bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Void for Vagueness
Authors: ORENSTEIN DARA
Published: August 2005

When a "white" woman and a "Negro" man successfully sued to marry in a landmark 1948 case called Perez v. Sharp, they made California the �rst state to overturn a miscegenation statute. But despite how most historians read Perez, this victory did not center on the Fourteenth Amendment. Rather, it hinged on the liminality of the woman in question-whose background was Mexican American. Although Andrea P�rez's in-between status was not discussed explicitly in the ruling opinion, it is essential to the opinion's logic. This article frames Perez within the larger history of P�rez's life and of Mexicans' racialization in California, arguing that the state's miscegenation law collapsed as early as it did because by 1948 the bureaucracy that sustained it could not manage the problem of the hybrid.
Analogies at War
Authors: JESPERSEN T. CHRISTOPHER
Published: August 2005

The frequent use of the Vietnam analogy to describe the situation in Iraq underscores the continuing relevance of Vietnam for American history. At the same time, the Vietnam analogy reinforces the tendency to see current events within the context of the past. Politicians and pundits latch onto analogies as handles for understanding the present, but in so doing, they obscure more complicated situations. The con�ict in Iraq is not Vietnam, Korea, or World War II, but this article considers all three in an effort to see how the past has shaped, and continues to affect, the world the United States now faces.
Hanoi and Americanization of the War in Vietnam
Authors: ASSELIN PIERRE
Published: August 2005

The spring 1965 deployment of U.S. ground forces to South Vietnam and initiation of sustained aerial and naval bombardments of the North by the U.S. military marked a turning point in the history of the Vietnamese Revolution. Until recently, Western scholars only vaguely understood Hanoi's attitude toward those developments and what they meant for the revolution it spearheaded. Newly available materials from Vietnam provide a clearer picture of the concerns of North Vietnamese policymakers in the period immediately before and after the American intervention. Based on such materials, this article demonstrates that, when it committed the North to a wider war with the United States, Hanoi did so reluctantly. Having made the commitment, however, it stopped at nothing to guarantee the ultimate success of its efforts.
Nation Building and the Vietnam War
Authors: FISHER CHRISTOPHER T.
Published: August 2005

The literature on U.S. participation in the Vietnam War has recently undergone a quiet revolution due to use of the concept of nation building. Since the early 1950s nation building has been the subtext, if not the excuse, for U.S. intervention in Southeast Asia, but in the last ten years it has also become useful as a method of inquiry. This article contends that new insights regarding the signi�cance of ideologies and paradigms, particularly modernization theory, enabled the transformation. Understanding modernization theory as an ideology broke with the tradition among diplomatic historians that minimized the role of ideas in policy decisions. It also settled longstanding questions about the nature of paci�cation as either development or counterinsurgency: Counterinsurgency and development were simply different expressions of the same impulse for the United States and the South Vietnamese.
Repair of obstetric fistulae: Review from an overseas perspective
Authors: Kelly John
Published: August 2005

Obstetric fistulae most commonly occur in the developing world. Usually the result of prolonged obstructed labour, they are more often found in young primigravid women. The majority of obstetric fistulae are preventable by ensuring that women are able to access appropriate hospital care. This article highlights some of the important factors in the diagnosis and treatment of fistulae and the management of fistula patients in the developing world.
Haemoglobinopathies in pregnancy
Authors: Johnston Tracey A.
Published: August 2005

The haemoglobinopathies are a complex group of red blood cell disorders. The ethnic diversity of the population in many parts of the UK means that these disorders are increasingly being seen in the antenatal setting. With the planned introduction of both antenatal and newborn screening programmes for haemoglobinopathies in England and Wales, a review of the subject is timely. This article explains the genetic background and clinical features of the major haemoglobinopathies, discusses antenatal screening and prenatal diagnosis, and highlights the implications of pregnancy for women with these disorders.
Evidence‐based management of stress urinary incontinence
Authors: Johnson Helen C. , Slack Mark
Published: August 2005

A wide range of conservative and surgical managements exists for stress urinary incontinence. The evidence base for these interventions is variable. This is particularly the case for the newer surgical treatments, where surgical innovation has grown ahead of the available research. In this review we link the evidence base with the interventions available.
Adhesions and their prevention
Authors: Sutton Christopher
Published: August 2005

Adhesions are a common and unfortunate consequence of most abdominal surgical operations, which start to form within three hours of surgery. Some patients form extensive permanent adhesions that can cause abdominal or pelvic pain, infertility and bowel obstruction. Epidemiological studies have highlighted the extent of this problem and the cost to the Health Service, and although there are numerous approaches to prevent adhesion formation by careful laparoscopic or microsurgical techniques or the use of various adhesion barriers, no method so far has proved completely efficacious in randomised controlled trials. This article reviews the pathogenesis of adhesions, the epidemiological data and the various methods used to try to prevent their formation.
ART babies: a time bomb in the making?
Authors: Cooke Inez
Published: August 2005

One in six couples experience difficulties in conceiving. Assisted reproductive technologies (ART) have dramatically improved the clinical and personal outcome for many of these couples. However, it is only now, after these technologies have been in use in clinical practice for a quarter of a century, that the medium‐ to long‐term safety of these interventions is being called into question. Studies comparing the wellbeing of children conceived using ART have been relatively small, resulting in a wide discrepancy in outcomes. There is a view that the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority should seek to change the law regarding confidentiality to allow the short‐ and long‐term health of these children to be monitored. This article reviews the current research on perinatal and early childhood outcomes for children conceived using ART.
Advances in fetal therapy
Authors: O'Brien Anna Lawin , Kumar Sailesh
Published: August 2005

There has been steady progress in many areas of fetal medicine, not only in fetal imaging but in areas such as the management of red blood cell alloimmunisation and twin‐twin transfusion syndrome, fetal surgery, genomics and stem cell research. However, many interventions that initially seemed promising have not been shown to improve fetal or neonatal morbidity or mortality. This review discusses the effectiveness of some of the newer innovations in fetal therapy.
@ TOG
Authors: Attilakos Georgios , Draycott Timothy , Jenkins Julian
Published: August 2005

In this issue we look at some websites related to the field of maternal and fetal medicine. It is not uncommon to come across a rare disorder in this subspecialty and the Internet can provide readily accessible resources to help everyday practice. Perhaps the greatest example of such a resource is the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man website.
The Relationship between Grain Boundary Character and the Intergranular Oxide Distribution in IN718 Superalloy
Authors: Yang S. L. , Krupp U. , Christ H.‐J. , Braz Trindade V.
Published: August 2005

The relationship between grain boundary character and the intergranular oxide distribution was investigated on the polycrystalline nickel‐base superalloy IN718 by using EBSD technique. Basically, internal oxidation predominantly occurs along random grain boundaries, while, for highly symmetric grain boundaries, such as Σ3 twin grain boundaries, intergranular oxides were rarely found.
Quantitative Elastic‐Property Measurements at the Nanoscale with Atomic Force Acoustic Microscopy
Authors: Hurley D. C. , Kopycinska‐Müller M. , Kos A. B. , Geiss R. H.
Published: August 2005

We are developing metrology for rapid, quantitative assessment of elastic properties with nanoscale spatial resolution. Atomic force acoustic microscopy (AFAM) methods enable measurements of modulus at either a single point or as a map of local property variations. The information obtained furthers our understanding of nanopatterned surfaces, thin films, and nanoscale structures.
Interpenetrating‐Lattice‐Structured Magnets Exhibiting Anomalous Magnetic Properties
Authors: Miller J. S. , Vos T. E. , Shum W. W.
Published: August 2005

Cubic [Ru2(O2CMe)4]3[Cr(CN)6] prepared from water has two interpenetrating lattices and exhibits anomalous magnetic hysteresis, saturation magnetization, out‐of‐phase alternating current (AC) susceptibility, χ″(T), and zero‐field‐cooled/field‐cooled temperature‐dependent magnetization data with respect to either the material prepared from acetonitrile or the layered two‐dimensional (2D) [Ru2(O2CBut)4]3[Cr(CN)6] · 2 H2O prepared from water. These unexpected properties are attributed to the presence of the interpenetrating lattices and reveal that, albeit uncommon, interpenetrating‐lattice‐structured materials can stabilize new cooperative magnetic behavior.
Social organization of the Milne‐Edward's potto
Authors: Pimley Elizabeth R. , Bearder Simon K. , Dixson Alan F.
Published: August 2005

Nocturnal prosimian primates are often seen alone during their nocturnal activities, and are therefore categorized as “solitary”. Recent research has shown that these animals actually possess social networks that differ among species. Here we present new information on one of the lesser studied prosimian primates, the potto, derived from fieldwork in Cameroon that employed radiotelemetry and behavioral observations. An analysis of association patterns and home‐range overlaps between animals revealed that pottos associated more frequently with conspecifics than expected for a supposedly solitary primate. Certain males and females that were seen together regularly throughout the study, but were not observed to have contact with other pottos of the opposite sex, were labeled as “pairs”. These pairs were found to have higher levels of association with each other than with other conspecifics. The only affiliative and sexual behaviors observed between members of the opposite sex occurred within the pairs of pottos. Although given the secretive nature of these primates, the possibility of extrapair copulations cannot be ruled out, their relatively small testis size indicates that sperm competition is not so important for this species. Am. J. Primatol. 66:317–330, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intermittent thiamine deficiency in the rhesus monkey. I. Progression of neurological signs and neuroanatomical lesions
Authors: Witt Ellen D. , Goldman‐Rakic Patricia S.
Published: August 2005

Rhesus monkeys were subjected to one, two, or four periods of thiamine deficiency to determine how the number of deprivation episodes affects the development and progression of neurological and neuropathological changes. Recrurent thiamine deprivation produced all major neurological signs and most of the anatomical lesions found in Wernicke‐Korsakoff syndrome. Neither the number and gravity of neurological symptoms nor the extent or location of lesions was related to the number of deprivation periods in a simple way. Thus, some structures, such as the inferior colliculus and medial vestibular nuclei, were affected after only one period of deficiency. Other structures, such as the parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus, were more resistant and exhibited degeneration only after four periods of thiamine deprivation. Severe damage in the basal ganglia was infrequent and was associated with prolonged rather than multiple periods of deprivation. No parenchymal damage was found in the mammillary bodies or mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus, suggesting that lesions in these prominent sites of damage in Wernicke‐Korsakoff disease develop only in the most advanced stages of thiamine deprivation. As a consequence of individual differences in susceptibility to thiamine deficiency, neurological symptoms and signs were more related to the profile of neural damage than to the number or duration of deprivation episodes.
Blepharospasm and orofacial‐cervical dystonia: Clinical and pharmacological findings in 100 patients
Authors: Jankovic Joseph , Ford Janet
Published: August 2005

We evaluated prospectively 100 patients, the largest reported series, with blepharospasm and orofacial‐cervical dystonia, or Meige syndrome. The mean age at onset was 51.7 years, and 81% presented between the ages of 40 and 70. Women outnumbered men three to two. Blepharospasm was the initial symptom in 58 patients, but only 23 had involuntary movements localized to the orbicularis oculi. Sixty‐one patients had the complete syndrome, blepharospasm and oromandibular dystonia, and 60 had neck or generalized dystonia in addition to the orofacial movements. Twenty‐one patients with spasmodic dysphonia were included; in 12 of these patients, spasmodic dysphonia was part of the complete (Meige) syndrome, and 16 of these patients had neck or generalized dystonia or essential tremor. An organic cause of Meige syndrome is supported by a high correlation with essential tremor and other movement disorders and by positive family history in some patients. Response to medication was inconsistent, but 69% of patient trials resulted in some improvement; in 22% the benefit was marked and persistent. Tetrabenazine, lithium, and trihexyphenidyl were most useful for the treatment of oromandibular dystonia, and clonazepam was useful in some patients with blepharospasm.
Organische Azide – explodierende Vielfalt bei einer einzigartigen Substanzklasse
Authors: Bräse Stefan , Gil Carmen , Knepper Kerstin , Zimmermann Viktor
Published: August 2005

Seit der Entdeckung der organischen Azide vor über einhundertvierzig Jahren durch Peter Grieß wurde eine Reihe von Synthesen für diese energiereichen Moleküle entwickelt. In letzter Zeit haben sich völlig neue Perspektiven durch Anwendungen in der Peptidchemie, der kombinatorischen Chemie und der Heterocyclensynthese ergeben. Auf dem interdisziplinären Gebiet zwischen Chemie, Biologie, Medizin und Materialwissenschaften nehmen organische Azide inzwischen einen wichtigen Raum ein. In diesem Aufsatz werden die Grundzüge der Azid‐Chemie dargelegt und aktuelle Entwicklungen auf diesem Gebiet beleuchtet. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf Cycloadditionen (Huisgen‐Reaktion), Aza‐Ylidchemie und der Synthese von Heterocyclen. Weitere Reaktionen wie die Aza‐Wittig‐Reaktion, Sundberg‐Umlagerung, Staudinger‐Ligation, Boyer‐ und Boyer‐Aubé‐Umlagerung, Curtius‐Umlagerung, Schmidt‐Umlagerung sowie die Hemetsberger‐Umlagerung zeugen von der Vielfältigkeit moderner Azid‐Chemie.
Organic Azides: An Exploding Diversity of a Unique Class of Compounds
Authors: Bräse Stefan , Gil Carmen , Knepper Kerstin , Zimmermann Viktor
Published: August 2005

Since the discovery of organic azides by Peter Grieß more than 140 years ago, numerous syntheses of these energy‐rich molecules have been developed. In more recent times in particular, completely new perspectives have been developed for their use in peptide chemistry, combinatorial chemistry, and heterocyclic synthesis. Organic azides have assumed an important position at the interface between chemistry, biology, medicine, and materials science. In this Review, the fundamental characteristics of azide chemistry and current developments are presented. The focus will be placed on cycloadditions (Huisgen reaction), aza ylide chemistry, and the synthesis of heterocycles. Further reactions such as the aza‐Wittig reaction, the Sundberg rearrangement, the Staudinger ligation, the Boyer and Boyer–Aubé rearrangements, the Curtius rearrangement, the Schmidt rearrangement, and the Hemetsberger rearrangement bear witness to the versatility of modern azide chemistry.
Cover Picture: Catalytic Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Aldehydes on Pt(111): Understanding the Selectivity from First‐Principles Calculations (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 33/2005)
Authors: Loffreda David , Delbecq Françoise , Vigné Fabienne , Sautet Philippe
Published: August 2005

The selective hydrogenation of unsaturated aldehydes such as propenal on a Pt(111) surface, as shown in the cover picture, is an example of a heterogeneous catalysis reaction that yields two competitive products: propenol and propanal. The selectivity of this reaction is controlled by the balance between the surface hydrogenation steps and the desorption of the product. D. Loffreda et al. describe on page 5279 ff. the use of density functional theory and a microkinetic model to investigate the reaction pathways.
Plasma zinc concentrations of mothers and the risk of nonsyndromic oral clefts in their children: A case‐control study in the Philippines
Authors: Tamura Tsunenobu , Munger Ronald G. , Corcoran Christopher , Bacayao Jocelyn Y. , Nepomuceno Buena , Solon Florentino
Published: August 2005

BACKGROUND

Findings from animal experiments suggest a link between poor maternal zinc status and increased risk of oral clefts in offspring; however, there are few human studies on this issue.

METHODS

A case‐control study was conducted using 74 case mothers of children with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P,n= 57) or cleft palate alone (CP,n= 17), and 283 control mothers of unaffected children recruited in the Philippines in early 2003. Maternal zinc status was assessed by determining plasma zinc concentrations a mean of 5 years after delivery of the index child. Odds ratios (ORs) of estimates of the relative risk of oral clefts were calculated for quartiles of maternal plasma zinc concentrations.

RESULTS

The mean plasma zinc concentration of CL/P case mothers (9.6 ± 1.2, SD μmol/l) was significantly lower than that in control mothers (10.1 ± 1.6 μmol/l;P< 0.05). Low plasma zinc concentrations (<11.0 μmol/l) were found in 88% and 94% of CL/P and CP case mothers, respectively, and in 72% of controls (P< 0.05). The ORs for CL/P and CP combined, adjusted for potential confounding factors, decreased with increasing quartile of plasma zinc as follows: 1.0 (lowest quartile reference), 0.83 (95% confidence interval 0.37–1.89), 0.70 (0.31–1.68), and 0.26 (0.10–0.70) (Ptrend = 0.008).

CONCLUSIONS

Low plasma zinc concentrations were common in Filipino women of reproductive age, and higher plasma zinc concentrations were associated with a lower risk for oral clefts in their children. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemiluminescence during rice seed imbibition at different temperatures
Authors: Chen Wen Li , Xing Da , Wijk Roeland Van
Published: August 2005

The chemiluminescence (CL) of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seeds at different temperatures and the CL spectra of rice seed, caryopses and seed coat were studied during early imbibition. Compared with the CL of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) seeds, the CL of rice seeds had a non‐linear, logarithmic‐like increase of intensity in the temperature range 30–50°C. The Van't Hoff coefficient Q10 = IT+10/IT was equal to 2. The emission spectrum of whole rice seed, rice and coat had a greater proportion of red light during early imbibition, which led to the conclusion that the CL of rice seed during early imbibition arises partially from enzyme‐catalysed reactions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensitive determination of synephrine by flow‐injection chemiluminescence
Authors: Li Qian , Huang Chengzhi , Huang Yuming
Published: August 2005

It was found that light emission produced by the oxidation of luminol by potassium ferricyanide in basic medium was enhanced by synephrine, an anti‐obesity drug. The optimum conditions for this chemiluminescent reaction were studied in detail in a flow injection system and employed in a new, simple and rapid method for the determination of synephrine. A mechanism for this reaction is proposed, based on the chemiluminescence reaction spectra. In the optimum conditions, CL intensity is proportional to concentration of synephrine in the 0.008–1 µg/mL range. The limit of detection is 1.6 ng/mL for synephrine (3σ), and the relative standard deviation (n = 11) is 2.6% for 0.5 µg/mL synephrine. The method was applied to the determination of synephrine in herbal products, citrus fruit and biological fluids. The recoveries were satisfactory (90–102%). The results given by the proposed method are in good agreement with those given by HPLC‐UV. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous measurement of superoxide generation and intracellular calcium ion of neutrophil‐like culture cells
Authors: Satozono Hiroshi , Kazumura Kimiko , Okazaki Sigetoshi , Hiramatsu Mitsuo
Published: August 2005

We have developed a novel method for simultaneously measuring fluorescence and chemiluminescence. The generation of superoxide anion and the intracellular Ca2+ ion concentration of neutrophil‐like cells stimulated by agonists were measured in real time by our method. Our results were in agreement with the intracellular signalling in the neutrophils. We also found that the presence of Zn2+ ion inhibited both the generation of superoxide anion and the influx of Ca2+ ions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of paeoniflorin in rat plasma by a liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry method coupled with solid‐phase extraction
Authors: Wang Qiao , Yang Hanyu , Liu Weina , Feng Xiaolong , Zhang Lantong , Li Yanling , Bi Kaishun , Guo Dean
Published: August 2005

A rapid, sensitive and selective liquid chromatography–tandem spectrometry method was developed and validated for determination of paeoniflorin in rat plasma using geniposide as the internal standard. The samples were pretreated with solid‐phase extraction using Extract‐Clean™ cartridges. Separation of paeoniflorin and IS was achieved on a reversed‐phase C18 column (50 × 4.6 mm i.d.) with a mobile phase made up of acetonitrile and 0.05% formic acid (25:75, v/v) at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. Detection was carried out on a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer by multiple‐reaction monitoring and an electrospray ionization source was employed as the ionization source. The lower limit of quantification obtained was 4 ng/mL (n = 6) using 200 µL plasma with an accuracy of −3.67% (relative error) and a precision of 4.13% (relative standard deviation). A good linearity was found in the range of 4–1000 ng/mL. The intra‐ and inter‐day relative standard deviations in the measurement of quality control samples 10, 150 and 800 ng/mL ranged from 3.73 to 4.94% and from 4.31 to 6.56%, respectively. The accuracy was from −3.93 to −1.11% in terms of relative error. The analyte and IS were stable in the battery of stability studies. This method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of paeoniflorin after a single oral administration of 53.36 mg/kg paeoniflorin to rats. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Utilization of Self‐Sorting Processes To Generate Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries with New Network Topologies
Authors: Saur Isabelle , Scopelliti Rosario , Severin Kay
Published: August 2005

The synthesis of water‐soluble, organometallic macrocycles is described. They were obtained by self‐assembly in reactions of the half‐sandwich complexes [{Ru(C6H5Me)Cl2}2], [{Ru(p‐cymene)Cl2}2], [{Rh(Cp)Cl2}2], and [{Ir(Cp*)Cl2}2] with the ligand 5‐dimethylaminomethyl‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐4‐(1H)‐pyridone in buffered aqueous solution at pH 8. The structure of the Ru–(p‐cymene) complex was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. Upon mixing, these complexes undergo scrambling reactions to give dynamic combinatorial libraries. In combination with structurally related complexes based on amino‐methylated 3‐hydroxy‐2‐(1H)‐pyridone ligands, an exchange of metal fragments but no mixing of ligands was observed. This self‐sorting behavior was used to construct dynamic combinatorial libraries of macrocycles, in which two four‐component sub‐libraries are connected by two common building blocks. This type of network topology influences the adaptive behavior of the library as demonstrated in selection experiments with lithium ions as the target.
Time‐resolved fluorescent chirality sensing and imaging of malate in aqueous solution
Authors: Lin Zhihong , Wu Meng , Wolfbeis Otto S.
Published: August 2005

Chiral discrimination of malates in aqueous solutions at near‐neutral pH is achieved through fluorescence measurement and imaging using the europium–tetracycline complex (EuTc) as a fluorescent probe. The method is based on the significantly different fluorescence properties of the ternary complexes (Eu–Tc–malate) formed between EuTc and the enantiomeric malates. The enantiomeric excess (ee) of chiral malates can be quantified by both steady‐state and time‐resolved fluorescence, using either a conventional fluorescence microplate reader or fluorescence imaging. It offers a facile and sensitive method for high‐throughput chiral discrimination. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Chirality 17:464–469, 2005.
An eutomer/distomer ratio near unity does not justify non‐enantiospecific assay methods in bioequivalence studies
Authors: García‐Arieta Alfredo , Abad‐Santos Francisco , Rodríguez‐Martínez M. Angeles , Varas‐Polo Yolanda , Novalbos Jesús , Laparidis Nikos , Gallego‐Sandín Sonia , Orfanidis Kyriakos , Torrado Juan
Published: August 2005

The aim of the present investigation was to compare the pharmacokinetics of two tablet formulations of 600 mg of racemic ibuprofen obtained using enantiospecific and non‐enantiospecific assays, in order to explore if chiral assays should be employed in bioequivalence studies of chiral active substances. The stereoselective assay showed that, for both formulations, there was an initial phase where (R)‐ibuprofen was the predominant enantiomer followed by a final phase where (S)‐ibuprofen was the predominant one. Results from both analytical methods proved that the two formulations were bioequivalent. However, the chiral bioanalytical method detected a larger difference in the eutomer than that showed by the nonchiral bioanalytical method. In conclusion, although the exposure ratios of enantiomers are near unity, the measurement of unresolved ibuprofen alone is not an adequate measure of bioequivalence since it may mask the actual difference in the eutomer exposure among formulations. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Chirality 17:470–475, 2005.
Carcinoids of the pancreas
Authors: Soga Jun
Published: August 2005

BACKGROUND

The aim of the current study was to clarify the actual clinicopathologic status of extremely rare pancreatic carcinoids. To date, statistical evaluation of such carcinoids has been hampered because an insufficient number of cases has prevented any reliable statistical analyses.

METHODS

The Niigata Registry for Gut–Pancreatic Endocrinomas contains a total number of 156 cases of pancreatic carcinoids among 165 endocrinocarcinomas registered worldwide. This figure of 156 cases comprises 144 typical and 12 atypical carcinoids, which were compared statistically with carcinoids in other representative sites, according to various clinicopathologic criteria.

RESULTS

Pancreatic carcinoids made up 1.4% of the total number of registered cases (n = 11,343) and were characteristic in the following five ways. 1) They exhibited a high metastatic rate (66.7%), somewhat lower than that for the ileocecum (76.1%), identical to that for the ileum (66.9%), and far higher than that for the total average of 35.7%. 2) They displayed the largest average tumor size (68.6 mm), followed by that for the ovary (68.2 mm), and ileocecum (46.5 mm) against a total average of 30.2 mm. 3) They revealed a relatively high incidence of the carcinoid syndrome (23.3%), almost equal to that for the ileocecum (24.1%), and exceeded by that for the small intestine (35.8%), when compared with that for the total average of 11.0%. 4) They showed a high rate of immunohistochemical detection for serotonin (92.9%), lower than that for the testicle (100.0%), but higher than the total average of 54.9%. 5) Five‐year survival rate was extremely low (28.9% ± 16.7%) compared with those for the appendix (89.7% ± 2.0%) and the small intestine (82.1% ± 3.3%). It was noteworthy that silver impregnations in the pancreatic carcinoid series indicated a result identical to that for the total average: Grimelius argyrophilia, 84.8% versus 85.4%; argyrophil cell type, 59.1% versus 58.5%; and argentaffin cell type, 22.7% versus 22.3%.

CONCLUSION

It may be said that in the treatment of patients with pancreatic carcinoids, appropriate procedures should be carried out with these distinguishing characteristics always kept in mind. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Chemotherapy with rituximab followed by high‐dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with mantle cell lymphoma
Authors: Thieblemont Catherine , Antal Daciana , Lacotte‐Thierry Laurence , Delwail Vincent , Espinouse Daniel , Michallet Anne‐Sophie , Traulle Catherine , Bouafia‐Sauvy Fadhela , Giraud Christine , Salles Gilles , Guilhot François , Coiffier Bertrand
Published: August 2005

BACKGROUND

The authors evaluated the efficacy of chemotherapy combined with rituximab followed by high‐dose therapy (HDT) plus autologous stem cell transplantation in patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).

METHODS

This was a retrospective analysis of 34 patients who were treated in 2 departments of hematology, including 29 patients (85%) who received first‐line treatment. Rituximab was administered as 4 injections just before harvest in 25 patients (73%) or simultaneously with chemotherapy in 9 patients (27%). HDT included total body irradiation in 26 patients (77%).

RESULTS

After induction therapy, all patients except one reached a response: There were 14 (41%) complete responses (CR) and 19 (56%) partial responses (PR). Stem cell harvest was successful in all patients but 2, with a median number of 5.9 CD34‐positive cells per 106/kg. Three months after transplantation, 24 patients (71%) were in CR, and 7 patients (21%) were in PR. At 3 years from the day of transplantation, the estimated overall survival was 87%. With a median follow‐up at 2.6 years, the estimated median time to disease progression was 3.4 years. Rituximab treatment before harvest did not delay hematopoietic reconstitution: The median time it took patients to recover absolute neutrophil count to > 0.5 G/L was 10 days.

CONCLUSIONS

Chemotherapy combined with rituximab followed by HDT improved the overall survival and progression‐free survival in patients MCL without adding toxicities. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Efficacy and tolerability of aprepitant for the prevention of chemotherapy‐induced nausea and emesis over multiple cycles of moderately emetogenic chemotherapy
Authors: Herrstedt Jørn , Muss Hyman B. , Warr David G. , Hesketh Paul J. , Eisenberg Peter D. , Raftopoulos Harry , Grunberg Steven M. , Gabriel Munir , Rodgers Anthony , Hustad Carolyn M. , Horgan Kevin J. , Skobieranda Franck ,   on behalf of the Aprepitant Moderately Emetogenic Chemotherapy Study Group
Published: August 2005

BACKGROUND

An aprepitant (APR) regimen was evaluated for prevention of nausea and emesis due to moderately emetogenic chemotherapy (MEC) over multiple cycles.

METHODS

The authors performed a randomized, double‐blind study. Eligible patients with breast carcinoma were naïve to emetogenic chemotherapy and treated with cyclophosphamide alone or with doxorubicin or epirubicin. Patients were randomized to receive either an APR regimen (Day 1: APR 125 mg, ondansetron [OND] 8 mg, and dexamethasone [DEX] 12 mg before chemotherapy and OND 8 mg 8 hrs later; Days 2–3: APR 80 mg every day) or a control regimen (Day 1: OND 8 mg and DEX 20 mg before chemotherapy and OND 8 mg 8 hrs later; Days 2–3: OND 8 mg twice per day). Data on nausea, emesis, and use of rescue medication were collected. The primary end point was the proportion of patients with a complete response (CR; no emesis or use of rescue therapy) in Cycle 1. Efficacy end points for the multiple‐cycle extension were the probabilities of a CR in Cycles 2–4 and a sustained CR rate across multiple cycles.

RESULTS

Of 866 patients randomized, 744 (85.9%) entered the multiple‐cycle extension, and 650 (75.1%) completed all 4 cycles. Overall, the CR was greater with the APR regimen over the 4 cycles: 53.8% versus 39.4% for Cycle 2, 54.1% versus 39.3% for Cycle 3, and 55.0% versus 38.4% for Cycle 4. The cumulative percentage of patients with a sustained CR over all 4 cycles was greater with the APR regimen (P = 0.017).

CONCLUSIONS

The APR regimen was more effective than a control regimen for the prevention of nausea and emesis induced by MEC over multiple chemotherapy cycles. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Prognostic diversity among cytogenetic abnormalities in myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia
Authors: Tefferi Ayalew , Dingli David , Li Chin‐Yang , Dewald Gordon W.
Published: August 2005

BACKGROUND

Approximately 30–50% of patients with myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (MMM) demonstrate detectable cytogenetic abnormalities, the prognostic value of which has not been completely defined by previous retrospective studies. The current prospective study addresses this issue in the context of currently accepted independent prognostic variables.

METHODS

The current study is a single institution study in which patients with MMM were accrued between January 2000 and August 2001 and followed in a prospective fashion. All study patients underwent bone marrow examination with cytogenetic studies as well as comprehensive clinical and laboratory evaluation at the time of karyotype analysis.

RESULTS

Among the study cohort of 81 patients (with a median age of 61 years; 54 males), the cytogenetic findings were normal in 44 patients (54%; Group 1). The remaining 37 patients (46%) demonstrated either interstitial deletions involving the long arm of chromosome 13 or 20 (9 patients; Group 2) or other abnormalities (28 patients; Group 3). All study patients were followed prospectively for a minimum of 40 months (range, 40–55 months). Survival from the time of karyotypic analysis was found to be similar between Groups 1 and 2 but was significantly worse in Group 3. Furthermore, none of the patients in Group 2 experienced leukemic transformation, whereas five patients each from the other two groups did. Multivariate analysis identified an unfavorable cytogenetic profile (Group 3), ≥ 1% circulating blasts, a hemoglobin level of <10 g/dL, and constitutional symptoms as adverse prognostic features for overall survival.

CONCLUSIONS

Specific cytogenetic lesions in patients with MMM might carry an independent prognostic effect for both survival and the risk of leukemic transformation. Such information should assist in decision making when considering aggressive treatment approaches. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Green marketing philosophy: a study of Spanish firms with ecolabels
Authors: Chamorro Antonio , Bañegil Tomás M.
Published: August 2005

The current work attempts to highlight the importance of there being a true corporate commitment towards protecting the environment behind any green communication – i.e., that ecological awareness should be one of the values determining organizational culture. This implies that green marketing should be understood not solely as an activity, but also as a philosophy.

In the first part of the article, we discuss the difficulty in measuring the environmental culture of a firm and we propose a series of indicators for this purpose. In the second part, we apply these indicators to the Spanish industrial firms that have at least one ecolabelled product, with a view to deciding whether ecolabels are used as simple sales pitch or, in contrast, there really exists a company behind them with a true environmental culture. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Dynamic bandwidth recycle algorithm for OVSF–CDMA systems
Authors: Wu Peng‐Jung , Lee Chung‐Nan
Published: August 2005

This paper presents a dynamic bandwidth recycle algorithm in the downlink of a WCDMA system using orthogonal variable spreading factor codes (OVSF). It consists of a bandwidth recycle algorithm and a bandwidth reservation algorithm. The bandwidth recycle algorithm is used to recycle bandwidth from current serviced connections when the system does not have enough available bandwidth to support a bandwidth request. The bandwidth reservation algorithm is used to reduce transmission delay caused by suddenly increasing bandwidth requests. Four traffic classes, conversational, streaming, interactive, and background classes, defined by universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS) are considered. Simulation results show that the bandwidth utilization and block rate are improved, the bandwidth guaranteed to conversational and streaming classes are protected, and the delay time of interactive and background classes are kept under an acceptable value even when the traffic load is heavy. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Relaxivity Studies of a Gadolinium(III) Complex of ATP‐Conjugated DO3A as a Contrast Enhancing Agent for MRI
Authors: Ratnakar S. James , Alexander Vedhamonickom
Published: August 2005

A gadolinium(III) complex of adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP)‐appended DO3A has been synthesized in order to attain higher relaxivity and to reduce the in vivo toxicity. DO3A (2) was synthesized as the exclusive product by a single step direct trialkylation of cyclen with chloroacetic acid in water (pH 10, –4 °C). ATP was then covalently appended to the DO3A framework through a propyl linker. The 3‐bromopropane spacer appended DO3A (3) was synthesized by the reaction of DO3A with 1,3‐dibromopropane in water/DMF in the presence of triethylamine as proton scavenger. The ATP‐appended DO3A (DO3A‐Pr‐ATP) was synthesized by the reaction of 3 with ATP in water at room temperature. [Gd(DO3A‐Pr‐ATP)(H2O)2] (4) was synthesized by the reaction of DO3A‐Pr‐ATP with gadolinium(III) perchlorate hydrate in water. The X‐ and Q‐band EPR spectra of 4 contain a broad band with no hyperfine splitting at both room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperature. The g‐values are 2.167 and 2.033 at X‐ and Q‐band, respectively. The magnetic moment of 4 is 7.45 BM which is close to the value for free GdIII ion. The longitudinal relaxivity, r1p, of [Gd(DO3A‐Pr‐ATP)(H2O)2] is 6.51 mM–1 s–1 (24 MHz and 35 ± 0.1 °C), which is higher than that of [Gd(DOTA)(H2O)]– (r1p = 3.56 mM–1 s–1, 20 MHz, 39 °C, pH 7.3) and [Gd(DO3A)(H2O)2] (r1p = 4.8 mM–1 s–1, 20 MHz, 40 °C). The higher relaxivity of 4 than for other systems with q = 2 is due to the increase in the molecular dimension of the complex by the conjugation of ATP. The relaxivity of 4 at pH 8.4 (TRIS buffer) decreases to 5.64 mM–1 s–1, probably due to a change in the hydration number by the replacement of the coordinated water molecules by TRIS. The r1p relaxivity of 4 in the presence of β‐cyclodextrin is 8.97 mM–1 s–1 due to the increase in the molecular weight and dimension of the inclusion complex formed by the noncovalent host–guest interaction of the ATP pendant arm with the hydrophobic cavity of β‐cyclodextrin. The transverse relaxivity, r2p, of 4 is 7.48 mM–1 s–1 (24 MHz and 35 ± 0.1 °C). The r2p/r1p ratio of 1.16 indicates that 4 is a T1‐weighted contrast agent. The ATP moiety remains as an extended pendant arm and does not bind with the metal ion, nor does it block the coordination sites for the inner‐sphere water molecules. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Intramolecular Heck Couplings and Cycloisomerizations of Bromodienes and Enynes with 1′,1′‐Disubstituted Methylenecyclopropane Terminators: Efficient Syntheses of [3]Dendralenes
Authors: Bräse Stefan , Wertal (nee Nüske) Hanno , Frank Daniel , Vidović Denis , de Meijere Armin
Published: August 2005

2‐Bromoalka‐1,n‐dienes such as 9, 30 and 14 (n = 7) with tetrasubstituted methylenecyclopropane end groups, under palladium catalysis, underwent cyclization with cyclopropane‐ring opening to give 2‐ethenyl‐3‐methylene‐1‐cycloalkenes 41 (n = 6), 42 (n = 7), and 43, which are substituted monocyclic [3]dendralenes, in 65, 63 and 70 % yield, respectively. The same cross‐conjugated trienes were isolated in good to excellent yields (77–92 %) from the corresponding 1,6‐ (10‐H, 15) and 1,7‐enynes (28‐H) by a more atom‐economic, palladium‐catalyzed cycloisomerization. The vinylpalladium halide intermediate generated by initial carbopalladation of the 1,6‐enyne 10‐H with in situ generated phenylpalladium iodide also underwent the same cyclization cascade to yield the correspondingly phenyl‐substituted cyclic [3]dendralene 41‐Ph (21 %). The palladium‐catalyzed cycloisomerization of the alk‐1‐ene‐7,12‐diyne 33‐H gave the bicyclic cross‐conjugated tetraene 50‐H (43 %). Key features of the mechanism of the palladium‐catalyzed cycloisomerization were proved using the specially designed model system 20‐H. Like other cyclic [3]dendralenes, the ethenyl(methylene)cycloheptene 42 underwent a domino‐Diels–Alder reaction with N‐phenyltriazoline‐3,5‐dione to give a single diastereomer of the pentacyclic heterocycle 69 (77 % yield). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Cover Picture: Design and Application of Self‐Assembled Low Molecular Weight Hydrogels (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 17/2005)
Authors: de Loos Maaike , Feringa Ben L. , van Esch Jan H.
Published: August 2005

The cover picture shows a transmission electron micrograph revealing the three‐dimensional entangled network of fibers found in aqueous solutions of a bis‐urea cyclohexane hydrogelator. What these and many other low molecular weight hydrogelators have in common is that they effectively self‐assemble into elongated fibers, which in turn form a three‐dimensional network that leads to the formation of a gel. The reversible formation of these gels and their unique visco‐elastic properties are currently attracting much interest because of potential applications in, for example, drug delivery, and because the supramolecular chemical approach towards the design of novel hydrogelators has led to gels with tailor‐made properties. The recent developments in this rapidly emerging field of research are discussed in the Microreview by M. de Loos, B. L. Feringa, and J. H. van Esch on p. 3615 ff.
A sensitive biochemical assay for the detection of uracil
Authors: Cabelof Diane C. , Nakamura Jun , Heydari Ahmad R.
Published: August 2005

We have developed a sensitive new assay for the detection of uracil in DNA. The assay described here is an adaptation to the highly sensitive aldehydic slot blot (ASB) assay developed by Nakamura et al. (Nakamura et al. 1998: Cancer Res 58:222–225) in which aldehydic DNA lesions (ADLs) are detected through binding of a biotinylated aldehydic reactive probe to DNA. The uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG)‐coupled ASB assay uses uracil‐DNA glycosylase to generate an abasic site, which is subsequently detected by the ASB methodology. The ability to modify this technique for the detection of uracil has these advantages: small quantities of DNA are required (4 μg of DNA); the assay is adaptable to DNA from both cells and tissues; sensitivity is as good as that achieved by less accessible methodologies, like gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS); DNA strand breaks are not a confounding variable; preexisting aldehydic lesions are blocked through the use of methoxyamine; variation is very low (<3%); radioactive isotopes are not required; and the assay is easy to establish and involves only equipment and reagents that are inexpensive and readily available. This assay is conceivably adaptable to the detection of other DNA base lesions through the use of a variety of DNA glycosylases. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biases of submerged bulk and freeze‐core samples
Authors: Zimmermann André , Coulombe‐Pontbriand Moise , Lapointe Michel
Published: August 2005

Freeze‐coring and bulk sampling are routine methods used to sample subsurface spawning gravel under shallow water. Both methods have limitations. Freeze‐coring is not believed to representatively sample coarse grain sizes and the sample volumes are relatively small. Conversely, when bulk sampling, even within an enclosure, some fine sediment is suspended and washed away from the sample. This paper assesses the biases in sampling performance between the two methods and determines whether the loss of fines that occurs when bulk sampling could be predicted and thus corrected for.

At six riffles the spawning substrate was sampled under approximately 50 cm of water with a bulk sample and three adjacent freeze‐cores. For each riffle, data from the two samples were combined using the method of Fripp and Diplas (1993) and the resultant composite sample was compared with the original freeze‐core and bulk samples to assess the relative precision and biases of the two techniques.

On average, the D50 of the bulk samples was 4 mm larger and a one‐third loss of the <2 mm fraction occurred compared with the composite samples. In contrast, freeze‐core samples contain on average 32% more sediment >16 mm compared with composite samples. Based on six samples, taken from six riffles, the amount of sediment finer than 0·5 mm lost using our bulk sampling technique with an enclosure appears to be predictable and correctable. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Potential of Angiogenesis Soluble Markers in Chronic Hepatitis C *
Authors: Salcedo Xamila , Medina Jesús , Sanz-Cameno Paloma , García-Buey Luisa , Martín-Vilchez Samuel , Borque María J. , López-Cabrera Manuel , Moreno-Otero Ricardo
Published: August 2005

Angiogenesis, the formation of new vessels, has been reported to play a significant pathogenic role in liver damage–associated hepatitis C virus infection. Most of our current knowledge derives from immunohistochemical studies of hepatic biopsy samples obtained from chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients. We evaluated whether CHC is associated with elevated serum levels of angiogenesis markers and whether these are modulated by therapy. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2), and soluble Tie-2 (sTie-2) were determined in the serum of 36 CHC patients, before and after receiving antiviral combination therapy with pegylated interferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin, and in 15 healthy controls. CHC patients showed elevated baseline VEGF and Ang-2 levels. After treatment, both factors were decreased, whereas antiangiogenic sTie-2 was increased, indicating a shift toward an “anti-angiogenic” profile of serum markers in CHC patients.
In conclusion,
this suggests that serum VEGF, Ang-2, and sTie-2 levels could be useful as noninvasive, mechanistically based markers of response to therapy and disease progression in CHC. (Hepatology 2005.)