bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Radical Reactions Initiated by Dimethylzinc
Authors: Yamada Ken‐ichi , Yamamoto Yasutomo , Tomioka Kiyoshi
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Rational and Random Strategies for the Mimicry of Discontinuous Protein Binding Sites
Authors: Eichler Jutta
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Unusual Amino Acids Accessed Through Sugar—Amino Acid Hybrids and Incorporation into Biologically Active Peptides
Authors: Schweizer Frank
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Design and Synthesis of 2‐Deoxy‐2‐[18F]fluoro‐D‐glucose
Authors: Fowler Joanna S. , Ido Tatsuo
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Polysilylanions: Easily Available Building Blocks for the Synthesis of Oligosilyl Transition Metal Compounds
Authors: Fischer Roland , Frank Dieter , Kayser Christian , Baumgartner Judith , Marschner Christoph
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Alkynylsilyl Anions: Versatile Building Blocks for Silicon‐Containing Polymers
Authors: Mechtler Christian , Baumgartner Judith , Marschner Christoph
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Way to a Disilyne R‐SiSi‐R
Authors: Wiberg Nils
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Bonding in Silicon Compounds: Long Range Si/N Interactions in Organosilicon Molecules and Molecular Cations
Authors: Bock Hans
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Model System for the Generation of Silyl Cationic Species of Different Reactivity and Stability
Authors: Mueller Thomas
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Progress in the Synthesis of Five‐Membered Nitrogen‐Containing Heterocycles via 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition
Authors: Harju Kirsi , Yli‐Kauhaluoma Jari
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Pyridopyrazines
Authors: Sako M.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Pyridopyridazines
Authors: Sako M.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Phenazines
Authors: Urleb U. , Gobec S.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Development Research of Oxidase Functional Model Iron Complexes
Authors: Kotani Eiichi
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Identification of Muscle‐Type Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase I and Characterization of Its Gene Structure
Authors: Yamazaki Naoshi
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Regulatory Mechanisms of Intracellular Distribution of Na+‐Dependent Glucose Transporter and the Role in Recovery from Cellular Injury
Authors: Ikari Akira
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Developement of an Injectable Formulation for the Novel Lipid A Analogue E5531 Using a “pH‐Jump Method”
Authors: Asai Yasuyuki
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Radiohalogens for Imaging and Therapy
Authors: Adam Michael J. , Wilbur D. Scott
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Deactivation in Liquid Phase Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions
Authors: Murzin Dmitry Yu. , Salmi Tapio
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Hyperthermal Chemistry in the Gas Phase and on Surfaces: Theoretical Studies
Authors: Troya Diego , Schatz George C.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Use of Nitroxide Radicals to Investigate Supramolecular Entities
Authors: Franchi Paola , Lucarini Marco , Pedulli Gian Franco
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Analytical Chemistry on Microsystems
Authors: Kutter Joerg P. , Geschke Oliver
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Structure Correlation in Bispidine Coordination Compounds: Isomerism and Tuneable Reactivity
Authors: Comba Peter , Kerscher Marion
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Sulfoxide Extractants and Synergists
Authors: Kolarik Zdenek
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Application of Residual Dipolar Couplings in Organic Compounds
Authors: Yan Jiangli , Zartler Edward R.
Published: April 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Mucinous carcinomas of the colon and rectum show higher rates of microsatellite instability and lower rates of chromosomal instability
Authors: Kazama Yoshihiro , Watanabe Toshiaki , Kanazawa Takamitsu , Tada Tomohiro , Tanaka Junichiro , Nagawa Hirokazu
Published: April 2005

BACKGROUND

The clinicopathologic significance of mucinous carcinomas (Muc) of the colon and rectum has been widely discussed, but there have been few studies on Muc regarding genetic and epigenetic alterations. The current study analyzed genetic and epigenetic alterations of Muc to clarify their differences from well differentiated adenocarcinomas (WD).

METHODS

Thirty‐nine cases of Muc and 39 cases of WD were investigated. Cases of WD were matched with cases of Muc for T classification and tumor location. Microsatellite instability (MSI) status and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of four loci (2p, 5q, 17p, 18q) were evaluated. The methylation status of the hMLH1 promoter region in Muc was also examined.

RESULTS

“MSI tumors” were defined as those that showed MSI‐high, and “chromosomal instability (CIN) tumors” were defined as those that showed LOH but not MSI‐high. MSI tumors were significantly more frequent in Muc (30.8%) than in WD (5.1%). CIN tumors were significantly less frequent in Muc (53.8%) than in WD (87.2%). In Muc, MSI tumors were significantly more frequent in the proximal colon (55.6%) than in the distal colon (9.5%). Also, methylation of the hMLH1 promoter region in Muc was significantly more frequent in MSI tumors (83.3%) than in CIN tumors (27.8%) (P = 0.0077).

CONCLUSIONS

When matched for T classification and tumor location, Muc shows higher rates of MSI and lower rates of CIN than WD.. Muc shows different characteristics according to tumor location, and methylation of the hMLH1 promoter region strongly correlates with Muc tumors showing MSI. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Direct fluorescent staining and analysis of proteins on microspheres using CBQCA
Authors: Graves Steven W. , Woods Travis A. , Kim Heungbok , Nolan John P.
Published: April 2005

Background

General methods for accurate determination of microsphere surface protein loading are needed for applications from protein arrays to molecular assembly studies. Current methods include bulk absorption measurements of stained microspheres or use of known fluorescently tagged binding partners, which limit sensitivity and general applicability, respectively.

Methods

Microspheres bearing covalently coupled proteins were stained with 3‐(4‐carboxybenzoyl)quinoline‐2‐carboxaldehyde (CBQCA) using different incubation times and dye concentrations to determine optimal staining conditions. The CBQCA fluorescence of microspheres (measured by flow cytometry) bearing known amounts of protein were used to generate standard curves of CBQCA fluorescence response versus the amount of microsphere surface protein. CBQCA was also used to stain noncovalent protein interactions.

Results

Maximal labeling was attained within 1 h with 1 mM CBQCA. Linear fluorescence response occurred between 8 × 104 and 1 × 106 proteins/microsphere. CBQCA staining did not disturb noncovalent protein interactions.

Conclusions

We have developed methods using CBQCA and flow cytometry to quickly and simply quantify the amount of protein on the surface of a microsphere. Importantly, this approach could be extended to other formats (e.g., chips). Further, because it does not disturb noncovalent protein–protein interactions, it may be possible to use this approach to detect protein interactions without the use of purified prestained probes. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of Fluoro Analogues of Unsaturated Fatty Acids and Corresponding Acyclic Metabolites
Authors: Prakesch Michaël , Grée Danielle , Chandrasekhar Srivari , Grée René
Published: April 2005

Polyunsaturated fatty acids, in particular arachidonic acid and its metabolites, the so‐called eicosanoids, play a major role in human health. Many of them have been involved as potent mediators for various diseases such as inflammation and asthma. Therefore, numerous modifications in the structures of these natural products have been incorporated to study the structure‐activity relationship, monitor the biosynthetic pathway and also to understand the biological activities as well as the mechanisms of action. The modifications include introduction of labelled elements, fluorine atoms, heteroelements, carbo‐ and heterocycles etc. Of all these studies, the introduction of fluorine, which has a unique role as the smallest atom in the periodic table after hydrogen and also as the most electronegative element, provided very useful information. Thus, the present microreview highlights the synthetic efforts of various research groups in the last two decades on bioactive fluorinated fatty acids and corresponding acyclic metabolites. It also presents the most relevant bioactivity data obtained from the fluorinated analogues. The data corresponding to naturally occurring fluorinated fatty acids have been added, as well as the use of fluorinated probes for some biosynthetic studies in fatty acid chemistry (desaturation and methylenation). In addition, it is important to point out that the methods and strategies which have been developed to selectively introduce a single fluorine atom, as well as CF2 or CF3 groups, on such very challenging molecules could also be of much use in many other areas of chemistry. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Archaeological investigation of the eastern extensions of the Karnak Temple using ground‐penetrating radar and magnetic tools
Authors: Abbas Abbas Mohamed , Abdallatif Tareq Fahmy , Shaaban Fathy A. , Salem Ahmed , Suh Mancheol
Published: April 2005

Egyptologists have suggested there might be a hidden extension of the Karnak Temple, located in the Luxor governorate of Egypt. They believe that the temple contains some buried sections on its northern and eastern sides. During January and September 2002, ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) and magnetic surveys were carried out on an 80 × 40 m area near the eastern gate. The GPR data did not give a clear picture of some of the buried features. A clearer identification of the hidden features was accomplished by interpretation of the magnetic data using the analytic signal approach. Our study has revealed the presence of coffin‐ and tomblike structures built of mud bricks. Limestone blocks were also detected, which may be attributable to destroyed pillars or statues. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Use of geophysical methods in urban archaeological prospection: The Basilica de Nuestra Señora de La Salud, Patzcuaro, Mexico
Authors: Chávez René Efrain , Cámara Maria Encarnación , Ponce Rocio , Argote Denisse
Published: April 2005

The purpose of this investigation was to locate the foundations of an ancient wing of the Basilica de Nuestra Señora de la Salud, which, according to historical documents, was part of this 16th‐century structure. The site was located within the southern vestibule of the Basilica. Ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) and vertical magnetic gradient (VMG) field methods were employed. The geophysical survey consisted of 20 GPR profiles measured in the study area. A series of 16 VMG profiles was also surveyed. The GPR studies located a linear reflector going in a NE‐SW direction, with an angle of almost 45°. The VMG made it possible to identify a rectangular pattern and other features that are probably associated with either collapsed portions of the foundations or Pre‐Hispanic remains. These results confirmed the presence of the reflector found with GPR, as well as other features of interest. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
TEM‐fast small‐loop soundings to map underground tunnels and galleries connecting the rock‐hewn churches of Lalibela, Ethiopia
Authors: Ranieri Gaetano , Haile Tigistu , Alemayehu Tamiru
Published: April 2005

As one of the first attempts to utilize the technique for intrasite archaeological prospection, a series of coincident square‐loop TEM‐fast geophysical surveys were carried out over the compounds of the largest of the rock‐hewn churches of Lalibela—Bete Maryam and Bete Amannuel—in North Ethiopia. Archaeologists have long believed that the different churches within each group were connected by underground tunnels. The aim of this survey was to identify, delineate, and map these underground channels and galleries. A total of 33 sounding surveys were conducted, the majority of which used a 3‐m‐side square loop. The survey traverses explored around the sides of the churches where underground connections to the other churches are possible. The results of the surveys, which are presented in terms of resistivity and depth pseudosections, clearly depict the presence of anomalies that could be associated with cavities, whose orientation suggests the presence of connecting galleries between the different churches. Whether these cavities were actually connecting galleries with religious implications or designed to be used as drainage paths remains a subject requiring further study involving additional geophysical investigations and physical excavation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regulation of pyrimidine biosynthesis in Acidovorax delafieldii
Authors: West Thomas P.
Published: April 2005

The regulation of de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis in the nutritionally versatile bacterium Acidovorax delafieldii ATCC 17505T was influenced by carbon source and pyrimidine supplementation. Uracil supplementation of succinate‐grown A. delafieldii ATCC 17505T cells produced a greater decrease in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway enzyme activities than did orotic acid supplementation. The presence of orotic acid or uracil in the medium of the glucose‐grown wild type cells generally increased the pyrimidine biosynthetic enzyme activities. After the pyrimidine limitation of an A. delafieldii orotate phosphoribosyltransferase mutant strain, the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway enzyme activities in the glucose‐grown mutant cells were more highly derepressed than in the succinate‐grown mutant cells. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spectroscopic and density functional theory study of functionalized thiophene–benzene derivatives
Authors: Gordon Keith C. , MacArthur Samuel , Clarke Tracey M. , Officer David L. , Wagner Pawel
Published: April 2005

A group of diethenylbenzene‐linked oligothiophenes were investigated using vibrational spectroscopy in conjunction with quantum calculations. Geometry calculations revealed dihedral angles that are sensitive to both the presence of cyano substituents on the ethylene linkages and the identity of the attached oligothiophene. In particular, cyano substitution in the presence of terthiophene groups leads to a significant loss of planarity. The resultant loss of conjugation has been observed in the experimental Raman spectra on the basis of a band at ∼1520 cm−1, the wavenumber and intensity of which are dependent on conjugation length. In the case of the diethenylbenzene‐linked terthiophene, the wavenumber of this band suggests a conjugation that extends across both terthiophene and the diethenylbenzene species. The calculated vibrational spectra successfully predict the wavenumber shifts upon cyano substitution in both the infrared and Raman spectra. The presence of the cyano groups has the greatest influence on the Mulliken charge distribution, whereas the identity of the oligothiophene has little effect. This study shows that quantum calculations, particularly when combined with experimental parameters such as vibrational spectroscopy, can be informative in understanding the electronic structure of molecules of this type. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Employee motivation, external orientation and the technical efficiency of foreign‐financed firms in China: a stochastic frontier analysis
Authors: Mok Vincent , Yeung Godfrey
Published: April 2005

By using a stochastic frontier model, we have identified several firm‐specific attributes as determinants of technical efficiency in foreign‐financed manufacturing firms in southern China. The empirical results suggest a strong association between efficiency and employee motivation, which includes the use of bonus incentives and flexibility in employment policy. In terms of the external orientation behavior of firms, the findings do not support the export/efficiency relationship. Sample firms with a high degree of export‐orientedness were less efficient, possibly due to the high transaction costs in China of exportation. As for the effects of expatriate input on production, our empirical evidence revealed that firms with a relatively high expatriate ratio performed less efficiently than others did. These two findings may have significant implications for the marketing strategies and management (including the localization) of human resources of foreign‐financed firms in China. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pricing training and development programs using stochastic CVP analysis
Authors: Yunker James A. , Schofield Dale
Published: April 2005

This paper sets forth, analyzes and applies a stochastic cost‐volume‐profit (CVP) model specifically geared toward the determination of enrollment fees for training and development (T+D) programs. It is a simpler model than many of those developed in the research literature, but it does incorporate one advanced component: an ‘economic’ demand function relating the expected sales level to price. Price is neither a constant nor a random variable in this model but rather the decision‐maker's basic control variable. The simplicity of the model permits analytical solutions for five ‘special prices’: (1) the highest price which sets breakeven probability equal to a minimum acceptable level; (2) the price which maximizes expected profits; (3) the price which maximizes a Cobb–Douglas utility function based on expected profits and breakeven probability; (4) the price which maximizes breakeven probability; and (5) the lowest price which sets breakeven probability equal to a minimum acceptable level. The model is applied to data provided by the Center for Management and Professional Development at the authors' university. The results suggest that there could be a significant payoff to fine‐tuning a T+D provider's pricing strategy using formal analysis. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Technological opportunity and the relationship between innovation output and market structure
Authors: Koeller C. Timothy
Published: April 2005

This study examines influences of technological opportunity on the relationship between market structure and the innovation output of different‐size firms. A simultaneous‐equations model is specified and estimated separately for technologically progressive and technologically unprogressive industries.

The study finds that innovation activities of small firms and large firms bear different relationships to market structure, in part resulting from interindustry differences in technological opportunity. In technologically progressive industries, innovation output (especially of small firms) is lower in the presence of high concentration and is increased substantially by high R&D intensity. Large‐firm innovation output has a positive effect on industry concentration, but only in technologically unprogressive industries. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Total assignments of 1H and 13C NMR spectra of isocatalpanol and a derivative of tecomaquinone
Authors: Santos Allana Kellen L. , Assunção Jõao Carlos , Fonseca Aluisio M. , Pessoa Otilia D. L. , Monte Francisco Jose Q. , Lemos Telma L. G. , Braz‐Filho Raimundo
Published: April 2005

Isocatalpanol and tecomaquinone I were obtained from roots of Lippia sidoides, a medicinal plant from northeast Brazil. Reduction of tecomaquinone I with NaBH4 yielded a new derivative. Structural elucidation was done on the basis of spectral data, mainly by high‐field NMR and electron ionization mass spectrometry. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of the phytoestrogen trans‐resveratrol (3,4′,5‐trihydroxystilbene) structures from x‐ray diffraction and solution NMR
Authors: Commodari Fernando , Khiat Abdesslem , Ibrahimi Sanae , Brizius Alison R. , Kalkstein Noah
Published: April 2005

The NMR‐derived solution structure of trans‐3,4′,5‐trihydroxystilbene (resveratrol) was compared with two recent literature crystal x‐ray structures, resveratrol in complex with human transthyretin (TTR‐RES) from 1DVS.pdb and resveratrol bound to chalcone synthase (CHS‐RES) from 1CGZ.pdb. 1H and 13C NMR spectra of resveratrol were acquired in DMSO‐d6. Assignments were obtained from an analysis of DQF‐COSY, TOCSY, DEPT, HMQC/HSQC, HMBC and INADEQUATE NMR spectra. Past 1H and 13C NMR literature assignments are corrected. The dihedral angle 2–1–1′–2′ provides an indication of the relative spatial orientation of the two phenolic rings. Values of 1.62, − 54.10 and 12.6 ± 1.1adeg were found for the 1DVS.pdb, 1CGZ.pdb and NMR resveratrol structures, respectively. The 1DVS.pdb resveratrol structure is ‘flat’ with the two phenolic rings along the same plane. The 1CGZ.pdb structure has these two rings almost orthogonal to each other, and the NMR structure has these two rings much closer to being along the same plane. The angles 1–α—α′ and 1′–α′—α are along the same trace and of similar magnitude for the 1CGZ.pdb and NMR resveratrol structures. For the 1DVS.pdb resveratrol structure, these angles are about 7–10° greater, with α and α′ being 180° out‐of‐phase from the other two structures. The α rings did not overlap, with the NMR result representing a ‘median model’ of the two x‐ray structures. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of monofluorinated polycyclic aromatic compounds by 1H, 13C and 19F NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Lutnaes Bjart Frode , Luthe Gregor , Brinkman Udo A. Th. , Johansen Jon E. , Krane Jostein
Published: April 2005

Monofluorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (F‐PAHs) have attracted much attention in analytical, environmental, toxicological and mechanistic studies because of their physico‐chemical properties, which are closely similar to those of the parent PAHs. Because of this, full NMR characterization has become of interest. Complete 1H, 13C and 19F NMR chemical shifts, and also 1J(H,C), nJ(C,F), nJ(H,F) and nJ(H,H) coupling constants, have been assigned for the F‐PAHs 1‐fluoronaphthalene, 2‐fluorofluorene, 5‐fluoroacenaphthylene, 2‐fluorophenanthrene, 3‐fluorophenanthrene, 3‐fluorofluoranthene, 1‐fluoropyrene, 1‐fluorochrysene, 2‐fluorochrysene, 3‐fluorochrysene and 9‐fluorobenzo[k]fluoranthene. To allow comparison with the corresponding parent PAHs, the 1H and 13C chemical shifts of acenaphthylene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene and benzo[k]fluoranthene were determined. Chemical shift increments and the effects on the coupling constants from the fluorine substitution are discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abnormal expression of period 1 (PER1) in endometrial carcinoma
Authors: Yeh Kun‐Tu , Yang Ming‐Yu , Liu Ta‐Chih , Chen Jui‐Chang , Chan Wen‐Ling , Lin Sheng‐Fung , Chang Jan‐Gowth
Published: April 2005

The development of endometrial carcinoma (EC) is a multiple‐step process, which includes inactivation of tumour suppressor genes, activation of oncogenes, and disturbance of cancer‐related genes. Recent studies have shown that the circadian cycle may influence cancer development and prognosis. In this study, the expression of a circadian gene, PER1, was examined in 35 ECs and paired non‐tumour tissues by real‐time quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and immunohistochemistry. Expression levels of PER1 were significantly decreased in EC, and mutational analysis of the coding regions, together with methylation analysis of cytosine‐phosphate guanosine (CpG) sites in the promoter area, was performed to investigate the possible mechanisms. The analyses detected four single nucleotide polymorphisms in both tumour and non‐tumour tissues, which had no relationship with the expression of PER1. In the promoter area of the PER1 gene, the CpG sites were methylated in 31.4% of ECs, but in 11.4% of paired non‐tumour tissues (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the down‐regulation of PER1 expression in EC was partly due to inactivation of the PER1 gene by DNA methylation of the promoter and partly due to other factors. Analysis of the relationships between the expression of PER1, P53, c‐MYC, cyclin A, cyclin B, and cyclin D1 showed no definite relationship. These results suggest that down‐regulation of the PER1 gene disrupts the circadian rhythm, which may favour the survival of endometrial cancer cells. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential expression of matrix metalloproteinases and interleukin‐8 during regeneration of human airway epithelium in vivo
Authors: Coraux Christelle , Martinella‐Catusse Corinne , Nawrocki‐Raby Béatrice , Hajj Rodolphe , Burlet Henriette , Escotte Sandie , Laplace Véronique , Birembaut Philippe , Puchelle Edith
Published: April 2005

In many airway diseases, the airway epithelium is severely damaged and has to regenerate rapidly to restore its function. The regeneration process involves chronological steps of epithelial cell migration, proliferation, stratification, and differentiation. The present study has used an in vivo humanized airway xenograft model in nude mice that mimics the regeneration dynamics of human airway epithelium after severe injury, and human‐specific molecular tools, to study the expression profiles of epithelial matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)‐7 and ‐9, of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase‐1 (TIMP‐1), and of the pro‐inflammatory cytokine interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) during the different steps of human airway epithelium regeneration. It was found that during the cell migration and proliferation steps, airway epithelial cells expressed IL‐8 at a high level, whereas airway epithelial pseudo‐stratification and surface airway epithelial differentiation were associated with increased expression of MMPs and a progressive decrease in IL‐8. Interestingly, immunohistochemical analysis revealed exclusive expression of MMPs at the apical part of the well‐differentiated regenerated airway epithelium, and incubation of the regenerating epithelial cells with MMP inhibitors led to abnormal epithelial differentiation. These data provide new insight into the temporal expression of MMPs and IL‐8 during the regeneration of airway epithelium and demonstrate the involvement of these factors during the different steps that lead to restoration of a well‐differentiated and functional airway epithelium. Copyright © 2005 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crosslinked cinnamoyloxyethyl methacrylate and isooctyl acrylate copolymers as oil sorbers
Authors: Atta Ayman M , El‐Ghazawy Rasha AM , Farag Reem K , El‐Kafrawy Ahmed F , Abdel‐Azim Abdel‐Azim A
Published: April 2005

Copolymerization of a novel monomer cinnamoyloxyethyl methacrylate (CEMA) with isooctyl acrylate (IOA) was performed in the range 10–90 % of the feedstock. Copolymer compositions were determined from proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Monomer reactivity ratios were calculated using Fineman–Ross and Kelen–Tudös techniques at low conversions. The copolymer microstructure, including the mean sequence length distribution, was calculated from reactivity ratios. Crosslinked poly(CEMA), poly(IOA) and CEMA/IOA copolymers were prepared by bulk polymerization in the presence of azobisisobutyronitrile initiator and two different hexafunctional crosslinkers. The crosslinked copolymers were evaluated for oil absorbency applications. The effects of monomer feed composition, crosslinker concentration and type of oil on the swelling properties of the crosslinked polymers were studied through oil absorption tests. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
The use of Nile Red to monitor the aggregation behavior in ternary surfactant–water–organic solvent systems
Authors: Stuart Marc C. A. , van de Pas John C. , Engberts Jan B. F. N.
Published: April 2005

Ternary systems of surfactants, water and organic solvents were studied by monitoring the steady‐state fluorescence of the versatile solvatochromic probe Nile Red. We found not only that Nile Red can be used throughout the whole isotropic regions in the phase diagram, but also that subtle changes in the aggregation state of the surfactant can be monitored. The formation of inverted micelles in n‐hexane could be followed upon the addition of small amounts of water, in addition to the formation of normal micelles in water and water–organic solvent mixtures. In aqueous C12EO4 solutions the temperature‐dependent micelle‐to‐vesicle‐to‐inverted micelle transition was visualized by Nile Red fluorescence. Finally, the incorporation of solvent into the micellar interior could also be monitored using Nile Red as the probe. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of salen‐type ligands functionalized with pyrrole derivative pendant arms
Authors: Andrade Mariana , Sousa Carla , Enrique Borges José , Freire Cristina
Published: April 2005

Several salen‐type ligands functionalized with two pyrrole derivative pendant arms were prepared. These Schiff base ligands, which differ in the imine bridge, were prepared by a multi‐step procedure that includes (i) synthesis of 3‐pyrrol‐1‐ylpropanoic acid, (ii) transformation of the latter compound into the mixed carboxylic–carbonic anhydride (MCCA) intermediate followed by reaction with 2,3‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde to give (3‐formyl‐2‐hydroxyphenyl) 3‐(pyrrol‐1‐yl)propanoate and finally (iii) Schiff condensation of the different 1,2‐diamines with (3‐formyl‐2‐hydroxyphenyl) 3‐(pyrrol‐1‐yl)propanoate. The key step in the Schiff base ligand preparation is the functionalization of the 2,3‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde at the C‐3 hydroxyl group without protection of the C‐2 hydroxyl group, by a regiospecific acylation of the ortho‐hydroxyl group via esterification with the mixed carboxylic–carbonic anhydride of 3‐pyrrol‐1‐ylpropanoic acid. The compounds were characterized by elemental analyses, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and FTIR and UV–visible spectrophotometry. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Emergency response to a noncollision hazmat release from a railcar
Authors: Ogle Russell A. , Morrison D.R. , Viz M.J.
Published: April 2005

A manufacturer of a solid oxidizer experienced three successive hazardous material accidents/releases during a one‐week period. This case study discusses the emergency response process and how it evolved as new information became available. The commodity, a granular solid classified as DOT 5.1, was known to be thermally unstable. The material was further known to be both water‐reactive and susceptible to autocatalytic decomposition (that is, its decomposition products accelerated the rate of decomposition). During decomposition the material has the capacity to generate a large volume of noncondensable gases. The manufacturer transported the commodity in bulk using pressure differential hopper railcars.

After the occurrence of the first accident, the manufacturer implemented a rapid and effective emergency response to protect human health and the environment. Because this was a noncollision event, immediate consideration was given to the fleet of commodity‐containing railcars in transit to customer sites. The technical challenges unique to rail transportation and railcar design greatly influenced the emergency response. These challenges and their resolution are discussed. Although the next two accidents resulted in loss of the commodity, there were no injuries or environmental impact. The subsequent accident investigation determined that the direct cause of the railcar decompositions was the inadvertent introduction of water into the bulk solid. Data collected during the emergency response phase played a crucial role in the subsequent root cause investigation and in the design of safeguards to reduce the hazard of decomposition in future rail shipments. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2005
Thermal properties of a high volume fraction SiC particle‐reinforced pure aluminum composite
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Wu Gaohui , Jiang Longtao , Luan Bofeng
Published: April 2005

With dual‐sized SiC particles, a 70 vol% SiCp/pure Al composite was fabricated by squeeze casting technology. The composite was subjected to a thermal cycling test between 20 and 150 °C. A large residual tensile strain was observed at the end of the first cycling, but the residual length changes were reduced with the following cyclings. It was demonstrated that the thermal stress during the cycling process played an important role in the dimensional change. The composite coefficients of thermal expansion during thermal cyclings ranged from 9.14 × 10–6 to 9.28 × 10–6/K, and they were in better agreement with the prediction of Kerner's model. To calculate the thermal conductivity of the composite with dual‐sized reinforcements, an equivalent particle diameter was introduced to the effective medium approximation method. The predicted values agreed well the measured conductivity. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Energy spectrum and optical properties of polymer–nanocrystal composites
Authors: Shik A. , Bakueva L. , Ruda H. E.
Published: April 2005

Composite systems containing semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) embedded into a conducting polymer matrix have a number of key distinctions from semiconductor quantum dot heterostructures. Low electron affinity of conducting polymers results in a type‐II heterojunction at the NC‐polymer interface with electrons localized inside NC and delocalized holes with a continuous density of states. Optical properties of nanocomposites were considered accounting for the above‐mentioned features of energy spectrum. The results explain a series of experimentally observed peculiarities including various and sometimes featureless absorption spectra, large Stokes shift and activationless photoconductivity. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Bali beyond the bomb: disparate discourses and implications for sustainability
Authors: Robinson Alex J. , Meaton Julia
Published: April 2005

This paper reflects on varied local responses to the Kuta bombings and situates them within recent political events in Indonesia. It notes that there is an increasingly voiced need for the fuller incorporation of local realities into future development paradigms in Bali.

Following 12 October there was a politically powerful and urgent call for Bali to get back to ‘business as usual’. This opinion was presented rationally, coherently and with authority. It is, it implies, the voice of Bali. However, for many in Bali the events of 12 October presented a critical time for reflection and seeds were evident of fledgling calls for change.

It is suggested that for development to be sustainable in Bali there is a need to recontextualize policies and agendas in line with recent socio‐political events. Crucially, there is a growing need for a change of emphasis away from a broad focus on conflicts between tourists and hosts and towards conflicts within and between localized communities. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
What drives socially responsible investment? The case of the Netherlands
Authors: Scholtens Bert
Published: April 2005

This paper asks what determines the growth of socially responsible savings and investments in the Netherlands. We find that special tax regulation can be held responsible for more than half of the growth in socially responsible savings and investments during the period 1995–2001. It has resulted in socially and environmentally worthwhile projects that would otherwise not have had access to finance. Furthermore, it appears that investors in the Netherlands are sensitive to changes in the underlying regulation. However, an important fraction of the investors is likely to keep their investments if the favourable tax treatment were to be abandoned. This paper also investigates the financial performance of socially responsible savings and investments. We find that the investments earn returns that do not significantly differ from the return on their benchmarks. The risk, however, is significantly above that of the benchmark. In contrast, socially responsible savings earn a higher (after‐tax) return and have equal risk in comparison with ordinary savings. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Secretory immunoglobulin‐A reactivity following increases in workload intensity using the Defined Intensity Stressor Simulation (DISS)
Authors: Wetherell Mark A. , Sidgreaves Martin C.
Published: April 2005

Previous work suggests that secretory immunoglobulin‐A (S‐IgA) reactivity is inversely related to the perceived demands of the stressor. The Defined Intensity Stressor Simulation (DISS) comprises eight stressor modules, and allows for the manipulation of stress either through increasing the number of modules, or increasing the workload of the modules. The current study assessed the effect of increasing the workload of four modules upon S‐IgA reactivity and perceived demands. Participants (N = 14) attended three sessions on consecutive days where they provided a timed saliva sample immediately before and after 5 min on the DISS at low, medium and high workload. Following each session participants recorded their perceptions of the task with regard to workload and levels of stress and arousal. Perceived workload and stress, but not arousal, increased in accordance with increases in workload, however, differential S‐IgA reactivity was observed. Low workload resulted in a slight increase in S‐IgA secretion; medium workload elicited significant up‐regulation, while down‐regulation of S‐IgA occurred following high workload. As DISS is analogous to a variety of working environments it is suggested that the observed S‐IgA reactivity is indicative of how individuals react to multi‐tasking environments when faced with increases in objective or perceived workload demands. As S‐IgA levels are related to protection from illness, down‐regulation of S‐IgA in those who perceive greater demands may lead to greater vulnerability to ill‐health. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Personal and organizational outcomes related to job stress and Type‐A behavior: a study of Canadian and Chinese employees
Authors: Jamal Muhammad
Published: April 2005

This study examined the relationship of job stress, Type‐A behavior and its two components (time pressure and hard driving/competitiveness) with burnout, health problems, job satisfaction, organizational commitment and turnover motivation among employees in Canada (N = 535) and mainland China (N = 685). Data were collected by means of a structured questionnaire from Canadian employees in Montreal and Chinese employees in Beijing. Pearson correlation and moderated multiple regression were used to analyze the data. Job stress, global Type‐A and its two components were significantly related to a number of dependant variables in both countries. Some support for differential effects of Type‐A behavior components was found primarily in the Canadian sample. Implications of findings are discussed for cross‐cultural research. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of a Korean traditional herbal supplement on symptoms of stress and mood profiles in high school girls: a randomized, double blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Lee Myeong Soo , Park Mi‐Suk , Shin Yong‐Il , Moon Byung‐Soon , Woo Won‐Hong
Published: April 2005

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a Korean traditional herbal remedy, Ondamtanggamibang, on symptoms of stress and mood state in a randomized, double blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Forty healthy high school girls volunteered to participate and were randomly assigned to either an herbal remedy group (N = 20) or a placebo control group (N = 20). Subjects consumed the supplement or placebo once a day for 3 days. Total symptoms of stress and total mood disturbance scores decreased significantly in the herbal remedy group as compared with the control group. These results suggest that this Korean traditional herbal supplement may be beneficial in alleviating the symptoms of stress and in enhancing mood. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
One equation fits overkill: why allometry underpins both prehistoric and modern body size‐biased extinctions
Authors: Brook Barry W. , Bowman David M. J. S.
Published: April 2005

The higher extinction proneness of large bodied vertebrates, both in the past and during the modern global biodiversity crisis, has a fundamental explanation in allometry: maximal population increase is scaled to body mass (W) by W−0.25, whilst generation length scales by W0.25 . Populations of any sized vertebrate can persist if their populations experience the same proportional reduction each generation, but if this chronic mortality occurs at an annual rate, then smaller short‐lived animals are able to survive whilst larger animals are driven inexorably to extinction. On this basis, our interpretation of the empirical body mass‐extinction risk evidence for both the Late Pleistocene extinctions and the contemporary biodiversity crisis is that human impacts are sufficiently rapid and ubiquitous to outstrip the capacity of natural selection in most large taxa, upsetting the highly evolved life history trade‐offs that permit the maintenance of a diverse assemblage of different sized animals.
Foraging behaviour of western sandpipers changes with sediment temperature: implications for their hemispheric distribution
Authors: Nebel Silke , Thompson Graham J.
Published: April 2005

Migratory shorebirds need to replenish their energy reserves by foraging at stop‐over sites en route. Adjusting their foraging behaviour to accommodate variation in local prey availability would therefore be advantageous. We test whether western sandpipers (Calidris mauri), a sexually dimorphic shorebird, adjust their foraging behaviour in response to local changes in prey availability, as inferred by changes in diurnal time and sediment temperature. Both males and females showed quantitative changes to foraging mode in relation to each of these variables. Probing, for example, which is used to exploit infaunal prey, was significantly more common at higher temperatures. The results presented here are consistent with the notion that western sandpipers can adjust their foraging behaviour in response to variation in prey availability. Further, we speculate that temperature‐induced changes to prey location may contribute to the striking sexual segregation observed for this species during the non‐breeding season.
PREVENTING CONFLICTS IN AFRICA: THE NEED FOR A WIDER PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Murray Rachel
Published: April 2005

A brief glance at Africa would suggest that the methods adopted to deal with conflict prevention have achieved little success. It is clear that there are complex causes of conflict and that one cannot view conflict in a narrow sense, but must take account of political, economic and social factors to truly understand its causes and process. There is evidence that human rights violations predate conflicts: thus arbitrary arrests and detentions, oppression of political opposition groups and individuals, difficulties in socio-economic conditions, and additional border controls often increase during such times. Monitoring the situation of human rights over a period of time can therefore provide indicators of impending disputes. Conversely, human rights violations are also caused by conflicts. Yet, human rights and conflicts are often dealt with separately and this is evidenced in the practice of the UN as well as the Organization of African Unity (OAU).
THE CONCEPT OF COMMUNITY FORESTRY UNDER CAMEROONIAN LAW
Authors: Egbe Egbe Samuel
Published: April 2005

The participation of local communities in the management of Cameroon's huge forest resources appears to be one of the most imponderable and enigmatic issues confronting contemporary policy-makers. This is because forest resource access and tenure policies in Cameroon have, since the colonial period, generally been hegemonic in character. This situation was further accentuated with the advent of national governments. On the eve of independence and even beyond, African governments were so concerned with political rights that they did not give much thought to any other rightscertainly not to what has become known as the right of local communities to participate in natural resource management. It was quite easy for Africans to conceive of rights solely in terms of the political rights of individuals. There was thus an alleged incompatibility between riparian community rights to participate in forest management and respect for individual rights.
SOURCES OF THE LAW OF THE ECONOMIC COMMUNITY OF WEST AFRICAN STATES (ECOWAS)
Authors: Ajulo Sunday Babalola
Published: April 2005

Articles 6(e) and 15(1–4) of the ECOWAS Revised Treaty (1993) provide for the establishment of a Court of Justice of the Community. These provisions should, however, be read along with those of the Protocol on the Community Court of Justice initialled in 1991. Attempts have been made to analyse various aspects of the institutions of the Community, including the Court of Justice. While Bankole Thompson examined the legal problems of the economic integration in West Africa, Kofi Oteng Kufuor attempted to look at the Court of Justice from the angle of compliance with its judgments by member states. Denakin, for his part, appraised generally the prospects of the Court.
PLANT VARIETY PROTECTION IN AFRICA: TOWARDS COMPLIANCE WITH THE TRIPS AGREEMENT
Authors: Cullet Philippe
Published: April 2005

Plant variety protection has come to the fore in the wake of the adoption of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS Agreement). TRIPS generally imposes the patentability of inventions, whether products or processes, in all fields of technology and specifically mandates the introduction of a form of legal protection on plant varieties. Article 27.3(b) thus states that member states “shall provide for the protection of plant varieties either by patents or by an effective sui generis system or by any combination thereof.”
THE TENSION BETWEEN JUSTICE AND RECONCILIATION IN RWANDA: POLITICS, HUMAN RIGHTS, DUE PROCESS AND THE ROLE OF THE GACACA COURTS IN DEALING WITH THE GENOCIDE
Authors: Sarkin Jeremy
Published: April 2005

Rwanda, since the genocide of 1994, has had immense difficulty in dealing with the past. It has pursued the model of prosecutions without being able to bring many of the alleged perpetrators before the courts. The article examines why this is so, as well as the political situation in Rwanda in the context of the country's human rights record, to determine whether sufficient weight is being given to truth, reconciliation, peace and stability. The proposed new gacaca community courts are examined to determine whether the stated government intention of using these structures to deal with genocide cases outweighs the potential problems they may cause. The article suggests that as so many years have elapsed since the genocide of 1994 that the authorities cannot, and should not, seek to prosecute all those accused of participating in the slaughter because attempting to prosecute all those in detention may cause more harm than good.