bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Change of Lateral Force in Nylon-6 Yarns
Authors: Ogata N. , Yoshida K.
Published: March 2007

A uniformly twisted model yarn consisting of only two identical nylon-6 filaments is provided and a thin metallic tape is inserted between the two filaments. The relation between the tension of the yarn and the tape withdrawal force is investigated. The parameters that influence the tape withdrawal force are discussed, and it is shown that the lateral force in the yarn is not dependent on the strain cycle history of the yarn, but only on its tension.
Dust-Control Additives for'Cotton and Cotton/Polyester Blends
Authors: Perkins Henry H. , Cockf Joseph B.
Published: March 2007

Selected additives applied to cotton at levels below 0.4% prior to carding can reduce dust levels in carding by 40% to 70%. The general effects on processing and yarn quality are minimal. Card room dust level of a 50 50 cotton polyester opening-room blend was reduced 73% by a low level of additive. Dust levels in the range 300 to 600μg m2 were reduced to the standard level by use of additives. This may be the most cost-effective method for controlling dust in this critical range. For six mills, dust levels were reduced an average of 49% after introduction of an additive.
Mechanistic Aspects of Flame Retardancy in Cotton Cellulose
Authors: Franklin William E. , Rowland Stanley P.
Published: March 2007

A series of cotton fabrics treated with different levels of THPOH-NH3 was examined by pyrolysis-mass-spectrometry and thermogravimetry. Small amounts of THPOH NH3 lowered the pyrolysis temperature and increased the char yield, but larger amounts of the flame retardant effected little additional change. Identical kinetic parameters character ized the formation of all cellulose pyrolysis products from a given fabric; these parameters were very similar for all the treated fabrics. Small amounts of THPOH-NH 3 greatly decreased the fractions of anhydroglucoses (levoglucosan, 1,6-anhydroglucofuranose, and 1,4:3,6-dianhydroglucopyranose) in the volatile pyrolysis products but increased the fractions of furans (hydroxymethylfurfural, furyl hydroxymethyl ketone, and levoglucosenone). Larger amounts of THPOH-NH 3 decreased the furan fractions. Add-on of flame retardant had relatively little effect on fractions of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. The water fraction increased continuously with add-on to a maximum at 21% of THPOH-NH 3. Flammability (oxygen index) was closely correlated with the molar fraction of nonfuels (water and carbon dioxide) in the volatile products. Mechanisms of flame retardancy are discussed.
A Statistical Model for Bulk and Texture Retention in Residential Saxony Carpets
Authors: Werny Frank
Published: March 2007

A statistical model for the effects of fiber variables and carpet construction on carpet bulk and texture retention was developed based on a large historical data set. The seven independent variables were sufficient to explain the observed data and to explore the direct and interactive effects of the variables. The model concurs with previously proposed mechanisms and suggests additional mechanisms are also involved.
Theses and Dissertations Completed in Home Economics: 1992
Authors: Weber Margaret J.
Published: March 2007

This article reports 870 titles of theses and dissertations completed in 1992 in colleges and universities throughout the United States. The seven tables illustrate information about graduate research in the human‐related sciences. These tables summarize the information by institution, subject matter, ranking of institutions, degree, and leading subject matter area for the years 1987 to 1992.
Family Developmental Trajectories: Family Timing and Parent‐Child Relations in Young Adulthood
Authors: Crawford Duane W. , Fischer Judith L.
Published: March 2007

This article (a) describes a conceptual approach to family development that includes variations in the timing of developmental events, (b) elaborates on the concept of family developmental trajectories, and (c) illustrates the approach through a study of birth timing and parent‐child relationships among late adolescents and young adults. The older the mother at first birth, the greater the perceived control of firstborn and only sons and daughters and the greater the perceived control of last‐born daughters. The older the father at first birth, the more positive the perceived relationship with his last‐born daughter. Implications of these findings are discussed with reference to family developmental trajectories. The courses of these trajectories are influenced by starting point and gender.
Personal Determinants of the First Postretirement Move
Authors: Junk Virginia W. , Anderson Carol A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to identify characteristics of preretirees that predict perception of the likelihood of their making a move at retirement. The random sample included employees, 40 years or older, of nine land grant universities. Data were collected from 5,662 people via a mail survey and analyzed by frequency distributions and multiple classification analysis. Twenty‐six characteristics of preretirees were divided into four variable groups for separate multiple classification analyses. The 10 best predictors were then segregated from their variable groups and combined for a final analysis. Together, they explained 31.1% of the variance in perceived likelihood of postretirement migration. A model of personal determinants of the first postretirement move was created to conceptualize how the characteristics of preretirees interact in producing postretirement migration decisions. The four best predictors were in the perceptions of retirement and relocation variables group. Also, people who thought they would not experience difficulty in makings move, who had decided when to retire but not where, were renters, or who preferred to be near oceans rather than mountains were more likely to perceive that they were likely to move on retirement. Further research could determine if perceptions of likelihood of moving result in an actual move.
Assessment of Cognitive Style to Examine Students' Use of Hypermedia within Historic Costume
Authors: Frey Diane , Simonson Michael
Published: March 2007

The major purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of fashion merchandising or education students' cognitive style consisting of nine dimensions to three media choices provided through a hypermedia lesson in historic costume. High‐average standard scores were identified in three of the nine dimensions of cognitive style. Further statistical analyses indicated that students' cognitive styles affected the type of media selected. Both fashion merchandising and education students scored significantly higher (p = .01) on the postassessments than the pre‐assessments, but neither group achieved significantly more than the other. From these data, it appeared that students used hypermedia effectively as an educational tool to accommodate learning style. It was possible to individualize instruction regardless of the learning style when the hypermedia system was used within the same instructional package.
Child Support and Second Families: Which Family Comes First?
Authors: Garasky Steven
Published: March 2007

Over $5 billion in child support went unpaid in 1989 alone. One fourth of the 10 million custodial mothers eligible for child support are currently married. This study uses both reports of child support payment from noncustodial fathers and reports of child support receipt made by custodial mothers to examine the impact of current marital status on the payment of child support. The data are from the Survey of Income and Program Participation. Findings indicate that if either parent is currently married, less child support is paid. Policy implications depend upon how this result is interpreted. Noncompliance with a child support award indicates increased award enforcement is needed. Underlying the compliance issue, however, is how to distribute parental incomes equitably after second families are formed.
Status Risk Taking and Receptivity of Home Economics Teachers to a Statewide Curriculum Innovation
Authors: Katz Ellen H. , Dalton Sharron , Giacquinta Joseph B.
Published: March 2007

Current receptivity of seventh‐and eighth‐grade home economics teachers and supervisors in New York State to the four modules of the Home and Career Skills curriculum was investigated in relation to level of curriculum implementation and to perceived risks and/or benefits to status perquisites. Giacquinta's (1975a) status‐risk theory of receptivity provides the theoretical framework for data analysis. Usable responses represented 82% (n = 280) of the population surveyed. The study found that both teachers and supervisors were highly receptive to the four modules of the Home and Career Skills curriculum and that there was a high level of implementation of the four curriculum modules. Receptivity was also shown to be related to the teachers' and supervisors' perception of status perquisite benefits. The major benefits perceived were self‐esteem or competence, increased in‐service education (training), availability of resources, confidence as an educator, and job security. The authors find that the status‐risk theory of receptivity is an example of theories that could contribute to a better understanding of curriculum change in home economics and should be used in future studies.
Procedures for a Survey of U.S. Air Visitors to anada
Authors: Rusk B.M. , Thexton David , Culley Eric
Published: March 2007

The following article documents the procedures used in a survey of air visitors to Canada from the United States in the summer of 1971. It will be useful to anyone planning or contemplating a survey of visitors travelling by commercial carrier whether it be plane, train, bus, or boat. It is also an example of research carried out on a cooperative basis by 22 sponsors.
Marketing Third World Countries to the Western Traveler: The Case of India
Authors: Kale Sudhir H. , Weir Katherine M.
Published: March 2007

International tourism can provide third world countries with much needed foreign exchange and increased employment opportunities. Too many countries, however, have concentrated their efforts on the economic aspects of tourism at the expense of developing marketing programs to attract the Western traveler. This study focuses on the case of India to determine what factors attract Western travelers and what repels them. We conclude that, like India, other third world countries must promote their positive attributes as perceived by prospective tourists, while also working to overcome their negative image among prospective travelers abroad. Only in this way can they increase the flow of Western tourists to their countries.
Strategies For Evaluating Direct Response Tourism Marketing
Authors: Burke James F. , Lindblom Lisa A.
Published: March 2007

This article on evaluation research is the second in a series of articles written under the auspices of the U. S. Department of Commerce Task Force. A major challenge facing destination marketing organizations is the evaluation of the direct response tourism marketing programs which they conduct. This article discusses strategiesfor conducting these evaluations, such as linking marketing and evaluation objectives , coding media placements, creating an inquirer data base, and calculating conversion study ratios. Recommendations for addressing evaluation research issues are offered, including the need to recognize that evaluation research should not be an end in itself, but a means for improving marketing programs.
A Market-Based Approach for Partner Selection in Marketing Alliances
Authors: Dev Chekitan S. , Klein Saul , Fisher Reed A.
Published: March 2007

The travel and tourism industry has witnessed the formation of a number of marketing alliances in the recent past and these are expected to continue. A critical concern is how should one select a marketing partner. This article provides a starting point for answering this question with a market-driven approach based on customer usage complementarity.
Models of U.S. Travel Demand Patterns for the Bahamas
Authors: Yoon Jihwan , Shafer Elwood L.
Published: March 2007

An analysis of survey responses from 6,170 U.S. visitors to the Bahamas suggests that price increases in seven out of eight tourism submarkets would lead to a decrease in tourism. In terms of high (H) versus low (L) season of use, package (P) versus independent (I) travel arrangements, and single (S) versus multiple (M) destination visits, the eight submarkets were HPS, LPS, HPM, LPM, HIM, HIS, LIM, and LIS. Log-linear regression equations of demand and related elasticity values in each of these submarkets describe how trip cost per visitor can influence the total number of expected visitors in each submarket. Study results can help guide future marketing and pricing strategies in both the public and pri vate sector of the Bahamian tourism economy.
The Influence of Natural Resource Characteristics on Property Value: A Case Study
Authors: Gartner William C. , Chappelle Daniel E. , Girard T.C.
Published: March 2007

The analysis and results discussed in this article were developed as part of a study of landed property and home owners (including seasonal homes) in three representative counties of Michigan's northern lower peninsula. A model similar to the hedonic price method was used to isolate certain natural resource characteristics and detennine if property value fluctuated with respect to location. This study attempted to measure the intrinsic worth of one's property and relate it to the existence and location of certain natural resource characteristics. Although the study areas were heavily endowed with natural resources, making generalization to other areas problematic, the use of a hedonic price type model appears to show promise in identifying specific locations where accelerated development might occur if the seasonal home market enters a new growth cycle.
Perceptions of Outdoor Recreation Opportunities and Support for Tourism Development
Authors: Lankford Samuel V. , Williams AL , Knowles-Lankford Jill
Published: March 2007

Tourism and recreation development are viewed by many governmental jurisdictions as an important economic development strategy. Consequently, there has been a growing interest in the interaction between recreation and tourism, specifically the perceived impacts of tourism on recreation opportunities. To examine this issue, a random sample of residents in the Pacific Northwest was divided into three groups: (1) those who felt tourism did not reduce their outdoor recreation opportunities, (2) those who were neutral (neither increased nor decreased, and (3) those who thought tourism did reduce their recreation opportunities. Discriminant function analysis suggested the three groups have different attitudes toward tourism. Whether a person felt development of tourist facilities benefited recreation services accounted for the largest separation of the three groups, as this variable was entered first in the model. The study suggests tourism promoters, planners, and leisure professionals should work together to plan and develop tourism and recreation areas. Involvement of park and recreation staff in local planning and public policy efforts would facilitate the acceptance of tourism development by local residents and enhance the local quality of life.
Expectations and rewards of modernity: Commitment and mobility among rural migrants in Tirupur, Tamil Nadu
Authors: De Neve Geert
Published: March 2007

This article presents a critique of a discourse, commonly found in anthropological and historical accounts, that stereotypes rural labour migrants as unreliable workers who are not yet fully committed to industrial work regimes and who keep prioritising rural responsibilities above industrial needs. Based on data collected in the garment industry of Tirupur, south India, it is shown that rural migrants can as well be conceived of by their urban employers as more committed and hardworking recruits than the so-called 'locals'. Employers' discourses of migrant workers are examined and four case histories of migrants are discussed to illustrate that labour commitment is not just the mechanical outcome of a long-standing familiarity with an industrial and modern life-style. Rather, the commitment of migrant workers has to be understood in relation to their expectations of and encounters with modernity, which for most migrants are shaped through ex periences of socio-economic and spatial mobility. Commitment can be expected to be high where rewards are substantial. The article engages with modernity both as a dis course about the nature of industrial employment and life-styles, and as a set of expectations and achievements which comprise the experiences of modernity for those involved.
Sikhism and the caste question: Dalits and their politics in contemporary Punjab
Authors: Jodhka Surinder S.
Published: March 2007

Caste has invariably been seen in unitary terms, as a pan-Indian reality without any significant variations in its structure or ideology. While it was sanctioned through some Hindu scriptural sources, other Indian religious communities, 100, were believed to support the idea of hierarchy and practice caste in everyday life, albeit to a lesser degree. Despite scholarly criticisms of such theories and the many changes that caste has undergone over time, this view of caste has largely prevailed. This happens partly because the idea of caste has become embedded in the idea of India as a nation: caste is taken as proof of India's cultural continuity and a stable past .

Taking a cue from a recent case of conflict between Ad-Dharmis and Jats in a village of Punjab over the question of representation in the management of a religious shrine, the article looks at caste in relation to Sikhism and in the regional context of contemporary Indian Punjab. I have tried to argue that, as in the case of other structures of social relations, caste identities too undergo change, and that they have never functioned as 'pure ideological systems'. For a region-specific understanding of caste, we need to 'disentangle it from Hinduism and look at caste from an historical perspective. It is within such a framework that we can possibly understand the question of caste today. I conclude by arguing that while caste is nearly dead in contemporary Punjab, as an ideology, it survives and thrives as a source of identity.
Feedback in Group Psychotherapy Review and Implications
Authors: Kivlighan, Dennis M.
Published: March 2007

Interpersonalfeedback is an important component of most group therapy approaches. This review identifies feedback as a multidimensional rather than a unidimensional construct. The feedback literature is reviewed in terms of acceptance offeedback, effects of receiving feedback, willingness to deliver feedback, and therapeutic effects of delivering feedback. Implications for practice and research are reviewed.
The Impact of Social Movements on a Profession in Process
Authors: Ross Robert J.S.
Published: March 2007

The process model of professions enables the observer to build internal conflict and change into an analysis of a given profession. An analysis of a new specialty in city planning—advocate planning—suggests that this model be extended so that social movements are seen to enter a profession through the creation of new specialties or segments. By showing that the new practitioners of advocacy planning were highly, though variably, influenced by social movement organizations of the 1960s, this paper suggests the outlines of conflict and difference within the new segment itself Based on interviews with 112 advocate planners in ten cities, the study finds the new practitioners to be young and of similar background to those composing the activist youth movements of their times in college and graduate schools. The differences among them, in regard to their orientation to politics and professionalism, are also examined in the light of new developments in the analysis of reform movements.
Sex and Centralization in a Semiprofession
Authors: Grandjean Burke D. , Bernal Helen Hazunda
Published: March 2007

Because direct empirical comparisons of the organizational participation of women and men have been lacking, attempts to incorporate gender as an explanatory variable in theories of organizational authority have had to rely on unverified sex stereotypes. This research examines contentions which have appeared repeatedly in such attempts, namely (a) that there are differences between men and women in four types of work orientation, and (b) that these differences are reflected in greater centralization of authority in predominantly female organizations. To isolate the effects of gender, semiprofessionals in ten very similar organizations were surveyed (Catholic secondary schools). Results show little difference in career commitment, and no support for stereotypes of women as less concerned with intrinsic characteristics of work and more submissive to authority than men. With or without multivariate controls, women do appear to value interpersonal relationships on the job somewhat more highly. However, faculty sex composition is not associated with degree of centralization, disconfirming the major prediction of those theoretical discussions which have suggested that gender is a partial determinant of the authority structure in complex organizations.
The "Skill Bureaucracy" and Intraorganizational Control
Authors: Danziger James N.
Published: March 2007

The incompatability of a bureaucratic organization and its professional occupational groups has attracted considerable attention. This article examines the orientation and behavior of one such professional group, the personnel of the electronic data processing department, in the organizational context of American local government. This department is an example of a "skill bureaucracy"—a unit which provides services to clients, has a relative monopolyu within areas of both service provision and technical expertise, and has an external, professionalized reference group. Data from nearly 500 local governments suggest that the premises which guide the behavior of this skill bureaucrac-are primarily its own rather than those of its super ordinates or its clients. The EDP unit has a distinctive perspective regarding its on role responsibilities, anchored in the standards of its professional group. This skill bureaucracy is remarkabl' expansionist, and is autonomous in its operations.
Adhesive Applications of Kraton* Polymers
Authors: Bailey J.T.
Published: March 2007

Block polymers based on the monomers styrene, butadiene and isoprene are described, which exhibit high strength and elastomeric properties without vulcanization. The solubility and thermoplasticity of these polymers lead to their use in adhesives. Solvents, resins, and anti-oxidants suitable for use with these polymers are discussed and examples given of their use in contact, pressure sensitive, and hot melt adhesives.
Hydrolytic Stability of Urethane and Polyacrylate Elastomers in Humid Environments
Authors: Gahimer Fred H. , Nieske Fred W.
Published: March 2007

An accelerated humidity test utilizing a combination of high temperature and high humidity has been used to determine the ability of urethane and polyacrylate elastomers to withstand humid environments. A wide variation was found in the hydrolytic stability of the materials tested, which would not have been dis closed by the usual short term low temperature humidity test. The degradation has also been found to occur at moderate humidities as well, although the quantitative relationships of degradation rate versus relative humidity level has not as yet been accurately defined.
Impact Analysis for Cellular Polymeric Materials
Authors: Meinecke Eberhard A. , Schwaber David M. , Chiang Ruey-Ruey
Published: March 2007

The response of polymeric foams to impact loading can be pre dicted from stress-strain data if their rate and strain dependent modulus can be factored into a function depending on strain alone and one depending on rate alone. With the help of a simple energy balance, equations can be derived relating impact velocity, decelera tion and hysteresis to these two functions. For foams with nearly rate independent stress-strain properties these equations reduce to very simple expressions. The validity of the simple theoretical treatment is demonstrated with the help of experimental data ob tained on two model foams.
Non-Aqueous Dispersions
Authors: Fitch Robert M.
Published: March 2007

Polyvinyl chloride is the most common polymer for organosols Sec ond to PVC are the acrylics Polymer particles of colloidal size required for microgel formation can be formed by standard emulsion polymerization techniques. Effect of the solvent on film formation and the coating is important. Judicious choice of solvent must include : Thermodynamic stability of the sol, coalescence and evaporation during baking, and viscosity dictated by applications requirements.
Pellethane®: A New Generation of Polyurethane Thermoplastic Elastomers
Authors: Bonk H.W. , Sardanopoli A.A. , Ulrich Henri , Sayigh A.A.R.
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews a series of new thermoplastic polyurethanes with emphasis on their general and specific physical properties. The useful envi ronmental data are presented also, along with handling, storage, curing, compounding, regrind, and processing procedures Special attention is fo cused on alloys with other polymers, such as PVC and ABS. In addition, the paper contains useful information concerning polyurethane elasto plastics in general.
Influence of Moisture On the Impact Behavior of Hybrid Glass/Graphite/Epoxy Composites
Authors: Hofer K.E. , Porte R.
Published: March 2007

Preceding studies have demonstrated a lack of tolerance for impact by graphite/epoxy composite materials. This is in marked contrast to the extremely good impact resistance offered by glass fiber reinforced plastics. The hybrid, or combination of two fibers, composites offers the means of alleviating some of the graphite/epoxy deficiencies while retain ing their higher stiffnesses and strengths.
New Opportunities for Mdi Isocyanates in Flexible Polyurethane Foams
Authors: Cohen S.C. , Haggerty T.I. , Kloss C.F.
Published: March 2007

The present and potential uses of MDI isocyanates in flexible polyurethane foams are discussed.
An Innovative Approach to Fatigue Cracking in Elastomers
Authors: Aglan Heshmat
Published: March 2007

A methodology to analyze fatigue cracking in elastomers is pre sented. A fundamental equation and the basic principles of fracture mechanics are used to extract parameters characteristic of the material's resistance to cracking. These parameters are the specific energy of damage, γ*, and the dis sipative characteristic of the material, β.

The basic formalism expresses the rate of crack propagation as:

where dAldN is the cyclic rate of fatigue crack propagation, J is the energy release rate, and R, is the resistance moment that accounts for the amount of damage associated with the crack advance.

The utilization of the proposed methodology has been demonstrated in view of experimental data generated for two different elastomers—a rubber com pound and a medically implantable polyurethane. The practical significance of the proposed methodology is apparent. It provides a basic rationale upon which the resistance to crack propagation of elastomers can be evaluated. On this basis microstructure-resistance to crack propagation relationships can be con structed. Also, it aids in lifetime assessment of load bearing structural compo nents manufactured from these materials.
Semi-Interpenetrating Polymer Networks Based on Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Latex: Thermal, Mechanical and Morphological Properties
Authors: Ramaraj B. , Rajalingam P. , Radhakrishnan Ganga
Published: March 2007

Latex interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) were synthe sized from styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and styrene, or its co-polymers which were cross-linked with divinyl benzene (DVB). These IPNs were characterized by mechanical, thermal and morphological properties. The ther mal properties were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The morphology of the IPNs were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that all semi-IPNs have better mechanical and morphological properties than the corresponding blends.
Effect of Chemical Structure of Some Pyridazine Derivatives as Antioxidants in Natural Rubber
Authors: Ismail M.N. , Tawfik S.Y. , Yehia A.A.
Published: March 2007

Pyridazine derivatives of the general formula were prepared where R = H, CH3, OCH3 and CI.

The prepared compounds were evaluated as antioxidants in natural rubber (NR) mixes by incorporating equimolar quantities of them to N-isopropyl-N- phenyl-p-phenylene diamine (IPPD) in the standard formula of NR. The kinetic constants for the vulcanization reaction in the presence of these antioxidants, using the rheometric data, were calculated. It was found that the presence of electron donating groups in the compound increases the rate of vulcanization while the presence of electron withdrawing groups decreases it.

The synthesized compounds show good antioxidant behavior compared with the commercial agent (IPPD) industrially used, and the efficiency of such com pounds depends on their chemical structure.
Properties of Poly(Ester-Ether) Microcellular Urethane Elastomer System
Authors: Plomińska-Michalak B. , Lisowska R. , Balas A.
Published: March 2007

Microcellular urethane elastomers (MUE) for shoe soling are usually based on polyester or polyether polyols. The flex resistance at ambient and low temperatures of polyether types is better than that of the polyester types, whereas tensile strength, elongation at break and abrasion values are inferior to the ester types. It was interesting to synthesize MUE containing both polyester and polyether soft segments, and to investigate how the most important properties of poly(ester-ether) MUE compare to MUE based on polyesters and polyethers alone. No mechanical properties are significantly better than those properties of polyether MUE and comparable to polyester MUE.
Sensitivity of the WISC and WISC-R to Subject and Examiner Variables
Authors: Hanley Jerome H. , Barclay Allan G.
Published: March 2007

Race, sex, and socioeconomic class differences were ex amined on the WISC and WISC-R. Black and White examiners administered the WISC and the WISC-R to a sample of first-grade children. The data revealed a significant effect confirming that the full scale score results obtained from the WISC and WISC-R in struments were different. In addition, a significant in teraction of race of subject and instrument indicated that while both White and Black subjects' full scale WISC-R scores were lower than WISC full scale scores, only for the Black subjects was the difference signifi cant. No other effects were significant.
Public Aid
Authors: GARDNER CAROL BROOKS
Published: March 2007

This article examines public aid among strangers in public places—that is, instances of helping behavior among the unacquainted that are the right of citizens to expect and the duty of citizens to provide. Structurally, public aid encounters involve acts of petitioning and acts of granting; the aid that may be exchanged through such acts involves either material objects or the performance of particular tasks or services. The article explores various types and costs of public aid, the nature and implications of availability pools of grantors and petitioners, recurrent contingencies in the achievement of public aid, and some of the general contributions of public aid for social order and the quality of urban life.
Notes Toward Refining the Postcolonial Optic
Authors: Segovia Fernando F.
Published: March 2007

This piece represents a counter-response to the responses offered to the Post colonial Bible in the last issue of the Journal. It pursues the three main points raised by the respondents to the volume as a whole: pedagogy, teaching Biblical Studies with the postcolonial optic as central; solidarity, doing postcolonial analysis in the light of other discourses of resistance and emancipation; applicability, deploying the postcolonial optic with awareness of differences in historical contexts and imperial/colonial formations. In so doing, the piece engages in a necessary and ongoing refinement of the postcolonial project of interpretation in Biblical Studies.
Models and Methods in Social-Scientific Interpretation: a Response To Philip Esler
Authors: Horrell David G.
Published: March 2007

Philip Esler's lengthy review of The Social Ethos of the Corinthian Correspon dence focused on theoretical and methodological issues which are important to the debate about how a social-scientific approach to the New Testament should be developed and practised. This essay responds to Esler's arguments, particularly those concerning the use of models. First, drawing on the work of various social scientists, especially anthropologists, it is argued that a model-based approach is open to serious criticisms. The problems with such an approach are illustrated from Esler's most recent book. Secondly, the weaknesses in Berger and Luckmann's theory of 'the social construction of reality' are further demonstrated. These weak nesses indicate that their important insights need to be woven into the framework of a more critical social theory. Thirdly, and most briefly, the significance of the major argument of The Social Ethos is defended.
The Elder John, Author of Revelation
Authors: Gunther John J.
Published: March 2007

According to the Apocalypse and independent traditions, John was an ascetic Palestinian millenarian prophet-teacher-apostle who functioned as the intercessory high priest and tradition-bearing chief elder (i.e. bishop) at Ephesus after Domitian banished him to Patmos. As these features of his portrait are coherent, and only one John was buried at Ephesus, Papias knew of but one local John: the prophet who was called a disciple because he had "seen" Jesus and had been a member of the early Jerusalem Church, where the martyred John of Zebedee (Rev. 11) had been his Elijah-like model.
1 Corinthians 12.2: a Pagan Pompe?
Authors: Paige Terence
Published: March 2007

1 Cor. 12.2 has presented translators and commentators with problems because of the terseness of expression and its unusual grammar. It is frequently taken in modem exegesis as referring to occurrences of ecstasy in the pagan worship in which the Corinthians formerly participated. The author proposes that the diction and imagery are better understood as a reference to participation in a cultic religious procession, the pompe. The pompe was a common event in Greek civic life and a reference to one would be readily recognized by the Corinthians. The participle attayou-evoi ('led away') is read as a circumstantial participle, not as a pleonastic construction with ητε.
The Injunctive Future and Existential Injunctions in the New Testament
Authors: New David S.
Published: March 2007

Expanding on previous treatments of commands and prohibitions in Greek, often limited to discussion of aorist and present imperatives and subjunctives, New argues for inclusion of the future indicative as a positive imperative and (when negated) a prohibition. He disputes that the usage is a Semitism or Hebraism, although he concedes that it may reflect Septuagintal language. He concludes regarding the reason for its use that the imperatival future is a command which purports to be fact, while the imperative inclines to a wishful command. Hence he suggests the label 'injunctive future' to convey that the command is issued by one having authority such that the command has almost the force of fact.
The Female Reader of the Parables of the Lost
Authors: Durber Susan
Published: March 2007

There can be no easy reclaiming of the biblical texts for women, because such texts are always already situated within patriarchal discourse that constructs the reader as male. Following post-structuralist theorists, such as Lacan, Althusser and Kristeva, it becomes clear that the exclusion of 'woman' from the text is more thoroughgoing than 'images of women' criticism suggests and that the hypothesis of a 'woman reader' is problematic. Examples from literature, film and art show us how readers and spectators are 'immasculated'. The 'parables of the lost' in Luke 15 provide examples of biblical texts that construct the reader as male. The reader, in reading these parables, looks at women and identifies 'himself' with men. When a woman reads even she is 'immasculated'. So beguiling is patriarchy that this gendered construction of the reading subject has gone largely unnoticed.
The Roots and Development of the πιστ- Word Group as Faith Terminology'
Authors: Lindsay Dennis R.
Published: March 2007

The religious use of the πιστ- word group in the NT is not an isolated development in the first and second centuries CE. Employment of the word group as faith termin ology can be traced back to Classical Greek where, in a few instances, πιστεύειν appears in reference to faith in (the) God(s). In these passages πιστεύειν θεω/θεoις carries the idea of 'religious engagement'. This prepares the way for the Septuagint translators who found the πιστ- word group to be a good equivalent for the Hebrew root ?. Because πιστ- was not a perfect match for ?, the Greek word group, by virtue of its association with the Hebrew word group, began to assume new (Hebrew) nuances of religious faith. This development can be further traced in Sirach and in Philo of Alexandria, as well as in other Hellenistic Jewish writings. Sirach and Philo in particular provide evidence that the πιστ- word group was flexible and expandable in its religious understanding.

The NT represents a further major development of the religious use of the word group. Taking up the ideas of the Hebrew ? and the early Classical understanding of πιστεύειν θεω/θεoίς as religious engagement, the NT develops the πιστ- word group into termini technici for the proper relationship of humankind to God.
Paul and Socrates: the Aim of Paul' s Areopagus Speech
Authors: Sandnes Karl Olav
Published: March 2007

Paul's Areopagus speech is in many ways a riddle. This article approaches the speech with Paul's aim in view. If Paul hoped his audience would respond by conversion, he did not have much success. It is argued that Paul's aim was to arouse curiosity and create an interest in further information; indeed, some responded to him for this very reason and later became believers. This article presents three arguments: (1) the rhetorical strategy to be used by a speaker faced with a critical audience was insinuatio, subtle approach, to speak with concealment; (2) Paul's way of introducing Jesus in this speech is surprisingly cryptic, and leaves the audience with questions; (3) the use of Socrates traditions found quite clearly in the prelude to the speech is seen as shedding light on Paul's indirect speaking in the speech itself. Paul's aim was to promote curiosity and elicit questions.
The Problems of the Nature and Date of Mandaean Sources
Authors: Gündüz Şinasi
Published: March 2007

Although Mandaean literature has long been an important source of material for the study of Gnosticism and the New Testament it is not free from problems in respect of its nature and date. Mandaean writings are confused and sometimes self-contradict ory and consist of both old and new elements which reflect different historical periods. It is therefore often quite difficult to get a clear picture from this literature of the religious ideas and figures. There is also a difficulty in dating this literature. Some parts of it can be clearly dated from the colophons and historical events recorded in the manuscripts, though much of it can only be dated with some difficulty. It is absolutely essential for a comparative study to be made between the texts of this literature before reaching a decision about the characteristics and nature of Mandaean concepts and ideas.
The Social Function of 4 Ezra
Authors: Esler Philip F.
Published: March 2007

Hitherto an air of pessimism has often attended enquiry into the social context and function of 4 Ezra. The aim of this article is to propose a particular social function for the text. The methodology employed uses social-scientific ideas and perspectives, especially those dealing with introversionist religious responses generated by defeatd indigenous cultures, together with a literary analysis utilizing Russian formalist theory. It is argued that the text, especially in the response of the seer to the vision of the mourning woman who is transformed into a city, provides a means for Israel to reduce extreme dissonance occasioned by the sack of Jerusalem in 70 CE and its aftermath. It is further argued that the emphases on law and eschatology in the text are not aspects of an interest in individualistic works-righteousness, but are rather directed to the need for Israel to rediscover its corporate identity and to gather around the Law in a manner akin to other groups who replace frustrated millennial dreams with the quiet fulfillment of ethical obligations.
Persuasion in the Letter of Jude
Authors: Joubert Stephan J.
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the persuasive function of language in the letter of Jude. The literary and rhetorical approaches provide the methodological paradigm that furnishes a basic framework of presuppositions within which this short New Testament docu ment is approached. After a brief discussion of the context-determined functions of persuasive discourse in general, Jude's socio-cultural context is constructed. Within this framework the rhetorical situation of the letter is then investigated. The different interactional levels in the letter, as well as the different textual strategies employed on these levels to attain the author's overall goal, namely to 'redefine' his readers' perceptions of reality, receive particular attention.
'Stop Sinning Lest Something Worse Come Upon You': The Man at the Pool in John 5
Authors: Thomas John Christopher
Published: March 2007

Among the many stories found in the Fourth Gospel is that of the man at the pool in John 5. Despite a good deal of scholarly attention devoted to this pericope, two particular aspects of the narrative have not yet received sufficient attention. First, with few exceptions interpreters of this passage have viewed the man at the pool in primarily negative terms. However, such a negative characterization does not seem to be the best reading of the text. Secondly, there has been little scholarly reflection upon the relationship between sin and illness implied in Jesus' command to stop sinning lest something worse come upon the man. In order to move the discussion forward on these two aspects of the passage, this reading of Jn 5.1-18 focuses attention upon the characterization of the man who is healed and the relationship between sin and illness.
Shem-Tob's Hebrew Matthew and Early Jewish Christianity
Authors: Howard George
Published: March 2007

The author attempts to pinpoint the date of the Shem-Tob type Matthaean text by locating its theology within the history of Jewish Christianity. After delineating four theological motifs in Shem-Tob's Hebrew Matthew: (1) Exaltation of John the Baptist, (2) Continued Relevance of the Baptism of John, (3) Delayed Inclusion of the Gentiles, (4) Delayed Recognition of Jesus as the Messiah, a comparison is made with the theologies of several Jewish Christian groups mentioned in the New Testament and later Christian literature. Although the distinctive motifs in the Hebrew Matthew are generally represented within Jewish Christianity, no single group is a good candidate for publishing this text. A general date within the first four centuries is, therefore, suggested for the Shem-Tob type text.
Imperial Critical Commentaries: Christian Discourse and Commentarial Writings in Colonial India
Authors: Sugirtharajah R.S.
Published: March 2007

This article investigates a series of commentaries known as the Indian Church Commentaries, produced during the imperial period in India, and demonstrates how myths of race, nationality and English superiority were integral to the commentarial strategies, and how the commentators' allegiance to the imperial cause informed their biblical expostion.
Do linguistic differences lead to cognitive differences? A cross-linguistic study of semantic and cognitive development
Authors: Gopnik Alison , Choi Soonja
Published: March 2007

Semantic and cognitive development were studied in eight Korean and French-speaking children, and these results were compared with results for 12 English-speakers. The children received object- permanence, means-ends and categorization tasks and their develop ment of related linguistic forms, disappearance and success/failure words and a naming spurt, was recorded. There were close and specific relations between these semantic and cognitive developments. However, non-English-speakers used very different forms from English-speakers to encode disappearance, success and failure; in particular, Korean-speakers used verbs. This suggests that children may have been motivated to acquire these words because of their cognitive significance. Moreover, both categorization and naming developed later in the Korean-speakers than in English-speakers and French-speakers. This may be due to the fact that verbs are more perceptually salient in Korean than nouns. This difference between the language groups also suggests that linguistic development may influence and motivate cognitive development. Thus, there appears to be a thorough-going two-way interaction between language and cognition in this period.
Pointing, naming, and talk about objects: referential behaviour in children and mothers
Authors: Goldfield Beverly A.
Published: March 2007

This study investigates the relationship of children's communicative pointing and maternal language to the child's acquisition of object labels. Ten children with a high proportion of nouns (a High Referen tial group) were matched for vocabulary level with 10 children with fewer nouns and a more varied lexicon (a Low Referential group). The frequency of children's communicative pointing during play and the proportion of maternal talk used to label and describe objects during independent observations of mother-child interaction were coded from videotaped observations at 14 and 20 months.

At 14 months there were no differences between the two groups in either pointing or maternal language. Both communicative pointing and maternal talk about objects, however, increased significantly for the High Referential group at 20 months. At 20 months, children in the High Referential group pointed out objects to their mothers more than three times as often as children in the Low Referential group. There was no change over time in communicative pointing and mater nal talk about objects for children and mothers in the Low Referential group. At 20 months, there was a significant positive correlation between communicative pointing and maternal talk about objects for children in the High Referential group.
The functional basis of referentiality: evidence from children's spontaneous speech
Authors: Pine Julian M.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the relationship between the functional characteristics of children's spontaneous speech and maternal-report measures of referential vocabulary at 50 and 100 words in 7 first-born middle-class children. Although evidence is found for functional differences between children which show continuity between 50 and 100 words, no relationships are found between these functional differences and corresponding measures of referential vocabulary. This suggests that the kind of differences identified in Nelson's original (1973) study may cut across rather than reflect differences in the pragmatics of children's speech, and also raises doubts about the widespread tendency to interpret variation in vocabulary composition in terms of underlying differences in language use.