bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alexithymia and Core Conflictual Relationship Themes: A Study in a Chronically Fatigued Primary Care Population
Authors: Vanheule Stijn , Vandenbergen Jan , Desmet Mattias , Rosseel Yves , Insleghers Ruth
Published: April 2007

Objective:

Clinical studies have indicated that concomitant to problems with affect regulation interpersonal problems can be observed in alexithymic patients. We test whether this is the case, and determine a parsimonious set of typical relationship themes.

Method:

Relationship themes were assessed by means of the Core Conflictual Relationship Theme (CCRT) method. This method examines transference patterns, and was applied to clinical interview data collected from a sample ( n = 30) of chronically fatigued primary care patients. Alexithymia was assessed by means of a score on the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale. The data were analyzed by means of the leaps and bounds regression algorithm for selecting optimal subsets of indicators, and by bootstrapping to determine 95% confidence intervals.

Results:

Alexithymia can be meaningfully explained by typical relationship themes. A set of two wishes and one response of the self to the other that is most representative of alexithymia was mapped. The wishes demonstrate that the more alexithymic someone is, the less likely it is that this person wishes to be helped by others and the less likely it is that he/she interacts with others in order to feel good about him/herself. The selected response of the self indicates that it is typical of alexithymia that interactions with others do not result in good or happy feelings.

Conclusion:

Linking alexithymia to typical relationship themes is valid. Limitations of the study are indicated.
Change in Mental Symptoms in Extreme Obesity Patients after Gastric Banding, Part II: Six-Year Follow up
Authors: Nickel M. K. , Loew T. H. , Bachler E.
Published: April 2007

Objective:

Apart from increased somatic morbidity, extreme obesity causes grave psychosocial and psychopathological problems. We examined a sample of 50 extremely adipose women (BMI < 40kg/m2) from 2000 to 2003 to find out whether surgical reduction of stomach volume leads to lasting change in Body Mass Index (BMI), psychosocial symptoms, and health related quality of life. We found that positive changes in BMI reduction, psychosocial symptoms, and health related quality of life could be expected three years after gastric banding ( Int. J Psychiatry Med 2005;35:109–122). During the following three years, we continued to observe these patients to determine long-term effects.

Method:

Fifty adipose women who had taken part in the first study from 2004 to 2006 were surveyed. Annual primary outcome measures were BMI, self-reported changes on the scales of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-D), and Health Survey (SF-36).

Results:

At the 6-year mark, significant changes in BMI ( p < 0.01), significantly increased employment (0.012) and the existence of a partnership ( p < 0.01), plus significant changes on all three scales of the TFEQ ( p < 0.01), on both scales of the HADS-D (anxiety: p < 0.05; depression: p < 0.011), and all scales of the SF-36 Health Survey (all p < 0.01) were observed.

Conclusions:

The positive changes in BMI reduction, i.e., increased employment and subjects living in a partnership, improvement in eating behavior, reduction in anxiety and depressive symptoms, and improvement in health related quality of life were also confirmed as remaining stable over a 3-year observation period, i.e., for a total of six years.
Bacteriorhodopsin‐Monolayer‐Based Planar Metal–Insulator–Metal Junctions via Biomimetic Vesicle Fusion: Preparation, Characterization, and Bio‐optoelectronic Characteristics
Authors: Jin Y. D. , Friedman N. , Sheves M. , Cahen D.
Published: April 2007

A reliable and reproducible method for preparing bacteriorhodopsin (bR)‐containing metal–biomolecule–monolayer‐metal planar junctions via vesicle fusion tactics and soft deposition of Au top electrodes is reported. Optimum monolayer and junction preparations, including contact effects, are discussed. The electron‐transport characteristics of bR‐containing membranes are studied systematically by incorporating native bR or artificial bR pigments derived from synthetic retinal analogues, into single solid‐supported lipid bilayers. Current–voltage (I–V) measurements at ambient conditions show that a single layer of such bR‐containing artificial lipid bilayers pass current in solid electrode/bilayer/solid electrode structures. The current is passed only if retinal or its analogue is present in the protein. Furthermore, the preparations show photoconductivity as long as the retinal can isomerize following light absorption. Optical characterization suggests that the junction photocurrents might be associated with a photochemically induced M‐like intermediate of bR. I–V measurements along with theoretical estimates reveal that electron transfer through the protein is over four orders of magnitude more efficient than what would be estimated for direct tunneling through 5 nm of water‐free peptides. Our results furthermore suggest that the light‐driven proton‐pumping activity of the sandwiched solid‐state bR monolayer contributes negligibly to the steady‐state light currents that are observed, and that the orientation of bR does not significantly affect the observed I–V characteristics.
Microphase‐Separated Donor–Acceptor Diblock Copolymers: Influence of HOMO Energy Levels and Morphology on Polymer Solar Cells
Authors: Sommer M. , Lindner S. M. , Thelakkat M.
Published: April 2007

The synthesis of novel semiconducting donor–acceptor (D–A) diblock copolymers by means of nitroxide‐mediated polymerization (NMP) is reported. The copolymers contain functional moieties for hole transport, electron transport, and light absorption. The first block, representing the donor, is made up of either substituted triphenylamines (poly(bis(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐4′‐vinylphenylamine), PvDMTPA) or substituted tetraphenylbenzidines (poly(N,N′‐bis(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐N‐phenyl‐N′‐4‐vinylphenyl‐(1,1′‐biphenyl)‐4,4′‐diamine), PvDMTPD). The second block consists of perylene diimide side groups attached to a polyacrylate backbone (PPerAcr) via a flexible spacer. This block is responsible for absorption in the visible range and for electron‐transport properties. The electrochemical properties of these fully functionalized diblock copolymers, PvDMTPA‐b‐PPerAcr and PvDMTPD‐b‐PPerAcr, are investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), and their morphology is investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). All diblock copolymers exhibit microphase‐separated domains in the form of either wire‐ or wormlike structures made of perylene diimide embedded in a hole‐conductor matrix. In single‐active‐layer organic solar cells, PvDMTPD‐b‐PPerAcr reveals a fourfold improvement in power conversion efficiency (η = 0.26 %, short‐circuit current (ISC) 1.21 mA cm–2), and PvDMTPA‐b‐PPerAcr a fivefold increased efficiency (η = 0.32 %, ISC = 1.14 mA cm–2) compared with its unsubstituted analogue PvTPA‐b‐PPerAcr (η = 0.065 %, ISC = 0.23 mA cm–2).
Solvent‐Mediated Plasmon Tuning in a Gold‐Nanoparticle–Poly(Ionic Liquid) Composite
Authors: Batra D. , Seifert S. , Varela L. M. , Liu A. C. Y. , Firestone M. A.
Published: April 2007

The design, synthesis, and characterization of a hierarchically ordered composite whose structure and optical properties can be reversibly switched by adjustment of solvent conditions are described. Solvent‐induced swelling and de‐swelling is shown to provide control over the internal packing arrangement and hence, optical properties of in situ synthesized metal nanoparticles. Specifically, a gold‐nanoparticle‐containing ionic‐liquid‐derived polymer is synthesized in a single step by UV irradiation of a metal‐ion‐precursor‐doped, self‐assembled ionic liquid gel, 1‐decyl‐3‐vinylimidazolium chloride. Small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) studies indicate that in the de‐swollen state, the freestanding polymer adopts a perforated lamellar structure. Optical spectroscopy of the dried composite reveals plasmon resonances positioned in the near‐IR. Strong particle–particle interactions arise from matrix‐promoted formation of aggregated 1D clusters or chains of gold nanoparticles. Upon swelling in alcohol, the composite undergoes a structural conversion to a disordered structure, which is accompanied by a color change from purple to pale pink and a shift in the surface plasmon resonance to 527 nm, consistent with isolated, non‐interacting particles. These results demonstrate the far‐field tuning of the plasmonic spectrum of gold nanoparticles by solvent‐mediated changes in its encapsulating matrix, offering a straightforward, low‐cost strategy for the fabrication of nanophotonic materials.
Time trends in occupational risks of lung cancer among Swedish men from 1961–1979
Authors: Carstensen John M. , Pershagen Göran , Eklund Gunnar
Published: April 2007

Using data from the Swedish Cancer‐Environment Register, time trends in the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) for lung cancer 1961–1979 were studied in different occupations. After adjustments for differences in the SIR with respect to year of birth, only the decreasing trends for blacksmiths and members of the armed forces as well as increasing trends for foundry workers and construction machine operators were significant (p<0.05). For bakers and pastry cooks, there was a significant interaction between year of birth and observation period in relation to SIR. Data on smoking habits, obtained from a sample of the population, did not seem to explain the trends.
Reactions of asbestos‐exposed workers to notification and screening
Authors: Meyerowitz Beth E. , Sullivan Clare D. , Premeau Cheri L.
Published: April 2007

In the wake of efforts to pass legislation mandating notification of workers at high risk of developing occupational disease, considerable controversy exists regarding the potential costs and benefits of such notification efforts. It has been suggested that individual notification would cause undue psychological distress, especially when primary prevention efforts are no longer possible. In this study, we assessed reactions of asbestos‐exposed workers to a letter notifying them of their risk for asbestos‐related illnesses and the availability of a medical screening program. Two hundred forty‐seven workers who attended the screening program and 53 who chose not to attend completed a questionnaire that tapped reactions to notification. Workers reported neither undue psychological distress nor avoidance behavior in response to notification, and many respondents reported engaging in active and appropriate coping behaviors. Workers who first learned of their risk through the notification letter (33.7%) were no more likely to report distress or denial than were workers who had learned previously through other sources. Individuals who chose not to attend the screening program were less likely than attenders to report experiencing distress upon learning of their risk status, more likely to engage in minimization of risk, and less likely to have taken direct action. Our results suggest that the psychological costs of notifying workers of increased risk for asbestosrelated illness appear to be outweighed by the benefits of notification and screening.
Minnesota highway maintenance worker study: Cancer mortality
Authors: Bender Alan P. , Parker David L. , Johnson Rebecca A. , Scharber Wendy K. , Williams Allan N. , Marbury Marian C. , Mandel Jack S.
Published: April 2007

Highway maintenance workers (HMWs) have been exposed to a broad range of potentially toxic substances, including diesel fuels and exhaust, asphalts and tars, herbicides, gasoline, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, benzene, and lead. The number of current and former state, county, and municipal HMWs in the United States exceeds 500,000, yet the health risks of this occupation had never been studied. To fill this void and to respond to the public perception that Minnesota HMWs were at high risk of developing leukemia, an occupational cohort mortality study was conducted of Minnesota HMWs employed between 1945 and 1984. Leukemia mortality in HMWs with 30–39 years of work (standardized mortality ratio [SMR] = 425; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 171–876) and urologic cancer mortality in HMWs with 40–49 year latency (SMR = 292; CI = 117–602) were significantly elevated. The extent to which these and other findings were directly related to work exposures is unknown. Further investigations to resolve the significance of the risks associated with the HMW occupation are currently underway.
Acute pulmonary responses among automobile workers exposed to aerosols of machining fluids
Authors: Kennedy Susan M. , Greaves Lan A. , Kriebel David , Eisen Ellen A. , Smith Thomas J. , Woskie Susan R.
Published: April 2007

Previous investigations of workers exposed to machining fluids have shown increased rates of cough and phlegm and have shown that these exposures may cause occupational asthma. To examine acute responses to these agents, cross‐shift lung function changes related to machining fluid aerosols among 89 machine operators at two factories producing automobile parts were measured and compared with the findings for 42 unexposed assembly workers studied similarly at the same factories. Workers wore a personal air‐sampling device on a Monday and Friday of a working week, and spirometry was performed before and after the work shifts on both days. On Mondays, a 5% or greater decrease in the forced expiratory volume in 1‐second (FEV1), regarded as an “FEV1‐response,” occurred in 23.6% of the machinists and in only 9.5% of the assembly workers (relative risk = 2.5. p < 0.05). After adjusting statistically for a history of childhood asthma, for smoking prior to lung function testing, and for race, odds ratios for an FEV1‐response of 4.4 among workers exposed to aerosols of straight mineral oils, 5.8 for oil emulsions, and 6.9 for synthetic fluids were found. The FEV1‐responses on Fridays were similar to those on Mondays. There was no progressive decline in FEV1 over the work week. Personal air samples, collected with a two‐stage impactor, allowed aerosol masses to be measured in three size fractions: < 3.5 μm, 3.5–9.8 μm, and > 9.8 μm aerodynamic diameter. Exposure levels to each type of machining fluid were remarkably similar within each size fraction and for total aerosol levels. Total aerosol concentrations for assembly workers ranged from 0.07 to 0.44 mg M3, and for machinists from 0.16 to 2.03 mg/m3. Inhalable particle (⩽ 9.8 μm) levels were derived from the sum of the air concentrations in the two smallest‐size fractions, and significant cross‐shift decrements in FEV1 on Mondays and Fridays were associated with inhalable aerosol levels > 0.20 mg/m3. These findings show that acute airflow obstruction is associated with exposures to aerosols of various machining fluids and that airway responses occur well below current recommended exposure limits.
Medical‐examiner‐reported fatal occupational injuries, North Carolina, 1978–1984
Authors: Sniezek Joseph E. , Horiagon Thomas M.
Published: April 2007

Fatal occupational injuries are a major public health problem in the U.S. Utilizing a medical examiner database from North Carolina, 1,233 fatal work‐related injuries were identified in a 7‐year time period. Twelve percent of these deaths were in out‐of‐state residents. For men, highest risk industries were forestry/fishery, agriculture, trade, and transportation/public utilities/communications. Only 4% of deaths occurred in women. The most common manner of death in women was homicide. Highest‐risk industries for women were agriculture, trade, and transportation/public utilities/communications. Of 902 decedents tested, alcohol was found in 11%, and 7% had levels at or above 100 mg%. Because of its completeness, the North Carolina Medical Examiner System is a useful tool to use in the surveillance of fatal occupational injuries.
An examination of factors that could affect choice reaction time in histology technicians
Authors: Kilburn Kaye H. , Warshaw Raphael , Thornton John C. , Husmark Ivan
Published: April 2007

Histology technicians exposed to formaldehyde and solvents have symptoms and objective evidence of neurobehavioral impairment of memory, judgment, and equilibrium. Because reaction time has been prolonged in many groups of workers exposed to toxicants, choice reaction time was measured in 385 female formaldehyde and solventexposed histology technicians, and 79 unexposed female laboratory workers. Choice reaction time to a visual stimulus (CRT) is defined, for the purpose of this study, as the time required for discriminated cancellation of two different letters on a microcomputer screen by pressing the matching keys. Initial analysis showed that increases in age, years of cigarette smoking, and hours per day of formaldehyde exposure significantly lengthened CRT, but xylene‐toluene exposure had no effect. Since duration of smoking and length of daily formaldehyde exposure were age related, multiple linear regression analysis of CRT was performed using them as independent variables. Increasing age was the only significant factor in lengthening CRT. However, in these female histology technicians, the second measurement one year later was 44 msec faster (p < 0.04). The reason for improved performance is unclear, but it may be an effect of training encompassing familiarity, improved attention, or learning.
Choice (CRT) and simple reaction times (SRT) compared in laboratory technicians: Factors influencing reaction times and a predictive model
Authors: Miller Jeffrey A. , Cohen Gary S. , Warshaw Raphael , Thornton John C. , Kilburn Kaye H.
Published: April 2007

Choice reaction time (CRT) and simple reaction time (SRT) tests were administered to 151 female histology laboratory technicians to determine if occupational exposure to organic solvents and formaldehyde delayed either or both. The relationships between CRT and SRT latencies were evaluated using different testers, sequences of administration, and microcomputers. Formaldehyde exposure, cigarette smoking history, ethnicity, and alveolar CO levels did not significantly influence CRT and SRT. However, slightly different protocols did significantly affect SRT. A linear model demonstrated that logSRT (LSRT) and LogCRT (LCRT) were longer with increasing age, promising further clinical applications. It is concluded that both CRT and SRT measure some overlapping and some different neurologic pathways. Reaction times in large “normal” populations are needed to compare with groups exposed to potential neurotoxins.
Cardiac arrest in an explosives factory worker due to withdrawal from nitroglycerin exposure
Authors: Ben‐David Amnon
Published: April 2007

A 34‐year‐old munitions worker suffered an unexplained cardiac arrest on a Sunday morning. In retrospect, the cardiac arrest as well as previous complaints of chest pains during weekends fit the syndrome of withdrawal from occupational exposure to nitroglycerin.
Silica exposure and silicosis among ontario hardrock miners: II. Exposure estimates
Authors: Verma D. K. , Sebestyen A. , Julian J. A. , Muir D. C. F. , Schmidt H. , Bernholz C. D. , Shannon H. S.
Published: April 2007

An epidemiological investigation was carried out to determine the relationship between silicosis in hardrock miners in Ontario and cumulative exposure to silica (free crystalline silica–‐α quartz) dust. This second report describes a side‐by‐side air‐sampling program used to derive a konimeter/gravimetric silica conversion curve. A total of 2,360 filter samples and 90,000 konimeter samples were taken over 2 years in two mines representing the ore types gold and uranium, both in existing conditions as well as in an experimental stope in which dry drilling was used to simulate the high dust conditions of the past. The method of calculating cumulative respirable silica exposure indices for each miner is reported.
Lead exposure among lead‐acid battery workers in Jamaica
Authors: Matte Thomas D. , Figueroa J. Peter , Burr Gregory , Flesch Jerome P. , Keenlyside Richard A. , Baker Edward L.
Published: April 2007

To assess lead exposure in the Jamaican lead‐acid battery industry, we surveyed three battery manufacturers (including 46 production workers) and 10 battery repair shops (including 23 battery repair workers). Engineering controls and respiratory protection were judged to be inadequate at battery manufacturers and battery repair shops. At manufacturers, 38 of 42 air samples for lead exceeded a work‐shift time‐weighted average concentration of 0.050 mg/m3 (range 0.030–5.3 mg/m3), and nine samples exceeded 0.50 mg/m3. Only one of seven air samples at repair shops exceeded 0.050 mg/m3 (range 0.003–0.066 mg/m3). Repair shop workers, however, had higher blood lead levels than manufacturing workers (65% vs. 28% with blood lead levels above 60 μg/dl, respectively). Manufacturing workers had a higher prevalence of safe hygienic practices and a recent interval of minimal production had occurred at one of the battery manufacturers. Workers with blood lead levels above 60 μg/dl tended to have higher prevalences of most symptoms of lead toxicity than did workers with lower blood lead levels, but this finding was not consistent or statistically significant. The relationship between zinc protoporphyrin concentrations and increasing blood lead concentrations was consistent with that described among workers in developed countries. The high risk of lead toxicity among Jamaican battery workers is consistent with studies of battery workers in other developing countries.
Industry‐related urothelial carcinogens: Application of a job‐exposure matrix to census data
Authors: Steineck Gunnar , Plato Nils , Alfredsson Lars , Norell Staffan E.
Published: April 2007

A job‐exposure matrix has been developed linking the work tasks in the Swedish National Census of population 1960 to exposure to 50 single agents or groups of substances. All 1,905,660 men, aged 20‐64 years in 1960, reporting themselves as gainfully employed in the Census, were observed for the occurrence of urothelial cancer 1961‐1979 by linkage to the National Swedish Cancer Registry. Subjects classified as exposed to creosote had a relative risk (with 95% confidence interval) of 2.6 (1.2–5.9) for renal pelvis cancer and 1.3 (1.0–1.8) for urinary bladder cancer; subjects exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) had a relative risk of 1.3 (1.0–1.8) for urinary bladder cancer. Adjustment was made for age, socioeconomic group, and degree of urbanization. Exposure to combustion gases from coal gave a relative risk of 1.2 (1.0–1.4) for bladder cancer. The study carries several sources of nondifferential misclassification diluting the estimates of the relative risks toward 1.0. The limitations of exposure classification by job‐exposure matrices are discussed.
Can the birth certificate yield clues to parental occupational exposures?
Authors: Milham Samuel
Published: April 2007

An analysis of reported birth record variables by parental occupation suggests that certain birth outcomes may identify toxic or carcinogenic occupational exposures of the parents. Fathers coded to an asbestos and insulation worker rubric sired fewer plural births, and more stillbirths than expected. A number of other fathers' occupations with putative exposure to asbestos and increased lung cancer mortality also showed a deficit of plural births.
Mortality among employees of an ontario factory that manufactured construction materials using chrysotile asbestos and coal tar pitch
Authors: Finkelstein Murray M.
Published: April 2007

This paper describes mortality in a cohort of 324 men exposed to chrysotile asbestos and coal tar pitch used in the manufacture of electrical conduit pipe from a mixture of newsprint, bentonite, and asbestos. One death in a factory worker was attributed to pleural mesothelioma, and long‐term employees experienced an increased risk of lung cancer (Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) 221; six deaths) and non‐malignant respiratory disease (SMR 215; four deaths). In a case‐control analysis, men whose jobs involved adding asbestos to the mix of raw materials were found to have a risk of lung cancer sevenfold higher (lower 95% confidence limit: 2.3) than men who had never worked at this job. Exposure to coal tar pitch is presumed to be responsible for the death of one worker from squamous cell carcinoma of the scrotum.
Diagnostic value of exercise testing in asbestosis
Authors: Zejda Jan
Published: April 2007

The diagnostic value of simple exercise testing was examined in 81 current male asbestos‐cement workers, divided into four groups according to the International Labour Office (ILO) category of irregular opacities: 0/0, 25; 1/1, 24; 1/2, 22; and 2/2, 10 men. An increasing X‐ray score was accompanied by more severe functional abnormality in keeping with the development of a restrictive defect. Symptom‐limited oxygen uptake (VO2SL) did not depend on the X‐ray grade and was 76.7, 71.9, 68.7, and 73.5% pv, respectively, for the four groups. Subjects with ILO score 1/1 had significantly higher exercise ventilation at O2 uptake of 1.01 · min−1 (VE 1.0) than those with grade 0/0. End‐exercise tidal volume (VTSL in 1) decreased with an increasing X‐ray score: 2.14, 1.98, 1.85, and 1.62, respectively. VTSL standardized for vital capacity (VTSL/VC) followed the same pattern. Asbestosis was diagnosed in 25 men, in whom VE 1.0 was significantly higher (p < .02) and VTSL lower (p < .01) than in the 0/0 group. V02SL was similar in both groups. The findings suggest that VE 1.0 and VTSL may be early functional indicators of asbestos‐related interstitial lung fibrosis. The measurement of both exercise indices may increase the certainty of clinical diagnosis of asbestosis in subjects with less advanced disease.
Further follow‐up and adjustment for smoking in a study of lung cancer and acid mists
Authors: Steenland Kyle , Beaumont James
Published: April 2007

Follow‐up of a cohort of 1,165 steelworkers exposed to acid mists has been extended from 1981 to early 1986 for most cohort members, and information on smoking has also been collected. We obtained an SMR for lung cancer (unadjusted for smoking) of 1.56 (95% CI 1.12–2.11,41 observed). For those with 20 years or more since first exposure, the SMR was 1.72 (1.21–2.39). However, no trend was found with duration of exposure. To adjust for smoking, we used an indirect adjustment as suggested by Axelson to account for the fact that the exposed cohort smoked slightly more than the U.S. referent population. The SMR for the whole cohort dropped to 1.36 (0.97–1.84), while for those with more than 20 years since first exposure, the SMR was 1.50 (1.05–2.07). These results indicate that an excess risk for lung cancer persists after control for confounding by smoking.
Benzene in the blood and breath of normal people and occupationally exposed workers
Authors: Brugnone F. , Perbellini L. , Faccini G. B. , Pasini F. , Danzi B. , Maranelli G. , Romeo L. , Gobbi M. , Zedde A.
Published: April 2007

Benzene was measured in blood and alveolar air of 168 men, aged 20–58 years, subdivided into four groups: blood donors, hospital staff, chemical workers occupationally exposed to benzene, and chemical workers not occupationally exposed to benzene. The group of exposed workers was employed in work places with a mean environmental exposure to benzene of 1.62 mg/M3 (8 hr TWA). Non‐exposed workers were employed elsewhere in the same plant, with an environmental exposure to benzene lower than 0.1 mg/M3. Blood and alveolar air samples were collected in the morning, before the start of the work shift for the chemical workers. The group of exposed workers was found to be significantly different from the other three groups, both for blood and alveolar benzene concentrations. The mean blood benzene concentration was 789 ng/1 in the exposed workers, 307 ng/1 in the non‐exposed workers, 332 ng/1 in the hospital staff, and 196 ng/1 in the blood donors. Apart from the exposed workers, blood benzene concentration was significantly higher in smokers than in non‐smokers. The mean alveolar benzene concentration was 92 ng/1 in the exposed workers, 42 ng/1 in the non‐exposed workers, 22 ng/1 in the hospital staff, and 11 ng/1 in the blood donors. Alveolar benzene concentration was significantly higher in smokers than in non‐smokers in the groups of the hospital staff and non‐exposed workers, but not in the blood donors and exposed workers. In the three groups without occupational exposure considered altogether, the alveolar benzene concentration correlated significantly with the environmental benzene concentration measured at the moment of the individual examinations, both in the smokers (r = .636; p < .001) and non‐smokers (r = .628; p < .001). In the same three groups and in the exposed workers, alveolar benzene concentration showed a significant correlation with the blood benzene concentration.
Occupational health in the negev: A model for regional planning
Authors: Blanc Paul D.
Published: April 2007

In the Negev region of Israel, I tested a model approach to occupational health planning. This model included components assessing exposures, measuring adverse health outcomes, and evaluating health services.

I analyzed employment survey data, compiled an exposure data base, and carried out site visits covering 10,707 employees (over 50% of the regional industrial work force). Site visits identified exposure hazards of inorganic and organic dusts, heavy metals, chemicals, pesticides, and noise. I identified elevated relative regional injury rates by Standard Morbidity Ratios (SMRs) in a variety of industries, including sixfold increases for mining and non‐metallic minerals manufacture (SMR 6.8, 99% CI6.1–7.7). Review of biological monitoring data suggested deficiencies in pesticide and heavy metals surveillance. A survey of primary care clinics estimated 13,707 cases of occupational injury and illness untreated by existing occupational medical services.

Based on these findings, I formulated regional occupational health planning goals, including targeting high‐risk industries for increased preventive activities. This regional approach, combining multiple measures of occupational health status, can serve as a model for assessing local public health planning needs.
Occupational disease in new york state: A comprehensive examination
Authors: Markowitz Steven B. , Fischer Ellen , Fahs Marianne C. , Shapiro Judy , Landrigan Philip J.
Published: April 2007

In order to obtain information on the current magnitude of occupational disease in New York State, four data sources were reviewed: Workers' Compensation records, disease registries maintained by the state department of health, data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), and data from the California's physician reporting system. A proportionate attributable risk approach is used to develop estimates of mortality due to occupational diseases. The distribution of occupational hazards was assessed using data from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYDEC). Finally, econometric estimates of the direct and indirect costs of occupational illness were developed.

The best available data indicate that 5,000 to 7,000 deaths are caused each year in New York State by work‐related illnesses, and at least 35,000 new cases of occupational illness develop each year in the State. It is also estimated that between 150,000 and 750,000 workers in New York State are employed in the 50 most hazardous industries. OSHA standards regulating exposure to selected chemicals were found to have been violated frequently. The annual costs of occupational disease in New York State are approximately 600,000,000; only a small fraction is covered by workers' compensation insurance. Of the 52,000 physicians in New York State, only 73 are board‐certified in occupational medicine. Most of these are involved in administrative, teaching, and research aspects of occupational medicine. Of the 300 industrial hygenists in New York State, two‐thirds are employed by major corporations.

Recommendations are described to improve the recognition of occupational disease in New York State and to reduce the burden of this disease. A statewide network of occupational health clinical services is proposed and has been funded by the New York State Legislature. Other recommendations are also given.
Health costs of occupational disease in New York state
Authors: Fahs Marianne C. , Markowitz Steven B. , Fischer Ellen , Shapiro Judy , Landrigan Philip J.
Published: April 2007

Occupational diseases and deaths are costly events. They are responsible for: 1) direct medical costs; 2) indirect costs, resulting from lost production, foregone opportunities, and diminished investment; and 3) non‐economic costs, including pain and suffering, disrupted careers, and devastated families. To develop a partial estimate of the total costs of occupational disease in New York State, we have examined four categories of illness: occupational cancer, chronic respiratory disease and the pneumoconioses, cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease, and end‐stage renal failure. We base our partial estimate on the human capital approach to the costs of these illnesses. Using the best measures available, including both incidence and prevalence statistics, mortality records, and a variety of financial data, we employ two cost accounting techniques of the human capital approach, the incidence method, and the prevalence method. Our analysis shows that these four occupational illnesses are costing New York over 600 million per year. This figure is a pragmatic but conservative, lower‐bound estimate of the relative magnitude of total economic costs of occupational disease in New York State. The largest proportion of these costs (80%) is due to occupational cancer. The failure of the health care system to recognize the costs of occupational disease precludes recognition of the economic benefits which would result from preventing these illnesses. This study, it is hoped, will stimulate advances in epidemiological and economic approaches to resolve this important measurement problem.
Mortality of a cohort of men in a silicosis register: Further evidence of an association with lung cancer
Authors: Ng Tze Pin , Chan Shiu Lun , Lee James
Published: April 2007

Lung cancer mortality from 1980 to 1986 was studied in a cohort of 1,419 men in a silicosis register who had no previous exposure to asbestos and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. The 28 deaths from lung cancer were statistically in excess of expected (SMR 2.03; 95% CI 1.35–2.93). Excess risks of lung cancer were found in both underground workers (SMR 3.41; 95% CI 1.10–7.97; based on 5 deaths) and surface workers (SMR 1.87, 95% CI 1.18–2.81; based on 23 deaths). All lung cancer deaths were smokers. There was an increase in SMRs with longer latency periods and years of exposure, with the greatest risk found in those who had worked for 30 or more years after more than 30 years since first exposed (SMR 3.07, based on 16 deaths). The risk for lung cancer was higher in those with tuberculosis (SMR 2.52; 95% CI 1.52–3.94) and showed an increasing trend with severity of silicosis, from category 1 to 3 and from category A to C, with highest risk in those with tuberculosis and category 3 (SMR 4.44 based on 3 deaths) or tuberculosis and category C (SMR 7.63 based on 7 deaths). Most of the excess lung cancer risk in silicotics is due to smoking, but a synergistic effect between smoking and silica/silicosis on the risk of lung cancer is also likely. In particular, a possible role of silicosis and tuberculosis as the fibrotic seedbed for malignant growth in the lung is strongly supported.
Respiratory morbidity of pattern and model makers exposed to wood, plastic, and metal products
Authors: Robins Thomas G. , Haboubi Ghalib , Demers Raymond Y. , Schork M. Anthony
Published: April 2007

Pattern and model makers are skilled tradespersons who may be exposed to hardwoods, softwoods, phenol‐formaldehyde resin‐impregnated woods, epoxy and polyester/styrene resin systems, and welding and metal‐casting fumes. The relationship of respiratory symptoms (wheezing, chronic bronchitis, dyspnea) and pulmonary function (FVC% predicted, FEV1% predicted, FEV1/FVC% predicted) with interview‐derived cumulative exposure estimates to specific workplace agents and to all work with wood, plastic, or metal products was investigated in 751 pattern and model makers in southeast Michigan. In stratified analyses and age‐and smoking‐adjusted linear and logistic regression models, measures of cumulative wood exposures were associated with decrements in pulmonary function and dyspnea, but not with other symptoms. In similar analyses, measures of cumulative plastic exposures were associated with wheezing, chronic bronchitis, and dyspnea, but not with decrements in pulmonary function. Prior studies of exposure levels among pattern and model makers and of respiratory health effects of specific agents among other occupational groups support the plausibility of wood‐related effects more strongly than that of plastic‐related effects.
Biological monitoring of carbon disulfide
Authors: Meuling W. J. A. , Bragt P. C. , Braun C. L. J.
Published: April 2007

The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between exposure to carbon disulfide, as measured by personal air sampling, and the excretion of 2‐thiothiazolidine‐4‐carboxylic acid (TTCA) in urine. The subjects of investigation were 29 workers involved in the production of viscose rayon fibers. The average exposure level was 12.6 mg/m3 (range <1‐66). The present Dutch occupational exposure limit (“MAC‐value”) is 60 mg/m3. After logarithmic transformation of the data, the following linear regression equation was found: log (TTCA) = 0.84 log (CS2) ‐ 1.10, wherein TTCA is expressed as mmol/mol creatinine and CS2 as mg/m3. The correlation coefficient was 0.95. Neither the hepatic drug‐metabolizing capacity (antipyrine clearance) nor the degree of obesity (Quetelet index) influenced the relationship significantly. On basis of the equation it was possible to establish tentative biological limit values corresponding to the respective occupational exposure limit values. The calculated biological limit value of 0.77 mg/g creatinine (= 0.57 mmol/mol creatinine) corresponds, with 95% confidence, to time‐weighted average of air concentration lower than the TLV level of 30 mg/m3.
Decreased lung function and exposure to diisocyanates (hdi and hdi‐bt) in car repair painters: Observations on re‐examination 6 years after initial study
Authors: Tornling Guran , Alexandersson Rolf , Hedenstierna Guran , Plato Nils
Published: April 2007

Thirty‐six car painters and 115 control persons participated in a follow‐up investigation 6 years after the initial study, including measurement of lung function (dynamic spirometry and nitrogen washout test) and estimation of exposure to diisocyanates based on individual working routines, use of respiratory protection equipment, and measurements. The mean exposure for the car painters was 0.0015 mg/m3 hexamethylenediiso‐cyanate (HDI) and 0.09 mg/m3 hexamethylenediisocyanate‐biurettrimer (HDI‐BT), but frequently there were peak exposures exceeding 2.0 mg/m3 HDI‐BT for at least 30 sec. Compared with smoking controls, the smoking car painters had greater yearly reduction in FVC (95 versus 38 ml), FEV1 (61 versus 28 ml), and VC (77 versus 30 ml). The nonsmoking car painters showed no differences in lung volumes compared with their nonsmoking controls. The impairment correlated well with the frequency of high peak exposures to HDI‐BT, but not with the mean exposure to diisocyanates.
Methyl bromide intoxication in four field‐workers during removal of soil fumigation sheets
Authors: Herzstein Jessica , Cullen Mark R.
Published: April 2007

Methyl bromide is a highly toxic and penetrating compound used extensively as an insecticide for dry foodstuffs and as a soil fumigant (in greenhouses and fields) for the control of nematodes, fungi, and weeds. More than 300 cases of systemic poisoning and 60 fatalities attributable to methyl bromide have been reported [Alexeeff and Kilgore, 1983], resulting in substantial regulations concerning its handling, storage, application, and disposal. A recent exposure incident at a Connecticut nursery represents to our knowledge the first report of toxicity stemming from exposures in the field during removal of plastic sheets days after injection of methyl bromide into soil. Following removal of polyethylene sheets covering soil fumigated with methyl bromide, four field‐workers developed fatigue and light‐headedness and 3 workers noted progressive respiratory, gastrointestinal (GI), and neurologic symptoms. The acute systemic symptoms improved over several days, but later‐onset neuropsychiatric symptoms persisted for several weeks. This incident stresses the need for improved worker education and strict adherence to safety precautions during all stages of methyl bromide fumigation and raises the possibility of an increased risk of toxicity associated with methyl bromide fumigation during a cool season.
Asbestos‐related pulmonary disease in boilermakers
Authors: Demers Raymond Y. , Neale Anne Victoria , Robins Thomas , Herman Sandra C.
Published: April 2007

Boilermakers are skilled building tradesmen who construct, repair, and dismantle boilers. The present study reports on the evaluation of members of a Michigan boilermaker's union for the presence of signs and symptoms of chronic pulmonary disease. Study variables included standardized evaluations of chest x‐ray findings, pulmonary function testing, physical examination, and respiratory symptoms. An overall participation rate of 69% was achieved. A non‐participant survey identified no significant differences between participants and non‐participants in dyspnea, cough, age, or smoking history. Among participants with greater than 20 years experience in the trade, the mean FVC was 91% of predicted; the FEV1 was 86% of predicted; 25% showed at least a 1/0 profusion of interstitial markings on chest x‐ray; 30% had bilateral pleural abnormalities; and 52% had audible inspiratory rales on physical examination. Forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume at one second both decreased with years in the trade. Chest x‐ray findings of interstitial fibrosis and pleural plaques were related to ten or more years in the trade, as were respiratory symptoms of pulmonary rales, wheeze, and dyspnea.
Urothelial cancer and some industry‐related chemicals: An evaluation of the epidemiologic literature
Authors: Steineck Gunnar , Plato Nils , Norell Staffan E. , Hogstedt Christer
Published: April 2007

In a previous cohort study by our group, certain industry‐related chemicals were judged as warranting further attention as possible urothelial carcinogens. In this paper, the epidemiologic literature of cancer of the lower urinary tract is evaluated for these substances. We would like to add combustion gases/soot from coal to the substances considered as increasing the risk of urothelial cancer. It is, however, uncertain whether this risk is due to contaminants of aromatic amines in tar volatiles or whether it depends on other agents, such as nitroarenes or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Furthermore, we find some support for the hypothesis that exposure to chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons increases the risk of urothelial cancer. For creosote, cutting fluids and cutting oils, hair dyes, and polychlorinated biphenyls, data are scarce. Available data do not support the hypothesis that asbestos is associated with urothelial cancer. “Publication bias,” such that only limited information was available, was judged to be a potential problem in the review for many, but not all, of the substances investigated.
Occupational health in developing countries: Review of research needs
Authors: Christiani David C. , Durvasula Ramesh , Myers Jonathan
Published: April 2007

Over the past two decades, industrial activity has increased rapidly in developing nations. Industrial growth has also increased the health risks facing workers in these countries both by intensifying existing health problems and by introducing new hazards. Inadequate information about occupational hazards creates major obstacles to effective prevention of occupational diseases in many developing countries. This brief report reviews the occupational health determinants of developing nations and suggests current research needs and objectives. Our purpose is to stimulate discussion and initiate debate among health professionals worldwide who confront growing problems in occupational health.
Mortality patterns of american merchant seamen 1973–1978
Authors: Kelman Howard R. , Kavaler Florence
Published: April 2007

Among 1,922 deaths in the American merchant marine population who were patients in the United States Public Health Service Hospital system in 1973–78, 46% were cancer associated. Eighteen percent of all deaths were due to heart disease. This pattern represented a reversal of the pattern found among patients of acute general care hospitals nationwide for the year 1975. Respiratory cancer amounted to 19.3% of the total, more than twice the number of such deaths among non‐seamen patients. These patterns were consistent across a six‐year time period.

The finding in this study of an excess of cancer‐associated deaths, particularly respiratory cancer, could be indicative of an occupationally associated risk. Data on the total population of merchant seamen at risk and of seamen deaths which may have occurred outside of the United States Public Health Service Hospital system are required to test more definitively the hypothesis of an occupational risk of cancer–especially lung cancer–among American merchant seamen.
Mortality surveillance in a large chemical company: The union carbide corporation experience, 1974–1983
Authors: Teta M. Jane , Schnatter A. Robert , Ott M. Gerald , Pell Sidney
Published: April 2007

The mortality experience of 88,000 Union Carbide Corporation employees from 1974 to 1983 is presented using a population‐based surveillance system. The study included many long‐term employees, with most deaths contributed by those retired or terminated. The total population exhibited 30% lower mortality overall and 10% lower cancer mortality, as compared with the general U.S. population. Excesses of benign neoplasms and malignant melanoma of the skin were observed in both hourly and salaried males. Mortality rates for lymphosarcoma and reticulosarcoma were significantly elevated due to higher rates among hourly male employees and a cluster in one location. This same location also exhibited an excess of liver cancer associated with vinyl chloride operations. There were no other significant excesses in the hourly male workers and fewer deaths than expected due to brain cancer, respiratory cancer, and nonmalignant respiratory diseases. Salaried, and particularly hourly, women experienced favorable mortality, although for the women, time since hire was relatively short. Location‐specific findings were similar to what had been observed in the company's previously conducted cohort studies. Future value lies in the development of a database that will have greater power to address possible effects of past exposures and outcomes related to more recent lower level exposures.