Influence of smoking on voice quality
Authors: Vuković Bojana , Ćalasan Slađana , Vegar Andrea 
Published: September 2022

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page933R_mcid1&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 405.551px; top: 368.682px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(1.03675);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;Introduction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page933R_mcid2&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 495.499px; top: 368.682px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.947771);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt; During smoking, specific morphological changes oc&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page933R_mcid4&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 405.551px; top: 388.682px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.944126);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;cur within the larynx, which results in changes in voice quality. Giv&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page933R_mcid6&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 405.551px; top: 408.682px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.923831);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;en that voice is related to quality of life, it is necessary to identify the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page933R_mcid7&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 405.551px; top: 428.682px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.957154);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;impact of smoking on voice quality.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page933R_mcid8&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 405.551px; top: 458.131px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.996089);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;Methods&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page933R_mcid9&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 468.884px; top: 458.131px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.976898);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt; A group of 85 respondents, aged 22 to 70 years (AS = &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page933R_mcid10&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 405.551px; top: 478.131px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.932641);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;35.61; SD = 11.36), both sexes, categorized into two groups, smok&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page933R_mcid12&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 405.551px; top: 498.131px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.912755);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;ers and non-smokers, were selected for this study. A recording of ex&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page933R_mcid14&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 405.551px; top: 518.131px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.934176);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;tended vocal A phonation was analyzed in the program for acoustic &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page933R_mcid15&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 405.551px; top: 538.131px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.927882);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;voice analysis - PRAAT. The research was realized at the Faculty of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page933R_mcid16&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 405.551px; top: 558.131px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.927295);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;Medicine in Foca, during 2021.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page933R_mcid17&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 405.551px; top: 587.579px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.928014);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;Results&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page933R_mcid18&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 456.784px; top: 587.579px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.936546);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt; A statistically significant difference was found in four out of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page933R_mcid19&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 405.551px; top: 607.579px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.956912);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;the five examined voice parameters. Namely, a statistically signifi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page933R_mcid21&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 405.551px; top: 627.579px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.934785);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;cant difference was observed in the mean value of the fundamental &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page933R_mcid22&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 405.551px; top: 647.579px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.904686);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;frequency (Fo) (p = 0.042), jitter (p = 0.007), shimmer (p = 0.026) and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page933R_mcid23&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 405.551px; top: 667.579px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.986789);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;in the noise-to-harmonic ratio (p = 0.018) between smokers and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page933R_mcid24&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 405.551px; top: 687.579px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.967362);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;non-smokers. Also, a statistically significant difference was found &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page933R_mcid25&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 405.551px; top: 707.579px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.963008);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;between two subgroups of subjects (those who smoked less than &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page933R_mcid26&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 405.551px; top: 727.579px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.963426);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;10 years and those who smoked longer than 10 years) in the fun&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page933R_mcid28&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 405.551px; top: 747.579px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.944431);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;damental voice frequency Fo (p = 0.011), standard deviation of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page933R_mcid29&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 405.551px; top: 767.579px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.975807);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;fundamental frequency STD (p = 0.047) and amplitude perturba&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page933R_mcid31&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 405.551px; top: 787.579px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.949453);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;tion expressed through shimmer in percentage (Shim) (p = 0.017). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page933R_mcid32&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 405.551px; top: 807.579px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.932779);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;For other examined voice parameters, no statistically significant dif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page933R_mcid34&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 405.551px; top: 827.579px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.937645);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;ference was noticed between these two subgroups of respondents.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page933R_mcid35&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 405.551px; top: 857.028px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.958148);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;Conclusion&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page933R_mcid36&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 484.2px; top: 857.028px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.924725);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;.&lt;/strong&gt; Smoking affects most of the acoustic parameters of the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page933R_mcid37&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 405.551px; top: 877.028px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.938222);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;voice, resulting in poorer voice quality. Also, the quality of the voice &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span id=&quot;page933R_mcid38&quot; class=&quot;markedContent&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;left: 405.551px; top: 897.028px; font-size: 16.6667px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.909561);&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;decreases as the smoking experience increases.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;