bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Obtención de alcohol etílico a partir de dos variedades de cabuya: alternativa para su industrialización
Authors: Loor-Ponce Dimas
Published: August 2020

Este proyecto de investigación estudia la utilización de plantas nativas de Furcraea cabuya var. integra y Furcraea cabuya var. cabuya del litoral ecuatoriano, cosechadas en los poblados de: Ayampe, Montecristi, Tosagua, Portoviejo, con el objetivo principal de obtener alcohol etílico mediante la fermentación, destilación y filtración y de esta forma conseguir una bebida alcohólica apta para el consumo humano. En el acondicionamiento y desarrollo experimental se consideran los diferentes parámetros como los diferentes tiempos y temperaturas de cocción, las pruebas con diferentes tipos de inóculos y concentraciones de levaduras, además de diferentes suplementaciones nutritivas (con especial atención a la fuente de nitrógeno). Estableciendo como temperatura óptima para la hidrólisis de la inulina 117 °C durante 4 horas y el proceso fermentativo óptimo utilizando levadura seca activa comercial al 1% p/v con respecto al mosto y una suplementación con sulfato de amonio de 0,15 g/100mL de mosto. El mosto de cabuya rectificado genera una bebida con exquisito sabor a Tequila, la cual luego de ser evaluada sensorialmente demostró que el licor producido se encuentra dentro de los parámetros de aceptación de los consumidores.

Palabras clave: etanol, cabuya, destilación, fermentación, mosto, tequila.
ROHHAD Sendromlu Olgunun King’in Amaca Ulaşma Kuramına Dayalı Bakımının Planlanması
Authors: ARTAN Yağmur , YILDIRIM Yasemin , ŞENUZUN AYKAR Fisun , FADILOĞLU Zehra Çiçek
Published: August 2020

Giriş: ROHHAD (Rapid onset Obesity, Hypothalamic dysfunction, Hypoventilation and Autonomic Dysregulation); hipotalamik disfonksiyon, hipoventilasyon, otonomik disregülasyon ve hızlı başlangıçlı obezite ile karakterize nadir görülen bir sendromdur. Literatürde bugüne kadar yüzün altında vaka bildirilmiştir. Etyolojik faktörler net olmamakla birlikte, otoimmün ve genetik faktörlerin hastalığın genel tablosunda etkili olduğu düşünülmektedir.Olgu Sunumu: ROHHAD Sendromu tanılı 17 yaşında kız hasta, kardiyak ve solunum arresti nedeni ile yoğun bakımda takip edilmiştir.Tartışma: Karmaşık tanı ve tedavi süreci, ilerleyen prognoz nedeniyle hasta ve ailesi fiziksel, sosyal, psikolojik ve ekonomik boyutlarda sorun yaşamaktadır. Hemşireler, hasta ve ailesine kanıta dayalı uygulamalar sağlayarak destek olmalıdır. Sonuç: Bu makalede yoğun bakımda takip edilen hastaya King’in Amaca Ulaşma Kuramı çerçevesinde uygulanan hemşirelik girişimleri incelenmiştir.
The effect of the botanical composition of pastures on the immune status of the Lika Pramenka sheep breed
Authors: Špoljarić Daniel , Hrković Porobija Amina , Popović Maja , Špoljarić Branimira , Kardum Paro Mirjana Mariana , Šegota Vedran , Vince Silvijo , Malone Tom , Pajurin Luka , Mujezinović Indira , Vlahović Ksenija , Kiš Goran
Published: August 2020

Procjena botaničkog sastava pašnjaka na različitim područjima s posebnim osvrtom na udjele terpena, koji osim učinka na terpenski profil arome mesa preživača mogu imati i potencijalni imunomodulacijski učinak, od bitnog je interesa suvremenog ovčarstva u R. Hrvatskoj. U istraživanjima u okviru ovog rada, pokazano je da ljekovite svojte bogate terpenima poput gospine trave (Hypericum perforatum L.), stolisnika (Achillea millefolium L.) i matičnjaka (Melissa officinalis L.) zbog statistički značajno veće učestalosti, gustoće i pokrovnosti na pašnjacima Velike Crkvine, u odnosu na pašnjake u Kvarte, potencijalno utječu na bolji imunosni status ovaca. Stoga su u ovom radu dobiveni rezultati znanstvena preporuka za daljnju procjenu biljnog sastava pašnjaka u Velikoj Crkvini tijekom istraživanja HRZZ projekta IP-2016-06-3685 u cilju postizanja dodatnih saznanja o učinku terpena na zdravlje i aroma sastav janjećeg mesa i to sve u svrhu proizvodnje inovativnih funkcionalnih proizvoda od janjećeg mesa.
Natural and Anthropogenic Sources of Groundwater Salinization in Parts of Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Rafi Sanober , Niaz Owais , Naseem Sadaf , Majeed Umair , Naz Humaira
Published: August 2020

This study is aimed to evaluate the groundwater quality of Gulshan-e-Iqbal and Liaquatabad towns inKarachi. Thirty (n=30) groundwater samples were randomly collected from different locations by electrically pumpedwells at various depths (14-91m). All the water samples were analyzed to determine their suitability for drinkingpurpose based on various physicochemical parameters. Data reveal that high concentration of TDS and hardness havedeteriorated the groundwater quality of study area. The main phenomenon responsible for groundwater pollution is theseawater intrusion due to the proximity of study area to the Arabian sea. Large scale unplanned urbanization, poorwaste management and other anthropogenic activities have also triggered the deterioration of groundwater quality.Study showed that local geology plays vital role in the distribution of major cations and anions. Data suggested thatground water of this study area is highly contaminated by seawater intrusion and considered not fit for drinkingpurpose.
Urban Solid Waste Management in Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Mahmood Hajra , Khan Muhammad Moiz
Published: August 2020

Karachi is the largest metropolitan city of Pakistan with a population of 207,774,520 (Statistics, 2017).Ironically, a megacity of a developing state has its drawbacks and discrepancies in solid waste mechanism being one ofthem. Karachi has always been the center of businesses and government offices since independence, first as capital ofPakistan and later as a provincial capital. This study evaluates the importance of solid waste management for an urbancity such as Karachi, and the steps which have been taken by the successive governments to fulfill the demands of thisgrowing megapolis since independence. In this study, models of solid waste management adopted by different citieswill be analyzed and a suitable model for Karachi will be proposed. Needless to say, Karachi has the potential tobecome an eco-friendly city by adopting the public private partnership. In short, the civil society’s role is of paramountimportance.
Performance Evaluation of Models Established for the Estimation of Diffused Solar Radiation: Case Study Lahore, Pakistan
Authors: Rehman Saif Ur , Shoaib Muhammad , Siddiqui Imran , Abbas S. Zeeshan
Published: August 2020

A suitable design of solar power project requires accurate measurements of solar radiation for the site ofinvestigation. Such measurements play a pivotal role in the installation of PV systems. While conducting such studies,in general, global solar radiation (GSR) is recorded, whereas diffuse component of solar radiation on a horizontalsurface is seldom recorded. The objective of the present study is to assess diffuse solar radiation (DSR) on horizontalsurfaces by using polynomial models for Lahore, Pakistan (27.89 N, 78.08 E) and by correlating clearness index withdiffuse fraction. The established models are compared with some of the existing models from the literature.Performance of models is evaluated by employing five goodness-of-fit (GoF) tests that are, mean bias error (MBE),root mean square (RMSE), Coefficient of Determination (R2), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and Akaike’sInformation Criterion (AIC). The comparison of the results of goodness-of-fit tests with those of existing modelsindicate that the models established in the present study are performed better as compared to the existing models. Thevalues of statistical error analysis further suggested that a cubic model with a good accuracy of 97.5% and AIC of -22.8is relatively more suitable for this climatic region for estimating diffuse solar radiation. The study shows that the modeldeveloped is in good agreement with Elhadidy and Nabi model with an accuracy of 96.1% and AIC of 4.4 andsatisfactory results are obtained for Lahore. The findings can help to give a generous understanding of solar radiation inorder to optimize the solar energy conversion systems. The results of this study provide a better understanding of theassociations between global solar radiation, clearness index and diffused fraction for the region under study.
Determination of Performance Analysis for an Underground Colliery Utilizing Mechanized Production System
Authors: Arıtan Ali Ekrem , Şensöğüt Cem
Published: August 2020

Performance is one of the most important parameters for today’s business organizations. An organizationthat is low on performance, no matter how much high quality products they have, cannot take the share they desirefrom the market. It is the inevitable result for organizations with low performances to lose money and get closed down.Nowadays performance is measured in many ways. In this work; the production performance of Ömerler Colliery,which is the only government controlled mechanized lignite mine authorized under the Western Lignite Corporation(WLC) and the factors that caused performance decrease has been determined. In order to gain performancemeasurements; effectiveness, efficiency and productivity criteria have been used and performance indexes have beenacquired. As the result of the performance analysis, it is understood that there has been malfunctions with; in order; beltconveyor, chain conveyor, shearer and fortification that has been effective in the decrease of performance. Performanceindexes, which are barely derived from the multiplication of performance parameters, are examined and it is deductedthat the highest relation is achieved for the efficiency parameter with a correlation constant (r) of 0.9489 and a certaintyconstant (R²) of 0.9005 while the lowest relation is obtained for the efficiency parameter with a correlation constant (r)of 0.4621 and certainty constant (R²) 0.2135. With this acquired result it has been determined that by only measuringeffectiveness, performance detection cannot be made.
Sorptive Interactions Evaluation of Benomyl Metabolites Mecarzole with the Varyingly Selected Minerals
Authors: Jaffri Shaan Bibi , Ahmad Khuram Shahzad , Saba Mishkat Ul , Sher Gulistan , Sharif Maham
Published: August 2020

Soil and soil minerals are the primary recipients of different contaminates coming in immediate contact.Agricultural practices which are dominated by use of different agrochemicals have further aggravated the soil quality.Fungicides, aimed at the extermination, inhibition and growth retardation of fungal species in agricultural crops havebeen used frequently. Among such fungicides, Benzimidazole based fungicides are of prime significance due to theircomparatively improved annihilatory activity. Despite such frequent utilization, the reports on the reception andconsequent sorption of Benzimidazole fungicides are scarce. Current work has, for the first time, investigated theinteraction of Benzimidazole based fungicide, Mecarzole (metabolite of Benomyl fungicide and also known asCarbendazim) in the selected minerals i.e. corundum (alumina), silica, muscovite and montmorillonite. The interactionwas studied via standard equilibration method established in batches. Adsorption and desorption of Mecarzole in theselected minerals was evaluated by multilayer Linear and Freundlich model for different parameters i.e. Kd, Kf, Kfdesand Kdes. Linearity was exhibited by the minerals for attachment of Mecarzole. The highest values of Kd (6.93 mL. µg-1) and Kf (7.99 mL. µg-1) obtained for muscovite are indicative of the higher affinity of muscovite for Mecarzole incomparison to other three minerals. Excellent adsorption of Mecarzole in muscovite is suggestive of the fact thatMecarzole interacting with muscovite is not a threat towards lower soil profiles since there is a stronger bonding. Incontrast to muscovite, Mecarzole poorly adsorbed in alumina represents a threat to soils due to possible percolation ofpoorly adsorbed Mecarzole molecules.
Precipitation and Temperature Oscillation and its Effects on the Flow of Indus Water System and Adaptation in the Arid Region, Pakistan (1940-2000)
Authors: Khan Saifullah , Hasan Mahmood -Ul- , Khan Muhammad Aslam
Published: August 2020

The study evaluates the water discharge of the Indus and its sub-rivers in the arid region of Pakistan from1940-2004 using the annual changes in addition to seasonal flux and inconsistencies in culmination of the water flow.Currently, in Pakistan, the gross per capita water availability shows notable dwindle during 1951 till 2000. Owing todecline in precipitation (0.6inch or 15.2mm) and amplify in degree of hotness of 1.60C for the period of 1960-2000, thewater discharge throughout Pakistan particularly in the arid region reveals a susceptible stipulation from 1940-2004.During Rabi season, the decline in the water discharge of the Indus River and its tributaries show a drasticdecline/reduction, while it remains stable in Kharif season and could do with adaptation instantly. The annual waterdischarge indicates a positive deviation in the Kabul River, while it is negative in Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, and Ravirivers. Most of the rivers in Baluchistan are altered into seasonal torrents and the water scarcity for agriculture sectorand domestic use will be at climax in the future. The decrease in the water discharge of the Indus drainage system willinfluence the crop pattern and its production in the rain fed as well as canals fed arid areas in the lower Punjab andSindh province. The specific adaptations to cope with the problem are, improvement in the irrigation system, edifice ofnew water dams and reservoirs, construction of water course guards, innovation in sanitation and sewerage system,public awareness, policy and implementation, establishment of research and development fund, crop choices, glacierretreat and planning for water resources.
Use and Quality of Bottled Water in Bahawalpur City, Pakistan: An Overview
Authors: Mohsin Muhammad , Safdar Samira , Minallah Muhammad Nasar-u- , Riaz Omer , Khan Asad Ali
Published: August 2020

As a basic need of human life, the place of safe potable water cannot be ignored elsewhere. Therefore, themain objective of the current study was to take an overview of the main source of water, expenditure on waterpurchasing and use quality of bottled water in Bahawalpur city. Primary data were gathered through a structuredquestionnaire during a field survey in selected five residential areas as sample sites i.e. Model town A, Model town B,Shahdrah, Satellite town, and Islami colony, while the secondary data were collected from PCRWR and a few websources. Data were gathered from 150 respondents (30 from each study site) and analyzed in SPSS 17 software byapplying descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) to get a generalized picture regarding the main source ofwater, use and quality of bottled water in the study area. Findings make it clear that majority of the respondents werefetching water from government filtration plants following the electric pumps. Moreover, various local watercompanies (e.g. Pineo, Piyas, Aquafina, Kinley, Al-Shiffa, Life Water) were also supplying water in the study area.Particularly, the use and demand for bottled water are increasing day by day as people have serious concerns on qualityrelated issues of water. Bottled water was available in different quantities from 0.5 liters to 19 liters with respectiveprices that were purchased from various departmental and medical stores or via home delivery service. But the qualityof the bottled water was not satisfactory and up to the standards. The PCRWR laboratory analysis of bottled watersamples show significant variations and alarmingly different brands i.e. Blue water, Kalash pure water and Pan Purawere found chemically and microbiologically unfit for drinking purposes. So, it is suggested that regular monitoringand quality control steps by local government in the private sector would ensure the effective and secure potable waterdeliverance.
The Efficiency of Amalgamation and Cyanidation for the Extraction of Placer Gold Deposits of Indus River Basin along Gilgit to Thalachi (Gilgit-Baltistan)
Authors: Alam Muhammad , Qureshi Javed Akhter , Khan Garee , Ali Manzoor , Ali Irfan , Abbas Naeem
Published: August 2020

Separation of gold from placers are not given importance in Pakistan, but in the economy of Gilgit-Baltistan,it plays a vital role. The study mainly focused on shaking table technique for the extraction of gold from placer depositsalong Gilgit river between Gilgit and Thalachi, near Gilgit and Astore river junction. For the separation of gold, fromthe concentration of shaking table the Hg; mercury amalgamation has been used for it. In the result of theamalgamation process recovered gold was 27.12%. The cyanidation process was used to separate from remains ofmercury amalgamation, tailing and middling of shaking table. The graphical results of gold extraction with bottle rollcyanidation and agitation method were compared. The results of gold separation using bottle roll cyanidation andagitation methods were about 87.5% and 29.8% respectively. It is clear from the results, the bottle roll cyanidation is abetter technique for the separation of fine gold from placers along with downstream waterway areas, where placerdeposits occur.
A Comparison Between Schmidt Rebound Hammer Test and Point Load Index Test (IS50) for the Effectiveness in Estimating the Unconfined Compressive Strength of Intact Rock- A Case Study with respect to Limestone of Early Eocene Nammal Formation, Central Salt
Authors: Zahoor Aun , Azhar Muhammad Usman , Rehman Saif Ur , Shehzad Farrukh Rahim
Published: August 2020

In a bid to find some possible relation of Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) with relatively simplelaboratory tests like Point Load Test (PLT) and Schmidt Rebound Hammer Test (SRHT), some 50 core samples ofMiddle Eocene Nammal formation from Central Salt Range in Pakistan were collected and subjected to these testmethods as per respective test standards of International Society of Rock Mechanics (ISRM). The values of SRHT andPLT were separately compared to the respective values of UCS so as to find the linear relations. On the basis of the R2value of Regression Analysis, it has been found that a strong correlation with a high degree of accuracy exists betweenPLT and UCS while the degree of accuracy between SRHT and UCS was found to be low.
Appraisal of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in District Swat, Pakistan
Authors: Owais Syed Muhammad , Siddiqui Saima
Published: August 2020

14 September, 2019 Accepted: 07 October, 2019Abstract: Deforestation and forest degradation are not only a problem of north western mountainous region of Pakistanbut it is one of the main global environmental issues. To find out deforestation rate and its extent in Swat, KhyberPakhtunkhwa, Landsat 5 (October 2, 2011) and Landsat 8 OLI (October 15, 2016) data were processed in CarnegieLandsat Analysis System (CLASlite v3.3). Primary data related to deforestation in Swat were also obtained from localpeople through a structured questionnaire. Primary data were analyzed in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences(SPSS). Changes in land cover can be clearly identified during image analysis. The temporal analysis of forest coverbetween 2011 and 2016 showed a significant change in forest cover. About 11 km² area is converted from forest tobarren land, while approximately 9,985 km² area of forest cover was degraded. The perceived causes of deforestation inthe study area are unsustainable use and mismanagement of forest resources, population growth, plantation ofeucalyptus and lack of basic facilities and awareness. However, community ignorance is the main factor responsible fordeforestation and forest degradation. One of the major consequences of deforestation can be related to the totaldisappearance of Charchur waterfall in Talang Kota lower Swat in September 2016. Therefore, it is the right time tomove toward sustainable management, detection and monitoring of national forest reserves by using geospatial tools,and by the involvement of local communities to participate in decision making about the conservation of forestresources.
A perspective Study on Lead Poisoning: Exposure, Effects and Treatment
Authors: Chaudhari Mishal , Hussain Shabbir , Rehman Hajira , Shahzady Tanzeela Gulab
Published: August 2020

Current studies focus on various aspects of lead ‘s poisoning, its distribution and interaction routes, adverseeffects on human body and treatment procedures. Lead metal has been involved in human exercise from the past 6000years. In ancient cultures, lead was applied in the production of kitchen utensils, food pantries and other decorativeitems. Lead poisoning in developing countries is considered as a major risk factor and its exposure routes may involvefood, paint, soil, water and other lead containing products. The distribution of lead from blood to tissues takes 4 to 6weeks. Lead is poisonous to humans and has the most damaging effects on hemopoietic system. Some of the visibleeffected systems are nervous, reproductive and excretory systems. Lead poisoning can be treated using chelating agentswhich undergo complexation with lead and are then excreted through urinary tract.
Refined GIS Mapping to Reinvestigate Groundwater Mining Potential Surrounding the Manmade Reservoirs and Tributaries in the Deduru Oya Basin, Sri Lanka
Authors: Jayasuriya C. , Jayasena H.A.H.
Published: August 2020

A hydrogeologic study was carried out to understand the influence of Man-Made Reservoirs (MMR),tributaries and fracture intensity on well yields within the Deduru Oya Basin (DOB), Sri Lanka. A number of cascadedMMRs interconnected by tributaries are distributed throughout the basin. Fracture traces, lineaments and reservoirboundaries were initially demarcated using aerial photographs, however, subsequently re-plotted them on to a GoogleEarth map with corrections to rectify the distortion. The GPS based well locations were regenerated and plotted toobtain accurate dimensions. ArcGIS was used to redraw the buffer zones from 0-200, 200-400 and 400-600 m awayfrom the MMRs and tributaries. After eliminating dry wells, box plots were prepared where lower and upper quartilesindicate yield variations from 18-470; 15.8-165 and 12.8–55 liters/minute respectively. It clearly exhibits decreasingyields with respect to distance away from the MMR. However, wells drilled within the alluvial plains of tributariesafter filtering those controlled by the MMRs and eliminating dry wells indicate different yield variations, viz: 7-36.8;12.8-67.5 and 6.5-142.5 liters/minute. The results assigned higher yields to the wells located away from the tributarieswith steep hydraulic gradients whereas lower yields to the wells closer to the tributaries with gentle hydraulic gradients.Moreover, wells drilled at fracture interconnections indicate a potential for high yields compared with those drilledalong with a single fracture. The study concludes that the potential for groundwater mining can be enhanced byidentifying high recharging areas such as MMRs, zones of steeper hydraulic gradients and high fractureinterconnectivity.
Geochemical Characterization and Presence of Rare Earth Elements in the Recent Depositions at the Islands of the Eastern Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh
Authors: Deeba Farah , Rahman Syed Hafizur , Kabir Mohammad Zafrul , Rajib Mohammad
Published: August 2020

This study presents geochemical characterization, as well as, quantification of rare earth elements in the recent beach deposition at the two major islands of the eastern Bay of Bengal-Kutubdia and Moheshkhali. Placer sand samples from near surface depositions were analyzed by heavy mineral separation, mineralogical identification, chemical composition and elemental mapping. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) were used to obtain these results. The heavy mineral concentration in different raw sand samples resulted by heavy liquid separation technique revealed that the average abundance of heavy minerals is 69.67% in Kutubdia island and 9.32% in Moheshkhali island, respectively. The X-ray patterns of Kutubdia and Moheshkhali sand samples show the presence of zircon, quartz, hematite, magnetite, ilmenite, chromite, kyanite, anatase, rutile and garnet. Chemical composition of heavy mineral sands from Kutubdia and Moheshkhali islands were analyzed using X-ray fluorescence method (XRF) for major oxides and trace elements. The concentration is of Na2O, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, P, K2O, CaO, TiO2, V2O5, Cr2O3, MnO, Fe2O3, CoO, ZnO, SrO, Y2O3 ZrO2, Nb2O5, MoO3, HfO2, WO3, ThO2, U3O8, CeO2, Nd2O and Er2O3 were determined. A significant amount of various rare earth elements (REEs) in the elemental composition of few samples was also identified. The study is expected to be useful in the baseline and environmental aspects of both the islands.
Sedimentology and Economic Significance of Hangu Formation, Northwest Pakistan
Authors: Qureshi Kamil Ahmed , Shah Muhammad Raza , Meerani Ishaque Ali , Fahad Shah , Hussain Hamid , Habib Umer
Published: August 2020

The Hangu Formation (Paleocene) consists of sandstone, siltstone, carbonaceous shale, coal and laterite. It is well exposed in the Trans Indus Surghar range and the southern Hazara basin. The sandstone is yellowish brown, fine to coarse grained and medium to thick bedded. The sandstone of the Hangu Formation is classified as quartz arenite on the Q-F-L diagram. It is mostly grain supported and are cemented by silica cement. The study of different stratigraphic sections reveal that Hangu Formation can be sub-divided into a number of lithofacies on the basis of sedimentary structures and lithological variations. These include lateritic lithofacies, coal and carbonaceous shale, cross-bedded sandstone, bioclastic limestone and bioturbated sandstone. All these lithofacies are well-developed in the Baroch Nala section of the Surghar range except the lateritic lithofacies which contains a thin bed of ferruginous clay. In the studied sections of the Hazara basin, the lateritic lithofacies is the only well-developed lithofacies present in the area. The coal occurs at two stratigraphic levels in the Baroch Nala section. The lower coal seam is thick and its chemical study indicates higher calorific value and carbon content than the upper coal seam and with low moisture/ash content. On the basis of the calorific value, the coal of the Hangu Formation is characterized as high volatile bituminous. The degree of laterization is strong in the Langrial and Khanpur sections and moderate in Baroch Nala section.
Analysis of Underground Mining Accidents at Cherat Coalfield, Pakistan
Authors: Shah Kausar Sultan , Khan Mohsin Ali , Khan Sajid , Rahman Abdur , Khan Naseer Muhammad , Abbas Naeem
Published: August 2020

Coal is the most extensively used nonrenewable energy source worldwide. In Pakistan coal is mostly mined by underground mining methods under poor and unsafe working environment. In this study, accident records of underground coal mines of Cherat coal field were collected and analysis was carried out to understand the consequences, time of occurrence and causes of accidents. Besides, occupation of a victim, responsible party and effects on production were also considered in present study. The relationship between workers’ age and severity rate was examined using regression analysis. The main causes of accidents were the fall of the roof, mine gases, electrocution, oxygen deficiency and slip fall. At Cherat coalfield, for every two mines, there is one fatality and most of the accidents occur due to roof fall between 10:00 am to 12:00 noon. It is due to the stress of production efficiency. Moreover, there is a negligible impact of accidents on coal production at Cherat coalfield from 1994 to 2015. Keywords
Seismotectonic analyses of Karachi Arc, Southern Kirthar Fold Belt, Pakistan
Authors: Nabi Ahmad , Liu Xiaodong , Gong Zhijun , Pervaiz Khalid , Ali Abbas , Khalil Umair
Published: August 2020

In this study geomorphological and seismotectonic analyses were carried out in Karachi arc area, southernPakistan to locate relatively safe areas from earthquakes disasters. Karachi arc is the southern extremity of the Kirtharmountain chain that occupies a major part of southern Pakistan and is comprised of a number of narrow, elongatedmountain ranges, i.e. Laki, Kirthar, Khud, Pab and Mor ranges. Based on geomorphological and seismotectonicanalyses Karachi arc area has been divided into three parts. These parts are northern, frontal and southern part. Thenorthern part of Karachi arc is seismically active where minor to moderate (3-5.9Mb) earthquakes occurred. Somebasement structures in Sehwan area seem to be still active and affected by the present-day transpressional stress field.The frontal part of Karachi arc is also active as manifested by the existence of active faults in Jhimpir, Surjan andMeting areas. These embryonic structures in the eastern part of the Arc are indicators of active deformation of Karachiarc. Presently the active deformation is taking place in frontal and northern parts of the arc, while the southern part thathas experienced deformation prior to Quaternary time is inactive and is relatively stable geoblock. The instrumental andhistoric seismicity record of the adjoining areas of Karachi arc show that the area has experienced light to moderateseismic events (4-5.9) with occasional occurrence of strong and major earthquakes. Any major or strong event in Katchrift zone, Makran subduction zone and Ornach-Nal fault zone may cause intensity of VII to VIII in Karachi arc area aswell as Karachi city of environmental seismic intensity scale 2007.
Soil Quality Variation under Different Land Use Types in Haramosh Valley, Gilgit, Pakistan
Authors: Begum Farida , Alam Muneer , Mumtaz Sameena , Ali Manzoor , Wafee Seema , Khan Muhammad Zafar , Ali Karamat , Hussain Iqtidar , Khan Akbar
Published: August 2020

Soil quality is a fundamental component of environmental quality and impact of land use is also a keydetrimental factor in today’s rapid urbanization era. The study aims to evaluate the effects of different land-use type on selected soil quality indicators. Sixty soil samples were collected from various land use types, i.e, pasture, forest and agriculture from a depth of 0-15cm. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that the land use type significantly affected the soil’s physical and chemical properties. The moisture content was significantly higher (p<0.001) in the pasture (41.7%) than the forest (26.2%) and lowest in agricultural land (14.4%). The soil pH was significantly higher or slightly alkaline for agriculture (7.8), while for pasture (6.5) and forest (6.1), it was found to be slightly acidic. Electric conductivity (EC) and bulk density (BD) did not vary significantly with land use type, but the EC followed the decreasing order: forest (203.7μS/cm) < pasture (235μS/cm) < agriculture (328.7μS/cm). The soil organic matter (SOM) and soil organic carbon (SOC) significantly (p<0.05) differed with land use type and found in the order: forest (3.0%, 1.3 %) > pasture land (2.9%, 1.2%) > arable land (2.5%, 1.1%). NO3-N, available P and exchangeable K did not vary significantly across land use types. However, mean values were higher for agriculture (10.2mg/kg, 4.5mg/kg, 66mg/kg) than forest (10mg/kg,3.5mg/kg, 60mg/kg) and pasture (9.8mg/kg, 4.3, 60.2mg/kg). Alpine soils are good ecological indicators because of vulnerability to environmental change, therefore, regular monitoring of soil properties along with carbon stocks is essential to maintain soil health, enhance agricultural productivity and sustain agroecosystems.
Evaluation of Residents Perception about Socioeconomic and Environmental Impacts of Urban Green Spaces of Lahore, Pakistan
Authors: Jahan Zartab , Shirazi Safdar Ali , Sharkullah Khadija
Published: August 2020

In a country like Pakistan, the presence of urban greening and parks are very essential for the well-being ofits citizens. The resident’s awareness about urban green spaces (UGSs) is essential as it would not only help towards ahealthier environment, but prepare residents to manage these spaces efficiently through local resources. This formulatesthe rationale behind current research work. This research is aimed at studying about the resident’s perception for UGS’sattributes like environmental, negative and positive. Another major focus of this research is to analyze thesocioeconomic differentials and its consequent impacts on resident’s perception about urban green spaces, which hasbeen probed with the help of MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance). In this regard the primary data of 223visitors were collected by random sampling method from eight major parks of Lahore, Pakistan. The findings of thissurvey of resident’s perception have shown that mostly male, single, low and middle class, and educated people visitthe urban green spaces and they are highly indebted by their environmental and health benefits. For the selectedcharacteristics of urban green areas, the resident’s perception has revealed that there exists an insignificant relationshipwith age and marital status of the respondents while the most significant relation was shown by the residents whovisited the UGSs regularly as ‘ρ’ value is less than the set significance level of 0.05. This study has highlighted a direneed of such UGSs in the city of Lahore which is known to be the “City of Gardens”. This could raise the spirits ofadministrators, city managers and planners to take immediate action in this regard.
Analytical Review of Land Use Changes by Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques in District Gujrat, Pakistan
Authors: Hameed Sidra Abdul , Ahmed Sajid Rashid , Liaqut Anum , Younes Isma , Sadaf Rakhshanda
Published: August 2020

Assessment of changes in land use and land cover through remote sensing and GIS is very important and keyanalysis. Urbanization has been continued by the rapid growth in the world economy so; it is the key study withregards to agriculture and urbanization. The aim of this study is to determine the loss of agriculture land and effects ofincreasing urbanization on surface temperature. For urban temperature impact analysis, distinctive time series ofLandsat images have been chosen. Temporal analysis for different time series shows the decrease in agriculture landand increase in built up area. Urbanization increased the temperature up to 20C. Positive correlation is found betweenbuilt-up area and temperature and negative correlation is found between green spaces and temperature. Unplannedurban sprawl and lack of proper irrigation system according to population are major problems in study area. Recentstudy will be helpful for decision makers to develop the sustainable environment policy in future.
Soil Characterization: An Indicator of Soil Pollution and Base for Soil Restoration
Authors: Wahid Fazal , Alrawi Luqman I. , Rahim Muhammad , Zulqarnain Zulqarnain , Riaz Salman , Jamal Arshad , Din Alla Ud , Khan Nadir
Published: August 2020

Soil is considered as the major source of nutrients for plants and micro-organisms. It acts as a sink for thedeposition of minerals and metal ions from weathering and anthropogenic activities. Some of these metal ions andminerals are beneficial for the plants and their dependents, while some of the metal ions and minerals are extremelytoxic in higher concentrations. Therefore, the soil characterization as a source for the detection of metal ions in the soilof disturbed and un-disturbed areas of Peshawar was considered for the present study. Soil samples were collectedrandomly and digested for the extraction of metal ions. Higher concentration of metal ions was observed in soil samplesof disturbed sites as compared to undisturbed. The results indicated that human activities are the main cause of soilpollution. It was recommended that environmental protection and urban development agencies should focus beforethese toxics adversely affect the local population.
The Evaluation of Geotechnical Properties of Precambrian Hazara Slates, Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan
Authors: Alam Muhammad , Qureshi Javed Akhtar , Khan Garee , Ali Manzoor , Shah Shaheen
Published: August 2020

The fold and thrust belt of the eastern Hazara division characterised the sedimentary rocks of Precambrian toPaleocene age. The sequence and formation of Precambrian signify the oldest rock unit as Hazara Slate. Geologicalmap of the study area was prepared at the scale of 1:75,000 for about 140 square kilometre area located inMuzaffarabad (Azad Kashmir) district and Lohargali of Abbottabad (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) district. The lab analysisshows that it is not rational to use Hazara slates as aggregate material due to its mineral accumulation and composition.Los Angele’s Abrasion Value, Impact Value, Crushing Value, Specific Gravity, Water Absorption, Flakiness Index,Elongation Index, Porosity Value, California Bearing Ratio test and Grain Size Analysis were done and co-related withB.S standards and the parameters were deduced. It was observed that the mineral composition of Hazara Slates rangesfor illite, kaolinite, quartz and carbonate. Kaolinite and illite are clay minerals which haveswelling potential to causeconstruction material damage the material. The presence of Carbonate and Quartz gives strength to the material, but itspercentage is low. Reserves calculation of different localities was also done for the quarry development.
Low-Cost Resistivity Meter for Groundwater Exploration Using High Voltage Experimentations
Authors: Ahmad Mirza Naseer , Iqbal Farhat , Maqbool Saad , Arshad M Bilal
Published: August 2020

26 March, 2018 Accepted: 17 September, 2019Abstract: Resistivity survey is very well known for the exploration of groundwater and to determine the depth ofbedrock. Generally, in Pakistan local drillers rarely use resistivity meter due to high cost of commercially availableequipment. Therefore, most of the wells for groundwater are drilled without any feasibility survey, which causeseconomic and time loss. An inexpensive resistivity meter has been developed that can help the local community toconduct a survey for groundwater. This designed equipment is handy, portable, easy to operate and can bemanufactured locally. This equipment costs 500 US Dollars (USD), whereas commercially available equipment costs2500 to 50000 USD. The designed portable device comprises of a 12V DC battery, an inverter, multiplier circuit,DPDT switch and electrodes. A 12V DC battery is fed to an inverter to achieve AC supply of 220V. The achieved ACvoltage is rectified to DC-voltage which is further enhanced up-to 1300 volts using voltage multiplier circuit. This highDC voltage is called High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC). HVDC is switched at very low frequency of 1Hz.Automatic switching is being accomplished by means of DPDT relay and its control circuitry. HVDC at low frequencyis applied to the earth through electrodes to determine resistivity for different materials lying inside the ground with apenetration depth of 100 meters. This portable instrument would be useful to map surface lithological layers, determinequality of groundwater and bedrock level in accurate and inexpensive way.
Determination of Yearly Wind Energy Potential and Extraction of Wind Energy Using Wind Turbine for Coastal Cities of Baluchistan, Pakistan
Authors: Shoaib Muhammad , Siddiqui Imran , Rehman Saif Ur
Published: August 2020

04 March, 2019 Accepted: 24 April, 2019Abstract: Wind energy assessment of Ormara, Gwadar and Lasbela wind sites which are located in provinceBaluchistan is presented. The daily averaged wind speed data for the three sites is recorded for a period of four yearsfrom 2010-2013 at mast heights 7 m, 9.6 m and 23 m. Measured wind data are extrapolated to heights 60 m (Ormara),80 m (Gwadar) and 60 m (Lasbela). Yearly averaged wind speeds are modeled using a two parameters Weibullfunction whose shape (k) and scale (c) parameters are computed using seven well known numerical iterative methods.Reliability of the fitting process is assessed by employing three goodness-of-fit test statistics, namely, RMSE, R2 and χ2tests. Tests indicate that MLE, MLM and EPFM outperformed other Weibull parameter estimation methods for a betterfit behavior. Yearly Weibull pdf and cdf are obtained and Weibull wind characteristics are determined. Wind turbinesEcotecnia 60/1.67 MW and Nordex S77 1500 kW are used to extract wind energy on yearly basis. Estimated yearlyWeibull power densities are in the range 623.00 - 700.13 W/m2, 276.04 – 307.55 W/m2 and 66.85 – 75.93 W/m2 forOrmara, Gwadar and Lasbela respectively. Extracted wind energy values for Ormara and Gwadar using wind turbinesare reported as ca. 8623 kWh and ca. 4622 kWh, respectively.
Landslide Hazard Risk Assessment and Landuse Planning of Mayoon, Hunza, GilgitBaltistan, Pakistan
Authors: Khan Garee , Alam Parvez , Ali Zulfiqar , Qureshi Javed Akhter , Ali Manzoor , Rehman Shams Ur , Alam Muhamad , Khan Aftab Ahmed , Begum Farida
Published: August 2020

Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan is highly vulnerable and hazard-prone area according to National DisasterManagerment Authority, based on frequency of avalanches, landslides, glacier lake outburst floods, rockfall and flashfloods. These hazards have been quite frequent since 2010, potentially due to changing climatic conditions and uniquetectonic setting resulting in massive destruction, economic loss and human migration. In this study, geospatial techniques(GIS/RS) were used to identify landslide hazard with elements at risk. The resultant maps will be used for betterplanning and resilience of local communities. Landslide area has been marked based on field observations (GPS data).Risk category is ranked high, medium and low based on field observations, geological setting and historical landslidedata. There are six offshoots of MKT crossing parallel to each other along KKH from Chalt to Ahmadabad. Chalt fault iscrossing nearby the Mayoon landslide, which may affect the entire valley. This study identifies landslide as a majorhazard in the area.
The Socioeconomic Impact of Mirani Dam in District Kech, Balochistan, Pakistan
Authors: Ahmed Nazir , Khaskhelly Ambreen Zeb , Magsi Habibullah , Chandio Rafique Ahmed
Published: August 2020

The purpose of the study was to know the socioeconomic characteristics of sampled households before andafter the construction of Mirani dam right and left bank canal, which were completed in 2006. The distribution ofirrigation water was initiated in 2008 for the cultivation of land. Due to construction of dam, production of all majorcrops has increased significantly. A representative sample of 8 distributaries and 371 farm households (211 from RBCand 160 from LBC) were selected for collecting primary information from the field. According to respondents afterconstruction of both canals their income level, consumption expenditure, and saving increased. The result of this studyrevealed that the economic status of the sampled household changes after Mirani dam right and left bank canal. Withthe increase of income now they are sending more children in school than before. The average number of goats beforeMirani Dam Right and Left Bank Canal were 5.96 TLU with standard error 0.54 and after it, increased to 24.94 withstandard error 1.85. The average number of camels before Mirani dam right and left bank canal was 0.11, Sheep 0.06,Cow 0.20 and the Donkey 0.09 respectively. Whereas the average number of the camel increased to 0.32, Sheep 1.27,Cow 0.20, and Donkey 0.56 respectively. Overall after construction of the dam the production of crops, number oflivestock, dead stocks, income level, expenditure, savings, number of pucca houses and number of schools goingchildren increased significantly because socioeconomic condition of the people in the study area considerablyimproved.
Wind Energy Potential Assessment for Nooriabad Sindh Pakistan
Authors: Shoaib Muhammad , Siddiqui Imran , Rehman Saif Ur , Zia Ibrahim
Published: August 2020

Wind speeds recorded at regular intervals of time for a particular wind site correspond to intermittent sourceof energy. Reliable estimate of wind potential for the site requires fitting of the recorded data to a continuousdistribution function. Weibull function with two parameters is widely used mathematical function for fitting wind speeddata for the estimation of wind energy. In the present study, analysis on the data registered in steps of 1 minute intervalfor the years of 2003 and 2004 for Nooriabad, Sindh were carried out. Recorded data set contains wind speeds andwind directions at 30 m and 100 m mast heights, respectively. Weibull function is applied to the measured monthly andyearly data sets and Weibull shape scale parameters are computed with the help of six numerical methods. Accuracy ofthese numerical methods and their suitability are assessed by employing two test statistics, namely, R2 and RMSE. TheR2 test statistics estimated for all methods gives a value of 0.99 and RMSE gave a lowest value (0.07) for the Method ofLeast Squares Error (MLE), suggesting MLE to be the most suitable method for obtaining Weibull parameters.Monthly and yearly probability density function (pdf), cumulative distribution function (cdf) and power densities aredetermined using Weibull distribution. Comparison between Weibull power density values and estimated powerdensities of raw data show close agreement. As an example, power density of raw data for the month of June is 1935.16W/m2and is in close agreement with Weibull power density for the same month, which is 1972.92 W/m2.
Evaluation of Hardness of Ground Drinking Water in Vehari, Pakistan
Authors: Ghani Ambreen , Qayyum Iqra , Hussain Shabbir , Riaz Muhammad , Saddiqa Aisha
Published: August 2020

Ground water contamination has become a major concern in recent years. Hard water is considered aprimary cause of many health-relating issues due to its unsuitability for drinking, domestic, industrial and agriculturalpurposes. Current studies were performed to explore the degree of hardness in drinking water of the selected areas ofVehari city, Pakistan. For this purpose, ten water samples were collected and analyzed. This research involves presentpractices and easy approaches to evaluate the quality of drinking water. The tested samples have shown pH 7.3-7.7,temperature 27-320C and TDS value of 545-1155 mg/L. The hardness of tested water samples was found in the rangeof 110-530 mg/L by titration method. The soap solution method demonstrated the degree of hardness (dᵒTH) in therange of 19.8-35.41. The obtained results were compared with the national and international standards worldwide. Thedrinking water of investigated areas was found hard, contaminated and unsuitable.
Climate Changes and its Impact on the Agriculture Sector in Selected South Asian Countries
Authors: Imran Asad , Javed Zahoor Hussain , Shabbir Muhammad , Waseem Liqat , Naqvi Ali Asad
Published: August 2020

This study depicts an inclusive estimation of climate variation and its effects on agriculture sector in theselected South Asian countries (India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan and Sri-Lanka) over the period of 1990-2014. Agriculture sector plays vigorous role in the economy of selected South Asian states because more than 60%people work in this sector. The rapid growth of industrialization and weather variation causes the raise of thetemperature level by which reduce production of agriculture crops and the people face heavy losses. Therefore, mainobjective of this study is to detect the influence of the global weather variation in agriculture sector of selected SouthAsian countries. Agriculture sector is used as dependent variable. CO2 emission, gross capital formation, labor forceand temperature are used as explanatory variables. Auto regressive distributed lag model is employed to examine theinfluence of climate variation on the agricultural sector. For analysis panel data were collected from selected SouthAsian countries. The existence of the short and long term relationship between dependent and independent variables isalso assessed by this model. Thus, findings show the climate variation has significant effect on the agricultural sector.In a policy recommendation, government should use sector-wise policies and friendly environmental policies whichminimize the negative effect of climate change.