bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Dry Shearing of Aluminum 6082
Authors: Steinbach Frank , Chen Lin , Güner Alper , Tekkaya A. Erman
Published: September 2014

In shearing and blanking lubrication is widely used. For future production one aim is to decrease the use of oil or to do without such lubricants. For this purpose it is interesting, if there is an influence of using lubricants on the cut edge quality. Therefore numerical analysis and experiments are carried out with a blanking tool, installed in a servo press, to analyze the cut edge quality of shearing of aluminum 6082-T6. Using FE-simulation with Lemaitre’s damage model, the process is simulated with different friction coefficients for simulate different kinds of lubrication. In this paper the circle punch with 16 mm diameter is used (piercing). In the experiments the cut edge quality and the maximum shearing force do not differ significantly. With a friction coefficient of 0.2 it is possible to give the right cut edge quality by using the damage model of Lemaitre.
Numerical Approach to Determine Natural Strain of Spherical Preforms in Open Die Upsetting
Authors: Brüning Heiko , Vollertsen Frank
Published: September 2014

Many parts of today´s world are manufactured by cold forming operations or more precisely by mechanical upsetting such as wheelmounts or bevel gears because cold forming has several advantages compared to other machining operations. Due to size effects, the maximum achievable upset ratio in mechanical upsetting decreases with decreasing size of the work piece, so that upsetting becomes inefficient in micro range. Here, one promising approach is the laser rod end melting process generating a so called preform which allows upset ratios of several hundred within one stage. This preform is subsequently calibrated by a mechanical upsetting process. A numerical simulation showing the open die upsetting process of preforms, modeled with Abaqus, is presented in this work. Results of numerically determined natural strain are compared with an analytical model showing that the analytical model is a reasonable approximation. The maximum achievable average natural strain of preforms in upsetting is experimentally determined to be at least φ*=2.75.
A Novel Tool Design Strategy for Electromagnetic Forming
Authors: Neugebauer Reimund , Psyk Verena , Scheffler Christian
Published: September 2014

To make the advantages of electromagnetic forming applicable for industrial manufacturing, a three step tool design strategy is suggested. At first, simplified decoupled electromagnetic and structural mechanical simulations are used for creating a preliminary design via a systematic iterative optimization process. The selected design is verified in more accurate coupled simulations. A prototypic realization serves for further optimization, if necessary. The applicability of the approach is proved on the basis of an inductor system for magnetic pulse welding of tubes.
Wear Prediction for Hot Forging Dies under Consideration of Structure Modification in the Surface Layer
Authors: Klassen Andreas , Bouguecha Anas , Behrens Bernd-Arno
Published: September 2014

Hot forging dies are exposed to a combination of high mechanical and thermal load in each forging cycle leading to abrasive wear that is one of the most frequent causes of die failure. Due to the high difference in temperature between the dies and the workpiece the surface layer material of forging dies undergoes very high thermal shock loads. High temperatures, which occur in each cycle lead to material annealing and to a softening of the material in the surface layer. However, there are die regions, like convex radiuses, where the surface temperatures exceed the austenitizing temperature. In combination with high cooling rates martensitic structures with a high hardness are generated in these regions. Both, softening as well as hardening of the tool material have a great influence on the wear resistance of dies. Nowadays a prediction of the wear amount is possible by using Finite Element Method (FEM) in combination with wear models. The approach for hot forging processes provides an input of die hardness curves under cyclic thermal load. Only by calculating die wear using this hardness curve a good accuracy of the FE result with experimental investigations is possible. Therefore relevant tests of hot forging material under typical forging load should be designed, conducted and afterwards used in the FE based wear prediction for hot forging dies.
Integration of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Structures in Machine Tools Using the Example of a Swivel Arm
Authors: Bretz Andreas , Landmann Andreas , Rost Robert
Published: September 2014

Classical lightweight construction in the field of machine tools is reaching its limits. New materials like fibre reinforced plastics are not widely used yet. The main reasons are the high material and production costs. This paper presents an approach for substituting a conventional component of the machine tool’s periphery by a structure made of fibre reinforced plastics. An easy and economic production process was used to enable quick fabrication.
Parameter Identification of NC-Axes during Regular Operation of a Machine Tool
Authors: Hellmich Arvid , Hipp Kevin , Schlegel Holger , Neugebauer Reimund
Published: September 2014

Monitoring functions of machine tools are of increasing importance to enhance their productivity. They can also be complemented by several system identification approaches which provide additional information. To utilize these approaches, special requirements, e. g. adequate reactions to variant process excitations during the regular process have to be fulfilled. The paper deals with the identification of velocity loop parameters of numerical controlled (NC) axes on a state of the art machine tool and gives an insight on how to correspond to the given requirements. Mainly, this is done by implementing extending modules, of which the model error estimation is pointed out in particular. Experiments with data for a turning operation show the practicability.
Model-Based Development Process of Cybertronic Products and Production Systems
Authors: Meissner Hermann , Cadet Marcel , Stephan Nicole , Bohr Christian
Published: September 2014

The shift to satisfied customer markets forces manufacturers to offer customised products. Moreover, product lifecycles are shortened, which requires a faster development of products and corresponding production systems. Both challenges amplify complexity in production. This complexity is usually confronted with flexibility. A new approach offering decentralised structures, and thereby flexibility, comes from cybertronic systems (CTS), which are further developed mechatronic systems with the capability to communicate through open networks with other such mechatronic systems. Up to now no integrated development process to engineer cybertronic products (CTP) and production systems (CTPS) has been developed, although such a process is essential to use their beneficial properties for today’s market conditions. Therefore, research is conducted in the research project mecPro². First, the properties of cybertronic systems are investigated and dissociated from those of mechatronic systems. Based on these properties, the connections of CTP and CTPS are analysed and a systematics for description for both is identified. With this the model-based development processes of CTP and CTPS can be further defined as well as their intersections and afterwards implemented in a data model. Finally, the development process is summarised in a product lifecycle management software to support the development process.
Analogy Studies of the Effect of Finishing on the Tribological Running-In Behaviour of Engine Components Using the Example of the Cylinder Running Surface
Authors: Karpuschewski Bernhard , Welzel Florian , Risse Konstantin
Published: September 2014

A variety of current scientific work shows the importance and possibilities of an effective conditioning of tribological contacts to minimize friction and wear, respectively an increase in performance of tribological highly stressed components. By slight modifications of the finishing process positive effects like the increase of lifetime or increase of power can therefore be generated. Based on this approach the tribological system piston ring/cylinder running surface of internal combustion engines is an example with high potential for optimization of production. This paper introduces alternative production and conditioning processes. The evaluation of chemical modifications of boundary layers, which are used in addition to the topography as a representative indicator for the description of the functionalities of produced surfaces is considered to be a special aspect. The present paper combines considerations of manufacturing technology with tribological tests showing the relationships and dependencies between the process characteristics of finishing and the operational behavior of the examined components.
Development of Materials Used in Pedestrian Bridges
Authors: Li Pei Feng , Wan Shui
Published: September 2014

With coverage of municipal transport network, more and more pedestrian bridges appeared in traffic dense areas of the city, thus well solving the security problems of pedestrians crossing the street. Although at this stage, for the construction of pedestrian bridges in practical engineering, the traditional reinforced concrete structure still occupied dominant position, a variety of new materials have also been more widely used. This paper mainly discusses the development of materials used in pedestrian bridges.
Development of Automatic Corner Stone Trimming Working Machine for Boundary Stones
Authors: Oh Sung Hoon
Published: September 2014

Stones are major materials for various civil engineering works and architectural construction areas and various kinds of stones are being used in construction sites and those areas are also very diverse.
Even though the size of domestic stone market size is currently increasing, production volume cannot meet the demand because the production method is still highly dependent on manual work. In addition, as China is rising as the center of world stone market which emphasized the strong price competitiveness, imports from China are currently increasing because China is gradually securing the quality competitiveness as well. This seems because the quality of Chinese stones does not fall behind than the quality of domestic stones and in order to recover this situation, it is considered important to maximize the productivity of domestic stone working companies through the automation of production environment and to secure the price competitiveness through quality equalization to deal with low labor costs which China is emphasizing as their strength. Based on these reasons, this development was conducted and tried to secure the competitiveness of stone working by developing automatic control technology and stone working technology using air pressure and PLC, preventing risk factors and environmental problems caused by manual work in stone working site, removing working risk factors through automation and reducing dust and noise. And accordingly, automatic corner stone trimming working machine for boundary stones was developed, and production environments were improved and productivity could be maximized through the automation of manpower dependent works.
The Origins of Nanotechnology in Latvia
Authors: Staube Tatjana , Ciemleja Guna , Geipele Ineta
Published: September 2014

This Paper is a review within a number of the planned articles devoted to finding out and determining a range of scientific activity of the Republic of Latvia on a global scale of nanotechnologies. Purpose of the current Paper is to provide a review on the legal fundamentals in creating a local scientific environment for development of the advanced technologies in Latvia. The main methods applied by the authors are analysis of the scientific and professional literature and official documentation, and logical approach. A focus on the local documentation through integration into the European Union is accepted limitation of the Paper. The main findings ensuring the value of the Paper are: Latvia is not named among the priority regions in the newest EU’s smart specialisation platform. Despite for the nearest years the nanotechnologies are announced in the second priority for the Latvian science development, an international collaboration of Latvia is at very high rate - 70% on average and 77% of the investment volume to the scientific projects is assigned from the EU, limitations in local tooling and professionalism are obvious, it cause currently our country is still at the foundation stage.
Refined FEM Analysis of 1000MW Generator Stator during Integral Transportation on Railway
Authors: Nie Chun Ge , Wang Yue Dong , Zhao Wen Zhong
Published: September 2014

A new designed 1000MW generator stator was planned to be transported by DQ45 Schnabel car with end shield mode. In order to ensure the safety of transportation, three design schemes of end shield were proposed。In this paper, refined finite element models were established including frame of stator with different end shield, and nonlinear finite element analyses according to load condition of transportation on railway were performed subsequently. The numerical results indicated that load condition of structure could be improved significantly by using the third proposed end shield with tension bar, and the safety of transportation could be guaranteed. At last, the numerical results of the third scheme were compared with test data, and the reliability of finite element models was confirmed.
Comparisons of the Mechanical Properties of 3 Commercial Brands of Non-Latex Orthodontic Elastics
Authors: Jittanonda Vantida , Dechkunakorn Surachai , Anuwongnukroh Niwat , Wichai Wassana , Tua-Ngam Peerapong
Published: September 2014

Nonlatex orthodontic elastics have been developed as alternative products for latex allergic patients. However, to date, the studies on nonlatex elastics are limited and controversial. Therefore, further investigation of the mechanical properties of nonlatex elastics should be conducted.
Dynamic Characteristic Analysis of Hydraulic Servo System in a Mold Oscillating Mechanism
Authors: Park Yong Hui , Park Hyun Chul
Published: September 2014

In this study, a hydraulic servo system for mold oscillating mechanism was investigated. In order to check the efficiency and the stability of system, its geometrical designs, which change the natural characteristic of system, including a spool volume, area of piston, and so on were analyzed by a non-linear model. The model was composed of the equation of orifice, the continuity equation, and the force equilibrium including a variable effective bulk modulus belonging to operating oil, gas, and cylinder. All simulations were conducted by the MATLAB SIMULINK, and simulated as specific conditions corresponding real operation conditions in the steel industry. According to the analysis, the relation between a controller, servo design, and system performance was investigated with physical means. And, the fact that not compared to other design variables, the entrance shape on spool was dominant to determine the stability and the performance of system, was found. Furthermore, a fault detection method, and optimization problem including this work were discussed.
Evaluation of Longitudinal Modulus of Elasticity in Wood Species for Structural Application
Authors: Chahud Eduardo , Melgaço Nunes Branco Luiz Antônio , Christoforo André Luis , Rocco Lahr Francisco Antonio , Battistelle Rosane Aparecida Gomes , Valarelli Ivaldo D.
Published: September 2014

1024x768 This research aimed to investigate possible differences in values of longitudinal modulus of elasticity for wood species usually employed for structural purposes, as Castanheira (Bertholletia excelsa), Cambará (Erisma uncinatum), Cumaru (Dipteryx odorata), Jatobá (Hymenaea stilbocarpa), Garapa (Apuleia leiocarpa) and Peroba Rosa (Aspidosperma polyneuron), obtained from compression and tension parallel to grain, and static bending tests. Recommendations of the Brazilian standard ABNT NBR 7190:1997, Annex B, were followed. Statistical analysis results for the cited properties, had equivalent averages for the six wood species analyzed. This confirms that any of the three tests can be used to obtain the longitudinal elastic modulus and which could avoid the necessity of evaluating stiffness values for wood by more than one kind of mechanical test. Normal 0 21 false false false PT-BR X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
Simulation Analysis of In-Service Bamboo and Pine EGP Composite Flooring
Authors: Barbosa Juliana Cortez , da Silva José Reinaldo Moreira , de Alvarenga Fabiano , de Souza Alexandre Jorge Duarte , de Araujo Victor Almeida , Garcia José Nivaldo
Published: September 2014

Bamboo is a renewable material that has been gaining attention in several sectors of production and research because of its potential. Its special characteristics of rapid growth, short harvest cycle, diversity and excellent mechanical properties. The objective of this work was a physical-mechanical analysis of flooring manufactured by a combination of bamboo (Dendrocalamus giganteus) laminate slats and wood (Pinus taeda) edge-glued panels (EGP). It was based on the ASTM D2394-83/1994 standard, which describes the procedures for mechanical simulation of in-service floors, such as indentation loads applied on small areas, falling ball impact, rolling load, abrasion and friction tests. The results were satisfactory when compared with those of other types of wood. The research showed lignocellulosic composite of Pine EGP with a bamboo surface, in terms of mechanical strength according the ASTM’s standard, is viable and feasible. Therefore, it results that “EGP/Bamboo” composite can be successfully applied for internal floors.
Tensile Behaviour of Modified PBT by Radiation Cross-Linking
Authors: Mizera Ales , Manas Miroslav , Manas David , Holik Zdenek , Stanek Michal , Navratil Jan , Bednarik Martin
Published: September 2014

Radiation processing of polymers is a well-established and economical commercial method of precisely modifying the properties of polymers. The industrial applications of the radiation processing of plastics and composites include polymerization, cross-linking, degradation and grafting. Radiation processing mainly involves the use of either electron beams from electron accelerators or gamma radiation from Cobalt-60 sources. The PBT Polybutylene terephthalate was used in this research and the tensile behaviour was investigated at the ambient temperature. Results demonstrate that PBT has higher values of tensile strength and E-modulus with the increased irradiation dose and it has decreased elongation at break. This behaviour leads to the expansion of these materials in the automotive and electrical industry.
Creep Test Evalutation
Authors: Reznicek Martin , Manas David , Stanek Michal , Ovsik Martin , Senkerik Vojtech , Skrobak Adam , Kratky Petr
Published: September 2014

Many methods of result interpretation were developed while testing materials. We can often see evaluation using graphs, tables, numerical expression with effort to present the results of research as clearly as possible to the reader. One of the factors that can negatively affect this interpretation is the number of tested samples. With sufficient number of samples, ordinary arithmetic average is used and standard deviation is used to express uncertainty of measurement. But what to do when we only have small number of measurements Can big deviation affect the results of the experiment This article will try to answer this question.
Comparison of Horizontal and Vertical Deactivation Force, Length and Superelasticity in Three Commercial NiTi Orthodontic Archwires
Authors: Dechkunakorn Surachai , Anuwongnukroh Niwat , Nanthavannich Nuntinee , Tongkoom Subongkoch
Published: September 2014

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate and to compare the deactivation force, deactivation length and superelasticity in horizontal and vertical directions of Nickel-titanium (NiTi) orthodontic archwires made by 3 different manufactures. Materials and methods: The archwires tested were NiTi-OR (Ormco), NiTi-GH (G&H) and NiTi-H (Highland) and were 0.016 x 0.022 inch2 in cross-section and 25 mm in length. The study analysed load-deflection curves from three-point bending tests performed for each type of NiTi wire in vertical (occluso-gingival) direction (0.022” in horizontal dimension) and horizontal (bucco-lingual) direction (0.016” in vertical dimension) at oral temperature (37±10 oC). Statistical Analysis: Descriptive analysis and Kruskal Wallis test were performed to assess differences in deactivation force, deactivation length and superelasticity among the three brands. A p<0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The deactivation forces ranked from low to high were NiTi-GH, NiTi-OR and NiTi-H, 2.09, 2.57 and 2.90 N, respectively in horizontal dimension (occluso-gingival direction) and 3.04, 3.54 and 3.62 N in vertical dimension (bucco-lingual direction), respectively. For the deactivation length, ranking from long to short were NiTi-GH, NiTi-OR and NiTi-H, 1.08, 1.02 and 0.63 mm in horizontal dimension and 1.63, 1.46 and 1.13 mm in vertical dimension, respectively. In regards to superelasticity, NiTi-OR showed the highest superelasticity, 15.37 in horizontal and 9.68 in vertical dimension, followed by NiTi-GH, 9.51 for horizontal and 6.40 for vertical dimension and NiTi-H, 4.12 for horizontal dimension and 2.96 for vertical dimension. Conclusion: Deactivation force was higher in vertical than horizontal dimension and deactivation length was longer in vertical than horizontal dimension. However, the superelasticity was higher in horizontal than vertical dimension, except NiTi-H. The high priced NiTi wire (NiTi-OR) had the most superelasticity following by medium (NiTi-GH) and low priced wires (NiTi H).
Optimization of Eutectic Si Particles Morphology in Secondary Al-Si Cast Alloys after Different Heat Treatment
Authors: Hurtalová Lenka , Tillová Eva , Chalupová Mária
Published: September 2014

Secondary cast Al-Si alloys containing more of additions elements and forming various structural parameters (intermetallic phases). The optimization of structure parameters morphology is necessary because the mechanical properties depend on changes in morphology of eutectic Si and intermetallic phases in Al-Si cast alloy. This article describes changes of eutectic Si morphology after heat treatment T4 and T6. The morphology changes were observed using combination different analytical techniques - light microscopy (upon black-white etching) and scanning electron microscopy - SEM (upon deep etching). For the experiment was used recycled (secondary) aluminium cast alloy AlSi9Cu3.
New Method for Evaluating Dynamic Characteristics of Cantilever Spring of Vibration Sensor
Authors: Djamal Mitra , Prayogi Irfa Aji , Watanabe Kazuhide , Takita Akihiro , Fujii Yusaku
Published: September 2014

Copper beryllium (CuBe)is materials that are widely used for mechanical applications. In this paper,the use of copper beryllium for cantilever spring of a vibration sensor will beinformed. Cantilever spring plays important role in a vibration sensor, becauseit transfers vibration energy of the measured system into the sensor.Therefore, it is important to know the dynamic characteristics of thecantilever spring. An optical method, called Levitation Mass Method (LMM), isproposed to measure the dynamic characteristic of the cantilever. In themethod, the force of cantilever spring is measured as the inertial force workedon a mass. A pneumatic linear bearing is used to realize a linear motion withsufficiently small friction acting on the mass, i.e., the moving part of thelinear bearing. The inertial force acting on the mass is calculated from thevelocity of the mass, and the velocity is determined highly accurately by meansof measuring the Doppler shift frequency of the laser light beam reflecting onthe mass using an optical interferometer. It is shown that the proposed methodshows the dynamic characteristic of the vibration sensor well.
Study the Effect of the Substitution of Ba with Pr in Barium Ferrite Powder on Magnetic Properties
Authors: Marawichayo Pornpen , Keawwattana Wirunya , Koonsaeng Nattamon , Jantaratana Pongsakorn
Published: September 2014

Pr substituted barium hexaferrite, Ba1-xPrxFe12O19 with x = 0.00-0.20 were synthesized by Oxide One Pot Synthesis (OOPS) process. The phase composition of Ba1-xPrxFe12O19 were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The phase morphology of the barium hexaferrite powder was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy confirmed that the Pr completely substituted into barium ferrite. The magnetic properties was investigated by vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). It was found that saturation magnetisation and coercive field can be improved by the substitution of Ba with Pr in BaFe12O19 powder. The saturation magnetisation increased at first to the maximum of 50 emu g-1 (x = 0.15) and then decreased to the 34 emu g-1 (x = 0.20), while the coercive field increased remarkably with increasing Pr ions content.
Toughening of Poly(Lactic Acid) by Blending with Poly(Ethylene-co-Octene)
Authors: Wongsampanwech Sorayut , Potiyaraj Pranut
Published: September 2014

Poly (lactic acid) or PLA is one of the most promising biodegradable and bio-based materials commercially available for the manufacturing of environmentally friendly plastic products. Although, PLA has high modulus and biodegradable property, its brittleness and low thermal stability are the disadvantages. Several means have been explored so as to overcome this drawback, i.e. copolymerization, addition of some additives as well as blending with other polymers. The polymer blending technique has attracted the most attention because of its simplicity and economical reason. It was reported that the addition of a polyolefin elastomer e.g. poly (ethylene-co-octene) or POE in PLA matrix can effectively improve its brittleness. The aim of this study is thus to investigate the effect of the amount of POE on mechanical properties of the polymer blends. POE was also modified with glycidyl methacrylate in order to improve the compatibility between the two polymers. The results pointed out that the impact strength of PLA markedly increased while tensile and flexural properties of the blends were slightly lower than that of neat PLA. It was also observed that the tensile and flexural properties were slightly higher when the modified POE was used rather than those with unmodified POE which indicated the improved interfacial compatibility between two polymers.
Optimization Statistical Condition of Incubation for the Growth State of a Recombinant Strain Produced Alkaline Protease
Authors: Zhang Mei Shuo , Yang Yan An , Liu Jing Bo , Lin Song Yi
Published: September 2014

Recombinant E. coli strain was used to yield alkaline protease. The effects of components of medium and condition of incubation for the growth state of a recombinant strain including glucose concentration, peptone concentration, volume of salt solution, incubation time and agitation frequency on density of recombinant strain were optimized using one-factor-at-a-time experiment. The optimal components of medium were glucose concentration of 8 g/L, peptone concentration of 6 g/L and volume of salt solution 10 mL. And condition of incubation was obtained at agitation frequency of 210 r/min, keep it at 37°C for 32 h.
Removal of Humic Material from Mineralized Algerian Water Using Alum and Local Clay as Coagulant Aid
Authors: Achour Samia , Bacha Naïma
Published: September 2014

The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of different coagulation-flocculation conditions on the levels of natural organic matter removal for several mineralized water types in Algeria. First, trials are carried out on solutions prepared by dissolving humic acid in media with various degree of mineralization (distilled water and mineralized Algerian groundwater), using aluminium sulphate as coagulant. The effectiveness of the coagulation process appeared to depend not only on the pH of coagulation and coagulant dosages, but also inorganic constituents in water. Results showed obviously a stoechiometric relationship between the initial concentration of humic substances and optimal coagulant dosages for each water sample. Improvement of process performance is also investigated by using local clay as coagulant aid in coagulation-flocculation step. The use of bentonitic clay as a coagulant aid for alum improved the humic acid removal efficiency to some extent, especially when clay is added durind slow mix step. The experimental results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of removing humic substances from two surface waters using a flocculation-adsorption process.
Evaluating the Effect of PCD & TialN Coated Carbide End Mill’s Rake Angle on Machinability of Titanium Alloy Ti-6Al-4V
Authors: Abbasi Sarwar Ali , Feng Ping Fa
Published: September 2014

This study evaluates the machinability of titanium alloy, Ti6Al4V in terms of tool-chip interface temperature, cutting forces and tool stresses by varying rake angle of PCD insert and compares the results with TiAlN coated carbide inserted end mill using finite element numerical simulations. It has been found that tool rake angle has significant effect and behaves differently for different evaluation parameters and also shows different behavior for two different cutting material inserts. It reduces cutting forces with every positive angle geometry, about 50% reduction is observed for both cutting tool materials for a change in angle from-7° to 34°, but for tool-chip interface temperature, 15% reduction has been observed when angle is changed from-7° to 15° but it starts rising again when angle is increased to 34° for PCD insert, but for TiAlN coated carbide insert a continuous drop of about 20% has been observed. For tool stresses tool rake angle has different effect. The stresses remains almost unchanged when angle is changed from-7° to 15° but increased by almost 20% when angle is changed to 34° for both insert materials. Results also have shown that PCD insert due to its excellent thermal conductivity and strength at elevated temperatures dissipates most of the heat into the chip and has almost half temperature near the tool edge as compared to TiAlN coated carbide insert and thus can be used for machining of Ti6Al4V alloy at much higher cutting speeds than TiAlN coated carbide insert with positive rake angle geometries (around 15°).
New Insight Technique for Synthesis of Silica Gel from Rice Husk Ash by Using Microwave Radiation
Authors: Pijarn Nuchanaporn , Galajak Pichit
Published: September 2014

Silica gel is the chemical substance that has many good advantages such as absorbed moisture, porosity, small diameter, high surface area, and lightweight. It was synthesized by using rice husk ash via sol – gel heating in the microwave technique. The objectives in this work compose of synthesis silica gel by using the microwave technique before characterizatization. This raw material was archived from rice husk ash, obtained from agricultural waste. The silica gel, synthesized by conventional method (CVM) and commercial silica gel (COM), was also studied for comparison purposes. The results showed that successfully synthesized the silica gel by sol - gel technique using microwave. The XRD pattern of silica gel enhanced from this method was not sinificantly different as compared with CVM and COM methods. And the physical properties of this technique could be debated. The particle size of silca gel was determined by zetasizer and it was approxmately 50-70 nm. The pore size diameter, pore volume, and specific surface area of silica gel were calculated by Flowsorb II and a Quantachrome Autosorp-1. The pore size diameter, pore volume, and specific surface area of silica gel are 10-30 nm, 0.7-1.0 cm3/g, and 400-700 m2/g, respectively. Consequently, this work is considered to be the waste to make useful, and a great way to save energy and time in the silica gel synthesis.
Toughness Enhancement of Polylactic Acid by Employing Glycolyzed Polylactic Acid-Cured Epoxidized Natural Rubber
Authors: Sukpuang Phrutsadee , Opaprakasit Mantana , Petchsuk Atitsa , Opaprakasit Pakorn
Published: September 2014

Glycolyzed polylactic acid (GPLA)-cured epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) is developed for use as a toughening agent for PLA resin. GPLA is obtained from chemical recycling of PLA resin by a glycolysis reaction. GPLA-cured ENR is then prepared by the crosslinking reaction of ENR with GPLA in an internal mixer. Chemical structures of the cured products are characterized by solvent fractionation and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The cured ENR products are blended with PLA resin, by varying the cured ENR contents from 5 to 15% wt. Mechanical properties of the blends, and their toughening mechanisms are examined. The cured ENR materials has higher efficiency in improving toughness of PLA resin, compared to uncured ENR, likely due to their rubbery network nature and higher compatibility with the PLA matrix. The incorporation of 5% wt. GPLA-cured ENR also improves elongation at break with no adverse effect on tensile strength and modulus of PLA.
Influence of Thermo-Chemical Treatment on the Surface of CP Titanium
Authors: Kim Chang Lim , Lee Dong Geun , Park Yong Ho , Lee Yong Tae
Published: September 2014

The effect of the holding time on the surface hardening of commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti) by thermo-chemical treatment (TCT) process was studied in the present paper. Surface treatments with three different times were carried out and investigated. The TCT process using nitrogen gas was carried out under vacuum atmosphere in treatment time (0.5, 1, 2 h) at 800 °C (thermo-chemical nitriding temperatures). The hardened surface was analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) to observe the microstructure of cross-sections of TCT-treated specimens. In observations of the gradient-hardened inner-layer, as the holding time was increased the layer thicker and the depth of the Ti2N + TiNx layer was higher. And the specimen thickness of Ti2N and TiNx layers, measured from cross-section specimen was about 9 μm, 10 μm and 13 μm, respectively.
Extraction and Thermal Processing of Beke Oil Sands
Authors: Ongarbayev Yerdos , Tileuberdi Yerbol , Tuleutaev Berik , Mansurov Zulkhair , Sultanov Fail R. , Behrendt Frank
Published: September 2014

In the paper separation methods of organic part from oil sands were investigated at experimantally. For the determination of organic part (liquid fraction) of oil sands the extraction methods was used in Soxhlet apparatus by solvent. Thermal processing was carried out with a monotonic heating of oil sands from room temperature to 560 0C. As showing results, organic part of Beke oil sands studied by extraction method were 12.0 wt.%. Thermal processing results showed, that the organic part of Beke oil sands were 9.6 wt.%. Physical and mechanical characteristics of liquid fraction are established by standard methods.
Microstructural Behaviors of Boron Modified LCB Titanium Alloy
Authors: Kim Tae Yong , Lee Dong Geun , Lim Ka Ram , Cho Kyung Mok , Lee Yong Tae
Published: September 2014

Titanium has high specific strength, low elastic modulus, and good corrosion resistance. Especially, beta titanium alloys are used for jet engine, turbine blade in automobile and aerospace industries because of its good formability. Among the beta titanium alloys, LCB (Low-Cost Beta) titanium alloys were developed to make economical and mechanical advantages by not using high-cost beta stabilizer like Nb, Zr, Ta but using low-cost beta stabilizer like Mo, Fe, Cr, etc. In LCB titanium alloys, adding a small amount of boron makes grain refinement in cast ingot. This study has analyzed the changes of microstructure which can change mechanical properties after heat treatment and the plastic deformation in case of adding a small amount of boron.
Effect of Liquefying Agents Mixed with Lower Alcohols and Catalyst on the Microwave Driven Liquefaction of Wood
Authors: Wang Zhe , An Zhen
Published: September 2014

Southern pine (Pinus sp.) is liquefied by microwave heating and PEG/lower alcohols mixtures in the presence of various acid catalysts at 150 °C. The reaction time is of 15 min, and the liquefaction solvent to wood ratio is of 2:1. The mixing of lower alcohols such as ethanol with PEG had a strong effect on the liquefaction process, especially for the liquefaction ratio. The catalyst, phosphoric acid, could improve the liquefaction yield and the value of hydroxyl in the biomass liquefaction process. Consequently, the use of PEG/ethanol mixtures and a catalyst of phosphoric acid was benefit to improve liquefaction efficiency and utilization of liquefied products.
The Synthesis and Properties of Emulsion Copolymerization of Styrene with N-Substituted Phenyl Maleimide
Authors: Yu Qin
Published: September 2014

The synthesis and characterization of copolymer emulsions of styrene with two types of N-substituted phenyl maleimide (N-p-Methyl–MPhMI and N-m-Methyl–MPhMI) were investigated and researched in this thesis, by varying the mole fraction of N-substituted phenyl maleimide and using a seed emulsion polymerization process. The emulsion was steady with high yield, low intrinsic viscosity, and high solid content (40%). In this thesis, we studied that the substituted position on the benzene ring of the N - substituted phenyl maleimide has significant influence on emulsion properties and thermal properties of copolymer emulsion copolymer. The result shows that: the polarity of N-p-MPhMI is higher than N-m-MPhMI, which can significantly improve the yield, and reduces the emulsion gel rate. N-p-MPhMI is more electronegative than N-m-MPhMI, and N-p-MPhMI-St copolymer emulsion has high zero shear viscosity and low surface tension than N-m-MPhMI-St. And N-m-MPhMI-St copolymer emulsion decreased the viscosity of Pst homopolymer emulsion. However, N-p-MPhMI-St copolymer emulsion rheology curve changes into pseudoplastic fluid. The addition of the N-substituted phenyl maleimide can improve the heat resistance of polystyrene, and N-p-methylphenyl maleimide with styrene copolymer can increase the glass transition temperature of copolymer more remarkably than copolymer N- m-tolylmaleimide with styrene can do.
The Research of Concrete Sealer Penetrating Depths
Authors: Teng Li Wei , Huang Ran , Hsu Hui Mi , Chen Jie , Chao Sao Jeng , Chen Shih Hsiang
Published: September 2014

It’s quite often that dispensing a topping material like concrete crystalline penetration sealer materials onto the surface of a plastic substance such as concrete to extend its service life span by surface protections from outside breakthrough. When applied to concrete it reacts with calcium hydroxide and reduces the porosity and permeability of the concrete matrix. This serves to increase the hardness and chemical resistance which, in turn, increases the service life span of the surface. A series of tests, such as rapid chloride permeability test, scanning electron microscope, and mercury intrusion porosimetry, were performed on the concrete test samples to examine the durability, by taking the penetration depth of concrete crystalline penetration sealer materials as a characterization parameter describing the durability in relation to water resistance. The penetration depth is a critical property for concrete crystalline penetration sealer materials to function effectively. The deeper the penetration, the greater the thickness of concrete strengthened, thus improving wear resistance, the life span and durability. The desirable depth drawn from tests is about 10mm with a minimum of 5mm. However the regular attainment of such penetration will require considerable care in surface preparation and in assuring that the concrete is properly dry. The quality of the concrete will also be a major factor in the depth of penetration obtained. Penetration depths may be greater with poor quality porous concrete while a 10mm depth may not be possible with high-quality dense concrete. Other Factors affecting concrete sealer penetration depth are related to the process, such as coverage and application, a user who should understand how it works, and material itself, having its own image.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure Studies on 6-Amino-5,5,7-Tricyano-3,3a,4,5-Tetrahydro-2H-Indene-4-Spirocyclopentane
Authors: Guo Hua Mei , Wu Qian , Li Yu Feng
Published: September 2014

A malononitrile derivative, 6-Amino-5,5,7-tricyano-3,3a,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-indene-4- Spirocyclopentane was synthesized in ethanol with malononitrile and cyclopentanone as raw materials. It was characterized by X-ray single crystal diffraction analysis.The crystal of the title complex belongs to Triclinic, P21/c space group with a=6.4687(13)Å, b=8.9901(18)Å, c=12.004(2)Å, α=93.55(3) deg, β=91.86(3) deg, γ=92.25(3) deg. V=695.8(2)Å3, Z=2, F(000)=278 and final R1=0.0524,WR2=0.1497. X-ray analysis reveals that The cyclohexene ring has a distorted half-chair conformation and the cyclopentene and cyclopentane rings adopt envelope conformations. The dihedral angles between planar fragments of the cyclohexene and cyclopentene rings and of the cyclohexene and cyclopentane rings are 10.67 (7) and 87.33 (3)°, respectively. In the crystal, intermolecular N-HN hydrogen bonds link the molecules into infinite chains running in the [10] direction.
Approach to the Ear Plate and Round Steel Connection
Authors: Li Bin , Xiao Fan , Zhang Sheng Nan
Published: September 2014

Basing on the ANSYS finite element analysis, the research takes a flat type tower crane boom on the ear plate and upper chord (round steel) of the connection as example. On the shape of the ear plate, welding form, round steel insert depth and the thickness of the ear plate concrete structure and parameter design are analyzed. Comparing the mechanical properties of bearing model, and then to discuss the ear plate and round steel joint stress concentration problem.
Determination of Nonlinear Refractive Index and Two-Photon Absorption Coefficients of New Nanocomposite Materials Based on Biosilicates Using Z-Scan Method
Authors: Proschenko Dmitriy , Mayor Alexandr , Bukin Oleg , Golik Sergey , Postnova Irina , Shchipunov Yuri , Kulchin Y.N.
Published: September 2014

Nonlinear refractive indexes and two-photon absorption coefficients of new biosilicate nanocomposite materials based on precursor tetrakis (2-hydroxyethyl) orthosilicate (Si-precursor THEOS) were determined by created portative automation measuring complex based on Z-scan technique. Influence of different additives on nonlinear optical properties such media is considered. Energy thresholds of forming filaments and the efficiency of conversion initial radiation in supercontinuum in the range 400-700 nm are considered.
An Investigation of Fluoride Release from Orthodontic Elastomeric Ligatures
Authors: Viriyakosol Nuttachai , Dechkunakorn Surachai , Anuwongnukroh Niwat , Tua-Ngam Peerapong , Wichai Wassana
Published: September 2014

Objective: The study aimed to investigate the amount of fluoride release from 3 brands of elastomeric ligatures in vitro, after exposure to daily fluoride mouthrinse. Materials and Methods: The study used 3 brands of elastomeric ligatures (Morelli, Brazil; Unitek, USA; Thai, Thailand). Two elastomeric ligatures from each brand were moistened by de-ionized water and then divided into control and test groups (n=5 per group). In both groups, elastomeric ligatures were placed in individual plastic bottle with 3 ml of de-ionized water. However, In the test group, They were exposed to fluoride mouthrinse (250 ppm fluoride/0.05%NaF) for 1 minute daily. All samples were stored at 37°C for 1, 3, 5, 7 days. After the end of each observation period, the amount of fluoride release in de-ionized water was measured by fluoride ion electrode. The data were analyzed by Kraskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests (p<0.05). Results: Amount of fluoride release in test group was greater than in the control group in all 3 brands. Within 7 days of daily fluoride exposure, the fluoride released from elastomeric ligatures was continuously increased. Fluoride release from Morelli (0.067±0.013 ppm) and Unitek (0.067±0.012 ppm) were significantly higher than Thai (0.040±0.03 ppm). The fluoride level measured from Morelli and Unitek were not significantly different. Conclusion: The orthodontic elastomeric ligatures can absorb fluoride from mouthwash and release the detectable amount of fluoride within seven days. This fluoride might help prevention of enamel decalcification adjacent to the bracket during orthodontic treatment.
Investigation of Interaction Effects of Environmental Conditions on Improvement of Zn Heavy Metal Adsorption Mechanism by Na-Nano Bentonite
Authors: Barakan Shima , Karimi Gholamreza
Published: September 2014

To improve adsorption mechanism and to increase adsorption capability for Na-bentonite rather than Ca-bentonite origin, Nano-bentonite sample with Na activation was used. Also for investigation of environmental effect, some parameters such as pH, adsorbent concentration, metal ion concentration and stirrer speed on the adsorption rate of Zn used Experimental Design software and Central Composite Design (CCD) model. CCD is a powerful model that based on minimization of errors and exprement repeat. This model usually was used when there aren’t suitable knowledge about investigating factors or their borderline. In this research 30 experiments were designed for Na-Bentonite samples and the effective parameters on Zn adsoption rate were denoted by CCD model analysis results. Based on obtained results, pH and adsorbent concentration introduced as the most effective parameters. The pH and metal ion concentration is only valid interaction effect on recovery of metal ion adsorption. Finally, the optimized condition of each parameter for effective adsoption process was determined and possible conditions for access to adsorption recovery up to 99 percent was prepared.
New Bolted End-Plate Connection Design
Authors: Hu Jong Wan , Ahn Jun Hyuk
Published: September 2014

This paper is principally performed to survey end-plate connection are described in the next part based on ideal limit states. The determination of end-plate based on the full plastic strength of the steel beam in accordance with 2001 AISC-LRFD manual and AISC/ANSI 358-05 Specifications. The bolted connections considered herein were performed to include the end-plate component of moment connections. This study is intended to investigate economic design for end-plate connections. In addition, the proposed end-plate model is evaluated by comparing the required factored bolt strength. The end-plates using 8 high strength bolts with wider gages demonstrated this design. The equations belonging to the step-by-step design procedure are described based on complete proving of design. Finally, new design methodology is applied to end-plate connections suggested in this study.