bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teaching in Contemporary Forest Resources Curricula: Applications to Courses in Forest Measurements and Biometrics
Authors: Temesgen Hailemariam , Eskelson Bianca N.I. , Maness Thomas C. , Adams Darius M. , Burkhart Harold E.
Published: April 2024

Foresters face new and evolving challenges as society reconsiders the balance of its interests between wood production and the provision of ecosystem services in the management of forests. Whatever paths this process may take, sound and broad-based decisions will continue to require accurate and relevant measurements of current forest conditions and projections of future conditions under alternative management programs. Forest measurements and biometrics (FMB) will remain a key component of future forest management and a critical element in the education of future forest managers. As professors who both teach and do research in FMB, we offer teaching goals that we believe will improve FMB education in forestry schools to meet future needs. In this article, we outline teaching goals for university-level instruction in forest resources curricula and the roles of FMB in modern forestry. We then identify what we feel are the most critical challenges in teaching and learning FMB and discuss selected strategies to meet teaching objectives for FMB. A fourth section presents an overview of how selected strategies can be integrated into FMB classes, including examples and comments on the role that new technology might play in meeting the aforementioned challenges. The final section summarizes our main points and provides concluding remarks.
Urban Forests and Carbon Markets: Buyers' Perspectives
Authors: Poudyal Neelam C. , Siry Jacek , Bowker J.M.
Published: April 2024

Currently, carbon credit prices frequently do not reflect the type and location of offset projects. Because of the social image and ancillary benefits, buyers may place higher value on credits sourced from certain types of projects such as urban forestry. This study surveyed carbon credit buyers participating in the Chicago Climate Exchange to assess their preferences for credits from various offset projects. Specifically, it evaluated the desirability of carbon credits sourced from urban forestry projects and analyzed buyers' preferences, motivations, and attitudes toward a price premium for credits from urban forests. Results indicate that the buyers are largely interested in knowing the type and location of offset projects. Locally generated credits were strongly preferred to those produced farther away, and credits sourced from urban forestry projects were more desirable than those sourced from other common projects currently in the market, such as methane capture or agriculture. Buyers indicated environmental and social benefits, offset quality, environmental responsibility, and public image as motivations for preferring credits sourced from urban forestry projects, for which they were also willing to pay a modest price premium. Furthermore, significant differences in preferences and willingness to pay were observed between buyers with different corporate goals, emission levels, and geographical scope of operation.
Visualizing Urban Forestry: Using Concept Maps to Assess Student Performance in a Learning-Centered Classroom
Authors: Thompson Jan R. , Licklider Barb L.
Published: April 2024

Assessment of student performance in learning-centered classrooms should be closely aligned with that pedagogical approach and should promote student learning. Although most college professors desire students to learn course content deeply and be able to use their learning afterward, students often learn only “for the test.” To encourage students to take responsibility for constructing their own knowledge and to increase the likelihood that they will use it in their future roles as professionals, we developed a protocol for a semester final exam in which students generate concept maps describing their learning during an urban forestry course. To successfully complete this assignment, students must illustrate hierarchies and connections among course topics and information into creative schema. Student narratives describing their maps provide further evidence of learning and thinking about course content. This method of assessment emphasizes student responsibility for learning and has proven to be effective for both instructor and students.
Assessing Embedded Geospatial Student Learning Outcomes in Forestry and Natural Resources Curricula
Authors: Carr John David , Cheshire Heather M. , Hess George R. , Bailey Donna , Devine Hugh A.
Published: April 2024

We developed an approach for assessing student learning of geospatial objectives embedded across undergraduate forestry and natural resources curricula at North Carolina State University. Our main goals were to characterize student attainment of geospatial outcomes and improve student learning based on those findings. Several instruments, including tracking questions, rubrics, questionnaires, and surveys, were used to facilitate the process. Although initial results from a longitudinal survey show a marked increase in student exposure to and awareness of geospatial tools and technologies, tracking questions, rubrics, and questionnaires show that geospatial learning is taking place below our intended performance target. These findings have allowed us to identify avenues for improving student attainment of geospatial learning outcomes, such as articulating standard geospatial objectives, improving our assignment and instructional techniques, and establishing performance standards. The assessment methods presented could be adapted to assess aspects of other curricula and courses.
Pacific Rim Forestry
Authors: Brandeis Thomas , Kuegler Olaf , Pattison Robert , Jonsson Örjan , Halperin James , McGinely Kathleen , Carpenter Constance , Friday Kathleen , Robertson Guy , Dudley Nicklos , James Robert , Sniezko Richard , Cannon Philip , Schenck Susan , Yeh Aileen , Jones Tyler , Kaufmann Michael , Borthakur Dulal , Falanruw Marjorie , Jaji Haroun-Al-Rashid , Kildisheva Olga , Hamzeh Bassam , Davis Anthony S. , Motanic Donald , Hughes Flint , Asner Greg , Uowolo Amanda , Mascaro Joseph , Diarra Gaoussou , Questad Erin , Cordell Susan , Kinney Kealohanuiopuna , Kellner James , Thaxton Jarrod , Asner Greg , Gallaher Timothy , Kaufman Andy , Koch Nicholas , Michler Charles , Giardina Christian , Friday James , Robinson Mike , Litton Creighton , Ingersoll Anthony , Masuda Bob , Iwashita Darcey , Friday James , Idol Travis , Lowell Eini , Wiedenbeck Jan , Sprecher Melissa Irene , Mann Sheri S. , Henshaw John , Robinson Mike , Perry Cheyenne , Leary James , Ostertag Rebecca , Cordell Susan , Michaud Jene , Schulten Jodie , Cole T. Colleen , Leary James , Pinto Jeremy , Davis Anthony S. , Conry Paul
Published: April 2024

68Stakeholders' questions about subtropical and tropical forests can be as diverse and unique as the forests themselves. Obtaining the information needed to begin answering these questions requires innovation and adaptation of existing forest mensuration and inventory techniques that were developed primarily for use in temperate and boreal forests with a strong forest industry presence. Five cycles of forest inventory and monitoring in Puerto Rico and two cycles in the US Virgin Islands under the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program highlight the commonalities and differences between working in these subtropical forests and the temperate forests of the continental United States. Additionally, the Caribbean implementation of the FIA program has often taken a different approach from that used in the Pacific Islands territories. We can improve on delivery of forest resource information to island stakeholders by studying these experiences. By sharing the lessons learned with other Pacific Rim countries engaging in forest inventory and monitoring, we can learn from each other.
Public Lands Management Issues
Authors: Radtke Klaus , Oswald Brian , Getz-Smeenk Alette , Short Paula , McCreary Sarah , Stringer Joe , Whitall Debra , Stringer Joe , Stringer Joe , Henshaw John , Kaulukukui Jody , Wolfe Ron , Boutin Tom , Richert Cal , Kleinhenz Brian , Arney Kenneth , Wight Bruce , Hoge David , Dondero John , Gaines Glen , Eckhoff Mike , McClellan Michael , LaBau Vernon J. , Schultz Courtney , Nie Martin
Published: April 2024

139Living more safely at the wildland-urban interface (WUI) requires a basic understanding of fire behavior, preplanning, constant maintenance/vigilance, and deciding when to stay or evacuate so as not to fall victim to the predictable fire-flood cycle. Sitting and construction of neighbors' homes, their distances from adjacent structures, and the continuous maintenance of their property is also critical in creating a more fire-safe environment. This author draws upon his over forty years of professional and personal experience in behind-the-scenes fire research and investigation and pre- and post-fire inspections of thousands of structures. An overview of such research is presented along with key fire-safety principles. Twelve cases are then presented in which homes were saved in wildland fires either unattended or attended, inclusive of those in the middle of fire storms, as well as houses that were lost. Case-specific information is presented on how and why they were saved or why they burned. Preventable tragic civilian losses of life are also included in these studies. In almost all instances loss of homes and life could have been predicted, as was done informally by scientists, inclusive of this author, prior to the 1978 California fires, and therefore prevented. Continued poor landuse planning and lack of acknowledging that structural and landscape fuels are indistinguishable from native fuels to the advancing flame fronts or firebrands has now led to forced mass evacuations during fires to reduce or eliminate the loss of lives. This greatly increases the probability of home losses as limited fire-fighting personnel can rarely attend to such abandoned structures. The end result is that limited resource management funds are shifted to wildland fire fighting in an often futile attempt to protect developments at the WUI from being consumed during predictable wildland fire disasters.
Abstract
Authors:   none
Published: April 2024

The article contains all presentation abstracts from the Geospatial Applications track of the 2012 Society of American Foresters National Convention.
Control Work Against Bark Beetles in Western Forests and an Appraisal of its Results
Authors: Craighead F. C. , Miller J. M. , Evenden J. C. , Keen F. P.
Published: April 2024

Has control work against bark beetles paid? Approximately one million dollars have been expended on a number of control projects. This article is a discussion of the economics of control work and is a candid appraisal of what the money has bought in the way of values saved and of experience gained for guiding future control efforts. With bark beetles still important factors, the recommendations for control policies here offered are particularly timely.
Seeding Depth--Its Influence on Establishment of Direct-Seeded Pine in the South Carolina Sandhills
Authors: Shipman R. D.
Published: April 2024

Field and greenhouse studies were undertaken in 1960 to determine the effects of seeding depth on the germination and establishment of direct-seeded longleaf and slash pines in the South Carolina Sandhills. Based upon data on seedling survival, optimum seeding depths were determined.Under field conditions the recommended depth tolerance for longleaf pine was 1/4 to 3/4 inch, and for slash pine 1/2; to 3/4 inch. In the greenhouse, under a controlled environment, the optimum seeding depth for longleaf pine was between 1/8 and 1/2 inch, and for slashpine between 1/8 and 3/4; inch. Since the differences in optimum depths between the field and greenhouse trials can be attributed primarily to the added effects of seed displacement due to wind and water erosion, the above field depths are recommended for Sandhill sites. To improve seedlingsurvival and to obtain adequate stocking, it is apparent that seed coverage is required when direct-seeding pine on cleared or furrowed sandy sites. Mechanical refinement of seeding machines to allow for correct seed placement is an important factor in achieving this objective. These investigationsalso showed that seed of both species germinated more rapidly at the recommended depths of sowing and not only began germination sooner, but maintained this advantage at the termination of a 50-day growth period.
Bias in Estimating Recreationists' Length of Stay from Sample Interviews
Authors: Lucas Robert C.
Published: April 2024

Estimating recreational use of relatively unsupervised areas objectively depends upon sampling. Most land managers count visitors, and multiply by an estimate of length of stay to obtain man-days. Estimates of length of stay from on-site samples are biased upwards, however, becausethe probability of a visitor falling in the sample is a function of length of stay. Estimates of the attitudes or characteristics of recreationists based on interviews are also biased if the characteristics are associated with length of stay, as seems likely. The sample apparently cannot bedrawn to produce an unbiased estimate directly, but a simple weighting procedure gives the desired estimate. The procedure requires multiplying the number and total days stayed of the samples with a stay of X days by 1/X, and totaling the products. The sample must be drawn with replacement.If the weighted total of days stayed is multiplied by the inverse of the sampling rate, an estimate of total man-days is obtained. Dividing this estimate by the average length of stay gives an estimate of visits. This procedure is believed to be more efficient than starting with visits.
Expectations from Intensive Culture on Industrial Forest Lands
Authors: DeBell D. S. , Brunette A. P. , Schweitzer D. L.
Published: April 2024

A nationwide survey of industrial forest managers showed that use of most cultural practices is increasing markedly, that anticipated investments in such practices are estimated to increase annual harvests through 1985 by 14 percent above the 1970 level, and that research and development is most desired on problems related to genetics, site preparation, fertilization, and commerical thinning.
Yield Differences between Research Plots and Managed Forests
Authors: Bruce David
Published: April 2024

Differences between timber yields on small research plots and on managed forests are due mainly to differences in definition of forested area, in scale and quality control of management treatments, and in uniformity of the stands. In large areas where management has not yet made stands uniform, research results may serve only as general guides to potential growth. The manager who is practicing some degree of intensive forestry can often find research data on which to base accurate estimates of growth and yield. To apply the information, he must exclude unproductive areas from estimates of his acreage, monitor stands for damage, and supervise treatments efficiently. There is, however, no single magic number that adjust for differences in growth between research plots and larger managed forests.
Reforestation of New York's Farmland--The Influence of Social Change
Authors: Dwyer John F.
Published: April 2024

In New York, a state-financed program to buy and reforest abandoned farms started vigorously in 1929 but declined after Worm War II as concern for local wood supplies lessened and as the farms came to be increasingly sought for residential and recreational purposes.
Indexes to Forestry Literature--A Bibliographic Appraisal
Authors: Oyler David K.
Published: April 2024

To retrieve literature on impact of forests and forest industry on the environment, nine abstracting and indexing sources were searched for the years 1970 through 1972. Citations unique to a single source accounted for 74.7 percent or 718 of the total 961 citations. The most productive source, the Bibliography of Agriculture, indexed 466 or 48.5 percent of all citations and 282 or 39.2 percent of all unique citations. The greatest overlap occurred between the Bibliography of Agriculture and Forestry Abstracts: 123 citations or 26.4 percent of the total coverage represented by the Bibliography of Agriculture.
Rotation Flexibility and Allowable Cut
Authors: Johnson K. Norman , Bell Enoch F. , Burkhardt Alfred F.
Published: April 2024

In most national forests in which regenerated stands will have considerably higher volumes than present stands, large increases in harvest during the first decade can be attained, under nondeclining yield, by allowing variable rotations for regenerated timber starting at age of first commercial thinning. Where regenerated volumes will not exceed those of existing stands, the increase will be negligible. Whatever minimum age is used, variable rotations will facilitate attainment of nondeclining yield over the entire planning horizon.
Sustained Yield of What?
Authors: Brown Thomas C. , Carder D. Ross
Published: April 2024

The National Forest Management Act (NFMA) legitimizes the land-management planning process for multiple-use administration of our national forests. Because confusion exists regarding Forest Service sustained yield management, and because the planning process must provide sufficient flexibility for the product mix to respond to ever-changing needs, we suggest that the policy focus be shifted from individual outputs toward a maximum sustained yield of the total value of forest output. The shift is feasible within the NFMA's direction for timber management and would improve the basis for integrated multiple-use management.
Regional Dendrology: An Innovative Approach to a Traditional Subject
Authors: Brown Kenneth M.
Published: April 2024

Dendrology lectures are traditionally organized so that forest tree species are presented in taxonomic order. Although this approach is logical to the botanist, it may not be the best way to introduce forestry students to the subject. It is suggested here that species be covered in groups which correspond to the major forest regions of North America. A principal advantage is that ecological rather than phylogenetic relationships can be emphasized. As a result, regional dendrology is appropriate for forestry students and others who must ultimately understand the mechanics of stand dynamics and the biological basis for silviculture.
Jack Pine Seeding on a Wisconsin Forest
Authors: Nelson David E.
Published: April 2024

Scarification, with natural or artificial seeding, was employed on 662 acres to establish new stands of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) in northwestern Wisconsin. Twleve out of 16 stands of mature jack pine were regenerated by scarifying the soil with a dozer blade prior to clear cutting. Seven out of nine non-stocked areas were successfully scarified and direct-seeded. Four stripcuts scarified after cutting, with reliance on seedfall from the adjacent uncut strips, were unsuccessful.
Sweetfern Blister Rust Found in Young Loblolly Pine Plantations in Maryland and Delaware
Authors: Artman J. D. , Reeder T. N.
Published: April 2024

Sweetfern blister rust caused by Cronartium comptoniae Arth. has been found on young loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., on Maryland's Eastern Shore and in Delaware. This paper is apparently the first report of the organism in Delaware and on loblolly pine in Maryland. Only one of the two known alternate hosts was found: sweetfern, Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult., seemed to flourish on droughty soils following intensive site preparation for planting. In one 4-year-old plantation, 21 percent of the trees had single or multiple branch infections and an additional 25 percent had stem infections.
Problems in Legislating Federal Forest Policy
Authors: Vaux Henry J.
Published: April 2024

Since forest acreage is limited, provision of material needs conflicts with aspirations for environmental quality. In debating national policy, Congress should consider that designating some sites for timber growing would be just as reasonable as setting others apart for wilderness. The various claims on the available acreage must be brought into balance without transferring the problem from public lands to private ones.
Genetically Proven Douglas-Fir Christmas Trees
Authors: Silen Roy R. , Wilson Boyd C.
Published: April 2024

Seed was collected in 1964 from 100 wind-pollinated Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) parent trees from four sites, two near Corvallis, Oregon, and two near Shelton, Washington. By 1974, eight commercial Christmas tree growers in Oregon and Washington had cultured, harvested, and marketed progenies grown in designed tests. Financial returns on progenies of the 10 best parents showed discounted gains of 18 percent in selling price but net returns were increased 58 percent because rapid growth was a major factor in profitability. Upright branching and dense, dark foliage contributed most to upgrading the trees. Seedlings from top-ranking parents are in commercial production, and second-generation breeding has begun.
World Forestry: FAO and the American Forester
Authors: McCarty Harry J.
Published: April 2024

FAO, the largest employer of foresters for international projects, has a field staff of 231, of whom 23 are Americans. The United States ranks second, behind the United Kingdom, in providing these experts to FAO. The field staff administers 122 forestry projects in 70 countries and offices throughout the world. In addition, foresters are required to fill UN volunteer and associate expert positions and to serve as consultants on its field staff.
USDA Combined Forest Pest Research and Development Program
Authors: Ketcham David E. , Shea Keith R.
Published: April 2024

Late in 1974 the U.S. Department of Agriculture activated the Combined Forest Pest Research and Development Program to provide technology for minimizing intolerable losses from the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis (Zimm.), Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McD.), and gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar (L.). Participating are departmental agencies, state agricultural experiment stations and forestry organizations, universities, and industry. This is the first time an interagency research program has been administered directly from the office of the secretary of agriculture. Significant progress has been made during the first three years.
How Reliable Are Woodland Owners' Intentions?
Authors: Turner Brian J. , Finley James C. , Kingsley Neal P.
Published: April 2024

Between surveys in 1970 and 1974, the proportion of Delaware landowners who said that they never planned to harvest timber remained constant (58 percent), but 35 percent of the individual owners had changed their minds about either harvesting or not harvesting. Forty-one percent were consistently opposed to harvesting, but they had only 15 percent of the state's growing stock. Rates of change in intention and ownership suggest that eventually most of the growing stock will be harvested, although at any one time about a third of the total volume may be off the market.
Multi-resource Management Research in the Southwest--The Beaver Creek Program
Authors: Carder D. Ross
Published: April 2024

On the Beaver Creek watershed in Arizona, the U.S. Forest Service and other agencies have shown that conversion of pinyon-juniper stands to grass will improve livestock forage but will increase streamflow only if the unwanted vegetation is removed with herbicides. Thinning overdense ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.) stands increases yields of water and forage as well as wood. Recently the research has been expanded to provide decision-making procedures useful in multi-resource management.
Harvard Forest Management Game
Authors: Gould Ernest M.
Published: April 2024

A programable electronic desk calculator can be used with an easily made analog "forest" and simple paper forms to create a game that soon has players coping realistically with management uncertainties.
USDA Douglas-fir Tussock Moth Research and Development Program
Authors: Campbell Robert W. , Wright Kenneth H. , McFadden Max W. , Dewey Jerald E.
Published: April 2024

The Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (Mcd.), is an economically important defoliator of Douglas-fir and true firs in western North America. Periodic outbreaks have been recorded in most western states and British Columbia. In 1974 the U.S. Department of Agriculture initiated the four-year Expanded Douglas-fir Tussock Moth Research and Development Program to provide: (1) a short-range opportunity to summarize and put into use existing methods to reduce damage, and (2) a longer range opportunity to develop knowledge necessary to prevent or suppress future outbreaks. Program objectives have been met on schedule through the first three years, and the task in the fourth year is to document and disseminate the findings.
U.S. Geological Survey Land-Use and Land-Cover Classification System
Authors: Witmer Richard E.
Published: April 2024

The land-use and land-cover classification system proposed for review in U.S. Geological Survey Circular 671 was devised to provide a logical framework for land-use and land-cover information derived from remotely sensed data as well as to serve as the classification system for a national inventory. Review comments from federal, state, local, and other potential users were incorporated into USGS Professional Paper 964, the final version of the classification. The classification system is a combination of inductive processes (capabilities for interpreting remote-sensor images) and deductive processes (division of the landscape as related to resource information needs). Specifications have been devised in order to put it to use in a national inventory. To date, 11 states have participated in matching-funds cooperative agreements for land-use and cover mapping, and several federal and regional agencies are using the system, maps, and data.
Economic Assessment of Intensive Culture of Short-Rotation Hardwood Crops
Authors: Rose Dietmar W. , DeBell Dean S.
Published: April 2024

Hardwood crops coppiced on 4- and 10-year cycles at spacings of 4 by 4 feet and 12 by 12 feet, respectively, appear economically feasible, while two-year coppice rotations do not. Short-rotation culture merits serious consideration and operational testing by industrial land managers.
Wanted: High-Satisfaction Forestry
Authors: Gould Ernest M.
Published: April 2024

Nationally, private nonindustrial woodland owners control over half of our forested environment, in the East, almost three quarters. For most of these folks the joys of land ownership are many, and they would like to see management promote all of their interests. To help them accomplish this purpose, the concept of high-yield can be broadened into high-satisfaction forestry.
Forest Fires in a Computer
Authors: Gemmer Thomas V.
Published: April 2024

The North Carolina State Forest Fire Management Game, a system of programs for a digital computer, provides simulated experience in fire suppression tactics and decisionmaking.
Fire and Fuel Accumulation in a Giant Sequoia Forest
Authors: Parsons David J.
Published: April 2024

Studies of downed woody fuel and of litter and duff accumulation in the sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum [Lindl.] Buchh.)-mixed conifer forest of Kings Canyon National Park in California showed that prescribed burning removed much of the fuel which had accumulated during 60 years of fire suppression. Within seven years after prescribed burning, fuel was again sufficient to support a fire.
Forestry Information Services from Oxford
Authors: Finlayson W. , Hemmings E. F. , Biggs Bridget , Davis Christine , Elbourn C. A. , Hyde A. H.
Published: April 2024

The Commonwealth Forestry Institute of Oxford University houses an extensive and long-established library, including a microfilm unit set up with a grant from the Ford Foundation. The Commonwealth Forestry Bureau, a unit of the Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux (CAB), occupies part of the same building and collaborates closely with the library. The bureau publishes Forestry Abstracts and, from January 1978, Forest Products Abstracts. It also supplies catalogue cards to match these journals. All CAB journals back to January 1973 are accessible through Lockheed's DIALOG system. Both the library and the bureau deal with individual enquiries.
Proposed Management and Marketing Foundation for Improving Production on Small Forests
Authors: Stoddard Charles H.
Published: April 2024

An approach to improved management on private, individually owned forest land is proposed through establishment of a federal financing and operating corporation. Such an institution might be congressionally chartered and designed to deal directly with obstacles preventing these ownerships from making their optimum contribution to national wood requirements.
Forestry Applications of NASA Remote Sensing Programs
Authors: deSteiguer J. E.
Published: April 2024

Landsat, Skylab, and the Earth Resources Survey Program are experiment remote sensing efforts initiated by NASA since the mid-1960s. The greatest utility of Landsat data is for the separation of forest from nonforest land on a regional basis. Skylab can be used to classify general forest vegetation types. Aircraft photography from the Earth Resources Survey Program often provides as much detail as larger scale photography. Space Shuttle is a new program that will provide remotely sensed data which may help in forest management.
Growth of Large Yellow Birch Saplings following Crop Tree Thinning
Authors: Hannah Peter R.
Published: April 2024

When individual yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britton) saplings 2 to 6 inches in dbh were thinned, five-year basal area increases of up to 100 percent were observed in even-aged stands. Responses were less in two-aged stands where saplings were in openings but subordinate to surrounding dominants.
Will Timber Be Scarce
Authors: Manthy Robert S.
Published: April 2024

U.S. Forest Service projections of timber markets are reviewed to illustrate that whether a timber deficit can be said to be forthcoming depends on what one believes "should be" rather than what "will be."
Reforestation of Clear-cut Strips in a Jack Pine Stand with Plug Seedlings
Authors: Alm Alvin A. , John Thomas J. , Olsen David T.
Published: April 2024

Planting of containerized seedlings was successful on a strip clear-cut in a mature stand of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) in northeastern Minnesota. But on plots where jack pine cones were scattered with no site preparation other than was provided by the logging activity, a chumpy, understocked stand developed. Width of clear-cut strips--132 and 198 feet--did not affect seedling survival or height growth.
Standardization of Growth Curves
Authors: Zeide Boris
Published: April 2024

It is shown that precisely two points are necessary and sufficient to determine any stand growth curve. Accordingly, the diversity in growth curves of forests throughout the world is reduced to a few types that accurately describe growth of any coniferous or hardwood high forest stand.
Test of an Electronic Planimeter
Authors: Ulliman Joseph J. , Hatch Charles R.
Published: April 2024

Six trained interpreters measured 16 figures of different sizes and shapes with a dot grid, polar planimeter, and graphics calculator. No significant differences in relative error values were detected. Measurement times were greater with the dot grid than with the other two instruments, and greater with the polar planimeter than with the graphics calculator. If manpower or time is limited or numerous figures must be measured, the graphics calculator may be economically superior to the other instruments.
Integrating Timber Harvest Scheduling Economics and Environmental Quality
Authors: Benninghoff Bruce , Ohlander Coryell
Published: April 2024

A linear program matrix was structured to model forested state and private and all federal land in the Rio Grande River Basin of Colorado. The model schedules timber harvests, stand treatments, and range improvements in a manner responsive to the need for timber and economic efficiency on one hand and the desire to optimize wilderness and environmental quality on the other. It also facilitates quantification of trade-offs. An input-output model is used to trace the effects of alternative plans on the region's economy.
Timber Supply, Nonindustrial Private Forest Land, and the Conventional View
Authors: Le Master Dennis C.
Published: April 2024

Critics of the conventional view regarding future timber supply and the productivity of nonindustrial forest lands make several important points. When these are considered in a fuller context, however, the argument of the critics becomes less compelling, and the conventional view on these matters appears quite defensible.
Programs and Priorities in Nonindustrial Private Forestry
Authors: Kessler George D.
Published: April 2024

Forestry programs for the nonindustrial private landowner need substantial improvement. Landowners must participate in program planning from the beginning, new concepts of forest management must be considered, marketing of timber must be improved, education is a key.
Timber Harvesting Practices and Water Quality in the Eastern United States
Authors: Corbett Edward S. , Lynch James A. , Sopper William E.
Published: April 2024

Data from forested experimental watersheds in the eastern United States indicate that leaching of nutrients after timber harvesting, especially clearcutting, tends to increase from south to north, while increases in streamwater temperature and sediment loadings tend to decrease. Concentrations of nutrients in streamwater are highest where revegetation of cutover areas is delayed. Also, increased streamwater temperature (in addition to increased light) caused by exposing stream channels may influence water quality by affecting a wide range of physical, chemical, and biological processes. Soil erosion losses from harvesting operations can be kept to acceptable levels by following available land-management guidelines, and with supervision by qualified foresters. Buffer strips, in which only light selection cutting is allowed, will help minimize sedimentation as well as nutrient leaching and stream temperature increases.
Urban Forestry Education
Authors: Deneke Frederick J.
Published: April 2024

Urban forestry is multi-managerial in nature, encompassing various phases of disciplines such as arboriculture, horticulture, plant pathology, landscape architecture, entomology, and community planning and development. If graduates are to be well qualified to work in urban forestry, universities need to revise their traditional forestry curricula and incorporate courses from these other disciplines.
Oregon's Future Timber Harvest: The Size of Things to Come
Authors: Tedder Philip L.
Published: April 2024

Oregon's future timber harvest will decline in the short run and even off somewhat below current levels in the long run. Composition of the harvest volume, however, will change drastically. Trees harvested may average as small as 14 inches in diameter at breast height and vary little in size.
Conflict and Public Involvement: Measuring Consensus
Authors: Twight Ben W. , Paterson John J.
Published: April 2024

In three cases after Forest Service public involvement processes had been completed, many participants still had stereotyped misconceptions of the agency's position on use of land areas. Perceived disagreement was twice as great as actual disagreement. Membership in a conservation group was a primary variable associated with continued perception of polarization.
Wood--An Economical and Reliable Fuel for Generating Electricity in Northern Minnesota
Authors: Rose Dietmar W. , Olson Karen P.
Published: April 2024

North-central Minnesota, with large surpluses of timber in public ownership, offers potential for commercial generation of electricity in small wood-fueled plants. Analysis indicates that under some conditions such installations would be competitive with fossil-fueled plants and would add substantially to the social and economic well-being of the depressed northern part of the state.
Predicting Stand Losses from the Gypsy Moth: An Application of Automatic Interaction Detection
Authors: Herrick Owen W. , Gansner David A. , DeBald Paul S.
Published: April 2024

Among 59 forest stand characteristics examined, the foremost discriminators of tree mortality hazard from defoliation by the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, were crown condition, elevation, tree-size distribution, species, and position on slope.
Benefit-Cost Analysis for Appraisal of Recreation Alternatives
Authors: Dwyer John F. , Bowes Michael D.
Published: April 2024

Techniques of benefit estimation have been developed sufficiently to make benefit-cost analysis fully applicable to appraisal of recreation alternatives on public forests. Willingness of users to pay is the appropriate way to measure benefits, and can be estimated from either the participation behavior of recreation users or by surveying a sample of participants to learn their preferences.
Predicting Slope Stability from Aerial Photos
Authors: Foggin III G. T. , Rice R. M.
Published: April 2024

Tests in southern California suggest that debris slides are concentrated within areas where they have occurred before, and that these areas are identifiable in photographs. Approximately 44 inches of precipitation fell on the Santa Ynez-San Raphael Mountains during January 1969, causing severe slides. Evidence of slides was found on 1968 prestorm aerial photos for about 20 percent of a 6.2-square-mile test area. Slides identified on 1969 poststorm photos covered 6.6 percent of the test area; 81 percent of this activity was confined to areas previously mapped as inherently unstable. Similar accuracy was achieved on another area by a novice using diagnostic guides developed for the earlier test. That success indicates that slope stability can be identified by foresters.
Vehicle Restrictions Influence Elk and Hunter Distribution in Montana
Authors: Basile Joseph V. , Lonner Terry N.
Published: April 2024

Restricting vehicle use on portions of two areas in Montana led to contrasting results in overall hunting pressure, in seasonal distribution of hunters and of elk, and in elk harvest. The Judith River area of the Lewis and Clark National Forest was two-thirds forested with interspersed clearcuts and natural openings; here hunting pressure increased 26 percent, but distribution through the seasons was unchanged. Conversely, on the Ruby River area of the Beaverhead National Forest, essentially open grassland with scattered islands of timber, overall hunting pressure did not change significantly, but was more uniformly distributed through the seasons when travel was restricted. The numbers of elk seen and killed per hunter each increased 28 percent under vehicle restrictions on the Judith River area. However, the uniformity of sightings and kills through the seasons increased markedly on the Ruby but not on the Judith. Differing responses were believed due mostly to differences in total forest cover on the two areas. Hunters spent more time walking, and consequently saw more elk under restricted travel conditions than under unrestricted travel.
The Yankee Forest
Authors: Gould Ernest M. , Reidel Carl H.
Published: April 2024

The forests of central and southern New England have been successively shaped by exploitation, abandonment, and natural recovery. Now they are well stocked with mediocre trees, are predominantly in small tracts, and are threatened by heavy cutting for fuelwood and by further subdivision. Under social and economic policies adapted to the region, however, and with foresters contributing new ideas and practices, these stands can become a demonstration of multiple-use management on nonindustrial private holdings.
Cambial Necrosis of Sugar Maple Associated with Tree Marking Paint
Authors: Stone Douglas M. , Frederick Douglas J.
Published: April 2024

Cambial tissue died following application of aerosol tree and log marking paint to the bark of pole-and sawlog-size sugar maples (Acer saccharum Marsh.) in nine northern hardwood stands in Michigan. Cankers and stem swelling from callus formation developed on 76 of 220 sugar maples observed in these stands. The swelling will bias diameter measurements for research and inventory purposes. Cankers reduce log quality and may be infection courts for wood decay fungi. Toxicity of liquid tree marking paint to cambial tissue has been noted previously: aerosol formulations are more toxic than the liquid form. Foresters working with northern hardwoods should avoid using either form to label study trees or crop trees that are to be left standing for any length of time. These can be labeled with quick-drying enamel, which has shown no abnormal effects.
Yield Estimates for Loblolly Pine Plantations
Authors: Daniels Richard F. , Burkhart Harold E. , Strub Mike R.
Published: April 2024

Three stand models, representing a range of alternatives for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) yield estimation, were evaluated and compared with independent data on the basis of merchantable cubic-foot yield estimates. The comparisons included a multiple regression model, a diameter distribution model, and an individual-tree simulation model. Using observed number of trees and average height of dominants and codominants on the test plots, analysis of deviations of estimated from observed yields revealed that (1) all three models provided accurate estimates; (2) all models were free from prediction bias due to stand conditions: and (3) the regression and diameter distribution models were higher in precision than the individual-tree simulation model. Selection of a model depends on the amount of stand detail desired and the management practices to be evaluated.
Development of the Swathe-Felling Mobile Chipper
Authors: Koch Peter , Savage Thomas E.
Published: April 2024

A harvesting machine and auxiliary equipment are being developed to recover logging residues as chips for fuel and fiber, and to deliver these chips to mills at about $18 per green ton including 30 percent pre-tax profit on the equipment investment. The harvester, a 575-horsepower tracked mobile chipper equipped with a front-mounted felling bar, was field-tested on red alder stands (Alnus rubra Bong.) north of Seattle, Washington, during July and August 1979. On the basis of these preliminary tests, the institutions and companies cooperating in the development have scheduled extensive southern field trials for 1980. If the machine meets its performance goals, it could harvest 30,000 tons of green cull wood from about 1,500 acres annually.
Simple Instrument for Quick Measurement of Crown Projections
Authors: Montaña Carlos , Ezcurra Exequiel
Published: April 2024

For the determination of vertical projections of vegetation, a simple instrument which levels automatically is described. It can be used both for point-quadrat and line-intercept sampling. The instrument consists of two prisms attached to a gimballed suspension system. It projects an optical line both upward and downward, thus allowing the simultaneous interception of the tree canopy and the herbaceous vegetation.
Wood Decay: A Submicroscopic View
Authors: Blanchette Robert A.
Published: April 2024

Ultrastructural differences revealed by scanning electron microscopy clearly demonstrate the typical patterns of decay in coniferous wood: brown rot fungi degrade cellulose leaving a lignin skeleton, white rot fungi degrade both lignin and cellulose, and white-pocket rot fungi degrade primarily lignin. Information concerning the ability of fungi to selectively degrade parts of the woody plant cell aids in understanding of the decay process.
Forestry Doctorates: Production in 1974-1978 and Demand in 1979-1983
Authors: Duncan Donald P.
Published: April 2024

The production of forestry doctorates in the United States appears to have leveled out at about 120 annually (excluding those in range and wildlife). Currently, 33 forestry schools offer Ph.D. or D.F. programs: one-third of the programs train two-thirds of the doctoral recipients. Certain schools predominate in particular disciplines, whereas in other disciplines the production is widely disseminated. Total demand for forest doctorates in traditional outlets seems likely to remain fairly constant. Some disciplines, however. have needs substantially beyond current production, whereas others may be in danger of overproduction.
Forest Technician School Enrollment and Employment of Graduates, 1978-1979
Authors: Coufal James E.
Published: April 2024

A survey located 72 two-year forest technician schools in 27 states during 1978-79. Total enrollment was 3,500 to 4,000, with 1,300 to 1,400 graduates expected in 1979. Of 1978 graduates, 73 percent had found jobs in forest technology by early 1979, and 10 percent had other employment. Industry was the main employer in 1978.
World Forestry: Forest Resources in Japan
Authors: Matsui Mitsuma
Published: April 2024

The forests occupy 25 million hectares, two-thirds of the land area. Types range from subalpine to subtropical. Forty-one percent of the total forest area is in national and other public holdings, and the rest is privately owned. Some 12.7 million hectares are considered suitable for plantations; of this, bout 9 million have already been planted, chiefly in the last 25 years and largely to softwoods. As the plantations are still too young to harvest. Japan has had to increase her imports, even though domestic consumption has slowed down.
World Forestry: Forestry Development in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Lindell Gary R.
Published: April 2024

Forests cover nearly 90 million acres or about 80 percent of the land surface of Papua New Guinea. Although other major countries of the region, such as Indonesia and Malaysia, have more forest area. Papua New Guinea's small population and domestic market have caused the government to encourage exports. Primarily because of slack international markets, the results to date have been disappointing, and the government is modifying its policy.
Grading Second-Growth Douglas-Fir by Basic Tree Measurements
Authors: Fahey Thomas D.
Published: April 2024

This report describe an improved system for predicting the volume and value of lumber or veneer which can be produced from second-growth coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii). The system can be used for timber appraisal, inventory, or for estimating the value and volume of products from stands under various management regimes.
Of Special Interest: Two Statements on Urban Forestry
Authors: Vaux Henry J.
Published: April 2024

Especially in heavily populated states, but increasingly so elsewhere, all forestry is becoming urban forestry in the sense that it must respond to urban perceptions and needs. Foresters should shed their aloofness, and learn to understand the trend and the opportunities it offers for solving some of the profession's deep-rooted problems.
Operational Rooting of Black Spruce Cuttings
Authors: Armson K. A. , Fung M. , Bunting W. R.
Published: April 2024

Approximately one-half million rooted cuttings of black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) were produced from 85 thousand juvenile seedlings in a nine-month period in 1979. Field survival of cuttings out-planted in midsummer on a boreal forest cutover was greater than 90 percent by late fall of the same year. Production of rooted cuttings of both black and white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) from full-sib seed orchard progeny is being undertaken.
Wilderness Permit Compliance and Validity
Authors: Van Wagtendonk Jan W. , Benedict James M.
Published: April 2024

In Yosemite National Park, 92 percent of the parties using back country areas had permits. Parties without permits were smaller in size and stayed for shorter periods of time. For all parties with permits, 62 percent made changes to their trips. Parties changing their trips in both time and space accounted for 27 percent of the total, while 14 percent made temporal changes only, and 21 percent made spatial changes only. Use estimates can be adjusted by multiplying by 1 + C + Δ where C is the noncompliance factor and Δ is the change factor for compliers. While the combined effect of these factors on total visitor nights for the Yosemite backcountry was an overestimation of 12.5 percent, areas near trailheads received heavier use and outlying areas received lighter use than permits indicated.