bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring Social Capital and Support Networks of Young Immigrants
Authors: Esteban María Paz Sandín , Martí Angelina Sánchez , Hila Ana Belén Cano
Published: April 2016

This paper addresses the importance of the diagnosis of “personal communities” as relational systems that may influence the academic pathways of young immigrants. As part of a longitudinal study of the academic persistence of young people in their transition from compulsory to post-compulsory education, a “personal network questionnaire” has been developed. This instrument allows the relational structure of students to be captured and represented, and the impact of this structure on educational outcomes to be analysed. It measures and explores the network of inter-relations with adults (family, educational and recreational professionals, etc.) and peers in different settings. The theoretical elements underpinning its design and implementation are the interweaving of the student social capital and social support system to which they have or may have access to, and the Social Network Analysis (SNA) approach as the methodological framework. This network approach is rendered highly significant and valuable for professionals in educational diagnosis to assess relational vulnerability and design programs of intervention and counseling. With graphic techniques, we can somewhat address this challenge by examining patterns in relational data, experimenting with these data and putting forward hypotheses.
Synthesis and Properties of Poly(ferrocenylsilane)s Containing Si-Vinylene Units in the Main Chain
Authors: Naga Naofumi , Saito Yoshie
Published: April 2016

Poly(ferrocenylsilane)s containing Si-vinylene unit in the main chain have been synthesized by Mizoroki-Heck reaction of 1,1’-bis(dimethylvinylsilyl)ferrocene (MVFS) and dibromo aryl compounds using palladium diacetate as a catalyst. The alternating copolymers with relatively low molecular weight were obtained in good yields. Cyclic voltammetry of the copolymers in CH2Cl2 solutions showed redox potential derived from the ferrocene units in the copolymers. The voltammograms the copolymers indicated that almost no difference in numbers of electron transfer compared with MVFS. By contrast, diffusion coefficients of the ferrocene units in the copolymers were smaller than that of MVSF. The copolymers showed reversible electrochromism from yellow to blue-green due to the redox of ferrocene units in the main chain by 3V of application.
Testing the Cultural Differences of School Characteristics with Measurement Invariance
Authors: Demir Ergül
Published: April 2016

In this study, it was aimed to model the school characteristics in multivariate structure, and according to this model, aimed to test the invariance of this model across five randomly selected countries and economies from PISA 2012 sample. It is thought that significant differences across group in the context of school characteristics have the potential to explain the effectiveness of schools and educational systems. This study was conducted with correlational model as a basic research. Secondary level analyses were conducted on PISA 2012 School Questionnaire data. To construct “school characteristics model”, whole data from 65 participant countries and economies were considered. One country from each proficiency level and totally 5 countries were randomly selected for the research sample. These countries and economies are Shanghai-China, Korea, Ireland, Turkey and Uruguay. In this way sample was composed of totally 835 schools. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was used to test the invariance of school characteristics across countries. According to the results, Shanghai and Uruguay differed from each other and other countries. Across Korea, Ireland and Turkey, School characteristics provide strong invariance. These three cultures were more similar. Main result of this study is that school characteristics cannot be invariant across some cultural groups or sub-groups. In order to provide equal opportunity to all stakeholders of the educational system, and also provide school effectiveness, such kinds of differences are considered carefully.
ДИНАМИК НӨХЦӨЛД УСАН УУСМАЛААС Cr(VI)-ЫГ БИОСОРБЦЛОХ ПРОЦЕССЫН КИНЕТИКИЙН СУДАЛГАА
Authors: Алтангэрэл А , Даваасүрэн С
Published: April 2016

Хүрээлэн буй орчны чухал асуудлын нэг нь усан орчин дахь бохирдуулагч, хортой хүнд металлыг зайлуулах явдал юм. Хүнд металл болон тэдгээрийн нэгдлүүдийг зайлуулах физик, хими, биологийн олон төрлийн аргууд байдгаас биосорбцын арга нь эдийн засгийн хувьд хямд, нүсэр тоног төхөөрөмж шаарддаггүй, хүрээлэн буй орчинд ээлтэй, бүтээмж өндөртэй зэрэг давуу талуудтай. Энэхүү судалгаанд липтон цайны хаягдал биомассаар усан орчноос Cr(VI)-ыг биосорбцлох туршилтыг динамик нөхцөлд явуулж, процессын зохистой нөхцлийг биосорбент материалын үеийн зузаан, урсгалын хурд, Cr(VI)-ын анхны концентрацаас хамааруулан сонгож, биосорбцын кинетикийг тодорхойлох зорилго тавьсан. Туршилтын дүнгээс харахад липтон цайны хаягдал биомассаар Cr(VI)-ыг биосорбцлох процесс нь Cr(VI)-ын анхны концентраци 10 мг/л, уусмалын урсгалын хурд 1 мл/мин, биосорбент материалын үеийн зузаан 10 см үед хамгийн сайн явагдаж байв. Усан уусмалаас Cr(VI)-ыг биосорбцлох процесс нь pseudo-II эрэмбийн кинетик зүй тогтлоор явагдаж байгааг тогтоов.
ЦАГИРАГ БА ИНВОЛЮЦТЭЙ ЦАГИРАГУУД РАДИКАЛЫН ХАМААРЛЫН ТУХАЙ
Authors: Төмөрбат С , Батхишиг Ш
Published: April 2016

Бид инволюц радикалыг тодорхойлж, уламжлагдах инволюц радикалын чанаруудыг батлахын зэрэгцээ энгийн цагирагууд хуваалт авч өмнөх үр дүнгээс хүчтэй үр дүн баталсан.
Drying Bed Innovation Saves Time, Cuts Costs
Authors: Busko Amy
Published: April 2016

A water treatment group developed an inexpensive way to improve drying‐bed capacity.
What Key Issues Does the Water Industry Face Today?
Authors: Mercer Ken
Published: April 2016

Infrastructure replacement, capital project financing, public understanding, and water supply availability top respondents' concerns this year.
How cells kill a "killer" messenger
Authors: Saveanu Cosmin , Jacquier Alain
Published: April 2016

Establishing a link between the nonsense-mediated decay pathway and a gene associated with programmed cell death could explain why this pathway is essential in most, but not all, eukaryotes.
Material and device engineering in fully depleted silicon-on-insulator transistors to realize a steep subthreshold swing using negative capacitance
Authors: Ota Hiroyuki , Migita Shinji , Hattori Junichi , Fukuda Koichi , Toriumi Akira
Published: April 2016

This paper discusses material and device engineering in field-effect transistors (FETs) with HfO2-based ferroelectric gate insulators to attain a precipitous subthreshold swing (SS) by exploiting negative capacitance. Our physical analysis based on a new concept of a negative dielectric constant reveals that fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (FD-SOI) channels with a modest remnant polarization P
r (3 µC/cm2 at most) are more suitable for realizing SS < 60 mV/decade than a higher P
r of 10 µC/cm2, which is commonly reported for HfO2-based ferroelectric materials. We also confirm SS < 60 mV/decade in more than 5 orders of the subthreshold current in FD-SOI FETs with ferroelectric HfO2 gate insulators by device simulation.
Comparative ionospheric impacts and solar origins of nine strong geomagnetic storms in 2010–2015
Authors: Wood Brian E. , Lean Judith L. , McDonald Sarah E. , Wang Yi‐Ming
Published: April 2016

For nine of the strongest geomagnetic storms in solar cycle 24 we characterize, quantify, and compare the impacts on ionospheric total electron content (TEC) and the U.S. Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) with the heliospheric morphology and kinematics of the responsible coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and their solar source regions. Regional TEC responses to the events are similar in many respects, especially in the initial positive phase. For the subsequent negative phase, Dst is a better indicator than ap of the magnitude of the TEC decrease. The five events that arrive between 13:00 UT and 21:00 UT (local daytime in the U.S.) produce large WAAS degradations, and the four events that arrive outside this time of day produce lesser or no WAAS degradation. Our sample of geoeffective events includes CMEs with only modestly fast speeds, ones that only provided glancing impacts on Earth by their shock sheaths and ones not associated with any significant flare. While all of the CMEs traveled faster than the solar wind, they nevertheless have a wide range of velocities and produced a range of Bz values; neither speed nor Bz correlates significantly with ionospheric impact. Comparison with the locations of surface activity leads to estimates of deflection for the CMEs, with the average deflection being 19°. At least a few events may have missed Earth entirely in the absence of coronal deflection.
Data and numerical analysis of astronomic tides, wind‐waves, and hurricane storm surge along the northern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Bilskie M. V. , Hagen S. C. , Medeiros S. C. , Cox A. T. , Salisbury M. , Coggin D.
Published: April 2016

The northern Gulf of Mexico (NGOM) is a unique geophysical setting for complex tropical storm‐induced hydrodynamic processes that occur across a variety of spatial and temporal scales. Each hurricane includes its own distinctive characteristics and can cause unique and devastating storm surge when it strikes within the intricate geometric setting of the NGOM. While a number of studies have explored hurricane storm surge in the NGOM, few have attempted to describe storm surge and coastal inundation using observed data in conjunction with a single large‐domain high‐resolution numerical model. To better understand the oceanic and nearshore response to these tropical cyclones, we provide a detailed assessment, based on field measurements and numerical simulation, of the evolution of wind waves, water levels, and currents for Hurricanes Ivan (2004), Dennis (2005), Katrina (2005), and Isaac (2012), with focus on Mississippi, Alabama, and the Florida Panhandle coasts. The developed NGOM3 computational model describes the hydraulic connectivity among the various inlet and bay systems, Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, coastal rivers and adjacent marsh, and built infrastructure along the coastal floodplain. The outcome is a better understanding of the storm surge generating mechanisms and interactions among hurricane characteristics and the NGOM's geophysical configuration. The numerical analysis and observed data explain the ∼2 m/s hurricane‐induced geostrophic currents across the continental shelf, a 6 m/s outflow current during Ivan, the hurricane‐induced coastal Kelvin wave along the shelf, and for the first time a wealth of measured data and a detailed numerical simulation was performed and was presented for Isaac.
Photochemical processing of diesel fuel emissions as a large secondary source of isocyanic acid (HNCO)
Authors: Link M. F. , Friedman B. , Fulgham R. , Brophy P. , Galang A. , Jathar S. H. , Veres P. , Roberts J. M. , Farmer D. K.
Published: April 2016

Isocyanic acid (HNCO) is a well‐known air pollutant that affects human health. Biomass burning, smoking, and combustion engines are known HNCO sources, but recent studies suggest that secondary production in the atmosphere may also occur. We directly observed photochemical production of HNCO from the oxidative aging of diesel exhaust during the Diesel Exhaust Fuel and Control experiments at Colorado State University using acetate ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. Emission ratios of HNCO were enhanced, after 1.5 days of simulated atmospheric aging, from 50 to 230 mg HNCO/kg fuel at idle engine operating conditions. Engines operated at higher loads resulted in less primary and secondary HNCO formation, with emission ratios increasing from 20 to 40 mg HNCO/kg fuel under 50% load engine operating conditions. These results suggest that photochemical sources of HNCO could be more significant than primary sources in urban areas.
Long‐duration depletion in the topside ionospheric total electron content during the recovery phase of the March 2015 strong storm
Authors: Zhong Jiahao , Wang Wenbin , Yue Xinan , Burns Alan G. , Dou Xiankang , Lei Jiuhou
Published: April 2016

Topside ionospheric total electron content (TEC) observations from multiple low‐Earth orbit (LEO) satellites have been used to investigate the local time, altitudinal, and longitudinal dependence of the topside ionospheric storm effect during both the main and recovery phases of the March 2015 geomagnetic storm. The results of this study show, for the first time, that there was a persistent topside TEC depletion that lasted for more than 3 days after the storm main phase at most longitudes, except in the Pacific Ocean region, where the topside TECs during the storm recovery phase were comparable to the quiet time ones. The observed depletion in the topside ionospheric TEC was relatively larger at higher altitudes in the evening sector and greater at local times closer to midnight. Moreover, the topside TEC patterns observed by MetOp‐A (832 km) were different from those seen by other LEO satellites with lower orbital altitudes during the storm main phase and at the beginning of the recovery phase, especially in the evening sector. This suggests that the physical processes that control the storm time behavior of topside ionospheric response to storms are altitude‐dependent.
Identification of protein interfaces within the multi‐aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetase complex: the case of lysyl‐tRNA synthetase and the scaffold protein p38
Authors: Rémion Azaria , Khoder‐Agha Fawzi , Cornu David , Argentini Manuela , Redeker Virginie , Mirande Marc
Published: April 2016

Human cytoplasmic lysyl‐tRNA synthetase (LysRS) is associated within a multi‐aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetase complex (MSC). Within this complex, the p38 component is the scaffold protein that binds the catalytic domain of LysRS via its N‐terminal region. In addition to its translational function when associated to the MSC, LysRS is also recruited in nontranslational roles after dissociation from the MSC. The balance between its MSC‐associated and MSC‐dissociated states is essential to regulate the functions of LysRS in cellular homeostasis. With the aim of understanding the rules that govern association of LysRS in the MSC, we analyzed the protein interfaces between LysRS and the full‐length version of p38, the scaffold protein of the MSC. In a previous study, the cocrystal structure of LysRS with a N‐terminal peptide of p38 was reported [Ofir‐Birin Y et al. (2013) Mol Cell 49, 30–42]. In order to identify amino acid residues involved in interaction of the two proteins, the non‐natural, photo‐cross‐linkable amino acid p‐benzoyl‐l‐phenylalanine (Bpa) was incorporated at 27 discrete positions within the catalytic domain of LysRS. Among the 27 distinct LysRS mutants, only those with Bpa inserted in place of Lys356 or His364 were cross‐linked with p38. Using mass spectrometry, we unambiguously identified the protein interface of the cross‐linked complex and showed that Lys356 and His364 of LysRS interact with the peptide from Pro8 to Arg26 in native p38, in agreement with the published cocrystal structure. This interface, which in LysRS is located on the opposite side of the dimer to the site of interaction with its tRNA substrate, defines the core region of the MSC. The residues identified herein in human LysRS are not conserved in yeast LysRS, an enzyme that does not associate within the MSC, and contrast with the residues proposed to be essential for LysRS:p38 association in the earlier work.
Tetrachloroethylene [Air Monitoring Methods, 2014]
Authors: Tschickardt M. , Krämer W. , Hebisch R. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2016

This analytical method is a validated measurement procedure for the determination of tetrachloroethylene and for monitoring its Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL) at workplaces. Sampling is performed by drawing a defined volume of air through an adsorption tube filled with Chromosorb 106 using a flow‐regulated pump. The flow rate is set to 5 mL/min with a recommended air sample volume of 200 mL. The collected tetrachloroethylene is thermally desorbed and analysed by means of gas chromatography fitted with two detectors, a flame ionisation detector (FID) for quantification and a mass selective detector (MSD) for identification and quantification. The quantitative determination is based on a calibration function obtained by means of a multiple‐point calibration and also on the blank value method. The limit of quantification (LOQ) is determined on the basis of aliquots from 1 to 10 mL of the calibration gas in the lower concentration range. The LOQ is 1.9 mg/m
3
for the calibration line method and 0.6 mg/m
3
for the blank value method. The expanded uncertainty was 14.4% over the measurement range.
4,4′‐Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) (inhalable fraction) [BAT Value Documentation, 2000]
Authors: Lewalter J. , Neumann H.‐G. , Drexler H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2016

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated a biological tolerance value (BAT value)for the inhalable fraction of 4,4'‐Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) in 1997. The evaluation of the BAT value was based on the relationship between external and internal exposure. In field studies from Lewalter and Steinmann‐Steiner‐Haldenstätt (1994), an average of 0.9 (0.6–2.0) μg MDA/g creatinine was found in the hydrolysed urine samples of 43 persons exposed to a mean MDI concentration of 3.9 (0.1–5.4) μg/m3. In a further study with a MDI exposure of 12.7 (1.8–15.3) μg/m3, an average of 2.6 (0.3–3.7) μg MDA/g creatinine was found in the hydrolysed urine of 154 persons. Consequently, no more than 11.1 μg/g creatinine and 10.2 µg/g creatinine of the corresponding MDA should be expected in the post‐shift urine after MDI exposure up to the MAK value of 50 μg/m3, respectively.On the basis of these data available, a BAT value of 10 μg 4,4'‐diaminodiphenylmethane (after hydrolysis)/g creatinine* was evaluated. The time of sampling is important and should take place after the end of the shift at the end of the working week or shift period.When samples are taken 16 hours after the end of the shift, this corresponds to a renal excretion of 3 μg 4,4'‐diaminodiphenylmethane (after hydrolysis)/g creatinine.
Di‐n‐butylphosphonat und Di‐n‐octylphosphonat [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2016]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2016

Di‐n‐butyl phosphonate und Di‐n‐octyl phosphonate

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated di‐n‐butyl phosphonate and di‐n‐octyl phosphonate to derive a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value), considering all toxicity endpoints. Unpublished study reports and publications are described in detail. In vitro genotoxicity tests are negative; in vivo data are not available. Critical effect for both substances is irritation of skin or eyes. No repeated dose studies are available to define possible local and systemic effects. Therefore, no MAK value can be established and di‐n‐butyl phosphonate and di‐n‐octyl phosphonate are assigned to Section II b of the List of MAK and BAT values. Skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity. A maximization test with di‐n‐octyl phosphonate and an in vitro test with di‐n‐butyl phosphonate do not show sensitizing activity.
4,4′‐Dicyclohexylmethandiisocyanat [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2016]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2016

4,4'‐Dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate

4,4'‐Dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate is an intermediate in the chemical industry. It is mainly used for the manufacture of coating materials, adhesives or prepolymers and for the production of elastomers. 4,4'‐Dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate is moderately to severely irritating to the skin. Animal data on the skin sensitizing potential of 4,4'‐dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate are not uniform and some studies are incompletely documented. Nevertheless, data frequently provide evidence of a skin sensitizing potential of the substance and sensitization has also been observed in a series of local lymph node assays in mice. Several human case reports describe allergic contact dermatitis due to 4,4'‐dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate exposure. Clinical data on hypersensitivity reactions of the airways are lacking, although structural relationship to other members of the group of diisocyanates and animal data support to some extent the hypothesis that respiratory hypersensitivity may also be induced by 4,4'‐dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate. But, as no validated animal model is available to assess the potential for respiratory sensitization in humans, sufficient evidence for such an effect could not be found. In conclusion, 4,4'‐dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate is designated with “Sh” (for skin‐sensitizing substances) but not with “Sa” (for substances causing airway sensitization).
Thioglycolic acid and its salts [MAK Value Documentation, 2013]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2016

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated thioglycolic acid and its salts to derive a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value), considering all toxicity endpoints. Available publications are described in detail. As the critical effect of thioglycolic acid is local irritation, but there are no inhalation studies available for this substance, no MAK value can be derived and thioglycolic acid is listed in Section II b of the List of MAK and BAT Values. Thioglycolates are slightly irritating to the skin and eyes of rabbits. In the 13‐week gavage study in rats changes in biochemical parameters and hepatocellular microvacuolization are found in the females at 20 mg/kg body weight and day and above. The NOAEL is 7 mg sodium thioglycolate/kg body weight and day. An amplification of the effects with increasing exposure duration cannot be excluded. As the irritation potency is low, a MAK value of 2 mg thioglycolate/m3for the inhalable fraction can be derived. As the critical effect is systemic, thioglycolates are assigned to Peak Limitation Category II. The default excursion factor of 2 is set as no half‐life in blood is known. In rats, the oral NOAEL for developmental toxicity is 75 mg ammonium thioglycolate/kg body weight and day and the dermal NOAEL is 100 mg sodium thioglycolate/kg body weight and day. The dermal NOAEL for developmental toxicity in rabbits is 65 mg sodium thioglycolate/kg body weight and day, the highest dose tested. Scaling of these NOAEL to a concentration in the work‐place air shows that damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value or the BAT value is observed and thioglycolates are classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C. Thioglycolic acid and its salts are not genotoxic. In a carcinogenicity study with mice given sodium thioglycolate doses of up to 13.3 mg/kg body weight twice a week dermally, tumour incidences are not increased. In humans, thioglycolic acid and its salts have a low potential for contact sensitization. A local lymph node assay, however, indicates a contact sensitization potential for ammonium thioglycolate. Thioglycolic acid and its salts are therefore designated with an “Sh” notation. Skin contact may contribute significantly to systemic toxicity and thioglycolic acid and its salts are designated with an “H” notation.
n‐Butyl alcohol [MAK Value Documentation, 2015]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2016

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the data on skin absorption of n‐butyl alcohol. n‐Butyl alcohol was previously not designated with an “H” notation. Skin absorption data from animal studies in vivo and from human skin in vitro are conflicting, showing much higher penetration rates in vivo than in vitro. A new in vivo study with the isomeric tert‐butyl alcohol shows a rather low degree of skin absorption. Taking these data as a read‐across, the lower penetration rates of n‐butyl alcohol with human skin in vitro are plausible. n‐Butyl alcohol continues not to be designated with an “H” notation because skin absorption is not expected to contribute to systemic toxicity.
N‐(1,3‐Dimethylbutyl)‐N′‐phenyl‐p‐phenylenediamine (6‐PPD) [MAK Value Documentation, 2013]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2016

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) of
N‐
(1,3‐dimethylbutyl)‐
N′‐
phenyl
‐p‐
phenylenediamine, considering all toxicity endpoints. Available unpublished study reports and publications are described in detail. Critical effects of
N‐
(1,3‐dimethylbutyl)‐
N′‐
phenyl
‐p‐
phenylenediamine are increased liver weights, changes in haematological parameters with mild anaemia after higher doses and its skin‐sensitizing property. The chronic NOAEL in male rats is 2.6 mg/kg body weight based on effects on the liver which can be used to calculate a MAK value of 2 mg/m
3
for the inhalable fraction. This value also provides protection from irritation. As the critical effect is systemic, Peak Limitation Category II is assigned. The default excursion factor of 2 is set as no half‐life in blood is known. Damage to the embryo is unlikely if the MAK value for
N‐
(1,3‐dimethylbutyl)‐
N′‐
phenyl
‐p‐
phenylenediamine is observed and the substance is classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C.
N‐
(1,3‐dimethylbutyl)‐
N′‐
phenyl
‐p‐
phenylenediamine is a skin sensitizer and the designation with “Sh” is assigned. There are no data concerning the potential for respiratory sensitization. Skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity.
N‐
(1,3‐dimethylbutyl)‐
N′‐
phenyl
‐p‐
phenylenediamine is not genotoxic or carcinogenic.
Fully Solution‐Processed Small Molecule Semitransparent Solar Cells: Optimization of Transparent Cathode Architecture and Four Absorbing Layers
Authors: Min Jie , Bronnbauer Carina , Zhang Zhi‐Guo , Cui Chaohua , Luponosov Yuriy N. , Ata Ibrahim , Schweizer Peter , Przybilla Thomas , Guo Fei , Ameri Tayebeh , Forberich Karen , Spiecker Erdmann , Bäuerle Peter , Ponomarenko Sergei A. , Li Yongfang , Brabec Christoph J.
Published: April 2016

Semitransparent solar cells (SSCs) can open photovoltaic applications in many commercial areas, such as power‐generating windows and building integrated photovoltaics. This study successfully demonstrates solution‐processed small molecule SSCs with a conventional configuration for the presently tested material systems, namely BDTT‐S‐TR:PC70BM, N(Ph‐2T‐DCN‐Et)3:PC70BM, SMPV1:PC70BM, and UU07:PC60BM. The top transparent cathode coated through solution processes employs a highly transparent silver nanowire as electrode together with a combination interface bilayer of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) and a perylene diimide derivative (PDINO). This ZnO/PDINO bilayer not only serves as an effective cathode buffer layer but also acts as a protective film on top of the active layer. With this integrated contribution, this study achieves a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.62% for fully solution‐processed SSCs based on BDTT‐S‐TR system. Furthermore, the other three systems with various colors exhibited the PCEs close to 3% as expected from simulations, demonstrate the practicality and versatility of this printed semitransparent device architecture for small mole­cule systems. This work amplifies the potential of small molecule solar cells for window integration.
UV–Vis–Infrared Light Driven Thermocatalytic Activity of Octahedral Layered Birnessite Nanoflowers Enhanced by a Novel Photoactivation
Authors: Liu Fang , Zeng Min , Li Yuanzhi , Yang Yi , Mao Mingyang , Zhao Xiujian
Published: April 2016

Nanoflowers of octahedral layered birnessite (OL‐NF) were synthesized and characterized with a variety of techniques. Remarkably, OL‐NF exhibits a catalytic activity with a high efficiency for CO oxidation under irradiation of the full solar spectrum, visible‐infrared, or infrared light. This highly efficient catalytic activity under solar‐light irradiation originates from solar‐light‐driven thermocatalysis related to the efficient photothermal conversion and thermocatalytic activity of OL‐NF. A conceptually novel photoactivation effect is found to significantly improve the activity of the lattice oxygen of OL‐NF, thus considerably increasing the thermocatalytic activity of OL‐NF.
Responsive Biomaterials: Advances in Materials Based on Shape‐Memory Polymers
Authors: Hardy John G. , Palma Matteo , Wind Shalom J. , Biggs Manus J.
Published: April 2016

Shape‐memory polymers (SMPs) are morphologically responsive materials with potential for a variety of biomedical applications, particularly as devices for minimally invasive surgery and the delivery of therapeutics and cells for tissue engineering. A brief introduction to SMPs is followed by a discussion of the current progress toward the development of SMP‐based biomaterials for clinically relevant biomedical applications.
Allene‐Based Gold‐Catalyzed Stereodivergent Synthesis of Azapolycyclic Derivatives of Unusual Structure
Authors: Alcaide Benito , Almendros Pedro , Martín‐Montero Raúl , Ruiz M. Pilar
Published: April 2016

The present study provides insights into the manner in which the configuration of β‐aminoallene precursors affects their gold‐catalyzed cyclization reactions. The reactivity can be switched by using indolizidinone‐tethered β‐aminoallenes bearing the syn‐ or the anti‐disposition of both protons at the α‐ and β‐allenic stereocenters. Fused heterocycles (seven examples, 60–75% yields) are obtained from the syn‐precursors, while a dimerization–aminoketalization–spirocyclization sequence to afford benzo[b]pyrrolo[3,2,1‐ij][1,7]naphthyridin‐1‐ones (four examples, 34–48% yields) can be achieved starting from their anti‐isomers.

magnified image
Domino Meyer–Schuster/Arylation Reaction of Alkynols or Alkynyl Hydroperoxides with Diazonium Salts Promoted by Visible Light under Dual Gold and Ruthenium Catalysis
Authors: Alcaide Benito , Almendros Pedro , Busto Eduardo , Luna Amparo
Published: April 2016

A method for the arylative coupling of alkynols or alkynyl hydroperoxides using equimolar amounts of diazonium salts at room temperature has been achieved through application of a gold/photoredox dual catalytic system. The excess of external reagents (oxidant or base) and high temperatures required by previous arylative Meyer–Schuster rearrangement protocols are avoided by exploitation of a visible light‐mediated process.

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Current Advances in Lanthanide‐Doped Upconversion Nanostructures for Detection and Bioapplication
Authors: Chen Cailing , Li Chunguang , Shi Zhan
Published: April 2016

Along with the development of science and technology, lanthanide‐doped upconversion nanostructures as a new type of materials have taken their place in the field of nanomaterials. Upconversion luminescence is a nonlinear optical phenomenon, which absorbs two or more photons and emits one photon. Compared with traditional luminescence materials, upconversion nanostructures have many advantages, such as weak background interference, long lifetime, low excitation energy, and strong tissue penetration. These interesting nanostructures can be applied in anticounterfeit, solar cell, detection, bioimaging, therapy, and so on. This review is focused on the current advances in lanthanide‐doped upconversion nanostructures, covering not only basic luminescence mechanism, synthesis, and modification methods but also the design and fabrication of upconversion nanostructures, like core–shell nanoparticles or nanocomposites. At last, this review emphasizes the application of upconversion nanostructure in detection and bioimaging and therapy. Learning more about the advances of upconversion nanostructures can help us better exploit their excellent performance and use them in practice.
High‐Efficiency Large‐Area Carbon Nanotube‐Silicon Solar Cells
Authors: Xu Wenjing , Wu Shiting , Li Xinming , Zou Mingchu , Yang Liusi , Zhang Zelin , Wei Jinquan , Hu Song , Li Yanhui , Cao Anyuan
Published: April 2016

Currently studied carbon nanotube‐silicon (CNT‐Si) solar cells are based on relatively small active areas (typically <0.15 cm2); increasing the active area generally leads to reduced power conversion efficiencies. This study reports CNT‐Si solar cells with active areas of more than 2 cm2 for single cells, yet still achieving cell efficiencies of about 10%, which is the first time for CNT‐Si solar cells with an active area more than 1 cm2 to reach the level for real applications. In this work, a controlled number of flattened highly conductive CNT strips is added, in simple arrangement, to form a CNT‐Si solar cell with CNT strips in which the middle film makes heterojunctions with Si while the top strips act as self‐similar top electrodes, like conventional metal grids. The CNT strips, directly condensed from as‐grown CNT films, not only improve the CNT‐Si junctions, but also enhance the conductivity of top electrodes without introducing contact barrier when the CNT strips are added onto the film. This property may facilitate the development of large‐area high‐performance CNT or graphene‐Si solar cells.
A Novel Aluminum‐Ion Battery: Al/AlCl3‐[EMIm]Cl/Ni3S2@Graphene
Authors: Wang Shuai , Yu Zhijing , Tu Jiguo , Wang Junxiang , Tian Donghua , Liu Yingjun , Jiao Shuqiang
Published: April 2016

Due to an ever‐increasing demand for electronic devices, rechargeable batteries are attractive for energy storage systems. A novel rechargeable aluminum‐ion battery based on Al3+ intercalation and deintercalation is fabricated with Ni3S2/graphene microflakes composite as cathode material and high‐purity Al foil as anode. This kind of aluminum‐ion battery comprises of an electrolyte containing AlCl3 in an ionic liquid of 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride ([EMIm]Cl). Galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements have been performed in a voltage range of 0.1–2.0 V versus Al/AlCl4
−. An initial discharge specific capacity of 350 mA h g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1 is achieved, and the discharge capacity remains over 60 mA h g−1 and coulombic efficiency of 99% after 100 cycles. Typically, for the current density at 200 mA g−1, the initial charge and discharge capacities are 300 and 235 mA h g−1, respectively. More importantly, it should be emphasized that the battery has a high discharge voltage plateau (≈1.0 V vs Al/AlCl4
−). These meaningful results represent a significant step forward in the development of aluminum‐ion batteries.
An Air‐Stable Densely Packed Phosphorene–Graphene Composite Toward Advanced Lithium Storage Properties
Authors: Zhang Yu , Wang Huanwen , Luo Zhongzhen , Tan Hui Teng , Li Bing , Sun Shengnan , Li Zhong , Zong Yun , Xu Zhichuan J. , Yang Yanhui , Khor Khiam Aik , Yan Qingyu
Published: April 2016

Phosphorene, monolayer or few‐layer black phosphorus (BP), has recently triggered strong scientific interest for lithium/sodium ion batteries (LIBs/SIBs) applications. However, there are still challenges regarding large‐scale fabrication, poor air stability. Herein, we report the high‐yield synthesis of phosphorene with good crystallinity and tunable size distributions via liquid‐phase exfoliation of bulk BP in formamide. Afterwards, a densely packed phosphorene–graphene composite (PG‐SPS, a packing density of 0.6 g cm−3) is prepared by a simple and easily up‐scalable spark plasma sintering (SPS) process. When working as anode materials of LIBs, PG‐SPS exhibit much improved first‐cycle Coloumbic efficiency (60.2%) compared to phosphorene (11.5%) and loosely stacked phosphorene–graphene composite (34.3%), high specific capacity (1306.7 mAh g−1) and volumetric capacity (256.4 mAh cm−3), good rate capabilities (e.g., 415.0 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1) as well as outstanding long‐term cycling life (91.9% retention after 800 cycles at 10 A g−1). Importantly, excellent air stability of PG‐SPS over the 60 days observation in maintaining its high Li storage properties can be achieved. On the contrary, 95.2% of BP in PG sample was oxidized after only 10 days exposure to ambience, leading to severe degradation of electrochemical properties.
Genetic enhancement of limb defects in a mouse model of Cornelia de Lange syndrome
Authors: Lopez‐Burks Martha E. , Santos Rosaysela , Kawauchi Shimako , Calof Anne L. , Lander Arthur D.
Published: April 2016

Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS) is characterized by a wide variety of structural and functional abnormalities in almost every organ system of the body. CdLS is now known to be caused by mutations that disrupt the function of the cohesin complex or its regulators, and studies of animal models and cell lines tell us that the effect of these mutations is to produce subtle yet pervasive dysregulation of gene expression. With many hundreds of mostly small gene expression changes occurring in every cell type and tissue, identifying the etiology of any particular birth defect is very challenging. Here we focus on limb abnormalities, which are commonly seen in CdLS. In the limb buds of the Nipbl‐haploinsufficient mouse (Nipbl+/− mouse), a model for the most common form of CdLS, modest gene expression changes are observed in several candidate pathways whose disruption is known to cause limb abnormalities, yet the limbs of Nipbl+/− mice develop relatively normally. We hypothesized that further impairment of candidate pathways might produce limb defects similar to those seen in CdLS, and performed genetic experiments to test this. Focusing on Sonic hedgehog (Shh), Bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp), and Hox gene pathways, we show that decreasing Bmp or Hox function (but not Shh function) enhances polydactyly in Nipbl+/− mice, and in some cases produces novel skeletal phenotypes. However, frank limb reductions, as are seen in a subset of individuals with CdLS, do not occur, suggesting that additional signaling and/or gene regulatory pathways are involved in producing such dramatic changes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of 6‐Alkyl‐6 H‐benzo[c]chromene Derivatives by Cyclization/Selective Ether Cleavage in One Pot: Total Synthesis of Cannabinol
Authors: Norseeda Krissada , Tummatorn Jumreang , Krajangsri Suppachai , Thongsornkleeb Charnsak , Ruchirawat Somsak
Published: April 2016

A convenient synthesis of 6‐alkyl‐6 H‐benzo[c]chromenes is demonstrated in a one‐pot manner. This method involved the cyclization/selective ether cleavage of 1‐(2′‐alkoxybiaryl‐2‐yl)alkanol derivatives by using PBr3 in the presence of LiI to obtain the corresponding products in good to excellent yields. Moreover, we also applied this method as a key step in the total synthesis of the natural product cannabinol, which was completed in four steps in good overall yield.
Risk factors for the delayed onset of neuropsychologic sequelae following carbon monoxide poisoning
Authors: Kitamoto Takeshi , Tsuda Masanobu , Kato Masaki , Saito Fukuki , Kamijo Yoshito , Kinoshita Toshihiko
Published: April 2016

Aim

Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning often manifests delayed neuropsychological sequelae. The risks and preventive factors for the development of delayed neuropsychological sequelae are controversial at present. The purpose of this retrospective study was to assess the risk factors for this condition.

Method

We studied 81 patients with CO poisoning admitted to the Critical Care and Emergency Medicine Center at the Kansai Medical University from 2006 to 2012. All patients (64 males and 17 females; average age, 45.9 years) were divided into non‐ delayed neuropsychological sequelae and delayed neuropsychological sequelae groups and retrospectively studied. Patient data were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results

The results of our study indicated that prolonged CO exposure, elevated serum creatinine phosphokinase levels, head image abnormality in the basal ganglion or white matter region, low Glasgow Coma Scale score, bedsore occurrence, and CO poisoning attributable to burning charcoal were each predictive risk factors for the development of delayed neuropsychological sequelae. Bedsore occurrence and serum creatinine phosphokinase elevation were significant risk factors by multivariate analysis, whereas no significant differences were found for age, gender, mean blood pressure, heart rate, arterial carboxyhemoglobin and lactate concentrations, or base excess.

Conclusion

We identified several predictive risk factors of delayed neuropsychological sequelae. We believe that these factors will contribute to identifying optimum therapeutic methods and follow‐up terms for patients with acute CO poisoning at risk of developing delayed neuropsychological sequelae.
Vitamin K, fresh frozen plasma, and platelet transfusion used to arrest progression of intracranial hemorrhage after traumatic brain injury in a patient taking anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents
Authors: Yoshizawa Joe , Namiki Jun , Nishida Yusho , Kaneko Yasushi , Hori Shingo
Published: April 2016

Case

An 89‐year‐old man fell from stairs and sustained head trauma. He was taking warfarin and aspirin. Upon arrival at our hospital, his Glasgow Coma Scale score was 14. Initial head computed tomography showed small acute subdural hematoma. We immediately administered vitamin K and ordered fresh‐frozen plasma. Repeat computed tomography 3 and 6 h after trauma revealed the acute subdural hematoma had increased to 14 and 20 mm, respectively, and there were several new intracranial hemorrhages. Fresh‐frozen plasma and platelet transfusion were initiated.

Outcome

Follow‐up computed tomography revealed no further progression of intracranial hemorrhages, and the patient's consciousness did not deteriorate further.

Conclusion

Appropriate administration of vitamin K, fresh‐frozen plasma, and platelets successfully arrested progression of traumatic intracranial hemorrhages in this patient taking anticoagulant/antiplatelet agents and may have averted brain surgery.
Practices and perceived barriers regarding pain management among Emergency Department physicians: a nationwide multicenter survey in Moroccan hospitals
Authors: Louriz Maha , Belayachi Jihane , Madani Naoufal , Abidi Khalid , Dendane Tarek , Belabes Benchekroun Abdellatif , Zeggwagh Amine Ali , Abouqal Redouane
Published: April 2016

Aim

To describe pain management practices in Moroccan emergency departments, and to identify perceived barriers among emergency department physicians regarding pain management.

Methods

Eleven Moroccan emergency departments participated in the study. A nationwide survey was administered to physicians. The questionnaire covered physicians' characteristics, practices regarding pain management, and the perceived barriers to pain control.

Results

A total of 86 questionnaires were analyzed. The participants' mean age was 41±7 years and 59.3% had more than 10 years working experience in emergency departments. The majority of participants were general physicians (87.2%) with no pain education (73.3%). Pain assessment in emergency departments was carried out by 59.3% of the physicians. Simple interrogatory assessment was the main tool (88.3%) with poor use of algometric scales (11.7%). Pain assessment results were not recorded in clinical charts in 93% of cases. Pain reassessment after treatment was carried out by 23.2% of respondents. Physicians had opiophobia in 80.2% of cases. None of the Moroccan emergency departments participating in the study have a written protocol for pain management. Barriers relating to medical staff and the health care system were the most commonly encountered hindrances that preclude emergency department physicians from proper pain management.

Conclusions

Despite the availability of international guidelines, pain management practices are still sub‐optimal in Moroccan emergency departments.
Advanced High‐Voltage Aqueous Lithium‐Ion Battery Enabled by “Water‐in‐Bisalt” Electrolyte
Authors: Suo Liumin , Borodin Oleg , Sun Wei , Fan Xiulin , Yang Chongyin , Wang Fei , Gao Tao , Ma Zhaohui , Schroeder Marshall , von Cresce Arthur , Russell Selena M. , Armand Michel , Angell Austen , Xu Kang , Wang Chunsheng
Published: April 2016

A new super‐concentrated aqueous electrolyte is proposed by introducing a second lithium salt. The resultant ultra‐high concentration of 28 m led to more effective formation of a protective interphase on the anode along with further suppression of water activities at both anode and cathode surfaces. The improved electrochemical stability allows the use of TiO2 as the anode material, and a 2.5 V aqueous Li‐ion cell based on LiMn2O4 and carbon‐coated TiO2 delivered the unprecedented energy density of 100 Wh kg−1 for rechargeable aqueous Li‐ion cells, along with excellent cycling stability and high coulombic efficiency. It has been demonstrated that the introduction of a second salts into the “water‐in‐salt” electrolyte further pushed the energy densities of aqueous Li‐ion cells closer to those of the state‐of‐the‐art Li‐ion batteries.
From Chemical Mutagenesis to Post‐Expression Mutagenesis: A 50 Year Odyssey
Authors: Wright Tom H. , Vallée M. Robert J. , Davis Benjamin G.
Published: April 2016

Site‐directed (gene) mutagenesis has been the most useful method available for the conversion of one amino acid residue of a given protein into another. Until relatively recently, this strategy was limited to the twenty standard amino acids. The ongoing maturation of stop codon suppression and related technologies for unnatural amino acid incorporation has greatly expanded access to nonstandard amino acids by expanding the scope of the translational apparatus. However, the necessity for translation of genetic changes restricts the diversity of residues that may be incorporated. Herein we highlight an alternative approach, termed post‐expression mutagenesis, which operates at the level of the very functional biomolecules themselves. Using the lens of retrosynthesis, we highlight prospects for new strategies in protein modification, alteration, and construction which will enable protein science to move beyond the constraints of the “translational filter” and lead to a true synthetic biology.
Synthesis of (−)‐Cannabimovone and Structural Reassignment of Anhydrocannabimovone through Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerization
Authors: Carreras Javier , Kirillova Mariia S. , Echavarren Antonio M.
Published: April 2016

The first total synthesis of cannabimovone from Cannabis sativa and anhydrocannabimovone was achieved by means of a highly stereoselective gold(I)‐catalyzed cycloisomerization. The results led to reassignment of the structure of anhydrocannabimovone.
Synthesis of the first nanomagnetic particles with semicarbazide‐based acidic ionic liquid tag: an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of 3,3′‐(arylmethylene)bis(4‐hydroxycoumarin) and 1‐carbamato‐alkyl‐2‐naphthol derivatives under mild and green conditions
Authors: Zolfigol Mohammad Ali , Ayazi‐Nasrabadi Roya , Baghery Saeed
Published: April 2016

Semicarbazide functionalized with chlorosulfonic acid on the surface of silica‐coated magnetic nanoparticles, {Fe3O4@SiO2@(CH2)3Semicarbazide‐SO3H/HCl}, as a novel magnetic Brønsted acid catalyst according to the aims of green chemistry was synthesized and fully characterized using Fourier transform infrared, UV–visible and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopies, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron, transmission electron and atomic force microscopies and thermogravimetric analysis. The capability and excellent activity of this nanoparticle catalyst were exhibited in the synthesis of two series of compounds with important biological activities, namely 3,3′‐(arylmethylene)bis(4‐hydroxycoumarin) and 1‐carbamato‐alkyl‐2‐naphthol derivatives, under mild, green and solvent‐free conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of the synthesis and application of {Fe3O4@SiO2@(CH2)3Semicarbazide‐SO3H/HCl} as Brønsted acid solid magnetic nanoparticles. Consequently the present study can open up a novel and promising intuition in the sequence of logical design, synthesis and applications of task‐specific Brønsted acid magnetic nanoparticle catalyst with favourable properties as a full‐fledged efficient material for sustainable approaches. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.