bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Grammaticalization of Germankönnen, dürfen, sollen, mögen, müssen, andwollen
Authors: Stevens Christopher M.
Published: December 2008

In this article the development of Germankönnen, dürfen, sollen, mögen, müssen, andwollenis examined in the light of grammaticalization theory. It is assumed that these verbs form a class (or subclass) of modal auxiliaries. Some of the assertions made on the development of modal verbs across languages are examined. For example, do the modal meanings develop from nonmodal meanings? Do the epistemic uses of these auxiliaries evolve from deontic ones? Can such an evolution be described in terms of metaphor and can the development of these verbs be described as following a distinct “path” that is “unidirectional”? Some of these questions are answered in the affirmative, but new question arise in the course of the investigation.
Alliterating Word-Pairs in Old High German: Approaching a Rhetorical Evaluation
Authors: Jeep John M.
Published: December 2008

A survey of the Old High German texts provides a number of significant finds relating to the early use, frequency, and distribution of alliterating word-pairs. In the presentation and analysis of selected data, parameters for addressing a more complete rhetorical evaluation of the phraseologisms as they appear in the texts are outlined, with consideration of issues such as transmission, source influence, genre, and dialect. Contours of the early history of the alliterating word-pair in German are presented, while perspectives for further research are sketched. An appendix lists the entire corpus of Old High German alliterating word-pairs.
Inflection and the Paradigm in German Nouns
Authors: Pounder Amanda
Published: December 2008

The paper presents an analysis of noun inflection in Modern Standard German within a process framework. Familiar issues in the description of German inflectional morphology are discussed, such as analysis of weak nouns and of plural formation, and the establishment of inflectional classes, as well as broader theoretical issues such as postulation of identity relations (“zeros”). The elements of a process morphology are elaborated, including some that deviate from well-known models, such as recognition of a dynamic morphological component distinct from the static lexicon, expression of morphological semantics in the morphological component, and formalization of the notion of a paradigm. The paradigm is claimed to be an essential morphological structure, dynamic in nature, responsible for organization of the inflectional system and ensuring, in cooperation with operations applied to stems, correct sequencing and selection of these inflectional operations. It is also concluded that the inflectional class, derivative of the paradigm, may be a useful construct in some languages (including German), but is not a necessary one for all inflecting languages.
Processual Change and Phonetic Analogy: Early New High German
 >
Authors: Benware W. A.
Published: December 2008

An examination of documents reflecting the change in late Middle High German and Early New High German of
 to  initially before a sonorant shows that it can be described as a “processual change,” one that affects one environment after another in a regular fashion. This change occurred first before a lateral; thereafter it was extended to nasals—alveolar then labial—and finally to the labial glide. After the late MHG merger of
 with  following a vowel,
 came to stand in complementary distribution with . The processual change took place by a process of “phonetic analogy,” whereby
 before a lateral was gradually replaced by the alveopalatal on the basis of a relation of acoustic-auditory similarity with strident plus trill. The remainder of the procession proceeded in a similar manner.
Perfect Auxiliary Selection in the Old SaxonHeliand
Authors: Arnett Carlee
Published: December 2008

Shannon (1990) argues that the notions of lexical aspect (Aktionsart) and transitivity are a central part of perfect auxiliary variation. This paper builds on Shannon's (1993, 1995) analyses of perfect auxiliary selection in German and other related languages. Shannon accounts for perfect auxiliary variation by means of prototypes for high transitivity and high mutativity as well as the notion ofAktionsart. This paper examines the transitivity/mutativity parameters and the concept ofAktionsartusing the examples of perfect auxiliary + past participle found in the Old SaxonHeliand. An examination of some 150 examples reveals that the choice of auxiliary can be explained byAktionsartand a definition of transitivity that is characterized by conceptual imagery.
Simplifying Latin in Notker's Classroom: Tradition and Innovation
Authors: Grotans Anna A.
Published: December 2008

Much of the rearrangement of the Latin syntax by Notker Labeo in his classroom translation/commentaries is done according to a pedagogic principle called theordo naturalis, which prescribes an SVO word order. A theoretical discussion of theordo naturalisis preserved in a tenth-century treatise composed at St. Gall, and its practical application is found throughout Europe in the form of glosses and construe marks. My analysis shows that Notker varied the traditional and prescribed “natural order” according to the passage at hand, taking into consideration the level of textual difficulty and pedagogic relevance of the passage as well as the text-building strategies of the original. In a few instances Notker even sprinkled his personal variant ofordo naturaliswith OHG word order. Notker expanded upon and modified tradition with his own pedagogic common sense, thus tailoring his teaching materials to the needs of the St. Gall pupils.
Studies in Runic Origins 2: From Gods to Men
Authors: Markey Tom
Published: December 2008

This article examines therúnatalstanzas (5–19) of the Eddic poemSigrdrífumál, particularly as they reflect conventions for deploying runic literacy in Iron Age Europe, the dynamics behind those conventions, and the light they shed on runic origins.Sigrdrífumálrepresents the insertion of a knowledge message into a framework crafted from the staging, diction, and materials of an inherited Indo-European motif-index.
Formulaic Binomials, Morphosymbolism, and Behaghel's Law: The Grammatical Status of Expressive Iconicity
Authors: Southern Mark R. V.
Published: December 2008

This paper considers the linguistic status of West Germanic alliterative, formulaic, syntactically tight pairs. These hendiadys binomials are phonetically interwoven, phrasally autonomous units. Echoic reduplication, including hendiadys, is a common way for language to generate iconic forms. Building on recent work on sound-symbolic expressives, iconicity, and the significance of poetic features (compression, phrasal symmetry) for language, this study argues that alliterative binomials are fundamentally affective, with proverb-like sentential characteristics, deriving idiomatic force from their iconically self-signaling structural properties. Like Stabreim, phonetically reinforced and with reciprocally highlighted components, they define a cohesive utterance (saying, phrase, metrical line). In this they share phrase-level contour properties with Behaghel's Law, which shapes the linguistic structure of day-to-day poetics, particularly in fixed idioms. The inquiry examines phrasal syntax, phrase-level iconicity and expressive symbolism, and the poetics of folk-discourse genres, reflecting language's structure.*
Urgermanisch *þe-na-z ‘Gefolgsmann’
Authors: Zimmer Stefan
Published: December 2008

Proto-Germanic *þe-na-z (Old English, Old Saxon, Old High German, Old Norse) is traditionally understood as ‘child, follower, servant’, connected with Greek teknon ‘child’, both from *tek- ‘to beget’.

This is unfounded; the meaning ‘child’ is unattested, the traditional etymology highly improbable. Proto-Germanic *þe-na-z is from *tek- ‘to stretch out one's hand, touch, receive’, designating basically ‘follower, retainer’, thus a technical term of Germanic Gefolgschaftswesen. Pertinent textual passages, the theory of Germanic heathen baptism, and the rites whereby a warrior is accepted into a lord's retinue are crucial for the analysis.
Germanic Evidence for a Neglected Indo-European Root
Authors: Lloyd Albert L.
Published: December 2008

An IE root *bhel(ə)- ‘strike, hit, hew, chop’, although not included in the standard IE etymological dictionaries, is shown to underly a number of etymologically obscure Germanic words, such as OHG bolz(o) ‘bolt’, Go. bliggwan ‘to beat’, OIcel. bella ‘to hit’, blak ‘slap, blow’, OHG blast ‘a throwing to the ground’, OHG bloh, bloc ‘block of wood’, and possibly OHG balko ‘beam’. Since related words can be found in Italic, Celtic, Baltic, and perhaps also Slavic and Greek, there would seem to be sufficient justification for the addition of this root to the inventory of recognized IE roots.
The Velar Stops and Fricatives in the Language of MSS A, B, C of the Nibelungenlied
Authors: Moulton William G.
Published: December 2008

The publication of Batts 1971 (the actual scribal spellings in MSS A, B, C of the Nibelungenlied) and of Bäuml-Fallone 1976 (A concordance to the Nibelungenlied) for the first time have provided access to scribal spellings as the most direct evidence for the phonological structure of Middle High German (at least in this important work). This study is limited to the velar stops, affricates, fricatives. The scribal spellings together with historical eveidence and the modern dialects suggest the full structure of the velars. Finally, it is shown that the “normalized spelling” is in three respects misleading, at least for the Nibelungenlied.
Resolution and mora counting in Old English
Authors: Suzuki Seiichi
Published: December 2008

The operation and suspension of resolution in Old English meter, generalized as Kaluza's Law, is shown to be based on mora counting; -VC(C), -VV(C), and -VCV count as bimoric, while -VCVC(C) and -VCVV(C) are trimoric. The maximum moric value of a syllable is two. The proposed mora-based analysis leads to an improved account of a number of phonological processes in pre- and Early Old English.
Rate of organic film formation and oxidation on aqueous drops
Authors: Aumann E. , Tabazadeh A.
Published: December 2008

Previous studies suggest that saturated fatty acids or other lipids, which are known to be strong film‐forming agents, form condensed films on aqueous drops. Specifically, stearic acid (SA) has been used in laboratory and modeling studies to mimic the surface composition of some particles in the atmosphere. In this study, laboratory measurements were used to determine the rate of SA spreading from a solid on aqueous surfaces,ranging in composition from ammonium sulfate to highly acidic sulfuric acid. Maximum spreading rates were measured on neutral electrolyte solutions, while spreading was not observed on aqueous sulfuric and hydrochloric acids (pH < 0). Also, the spreading rates on water and electrolyte surfaces declined sharply as the solution pH was lowered from 7 to 3. Spreading rates are reported with a dependence on the length of solid‐aqueous‐air boundary (triple interface perimeter). Spreading rates measured on bulk solutions were modeled on atmospheric particles to determine the time constant of organic film formation on aqueous drops. The time required for a saturated fatty acid to spread and coat a submicron salt particle or a cloud drop is on the order of seconds to minutes or minutes to hours, respectively. In conclusion, lipid coatings can form quickly on neutral or slightly acidic salt drops if a sufficient amount of lipid is present in the drop and the lipid is in direct contact with the aqueous solution surface. Rapid film formation and fast heterogeneous oxidation can provide an efficient way of converting water‐insoluble organic films into more water‐soluble components in aerosols or cloud drops.
The Basic Science of Deglutition: Application to the Clinical World
Authors: Daniels Stephanie K.
Published: December 2008

As clinicians, we learn the basic science of swallowing in school, through reading, and attending conferences. We, however, frequently do not apply this basic science knowledge to our clinical practice. In this Food for Thought article, I will review a few ways that we can incorporate the neurology, anatomy, and physiology of swallowing into our practice and, I hope, persuade readers that it is critical to keep abreast of basic science research in normal and disordered swallowing.
Terahertz emission from silicon and magnesium doped indium nitride
Authors: Wilke Ingrid , Ascazubi Ricardo , Lu Hai , Schaff William J.
Published: December 2008

We report an experimental study of femtosecond optically excited emission of terahertz frequency electromagnetic radiation from as-grown n-type InN, silicon doped InN, and magnesium doped InN. We have measured the terahertz emission from these materials as function of dc Hall mobility and carrier concentrations. Terahertz emission from InN:Si and native n-type InN increases with mobility as expected for transient photocurrents as primary mechanism of terahertz emission from InN. InN:Mg exhibits enhanced terahertz emission compared to InN:Si. This is experimental evidence for Mg being electrically active as an acceptor in InN. Terahertz emission from InN:Si is less strong than terahertz emission from native n-type InN because of an increased electron concentration due to silicon being an electrically active donor in InN.
Critical role of ROR-γt in a new thymic pathway leading to IL-17-producing invariant NKT cell differentiation
Authors: Michel Marie-Laure , Mendes-da-Cruz Daniella , Keller Alexandre Castro , Lochner Matthias , Schneider Elke , Dy Michel , Eberl Gérard , Leite-de-Moraes Maria C.
Published: December 2008

Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells constitute a subpopulation of T cells that recognize glycolipids presented by CD1d molecules. They are characterized by their prompt production of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), which enables them to modulate diverse immune responses. Recently, we enlarged this concept by identifying a distinct IL-17-producing iNKT cell subset, named iNKT17 cells. The mechanisms leading to the acquisition of this new iNKT cell activity are unknown. Herein we show that IL-17-producing iNKT cells are already present in the thymus, predominantly among a subset regarded so far as an immature stage of thymic iNKT cell development, the CD1d tetramer
pos
CD44
pos
NK1.1
neg
CD4
neg
cells. Using EGFP reporter mice, we demonstrate that the transcription factor ROR-γt is critical for the thymic differentiation of this subset because only ROR-γt
pos
iNKT cells are capable of massively secreting IL-17. Moreover, IL-17-producing CD1d tetramer
pos
CD44
pos
NK1.1
neg
CD4
neg
thymic iNKT cells have reached a mature differentiation stage because they fail to generate other cell subsets in fetal thymic organ culture. Conversely, thymic ROR-γt
neg
iNKT cell precursors give rise to progeny, but acquire neither ROR-γt expression nor the ability to secrete IL-17. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate an alternative thymic pathway leading to the development of iNKT17 cells that requires ROR-γt expression.
Lake whitefish and walleye population responses to dreissenid mussel invasion in eastern Lake Ontario
Authors: Hoyle J. A. , Bowlby J. N. , Morrison B. J.
Published: December 2008

We reviewed responses associated with the invasion of dreissenid mussels by two eastern Lake Ontario fish populations and the fisheries they support. Resurging lake whitefish and walleye populations declined following dreissenid mussel invasion in the early 1990s. Impacts on whitefish were associated with the loss of a key diet item, Diporeia, and its replacement with diet items of lower energy value. Impacts featured a die-off, dispersal, declines in juvenile and adult condition and growth rates, delayed age-at-maturity, and several years of reproductive failure. Impacts on walleye were consistent with dreissenid driven ecosystem change, particularly, clearer water. The key response by the walleye population was a downward shift in recruitment levels. This shift appears to be due to a change in the stock-recruitment relationship caused by decreased survival during early life (i.e. egg to 4-months), and suggests that the carrying capacity for these early life stages has diminished. Currently, whitefish reproduction has resumed and walleye reproduction appears stabilized at a lower level. Recent (i.e. 2003 and 2005) whitefish year-classes were relatively large but the fish are growing slowly and annual survival rate is not yet known. The whitefish commercial harvest continues to decline in synchrony with the declining adult whitefish population. The walleye recreational fishery (i.e. effort and harvest) has stabilized at a smaller size consistent with lower walleye year-class strength.
Responses of three benthic organisms (Hyallela azteca, Limnodrillus hoffmeisteri and Stagnicola attenuata) to natural sediment spiked with zinc when exposed in single or multi-species test systems
Authors: Galar-Martínez Marcela , Gómez-Oliván Leobardo Manuel , Amaya-Chávez Araceli , Vega-López Armando , Razo-Estrada Celene , García-Medina Sandra
Published: December 2008

In order to determine the influence of the presence of one or more species in a system on Zn toxic response, acute (LC50 at 72 h) and sublethal toxicity (Zn uptake kinetics, and quantification of total protein content and lipid peroxidation levels) were evaluated in three benthic organisms (Hyallela azteca, Limnodrillus hoffmeisteri and Stagnicola attenuata). They were exposed either singly or together (single or multi-species test systems) to Zn-spiked sediment from Ignacio Ramírez Reservoir. Both assays showed that Zn-spiked sediments from Ignacio Ramírez Reservoir were toxic to S. attenuata, L. hoffmeisteri and H. azteca, and that toxic response was modified according to the number of species in the system. These differences may be due to multiple factors: such as benthic bioturbation which modifies physical and chemical characteristics of sediments and affects the fate and partitioning of sediment-bond contaminants, such as spiked Zn or other pollutants in sediments from Ignacio Ramírez Reservoir. In addition, the presence of more than one species in the system may lead to microenvironmental changes (pH, temperature, and organic matter and metabolic waste content), which can also contribute to toxic response differences. Also, particular characteristics of each of the species involved in the study became evident. The snail and amphipod are facultative benthic organisms, while the worm is obligate. Such way of life differences may have modified the bioavailability of contaminants, determining their toxicity.
Programs for calculating the statistical powers of detecting susceptibility genes in case–control studies based on multistage designs
Authors: Kitamura Nobutaka , Akazawa Kouhei , Miyashita Akinori , Kuwano Ryozo , Toyabe Shin-ichi , Nakamura Junichiro , Nakamura Norihito , Sato Tatsuhiko , Hoque M. Aminul
Published: November 2008

Motivation: A two-stage association study is the most commonly used method among multistage designs to efficiently identify disease susceptibility genes. Recently, some SNP studies have utilized more than two stages to detect disease genes. However, there are few available programs for calculating statistical powers and positive predictive values (PPVs) of arbitrary n-stage designs.

Results: We developed programs for a multistage case–control association study using R language. In our programs, input parameters include numbers of samples and candidate loci, genome-wide false positive rate and proportions of samples and loci to be selected at the k-th stage (k=1,…, n). The programs output statistical powers, PPVs and numbers of typings in arbitrary n-stage designs. The programs can contribute to prior simulations under various conditions in planning a genome-wide association study.

Availability: The R programs are freely available for academic users and can be downloaded from http://www.med.niigata-u.ac.jp/eng/resources/informatics/gwa.html

Contact:  nktmr@m12.alpha-net.ne.jp

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Global Gene Expression Profiling During Medicago truncatula–Phymatotrichopsis omnivora Interaction Reveals a Role for Jasmonic Acid, Ethylene, and the Flavonoid Pathway in Disease Development
Authors: Uppalapati Srinivasa Rao , Marek Stephen M. , Lee Hee-Kyung , Nakashima Jin , Tang Yuhong , Sledge Mary K. , Dixon Richard A. , Mysore Kirankumar S.
Published: December 2008

Phymatotrichopsis omnivora (Duggar) Hennebert causes a destructive root rot in cotton, alfalfa (Medicago sativa), and many other dicot species. No consistently effective control measures or resistant host germplasm for Phymatotrichum root rot (PRR) are known. The relative genetic intractability of cotton and alfalfa precludes their use as model pathosystem hosts for P. omnivora. Therefore, we used the model legume M. truncatula and its available genetic and genomic resources to investigate PRR. Confocal imaging of P. omnivora interactions with M. truncatula roots revealed that the mycelia do not form any specialized structures for penetration and mainly colonize cortical cells and, eventually, form a mycelial mantle covering the root's surfaces. Expression profiling of M. truncatula roots infected by P. omnivora identified several upregulated genes, including the pathogenesis-related class I and class IV chitinases and genes involved in reactive oxygen species generation and phytohormone (jasmonic acid and ethylene) signaling. Genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis were induced (2.5- to 10-fold over mock-inoculated controls) at 3 days postinoculation (dpi) in response to fungal penetration. However, the expression levels of flavonoid biosynthesis genes returned to the basal levels with the progress of the disease at 5 dpi. These transcriptome results, confirmed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses, showed that P. omnivora apparently evades induced host defenses and may downregulate phytochemical defenses at later stages of infection to favor pathogenesis.
Bortezomib‐induced apoptosis in mature T‐cell lymphoma cells partially depends on upregulation of Noxa and functional repression of Mcl‐1
Authors: Ri Masaki , Iida Shinsuke , Ishida Takashi , Ito Asahi , Yano Hiroki , Inagaki Atsushi , Ding Jianmin , Kusumoto Shigeru , Komatsu Hirokazu , Utsunomiya Atae , Ueda Ryuzo
Published: December 2008

Bortezomib, a proteasome inhibitor that was originally developed as an inhibitor of nuclear factor‐κB pathways, is currently used for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). The mechanisms of action of this antitumor agent have been studied by several investigators. Here, we explore the underlying mechanisms of bortezomib‐induced apoptosis in cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL) and adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) at the level of mitochondrial membrane injury. In all cell lines including (KMS‐12‐PE [MM], HUT78 [CTCL], ATN1 [ATLL], and MT4 [ATLL]), antiapoptotic factors such as c‐Flip and XIAP were downregulated after exposure to bortezomib, probably via inhibition of nuclear factor‐κB signaling. In addition, among the members of the BH3‐only family, upregulation of Noxa was consistently seen at both the transcriptional and protein levels in a p53‐independent manner after exposure to bortezomib. Repression of Noxa by small interfering RNA partially rescued CTCL and ATLL cells from bortezomib‐induced apoptosis. Immunoprecipitation assays indicated time‐dependent binding of Noxa and Mcl‐1 in all cell types, suggesting that functional repression of Mcl‐1 led to the loss of mitochondrial outer membrane potential. Similar results were also obtained in primary tumor cells from patients with ATLL. Taken together, we conclude that bortezomib‐induced apoptosis in ATLL and CTCL cells at least partly depends on the upregulation of Noxa and functional repression of Mcl‐1, as is also the case in MM and malignant melanoma. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 341–348)
Anaesthetic implications of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy
Authors: Alexoudis A. K. , Spyridonidou A. G. , Vogiatzaki T. D. , Iatrou C. A.
Published: December 2008

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, also called right ventricular cardiomyopathy, is a genetically determined heart muscle disease, characterised by life‐threatening ventricular arrhythmias in apparently healthy young people. The primary myocardial pathology is that the myocardium of the right ventricular free wall is replaced by fibrous or fibrofatty tissue, with scattered residual myocardial cells. Right ventricular function is abnormal and in severe cases is associated with global right ventricular dilation and overt biventricular heart failure. Although still relatively rare, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy is a well recognised cause of sudden unexpected peri‐operative death. In this review, we describe the basic characteristics of this disease, emphasising the diagnosis and we offer some suggestions for the anaesthetic management of these patients in the peri‐operative period.
Use of selective decontamination of the digestive tract in United Kingdom intensive care units*
Authors: Bastin A. J. , Ryanna K. B.
Published: December 2008

The use of selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) remains controversial despite several large randomised‐controlled trials and meta‐analyses. A postal survey of intensive care units in the United Kingdom was conducted to document current use of SDD, and to identify factors influencing this practice. The response rate was 71%. The vast majority (182 units, 95%) do not use SDD mainly because practising clinicians do not believe it works or that there is not enough evidence (51%), and because of concerns about antibiotic resistance (47%). Of the 10 units using SDD, three apply it to all intubated patients and five do not use intravenous antibiotics in their protocol.
The use of low dose plain solutions of local anaesthetic agents for spinal anaesthesia in the prone position: bupivacaine compared with levobupivacaine
Authors: Cuvas O. , Gulec H. , Karaaslan M. , Basar H.
Published: December 2008

In this study, we aimed to test the hypothesis that 1‐ml plain solution of 0.5% bupivacaine or 0.5% levopubivacaine administered in a subarachnoid block can provide adequate anaesthesia and operating conditions for pilonidal cyst/sinus operations performed in the prone position. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of patient demographic data, duration of operation, patient‐surgeon satisfaction, haemodynamic changes and side effects. There were no significant differences found in the onset time, highest block level achieved, two segment regression, time to S2 regression of sensory block and the number of anaesthetised dermatomes, between the two groups (p = 0.077, 0.057, 0.091, 0.084 and 0.057 respectively). The incidence of complete motor blockade was 16% and 8% in Group B at the start and at the end of the operation. There was no complete motor blockade in Group L (p = 0.110 and 0.490 respectively). We conclude that both regimens are effective and safe for use in subarachnoid anaesthesia for pilonidal cyst/sinus operations performed in the prone position.
Shape of the thecal sac: L3/4 interspace compared with L4/5*
Authors: Naji M. , Williams M. , Hourihan M. D. , Collis R. E.
Published: December 2008

We retrospectively reviewed 60 normal magnetic resonance imaging scans to assess the anatomical shape of the thecal sac at the L3/4 and L4/5 vertebral interspaces. In all cases the thecal sac was oval at L3/4 but in 26 (43%; 95% CI 31–55%) the thecal sac changed from oval at the L3/4 interspace to triangular at L4/5 (with the apex of the triangle presenting to the posterior epidural space). We propose that this anatomical variant would make it more difficult to obtain cerebrospinal fluid at the lower level, as a slightly lateral approach could lead to identification of the epidural space but failure to puncture the thecal sac. This may offer an explanation for a ‘dry tap’ when a lower interspace is chosen.
Detection of hepatitis E virus RNA and genotype in Bangladesh
Authors: Sugitani Masahiko , Tamura Akinori , Shimizu Yohko K , Sheikh Aleemuzzaman , Kinukawa Noriko , Shimizu Kazufumi , Moriyama Mitsuhiko , Komiyama Kazuo , Li Tian‐Cheng , Takeda Naokazu , Arakawa Yasuyuki , Suzuki Koyu , Ishaque Shamsuddin M , Roy Projesh K , Raihan ASMA , Hasan Mahmud
Published: December 2008

Background/Aims:  Hepatitis E virus (HEV) in Bangladesh has not been adequately documented. We report HEV RNA and genotype detection in Bangladesh.

Methods:  In total, 82 samples were used; 36 sporadic acute hepatitis (AH), 12 fulminant hepatitis (FH), 14 chronic liver disease (CLD) and 20 from an apparently healthy population (HP) positive for both immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG specific anti‐HEV antibodies (anti‐HEV). The male/female ratio was 61/21, ages 12–67 (mean 30.4) years. RNA was extracted, transcribed to cDNA and amplified in nt 6345–6490 (ORF2) of HEV. Nucleic and amino acid sequences were determined. Homology comparison between Bangladesh clones and other representative HEV clones and phylogenetic tree analyses were done. Relations between HEV RNA‐positivity and clinical factors were analyzed.

Results:  HEV RNA was positive in 9/36 (25.0%) of AH cases, 4/12 (33.3%) FH, 3/14 (21.4%) CLD and 0/20 (0%) HP samples; total 16/82 (19.5%). Four factors correlated significantly with HEV RNA‐positivity (Mann‐Whitney U test); alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (P = 0.0229), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (P = 0.0448), and titers of IgG (P = 0.0208) and IgM (P = 0.0095) specific anti‐HEV. The 16 HEV clones were divided mainly into two groups, A and B, including six different cDNA sub‐groups.

Conclusion:  HEV RNA was found in sporadic AH and FH and sub‐clinical CLD cases, but not in HP. HEV RNA‐positivity was significantly related to values of ALT and AST and titers of IgG and IgM specific anti‐HEV, with IgM specific anti‐HEV showing the most significant relationship. All clones were genotype I, which is prevalent in South Asia.
THE ARTIFICIAL BLADDER: A REVIEW
Authors: GLASER S.
Published: December 2008

The possible advantages of an artificial bladder can be stated briefly. In a small number of cases coming to surgery it may be necessary to leave the patient with a wet colostomy. This is an unpleasant and relatively uncontrollable stoma. It is suggested that having two controllable stomata, one with clean urine draining and the other passing a solid stool once or twice a day, is far better and more sanitary than having a continual leak of a urinary solution of feces. The other advantages are all inherent in the recognised disadvantages of ureterocolic anastomosis, some of which have been so excellently reviewed by Jacobs (1952). The advantages suggested are: (1) by using an isolated segment of bowel one can avoid ascending infection; (2) one can avoid dilatation by using a direct mucosa to mucosa technique without fearing gas or faecal reflux; (3) one can probably avoid biochemical disturbances by having only a small area of bowel bathed in urine and by keeping that empty by continuous drainage. Much of this is as yet unproved hypothesis, but even the small number of observations made so far support the validity of these assumptions.

I am indebted to the Honorary Editors of the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine for their kind permission to publish this paper, which was read at a meeting of the Section of Urology on 27th March 1952.
PELVIC HYDRONEPHROSIS TREATED BY ILEAL BY‐PASS OF THE URETER
Authors: Welbourn R. B. , Livingston R. H.
Published: December 2008

A case of bilateral pelvic hydronephrosis associated with intermittent attacks of left ureteric obstruction has been treated by inserting a loop of ileum between the pelvis of the ureter and the bladder, leaving the adynamic ureter intact. The result two years later is encouraging.
CUTANEOUS URETEROSTOMY WITH SKIN TUBE and PLASTIC CUP APPLIANCE, TOGETHER WITH TRANSURETERO‐URETERAL ANASTOMOSIS
Authors: Obrant Karl Ola
Published: December 2008

To avoid the use of a ureteral catheter in cutaneous ureterostomy a conical skin tube has been constructed round the outer end of the ureter. This has been covered with a cup appliance shaped in accordance with a plaster cast of the skin surrounding the skin tube. In two cases this operation was combined with uretero‐ureteral anastomosis. Cutaneous ureterostomy with formation of a skin tube is carried out as a first stage and the uretero‐ureteral anastomosis should be performed as a second stage, when the cutaneous ureter has become established in its new position. The patients are completely fit for work after this operation, and the trouble they experience from their appliance is so insignificant that we prefer this operation to ileocystoplasty in some cases of contracted bladder with reduced renal function.
RENAL CALCULUS and PERINEPHRIC SUPPURATION DUE TO A PENETRATING BONE FRAGMENT
Authors: Boulter P. S. , Grove S. S.
Published: December 2008

A case of renal calculus and perinephric suppuration associated with a sinus leading into the colon is described. The unusual feature of a fish bone forming the nucleus of a renal stone is of added interest. The fish bone is considered to have perforated the colon before entering the kidney.
ERYTHROPLASIA OF QUEYRAT
Authors: Payne Richard A.
Published: December 2008

Two cases of erythroplasia of Queyrat are presented, one showing malignant change. Fifty cases of carcinoma of the penis are reviewed for similar origins. The nature of the condition is discussed.
TOTAL ADRENALECTOMY FOR MALIGNANT HYPERTENSION1
Authors: HANLEY HOWARD G.
Published: December 2008

Summarising, it would seem that as a means of lowering blood‐pressure, adrenalectomy does not have much to offer, but as a means of keeping the patients alive in complete comfort it appears to be effective. Surgery of this nature should be considered as soon as malignant hypertension patients begin to show some diminution of renal function.

It is well known that some patients can continue for many years in a state of essential hypertension, which quite suddenly may enter a malignant phase. If this is accompanied by a diminution in renal function, adrenalectomy may well offer the best chance of survival. In the same way cases of malignant hypertension which are controlled by hypotensive drugs may suddenly show a rise in blood urea. Again this is the time for adrenalectomy. It must be emphasised, however, that the figures for“normal”renal function vary with different individuals, so that an early rise in the blood urea or a fall in urea clearance can be detected only if a series of previous readings have been recorded; hence the importance of repeated renal function tests during the treatment of malignant hypertension with ganglion‐blocking agents.

Only by accumulating more experience of this type of surgery will it be possible to compare our long‐term results with those of hypotensive drug therapy.
CYSTOMETRY IN MEGAURETER‐MEGACYSTIS SYNDROME1
Authors: Leibowitz S. , O'Donnell M. B.
Published: December 2008

The cystometrograms of megaureter‐megacystis cases show a marked deviation from the normal pattern: large volumes held at high pressures and with minimal detrusor activity.

Some cases diagnosed as“bladder‐neck obstruction”have cystometrograms indistinguishable qualitatively from those of megacystis cases, but with smaller capacities.

In the investigation of the mechanism of these conditions, cystometry may yet provide some answers, but new methods will have to be developed as the standard cystometric filling curve provides only limited and relatively non‐specific information.
THE ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY1
Authors: Parsons F. M. , McCracken B. H.
Published: December 2008

1. A description of the Kolff‐Brigham artificial kidney is given.

2. The chemical and clinical response to dialysis is described.

3. The results obtained in seventy dialyses on forty‐six patients are presented.

4. The indications for performing a dialysis are outlined.

5. The variation in the metabolic response found in patients with tubular necrosis is stressed, and a classification into mild, moderate, and severe is suggested.
NEW CONCEPTS IN THE INITIAL MANAGEMENT OF EXTROVERSION OF THE BLADDER1
Authors: STURDY D. E.
Published: December 2008

Eighty‐eight cases of bladder extroversion seen and treated at one centre are surveyed.

The changing trends in the management of these cases are discussed.

The reasons for failure of bladder inversion in all the male and one‐half of the female cases are investigated.

A new operation is suggested for the initial management of those patients not suitable for inversion of the bladder.

The operation of “cutaneous trigonostomy” or “trigonostomy” is described in detail.

The results of this new procedure are analysed.
LONG‐TERM CATHETER DRAINAGE IN THE MALE1
Authors: Roberts J. B. M. , Linton K. B. , Pollard B. R. , Mitchell J. P. , Gillespie W. A.
Published: December 2008

The sources and routes of infection during continuous bladder drainage are discussed and illustrated. Twenty‐nine male patients had continuous closed bladder drainage for periods of seven to seventy‐seven days with an overall infection rate of 21 per cent. When accidental disruption of the closed circuit and repeated urethral instrumentation were avoided no patient became infected. Further improvements in the management of closed drainage are suggested.

We wish to thank the consultant surgical staff of the United Bristol Hospitals, Southmead General Hospital and Frenchay Hospital, Bristol, for permission to investigate their patients. We are also grateful to Mr Ashton Miller for his help and advice during these studies.
THE TREATMENT OF ADVANCED CARCINOMA OF THE BLADDER
Authors: Roberts D. I.
Published: December 2008

A five‐year experience of the treatment of advanced bladder cancer in a small Australian base hospital is presented. In the light of dissatisfaction with present treatment methods other avenues are being explored although the comfort of the patient must remain the prime consideration.
URETHROCYSTOGRAPHY IN THE MALE
Authors: VEIGA–PIRES J. A. , ELEBUTE E. A.
Published: December 2008

Cystourethrography is valuable in the investigation of the lower urinary tract, and we have been using it in the study of the pathology of the urethra.

An anatomo–radiological classification of the urethral segments is proposed, and some conditions are discussed with attention to the type and distribution of strictures. Fistulas follow intravasation of urine into the cavernous spaces and veins during micturition with subsequent thrombophlebitis and abscess formation secondary to pyasmic emboli in the penile venous plexus. The urethrovesical injection stream effect as a sign of bladder neck contraction is described.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE FUNCTION OF THE BLADDER NECK AND URETHRA IN THE DOG
Authors: ARDRAN G. M. , COPE V. , ESSENHIGH D. M. , TUCKEY M.
Published: December 2008

Observations have been made of voiding in 10 dogs in response to direct bladder filling, and intravenous injection of carbachol or bethanechol before and after section of the urethra at the bladder neck.

The isolated bladder is seen to be continent, and similar emptying pressures before and after urethral section at the bladder neck indicate that the primary functional sphincter of the bladder is in this region, and the urethra is unnecessary to maintain continence in the normal dog.

The effects of carbachol and bethanechol are compared and it was found that in high doses carbachol causes distension of the posterior urethra with retention of urine due apparently to spasm of the external sphincter. When increasing doses of bethanechol were administered, the bladder emptied normally. This difference of action is probably due to the marked nicotinic effect possessed by carbachol.

After division of the neck of the bladder both carbachol and bethanechol caused a vigorous detrusor contraction with a large rise in intravesical pressure, and complete urinary retention in five dogs. This observation is believed to be significant and is in accordance with Woodburne's (1960) hypothesis that longitudinal muscle fibres passing through the internal meatus into the urethra are responsible for opening the neck of the bladder.
CRYPTORCHIDISM IN UNIOVULAR TWINS
Authors: FARRINGTON G. H.
Published: December 2008

Four pairs of uniovular twins are described, in which one or both members presented with cryptorchidism.

The existing literature is discussed in the light of recent trends in diagnosis and treatment.

A plea is made for the further study of cryptorchidism in twins, especially with regard to fertility in adult life and to assist in the understanding of the aetiology of this condition.

I would like to express my gratitude to the Consultant Staff of St George's Hospital, London, and the United Norwich Hospitals for their permission to investigate and report upon their patients.
AN UNCOMMON ANOMALY OF POSITION OF THE PENIS 1
Authors: II HUGH H. YOUNG , GOODWIN WILLARD E.
Published: December 2008

An uncommon anomaly of position of the penis is described. The anatomical features are similar to those associated with exstrophy of the urinary bladder. In this patient the genitourinary system was intact except for the strange position of the penis. The penis pointed upward toward the patient's head and was held in that position by a fibrous band of tissue between the widely separated pubic bones. There was also a spread of the rectus muscles with a ventral hernia between them.

The condition was corrected surgically, and the technique is described.

Probably the cause of this condition is partial persistence of a cloacal membrane which existed to a lesser degree than in patients who have exstrophy of the urinary bladder with associated epispadias.
THE RENOGRAM AND ITS QUANTITATION
Authors: BROWN N. J. G. , BRITTON K. E.
Published: December 2008

The interpretation of the renogram is not straightforward. This is due to the complexity of the kidney and not to any complexity in the technique of renography. The commonly used empirical method of interpretation is discussed. The technique of Computer Assisted Blood Background Subtraction (C.A.B.B.S.) renography is described and a theory of the renogram is presented which leads to a rigorous method of quantitation. The ratio between the efficiencies with which the kidneys take up Hippuran can be obtained. This is equivalent to the ratio of the effective renal plasma flows. It is hoped to quantitate aspects of the mechanism of transport of Hippuran through the kidney in order to assess renal autoregulation and other aspects of nephron function.
PART I RADIOLOGY
Authors: HODSON C. J. , CRAVEN J. D. , LEWIS D. G. , CLARKE R. J. , Ross E. J.
Published: December 2008

Following unilateral ligation and reanastomosis of a ureter in pigs a series of “acute” changes in overall renal size occur which may be of clinical importance.

The accompanying “parenchymal” changes (macroscopic) of obstructive atrophy form the basis of a specific radiological picture similar to that found in man, which persists unchanged apart from some subsequent growth after obstruction is removed and which remains definable after a period of complete obstruction lasting only a few days.

There is evidence that the intra–renal by–pass is operating towards the end of the second week.

The sequence of events is altered in the presence of arterial disease, and partial instead of complete ureteric obstruction.
PART III RENAL ARTERY CHANGES IN EXPERIMENTAL HYDRONEPHROSIS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RENAL ARTERY STENOSIS DUE TO FIBRO–MUSCULAR HYPERPLASIA
Authors: MATZ L. R. , HODSON C. J. , CRAVEN J. D.
Published: December 2008

Main renal and pelvic artery branches of pigs were found to develop ruptures and deficiencies of the internal elastic lamina during experimental hydronephrosis. Arteries supplying the affected kidney were predominantly affected but in some instances the elastic laminae changes were present in the arteries supplying the contralateral kidneys.

One obstructed kidney, known to be of normal size before ureteric ligation, was found to have renal artery stenosis due to fibromuscular medial hyperplasia. Evidence is presented that this may be causally related to ureteric obstruction.
Screening for Bacteriuria with a Dip‐stick Test for Urinary Glucose
Authors: MACKINNON A. E. , STRACHAN C. J. L. , SLEIGH J. D. , BURNS M. M.
Published: December 2008

Uriglox, a dip‐stick screening test for bacteriuria, and Uricult, a dip‐slide method of culture, were compared with semi‐quantitative culture by a standard technique.

The dip‐stick test, carried out on 415 specimens of urine from out‐patients and 205 from in‐patients, gave negative results in over 40% of specimens shown to have bacteriuria on culture.

The results of the 2 cultural methods were in close agreement.
The Pressure Exerted by the External Sphincter of the Urethra when its Motor Nerve Fibres are Stimulated Electrically
Authors: BRINDLEY G. S. , RUSHTON D. N. , CRAGGS M. D.
Published: December 2008

It is possible, through anal electrodes that we have designed specially for the purpose, to stimulate all the motor fibres of the pudendal nerves and thus cause maximal contractions of the muscles that they innervate. Anal and vaginal devices now in use for treating incontinence do not do this.

The force exerted by the anal sphincter under tetanic stimulation of its motor nerve fibres is, during the first few seconds, greater for high than for low frequencies of stimulation. But the sphincter fatigues more at high frequencies, so that if the force is measured between the 3rd and the 10th minute of stimulation it is greater for 12 pulses/sec than for 54 pulses/sec; 24 pulses/sec gives intermediate force. The fatigue is almost complete in 2 minutes.

The opening pressure for retrograde flow through the external sphincter of the urethra is roughly 120 mm Hg during prolonged maximal tetanic stimulation at 12 pulses/sec, and roughly 90 mm Hg during prolonged maximal stimulation at 54 pulses/sec.

Stimulation through our anal electrodes with shocks large enough to cause maximal contraction of the pelvic floor muscles causes in both sexes, at 12 or 24 pulses/sec, complete inability to expel urine during at least 10 minutes. We give evidence that the inability is due to the contraction of the striated muscles that close the urethra, not to inhibition of detrusor contraction. The stimuli do tend to inhibit detrusor contraction, but this tendency can be overcome with practice.

We confirm published observations that total bilateral pudendal block is compatible with continence and with voluntary micturition. Continence is sustained against 110 mm Hg lung pressure. Micturition, though possible, is slowed.
Invasive Potential of Superficial Bladder Cancer: A Study of the Relative Merits of Predictive Parameters
Authors: DAS G. , BUXTON N. J. C. , GLASHAN R. W.
Published: December 2008

Summary— The indirect immunoperoxidase test to detect urothelial cell surface blood group antigens was performed in an attempt to assess the loss of these antigens as a prognostic predictor. In our technique A, B and O(H) blood group specific monoclonal antibodies were used. It was possible to perform the test satisfactorily on histological material from 55 cases which were superficial on presentation; 15 subsequently became invasive. The loss of surface antigens correlated well with histological grade—44.4% of G1, 87.2% of G2 and 94.1% of G3 tumours were antigen‐negative.

The blood group phenotype of 114 patients was studied. In the group that subsequently became invasive, 14 of 26 (54%) were of blood group A phenotype compared with 37 of 88 (42%) in the non‐invasive category.

Acetylation studies were performed on 47 cases. In the group that subsequently became invasive, 5 of 10 (50%) had the slow phenotype of the enzyme N‐acetyltransferase compared with 13 of 37 (35%) in the group that remained superficial.