bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maternal Sepsis: A Review of National and International Guidelines
Authors: Stephens Angela J. , Chauhan Suneet P. , Barton John R. , Sibai Baha M.
Published: October 2021

Sepsis is a life-threatening syndrome caused by the body's response to infection. The Global Maternal Sepsis Study (GLOSS) suggests sepsis plays a larger role in maternal morbidity and mortality than previously thought. We therefore sought to compare national and international guidelines for maternal sepsis to determine their consistency with each other and the Third International Consensus for Sepsis and Septic Shock (SEPSIS-3). Using Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PubMed, Google Scholar, and organization Web sites, we identified seven guidelines on maternal sepsis in the English language—The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, Society of Obstetric Medicine of Australia and New Zealand, Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, Royal College of Physicians of Ireland Institute of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, and World Health Organization. Guidelines were reviewed to ascertain the commonality and variation, if any, in definitions of maternal sepsis, tools and criteria utilized for diagnosis, obstetric warning systems used, as well as evaluation and management of maternal sepsis. These variables were also compared with SEPSIS-3. All guidelines provided definitions consistent with a version of the SEPSIS, although the specific version utilized were varied. Clinical variables and tools employed for diagnosis of maternal sepsis were also varied. Evaluation and management of maternal sepsis and septic shock were similar. In conclusion, national and international maternal sepsis guidelines were incongruent with each other and SEPSIS-3 in diagnostic criteria and tools but similar in evaluation and management recommendations.

Key Points
Pediatric Facial Fractures
Authors: Lim Rachel B. , Hopper Richard A.
Published: October 2021

Facial trauma is common in the pediatric population with most cases involving the soft tissue or dentoalveolar structures. Although facial fractures are relatively rare in children compared with adults, they are often associated with severe injury and can cause significant morbidity and disability. Fractures of the pediatric craniomaxillofacial skeleton must be managed with consideration for psychosocial, anatomical, growth and functional differences compared with the adult population. Although conservative management is more common in children, displaced fractures that will not self-correct with compensatory growth require accurate and stable reduction to prevent fixed abnormalities in form and function.
Sequential Bayesian experiment design for adaptive Ramsey sequence measurements
Authors: McMichael Robert D. , Dushenko Sergey , Blakley Sean M.
Published: October 2021

The Ramsey sequence is a canonical example of a quantum phase measurement for a spin qubit. In Ramsey measurements, the measurement efficiency can be optimized through careful selection of settings for the phase accumulation time setting, τ. This paper implements a sequential Bayesian experiment design protocol in low-fidelity Ramsey measurements, and its performance is compared to a previously reported adaptive heuristic protocol, a quantum phase estimation algorithm, and random setting choices. A workflow allowing measurements and design calculations to run concurrently largely eliminates computation time from measurement overhead. When precession frequency is the lone parameter to estimate, the Bayesian design is faster by factors of roughly 2, 4, and 5 relative to the adaptive heuristic, random τ choices, and the quantum phase estimation algorithm, respectively. When four parameters are to be determined, Bayesian experiment design and random τ choices can converge to roughly equivalent sensitivity, but the Bayesian method converges four times faster.
Effect of momentum and heat losses on the hydrodynamic instability of a premixed equidiffusive flame in a Hele–Shaw cell
Authors: Han Yifan , Modestov Mikhail , Valiev Damir M.
Published: October 2021

The linear stage of hydrodynamic instability of a laminar premixed flame propagating in a Hele–Shaw cell is investigated. Our theoretical model takes into account momentum and heat losses, temperature-dependent transport coefficients, and the continuous internal structure of the flame front. The dispersion relation is obtained numerically as a solution to an eigenvalue problem for the linearized governing equations. The obtained results are in good qualitative and quantitative agreement with previous studies. It is shown that the wall heat losses tend to weaken the hydrodynamic flame instability. On the contrary, momentum losses enhance the flame instability. It is demonstrated that for the adiabatic walls, an increase in the Hele–Shaw cell width results in a reduction of the instability growth rate. For the non-adiabatic walls, there is a competition between momentum and heat losses in narrow channels that may result in a non-monotonic dependence of the instability growth rate on the Hele–Shaw cell width. It is shown that the effects of the Prandtl number and the thermal expansion vary with the wall heat loss coefficient. A possibility of non-monotonic dependence of the maximum instability growth rate on the thermal expansion has been demonstrated.
Diamond/β-Ga2O3 pn heterojunction diodes fabricated by low-temperature direct-bonding
Authors: Sittimart Phongsaphak , Ohmagari Shinya , Matsumae Takashi , Umezawa Hitoshi , Yoshitake Tsuyoshi
Published: October 2021

Heterojunctions consisting of p-type diamond substrates and thin exfoliated n-type β-Ga2O3 layers were fabricated at a low temperature using a direct-bonding technique. We have fabricated p+-diamond/n-Ga2O3 (p+–n) and p-diamond/n-Ga2O3 (p–n) structures with different B concentrations in diamond. The p+–n heterojunction exhibited Ohmic behavior, resulting from p+-diamond behaving as a metallic layer. As for the p–n heterojunction, it showed clear rectifying action as a conventional bipolar action with a rectifying ratio >108 at ±10 V and leakage current <10−12 A. The ideality factor and barrier height of the p–n heterojunctions were estimated to be 2.7 and 1.5 eV, respectively. Formation of the p–n junction was evidenced by comparing it with the Schottky junction. An energy band diagram of the p–n heterojunctions with staggered (type-II) band alignment was derived based on electrical investigations.
An elliptical rail–mass–spring mechanism to realize multi-stable circulation motion for electromagnetic-energy harvesting
Authors: Zhao Wei , Nakano Kimihiko , Zhao Xilu , Zheng Rencheng
Published: October 2021

This study proposes an elliptical rail–mass–spring mechanism to realize multi-stable circulation motion for electromagnetic energy harvesting. Unlike the conventional bistable vibration model, the moveable body can jump between multiple potential energy wells. Correspondingly, the elliptical rail–mass–spring prototype is deliberately exploited, and experimental investigation indicates that the response angular displacement range of the moveable body can be expanded to [0°–630°] as a circulation elliptical motion and the response angular displacement range can be expanded if the low-frequency vibrational excitation is continued. Comparing the average power obtained by the elliptical rail–mass–spring mechanism, 17.33 mW was obtained for the random signal, 45.40 mW was obtained for the periodic signal with the largest motion response of 0.8 Hz, and 77.99 mW was obtained when the two signals were combined. The average power obtained by a combined signal is greater than the sum of the results obtained by a separate signal, which confirms that the elliptical rail–mass–spring mechanism noticeably enhances power-generation efficiency.
Machine learning many-body potentials for colloidal systems
Authors: Campos-Villalobos Gerardo , Boattini Emanuele , Filion Laura , Dijkstra Marjolein
Published: October 2021

Simulations of colloidal suspensions consisting of mesoscopic particles and smaller species such as ions or depletants are computationally challenging as different length and time scales are involved. Here, we introduce a machine learning (ML) approach in which the degrees of freedom of the microscopic species are integrated out and the mesoscopic particles interact with effective many-body potentials, which we fit as a function of all colloid coordinates with a set of symmetry functions. We apply this approach to a colloid–polymer mixture. Remarkably, the ML potentials can be assumed to be effectively state-independent and can be used in direct-coexistence simulations. We show that our ML method reduces the computational cost by several orders of magnitude compared to a numerical evaluation and accurately describes the phase behavior and structure, even for state points where the effective potential is largely determined by many-body contributions.
Movement and acoustic radiation of a rising bubble from combustion of pyrotechnic mixtures using experiment and image processing method
Authors: Ouyang Di-Hua , Yan Wen-Rong , Zhang Qian-Tao , Yang Chun-Hai
Published: October 2021

Bubble volume and bubble geometry are key parameters that affect the movement and acoustic radiation performance of bubble columns. This paper proposes an image processing method to study the movement and acoustic radiation characteristics of the rising bubbles originating from the combustion of a pyrotechnic composition based on high-speed photography. Results showed that during the rise of bubbles, their shape gradually changed from spherical to irregular, and their rising trajectory presented a curvilinear form. After the rising velocities of the bubbles in the z and x directions were compared, the results revealed that the rising velocity of the bubbles was unstable. The velocity of the rising bubbles in the direction of the z axis was much higher than that of the x axis. Meanwhile, the acceleration of bubble volume decreased first and then increased. This process was repeated; however, the amplitude of increase or decrease was inconsistent, which led to the generation of a certain amount of acoustic radiation effect, and it had a similar trend of change with the acceleration of bubble volume.
Effect of an adverse pressure gradient on hypersonic wall pressure fluctuations
Authors: Zhao XiaoJian , Hu Haiyang , Zhao Lei
Published: October 2021

Measurements based on a plate-perpendicular fin model were conducted to investigate the effect of an adverse pressure gradient on hypersonic wall pressure fluctuations. The leading edge diameter of the perpendicular fin is designed to be 25 mm with a height of 200 mm. A linear sensor-array was used to measure the wall pressure fluctuation, and a numerical computation was carried out to validate the measurement. Wall pressure fluctuations were discussed in terms of two aspects: the time–frequency domain and spatial correlation. The flow types on the plate could be estimated by the sound pressure level distribution, and the dominant flow type that substantially contributes to the wall pressure fluctuations could be determined. The spatial correlation of wall pressure fluctuations was analyzed using the phase array technique, and two disturbance modes could be identified from the wavenumber map obtained using the beamforming algorithm. The investigation results revealed that the change in the unit Reynolds number caused by the variation in the inflow dynamic pressure leads to the change in the flow type and the distribution of wall pressure fluctuations. The small-scale vortices within the hypersonic laminar flow lead to the difference in the signs of the convective mode wavenumber and that generated by hypersonic turbulence.
Remarkable ductility in metastable refractory high entropy alloys via BCC-FCC/α″ martensitic transformations
Authors: Wang Liang , Liu Xudong , Li Chunxi , Yang Minzheng , Wang Benpeng , Ming Kaisheng , Zheng Shijian , Liang Jun , Xue Yunfei
Published: October 2021

Designing metastable refractory high entropy alloys (RHEAs) with transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) effects is an effective approach for solving the low ductility of RHEAs. However, the traditional martensitic transformations (MTs) in RHEAs generally result in limited ductility improvement. In the present work, we designed a metastable RHEA Zr2Hf4Nb0.5Ta (Nb7Ta13) with severe lattice distortion, and two MTs, BCC-to-FCC/α″, were found in Nb7Ta13. During tension deformation, BCC-to-FCC/α″ MTs appeared after yielding, causing the TRIP effect; after the MTs are completed, the FCC martensite showed excellent deformability and effectively promoted the following deformation of Nb7Ta13. Finally, Nb7Ta13 RHEAs show a remarkable ductility (∼60%). By analyzing the variation of interplanar spacing and interatomic spacing during DIMTs, we believed that the FCC martensite is generated by relaxing the lattice distortion.
On the anomalous homogeneity of hydrogen-disordered ice and its origin
Authors: Matsumoto Masakazu , Yagasaki Takuma , Tanaka Hideki
Published: October 2021

Pauling’s successful estimation of the residual entropy of hydrogen-disordered ice was based on the homogeneity of the binding energy of individual water molecules in ice. However, it has not been explained why the binding energies are homogeneous although the pair interaction energy of hydrogen-bonded dimers distributes widely. Here, we provide a rationale for this phenomenon. The topological constraints imposed by the ice rules, in which water molecules form directed cyclic paths of hydrogen bonds, cancel out the variability of local interactions. We also show that the cancellation mechanism does not work due to some imperfect cyclic paths on the surface of ice. Such water molecules do not enjoy homogeneity in the bulk state and suffer from a wide spectrum in the binding energy.
Post-irradiation examination of optical components for advanced fission reactor instrumentation
Authors: Morgan Bryan William , Van Zile Matthew , Sabharwall Piyush , Burger Milos , Jovanovic Igor
Published: October 2021

The use of optical instrumentation in advanced nuclear fission systems, such as molten salt reactors, liquid metal-cooled reactors, and high-temperature gas-cooled reactors, has the potential to enhance reactor safety and economic performance through in situ and online measurement of reactor conditions. Selection of suitable optical components, such as optical windows and fibers, is essential for operation of optical instrumentation in intense radioactive and thermal environments inherent to nuclear reactor systems. We present the development and performance of a self-contained and mobile post-irradiation examination system for rapid characterization of the optical properties of materials. The instrument combines linear absorption and nanosecond Z-scan modules in a compact, relocatable design. The system mobility allows for the evaluation of optical samples at the site of irradiation, minimizing the delay between extraction from the irradiation site and optical characterization. This provides nearly real-time information on the material performance under simultaneous irradiation and thermal annealing, simulating the relevant conditions for the use of those components in nuclear power systems.
Single-electron pump with highly controllable plateaus
Authors: Howe H. , Blumenthal M. , Beere H. E. , Mitchell T. , Ritchie D. A. , Pepper M.
Published: October 2021

Future quantum based electronic systems will demand robust and highly accurate on-demand sources of current. The ultimate limit of quantized current sources is a highly controllable device that manipulates individual electrons. We present a GaAs single-electron pump, where electrons are pumped through a one-dimensional split-gate saddle point confinement potential, which show quantized plateaus with length and width that can be independently tuned with the application of a source-drain bias and RF amplitude. The plateaus can be over two orders of magnitude longer than conventional pumps, and flatness improves with the application of a source-drain bias.
Pressure-induced suppression of Jahn–Teller distortions and enhanced electronic properties in high-entropy oxide (Mg0.2Ni0.2Co0.2Zn0.2Cu0.2)O
Authors: Yan Jiejuan , Zhang Lingkong , Liu Junxiu , Li Nana , Tamura Nobumichi , Chen Bin , Lin Yu , Mao Wendy L. , Zhang Hengzhong
Published: October 2021

Jahn–Teller distortions are often observed in CuII-containing complex oxides resulting in remarkable changes of physical properties. Tuning the Jahn–Teller distortions with pressure has attracted considerable interest but is less studied in CuII-containing high-entropy oxides (HEOs). We found that pressure can suppress the structural distortions originating from the Jahn–Teller effect of CuO6 octahedra in the rock salt-type (Mg0.2Ni0.2Co0.2Zn0.2Cu0.2)O HEO and significantly modify its electronic properties. Synchrotron x-ray diffraction shows that the structural distortions arising from the Jahn–Teller effect of CuO6 octahedra are progressively suppressed, and the distorted structure evolves into a nearly ideal form under compression. Alternating current impedance and ultraviolet-visible absorption measurements reveal a dramatic resistance drop by more than three orders of magnitude and an obvious bandgap decrease in ∼0.1 eV, respectively, accompanied by the pressure-induced suppression of structural distortions. Our study presents a promising route for tuning the structural distortions and the electronic structures of CuII-containing HEOs for optimizing materials functionalities.
Dominant hydrogen complex in natural anatase TiO2
Authors: Lavrov E. V. , Chaplygin I. , Herklotz F. , Melnikov V. V. , Kutin Y. , Vines L.
Published: October 2021

A study combining vibrational spectroscopy and first-principles theory is presented for a hydrogen-related defect in natural anatase TiO2 that is characterized by an O–H vibrational mode at 3373 cm−1 (10 K). Based on complementary Raman scattering, IR absorption, electron paramagnetic resonance, and secondary ion mass spectrometry data supported also by ab initio calculations, it is tentatively proposed that the defect responsible for the 3373 cm−1 line includes two hydroxyl units located next to a substitutional iron atom, FeTiH2. The defect may exist in at least two charge states, whereby the 3373 cm−1 line is associated with the positive charge state of the complex.
Time evolution of ML-MCTDH wavefunctions. I. Gauge conditions, basis functions, and singularities
Authors: Lindoy Lachlan P. , Kloss Benedikt , Reichman David R.
Published: October 2021

We derive a family of equations-of-motion (EOMs) for evolving multi-layer multiconfiguration time-dependent Hartree (ML-MCTDH) wavefunctions that, unlike the standard ML-MCTDH EOMs, never require the evaluation of the inverse of singular matrices. All members of this family of EOMs make use of alternative static gauge conditions than those used for standard ML-MCTDH. These alternative conditions result in an expansion of the wavefunction in terms of a set of potentially arbitrary orthonormal functions, rather than in terms of a set of non-orthonormal and potentially linearly dependent functions, as is the case for standard ML-MCTDH. We show that the EOMs used in the projector splitting integrator (PSI) and the invariant EOM approaches are two special cases of this family obtained from different choices for the dynamic gauge condition, with the invariant EOMs making use of a choice that introduces potentially unbounded operators into the EOMs. As a consequence, all arguments for the existence of parallelizable integration schemes for the invariant EOMs can also be applied to the PSI EOMs.
Time evolution of ML-MCTDH wavefunctions. II. Application of the projector splitting integrator
Authors: Lindoy Lachlan P. , Kloss Benedikt , Reichman David R.
Published: October 2021

The multi-layer multi-configuration time-dependent Hartree (ML-MCTDH) approach can suffer from numerical instabilities whenever the wavefunction is weakly entangled. These instabilities arise from singularities in the equations of motion (EOMs) and necessitate the use of regularization of the EOMs. The Projector Splitting Integrator (PSI) has previously been presented as an approach for evolving ML-MCTDH wavefunctions that is free of singularities. Here, we will discuss the implementation of the multi-layer PSI with a particular focus on how the steps required relate to those required to implement standard ML-MCTDH. We demonstrate the efficiency and stability of the PSI for large ML-MCTDH wavefunctions containing up to hundreds of thousands of nodes by considering a series of spin-boson models with up to 106 bath modes and find that for these problems, the PSI requires roughly 3–4 orders of magnitude fewer Hamiltonian evaluations and 2–3 orders of magnitude fewer Hamiltonian applications than standard ML-MCTDH and 2–3/1–2 orders of magnitude fewer evaluations/applications than approaches that use improved regularization schemes. Finally, we consider a series of significantly more challenging multi-spin-boson models that require much larger numbers of single-particle functions with wavefunctions containing up to ∼1.3×109 parameters to obtain accurate dynamics.
The mechanisms underlying melatonin improved soybean seedling growth at different nitrogen levels
Authors: Wang Huamei , Ren Chunyuan , Cao Liang , Jin Xijun , Wang Mengxue , Zhang Mingcong , Zhao Qiang , Li He , Zhang Yuxian , Yu Gaobo
Published: October 2021

To investigate the function of melatonin (MT) on nitrogen uptake and metabolism in soybean, six groups of treatments, with and without 100 μM melatonin were conducted at low, normal, and high nitrogen levels (1.5, 7.5, and 15 mM, respectively). The related indexes of nitrogen metabolism and the antioxidant system of seedlings were measured and analysed. Results indicated that MT could enhance the level of nitrogen metabolism by upregulating the coding genes of enzymes related to nitrogen metabolism and increasing total nitrogen content, especially under low nitrogen levels. Under high nitrogen conditions, the addition of MT not only accelerated ammonium assimilation and utilisation by enhancing the activity of glutamine synthetase involved in ammonium assimilation, but also reduced the extent of membrane lipid peroxidation to alleviate the degree of damage by improving the activity of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, MT enhanced soybean growth with positive effects in morphological changes at different nitrogen levels, including significantly increased stem diameter, total leaf area, and root nodule number, and biomass accumulation. Finally, biomass accumulation increased under low, normal, and high nitrogen levels by 9.80%, 14.06%, and 11.44%, respectively. The results suggested that MT could enhance the soybean tolerance to low and excessive N treatments.
Evaluation of Australian prescription drug monitoring programs need a holistic approach
Authors: Haines Sarah , Prathivadi Pallavi
Published: October 2021

Prescription opioid-related mortality is increasing in Australia. Real-time Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMPs) have recently been implemented as a strategy to reduce opioid-related harm. PDMPs enable prescribers and dispensers to view patients’ prescription history before writing or dispensing a high-risk medication. This article considers the complexity of accurately evaluating PDMP effectiveness. To ensure sustainable implementation of these systems in Australia, a wide range of outcomes need to be measured. These include any unintended consequences and impacts on comprehensive patient care. Furthermore, intervention evaluation may be disrupted by concurrent interventions, limited methodologies and the shortcomings of the current approach.
Mixed-methods evaluation of screening for hearing loss using the hearScreen™ mobile health application in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children presenting to an urban primary healthcare service
Authors: Spurling Geoffrey K. , Tyson Claudette ‘Sissy’ , Askew Deborah , Reath Jennifer
Published: October 2021

Recommendations for hearing screening for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children aged 4 years have a limited evidence base. Using the hearScreen™ (HearX, Camden, DE, USA) mobile health application as part of a mixed-methods study, the aim of this study was to assess the proportion of 4-year-old Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children with hearing difficulties, as well as the feasibility and acceptability of the test itself. Of the 145 4-year-old Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children who were regular patients of the service during the recruitment period, 50 were recruited to the present study. Of these 50 children, 42 (84%) passed the hearing screening test, 4 (8%) did not and 4 (8%) were unable to complete the test. Nine caregivers were interviewed. Themes included the priority given to children’s health by caregivers, positivity and trust in the test, preference for having the test conducted in primary care and the importance of an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander person providing the screening test. These findings lend support to hearing screening for school-age children in primary care provided by an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander healthcare worker using the hearScreen™ test.
Metabolic exchanges between the oocyte and its environment: focus on lipids
Authors: Uzbekova Svetlana , Bertevello Priscila Silvana , Dalbies-Tran Rozenn , Elis Sebastien , Labas Valerie , Monget Philippe , Teixeira-Gomes Ana-Paula
Published: October 2021

Finely regulated fatty acid (FA) metabolism within ovarian follicles is crucial to follicular development and influences the quality of the enclosed oocyte, which relies on the surrounding intra-follicular environment for its growth and maturation. A growing number of studies have examined the association between the lipid composition of follicular compartments and oocyte quality. In this review, we focus on lipids, their possible exchanges between compartments within the ovarian follicle and their involvement in different pathways during oocyte final growth and maturation. Lipidomics provides a detailed snapshot of the global lipid profiles and identified lipids, clearly discriminating the cells or fluid from follicles at distinct physiological stages. Follicular fluid appears as a main mediator of lipid exchanges between follicular somatic cells and the oocyte, through vesicle-mediated and non-vesicular transport of esterified and free FA. A variety of expression data allowed the identification of common and cell-type-specific actors of lipid metabolism in theca cells, granulosa cells, cumulus cells and oocytes, including key regulators of FA uptake, FA transport, lipid transformation, lipoprotein synthesis and protein palmitoylation. They act in harmony to accompany follicular development, and maintain intra-follicular homeostasis to allow the oocyte to accumulate energy and membrane lipids for subsequent meiotic divisions and first embryo cleavages.
Trusted authorities can change minds and shift norms during conflict
Authors: Blair Graeme , Littman Rebecca , Nugent Elizabeth R. , Wolfe Rebecca , Bukar Mohammed , Crisman Benjamin , Etim Anthony , Hazlett Chad , Kim Jiyoung
Published: October 2021

Significance

Violent extremist groups such as the Islamic State and Boko Haram have proliferated across the world in recent decades. While considerable scholarship addresses why people join violent extremist groups, much less attention has been paid to how former members reenter society. Yet successfully ending conflict requires reluctant communities to accept former members back home. In this research, we find that radio messages delivered by trusted authorities in Nigeria lead to large, positive changes in people’s willingness to accept former Boko Haram fighters back home and make people think their neighbors are more in favor of reintegration. Our results show that messages from leaders can create change on a mass scale at low cost, helping to end conflict and division.
Wind turbine icing characteristics and icing-induced power losses to utility-scale wind turbines
Authors: Gao Linyue , Hu Hui
Published: October 2021

A field campaign was carried out to investigate ice accretion features on large turbine blades (50 m in length) and to assess power output losses of utility-scale wind turbines induced by ice accretion. After a 30-h icing incident, a high-resolution digital camera carried by an unmanned aircraft system was used to capture photographs of iced turbine blades. Based on the obtained pictures of the frozen blades, the ice layer thickness accreted along the blades’ leading edges was determined quantitatively. While ice was found to accumulate over whole blade spans, outboard blades had more ice structures, with ice layers reaching up to 0.3 m thick toward the blade tips. With the turbine operating data provided by the turbines’ supervisory control and data acquisition systems, icing-induced power output losses were investigated systematically. Despite the high wind, frozen turbines were discovered to rotate substantially slower and even shut down from time to time, resulting in up to 80% of icing-induced turbine power losses during the icing event. The research presented here is a comprehensive field campaign to characterize ice accretion features on full-scaled turbine blades and systematically analyze detrimental impacts of ice accumulation on the power generation of utility-scale wind turbines. The research findings are very useful in bridging the gaps between fundamental icing physics research carried out in highly idealized laboratory settings and the realistic icing phenomena observed on utility-scale wind turbines operating in harsh natural icing conditions.
Metaphoric chains
Authors: Navidi-Baghi Sakineh , Izanloo Ali , Qaeminia Alireza , Azad Alireza
Published: October 2021

The molecular structure of a complex metaphor comprises two or more atomic metaphorical parts, known as primary metaphors. In the same way, several molecular structures of metaphors may combine and form a mixture, known as mixed metaphors. In this study, different types of metaphoric integrations are reviewed and illustrated in figures to facilitate understanding the phenomena. Above all, we introduce double-ground metaphoric chain, a new form of metaphoric integration that has not been identified in the previous literature. Also, a distinction is made between single-ground and double-ground metaphoric chains. In the former, which has already been introduced, two basic metaphors are chained with the same form and have the same ground, while the latter includes two chained metaphors, one main metaphor plus a supportive one, with different grounds. In this analysis, we benefited from Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) to analyse double-ground metaphoric chains. This study suggests that each metaphoric integration leads to a multifaceted conceptualization, in which each facet is related to one of the constituent micro-metaphors.
Potentials for grammaticalization
Authors: Li Fuyin Thomas , Liu Na
Published: October 2021

This paper discusses the grammaticalization of motion verbs in Mandarin. A class of motion verbs in Mandarin that regularly appears at either V1 or V2 position in the V1+V2 construction is only grammaticalized at the V2 position, where the verb becomes a directional complement. We provide a cognitive semantic account and propose a new hypothesis that we call the syntactic position and event type sensitivity hypothesis in grammaticalization. We analyze corpus data across five historical stages for 11 simplex directional complements. The analysis draws on Talmy’s macro-event theory and Lehmann’s grammaticalization parameters. It is concluded that motion verbs at the V1 position are most likely to have agentive subjects, which foregrounds the idea of motion in V1, while V2 focuses on the Agent’s purpose. Motion verbs at V2 are relatively more likely to have non-agentive subjects, which foregrounds the Path element in V2 and complements the action of V1, rather than the purpose of the Agent. What triggers the grammaticalization of the V2 is the foregrounding of the Path element in V2, which complements the action of V1, and its non-agentive subject.
Language evolution from a cognitive-grammar perspective
Authors: Aldokhayel Reyadh
Published: October 2021

This paper considerslanguage evolutionfrom acognitive-grammar(CG) perspective taking Classical Arabic Case Marking (CACM) as a case in point and a departure point. It is argued that the accusative case is diachronically the baseline case mark, designating the Objective Scene (OS) and demarcating an object of perception in the initial stage of maximal subjectivity in which theground(G) is totally implicit. Such maximum is then attenuated through a process ofobjectificationsuch thatgentities are gradually put onstage to fulfill the functions ofidentificationandpredication. The nominative case, then, figures to mark such emerging entities in their baseline, immediate status. This conception of G with its functions is later extended to mark entities external to G, which gives rise to the full, nominative-marked, baselineexistential core(C∃) comprisingthe existential predicate(P∃) andthe existential subject(S∃). Thetruncation(T) of a verb’s nominative case is argued to fulfill the semantic function of situating a process out of existential reality yieldingthe existential predicate minus(P-∃), which represents a basic elaboration on baseline C∃. Processes being extensions from perception, the accusative case attenuates to mark entities (D) that demarcate processes, implementing the semantic function ofprocessual modification. Finally, a genitive-marked entity (RP) is proposed to implement the semantic function ofreferential modification,anchoring and referencing the conceptions of all those facets of reality.
Red-hot faces and burnt hearts
Authors: Menete Sérgio N. , Jiang Guiying
Published: October 2021

People from different languages draw from the knowledge they have from the domain of heat (source domain) and apply it to the domain of anger (target domain) through metaphor. This was also found to be the case with Amharic and Changana. Our study investigates how anger is metaphorically conceptualized in these two languages. Many similarities were found even though variations do exist cross-linguistically. It is suggested that the similarities between these languages in conceptualizing anger lie in the fact that human beings share the same bodily experience:(physiology) embodiment, even though variations may arise due to the differences incultural embodiment(race, values and geographical localization, etc). The study seeks to demonstrate how these two dimensions contribute to the overall conceptual structure ofanger is heatmetaphor in these two (unrelated) African languages.
Berries: a review of flavonoids
Authors: Ayub Ricardo Antonio , Pessenti Isabela Leticia
Published: October 2021

Flavonoids occur naturally and are derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. There is growing evidence of the preventive and protective roles of anthocyanins against a wide range of pathologies, including different types of cancer and metabolic diseases. However, most red fruits available to consumers typically contain only small amounts of anthocyanins, mainly limited to the epidermis of plant organs. Therefore, we reviewed the current literature on the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in berries, including the structural and regulatory genes involved in the differential pigmentation patterns of plant structures, as well as management and cultural treatments. Also, the genetic regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in different red fruits is explored to observe and create strategies to increase biosynthesis and anthocyanin accumulation. It is concluded that the regulation, transport and accumulation of flavonoids varies markedly between species, and is influenced by abiotic and biotic factors.
Thermodynamics of the System of Massive Dirac Fermions in a Uniform Magnetic Field
Authors: Fang Ren-Hong , Dong Ren-Da , Hou De-Fu , Sun Bao-Dong
Published: October 2021

We construct the grand partition function of the system of massive Dirac fermions in a uniform magnetic field from Landau levels, through which all thermodynamic quantities can be obtained. Making use of the Abel–Plana formula, these thermodynamic quantities can be expanded as power series with respect to the dimensionless variable b = 2eB/T
2. The zero-field magnetic susceptibility is expanded at zero mass, and the leading order term is logarithmic. We also calculate scalar, vector current, axial vector current and energy-momentum tensor of the system through ensemble average approach. Mass correction to chiral separation effect is discussed. For massless chiral fermions, our results recover the chiral magnetic effect for right- and left-handed fermions, as well as chiral separation effect.
Zinc phthalocyanine conjugated cellulose nanocrystals for memory device applications
Authors: Chaulagain Narendra , Alam Kazi M , Kumar Pawan , Kobryn Alexander E , Gusarov Sergey , Shankar Karthik
Published: October 2021

We present the electrical properties of zinc phthalocyanine covalently conjugated to cellulose nanocrystals (CNC@ZnPc). Thin films of CNC@ZnPc sandwiched between two gold electrodes showed pronounced hysteresis in their current–voltage characteristics. The layered metal–organic–metal sandwich devices exhibit distinct high and low conductive states when bias is applied, which can be used to store information. Density functional theory results confirmed wave function overlap between CNC and ZnPc in CNC@ZnPc, and helped visualize the lowest (lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) and highest molecular orbitals (highest occupied molecular orbital) in CNC@ZnPc. These results pave the way forward for all-organic electronic devices based on low cost, earth abundant CNCs and metallophthalocyanines.
Development of plasma beam irradiation facility using applied-field MPD thruster to study plasma-surface interactions
Authors: Chai Kil-Byoung , Kwon Duck-Hee , Lee Minkyu
Published: October 2021

A plasma beam irradiation facility was developed based on the applied-field magnetoplasmadynamic (AF-MPD) thruster concept for studying plasma-surface interactions. The AF-MPD thruster was chosen because it can produce a plasma beam with high plasma density in continuous-wave mode. Two types of AF-MPD thruster were developed and used in this study: a type I source with a wide thruster channel was used for a heat flux test with Ar or Xe gas, while a type II source with a narrow thruster channel was used for an ion flux test with H2 or He gas. The plasma initially showed the characteristics of abnormal glow discharges and then a transition to arc occurred when the plasma current exceeded a threshold value. It was found that a cathode made of thoriated tungsten significantly lowered the threshold current for the transition from abnormal glow to arc. The maximum heat flux provided by our facility was measured to be 7 MW m−2 using a custom-made heat flux sensor, while the maximum hydrogen ion flux was measured to be 1 × 1023 m−2 s−1 using a Langmuir probe. The electron temperature ranged between (4–5) eV, while the electron density at the plasma plume (downstream) ranged between (1–4) × 1018 m−3.
Spectral investigations of low-temperature plasma induced in CO2 gas by nanosecond pulses of extreme ultraviolet (EUV)
Authors: Bartnik A , Skrzeczanowski W , Wachulak P , Fok T , Węgrzyński Ł , Szczurek M , Fiedorowicz H
Published: October 2021

In this work, low-temperature plasmas, induced in a gaseous CO2 by intense extreme ultraviolet (EUV) pulses were investigated with a purpose to determine their ionic/molecular composition and the resulting, potentially reactive species. Two laser-produced plasma EUV sources based on a xenon gas puff target were used to irradiate and ionize of the CO2 gas. The sources, driven by Nd:YAG lasers of different parameters, delivered EUV beams created using reflective, focusing collectors. The CO2-based, low-temperature plasmas induced using both systems, emitted radiation in a wide wavelength range, from vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) to visible light (VIS). The radiation was measured using spectrometers and a streak camera operating in these spectral ranges. In the VUV range, multiple emission lines corresponding to ionic and atomic species together with the CO molecular bands were acquired. Spectra from the UV–VIS range were mainly composed of the CO2
+ molecular bands. Numerical simulations of the molecular spectra allowed us to estimate rotational and vibrational temperatures of the EUV induced plasmas. As could be expected, plasmas created in both experimental systems were characterized by different temperatures and intensity ratios of the ionic–atomic spectral lines. The spatio-temporal measurements performed using the streak camera indicated a few times longer lifetime of the EUV induced plasmas, compared to the driving, EUV pulses.
An integrative model of cancer cell differentiation with immunotherapy*
Authors: Margarit David H , González Nadia S , Romanelli Lilia M , Fendrik Alejandro J , Scagliotti Ariel F , Reale Marcela V
Published: October 2021

In order to improve cancer treatments, cancer cell differentiation and immunotherapy are the subjects of several studies in different branches of interdisciplinary sciences. In this work, we develop a new population model that integrates other complementary ones, thus emphasizing the relationship between cancer cells at different differentiation stages and the main immune system cells. For this new system, specific ranges were found where transdifferentiation of differentiated cancer cells can occur. In addition, a specific therapy against cancer stem cells was analysed by simulating cytotoxic cell vaccines. In reference to the latter, the different combinations of parameters that optimize it were studied.
Controllable and switchable chiral near-fields in symmetric graphene metasurfaces*
Authors: Hu Li , Dai Hongxia , Cheng Fayin , Tang Yuxia
Published: October 2021

A strong chiral near-field plays significant roles in the detection, separation and sensing of chiral molecules. In this paper, a simple and symmetric metasurface is proposed to generate strong chiral near-fields with both circularly polarized light and linearly polarized light illuminations in the mid-infrared region. Owing to the near-field interaction between plasmonic resonant modes of two nanosheets excited by circularly polarized light, there is a strong single-handed chiral near-field in the gap between the two graphene nanosheets and the maximum enhancement of the optical chirality could reach two orders of magnitude. As expected, the intensity and the response wavelength of the chiral near-fields could be controlled by the Fermi level and geometrical parameters of the graphene nanosheets, as well as the permittivity of the substrate. Meanwhile, based on the interaction between the incident field and scattered field, the one-handed chiral near-field in the gap also could be generated by the linearly polarized light excitation. For the two cases, the handedness of the chiral near-field could be switched by the polarized direction of the incident light. These results have potential opportunities for applications in molecular detection and sensing.
Distribution of charged lunar dust in the south polar region of the moon
Authors: Xia Qing , Cai Ming-Hui , Xu Liang-Liang , Han Rui-Long , Yang Tao , Han Jian-Wei
Published: October 2021

Lunar dust is one of the most threatening problems confronting the return of human beings to the moon. In this work we studied the spatial distribution behavior of charged lunar dust in the solar wind plasma environment in the south polar region of the moon and considered the influence of a mini-crater using Spacecraft Plasma Interactions Software. The distribution of dust and plasma at low solar altitude angles of 20° and 0° was studied, and the spatial density of lunar dust was ∼ 1010.4 m−3 and ∼ 1011.5 m−3, respectively. This is because a higher surface potential will result in transportation of small dust particles and photoelectrons can also neutralize positively charged lunar dust. The dust density in the plasma void region created by a mini-crater with a 5 m high wall was studied. We obtained a quasi-neutral electric environment in the plasma void region of the mini-crater, and the dust density was about a magnitude lower than that in other regions. The dust risk to a spacesuit is much lower on the nightside than on the dayside, but there is severe charged lunar dust transport in the region between light and shade, which is dominated by the difference in surface and plasma potential caused by photoelectrons.
Spatial characteristics of nanosecond pulsed micro-discharges in atmospheric pressure He/H2O mixture by optical emission spectroscopy
Authors: Chen Chuanjie , Fang Zhongqing , Yang Xiaofang , Fan Yongsheng , Zhou Feng , Wang Rugang
Published: October 2021

Atmospheric pressure micro-discharges in helium gas with a mixture of 0.5% water vapor between two pin electrodes are generated with nanosecond overvoltage pulses. The temporal and spatial characteristics of the discharges are investigated by means of time-resolved imaging and optical emission spectroscopy with respect to the discharge morphology, gas temperature, electron density, and excited species. The evolution of micro-discharges is captured by intensified CCD camera and electrical properties. The gas temperature is diagnosed by a two-temperature fit to the ro-vibrational OH(A2Σ+–X2Π, 0–0) emission band and is found to remain low at 425 K during the discharge pulses. The profile of electron density performed by the Stark broadening of H
α
656.1-nm and He I 667.8-nm lines is uniform across the discharge gap at the initial of discharge and reaches as high as 1023 m−3. The excited species of He, OH, and H show different spatio-temporal behaviors from each other by the measurement of their emission intensities, which are discussed qualitatively in regard of their plasma kinetics.
Molecular beam epitaxy growth of monolayer hexagonal MnTe2 on Si(111) substrate*
Authors: Lu S , Peng K , Wang P D , Chen A X , Ren W , Fang X W , Wu Y , Li Z Y , Li H F , Cheng F Y , Xiong K L , Yang J Y , Wang J Z , Ding S A , Jiang Y P , Wang L , Li Q , Li F S , Chi L F
Published: October 2021

Monolayer MnTe2 stabilized as 1T structure has been theoretically predicted to be a two-dimensional (2D) ferromagnetic metal and can be tuned via strain engineering. There is no naturally van der Waals (vdW) layered MnTe2 bulk, leaving mechanical exfoliation impossible to prepare monolayer MnTe2. Herein, by means of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), we successfully prepared monolayer hexagonal MnTe2 on Si(111) under Te rich condition. Sharp reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) patterns suggest the monolayer is atomically flat without surface reconstruction. The valence state of Mn4+ and the atom ratio of ([Te]:[Mn]) further confirm the MnTe2 compound. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) shows the hexagonal MnTe2 monolayer is a semiconductor with a large bandgap of ∼ 2.78 eV. The valence-band maximum (VBM) locates at the Γ point, as illustrated by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), below which three hole-type bands with parabolic dispersion can be identified. The successful synthesis of monolayer MnTe2 film provides a new platform to investigate the 2D magnetism.