bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effects of flow on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) redd distribution in a UK chalk stream between 1980 and 2015
Authors: Parry Elinor S. , Gregory Stephen D. , Lauridsen Rasmus B. , Griffiths Siân W.
Published: January 2017

Atlantic salmon are an ecologically and economically important migratory fish in the UK, whose stocks have been declining over the past 30 years. Future climate and water use changes have the potential to alter the reproductive behaviour and distribution of salmon within a river, by restricting times and ability to access suitable spawning areas. As the survival of emergent salmon juveniles is density dependent, understanding how climate‐driven changes in flow affect the location of salmon redds is important for future conservation efforts. This study examined how flow conditions affect the distribution of redds within a UK chalk stream, the river Frome in Dorset. Sixteen years of redd distribution and flow data between 1980 and 2015 were analysed using linear mixed‐effects modelling. Generally, highest redd densities occurred within middle reaches of the main river. Mean flow during the river Frome critical migration period (October–December) did not affect the density of redds directly but affected the relationship between redd density and distance from tidal limit: redd densities were spread more uniformly throughout the river under high flow conditions, whereas redds were more aggregated in the middle river reaches under low flow conditions. Together, these findings suggest that access to upstream spawning grounds was limited under low flow conditions, which could have negative repercussions on juvenile survival. This study has revealed the distribution of redds along the river Frome for the first time and provided a basis for further study into the effects of redd distribution on subsequent juvenile life stages.
Dispersal and neutral sampling mediate contingent effects of disturbance on plant beta‐diversity: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Catano Christopher P. , Dickson Timothy L. , Myers Jonathan A.
Published: January 2017

A major challenge in ecology, conservation and global‐change biology is to understand why biodiversity responds differently to similar environmental changes. Contingent biodiversity responses may depend on how disturbance and dispersal interact to alter variation in community composition (β‐diversity) and assembly mechanisms. However, quantitative syntheses of these patterns and processes across studies are lacking. Using null‐models and meta‐analyses of 22 factorial experiments in herbaceous plant communities across Europe and North America, we show that disturbance diversifies communities when dispersal is limited, but homogenises communities when combined with increased immigration from the species pool. In contrast to the hypothesis that disturbance and dispersal mediate the strength of niche assembly, both processes altered β‐diversity through neutral‐sampling effects on numbers of individuals and species in communities. Our synthesis suggests that stochastic effects of disturbance and dispersal on community assembly play an important, but underappreciated, role in mediating biotic homogenisation and biodiversity responses to environmental change.
Establishment of woody species across 26 years of revegetation on a Queensland coal mine
Authors: Neldner Victor J. , Ngugi Michael R.
Published: January 2017

The establishment success of woody plant species at 56 revegetation sites, four to 26 years old, across the Meandu open‐cut coal mine in south‐east Queensland was assessed. The revegetation process involved returning stockpiled topsoil, deep ripping and mechanical sowing of a mix of native seeds. Blakes Wattle (Acacia blakei) and less often Black Wattle (A. leiocalyx), both primarily derived from respread topsoil seed, dominate the vegetation canopy at 59% and 20% of revegetation sites, respectively. The additional sowing of seeds of many tree and shrub species within the sites has had limited success with most failing to persist or grow well. Revegetation management, for example selective thinning of acacias (Acacia spp.) saplings within the first 5 years is recommended to release the competition pressure on the poorly performing tree species. This will also allow opportunities for other less well represented shrub and herb species to persist. This study has shown that a range of tree and shrub species, including Eucalyptus spp., are performing poorly under the current revegetation regime, suggesting adjustments to revegetation species selection and/or methodologies are needed. The natural colonization of woody native species within the sites from nearby remnant vegetation is shown to be limited to only four species, and therefore is unlikely to significantly supplement the species diversity of the revegetation.
More than just a Long Paddock: Fostering native vegetation recovery in Riverina Travelling Stock Routes and Reserves
Authors: Davidson Ian , O'Shannassy Peter
Published: January 2017

Travelling Stock Reserves provide the most significant networks of natural habitat in the New South Wales Riverina. Substantial biodiversity gains at two sites over 10 years inspired similar works on more than 200 reserves with high levels of demonstrable change occurring.
Niacinamide leave‐on formulation provides long‐lasting protection against bacteria in vivo
Authors: Mathapathi Mruthyunjaya Swamy , Mallemalla Prathyusha , Vora Shilpa , Iyer Vidula , Tiwari Jyoti Kumar , Chakrabortty Amit , Majumdar Amitabha
Published: January 2017

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) form a part of the skin's innate immune system. Their primary activity is to provide antimicrobial benefits and hence protect from infections. AMPs that are present on human skin include psoriasin (S100A7), RNase 7, lysozyme, LL‐37 and defensins. Niacinamide is a well‐known cosmetic ingredient that has been used traditionally for multiple skin benefits. Recent data indicate that niacinamide treatment can boost AMPs in human gut epithelial cells and in neutrophils. Treatment with niacinamide in mice also provided protection from skin infections by enhancing AMPs. In this article, we find that treatment with niacinamide formulation provides long‐lasting protection against bacteria, potentially through the activation of an AMP response.
Neuroendocrinology of mast cells: Challenges and controversies
Authors: Theoharides Theoharis C.
Published: January 2017

Mast cells (MC) are hemotopoietically derived tissue immune cells that are ubiquitous in the body, including neuroendocrine organs such as the hypothalamus, pineal, pituitary, ovaries, pancreas and uterus where their action is not well understood. Mast cells have historically been associated with allergies because of their rich content of histamine and tryptase, but more recently with regulation of immunity and inflammation due to their synthesis and release of numerous cytokines and chemokines. Mast cells are located perivascularly and express numerous receptors for diverse ligands such as allergens, pathogens, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and hormones including acetylcholine, calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), corticosteroids, corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH), β‐endorphin, epinephrine, 17β‐oestradiol, gonadotrophins, hemokinin‐A (HKA), leptin, melatonin, neurotensin (NT), parathyroid hormone (PTH), substance P (SP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Moreover, MC can synthesize and release most of their neurohormonal triggers, including adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), CRH, endorphins, HKA, leptin, melatonin, NT, SP and VIP. Animal experiments have shown that diencephalic MC increase in number during courting in doves, while stimulation of brain and nasal MC leads to activation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis. Recent evidence indicates that MC reactivity exhibits diurnal variations, and it is interesting that melatonin appears to regulate MC secretion. However, the way MC change their phenotype or secrete specific molecules selectively at different pathophysiological settings still remains unknown. Mast cells developed over 500 million years ago and may have served as the original prototype neuroimmunoendocrine cell and then evolved into a master regulator of such interactions, especially as most of the known diseases involve neuroinflammation that worsens with stress.
Biomaterials: A potential pathway to healing chronic wounds?
Authors: Pop Mara A. , Almquist Benjamin D.
Published: January 2017

Chronic dermal wounds are a devastating problem, which disproportionally affect individuals with conditions such as diabetes, paralysis, or simply old age. These wounds are extremely challenging to treat due to a heterogeneous combination of causative factors, creating a substantial burden on healthcare systems worldwide. Despite their large impact, there is currently a startling lack of options for effectively treating the underlying biological changes that occur within the wounds. Biomaterials possess an enticing ability to provide new comprehensive approaches to healing these devastating wounds; advanced wound dressings are now being developed that enable the ability to coordinate temporal delivery of multiple therapeutics, protect sensitive biologics from degradation, and provide supportive matrices that encourage the growth of tissue. This positions biomaterials as a potential “conductor” of wound repair, allowing them to simultaneously address numerous barriers to healing, and in turn providing a promising pathway to innovative new technologies for driving successful healing.
Ultraviolet B irradiation increases keratin 1 and keratin 10 expressions in HaCaT keratinocytes via TRPV1 activation and ERK phosphorylation
Authors: Huang Kuo‐Feng , Ma Kuo‐Hsing , Liu Pei‐Shan , Chen Bo‐Wei , Chueh Sheau‐Huei
Published: January 2017

In this study, we characterized the effect of ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation with or without epidermal growth factor (EGF) on the regulation of keratinocyte differentiation under physiological concentration of Ca2+ (1.8 mM). In addition, growth factor deprivation used to measure signal transduction and kinase phosphorylation in many studies is physiologically unreal. Therefore, 1% of serum was also included in all experiment. We found that UVB irradiation Ca2+ dependently induced morphological differentiation and increased keratin 1 and 10 (K1/K10) expressions. Both were inhibited by treatment of cells with EGF. In quiescent cells, phosphorylation of ERK was stimulated by acute EGF treatment, while it rapidly desensitized in chronic EGF treatment or 1% serum exposure. UVB irradiation‐induced keratinocyte differentiation required Ca2+ influx through TRPV1. Ca2+‐dependent phosphorylation of ERK was responsible for the expression of K1/10. Cotreatment of cells with EGF during UVB irradiation inhibits the UVB irradiation‐induced differentiation by desensitizing ERK phosphorylation.
Geographical patterns of phylogenetic beta‐diversity components in terrestrial mammals
Authors: Peixoto F. P. , Villalobos F. , Melo A. S. , Diniz‐Filho J. A. F. , Loyola R. , Rangel T. F. , Cianciaruso M. V.
Published: January 2017

Aim

To inve stigate geographical patterns of phylogenetic beta diversity (PBD) and its turnover and nestedness‐resultant components for terrestrial mammals. We expect an increase in the importance of the nestedness‐resultant component towards temperate regions given the historical loss of lineages caused by environmental and spatial constraints. Analogously, we expect to find a similar increase in the contribution of the nestedness‐resultant component towards higher elevations. We expect these patterns to be stronger for Rodentia because they have poor dispersal ability and may have been less efficient in recolonizing areas after glaciations.

Location

World‐wide.

Methods

We generated the species composition of terrestrial Mammalia for 200 km × 200 km cells to calculate PBD and its turnover and nestedness‐resultant components. All measures were computed for each cell and the cells in the surrounding radius of one, two or three adjacent layers. We calculated the relative importance of the nestedness‐resultant component as the proportion of the total PBD (PBDratio) and also PBD deviation given taxonomic beta diversity (PBDdev). PBDdev measures the importance of phylogenetic beta diversity after factoring out taxonomic beta diversity. We used simple linear regressions and piecewise regressions to investigate relationships between PBDratio and mean annual temperature and elevation.

Results

We found a major contribution of the nestedness‐resultant component linked to temperate climate, especially for groups with better dispersal capacity. Higher elevations were associated with a major contribution of the turnover‐resultant component, particularly for Rodentia.

Main conclusions

We provide the first global representation of PBD in terrestrial mammals and demonstrate that at higher latitudes PBD is mostly a result of lineage loss, whereas in highlands it is linked to lineage turnover. By analysing global patterns of the contribution of PBD components, we demonstrate that dispersal capacity is essential in determining the response of different lineages to geographical and environmental barriers.
Service outsourcing and labour mobility in a digital age: transnational linkages between Japan and Dalian, China
Authors: KAWASHIMA KUMIKO
Published: January 2017

In this article, I examine the transnational mobility of digital workers and the control of their labour across multiple production sites. The digitalization of work has progressively allowed businesses to outsource IT‐enabled service jobs to cheaper production sites offshore. The growth of the ‘offshore outsourcing' of white‐collar service jobs in East Asia has produced the mobility of cheap digital labour from Japan to Dalian in northeast China. They work at call centres and other Japanese‐speaking workplaces in the lower echelons of the city's IT sector, typically earning salaries in Chinese yuan at, or even below, the average Japanese minimum wage. Based on ethnographic findings, I argue that in the global digital economy, digital services are rendered exploitable through their transnational mobility and that this form of labour migration has developed because of the partial, fluid and contingent nature of the transnational links between the two locations. I analyse how the neoliberal logic of exception underpins the creation of IT parks in China and the casualization of labour in Japan to enable new forms of transnational labour control and capital accumulation.
Bringing about the global movement for the rights of nature: sites and practices for intelligibility
Authors: ESPINOSA CRISTINA
Published: January 2017

Legal scholars, environmental organizations, indigenous groups and activists from around the world are energizing an emergent global movement on the rights of nature. To face the environmental crisis, these heterogeneous actors are coming together to reconceptualize nature as a legal subject. In this article, I examine Democracy Schools and Awakening the Dreamer Symposia (ADS) to establish where and how this emergent movement is being organized. The meaning structures, knowledge stocks and identity cues that characterize it are made intelligible to potential adherents through these seminars and workshops. Interpretive analysis reveals that Democracy Schools and ADSs are distinctively mobile and replicable infrastructures. The concept of ‘stagings' was developed to help examine cultural and spatial dynamics in heterogeneous and extensive collective action.
‘It′s good enough’: Swedish general dental practitioners on reasons for accepting substandard root filling quality
Authors: Dahlström L. , Lindwall O. , Rystedt H. , Reit C.
Published: January 2017

Aim

The concept of ‘good enough’ is central and necessary in the assessment of root filling quality. The aim was to explore the concept by analysing reasons and arguments for the acceptance or rejection of substandard root filling quality as reported by general dental practitioners (GDPs) in Sweden.

Methodology

The study was designed as a qualitative and exploratory study based on seven videotaped focus group interviews analysed by means of qualitative content analysis. Thirty‐three GDPs employed in the Public Dental Health Service in Gothenburg, Sweden, participated (4–6 GDPs/interview). In all, nine predetermined questions were followed. Before each focus group, the participants received radiographs of 37 root fillings and were asked to assess the root filling quality. The three cases representing the most divergent assessments served as a basis for the discussion. The cases were presented without clinical information; the dentists would relate to the cases as being just root filled by themselves.

Results

The radiographs did not provide a sufficient basis for decisions on whether or not to accept the root filling. This study emphasized that dentists did not primarily look for these arguments in the technical details of the root filling per se, but instead, they considered selected features of the contextual situation. The GDPs constantly introduced relevant ‘ad hoc considerations’ to account for the decisions they made. These contextual considerations were related to aspects of pulpal and periapical disease, risks (e.g. technical complications) or to consumed resources (personal and/or economic).

Conclusions

It was obvious that the concept of ‘good enough’ does not exist as a general formula ready to be applied in particular situations. Instead, it is necessarily and irremediably tied to contextual properties that emerge from case to case.
Do Family Firms Purchase More Nonaudit Services than Non‐Family Firms?
Authors: Kang Fei
Published: January 2017

This study investigates the association between family ownership and the relative level of nonaudit service (NAS) fees paid to the incumbent auditors by public companies. Using data from S&P 1500 firms during the post‐SOX period 2002–2010, the study shows that the NAS fee ratio (the NAS fees relative to the total of audit and NAS fees) is higher for family firms than non‐family firms. The results suggest that family owners' close monitoring of their firms reduces the information asymmetry and agency problems between shareholders and managers, and as a result family firms tend to purchase more NAS from their auditors to appreciate the potential benefits of the auditors' knowledge spillovers. Additional analysis demonstrates that the positive association between family ownership and the NAS fee ratio is particularly pronounced for family firms without dual‐class shares and for those with non‐family‐member CEOs.
Application of autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for pemphigus
Authors: Wang Menglei , Cao Can , Sun Jing , Peng Xuebiao , Liu Qifa , Huang Liang , Chai Yanyan , Lai Kuan , Chen Pingjiao , Liu Qingxiu , Li Qian , Peng Yusheng , Xiong Hao , Zhang Jing , Chen Minghua , Zeng Kang
Published: January 2017

Background

Pemphigus is a rare and fatal autoimmune disease for which the treatment options are limited. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of autologous peripheral hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (APHSCT) for pemphigus.

Methods

We conducted APHSCT for 12 pemphigus patients (seven males and five females, mean age 23.8 years) with life‐threatening complications or who responded poorly to conventional therapy. Peripheral blood stem cells were mobilized with cyclophosphamide, granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor, and rituximab, and purified autologous CD34+ stem cells were infused. Overall survival rate, progression‐free survival, and adverse events were recorded.

Results

With a mean follow‐up period of 80.3 months, overall survival and complete clinical remission rates were 92% (11/12) and 75% (9/12), respectively. Adverse effects included pyrexia, allergy, infection, and elevation of enzymes. Only one patient died of severe sepsis and multiple organ failure 2 months after APHSCT.

Conclusion

Overall APHSCT is a promising therapeutic option for pemphigus.
Mortality event involving larvae of the carpet shell clam Ruditapes decussatus in a hatchery: isolation of the pathogen Vibrio tubiashii subsp. europaeus
Authors: Dubert J , Aranda‐Burgos J A , Ojea J , Barja J L , Prado S
Published: January 2017

Diseases caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Vibrio are a common, as yet unresolved, cause of mortality in shellfish hatcheries. In this study, we report the results of routine microbiological monitoring of larval cultures of the carpet shell clam Ruditapes decussatus in a hatchery in Galicia (NW Spain). Previous episodes of mortality with signs similar to those of vibriosis affecting other species in the installation indicated the possibility of bacterial infection and led to division of the culture at the early D‐veliger larval stage. One batch was cultured under routine conditions, and the other was experimentally treated with antibiotic (chloramphenicol). Differences in larval survival were assessed, and culturable bacterial population in clams and sea water was evaluated, with particular attention given to vibrios. Severe mortalities were recorded from the first stages of culture onwards. The pathogen Vibrio tubiashii subsp. europaeus was detected in both batches, mainly associated with larvae. Moreover, initial detection of the pathogen in the eggs suggested the vertical transmission from broodstock as a possible source. Experimental use of antibiotic reduced the presence and diversity of vibrios in sea water, but proved inefficient in controlling vibrios associated with larvae from early stages and it did not stop mortalities.
Reduced representation genome sequencing reveals patterns of genetic diversity and selection in apple
Authors: Ma Baiquan , Liao Liao , Peng Qian , Fang Ting , Zhou Hui , Korban Schuyler S. , Han Yuepeng
Published: January 2017

Identifying DNA sequence variations is a fundamental step towards deciphering the genetic basis of traits of interest. Here, a total of 20 cultivated and 10 wild apples were genotyped using specific‐locus amplified fragment sequencing, and 39,635 single nucleotide polymorphisms with no missing genotypes and evenly distributed along the genome were selected to investigate patterns of genome‐wide genetic variations between cultivated and wild apples. Overall, wild apples displayed higher levels of genetic diversity than cultivated apples. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) decays were observed quite rapidly in cultivated and wild apples, with an r2‐value below 0.2 at 440 and 280 bp, respectively. Moreover, bidirectional gene flow and different distribution patterns of LD blocks were detected between domesticated and wild apples. Most LD blocks unique to cultivated apples were located within QTL regions controlling fruit quality, thus suggesting that fruit quality had probably undergone selection during apple domestication. The genome of the earliest cultivated apple in China, Nai, was highly similar to that of Malus sieversii, and contained a small portion of genetic material from other wild apple species. This suggested that introgression could have been an important driving force during initial domestication of apple. These findings will facilitate future breeding and genetic dissection of complex traits in apple.
What are the evolutionary origins of stomatal responses to abscisic acid in land plants?
Authors: Sussmilch Frances C. , Brodribb Timothy J. , McAdam Scott A. M.
Published: January 2017

The evolution of active stomatal closure in response to leaf water deficit, mediated by the hormone abscisic acid (ABA), has been the subject of recent debate. Two different models for the timing of the evolution of this response recur in the literature. A single‐step model for stomatal control suggests that stomata evolved active, ABA‐mediated control of stomatal aperture, when these structures first appeared, prior to the divergence of bryophyte and vascular plant lineages. In contrast, a gradualistic model for stomatal control proposes that the most basal vascular plant stomata responded passively to changes in leaf water status. This model suggests that active ABA‐driven mechanisms for stomatal responses to water status instead evolved after the divergence of seed plants, culminating in the complex, ABA‐mediated responses observed in modern angiosperms. Here we review the findings that form the basis for these two models, including recent work that provides critical molecular insights into resolving this intriguing debate, and find strong evidence to support a gradualistic model for stomatal evolution.
UNCERTAINTY AND DENSITY FORECASTS OF ARMA MODELS: COMPARISON OF ASYMPTOTIC, BAYESIAN, AND BOOTSTRAP PROCEDURES
Authors: Mazzeu João Henrique Gonçalves , Ruiz Esther , Veiga Helena
Published: January 2017

The objective of this paper is to analyze the effects of uncertainty on density forecasts of stationary linear univariate ARMA models. We consider three specific sources of uncertainty: parameter estimation, error distribution, and lag order. Depending on the estimation sample size and the forecast horizon, each of these sources may have different effects. We consider asymptotic, Bayesian, and bootstrap procedures proposed to deal with uncertainty and compare their finite sample properties. The results are illustrated constructing fan charts for UK inflation.
The Reciprocity of Prosocial Behavior and Positive Affect in Daily Life
Authors: Snippe Evelien , Jeronimus Bertus F. , aan het Rot Marije , Bos Elisabeth H. , de Jonge Peter , Wichers Marieke
Published: January 2017

Objective

To examine whether prosocial behaviors help sustain a positive mood, we tested the dynamic reciprocal associations between prosocial behavior and positive affect (PA) in daily life. A second aim was to examine whether the personality traits Neuroticism and Extraversion moderate these associations.

Method

The study included a community sample (N = 553). Participants completed an electronic diary assessing prosocial behavior and PA three times a day over 30 days. A subsample of 322 participants filled out the NEO Five‐Factor Inventory to assess Neuroticism and Extraversion. Multilevel autoregressive models were performed to examine the within‐person bidirectional associations between prosocial behavior and PA and possible moderation by Neuroticism and Extraversion.

Results

Within individuals, more PA was followed by more prosocial behavior at the next assessment, and more prosocial behavior was followed by more PA. The effect of prosocial behavior on PA was stronger for individuals high on Neuroticism. Extraversion did not moderate the associations under study.

Conclusions

The findings indicate that prosocial behavior and PA reinforce each other in daily life. Prosocial behavior seems most beneficial for individuals high on Neuroticism.
Melatonin ameliorates alcohol‐induced bile acid synthesis by enhancing miR‐497 expression
Authors: Kim Yong Deuk , Hwang Seung‐Lark , Lee Eun‐Joo , Kim Hyeong‐Mi , Chung Myung‐Jin , Elfadl Ahmed K. , Lee Sung‐Eun , Nedumaran Balachandar , Harris Robert A. , Jeong Kyu‐Shik
Published: January 2017

Alcoholic liver disease is a major cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, and cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) is involved in a diverse metabolic diseases. B‐cell translocation gene 2 (BTG2) and yin yang 1 (YY1) are a potent regulator of biological conditions. Melatonin plays a crucial role in regulating diverse physiological functions and metabolic homeostasis. MicroRNAs are key regulators of various biological processes. Herein, we demonstrate that melatonin improves bile acid synthesis in the liver of alcohol‐fed mice by controlling miR‐497 expression. The level of bile acid and the expression of Cb1r, Btg2, Yy1, and bile acid synthetic enzymes were significantly elevated in the livers of Lieber‐DeCarli alcohol‐fed mice. The overexpression of Btg2 enhanced Yy1 gene expression and bile acid production, whereas disrupting the CB1R‐BTG2‐YY1 cascade protected against the bile acid synthesis caused by alcohol challenge. We identified an alcohol‐mediated YY1 binding site on the cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase (Cyp7a1) gene promoter using promoter deletion analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Notably, melatonin attenuated the alcohol‐stimulated induction of Btg2, Yy1 mRNA levels and bile acid production by promoting miR‐497. Overexpression of a miR‐497 mimic dramatically diminished the increase of Btg2 and Yy1 gene expression as well as bile acid production by alcohol, whereas this phenomenon was reversed by miR‐497 inhibitor. These results demonstrate that the upregulation of miR‐497 by melatonin represses alcohol‐induced bile acid synthesis by attenuating the BTG2‐YY1 signaling pathway. The melatonin–miR497 signaling network may provide novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of hepatic metabolic dysfunction caused by the alcohol‐dependent pathway.
Parent perceptions of health promotion for school‐age children with spina bifida
Authors: Luther Brenda L. , Christian Becky J.
Published: January 2017

Purpose

To gain insight into how parents develop their beliefs of health promotion for their children with spina bifida (SB) and how they develop and promote health promotion practices for their children.

Design

Qualitative, exploratory design with semi‐structured interviews of parents of children between 6 and 12 years of age diagnosed with SB was used for this study.

Results

Perceptions of health promotion weremaintaining healthy bowel functionandmanaging SB care. Good bowel function and SB management is health promotion and adequate bowel function is viewed as amarker of health. Maintaining healthy bowel function was identified by parents as the key marker of health for their children with SB. Further, the termhealth promotionbrought up plans, concerns, and goals more related to their child's physiologic functioning and health care needs rather than promoting health and avoiding preventable disease.

Practice Implications

Nurses and healthcare providers are in unique and powerful positions for strategizing with parents on how to integrate health promotion into the lives of children with SB. Team‐based, whole‐person, holistic assessment and teaching inclusive of promoting healthy lifestyle behaviors in addition to providing excellent care related to their physiologic systems affected by SB can improve how we promote health for these children.
Sleep and its associations with perceived and objective cognitive impairment in individuals with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Hughes Abbey J. , Parmenter Brett A. , Haselkorn Jodie K. , Lovera Jesus F. , Bourdette Dennis , Boudreau Eilis , Cameron Michelle H. , Turner Aaron P.
Published: January 2017

Problems with sleep and cognitive impairment are common among people with multiple sclerosis (MS). The present study examined the relationship between self‐reported sleep and both objective and perceived cognitive impairment inMS. Data were obtained from the baseline assessment of a multi‐centre intervention trial (NCT00841321). Participants were 121 individuals withMS. Nearly half (49%) of participants met the criteria for objective cognitive impairment; however, cognitively impaired and unimpaired participants did not differ on any self‐reported sleep measures. Nearly two‐thirds (65%) of participants met the criteria for ‘poor’ sleep, and poorer sleep was significantly associated with greater levels of perceived cognitive impairment. Moreover, the relationships between self‐reported sleep and perceived cognitive impairment were significant beyond the influence of clinical and demographic factors known to influence sleep and cognitive functioning (e.g. age, sex, education level, disability severity, type ofMS, disease duration, depression and fatigue). However, self‐reported sleep was not associated with any measures of objective cognitive impairment. Among different types of perceived cognitive impairment, poor self‐reported sleep was most commonly related to worse perceived executive function (e.g. planning/organization) and prospective memory. Results from the present study emphasize that self‐reported sleep is significantly and independently related to perceived cognitive impairment inMS. In terms of clinical implications, interventions focused on improving sleep may help improve perceived cognitive function and quality of life in this population; however, the impact of improved sleep on objective cognitive function requires further investigation.
Trajectories of sleep and cardiac sympathetic activity indexed by pre‐ejection period in childhood
Authors: El‐Sheikh Mona , Hinnant J. Benjamin , Philbrook Lauren E.
Published: January 2017

Fragmented and insufficient sleep has been implicated in disrupted autonomic nervous system activity during resting state conditions in typically developing children. Towards explication of these relations over development, the current study tested reciprocal relations between the development of sleep parameters (efficiency, duration, latency) and cardiac sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity indexed by pre‐ejection period (PEP) during waking–resting state conditions throughout middle and late childhood. Whether sleep derives changes in PEP or vice versa was examined. A longitudinal design was employed and latent growth modelling was used to examine the research questions. During the first assessment, 282 children aged 9.44 years (65% European American, 35% African American) participated. Two more assessments followed, with a 1‐year lag between consecutive study waves. Sleep was examined with 7 nights of actigraphy in the child's home. Controlling for many potential confounds (sex, race/ethnicity, body mass index and family socioeconomic status), higher sleep efficiency and more sleep minutes predicted increases in PEP (less SNS activity) over 3 years. PEP did not predict changes in sleep efficiency or duration over time and there were no significant effects for sleep latency. Findings highlight the probable direction of effects between these two key bioregulatory systems. High levels of cardiac SNS activity are associated with many negative health outcomes, and thus these findings may have important implications.
Comparative pharmacokinetics of diaveridine in pigs and chickens following single intravenous and oral administration
Authors: Li Y.‐F. , Guo H.‐Y. , Yang F. , Zhou L.‐G. , Huang X.‐H. , Ding H.‐Z. , Zeng Z.‐L.
Published: January 2017

Comparative pharmacokinetic profiles of diaveridine following single intravenous and oral dose of 10 mg/kg body weight in healthy pigs and chickens were investigated, respectively. Concentrations of diaveridine in plasma samples were determined using a validated high‐performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet (HPLC‐UV) method. The concentration–time data were subjected to noncompartmental kinetic analysis by WinNonlin program. The corresponding pharmacokinetic parameters in pigs or chickens after single intravenous administration were as follows, respectively: t1/2β (elimination half‐life) 0.74 ± 0.28 and 3.44 ± 1.07 h; Vd (apparent volume of distribution) 2.70 ± 0.99 and 3.86 ± 0.92 L/kg; ClB (body clearance) 2.59 ± 0.62 and 0.80 ± 0.14 L/h/kg; and AUC0‐∞ (area under the blood concentration vs. time curve) 4.11 ± 1.13 and 12.87 ± 2.60 μg∙h/mL. The corresponding pharmacokinetic parameters in pigs or chickens after oral administration were as follows, respectively: t1/2β 1.78 ± 0.41 and 2.91 ± 0.57 h; Cmax (maximum concentration) 0.43 ± 0.24 and 1.45 ± 0.57 μg/mL; Tmax (time to reach Cmax) 1.04 ± 0.67 and 3.25 ± 0.71 h; and AUC0‐∞1.33 ± 0.55 and 9.28 ± 2.69 μg∙h/mL. The oral bioavailability (F) of diaveridine in pigs or chickens was determined to be 34.6% and 72.2%, respectively. There were significant differences between the pharmacokinetics profiles in these two species.
The discovery of the virulence gene ToxA in the wheat and barley pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana
Authors: McDonald Megan C. , Ahren Dag , Simpfendorfer Steven , Milgate Andrew , Solomon Peter S.
Published: January 2017

Bipolaris sorokiniana is the causal agent of multiple diseases on wheat and barley and is the primary constraint to cereal production throughout South Asia. Despite its significance, the molecular basis of disease is poorly understood. To address this, the genomes of three Australian isolates of B. sorokiniana were sequenced and screened for known pathogenicity genes. Sequence analysis revealed that the isolate BRIP10943 harboured the ToxA gene, which has been associated previously with disease in the wheat pathogens Parastagonospora nodorum and Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis. Analysis of the regions flanking ToxA within B. sorokiniana revealed that it was embedded within a 12‐kb genomic element nearly identical to the corresponding regions in P. nodorum and P. tritici‐repentis. A screen of 35 Australian B. sorokiniana isolates confirmed that ToxA was present in 12 isolates. Sequencing of the ToxA genes within these isolates revealed two haplotypes, which differed by a single non‐synonymous nucleotide substitution. Pathogenicity assays showed that a B. sorokiniana isolate harbouring ToxA was more virulent on wheat lines that contained the sensitivity gene when compared with a non‐ToxA isolate. This work demonstrates that proteins that confer host‐specific virulence can be horizontally acquired across multiple species. This acquisition can dramatically increase the virulence of pathogenic strains on susceptible cultivars, which, in an agricultural setting, can have devastating economic and social impacts.
Two Approaches to Tonal Space in the Music of Muddy Waters
Authors: CURRY BEN
Published: January 2017

This article posits two approaches to blues tonal space: the networked approach and the laddered approach. The first is underpinned by the cyclical potential of equal temperament and is characterised by descending chromatic motions. The second is underpinned by the harmonic series and is characterised by microtonal shaping of pitch content within the framework of a ladder that approximates an equal‐tempered major‐minor seventh chord.

Having explained the detail of these approaches to tonal space with reference to an early blues recording of Alberta Hunter and Fats Waller, the article goes on to examine Muddy Waters's use of the laddered approach to tonal space, but also develops novel ways of referencing the networked approach and of finding synergies between networked and laddered approaches. Analysis of key songs from Waters's repertoire offers insight into the interchange between networked and laddered tonal space in blues music. This interchange holds the major‐minor seventh chord to be structurally significant owing to the weight afforded by the sonority of the minor third and the affinity between microtonal and semitonal melodic motions.
Rock Harmony Reconsidered: Tonal, Modal and Contrapuntal Voice‐Leading Systems in Radiohead
Authors: OSBORN BRAD
Published: January 2017

A great deal of the harmony and voice leading in the British rock group Radiohead's recorded output between 1997 and 2011 can be heard as elaborating either traditional tonal structures or establishing pitch centricity through purely contrapuntal means. This mode of hearing Radiohead's music departs from theories of rock harmony that (1) focus on fretboard‐specific melodic gestures, (2) highlight the role of modal scalar collections or (3) associate pitch centricity with hypermetric emphasis. Willingness to hear Radiohead's contrapuntal practice – a keyboard‐centred affair in this mature period – in such a prolongational way demands hearing non‐tonic phrase beginnings and even entire formal sections in keys for which no tonic chord is present. Graphic techniques ultimately derived from Schenker (though adapted for rock music by Everett, Burns and Nobile) illuminate this comparatively conservative way of hearing rock harmony. Under this rigorous model, which privileges descending fifth motions and melodically fluent contrapuntal structure, Radiohead's 1997–2011 corpus reveals three distinct systems of voice leading and harmony: functional tonal, functional modal and contrapuntal.
Effects of simulation education on oral care practices – a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Jansson Miia M. , Syrjälä Hannu P. , Ohtonen Pasi P. , Meriläinen Merja H. , Kyngäs Helvi A. , Ala‐Kokko Tero I.
Published: January 2017

Background

Implementation of evidence‐based oral care protocols, nurse education programmes and assessment tools may reduce the risk of developing ventilator‐associated pneumonia by increasing critical care nurses' knowledge and skills in adhering to current oral care recommendations.

Aims

To evaluate the longitudinal effects of single‐dose simulation education with structured debriefing and verbal feedback on critical care nurses' knowledge and skills in adhering to current oral care recommendations.

Design

A randomized controlled trial with repeated measurements.

Method

The data for the study were collected in a single academic centre in a 22‐bed adult, mixed, medical‐surgical intensive care unit in Finland from February 2012 to March 2014. The effectiveness of simulation education was evaluated through the validated Ventilator Bundle Questionnaire and Observation Schedule at baseline (n = 30) and 24 months (n = 17) after simulation education. Data were analysed using a linear mixed model and intention‐to‐treat analyses.

Results

During the study period, the average knowledge score in the intervention group increased significantly (44·0% to 56·0% of the total score) in the final post‐intervention measurement (pt = 0·51, pg = 0·002, pt*g = 0·023). However, single‐dose simulation education with structured debriefing and verbal feedback had no impact on critical care nurses' skill scores.

Conclusion

Single‐dose simulation education had only a minimal effect on critical care nurses' knowledge and skills in adhering to current oral care recommendations. Despite increased awareness, there was no significant difference in oral care practices between the study groups after simulation education.

Relevance for clinical practice

The need for regularly repeated educational sessions with theoretical training and practical exercises and direct feedback is evident. Certain aspects of oral care, such as prevention of microaspiration of oropharyngeal secretions and moistening of oral mucosa and lips, require more reinforcement than others.
The Impact of Rating Recalibration on Municipal Bond Yield Spreads
Authors: Kriz Kenneth A. , Xiao Yan
Published: January 2017

In this paper, we examine the effects of the global rating recalibration conducted by Moody's and Fitch credit rating agencies in early 2010. We test the hypothesis forwarded by the rating agencies that the recalibration was “yield neutral.” Using time series methods, we find that the rating recalibration brought a structural change to the municipal bond market and increased the spread of municipal bonds in the Aaa, Aa, and A rating categories over their risk‐free comparison group by approximately 15 basis points. The impact of the rating recalibration on the spread of Baa‐rated bonds was not statistically significant.
Inquiring about insomnia may facilitate diagnosis of depression in the primary care setting
Authors: Fujieda Megumi , Uchida Katsuhisa , Ikebe Shinichiro , Kimura Akihiro , Kimura Masashi , Watanabe Toshiaki , Sakamoto Hisako , Matsumoto Teruaki , Uchimura Naohisa
Published: January 2017

Aim

Depression is often undiagnosed in primary care. Asking about sleep status is much easier than asking about mood. This study was conducted to examine the relation between insomnia and depression.

Methods

New patients aged 35–64 years were recruited from internal medicine clinics in Japan. Self‐administered questionnaires were employed. Depression was evaluated by the Zung Self‐Rating Depression Scale and the Profile of Mood States. Sleep status was investigated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Likelihood ratios of insomnia for depression were calculated. To assess the relation between insomnia and depression independent of confounding factors, adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using multiple logistic regression analyses.

Results

Among 598 subjects, 153 (25.6%) were assessed as having depression. ‘Very bad sleep quality, with difficulty falling asleep within 30 min ≥3 times/week’ showed a positive likelihood ratio of 20.36 (95%CI, 2.53–164) while ‘not very good sleep quality’ had a negative likelihood ratio of 0.32 (95%CI, 0.14–0.72). Adjusted for sex, age, underlying diseases, major life events, lifestyle habits, and relationship problems, significant OR for depression were observed for ‘difficulty falling asleep within 30 min ≥3 times/week’ (OR, 2.53; 95%CI, 1.07–5.98), ‘waking up in the middle of the night or early morning ≥3 times/week’ (OR, 3.09; 95%CI, 1.58–6.05), and ‘fairly bad sleep quality’ (OR, 3.65; 95%CI, 1.34–9.96).

Conclusion

Inquiring about the weekly frequency of difficulty ‘falling asleep within 30 min,’ ‘waking up in the middle of the night or early morning,’ and ‘sleep quality’ may help to diagnose depression.
Laughing on the Way to Social Change: Humor and Nonviolent Action Theory
Authors: Sørensen Majken Jul
Published: January 2017

Activists in both dictatorships and democracies use humor as a method of nonviolent resistance, and its special way of appealing to emotions and imagination through ambiguity frequently sets it apart from other forms of nonviolent action. This study analyzes three examples from twentieth‐century Sweden of the political uses of humor according to the ability of each to facilitate dialogue, break power, serve as an utopian enactment, and be a normative regulation. In these cases, humor is found to have a particular ability to break the power of dominant discourses, because their ambiguity makes them ideal as “guerrilla attacks” in the ongoing discursive guerrilla war the activists are waging.
A case of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)‐positive ciliated muconodular papillary tumor (CMPT) of the lung
Authors: Taguchi Ryo , Higuchi Kayoko , Sudo Motohiro , Misawa Kenji , Miyamoto Takashi , Mishima Osamu , Kitano Morihisa , Azuhata Koji , Ito Nobuo
Published: January 2017

Ciliated muconodular papillary tumor (CMPT) is a rare papillary tumor that arises in the peripheral lung fields and is associated with the proliferation of ciliate
d and goblet cells and increased mucin production. We report a case of CMPT involving the rearrangement of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) gene. The patient was an 84‐year‐old Japanese female who had exhibited a small nodular shadow on chest computed tomography during a regular checkup 10 years ago. She underwent a partial resection of segment S10 of the right lung. The cut surface of the surgical specimen revealed a well‐circumscribed, jelly‐like mass measuring 8 × 8 × 10 mm. Histologically, the tumor was composed of a mixture of ciliated, goblet, and basal cells arranged in a papillary pattern together with pools of mucin. A diagnosis of CMPT was made. The lung tumor cells were subjected to fluorescent in situ hybridization and highly sensitive immunohistochemical staining for the ALK protein, both of which produced positive results. CMPT usually follows a favorable course, but the exact nature of this tumor; i.e., whether it is benign or malignant, has not been established. This is the first reported case of an ALK‐positive CMPT.