bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Dry Sorbent Injection System on Emission Characteristics of Condensable Particulate Matter in Coal-fired Power Plant
Authors: Zhang Ziwei , Zhao Bing , Xi Yan , Wang Haigang , Zhou Baozhu , Zhao Qi , Dong Libin , Li Xukai , Jin Xuliang , Zhang Ziwen , Zhang Meng , Ma Lin , Li Shendong , Jia Jia , Xu Chao
Published: February 2022

To study the effect of dry sorbent injection (DSI) system on the emission characteristics of condensable particulate matter (CPM) in a 600MW unit of an ultra-low emission coal-fired power plant in China, the EPA Method 202A is used to sample the flue gas from its total exhaust. Through sample analysis, the CPM emission concentration and water-soluble ion composition corresponding to the two unit loads and whether the DSI is running are obtained. The results show that the use of DSI system reduces CPM emissions at 600MW and 300MW unit loads, and the CPM emission concentration is reduced by 32% and 9.7%, respectively. For the CPM reduction caused by DSI system under these two loads, SO4
2- and Cl− together contributed 65.7% and 87.3%, respectively. The DSI system achieves the removal of CPM mainly by removing the SO3 and HCl, which are gaseous precursors of SO4
2- and Cl− in CPM. At the same time, water-soluble ions are the main component of CPM. The analysis of its composition shows that the masses of NH4
+, Cl− and SO42- ions are relatively large, and they together account for 95.8%-96.8% of all water-soluble ions mass.
Research on Risk Early Warning of New Energy Consumption Based on Weight of Differentiated Indicators
Authors: Cui Z W , Li M , Gan Y Q , Li X W , Chen C
Published: February 2022

Considering the pressure of peak shaving, difficulty of local absorption and high rate of wind abandonment caused by large-scale new energy absorption, this paper proposes a new energy absorption risk early warning method based on differential index weight. The purpose is to solve the problems caused by large-scale new energy access from the aspects of per-planning, construction and access system of new energy projects. The principles of risk early warning system construction for new energy planning and construction are put forward, and the risk early warning index system is constructed based on the risk of absorptive capacity, networking conditions and project completion rate. The risk early warning mechanism is established, and the weight coefficients of each index are differentiated by using the analytic hierarchy process. A risk early warning evaluation model suitable for different power grid environments is obtained. Taking a power grid as an example, the proposed model and method are verified. The results show that the proposed method is accurate in evaluating the new energy absorption capacity of 14 cities, and has validity, practicability and application value.
Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation of the Suitability of Offshore Sunken and Submerged Oil Containment Technology in a Specific Scenario
Authors: Jianping Zhao , Wei An , Qingfan Zhang , Weiwei Jin , Baozhan Liu
Published: February 2022

In this paper, multiple evaluation means including the fuzzy evaluation method, the analytic hierarchy process and the expert evaluation method are used to evaluate the suitability of sunken and submerged oil containment technology in a specific scenario. The results show that the containment technology has a good effect of disposal of submerged oil and floating oil, especially when they may affect sensitive areas.
Experimental Study on Humidifier Performance in a Humidification-Dehumidification System
Authors: Ge Hongyu , Cai Yisong , Kang Peisen , Liu Jiawei , Liu Xiaohua
Published: February 2022

The characteristic of Humidification-dehumidification seawater desalination technology is flexible scale. It is suitable for dispersive fresh water demand and easy to couple with low-grade energy. In this study, an experimental platform of humidifier performance is designed to investigate the influence of spray flow, spray liquid temperature, air flow, hole diameter, pitch of holes and the number of sieve plates on moisture content of humid air at outlet and evaporation capacity. The results show that, when the spray flow and temperature increase, the moisture content of outlet air and evaporation capacity increase. The evaporation capacity increases when the extent of the air flow increasing is more than that of the moisture content decreasing. When the spray flow is 0.025kg/s, the evaporation capacity is the highest when the sieve plate with the hole diameter of 3.0mm and the holes pitch of 9.0mm is used. For other flow conditions, the evaporation rate is the highest when the sieve plate with the hole diameter of 2.5mm and the hole pitch of 7.5mm is used. The evaporation capacity with double sieve plates is higher than that with single sieve plate. The research of this paper provides guidance for practical application of the HDH seawater desalination system.
Research on Modulation Recognition Method in Low SNR Based on LSTM
Authors: Zhang Beiming , Chen Guoping , Jiang Chun
Published: February 2022

Modulation mode recognition of radio signal is a committed step between signal detection and signal demodulation. At present, quite a lot studies have fully proved that deep learning algorithms can effectively identify the modulation pattern of radio signals. However, the sudden decline of recognition accuracy under the condition of low signal-to-noise ratio needs to be continuously studied and solved. Inspired by the excellent performance of recurrent neural network in signal recognition, this article optimizes and improves the existing system methods, realizes the noise reduction processing of low signal-to-noise ratio signals, and further solves the problem of low recognition accuracy. Through a large number of experimental tests using RML public dataset, the effectiveness of this paper is verified. The results show that the accuracy of modulation pattern recognition of low signal-to-noise ratio signals reaches an average of 27.2%. At last, the paper analyzes the existing problems and optimization points, and looks forward to the further research of relevant contents in the future.
Hyperspectral remote sensing image classification based on spectral-spatial feature fusion and PSO algorithm
Authors: Song Xiaonan , Wang Cailing
Published: February 2022

Hyperspectral images(HSI) have rich spectral information and spatial information. In the classification of hyperspectral images, the combination of spectral information and spatial information has become an effective means to obtain good classification results. Specifically, firstly, PCA algorithm is introduced to extract the spectral information of the image. Secondly, a bilateral filter is introduced for each band to extract the spatial information of the image. Thirdly, the image is classified by using SVM to get the final classification result. Considering that the performance of SVM depends on the choice of parameters, particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) is combined with the proposed method to find the optimal penalty parameters and kernel parameters. We find that the classification accuracy is effectively improved by using PCA, bilateral filtering and optimizing SVM-PSO parameters on this basis. Experimental results based on one real hyperspectral dataset show that the proposed algorithm can achieve higher classification accuracy in a shorter time than other algorithms.
Pseudo-random noise generator based on FPGA
Authors: Yang TanZheng , Zhang Qin , Li PengHui
Published: February 2022

This paper proposes a novel pseudo-random noise generator based on FPGA. The system architecture is written by Verilog, and each sub-module is designed in Vivado software. Modelsim is employed to co-simulate the sub-modules and the saved data is imported to Matlab for spectrum analysis. Consequently, the proposed design can be applied to practical noise generating with great scalability and flexibility.
Research on Three-phase Imbalance Treatment of Low-Voltage Distribution Transformer Based on User Phase Sequence Recognition
Authors: Sun Liyao , Xianyu Jianchuan
Published: February 2022

Abstract:The current management of three-phase imbalance of distribution transformers mainly relies on distribution operation and inspection personnel to determine the phase sequence switching of load according to their own experience, which is a large workload and low precision of phase sequence adjustment, and cannot meet the increasingly expanding scale of power grid. There is an urgent need for a research solution that can accurately judge the phase of station users and timely adjust the station users with heavier phase sequence to another phase sequence with lighter load for power supply, so that the three-phase load can be balanced. To this end, a solution is proposed to manage the three-phase imbalance of distribution transformers by intelligently identifying the phase sequence of station users through genetic algorithm. The example shows that the method is easy to use and can effectively guide the distribution operation and inspection personnel to accurately determine the phase sequence of station users and reduce the three-phase imbalance of distribution transformers.
Deep neural network based concentration prediction model of dry electrostatic precipitator with a modified PID optimizer
Authors: Fu Yao , Su Zhigang
Published: February 2022

The dust control technology of thermal power units plays an important role in reducing the emission of air pollutants and improving the ecological environment. Electrostatic precipitator is not only an important equipment to reduce dust emission from coal-fired power plants, but also a high energy consuming equipment. Establishing the model of electrostatic precipitator is of great significance for energy saving of electrostatic precipitator and emission reduction of power plant. In this paper, a deep neural network based concentration prediction model of dry electrostatic precipitator of 600MW coal-fired unit is established and trained through running data. In the process of model training, an improved PID-based optimizer is used. The modified optimizer is proved to have the effect of accelerating convergence and improving accuracy in experiments. The modeling results demonstrate that the trained neural network model can effectively predict the outlet concentration of dry electrostatic precipitator under wide unit load.
Boosting the Transferability of Adversarial Examples with More Efficient Data Augmentation
Authors: Gao Chenxiang , Wu Wei
Published: February 2022

Currently, Deep Neural Networks has achieved excellent results on many tasks. But recent studies have shown that these networks are easily influenced by adversarial examples, which are artificially crafted by adding perturbation to original image. Moreover, most of the models to which we can access are black-box, we don’t know the internal structure and parameters of the model. Thus, it is more practical and more challenging to study how to attack these models. In this article, we propose a cam(class activation map)-guided data augmentation attack method, which can improve the transferability of adversarial examples. Specifically, first use the trained network to get the class activation maps for an input image, then binarize the cam to get the mask, finally implement the data augmentation attack method on the masked area of the image. Experiments based on ImageNet prove that our proposed method can generate more transferable adversarial examples, and the attack success rates of our method have a certain improvement compared with the latest methods.
Technique for suppression of background cascades produced by atmospheric muon bundles in the Baikal-GVD
Authors: Allakhverdyan V.A. , Avrorin A.D. , Avrorin A.V. , Aynutdinov V.M. , Bannasch R. , Bardačová Z. , Belolaptikov I.A. , Borina I.V. , Brudanin V.B. , Budnev N.M. , Dik V.Y. , Domogatsky G.V. , Doroshenko A.A. , Dvornický R. , Dyachok A.N. , Dzhilkibaev Zh.-A.M. , Eckerová E. , Elzhov T.V. , Fajt L. , Fialkovski S.V. , Gafarov A.R. , Golubkov K.V. , Gorshkov N.S. , Gress T.I. , Katulin M.S. , Kebkal K.G. , Kebkal O.G. , Khramov E.V. , Kolbin M.M. , Konischev K.V. , Kopański K.A. , Korobchenko A.V. , Koshechkin A.P. , Kozhin V.A. , Kruglov M.V. , Kryukov M.K. , Kulepov V.F. , Malecki Pa. , Malyshkin Y.M. , Milenin M.B. , Mirgazov R.R. , Naumov D.V. , Nazari V. , Noga W. , Petukhov D.P. , Pliskovsky E.N. , Rozanov M.I. , Rushay V.D. , Ryabov E.V. , Safronov G.B. , Shaybonov B.A. , Shelepov M.D. , Šimkovic F. , Sirenko A.E. , Skurikhin A.V. , Solovjev A.G. , Sorokovikov M.N. , Štekl I. , Stromakov A.P. , Sushenok E.O. , Suvorova O.V. , Tabolenko V.A. , Tarashansky B.A. , Yablokova Y.V. , Yakovlev S.A. , Zaborov D.N.
Published: February 2022

Baikal-GVD (Gigaton Volume Detector) is a neutrino telescope located in pure water of Lake Baikal. At the current stage (season 2021), detector is composed of 2304 optical modules arranged in 8 clusters. In searching for neutrino cascade events, light patterns produced via discrete stochastic energy losses along muon tracks create the most abundant background. Methods to separate cascade-like events from tracks and neutrino cascades in a single cluster have been developed and optimized. One of the method tries to find the maximum number of track hits amongst cascade hits, which are present in the muon bundle event. Other ones rely on the distributions of charges and positions of hits on optical modules associated with cascade events. All suppression methods were optimized by the Monte Carlo simulation datasets.
Optimization of the photoelastic conoscopic fringe pattern processing for the stress measurement on uniaxial PWO crystal cut parallel to the a-c plane and with variable thickness.
Authors: Natali P.P. , Cherubini F. , Davì F. , Montalto L. , Rinaldi D.
Published: February 2022

This paper presents a case study in which conoscopic,
non-invasive, photoelastic techniques and the associated model are
applied for the first time to investigate the internal stress state
of the PbWO4 (PWO) uniaxial crystal, cut normal to the
crystallographic a-c plane and with non-uniform thickness.

As a matter of facts indeed, in the mass production of crystals it
is rather probable to have specimen of non-constant thickness. In
addition, the crystal cut, normal to the a-c plane, lead to a
complex fringes structure and modeling. This can affect the fringe
patterns interpretation, and in turn the interpretation of the
stress state within the sample. In this paper we analyze the
dependence of some model parameters on the thickness, and the
relative interpretation of the fringe pattern in order to obtain a
reliable measure of the stress for observations normal to the
a-c plane. This procedure can speed up the crystal analysis
whatever the thickness of the crystal is.
Construction of Durvalumab/carbon nanotube/PEI/aptamer-siRNA chimera for the immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Qiang Niu , Wei Lv , Tao Yan , Jin Wang , Bin Yan , DingHua Zhou
Published: February 2022

Immunotherapy is the most promising treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the immunosuppressive microenvironment and necrosis limit its therapeutic effectiveness. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have good tissue permeability and can penetrate tumor necrosis area. Here we constructed a Durvalumab/CNT/PEI/aptamer-siRNA chimera (chimera/Durmab/CNT) nanoparticles for the immunotherapy of HCC. In vivo and in vitro experiments showed that aptamer-siRNA chimeras could specifically bind HCC cells and inhibit the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (Trem2) expression, but had no effect on Trem2 expression in normal liver and lung. Transmission electron microscope results showed that the CNT/PEI nanoparticles were 20–30 nm in diameter and 200–350 nm in length. Dense PEI attachment can be observed on CNTs. CNT/PEI nanoparticles could control the sustained release of Durvalumab for 48 h. In vitro experimental results showed that chimera/Durmab/CNT could increase the proportion of T cells and CD8 + T cells, and then promote the apoptosis of HepG2 cells, and the therapeutic effect was superior to aptamer/Durmab/CNT and Durmab/CNT. We constructed a tumor-bearing mouse model, and the results showed that chimera/Durmab/CNT significantly inhibited the growth of transplanted tumor, and the volume and proliferation was further reduced in the chimera/Durmab/CNT group compared with the aptamer/Durmab/CNT group. T cells and CD8 + T cells infiltration, and HCC cell apoptosis were significantly increased in the chimera/Durmab/CNT group. In conclusion, we constructed a Durvalumab/CNT/PEI/chimera, which can effectively treat HCC by activating anti-tumor immunity.
Propagation-invariant high-dimensional orbital angular momentum states
Authors: Mao Li-Wei , Ding Dong-Sheng , Rosales-Guzmán Carmelo , Zhu Zhi-Han
Published: February 2022

Photonic states encoded in spatial modes of paraxial light fields provide a promising platform for high-dimensional quantum information protocols and related studies, where several pioneering theoretical and experimental demonstrations have paved the path for future technologies. Crucially, critical issues encountered in free-space propagation still represent a major challenge. This is the case of asynchronous diffraction between spatial modes with different modal orders, which experience variations in their transverse structure upon free-space propagation. Here we address this issue by proposing an encoding method based on the use of Laguerre–Gaussian modes of the same modal order N to define a N + 1 dimensional space. Noteworthy, such modes endowed with orbital angular momentum (OAM) experience the same propagation aberrations featuring an identical Gouy phase and wavefront curvature. We demonstrate our proposal experimentally by using time-correlated-single-photon imaging combined with a digital propagation technique. Importantly, our technique allows to eliminate, without the use of imaging systems, all issues related to asynchronous diffraction, providing an accessible way to generate propagation-invariant OAM qudits for quantum optical protocols.
Two-dimensional material-based printed photonics: a review
Authors: Francis Bibi Mary , Ponraj Joice Sophia , Dhanabalan Balaji , Manavalan Rajesh Kumar , Veluswamy Pandiyarasan , Yin Peng , Al-Hartomy Omar A , Al-Ghamdi Ahmed , Wageh Swelm , Zhang Han , Dhanabalan Sathish Chander
Published: February 2022

Functional inks based on two-dimensional (2D) materials have potential application in building new and commercially viable photonic devices via different printing techniques. Printed photonics using 2D material-based inks brings together the unique optical properties of 2D materials and different printing techniques in the fabrication of photonic devices that can revolutionize telecommunication, information technology, and computing. Understanding the need for a comprehensive guide for researchers using 2D material-based inks of printed photonics, we have compiled the essential concepts governing this field in this review. We begin with a discussion of the optical properties of 2D materials commonly used in photonic applications. The general properties of functional inks, and commonly used substrates compatible for printed photonics application are also listed. The printing methods commonly used in 2D material-based photonic device fabrication are explained, with a focus on inkjet printing, the most demonstrated method in this field. We have discussed a few examples of photonic devices printed with 2D material-based functional inks. Finally, our perspective on 2D materials that have the potential to improve the performance of photonic devices as well as build devices with new functionalities are listed.
Positron lifetime spectroscopy applied to pure sulphur and selenium
Authors: Domínguez-Reyes Ricardo , Rodríguez-López A
Published: February 2022

High purity crystalline orthorhombic Sulphur and hexagonal Selenium have been investigated using Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy technique. Annealed for 3 h at 120 °C Selenium lifetime (308(1) ps) has been compared with previous Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy knowledge in order to validate the measurements and the analysis procedure, and also compared with theoretical calculations available in literature, including different methods and parametrizations, resulting on the best match of LMTO-ASA method with GGA parametrization. Annealed for 3 h at 80 °C Sulphur samples were studied by the same means providing a single lifetime component with value 300(1) ps that has been assigned to the positron annihilation in the bulk that is not present in the current literature.
Automatic extraction of tunnel centerline and cross-sections from 3D point clouds
Authors: Yu Jiayong , Lv Deliang , Tian Maoyi , Zhang Yang , Lin Jingfeng , Xu Fei , Shi Guigang
Published: February 2022

The accurate extraction of tunnel centerline and tunnel cross-section plays a vital role in many tunnel deformation monitoring projects. To address this issue, An automatic data extraction method for a tunnel centerline and cross-section is proposed based on the three-dimensional laser scanning data. A k-dimensional tree index is first constructed based on the horizontal projection of the tunnel point clouds, and then a series of seed points is selected as the center of several neighborhood point sets with different radii; the difference set region, which will be used to calculate the tunnel horizontal centerline point based on the convex hull operation, is obtained. Then, according to the horizontal centerline, the cross-section of the tunnel point clouds is extracted and fitted to obtain the tunnel cross-section parameters and three-dimensional centerline. Based on the design values of the three-dimensional centerline and tunnel radius, the overall model of the tunnel can be constructed and applied to the visual analysis of tunnel deformation. The experimental results show that the proposed method can accurately obtain the tunnel centerline and cross-section parameters, with a minimal 0.011 cm error for the extraction of the horizontal centerline. The proposed tunnel model could simulate the undulation of the tunnel surface well and provide reference values for similar cases.
Source-agnostic gravitational-wave detection with recurrent autoencoders
Authors: Moreno Eric A , Borzyszkowski Bartlomiej , Pierini Maurizio , Vlimant Jean-Roch , Spiropulu Maria
Published: February 2022

We present an application of anomaly detection techniques based on deep recurrent autoencoders (AEs) to the problem of detecting gravitational wave (GW) signals in laser interferometers. Trained on noise data, this class of algorithms could detect signals using an unsupervised strategy, i.e. without targeting a specific kind of source. We develop a custom architecture to analyze the data from two interferometers. We compare the obtained performance to that obtained with other AE architectures and with a convolutional classifier. The unsupervised nature of the proposed strategy comes with a cost in terms of accuracy, when compared to more traditional supervised techniques. On the other hand, there is a qualitative gain in generalizing the experimental sensitivity beyond the ensemble of pre-computed signal templates. The recurrent AE outperforms other AEs based on different architectures. The class of recurrent AEs presented in this paper could complement the search strategy employed for GW detection and extend the discovery reach of the ongoing detection campaigns.
Analytic continuation of generalized trigonometric functions
Authors: Ding Pisheng
Published: February 2022

Via a unified geometric approach, certain generalized trigonometric functions with two parameters are analytically extended to maximal domains on which they are univalent. Some consequences are deduced concerning radius of convergence for the Maclaurin series, commutation with rotation, continuation beyond the domain of univalence, and periodicity.
Histomorphological Findings of Cartilage and Surrounding Tissues According to Thickness and Manipulations in Rabbits
Authors: Kim Sung Hee , Suh Ja Hee , Jang Yong Ju
Published: February 2022

Background

Costal cartilage is commonly employed as a dorsal implant in Asian rhinoplasty. To achieve better outcomes, it is important to know which types of costal cartilage are most appropriate for dorsal augmentation.

Objectives

The authors investigated how various forms of costal cartilage affect the surrounding tissues and their resorption over time, as well as their clinical appearance, using histomorphological analysis.

Methods

Cartilage samples were collected from the anterior chest wall of 10 rabbits. Four forms of cartilage—2-mm solid block, 1-mm solid block, diced, and crushed—were prepared and inserted into the subcutaneous tissue pockets of the nasal dorsum of each rabbit. The animals were killed 3 and 6 months later, and graft specimens were examined.

Results

Histomorphological analysis revealed important findings of the cartilage and surrounding tissues. The thickness of thick cartilage significantly decreased over time, but the thickness of thin cartilage did not significantly change (P = 0.038). Additionally, the thick cartilages showed a lower degree of vascularization than the thin cartilages (P < 0.001). A comparison of the cartilage forms revealed that the diced cartilages had better chondrocyte survival than the solid block cartilages (P < 0.001). Fat tissues were prominently observed surrounding the diced cartilages at 3 months (P = 0.01), and fibrosis was more prominently observed in the crushed cartilage than in the other types of cartilages (P = 0.04 and P = 0.005 at 3 and 6 months, respectively).

Conclusions

This study revealed differences in resorption depending on the thickness of the costal cartilage in rabbits. Among the various forms of costal cartilages, diced and thin solid-block cartilage were the best option for dorsal augmentation when considering long-term graft survival.
scMoC: single-cell multi-omics clustering
Authors: Eltager Mostafa , Abdelaal Tamim , Mahfouz Ahmed , Reinders Marcel J T
Published: February 2022

Motivation

Single-cell multi-omics assays simultaneously measure different molecular features from the same cell. A key question is how to benefit from the complementary data available and perform cross-modal clustering of cells.

Results

We propose Single-Cell Multi-omics Clustering (scMoC), an approach to identify cell clusters from data with comeasurements of scRNA-seq and scATAC-seq from the same cell. We overcome the high sparsity of the scATAC-seq data by using an imputation strategy that exploits the less-sparse scRNA-seq data available from the same cell. Subsequently, scMoC identifies clusters of cells by merging clusterings derived from both data domains individually. We tested scMoC on datasets generated using different protocols with variable data sparsity levels. We show that scMoC (i) is able to generate informative scATAC-seq data due to its RNA-guided imputation strategy and (ii) results in integrated clusters based on both RNA and ATAC information that are biologically meaningful either from the RNA or from the ATAC perspective.

Availability and implementation

The data used in this manuscript is publicly available, and we refer to the original manuscript for their description and availability. For convience sci-CAR data is available at NCBI GEO under the accession number of GSE117089. SNARE-seq data is available at NCBI GEO under the accession number of GSE126074. The 10X multiome data is available at the following link https://www.10xgenomics.com/resources/datasets/pbmc-from-a-healthy-donor-no-cell-sorting-3-k-1-standard-2-0-0.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics Advances online.
Phosphate enrichment induces increased dominance of the parasiteAquarickettsiain the coralAcropora cervicornis
Authors: Klinges J Grace , Patel Shalvi H , Duke William C , Muller Erinn M , Vega Thurber Rebecca L
Published: February 2022

Nutrient pollution is linked to coral disease susceptibility and severity, but the mechanism behind this effect remains underexplored. A recently identified bacterial species, ‘Ca. Aquarickettsia rohweri,’ is hypothesized to parasitize the Caribbean staghorn coral, Acropora cervicornis, leading to reduced coral growth and increased disease susceptibility. Aquarickettsia rohweri is hypothesized to assimilate host metabolites and ATP and was previously demonstrated to be highly nutrient-responsive. As nutrient enrichment is a pervasive issue in the Caribbean, this study examined the effects of common nutrient pollutants (nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate) on a disease-susceptible genotype of A. cervicornis. Microbial diversity was found to decline over the course of the experiment in phosphate-, nitrate-, and combined-treated samples, and quantitative PCR indicated that Aquarickettsia abundance increased significantly across all treatments. Only treatments amended with phosphate, however, exhibited a significant shift in Aquarickettsia abundance relative to other taxa. Furthermore, corals exposed to phosphate had significantly lower linear extension than untreated or nitrate-treated corals after 3 weeks of nutrient exposure. Together these data suggest that while experimental tank conditions, with an elevated nutrient regime associated with coastal waters, increased total bacterial abundance, only the addition of phosphate significantly altered the ratios of Aquarickettsia compared to other members of the microbiome.
Exploring the phenotypic diversity of oenological traits inKluyveromyces marxianusstrains
Authors: Erasmus Barend , Divol Benoit
Published: February 2022

The use of non-Saccharomyces yeasts in the winemaking process may have several positive outcomes. Kluyveromyces marxianus has recently been revealed as a promising species for this industry. While the majority of studies mention the use of K. marxianus in various industries including food production (e.g. dairy and cocoa), recent studies have also shown that its aroma and pectinase production make it a suitable yeast for the wine industry. Nevertheless, only particular strain, IWBT Y885, was investigated. In this study, five different K. marxianus strains as well as one protoplast fusant (BF2020) were compared to strain Y885. These comparisons focused on various oenological traits such as fermentation performance, fermentation metabolites, hydrogen sulfide, and pectinase production. Throughout the study, variations were found between the K. marxianus strains investigated. Indeed, although common traits such as high pectinase activity appeared conserved among K. marxianus strains, a fairly large phenotypic diversity was also evident. Using cluster analysis, strain groupings emerged with strains L01, L05, Y885, and BF2020 grouping together. Similarly, strains L02 and L04 grouped together while strain L03 appearing to show the most variation between the strains investigated. Variation between strains was observed regardless of the original source of isolation.
Chromosome-Level Genome Assemblies of Two Hypnales (Mosses) Reveal High Intergeneric Synteny
Authors: Yu Jin , Cai Yuqing , Zhu Yixin , Zeng Yuying , Dong Shanshan , Zhang Kexin , Wang Sibo , Li Linzhou , Goffinet Bernard , Liu Huan , Liu Yang
Published: February 2022

Mosses compose one of the three lineages of bryophytes. Today, about 13,000 species of mosses are recognized from across the globe, and at least one-third of this diversity composes the Hypnales, a lineage characterized by an early rapid radiation. We sequenced and de novo assembled the genomes of two hypnalean mosses, namely Entodon seductrix and Hypnum curvifolium, based on the 10x genomics and Hi-C data. The genome assemblies of E. seductrix and H. curvifolium comprise 348.4 and 262.0 Mb, respectively, estimated by k-mer analyses to represent 93.3% and 97.2% of their total genome size. Both genomes were assembled at the chromosome level, with scaffold N50 of 30.0 and 20.7 Mb, respectively. The annotated genome of E. seductrix comprises 25,801 protein-coding genes and that of H. curvifolium 29,077, estimated to represent 96.8% and 97.2%, respectively, of the total gene spaces based on BUSCO (Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Ortholog) assessment. For both genomes, most contigs were anchored to the largest 11 pseudomolecules, corresponding to the 11 chromosomes of the two species, and each with a putative sex-related chromosome characterized by low gene density. The chromosomes of E. seductrix and H. curvifolium are highly syntenic, suggests limited architectural shifts occurred following the rapid radiation of the Hypnales. We compared their genomic features to the model moss Physcomitrium patens. The hypnalean moss genomes lack signatures of recent whole-genome duplication. The presented high-quality moss genomes provide new resources for comparative genomics to potentially unveil the genomic evolution of derived moss lineages.
The impact of unconditional cash transfers on morbidity and health-seeking behaviour in Africa: evidence from Ghana, Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe
Authors: Novignon Jacob , Prencipe Leah , Molotsky Adria , Valli Elsa , de Groot Richard , Adamba Clement , Palermo Tia
Published: February 2022

Unconditional cash transfers have demonstrated widespread, positive impacts on consumption, food security, productive activities and schooling. However, the evidence to date on cash transfers and health-seeking behaviours and morbidity is not only mixed, but the evidence base is biased towards conditional programmes from Latin America and is more limited in the context of Africa. Given contextual and programmatic design differences between the regions, more evidence from Africa is warranted. We investigate the impact of unconditional cash transfers on morbidity and health-seeking behaviour using data from experimental and quasi-experimental study designs of five government cash transfer programs in Ghana, Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe. Programme impacts were estimated using difference-in-differences models with longitudinal data. The results indicate positive programme impacts on health seeking when ill and on health expenditures. Our findings suggest that while unconditional cash transfers can improve health seeking when ill, morbidity impacts were mixed. More research is needed on longer-term impacts, mechanisms of impact and moderating factors. Additionally, taken together with existing evidence, our findings suggest that when summarizing the impacts of cash transfers on health, findings from conditional and unconditional programmes should be disaggregated.
CmABF1 and CmCBF4 cooperatively regulate putrescine synthesis to improve cold tolerance of melon seedlings
Authors: Li Meng , Duan Xiaoyu , Gao Ge , Liu Tao , Qi Hongyan
Published: February 2022

Low temperatures severely restrict melon seedling growth. However, the mechanisms by which melon adapts to cold stress are poorly understood. Arginine decarboxylase (ADC), a key synthetase, catalyzes putrescine biosynthesis in plants. In this study, we found that CmADC functions as a positive regulator of melon seedling cold tolerance. In addition, two transcription factors, abscisic acid-responsive element (ABRE)-binding factor 1 (CmABF1) and C-repeat binding factor 4 (CmCBF4), directly target CmADC to trigger its expression. Consistently, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of CmABF1 or CmCBF4 downregulated CmADC abundance, decreased putrescine accumulation, and reduced cold tolerance. Furthermore, some other CBF and ABF members show at least partial functional redundancy and complementarity with CmABF1 and CmCBF4. Overall, our work reveals that the ABA, CBF, and polyamine pathways may form a cooperative regulatory network to participate in plant cold stress response.
Deep-learning-based in-field citrus fruit detection and tracking
Authors: Zhang Wenli , Wang Jiaqi , Liu Yuxin , Chen Kaizhen , Li Huibin , Duan Yulin , Wu Wenbin , Shi Yun , Guo Wei
Published: February 2022

Fruit yield estimation is crucial for establishing fruit harvest and marketing strategies. Recently, computer vision and deep learning techniques have been used to estimate citrus fruit yield and have exhibited notable fruit detection ability. However, computer-vision-based citrus fruit counting has two key limitations: inconsistent fruit detection accuracy and double-counting of the same fruit. Using oranges as the experimental material, this paper proposes a deep-learning-based orange counting algorithm using video sequences to help overcome these problems. The algorithm consists of two sub-algorithms, OrangeYolo for fruit detection and OrangeSort for fruit tracking. The OrangeYolo backbone network is partially based on the YOLOv3 algorithm, which has been improved upon to detect small objects (fruits) at multiple scales. The network structure was adjusted to detect small-scale targets while enabling multiscale target detection. A channel attention and spatial attention multiscale fusion module was introduced to fuse the semantic features of the deep network with the shallow textural detail features. OrangeYolo can achieve mean Average Precision (mAP) values of 0.957 in the citrus dataset, higher than the 0.905, 0.911, and 0.917 achieved with the YOLOv3, YOLOv4, and YOLOv5 algorithms. OrangeSort was designed to alleviate the double-counting problem associated with occluded fruits. A specific tracking region counting strategy and tracking algorithm based on motion displacement estimation were established. Six video sequences taken from two fields containing 22 trees were used as the validation dataset. The proposed method showed better performance (Mean Absolute Error (MAE) = 0.081, Standard Deviation (SD) = 0.08) than video-based manual counting and produced more accurate results than the existing standards Sort and DeepSort (MAE = 0.45 and 1.212; SD = 0.4741 and 1.3975).
Chromosome-level genome assembly of Aristolochia contorta provides insights into the biosynthesis of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids and aristolochic acids
Authors: Cui Xinyun , Meng Fanqi , Pan Xian , Qiu Xiaoxiao , Zhang Sixuan , Li Caili , Lu Shanfa
Published: February 2022

Aristolochic acids (AAs) and their derivatives are present in multiple Aristolochiaceae species that have been or are being used as medicinal materials. During the past decades, AAs have received increasing attention because of their nephrotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Elimination of AAs from medicinal materials using biotechnological approaches is important for improving medication safety. However, it has not been achieved because of the limited information available on AA biosynthesis. Here, we report a high-quality, reference-grade genome assembly of the AA-containing vine Aristolochia contorta. The total size of the assembly is 209.27 Mb, and it is assembled into 7 pseudochromosomes. Synteny analysis, Ks distribution, and 4DTv suggest an absence of whole-genome duplication (WGD) events in Aristolochia contorta after the angiosperm-wide WGD. Based on genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolic data, pathways and candidate genes were proposed for benzylisoquinoline alkaloid (BIA) and AA biosynthesis in A. contorta. Five O-methyltransferase genes, including AcOMT1–3, AcOMT5, and AcOMT7, were cloned and functionally characterized. The results provide a high-quality reference genome for AA-containing species of Aristolochiaceae. They lay a solid foundation for further elucidation of AA biosynthesis and regulation and for the molecular breeding of Aristolochiaceae medicinal materials.
Jasmonic acid biosynthetic genesTgLOX4andTgLOX5are involved in daughter bulb development in tulip (Tulipa gesneriana)
Authors: Sun Qi , Zhang Bei , Yang Chaolong , Wang Weiliang , Xiang Lin , Wang Yanping , Chan Zhulong
Published: February 2022

Tulip bulbs are modified underground stems that originate from axillary meristems of mother bulb scales. Hormones, including jasmonic acids (JAs), play key roles in the regulation of tulip bulb development. Here, we compared variations in daughter bulb development through transcriptomic profiling analysis and characterized the functions of JA biosynthesis-related genes during daughter bulb enlargement. The results showed that tulip cultivars exhibited contrasting bulb size variations. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that genes involved in plant hormones and development, including the two lipoxygenase genes TgLOX4 and TgLOX5, showed significant changes in expression following tulip bulb growth. Ectopic overexpression of TgLOX4 and TgLOX5 in Arabidopsis enhanced endogenous JA content, improved plant growth, and increased lateral root numbers. Silencing of these two genes in tulip repressed the growth of daughter bulbs. Furthermore, exogenous JA treatment promoted tulip bulb growth, whereas the JA biosynthesis inhibitor sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DIECA) inhibited this process. This study offers supporting evidence for the involvement of tulip TgLOX4 and TgLOX5 in the regulation of daughter bulb growth and development.
ROS1 promotes low temperature-induced anthocyanin accumulation in apple by demethylating the promoter of anthocyanin-associated genes
Authors: Yu Lujia , Sun Yuying , Zhang Xi , Chen Mengchen , Wu Ting , Zhang Jie , Xing Yifan , Tian Ji , Yao Yuncong
Published: February 2022

Low temperature can affect the growth and development of plants through changes in DNA demethylation patterns. Another known effect of low temperature is the accumulation of anthocyanin pigments. However, it is not known whether the two phenomena are linked, specifically whether DNA demethylation participates in anthocyanin accumulation in response to low-temperature stress. The ROS1 gene is involved in plant DNA demethylation and influences methylation levels in response to low-temperature stress. In this study, using RNA sequencing, we detected the transcription levels of MdROS1, as well as those of anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes, correlate with the anthocyanin content in apple (Malus domestica), at low temperature. Genomic bisulfite sequencing showed that the methylation levels of the promoters of the anthocyanin-related genes MdCHS, MdCHI, MdF3′H, MdANS, MdUFGT, and MdMYB10 decreased in apple leaves after low-temperature treatment. Similar expression and methylation results were found in apple fruit. Transiently silencing MdROS1 in the leaves and fruit of apple cultivars inhibited the accumulation of anthocyanins and led to decreased expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, and the opposite results were detected in MdROS1-overexpressing leaves and fruit. A promoter binding assay showed that the conserved RRD-DME domains of MdROS1 bind directly to the promoters of MdF3′H and MdUFGT. Taken together, these results suggest that ROS1 affects the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway by decreasing the methylation level of anthocyanin-related gene promoters, thereby increasing their expression and increasing anthocyanin accumulation.
Forum: A Coup At the Capitol? Conceptualizing Coups and Other Antidemocratic Actions
Authors: Powell Jonathan M , Ben Hammou Salah , Smith Amy Erica , Borba Lucas , Kinney Drew Holland , Chacha Mwita , De Bruin Erica
Published: February 2022

The term “coup” has been used to describe a diverse range of events. Although recent decades have seen the academic study of coups focus on an increasingly narrow type of military intervention in politics, the general public, governments, and international organizations frequently apply the coup label to a broader set of antidemocratic actions. This was dramatically illustrated after the overrunning of the US Capitol Building on January 6, 2021, when discussions of the event led to debates about whether or not it constituted a coup. More than a mere matter of semantics, describing an event as a coup can have analytical, normative, and practical implications. The scholars in this forum explore the challenges inherent in distinguishing coups from other types of antidemocratic actions, highlight gaps between academic and popular conceptions of the term, and identify ways in which scholars can productively contribute to public debates around contentious events.
Nutritional and physico-chemical implications of avocado meal as a novel dietary fiber source in an extruded canine diet
Authors: Dainton Amanda N , He Fei , Bingham Tanner W , Sarlah David , Detweiler Katelyn B , Mangian Heather J , de Godoy Maria Regina Cattai
Published: February 2022

This study assessed the effects of a diet containing avocado meal (AMD), an underutilized by-product avocado oil processing, on apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and fecal fermentative end-products when compared with beet pulp (BPD) and cellulose (CD) diets targeting 15% total dietary fiber (TDF). The concentration of persin, a natural fungicidal toxin present in avocado, was also determined on several parts of the fruit and avocado meal. Nine intact female beagles (4.9 ± 0.6 yr and 11.98 ± 1.76 kg) were randomly grouped in a 3 × 3 replicated Latin square design. Periods were 14 d long, with 10 d of adaptation followed by 4 d of total fecal and urine collection for apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) calculations. Fresh fecals were analyzed for fermentative end-products. The BPD (87.0 g/d) caused higher (P < 0.05) fecal output (as-is basis) than AMD (62.3 g/d) and CD (58.0 g/d). Fecal score for the BPD (3.1) was greater (P < 0.05) than for AMD (2.8) or CD (2.6). Acid-hydrolyzed fat ATTD was lower (P < 0.05) for the BPD (94.1%) than for the AMD (95.5%) and CD (95.7%). Crude protein ATTD was greater (P < 0.05) for the CD (88.5%) than the AMD (82.2%) or BPD (83.7%). Dogs fed AMD (49.9%) or BPD (51.0%) exhibited greater (P < 0.05) TDF ATTD than CD. The fermentative profile for the AMD (233.4, 70.9, 8.8, and 12.0 μmole/g DM, respectively) was similar (P > 0.05) to the CD (132.9, 61.7, 7.5, and 9.5 μmole/g DM, respectively) profile, with lower (P < 0.05) concentrations of acetate and propionate and higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of isovalerate and indoles compared to the BPD. Dogs fed AMD (47.0 μmole/g DM) or BPD (54.2 μmole/g DM) exhibited similar (P > 0.05) fecal butyrate concentrations greater (P < 0.05) than for CD (24.7 μmole/g DM). Given these results, avocado meal appears to be an adequate dietary fiber source when compared with traditional fiber sources used in canine diets. No health adverse effects were observed in dogs fed extruded diet containing as much as 18% of avocado meal (as-is basis).
Unsupervised network traffic anomaly detection with deep autoencoders
Authors: Dutta Vibekananda , Pawlicki Marek , Kozik Rafał , Choraś Michał
Published: February 2022

Contemporary Artificial Intelligence methods, especially their subset-deep learning, are finding their way to successful implementations in the detection and classification of intrusions at the network level. This paper presents an intrusion detection mechanism that leverages Deep AutoEncoder and several Deep Decoders for unsupervised classification. This work incorporates multiple network topology setups for comparative studies. The efficiency of the proposed topologies is validated on two established benchmark datasets: UNSW-NB15 and NetML-2020. The results of their analysis are discussed in terms of classification accuracy, detection rate, false-positive rate, negative predictive value, Matthews correlation coefficient and F1-score. Furthermore, comparing against the state-of-the-art methods used for network intrusion detection is also disclosed.
Do the ‘conventional’ grounds for refusal also apply to EU certification marks? The Fifth Board of Appeal of EUIPO says yes
Authors: Ringelhann Axel Paul
Published: February 2022

Boards of Appeal of EUIPO, Cases R 1410/2019-5, Manuka honey; R 2110/2019-5, Bio-Mineralwasser I and R 2112/2019-5, bio mineralwasser (fig.) II, 27 October 2021

The Fifth Board of Appeal of the European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) held that EU certification mark applications are, like any other EU trade mark (EUTM) application, assessed on all general grounds of refusal laid down in Article 7(1) of the EU Trade Mark Regulation 2017/1001 (EUTMR). However, when assessing the general grounds of refusal, the specific function of certification must always be kept in mind. In three different cases, the Fifth Board of EUIPO decided that the certification marks Manuka honey and Bio-Mineralwasser (as word and figurative mark) are non-distinctive and descriptive.