bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Graphene nanoribbon doped PVA nanocomposites for improved UVC blocking and luminescence down‐shifting applications
Authors: Swamy Ningappa Kumara , Mohana Kikkeri Narasimha Shetty , Madhukar Beejaganahalli Sangameshwara
Published: November 2023

Graphene nanoribbon (GNR) is quasi‐one dimensional carbon based nanomaterial, distinct from graphene and less explored nanofiller in optical and optoelectronic applications. Herein flexible poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) nanocomposites of 0, 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 wt % compositions of GNR were prepared by using solution intercalation technique and characterized by spectroscopic methods to assess their structural and optical characteristics. The characterization of PVA@GNR nanocomposites revealed Vander Waals binding of GNR to PVA chains and also considerable crystallographic changes in PVA matrix upon the incorporation of GNR. The optical investigations showed UV‐visible absorption in the wavelength range of 200–280 and 350–520 nm which enhanced on increase in GNR dopant concentration. The decrease in the optical band gap and Urbach energy was also observed for the nanocomposites with increase in dopant concentrations thereby suggesting the formation of localized states in the forbidden band region. The refractive index, absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient and optical conductivity of PVA nanocomposites showed excellent agreement with the band gap revelations and indicated UVC light blocking properties in the wavelength of 200–280 nm. Further, the GNR incorporated PVA nanocomposites exhibited improved thermal stability, wettability transitions (hydrophilic to near hydrophilic) and excellent luminescent down‐conversion properties with a high Stokes's shift (100 nm) compared to pristine PVA nanocomposites. The study concludes that the proposed PVA@GNR nanocomposites can ideally fit optical and photovoltaic device applications owing to their transparency coupled with UV blocking and luminescence down‐shifting attributes.
Diagnosing borderline personality disorder: Reports and recommendations from people with lived experience
Authors: Tedesco Vanessa , Day Nicholas John Stephen , Lucas Sophie , Grenyer Brin F. S.
Published: November 2023

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a severe mental health condition marked by impairments in self and interpersonal functioning. Stigma from health staff may often result in a reluctance to diagnose, impacting recovery trajectories. Qualitative interviews were conducted with participants (N = 15; M Age = 36.4 years, SD = 7.5; 93.3% female) with lived experience of BPD exploring topics of illness onset, insight, experience of diagnosis and treatment. Qualitative responses were analysed within a co‐design framework with a member of the research team who identifies as having a lived experience of BPD. On average, participant symptoms emerged at 12.1 years of age (SD = 6.6 years, range 1.5–27), but diagnoses of BPD were delayed until 30.2 years (SD = 7.8 years, range 18–44) resulting in a ‘diagnosis gap’ of 18.1 years (SD = 9.6 years, range 3–30). Participant explanations for BPD emergence varied from biological, psychological and social factors. Benefits of diagnosis (e.g., fostering insight, aiding treatment planning and reducing isolation) were contrasted with challenges (e.g., stigma and treatment unavailability). Delay in diagnosis was common, and no participants reported receiving a diagnosis of BPD during their adolescence yet 85% felt they would have benefited from a diagnosis in adolescence. Only a quarter (27%) felt highly supported in the diagnostic process. An ideal four‐step diagnosis procedure was outlined based on recommendations from participants with a lived experience; this involved the following: (1) explain the process, (2) assess thoroughly, (3) explore how the features are active in everyday life and (4) link diagnosis to evidence‐based treatment planning.
Nitrogen‐doping graphene at ambient conditions with N2‐DBD‐plasma and the role of neutral species
Authors: Begley Alina , Bartolomeo Giovanni Luca , Abbott Daniel F. , Mougel Victor , Zenobi Renato
Published: November 2023

We doped nitrogen into monolayer graphene using reactive nitrogen species from a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). After 30 s of treatment, the graphene monolayer had a moderate degree of damage (ID/IG = 1.2) and an increase in the N‐atom (pyrrolic) and O‐atom (mixed) content. During long treatment times (20 min), the treated area increased radially and the graphene was destroyed. Overall, the N‐atom content increased with increasing operating voltage of the DBD source. When the graphene was treated with only neutral reactive nitrogen species, the N‐atom content and type remained unchanged. Therefore, we hypothesize that the primary reactive species resulting in pyrrolic N‐doping from the DBD are neutrals such as N(4S) and possibly N(2P).
Study of the effect of composite energetic binder on the performance of DAAF at ambient and elevated temperatures
Authors: Wu Bidong , Zhu Rui , Liu Yi , An Chongwei , Wang Jingyu
Published: November 2023

To investigate the effect of composite energetic binders on the performance of DAAF at ambient as well as elevated temperatures, DAAF solid microspheres with uniform particle size were prepared using droplet microfluidics. The morphology, particle size distribution, structure, thermal properties and mechanical susceptibility of the microspheres were characterized and analyzed. The results show that the use of composite binder can effectively improve the thermal stability of DAAF, and the activation energy is increased from 168.87 to 218.53 kJ ⋅ mol−1. The crystal shape is not changed after cladding, and the impact sensitivity value is improved by 5 J over the submicron DAAF. Composite energetic binder DAAF microspheres and submicron DAAF were selected for experiments under high temperature environment. The results showed that at high temperatures, when the mass loss was more than 16 %, the submicron DAAF was better than the DAAF microspheres in terms of storage time.
Exploring the potential of boron carbide in enhancing energy output of solid fuels for SFRJ and hybrid rocket propulsion systems
Authors: Nithya Mahottamananda Sri , Pal Yash , Alay Hashim Syed , Dinesh Mengu , Trache Djalal
Published: November 2023

Boron carbide (B4C) is known for its exceptional hardness and high energy release during combustion, despite its ignition processes presents considerable challenges. This study focuses on exploring the potential of B4C as an enhancer for the energy output of solid fuels designed for hybrid rocket engines (HRE) or solid fuel ramjets (SFRJ). This study presents the successful incorporation of B4C and fluorinated PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) polymer into the HTPB (hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene) fuel matrix, aiming to enhance the ignition, combustion, and regression rate performance of solid fuel. Five different fuel compositions were formulated with varying mass ratios of B4C, and their post‐combustion products were characterized using XRD (X‐ray diffraction), HRSEM (high‐resolution scanning electron microscopy), and EDS (energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy) techniques. The HRSEM‐EDS analysis confirmed a uniform dispersion of B4C/PTFE additives throughout the HTPB matrix. To evaluate the combustion behavior of the B4C/PTFE additives, an opposite flow burner was employed with a gaseous oxygen oxidizer. The F4 fuel sample, loaded with B4C/PTFE (10/20), exhibited an average regression rate increase ranging from 0.61 to 1.15 mm/s when evaluated within the oxidizer flux range of 36–77 kg/m2s, in comparison to that of pure HTPB (0.4 mm/s to 0.76 mm/s). The ignition delay time was investigated as a key parameter affected by the B4C concentration in the solid fuel formulations. Furthermore, a comprehensive combustion mechanism is proposed and discussed for B4C/PTFE loaded in the HTPB matrix under an oxygen environment.
Agile robotic inspection of steel structures: A bicycle‐like approach with multisensor integration
Authors: Nguyen Son Thanh , La Kien Thanh , La Hung Manh
Published: November 2023

This paper introduces an innovative and streamlined design of a robot, resembling a bicycle, created to effectively inspect a wide range of ferromagnetic structures, even those with intricate shapes. The key highlight of this robot lies in its mechanical simplicity coupled with remarkable agility. The locomotion strategy hinges on the arrangement of two magnetic wheels in a configuration akin to a bicycle, augmented by two independent steering actuators. This configuration grants the robot the exceptional ability to move in multiple directions. Moreover, the robot employs a reciprocating mechanism that allows it to alter its shape, thereby surmounting obstacles effortlessly. An inherent trait of the robot is its innate adaptability to uneven and intricate surfaces on steel structures, facilitated by a dynamic joint. To underscore its practicality, the robot's application is demonstrated through the utilization of an ultrasonic sensor for gauging steel thickness, coupled with a pragmatic deployment mechanism. By integrating a defect detection model based on deep learning, the robot showcases its proficiency in automatically identifying and pinpointing areas of rust on steel surfaces. The paper undertakes a thorough analysis, encompassing robot kinematics, adhesive force, potential sliding and turn‐over scenarios, and motor power requirements. These analyses collectively validate the stability and robustness of the proposed design. Notably, the theoretical calculations established in this study serve as a valuable blueprint for developing future robots tailored for climbing steel structures. To enhance its inspection capabilities, the robot is equipped with a camera that employs deep learning algorithms to detect rust visually. The paper substantiates its claims with empirical evidence, sharing results from extensive experiments and real‐world deployments on diverse steel bridges, situated in both Nevada and Georgia. These tests comprehensively affirm the robot's proficiency in adhering to surfaces, navigating challenging terrains, and executing thorough inspections. A comprehensive visual representation of the robot's trials and field deployments is presented in videos accessible at the following links: https://youtu.be/Qdh1oz_oxiQ and https://youtu.be/vFFq79O49dM.
1,8‐Naphthalimide‐Based Chemosensors: A Promising Strategy for Detection of Metal Ions in Environmental and Biological Systems
Authors: Kaur Gurdeep , Singh Iqubal , Tandon Nitin , Tandon Runjhun , Bhat Aeyaz Ahmad
Published: November 2023

The advancement of optical chemosensors has achieved success with the advent of Supramolecular Chemistry. Unlike other scaffolds, the 1,8‐naphthalimide motif has emerged as an excellent fluorescent chemosensor due to its photophysical properties like thermostability, cytotoxicity, membrane permeability, selectivity, and sensitivity. The naphthalimide scaffold is distinctive in its ways of tracking biological analytes and diagnosing its role in various diseases. This review provides insight into current developments in the synthesis and designing of 1,8‐naphthalimide‐based chemosensors for the recognition of metal ions, its mechanistic approach for its sensitivity, selectivity, and practical applications in a real environment. We hope that this review will aid to develop a novel approach to sense toxic analytes in real water samples and improve real‐time applications.
Synthesis, Antimicrobial Evaluation, Molecular Docking, and ADME Studies of Some Novel 3‐Hydroxypyridine‐4‐one Derivatives
Authors: Sadeghian Sara , Zare Fateme , Goshtasbi Ghazal , Fassihi Afshin , Saghaie Lotfollah , Zare Pooria , Sabet Razieh
Published: November 2023

A new class of 3‐hydroxypyridine‐4‐one derivatives was synthesized and screened against several Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria, as well as two species of fungi. Among these synthesized compounds, the substituted derivatives with ortho‐ and para‐nitro and para‐methoxy groups showed the highest antibacterial activities against S. aureus and E. coli species with MIC value of 32 μg/mL, which were more potent compared to ampicillin as a reference drug. Furthermore, the substituted derivatives with ortho‐methoxy, ortho‐, para‐chloride, ortho‐, and para‐hydroxy groups exhibited MIC values of 64 μg/mL against S. aureus and E. coli species. In addition, the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antifungal activities against C. albicans and A. niger strains. The best antifungal activity was observed for compounds with ortho‐methoxy, ortho‐hydroxy, and para‐methyl substitutions against A. niger species with MIC values of 64 μg/mL. The analysis of the antimicrobial results revealed that the type and position of the phenyl ring substituents greatly influence the antimicrobial activities of the synthesized compounds. Subsequently, molecular docking studies on E. coli species were performed to predict the interaction mode of these compounds in the active site of the receptor. Also, in silico ADME profile outputs showed that the compounds comply with the rule of five.
Photochemotherapeutic Properties of Cu(II) Complexes of L‐Lysine and L‐Arginine Appended to Anthracene
Authors: Banaspati Atrayee , Raza Md Kausar , Goswami Tridib K.
Published: November 2023

Cu(II) complexes of positively charged amino acids L–Lysine and L‐Arginine appended to an anthracene unit and phenanthroline bases, namely [Cu(Anth‐Lys)(L)(ClO4)] (1, 2) and [Cu(Anth‐Arg)(L)(ClO4)] (3, 4) where L is 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen, 1 and 3), dipyrido[3,2‐a : 2′,3′‐c]phenazine (dppz, 2 and 4) were synthesized and fully characterized by various spectral and analytical methods. Cu(II) centered broad and weak d‐d band in the visible region along with phenanthroline based π→π* and n→π* bands in the UV region were observed in the electronic spectra of the complexes recorded in DMF‐Tris‐HCl buffer (1 : 4 v/v) (pH 7.2). The complexes 1–4 show efficient DNA binding propensity. They also demonstrated strong binding affinity for human serum albumin (HSA). The complexes showed efficient visible light‐induced cytotoxicity against A549 (human lung carcinoma), HaCaT (human epidermal keratinocytes) and MDA‐MB‐231(human breast cancer cells) cells with low dark toxicity. They generate both singlet oxygen (1O2) and hydroxyl radical (⋅OH) as reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon excitation with visible light which is believed to be responsible for killing cancer cells. Significant changes in the nuclear morphology of the HaCaT cells were observed when treated with complexes 2 and 4 in visible light compared to the non‐irradiated cells.
Risky business: How standardization as coordination tool in ecosystems impacts firm‐level uncertainty
Authors: Toh Puay Khoon , Pyun Eugene
Published: November 2023

Research Summary

Coordination challenges generate uncertainties in ecosystems. Past research suggests that standardization mitigates these challenges, reducing ecosystem‐level uncertainty. But how does it affect firm‐level uncertainty over value‐appropriation? We examine heterogeneity in the latter effect. Using 1996–2010 data on standard‐setting in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) ecosystems and a firm‐level uncertainty measure based on stock option implied volatility, we demonstrate that while standardization reduces uncertainty for firms that own part of the standardized components, it heightens uncertainty for firms that do not, especially when they face strong rivals in complementary technologies or have fewer complementary technologies or production assets themselves. Findings stress that coordination tools enhancing ecosystem‐level value‐creation can end up hurting firm‐level value‐appropriation and worsen uncertainty for some firms in the ecosystem that the tools are meant to help.

Managerial Summary

In an ecosystem, a firm faces two types of uncertainty—ecosystem‐level uncertainty over how to coordinate with others on developing interoperable parts, and firm‐level uncertainty over whether it can occupy a viable position to capture value. Standardization, a commonly touted solution, reduces the former but not necessarily the latter. Using 1996–2010 data on standard setting in ICT ecosystems and stock option implied volatility, we show that for non‐standard‐owner firms, standardization in fact worsens the latter, especially when they face strong rivals or lack complementary technologies or production assets in areas complementary to the standard. Thus, tools like standardization meant to solve ecosystem‐level coordination problems can end up raising more doubts on firms' ability to capture value and discouraging firms from participating instead of promoting ecosystem growth.
Mn(II) Optimized Sono/Chemodynamic Effect of Porphyrin‐Metal–Organic Framework Nanosheets for MRI‐Guided Colon Cancer Therapy and Metastasis Suppression
Authors: Hang Lifeng , Li Meng , Zhang Yuxuan , Li Wuming , Fang Laiping , Chen Yiyu , Zhou Chunze , Qu Hong , Shao Lianyi , Jiang Guihua
Published: November 2023

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) offers a remarkable non‐invasive ultrasound (US) treatment by activating sonosensitizer and generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) to inhibit tumor growth. The development of multifunctional, biocompatible, and highly effective sonosensitizers remains a current priority for SDT. Herein, the first report that Mn(II) ions chelated Gd‐TCPP (GMT) nanosheets (NSs) are synthesized via a simple reflux method and encapsulated with pluronic F‐127 to form novel sonosensitizers (GMTF). The GMTF NSs produce a high yield of ROS under US irradiation due to the decreased highest occupied molecular orbital−lowest unoccupied molecular orbital gap energy (2.7–1.28 eV). Moreover, Mn(II) ions endow GMTF with a fascinating Fenton‐like activity to produce hydroxyl radicals in support of chemodynamic therapy (CDT). It is also effectively used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with high relaxation rate (r
1: 4.401 mM−1 s−1) to track the accumulation of NSs in tumors. In vivo results indicate that the SDT and CDT in combination with programmed cell death protein 1 antibody (anti‐PD‐1) show effective metastasis prevention effects, and 70% of the mice in the GMTF + US + anti‐PD‐1 group survived for 60 days. In conclusion, this study develops a sonosensitizer with promising potential for utilizing both MRI‐guided SDT and CDT strategies.
Tuning Intermediates Adsorption and C─N Coupling for Efficient Urea Electrosynthesis Via Doping Ni into Cu
Authors: Zhang Yangyang , Zhao Yajun , Sendeku Marshet Getaye , Li Fuhua , Fang Jinjie , Wang Yuan , Zhuang Zhongbin , Kuang Yun , Liu Bin , Sun Xiaoming
Published: November 2023

Simultaneous electrochemical reduction of nitrite and carbon dioxide (CO2) under mild reaction conditions offers a new sustainable and low‐cost approach for urea synthesis. However, the development of urea electrosynthesis thus far still suffers from low selectivity due to the high energy barrier of *CO formation and the subsequent C─N coupling. In this work, a highly active dendritic Cu99Ni1 catalyst is developed to enable the highly selective electrosynthesis of urea from co‐reduction of nitrite and CO2, reaching a urea Faradaic efficiency (FE) and production rate of 39.8% and 655.4 µg h−1 cm−2, respectively, at −0.7 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE). In situ Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) measurements together with density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate that Ni doping into Cu can significantly enhance the adsorption energetics of the key reaction intermediates and facilitate the C─N coupling. This work not only provides a new strategy to design efficient electrocatalysts for urea synthesis but also offers deep insights into the mechanism of C─N coupling during the co‐reduction of nitrite and CO2.
Chiral Nanomaterials for Cancer Vaccines
Authors: Qu Aihua , Sun Maozhong , Xu Liguang , Liu Liqiang , Guo Lingling , Chen Panpan , Wang Qing , Du Zhiyong , Wu Zhimeng , Xu Chuanlai , Kuang Hua
Published: November 2023

Chirality is a fundamental characteristic of living organisms and is commonly observed at the biomolecule, cellular, and tissue levels. Chiral nanomaterials play an irreplaceable role in nanomedicine and nanobiology because of their unique enantioselectivity with biological components. Here, research progress relating to chiral nanomaterials in the field of vaccines is reviewed, including antigen presenting systems, immune adjuvants, and cancer vaccines. First, the common synthesis methods are outlined for different types of chiral nanomaterials, as well as their chiral sources, optical properties, and potential biological applications. Then, the application of chiral nanomaterials are discussed in the field of vaccines with reference to the promotion of antigen presentation and activation of the immune system for tumor immunotherapy. Finally, the current obstacles and future research directions of chiral nanomaterials are revealed with regard to regulating the immune system.
Phylogeny and biogeography of the Cryptocaryeae (Lauraceae)
Authors: Song Yu , Xia Shang‐Wen , Tan Yun‐Hong , Yu Wen‐Bin , Yao Xin , Xing Yao‐Wu , Corlett Richard T.
Published: November 2023

The biogeographical history of many lineages within the Lauraceae remains poorly known because of the difficulty of assigning macrofossils to living genera, poor pollen preservation, and the absence of sufficiently resolved or well‐supported phylogenies. Here, we utilize plastid genome sequencing to reinvestigate the phylogenetic and biogeographic history of trees in the tribe Cryptocaryeae, an important component of broad‐leaved forests worldwide, with around 800 species that rely on vertebrate frugivores to disperse their seeds. A new time‐calibrated phylogeny with high support for 176 species was used to infer the biogeographic history and speciation rates based on inferences of BAMM analyses. A monophyletic Cryptocaryeae with Aspidostemon, Beilschmiedia, Cryptocarya, Dahlgrenodendron, and Eusideroxylon clades was confirmed. The five clades of Cryptocaryeae were estimated to share a common ancestor in tropical Africa or Asia in the Early Cretaceous around 123 Ma. The Beilschmiedia and Cryptocarya clades were estimated to have originated in South America around 66 Ma. Extant subclades of the Beilschmiedia clade could colonize Australia by 35 Ma and extant subclades of the Cryptocarya clade could colonize Australia by 42 Ma. Diversification rates of the Beilschmiedia clade accelerated 14 and 12 Ma after its origin and diversification rates of the Cryptocarya clade accelerated 18 Ma after its origin. Over 45% extant Cryptocaryeae species originated in the three periods of accelerated differentiation in the Miocene of Asia and Australia. Long‐distance dispersal has had a major influence on biogeography, with dispersal to Asia likely occurring seven times, Zealandia six times, America three times, Australia three times, Africa twice, and Oceania at least once. Over 70% extant Cryptocaryeae species which diverged before the Quaternary grow in the Southern Hemisphere, while 90% extant Cryptocaryeae species which diverged in the Quaternary grow in the Northern Hemisphere. The Cryptocaryeae originated in and diversified with the first angiosperm‐dominated broad‐leaved evergreen forests, from the Cretaceous to the Paleogene. Long‐distance seed dispersal, probably by birds, although possibly also by flotation, has allowed the tribe to track these forests in space and time, despite a failure to adapt to cold, dry, or highly seasonal environments.
The effects of 17α‐methyltestosterone on gonadal histology and gene expression along hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal axis, germ cells, sex determination, and hypothalamus‐pituitary‐thyroid axis in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Li Minchun , Zhang Ning , Huang Yiting , Pan Chang‐Gui , Dong Zhongdian , Lin Zhong , Li Chengyong , Jiang Yu‐Xia , Liang Yan‐Qiu
Published: November 2023

As a synthetic androgen, 17α‐methyltestosterone (MT) is widely used in aquaculture to induce sex reversal and may pose a potential risk to aquatic organisms. This ecological risk has attracted the attention of many scholars, but it is not comprehensive enough. Thus, the adverse effects of MT on zebrafish (Danio rerio) were comprehensively evaluated from gonadal histology, as well as the mRNA expression levels of 47 genes related to hypothalamic‐pituitary‐gonadal (HPG) axis, germ cell differentiation, sex determination, and hypothalamus‐pituitary‐thyroid (HPT) axis. Adult zebrafish with a female/male ratio of 5:7 were exposed to a solvent control (0.001% dimethyl sulfoxide) and three measured concentrations of MT (5, 51 and 583 ng/L) for 50 days. The results showed that MT had no significant histological effects on the ovaries of females, but the frequency of late‐mature oocytes (LMO) showed a downward trend, indicating that MT could induce ovarian suppression to a certain extent. The transcriptional expression of activating transcription factor 4b1 (atf4b1), activating transcription factor 4b2 (atf4b2), calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II delta 1 (camk2d1), calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II delta 2 (camk2d2) and calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II inhibitor 2 (camk2n2) genes in the brain of females increased significantly at all treatment groups of MT, and the mRNA expression of forkhead box L2a (foxl2) and ovarian cytochrome P450 aromatase (cyp19a1a) genes in the ovaries were down‐regulated by 5 and 583 ng/L group, which would translate into inhibition of oocyte development. As compared to females, MT had relatively little effects on the reproductive system of males, and only the transcriptional alterations of synaptonemal complex protein 3 (sycp3) and 17‐alpha‐hydroxylase/17,20‐lyase (cyp17) genes were observed in the testes, not enough to affect testicular histology. In addition, MT at all treatments strongly increased corticotropin‐releasing hormone (crh) transcript in the brain of females, as well as deiodinase 2 (dio2) transcript in the brain of males. The paired box protein 8 (pax8) gene was significantly decreased at 51 or 583 ng/L of MT in both female and male brains. The above results suggest that MT can pose potential adverse effects on the reproductive and thyroid endocrine system of fish.
1‐Benzylimidazole attenuates the stemness of breast cancer cells through partially targeting CYP4Z1
Authors: Qin Hai , Zhou Yi , Liu Hai , Yuan Yaqin , Guo Qianqian , Yuan Manqin , Xi Tao , Zhang Yujie
Published: November 2023

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 4Z1 (CYP4Z1) has recently garnered much interest as its expression predicts a poor prognosis and as a oncogene in breast cancer, and overexpressed in other many cancers. We previously showed that CYP4Z1 acts as a promoter of cancer stem cells (CSCs) to facilitate the occurrence and development of breast cancer. Here, RNA sequencing found that 1‐benzylimidazole (1‐Benzy) held a preferable correlation with breast cancer and suppressed the expression of CSC makers. Further functional experiments, including mammary spheroid formation, wound‐healing, transwell‐invasion, detection of tumor initiation, and metastatic ability, showed that 1‐Benzy suppressed the stemness and metastasis of breast cancer cells. Additionally, we further demonstrated that CYP4Z1 is necessary for 1‐Benzy‐mediated suppression on breast cancer stemness and 1‐Benzy exerted a weaker effect in breast cancer cells with CYP4Z1 knockdown. Taken together, our data suggest that 1‐Benzy might be a potential drug suppressing breast cancer stemness via targeting CYP4Z1.
Contactless calibration of microchanneled AFM cantilevers for fluidic force microscopy
Authors: Sittl Sebastian , Helfricht Nicolas , Papastavrou Georg
Published: November 2023

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an analytical technique that is increasingly utilized to determine interaction forces on the colloidal and cellular level. Fluidic force microscopy, also called FluidFM, became a vital tool for biomedical applications. FluidFM combines AFM and nanofluidics by means of a microchanneled cantilever that bears an aperture instead of a tip at its end. Thereby, single colloids or cells can be aspirated and immobilized to the cantilever, for example, to determine adhesion forces. To allow for quantitative measurements, the so‐called (inverse) optical lever sensitivity (OLS and InvOLS, respectively) must be determined, which is typically done in a separate set of measurements on a hard, non‐deformable substrate. Here, we present a different approach that is entirely based on hydrodynamic principles and does make use of the internal microfluidic channel of a FluidFM‐cantilever and an external pressure control. Thereby, a contact‐free calibration of the (inverse) optical lever sensitivity (InvOLS) becomes possible in under a minute. A quantitative model based on the thrust equation, which is well‐known in avionics, and finite element simulations, is provided to describe the deflection of the cantilever as a function of the externally applied pressure. A comparison between the classical and the here‐presented hydrodynamic method demonstrates equal accuracy.
Digital and Digitised Space as an Opportunity for Advancement
Authors: Scheffer Jörg
Published: November 2023

This chapter analyses the terms of action and structures in the virtual space, comparing them with the rules of the real space. The initial separation between real space and cyberspace is artificial yet intentional, with the aim of illustrating space-related opportunities. A view of the new opportunities in connection with digitalised reals spaces, and in particular with virtual spaces, also includes the problem that obtaining digital contents can be realised in society only in an unequal manner. In this context, educational research has identified serious limitations which are identified as digital divides and will be looked at from different angles. Incorporating these findings, it will be examined to what extent digitalisation can withstand the previously highlighted restrictions of capital accumulation and in which areas of daily life it is possible to dissolve the existing spatial and social rules.
Decontextualised Data and Socio-Spatial Differences
Authors: Scheffer Jörg
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents (personalised) data as commodities and demonstrates the related contexts of utilisation. Making concrete the possibilities of recursive reference in the data economy, we return to the physical environment: Using commercially traded data for the cities of Berlin, Munich and Essen, an exemplary and empirical study examines in what manner a data-based logic of utilisation reaches the different districts and their inhabitants and the implications this carries for socialisation and the overall social question.
Methodische Grundlagen und Forschungsdesign
Authors: Landherr Anna
Published: November 2023

In diesem Kapitel wird das methodische Vorgehen meiner empirischen Forschung detailliert beschrieben, um sowohl die Erhebung als auch die Analyse der Daten sowie deren Aussagekraft und Reichweite für den/die LeserIn nachvollziehbar zu machen. Nach einer kurzen einleitenden Vorstellung der Forschung wird im Abschnitt 4.1 die qualitative Methode der Grounded Theory kurz dargestellt und die eigene Positionierung innerhalb der Methodologie beschrieben. Anschließend erfolgt im Abschnitt 4.2 die Darlegung der Datenerhebung, des Feldzugangs, der Fallauswahl sowie der Kriterien und Dimensionen der Fallauswahl.
Die Macht der Bergbauunternehmen – der Fall Tierra Amarilla
Authors: Landherr Anna
Published: November 2023

Von Pabellón aus liegt Tierra Amarilla etwas über 20 Kilometer flussabwärts im selben Tal und befindet sich fast genau zwischen Pabellón und der Regionalhauptstadt Copiapó. Die Kleinstadt ist zudem die Hauptstadt der gleichnamigen Gemeinde zu der auch Pabellón gehört. Anders als Pabellón und Chañaral liegt Tierra Amarilla inmitten eines derzeit noch aktiven Abbaugebietes.
Zusammenfassung und Auswertung der Forschungsergebnisse
Authors: Landherr Anna
Published: November 2023

Das zentrale Erkenntnissinteresse dieser Forschung besteht darin, die Gegebenheiten, Mechanismen und Strukturen sowie die Akteure und ihre (in)actions zu identifizieren, die dazu beitragen oder die verhindern, dass die Tailings des chilenischen Bergbaus in der öffentlichen Wahrnehmung und unter den beteiligten Akteuren als zu lösendes Umweltproblem anerkannt werden. Zu diesem Zweck wurde eine Forschungsheuristik erstellt, die die Kernkategorie der (Un-)Sichtbarkeit, mit denen der (in-)action und des (Nicht-)Wissens in Verbindung setzt. Die vorliegende Forschung wird zudem von folgenden Forschungsfragen geleitet: Warum bleiben Tailings trotz ihrer enormen Belastung für Mensch und Umwelt weitgehend „unsichtbar“? In welcher Beziehung stehen Wissen/Nichtwissen und action/inaction der Akteure zur Sichtbarkeit/Unsichtbarkeit des Phänomens? Wie, warum und durch wen wird das slow violence-Phänomen unsichtbar gehalten oder sichtbar gemacht? Welche sozialen Mechanismen, Interessen und Strukturen stecken hinter dem Phänomen der Unsichtbarkeit und führen zu ihrer konkreten aktuellen Ausprägung? Welche Strukturen, Mechanismen und Akteure verhindern die Sichtbarkeit? Wann kommt es zu latenten und wann zu manifesten Konflikten in Bezug auf Tailings? Unter welchen Umständen wird dieses slow violence-Phänomen sichtbar? Die zentrale These dieser Arbeit besteht darin, dass alle drei Kategorien – (Un-)Sichtbarkeit, (Nicht-)Wissen und (in-)action – in ihren jeweiligen positiven oder negativen Ausprägungsformen miteinander korrelieren und sich wechselseitig verstärken, wobei die Handlungsmöglichkeiten der jeweiligen Akteure gegenüber der Problematik direkt von den Wechselwirkungen abhängen.
Towards quantum black hole microstates
Authors: Choi Sunjin , Kim Seok , Lee Eunwoo , Lee Siyul , Park Jaemo
Published: November 2023

Abstract

We study the cohomology of local BPS operators in $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 Yang-Mills theory. The finite N cohomologies consist of the graviton part (subject to the stringy exclusion principle) and the rest which may describe black hole microstates in quantum AdS/CFT. We construct an infinite tower of non-graviton cohomologies in the SU(2) theory and study to what extent they simulate quantum black holes. We find signals for partial no-hair behaviors by showing that certain gravitons are forbidden to dress these cohomologies. This is in qualitative agreement with the perturbative hairs allowed around black holes, which also leads us to a natural setup to construct hairy BPS black holes. The cohomologies are simpler to study in the BMN matrix model truncation of the classical field theory.
Harvesting correlations from vacuum quantum fields in the presence of a reflecting boundary
Authors: Liu Zhihong , Zhang Jialin , Yu Hongwei
Published: November 2023

Abstract

We explore correlations harvesting by two static detectors locally interacting with vacuum massless scalar fields in the presence of an infinite perfectly reflecting boundary. We study the phenomena of mutual information harvesting and entanglement harvesting for two detector-boundary alignments, i.e., parallel-to-boundary and orthogonal-to-boundary alignments. Our results show that the presence of the boundary generally inhibits mutual information harvesting relative to that in flat spacetime without any boundaries. In contrast, the boundary may play a doubled-edged role in entanglement harvesting, i.e., inhibiting entanglement harvesting in the near zone of the boundary while assisting it in the far zone of the boundary. Moreover, there exists an optimal detector energy gap difference between two nonidentical detectors that makes such detectors advantageous in correlations harvesting as long as the interdetector separation is large enough. The value of the optimal detector energy gap difference depends on both the interdetector separation and the detector-to-boundary distance. A comparison of the correlations harvesting in two different alignments shows that although correlations harvesting share qualitatively the same properties, they also display quantitative differences in that the detectors in orthogonal-to-boundary alignment always harvest comparatively more mutual information than the parallel-to-boundary ones, while they harvest comparatively more entanglement only near the boundary.
Quadratic functions fulfilling an additional condition along the hyperbola $$\pmb {xy = 1} $$
Authors: Boros Zoltán , Garda-Mátyás Edit
Published: November 2023

In this paper we give necessary conditions for quadratic functions $$ f :\mathbb {R}\rightarrow \mathbb {R}$$

f
:
R
→
R

that satisfy the additional equation $$ y^2 f(x) = x^2 f(y) $$

y
2

f

(
x
)

=

x
2

f

(
y
)

under the condition $$ xy = 1 \,$$

x
y
=
1

.
Combined RNA interference and gene replacement therapy targeting MFN2 as proof of principle for the treatment of Charcot–Marie–Tooth type 2A
Authors: Rizzo Federica , Bono Silvia , Ruepp Marc David , Salani Sabrina , Ottoboni Linda , Abati Elena , Melzi Valentina , Cordiglieri Chiara , Pagliarani Serena , De Gioia Roberta , Anastasia Alessia , Taiana Michela , Garbellini Manuela , Lodato Simona , Kunderfranco Paolo , Cazzato Daniele , Cartelli Daniele , Lonati Caterina , Bresolin Nereo , Comi Giacomo , Nizzardo Monica , Corti Stefania
Published: November 2023

Mitofusin-2 (MFN2) is an outer mitochondrial membrane protein essential for mitochondrial networking in most cells. Autosomal dominant mutations in the MFN2 gene cause Charcot–Marie–Tooth type 2A disease (CMT2A), a severe and disabling sensory-motor neuropathy that impacts the entire nervous system. Here, we propose a novel therapeutic strategy tailored to correcting the root genetic defect of CMT2A. Though mutant and wild-type MFN2 mRNA are inhibited by RNA interference (RNAi), the wild-type protein is restored by overexpressing cDNA encoding functional MFN2 modified to be resistant to RNAi. We tested this strategy in CMT2A patient-specific human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-differentiated motor neurons (MNs), demonstrating the correct silencing of endogenous MFN2 and replacement with an exogenous copy of the functional wild-type gene. This approach significantly rescues the CMT2A MN phenotype in vitro, stabilizing the altered axonal mitochondrial distribution and correcting abnormal mitophagic processes. The MFN2 molecular correction was also properly confirmed in vivo in the MitoCharc1 CMT2A transgenic mouse model after cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) delivery of the constructs into newborn mice using adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9). Altogether, our data support the feasibility of a combined RNAi and gene therapy strategy for treating the broad spectrum of human diseases associated with MFN2 mutations.
At the intersection of humanity and technology: a technofeminist intersectional critical discourse analysis of gender and race biases in the natural language processing model GPT-3
Authors: Palacios Barea M. A. , Boeren D. , Ferreira Goncalves J. F.
Published: November 2023

Algorithmic biases, or algorithmic unfairness, have been a topic of public and scientific scrutiny for the past years, as increasing evidence suggests the pervasive assimilation of human cognitive biases and stereotypes in such systems. This research is specifically concerned with analyzing the presence of discursive biases in the text generated by GPT-3, an NLPM which has been praised in recent years for resembling human language so closely that it is becoming difficult to differentiate between the human and the algorithm. The pertinence of this research object is substantiated by the identification of race, gender and religious biases in the model’s completions in recent research, suggesting that the model is indeed heavily influenced by human cognitive biases. To this end, this research inquires: How does the Natural Language Processing Model GPT-3 replicate existing social biases?. This question is addressed through the scrutiny of GPT-3’s completions using Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), a method which has been deemed as amply valuable for this research as it is aimed at uncovering power asymmetries in language. As such, the analysis is specifically centered around the analysis of gender and race biases in the model’s generated text. Research findings suggest that GPT-3’s language generation model significantly exacerbates existing social biases while replicating dangerous ideologies akin to white supremacy and hegemonic masculinity as factual knowledge.
Improved uniformity and anisotropy of through-mask electrochemical micromachining by localized etching and homogeneous flow
Authors: Jakob Leonie , Eckert Jonas , Podevijn Carl , Kluska Sven , Junginger Mathias , Ranzinger Christian , Bartsch Jonas
Published: November 2023

This contribution aims to point out the potential of through-mask electrochemical micromachining (TMEMM) as an environmentally friendly alternative for thin metal layer patterning for applications such as printed circuit boards (PCBs). Two process chamber concepts with shearing and impinging electrolyte flow, based on the concept of localized etching, are introduced. The etching results, obtained with simple mask designs, were investigated regarding homogeneity in etch depth and anisotropy. Compared to a simple setup with unspecific electrolyte flow and full area etching, a significant improvement in microscopic and macroscopic homogeneity (deviations reduced from >100 to <10%) and anisotropy (etch factors increased from ~4 to >7) could be shown. A comparison to an industrial chemical etching process using a simple mask design revealed equal macroscopic homogeneity and higher etch factors in TMEMM. Only the microscopic homogeneity leaves still room for improvement. It is presented for the first time that island formation can be prevented completely over a large area (5 × 20 mm2) with TMEMM. These results demonstrate the advantages and the potential that can be achieved with TMEMM by designing appropriate tools.
Functional limitations of people with rheumatoid arthritis or axial spondyloarthritis and severe functional disability: a cross-sectional descriptive study
Authors: Teuwen Max M. H. , van Weely Salima F. E. , Vliet Vlieland Thea P. M. , Douw Thom , van Schaardenburg Dirkjan , den Broeder Alfons A. , van Tubergen Astrid M. , van Wissen Maria A. T. , van den Ende Cornelia H. M. , Gademan Maaike G. J.
Published: November 2023

The objective of the study is to describe the nature of functional limitations in activities and participation in people with Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) or axial SpondyloArthritis (axSpA) with severe functional disability. Baseline data from people with RA (n = 206) or axSpA (n = 155) and severe functional disability participating in an exercise trial were used. Their three most limited activities were derived from the Patient Specific Complaint (PSC) instrument and linked to the International Classification of Functioning and Health (ICF). The frequencies of ICF categories were calculated and compared with Activities and Participation items of the ICF Core Sets for RA (32 second-level categories) and Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) (24 second-level categories). In total 618 and 465 PSC activities were linked to 909 (72 unique in total; 25 unique second-level) and 759 (57 unique in total; 23 unique second-level) ICF categories in RA and axSpA. Taking into account all three prioritized activities, the five most frequent limited activities concerned the ICF chapter “Mobility”, and included “Walking” (RA and axSpA 2 categories), “Changing basic body position” (RA and axSpA 1 category), “Stair climbing”(RA) and “Grasping” (RA),“Lifting” (axSpA) and “Maintaining a standing position” (axSpA). In RA, 21/32 (66%) and in axSpA 14/24 (58%) unique second-level categories identified in the prioritized activities are present in the Comprehensive Core Sets. Most limitations of people with RA or axSpA and severe functional disability were seen in the ICF chapter “Mobility”. Most of the identified ICF categories were covered by the corresponding items of the ICF RA and AS Core Sets.
Testing the accuracy of the DRNNAGE software for age estimation in a modern Greek sample
Authors: Rizos Leuteris , Garoufi Nefeli , Valakos Eustratios , Nikita Efthymia , Chovalopoulou Maria-Eleni
Published: November 2023

Estimation of age-at-death from human skeletal remains is fundamental in forensic anthropology as part of the construction of the biological profile of the individual under study. At the same time, skeletal age-at-death estimation in adults is problematic due to the disparity between chronological and biological age, the important inter-individual variability at the rate of skeletal aging, and inherent biases in the available methodologies (e.g., age mimicry). A recent paper proposed a method for skeletal age-at-death estimation based on multiple anatomical traits and machine learning. A software was also created, DRNNAGE, for the easy implementation of this method. The authors of that study supported that their methods have very high repeatability and reproducibility, and the mean absolute error of the age estimation was ~6 years across the entire adult age span, which is particularly high and promising. This paper tests the proposed methodology on a modern documented Greek sample of 219 adult individuals from the Athens Collection, with age-at-death from 19 to 99 years old. The sample was split into males and females as well as into individuals under and over 50 years old. We also divided the sample in 10-year intervals. First, intra- and inter-observer error was estimated in order to assess repeatability and reproducibility of the variables employed for age-at-death estimation. Then, the validity (correct classification performance) of DRNNAGE for each anatomical region individually, as well as all combined, was evaluated on each demographic separately and on the pooled sample. According to the results, some of the variables showed very low repeatability and reproducibility, thus their use should be cautious. The DRNNAGE software showed overall highly accurate age-at-death estimates for individuals older than 50 years, but poor on younger adults, with only exception the cranial sutures, which performed surprisingly well for all age groups. Overall, these results support the importance of cross-validation and the use of population-specific methods in forensic anthropology.
Production of polyhydroxybutyrate by coupled saccharification–fermentation of inulin
Authors: Guzmán-Lagunes Fernando , Martínez-dlCruz Lorena , Wongsirichot Phavit , Winterburn James , Montiel Carmina
Published: November 2023

Inulin is a fructose-based polysaccharide that can be found in several plant species, from grass and onions to chicory roots; thus, it has the potential to be an excellent renewable source of fructose for several industrial applications. Among them, inulin hydrolysis can be coupled to a fermentation operation to produce polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) using Cupriavidusnecator H16. This work reports the PHB production process involving chicory root inulin hydrolysis using inulinase Novozym 960 followed by a C.necator fermentation. It was found that the maximum saccharification (95% wt.) was reached at 269 U/ginulin after 90 min. The hydrolysates obtained were then inoculated with C.necator, leading to a biomass concentration of 4 g/L with 30% (w/w) polymer accumulation. Although PHB production was low, during the first hours, the cell growth and polymer accumulation detected did not coincide with a fructose concentration decrease, suggesting a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process, potentially alleviating the product inhibition inherent to the inulinase–fructose system. The characterization of the obtained PHB showed a polymer with more homogeneous values of Mw, and better thermal stability than PHB produced using pure fructose as a fermentation substrate. The results obtained demonstrate a viable alternative carbon substrate for PHB production, opening the possibility for inulin-rich renewable feedstock valorization.