bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thoracic Myelopathy Due to Gnathostomiasis Acquired in New Zealand
Authors: Mulroy Eoin , Simpson Mark , Frith Richard
Published: July 2016

Gnathostomiasis is a zoonotic disease endemic in Asia. It most commonly manifests as gastrointestinal and cutaneous disease. Central nervous system involvement is a rare but feared complication, often leaving patients with permanent neurologic deficits. Clinicians outside of Asia and Latin America may have little experience with this illness, causing delays in diagnosis and treatment. We describe a 40-year-old woman who developed a progressive myelopathy over 18 months. She had never traveled outside of New Zealand. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) showed marked eosinophilia and Gnathostoma serology was positive in both serum and CSF. This is the first report of gnathostomiasis acquired in New Zealand, and the first case of neurognathostomiasis reported outside Asia. Clinicians should include neurognathostomiasis in the differential diagnosis of myelopathy and CSF eosinophilia, even if there is no history of travel to endemic areas.
Thermogravimetric Characterization of the Microstructure Composition of Polyamide Injection Molded Denture Base Material vs Conventional Compression Molded Heat-cured Denture Base Material
Authors: Al-Dharrab Ayman , Shinawi Lana
Published: July 2016

Background

Thermoplastic resin polymers are widely used in medicine due to their biostability and hypoallergenic properties, making them a possible alternative to poly-methylmethacrylate (PMMA). The current research examined the microstructure of a rapid injection molding system thermoplastic resin for construction of flexible denture compared with that of heatcured PMMA.

Materials and methods

A total of 40 disk-shaped specimens (25 mm in diameter and 3 mm in thickness) were prepared and divided into two groups of 20 disks each (group I samples were of thermoplastic acrylic resin while group II was heat-cured PMMA resin).

Results

In group I, thermogravimetric analyzer showed that increasing the temperature up to 169°C resulted in about 1.3% of the material loss, and after that the material remains thermally stable up to 200°C. Group II showed 2.24% weight loss at 171°C, and further weight loss (12.025%) was observed on heating to 230°C. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometer analysis in the range of 400–4000 cm-1 detected the presence of an amine group (N-H) in group I samples and the presence of methylene group attached to inorganic Si as reinforcement filler (Si-CH3).

Conclusion

Thermoplastic resin displayed excellent thermal stability and the absence of residual monomer within the polymerized material, suggesting its suitability for the fabrication dentures.

How to cite this article

Al-Dharrab A, Shinawi L. Thermogravimetric Characterization of the Microstructure Composition of Polyamide Injection Molded Denture Base Material vs Conventional Compression Molded Heat-cured Denture Base Material. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(2):99-104.
Push-out Bond Strength of Glass Fiber Posts Cemented in Weakened Roots with Different Luting Agents
Authors: Correr-Sobrinho Lourenço , da Silveira-Pedrosa Daniele M , Martins Luis RM , Sinhoreti Mário AC , Sousa-Neto Manoel D , Junior Edson D Costa , de F Pedrosa-Filho Celso , de Carvalho Jacy Ribeiro
Published: July 2016

Aim

To evaluate the push-out bond strength (BS) of direct anatomic posts (DAPs) and conventional fiber posts (CFPs) cemented with different luting agents in different thirds of flared root canals.

Materials and methods

A total of 60 human single-rooted canine teeth were transversally sectioned 16 mm from the radicular apex. After endodontic treatment, canals were flared with diamond burs. Samples were divided into six groups according to post type and luting agent: DAP and RelyX U100 (RXU); DAP and RelyX ARC (RXA); DAP and RelyX Luting 2 (RXL); CFP and RXU; CFP and RXA; CFP and RXL. Roots were sectioned transversely into six 1-mm-thick slices. The push-out test was performed and failure modes were observed.

Results

The DAP groups (7.23 ± 2.05) showed highest BS values (p < 0.05) when compared with CFP (5.93 ± 1.76). RelyX U100 (8.17 ± 1.70) showed higher BS values (p < 0.05) than RXA (6.46 ± 1.38), and RXL (5.10 ± 1.65) showed the lowest values. Bond strength on the apical third was statistically lower (p < 0.05) than that on the other thirds of the root canals. There was a predominance of adhesive failure for all groups.

Conclusion

The DAPs improved retention in flared root canals, and RXU was the most effective luting agent. The apical third showed the lowest BS values.

Clinical significance

The relining procedure of fiber posts with composite and the proper selection of luting resin cement are important for increasing bonding effectiveness in flared root canals.

How to cite this article

da Silveira-Pedrosa DM, Martins LRM, Sinhoreti MAC, Correr-Sobrinho L, Sousa-Neto MD, Costa ED Jr, de F Pedrosa-Filho C, de Carvalho JR Jr. Push-out Bond Strength of Glass Fiber Posts Cemented in Weakened Roots with Different Luting Agents. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(2): 119-124.
A Clinical Evaluation of Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Alloplast with and without a Flowable Bioabsorbable Guided Tissue Regeneration Barrier in the Treatment of Mandibular Molar Class II Furcation Defects
Authors: Kini Vineet , Nayak Dilip G , Uppoor Ashita S
Published: July 2016

Background

Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) therapy has shown good results in the management of mandibular molar class II furcation defects. Advances in biomaterial sciences have developed alloplastic bone replacement graft materials and bioabsorbable GTR barrier membranes with good biologic response and handling properties. The aim of this study was to compare the attachment gain and the bone fill obtained with an alloplast [biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) 60% hydroxyapatite (HA) and 40% beta tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP)] with and without a bioabsorbable GTR barrier [flowable poly (DL-lactide) (PLA) dissolved in N-methyl-2- pyrrolidone (NMP)] in the treatment of mandibular molar class II furcation defects.

Materials and methods

A total of 20 class II furcation defects were treated in 16 patients with chronic periodontitis in a comparative study. Ten defects were treated with Camceram®(BCP 60% HA and 40% – TCP) bone replacement graft material (group I) and 10 defects with a combination of Camceram®bone replacement graft material with Atrisorb®Freeflow™, bio-absorbable GTR barrier (flowable PLA dissolved in NMP) (group II). At baseline and at 6 months postsurgery, clinical parameters of vertical probing depth (PD) and horizontal probing depth (P-H), clinical attachment level (CAL), gingival recession (GR), and vertical depth of furcation defect (VDF) and horizontal depth of furcation defect (BP-H) were evaluated.

Results

Statistical analysis was done with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program. Intergroup comparisons made at 6 months postsurgery by unpaired Student's t-test showed mean reduction in PD in group I was 3.10 ± 0.73 mm and in group II was 3.20 ± 1.03 mm (p > 0.05). Mean reduction in P-H in group I was 1.60 ± 0.69 mm and in group II was 1.90 ± 0.73 mm (p > 0.05). Gain in CAL in group I was 2.80 ± 1.03 mm and in group II was 2.90 ± 0.94 mm (p > 0.05). Change in GR in group I was .0.30 ± 0.48 mm and in group II was .0.30 ± 0.48 (p > 0.05). Reduction in VDF in group I was 1.30 ± 0.67 mm and in group II was 1.80 ± 0.63 mm (p . 0.01). Reduction in BP-H in group I was 1.30 ± 0.67 mm and in group II was 1.90 ± 0.73 mm (p . 0.05).

Conclusion

It was concluded that the combination technique of BCP alloplast with a flowable bioabsorbable GTR barrier led to better results in regard to defect bone fill as compared with when the BCP alloplast alone was used.

How to cite this article

Kini V, Nayak DG, Uppoor AS. A Clinical Evaluation of Biphasic Calcium Phosphate Alloplast with and without a Flowable Bioabsorbable Guided Tissue Regeneration Barrier in the Treatment of Mandibular Molar Class II Furcation Defects. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(2):143-148.
Marginal Accuracy of Castings Fabricated with Ringless Casting Investment System and Metal Ring Casting Investment System: A Comparative Study
Authors: Prasanna BG , Kalavathi M , Sachin Bhuvana , Shreeharsha TV , Praveen B , Ragher Mallikarjuna
Published: July 2016

Background

The thermal expansion of the investment can be restricted by the metal casting ring because the thermal expansion of the ring is less than that of the investment. The ringless casting procedure is in use in clinical dentistry, though there is little scientific data to support its use in fixed partial dentures. In this study, marginal discrepancy of castings produced with the ringless casting technique and the conventional technique using the metal rings were compared.

Materials and methods

A total of 30 wax patterns were fabricated directly on a metal die. Optical stereomicroscope was used to measure the marginal discrepancy between the metal die and wax patterns. A total of 15 castings were invested using Bellavest T phosphate-bonded investment with the ringless technique and 15 were invested with the same investment with a metal ring; 30 castings were produced using a nickel-chromium ceramo-metal alloy. The internal surface of the castings was not modified and seated with finger pressure. The vertical marginal discrepancy was measured using an optical stereomicroscope at a magnification of 100×. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using students t-test (paired t-test and unpaired t-test).

Results

The castings of the ringless technique provided less vertical marginal discrepancy (240.56 ± 45.81μ) than the castings produced with the conventional metal ring technique (281.98 ± 53.05μ). The difference was statistically significant.

Conclusion

The ringless casting technique had produced better marginal accuracy compared with conventional casting technique. Ringless casting system can be used routinely for clinical purpose.

How to cite this article

Kalavathi M, Sachin B, Prasanna BG, Shreeharsha TV, Praveen B, Ragher M. Marginal Accuracy of Castings Fabricated with Ringless Casting Investment System and Metal Ring Casting Investment System: A Comparative Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(2):165-170.
Implementation of warm-cloud processes in a source-oriented WRF/Chem model
to study the effect of aerosol mixing state on fog formation in the Central Valley of California
Authors: Lee Hsiang-He , Chen Shu-Hua , Kleeman Michael J. , Zhang Hongliang , DeNero Steven P. , Joe David K.
Published: July 2016

Abstract. The source-oriented Weather Research and Forecasting chemistry model (SOWC) was modified to include warm cloud processes and was applied to investigate how aerosol mixing states influence fog formation and optical properties in the atmosphere. SOWC tracks a 6-D chemical variable (X, Z, Y, size bins, source types, species) through an explicit simulation of atmospheric chemistry and physics. A source-oriented cloud condensation nuclei module was implemented into the SOWC model to simulate warm clouds using the modified two-moment Purdue Lin microphysics scheme. The Goddard shortwave and long-wave radiation schemes were modified to interact with source-oriented aerosols and cloud droplets so that aerosol direct and indirect effects could be studied. The enhanced SOWC model was applied to study a fog event that occurred on 17 January 2011, in the Central Valley of California. Tule fog occurred because an atmospheric river effectively advected high moisture into the Central Valley and nighttime drainage flow brought cold air from mountains into the valley. The SOWC model produced reasonable liquid water path, spatial distribution and duration of fog events. The inclusion of aerosol–radiation interaction only slightly modified simulation results since cloud optical thickness dominated the radiation budget in fog events. The source-oriented mixture representation of particles reduced cloud droplet number relative to the internal mixture approach that artificially coats hydrophobic particles with hygroscopic components. The fraction of aerosols activating into cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) at a supersaturation of 0.5 % in the Central Valley decreased from 94 % in the internal mixture model to 80 % in the source-oriented model. This increased surface energy flux by 3–5 W m−2 and surface temperature by as much as 0.25 K in the daytime.
Chemical analysis of refractory stratospheric aerosol particles collected
within the arctic vortex and inside polar stratospheric clouds
Authors: Ebert Martin , Weigel Ralf , Kandler Konrad , Günther Gebhard , Molleker Sergej , Grooß Jens-Uwe , Vogel Bärbel , Weinbruch Stephan , Borrmann Stephan
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Stratospheric aerosol particles with diameters larger than about 10 nm were collected within the arctic vortex during two polar flight campaigns: RECONCILE in winter 2010 and ESSenCe in winter 2011. Impactors were installed on board the aircraft M-55 Geophysica, which was operated from Kiruna, Sweden. Flights were performed at a height of up to 21 km and some of the particle samples were taken within distinct polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs). The chemical composition, size and morphology of refractory particles were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. During ESSenCe no refractory particles with diameters above 500 nm were sampled. In total 116 small silicate, Fe-rich, Pb-rich and aluminum oxide spheres were found. In contrast to ESSenCe in early winter, during the late-winter RECONCILE mission the air masses were subsiding inside the Arctic winter vortex from the upper stratosphere and mesosphere, thus initializing a transport of refractory aerosol particles into the lower stratosphere. During RECONCILE, 759 refractory particles with diameters above 500 nm were found consisting of silicates, silicate ∕ carbon mixtures, Fe-rich particles, Ca-rich particles and complex metal mixtures. In the size range below 500 nm the presence of soot was also proven. While the data base is still sparse, the general tendency of a lower abundance of refractory particles during PSC events compared to non-PSC situations was observed. The detection of large refractory particles in the stratosphere, as well as the experimental finding that these particles were not observed in the particle samples (upper size limit ∼  5 µm) taken during PSC events, strengthens the hypothesis that such particles are present in the lower polar stratosphere in late winter and have provided a surface for heterogeneous nucleation during PSC formation.
Improved MODIS Dark Target Aerosol Optical Depth algorithm
over land: Angular effect Correction
Authors: Wu Yerong , de Graaf Martin , Menenti Massimo
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) retrieved from MOderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) measurements over land, can be improved by taking into account the surface Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF), as shown in a previous study (Wu et al., 2016). However, the relationship of the surface reflectance between visible and short wave Infrared band that applied in the previous study, can lead to an angular dependence of the AOD retrieval. This has at least two reasons. The relationship based on the assumption of isotropic reflection or Lambertian surface is not suitable for the surface directional-directional reflectance. On the other hand, although the relationship varies with the surface cover type by considering the vegetation index NDVI_SWIR, this index itself has a directional effect and affects the estimation of the surface reflection, and finally can lead to some errors in the AOD retrieval. To improve this situation, we derived a new relationship for the spectral surface directional-directional reflectance in this study, using 3 years of dataset from AERONET-based Surface Reflectance Validation Network (ASRVN). To test the performance of the new algorithm, three case studies were used: 2 years of data from Eastern China and North America, and 4 months of data from the global land. The results show that the angular effects of the AOD retrieval are largely reduced in most cases. Particularly, for the global land case, the AOD retrieval was improved by the new algorithm compared to the previous study and MODIS collection 6 dark target algorithm, with the increase of 2.5 % and 5 % AOD retrievals falling within the expected accuracy level ±(0.05 + 15 %), respectively.
An empirical method to correct for temperature-dependent variations in the
overlap function of CHM15k ceilometers
Authors: Hervo Maxime , Poltera Yann , Haefele Alexander
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Imperfections in a lidar's overlap function lead to artefacts in the background, range and overlap-corrected lidar signals. These artefacts can erroneously be interpreted as an aerosol gradient or, in extreme cases, as a cloud base leading to false cloud detection. A correct specification of the overlap function is hence crucial in the use of automatic elastic lidars (ceilometers) for the detection of the planetary boundary layer or of low cloud. In this study, an algorithm is presented to correct such artefacts. It is based on the assumption of a homogeneous boundary layer and a correct specification of the overlap function down to a minimum range, which must be situated within the boundary layer. The strength of the algorithm lies in a sophisticated quality-check scheme which allows the reliable identification of favourable atmospheric conditions. The algorithm was applied to 2 years of data from a CHM15k ceilometer from the company Lufft. Backscatter signals corrected for background, range and overlap were compared using the overlap function provided by the manufacturer and the one corrected with the presented algorithm. Differences between corrected and uncorrected signals reached up to 45 % in the first 300 m above ground. The amplitude of the correction turned out to be temperature dependent and was larger for higher temperatures. A linear model of the correction as a function of the instrument's internal temperature was derived from the experimental data. Case studies and a statistical analysis of the strongest gradient derived from corrected signals reveal that the temperature model is capable of a high-quality correction of overlap artefacts, in particular those due to diurnal variations. The presented correction method has the potential to significantly improve the detection of the boundary layer with gradient-based methods because it removes false candidates and hence simplifies the attribution of the detected gradients to the planetary boundary layer. A particularly significant benefit can be expected for the detection of shallow stable layers typical of night-time situations. The algorithm is completely automatic and does not require any on-site intervention but requires the definition of an adequate instrument-specific configuration. It is therefore suited for use in large ceilometer networks.
Characterizing leaf area index (LAI) and vertical foliage profile (VFP) over the United States
Authors: Tang H. , Ganguly S. , Zhang G. , Hofton M. A. , Nelson R. F. , Dubayah R.
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Leaf area index (LAI) and vertical foliage profile (VFP) are among the important canopy structural variables. Recent advances in lidar remote sensing technology have demonstrated the capability of accurately mapping LAI and VFP over large areas. The primary objective of this study was to derive and validate a LAI and VFP product over the contiguous United States (CONUS) using spaceborne waveform lidar data. This product was derived at the footprint level from the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) using a biophysical model. We validated GLAS-derived LAI and VFP across major forest biomes using airborne waveform lidar. The comparison results showed that GLAS retrievals of total LAI were generally accurate with little bias (r2 =  0.67, bias  =  −0.13, RMSE  =  0.75). The derivations of GLAS retrievals of VFP within layers were not as accurate overall (r2 =  0.36, bias  =  −0.04, RMSE  =  0.26), and these varied as a function of height, increasing from understory to overstory – 0 to 5 m layer: r2 =  0.04, bias  =  0.09, RMSE  =  0.31; 10 to 15 m layer: r2 =  0.53, bias  =  −0.08, RMSE  =  0.22; and 15 to 20 m layer: r2 =  0.66, bias  =  −0.05, RMSE  =  0.20. Significant relationships were also found between GLAS LAI products and different environmental factors, in particular elevation and annual precipitation. In summary, our results provide a unique insight into vertical canopy structure distribution across North American ecosystems. This data set is a first step towards a baseline of canopy structure needed for evaluating climate and land use induced forest changes at the continental scale in the future, and should help deepen our understanding of the role of vertical canopy structure in terrestrial ecosystem processes across varying scales.
Spatial and temporal trends in summertime climate and water quality indicators in the coastal embayments of Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts
Authors: Rheuban J. E. , Williamson S. , Costa J. E. , Glover D. M. , Jakuba R. W. , McCorkle D. C. , Neill C. , Williams T. , Doney S. C.
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Degradation of coastal ecosystems by eutrophication is largely defined by nitrogen loading from land via surface water and groundwater flows. However, indicators of water quality are highly variable due to a myriad of other drivers, including temperature and precipitation. To evaluate these drivers, we examined spatial and temporal trends in a 22-year record of summer water quality data from 122 stations in 17 embayments within Buzzards Bay, MA (USA), collected through a citizen science monitoring program managed by Buzzards Bay Coalition. To identify spatial patterns across Buzzards Bay's embayments, we used a principle component and factor analysis and found that rotated factor loadings indicated little correlation between inorganic nutrients and organic matter or chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration. Factor scores showed that embayment geomorphology in addition to nutrient loading was a strong driver of water quality, where embayments with surface water inputs showed larger biological impacts than embayments dominated by groundwater influx. A linear regression analysis of annual summertime water quality indicators over time revealed that from 1992 to 2013, most embayments (15 of 17) exhibited an increase in temperature (mean rate of 0.082 ± 0.025 (SD) °C yr−1) and Chl a (mean rate of 0.0171 ± 0.0088 log10 (Chl a; mg m−3) yr−1, equivalent to a 4.0 % increase per year). However, only seven embayments exhibited an increase in total nitrogen (TN) concentration (mean rate 0.32 ± 0.47 (SD) µM yr−1). Average summertime log10(TN) and log10(Chl a) were correlated with an indication that the yield of Chl a per unit total nitrogen increased with time suggesting the estuarine response to TN may have changed because of other stressors such as warming, altered precipitation patterns, or changing light levels. These findings affirm that nitrogen loading and physical aspects of embayments are essential in explaining the observed ecosystem response. However, climate-related stressors may also need to be considered by managers because increased temperature and precipitation may worsen water quality and partially offset benefits achieved by reducing nitrogen loading.
Palynological evidence for late Miocene stepwise aridification on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Liu Jia , Li Ji Jun , Song Chun Hui , Yu Hao , Peng Ting Jiang , Hui Zheng Chuang , Ye Xi Yan
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Holding a climatically and geologically key position both regionally and globally, the northeastern Tibetan Plateau provides a natural laboratory for illustrating the interactions between tectonic activity and the evolution of the Asian interior aridification. Determining when and how the late Miocene climate evolved on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau may help us better understand the relationships among tectonic uplift, global cooling and ecosystem evolution. Previous paleoenvironmental research has focused on the western Longzhong Basin. Late Miocene aridification data derived from pollen now require corroborative evidence from the eastern Longzhong Basin. Here, we present a late Miocene pollen record from the Tianshui Basin in the eastern Longzhong Basin. Our results show that a general trend toward dry climate was superimposed by stepwise aridification: a temperate forest with a rather humid climate existed in the basin between 11.4 and 10.1 Ma, followed by a temperate open forest environment with a less humid climate between 10.1 and 7.4 Ma, then giving way to an open temperate forest–steppe environment with a relatively arid climate between 7.4 and 6.4 Ma. The vegetation succession demonstrates that the aridification of the Asian interior occurred after  ∼  7–8 Ma, which is confirmed by other evidence from Asia. Furthermore, the aridification trend on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau parallels the global cooling of the late Miocene; the stepwise vegetation succession is consistent with the major uplift of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau during this time. These integrated environmental proxies indicate that the long-term global cooling and the Tibetan Plateau uplift caused the late Miocene aridification of the Asian interior.
The GRENE-TEA model intercomparison project (GTMIP) Stage 1 forcing data set
Authors: Sueyoshi T. , Saito K. , Miyazaki S. , Mori J. , Ise T. , Arakida H. , Suzuki R. , Sato A. , Iijima Y. , Yabuki H. , Ikawa H. , Ohta T. , Kotani A. , Hajima T. , Sato H. , Yamazaki T. , Sugimoto A.
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Here, the authors describe the construction of a forcing data set for land surface models (including both physical and biogeochemical models; LSMs) with eight meteorological variables for the 35-year period from 1979 to 2013. The data set is intended for use in a model intercomparison study, called GTMIP, which is a part of the Japanese-funded Arctic Climate Change Research Project. In order to prepare a set of site-fitted forcing data for LSMs with realistic yet continuous entries (i.e. without missing data), four observational sites across the pan-Arctic region (Fairbanks, Tiksi, Yakutsk, and Kevo) were selected to construct a blended data set using both global reanalysis and observational data. Marked improvements were found in the diurnal cycles of surface air temperature and humidity, wind speed, and precipitation. The data sets and participation in GTMIP are open to the scientific community (doi:10.17592/001.2015093001).
AerChemMIP: Quantifying the effects of chemistry and aerosols in CMIP6
Authors: Collins William J. , Lamarque Jean-François , Schulz Michael , Boucher Olivier , Eyring Veronika , Hegglin Michaela I. , Maycock Amanda , Myhre Gunnar , Prather Michael , Shindell Drew , Smith Steven J.
Published: July 2016

Abstract. The Aerosol Chemistry Model Intercomparison Project (AerChemMIP) is endorsed by the Coupled-Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) and is designed to quantify the climate and air quality impacts of aerosols and chemically-reactive gases. These are specifically near-term climate forcers (NTCFs: tropospheric ozone and aerosols, and their precursors), methane, nitrous oxide and ozone-depleting halocarbons. The aim of AerChemMIP is to answer four scientific questions: 1. How have anthropogenic emissions contributed to global radiative forcing and affected regional climate over the historical period? 2. How will future policies (on climate, air quality and land use) affect these species and their climate impacts? 3. Can the uncertainties associated with anthropogenic emissions be quantified? 4. Can climate feedbacks occurring through changes in natural emissions be quantified? These questions will be addressed through targeted simulations with CMIP6 climate models that include an interactive representation of tropospheric aerosols and atmospheric chemistry. These simulations build on the CMIP6 Diagnostic, Evaluation and Characterization of Klima (DECK) experiments, the CMIP6 historical simulations, and future projections performed elsewhere in CMIP6, allowing the contributions from aerosols and chemistry to be quantified. Specific diagnostics are requested as part of the CMIP6 data request to evaluate the performance of the models, and to understand any differences in behaviour between them.
Ordinary kriging as a tool to estimate historical daily streamflow records
Authors: Farmer William H.
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Efficient and responsible management of water resources relies on accurate streamflow records. However, many watersheds are ungaged, limiting the ability to assess and understand local hydrology. Several tools have been developed to alleviate this data scarcity, but few provide continuous daily streamflow records at individual streamgages within an entire region. Building on the history of hydrologic mapping, ordinary kriging was extended to predict daily streamflow time series on a regional basis. Pooling parameters to estimate a single, time-invariant characterization of spatial semivariance structure is shown to produce accurate reproduction of streamflow. This approach is contrasted with a time-varying series of variograms, representing the temporal evolution and behavior of the spatial semivariance structure. Furthermore, the ordinary kriging approach is shown to produce more accurate time series than more common, single-index hydrologic transfers. A comparison between topological kriging and ordinary kriging is less definitive, showing the ordinary kriging approach to be significantly inferior in terms of Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiencies while maintaining significantly superior performance measured by root mean squared errors. Given the similarity of performance and the computational efficiency of ordinary kriging, it is concluded that ordinary kriging is useful for first-order approximation of daily streamflow time series in ungaged watersheds.
Spatial and Temporal Variability in Baseflow in the Mattole River Headwaters, California, USA
Authors: Queener Nathan , Stubblefield Andrew P.
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Increases in human population, water use, and climate change have the potential to increase water stress and scarcity particularly in ecosystems with pronounced seasonality in precipitation, yet our understanding of the landscape features that control baseflows remains limited. Repeated synoptic measurements of streamflow in small streams (basin area <6 km2) in coastal Northern California were used to characterize variability in baseflow and correlations of streamflow with basin characteristics. A continuous streamgage was used as an index gage to calculate exceedance flows and to compare tributary flows measured on multiple dates. At 72–96 % exceedance flows tributary yields ranged from 0.23 to 0.00 mm day−1. Unit-area yields varied widely, and this variation increased as flows declined at most sites. In nested basins, downstream declines in both discharge and unit-area yield were common. Basins with greater summer flow and a slower baseflow recession had steeper slopes, higher elevations, less flat ground and narrower valleys, more dissected and strongly convergent topography, and more precipitation. The difference in water yield among basins was much greater than the difference in precipitation, likely resulting from varying basin water inputs, storage capacity, and routing. The positive correlation between basin steepness and flow is attributable to the thickness of the weathered bedrock layer in water storage, and more rapid bedrock weathering in steeper basins with higher rates of uplift resulting in greater basin storage capacity. Results show that basins in a small geographic area (
Structure of Suasselkä Postglacial Fault in northern Finland
obtained by analysis of local events and ambient seismic noise
Authors: Afonin Nikita , Kozlovskaya Elena , Kukkonen Ilmo , Working Group DAFNE/FINLAND
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Understanding inner structure of seismogenic faults and their ability to reactivate is particularly important in investigating continental intraplate seismicity regime. In our study we address this problem using analysis of local seismic events and ambient seismic noise recorded by the temporary DAFNE array in northern Fennoscandian Shield. The main purpose of the DAFNE/FINLAND passive seismic array experiment was to characterize the present-day seismicity of the Suasselkä post-glacial fault (SPGF) that was proposed as one potential target for the DAFNE (Drilling Active Faults in Northern Europe) project. The DAFNE/FINLAND array comprised the area of about 20 to 100 km and consisted of 8 short-period and 4 broad-band 3-component autonomous seismic stations installed in the close vicinity of the fault area. The array recorded continuous seismic data during September, 2011–May, 2013. Recordings of the array have being analyzed in order to identify and locate natural earthquakes from the fault area and to discriminate them from the blasts in the Kittilä Gold Mine. As a result, we found several dozens of natural seismic events originating from the fault area, which proves that the fault is still seismically active. In order to study the inner structure of the SPGF we use cross-correlation of ambient seismic noise recorded by the array. Analysis of azimuthal distribution of noise sources demonstrated that during the time interval under consideration the distribution of noise sources is close to the uniform one. The continuous data were processed in several steps including single station data analysis, instrument response removal and time-domain stacking. The data were used to estimate empirical Green’s functions between pairs of stations in the frequency band of 0.1–1 Hz and to calculate correspondent surface wave dispersion curves. The S-wave velocity models were obtained as a result of dispersion curves inversion. The results suggest that the area of the SPGF corresponds to a narrow region of low S-wave velocities surrounded by rocks with high S-wave velocities. We interpret this low velocity region as a non-healed mechanically weak fault damage zone (FDZ) that remained after the last major earthquake that occurred after the last glaciation.
Combined diurnal variations of discharge and hydrochemistry of the Isunnguata Sermia outlet of the Greenland Ice Sheet give in sight on sub glacial conditions
Authors: Graly Joseph , Harrington Joel , Humphrey Neil
Published: July 2016

Abstract. In order to examine daily cycles in meltwater routing and storage in the Isunnuguata Sermia outlet of the Greenland Ice Sheet, variation in outlet stream discharge and in major element hydrochemistry were assessed over a six day period in July, 2013. Discharge was assessed from hourly photography of the outlet from multiple vantages, including where mid-stream naled ice provided a natural gauge. pH, electrical conductivity, suspended sediment, and alkalinity were measured in samples of stream water collected every three hours. Element and ion concentrations were subsequently measured in a laboratory setting. Photography and stream observations reveal that although river width and stage have only slight diurnal variation, there are large changes in discharge shown in the portion of the width characterized by standing waves and fast flow. Width of this active channel approximately doubles over a diurnal cycle. Together with changes in flow over the naled, these features allow an observationally based relative record of stream discharge in this unconstrained alluvial setting. Peaks in discharge were offset by 3–7 hours from peak melt of the interior ice surface. Concentration of dissolved solutes follows a sinusoidal diurnal cycle, except for large and variable increases in dissolved solutes during the stream’s waning flow. Diurnal changes in solute concentration average 31 % of the base value. Diurnal solute concentration minima and maxima lag peak and minimum stream discharge by 3–6 hours. This phase shift between discharge and solute concentration suggests that during high flow, water is either encountering more rock material or is stored in longer contact with rock material. We suggest that expansion of a distributed subglacial hydrologic network into seldom accessed regions during high flow could account for these phenomena, and for a spike of partial silicate reaction products during waning flow, which itself suggests a pressure threshold-triggered release of stored water.
Big data for the humanities using Google Ngrams: Discovering hidden patterns of conceptual trends
Authors: Ophir Shai
Published: July 2016

“Big data” methodologies bring new potential for humanities research. Google’s Ngram Viewer provides an extraordinary tool for tracking long-term usage of terms. Although this is a very high level trend analysis, it may shed light on hidden relations that can be discovered only at the macro resolution level. This short paper will attempt to analyze the historical hidden patterns of the term “Truth” during the last 500 years. Its relation with the term “Love” will be revealed. The results are also compared with the manual analysis of “Truth Systems,” by Pitirim Sorokin in 1937.
Who needs trust when you know everything? Dealing with information abundance on a consumer-review Web site
Authors: Duffy Andrew Michael
Published: July 2016

Ideas about trust have been based on information scarcity. To overcome the uncertainty associated with choice, people gather information; when that is not enough, they turn to trust in order to make a decision. Consumer-review Web sites offer information abundance, however, which demands a re-evaluation of the function of trust under such circumstances. This study uses a survey to investigate the role of trust in the traveller review site TripAdvisor. It uses five concept pairings — two measurements of experience using the site, two forms of uncertainty, two mechanisms of information-seeking, two forms of trust and two behavioural outcomes — to explore how trust operates amidst information abundance. It proposes that while consumer-review Web sites overcome primary uncertainty (risk of making a poor choice) by providing information, they produce a secondary uncertainty (inability to assess all options) based on concerns about processing the mass of information efficiently. This study finds that trust plays a role in reducing both primary and secondary uncertainty, but not in decision-making. It proposes that trust may be subsumed into information seeking on information-abundant consumer-review Web sites, and discusses implications for how trust is understood and what it means for effective reviewer sites.
Researching microcelebrity: Methods, access and labour
Authors: Mavroudis Jonathan , Milne Esther
Published: July 2016

The term “microcelebrity” describes a broad range of practices, platforms and social relations that includes but is not limited to the increasing significance of public performance in everyday life, the monetisation of social media and the widening scope of what constitutes celebrity culture. While contemporary research on microcelebrity has introduced important ways of discussing the cultural impact of these new forms of visibility, the methodological focus has generally been on discourse analysis and social media analytics. In response, this paper reports on the early stages of a research project which involves interviewing microcelebrities living in Los Angeles about their profile creation on Instagram and YouTube. We argue there are significant issues at play in relation to gaining access to the interview subjects. The paper outlines the methods used and explores how the issue of access is negotiated by the interview subjects and the researcher. Since one of the authors, Jonathan Mavroudis, himself identifies as a microcelebrity with over 25,000 followers on Instagram he is in a unique position to interview these people. This high level of access to a specific cohort of microcelebrities has not been easy to gain for many academic researchers. Jonathan’s microcelebrity status opens up the possibility of conducting autoethnographic research and this is framed as a discussion of relational ethics. Although the primary focus of the paper is on method we also want to discuss early suggestive themes arising from the data including the obligations felt by these microcelebrities to enact a particular mode of identity and how this is experienced as labour. We highlight these initial topics in order to bring context to the discussion of method. Access enables and constrains certain forms of research to occur and in so doing raises questions of trust and friendship. With only 3 interviews conducted to date this is not, of course, representative of all microcelebrities. However it can function as a snapshot of early findings that we hope will inform future research methods and conceptual debates. The paper concludes with some suggestions for future directions of the field more generally.
Simple online privacy for Australia
Authors: Jackson Margaret , O'Donnell Jonathan , Cattlin Joann
Published: July 2016

Simple Privacy provides a system for Australian organisations to create privacy policies for the personal information they collect online. The privacy policies it creates are legally compliant and easy to understand. We developed this system because small Australian organisations seemed to find privacy policies too complicated to manage with the resources they have available.This paper describes the framework behind Simple Privacy and discusses the choices that we made during development. These choices balance the requirements of the privacy legislation and the needs of both organisations and customers.
“Engelond” and “Armorik Briteyne”: Reading Brittany in Chaucer's Franklin's Tale
Authors: Godlove Shannon
Published: July 2016

This article argues that Chaucer's imaginative depiction of the topographical and cultural otherness of Brittany and the fraught triangular relationship of the main characters in the Franklin's Tale is influenced by his awareness of Brittany's entanglements with England and France in the Hundred Years' War. Fourteenth-century Brittany was a strategic border region, differentiated from other French territories by its Brythonic language and culture, yet inextricably bound to England by ties of kinship, fealty, and occupation extending back to the Norman Conquest. The Franklin's Tale explicitly links each of its main characters with one of the three polities involved in this conflict, associating Dorigen most strongly with Brittany itself. The love story between Dorigen and Arveragus and the challenge posed to it by Aurelius play out in an emphatically Breton colonial setting, where the erotics of sexual conquest become conflated with territorial and political conquest.
“About which we want to speak now”: Beatrice of Nazareth's Reason for Writing Uan seuen manieren van heileger minnen
Authors: Van Put Kris
Published: July 2016

The fact that the medieval Cistercian nun Beatrice of Nazareth is known today as a well-established Middle Dutch female writer is mainly the result of the identification of an anonymous mystical treatise, Uan seuen manieren van heileger minnen (On seven manners of holy love), as a work of Beatrice. The aim of this article is to make a fresh start with this short text. After discussing a number of problematic views that have been put forward by previous scholars, it examines the main features in Uan seuen manieren van heileger minnen that reveal its rationale as a text. This analysis underpins the view of Beatrice as a self-conscious mystical author and a teacher.
Of Genealogy and Transcendent Critique
Authors: Merrick Allison
Published: July 2016

Disagreements concerning Nietzsche's methodology in On the Genealogy of Morals abound. The debate generally ranges over what the genealogical method is meant to do and how this mode of inquiry might achieve its aims. This article seeks to undermine the dominant interpretative strategy, which suggests that the genealogical mode of inquiry functions by way of a transcendent critique and achieves its aims by presenting a causal description of the origins of morality.
How Smart (and Just) Is Ressentiment?
Authors: Elgat Guy
Published: July 2016

The article argues that attention to Nietzsche's analysis of ressentiment in the third essay of On the Genealogy of Morals reveals a hitherto unnoticed feature of ressentiment, namely, that ressentiment comes with degrees of epistemic acuity—a varying ability to correctly identify and focus on the object that gives rise to it in the first place. After showing how internally and externally induced ressentiment differ with regard to their epistemic acuity, the paper turns to focus on the relation between ressentiment and justice and explains Nietzsche's claim, in the second essay of the Genealogy, that justice's origin cannot be traced back to ressentiment.
Análisis de la acción del Consejo Para la Transparencia en el proceso de implementación de la política de acceso a la información pública: Un estudio de caso de modernización de la gestión pública
Authors: Aguilera Elizabeth
Published: July 2016

El presente estudio analiza el proceso de implementación de la Política de Acceso a la Información Pública (PAIP), con el propósito de identificar las principales fuerzas que influyeron en la instalación y puesta en práctica de esta política pública. A partir del estudio de sus fuerzas impulsoras, se identificaron los factores con mayor influencia y el rol que ellos jugaron en el proceso de implementación de la PAIP Adicionalmente, el análisis de estas fuerzas impulsoras ha contribuido a comprender la estrategia y obstáculos enfrentados por el CPLT para encaminarse a lograr el valor público declarado. Se concluye que las relaciones de poder, la búsqueda de racionalidad y el ajuste organizacional han sido las principales fuerzas que han influido en la implementación de la PAIP.
Estudio Comparado para la Evaluación Cualitativa del Sistema de Cooperación Internacional de Chile
Authors: Urrutia Matías
Published: July 2016

El objetivo del presente trabajo fue realizar un análisis comparativo, a nivel de estructura y de funciones, de los sistemas de cooperación internacional de Chile, España y Portugal, para esto se utilizó una metodología de comparación basada en un modelo teórico ya elaborado por el Instituto Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Planificación Económica Social (ILPES). Como conclusión, cabe afirmar que, si bien, el Sistema de Cooperación de Chile cuenta con la mayor parte de los componentes que requiere para ser catalogado como "funcional", se identificaron nodos críticos de estructura, en las áreas de coordinación horizontal del sistema, y de gestión, relacionados con una disociación entre el nivel estratégico y los niveles programáticos y operativo.
Cruise line efficiency
Authors: Lee Scott , Brezina Sherie
Published: July 2016

The cruise industry has experienced rapid growth in recent years and has become one of the most dynamic and fastest growing segments of the tourism industry. In light of this rapid growth, this study examined four dimensions of operational efficiency: occupancy rate and passengers carried per stateroom, passengers per ship, and passengers per 1000 gross registered tons. Over 7000 voyages on Carnival Cruise Line, Celebrity Cruise Line, Disney Cruise Line, Holland America Cruise Line, Norwegian Cruise Line, Princess Cruise Line, and Royal Caribbean Cruise Line were analyzed. Results highlighting unique dimensions where some cruise lines are more efficient than others are presented as well as potential reasons for the increased efficiency.