bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New synonymies among species of Nitornus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae)
Authors: GIL-SANTANA HÉLCIO R.
Published: November 2016

Based on examination of types and additional specimens, the following new synonymies are proposed in the genus Nitornus Stål, 1859 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Stenopodainae): Nitornus lobulatus Stål, 1859 = Nitornus monrosi (Wygodzinsky, 1959), syn. nov. = Nitornus barberi Froeschner, 1999, syn. nov.; and Nitornus parkoi (Costa Lima & Campos Seabra, 1945) = Nitornus seabrai (Prosen & Martínez, 1958), syn. nov. These synonymies result in Nitornus having only two valid species. Comments on morphological variations and the male genitalia of the species studied here are provided.
Differences in the Initiation and Development of the Madden–Julian Oscillation over the Indian Ocean Associated with Two Types of El Niño
Authors: Hsu Pang-Chi , Xiao Ting
Published: November 2016

The influences of different types of Pacific warming, often classified as the eastern Pacific (EP) and central Pacific (CP) El Niño events, on Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) activity over the Indian Ocean were investigated. Accompanied by relatively unstable (stable) atmospheric stratification induced by enhanced (reduced) moisture and moist static energy (MSE) in the lower troposphere, strengthened (weakened) MJO convection was observed in the initiation and eastward-propagation stages during CP (EP) El Niño events. To examine the key processes resulting in the differences in low-level moistening and column MSE anomalies over the Indian Ocean associated with the two types of El Niño, the moisture and column MSE budget equations were diagnosed using the reanalysis dataset ERA-Interim. The results indicate that the enhanced horizontal advection in the CP El Niño years plays an important role in causing a larger moisture and MSE growth rate over the MJO initiation area during CP El Niño events than during EP El Niño events. The increases in horizontal moisture and MSE advection primarily result from advection by mean flow across the enhanced intraseasonal moisture and MSE gradient, as well as by intraseasonal circulation across the mean moisture and MSE gradient associated with the CP El Niño. In the eastward development stage, the enhanced preconditioning comes from positive moisture and MSE advection anomalies in the CP El Niño events. Meanwhile, the strengthened MJO-related convection over the central-eastern Indian Ocean is maintained by increased atmospheric radiative heating and surface latent heat flux during the CP El Niño compared to the EP El Niño events.
Future Response of Temperature and Precipitation to Reduced Aerosol Emissions as Compared with Increased Greenhouse Gas Concentrations
Authors: Acosta Navarro Juan C. , Ekman Annica M. L. , Pausata Francesco S. R. , Lewinschal Anna , Varma Vidya , Seland Øyvind , Gauss Michael , Iversen Trond , Kirkevåg Alf , Riipinen Ilona , Hansson Hans Christen
Published: November 2016

Experiments with a climate model (NorESM1) were performed to isolate the effects of aerosol particles and greenhouse gases on surface temperature and precipitation in simulations of future climate. The simulations show that by 2025–49 a reduction of aerosol emissions from fossil fuels following a maximum technically feasible reduction (MFR) scenario could lead to a global and Arctic warming of 0.26 and 0.84 K, respectively, as compared with a simulation with fixed aerosol emissions at the level of 2005. If fossil fuel emissions of aerosols follow a current legislation emissions (CLE) scenario, the NorESM1 model simulations yield a nonsignificant change in global and Arctic average surface temperature as compared with aerosol emissions fixed at year 2005. The corresponding greenhouse gas effect following the representative concentration pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5) emission scenario leads to a global and Arctic warming of 0.35 and 0.94 K, respectively. The model yields a marked annual average northward shift in the intertropical convergence zone with decreasing aerosol emissions and subsequent warming of the Northern Hemisphere. The shift is most pronounced in the MFR scenario but also visible in the CLE scenario. The modeled temperature response to a change in greenhouse gas concentrations is relatively symmetric between the hemispheres, and there is no marked shift in the annual average position of the intertropical convergence zone. The strong reduction in aerosol emissions in the MFR scenario also leads to a net southward cross-hemispheric energy transport anomaly both in the atmosphere and ocean, and enhanced monsoon circulation in Southeast Asia and East Asia causing an increase in precipitation over a large part of this region.
Assessment of the effect of microstructural uncertainty on the macroscopic properties of random composite materials
Authors: Savvas Dimitrios , Stefanou George
Published: November 2016

The linking of microstructural uncertainty with the random variation in the response of heterogeneous structures at the macroscale is particularly important in the framework of the stochastic finite element method. In this work, the effect of uncertainty in the constituent material properties and the geometry of the microstructure, on the macroscopic properties of composite materials is assessed through computational homogenization. Based on Hill–Mandel homogeneity condition, the homogenization procedure utilizes the excellent synergy of the extended finite element method and the Monte Carlo simulation. In this way, the computation of the statistical characteristics of the homogenized elasticity tensor of random composite materials reinforced with arbitrarily shaped inclusions is performed in a computationally efficient manner. The effect of stochastic variation in the elastic properties of the constituents as well as the effect of inclusion shape on the statistical characteristics of the homogenized elasticity tensor is assessed through probabilistic sensitivity analysis. A comparison is performed with regard to the relative influence of material and geometrical uncertainty which are considered separately. More realistic results are obtained by considering simultaneously material and geometrical uncertainty in the microstructural modeling of composite materials. The results can be further exploited in the stochastic finite element analysis of composite structures where material properties with random characteristics obtained by the presented multiscale homogenization procedure will be assigned to each finite element.
Effective electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube–epoxy nanocomposites
Authors: Kulakov Vladimir , Aniskevich Andrey , Ivanov Sergey , Poltimae Triinu , Starkova Olesja
Published: November 2016

The electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube–epoxy composites is investigated analytically and experimentally. The theoretical predictions of the effective electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube–epoxy composites were performed by the analytical approach based on a micromechanical model of composites. The parametric analysis carried out revealed an influence of geometrical and electrical parameters of the micromechanical model on the effective electrical conductivity of carbon nanotube–epoxy nanocomposite. The nanocomposites made from the DGEBA-based and RTM6 epoxy resins filled with different weight content of Baytubes C150P and N7000 multi-walled carbon nanotubes were prepared. The experimental values of the electrical conductivity of the nanocomposites were compared with those calculated by means of the analytical model.
Novel IRF6 Mutations Detected in Orofacial Cleft Patients by Targeted Massively Parallel Sequencing
Authors: Khandelwal K.D. , Ishorst N. , Zhou H. , Ludwig K.U. , Venselaar H. , Gilissen C. , Thonissen M. , van Rooij I.A.L.M. , Dreesen K. , Steehouwer M. , van de Vorst M. , Bloemen M. , van Beusekom E. , Roosenboom J. , Borstlap W. , Admiraal R. , Dormaar T. , Schoenaers J. , Vander Poorten V. , Hens G. , Verdonck A. , Bergé S. , Roeleveldt N. , Vriend G. , Devriendt K. , Brunner H.G. , Mangold E. , Hoischen A. , van Bokhoven H. , Carels C.E.L.
Published: November 2016

Common variants in interferon regulatory factor 6 ( IRF6) have been associated with nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) as well as with tooth agenesis (TA). These variants contribute a small risk towards the 2 congenital conditions and explain only a small percentage of heritability. On the other hand, many IRF6 mutations are known to be a monogenic cause of disease for syndromic orofacial clefting (OFC). We hypothesize that IRF6 mutations in some rare instances could also cause nonsyndromic OFC. To find novel rare variants in IRF6 responsible for nonsyndromic OFC and TA, we performed targeted multiplex sequencing using molecular inversion probes (MIPs) in 1,072 OFC patients, 67 TA patients, and 706 controls. We identified 3 potentially pathogenic de novo mutations in OFC patients. In addition, 3 rare missense variants were identified, for which pathogenicity could not unequivocally be shown, as all variants were either inherited from an unaffected parent or the parental DNA was not available. Retrospective investigation of the patients with these variants revealed the presence of lip pits in one of the patients with a de novo mutation suggesting a Van der Woude syndrome (VWS) phenotype, whereas, in other patients, no lip pits were identified.
Fiber packing density in the cross-section of low torque ring spun yarn
Authors: Guo Ying , Tao Xiaoming
Published: November 2016

Fiber packing density in the yarn cross-section is one of the major parameters that reflect the yarn internal structure and its final properties. Taking the novel low torque ring spun yarn as the object, this work studied the fiber packing density of low torque ring spun yarns and conventional ring spun yarns under various axial tensions. With the increase of tension, the change of fiber packing state in low torque ring spun yarns and conventional ring spun yarns was compared qualitatively. In this study, fiber distribution in the cross-section of both Tencel yarns and wool yarns was carried out. The results show that, under the same axial tension, the packing density of fibers of low torque ring spun yarn is much higher than that of conventional ring spun yarn. The axial tension has greater influence on the fiber packing density for the conventional ring spun yarn. From the experimental results, in low torque Tencel yarn, the fiber packing density nearly reaches 0.9, which is the maximum value for close-packed yarn. Due to different fiber properties and yarn structure, it is difficult to form a close packing for fibers in low torque ring wool yarns. The current results indicate that low torque ring spun yarn has a more compact structure than conventional ring spun yarn. Compared with conventional ring spun yarns with the same count and twist levels, in low torque ring spun yarns, more fibers contribute to the yarn breaking strength.
The structure and properties of wool treated with a reversed-phase microemulsion containing aqueous alkali
Authors: Ding Cailing , Yu Jianyong , Chen Weiguo
Published: November 2016

In order to limit modification to the surface of wool fibers and decrease pollution caused by conventional chemical treatments using chlorine, a water-in-oil-type reversed-phase microemulsion with decamethylcyclopentasiloxane as the external phase was prepared containing very small amounts of an aqueous solution of alkali. The edges of the wool cuticle scales were modified by the alkali in aqueous solution contained in the reversed-phase microemulsion. The external phase decamethylcyclopentasiloxane can be recycled after application. In this paper, the solubility of water in the reversed-phase microemulsion and its stability were first studied and then it was applied in the treatment of wool. The results showed that surfactant sodium alcohol ether sulfate/NaOH aqueous solution was quite stable. Felting shrinkage of treated wool was reduced and the initial dyeing speed was higher than that for untreated wool. The corroded scales of treated wool were observed by scanning electron microscopy and the bromine Allwörden reaction with bromine water was reduced or eliminated after treatment. This adsorbable organohalogen-free modification should be useful in improving the manufacturing properties of wool, such as hydrophilicity, and as a pretreatment for wool printing.
The Multiple Meanings of (In)Equity: Remaking School District Tracking Policy in an Era of Budget Cuts and Accountability
Authors: Turner Erica O. , Spain Angeline K.
Published: November 2016

How do school district administrators make sense of educational equity as they undertake reform? This study examines tracking policymaking in two urban school districts. Using case studies and an interpretive approach, the study highlights school district leaders’ shifting ways of making sense of tracking and (in)equity while facing achievement gaps, accountability pressures, budgets cuts, and support for tracking. Even after the emergence of powerful opposition, we find that district administrators continued to rethink the meaning of equity in relation to tracking and they pursued policies that expanded access to high-track classes and gifted education. While potentially widening educational opportunity, these moves fundamentally reinscribed the inequity of tracking in their schools.
Identification of Heschl’s gyrus on phase difference enhanced imaging
Authors: Ide Satoru , Kakeda Shingo , Yoneda Tetsuya , Watanabe Keita , Futatsuya Koichiro , Murakami Yu , Moriya Junji , Ogasawara Atsushi , Sato Toru , Korogi Yukunori
Published: November 2016

Background

The white matter in the Heschl’s gyrus (HG-WM) may appear differently to the other gyri on phase difference enhanced imaging (PADRE), which can enhance the myelin density.

Purpose

To evaluate the signal intensity (SI) of HG-WM using the PADRE technique and to compare the images with susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI)-like images.

Material and Methods

The participants included 19 normal controls (38 HGs; mean age, 60.1 years; age range, 28–80 years). Coronal PADRE and SWI-like images were acquired using a 3T magnetic resonance (MR) system. The SI of the HG-WM was classified into three grades based on a comparison with the SI of the superior temporal gyrus: Grade 1, isointense; Grade 2, slightly hypointense, and Grade 3, markedly hypointense.

Results

In the assessment of the SI of the HG-WM, the HG-WM appeared hypointense in all 38 sites of the 19 participants; the hypointensity corresponded to Grade 2 in 13 (34%) images and Grade 3 in 25 (66%) images. On the other hand, the HG-WM was classified as Grade 1 (isointense) in all of the SWI-like images.

Conclusion

The HG-WM appears hypointense on PADRE, which probably reflects the higher myelin content. PADRE may be useful for identifying the HG through the assessment of the SI of the HG-WM.
A Multi-Level Examination of Organizational Context on Adult Probation Officer Attitudes Toward Evidence-Based Practice
Authors: Viglione Jill
Published: November 2016

Currently, both researchers and criminal justice agencies recognize the need to consider evidence-based practices (EBPs) as means to provide effective supervision and reduce recidivism rates. Research documents the importance of organizational characteristics in relation to EBP adoption and implementation, including organizational climate, commitment to the organization, and cynicism for change. Using data collected through surveys of 251 probation staff nested within 12 probation agencies in the United States, the current study utilizes Hierarchical Linear Modeling to examine the association of these important organizational characteristics with probation staff reported attitudes toward EBPs. These findings are critical for understanding how probation staff perceptions relate to the transportability of EBPs and which/how contextual factors influence attitudes toward best practices.
Nanobiomaterials’ applications in neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Silva Adaya Daniela , Aguirre-Cruz Lucinda , Guevara Jorge , Ortiz-Islas Emma
Published: November 2016

The blood–brain barrier is the interface between the blood and brain, impeding the passage of most circulating cells and molecules, protecting the latter from foreign substances, and maintaining central nervous system homeostasis. However, its restrictive nature constitutes an obstacle, preventing therapeutic drugs from entering the brain. Usually, a large systemic dose is required to achieve pharmacological therapeutic levels in the brain, leading to adverse effects in the body. As a consequence, various strategies are being developed to enhance the amount and concentration of therapeutic compounds in the brain. One such tool is nanotechnology, in which nanostructures that are 1–100 nm are designed to deliver drugs to the brain. In this review, we examine many nanotechnology-based approaches to the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. The review begins with a brief history of nanotechnology, followed by a discussion of its definition, the properties of most reported nanomaterials, their biocompatibility, the mechanisms of cell–material interactions, and the current status of nanotechnology in treating Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s diseases, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Of all strategies to deliver drug to the brain that are used in nanotechnology, drug release systems are the most frequently reported.
Student Bedtimes, Academic Performance, and Health in a Residential High School
Authors: Wernette Maliah J. , Emory Jan
Published: November 2016

Inadequate sleep among adolescents is considered an epidemic in the United States. Late night bedtimes could be an important factor in academic performance and health with consequences continuing throughout adulthood. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationships between late night bedtimes, academic performance (grade point average [GPA]), and utilization of health care (school nurse visits) in a residential high school. The data were collected from archival records for one academic semester. The statistical analysis employed the nonparametric Pearson’s correlation coefficient ( r) with the standard level of significance (α = .05). Positive and inverse linear relationships were found between bedtime and school nurse visits ( p < .00001) and bedtime and GPA ( p = .007). The findings suggest students’ late night bedtimes may be related to increased school nurse visits and lower academic performance. Adolescent late night bedtimes may be an important consideration for academic success and maintaining health in residential high schools.
Enzymatic and phytochemical stabilization of orange–strawberry–banana beverages by high hydrostatic pressure and mild heat
Authors: Escobedo-Avellaneda Zamantha , Pérez-Simón Izaskun , Lavilla-Martín María , Baranda-González Ana , Welti-Chanes Jorge
Published: November 2016

A new approach to the use of high hydrostatic pressure is its combination with high and intermediate temperatures applied to obtain safe foods of high quality. The effect of high hydrostatic pressure on color, residual polyphenol oxidase and pectin methylesterase activity, and total phenolic and l-ascorbic acid contents of orange–strawberry–banana beverages was evaluated. Beverages were treated at 500 and 600 MPa at 19–64 ℃ during 2–10 min. The effect of the come up time was also evaluated and results were compared with the untreated and the thermally processed (80 ℃/7 min) products. Untreated beverages had total phenolic content of 210.2±12.3 mg gallic acid/100 g and 19.1 ± 0.6 mg l-ascorbic acid/100 g. For most high hydrostatic pressure treatment conditions, total phenolic content, l-ascorbic acid, and color did not change significantly. Maximum levels of inactivation of polyphenol oxidase and pectin methylesterase were 96.2 and 48% at 600 MPa/64 ℃/10 min, while the thermal treatment led to inactivation of 99.6 and 94.1% of both enzymes, but with negative color changes. l-ascorbic acid content was slightly decreased with the thermal treatment while total phenolic content was not affected. High hydrostatic pressure treatments of beverages at 600 MPa/64 ℃/10 min are recommended to retain maximal total phenolic content and l-ascorbic acid and achieve an acceptable polyphenol oxidase inactivation level.
Computer-assisted Medical Decision-making System for Diagnosis of Urticaria
Authors: Christopher Jabez J. , Nehemiah Harichandran Khanna , Arputharaj Kannan , Moses George L.
Published: November 2016

Background: Urticaria is a common allergic disease that affects all age groups. Allergic disorders are diagnosed at allergy testing centers using skin tests. Though skin tests are the gold standard tests for allergy diagnosis, specialists are required to interpret the observations and test results. Hence, a computer-assisted medical decision-making (CMD) system can be used as an aid for decision support, by junior clinicians, in order to diagnose the presence of urticaria. Methods: The data from intradermal skin test results of 778 patients, who exhibited allergic symptoms, are considered for this study. Based on food habits and the history of a patient, 40 relevant allergens are tested. Allergen extracts are used for skin test. Ten independent runs of 10-fold cross-validation are used to train the system. The performance of the CMD system is evaluated using a set of test samples. The test samples were also presented to the junior clinicians at the allergy testing center to diagnose the presence or absence of urticaria. Results: From a set of 91 features, a subset of 41 relevant features is chosen based on the relevance score of the feature selection algorithm. The Bayes classification approach achieves a classification accuracy of 96.92% over the test samples. The junior clinicians were able to classify the test samples with an average accuracy of 75.68%. Conclusion: A probabilistic classification approach is used for identifying the presence or absence of urticaria based on intradermal skin test results. In the absence of an allergy specialist, the CDM system assists junior clinicians in clinical decision making.
Reverse time migration angle gathers using Poynting vectors
Authors: Yan Jia , Dickens Thomas A.
Published: November 2016

Angle-domain common-image gathers provide much useful data about the subsurface, such as seismic velocities and amplitude-versus-angle (AVA) information, and they can be manipulated to provide high-quality stacked images. However, the computation of angle gathers for reverse time migration (RTM), the most physically accurate migration algorithm, has proven to be costly in terms of computer time and memory usage. We have developed an algorithm for computing RTM angle gathers in a relatively efficient manner. Our method is based on the construction of the directions of propagation of the source and receiver wavefields, given by the direction of energy flux, known as the Poynting vector. The computation is carried out in the space-time domain, avoiding the need to transform the wavefield to, for example, frequency-wavenumber space, as is needed for methods based on wavefront projection. Given accurate Poynting vectors for source and receiver wavefields, one may compute the local reflection angle and azimuth, as well as the reflector dip and azimuth. An important advantage of our method is that it is based on local direction information at the reflection point, and thus it avoids the loss of resolution and smearing that can occur with some other techniques. A simple implementation of the Poynting-vector method can lead to noisy gathers, with leakage between angle bins, caused by unstable division of the local wavefields. We have developed an efficient technique to mitigate this noise and evaluated examples illustrating the aforementioned smearing issues of the subsurface-offset-based gathers and the improvements in the Poynting-vector gathers arising from our algorithm enhancement. Finally, the use of angle gathers for AVA analysis requires that (relative) amplitudes as a function of angle be correct. To this end, we derive weight functions for computing gathers with the correct AVA behavior. We determine the correctness of these weights by testing them with synthetic data.
Sweet Trouble: Coleridge, Demoralized
Authors: Murphy Peter
Published: November 2016

In the late 1790s Wordsworth and Coleridge conduct a common storytelling experiment: to see if stories can tell their own meaning, without explanations or morals attached. The resulting stories are, fundamentally, rewrites of the stories of sentimental encounter so common in the previous generation. Their two most ambitious experiments of this type are The Ruined Cottage and The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, written at the same time while the poets were in constant conversation. These poems have different fates: Wordsworth worries ever after about the abruptness of the original poem and eventually adds explanations of various types. Coleridge’s gloss to The Rime looks like the result of the same kind of process but, fundamentally, is its opposite: the gloss is a dramatization of the craving for explanation stories generate instead of the explanation itself. In this way Coleridge’s revisions protect rather than undermine the original interest in unexplained storytelling.
Software Physiognomics: Adorno's Radio Analytics Today
Authors: Scherzinger Martin
Published: November 2016

In “Radio Physiognomics” Theodor W. Adorno outlines the social features of music's radio broadcast, a still relatively new technology for music transmission and listening in the 1930s. The present article deploys Adorno's “physiognomic” analytics to diagnose the kinds of perceptual technics at work in the data-encoding methods associated with digital technologies today, from compression and decompression schemes for file formats to software for instrument and style simulation and algorithms for identifying signature grooves and metric beats in music. In the shift from autonomous listening (always already institutionalized in terms of habitus) to automatic listening (absolutizing habitus through executable algorithms), the article detects a link to technological misrecognition, whereby the sensuous/immediate and humanizing must—as a condition of its possibility—also foreclose what goes as human affect.
Adorno'sHamlet
Authors: Oppitz-Trotman George
Published: November 2016

This article asks why Theodor W. Adorno never wrote anything substantial about William Shakespeare's play Hamlet, given its importance to German culture and to philosophical traditions in which Adorno worked rigorously. It addresses how Adorno tacitly adopted a Hamlet interpretation from the work of Walter Benjamin to qualify and shape the evaluative comparison of Bertolt Brecht's and Samuel Beckett's dramatic modernism. The article argues that Adorno never develops a proper reading of Hamlet because his treatment of it would have exposed a fundamental contradiction in his aesthetics. Adorno wants to regard Hamlet as a threshold and often refers in passing to Hamlet as the “first” or “original” individual, but such a treatment reintroduces a literary history into an aesthetic incapable of reconciling such a history to its own denunciation of all philosophies of history. The article tests whether Simon Jarvis's critique of Adorno's concept of the modern can explain the difficulty that Adorno seems to encounter in Hamlet, and explores the possibility that Hamlet occupies a basically mythical place in Adorno's thought.
Developing food allergy: a potential immunologic pathway linking skin barrier to gut
Authors: Wang Yui-Hsi
Published: November 2016

Immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated food allergy is an adverse reaction to foods and is driven by uncontrolled type-2 immune responses. Current knowledge cannot explain why only some individuals among those with food allergy are prone to develop life-threatening anaphylaxis. It is increasingly evident that the immunologic mechanisms involved in developing IgE-mediated food allergy are far more complex than allergic sensitization. Clinical observations suggest that patients who develop severe allergic reactions to food are often sensitized through the skin in early infancy. Environmental insults trigger epidermal thymic stromal lymphopoietin and interleukin-33 (IL-33) production, which endows dendritic cells with the ability to induce CD4+TH2 cell-mediated allergic inflammation. Intestinal IL-25 propagates the allergic immune response by enhancing collaborative interactions between resident type-2 innate lymphoid cells and CD4+TH2 cells expanded by ingested antigens in the gastrointestinal tract. IL-4 signaling provided by CD4+TH2 cells induces emigrated mast cell progenitors to become multi-functional IL-9-producing mucosal mast cells, which then expand greatly after repeated food ingestions. Inflammatory cytokine IL-33 promotes the function and maturation of IL-9-producing mucosal mast cells, which amplify intestinal mastocytosis, resulting in increased clinical reactivity to ingested food allergens. These findings provide the plausible view that the combinatorial signals from atopic status, dietary allergen ingestions, and inflammatory cues may govern the perpetuation of allergic reactions from the skin to the gut and promote susceptibility to life-threatening anaphylaxis. Future in-depth studies of the molecular and cellular factors composing these stepwise pathways may facilitate the discovery of biomarkers and therapeutic targets for diagnosing, preventing, and treating food allergy.
A systematic scoping review of the domains and innovations in secondary uses of digitised health-related data
Authors: Robertson Ann R R , Nurmatov Ulugbek , Sood Harpreet S. , Cresswell Kathrin , Smith Pam , Sheikh Aziz
Published: November 2016

Background: Substantial investments are being made in health ­information ­technology (HIT) based on assumptions that these systems will save costs through increased quality, safety and efficiency of care provision. Whilst ­short-term ­benefits have often proven difficult to demonstrate, there is increasing interest in achieving benefits in the medium and long term through secondary uses of ­HIT-derived data.Aims: We aimed to describe the range of secondary uses of HIT-derived data in the international literature and identify innovative developments of particular relevance to UK policymakers and managers.Methods: We searched nine electronic databases to conduct a systematic scoping review of the international literature and augmented this by consulting a range of experts in the field.Results: Reviewers independently screened 16,806 titles, resulting in 583 ­eligible studies for inclusion. Thematic organisation of reported secondary uses was ­validated during expert consultation (n = 23). A primary division was made between patient-identifiable data and datasets in which individuals were not identified. Secondary uses were then categorised under four domain headings of: i) research; ii) quality and safety of care provision; iii) financial management; and iv) healthcare professional education. We found that innovative developments were most ­evident in research where, in particular, dataset linkage studies offered important ­opportunities for exploitation.Conclusions: Distinguishing patient-identifiable data from aggregated, de-identified datasets gives greater conceptual clarity in secondary uses of HIT-derived data. Secondary uses research has substantial potential for realising future benefits through generating new medical knowledge from dataset linkage studies, developing precision medicine and enabling cross-sectoral, evidence-based policymaking to benefit population-level well-being.
Dampak Usia Pertama Pemberian Makanan Pendamping Asi Terhadap Status Gizi Bayi Usia 8-12 Bulan di Kecamatan Seberang Ulu I Palembang
Authors: Fitriana Eka Intan , Anzar Julius , HZ HM. Nazir , Theodorus Theodorus
Published: November 2016

Latar belakang. Pemberian makanan pendamping ASI (MPASI) dini sebelum usia enam bulan akan menyebabkan bayi rentan mengalami penyakit infeksi dan alergi, sehingga dapat mengakibatkan malnutrisi dan gangguan pertumbuhan.Tujuan. Menilai hubungan antara usia pertama pemberian MPASI terhadap status gizi bayi usia 8-12 bulan.Metode. Penelitian kasus-kontrol dilakukan pada bulan 1 Februari-30 April 2012 di Puskesmas dan Posyandu di Kecamatan Seberang Ulu I Palembang. Sampel didapatkan secara consecutive sampling, dan dikelompokkan sebagai kelompok kasus dengan gizi kurang dan kelompok kontrol dengan gizi baik yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Semua subjek dilakukan penelusuran retrospektif mengenai usia pertamakali diberikan MPASI.Hasil. Telah diteliti 240 subyek terdiri dari 80 subyek dengan gizi kurang dan 160 subyek dengan gizi baik. Hasil analisis chi-square dalam mencari hubungan antara usia pertama pemberian MPASI terhadap status gizi menunjukkan OR 1,42 dengan 95% CI antara 0,8-2,4 (p=0,2).Kesimpulan. Pemberian MPASI dini tidak berhubungan dengan status gizi pada usia 8-12 bulan.
Bacterial Meningeal Score (BMS) Sebagai Indikator Diagnosis Meningitis Bakterialis di RSUP Dr. Sardjito Yogyakarta
Authors: Arydina Arydina , Herini Elisabeth S , Triono Agung
Published: November 2016

Latar belakang. Meningitis bakterialis merupakan salah satu penyebab morbiditas dan mortalitas yang penting pada anak. Anak dengan meningitis biasa datang ke rumah sakit dan mendapat antibiotik intrakranial tanpa menunggu hasil kultur. Hal ini dilakukan karena membedakan meningitis bakterialis dan meningitis bukan bakteri pada awal perjalanan penyakit terkadang sulit. Beberapa indikator dapat digunakan untuk membedakan hal itu. Salah satunya adalah bacterial meningeal score (BMS), terdiri dari pengecatan gram cairan serebrospinal positif, protein cairan serebrospinal ≥80 mg/dL, neutrofil darah tepi ≥10.000 sel/mm3, riwayat kejang, neutrofil absolut cairan serebrospinal ≥1000 sel/ mm3.Tujuan. Mengetahui apakah bacterial meningeal score merupakan indikator yang baik untuk menegakkan diagnosis meningitis bakterialis akut pada bayi dan anakMetode. Uji diagnostik pada anak usia >1 bulan-18 tahun, yang dicurigai sebagai meningitis berdasarkan kriteria WHO, mulai Februari 2011 sampai dengan April 2011. Diagnosis meningitis bakterialis ditegakkan apabila hasil kultur ditemukan bakteri.Hasil. Di antara 31 anak subjek penelitian, 16 laki-laki. Semua datang dengan demam, kejang (29/31), penurunan kesadaran (15/31), dan tanda meningeal (17/31). Pengecatan gram positif pada 9/31 sampel dan kultur positif 12/31 sampel. Hasil analisis statistik didapatkan sensitivitas BMS 83,3%, spesifisitas 89,5%, nilai praduga negatif 83,3%, nilai praduga positif 89,5%, likelihood ratio positif 7,92, dan likelihood ratio negatif 0,186. Bakteri yang tumbuh dari hasil kultur adalah P. aerogenosa, S.epidermidis and Paracoccus sp, Bacillus. Sp dan Enterococcus sp.Kesimpulan. Bacterial meningeal score merupakan indikator yang baik untuk menilai meningitis bakteri pada bayi dan anak karena memiliki sensitivitas, spesifisitas, nilai praduga negatif, nilai praduga positif, likelihood ratio positif dan likelihood ratio negatif yang tinggi.
Faktor Risiko yang Memengaruhi Kolonisasi Mikroflora Saluran Cerna Neonatus Kurang Bulan dengan Enterokolitis Nekrotikans
Authors: Sidauruk Ratno Juniarto Marulitua , Amir Idham , Kadim Muzal , Said Mardjanis
Published: November 2016

Latar belakang. Insiden enterokolitis nekrotikans (necrotizing enterocolitis,NEC) sekitar 1 per 1000 kelahiran hidup, dan 90% terjadi pada neonatus kurang bulan (NKB). Patofisiologi NEC belum jelas, salah satu penyebabnya diduga akibat kolonisasi mikroflora yang abnormal. Faktor risiko yang dapat memengaruhi kolonisasi mikroflora saluran cerna, yaitu cara persalinan, lama pemakaian antibiotik, dan tipe nutrisi.Tujuan. Mengetahui proporsi mikroflora pada NKB dengan dan tanpa NEC serta faktor risiko yang memengaruhi kolonisasi mikroflora saluran cerna NKB dengan NEC.Metode. Penelitian potong lintang dilakukan pada NKB dengan NEC derajat II selama periode Maret-Oktober 2012. Dilakukan pemeriksaan tinja dengan quantitative realtime PCR untuk mendeteksi kolonisasi mikroflora B. lactis, L. acidophilus, Bifidobacterium sp., Lactobacillus sp., E. coli, C. difficile, dan K. pneumoniae.Hasil. Tigapuluh subjek NKB dengan NEC dan 10 subjek NKB tanpa NEC diikutsertakan dalam penelitian. Pada subjek NEC, K. pneumoniae terdeteksi dengan median proporsi 15,2%, Bifidobacterium sp. 13,4%, E. coli 1,0%, Lactobacillus sp. 0,1%, B. lactis 0,0%, C. difficile 0,0%, dan L. acidophilus 0,00% (0,0-1,8%). Pada subjek tanpa NEC, Bifidobacterium sp. terdeteksi dengan proporsi 29,5%, K. pneumoniae 0,9%, E. coli 0,3%, Lactobacillus sp. 2,3%, B. lactis 0,0%, C. difficile 0,0%, sedang L. acidophilus tidak terdeteksi. Tidak ditemukan perbedaan proporsi ketujuh mikroflora yang bermakna secara statistik pada NKB dengan NEC berdasarkan cara persalinan, lama mendapat antibiotik, dan tipe nutrisi (p>0,05).Kesimpulan. K.pneumoniae memiliki proporsi terbesar pada subjek NEC, sedangkan Bifidobacterium sp. pada subjek tanpa NEC. Cara persalinan, lama pemakaian antibiotik, dan tipe nutrisi tidak memengaruhi proporsi kolonisasi mikroflora saluran cerna subjek NEC.
Evaluasi Penggunaan Antibiotik Secara Kualitatif di RS Penyakit Infeksi Sulianti Saroso, Jakarta
Authors: Katarnida Sri Sulastri , Murniati Dewi , Katar Yusticia
Published: November 2016

Latar belakang. Penggunaan antibiotik untuk populasi anak perlu memperoleh perhatian khusus karena kecenderungan berlebihan. Peningkatan penggunaan antibiotik telah menimbulkan peningkatan resistensi bakteri, meningkatkan morbiditas dan mortalitas serta biaya pengobatan, akhirnya menurunkan kualitas pelayanan kesehatan. Salah satu cara mengatasinya dengan melakukan evaluasi penggunaan antibiotik secara kualitatif.Tujuan. Melakukan evaluasi penggunaan antibiotik di ruang perawatan anak RS Penyakit Infeksi Sulianti Saroso secara kualitatif menggunakan alur Gyssens.Metoda. Telah dilakukan penelitian deskriptif, retrospektif dari status rekam medis pasien anak non-bedah, yang mendapat antibiotik dan dirawat di ruang Melati RSPIi Sulianti Saroso pada periode tahun 2010. Evaluasi dilakukan menggunakan alur Gyssens dan penghitungan diolah dengan program SPSS versi 19.0.Hasil penelitian. Di antara 619 (41,7%) subjek penelitian yang mendapat antibiotik, terbanyak kelompok bayi umur 1 bulan-1 tahun 234 (37, 8%). Penggunaan antibiotik secara tepat 338 (40,9%), tidak tepat 362 (43,8%) dan tidak berdasarkan indikasi 119 (14,4%). Penggunaan antibiotik secara empirik 821 (99,4%), terapi definitif 4 (0,5%) dan terapi profilaksis 1 (0,1%). Antibiotik yang paling banyak digunakan sefotaksim 308 (37,3%), seftriakson 189 (22,9%) dan kloramfenikol 131 (15,9%). Sefotaksim digunakan secara tepat 106 (34,4%), tidak tepat 144 (46,8%) dan tanpa indikasi 55 (17,9%).Kesimpulan. Dari semua pasien anak yang dirawat dan mendapat antibiotik, penggunaan antibiotik secara tepat 40,9%, pemberian tidak tepat 43,8%, dan pemberian tanpa indikasi 14,4%. Sebagian besar terapi secara empirik 99,4%, terapi definitif hanya 0,4%. Sefotaksim paling banyak digunakan, sebagian besar digunakan tidak tepat 46,8%.
Hubungan Antara Derajat Asfiksia dengan Beratnya Hipokalsemia pada Bayi Baru Lahir
Authors: Tohaga Edwin , Budhi Kamilah , Wijayahadi Noor
Published: November 2016

Latar belakang. Kalsium merupakan ion yang sangat penting untuk proses metabolisme biomolekular. Selama kehamilan, kalsium ditransfer secara aktif melalui kalsium transplasental yang diregulasi hormon parathyroid-related peptide (PTHrP). Hipokalsemia dapat menyebabkan gangguan neuromuskular, irama jantung apneu, dan gangguan gastrointestinal. Asfiksia dapat menurunkan kadar kalsium darah pada bayi baru lahir di bawah batas nadir. Pada asfiksia terjadi insufisiensi ginjal, metabolik asidosis, dan sekresi parathyroid hormon (PTH) kurang sehingga menurunkan kadar kalsium plasma.Tujuan. Mengetahui hubungan antara derajat asfiksia dengan beratnya hipokalsemia pada bayi baru lahirMetode. Desain penelitian observasional dengan pendekatan cross sectional pada bayi dengan asfiksia yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi di bangsal perawatan bayi risiko tinggi Departemen Ilmu Kesehatan Anak RSUP Dr.Kariadi Semarang pada tahun 2012. Derajat asfiksia ditentukan berdasarkan nilai APGAR, yaitu asfiksia sedang dan berat, derajat hipokalsemia ditentukan berdasarkan nilai kadar kalsium serum. Analisis statistik dengan uji chi-square.Hasil. Subjek 66 bayi terdiri dari 29 bayi laki-laki dan 37 bayi perempuan, 20 bayi lahir kurang bulan dan 46 bayi lahir cukup bulan. Terdapat hubungan antara asfiksia dengan hipokalsemia (p=0,013). Hipokalsemia berat pada asfiksia berat PR 4,9, (IK95% 1,2-20,3; p=0,027), Hipokalsemia sedang pada asfiksia sedang PR 4,51(IK95% 1,3-14,6; p=0,009).Kesimpulan. Terdapat hubungan antara derajat asfiksia dengan beratnya hipokalsemia pada bayi baru lahir.
Infeksi Influenza A dan B pada Anak dengan Influenza Like Illness (ILI) atau Pneumonia di Jakarta
Authors: Indawati Wahyuni , Setyanto Darmawan B , Kaswandani Nastiti
Published: November 2016

Latar belakang Secara global, influenza merupakan salah satu penyebab utama morbiditas dan mortalitas pada anak serta menimbulkan beban ekonomi yang cukup besar. Manifestasi infeksi ini secara klinis sulit dibedakan dengan penyebab lain pada pasien dengan Influenza Like Illness (ILI) atau pneumonia.Tujuan. Menilai proporsi infeksi influenza A dan B pada anak dengan ILI dan pneumonia, mengetahui karakteristik subjek dengan infeksi influenza serta faktor yang memengaruhinya.Metode. Penelitian potong lintang dilakukan di RS Cipto Mangunkusumo dan Puskesmas Kecamatan Pulo Gadung sejak Januari 2010 hingga Oktober 2010. Pada anak berusia 0-14 tahun dengan diagnosis ILI atau pneumonia sesuai kriteria WHO dilakukan rapid test untuk influenza dengan menggunakan bahan usapan nasofaring. Data karakteristik klinis, demografi, dan lingkungan dicatat dalam formulir penelitian.Hasil. Didapatkan proporsi infeksi influenza A dan B pada anak dengan ILI dan pneumonia 14/167 (8,3%). Sebagian besar menderita infeksi influenza B (12/14 subjek). Usia >5 tahun berhubungan dengan kejadian infeksi influenza yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok usia ≤5 tahun (p=0,012). Selain demam, gejala lain berupa batuk, sakit kepala, nyeri otot, lesu, dan nyeri tenggorok lebih banyak didapatkan pada subjek dengan infeksi influenza.Kesimpulan. Pada anak dengan ILI dan pneumonia, proporsi infeksi influenza 8,3%, terutama didapatkan infeksi Influenza B. Usia merupakan faktor yang memengaruhi infeksi influenza. Karakterustik klinis subjek dengan infeksi influenza sesuai dengan manifestasi klasik penyakit tersebut.
Hubungan Defisiensi Besi dengan Perilaku Anak Usia Sekolah di Kota Palembang
Authors: Handayani Desti , Rismarini Rismarini , Kesuma Yudianita , Purnamasari Rini , Husin Syarif
Published: November 2016

Latar belakang. Prevalensi defisiensi besi anak usia sekolah di Indonesia sebesar 47,2%. Defisiensi besimenyebabkan perkembangan dan fungsi saraf terganggu, termasuk timbulnya masalah perilaku. Belum adapenelitian yang menilai hubungan defisiensi besi dan masalah perilaku anak usia sekolah di Palembang.Tujuan. Menganalisis hubungan defisiensi besi dengan masalah perilaku anak usia sekolah di Palembang.Metode. Desain penelitian deskriptif analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Subjek penelitian adalahanak Sekolah Dasar (SD) usia 6-12 tahun di Palembang yang dipilih dengan multi stage random samplingpada bulan April sampai Juni 2013. Pada semua subjek penelitian dilakukan pemeriksaan fisis, laboratorium(hemoglobin, besi serum, dan saturasi transferin), dan penilaian perilaku menggunakan Pediatric SymptomChecklist (PSC) 17. Perbedaan kejadian masalah perilaku antara subjek dengan dan tanpa defisiensi besidianalisis dengan uji kai kuadrat. Faktor risiko lain yang berpengaruh dianalisis dengan regresi logistik.Hasil. Dari 125 subjek yang terpilih didapatkan prevalensi defisiensi besi 26,6%, anemia defisiensi besi25%, dan kejadian masalah perilaku 29%. Dari 33 subjek dengan defisiensi besi terdapat 20 yang memilikimasalah perilaku, sedangkan dari 81 subjek tanpa defisiensi besi terdapat 14 dengan masalah perilaku (ujikai kuadrat, p=0,001; OR 7,363; IK95%:2,978-18,203). Pada penilaian tipe perilaku, terdapat hubunganbermakna antara defisiensi besi dengan perilaku internalisasi (p=0,001, OR 7,604; IK95%:2,462-18,363).Ditemukan faktor yang paling berpengaruh terhadap perilaku, melalui analisis regresi logistik, yaitu defisiensibesi (p=0,001; adjusted OR 6,901; IK95%:2,816-16,914).Kesimpulan. Defisiensi besi merupakan faktor risiko terjadinya masalah perilaku, terutama perilakuinternalisasi.
Hubungan antara Profil Lipid, Ketebalan Tunika Intima Media Arteri Karotis dan Masa Ventrikel Kiri pada Remaja Obes
Authors: Kaunang David , Pali Damaris , Manoppo Jeanette I.Ch.
Published: November 2016

Latar belakang. Obesitas pada anak merupakan salah satu faktor risiko penyakit kardiovaskular. Belumdiketahui apakah profil lipid pada anak obes akan berpengaruh terhadap ketebalan tunika intima media(KIM) arteri karotis dan selanjutnya menyebabkan perubahan pada masa ventrikel kiri (MVK).Tujuan. Mengetahui hubungan antara profil lipid, ketebalan tunika intima media arteri karotis dan massaventrikel kiri pada remaja obes.Metode. Dilakukan penelitian observasional analitik dengan metode potong lintang terhadap 37 remajaobes berusia 13-18 tahun dari bulan November 2013- Februari 2014. Kriteria eksklusi adalah obesitasdengan penyakit penyerta dan obesitas endogen. Pemeriksaan profil lipid yaitu kolesterol total, LDL, HDLdan trigliserida. Penilaian KIM arteri karotis dan MVK dilakukan dengan ekokardiografi. Analisis deskriptifuntuk menganalisis karakteristik dan analisis korelasi menggunakan uji Pearson.Hasil. Kadar rerata kolesterol total 186,45 mg/dL, LDL 128,83 mg/dL, HDL 45,83 mg/dL, trigliserida110,75 mg/dL, KIM 0,67 mm, dan MVK 393 gr. Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara kadar HDL denganKIM arteri karotis (r= -0,338, p=0,02). Tidak didapatkan hubungan antara kadar kolesterol total, LDL dantrigliserida dengan KIM (secara berturut-turut r= 0,079, p=0,320; r= 0,085, p=0,309; r=0,116, p=0,247),dan tidak didapatkan hubungan antara KIM dan MVK (r=0,109, p=0,261).Kesimpulan. Semakin tinggi kadar HDL, semakin rendah ketebalan tunika intima media arteri karotis.Ketebalan tunika intima-media arteri karotis tidak berhubungan dengan masa ventrikel kiri.
Perbandingan Kadar Vitamin D [25 Hidroksivitamin D] Pada Anak Sakit Kritis dan Nonkritis
Authors: Utami Sri , Chairulfatah Alex , Rusmil Kusnandi
Published: November 2016

Latar belakang. Vitamin D berperan dalam fungsi pertahanan tubuh sehingga defisiensi vitamin D berhubungan dengan derajat keparahan penyakit.Tujuan. Membandingkan kadar vitamin D pada anak sakit kritis dan nonkritis.Metode. Penelitian potong-lintang dengan subjek terdiri atas 25 anak sakit kritis dan 25 anak sakit nonkritis. Kadar vitamin D dianalisis dengan Uji Mann Whitney, Uji Kolmogorov-Smirnov, dan Uji Korelasi Spearman. Kemaknaan dinyatakan pada p <0,05.Hasil. Kadar vitamin D serum rerata pada kelompok kritis dan non kritis masing-masing 11,46 ng/mL dan 25,98 ng/mL (p<0,001). Pada kelompok kritis ditemukan 22/25 subjek mengalami defisiensi dan 3/25 insufisiensi. Pada kelompok nonkritis ditemukan 6/25 subjek mengalami defisiensi, 7/25 insufisiensi, dan 12/25 pasien dengan kadar normal (p<0,001). Pada uji korelasi didapatkan koefisien korelasi (r) = -0,624 (p<0,001).Kesimpulan. Kadar vitamin D serum rerata pada sakit kritis lebih rendah daripada nonkritis dan terdapat korelasi kuat antara sakit kritis dan vitamin D rendah