bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Copper Bond Over Active Circuit (BOAC) and Copper Over Anything (COA) Failure Analysis
Authors: Nguyen Dat , Davis Bob , Lewis Corey
Published: December 2020

In today's electronic industry of shrinking circuit boards and shrinking semiconductor integrated circuits (IC), semiconductor companies have to be creative in providing devices with more circuitry on less silicon. Copper Bond over Active Circuit (BOAC)/Copper over Anything (COA) processes allow routing and bonding to thick top level metallization on the LinBiCMOS technology node. This paper discusses failure analysis (FA) techniques and approaches on un-passivated BOAC, and explains a generic BOAC/COA process. The approach to FA of BOAC involves package inspection-non intrusive analysis, decapsulation, die inspection, and defect identification/root cause analysis. Case studies are presented to explain the specific FA steps. Fault isolation involving BOAC requires the strategic removal of copper traces and selective analysis of the failed circuitry. Liquid crystal and micro-probing have been used effectively in failure isolation.
Identification of an IDDQ Failure Mechanism Using a Variety of Front and Backside Analytical Techniques
Authors: Shearer Jim , Le Kim , Yang Xiaoyu , Cleeves Monty , Meeks Al
Published: December 2020

This article presents a case study to solve an IDDQ leakage problem using a variety of failure analysis techniques on a product. The product is fabricated using a 3-metal-layer 0.25 μm CMOS process with the addition of Matrix's proprietary 3-D memory layers. The failure analysis used both top and backside analytical techniques, including liquid crystal, photon emission microscopy from both front and back, dual-beam focused ion beam cross-sectioning, field emission scanning electron microscopy imaging, parallel-lap/passive voltage contrast, microprobing of parallel-lapped samples, and scanning capacitance microscopy. The article discusses how the application of each of the techniques narrowed down the search for this IDDQ leakage path. This leakage path was eliminated using the two corrective actions: The resist is pre-treated prior to ion implantation to produce a consistent resist sidewall profile; and the Nwell boundaries were adjusted in the next Nwell mask revision.
Application of ToF-SIMS to Airborne Organic Contamination Analysis
Authors: Lu Dong , Trigg Alastair , Xing Zhenxiang , Kumar Rakesh , Chang Chang Kuo
Published: December 2020

Airborne molecular contamination poses a serious problem for advanced wafer fabrication as the devices are continually scaled down. The amount of this contamination may be only a few monolayers, which are extremely difficult to detect by the commonly used analytical techniques, such as FTIR. ToF-SIMS has extremely high surface sensitivity for the analysis of trace contaminants on wafer surfaces. The high mass resolution of ToF-SIMS is also a powerful tool for the identification of the contaminants. In the current study, ToF-SIMS is used to monitor the build-up of airborne amine contamination on Black Diamond1 surfaces. It has been found that cleaning of the Black Diamond surfaces using wet chemicals can lead to photoresist poisoning. Thermal desorption-GC-MS analysis revealed that wet cleaning would result in the accumulation of hydrocarbons on the Black Diamond surfaces. ToF-SIMS shows that amines can build up gradually on the Black Diamond surfaces after wet cleaning, probably via airborne molecular contamination. For the Black Diamond wafers which did not go through the wet cleaning process, there was no significant increase of amines on the wafer surfaces. The amount of amines on the Black Diamond surfaces depends on the chemicals used in the cleaning processes and the wafer storage conditions. The level of amine contamination can be significantly reduced after the samples are heated up to 300°C for a few minutes in inert atmosphere.
Yield-Modeling and Test Oriented Taxonomy of IC Structure Deformations
Authors: Maly W. , Zanon T. , Vogels T.
Published: December 2020

This paper proposes a taxonomy of process-induced deformations of IC structures. Such a taxonomy is envisioned as a foundation for yield modeling and development of test strategies, as well as, for design of ICs with redundancy. It is proposed to address the rapidly growing complexity of interaction between process-induced deformations of IC structures and steadily shrinking geometry of deep submicron ICs.
An Evolution in Plastic Decapsulation Process Improvement
Authors: Somcio N.S. , Komrowski Andrew J. , Curiel Luis , Silvis Charles R. , Sullivan Daniel J.D.
Published: December 2020

Decapsulating wire-bonded plastic packages using fuming nitric or sulfuric acid is one of the most widely used methods for exposing a die during failure analysis [1]. The need to have physical access to the die in a packaged semiconductor device is often essential in the FA process. Regularly, the entire surface of the die must be exposed to take full advantage of techniques such as Emission Microscopy or Liquid Crystal. However, removing the plastic encapsulant using corrosive acids, such as fuming sulfuric acid, presents a challenge: achieving a fully exposed die surface while maintaining the device’s electrical functionality. Here we describe how our decapsulation process has evolved to address this challenge, resulting in improved survival rates for plastic packages decapsulated in the lab.
The Impact of Feature Packing Density on FIB Editing of Advanced Technology ICs
Authors: Marchman H. , Herschbein S. , Scrudato C. , Rue C. , Fischer L. , Abramo M.
Published: December 2020

FIB techniques have provided a means for the nanometer-scale spatially confined etching and deposition processes required during repair or editing of advanced integrated circuit (IC) prototypes and lithographic masks. Primary sample properties that can lead to limitations on the applicability of FIB for IC repair are the material composition, aspect ratio, and feature packing density. The typical aims when developing a gas-assisted-etch (GAE) process for IC repair applications are enhancement of etch rate, increased volatilization of reaction products, and improved material selectivity. This paper presents results from a novel two-step process for clearing large areas of one micron thick (upper-level metal) layers. Better equalization of etch rates was achieved using the novel developed FIB GAE process. The paper describes the preliminary results obtained using non-gallium-ion beam based approaches for controlled surface modification during the editing of IC repair samples.
Small Via High Aspect Ratio Circuit Edit: Challenges, Techniques and Developments
Authors: Ray Valery , Antoniou Nicholas , Balasubramanian Ravi , Bassom Neil , Clabby Marie , Gannon Tom , Huynh Chuong , Tiani Gary
Published: December 2020

As semiconductor device manufacturing technologies move below the 100 nm node constrains on using Focused Ion Beam (FIB) systems to perform circuit edit operations tighten dramatically. Phenomena associated with via milling and deposition processes, considered minor side effects in the past, may become performance-limiting factors. Obstacles, associated with editing deep sub micron technologies beyond 100nm node, which include navigational accuracy, beam placement stability, and small via milling and filling processes, cannot be completely overcome without advances in overall FIB system performance and operation. We present a detailed technical overview of the challenges, associated with silicon microsurgery on devices, manufactured with sub 100 nm process technology and describe recent advancements in FIB technology and techniques which address these areas and allow successful modification of today’s most advanced designs.
Improved SRAM 6T Bit Cell Failure Analysis Using MCSpice Bit Cell Defect Modeling
Authors: Mulder Randal , Subramanian Sam , Widener Ed , Chrastecky Tony
Published: December 2020

Single bit failures are the dominant failure mode for SRAM 6T bit cell memory devices. The analysis of failing single bits is aided by the fact that the mechanism is localized to the failing 6T bit cell. After electrically analyzing numerous failing bits, it was observed that failing bit cells were consistently producing specific electrical signatures (current-voltage curves). To help identify subtle bit cell failure mechanisms, this paper discusses an MCSpice program which was needed to simulate a 6T SRAM bit cell and the electrical analysis. It presents four case studies that show how MCSpice modeling of defective 6T SRAM bit cells was successfully used to identify subtle defect types (opens or shorts) and locations within the failing cell. The use of an MCSpice simulation and the appropriate physical analysis of defective bit cells resulted in a >90% success rate for finding failure mechanisms on yield and process certification programs.
Characterization of Sub 130 Nanometer Gate Length SOI MOSFET Devices Exhibiting Short Channel Effects
Authors: Kane Terence , Tenney Michael P. , Bruley John
Published: December 2020

As MOSFET device gate lengths shrink below the 130 nanometer node, the effects of short channel effects (SCE) and gate line edge roughness (LER) have an increasingly more pronounced affect on device performance [1-8, 10]. The 2001 International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) predicts increasingly tighter critical dimensions (CD) control limits on LER from 2.7 nm in 2004 to 1.3 nm in 2010 [9,11]. As gate lengths shrink, resist etch processes emerge as the most significant contributor to LER [1-8, 11]. In addition, another contributing factor to SCE is junction implant defects. Examples of gate LER effects and junction defects in 130 nanometer node SOI SRAM MOSFET devices identified by sub-micron electrical characterization with analysis by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are discussed.
Atomic Force Probing in Analog MOSFETs Measurement
Authors: Chen Kaiyuan , Chatterjee Tathagata , Christensen Kim , Rosal Juan , Edwards Hal
Published: December 2020

Accurately measuring parameter mismatch for analog MOSFETs, such as the threshold voltage (Vt) or W/L ratio, is often required in analog circuit failure analysis. The challenge in probing analog MOSFETs using atomic force probing (AFP) is contact resistance. Contact resistance between AFP tips and tungsten contacts can cause large error at high current. This paper discusses measurement error caused by contact resistance and the techniques to identify and reduce the contact resistance effect.
In-line High-Resistance Tungsten Plug Defect Monitoring with an Advanced e-beam System
Authors: Tsai Mingsheng , Yeh J. H. , Liu Hermes , Lin Scott , Wang Kirin , Lei Shuen Chen , Wu Wei-Yih , Wu Hong-Chi , Xiao Hong , Jau Jack
Published: December 2020

In-line e-beam inspection is performed to detect dark voltage contrast (DVC) defects on normally bright W-plugs. Cross-sectional SEM and TEM in an FA lab verified that the different gray level values (GLV) of DVC defects are caused by different resistances of the W-plugs. We found that DVC defects with lower GLV (GLV1) are W-plugs that are open and almost open. DVC defects with GLV2 are caused by partially open W-plugs and in-plug voids.
APPLICATION OF ECOSERV MODEL IN SERVICE QUALITY MEASUREMENT: CASE STUDY OF NATIONAL PARKS IN CROATIA
Authors: Valcic Iva , Markovic Suzana ,   Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Primorska 42, p.p. 97, 51410 Opatija, Croatia, Sebrek Jelena Kljaic ,   WYG Consulting Ltd.
Published: December 2020

Service quality plays an important role in improving competitiveness across tourism sectors. In this context, there is a need to gain a better understanding of service quality in the growing segment of ecotourism. This study aims to measure service quality perceptions of visitors of Croatian national parks and identify its key dimensions by using a modified ECOSERV model. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and exploratory factor analysis were used to analyse the data. Six dimensions that seem to best explain perceived service quality in national parks were identified. The results of the study could be relevant for both academics and management active in the area of ecotourism and national parks.
Prevalence of High Risk for Obstructive Sleep Apnoea and Its Risk Factors Among Adults Attending Government Primary Health Clinics in Kuantan
Authors: MA Md Aris , AF Amir Hamzah , F Abdullah , ZA Asha’ari
Published: December 2020

INTRODUCTION: Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a sleep-related breathing disorder with recurrent episodes of apnoea or hypopnoea occurring during sleep. It is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. However, there is no applicable study that assesses the risk for OSA at the primary care level. This study aims to assess the prevalence of risk for OSA and its associated risk factors among adults attending primary care clinics. MATERIALS AND METHOD: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 252 adults attending four Klinik Kesihatan in Kuantan, Pahang. A self-administered validated Malay version of the Berlin Questionnaire was used to screen for the High Risk of OSA. The statistical analyses were done using t-statistics and chi-squared test then proceeded with binary logistic regression. RESULTS: The mean age of respondents was 53.3. Most of the respondents were male (54%), Malay (87.7%), and married (79.4%). The prevalence of High Risk for OSA was 32.9%. Among these, 94% of them presented with snoring and 16.9% presented with excessive daytime sleepiness. The risk factors that were significantly associated with High Risk of OSA includes younger age (AOR=0.951 CI=0.923-0.980); higher Body Mass Index (BMI) classification with obese type 1 (AOR=2.604 CI=1.278-5.308), obese type 2 (AOR=3.882 CI=1.078-13.975) and obese type 3 (AOR=6.800 CI=1.164-39.717); higher neck circumference (AOR=1.109 CI=1.007-1.221); hypertension (AOR=2.297 CI=1.122-4.702); and hypercholesterolaemia (AOR=2.040 CI=1.050-3.965). CONCLUSIONS: Nearly one-third of the adults attending primary health clinics were at High Risk for OSA. Screening for OSA was recommended particularly among those of younger age, higher BMI classification, and with co-morbidities.
Ormancılıkta Pazarı Olmayan Mal ve Hizmetlerin Değerlerinin Belirlenmesi ile İlgili Temel Kavramlar
Authors: DENİZ Tuğba
Published: December 2020

Bu çalışmanın amacı, son yıllarda önemi gittikçe artan pazarı olmayan orman mal ve hizmetlerinin değerlerinin belirlenmesinde sıklıkla adı geçen ve çoğu zaman tam karşılıkları anlaşılmayan bazı terimleri tanımlamak, orman kaynaklarıyla ve arazi kullanım değişiklikleriyle ilgili karar süreçlerinde bu kavramlara yer verilmesi hususunda orman kaynak yöneticilerinde farkındalık yaratmaktır. Bu kapsamda öncelikle, ekonomik ve çevresel anlamda değer ve fayda terimleri tanımlanmış, daha sonra bu terimlerle yakından ilişkili değer belirleme, toplam ekonomik değer, dışsallık, çevresel maliyet ve çevresel muhasebe terimlerinin İngilizce ve Türkçe karşılıkları ile tanımları verilmiş ve aralarındaki ilişkilere değinilmiştir. Fayda kavramının değer olgusunu yaratan unsurlardan birisi olduğu, değer kavramının ise fayda düzeyindeki değişimlerin bir karşılığı olduğu vurgulanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, bu kavramların orman kaynaklarının yönetiminde ve arazi tahsis kararlarında dikkate alınmadıkları takdirde, ekonomik kayıpların oluşabileceği ve kaynak yönetiminde etkinsizliğe yol açılabileceğine değinilmiştir. Ayrıca, ormancılık sektörünün toplumun refah düzeyine olan gerçek katkısını ortaya koyabilmek için bu kavramların da göz önünde bulundurulduğu bir orman kaynak yönetiminin önemi ortaya konulmuştur
Beşiktaş İlçesi Sokak Adlarının Peyzaj Terimleri Açısından İncelenmesi
Authors: EKŞİ Mert , TÜRK Elif
Published: December 2020

Beşiktaş, Antik dönemden günümüze kadar İstanbul’da önemli bir yerleşim yeri olmuştur. Bölgenin yerleşim dokusu, tarih içerisinde önemli değişimler geçirmiş, yıllar boyunca ortaya çıkan kültürel katmanlar değişerek günümüzdeki yoğun yerleşim özelliğine kavuşmuştur. Geçmişten beri oluşan bu değişim ve tarihi birikim, günümüzde fiziksel açıdan tam olarak görünebilir durumda değildir. Ancak kültürel olarak bölgenin özelliğini yansıtan ve alanın geçmişi ile ilgili bilgiler veren kayıtlar olmaları açısından sokak adları birer belge olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu kapsamda, Beşiktaş İlçesi’ndeki 23 mahallede toplam 1060 adet sokak adı (yolakadı) incelenmiştir. Sokak adlarında, peyzajın doğal ve kültürel bileşenlerini oluşturan etmenlerle ilgili adlandırmalar peyzaj terimi olarak tanımlanmış ve elde edilen terimler; arazi örtüsü, bitki, doğa olayları, donatı, kültürel öğeler, mevsim, su ve topoğrafya gibi sınıflamalar altında derlenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda peyzaj terimleri kullanılarak adlandırılan 242 adet sokak saptanmıştır. Bu terimlerin mahalle ölçeğindeki dağılımlar tespit edilmiş, kullanılan terimlerin bölgenin özelliklerine göre değerlendirmeleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Adlandırmaların bölgenin geçmişinden ve peyzaj özelliklerinden izler taşıdığı belirlenmiştir.
Azınlık Bir Grupta Değer Aktarımı: Toni Morrison’un En Mavi Göz Romanı Üzerinden Tematik Bir İnceleme
Authors: Öztürk Ahu , Bağcı Asude
Published: December 2020

Değerler, bireyi belirli amaçlar doğrultusunda harekete geçiren soyut düşünce ve davranış temsilleridir. Her birey ve toplumun kendi değer öncelikleri vardır (Temel Değerler Kuramı; Schwartz, 2006). Ebeveynler değerleri çocuklarına aktararak toplumsal değişimi ya da sürekliliği sağlar. Değerlerin kuşaklar arası aktarımının belirli koşullara bağlı biçimde gerçekleştiği hipotezini sınamak üzerine yürütülen bu nitel çalışma, gelişmiş bir ülkede çoklu dezavantaj koşullarında büyüyen bir çocuğun yaşamını ayrıntılı biçimde yansıtan belirgin bir örnek olması özelliği ile seçilen Toni Morrison’un “En Mavi Göz” romanını ele almaktadır. Bu tematik incelemenin kuramsal ve kavramsal temelleri ise; Schwartz’ın on temel değeri, Kağıtçıbaşı’nın çocuğa verilen değeri ele aldığı çalışmaları ve kuşaklar arası aktarımının çocuğun sosyo-kültürel ekolojisini oluşturan ekonomik ve demografik koşullar ile bağlantılı biçimde açıklandığı “seçici süreğenlik” hipotezine dayanmaktadır. Bulgular, beklenen biçimde, kültürel azınlık gruptan bir ailenin düşük sosyoekonomik konum ve olumsuz sosyo-demografik özelliklerine bağlı olarak, muhafazacılık değerlerini öncelikli olarak benimseyip aktardıkları görülmüştür. Bulgular, ailelerin kültürel arka planı ve yaşam tarzının değer aktarıma etkilerini ele alan Kağıtçıbaşı’nın Aile Değişim Modeli temelinde tartışılacaktır.
Sigara Kullanan Gençlerde Sigara ile İlişkili Görsel ve İşitsel Uyaranların Dikkat Yanlılığı Üzerindeki Etkisi
Authors: Özerbil Ceren , Pakyürek Gün
Published: December 2020

Dikkat yanlılığı, organizma için önemli olan belirli uyarıcıların, saptanması ve işlenmesi sürecine öncelik verilmesi eğilimidir. Sigara kullanan kişilerin, sigara ile ilişkili ipuçlarına yönelik bir yanlılık geliştirdiği, nüksetme ve aşerme durumlarında bu ipuçlarının etkili olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu sebeple çalışmanın amacı, sigara kullanan ve sigara kullanmayan gençlerin dikkat süreçlerinin ve potansiyel bir dikkat yanlılığının var olup olmayacağının incelenmesidir. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın örneklemini oluşturan 18-25 yaş arasındaki 70 üniversite öğrencisinden çeşitli araçlar kullanılarak veri toplanmıştır. Katılımcıların yanıtları, doğru tepki sayısı ve doğru yanıtlara ilişkin tepki süreleri, 2 (Grup: Sigara Kullanan ve Sigara Kullanmayan) x 2 (Uyaranın İlişki Durumu: Sigara ile İlişkili, Sigara ile İlişkisiz) x 2 (Uyaranın Türü: Görsel, İşitsel) son iki faktörde tekrar ölçümlü ANOVA ile analiz edilmiştir. Bulgulara göre sigara kullananlar, sigara kullanmayanlara göre sigara ile ilişkili uyaranlar ile karşılaştığında daha fazla sayıda doğru yanıt vermiş ve tepki süreleri daha kısa olmuştur. Ancak sigara ile ilişkisiz uyaranlar ile karşılaştığında tam tersi şekilde sigara kullanmayanlara göre daha az sayıda doğru yanıt vermiş ve tepki süreleri daha uzun olmuştur. Bulgular, dikkat yanlılığı, modalite ve ilgili alanyazına göre tartışılmıştır.
The Difference Between Malpractice and Adverse Event: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature
Authors: Mantas Dimitrios , Christos Damaskos , Mantas Dimitrios , Eleftherios Spartalis
Published: December 2020

Background/Aim: The practice of surgery may lead to unexpected results and most such results come due
to risk in the practice of medicine. Our aim is to identify the difference between malpractice and adverse
event.
Case Presentation: A young male patient who experienced a cascade of adverse events after a laparoscopic
cholecystectomy and even though he had the ultimate treatment an unknown and extensive atherosclerotic
coronary arteries disease had led to a fatal left ventricular corruption due to an extensive myocardial
infarction.
Results: The relatives of the patient filed a lawsuit against the surgeon due to the perception that death was
caused by malpractice.
Conclusion: Evidence-based medicine should not become defensive, since not every unpleasant event is
due to malpractice or negligence.
Sex-dependent lifespan extension of ApcMin/+ FAP mice by chronic mTOR inhibition
Authors:   Department of Molecular Medicine and Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA, Parihar Manish , G. Dodds Sherry , Javors Marty , Strong Randy , Hasty Paul , Dave Sharp Zelton
Published: December 2020

Background: ApcMin/+ mice model familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), a disease that causes numerous colon polyps leading to colorectal cancer. We previously showed that chronic treatment of ApcMin/+ females with the anti-aging drug, rapamycin, restored a normal lifespan through reduced polyposis and anemia prevention. Lifespan extension by chronic rapamycin in wildtype UM-HET3 mice is sex-dependent with females gaining the most benefit. Whether ApcMin/+ mice have a similar sex-dependent response to chronic mTOR inhibition is not known. Methods: To address this knowledge gap and gain deeper insight into how chronic mTOR inhibition prevents intestinal polyposis, we compared male and female ApcMin/+ mice responses to chronic treatment with a rapamycin-containing diet. Animals were fed a diet containing either 42 ppm microencapsulate rapamycin or empty capsules, one group was used to determine lifespan and a second group with similar treatment was harvested at 16 weeks of age for cross-sectional studies. Results: We found that the survival of males is greater than females in this setting (P < 0.0197). To explore the potential basis for this difference we analyzed factors affected by chronic rapamycin. Immunoblot assays showed that males and females exhibited approximately the same level of mTORC1 inhibition using phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) as an indirect measure. Immunohistochemistry assays of rpS6 phosphorylation showed that rapamycin reduction of mTORC1 activity was on the same level, with the most prominent difference being in intestinal crypt Paneth cells in both sexes. Chronic rapamycin also reduced crypt depths in both male and female ApcMin/+ mice (P < 0.0001), consistent with reduced crypt epithelial cell proliferation. Finally, chronic rapamycin prevented anemia equally in males and females. Conclusions: In males and females, these findings link rapamycin-mediated intestinal polyposis prevention with mTORC1 inhibition in Paneth cells and concomitant reduced epithelial cell proliferation. Keywords: Rapamycin, small intestine, polyposis, mTORC1, Paneth cells, crypt stem cells
НОРМАТИВНО-ПРАВОВА БАЗА УКРАЇНСЬКОГО КІНЕМАТОГРАФА: ПОРІВНЯЛЬНИЙ АНАЛІЗ РАДЯНСЬКОГО І ПОСТРАДЯНСЬКОГО ПЕРІОДІВ
Authors: Карасевич Анатолій , Федорова Марина
Published: December 2020

Становлення українського кіно на правовому рівні мало ряд закономірностей, етапів і відповідало основним рисам загальновідомих періодів історії перебування України у складі СРСР та незалежної України.В радянській історіографії першим нормативно-правовим актом, що стосувався кінематографа, вважається постанова Тимчасового Робітничо-Селянського Уряду УСРР від 8 січня 1919 р., відповідно до якої усі театри та кінотеатри передавалися у підпорядкування відділу освіти. 27 серпня 1919 р. голова Раднаркому РСФРР В. Ленін підписав декрет «Про перехід фотографічної і кінематографічної торгівлі і промисловості у відання Народного комісаріату освіти». Дата підписання цього документу стала вважатися днем народження всього радянського кіно, українського у тому числі.В лютому 1922 р. відбулась реорганізація утвореного раніше Всеукраїнського кінокомітету у Всеукраїнське фото-кіно управління (ВУФКУ). А вже 18 червня 1922 р. «для управління фото- і кінопромисловістю УРСР, її організації, експлуатації її виробництва, а також для організації усіх додаткових виробництв» Наркомосвіти УРСР затверджує «Положення про Фото-кіноуправління». З тих часів ця організація зазнавала постійних змін та реформувань. А отже згодом питаннями кіно будуть завідувати Управління в справах Кінематографії, Міністерство Кінематографії Української РСР, Головне управління з виробництва фільмів, Державний комітет по кінематографії УРСР. З прийняттям незалежності – Державний фонд української кінематографії, Державна служба кінематографії і нарешті Державне агентство України з питань кіно.Діяльність всіх цих установ контролювалась та формувалась відповідними законодавчими актами та документами, компаративний аналіз яких і має місце у даній статті.
МЕРЕЖА ВІКАРІАТСТВ ТА СТРУКТУРА БЛАГОЧИННИЦЬКОГО АДМІНІСТРАТИВНОГО АПАРАТУ КИЇВСЬКОЇ ЄПАРХІЇ У 1920 – 1930-Х РР.
Authors: Чучалін Олександр
Published: December 2020

У статті розглядається мережа вікаріатств та благочинницький адміністративний апарат Київської єпархії. Подаються відомості у таблиці про єпархіальних архієреїв та вікарних єпископів, які очолювали або тимчасово виконували обов’язки єпархіального архієрея Київської єпархії. На основі архівних та опублікованих джерел відтворено мережу вікаріатств, вказано архієреїв, які здійснювали управління ними. Акцентовано увагу на біографічних відомостях єпископату та духовенства. Як висновок зазначено, що вікарні єпископи та їх кафедри відігравали важливе значення в Київській єпархії, так як безпосередньо допомагали митрополиту Київському в управлінні усією єпархією, а інколи і виконували його обов’язки.
PENGARUH MODEL PEMBELAJARAN CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING (CTL) TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN KOMUNIKASI MATEMATIKA SISWA SMP NEGERI 35 PALEMBANG
Authors: Pertiwi Ana , Jumroh Jumroh , M. Marhamah
Published: December 2020

This study aims to determine whether or not there is a Contextual Learning Model (CTL) on the Communication Capabilities of Mathematics Students at 35 State Junior High Schools in Palembang. The population in this study were grade VII students of SMP Negeri 35 Palembang. Sampling in the study used Clauster Sampling and the selected class was Class VII.5, taken 30 people as the control class and Class VIII.3, up 30 people as the experimental class at SMP 35 Palembang. This research uses the True Experimental Desigh method in the form of Posttest Only Control Design. Data collection was carried out using the written test method in the form of an interesting essay on mathematical communication indicators, data analysis was performed with a statistical test t with a real level (∝) = 5%. Based on the results of the final analysis in this study, tcount = 2.729> ttable (0.05: 58) = 2.002 so that H0 is rejected, it can be concluded as a Contextual Teaching and Learning Model (CTL) Against the Mathematical Communication Capabilities of 35 State Junior High School Students in Palembang.
RECURSOS PARA O PROCESSO DE ENSINO DE MATEMÁTICA:
Authors: Pachêco Franklin Fernando Ferreira , Ferreira Alan Gustavo , Santos Valéria Da Silva
Published: December 2020

A presente pesquisa analisou como professores que lecionam Matemática compreendem a ideia de recursos para planejar aulas, desenvolver e explorar conteúdos matemáticos no ambiente da sala de aula. Para dá suporte a esse método investigativo, adotou-se a discussão de Adler que categoriza recursos em três tipos (Material, Humano e Cultural). Participaram dessa pesquisa 15 professores que ensinam a disciplina de Matemática na Educação Básica. O instrumento proposto para coletar os resultados se tratou de um formulário eletrônico com quatro questões todas sobre recursos. A primeira questão teve por objetivo verificar quais os tipos de recursos são conhecidos pelos professores. A segunda questão propôs identificar quais os subtipos de recursos os professores consideram úteis para o processo de ensino de conteúdos da Matemática. A terceira questão teve o intuito de identificar a compreensão dos professores sobre como ocorre o processo de integração de recursos no ambiente da sala de aula. A quarta questão concebeu como propósito compreender a importância que os professores atribuem aos recursos. Foram realizadas para todas essas questões análises a priori destacando possíveis acertos e erros que poderiam ser mobilizadas por professores que lecionam Matemática ao respondê-las. Os resultados foram categorizados e analisados sob a ótica de recursos proposta por Adler. Verificou-se como resultados que os participantes mostraram um desempenho pertinente sobre a noção de recurso e como usá-los no ambiente da sala de aula, mas também observou-se a necessidade de aprofundar os tipos e subtipos de recursos com esses profissionais. Esses resultados potencializam o quanto é interessante que o professor que leciona a disciplina de Matemática conceba a percepção de que independentemente do tipo ou subtipo de recurso usado no ambiente escolar são as ações pedagógicas que permitem ao material atribuir sentido ao conteúdo explorado, por isso é essencial existir planejamento para integrar recurso na sala de aula.
Usporedba tradicijskog kultivara heljde sjeverozapadne Hrvatske sa stranim sortama
Authors: Habuš Jerčić Ivana , Bogović Mara , Baričević Edita , Barić Marijana , Kereša Snježana , Bošnjak Mihovilović Anita , Gunjača Jerko , Žulj Mihaljević Maja
Published: December 2020

Obična heljda (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) posljednjih godina privukla je veliku pozornost zbog visoke prehrambene vrijednosti i ljekovitih svojstava. Ova kultura ima dugu povijest uzgoja u sjeverozapadnoj Hrvatskoj, a posebno je interesantna u sustavu ekološkog uzgoja. Posljednjih godina raste interes za proizvodnjom i konzumiranjem heljde, no problem predstavlja nedostatak odgovarajućeg sjemenskog materijala. Naime na sortnoj listi Republike Hrvatske nema niti jedne upisane sorte heljde, te se sadašnja proizvodnja temelji uglavnom na sjemenu tradicijskih kultivara (lokalnih populacija) te na uvozu stranih (uglavnom slovenskih) sorata od strane vlasnika OPG-ova. Cilj ovog rada je informirati stručnu javnost o utjecaju načina proizvodnje i roka sjetve na morfološka i agronomska svojstva tradicijskog kultivara heljde Varaždinska. Na osnovu rezultata ovog istraživanja nije utvrđena značajna razlika tradicijskog kultivara u odnosu na strane sorte ni u jednom od mjerenih morfoloških (visina biljke, broj grana po biljci i broj cvatova po biljci) i agronomskih (masa zrna po biljci i masa 1000 zrna) svojstava. Način proizvodnje (konvencionalni, ekološki) također nije značajno utjecao na prosječne vrijednosti mjerenih morfoloških i agronomskih svojstava, iako je utvrđena veća vrijednost morfoloških svojstava u ekološkoj proizvodnji.
The development of cabbage and kale seedlings under the influence of the Rivergreen® treatment
Authors: Vinković Tomislav , Tkalec Kojić Monika , Pavlović Mateja , Blažević Mateja , Ravnjak Boris , Stošić Miro , Bošnjak Dejan
Published: December 2020

U ovom istraživanju je utvrđen utjecaj tretmana Rivergreen-om® na rast i razvoj presadnica kupusa i kelja u kontroliranim uvjetima. Rivergreen® je prirodni mineralni pripravak za poboljšanje rasta, uroda biljaka te njihovu zaštitu. Ekološki pripravak Rivergreen® je nastao mljevenjem i tribomehaničkom aktivacijom sedimenta kamena iz rijeke Drave. Istraživanje je provedeno tijekom 2018. godine u laboratoriju za povrćarstvo, cvjećarstvo i ljekovito bilje na Fakultetu agrobiotehničkih znanosti Osijek. U istraživanju su korištene po dvije sorte kupusa ('Varaždinski' i 'Bijeli futoški') i kelja ('Kapucinski' i 'Željezna glava'). Sjeme navedenih vrsta je posijano u polistirenske plitice napunjene čistim supstratom i supstratom s dodatkom Rivergreen-a®. Također, Rivergreen® je primijenjen i zalijevanjem presadnica s vodenom otopinom u koncentraciji 0,25 %. Nakon obrade podataka, utvrđen je statistički značajan utjecaj tretmana Rivergreenom ® na pojedine parametre rasta i razvoja presadnica kod ispitivanih sorti kupusa i kelja. Kod obje ispitivane sorte kupusa ('Varaždinski' i 'Bijeli futoški') utvrđeno je značajno povećanje suhe i svježe mase nadzemnog dijela presadnica tretiranih Rivergreen-om® u usporedbi s kontrolnim presadnicama. Također, kod sorte kupusa 'Varaždinski' te kelja 'Kapucinski' uočeno je značajno povećanje dužine listova kod tretiranih biljaka. Tretman Rivergreen-om® utjecao je i na povećanje broja listova kod sorte kupusa 'Bijeli futoški' te kod sorte kelja 'Kapucinski', dok tretman nije imao utjecaj na širinu listova niti kod jedne ispitivane vrste. Temeljem rezultata ovog istraživanja može se zaključiti da pripravak Rivergreen® značajno utječe na rast i razvoj presadnica kupusa i kelja te poboljšava njihov rast i razvoj, ali je odgovor biljke na primjenu tretmana uvjetovan vrstom i sortom te su potrebna daljnja istraživanja kako bi se učinak Rivergreen-a® potvrdio kod drugih vrsta i u drugim uvjetima.
Permaculture and fruit growing
Authors: Batelja Lodeta Kristina , Jantol Alina , Gugić Josip , Bolarić Snježana , Gadže Jelena , Očić Vesna , Šakić Bobić Branka
Published: December 2020

Permakultura je svjesno oblikovanje i održavanje poljoprivredno produktivnih ekosustava te zauzima svoje mjesto i značajna je u suvremenoj poljoprivredi i tranziciji prema samoodrživosti. Obzirom na poljoprivrednu proizvodnju, permakultura se trudi dati praktična rješenja u proizvodnji hrane koja su vezana uz ekološku održivost promjenom socijalno - ekonomske slike svijeta uz promjenu kulture, pristupa tehnologiji i promjenu ekonomije. Kroz načela permakulture dolazi do integracije ljudi i krajolika, koji na održivi način osiguravaju hranu, energiju, sklonište i ostale materijalne i nematerijalne potrebe. Posao voćara se uvelike mijenja ako preuzme permakulturni svjetonazor od načina tehnologije uzgoja do plasmana proizvoda na tržište gdje se pored voća plasiraju i različiti drugi proizvodi. Koristi ostvarene ovakvim sustavima gospodarenja ne mogu se mjeriti s onima ostvarenima intenzivnim načinom uzgoja.
Word-based largest chunks for Agreement Groups processing: Cross-linguistic observations
Authors: Drienkó László
Published: December 2020

The present study reports results from a series of computer experiments seeking to combine word-based Largest Chunk (LCh) segmentation and Agreement Groups (AG) sequence processing. The AG model is based on groups of similar utterances that enable combinatorial mapping of novel utterances. LCh segmentation is concerned with cognitive text segmentation, i.e. with detecting word boundaries in a sequence of linguistic symbols. Our observations are based on the text of Le petit prince (The little prince) by Antoine de Saint-Exupéry in three languages: French, English, and Hungarian. The data suggest that word-based LCh segmentation is not very efficient with respect to utterance boundaries, however, it can provide useful word combinations for AG processing. Typological differences between the languages are also reflected in the results.
Structure constrains in Polish and English adjectival synthetic compounds
Authors: Wasak Sebastian
Published: December 2020

The subject matter of this paper is the external syntax of adjectival synthetic compounds in Polish (e.g. czasochłonny, ciepłolubny, opiniotwórczy, etc.) and English (life-giving, sleep-inducing, far-reaching, etc.). The primary objective of the study is to determine whether -ny/-czy/-ły compounds in Polish and adjectival -ing compounds in English, whose heads appear to be derived from verbs, are deverbal in the sense of Distributed Morphology; that is, whether their external syntax points to the presence of complex verbal structure in their syntactic representation. It is shown that adjectival synthetic compounds in Polish and English behave in a way typical of underived adjectives, being unrestricted in the predicative position and allowing degree modification with very; as such they are not deverbal in the morphosyntactic sense with their syntactic representation lacking the functional heads vP and VoiceP found in deverbal structures. The limited productivity of adjectival synthetic compounds further contributes to their non-eventive status.
Prendre la grippe comme on prend les eaux : variations caricaturales sur un mal à la mode entre 1830 et 1848
Authors: De Palacio Marie-France
Published: December 2020

La période de la Monarchie de Juillet est jalonnée d'épidémies de grippes, dont il est régulièrement rendu compte dans la presse. Étonnamment, tandis que les effets de ces épisodes contagieux sont systématiquement minorés, la grippe elle-même fait l'objet de nombreuses charges textuelles et visuelles et d'analogies avec la vie politique, sociale, économique et culturelle. La Grippe aux mille visages, mégère, diable ou femme du monde, est déjà celle que Cham nommera « la lionne de la saison » en 1858. Épidémie obligeante, elle s'associe au carnaval et aux bals qu ’elle perturbe ou agrémente. L'article s'interroge sur le choix d'un tel motif comme moyen satirique et évoque les modalités de cette charge qui passe simultanément par l'atténuation et l'outrance. C'est du côté de la littérature des Physiologies qu'il convient de chercher l'explication de cette typification de la grippe et celle de son statut de « mal à la mode ».
Discurso y uso de tecnologías de información: herramienta para la hegemonía del poder.
Authors: Andrade Castro Jesús Alberto , Campo-Redondo María Susana , Mandrillo Cósimo
Published: December 2020

El trabajo analiza el discurso como herramienta para desarrollar la hegemonía del poder. Este trabajo recurre a la Teoría de la Estructuración de Giddens para desarrollar una concepción del discurso organizacional como una dualidad que exhibe propiedades estructurales y que se origina de los esquemas interpretativos que se le otorga a las tecnologías y sistemas de información -TSI-. El principal objetivo del trabajo es demostrar cómo el elemento discursivo ayuda a legitimar el uso de TSI. Examinamos cómo el discurso moldea los procesos de cambios organizacionales ocasionados por la incorporación de TSI en la sociedad. Comenzamos por identificar tres tipos de discursos (determinismo tecnológico, democracia tecnológica y nacionalismo tecnológico) y analizamos, para cada uno, cómo las tecnologías y sistemas que se utilizan se hacen en base a uno de esos discursos que sirve para legitimar su uso y para fortalecer la hegemonía del poder desarrollada en la sociedad de la información. La hegemonía tiene aspectos ideológicos, políticos y económicos que la consolidan; por ello, nuestra investigación está orientada a analizar el rol del discurso en el desarrollo y uso de las TSI, en relación con la hegemonía que ejercen los agentes dominantes. Partimos del supuesto de que la hegemonía nunca es completamente alcanzada, sino que está constantemente en el proceso de obtener el poder a través de la utilización de un discurso que legitima las estructuras con el consentimiento de los agentes subordinados. El trabajo demuestra que junto a los proyectos oficiales, regionales y globales, que buscan la construcción de una infraestructura para la “sociedad de la información”, el discurso técnico es permeado en todos los ambientes donde las TSI puedan legitimar su existencia.
Relaciones laborales especiales: las empresas de trabajo temporal y las cooperativas. Â¿Qué pueden hacer los sindicatos?.
Authors: Díaz Luis Eduardo
Published: December 2020

Se analiza el estado de las relaciones laborales especiales como formas de empleo no convencional en Venezuela y las posibles acciones sindicales. El método utilizado es descriptivo, recurriendo como principal reseña a la normativa legal para contrastarla con el funcionamiento de las modalidades empresariales seleccionadas: las empresas de trabajo temporal y las cooperativas. En el primer caso, ocurre una pérdida de identidad laboral y sindical, en el segundo, una reducción, por parte de los contratantes, de costos laborales y de previsión, aparte de evitar deliberadamente al sindicato. Se concluye, que la organización flexible y los costos indirectos en descenso, han afectado sensiblemente la protección de los trabajadores que se desempeñan bajo la cubierta de dichas formas corporativas; requiriéndose de una agenda y una dirección sindical para alcanzar aquélla, a sabiendas que como dificultad inicial, la concertación y relación con dichos trabajadores no existe.
Dimensión ética del desarrollo sostenible de la agricultura.
Authors: Pérez Juan José
Published: December 2020

El objetivo de esta investigación es exponer una reflexión teórica sobre la dimensión ética del desarrollo sostenible de la agricultura. En el plano epistemológico, este estudio se fundamentó en la concepción compleja de la realidad agrícola venezolana y aceptando el carácter multidimensional del desarrollo sostenible. Además, se argumentó en torno a las implicaciones de la ética para lograr la sostenibilidad de la agricultura y se asumió el compromiso social de la ciencia. Esta reflexión teórica permitió apuntar hacia la necesidad de incorporar el tema ético dentro del debate del desarrollo sostenible de la agricultura. La ética debe constituir el punto de partida para plantear un desarrollo que perdure en el tiempo, dadas sus implicaciones en las dimensiones de la sostenibilidad (social, política-institucional, económica y ambiental) y poder construir una actividad económica que resulte justa desde el punto de vista social, factible en términos económicos, y sana para la conservación del medio ambiente.
“El” Guernica de Picasso: Terrorismo cultural y militar.
Authors: Rodríguez Kauth íngel
Published: December 2020

Con este escrito se intenta poner en evidencia de qué manera el terrorismo militar afecta a la cultura, aunque ella tenga la capacidad de sobreponerse a los embates que la acosan y, tal como sucedió con “el” Guernica de Picasso, construir desde entre las sombras una obra de arte que ha perdurado hasta ahora por casi setenta años.
Concepciones del desarrollo en el Siglo XX: Estado y Política Social.
Authors: Mujica Chirinos Norbis , Rincón González Sorayda
Published: December 2020

El objetivo del presente ensayo es examinar los distintos modelos de desarrollo aplicados en América Latina y el Caribe y las más recientes propuestas en este campo. Se parte de la revisión de los modelos ensayados y de su concepción de Estado y de Política Social -el estructuralista cepalino y el neoliberal-, para luego bosquejar algunas propuestas recientes -la neoestructuralista, el desarrollo sustentable, el desarrollo a escala humana, el desarrollo humano y el enfoque de capacidades o desarrollo como libertad- en las mismas áreas. Fundamentalmente se utilizó como metodología las técnicas de análisis bibliográfico. Finalmente, se considera que las limitaciones que presentan los dos modelos aplicados, llevan a afirmar que los caminos hacia el desarrollo no son únicos y necesariamente deben ser inéditos, proponiendo partir de la integración de políticas sociales y económicas para buscar una alternativa válida en esta área.
Red empresarial como estructura para la disposición del sector productivo.
Authors: Jiménez de Vega Marinela
Published: December 2020

El presente artículo constituye el resultado de una investigación llevada a cabo a través de métodos lógicos en el que destaca la Abducción Inferencial, en virtud de que el objetivo general lo constituyó la construcción de explicaciones teóricas que delinearan la concepción del Sector Productivo a partir de la Red Empresarial. Como resultados inmediatos de la inducción, deducción y abducción, se obtuvo la definición de los elementos que permiten conceptuar el Sector Productivo, estableciendo las características que definen la Red Empresarial, sus estructuras y procesos, así como también la pertinencia de la Red como elemento definitorio del Sector Productivo.
Hacia un sistema monetario y financiero internacional desarrollista.
Authors: Gillezeau Berrios Patricia , ívila Gutiérrez Nelson
Published: December 2020

El artículo plantea que se vive una crisis que requiere una solución sistémica, más que una crisis económica en que se debate la mayoría de la población mundial, se vive un problema de crisis del desarrollo. La constante en el mundo es la inestabilidad y el desequilibrio estructural, se debe movilizar ideas para preparar al mundo en un orden de paz y desarrollo. El desafío fundamental es construir una amplia y durable estabilidad: Es esto posible en un mundo monetario sin reglas? El rediseño del orden monetario y financiero internacional y de la cooperación financiera internacional es una necesidad. La cuestión fundamental es decidir: Â¿Cambio o continuidad del modelo? Desde 1944 se ha transitado del patrón oro, al patrón dólar, por lo que se propone un sistema que evolucione hacia un patrón basado en el desarrollo humano, por ser uno de los indicadores mas sólidos de evolución de la humanidad. El éxito del sistema propuesto depende de un consenso o acuerdo mundial previo, ya que el sistema actual se caracteriza por ser un sistema no consensuado, anárquico y desregulado.
MUFRADAT LEARNING STRATEGY WITH MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES-BASED CLASSROOM MANAGEMENT: CASE STUDY AT SD AL-KAUTSAR MALANG
Authors: Widayanti Rizka , Febrianingsih Dian
Published: December 2020

This paper aims to describe the concept of mufradat learning strategies at SD Al-Kautsar Malang which are packaged using multiple intelligences-based classroom management and to understand the factors that influence the success of the learning strategy in each class. The author used descriptive qualitative research methods. The results showed that SD Al-Kautsar has organized a learning program well which is marked by the application of a mufradat learning strategy based on multiple intelligences class management by producing various mufradat learning strategies, as well as the factors that influence the success of mufradat learning at SD Al-Kautsar including strong funding, reliable human resource management, as well as facilities and infrastructure factors.
وسيلة الأوراق الممزقة وتأثيرها على مهارة القراءة: دراسة تجريبية في معهد توانكو لنتاو العصري المتحدي
Authors: Fajri Awalul
Published: December 2020

الغرض  لهذا البحث هو لمعرفة تأثير استعمال  وسيلة الأوراق الممزقة على مهارة قراءة النصوص العربية فى معهد توانكو لنتاو العصري المتحدي بمحاظة تانة داتر.أما منهج  البحث المستعمل فهو البحث شبه التجريبي مع عينة البحث  40  تلميذا المقسمين إلى الفرقتين، 20 تلميذا للفرقة التجريبية  و  الباقية منهم للفرقة الضبطية. استعمل هذا البحث طريقة اختبارية مع تحليل إحصائى فى تحليل البيانات. دلت نتيجة البحث أن استعمال وسيلة الأوراق الممزقة له آثار على مهارة قراءة النصوص العربية ودلّ عليها تفريق نتيجة التلاميذ فى قراءة النصوص العربية بين الفصل التجريبى و الفصل الضبطي. أن النتيجة باختبار-ت (14,2) أكبر من نتيجة-ت فى الجدول (2,86) على الدرجة 1%.
تأثير الطريقة التركيبية على مهارة القراءة: بحث تجريبي في المدرسة الابتدائية الإسلامية الحكومية الواحدة تاناه داتار
Authors: Rudiamon Septika , Yasmadi Yasmadi , Faisol Yufni
Published: December 2020

الغرض من هذا البحث لمعرفة تأثير الطريقة التركيبية على مهارة القراءة لدى التلاميذ في المدرسة الابتدائية الإسلامية الحكومية الواحدة تاناه داتار. استخدم الباحث منهج شبه تجريبي مع تصميم مجموعة ضابطة غير معادلة. وكان المجتمع 457 طالبًا ، بينما تكونت العينة من 50 طالبًا مقسمين إلى مجموعتين ، و 25 طالبًا في المجموعة التجريبية تم تدريسهم باستخدام طريقة تركيبية و 25 طالبًافي المجموعة الضابطة الذين تم تعليمهم باستخدام الطريقة السمعية الشفهية. تم جمع البيانات عن طريق إجراء الاختبارات. بعد ذلك ، تم تحليل البيانات باستخدام اختبار t.  وأظهرت النتائج أن نتيجة to = 7.14 كانت أعلى من نتيجةt فى الجدول عند درجة 1٪ = 2.80، فالفرضة العدمية مردودة والفرضة التبادلية مقبولة. فالخلاصة أن الطريقة التركيبية تؤثر على مهارة القراءة إيجابيا في هذه المدرسة.