bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dialysis patients treated with Epoetin alfa show improved anemia symptoms: A new analysis of the Canadian Erythropoietin Study Group trial
Authors: KEOWN Paul A. , CHURCHILL David N. , POULIN‐COSTELLO Melanie , LEI Lei , GANTOTTI Sandeep , AGODOA Irene , GITLIN Matthew , GANDRA Shravanthi R. , MAYNE Tracy J.
Published: March 2010

The health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) claims in the current Epoetin alfa label are based on the reanalyses of the exercise and physical function data from the Canadian Erythropoietin Study Group trial. The reanalysis was done to comply with the Food and Drug Administration's requirement of using statistical methods that are currently standard in evaluating clinical trial data. Presented here are HRQOL results associated with anemia. The Canadian Erythropoietin Study Group trial was a multicenter, double blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial evaluating the effects of Epoetin alfa on HRQOL in anemic hemodialysis patients. A total of 118 patients who were 18–75 years old, on hemodialysis for >3 months, who had a hemoglobin <9.0 g/dL, and did not have coronary artery disease or diabetes mellitus, were randomized to either receive placebo (n=40), or receive intravenous Epoetin alfa to achieve a target hemoglobin of 9.5–11.0 g/dL (n=40) or a target of 11.5–13.0 g/dL (n=38). Patients were followed for 6 months. The two Epoetin alfa‐treatment groups were combined for all analyses performed. This post hoc analysis was conducted using an intent‐to‐treat repeated measures mixed model analysis of variance using Bonferroni's multiplicity correction. The Epoetin alfa‐treated group showed a statistically significant improvement in the Kidney Disease Questionnaire symptom of fatigue in comparison with placebo. Additionally, the change in hemoglobin at 2 months was correlated with change in fatigue, energy, shortness of breath, and weakness, but had minimal effect on depression. These analyses confirm previously reported results, which indicate that treating hemodialysis patients with an erythropoiesis‐stimulating agent improves HRQOL.
Impact of coronary artery calcification in hemodialysis patients: Risk factors and associations with prognosis
Authors: OHTAKE Takayasu , ISHIOKA Kunihiro , HONDA Kenjiro , OKA Machiko , MAESATO Kyoko , MANO Tsutomu , IKEE Ryota , MORIYA Hidekazu , HIDAKA Sumi , KOBAYASHI Shuzo
Published: March 2010

The risk factors of coronary artery calcification (CAC) and the impact of CAC on cardiovascular events, cardiovascular deaths, and all‐cause deaths in hemodialysis (HD) patients have not been fully elucidated. We examined the CAC score (CACS) in 74 HD patients using electron‐beam computed tomography. Fifty‐six patients underwent a second electron‐beam computed tomography after a 15‐month interval to evaluate CAC progression. We evaluated (1) the risk factors for CAC and its progression and (2) the impact of CAC on the prognosis. In the cross‐sectional study, HD vintage and high‐sensitive C‐reactive protein (hsCRP) were the independent risk factors for CAC. In the prospective cohort study, delta CACS (progression of CAC) was significantly correlated with hsCRP, fibrinogen, and serum calcium level in the univariate analysis. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that only hsCRP was the independent risk factor for CAC progression in HD patients. Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis revealed that cardiovascular events (P<0.0001), cardiovascular deaths (P=0.039), and all‐cause deaths (P=0.026) were significantly associated with CACS. In conclusion, CAC had significantly progressed in HD patients during the 15‐month observation period. Microinflammation was the only independent risk factor for CAC progression in HD patients. The advanced CAC was a significant prognostic factor in HD patients, i.e., which was strongly associated with future cardiovascular events, cardiovascular deaths, and all‐cause deaths.
Association of serum alkaline phosphatase and bone mineral density in maintenance hemodialysis patients
Authors: PARK Jong Chan , KOVESDY Csaba P. , DUONG Uyen , STREJA Elani , RAMBOD Mehdi , NISSENSON Allen R. , SPRAGUE Stuart M. , KALANTAR‐ZADEH Kamyar
Published: March 2010

Recent studies indicate that serum alkaline phosphatase (AlkPhos), a surrogate of high turnover bone disease, is associated with coronary artery calcification and death risk in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. The association between AlkPhos and bone mineral density (BMD) is not well studied. We studied the association between AlkPhos and dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry‐assessed BMD in a group of MHD patients in Southern California. In 154 MHD patients, aged 55.3 ± 13.6 years, including 42% women, 38% Hispanics, 42% African Americans, and 55% diabetics, the mean serum AlkPhos was 121 ± 63 U/L (median: 101, Q25–75: 81–141); 36% had AlkPhos≥120 U/L and 50% had a total T‐score≤−1. Whereas the total BMD did not correlate with age (r=0.01, P=0.99) or body mass index (r=0.10, P=0.22), it correlated negatively with AlkPhos (r=−0.25, P=0.002), including after multivariate adjustment (r=−0.24, P=0.003). The proportion of patients with a high coronary artery calcification score>400 was incrementally higher across worsening BMD tertiles (P trend=0.04). The BMD was significantly worse in MHD patients with serum AlkPhos≥120 U/L compared with <120 U/L (1.01 ± 0.016 vs. 1.08 ± 0.013 g/cm2, respectively, P<0.001). The multivariate adjusted odds ratio of AlkPhos≥120 U/L for having a total T‐score<−1.0 was 2.3 (1.1–4.8, P=0.037). Among routine clinical and biochemical markers, serum AlkPhos≥120 U/L was a better predictor of total T‐score≤−1 in MHD patients. An association exists between higher serum AlkPhos and worse dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry‐assessed BMD in MHD patients. Given these findings, studies are indicated to examine whether interventions that lower serum AlkPhos improve BMD in MHD patients.
Regression of brown tumor of the maxilla in a patient with secondary hyperparathyroidism after a parathyroidectomy
Authors: NABI Zahid , ALGAILANI Mohammed , ABDELSALAM Mohammed , ASAAD Lina , ALBAQUMI Mamdouh
Published: March 2010

Brown tumors or osteoclastomas are erosive bony lesions arising as a complication of hyperparathyroidism. In patients with end‐stage renal disease, brown tumors are uncommon skeletal manifestations that are usually seen in severe forms of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Initial treatment involves the correction of hyperparathyroidism, which usually leads to regression of the tumors. We report a case of brown tumors of the maxilla in a 24‐year‐old female referred to us by a local hospital, where she had been on regular hemodialysis for >10 years. After a complete biochemical and radiological workup, she underwent a total parathyroidectomy, which subsequently resulted in significant regression of her tumor.
Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles Precipitated from Low‐Temperature Aqueous Solutions: II. Thin‐Film Formation and Microstructure Developments
Authors: Zhang Guangneng , Roy Biplab K. , Allard Lawrence F. , Cho Junghyun
Published: March 2010

We explored effects of the degree of supersaturation, which depends on solution concentration, pH, and temperature, on the development of microstructures of the TiO2 thin films deposited from the controlled hydrolysis of TiCl4 aqueous solutions. It was shown that, with precursor (TiCl4) solution of low degree of supersaturation, a porous flower‐like dendritic structure was synthesized, while a densely packed particulate nanostructure was obtained with that of high degree of supersaturation. The former morphology was attributed to the directional growth of TiO2 crystals from the already‐deposited films, whereas the latter to the bulk precipitated TiO2 nanoparticles nucleated in the solution, followed by their attachment and self organization. By establishing the processing–microstructure relations, this study provided a means of generating a wide spectrum of reproducible TiO2 microstructures using the low‐temperature aqueous solution processing.
Electrophoretic Deposition of Ti3Si(Al)C2 from Aqueous Suspension
Authors: Liang Ying , Sun Ziqi , Chen Jixin , Liu Xiaoxia , Zhou Yanchun
Published: March 2010

Ti3Si(Al)C2 films were electrophoretically deposited at 3 V on indium‐tin‐oxide (ITO) conductive glass from Ti3Si(Al)C2 aqueous suspension with 1 vol% solid loading at pH 9 in the absence of any dispersant. The surface morphology, cross section microstructure, and preferred orientation of the films were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. The as‐deposited Ti3Si(Al)C2 films exhibited (00l) preferred orientation and the thickness can be controlled by the deposition–drying–deposition method. These results demonstrate that electrophoretic deposition is a simple and feasible method to prepare MAX‐phases green films at room temperature.
Phase Equilibria of the MnO–SiO2–Al2O3–MnS System
Authors: Woo Dae‐Hee , Lee Hae‐Geon
Published: March 2010

Phase equilibria of the MnO–SiO2–MnS system in the temperature range of 1185°–1400°C and the MnS solubility in the MnO–SiO2–Al2O3–MnS system at 1200°C under low oxygen partial pressure have been experimentally investigated using equilibration/quenching technique followed by electron probe X‐ray microanalysis and X‐ray diffraction analysis. Based on the experimental results, polythermal projection of the MnO–SiO2–MnS system was estimated. The system has two ternary eutectic points; namely, one at 1173°± 3°C where phases of MnS, MnO, “A” (67.0 mass% MnO–23.6 mass% SiO2–9.4 mass% MnS), and liquid coexist, and the other at 1187°± 3°C where phases of MnS, Mn2SiO4, MnSiO3, and liquid coexist. All invariant reactions observed above were discussed. The ternary compound “B” containing 74.4 mass% MnO–22.0 mass% SiO2–3.6 mass% MnS was observed at 1300°C. In the MnO–SiO2–Al2O3–MnS system, the MnS solubility is strongly affected by Al2O3 content and also the MnO/SiO2 ratio. The solubility increased as MnO/SiO2 ratio increased at a constant Al2O3 content and decreased as Al2O3 content increased at a constant MnO/SiO2 ratio. In addition, depending on the Al2O3 content and MnO/SiO2 ratio, the liquid phase is possibly saturated with not only MnS but also other solid oxide phases. In view of inclusion utilization for free‐cutting steel, it might have an advantage to decrease the Al2O3 content and increase the MnO/SiO2 ratio.
Development of a Nomenclature System for a Canine STR Multiplex Reagent Kit*†
Authors: Tom Bradley K. , Koskinen Mikko T. , Dayton Melody , Mattila Anna‐Maria , Johnston Eric , Fantin Dennis , DeNise Sue , Spear Theresa , Smith David Glenn , Satkoski Jessica , Budowle Bruce , Kanthaswamy Sree
Published: March 2010

Abstract:  Despite the popularity of dogs in US households, canine DNA evidence remains largely untapped in forensic investigations partially because of the absence of well‐defined forensic short tandem repeats (STRs), lack of standardized and validated PCR protocols, STR reagent kits, and poorly developed nomenclature. A nomenclature system was established based on internationally recognized recommendations for human forensic STRs for a recently developed canine STR reagent kit. Representative alleles were sequenced from each of the 18 STRs and the sex‐typing marker included in the kit. This study also reflects on the impact of point mutations, insertions, and deletions within and outside the STR core repeat structures. An understanding of the STRs’ sequence and repeat structures will enable development of a robust and reliable allele nomenclature and improve the accuracy and precision of allele fragment sizing in canine forensic profiling. The expected allele sizes have been calculated, and their repeat stuctures defined based on sequence information.
Optical Characterization of Some Modern “Eco‐Friendly” Fibers*
Authors: Brinsko Kelly M.
Published: March 2010

Abstract:  Fibers that are termed “eco‐friendly” or “biodegradable” by manufacturers are increasingly being used in textile products such as apparel and carpeting to appeal to the ever more environmentally aware public. As such, these modern fibers are expected to begin showing up more often in forensic casework, and it is important that the forensic examiner recognize them. This study employed polarized light microscopy (PLM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy to characterize selected fibers of azlon, polylactic acid (PLA), cellulose composites of alginate or chitin, and bamboo (viscose rayon). Fiber cross‐sections, refractive indices, melting points, solubilities, and FTIR measurements were conducted. Results indicate that the azlons and PLA fibers are easily distinguishable from other textile fibers by their optical and chemical properties. The cellulose composites show only small differences in comparison with other cellulose‐based fibers, while bamboo viscose rayon is indistinguishable from normal viscose rayon.
Bone augmentation after soft‐tissue expansion using hydrogel expanders: effects on microcirculation and osseointegration
Authors: Von See Constantin , Gellrich Nils‐Claudius , Jachmann Ulrike , Laschke Matthias W. , Bormann Kai‐Hendrik , Rücker Martin
Published: March 2010

Objectives: The success of bone augmentation, for example of the alveolar ridge, might be endangered by dehiscence of the soft tissue that covers the augmented bone. Soft‐tissue coverage can be achieved without tension through pre‐augmentation tissue expansion with hydrogel expanders. We used a periosteal chamber to study the influence of tissue expansion on microcirculation and osseointegration in an in vivo animal model.

Material and methods: Sixteen isogeneic Lewis rats were randomised into two groups. Additional eight animals served as donors of isogeneic bone grafts (Group 3, n=8). The bone grafts were harvested and implanted into Group 1 animals (n=8) (without tissue expansion) and Group 2 animals (after tissue expansion). In Group 2 (n=8), hydrogel expanders were inserted subperiosteally at the site to be augmented for 21 days. We used intravital microscopy to monitor microcirculation in vivo for 19 days after implantation. Specimens from both groups were evaluated histologically.

Results: During the entire study period, functional microvessel density in the region above the augmentation material was significantly higher after previous tissue expansion (P>0.05). Both groups showed physiological microcirculation around the augmentation material. Histology revealed bone osseointegration of the bone graft in the group with tissue expansion and the presence of connective and granulation tissue in the group without tissue expansion.

Conclusions: Pre‐augmentation soft‐tissue expansion with hydrogel expanders leads to higher functional microvessel density in the tissue above the augmentation material and thus, to more rapid osseointegration. The use of hydrogel expanders appears to increase the probability of success, especially of pre‐implant bone augmentation.

To cite this article:
 von See C, Gellrich N‐C, Jachmann U, Laschke MW, Bormann KH, Rücker M. Bone augmentation after soft‐tissue expansion using hydrogel expanders: effects on microcirculation and osseointegration. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2010; 842–847 doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2009.01847.x
A locus for an auditory processing deficit and language impairment in an extended pedigree maps to 12p13.31‐q14.3
Authors: Addis L. , Friederici A. D. , Kotz S. A. , Sabisch B. , Barry J. , Richter N. , Ludwig A. A. , Rübsamen R. , Albert F. W. , Pääbo S. , Newbury D. F. , Monaco A. P.
Published: March 2010

Despite the apparent robustness of language learning in humans, a large number of children still fail to develop appropriate language skills despite adequate means and opportunity. Most cases of language impairment have a complex etiology, with genetic and environmental influences. In contrast, we describe a three‐generation German family who present with an apparently simple segregation of language impairment. Investigations of the family indicate auditory processing difficulties as a core deficit. Affected members performed poorly on a nonword repetition task and present with communication impairments. The brain activation pattern for syllable duration as measured by event‐related brain potentials showed clear differences between affected family members and controls, with only affected members displaying a late discrimination negativity. In conjunction with psychoacoustic data showing deficiencies in auditory duration discrimination, the present results indicate increased processing demands in discriminating syllables of different duration. This, we argue, forms the cognitive basis of the observed language impairment in this family. Genome‐wide linkage analysis showed a haplotype in the central region of chromosome 12 which reaches the maximum possible logarithm of odds ratio (LOD) score and fully co‐segregates with the language impairment, consistent with an autosomal dominant, fully penetrant mode of inheritance. Whole genome analysis yielded no novel inherited copy number variants strengthening the case for a simple inheritance pattern. Several genes in this region of chromosome 12 which are potentially implicated in language impairment did not contain polymorphisms likely to be the causative mutation, which is as yet unknown.
A comparative analysis of acceptance by Japanese females and price of goat milk from different sources
Authors: OZAWA Takeyuki , TAKADA Ruriko , NISHITANI Jiro , FUJITA Masaru , BLAIR Hugh T.
Published: March 2010

A sensory survey was carried out using 4 different types of whole goat milk among middle‐class females to investigate consumer acceptability of goat milk and whether there is an opportunity to expand the sale of goat milk products in Japan. Four different types of whole milk powder (domestic concentrate‐fed, domestic pasture‐fed, USA commercially canned, and New Zealand commercially canned) were used. Fresh cow milk was served as a control. Thirty‐one housewives evaluated the 5 liquid milk samples for smell, taste and overall characteristics on a scale of 1 (low) to 3 (high). Chi‐square analyses were carried out to detect significant differences between the milk types in each category. The goat milk from the USA was the most preferred goat milk with respect to smell and overall evaluation. Domestic pasture‐fed milk received the lowest grade in the evaluation for its ‘grassy and goaty’ smell. This result shows us that pasture intake affects the taste and smell of powdered milk which gives the lowest evaluation by the participants. If Japanese goat milk producers want to be successful in the domestic goat milk market and compete against goat milk products from other countries, they should improve production methods and flavor of their products.
Older Australian women's use of dentists: A longitudinal analysis over 6 years
Authors: Sibbritt David W , Byles Julie E , Tavener Meredith A
Published: March 2010

Aim:  To identify factors associated with dentist consultation by older Australian women.

Methods:  Participants from the older cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health which originally involved 12 432 older women.

Results:  The percentage of women who consulted a dentist in the years 1999, 2002 and 2005 were 35%, 36% and 37%, respectively. Women were more likely to consult with a dentist if they lived in urban areas (RR = 1.26; 95% CI: 1.21, 1.32), were non‐smokers (RR = 1.38; 95% CI: 1.21, 157), did not have diabetes (RR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.25), had better physical health (RR = 1.02 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.02). Women were less likely to consult with a dentist if they found it difficult to live on their income (RR = 0.90; 95% CI: 085, 0.95).

Conclusion:  Access to dentists, cost of consultations and poor health appear to be significant factors influencing visits to a dentist by older Australian women.
Plasmapheresis in Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage as Perinuclear Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody‐Associated Vasculitis Relapse on Hemodialysis
Authors: Cigarrán Secundino , Castro María Jesús , Pousa Montserrat , Paredes Sonia , Bernardo Hugo , Porteiro Montserrat
Published: March 2010

Unlike Goodpasture's syndrome with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (DAH), there are scarce reports on the use of plasmapheresis for patients with a recurrence of DAH associated with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)‐associated small vessel vasculitis (AAV) on hemodialysis. We report a case of a relapse of perinuclear‐AAV with DAH, five months after starting hemodialysis. The patient received apheresis and induction immunosuppressive therapy, added to a short course of daily hemodialysis treatments. The DAH resolved with seven apheresis procedures and there were no adverse effects. We suggest that patients on hemodialysis with a relapse of AAV and DAH would benefit from the prompt initiation of apheresis in combination with aggressive immunosuppressive therapy. Pulmonary hemorrhage is not included in the current guidelines for therapeutic apheresis; therefore, we report this case and, if warranted, propose this condition to be included in the guidelines.
Beraprost Sodium, an Orally Active Prostaglandin I2Analog, Improves Renal Anemia in Hemodialysis Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease
Authors: Moriya Hidekazu , Ishioka Kunihiro , Honda Kenjiro , Oka Machiko , Maesato Kyoko , Ikee Ryota , Hidaka Sumi , Ohtake Takayasu , Kobayashi Shuzo
Published: March 2010

Beraprost sodium (BPS) is a stable, orally active prostaglandin I2(PGI2) analog with antiplatelet and vasodilating properties. It has been reported that PGI2has pleiotropic effects that are anti‐inflammatory and anti‐atherogenic. In this study, we aim to determine the relationship between PGI2and renal anemia. We conducted a prospective randomized trial including 20 hemodialysis patients. Ten patients were assigned to be treated with 120 µg/day of BPS and the other patients were assigned to a control group. After six months, the titer of hemoglobin had significantly increased in the BPS group compared to the baseline (11.1 ± 0.3 g/dL vs. 10.3 ± 1.4 g/dL, respectively), and there was a significant difference between the BPS group and the control group. The level of ferritin was lower in the BPS group compared to the control group, but the average dose of erythropoietin did not significantly change. These findings suggest that BPS may improve renal anemia in hemodialysis patients.
Long‐Term Natural History of Acquired Cystic Disease of the Kidney
Authors: Ishikawa Isao , Hayama Satoshi , Morita Kyoko , Nakazawa Tetsuya , Yokoyama Hitoshi , Honda Ryumon , Satoh Kyoko , Kakuma Tatsuyuki
Published: March 2010

Patients with acquired cystic disease of the kidney (ACDK) were followed longitudinally over an average of 21.7 ± 5.4 years to determine the natural history of the disease; that is, how big the kidneys become, when the kidney size reaches a plateau, and when the size regresses. Twenty‐seven male and 20 female patients with chronic glomerulonephritis treated at our hospital were investigated. CT scans were performed once a year and kidney volume was measured. Two different quadratic curves with a node of 5.2 years for males and 2.5 years for females after the start of hemodialysis were fitted to log‐transformed kidney volume to the duration of hemodialysis using a linear mixed model. The maximum kidney volume in male patients was obtained 21.1 years after the start of hemodialysis using this model. Peak values of kidney volume were demonstrated in 19 of 26 cases during the observation period. The median peak value (interquartile range) of bilateral kidney volumes was 274 (165–849) mL/1.73 m2 occurring 19.1 ± 4.5 years after the start of dialysis. In one male patient who had undergone nephrectomy due to renal cell carcinoma and in two of the remaining 26 male patients, the maximum kidney volume of 782 (residual kidney), 1151, and 1129 mL regressed to 428, 616, and 847 mL (reduction rate: 45.3, 46.5, and 25.0%) at 20.6, 25.4, and 23.1 years after the start of hemodialysis, respectively. Kidney enlargement due to ACDK reached a plateau after 21.1 years of hemodialysis in the male patients. Partial regression of severe ACDK may occur naturally after long‐term hemodialysis without renal transplantation.
Release of Interleukin‐1 Receptor Antagonist by Combining a Leukocyte Adsorption Carrier With Ulinastatin
Authors: Nishise Shoichi , Takeda Yuji , Fujishima Shoichiro , Orii Tomohiko , Sato Takeshi , Sasaki Yu , Nishise Yuko , Takeda Hiroaki , Kawata Sumio
Published: March 2010

Both granulocyte/monocyte adsorptive apheresis (GMA) and ulinastatin, a serine protease inhibitor, are reported to be effective in patients with ulcerative colitis; however, combination therapy with GMA and ulinastatin has not been attempted. Investigating the effect of ulinastatin on GMA is required for combination therapy since the inhibition of serine protease suppresses the reaction of GMA. To clarify the effects of ulinastatin on GMA, we investigated whether granulocyte adsorption to cellulose acetate beads (carriers for GMA) and interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1ra) release were inhibited by ulinastatin. Peripheral blood containing ulinastatin, a different serine protease inhibitor (gabexate mesilate), or signal‐transduction inhibitors was incubated with cellulose acetate beads in vitro, and the ratios of adsorbed granulocytes and IL‐1ra release were measured. Granulocyte adsorption and IL‐1ra release were significantly suppressed with increasing gabexate mesilate concentrations; however, the adsorption was not significantly inhibited by ulinastatin. Furthermore, IL‐1ra release was augmented by the addition of a high dose of ulinastatin or PD98059 as compared to a low dose. The activation levels of extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinase may regulate IL‐1ra release induced by the carrier, because both ulinastatin and PD98059 inhibit extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinase. High concentrations of ulinastatin increased IL‐1ra release without inhibiting granulocyte adsorption to cellulose acetate beads. This result warrants clinical trials of a combination of ulinastatin and GMA for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.
Double Filtration Plasmapheresis in Antibody‐Incompatible Kidney Transplantation
Authors: Higgins Rob , Lowe David , Hathaway Mark , Lam For T , Kashi Habib , Tan Lam Chin , Imray Chris , Fletcher Simon , Chen Klaus , Krishnan Nithya , Hamer Rizwan , Zehnder Daniel , Briggs David
Published: March 2010

Double filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP) was used in preference to plasma exchange in our program of antibody‐incompatible transplantation, to treat higher volumes of plasma. Forty‐two patients had 259 sessions of DFPP, 201 pre‐transplant and 58 post‐transplant. At the first treatment session, the mean plasma volume treated was 3.81 L (range 3–6 L), 55.5 mL/kg (range 36.2–83.6 mL/kg). Serum IgG fell by mean 59.4% (SD 10.2%), and IgM by 69.3% (SD 16.1%). Nine patients did not require increases in plasma volumes treated, and six did not tolerate higher plasma volumes. In the remaining patients, the mean maximum plasma volume treated pre‐transplant was 6.67 L (range 4–15 L), 96.1 mL/kg (range 60.2–208.9 mL/kg). The complement dependent cytotoxic crossmatch was positive in 14 cases pre‐treatment, and remained positive in six (42.8%) cases. The flow cytometric crossmatch was positive in 29 cases pre‐treatment, and in 21 (72.4%) after DFPP. Post‐transplant, DFPP was ineffective at reducing donor specific antibody levels during periods of rapid donor specific antibody synthesis. Post‐transplant, the one year graft survival rate was 94%, although there was a high rate of early rejection. In summary, DFPP enabled the treatment of plasma volumes that were almost double those that would have been feasible with plasma exchange. Despite this, most patients were transplanted with a positive crossmatch, and DFPP post‐transplant was unable to control rising antibody levels.
A redshift survey towards the cosmic microwave background cold spot
Authors: Bremer M. N. , Silk J. , Davies L. J. M. , Lehnert M. D.
Published: March 2010

We have carried out a redshift survey using the VIMOS spectrograph on the VLT towards the cosmic microwave background cold spot. A possible cause of the cold spot is the Integrated Sachs–Wolfe effect imprinted by an extremely large void (hundreds of Mpc in linear dimension) at intermediate or low redshifts. The redshift distribution of over seven hundred z < 1 emission-line galaxies drawn from an I-band flux limited sample of galaxies in the direction of the cold spot shows no evidence of a gap on scales of Δz≳ 0.05 as would be expected if such a void existed at 0.35 < z < 1. There are troughs in the redshift distribution on smaller scales (Δz≈ 0.01) indicating that smaller scale voids may connect regions separated by several degrees towards the cold spot. A comparison of this distribution with that generated from similarly sized subsamples drawn from widely spaced pointings of the VVDS survey does not indicate that the redshift distribution towards the cold spot is anomalous or that these small gaps can be uniquely attributed to real voids.
FLOW PROPERTIES OF CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE DAIRY SYSTEMS WITH DIFFERENT FAT CONTENT
Authors: BAYARRI SARA , COSTELL ELVIRA
Published: March 2010

Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) is used mainly as a stabilizer and thickener agent in the food industry. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of CMC concentration (0.75, 1.00, 1.25 and 1.50% w/w) and type of milk (skimmed milk and whole milk) on the flow behavior of dairy products. Flow properties of samples were clearly affected by both the type of milk and the CMC concentration. All samples exhibited a thixotropic and shear‐thinning flow behavior. Whole milk samples with the higher CMC content (1.25 and 1.5%) showed an overshoot in the shear stress versus shear rate profiles. In both whole and skimmed milk samples, the consistency coefficient and the yield stress values increased with CMC concentration, while the flow index values decreased. In general, the whole milk samples gave higher values on the consistency index and yield stress and lower ones on the flow index, than the equivalent samples made with skimmed milk.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The first step to developing new health products that also satisfy consumer demands is to study how the interaction between the ingredients and the components of the food matrix influence the physical and sensorial properties of food. To this end, a study was made into how carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) concentration affected the flow behavior of dairy desserts, formulated with either skimmed or whole milk. The flow behavior of these systems was not only influenced by CMC concentration but also by the milk type.
Epigenetic control of skeletal muscle fibre type
Authors: Baar K.
Published: March 2010

Adult muscle is extremely plastic. However, the muscle precursor cells associated with those fibres show stable and heritable differences in gene expression indicative of epigenetic imprinting. Epigenetic processes in the development of skeletal muscle have been appreciated for over a decade; however, there are a paucity of studies looking at whether epigenetics determines the phenotype of adult and/or ageing skeletal muscle. This review presents the evidence that epigenetics plays a role in determining adult muscle function and a series of unanswered questions that would greatly increase our understanding of how epigenetics works in adult muscle. With the increased interest in epigenetics, over the next few years this field will begin to unfold in unimaginable directions.
Control of muscle blood flow during exercise: local factors and integrative mechanisms
Authors: Sarelius I. , Pohl U.
Published: March 2010

Understanding the control mechanisms of blood flow within the vasculature of skeletal muscle is clearly fascinating from a theoretical point of view due to the extremely tight coupling of tissue oxygen demands and blood flow. It also has practical implications as impairment of muscle blood flow and its prevention/reversal by exercise training has a major impact on widespread diseases such as hypertension and diabetes. Here we analyse the role of mediators generated by skeletal muscle activity on smooth muscle relaxation in resistance vessels in vitro and in vivo. We summarize their cellular mechanisms of action and their relative roles in exercise hyperaemia with regard to early and late responses. We also discuss the consequences of interactions among mediators with regard to identifying their functional significance. We focus on (potential) mechanisms integrating the action of the mediators and their effects among the cells of the intact arteriolar wall. This integration occurs both locally, partly due to myoendothelial communication, and axially along the vascular tree, thus enabling the local responses to be manifest along an entire functional vessel path. Though the concept of signal integration is intriguing, its specific role on the control of exercise hyperaemia and the consequences of its modulation under physiological and pathophysiological conditions still await additional analysis.
Effect of Active Packaging Incorporated with Triclosan on Bacteria Adhesion
Authors: Camilloto Geany P. , Pires Ana Clarissa S. , Soares Nilda de Fátima F. , Araújo Emiliane A. , Andrade Nélio J. , Ferreira Sukarno O.
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT:  Antimicrobial polyethylene and cellulose based films incorporated with triclosan were studied. The antimicrobial efficacy, the hydrophobicity, microscopic and the mechanical characteristics of the films, as well free energy of adhesion between bacteria and antimicrobial films were evaluated. It was observed that both polyethylene and cellulose based films incorporated with the antimicrobial were homogeneous. Furthermore, the addition of triclosan did not affect mechanical characteristics of the films (P > 0.05). However, triclosan incorporated into polyethylene films reduced its hydrophobicity while antimicrobial cellulose based films became more hydrophobic. The adhesion was thermodynamically favorable between tested bacteria and polyethylene films. On the other hand, the adhesion to triclosan cellulose based film was thermodynamically unfavorable to Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and favorable to Listeria innocua and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Polyethylene and cellulose based films showed inhibitory effect against S. aureus and E. coli, being the inhibition halo higher for polyethylene films. This study improves the knowledge about antimicrobial films.
Altering Functional Properties of Fats Using Power Ultrasound
Authors: Suzuki A.H. , Lee J. , Padilla S.G. , Martini S.
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT:  Ultrasound has been used for the last 50 y in different processing applications. Depending on the power and frequency of the sound waves, ultrasound techniques can be classified in different categories. Low‐intensity ultrasound uses high frequencies in the range of 100 kHz to 10 MHz and is mostly used for therapeutic purpose (frequencies between 1 and 10 MHz) and to passively monitor the characteristics of materials (frequencies between 100 kHz and 10 MHz). High‐intensity ultrasound (HIU), on the other hand, uses lower frequencies in the range of 20 to 100 kHz and it is commonly used for cleaning, disrupting, and restructuring materials. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of HIU on functional properties of anhydrous milk fat (AMF), palm kernel oil (PKO), and an all‐purpose shortening (Sh). Results from this research shows that HIU induced primary and secondary nucleation in the lipid, generating smaller crystals and as a consequence harder materials. HIU affected hardness more efficiently when applied at higher crystallization temperatures (26 and 28 °C) as shown for AMF data, and when the sonication was applied after the first crystals were formed as observed for PKO and Sh systems. In addition to changes in hardness, AMF and Sh networks obtained after sonication were characterized by a steeper and sharper melting profile. This research shows that HIU can be used as an additional processing tool to tailor the functional properties of lipids with the potential to be used in the processing of trans‐free shortenings.
Comparison of Volatile Release in Tomatillo and Different Varieties of Tomato during Chewing
Authors: Xu Yichi , Barringer Sheryl
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT:  The release of volatiles from tomatillos (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.) and tomatoes in the mouthspace and nosespace was measured in real‐time using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT‐MS). (Z)‐3‐Hexenal, (E)‐2‐hexenal, hexanal, and 1‐penten‐3‐one increased, while isobutyl alcohol, nonanal, and methylbutanal showed no significant change in the first 30 s of chewing. Cherry tomato released more (E)‐2‐hexenal, (Z)‐3‐hexenal, and 1‐penten‐3‐one than tomatillo, Roma tomato, and vine‐ripened tomato during chewing. The proportion of the average concentration of volatiles in the mouthspace after swallowing to before swallowing (MSas/MSbs) varied from 2.8% to 73.9% between different volatiles and varieties. Methylbutanal, hexanal, and nonanal were retained at a higher percentage in the mouth after swallowing than (Z)‐3‐hexenal, (E)‐2‐hexenal, 1‐penten‐3‐one, and isobutyl alcohol. The proportion of the average volatile concentration in the mouthspace, to the headspace in a glass container (MS/HS) of 1‐penten‐3‐one, hexanal, methylbutanal, and nonanal, and the proportion of nosespace to headspace (NS/HS) for 1‐penten‐3‐one, hexanal, (Z)‐3‐hexenal, and nonanal was significantly higher in tomatillo than in tomatoes. There was no difference between tomatoes of different varieties in NS/HS ratio.

Practical Application: The real‐time volatile release from tomatillos and tomatoes was measured and compared. The information obtained on the dynamic generation of volatile compounds provides a better understanding of volatile release in the headspace of tomatillo and tomatoes. The compounds and their volatile release patterns were similar for the tomatillo and tomatoes. The green aldehydes released during chewing were not significantly higher than most tomato varieties, except for Roma tomatoes. Cherry tomato released relatively more volatiles during chewing, whereas Roma tomatoes were generally poor in mouthspace volatiles. The lingering of volatiles in the mouth after swallowing was different for different volatiles and varieties, which may appear as a sensory difference detected by consumers.
Distinctions between islet neogenesis and β‐cell replication: Implications for reversal of Type 1 and 2 diabetes
Authors: LEVETAN Claresa
Published: March 2010

The terms “islet” and “β‐cell” are often used interchangeably, yet islets are highly complex multicellular organelles that contain the insulin‐producing β‐cells and four other cells types, all of which play a role in maintaining glucose homeostasis within a very narrow range. Although the formation of new islets in adults is rare, occurring primarily in response to pancreatic injury and major stress to the pancreas, β‐cell replication from existing cells occurs throughout adulthood. An understanding of the regulatory factors controlling pancreatic development has more clearly defined the differences between new islet formation from progenitor cells located throughout the adult pancreas and β‐cell replication occurring within existing islets. The present review sets forth to more clearly distinguish the differences between the postnatal pathways of islet neogenesis and β‐cell replication with a discussion of the potential implications for reversal of Type 1 and 2 diabetic patients using islet neogenesis agents that are now in development. For Type 1 diabetic patients, an immune tolerance agent in conjunction with an islet neogenesis agent may allow achievement of adequate islet mass, perhaps with subsequent potential to withdraw medications. For Type 2 diabetic patients, lifestyle changes and/or medications may sustain the production of new islets and limit the accelerated β‐cell apoptosis characteristic of the condition.
Proton Pump Inhibitors and Clopidogrel
Authors: Gaglia, Jr. Michael A. , Waksman Ron
Published: March 2010

Proton pump inhibitors are often prescribed for patients on clopidogrel to prevent gastrointestinal bleeding complications. Recent data suggest higher rates of adverse cardiovascular events in patients on proton pump inhibitors and clopidogrel, in comparison to patients on clopidogrel only. Both drugs are metabolized by similar pathways of the cytochrome P450 system, so proton pump inhibitors may inhibit the metabolism of clopidogrel to its active metabolite. This article reviews the pharmacodynamic and clinical evidence for this phenomenon.
From the Virtual World to the Real World: A Model of Pragmatics Instruction for Study Abroad
Authors: Shively Rachel L.
Published: March 2010

Abstract:With its focus on the use of language forms in cultural context, the study of pragmatics can be a valuable component in a program that prepares students to learn both language and culture in study abroad. The goal of the present study is to propose a model for pragmatic instruction in study abroad that fosters both intercultural competence and language skills, is informed by research and practice, and takes advantage of the affordances that an immersion environment and new technologies offer. The article provides an overview of the pertinent research, discusses the pedagogical implications of an ethnographic research project on the acquisition of Spanish pragmatics in study abroad, and presents a model for pragmatic instruction in the study abroad context.
Using e‐Journals to Assess Students' Language Awareness and Social Identity During Study Abroad
Authors: Stewart Julia Aguilar
Published: March 2010

Abstract: This article reports on a study that explored the use of e‐journals to understand through students' personal narratives what factors (gender, living situation, classroom dynamic, social network) may have influenced their learning during the study abroad semester. Pretests on language measures were compared with posttest results, and information was gleaned from students' journal entries to assess possible relationships between a student's language gains and the development of his or her social identity during study abroad. In view of the call for more targeted assessment of program goals and learning outcomes by accrediting bodies in higher education, e‐journals are proposed as a means of closely following students' progress and the factors that may be affecting their learning in the study abroad context.
Make Promises You Can Keep
Authors: Walter Glen
Published: March 2010

This is a wake‐up call. Regardless of sophisticated processes and grandiose meanings, at the end of the day, what remains is an experience and a product. And it's how well the two are matched that determines the success of that product.
Sulfonylurea action re‐revisited
Authors: Seino Susumu , Zhang Chang‐Liang , Shibasaki Tadao
Published: March 2010

Sulfonylureas (SU), commonly used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), stimulate insulin secretion by inhibiting adenosine triphosphate (ATP)‐sensitive K+ (KATP) channels in pancreatic β‐cells. SU are now known to also activate cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) sensor Epac2 (cAMP‐GEFII) to Rap1 signaling, which promotes insulin secretion. The different effects of various SU on Epac2/Rap1 signaling, as well as KATP channels in different tissues, underlie the diverse pancreatic and extra‐pancreatic actions of SU. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2010.00014.x, 2010)
Reviews
Authors: Pixley George V.
Published: March 2010

Enjuto Bernal, Jorge. La filosofía de Alfred North Whitehead. Madrid: Editorial Tecnos, 1967. pp. 332.

García Bacca, Juan David. “A. N. Whitehead o la Metafísica del Ser actual,” in Nueve grandes filòsofos contemporáneos y sus temas. Caracas: Publicaciones del Ministerio de Education Nacional de Venezuela, 1947. Vol. II. Pp. 187–360.
Evaluation of Fracture Asymmetry of Finite-Conductivity Fractured Wells
Authors: Tiab Djebbar , Lu Jing , Nguyen Hung , Owayed Jalal
Published: March 2010

Nearly all commercial hydraulic fracture design models are based on the assumption that a single fracture is initiated and propagated identically and symmetrically about the wellbore, i.e., the fracture growth and proppant transport occurs symmetrically with respect to the well. However, asymmetrical fractures have been observed in hundreds of hydraulic fracturing treatments and reported to be a more realistic outcome of hydraulic fracturing. The asymmetry ratio (length of short fracture wing divided by length of long wing) influenced the production rate adversely. In the worst case, the production rate could be reduced to that of an unfractured well. Several authors observed asymmetrically propagated hydraulic fractures in which one wing could be ten times longer than the other. Most pressure transient analysis techniques of hydraulically fractured wells assume the fracture is symmetric about the well axis for the sake of simplicity in developing mathematical solution. This study extends the work by Rodriguez to evaluate fracture asymmetry of finite-conductivity fracture wells producing at a constant-rate. The analysis presented by Rodriguez only involves the slopes of the straight lines that characterize the bilinear, linear and radial flow from the conventional Cartesian and semilog plots of pressure drop versus time. This study also uses the Tiab’s direct synthesis (TDS) technique to analyze the linear and bilinear flow regimes in order to find the asymmetry factor of the fractured well. With the fracture conductivity estimated from the bilinear flow region, dimensionless fracture conductivity and the asymmetry ratio are calculated. A technique for estimating the fracture asymmetry ratio from a graph is presented. An equation relating the asymmetry ratio and dimensionless fracture conductivity is also presented. This equation assumes that the linear and/or bilinear flow regime is observed. However, using the TDS technique, the asymmetry ratio can be estimated even in the absence of bilinear or linear flow period. It is concluded that the relative position of the well in the fracture, i.e., the asymmetry condition, is an important consideration for the fracture characterization. A log-log plot of pressure derivative can be used to estimate the fracture asymmetry in a well intersected with a finite-conductivity asymmetric fracture. The analysis using pressure derivative plot does not necessarily require the radial flow period data to calculate the asymmetric factor.