bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OPTIMAL CONDITIONS FOR LACTOPEROXIDASE CATALYZED RADIOIODINATION OF EXTERNAL PROTEINS ON MOUSE ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Howard RJ , Smith PM , Mitchell GF
Published: November 2007

Optimal conditions were established for specific labelling of the surface proteins of mouse erythrocytes using lactoperoxidase‐catalyzed radioiodination. The levels of H2O2 and I‐, and cell concentrations required for restriction of haemoglobin labelling to less than 5% of the total 125I‐protein, were different for radioiodination employing direct H2O2 addition or generation of H2O2 with glucose oxidase plus glucose. Preparation of mouse erythrocyte ghosts by hypotonic lysis caused loss of some minor labelled proteins present on intact cells and shifts to lower molecular weights of others. It is therefore important to solubilize labelled cells directly in electrophoresis buffer to avoid artifactual degradation of labelled proteins. The extent of labelling internal cell proteins was measured by a procedure suitable for the comparison of a large number of samples: solubilized radioiodinated erythrocytes were electrophoresed on 14% acrylamide gels and the radioactivity determined in the haemoglobin band which migrates separately from other proteins. The major labelled protein on the mouse erythrocytes bad an apparent molecular weight of 92,000, and may be analogous to Band 3 of the human erythrocyte.
THE EFFECTS OF MAJOR AND MINOR TRAUMA ON LYMPHOCYTE KINETICS IN MICE
Authors: Bolton Paul M , Kirov Sylvia M , Donald KJ
Published: November 2007

The effects of major and minor trauma on the circulating white blood cell populations of C57BL mice were followed. The results showed that not only major trauma (nephrectomy) but minor injury and stress (e.g. injection, bleeding) triggered a highly significant fall (50–70%) in the number of lymphocytes circulating in the blood. The fall was a gradual one, with the maximal drop 2 h after the operation or handling procedure. Major trauma resulted in a fall in both B and T Lymphocytes. Minor trauma produced a fall in B lymphocytes only. A 3–4 fold increase in circulating polymorph numbers also accompanied major trauma, but no increase was observed after minor trauma. The blood picture returned to normal generally within 24 h of both minor and major trauma. Repetition of the trauma stimulus after recovery led to a renewed trauma response.

Bilateral adrenalectomy abolished the lymphocyte response to major and minor trauma and decreased the polymorph response to major trauma by more than 50%, indicating that stress hormones played a role in these changes.

Studies with 51chromium‐labelled lymphocytes, transferred into traumatized and adrenalectomized animals, suggested that decreased entry of lymphocytes into the blood (rather than increased exit from the blood into the tissues, or cell death) was the most likely mechanism of the lymphopenia following trauma.
A COMPARISON OF FOUR METHODS FOR THE SEROTYPING OF GROUP B STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Triscott Mark X , Davis GHG
Published: November 2007

Group B streptococci are implicated in a wide range of clinical conditions in human adults and neonates. The Group is subdivided into five serotypes Ia, Ib, Ic, II and III, which are differentiated on the basis of capsular polysaccharides. In the interests of epidemiology and efficiency a cheap, rapid method which is easily interpreted would be advantageous. In this study four methods of serotyping, namely, counter‐immunoelectrophoresis (CIEP), microimmunodiffusion (MID), coagglutination (COA), and the Lancefield capillary precipitin (CP) test were compared in terms of ease of operation and interpretation, accuracy and rapidity. Todd Hewitt Broth (THB) cultures and acid extracts of the group B streptococcal strains were used as antigens for these methods. It was concluded that COA using THB cultures allows cheap and rapid screening for presumptive serotyping, having a 93–96% correlation with the CP test. MID gives an accurate (100% correlation with the CP test) and unambiguous confirmatory diagnosis of serotype.
CHOLECYSTOKININ‐LIKE PEPTIDES IN BRAIN AND INTESTINE OF OBESE‐HYPERGLYCAEMIC MICE
Authors: Hansky Jack , Ho Patricia
Published: November 2007

Cholecystokinin‐(CCK) like peptides have been measured in the brain and small intestine of ob/ob hyperglycaemic mice and lean littermates. CCK‐like peptides were measured by radioimmunoassay employing an antiserum to CCK octapeptide (CCK 8) and gastrin 17 I125 label. Although this antiserum detects gastrin with equal affinity to CCK, concomitant assay of tissue extracts with a gastrin specific antibody failed to reveal any detectable gastrin. Extracts of brain and small intestine showed levels of CCK of 96 ± 12·6 pmolg−1 and 45 ± 6·1 pmol g−1 in the obese mice; 101 + 8·7 pmol g−1 and 36 ± 2·5 pmol g−1 in the lean mice. These were not significantly different. It has been suggested that CCK may be a satiety factor and it has been reported that there is less CCK in brain of obese mice compared with lean mice. This study has failed to confirm the previous finding and indicates that, in this animal model, tissue levels of CCK probably do not modulate appetite.
THE PRODUCTION OF |14C| OXALATE DURING THE METABOLISM OF |14C| CARBOHYDRATES IN ISOLATED RAT HEPATOCYTES
Authors: Rofe Allan M , James Heather M , Bais Renze , Edwards John B , Conyers Robert AJ
Published: November 2007

Oxalate |14C| was produced during the metabolism of |U‐14C| carbohydrates in hepatocytes isolated from normal rats. At 10 mM, the order of oxalate production was fructose > glycerol > xylitol > sorbitol ⩾ glucose in the ratio 10: 4: 3: 1: 1. This difference between oxalate production from fructose and glucose was reflected in their rates of utilisation, glucose being poorly metabolised in hepatocytes from fasted rats. Fructose was rapidly metabolised, producing glucose, lactate and pyruvate as the major metabolites. Glycerol, xylitol and sorbitol were metabolised at half the rate of fructose, the major metabolites being glucose, lactate and glycerophosphate. The marked similarity in the pattern of intermediary metabolites produced by these polyols was not, however, reflected in the rates of oxalate production.

Hepatic polyol metabolism resulted in high levels of cytosolic NADH, as indicated by elevated lactate: pyruvate and glycerophosphate: dihydroxyacetone phosphate ratios. The artificial electron acceptor, phenazine methosulphate (PMS) stimulated oxalate production from the polyols, particularly xylitol. In the presence of PMS, the order of oxalate production was fructose ⩾ xylitol > glycerol > sorbitol in the ratio 10: 10: 6: 2. The production of glucose, lactate and pyruvate from the polyols was also stimulated by PMS, whereas the general metabolism of fructose, including oxalate production, was little affected.

Oxalate |14C| was produced from |1‐14C|, |2‐14C| and |6‐14C| but not |3,4‐14C| glucose in hepatocytes isolated from non‐fasted, pyridoxine‐deficient rats. Whilst this labelling pattern is consistent with oxalate being produced by a number of pathways, it is suggested that metabolism via hydroxypyruvate is a major route for oxalate production from various carbohydrates, with perhaps the exception of xylitol, which appears to have an alternative mechanism for oxalate production.

The observation that carbohydrates, particularly fructose, contribute to endogenous oxalate production lends support to the hypothesis that a high sucrose consumption contributes to the formation of renal oxalate stones in man.
A METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF NORADRENALINE AT NORMAL PLASMA LEVELS
Authors: Ambler PK , Spicer J
Published: November 2007

A detailed method for the determination of plasma levels of noradrenaline, involving adsorption on to an alumina column, elution and formation of the noradrenolutine, is described. Particulars are also given of the preparation of the alumina, the columns and the samples.
INVOLVEMENT OF DONOR LYMPHORETICULAR CELLS IN THE REJECTION OF B16 MELANOMA BY ALLOGENEIC MICE
Authors: Ashman LK , Goh DHB , Kotlarski I
Published: November 2007

B16 melanoma maintained by in vivo passage in syngeneic (C57B1/6) mice was rejected when transplanted into H‐2 incompatible BALB/c mice. However, after passage in tissue culture the tumour grew in BALB/c mice and, in the case of intraperitoneal (i.p.) inoculation, was fatal. Administration of lymphoreticular cells (resident peritoneal cells. PC) bearing C57B1/6 alloantigens at the same time as the cultured tumour prevented or greatly diminished tumour growth in BALB/c mice. This occurred when the PC were given either at the same site as the tumour or at a remote site, implying that tumour rejection involved specific sensitization of the BALB/c mice to C57B1/6 alloantigens presented on the PC. Conversely, administration of PC from a strain (C3H) with a H‐2 haplotype unrelated to either the tumour or the allogeneic recipient mice diminished tumour growth when given at the same site, but had no effect when given at a remote site. This result is consistent with the involvement in sensitization of a soluble factor produced by or in response to the allogeneic PC, which is not antigen‐specific, and which operates over a short range.

These results indicate that, as for mouse thyroid allograft rejection (Lafferty and Woolnough, 1977), rejection of a B16 melanoma allograft was dependent on the presence of donor stimulator cells of lymphoreticular origin. The implications for the generation of immunity in syngeneic and autochthonous tumour systems arc discussed.
INTESTINAL LYMPH AND THE LOCAL ANTIBODY AND IMMUNOGLOBULIN RESPONSE TO INFECTION BY TRICHOSTRONGYLUS COLUBRIFORMIS IN SHEEP
Authors: Adams DB , Merritt GC , Cripps AW
Published: November 2007

A local antibody response occurred in the small intestine when immune sheep were challenged with the enteric nematode parasite, Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Incoming infective larvae stimulated the appearance of increased numbers of IgA‐containing lymphocytes in intestinal lymph. There were increases in the populations of IgA‐ and IgG1‐containing plasma cells in the lamina propria. This did not occur in regions of the small intestine distant to the habitat of T. colubriformis. Challenge infection in immune animals increased the titre of anti‐T. colubriformis haemagglutinating antibody in serum, intestinal lymph, intestinal fluid and extracts of intestinal mucosa. Although immune intestinal lymph contains anti‐T. colubriformis antibody of IgA isotype, which is presumably produced in intestinal lamina propria, it failed to transfer passive immunity against the parasite. This result, however, does not exclude the possibility that IgA‐antibody responses are important in protective immunity against T. colubriformis.
THE USE OF ENZYME‐LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY TO DETERMINE THE APPEARANCE, SPECIFICITY AND IMMUNOGLOBULIN CLASS OF ANTIBODIES TO THE STRUCTURAL PROTEINS OF INFLUENZA A VIRUS IN MICE
Authors: Watanabe H , Pollett MA , Mackenzie JS
Published: November 2007

The immune response of mice to sublethal infection with influenza A virus was investigated by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, haemagglutination‐inhibition and neutralization tests. The specificity and immunoglobulin class of antibodies were determined by competition enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. A rise in geometric mean antibody levels was observed between 4 and 16 days after infection by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, between 8 and 16 days by haemagglutination‐inhibition, and between 8 and 32 days by neutralization. A positive correlation was found between the geometric mean antibody responses measured by the three assay systems, but there was no consistent relationship between the titres of individual sera by each assay method. More antibodies to the strain‐specific determinants of haemagglutinin were observed 8 days after infection than antibodies to the common determinants, but by day 16 there were equal amounts of antibody to strain‐specific and common determinants of haemagglutinin and to neuraminidase. Antibodies to matrix and nucleoprotein antigens were not detected until 64 days after infection. The antibody response 8 days after infection was composed of IgM and IgA immunoglobulin classes, but IgG predominated from 16 days after infection.
SUPPRESSION OF IMMUNE RESPONSE BY ISOLATION OF THE BURSA OF FABRICIUS FROM ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI
Authors: Ekino S , Nawa Y , Tanaka K , Matsuno K , Fujii H , Kotani M
Published: November 2007

When the bursa of Fabricius was isolated from environmental stimuli across the bursal epielium by clipping the bursal duct on the 19th day of incubation, marked retardation was observed both in the bursal development and in the maturation of the immune reactivity. Neither necrotic changes nor involution in the bursa was, however, observed at any stage examined after clipping the bursal duct. Lymphopoiesis in the bursa and the immune reactivity of these chickens gradually increased with age, although they were constantly lower than those of controls. These results suggest that environmental stimuli across the bursal epithelium play an important role in the amplification mechanisms for B‐cell differentiation in the bursa.
HYBRIDOMA ANTIBODY IMMUNOASSAYS FOR THE DETECTION OF PARASITIC INFECTION: ATTEMPTS TO PRODUCE AN IMMUNODIAGNOSTIC REAGENT FOR A LARVAL TAENIID CESTODE INFECTION
Authors: Craig Philip S , Mitchell Graham F , Cruise Kathy M , Rickard Michael D
Published: November 2007

Attempts have been made to produce discriminatory immunodiagnostic reagents for infections of sheep with the larval stages of Taenia hydatigena. Taenia ovis and Echinoccus granulosus. Using cells from mice hyperimmunized with T. hydatigena antigenic preparations for fusion, a hybridoma antibody which bound to T hydatigena larval antigens, but not to T. ovis or E. granulosus larval antigens, was selected. A competitive radioimmunoassay using the labelled hybridoma antibody and a crude parasite antigen mixture was devised as an immunodiagnostic test for experimental T hydatigena infection. Sera from sheep exposed to 1000 or more T. hydatigena eggs were unequivocally positive but sera from 2 sheep with a monospecific infection with T. ovis were also positive. Sera from E. granulosus‐infected sheep were negative and, although the numbers of sera involved were small, such discrimination has not been achieved by previous serologic methods. The discussion emphasizes various difficulties which have been encountered in the development of highly sensitive as well as specific hybridoma‐based immunodiagnostic reagents for the detection of larval cestode infections in sheep.
A GENETIC INFLUENCE ON THE APPEARANCE OE SPECIFIC ANTIBODY IN SERUM AND SECRETIONS FOLLOWING CHALLENGE WITH ANTIGEN
Authors: Banyard MRC , Morris B
Published: November 2007

The concentration of specific antibody in the tear secretion following subconjunctival inoculation with Keyhole Limpet haemocyanin was influenced by genotype. Cattle of the Bos indicus type responded more strongly to subconjunctival inoculation than did Bos Taurus animals. The regression analysis of the concentration of specific antibody in tears on the concentration of specific antibody in the serum suggested a quantitative difference in the transfer of specific antibody from the scrum to tears. The concentration of specific antibody in serum was different in Bus indicus and Bos taurus animals. The relative position of this difference was influenced by the route of inoculation used.
A RAPID AND EFFICIENT PROCEDURE FOR THE REMOVAL OF NONVIABLE CELLS FROM SUSPENSION CULTURE OF LYMPHOID CELL LINES
Authors: Hurrell John GR , Black Paul H , Haber Edgar , Zurawski Vincent R
Published: November 2007

The selective removal of nonviable cells from suspension cultures of lymphoid cell lines by buoyant density centrifugation at 400 × g on a Ficoll‐Hypaque (FH) cushion is described. Viable cells collect at the medium‐FH interface whereas nonviable cells pellet. This method has proven useful in separating viable from nonviable cells with human lymphoblastoid cell lines, rabbit lymphoid cell lines and mouse myeloma and hybridoma cell lines.
GENERATION OF INFLUENZA VIRUS SPECIFIC DELAYED TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY T CELLS IN VITRO. SECONDARY EFFECTOR CELLS.
Authors: Leung KN , Ada GL
Published: November 2007

When spleen cells from mice injected 3 weeks or more previously with influenza A virus (responder cells) are mixed with normal spleen cells exposed 1 h previously lo influenza A virus (stimulator cells) and the mixture cultivated at 37° for 5–6 days, the surviving cell population contains effector T cells (Td) which can mediate delayed type hypersensitivity reactions. If infectious virus is used to prime both the donor mice and to infect the stimulator cells, the cell population also contains cytotoxic T cells (Tc). In this case, both Tc and Td have similar specificity patterns, as cells raised to one sub‐type A virus are cross‐reactive to other A strain viruses but not to Sendai virus. If non‐infectious virus is used to immunize the donor mice. Td but not Tc are generated and these cells are specific for the sub‐type A virus used in the original immunization. Both preparations of Td are Lyl+23− and require IA sharing of donor and recipient mice for transfer of DTH activity to be successful. Td cells produced this way are similar to those produced in vivo except they may have different migratory properties and must be injected directly into the footpad for DTH activity to be elicited. In such transfers. H‐2 restriction can be clearly demonstrated if the challenging antigen is injected into the footpad some hours before the injection of cells.
PROPERTIES OF A MURINE LYMPHOKINE THAT AUGMENTS E‐ROSETTE FORMATION
Authors: Morrison JJF , Halliday WJ
Published: November 2007

Antigenic stimulation of spleen mononuclear cells from contact‐sensitized mice produced a soluble factor that enhanced the formation of E‐rosettes by human lymphocytes in vitro. Production of this murine E‐rosette augmenting factor (E‐RAF) occurred over a narrow range of antigen concentrations, was hapten‐specific, and depended on T‐lymphocytes. The factor was not dialysable, in contrast to other substances extracted from normal leucocytes. Murine E‐RAF is thus a lymphokine whose action is not species restricted. It was readily detected 30 min after contact of cells with antigen. E‐RAF formation by spleen cells and delayed‐type hypersensitivity reactions were elicited over a similar period after contact sensitization of mice.
TRANSOVARIAL TRANSMISSION OF MURRAY VALLEY ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS BY AEDES AEGYPTI (L.)
Authors: Kay BH , Carley JG
Published: November 2007

In laboratory studies, Murray Valley encephalitis virus was transmitted transovarially by orally infected Aedes aegypti to approximately 1·5% of both adult male and female progeny.
ASCORBIC ACID IN INTESTINAL TISSUES
Authors: Oelrichs BA , Kratzing CC
Published: November 2007

About a fifth of the ascorbic acid is readily lost from intestinal tissue during handling procedures such as washing with saline and blotting. Further losses occur during incubation in Krebs‐phosphate saline; after 10 min strips of intestine retained 80% of their original ascorbic acid content and chopped tissue only 50%. This suggests that some of the intestinal ascorbic acid is very loosely held in the tissue. The small intestine is capable of accumulating double the normal amount of ascorbic acid when animals are dosed intramuscularly and retains some ascorbic acid (0·7 to 5 μg/mg DNA) even when the animals' body stores are depleted.
EXPERIMENTS WITH BANANA TRUNK JUICE AS A NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKER
Authors: Lee SK , Ng LL , Lee SI
Published: November 2007

The juice of the banana trunk produces a non‐depolarising neuromuscular block. Oxygenation of the extract enhances its potency. Reversals with anticholin‐esterases are transient. Partial reversals in isolated preparations indicate these could be both specific and non‐specific binding which could account for blockade after washing. It could be specifically bound to ACh receptors in an irreversible way since its action appears similar to that of α‐Bu TX.
A MURINE MODEL FOR ASSESSMENT OF LIVING ATTENUATED INFLUENZA A VACCINES
Authors: Wark Margaret C , Tannock Gregory A , Sutherland Megan M , Smith Linda E
Published: November 2007

The laboratory mouse was evaluated as a model to assess the genetic stability of influenza A mutants of potential use as living vaccine strains. The growth of three mutant recombinants. A/Hong Kong/68‐ts‐IE (H3N2), A/HK/123/77x‐ts‐1A2 (H1N1) and A2/AA/6/60‐ca (H2N2) was studied in 15 g mice. Yields of ts‐1E from both lungs and turbinates were ten‐fold less than that of a control virus with the same surface antigens. All ts‐1E isolates showed evidence of loss of ts phenotype. Ts‐1A2 and ca recombinants grew to a much lower titre than those of ts‐1E, and revertants were obtained from one ts‐1A2 lung isolate and one ca turbinate isolate. In other studies with hamsters, the stability of the ts character of these mutants during replication in the lungs of hamsters has been shown to be correlated with their residual virulence for man (Murphy et al., 1972; Murphy et al., 1974; Richman et al., 1977). The results from the present study suggest that the laboratory mouse is at least as sensitive as the hamster as an in vitro model for the detection of ts revertants.
NORWALK VIRUS GASTROENTERITIS IN VOLUNTEERS CONSUMING DEPURATED OYSTERS
Authors: Grohmann GS , Murphy AM , Christopher PJ , Auty E , Greenberg HB
Published: November 2007

Following the widespread outbreaks of oyster‐associated gastroenteritis which occurred throughout Australia in 1978, several programmes were introduced to minimise the occurrence of further outbreaks. One programme included the depuration (purification) of oysters and the use of human volunteers to test‐consume samples from batches of depurated oysters before their sale to the public. Oysters from the Georges River and Brisbane Waters were test‐consumed from December, 1978, to August, 1979. None of the volunteers was ill after consuming Brisbane Waters oysters but 52 reported ill after eating Georges River oysters. The predominant symptoms were nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea with an average incubation period of 42 hours. Recovery was usually complete in 36‐48 hours. Of the 52 illnesses reported 31 (60%) occurred in two particular weeks ending July 1st and 22nd when rates of 18·3% and 7·8% were reported. The average illness rate for the remainder of the period under study was only 1 %. Norwalk virus was found in 8 of 25 (32%) stools, and antibody increases demonstrated in seven of ten paired sera, giving an overall diagnostic rate for Norwalk infection of 37·0% for these two peak periods. Heavy rain preceded these two weeks in which the illnesses occurred. No evidence of Norwalk infection was found at any other time. These studies confirmed the epidemiological findings of the major outbreak of gastroenteritis in 1978, and showed that only Georges River oysters caused Norwalk virus infections and that depuration as carried out in 1979 was not entirely satisfactory.
EXPERIMENTAL ERYTHROCYTE AUTOIMMUNITY. SPECIFICITY OF AUTOANTIBODIES AND OF AUTOANTIBODY‐SPECIFIC SUPPRESSOR CELLS ELICITED BY RBC FROM VARIOUS STRAINS OF RATS
Authors: Cox KO , Cox Judie
Published: November 2007

Autoantibodies and autoantibody‐specific suppressor cells are produced in mice injected with RBC from rats. In this report it is shown, first, that the RBC from various strains of rats stimulate similar clones of auto‐reactive B‐cells. The evidence for this conclusion was obtained using antibodies eluted from the RBC and sera from mice positive in direct Coombs' tests. Autoantibodies elicited by RBC from any strain of rat were absorbed by RBC from all strains of rat tested but not by sheep RBC. Secondly, it is shown that spleen cells from mice injected with RBC of one strain of rat delayed autoantibody production elicited by RBC from syngeneic and allogeneic rats when transferred to syngeneic mice before the first injection of rat RBC. Serum antibody levels to rat RBC were not reduced.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE NUDE RAT (rnunz). Functional Characteristics
Authors: Marshall Elaine , Miller Thomas
Published: November 2007

Gross histopathological and morphological observations in an accompanying paper confirmed the absence of a thymus and thymus‐derived lymphocytes in the New Zealand athymic nude mutant (rnunz). In the present studies an analysis of the cell‐mediated immune status of the rnunz rat is reported. Lymphocyte transformation studies showed that lymphocytes from the rnunz strain did not respond to mitogenic stimulation with the T lymphocyte specific mitogen Concanavalin A. This confirmed the absence of potentially functional T lymphocytes suggested by the morphological analysis. Lymphocytes from the rnunz strain also failed to initiate a graft versus host response, and the absence of host versus graft response established the immune deficit in cell‐mediated immunity in the intact animals. Additionally, the rnunz strain has been used as a reference point to determine the effectiveness of neonatal thymectomy and adult thymectomy with irradiation as a means of depleting the host of T cells.
ANTIGEN‐SPECIFIC CYTOPHILIC ACTIVITY OF SHEEP IgG1 and IgG2 ANTIBODIES
Authors: Yasmeen Dilruba
Published: November 2007

Sheep were immunised with chicken red blood cells in the area drained by the popliteal lymph node and lymph was collected from the stimulated nodes. The immune lymph samples were fractionated into IgG1 and IgG2 antibody fractions; these were then tested by passive direct and passive indirect rosette tests for antigen‐specific cytophilic activity on adherent mononuclear cells (macrophages) from non‐immunised sheep. Antigen‐specific cytophilic activity for homologous macrophages appeared within a week following primary immunisation. Fractionation of the immune lymph showed that antibodies associated with IgG1, but not IgG2, subclass were highly active in promoting binding of the antigen to the macrophages. Pretreatment of the macrophages with uncomplexed IgG1 from non‐immunised sheep inhibited binding of cytophilic IgG1 complexed with antigen. The binding of non‐immune, uncomplexed IgG1 to the macrophages appeared to be very weak since washing of cell monolayers after passive sensitisation with non‐immune, uncomplexed IgG1 overcame the inhibition of binding of antibody IgG1 complexed with antigen.
HYBRIDOMAS SECRETING MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY TO TOXOPLASMA GONDII
Authors: Johnson Alan M , McNamara PJ , Neoh SH , McDonald PJ , Zola H
Published: November 2007

Six hybridomas that secrete monoclonal antibody to Toxoplasma gondii have been developed. Four of these secrete antibody of the IgG1 subclass, one secretes antibody of the IgG2a subclass and the remaining hybridoma secretes antibody of the IgG3 subclass. One IgG1 subclass antibody reacts only in the indirect haemagglutination antibody test (IHAT), four (3 IgG1 and 1 IgG2a) react only in the indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT), and the IgG3 antibody reacts in both the IHAT and IFAT.
A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF THE ECOLOGY OF ARBOVIRUSES IN THE DERBY AREA OF THE KIMBERLEY REGION, WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Wright AE , Anderson S , Stanley NF , Liehne PFS , Britten DK
Published: November 2007

A survey of mosquito populations in the Derby area of the Kimberley region, Western Australia, in March/April of 1977 yielded a total of 3,318 adult female mosquitoes. Fifteen taxa were represented, seven being new locality records for this area. Culex annulirostris was the dominant species, comprising 85·41% of the total catch. All mosquitoes collected were processed for virus isolation and thirteen strains of four (and possibly five) distinct arboviruses were obtained, all from pools of Culex annulirostris. These viruses include Murray Valley encephalitis, Ross River, Wongal, an untyped non‐haemagglutinating member of the Koongol group and a virus which reacts to polyvalent antisera against the Anopheles A and B groups. With the exception of Ross River, all these viruses had been previously isolated from the Ord River Valley, some 500 km to the north‐east.

Comparison of virus isolations in the Ord Valley and Derby supports the suggestion that both sites share a common viral flora. Both also display an exceeedingly high overall isolation rate (approximately 20% for Cx. annulirostris pools). Such comparisons suggest that a number of arboviruses transmitted by Cx. annulirostris are active throughout the Kimberley region and have peak isolation rates at the end of the wet season. Further studies are needed to fully define these viral cycles.
SLOW‐REACTING SUBSTANCE FROM ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES—A MECHANISM OF ASTHMA?
Authors: Cade JF , Clancy RL , Walker SE , Pain MCF
Published: November 2007

The effects of alveolar macrophages on bronchial reactivity were studied in vitro to determine whether these cells could provide a pathogenetic link between cellular components of the inflammatory response, chemical mediation of smooth muscle contraction and possible local mechanisms of asthma. Alveolar macrophages harvested from rabbit lungs produced consistent and prolonged contractile responses in guinea‐pig tracheal rings. The contractile material had the pharmacological and physical properties of slow‐reacting substance (SRS) and, in particular, it was completely antagonized by minute concentrations (5 ng/ml) of a specific SRS antagonist, FPL 55712. The average contractile response per 106 macrophages was quantitatively equivalent to that produced by 76 ng methacholine. These findings not only support the view that local mechanisms may be of relevance in the pathogenesis of asthma, but could also have possible implications for therapy.
INITIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CRYOPRECIPITATES IN CATTLE RECOVERING FROM ACUTE BABESIA BOVIS (ARGENTINA) INFECTION
Authors: Goodger BV , Wright IG , Mahoney DF
Published: November 2007

The plasma of cattle recovering from severe Babesia bovis infection contained cold precipitable protein which consisted of immune complexes formed in antibody excess. The major immunoglobulin in the complexes was IgM although IgG1 and IgG2 were also present at lower concentrations. In addition, fibrinogen, α2 macroglobulin and C3 component of complement were detected. As the complexes were produced after parasiteamia fell below the detectable level and the inflammatory response to B. bovis was waning, the complexes did not appear to have much pathological significance.
THE EFFECT OF IRON AND PROTEIN DEFICIENCY ON PLASMA LEVELS AND PARASITE UPTAKE OF [14C] FENBENDAZOLE IN RATS INFECTED WITH NIPPOSTRONGYLUS BRASILIENSIS
Authors: Prichard RK , Kelly JD , Bolin TD , Duncombe VM , Fagan MR
Published: November 2007

The Nippostrongylus brasiliensis‐rat model was used to determine whether iron and protein deficiency, which are commonly associated with parasitic infections, affected the pharmacokinetic behaviour of fenbendazole as measured by plasma concentrations and uptake by worms. Plasma 14C concentrations after [14C] fenbendazole administration were higher in iron and protein‐deficient rats than in sufficient rats. However, the uptake of 14C by N. brasiliensis in iron and protein‐deficient rats was significantly less than in worms from diet‐sufficient rats. The reduced anthelmintic uptake by worms in protein and iron‐deficient hosts may account, in part, for reduced anthelmintic efficacy under these circumstances. These findings are relevant to understanding variations in response to chemotherapy in populations of parasitised hosts containing malnourished individuals.
CONCANAVALIN A‐INDUCED MACROPHAGE AGGREGATING FACTOR
Authors: Badenoch‐Jones P
Published: November 2007

The production of the lymphokine activity macrophage aggregating factor (MAgF) by Concanavalin A (Con A)‐pulsed guinea‐pig spleen cells has been investigated. The following observations have been made: (1) MAgF can be assayed quantitatively by measuring the light absorbance of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) using a spectrophotometer, rather than the previously used Born platelet aggregometer; (2) both Con A and antigen‐induced MAgF elute from Sephadex G‐200 over the 30,000‐70,000 m wt range; (3) Con A‐pulsed spleen cells generate supernatants which can be assayed directly for MAgF. Inhibitor studies with α‐methyl‐D‐mannoside show that the observed PEC aggregation is due to MAgF and not to residual Con A, which also aggregates these cells.
THE EFFECT OF CHANGES IN OSMOLALITY ON AMINO ACID TRANSPORT IN THE PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE OF THE RAT KIDNEY
Authors: Lingard JM
Published: November 2007

In order to differentiate between the effect of increased amino acid (substrate) concentration and the accompanying rise in fluid osmolality on renal tubular amino acid transport properties, the transport of cycloleucine has been examined under conditions where the osmolality only was altered with raffinose. In stationary microperfusion experiments it has been demonstrated that an increase in osmolality to 400 mosmol/kg on both sides of the epithelium at once does not alter the active transporting capacity achieved. Although no experimental evidence is yet available, theoretical considerations suggest that neither component of this active transporting capacity, viz. active transepithelial transport rate or the permeability coefficient, would have changed.
THE INHIBITION OF BACTERIAL CELL GROWTH BY KETONE BODIES
Authors: Potezny Nicholas , Atkinson Elinor R , Rofe Allan M , Conyers Robert AJ
Published: November 2007

The effect of ketone bodies on the growth, in culture, of Escherichia coli was investigated. Both growth and glucose utilisation were inhibited in the presence of 20 mmol/l D‐3‐hydroxybutyrate. Lower concentrations of D‐3‐hydroxybutyrate caused proportionally less inhibition of growth. Acetoacetate also inhibited growth but other glycolytic inhibitors and chemical analogues of D‐3‐hydroxybutyrate either did not inhibit or proved to be too toxic for bacterial growth. Citrate enhanced the ketone body effect. D‐3‐hydroxybutyrate also inhibited the growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Citrobacter freundii and Salmonella typhimurium. The possible relationship between ketone body inhibition of cell growth and oxygen limitation is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF STRESS ON THE MIGRATION OF LEUCOCYTES INTO THE PERITONEAL CAVITY OF RATS FOLLOWING INJECTION OF AN INFLAMMATORY AGENT
Authors: Bassett JR , Tait NN
Published: November 2007

Although previous studies have shown that the injection of exogenous corticosteroids suppresses the inflammatory response, no study has been made on the effect on inflammation of endogenous corticosteroids released in response to stress. In the present study a reduction was observed in the total number of leucocytes migrating into the peritoneal cavity of stressed rats in response to the injection of an inflammatory agent. The reduction in total counts was due to a stress‐induced reduction of both polymorph and mononuclear cells. Permeability studies and blood leucocyte counts were conducted to determine the mode of action of the stress‐induced reduction of leucocyte migration. In the case of the polymorphs. evidence is presented to implicate both a reduced release of these cells into the blood stream from storage sites and a blockade of the increased vascular permeability. The situation is not as clear for the mononuclear cells where no change in the circulating levels of these cells was observed in either stressed or control rats following induction of an inflammatory response.
THE DISTRIBUTION AND TRAFFIC OF SPECIFIC HOMOCYTOTROPIC ANTIBODY‐SYNTHESIZING CELLS IN NIPPOSTRONGYLIJS BRASILIENSIS‐INFESTED RATS
Authors: Allan W , Mayrhofer G
Published: November 2007

Synthesis of specific homocytotropic antibody by cells from various lymphoid and haemopoietic organs in rats infested with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis has been studied by use of homologous adoptive cutaneous anaphylaxis and compared with the kinetics of appearance in the serum and thoracic duct lymph of specific IgE antibodies. Using this technique, synthesis of specific mast cell‐sensitizing antibody has been detected in the draining lymph nodes of the lung as early as 12 days after infestation and by 14 days in the draining lymph nodes of the small intestine. Specific IgE antibody was not detected in serum unlit between 16 and 18 days after infestation. The delay in detection of antibody in the serum is at least in part due to its rapid removal from the blood, because antibody en route to the bloodstream from the gut‐associated lymphoid tissue was detected in the thoracic duct lymph plasma as early as day 12, A major traffic of homocytotropic antibody‐secreting cells has been detected in the thoracic duct lymph of the infested rats. The results are discussed in terms of the possible role of immediate hypersensitivity in the expulsion of the parasite. the origin of the IgE antibody response to the parasite and the mechanism of the potentiated reagin response.
QUANTITATIVE ALTERATIONS OF THE AEROBIC BACTERIAL FLORA OF THE POUCH OF SETONIX BRACHYURUS (QUOKKA) DURING OESTRUS, ANOESTRUS, PREGNANCY AND LACTATING ANOESTRUS (POUCH YOUNG)
Authors: Charlick J , Manessis C , Stanley N , Waring H , Cockson A
Published: November 2007

Quantitative and qualitative differences have been shown in the bacterial flora of the pouch of quokkas in different sexual stales. Oestrus was characterised by high numbers of Gram‐negative bacilli (GNB), and during non‐lactating anoestrus a predominantly Gram‐positive flora was found. Faecal contamination from the pouch young is the probable source of enteric organisms isolated from animals in lactating anoestrus. A marked selective decrease in Gram‐negative flora occurred during the gestation period until GNB were virtually non‐existent in the pouch prior to birth.
LYMPH NODE ANTI‐TUMOUR EFFECTOR CELL MECHANISMS IN COLORECTAL CARCINOMA
Authors: Werkmeister JA , Pihl E , Flannery GR
Published: November 2007

Eighty lymph nodes from 61 cases of colorectal carcinoma were studied by in vitro microcytotoxicity assay. It was found that 25 nodes (31%) from 22 of these cases (36%) contained lymphoid cells which were cytotoxic against autologous carcinoma cells in vitro. Lymph node cells (LNC) were not cytotoxic against 51Cr chicken red blood cells (CRBC). This assay was used as an indicator of natural killer cell (NK) activity. Comparably, normal control peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were cytotoxic against CRBC but not against colonic target cells obtained from surgical biopsy specimens. Fc receptor‐bearing cells, monitored by cytotoxicity against antibody‐coated CRBC, were detected in 50 and 60% of cytotoxic and non‐cytotoxic LNC populations. The varying effects of E‐ and EAC‐rosette fractionation and iron filing treatment of effector cells indicate that regional LNC cytotoxicity in colorectal carcinoma is a complex phenomenon, which, however, is predominantly a function of E‐rosetting lymphocytes. Lymphocytes obtained from all regional nodes were capable of responding to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). The relative proportion of T lymphocytes (E‐rosetting cells) was significantly higher in those lymph node suspensions which were cytotoxic against colon carcinoma cells.
Quantitative and qualitative approaches to GOD: the first 10 years of the clonal selection theory
Authors: Jordan Margaret A , Baxter Alan G
Published: November 2007

Of the contentious issues surrounding the clonal selection theory, one of the most influential was that of the mechanism for the generation of diversity of antibody specificity. While Burnet's qualitative theory assumed a very large antibody repertoire, Talmage provided a detailed quantitative argument supporting only 5000 individual globulin patterns that provided an antiserum its specificity through combinatorial action. This methodological difference between the two men, and the mechanistic difference between their models, is key to the understanding of the clonal selection theory, its later acceptance and the proportion of credit paid to Burnet.
Scientific Innovation and Non-Western Regional Economies: Cuban Biotechnology's ‘Experimental Milieu’
Authors: Reid-Henry Simon
Published: November 2007

A good deal of research within the cultural turn in economic geography has sought to understand the relationship between economic activity and regional culture. This work encompasses an increasingly heterodox set of approaches to regional economic activity, from innovation studies to processes of embedding to accounts of regional learning and clustering, and an increasingly broad set of empirical cases through which these issues are regularly discussed. Only recently has the literature had much to say about the relationship between scientific knowledge and regional culture, however, or about the empirical experience of non-Western regional economic activity and forms of innovation within this. This paper seeks to further develop these two recent strands by bringing them together. Firstly it transposes the study of high-technology regional cultures to a developing world and socialist country context. I examine, as a case study, Cuba's Science Pole, a biomedical growth pole on the outskirts of Havana comprising some forty-two interlinked institutions and 14 000 scientists. I show how a space for biotechnology was created and maintained outside of the capitalist milieu with which the industry has come to be associated in the West. More specifically, I reveal how the formal demands made by the Cuban state of this biotechnology endeavour paradoxically encouraged the development of a suite of informal and innovative scientific practices. To account for how this very different approach nevertheless resulted in a similar ‘regional culture’ of innovation to that found in high-technology regions in the West, I suggest we need to consider not just the structural components of regional cultures (labour mobility, attitudes to risk, etc) but also the forms of rationality that underpin such factors themselves. In order to do this I turn to some of the insights of the science-studies literature as to the epistemological foundations of processes of innovation and knowledge production, to argue that regional cultures of innovation are never just economic spaces, they are also epistemic spaces.
Individual Space – Time Activity-Based Model: A Model for the Simulation of Airborne Infectious-Disease Transmission by Activity-Bundle Simulation
Authors: Yang Yong , Atkinson Peter M
Published: November 2007

Activity bundle (AB) simulation is a method for obtaining a specific contact network (specific to target infectious disease) from the space–time dynamics of individuals constrained both by their social activity and by the physical condition of the space. Taking advantage of AB simulation, an individual space–time activity-based model (ISTAM) is presented which integrates the infectious-disease evolution process, individual activity patterns, and stochastic infection model. ISTAM was applied to the University of Southampton in order to simulate a hypothetical influenza epidemic. The results show that the model behaviour is approximately consistent with expectations.
Distinguishing protein-coding and noncoding genes in the human genome
Authors: Clamp Michele , Fry Ben , Kamal Mike , Xie Xiaohui , Cuff James , Lin Michael F. , Kellis Manolis , Lindblad-Toh Kerstin , Lander Eric S.
Published: November 2007

Although the Human Genome Project was completed 4 years ago, the catalog of human protein-coding genes remains a matter of controversy. Current catalogs list a total of ≈24,500 putative protein-coding genes. It is broadly suspected that a large fraction of these entries are functionally meaningless ORFs present by chance in RNA transcripts, because they show no evidence of evolutionary conservation with mouse or dog. However, there is currently no scientific justification for excluding ORFs simply because they fail to show evolutionary conservation: the alternative hypothesis is that most of these ORFs are actually valid human genes that reflect gene innovation in the primate lineage or gene loss in the other lineages. Here, we reject this hypothesis by carefully analyzing the nonconserved ORFs—specifically, their properties in other primates. We show that the vast majority of these ORFs are random occurrences. The analysis yields, as a by-product, a major revision of the current human catalogs, cutting the number of protein-coding genes to ≈20,500. Specifically, it suggests that nonconserved ORFs should be added to the human gene catalog only if there is clear evidence of an encoded protein. It also provides a principled methodology for evaluating future proposed additions to the human gene catalog. Finally, the results indicate that there has been relatively little true innovation in mammalian protein-coding genes.
Structure of the
Nitrosomonas europaea
Rh protein
Authors: Li Xin , Jayachandran Sanjay , Nguyen Hiep-Hoa T. , Chan Michael K.
Published: November 2007

Amt/MEP/Rh proteins are a family of integral membrane proteins implicated in the transport of NH
3
, CH
2
NH
2
, and CO
2
. Whereas Amt/MEP proteins are agreed to transport ammonia (NH
3
/NH
4
+
), the primary substrate for Rh proteins has been controversial. Initial studies suggested that Rh proteins also transport ammonia, but more recent evidence suggests that they transport CO
2
. Here we report the first structure of an Rh family member, the Rh protein from the chemolithoautotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacterium
Nitrosomonas europaea
. This Rh protein exhibits a number of similarities to its Amt cousins, including a trimeric oligomeric state, a central pore with an unusual twin-His site in the middle, and a Phe residue that blocks the channel for small-molecule transport. However, there are some significant differences, the most notable being the presence of an additional cytoplasmic C-terminal α-helix, an increased number of internal proline residues along the transmembrane helices, and a specific set of residues that appear to link the C-terminal helix to Phe blockage. This latter linkage suggests a mechanism in which binding of a partner protein to the C terminus could regulate channel opening. Another difference is the absence of the extracellular π-cation binding site conserved in Amt/Mep structures. Instead, CO
2
pressurization experiments identify a CO
2
binding site near the intracellular exit of the channel whose residues are highly conserved in all Rh proteins, except those belonging to the Rh30 subfamily. The implications of these findings on the functional role of the human Rh antigens are discussed.