bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nature vs. nurture in adipocyte responses to high-fat feeding
Authors: Stanley Sarah A.
Published: July 2016

Adipose cell proliferation in response to high-fat feeding is regulated by estrogen and the adipocyte microenvironment.
Promiscuous Diffusible Signal Factor Production and Responsiveness of the Xylella fastidiosa Rpf System
Authors: Ionescu Michael , Yokota Kenji , Antonova Elena , Garcia Angelica , Beaulieu Ellen , Hayes Terry , Iavarone Anthony T. , Lindow Steven E.
Published: July 2016

Cell density-dependent regulation of gene expression in
Xylella fastidiosa
that is crucial to its switching between plant hosts and insect vectors is dependent on RpfF and its production of 2-enoic acids known as diffusible signal factor (DSF). We show that
X. fastidiosa
produces a particularly large variety of similar, relatively long-chain-length 2-enoic acids that are active in modulating gene expression. Both
X. fastidiosa
itself and a
Pantoea agglomerans
surrogate host harboring
X. fastidiosa
RpfF (
Xf
RpfF) is capable of producing a variety of both saturated and unsaturated free fatty acids. However, only 2-
cis
unsaturated acids were found to be biologically active in
X. fastidiosa
.
X. fastidiosa
produces, and is particularly responsive to, a novel DSF species, 2-
cis
-hexadecanoic acid that we term
Xf
DSF2. It is also responsive to other, even longer 2-enoic acids to which other taxa such as
Xanthomonas campestris
are unresponsive. The 2-enoic acids that are produced by
X. fastidiosa
are strongly affected by the cellular growth environment, with
Xf
DSF2 not detected in culture media in which 2-tetradecenoic acid (
Xf
DSF1) had previously been found.
X. fastidiosa
is responsive to much lower concentrations of
Xf
DSF2 than
Xf
DSF1. Apparently competitive interactions can occur between various saturated and unsaturated fatty acids that block the function of those agonistic 2-enoic fatty acids. By altering the particular 2-enoic acids produced and the relative balance of free enoic and saturated fatty acids,
X. fastidiosa
might modulate the extent of DSF-mediated quorum sensing.

IMPORTANCE
X. fastidiosa
, having a complicated lifestyle in which it moves and multiplies within plants but also must be vectored by insects, utilizes DSF-based quorum sensing to partition the expression of traits needed for these two processes within different cells in this population based on local cellular density. The finding that it can produce a variety of DSF species in a strongly environmentally context-dependent manner provides insight into how it coordinates the many genes under the control of DSF signaling to successfully associate with its two hosts. Since the new DSF variant
Xf
DSF2 described here is much more active than the previously recognized DSF species, it should contribute to plant disease control, given that the susceptibility of plants can be greatly reduced by artificially elevating the levels of DSF in plants, creating “pathogen confusion,” resulting in lower virulence.
The climate-archive dune: Sedimentary record of annual wind intensity
Authors: Lindhorst Sebastian , Betzler Christian
Published: July 2016

Active dunes contain an unread high-resolution archive of past wind strength. Variations in the grain-size spectrum of an active dune through time are compared with historical time series of wind speed. Annually averaged, sediment-derived wind intensity and instrumental records of wind speed show a correlation as high as 0.75. The potential of eolian dunes to gain long-term data series of wind intensity in areas and for time periods lacking an instrumental record is demonstrated by reconstructing 20th century wind-intensity variations in the southern North Sea area. The approach can be used in both recent and fossil dune systems. Potential applications include the validation of climate models, the reconstruction of supraregional wind systems, and the monitoring of future shifts in the climate system.
Quartz-in-garnet inclusion barometry under fire: Reducing uncertainty from model estimates
Authors: Ashley Kyle T. , Steele-MacInnis Matthew , Bodnar Robert J. , Darling Robert S.
Published: July 2016

Quartz inclusions in garnet are suitable for barometry because quartz is highly compressible relative to garnet, and the garnet host can maintain large stress differences generated as pressure-temperature conditions change. However, experimental validation of the quartz-in-garnet approach has been limited, raising questions concerning the accuracy of calculated entrapment pressure. Here we test the results of quartz-in-garnet barometry by conducting in situ Raman analysis of natural inclusions over a range of temperatures (−175 to 600 °C). We assess the temperature (T) dependence of inclusion pressure (Pincl) at 1 bar and compare calculated entrapment pressures derived from measurements at different temperatures. Experiments used two quartz standards (oriented [c] and ) and fully encapsulated quartz inclusions from three different terranes, retaining different Pincl at room T (−444, 296, and 755 MPa). The stretched quartz inclusion (Pincl < 0) had the greatest increase in Pincl (+264 MPa, during heating from 25 to 500 °C), whereas the high-P inclusions underwent less change (+138 MPa) in Pincl over the same T interval. The greater T sensitivity of inclusions with low Pincl reflects the greater thermal expansivity of quartz near the α to β quartz transition. While measured Pincl-T trends are consistent with predictions, numerical models tend to overestimate Pincl at elevated T, and calculated entrapment pressures show an unrealistic dependence on reference T. Raman spectroscopic measurements conducted in situ at elevated T provide optimal results. In addition, we have recalibrated the thermal portion of the numerical method based on the present results, and provide new empirical expressions for improved quartz-in-garnet barometry.
Rare case of dermonecrosis caused by a recluse spider bite in Europe
Authors: Cachia Monique , Mercieca Liam , Mallia Azzopardi Charles , Boffa Michael J
Published: July 2016

Spider poisoning is rare in Europe, with very few reported cases in the literature. Recluse spider (genusLoxosceles) bites may lead to cutaneous and systemic manifestations known as loxoscelism. We report the second known case of spider bite poisoning in Malta caused byLoxosceles rufescens(Mediterranean recluse spider). A young adult female presented with localised erythema and pain on her left thigh after a witnessed spider bite. Over a few days, the area developed features of dermonecrosis together with systemic symptoms, including fever, fatigue and a generalised erythematous eruption. She was managed by a multidisciplinary team and the systemic symptoms resolved within 6 days, while the skin lesion healed with scarring within 2 months. A recluse spider bite should be considered in patients with dermonecrosis. Although spider bite poisoning is uncommon in Europe, it is important to diagnose and manage it appropriately since it could lead to potentially serious sequelae.
Making decisions at the end of life when caring for a person with dementia: a literature review to explore the potential use of heuristics in difficult decision-making
Authors: Mathew R , Davies N , Manthorpe J , Iliffe S
Published: July 2016

Objective

Decision-making, when providing care and treatment for a person with dementia at the end of life, can be complex and challenging. There is a lack of guidance available to support practitioners and family carers, and even those experienced in end of life dementia care report a lack of confidence in decision-making. It is thought that the use of heuristics (rules of thumb) may aid decision-making. The aim of this study is to identify whether heuristics are used in end of life dementia care, and if so, to identify the context in which they are being used.

Design

A narrative literature review was conducted taking a systematic approach to the search strategy, using the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination guidelines. Rapid appraisal methodology was used in order to source specific and relevant literature regarding the use of heuristics in end of life dementia care.

Data sources

A search using terms related to dementia, palliative care and decision-making was conducted across 4 English language electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and CINAHL) in 2015.

Results

The search identified 12 papers that contained an algorithm, guideline, decision tool or set of principles that we considered compatible with heuristic decision-making. The papers addressed swallowing and feeding difficulties, the treatment of pneumonia, management of pain and agitation, rationalising medication, ending life-sustaining treatment, and ensuring a good death.

Conclusions

The use of heuristics in palliative or end of life dementia care is not described in the research literature. However, this review identified important decision-making principles, which are largely a reflection of expert opinion. These principles may have the potential to be developed into simple heuristics that could be used in practice.
Abstracts from international Emergency Medicine journals
Authors: Weber Ellen J
Published: July 2016

Editor's note: EMJ has partnered with the journals of multiple international emergency medicine societies to share from each a highlighted research study, as selected by their editors. This edition will feature two abstracts from each publication.
Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs): an insight into clinical practice with review of literature
Authors: McDonnell M J , Punnoose S , Viswanath Y K S , Wadd N J , Dhar A
Published: July 2016

Background

Gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are rare mesenchymal tumours of the gastrointestinal tract. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical management of all patients with GIST presenting to a regional multidisciplinary upper gastrointestinal cancer group in the north of England.

Methods

Clinical, pathological, immunohistochemical treatment strategies, follow-up and outcome data on all patients with GIST between 2007 and 2012 were reviewed. Tumours were categorised by risk according to the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and AFIP models.

Results

36 (85.7%) of 42 tumours were located in the stomach, 5 (11.9%) in the small intestine and 1 (2.4%) in the oesophagus. Median age of patients was 68 (range 43–91) years. 24 patients (57.1%) were female. Tumour size ranged from 1.0  to 12.7 cm with mean size of 5.46 cm. Metastasis was present in 19 (45.2%) patients at diagnosis with distant metastases in 12 patients. Liver was the most common site of metastases. Histology and immunohistochemical analysis was available in 32 (76.2%) patients. Most common histology was spindle cell morphology 17/32 (53.1%) followed by epithelioid 9/32 (28.1%) and mixed morphology 5/32 (15.6%). The positive rate for KIT protein (CD117) was 90.6%, while that for CD34 was 75.0%. 12/25 (48.0%) and 8/23 (34.8%) patients were categorised as high risk as per NIH and AFIP risk scores, respectively. 23/42 (54.8%) patients underwent surgical resection, after which 5/23 (21.7%) had adjuvant imatinib therapy. Imatinib was given as primary therapy in 14/42 (33.3%) patients.

Conclusions

Surgery alone may not be a curative treatment for GISTs. Targeted therapy with imatinib may play an important role in the treatment of GISTs. Further risk categorisation models may be needed to evaluate GIST behaviour and prognosis.
Duration of death investigations that proceed to inquest in Australia
Authors: Studdert David M , Walter Simon J , Kemp Celia , Sutherland Georgina
Published: July 2016

Background

Recent government inquiries in several countries have identified the length of time it takes coroners to investigate deaths due to injury and other unnatural causes as a major problem. Delays undermine the integrity of vital statistics and adversely affect the deceased's family and others with interests in coroners' findings. Little is publicly known about the extent, nature and causes of these delays.

Methods

We used Kaplan–Meier estimates and multivariable regression analysis to decompose the timelines of nearly all inquest cases (n=5096) closed in coroners' courts in Australia between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2013.

Results

The cases had a median closure period of 19.0 months (95% CI 18.4 to 19.6). Overall, 70% of cases were open at 1 year, 40% at 2 years and 22% at 3 years, but there was substantial variation by jurisdiction. Adjusted analyses showed a difference of 22 months in the average closure time between the fastest and slowest jurisdictions. Cases involving deaths due to assault (+12.2 months, 95% CI 7.8 to 17.0) and complications of medical care (+9.0 months, 95% CI 5.5 to 12.3) had significantly longer closure periods than other types of death. Cases that produced public health recommendations also had relatively long closure periods (+8.9 months, 95% CI 7.6 to 10.3).

Conclusions

Nearly a quarter of inquests in Australia run for more than 3 years. The size of this caseload tail varies dramatically by jurisdiction and case characteristics. Interventions to reduce timelines should be tried and carefully evaluated.
Heterogeneity of muscle activity during sedentary behavior
Authors: Pesola Arto J. , Laukkanen Arto , Tikkanen Olli , Finni Taija
Published: July 2016

Replacing sitting by standing has been hypothesized to reduce the health risks of sitting, based on the assumption that muscles are passive during sitting and active during standing. Interventions have been more effective in overweight (OW) than in normal weight (NW) individuals, but subjects’ muscle activities have not been quantified. This study compared quadriceps and hamstring muscle electromyographic (EMG) activity between 57 NW (body mass index (BMI) 22.5 ± 1.5 kg/m2, female n = 36) and 27 OW (BMI 28.4 ± 2.9 kg/m2, female n = 8) subjects during non-fatiguing standing (15 s, EMGstanding) and sitting (30 min). EMG amplitude was normalized to EMG measured during maximal isometric knee extension and flexion (% EMGMVC), and sitting muscle inactivity and bursts were determined using 4 thresholds (60% or 90% EMGstanding and 1% or 2% EMGMVC). Comparisons were adjusted for sex, age, knee extension strength, and the individual threshold. Standing EMG amplitude was 36% higher in OW (1.9% ± 1.5% EMGMVC) than in NW (1.4% ± 1.4% EMGMVC, P < 0.05) subjects. During sitting, muscles were inactive 89.8% ± 12.7% of the measurement time with 12.7 ± 14.2 bursts/min across all thresholds. On average, 6% more activity was recorded in NW than in OW individuals for 3 of the 4 thresholds (P < 0.05 for 60% or 90% EMGstanding and 1% EMGMVC). In conclusion, the OW group had higher muscle activity amplitude during standing but more muscle inactivity during sitting for 3/4 of the thresholds tested. Interventions should test whether the observed heterogeneity in muscle activity affects the potential to gain cardiometabolic benefits from replacing sitting with standing.
Variability in colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and its effect on mycorrhizal dependency of improved and unimproved soybean cultivars
Authors: Salloum M.S. , Guzzo M.C. , Velazquez M.S. , Sagadin M.B. , Luna C.M.
Published: July 2016

Breeding selection of germplasm under fertilized conditions may reduce the frequency of genes that promote mycorrhizal associations. This study was developed to compare variability in mycorrhizal colonization and its effect on mycorrhizal dependency (MD) in improved soybean genotypes (I-1 and I-2) with differential tolerance to drought stress, and in unimproved soybean genotypes (UI-3 and UI-4). As inoculum, a mixed native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) was isolated from soybean roots, showing spores mostly of the species Funneliformis mosseae. At 20 days, unimproved genotypes followed by I-2, showed an increase in arbuscule formation, but not in I-1. At 40 days, mycorrhizal plants showed an increase in nodulation, this effect being more evident in unimproved genotypes. Mycorrhizal dependency, evaluated as growth and biochemical parameters from oxidative stress was increased in unimproved and I-2 since 20 days, whereas in I-1, MD increased at 40 days. We cannot distinguish significant differences in AMF colonization and MD between unimproved and I-2. However, variability among improved genotypes was observed. Our results suggest that selection for improved soybean genotypes with good and rapid AMF colonization, particularly high arbuscule/hyphae ratio could be a useful strategy for the development of genotypes that optimize AMF contribution to cropping systems.
A review of drivers of tree diversity in suburban areas: Research needs for North American cities
Authors: Nitoslawski Sophie A. , Duinker Peter N. , Bush Peter G.
Published: July 2016

Tree diversity is crucial to urban forest management. More diverse urban forests provide habitat for a wider range of organisms, increase resilience to pests and disease and, in cases where native tree species are well represented, contribute to local biodiversity protection. Studies have shown that tree diversity can peak in the low- to mid-density neighbourhoods found in suburban and peri-urban areas, emphasizing the potential for biodiversity enhancement during and after subdivision development. Most studies quantifying tree species composition in suburban areas focus on one or two major drivers of tree diversity, such as land use, socioeconomics and demographics, or the presence of natural features like parks or greenways. Furthermore, relatively little attention has been paid to the drivers of diversity for the variety of land types that make up the entire urban forest, which represent differences in tree planting and establishment practices, ownership, and maintenance. This paper presents an overview of drivers of tree species composition based on the literature, as well as factors that require further study because they play a role in determining the structure of the (sub)urban forest. These factors are examined in the context of four land types: street, residential property, park, and remnant woodland, and are organized under the following major themes: biophysical characteristics, community design, historical paradigms and influences, municipal management, and demographics and cultures. Based on what is known so far, a research agenda is also presented outlining major gaps in research on urban tree diversity in North America (USA and Canada). The information presented in this paper can thus serve as a guideline to inform urban forest management practices and strategically enhance tree diversity.
D → a1, f1 transition form factors and semileptonic decays via 3-point QCD sum rules
Authors: Zuo Yabing , Hu Yue , He Linlin , Yang Wei , Chen Yan , Hao Yannan
Published: July 2016

By using the 3-point QCD sum rules, we calculate the transition form factors of [Formula: see text] decays into the spin triplet axial vector mesons [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]. In the calculations, we consider the quark contents of each meson in detail. In view of the fact that the isospin of [Formula: see text] is one, we calculate the [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] transition form factors separately. In the case of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], the mixing between light flavor [Formula: see text] singlet and octet is taken into account. Based on the form factors obtained here, we give predictions for the branching ratios of relevant semileptonic decays, which can be tested in the future experiments.
Optimization effect of annealing treatment on oxygen-implanted Nd:CNGG waveguides
Authors: Liu Chun-Xiao , Fu Li-Li , Cheng Liang-Liang , Zhu Xu-Feng , Lin She-Bao , Zheng Rui-Lin , Zhou Zhi-Guang , Guo Hai-Tao , Li Wei-Nan , Wei Wei
Published: July 2016

Neodymium-doped calcium niobium gallium garnet (Nd:CNGG) waveguide operated at 632.8 nm is demonstrated by the 3.0-MeV oxygen-ion implantation with a fluence of [Formula: see text] ions/cm2. The annealing treatment at 300[Formula: see text]C for 45 min is carried out to optimize the waveguide quality. The dark-mode spectra are measured by the [Formula: see text]-line technique. The refractive index profiles are calculated from the effective refractive indices of the waveguide modes. The near-field intensity distributions are simulated based on the reconstructed refractive index profiles. The annealing treatment process could effectively remove unwanted defects and optimize the waveguide quality. The optical properties of the annealed waveguide are better than that of the as-implanted waveguide.
A novel application classification and its impact on network performance
Authors: Zhang Shuo , Huang Ning , Sun Xiaolei , Zhang Yue
Published: July 2016

Network traffic is believed to have a significant impact on network performance and is the result of the application operation on networks. Majority of current network performance analysis are based on the premise that the traffic transmission is through the shortest path, which is too simple to reflect a real traffic process. The real traffic process is related to the network application process characteristics, involving the realistic user behavior. In this paper, first, an application can be divided into the following three categories according to realistic application process characteristics: random application, customized application and routine application. Then, numerical simulations are carried out to analyze the effect of different applications on the network performance. The main results show that (i) network efficiency for the BA scale-free network is less than the ER random network when similar single application is loaded on the network; (ii) customized application has the greatest effect on the network efficiency when mixed multiple applications are loaded on BA network.
New Extendable 15-Level Basic Unit for Multilevel Inverters
Authors: Babaei Ebrahim , Laali Sara
Published: July 2016

In this paper, a new basic 15-level inverter is proposed. By developing the proposed basic unit, a 71-level inverter and generally an [Formula: see text]-level inverter are proposed. Then, the proposed multilevel inverter is compared with several conventional multilevel inverters in design of minimum 15 levels and 71 levels at the output. By comparing these inverters, it is obtained that the proposed inverter is able to generate higher number of output levels by using lower number of DC voltage sources and power electronic devices that lead to decreased complexity, installation space and total cost of the inverter. Finally, the correct performance of the proposed inverter is reconfirmed through the simulation and experimental results of a 15-level inverter.
Pulsars as probes of gravity and fundamental physics
Authors: Kramer Michael
Published: July 2016

Radio-loud neutron stars known as pulsars allow a wide range of experimental tests for fundamental physics, ranging from the study of super-dense matter to tests of General Relativity (GR) and its alternatives. As a result, pulsars provide strong-field tests of gravity, they allow for the direct detection of gravitational waves in a “pulsar timing array” (PTA), and they promise the future study of black hole properties. This contribution gives an overview of the on-going experiments and recent results.
Birth of the inflationary Universe and tensor fluctuations
Authors: Yokoyama Jun’ichi
Published: July 2016

In order to achieve full understanding of our Universe, we wish to clarify how it was created. In this talk, I discussed several possibilities and relevance to the observation of tensor perturbation.
Cosmological study in loop quantum cosmology through dark energy model
Authors: Jawad Abdul , Rani Shamaila , Salako Ines G. , Gulshan Faiza
Published: July 2016

The interacting generalized ghost version of pilgrim dark energy (GGPDE) is discussed in the framework of loop quantum cosmology (LQC). We analyze the behavior of cosmological parameters (Hubble, equation of state (EoS), deceleration) and cosmological planes ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text]) in the present scenario ([Formula: see text] represents the EoS parameter and [Formula: see text] indicates the evolution of the EoS parameter, [Formula: see text],[Formula: see text] are statefinder parameters). It is observed that the deceleration parameter corresponds to the accelerated expansion of the universe. The EoS parameter lies in vacuum and phantom regions for all cases of [Formula: see text] (pilgrim dark energy (PDE) parameter). The [Formula: see text] plane lies in thawing region for all cases of [Formula: see text]. The [Formula: see text] plane corresponds to [Formula: see text] cold dark matter (CDM) and Chaplygin gas model. We have also mentioned the constraints on calculated cosmological parameters and found that all the trajectories of cosmological parameters and planes show the consistence behavior with the observational schemes.
Entrepreneurial Team Creativity: Driving Innovation from Ideation to Implementation
Authors: Gundry Lisa K. , Ofstein Laurel F. , Monllor Javier
Published: July 2016

Innovation in entrepreneurial firms is influenced by team creative processes. This study investigates how perceptions of team creativity lead to the generation, promotion and implementation of new ideas and opportunities for the enterprise, increasing the firm’s innovation performance. The results of the study of respondents across industries disclose how teams develop ideas and solutions, and turn them into new opportunities for the organization. Creativity and innovation have been widely studied, yet few studies have focused on entrepreneurial team creative practices in pursuit of new ideas for business development. This study contributes to our understanding of the team behaviors that lead to the formation of new and useful ideas that are promoted and implemented to bring benefits to the team, organization, and marketplace.
High Frequency Asymptotics for the Limit Order Book
Authors: Lakner Peter , Reed Josh , Stoikov Sasha
Published: July 2016

We study the one-sided limit order book corresponding to limit sell orders and model it as a measure-valued process. Limit orders arrive to the book according to a Poisson process and are placed on the book according to a distribution which varies depending on the current best price. Market orders to buy periodically arrive to the book according to a second, independent Poisson process and remove from the book the order corresponding to the current best price. We consider the above described limit order book in a high frequency regime in which the rate of incoming limit and market orders is large and traders place their limit sell orders close to the current best price. Our first set of results provide weak limits for the unscaled price process and the properly scaled measure-valued limit order book process in the high frequency regime. In particular, we characterize the limiting measure-valued limit order book process as the solution to a measure-valued stochastic differential equation. We then provide an analysis of both the transient and long-run behavior of the limiting limit order book process.
Reducing mTOR augments parietal epithelial cell density in a model of acute podocyte depletion and in aged kidneys
Authors: McNicholas Bairbre A. , Eng Diana G. , Lichtnekert Julia , Rabinowitz Peter S. , Pippin Jeffrey W. , Shankland Stuart J.
Published: July 2016

Parietal epithelial cell (PEC) response to glomerular injury may underlie a common pathway driving fibrogenesis following podocyte loss that typifies several glomerular disorders. Although the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is important in cell homeostasis, little is known of the biological role or impact of reducing mTOR activity on PEC response following podocyte depletion, nor in the aging kidney. The purpose of these studies was to determine the impact on PECs of reducing mTOR activity following abrupt experimental depletion in podocyte number, as well as in a model of chronic podocyte loss and sclerosis associated with aging. Podocyte depletion was induced by an anti-podocyte antibody and rapamycin started at day 5 until death at day 14. Reducing mTOR did not lead to a greater reduction in podocyte density, despite greater glomerulosclerosis. However, mTOR inhibition lead to an increase in PEC density and PEC-derived crescent formation. Additionally, markers of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β, α-smooth muscle actin, Notch-3) and PEC activation (CD44, collagen IV) were further increased by mTOR reduction. Aged mice treated with rapamycin for 1, 2, and 10 wk before death at 26.5 mo (≈75-yr-old human age) had increased the number of glomeruli with a crescentic appearance. mTOR inhibition at either a high or low level lead to changes in PEC phenotype, indicating PEC morphology is sensitive to changes mediated by global mTOR inhibition.
Distinct neural mechanisms for spatially lateralized and spatially global visual working memory representations
Authors: Fukuda Keisuke , Kang Min-Suk , Woodman Geoffrey F.
Published: July 2016

Visual working memory (VWM) allows humans to actively maintain a limited amount of information. Whereas previous electrophysiological studies have found that lateralized event-related potentials (ERPs) track the maintenance of information in VWM, recent imaging experiments have shown that spatially global representations can be read out using the activity across the visual cortex. The goal of the present study was to determine whether both lateralized and spatially global electrophysiological signatures coexist. We first show that it is possible to simultaneously measure lateralized ERPs that track the number of items held in VWM from one visual hemfield and parietooccipital α (8–12 Hz) power over both hemispheres indexing spatially global VWM representations. Next, we replicated our findings and went on to show that this bilateral parietooccipital α power as well as the contralaterally biased ERP correlate of VWM carries a signal that can be used to decode the identity of the representations stored in VWM. Our findings not only unify observations across electrophysiology and imaging techniques but also suggest that ERPs and α-band oscillations index different neural mechanisms that map on to lateralized and spatially global representations, respectively.
Aldosterone Response in Severe Hypokalemia and Volume Depletion: A Case Report and Review of the Recent Research
Authors: Kai Keiko , Tominaga Naoto , Uchida Daisuke , Fukai Nanae , Matsuura Yumie , Uda Susumu , Yokochi Akio
Published: July 2016

We report a case of severe hypokalemia and volume depletion complicated by chronic watery diarrhea resulting from chronic alcoholism in a 57-year-old man. Prompt replacement of normal saline with potassium chloride and cessation of alcohol intake resulted in a favorable outcome. We discuss the pathophysiology of the case, emphasizing the response of aldosterone in both hypokalemia and volume depletion, and provide a review of recent research.
Digital Image Encryption Algorithm Design Based on Genetic Hyperchaos
Authors: Wang Jian
Published: July 2016

In view of the present chaotic image encryption algorithm based on scrambling (diffusion is vulnerable to choosing plaintext (ciphertext) attack in the process of pixel position scrambling), we put forward a image encryption algorithm based on genetic super chaotic system. The algorithm, by introducing clear feedback to the process of scrambling, makes the scrambling effect related to the initial chaos sequence and the clear text itself; it has realized the image features and the organic fusion of encryption algorithm. By introduction in the process of diffusion to encrypt plaintext feedback mechanism, it improves sensitivity of plaintext, algorithm selection plaintext, and ciphertext attack resistance. At the same time, it also makes full use of the characteristics of image information. Finally, experimental simulation and theoretical analysis show that our proposed algorithm can not only effectively resist plaintext (ciphertext) attack, statistical attack, and information entropy attack but also effectively improve the efficiency of image encryption, which is a relatively secure and effective way of image communication.
Sepsis-Induced Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy Leading to Torsades de Pointes
Authors: Patel Nirav , Shenoy Abhishek , Dous George , Kamran Haroon , El-Sherif Nabil
Published: July 2016

Background. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TCM) is sudden and reversible myocardial dysfunction often attributable to physical or emotional triggers.Case Report. We describe a 51-year-old man presented to emergency department with sepsis from urinary tract infection (UTI). He was placed on cefepime for UTI and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction protocol given elevated troponins with chest pain. Subsequently, patient was pulseless with torsades de pointes (TdP) and then converted to sinus rhythm with cardioversion. An echocardiogram revealed low ejection fraction with hypokinesis of the apical wall. Over 48 hours, the patient was extubated and stable on 3 L/min nasal cannula. He underwent a cardiac catheterization to evaluate coronary artery disease (CAD) and was found to have mild nonobstructive CAD with no further findings.Conclusion. TCM is a rare disorder presenting with symptoms similar to acute coronary syndrome. Though traditionally elicited by physical and emotional triggers leading to transient left ventricular dysfunction, our case suggests that it may also be triggered by a urinary tract infection and lead to severe QT prolongation and a malignant ventricular arrhythmia in TdP.
Low-Rank Kernel-Based Semisupervised Discriminant Analysis
Authors: Zu Baokai , Xia Kewen , Dai Shuidong , Aslam Nelofar
Published: July 2016

Semisupervised Discriminant Analysis (SDA) aims at dimensionality reduction with both limited labeled data and copious unlabeled data, but it may fail to discover the intrinsic geometry structure when the data manifold is highly nonlinear. The kernel trick is widely used to map the original nonlinearly separable problem to an intrinsically larger dimensionality space where the classes are linearly separable. Inspired by low-rank representation (LLR), we proposed a novel kernel SDA method called low-rank kernel-based SDA (LRKSDA) algorithm where the LRR is used as the kernel representation. Since LRR can capture the global data structures and get the lowest rank representation in a parameter-free way, the low-rank kernel method is extremely effective and robust for kinds of data. Extensive experiments on public databases show that the proposed LRKSDA dimensionality reduction algorithm can achieve better performance than other related kernel SDA methods.
Persistence of Retinopathy of Prematurity in an Infant with Tetralogy of Fallot
Authors: Gunay Murat , Yavuz Taner , Celik Gokhan , Uludag Gunay
Published: July 2016

We report an infant with tetralogy of fallot (TOF) who was born at 35 weeks of gestation and of 1700 g birth weight and presented with persistent retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) at 6 months of age. Follow-up ophthalmic examinations were done at 2, 3, and 4 weeks of age. A demarcation line in Zone II was noticed on the first ocular examination done at 4 weeks of postnatal age. At 6 months of postnatal age, the infant still had an avascular peripheral retina with the demarcation line in Zone II. Even though this index subject did not have any typical risk factors for ROP, TOF seems to be the probable reason for developing as well as persistence of avascular retina.
Energy Efficiency Oriented Design Method of Power Management Strategy for Range-Extended Electric Vehicles
Authors: Du Jiuyu , Chen Jingfu , Gao Mingming , Wang Jia
Published: July 2016

The energy efficiency of the range-extended electric bus (REEB) developed by Tsinghua University must be improved; currently, the energy management strategy is a charge-deplete-charge-sustain (CDCS) strategy, which exhibits low energy efficiency on the demonstration model. To improve the energy efficiency and reduce the operating cost, a rule-based control strategy derived from the dynamic programming (DP) strategy is obtained for the Chinese urban bus driving cycle (CUBDC). This rule is extracted by the power-split-ratio (PSR) from the simulation results of the dynamic powertrain model using the DP strategy. By establishing the REEB dynamic models in Matlab/Simulink, the control rule can be achieved, and the power characteristic of powertrain, energy efficiency, operating cost, and computing time are analyzed. The simulation results show that the performance of the rule-based strategy presented in this paper is similar to that of the DP strategy. The energy efficiency can be improved greatly compared with that of the CDCS strategy, and the operating cost can also be reduced.
A Lipschitz Stability Estimate for the Inverse Source Problem and the Numerical Scheme
Authors: Jia Xianzheng
Published: July 2016

We consider the inverse source problem for heat equation, where the source term has the formf(t)ϕ(x). We give a numerical algorithm to compute unknown source termf(t). Also, we give a stability estimate in the case thatf(t)is a piecewise constant function.
Research on Preference Polyhedron Model Based Evolutionary Multiobjective Optimization Method for Multilink Transmission Mechanism Conceptual Design
Authors: Zhu Haihua , Yang Jun , Lu Weihua , Li Jing
Published: July 2016

To make the optimal design of the multilink transmission mechanism applied in mechanical press, the intelligent optimization techniques are explored in this paper. A preference polyhedron model and new domination relationships evaluation methodology are proposed for the purpose of reaching balance among kinematic performance, dynamic performance, and other performances of the multilink transmission mechanism during the conceptual design phase. Based on the traditional evaluation index of single target of multicriteria design optimization, the robust metrics of the mechanism system and preference metrics of decision-maker are taken into consideration in this preference polyhedron model and reflected by geometrical characteristic of the model. At last, two optimized multilink transmission mechanisms are designed based on the proposed preference polyhedron model with different evolutionary algorithms, and the result verifies the validity of the proposed optimization method.
miR-206 Inhibits Stemness and Metastasis of Breast Cancer by Targeting MKL1/IL11 Pathway
Authors: Samaeekia Ravand , Adorno-Cruz Valery , Bockhorn Jessica , Chang Ya-Fang , Huang Simo , Prat Aleix , Ha Nahun , Kibria Golam , Huo Dezheng , Zheng Hui , Dalton Rachel , Wang Yuhao , Moskalenko Grigoriy Y. , Liu Huiping
Published: July 2016

Purpose: Effective targeting of cancer stem cells is necessary and important for eradicating cancer and reducing metastasis-related mortality. Understanding of cancer stemness-related signaling pathways at the molecular level will help control cancer and stop metastasis in the clinic.

Experimental Design: By analyzing miRNA profiles and functions in cancer development, we aimed to identify regulators of breast tumor stemness and metastasis in human xenograft models in vivo and examined their effects on self-renewal and invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro. To discover the direct targets and essential signaling pathways responsible for miRNA functions in breast cancer progression, we performed microarray analysis and target gene prediction in combination with functional studies on candidate genes (overexpression rescues and pheno-copying knockdowns).

Results: In this study, we report that hsa-miR-206 suppresses breast tumor stemness and metastasis by inhibiting both self-renewal and invasion. We identified that among the candidate targets, twinfilin (TWF1) rescues the miR-206 phenotype in invasion by enhancing the actin cytoskeleton dynamics and the activity of the mesenchymal lineage transcription factors, megakaryoblastic leukemia (translocation) 1 (MKL1), and serum response factor (SRF). MKL1 and SRF were further demonstrated to promote the expression of IL11, which is essential for miR-206's function in inhibiting both invasion and stemness of breast cancer.

Conclusions: The identification of the miR-206/TWF1/MKL1-SRF/IL11 signaling pathway sheds lights on the understanding of breast cancer initiation and progression, unveils new therapeutic targets, and facilitates innovative drug development to control cancer and block metastasis. Clin Cancer Res; 23(4); 1091–103. ©2016 AACR.
Peptide Selectivity of the Proton-Coupled Oligopeptide Transporter from Neisseria meningitidis
Authors: Sharma Neha , Aduri Nanda G. , Iqbal Anna , Prabhala Bala K. , Mirza Osman
Published: July 2016

Peptide transport in living organisms is facilitated by either primary transport, hydrolysis of ATP, or secondary transport, cotransport of protons. In this study, we focused on investigating the ligand specificity of the Neisseria meningitidis proton-coupled oligopeptide transporter (NmPOT). It has been shown that the gene encoding this transporter is upregulated during infection. NmPOT conformed to the typical chain length preference as observed in prototypical transporters of this family. In contrast to prototypical transporters, it was unable to accommodate a positively charged peptide residue at the C-terminus position of the substrate peptide. Sequence analysis of the active site of NmPOT displayed a distinctive aromatic patch, which has not been observed in any other transporters from this family. This aromatic patch may be involved in providing NmPOT with its atypical preferences. This study provides important novel information towards understanding how these transporters recognize their substrates.
Aging Male Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat as an Animal Model for the Evaluation of the Interplay between Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury and Cardiorenal Syndrome in Humans
Authors: Zhang Jun , Fallahzadeh Mohammad Kazem , McCullough Peter A.
Published: July 2016

Background: Although there are some animal models for biomarkers of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI), for cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) and for acute renal failure, the interplay between CI-AKI and CRS has yet to be evaluated. Insight into the pathogenesis of CRS is urgently needed from animal models in order to foster the discovery and implementation of novel biomarkers for this disease. Specially designed animal models for type 1 and 3 CRS, particularly CI-AKI, have not yet emerged. Summary: We hypothesize that the aging male spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is likely to be a suitable model. The SHR model is able to mimic risk factors for preclinical CRS that appears in the clinical setting, specifically hypertension, age, preexisting damage and dysfunction of the heart and kidney, endothelial dysfunction, increased level of reactive oxygen species, decreased level and bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO), impairment of the L-arginine-NO pathway, and insulin resistance. In the SHR, CI-AKI results in a different profile of AKI biomarkers than is seen with preexisting chronic kidney injury. Key Messages: The SHR model can be used to evaluate the interaction between CI-AKI and CRS type 1 and 3 and to verify neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as a reliable CI-AKI biomarker for clinical application. Further research is warranted with a large number of aging male SHRs to prove NGAL as a sensitive, specific, highly predictive, early biomarker for CI-AKI.
Current Standard and Future Perspectives in First- and Second-Line Treatment of Metastatic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Ellenrieder Volker , König Alexander , Seufferlein Thomas
Published: July 2016

Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive malignancy with a median 5-year survival of <8%. At the time of diagnosis, a vast majority of pancreatic cancer patients were found to be with either metastatic spread of the disease or locally advanced tumors. Despite relatively low efficacy, gemcitabine administration was the first choice chemotherapeutic strategy in advanced PDAC for many years. In the last 5 years, however, our understanding of pancreatic carcinogenesis has improved dramatically and with this our therapeutic options have expanded significantly. Summary: With the FOLFIRINOX protocol or the combination of gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel, 2 novel and more effective chemotherapeutic regimens have been introduced in clinical routine, which increased the overall survival by 4-5 months in the palliative situation. Most recently, we learned that both regimens can be modified and dosages can be adapted in older patients without significant loss of efficacy. Additionally, novel application strategies such as nanoparticle fused liposomal irinotecan along with 5-FU/LV provided convincing results in patients previously treated with gemcitabine. Current preclinical and clinical trials investigate efficacy and tolerability of novel drugs aiming at the inhibition of key inflammatory pathways, for example, JAK-STAT signaling, or the tumor surrounding desmoplasia. Prospectively, immunovaccination approaches or immune checkpoint inhibition appears as promising strategies in the near future, particularly when combined with epigenetic drugs in advanced PDAC patients. In this ‘to-the-point' article, we review the current standard and summarize the most recent and encouraging advances in cytostatic PDAC treatment. Key Points: (1) FOLFIRINOX and nab-paclitaxel/gemcitabine as first-line treatment regime significantly increase survival in patients with advanced PDAC; (2) Selection of appropriate treatment regime depends on patient performance, comorbidity, and toxicity; (3) PDAC patients will benefit from second-line chemotherapy and selection of appropriate regimes depends on first line therapy and patient criteria; (4) Future therapeutic strategies in advanced PDAC will respect molecular tumor profiling and other biomarkers.
Establishing Normal Ranges of Basal and ACTH-Stimulated Serum Free Cortisol in Children
Authors: Eyal Ori , Limor Rona , Oren Asaf , Schachter-Davidov Anita , Stern Naftali , Weintrob Naomi
Published: July 2016

Background: Normative data have been established for stimulated serum total cortisol in children but not for serum free cortisol. Methods: Children who were referred for ACTH testing to rule out adrenal insufficiency were enrolled. Only children with normal response and normal androgen levels were included. Total cortisol was determined by a chemiluminescence method, and free cortisol was measured by the same method following equilibrium dialysis. Results: The study group consisted of 85 subjects (28 male; 57 female) with a median age of 8.5 years (range 0.6-17.7). The mean basal and peak total cortisol levels were 11.5 ± 5.7 and 32.9 ± 6.2 μg/dl, respectively. The mean basal and peak free cortisol levels were 0.4 ± 0.3 and 1.8 ± 0.6 μg/dl, respectively. There was a negative correlation between peak total cortisol and age but not between peak free cortisol and age. The 3rd and 97th percentile values for peak free cortisol were 0.94 μg/dl (26 nmol/l) and 2.97 μg/dl (82 nmol/l), respectively. Conclusions: Measurement of free cortisol has the advantage of being independent of cortisol-binding globulin levels. This study provides reference ranges for stimulated free cortisol in children, with a cutoff value of 0.9 μg/dl (25 nmol/l) as a normal response to a standard ACTH test.