey
Published: December 2019

The argument from inductive risk (AIR) is perhaps the most common argument against the value‐free ideal of science. Brian MacGillivray rejects the AIR (at least as it would apply to risk assessment) and embraces the value‐free ideal. We clarify the issues at stake and argue that MacGillivray's criticisms, although effective against some formulations of the AIR, fail to overcome the essential concerns that motivate the AIR. There are inevitable trade‐offs in scientific enquiry that cannot be resolved with any formal methods or general rules. Choices must be made, and values will be involved. It is best to recognize this explicitly. Even so, there is more work to be done developing methods and institutional support for these choices.
Hand‐Hygiene Mitigation Strategies Against Global Disease Spreading through the Air Transportation Network
Authors: Nicolaides Christos , Avraam Demetris , Cueto‐Felgueroso Luis , González Marta C. , Juanes Ruben
Published: December 2019

The risk for a global transmission of flu‐type viruses is strengthened by the physical contact between humans and accelerated through individual mobility patterns. The Air Transportation System plays a critical role in such transmissions because it is responsible for fast and long‐range human travel, while its building components—the airports—are crowded, confined areas with usually poor hygiene. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and World Health Organization (WHO) consider hand hygiene as the most efficient and cost‐effective way to limit disease propagation. Results from clinical studies reveal the effect of hand washing on individual transmissibility of infectious diseases. However, its potential as a mitigation strategy against the global risk for a pandemic has not been fully explored. Here, we use epidemiological modeling and data‐driven simulations to elucidate the role of individual engagement with hand hygiene inside airports in conjunction with human travel on the global spread of epidemics. We find that, by increasing travelers engagement with hand hygiene at all airports, a potential pandemic can be inhibited by 24% to 69%. In addition, we identify 10 airports at the core of a cost‐optimal deployment of the hand‐washing mitigation strategy. Increasing hand‐washing rate at only those 10 influential locations, the risk of a pandemic could potentially drop by up to 37%. Our results provide evidence for the effectiveness of hand hygiene in airports on the global spread of infections that could shape the way public‐health policy is implemented with respect to the overall objective of mitigating potential population health crises.
Qualidade do preenchimento do instrumento de acompanhamento da saúde da criança em município do nordeste brasileiro
Authors: Figueroa Pedraza Dixis
Published: December 2019

Objetivo: avaliar a qualidade do preenchimento do instrumento de acompanhamento da saúde da criança em um município do nordeste brasileiro. Método: estudo transversal envolvendo 204 crianças assistidas em 16 unidades de saúde da família. Analisou-se o preenchimento do Cartão da Criança (CC) e da Caderneta de Saúde da Criança (CSC), diferenças entre os mesmos e fatores associados. Resultados: o preenchimento foi insatisfatório em 37,2% dos CC e 50,5% das CSC. Na CSC, observou-se menor frequência de preenchimento correto para: suplementação com ferro (0%), desenvolvimento (1,1%), pré-natal (9,9%), alimentação na alta da maternidade (17,6%) e gráficos de crescimento (0%-27,5%). A CSC teve menor percentual de preenchimento correto para nome da criança, tipo de parto e anotações do peso no gráfico. Crianças de mães com companheiro (p = 0,045) e meninas (p = 0,017) apresentaram menor chance de preenchimento inadequado do CC e da CSC, respectivamente. Conclusão: há subutilização do instrumento de vigilância à saúde da criança.
Factores relacionados con el uso de los servicios de salud en la población mayor de 18 años del área urbana de Cali, Colombia, en el Año 2016
Authors: Zapata Ossa Helmer De Jesús , Porras Beltrán Andrea Melissa , Arias Cardona Eliana  Katerine 
Published: December 2019

Investigación de corte transversal, que tuvo como objetivo determinar los factores relacionados con el uso de los servicios de salud en la población mayor de dieciocho años del área urbana de Cali, Colombia, en el año 2016. Se seleccionó una muestra probabilística de mil residentes habituales, a quienes se les aplicó una encuesta de salud; en esta se les indagó si habían consultado en el último año que antecedió a la fecha de la encuesta y se complementó con información relacionada con variables sociodemográficas, calidad de la atención de salud y variables de resultado en salud como autopercepción del estado de salud. Los datos recolectados fueron procesados en el paquete estadístico Epi-info versión 7.2. Los resultados mostraron un 82,8 % de uso servicios de salud en el último año; siendo mayor en mujeres, en personas que tenían cobertura de los servicios de salud del régimen contributivo y mayores de sesenta años.
An attempt at hydroacoustic localization of an open-circuit scuba diver
Authors: Korenbaum Vladimir I. , Gorovoy Sergey V. , Kostiv Anatoly E. , Shiryaev Anton D. , Borodin Aleksey E.
Published: December 2019

Passive acoustic monitoring of scuba divers is a promising way to ensure the safety of recreational divers and prevent waterside intrusion by terrorists. It is shown experimentally that the low-frequency underwater respiratory-associated noise of an open-circuit scuba diver can be used successfully to monitor the respiratory rate at distances of up to 100 m. Respiratory-associated noise in the frequency band of 30–1200 Hz provides the possibility of localizing an open-circuit scuba diver in a noisy shallow-water area by using two pairs of hydrophones at distances of up to 220 m and with a predominant discrepancy of no more than 10 m in comparison with Global Positioning System data.
On the modelling of wavepacket scattering noise with coherence effects
Authors: da Silva Filipe D. , Jordan Peter , Cavalieri André V. G.
Published: December 2019

An investigation of a wavepacket model for free-jet and jet-surface interaction noise was conducted. The source term for the axisymmetric mode was extracted from a Mach 0.9 jet large eddy simulation and employed to adjust the parameters of a simple source model. Streamwise coherence decay, in particular, was considered. The source model was propagated with both the free-field and tailored Green's function for a semi-infinite flat plate positioned at a distance of r/D = 1 from the jet axis. Significant deviations were observed in the prediction of the low-angle directivity of the isolated jet as well as in the reproduction of the characteristics of the source field. However, the effects of trailing edge noise were well reproduced. The installed jet case, at the region dominated by trailing-edge scattering, showed very little sensitivity to the coherence decay, a crucial feature in the isolated jet case. In this sense, the modelling of the installed-jet case proved to be much simpler.
Single Versus Multiple Monitoring Periods for Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity in Medial Knee Osteoarthritis and Asymptomatic Controls
Authors: Costello Kerry E. , Astephen Wilson Janie L. , Hubley-Kozey Cheryl L.
Published: December 2019

Purpose: 1) To compare group-level physical activity calculated from a single versus multiple non-consecutive, one-week accelerometer monitoring periods in individuals with medial-compartment knee osteoarthritis and asymptomatic controls; and 2) to examine agreement among these estimates of physical activity at the individual-level. Methods: Accelerometer data from 38 individuals with knee osteoarthritis and 47 asymptomatic individuals was collected during three non-consecutive monitoring periods over one year. General linear models examined the effects of number of sessions averaged (one, two, or three) and group on light and moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity, step count, and sedentary behavior. Bland Altman analyses examined agreement between one-, two-, and/or three-session averages. Results: There were no sessions by group interactions. There was a main effect of sessions for sedentary behavior that was borderline significant when expressed as percent wear time. Limits of agreement indicated that two-session average versus single-session metrics could differ by ±50 minutes for light physical activity, ±20 minutes for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, and ±2100 steps per day. Conclusions: These data suggest that objective physical activity monitoring practices might differ between clinical research, where group data are compared, and clinical decision making, where individual data are compared. Good estimates of group level differences in step count, light, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity were found using a single session of accelerometer data, but a single session of sedentary behavior data should take wear time into account. The large limits of agreement indicate that multiple sessions may be needed to compare these metrics among or within individuals.
Aspergillus fumigatus Clinical Isolates Carrying CYP51A with TR34/L98H/S297T/F495I Substitutions Detected after Four-Year Retrospective Azole Resistance Screening in Brazil
Authors: Pontes Laís , Beraquet Caio Augusto Gualtieri , Arai Teppei , Pigolli Guilherme Leite , Lyra Luzia , Watanabe Akira , Moretti Maria Luiza , Schreiber Angélica Zaninelli
Published: December 2019

Azole antifungal resistance in
Aspergillus fumigatus
is a worldwide concern. As in most public hospitals in Brazil, antifungal susceptibility tests are not routinely performed for filamentous fungi at our institution. A 4-year retrospective azole antifungal resistance screening revealed two azole-resistant
A. fumigatus
clinical isolates carrying the CYP51A TR34 (34-bp tandem repeat)/L98H (change of L to H at position 98)/S297T/F495I resistance mechanism mutations, obtained from two unrelated patients.
Screening of Natural Extracts for Inhibitors against Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection
Authors: Guo Jiao , Jia Xiaoying , Liu Yang , Wang Shaobo , Cao Junyuan , Zhang Bo , Xiao Gengfu , Wang Wei
Published: December 2019

The mosquito-borne Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) causes serious illness worldwide that is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Currently, there are no effective drugs approved for the treatment of JEV infection. Drug-repurposing screening is an alternative approach to discover potential antiviral agents.
Gastric necrosis in a term infant treated with near-total gastrectomy and delayed reconstruction with a Hunt-Lawrence pouch
Authors: Govind Shaylan Keshav , Livingston Michael , Flageole Helene , Van Houwelingen Lisa
Published: December 2019

The creation of an intestinal pouch following total gastrectomy is exceedingly rare in infants. We present the case of a term infant who underwent a near-total gastrectomy on day 2 of life for diffuse gastric necrosis with perforation due to severe hypoxemia from an intrapartum nuchal cord. Gastrointestinal continuity was restored at 5 months of age with a Hunt-Lawrence pouch. The child is now 3 years old and has achieved a weight in the 47th percentile despite challenges with micronutrient deficiencies, reduced caloric intake and renal insufficiency requiring 8 months of intermittent haemodialysis.
Endoscopic submucosal dissection versus endoscopic mucosal resection for patients with early gastric cancer: a meta-analysis
Authors: Tao Maogen , Zhou Xiaobo , Hu Meiqing , Pan Jun
Published: December 2019

Objectives

To investigate the treatment effects of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) versus endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) for early gastric cancer (EGC).

Design

Meta-analysis.

Methods

We systematically searched three electronic databases, including PubMed, EmBase and the Cochrane library for studies published with inception to January 2018. The eligible studies should be evaluated for the efficacy and safety of ESD versus EMR for patients with EGC. The summary ORs and standard mean differences (SMDs) with 95% CIs were employed as effect estimates. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate the impact of single study on overall analysis. Subgroup analyses were performed for investigated outcomes to evaluate the treatment effects of ESD versus EMR for patients with EGC with specific subsets.

Results

Eighteen studies, with a total of 6723 patients with EGC, were included in final analysis. The summary ORs indicated that patients with EGC who received ESD were associated with an increased incidence of en bloc resection (OR: 9.00; 95% CI: 6.66 to 12.17; p<0.001), complete resection (OR: 8.43; 95% CI: 5.04 to 14.09; p<0.001) and curative resection (OR: 2.92; 95% CI: 1.85 to 4.61; p<0.001) when compared with EMR. Furthermore, ESD was associated with lower risk of local recurrence (OR: 0.18; 95% CI: 0.09 to 0.34; p<0.001). In addition, there was no significant difference between ESD and EMR for the risk of bleeding (OR: 1.26; 95% CI: 0.88 to 1.80; p=0.203). Though, ESD was correlated with greater risk of perforation (OR: 2.55; 95% CI: 1.48 to 4.39; p=0.001), and longer operation time (SMD: 1.12; 95% CI: 0.13 to 2.10; p=0.026) as compared with EMR. Additionally, several different features observed in included studies and patients could bias the effectiveness of ESD versus EMR in patients with EGC.

Conclusions

ESD is superior than EMR for en bloc resection, complete resection, curative resection and local recurrence, while it increased perforation risk and longer operation time.