bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Suturing Versus Immobilization of a Muscle Laceration
Authors: Menetrey Jacques , Kasemkijwattana Channarong , Fu Freddie H. , Moreland Morey S. , Huard Johnny
Published: July 2017

Muscle laceration remains a difficult problem for orthopaedic surgeons. Despite many studies related to the muscle's ability to regenerate after muscle degeneration, very few reports are available regarding structural and functional recovery after skeletal muscle laceration. We developed an animal model of muscle laceration in mice, where the gastrocnemius muscles were reproducibly transected. We compared the effect of a surgical repair versus a short period of immobilization (5 days) on the muscle healing. The natural course of muscle recovery was monitored at several points after injury using histologic, immunohistochemical, and functional testing. In the injured muscle, we observed a high number of regenerating myofibers and development of fibrotic scar tissue. Suturing the lacerated muscle immediately after injury promoted better healing of the injured muscle and prevented the development of deep scar tissue in the lacerated muscle; conversely, immobilization resulted in slower muscle regeneration and the development of a large area of scar tissue. Tetanus strength 1 month after injury was 81% of control muscles for the sutured muscles, 35% for the lacerated muscles with no treatment, and 18% for the immobilized muscles. Based on this study, suturing a muscle laceration with a modified Kessler stitch results in the best morphologic and functional healing.
Evaluation of the Single-Incision Arthroscopic Technique for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Replacement
Authors: Howell Stephen M. , Wallace Michael P. , Hull Maury L. , Deutsch Michael L.
Published: July 2017

The tension in an anterior cruciate ligament graft may not be normal when the femoral tunnel is placed using the single-incision arthroscopic technique because the femoral tunnel is drilled through the tibial tunnel. We hypothesized that the in vivo tensile behavior of the double-looped semitendinosus and gracilis tendon graft can be normal or abnormal compared with the native anterior cruciate ligament, that the placement and angle of the tibial tunnel can predict the tensile behavior of the graft, that the graft with abnormal tensile behavior is associated with a nonanatomically placed tibial tunnel, and that the tensile behavior of the graft determines the stability of the reconstructed knee at 1 year. Total tension in the graft and knee flexion angle were measured in 14 subjects as the knee was flexed from 0° to 90°. A graft force greater than 40 N at 80° of flexion was considered abnormal. One year after surgery, the angle and position of the tibial tunnel were determined from roentgenograms, and knee stability was measured with a KT-1000 arthrometer. The criteria for anatomic tibial tunnel placement in the sagittal and coronal planes were derived from magnetic resonance images of uninjured knees. The tensile graft behavior was either normal (4 of 14) or abnormal (10 of 14) with the single-incision arthrosopic technique. The angle of the tibial tunnel in the coronal plane was predictive of abnormal tensile behavior. Abnormal tensile behavior occurred in anatomically placed tibial tunnels and was compatible with a stable and functional reconstructed knee at 1 year.
Knee Joint Laxity and Neuromuscular Characteristics of Male and Female Soccer and Basketball Players
Authors: Rozzi Susan L. , Lephart Scott M. , Gear William S. , Fu Freddie H.
Published: July 2017

Anterior cruciate ligament injuries are occurring at a higher rate in female athletes compared with their male counterparts. Research in the area of anterior cruciate ligament injury has increasingly focused on the role of joint proprioception and muscle activity in promoting knee joint stability. We measured knee joint laxity, joint kinesthesia, lower extremity balance, the amount of time required to generate peak torque of the knee flexor and extensor musculature, and electromyographically assessed muscle activity in 34 healthy, collegiate-level athletes (average age, 19.6 1.5 years) who played soccer or basketball or both. Independent t-tests were used to determine significant sex differences. Results revealed that women inherently possess significantly greater knee joint laxity values, demonstrate a significantly longer time to detect the knee joint motion moving into extension, possess significantly superior single-legged balance ability, and produce significantly greater electromyographic peak amplitude and area of the lateral hamstring muscle subsequent to landing a jump. The excessive joint laxity of women appears to contribute to diminished joint proprioception, rendering the knee less sensitive to potentially damaging forces and possibly at risk for injury. Unable to rely on ligamentous structures, healthy female athletes appear to have adopted compensatory mechanisms of increased hamstring activity to achieve functional joint stabilization.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Accelerates Functional Recovery from Achilles Tendon Injury in a Rat Model
Authors: Kurtz Christopher A. , Loebig Thomas G. , Anderson Donald D. , DeMeo Patrick J. , Campbell Phil G.
Published: July 2017

We studied the effects of insulin-like growth factor I on Achilles tendon healing in a rat model. Rats were randomized into groups of six each: sham surgery, transection alone, and transection plus growth factor. Postoperatively, rats treated with growth factor had a significantly smaller maximum functional deficit and a decreased time to functional recovery than rats in the untreated groups. Biomechanical testing revealed no significant differences in the measured parameters between the treated and the untreated groups after transection. To study the mechanism of action, six additional animals received an Achilles tendon injection of the inflammatory agent carrageenan alone and six received carrageenan plus growth factor. Rats treated with growth factor did not show the inflammation-induced functional deficit experienced by the control rats. Spectrometric myeloperoxidase assays on the remaining eight rats after Achilles tendon transection demonstrated no significant difference between the untreated and the growth factor-treated groups, indicating a mechanism other than neutrophil recruitment by which the growth factor limits inflammation. Histologic studies were performed on carrageenan-injected rats at postinjection day 2 and on surgically treated rats at postoperative day 15. No gross histologic differences were seen between untreated and growth factor-treated groups. This study demonstrated that via a possible antiinflammatory mechanism, insulin-like growth factor I reduces maximum functional deficit and accelerates recovery after Achilles tendon injury.
The Effects of Aging, Antiinflammatory Drugs, and Ultrasound on the In Vitro Response of Tendon Tissue
Authors: Almekinders Louis C. , Deol Gurvinder
Published: July 2017

We investigated the effects of aging and various treatments on rat patellar tendon using an in vitro model. In the first part of the study, the 3H-thymidine and 3H-proline incorporation rates at 12 and 24 hours were determined in transected patellar tendon explants from young (21 days), intermediate age (8 to 10 weeks), and older (4 to 6 months) rats. In the second part, the same incorporation rates were measured in the older tendon explants in response to treatment with control medium, medium with a high and low concentration of indomethacin, and medium with a high and low concentration of dexamethasone. Finally, the effects of ultrasound treatment were measured and compared with a sham ultrasound treatment. The results indicated an age-dependent response of the tendon. The youngest specimens consistently showed the highest incorporation rates. The addition of a high concentration of dexamethasone resulted in a small negative effect on the 3H-thymidine incorporation. Ultrasound and indomethacin had no significant effects. This study indicates that aging is associated with a lower metabolic activity of tendon. In this model, currently used treatment methods failed to result in direct positive effects on tendon tissue, and a high concentration of dexamethasone appeared to have a small negative effect.
Fasciotomy for Exertional Anterior Compartment Syndrome: Is Lateral Compartment Release Necessary?
Authors: Schepsis Anthony A. , Gill Sanjitpal S. , Foster Timothy A.
Published: July 2017

The standard surgery for exertional anterior compartment syndrome is fasciotomy of the anterior and lateral compartments of the leg. We prospectively studied the necessity of lateral compartment release, which can add morbidity and extend recovery. We performed 30 anterior compartment releases in 20 patients (10 bilateral operations) with exertional anterior compartment syndrome but no lateral compartment involvement. We alternately performed only an anterior compartment release or both anterior and lateral compartment releases on 10 patients. The 10 patients who underwent bilateral surgery each had, during the same surgery, an anterior and lateral compartment release on one leg and only an anterior compartment release on the other. All were athletes involved in running sports. Overall, satisfactory outcomes were seen in 90% of the limbs— 93% (14 of 15) that had anterior compartment release and 87% (13 of 15) that had release of both compartments (no statistically significant difference). For the patients who had unilateral surgery, the average time for full return to sports was 8.1 weeks after anterior release only and 11.4 weeks after release of both compartments, a statistically significant difference. The average time for full return to sports after bilateral surgery was 12.1 weeks. Among these patients, seven said that the leg with only anterior release seemed to recover faster. We concluded that when doing a fasciotomy for exertional anterior compartment syndrome alone, a lateral compartment release is not necessary.
Intra- and Interobserver Reproducibility of the Shoulder Laxity Examination
Authors: Levy Andrew S. , Lintner Scott , Kenter Keith , Speer Kevin P.
Published: July 2017

The present study evaluates the inter- and intraobserver reproducibility of clinical examination of glenohumeral laxity in the unanesthetized shoulder. Forty-three asymptomatic Division I collegiate athletes underwent bilateral shoulder laxity examination initially and again after 3 months. Translation of the humeral head on the glenoid fossa in the anterior, posterior, and inferior directions was graded by four physicians who were blinded to their own previous grading and that of the other examiners. Overall intraobserver reproducibility of examination was 46%. When grades 0 and 1 were equalized, overall intraobserver reproducibility improved to 74%. For both the equalized and non-equalized reproducibility values reported by all examiners, the kappa values for intraobserver correlation were less than 0.5, which suggests that correlations were not better than those achieved by chance alone. Overall interobserver reproducibility was 47%. When grades 0 and 1 were equalized, interobserver reproducibility improved to 78%. Kappa values were greater than 0.5 only in equalized posterior and inferior laxity. The data demonstrate that the laxity examination of the unanesthetized shoulder is not easily reproducible in either intra- or interobserver comparison. Equalization of grade 0 and grade 1 laxity improves both intra- and interobserver reproducibility. We recommend caution when determining diagnosis and treatment based on this examination.
Examination Under Anesthesia for Evaluation of Anterior Shoulder Instability
Authors: Oliashirazi Ali , Mansat Pierre , Cofield Robert H. , Rowland Charles M.
Published: July 2017

Thirty patients with unilateral, traumatic recurrent anterior instability were assessed by examination under anesthesia of both shoulders in the anterior, anteroinferior, inferior, posterior, and posteroinferior directions while the examiner controlled the patients' arm rotation. There were significant side-to-side differences in humeral head translation, depending on arm rotation. Humeral head translation was significantly greater in the abnormal shoulder only in the anteroinferior direction with 40° and 80° of external rotation of the arm. Defining an “abnormal” examination as grade 3 translation (translation of the humeral head up onto the glenoid rim) or grade 4 translation (translation of the humeral head over the glenoid rim, that is, dislocated) and translation two grades greater than the contralateral uninjured side, the test sensitivity was 83%, and the test specificity was 100%. Assessing humeral head translation by examination under anesthesia is a useful adjunct to the diagnostic tools for shoulder instability, but the number of tests should be expanded to include the anteroinferior and posteroinferior directions, and the tests should be done with the arm in varying degrees of rotation.
The Effect of Wrist Guards on Bone Strain in the Distal Forearm
Authors: Staebler Michael P. , Moore Douglas C. , Akelman Edward , Weiss Arnold-Peter C. , Fadale Paul D. , Crisco Joseph J.
Published: July 2017

There are increasing epidemiologic and biomechanical data suggesting that wrist guards are effective in preventing wrist injuries in snowboarders and in-line skaters. However, there have been few studies designed to determine how they function. In this study we explored the load-sharing function of wrist guards at subfailure loading levels. To do so, we measured bone strain in the distal radius, distal ulna, and midshaft of the radius in cadaveric forearms with and without two types of commercially available wrist guards. We also measured construct stiffness and energy absorption during testing. Our most significant findings were that dorsal and volar distal radius bone strain were reduced with both wrist guards, and wrist guards increased energy absorption. We also found a reduction in dorsal distal ulnar bone strain, but only with the one guard in which the volar plate was elevated off the heel of the hand. In our loading configuration, wrist guards did not increase bone strain at the radial midshaft. These findings provide insight into how wrist guards protect the wrist: during low-energy falls they function partly by load-sharing, as well as by absorbing impact energy.
The Appearance of Roofplasties on Lateral Hyperextension Radiographs
Authors: Miller Mark D. , Olszewski Albert D.
Published: July 2017

Graft impingement by the roof of the intercondylar notch has recently been implicated as a cause of failure after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Posterior tibial tunnel placement and roofplasties have been advocated to reduce the incidence of graft-roof impingement. Based on our earlier work in this area, we were concerned that lateral hyperextension radiographs, as advocated by Howell and associates to evaluate impingement, did not accurately reflect the extent of roofplasty accomplished intraoperatively. We hypothesized that these radiographs suggested that the grafts were moderately impinged, when, in fact, they were impingement-free. In a cadaver model, we compared radiographs made before and after roofplasty to determine whether there were any resultant changes in the appearance of the intercondylar roof. We found no detectable difference in 70% (14 of 20) of specimens. A second, subtle line superior to the intercondylar line appeared on radiographs in 30% of the specimens. We concluded that postoperative lateral radiographs may fail to show the effect of a roofplasty and can lead to the overdiagnosis of graft-roof impingement.
Open Debridement and Soft Tissue Release as a Salvage Procedure for the Severely Arthrofibrotic Knee
Authors: Millett Peter J. , Williams Riley J. , Wickiewicz Thomas L.
Published: July 2017

Postoperative loss of knee motion is a well-recognized phenomenon. This paper reports our results with open debridement and soft tissue release as a salvage procedure in the treatment of patients with severe arthrofibrosis on whom arthroscopic surgical techniques had failed. Eight knees (eight patients) were identified retrospectively. There were four men and four women; mean age was 29 years. All had severely restricted motion with extensive intraarticular and periarticular fibrosis. Range of motion averaged 62.5° preoperatively (flexion 81°, loss of extension 18.8°). Patients underwent open debridement and soft tissue release to restore motion. There were no complications. Motion improved to an average of 124° after surgery. Average flexion improved from 81° to 125°. Loss of extension improved from 18.8° to 1.25°. Functional outcome was good, with Lysholm II scores averaging 79. Patient satisfaction was high. There was a high incidence of patellofemoral arthritis at follow-up. Furthermore, the patellar tendon shortened approximately 6 mm over time. While we do not advocate open debridement and soft tissue release as a first-line treatment for arthrofibrosis, we do conclude that it can be effective as a salvage procedure to restore motion in the profoundly arthrofibrotic knee.
Outcomes of Postoperative Septic Arthritis After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: McAllister David R. , Parker Richard D. , Cooper Alan E. , Recht Michael P. , Abate Joseph
Published: July 2017

Arthroscopically guided reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament is a common orthopaedic procedure. While many associated complications have been described in the literature, postoperative septic arthritis has received little attention. Although rare after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, septic arthritis can have devastating consequences. From a group of 831 consecutive patients, we report 4 (0.48%) who sustained septic arthritis. All patients had similar symptoms and were treated by the same surgeon in the same manner. All underwent immediate arthroscopic lavage, open incision, drainage of associated wounds, debridement with graft retention, and treatment with intravenous and then oral antibiotics. The patients underwent an average of 2.75 procedures after the diagnosis to eradicate the infection and restore knee motion. All patients were evaluated at an average of 3 years after surgery. We found that previous knee surgery and meniscal repair were risk factors for the development of postoperative septic arthritis. The infection was successfully eradicated, the ligament graft was preserved, and knee stability and mobility were adequately restored in all patients. However, the clinical outcome of these patients appeared to be inferior to that of patients who had undergone uncomplicated anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. This inferior outcome appeared to be secondary to damage to the articular cartilage from the infection.
The Low Anterior Five-O'clock Portal During Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery Performed in the Beach-Chair Position
Authors: Pearsall Albert W. , Holovacs Tom F. , Speer Kevin P.
Published: July 2017

We evaluated the difficulty, accuracy, and safety of establishing a low anterior 5-o'clock portal for anterior capsulolabral repair in patients positioned in the beach-chair position during shoulder arthroscopy. An initial 5-o'clock portal was created using an inside-out technique as described by Davidson and Tibone. During establishment of the portal, significant force was required to lever the humeral head laterally, and chondral indentations were noted in several specimens. Because of the difficulty noted establishing the 5-o'clock portal using an inside-out technique, we attempted to establish a 5-o'clock anterior portal using an outside-in technique. Seven fresh-frozen cadaveric shoulders underwent shoulder arthroscopy in the beach-chair position. After the establishment of a 3-o'clock portal, a specially constructed guide was used to place a pin at the 5-o'clock position. The distances of the pins from the cephalic vein and the musculocutaneous and axillary nerves were recorded. The bottom (5-o'clock position) and top (3-o'clock position) pins varied from 12 to 20 mm from the musculocutaneous and axillary nerves. The bottom pin was located within 2 mm of the cephalic vein and varied from medial to lateral in different specimens. We do not recommend the use of a 5-o'clock portal using an inside-out or outside-in technique for patients positioned in the beach-chair position during shoulder arthroscopy because of the potential for cephalic vein or articular cartilage injury.
The Three-In-One Proximal and Distal Soft Tissue Patellar Realignment Procedure
Authors: Myers Peter , Williams Andrew , Dodds Richard , Bülow Jens
Published: July 2017

The three-in-one procedure for extensor mechanism realignment of the knee combines lateral release, vastus medialis obliquus muscle advancement, and transfer of the medial one-third of the patellar tendon to the tibial collateral ligament. We observed 37 patients (42 knees) receiving this treatment at a minimum 25-month follow-up (range, 25 to 85 months; mean, 44). Thirty-two of 42 knees (76%) with recurrent patellar dislocation had good or excellent results after surgery. Redislocation occurred in four knees (9.5%). Skeletal immaturity, chondral damage, and generalized ligament laxity did not seem to affect outcome. Thirty patients (37 knees) were studied 2 years earlier as well (mean follow-up, 29 months). When comparing the results 2 years later, there was a significant deterioration in outcome over time. These results are comparable with the published results for other techniques of patellar stabilization. We describe the place of the three-in-one operation in our surgical protocol for patellofemoral instability, which is based on the principle that a procedure should be selected to address the underlying pathologic features in an individual case rather than always using one operation for all cases.
The Effect of Foot Structure and Range of Motion on Musculoskeletal Overuse Injuries
Authors: Kaufman Kenton R. , Brodine Stephanie K. , Shaffer Richard A. , Johnson Chrisanna W. , Cullison Thomas R.
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this prospective study was to determine whether an association exists between foot structure and the development of musculoskeletal overuse injuries. The study group was a well-defined cohort of 449 trainees at the Naval Special Warfare Training Center in Coronado, California. Before beginning training, measurements were made of ankle motion, subtalar motion, and the static (standing) and dynamic (walking) characteristics of the foot arch. The subjects were tracked prospectively for injuries throughout training. We identified risk factors that predispose people to lower extremity overuse injuries. These risk factors include dynamic pes planus, pes cavus, restricted ankle dorsiflexion, and increased hindfoot inversion, all of which are subject to intervention and possible correction.
The Effect of Cytokines on the Proliferation and Migration of Bovine Meniscal Cells
Authors: Bhargava Madhu M. , Attia Erik T. , Murrell George A. C. , Dolan Martin M. , Warren Russell F. , Hannafin Jo A.
Published: July 2017

We determined the effect of cytokines on the proliferation and migration of cells isolated from the inner-third (white-white), middle-third (red-white), and outer-third (red-red) regions of bovine meniscus. Cells from the outer, or peripheral, region of the meniscus exhibited higher DNA synthesis in the presence of 10% serum compared with cells from the inner or central regions. Recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor-AB, hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor, and bone morphogenic protein-2 stimulated DNA synthesis of all meniscal cells in a dose-dependent manner, with a two- to threefold maximal stimulation at 10 ng/ml. Cell migration was also stimulated by addition of cytokines. Platelet-derived growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor caused an increase in the migration of cells derived from all three zones, while interleukin-1 selectively stimulated the migration of outer-zone meniscal cells. Epidermal growth factor was much less effective and stimulated the migration of cells in the inner and outer zones by 40% to 50%, while bone morphogenic protein-2 and insulin-like growth factor-1 stimulated the migration of meniscal cells from the middle zone by 40% to 50%. The identification of cytokines that stimulate both the growth and migration of meniscal cells may provide new tools for modulation of meniscal healing.
Age-Related Changes in Normal Isometric Shoulder Strength
Authors: Hughes Richard E. , Johnson Marjorie E. , O'Driscoll Shawn W. , An Kai-Nan
Published: July 2017

Normative data are useful for assessing isometric shoulder strength in patients with bilateral shoulder abnormalities. The purpose of this study was to develop a normative database for shoulder strength in the clinically relevant positions and movements. Twenty combinations of exertions and postures—including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal rotation, and external rotation—were tested for both the dominant and nondominant sides. Strength was measured isometrically using a modified Cybex II dynamometer. The cross-sectional study design included 120 subjects (60 women and 60 men) ranging in age from 20 to 78 years from southern Minnesota. Tables of normative strength data were constructed. Multivariate analyses were performed to assess the effect of age, sex, and weight on strength. Age was negatively associated with all strength measures, and weight was positively associated with them. Men were stronger than women when controlling for age and weight. Statistically significant differences between dominant and nondominant shoulders were found for only some of the strength measures taken. These normal data will be useful to the clinician, as they permit a standard against which to compare shoulder strength.
Induction of Meniscal Regeneration in Dogs Using a Novel Biomaterial
Authors: Cook James L. , Tomlinson James L. , Kreeger John M. , Cook Cristi Reeves
Published: July 2017

A unique biomaterial, porcine small intestinal submucosa, was used to construct grafts for implantation into surgically created medial meniscal defects in dogs. Five dogs received grafts and two were left untreated as controls. All dogs were evaluated at 4, 8, and 12 weeks by means of lameness scoring, force plate analysis, and ultrasonography. Twelve weeks after implantation the dogs were sacrificed and the replacement tissue was evaluated for gross and histologic appearance, amount, glycosaminoglycan content, and type II collagen immunoreactivity. Four weeks after instrumentation, both groups had lameness scores that were significantly higher than preoperative scores, but at the 8- and 12-week evaluations, scores for the grafted dogs were not different from preoperative values. The ultrasonographic appearance of replacement tissue in grafted defects resembled normal meniscus. In the untreated defects, only unorganized tissue was present. In control dogs, replacement tissue resembled fibrous tissue and cartilage erosions were visible on the medial femoral condyles. In four of the five grafted dogs, replacement tissue was grossly indistinguishable from normal meniscus. The amount of tissue in the defect was significantly greater for the grafted dogs. Histologically, replacement tissue in control dogs was composed of vascularized connective tissue with no evidence of chondroid differentiation. Replacement tissue in grafted dogs closely resembled normal meniscal tissue with respect to chondroid differentiation, collagen content, and zonal architecture. Porcine small intestinal submucosa appeared to have beneficial effects on meniscal regeneration.
Effects of Simulated Scapular Protraction on Anterior Glenohumeral Stability
Authors: Weiser William M. , Lee Thay Q , McMaster William C. , McMahon Patrick J.
Published: July 2017

We evaluated the effect of simulated scapular protraction on anterior glenohumeral translation and in situ inferior glenohumeral ligament strain. Five fresh-frozen cadaveric glenohumeral joints were tested in the position of apprehension while simulating scapular protraction using a custom translation testing device and a differential variable reluctance transducer. The results showed a statistically significant decrease in anterior glenohumeral translation as the scapula was increasingly rotated to simulate 20° of scapular protraction. With 15 N of thorax-based, anteriorly directed load, the mean anterior translation was 6.3 1.6 mm (mean SEM). With 10° of simulated scapular protraction, translation decreased to 4.1 1.0 mm; with 20° of simulated scapular protraction, it decreased further to 2.5 0.5 mm. For each of the other anteriorly directed loads, translations also decreased when 20° of scapular protraction was simulated. Concurrently for each of the anteriorly directed loads, there was increased in situ strain of the anterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament with increased simulated scapular protraction. These results suggest that repetitive or chronic protraction of the scapula may result in excessive strain and, ultimately, insufficiency in the anterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament.
Factor Structure of the K-ABC for Cantonese, English, and Punjabi Speaking Canadians
Authors: Gardner Joanne M.
Published: July 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine the construct validity (internal structure) of the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) for use with Cantonese, English, and Punjabi speaking Canadians. A confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the sequential/simultaneous theoretical model was supported by the English and Punjabi data: however, the Cantonese data did not exhibit a good fit with this model. Similarly, the results of the exploratory factor analysis suggested that sequential and simultaneous factors could apply when describing the factor structure of the English and Punjabi data, but not for the Cantonese data. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Acceptance of Response Cost Methods: Teachers' and Psychologists' Reactions
Authors: Elliott Stephen N. , Von Brock Trueting Mary , Robertson Sherry L.
Published: July 2017

Teachers' and psychologists' ratings of three classroom interventions, a token economy, a response cost, and a response cost lottery, were compared under two levels of implementation support. The Behavior Intervention Rating Scale (BIRS), a measure of treatment acceptability and perceived effectiveness, was the major dependent measure. A directed inquiryquestionnaire provided additional information concerning interventions and amount of implementation support. Results of a multivariate analysis demonstrated a significant effect for the within subject variable of intervention, however, there were no differences between the two professional groups or amount of support provided. Univariate analysis indicated all three factors of the BIRS were significant for the method variable. Specifically, Scheffe's post hoc procedure indicated the token economy intervention was rated more acceptable and effective than the two variants of response cost. Chi Square analysis of directed inquiry questions indicated response cost and response cost lottery were not preferred interventions, nor considered the most effective or typically suggested for use. All three interventions, however, were considered useable in schools. A relatively low amount of implementation support was considered typical, whereas a relatively high amount of support was considered more reasonable and adequate. Past research, future directions, and implications for practice were discussed.
Multidisciplinary School Teams: Perceptions of Goals, Roles and Functions
Authors: Cole Ester , Siegel Jane , Yau Maria
Published: July 2017

This study of the functioning of multidisciplinary school teams is based on responses from 332 staff members in 43 elementary and 11 secondary schools. Respondents represented five professional groups actively involved with school teams: principals/vice-principals, teachers, psychoeducational consultants, social workers, and guidance counselors. The results indicate that elementary teams meet more frequently than secondary teams and that more frequent meetings are associated with higher levels of member satisfaction. Typically, three quarters of meetings are devoted to discussing individual students and their needs. Most respondents see team members as being actively and collaboratively engaged in decision making. Classroom teachers, however, felt less engaged as active participants. They were seen as providers of information about referred students rather than as sharers of expertise regarding strategies and interventions. Areas in which professional development needs were identified included (a) more focus on classroom and schoolwide prevention programs, (b) greater teacher involvement in decision making, and (c) more focus on intervention strategies and follow-up activities.
Comparison of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Revised and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised for a Referred Population
Authors: Kostura Dwayne
Published: July 2017

Comparisons were made between the PPVT-R and WISC-R with 59 school-aged students (25 females, 34 males) referred for academic underachievement. Pearson product moments (r) and related t-tests were employed in the data analysis. The sample ranged in age from 6-2 to 15-5, with a mean age of 10-1, and SD=2.8. There were no significant differences between PPVT-R standard scores and WISC-R IQs. PPVT-R scores correlated significantly (p<.001) with WISC-R Verbal subtest scores. Implications of these findings for the use of the PPVT-R are discussed.
Living Criminologically with Naked Emperors
Authors: Pepinsky Hal
Published: July 2017

The author reviews the course of his criminological research, which began with the study of how police decide whether to record offenses. His research on crime measurement has ultimately led him to give up trying to measure trends in crime and criminality. In its place, he proposes a paradigm in which criminologists study how to democratize participation in social life, arguing that this is a more valid way to measure progress toward control of crime and personal violence.
Unto Thy Maker: The Fate of Church-Based Nonprofit Clinics in a Turbulent Health Care Environment
Authors: Hager Mark A. , Pins Joel J. , Jorgensen Cheryl A.
Published: July 2017

Despite the explosive growth of the nonprofit sector in recent years, many charitable organizations have closed their doors. Evolution of the health care delivery system in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area in Minnesota has favored large, integrated service networks at the expense of small, church-based nonprofit organizations that have long served as a means of neighborhood organizing, social outreach, and the proliferation of community values. Interviews with three defunct church-based health care organizations provide the basis for the authors' observations that relatively sudden and wide-scale changes in the health care environment have legislated against small health care organizations, selecting them out for extinction.
Determining Frames of Reference for Religiously Based Organizations: A Case of Neo-Alinsky Efforts to Mobilize Congregational Resources
Authors: Byrd Michael
Published: July 2017

This article provides an organizational analysis that addresses the challenge of studying community-based groups lacking the characteristics of formal, rational organizations, doing so through the use of social and moral theory. It first addresses prominent schools of research in the contemporary sociology of religion as influenced particularly by resource mobilization and rational choice theories. In the course of so doing, it demonstrates the adequacy and limitations of resource mobilization theory for understanding religiously based organizations.
Organization from Community: A Case Study of Congregational Renewal
Authors: Milofsky Carl
Published: July 2017

This article is a case study of one minister's effort at congregational renewal in a small-town, mainline Protestant church that had persistently lost members as the congregation aged. Although the article describes the minister, his efforts, and his church, the main goal is to show how we may view organizations as subcomponents of the communities in which they exist. The article explicitly conceptualizes this church renewal effort as an example of an organizational type first proposed by Janowitz in describing the community press in urban settings. To move beyond the business model of organizations in analyzing nonprofit organizations, we need to find conceptual models that represent clear alternatives. We also need case examples that clearly illustrate those conceptual alternatives. This case is offered in that spirit.
On the Indispensability of Youth for Experience
Authors: Ahmadi Amir
Published: July 2017

Drawing on the works of Paul Valéry and Walter Benjamin I show in what way the change in the temporal rhythm of life in industrial modern society has affected the individual's mode of experience. In particular, what might be called `authentic' experience, or in Benjamin's words experience of `fulfilled time', finds itself increasingly at odds with everyday time. Under this condition, I argue, youth is viewed as a resource that enables the individual to step out of everyday time, and is thus valued as what makes the experience of fulfilment possible.
Time, Work and Gender in Spain
Authors: Carrasco Cristina , Recio Albert
Published: July 2017

This article explores two related topics: the recent effects of women in Spain entering the labour market and the current transformation of time management at home and at work. There are important movements in both fields with correlating consequences. These changes will greatly affect the role of women in our society determining the quality and evolution of not only women's lives, but also of our society in general. This article discusses some basic questions about time management and its impact on people's lives, the important changes in the culture and work of women in the last two decades and the transformations in the management of work time with specific attention given to its effects on women and domestic care.
Book Review: Zakir Hussain, Saudi Arabia in a Multipolar World: Changing Dynamics
Authors: Wright Andrea
Published: July 2017

Zakir Hussain, Saudi Arabia in a Multipolar World: Changing Dynamics. London and New York: Routledge, 2016 (South Asia edition), pp. 266, ₹895. ISBN: 978-1-138-21781-2
Islamism and Political Challenges in the Middle East
Authors: Quamar Md. Muddassir
Published: July 2017

Jean-Pierre Filiu. (2015). From deep state to Islamic state: The Arab counter-revolution and its Jihadi legacy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Tarek Osman. (2016). Islamism: What it means for the Middle East and the world. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Fazzur Rahman Siddiqui. (2017). Political Islam and the Arab uprising: Islamist politics in changing times. New Delhi: SAGE Publications.
The Vicissitudes of the Arab States System: From its Emergence to the Arab Spring
Authors: Sela Avraham
Published: July 2017

This article analyzes the historical performance of the Arab states system—incarnated in the form of the League of Arab States (AL)—from the latter’s foundation in 1945 through its heydays in the late 1970s during which it left a long-term imprint in the form of new norms and rules governing the inter-Arab game, to the more recent state of weakness and marginalization, especially in the wake of the Arab Spring. Contrary to the commonly held views by Western scholars of the AL as an inherent failure, this article sheds light on the impact made by this system via the AL, especially in affecting interstate security and order in a region saturated with conflicts.
Post-rentier Economic Challenges
Authors: Ulrichsen Kristian Coates
Published: July 2017

The rentier states of the Middle East face a combination of political and economic challenges as they seek to reduce their reliance on volatile oil and gas revenues and diversify their economies. This article examines how the political economy of the six Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states remains heavily dependent on the hydrocarbon sector and analyses the policy responses to the fall in world oil prices since 2014. Sections in the article examine the definitional aspect of rentier state theory, nature of the redistributive welfare state that developed in the 1970s in each Gulf State, and the political aspect of economic measures that seek to reform aspects of the distinctive political economy that has underpinned socio-political and economic stability for the past five decades.
Transitional Politics in Bangladesh: A Study of Sattar's Interim Presidency
Authors: Hassan Shaukat
Published: July 2017

President Ziaur Rahman's assassination at the hands of miscreants in the vort of Chittagong in May 1981 stunned his compatriots. Zia was the first popularly elected president with a 77 per cent electoral mandate. His youth, igour and dedication had earned him the respect of his countrymen. He was he only President to establish genuine and regular political contact with the ural majority, bringing to them the promise of a better life. And in the eyes f the informed public he had pulled Bangladesh out of the backwaters of the sian sub-continent into the glare of international limelight. But his sudden eath threw the nation into chaos and uncertainty, and a resolute adherance the Constitution seemed to be the only modus operandi ad interim. The mediate reaction of the government, the opposition parties and the armed ervices to the news of the assassination was a spirited portrayal of national nity. With Zia's Cabinet still intact, the ailing septuagenarian Vice President, bdus Sattar, was hurriedly brought from an army hospital and sworn in as e Acting President,1 pending presidential elections within 180 days as was equired by the Constitution.2 Immediately after, the new Acting President roclaimed a state of emergency3 as a step towards national consolidation. n emergency Cabinet meeting was held, following which Sattar declared his overnment's resolution to honour Zia's international commitments and carry rward his domestic policies and objectives. Next, the Chiefs of the Armed ervices, the Intelligence Services, the Bangladesh Rifles and the Police were mmoned to the “Bangabhaban,” and their total support to Sattar's interim overnment was publicly announced. The parliamentary group of the Banglaesh Nationalist Party (BNP), the party then in power, also hurriedly met in special session to reaffirm the party's solidarity with and total support Sattar. Sattar also invited the leaders of the opposition parties to “Bangahaban” and secured assurances of their full support to his transitional governtent. The chiefs of the navy and army in their television broadcasts assured he nation of their allegiance to Sattar and their united commitment to contain he rebellion in Chittagong expeditiously. Thus, within 48 hours after Zia's ssassination, the new government managed to portray a picture of national nity and solidarity, though the national crises that loomed large were yet to e resolved.
Civil-Military Relations in Developing Countries
Authors: Kukreja Veena
Published: July 2017

Students of civil-military relations, particularly those in the developing countries, admit having to work on myopic assumptions, meagre data, sloppy conceptualization and inelegant explanations. The relative newness of this area of studies could be one reason for this. The study of civil-military relations in the narrow sense referring mainly to military coups and interventions, has attained importance after World War II. But the study of civil-military relations in the broader perspective of multiplicity of relationships between military men, institutions and interests, on the one hand, and diverse and often conflicting non-military organizations and political personages and interests on the other, has begun to draw academic interest only in the last two decades or so.

In the twentieth century, the armed forces, being an universal and integral part of a nation's political system, no longer remain completely aloof from politics in any nation. If politics is concerned, in David Easton's celebrated words, with the authoritative allocation of values and power within a society, the military as a vital institution in the polity can hardly be wished out of participatory bounds, at least for legitimate influence as an institutional interest group with a stake in the political decision-making. The varying roles the military may play in politics range from minimal legitimate influence by means of recognized channels inherent in their position and responsibilities within the political system to the other extreme of total displacement of the civilian government in the forms of illegitimate overt military intervention in politics.

This paper seeks to attempt an overview of the existing scholarship on civil-military relations; second, it examines civil-military relations in the world with special reference to major political systems of the world; third, it surveys the literature on civil-military relations in general, and finally, it attempts to develop a general, complex, and hopefully fruitful causal model for analyzing the dynamics of civil-military relations; exploring implications for future research on civil-military relations.
The Philosophical Basis for Human Rights Claims
Authors: Nwodo Christopher S.
Published: July 2017

In the majority of cases involving the protection of human rights, the general approach is to give human rights a legal status by incorporating them into some international charter or national constitution, thereby making them justiciable. This establishes two things simultaneously. It imposes certain obligations upon those wielding political power to protect and to promote human rights among their subjects; it also confers a legitimate claim upon those ruled to have their rights respected. There is more to a human rights claim however than the fact of its legal status. It is fundamentally a moral claim imposing a moral obligation. This additional consideration is not just a mere emphasis on the legal argument. It has a specific dimension of its own that most often involves a distinct category—the moral as opposed to the merely legal. The legal aspect as we have seen is established by the fact of these rights being incorporated into some international charter or national constitution. But legality does not always imply morality. For the legal to be at the same time moral, it has to satisfy some conditions that give it a moral status making it more binding a least in conscience.

The other, more fundamental, aspect of the human rights issue which gives both the legal and the moral their grounding is the human element. A legitimate claim to certain rights is based on the concept of the human being as a “person”. Only persons have rights, right meaning a certain quality or property of relationship between persons, such that one demands certain things andinsists that he or shemust have them as a matter of legitimacy. From this point of view one cannot strictly speaking, talk about the rights of animals, except in so far as these animals belong to persons. In the same way, moral claims and obligations make sense only in the context of persons. The fundamental assumptions of our human rights arguments therefore rest ultimately on the fact that human beings are persons who by virtue of their very nature have legal and moral claims that are intrinsic to them. A great deal of effort is being made to assign legal grounds to sanctions in case of their infringement. The necessity for these sanctions derives from the fact that people can recognize the moral as well as the ontological basis for human rights and yet refuse to acknowledge, respect, protect or promote them. In this particular case, the sanction imposed by law takes effect. The ideal situation however should have been the recognition as well as the promotion of the legitimate claims of the human person not because of the fear of any sanctions, but because as a human person, he or she ought to be accorded those rights.

This paper will therefore try to investigate the philosophical basis for the concept of the human person upon which are founded human rights claims.