bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three-dimensional magnetic field imaging of protoplanetary disks using Zeeman broadening and linear polarization observations
Authors: Lankhaar Boy , Teague Richard
Published: July 2023

Context. Magnetic fields are predicted to have a crucial impact on the structure, evolution, and chemistry of protoplanetary disks. However, a direct detection of the magnetic field toward these objects has yet to be achieved.

Aims. In order to characterize the magnetic fields of protoplanetary disks, we investigate the impact of the Zeeman effect on the (polarized) radiative transfer of emission from paramagnetic molecules excited in protoplanetary disks.

Methods. While the effects of the Zeeman effect are commonly studied in the circular polarization of spectral lines, we also performed a comprehensive modeling of the Zeeman-induced broadening of spectral lines and their linear polarization. We developed simplified radiative transfer models adapted to protoplanetary disks, which we compare to full three-dimensional polarized radiative transfer simulations.

Results. We find that the radiative transfer of circular polarization is heavily affected by the expected polarity change of the magnetic field between opposite sides of the disk. In contrast, Zeeman broadening and linear polarization are relatively unaffected by this sign change due to their quadratic dependence on the magnetic field. We can match our simplified radiative transfer models to full polarization modeling with high fidelity, which in turn allows us to prescribe straightforward methods to extract magnetic field information from Zeeman broadening and linear polarization observations.

Conclusions. We find that Zeeman broadening and linear polarization observations are highly advantageous methods to characterize protoplanetary disk magnetic fields as they are both sensitive probes of the magnetic field and are marginally affected by any sign change of the disk magnetic field. Applying our results to existing circular polarization observations of protoplanetary disk specral lines suggests that the current upper limits on the toroidal magnetic field strengths have to be raised.
ALMA and VLBA views on the outflow associated with an O-type protostar in G26.50+0.28
Authors: Wu Gang , Henkel Christian , Xu Ye , Brunthaler Andreas , Menten Karl M. , Qiu Keping , Li Jingjing , Zhang Bo , Esimbek Jarken
Published: July 2023

Protostellar jets and outflows are essential ingredients of the star formation process. A better understanding of this phenomenon is important in its own right as well as for many fundamental aspects of star formation. Jets and outflows associated with O-type protostars are rarely studied with observations reaching the close vicinity of the protostars. In this work, we report high-resolution ALMA and VLBA observations to reveal a clear and consistent picture of an outflow associated with an O-type protostar candidate in the G26.50+0.28 region. These observations reveal, for the first time, a collimated jet located in the middle of the outflow cavity. The jet is found to be perpendicular to an elongated disk/toroid and its velocity gradient. The collimated jet appears to show a small amplitude (α≈0°.06) counterclockwise precession, when looking along the blueshifted jet axis from the strongest continuum source MM1, with a precession length of 0.22 pc. The inclination of the jet is likely to be very low (≈8°), which makes it a promising target to study its transverse morphologies and kinematics. However, no clear evidence of jet rotation is found in the ALMA and VLBA observations. The three-dimensional velocities of the water maser spots appear to show the same absolute speed with respect to different opening angles, suggesting the jet winds may be launched in a relatively small region. This favors the X-wind model, that is, jets are launched in a small area near the inner disk edge.
Bright submillimeter galaxies do trace galaxy protoclusters
Authors: Calvi Rosa , Castignani Gianluca , Dannerbauer Helmut
Published: July 2023

There is controversy in the literature regarding whether distant, massive, and dusty starbursts selected at (sub)millimeter wavelengths can trace galaxy overdensities. We thus performed the first systematic search for distant protoclusters around a homogeneously selected sample of 12 spectroscopically confirmed submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) at z ∼ 1.2 − 5.3, which we selected from the GOODS-N field. We applied the well-established Poisson probability method (PPM) to search for megaparsec-scale overdensities around these SMGs, using three different photometric redshift catalogs. We robustly detect galaxy overdensities for 11 out of the 12 SMGs (i.e., 92%±8%), distributed over eight large-scale protoclusters. We confirm all three previously discovered protoclusters, and we detect five new ones around the SMGs SMM J123634 (z = 1.225), ID.19 (z = 2.047), SMM J123607 (z = 2.487), SMM J123606 (z = 2.505), and GN10 (z = 5.303). A wavelet-based analysis of the protocluster fields shows that the SMGs are located in protocluster cores with a complex morphology (compact, filamentary, or clumpy) and an average size of ∼(0.4 − 1) Mpc. By comparing the PPM results obtained using the three redshift catalogs independently, each of which trace different galaxy populations and redshift ranges, we speculate that we are possibly witnessing a transitioning phase at z ≳ 4 for the galaxy population of protoclusters. While z ≲ 4 protoclusters appear to be populated by dusty galaxies, those at the highest redshifts, z ∼ 5, are detected as overdensities of Lyman α emitters or Lyman break galaxies. Further investigation with larger samples is required to reach a definitive conclusion. We also find a good correlation between the molecular (H2) gas mass of the SMGs and the significance of the associated overdensity. To explain the overall phenomenology, we suggest that galaxy interactions in dense environments likely triggered the starburst and gas-rich phase of the SMGs. Altogether, our findings support the scenario that SMGs are excellent tracers of distant protoclusters. The ones presented in this work are excellent targets for the James Webb Space Telescope. Similarly, future surveys with forthcoming facilities (e.g., Euclid and LSST) can be tuned to detect even larger samples of distant protoclusters.
Territorial physical and mathematical model of stormwater management
Authors: Feofanova S.S. , Zaykova E.Yu.
Published: July 2023

Climate change reduction and adaptation policies are being implemented worldwide through stormwater management in urban areas. Rational use of stormwater could influence the decrease of the "heat island" effect and "cool down" cities. The authors plan to analyze the features of green spaces in the city and demonstrate by a concrete example the opportunity to implement elements of green infrastructure. For widespread use in urban areas, the authors created physical and mathematical model of the territory and recommend variants with four main types of green structures: soil, biotope, shrub, tree. The authors' research proves that with correct analysis of the terrain from the point of view of the terrain from the point of view of urban planning, engineering and landscape, with responsible selection of plants of local flora, bio-drainage systems can work well even in regions with a cold climate, such as Russia.
A Method for Designing the Architecture of Intelligent Transportation Systems in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Wang Rongzhou , Zyryanov Vladimir Vasilyevich
Published: July 2023

Relevance of the research topic. With the rapid development of the social economy and technology, the number of existing cars and drivers has increased rapidly, and the construction of the urban road information management system has been relatively lagging behind, leading to the incompatibility of the existing traffic management model with the rapidly growing demand for transportation. Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) have been developed very complete and mature in many developed countries in the world and are widely used. With the development of technology, intelligent transportation systems will be increasingly used in urban traffic. The development of intelligent transport will be a promising direction for the development of transport in cities of the second and third echelon.
A concept for flood early warning
Authors: Simova Iskra , Ganev Borislav , Velichkova Rositsa , Gieva Elitsa
Published: July 2023

Bulgaria is exposed to a number of natural hazards and risks negative consequences have a significant impact on the environment and the population, industry, infrastructure, cultural heritage, etc. Floods are the second most common disaster in Bulgaria. In the present work a statistical analysis of the floods in Bulgaria for the period 2010-2020 is made. The present paper also proposes an idea for an early warning system for floods. The idea is to work on early forecasting, which will help to timely notify municipalities and regional fire departments in order to quickly control the floods and its consequences.
Energy cluster analysis based on consumption data in different weather condition
Authors: Kazolis Dimitrios Th. , Kogias Panagiotis G. , Roumeliotis Nikolaos I.
Published: July 2023

The main aim of this effort is the discovery of knowledge from data, concerning consumption of electric energy, during the year 2022, based on unattended learning methods. These data were collected from the Public Electricity Company of Kavala and the methods used are, at first the Factor analysis and second the K-means clustering algorithm. The overhead methodologies are realized by the use of Statistica Data Miner software.
Optimal Sweep Gas to Blood Flow Ratio (V/Q) for Initiation of Cardiopulmonary Bypass in a Pediatric Patient Population: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Clingan Sean P. , Reagor James A. , Ollberding Nicholas J.
Published: July 2023

The optimal setting to achieve a suitable PaCO2 value of 35–45 mmHg upon initiating cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in the pediatric population is undefined in the literature. Sweep gas is set upon initiating and modified throughout CPB to reduce potential complications related to compensatory metabolic acidosis or metabolic alkalosis and associated cerebral blood flow fluctuations. This study retrospectively examined 1,077 CPB cases for which PaCO2 values were no less than 30 mmHg and no greater than 50 mmHg on the pre-CPB blood gas result. Through an observation of the results, we attempted to determine the optimal sweep gas setting upon initiating CPB to obtain a physiologic PaCO2 value of 35–45 mmHg. The probability of achieving an optimal PaCO2 value was modeled as a function of the average sweep gas to blood flow ratio during the period before the first blood gas on CPB. The median sweep gas to blood flow ratio (V/Q) was .64 (.51; .76), with a median first PaCO2 value on CPB of 42 mmHg (38.8; 45). A .6 V/Q had an odds ratio (OR) of 1.57 of obtaining a PaCO2 value between 35 and 45 mmHg on the first CPB blood gas when compared with a .4 V/Q (Figure 1Figure 1.

Bivariate associations between PaCO2 and the V/Q ratio. (A) Spike histogram with loess curve showing the proportion of patients with a first PaCO2 value on CPB between 35 and 45 mmHg according to the V/Q ratio. (B) Scatterplot and loess curve (gray line) for PaCO2 on CPB according to the V/Q ratio. Dashed lines indicate the target range of 35–45 mmHg. (C) Model-based estimate of the predicted probability and 95% CI for PaCO2 on CPB between 35 and 45 mmHg according to the V/Q ratio obtained from logistic regression. (D) Model-based estimate of the predicted PaCO2 on CPB according to the V/Q ratio obtained from ordinal regression. Prop, proportion.

). A .9 V/Q had a 1.76 OR when compared with a .4 and a 1.12 OR when compared with .6. Using a .6 V/Q ratio achieved a PaCO2 value within normal physiologic limits with no significant advantage to a higher V/Q ratio overall. However, younger or smaller patients required a higher V/Q to achieve similar probabilities of being within limits and similar PaCO2 values when compared with the older or larger patients.
Assessing the Efficacy of Commercially Available Filters in Removing Air Micro-Emboli in Intravenous Infusion Systems
Authors: Lee Subin , Bulsara Ketan R.
Published: July 2023

The presence of gaseous air emboli in the vasculature has the potential to cause significant morbidity and mortality. Once viewed as a rare complication of high-risk surgeries, air embolism is now also being associated with even minor and routine procedures such as peripheral venous catheterization. With increasing recognition, various preventive measures have emerged, the most important of which is the use of air-eliminating filters. However, studies on these devices are currently lacking. Therefore, in this present study, we aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of two commercially available filters in removing air within intravenous (IV) lines. An IV infusion system was created, designed to resemble standard conditions used in real clinical practice. Testing was completed using a .9% NaCl solution at room temperature with a flow rate set at 75 mL/h and involving three different filter orientations. The test bed was configured to inject air every 2 minutes with volumes ranging between 5 and 600 μL. The two filter models tested were GVS .2-μM and Braun SUPOR membrane air-eliminating filters. Data was collected at pre-filter and post-filter sites. The Braun SUPOR membrane filter (B Braun, Bethlehem, PA) reduced air micro-emboli by 100.0% (p< .0001) both by volume and count compared with −.6 ± 3.5% by volume and −.8 ± 1.5% by count for the control. The reduction seen with the GVS .2-μM filter was 99.8 ± .2% (p< .0001) by volume and 86.2 ± 21.1% (p< .0001) by count compared with the control. There was no statistically significant difference in the removal efficacy between the two filter models. As the use of air-eliminating filters becomes a common standard of care, establishing the validity of the commercially available filter models is important to minimize the risk of vascular air embolism.
Reducing the Impact of Perfusion Medical Waste on the Environment
Authors: Wisniewski Andrea , Zimmerman Matt , Crews Tyrone , Haulbrook Alex , Fitzgerald David C. , Sistino Joseph J.
Published: July 2023

The U.S. healthcare system generates more than five billion pounds of waste each year. Waste disposal has become a serious environmental problem facing healthcare institutions. The operating room is the second largest source of hospital waste, and no current standards exist regarding perfusion waste reuse or recycling. A typical perfusion circuit produces approximately 15 pounds of plastic that ends up incinerated once used. Contaminated perfusion circuits consisting primarily of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polycarbonate are difficult to sterilize, reuse, or recycle. A literature review of Internet-based and peer-reviewed publications was conducted to identify all resources that describe sterilizing, dechlorinating, reusing, and recycling of medical-grade disposable products. There are several chemical methods available to re-harvest PVC after it has been properly decontaminated and melted down. Dichlorination by near-critical methanol shows promise in the recovery of additives such as plasticizers, stabilizers, and lubricants. The reinjection of PVC may have ecological and economic advantages. Dechlorinated PVC also creates a less toxic by-product when incinerated. Although this process is not recycling, it lessens the impact of poisonous chlorine gas release into the atmosphere. Sterilizing, dechlorinating, and recycling the perfusion circuit may be a promising avenue for reducing the ecological impact of perfusion waste. Although an economically sensitive mode of reusing, reducing, and recycling a circuit does not currently exist, this presentation will explore the perfusion waste dilemma and present potential solutions in hopes of promoting future reuse and recycling opportunities.
Analysis of a diffuse interface method for the Stokes-Darcy coupled problem
Authors: Bukač Martina , Muha Boris , Salgado Abner J.
Published: July 2023

We consider the interaction between a free flowing fluid and a porous medium flow, where the free flowing fluid is described using the time dependent Stokes equations, and the porous medium flow is described using Darcy’s law in the primal formulation. To solve this problem numerically, we use a diffuse interface approach, where the weak form of the coupled problem is written on an extended domain which contains both Stokes and Darcy regions. This is achieved using a phase-field function which equals one in the Stokes region and zero in the Darcy region, and smoothly transitions between these two values on a diffuse region of width (ϵ) around the Stokes-Darcy interface. We prove convergence of the diffuse interface formulation to the standard, sharp interface formulation, and derive rates of convergence. This is performed by deriving a priori error estimates for discretizations of the diffuse interface method, and by analyzing the modeling error of the diffuse interface approach at the continuous level. The convergence rates are also shown computationally in a numerical example.
In silico docking and Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulations studies of
selected phytochemicals against Human Glycolate Oxidase (hGOX) and Oxalate
oxidase (OxO)
Authors: Nageswari Patnam , Swathi K
Published: July 2023

Globally, Urolithiasis is the most prevalent urological problem which affects the
populations across the ages and races. In recent years, several phytochemicals
are being investigated to improve the efficacy and safety of anti-urolithiasis
formulations. To develop drugs based on traditional medicines, it is essential
to understand the molecular mechanism of action of these drugs. We present the
results of in silico docking and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation
studies on selected phytochemical including catechin, epicatechin, gallic acid,
gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin 3-o-gallate,
4-methoxy-nor-securine, nor-securinine, and fisetin with human glycolate oxidase
(hGOX) and oxalate oxidase (OxO). Gallic acid, gallocatechin and fisetin showed
better docking scores than the rest. In MD simulation analysis, stable
interactions of the gallic acid with hGOX and OxO; gallocatechin and fisetin
with hGOX were observed. It was found that, gallic acid stably interacts
withTYR26, LYS 236, ARG 315, and ASP 291 residues of hGOX. On other hand, gallic
acid stably interacs with GLU 58 residue of OxO. Gallocatechin, forms stable
interactions with TYR 26, ASP 170, ARG 167 and THR 161 of HGOX. In MD
simulations, fisetin stably interacted with TYR 26, TRP110 and ARG 263 as we
predicted in molecular docking. None of the interactions was formed during the
MD simulation of OxO with gallocatechin and fisetin. Together, these results
suggest that gallic acid, gallocatechin and fisetin are the potential candidates
for the development of phytochemicals for the management of urolithiasis in
humans.
GIP und GLP-1-Rezeptoragonismus in der Therapie des Typ 2 Diabetes mit Fokus auf Tirzepatid
Authors: Nauck Michael A. , Blüher Matthias , Meyhöfer Sebastian M. , Heitmann Elke , Görgens Sven W
Published: July 2023

Die Wirkung von Inkretinen trägt wesentlich zur Aufrechterhaltung einer normalen oralen Glukosetoleranz bei gesunden Personen bei. Diese wird größtenteils durch zwei Darmhormone vermittelt: das Glukose-abhängige insulinotrope Polypeptid (GIP) und das Glukagon-ähnliche Peptid 1 (Glucagon-like peptide-1, GLP-1). Dieser Mechanismus ist bei Patienten/Patientinnen mit Typ-2-Diabetes deutlich reduziert. Inkretin-basierte Therapien wie GLP-1-Rezeptoragonisten und Dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (DPP-4)-Inhibitoren sind heute etablierte Substanzklassen in der Therapie des Typ-2-Diabetes. Neue Forschungsergebnisse, insbesondere mit Agonisten, die sowohl an GIP- als auch GLP-1-Rezeptoren wirken, steigerten das Interesse an GIP in der Therapie des Typ-2-Diabetes. In der Bauchspeicheldrüse verstärken beide Inkretine die Glukose-abhängige Insulinsekretion. GLP-1 unterdrückt glukose-abhängig die Glukagon-Sekretion, während GIP die Glukagon-Sekretion besonders bei niedrigen Plasmaglukosekonzentrationen stimuliert. Im Fettgewebe fördert GIP die Durchblutung, erhöht die Glukoseaufnahme und Triglyzerid-Speicherung und kann bei hohen Glukosespiegeln und niedrigen Plasmainsulinspiegeln eine direkte lipolytische Wirkung haben. Tierexperimentelle Studien deuten darauf hin, dass GIP wie auch GLP-1 einen Effekt auf die Sättigungsregulation im Gehirn haben kann.

Tirzepatid wurde so entwickelt, dass es das physiologische Inkretin-Gleichgewicht nachahmt, indem es sowohl an GIP- als auch GLP-1-Rezeptoren wirkt. Jüngste Daten aus dem SURPASS-Programm klinischer Phase-3-Studien mit Tirzepatid weisen darauf hin, dass sich der neuartige Wirkstoff besonders stark auf die Blutzuckersenkung und die Körpergewichtsreduktion auswirkt. Die Effekte übertreffen bezüglich glykämischer Kontrolle, Insulinsekretion, Glukagon-Suppression, Insulinsensitivität und Körpergewichtsreduktion sowohl die Wirkung potenter GLP-1-Rezeptoragonisten als auch von Basalinsulinen, sodass der Einfluss von GIP neu bewertet werden muss. Der vorliegende Übersichtsartikel fasst die physiologischen Effekte von GIP und GLP-1 zusammen. Um den genauen Wirkmechanismus von Tirzepatid und anderen GIP- und GLP-1-Rezeptoragonisten vollständig zu verstehen, bedarf es weiterer Forschung.
Effect of Nifedipine Used in the Treatment of the Threat of Preterm
Labor on Total Uterine Artery Blood Volume Flow Rate
Authors: Eroğlu Hasan , Turgal Mert , Altınboğa Orhan , Karakoç Gökhan , Sarsmaz Kemal , Yucel Aykan
Published: July 2023

Purpose Evaluation of the effect of maternal nifedipine treatment on total
uterine artery blood volume flow rate (TVFR).

Methods In this prospective study, 43 women who were admitted to the
Perinatology Department of the University of Health Sciences Etlik
Zübeyde Hanım Gynecology Training and Research Hospital, with
the diagnosis of the threat of preterm labor, and 40 healthy pregnant women, who
were randomly selected as the control group, were evaluated between July 1,
2018, and September 1, 2018. A transabdominal ultrasound examination of uterine
arteries was performed both before and 48 hours after administration of
oral nifedipine for TVFR measurement. For the final analysis, the TVFR levels of
the group diagnosed with the threat of preterm labor and the control group were
compared.

Results There was no significant difference in either uterine artery
pulsatility index or resistance index values as well as the diameters of the
uterine arteries after nifedipine treatment (p>0.05 for all). Total
uterine artery blood volume flow rate (TVFR) was
424.66±236.74 mL/min before and
543.39±309.68 mL/min after treatment with nifedipine and
was statistically significantly higher (p < 0.05).

ConclusionsOur study showed a statistically significant increase in total
uterine artery blood volume flow rate 48 hours after oral nifedipine
treatment.
Effects Of Decompression Surgery On Pelvic Movements In Patients With
Degenerative Lumbar Stenosis
Authors: Polat Yusuf , Polat Elif Aygün , Karatay Gokhan Mehmet , Esmer Murat , PHD Esedullah Akaras , Kafa Nihan , Best Norman , Güzel Nevin Atalay
Published: July 2023

Objective Pelvic movements when walking should be objectively evaluated in
the context of clinical data in order to understand the function of compensatory
mechanisms in the onset and management of symptomatic degenerative lumbar
stenosis (DLS). The purpose of this study was to compare patients treated with
decompression surgery (DS) and patients with symptomatic DLS in terms of pelvic
movements while walking.

Materials and Methods A total of 107 participants were included in this
study. 34 patients who underwent DS performed by the same surgeon were selected
as the DS group, while 39 patients with DLS who required surgery were selected
as the DLS group. The control group consisted of 34 age-matched healthy
individuals who had no disease and no gait disorder. The BTS G-WALK sensor
system (G-Walk) was used to measure pelvic movements (tilt, rotation, obliquity)
and gait parameters (speed, cadence, stride length).

Results DS and control groups had decreased maximum (p=0.008 and
p=0.006, respectively) and minimum anterior tilt of the pelvis
(p=0.015 and p=0.001, respectively) compared to the DLS group.
There was no significant difference between the groups for rotation, oblique and
tilt range of motion of the pelvis (p>0.05). Compared to the control
group, speed during gait were significantly lower in both the DLS
(p=0.012) and DS groups (p=0.016).

Conclusions In this study, decompression surgery was found to affect
pelvic movements. Patients with DLS walked differently from those who had no
symptoms, and this difference usually disappeared following surgical
decompression. Pelvic movements may serve as a helpful screening measure to
identify early compensatory mechanisms. Key words: lumbar stenosis, pelvic
movement, decompression surgery, spine-pelvis lower extremity, sagittal
alignment
Vibration Thresholds Using Conventional Audiometry are Clinically Useful Indicators of Postural Instability in Older Adults
Authors: Pierre Antonio Sam , Cedras Assan Mary , Bacon Benoit-Antoine , Champoux Francois , Maheu Maxime
Published: July 2023

Abstract Background Falls are a major health concern with potentially dramatic consequences for people over 65 years of age. One crucial determinant in the risk of falls in older adults is postural control, a complex process that requires the contribution of
different sensory modalities, namely visual, vestibular, auditory, and somatosensory. While there are well-established methods to screen for age-related vision, hearing, tactile, and vestibular impairments, there are very few widely available methods to screen for somatosensory function, but
studies indicate that ankle audiometry (vibration thresholds) using a common B-71 bone vibrator can serve that purpose. To date, unfortunately, this technique has received little attention as a tool to measure postural instability in older adults. Purpose The objective of the
present study was to examine postural control in older adults with and without degradation of the somatosensory functions, as determined with ankle audiometry. Research Design This was standard group comparison. Study Sample In total, 36 healthy elderly aged
between 65 and 80 years old were divided into two groups (low vibration threshold [n = 18] and high vibration threshold [n = 18]). Data Collection and Analysis Standard audiometry, video head impulse test, vibration thresholds (big
toe, ankle, and tibia), and static postural control task using a force platform were performed. Results Greater postural instability in participants with higher (worse) vibration thresholds as compared with participants with lower (better) vibration thresholds was observed
even though both groups were comparable on hearing threshold and vestibular function. Conclusion The results indicate that performing a simple vibration threshold evaluation, using a clinically available B-71 with a cut-off value of 42 dB hearing loss, could be an effective,
fast, and easy-to-use procedure for detecting people at risk of falls.
Transition-Metal-Free and Photocatalyst-Free Sulfenylation of Halopyrazolamines under Visible-Light Irradiation via Electron Donor–Acceptor Complexes
Authors: Ramesh Subburethinam , Shanthi Markabandhu , Perumal Karuppaiah , Sivalingam Soumya , Puhazhendhi Arulmozhi , Kumar Mandali Pavan
Published: July 2023

A new approach was developed for the thiolation of halogenated pyrazole-5-amines under blue LED irradiation in metal-free conditions. This efficient and practical approach enabled the generation of thiolated pyrazol-5-amine building blocks of medicinal significance. This straightforward technique permits photochemical thiolation by an electron donor–acceptor by two distinct processes; formation of a charge-transfer complex through a halogen bond or π–π interaction based on various halogenated pyrazolamines, depending on the HOMO–LUMO energy gap of the C–X bond. The reaction of halogenated pyrazol-5-amines with thiophenol derivatives proceeded in good to excellent yields. The formation of a π–π complex or halogen bonding between the halopyrazolamine and the thiolate anion was confirmed by UV/visible spectroscopy.
Lewis Acid Catalyzed Multicomponent Reaction of Aliphatic Aldehydes, Ynamides, Carboxylic Acids, and Amines to Access β3-Acylamino Amides
Authors: Zhuang Pengfei , Li Shasha
Published: July 2023

An atom-economical strategy for the synthesis of alkylated β3-acylamino amides via Lewis acid catalyzed one-pot multicomponent reaction of ynamides, carboxylic acids, and aromatic amines with aliphatic aldehydes is described. In addition to the synthetic utility and scalability, the method exhibits excellent substrate scope and functional-group tolerance. The products can easily be transformed into valuable building blocks, such as peptide chains.
The Right Ventricle in Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Wessels Jeroen N. , Celant Lucas R. , de Man Frances S. , Noordegraaf Anton Vonk
Published: July 2023

The right ventricle plays a pivotal role in patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH). Its adaptation to pressure overload determines a patient's functional status as well as survival. In a healthy situation, the right ventricle is part of a low pressure, high compliance system. It is built to accommodate changes in preload, but not very well suited for dealing with pressure overload. In PH, right ventricular (RV) contractility must increase to maintain cardiac output. In other words, the balance between the degree of RV contractility and afterload determines stroke volume. Hypertrophy is one of the major hallmarks of RV adaptation, but it may cause stiffening of the ventricle in addition to intrinsic changes to the RV myocardium. Ventricular filling becomes more difficult for which the right atrium tries to compensate through increased stroke work. Interaction of RV diastolic stiffness and right atrial (RA) function determines RV filling, but also causes vena cava backflow. Assessment of RV and RA function is critical in the evaluation of patient status. In recent guidelines, this is acknowledged by incorporating additional RV parameters in the risk stratification in PH. Several conventional parameters of RV and RA function have been part of risk stratification for many years. Understanding the pathophysiology of RV failure and the interactions with the pulmonary circulation and right atrium requires consideration of the unique RV anatomy. This review will therefore describe normal RV structure and function and changes that occur during adaptation to increased afterload. Consequences of a failing right ventricle and its implications for RA function will be discussed. Subsequently, we will describe RV and RA assessment in clinical practice.
Measurement of Femoral Trochlear Morphology in Dogs Using Ultrasonography
Authors: Sasaki Akari , Hidaka Yuki , Mochizuki Manabu , Honnami Muneki
Published: July 2023

Objective The aim of this study was to examine a method for measuring femoral trochlear morphology in dogs using ultrasonography, and survey femoral trochlear morphology in skeletally normal dogs.

Study Design To examine the validity of ultrasonography, three raters measured the sulcus angle (SA; the angle between the medial and lateral facets) five times in five skeletally normal dogs. Intra- and interrater reliabilities were then calculated. We also calculated the correlation coefficient between SAs measured using ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Then, we surveyed the femoral trochlear morphology in skeletally normal dogs using ultrasonography.

Results The intra- and interrater reliability for SAs measured using ultrasonography was good, and the correlation coefficient between SAs measured using ultrasonography and CT, or MRI, was strong. In skeletally normal dogs, the SAs for osseous contours decreased until 6 months of age. However, the SAs for cartilaginous contours did not change during the growth period.

Conclusion The ultrasonographic measurement method is reliable for the evaluation of femoral trochlear morphology in dogs. The contour of the articular cartilage surface of the femoral trochlea is already determined early in life, and ossification of the articular cartilage of the femoral trochlea proceeds until 6 months of age. The results of this study will provide crucial information for the evaluation of femoral trochlear morphology in dogs.
A History of Umbilical Vein Catheterization Does Not Preclude Children from a Successful Meso-Rex Bypass
Authors: Lemoine Caroline P. , Yang Stephanie , Brandt Katherine A. , Carra Sydney , Superina Riccardo A.
Published: July 2023

Introduction Umbilical vein catheterization (UVC) can cause portal venous thrombosis, leading to the development of extrahepatic portal venous obstruction (EHPVO) and portal hypertension (PHT). The feasibility of the Meso-Rex bypass (MRB) for the treatment of EHPVO in patients with a history of UVC has been questioned. We compared the feasibility of performing an MRB in patients with or without a history of previous UVC.

Methods A retrospective review of patients with EHPVO and known UVC status explored for a possible MRB at our institution was performed (1997–2022). Patients were categorized in two groups: with (UVC(+)) or without (UVC(–)) a history of UVC for comparison. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant.

Results One hundred and eighty-seven patients were included (n = 57 in UVC(+); n = 130 in UVC(–)). Patients in the UVC group were significantly younger at surgery and the incidence of prematurity was higher. Other risk factors for the development of EHPVO were similar between the groups, but only history of UVC could predict the ability to receive MRB (odds ratio [OR]: 7.4 [3.5–15.4]; p < 0.001). The success rate of MRB was significantly higher in patients with no history of UVC (28/57 [49.1%] in UVC(+) vs. 114/130 [87.7%] in UVC(–); p < 0.001). However, MRB patency at discharge (25/28 [89.3%] in UVC(+) vs. 106/114 [94.7%] in UVC(–); p = 0.3) was equally high in both groups.

Conclusion Our results indicate that a history of UVC is not a contraindication to MRB. Half of the patients were able to successfully receive an MRB. Patients with symptomatic PHT from EHPVO should not be excluded from consideration for MRB based on UVC history.
Permeability enhancement of Kv1.2 potassium channel by a terahertz electromagnetic field
Authors: Zhao Xiaofei , Ding Wen , Wang Hongguang , Wang Yize , Liu Yanjiang , Li Yongdong , Liu Chunliang
Published: July 2023

As biomolecules vibrate and rotate in the terahertz band, the biological effects of terahertz electromagnetic fields have drawn considerable attention from the physiological and medical communities. Ion channels are the basis of biological electrical signals, so studying the effect of terahertz electromagnetic fields on ion channels is significant. In this paper, the effect of a terahertz electromagnetic field with three different frequencies, 6, 15, and 25 THz, on the Kv1.2 potassium ion channel was investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. The results show that an electromagnetic field with a 15 THz frequency can significantly enhance the permeability of the Kv1.2 potassium ion channel, which is 1.7 times higher than without an applied electric field. By analyzing the behavior of water molecules, it is found that the electromagnetic field with the 15 THz frequency shortens the duration of frozen and relaxation processes when potassium ions pass through the channel, increases the proportion of the direct knock-on mode, and, thus, enhances the permeability of the Kv1.2 potassium ion channel.
Role of kinetic energy on Nb3Sn thin films by low-temperature co-sputtering
Authors: Schäfer N. , Günzing D. , Jiang T. , Karabas N. , Arzumanov A. , Motta-Meira D. , Ollefs K. , Komissinskiy P. , Major M. , Arnold M. , Pietralla N. , Wende H. , Molina-Luna L. , Lützenkirchen-Hecht D. , Alff L.
Published: July 2023

Nb3Sn is a promising thin film material for superconducting radio frequency (SRF) applications. Although surface resistivity, critical temperature, and critical field are advantageous in comparison to pure Nb, currently the performance of Nb3Sn is lacking behind due to its complex defect structure and phase inhomogeneities. In this work, the influence of the kinetic energy of the deposited particles on the defect structure in Nb3Sn thin films synthesized at low temperatures is investigated. A combination of extended x-ray absorption fine structure analysis, x-ray absorption spectroscopy mapping, and transmission electron microscopy reveals an improved local order and elemental homogeneity of the Nb3Sn films induced by higher kinetic energies of the elemental species during deposition. Even more, these process conditions lead to suppressed local inhomogeneities at grain boundaries, which can be one of the causes of critically reduced superconducting properties of low temperature sputter-coated Nb3Sn thin films. Finally, we show that the magnetic field-induced reduction of critical currents across weak-links formed at grain boundaries can be eliminated by the suggested materials’ synthesis.
A simple modeling framework for prediction in the human glucose–insulin system
Authors: Sirlanci Melike , Levine Matthew E. , Low Wang Cecilia C. , Albers David J. , Stuart Andrew M.
Published: July 2023

Forecasting blood glucose (BG) levels with routinely collected data is useful for glycemic management. BG dynamics are nonlinear, complex, and nonstationary, which can be represented by nonlinear models. However, the sparsity of routinely collected data creates parameter identifiability issues when high-fidelity complex models are used, thereby resulting in inaccurate forecasts. One can use models with reduced physiological fidelity for robust and accurate parameter estimation and forecasting with sparse data. For this purpose, we approximate the nonlinear dynamics of BG regulation by a linear stochastic differential equation: we develop a linear stochastic model, which can be specialized to different settings: type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and intensive care unit (ICU), with different choices of appropriate model functions. The model includes deterministic terms quantifying glucose removal from the bloodstream through the glycemic regulation system and representing the effect of nutrition and externally delivered insulin. The stochastic term encapsulates the BG oscillations. The model output is in the form of an expected value accompanied by a band around this value. The model parameters are estimated patient-specifically, leading to personalized models. The forecasts consist of values for BG mean and variation, quantifying possible high and low BG levels. Such predictions have potential use for glycemic management as part of control systems. We present experimental results on parameter estimation and forecasting in T2DM and ICU settings. We compare the model’s predictive capability with two different nonlinear models built for T2DM and ICU contexts to have a sense of the level of prediction achieved by this model.
In search of the limits of CuO thermal oxidation nanowire growth by combining experiment and theory
Authors: Košiček Martin , Baranov Oleg , Zavašnik Janez , Cvelbar Uroš
Published: July 2023

In the present study, we report on the temperature limiting conditions for the growth of copper oxide nanowires via thermal oxidation of copper, which have been puzzling scientists for decades and were up until now unknown. We explore the lowest temperature limits for nanowire synthesis and find the lowest nanowire diameter that can be achieved via thermal oxidation. This was achieved by gradually lowering the temperature of the oxidation and observing when the nanowire growth will cease with the use of electron microscopy techniques. The lowest temperature, where the growth of nanowires was observed, corresponded to 187 ± 5 °C, and the lowest nanowire diameter which can be achieved was found to be between 3 and 4 nm. Experimental results are supported by theoretical modeling of the nanowire nucleation processes, providing deterministic aspects. The nanowire limiting diameter is governed by the temperature dependence of the critical nucleus size.
Correlation of metal-to-insulator transition and strain state of VO2 thin films on TiO2 (110) substrates
Authors: Lu Hao , Li Lei , Tang Zhiwu , Xu Maji , Zheng Yonghui , Becker Martin , Lu Yinmei , Li Mingkai , Li Pai , Zhang Zaoli , Klar Peter J. , He Yunbin
Published: July 2023

We explore the possibility of tuning the metal-to-insulator transition (MIT) of crystalline VO2 thin films by strain engineering. We deposit high-quality VO2 epitaxial films of different thicknesses on TiO2 (110) substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The strain state of the deposited film varies with its thickness. This allows us to correlate the MIT characteristics with the strain state of the VO2 film by a careful characterization of the structural and electrical properties. Thin VO2 films on TiO2 (110) substrates are almost fully strained up to thicknesses of about 20 nm and exhibit tensile strain along the c axis of the (high-temperature) metallic rutile phase leading to an increase in the MIT temperature by as much as 30 °C in comparison to the almost fully relaxed 300 nm-thick VO2 film. The strain gradient within the thicker samples leads to a continuous serial switching of layered regions of the VO2 film from the insulating to the metallic state with increasing temperature.
Optimization of photo-thermoelectric performance in SnSe crystals via doping engineering
Authors: Chen Li-Da , Jiang Hong-Tao , Yin Cheng-Hao , Zhang En-Rui , Hou Yue-Ying , Zhou Xiao-Li , Wang Fan , Lv Yang-Yang , Yan Xue-Jun , Zhou Jian , Yao Shu-Hua , Chen Y. B. , Lu Ming-Hui , Chen Yan-Feng
Published: July 2023

Thermoelectric materials, based on photo-thermoelectric effect (PTE), may be promising in photo-detection because of their self-power, extremely broad-band, and free of cryogenic attachments. Up to now, the performance of PTE is mainly optimized through enhancement of extrinsic absorption such as using optical metamaterials. Instead, we here improve the PTE through materials engineering, accordingly systematically investigated the PTE of both P- and N-type SnSe crystals with different carrier concentrations (1017–1019 cm−3). P-type SnSe has much better photo-thermoelectric performance than the N-type one. Among P-type SnSe, the SnSe crystal with the largest carrier concentration (∼1019 cm−3 at room temperature) demonstrates the highest photo-thermoelectric performance. Analysis by a modified two-temperature model suggests that the key parameter of enhanced PTE is the high electrical conductivity, which leads to large optical absorption and large temperature difference. Our work provides a guideline on how to engineer thermoelectric materials to enhance their photo-thermoelectric performance.
Phenomenological phase field modeling of monolayer ferroelectrics FEβ-In2Se3
Authors: He Qian , Tang Zhiyuan , Chen Weijin , Luo Xin , Zheng Yue
Published: July 2023

Recently, a number of two-dimensional van der Waals (vdW) ferroelectrics have been reported, showing the potential to develop various ultra-thin smart devices down to the atomic monolayer limit. In particular, they have been demonstrated to exhibit intriguing polar domain structures. However, phenomenological thermodynamic models of vdW ferroelectrics, which can capture their ferroic domain structure evolution, are still lacking, limiting our further exploration of domain-structure-related applications. In this work, combining first-principles calculations, we construct a phenomenological phase field model for monolayer ferroelectrics, FEβ-In2Se3. Based on the model, one can calculate the phase stability, ferroelectric hysteresis curves, and domain structures of FEβ-In2Se3 under different loading conditions, showing the feasibility of electromechanically driving the rotation of in-plane polarization and manipulation of the domain structures. By including the second-order partial derivative gradient energy term, the model further captures well the antiferroelectric–ferroelastic domain structures of β′-In2Se3 observed in previous experiments. The developed phase field model should help better understand the domain structure evolution behavior in low-dimensional materials and promote further exploration of domain-structure-related applications.
The inverse problem of permeability identification for multiphase flow in porous media
Authors: Wei Y. J. , Rabinovich A.
Published: July 2023

Estimating permeability heterogeneity is a key component in modeling multiphase flow in geological porous media such as aquifers and reservoirs. The inverse problem of identifying permeability has been thoroughly studied regarding single-phase flow, however, hardly in two-phase flow problems. In this work, we study the inverse problem of estimating the spatial distribution of permeability in two-phase flow, considering a known saturation distribution, and using an iterative method based on inverting the capillary pressure–permeability relationship. The method is evaluated considering many different problem parameters and shown to be accurate for many cases in both oil–water and CO2–water three-dimensional systems. Large errors are observed when there is significant water trapping due to capillary effects and when conditions are dominated by viscosity. A range of optimal parameters is determined in which the inverse method is most accurate. These parameters can be used in applications, for example, when designing coreflooding experiments for permeability estimation. The estimated permeability is then used to predict the saturation and pressure distributions of two-phase flow with different injection flow rates and fluid fractions. The models are shown to be accurate when permeability estimations are accurate. The results support the possibility of calibrating a numerical model to coreflooding experiments and then using it to replace additional experiments, e.g., for evaluating flow rate effects.
Classification of hysteresis loops for exchange biased F/NM/F trilayer with antiferromagnetic interlayer coupling
Authors: Liu Congxiao
Published: July 2023

Major hysteresis loops of the F/NM/F/AF structure are classified according to the magnetization process, with the assumption of coherent rotation for each F component and antiferromagnetic coupling between the two F layers. Magnetic stable states of the system as well as specific reversal modes of magnetization during each stage of the major hysteresis cycle are studied in detail based on energetics analysis, in the whole range of exchange bias field and interlayer antiferromagnetic coupling strength. The analysis shows 12 different types of major hysteresis loops for this system and is confirmed by simulation. Strategies to determine key material parameters for the F/NM/F/AF structure from major hysteresis loops are proposed and illustrated by numerical simulation. The research shows a subtle tuning of the magnetization process in the F/NM/F/AF structure, collectively by exchange biasing and interlayer antiferromagnetic coupling. Practically, this serves as a theoretical grounding for the identification of root causes of failure in the product analysis of GMR (giant magnetoresistance) sensors.