bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bio‐ und Umweltanalytik mit neuen Methoden der Massenspektrometrie
Authors: Lehmann Edda , Haefliger Olivier P.
Published: August 2010

Durch neue Entwicklungen in der matrixunterstützten Laserdesorptions‐(Ionisations‐Massenspektrometrie (matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, MALDI‐MS) weitet sich das Anwendungsgebiet dieser Methode zunehmend in den Bereich der Bioanalytik aus. Die laserunterstützte Massenspektrometrie ist auch ein wichtiges Hilfsmittel in der Aerosolanalytik.
Ferrocen als Additiv für Mineralölprodukte
Authors: Jungbluth Hubert , Lohmann Gabriele
Published: August 2010

Ferrocen ist nicht nur in der Grundlagen‐forschung von Bedeutung, sondern auch als Additiv mit breit gefächerten Einsatzmöglichkeiten in Mineralölprodukten von wirtschaftlichem Interesse. Wegen seiner katalytischen Eigenschaften in Verbrennungsprozessen wirkt Ferrocen emissionsmindernd. Dies gilt sowohl für die Verwendung in Dieselkraftstoff, als auch in Heizöl und Schiffsdiesel. Unter Verwendung eines Partikelfilters eröffnet Ferrocen eine wirkungsvolle Option zur Reduzierung der gesundheitsgefährdenden Dieselruß‐Partikel.
Strommanipulation an einer Mikrodiskelektrode
Authors: Schönweitz Peter
Published: August 2010

Elektrodenvorgänge geben der Forschung bis heute Rätsel auf. Es wurden und werden viele Versuche unternommen, in die vielen komplexen Prozesse einer Elektrodenreaktion Licht zu bringen. Die Migration von lonen beispielsweise kann mit einem elektrischen Feld, das direkt einer Mikrodiskelektrode überlagert ist, gesteuert werden. Dies eröffnet in der Grundlagenforschung neue Möglichkeiten für exakte elektrochemische Messungen und als weiteres Ziel die Nutzbarmachung des Verfahrens für die Analytik.
Chlorierte Diphenochinone: analytische Marker für chlorierte Dioxine und Furane?
Authors: Otto Frank , Leupold Günther , Parlar Harun , Rosemann Reiner , Bahadir Müfit , Hopf Henning
Published: August 2010

Die Bildung von Diphenochinonen unter Bedingungen, unter denen die strukturisomeren Dioxine entstehen, fand bisher wenig Beachtung. Mit neuen Aufarbeitungs‐und Analysenmethoden können nun chlorierte und nicht chlorierte Diphenochinone in unterschiedlichen Matrices bestimmt werden: Diese neue Klasse von Umweltchemikalien tritt immer in Begleitung von Dioxinen und Dioxin‐Analoga auf. Mit den neuen Methoden steht damit ein weiteres Werkzeug zur Bestimmung von chlororganischen Verbindungen zur Verfügung.
Cola, Babywindeln und Seifenblasen
Authors: Krohn Karsten
Published: August 2010

Mit drei Abendveranstaltungen „Experimentalvorlesung für Hörer aller Fakultäten und die außeruniversitäre Öffentlichkeit» hat der Fachbereich Chemie und Chemietechnik in Paderborn einen ersten, erfolgreichen Versuch gestartet, das Interesse für die Chemie zu wecken und über das Lehrangebot zu informieren.
Analytik von Fusarium‐Mykotoxinen in Europe
Authors: Krska Rudolf
Published: August 2010

Wirtschaftliche Verluste durch Fusarium‐Mykotoxine in Getreide und zunehmendes Problembewußtsein der Konsumenten für Kontaminanten in Getreideprodukten machen die Analytik von Mykotoxinen und die Qualitätssicherung in diesem Bereich immer wichtiger. Es wurden neue, schnelle Methoden zur Probenaufreinigung in der Mykotoxinanalytik entwickelt, urn der komplexen Zusammensetzung von Lebens‐und Futtermitteln und der damit verbundenen arbeitsaufwendigen Probenvorbereitung Rechnung zu tragen.
Ladungstransfer — chemisch, physikalisch und biologisch betrachtet
Authors: Schneider Jörg J. , Simon Ulrich
Published: August 2010

Spin‐crossover, Ladungstransport in DNA und Multihemproteinen, gemischtvalente Komplexe, Elektronentransfer in Organometallkomplexen und organischen π‐Systemen, in Nanostrukturen sowie als Grundlage für Photokatalysatoren — an diesen ausgewählten Beispielen wird das breite Spektrum von Ladungstransferprozessen in molekularen und mesoskopischen Systemen deutlich.
Optische Nahfeldmikroskopie (SNOM)
Authors: Fokas Christian S.
Published: August 2010

Mit der optischen Nahfeldmikroskopie1) (SNOM, scanning near‐field optical microscopy) steht seit einigen Jahren eine Methode zur Verfügung, die Änderungen der chemischen Zusammensetzung einer Probe als Funktion der Position und, falls gewünscht, der Zeit, im Nanometerbereich liefert. SNOM vereint alle Vorteile der optischen Mikroskopie mit einer Ortsauflösung, die unter 100 nm liegt.
Nahrung für die Einzeller in uns
Authors: Venhaus Susanne
Published: August 2010

Lebensmittel sollen nicht nur satt machen, sondern auch gesund sein. Deshalb enthalten sie heutzutage verschiedenste Zusätze wie Vitamine, Mineralien oder Pro‐ und Prebiotika. Darüber, wie diese Stoffe wirken, wurde in Frankfurt auf dem Dechema‐Kolloquium: „Pre‐ und Probiotika in Lebensmitteln — Notwendigkeit oder Modeerscheinung?» gesprochen.
„Chemistry for Life» — Chemie in europäischen Museen
Authors: Fehlhammer Wolf P
Published: August 2010

Chemie der Öffentlichkeit nahe bringen — das ist das gemeinsame Anliegen von 16 Technikmuseen und Forschungszentren aus zehn Ländern Europas, die sich dazu in einem Projekt „Chemistry for Life» engagieren.
Nachwachsende Rohstoffe
Authors: Hauthal Hermann G.
Published: August 2010

Nachwachsende Rohstoffe werden weiter gefördert. Ein Beispiel für neue Ergebnisse sind Polyfhydroxyalkanoate) aus transgenen Pflanzen in unerwarteter Strukturvielfalt. Neben Fetten und Ölen sowie Kohlenhydraten treten nun auch industriell verfügbare Proteine stärker in den Vordergrund.
Chemiker in der Stahlindustrie
Authors: Nazikkol Cetin
Published: August 2010

Zu den eher ungewöhnlichen Karrierewegen gehört es, wenn Chemiker nach ihrer Ausbildung in die Stahlindustrie gehen. Dr. Cetin Nazikkol, Chemiker bei der Thyssen Krupp Stahl AG, beschreibt die Aufgaben, die einen Chemiker in dieser Branche erwarten.
Fullerene und Nanoröhrchen: Materialien für das nächste Jahrhundert?
Authors: Grobert Nicole
Published: August 2010

„Nanotechnologie”︁ — das Schlagwort der neunziger Jahre. Zahlreiche Forschungs‐gruppen aus der ganzen Welt widmen sich dem Ziel, neue Materialien im Nanometerbereich herzustellen. Eine vielversprechende neue Klasse von Materialien besteht aus reinem Kohlenstoff und zeichnet sich besonders durch ihre Strukturvielfalt aus. Neben den Fullerenen, deren Entdekkung durch H.W.Kroto, R.F.Curl und R. E. Smalley im Jahre 1985 elf Jahre spärer mit dem Nobelpreis für Chemie gewürdigt wurde, rücken nun die im Jahre 1991 durch S. Iijima entdeckten Kohlenstoff‐Nanoröhrchen aufgrund ihrer bemerkenswerten mechanischen, elektrischen und optischen Eigenschaften zunehmend in den Blickpunkt.
Bedeutung der Biochips für den Weltmarkt
Authors: Ullrich Klaus , Jena Bioregio , Hinnen Albert , Saluz Hans‐Peter
Published: August 2010

Daß Biochips keine Form von Kartoffelchips aus besonders ökologisch angebauten Kartoffeln sind, ist mittlerweile bekannt. Ein guter Indikator für die tatsächliche wirtschaftliche Bedeutung von Biochips ist deren Umsatz auf dem Weltmarkt.
Chemie und Öffentlichkeit — der (leicht) gestörte Frieden
Authors: Lehmann‐Riekert Achim
Published: August 2010

Das Image der chemischen Industrie läßt zu wünschen übrig. Wo aber liegen die möglichen Ursachen für diese Störungen? Chemie ist für viele immer noch ein „Buch mit sieben Siegeln”︁ Zwei Lehrer aus Schwaigern wollen mit „Fewa‐Live”︁ ein Konzept präsentieren, das Chemie entzaubert, Chemie und Industrie in der breiten Öffentlichkeit wieder populärer macht und somit Akzeptanz ermöglicht.
Die Chemie nach dem Krieg
Authors: Horner Leopold
Published: August 2010

Nach dem Krieg war Forschung zunächst nur mit viel Idealismus und Enthusiasmus möglich. Dennoch ließen die unter den schwierigen Bedingungen erzielten Ergebnisse schon bald wieder aufhorchen. Leopold Homers Lebensweg ist sicher typisch für viele Chemiker, die die Chemie erst zu dem gemacht haben, was sie heute ist.
Dynamik und Mobilität: 50 Jahre Forschung in der Metallorganischen Chemie
Authors: Herrmann Wolfgang A. , Fischer Ernst Otto
Published: August 2010

50 Jahre Metallorganische Chemie wurden zum Siegeszug einer Disziplin, die es kurz vorher als solche nicht gab. Wer was geleistet hat in 50 Jahren, das ist schon jetzt Geschichte — junge Geschichte allerdings und deshalb einzeln noch nicht bewertbar, so Ernst Otto Fischer und Wolfgang A. Herrmann, die Autoren des folgenden Beitrags.
1949 bis 1999, ein halbes Jahrhundert Festkörperchemie
Authors: Jansen Martin , Hoppe Rudolf
Published: August 2010

Synthese und Charakterisierung neuer Feststoffe waren die Schwerpunkte der festkörperchemischen Grundlagenforschung der vergangenen 50 Jahre. Unspektakulär und ohne viel Aufhebens gelangten die dabei erarbeiteten Ergebnisse in die Anwendung, viele neue Materialien sind aus dem Alltag nicht mehr wegzudenken. Wer weiß beispielsweise schon, daß eine integrale Komponente von Mobiltelefonen Ferrite enthält, die in den sechziger Jahren in der Grundlagenforschung bearbeitet wurden? Rudolf Hoppe und Martin Jansen blicken zurück und sagen voraus: Die Festkörperforschung wird eines der zukunftsträchtigsten Felder der Chemie bleiben.
Biochimia — unde venis/quo vadis?
Authors: Jaenicke Lothar , Schomburg Dietmar
Published: August 2010

Die biochemische Forschung in Deutschland nahm ihren Anfang bereits im vorigen Jahrhundert, entwickelte sich aber vor allem in den letzten Jahrzehnten rasant weiter. Viele namhafte Wissenschaftler waren an der Entwicklung neuer Methoden und dem grundlegenden Verständnis molekularer, zellularer Wirkmechanismen beteiligt. Zur Würdigung der Leistung der Forscher und der wissenschaftlichen Fortschritte behandeln Lothar Jaenicke und Dietmar Schomburg in diesem Beitrag die Vorgeschichte und Entwicklung in Deutschland und sodann die letzten 25 Jahre in der internationalen Verknüpfung.
NMR‐Spektroskopie — was gibt es Neues zum GDCh‐Jubiläum?
Authors: Günther Harald
Published: August 2010

Im folgenden schildert Harald Günther einige neuere Entwicklungen aus dem Gebiet der NMR‐Spektroskope von Lösungen und Festkörpern. Die Beispiele belegen eindrucksvoll die vielfältigen Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der Methode, die heute in alien Bereichen der naturwissenschaftlichen Forschung ihren festen Platz hat.
Chromatographic: immer schnellere, immer bessere Trennungen
Authors: Engelhardt Heinz
Published: August 2010

Die Chromatographie, die wichtigste und verbreitetste Methode der instrumentellen Analytik, ist für Heinz Engelhardt die Methode des ausgehenden Jahrhunderts. Mit den rasanten Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Massenspektrometrie und ihrer Kombination mit Flüssigchromatographie und Kapillarelektrophorese sind die Weichen für eine erfolgreiche Zukunft gestellt.
50 Jahre Pflanzenschutzmittel
Authors: Heidbrink Kathrin
Published: August 2010

Die BASF ist in besonderer Weise der Entwicklung der Pflanzenschutzmittel verbunden. In den letzten fünfzig Jahren führte der wechselvolle Weg vom U 46 bis zu gentechnisch verbesserten Wirkstoffen. Wie nach dem Krieg stehen Chemie und Landwirtschaft heute wieder vor einer “grünen Revolution”.
Merck‐Schuchardt‐Lecture: Barry M. Trost
Authors: Longer Peter , Schreiner Peter R.
Published: August 2010

Was bieten Übergangsmetall‐katalysierte, stereoselektive Reaktionen in der organischen Synthase? Barry M. Trost von der Stanford University gab mögliche Antworten.
Rechtzeitige Vorsorge verhindert Überraschungen
Authors: Schulte Dirk
Published: August 2010

Wer sein Labor jetzt auf den Datumswechsel vorbereitet, sichert seine Arbeitsfähigkeit zu Jahresbeginn. Wer sein 2000‐Problem erst am 3. Januar erkennt, wird alter Voraussicht nach nicht der einzige sein und lange auf den ausgebuchten und entnervten Kundendienst warten. Das betroffene Gerät ist möglicherweise längere Zeit betriebsunfähig.
Erfahrungen im Land des Lächelns — Theorie und Praxis der chemikalienrechtlichen Zulassung in Japan
Authors: Höfer Rainer , Deutschland Cognis
Published: August 2010

Für die stark exportorientierte deutsche Chemie ist die Erschließung neuer Märkte essentiell. Dabei ist es heutzutage nicht damit getan, ein gutes Produkt und eine wohldurchdachte Marketingstrategie zu haben, sondern es müssen als Voraussetzung für eine Vermarktung zunächst auch die jeweils nationalen chemikalienrechtlichen Regelungen erfüllt werden.
Wie die Schlangen ihre α‐Neurotoxine “erfunden” haben
Authors: Maelicke Alfred
Published: August 2010

Wo ständs die Neurorezeptorforschung, gäbe es nicht die Neurotoxine als selektive und hochaffine Antagonisten? Nun zeigt sich, daß die Neurotoxine der Schlangenfamilie Elapidae einem natürlichen, im Gehirn verbreitet vorkommenden Peptid nachmodelliert worden sind.
Vielfalt der Innovationen
Authors: Venhaus Susanne
Published: August 2010

Mittlerweile ist auch die letzte Phase des dreistufigen Gründerwettbewerbes Science4Life beendet und die zehn Konzepte sind prämiert Sie reichen von DNA‐Chiptechnik über Wasserentgiftung bis zu Schlafrhythmushilfen.
Aus dem Nähkästchen geplaudert — Bewerbungstips von Personalchefs
Authors: Schmitz Karin
Published: August 2010

Immer wieder weisen Personalchefs, Arbeitsamtberater und Personalberater daraufhin, daß viele Bewerbungen, auch von Akademikern, an formalen Mängeln scheitern. Wer seine Bewerbungen immer wieder mit einer Absage zurückerhält, sollte daher seine Unterlagen einmal einer sorgfältigen Prüfung unterziehen.
Grünes Licht für das Bioindustrie‐Unternehmen Aventis
Authors: Hauthal Hermann G.
Published: August 2010

Nach Zustimmung der ausserordentlichen Hauptversammlungen von Rhǒne‐Poulenc und Hoechst zur Fusion sollen alle erforderlichen Transaktionen so zügig abgewickelt werden, dass der neue Aventis‐Konzern noch 1999 die Weltbühne betritt. Die Abspaltung der meisten Industrieaktivitäten auf die neue Celanese soll bereits im Oktober zu deren Börsengang in Frankfurt a. M. und New York führen.
Schülerinnen und Schüler studieren eine Woche auf Probe
Authors: Wiskamp Volker
Published: August 2010

Gerade wegen der zur Zeit unüberschaubaren Diskussion um die Bildung und die Chemieausbildung ist es wichtig, dass die verschiedenen Ausbildungssysteme aufeinander zugehen. Bei einem Probestudium können Schülerinnen in ihrem Wunsch, einen Beruf in einem der vorgestellten Fachgebiete zu erlernen, gestärkt werden oder erkennen, dass sie damit falsch liegen. Falls sie andere Berufsvorstellungen haben, lernen sie das Klima und die Anforderungen an einer Hochschule kennen.
“The battle of Trafalgar was not won in the Midlands”
Authors: Heidbüchel Jörg
Published: August 2010

Wer eine Zeit lang im Ausland studiert hat, bewirbt sich mit einem klaren Vorteil gegenüber einem entsprechend qualifizierten Mitbewerber ohne Auslandserfahrung urn eine Arbeitsstelle — das ist mittlerweile eine Binsenweisheit. Aber warum ist der Anteil der Studierenden, der sich diesen Vorteil verschafft, bisher so gering? Sind die Fachhochschulen hier möglicherweise weiter als die Universitäten?
Speziation messen — wieso und warum?
Authors: Wilken Rolf‐Dieter
Published: August 2010

Der Erfolg der chemischen Analytik bei der dramatischen Verkleinerung der Nachweisgrenzen hat es möglich gemacht, Teilmengen der Stoffe in ihren verschiedenen Bindungsformen (Speziation) sicher analysieren zu können. Dies führte rasch zu neuen Entwicklungen bei einer neuen Art der chemischen Analytik, der Speziesanalytik.
Umweltschutz in den USA: Made in Texas
Authors: Guggolz Ernst
Published: August 2010

Mit einer freiwilligen Vereinbarung, einem ortsabhängigen Budget für die Umweltbelastung und einer „Credit‐Börse”︁ schaffen es amerikanische Städte, die Luftverschmutzung zu verringern. Beispiel: Houston/Texas.
Dienstleister der Informationsgesellschaft: Naturwissenschaftler im Fachverlag
Authors: Waller Gudrun , Wichmann Bettina , Kellersohn Thomas
Published: August 2010

Die Vielfalt der Aufgabenstellungen und die beruflichen Entwicklungschancen, die sich Naturwissenschaftlern in einem Fachverlag bieten, werden häufig unterschätzt. Wer ein breit gefächertes Fachwissen und gute EDV‐Kenntnisse mit sprachlichem Ausdrucksvermögen, Organisationstalent und Teamfähigkeit zu verbinden weis, kann nach einem Einstieg als Volontär oder Trainee in verantwortungsvolle Tätigkeitsbereiche hineinwachsen. Die Berufe „Fachradakteur”︁ und „Fachlektor”︁ sind die naheliegendsten, aber keinesfalls die einzigen Möglichkeiten.
Trends in der Naturstoff‐Forschung
Authors: Erkel Gerhard
Published: August 2010

Themenschwerpunkte der 11. Irseer‐Naturstofftage der Dechema waren Tropenkrankheiten und ihre Bekämpfung, neue Perspektiven für den Pflanzenschutz sowie Resistenzentwicklung. Auch das diesjährige Treffen bot ein breites Forum für Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler aus Universität, Forschungseinrichtungen und der Industrie.
Ein vielseitiges Werkzeug zur Darstellung von Kristallstrukturen
Authors: Cordier Gerhard
Published: August 2010

DIAMOND macht Kristallstrukturen anschaulich. Aus einer Vielzahl von (Datenbank‐)Formaten erstellt das Programm druckfertige Zeichnungen und zur Präsentation geeignete Bilder.
Inertial force term approximations for the use of Global Modal Parameterization for planar mechanisms
Authors: Naets F. , Heirman G. H. K. , Vandepitte D. , Desmet W.
Published: August 2010

Recently a new model reduction technique for flexible multibody systems has been introduced, namely the Global Modal Parameterization (GMP). This method uses a system‐level model reduction, in which the reduction is parameterized by the rigid position of the system and a small flexible deformation superposed on this rigid position. Because of the non‐linearity, the projection base for reduction is position dependent. This position dependence leads to strongly non‐linear inertial terms, with associated increased storage requirements and computational load. This paper gives a short overview of the GMP‐method and focuses predominantly on the derivation of the reduced inertial forces. Three different approximations for the inertial terms are presented and numerically validated. It is shown that a substantial reduction in storage requirements, while maintaining accurate results, is possible through these approximations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assembly of finite element methods on graphics processors
Authors: Cecka Cris , Lew Adrian J. , Darve E.
Published: August 2010

Recently, graphics processing units (GPUs) have had great success in accelerating many numerical computations. We present their application to computations on unstructured meshes such as those in finite element methods. Multiple approaches in assembling and solving sparse linear systems with NVIDIA GPUs and the Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) are created and analyzed. Multiple strategies for efficient use of global, shared, and local memory, methods to achieve memory coalescing, and optimal choice of parameters are introduced. We find that with appropriate preprocessing and arrangement of support data, the GPU coprocessor using single‐precision arithmetic achieves speedups of 30 or more in comparison to a well optimized double‐precision single core implementation. We also find that the optimal assembly strategy depends on the order of polynomials used in the finite element discretization. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Algorithm developments for optimization problems with joint reliability constraints
Authors: Chan Kuei‐Yuan , Lin Dong‐Shin
Published: August 2010

We propose an algorithm for optimization under uncertainty with joint reliability constraints. Most existing research formulates constraints of random variables/parameters in probabilistic forms such that the probability of individual constraint satisfaction must be higher than a reliability target. However, engineering problems generally define reliability as the probability of satisfying constraints ‘jointly’ rather than individually. Calculating a joint reliability value requires a multiple integration over the feasible domain. This calculation is in most realistic cases impractical by use of exact methods and has become the major challenge in optimization. In this research we propose a filter‐based sequential quadratic programming algorithm with joint reliability constraints approximated by their upper bounds. This upper bound can be obtained analytically by considering the current design location, the reliability of satisfying each constraint, and the angles between every constraint pair. To further improve the efficiency of the algorithm, active‐set strategies are implemented such that intense reliability calculations only required for constraints that are likely to be active. The rest of the constraints are approximated to the level needed to understand whether constraints might become active in the next iteration. The efficiency of the proposed method enables the applications to general complex engineering problems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrostatic simulation using XFEM for conductor and dielectric interfaces
Authors: Rochus Véronique , Van Miegroet Laurent , Rixen Daniel J. , Duysinx Pierre
Published: August 2010

Many Micro‐Electro‐Mechanical Systems (e.g. RF‐switches, micro‐resonators and micro‐rotors) involve mechanical structures moving in an electrostatic field. For this type of problems, it is required to evaluate accurately the electrostatic forces acting on the devices. Extended Finite Element (X‐FEM) approaches can easily handle moving boundaries and interfaces in the electrostatic domain and seem therefore very suitable to model Micro‐Electro‐Mechanical Systems. In this study we investigate different X‐FEM techniques to solve the electrostatic problem when the electrostatic domain is bounded by a conducting material. Preliminary studies in one‐dimension have shown that one can obtain good results in the computation of electrostatic potential using X‐FEM. In this paper the extension of these preliminary studies to 2D problem is presented. In particular, a new type of enrichment functions is proposed in order to treat accurately Dirichlet boundary conditions on the interface. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of multiple crack growth in brittle materials with adaptive remeshing
Authors: Azadi H. , Khoei A. R.
Published: August 2010

In this paper, an automated adaptive remeshing procedure is presented for simulation of arbitrary shape crack growth in multiple cracked bodies. The Zienkiewicz–Zhu error estimator is employed in conjunction with the modified superconvergent patch recovery (SPR) technique to obtain more accurate estimation of error. A stability analysis is performed to determine active cracks from a set of competitive cracks. Various crack growth criteria together with the respective crack trajectory prediction are compared. Several numerical examples are illustrated to demonstrate the efficiency, robustness and accuracy of computational algorithm in the simulation of multiple crack growth. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accessory navicular: A heritable accessory bone of the human foot
Authors: Offenbecker A. M. , Case D. T.
Published: August 2010

The accessory navicular is a supernumerary bone of the human foot located medial to the navicular tuberosity and represents a secondary center of ossification that has failed to fuse to the main body of the navicular. Three forms of the accessory bone have been identified: Type I is an independent ossicle that is often embedded within the tibialis posterior tendon; Type II is a triangular accessory bone that attaches to the navicular tuberosity by means of a cartilaginous or fibrocartilaginous bridge; and Type III represents a fused Type II, which forms a hook‐like protuberance extending from the tuberosity. The Type II accessory navicular is the most common of the three forms and is the most readily identifiable in skeletal material since it causes the navicular tuberosity to become abnormally flattened and porous. The purpose of this study was to describe the various manifestations of the accessory navicular in dry bone, to present and compare frequency data for several skeletal populations, and to consider questions of laterality and sex bias in trait expression. In total, the skeletons of 497 Danes, 460 Euro‐Americans, 300 African Americans, 100 Japanese, and 205 Europeans were examined for the presence of the Type II accessory navicular. Overall frequencies for the five groups ranged from 2% in the African American sample to 5% in the Japanese sample. Since several family pedigrees have documented the accessory navicular as being an inherited skeletal defect, the relatively low frequency found in the present study makes this trait a potentially useful indicator of genetic relatedness within archaeological cemeteries. In addition, the trait was found to occur more often unilaterally than bilaterally and there was nearly equal incidence among males and females. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacogenetic tests in cancer chemotherapy: what physicians should know for clinical application
Authors: Lee Soo‐Youn , McLeod Howard L
Published: August 2010

Significant efforts to develop pharmacogenomic predictors have been made to guide more effective and safer chemotherapy. Although a considerable amount of data has been generated from numerous experimental or clinical studies, there is a large gap between pharmacogenomic knowledge and clinical application. This review will focus on eight pharmacogenetic tests including TYMS, DPYD, UGT1A1, CYP2D6, EGFR, KRAS, FCGR3A, and BRCA1/2 to predict toxicity or response to commonly used chemotherapeutic agents. We will discuss the current level of evidence, if the current pharmacogenetic tests are appropriate for clinical application, and how to integrate the pharmacogenomic information into routine clinical practice. Copyright © 2010 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systematic fetal autopsy in cases of medical termination of pregnancy due to chromosomal abnormalities: improving the quality of perinatal care?
Authors: Ramalho C. , Brandão O. , Matias A. , Montenegro N.
Published: August 2010

Objectives

Evaluation of the clinical utility of systematically performing autopsy after termination of pregnancy (TOP) due to chromosomal abnormalities.

Methods

A retrospective study of cases of TOP due to chromosomal abnormalities was performed between 1 January 2002 and 30 September 2007, in a tertiary referral hospital. A comparative study between prenatal ultrasonographic findings and postmortem findings was performed.

Results

There were 57 cases of TOP due to chromosomal abnormalities. The median gestational age at TOP was 17 (range 14–24 weeks). There were 46 trisomies, 4 monosomies, 4 triploidies and 3 cases of structural anomalies. In 25 cases (43.9%) there was at least one major anomaly detected by ultrasound. In 15 cases (26.3%) additional information was obtained after fetal autopsy: in 7 cases further major structural anomalies were detected, and in 8 cases the presence of a major abnormality was not confirmed by the autopsy.

Conclusion

Fetal autopsy may provide additional information to the ultrasonographic morphological evaluation of the fetus submitted to TOP due to chromosomal abnormalities. The combination of prenatal ultrasound and pathological examination can broaden our knowledge of the natural history of chromosomal anomalies in the earlier stages of development and eventually contribute to improve the quality of perinatal care. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MR volumetry of the normal fetal kidney: reference values
Authors: Michielsen Katrijn , Meersschaert Joke , De Keyzer Frederik , Cannie Mieke , Deprest Jan , Claus Filip
Published: August 2010

Objective

The aim of this study is to provide reference values for normal fetal kidney growth based on magnetic resonance (MR) volumetry. Differences in side and gender will be investigated.

Method

The institute's database was reviewed for all fetal MR examinations of singleton pregnancies performed between January 2003 and December 2009. Exclusion criteria for renal volumetry were presence of urogenital anomalies, intrauterine growth retardation, polymalformative disorders, oligo‐ or anhydramnios and maternal diabetes. On anatomical images, renal volumetry was evaluated by delineating kidneys on all slices and combining these into one volume measurement per kidney. Polynomial regression analysis was performed to examine volume evolution over gestational age (GA).

Results

Bilateral renal volumes of 274 MR examinations in 240 fetuses with GAs between 20 and 37 weeks were calculated. The renal volumes strongly correlated with GA (polynomial regression analysis, p < 0.001). No significant difference could be observed between the left and right renal volume and between male and female (p = 0.12 and 0.68, respectively). For fetuses GA ≥ 30 weeks the right kidney was slightly larger than the left side (n = 100, p = 0.039).

Conclusion

The present study provides reference data for normal fetal renal volumes, which may enable to identify fetuses at risk to develop congenital oligonephropathy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fetal spinal anomalies in a first‐trimester sonographic screening program for aneuploidy
Authors: Sepulveda Waldo , Wong Amy E. , Fauchon David E.
Published: August 2010

Objectives

To review the sonographic features of spinal anomalies in first‐trimester fetuses presenting for screening for chromosomal abnormalities.

Methods

Fetuses with a spinal abnormality diagnosed prenatally or postnatally that underwent first‐trimester sonographic evaluation at our institution had their clinical information retrieved and their sonograms reviewed.

Results

A total of 21 fetuses complied with the entry criteria including eight with body stalk anomaly, seven with spina bifida, two with Vertebral, Anal, Cardiac, Tracheal, Esophageal, Renal, and Limb (VACTERL) association, and one case each of isolated kyphoscoliosis, tethered cord, iniencephaly, and sacrococcygeal teratoma. One fetus with body stalk anomaly and another with VACTERL association also had a myelomeningocele, making a total of nine cases of spina bifida in our series. Five of the nine (56%) cases with spina bifida, one of the two cases with VACTERL association, and the cases with tethered cord and sacrococcygeal teratoma were undiagnosed in the first trimester. Although increased nuchal translucency was found in seven (33%) cases, chromosomal analysis revealed only one case of aneuploidy in this series.

Conclusions

Fetal spinal abnormalities diagnosed in the first trimester are usually severe and frequently associated with other major defects. The diagnosis of small defects is difficult and a second‐trimester scan is still necessary to detect most cases of spina bifida. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long term bed rest with and without vibration exercise countermeasures: Effects on human muscle protein dysregulation
Authors: Moriggi Manuela , Vasso Michele , Fania Chiara , Capitanio Daniele , Bonifacio Gaetano , Salanova Michele , Blottner Dieter , Rittweger Jörn , Felsenberg Dieter , Cerretelli Paolo , Gelfi Cecilia
Published: August 2010

The present investigation, the first in the field, was aimed at analyzing differentially, on individual samples, the effects of 55 days of horizontal bed rest, a model for microgravity, on myosin heavy and myosin light chain isoforms distribution (by SDS) and on the proteome (by 2‐D DIGE and MS) in the vastus lateralis (VL), a mixed type II/I (∼50:50%) head of the quadriceps and in the calf soleus (SOL), a predominantly slow (∼35:65%) twitch muscle. Two separate studies were performed on six subjects without (BR) and six with resistive vibration exercise (RVE) countermeasures, respectively. Both VL and SOL underwent in BR decrements of ∼15% in cross‐sectional area and of ∼22% in maximal torque that were prevented by RVE. Myosin heavy chain distribution showed increased type I and decreased type IIA in BR both in VL and in SOL, the opposite with RVE. A substantial downregulation of proteins involved in aerobic metabolism characterized both in SOL and VL in BR. RVE reversed the pattern more in VL than in SOL, whereas proteins involved in anaerobic glycolysis were upregulated. Proteins from the Z‐disk region and from costamers were differently dysregulated during bed rest (both BR and RVE), particularly in VL.
Proteomic identification of microRNA‐122a target proteins in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Diao Shu , Zhang Jin‐fang , Wang Hua , He Ming‐liang , Lin Marie Chia‐mi , Chen Yangchao , Kung Hsiang‐fu
Published: August 2010

microRNA‐122a (miR‐122a) is a liver‐specific miRNA that is frequently downregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The exact functional role of miR‐122a and its target in HCC remain largely unknown. We developed a lentiviral vector for the expression of pre‐miR‐122a (Lenti‐miR‐122a). Lenti‐miR‐122a inhibited HCC cell growth and induced apoptosis in vitro. We employed proteomic profiling to identify the target proteins of miR‐122a. In total, ten proteins with differential expression in HCC cells infected with Lenti‐miR‐122a were identified. Amongst them, downregulation of peroxiredoxin 2 (PRDXII) by miR‐122a was validated by Western blotting. Using bioinformatics analysis, predictable target sites of miR‐122a were identified in the 5′‐UTR of PRDXII mRNA. Luciferase reporter assay confirmed the regulation of miR‐122a on 5′‐UTR of PRDXII. In conclusion, PRDXII was identified to be the new target of miR‐122a.
Thermoelectric properties of dual‐element‐filled skutterudites LaxCa0.1Co4Sb12
Authors: Luo P. L. , Li K. , Xie J. , Zhu T. J. , Zhao X. B.
Published: August 2010

The partially filled LaxCa0.1Co4Sb12(x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6) skutterudites have been prepared by a simple melt‐annealing method followed by hot pressing. In this study, charge‐transport properties including the electrical conductivityσ, the Seebeck coefficientα, the thermal conductivityκ, and the Hall coefficient were presented. La–Ca double filling can effectively improve the thermoelectric properties. The electrical conductivity increases dramatically on increasing La content, while the lattice thermal conductivity decreases substantially, leading to a large increase of theZTvalue. An increasedZTvalue of 0.75 has been obtained for La0.4Ca0.1Co4Sb12at 735 K.
Significant enhancement of critical current density in MgB2 with HgO doping under high pressure
Authors: Cui Yajing , Chen Yongliang , Yang Ye , Hong Shiming , Cheng Cuihua , Zhao Yong
Published: August 2010

A series of HgO‐doped MgB2 samples have been prepared under high pressure. Even 27 and 43 wt% impurities have been observed in the Mg1.05−x(HgO)xB2 samples with x = 0.05 and 0.075, the critical current density, Jc, have been significantly improved under both low and high magnetic fields. XRD and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses revealed that HgO reacted with Mg to form MgHg alloy. The formation of MgHg alloy contributed not only to the refinement of MgB2 grain size and improvement of grain connection, but also to homogeneous distribution of a large amount of impurities in the MgB2 matrix. As a consequence, grain‐boundary pinning was strengthened and new point pinning was generated. Effective improvement of flux pinning together with the very high impurity tolerance in HgO‐doped MgB2 samples might provide another potential route to prepare high‐performance MgB2 bulks and wires on an industrial scale.
Crystal structural, magnetic, and electrical transport properties of Sr1.1K0.9FeMoO6 double perovskite
Authors: Huo Guoyan , Yan Xu , Shi Pengfei , Zhang Hongrui , Wang Xiaoqing
Published: August 2010

The crystal structure and physical properties of the double perovskite Sr1.1K0.9FeMoO6 have been investigated. The structure of this double‐perovskite compound is assigned to a tetragonal system with space group I4/mmm and X‐ray diffraction data suggest that the Fe and Mo ions are partially ordered on B‐sites. Thermal magnetization demonstrates that the metamagnetic transition temperature is about 275 K. At room temperature the isothermal magnetization, M–H, shows that the saturation magnetic moment per formula unit in the direction of the magnetization is 3.22µB (300 K). The electrical resistivity is mainly governed by the Stoner spin fluctuation scattering below the metamagnetic transition and by spin waves and phonon scattering above 275 K. Evident magnetoresistance can be observed under 0.5 and 1.0 T magnetic fields in the studied temperature range.
Predictions of Young's modulus and negative Poisson's ratio of auxetic foams
Authors: Lu Zi‐Xing , Liu Qiang , Yang Zhen‐Yu
Published: August 2010

Auxetic foams possess negative Poisson's ratio, exhibiting unique mechanical properties. A modified model based on the quasi‐three‐dimensional model of Choi and Lakes is developed for auxetic foams and the formula of the volumetric compression ratio is also corrected in this study. Three deformation mechanisms of all cell ribs (i.e. stretching, shearing and bending) are incorporated. By applying the newly modified model, the theoretical results of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio depend on the folded angle of the bent ribs, the relative density, the shape of the rib cross section and the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of the virgin material. The predicted values of the effective Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of auxetic foams compare favourably with experimental data. In addition, a finite element analysis model is proposed to predict the value of Poisson's ratio in this study. The two models can be reduced to predict the mechanical properties of conventional foams, and exhibit the process of the conversion of conventional foams into auxetic foams.
Spin–phonon interaction effects in pure and ion‐doped NiO nanoparticles
Authors: Wesselinowa J. M. , Apostolov A. T.
Published: August 2010

Based on the Heisenberg model including spin–phonon interaction and using a Green's function technique we have studied the size and transition metal doping effects on the phonon properties of antiferromagnetic NiO nanoparticles. The phonon frequency decreases whereas the phonon damping increases with decreasing of particle size. We have shown that a close correlation exists between microstructural features, the different radii of the dopants, leading to different stress and different spin–phonon interaction, and the phonon properties of the nanoparticles. In dependence of the radii of the doped ions we obtain a decrease or increase of the phonon energy with increasing doping concentration. The phonon damping is always greater compared to the undoped case. Our theory can be applied to all antiferromagnetic nanoparticles.
Ferroelectricity in SrTiO3–BiScO3 system
Authors: Ivanov Oleg , Danshina Elena , Tuchina Yulia , Sirota Vyacheslav
Published: August 2010

Ceramic solid solutions of the (1 − x)SrTiO3–xBiScO3 system with x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 were synthesized for the first time via solid‐state processing techniques. Both of the end members in this system are not ferroelectric materials. X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed that at room temperature the samples with x = 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4 consist of mixtures of cubic center‐symmetric Pm3m phase and tetragonal polar P4mm phase. Dielectric measurements of these compositions demonstrated anomalies associated with a diffuse ferroelectric phase transition. Furthermore, examination of the polarization hysteresis behavior revealed weakly nonlinear hysteresis loops in the ferroelectric phase.
Atomistic simulation of point defects in L10‐type CuAu ordered alloy
Authors: Lin Zhong‐Liang , Zhang Yan , Zhang Jian‐Min , Xu Ke‐Wei
Published: August 2010

The configurations of point defects and their migration mechanisms in L10‐type CuAu ordered alloy have been investigated with the modified analytical embedded atom method. The results show that the antisite defects CuAu (especially) and AuCu are easier to form than Cu and Au monovacancies owing to their lower formation energies. For the divacancies, the Cu–Au divacancy is the most stable configuration among the three types of configurations (Cu–Cu, Au–Au, and Cu–Au divacancies). In five migration mechanisms of either a Cu or an Au monovacancy, the antistructural bridge migration is the most favorable due to its lowest migration energy and the one next‐nearest‐neighbor jump (1NNNJ) migration is the most difficult mechanism but can be achieved by six nearest‐neighbor cyclic jump (S[001]6NNCJ) or bent [001] six nearest‐neighbor cyclic jump (B[001]6NNCJ). For a Cu monovacancy, the favorable migration mechanisms are one nearest‐neighbor jump (1NNJ), B[001]6NNCJ, and S[001]6NNCJ successively; however, for an Au monovacancy, the favorable migration mechanisms are S[001]6NNCJ (or B[001]6NNCJ) and then 1NNJ.
Chalcogenide glasses in active plasmonics
Authors: Sámson Zsolt L. , Yen Shih‐Chiang , MacDonald Kevin F. , Knight Kenton , Li Shufeng , Hewak Daniel W. , Tsai Din‐Ping , Zheludev Nikolay I.
Published: August 2010

The phase‐change technology behind rewritable optical disks and the latest generation of electronic memories can also offer high contrast plasmonic switching functionality. Numerical simulations illustrate the extent of this potential while preliminary experiments show that a silver/gallium‐lanthanum‐sulphide interface can support surface plasmon‐polaritons and demonstrate the principle of plasmonic modulation through reversible photo‐induced changes in the chalcogenide. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An aqueous extract of Curcuma longa (turmeric) rhizomes stimulates insulin release and mimics insulin action on tissues involved in glucose homeostasis in vitro
Authors: Mohankumar Sureshkumar , McFarlane James R.
Published: August 2010

Curcuma longa (turmeric) has been used widely as a spice, particularly in Asian countries. It is also used in the Ayurvedic system of medicine as an antiinflammatory and antimicrobial agent and for numerous other curative properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of an aqueous extract of Curcuma longa (AEC) on tissues involved in glucose homeostasis. The extract was prepared by soaking 100 g of ground turmeric in 1 L of water, which was filtered and stored at −20°C prior to use. Pancreas and muscle tissues of adult mice were cultured in DMEM with 5 or 12 mmol/L glucose and varying doses of extract. The AEC stimulated insulin secretion from mouse pancreatic tissues under both basal and hyperglycaemic conditions, although the maximum effect was only 68% of that of tolbutamide. The AEC induced stepwise stimulation of glucose uptake from abdominal muscle tissues in the presence and absence of insulin, and the combination of AEC and insulin significantly potentiated the glucose uptake into abdominal muscle tissue. However, this effect was attenuated by wortmannin, suggesting that AEC possibly acts via the insulin‐mediated glucose uptake pathway. In summary, water soluble compounds of turmeric exhibit insulin releasing and mimicking actions within in vitro tissue culture conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rosemary extracts improve flow‐mediated dilatation of the brachial artery and plasma PAI‐1 activity in healthy young volunteers
Authors: Sinkovic Andreja , Suran David , Lokar Lidija , Fliser Eva , Skerget Mojca , Novak Zoran , Knez Zeljko
Published: August 2010

Polyphenol antioxidants decrease the risk of atherosclerosis. The study aimed to evaluate prospectively in healthy young participants the effect of oral rosemary extracts (RE), consisting of diphenols, upon endothelial dysfunction (ED), preceding structural atherosclerosis. Nineteen healthy young volunteers were studied prospectively, who received oral RE (77.7 mg) for 21 days, consisting of active substances carnosol (0.97 mg), carnosic (8.60 mg) and rosmarinic acid (10.30 mg). Before and after RE treatment, the study evaluated fasting serum levels of plasminogen‐activator‐inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM‐1), inter‐cellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM‐1), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), fibrinogen, high‐sensitivity capsular reactive protein (hs‐CRP), tumor‐necrosis factor α (TNF‐α), the lipid profile and ED, characterized as flow‐mediated dilatation (FMD) in the brachial artery of <4.5%, estimated by ultrasound measurements. After 21 days, any side effects were registered, the mean FMD increased nonsignificantly (6.51 ± 5.96% vs 7.78 ± 4.56%, p = 0.546) and ED decreased significantly (66.6% vs 16.6%, p = 0.040). Among the serum markers, only the mean PAI‐1 level decreased significantly (4.25 ± 1.46 U/mL vs 3.0 ± 0.61 U/mL, p = 0.012) after 21‐day RE supplementation. It is concluded that oral RE supplementation has the potential to improve serum PAI‐1 activity and ED in young and healthy individuals. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morelloflavone from Garcinia dulcis as a Novel Biflavonoid Inhibitor of HMG‐CoA Reductase
Authors: Tuansulong Ku‐aida , Hutadilok‐Towatana Nongporn , Mahabusarakam Wilawan , Pinkaew Decha , Fujise Ken
Published: August 2010

Morelloflavone, a biflavonoid from Garcinia dulcis previously shown to have hypocholesterolemic activity, was examined for its effect on HMG‐CoA reductase, the rate‐limiting enzyme of the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. By using the catalytic domain of house mouse HMG‐CoA reductase, morelloflavone was found to inhibit the enzyme activity by competing with HMG‐CoA whereas it was non‐competitive towards NADPH. The inhibition constants (Ki) with respect to HMG‐CoA and NADPH were 80.87 ± 0.06 µm and 103 ± 0.07 µm, respectively. Both flavonoid subunits of this compound, naringenin and luteolin, equally competed with HMG‐CoA with Ki of 83.58 ± 4.37 µm and 83.59 ± 0.94 µm, respectively, and were also non‐competitive with NADPH (Ki of 182 ± 0.67 µm and 188 ± 0.14 µm, respectively). Due to these findings, we suggest that each subunit of morelloflavone would occupy the active site of the enzyme, thereby blocking access of its substrate. The present study thus demonstrates the ability of morelloflavone from G. dulcis to inhibit HMG‐CoA reductase in vitro. As a result, this biflavonoid might serve as a new candidate for the future development of hypocholesterolemic agents. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The basic flow method for incorporating flow variability in environmental flows
Authors: Palau A. , Alcázar J.
Published: August 2010

The Basic Flow is a methodology used to calculate environmental flow needs for river regulation. It has gained increased recognition in Spain for hydrological planning. It is based on the study of irregularities in hydrological series of daily mean flows using the simple moving average model as a tool to extract the relevant information. The Basic Flow Methodology (BFM), beyond providing a unique minimum flow value, constitutes a complex management proposal for regulated rivers which includes other management aspects affecting the biological functioning of a river (such as the necessity of flow variability, bankfull flows or varying flow rates) through the establishment of monthly instream flow requirements.

This paper presents a practical application of the BFM in the Silvan stream, a natural mountain stream impacted by a hydroelectric regulation project. Results are discussed in terms of physical habitat created and compared to those obtained from the application of another method based on the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology, using a set of computer programs (RHYHABSIM) for physical habitat simulation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.