bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Evaluation of Temperature Rise inside Pulp Chamber Using Two Different Provisional Restorative Materials
Authors: Shaikh Osama , Soomro Zeeshan , Memon Naveed , Khuhro Muslim , Memon Mohd Rizwan , Jaseem Sumera , Memon Hina
Published: March 2022

Aim: To compare the rise in temperature inside pulp chambers with two different provisional crown prosthesis materials.

Study Design: Comparative -in vitro.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Prosthodontics, Liaquat Medical University Hospital from AUGUST 2019 TO DECEMBER 2019.

Methodology: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mean rise in temperature during provisional restoration utilising Polymethyl methacrylate resin (PMMA) versus bis- glycidyl methacrylate resin (Bis-GMA) at in-vitro laboratory of Prosthodontic department, Liaquat University of Medical and Health, Jamshoro. A total number of 60 extracted maxillary central incisor teeth were selected using non probability consecutive sampling technique. Teeth were divided into two groups on the basis of fabrication material used. In group I; Poly-methyl methacrylate resin (PMMA) was used for provisional restoration and in group II; bis-glycidyl methacrylate (Bis-GMA) was used for provisional restoration. Tooth preparations were performed following all the principles. Mean temperature rise was recorded and compared for both material over each tooth using radicular approach after placing the provisional restorations in impression mould.

Results: A total number of 60 teeth were selected, out of which 31 (51.67%) were right maxillary central incisor and 29 (48.33%) were left maxillary central incisor. On comparison of mean rise in pulp temperature between the PMMA group and Bis-GMA group, mean rise in temperature was significantly high in PMMA group; 40.59±0.56°C versus 39.40±0.53°C in Bis-GMA group (p-value <0.0001).

Conclusion: The mean rise in pulp temperature using Bis-GMA resin was significantly less as compared to the PMMA material. So Bis-GMA should be preferred over PMMA material for provisional restorations.
Evaluation of Closest Speaking Space in Different Angle’s Classification of Occlusion
Authors: Jaseem Sumera , Kashif Naseem , Khuhro Muslim , Memon Naveed , Memon Mohd Rizwan , Memon Hina Akhlaq
Published: March 2022

Aim: To determine closest speaking space in different Angle’s malocclusion classes.

Study design: Descriptive Cross Sectional.

Place and Duration of Study: .Department of Prosthodontics, Liaquat University of medical and Health Sciences Hospital during period of July 2021 - Dec 2021.

Methodology:Total  111  Patients  from  both  genders  with  age  range  18-45  with  intact  1st  and  2nd premolars were alginate impressions were taken. Polysiloxane Elastomeric impression material bites in 1.5cm thickness were placed bilaterally on occlusal surfaces of mandibular premolars and molar teeth in patients oral cavity. Patients were instructed to swallow and repeat the Sindhi Language word “SASSI”. The elastomeric material bite blocks were removed and thickeness was noted down for each patient at premolar region using digital vernier calliper. The measurements were recorded in millimetres.

Results: A total of 111 patients were examined, with an average age of 35 years and a range of 18 to 45 years (Table 1). Males made up 56 % of the population, while females consists of 44 % (Figure 1). According to occlusion, the majority of patients had class I 50 (45 %), class III 29 (26.1 %), and class II div I and II 16 (14.4 %) correspondingly (Table 2). According to the mean closest speaking space, it was highest in class II div II 7.05+2.38 mm and  in class II div I 4.81+3.47 mm, with 2.02+0.75 mm in class I and 1.20+1.08 mm in class III (Table 3).

Conclusion: It was concluded that closest speaking space was significantly increased in angles class II patients whereas decreased in angles class III.
later prehistoric settlement and metalworking site at Seafield West, near Inverness, Highland
Authors: Cressey Michael , Anderson Sue , Clarke Ann , Cowie Trevor , Hunter Fraser , Heald Andrew , Eremin Katherine , Johnson Melanie , Pelling Ruth , Mack Ian , McDonnell Gerry
Published: March 2022

Construction in 1996 at a major retail development site close to Inverness, Highland (NGR: NH 694 445) resulted in the destruction of two known cropmark sites. One set of cropmarks was found to be associated with a Bronze Age log-boat burial site and the results of the ensuing excavation are published elsewhere (Cressey & Sheridan 2003). The excavation of a second area of cropmarks forms the subject of this publication. The archaeological remains consisted of a series of negative features, post-holes and annular ditches which form parts of at least nine separate structures of a later prehistoric unenclosed settlement. A mould fragment indicated Late Bronze Age sword production in the vicinity. A palisaded enclosure produced a copper-alloy brooch that is a rare find for the region. Evidence of copper-alloy objects and metalworking from a smelting hearth and slags show that the occupants were of some status. Some of the structural and artefactual evidence compellingly points to an in situ ironworking workshop. A large cache of smithing charcoal found in association with a smelting hearth was radiocarbon dated to 180BC–AD70 and represents one of the few dated in situ Iron Age ironworking episodes in Scotland.
A SÍFILIS ESTÁ DE VOLTA SYPHILIS IS BACK
Authors: Góes Rabelo Rosangela , De Araújo Melo Leonardo , Santos Araujo Nara
Published: March 2022

Sífilis é uma infecção sexualmente transmissível (IST) exclusiva do ser humano, transmitida através de práticas sexuais sem proteção, contato com sangue ou saliva de indivíduos infectados e através da mãe para o filho. Tem como agente etiológico a espiroqueta Treponema Pallidum e, de acordo com as características clínicas, imunológicas e histopatológicas, apresenta 3 fases distintas: primária, secundária e terciária. As manifestações orais são relevantes para o diagnóstico precoce e os cirurgiões-dentistas devem estar atentos à patologia, por ser curável quando diagnosticada e tratada de forma eficaz, o que reduz danos irreversíveis.  Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) unique to humans, transmitted through unprotected sexual practices, contact with blood or saliva from infected individuals and through the mother to the child. Its etiologic agent is the spirochete Treponema Pallidum and according to its clinical, immunological and histopathological features, it has 3 distinct phases: primary, secondary and tertiary. Oral manifestations are relevant for early diagnosis and dental surgeons should be alert to the pathology because it is curable when diagnosed and treated effectively, which reduces irreversible damage.
MOLDAGEM DIGITAL EM PRÓTESE DENTÁRIA DIGITAL IMPRESSIONS IN PROSTHODONTICS
Authors: Moitinho Troesch Milena , Borges Mello Bárbara , Oliveira Carvalho Adriana , Maria Castor Xisto Lima Emilena
Published: March 2022

O ato de moldar é uma prática comum nos consultórios, no entanto, como avanço na área odontológica e na busca pela modernização para promoverconforto ao paciente e agilidade nos tratamentos, surgiram no iníciodos anos 80, os modelos digitais. Com os avanços tecnológicos, osprocessos de moldagem e obtenção de modelo digital, como também,a produção da peça protética, são feitos por meio do sistema CAD/CAM(Computer Aided Design/ Computer Aided Manufacturing) otimizandoa qualidade e tempo das reabilitações orais. Assim, o objetivo desse trabalhofoi apresentar uma revisão de literatura sobre a moldagem digitalem prótese dentária, suas indicações, vantagens, desvantagens e principaissistemas digitais disponíveis. Foi realizada uma busca nos periódicosda CAPES, Pubmed e Bireme com as palavras-chaves “Prótese Dentária”,“Desenho Assistido Por Computador” e “Restauração Dentária Permanente”e utilizados artigos no período de 2005 a 2020. A moldagem digitalfornece resultados similares às técnicas de impressão convencionaise atende aos requisitos de precisão para o processo de transferência deinformações da boca do paciente para o laboratório de prótese dentária.Além disso, o conforto do paciente e a agilidade no tratamento sãoaspectos positivos que agregam valor à essa tecnologia. Existem muitossistemas digitais disponíveis atualmente na área odontológica, cabe aocirurgião-dentista e ao laboratório de prótese escolher qual se adequamelhor à sua rotina.The act of impression is a common practice in dentistry, however, withthe advances in the dental field and the search for modernization in orderto promote patient comfort and agility in treatments, digital modelsemerged in the early 1980s. With technological advances, the processes of impression and obtaining a digital model, as well as the fabrication ofprosthetic parts, are performed by CAD / CAM system, optimizing thequality and time of oral rehabilitations. Thus, the aim of this study wasto present a literature review on digital impression in dental prosthesis,its indications, advantages, disadvantages and main available digital systems.A search was conducted in CAPES, Pubmed and Bireme journalswith the keywords “Dental Prosthesis”, “Computer Assisted Design” and“Permanent Dental Restoration” and the period for the studies used wasfrom 2005 to 2020. Digital impressions provides similar results to conventionaltechniques and meets the precision requirements for the process oftransferring information from the patient’s mouth to the dental laboratory.In addition, patient comfort and agility in treatment are positive aspectsthat add value to this technology. There are many digital systems currentlyavailable in the dental field, it is up to the dentist and the prosthesis laboratoryto choose which one best suits your routine.
COLAGEM DE FRAGMENTO EM DENTE PERMANENTE TRAUMATIZADO: RELATO DE CASO FRAGMENT REATTACHMENT ON TRAUMATIZED PERMANENT TOOTH: CASE REPORT
Authors: Silva dos Santos Aline , Nogueira Borges da Costa Kamila , Machado Bezerra Braga Tacíria , Coelho Ferreira Meire
Published: March 2022

Objetivo: Relatar um caso clínico de reabilitação minimamente invasiva em paciente com traumatismo em dentição permanente. Descrição do caso: Paciente do sexo feminino, melanoderma, 9 anos de idade, sofreu uma queda durante atividade escolar, ocasionando a fratura coronária dos incisivos centrais superiores permanentes. O fragmento do dente 11 foi armazenado em soro fisiológico. O tratamento instituído para este dente foi a reabilitação da forma da coroa dentária a partir da técnica de colagem do fragmento dental, uma vez que este se mostrou íntegro e com boa adaptação ao remanescente coronário. O dente 21 recebeu procedimento restaurador convencional. Conclusão: A técnica executada se mostrou viável, de fácil execução, baixo custo e apresentou resultados satisfatórios, devolvendo estética e funcionalidade dental, além da autoestima ao paciente. O acompanhamento clínico e radiográfico realizado até o momento mostra que o dente não apresenta nenhuma alteração cromática, pulpar e periapical.Purpose: Report a clinical case of minimally invasive rehabilitation in a patient with permanent tooth trauma. Case description: Female patient, melanoderma, 9 years old, suffered a fall during school activity, causing the coronary fracture of the permanent maxillary central incisors. The fragment of the tooth 11 was storage in physiological saline. The treatment instituted for that tooth was the rehabilitation of the shape of the dental crown using the reattachment technique of dental fragment, since it proved to be intact and with good adaptation to the remaining coronary. Tooth 21 received a conventional restorative procedure. Conclusions: The technique performed proved to be viable, easy to perform, low cost and presented satisfactory results, restoring the aesthetics and dental functionality, in addition to the patient's self-esteem. The clinical and radiographic monitoring carried out so far shows that the tooth does not present any chromatic, pulp and periapical changes.
BIOCHEMICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL INTERACTION BETWEEN DIABETES MELLITUS AND PERIODONTAL DISEASES IN ORTHODONTICS INTERAÇÃO BIOQUÍMICA E IMUNOLÓGICA ENTRE A DIABETES MELLITUS E DOENÇAS PERIONDONTAIS NA ORTODONTIA
Authors: Fonseca Garcia Vinicius , Bertagnolli Coutinho Loyane , Cézar de Oliveira Mário
Published: March 2022

Periodontal disease is complex once it involves disorders that affect the tissues. The main etiologic agent of the periodontium disease is the bacterial plaque and in its most advanced stages there might be loss of the teeth adhesion to the periodontal and the gingiva, with consequent local bone resorption, resulting in tooth loss. Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases in most countries and it is increasing in number and relevance. In 2019 was estimated that 463 million adults suffered from diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder known as being associated to various systemic diseases, as well as being associated with many problems in the oral areas. Studies have shown that diabetes, if untreated, can lead to the development of periodontal diseases. Several mechanisms have been suggested to explain the increased susceptibility to periodontal diseases, including changes in host response, subgingival microflora, gingival crevicular fluid and inheritance patterns. Multiple pathophysiological mechanisms are also associated with increased alveolar bone loss found in diabetic patients. The bidirectional inter-relationship between diabetes mellitus and periodontal diseases typifies a classic example of how a systemic disease can predispose to an oral infection and of how it can exacerbate a systemic condition.A doença periodontal é complexa, pois envolve distúrbios que afetam os tecidos. O principal agente etiológico da doença periodontal é a placa bacteriana e em seus estágios mais avançados pode haver perda da adesão dos dentes ao periodonto e gengiva, com consequente reabsorção óssea local, resultando em perda dentária. O diabetes mellitus é uma das doenças crônicas mais comuns na maioria dos países e está aumentando em número e relevância. Em 2019 foi estimado que 463 milhões de adultos sofreu com a diabetes mellitus, um distúrbio metabólico conhecido por estar associado a várias doenças sistêmicas, além de estar associado a diversos problemas nas áreas bucais. Estudos têm demonstrado que o diabetes, se não for tratado, pode levar ao desenvolvimento de doenças periodontais. Vários mecanismos têm sido sugeridos para explicar o aumento da suscetibilidade às doenças periodontais, incluindo mudanças na resposta do hospedeiro, microflora subgengival, fluido gengival e padrões de herança. Múltiplos mecanismos fisiopatológicos também estão associados à perda óssea alveolar aumentada encontrada em pacientes diabéticos. A inter-relação bidirecional entre diabetes mellitus e doenças periodontais tipifica um exemplo clássico de como uma doença sistêmica pode predispor a uma infecção oral e como pode exacerbar uma condição sistêmica.
EFETIVIDADE DA TERAPIA CIRÚRGICA NA CORREÇÃO DE DESORDENS INTRACAPSULARES NA ATM EFFECTIVENESS OF SURGERY THERAPY IN CORRECTION OF INTRACAPSULAR DISORDERS AT ATM
Authors: Kelly de Medeiros Juliana , Isllan dos Santos Gonçalves Rhuan , Fernandes Farias Micaella , Jhenikártery Maia de Oliveira José , Christina de Queiroz Pinheiro Rachel
Published: March 2022

Objetivo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo, analisar se as técnicas cirúrgicas de artroscopia e artrocentese estão associadas a uma melhora sintomática e funcional de pacientes com as desordens internas da articulação temporomandibular. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo de revisão de literatura, onde foi preconizado a inclusão de estudos do tipo ensaios clínicos prospectivos executados em seres humanos, que contaram com acompanhamento pós operatório de pelo menos seis meses. As buscas foram feitas na base de dados PubMed, a partir do emprego de 3 (três) termos de indexação: “Arthroscopy TMJ”, “Arthrocentesis TMJ”, “TMJ Surgery” utilizados de forma isolada ou combinada, publicados entre os anos de 2014 e 2017, na língua inglesa. Nove artigos compuseram a amostra do devido estudo. Revisão de literatura: Existem poucos estudos clínicos utilizando amostras mais representativas que façam acompanhamentos mais detalhados durante um tempo prolongado, assim como uma considerável escassez quanto aos procedimentos que envolvessem artroscopia, que apesar das limitações, mostrou-se eficaz, porém a artrocentese ainda se mostrou mais eficiente, principalmente quanto a redução da dor a longo prazo. Considerações finais: As duas técnicas apresentaram benefícios muito similares, mas ainda é necessário que sejam feitos estudos com acompanhamento mais prolongado, associando a técnica cirúrgica aos procedimentos não invasivos, garantindo maior estabilidade ao tratamento.Objective: This study aimed to analyze the association between the surgical techniques of arthroscopy and arthrocentesis, and a symptomatic and functional improvement of patients with internal disorders of the temporomandibular joint. Methodology: This is a literature review study, in which was recommended the inclusion of studies such as prospective clinical trials performed on humans that had at least six months of postoperative follow-up. The searches were made in the PubMed database, using 3 (three) indexing terms: “Arthroscopy TMJ”, “Arthrocentesis TMJ”, “TMJ Surgery” used in isolation or in combination, published between 2014 and 2017, in the English language. Nine articles comprised the sample of the due study. Literature review: There are few clinical studies using more representative samples with a more detailed follow-up for a longer period of time, as well as a considerable shortage of procedures involving arthroscopy, which, despite the limitations, proved to be effective, but arthrocentesis still proved to be more efficient, especially regarding long-term pain reduction. Final considerations: The two techniques showed very similar benefits, but it is still necessary to carry out studies with longer follow-ups, associating the surgical technique with non-invasive procedures, ensuring greater stability to the treatment.
Probiotic Treatment Enhances Pre-feeding Larval Development and Early Survival in Zebrafish Danio rerio
Authors: Padeniya Uthpala , Larson Earl T. , Septriani Shafira , Pataueg Arjay , Kafui Akpoh Rhoda , Hasan Ekramul , Mmaduakonam Obodoefuna Somadina , Kim Gun-Do , Kiddane Anley Teferra , Brown Christopher L
Published: March 2022

The growth and development of healthy culture subjects are essential in increasing productivity in the aquaculture industry. A primary determinant of aquatic animal productivity is the ambient microbial population. If an aquatic animal's microbiome is diverse, with bacteria favoring beneficial over pathogenic species, the health and growth of the animal (i.e., fish or crustacean) can be substantially improved. Embryonic and newly hatched Zebrafish Danio rerio larvae were reared in the presence of (1) water from the broodstock culture tank as a control, (2) a probiotic solution containing 19 strains of live lactic acid bacteria (LAB), or (3) an antibiotic (AB) solution with amoxycillin. Developmental parameters were monitored until 10 d postfertilization. Bacteria present in the water and larvae were cultured and identified by sequencing the V4 hypervariable region of bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA. Probiotic-treated larvae showed significant increases in every measured morphological parameter and in survival compared to the controls and AB-treated larvae, including TL, eye development, and swim bladder development before first feeding. Staining with DASPEI (2-(4-[dimethylamino]styryl)-N-ethylpyridinium iodide) produced fluorescence, revealing increased mitochondrial activity in the gastrointestinal tracts of probiotic-treated larvae and reflecting advancement of initial metabolic function. Probiotic-treated larvae showed accelerated yolk absorption, resulting in increased nutrient mobilization and growth. Microbial analyses revealed a greater concentration of bacteria in larvae in response to the probiotic treatment compared to the other two treatments. Species identified in all three treatments included Pseudomonas spp. and Aeromonas spp. (Proteobacteria). The second most diverse and abundant microbiome was seen in controls, whereas AB-treated larvae had the least diverse microbiome. All treatments revealed the presence of proteobacteria, but an AB-resistant pathogenic bacterium (Stenotrophomonas maltophilia) was identified in the AB group. These results reveal that the presence of LAB and other bacteria favorably influenced early larval growth, development, digestive function, and survival in Zebrafish even before the onset of feeding.
Using eclipse scripting to fully automate in‐vivo image analysis to improve treatment quality and safety
Authors: Chalise Ananta Raj , Bojechko Casey
Published: March 2022

Purpose

An automated, in‐vivo system to detect patient anatomy changes and machine output was developed using novel analysis of in‐vivo electronic portal imaging device (EPID) images for every fraction of treatment on a Varian Halcyon. In‐vivo approach identifies errors that go undetected by routine quality assurance (QA) to compliment daily machine performance check (MPC), with minimal physicist workload.

Methods

Images for all fractions treated on a Halcyon were automatically downloaded and analyzed at the end of treatment day. For image analysis, compared to first fraction, the mean difference of high‐dose region of interest is calculated. This metric has shown to predict changes in planning treatment volume (PTV) mean dose. Flags are raised for: (Type‐A) treatment fraction whose mean difference exceeds 10%, to protect against large errors, and (Type‐B) patients with three consecutive fractions with mean exceeding ±3%, to protect against systematic trends. If a threshold is exceeded, a physicist is e‐mailed, a report for flagged patients, for investigation. To track machine output changes, for all patients treated on a day, the average and standard deviations are uploaded to a QA portal, along with the reviewed MPC, ensuring comprehensive QA for the Halcyon. To guide clinical implementation, a retrospective study from November 2017 till December 2020 was conducted, which grouped errors by treatment site. This framework has been used prospectively since January 2021.

Results

From retrospective data of 1633 patients (35 759 fractions), no Type‐A errors were found and only 45 patients (2.76%) had Type‐B errors. These Type‐B deviations were due to head‐and‐neck weight loss. For 6 months of prospective use (345 patients), 13 patients (3.7%) had Type‐B errors and no Type‐A errors.

Conclusions

This automated system protects against errors that can occur in vivo to provide a more comprehensive QA. This fully automated framework can be implemented in other centers with a Halcyon, requiring a desktop computer and analysis scripts.
The safety and efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin in autoimmune encephalitis
Authors: Lee Soon‐Tae , Lee Han Sang , Lee Woo‐Jin , Cha Han‐A , Kim Seon Hui , Shin Seo‐Yi , Chu Kon , Lee Sang Kun
Published: March 2022

Objective

Although intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is the first‐line immunotherapy in autoimmune encephalitis, all supporting evidence comes from retrospective case series. Here, we performed a prospective clinical trial of IVIG for functional recovery in autoimmune encephalitis.

Methods

This single‐arm, open‐label study assessed the efficacy and safety of 10% intravenous IVIG treatment in newly diagnosed patients with possible autoimmune encephalitis. Patients received IVIG (0.4 g/kg/day) for 5 days. Rescue immunotherapy was permitted when the patient deteriorated before day 8 or showed no improvement at day 8. The primary outcome was the change in the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at day 8 and 29. The secondary outcomes were the mRS score improvement and the score changes and improvements on four other clinical scales.

Results

Overall, 23 patients received IVIG (intension‐to‐treat, ITT), and 18 patients completed the study according to the protocol (per‐protocol, PP). mRS improved significantly at days 8 and 29 compared to baseline in both the ITT and PP populations. Other secondary outcomes also improved significantly at day 8, 15, and 29 versus baseline. In the PP population, 6/18 patients achieved favorable outcomes with IVIG alone (mRS = 0~2 at day 8), and 12/18 patients received rescue immunotherapy. Five adverse events were reported in relation to IVIG, all of which were mild.

Interpretation

IVIG improved neurological functional outcomes, and the improvement was evident by day 8. Adverse effects were tolerable. These data provide the prospective evidence regarding the efficacy of IVIG in improving the functional outcomes of autoimmune encephalitis.
Electrical Manipulation of Exchange Bias in an Antiferromagnet/Ferromagnet‐Based Device via Spin–Orbit Torque
Authors: Fang Bin , Sánchez‐Tejerina San José Luis , Chen Aitian , Li Yan , Zheng Dongxing , Ma Yinchang , Algaidi Hanin , Liu Kai , Finocchio Giovanni , Zhang Xixiang
Published: March 2022

Electrical manipulation of exchange bias (EB) enables an additional degree of freedom in the design of innovative spintronic devices. However, the electrical switching of EB via spin–orbit torque (SOT) has not been achieved in magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs), which are one of the building blocks in spintronic devices. Herein, based on the SOT in antiferromagnets (AFMs), perpendicular EB reversal across AFM IrMn and ferromagnetic (FM) [Co/Pt]2 multilayer is demonstrated both in extended and confined geometries. In particular, in three‐terminal perpendicular MTJ devices, the switching of the EB using the SOT is achieved. Both high and low resistances are observed at the zero magnetic field during EB switching. The findings provide the direction to include a new functionality in spintronic devices and will inspire future research in exploring the electrical control of EB in SOT magnetic random access memory (SOT‐MRAM).
Rapid Surface Display of mRNA Antigens by Bacteria‐Derived Outer Membrane Vesicles for a Personalized Tumor Vaccine
Authors: Li Yao , Ma Xiaotu , Yue Yale , Zhang Kaiyue , Cheng Keman , Feng Qingqing , Ma Nana , Liang Jie , Zhang Tianjiao , Zhang Lizhuo , Chen Zhiqiang , Wang Xinwei , Ren Lei , Zhao Xiao , Nie Guangjun
Published: March 2022

Therapeutic mRNA vaccination is an attractive approach to trigger antitumor immunity. However, the mRNA delivery technology for customized tumor vaccine is still limited. In this work, bacteria‐derived outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are employed as an mRNA delivery platform by genetically engineering with surface decoration of RNA binding protein, L7Ae, and lysosomal escape protein, listeriolysin O (OMV‐LL). OMV‐LL can rapidly adsorb box C/D sequence‐labelled mRNA antigens through L7Ae binding (OMV‐LL‐mRNA) and deliver them into dendritic cells (DCs), following by the cross‐presentation via listeriolysin O‐mediated endosomal escape. OMV‐LL‐mRNA significantly inhibits melanoma progression and elicits 37.5% complete regression in a colon cancer model. OMV‐LL‐mRNA induces a long‐term immune memory and protects the mice from tumor challenge after 60 days. In summary, this platform provides a delivery technology distinct from lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) for personalized mRNA tumor vaccination, and with a “Plug‐and‐Display” strategy that enables its versatile application in mRNA vaccines.
Bioinspired Tough Solid‐State Electrolyte for Flexible Ultralong‐Life Zinc–Air Battery
Authors: Dou Haozhen , Xu Mi , Zheng Yun , Li Zhaoqiang , Wen Guobin , Zhang Zhen , Yang Leixin , Ma Qianyi , Yu Aiping , Luo Dan , Wang Xin , Chen Zhongwei
Published: March 2022

Manufacturing advanced solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) for flexible rechargeable batteries becomes increasingly important but remains grand challenge. The sophisticated structure of robust animal dermis and good water‐retention of plant cell in nature grant germane inspirations for designing high‐performance SSEs. Herein, tough bioinspired SSEs with intrinsic hydroxide ion (OH−) conduction are constructed by in situ formation of OH− conductive ionomer network within a hollow‐polymeric‐microcapsule‐decorated hydrogel polymer network. By virtue of the bioinspired design and dynamic dual‐penetrating network structure, the bioinspired SSEs simultaneously obtain mechanical robustness with 1800% stretchability, good water uptake of 107 g g−1 and water retention, and superhigh ion conductivity of 215 mS cm−1. The nanostructure of bioinspired SSE and related ion‐conduction mechanism are revealed and visualized by molecular dynamics simulation, where plenty of compact and superfast ion‐transport channels are constructed, contributing to superhigh ion conductivity. As a result, the flexible solid‐state zinc–air batteries assembled with bioinspired SSEs witness high power density of 148 mW cm−2, specific capacity of 758 mAh g−1 and ultralong cycling stability of 320 h as well as outstanding flexibility. The bioinspired methodology and deep insight of ion‐conduction mechanism will shed light on the design of advanced SSEs for flexible energy conversion and storage systems.
Thin Yet Strong Composite Polymer Electrolyte Reinforced by Nanofibrous Membrane for Flexible Dendrite‐Free Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Yu Genxi , Pan Long , Zhang Heng , Wang Yaping , Li Kai , Chen Daming , Chen Jian , Sun Zheng Ming
Published: March 2022

Composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs) are promising for the realization of solid‐state lithium metal batteries (SSLMBs) with high energy density and safety. However, CPEs suffer from insufficient ionic conductivity and low mechanical strength at thin films. Herein this study, a porously nanofibrous Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO)/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) substrate prepared by electrospinning is filled with polyethylene oxide (PEO)/lithium salt (LiTFSI) to form LLZO/PAN/PEO/LiTFSI (LPPL) CPEs. The robust LLZO/PAN nanofibrous membrane mechanically supports the soft PEO/LiTFSI, while the dispersed LLZO together with the PEO/LiTFSI forms a dual Li+ conductive pathway. Benefiting from the great synergies between the building blocks, the obtained LPPL CPEs possess a high tensile strength (8.2 MPa) with a thickness of only 20 μm, resulting in a good ionic conductivity. In addition, the LPPL CPEs also exhibit a wide electrochemical window (5.5 V), high thermal stability, and excellent stability with lithium metal. As a result, the LiFePO4 (LFP)/LPPL/Li SSLMBs show good rate capability and cycling stability (100.5 mA h g−1@1.0 C after 430 cycles) at 60 °C. In addition, the soft‐packaged LFP/LPPL/Li SSLMBs demonstrate high safety under destructive conditions such as bending and cutting. Moreover, the LPPL CPEs are also applicable to the SSLMBs with high‐energy LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) or high‐capacity sulfur cathodes.
Economic impression of on‐farm research for sustainable crop production, milk yield, and livelihood options in semi‐arid regions of central India
Authors: Kumar Sunil , Sharma Purushottam , Satyapriya  , Govindasamy Prabhu , Singh Maharaj , Kumar Sant , Halli Hanamant M , Choudhary Bishwa Bhaskar , Bagavathiannan Muthukumar
Published: March 2022

Farming system research (FSR) is on‐farm research that brings cutting‐edge agricultural technologies to growers to enhance farm production, family income, and livelihood status. In 2007, an on‐farm study was started on FSR in central India, and the effect was assessed after 5 yr (2012–2013) of implementation by comparing adopters and nonadopters of FSR‐based promoted technologies. Further, in 2018–2019, the status of adoption of introduced technologies was also assessed. The study revealed that improved practices such as pre‐sowing irrigation, high‐yielding varieties, and crop protection measures collectively improved the system productivity of the adopters by 28%; the improved productivity was mainly due to increased yield of blackgram (Vigna mungoL., 157%), groundnut (Arachis hypogaeaL., 34%), and wheat (Triticum aestivumL., 12%). Adoption of ration balancing and healthcare practices promoted under the FSR project accentuated the milk yield of farm animals (200 L yr–1cattle–1) of adopters. The farm diversification and sustainable production practices under the FSR‐based interventions increased family income of adopters by 35% (US$1,517.7 yr–1) and employment by 42%. Adopter households averaged a 33.76% higher return per unit of investment than nonadopters. The estimated change is primarily due to the non‐neutral technological change. The findings of the study offer important lessons for the promotion of FSR‐based interventions for improving the livelihood of resource‐poor farmers in arid and the semi‐arid regions across the world.
Contrasting effects of nectar yeasts on the reproduction of Mediterranean plant species
Authors: de Vega Clara , Albaladejo Rafael G. , Álvarez‐Pérez Sergio , Herrera Carlos M.
Published: March 2022

Premise

Yeasts are often present in floral nectar and can influence plant fitness directly (independently of pollinators) or indirectly by influencing pollinator visitation and behavior. However, few studies have assessed the effect of nectar yeasts on plant reproductive success or compared effects across different plant species, limiting our understanding of the relative impact of direct vs. indirect effects.

Methods

We inoculated the nectar of six plant species in the field with the cosmopolitan yeast Metschnikowia reukaufii to analyze the direct and indirect effects on female reproductive success over 2 years. The pollinator assemblage for each species was recorded during both flowering years.

Results

Direct yeast effects on female fecundity were statistically nonsignificant for all plant species. There were significant indirect, pollinator‐mediated effects on fruit production and seed mass for the two species pollinated almost exclusively by bumblebees or hawkmoths, with the direction of the effects differing for the quantity‐ and quality‐related fitness components. There were no consistent effects of the yeast on maternal fecundity for any of the species with diverse pollinator assemblages.

Conclusions

Effects of M. reukaufii on plant reproduction ranged from negative to neutral or positive depending on the plant species. The among‐species variation in the indirect effects of nectar yeasts on plant pollination could reflect variation in the pollinator community, the specific microbes colonizing the nectar, and the order of microbial infection (priority effects), determining potential species interactions. Elucidating the nature of these multitrophic plant–pollinator–microbe interactions is important to understand complex processes underlying plant pollination.
Me3SiCl‐Catalyzed Electrophilic Thiocyanation/Cyclization of Alkynylbenzoates to Synthesize 4‐Thiocyanatoisocourmarins
Authors: Shao Chukai , He Ying , Yin Hongquan , Chen Fu‐Xue
Published: March 2022

A metal‐free and regioselective electrophilic thiocyanation/cyclization of alkynylbenzoates has been developed to afford series of thiocyanato‐containing isocourmarins catalyzed by Me3SiCl. Tandem thiocyanation/6‐endo cyclization of alkynylbenzoates was achieved using N‐thiocyanatosuccinimide (NTS). A wide scope of substrates and functional groups have been tolerated with moderate to excellent yield up to 98%. The mild reaction conditions make this protocol more practical to access isocourmarins bearing a thiocyanato group with diverse transformations.
Research on synthesis of polyurethane based on a new chain extender obtained from waste polyethylene terephthalate
Authors: Li Qunyang , He Hui , Zhang Cheng , Liang Xutong , Shen Yue
Published: March 2022

Bis(2‐hydroxyethyl) terephthalate (BHET), the alcoholysis monomer of waste polyethylene terephthalate, can form a cross‐linked network structure with the polyurethane main chain because of the unique structure of active hydroxyl groups. In this work, organic small molecular BHET was applied as a new chain extender in polyurethane synthesis. A green and facile method was proposed to fabricate waterborne polyurethane (WPU) by recycling waste polyester. It was found that WPU was successfully prepared by using BHET as chain extender. Compared with polyurethane prepared by small molecular chain extender 1,4‐butanediol (BDO), mechanical strength and thermal stability of polyurethane were remarkably enhanced by the incorporation of BHET. Meanwhile, the water absorption rate of the polyurethane is reduced. The tensile strength of WPU/BDO materials with 3.77 wt% BDO was 5.3 MPa, while WPU/BHET materials with 3.77 wt% BHET was 9.4 MPa. Furthermore, the elongation at break of WPU/BHET materials reached the maximum with 5.66 wt% BHET. Moreover, WPU/BHET materials prepared by using BHET as a chain extender have better thermal stability in high temperature environments. BHET with distinctive structure and the uniform dispersion will have more potentials for the preparation of high‐performance polyurethane composites, especially for green recycling of polyester materials.
Recent Progress in Transition Metal‐Catalyzed Hydrosilane‐Mediated C−H Silylation
Authors: Kong Yuanfang , Mu Delong
Published: March 2022

Organosilicon compounds are widely used in materials science, medicinal chemistry and synthetic chemistry. Recently, significant progress has been achieved in transition metal‐catalyzed dehydrogenative C−H silylation. Particularly, recently developed monohydrosilane and dihydrosilane mediated C−H silylation have emerged as powerful tools in constructing C−Si bonds. Besides, dihydrosilane‐mediated enantioselective asymmetric C−H silylation has successfully enabled the construction of central and helical silicon chirality. In addition, chiral organosilicon compounds have exhibited excellent photoelectric material properties and broad application prospects. Furthermore, organosilicon compounds could under a series of functional group transformations to enrich the diversity of silicon chemistry. This review will present a comprehensive picture of the development of transition metal‐catalyzed hydrosilane‐mediated intramolecular C(sp2)−H and C(sp3)−H silylation organized by their reaction types and mechanisms. In addition, dihydrosilane‐mediated enantioselective asymmetric C−H silylation to construct central and helical silicon chirality will also be highlighted in the review.
Optimisation and Stability of Rh Particles on Noble Metal Films Immobilised on H+ Conducting Solid Polymer Electrolyte in Attaining Efficient Nitrate Removal
Authors: Ahsan Mohebul , Hossain Md Mosaraf , Almahri Albandary , Rahman Mohammed M. , Hasnat Mohammad A.
Published: March 2022

During the electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate, nitrite is often evolved as a product along with ammonia due to the sluggish nitrite‐to‐ammonia conversion process compared to the nitrate‐to‐nitrite conversion step. Rhodium metal has been proven to enhance nitrite‐to‐ammonia conversion rates, yielding ammonia as the only final product. In the present article, we have shown how effectively Rh nanoparticles immobilized on Pt and Pd films deposited on H+ conducting Nafion‐117 membranes eliminate intermediate nitrite ions during the progress of the nitrate reduction reaction in a flow type reactor. In this research, we also demonstrated the optimization of Rh nanoparticles on the cathode surface to attain effective nitrate reduction along with a reproducibility check. The dissolution of loosely held Rh nanoparticles on the cathodic surface was observed, which tends to be redeposited during cathodic electrolysis, causing stable performance. Finally, Tafel analysis was performed to show the relative kinetic feasibility of the Rh‐modified Pt and Pd electrodes in attaining nitrate reduction reactions in neutral medium.
Optimum tank size for large rainwater harvesting system
Authors: Sultana Rebeka
Published: March 2022

The efficiency of rainwater tank systems depends on tank size, local climate, and potable water demand. This study investigates optimum tank size to maximize water saving potential in semi‐arid Southern California using a simple daily water balance model. The model evaluates the performance of various tank varying sizes collecting rainwater from 10,000 m2 rooftop area of a college campus for the local historical dry, average, and wet years. Results show tank sizes of 130–630 m3 having 100% capture efficiency but system reliability varies from 2.8% to 37.75% in the dry to wet years, respectively. An optimal tank size range is derived from the reliability curves that represent the tank system performance in the local climate. Optimal tank size ranges from 180 to 240 m3, which can capture more than 64% of the roof runoff and thus the campus can reduce on an average 10% of urban water demand.
Impact of Compression on the Electrochemical Performance of the Sulfur/Carbon Composite Electrode in Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Chien Yu‐Chuan , Li He , Lampkin John , Hall Stephen , Garcia‐Araez Nuria , Brant William R. , Brandell Daniel , Lacey Matthew J.
Published: March 2022

While lithium‐sulfur batteries theoretically have both high gravimetric specific energy and volumetric energy density, only its specific energy has been experimentally demonstrated to surpass that of the state‐of‐the‐art lithium‐ion systems at cell level. One major reason for the unrealized energy density is the low capacity density of the highly porous sulfur/carbon composite as the positive electrode. In this work, mechanical compression at elevated temperature is demonstrated to be an effective method to increase the capacity density of the electrode by at least 90 % and moreover extends its cycle life. Distinct impacts of compression on the resistance profiles of electrodes with different thickness are investigated by tortuosity factors derived from both electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, X‐ray computed tomography and kinetic analysis based on operando X‐ray diffraction. The results highlights the importance of a homogeneous electrode structure highlight lithium‐sulfur system.
Direct moxibustion exerts an analgesic effect on cervical spondylotic radiculopathy by increasing autophagy via the Act A/Smads signaling pathway
Authors: Cai Hui‐Qian , Lin Xin‐Ying , Chen Hai‐Yan , Zhang Xi , Lin Yuan‐Yuan , Pan Shan‐Na , Qin Mei‐Xiang , Su Sheng‐Yong
Published: March 2022

Background

Direct moxibustion (DM) is reported to be useful for cervical spondylotic radiculopathy (CSR), but the analgesic mechanism remains unknown. Autophagy plays a protective role in neuronal apoptosis, Act A/Smads signaling pathway has been confirmed to be associated with the activation of autophagy. The study aimed to explore the effect of DM on autophagy in rats with CSR and the involvement of Act A/Smads signaling pathway.

Methods

Rats were randomly divided into Sham, CSR, CSR + DM, CSR + DM + 3‐MA (PI3K inhibitor), and CSR + DM + SB (Act A inhibitor) group. Three days after establishment of CSR model with a fish line inserted under the axilla of the nerve roots, DM at Dazhui (GV14) was performed six times once for seven consecutive days. Western blot and immunofluorescence staining were used to observe the expression of the neuronal autophagy molecule LC3II/I, Atg7, and Act A/Smads signaling molecule Act A, p‐Smad2, and p‐Smad3. Bcl‐2/Bax mRNA expression was measured by real time PCR.

Results

DM improved the pain threshold and motor function of CSR rats and promoted the expression of Act A, p‐Smad2, p‐Smad3, LC3II/I, and Atg7 in the entrapped‐nerve root spinal dorsal horn. DM reduced the expression of Bax mRNA and decreased the number of apoptotic neurons. 3‐MA and Act A inhibitor SB suppressed the expression of above‐mentioned proteins and reduced the protective effect of DM on apoptotic neurons.

Conclusion

DM exerts analgesic effects by regulating the autophagy to reduce cell apoptosis and repair nerve injury, and this feature may be related to the Act A/Smads signaling pathway.
First‐line PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors plus chemotherapy versus bevacizumab plus chemotherapy for advanced non‐squamous non‐small cell lung cancer: A Bayesian network meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Zhai Jinzhao , Lu Jiangyue , Zhang Zhibo , Wang Yuan , Li Xiaoyan , Zhang Sujie , Mu Shuai , Zhi Xiaoyu , Ge Xiangwei , Lu Di , Hu Yi , Wang Jinliang
Published: March 2022

Chemotherapy in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) or bevacizumab has demonstrated a superior effect for non‐squamous non‐small cell lung cancer (NS‐NSCLC). There are still few randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the differences between ICI plus chemotherapy (ICI‐chemotherapy) and bevacizumab plus chemotherapy (Bev‐chemotherapy) in first‐line treatment of NS‐NSCLC. We identified RCTs in databases and conference abstracts presented at international conferences by Sep 1, 2021. Bayesian network meta‐analysis was performed using randomized effect consistency model to estimate hazard ratio (HR) and odds ratio (OR). The outcomes included overall survival (OS), progression‐free survival (PFS), overall response rate (ORR), and grade ≥ 3 treatment‐related adverse events (TRAEs). Fifteen RCTs (17 articles) of 6561 advanced NS‐NSCLC patients receiving ICI‐chemotherapy, Bev‐chemotherapy, or chemotherapy at first‐line were eligible for analysis. NMA results showed that first‐line ICI‐chemotherapy prolonged OS (HR 0.79, 0.66–0.94) in patients with advanced NS‐NSCLC compared with Bev‐chemotherapy, while no differences were in PFS, ORR, and grade ≥ 3 TRAEs (p > 0.05). Ranking plots suggested that ICI‐chemotherapy had the most probability to offer the best OS (probability 0.993), PFS (probability 0.658), and ORR (probability 0.565), and Bev‐chemotherapy had the most risks of grade ≥ 3 TRAEs (probability 0.833). Therefore, our findings showed that first‐line ICI‐chemotherapy was associated with better OS than Bev‐chemotherapy in patients with advanced NS‐NSCLC, and more clinical trials are warranted to confirm these results.