bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ESTIMATION AND CORRECTION OF EGG MORTALITY RATES FROM SAMPLE DATA OF TWO COEXISTING LEAF BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE: PAROPSINI)
Authors: Mo J. H. , Farrow R. A.
Published: April 2007

From December 1988 to February 1989, five samples of egg populations of two coexisting paropsine leaf beetles, Paropsis atomaria Olivier and Chrysophtharta variicollis (Chapuis), were collected from a young Eucalyptus blakelyi plantation on the Australian National University campus in Canberra. The initial estimates of egg mortality rates were adjusted to take account of the effects of misclassification of mortality factors, and that collected egg batches had a shorter length of time in which they were exposed to mortality factors than their field counterparts. The estimates of parasitisation and predation rates increased substantially at each step, while the estimates of mortality rates due to other factors decreased at the first step, but increased at the second step. The importance for appropriate adjustments is discussed.
VIRGIN PRODUCTION OF FEMALE OFFSPRING IN A USUALLY ARRHENOTOKOUS WASP, SPALANGIA ENDIUSWALKER (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE)
Authors: Bandara H. M. J. , Walter G. H.
Published: April 2007

Spalangia endius, a parasitoid of house fly puparia, is usually arrhenotokous. We report results which demonstrate that some virgin females also produce female offspring. The limited evidence available suggests this ability is not transmitted to subsequent generations.
ISCHNAUCHEN,A NEW GENUS FORAPHIORHYNCHUS COSTATUSMcKEOWN (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE)
Authors: Scambler D. J.
Published: April 2007

Ischnauchengen.n. is described forAphiorhynchus costatusMcKeown, which is redescribed, designated as type species, and placed in the tribe Psilomorphini.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Halliday R. B.
Published: April 2007

Principles of Acarology. G. O. Evans. C.A.B. International:
REVIEW OF THE AUSTRALIAN EPILACHNINAE (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE)
Authors: Li C. S.
Published: April 2007

The Australian Epilachninae are reviewed. Epilachna dawkinsi is described. New synonymies established are: E. pardalis (Boisduval, 1835) with Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fabricius, 1775); E. doryca (Boisduval, 1835) and E. philippinensis Dieke, 1947 with H. vigintisexpunctata (Boisduval, 1835); and E. terraereginae Blackburn, 1895 with H. suffusa (Crotch, 1874). Henosepilachna Li, 1961 is removed from synonymy with Epilachna Chevrolat, 1834. New combinations proposed are: H. vigintisexpunctata (Boisduval), H. cucurbitae (Richards, 1983), H. mjoebergi (Weise, 1923), H. urvillei (Montrouzier, 1861) and H. suffusa (Crotch), all transferred from Epilachna Chevrolat. E. undecimvariolata (Boisduval, 1835) recorded from Tasmania is shown to be a misidentification. A key to the two genera and 10 species known in Australia is provided. A lectotype is designated for Epilachna borealis (Fabricius, 1775), the genotype of Epilachna.
EARLY STAGES, BIOLOGY AND TAXONOMIC STATUS OFTISIPHONE HELENA(OLLIFF) (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE: SATYRINAE)
Authors: Braby M. F.
Published: April 2007

The early stages, male genitalia and general biology of Tisiphone helena are described and compared with those of T. abeona (Donovan). T. helena larvae feed on Gahnia sieberiana Kunth and G. aspera Spreng. (Cyperaceae), although the former is the preferred host plant. Mean developmental times of egg, larva and pupa at 24.5°C are 10.3, 101.1 and 15.8 d, respectively. Females are monogamous and reproductively active soon after emergence in the late dry season. Morphological and behavioural differences between the immature stages of T. helena and T. abeona are minor. They diverge in the final instar with T. helena exhibiting strong polymorphism; larvae vary from green to brown with intermediate morphs. Differences in male genitalia between the two taxa provide support for the recognition of T. helena as a distinct taxon. The ecology of T. helena is briefly discussed and compared with that of other Australian tropical Satyrinae.
THE MYRMECOPHILOUS ORGANS OFARHOPALA MADYTUSFRUHSTORFER (LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE)
Authors: Hill C. J.
Published: April 2007

The myrmecophilous organs of the larva and pupa of A. madytus are described and compared to some other lycaenid species. In keeping with other myrmecophiles, the larvae of A. madytus possess both a Newcomer's organ and tentacular organs. They also produce stridulations by rapid vibration of abdominal segments five and six. The pupae of A. madytus have a stridulatory organ which is typical of lycaenids, but also appear to possess a functional Newcomer's organ and modified tentacular organs. The importance of vibration as a previously ignored means of ant‐lycaenid communication is emphasised.
Abundance and Spaital Distribution of Mosquitoes at Lake Bullawarra, Queensland (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Fanning I. D. , MARKS E. N. , WILLIAMS G. M. , KAY B. H.
Published: April 2007

During 1976–78, seven trips were made to Lake Bullawarra and 29,118 mosquitoes comprising 19 species were collected. Vertical and horizontal distribution of mosquitoes was investigated using chicken baited traps at three different heights (0,6 and 12 m) and three horizontal distances from shore (0, 31 and 57 m). Culex quinque fasciatus was the most localised species, being captured at ground level and close to the lake shore. Culex annulirostris, Anopheles annulipes s.l. and Aedes eidsvoldensis were also more common close to the ground, but no significant differences in the distribution of these species were found away from the lake edge. These species were also the most common in the majority of the other collections.
A Survey of Organophosphate Susceptibility in Populations of Bovicola ovis (Schrank) (Phthiraptera: Trichodectidae)
Authors: LEVOT GARRY W.
Published: April 2007

A toxicological survey of 28 field populations of the sheep body louse, Bovicola ovis, identified only one strain whose response to diazinon was recognisably separate from the normally distributed responses of the other strains. the resistance factor (at LC50) of this strain was about 9 times. Resistance to diazinon correlated positively with resistance to coumaphos, but not to propetamphos. the lack of correlation between strain resistances to diazinon and cypermethrin indicates that organophosphate chemicals can be recommended to woolgrowers whose flocks are infested by pyrethroid‐resistant lice. Conversely, the results presented here suggest that, at least for the diazinon‐resistant strain, a pyrethroid or propetamphos treatment would be the most appropriate control option.
Relationships of the Australian GenusSynercticusNewman (Coleoptera: Boridae)
Authors: LAWRENCE JOHN F. , POLLOCK DARREN A.
Published: April 2007

SynercticusNewman is diagnosed and placed in Synercticinae, subfam. n. within the Boridae. Comparisons are made with the other genera of Boridae (BorosHerbst,LecontiaChampion) and members of the related family Pythidae.OsphyoplesiusWinkler is removed from the Boridae and tentatively placed in the Pythidae. the known geographic distribution ofSynercticus heteromerusNewman (=Aposyla piceaPascoe, syn. n.) is given.
Antennal Morphology of Nacoliea octasema (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Wilkie LANCE
Published: April 2007

The antennal morphology of Nacoliea octasema, is described from specimens collected in northern Queensland, where it is a serious pest of bananas. the following categories of sensilla are described: Böhms bristles, trichoid sensilla (two morphs), basiconic sensilla, chaetic sensilla (two morphs), coeloconic sensilla, and styloconic sensilla. Significant sexual dimorphism was observed, in terms of numbers of flagellum segments and numbers of type 2 trichoid sensilla, probably associated with the detection of a female sex attractant pheromone.
Monitoring and Identification of Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Authors: LAYLAND J. K. , UPTON M. , BROWN H. H.
Published: April 2007

A brief introduction is given to Thrips palmi, a horticultural pest recently introduced to Australia. Methods developed in the Northern Territory to trap thrips with blue sticky‐board traps and water‐tray traps for monitoring purposes and the techniques used for rapid preparation and identification are described. A brief description of specific characters which may be used to differentiate between T. palmi and four other closely related, economic species found in Australia is provided.
Preliminary Observations on Eumetopina sp. (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) as a Vector of Ramu Stunt Disease of Sugarcane in Papua New Guinea
Authors: KUNIATA L. S. , YOUNG G. R. , PAIS E. , JONES P. , NAGARAJA H.
Published: April 2007

A pot trial conducted in 1992 at Ramu Sugar Ltd., Papua New Guinea, indicated that the leafhopper Eumetopina sp. was most effective in the transmission of Ramu stunt disease of sugarcane. Ramu stun:‐like symptoms were first observed in test sugarcane plants 9–12 weeks after the introduction of infected insects.
Control of Larvae of Antitrogus consanguineus (Blackburn) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) by Injection of Metarhizium anisopliae Conidia into Soil
Authors: ALLSOPP P. G. , McGILL N. G. , LICASTRO K. A. , MILNER R. J.
Published: April 2007

Metarhizium anisopliae strain EF173 grown on 2 kg lots of wheat grain in autoclave bags yielded 3.99 × 1013 conidia per bag. an aqueous suspension of conidia was injected into the soil around sugarcane plants infested with southern one‐year canegrub Antitrogus consanguineus at the rate of 7.5 × 1010 conidia per plant. the number of larvae decreased 42% by 64 d post‐treatment. 49% of the surviving larvae died from M. anisopliae after an additional 25‐d incubation period in the laboratory. In another trial, a higher dose of 3.75 × 1011 conidia per plant was applied, yet there was no significant reduction in larval numbers 42 d post‐treatment. However, 59% of live larvae removed from treated plots and held in the laboratory died from M. anisopliae infection within 25 d. Injection of liquid formulations of M. anisopliae conidia has considerable potential for use in the control of canegrubs; the greatest constraint is the long time to achieve significant mortality.
Book Review
Authors: LEARMONTH S. E.
Published: April 2007

Managing Insects and Mites in Horticultural Crops. E. J. Brough, R. J. Elder and C. H. S. Beavis (Eds).
Book Review
Authors: SIMPSON G. B.
Published: April 2007

Soil Biota: Management in Sustainable Farming Systems. Pankhurst, C. E., Doube, B. M., Gupta, V. V. S. R. and Grace, P. R. (Eds).
Identity of Two Phycitine Pests on Macadamia (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Phycitinae)
Authors: HORAK MARIANNE
Published: April 2007

The correct taxonomic identity of the “macadamia flower caterpillar” (Cryptoblabes hemigypsaTurner) and the “kernel grub” (Assara seminivale(Turner)) is established and the two species are redescribed and figured.C. hemigypsahas generally been misidentified asHomoeosoma vagellaZeller, andA. seminivalehas been referred to asCataremnasp., a misspelling ofCateremnaMeyrick which is a junior subjective synonym ofAssaraWalker.
Life Table and Key Factor Studies of Ctenarytaina thysanura Ferris and Klyver (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) on Boronia megastigma Nees. ex Bartl. (Rutaceae) in Tasmania
Authors: MENSAH R. K. , MADDEN J. L.
Published: April 2007

The psyllid pest Ctenarytaina thysanura was studied intensively in Tasmania, Australia for nine generations from 1986 to 1989, and the identification and quantification of different mortality factors determined by key factor analysis. the analysis identified mortalities of late stage nymphs as key factors influencing C. thysanura populations. Simple graphical analysis suggested that the more predators and parasitoids there are per prey individual the higher the relative prey mortality and that predators and parasitoids acted as regulating agents at low psyllid densities but once the psyllid attained higher densities the negative feedback regulating effect is disengaged. the predators and parasitoids acted in a delayed density dependent manner with a negative feedback delay of two generations. In the absence of these agencies, through indiscriminate spraying, psyllid numbers increased significantly to be ultimately limited by an absence of the essential resource, the terminal shoot. Intraspecific competition for space and food during host plant deterioration resulted in reduction of size and emigration of adult psyllids.
The Identity of Dacus limbipennis Macquart (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: DREW R. A. I. , HANCOCK D. L. , WHITE I. M.
Published: April 2007

Dacus limbipennis Macquart, described from Indonesia, is placed as a new synonym of the West African Dacus armatus Fabricius. the type‐locality “Java” is considered an error.
Acalolepta vastator(Newman) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Infesting Grapevines in the Hunter Valley, New South Wales 2. Biology and Ecology
Authors: GOODWIN S. , PETTIT M. A.
Published: April 2007

Research into seasonal development of fig longicorn,Acalolepta vastator, demonstrated an annual life cycle with adults emerging between October and March, with a 12–21 d pre‐ovipositional period and longevity up to 6 months. Peak adult emergence occurred in January and February and male: female sex ratio varied between 1:1 and 1:2. Males outnumbered females in the early emergence period, whilst females were more numerous between January and March. Peak oviposition also occurred between January and March, with the base of young vine canes on main or secondary arms less preferred as an oviposition site (49%) than the trunk (51%). Data indicated that while, on average, 2.25 eggs were laid per female and up to six new egg laying sites may be selected per vine, only 0.8 mature larvae per vine survived. Egg hatch with a 60% success rate took 2–4 d and early larval development occurred on and just under the surface of the bark during the first four instars. Nine larval instars were identified with a mean total larval period of 38 weeks. Pupae were recorded from August and had a developmental period of around 20 d. No parasites or predators were recorded, butBeauvaria bassianadid infect a small number of larvae during wet conditions in the field. Data show that 75% of mature larvae occur in the trunk, with over 60% of all larvae completing their development in the area proximal to the fork in the grapevine.
Book Review
Authors: GORDH GORDON
Published: April 2007

The Indo‐Australian Agaoninae (pollinators of figs). J. T. Wiebes
The Distribution, Status and Habitat Associations of the Satyrine (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) Fauna of Northeastern Australia
Authors: BRABY M. F.
Published: April 2007

The geographic distribution, relative abundance and habitat associations of tropical satyrine butterflies were studied in north‐eastern Australia in 1990‐92. Three species, Mycalesis evara, Ypthima pusilla and Geitoneura klugii, are excluded from the region so that only 16 species are now recognised north of the Tropic of Capricorn. of these, Melanitis amabilis has not been recorded from Australia since 1910; M. constantia is restricted to Murray Island, Torres Strait; Orsotriaena medus, may now only occur in the Torres Strait islands; while Heteronympha merope appears to be a rare southern vagrant. the remaining 12 species occurred predominantly in the moist coastal lowland area, and few penetrated the drier inland zone. Most intruded into montane areas, but, with the exceptions of Melanitis leda, Hypocysta metirius and Tisiphone helena, were comparatively scarce in this zone. the tropical satyrine fauna, which comprises northern, southern and endemic elements, is relatively species poor compared with that of temperate south‐eastern Australia.
Phenology and Food Preferences of Labidura truncata Kirby (Dermaptera: Labiduridae) in Western Victoria
Authors: HORNE P. A. , EDWARD C. L.
Published: April 2007

The native earwig Labidura truncata was relatively abundant in pitfall traps at a site in cropping land in the Wimmera region of Victoria. It was an important predator and attacked a range of soft‐bodied insects, including pest species. Weekly pitfall‐trapping from April 1993 to March 1994 yielded the greatest numbers between November and February when both juveniles and adults were present. Peak numbers of winged adults were obtained in November and December, with initially greater numbers of males than females.
An Artificial Diet Suitable for Testing Antimetabolic Products Against Sugarcane Whitegrubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: ALLSOPP P. G.
Published: April 2007

The suitability of three artificial diets for testing the effects of antimetabolic products on the development and survival of melolonthine canegrubs was tested. One diet based on wheat germ and casein resulted in the best growth rate and survival in larvae of Antitrogus parvulus Britton and Lepidiota negatoria Blackburn and was successfully used to test the effects of soybean trypsin inhibitor on larvae of A. consanguineus (Blackburn). the same diet without sucrose was less effective, but should be useful for testing sugar‐binding lectins.
Virulence of the Entomogenous Fungi Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin, M. flavoviride Gams and Rozsypal and Beauveria bassiana (Ballsamo) Vuillemin to Adoryphorus couloni (Burmeister) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: RATH A. C. , WORLEDGE D. , ANDERSON G. C. , CARR C. J.
Published: April 2007

Two isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae and one isolate each of M. flavoviride and Beauveria bassiana, originally isolated from the redheaded pasture cockchafer, Adoryphorus couloni, were bioassayed for their virulence against both L3 larvae and adults. Only M. anisopliae DAT F‐001 was highly virulent to both larvae and adults. At a concentration of 2 × 106 spores/g sand‐peat, the LT50 for larvae at 20°C was 24.5 d. M. flavoviride was not pathogenic to larvae but was pathogenic to adults at all three concentrations tested (2 × 104 2 × 105, 2 × 106 spores/g sand‐peat mix). B. bassiana was not pathogenic to either larvae or adults, but this isolate, M. flavoviride and M. anisopliae DAT F‐001 reduced the number of eggs produced by 50‐75% at the 105 and 106 concentrations. Germination studies on the isolates showed that M. anisopliae DAT F‐001 and M. flavoviride could germinate at temperatures relevant to field conditions (5‐15 °C).
A new species of Dinychus Kramer from Tasmania (Acarina: Dinychidae)
Authors: BLOSZYK J. , HALLIDAY R. B.
Published: April 2007

Dinychus greensladeae sp.n. (Acarina: Dinychidae) is described from specimens collected in Tasmanian forests. the new species is similar to D. perforatus Kramer and D. carinatus Berlese, but differs from them in several morphological features, especially the very long anterior process on the epigynial shield of the female. This is the first record of Dinychidae Berlese and Dinychus Kramer from the southern hemisphere.
Mass Rearing of Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on Butternut Gramma
Authors: ELDER R. J. , SMITH D.
Published: April 2007

Oriental scale, Aonidiellaorientalis, was successfully reared in the laboratory on butternut grammafor at least 30 generations. Males took 19.5 ± 2.7 d (mean ± SD) from the crawler stage to adult. Females took 44.2 ± 2.4 d from the crewler stage to production of the first crewler of the subsequent generation. the scale colony is primarily used to produce parasitoids for limited release to the papaw industry.
Comparison of Two Types of Traps and Lure Dispensers for Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: WIJESURIYA S. R. , DE LIMA C. P. F.
Published: April 2007

Two types of traps were compared for a period of 8 weeks in a citrus orchard to decide on the most suitable to use in a surveillance program for the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata). the results showed that the Lynfield “pot” trap was significantly more efficient than the Jackson “sticky” trap, cheaper to construct, easier to maintain, and better suited to the monitoring program. Magnet® TML 70‐0 solid controlled release dispensers were compared over a period of 15 weeks in citrus orchards with standard Capilure cotton wicks. While both attracted equal numbers of C. capitata, Magnet® TML 70‐0 dispensers at 10 times the cost øf capilure wicks were not economical in large‐scale trapping programs.
Pollen Mite, Melittiphis alvearius (Berlese) (Acarina: Laelapidae) Newly Recorded from Beehives in Australia
Authors: KNIHINICKI DANUTA K. , HALLIDAY R. B.
Published: April 2007

pollen mite, Melilriphisulvearius, also known as the bee mite, is reported from Australia for the first time. It was previously bnown from continental Europe, Russia, Great Britain, New Zealand, Canada, United States of America and Chile. A survey of mites in honey bee (Apis me//!fera L.) colonies in three apiaries in New South Wales showed that M. alvearius was locally abundant. This mite species is not parasitic 011 honey bee,. No parasitic bee mites, Varroa spp., were found in any of the beehives examined.
Thelytoky in Taeniogonalos venatoria Riek (Hymenoptera: Trigonalyidae), with Notes on its Distribution and First Description of Males
Authors: WEINSTEIN P. , AUSTIN A. D.
Published: April 2007

The Trigonalyidae, which have previously been thought to reproduce arrhenotokously like most parasitic Hymenoptera, are added to the list of families from which thelytoky (true parthenogenesis) is recorded. This has been inferred for Taeniogonalos venatoria Riek on the basis of a male:female sex ratio in the field ranging from about 1:250 to 0:1500. The rare male of this species is described for the first time, and the known distribution of the species extended to include South Australia. The host range of T. venatoria, which parasitises widely dispersing pergid sawfly larvae, is proposed as a possible reason for its thelytokous mode of reproduction.
Evaluation of a Laboratory Bioassay for Determining Resistance Levels to Sorghum Midge Contarinia sorghicola (Coquillett) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Grain Sorghum
Authors: FRANZMANN B. A.
Published: April 2007

The level of resistance to the sorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicola, in a range of grain sorghum hybrids was assessed: in the laboratory, by measuring oviposition (eggs/spikelet and % spikelets infested); in the glasshouse, by measuring oviposition and seed set; and in the field, by measuring panicle weight loss per ovipositing female per day. The levels of oviposition and seed set determined in the laboratory and glasshouse trials were significantly correlated with the field parameter. Number of eggs per spikelet was the laboratory parameter most highly correlated with the field result (r = 0.93, P < 0.01). Studies on the rate of oviposition under the conditions of the bioassay confirmed 6 h as an appropriate interval to expose panicles to midges. A laboratory method based on estimating the number of eggs produced by 5 midge females on 50 flowering spikelets in 6 h at 25°C and 75%orh is suggested as a practical method of testing for level of resistance in those sorghum hybrids showing ovipositional antixenosis.
Natural Incidence of Lagenidium giganteum Couch (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales) Infecting the Biting Midge Culicoides molestus (Skuse) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
Authors: WRIGHT P. J. , EASTON C. S.
Published: April 2007

Culicoides molestus larvae inhabiting canal estate beaches in the Tweed Valley, New South Wales, were infected by the fungus Lagenidium giganteum during 1994. This is the first record of a pathogen infecting C. molestus. The monthly average infection at four sites ranged from 33% to 1.2%. At one site, Endless Summer, epizootics were recorded in August and November with 100% and 62% infection, respectively. with the water adjacent to the canal beach having a salinity of over 30 ppt NaC1.
Two New Species of Homotrixa Villeneuve (Diptera: Tachinidae: Ormiini) from Southwestern Australia, With Data on Biology and Ecology
Authors: BARRACLOUGH DAVID A. , ALLEN GEOFF R.
Published: April 2007

A synopsis of Old World ormiine systematics and biology is given. Homotrixa Villeneuve is differentiated from all four other Old World genera of Ormiini. The generic identity of Homotrixa is discussed. Both sexes of two new species of Homotrixa from southwestern Australia are described, keyed and figured, namely Homotrixa alleni Barraclough sp.n. and H. hirsuta Barraclough sp.n. The puparium of H. alleni is also described. These are the first species of Homotrixa to be described from Australasia; the genus is otherwise known only from the type locality of the type species in Taiwan. Further species of Homotrixa from northern Western Australia, the Northern Territory, Queensland, New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory remain undescribed. The genus appears not to occur south of 36 °s in Australia. Recorded hosts of H. alleni include three species of Tettigoniidae: Sciarasaga quadrata Rentz, Mygalopsis pauperculus (Walker) and Pachysaga croceopteryx Rentz.
Laboratory‐Based, Insecticide Efficacy Studies on Field‐Collected Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Implications for its Management in Australia
Authors: HERRON GRANT A. , ROPHAIL JEANETTE , GULLICK GRAEME C.
Published: April 2007

Two field collected strains of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, were tested against proprietary and experimental formulations of insecticide. Thrips were tested using a novel method whereby thrips were confined in testing units throughout all stages of the bioassay procedure. The bioassay technique proved to be quick and robust. Of the chemicals tested, the two non‐registered compounds chlorfenopyr and fipronil were most active against field‐collected F. occidentalis. The field‐collected strains were tolerant to a range of organophosphate, carbamate and pyrethroid chemicals. Comparisons of dose‐response curves with established field‐use‐rates indicate that only methiocarb and methamidophos are likely to be completely effective in the field. The theoretical implications of the data for management of F. occidentalis in Australia is discussed.
Life History Comparisons of Ground‐ and Canopy‐Nesting Populations of Ochrogaster lunifer Herrich‐Schaffer (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae): Evidence for Two Species?
Authors: FLOATER GRAHAM J.
Published: April 2007

Populations of Ochrogaster lunifer Herrich‐Schaffer display different larval behaviours (ground‐nesting and canopy‐nesting), suggesting the existence of two or more species. Here, the behaviour and biology of ground‐nesting populations are described from extensive surveys in southeastern Queensland. Females oviposit at the base of the host tree, covering the eggs with scales from the anal tuft. The larvae are processionary and pass through eight instars. First instars do not feed, remaining at the base of the tree trunk within the scale mass. Second instars ascend the tree in single file in the morning to feed in the canopy each day, returning to the scale mass after several hours. Later instars feed only at night. Six new host plants are recorded: five species of Acacia, and one species of Casuarina. Predators and parasitoids recorded on 0. lunifer included chalcidoids, dermestids, tachinids and a predatory pyrrhocorid bug. The results of the study highlight a number of major differences between ground‐nesting and canopy‐nesting populations. Differences include habitat and geographical distribution; host plant range; number of instars; size and colour of final instar; size of adult female; oviposition site and larval behaviour. These differences provide further evidence for the existence of two species.
Effects of Petroleum Spray Oils without and with Copper Fungicides on the Control of Citrus Leaf miner, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)
Authors: RAE D. J. , BEATTIE G. A. C. , WATSON D. M. , LIU Z. M. , JIANG L.
Published: April 2007

The efficacies of C23 and C24 petroleum spray oils for the control of citrus leafminer were determined. Both oils significantly suppressed leafminer infestations to similar levels. Combining the C23 oil with either cupric hydroxide or copper oxychloride did not reduce its efficacy against the leafminer. The ability to mix these copper fungicides with petroleum spray oils will allow spray application costs to be reduced.
Culicoides paragarciai, A New Ornatus Group Species from Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
Authors: DYCE ALAN L.
Published: April 2007

The description of Culicoides paragarciai sp.n. from New Guinea is based on three female specimens, one of which was originally misidentified as C. purus Lee and Reye. The new species belongs in the Ornatus Group and is morphologically very similar to C. garciai Wirth and Hubert that was observed feeding on mud‐skipper fish on the Malay Peninsula. Comparative numerical data and illustrations are presented as a basis for the differentiation of C. paragarciai, C. garciai and C. purus and the possibility is discussed that C. paragarciai may also feed on mud‐skippers that are abundant in mangrove habitats of New Guinea and the Australian tropics.
Development of Trichogramma australicurn Girault (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) on Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) Eggs (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: DAHLAN A. N. , GORDH GORDON
Published: April 2007

Trichograrnma australicum were reared on eggs of Helicoverpa arrnigera. Immature T. australicurn were studied with a confocal laser scanning microscope and a light microscope. Development of egg, larva, prepupa and pupa required about 24‐26, 24‐26, 42‐47 and 84‐92 h, respectively, at 28°, 45% RH and 12L:12D photoperiod. The eggs of T. australicurn increased significantly in size during incubation. The larval mandibles were gradually revealed as the larva increased in size. Exuviae were not found during the larval stage, and we conclude that T. australicurn has one larval instar. Staining larvae and pre‐pupae with 1% aniline blue dissolved in Neisenheimer's solution induced fluorescence. Stained larvae and pre‐pupae gave a clear image of anatomy when observed with a confocal laser scanning microscope. Urate bodies appeared at the onset of the prepupal stage. The vitelline membrane of host egg gradually blackened. Legs, wings, antennae, body segmentation, genitalia, colour of compound eyes and ocelli became distinct during the prepupal stage. Larval integument and mandibles were shed at the onset of pupation. The adult wasps emerged 182.40 ± 0.40 h (n = 10) after oviposition, 2.80 ± 0.25 (n = 10) wasps emerged from a host egg, and the sex ratio was 1 ♀: 3 ♂♂.
Morphometrics of field populations of Austracris guttulosa (Walker) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in Australia
Authors: ELDER R. J.
Published: April 2007

Field collections of the cyrtacanthacrid locust Austracris guttulosu were made over 5 years in Queensland. Morphometric measurements of elytron length (E), femur length (F) and head capsule width (C) and their ratios E/F and F/C indicated that the species did not exhibit phase polymorphism.
The Native Dialectica aemula (Meyrick) and the Introduced Dialectica scalariella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Australia: Characterisation of Two Closely Related Species on Boraginaceae
Authors: KUMATA TOSIO , HORAK MARIANNE
Published: April 2007

Two gracillariid leaf miners of the genus Dialectica Walsingham are present in Australia on plants belonging to the family Boraginaceae, one a native species here identified as Dialectica aemula (Meyrick) which was originally described from India, and the Palaearctic Dialectica scalariella (Zeller) or Echium leaf miner, deliberately introduced as a biological control agent for Echium plantagineum L. or Paterson's Curse. Differential diagnoses are given for the two species, and they are comprehensively illustrated to enable identification. In contrast to the externally indistinguishable adults, the cocoons of the two species differ significantly in shape and colour and a colour plate allows easy identification.
Life History of Chauliognathus lugubris (F.) (Coleoptera: Cantharidae) in Tasmanian Forests
Authors: SHOHET D. , CLARKE A. R.
Published: April 2007

Aspects of the life history of Chauliognathus lugubris, a predator of eggs and early stage larvae of the Eucalyptus leafbeetle, Chrysophtharta bimaculata, were studied in southern Tasmania. In the laboratory (ambient temperature 15‐25°and artificial diet), the egg to adult period was about 10 months with seven larval stages. Advanced larvae (5th‐7th instar) were collected in the field from soil litter during mid‐winter. Adults were most common in the spring and early summer. with regular field collections suggesting adult longevity of 2‐3 months. Based on the pattern of ovarian development of field‐caught adults, in combination with the long larval development times, it appeared that C. lugubris has only one generation a year.
Australian Distribution of 17 Species of Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) Caught in Cue Lure Traps in February 1994
Authors: OSBORNE R. , MEATS A. , FROMMER M. , SVED J. A. , DREW R. A. I. , ROBSON M. K.
Published: April 2007

We report the first widespread survey of tephritid fruit flies attempted in a single time period. 1,471 cue lure traps caught 17 species, and extensions to previously recorded geographical ranges were detected for seven of them: Bactrocera tryoni, B. neohumeralis, B. frauenfeldi, B. aeroginosa, Dacus absonifascies, D. aequalis and D. newmani. the traps also unexpectedly caught several B. cacuminata and also both males and females of Dirioxa pornia and Ceratitis capitata. the geographical variation in the relative abundance of B. tryoni and B. neohumeralis in the region of their co‐occurrence was in substantial agreement with earlier estimates. the regional variation in abundance of B. tryoni in the eastern states was in accordance with the predictions of a published bioclimatic model. Furthermore, the spread of this species (expected from the model) to several locations in the Northern Territory is recorded here for the first time.
A New Design and some Preliminary Results for a Flight Intercept Trap to Sample Forest Canopy Arthropods
Authors: HILL C. J. , CERMAK M.
Published: April 2007

With increasing interest in describing the arthropod fauna of rainforest canopies, there is also a need for different trapping techniques which, in combination, will allow a greater proportion of the fauna to be sampled. We describe the design of a flight intercept trap which can be suspended in the rainforest canopy for long periods of time. the flying invertebrate fauna was sampled over 5 months at differing heights in rainforest of northern Queensland using this trap. Invertebrate abundance and higher taxon richness was greatest at the ground level compared to 5 and 10 m above the ground. Similar results were obtained for dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae) which were sorted to species. These results contrast with those of other studies using light traps for which insect diversity and abundance was greatest in the rainforest canopy.
Description and Biology of A New Species of Cybocephalus Erichson (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), A Predator of Australian Citrus Whitefly
Authors: KIREJTSHUK ALEXANDER G. , JAMES DAVID G. , HEFFER RENAY
Published: April 2007

Cybocephalus aleyrodiphagus sp.n., a predator of Australian citrus whitefly, Orchamoplatus citri (Takahashi), is described from adults and larvae collected from southern New South Wales (where it appears to be the major natural enemy of O. citri) and South Australia. Eggs of C. aleyrodiphagus are laid singly near egg circles of O. citri and larvae feed on eggs, crawlers and nymphs. Adults feed on all immature stages of O. citri. Reproductive, but not non‐reproductive, females contain greater quantities of stearic, oleic and linoleic acid than males indicating the possible presence of a sex pheromone. In southern New South Wales, C. aleyrodiphagus sp.n. overwinters as non‐reproductive adults and produces two adult generations during December‐January and March‐May. the sex ratio is close to 1:1 during October‐December (overwintered adults) but male biased (2.2:1) during January‐July (new generation adults). Trends of abundance for C. aleyrodiphagus correspond well with those for O. citri nymphs/pupae indicating a functional response of the predator to prey, despite disruption by foraging ants.
Oviposition Sites of the Saltmarsh Mosquito, Aedes vigilax (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae), at Homebush Bay, Sydney, NSW—A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: GISLASON GISLI MAR , RUSSELL RICHARD C.
Published: April 2007

Eggs of the saltmarsh mosquito, Aedes vigilax (Skuse), were collected in two saline wetlands at Homebush Bay in Sydney in February and March 1994 as part of an extensive study on the mosquito fauna of the area. Within the mangrove forest, very few eggs were found on mangrove trunks or pneumatophores. Within the saltmarshes, the distribution of eggs was very clumped. Few eggs were found on bare mud, and eggs were found mainly on the soil beneath the samphire plant, Sarcocornia quinqueflora, in the Bicentennial Park wetlands, and beneath S. quinqueflora and the marine couch, Sporobolus virginicus, in the Newington wetlands. Sporobolus appeared to be the preferred habitat plant although its distribution was limited.
Use of RAPD PCR to Distinguish the B Biotype from Other Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Authors: DE BARRO P. J. , DRIVER F.
Published: April 2007

The use of RAPD PCR to identify the B biotype of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci and distinguish it from other biotypes and species of whitefly is described. the technique enables the use of alcohol preserved material instead of live or frozen material as required by allozyme electrophoresis and demonstrates that eggs, juvenile stages and males or females can all be used.
Scale Insects under Eucalypt Bark: a Revision of the Australian Genus Phacelococcus Miller (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae)
Authors: GULLAN P. J. , STRONG K. L.
Published: April 2007

The scale insect genus Phacelococcus Miller originally was created for a single species, Phacelococcus brookesae Miller, found under the bark of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (Myrtaceae) in Tasmania. Three new species, all from under the bark of Eucalyptus species in mainland Australia, share the characteristics of Phacelococcus: clusters of quinquelocular pores, absence of enlarged dorsal setae and reduced anal lobes. P. brookesae is redescribed and the generic diagnosis of Phacelococcus is expanded to include the three species, P. cookae sp.n., P. frenchi sp.n. and P. subcorticalis sp.n., which are described and illustrated. the latter two species are sometimes so abundant on the trunks of their host trees that they are fed upon by yellow‐bellied gliders and probably Leadbeater's possums (Mammalia: Marsupialia: Petauridae).
Observations of Successful Bombus terrestris (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Colonies in Southern Tasmania
Authors: BUTTERMORE R. E.
Published: April 2007

Early attempts to acclimatise Bombus spp. to Australia were not successful but a pre‐1992 introduction of the bumble bee B. terrestris has succeeded and the species is slowly spreading in southern Tasmania. It is likely that the genetic base of the Tasmanian population is limited if, as is thought, only a few queens were brought from New Zealand. This may affect the rate of dispersal through the island, which presently averages 12.5 km/year. In 1995–96 18 feral colonies found in and around Hobart were transferred to nest boxes, where colony development could be monitored. All of the colonies produced queens, and the ratio of queens to workers (1:4.71) compares favourably with the upper end of colony performance scale in New Zealand (1:5.19). At least two generations are produced during warmer months and there is no indication of genetic impediments to further dispersal in Tasmania or possibly even mainland Australia. External influences such as predatory habits of birds, availability of food, competition from other insects and deliberate introduction by people into new areas make the rate of spread unpredictable.
Cabbage Whitefly, Aleyrodes proletella (L.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), Newly Discovered in Australia
Authors: DE BARRO PAUL J. , CARVER MARY
Published: April 2007

Cabbage whitefly, Aleyrodes proletella, was found for the first time in Australia in January 1997. It was found on Brassica oleracea gp Capitata, Sonchus oleraceus and Euphorbia peplus in South Australia at McLaren Vale, Adelaide, Virginia and Renmark, and in Victoria at Red Cliffs.
Infestation of Chocolate‐based Products: Insects Responsible and Origins of Contamination
Authors: BOWDITCH T. G. , MADDEN J. L.
Published: April 2007

In response to on‐going consumer complaints regarding insect infestation of chocolate‐based products manufactured at a factory in southern Australia, research was undertaken to determine the insects responsible for infestation and locate the points along the manufacture/distribution network where insect pests were most likely to be entering the produce. Phycitine moths were responsible for almost all cases of product infestation, with most infestation occurring after goods had been packaged. Methods of identifying storage environments suspected of unknowingly harbouring phycitine populations or of regularly handling infested goods are discussed. the detrimental consequences for the manufacturer, and for the processed food industry in general, of the presence of stored product insects in wholesale and retail outlets are also considered.
Melanesomyia, a Tribally Unplaced New Genus of Dexiinae (Diptera: Tachinidae) from Indonesia (Maluku) and Papua New Guinea, With Description of Two New Species
Authors: BARRACLOUGH DAVID A.
Published: April 2007

A brief review of Australasian dexiine systematics is given. A tribally unplaced new genus, Melanesomyia, is described to accommodate two new species and an undescribed species from the Highlands of Papua New Guinea, as well as the generically unplaced species “Dexia” nivifera Walker, 1861, from the Moluccas Islands, Maluku Province, Indonesia. New species are: M. kraussi and M. wauensis. A key to the species is provided. Melanesomyia appears to have affinity (likely an example of homoplasy) with the Australian genus Trichostylum Macquart, 1851, and Rasiliverpa Barraclough, 1992, which is known only from New Caledonia and Fiji.
Polymorphism and kleptoparasitism in thrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) from woody galls on Casuarina trees
Authors: Mound Laurence A , Crespi Bernard J , Tucker Audrey
Published: April 2007

Two species of Iotatubothrips are now known, both inducing woody stem galls on Casuarina trees in Australia, and the single known species in each of Phallothrips and Thaumatothrips kleptoparasitise these galls. All four species of thrips vary remarkably in body form, in association with wing and behavioural polymorphisms. In particular, the previously unknown macropterae of Phallothrips houstoni are strikingly different in body form from the apterae of this species. The weakly armed macropterae invade Iotatubothrips galls, isolate themselves individually within a small, self‐built enclosure, and produce a brood of highly armed apterae that then leaves the enclosure and usurps the gall. In contrast, macropterae of Thaumatothrips froggatti are well armed and heavily sclerotised, and apparently do not isolate themselves within a gall subsequent to invading it. One of the two species of Iotatubothrips is here newly described as Iotatubothrips kranzae. It is remarkable because the male genitalia are about 55% longer in macropterae than micropterae, and are longer than in any other thysanopteran. This is the first recorded instance of genitalic dimorphism within a Thysanoptera species. This species is from Western Australia on Casuarina obesa, whereas the previously known species, Iotatubothrips crozieri, is from eastern Australia on Casuarina cristata and Casuarina pauper. In contrast, no significant morphological differences were detected between the eastern and western populations of the Phallothrips and Thaumatothrips species on these tree species. All four thrips species exhibit unusually high intrapopulation variation within all morphs, and this may be related to fluctuations in within‐gall density and, for the kleptoparasites, deterioration of feeding conditions in older galls.
Stenotrachelus: A new genus and two new species of Tingidae (Hemiptera) from New Caledonia
Authors: Guilbert Eric
Published: April 2007

As part of a study of the canopy arthropod fauna of four primary forests of New Caledonia, a new genus of Tingidae (Tinginae: Tingini), Stenotrachelus, and two new species, S. megapharsus and S. mesopharsus, are described from dense evergreen forest.
Male genital musculature of Therevidae and Scenopinidae (Diptera: Asiloidea): Structure, homology and phylogenetic implications
Authors: Ovtshinnikova OG , Yeates DK
Published: April 2007

The male genital musculature of Anabarrhynchus tristis Bigot (Therevidae) and Metatrichia waterhousei (Paramonov) (Scenopinidae) are examined and compared to other flies of the superfamily Asiloidea (Diptera). Evidence from musculature confirms that the inner stylus of Therevidae is homologous with the gonostylus of other asiloid flies. the ‘outer stylus’ of Therevidae is an articulated process of the distal margin of the gonocoxite, here termed the ‘inner gonocoxal process’. the genital musculature of the Scenopinidae is very similar to that of the Therevidae. Metatrichia waterhousei has what we interpret as modified, fused lateral ejaculatory processes lying above the ejaculatory apodeme. the male genital musculature of the Asiloidea is reviewed and implications for the phylogeny of the Asiloidea are discussed. A striking apomorphy of the Asiloidea (except Bombyliidae and Mydidae) is the presence of a third tergosternal muscle bundle M53. the presence of gonocoxal muscles M38 may prove to be a synapomorphy of the Asiloidea (excluding the Bombyliidae). Muscle M33 is a synapomorphy of the clade containing Asilidae, Apioceridae and Mydidae. the division of gonocoxite muscle M33 into two bundles may be a synapomorphy of the Apioceridae.
Tuft scales and egg protection in Ochrogaster lunifer Herrich‐Schäffer (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae)
Authors: Floater Graham J
Published: April 2007

Female Lepidoptera of various families possess, at the tip of the abdomen, an anal tuft of deciduous scales that are deposited over or around their eggs during oviposition. This study describes the morphology of scales in the anal tuft of Ochrogaster lunifer, and discusses their role in egg protection. the tuft is composed of broad, flat scales and long, barbed filamentous scales. the cover of the scales over the eggs probably acts as an aposematic warning to vertebrate predators, as the white scale mass is highly conspicuous against the dark trunk of the host tree (e.g. Acacia concurrens). This may be related to the barbed filamentous scales. the broad covering of flat scales makes an effective physical shield against invertebrate predators and adverse weather. When the scale cover of egg batches was removed, egg loss from predation and rainfall increased significantly.