bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fluorination of organic compounds with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride. Part II. An investigation of antimony pentachloride catalysed fluorinations
Authors: Whalley W. B.
Published: July 2007

The method of fluorination using antimony pentachloride and hydrogen fluoride1 has been closely investigated. The results show that the composition of the products is closely linked with the catalyst concentration, and that monofluorides disproportionate to a mixture of the difluoride and original chlorine‐containing compound under the influence of antimony pentachloride. The reaction has been extended by the use of stannic chloride as a much milder catalyst than antimony pentachloride for monofluorination.
The aerial oxidation of trivalent chromium in aqueous solution
Authors: Nyholm R. S.
Published: July 2007

The oxidation of trivalent chromium in aqueous solution using atmospheric oxygen has been studied. Thermodynamically it has been shown that the oxidation is feasible at pH values greater than 4. In practice the oxidation could be made to proceed only in very alkaline solution with the chromium present presumably as the chromitc ion; also the presence of manganese ion as catalyst was essential. Quantitative oxidation of the chromium could not be achieved as partial precipitation of basic chromium salts occurred on the catalyst.
The control of fractional distillation by means of refractive index measurements
Authors: Raw R.
Published: July 2007

The application of refractive index measurements to the control of industrial fractional distillations is discussed, with special reference to the distillation of ternary mixtures of alkylanilines. Refractive indices of a number of alkylanilines are given and attention is drawn to certain factors influencing the accuracy of refractive index measurements.
A method for the determination of small concentrations of so3 in the presence of larger concentrations of so2
Authors: Flint D.
Published: July 2007

The sources of errors likely to arise in the estimation of minute quantities of SO3 in gases containing much larger quantities of SO2 are discussed with particular reference to boiler flue gases. A laboratory method is described whereby these difficulties in estimation may be eliminated, as demonstrated by the results obtained on a synthetic gas mixture of known SO2 and SO3 content.
The manufacture of hydrogen sulphide. Part II. The utilization of the by‐product ferrous sulphide from the hydrogen‐pyrites reaction
Authors: Clark L. M. , Spittle H. M.
Published: July 2007

An investigation of the utilization of the sulphur content of byproduct ferrous sulphide from the hydrogenation of pyrites, is described. The reaction of ferrous sulphide with steam or sulphur dioxide to produce hydrogen sulphide or sulphur is considered to be impracticable. It is shown that the exothermic combustion of ferrous sulphide yields sulphur dioxide in concentrations suitable for sulphuric acid manufacture cither by Chamber or Contact processes. It is at least as easy to burn the ferrous sulphide, obtained as in Part I of this paper, in a small‐scale burner of the hand‐fired type, as it is to burn pyrites.
The polymerization to lubricating oils of n‐heptene‐1 and n‐pentadecene‐1
Authors: Dazeley G. H. , Hall C. C.
Published: July 2007

In connexion with the production of lubricating oils by the polymerization of unsaturated oils and spirits, prevous workers have studied the polymerization of pure olefins of various types. For the most part these studies have been restricted to olefins of short chain‐length, and in no case has the oxidation stability of the resulting oils by an accepted test, such as that of the Air Ministry, been reported. Since olefin‐polymer oils usually fail to meet the requirements for high‐grade aviation oils only in respect of their oxidation stability, this is a notable omission. The short investigation reported in the present paper was undertaken to determine for one type of olefin whether increase in chain length was accompanied by increase in oxidation stability of the olefin‐polymer oil.
Orientation problems. Part IV. The nitration of the trichloroacettoluidides
Authors: McGookin A.
Published: July 2007

Despite the deactivating influence of the chlorine atoms the trichloroacettoluidides, on nitration, substituteo‐p‐and the nucleus is actually activated since it readily furnishes dinitro‐compounds in each case.
The fractionation of potato starch part III. The viscosities of the aqueous solutions of the fractions
Authors: Lampitt L. H. , Fuller C. H. F. , Goldenberg N.
Published: July 2007

The viscosities of relatively dilute solutions of the C.W. Sol. and H.W. Sol, fractions obtained from potato starch ground in a ball mill and also from the unground starch are higher than those of the corresponding wheat starch fractions. In particular, those of the H.W. Sol. potato starch fractions are remarkably high. The “intrinsic viscosities” of the fractions are approximately proportional to their mean molecular weights.
The decomposition of carbon monoxide by nickel catalysts. The reaction mechanism between 250° and 450°
Authors: Tebboth J. A.
Published: July 2007

The catalytic formation of methane from water gas has recently been studied with a view to obtaining information to render the process capable of commercial exploitation. The principal factors involved in the catalysis have been described by Booth, Wilkins, Jolley and Tebboth, 1 and other workers.2 A major difficulty encountered was the progressive deposition of carbon on the nickel‐thoriakieselguhr catalyst used. The work described in this paper was a portion of that carried out in order to ascertain the mechanism of the formation of this carbon, so that measures could be taken to minimize it.
The preparation of cyanuric acid and trichloriminocyanuric acid on a pilot plant scale
Authors: Hands C. H. G. , Whitt F. R.
Published: July 2007

A pilot plant process suitable for producing 70 lb. per week of trichloriminocyanuric acid by the chlorination of cyanuric acid in caustic soda solution is described. The cyanuric acid is obtained by the action of zinc chloride upon urea and the product without purification is chlorinated in a novel continuous chlorinator which involves the exposure of a cooled film of sodium cyanuratc solution to light‐activated chlorine gas. An attempt is made to correlate lamp power with quality and yield of product in the photo‐chlorination process.
The influence of ethylene glycol and glycerol on the germicidal power of aliphatic and aromatic compounds
Authors: Cooper E. A.
Published: July 2007

The germicidal power of the phenols is diminished by ethylene glycol and glycerol (30% cone.) that of thymol and the chlorphcnols being affected to a greater extent than cither phenol or p‐cresol. The germicidal power of acetone and tert .‐butyl alcohol, on the other hand, is increased twofold in the presence of glycol or glycerol, and smaller increments arc also observed in the case of acetic acid, propylene oxide, and glycol monobutyl ether. Diethyl acetal is a more active germicide than dimethyl acetal. Their relative germicidal power is unaffected by glycol or glycerol, but the ratio depends on the test‐organism used. A conclusion of some practical interest is thus reached, viz., that glycol and glycerol, whilst causing a diminution in the bactericidal action of phenols, actually enhance the germicidal power of certain aliphatic compounds. The bearing of the results on the theory of disinfection is discussed.
Microbiological problems in the manufacture of sugar from beet. Part I. Corrosion in the diffusion battery and in the recirculation system
Authors: Allen L. A. , Cairns A. , Eden G. E. , Wheatland A. B. , Wormwell F. , Nurse T. J.
Published: July 2007

Corrosion in the return water circuit of a beet sugar factory is due to acids produced by the growth of lactobacilli of the L. delbrücki type which lower the pH value to the region of 4·0‐4·5. Laboratory tests showed that these organisms grew well at 50° and 60° but not at 70°, and that they were destroyed by a dose of 40 p.p.m. chlorine acting for 25‐30 minutes at 55°. In factory trials addition of lime to the recirculating liquor reduced total corrosion but gave rise to localized attack; this might be avoided by suitable control of pH value. Doses of chlorine of 200 lb. a day (18·7 p.p.m.) or more, applied continuously to the battery supply water, were found to raise the pH value of the return water to the region of 5·5‐6·25. Corrosion was reduced by about 90% in the sand tank and by a substantial though smaller amount in the battery pit. Chlorination made little difference to the corrosion occurring in the diffusion cells. During chlorination the amount of moisture retained by the pressed pulp was considerably increased.
The use of ion exchange resins for separation of basic amino acids
Authors: Hems B. A. , Page J. K. , Waller J. G.
Published: July 2007

The hexone bases can be separated from each other by adsorption on a column of the cation exchange resin, Zeo‐Karb 215, and elution with bases and acids of suitable strengths. Zeo‐Karb 215 also adsorbs some of the non‐basic amino acids from protein hydrolysates, and these tend to interfere with the elution of the hexone bases. Zeo‐Karb 216 adsorbs hexone bases only from a mixture of the amino acids, but has a lower capacity and is less satisfactory than Zeo‐Karb 215 for separating the bases. The considerable quantities of eluent required for good partitions make the technique unsuitable for the large‐scale production of individual amino acids from hydrolysed proteins. Elution of adsorbed acids by shaking the resin mechanically with eluates required even greater volumes than the column procedure.
The synthesis of toluene by the friedel‐craft's reaction
Authors: Hardy D. V. N.
Published: July 2007

The aluminium chloride‐catalysed reaction between benzene and methyl chloride is considered as a method for producing toluene. It is shown that, under suitably chosen conditions, toluene may become the chief product, but it is impossible to prevent the formation of higher methylated compounds. The efficiency of the reaction is considered in terms of the utilization of benzene, methyl chloride and aluminium chloride. More than six methyl groups can be introduced for every molecule of aluminium chloride employed, but only in special circumstances is it possible to obtain more than one molecular proportion of toluene. Since the reaction is reversible, the effect of confining the liberated hydrogen chloride has been examined. Slightly better yields of toluene are thereby obtained. It is also demonstrated that in presence of aluminium chloride and hydrogen chloride under pressure, benzene and xylene give toluene and higher methylated products.
Investigation on the iodimetric method of estimation of penicillin
Authors: Wild A. M.
Published: July 2007

The iodimetric assay method described by Alcino1 is shown to be unsound, because of inherent variables which cannot readily be controlled. Arbitrary experimental conditions arc described which afford fair‐to‐good results with the method according to the grade of purity of the penicillin, but the procedure is dependent upon internal cancellation of errors.
Some recent advances in catalysis
Authors: Maxted E. B.
Published: July 2007

The suppression of the toxic character of catalyst poisons, by converting these into derivatives in which the normally toxic element is present in a shielded and therefore non‐toxic electronic state, constitutes a method of eliminating toxicity from impure catalytic systems which avoids the necessity for the actual removal of the poisons. In addition to a description of work in this field, an account is given of the desulphurization of coal gas by destructive hydrogenation in the presence of catalysts containing metallic thiomolybdates.
The fractionation of potato starch part IV. The absorption spectra and colour intensities of the starch‐iodine complexes
Authors: Lamp L. H. , Fuller C. H. F. , Goldknberg N.
Published: July 2007

The absorption spectra given by the starch‐iodine complexes of the potato starch fractions are qualitatively very similar to those previously observed for the wheat starch fractions. The earlier C.W. Sol. Potato starch fractions are richer in amylose but poorer in amylopectin than the corresponding H.W. Sol. fractions; in contrast, the reverse distribution is obtained for wheat starch, the early C.W. Sol. fractions being much poorer in amylose, and correspondingly rich in amylopectin than the H.W. Sol. fractions. Depolymerization of both starches by grinding lowers the absorption of the starch‐iodine complex only at the longer visible wavelengths.
Pectin studies. Part III. The nitric acid ester (preliminary)
Authors: Lampitt L. H. , Money R. W. , Urie A. , Judge B. E.
Published: July 2007

In a preliminary study of the preparation and properties of the nitro ester of pectin it was found that a reproducible ester was obtainable from any one sample of pectin. An approximate parallelism was observed between the viscosity values of aqueous solutions of pectin and of acetone solutions of the nitro ester. Some evidence was obtained to support the claim that nitration could be employed for the separation of pectin from crude plant material. Two methods for the determination of the nitrogen content of the ester were compared.
The composition of mustard gas made by the levinstein process
Authors: Kinnear A. M. , Harley‐Mason J.
Published: July 2007

The composition of a sample of Levinstein mustard gas has been investigated with the object of ascertaining the nature of the excess sulphur. The by‐products consist mainly of ft9'‐dichloro‐dicthyl trisulphide, ββ′‐dichlorodiethyl disulphide and a labile polysulphidc derived from ββ′‐dichlorodiethyl trisulphide and sulphur. The di‐ and trisulphides have been isolated in the pure state from the sample and identified with these compounds prepared synthetically. Some derivatives of these bodies have been prepared. The relation of the chemistry of the labile polysulphide to that of the Thiokol rubbers and the Thiuram polysulphides is discussed.
Production of aromatic hydrocarbons from petroleum
Authors: Weizmann C. , Bergmann E. , Steiner H. , Sulzbacher M.
Published: July 2007

Petroleum fractions or similar hydrocarbonaceous materials are converted into liquid, highly (over 95%.) aromatic products and highly olefinic gases, when cracked in packed tubes at 630‐650°, at slightly super‐atmospheric pressure and a space velocity of 0·05‐0·5. Metallic packing, especially copper, is most efficient. The greater part of the sulphur, nitrogen and oxygen in the charging stock is converted into hydrogen sulphide, ammonia and water. The hydrocarbons are cracked to very small unsaturated molecules, from which the cyclic substances arc formed by re‐synthesis. The central position of butadiene in this sequence of reactions has been established. The influence of operational factors on the process, its thermochemistry and the composition of the product is discussed.
The vitamin‐c content of potatoes grown on reclaimed land. II. Potatoes grown in 1946
Authors: Baker L. C. , Parkinson T. L. , Knight P. M.
Published: July 2007

Potatoes grown on reclaimed fenland in 1946 showed certain significant varietal differences, and an attempt has been made to classify potato varieties according to their vitamin‐C contents. Average values obtained in November‐December, 1946, and May, 1947, agreed closely with those previously found for the corresponding times in 1943‐44.

Varying the manurial treatment for Majestic potatoes did not have any noticeable effect on their vitamin‐C concentration.
The fractionation of potato starch. Part V. The phosphorus of potato starch
Authors: Lampitt L. H. , Fuller C. H. F. , Goldenberg N.
Published: July 2007

Most of the phosphorus of potato starch fractions is bound to the starch and is not split off when the starch is precipitated from solution by alcohol. The potato starch amylopectin contains much more phosphorus in the form of bound esterified phosphate groups than the corresponding amylose. In wheat starch the reverse is the case, the phosphatides present being adsorbed by the amylose preferentially to the amylopectin.
Observations on the proposed grading of ICE cream by a methylene blue test
Authors: Clayson D. H. F. , Pirie D. G.
Published: July 2007

The tentative method proposed by the Public Health Laboratory Service of the Ministry of Health for grading ice cream according to hygienic quality by applying a methylene blue test has been given an extended trial. The test is considered unreliable because thermoduric organisms alone have been found to reduce methylene blue under the conditions of the test in presence of certain ingredients, such as milk powder, used in ice cream.
The fractionation of potato starch. Part VI. The retrogradation of potato starch fractions
Authors: Lampitt L. H. , Fuller C. H. F. , Goldenberg N. , Green G. H.
Published: July 2007

The retrograding properties of the C.W. Sol. and H.W. Sol. fractions

As previously, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 these fractions me defined as follows: C.W. Sol.‐‐‐Material soluble in cold water (room temperature).

of potato starch have been investigated under varying conditions of temperature and concentration and are qualitatively not unlike those of the wheat starch fractions investigated previously.1 The quantitative differences between the retrograding properties of the two sets of fractions appear to be governed by (a) their contents of amylose and amylopectin and (b) the differences in the nature and distribution of the small quantities of phosphorus present in the two starches.
The use of monoreactive phenol alcohols as models for the general polymerization of phenol resin systems
Authors: Lilley H. S.
Published: July 2007

“The use of monoreactive phenol alcohols as models for the general polymerization of phenolic resins (as is commonly suggested) leads to the conclusion that such resins will contain in the earlier stages of condensation a considerable proportion of dibenzyl ether linkages. It may be concluded from a partial theoretical analysis that whatever the exact reaction mechanism this conclusion is of doubtful validity, and the analysis is supported by data on the polymerization of nitro‐ and chloro‐saligenin.
Studies in selective extraction and adsorption. II. The isolation of ethylene chlorohydrin by adsorption
Authors: Sulzbacher M. , Pariser R.
Published: July 2007

Ethylene chlorohydrin can be isolated from its dilute aqueous solution by adsorption on active carbon and by elution of the adsorbate in situ with cyclohexanone.
The anodic oxidation of coal. Part I. Introduction and preliminary experiments
Authors: Belcher R.
Published: July 2007

A brief summary is given of the reactions which occur when coal is oxidized. The earlier work of Lynch and Collett on the anodic oxidation of coal is reviewed and their findings are summarized. After some experience with the technique, a suitable assembly has been developed which eliminates the troubles caused by excessive foaming. After oxidizing a vitrain at a copper anode, the products were separated into ulmic acids and water‐soluble acids, the latter being further sub‐divided into ether‐soluble and acetone‐soluble portions.

The ulmic acids have been examined and appear to be similar in type to those obtained from coal using other types of oxidant. They were separated into acetone‐soluble and acetone‐insoluble portions to facilitate examination. The acetone‐soluble portion yielded an appreciable amount of material when extracted with ether, although this solvent removed nothing from the original material. The water‐soluble material consists of two distinct types of material, viz., a portion soluble in ether and one soluble in acetone. The ether‐soluble material is capable of salt formation and appears to be identical with that isolated by Lynch and Collett, but the acetone‐soluble portion is incapable of salt formation, is dark‐brown in appearance and is highly oxygenated.
The anodic oxidation of coal. Part II. The effect of oxidizing vitrain and ulmic acids at various metal anodes
Authors: Belcher R.
Published: July 2007

An estimation of the yields obtained when coal and ulmic acids are oxidized at copper, lead and platinum anodes has been made. It was found that both ulmic acids and water‐soluble acids were produced in appreciable amounts when the Meltonfield vitrain was oxidized at a copper anode, the water‐soluble acids being in excess. Lynch and Collett had previously claimed that only ulmic acids were formed at the copper anode. They also found that no further degradation took place when the ulmic acids were treated at a copper anode. On the other hand degradation occurred rapidly at platinum, and lead anodes. Their evidence for this degradation was based on the fact that carbon dioxide was produced. It was confirmed in the present investigation that the copper anode was incapable of effecting a further degradation of the ulmic acids, although it proceeded rapidly at platinum and lead anodes. However, the water‐soluble products obtained at these anodes are very different from those obtained when coal is oxidized at a copper anode. They appear to consist solely of highly oxygenated material incapable of forming salts. Since water‐soluble acids are produced at a copper anode together with ulmic acids, and ulmic acids cannot be degraded further by a copper anode, it would appear that the water‐soluble acids were not produced through an intermediate stage from the ulmic acids. This mode of formation has been accepted hitherto. A theory to account for these reactions is advanced.
Investigations of some new sudan seed oils
Authors: Grindley D. N.
Published: July 2007

The seed oils of some members of the families Ulmaceae, Capparidaceae, Rhamnaceae, Tiliaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Salvadoraceae have been examined and their principal constants and compositions recorded. The results provide additional evidence for the close relationship between botanical similarity and seed fat constitution.
The determination of lignin in plant material of high protein content
Authors: Armitage E. R. , Ashworth R. de B. , Ferguson W. S.
Published: July 2007

A modified method for the determination of lignin in high‐protein plant material has been developed. The main modification is the use of a single digestion with trypsin, rather than pepsin, this being preceded, instead of followed, by acid hydrolysis. The use of Gooch crucibles is recommended as alundum crucibles can be unreliable.
The component acids of rape seed oil
Authors: Baliga M. N. , Hilditch T. P.
Published: July 2007

The component acids of, four rape seed oils‐‐‐Indian (Toria, Guzerat), Polish (Danzig), and Argentine (Plate)‐‐‐and of ravison and Jamba rape seed oil have been studied in detail. Appropriate conditions (crystallization from ether at ‐‐‐40°) for the preliminary separation of the mixed fatty acids prior to ester‐fractionation have been selected which permit the approximate determination of the three unsaturated and five saturated minor component acids as well as of the four major components, crude, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids. The average fatty acid composition of the four rape oil acids is palmitic 2·5, saturated Cm, C18, C20, C22 C24 (together) 5, hexadecenoic 2, oleic 15, linoleic 13·5, linolenic 8, eicosenoic 5, erucic 48, and docosadienoic I% (wt.). Ravison oil fatty acids contain less erucic acid (39%) and more linoleic acid (21%). Jamba rape oil fatty acids contain less erucic acid (37·5%) and apparently larger proportions of oleic (c. 20%) and eicosenoic (c. II%) acids.
Vitamin C in english tomatoes
Authors: Wokes F. , Barr J. R. , Brunskill L. , Shaw A. C.
Published: July 2007

Variation in the vitamin‐C content of different tomatoes has been found much wider than can be explained by previously investigated factors, such as organic manuring, fertilizer treatment, weight of fruit, polyploidy or varietal differences. Experiments on five varieties given different fertilizer treatment during outdoor cultivation at Maidstone in 1946 showed certain effects, especially with calcium, but the main conclusion reached was the importance of climatic factors.
The anodic oxidation of coal. Part IV. Examination of the ulmic acids
Authors: Belcher R.
Published: July 2007

A detailed examination has been made of the ulmic acids obtained by the anodic oxidation of the Meltonfield vitrain. The ulmic acids were fractionated into acetone‐soluble and acetone‐insoluble portions. The former fraction yielded an appreciable extract when treated with ether, although none was obtained when the original acids were extracted directly with ether. Although this ether‐soluble portion was resin‐like in appearance, the products obtained on destructive distillation were not sufficiently different from those obtained by similar treatment of ulmic acids, to classify it as being resinic. Molecular weights, equivalent weights and ultimate analyses of the various fractions bear a close resemblance to those of ulmic acid fractions obtained from coal by other oxidizing agents. A limiting composition for the ulmic acids appeared to be reached after prolonged treatment.
The anodic oxidation of coal. Part V. Miscellaneous experiments
Authors: Belcher R.
Published: July 2007

A number of miscellaneous experiments has been undertaken using the apparatus described in previous papers. An anthracite has been oxidized at the copper cathode and, as is to be expected, much smaller yields were obtained than from a similar treatment of a vitrain. The amount of water‐soluble acids was much less than that of the ulmic acids. An attempt to oxidize two durains, in order to isolate the plant remains, proved unsuccessful, for it was found that unless the coal was ground to pass a 240 B.S. sieve; little oxidation took place. The durains could not be. ground to this fineness since the original structure of the plant entities would be destroyed.

Fractions obtained from coal by treatment with pyridine followed with chloroform, i.e., the β‐fraction and the γ‐fraction have been oxidized at the copper cathode and yield ulmic acids. The molecular weights were similar to those of ulmic acids obtained from the direct oxidation of coal. This accords with the work of Biggs who similarly examined the fractions obtained by pressure‐benzene extraction, followed by nitric acid oxidation, and supports his theory that the difference between the various fractions is one of molecular size rather than of chemical type.

Reduction of the vitrain at a copper cathode appeared to effect little change. However, reduction of the ulmic acid appears to increase its adsorptive power for electrolytes. It was not found possible to free the reduced ulmic acids from electrolyte by prolonged washing and they were no longer soluble in furfural and other solvents. It was thus not found possible to obtain a pure sample of the reduced ulmic acids.

A general summary of the work is given and suggestions made for further work.
A rapid method of spectrographic analysis
Authors: Clayton H. H.
Published: July 2007

A process has been developed to enable Spectrographic analyses to be carried out in approximately ten minutes. This speed has been attained chiefly through attention to the methods of processing the photographic plates, “which are developed and fixed in ultra rapid reagents, washed for a minimum time and dried in an oven designed for the purpose. A single analysis can be carried out in 8 1/2 minutes with an error of ± 4% using fast photographic plates or in 9 1/2 minutes with an error of ± 3% using a slower plate. An addition of about 2 minutes to either of these times permits duplicate determinations to be made with a reduction of some 30% in the analytical error. It is suggested that in routine practice duplicate determinations should be carried out wherever time permits; this precaution is particularly desirable, apart from the increase in accuracy it allows, in applications where the method is to be used for controlling the composition of molten metal prior to casting. In this case any delay in the release of the analytical result, due to a blemish on the photographic emulsion or a scratched or dirty plate due to faulty manipulation during processing, may cause serious inconvenience in the casting shop or refinery.
The effect of organic manures on the auxin content of soils and the “auxin balance” in soils
Authors: Hamence J. Hubert
Published: July 2007

Quantitative data for the rate of decomposition of β‐indolyl acetic acid added to soils have been obtained and the rate of decomposition shown to be very rapid. Normal dressings of organic manures such as dung and dried blood have been found to increase the auxin content of soils towards the maximum value in what has been previously described as the “normal auxin range” of soils. This increase may be maintained for a period of some months, and in the dried blood type of manures additional auxins arc produced as a result of their decomposition in the soil. It has been shown that β‐indolyl acetic acid is one of the auxins thus produced. Heavy dressings of organic manures may produce a considerable increase in auxin content of the soil but this increase is rapidly followed by a reduction to a value within the normal range. Moreover specially washed soils with a low auxin content show an increase in auxin content on ageing to a value within the normal range. These facts suggest the existence of a mechanism within the soil to control the soil auxin content within certain limits or suggest what is tentatively described as an “auxin balance” in the soil.
Factors influencing the composition of the tomato
Authors: Pollard A. , Kieser Margaret E. , Bryan Joan D.
Published: July 2007

Tests of commercial tomato varieties have shown that they differ significantly in their content of ascorbic acid, sugar and free acid. In plants grown in the open air, the level of these constituents is not directly related to the hours of sunshine or the day temperature at the time of picking. The yield of ascorbic acid from a given number of plants is more influenced by cropping capacity than by the ascorbic acid content of the individual fruits in the varieties studied.
Determination of fumigants. XIX. Sorption of methyl bromide by onion seed
Authors: Lubatti O. P. , Smith B.
Published: July 2007

The sorption of four fumigants by five typical products has been compared. The factors affecting the sorption of methyl bromide by onion seed have been studied. The rate of sorption appears to be governed by diffusion. A detailed study of the effect of moisture content on the sorption of methyl bromide by onion seed whole and ground and by wheat and wheatmeal has been carried out. Some hints on the behaviour of sorbed fumigants in dry and wet seeds have been obtained. The effect of the sorption of methyl bromide on the germination of onion seed has been investigated.
Fumigation of agricultural products I. A fumigation chamber for onion seeds
Authors: Lubatti O. F. , Russell John , Porter J. S.
Published: July 2007

A fumigation chamber has been designed for treating onion seed, in quantities up to 1 cwt. with methyl bromide. The experiments carried out for determining the table of dosages are described.
The synergistic effect of aerosol ot on certain germicides
Authors: James G. V.
Published: July 2007

Aerosol OT (di‐octyl sodium sulphosuccinate) enhances the germicidal activity of various substances in the presence of a castor oil soap when B. typhosus is used as the test organism. The effect is not so marked when a sulphonated castor oil is used. The increase of germicidal power appears to be stable.
The occurrence of vanadium, chromium, and other unusual elements in certain coals
Authors: Reynolds F. M.
Published: July 2007

It has been found that the ashes of certain brands of vitrain interbedded with Coal Measure rocks in North Staffordshire and North Wales contain notable quantities of some of the less common elements, chiefly vanadium, chromium, titanium, and nickel. “ Cauldron “ vitrains from the Durham coalfield and Whitby jet show the same phenomenon, which appears to be fairly general for carbonaceous material of a black, brittle, lustrous type occurring in isolated bands or lumps in rocks. It is considered that current theories of the origin of rare elements ‐in coals cannot account satisfactorily for concentrations such as arc now reported. In addition, small but determinable quantities of copper, boron, lead, germanium and strontium have been found in certain coal scams; these occurrences were in some cases traced to the presence of distinct mineral species, such as copper pyrites and galena.
Determination of fumigants. XX. Sorption of methyl bromide by potatoes
Authors: Lubatti O. F. , Smith B.
Published: July 2007

The effect of the following factors on the sorption of methyl bromide by potatoes has been determined : concentration of fumigant, period of exposure, size of tubers, temperature, maturity, induced sprouting and variety. At the concentration‐time product studied residual methyl bromide is small and becomes negligible after five to ten days. A few experiments on the sorption of methyl bromide by light loamy soil were carried out.
The seasonal variation in chemical composition of some of the littoral seaweeds common to scotland. Part I. Ascophyllum nodosum
Authors: Black W. A. P.
Published: July 2007

The ash, iodine, crude protein, mannitol, laminarin and alginic acid contents of samples of Ascophyllum nodosum taken at monthly intervals from April, 1945, to March, 1947, have been determined. The samples were taken from three different habitats in the neighbourhood of Oban in order to show the effect of varying exposure.

In general, the loch samples are lower in iodine, total ash, crude proteins, and higher in laminarin and mannitol than the open sea or medium exposed samples. An increase in the mannitol and laminarin contents is accompanied by an increase in the dry weight content and a decrease in the total ash content. The graphs for the mannitol, laminarin and dry weight contents show three distinct peaks in the year, which agree with those in samples of the laminariacea already examined. The drop in mannitol and laminarin which occurs in the laminariaceae in July/August, and is at present the subject of investigation, also occurs in Ascophyllum nodosum.

Ascophyllum nodosum is appreciably lower in mannitol and laminarin than the laminariaceae, but laminarin is present throughout the year, whereas it is absent for periods in the laminariaceae so far investigated. This alga is higher in alginic acid than any of the laminariaceae examined. The very slight variations in mannitol, laminarin and alginic acid, throughout the year, enable this alga to be harvested for any particular constituent at any time of the year.
Filter paper pellets in the spectro‐chemical analysis of solutions
Authors: Bayliss N. S. , David D. J.
Published: July 2007

The use of pellets of compressed filter paper pulp as a supporting medium for solutions in spectrochemical analysis is described for graphite and copper arc methods. The sensitivity and reproducibility of the method arc given for B, Cu, Mn, Mo, Na, and Pb.
The estimation of metallic contaminants in foodstuffs
Authors: Allport N. L. , Garratt D. C.
Published: July 2007

Methods of determining the more important metals occurring as contaminants in foodstuffs arc discussed and, in each case, a satisfactory procedure indicated. Views on the question of statutory limits are also presented.
The rheology of building mastics. I. Caulking compounds for gun application
Authors: Ward A. G. , Westbrook E. L. E.
Published: July 2007

Absolute measurements of the Theological properties of caulking compounds designed for use with hand or air pressure guns are described. The methods used arc the tube plastometer, for extension measurements, and the divided cylinder plastometer, which can be used for measurements at stresses both above and below the yield value for continuous flow. Below this yield value irreversible deformation occurs, but the rate of shear decreases continuously as shear proceeds. Above the yield value the behaviour approximates to that of a Bingham plastic body complicated, in some instances, by thixotropy. The results obtained have been applied to the practical problems of filling and the use of hand pressure guns. The temperature dependence of flow properties has also been studied.
Suppression of nitrification and denitrification during the determination of biochemical oxygen demand. Part II
Authors: Abbott W. E.
Published: July 2007

A continuation of the work done in Part I of this paper1 is described, samples of River Trent water being used.
The influence of silica smokes on the dewpoint of combustion gases containing sulphur oxides
Authors: Whittingham G.
Published: July 2007

Silicon monoxide is released when various mixtures of silicates and carbon are heated above 1200°. On leading this into a coal gas flame containing sulphur oxides the initial high dewpoint due to the presence of sulphur trioxide is reduced. Similar results arc obtained when a silica smoke is produced by the disintegration and subsequent oxidation of alkyl silicates sprayed into the flame. The significance of dewpoint measurements in the presence of silica smokes is discussed and it is considered that there is a definite reduction in the sulphur trioxide content of the combustion gases. The mechanism whereby this is brought about is discussed.
The Insoluble Matter of Coal tar. I. Introduction
Authors: Green S. J. , Ward Stacey G.
Published: July 2007

Various methods available for the determination of the insoluble matter of coal tar are briefly reviewed and published work on the nature of free carbon and the coal‐tar resins is considered. The problems associated with free carbon are introduced and the scope of the investigation proposed is outlined.
The gelling of concentrated sulphuric acid and oleum
Authors: Leicester J.
Published: July 2007

The preparation and properties of gels of boron phosphate in concentrared sulphuric acid and oleum are described. Boron arscnate gels are also briefly discussed.
The inhibition of the combustion of carbon and carbon monoxide
Authors: Bridger G. W. , Appleton H.
Published: July 2007

The presence of small concentrations of inhibitors (CCl4, Cl2 and HCL) in the air passing into a bed of burning coke is found to increase the CO content of the combustion gases at the expense of the CO2. With sufficient inhibitor (> 2.0% CCL4) the effect amounts to almost complete suppresion of the reduction of CO2. The effect is not due to a promotion of the reduction of CO2, this reaction proceeding only to a very smal extent under the conditions of the experiments. Further experiments show that inhibitors cdan prevent the oxidation of 95% of the CO at 1000° in the presence of excess oxygen. if the inhibitor (chlorine) is present in the inlet gases in a concentration greater than a sharply defined critical value (c.0.5%). This is an extension to a high temperature region of the well‐known action of halogen compounds on CO oxidation at lower temperatures. The inhibition of the oxidation of carbon monoxide is found to be most effective when the area of surface of the silica reation vessel is greatest and also when the CO and Cl2 are preheated together; in an empty reaction tube and with the CO preheated separately from the Cl2, no critical Cl2, concentration is found and inhibition is poor.

The conclusions from the work on the oxidation of CO are applied to the earlier experiments on coke combustion in the presence of inhibitors; it is inferred from the absence of CO2 in the combustion gases produced in inhibited coke combusion, that CO2 is not formed as a primary product of the interaction between carboon and oxygen, but is always produced by the oxidation of carbon monoxide. This conception is discussed with reference to the “two‐zone theroy” of combustion.
Courbonia Virgata: Its chemical composition and basic constituents
Authors: Henry A. J. , Grindley D. N.
Published: July 2007

The isolation of tetramine (tetramethylammonium hydroxide) as the iodide from the root of Courbonia virgara is described, and its distribution in various pans of the plant is recorded. The presence also of di‐ and trimethylmine has been proved, and of quaternary bases other than tetramine induced. The carbohydrate material of the root is partly sucrose and partly araban, reducing sugars and starch being absent; while that of the seeds is mainly starch together with a little pentosan, sucrose and reducing sugars being absent. The constants and fatty acid composition of the root fat have been determined and the composition of the ash of the root is also given.

We are indebted to the District Commissioner, Yirol, for providing material j to Dr. F. W. Andrews for botanical data; to Riad Eff. Mansour and Ahmed Eff. Hassan Zaki for much technical assistance; and to the Director, Sudan Medical Service, for permission to publish this paper.
Adhesion of polythene to metal
Authors: Richards C. E. , Bull R. L.
Published: July 2007

Two methods of causing polythene to adhere to metal are described, (I) the use of polyisobutylene soaked in a polymerizable compound which is subsequently polymerized in situ, and (a) the use of molten polythene on a previously prepared lead surface.
Methylene dichloride and 1 :2‐dichloroethane. I. Solubility of water. II. Vapour pressure
Authors: Davies W. , Jaggeh J. B. , Whalley H. K.
Published: July 2007

The solubility of water in methylene chloride and I: 2‐dichloro‐ethane over the temperature range ‐ 20° to 40° and 80° respectively has been determined. The vapour pressures of the solvents, alone and in admixture, have been measured, and the composition of the varour phases of the mixed solvents determined at 10° intervals. over the range 20‐50°. Evidence of the formation of azeotropes with water is given; boiling point: composition and vapour pressure: boiling point relationships are derived. Mixtures of the two solvents are found closely to obey Raoult's law. The results are discussed in the light of Hildebrand's theory of liquids.
Surface active agents in aqueous and non‐aqueous media
Authors: Lomas H.
Published: July 2007

This paper deals mainly with those agents which affect the properties of the solid/liquid interface. In the case of dispersions of solid particles the action is usually one of flocculation or de‐flocculation. The two photomicrographs (Figs. 1 and 2) illustrate the two conditions in the case of an aqueous suspension of lead chromate. Figure 1 shows the flocculated system and Fig. 2 the same system after the addition of a dispersing agent.
The reaction of sulphur and sulphur compounds with olefinic substances. Part VI. Factors influencing cyclic sulphide formation in the reaction of sulphur with polyisoprenes
Authors: Bloomneld George F.
Published: July 2007

Cyclic sulphides arc to a large extent secondary products of the reaction of primarily‐formed intermolecular polysulphides with polyisoprene hydrocarbon, and undue prolongation of the time of reaction of sulphur with polyisoprenes favours cyclic sulphide formation and so reduces the cross‐linking efficiency of the sulphur. Various accelerating substances markedly increase the cross‐linking efficiency either by permitting shorter reaction times to be employed, or by promoting a cross‐linking rather than a cyclizing reaction of the sulphur. Thiuram disulphide accelerators in the absence of sulphur bring about cross‐linking, the linkages being of C‐S‐C type rather than C‐C.
The determination of particle size distribution by means of the photoelectric sedimentometer
Authors: Bhansom S. H. , Dunning W. J.
Published: July 2007

The study of the properties of powders has received an increasing mount of attention during recent years.1 These properties my be classified, fiat, into bulk and average properties, and secondly, into individual properties. The bulk properties may be further divided into static and dynamic, the static properties being those which depend upon the static geometry of the powder. For example, bulk density, void distribution, flow through plugs and beds of powder, the number of contacts between powder particles and other packing properties arc static properties, whilst the dynamic ones are those concerned with Bow, such as angles of internal friction. The specific surface is an example of an average property. Individual properties arc those such as sizes and shapes of the panicles, and in these it is usually necessary to describe the results statistically by means of distribution functions.

The size distribution is an important example of the latter. This details the number of individual grains in unit weight of a sample which have sizes within a differential range, and the first step in obtaining such a function is to describe the size in a convenient way. When the particles are all similar in shape, their sizes can be simply defined, but the further removed the particle shapes are from geometrical figures, the more difficult it becomes to describe the size by one parameter. There are a number of different ways of defining the size of grains; Green,1 Martin,3 Perrot and Kinney,4 Weigell,5 Work,6 Heywood7 and others recommend various “diameters” derived from microscopic methods. Other “diameters” are due to Andreasen, “and Odén” The diameter used depends partly upon the available methods of measuring or upon the likelihood of correlating it with some other property of interest. To take account of the limitations of the various methods, a further parameter, called the “shape factor” is often utilized. The “shape factor” in general terms usually implies some constant or parameter which will allow one parameter of the particle to be derived from another.
The determination of phosphorus in hamatite iron and steel by the molybdenum blue method
Authors: Harrison T. S.
Published: July 2007

Following a review of previous work Vaughn's method is selected for modification and incorporation in a composite scheme of analysis. Colour stability curves show that stannous chloride is superior to other reducing agents and indicate the optimum acid concentration for reproducibility. Observations are made on the order of reagent additions and procedures are derailed for haematite iron and steel.