bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electronic tricroscopic examination of the structure of the Ti-50.2 at. % Ni alloy
Authors: Abduraimova Nasiba , Mansurov Yulbarskhon , Tursunov Nodirjon , Rakhimov Uchqun
Published: June 2021

The method of electron-microscopic analysis investigated the structure of the alloy Ti-50.2 at % Ni at different stages of dissolution; low-temperature thermomechanical treatment (LTTT), post-deformation edgy (PDE), and recrystallization. The microstructure of B2-austenite, which is formed in the process of incoordination, was also investigated, including in the conditions of isothermic burning of the original recrystallized structure.
Electricity metering and backup power supply for multi-storey buildings
Authors: Denmukhammadiev Aktam , Mustafoqulov Almardon , Valikhonova Himalokhon , Sobirov Erkin , Raimov Тemur
Published: June 2021

The city of Tashkent is developing at a very fast pace, and the power supply of a new type is the subject of innovation in this direction. Commercial metering of electricity in multi-storey buildings in modern cities mainly solves the current payment problems for consumed electricity. And the main disadvantages of such networks will remain overboard. Technically competently control the common highway of a multi-storey building is necessary. Here, the commercial metering of electricity consumption does not solve the technical policy considering the development of the city. The construction of multi-storey buildings based on an individual project is growing rapidly in the city. Together with the environmental aspects of the impact of such buildings, it is necessary to address the issue of reliability in power supply. The use of power supply schemes taking into account backup power is relevant. It is proposed to take a diesel power plant as a backup source. For this, an electrical circuit of relay protection using an automatic transfer switch is proposed.
Specialized railway carriage for grain
Authors: Ruzmetov Yadgor , Valieva Dilmira
Published: June 2021

This article deals with the worked out specialized railway carriage for grain for the transportation process throughout the Republic of Uzbekistan railway network, with the unconditional provision of train traffic safety, which is one of the most important components of the rolling stock of railway transport.

The features of the load-bearing structure of the railway carriage for grain are that it is made based on a four-axle platform and a universal container. Evaluation of the strength of the metal structure of the grain car was carried out following the requirements of the “Standards for the calculation and design of new and modernized cars of the railways of the Ministry of Railways with a gauge of 1520 mm (non-self-propelled)”.

Based on theoretical studies, it was justified that the design of a railway carriage for grain with a capacity of 83.6 m3 and a carrying capacity of 65 tons. For the first test of a railway carriage for grain, the number 43925684 was assigned.

The proposed new grain carriage will reduce operating costs and reduce rolling stock downtime during reloading operations. It will create the possibility of fulfilling contractual agreements drawn up for small volumes of traffic within the country.
Caractérisation des formes physico-chimiques des deux radionucléides principaux (18F et 11C) produits par irradiation de cible et du principal radionucléide parasite (13N) rejetés par les installations françaises de fabrication de radiopharmaceutiques au moyen d’un cyclotron
Authors: Van Ryckeghem S.
Published: June 2021

Cette étude, réalisée par l’IRSN (Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire) dans le cadre d’une demande de l’ASN (Autorité de Sûreté Nucléaire), concerne la caractérisation des formes physico-chimiques des composés radioactifs rejetés par les installations françaises de fabrication de radiopharmaceutiques au moyen d’un cyclotron. Elle vise à disposer d’une meilleure connaissance sur les effluents gazeux radioactifs rejetés par ces installations. Cette étude porte sur les deux principaux radionucléides produits par irradiation d’une cible à des fins de fabrication de radiopharmaceutiques : le fluor 18 (18F) et le carbone 11 (11C). L’azote 13 (13N), principal radionucléide parasite produit dans la cible et relâché essentiellement lors du transfert du contenu de cette dernière vers le laboratoire de radiochimie, a également été étudié.
Rejets de tritium dans l’environnement et impact : évolutions récentes et perspectives
Authors: Fayolle C. , Fournier M. , Plancque G. , Reynal N. , Riviere O.
Published: June 2021

Plusieurs publications ont suscité des interrogations en France sur le comportement du tritium dans l’environnement et sur son impact sur la santé de l’homme. En 2008, l’ASN a demandé à deux groupes d’experts de faire le point de l’état de l’art sur le sujet. Un plan d’action découlant des recommandations exprimées a été présenté dans le Livre Blanc du Tritium publié en 2010. Depuis, le comité chargé de son suivi a abordé périodiquement les sujets identifiés. Les avancées métrologiques, les travaux de recherche concernant le transfert et le niveau d’activité du tritium dans l’environnement ont été étudiés. La compréhension de sa toxicité a progressé. Les exploitants des INB ont caractérisé les formes physico-chimiques des effluents tritiés existantes dans les rejets de leurs installations. Chaque année, l’ASN met à jour sur le site du Livre Blanc l’inventaire des rejets de tritium des INB et INBS et des impacts dosimétriques associés. Les actions du comité relatives aux sujets de recherche encore en cours étant maintenant limitées, l’ASN a proposé de clore les travaux du comité sous sa forme actuelle et de traiter les travaux de recherche non encore finalisés lors d’une journée dédiée qui sera organisée par l’IRSN.
Les centrales nucléaires face au risque d’inondation : une protection renforcée
Authors: Legros Gaïc
Published: June 2021

La disponibilité de la ressource en eau est un des enjeux majeurs de sûreté des centrales nucléaires : maritime ou fluviale, la source d’eau froide permet le refroidissement de l’installation. Pourtant, elle peut également représenter un risque de sûreté, en particulier lors de violentes intempéries. Dix ans après l’accident de Fukushima-Daiichi, qui avait été inondé, comment a évolué la prise en compte de cet aléa spécifique ?
Le nucléaire à l’épreuve des températures extrêmes
Authors:   La rédaction
Published: June 2021

Ces dernières années, la France métropolitaine a connu des températures extrêmes exceptionnelles et les modélisations climatiques prévoient l’augmentation de la fréquence de ces épisodes de « grands chauds » dans les décennies à venir. Selon les professionnels de la sûreté nucléaire, l’objectif est d’évaluer l’occurrence, l’intensité et la durée de ces événements afin de vérifier la robustesse des centrales nucléaires existantes et de dimensionner les nouvelles face aux aléas naturels d’aujourd’hui et de demain.
Grands vents et tornades : le nucléaire veille au grain
Authors: Legros Gaïc
Published: June 2021

Comparés à bien d’autres régions du monde, les vents puissants et les tornades sont plutôt rares en France métropolitaine, mais pas assez pour exclure la probabilité d’un tel événement. En conséquence, comment ce risque est-il pris en compte et comment les installations nucléaires se protègent-elles ?
Das Schwabinger Modell
Authors: Ahnert Dörte , Huber Sarah , Kruse Cornelia , Schulte-Hamann Beatrix , Heres Stephan
Published: June 2021

Das Schwabinger Modell wurde für die speziellen Bedürfnisse der Patienten einer allgemeinpsychiatrischen Sektorenklinik entwickelt. Es besteht aus 4 theoretischen Säulen, die den Mitarbeitern Orientierung geben sollen: die durch andere Modelle moderner Psychiatrie fundierte therapeutische Haltung, Kenntnisse des Deeskalationstrainings, der gezielte Einsatz von Dolmetscherdiensten sowie ein motivierter Arbeitsgeist. Im Rahmen eines Both-directions-Ansatzes des Veränderungsmanagements konnten erste Erfolge in der Etablierung eines solchen Modells erreicht werden. Widerstände unter den Mitarbeitern sollten durch eine gezielte Fortführung des Modells im Bottom-up-Prozess, nämlich der Schulung der Mitarbeiter, minimiert werden.
„Rückkehr an den Arbeitsplatz“ für an Schizophrenie erkrankte Menschen
Authors: Jäckel Dorothea , Pieper Frank , Janetzky Wolfgang , Kuhn Jens , Leopold Karolina , Wietfeld Rita
Published: June 2021

Patienten mit Schizophrenie sind durch Positiv- und Negativsymptomatik, aber auch durch kognitive Störungen in ihrer Lebensqualität und Alltagsfunktionalität beeinträchtigt. Nach dem Abklingen der psychotischen Akutsymptomatik können persistierende kognitive und funktionelle Defizite ein eigenständiges Leben und den Weg zurück an den Arbeitsplatz erschweren, der ein wichtiges Ziel einer modernen, auf „Recovery“ ausgerichteten Therapie ist. Die reguläre Beschäftigung auf dem allgemeinen Arbeitsmarkt hat einen hohen psychosozialen Stellenwert und ist für viele Patienten wesentlicher Bestandteil ihrer individuellen „Recovery“. Diese Übersicht fasst aktuelle Erkenntnisse zur Bedeutung der kognitiven und psychosozialen Funktionen für die berufliche Reintegration von Patienten mit schizophrenen Störungen zusammen. Sie zeigt Versorgungslücken auf und stellt Lösungsstrategien für die Bewältigung der vielfältigen Hürden auf dem Weg einer erfolgreichen beruflichen Reintegration vor.
Das Weddinger Modell
Authors: Mahler Lieselotte , Oster Anna , Vandamme Angelika
Published: June 2021

Charakteristisch für Psychosen ist eine Vielzahl an Symptomen, die sich in Veränderungen und Unsicherheiten der Wahrnehmung, der Identität und insbesondere der Beziehung zur Außenwelt manifestieren. Besondere Relevanz in der Behandlung von Menschen mit Psychosen haben der Aufbau stabiler und vertrauensvoller therapeutischer Beziehungen, auch um Eskalationen vorzubeugen und Zwangsmaßnahmen zu vermeiden. Starre Stationsstrukturen und -regeln lassen allerdings wenig Raum und Flexibilität für die individuellen Bedürfnisse und Erklärungsmodelle von Menschen in (psychotischen) Krisen. Vor diesem Hintergrund und aus den praktischen Erfahrungen heraus, wurde 2010 in der Psychiatrischen Universitätsklinik der Charité im St. Hedwig Krankenhaus (PUK-SHK) ein neues Recovery-orientiertes Behandlungskonzept, das Weddinger Modell, entwickelt und implementiert. Nach 10 Jahren Arbeit mit dem Weddinger Modell gibt es neben den guten praktischen Erfahrungen zahlreiche wissenschaftliche Befunde, die dessen Wirksamkeit hinsichtlich Beziehungsförderung und Zwangsvermeidung auf verschiedenen Dimensionen belegen. Dieser Artikel gibt einen Überblick über die Kernelemente des Weddinger Modells sowie die wissenschaftlichen Befunde. Diese werden im Hinblick auf die spezifischen Erfordernisse in der Behandlung von Menschen in psychotischen Krisen dargestellt und in den Verlauf einer psychiatrischen Behandlung eingeordnet. Die praktische Relevanz der Forschungsergebnisse und die flexible und ressourcensparende Umsetzbarkeit des Weddinger Modells im (akut-)psychiatrischen Setting werden diskutiert.
Dem Fachkräftemangel entgegenwirken – Akademisierung der Ergotherapie
Authors: Hanke Alina , Sandeck Florian , Richter Robert
Published: June 2021

Seit Jahrzehnten setzen sich Verfechter*innen der hochschulischen Ausbildung für eine Novellierung der Ergotherapieausbildung ein. Dieser Beitrag wirft einen Blick auf das aktuelle Anforderungsprofil von Ergo-therapeut*innen und zeigt auf, welchen Beitrag die Akademisierung für die zukünftige Klient*innenversorgung leisten kann.
Messen heißt wissen – Zielgerichtetes Messen in der Ergotherapie
Authors: Bols Esther , Stans Steffy , Beurskens Sandra , Erbe Sandra , Wendel Esther
Published: June 2021

Wie stellen Sie sicher, dass Sie Informationen zum richtigen Zeitpunkt und mit dem richtigen Instrument erheben? Höchste Zeit, das Messen in der täglichen ergotherapeutischen Praxis zu reflektieren und ein schrittweises Vorgehen zu planen.
Praxisleitung mit Hirn – Psychisches Wohlbefinden am Arbeitsplatz
Authors: Kranz Florence
Published: June 2021

Wünschen Sie sich auch Mitarbeitende, die sich bei der Arbeit wohlfühlen und jeden Tag engagiert mit ihren Klient(inn)en nach den bestmöglichen Lösungen suchen? Als Praxisleitung können Sie jede Menge tun, um das Wohlbefinden Ihrer Angestellten zu stärken. Werfen Sie mit uns einen Blick auf die Forschung und erfolgreiche Praxisbeispiele.
Gesichtsmasken können SARS-CoV-2-Infektionen reduzieren
Authors: Rieke Burkhard
Published: June 2021

Zu Beginn der COVID-19-Pandemie wurden Gesichtsmasken als realistische Schutzmethode nicht wirklich ernst genommen. Dass sie in (Süd-)Ostasien seit Jahrzehnten zum guten Ton in Wintertagen gehört, war da kein Argument. Die „erste Welle“ von Masken bestand dann aus Kopfkissenbezügen und Hemdsärmeln längst vergangener Tage. Was Masken leisten können, war erst in verschiedenen Untersuchungen zu klären.
Verteilung von flugmedizinischen Untersuchungsstellen in Deutschland
Authors: Liebold Felix , Schmitz Jan , Pongratz Hans , Pippig Torsten , Jochen Hinkelbein Torsten
Published: June 2021

In Deutschland gibt es insgesamt etwa 385 flugmedizinische Sachverständige (Aeromedical Examiners, AMEs). Ihre Aufgabe besteht in der Durchführung flugmedizinischer Tauglichkeitsuntersuchungen und der Ausstellung entsprechender Tauglichkeitszeugnisse (Medicals) für Luftfahrtpersonal. Ziel der nachfolgenden Untersuchung ist es, einen Überblick über die Verteilung von flugmedizinischen Untersuchungsstellen in Deutschland zu liefern und daraus Defizite und Chancen abzuleiten. Dazu wurden Daten zu allen AMEs in Deutschland recherchiert und ausgewertet. Dabei fällt auf, dass in der Verteilung der flugmedizinischen Untersuchungsstellen in Deutschland ein starkes Nord-Süd- sowie Ost-West-Gefälle besteht. Der Großteil aller Untersuchungsstellen findet sich nahe der Metropolregionen, aufgrund der dort ansässigen großen Flughäfen. Frauen sind unter allen AMEs deutlich unterrepräsentiert. Zukünftig sollten weitere Analysen erfolgen, um Veränderungen bzw. den Bedarf besser abzubilden.
Craniomandibuläre Dysfunktion erkennen und behandeln
Authors: Prodinger-Glöckl Dorothea
Published: June 2021

Unter dem Begriff „Craniomandibuläre Dysfunktion“ werden mehrere Dysfunktionen zusammengefasst, die mit einer Störung des Kauapparats einhergehen. Die teilweise sehr unterschiedlichen Beschwerdebilder erschweren die genaue Diagnostik bei CMD. Interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit von Zahnmedizinern, Humanmedizinern aller Fachrichtungen sowie von Osteopathen hat sich bei Diagnose und Therapie als sehr vorteilhaft erwiesen. Denn die Probleme des Kauapparats werden oft nicht auf den ersten Blick erkannt.
„Die Gesundheit fängt im Mund an“
Authors: Müllenmeister Gunter
Published: June 2021

Entzündungen im Mundraum können auch systemische Auswirkungen haben

Ein Gespräch mit Dr. Gunter Müllenmeister
FSME-Impfung bei erhöhtem Risiko und vor Urlaub in Risikogebieten
Authors: Springer Günter
Published: June 2021

Im Jahr 2020 wurde in Deutschland ein deutlicher Anstieg der Frühsommer-Meningoenzephalitis (FSME) und der Zeckenzahlen beobachtet – insbesondere in klassischen Urlaubsgebieten. Daher sollte bei erhöhtem Risiko und vor Urlaub in Risikogebieten, an eine Impfung gedacht werden.
Abordaje anterolateral extendido y fijación con placa rim en fragmentos posterolaterales en fracturas de platillo tibial
Authors: Guiloff Rodrigo , Iñiguez Magaly , Sandoval Alfredo , Figueroa Franciso , Prado Tomás , Cabrera Sebastián , Colmenares Oscar , Carrasco Eduardo
Published: June 2021

Los fragmentos posterolaterales (FPLs) en fracturas de platillo tibial son frecuentes, pero difíciles de reducir y estabilizar. Actualmente existe controversia sobre cómo deben ser abordados; si bien un abordaje anterolateral es más seguro, este puede ser insuficiente para lograr una correcta reducción. Los abordajes posterolaterales y posteriores ofrecen una visión directa y permiten una fijación con ventaja biomecánica; sin embargo, son más demandantes y exponen al paciente a una mayor morbilidad. A continuación, se presenta una nota técnica sobre la reducción y fijación de FPLs con una placa rim por medio de un abordaje anterolateral extendido a través del espacio paraligamento colateral lateral.
Effects of surface defects on adsorption of CO and methyl groups on rutile TiO2(110)
Authors: Tang Deng-fang , Chen Xiao , Guo Qing , Yang Wen-shao
Published: June 2021

The interaction of reactants with catalysts has always been an important subject for catalytic reactions. As a promising catalyst with versatile applications, titania has been intensively studied for decades. In this work we have investigated the role of bridge bonded oxygen vacancy (Ov) in methyl groups and carbon monoxide (CO) adsorption on rutile TiO2(110) (R-TiO2(110)) with the temperature programmed desorption technique. The results show a clear different tendency of the desorption of methyl groups adsorbed on bridge bonded oxygen (Ob), and CO molecules on the five coordinate Ti4+ sites (Ti5c) as the Ov concentration changes, suggesting that the surface defects may have crucial influence on the absorption of species on different sites of R-TiO2(110).
First principles study of atomic adsorption on (111) and (100) surfaces of iridium
Authors: Tadele Kumneger , Zhang Qin-fang
Published: June 2021

We have investigated the adsorption of nine different adatoms on the (111) and (100) surfaces of Iridium (Ir) using first principles density functional theory. The study explores surface functionalization of Ir which would provide important information for further study of its functionality in catalysis and other surface applications. The adsorption energy, stable geometry, density of states and magnetic moment are some of the physical quantities of our interest. The study reveals that the three-/four-fold hollow site is energetically the most favorable adsorption site on the (111)/(100) surface of Ir. The investigation on a wide range of coverages (from 0.04 to 1 monolayer) reveals the strong coverage dependence of adsorption energy of the adsorbate atoms. The adsorption energy is found to increase as the coverage increases, implying a repulsive interaction between the adsorbates. Strong hybridization between the adsorbates and the substrate electronic states is revealed to impact the adsorption, while the magnetic moment of the adsorbates is found to be suppressed. The Bader analysis reveals significant amount of charge transfers between the adsorbate atoms and the substrate. The binding of adsorbate atoms on the (100) surface is observed to be moderately stronger as compared to that on the (111) surface.
Effect of protein dimerization on ion conductivity of gramicidin a channel studied using polarizable force field
Authors: Weng Jun-ben , Liao Chen-yi , Li Yan , Zhang Ding-lin , Li Guo-hui , Wang An-hui
Published: June 2021

In studies of ion channel systems, due to the huge computational cost of polarizable force fields, classical force fields remain the most widely used for a long time. In this work, we used the AMOEBA polarizable atomic multipole force field in enhanced sampling simulations of single-channel gramicidin A (gA) and double-channel gA systems and investigated its reliability in characterizing ion-transport properties of the gA ion channel under dimerization. The influence of gA dimerization on the permeation of potassium and sodium ions through the channel was described in terms of conductance, diffusion coefficient, and free energy profile. Results from the polarizable force field simulations show that the conductance of potassium and sodium ions passing through the single- and double-channel agrees well with experimental values. Further data analysis reveals that the molecular mechanism of protein dimerization affects the ion-transport properties of gA channels, i.e., protein dimerization accelerates the permeation of potassium and sodium ions passing through the double-channel by adjusting the environment around gA protein (the distribution of phospholipid head groups, ions outside the channel, and bulk water), rather than directly adjusting the conformation of gA protein.
Multi-color laser excitation of diamond nitrogen vacancy centers embedded in nanophotonic structures
Authors: Hochstetter Axel , Neu Elke
Published: June 2021

Negatively charged nitrogen vacancy centers (NV−) in diamond serve as highly sensitive, optically readable sensors for magnetic fields. Improved sensing approaches rely on NV− centers embedded in diamond nanopillar waveguides, which enable scanning probe imaging and use multi-color laser schemes for efficient spin readout. In this work, we investigate the free-beam coupling of the most relevant laser wavelengths to diamond nanopillars with different geometries. We focus on cylindrical pillars, conical pillars, and conical pillars with an added parabolic dome. We study the effects of the pillar geometry, NV− position, laser wavelength, position of laser focus, and excitation geometry (excitation from the top facet or from the substrate side). We find a pronounced impact of the laser wavelength that should be considered in multi-color excitation of NV−. Within the pillars, exciting laser fields can be enhanced up to a factor of 11.12 compared to bulk. When focusing the laser to the interface between the substrate and the nanopillar, even up to 29.78-fold enhancement is possible. Our results are in accordance with the experimental findings for green laser excitation of NV− in different pillar geometries.
Intraspecific variation in behaviour and ecology in a territorial agamid,
Authors: Wilson Benjamin Carl , Ramos José Antonio , Peters Richard Anthony
Published: June 2021

Intraspecific variation as a way to explore factors affecting the evolution of species traits in natural environments is well documented, and also important in the context of preserving biodiversity. In this study, we investigated the extent of behavioural, morphological and ecological variation in the peninsula dragon (Ctenophorus fionni), an endemic Australian agamid that displays extensive variation in colour across three allopatric populations. The aims of the study were to quantify variation across the different populations in terms of the environment, morphometric characteristics and behaviour. We found population level differences in habitat structure and encounter rates. Adult body size of C. fionni, as well as a range of morphometric traits, differed between populations, as well as the frequency of social interactions, which appears to be related to population density and abundance. Analysis of communicative signals showed differences between the southern and central populations, which appear consistent with variations in response to environmental differences between study sites. The findings of the present study, coupled with previous work examining colour variation in this species, show that the three populations of C. fionni have likely undergone substantial differentiation, and would make an interesting study system to explore trait variation in more detail.
Phytophthora austrocedri.
Authors: Green Sarah
Published: June 2021

Phytophthora austrocedri is a soil and water-borne oomycete pathogen of woody species residing within the Cupressaceae. Its centre of origin is unknown. It was first reported causing widespread dieback and mortality of Austrocedrus chilensis in southern Argentina in 2007 and subsequently reported causing extensive dieback and mortality of Juniperus communis in northern Britain. The pathogen is considered to be invasive in both regions due to the clonal nature of the populations and recently observed disease epidemics. In addition to the two established wider-environment epidemics in Argentina and Britain, P. austrocedri has been isolated from a young Juniperus horizontalis growing in a plant nursery in Germany and from an ornamental Cupressus sempervirens located in a public park in northern Iran. P. austrocedri infects phloem in the roots and stem bases of affected hosts, with aerial infections also reported on J. communis in Britain. Natural spread is likely to occur via movement in water and soil, and possibly via animal and/or human activity. The presence of water courses and areas of standing water are likely to favour pathogen spread at a site. In Britain, DNA of P. austrocedri has been confirmed as present in traded plants of various Cupressaceae species, including those imported from continental Europe. The pathogen is a regulated pest in the plant trade in the UK.
Candidatus Phytoplasma ulmi (elm yellows).
Authors: Zhao Yan , Wei Wei
Published: June 2021

Elm yellows develops in sporadic epidemics after introduction of 'Ca. Phytoplasma ulmi' to areas where vectors are abundant.
Phytophthora alni species complex (alder phytophthora).
Authors: Marçais Benoit
Published: June 2021

The alder Phytophthora species complex of oomycetes encompasses the hybrid P. ×alni and its two parental species, P. uniformis and P. ×multiformis (Brasier et al., 1999; Husson et al., 2015). It emerged in the early 1990s and is associated with severe decline of alder trees on river banks of Europe. The main pathogen involved, P. ×alni, was previously unreported. Its pattern of occurrence suggests an invasive species, but one that arose from several hybridization events in different places rather than spreading from a central origin. The population structure of P. uniformis, one of the parental species, suggests that it is introduced in Europe and native in North America (Aguayo et al., 2013); the origin of the second parent, P. ×multiformis, remains unknown. Long-range spread is mainly through planting of infected nursery stock, followed by downstream spread in river water by motile zoospores. The pathogen was on the EPPO alert list from 1996 to 2001.
Cocksfoot mottle virus (cocksfoot mottle virus).
Authors: Hodge Brian A. , Stewart Lucy R.
Published: June 2021

Cocksfoot mottle virus (CfMV) is distributed in the Eastern and Western hemispheres. Invasiveness through introduction outside of Europe is probable.
Meloidogyne enterolobii (Pacara earpod tree root-knot nematode).
Authors: Castillo Pablo , Castagnone-Sereno Philippe
Published: June 2021

The risk of introducing nonindigenous plant pathogens or pests into new areas is increasing rapidly due to globalization and the extensive trade and transport network now established within and among continents (Hulme, 2009). Meloidogyne spp. are universally associated with vegetable production across the globe. Meloidogyne enterolobii is a highly pathogenic and aggressive invasive species emerging as an economically important species worldwide. As a root-knot nematode species, M. enterolobii can easily be transmitted with soil and plant material. Infested soil and growing media, plants for planting, bulbs and tubers from countries where M. enterolobii occurs are the most probable pathways of introduction into different regions. Soil attached to machinery, tools, footwear or plant products is also another possible pathway. The recent interception of this pest in several countries in Europe and the Mediterranean region (Germany, The Netherlands, UK) illustrates that it has the potential to enter different regions. In addition, M. enterolobii could survive under glasshouse conditions across regions with a sub-Mediterranean or a continental climate. Once root-knot nematodes have been introduced, it is generally difficult to control or eradicate them. Only in the EPPO region has this nematode been listed as a quarantine pest (EPPO A2 list No.361).
Ralstonia solanacearum (bacterial wilt of potato).
Authors: Osdaghi Ebrahim
Published: June 2021

Ralstonia solanacearum is included in the A2 (high risk) list of quarantine organisms by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). EPPO Code for R. solanacearum is RALSSO, while the phytosanitary categorization of the species in EPPO A2 list is no.58, EU: I/A2 (EPPO, 2018). Bacterial wilt disease was first reported in southern USA in the late nineteenth century on tomato plants (Smith, 1896). Infected plant materials (e.g. potato tubers) transmit the pathogen over long distances; hence, quarantine inspections and plant sanitary practices are the cornerstone of disease management (EPPO, 2018). R. solanacearum strains in the race 3 group are a select agent under the US Agricultural Bioterrorism Protection Act of 2002 (USDA, 2005). Peculiarly, the organism, if not yet already present in North America in pelargonium (Strider et al., 1981), was introduced with cuttings of this host by American companies producing these cuttings for their markets in countries like Kenya and Guatemala (Norman et al., 1999, 2009; Kim et al., 2002; Williamson et al., 2002; O'Hern, 2004). A similar situation led to introductions of the pathogen from Kenya into some northern European nurseries. Once the source (contaminated surface water) was recognized and proper control measures (use of deep soil water, disinfection of cutting producing premises and replacement of mother stock), the problem was solved and the disease in greenhouses eradicated (Janse et al., 2004). Similarly race 1 has been introduced into greenhouses with ornamental plants (rhizomes, cuttings or fully grown plants) such as Epipremnum, Anthurium, Curcuma spp. and Begonia eliator from tropical areas (Norman and Yuen, 1998, 1999; Janse et al., 2006; Janse, 2012). Introduction can and did occur from Costa Rica and the Caribbean, Indonesia, Thailand and South Africa. However, this idea of placing pathogens on bioterrorist list for unclear and perhaps industry-driven reasons and its effects, is strongly opposed in a recent publication from leading phytobacteriologists. This is because R. solanacearum is an endemic pathogen, causing endemic disease in most parts of its geographic occurrence, moreover normal quarantine regulations are already in place where the disease is not present or only sporadically and are thought to be more efficient and less damaging to trade and research than placing this pathogen on select agent lists and treating it as such (Young et al., 2008). Peculiarly, it has been used in the control of a real invasive species, the weed kahili ginger (Hedychium gardenarium) in tropical forests in Hawaii. This is not without risks because strains occurring on this weed host were thought to be non-virulent, but later appeared to be virulent on many edible and ornamental ginger species as well (Anderson and Gardner, 1999; Paret et al., 2008). Another threat for these countries could be strains belonging to race 1, biovar 1 (phylotype I) that have already been reported from field-grown potatoes in Portugal (Cruz et al., 2008).
Uneven running: How does trunk‐leaning affect the lower‐limb joint mechanics and energetics?
Authors: AminiAghdam Soran , Karamanidis Kiros , Rode Christian
Published: June 2021

This study aimed to investigate the role of trunk posture in running locomotion. Twelve recreational runners ran in the laboratory across even and uneven ground surface (expected 10 cm drop‐step) with three trunk‐lean angles from the vertical (self‐selected, ∼15°; anterior, ∼25°; posterior, ∼0°) while 3D kinematic and kinetic data were collected using a 3D motion‐capture‐system and two embedded force‐plates. Two‐way repeated measures ANOVAs (α = 0.05) compared lower‐limb joint mechanics (angles, moments, energy absorption and generation) and ground‐reaction‐force parameters (braking and propulsive impulse) between Step (level and drop) and Posture conditions. The Step‐by‐Posture interaction revealed decreased hip energy generation, and greater peak knee extension moment in the drop‐step during running with posterior versus anterior trunk‐lean. Furthermore, energy absorption across hip and ankle nearly doubled in the drop‐step across all running conditions. The Step main effect revealed that the knee and ankle energy absorption, ankle energy generation, ground‐reaction‐force, and braking impulse significantly increased in the drop‐step. The Posture main effect revealed that, compared with a self‐selected trunk‐lean, the knee's energy absorption/generation, ankle's energy generation and the braking impulse were either retained or attenuated when leaning the trunk anteriorly. The opposite effects occurred with a posterior trunk‐lean. In conclusion, while the pronounced mechanical ankle stress in drop‐steps is marginally affected by posture, changing the trunk‐lean reorganizes the load distribution across the knee and hip joints. Leaning the trunk anteriorly in running shifts loading from the knee to the hip not only in level running but also when coping with ground‐level changes.

Highlights

Changing the trunk‐lean when running reorganizes the load distribution across the knee and hip joints.

Leaning the trunk anteriorly from a habitual trunk posture during running attenuates the mechanical stress on the knee, while the opposite effect occurs with a posterior trunk‐lean, irrespective to the ground surface uniformity.

The effect of posture on pronounced mechanical ankle stress in small perturbation height during running is marginal.

Leaning the trunk anteriorly shifts loading from the knee to the hip not only in level running but also when coping with small perturbation height.
Integrating transwomen athletes into elite competition: The case of elite archery and shooting
Authors: Hamilton Blair R. , Guppy Fergus M. , Barrett James , Seal Leighton , Pitsiladis Yannis
Published: June 2021

The inclusion of transwomen into elite female sport has been brought into question recently with World Rugby banning transwomen from the elite female competition, aiming to prioritise safety over fairness and inclusion, citing the size, force and power‐producing advantages conferred to transwomen. The same question is being asked of all Olympic sports including non‐contact sports such as archery and shooting. As both these Olympic sports are the polar opposite to the contact sport of rugby in terms of the need to consider the safety of athletes, the IF of both archery and shooting should consider the other elements when deciding the integration of trans individuals in their sports. Studies on non‐athletic transwomen have reported muscle mass and strength loss in the range of 5–10% after 1 year of their transition, with these differences no longer apparent after 2 years. Therefore, based on the current scientific literature, it would be justified for meaningful competition and to prioritise fairness, that transwomen be permitted to compete in elite archery after 2 years of GAT. Similarly, it would be justified in terms of shooting to prioritise inclusion and allow transwomen after 1 year of GAT given that the only negligible advantage that transwomen may have is superior visuospatial coordination. The impact of this considered integration of transwomen in elite sports such as archery and shooting could be monitored and lessons learned for other sports, especially where there are no safety concerns from contact with an opponent.
Corrigendum to “Multi-travelling waves for the nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation”
Authors: Côte Raphaël , Martel Yvan
Published: June 2021

We provide a correction to the proof of Proposition 3 by Côte and Martel [Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 370 (2018), pp. 7461–7487]. We refer to Yuan [Nonlinearity 32 (2019), pp. 5017–5048] for a self-contained proof in the analogue context of the energy critical wave equation. We also refer to Chen and Jendrej [Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 372 (2019), pp. 7461–7496] for an alternate proof.
Application of On-Line Sorbentless Cryogenic Needle Trap Extraction Coupled with GC-FID for Analysis of Some Organic Volatile Impurities in Solid Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Djozan Djavanshir , Norouzi Jamal
Published: June 2021

An automated sorbentless cryogenic needle trap device (ASCNTD) was developed for the extraction of organic volatile impurities (OVIs) from solid pharmaceuticals prior to their determination by gas chromatography (GC). In this method, a new set up was designed and used to extraction of several OVIs from ceftazidime, ceftriaxone sodium and amoxicillin. For this purpose, a proper amount of the sample was transferred into the extraction vessel. The sample headspace components were started to circulate through a needle with a flow rate of 20 mL min−1. The OVIs were trapped on the inner surface of a needle placed on top of the sample by flowing liquid nitrogen. After a predetermined time, the coiled nichrome resistance wire placed into the hollow ceramic rod was heated and the trapped analytes were desorbed and swept into the GC capillary column using the carrier gas. The effective parameters such as volume of the sample vial, headspace flow rate, extraction temperature and time, and desorption conditions have been investigated. Qualification studies reveal that pyridine (as a degradation product of ceftazidime), methylene chloride, diethylamine, triethylamine, isopropyl alcohol and n-butyl acetate are the main impurities in the studied pharmaceuticals. Detected OVIs were quantitated using external standard method. The obtained relative standard deviation values were <8%, and the limits of detection (LOD) for the detected OVIs were in the range of 1–34 ng g−1.
A-lines and B-lines in patients with acute heart failure
Authors: Johannessen Øyvind , Claggett Brian , Lewis Eldrin F , Groarke John D , Swamy Varsha , Lindner Moritz , Solomon Scott D , Platz Elke
Published: June 2021

Aims

Lung ultrasound (LUS) relies on detecting artefacts, including A-lines and B-lines, when assessing dyspnoeic patients. A-lines are horizontal artefacts and characterize normal lung, whereas multiple vertical B-lines are associated with increased lung density. We sought to assess the prevalence of A-lines and B-lines in patients with acute heart failure (AHF) and examine their clinical correlates and their relationship with outcomes.

Methods and results

In a prospective cohort study of adults with AHF, eight-zone LUS and echocardiography were performed early during the hospitalization and pre-discharge at an imaging depth of 18 cm. A- and B-lines were analysed separately off-line, blinded to clinical and outcome data. Of 164 patients [median age 71 years, 61% men, mean ejection fraction (EF) 40%], the sum of A-lines at baseline ranged from 0 to 19 and B-line number from 0 to 36. One hundred and fifty-six patients (95%) had co-existing A-lines and B-lines at baseline. Lower body mass index and lower chest wall thickness were associated with a higher number of A-lines (P trend < 0.001 for both). In contrast to B-lines, there was no significant change in the number of A-lines from baseline to discharge (median 6 vs. 5, P = 0.80). While B-lines were associated with 90-day HF readmission or death, A-lines were not [HR 1.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11–2.51 vs. HR 0.97, 95% CI 0.65–1.43].

Conclusions

A-lines and B-lines on LUS co-exist in the vast majority of hospitalized patients with AHF. In contrast to B-lines, A-lines were not associated with adverse outcomes.
Diagnostic pathways in myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary artery disease (MINOCA)
Authors: Occhipinti Giovanni , Bucciarelli-Ducci Chiara , Capodanno Davide
Published: June 2021

When acute myocardial injury is found in a clinical setting suggestive of myocardial ischaemia, the event is labelled as acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and the absence of coronary stenosis angiographically 50% or greater leads to the working diagnosis of myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries (MINOCA). The initial diagnosis of MINOCA can be confirmed or ruled out based on the results of subsequent investigations. This narrative review discusses the downstream diagnostic approaches to MINOCA, and appraises strengths and limitations of invasive and non-invasive investigations for this condition. The aim of this article is to increase the awareness that establishing the underlying cause of a MINOCA is possible in the vast majority cases. Determining the cause of MINOCA and excluding other possible causes for cardiac troponin elevation has notable implications for tailoring secondary prevention measures aimed at improving the overall prognosis of AMI.
The genetic basis of differential autodiploidization in evolving yeast populations
Authors: Tung Sudipta , Bakerlee Christopher W , Phillips Angela M , Nguyen Ba Alex N , Desai Michael M
Published: June 2021

Spontaneous whole-genome duplication, or autodiploidization, is a common route to adaptation in experimental evolution of haploid budding yeast populations. The rate at which autodiploids fix in these populations appears to vary across strain backgrounds, but the genetic basis of these differences remains poorly characterized. Here, we show that the frequency of autodiploidization differs dramatically between two closely related laboratory strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, BY4741 and W303. To investigate the genetic basis of this difference, we crossed these strains to generate hundreds of unique F1 segregants and tested the tendency of each segregant to autodiplodize across hundreds of generations of laboratory evolution. We find that variants in the SSD1 gene are the primary genetic determinant of differences in autodiploidization. We then used multiple laboratory and wild strains of S. cerevisiae to show that clonal populations of strains with a functional copy of SSD1 autodiploidize more frequently in evolution experiments, while knocking out this gene or replacing it with the W303 allele reduces autodiploidization propensity across all genetic backgrounds tested. These results suggest a potential strategy for modifying rates of spontaneous whole-genome duplications in laboratory evolution experiments in haploid budding yeast. They may also have relevance to other settings in which eukaryotic genome stability plays an important role, such as biomanufacturing and the treatment of pathogenic fungal diseases and cancers.
Distribution of foundation assets to another foundation or trust—powers of the trustees and claims based on unjust enrichment
Authors: Schurr Francesco A
Published: June 2021

The article deals with fundamental questions regarding the distribution carried out by a Liechtenstein foundation to another foundation and/or trust instead of a direct distribution to the beneficiaries. In principle, this phenomenon partly falls under the concept that is labelled as ‘decanting’ within the private client law community. One of the key advantages of foundations as compared to other instruments is the high level of stability combined with very limited instruments to change the purpose as well as the beneficial interest. As with trusts, the ‘decanting’ in the field of the private foundation practice seems to be a method to adjust the set-up of the vehicle, leaving old provisions behind that might no longer be compatible with the changed circumstances of the founder’s/settlor’s family. The article deals with the different legal issues involved, such as the ultra-vires-doctrine as well as the relevant issues of unjust enrichment. Finally, the author gives guidelines for practitioners by discussing the recent developments in Liechtenstein case law.
Development of integrated model of communication for implementing media strategy to prevent hypertension in a northern state of India
Authors: Goel Sonu , Jaswal Nidhi , Sharma Surbhi , Gill Sandeep S. , Gupta Rakesh , Bera Om P. , Ghosh Lopa
Published: June 2021

Objective:

Media plays a major role in inculcating positive changes or averting negative changes in health-related behaviors across populations. Although various mass media interventions have proven their effectiveness in changing individuals’ behavior for various diseases and risk factors, current literature is limited regarding a conceptual framework/model for the prevention of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. The present study describes the process of development and implementation of a comprehensive and need-based media strategy with an aim to generate politico-administrative support for strengthening hypertension services in the state of Punjab, India.

Methods:

The preparation of theoretical framework underwent two stages, that is, item generation and item reduction. The item generation involved extensive literature search, development of consensus among experts using Delphi technique and its validation. The item reduction involved the selection of models among existing communication and health promotion models, placement of items in the selected models and development of final conceptual framework model.

Results:

Based upon the review and expert's consensus, we zeroed in on three models of communication – communication campaign model, paid earned social owned model, and staircase model – in order to come up with the framework requisite for a systematic media strategy. The model focused upon context-specific messages involving both traditional and modern means and tools of communication. This model (conceptual framework) was the product of intense literature review followed by opinion of the experts from various disciplines such as medical professionals, public health specialists, communication experts, social scientists, politicians, bureaucrats, state-level representatives, media journalists and hypertensive patients.

Conclusion:

The present model can effectively be used by the program implementers, educators and policy makers in similar settings.
Discussion on Ultrasound Diagnosis of Prenatal Cleft Lip: How does Its Accuracy Affects the Family? Prenatal Counseling for Clefts: The University of Illinois at Chicago, Craniofacial Center's Protocols and Experience
Authors: Cohen Mimis , Rosenberg Janine , Patel Pravin K.
Published: June 2021

Prenatal diagnosis of cleft lip and palate as well as other craniofacial differences is now possible with a significant level of accuracy due to sonographic and other evaluations. Thus, prospective parents have the opportunity to be informed ahead of time about these conditions making them better prepared to deal with their child after birth. The role of the plastic surgeon and other craniofacial team members in prenatal consultations is becoming increasingly important and well accepted. Therefore, any additional publication reviewing the topic from different angles and specifically from the parents’ perspective is a welcome addition to our understanding of the parents’ points of view and enables the team to most effectively assist them as they cope with the new diagnosis.

This review describes details about our Craniofacial Center's efforts over 24 years. Our focus has always been on providing support through face-to-face multidisciplinary consultations with prospective parents as well as offering education to the public and referring sources, such as obstetricians and sonographers through direct communications, newsletters, and our website for timely referrals. As an additional service, the authors have organized a group of volunteer parents of children who are patients of the Center to share their short long-term experiences.