bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nuclear high-ionisation outflow in the Compton-thick AGN NGC 6552 as seen by the JWST mid-infrared instrument
Authors: Álvarez-Márquez J. , Labiano A. , Guillard P. , Dicken D. , Argyriou I. , Patapis P. , Law D. R. , Kavanagh P. J. , Larson K. L. , Gasman D. , Mueller M. , Alberts S. , Brandl B. R. , Colina L. , García-Marín M. , Jones O. C. , Noriega-Crespo A. , Shivaei I. , Temim T. , Wright G. S.
Published: February 2023

Context. During the commissioning of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), the mid-infrared instrument (MIRI) observed NGC 6552 with the MIRI Imager and the Medium-Resolution Spectrograph (MRS). NGC 6552 is an active galactic nucleus (AGN) at a redshift of 0.0266 (DL = 120 Mpc) classified as a Seyfert 2 nucleus in the optical and Compton-thick AGN in the X-ray.

Aims. This work exemplifies and demonstrates the MRS capabilities to study the mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectra and characterise the physical conditions and kinematics of the ionised and molecular gas in the nuclear regions of nearby galaxies.

Methods. MIRI Imager observations covers the full NGC 6552 galaxy at 5.6 μm. MRS observations covers its nuclear region (3.6×4.3 kpc at 17.7–27.9 μm) in a wavelength range between 4.9 and 27.9 μm. These observations were obtained with the aim to investigate the persistence of the MIRI detectors (residual signal left from previous bright source observations). However, NGC 6552 observations demonstrate the performance and power of the MIRI instrument even with a non-optimal observational strategy.

Results. We obtained the nuclear, circumnuclear, and central mid-IR spectra of NGC 6552. They provide the first clear observational evidence for a nuclear outflow in NGC 6552. The outflow contributes to 67±7% of the total line flux independent of the ionisation potential (27–187 eV) and critical densities (104–4×106 cm−3), showing an average blue-shifted peak velocity of −127±45 km s−1 and an outflow maximal velocity of 698±80 km s−1. Since the mid-IR photons penetrate dusty regions as efficiently as X-ray keV photons, we interpret these results as the evidence for a highly ionised, non-stratified, AGN-powered, and fast outflowing gas in a low density environment (few 103 cm−3) located very close (< 0.2 kpc) to the Compton-thick AGN. Nine pure rotational molecular Hydrogen lines are detected and spectrally resolved, and exhibit symmetric Gaussian profiles, consistent with the galactic rotation, and with no evidence of outflowing H2 material. We detect a warm H2 mass of 1.9 ± 1.1 × 107 M⊙ in the central region (1.8 kpc in diameter) of the galaxy, with almost 30% of that mass in the circumnuclear region. Line ratios confirm that NGC 6552 has a Seyfert nucleus with a black hole mass estimated in the range of 0.6–6 million solar masses.

Conclusions. This work demonstrates the power of the newly commissioned MIRI Medium Resolution Spectrograph to reveal new insights in the kinematics and ionisation state of the interstellar medium around the dusty nuclear regions of nearby active galaxies.
A Revised Version of the TNM Classification Leads to Optimized
Predictive Performance in Patients with Adrenocortical Carcinoma
Authors: David Stephan Oliver , Krieg Sarah , Esposito Irene , Schott Matthias , Giesel Frederik Lars , Roderburg Christoph , Loosen Sven Heiko , Luedde Tom , Knoefel Wolfram Trudo , Krieg Andreas
Published: February 2023

The prognostic stratification of the current AJCC/UICC TNM classification
for adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) has been validated in only a few studies. In
this study, it was hypothesized that redefining the T category cut-off would
result in a significant improvement in estimated stage-related survival. In 935
patients with ACC from the SEER database, optimal cut-off values based on tumor
size were first determined to redefine T1 and T2 categories. Cox proportional
hazards regression analysis and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) were
then used to determine the prognostic value of the revised version. A new
cut-off value of 9.5 cm tumor size was established to differentiate
between T1 and T2 tumors, leading to a revised TNM classification. As a result,
a more homogeneous distribution of patients with ACC across all stages was
observed. Notably, the predictive value of the newly proposed TNM classification
in the ROC analysis exceeded that of the 7th and 8th editions of the
AJCC/UICC classification system. Finally, the prognostic superiority of
the revised TNM classification was confirmed in a multivariate Cox proportional
hazards regression model. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that
updating the current staging system with revised T1 and T2 categories
significantly improves the prediction of cancer-specific survival (CSS) in
patients with ACC.
Post-COVID-19 Thoracic Aortic Rupture with an Unforeseen Spinal Epidural Hematoma
Authors: Lohani Kush R. , Sannasi Vikram V. , Sidhu Harvinder R. S. , Ooi Oon C. , Hung Wu P. , Chen Min Q.
Published: February 2023

The importance of prompt diagnosis and early stenting of an aortic rupture cannot be overemphasized. We present a case of thoracic aortic rupture in a middle-aged gentleman who had recently suffered coronavirus disease 2019. The case was further complicated by the development of an unexpected spinal epidural hematoma.
Validity of Routinely Reported Rutherford Scores Reported by Clinicians as Part of Daily Clinical Practice
Authors: van der Heijden Laura L.M. , Marang-van de Mheen Perla J. , Thielman Louis , Stijnen Pieter , Hamming Jaap F. , Fourneau Inge
Published: February 2023

Routinely reported structured data from the electronic health record (EHR) are frequently used for secondary purposes. However, it is unknown how valid routinely reported data are for reuse.

This study aimed to assess the validity of routinely reported Rutherford scores by clinicians as an indicator for the validity of structured data in the EHR.

This observational study compared clinician-reported Rutherford scores with medical record review Rutherford scores for all visits at the vascular surgery department between April 1, 2016 and December 31, 2018. Free-text fields with clinical information for all visits were extracted for the assignment of the medical record review Rutherford score, after which the agreement with the clinician-reported Rutherford score was assessed using Fleiss' Kappa.

A total of 6,633 visits were included for medical record review. Substantial agreement was shown between clinician-reported Rutherford scores and medical record review Rutherford scores for the left (k = 0.62, confidence interval [CI]: 0.60–0.63) and right leg (k = 0.62, CI: 0.60–0.64). This increased to the almost perfect agreement for left (k = 0.84, CI: 0.82–0.86) and right leg (k = 0.85, CI: 0.83–0.87), when excluding missing clinician-reported Rutherford scores. Expert's judgment was rarely required to be the deciding factor (11 out of 6,633).

Substantial agreement between clinician-reported Rutherford scores and medical record review Rutherford scores was found, which could be an indicator for the validity of routinely reported data. Depending on its purpose, the secondary use of routinely collected Rutherford scores is a viable option.
Drug-Induced Movement Disorders
Authors: Pandey Sanjay , Pitakpatapee Yuvadee , Saengphatrachai Weerawat , Chouksey Anjali , Tripathi Madhavi , Srivanitchapoom Prachaya
Published: February 2023

Drug-induced movement disorders (DIMDs) are most commonly associated with typical and atypical antipsychotics. However, other drugs such as antidepressants, antihistamines, antiepileptics, antiarrhythmics, and gastrointestinal drugs can also cause abnormal involuntary movements. Different types of movement disorders can also occur because of adverse drug reactions. Therefore, the important key to diagnosing DIMDs is a causal relationship between potential offending drugs and the occurrence of abnormal movements. The pathophysiology of DIMDs is not clearly understood; however, many cases of DIMDs are thought to exert adverse mechanisms of action in the basal ganglia. The treatment of some DIMDs is quite challenging, and removing the offending drugs may not be possible in some conditions such as withdrawing antipsychotics in the patient with partially or uncontrollable neuropsychiatric conditions. Future research is needed to understand the mechanism of DIMDs and the development of drugs with better side-effect profiles. This article reviews the phenomenology, diagnostic criteria, pathophysiology, and management of DIMDs.
Challenges in Cervical Cancer Prevention: Real-World Scenario in India
Authors: Kaur Satinder , Sharma Lalit Mohan , Mishra Vinita , Goyal Maj Gen Bhupesh , Swasti Swasti , Talele Avinash , Parikh Purvish M.
Published: February 2023

In spite of global falling trends, cervical cancer remains a major healthcare challenge for India, South Asia Association for Regional Cooperation region, and other low- and middle-income countries. Our survey was to document the real-world challenges that still exist in India. A total of 316 eligible and complete responses to the 21 questions were analyzed. Screening of mothers and vaccinating their daughters was considered as the most important strategy to prevent cervical cancer by 65.8% (208/316). Screening was offered to all asymptomatic eligible females by 79% (250/316). Improvement in screening rates requires promoting the national program (67.7%; 214/316), strengthening existing infrastructure (62%; 196/316), regular training of primary healthcare workers (57.6%; 182/316), and increasing awareness among schools and colleges (57.9%; 183/316). Almost all responders (93%; 294/316) wanted to have human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination included in the national immunization schedule. Cost of vaccine was considered a major roadblock. If it became available at INR 250 per dose, 96.8% (306/316) respondents would recommend it for all eligible patients. With the impending availability of this indigenous tetravalent HPV vaccine jointly produced by Department of Biotechnology, Govt of India and Serum Institute of India, the war against cervical cancer just got easier.
How to reduce termination on freemium platforms—literature review and empirical analysis
Authors: Brüggemann Philipp , Lehmann-Zschunke Nina
Published: February 2023

In light of increasing digitization and monetization, the freemium pricing model is being used more and more frequently. Against a backdrop of increasing competition and rising costs to attract new users, freemium platform providers need to know how to reduce termination rates. We analyze several influencing factors of termination rates using extensive data over a 5-year period from a freemium platform on sport and breeding horses. We find that shorter contract terms, increasing involvement, and increasing platform-specific content reduces termination rates. Furthermore, freemium providers should pay special attention to the interaction of video views and number of last logins. While both variables individually have no significant influence, the interaction effect positively affects termination rates. The higher both the number of video views and the number of last logins, the higher the termination rate. For freemium providers this finding leads to a dilemma. In short term (within a week), they do not know if a premium user has logged in for the last time and is willing to terminate. Still, this result is highly relevant for freemium providers. They should use our results to analyze last logins and video views ex post. In this way, they can learn about their customers’ behavior and find out how to reduce the termination rate in the future.
3D SOI edge coupler design for high tolerance
Authors: Yu Shengtao , Li Xiaoyu , Gui Chengqun
Published: February 2023

We designed and manufactured two single-mode fiber-to-chip three-dimensional (3D) edge couplers with taper and semi-cone structures on a 3.5 µm silicon device layer of a silicon-on-insulator. The 3D finite-difference time-domain is used to simulate and optimize the structure of the edge couplers within the 1550 nm band. The simulation results reveal a maximum coupling efficiency of the 3D edge couplers above 91.42% for the TE mode. The 3 dB coupling tolerances of the TE mode in horizontal and vertical directions are ±4.5 and ±1.5 µm, respectively. Laser-direct-writing grayscale lithography and inductive coupled plasma-reactive ion etching are used in the fabrication of 3D edge couplers. Experimental data show that 3D couplers have a maximum coupling efficiency of about 83.41% in the TE mode.
Comparison of sleep timing of people with different chronotypes affected by modern lifestyle
Authors: Li Ying , Guo Ji-Chen , Wang Xue
Published: February 2023

Circadian rhythm is an endogenous rhythmic behavior of organisms which can be entrained by daily light–dark cycles. The timing of human sleep-cycle is regulated by endogenous circadian rhythm and homeostatic processes. Light exposure affects both sleep timing and circadian rhythm. Now humans can extend lighting time by turning on artificial lights and wake up time is usually triggered by alarm clocks to meet social schedules. This modern lifestyle is believed to be related with a temporal mismatch between sleep and circadian rhythmicity (social jet-lag) and insufficient sleep, which lead to ill mental and physical health outcomes. At present, the impacts of self-selection of light exposure and social constrains on sleep timing is far from clear. According to preferred sleep-wake schedule, there are three different chronotypes. In this paper, we apply a mathematical model to get a quantitative comparison of sleep timing of people with different chronotypes with the effects of modern light consumption and social constrains. The results show that the prolonged day light and evening light exposure both delay preferred sleep timing with the sleep duration almost unchanged. People of evening-type or with longer intrinsic periods are most expected to be vulnerable to evening light. Increasing light exposure can offset the effect of evening light to some extent, but it is most difficult for evening-type people. Social constrains cause the largest social jet-lag in people of evening-type, which increases with evening light intensity or intrinsic periods. Morning-type people’s sleep symptoms worsens, while that of evening-type people improves with age. This study provides a theoretical reference for preventing and treating sleep disorder and social jet-lag for individuals with different chronotypes.
Molecular dynamics study on the dependence of thermal conductivity on size and strain in GaN nanofilms
Authors: Tang Ying , Liu Junkun , Yu Zihao , Sun Ligang , Zhu Linli
Published: February 2023

The thermal conductivity of GaN nanofilm is simulated by using the molecular dynamics (MD) method to explore the influence of the nanofilm thickness and the pre-strain field under different temperatures. It is demonstrated that the thermal conductivity of GaN nanofilm increases with the increase of nanofilm thickness, while decreases with the increase of temperature. Meanwhile, the thermal conductivity of strained GaN nanofilms is weakened with increasing the tensile strain. The film thickness and environment temperature can affect the strain effect on the thermal conductivity of GaN nanofilms. In addition, the analysis of phonon properties of GaN nanofilm shows that the phonon dispersion and density of states of GaN nanofilms can be significantly modified by the film thickness and strain. The results in this work can provide the theoretical supports for regulating the thermal properties of GaN nanofilm through tailoring the geometric size and strain engineering.
Theoretical research on the transverse spin of structured optical fields inside a waveguide
Authors: Wang Zhiyong , Wang Xiangru , Li Anran , Zhang Kaiqiang , Ji Yukun , Zhong Mingyu
Published: February 2023

Structured optical fields inside a waveguide possess the transverse spin, i.e., the spin angular momentum perpendicular to the direction of the waveguide. The physical origin of the transverse spin can be attributed to the presence of an effective rest mass of photons in guided waves, or equivalently, to the existence of a longitudinal field component, such that the transverse and longitudinal fields together form an elliptical polarization plane. In contrary to the traditional viewpoint, the transverse spin of photons in guided waves is also quantized, and its quantization form is related to the ellipticity of the polarization ellipse. The direction of the transverse spin depends on the propagation direction of electromagnetic waves along the waveguide, such a spin-momentum locking may have important applications in spin-dependent unidirectional optical interfaces. By means of a coupling between the transverse spin of guided waves and some physical degrees of freedom, one can develop an optical analogy of spintronics, i.e., spinoptics.
Pure spin current injection of single-layer monochalcogenides
Authors: Mendoza Bernardo S , Grillo Simone , Juárez-Reyes Lucila , Fregoso Benjamin M
Published: February 2023

We compute the spectrum of pure spin current injection in ferroelectric single-layer SnS, SnSe, GeS, and GeSe. The formalism takes into account the coherent spin dynamics of optically excited conduction states split in energy by spin–orbit coupling. The velocity of the electron’s spins is calculated as a function of incoming photon energy and angle of linearly polarized light within a full electronic band structure scheme using density functional theory. We find peak speeds of 520, 360, 270 and 370 Km s−1 for SnS, SnSe, GeS and GeSe, respectively which are an order of magnitude larger than those found in bulk semiconductors, e.g., GaAs and CdSe. Interestingly, the spin velocity is almost independent of the direction of polarization of light in a range of photon energies. Our results demonstrate that single-layer SnS, SnSe, GeS and GeSe are candidates to produce on demand spin-current in spintronics applications.
Current Status of Early Complications Caused by Hyaluronic Acid Fillers: Insights From a Descriptive, Observational Study of 41,775 Cases
Authors: Nishikawa Ayaka , Aikawa Yoshiyuki , Kono Taro
Published: February 2023

Background

The number of hyaluronic acid (HA) filler treatments has increased in recent years. Although extremely rare, serious complications associated with these treatments, such as skin necrosis, blindness, and stroke caused by vascular compromise, have been reported.

Objectives

To evaluate the specific details related to early complications caused by HA filler injection in our group, understand the current status, and gain further insights from the findings.

Methods

A nationwide, observational, descriptive, multicenter, retrospective study was conducted. Of the 41,775 cases (58,533 sites of injection), 29 cases of early complications (onset of less than 14 days after injection) were included in the study.

Results

The injection site with the highest rate of early complications was the upper eyelids (0.41%; n = 1/241 sites). The most commonly injected site was the nasolabial fold (n = 13/29 cases), and the most common early complication was vascular compromise (n = 18/29 cases). The average experience of the injectors was 28.7 ± 31.9 months.

Conclusions

All 13 patients injected in the nasolabial fold experienced vascular compromise, potentially related to the anatomical feature of a facial artery running parallel to the nasolabial fold, which is commonly found in Asian populations. Regardless of the injection site, accurate anatomical knowledge and knowledge and experience regarding HA fillers, including appropriate patient selection and injection techniques, are strictly required for injectors to anticipate early complications. Therefore, it is important to establish original guidelines based on experience and ensure their thorough implementation in our facilities.

Level of Evidence: 4
Localized papulonodular facial eruption in a patient with HIV
Authors: Akinbisehin Rosemary , Bunker Christopher B , Kravvas Georgios , Ratynska Marzena
Published: February 2023

A 47-year-old woman with HIV presented with a nodular eruption on her face.
Macro-Level Social Work Interventions in Schools: Poverty Simulation Programs as Professional Development Opportunities for K–12 Educators
Authors: Curry Anna Maria T , Tomczak Stephen Monroe
Published: February 2023

Poverty continues to be a significant public health crisis across the United States, and its impact is particularly prevalent among school-aged youth and their families. Many K–12 educators do not fully understand the realities associated with living in poverty. Such a lack of understanding impacts teachers’ ability to meet the unique educational needs of students experiencing poverty and develop positive teacher–student relationships. This article sets the stage for further discussion on the lack of quality training, education, and professional development for teachers on poverty. The authors propose a model for professional development aimed at increasing empathy and understanding among K–12 educators through experiential learning tools such as the Community Action Poverty Simulation. The article concludes with an in-depth discussion on implications for future practice and a call to action for school social workers to bring innovative solutions to their campuses that pull from their educational background in advocacy and social justice to enhance teacher training through an interdisciplinary approach.
Changes in adult obesity prevalence in Denmark, 1987–2021: age–period–cohort analysis of nationally representative data
Authors: Schramm Stine , Sørensen Thorkild I A , Davidsen Michael , Tolstrup Janne S
Published: February 2023

Background

During the last decades, the prevalence of obesity [body mass index (BMI): weight/height2), ≥30.00 kg/m2] among adults has increased considerably. We examined whether this increase in a high-income, welfare state, like Denmark was driven by age, period or cohort effects, which would inform preventive strategies aiming at reducing the prevalence.

Methods

We used data from the National Representative Health and Morbidity Studies, which are representative surveys of the Danish adult population (age 16 years and above), conducted in 1987, 1994, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2013, 2017 and 2021 (N = 91 684). Participants reported height and weight, from which BMI was calculated after correction for systematic bias in self-reported data and non-response. Age, survey year and birth cohorts were mutually adjusted and adjusted for sex in generalized linear models.

Results

The obesity prevalence increased from 6.1% in 1987 to 18.4% in 2021, similarly in men (18.8%) and women (18.0%) and in all age groups. Age had an inverted u-shaped effect on the prevalence. Compared with individuals aged 16–24 years, the highest rate of obesity was seen for the age group 55–64 years [rate ratio 3.27, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.58; 4.14]. The increasing rate for each recent survey year over time was compatible with a period effect without any birth cohort effects. The rate for obesity in 2021 was 4.16 in 1987 vs. 1987 (95% CI: 3.10; 5.59).

Conclusions

Obesity prevalence in Denmark increased steadily during the period 1987 through 2021, primarily driven by secular changes over time across all ages and birth cohorts.
Viral infections likely mediate microbial controls on ecosystem responses to global warming
Authors: Wieczynski Daniel J , Yoshimura Kristin M , Denison Elizabeth R , Geisen Stefan , DeBruyn Jennifer M , Shaw A Jonathan , Weston David J , Pelletier Dale A , Wilhelm Steven W , Gibert Jean P
Published: February 2023

Climate change is affecting how energy and matter flow through ecosystems, thereby altering global carbon and nutrient cycles. Microorganisms play a fundamental role in carbon and nutrient cycling and are thus an integral link between ecosystems and climate. Here, we highlight a major black box hindering our ability to anticipate ecosystem climate responses: viral infections within complex microbial food webs. We show how understanding and predicting ecosystem responses to warming could be challenging—if not impossible—without accounting for the direct and indirect effects of viral infections on different microbes (bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists) that together perform diverse ecosystem functions. Importantly, understanding how rising temperatures associated with climate change influence viruses and virus-host dynamics is crucial to this task, yet is severely understudied. In this perspective, we (i) synthesize existing knowledge about virus-microbe-temperature interactions and (ii) identify important gaps to guide future investigations regarding how climate change might alter microbial food web effects on ecosystem functioning. To provide real-world context, we consider how these processes may operate in peatlands—globally significant carbon sinks that are threatened by climate change. We stress that understanding how warming affects biogeochemical cycles in any ecosystem hinges on disentangling complex interactions and temperature responses within microbial food webs.
Manipulation of plant metabolism by pathogen effectors: more than just food
Authors: Cai Jun , Jiang Yuxin , Ritchie Erin S , Macho Alberto P , Yu Feng , Wu Dousheng
Published: February 2023

To successfully infect plants, pathogens secrete effector proteins to the plant apoplast or inside plant cells, where they suppress plant immunity or interfere with other cellular processes to facilitate infection. Plant metabolism is crucial for most cellular processes and plays a key role in defense against pathogens, making it a major target for pathogen effectors. Effector proteins manipulate host metabolism to provide the pathogen with nutrients or to indirectly suppress plant chemical defense responses. Recent studies have shown that pathogens also utilize effectors to shape the microbiota composition by altering the concentration of certain plant metabolites. Here, we summarize current knowledge on the manipulation of plant metabolism by pathogen effectors. We also discuss what remains unknown regarding the manipulation of host metabolism by pathogen effectors.
Identifying vulnerable marine ecosystems: an image-based vulnerability index for the Southern Ocean seafloor
Authors: Gros Charley , Jansen Jan , Untiedt Candice , Pearman Tabitha R R , Downey Rachel , Barnes David K A , Bowden David A , Welsford Dirk C , Hill Nicole A
Published: February 2023

A significant proportion of Southern Ocean seafloor biodiversity is thought to be associated with fragile, slow growing, long-lived, and habitat-forming taxa. Minimizing adverse impact to these so-called vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs) is a conservation priority that is often managed by relying on fisheries bycatch data, combined with threshold-based conservation rules in which all “indicator” taxa are considered equal. However, VME indicator taxa have different vulnerabilities to fishing disturbance and more consideration needs to be given to how these taxa may combine to form components of ecosystems with high conservation value. Here, we propose a multi-criteria approach to VME identification that explicitly considers multiple taxa identified from imagery as VME indicator morpho-taxa. Each VME indicator morpho-taxon is weighted differently, based on its vulnerability to fishing. Using the “Antarctic Seafloor Annotated Imagery Database”, where 53 VME indicator morpho-taxa were manually annotated generating >40000 annotations, we computed an index of cumulative abundance and overall richness and assigned it to spatial grid cells. Our analysis quantifies the assemblage-level vulnerability to fishing, and allows assemblages to be characterized, e.g. as highly diverse or highly abundant. The implementation of this quantitative method is intended to enhance VME identification and contextualize the bycatch events.
Transport-driven seasonal abundance of pelagic fishes in the Chukchi Sea observed with seafloor-mounted echosounders
Authors: Levine R M , De Robertis A , Grünbaum D , Wilson C D
Published: February 2023

Recent summer surveys of the northeastern Chukchi Sea found pelagic fishes were dominated by large numbers of age-0 Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida, Gadidae) and walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus, Gadidae), while adult fishes were comparatively scarce. The source and fate of these young fishes remain unclear, as sampling in this region is impeded by seasonal ice cover much of the year. Seafloor-mounted echosounders were deployed at three locations in the northeastern Chukchi Sea from 2017 to 2019 to determine the movement and seasonal variability of these age-0 gadids. These observations indicated that the abundance of pelagic fishes and community composition on the Chukchi Sea shelf were highly variable on seasonal time scales, with few fish present in winter. Tracking indicated that fish movements were strongly correlated with local currents. Fishes were primarily displaced to the northeast in summer and fall, with periodic reversals towards the southwest driven by changes in regional wind patterns. The flux of fishes past the moorings indicated that the prevailing northward currents transport a large proportion of the age-0 pelagic fishes present on the Chukchi shelf in summer to the northeast by fall, leading to relatively low abundances of age-1+fishes in this environment.
A systematic review and thematic synthesis exploring the role of pharmacists in supporting better sleep health and managing sleep disorders
Authors: Ashkanani Fatemah Zakareya , Lindsey Laura , Rathbone Adam Pattison
Published: February 2023

Background

Sleep is an essential part of mental and physical well-being. Sleep disorders may lead to psychiatric and physical conditions that contribute to morbidity and mortality. They lead to severe health and economic consequences across high-, intermediate- and low-income countries. Little is known about how pharmacists manage sleep disorders for patients in high, intermediate and low-income countries.

Method

Four databases were systematically searched, and titles, abstracts, and full texts were screened to detect relevant studies. Data were extracted from literature and thematically synthesised to identify descriptive and analytical themes.

Results

Thirty-four studies met the inclusion criteria. Most studies were from high-income countries (n = 33) and based in community pharmacy settings (n = 17). Four descriptive themes were identified: (1) how pharmacists manage sleep disorders, (2) the impact of pharmacists’ interventions on sleep, (3) barriers to managing sleep by pharmacists and (4) inappropriate sleep disorders management by pharmacists. Three analytical themes were synthesised from extracted data that identified the pharmacists have roles as (1) de-prescribers, (2) collaborators and (3) educators in sleep management services.

Conclusion

Pharmacists have three clear roles in sleep disorder management; deprescribing, collaboration with other healthcare professionals and educators. However, most of the literature is from high-income countries; therefore, further work is needed to explore these roles in low and middle-income countries.
Recent Trends in MALDI-MS Drugs Analysis in Human Hair: Pre-Analytical and Analytical Challenges and Pitfalls
Authors: Kernalléguen Angéline , Kintz Pascal , Leonetti Georges , Lafitte Daniel , Pélissier-Alicot Anne-Laure
Published: February 2023

The value of hair in forensic toxicology has already been widely demonstrated. It offers a much wider detection window than other matrices, and its segmental analysis allows the documentation of a single, occasional or regular consumption of a large number of molecules. To date, considerable efforts are being made to achieve very high sensitivity using increasingly effective techniques in the forensic analysis of hair (gas chromatography with electron ionization mass spectrometry (GC--EI-MS); gas chromatography with chemical ionization mass spectrometry (GC--CI-MS); gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC--MS-MS); high or ultra performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS-MS and UPLC–MS-MS)). Since the early 2000s, work has been carried out to analyze hair using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) coupled with imaging mass spectrometry (IMS). Intact, cut or pulverized, human head hairs are analyzed in all their forms. With a simplified and rapid sample preparation protocol, MALDI-IMS appears to be an attractive option for the forensic interpretation of hair analysis. The high spatial resolution clearly competes with conventional methods and strand segmentation. This article provides a complete overview on MALDI techniques used and its applications to better understand the pre-analytical and the analytical parts in the hair analysis.
Pandemic Recessions and Contact Tracing
Authors: Melosi Leonardo , Rottner Matthias
Published: February 2023

We study contact tracing in a new macro-epidemiological model with asymptomatic transmission and limited testing capacity. Contact tracing is a testing strategy that aims to reconstruct the infection chain of newly symptomatic agents. This strategy may be unsuccessful because of an externality leading agents to expand their interactions at rates exceeding policymakers’ ability to test all the traced contacts. Complementing contact tracing with timely deployed containment measures (e.g., social distancing or a tighter quarantine policy) corrects this externality and delivers outcomes that are remarkably similar to the benchmark case where tests are unlimited. We provide theoretical underpinnings to the risk of becoming infected in macro-epidemiological models. Our methodology to reconstruct infection chains is not affected by curse-of-dimensionality problems.
Treatment outcome after sequential chemotherapy with cisplatin-etoposide, amrubicin and nogitecan in patients with treatment-related pure small-cell neuroendocrine prostate cancer
Authors: Ueki Hideto , Terakawa Tomoaki , Hara Takuto , Hirata Junichiro , Jimbo Naoe , Okamura Yasuyoshi , Bando Yukari , Furukawa Junya , Harada Kenichi , Nakano Yuzo , Fujisawa Masato
Published: February 2023

Objective

This study retrospectively reviewed the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients with histologically diagnosed treatment-related pure small-cell neuroendocrine prostate cancer.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated data for 13 patients with treatment-related neuroendocrine prostate cancer who were diagnosed between May 2015 and February 2022. Standardized systemic therapies of etoposide plus cisplatin (or carboplatin), amrubicin and nogitecan were selected as sequential treatments. Cancer-specific survival and progression-free survival were evaluated as the primary endpoint. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the relationships between treatment regimens, clinical variables, cancer-specific survival and progression-free survival.

Results

The median cancer-specific survival after diagnosis for all patients was 22.4 months (range 1.3–33.4 months). The median progression-free survival was 9.3 months after first-line etoposide plus cisplatin (or carboplatin) treatment (n = 13); 4.2 months after second-line amrubicin treatment (n = 4); and >15 months after third-line nogitecan treatment (n = 2). The median progression-free survival after first-line chemotherapy of the liver metastasis (−) group was 10.2 months, and that of the (+) group was 5.3 months (P = 0.015, hazard ratio = 11.6, 95% confidence interval = 1.01 – 133.7). No clinicopathological parameters were identified as significant independent predictors of cancer-specific survival in univariate analysis.

Conclusion

Sequential chemotherapy with etoposide plus cisplatin (or carboplatin), amrubicin and nogitecan may be helpful for patients with treatment-related pure small-cell neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Early biopsy of metastases and initiation of effective therapy is essential for patients with progressive castration-resistant prostate cancer and low prostate-specific antigen.
“As Inscrutable as the Sphinx, but Far More Dangerous”: Trends in Democratic–Personalist Conflict
Authors: Schramm Madison
Published: February 2023

While liberal democracies do not go to war with other democracies, they frequently engage in conflict with autocratic regimes. Little research has been conducted, however, to indicate what type of autocracies liberal democracies tend to target. This article demonstrates that liberal democracies are more likely to initiate conflict against personalist regimes, rather than autocracies with some form of collective leadership. I argue that, when a conflict of interest arises between a liberal democracy and a personalist regime, liberal foreign policy elites’ psychology and social identity work together to produce particular emotional responses, predisposing them to favor coercive action against personalist regimes. This paper presents new quantitative evidence regarding patterns in democratic–personalist conflict and introduces process evidence from US foreign policy decision-making during the Gulf Crisis.
Prediction of potential suitable areas forBroussonetia papyriferain China using the MaxEnt model and CIMP6 data
Authors: Wang Meiquan , Guan Qingwei
Published: February 2023

Broussonetia papyrifera is an important native tree species in China with strong adaptability, wide distribution and economic importance. Climate change is considered as the main threat to ecological processes and global biodiversity. Predicting the potential geographical distribution of B. papyrifera in future climate change scenarios will provide a scientific basis for ecological restoration in China. Principal component analysis and Pearson correlation analysis were conducted to select the environmental variables. The distribution and changes in the potential suitable area for B. papyrifera were predicted using the maximum entropy model and the CIMP6 dataset from 2041 to 2060. The current highly suitable areas for B. papyrifera were mainly located in Guangdong (5.60 × 104 km2), Guangxi (4.39 × 104 km2), Taiwan (2.54 × 104 km2) and Hainan (2.17 × 104 km2). The mean temperature of the coldest quarter (11.54–27.11 °C), precipitation of the driest quarter (51.48–818.40 mm) and precipitation of the wettest quarter (665.51–2302.60 mm) were the main factors limiting the suitable areas for B. papyrifera. The multi-modal average of the highly and the total suitable areas for B. papyrifera were 111.42 × 104 and 349.11 × 104 km2 in the SSP5-8.5 scenario, while those in the SSP1-2.6 scenario were 87.50 × 104 and 328.29 × 104 km2, respectively. The gained suitable areas for B. papyrifera will expand to the western and northern China in the future scenarios. The multi-model averaging results showed that the potential available planting area was 212.66 × 104 and 229.32 × 104 km2 in the SSP1-2.6 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios, respectively, when the suitable area within the farmland range was excluded.
The Two Gentlemen of Zurich: Marcus Stapfer and Johann Rudolph Hess, Swiss Travellers to England (1611–13), and Their Shakespeare Quartos
Authors: Erne Lukas
Published: February 2023

This article recovers parts of the biographically and bibliographically intertwined history of two early modern Zurich citizens, their joint travels and the Shakespeare quartos each of them owned. The first part focuses on a previously forgotten copy of the third quarto edition of Pericles (1611), now at the Zurich Central Library, and its original owner recorded on the title page, Marcus Stapfer (1591–1619). The second part of the article adds to the investigation Johann Rudolf Hess (1588–1655), the owner of the other early Shakespeare quartos at the Zurich Central Library. Stapfer and Hess jointly undertook extended educational travels from 1610 to 1614, including to London, where they are likely to have acquired their Shakespeare quartos in the summer of 1613. The article traces what is known about the quartos’ subsequent ownership history, before concluding that Shakespeare thus appears to have had a continuous bibliographic presence in Switzerland since the early seventeenth century.
A reunion of Gödel, Tarski, Carnap and Rosser
Authors: Salehi Saeed
Published: February 2023

We unify Gödel’s first incompleteness theorem (1931), Tarski’s undefinability theorem (1933), Gödel-Carnap’s diagonal lemma (1934) and Rosser’s (strengthening of Gödel’s first) incompleteness theorem (1936), whose proofs resemble much and use almost the same technique.
Information economics in the criminal standard of proof
Authors: Dahlman Christian , Nordgaard Anders
Published: February 2023

In this paper we model the criminal standard of proof as a twofold standard requiring sufficient probability of the factum probandum and sufficient informativeness. The focus of the paper is on the latter requirement, and we use decision theory to develop a model for sufficient informativeness. We demonstrate that sufficient informativeness is fundamentally a question of information economics and switch-ability. In our model, sufficient informativeness is a cost-benefit-analysis of further investigations that involves a prediction of the possibility that such investigations will produce evidence that switches the decision from conviction to acquittal. Critics of the Bayesian approach to legal evidence have claimed that ‘weight’ cannot be captured in a Bayesian model. Contrary to this claim, our model shows how sufficient informativeness can be modelled as a second order probability.
Impact of Gestational Diabetes on the Thymus Gland of Rat’s Offspring and the Possible Ameliorating Effect of Thymoquinone: Biochemical, Histological, and Immunohistochemical Study
Authors: Mokhtar Yasmine Osama Mohamed , Mokhemer Sahar Ahmed , Mohammed Hanaa Hassanein , El-Tahawy Nashwa Fathy Gamal
Published: February 2023

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) not only has short-term side effects on offspring but also has an increased risk of developing chronic diseases in adulthood. The thymus gland is a vital organ of immune system and thymoquinone (TQ) has an immunomodulatory effect. This study aimed to investigate the long-term adverse effects of GDM on offspring’s thymus gland and the ameliorating effect of TQ. Pregnant rats were divided into four groups: C-group, T-group, GD-group, and GD + T-group. Offspring of all groups were subdivided into two subgroups, one sacrificed on day 21 and the other on day 42. The thymus of the offspring in the GD-group at both time points revealed a significant decrease in thymic weight, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels with a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels. Moreover, there were microscopic degenerative changes, a significant decrease in C/M ratio, CD3, CD4, and CD8 immune expression, and a significant increase in activated caspase-3 immune expression. Interestingly, TQ administration revealed a significant increase in thymic weight, thymic SOD and GSH, C/M ratio, and CD3, CD4, and CD8 immune expression with a significant decrease in MDA, IL-8, TNF-α and activated caspase-3. For the first time, this study has shown that GDM causes long-term oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation in offspring’s thymus and these changes could be attenuated by TQ.
Mental Health Outcomes Among American Indian and Alaska Native U.S. Army Soldiers: A Serial Cross-Sectional Analysis
Authors: Beymer Matthew R , Apostolou Andria , Smith Colin M , Paschane David M , Gomez Stephanie A Q , James Tamara D , Bell Amy Millikan , Santo Theresa , Quartana Phillip J
Published: February 2023

Introduction

American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) individuals in the USA experience higher rates of mental illness and preventable death than the general population. Published research demonstrates that AI/AN veterans experience similar disparities to other minorities compared to non-minority veterans; few studies, however, have assessed mental health outcomes in AI/AN active duty military members. The objective of this study was to determine differences in depression, anxiety, hazardous alcohol consumption, and suicidal ideation among AI/AN soldiers compared to soldiers of other races during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Materials and Methods

We conducted repeated cross-sectional electronic surveys to assess the mental health of active duty and activated reserve U.S. Army soldiers within three commands in the Northwestern Continental United States , Republic of Korea, and Germany during May-June 2020 (T1) and December 2020-January 2021 (T2). The primary exposure of interest in the present analysis was race and ethnicity, and the primary outcomes were probable depression with functional impairment (subsequently “depression”), probable anxiety with functional impairment (subsequently “anxiety”), hazardous alcohol use, and suicidal ideation. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to determine the association between demographics and COVID-19 concerns on mental health outcomes for each time point.

Results

A total of 21,293 participants responded to the survey at T1 (participation rate = 28.0%), and 10,861 participants responded to the survey at T2 (participation rate = 14.7%). In the multivariable model, AI/AN participants had 1.36 higher adjusted odds of suicidal ideation (95% CI: 1.02-1.82) at T1 and 1.50 greater adjusted odds of suicidal ideation at T2 (95% CI: 1.00-2.24), when compared to non-Hispanic White participants. During T1, there was no significant difference detected between AI/AN and non-Hispanic White participants for anxiety (adjusted odds ratio: 1.21; 95% CI: 0.91-1.60) (Table IV). However, AI/AN participants had 1.82 greater adjusted odds of anxiety when compared to non-Hispanic White participants at T2 (adjusted odds ratio: 1.82; 95% CI: 1.29-2.57). There were no significant differences detected between AI/AN participants and non-Hispanic White participants in multivariable models for either depression or hazardous alcohol use at both time points.

Conclusions

Although we hypothesized that all adverse mental health outcomes would be higher for AI/AN service members at both time points, there were no significant differences at each of the time points analyzed for most of the outcomes analyzed. However, differences in suicidal ideation were found at both time points. Analyses and proposed interventions should account for diversity and heterogeneity of AI/AN populations.
Martian dayside magnetic topology and structures of the cross-terminator magnetic loops – multispecies magnetohydrodynamic simulations
Authors: Li Guokan , Lu Haoyu , Li Yun , Cao Jinbin , Li Shibang
Published: February 2023

The interaction between impinging magnetized solar wind and Martian crustal fields produces complexly distributed magnetic topologies in the dayside magnetosphere. This study focused on obtaining the distribution of Martian dayside magnetic topology and the structures of the cross-terminator magnetic loops. A 3D multispecies magnetohydrodynamic model was employed to simulate the interactions between Mars and solar winds, and a 110° spherical harmonic model was used to calculate the crustal fields. We randomly extracted more than 1000 magnetic field lines from the near-Mars region of the model results. These results indicate the existence of large-scale closed fields and high-inclination-angle open fields in the Southern hemisphere, exerting their influence even above the height of the ionopause, resulting in a complex relationship between plasma motion and magnetic topology distribution. In contrast, the plasma motion patterns in the Northern hemisphere are similar to those observed in unmagnetized planets. Furthermore, the model results show two types of cross-terminator magnetic loop. Small-scale cross-terminator magnetic loops connect the local atmosphere on the dayside and nightside, whereas many large-scale magnetic loops cross the centre–tail region and extend more than 2RM downstream of Mars, especially in the Southern hemisphere. Finally, the clock angle distribution shows magnetic field distortion at 1000 km altitude. This study provides a clearer and more detailed description of the Martian dayside magnetic topology and the structures of the cross-terminator magnetic loops.