bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deep spectral learning for label-free optical imaging oximetry with uncertainty quantification
Authors: Liu Rongrong , Cheng Shiyi , Tian Lei , Yi Ji
Published: May 2019

Measurement of blood oxygen saturation (sO2) by optical imaging oximetry provides invaluable insight into local tissue functions and metabolism. Despite different embodiments and modalities, all label-free optical imaging oximetry utilize the same principle of sO2-dependent spectral contrast from hemoglobin. Traditional approaches for quantifying sO2 often rely on analytical models that are fitted by the spectral measurements. These approaches in practice suffer from uncertainties due to biological variability, tissue geometry, light scattering, systemic spectral bias, and variations in experimental conditions. Here, we propose a new data-driven approach, termed deep spectral learning (DSL) for oximetry to be highly robust to experimental variations, and more importantly to provide uncertainty quantification for each sO2 prediction. To demonstrate the robustness and generalizability of DSL, we analyze data from two visible light optical coherence tomography (vis-OCT) setups across two separate in vivo experiments in rat retina. Predictions made by DSL are highly adaptive to experimental variabilities as well as the depth-dependent backscattering spectra. Two neural-network-based models are tested and compared with the traditional least-squares fitting (LSF) method. The DSL-predicted sO2 shows significantly lower mean-square errors than the LSF. For the first time, we have demonstrated en face maps of retinal oximetry along with pixel-wise confidence assessment. Our DSL overcomes several limitations in the traditional approaches and provides a more flexible, robust, and reliable deep learning approach for in vivo non-invasive label-free optical oximetry.
Measuring quality of antenatal care: a secondary analysis of national survey data from India
Authors: Singh L , Dubey R , Singh S , Goel R , Nair S , Singh PK
Published: May 2019

Objective

To assess the coverage and adequacy of antenatal care services (ANC) available to women and examine the socio‐economic determinants affecting service utilisation.

Design

Secondary data analysis of a population‐based national survey.

Setting

India, 2015/16.

Sample

In all, 190 898 women between 15 and 49 years of age who had a live birth during the 5 years preceding the survey.

Methods

Ordinal logistic regression.

Main outcome variable

Adequacy of ANC services received was measured under four categories – delivery of services by skilled personnel, timely provision of services, sufficiency and appropriateness of content. Quality of care was categorised as adequate ANC, inadequate ANC and no ANC.

Results

Only 23.5% (95% CI 23.1–23.9%) of all women received adequate ANC, while 58.8% (95% CI 58.4–59.2%) received inadequate and 17.7% (95% CI 17.4–18.0%) received no ANC services. Regression analysis revealed that women belonging to the adolescent age group, illiterate women, and those in the poorest wealth quintile and in rural areas were less likely to receive any ANC.

Conclusion

There is a need to improve the quality of ANC services. Currently, <25% of women of all ages receive adequate ANC. Socio‐economic conditions play a vital part in determining the quality of care that women receive.

Tweetable abstract

Nearly one out of four women in India received adequate ANC, nearly three in every five women received inadequate ANC and 18% lacked ANC for their recent live birth.
Welfare Optimised Network Access: A Monopoly Supplying an Oligopoly
Authors: Barry Troy S.
Published: May 2019

Vertical separation and imperfect competition together can make broadband communications networks, and other infrastructure monopolies, complicated to regulate. This article models a structurally separated network as an infrastructure monopoly serving a retail oligopoly, which supplies broadband access to price‐taking households. It shows the socially optimal price the monopoly can charge retailers for access may be negative or zero, depending on the shadow cost of public funds and the size of the retail oligopoly. The article then considers the distribution of costs and benefits when a non‐optimal price is charged. I use the model to compare existing and alternative access pricing policies applied to the Australian National Broadband Network.
Occult mediastinal lymph node metastasis in FDG‐PET/CT node‐negative lung adenocarcinoma patients: Risk factors and histopathological study
Authors: Miao Huang , Shaolei Li , Nan Li , Yumei Lai , Shanyuan Zhang , Fangliang Lu , Yue Yang
Published: May 2019

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate predictive factors of occult mediastinal lymph node metastasis (MLNM) in preoperative 18F‐fluorodeoxy‐glucose PET/CT node‐negative lung adenocarcinoma patients.

Methods

We reviewed the clinical data and PET/CT parameters of 360 consecutive pulmonary adenocarcinoma patients who were scheduled to undergo anatomical pulmonary resection and systemic mediastinal node dissection. The nodal metastasis was pathologically defined and all resected tumors were classified according to the 2011 IASLC/ATS/ERS classification. Univariate and multivariate analysis were conducted to evaluate the associations between clinicopathological variables and MLNM.

Results

Of all 360 patients, 54 (15.0%) had pathological N2 diseases. The serum CEA level, nodule type, hilar nodal SUVmax, tumor SUVmax, size, location and histologic subtype were associated with MLNM significantly on univariate analysis. On multivariate analysis, CEA ≥ 5.0 ng/mL (P < 0.001), solid nodule (P = 0.012), tumor SUVmax ≥ 3.7 (P < 0.027), hilar nodal SUVmax ≥ 2.0 (P < 0.001) and centrally located tumor (P = 0.035) were independent risk factors for MLNM. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for tumor SUVmax and hilar nodal SUVmax in predicting MLNM was 0.764 and 0.730, respectively, and the combined use of five factors yielded a higher AUC of 0.885.

Conclusion

Increased primary tumor and hilar lymph node SUVmax, solid nodule, centrally located tumor and increased CEA level predicted the increased risk of mediastinal lymph node metastasis. Combined use of these factors improved the diagnostic capacity for predicting N2 disease preoperatively. Invasive mediastinal staging should be considered for patients with these risk factors, even those with a negative mediastinum on PET/CT.
Effects of folic acid on oligozoospermia withMTHFRpolymorphisms in term of seminal parameters,DNAfragmentation, and live birth rate: a double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Huang Wen‐Jie , Lu Xi‐Lan , Li Jun‐Tao , Zhang Jian‐Min
Published: May 2019

Background

It has been reported that paternal folic acid deficiency is correlated with male infertility and increased birth defects in the offspring. However, there are few data concerning the influence of folic acid supplementation on male‐factor infertility withMTHFRgene polymorphisms.

Objectives

To evaluate whether folic acid supplementation has a beneficial effect on oligozoospermia withMTHFRgene polymorphisms in Chinese infertility population.

Materials and methods

The infertile men suffering oligozoospermia withMTHFRgene polymorphisms were randomly divided into the folic acid treatment groups receiving folic acid 0.8 mg daily for 3 months and the placebo groups receiving placebo for 3 months. Semen parameters, seminalMDA, andDNAfragmentation were measured. Furthermore, spontaneous pregnancy rate and live birth rate were evaluated.

Results

Administration of folic acid for 3 months could significantly improve the seminal parameters in patients withMTHFR677TTgenotype in comparison with that receiving placebo. Moreover, seminalMDAand spermDNAfragmentation index in patients withMTHFR677TTgenotype significantly declined at the end of treatment. Spontaneous pregnancy rate and live birth rate tended to be significantly higher in couples in which the men withMTHFR677TTgenotype receiving folic acid than that receiving placebo. However, folic acid treatment did not exhibit any advantage inMTHFR677CT, 1298AC, 1298CC, 1793GA, or combined 677CT/1298ACgenotype.

Discussion

The anti‐oxidation function of folic acid is one of possible mechanisms invovled in improving seminal parameters and pregnancy outcome.

Conclusions

Folic acid supplementation has a beneficial effect on oligozoospermia withMTHFR677TTgenotype in term of seminal parameters, seminalMDA, spermDNAfragmentation, and pregnancy outcome.
Do female age and body weight modify the effect of individualized FSH dosing in IVF/ICSI treatment? A secondary analysis of the OPTIMIST trial
Authors: Leijdekkers Jori A. , van Tilborg Theodora C. , Torrance Helen L. , Oudshoorn Simone C. , Brinkhuis Egbert A. , Koks Carolien A. M. , Lambalk Cornelis B. , de Bruin Jan Peter , Fleischer Kathrin , Mochtar Monique H. , Kuchenbecker Walter K. H. , Laven Joop S. E. , Mol Ben Willem J. , Broekmans Frank J. M. , Eijkemans Marinus J. C. ,   the OPTIMIST study group
Published: May 2019

Introduction

The OPTIMIST trial revealed that for women starting in vitro fertilization (IVF)/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) treatment, no substantial differences exist in first cycle and cumulative live birth rates between an antral follicle count (AFC)‐based individualized follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) dose and a standard dose. Female age and body weight have been suggested to cause heterogeneity in the effect of FSH dose individualization. The objective of the current study is to evaluate whether these patient characteristics modify the effect of AFC‐based individualized FSH dosing in IVF/ICSI treatment.

Material and methods

A secondary data‐analysis of the OPTIMIST trial. Women initiating IVF/ICSI treatment were classified as predicted poor (AFC 0‐7), suboptimal (AFC 8‐10) or hyper responders (AFC >15), and randomly allocated to a standard FSH dose (150 IU/d) or an individualized FSH dose (450, 225 or 100 IU/d for predicted poor, suboptimal and hyper responders, respectively). In each predicted response category, logistic regression models with interaction terms were used to evaluate the presence of effect modification. The first cycle was analyzed, and the primary outcomes were first complete cycle live birth rate (including fresh plus frozen‐thawed embryo transfers) and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) risks.

Results

No effect modification was revealed in the predicted poor (n = 234) and suboptimal (n = 277) responders. In the predicted hyper responders (n = 521), the effect of the individualized FSH dose on the first cycle live birth rate was modified by female age (P = 0.02) and the effect on OHSS risks was modified by body weight (P = 0.02). A dose reduction from 150 to 100 IU/d generally decreased the OHSS risks in predicted hyper responders, but also reduced the chance of a live birth in young women, and had no beneficial impact on OHSS risks in women with a relatively low body weight.

Conclusions

In women with a predicted hyper response undergoing IVF/ICSI treatment, female age and body weight seem to modify the effect of FSH dose individualization. Although a reduced FSH starting dose generally decreases the OHSS risks, it may also reduce the chance of a live birth, specifically for young women. Future studies could consider these findings when investigating the optimal approach to reduce OHSS risks while maintaining the probability of a live birth for predicted hyper responders in IVF/ICSI treatment.
Quantitative evaluation of visual function in patients with cornea verticillata associated with Fabry disease
Authors: Koh Shizuka , Haruna Mai , Asonuma Sanae , Maeda Naoyuki , Hamano Takayuki , Sakai Norio , Hara Chikako , Maruyama Kazuichi , Nishida Kohji
Published: May 2019

Purpose

To evaluate the visual function of patients with cornea verticillata associated with Fabry disease through quantitative evaluations of contrast sensitivity function and straylight.

Methods

We enrolled 28 eyes of 14 patients with Fabry disease (mean age, 37.1 ± 17.2  years) and 20 eyes of 20 age‐matched healthy controls. Comprehensive ophthalmological examinations were performed and contrast sensitivity and letter contrast sensitivity were measured for all patients, following which the area under the log contrast sensitivity function (AULCSF) was calculated. Straylight was quantified using a straylight metre. Furthermore, subgroup analysis was performed according to the whorl‐like pattern of cornea verticillata (mild and typical groups).

Results

All 28 eyes showed cornea verticillata. Visual acuity and letter contrast sensitivity values were the same for normal eyes and those with Fabry disease. AULCSF differed by 0.15 log[s] between the eyes with Fabry disease and the control eyes (p < 0.001), while straylight differed by 0.45 log[s] between the two groups (p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis based on the whorl‐like pattern of cornea verticillata showed that AULCSF and straylight differed by 0.11 log[s] and 0.08 log[s], respectively, between the typical and mild groups (p = 0.036 and p = 0.147, respectively).

Conclusion

Although cornea verticillata associated with Fabry disease does not affect the visual acuity and letter contrast sensitivity, more comprehensive testing of visual function by the inclusion of straylight and grating contrast sensitivity measurements shows clear functional deficits in these patients.
The impact of vision screening in preschool children on visual function in the Swedish adult population
Authors: Thorisdottir Rannveig Linda , Faxén Tove , Blohmé Jonas , Sheikh Rafi , Malmsjö Malin
Published: May 2019

Background

Amblyopia is the most common monocular visual impairment in Scandinavia. A visual screening programme for preschool children was introduced in Sweden in the 1970s to reduce the prevalence of amblyopia. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of this visual screening programme in adult men recruited to the armed forces in Sweden.

Methods

The prevalence of amblyopia was compared in recruits born in 1956–1957 (n = 1500), before the introduction of the visual screening programme (unscreened), and those born in 1977–1979 (n = 2626), after the visual screening programme was introduced (screened). Amblyopia was defined as bilateral, if the bilateral best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was <0.5 (20/40), and unilateral if there was a ≥2‐line interocular difference and BCVA was <0.625 (20/32) in the worse eye. Subgroup analysis was performed on recruits with hyperopia, myopia and anisometropia.

Results

The prevalence of amblyopia was significantly lower after the introduction of the Swedish visual screening programme. Forty‐seven (3.3%) of the unscreened and 23 (0.9%) of the screened recruits had unilateral amblyopia (p < 0.0001, OR = 0.26 (95%CI 0.16–0.43)). The risk for developing amblyopia was markedly reduced by screening in recruits with hyperopia (≥2D) (p < 0.0001 and OR 0.034 (95% CI 0.003–0.207)) and anisometropia (≥1.5D interocular difference) (p < 0.01 and OR 0.20 (95% CI 0.08–0.66)). Only a few recruits with myopia had amblyopia.

Conclusions

The results demonstrate the value of the Swedish visual screening programme for preschool children in preventing amblyopia. Anisometropia or high hyperopic refractive errors can be identified by screening and corrected to prevent amblyopia.
The Effect of a Context‐Specific Primed Goal on Goal Commitment and Team Performance
Authors: Latham Gary P. , Hu Jing , Brcic Jelena
Published: May 2019

The effect of a context‐specific prime for cooperation on goal commitment and team performance were examined. In the first experiment, the participants (n = 139) performed the Lost on the Moon simulation (Hall & Watson, 1970) individually and as a team (n = 50). The teams were randomly assigned to a condition where they were assigned the same goal. They were then primed (n = 23) through a photograph of cooperation or to the control condition (n = 27). Consistent with NASA’s directions for performing the simulation, performance was measured by how well a team performed relative to the answers of experts, namely, staff at NASA. The results showed that a primed behavioural goal to cooperate has a positive effect on team performance. These results were replicated in a second and third experiment involving a social dilemma where both a pro‐social, group‐centric goal and a pro‐self, egocentric goal could be self‐set for the amount of points to make. Thus the positive effect of a goal primed for cooperation on a team’s performance was shown to be robust even when there was an explicit mixture of cooperative and competitive incentives. This finding was replicated in a third experiment with actual money. Consistent with goal setting theory, commitment to the team’s goal moderated the primed goal‐performance relationship.
Immunity and hypertension: New targets to lighten the pressure
Authors: Vinh Antony , Drummond Grant R. , Sobey Christopher G.
Published: May 2019

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Immune Targets in Hypertension. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.12/issuetoc
Role of the kringle‐like domain in glycoprotein NMB for its tumorigenic potential
Authors: Xie Rudy , Okita Yukari , Ichikawa Yumu , Fikry Muhammad Ali , Huynh Dam Kim Tuyen , Tran Sophie Thi PhuongDung , Kato Mitsuyasu
Published: May 2019

Glycoprotein NMB (GPNMB) is highly expressed in many types of malignant tumors and thought to be a poor prognostic factor in those cancers, including breast cancer. Glycoprotein NMB is a type IA transmembrane protein that has a long extracellular domain (ECD) and a short intracellular domain (ICD). In general, the ECD of a protein is involved in protein‐protein or protein‐carbohydrate interactions, whereas the ICD is important for intracellular signaling. We previously reported that GPNMB contributes to the initiation and malignant progression of breast cancer through the hemi‐immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based activation motif (hemITAM) in its ICD. Furthermore, we showed that the tyrosine residue in hemITAM is involved in induction of the stem‐like properties of breast cancer cells. However, the contribution of the ECD to its tumorigenic function has yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we focused on the region, the so‐called kringle‐like domain (KLD), that is conserved among species, and made a deletion mutant, GPNMB(ΔKLD). Enhanced expression of WT GPNMB induced sphere and tumor formation in breast epithelial cells; in contrast, GPNMB(ΔKLD) lacked these activities without affecting its molecular properties, such as subcellular localization, Src‐induced tyrosine phosphorylation at least in overexpression experiments, and homo‐oligomerization. Additionally, GPNMB(ΔKLD) lost its cell migration promoting activity, even though it reduced E‐cadherin expression. Although the interaction partner binding to KLD has not yet been identified, we found that the KLD of GPNMB plays an important role in its tumorigenic potential.
Protected areas lacking for many common fluvial fishes of the conterminous USA
Authors: Cooper Arthur R. , Tsang Yin‐Phan , Infante Dana M. , Daniel Wesley M. , McKerrow Alexa J. , Wieferich Daniel
Published: May 2019

Aim

To assess the effectiveness of protected areas in two catchment scales (local and network) in conserving regionally common fluvial fishes using modelled species distributions.

Location

Conterminous United States.

Methods

A total of 150 species were selected that were geographically widespread, abundant, non‐habitat specialists and native within nine large ecoregions. Species distribution models were developed using boosted regression trees, and modelled distributions were assessed for protection status under two alternatives: lands strictly managed for biodiversity (Highly Restricted Use) and those allowing multiple uses (Multiple Use), with protection target levels (i.e., the amount of protected area required for protection) for local and network catchments being developed from ecoregion‐based urban and agricultural land use thresholds from fish responses.

Results

Overall, less than 2% of fluvial catchments in the conterminous USA are meeting both local and network catchment protection target levels under the Highly Restricted Use alternative, whereas 16% of catchments met protection levels for the Multiple Use alternative, with protection largely concentrated in the western USA. For common native species distributions within ecoregions, only one species had >10% of streams meeting combined local and network catchment protection target levels under the Highly Restricted Use alternative, whereas 50 distributions (~14% of species distribution models) met this level under the Multiple Use alternative.

Main conclusions

Even for fishes considered widespread and abundant, protection levels are lacking, particularly when considering only lands that are actively managed for biodiversity. Given the increasing intensification of anthropogenic activities and substantial uncertainty associated with climate change, considering the conservation status for all species, including those currently considered common, is warranted.
How bilingual experience and executive control influence development in language control among bilingual children
Authors: Kubota Maki , Chevalier Nicolas , Sorace Antonella
Published: May 2019

This longitudinal study investigates whether the development in executive control and bilingual experience predicts change in language control in bilingual children. Children were tested twice over the course of 1 year, using the language‐switching paradigm and the Simon task. The participants were Japanese‐English bilingual “returnee” children (ages 7–13), who returned to their first language (L1) environment after spending some years in a second language (L2) dominant environment. Testing these children upon their return to the L1 environment allowed us to disentangle the effect of age from bilingual experience, as they experienced an increase in age but a decrease in L2 exposure over time. Children who had less L2 exposure showed smaller improvement in baseline performance when naming pictures in English (i.e., when English was relevant across all trials). Moreover, development in trials where children had to switch between languages were modulated by development in executive control. That is, children who increased their performance in the English mixed repetition trials also performed better on the executive control task over time. Thus, development in executive control modulated change in language control among bilingual children, suggesting a positive relationship between language control and executive control in children's development.
A qualitative study exploring the factors that influence the uptake of pre‐pregnancy care among women with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Forde R. , Collin J. , Brackenridge A. , Chamley M. , Hunt K. , Forbes A.
Published: May 2019

Aim

To elicit the views and experiences of women with Type 2 diabetes and healthcare professionals relating to the pregnancy and pre‐pregnancy care they have received or provided.

Methods

A qualitative study using in‐depth semi‐structured interviews with women with Type 2 diabetes (n=30) and healthcare professionals (n=22) from primary and specialist care. Women were purposively sampled to include different experiences of pregnancy and pre‐pregnancy care. Data were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically using Framework Analysis.

Results

The median age of the women was 37 years, and most were obese (median BMI 34.9 kg/m2), of black or Asian ethnicity (n=24, 80%) and from areas of high deprivation (n=21, 70%). Participating healthcare professionals were from primary (n=14), intermediate (n=4) and secondary (n=4) care. Seven themes expressing factors that mediate reproductive behaviour and care in women with Type 2 diabetes were identified at the patient, professional and system levels. Type 2 diabetes was generally perceived negatively by the women and the healthcare professionals. There was a lack of awareness about the pre‐pregnancy care needs for this population, and communication between both groups was unhelpful in eliciting the reproductive intentions of these women. The themes also reveal a lack of systemic processes to incorporate pre‐pregnancy care into the care of women with Type 2 diabetes, and consequently, health professionals in primary care have limited capacity to provide such support.

Conclusion

If the current high levels of unprepared pregnancies in women with Type 2 diabetes are to be reduced, the reproductive healthcare needs of this group need to be embedded into their mainstream diabetes management.
Prevalence of comorbid major depressive disorder in Type 2 diabetes: a meta‐analysis of comparative and epidemiological studies
Authors: Wang F. , Wang S. , Zong Q.‐Q. , Zhang Q. , Ng C. H. , Ungvari G. S. , Xiang Y.‐T.
Published: May 2019

Aims

To examine the average point prevalence of major depressive disorder in people with Type 2 diabetes and its associated factors in a comprehensive meta‐analysis.

Methods

Two researchers independently conducted a systematic literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Cochrane databases. Studies reporting the prevalence of major depressive disorder in people with Type 2 diabetes were identified and analysed using a random‐effects model.

Results

A total of 26 studies meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the study. The point prevalence of major depressive disorder was 14.5% (95% CI 7.9–25.3; I²=99.65). People with Type 2 diabetes were more likely to have major depressive disorder compared with the general population (odds ratio 1.73, 95% CI 1.38–2.16). Subgroup and meta‐regression analyses showed that study site, study type, diagnostic criteria and age significantly moderated the prevalence of major depressive disorder.

Conclusions

In this meta‐analysis, the average point prevalence of major depressive disorder in people with Type 2 diabetes was high. Routine screening and more effective interventions should be implemented for this population.
Climate‐driven shifts in the distribution of koala‐browse species from the Last Interglacial to the near future
Authors: Shabani Farzin , Ahmadi Mohsen , Peters Katharina J. , Haberle Simon , Champreux Antoine , Saltré Frédérik , Bradshaw Corey J. A.
Published: May 2019

The koala's Phascolarctos cinereus distribution is currently restricted to eastern and south‐eastern Australia. However, fossil records dating from 70 ± 4 ka (ka = 103 yr) from south‐western Australia and the Nullarbor Plain are evidence of subpopulation extinctions in the southwest at least after the Last Interglacial (~128–116 ka). We hypothesize that koala sub‐population extinctions resulted from the eastward retraction of the koala's main browse species in response to unsuitable climatic conditions. We further posit a general reduction in the distribution of main koala‐browse trees in the near future in response climate change. We modelled 60 koala‐browse species and constructed a set of correlative species distribution models for five time periods: Last Interglacial (~128–116 ka), Last Glacial Maximum (~23–19 ka), Mid‐Holocene (~7–5 ka), present (interpolations of observed data, representative of 1960–1990), and 2070. We based our projections on five hindcasts and one forecast of climatic variables extracted from WorldClim based on two general circulation models (considering the most pessimistic scenario of high greenhouse‐gas emissions) and topsoil clay fraction. We used 17 dates of koala fossil specimens identified as reliable from 70 (± 4) to 535 (± 49) ka, with the last appearance of koalas at 70 ka in the southwest. The main simulated koala‐browse species were at their greatest modelled extent of suitability during the Last Glacial Maximum, with the greatest loss of koala habitat occurring between the Mid‐Holocene and the present. We predict a similar habitat loss between the present and 2070. The spatial patterns of habitat change support our hypothesis that koala extinctions in the southwest, Nullarbor Plain and central South Australia resulted from the eastward retraction of the dominant koala‐browse species in response to long‐term climate changes. Future climate patterns will likely increase the extinction risk of koalas in their remaining eastern ranges.
Long‐term outcomes of autotransplantation of teeth: A case series
Authors: Tsukiboshi Mitsuhiro , Yamauchi Nozomu , Tsukiboshi Yosuke
Published: May 2019

The aim of autotransplantation of teeth (ATT) is to replace a lost tooth with a functional tooth within the same patient. Although it has recently become more of a recognized and viable treatment approach in dentistry, the long‐term outcomes are still not well‐documented. The principal author (MT) has performed more than 1000 ATTs for reasons such as treating missing teeth, deep caries, poor endodontic results, and periodontitis over the past 30 years in private practice. During the course of private practice, 2 separate analyses were performed on a total of 319 cases with follow‐up ranging from 2 to 26 years. The results showed a tendency toward higher success rates in younger patients; the success rate was highest in ATTs performed on immature teeth (about 95%), about 90% in patients younger than 30 years of age and approximately 80% in patients older than 30. The failures were most often caused by replacement resorption (ie, ankylosis‐related resorption). The purpose of this case series was to show successful long‐term outcomes of ATT as well as to provide clinical insights and describe tendencies noted over the course of 30 years of performing ATTs.
The preference–performance relationship as a means of classifying parasitoids according to their specialization degree
Authors: Monticelli Lucie S. , Nguyen Le Thu Ha , Amiens‐Desneux Edwige , Luo Chen , Lavoir Anne‐violette , Gatti Jean‐Luc , Desneux Nicolas
Published: May 2019

Host range in parasitoids could be described by the preference–performance hypothesis (PPH) where preference is defined as host acceptance and performance is defined as the sum of all species on which parasitoid offspring can complete their life cycle. The PPH predicts that highly suitable hosts will be preferred by ovipositing females. However, generalist parasitoids may not conform to this hypothesis if they attack a large range of hosts of varying suitability. Under laboratory conditions, we tested the PPH relationship of three aphid parasitoids currently considered as generalist species (Aphelinus abdominalis, Aphidius ervi, Diaeretiella rapae). As expected, the three parasitoids species showed low selectivity, i.e., females stung all aphid species encountered (at least in some extent). However, depending on the parasitoid species, only 42%–58% of aphid species enabled producing parasitoid offspring. We did not find a correlation between the extent of preference and the performance of three generalist aphid parasitoids. For A. ervi, host phylogeny is also important as females showed higher attack and developmental rates on hosts closely related to the most suitable one. In addition, traits such as (a) the presence of protective secondary endosymbionts, for example, Hamiltonella defensa detected in Aphis fabae and Metopolophium dirhodum and (b) the sequestration of plant toxins as defense mechanism against parasitism, for example, in Aphis nerii and Brevicoryne brassicae, were likely at play to some extent in narrowing parasitoid host range. The lack of PPH relationship involved a low selectivity leading to a high adaptability, as well as selection pressure; the combination of which enabled the production of offspring in a new host species or a new environment. Testing for PPH relationships in parasitoids may provide useful cues to classify parasitoids in terms of specialization degree.
The effect of random and density‐dependent variation in sampling efficiency on variance of abundance estimates from fishery surveys
Authors: Kotwicki Stan , Ono Kotaro
Published: May 2019

Abundance indices (AIs) provide information on population abundance and trends over time, while AI variance (AIV) provides information on reliability or quality of the AI. AIV is an important output from surveys and is commonly used in formal assessments of survey quality, in survey comparison studies, and in stock assessments. However, uncertainty in AIV estimates is poorly understood and studies on the precision and bias in survey AIV estimates are lacking. Typically, AIV estimates are “design based” and are derived from sampling theory under some aspect of randomized samples. Inference on population density in these cases can be confounded by unaccounted process errors such as those due to variable sampling efficiency (q). Here, we simulated fish distribution and surveys to assess the effect of q and variance in q on design‐based estimates of AIV. Simulation results show that the bias and precision of AIV depend on the mean q and variance in q. We conclude that to fully evaluate the reliability of AI, both observation error and variability in q must be accounted for when estimating AIV. A decrease in mean q and an increase in the variance in q results in increased bias and decreased precision in survey AIV estimates. These effects are likely small in surveys with mean q ≥ 1. However, for surveys where q ≤ 0.5, these effects can be large. Regardless of the survey type, AIV estimates can be improved with knowledge of q and variance in q.
Perceived Parental Anxiety and Depressive Problems and Emerging Adult Oppositional Defiant Problems: Moderated Mediation by Psychological and Physical Maltreatment and Gender
Authors: Stearns Melanie , McKinney Cliff
Published: May 2019

Recent studies have argued that Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) problems continue into emerging adulthood; however, few studies have examined ODD problems in this population. Moreover, previous studies have found that corporal punishment mediated the relationship between maternal anxiety/depression and child ODD problems in young children and that parental psychopathology is likely to affect child ODD. This study examined how maternal as well as paternal maltreatment (i.e., psychological and physical) mediated the relationship between parental anxiety/depressive problems and emerging adult ODD problems (i.e., irritability and defiance). Furthermore, child and parent gender were examined as moderators (i.e., moderated mediation). Participants included 1,012 emerging adults who completed questionnaires about parental psychological and physical maltreatment, parental anxiety and depression, and affective and behavioral ODD symptoms. Results suggested that mediation occurred for the father–daughter dyad along the perceived paternal depressive problems → psychological and physical maltreatment → irritability paths and for the mother–son dyad along the perceived maternal depressive and anxiety problems → psychological maltreatment → defiance paths. Given that mediation occurred for only these gender dyads, moderated mediation was suggested.
Management of discolouration following revitalization endodontic procedures: A case series
Authors: Antov H. , Duggal M. S. , Nazzal H.
Published: May 2019

Aim

To discuss the causes and management of tooth crown discolouration following regenerative/revitalization endodontic therapy (RET) and to present the decision‐making process affecting three RET‐related cases of crown discolouration.

This case series outlines several approaches used in the management of post‐RET discolouration. The cases highlight the influence of the material used in creating a coronal seal on the choice and success of the management techniques provided. The first two cases highlight successful management of post‐RET discolouration through the use of internal–external bleaching. The use of internal bleaching in the third case was not recommended; therefore, external bleaching followed by a direct composite veneer was carried out.
Analysis of hard tissue regeneration and Wnt signalling in dental pulp tissues after direct pulp capping with different materials
Authors: Yaemkleebbua K. , Osathanon T. , Nowwarote N. , Limjeerajarus C. N. , Sukarawan W.
Published: May 2019

Aim

To investigate the involvement of Wnt signalling and cell cycle regulation in hard tissue formation after pulp capping with several materials in a rat molar pinpoint exposure model.

Methodology

Thirty‐two rat molar pulps were mechanically exposed and assigned to 4 groups according to the pulp capping materials used Ca(OH)2, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), Biodentine™ and an untreated control group. After 4 weeks, the teeth were collected for microcomputed tomography to quantify reparative dentine formation. Histological analysis was then performed to evaluate the quality of the reparative dentine and the dental pulp tissue inflammatory reaction. Cyclin D1 and β‐catenin expression was examined using immunofluorescence staining. The Kruskal–Wallis followed by Dunn’s multiple comparison test was performed to determine significant differences.

Results

The exposed dental pulps treated with Ca(OH)2, MTA and Biodentine™ exhibited reparative dentine formation near the exposure site. Fibrous tissues adjacent to the exposure site were observed in the untreated group. The microcomputed tomography evaluation of MTA and Biodentine™ groups revealed significantly greater reparative dentine formation compared with the control group (P = 0.0032 in the MTA group andP = 0.05 in the BiodentineTMgroup). From histological evaluations, the BiodentineTMgroup exhibited significantly greater reparative dentine formation grading compared with the control group (P = 0.0152). The pulp tissues treated with Ca(OH)2and Biodentine™ exhibited a lower inflammatory score compared with those of the untreated control (P = 0.0291 in the Ca(OH)2andP = 0.0110 in the BiodentineTMgroup). Ca(OH)2, MTA and Biodentine™ induced cyclin D1 expression in the dental pulp tissues adjacent to the reparative dentine. Moreover, the Biodentine™‐treated defects demonstrated β‐catenin expression in the pulp tissue adjacent to the newly formed reparative dentine, which was not observed with the other materials.

Conclusion

All test materials promoted dentine bridge formation and stimulated cyclin D1 expression. The favourable outcome after direct pulp capping with Biodentine™ involved Wnt/β‐catenin signalling. However, Wnt/β‐catenin signalling did not participate in the mechanism by which Ca(OH)2and MTA promoted reparative dentine formation.
Encapsulation and protection of resveratrol in kafirin and milk protein nanoparticles
Authors: Khan Muhammad A. , Fang Zheng , Wusigale  , Cheng Hao , Gao Yahui , Deng Zeyuan , Liang Li
Published: May 2019

Food proteins have been widely used as carrier materials for the encapsulation of bioactive ingredients. Combination with hydro‐soluble proteins provides better properties to prolamin‐based particles. Kafirin obtained from sorghum belongs to cereal prolamin proteins. In this study, kafirin nanoparticles in the absence and presence of beta‐lactoglobulin (β‐Lg) or casein were prepared for the encapsulation and protection of resveratrol. The particles stabilised by 2% β‐Lg or 0.2% casein were the smallest in size. Encapsulation efficiency of resveratrol was between 67% and 76% in kafirin/milk protein particles and the highest in kafirin/casein particles. Encapsulation in kafirin/milk protein particles improved DPPH˙ scavenging capacity of resveratrol but decreased its ABTS˙+ scavenging capacity. Stability of resveratrol ranked in order kafirin/casein > kafirin/β‐Lg ~ kafirin.
The metabolic spectrum of memory T cells
Authors: O'Sullivan David
Published: May 2019

The development and persistence of memory T cells are integral to effective host defenses. Cell metabolism has a central role in the maintenance of these populations and engagement of specific metabolic pathways can influence T‐cell fate. Nuances in memory T‐cell metabolism are both context dependent, and exist, on a spectrum that complements and supports the activity of specific memory T‐cell subsets. This review explores how metabolic pathways and substrate choice can influence the phenotype and function of memory T cells.
Regulatory T cells differ from conventional CD4+ T cells in their recirculatory behavior and lymph node transit times
Authors: Tong Alexander A , Forestell Benjamin , Murphy Daniel V , Nair Aditya , Allen Frederick , Myers Jay , Klauschen Frederick , Shen Connie , Gopal Angelica A , Huang Alex Y , Mandl Judith N
Published: May 2019

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) continuously suppress autoreactive immune responses within tissues to prevent autoimmunity, yet the recirculatory behavior of Tregs between and within tissues enabling the maintenance of peripheral tolerance remains incompletely defined. Here, we quantified homing efficiency to and the dwell time of Tregs within secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) and used intravital two‐photon microscopy to measure Treg surveillance behavior of dendritic cells. Tregs homed substantially less efficiently to SLOs compared with conventional CD4+ T cells (Tconvs), despite similar expression of homing receptors. Tregs remained on average 2–3 times longer within the LN than Tconvs before exiting, and retained Tregs differed from recirculating Tregs in phenotype, motility and interaction duration with dendritic cells. Taken together, these data revealed fundamental differences in Treg versus conventional T cell in vivo recirculation and migration behaviors, identified a Treg population with prolonged LN dwell time, and provided quantitative insight into their spatiotemporal behavior within LNs.
Development of a checklist to aid in the assessment of ‘failure to return’ from approved leave by acute inpatients
Authors: Meehan Tom , Mansfield Yolanda , Stedman Terry
Published: May 2019

Better assessment of consumer behaviour and intentions prior to the granting of approved leave may reduce failure to return from such episodes of leave. The aims of this study were (i) to gain consensus on the factors associated with failure to return, and (ii) use these factors to construct a checklist to aid in assessment of consumers prior to being granted leave. Following a review of the literature a pool of 36 factors was identified. These were then assessed for relevance to absconding from approved leave using a modified Delphi approach. After two Delphi rounds, 10 factors were retained and these were collapsed under 6 domains; history of absconding, current substance use, behaviour cues, verbal cues, lack of engagement, and changes in mental state. While staff reactions to the checklist were positive, further testing of its effectiveness in the clinical setting is required.
Emotional intelligence as a mechanism to build resilience and non‐technical skills in undergraduate nurses undertaking clinical placement
Authors: Hurley John , Hutchinson Marie , Kozlowski Desiree , Gadd Martin , van Vorst Stephen
Published: May 2019

The environments in which nursing work is undertaken can be highly stressful and complex with resultant harmful outcomes for the health of both nurses and patients reported. Undergraduate nursing students are particularly challenged when on clinical placement through having only partially developed work capabilities, with wide claims that these nurses remain underprepared for work even upon graduation. Over time undergraduate nursing education has arguably not prioritized developing resilience and other non‐technical skills required to respond effectively to these challenges. This paper reports findings from a qualitative study of student nurses who received training and coaching in emotional intelligence, a well‐established correlate of resilience, just prior to undertaking a mental health or medical/surgical clinical placement. Of that cohort, 12 agreed to qualitative semi‐structured interviews that sought to better understand how these students used the knowledge and capabilities from the training within clinical placement contexts. Four themes emerged from the thematic analysis of the interviews: (1) greater experiences of resilience; (2) responding positively to mental health consumers; (3) experiences of greater empathy and compassion; and (4) experiences of improved non‐technical work skills. Implications from these findings suggest that student and patient experiences of nursing placement, and mental health nursing placements in particular, would be enhanced by pre‐placement emotional intelligence training and coaching. Such training will support nursing graduates to be work‐ready upon entering the workforce.
Facile synthesis of Ni0.5Mn0.5Co2O4 nanoflowers as high‐performance electrode material for supercapacitors
Authors: Mu Hao , Su Xinghua , Zhao Zhenhuan , Han Chenxi , Wang Zhenjun , Zhao Peng
Published: May 2019

The rational synthesis of mixed transition metal oxides (MTMOs) with three‐dimensional hierarchical porous structure has been proved to be an effective strategy for improving electrochemical performances of binary metal oxides. Herein, the hierarchically Ni1‐xMnxCo2O4 nanoflowers are synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method combined with subsequent heat‐treatment. It is found that Ni/Mn atom ratio has a significant influence on the microstructures and electrochemical properties of Ni1‐xMnxCo2O4. The Ni0.5Mn0.5Co2O4 sample with a Ni/Mn atom ratio of 1 exhibits the highest specific capacity of 366 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g as compared to the other Ni1‐xMnxCo2O4 samples. In addition, Ni0.5Mn0.5Co2O4 displays high rate capability and cycling performance. The excellent electrochemical performances of Ni0.5Mn0.5Co2O4 could be ascribed to the large surface area and high mesoporosity, leading to the increased accessible surface for ion access and the rapid electrochemical reactions. The as‐synthesized Ni0.5Mn0.5Co2O4 nanoflowers could be used as a potential electrode materials for Supercapacitors. Furthermore, this study provides a facile method to synthesize other MTMOs with three‐dimensional hierarchical nanostructure. An asymmetric supercapacitor is assembled with Ni0.5Mn0.5Co2O4 as the positive electrode and activated carbon as the negative electrode. The supercapacitor shows an energy density of 20.2 Wh/kg at a power density of 700 W/kg. Cycling stability is achieved with 82% retention after 5000 charge‐discharge cycles.
Preparation of pure and fully dense lanthanum nickelates Lan+1NinO3n+1 (n = 2, 3, ∞) by post‐sintering oxidation process
Authors: Adachi Yoshinobu , Hatada Naoyuki , Hirota Ken , Kato Masaki , Uda Tetsuya
Published: May 2019

Lanthanum nickelates with Ruddlesden‐Popper structure (La2NiO4, La3Ni2O7, and La4Ni3O10) and perovskite structure (LaNiO3) have attracted considerable attention due to their potential applications such as solid oxide fuel cells. Currently, the ionic and electronic conduction properties of La3Ni2O7, La4Ni3O10, and LaNiO3 are not fully understood because it is quite difficult to prepare their dense bodies required for the characterization. The difficulty arises from their narrow thermodynamic stable temperature and oxygen partial pressure ranges. In this study, we successfully obtained dense bodies of single‐phase La3Ni2O7, La4Ni3O10, and LaNiO3 via a post‐sintering oxidation process. First, dense pellets composed of fine‐grain precursors La2NiO4 and NiO (~0.5 μm) were prepared by nitrate freeze‐drying technique and low‐temperature sintering at 1150°C‐1225°C. Then they were converted into almost single‐phase La3Ni2O7, La4Ni3O10, and LaNiO3 by high‐temperature oxidation. La3Ni2O7 and La4Ni3O10 were obtained under an oxygen partial pressure of 1 bar at 1275°C and 1200°C‐1250°C, respectively, while LaNiO3 was obtained under of 392 bar at 1250°C using hot isostatic pressing. The relative densities of the pellets exceeded 90%. With regard to their phase stability, decomposition was not detected at 600°C‐1100°C in air for at least 100 hour despite their thermodynamic instability.