bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Student Voice and Participation in Intercultural Education
Authors: Caetano Ana Paula , Pimenta Freire Isabel , Biscaia Machado Elsa
Published: January 2020

This paper presents a multi-case study in the field of intercultural education and it refers to a project named “Voice of children and young people in the development of intercultural education”. The cases are critical action-research projects developed with three groups of middle and high school students. They participated in dialogic processes and shared leadership with their teachers. They co-designed projects, debated and became aware of critical issues related to cultural diversity in their educational communities. The purpose of the research is to analyze participatory processes and associated changes in relation to intercultural education and students’ voice frameworks. Personal changes of the students, such as self-awareness and attention to others and to relationships, and group changes such as cohesion, were underlined, as well as changes extended to other actors —teachers, other students, staff, tutors, and other members of the community— creating collaborative relationships, solidarity, and mutual recognition. There were visible changes during the most active period in which projects were held, but sometimes impacts still endured and deepened afterwards. This stresses the relevance of youngsters’ participatory projects engaged in intercultural processes and change.
Does Mathematical Anxiety Differ Cross-Culturally?
Authors: Brown Jennifer L. , Ortiz-Padilla Myriam , Soto-Varela Roberto
Published: January 2020

Mathematics constitutes a foundation in the training of engineering students because their competence in this reasoning will be utilised as a tool for the resolution of real problems when inserted in the productive sector and throughout their professional life. The purpose of this causal comparative research study was to determine the difference in learning math anxiety and math evaluation anxiety for engineering students at two universities with different cultural backgrounds. The sample included 20 engineering students from the south-eastern United States and 88 engineering students from Colombia. The English and Spanish version of the AMAS, which contained nine items was divided into two subscales, used to collect data. A series of two-way factorial ANOVAs were conducted to answer the research questions that are related to cultural background, gender and the interaction effect between cultural group and gender. The results indicated there was a statistically significant difference in learning maths anxiety when comparing the two cultures.
АЛЛЕРГИЧЕСКИЕ РЕАКЦИИ ПРИ ЛЕЧЕНИИ ВПЕРВЫЕ ВЫЯВЛЕННЫХ БОЛЬНЫХ ТУБЕРКУЛЕЗОМ ОРГАНОВ ДЫХАНИЯ, "Вестник Центрального научно-исследовательского института туберкулеза"
Authors: Иванова Диана Александровна , Борисов Сергей Евгеньевич
Published: January 2020

В проспективное исследование частоты, спектра и факторов риска аллергических реакций на противотуберкулезную химиотерапию включены 435 впервые выявленных больных туберкулезом органов дыхания. Частота аллергических реакций в течение интенсивной фазы химиотерапии составила 50,6% (95% ДИ 45,9-55,2%), в спектре преобладала изолированная эозинофилия (43,1%). Частота аллергических реакций 3-4 степени тяжести составила 17,9% (95% ДИ 13,8-20,8%). Независимыми факторами риска аллергических реакций являлись эозинофилия крови более 0,3 х 10 /л до лечения (ОШ 3,51, 95% ДИ 1,69-7,29), микоз любой локализации (ОШ 2,09, 95% ДИ 1,28-3,40), включение в схему терапии аминогликозидов или капреомицина (ОШ 2,34, 95% ДИ 1,56-3,52). Эффективность длительного приема антигистаминных препаратов в отношении профилактики аллергических реакций, в том числе в группах риска, не подтверждена.
Economic Analysis of Irish Potato (Solanum tuberusum) Marketing in Metropolitan Markets of Bauchi, Bauchi State, Nigeria
Authors: Umoffia U. E. , Iroegbute U. K. , Barnabas T. M. , Nandi J. A. , Akeweta J. N.
Published: January 2020

Aims: This paper evaluates the economic analysis of Irish Potato (Solanum tuberosum) marketing in the metropolitan markets of Bauchi State.

Study Design: A sample random sampling technique was used in selecting eighty (80) respondents (30 wholesalers and 50 retailers).

Place and Duration of Study: The study was done at Bauchi State, Nigeria.

Methodology: Questionnaire was used to collect data on the socio-economic characteristics of the marketers and other information on cost/return from the respondents. It was however complemented with oral interviews.

Results: The results shows that the enterprise is a profitable venture in the metropolitan markets of Bauchi with a Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) of (1.84) Yelwa Tudu market compared to other markets, while acquisition cost constitutes the highest proportion of the total cost of marketing potato. The majority of the marketers were female (57.75%) with 70% of the total respondents falling within the age bracket of 30-50 years. Majority of the marketers had a marketing experience of 1-10 years (58.73%). Also 70% of the marketers were married and 57% started their business with personal savings.

Conclusion: The present study identified different challenges in Irish potatoes production and marketing in Bauchi State, Nigeria.
Genetic Kinship of Nilem Fish Strains (Osteochillus hasselti)
Authors: Andriani Yuli , Buwono Ibnu Dwi , Subhan Ujang , Mandhasia Arini
Published: January 2020

The research aims to analyze the kinship of nilem fish strains using RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA). This research used exploratory method with descriptive analysis. The primers used in the RAPD method are OPA-02 (5'-TGCCGAGCTG-3 '), OPA-03 (5'-AGTCAGCCAC-'3), OPA-05 (5'-AGGGGTCTTG-3') and OPA-11 (5) 5'- CAATCGCCGT-3 '). The primary optimization results showed that OPA-02 and OPA-11 were the primary primers for detecting polymorphic and monomorphic fragments of the nilem fish genome. Phenograms from the RAPD method that were processed through the NTSYS-pc program showed that the OPA-02 primer was the best primer for nilem kinship analysis. Relationship between red nilem with green nilem is 92%, red nilem and green nilem with mangot nilem are 72% and the three nilem with beureum panon are 12%.
Effect of Capital Asset Pricing Model on Stock Prices
Authors: Dinahastuti Dini , Badruzaman Jajang , Wursan Euis Rosidah,
Published: January 2020

Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is one of the balance models that can be used to determine the magnitude of the relationship between risk and return obtained by investors so that it will help investors to avoid investment errors. This study aims to determine (1) capital asset pricing model, and company stock prices in the Nikkei 225 Index technology sector; (2) capital asset pricing model on the company's stock prices in the Nikkei 225 index technology sector. The technique of data collection is done through secondary data, namely data obtained from the study of documentation and literature. The method used is descriptive method with census approach method. The population and sample of this study were the technology sector companies of the Nikkei 225 Index in 2016-2018. There were 57 companies in 2016-2018. The data analysis technique used is panel data regression analysis with a ratio measurement scale. Based on the results of the research and the results of data processing, it is shown that (1) Capital Asset Pricing Model in the technology sector company Nikkei 225 Index shows fluctuating results each year and effective in determining efficient and inefficient stocks for investors to use in making investment decisions. The company's stock price in the technology sector. The Nikkei 225 index shows an increase in average stock prices each year; (2) Capital Asset Pricing Model has a significant positive effect on Stock Prices.
Prospects of Integrated Application of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) Leaf Extract, NPK Fertilizer and Poultry Manure on Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) Production
Authors: Aluko Mattew
Published: January 2020

A field trial was conducted to investigate the effects of integrated application of moringa leaf  extract (Maringa oleifera), poultry manure, and NPK 15-15-15 fertilizer on the growth and yield attributes             of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)at the Teaching and Research Farm of Ekiti State University,  Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria during 2018 cropping season. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replicates. The treatments included; Poultry manure (PM), Moringa leaf (ML), NPK fertilizer (NPKF), NPK fertilizer + Moringa leaf (ML+ NPKF), poultry manure                         and Moringa leaf (ML+PM), and control (C). At 2 weeks after planting (WAP), PM, NPKF, and ML+PM gave okra plant height of 3.74 cm, 3.98 cmand 3.82 cm, respectively, which were                 higher than 2.7 cm for C. While ML gave the highest plant height of 4.05 cm, which was higher than other treatments. Of all the treatments, ML+PM gave the highest fruit weight of 1.343 t/ha and differed (P < 0.05) from the rest of other treatments; while C had the least fruit weight of0.199             t/ha. ML+PM, NPKF, and ML+ NPKF gave total fruit number per plant of 47, 44 and 36 respectively, which differed (P < 0.05) to other treatment and the C gave the least fruit number of 15.67 per plant. The results showed that the application of PM+ML improved the growth and yield of okra, hence poultry manure and moringa leaf should be used instead of NPK fertilizer, which can also lower the cost of production.
Robust Control for a 3DOF Articulated Robotic Manipulator Joint Torque under Uncertainties
Authors: Emmanuel Agbaraji Chukwudi , Henrietta Udeani Uchenna , Chibueze Inyiama Hyacinth , Chikodi Okezie Christiana
Published: January 2020

This research work emphasizes on design of a robust control for a 3DOF robotic manipulator under uncertainties. The plant model was achieved using the independent joint method and the uncertainty problem was addressed by designing a robust controller using H-Infinity synthesis which was compared with PID. This was achieved with algorithms implemented in MATLAB. The H-Infinity controller recorded 0dB, while PID controller recorded 0.117dB and 0.061dB for joints I and II respectively in Complementary Sensitivity (T) graph at low frequencies. H-Infinity controller achieved better disturbance rejection characteristics with sensitivity (S) graph recording peak sensitivity of 0.817dB and 1.79dB at joints I and II respectively than PID controller which achieved 3dB and 1.86dB at joints I and II respectively. H-Infinity controller achieved better noise rejection characteristics with T graph recording lower gains at joints I and II respectively at high frequencies than PID controller which recorded higher gains at joints I and II respectively. Thus, it was concluded that the H-Infinity controller achieved better performance and stability robustness characteristics for the joint torque control than the PID.
Cancer‐associated V‐ATPase induces delayed apoptosis of protumorigenic neutrophils
Authors: Ibrahim Safaa A. , Kulshrestha Arpita , Katara Gajendra K. , Riehl Valerie , Sahoo Manoranjan , Beaman Kenneth D.
Published: January 2020

Tumors and neutrophils undergo an unexpected interaction, in which products released by tumor cells interact to support neutrophils that in turn support cancer growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. A key protein that is highly expressed by cancer cells in tumors is the a2 isoform V‐ATPase (a2V). A peptide from a2V (a2NTD) is secreted specifically by cancer cells, but not normal cells, into the tumor microenvironment. This peptide reprograms neutrophils to promote angiogenesis, cancer cell invasiveness, and neutrophil recruitment. Here, we provide evidence that cancer‐associated a2V regulates the life span of protumorigenic neutrophils by influencing the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Immunohistochemical analysis of human cancer tissue sections collected from four different organs shows that levels of a2NTD and neutrophil counts are increased in cancer compared with normal tissues. Significant increases in neutrophil counts were present in both poorly and moderately differentiated tumors. In addition, there is a positive correlation between the number of neutrophils and a2NTD expression. Human neutrophils treated with recombinant a2NTD show significantly delayed apoptosis, and such prolonged survival was dependent on NF‐κB activation and ROS generation. Induction of antiapoptotic protein expression (Bcl‐xL and Bcl‐2A1) and decreased expression of proapoptotic proteins (Bax, Apaf‐1, caspase‐3, caspase‐6, and caspase‐7) were a hallmark of these treated neutrophils. Autocrine secretion of prosurvival cytokines of TNF‐α and IL‐8 by treated neutrophils prolongs their survival. Our findings highlight the important role of cancer‐associated a2V in regulating protumorigenic innate immunity, identifying a2V as a potential important target for cancer therapy.
Physical Fitness
Authors: Haga Monika , Haapala Eero A. , Sigmundsson Hermundur
Published: January 2020

Physical fitness (PF) is an important factor in child development as it is regarded as a predictor of central health outcomes and positively associated with cognition and brain health. Central PF components in children include cardiorespiratory fitness, flexibility, muscular fitness, speed/agility, and body composition. There is a strong association between motor competence and young people's PF and physical activity levels. Individuals who master different movements and have a comprehensive motor repertoire tend to have an improved basis for participation in various physical activity play, sports, and games, and as a consequence increase their fitness levels. Moreover, PF seems to be associated with cognitive functioning and brain health in childhood as children with better PF outperform their peers with lower levels of fitness in cognitive and academic tasks. There is a concern that children do not participate in a sufficient amount of physical activity and that engagement in sedentary behavior is increasing. Therefore, children should be encouraged and given opportunities to learn and develop different motor skills and PF components through versatile functional activities and play.
Disorders of Movement
Authors: St. John Laura , Cairney John
Published: January 2020

This entry highlights some of the most common childhood movement disorders including cerebral palsy, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, developmental coordination disorder, and Tourette syndrome. Focusing on clinical features and symptoms of these disorders, the entry also draws attention to how symptomology can impact motor growth, development, and function in children. The entry also explores the various assessment tools and treatment options that clinicians currently use. Special attention has also been given to intellectual and developmental disabilities as well as to neurodevelopmental disorders which include motor‐based deficits.
A Behavior‐Analytic Theory of Child Development
Authors: Schlinger Henry D.
Published: January 2020

Theories in the natural sciences are inductively derived from the discovery of orderly functional relations in the experimental laboratory and consist of a set of statements or equations that summarize those relations. Theories can then be used to deduce (i.e., explain) novel or untested phenomena. Theory in behavior analysis—the science of adaptive behavior—is described as an example of theory in the natural sciences. Like theories in the natural sciences, behavior‐analytic theory is induced from the orderly functional relations discovered in the experimental laboratory. From these facts, behavior analysts have deduced a functional unit of behavior analysis consisting of four components, the so‐called four‐term contingency. Behavior analysts then employ this functional‐analytic unit to explain observations, including those of child behavioral development. Behavior‐analytic theory, like most scientific theories, is consistent with Isaac Newton's four “rules of reasoning in philosophy,” which include inductive science, parsimony, and theoretical extension. Even though a behavior‐analytic theory is not explicitly a developmental theory, it does satisfy several criteria of successful theories of child behavioral development: It is testable, is internally consistent, possesses predictive validity and external validity, and is theoretically economical (i.e., parsimonious).
Ethics in Basic and Applied Research
Authors: Zane Thomas , Diaz de Villegas Sara C. , Kanaman Nicole Ashley , Romero Ashley Nicole , Weiss Mary Jane
Published: January 2020

Child development involves systematic changes across physical, cognitive, and psychosocial domains throughout the lifespan. Research on development has been instrumental in the advancement of screening and assessment tools; programs for prevention, education, and intervention; and public health initiatives. Basic and applied behavior‐analytic research has led to many advances in understanding the development of children across the lifespan, primarily by focusing on the laws or principles of behavior. Researchers who apply scientific methodology when conducting basic behavior‐analytic research engage in the study and identification of behavioral processes and principles that influence learning (i.e., skill acquisition). Human subject research has produced socially significant findings; however, as history has revealed, human subject research has also produced troubling ethical predicaments, violating basic human rights and putting subjects at physical and psychological risk. Ethical principles have shaped current research practices and provide a basis from which current ethical codes are derived. It is the duty of research organizations to create ethical codes of conduct applicable to their missions. Researchers have an obligation to not only develop but also adhere to current standards for ethical research. Furthermore, researchers are obligated to effectively teach ethical research to others, so as to increase compliance with ethical standards and protect human subjects.
Tantrums
Authors: Wilder David A. , Hodges Ansley C.
Published: January 2020

Tantrums are displays of negative emotional behavior; they often include intense crying and screaming, and are sometimes accompanied by property disruption or destruction, aggression, and unusual motor behavior (e.g., foot stomping, breath holding). They are typically exhibited by young children and individuals with intellectual disabilities. Tantrums are operant behavior. That is, they are acquired and strengthened because they produce an environmental change (e.g., access to a preferred item or activity, escape or avoidance of a task). Assessment of tantrums involves a description of their frequency and the conditions under which they occur, as well as identification of the environmental variables that maintain them. Treatment of tantrums may include medication, parent training, or both. However, most recent treatments are based on the function or purpose of the tantrum, and may include breaking the relationship between tantrums and the environmental changes they produce, providing free access to the item or event produced by the tantrum, strengthening an alternative behavior that produces the same outcome as the tantrum, or a combination of these strategies.
Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports
Authors: Dufrene Brad A. , Weaver Caitlyn M.
Published: January 2020

Positive behavioral interventions and supports is a system‐wide approach to supporting the emotional and behavioral well‐being of students. It fits within a multitiered system of supports and includes three tiers of supports and interventions. Tier 1 includes universal screening for emotional and behavioral difficulties and preventive practices for all students across all school settings. Tier 2 includes supplemental supports for students experiencing emerging emotional and behavioral difficulties. Tier 3 includes individualized, intensive interventions for students presenting with substantial emotional and behavioral difficulties.
Piaget's Theory
Authors: Carpendale Jeremy I. M. , Lewis Charlie , Müller Ulrich
Published: January 2020

A key figure in the history of psychology, Jean Piaget grappled with an issue that remains important today—understanding human development without reducing it to genetic determinism or socialization. Piaget articulated a constructivist theory of how infants and children develop increasingly complex and abstract means of understanding aspects of the world. These extend from elementary physics to mathematics to social and moral issues. Given that humans share many experiences, development has similarities across individuals and cultures. Piaget thus suggested a series of stages that depict these achievements. While he was highly influential in the 1950s and 1960s, his theory became a focus of attack from within developmental psychology, largely from positions that Piaget had set out to demonstrate as being flawed. Largely misrepresented in contemporary texts of child development, Piaget's theory has much to offer contemporary and future accounts of human development.
Grammar
Authors: Brandt Silke
Published: January 2020

This entry provides an overview of different theoretical approaches to children's acquisition of syntactic categories and rules. Whereas the generative–nativist approach suggests that syntactic categories and rules are innate and only require minimal input, the usage‐based approach argues that children gradually derive them from their input. These two predictions are tested by looking at children's acquisition of the past tense, word‐order rules for simple sentences, and their acquisition of complex sentences.
Obsessive–Compulsive and Related Disorders in Children
Authors: McKenzie Matthew L. , Farrell Lara J.
Published: January 2020

A new category of Obsessive–Compulsive and Related Disorders (OCRDs) is now a part of the fifth edition of the American Psychiatric Association's
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM‐5) classification system. The disorders in this category include obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania, and excoriation disorder. To date, comparatively little empirical research exists for the presentation of OCRDs in children relative to what is known in adults, with the exception of pediatric OCD, which has been widely studied. OCD in childhood is a debilitating condition, with functional impairment across multiple contexts including the school, home, and peer relationships. The overarching similarity across all the treatments that show promise for OCRDs is their focus on behavioral therapy or cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT) approaches, including exposure and response prevention. CBT has been shown to be highly effective in treating pediatric OCD, with evidence from large randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and large‐scale community trials of effectiveness. A broad range of factors have been found to predict poorer treatment response for children with OCD, including symptom severity and impairment; symptom subtype; emotion regulation; comorbidity, in particular comorbid mood, externalizing, and autistic spectrum disorders; and family factors such as family dysfunction, family accommodation, and parental distress. By comparison, there is much less evidence for specific moderators of treatment response to specific interventions, and almost no research to date that has examined mediators of CBT outcome for pediatric OCD.
Attachment‐Based Therapies
Authors: Allen Brian
Published: January 2020

Attachment theory is a prominent framework for understanding the social and emotional development of a person from infancy through adulthood. Aspects of this theory are relevant for the clinical treatment of psychiatric disorders. This entry discusses the basic elements of attachment theory and how they can be applied in the clinical treatment of children from birth to 10 years of age.
Family Preservation and Reunification Programs
Authors: Lloyd Margaret H.
Published: January 2020

Families come to the attention of child protective services due to a variety of problems threatening child safety, ranging from distinct and resolvable crises to chronic family dysfunction. The three primary aims of the child welfare system (CWS) are to ensure child safety, well‐being, and permanency. To achieve these aims, CWS agencies employ a spectrum of interventions that fall into two general categories: family preservation and reunification. At the simplest level, family preservation services seek to prevent child removal, while reunification programs seek to return children to their families of origin. This entry discusses the policy context and definitions of each approach and reviews the literature on best practices.
Father–Child Relations
Authors: Schoppe‐Sullivan Sarah J. , Yan Julia Jia
Published: January 2020

Father–child relations have received much less research attention than mother–child relations, and the best ways to measure important aspects of father–child relations remain a subject of debate. However, a sizable body of research indicates that—consistent with various theories of father–child relations—fathers make important contributions to their children's social, emotional, and cognitive development. Moreover, children influence fathers just as fathers influence children. The extent to which fathers are involved and positively engaged with their children is multiply determined by factors such as fathers' personal characteristics, family relationships, work, social networks and community, and broader social, cultural, political, and economic conditions. Father–child relations do not occur in a vacuum, and determinants, characteristics, and implications of father–child relations all need to be considered in light of culture and context.
Sibling Victimization in Childhood
Authors: Tucker Corinna Jenkins
Published: January 2020

Sibling aggression is a common occurrence in families, and more common than child maltreatment. Often sibling aggression is considered a normative experience and is equated to rivalry, but it is not, and it can take the form of bullying. There is a small but growing literature on sibling victimization that shows its detrimental effects on children. This entry explores why sibling victimization happens and makes distinctions between constructive and destructive sibling conflict. The links between sibling victimization and mental health and peer victimization are described, and possible differences in norms regarding siblings' aggressive interactions by ethnicity are noted.
Grandparenting
Authors: Tanskanen Antti O. , Danielsbacka Mirkka
Published: January 2020

Whether grandparental investment is associated with the development and well‐being of grandchildren has been investigated in several studies. Those studies have considered grandparental investment in three types of family circumstances: the investment of non‐coresiding grandparents, grandparental presence in three‐generational households, and custodial grandparent families where children are raised without parental presence. The investment of non‐coresiding grandparents has been found to be associated with improved child well‐being in the majority of studies. In contrast, children living in custodial grandparent families often achieve worse outcomes compared to other children. Finally, findings regarding child well‐being in three‐generational households have provided mixed results. This entry reviews the prior studies, discusses their limitations, and provides themes for future research.
Parents in Prison
Authors: Harris Nicole , Boudin Chesa
Published: January 2020

On any given day, millions of children in the United States have a parent or both parents incarcerated. Parental incarceration disproportionately affects poor communities of color. Parental incarceration has a wide range of negative implications for child development. It is specifically associated with instability in the home, changes in primary caregiver, termination of legal relationship with incarcerated parents, increased behavioral and developmental problems, and increased rates of incarceration for the children themselves. Support, visitation, programming in prison, and a range of other resources can be used to help break a cycle of intergenerational incarceration.
Bilingualism and Polylingualism in Education
Authors: Shin Sarah J. , King Kendall A.
Published: January 2020

Summarizing over 50 years of scholarship on bilingualism and language‐in‐education policies, this entry draws distinctions between the many widespread myths and the empirical research findings surrounding the use of two or more languages in schools and society. Despite its well‐documented effectiveness and firm theoretical grounding, bilingual education is available to only a small portion of the world's children. This entry examines the theoretical and empirical basis of bilingualism and polylingualism in education as well as the monolingual bias in education and a lack of understanding about what it means for bilinguals to live with two languages. It highlights how and why teaching content and literacy to children in a language they understand is a best practice, well supported by empirical evidence from around the world with a wide range of students, including language‐minority and language‐majority students, as well as Indigenous and refugee populations. Lastly, the entry examines the role of family language practices and policies in forming the foundation for productive bilingualism and multilingual development.
Peer Groups
Authors: Howe Christine
Published: January 2020

Peer groups comprise individuals who are of similar age, not members of the same family, and potentially of similar standing or rank. In many cultures, peer groups are ubiquitous in children's experience, but the manner in which children participate within available groups and the consequences of their participation vary considerably. With reference to research that spans eight decades, this entry outlines the constructs that researchers have used to characterize the variation, discusses the factors that predict why children vary, and considers the implications of variation for social, psychoemotional, and educational development.
Social Information Processing Model
Authors: Ziv Yair , Elizarov Einat
Published: January 2020

Crick and Dodge's social information processing model is a theoretically grounded model of social cognition that focuses specifically on the online mental processes that occur between the time an individual receives a social input and the time he or she provides a response. Since the turn of the century, the model had solidified itself as a leading social information processing model and its validity has been established in thousands of studies examining the antecedents and outcomes of the process. This entry describes the components of the model and provides a brief review of the empirical support it has received, as well as the limitations and challenges associated with the model and its assessment methods. Some suggestions for future considerations in social information processing research are also discussed.
Play Behaviors: Definition and Typology
Authors: Fehr Karla K. , Boog Kristen E. , Leraas Bethany C.
Published: January 2020

Play is a normative child behavior with defining characteristics. Specific subtypes of play are present from infancy throughout childhood, and include sensorimotor or exploratory play, functional play, constructive play, pretend play, and rough‐and‐tumble play. Play can also be categorized on the basis of the social aspects of the interaction, from solitary play to cooperative play with peers. A definition and an overview of the developmental correlates are provided for each type of play.
Friendship in Childhood
Authors: Bagwell Catherine L.
Published: January 2020

Children's friendships are special dyadic relationships based on mutual liking and affection. Friendships are developmental contexts, providing a setting for socialization to occur. Friends serve a number of functions for children: They contribute to one another's social, emotional, and cognitive development as well as to their adjustment and well‐being in both the short term and the long term. The multidimensional nature of friendships in childhood means that, when evaluating the developmental significance of friendships, researchers must take into account children's participation in friendships, including the stability and number of friends; the quality of their friendships; and the characteristics of the children themselves and of their friends.
Ecological Models of Adolescent Development
Authors: Governale Amy , Garbarino James
Published: January 2020

Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model is one of the most useful and complete models of adolescent development available to researchers today. In this entry, proximal factors of adolescent development, such as family, school, and peer influences, as well as more distal factors, such as culture and public policy, are examined. Specific emphasis is placed on the benefits of incorporating interactive and synergetic effects of multiple environments (i.e., mesosystems) in developmental research, and on criticism of current uses of ecological models. Future directions and implications for ecological model of adolescent development are also discussed.
Quantitative Methodology in Adolescent Research
Authors: Mertler Craig A.
Published: January 2020

This entry focuses on various issues related to the use of quantitative methodologies when conducting adolescent research. The general purpose of quantitative research is to investigate a particular problem or topic through the measurement of carefully selected variables in quantifiable terms. Specifically, this entry discusses characteristics of quantitative methods, the general process of conducting quantitative research, sampling techniques appropriate for quantitative research, various quantitative research designs, and ways to enhance research validity.
Research Designs and Methods with Adolescents and Emerging Adults
Authors: Cormier Damien C. , Hanson William E. , Flanagan Agnes M.
Published: January 2020

Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods researchers seemingly speak different languages and have different research‐related goals, philosophical underpinnings, and evaluation criteria. That said, ideally, all researchers are rigorous and ethical, and strive for knowledge‐added discovery and understanding. Developing strong studies is critical to increasing understanding of phenomena and processes that are specific to adolescence and emerging adulthood. A number of considerations are relevant to these unique developmental periods. This entry defines key terms; discusses developmental, ecological, and family systems theories; and describes popular research designs, including experimental, correlational, survey, case study, grounded theory, phenomenology, and mixed methods research. The entry concludes with a discussion of research questions and their centrality to choosing research designs.
Cultural Beliefs about Adolescence
Authors: LeTendre Gerald K.
Published: January 2020

Preindustrial societies exhibited a wide range of cultural beliefs and expectations about adolescence. During industrialization, adolescence became institutionalized as part of the life course. The social cultural beliefs common to preindustrial society were replaced by strong normative pressures to conform to age‐defined behaviors within mass systems of education. Adolescents in developed nations are enrolled in school for most of this stage. The extension of schooling and the affluence of democratic capitalist nations sustained the development of youth cultures in many nations. Both national and world school cultures interweave elements of scientific studies (from medicine and developmental psychology) with historical or traditional narratives about adolescence. These depictions of adolescence are repeated in traditional media, social media, and educational or social policy at national and global levels. Adolescence typically is portrayed as a time of intense change, unstable identity formation, and predilection for at‐risk and rebellious behavior.
Prosocial Behaviors in Adolescents
Authors: Carlo Gustavo , Pierotti Sarah L.
Published: January 2020

Prosocial behaviors are actions that benefit others and are important markers of health and well‐being in adolescence. Major biological, socialization, cognitive–developmental, social cognitive, and cultural theories on prosocial development are reviewed. Select research findings on prosocial behavior during adolescence are highlighted. The entry concludes by examining current developments and future directions, and the implications for application and policy.
Peer Conflict Resolution
Authors: Rinaldi Christina M. , Cheong Clarissa
Published: January 2020

Peer conflict and its resolution are central features of children's and adolescents' peer relationships. The strategies chosen and implemented during disagreements with peers have both positive and negative consequences for individuals' social and emotional functioning as well as their future relationships. This entry reviews key theoretical approaches to explaining peer conflict (exchange theory, social interdependence, dual concern theory, and social competence). It also discusses future directions in research, theory, and methodology.
Interventions for Parents of Adolescents
Authors: Asmussen Kirsten
Published: January 2020

Adolescence is a period of rapid developmental change. During this time, families may experience increased levels of conflict and adolescents can engage in risky behavior that may threaten important developmental outcomes. A number of interventions have therefore been developed for parents to reduce family conflict and to prevent risky adolescent and criminal behavior. The evidence from some of these interventions has led to their widespread use within community‐wide strategies for reducing crime and delinquent behavior and preventing substance misuse. The entry also discusses the strength of this evidence and current challenges in the field of evidence‐based practice.
Young Carers
Authors: Smyth Ciara , Hamilton Myra
Published: January 2020

Young carer
is the term used to describe children and young people under the age of 18 who provide unpaid care for a family member with disability, chronic illness, frailty due to old age, mental illness, or dependence on alcohol or other drugs. Caring at a young age can have considerable effects on development, well‐being, and engagement in school and other activities. This entry provides a summary of the topic's history and the current context of research on young carers, including their characteristics, their prevalence, the impacts of care on their lives, and policy responses.
Adaptability and Academic Development
Authors: Holliman Andrew J. , Collie Rebecca J. , Martin Andrew J.
Published: January 2020

Adaptability refers to an individual's adjustments of their thoughts, behaviors, and emotions in the face of new, changing, or uncertain situations or events. The adolescent period represents one of the most rapid phases of human development, where significant and interrelated physical, neurodevelopmental, psychosocial, and environmental changes occur concomitantly with important changes in the educational environment. This entry examines the role of adaptability in adolescent academic development—through secondary education and into tertiary education—and the extent to which it is associated with academic and nonacademic outcomes.
Youth Delinquency
Authors: Sijtsema Jelle J. , Garofalo Carlo
Published: January 2020

Youth delinquency places a heavy burden on society. Therefore, not surprisingly, much research has been dedicated to the study of the development, intervention, and prevention of youth delinquency. This entry discusses several theories that explain youth delinquency. Central to these theories is the role of self‐control and social control. As such, the entry discusses the most important individual and social risk factors for youth delinquency that are related to these two aspects. Moreover, it provides an overview of recent intervention efforts to decrease youth delinquency. In conclusion, it is recommended that future work focuses more on the interaction between individual and social risk factors in the explanation of youth delinquency and early identification of risk factors related to persistent delinquency.
Sports Participation
Authors: O'Donnell Alexander W. , Pegg Karlee J. , Barber Bonnie L.
Published: January 2020

Sports participation is an organized activity in which adolescents spend a substantial amount of their leisure time. Sporting activities are social contexts that expose adolescents to like‐minded peers and adults. Researchers have demonstrated that, through shared experiences and social processes, adolescent sports participation can facilitate improved academic outcomes, self‐concept formation, higher subjective well‐being, and increased physical activity. However, these same social processes have also been demonstrated to be linked to risk‐taking behavior when the sporting context exposes adolescents to peers with risky attributes. Also outlined in this entry is how poor‐quality coaches can lead to disordered eating and reduced well‐being in elite adolescent athletes. Key predictors for sports participation and retention, including individual differences, perceived ability, and social support, are also reviewed. The entry concludes with a recommendation that future research treats sports as a unique environment, where levels of aggression, violence, and competitiveness may differ.
Aggression and Youth Violence
Authors: Schwandt Bethany M. , Pierson Eric E.
Published: January 2020

Youth aggression and violence in adolescence is a topic that is best understood from multiple perspectives. It is important to appreciate the individual aspects of a person's history and personality that may lead them to engage in aggressive or violent behavior. It is equally important to understand how the familial and social systems within the person may work so as to better predict these behaviors. In order to best accommodate each of these essential levels in understanding youth violence, this entry is organized around Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems model and ends with a discussion of the individual.
Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Authors: Allen Jennifer L. , Hwang Suhlim , Huijding Jorg
Published: January 2020

Disruptive behavior is a heterogeneous construct that encompasses a variety of symptoms including tantrums, lying, cheating, noncompliance, theft, and assault. If these symptoms are severe, persistent, and accompanied by impairment in social contexts (e.g., family, peers, school), the individual may meet the criteria for one of the two diagnoses for disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs): oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD). Although ODD and CD tend to share risk and protective factors, evidence supports the status of ODD and CD as distinct diagnoses, with ODD typically emerging prior to CD and showing links with the emergence of later emotional disorders. Different developmental pathways have been identified for DBDs, focusing on the age of onset and the presence of psychopathic features. Current research priorities include a multimethod approach to explore disruptive behavior at neural, genetic, and environmental levels across multiple domains (affective, cognitive, social, and behavioral) in diverse populations.
Substance Use and Abuse in Adolescence: Causes, Consequences, and Challenges
Authors: Hines Lindsey A. , Lynskey Michael
Published: January 2020

The behaviors that contribute to substance abuse commonly have their onset in adolescence; consequently, during this period initiation of use and escalation of use are of as much interest as symptoms of clinical abuse and dependence. Substance use in this period is associated with negative health and social outcomes in later life, and is also a large contributor to adolescent mortality and burden of disease. Research into the causes of adolescent substance use and abuse highlights a number of social influences, and also a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. However, substance use and abuse are distinct from most other mental health issues in that a necessary environmental exposure—exposure to the substance of choice—must occur. Prevention and intervention can be enacted at the levels of both individual and public health, and there is potential for emerging developments in patterns of use to be leveraged in the future for improved harm reduction.
Identity Development Theories
Authors: Montgomery Marilyn J.
Published: January 2020

This entry reviews theories of identity development in childhood and adolescence and describes how scholars have elaborated or reconceptualized early theory while integrating new theoretical understandings of identity during recent decades. While many core notions of Erikson's psychosocial theory of identity development (such as the identity status model, based on the processes of exploration and commitment) continue to have empirical support, new theoretical work has elaborated both the processes and the contents of identity. Other theories and models, such as dynamic systems theory, self‐determination theory, identity negotiation theory, and perspectives from developmental psychopathology, are increasingly integrated to enrich theoretical understandings of identity development.
Self‐Esteem in Adolescents
Authors: Alessandri Guido
Published: January 2020

This entry is focused on the definition of the construct of self‐esteem. Alternative operational definitions of the construct are reviewed. Along with a general presentation of the construct of self‐esteem, relationships with related individual difference variables are discussed. Emphasis is placed upon the importance of self‐esteem as a predictor of human behavior and functioning across contexts.
Refugee Status and Adolescent Identity Development
Authors: Kira Ibrahim Aref
Published: January 2020

An adolescent can seek refuge either accompanied or unaccompanied by caregivers. The two situations present similar and different challenges to adolescent identity development. Unaccompanied adolescents have lost their family's emotional and social support, which may negatively affect their individuation and identity development. Other challenges include encountering new acculturation forces, as well as discrimination and material hardship. Separation–individuation, which is characterized by increased self‐awareness, agency, and self‐evaluation capacities, may also be affected by the new contingencies (e.g., acculturation, discrimination). The new contingencies can enhance or suppress the process of personal, role, and social identity development with potentially different or similar trajectories for each gender. Various personal and social identities interact and intersect to produce different outcomes. The identity trauma paradigm is employed to discuss the development of each of these identities in the context of acculturation and discrimination challenges for refugee adolescents.
Leisure Behavior Among Adolescents
Authors: Padhy Meera , Padiri Ruth , Chelli Kavya
Published: January 2020

Leisure is essential to leading a well‐balanced and holistic life. It revitalizes an individual by providing a feeling of relative freedom. Leisure activities have undergone significant changes from ancient times to the present day. The various types of leisure activities, such as relaxed leisure, transitional leisure, active and passive leisure, and structured leisure, help youth to develop a sense of initiative, creativity, leadership, altruism, and overall positive development. They provide adolescents with physical benefits, psychological well‐being, and overall personal development. Leisure is linked to increased school satisfaction, prevents problematic behaviors, acts as a buffer against negative life events, and has therapeutic benefits. Factors such as personality type, motivation, parenting style, and social structure influence one's choice of leisure activities. Educating adolescents about the importance of leisure can facilitate their transition to healthy adulthood.