bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regional geochemical survey of surficial sediment in southern Ontario: a geochemical baseline for environmental and human health assessment
Authors: Sharpe D R , Kjarsgaard B A , Klassen R
A , Knight R A , Logan C , Russell H A
J , Stepner D A J
Published: May 2020

Low-density sampling and analysis of soil A- and BC-horizons and glacial till, establish a baseline to characterize geochemical background variation in glacial sediments across southern Ontario. Interpretation of these data reveal that regional-scale geochemical
variation of earth materials is largely derived from bedrock, with the impact of weathering and soil formation being less significant. For example, geochemical provenance indicators (e.g., Paleozoic carbonate terrane with elevated CaO+MgO, versus Precambrian Shield terrane with elevated SiO2+Al2O3)
distinguishes the influence of these source lithologies. Thus, interpretations of geochemical sediment surveys as a basis for geochemical modeling are best approached in terms of geological provenance, process, and weathering. Furthermore, because chemical concentration levels in surficial sediment
is also directly related to analytical protocol, knowledge of both mineralogy and strength of chemical digestion is required to understand geochemical processes. This approach, of assessing all chemical variation, contributes greater certainty to risk assessment and decision-making in geochemical
models related to environmental and human health protection.
A chemostratigraphic characterization of Newmarket Till in drill core from north of Lake Ontario
Authors: Stepner D A J , Kjarsgaard B A , Knight R A , Russell H A J , Sharpe D R
Published: May 2020

The Newmarket Till (NT) covers much of the south-central Ontario forming a regional stratigraphic marker. Geochemical analysis was performed using aqua regia, four-acid, and flux-fusion digestion on 137 samples of NT collected from 8 boreholes across two regional
transects to quantify potential geochemical variations through the till. The geochemistry of the <63 ?m size fraction exhibits strong elemental correlations between major and trace element contents and CaO. All major elements exhibit negative correlations with CaO contents indicative of
the incorporation of Paleozoic carbonates flooring the southern Ontario Basin. A chemical ratio of CaO+MgO/SiO2+Al2O3 (Provenance Indicator) suggest significant quantities of material from the Paleozoic carbonates were incorporated into the till matrix as ice moved south of the Canadian Shield. High
precision sampling using portable XRF methods for a continuous sediment core located near Pickering Ontario, allowed for the identification of 4 geochemical subfacies unidentifiable on the macro scale along with 3 interbeds. These geochemical subunits in the NT cannot be traced to nearby boreholes
and hence do not have regional extent.
Progressing toward an understanding of groundwater geochemistry of Innisfil Creek watershed, southern Ontario
Authors: Proteau-Bédard F , Benoit N , Baudron P , Post R , Mills A
Published: May 2020

Groundwater represents an important source of water for agriculture in the Innisfil Creek watershed, southern Ontario, where water vulnerability issues were evident through recent drought conditions. Uncertainties remain regarding the groundwater flow pattern of
the multi-layer aquifer system and further understanding is required to plan for sustainable groundwater use. A hydrogeological study based on geochemistry and isotopes (d2H, d18O, d13C,14C-DIC, and 226Ra) is being developed to better characterize and quantify recharge, regional flow patterns, and
potential inter-aquifer flow. In this paper, we present on work completed in 2018. The study objectives were to gather existing hydrogeological and geochemical data into a comprehensive database, to analyse the data in order to support targeted additional water sampling, and to develop preliminary
interpretations. The ongoing project is now set for the development of an initial conceptual model based on the geochemical and isotopic interpretations combined with statistical analyses and physical hydrogeology processes observed in the region.
Assessment of nearshore groundwater discharge to Lake Simcoe, Ontario and identification of regional hydrogeological controls
Authors: Wallace H , Robinson C E
Published: May 2020

Groundwater discharge may be an important pathway for delivering pollutants to large lakes, but this pathway is not well understood. The objective of this study was to quantify the spatial variability and volume of direct nearshore groundwater discharge to Lake
Simcoe, Ontario, and evaluate linkages between the observed spatial distribution of groundwater discharge and regional hydrogeological features. Direct nearshore groundwater discharge was quantified using the naturally occurring radon isotope tracer, 222Rn. Boat surveys were conducted along 80%
of the Lake Simcoe shoreline using portable radon detection equipment. Shoreline areas with high direct groundwater discharge were identified and the total direct nearshore groundwater discharge to Lake Simcoe was estimated to be 11.3 ± 2% of the total tributary inputs. Shoreline areas with
high groundwater discharge were related to the presence of permeable nearshore surficial sediments and tunnel channel deposits. These features are thought to provide connectivity between the regional aquifer system and the lake. The study findings can be broadly applied in other studies evaluating
direct groundwater inputs into large lakes of glacial origin.
Constraining groundwater flow in Champlain Sea muds
Authors: Hinton M J , Alpay S
Published: May 2020

One-dimensional groundwater transport modelling replicates the distribution of chloride ion concentrations measured in pore water from Champlain Sea muds, 2.8 km southeast of Kinburn, Ontario. The best fitting model simulations produce quantitative estimates of
upward vertical specific discharge (q) between 0.84 and 0.97 mm/annum (mm/a) for the boundary conditions used. The average measured porosity of n = 0.55 allows calculation of a well-constrained range of average linear groundwater velocities, v = 1.5 to 1.8 mm/a. The ~100-m thickness of
Champlain Sea muds at the Kinburn site is large relative to the solute transport distance. Consequently, up to 98% of the modelled initial Champlain Sea water signature in pore water was preserved at the measured peak concentration. Chloride concentrations decrease to fresh water values both
above and below the position of the maximum concentration. This study demonstrates that transport modelling of such a complete concentration profile effectively constrains the range of groundwater flow rates in Champlain Sea muds.
Corona Virus - SARS-CoV-2: An Insight to Another way of Natural Disaster
Authors: Chawla Sunil , Mittal Mamta , Chawla Meenakshi , Mohan Goyal Lalit
Published: May 2020

INTRODUCTION: SARS-CoV-2 is the latest virus responsible for an outburst of a unique respiratory infection identified as COVID-19. The virus popularly known as Corona Virus has spread quickly in recent days from China to several other countries around the world. Health is always of prime concern for mankind. Computing is playing an important role in improving the current state of the healthcare industry.OBJECTIVES: This paper focuses on summarizing the happenings about the coronavirus and the disease spread. This review study concentrates on the history of the virus, its technical details, the disease caused by the virus, its symptoms and precautions. The study also tries to develop an understanding of the role of technology in dealing with the outbreak, its impact in diverse fields, and the current state of the pandemic.METHODS: This work is an attempt towards presenting a perspective of computing and technology in fighting against the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: This work presents a perspective showing technology in healthcare as a rescuer in such situations. In this survey, we simply discuss SARS-COV2 and COVID-19 from different perspectives in order to serve as a quick reference for the readers and to achieve a better insight into the fast-evolving pandemic.CONCLUSION: Social distancing, staying home and lockdowns are some known solutions to combat the pandemic in the absence of the vaccine, and technology can play a significant role in combating the pandemic.
Resolving Stanley's $e$-positivity of claw-contractible-free graphs
Authors: Dahlberg Samantha , Foley Angèle , van Willigenburg Stephanie
Published: May 2020

In Stanley’s seminal 1995 paper on the chromatic symmetric function, he stated that there was no known graph that was not contractible to the claw and whose chromatic symmetric function was not

e

-positive, that is, not a positive linear combination of elementary symmetric functions. We resolve this by giving infinite families of graphs that are not contractible to the claw and whose chromatic symmetric functions are not

e

-positive. Moreover, one such family is additionally claw-free, thus establishing that the

e

-positivity of chromatic symmetric functions is in general not dependent on the existence of an induced claw or of a contraction to a claw.
Simple stably projectionless C*-algebras with generalized tracial rank one
Authors: Elliott George A. , Gong Guihua , Lin Huaxin , Niu Zhuang
Published: May 2020

We study a class of stably projectionless simple C*-algebras which may be viewed as having generalized tracial rank one in analogy with the unital case. A number of structural questions concerning these simple C*-algebras are studied, pertinent to the classification of separable stably projectionless simple amenable Jiang–Su stable C*-algebras.
Values, strengths and futures of museums, libraries and community centres as seen by experts in the field: First round results of a Delphi study
Authors: Tóth János
Published: May 2020

In the process of building local communities with shared cultural values, museums, libraries and community centres are key agents in civil society. When these institutions project specific notions and ideal types of identity and citizenship, they have the potential to produce changes in people’s behaviour. It is only natural that political bodies are interested in these processes. On 16 September 2016, the Ministry of Human Capacities of the Hungarian Government launched an EU-funded project with the
primary aim of strengthening social cohesion within the region. As a part of this project, we surveyed 59 professionals working in Hungarian museums, libraries and community centres, using the Delphi method, to gain insights about their capacities, needs, and visions. This article presents the results of the first round of analysis. Respondents’ answers were analysed using NVivo qualitative data analysis software, which resulted in a thematic map showing the main problems professionals in these sectors are
struggling with, and highlighting the kinds of visions they had for their institutions’ future. The study clearly shows that the cultural sector is plagued by financial problems, and that there is a strong need for reform when it comes to the professional training of workers in these fields. Regarding the future, visions are centred around cultural institutions increasingly becoming community spaces, thinktanks, and ideas workshops that consciously guide community formation.
Perencanaan Jumlah Kebutuhan dan Posisi Lokasi Fasilitas Berbasiskan Otomata Selular
Authors: Dwiputranti Made Irma
Published: May 2020

Fasilitas umum adalah sarana publik yang diperuntukan bagi masyarakat untuk menunjang kebutuhan sehari-hari antara lain, fasilitas pendidikan, kesehatan, perbelanjaan, niaga, dan lain-lain. Jumlah fasilitas tersebut harus disesuaikan dengan pertumbuhan jumlah penduduk sehingga tetap dapat memberikan kenyamanan. Penelitian ini mengembangkan dua buah model, model pertama adalah model prediksi jumlah pendaftar yang menggunakan model Miranda dan Monteiro (1999) dan sebaran pendaftar anak sekolah dasar dengan metode otomata selular. Model kedua yaitu model perencanaan kebutuhan lokasi fasilitas sekolah dasar yang menghasilkan suatu keputusan apakah sekolah yang ada perlu ditambah kapasitasnya (daya tampung) atau harus dibangun sekolah dasar yang baru. Hasil perhitungan diperoleh pada tahun 2023 dibangun satu buah sekolah dasar baru di Kelurahan Derwati dengan daya tampung 480 orang pendaftar per sekolah. Model dan mekanisme penentuan fasilitas kebutuhan sekolah ini diujicobakan pada dua skenario. Skenario pertama adalah jika daya tampung sekolah diperkecil dari 480 siswa pendaftar menjadi 360 siswa pendaftar. Sementara skenario kedua adalah menaikkan jumlah pendaftar menjadi 720 orang calon pendaftar persekolah. Hasilnya pada skenario pertama terjadi penambahan tiga buah fasilitas sekolah baru, yaitu sekolah baru SD ke-6 tahun 2020, SD ke-7 tahun 2022 dan SD Ke-8 tahun 2024 masing-masing di Kelurahan Derwati, Cipamokolan dan Mekarjaya. Sebaliknya apabila daya tampung sekolah diperbesar dari 480 orang
Rancangan Pop-up Book Freight Forwarding Sebagai Media Pembelajaran Mandiri
Authors: Permadi Dodi , Ma’ruf M. Ilham , Wijayanti Jatiana Ayu
Published: May 2020

Pada penelitian ini dilakukan proses perancangan pembelajaran mandiri freight forwarding melalui media pop up book, dengan tujuan memberikan kemudahan sehingga tampil secara visual yang menarik dan mudah untuk dipahami. Tahapan perancangan ini menggunakan pendekatan prototype dengan terlebih dahulu melalukan diskusi dengan perwakilan mahasiswa tentang kebutuhannya.Data yang diperoleh berdasarkan referensi akan diolah dan diterapkan dalam pembuatan pop-up book. Metode pelaksanaan dalam pembuatan terdiri dari 3 tahapan yang meliputi: penyusunan konsep, pembuatan desain 3D, dan pembuatan prototype, pengujian dan evaluasi. Hasil perancangan berupa protitype dan dilakukan verifikasi melalui penyebaran angket kuesioner terhadap responden dari Program Studi Diploma IV Logistik Bisnis Politeknik Pos Indonesia dengan hasil respon yang positif. Adanya media pembelajaran pop-up book freight forwarding dapat membantu mahasiswa dalam meningkatkan pemahaman mengenai kegiatan dan alur proses freight forwarding. Dari gambar dan visualisasi media tersebut membuat mahasiswa tertarik untuk belajar dan memudahkan mereka dalam mengingat setiap proses dan disertai dengan dokumen pendukung dalam setiap prosesnya tentu membuat mahasiswa lebih mudah belajar freight forwarding dengan cepat
Analisis Komparatif Kelayakan Investasi Antara Kendaraan Toyota Avanza Milik Sendiri Dengan Sewa di PT Pindad International Logistics Rute Bandung-Jakarta
Authors: Andriyanto Achmad , Nuraisiyah Nadlila
Published: May 2020

PT Pindad International Logistic merupakan sebuah perusahaan logistik terpadu yang menyediakan layanan jasa transportasi passanger. Kendaraan Toyota Avanza untuk rute Bandung-Jakarta yang digunakan oleh PT Pindad International Logistic dalam memenuhi bisnis jasa transportasi passanger merupakan kendaraan sewa dari vendor. Sehingga perusahaan berniat untuk mengetahui kelayakan investasi kendaraan Toyota Avanza untuk rute Bandung-Jakarta. Untuk membantu perusahaan mengetahui kelayakan investasi yang akan dilakukan, penulis mengusulkan agar perusahaan menggunakan Biaya Operasional Kendaraan (BOK), Net Present Value (NPV), dan Payback Period. Hasil penelitian untuk kendaraan jenis Toyota Avanza rute Bandung – Jakarta memiiki biaya sewa kepada vendor sebesar Rp. 534.250,./hari dan biaya operasional kendaraan milik sendiri sebesar Rp. 453.991,./hari. Nilai NPV sebesar Rp. 223.557.562,. (NPV>0) bernilai positif dan Payback Period selama 3 tahun 9 bulan. Maka, biaya yang dipilih perusahaan tetap menggunakan biaya operasional kendaraan milik sendiri dan melakukan investasi kendaraan milik sendiri
Paraphilias and paraphilic behaviors. Voaiorismul
Authors: Ioana Mirică
Published: May 2020

Voyeurism, sometimes called scopophilia comes from the Greek (σκοπός skopos = viewer - φιλία filia = love, pleasure) is a psychosexual disorder (paraphilia) in which a person obtains sexual pleasure from looking at nudes, genitals or other sexual acts , the flyer usually remaining hidden from the eyes of others (Dictionary of psychosexology).
Rancangan Kontrol AC dan Lampu Kelas dengan Komputerisasi dari Jarak Jauh Berbasis Mikrokontroller
Authors: Kustori Kustori , Rokhmat Basuki
Published: May 2020

Sistem pengendalian ac dan lampu merupakan penelitian desain data yang diperoleh dari hasil pengujian rancangan berdasarkan pengukuran dan pengamatan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengontrol ac dan lampu kelas secara jarak jauh. Sistem pengontrolan jarak jauh ac dan lampu pada kelas di Politeknik Penerbangan Surabaya merupakan sebuah perubahan dari sistem sebelumnya yaitu secara manual. Serta terobosan sangat efektif untuk penghematan energi yang mana energi takkan terbuang percuma pada beban yang besar. Karena sistem ini juga dilengkapi dengan sistem sleep (waktu untuk hidup dan mati secaraotomatis dapat kita atur).
Pengaruh Vocabulary Preparation untuk Peningkatan Kemampuan Pemahaman Listening
Authors: Rochmawati Laila
Published: May 2020

Artikel ini berkaitan dengan penelitian tentang pengaruh vocabulary preparation terhadap kemampuan pemahaman mendengarkan pada kinerja kosakata L2 peserta didik di poltekbang Surabaya. Para peserta dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok dimana mereka diberi tiga waktu persiapan yang berbeda untuk mempelajari kosakata baru yang akan diperdengarkan dalam kegiatan pemahaman listening. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah tes kosakata dan tes pemahaman listening. Hasil menunjukkan bahwasanya terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan dalam tes kosakata tetapi tidak dalam tes pemahaman listening. Tes kosakata dan pemahaman listening yang konsisten menunjukkan bahwa semakin banyak waktu persiapan mereka memiliki, skor yang lebih tinggi yang mereka capai.
Rancang Bangun Aplikasi “W-Mass (Weight Monitor Assistant)” Berbasis Android Studio dengan Bahasa Native Java
Authors: Susrama I Gede , Setiawan Ariyono , Kholis Moch
Published: May 2020

Memiliki tubuh ideal merupakan impian semua orang. Namun, keinginan untuk memiliki tubuh ideal punya konsekuensi beragam, termasuk dieat dan olahraga teratur, sehingga untuk mengetehaui penurunan berat badan akan dicatat secara konvensional yaitu dicatat pada secarik kertas, sehingga kemungkinan catatan tersebut akan bisa hilang. Dilain pihak perkembangan teknologi mobile (smartphone) sangat mempengaruhi kehidupan manusia saat ini, sampai di kehidupan sehari-hari, sehingga akan menjadi sangat terikat dengan smartphone, sehingga muncul banyak aplikasi yang memudahkan pada kehidupan manusia. Untuk itulah, pada penelitian ini dibuat suatu aplikasi yang digunakan untuk menyimpan pencatatan dan monitoring berat badan secara berkala pada user. Dan dengan adanya aplikasi W-MAss (weight Monitor Assistant) berbasis android ini diharapkan dapat menjadi motivasi bagi pengguna untuk lebih hidup sehat dengan menjaga berat badan. Serta Aplikasi ini dibuat dengan Android Studio dan Java sebagai bahasa pemrogramannya.
Rancang Bangun Aplikasi “W-Mass (Weight Monitor Assistant)” Berbasis Android Stu-dio Dengan Bahasa Native Java
Authors: Susrama I Gede , Setiawan Ariyono , Kholis Moch
Published: May 2020

Memiliki tubuh ideal merupakan impian semua orang. Namun, keinginan untuk memiliki tubuh ideal punya konsekuensi beragam, termasuk dieat dan olahraga teratur, sehingga untuk mengetehaui penurunan berat badan akan dicatat secara konvensional yaitu dicatat pada secarik kertas, sehingga kemungkinan catatan tersebut akan bisa hilang. Dilain pihak perkembangan teknologi mobile (smartphone) sangat mempengaruhi kehidupan manusia saat ini, sampai di kehidupan sehari-hari, sehingga akan menjadi sangat terikat dengan smartphone, sehingga muncul banyak aplikasi yang memudahkan pada kehidupan manusia. Untuk itulah, pada penelitian ini dibuat suatu aplikasi yang digunakan untuk menyimpan pencatatan dan monitoring berat badan secara berkala pada user. Dan dengan adanya aplikasi W-MAss (weight Monitor Assistant) berbasis android ini diharapkan dapat menjadi motivasi bagi pengguna untuk lebih hidup sehat dengan menjaga berat badan. Serta Aplikasi ini dibuat dengan Android Studio dan Java sebagai bahasa pemrograman.
Simulasi Validasi Pengukuran Kanal Radio Pita Lebar Secara Multicarrier
Authors: Harianto BB
Published: May 2020

Penelitian ini memberikan kontribusi frekuensi untuk saluran pita lebar, yang mampu membaca karakteristik kanal pita lebar memperpanjang bandwidth kanal tanpa mengubah bandwidth operasi perangkat pengukuran. Ini sangat cocok untuk mobilitas rendah dan skenario tingkat data tinggi (mis., Hot spot dalam ruangan) dalam sistem komunikasi seluler generasi kelima. Dengan skema ini, sounder saluran dapat dibaca menggunakan platform pemancar yang ditentukan oleh perangkat lunak yang menggunakan sinyal multicarrier pada frekwensi 2.65-2.75 GHz. Dalam satu siklus pengiriman secara penuh. sepuluh pita frekuensi terkoordinasi (bandwidth 12.5 MHz) dicakup untuk diperoleh pengukuran setara dengan bandwidth 100-MHz pada sistem penelitian ini menggunakan analisa matematis dengan lintasan 1 dan 2 masing masing 1 m dan 7 . hasil dari perhitungan akan memperlihatkan grafik nilai magnitude dan fase gelombang.
The Methods and Learning Design of English for Specific Purpose for Aircraft Maintenance Engineering Subject in Aviation English
Authors: Sukma Meita Maharani , Rochmawati Laila , Fatmawati Fatmawati
Published: May 2020

This research discusses about English for specific purposes in particular integration of the methods and learning design in aircraft maintenance engineering subject for cadets in Aviation Polytechnic of Surabaya. Aviation Polytechnic of Surabaya has some specific curricullum of each study programs. The curriculum depends on the major of each study programs. The researchers concern for aircraft maintenance engineering study program in aviation english subject to be researched.

The researchers interested to explain the vocabulary subject in Aviation English by deviding into 4 groups, this research offers an example passage of how this can be done and evaluated the passage. Requirements analysis is made and the curriculum is presented on the teaching of vocabulary subject in Aviation English using observation and comparison methods, so the cadets can get and learn the aircraft engineering subject in theory and practice effectively in the classroom and apply it in the world of work.

The results of this research is to analyze the progress of the cadets skill using these designs or methods by practicing and exploring their knowledge, we can see the table result of each group in this paper. The cadets can learn many vocabularies and understand the curriculum design of aircraft maintenance engineering subject in Aviation English and organize the material for learning that is appropriate to current conditions.
Morphosyntactic Knowledge in Late Second Language Learners and Heritage Speakers of Russian
Authors: Gor Kira
Published: May 2020

The current study pursues two goals. First, it establishes developmental trajectories in the acquisition
of 10 morphosyntactic features of Russian by American learners, using a grammaticality judgment
task (GJT), an offline test of morphosyntactic knowledge that allows for direct comparison of native
and nonnative performance through a highly controlled set of materials. Second, it compares the
performance of late second language learners and heritage speakers (early learners) of Russian
matched in global proficiency as established by the ACTFL Oral Proficiency Interview (OPI), and
ranging from Intermediate to Superior proficiency. The study demonstrates that heritage speakers
outperform late second language learners on most, but not all the morphosyntactic features tested in
the GJT. These findings shed new light on the development of nonnative grammatical knowledge in
early and late learners of Russian, and will inform Russian language curriculum development.
Resolving Indeterminacy in Gender Agreement: Comparing Heritage Speakers and L2 Learners of Russian
Authors: Laleko Oksana
Published: May 2020

Cross-linguistically, both heritage language (HL) speakers and second language (L2) learners have
been shown to experience difficulty in producing and interpreting linguistic structures
characterized by indeterminacy, or lack of an invariable and transparent relationship between
meaning and form. This article compares two populations of Russian-English bilinguals on their
strategies of resolving ambiguity within the system of grammatical gender in Russian, with a
particular focus on indeterminacy in gender agreement with animate nouns. As a result of complex
interactions among lexical, morpho-phonological, and discourse-level gender categorization cues,
the agreement behavior of animate nouns in Russian is not fully uniform. The results of a scaled
acceptability ratings study demonstrate that gender agreement in transparent and non-ambiguous
contexts is largely unproblematic for both bilingual groups; however, contexts that require conflict
resolution between different types of cues and those characterized by underspecification represent
two areas where HL speakers and L2 learners diverge from monolingual Russian-speaking
controls. Across all experimental conditions, bilingual speakers demonstrate a higher reliance on
morpho-phonological gender categorization cues and assign less weight to lexical and referential
factors in gender assignment than monolinguals. The results further show that the two populations
of bilinguals are not fully alike with respect to dealing with different types of indeterminacy. In
particular, HL speakers exhibit an advantage over L2 learners in conflict resolution; however, both
bilingual groups struggle with constructions that give rise to referential ambiguity due to
underspecification. These results expand our understanding of the problem of indeterminacy in
bilingual acquisition of gender and offer implications for theories of language acquisition and
language instruction.
Dai documenti d’archivio la ricostruzione virtuale della Piazzaforte di Pescara
Authors: Tunzi Pasquale
Published: May 2020

From Archive Documents the Virtual Reconstruction of the Fortress of PescaraWhen the Unity of Italy occurred, the ancient fortress of Pescara, marked by the river with the same name, was demolished to allow the expansion of the Adriatic city. On the mighty sixteenth century building, eastern defense of the Kingdom of Naples, remain only the eighteenth and nineteenth century maps made by the military. A rigorous study conducted by us on the historic center of Pescara has allowed us to carry out extensive archival surveys and punctual inspections. Then different documents emerged and testimonies that encouraged a virtual reconstruction of the disappeared artefact in which the military garrison and the inhabited nucleus were enclosed. The virtual reconstruction of the fortress that is presented here has been elaborated by resorting the nineteenth century maps, carefully analyzed and compared to perform, critically, a translation of the two-dimensional technical figuration in three-dimensional processing. A sort of regeneration of the historical image was thus conducted with the intent of recovering a fundamental element of the city, almost completely forgotten.
El “Muro Mediterráneo” en el territorio de la Marina Alta: búnkeres y baterías de la Guerra de España (1936-1939)
Authors: Martínez-Medina Andrés , Banyuls i Pérez Antoni , Pirinu Andrea
Published: May 2020

The “Mediterranean Wall” in the territory of the Marina Alta: bunkers and batteries of the Spanish War (1936-1939)In 1936-1939 the War of Spain took place, turning its territory into the testing ground of Europe in anticipation of the Second World War; here new weapons were tested: mass media, propaganda and aviation. The national side used Mallorca as “aircraft carrier” from which it launched airstrikes on the Mediterranean coast: a rearguard that required fortification. To defend the cities, the Republican government ordered, in 1937, to build a coastal defensive system (“Mediterranean Wall”). On the Valencian coast there were ten basic enclaves: from the lighthouse of Castellón to the end of Santa Pola. This network of defenses had two built lines. The first was constituted by elements located at zero level, by the sea and on the beaches, which maintained regular distances from each other; these were reinforced concrete bunkers that sought to camouflage themselves. A second was formed by coastal and antiaircraft, concrete and masonry batteries that merged with the land, located in the hills to have a wider horizon and be closer to its objectives. Bunkers and batteries that followed geometric patterns in constant evolution. This communication studies the defensive settlements built by the Republican army in the cities of Xàbia and Dénia (Marina Alta), which had a port, airfield and armament factories, which made them the target of enemy aviation. In these territories many of these architectures have disappeared under real estate pressure, but there are still several bunkers, batteries and ammunition deposits that are intended to be inventoried and documented (especially the 7th of the Montgó and the 8th of the Portixol batteries) to insert into of the tradition of historical military forts (typological genealogies) and their understanding as a networked defensive system that maintains parallels with the system of coastal towers of the system of coastal towers of the Modern Age.
La musealización del Castell de Castalla (España): la realidad que pudo ser y no será
Authors: Mira Rico Juan Antonio , Bevià i Garcia Màrius , Ortega Pérez José Ramón
Published: May 2020

The musealisation of Castalla Castle (Spain): a project that could have been possible Between 2009 and 2017, the Castalla Castle Heritage Site Social Regeneration Project was executed with the aim of managing its entire cultural and natural heritage. Castalla Castle was one of the basic pillars of this project, and therefore its musealisation began in 2016. In this way, the fortification was equipped and included some contents that made the visit more attractive. The abrupt termination of this social regeneration project made it impossible to continue with its musealisation, as originally planned. Thus, this paper will explain the proposals that were intended to be carried out in three parts –Palau (Palace), Pati d’Armes (Lower Ward) and Torre Grossa (Large Tower)– in order to enrich the limited offer of musealised fortifications in the province of Alicante and turn Castalla Castle into a reference.
Restauro e consolidamento della parte sommitale di castel Penede a Nago (Trento) sul lago di Garda. Un progetto di conoscenza
Authors: Gentilini Giorgia
Published: May 2020

Restoration and consolidation of the top portion of castel Penede in Nago (Trento) on Lake Garda. A project of knowledgeCastel Penede is located on a rocky spur, the farthest north-west extension of Monte Baldo, protruding to close up the pass from Upper Garda to Adige Valley, protecting the Torbole harbour. The structure of the fortified complex spans over a period of almost five centuries, from the twelfth to the sixteenth century, in an area featuring an at least bi-millennial settlement sequence. The path of knowledge started in 2008 with the historic and stratigraphic analysis. The carrying out of the executive project will turn out to be of a cultural interest, as the removal of the collapsed material will be effected, found in the most ancient rooms which will be then revamped and restored. These works will bring to light some structures (walls, architectonic elements, flooring plans, plasters, vaults and staircases...) which shall be studied, filed and reported as stratigraphic units to update the analysis of the elevations previously carried out. The knowledge methodology adopted to get comprehension of the castle according to scientific methods will be then carried on. The investigations on the architectures have highlighted the relevance of the stratigraphic analysis meant not only as a fundamental aspect of the path of knowledge of a historical building, but also as a basic step to preserve the cultural heritage piece. This will safeguard the readability of the constructed item and of its morphological-stratigraphic connections to the extent of making the traces of the contemporary works on the built item itself both evident and acknowledgeable during the treatment of the walls’ surface joints. These operations carried out by skilled workers can be nearly classified as a specialised service which is often not adequately matched in the work practice. It is essential to point out the role of knowledge: knowledge of the item means you know how to restore it.
Intervención en el Castillo de Biar. Consolidación de una ruina como alternativa posibilista en la defensa del patrimonio
Authors: Del Rey Miguel , Gallud Antonio
Published: May 2020

Biar's Castle intervention. Consolidation of a ruin as a possibilist alternative in the defense of heritageConsolidation of ruin and didactic recovery of the castle's profile dominating the landscape. Almohad fortress that should have been recorded at the beginning of the powerful existing tower, surrounded by a protective wall with adarve, all on steep rocks. The fortress is transformed over time, being in service as a defense between Muslim Spain and Christian Spain in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, to later, be a point of friction between the Kingdoms of Castilla and Aragón, remaining active until the mid-sixteenth century, with an intervention in the nineteenth century during the Carlist wars. Is located on the top of a hill at 745 m altitude, next to the town. The orography marks a deep slope to the northeast, more than 100 m high, while to the west, falling towards the population, the slope is smoother. Because of its situation, the castle has a very important visual impact, so landscape considerations acquire a special meaning. The intervention is partial on the second walled enclosure and in total ruin, proposing an eloquent restoration that allows to approach its complex history and the construction techniques used, within a strong economy of means in the project and subsequent maintenance. We can restore the image of the courtyard, its spatiality and know the remains of existing buildings. Both, the remnants emptying of crashes, and the restoration of the traces of the internal walls, the various heights of the walls and their guard steps, allow us to understand the whole along the time. The undoubted visual and landscape interest of Biar Castle is a relevant aspect of the intervention.
La difesa dei territori dell’Ossola, sul corridoio spagnolo delle Fiandre, negli ultimi decenni del secolo XVII
Authors: Negri Paolo
Published: May 2020

The defense of Ossola territories, on the Spanish passageway to Flanders, in the late seventeenth centuryThe Ossola territories, in the area to the northwest of Milan, have constituted the western border most in contact with the nordic and tens-alpine world, ever since the first establishment of the Duchy of Milan. It is already known from G. Parker’s monography on the camino español that one of the common routes, which allowed overland redeployment of Spanish troops headed towards Flanders, from the Liguria region across central Europe, would go through Ossola and cross the Simplon Pass or the Gries Pass. During the turbulent historical period of the Thirty Years’ War and the following one, the changing fortunes of the Duchy of Milan in Spanish hands led to the fast and strategic conquest of Piedmontese cities (1639) and their equally rapid loss on the western border. Especially in the second half of the seventeenth century, the Franco-Savoy advance threw the Piedmontese borders into a severe crisis and the Spanish governors of Milan accordingly adopted all the military measures needed to address the issue. Fearing incursions from the north, through Romandie, Valais and Ossola, in the late seventeenth century, many field engineers among whom Beretta and Formenti, arranged the transformation of Domodossola, the outermost military stronghold only equipped with obsolete medieval walls at the time, into a “modern” rampart city (1687-1690). The engineers produced an accurate study of the territory, preserved today in the Historical Civic Archive and at the Trivulziana library in Milan in a cartographic manuscript series of all the Ossola valleys and the Swiss territory from Brig to Lake Leman.
La Rocca di Arquata del Tronto: simbolo di rinascita per il territorio marchigiano colpito dal sisma
Authors: Petrucci Enrica , Lapucci Diana , Lapucci Noemi
Published: May 2020

The fortress of Arquata del Tronto: symbol of rebirth for the Marche Region affected by the earthquakeThe Fortress of Arquata del Tronto in the Marche region is an imposing structure that rises on the crag to the north of the historic center. It represents a typical example of military architecture in the Apennines Area. Its foundation is between the eleventh and the twelfth century, an initial phase of embankment which undergoes a gradual and progressive increase in structures to enhance the functionality of the fortress. The city of Ascoli Piceno, worried about consolidating the defense outposts located at its borders, soon took possession of it. From the thirteenth to the sixteenth century, the Rocca lived alternate events, clashing with nearby castles, especially with Norcia. At the end of the eighteenth century, Arquata will be absorbed in the territory of the Clitunno Department, in the ancient Duchy of Spoleto. During this period, it was partially restored, to house a stable military garrison, becoming the third fortress of the Trasimeno Department, until it returned under the Papal States. Continuous interventions make the structure suitable for military uses. At the end of the nineteenth century, Giuseppe Sacconi, as director of the Conservation Office in the Marche and Umbria Region, undertook an important restoration. The ruins of the fortress were reconfigured according to medieval forms, taken by analogy from the repertoire of fortifications in the Apennine area. A further conservative intervention was carried out in 1990 to allow a new use. Unfortunately, the seismic events in 2016-2017 have compromised the Rocca, with large collapses that currently make the complex unusable. The intention is to undertake new restoration work, setting up a school construction site; this could represent a virtuous example to favor the rebirth of Arquata del Tronto, so strongly hit by the earthquake, through a project for the enhancement of its architectural heritage.
Islamic defensive architecture along the eastern coast of Algeria: the Fusula Ribat and its mosque (Annaba)
Authors: Chergui Samia , Haoui Samira
Published: May 2020

The ribat in Bouna (present day Annaba), also called the Fusula Ribat, dominates the promontory of the hill with the same name and overlooks the port of the town. This defensive structure, whose typology dates from the Fatimid period, belonged to a chain of ribats marking Islamic territory along the length of the Mediterranean coast. It was concealed under the Sidi Boumerouane Mosque. Thus, through a series of transformations, the site became a veritable military-religious complex. The recent process of patrimonialization, as well as the restoration project at the complex, has revealed the structure of the ribat, leaning against the wall and essentially forming the foundations of the first mosque of the town. The aim of this article is, on the one hand, to bring new knowledge, as much technical as historical, about this fortified structure, which has largely been ignored by historical research until now, and on the other, to carry out the restoration project of this edifice, which has now been classed as national heritage.
El patrimonio defensivo andaluz y su gestión en la intervención. Un modelo sobre la Seguridad y Salud
Authors: Domínguez Caballero Rosa Mª
Published: May 2020

The Andalusian defensive heritage and its management in the intervention. A model on Health and SafetyThe Management of the Architect or Building Engineer in Restoration works in defensive buildings such as (towers, walls, castles, etc.) has an exhaustive and specific workforce due to the particularities especially in the environment of the Health and Safety Coordination. This communication will focus on the management of the technician on the Prevention of Occupational Risks in the Restoration, Rehabilitation and Consolidation works on defensive constructions chosen by the author of her International Thesis from the point of view of their integration in all processes: definition and Execution of the activities to be carried out. The destination and final objective is to ensure the physical integrity of the workers who are in contact in the Restoration of Historical Heritage. Research has been carried out in this area both in Andalusia and in the South of France, around the Mediterranean, reflecting the comparison of particularities as an example in 2 defensive interventions: “Restoration in the tower of Castle Molares (Sevilla)” and “Consolidation of Castle Olvera (Cádiz)”. The Technician's work is fundamental for the control of risks in the workplace, especially in the consolidation and restoration of defensive heritage. The actions of the Health and Safety Coordinator in the execution phase in the Restoration or Rehabilitation differ considerably with the works of Nueva Planta, since the stability of the building must be guaranteed in addition to the difficulty involved in the execution procedures and the “surprises” that can be found when acting on the property of this type. Documents are prepared reflecting the modifications in the Restoration Process that will entail new “occupational risks” and the consequent “health and safety measures” that will have to be taken to eliminate or minimize as indicated in Law 31/95 of PRL.
Nuevas arquitecturas o la protección de las fortificaciones en Tarragona
Authors: De Ortueta Hilberath Elena
Published: May 2020

New architectures or the protection of the fortifications in TarragonaThe conservation of the fortification in Tarragona was not an easy task. In 1884 the Roman wall was declared a National Monument, and in 1966 it was declared a historical and artistic complex. These measures distant in time did not achieve a joint protection of it. This study deals with the transformation of the bastion of Cadenas in the San Antonio Promenade. It is an example of urban speculation during Franco’s developmentalism. Our contribution is the result of an analysis and comparison of various types of documentation: military, engineering command headquarters as well as municipal and state. We demonstrate that the destruction of the bastions was due to the low value given to these defensive structures, which were considered an obstacle to urban expansion and development.
La obra coronada en la fortificación de Puerta Tierra (Cádiz) a través de la cartografía urbana del siglo XVIII
Authors: Aguilar-Camacho Joaquín , Granado-Castro Gabriel , Lozano-Martínez Francisco Ramón
Published: May 2020

The crownwork fortification of Puerta Tierra (Cadiz) through the eighteenth century urban mapsMost of the walls of Cádiz is mainly due to the works carried out on the seventeenth century. During this period the defenses of the Puerta Tierra wall –the city’s only terrestrial communication point– were expanded with the incorporation of new defensive elements, such as the so-called “crownwork”. However, it was during the eighteenth century when this defensive element acquired its last configuration, which did not correspond to the last planned project. This paper offers a vision on the various projects make by military corps of engineers for the remodeling of the Puerta Tierra wall. For this purpose we relies on the historical maps of the city corresponding to the eighteenth century. Also, it is analyzed how during this century its physiognomy evolved until the disappearance of the crownwork.
Il sistema dei Casali Fortezza. Il caso studio di Castellaccio di Monteroni
Authors: Calisi Daniele , Cianci Maria Grazia , Molinari Matteo
Published: May 2020

The Casali Fortezza system. The case study of Castellaccio di MonteroniThe landscape of Lazio’s Tyrrhenian coasts is strongly characterized by the presence of fortifications. Parallel to them, in the interland, the baronial expansion, between the tenth and eleventh centuries, paved the way to a large-scale fortification of the Roman countryside. Along the main routes were built lookout towers, farmhouses were consolidated with defense mechanism and the first castles were constructed. The research focuses on the study of Castellaccio di Monteroni in Ladispoli, built in the fifteenth century on Roman structures and on previous constructions dating back to the period of the Baronial expansion. The Castellaccio di Monteroni is one of the few remaining examples of Casale Fortificato (Fortified Manor). It is placed on the 35th kilometer of the Via Aurelia and takes its name Castellaccio from the abandonment over the centuries and Monteroni due to the heaps of the nearby Etruscan necropolis. The main function carried out over the centuries was a resting place, a sure point of reference for couriers, travelers and pilgrims traveling along the Via Aurelia. When in the nineteenth the route of the Via Aurelia was moved to the present one the fortification fell into abandonment. The analysis of this architecture is of great interest, not only for the knowledge of the geometry of the fortifications of the Roman countryside, but also because it is one of the few remaining examples of Casale Fortificato, representing a rare medieval architectural heritage.
Mapping the First World War Forgotten Material Heritage: A Multi-proxy and GIS-based Proposal for the Trentino Alps
Authors: Dai Prà Elena , Gabellieri Nicola
Published: May 2020

The material remains of the First World War field-battles are gradually disappearing, especially in marginal mountain areas, due to negligence and changes in land coverage. The paper presents the first stage of an ongoing project, devoted to identifying the forgotten material features of war landscapes on the Trentino Alps, using a wide range of historical sources, such as cartography, aerial and ground photos, textual descriptions and field surveys. The case study chosen to test the methodology is a small area of the municipality of Trambileno, in the south of the Province of Trento. Different data from different sources are integrated in a GIS platform, in order to safeguard the memory and the location of cultural heritage, as well as to support future enhancement plans.
El Castillo de La Vilavella (Castellón). Estudios y primeras actuaciones de conservación
Authors: Mileto Camilla , Vegas Fernando , García-Soriano Lidia , Tomás Marquez Salvador
Published: May 2020

The Castle of La Vilavella (Castellón). Surveys and first conservation actionsThe castle of La Vilavella (Castellón) stands on the slopes of San Sebastián, and its various constructions follow the craggy relief of the hill, on the outskirts of the town to the west. The castle is currently an imposing ruin on top of a hill, a landmark which dominates the inland landscape as well as the plains to the sea. Part of the castle’s walled complex, which stretches along 230 m of the local topography with a maximum width of 60 m, is conserved. The walled complex incorporates a sequence of towers of different types, forms, and constructive techniques which reflect the different periods in which the complex was built. This article aims to present the conservation project carried out in the castle, as well as the prior analyses and completed work based on these. The starting point for this conservation project was that the actions on a major heritage asset such as this constitute another phase for learning about its material history. They also make it possible to continue research into its material and constructive history through new archaeological excavations such as the study of its constructive elements. The interventions carried out aim to respect the construction of the castle at both a material and aesthetic level, returning it to a physical condition which honours its history and helps prolong its useful life. The conservation work carried out, necessary to ensure consolidation, has focused mostly on the walls of the different structures and adaptation and musealisation actions of the castle complex.