bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crohn's Disease With Latent Tuberculosis Infection or Intestinal Tuberculosis: Rapid Discrimination by Targeted Next‐Generation Sequencing
Authors: Ye Lingna , Cao Yushu , Fu Yujuan , Tian Chuwen , Cao Qian
Published: February 2025

Background

Discriminating Crohn's disease (CD) with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) from intestinal tuberculosis (ITB) in tuberculosis‐endemic regions remains challenging.

Aim

To assess whether targeted next‐generation sequencing (tNGS) could be an efficient method for ITB diagnosis and discrimination from CD with LTBI.

Methods

The study was conducted prospectively from September 2020 until December 2023. We recruited patients with undetermined intestinal ulcers and positive interferon‐gamma release assay. We compared tNGS (using fresh biopsy tissue samples from ulcer bases) to pathological detection of caseous necrotising granuloma, acid‐fast bacillus (AFB) staining, tuberculosis polymerase chain reaction (TB‐PCR) for diagnostic efficiency. ITB was diagnosed based on cure by anti‐tuberculosis therapy and comprehensive clinical evaluation.

Results

Of the 100 patients included, 66 had ITB and 34 had CD with LTBI. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of tNGS for ITB were 83% (72%–91%), 100% (87%–100%), 100% (92%–100%) and 76% (60%–87%), respectively. TNGS had significantly higher diagnostic sensitivity than AFB staining [15% (4%–39%), p < 0.05], TB‐PCR [22% (12%–36%), p < 0.05] and detection of caseous necrotising granulomas [17% (9%–28%), p < 0.05]. The models combining multiclinical factors increased sensitivity (97% vs. 83%) than tNGS alone. No patients with CD and LTBI had positive tNGS.

Conclusions

TNGS using fresh biopsy tissue from ulcer bases is highly sensitive and specific, with superiority over other traditional diagnostic methods for ITB detection. TNGS could facilitate rapid diagnosis of ITB and discrimination from CD with LTBI, particularly in high TB‐endemic countries.
The Shift Premium: Evidence From a Discrete Choice Experiment
Authors: Desiere Sam , Walter Christian
Published: February 2025

Shift work is a widespread but understudied phenomenon. This study examines one specific aspect of shift work: the shift premium. To this end, we included a discrete choice experiment in an online survey targeted at night and shift workers. Respondents chose between a standard 9 am – 5 pm job paying €15 per hour and a job with shift work in which the wage randomly varied between €12 and €20. The results show that respondents demand significant premiums for shift work, especially for night and rotating shifts. We observe substantial heterogeneity in the shift premium across respondents and provide suggestive evidence of labour market sorting.
CML With Mutant ASXL1 Showed Decreased Sensitivity to TKI Treatment via Upregulation of the ALOX5‐BLTR Signaling Pathway
Authors: Miyashita Naoki , Onozawa Masahiro , Kasahara Kohei , Matsukawa Toshihiro , Onodera Yasuhito , Suzuki Kohjin , Takaku Tomoiku , Teshima Takanori , Kondo Takeshi
Published: February 2025

In this study, the mechanisms of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) were investigated focusing additional sex combs‐like 1 (ASXL1) gene mutations and their downstream effects. While TKIs have improved the prognosis of CML, some patients have shown resistant to therapy. Cases with mutations in epigenome‐related genes such as ASXL1 are known to have a poor prognosis, but the underlying mechanisms of the poor prognosis are unclear. We showed that mutated ASXL1 reduces TKI sensitivity in CML cell lines, and RNA microarray analysis revealed that arachidonate 5‐lipoxygenase (ALOX5) is a significantly upregulated gene under the conditional expression of mutated ASXL1. Enforced ALOX5 expression induced TKI resistance, while ALOX5 knockout increased TKI sensitivity. ALOX5 downstream signal inhibition by LY293111, a leukotriene B4 receptor (BLTR) antagonist, suppressed AKT phosphorylation and enhanced TKI sensitivity. This study revealed that TKI resistance in CML with ASXL1 mutation was induced via ALOX5 overexpression. ASXL1 mutations may confer a clonal advantage through activation of the AKT pathway following ALOX5 overexpression. While combined use of LY293111 with TKIs and asciminib showed synergistic effects against CML cells, the ALOX5‐BLTR signaling pathway is novel therapeutic target for CML patients with mutated ASXL1.
Super‐Enhancer Target Gene CBP/p300‐Interacting Transactivator With Glu/Asp‐Rich C‐Terminal Domain, 2 Cooperates With Transcription Factor Forkhead Box J3 to Inhibit Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling
Authors: Li Songyue , Zhang Jingya , Wang Xu , Wang Xinru , Song Yuyu , Song Xinyue , Wang Xiuli , Cao Weiwei , Zhao Chong , Qi Jing , Zheng Xiaodong , Xing Yan
Published: February 2025

The function of super‐enhancers (SEs) in pulmonary hypertension (PH), especially in the proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs), is currently unknown. We identified SEs‐targeted genes in PASMCs with chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)‐sequence by H3K27ac antibody and proved that CBP/p300‐interacting transactivator with Glu/Asp‐rich C‐terminal domain, 2 (CITED2) is an SEs‐targeted gene through bioinformatics prediction, ChIP‐PCR, dual‐luciferase reporter gene assays and other experimental methods. We also found that the expression of CITED2 and the transcription factor Forkhead Box J3 (FOXJ3) was reduced in hypoxic mouse PASMCs. In addition, the expression of CITED2 and FOXJ3 also decreased in both the patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (iPAH) and the human PASMCs exposed to hypoxia. The decreased expression of CITED2 was reversed by co‐transfection of FOXJ3 and SEs plasmids. Overexpressing of CITED2 attenuated the PASMCs proliferation induced by hypoxia. Lentiviral overexpression of CITED2 also reversed hypoxia‐induced pulmonary hypertension mice model. Mechanically, the expression of CITED2 by affecting by FOXJ3, which binding with three SEs located in the about 2000 bp of TSS. In conclusion, we first identified that CITED2 is a kind of SEs‐targeted gene, modulated by FOXJ3. The FOXJ3/SEs/CITED2 axis may become a new therapeutic target of PH.
Effects of genetically modified maize MON810 on surface‐active springtails (Collembola)
Authors: Cagáň Ľudovít , Minarčíková Lenka , Šebek Pavel , Čížek Lukáš , Skoková Habuštová Oxana
Published: February 2025

Springtails (Collembola) are an integral and beneficial component of soil communities. As part of a comprehensive study of the effects of the Bacillus thuringiensis‐maize hybrid DKC4442YG (Bt event MON810) expressing Cry1Ab toxin on nontarget invertebrates, we studied abundance and diversity of surface‐active springtails in the temperate region of central Europe (western Slovakia) over 3 years in 10 plots with Bt and 10 plots with the near‐isogenic non‐Bt event DK440. Standard fertilizer and herbicide applications were used without the use of insecticides. Springtails were collected throughout vegetative season, nine to 11 times in each plot every year, using pitfall traps; a total of 580 samples were collected throughout the study period. In total, 7945 individuals of nine species were collected. We found that maize hybrid (Bt vs. non‐Bt) did not affect the average number of species, abundances, or community composition of springtails. There was also no significant interaction between the maize hybrids and seasonal patterns of species numbers, abundances, or community composition. To conclude, the studied genetically modified maize event MON810 did not have any impact on the communities of surface‐active Collembola.
Living standards and forced labour: A comparative study of colonial Africa, 1918–74
Authors: Dolan Leo
Published: February 2025

Despite significant advances in the quantitative study of African history, the Portuguese colonial empire remains an underexplored topic. This paper provides the first quantitative assessment of worker living standards in Angola and Mozambique, contextualized within a broader comparison of colonial African empires. Using the barebones subsistence basket method to construct welfare ratios, as well as focusing specifically on the African mining sector, this research offers a comprehensive cross‐temporal and cross‐geographical analysis. Key findings reveal two major patterns: until 1960, welfare ratios in the Portuguese empire were notably lower than in other territories, with this disparity widening after the Second World War. However, starting in the 1960s, welfare ratios in Angola and Mozambique began to rapidly and consistently increase, closing the gap that had widened in the post‐war period and achieving improvements in living standards within a few years that typically took decades to achieve elsewhere. The findings are then interpreted through an in‐depth case study approach, demonstrating how the persistence of forced labour systems under the Portuguese Empire contributed to the consistently low living standards of workers. The unexpected abolition of these coercive systems in 1961 marked the beginning of rapid improvements in living standards, underscoring the critical role of institutional changes within history. This research enhances our understanding of the functioning of coercive labour markets as well as of Africa's diverse colonial experiences.
Avatrombopag for the Treatment of Immune Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Labanca Caterina , Vigna Ernesto , Martino Enrica Antonia , Bruzzese Antonella , Mendicino Francesco , Caridà Giulio , Lucia Eugenio , Olivito Virginia , Puccio Noemi , Neri Antonino , Morabito Fortunato , Gentile Massimo
Published: February 2025

Avatrombopag, a second‐generation thrombopoietin receptor agonist (TPO‐RA), represents a significant advancement in the treatment of chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura (cITP) and a potential therapeutic option for other thrombocytopenic disorders. Approved in both the USA and Europe, avatrombopag offers a convenient oral dosing regimen, initiated at 20 mg daily with food, to achieve and maintain platelet counts ≥ 50 × 109/L. Its favorable safety profile, characterized by minimal hepatic toxicity and the absence of dietary restrictions, distinguishes it from older TPO‐RAs such as eltrombopag and romiplostim. Clinical trials and real‐world data support its efficacy, with over 90% of patients that fail to standard first‐ and second‐line treatments or become unresponsive, achieving target platelet counts, and its hepatotoxicity‐free profile makes it particularly advantageous for patients with liver disease or complex comorbidities. Economic evaluations, including a budget impact analysis for the Italian National Health Service, have projected significant healthcare cost savings associated with avatrombopag use, reinforcing its value as a cost‐effective therapeutic option. However, challenges remain, including limited data on long‐term safety. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive synthesis of clinical evidence and real‐world data on avatrombopag's efficacy, safety, and pharmacological advantages, while exploring its current and potential therapeutic applications, such as chemotherapy‐induced thrombocytopenia and aplastic anemia.
Vacuolar Sts1 Degradation‐Induced Cytoplasmic Proteasome Translocation Restores Cell Proliferation
Authors: Ohigashi Noritaka , Hirayama Shoshiro , Yashiroda Hideki , Murata Shigeo
Published: February 2025

The proteasome is a large multicatalytic complex conserved across eukaryotes that regulates multiple cellular processes through the degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The proteasome is predominantly localized to the nucleus in proliferating cells and translocates to the cytoplasm in the stationary phase. Sts1 reportedly plays a vital role in the nuclear import of the proteasome during proliferation in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, the mechanisms underlying cytoplasmic translocation of the proteasome in the stationary phase remain unknown. Here, we showed that the ubiquitin ligase Hul5 promotes vacuolar sequestration of Sts1 in a catalytic activity‐dependent manner and thus suppresses the nuclear import of the proteasome during the stationary phase. We further demonstrated that cytoplasmic translocation of the proteasome plays a vital role in the clearance of ubiquitinated protein aggregates, mitochondrial quality control, and resuming proliferation from cellular quiescence. Our results provide insights into the mechanisms and significance of the cytoplasmic localization of proteasomes in cellular quiescence.
Utility of p53 and p16 immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of human papillomavirus‐associated oral epithelial dysplasia: a retrospective study of 105 patients
Authors: Rosic Damir , Khan Zia A , Jackson‐Boeters Linda , Darling Mark R , Chapman Erin , Lee Lawrence , Liu Kelly Yi Ping , Ng Tony L , Ko Yen Chen Kevin , McCord Christina
Published: February 2025

Aims

This study investigated the utility of combined p16 and p53 immunohistochemistry (IHC) for diagnosing high‐risk human papillomavirus (HR HPV)‐associated oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) and its associated clinical behaviour, including disease recurrence and transformation to malignancy.

Methods and Results

The expression of p53 was evaluated in 105 cases of HR HPV‐positive oral cavity OED, of which 104 were scored as positive for p16. HPV status was confirmed by reverse transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) for E6 mRNA or RNA in situ hybridization (ISH). Seven cases of p16‐positive oral cavity OED with abnormal p53 expression and/or TP53 mutation and negative HPV RNA ISH were excluded. Most cases (93%) demonstrated classic HPV‐associated basaloid morphology, and 7% were keratinizing. The most affected sites were the floor of the mouth/ventral tongue (61%), followed by the lateral tongue (18%) and gingiva (13%). p53 IHC showed that 76% of cases demonstrated a null‐like / basal‐sparing pattern, while 24% demonstrated a mid‐epithelial/basal sparing pattern. Ten cases exhibited an invasive or suspicious for microinvasive component on biopsy. Dysplasia recurred in 14 cases, and a single case transformed to squamous cell carcinoma.

Conclusion

The combination of p16 positivity and a basal‐sparing pattern of p53 is predictive of HR HPV in OED, eliminating the need for further HPV‐specific testing. Although HPV OED may co‐occur with invasive squamous cell carcinoma on biopsy, the transformation to malignancy is low.
Factors influencing the quality of life and social skills of children living with HIV: A case–control study
Authors: Yang Qiuyi , Zhou Jiechao , Lan Guanghua , Qin Qi , Lu Hongyan , Chen Wei , Su Jinming , Zeng Xiaoliang
Published: February 2025

Introduction

Our objective was to understand the current status of and factors influencing the quality of life and social skills of children living with HIV and to provide a reference for improving medical service management and formulating support policies.

Methods

A total of 183 children aged 7–14 years, living with HIV, and admitted to the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Center for Disease Control and Prevention from March 2022 to February 2024 were included retrospectively. We used the children's basic information and their scores from the Quality of Life Scale for Children and Adolescents (QLSCA) and Normal Development of Social Skills From Infant to Junior High School Children (S‐M scale) to explore their the status of their quality of life and social skills and the factors influencing both.

Results

Four factors (life satisfaction, socio‐psychological functioning, physical and mental health, and living environment) and QLSCA T‐scores in the case group were significantly lower than those in the control group (p < 0.01). S‐M scale scores (self‐help, locomotion, operation, communication, socialization, self‐direction) in the case group were significantly lower than those in the control group (p < 0.001). The main factors affecting the social skills of children living with HIV were side effects from antiretroviral therapy (odds ratio [OR] 7.365, p < 0.003), comorbidities (OR 12.948, p < 0.006), intellectual development (OR 6.045, p < 0.027), and awareness of HIV infection status (OR 0.261, p < 0.014).

Conclusion

Children living with HIV have low quality of life and poor social skills. Clinicians should pay attention to side effects from antiretroviral therapy, comorbidities, children's intellectual development, and their awareness of their HIV infection status.
Impact of HBV serological status on HIV virological efficacy of two‐drug antiretroviral regimens: A retrospective observational study on virologically suppressed people with HIV switching to lamivudine/dolutegravir
Authors: Salvo Pierluigi Francesco , Ciccullo Arturo , Visconti Elena , Lombardi Francesca , Torti Carlo , Di Giambenedetto Simona , Baldin Gianmaria
Published: February 2025

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate the HIV virological efficacy of two‐drug regimens (2DR) with lamivudine (3TC) and dolutegravir (DTG) in people with HIV (PWH), classified by their hepatitis B virus (HBV) serological status. Specifically, it explored whether isolated anti‐hepatitis B core (anti‐HBc) positivity impacts virological outcomes.

Methods

A retrospective observational study was conducted at Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, enrolling 606 virologically suppressed (HIV‐RNA < 50 copies/mL) PWH who switched to a 2DR regimen with 3TC/DTG. Participants were categorized into four groups based on their HBV serological status: hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb)‐positive/hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb)‐positive, HBsAb‐negative/HBcAb‐negative, HBsAb‐positive/HBcAb‐negative, and isolated HBcAb positivity. Viral failure (VF) was defined as two consecutive HIV viral loads above 50 copies/mL or a single HIV viral load above 1000 copies/mL, and viral blips (VBs) as a single HIV‐RNA measurement between 50 and 200 copies/mL followed by suppression.

Results

During 2216.4 patient‐years of follow‐up (PYFU), we observed 30 VFs (1.3 per 100 PYFU) and 63 VBs (2.9 per 100 PYFU). No statistically significant differences in VF or VB were noted between the serological groups. Additionally, no significant alanine aminotransferase (ALT) flares or HBV‐DNA breakthroughs were observed, with HBV‐DNA remaining undetectable throughout.

Conclusions

The study supports the virological efficacy of 3TC/DTG‐based 2DR in PWH, regardless of HBV serological status. Isolated anti‐HBc positivity did not influence virological outcomes independently. Larger studies are warranted to further investigate HIV–HBV interactions in this context.
The risk of osteonecrosis after apical patency during antiresorptive therapy in an animal model
Authors: Lopes Clara de Figueiredo , Pinto Karem Paula , Ferreira Claudio Malizia Alves , de Souza Jenif Braga , Lopes Ricardo Tadeu , Alves Adriana Terezinha Neves Novellino , Souza Erick M. , Sassone Luciana Moura , da Silva Emmanuel João Nogueira Leal
Published: February 2025

Aim

To evaluate whether performing apical patency (AP) poses a risk for the development of osteonecrosis in rats treated with the antiresorptive drugs Zoledronic Acid (ZA) or Denosumab (DMAB).

Methodology

Forty‐two male Wistar rats were divided into six groups according to the medication administered and whether apical patency was performed (n = 7): ZA, ZA‐AP, DMAB, DMAB‐AP, and the control groups CON and CON‐AP. The ZA and ZA‐AP groups received 0.125 mg/kg of ZA, while the DMAB and DMAB‐AP groups received 0.25 mg/kg of DMAB, both administered via intraperitoneal injection twice a week for 4 weeks. One week after completing drug administration, endodontic access was performed on the distal occlusal fossa of the lower left first molars in all animals. AP was carried out in the distal canal of the ZA‐AP, DMAB‐AP, and CON‐AP groups using a size 10 K‐file with the aid of an electronic apex locator, extending beyond the apical foramen. In the other groups, the file was inserted up short of apex as determined by electronic apex locator measurement. Coronal sealing was performed and after 21 days, the animals were euthanized, and visual analysis, micro‐CT, and histopathological assessments were conducted to evaluate the presence or absence of osteonecrosis. Statistical analysis was performed using frequency statistics and a GLM multivariate ANOVA model followed by Tukey's test with significance at p < .05.

Results

None of the animals exhibited bone exposure or other clinical signs associated with medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw. No cortical bone destruction, periosteal reaction, or bone sequestration was observed in the micro‐CT or histopathological assessments. Medication significantly influenced some micro‐CT parameters (p < .05), while the apical patency alone did not (p > .05). When interacting with medication*apical patency, the ZA‐AP group showed a significantly lower percentage of bone volume and bone mineral density compared to the ZA group, a tendency not observed in DMAB groups (p < .05).

Conclusions

Apical patency in rats treated with zoledronic acid or denosumab did not cause osteonecrosis of the jaw, only micro‐CT changes in bone microarchitecture that cannot be linked to osteonecrosis in zoledronic acid treated animals.
Core‐shell architectures: Tailoring the electromagnetic properties for enhanced absorption
Authors: Shao Chenyang , Yang Jie , Huang Yujia , Xing Yan
Published: February 2025

As wireless communication technology advances, the risks of electromagnetic (EM) pollution to both electrical infrastructure and human health are escalating. EM absorbers stand out as a superior solution for their ability to effectively absorb and attenuate EM waves. In the quest for optimal EM absorption capabilities, the innovative application of microstructural geometrical effects breathes fresh life into the evolution of EM absorbers. The incorporation of a core‐shell structure markedly amplifies the performance of EM wave absorption by synergizing various mechanisms, including geometrical influences, interfacial polarization, electronic conduction, and the coupling of magnetic and dielectric properties. This review meticulously reviews the state‐of‐the‐art in core‐shell structured EM absorbing materials, highlighting materials such as metals, carbon, and high‐entropy materials. Subsequently, the key strategies for performance tailoring such as material selection, crystal defects, and geometrical morphology are consequently introduced. Furthermore, the discussion culminates in a comprehensive overview of the core‐shell structured EM absorbers, offering an in‐depth analysis and a forward‐looking perspective on their prospective applications in the future landscape of technology.
A Quantitative Analysis of the Underrepresentation of Women on Green Occupational Programmes Groups Within VET in Spain: A New Leaking Pipeline Phenomenon
Authors: Moso‐Diez Mónica , Mondaca‐Soto Antonio , Gamboa Juan P. , García‐Blázquez Itziar
Published: February 2025

The “leaky pipeline” metaphor describes the greater likelihood of women and girls leaving Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) fields at every point, relative to men and boys. Gender disparities occur both in recruitment—that is, who chooses to enter a STEM pathway—as well as retention—that is, who chooses to persist in a STEM major or occupation. In addition, women who persist in STEM careers are less likely than men to reach top levels of leadership in those careers. The “leaky pipeline” metaphor describes the greater likelihood of women and girls to leave STEM fields at every point, relative to men and boys. Gender disparities occur both in recruitment—that is, who chooses to enter a STEM pathway—as well as retention—that is, who chooses to persist in a STEM major or occupation. In addition, women who persist in STEM careers are less likely than men to reach top levels of leadership in those careers. The aim of this paper is to analyse the representation of women in green occupational groups, studying both their attraction to “green vocational education and training programmes” and their completion as well as their transition to the labour market. It is important to note that green vocational programmes are closely related to STEM vocational education and training (VET) programmes. In this sense, it is relevant to analyse whether the gender “leaking pipeline” phenomenon exists in green training programmes and occupational groups in the same way it does in STEM occupations. The quantitative breakdown by occupational group highlights a clear gender gap in female participation in GREEN VET programmes. Moreover, when women from green occupational groups enter the labour market, their employment conditions are systematically worse than those of men. It is worth noting the scarcity of studies on this issue, particularly quantitative ones, which indicates the limited scientific attention paid to analysing the gender gap in green vocational programmes and occupational groups.
Global perspectives to enhance strategies for advancing women in healthcare and STEMM leadership
Authors: Borger Jessica G , Longley Rhea J , Taylor Megan F , Motrich Ruben , Payne Jennifer AE , Kemp Roslyn A
Published: February 2025

The discourse surrounding gender equity has intensified recently, amplified by the impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic, highlighting the critical underrepresentation of women in leadership roles across various sectors including the media and healthcare. In medical research, this disparity is particularly pronounced, with women often excluded from senior positions despite their substantial presence in the workforce. This review seeks to explore the multifaceted issue of gender inequity in medical research leadership, examining the systemic barriers that women face, the socioeconomic factors that compound these challenges and the global variations in leadership representation of women. Diverse leadership teams are essential for fostering medical innovation, improving patient outcomes and ensuring that clinical trials and medical research are effective, inclusive and representative. The underrepresentation of women in leadership roles is not merely a matter of gender bias; it is intricately linked to socioeconomic factors that hinder their advancement. Women from lower socioeconomic backgrounds face additional obstacles, such as limited access to education and professional networks, which further exacerbate their underrepresentation in leadership positions. Moreover, cultural and societal norms play a significant role in shaping the career trajectories of women. As a group of immunologists, including representatives of the International Union of Immunological Sciences (IUIS) Gender Equity Committee, we review the causes of these inequities. We examine the impact of gender‐diverse leadership on pre‐clinical and medical research, emphasizing the need for inclusive leadership to drive progress in medical research and resulting healthcare. Finally, the review proposes strategies for improving gender equity in medical research leadership, including policy changes, organizational initiatives and societal shifts. By addressing these critical issues, this review contributes to the ongoing efforts to promote gender equity in medical research, ultimately enhancing the quality and inclusiveness of scientific inquiry and its impact on healthcare delivery.
Iron optimisation in pregnancy: a Haematology in Obstetric and Women's Health Collaborative consensus statement
Authors: Clarke Lisa , Froessler Bernd , Tang Catherine , King Kylie , Ross Bryony , Kidson‐Gerber Giselle , Dugan Cory , Townsend Lynn , Uppal Talat , Baxter Laura , Cook Shab , Cutts Briony , Eslick Renee , Farrell Elizabeth , Grzeskowiak Luke , Hamad Nada
Published: February 2025

Anaemia is a well‐recognised and widely accepted consequence of iron deficiency (ID); however, the two diagnoses are not synonymous with the effects of ID occurring long before the development of anaemia. In adults, ID can cause physical and neuropsychological symptoms, including lethargy, altered mood and poor concentration, reducing an individual's quality of life. Foetal and neonatal ID has been associated with impaired neurocognitive development with lasting effects despite iron replacement in early life. Obstetric ID is common, affecting up to 70% of Australian pregnancies. The impact, at both an individual and a population level, remains underappreciated and consensus on the identification and management of obstetric ID is lacking. This consensus statement was developed by the Haematology in Obstetrics and Women's Health (HOW) Collaborative and utilised the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system to evaluate evidence and strength of recommendations. Recommendations are as follows: (i) Routine ferritin screening should be performed in all pregnant women (GRADE 1C) at booking and 24–28 weeks. Repeat testing should be performed at 36 weeks if clinically indicated or if the woman is previously unscreened. (ii) ID in pregnancy should be defined as a ferritin level <30 μg/L (GRADE 1D). (iii) An appropriate oral iron formulation should be offered as first‐line therapy for obstetric ID (GRADE 1B). (iv) Alternate‐day oral dosing can be considered to limit side effects in women with obstetric ID (GRADE 2B). (v) Intravenous iron should be offered to women with ID/ID anaemia who are intolerant of or refractory to oral iron or in the third trimester (GRADE 1B).
Measuring variations in healthcare data using run charts and statistical process control charts: a survey of general physicians attending the quality improvement workshop
Authors: Aung Ar Kar , Mertin Helen , Wong Alex , Johnson Douglas F. , Lee Jennifer Inhae
Published: February 2025

General physicians as system leaders play a significant role in quality improvement (QI) initiatives within respective health services. However, there are very few formal QI training programmes available for general physicians in Australia. This survey described the experiences of attendees at the 2024 Internal Medicine Society of Australia and New Zealand QI workshop, which delivered topics on understanding variations in healthcare data using QI tools such as run charts and statistical process control (Shewhart) charts.
X‐Ray Crystallography Based Epitope Mapping of Glycoproteins and RNA in Chandipura Vesiculovirus for Vaccine Design
Authors: Lakra Aron Rodrick
Published: February 2025

This study investigates potential epitopes in the glycoprotein and RNA of Chandipura vesiculovirus (CHPV) using MHC Class I (HLA‐A0201) and MHC Class II (DRB1_0101) molecules with 3D structures derived from x‐ray crystallography. Computationally derived peptides were mapped and subjected to in silico docking, revealing promising targets for CD8+ cytotoxic and CD4+ helper T cells. Key factors analysed include solvent accessible surface area (SASA), Debye‐Waller factor (B‐factor), and polar bond interactions. Post‐docking, removal of N‐acetylglucosamine (NAG) increased peptide stability and reduced B‐factors, while SO4 presence had minimal impact. SASA values increased by up to 237.5% with MHC Class I, and RNA docking with MHC Class II displayed mixed SASA changes. Polar bond interactions also increased post‐docking, indicating the strong potential of identified CHPV epitopes.
Targeting Bottlenecks in Malaria Transmission: Antibody‐Epitope Descriptions Guide the Design of Next‐Generation Biomedical Interventions
Authors: Yoo Randy , Jore Matthijs M. , Julien Jean‐Philippe
Published: February 2025

Malaria continues to pose a significant burden to global health. Thus, a strong need exists for the development of a diverse panel of intervention strategies and modalities to combat malaria and achieve elimination and eradication goals. Deploying interventions that target bottlenecks in the transmission life cycle of the causative agent of malaria, Plasmodium parasites, is an attractive strategy. The development of highly potent antibody‐based biologics, including vaccines, can be greatly facilitated by an in‐depth molecular understanding of antibody‐epitope interactions. Here, we provide an overview of structurally characterized antibodies targeting lead vaccine candidates expressed during the bottlenecks of the Plasmodium life cycle which include the pre‐erythrocytic and sexual stages. The repeat region of the circumsporozoite protein (CSP), domain 1 of Pfs230 and domains 1 and 3 of Pfs48/45 are critical Plasmodium regions targeted by the most potent antibodies at the two bottlenecks of transmission, with other promising targets emerging and requiring further characterization.
Inferring Causal Relationships for Lifetime Reproductive Traits and Modelling Latent Reproductive Performance Variable in Murciano‐Granadina Goats
Authors: Mokhtari Morteza , Esmailizadeh Ali , Momen Mehdi , Tian Rugang , Tian Jing , Zhao Meng , Wang Xiao , Li Hui , Li Yuan , Bagheripour Alireza , Mohebbinejad Ehsan
Published: February 2025

The current study investigated the application of structural equation models for genetic analysis of lifetime reproductive traits and latent variable modelling in the Murciano‐Granadina goat breed. In the current investigation, data collected between 2016 and 2023 in a private dairy farm of the Murciano‐Granadina goat breed in Ghale‐Ganj city, located in the southern area of Kerman Iranian province were used. The investigated lifetime reproductive traits included overall litter size at birth (OLSB), overall litter size at weaning (OLSW), overall litter weight at birth (OLWB), and overall litter weight at weaning (OLWW). Four multivariate animal models, including standard (SMM), Inductive Causation algorithm‐based structural equation (ICM), ICM with biological modification (ICM‐BM), and fully recursive (FRM) models were fitted on the data and compared in terms of predictive ability measures including mean squared prediction error (MSE) and Pearson's correlation coefficient between the observed and predicted values (r(y, )) of records. ICM‐BM performed better than other models in terms of the lowest MSE and the highest r(y, ). Under ICM‐BM, heritability estimates were low values of 0.08, 0.08, 0.11, and 0.10 for OLSB, OLSW, OLWB, and OLWW, respectively. Genetic correlations among lifetime reproductive traits were positive and varied from 0.72 (OLSB‐OLWW) to 0.95 (OLSB‐OLWB). The confirmatory factor analysis technique was used to construct a latent variable named reproductive performance (RP) from the investigated lifetime reproductive traits. The posterior mean for heritability of RP was estimated at 0.06. The genetic correlations between RP and the investigated lifetime reproductive traits were high and positive, ranging from 0.92 (RP‐OLSB) to 0.99 (RP‐OLSW). The corresponding phenotypic correlations were also high and positive, ranging from 0.81 (RP‐OLWB) to 0.95 (RP‐OLSW). Considering causal structure among the traits detected via ICM‐BM had more advantages for genetic evaluation of the lifetime reproductive traits in the Murciano‐Granadina goat compared with SMM. The low heritability estimates implied that the studied lifetime reproductive traits and RP were mainly controlled by non‐additive genetic and environmental effects which limits the efficiency of direct genetic selection for improving these traits. Furthermore, positive genetic and phenotypic correlations favoured using RP latent variable for breeding purposes.
Measuring Saudi Arabian Students' Engagement in Synchronous Online Learning of Chinese as a Foreign Language
Authors: Sun Peijian Paul , Ren Zeqi , Zhao Xian
Published: February 2025

Background

Student engagement has been conceptualised and operationalised in various learning environments. However, there is currently a lack of established scales to measure student engagement in synchronous online learning. One possible reason is the existence of the conceptual and structural ambiguity regarding student engagement.

Objective

With its context situated in Saudi Arabian students' synchronous online learning of Chinese as a foreign language (L2 Chinese), this study attempts to find out the best representation and measure of synchronous online engagement based on four competing statistical modelling methods, including confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), exploratory structural equation modelling (ESEM), bi‐factor CFA (B‐CFA) and bi‐factor ESEM (B‐ESEM).

Methods

A total of 167 Saudi Arabian students voluntarily participated in this online questionnaire‐based study. A 19‐item online questionnaire was adaptively developed to measure students' engagement in synchronous online learning of L2 Chinese from behavioural, cognitive, affective and social dimensions. CFA, ESEM, B‐CFA and B‐ESEM were employed to determine the optimal structure model for representing students' synchronous online engagement in L2 Chinese learning.

Results and Conclusion

The results revealed that the B‐ESEM model was the best structure model for both measuring and accounting for the generality and specificity of students' engagement in synchronous online learning of L2 Chinese. More specifically, student online engagement was found to be a general unity with four distinctive subdimensions including behavioural, cognitive, affective and social engagement. This study not only reconciles the construct inconsistency of student engagement in the literature from the synchronous online learning perspective but also provides an optimal representation for measuring students' synchronous online engagement in L2 learning.
A Machine Learning Algorithm‐Based Approach (MaxEnt) for Predicting Habitat Suitability of Formica rufa
Authors: Özcan Gonca Ece , Ünel Eda , Sivrikaya Fatih
Published: February 2025

Machine learning techniques are quite effective for simulating species habitat appropriateness. Species distribution models are statistical algorithms founded on the ecological niche idea. These models estimate the association between existing species records and the environmental and spatial characteristics of the habitat. From 2022 to 2023, a field survey was conducted in the Kastamonu Forest Enterprise, resulting in the identification of 267 active Formica rufa nests. The habitat preferences of F.rufa were assessed based on factors such as stand characteristics, topography and climatic variables. MaxEnt, a prevalent machine learning technique for predicting species habitat suitability, was employed in the habitat suitability modelling of F. rufa. 30 distinct variables were employed in the modelling process. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis examined model accuracy. AUC was 0.941 for training data and 0.946 for test data. With 39.5% of the model, the development stage is the most important variable for F. rufa habitat selection. The development stage, productivity and temperature annual range (BIO7) variables make up 75.1% of the model. The habitat suitability map shows that 79% of F. rufa nests are in moderately and highly appropriate areas. The F. rufa group, widely prevalent in northern hemisphere forests, significantly impacts forest ecosystems and is recognised as the foremost bioindicator species within these environments. Determining the elements that affect habitat selection by these species is essential for their conservation and management.
Upward transfer in Southeast China and Taiwan: Longitudinal trends of a family ritual
Authors: Tsai Ming‐Chang , Chan Chin‐Han
Published: February 2025

Objective

This study examines the evolving patterns of intergenerational financial support in China and Taiwan.

Background

The paradoxical divergence (PD) perspective suggests that family behaviors in China resemble those of Western countries, while Taiwanese families exhibit more traditional practices despite their higher societal income. Conversely, the developmental idealism (DI) perspective anticipates a convergence over time as modern family beliefs become more widespread. The evolving dynamics of financial support defy both PD and DI expectations, suggesting sustained prevalence of giving to parents as a family ritual.

Method

This study employs a hybrid panel model to examine intergenerational financial support using longitudinal data from Southeast China and Taiwan.

Results

Our analysis reveals a shift toward Taiwanese‐like patterns in the frequency and amount of financial assistance given to parents in China. Rising personal income, a significant fixed effect, prompts sons and daughters in China to provide more frequent and substantial financial support to their parents. In Taiwan, despite diminishing trends over time, gender disparities in upward transfers persist.

Conclusion

The study highlights that the modernization of intergenerational transfers in Chinese families is moderate. The family ritual perspective provides a more nuanced understanding of the trends and patterns of intergenerational transfer in China and Taiwan.
Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring During 52 Hours in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease and Haemodialysis Treatment—An Exploratory Pilot Study
Authors: Stenberg Jenny , Sandberg Oskar , Marttala Kerstin , Svensson Maria K.
Published: February 2025

Background

Hypertension in patients with haemodialysis is mainly characterised by high pre‐dialysis blood pressure (BP) due to body fluid retention before dialysis, and the BP tends to decrease after dialysis due to removal of water during dialysis. Intervals between haemodialysis treatments vary and a long inter‐dialytic interval dialysis is associated with increased mortality.

Objective

To examine variations in BP; how ambulatory BP vary during a dialysis treatment performed after the long inter‐dialytic interval, that is, the first treatment of the week, compared to dialysis after a short inter‐dialytic interval, and in the interval between the two dialysis sessions.

Design

Exploratory non‐interventional observational.

Participants

Eleven patients with chronic kidney disease Stage 5 treated with haemodialysis were enroled. The mean age was 69 years (range 48–87) and mean dialysis duration 65 months (range 4–128).

Measurements

Ambulatory BP was recorded for 52 h including two haemodialysis treatments and one inter‐dialytic interval. For statistical analyses the Wilcoxon signed ranks test was used.

Results

Significant differences in systolic and diastolic BPs were observed between dialyses after long inter‐dialytic interval and short inter‐dialytic interval, respectively (systolic 122 mmHg vs. 114 mmHg, p = 0.012 and diastolic 62 mmHg vs. 61 mmHg, p = 0.036). In addition, the BP declined during the first 90 min during dialysis in both settings.

Conclusions

Measuring ambulatory BP for 52 h in patient with chronic kidney disease and haemodialysis is feasible and show that both systolic and diastolic BP differ between dialysis treatments following inter‐dialytic intervals of diverse length. These findings should be replicated in larger studies.
The Benefits of Early Work Experience for School Dropouts: Evidence From a Field Experiment
Authors: Hervelin Jérémy , Villedieu Pierre
Published: February 2025

This paper focuses on the question of whether job‐related work experience, especially in tight occupations, is sufficient to increase the employment opportunities of school dropouts in comparison with graduates. To answer this question, we conducted a correspondence study with 6400 applications sent to real job offers and 8200 unsolicited applications between January and December 2018. We find that dropouts have lower probabilities of being interviewed for job positions than graduates, but this gap narrows for dropouts who gained work experience and even more so when skills certification is associated. Furthermore, we find that tougher competition with external job seekers shrinks the interview rate of all applicants toward the minimum interview observed rate.
Availability and Practice Patterns of Videolaryngoscopy and Adaptation of Apneic Oxygenation in Pediatric Anesthesia: A Cross‐Sectional Survey of Pediatric Anesthesiologists
Authors: Bai Wenyu , Koppera Prabhat , Yuan Yuan , Mentz Graciela , Pearce Bridget , Therrian Megan , Reynolds Paul , Brown Sydney E. S.
Published: February 2025

Background

Videolaryngoscopy (VL) and apneic oxygenation are highly recommended and increasingly used in pediatric anesthesia practice; yet, availability, use in recommended clinical settings (e.g., neonates, airway emergencies, and out‐of‐operating‐room tracheal intubation), and the association of VL availability with how pediatric anesthesiologists define difficult intubation have not been explored.

Method

An electronic survey was distributed to the members of several international pediatric anesthesia societies to examine the availability and practice patterns of VL and to explore the criteria used to define a difficult tracheal intubation in children in the context of VL.

Results

The response rate was 12.9%. VL was reported to be “most likely available” in main pediatric operating rooms and offsite locations 93% and 80.1% of the time, respectively. Fifty‐seven percent of participants would select VL first when anticipating a difficult tracheal intubation; nearly 30% of respondents would choose direct laryngoscopy first and VL as a backup in this scenario. One‐third of subjects would select VL as their first choice for nonoperating room (non‐OR) emergency tracheal intubation and for premature or newborn infants, regardless of anticipated difficulty with intubation. Thirty percent of subjects reported using apneic oxygenation during difficult laryngoscopy. Institutional VL availability was not associated with how providers defined difficult tracheal intubation.

Conclusion

VL is highly available, but the adoption of VL and apneic oxygenation for managing difficult tracheal intubation was lower than expected, given recent recommendations by pediatric anesthesia societies. There was heterogeneity in how difficult intubation was defined, resulting in a possible patient safety risk.
Fiscal Stance, Fiscal Rules, and Public Debt Dynamics in the United States
Authors: Abubakar Attahir B. , Mamman Suleiman O. , Iliyasu Jamilu
Published: February 2025

Public debt in the United States has continued to rise despite the implementation of various policy measures aimed at curbing its growth. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Dynamic Simulated ARDL models were used to examine the effect of fiscal stance and fiscal rules on the dynamics of US public debt. The findings reveal that while fiscal tightening is useful in reducing public debt accumulation, the adoption of fiscal rules may be unbeneficial for curtailing public debt, implying that discretion, rather than rules, may be more desirable for public debt management in the United States.