bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sonographic assessment of fetal secondary palate between 12 and 16 weeks of gestation using three‐dimensional ultrasound
Authors: Zajicek Michal , Achiron Reuven , Weisz Boaz , Shrim Alon , Gindes Liat
Published: October 2013

Objective

To evaluate fetal secondary palate in fetuses at 12 to 16 weeks' gestation by three‐dimensional ultrasound.

Methods

Between June 2006 and July 2008, volumes of palate were prospectively acquired in fetuses at gestational age of 12 to 16 weeks. Acquisition was performed when the fetus was facing the transducer with head extended at an angle of 30° to 40° to the ultrasound beam. Secondary palate was assessed off‐line.

Results

Secondary palate was assessed in 45 fetuses with normal face anatomy and 4 fetuses with malformations of the face (one with retrognathia, one with retrognathia and micrognathia, one with cleft lip and one with cleft lip and primary palate). The secondary palate was visualized in 19/49 (38.7%) fetuses: in 2/49, only hard palate was demonstrated; in 6/49, only soft palate and in 11/49, both hard and soft palate were fully demonstrated.

Conclusion

Information concerning evenness of secondary palate may be provided by three‐dimensional ultrasound in 38.7% of examined fetuses at 12 to 16 weeks of gestation. This examination should be offered in pregnancies at high risk for cleft palate. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synergistic effect of three‐dimensional multi‐walled carbon nanotube–graphene nanofiller in enhancing the mechanical and thermal properties of high‐performance silicone rubber
Authors: Pradhan Bratati , Srivastava Suneel Kumar
Published: October 2013

The homogeneous dispersion of nanofillers and filler–matrix interfacial interactions are important factors in the development of high‐performance polymer materials for various applications. In the present work, a simple solution‐mixing method was used to prepare multi‐walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)–graphene (G) (3:1, 1:1, 1:3) hybrids followed by their characterization through wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analyses. Subsequently, MWCNT–G (1:1) hybrid was used as reinforcing filler in the formation of silicone rubber (VMQ) nanocomposites by solution intercalation, and their morphology and properties were investigated. Our findings showed that MWCNT–G (0.75 wt%)/VMQ composite exhibited significant improvements in tensile strength (110%) and Young's modulus (137%) compared to neat VMQ. The thermal stability of MWCNT–G (1 wt%)/VMQ was maximally improved by 154 °C compared to neat VMQ. Differential scanning calorimetry demonstrated the maximum improvement of glass transition temperature (4 °C), crystallization temperature (8 °C) and melting temperature (5 °C) for MWCNT–G (1 wt%)/VMQ nanocomposite with respect to neat VMQ. Swelling measurements confirmed that the crosslink density and solvent resistance were a maximum for hybrid nanocomposites. Such improvements in the properties of MWCNT–G/VMQ nanocomposites could be attributed to a synergistic effect of the hybrid filler. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Patterning of organic photovoltaic modules by ultrafast laser
Authors: Kubis Peter , Li Ning , Stubhan Tobias , Machui Florian , Matt Gebhard J. , Voigt Monika M. , Brabec Christoph J.
Published: October 2013

In this paper, we demonstrate that laser patterning of organic solar cells by ultrafast laser systems (pulse length <350 fs) is an attractive process to produce photovoltaic modules with outstanding high geometric fill factors. Moreover, in terms of precision, registration, and debris generation and in terms of keeping the damage to the underneath layers at a minimum, ultrafast laser patterning with a pulse length of few hundreds of femtoseconds turns out to yield superior results. Ablation of all three different solar cell layers (electrodes (P1 and P3) and interfaces and semiconductor (P2)) is achieved with a single wavelength simply by a precise adjustment of the laser fluence and the patterning overlap. Camera positioning allows a precise registration between the various processing steps and a reduction of the width of the overall interconnection regime to the hundreds of micrometers dimension, resulting in high geometrical fill factors of over 90% for monolithically interconnected organic solar cell modules. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mesoporous silica particles grafted with poly(ethyleneoxide‐block‐N‐vinylcaprolactam)
Authors: Karesoja Mikko , McKee Jason , Karjalainen Erno , Hietala Sami , Bergman Lotta , Linden Mika , Tenhu Heikki
Published: October 2013

Mesoporous silica particles were grafted with thermoresponsive poly(ethyleneoxide‐b‐N‐vinylcaprolactam), PEO‐b‐PVCL. N‐vinylcaprolactam was first polymerized on particle surfaces using surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI‐ATRP) and then, the poly(ethyleneoxide) blocks were attached to the PVCL chain ends with click chemistry. The sizes, thermoresponsiviness, and colloidal stability of SiO2‐PVCL and SiO2‐PVCL‐b‐PEO particles and their aqueous dispersions were studied by scanning electron microscopy, turbidimetry, dynamic light scattering, zeta sizer, and microcalorimetry. The phase separation temperature of the PEO‐b‐PVCL grafted particles did not considerably differ from that of the SiO2‐PVCL particles. The zeta potential of the grafted particles was close to zero at room temperature but decreased strongly upon heating. The decrease is related to the collapse of the PVCL blocks and correspondingly, the exposure of the silica surface toward the aqueous phase. The colloidal stability of the particles could be enhanced by adding PEO blocks to the chain ends of the PVCL grafts. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 5012–5020
Synthesis and characterization of thermally crosslinkable hole‐transporting polymers for PLEDs
Authors: Park Sang‐Mi , Yook Kyoung‐Soo , Lee Woo‐Hyung , Hong Yongtaek , Lee Jun‐Yeob , Kang In‐Nam
Published: October 2013

Two new thermally crosslinkable hole‐transporting polymers, X‐PTPA and X‐PCz, were synthesized via Yamamoto coupling reactions. The number‐averaged molecular weights (Mn) of X‐PTPA and X‐PCz were found to be 45,000 and 48,000, respectively, and therewith, polydispersity indices were of 1.8 and 1.7, respectively. Thermally crosslinked X‐PTPA and X‐PCz exhibit excellent solvent resistance and stable optoelectronic properties. The UV–visible maximum absorption peaks of X‐PTPA and X‐PCz in the thin film state are at 389 and 322 nm, respectively. The HOMO levels of X‐PTPA and X‐PCz are estimated to be −5.27 and −5.39 eV, respectively. Multilayered devices (ITO/crosslinked X‐PTPA or X‐PCz/SY‐PPV/LiF/Al) were fabricated with SY (SuperYellow) as the emitting layer. The maximum efficiency of the multilayered device with a crosslinked X‐PTPA layer is approximately three times higher than that of the device without a crosslinked X‐PTPA layer and much higher than that of the crosslinked X‐PCz device. This result can be explained by the observations that crosslinked X‐PTPA produces increased electron accumulation within the emitter, SY, and also efficient exciton formation due to improved charge balance. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 5111–5117
Is digoxin use for cardiovascular disease associated with risk of prostate cancer?
Authors: Wright Jonathan L. , Hansten Philip D. , Stanford Janet L.
Published: October 2013

PURPOSE

Digoxin is a commonly used medication for heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias that has recently been suggested as a novel chemotherapeutic agent. Preclinical studies of prostate cancer (PCa) have shown anti‐tumor activity with digoxin. We explore the relationship between use of digoxin and PCa risk.

METHODS

Data from a population‐based case–control study of incident cases aged 35–74 years at PCa diagnosis in 2002–2005 in King County, Washington were available. Controls were identified by random digit dialing and frequency matched by age. Use of digoxin was determined from in‐person questionnaires regarding medical and prescription history. The relationship of digoxin use with PCa risk was evaluated with logistic regression.

RESULTS

One thousand one cases of PCa and 942 controls were analyzed. The prevalence of digoxin use in controls was 2.7%, and use was positively correlated with age. In multivariate analysis adjusting for age, race, PSA screening, and family history of PCa, digoxin use was associated with a reduction in the odds ratio of PCa (OR 0.58, 95% CI: 0.30–1.10). Among those with ≥3 PSA tests over the preceding 5 years (546 cases, 380 controls), digoxin use was associated with a stronger reduction of PCa risk (OR 0.44, 95% CI: 0.20–0.98).

CONCLUSION

These data indicate digoxin use may be associated with a reduction in risk of PCa. Given the potential mechanisms by which digoxin may exert an anti‐neoplastic effect and other recent studies showing a negative association between digoxin use and PCa, further research is warranted. Prostate 74:97–102, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Charge transport through perylene bisimide molecular junctions: An electrochemical approach
Authors: Li Chen , Stepanenko Vladimir , Lin Mei‐Jin , Hong Wenjing , Würthner Frank , Wandlowski Thomas
Published: October 2013

Single molecular junction conductances of a family of five symmetric and two unsymmetric perylene tetracarboxylic bisimides (PBI) with variable bay‐area substituents were studied employing a scanning tunneling microscope (STM)‐based break junction technique. The stretching experiments provide clear evidence for the formation of single molecular junctions and π–π stacked dimers. Electrolyte gating demonstrates a distinct gating effect in symmetric molecular junctions, which strongly depends on molecular structure and properties of the solvent/electrolyte. Weak π–π‐coupling in the unsymmetric dimers prevents rectification.
Gadolinium‐Conjugated Gold Nanoshells for Multimodal Diagnostic Imaging and Photothermal Cancer Therapy
Authors: Coughlin Andrew J. , Ananta Jeyarama S. , Deng Nanfu , Larina Irina V. , Decuzzi Paolo , West Jennifer L.
Published: October 2013

Multimodal imaging offers the potential to improve diagnosis and enhance the specificity of photothermal cancer therapy. Toward this goal, gadolinium‐conjugated gold nanoshells are engineered and it is demonstrated that they enhance contrast for magnetic resonance imaging, X‐ray, optical coherence tomography, reflectance confocal microscopy, and two‐photon luminescence. Additionally, these particles effectively convert near‐infrared light to heat, which can be used to ablate cancer cells. Ultimately, these studies demonstrate the potential of gadolinium‐nanoshells for image‐guided photothermal ablation.
Toxicity associated with repeated administration of artemether–lumefantrine in rats
Authors: Owumi Solomon E. , Gbadegesin Michael A. , Odunola Oyeronke A. , Adegoke Ayodeji M. , Uwaifo Anthony O.
Published: October 2013

Chemotherapy remains an important approach in the fight against malaria. Artemether–lumefantrine combination is widely in use due to its effectiveness against Plasmodium falciparum. Misuse in the form of multiple repeated doses of this anti‐malaria drug is rampant in Nigeria. This study was designed to assess the hepatotoxic and clastogenic potential of extreme misuse of artemether–lumefantrine in rats. Graded doses of artemether–lumefantrine (1–5 mg/kg body weight) were administered by oral gavage for 6 weeks, twice daily, for 3 consecutive days per week. Artemether–lumefantrine, at all doses, did not have significant effects on the body and relative liver weight of treated group compared to the negative control group. The mean γ‐glutamyltransferase, alanine, and aspartate aminotransaminase activity in groups of artemether–lumefantrine treated rats were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of the negative control group indicating that repeated administration of artemether–lumefantrine may be hepatotoxic. Findings from histological analyses of liver cross‐section support the enzyme pattern of hepatoxicity. In addition, the drug, at all experimental doses, significantly induced (p < 0.05) formation of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in the bone marrow cells of the treated rats compared with the negative control indicating clastogenic potential of the drug when misused. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 30: 301–307, 2015.
CaRch1p does not functionally interact with the high‐affinity Ca2+ influx system (HACS) of Candida albicans
Authors: Alber Joerg , Jiang Linghuo , Geyer Joachim
Published: October 2013

The plasma membrane protein CaRch1p of Candida albicans, homologous to the human solute carrier protein SLC10A7, is involved in the regulation of calcium homeostasis. C. albicans cells lacking CaRCH1 are hypersensitive to high extracellular Ca2+ concentrations and show increased tolerance to ketoconazole (KCZ). We assume a higher basal Ca2+ influx in the rch1/rch1 mutant strain at low extracellular Ca2+ concentrations, which is not detrimental to C. albicans cells but may be sufficient to activate calcineurin, finally resulting in an increased tolerance to KCZ. However, at 8 µg/ml KCZ plus 3 mm Ca2+ the rch1/rch1 mutant and the wild‐type strains showed identical growth. By further increasing the Ca2+ concentration to 30 mm, this phenotype was completely reversed and the rch1/rch1 mutant strain became extremely sensitive to 8 µg/ml KCZ, probably due to synergistic toxic effects of Ca2+ and KCZ under these conditions. Furthermore, we aimed to clarify whether CaRch1p interacts with the Cch1p component of the voltage‐gated calcium influx channel Cch1p/Mid1p in C. albicans cells. As disruption of the two alleles of CCH1 in the rch1/rch1 mutant strain did not alter its hypersensitivity to high extracellular Ca2+, and as this phenotype was completely abolished by low amounts of Mg2+ in the rch1/rch1 mutant as well as in the cch1/cch1 rch1/rch1 double mutant, we conclude that CaRch1p is a functional component of the low‐affinity calcium uptake system (LACS) system and does not functionally interact with Cch1p. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Airborne Bacterial Populations Above Desert Soils of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica
Authors: Bottos Eric M. , Woo Anthony C. , Zawar-Reza Peyman , Pointing Stephen B. , Cary Stephen C.
Published: October 2013

Bacteria are assumed to disperse widely via aerosolized transport due to their small size and resilience. The question of microbial endemicity in isolated populations is directly related to the level of airborne exogenous inputs, yet this has proven hard to identify. The ice-free terrestrial ecosystem of Antarctica, a geographically and climatically isolated continent, was used to interrogate microbial bio-aerosols in relation to the surrounding ecology and climate. High-throughput sequencing of bacterial ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes was combined with analyses of climate patterns during an austral summer. In general terms, the aerosols were dominated by Firmicutes, whereas surrounding soils supported Actinobacteria-dominated communities. The most abundant taxa were also common to aerosols from other continents, suggesting that a distinct bio-aerosol community is widely dispersed. No evidence for significant marine input to bio-aerosols was found at this maritime valley site, instead local influence was largely from nearby volcanic sources. Back trajectory analysis revealed transport of incoming regional air masses across the Antarctic Plateau, and this is envisaged as a strong selective force. It is postulated that local soil microbial dispersal occurs largely via stochastic mobilization of mineral soil particulates.
Implementation of the sludge biotic index in a petrochemical WWTP in Brazil: improving operational control with traditional methods
Authors: Leal Ana Lusia , Dalzochio Marina Schmidt , Flores Tatiane Strogulski , de Alves Aline Scherer , Macedo Julio Cesar , Valiati Victor Hugo
Published: October 2013

Microbiological analysis of activated sludge is an important tool for monitoring wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The utilization of the sludge biotic index (SBI) provides helpful information in examining the quality of biological treatment process and has been tested for several different systems. Although its utilization has been increasing, it is still not widespread, especially in Brazil. Also, its applicability has been considered limited for some particular systems. Thus, it becomes important to evaluate the relations among operational and biological parameters of each WWTP in order to characterize the system and its variations. In this work, microscopic analysis were performed once a week for 1 year (n = 54) and the results were compared to the physicochemical, operational parameters and efficiency of the plant along the period. The four seasons were comprised and analyzed, as we cannot neglect the influence of environmental changes in this subtropical region. Not only had we found a strong influence of the evaluated parameters on the structure of the biological community but there is also a good correspondence of SBI with the performance of the WWTP. More importantly, including microscopic analysis in the operational routine made it possible to notice even the slightest changes in the biological community that were not enough to diminish the SBI classification of the sludge, but were satisfactorily informative to show in advance to operators when to take corrective actions about an increase of COD and BOD in the influent and when it was necessary to discard the exceeding sludge.
A proof of the Kuramoto conjecture for a bifurcation structure of the infinite-dimensional Kuramoto model
Authors: CHIBA HAYATO
Published: October 2013

The Kuramoto model is a system of ordinary differential equations for describing synchronization phenomena defined as coupled phase oscillators. In this paper, a bifurcation structure of the infinite-dimensional Kuramoto model is investigated. A purpose here is to prove the bifurcation diagram of the model conjectured by Kuramoto in 1984; if the coupling strength $K$ between oscillators, which is a parameter of the system, is smaller than some threshold ${K}_{c} $, the de-synchronous state (trivial steady state) is asymptotically stable, while if $K$ exceeds ${K}_{c} $, a non-trivial stable solution, which corresponds to the synchronization, bifurcates from the de-synchronous state. One of the difficulties in proving the conjecture is that a certain non-selfadjoint linear operator, which defines a linear part of the Kuramoto model, has the continuous spectrum on the imaginary axis. Hence, the standard spectral theory is not applicable to prove a bifurcation as well as the asymptotic stability of the steady state. In this paper, the spectral theory on a space of generalized functions is developed with the aid of a rigged Hilbert space to avoid the continuous spectrum on the imaginary axis. Although the linear operator has an unbounded continuous spectrum on a Hilbert space, it is shown that it admits a spectral decomposition consisting of a countable number of eigenfunctions on a space of generalized functions. The semigroup generated by the linear operator will be estimated with the aid of the spectral theory on a rigged Hilbert space to prove the linear stability of the steady state of the system. The center manifold theory is also developed on a space of generalized functions. It is proved that there exists a finite-dimensional center manifold on a space of generalized functions, while a center manifold on a Hilbert space is of infinite dimension because of the continuous spectrum on the imaginary axis. These results are applied to the stability and bifurcation theory of the Kuramoto model to obtain a bifurcation diagram conjectured by Kuramoto.
K-theory and mapping spaces: an appendix to “Equivariant semi-topological K-homology and a theorem of Thomason”
Authors: Østvær Paul Arne
Published: October 2013

We discuss a geometric model for equivariant algebraic K-theory of quasiprojective varieties. This is inspired by and extends earlier work of Grayson-Walker on algebraic K-theory and related theories. Our main result is used by Hornbostel-Heller in their work on equivariant semi-topological K-homology and a theorem of Thomason.
Genotypic relationships betweenTaenia saginata, Taenia asiaticaand their hybrids
Authors: YAMANE KANAKO , YANAGIDA TETSUYA , LI TIAOYING , CHEN XINGWANG , DEKUMYOY PARON , WAIKAGUL JITRA , NKOUAWA AGATHE , NAKAO MINORU , SAKO YASUHITO , ITO AKIRA , SATO HIROSHI , OKAMOTO MUNEHIRO
Published: October 2013

Partial sequences of the DNA polymerase delta (pold) gene fromTaenia saginata-like adult worms were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed thatpoldgene sequences were clearly divided into two clades, differing from each other in five to seven nucleotides. There is little doubt thatT. saginataandTaenia asiaticawere once separated into two distinct taxa as has been concluded in previous studies. On the other hand, most of the adult worms, which were identified asT. asiaticausing mitochondrial DNA, were homozygous for an allele that originated from the allele ofT. saginatavia single nucleotide substitution. These results indicate that most of the adult worms, which had been calledT. asiatica, are not actually ‘pureT. asiatica’ but instead originated from the hybridization of ‘pureT. saginata’ and ‘pureT. asiatica’.
§ II.—Antiquities found in the British Zone 1915–1919
Authors: Gardner E. A. , Casson S.
Published: October 2013

The allied forces landed at Salonika early in October 1915. For the first few months, which included the great retreat from Serbia, the military situation was too critical for much attention to be given to antiquities. But towards the end of the year the army of occupation settled down on its defensive lines in the neighbourhood of the town, which ran approximately from the river Galiko, near Naresh, to the sea at Stavros (PI. I.); and as trenches, gun emplacements, and dug-outs were constructed all along these lines, it soon became obvious that there were chances of interesting and valuable discoveries. In particular, the numerous mounds which are familiar to Macedonian archaeologists lent themselves readily to military purposes. I accordingly made a representation to Col. Cunliffe Owen, who was acting as Military Intelligence Officer, and a note was issued in General Orders about the end of December, ordering that all antiquities found should be reported to Headquarters, in order that they should, as soon as possible, be inspected, and, if necessary, taken over by me.
§ IV.—Mounds and other ancient Sites in the Region of Salonika
Authors: Cooksey W. , Woodward A. M. , Casson S.
Published: October 2013

The Object of these notes is to draw attention to some ancient sites mostly within easy reach of Salonika which seem to have hitherto escaped the notice of travellers. It has been possible to make a few additions to the list of mounds published by Mr. Wace in 1915, and supplementary notes are added in a few cases-where further exploration has confirmed or modified his conclusions. A few of the mounds given in his list have been excavated with varying degrees of thoroughness, but it is to be feared that the results will not be published as a whole, and in many instances not at all.
The Folk-Lore of a Turkish Labour Battalion
Authors: Welch F. B.
Published: October 2013

For over a year I had charge of a Labour Battalion of Turks in the Struma valley in Macedonia. They were chiefly recruited from two villages in the hills west of the river. In the course of conversation with them I naturally discovered a good many items of their beliefs, which I jotted down from time to time; this does not claim, however, to be a scientific record.

Most of the details were supplied to me by a young Turk named Ali Mustafa, from a small village called Cherkess Keui near the Struma. His grandfather, like so many other Circassians, had left the Caucasus after the Russo-Turkish war, and had been planted by the Government in one of the many new villages which were formed for these immigrants. This particular village was very unhealthy, and in consequence there were only three of the original families left.
A British Officer on Active Service, 1799
Authors: Wace A. J. B.
Published: October 2013

The letters here published were written by Major John Finlay R.E. to his wife during his absence on active service in the Netherlands in 1799 and form part of the Finlay papers preserved with the library of his son George Finlay, the Philhellene and Historian, in the British School at Athens.

John Finlay was the eldest of the numerous family of James Finlay, merchant and manufacturer, of Argyle Street, Glasgow, and of Abigail Wharry his wife. He was born there in 1757 on September 18th, and entered Glasgow University as a student in 1770. Later he adopted the army as his profession and received his commission in the Royal Engineers on May 25th, 1790. He served in the West Indies, and among his papers are some sketches made there and dedicated to his patron the Duke of Richmond, then Master General of the Ordnance, as well as plans for attacking various places held by the enemy in America, including Buenos Ayres.
Some Byzantine Musical Manuscripts at Cambridge
Authors: Tillyard H. J. W.
Published: October 2013

The whole subject of Byzantine music deserves far more attention from musicians than it has yet received. The richest store-houses of Byzantine musical manuscripts are the great monastic libraries of Athos, Patmos, and Sinai. There the copying of liturgical books was an important industry in the Middle Ages, and the monasteries, being also the centres of musical study, produced standard works for their own use, besides distributing them among the leading Churches in the Christian East. Valuable collections are also kept in the National Library at Athens, the Vatican, at Grotta-Ferrata, Vienna and Paris. But there are many other libraries in different parts of Europe into which a few Byzantine musical MSS. have found their way, and in our own land a few specimens have been lying for years or centuries, neglected and unread.
Archaic Argive Terracotta Figurines to 525 B.C.
Authors: Jenkins R. J. H.
Published: October 2013

There are in existence three more or less representative collections of Argive terracottas. The most complete and important is that from the Argive Heraeum; a good supplementary collection comes from the Heraeum at Tiryns; thirdly, some hundred, mostly fragmentary, but, where the heads are undamaged, highly important Argive figurines have been discovered at the Heraeum of Perachora in the northern Corinthia. A fourth group—from Hagios Sostis or Tegea—is patently within the Argive sphere of influence, but, as we shall see, succumbs very early to Corinthian influence also, and must be regarded as hybrid. Other small groups have been found at a number of sites in or near the Argolid, of which the most considerable was discovered at Argos itself.
Introduction
Authors: Myres John L.
Published: October 2013

The remote date of the researches here described needs a word of explanation and apology.

In the latter part of the year 1913 the Committee of the Cyprus Museum received a Government grant for the purpose of exploratory work on sites selected to illustrate principal periods and aspects of antiquity, and to provide the basis for estimates of the value and the cost of operations on a larger scale. I accepted the invitation of the Committee to supervise this project, and to give to my former pupil at Oxford, Mr. Menelaos Markides, then Keeper of the Cyprus Museum, the personal introduction to field work which might enable him to continue such excavations, on a modest scale, on his own responsibility. As there was some prospect of finding human remains, I obtained from the British Association for the Advancement of Science a small grant to meet the expenses of another friend and pupil, the late Leonard H. D. Buxton of Exeter College, Oxford, who held the Oxford Diploma in Anthropology, and had been engaged in anthropometric work in the excavations of Sir Henry Wellcome at Jebel Moya in the Sudan.
Aphrodite Anadyomene
Authors: Myres John L.
Published: October 2013

In ancient tradition, Aphrodite had her great sanctuary at Paphos, because it was here that she ‘rose from the sea.’ And there is a very good reason why she should have been supposed to have ‘risen from the sea’ at Paphos; a natural occurrence which it was possible to study and to explain during a spell of very stormy weather in December 1913.

The edge of the plateau, on which the Paphian Temple stands, approaches the coast a little south of the outfall of the Xylino stream, whose ravine bounds the sanctuary to the eastward. From this point north-westwards to New Paphos (Ktima), where a similar plateau-spur shelters a precarious anchorage—the Roman, mediaeval, and modern port—is a single slightly-bayed stretch of steep shingle with level fields inland, the ‘fertile plain stretching down to the sea’ in the sketch-map, JHS IX pl. vii.
Royal Letters in Beroea
Authors: Cormack J. M. R.
Published: October 2013

When Woodward first published, among the inscriptions found by Wace in Beroea, the letters of Demetrius II to Harpalus, he had not a first-hand acquaintance with the stone and had, therefore, to rely on Wace's copy and squeezes. Now this stele, suffering as it does from water-erosion, yields very little by squeezing. It must be studied at first-hand and in a good light. Woodward himself realised this, when he said : ‘Prolonged study of the stone in a favourable light might recover a few more letters.’ It was my good fortune to be able to study the original in these favourable circumstances during a visit to Beroea in 1936 in the company of Mr. C. F. Edson of Harvard University. Our method was to moisten the surface of the stone and study it letter by letter in bright sunlight, and in the light of a powerful electric torch from different angles. Often the presence of a letter could be detected only by observing the discoloration left by the chisel-strokes.
Early Attic Votive Monuments
Authors: Raubitschek Anton E.
Published: October 2013

In Ö. Jh. XXXI Beibl. 21 ff., I published my attempts to put together a number of early Attic votive pedestals, bases, columns, and capitals. I now follow this up by a publication of some Attic archaic monuments which I have similarly connected with their pedestals. Mr. G. M. Young was kind enough to translate into English the first draft of this paper, which was originally written in German.

I have excluded from this article the monument to which the Nike, Acropolis no. 690, belonged, as this seemed to me to deserve separate treatment (AJA XLIV). I have also excluded a further series of pedestals, which I have assembled but have not been able to connect with any sculptural fragments. I published these elsewhere in the course of a more general treatise on the technique and form of early Attic statue bases (Bull. Bulg. XII). The references to the sculptural fragments are given here as published in the first and second sections of Schrader Die archaischen Marmorbildwerke der Akropolis; Langlotz Die Koren; and Schuchhardt Rundwerke ausser den Koren.
Inscriptions from Aphrodisias
Authors: Cormack J. M. R.
Published: October 2013

Of the considerable epigraphic harvest gathered by W. Kubitschek and W. Reichel in Geyre (Aphrodisias) in 1893, during their stay of sixteen days, only a few inscriptions were published in the Anzeiger der kaiserl. Akademie der Wissensch. zu Wien 1893, 100–3. Some of the inscriptions recorded in Kubitschek and Reichel's notebooks were published independently by Th. Reinach from Gaudin's squeezes, in REG xix (1906), 79–150, 205–98. Reinach's nos. 13, 17, 127, 7, 70, 77, 50, 146 bis, 32, and 62 (all published as new) are respectively nos. 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 14 of Kubitschek and Reichel's article cited above.
Details and Chronology of Greek Theatre Caveas
Authors: Dilke O. A. W.
Published: October 2013

The following abbreviations have been used, in addition to those already used in the Annual.

Arias. P. E. Arias, Il teatro greco fuori di Atene, Firenze, 1934.

Bieber, Denkmäler. Margarete Bieber, Denkmäler zum Theaterwesen, Berlin and Leipzig, 1920.

Bieber, H. T. Id., History of the Greek and Roman Theater, Princeton, 1939.

Bulle. H. Bulle, Untersuchungen an griechischen Theatern, München, 1928.

D-R. W. Dörpfeld and E. Reisch, Das griechische Theater, Athens, 1896.

Defrasse. A. Defrasse and H. Lechat, Epidaure, Paris, 1895.

Fiechter, A I, A III. E. Fiechter, Das Dionysostheater in Athen, I, III (Antike griech. Theatergebäude, Stuttgart, 1930–37).

Fiechter, Eretria. Id., Das Theater in Eretria (same series; similarly Fiechter, Megalopolis, Oropos, Sikyon).

Guide Bleu. Guide Bleu, La Grèce, 1935 ed.

Thera. F. Hiller von Gärtringen, Thera, 1899–1902.

Thanks are due to the editors, and to Mr. A. M. Woodward (on the subject of the theatre at Sparta), for their kind help and criticism.

This article is intended to form a supplement to The Greek Theatre Cavea in BSA XLIII, 125 ff. In the case of the theatre of Dionysus at Athens a detailed description is not necessary, as the works of Fiechter and Pickard-Cambridge cover nearly all the ground; comment is therefore confined to measurements of seats, etc. Theatres visited in Greece and the Aegean only are included.
Homeric Art
Authors: Myres J. L.
Published: October 2013

The phrase ‘Homeric Art’ is ambiguous. It may mean either the poet's description of works of art familiar to himself and his audience, or transmitted to them as the furniture of the legends; or the poet's own style of presentation, in relation to other modes of craftsmanship in his time. There is also the reproduction, by painting or otherwise, of episodes from the poems, and as these may be contemporary as well as later, the study of them merges in that of Homeric representations, either of scenes of combat, or of the wild life which inspired so many of the similes.
Excavations in Ithaca, III
Authors: Benton Sylvia
Published: October 2013

The site lies on the north-west side of the Bay of Pólis (Fig. 1), in a gash on the hillside where rock has fallen away, leaving a sheer face on the south of the site and the débris of undercliff on the north. The sea lies to the east and the entrance to the site on the north is blocked by fallen rocks (Fig. 3). Its position with regard to the other excavations round Stavrós in North Ithaca can be seen on the general plan of the area (Fig. 2 of the preceding article); our Fig. 2 shews the steep hill-side round the site.

The cave was accidentally discovered by the proprietor Louisos when digging a pit for a lime-kiln. Schliemann found the excavation in progress in 1864, but did not realize its importance.
The Evolution of the Tripod-Lebes
Authors: Benton Sylvia
Published: October 2013

The tripod-lebes is characterized by two round vertical handles cast with a plate behind and a strap in front, both of which are riveted to the cauldron, and by three legs, each cast with a plate, also riveted to the cauldron and supported by struts. Schwendemann asserts that it is properly a cooking-pot, for in Homer a mixing-bowl is a krater, but a big tripod is put on the fire to provide bath-water, and a hog could be seethed in a lebes. The monuments support this view, for the tripod-lebes is not used as a mixing-bowl in a komos scene or the like, even long after it had lost its function—to be set on the fire and then taken off again.
Protoattic Pottery
Authors: Cook J. M.
Published: October 2013

Protoattic vases have not been classified to anything like the same extent as the Black Figure vases which follow them, or even the Geometric which precede them. Much has been written on this fabric, in fact a complete bibliography down to the Nessos vase alone would include upwards of ninety publications, some of considerable length; but the standard work is still Boehlau's Frühattische Vasen in J.d.I. 1887, 33 ff. In the forty-nine years since Boehlau wrote, a lot of new material has appeared, and there has long been need for a further, though not yet final, study of the subject.
Geometric Pottery at Delphi
Authors: Laistner M. L. W.
Published: October 2013

Few terms in archaeology have become as ambiguous as the term Proto-Corinthian. Used at first not unreasonably of a class of small vases found over a wide area, which bear considerable resemblance to Corinthian pottery, the name has come to be applied to a number of vases which differ very widely from the fabrics originally so called. Furtwaengler first extended this term to two vases found near Thebes, and since then the appropriateness of the term has not been seriously questioned. Nowhere is this extension of the term more unsuitable than at Delphi, where a large quantity of Proto-Corinthian ware in the original sense of the term was found, as well as the Geometric pottery which Perdrizet describes as follows: ‘le géométrique delphien appartient à la catégorie appelée protocorinthienne par M. Furtwaengler: il est douteux qu'on puisse l'attribuer à une fabrique locale.’ The most cursory comparison of the Geometric pottery of Delphi, hitherto classed as Proto-Corinthian, with the Proto-Corinthian originally so called, makes it clear that whatever be the provenance of the Geometric, the same name cannot reasonably be applied to both fabrics. In the real Proto-Corinthian pottery a variety of shapes occurs, all of small size. The most characteristic are the aryballos, the lekythos, the pyxis, and the long-necked, flat-bottomed jug. The Delphic Geometric pottery on the other hand has little variety in its shapes, and, as will be seen below, these differ in size and form from the Proto-Corinthian. Again the distribution of Proto-Corinthian pottery extends over a very wide area; it occurs all over the mainland of Greece, in Italy and Sicily, and even in Asia Minor. The vases on the other hand which, as will appear later, may be brought in line with the Geometric pottery at Delphi, are few in number, and only found within a small area.
The Baptistery at Kepos in Melos
Authors: Casson S.
Published: October 2013

In April 1913, while at Melos, I took the opportunity of visiting the two churches of Kepos on the south side of the island at the South-eastern extremity of Mount Elias. The northern of these churches has in recent years been restored, and an account of it with a plan, has been published by Messrs. Fletcher and Kitson in the Annual of 1895–6. This plan, however, was made before the church was restored and before the collapse of the dome which made that restoration necessary. There are therefore certain points which need revision in view of the present condition of the church, and there are others which require an altogether more detailed treatment.

The restoration has been carried out comparatively well. The main structure has been retained without serious alteration, but the paintings which were inside the dome are no longer in position and at present lie on the floor of the church in fourteen fragments.

In the apse of the church is a cruciform font built up of slabs set on edge, of which separate plans are given in the article referred to above. The plans there given, however, do not correspond in all details with the font; these details can be seen from the plan and section given here (Figs. 1, 2), made from measurements which I took on the spot. Messrs. Fletcher and Kitson say that ‘on three sides are seats, on the fourth towards the door of the church, are two steps down, and in the middle a well 2 ft. square.’
Graves of the Arabs in Asia Minor
Authors: Hasluck F. W.
Published: October 2013

Among the Mahommedan religious antiquities of Asia Minor the tomb-sanctuaries held to represent the resting-places of Arabs killed during the forays of the viii–ix centuries form a well-marked and extremely interesting group. Their authenticity is on general grounds more than doubtful. The campaigns of the Arabs led to no permanent occupation: the lands they had conquered for the moment were restored to Christendom or fell to alien races. Only in the borderlands, where in times of peace Christian and Moslem might meet on equal terms, can we expect a true tradition regarding Arab graves or a continuous veneration of them to have persisted.

Of these borderland Moslem cults supposed to date back to the Arab period we can point to two examples, the tomb of the ‘sister of Mahommed’ at Tarsus and the tomb of Umm Haram in Cyprus.

The former is mentioned by Willibrand von Oldenburg (1210) as still a place of Moslem pilgrimage under the Christian kings of Armenia. It was situated outside the church of S. (Beatus) Peter and S. Sophia in the middle of the town.
Christianity and Islam under the Sultans of Konia
Authors: Hasluck F. W.
Published: October 2013

At the first appearance of the Ottomans, towards the close of the thirteenth century, Christian and Turk had already been living for two centuries side by side in the interior of Asia Minor under the rule of the Seljouk Sultans of Roum. The political history of this period is still emerging from obscurity: the social and religious history has hardly been touched. The Byzantine historians, concerned only incidentally with provinces already in partibus, give us no more than hints, and we have none of those personal and intimate records which are apt to tell us much more of social conditions than the most elaborate chronicle.

The golden age of the Sultanate of Roum is undoubtedly the reign of Ala-ed-din I. (1219–1236), whose capital, Konia, still in its decay bears witness by monument and inscription to the culture and artistic achievement of his time. Ala-ed-din was a highly-educated man and an enlightened ruler. He was familiar with Christianity, having spent eleven years in exile at Constantinople. One of his predecessors, Kaikhosru I. (1192–6, 1204–10) who likewise spent an exile in Christendom, nearly became a Christian and married a Christian wife.
Dieudonné de Gozon and the Dragon of Rhodes
Authors: Hasluck F. W.
Published: October 2013

The story of the Rhodian knight Dieudonné de Gozon and the slaying of the great dragon of Malpasso is, largely owing to Schiller's adoption of the theme in a ballad, one of the best-known legends of its type. It is one of several instances in which an historical personage figures as the hero of this quite mythical adventure.

Dieudonné de Gozon, a member of the Provençal langue, was the third Grand Master of the Knights of S. John at Rhodes, ruling from 1346 to 1353. He is represented as a simple knight at the time of his great adventure. As might be expected, no contemporary or nearly contemporary authority mentions the dragon-fight of de Gozon. But so early as Mandeville and Schiltberger we find anonymous Rhodian knights figuring as the heroes of current folk-tales of the chivalric type.
The ‘Tomb of S. Polycarp’ and the Topography of Ancient Smyrna
Authors: Hasluck F. W.
Published: October 2013

The history and authenticity of the so-called ‘tomb of S. Polycarp’ at Smyrna have lately formed the subject of a monograph by Père S. Lorenzo of the Order of S. Francis, who claims to have discovered the real church and tomb of S. Polycarp in a vineyard at some distance from the site tacitly accepted hitherto both by the Greek and Latin communities. The first section of the present paper attempts to trace as far as possible the history of the traditional tomb; the second to discuss the antiquity of its traditions, and the value of tradition in general at Smyrna; and the third to establish a point in the topography of ancient Smyrna on evidence arising from, or closely connected with, the former discussions.
The Pre-Mycenaean Pottery of the Mainland
Authors: Wace A. J. B. , Blegen C. W.
Published: October 2013

Although as long ago as 1876 Schliemann's excavations at Mycenae revealed to us the prehistoric civilisation of the Peloponnese, it is only comparatively recently that its pre-Mycenaean culture has become known. For Crete the epoch-making excavations of Sir Arthur Evans have made clear to us the long pottery sequence which illustrates the development of prehistoric civilisation in that island from the end of neolithic times, through the great age of the palace of Knossos, to its decline and fall in the Third Late Minoan period. For the Cyclades the pottery sequence from Phylakopi, with other finds, provides us with a series parallel to the Cretan; and for Thessaly, too, a provisional series has been established. But for the history of civilisation in the Peloponnese and East-Central Greece during the long prehistoric age the only evidence we had was that from Mycenae, Tiryns, and one or two other small sites, all of which illustrate the last phases only.
I.—Inscriptions
Authors: Hondius J. J. E. , Woodward A. M.
Published: October 2013

The authors' aim is to include in this article all the inscriptions on minor votive objects found at Sparta during the excavations, by the British School, of the Sanctuaries of Orthia (in 1906–10) and of Athena Chalkioikos (in 1907–08). They have been arranged according to material, those from each of these two sites being described separately, in the following order: stone, metal, ivory, pottery.

A few of these inscriptions, which have been published already in the Annual and subsequently in the Laconian volume of the Corpus (I.G. v. 1), are re-published here, without facsimiles, for the sake of completeness. Mr. Woodward made copies of almost all these inscriptions in 1907–08, but never completed the material for publication, owing to the claims of other work. Mr. Hondius, in 1921, re-copied and took impressions of all those inscribed on the carvings in soft stone, except Nos. 20 and 21, and with these exceptions his drawings of the unpublished examples are here reproduced. When Mr. Woodward's reading differs from his, the two versions are given. The inscriptions on the ivory flutes (Nos. 26, 27) are from Mr. Hondius's copies, as are Nos. 66 and 69 of those on the bronze objects; Mr. Woodward is responsible for those on Nos. 24, 67, 68 of the same material, which seem to have escaped Mr. Hondius's notice, and for all those on the pottery fragments from both the sites.
§ VII.—The Lion Gate and Grave Circle Area
Authors: Wace A. J. B. , Heurtley W. A.
Published: October 2013

The ancient approach to the Lion Gate (Fig. 1) probably began at the north-west angle of the circuit wall, and thence gradually ascended to the gate itself. Thus all possible assailants would have to pass through the fire from the west side of the north-west angle, even before they reached the court-like area directly before the gate. Here they would be faced with a triple fire, from the gate, from the great rectangular bastion (1) which flanks the gate on the west, and from the wall immediately to the east of the gate. Exactly the same defensive plan is provided for the so-called Postern Gate in the northern circuit wall not far from the original north-eastern angle. Some have suggested that the terrace wall (2), which is called a kyklopische Stützmauer by Steffen, and juts below the north-west corner of the rectangular bastion, is part of the ancient roadway, which mounted here in zigzags, and then turned abruptly to the right to enter the gate.