bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Information Diffusion on Bidding Behavior in Secret Reserve Price Auctions
Authors: Hinz Oliver , Spann Martin
Published: October 2008

The interactive nature of the Internet promotes collaborative business models (e.g., auctions) and facilitates information-sharing via social networks. In Internet auctions, an important design option for sellers is the setting of a secret reserve price that has to be met by a buyer's bid for a successful purchase. Bidders have strong incentives to learn more about the secret reserve price in these auctions, thereby relying on their own network of friends or digital networks of users with similar interests and information needs. Information-sharing and flow in digital networks, both person-to-person and via communities, can change bidding behavior and thus can have important implications for buyers and sellers in secret reserve price auctions. This paper uses a multiparadigm approach to analyze the impact of information diffusion in social networks on bidding behavior in secret reserve price auctions. We first develop an analytical model for the effect of shared information on individual bidding behavior in a secret reserve price auction with a single buyer facing a single seller similar to eBay's Best Offer and some variants of NYOP. Next, we combine the implications from our analytical model with relational data that describe the individual's position in social networks. We empirically test the implications of our analytical model in a laboratory experiment, and examine the impact of information diffusion in social networks on bidding behavior in a field study with real purchases where we use a virtual world as proxy for the real world. We find that the amount and dispersion of information in the individualized context, and betweenness centrality in the social network context, have a significant impact on bidding behavior. Finally, we discuss the implications of our results for buyers and sellers.
Research Note—Towards Dynamic Visualization for Understanding Evolution of Digital Communication Networks
Authors: Trier Matthias
Published: October 2008

The capabilities offered by digital communication are leading to the evolution of new network structures that are grounded in communication patterns. As these structures are significant for organizations, much research has been devoted to understanding network dynamics in ongoing processes of electronic communication. A valuable method for this objective is Social Network Analysis. However, its current focus on quantifying and interpreting aggregated static relationship structures suffers from some limitations for the domain of analyzing online communication with high volatility and massive exchange of timed messages. To overcome these limitations, this paper presents a method for event-based dynamic network visualization and analysis together with its exploratory social network intelligence software Commetrix. Based on longitudinal data of corporate email communication, the paper demonstrates how exploration of animated graphs combined with measuring temporal network changes identifies measurement artifacts of static network analysis, describes community formation processes and network lifecycles, bridges actor level with network level analysis by analyzing the structural impact of actor activities, and measures how network structures react to external events. The methods and findings improve our understanding of dynamic phenomena in online communication and motivate novel metrics that complement Social Network Analysis.
Emergence of New Project Teams from Open Source Software Developer Networks: Impact of Prior Collaboration Ties
Authors: Hahn Jungpil , Moon Jae Yun , Zhang Chen
Published: October 2008

Recent years have witnessed a surge in self-organizing voluntary teams collaborating online to produce goods and services. Motivated by this phenomenon, this research investigates how these teams are formed and how individuals make decisions about which teams to join in the context of open source software development (OSSD). The focus of this paper is to explore how the collaborative network affects developers' choice of newly initiated OSS projects to participate in. More specifically, by analyzing software project data from real-world OSSD projects, we empirically test the impact of past collaborative ties with and perceived status of project members in the network on the self-assembly of OSSD teams. Overall, we find that a developer is more likely to join a project when he has strong collaborative ties with its initiator. We also find that perceived status of the noninitiator members of a project influences its probability of attracting developers. We discuss the implications of our results with respect to self-organizing teams and OSSD.
Examining the Relationship Between Reviews and Sales: The Role of Reviewer Identity Disclosure in Electronic Markets
Authors: Forman Chris , Ghose Anindya , Wiesenfeld Batia
Published: October 2008

Consumer-generated product reviews have proliferated online, driven by the notion that consumers' decision to purchase or not purchase a product is based on the positive or negative information about that product they obtain from fellow consumers. Using research on information processing as a foundation, we suggest that in the context of an online community, reviewer disclosure of identity-descriptive information is used by consumers to supplement or replace product information when making purchase decisions and evaluating the helpfulness of online reviews. Using a unique data set based on both chronologically compiled ratings as well as reviewer characteristics for a given set of products and geographical location-based purchasing behavior from Amazon, we provide evidence that community norms are an antecedent to reviewer disclosure of identity-descriptive information. Online community members rate reviews containing identity-descriptive information more positively, and the prevalence of reviewer disclosure of identity information is associated with increases in subsequent online product sales. In addition, we show that shared geographical location increases the relationship between disclosure and product sales, thus highlighting the important role of geography in electronic commerce. Taken together, our results suggest that identity-relevant information about reviewers shapes community members' judgment of products and reviews. Implications for research on the relationship between online word-of-mouth (WOM) and sales, peer recognition and reputation systems, and conformity to online community norms are discussed.
Editorial Overview—The Interplay Between Digital and Social Networks
Authors: Agarwal Ritu , Gupta Anil K. , Kraut Robert
Published: October 2008

Social networks constructed on digital platforms are becoming increasingly pervasive in all aspects of individual and organizational life. This special issue of Information Systems Research includes 10 papers that focus on the interplay between digital and social networks. The interplay draws attention to the fact that digital interaction among individuals and organizations is almost always embedded in, influenced by, and in turn influences a social network. The papers in this special issue collectively shed light on the technical, behavioral, and economic challenges and implications of such networks and contribute to our understanding of how the power of such networks can be harnessed.
A Fateful Triangle? Tales of Art, Commerce, and Science from the Irish Advertising Field
Authors: Kelly Aidan , Lawlor Katrina , O'Donohoe Stephanie
Published: October 2008

This paper examines the relations between art, commerce, and science in advertising production, and explores how these relations interact in the context of an Irish advertising agency. First, we develop a genealogy of art, commerce and science in advertising that reviews contemporary research perspectives on international advertising practice. We then outline a brief history of the Irish advertising industry, and report on the findings of discourse analytic interviews conducted with Irish advertising professionals. We present these findings as five "interpretative repertoires" which characterize the social process of advertising production in the Irish agency, and the relations between art, commerce and science, constructed within the interview accounts, as theorized from the data analysis. The findings indicate that the values of commerce and science are more dominant within the agency; art is discussed as a very distinct discipline by Irish advertising practitioners. The paper concludes by considering how the findings of the study enhance our understanding of the everyday nature of advertising work.
"Liquid Modernity" and Irish Identity: Irishness in Guinness, Jameson, and Ballygowan Advertisements
Authors: Kuhling Carmen
Published: October 2008

Advertisements tap into collective representations or shared cultural values regarding identity, community, and authenticity. In this paper, we will examine representations of Irish identity in advertising campaigns for Guinness Stout, Ballygowan Water, and Jameson Whiskey, all of which reflect Ireland's experience of "liquid modernity" and occupy different places on the spectrum of two conflicting representations of Irishness apparent in Ireland today. On one side, these brands appeal to a pre-modern Celtic culture or traditional solidarity, but on the other, they aspire to and exhibit a postmodern, hybridized, and aspirational cosmopolitanism, though to differing degrees. Ad campaigns for Ballygowan Water (which formerly had used a slogan, "the power of purity," as well as Celtic mythology) now represent Irishness through exuberant young street dancers and a diverse urban culture. On the other hand, the Guinness ad campaign's "knowing what matters" paradoxically appeals to a traditional version of Irish community despite the fact that Guinness is now owned by Diageo, a multinational corporation. These diverse representations of Irishness reflect the cultural ambivalence and contradictory effects of various cultural collisions that have resulted from the processes of globalization/accelerated modernization in Ireland.
Los planes colombo-mexicanos de expedición conjunta para la liberación de Cuba (1820-1827)
Authors: Delgado Hernán Venegas
Published: October 2008

L'article présente une analyse des projets du Mexique et de la Colombie d'organiser une expédition navale durant la décennie de l'année 1820. L'objectif de cette expédition était de réaliser l'indépendance de Cuba et finalement celle de Porto Rico, deux îles caribéennes contrôlées par l'Espagne. Ces projets avaient l'appui du mouvement des révolutionnaires cubains résidés à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur de Cuba. Dans le but d'atteindre leur objectif, ces derniers se sont unis aux esclaves du centre de l'île. Les présidents mexicain et colombien, Guadalupe Victoria et Simón Bolívar, étaient complètement convaincu que l'indépendance de ces îles ne pouvait être possible qu'à travers un accord entre le deux pays, avec la participation de tous les cubains. En conséquence, au début de la décennie de l'année 1820, le Mexique et la Colombie, ont augmenté leurs flottes de guerre. Ces flottes étaient prêtes pour le débarquement à Cuba. Cependant, le changement politique de la France en voie de restauration, l'hostilité des États-Unis et l'ambiguïté politique de l'Angleterre dans la caraïbe contre l'indépendance de Cuba et de Porto Rico ont bloqué les efforts des colombiens et des mexicains.
Vanishing Complainants: The Place of Violence in Family, Gender, Work, and Law
Authors: Lazarus-Black Mindie
Published: October 2008

Pourquoi quand les chercheurs font des recherches dans les Antilles anglophones, les cas de violence domestique disparaissent dans les cours de justice? Pour répondre à cette question, je présente deux types d'information. D'abord, je passe en revue différentes recherches réalisées sur la famille, le genre et le travail sur cette région. Dans chaque catégorie, j'ai trouvé un espace pour la violence. Ensuite, je mets l'accent sur un cas de violence domestique qui a eu lieu à Trinidad. J'examine les interactions complexes entre la victime et les membres de la famille, les voisins et les agents de l'ordre, en precisant leur participation mutuelle dans la culture de réconciliation . Les cultures de réconciliation éclairent des idées sur la famille, le genre, le travail et la loi qui acceptent la tradition de violence quotidienne. Puis, ces cultures interdissent aux victimes de faire appel aux processus légaux. Je propose que le concept des cultures de réconciliation soit valable comme une méthode qui fusionne les idées et les traditions locales en modèles structurels oeuvrant contre les lois des institutions. Ainsi, en identifiant les cultures de réconciliation,, nous pouvons comprendre pourquoi les cas de violence domestique ne font pas parti de l'agenda des cours de justice.
Economic Integration and Caribbean Identity: Convergences and Divergences
Authors: Pantojas García Emilio
Published: October 2008

Les études réalisées sur l'intégration de la Caraïbe et de l'Amérique Latine portent leur attention sur les questions économiques, institutionnelles et géopolitiques. Des sujets d'échange régional (investissement et commerce), de transport, de structures économiques, d'institutions politiques, ainsi que des facteurs géographiques et démographiques, se sont là les variables principales de ces études. Les aspects culturels et idéologiques qui soutiennent la viabilité de l'intégration de la région son rarement considérés comme des éléments principales. Les débats sont portés sur trois facteurs essentiels : géopolitiques, économiques et historico-culturelles qui forment « la dialectique de coopération et de compétence ». Ils constituent le contexte dans lequel des tendances contradictoires fonctionnent de façon simultanée, dont l'objectif est de promouvoir et faire obstacle à l'intégration de la Caraïbe. Ils représentent la base et le point d'appui de l'intégration, ainsi que la compétence et, parfois, une manque de confiance dans la région. Ainsi, les débats de ces trois facteurs suggèrent que la manière de gérer sera cruciale pour la formation d'une identité régionale et la structure d'un projet politique d'intégration.
The Siete Partidas : A Framework for Philanthropy and Coercion During the Amelioration Experiment in Trinidad, 1823-34
Authors: Fergus Claudius
Published: October 2008

Grâce aux lois du régime impériales, en 1823, la société abolitionniste britannique a entamé un débat historique au parlement sur l'amélioration des conditions des esclaves dans les colonies caribéennes. A cause de son statut particulier, un état constitutionnel de l'époque, Trinidad a été choisie pour être le berceau de cette expérience. L'un des arguments principaux était la supposition généralisée par l'humanisme des lois esclavagistes espagnoles. Cet article examine, d'une part, les aspects qui ont précédés la sélection des lois espagnoles sur la réforme de l'esclavage britannique et prouve leurs faiblesses dans la satisfaction des critères relatifs à cette reforme, spécialemente durant la première décennie de la transformation de Trinidad en colonie britannique; d'autre part, explique la sélection du territoire trinidadien comme une notion du premier code civil de l'esclavage durant la période d'amélioration progressiste des droits civils; mais, de façon anachronique sur la violence judiciaire dans l'administration de l'état ou strictement dans les affaires criminelles. L'article explore aussi les nouvelles formes de punition pour les esclaves selon le code civil britannique, consistant dans les relations raciales de l'époque, mais atténué par la tentative de maintenir les principes de la loi espagnole qui considérait l'aspect humanitaire des esclaves.
Une physique de la voix: réflexions sur le théâtre de Koffi Kwahulé
Authors: Soubrier Virginie
Published: October 2008

Cette étude a pour but de mettre en lumière les enjeux poétiques et politiques de l’ “écriture-jazz” de Koffi Kwahulé. De Cette vieille magie noire à Misterioso-119 , l’auteur afro-européen affirme avec toujours plus de conviction une utopie poétique: écrire du jazz. Son théâtre invite à penser les liens complexes entre le corps et la voix, le son et le sens, le désir et le politique.
Cette vieille magie noire de Koffi Kwahulé: un pacte avec le jazz
Authors: Mouëllic Gilles
Published: October 2008

En 2007, Koffi Kwahulé joue lui-même le rôle de Shadow dans une reprise parisienne de Cette vieille magie noire . La présence très concrète du jazz dans cette première pièce est une occasion d’étudier la nature de l’influence de la musique sur l’écriture de l’auteur et de mettre ainsi en perspective ce qui apparaît aujourd’hui comme clé essentielle dans la compréhension de son univers de dramaturge et d’écrivain.
Langage du corps et voix d'auteur dans le théâtre de Sony Labou Tansi: une écriture de l'alibi
Authors: Gbouablé Edwige
Published: October 2008

Dans le théâtre de Sony Labou Tansi, le corps, à la fois matérialité humaine, champ lexical et organisation textuelle, traduit la pensée, la voix de l’auteur congolais. Il constitue un alibi qui permet la révision des pratiques politiques africaines et la remise en question des formes dramatiques classiques.
Entre-deux, entre jeux: l'intermédialité dans les théâtres contemporains
Authors: Konkobo Christophe
Published: October 2008

Le présent article analyse la fonction des médias dans les œuvres de Koffi Kwahulé et de Kossi Efoui. L’intermédialité dévoile ici un système signifiant où la radio, la télévision, et la vidéo participent au tissage de la fable et engendrent des intertextes et des métadiscours qui confèrent au verbe la force de l’action et au jeu la qualité du conte.
Women's Voices, Women's Bodies in José Pliya's Theatre
Authors: Miller Judith G.
Published: October 2008

Beninois playwright and Director of the National Theatre of Guadeloupe José Pliya writes rhythmically provocative parables of emotional unfulfillment in which the "texted" bodies of women characters take center stage. They lock arms in combat, focus attention on genocide and racism, practice psychological cannibalism, and speak to contemporary concerns about negotiating limits and frontiers.
Le Théâtre de Kossi Efoui: polyphonie épique ou épopée lyrique
Authors: Barbolosi Laurence
Published: October 2008

Devant la disparation de la mémoire, comment témoigner des violences de l’histoire? Le théâtre de Kossi Efoui retrace le chemin d’une perte d’histoire, pour retrouver le corps comme porteur de traces visibles d’un récit qui ne peut plus s’effectuer. Le théâtre devient ainsi un lieu qui honore la mémoire des corps en mettant au monde un nouveau corps-texte.
Brothers in Sound: Koffi Kwahulé and Jazz
(Interviews with Gilles Mouëllic)
Authors: Mouëllic Gilles
Published: October 2008

Ivoirian playwright Koffi Kwahulé and French musicologist Gilles Mouëllic discuss how Kwahulé uses jazz to inspire and structure his plays and to seek an audience primed to listen. The violent absence at the core of jazz, the music of people torn from their home, captures for Kwahulé the modern plight of fragmented humanity.
Les Voix de femmes dans l'oeuvre de Koffi Kwahulé
Authors: Le Guen Fanny
Published: October 2008

Dans l’œuvre de Koffi Kwahulé, les femmes ont un rôle central. Leurs voix s’élèvent et se révoltent pour affirmer leur liberté. Leurs corps, en écran symbolique, reflètent la violence humaine. Et, c’est grâce à la musicalité « jazz » que les héroïnes fabriquent un langage émancipateur voire transcendantal.
Percussion et répercussion des voix dans le théâtre de Gerty Dambury
Authors: Bérard Stéphanie
Published: October 2008

Dramatique, épique et poétique, le théâtre de Gerty Dambury entremêle les genres et démantèle le dialogue pour faire entendre des voix qui s’affrontent et se confrontent, se percutent et se répercutent dans un chant dont la musicalité comble le vide et le silence d’une communication avortée.
Pour une poétique des corps en écritures
Authors: Chalaye Sylvie
Published: October 2008

Au détour des années 90, plusieurs dramaturges d’Afrique et des diasporas choisissent de tourner le dos à un théâtre centré sur la danse et la musique, pour défendre une littérature dramatique qui mette les corps en écriture et convoque une poétique capable de redonner à la chair une voix humaine.
Corps, voix et voies du dialogue
Authors: Traoré Dominique
Published: October 2008

Dans les dramaturgies contemporaines d’Afrique noire francophone, le corps est avant tout corps-texte inscrit dans le langage. Il est indissociable du rythme dont les versants phoniques et visuels engendrent une poétique de la voix qui dérègle aussi bien les circuits traditionnels du dialogue théâtral que ceux du sens.
Frapper les rythmes, frapper les corps: dramaturgie du k.o. chez Koffi Kwahulé et Kossi Efoui
Authors: Ngilla Sylvie
Published: October 2008

Analyse du choc des rythmes et des corps dans l’entremêlement du théâtre, de la musique et de la boxe dans les deux dramaturgies contemporaines noires africaines francophones, Cette vieille magie noire de Koffi Kwahulé et L’Entre-deux rêves de Pitagaba conté sur le trottoir de la radio de Kossi Efoui.
Time and Thyme Are not Homophones: The Effect of Lemma Frequency on Word Durations in Spontaneous Speech
Authors: Gahl Susanne
Published: October 2008

Frequent words tend to shorten. But do homophone pairs, such as time and thyme , shorten equally if one member of the pair is frequent? This study reports an analysis of roughly 90,000 tokens of homophones in the Switchboard corpus of American English telephone conversations, in which it was found that high-frequency words like time are significantly shorter than their low-frequency homophones like thyme . The effect of lemma frequency persisted when local speaking rate, predictability from neighboring words, position relative to pauses, syntactic category, and orthographic regularity were brought under statistical control. These findings have theoretical implications for the locus of frequency information in linguistic competence and in models of language production, and for the role of articulatory routinization in shortening.
Words in the World: How and Why Meanings Can Matter
Authors: McConnell-Ginet Sally
Published: October 2008

Why do people care about the meaning(s)/significance associated with a word? Does it make sense to advocate or to criticize a certain form-meaning association? This article argues that words do real cognitive and social work as they are deployed in social practice and that it is primarily through words and their histories of use that culture links to language. It is not semantic representations as such that matter but the (mostly extralinguistic) reference and conceptual baggage words acquire in their discursive world travels. Lexical significance shifts and is contested as part of shifting and contested customs, institutions, and ideologies.
The verbs for ‘and’ in Walman, a Torricelli language of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Brown Lea , Dryer Matthew S.
Published: October 2008

Abstract: In Walman, a language in the Torricelli family spoken in Papua New Guinea, there are two words that have the function of conjoining noun phrases but that have the morphology of transitive verbs, exhibiting subject agreement with the first conjunct and object agreement with the second conjunct. We discuss two interrelated issues concerning these words: (i) Do these words behave syntactically like conjunctions in other languages, in combining with two noun phrases to form a single noun phrase, or are they really just verbs in a serial verb construction?, and (ii) Do these words have a meaning that is closer to a coordinative conjunction like and in English, or do they have a comitative meaning like English with ? We show that the evidence on the first of these questions is somewhat contradictory, but that even in cases where the syntactic evidence argues that these verbs do not combine with two noun phrases to form a single noun phrase, they still have a meaning closer to that of and than of with .
Free to Bound to Free?: Interactions Between Pragmatics and Syntax in the Development of Australian Pronominal Systems
Authors: Mushin Ilana , Simpson Jane
Published: October 2008

Data from dual pronoun systems in Australian languages is used to show the pragmatic basis for a cycle of pronoun creation—reduced pronouns from free forms and free from reduced—and the motivation to maintain both types in a linguistic system. Free pronouns become positionally restricted reduced forms by association of clause-initial position with discourse prominence (Swartz 1988, Choi 1999). The same pragmatic motivations result in the creation of new free pronouns, and the divergence of free and reduced pronouns with respect to ergative case marking. Examples of languages at different stages of the cycle include Garrwa (one set of free pronouns, with a strong preference for second position); Djambarrpuyngu and Gupapuyngu (two sets of pronouns transparently related in form and in complementary distribution); Ritharrngu, Djinang, and Djinba (two sets of pronouns transparently related in form but in which the reduced pronouns are becoming obligatory); Warlpiri (two sets of pronouns, which diverge in form, and the reduced set is obligatory); and Warumungu (one set of reduced pronouns, indicating how new free pronouns might emerge based on information-packaging principles). The creation of free pronouns from reduced pronouns argues against strict unidirectionality of change.
The Sounds of Sirens; Odyssey 12. 184-91
Authors: Nugent B. Pauline
Published: October 2008

The Siren episode in the Odyssey provides an excellent example of its hero's famous polytropia. "The Sounds of Sirens" draws upon the work of ancient and modern commentators to address the episode as a liminal experience. The importance of music in Greek civilization is a given, as is its importance in the Greco-Roman system of education. However, the particular appeal of the Sirens' song lies in its ability to transcend the earthly and lift the human spirit to a higher plane. To the mortal Odysseus, the bewitching song of the Sirens is a passageway through which he can attain, however imperfectly, a sense of union with the divine.
Cultural Process in the Iliad 18: 478-608, 19:373-80 ("Shield of Achilles") and Exodus 25:1-40:38 ("Ark of the Covenant")
Authors: Wallace Nathaniel
Published: October 2008

This essay is concerned with the notion of community as revealed in two foundational texts, the Shield of Achilles in Iliad 18 and the Ark of the Covenant episode in the Book of Exodus. The extensive ekphrastic discourse in each text receives primary attention. Across religious and other boundaries, shared and differentiating factors are identified that relate to the development of communities. Conceptual grounding is located in Victor Turner's " communitas " framed as a well-coordinated union of individuals apprehended according to basic human and social traits. Also utilized is the cultural theory of Giorgio Agamben, who maintains the relevance for communities of the " quodlibet " seen as a value that is indispensable. Agamben also emphasizes singularity or "whatever you want , that is lovable." Clearly, the community of Agamben, derived from postmodern contingencies, entails protocols at variance with those of Turner, devoted researcher of traditional African tribal societies. Yet the avant-garde community of Agamben may have antecedents that are historically remote. In turn, sites at history's threshold may be illuminated with reference to cultural nuances detected by Agamben. With these discursive coordinates in view, discussion turns to a pair of texts associated with cultural idealization. The examples also stage their communities as mired in internal conflicts, ambiguities, flux, and attempts at definition and revision.
Aias and the Gods
Authors: Duffy William
Published: October 2008

In the Iliad the Greater Aias has a complicated relationship with the gods. His interactions with Zeus are markedly inconsistent, and no god physically intervenes on his behalf, although he spends more time on the battlefield than any other Greek hero. A close look at these issues shows that the strange nature of the gods' interactions, or lack thereof, with Aias reflect a conflict between two deities' feelings about the hero and the circumstances of the Trojan War. Zeus cares for Aias, but his promises concerning the Trojans and Hektor specifically frequently force him to work against the Greek hero. Athena, the Greeks' primary divine benefactor, hates Aias in the Iliad as she does in other places in the Greek literary tradition, but her desire to see the Greeks defeat the Trojans keeps her from directly acting against him.
Greek Perspectives on the Justness and Merits of the Trojan War
Authors: Roisman Joseph
Published: October 2008

This paper poses the question of how later Greek writers and generals view the Trojan War, its causes, and, especially, whether the war was just or worthwhile. What makes this question meaningful is that it involves important issues, such as the place of the divine and human in bringing about war, the extent to which the relation between cause and the war as an effect is proportional, the role of private as opposed to public interest in going to war, one's responsibility for collective action and suffering, and leaders' and followers' different perspectives on the war and its causes. The paper examines how historians such as Herodotus and Thucydides, playwrights such as Aeschylus and Euripides, the Athenian essayist Isocrates, and the Spartan king Agesilaus and Alexander the Great regard and use the Trojan War.
Pouring the Wrong Wax in the Literary Mold: Plutarch's Marius and Homer's Odyssey
Authors: Nerdahl Michael
Published: October 2008

In an age of constant reinvention of the genre of epic, the ancient biographer Plutarch creates poignant connections between his Life of Marius and the Odyssey . Such a connection is unexpected, since Gaius Marius, the ancient late Roman Republican general, is a brutish and unphilosophical statesman, while Odysseus is portrayed by Plutarch as a man of virtue who is always concerned with public welfare. The links between these two works serve not to draw the heroes together and confirm Marius's moral virtue, but to illustrate that the character of Marius, when placed into a literary mold that recalls the Odyssey , betrays a complete lack of the qualities that aid Odysseus and charm Plutarch. Implicit comparisons to Odysseus and his journey further show how harmful a lack of philosophical virtue is to Marius's own psyche as well as how dangerous such a man can be to the state.
Helen and the Power of Erotic Love: From Homeric Contemplation to Hollywood Fantasy
Authors: Roisman Hanna M.
Published: October 2008

The Benioff-Petersen 2004 movie Troy is the latest in a series of films that feature the world famous lovers Helen and Paris. The film acknowledges its debt to Homer's Iliad but, like ancient works before, freely adapts source material to its own vision and aims. This paper compares Benioff-Petersen's treatment of Helen with that of the Iliad emphasizing the difference in the two works' characterization of Helen, which is anchored in their fundamentally different conceptions of love and, with this, of the type of woman who inspires and is inspired by it. In both, the story of Helen's elopement with Paris and of the war it engendered is a story of passion. In both, erotic love is an all-powerful emotion, and Helen is drawn as simultaneously arousing it and being carried away by it. But here the similarities end. The Iliad offers a contemplation of the nature of this love, Troy a fantasy of it. The two Helens are drawn accordingly.
Assembly and Hospitality in the Cyclôpeia
Authors: Newton Rick M.
Published: October 2008

When Odysseus tells the Phaeacians his story of Polyphemus in Odyssey 9, he sets his account of violated hospitality within the framework of a Homeric assembly. On a contextual level, the conflation of type-scenes furthers the hero's mission of self-aggrandizement. Consistent with the poetics of "traditional referentiality," in which derogatory comments on the Ithacan's physique invoke his compensatory prowess as an assembly speaker, Odysseus responds to Euryalus'mocking of his appearance ( Od. 8.158-64) with an account of himself as towering over the Cyclops in a would-be assembly. On a poetic level, the same conflation serves narrative ends of the Odyssey -poet that transcend those of his hero. To the external audience, the Cyclopes who convene outside the cave only to disperse recall the assembled Ithacans of Book 2, who disband without helping Telemachus. The poet establishes an "Ithacans as Cyclopes" analogy in which Ithacans emerge as monstrously indifferent to the suitors' violation of xeneia . Invading Polyphemus' cave, furthermore, Odysseus displays distinctly Ithacan behaviors and incurs not only the wrath of Poseidon but also the punishing justice of Zeus Xenios .
Medieval Holism: Hildegard of Bingen on Mental Disorder
Authors: Phillips Suzanne M. , Boivin Monique D.
Published: October 2008

Abstract:
Current efforts to think holistically about mental disorder may be assisted by considering the integrative strategies used by Hildegard of Bingen, a twelfth-century abbess and healer. We search for integrative strategies in the detailed records of Hilde-gard’s treatment of the noblewoman Sigewiza and in Hildegard’s more general writings. Three strategies support Hildegard’s holistic thinking: the use of narrative approaches to mental illness, acknowledging interdependence between perspectives, and applying principles of balance to the relationships between perspectives. Applying these three strategies to the present-day conceptualization and treatment of mental disorder could move us toward a more thoroughly integrated understanding of the field.
Adolf Meyer’s Psychobiology and the Challenge for Biomedicine
Authors: Double D. B.
Published: October 2008

Abstract:
George Engel’s biopsychosocial model was associated with the critique of biomedical dogmatism and acknowledged the historical precedence of the work of Adolf Meyer. However, the importance of Meyer’s psychobiology is not always recognized. One of the reasons may be because of his tendency to compromise with biomedical attitudes. This paper restates the Meyerian perspective, explicitly acknowledging the split between biomedical and biopsychological approaches in the origin of modern psychiatry. Our present-day understanding of this conflict is confounded by reactions to ‘anti-psychiatry.’ Neo-Meyerian principles can only be reestablished by a challenge to biomedicine that accepts, as did Meyer, the inherent uncertainty of medicine and psychiatry.
The Biopsychosocial Model and Philosophic Pragmatism: Is George Engel a Pragmatist?
Authors: Lewis Bradley
Published: October 2008

Abstract:
George Engel designed his biopsychosocial model to be a broad framework for medicine and psychiatry. Although the model met with great initial success, it now needs conceptual attention to make it relevant for future generations. Engel articulated the model as a version of biological systems theory, but his work is better interpreted as the beginnings of a richly nuanced philosophy of medicine. We can make this reinterpretation by connecting Engel’s work with the tradition of American pragmatism. Engel initiates inquiry like a pragmatist, he understands theory and philosophy like a pragmatist, he justifies beliefs like a pragmatist, and he understands the world like a pragmatist. By drawing out these similarities, medical and psychiatric scholars can revitalize the biopsychosocial model, and they can open medicine and psychiatry to a rich philosophic heritage and a flourishing interdisciplinary tradition.
Women and the Politics of Play in Sixteenth-Century Italy: Torquato Tasso's Theory of Games*
Authors: McClure George W.
Published: October 2008

In the early 1580s, Torquato Tasso (1544–95), hospitalized (or imprisoned) in Ferrara's Sant'Anna, wrote two versions of a dialogue on the theory of games in which a female interlocutor complains that men commonly lose to women out of an artificial sense of courtesy. In the second and much longer version, the Gonzaga secondo overo del giuoco (1582), he shifts the direction of his response to this condescending mannerism, offering a vision of women with the determination and potential to be true players. This article examines how Tasso made this change and speculates as to why, tying his treatment to the larger discourse on gender and play in sixteenth-century Italy and proposing that his solution represents a timely intersection of the theory of games, the agency of women, and the plight of a captive poet in Renaissance Italy.
The Art of Reading Earthquakes: On Harvey's Wit, Ramus's Method, and the Renaissance of Lucretius*
Authors: Passannante Gerard
Published: October 2008

Gabriel Harvey's witty use of a quotation from Ovid on the occasion of the earthquake of 1580 is the point of departure for exploring the several ways in which a contemporary debate about literature, logic, and natural causes was carried out through the mediation of classical texts. At the explosive intersection of Harvey's Socratic wit and Ramist logic, a buried reference to Lucretius sets into motion a number of deeper questions about the nature of literary and natural digressions, and about the ironic ends of a method that demands order, both for its ancient texts and for the natural world.
“Hac ex consilio meo via progredieris”: Courtly Reading and Secretarial Mediation in Donne's The Courtier's Library*
Authors: Brown Piers
Published: October 2008

John Donne'sThe Courtier's Library(ca. 1603–11) is a catalogue of imaginary books that derives its inspiration from Rabelais's satirical description of the Library of St. Victor. Donne's depiction of courtly knowledge parodies the humanist work that secretaries performed for their masters by offering a path to ignorance and mockery rather than a path to learning and advancement. This essay investigatesThe Courtier's Library, published here in a new translation (see Appendix), in the context of Donne's habits of reading, marginal annotation, and note-taking, examining both the complicated negotiation involved in producing knowledge for courtly display, and Donne's own attempts to reconcile the roles of secretary, scholar, and gentleman.
New World News, Ancient Echoes: A Cortés Letter and a Vernacular Livy for a New King and His Wary Subjects (1520–23)*
Authors: Wright Elizabeth
Published: October 2008

Empire building converges with print innovations in the rare Zaragoza edition (1523) of the landmark “Second Letter from Mexico” of Hernán Cortés. The Aragonese print shop owned by German immigrant George Coçi advertised what, to its first interpreters, was stunning news from a still mysterious place overseas with woodblocks drawn from their 1520 edition of Livy'sHistory of Rome. An examination of the political, social, and editorial contexts that informed these two books addressed to Charles V casts light on concerns about how the new Spanish king would communicate with his subjects in an age of imperial expansion.
Management of Graves' hyperthyroidism in pregnancy: focus on both maternal and foetal thyroid function, and caution against surgical thyroidectomy in pregnancy
Authors: Laurberg Peter , Bournaud Claire , Karmisholt Jesper , Orgiazzi Jacques
Published: October 2008

Graves' disease is a common autoimmune disorder in women in fertile ages. The hyperthyroidism is causedby generation of TSH-receptor activating antibodies. In pregnancy both the antibodies and the antithyroid medication given to the mother pass the placenta and affect the foetal thyroid gland. Thyroid function should be controlled not only in the mother with Graves' hyperthyroidism but also in her foetus.The review includes two cases illustrating some of the problems in managing Graves' disease in pregnancy.

Major threats to optimal foetal thyroid function are inadequate or over aggressive antithyroid drug therapy of the mother. It should be taken into account that antithyroid drugs tend to block the foetal thyroid function more effectively than the maternal thyroid function, and that levothyroxin (l-T4) given to the mother will have only a limited effect in the foetus.

Surgical thyroidectomy of patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism does not lead to immediate remission of the autoimmune abnormality, and the combination thyroidectomy+withdrawal of antithyroid medication+l-T4 replacement of the mother involves a high risk of foetal hyperthyroidism.

Conclusion

Antithyroid drug therapy of pregnant women with Graves' hyperthyroidism should be balanced to control both maternal and foetal thyroid function. Surgical thyroidectomy of a pregnant woman with active disease may lead to isolated foetal hyperthyroidism.
A Genomewide Suppressor and Enhancer Analysis of cdc13-1 Reveals Varied Cellular Processes Influencing Telomere Capping in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Addinall S G , Downey M , Yu M , Zubko M K , Dewar J , Leake A , Hallinan J , Shaw O , James K , Wilkinson D J , Wipat A , Durocher D , Lydall D
Published: October 2008

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Cdc13 binds telomeric DNA to recruit telomerase and to “cap” chromosome ends. In temperature-sensitive cdc13-1 mutants telomeric DNA is degraded and cell-cycle progression is inhibited. To identify novel proteins and pathways that cap telomeres, or that respond to uncapped telomeres, we combined cdc13-1 with the yeast gene deletion collection and used high-throughput spot-test assays to measure growth. We identified 369 gene deletions, in eight different phenotypic classes, that reproducibly demonstrated subtle genetic interactions with the cdc13-1 mutation. As expected, we identified DNA damage checkpoint, nonsense-mediated decay and telomerase components in our screen. However, we also identified genes affecting casein kinase II activity, cell polarity, mRNA degradation, mitochondrial function, phosphate transport, iron transport, protein degradation, and other functions. We also identified a number of genes of previously unknown function that we term RTC, for restriction of telomere capping, or MTC, for maintenance of telomere capping. It seems likely that many of the newly identified pathways/processes that affect growth of budding yeast cdc13-1 mutants will play evolutionarily conserved roles at telomeres. The high-throughput spot-testing approach that we describe is generally applicable and could aid in understanding other aspects of eukaryotic cell biology.
Recent Legal Developments in Carbon Sequestration
Authors: Flanery S. O. , McCarty S. C.
Published: October 2008

Carbon sequestration is the process of capturing carbon dioxide ("CO2") emissions, which would otherwise be released into the atmosphere, and permanently storing them in geologic formations. A number of technical and legal issues must be resolved before carbon sequestration can become a viable means to reduce carbon emissions. Recently the Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission ("IOGCC") set forth a model statute and model rules and regulations, and the United States Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA") set forth a proposed rule for CO2 injection that could resolve some of these issues and make large-scale carbon sequestration projects a reality. The IOGCC model treats CO2 as a resource and covers the areas of permitting, property ownership, storage operations, and long-term monitoring and liability. Certain parts of the IOGCC model rules were a basis for the EPA proposed rule governing carbon sequestration that was published for public comment on July 25, 2008. This EPA proposed rule creates a new class of underground injection wells regulated as part of the Underground Injection Control program under the Safe Drinking Water Act. Both the IOGCC model statute and the EPA proposed rule provide specific guidance on construction and permit application submittals tailored toward the long-term nature of carbon storage.

Carbon sequestration has also recently been addressed on a broader scale as a component of CO2 reduction in other federal proposals. The FutureGen project was recently modified by the Department of Energy ("DOE") from a $1.8 billion research and development facility to multiple operations that would utilize carbon sequestration technology in coal-fired power plants. Congress has been bombarded with proposed climate change legislation, such as the Lieberman-Warner bill that proposed a cap and trade program. All of the legislation provides methods for reducing emissions thereby increasing incentives to develop carbon sequestration. Also, carbon sequestration is being encouraged through the use of small-scale experimental projects set in motion by the DOE carbon sequestration partnerships.

New rules and regulations addressing the technical and legal aspects of sequestration must be adopted. Until this regulatory framework is available, development of sequestration projects most likely will be hindered or delayed.
Experimental Study of the Thermomechanical Behavior of the Petroleum Reservoir
Authors: Moustafa M. , Malek S. , Jianfu S.
Published: October 2008

This paper presents the findings of a laboratory investigation of the thermomechanical behaviour of anisotropic rock. The tests were performed on natural (Tournemire shale) using triaxial cells modified to control and to go to high temperature. The range of temperatures that were investigated is from 20° to 250°C (20, 100, 150, 200 and 250 C°), and the range of confining pressures is from 0 MPa to 20MPa (0, 5, 10, and 20 MPa). The influence of temperature on their mechanical behaviour was investigated for drained tests, and anisotropic elastic response and plastic deformation have been investigated. It seems that, the thermo-mechanical behaviour of the Tournemire shale is anisotropic and strongly depends on confining pressure and loading orientation at the applied temperature. Hydrostatic compressibility tests (in the perpendicular orientation θ =90°) allowed to present the thermal effect on the mechanical behaviour of this rock. In this range of temperatures, the deformability and strength of this rock were found to be strongly dependent of temperature.