bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physique, Personality and Mental Illness in the Southern Chinese
Authors: Singer K. , Chang P. T. , Hsu G. L. K.
Published: August 2008

Studies on the relationship between physical constitution, personality and mental illness have been mostly confined to the Caucasian race. There has been no investigation, to our knowledge, of Oriental subjects, though a number of investigations of body type, composition and physiological functions without relation to mental aspects have been carried out on them. It is clearly important that work in this field should be extended to include subjects of different racial composition and socio-cultural background. The intercorrelations found between physical and mental characteristics in Caucasians may not apply to others.
The Psychiatric Ward in a Children's Hospital: A Review of the first Two Years
Authors: Copus P. E. , Walker W. Lumsden
Published: August 2008

The history of in-patient units for the psychiatric treatment of children in the United Kingdom is largely confined to recent years. Their number is now slowly expanding, and there are approximately 60 in-patient psychiatric units for children and adolescents (R.M.P.A. 1970; Department of Health and Social Security, 1970).
The Assessment of Cerebral Dominance with Unilateral ECT
Authors: Pratt R. T. C. , Warrington Elizabeth K.
Published: August 2008

The growing adoption (1) of unilateral non-dominant ECT in place of the classical bilateral technique requires the accurate identification of the dominant hemisphere; the following simple method appears to be an improvement on those previously described (2) (3).
Prisoners of XYY Constitution: Biochemical Studies
Authors: Griffiths A. W. , Marks V. , Fry D. , Morley G. , Lewis Gillian
Published: August 2008

The XYY constitution has achieved some measure of clinical definition, having been found in association with tallness, asocial personality, dilution of intelligence (Griffiths, 1971) and a tendency to psychopathic disorder (Griffiths, Richards, Zaremba, Abramowicz and Stewart, 1970). In addition, neurological, endocrinological, skeletal and other abnormalities have been reviewed (Griffiths, 1971), and the condition, like mongolism, has come to be regarded as affecting many systems of the body to a greater or lesser extent. Biochemical investigations, hitherto largely concerned with sex hormones, especially testosterone, have in general revealed no significant difference from matched controls. Some authors have, however, reported increased plasma testosterone levels both in 46 XY and 47 XYY patients of maximum security hospitals as compared to patients in other psychiatric hospitals and to the general population (Ismail, Harkness, Kirkham, Loraine, Whatmore and Brittain, 1968; Rudd, Galal and Casey, 1968; Price and Van de Molen, 1970). The pre-eminent desirability of rigorously selected controls has been remarked on in these investigations.
Suicide in Brighton
Authors: Jacobson S. , Jacobson D. M.
Published: August 2008

The County Borough of Brighton is a seaside town with a population at the 1971 census of 166,081. This population has fluctuated only slightly. In 1951, the total population was 156,486; in 1961 it was 163,159; in 1966 it was 159,510. Brighton's population contains a large percentage of elderly people; in 1966 there were 25 · 7 per cent of the population over the age of 60, and 18 · 8 per cent were over 65 years old, compared with 18 per cent over 60, and 12 per cent over 65 for England and Wales.
Suicidal Behaviour: An Attempt to Modify the Environment
Authors: Lukianowicz Narcyz
Published: August 2008

The aim of the present investigation is to consider the dynamics and the effects of suicidal attempts in 100 female patients admitted to Holywell Hospital in two consecutive years, 1962 and 1963. (Holywell is a psychiatric hospital of 750 beds situated in the town of Antrim, 17 miles north-west of Belfast. It serves County Antrim, which has a population of about 330,000.)
A Method for Measuring Depression: Validity Studies on a Depression Questionnaire
Authors: Pilowsky I. , Spalding D.
Published: August 2008

In previous papers (Pilowsky, Levine and Boulton, 1969; Pilowsky and Boulton, 1970; Pilowsky and McGrath, 1970) we have described the development of a depression questionnaire and its use in the classification and identification of depressed patients. In order to increase the flexibility of the questionnaire as a research tool we have derived a depression scale from the items in it and have investigated its validity as a measure of the depth of depression. The purpose of this paper is to describe the development of the depression scale and report the results of validation studies.
The Netherne Resettlement Unit: Results of Ten Years
Authors: Ekdawi M. Y.
Published: August 2008

The Netherne Resettlement Unit, established in 1957, has been described in detailed publications including those by Bennett et al. (1) and Folkard (15, 16). These authors stressed the Unit's dual function of assessment and preparation of disabled patients for resettlement, and described results of its first two years in terms of discharge, readmission and employment. The basic Unit aims of resettlement in optimum employment and accommodation have remained unchanged since that time. The programme has been geared towards minimizing the patients' handicaps by improving their coping abilities (24) so that they can manage in less protected situations, by utilizing the pooled experience of a multidisciplinary rehabilitation team (18) and by mobilizing community resources (36). Hospital living and working conditions are repeatedly scrutinized so that factors which might provoke, increase or reactivate the patients' symptoms (10) are reduced. The Unit's policies, therefore, remain dependent on the forward-looking hospital administration which has encouraged democratization, effective communication and clear definition of function (33).
Aspects of Clinical Psychiatry in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: German G. Allen
Published: August 2008

Baan was referring to the underdeveloped world, or the ‘third world’ as it is often called. This review is concerned with psychiatry in a small part of it—Sub-Saharan Africa—that part of the African continent inhabited by black Africans. At the time of writing, the term is used more specifically to describe independent black Africa, excluding South Africa—hence a bloc of cultures and sub-cultures with ethnic, economic, religious and customary patterns very different from those of the continents of Europe and North America where the bulk of current data and theory about psychiatric disorders has been obtained and expanded. In view of such major differences in factors long thought to influence the occurrence and nature of psychiatric illnesses, the patterns of these disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa are important in clarifying theories about psychiatric disease despite the paucity of adequate research carried out to date.
The Nature of Anxiety
Authors: Lader Malcolm H.
Published: August 2008

My choice of subject for this Memorial Lecture is one which I hope would have been approved of by the late Dr. Shorvon, who must have often applied his great therapeutic acumen to the treatment of anxious patients. I intend to present neither a compendious review of some aspect of anxiety nor a catalogue of recent research work. Rather, I shall outline some conceptual and practical problems met in investigating an emotion. Such problems have occupied medical men and also many philosophers, psychologists and theologians. I shall outline the types of anxiety, using the term loosely, and then attempt a scientific analysis ending with some speculative model-making.
A Checklist for the Diagnosis of Schizophrenia
Authors: Astrachan B. M. , Harrow M. , Adler D. , Brauer L. , Schwartz A. , Schwartz C. , Tucker G.
Published: August 2008

Despite extensive research and a vast literature, the diagnosis of schizophrenia remains primarily a clinical decision based upon the presence of some agreed-upon symptom complex. Laboratory studies and special testing procedures have not yet demonstrated their utility in establishing diagnosis in this syndrome. While it is easy to cite studies of diagnostic difficulty (Beck, 1962), it is also apparent that when clinicians state they are ‘certain of the diagnosis' or agree to utilize pre-established diagnostic stereotypes, the diagnostic agreement frequently achieves an 80 per cent reliability (Beck, 1962; Hordern et al., 1968). Clinicians the world over tend to identify gross symptoms in similar ways. However, they may ascribe varying significance to similar symptom complexes and may even use similar symptom constellations to arrive at different diagnoses (Saenger, 1968; Sandifer et al., 1968). There seems to be general agreement on the major symptoms found in schizophrenia (Cooper, 1967; Beck et al., 1962; Hordem et al., 1968); however, diagnostic agreement on subtypes, and on admixtures of paranoid symptoms and depression is much more difficult to achieve (Cooper, 1967; Morgan et al., 1968; Lorr and Klett, 1968; Hordem et al., 1968). The present study attempts to formalize the apparent commonality of clinical features which together establish a diagnosis of schizophrenia through the development of a valid and reliable checklist of symptoms.
Picture Arrangement: A Measure of Frontal Lobe Function?
Authors: McFie J. , Thompson J. A.
Published: August 2008

Tests involving the arrangement of pictures to tell a story have long been included among tests of intellectual ability. First devised by De Croly (1914), one or more items of this type have appeared in a number of experiments and standardized tests; and the Wechsler intelligence scales (1944, 1955) include a Picture Arrangement subtest consisting of six or eight items ranging in length from three to six pictures. However, apart from its possible use for psychiatric interpretation (e.g. Wechsler, 1958; Ch. 10) its specific value as a component of the scale has not been established. Some critics, suggesting that the test has a low reliability, are inclined to omit it from short forms of the Wechsler scales; yet test-retest reliabilities of about 0.65 (Wechsler, 1958) are similar to those of Arithmetic and Object Assembly, which are rarely omitted. Perhaps a more cogent reason for its omission is uncertainty as to what ability the test measures. Wechsler (1958) suggests that it shows the subject's ability to ‘comprehend and size up a total situation’; and that, as all the stories concern human activities, it may be a measure of social intelligence and awareness. Identification of the ability or abilities involved by factor analysis is also inconclusive: the test does not show significant association with Picture Completion, the other pictorial subtest in the Wechsler scale; and in different analyses it has shown associations with a Memory factor or with a factor described as ‘freedom from distractibility’.
The Psychiatrist in Search of a Science
Authors: Slater Eliot
Published: August 2008

Until quite recently the prestige of Science was enormous, and in its glow basked innumerable earnest workers who firmly believed that their meticulous ant-like activities were advancing the health, wealth, welfare and spiritual ascent of man. In the last few years that prestige has quite suddenly collapsed. We do not deny the loftiness of aim which inspired our forerunners, but we have begun to realize that the secondary consequences of the most nobly motivated activities may lead to disaster. The main consequence of the advance of scientific knowledge has been the proliferation of technologies which have armed and powered a materialistic culture in the exploitation and progressive erosion of a fragile living environment. The scientist of an earlier generation had some notion of seeking after an aspect of the truth, and relied in the main on his own insights and ingenuity. Today, all too often, he knows himself for an expendable member of a professional team, depending on the routine deployment of technical resources for the manipulation of an established paradigm.
Tardive Dyskinesia: Its Relation to Neuroleptic and Antiparkinson Drugs
Authors: Turek Ibrahim , Kurland Albert A. , Hanlon Thomas E. , Bohm Mark
Published: August 2008

Although accounts of neurological complications resulting from the use of neuroleptic drugs have consistently appeared in the psychiatric literature since the introduction of reserpine in the 1930's, serious concern about the permanence of these effects has been a rather recent development. As early as 1956, reports by Ey, Faure, and Rappard (10) and by Hall, Jackson, and Swain (13) called attention to the persistence of extrapyramidal symptoms several months after the cessation of extended chlorpromazine treatment. Emphasis on the persistence of dyskinetic symptoms after extended treatment subsequently appeared in reports by Broussolle and Rosier (2), Sigwald, Bouttier, and Courvoisier (20), and Ayd (1). In a survey of reversible and irreversible dyskinesia after treatment with reserpine, chlorpromazine, perphenazine and electroconvulsive therapy, Uhrbrand and Faurbye (22) noted the late appearance of the complication and termed it ‘tardive dyskinesia’.
Schizophrenics with Delusions of Poisoning
Authors: Varsamis J. , Adamson J. D. , Sigurdson W. F.
Published: August 2008

Delusions of poisoning often dominate the clinical picture in schizophrenia. In an earlier publication (6) we have suggested that these cases may be phenomenologically distinct from other schizophrenics. Patients who believed they were poisoned or gassed reported more somatic symptoms, headaches, decreased visual acuity and disturbances of taste and smell.
An Examination of Individual Susceptibility to the Influence of Aggressive Film Models
Authors: Kniveton B. H. , Stephenson G. M.
Published: August 2008

In a previous paper (Kniveton and Stephenson, 1970) we suggested that children with few interests of their own are likely to be more susceptible to the influence of filmed or television models than children with more extensive interests. However, neither we nor any other workers in this field have demonstrated that the tendency to imitate is a consistent behavioural characteristic. In fact, examination of the within-group scores for the subjects in the above-mentioned experiment reveals exceptionally large standard deviations for the amount of time spent imitating. These characterize both middle-class and working-class groups (Kniveton and Stephenson, 1972), although such groups differ consistently in their susceptibility to the filmed model used by the authors.
A System of Drug Handling in Hospital
Authors: Watt J. A. , Stewart R. A. Y. , Ross Alexandra M. , Daw D. P. , Martin Margaret E. , Dorricott N.
Published: August 2008

To rely on a system of drug administration based on a transcribed drug list is to court disaster. The high incidence of errors of transcription has been documented by Crooks (1964) (1), Wallace (1965) (2), Watt et al. (in press) (3).
Urogenital Malformations Associated with Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Halmi Katherine A. , Rigas Constantine
Published: August 2008

Lindsten (5), Mellbin (7), and Pitts and Guze (8) have described a total of three cases of anorexia nervosa occurring in conjunction with gonosomal aneuploidy (Turner's syndrome or gonadal dysgenesis with XO sex chromosome pattern). The incidence of both conditions is low, and the small likelihood of their concurrent appearance in one individual by chance can be estimated from the following figures. According to Maclean et al. (6), the XO chromosome abnormality occurs in four out of 10,000 live births. Baikie et al. (1) have found that the incidence of the XO gonosome pattern in the general population is not significantly different from that at birth. Anorexia nervosa has an average annual incidence of 45 (Theander (9)) or 61 (Kidd and Wood (4)) cases per 10,000,000 people. On the assumption that the two conditions are independent, the probability of their occurring together would therefore be 0.18 to 0.24/100,000,000. Since the incidence data for the XO anomaly and for anorexia nervosa were obtained from different populations, it must be recognized that these figures are only order of magnitude estimates. Nevertheless, we considered it of interest to examine the available case records of anorexia nervosa patients seen at the University of Iowa Hospitals from 1920 to 1972 for Turner's syndrome and other anomalies of the urogenital tract.
Changes in Psychometric Test Results Following Cosmetic Nasal Operations
Authors: Hay G. G. , Heather B. B.
Published: August 2008

It has frequently been argued that requests for cosmetic rhinoplasty, particularly in patients with minimal disfigurements, may be indicative of psychological disturbance. Authors such as Meerloo (1956) and Roubichek (1960) have further argued that corrective operations in these minimally disfigured patients are contra-indicated, as the patients are always dissatisfied by surgery, sometimes demanding restoration to the original state.
Effect of Alcohol on Short Term Memory in Alcoholics
Authors: Goodwin Donald W. , Hill Shirley Y. , Powell Barbara , Viamontes Jorge
Published: August 2008

Acute alcohol intoxication is commonly followed by partial or total amnesia† for events occurring during the drinking period (Goodwin et al., 1969a). Individuals observed during the ‘blackout’ period have been noted to have a specific short term memory deficit, with remote and immediate memory largely intact (Ryback, 1970; Goodwin et al., 1970; Tamerin et al., 1971). The amnesia appears to be anterograde rather than retrograde, resembling the characteristic memory deficit in Korsakov's syndrome. Speculation has ensued that blackouts and Korsakov's syndrome may share common pathophysiological elements, though there is no direct evidence for this (Goodwin et al., 1969b).
Classical, Avoidance and Backward Conditioning Treatments of Homosexuality
Authors: McConaghy N. , Barr R. F.
Published: August 2008

Previous studies (McConaghy, 1969, 1970a; McConaghy et al., 1972) evaluated the efficacy of three widely different forms of aversion therapy in treating homosexuality. The methods investigated were aversion-relief, apomorphine therapy, and avoidance conditioning.
Ergotamine and Methysergide Abuse in Patients with Migraine
Authors: Lucas R. N. , Falkowski W.
Published: August 2008

Ergotamine preparations are extensively used in the treatment of migraine. Although not widely appreciated, there have been reports in the literature of ergotamine abuse, related to the development of tolerance and withdrawal headaches, which result in a steadily increasing consumption of the drug (Wolfson and Graham, 1949; Peters and Horton, 1951; Friedmanet al., 1955). It is important clinically to recognize this condition, as ergotamine can have dangerous vascular side-effects (Byrne-Quinn, 1964; Cranleyet al., 1963; Young and Humphries, 1961).
Psychiatric Illnesses: Some Inferences from Symptomatology
Authors: Maxwell A. E.
Published: August 2008

In an earlier paper (Maxwell, 1972) the difficulties met in a dimensional approach to the description of symptomatology were discussed. In that study a representative sample of patients was considered under the three broad diagnostic categories, neurotics, affective psychotics and schizophrenics, and it was seen that all had a basic core of symptoms of the type generally referred to as ‘neurotic’, which lent themselves fairly well to a dimensional description and which indeed accounted for the greater part of the covariability of the symptoms in all three categories. But in addition the schizophrenics, and to some extent the affective psychotics, showed further symptoms of the type generally referred to as ‘psychotic’, though these occurred in a patchy and less general way than did the ‘neurotic’ symptoms. As a consequence these symptoms were not amenable to a dimensional description, nor did they lead to clear-cut typologies, as Everitt, Gourlay and Kendell (1971) have already shown.
Dimensions of Abnormal Personality
Authors: Presly A. S. , Walton H. J.
Published: August 2008

Psychiatrists differentiate types of abnormal personality in practice by assigning a descriptive label to indicate the chief way in which the patient's behaviour deviates from what is usual in society. The use by psychiatrists of such a category system for diagnosing abnormal personality has been discussed in two previous papers (Walton et al., 1970; Walton and Presly, 1973). The diagnostic system evaluated was one which included categories contained in the American Psychiatric Association classification (1968) and in the relevant section of the International Classification of Diseases (1965).
Drinking Experience versus Personality Factors as Predictors of Tolerance for Alcohol
Authors: Powell Barbara J. , Goodwin Donald W. , Bremer David
Published: August 2008

It has been demonstrated that experience with alcohol leads to a decrease in its behavioural effects (Jellinek, 1960). There is also evidence that personality factors affect tolerance for alcohol; for example, psychological adjustment (Vogel, 1958), extraversion (Drew, Colquhoun and Long, 1958) and field dependence (Smith and Carpenter, 1966) have been reported to be associated with alcohol effects.
A Psychological and Physiological Evaluation of the Effects of Intravenous Diazepam
Authors: Kelly Desmond , Pik Robert , Chen Char-nie
Published: August 2008

Intravenous diazepam is widely used both in general medicine and in psychiatry. It is used to produce sedation in psychiatric emergencies and to enhance systematic desensitization; it is also employed in the treatment of drug-induced dystonic reactions, status epilepticus and tetanus, and as an anaesthetic agent. Its property of relieving severe muscle spasm has been utilized to treat patients suffering from ‘stiff-man syndrome‘.
Maternity Blues
Authors: Pitt Brice
Published: August 2008

Transitory depression and tearfulness occurring on one or two days during the early Puerperium (commonly known as ‘mother's' or ‘maternity blues', ‘third, fourth, or tenth-day blues', or ‘the transitory syndrome’) is often mentioned as a normal finding after from 15 per cent (Oppenheim, 1962) to nearly 80 per cent (Robin, 1962) of deliveries. Physical discomfort and psychological difficulty at the onset of lactation, ‘narcissistic loss' before discovery of the child (Sclare, 1955), perineal soreness and hormonal changes (Railton, 1961) have all been invoked as causes.
Prediction of Clinical Response to ECT
Authors: Abrams Richard , Fink Max , Feldstein Stanley
Published: August 2008

Because of the empirical nature of the treatment procedure, many investigators have sought predictors of clinical response to ECT (Abrams, 1972). Three studies (Hobson, 1953; Carney et al., 1965; and Mendels, 1967) provide well-defined methods for calculating an index for prediction of response to ECT. Each assigns individual weights to specific features of the clinical state and the history of the illness, as determined during a pre-treatment interview. The predictive accuracy reported for these indices ranges from 79–87 per cent. Three attempts have been made to replicate Hobson's (1953) results—two were successful (Roberts, 1959; and Mendels, 1965), and one was not (Hamilton and White, 1960). We have found no reports attempting to test the prognostic accuracy of the indices of Carney et al. (1965) or Mendels (1967).
The Classification of the Functional Psychoses
Authors: Ollerenshaw D. P.
Published: August 2008

Ever since Kraepelin introduced his schizophrenic-manic-depressive dichotomy in 1896, this classification of the functional psychoses has enjoyed virtually unanimous acceptance. However, the frequency with which the differentiation of schizophrenia from manic-depressive psychosis seems to present problems in clinical practice inclines one to question whether Kraepelin's classification was entirely adequate. The object of this paper will be to try and highlight some of the reasons for the existing confusion and tentatively to suggest possible means of clarifying the situation.
Physiological Aspects of Neutral and Phobic Imagery: Further Observations
Authors: Marks Isaac M. , Huson J.
Published: August 2008

Phobic imagery is used extensively in the treatment of phobic disorders by psychological means. The physiological and subjective accompaniments of such imagery are thus of some importance for both treatment and assessment. An earlier report (Marks et al., 1971a) described a standardized method of assessment of phobic imagery and results in one trial of 16 phobic patients. To date the method has been used in the assessment of 77 phobic patients before and after treatment in 6 different studies. This report summarizes our experience with it and its sensitivity to clinical changes. The main finding was that subjective report was a more consistent discriminator between phobic and neutral images than were measures of heart rate or skin conductance. Nevertheless physiological measures were often useful indicators of clinical changes.
Severity and Type of Psychotic Illness as a Function of Personality
Authors: Verma R. M. , Eysenck H. J.
Published: August 2008

Eysenck (1952a) has postulated the existence of three main dimensions of personality: Extraversion, Neuroticism and Psychoticism. These are conceived of as independent of each other, and as continuous, with neurotics and psychotics respectively marking the extreme ends of the N and P dimensions. Within each dimension, the particular type of neurotic or psychotic illness is considered to be determined by the degree of extraversion of the patient; thus dysthymic and hysterical disorders mark the introverted and extraverted types of neurotic illness (Eysenck, 1947), while within the psychotic field degree of social withdrawal might be considered to be the variable most closely related to introversion/ extraversion (Venables and Wing, 1962). Hypotheses have also been formulated to account for the causal factors underlying E and N (Eysenck, 1967), although no such hypotheses have been elaborated with respect to P. A special statistical technique (criterion analysis—Eysenck, 1950) has been worked out to test the crucial question of continuity between normal and abnormal (neurotic and psychotic) populations with respect to N and P; application of this method has given support to the theory of continuity (Eysenck, 1950, 1952b).
Affective Illness in First Degree Relatives, Parental Loss and Family Jointness in Depressive Disorders
Authors: Rao A. Venkoba
Published: August 2008

Manic-depressive illness is believed to comprise two different clinical entities: Bipolar and Monopolar. This paper aims to study any differences there may be between monopolar and bipolar depressions in respect of three factors: occurrence of affective disorder (including suicide) in first degree relatives; parental death before the patients' twelfth birthday and the extent of ‘jointness' (Khatri, 1970) of the patients' family.
The Psychiatrist in Search of a Science
Authors: Slater Elliot
Published: August 2008

If, at this distance in time, neither Mapother's nominalism nor Golla's vitalism-holism are at all satisfying, this is because so much has happened to the philosophy of science in the interval. The writings of Sir Karl Popper have had a revolutionary influence; and the important work he has done over thirty years or so is readily available in The Logic of Scientific Discovery (LSD, 1968) and Conjectures and Refutations (CR, 1969). Popper starts from the position that no logical basis for the accumulation of knowledge can be laid on inductive processes (and he also maintains that this is not the way the mind of the scientist works). From observing crows, and seeing that one after another they are all black, one cannot conclude that all crows are black. In general terms, it is not possible to proceed logically from single existential (‘there are …’) statements to universal statements; and an epistemological process that based itself on induction would be rocky at its very foundations. How is it then that science progresses, making mistakes from time to time, but recovering from them, providing for itself a firmer foundation for further work, anchoring it more deeply and extending it more widely? This could only be if the basic logical processes were not, in fact, inductive, as the nineteenth century scientist supposed. The search for an acceptable basic principle came down to finding a criterion of demarcation which would distinguish the empirical sciences from other branches of learning. Popper found it in the principle of refutability.
A Two-Year Follow-up Study Comparing Short with Long Stay In-patient Treatment of Alcoholics
Authors: Willems P. J. A. , Letemendia F. J. J. , Arroyave F.
Published: August 2008

In 1965, when this study began, there were no clear guidelines about the optimum duration of in-patient treatment for alcoholics. Davieset al.(1956) had reported that at the Maudsley Hospital the aim was for a ‘short stay’ of between two and three months—but some individuals stayed for up to ten months. The policy at Warlingham Park Hospital as described by Glatt (1955) was for an in-patient stay of at least two months, though ‘on the whole about three months is the optimum period’.
A Categorization for the Assessment of Prognosis and Outcome in the Treatment of Alcoholism
Authors: Willems P. J. A. , Letemendia F. J. J. , Arroyave F.
Published: August 2008

For the study reported in the accompanying paper (Willemset al., 1973), a number of variables, thought to be of prognostic relevance in alcoholism, were selected and categorized in a rank order. These can be regarded asordinalscales, since in every case (a) each category differs from the others, and (b) each is related to the others. In each case there can be said to be an underlying continuum and in all cases a higher number indicates, in our opinion, a less ‘desirable’ state.
Organic Factors in Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome
Authors: Shapiro Arthur K. , Shapiro Elaine , Wayne Henriette , Clarkin John
Published: August 2008

Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome had been considered an organic, often hereditary illness for many years after it was first described in 1885 (1, 2), but when medicine became psychologically oriented, the syndrome was more frequently classified as a psychological illness (3), and patients have been said to be schizophrenic, psychotic, obsessive-compulsive, hysteric, to have inhibited aggression, and eventually to deteriorate intellectually and psychologically. However, no support for common psychopathological and dynamic factors was found in our previous study of 34 patients or in a review of the literature (4). Recently, as medicine has shifted back from a psychological orientation, and as case histories have accumulated, an organic aetiology has been more frequently postulated.
Failure to Establish Control over Tics in the Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome with Behaviour Therapy Techniques
Authors: Sand Patricia L. , Carlson Coldevin
Published: August 2008

The Gilles de la Tourette syndrome is a puzzling disorder, usually beginning in childhood. It is characterized by (1) facial and bodily tics progressive in involvement and frequency, (2) grunting and barking noises and, (3) coprolalia (i.e. compulsive obscenities). Although this pattern of behaviour has been described with striking uniformity over the past century (Gilles de la Tourette, 1885; Fernando, 1967; Kelman, 1965; Lucas, 1967; Prabhakaran, 1970), no specific neurological or psychological aetiology has been found.
Toward a Definition of the Schizoid State: Evidence from Studies of Twins and Their Families
Authors: Cadoret Remi J.
Published: August 2008

Over the years investigators have described psychiatrically abnormal individuals in the families of schizophrenics. These unusual persons have been given a variety of names: schizoids, schizoid psychopaths, and the condition called schizoidia or schizophrenia-spectrum illness (Kahn, 1923; Planansky, 1966). With recent developments in family and adoptive studies of schizophrenia which have indicated a genetic factor playing a causative role, the schizoid state has assumed more importance, especially in estimating the type of inheritance (Heston, 1970). Furthermore, the schizoid state is of considerable interest from a clinical standpoint since it may represent a ‘forme fruste’ of schizophrenia, and as such a study of schizoids from the point of view of the factors which may have prevented a full-blown schizophrenic process would be of great interest.
A Physiological Difference Between Hallucinosis and Schizophrenia
Authors: Meares Russell , Horvath Thomas
Published: August 2008

Boulton (1971), in an authoritative review, has pointed out that biochemical research into schizophrenia has depended upon the assumption that hallucinogens, such as mescaline and LSD produce a state similar to schizophrenia, and that such research has therefore principally been concerned with attempts to find hallucinogens, or substances closely related to them, in the bodily fluids of schizophrenics. Since this model has been criticized on phenomenological grounds, we decided to make a comparison between states of visual hallucinosis and of schizophrenia with thought disorder, using a measure which tests a common hypothesis concerning the origin of schizophrenic symptoms. This hypothesis suggests that the symptoms of schizophrenia are manifestations of failure of a hypothetical sensory ‘filter’ (Broadbent, 1958). This mechanism determines the individual's ‘selective inattention’ to the irrelevancies of his environment. Its function can be assessed by a study of habituation, which is the process whereby a randomly repeated stimulus fails in time to elicit an orienting response.
The Development of Neurosis in the Wives of Neurotic Men
Authors: Ovenstone Irene M. K.
Published: August 2008

Complementarity of roles is chiefly responsible for the degree of harmony and stability obtaining in interpersonal relationships (Spiegel, 1957). Collinset al.(1971) compared decision-making in the marriages of a group of male neurotics and in a control group. They found that patient marriages were more often categorized as ‘segregated’ (where distinct areas of responsibility were demarcated for each spouse) or ‘husband-dominated’ (where most of the decisions were made by the husband). Conflict over decision-making was also commoner in the patient marriages. By contrast, the control marriages were more often co-operative (both partners collaborated equally in a co-operative manner). The authors suggested that the severity of the husband's neurosis led to the adoption of certain patterns of decision-making which in turn led to conflict. They proposed that these patterns of behaviour might partly explain the development of psychiatric symptoms in the patient's spouse. In a series of normal families in Australia, Herbst (1954) noted that as the percentage of separate decisions increased tension rose. The ‘syncratic’ family structure (comparable to the co-operative pattern) was below average in tension, while the ‘autocratic’ (comparable to the segregated pattern) carried the highest tension.
Metronome-Conditioned Relaxation: A New Behavioural Procedure
Authors: Brady John Paul
Published: August 2008

Deep muscular relaxation is an active component of systematic desensitization therapy. Most behaviour therapists induce relaxation in their patients by an abbreviated version of a technique originally described by Jacobson (4) called progressive relaxation. This report concerns a new way to facilitate deep muscular relaxation which is efficient, reliable and convenient.
The Nyctohemeral Rhythm of Plasma Cortisol in Mental Illness in Nigerians
Authors: Adadevoh B. Kwaku , Asuni Tolani
Published: August 2008

Reports on adrenocortical function in mental illness have been conflicting, and there has been a failure to replicate results, especially with plasma Cortisol measurements (Gibbons, 1968; Segraves, 1970; and Franzen, 1971). Also, the study of particular diagnostic categories of patients appears to introduce a sampling bias, whilst isolated measurements usually fail to assess hypothalamo-pituitaryadrenal function. We have therefore undertaken a blind assessment study of the nyctohemeral rhythm of plasma Cortisol in Nigerian inmates of the Aro Neuropsychiatric Hospital and Lantoro Institution in Abeokuta, which operate respectively as open and closed treatment centres (Asuni, 1967).
The Relationship of Alcoholism to Violent Behaviour Resulting in Long-term Imprisonment
Authors: Nicol A. R. , Gunn J. C. , Gristwood J. , Foggitt R. H. , Watson J. P.
Published: August 2008

An association between alcohol use and violent behaviour has commonly been reported in the literature, both in the context of alcohol use at the time of the violent act (Wolfganget al., 1956; McLintock, 1963) and in the context of the alcohol habit of men convicted of violent offences (Gibbens and Silberman, 1970). Similarly a high incidence of severe alcohol addiction has been found in men appearing before courts (Gath, 1969) and in prisons (Hensman, 1969).
Familial Alcoholism in Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Halmi Katherine A. , Loney Jan
Published: August 2008

Few studies have been published about psychiatric illness among relatives of patients with anorexia nervosa. Even less information is available concerning alcohol abuse in relatives of such patients. Theander (10) found a 2.5 per cent incidence of alcohol abuse among uncles and aunts of patients with anorexia nervosa. Six out of 94 fathers, 6.5 per cent, were alcohol abusers, whereas none of the 94 mothers so indulged. In a recent report of 13 male cases of anorexia nervosa Crisp and Toms (3) describe one father who was a severe alcoholic. Kay and Leigh (6), in a study of 38 patients with anorexia nervosa, noted alcoholism in four parents out of a total of 76 (5 per cent). Alcoholism in actual anorexia nervosa patients has been mentioned, but no incidence figures were given. Crisp (2) commented that ‘those chronic patients who have progressed to a state of overeating and vomiting not infrequently appear to become dominated by oral behaviour, and may sometimes present with alcoholism’. Toms and Crisp (11) hold that alcohol and drugs may be used as substitutes or diversions for the suppression of normal appetite.
Distress Behaviour: a Study of Selected Samaritan Clients and Parasuicides (‘Attempted Suicide’ Patients)
Authors: Kreitman Norman , Chowdhury Nilima
Published: August 2008

This phase of the study was concerned only with the 93 parasuicides already described in Part I. It was designed to ascertain their knowledge of help-giving services, and to elucidate their attitudes towards help-seeking both in general and in the specific context of their parasuicidal behaviour.
Stereotactic Limbic Leucotomy: A Preliminary Report on Forty Patients
Authors: Kelly Desmond , Richardson Alan , Mitchell-Heggs Nita , Greenup Juliet , Chen Char-nie , Hafner R. Julian
Published: August 2008

The neurophysiological aspects and operative technique of stereotactic limbic leucotomy have been described in a previous paper (Kelly, Richardson and Mitchell-Heggs, 1973). The present investigation is a prospective study designed to assess the results of such surgery in a group of 40 severely ill psychiatric patients, who had failed to respond satisfactorily to every other type of treatment. The results have been assessed clinically, psychologically and physiologically, in a very detailed way, at six weeks; a similar follow-up at one year is in progress. A comparison is made between the results of the present series and those of a previous: study (Kellyet al., 1972), in which more extensive leucotomy operations were carried out, and similar means of assessment were employed.
Verbal Learning and Memory in Elderly Depressives
Authors: Whitehead Antonia
Published: August 2008

Tasks involving verbal learning and memory are widely used in the differential diagnosis of depressive and dementing conditions. That dements suffer widespread impairments of these functions is self-evident, yet depressives also evince some degree of deficit. For elderly patients suffering from affective illnesses Bolton, Savage and Roth (1967) found 29 per cent to gain organic scores on the Modified New Word Learning Test; of elderly depressives, 16 per cent gained scores in the organic range on the Synonym Learning Test (Kendrick, Parboo-singh and Post, 1965), and this figure increased to over three-quarters when a group was selected to contain a large proportion of patients clinically judged as suffering from ‘pseudo-dementia’ (Kendrick, 1967).
Psychological Studies of Ten Patients with the XYY Syndrome
Authors: Christensen Anne-Lise , Nielsen Johannes
Published: August 2008

The present study is the psychological part of a comprehensive study of male patients with the XYY syndrome from the Cytogenetic Laboratory, Risskov (Nielsen, 1968, 1969, 1971; Nielsen et al., 1969a, b; and Nielsen and Henriksen, 1972).
Psychiatry in South-East Asia
Authors: Neki J. S.
Published: August 2008

For the purposes of this paper the South-East Asia region has been taken to include India, Ceylon, Burma, Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines. The region thus demarcated is not merely an area of geographic contiguity but also comprised almost entirely of developing countries involved in a process of social change as a result, principally, of exposure to the West. The traditional economy of agricultural self-sufficiency in all these countries is coming to be replaced increasingly by an industrial economy which is essentially tied up with world trade. Most of the countries in the region have emerged from a colonial status into independent states with a renascent and sensitized nationalism. There is in these countries abundant enthusiasm for new goals set up after achieving independence; but this is dampened with a sense of self-doubt that prevails as much amidst the leaders as amidst the led. Thus in this region a generation of people appears to be trying to outlive its history and live on hopes for a new future.
Psychiatric Problems of Developing Countries
Authors: Carstairs G. M.
Published: August 2008

When a Western-trained doctor first encounters the practice of medicine in the Third World, he cannot fail to be impressed by the apparently limitless sea of morbidity—infection, faulty sanitation, malnutrition, congenital and acquired malformations—with which a very small number of trained personnel have to cope, as best they can. In public health planning of these countries priority has to be given to arresting the killing diseases, such as malaria, tuberculosis and other deadly infections, and to the provision of basic hygiene, of pure water, and of adequate nutrition. The next priority goes to deploying preventive measures against debilitating disease, wherever such measures are known, and their application has been shown to be feasible; and finally when the expectation of life has been satisfactorily increased, attention is given to interventions which improve the quality of life.
Culture and the Differentiation of Emotional States
Authors: Leff J. P.
Published: August 2008

The experience of another person is never directly available to us, just as our own experiences cannot be directly experienced by other people. ‘We're all of us sentenced to solitary confinement inside our own skins' (Tennessee Williams). We can use empathy to get closer to another person's experience; in other words we imagine ourselves in the same situation as he is in and credit him with the feelings we would then experience. However, it is invariably our own experience that we use as the yardstick. We judge another person's experience from his behaviour, of which speech is one of the most informative parts. If another person says, ‘I see a man’, and there is indeed a man in our shared visual field, then both of us assume we are sharing a common perceptual experience. When there is no external referent, as in the statement ‘I feel sad’, the assumption of a common experience rests on more tenuous grounds. We can sometimes look to an external situation, like the loss of a close relative, to confirm that we understand the statement in the same way. But on many occasions there is no readily understandable link between a person's mood and the situation in which he finds himself. In judging a person's mood we also depend a great deal on non-verbal accompaniments of emotional states, but these are known to vary from culture to culture and from individual to individual. The movements used to express emotion, particularly those of the face, are so complex that very few attempts have been made to describe and categorize them accurately. There is a paucity of studies of this kind between Charles Darwin's pioneering work of 1872, which attempted to show the similarity of emotional expression throughout the races of mankind, and the recent work of Ekman and Friesen (1968) and Grant (1970). The few systematic studies in the intervening century do not support an invariable pattern of expression accompanying specific emotions. However, Ekman et al. (1969) found that subjects from literate cultures accurately identified emotions from photographs of the face, although subjects from pre-literate cultures showed much less agreement.
A Clinical and Statistical Study of the Phases of Electroplexy
Authors: Tresise P. C. , Stenhouse N. S.
Published: August 2008

In a previous paper (Tresise and Stenhouse, 1968a), the authors quantitated the normal time response patterns in the phases of electroplexy, where the four anaesthetics, methohexitone sodium, thiopentone, amylobarbitone sodium and diazepam were used in sub-anaesthetic doses. Patients treated without anaesthesia were included in the study. The dependence of the times of subsequent events on the time of clonus onset in the orbicularis oculi muscles were also established. The statistical technique employed in that study was simple linear regression. The interrelationships between the various factors indicated the desirability of extending the study by the use of multiple regression techniques. This paper presents the results of the extended study.
A Standardized Assessment of the Work Behaviour of Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Griffiths R. D. P.
Published: August 2008

This paper describes the development of a standardized report intended for the assessment of the work behaviour of psychiatric patients in hospital workshops and clerical units. The report form was developed in the Rehabilitation Unit of the Maudsley Hospital, and primarily within the workshops and clerical section which are integral parts of the coordinated unit.
Assessing Punitiveness with the Hostility and Direction of Hostility Questionnaire (HDHQ)
Authors: Philip Alistair E.
Published: August 2008

Foulds' theory of personality (1965) lays stress on the need to consider the individual as a person in relation to others. Where the ability to enter into mutual personal relations with others denotes the mature individual, egocentricity in thinking and behaving marks out the immature. One feature of egocentricity is the need to apportion blame in any given situation, either to other people or to the self, so that Foulds found punitiveness a useful attitudinal measure of egocentricity. Rosenzweig's (1934) terms extrapunitiveness and intropunitiveness were used by Foulds, Caine and Creasy (1960) to identify punitiveness directed outward on to other people and inward on to the self; these authors devised subscales, three extrapunitive and two intropunitive, to tap various aspects of punitive expression. From the pattern of correlations between the subscales, they tentatively posited a factor of general hostility, while pointing out that the correlations were such as to indicate that the extrapunitiveness subscales were measuring something different from the intropunitiveness subscales.