bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unraveling the mechanisms underlying the rapid vascular effects of steroids: sorting out the receptors and the pathways
Authors: Feldman Ross D. , Gros Robert
Published: March 2011

Aldosterone, oestrogens and other vasoactive steroids are important physiological and pathophysiological regulators of cardiovascular and metabolic function. The traditional view of the cardiovascular actions of these vasoactive steroids has focused on their roles as regulators of transcription via activation of their ‘classical’ receptors [mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) and oestrogen receptors (ER)]. However, based on a series of observations going back more than half a century, scientists have speculated that a range of steroids, including oestrogen and aldosterone, might have effects on regulation of smooth muscle contractility, cell growth and differentiation that are too rapid to be accounted for by transcriptional regulation. Recent studies performed in our laboratories (and those of others) have begun to elucidate the mechanism of rapid steroid‐mediated cardiometabolic regulation. GPR30, now designated as GPER‐1 (http://www.iuphar‐db.org/DATABASE/FamilyIntroductionForward?familyId=22), a newly characterized ‘orphan receptor’, has been implicated in mediating the rapid effects of estradiol and most recently those of aldosterone. Studies to date have taught us that to understand the rapid vascular mechanisms of steroids, one must (i) know which vascular ‘compartment’ the steroid is acting; (ii) know which receptor the steroid hormone is activating; and (iii) not assume the receptor specificity of a steroid receptor ligand based solely on its selectivity for its traditional ‘transcriptional’ steroid receptor. Our newfound appreciation of the rapid effects of steroids such as aldosterone and oestrogens opens up a new vista for advancing our understanding of the biology and pathobiology of vascular regulation.

LINKED ARTICLES This article is one of a set of reviews submitted to BJP in connection with talks given at the September 2010 meeting of the International Society of Hypertension in Vancouver, Canada. To view the other articles in this collection visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2010.01167.x, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2011.01235.x and http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2011.01260.x
Epicardial perivascular adipose tissue as a therapeutic target in obesity‐related coronary artery disease
Authors: Payne Gregory A , Kohr Meredith C , Tune Johnathan D
Published: March 2011

Adipose tissue is an active endocrine and paracrine organ that may influence the development of atherosclerosis and vascular disease. In the setting of obesity, adipose tissue produces a variety of inflammatory cytokines (or adipokines) that are known to modulate key mechanisms of atherogenesis. In particular, adipose tissue located on the surface of the heart surrounding large coronary arteries (i.e. epicardial perivascular adipose tissue) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease. The present review outlines our current understanding of the cellular and molecular links between perivascular adipose tissue and atherosclerosis with a focus on potential mechanisms by which epicardial perivascular adipose tissue contributes to obesity‐related coronary disease. The pathophysiology of perivascular adipose tissue in obesity and its influence on oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and vascular reactivity is addressed. In addition, the contribution of specific epicardial perivascular adipose‐derived adipokines (e.g. leptin, adiponectin) to the initiation and expansion of coronary disease is also highlighted. Finally, future investigative goals are discussed with an emphasis on indentifying novel therapeutic targets and disease markers within perivascular adipose tissue.

LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Fat and Vascular Responsiveness. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue‐3
Field observation of predation on adult lepidopterans by the tree sparrow Passer montanus saturatus
Authors: SAKURAI Reika
Published: March 2011

Many studies have examined defensive strategies of adult lepidopterans against bird predation. However, detailed field observations that describe how lepidopterans are hunted by wild birds are quite limited. I observed foraging behavior of wild tree sparrows on adult lepidopterans from May to June 2006 at Mt Yoshida, Kyoto, Japan. A total of 253 foraging attempts on at least 14 species of lepidopterans were observed. The tree sparrows attacked both resting and flying lepidopterans. When a tree sparrow approached a resting lepidopteran, the lepidopteran frequently flew to escape predation. The number of feeding attempts for resting and flying lepidopterans was 215 and 38, respectively. This result indicates that resting lepidopterans are the main target of predation by the tree sparrow. It is therefore considered that reducing the risk of detection is important for lepidopterans to avoid predation by the tree sparrow. Coloration as crypsis is probably effective in this respect.
Effects of acclimation temperature on membrane phospholipids in the flesh flySarcophaga similis
Authors: GOTO Shin G. , KATAGIRI Chihiro
Published: March 2011

Cold acclimation is a well‐known strategy for enhancing cold tolerance in ectotherms including insects. Nevertheless, information on the physiological mechanisms underpinning this phenomenon is still limited. Biological membrane integrity is critical for insects to perform at low temperatures, and an advantage is conferred on those insects that can adjust the composition of their membrane phospholipids. Such changes contribute to homeoviscous adaptation, a process that allows membranes to maintain a liquid–crystalline (fluid) state at low temperatures. Here we investigated phospholipids in the flesh flySarcophaga similisacclimated to various temperatures. Significant differences were observed in the composition of their fatty acyl chains: flies acclimated to low temperatures showed a higher proportion of palmitic and oleic acids at the expense of palmitoleic acid. Other fatty acids (stearic, linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic acids) were not significantly changed. The degree of unsaturation decreased in cold‐acclimated flies, but the difference was quite small. The weighted average chain length and number of double bonds were unchanged among flies acclimated to different temperatures. As temperatures decreased, the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine increased to twice that of phosphatidylcholine. We discuss the role of these phospholipid changes in cold acclimation.
The volume of returned red blood cells in a large blood salvage program: where does it all go? (CME)
Authors: Waters Jonathan H. , Dyga Robert M. , Waters Janet F.R. , Yazer Mark H.
Published: March 2011

BACKGROUND: Intraoperative blood salvage is the process whereby shed red blood cells (RBCs) are collected and returned to the patient. We analyzed the trends in the volume of returned RBCs by our blood salvage program across a 12‐hospital regional health care system over a 5‐year period.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: All quality control, RBC recovery, and patient demographic data relating to blood salvage are stored in a large database covering these 12 hospitals. Cases in which blood salvage was performed over a 5‐year period were stratified based on patient demographics, hospital, type of surgery, and volume of RBCs recovered.

RESULTS: There were 19,867 surgeries performed during the study period in which blood salvage was used. The median volume of blood returned to each patient was 405 mL (25th‐75th percentile, 135‐750 mL). Defining the volume of an RBC unit as 200 mL, this represented a median of 1.1 RBC unit equivalents (25th‐75th percentile, 0.37‐2.1 units) returned to each patient. For the majority of patients, not more than 1 RBC unit equivalent was recovered. Overall, the ratio of cases where at least 1 RBC unit equivalent was recovered to cases where less than 1 RBC equivalent was recovered was 2.5:1; this ratio varied considerably between surgical procedures.

CONCLUSIONS: Although overall the mean volumes of RBCs returned to the patients by intraoperative blood salvage were high, the actual volumes returned depended on the case mix. There appears to be an opportunity to use blood salvage more selectively to improve efficiency.
Noisy Winter: The DDT Controversy in the Years before Silent Spring
Authors: Gunter Valerie J. , Harris Craig K.
Published: March 2011

Abstract In this paper, we examine three unanticipated findings from a social constructionist analysis of popular media coverage of the pesticide DDT from the years 1944 to 1961. The first unanticipated finding was the early (1945) appearance of negative or cautionary claims in the media source examined, the New York Times. Second, while negative or cautionary claims about the pesticide did constitute a minority voice during this time period, it was nonetheless a persistent voice. The third unanticipated finding was the predominance of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the State Agricultural Experiment Stations among those claimsmakers initially cautioning potential users about unintended and potentially deleterious impacts. The concept of "routine monitoring mechanisms" is introduced to explain this third finding. We conclude by considering the potential impact of this coverage on the subsequent development of the controversy.
Is Locally Led Conservation Planning Working? A Farm Town Case Study1
Authors: Salamon Sonya , Farnsworth Richard L. , Rendziak Jody A.
Published: March 2011

Abstract A qualitative case study of a rural Illinois community whose water supply has been compromised by a farm chemical is used to highlight the social, cultural, and economic factors that shape locally led planning efforts of a type now being advocated by natural resources governmental agencies. The paper answers the question: why did the central Illinois watershed planning effort craft a cooperative rather than a conflictual solution? Trust of and attachment to farmers, both evidence of social capital, helped community members to balance economic, social and health risks. The balance arrived at created a tacit mandate for a farmer‐led planning committee to solve the atrazine problem in a way acceptable to farmers and townspeople. The cooperative solution represents a consensus: concerns remain, but people are willing to support the plan. Consensus also demonstrates that planning as a positive action can create new social capital, which can support further planning.
Migration Trends in the Kansas Ogallala Region and the Internal Colonial Dependency Model
Authors: White Stephen E.
Published: March 2011

Abstract The High Plains of the United States has been portrayed both as a place of despair and a region of renaissance. This study proposes that, within the Ogallala Aquifer portion of the High Plains, landscapes of decline and renaissance co‐exist within the context of an internal colonial dependency model. While the notion of internal colonial dependency has been applied primarily to the central Appalachian region, an assessment of population change in the High Plains of western Kansas suggests some striking similarities with the population change expected in a region conforming to the internal colonial dependency metaphor. This study identifies a wide range of colonial dependent characteristics, as they apply to the High Plains, with a focus on migration. Demographic changes supporting a colonial influence include long‐term population decline in most counties, high median age, high levels of channelized out‐migration, even higher levels of channelized in‐migration, in‐migration flow origins that are concentrated in just four other Ogallala states, and a continued long‐term trend of exporting the region'S most educated inhabitants.
Atencingo Revisited: Political Class Formation and Economic Restructuring in Mexico's Sugar Industry1
Authors: Otero Gerardo
Published: March 2011

Abstract Sugarcane growers have had a close relationship to the state since the 1940s when a series of decrees established a heavy state intervention in the sugar industry, which then became highly regulated. Growers became loyal to the state in exchange for low but secure incomes and other social guarantees. After the introduction of economic liberalism in Mexico during the mid‐1980s (called "neoliberalism" in Mexico), the sugar industry became largely de‐regulated, and sugar mills were reprivatized. This article explores the process of political class formation in the sugarcane region of Atencingo, in the state of Puebla. Whether cane growers posit peasant, proletarian, or peasant‐entrepreneurial demands is examined, as is the character of organizations and alliances that direct producers have established since the 1930s (oppositional, popular‐democratic, or bourgeois‐hegemonic). This paper documents the emergence of a peasant‐entrepreneurial class and presents initial results from a survey questionnaire administered in 1995. Rather than offering an economic argument based on a narrowly defined class position, this explanation emphasizes the prevailing regional cultures, the forms of state intervention, and the types of leadership‐the crucial mediating determinations that explain political outcomes in Atencingo and other regions of rural Mexico.
Identifying Participation in the Informal Economy Using Survey Research Methods1
Authors: Tickamyer Ann R. , Wood Teresa A.
Published: March 2011

Abstract There is growing interest in the extent of informal economic activity as a form of income generating or subsistence activity within first world economies, but little agreement exists in the literature as to what constitutes informal work, what activities in addition to monetary exchanges make up the informal economy, and where these activities are located. The lack of consensus on the proper definition of the activities ,that make up the informal economy is reflected in the lack of systematic data available to investigate these forms of work. This paper investigates using telephone survey research techniques to develop inexpensive and efficient data sources to answer questions about the forms, prevalence, and location of informal work. The research uncovers problems associated with developing survey based measures of informal activity, but it also demonstrates the viability of this approach as well as the generally high level of participation in both rural and urban places.
Low‐Loss Microwave Dielectrics in the (Mg1−xCox)1.8Ti1.1O4(x=0.03–1.00) Solid Solutions
Authors: Huang Cheng‐Liang , Tseng Yu‐Wei , Kuo Yuan‐Cheng
Published: March 2011

The microwave dielectric properties and microstructures of (Mg1−xCox)1.8Ti1.1O4(x=0.03–1.00) solid solutions prepared by the conventional solid‐state route were investigated. Lattice parameters were also measured for the specimens with differentx. The forming of complete (Mg1−xCox)1.8Ti1.1O4solid solutions were confirmed by the X‐ray diffraction patterns analysis, the measured lattice parameters, and the cell volume, which linearly varied from 300.82 Å3forx=0.03–301.42 Å3forx=1.00. By increasingxfrom 0.00 to 0.05, theQ×fof the specimen can be tremendously boosted from 141 000 GHz to a maximum of 207 500 GHz. A fine combination of microwave dielectric properties (ɛr∼16.11,Q×f∼207 500 GHz at 10.72 GHz, τf∼−52.6 ppm/°C) were achieved for (Mg0.95Co0.05)1.8Ti1.1O4ceramics sintered at 1390°C for 4 h. Ilmenite‐structured (Mg0.95Co0.05)TiO3was detected as the second phase. The presence of this second phase did not cause any significant variation in the dielectric properties of the specimen. This may be because the second phase properties are also very similar to the main phase. Therefore, it is proposed as a very promising dielectric material for ultra‐high‐frequency applications.
Damage Development in an Armor Ceramic Under Quasi‐Static Indentation
Authors: Gamble Eleanor A. , Compton Brett G. , Deshpande Vikram S. , Evans Anthony G. , Zok Frank W.
Published: March 2011

The objective of the present study is to assess the capabilities of a recently developed mechanism‐based model for inelastic deformation and damage in structural ceramics. In addition to conventional lattice plasticity, the model accounts for microcrack growth and coalescence as well as granular flow following comminution. The assessment is made through a coupled experimental/computational study of the indentation response of a commercial armor ceramic. The experiments include examinations of subsurface damage zones along with measurements of residual surface profiles and residual near‐surface stresses. Extensive finite element computations are conducted in parallel. Comparisons between experiment and simulation indicate that the most discriminating metric in the assessment is the spatial extent of subsurface damage following indentation. Residual stresses provide additional validation. In contrast, surface profiles of indents are dictated largely by lattice plasticity and thus provide minimal additional insight into the inelastic deformation resulting from microcracking or granular flow. A satisfactory level of correlation is obtained using property values that are either measured directly or estimated from physically based arguments, without undue reliance on adjustable (nonphysical) parameters.
Yttrium Substitution in MTiO3 (M=Ca, Sr, Ba and Ca+Sr+Ba) Perovskites and Implication for Incorporation of Fission Products into Ceramic Waste Forms
Authors: Navi Nissim U. , Kimmel Giora , Zabicky Jacob , Ushakov Sergey V. , Shneck Roni Z. , Mintz Moshe H. , Navrotsky Alexandra
Published: March 2011

CaTiO3 has been proposed as a ceramic waste form for immobilization of radioactive waste that might include short‐lived fission products 137Cs and 90Sr and consequently their decay products 137Ba (stable), 90Y (intermediate), and 90Zr (stable). In order to characterize substitution relations of Y3+ for M2+ (M=Ca, Sr, Ba singly or in combination) in MTiO3, precursor mixtures with nominal atomic ratios of M:Y:Ti=0.75:0.25:1 were synthesized by solid‐state reactions. To ensure homogeneous starting material and to explore low temperature behavior of the Ca–Y–Ti–O system, coprecipitated xerogel powder was synthesized and heated to various temperatures for different periods of time. All M–Y–Ti–O systems formed two major phase mixtures of perovskite MTiO3 and pyrochlore Y2Ti2O7 with low substitution of M2+ by Y3+ in MTiO3 and Y3+ by M2+ in Y2Ti2O7. The study of xerogel confirmed the tendency of the formation of mixtures of CaTiO3 and Y2Ti2O7 phases, even at lower temperature. The temperature dependence of the substitution of Ca2+ by Y3+ in CaTiO3 appears to be small. Despite the minor substitution of M by Y in the perovskite no significant 90Y3+ build‐up is expected to occur in the waste form due to the rapid decay of 90Y3+ relative to that of 90Sr2+.
Des travailleurs exploités: une perspective internationale sur les emplois dans les services à autrui
Authors: RAZAVI Shahra , STAAB Silke
Published: March 2011

Les auteures définissent la notion d'activités de soin – ou services à autrui – rémunérées devenues un thème important de recherche et de débat politique. Analysant une série de professions aux niveaux national et international, elles dégagent trois constats: la situation professionnelle des travailleurs des activités de soin reflète souvent l'état général et les problèmes des marchés du travail nationaux, le rôle de l'Etat employeur diminue, car les gouvernements externalisent ces activités et les politiques sociales façonnent les perspectives et conditions d'emploi. Les auteures concluent que les travailleurs comme les bénéficiaires des prestations tireraient avantage d'une amélioration des conditions de travail dans ce secteur.
Les emplois dans les services d'aide à la personne financièrement pénalisés? Une perspective internationale
Authors: BUDIG Michelle J. , MISRA Joya
Published: March 2011

Les auteures étudient, sur la base d'un échantillon de douze pays aux profils variés, la corrélation entre les rémunérations et l'emploi dans les services d'aide à la personne, définis comme la prestation de services individualisés qui améliorent l'état de santé, le niveau de qualification et le sentiment de sécurité des bénéficiaires. Selon des recherches antérieures, les emplois dans ces services sont moins rémunérés que ceux des autres activités; les auteures constatent aussi des écarts très prononcés au niveau international après rectification de l'incidence des facteurs nationaux: disparités salariales, taille du secteur public, force des syndicats. Elles concluent que les caractéristiques des travailleurs et des emplois sont aussi d'importants déterminants des rémunérations dans ce secteur.
Hiérarchie des activités de soin en Afrique du Sud: infirmières, travailleurs sociaux et aides à domicile
Authors: LUND Francie
Published: March 2011

L'auteure étudie la hiérarchie qui existe entre les travailleurs des activités de soin en Afrique du Sud, surtout depuis la pandémie de VIH/sida et les mutations qu'elle a suscitées. Infirmières, travailleurs sociaux, aides à domicile et bénévoles sont essentiellement des femmes aux caractéristiques – race, situation socio‐économique ou démographique, niveau d'instruction – très diverses; elles travaillent dans le public ou le privé, ou encore pour des associations sans but lucratif. Même si les revenus de certains ont récemment augmenté, les travailleurs de ce secteur restent pénalisés et, du fait de l'épidémie, on observe un transfert de tâches qui surcharge les travailleurs du bas de l'échelle ou bénévoles, ce qui creuse les inégalités entre les femmes.
Pratiques et compromis dans le secteur des services à la personne: domestiques et employées des Anganwadis en Inde
Authors: PALRIWALA Rajni , NEETHA N.
Published: March 2011

Les auteures examinent ce que l'Etat et la société entendent par activités de soins et de services à la personne en Inde en considérant deux catégories de travailleurs – les travailleurs domestiques salariés et les employés/auxiliaires des centres (Anganwadis) du Programme intégré de développement de l'enfant. Classés comme «bénévoles»œuvrant pour un programme public, ces travailleurs bénéficient d'une certaine position sociale et d'une syndicalisation assez forte comparés aux travailleurs domestiques qui ont beaucoup plus de difficultés à concilier la survie financière de leurs familles et la gestion du quotidien. Toutefois, la dévalorisation économique de leur travail est commune à ces deux catégories de travailleurs.
Early plaque accumulation — a sign for caries risk in young children
Authors: Alaluusua Satu , Malmivirta Raija
Published: March 2011

Abstract— Four variables which are capable of measurements at the chairside were assessed for their ability to identify young children who would experience caries during the subsequent 1 1/2 yr period. The total of 92 children and their mothers participated the study. The age of the children at baseline was 19 months. The variables studied were: visible plaque on the labial surfaces of the maxillary incisors, the use of a nursing bottle, mother's caries prevalence and mother's salivary level of mutans streptococci. Visible plaque and the use of a nursing bottle were strongly associated with the caries development, while the other two variables had weak or no statistically significant associations. The best indicator of risk was visible plaque. Its sensitivity was 83%, specificity 92%, positive prognostic value 63% and negative prognostic value 97%. Overall, 91%, of the children were correctly classified with this variable, while the corresponding percentage of the other variables ranged from 72 to 77. The results suggest that visible plaque on the labial surfaces of maxillary incisors of a young child is a sign of caries risk.
Timing of eruption of permanent teeth: Standard Finnish patient documents
Authors: Virtanen Jorma I. , Bloigu Risto S. , Larmas Markku A.
Published: March 2011

Abstract— Current standards for the eruption of teeth are constructed mostly on the basis of cross‐sectional data. The aim here was to analyze the suitability of the standard patient documents created for health center dental care purposes for the collection of longitudinal data on tooth emergence. Copies of the oral health records of the 911 children born in 1970 and 1971 and in 1980 and 1981 living in three rural communities in Finland were re‐examined and analyzed using a specially compiled computer program. The means and standard deviations are in line with previous results. The sex difference in emergence timing ranged from 0.1 to 1.0 years for the various teeth. The emergence of the teeth of the second phase of the mixed dentition was later in the children living in an endemic fluoride area, this difference being statistically greater for the boys than for the girls (95% CI for differences between means was used to evaluate statistical significance). A secular trend in the eruption of permanent teeth was found between 1970 and 1980. Patient documents are shown to be suitable for the collection of longitudinal data on dental emergence.
Oral health status and treatment needs in different age groups in two regions of Tanzania
Authors: Mosha H. J. , Ngilisho L. A. F. , Nkwera H. , Scheutz F. , Poulsen S.
Published: March 2011

Abstract— The present study was conducted in two regions of Tanzania, where development of oral health services is supported by the Danish International Development Agency (Danida). The study comprised 6035 subjects in five age groups (5–6 yr. 12 yr, 18 yr, 35–44 yr. 55 + yr). Data were collected using WHO's survey methodology. Dental caries affected the primary dentition of one third to one fourth of the 5–6‐yr‐olds and mean dft was less than 1.0 in both regions. DM FT for 12‐yr‐olds was also low (<1.5 DMFT), but was higher in older age groups, mainly due to more missing teeth. The F‐component was negligible in all age groups. Treatment need was mainly simple fillings and extractions. Most periodontal sextants in all age groups were affected by bleeding or calculus. Periodontal pockets were rare and loss of teeth limited. It is concluded that the oral health situation in Tanzania is better than that foreseen in the goals for oral health in Tanzania in the year 2002. On the basis of these findings and the severe economic constraints prevailing within the health services in Tanzania, a revision of The National Plan for Oral Health seems urgent. A realistic estimate of the cost and the possible sources of funding of the plan is mandatory.
Dental caries status of 12‐year‐old students in the State of Mexico
Authors: Irigoyen Maria , Szpunar Susan
Published: March 2011

Abstract— A total of 2275 schoolchildren 12 yr of age from the four health regions of the State of Mexico were examined for the prevalence and severity of dental caries. The proportion of caries‐free children was only 10%, and the DMFS index was 6.94. 78% of the index derived from decayed surfaces, and 19% from filled surfaces. Pits and fissures of the permanent first molars were the most frequently affected surfaces. Higher dental caries scores were found in rural areas compared with the urban centers. No significant relationship was found between use of dentifrice and dental caries. Several reasons for this lack of relationship are discussed. 10% of the children account for 23% of the DMFS index. Results indicate the need to aim preventive and restorative programs at the whole population as well as at specific high risk groups or individuals.
Relationship between wearing a removable partial denture and satisfaction in the elderly
Authors: Van Waas Marinus , Meeuwissen Joriétte , Meeuwissen Ronald , Käyser Arnd , Kalk Warner , Van't Hof Martin
Published: March 2011

Abstract— Natural dentitions of elderly people are often reduced, remaining teeth heavily restored and removable partial dentures (RPD's) frequently used to replace absent teeth. Lack of knowledge exists on how the elderly experience the comfort of these replacements. To get more insight 320 dentate noninstitutionalized subjects between 55 and 75 yr of age were clinically examined and interviewed by means of a questionnaire. Data showed that only 13% of the subjects had a complete dentition from the right to the left first molar; 50% had less than four occlusal units. 39% of the subjects was wearing a RPD Analysis showed that subjects with a RPD were in general less satisfied with their dental state than subjects without a partial denture. However, when the RPD added occlusal units to the dentition, satisfaction increased significantly. No differences in satisfaction were found between subjects with a metal frame prosthesis and an acrylic denture, nor between tooth‐bounded and distal extension prostheses. The conclusion can be drawn that the indication for a RPD should be limited in elderly people, unless the RPD increased the number of the occlusal units.
Relative value of dental procedures
Authors: Tuominen Risto , Tuominen Maija
Published: March 2011

Abstract— This study was conducted to develop a relative value method for dental procedures, and to evaluate the differences in values assigned by private and public sector dentists. Samples of 90 general practitioners and 120 clinical specialists were systematically drawn to represent all actively working Finnish dentists. The dentists were asked to assess the required time and know‐how for performing various procedures compared to performing a two‐surface amalgam filling (AF2). At the end, the dentists were asked to divide the value of 200 between time and know‐how for the reference procedure (AF2). These figures were then utilized to calculate the average relative value for each procedure. Private practitioners' weighted relative values were 55.3% higher than the prices, and among public sector dentists they were 27.9% higher. Overall, know‐how constituted more of the total value of the procedures than did time. Private practitioners' time assessments correlated well (r = 0.72–0.95) with the recommended prices. However, significant differences were often observed both in time and know‐how assessments of individual procedures. Both time and know‐how seem to be important factors when determining values for dental services. For evaluation of the value of output in the private sector, the use of prices is justified. However, when the productivity of non‐profit dental offices is evaluated, a value system which is not based on market prices is needed.
Social network, social support and dental status in elderly Swedish men
Authors: Hanson Bertil S. , Liedberg Birgitta , Öwall Bengt
Published: March 2011

Abstract— The objective of this study was to investigate whether there were associations between different aspects of social network and social support and dental status. The study sample (n = 621) comprised a random half of all male residents in Malmö, Sweden, born in 1914. Five hundred (80.5%) participated. Eight conceptually different aspects of social networks and social support were measured, and all men were clinically examined regarding number of teeth, prevalence of removable dentures, fixed bridges and anterior open tooth spaces. We found that some aspects of dental status were associated with social class, while others were associated with different aspects of social network and social support. Prevalence of complete dentures and fixed bridges was strongly associated with social class, a low number of functioning teeth was associated with both low social class belonging and an insufficient social network and social support, while anterior open tooth spaces were associated mostly with an insufficient social network and social support. This study shows that there are significant associations between some aspects of dental status and the social network and social support of the individual, while other aspects of dental status are associated with social class, which from a psychosocial perspective contribute to a deeper understanding of the backgrounds of dental status.
Improvement of a three‐dimensional measurement system for the evaluation of foot edema
Authors: Hirai M. , Iwata H. , Niimi K. , Miyazaki K. , Koyama A. , Komatsubara R.
Published: March 2011

Background/aims: This study investigated the accuracy and usefulness of a newly improved three‐dimensional measurement system for measuring the volume and circumference at the foot as well as at the calf and ankle.

Methods: Regarding the newly improved device, halogen light was projected from four directions instead of the conventional two directions. The circumference and volume were measured in the morning and evening with and without elastic stockings in 23 healthy subjects.

Results: The average circumference at the foot calculated using the ‘average method’, in which the circumference of the foot was measured in 10 places every 1 mm and the values were averaged, significantly increased in the evening compared with in the morning. When stockings were applied, the significant differences in the circumference or volume between the morning and evening disappeared at all sites of the leg.

Conclusion: The newly improved three‐dimensional measurement system incorporating the halogen light from four directions, in which the foot circumference was calculated using an ‘average method’, was reliable and useful for evaluating edema at the foot as well as at the calf and ankle. The beneficial effect of elastic stockings on edema prevention was observed at all sites of the leg.
The Unconventional Secretory Machinery of Fibroblast Growth Factor 2
Authors: Nickel Walter
Published: March 2011

Unconventional secretory proteins represent a subpopulation of extracellular factors that are exported from eukaryotic cells by mechanisms that do not depend on the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi complex. Various pathways have been implicated in unconventional secretion including those involving intracellular membrane‐bound intermediates and others that are based on direct protein translocation across plasma membranes. Interleukin 1β (IL1β) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) are classical examples of unconventional secretory proteins with IL1β believed to be present in intracellular vesicles prior to secretion. By contrast, FGF2 represents an example of a non‐vesicular mechanism of unconventional secretion. Here, the author discusses the current knowledge about the molecular machinery being involved in FGF2 secretion. To reveal both differential and common requirements, this review further aims at a comprehensive comparison of this mechanism with other unconventional secretory processes. In particular, a potentially general role of tyrosine phosphorylation as a regulatory signal in unconventional protein secretion will be discussed.
Declining oral cancer rates in Sri Lanka: are we winning the war after being at the top of the cancer league table?
Authors: Ariyawardana A , Warnakulasuriya S
Published: March 2011

Oral Diseases (2011) 17, 636–641

Objectives:  To investigate the age‐standardized incidence, demography, recent trends and patterns of incidence of oral cancer in Sri Lanka between 1985 and 2005.

Materials and methods:  Data on oral and oropharyngeal cancers were obtained from the published hospital‐based cancer registry reports in the years 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, and 2005. The data were analyzed by gender, age (<40 or >40 years), and by site. A linear regression analysis was performed on the age‐standardized oral and oropharyngeal cancer incidence rates to examine the trends over a 20‐year period.

Results:  There was a steady decline in the age‐standardized incidence of lip and oral cavity cancers over the past 20 years in both men and women. A significant reduction of 1.9% per year is noted over this period. Contrary to this, cancers of the oropharynx (C09, C10, and C14) showed a slight increase over the same period.

Conclusions:  Reversal of betel quid use and smoking must be considered in accounting for declining trends for oral cancer. Increasing rates of oropharyngeal cancer raises the issue whether risk factors for the oropharynx are different to those of the oral cavity, and this may need further investigation.
The relationships among child’s ability of mastication, dietary behaviour and physical fitness
Authors: Kibayashi M
Published: March 2011

To cite this article:
 
Int J Dent Hygiene
9, 2011; 127–131 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601‐5037.2010.00458.x Kibayashi M. The relationships among child’s ability of mastication, dietary behaviour and physical fitness.

Abstract:  To investigate the relationships between the ability of mastication and physical fitness, and between the ability of mastication and dietary behaviour in children, I examined these parameters using the data of sugar elution rate, physical fitness and athletic ability survey and self‐administered questionnaire on dietary behaviour on 171 sixth grade children (88 boys and 83 girls). The sugar elution rate was the index of the ability of mastication and was evaluated by the chewing gum method. The results of self‐administered questionnaire on dietary behaviour were used as an index of dietary behaviour. Physical fitness was evaluated by the physical fitness and athletic ability survey of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan. Regression analysis revealed that the sugar elution rate had significantly positive correlations with the mean grip strength, sit‐up, sit‐and‐reach, repetition side steps and ball throw. The results of self‐administered questionnaire on dietary behaviour revealed that the sugar elution rate was significantly higher in children, who had high expectation of food intake and high frequency of vegetable intake, than those with lower parameters. These results suggest that the ability of mastication correlates with physical fitness and dietary behaviour in children.
Pre‐inpatient evaluation on quality and impact of care in systemic mastocytosis and the influence of hospital stay periods from the perspective of patients: a pilot study
Authors: Nowak Anna , Gibbs Bernhard F. , Amon Ulrich
Published: March 2011

Background: The quality and impact of care in patients with mastocytosis has not yet been investigated in detail.

Patients and methods: Here, we report monocentric findings of a retrospective questionnaire from 84 adult inpatients with mastocytosis regarding the quality and impact of pre‐inpatient clinical care after a period of inpatient stay. It was possible to analyse the data derived from 50 patients (40 female, 10 male; 74 % with systemic mastocytosis, 26 % with cutaneous mastocytosis).

Results: Correct diagnoses were discovered to have taken over 2 years for 68 % of patients (up to 11 years). 58 % of patients required the consultation of three or more clinicians until the final diagnosis was reached; 3 patients consulted more than 9 doctors. The correct diagnosis was finally made in 94 % of patients by a dermatologist. The main symptoms expressed by the patients were skin disorders (92 %), itching (66 %) and exhaustion (48 %). From a patient perspective, the main triggering factors given were food and food additives (63 %), emotional stress (46 %) and physical exertion (44 %). Interdisciplinary inpatient treatment provided the patients with a better understanding of their disease in 90 %. Outpatient supervision was performed mainly by dermatologists (46 %), family doctors (40 %) and other clinicians (14 %). 22 % required the assistance of various doctors for their outpatient care. Only 14 % of patients reported that their daily life was relatively unaffected by mastocytosis. 22 % felt the disease slightly affected their quality of life, 20 % moderately, 26 % strongly and 18 % said the disease had a very strong impact on their quality of life. 82 % of patients browsed the Internet in order to find information regarding mastocytosis, although for 26 % this information was not deemed useful and 10 % felt rather unsettled.

Conclusions: Patients with severe mastocytosis requiring hospitalization reported clear restrictions in their daily life. Such patients require an improved interdisciplinary diagnostic approach and therapy.
Conditions affecting growth and developmental competence of mammalian oocytes in vitro
Authors: HIRAO Yuji
Published: March 2011

Mammalian ovaries contain a large number of oocytes at different stages of growth. To utilize potential female gametes, it is important to develop culture systems that permit oocytes to achieve full growth and competence in order to undergo maturation, fertilization and development. The desired culture systems should meet at least the following three conditions: (i) oocytes remain healthy and functional so that they can execute intrinsic programs that direct their growth and development; (ii) granulosa cells that are adjacent to oocytes proliferate efficiently to prevent oocytes from becoming denuded; and (iii) granulosa cells maintain (and develop) appropriate associations with oocytes during the culture period. For this reason, several systems have been developed, and they can be classified into four categories based on the structure and components of the follicle/oocyte–granulosa cell complex and the location of the oocyte in the physical organization of the complex. The resultant diverse morphologies are due to multiple factors, including the method for initial isolation of follicles, the culture substrate, and hormones and other factors added into the medium. It is important to find an optimal combination of such factors involved in the process to facilitate future research efforts.
Metabolism of microbial nitrogen in ruminants with special reference to nucleic acids
Authors: FUJIHARA Tsutomu , SHEM Martin N.
Published: March 2011

Characteristically the metabolism of microbial nitrogen (N) compounds in ruminants involves the degradation of dietary N and synthesis of microbial protein (MP), compounds including a small amount of peptides and free amino acids, which may account for 75–85% of total N and the remainder are nucleic acids (NA: DNA and RNA). Generally rumen microbes contain 10–25% NA‐N of the total N while 70–80% is in the form of RNA. This paper describes the degradation and synthesis of NA in the rumen and their fate in the lower digestive tracts. Their physiological and nutritional significance in different types of ruminant animals is also discussed. The research works on NA metabolism in ruminants has been mainly on metabolism of purines after rumen microbial digestion and absorption in the lower gut. Subsequently, the fate of absorbed purines has been intensively investigated to assess the extent of MP synthesis in the rumen. The method for predicting ruminal synthesized MP and subsequently digested MP has been proposed using urinary purine derivative (PD) excretion in sheep and cattle fed on ordinary feed. The latter approach has now been adopted for calculation of protein supply in some feeding standards, although there are still difficulties in predicting representative samples of rumen microbes, and also uncertainties in variations of non‐renal and endogenous purine losses.
Applications of Bayesian model averaging to the curvature and size of the Universe
Authors: Vardanyan Mihran , Trotta Roberto , Silk Joseph
Published: March 2011

Bayesian model averaging is a procedure to obtain parameter constraints that account for the uncertainty about the correct cosmological model. We use recent cosmological observations and Bayesian model averaging to derive tight limits on the curvature parameter, as well as robust lower bounds on the curvature radius of the Universe and its minimum size, while allowing for the possibility of an evolving dark energy component. Because flat models are favoured by Bayesian model selection, we find that model-averaged constraints on the curvature and size of the Universe can be considerably stronger than non-model-averaged ones. For the most conservative prior choice (based on inflationary considerations), our procedure improves on non-model-averaged constraints on the curvature by a factor of ∼2. The curvature scale of the Universe is conservatively constrained to be Rc > 42 Gpc (99 per cent), corresponding to a lower limit to the number of Hubble spheres in the Universe NU > 251 (99 per cent).
The shortest period detached binary white dwarf system
Authors: Kilic Mukremin , Brown Warren R. , Kenyon S. J. , Prieto Carlos Allende , Andrews J. , Kleinman S. J. , Winget K. I. , Winget D. E. , Hermes J. J.
Published: March 2011

We identify SDSSJ010657.39−100003.3 (hereafter J0106−1000) as the shortest period detached binary white dwarf (WD) system currently known. We targeted J0106−1000 as part of our radial velocity programme to search for companions around known extremely low-mass (ELM; ∼0.2M⊙) WDs using the 6.5-m Multiple Mirror Telescope. We detect peak-to-peak radial velocity variations of 740kms−1 with an orbital period of 39.1min. The mass function and optical photometry rule out a main-sequence star companion. Follow-up high-speed photometric observations obtained at the McDonald 2.1-m telescope reveal ellipsoidal variations from the distorted primary but no eclipses. This is the first example of a tidally distorted WD. Modelling the light curve, we constrain the inclination angle of the system to be 67°± 13°. J0106−1000 contains a pair of WDs (0.17M⊙ primary + 0.43M⊙ invisible secondary) at a separation of 0.32R⊙. The two WDs will merge in 37Myr and most likely form a core He-burning single subdwarf star. J0106−1000 is the shortest time-scale merger system currently known. The gravitational wave strain from J0106−1000 is at the detection limit of the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). However, accurate ephemeris and orbital period measurements may enable LISA to detect J0106−1000 above the Galactic background noise.
Estimating Aquifer Channel Recharge Using Optical Data Interpretation
Authors: Walter Gary R. , Necsoiu Marius , McGinnis Ronald
Published: March 2011

Recharge through intermittent and ephemeral stream channels is believed to be a primary aquifer recharge process in arid and semiarid environments. The intermittent nature of precipitation and flow events in these channels, and their often remote locations, makes direct flow and loss measurements difficult and expensive. Airborne and satellite optical images were interpreted to evaluate aquifer recharge due to stream losses on the Frio River in south‐central Texas. Losses in the Frio River are believed to be a major contributor of recharge to the Edwards Aquifer. The results of this work indicate that interpretation of readily available remote sensing optical images can offer important insights into the spatial distribution of aquifer recharge from losing streams. In cases where upstream gauging data are available, simple visual analysis of the length of the flowing reach downstream from the gauging station can be used to estimate channel losses. In the case of the Frio River, the rate of channel loss estimated from the length of the flowing reach at low flows was about half of the loss rate calculated from in‐stream gain‐loss measurements. Analysis based on water‐surface width and channel slope indicated that losses were mainly in a reach downstream of the mapped recharge zone. The analysis based on water‐surface width, however, did not indicate that this method could yield accurate estimates of actual flow in pool and riffle streams, such as the Frio River and similar rivers draining the Edwards Plateau.