bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of a motif for specific binding to hyaluronan in chicken SPACR
Authors: Zhao Jinsong , Yoneda Masahiko , Takeyama Masayuki , Miyaishi Osamu , Inoue Yoko , Kataoka Takuya , Ohno‐Jinno Akiko , Isogai Zenzo , Kimata Koji , Iwaki Masayoshi , Zako Masahiro
Published: May 2008

The chicken sialoprotein associated with cones and rods (SPACR) binds to hyaluronan (HA) in the interphotoreceptor matrix space, but the motif for HA binding is still unknown. This study was conducted to determine the critical site required for specific binding to HA. Western blotting study showed that SPACR binds biotinylated HA, and this interaction was specifically inhibited by unlabeled HA. A series of GST fusion proteins covering whole SPACR was prepared, and reactivity with HA was individually screened to narrow down the region for the binding. Further, putative HA‐binding motif found near the carboxyl‐terminus of SPACR was mutated by site‐directed mutagenesis to identify the critical binding site. Finally, we showed that native SPACR derived from retina similarly binds to HA‐affinity column under both reducing and non‐reducing conditions. These results revealed that the specific putative HA‐binding motif is located near the carboxyl‐terminus of chicken SPACR, and suggested that a structural integrity such as folded structure is not largely involved in the HA binding.
Women's Social Behavior When Meeting New Men: The Influence of Alcohol and Childhood Sexual Abuse
Authors: Parks Kathleen A. , Hequembourg Amy L. , Dearing Ronda L.
Published: May 2008

Heavy alcohol consumption ( Testa & Parks, 1996 ) and childhood sexual abuse (CSA; Messman-Moore & Long, 2003 ) have been associated with adult sexual victimization. We examined the social behavior of 42 women under two alcohol conditions (high dose and low dose) in a bar laboratory. Women were videotaped interacting with a man they had just met. Women in the higher dose condition engaged in more open body position and talked, stood, and walked more than women in the lower dose condition. These behaviors are consistent with signs of intoxication or romantic interest. The women in the high-dose condition also frowned more than women in the low-dose condition. An increase in frowning could indicate less comfort or may be considered consistent with an increase in animation during the social interaction given the concomitant increase in other behaviors. Thus, the nonverbal behavior of women in the high-dose condition could be interpreted as mixed signals. CSA victims exhibited fewer head movements (e.g., nods), were less animated, and frowned more than non-CSA victims. These behaviors convey reticence or possibly even anxiety or discomfort during the social interaction. Thus, the nonverbal behavior of women with a history of CSA may convey an unease that could be viewed by a potential perpetrator as vulnerability. Our findings suggest that both acute alcohol consumption and history of CSA may influence nonverbal social behavior and may influence risk for sexual assault by sending mixed cues of romantic interest or signs of vulnerability to potential perpetrators.
Gender Stereotypes and Women's Reports of Liking and Ability in Traditionally Masculine and Feminine Occupations
Authors: Oswald Debra L.
Published: May 2008

Gender stereotypes were examined for their causal influence on women's reported liking for and perceived ability to succeed in traditionally masculine and feminine occupations. One hundred twenty-one women were assigned to either a gender-stereotype activation or filler task and then completed measures of liking for, and perceived ability to succeed in, traditionally masculine and feminine occupations. Strongly gender-identified women showed significantly greater liking for feminine occupations in the stereotype-activation condition than in the control condition. However, more weakly identified women did not show the same effect. In contrast, women weak in gender identification reported an increase in perceived ability for feminine occupations when stereotypes were activated than in the control condition. Activating gender stereotypes did not shift reported liking or perceived ability in traditionally masculine occupations. These results demonstrate the theoretical and practical importance of gender stereotypes on women's career-related attitudes.
Biomineralization: linking the fossil record to the production of high value functional materials
Authors: LLOYD J. R. , PEARCE C. I. , COKER V. S. , PATTRICK R. A. D. , VAN DER LAAN G. , CUTTING R. , VAUGHAN D. J. , PATERSON‐BEEDLE M. , MIKHEENKO I. P. , YONG P. , MACASKIE L. E.
Published: May 2008

The microbial cell offers a highly efficient template for the formation of nanoparticles with interesting properties including high catalytic, magnetic and light‐emitting activities. Thus biomineralization products are not only important in global biogeochemical cycles, but they also have considerable commercial potential, offering new methods for material synthesis that eliminate toxic organic solvents and minimize expensive high‐temperature and pressure processing steps. In this review we describe a range of bacterial processes that can be harnessed to make precious metal catalysts from waste streams, ferrite spinels for biomedicine and catalysis, metal phosphates for environmental remediation and biomedical applications, and biogenic selenides for a range of optical devices. Recent molecular‐scale studies have shown that the structure and properties of bionanominerals can be fine‐tuned by subtle manipulations to the starting materials and to the genetic makeup of the cell. This review is dedicated to the late Terry Beveridge who contributed much to the field of biomineralization, and provided early models to rationalize the mechanisms of biomineral synthesis, including those of geological and commercial potential.
Constraints in the colonization of natural and engineered subterranean igneous rock aquifers by aerobic methane‐oxidizing bacteria inferred by culture analysis
Authors: CHI FRU E
Published: May 2008

The aerobic methane‐oxidizing bacteria (MOB) are suggested to be important for the removal of oxygen from subterranean aquifers that become oxygenated by natural and engineering processes. This is primarily because MOB are ubiquitous in the environment and in addition reduce oxygen efficiently. The biogeochemical factors that will control the success of the aerobic MOB in these kinds of underground aquifers remain unknown. In this study, viable and cultivable MOB occurring at natural and engineered deep granitic aquifers targeted for the disposal of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) in the Fennoscandian Shield (~3–1000 m) were enumerated. The numbers were correlated with in situ salinity, methane concentrations, conductivity, pH, and depth. A mixed population habiting freshwater aquifers (~3–20 m), a potential source for the inoculation of MOB into the deeper aquifers was tested for tolerance to NaCl, temperature, pH, and an ability to produce cysts and exospores. Extrapolations show that due to changing in situ parameters (salinity, conductivity, and pH), the numbers of MOB in the aquifers dropped quickly with depth. A positive correlation between the most probable numbers of MOB and methane concentrations was observed. Furthermore, the tolerance‐based tests of cultured strains indicated that the MOB in the shallow aquifers thrived best in mesophilic and neutrophilic conditions as opposed to the hyperthermophilic and alkaliphilic conditions expected to develop in an engineered subterranean SNF repository. Overall, the survival of the MOB both quantitatively and physiologically in the granitic aquifers was under the strong influence of biogeochemical factors that are strongly depth‐dependent.
Using concept mapping to locate the tacit dimension of clinical expertise: towards a theoretical framework to support critical reflection on teaching
Authors: Kinchin Ian M. , Cabot Lyndon B. , Hay David B.
Published: May 2008

The tacit dimension of expertise is given considerable prominence in the literature on clinical education. However, the concept of knowing more than you can tell is one that cannot be used explicitly to support student learning. In this paper, the authors contend that much professional knowledge that has been described as tacit can be surfaced for examination through application of concept mapping techniques. This allows the articulation of expert practice in a way that can be modelled for students. It also provides a new model of expertise that is based on connections between chains of practice (characterized by sequences of observable actions) and the underlying network of understanding from which they are extracted. These connections, often overlooked and automated in daily practice, represent the location of the tacit dimension.

Localizing the tacit dimension in this way allows the teacher and student to focus on the connections of tacit knowledge with formal knowledge and with practice in such a way that intuitive actions can be verified and connected to underlying knowledge frameworks. The act of concept mapping also slows reflection on actions that are normally automated and often overlooked. The resulting model includes an additional dimension that is missing from the traditional stage models of expertise. As such, it provides a conceptual framework upon which it would be possible to develop protocols to support the continuing development of clinical teachers through peer observation and/or guided self‐reflection.
Enablers and challenges to international practice education: a case study
Authors: Kinsella Elizabeth Anne , Bossers Ann , Ferreira Donna
Published: May 2008

Internationalization is a growing priority for professions, universities and governments around the globe. This has led to increased numbers of health and social care students participating in international practice education experiences. This study identifies enablers and challenges to participation in international practicum education through a case study. The case involves one occupational therapy programme and its international partners, and investigates the perspectives of students, university personnel and preceptor stakeholders. Challenges included: lack of financial support, limited placement availability, and procedural complexity. Enablers included: external financial support, champions for the concept, international connections, and access to the appropriate communication technology. Practical insights that may be relevant for enabling student participation in international education experiences are highlighted.
Assessment of autonomic symptoms in diabetics: the Swedish version of the Autonomic Symptom Profile
Authors: Mandl Thomas , Granberg Viktoria , Apelqvist Jan , Wollmer Per , Manthorpe Rolf , Jacobsson Lennart T. H.
Published: May 2008

Objectives:  Autonomic dysfunction (AD) is a complication of diabetes and may be associated with troubling symptoms and increased mortality. Commonly, AD is detected by objective physiological tests and only recently, a validated self‐completed English questionnaire assessing AD symptoms, the Autonomic Symptom Profile (ASP), was developed. The aims of this study were to translate the ASP into Swedish and evaluate its reliability and validity.

Methods:  Forward and back translations were performed. Thirty‐one patients with type I diabetes, 200 population‐based controls and two AD experts participated in the study. Test–retest reliability was evaluated by letting 25 patients to fill in the ASP twice. Content validity was evaluated by two Swedish AD experts and construct validity was evaluated by studying associations between the ASP total score and five objective autonomic nervous function test variables. Finally, discriminant validity was evaluated by studying differences in the ASP total and domain scores between patients and controls.

Results:  The translation was accepted without changes. Test–retest reliability and content validity of the Swedish ASP were considered good. The construct validity was considered acceptable with two significant associations between the ASP total score and the autonomic nervous function test variables. In addition, discriminant validity was considered acceptable with regard to the ASP total score as well as the sexual dysfunction, sleep disorder and vasomotor dysfunction domain scores significantly differing between patients and controls.

Conclusion:  The Swedish version of the ASP was considered a reliable and valid instrument for the study of AD symptoms in patients with type I diabetes.
Retrospective – systematic study and quantitative analysis of cellular proliferation and apoptosis in normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic perianal glands in dogs
Authors: Martins A. M. C. R. P. F. , Vasques‐Peyser A. , Torres L. N. , Matera J. M. , Dagli M. L. Z. , Guerra J. L.
Published: May 2008

Neoplasms in the perianal region are frequently diagnosed in dogs. The aetiology is unknown, and most of them are benign. In this study, 240 neoplasms of the perianal glands of dogs were retrieved from the Department of Pathology archives of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny of University of São Paulo (FMVZ/USP), from 1984 to 2004. All 240 cases were re‐examined by two pathologists. Nine cases (4%) were diagnosed as hyperplasia, 49 (20%) as group I adenoma, 81 (34%) were classified as moderately differentiated adenomas of the group II, 46 (19%) were poorly differentiated adenomas of group II, 48 (20%) were carcinoma of the group III according to the classification proposed by Berrocal, and 7 (13%) were other kind of tumours. Males over 8 years of age were predominantly affected. Cell proliferation was quantified by counting proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) positive nuclei, and apoptosis was quantified by counting fluorescent eosin‐stained apoptotic corpuscles (AC) in normal tissue, hyperplasia and in different histologic types of neoplasia of these glands. A parallel pattern of increase in both parameters (cell proliferation and apoptosis) was obtained. The net growth index (NGI), represents how much a cell population is proliferating or dying and was achieved by dividing the mean PCNA count in 1000 cells by the mean AC stain count in 1000 cells. NGI was different between hyperplasia and neoplasia; group I adenomas have a much higher potential of growth, and NGI decreases from benign towards malignant lesions. These results show up the importance of studying cell proliferation and apoptosis to understand the carcinogenesis of dog perianal gland.
Glucose transporter 1 expression in canine osteosarcoma
Authors: Petty J. C. , Lana S. E. , Thamm D. H. , Charles J. B. , Bachand A. M. , Bush J. M. , Ehrhart E. J.
Published: May 2008

Hypoxia in tumours has been associated with an increased resistance to radiation and chemotherapy, and increased metastatic potential. Hypoxia‐inducible factor 1‐α (HIF‐1α) is a transcription factor induced by hypoxia. Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT‐1), a downstream product of HIF‐1α pathway activation, is over‐expressed in a variety of human tumours. The purpose of this study was to determine if GLUT‐1 is expressed in canine osteosarcomas (OSAs) and if the expression is related to tumour necrosis and outcome. Immunohistochemistry was performed on 44 histologically confirmed OSA tissue samples to assess expression of GLUT‐1. Of 44 cases, 27 (61%) expressed GLUT‐1. There was no statistical correlation between GLUT‐1 and disease‐free interval, survival time or percentage of necrosis. As hypothesized, GLUT‐1 is present in canine appendicular OSAs. A more objective evaluation of GLUT‐1 and other proteins in the HIF‐1α pathway may be warranted.
Modulation of Lymphocyte Proliferation Induced by Gastric MALT Lymphoma‐Associated Helicobacter pylori Strains
Authors: Ferrand Jonathan , Roumanes David , Pitard Vincent , Moreau Jean‐François , Mégraud Francis , Lehours Philippe
Published: May 2008

Background:  Helicobacter pylori infection leads to different chronic diseases, suggesting that this bacterium can evade the host immune defense system. The ability to control lymphocyte proliferation may be a mechanism leading to the development of gastric pathologies. Our aim was to characterize the effects of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) associated H. pylori strains on lymphocyte proliferation.

Materials and methods:  We measured the in vitro proliferation of human lymphocytes originally from blood or tonsil samples in the presence or absence of viable bacteria or lysates.

Results:  We showed that MALT lymphoma‐associated strains are not likely to be directly responsible for anarchical B‐cell proliferation in vitro. On the other hand, proliferation of prestimulated T lymphocytes was abolished in vitro by the presence of all H. pylori strains, whether associated with MALT lymphoma or not.

Conclusion:  Inhibition of T‐cell proliferation may be of major importance in the gastric colonization and in the persistence of the infection. Furthermore, this inhibition may favor anarchical B‐cell proliferation in vivo and predispose the host to gastric MALT lymphoma, whereas MALT‐associated H. pylori strains do not appear to possess a specific capability to directly stimulate B‐lymphocyte proliferation.
The Effects of Cyclooxygenase2–ProstaglandinE2 Pathway onHelicobacter pylori‐Induced Urokinase‐Type Plasminogen Activator System in the Gastric Cancer Cells
Authors: Iwamoto Junichi , Mizokami Yuji , Takahashi Kimiko , Matsuoka Takeshi , Matsuzaki Yasushi
Published: May 2008

Background: Urokinase‐type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR) play an important role in the destruction of the extracellular matrix and basement membrane. The induction of uPA and uPAR in the gastric cancer cells withH. pylorihas been demonstrated previously. The involvement of COX‐2‐PGE2 pathway in the uPA system (uPA and uPAR) expression is unclear.

Methods: Gastric cancer cells (MKN45) were co‐cultured withH. pyloristandard strain (NCTC11637). The specific inductions of uPA and uPAR mRNA were examined by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction amplification. The secreted uPA antigen was measured by ELISA. To evaluate the involvement of COX‐2 and PGE2 pathway inH. pylori‐induced uPA and uPAR expressions, we examined the effects of COX‐2 inhibitor and PGE2 receptor antagonist onH. pylori‐induced uPA and uPAR expression in the gastric cancer cells.

Results: The expressions of both uPA and uPAR mRNAs in the gastric cancer cells increased obviously (12‐fold and 3‐fold, respectively) withH. pyloristimulation. The amount of uPA antigen into the culture medium increased dramatically withH. pyloristimulation.

The COX‐2 expression level in the gastric cancer cells increased remarkably withH. pyloristimulation.H. pylori‐induced uPA and uPAR expression levels were suppressed with COX2 inhibitor treatment.

The amount of PGE2 antigen into the culture medium increased dramatically 24 hours afterH. pyloristimulation. The gastric cancer cells expressed EP2 and EP4 subtypes. EP2 receptor antagonist suppressed theH. pylori‐induced uPA and uPAR expressions in the gastric cancer cells.

Conclusions: Our results indicated that COX2‐PGE2 pathway may be involved inH. pylori‐associated uPA and uPAR induction, and that COX‐2 inhibitor or EP2 receptor antagonist may inhibit angiogenesis and tumor invasion via suppression of the uPA system.
Expression of Apurinic/Apyrimidinic Endonuclease‐1 (APE‐1) in H. pylori‐Associated Gastritis, Gastric Adenoma, and Gastric Cancer
Authors: Futagami Seiji , Hiratsuka Tetsuro , Shindo Tomotaka , Horie Akane , Hamamoto Tatsuhiko , Suzuki Kenji , Kusunoki Masafumi , Miyake Kazumasa , Gudis Katya , Crowe Sheila E. , Tsukui Taku , Sakamoto Choitsu
Published: May 2008

Background and Aim:  Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease‐1 (APE‐1) is a key enzyme in DNA base excision repair (BER), linked to cancer chemosensitivity. However, little is known about the localization of APE‐1 in Helicobacter pylori‐infected gastric mucosa or its role in the development of gastric cancer. To investigate the role of APE‐1 in the development of gastric cancer, we examined APE‐1 expression and localization in cultured cells and gastric biopsies from patients with H. pylori‐infected gastritis or gastric adenoma, and from surgically resected gastric cancer.

Methods:  APE‐1 mRNA and protein expression were determined in H. pylori (CagA+) water‐extract protein (HPWEP)‐stimulated MKN‐28 cells, gastric adenocarcinoma cell‐line (AGS) cells, and human peripheral macrophages by real‐time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. APE‐1 expression and 8‐OHdG as a measure of oxidative DNA damage were evaluated by immunostaining. Localization of APE‐1 and IκBα phosphorylation in gastric adenoma and gastric cancer tissues were evaluated by single‐ and double‐label immunohistochemistry.

Results:  In studies in vitro, HPWEP‐stimulation significantly increased APE‐1 mRNA expression levels in both MKN‐28 cells and human peripheral macrophages. Hypo/reoxygenation treatment significantly increased APE‐1 protein expression in HPWEP‐stimulated MKN‐28 cells. HPWEP stimulation significantly increased both APE‐1 expression and IκBα phosphorylation levels in MKN‐28 and AGS cells. In human tissues, APE‐1 expression in H. pylori‐infected gastritis without goblet cell metaplasia was significantly increased as compared to that in tissues from uninfected subjects. Eradication therapy significantly reduced both APE‐1 and 8‐OHdG expression levels in the gastric mucosa. APE‐1 expression was mainly localized in epithelial cells within gastric adenoma and in mesenchymal cells of gastric cancer tissues. APE‐1 expression in gastric cancer tissues was significantly reduced compared to that in H. pylori‐infected gastric adenoma, while 8‐OHdG index and IκBα phosphorylation levels did not differ between these two neoplastic tissue types. Co‐localization of APE‐1 and IκBα phosphorylation was observed not in gastric cancer cells but in gastric adenoma cells.

Conclusion:  H. pylori infection is associated with increased APE‐1 expression in human cell lines and in gastric tissues from subjects with gastritis and gastric adenomas. The observed distinct expression patterns of APE‐1 and 8‐OHdG in gastric adenoma and gastric cancer tissues may provide insight into the progression of these conditions and warrants further investigation.
Voxel‐based analysis of whole brain FLAIR at 3T detects focal cortical dysplasia
Authors: Focke Niels K. , Symms Mark R. , Burdett Jane L. , Duncan John S.
Published: May 2008

Summary

Background: Focal Cortical Dysplasia (FCD) is an important cause for pharmacoresistant epilepsy that can be treated surgically. The identification of the abnormal cortex on standard MRI can be difficult and computational techniques have been developed to increase sensitivity. In this study we evaluate the potential of a novel whole‐brain voxel‐based technique using normalized FLAIR signal intensity (nFSI) at 3 Tesla.

Methods: Twenty‐five patients with neuroradiologically reported FCD were included and compared to 25 healthy control subjects using Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM5). T2 FLAIR scans were intensity normalized and each individual patient was compared against the control group. Each control subject was compared against the remaining control group.

Results: SPM correctly identified the FCD in 88% of cases (22/25) with only one false positive finding in the control group. In all but one of these cases the FCD was the most significant finding in the whole brain. All three missing cases could be detected at lower threshold levels but this would give rise to more false positive findings and thus reduce specificity.

Conclusion: We present a novel technique that uses standard clinical T2 FLAIR scans to automatically detect FCDs. It can give supplementary information to the established T1‐based automated techniques and could be useful for additional screening test, to complement the visual reading and clinical interpretation of MRI scans.
Voxel‐based morphometry of temporal lobe epilepsy: An introduction and review of the literature
Authors: Keller Simon Sean , Roberts Neil
Published: May 2008

Summary

We review the applications and results of voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) studies that have reported brain changes associated with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). A PubMed search yielded 18 applications of VBM to study brain abnormalities in patients with TLE up to May 2007. Across studies, 26 brain regions were found to be significantly reduced in volume relative to healthy controls. There was a strong asymmetrical distribution of temporal lobe abnormalities preferentially observed ipsilateral to the seizure focus, particularly of the hippocampus (82.35% of all studies), parahippocampal gyrus (47.06%), and entorhinal (23.52%) cortex. The contralateral hippocampus was reported as abnormal in 17.65% of studies. There was a much more bilateral distribution of extratemporal lobe atrophy, preferentially affecting the thalamus (ipsilateral = 61.11%, contralateral = 50%) and parietal lobe (ipsilateral = 47.06%, contralateral = 52.94%). VBM generally reveals a distribution of brain abnormalities in patients with TLE consistent with the region‐of‐interest neuroimaging and postmortem literature. It is unlikely that VBM has any clinical utility given the lack of robustness for individual comparisons. However, VBM may help elucidate some unresolved important research questions such as how recurrent temporal lobe seizures affect hippocampal and extrahippocampal morphology using serial imaging acquisitions.
Cyclophosphamide for anti‐GAD antibody‐positive refractory status epilepticus
Authors: Kanter Ines C. , Huttner Hagen B. , Staykov Dimitre , Biermann Teresa , Struffert Tobias , Kerling Frank , Hilz Max‐Josef , Schellinger Peter D. , Schwab Stefan , Bardutzky Jürgen
Published: May 2008

Summary

Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the enzyme which catalyzes the production of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). There is increasing evidence that severe GAD autoimmunity may be associated with refractory epilepsy. Immunomodulation and GABAergic drugs have been suggested as treatment options. We report here for the first time on a patient with sudden onset of refractory status epilepticus in the presence of strong intrathecal anti‐GAD antibody synthesis who was successfully treated with cyclophosphamide, and give an overview of available data on epilepsy associated with GAD autoimmunity.
DIEL VARIATIONS IN OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF IMANTONIA ROTUNDA (HAPTOPHYCEAE) AND THALASSIOSIRA PSEUDONANA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE) EXPOSED TO DIFFERENT IRRADIANCE LEVELS1
Authors: Mas Sébastien , Roy Suzanne , Blouin Frédérick , Mostajir Behzad , Therriault Jean‐Claude , Nozais Christian , Demers Serge
Published: May 2008

Diel variations of cellular optical properties were examined for cultures of the haptophyte Imantonia rotunda N. Reynolds and the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana (Hust.) Hasle et Heimdal grown under a 14:10 light:dark (L:D) cycle and transferred from 100 μmol photons · m−2 · s−1 to higher irradiances of 250 and 500 μmol photons · m−2 · s−1. Cell volume and abundance, phytoplankton absorption coefficients, flow‐cytometric light scattering and chl fluorescence, and pigment composition were measured every 2 h over a 24 h period. Results showed that cell division was more synchronous for I. rotunda than for T. pseudonana. Several variables exhibited diel variability with an amplitude >100%, notably mean cell volume for the haptophyte and photoprotective carotenoids for both species, while optical properties such as flow‐cytometric scattering and chl a–specific phytoplankton absorption generally showed <50% diel variability. Increased irradiance induced changes in pigments (both species) and mean cell volume (for the diatom) and amplified diel variability for most variables. This increase in amplitude is larger for pigments (factor of 2 or more, notably for cellular photoprotective carotenoid content in I. rotunda and for photosynthetic pigments in T. pseudonana) than for optical properties (a factor of 1.5 for chl a–specific absorption, at 440 nm, in I. rotunda and a factor of 2 for the absorption cross‐section and the chl a–specific scattering in T. pseudonana). Consequently, diel changes in optical properties and pigmentation associated with the L:D cycle and amplified by concurrent changes in irradiance likely contribute significantly to the variability in optical properties observed in biooptical field studies.
The Natural History of Symptomatic Androgen Deficiency in Men: Onset, Progression, and Spontaneous Remission
Authors: Travison Thomas G. , Shackelton Rebecca , Araujo Andre B. , Hall Susan A. , Williams Rachel E. , Clark Richard V. , O'Donnell Amy B. , McKinlay John B.
Published: May 2008

OBJECTIVES: To describe the onset, progression, and remission of symptomatic androgen deficiency (SAD) using longitudinal data from the Massachusetts Male Aging Study (MMAS).

DESIGN: A prospective, population‐based study of men living in Boston, Massachusetts. Data were collected in three waves: T1 (1987/89), T2 (1995/97), T3 (2002/04). Onset, progression, and remission were defined in terms of transitions in SAD status from one wave to the next.

SETTING: In‐person, in‐home interviews.

PARTICIPANTS: Seven hundred sixty‐six community‐dwelling men aged 40 to 70 at baseline (T1) contributed data from T1 to T2 and 391 from T2 to T3.

MEASUREMENTS: SAD was defined in terms of serum total and free testosterone (T) levels and symptoms associated with low circulating androgens. Total T and sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG) were measured using radioimmunoassay. Free T was calculated from total T and SHBG measurements.

RESULTS: At T2 or T3, the likelihood of SAD was markedly greater for subjects who had exhibited SAD at the previous wave (odds ratio=3.8, 95% confidence interval=1.9–7.4), overall 55% of subjects who exhibited SAD experienced remission by the next study wave. The probability of SAD was greater with older age and greater body mass index. Multivariate models demonstrated that the likelihood of remission was at least 50% for most subpopulations.

CONCLUSION: Over approximately 15 years of follow‐up, SAD did not represent a stable health state. The likelihood of SAD would remit exceeded the likelihood that it would not, particularly among younger and leaner men.
Gendered Pathways to the Political: The Political Participation of Women Factory Workers in Mexico*
Authors: Melkonian‐Hoover Ruth
Published: May 2008

Objectives. The objective of this article is to analyze the mobilization factors available within and without international factories that do and do not contribute to political participation of employees, hypothesizing that the quantity, type, and causal linkages will vary by gender.

Methods. Using original survey data of factory employees (N=402) in multiple sectors and regions in Mexico, I test common explanations as to how the factory experience stimulates and stifles the political participation of women employees, exploring whether the causal linkages between the workplace and political engagement are the same for women and men.

Results. Contrary to some of the recent research that reveals men to be more politically engaged than women in the Mexican population overall, my data show that among factory workers there is rough parity between men's and women's levels of political engagement. A distinction of note, controlling for other variables, female employees are more likely than male employees to engage in informal political activities.

Conclusion. The international factory experience appears to have a limited “egalitarian” effect. The distribution of factors leading to political mobilization for women and men is not equal, yet women are able to translate a distinct set of factors into participation.
Latino Group Consciousness and Perceptions of Commonality with African Americans*
Authors: Sanchez Gabriel R.
Published: May 2008

Objective. Currently, Latinos and African Americans constitute more than one‐quarter of the U.S. population. The sheer size of these groups suggests an opportunity for increased political influence, with this opportunity providing the incentive for greater social and political interaction between them. The objective of this article is to determine the role of Latino group consciousness in the formation of attitudes toward African Americans.

Methods. Utilizing data from the 1999 Washington Post/Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation National Survey on Latinos, a multivariate ordered logit model is employed to test the relationship between Latino group consciousness and perceptions of commonality with African Americans.

Results. Results show that group consciousness in the form of Latino internal commonality and perceived discrimination are contributors to Latino perceptions of commonality with African Americans.

Conclusion. This analysis demonstrates that before any meaningful political alliances can be formed between the nation's two largest minority groups, Latinos may need to develop strong levels of panethnic identity.
Creating High‐Technology Growth: High‐Tech Employment Growth in U.S. Metropolitan Areas, 1988–1998*
Authors: Jenkins J. Craig , Leicht Kevin T. , Jaynes Arthur
Published: May 2008

Objective. Growth in the share of high‐technology employment is critical to discussions of the postindustrial transition. Do new state and local technology policies create growth in the share of high‐technology employment? This article examines this question along with the effects of location and agglomeration advantages, identifying sources of qualitative growth in the U.S. economy.

Methods. We examine change in the share of high‐technology employment in metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in the United States between 1988 and 1998. High‐technology employment is measured from the BLS Current Employment Statistics Survey. The scale of state and local technology policies are measured from a comprehensive survey of state and local technology programs. A generalized linear model (GLM) estimates the effects of technology policies along with regional proximity, location, and agglomeration factors.

Results. Technology grant and loan programs and research parks have direct effects on the share of high‐technology employment, along with private venture capital firms and military R&D. Research parks also magnify the effects of private venture capital firms, while public venture programs and technology development policies compensate for agglomeration deficits. Rapid population growth provides a more conducive context for these policies but does not directly influence growth in the share of high‐technology jobs.

Conclusion. State and local technology policies compensate for and magnify the effects of agglomeration advantages, indicating that state and local government can play a strategic role in high‐technology development.
A Determination of Hydration Mechanisms for Tricalcium Silicate Using a Kinetic Cellular Automaton Model
Authors: Bullard Jeffrey W.
Published: May 2008

Reaction mechanisms for the early stages of hydration of tricalcium silicate (Ca3SiO5) have not been agreed upon, although theories have appeared in the literature. In this paper, a mechanistic description is proposed that is consistent with a wide range of reported experimental observations, and which is supported quantitatively by simulations using HydratiCA, a new three‐dimensional microstructure model of chemical kinetics. Rate processes are quantitatively modeled using probabilistic cellular automaton algorithms that are based on the principles of transition state theory. The model can test alternate assumptions about the reaction paths and rate‐controlling steps, making it a kind of experimental tool for investigating kinetics and interpreting experimental observations. It is used here to show that hydration of Ca3SiO5 is most likely controlled by nucleation and growth of a compositionally variable calcium silicate hydrate solid, mediated at very early times by a transient, thermodynamically metastable solid that rapidly covers and sharply reduces the dissolution rate of Ca3SiO5. This proposed mechanism involves important elements of two leading theories of Ca3SiO5 hydration, neither of which alone has been able to capture the full range of experimental data when tested by the model.
Prospective Clinical Trial, DEFI 2005: Does an AED Algorithm with More CPR Impact Out‐of‐Hospital Cardiac Arrest Prognosis?
Authors: Degrange Herve , Hersan Olivier , Briche Frederique , Fontaine David , Lallement David , Calamai Franck , Verret Catherine , Banville Isabelle , Chapman Fred , Koster Rudolph , Fuilla Claude , Jost Daniel , Descatha Alexis , Dubourdieu Stephane , Luc Petit Jean , Lank Paula
Published: May 2008

Background:  Level 1 evidence is lacking for the Guidelines 2005 recommended changes in CPR and automated external defibrillator (AED) protocols.

Objectives:  We conducted a block‐randomized controlled trial to evaluate if changes to CPR during AED use could improve return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and hospital admission rates.

Methods:  From September 2005 to March 2007, 200 biphasic LIFEPAKs, 500 AEDs, used by firefighters, were randomized every 2 months by fire station (clinicaltrials.gov NCT00139542). The 100 CONTROL AEDs conformed to Guidelines 2000. The 100 STUDY AEDs added pre‐shock CPR and removed stacked shocks and post‐shock pulse checks. In both groups, firefighters received weekly CPR training. ECG and impedance signals recorded by AEDs were reviewed to quantify CPR delivery. Median [interquartile range], *p < 0.05.

Results:  Informed consent was obtained for 840 defibrillated patients (420 CONTROL vs. 420 STUDY). There were no differences in patient characteristics (age, sex, location, etiology, witnessed, bystander CPR, chest compression (CC) rate) and time from call to AED power on. The STUDY AEDs prompted for more CPR during AED use (81% [80, 83] vs. 62% [55, 67]*), resulting in more hands‐on time (62% [54, 69] vs 49% [39, 57]*), more patients receiving only one shock (40 vs 33%*), and shorter pauses in CC before (9s [7, 13] vs 19s [16, 21]*) and after (11s [8, 14] vs 32s [26, 38]*) the shock. There was no difference in the rates of ROSC (48% [44, 53] vs 50% [45, 55], p = 0.63) and hospital admission (44% [40, 49] vs 45% [40, 49], p = 0.94) for the STUDY vs CONTROL groups.

Conclusions:  Increasing CPR, shortening CC pauses and delivering fewer shocks resulted in no observed difference in ROSC or survival to hospital admission. The overall rate of hospitalization was higher than the historical expectation (34% hospital admission before study), possibly due to the increased emphasis on training and importance of CPR in both groups.
16 A Novel Approach to “See One, Do One”: Multimedia Presentations before Procedure Workshops and Simulation
Authors: Sudhir Amita
Published: May 2008

We propose that residents and medical students are likely to gain more from a simulation experience or procedure workshop if they are given educational materials conveying key concepts to review beforehand. Several multimedia formats are available to accomplish this task. Digital video and Powerpoint presentations can be converted to podcasts with or without audio tracks using programs like Profcast, GarageBand, Camtasia, and Keynote. There are also procedure videos available from sources like the New England Journal of Medicine. Participants are provided these instructional materials via a secure web server or email attachment several days prior to the educational session. These presentations are kept short in length (no greater than 10‐15 minutes) to optimize compliance while delivering information efficiently. They can be reviewed at the learner's convenience on a personal computer or on an iPod with video capability. This method can significantly reduce the time required for didactic teaching in a procedure workshop; for example, when medical students review a video on basic suturing before attending a suturing workshop, they are prepared to begin practicing with minimal initial instruction. Furthermore, conveying the same information repeatedly through different instructional methods can help learners consolidate knowledge, as in the case of a presentation provided to residents before a simulation session containing the basic clinical teaching points of the case. Participant feedback regarding these resources has been favorable.
3 Taking a History from the Challenging Patient in the Emergency Department
Authors: Becker Bruce
Published: May 2008

This exhibit will use DVD footage, written material, and live real‐time interaction to demonstrate an innovative methodology to teaching residents and medical students to gain comfort and expertise in communicating with and taking a history from challenging patients in the ED. I teach this course at our institution every year. Professional actors with improvisational experience play out unscripted interactions with students based on a character or characters, a set scene, and predefined goals and endpoints. Their dialogue and choices evolve from the student's response and the tone, direction, and approach that the student takes. These scenarios are much more realistic and educational than OSCEs which are often described as artificial and flat. Some of the scenarios that I will present include: Daughter trying to make End‐of‐life choices for her mother, type A man with chest pain trying to sign out, a woman with “dental pain” who is seductive and drug‐seeking, an intoxicated attending MD brought in from a motor vehicle crash (MVC) who uses power in a manipulative way. Many of the scenarios contain potential ethical, sexual, gender, racial issues that the student must address along with the medical problems.
Child and Adolescent Victims in Forensic Autopsy: A 5‐Year Retrospective Study*
Authors: Sauvageau Anny , Racette Stéphanie
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  Children of more than 3 years of age and adolescents have been largely overlooked in the forensic literature, especially the 4–9 age group. Thus, the present study was undertaken to address this particular issue of child and adolescent victims in forensic autopsies. On a 5‐year period (2000–2004) in Quebec province (Canada), all forensic autopsy cases of children and adolescents from 4 to 19 years of age were retrospectively studied. A total of 223 cases of child and adolescent deaths (148 males, 75 females; 6.6% of all forensic autopsies) were reviewed. Age, gender, manner of death and cause of death were analyzed for all victims organized into three groups of age: 4–9, 10–14, and 15–19. Moreover, homicide cases (n = 54) are further analyzed in terms of method(s) used (firearm, sharp force, asphyxia, blunt force, intoxication). This 5‐year retrospective study may contribute to a better understanding of typical deaths in the 4–19 group of age and therefore, bring a working basis for the forensic pathologist or medical examiner/coroner.
Three Unusual Neuropathologic‐Related Causes of Sudden Death*
Authors: Chute Dennis J. , Reiber Kari
Published: May 2008

Abstract: We discuss the autopsy findings of three medico‐legal cases of sudden death associated with uncommon neuropathologic findings of which the general forensic pathologist may not be familiar. Case 1 was a 43‐year‐old man who died of a seizure due to malignant melanoma of the temporal lobe associated with neurocutaneous melanosis (NCM). Case 2 was a 57‐year‐old woman with a history of mental retardation and incoordination because of chronic lead poisoning, who died of a pulmonary thromboembolism due to deep venous thrombosis status post left leg fracture after a fall down a staircase. Autopsy revealed atrophy and gliosis of her cerebellum as a result of childhood lead poisoning. The third patient was a 75‐year‐old woman who died as a result of acute bacterial leptomeningitis at the cervico‐medullary junction with acute inflammation of the connective tissue of her upper cervical spinal column associated with subluxation of her atlantoaxial (AA) joint, also known as Grisel’s syndrome.
Automated Processing of Forensic Casework Samples Using Robotic Workstations Equipped with Nondisposable Tips: Contamination Prevention
Authors: Frégeau Chantal J. , Marc Lett C. , Elliott Jim , Yensen Craig , Fourney Ron M.
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  An automated process has been developed for the analysis of forensic casework samples using TECAN Genesis RSP 150/8 or Freedom EVO liquid handling workstations equipped exclusively with nondisposable tips. Robot tip cleaning routines have been incorporated strategically within the DNA extraction process as well as at the end of each session. Alternative options were examined for cleaning the tips and different strategies were employed to verify cross‐contamination. A 2% sodium hypochlorite wash (1/5th dilution of the 10.8% commercial bleach stock) proved to be the best overall approach for preventing cross‐contamination of samples processed using our automated protocol. The bleach wash steps do not adversely impact the short tandem repeat (STR) profiles developed from DNA extracted robotically and allow for major cost savings through the implementation of fixed tips. We have demonstrated that robotic workstations equipped with fixed pipette tips can be used with confidence with properly designed tip washing routines to process casework samples using an adapted magnetic bead extraction protocol.
Characterization of Lesions in Hanging Deaths
Authors: Suárez‐Peñaranda José M. , Álvarez Teresa , Miguéns Xoán , Rodríguez‐Calvo María S. , De Abajo Benito López , Cortesão María , Cordeiro Cristina , Vieira Duarte N. , Muñoz José I.
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  Hanging is a common method of committing suicide and a routine task in medico‐legal autopsies. The hanging mark is the most relevant external sign and its characteristics are well known, but, for unknown reasons, there are major differences in reports on internal findings. We retrospectively studied 228 consecutive cases of hanging deaths. A complete standard autopsy was performed for every case. We investigated the association between the characteristics of the hanging mark and the frequency of bone, cartilage, soft tissue, and vascular injuries with the mode of suspension. Most cases (75.3%) presented some kind of bone or cartilage fracture, but these were unrelated to any of the variables studied. Vascular lesions are clearly more infrequent: intimal injuries were found in the carotid artery (9.1%), the jugular vein (2.2%), and ruptures of the carotid adventitial layer (21.7%). These could be partially associated with the use of a hard fixed noose and body weight.
Comparing the Performance of IBIS and BulletTRAX‐3D Technology Using Bullets Fired Through 10 Consecutively Rifled Barrels*
Authors: Brinck Toni B.
Published: May 2008

Abstract:  This study evaluates the abilities of the Integrated Ballistics Identification System (IBIS) and BulletTRAX‐3D electronic imaging systems to identify bullets fired by the same weapon in a large database of images. Ten consecutively rifled handgun barrels were test fired to obtain reference sample and known match sample pairs for upload onto both bullet acquisition systems. Both copper‐jacketed and lead bullets were uploaded, to account for variations in the manner in which markings are reproduced on the different metal compositions. Ranked correlation lists were examined and evaluated. For copper‐jacketed bullet correlations, both IBIS and BulletTRAX‐3D identified all reference samples to their known matches within the top 10 positions. For lead bullets, BulletTRAX‐3D identified all reference samples to their known match in the top 10 positions while IBIS identified only 30%. For inter composition comparisons, BulletTRAX‐3D was more successful than IBIS, identifying 100% of reference samples to their known match in the top 20 for copper‐jacketed to lead comparisons and 90% for lead to copper‐jacketed comparisons. These results suggest that BulletTRAX‐3D is more effective than IBIS in the analysis of a wider range of bullet types and it was also found to produce images of superior quality.