bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Evolution of Budget Support
Authors: Fardoust Shahrokh , Koeberle Stefan G. , Piatti-Fünfkirchen Moritz , Smets Lodewijk , Sundberg Mark
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses the evolution of budget support as an aid instrument. The use of budget support has ebbed and flowed over the years. While it is not the primary vehicle to deliver aid, it remains an important one. About 10–13 per cent of ODA has been delivered through budget support, reaching 20 per cent during times of crises. MDBs have provided the largest share of budget support, covering about 85 per cent of total commitments. Different modalities have been developed to help countries during times of crisis, crowd in private capital, or insure against emergencies such as natural disasters. Budget support has increasingly been used to address cross-cutting development challenges such as gender equality or climate change and was deployed to fragile and conflict-affected countries to provide much-needed liquidity and help advance policy and institutional reforms. At the same time, donor agencies placed less emphasis on institutional and public financial management capacity as an eligibility condition. Donors have become more parsimonious with conditionality to keep reforms manageable and avoid diluting the engagement space.
From the World to the EU
Authors: Milazzo Eleonora
Published: May 2023

This chapter addresses the following questions: why and in what ways should EU membership modify the nature of states’ reciprocal duties in the realm of asylum provision? More specifically, is the EU a source of any additional duty of distributive justice between states? And, if yes, how do such duties apply to the issue of refugee protection? In response, the author argues that another, additional set of duties holds among EU member states in this domain. These duties are additional because they add to the general ones that all states have towards each other globally. They are also different in ground, scope, and content from those holding among all states because they arise from the moral significance of EU membership.
Responsibility Shirking in the EU
Authors: Milazzo Eleonora
Published: May 2023

This chapter defines the failure of EU member states to comply with the duty to act in solidarity as ‘responsibility shirking’. More specifically, it asks: what does it mean to breach the duty to act in solidarity? And in what ways do EU member states currently breach this duty? Is it just a form of free riding or is there more to it? Responsibility shirking as a general concept involves the violation of an imperfect duty, such as the duty to act in solidarity. This term is commonly employed in public discourse with reference to the externalization policies carried out by the EU to shift the migratory pressure to neighbouring countries, like Turkey and Libya. Instead, in this chapter the author proposes to employ the term with reference to the internal dimension of the phenomenon, using this conceptual tool to explore non-compliance with the interstate duty of solidarity in the EU.
Justified or Excused?
Authors: Milazzo Eleonora
Published: May 2023

The goal of this chapter is to determine the moral reasons, if any, that can override the demands of the duty to act in solidarity in relation to refugee protection. Specifically, it asks: is responsibility shirking in its different manifestations always and conclusively morally wrong? Our strong intuition is that the answer to this question should be negative. Think of the case of a member state countering the demands of the duty to act in solidarity with its lack of resources to adopt the measures prescribed. Should a member state be required to fulfil the duty even if that means putting the internal cohesion of its political community at risk? Does that or other claims have an effective countervailing force against the commitment to act in solidarity? And are all instances of failing to act in solidarity equally morally reprehensible?
Reputation Matters
Authors: Harvey William S.
Published: May 2023

This chapter explains why reputation matters to us and why it is a valuable currency. There are both risks and rewards that stem from our reputations. The implications of reputation infuse us at every level from how we engage with system-level existential threats to the planet, right the way through to reputation implications at the level of countries, cities, institutions, organizations, and individuals. It is convenient to think that reputation is something that only adults are aware of, but how children form perceptions based on their experiences in real and virtual worlds has implications for their attitudes and behaviours. In short, reputation envelops everything that we do and operates at multiple levels, from people and entities to locations and phenomena. It is therefore timely to understand reputation, and we ignore it at our peril.
Maintaining Positive Reputations Amid Corruption and Competing Stakeholders
Authors: Harvey William S.
Published: May 2023

When organizations operate in different locations, they find themselves having to navigate multiple and competing reputations. This chapter explores how organizations can maintain a positive reputation when facing different pressures. I explore this through the lens of three examples. First, how two business leaders in Zimbabwe and India managed to remain ethical in their business operations, despite the pressure around them to engage in corrupt practices. Second, how the mining giant Rio Tinto discovered mineral deposits in Madagascar which were in high demand around the world, creating a potentially volatile trade-off between global market dynamics and the environment. Third, I look at the challenges a UK library service faced when spinning out of local government to become an independent charity, in a turbulent context of tightening public expenditure and library closures.
Aligning Purpose and Values
Authors: Harvey William S.
Published: May 2023

Organizations do not operate within silos and their actions should align with the expectations of society. The emphasis on the purpose of the corporation from the Business Roundtable to the World Economic Forum and the British Academy have brought sharp focus on the alignment of expectations between organizations and different groups. Misalignment between an organization’s purpose and societal expectations will garner unwanted external criticism from the likes of voters, the media, and customers. Misalignment between an organization’s purpose and the values that its employees espouse will generate internal criticism from managers, employees, and volunteers. Notwithstanding some public cynicism regarding the engagement of organizations around purpose, there are pockets of good practice related to the triple bottom line, Certified B Corporations, the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals, the circular economy, and investments in environment, social, and governance factors. The chapter concludes by providing an example from a hospital in Malaysia to do with how organizations can internalize values even when they initially face an internal backlash.
Recovering From Reputation Damage
Authors: Harvey William S.
Published: May 2023

Reputation damage is common to us all. Drawing on an extreme case study of a research project on seventy white-collar inmates led by Navdeep Arora, we outline the stages of recovery from reputation loss. We show that the way individuals lose their reputation has an impact on their ability to recover. We find that while the literature has emphasized the importance of contribution reputation and character reputation, which are a function of how others perceive you based on your past actions, they do not capture contexts when others perceive you based on their assessment of your ability to provide value in the future, which we capture through the concept of contribution reputation. Surprisingly, despite the monumental difficulties inmates faced in coming to terms with their reputation loss, many recognized that their setbacks were an important turning point, triggering reflection and an opportunity for renewal and betterment.
Not Just for the Boys
Authors: Donald Athene
Published: May 2023

Times have changed since women were barred from laboratories and unable to take science degrees. But have they changed enough for women in science? This book discusses what it takes to be a scientist and identifies the continuing obstacles, ranging from overt hostility and harassment to unconscious bias, which face women entering the field today, particularly in the physical sciences. It uses quantitative recent social science literature, as well as commentary from leading scientists and Athene Donald’s personal experiences as a physicist, to illustrate why and where the problems continue. It also highlights where action is needed. It should be a wake-up call to policy-makers, teachers, parents, and the media to up their act to ensure the world becomes more equitable for the next generation of aspiring female scientists. The case is compelling for why now, more than ever given the challenges the world faces, we need more women in science.
WHY EARLY YEARS MATTER
Authors: Donald Athene
Published: May 2023

During the early school years societal messages convey to girls that science is not for them. Toy choices, for instance, typically reinforce the stereotypical message that boys act and girls nurture; they are less likely to be given toy choices that facilitate curiosity or spatial awareness. By their teenage years, however well a girl does in the STEM subjects, she is likely to believe that a career in STEM is inappropriate, a message teachers often also convey. In Physics in particular, many interventions have been attempted, not all of which have been successful. School ethos has been shown to be a key part of encouraging girls to stay with the physical sciences, including how teachers interact in the classroom with boys compared with girls. Stereotype threat, the expectation that people like you will do less well in exams, for instance, is well-documented for girls and women who want to go against the stereotype. The stereotype that girls who succeed in these subjects cannot be feminine or ‘get the boy’ persist, discouraging many. These factors tend to be more important in developed countries than in the global south, where science is more likely to be seen as leading to good careers and improvements for their nation.
CREATIVITY IS NOT JUST FOR ARTISTS
Authors: Donald Athene
Published: May 2023

To be a successful scientist both curiosity and creativity are needed. Women are sometimes accused of being less creative than men. Recent neuroscience examining the brains of newborns of both sexes shows differences are tiny. Differences in later life are likely to be reflecting life experiences rather than anything innate; changes occur due to brain plasticity throughout our lives, but particularly in the early years. Additionally, creativity is often claimed by disciplines in the arts and humanities as one of their strengths, one which it is assumed scientists lack. This is a complete misunderstanding of what is required to be a good scientist: one needs imagination to find ways through any problem that’s not been faced before and curiosity to keep going when research gets tough. It also reflects the dangerous practice some indulge in of pitting arts and science against one another.
GENDERED SLINGS AND ARROWS
Authors: Donald Athene
Published: May 2023

Women leave the scientific profession at greater rates than men at every stage, something often known as the leaky pipeline, although that is a term not universally accepted. The reasons that women leave are many and various, but they are certainly not all inevitable. Yes, women may want families – but so do men. However, women with caring responsibilities face hurdles which many men seem to avoid. Harder to spot and hence more pernicious is bias, both systemic and at the individual level. It takes many forms, some more obvious than others. Looking at apparently objective metrics and criteria show they are anything but, be they related to grant size or citations, the likelihood of promotion or the time to publication. Letters of reference may be subtly, and sometimes not so subtly, gendered. Building networks and collaborations are often harder for women than men. Worst of all, work environments, including conferences and notably field work, may expose women to harassment, sexual and otherwise. We need to ensure our culture changes to remove both the toxic elements that hold back women and to ensure the implicit bias in any criteria used to determine career progression is recognized and factored into decisions.
Voyaging
Authors: McAleer John
Published: May 2023

This chapter follows the personal experiences of those travelling south through the Atlantic Ocean in the Age of Sail. It focuses on their physiological and psychological experiences and responses: their feelings before departure, as well as the seasickness, physical discomfort, homesickness, and tedium they experienced on the voyage itself. It examines the strategies employed by travellers for managing these emotions. They frequently retreated to the world of the mind: recording events and experiences in personal journals and letters or reading. Writing a journal or reading a book was, in general, a solitary activity, practised by individual travellers. But they were not the only outlet for shipboard travellers. The communal space of the vessel meant that meals were eaten together, pastimes pursued in groups, and rites of passage marked as a collective, maritime social unit.
“To Govern Is to Populate” Leopoldo Marechal’s 1951 Antígona Vélez
Authors: Fradinger Moira
Published: May 2023

Chapter 1 studies Argentine Leopoldo Marechal’s 1951 Antígona Vélez as his critique of Argentine liberal historiography about the Creole conquest of the Pampas in the context of the largest nationalist movement Argentina had seen to date, led by Juan Domingo and Evita Perón from 1945 to 1955. The action is set in the 1820s, and the backdrop is the same as Varela’s 1824 Argia, studied in the Overture. Close reading and the analysis of historical references yield knowledge that counters previous interpretations of Marechal’s play as advocating the Creole military attempt to exterminate the indigenous peoples in the nineteenth century. Marechal’s Antígona is the only one in the book’s corpus to understand the law that condemns her for attempting to bury a brother. But that does not redeem her death. The chapter argues that she is redeemed as a frontier mother, as her blood will fertilize the soil, giving hope for the nation’s future. Marechal emphasizes the building of a nation as the universal, but his irony resides in the way Antígona is killed, which suggests the everlasting presence of indigenous agency in the nation’s history and thus a critique of the elite’s aim of extermination. This chapter shows how a Christian drama of redemption is quilted to Greek tragedy.
One Hundred Years of Puerto Rican Solitude
Authors: Fradinger Moira
Published: May 2023

Chapter 4 examines Puerto Rican Luis Rafael Sánchez’s 1968 La pasión según Antígona Pérez, whose protagonist critics have understood as faithful to the Sophoclean character. This chapter argues against finding similarities between the ancient Antigone and the Puerto Rican character by showing that this Antígona is not accused of the crime of burial but that of theft, which, in the context of Puerto Rican politics in the 1960s, refers to Puerto Rico’s political situation as US property. Through an analysis of the historical minutiae embedded in the play the chapter argues that the play stages a unique political drama in Latin America: the enduring colonial—rather than neocolonial—situation of Puerto Rico. Antígona Pérez is also unique in the corpus in that she rejects marriage (though she is not exactly a virgin), but this chapter shows that her death, in the end, could not but give life, just as the other mother-Antígonas do. The play quilts tragedy with testimony and Brechtian technique.
By Way of Interlude
Authors: Fradinger Moira
Published: May 2023

Chapter 5 shows the dynamics of the internal dialogues in the book’s corpus as lesser-known plays come into focus and ruminate on previous patterns, such as the “Antígonal paradigm” of politics, or develop new themes that will persist in the twentieth and into the twenty-first century. The chapter highlights ruminations on political motherhood in plays from the fifties, sixties, and eighties and identifies a protofeminist consciousness that fully develops in the twenty-first century. Special sections comment on Argentine Alberto Zavalía’s El límite (1957–8); Venezuelan Gabriel Núñez’s Antígona (1977), Mexican José Fuentes Mares’ La joven Antígona va a la guerra (1968); Argentine Juan Carlos Gené’s Golpes a mi puerta (1983); Argentine David Cureses’s La cabeza en la jaula (1963); Nicaraguan Rolando Steiner’s 1958 Antígona en el infierno; Venezuelan César Rengifo’s 1966 La fiesta de los moribundos; Mexican Olga Harmony’s La ley de Creón (1982); and Ariel Dorfman’s 1987 Viudas. Two major shifts in the book’s corpus appear in these lesser-known plays: the collective action whereby a group of women become heroines as they socialize love, motherhood, and widowhood; and the disappearance of the corpse, in the aftermath of Cold War dictatorships, which radicalizes Antígona’s politics away from the national universal and toward the formulation of an impossible universal.
Agreeing to Disagree
Authors: Chapman Nathan S. , McConnell Michael W.
Published: May 2023

The Establishment Clause of the First Amendment, “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion,” may be the most contentious and misunderstood provision of the entire U.S. Constitution. It lies at the heart of America’s culture wars. But what, exactly, is an “establishment of religion”? And what is a law “respecting” it? Many commentators reduce the Clause to “the separation of church and state.” This implies that church and state are at odds, that the public sphere must be secular, and that the Establishment Clause is in tension with the Free Exercise of Religion Clause. All of these implications misconstrue the Establishment Clause’s original purpose and enduring value for a religiously pluralistic society. The Clause facilitates religious diversity and guarantees equality of religious freedom by prohibiting the government from coercing or inducing citizens to change their religious beliefs and practices. This book details the legal, theological, and political underpinnings of the Establishment Clause, state disestablishment, and the disestablishment norms applied to the states by the Fourteenth Amendment. Americans in the early republic were intimately acquainted with the laws used in England, the colonies, and early states to enforce religious uniformity. The Establishment Clause was understood to prohibit the government from using government power to bring about such uniformity. This book shows how the U.S. Supreme Court has largely implemented these purposes in cases addressing prayer in school, acted contrary to these purposes for many decades in cases involving state funding of nonpublic schools and limits on religious accommodations, and more recently brought its decisions closer to the constitutional purposes.
Establishment at the Founding
Authors: Chapman Nathan S. , McConnell Michael W.
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses early religious establishments in the United States. Established religion in the American colonies assumed two principal forms: an exclusive Anglican establishment in the southern states and a localized Puritan establishment in the New England states other than Rhode Island. During the period between initial settlement and ultimate disestablishment, American religious establishments moved from being narrow, coercive, and intolerant to being broad, relatively noncoercive, and tolerant. Although the laws constituting the establishment were ad hoc and unsystematic, they can be summarized in six categories: control over doctrine, governance, and personnel of the church; compulsory church attendance; financial support; prohibitions on worship in dissenting churches; use of church institutions for public functions; and restriction of political participation to members of the established church. The chapter then looks at the theological and political theories of establishment, before differentiating between monarchical and republican forms of establishment.
An Awful Tale of Blood
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

John D. Lee rides from his home in Fort Harmony to Salt Lake City to attend the church’s twice-a-year “general conference.” Lee also goes to report an all-Indian massacre to Brigham Young, at Isaac Haight’s request. Minutes of a Provo church meeting, in which Lee speaks on September 27, 1857, show that Lee is already lying about the massacre, claiming that Indians committed it solely on their own because of the so-called poisoning at Corn Creek, which Lee hears about as he passes through en route to Salt Lake. In Young’s office on September 29, Lee lies to Young and assistant church historian Wilford Woodruff that the massacred emigrants had been part of the anti-Mormon mobs in Missouri and Illinois, and that Indians were solely responsible for the slaughter. Young is upset about the killings. Lee also lies that Indians took all the spoil of the massacred train.
Peacefully Submitting
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

Brigham Young learns of the attack on Fort Limhi, dashing his hopes that Native American tribes would side with the Mormons against the troops. This event may have contributed to a more conciliatory attitude on his part. After his meeting with Mormon leaders, Thomas L. Kane travels to Camp Scott, where he convinces Governor Alfred Cumming to come to Salt Lake City to meet with Young, against the warning of recently breveted General Albert Sidney Johnston. Though Cumming is begrudgingly accepted as governor by the people of Utah, while Cumming is away, Judge Delana Eckles indicts Young and others for treason for resisting the U.S. troops. Cumming and Thomas L. Kane begin a journey to southern Utah to investigate the Mountain Meadows Massacre, but their journey is cut short when Kane receives word that his father has unexpectedly died. Kane and Cumming return to Salt Lake City upon hearing the news.
The Moment Is Critical
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

Against Governor Alfred Cumming’s advice, Brigham Young continues plans for his people to abandon their homes and settlements in northern Utah and head south in advance of the U.S. troops’ entrance into the Salt Lake Valley. When Kane and Cumming reach Camp Scott, Cumming learns of Judge Delana Eckles’s attempts to undermine him and his mission of peace in Salt Lake City. After acquiescing to Congress’s demands that President James Buchanan seek peace with Utah, Buchanan sends two official peace commissioners, Lazarus Powell and Ben McCulloch, to Utah, along with a presidential pardon for any acts committed by Young and the Mormon militia against the Utah Expedition.
Precious Legacies from the Departed Ones
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

Jacob Forney, territorial superintendent of Indian Affairs, arranged to have fifteen of the child survivors of the massacre transported to family members in Arkansas with a U.S. Army escort. Two of the oldest surviving children were kept in Utah as potential witnesses in legal proceedings. William C. Mitchell, who lost family members in the massacre, traveled from Arkansas to meet the children as they arrived at Fort Leavenworth. He led another escort to Carrollton, Arkansas, where family members soberly greeted the children. Meanwhile, Dr. S. B. Aden sought unsuccessfully to locate his son William, who was murdered in the massacre.
In the Midst of a Desolating War
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

James Henry Carleton vows to rebuild the Mountain Meadows monument but instead goes to New Mexico, where he marks his infamous place in history through his campaign against the Navajo. Utah makes a bid for statehood, unsuccessful in part because of plural marriage and the massacre. Patrick Edward Connor and his California volunteers are assigned to Utah and decide to oppose Mormons and the territory’s Native people. He establishes Camp Douglas in lieu of Camp Floyd, previously built by the U.S. Army. Connor and his men commit the Bear River Massacre. Federal judges in Utah refuse to prosecute the Mountain Meadows Massacre. Former judge John Cradlebaugh publishes a pamphlet against Utah’s admission. The pamphlet reveals information about John D. Lee’s role in the massacre, and Brigham Young excoriates Lee, who continues to blame Indians. Abraham Lincoln dies.
Too Horrible to Contemplate
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

John D. Lee tries to work his way back into Brigham Young’s good graces. An anti-Mormon party develops in Utah, called “the clique” by Latter-day Saints. A power struggle develops between the anti-Mormons and the Mormons over political and economic control of Utah Territory. Young feels federal appointees in Utah deliberately ignore prosecuting those responsible for the Mountain Meadows Massacre in order to foist the crime on him. Young denounces the massacre in a Tabernacle speech. Erastus Snow begins to investigate the massacre and write to Young about participants. Young denies participants the church’s highest blessings. George A. Hicks becomes Lee’s nemesis. Young asks Lee to sell out and move away.
Do You Plead Guilty
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

After John D. Lee’s arrest, he and his wife Rachel are catapulted into the public eye. Deputy William Stokes arrests William Dame. George C. Bates becomes a church attorney, and he and his partner, Jabez Sutherland, become Dame’s attorneys. Wells Spicer becomes Lee’s lawyer. Enos Hoge joins Lee’s defense, as does William Bishop. Seven of those indicted for the Mountain Meadows Massacre remain at large. When Bates tries to negotiate their arrest on condition of bail, Judge Jacob Boreman chastises him. Lee and Dame plead not guilty. Lee’s defense argues for speedy trial, but Judge Boreman postpones it.
The Responsibility Before You
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

Prosecutors and defense select an all-Mormon jury for John D. Lee’s trial. During the trial, prosecutor Sumner Howard focuses exclusively on Lee’s guilt, calling witnesses who could testify that Lee killed people. The strategy catches defense counsel William Bishop and his colleagues off guard. Those who testify against Lee include Laban Morrill and James Haslam, who did not participate in the massacre, and Samuel Knight, Samuel McMurdie, and Nephi Johnson, who did. The witnesses who participated in the massacre were able to adduce evidence of Lee’s guilt, generally without testifying of their own. The witnesses who did not participate provided additional evidence to convict Lee.
Sufficient to Warrant a Verdict
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

Expanding on what he told a federal investigator earlier, Jacob Hamblin testifies that Lee confessed to participating in the massacre. He says that once the emigrants discovered they had been attacked by whites instead of just Indians, the participants would not let them go on to California for fear they would bring an army back to attack the Mormon settlements. Hamblin says Lee told him he killed a young woman by cutting her throat. Defense attorney William W. Bishop, sensing that he is being beat by the prosecution, turns to blaming Latter-day Saint officials. The defense assails the prosecution witnesses too. Judge Jacob Boreman gives the jury instructions.
Under Sentence of Death
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

Soldiers escort John D. Lee from Fort Cameron to the Mountain Meadows to be executed at the site of his crime. Journalists follow to cover an event that was huge news at the time. Lee does not know where he is being taken, and when he figures it out, he feels angst. Government officials try to use the psychology of place to drag more confessions from the prisoner, but he has little more to say. Lee gives a final speech, after which he is blindfolded. The executioners, their identity obscured by blankets strung between wagons, aim at Lee and wait for the signal to fire, which Marshal William Nelson gives at exactly 11:00 a.m., and Lee falls back onto his coffin.
Failure to Arrest These Men
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

William Bishop and Sumner Howard each publish a John D. Lee confession. Bishop adds his own details, which he claims to be from Lee. Bishop’s version aims at getting revenge on Latter-day Saint leaders for his embarrassing loss in the second Lee trial. Howard gets tired of the politics in Utah and the federal government’s failure to provide funding to bring other perpetrators to justice. He returns to his home in Michigan. Brigham Young dies, and the Liberal Party gives up focusing on Mountain Meadows as the subject loses political value. Instead, they focus on polygamy and eventually win political power. Robert Baskin becomes a popular leader in Utah and ends up praising Brigham Young.
Haunted
Authors: Turley Richard E. , Brown Barbara Jones
Published: May 2023

Some Mountain Meadows Massacre perpetrators quietly live out their lives by hiding their connection with it. Some agonize under their guilt, like George Spencer, who dies at forty-two obsessed with his crime. Philip Klingensmith dies in obscurity far from family. Still full of self-denial, William Dame dies after two strokes. William Stewart suffers repeated accidents and dies of gangrene. John Higbee also lives denying guilt, blaming William Dame and John D. Lee. He dies after a lingering illness, out of his mind. Isaac Haight also dies in obscurity, his body kept in the basement of an inn for many years. Elias Morris falls down an elevator shaft to his death. Nephi Johnson, one of the last to go, dies after screaming in delirium, “Blood! BLOOD! BLOOD!” Juanita Brooks, who witnesses his death, later writes the first scholarly work on the massacre.
A (Mostly) All-Asian American Musical
Authors: Block Geoffrey
Published: May 2023

Rodgers and Hammerstein’s Flower Drum Song is the first, and to date only, Broadway musical about Chinese Americans, and it remains among the few musicals with a (mostly) all-Asian cast. Although it is seldom revived and consequently less known than other R&H hits, this chapter will argue that it has been undeservedly overlooked. The chapter will also make a case that with its fine acting, singing, and dancing, the film adaptation deserves far greater attention and respect than it has received. It claims that, even more than the film adaptation of West Side Story, the film version of Flower Drum Song, while preserving all but one song, offers an imaginative and dramatically superior re-imagining of the stage version’s song sequence and dramatic trajectory. In addition to comparing the stage and screen versions, the chapter will also discuss how both are similar and different from C. Y. Lee’s contemporary novel.
The Prelude to ISIS
Authors: Dagher Munqith , Kaltenthaler Karl , Gelfand Michele J. , Kruglanski Arie W. , McCulloh Ian
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores the political and social developments in Iraq from the U.S. invasion in 2003 to the pivotal year of 2011, when U.S. forces withdrew from the country. It was in this time span that the social and political foundations for the rise of ISIS were established. While the rise of ISIS was not inevitable by 2012, the events of that year greatly contributed to the chances of a major Sunni insurgency in Iraq breaking out. Most importantly, after the overthrow of Saddam Hussein in 2003, many Sunni Arabs perceived their exclusion from political and societal power in Iraq and a growing dominance of sectarian Shia political forces. This sense of marginalization and victimization among Sunnis became acute following Prime Minister’s Nouri al Maliki’s efforts to further marginalize Sunnis after the U.S. withdrawal from Iraq in 2011. It was this sense of Sunni grievance that offered the Sunni insurgency the social support it needed to gain traction.
Life under ISIS
Authors: Dagher Munqith , Kaltenthaler Karl , Gelfand Michele J. , Kruglanski Arie W. , McCulloh Ian
Published: May 2023

One of the most asked questions about ISIS during its occupation of large swathes Iraq is this: What was it like to live under the governance of the group? Using data collected from ordinary Iraqis, the chapter attempts to give a picture of everyday life in ISIS-occupied Iraq. Most Sunni Iraqis who experienced the arrival of ISIS, particularly in Mosul, say the group was largely accepted at first, as an alternative to what was viewed as a corrupt, abusive, and sectarian Iraqi state. In retrospect, however, many of the people interviewed about ISIS’s governance thought that although ISIS was superior in some aspects of governance to the Iraqi state, the group largely wore out its welcome through its brutal imposition of an interpretation of sharia that was far more extreme than even relatively conservative Sunni Iraqis were willing to accept.
Assessment and Treatment of Adolescents and Emerging Adults in Jails
Authors: Feingold Zoe R. , Cruise Keith R. , Glover Angela
Published: May 2023

Criminal justice reforms in the past two decades have significantly reduced the number of juveniles (under age 18) detained in adult correctional facilities; however, individuals in their late teens and early twenties, often referred to as emerging adults (EAs), face disproportionately high rates of incarceration in jails, accounting for nearly 26% of the jail population. The present chapter reviews and synthesizes what is known about EAs regarding their psychosocial and cognitive development, mental health and treatment needs, and risk for behavioral problems while detained. We highlight promising research on interventions and assessment strategies for EAs in jails and discuss a pertinent case example with related practice considerations. Given the recent advocacy efforts and subsequent policy changes that have begun to alter the sentencing and treatment of EAs who come into contact with the justice system, it is imperative that researchers continue to investigate best practices for meeting this population’s unique needs.
Mental Health Challenges and Considerations With Individuals in Rural Jails
Authors: Vitacco Michael J. , Batastini Ashley B. , Jones Ashley , Clary Catherine
Published: May 2023

The rural jail population has increased in recent years, even as urban jail populations have decreased. Due to their geographical location, rural jails face difficulties in providing proper care for those detained and connecting returning citizens to needed services prior to release. In many rural communities, county budgets are low and mental health resources in general are limited or nonexistent. This presents two primary problems for rural jails. First, there are few mental health providers who can contract with the jail to provide assessment, counseling, or crisis intervention. This often leaves few viable options for behavioral health interventions, with medication management by jail medical staff or placements in solitary units among the most common. Second, with nowhere else to go, many individuals who would otherwise be in psychiatric beds are being held in jails to mentally stabilize and await inpatient placement. The chapter also discusses innovations for reaching rural jail populations, with an emphasis on the rise of telehealth.
Vessel and Voice
Authors: Freedman Samuel G.
Published: May 2023

This chapter considers the voices amid the war in Minneapolis. It follows Cecil Newman’s issues of the Spokesman that covered Pearl Harbor and the public shaming that featured Adolf Hitler. Since public attention clung to the impending Allied invasion of Sicily, Hubert Humphrey took advantage of the mayoral campaign to speak about juvenile delinquency and government reorganization, while disparaging Marvin Kline as a do-nothing mayor. The coming of war did little to alter the fundamental struggle that Sam Scheiner faced regarding the growing pageant of anti-Semitism in his city and state. The chapter explains that Humphrey could not conceivably endorse Dan Gardner’s revolution, but he did understand how complacency and self-satisfaction about the “American way” triggered intolerance at home.
Rocking in the Free World
Authors: Tochka Nicholas
Published: May 2023

In 1988, Bruce Springsteen inducted Bob Dylan into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. “Dylan was a revolutionary,” he said. “The way that Elvis freed your body, Bob freed your mind.” Six months later, Springsteen performed Dylan’s “Chimes of Freedom” in East Berlin. “I’m not here for any government,” he told the crowd in halting German. “I’ve come to play rock ’n’ roll for you in the hope that one day all the barriers will be torn down.” Four years earlier, both Democrat Walter Mondale and Republican Ronald Reagan had invoked Springsteen on the campaign trail, the same year the liberal Nation praised the musician’s “unmistakable progressive political message”—describing the very songs the arch-conservative National Review heard as “invested with a cowboy libertarianism.” Progressive and libertarian, anti-communist and revolutionary, Democratic and Republican, quintessentially American but simultaneously universal. By the late 1980s, rock music had acquired a dizzying array of political labels. These claims about its political significance shared one common thread: that the music could set you free. Rocking in the Free World explains how Americans came to believe they had learned the truth about rock ’n’ roll, a truth shaped by the Cold War anxieties of the Fifties, the countercultural revolutions (and counter-revolutions) of the Sixties and Seventies, and the end-of-history triumphalism of the Eighties. How did rock ’n’ roll become enmeshed with so many different competing ideas about freedom? And what does that story reveal about the promise—and the limits—of rock music as a political force in postwar America?
How We Taught the World to Sing
Authors: Tochka Nicholas
Published: May 2023

Domestic festivals (such as the US Festival, intended as an antidote to the “Me Generation” of the Seventies), massive rock festivals broadcast globally to millions (such as Live Aid), and tours to the liberalizing Second World caused many commentators in Reagan’s Eighties to begin depicting rock musicians as humanitarians or diplomats, representatives of liberal democratic values and universal human rights. This chapter examines these phenomena and situates them within a longer history of attempts to use rock as a “universal language” and a means for humanitarian fundraising beginning in the Sixties. Rock no longer seemed “American” but universal, and in acquiring this status at the “end of history”—marked by the fall of the Berlin Wall, heralding the apparent triumph of liberal democracy worldwide—it assumed its final meaning as a liberal expression of a politics of freedom.
Introduction
Authors: Williams Rina Verma
Published: May 2023

The introduction sets up the study to examine religious nationalist politics through multiple lenses of women’s participation, political parties, and India as a case study. This interpretive study distinguishes between the political parties and social movement organizations of Hindu nationalism to unravel the theoretical puzzle of religious nationalist political parties that must mobilize women to win votes and elections despite regressive gender ideologies, and the ways in which the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) upends the inclusion-moderation hypothesis by becoming more radicalized over time and with political success. It sheds light on how democracy and religion coexist in the politics of a Global South country by shifting the lens away from a focus on Abrahamic religions and women in Islam. The introduction defines key concepts—marginalization, mobilization, incorporation—and outlines the book’s comparative, mixed-methods approach across two fieldwork sites in New Delhi and Lucknow, including in-depth elite interviews, historical/archival work, ethnographic observation, and visual analysis.
The Integrative Science of Eudaimonic Wellbeing
Authors: Ryff Carol D.
Published: May 2023

Eudaimonic wellbeing emphasises the realisation of personal potential and being purposefully engaged. Prior findings on how eudaimonia varies by age, gender, race, and educational status are briefly noted, along with studies showing links to work and family life. With regard to health, different components of eudaimonia have been shown to predict longer lives, reduced risk for disease outcomes, and better physiological regulation. The enhancement of eudaimonic wellbeing has been the focus of intervention efforts. Against this backdrop, three directions for future research are presented. The first focuses on widening socioeconomic inequalities, which have been exacerbated by the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. These historical changes are undermining the wellbeing of many, although more science and public policy action are needed. The second, more hopeful topic examines the role of the arts and humanities as beneficial influences on eudaimonia. The final topic focuses specifically on encounters with nature, via poetry, literature, the visual arts, and music, as factors that may nurture eudaimonia. The overall intent is to expand the reach of a theoretically and philosophically rich conception of human wellbeing.
Natural Capital, Ecosystem Services, and Subjective Wellbeing
Authors: Jarvis Diane , Lignier Phil , Kubiszewski Ida , Costanza Robert
Published: May 2023

Humans depend on the rest of nature for their health, wellbeing, and survival. Recent research has analysed the extent to which self-reported life satisfaction (as one form of subjective wellbeing) is related to various proxies for natural capital and ecosystem services. The authors of this chapter analysed 87 studies published between 2000 and 2019 that modelled different versions of this relationship around four basic themes: (1) degree of human intervention, (2) specific environmental goods and services, (3) adverse impacts, and (4) overarching indicators. Results showed that positive effects are most significant when there is a balance of natural, built, human, and social capital and that nonlinear relationships that incorporate this interaction may be most appropriate.
Sustainable Wellbeing and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: Costanza Robert , Kubiszewski Ida , Fioramonti Lorenzo
Published: May 2023

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) offer a detailed dashboard of goals, targets, and indicators that have been endorsed by all UN countries. This chapter investigates alternative methods to relate the SDGs to overall measures of sustainable wellbeing that can motivate and guide the process of global societal change. The authors recognise that policies can only create the opportunities for individuals and communities to achieve wellbeing and describe here a Sustainable Wellbeing Index (SWI) that connects with and complements the SDG dashboard. The authors first investigate several options for how to construct such an index and then discuss what is needed to build consensus around it. Finally, they propose linking the SDGs and SWI with a comprehensive systems dynamics model that can track stocks and flows and make projections into the future under different policy scenarios.
Some Type of Way
Authors: Schelbe Lisa
Published: May 2023

Some Type of Way: Aging out of Foster Care seeks to address the following questions currently relevant to practitioners, policymakers, and researchers: What are the realities of the lives of youth aging out? Why are youth aging out struggling? What are agencies and service providers doing to help youth aging out? What should be done to help youth aging out negotiate the transitions out of care and into adulthood? Based on over 90 interviews and almost 1,000 hours of observation of youth aging out and service providers in a mid-Atlantic county in the United States, Some Type of Way presents stories of youth aging out along with relevant research and theories to help understand how youth transition out of foster care and into adulthood. Featuring five youth—Plato, Solana, Titi, Matty, and Jaden—and including poignant examples from many other youth, the book explores the complex and complicated challenges youth face as well as their creative survival strategies and resilience. Some Type of Way includes descriptions of service providers’ efforts to assist youth aging out and shares service providers’ insights. The book highlights the limitations of the foster care system and the service delivery system for youth aging out. Some Type of Way details systematic barriers in society that creates obstacle as youth leave care. The book concludes with concrete recommendations of how best to assist youth aging out.
“I need someone to help. . . . I don’t know all this stuff”
Authors: Schelbe Lisa
Published: May 2023

Chapter 5 focuses on Jaden’s life after she leaves care at age 19. This chapter is an in-depth examination of her complicated life, struggles, and experiences with aging out. She got her own subsidized apartment through ASOMO, yet working part-time in entry level jobs she could barely pay the program fee, which is 30% of her income. She had problems with money management and lacked other life skills (i.e., cleaning and cooking). Jaden quit a job and rotated through a series of other low-paying positions. Jaden wanted to go back to community college, but she could not figure out how to get off academic probation. Service providers supported her, but she felt alone and ill-prepared to be on her own.
“One step at a time”: Youths’ Survival Strategies
Authors: Schelbe Lisa
Published: May 2023

Chapter 9 explores the survival strategies of youth aging out. The chapter begins with Matty’s story then transitions to exploring how youth aging out make ends meet. The chapter describes how youth leverage relationships to meet their needs, yet often this comes at a cost to youth. It explores youths’ employment, which often leaves them “just over broke” and needing to rely upon government assistance and help from local agencies. The chapter explores how youth may get involved in the “informal economy” in various ways to survive, yet doing so carries risks and leaves them vulnerable. The essence of the chapter is that youth demonstrate resilience.
Are the Services Working?
Authors: Schelbe Lisa
Published: May 2023

Chapter 15 critiques the service delivery system for youth aging out and describes the lack of formal evaluations of services and of program outcomes.. It examines how programs are designed around the goal of independence rather than interdependence. The chapter criticizes that most programs use an atomistic approach rather than serving youth holistically, and it presents the argument for a broader capital development framework beyond youths’ education and employment. It also highlights limitations in the service delivery system due to funding and organization issues and in some rare cases, a few bad actors. Regardless of the continued struggles of youth aging out, the chapter concludes services are helping.