bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Current topics in liver surgery
Authors: Yamazaki Shintaro , Takayama Tadatoshi
Published: February 2019

Liver resection is one of the main treatment strategies for liver malignancies. Mortality and morbidity of liver surgery has improved significantly with progress in selection criteria, development of operative procedures and improvements in perioperative management. Safe liver resection has thus become more available worldwide. We have identified four current topics related to liver resection (anatomical liver resection, laparoscopic liver resection, staged liver resection and chemotherapy‐induced liver injury). The balance between treatment effect and patient safety needs to be considered when planning liver resection. Progress in this area has been rapid thanks to the efforts of many surgeons, and outcomes have improved significantly as a result. These topics remain to be solved and more robust evidence is needed. Precise selection of the optimal procedure and risk evaluation should be standardized with further development of each topic. The present article reviews these four current topics with a focus on safety and efficacy in recent series.
Research priorities of people living with Turner syndrome
Authors: Sandberg David E. , Singer Dianne , Bugajski Benjamin , Gebremariam Achamyeleh , Scerbak Teresa , Dooley Maley Kathleen L. , Scurlock Cindy , Culin Denise , Eder Sally , Silberbach Michael
Published: February 2019

Despite major discoveries, traditional biomedical research has not always addressed topics perceived as priorities by patients and their families. Patient‐centered care is predicated on research taking such priorities into account. The present study surveyed women with Turner syndrome (TS; 18+ years; n = 543), parents of women with TS (n = 232), and parents of younger daughters with TS (<18 years; n = 563), regarding their priorities for research. The study also included a quantitative audit of research categorized as either predominantly biomedical or psychological in the medical and other scientific literature. The overwhelming majority of all surveyed stakeholders (84% and higher) rated both biomedical and psychological research in TS as “very important,” yet only approximately 9% of published research focused on psychological aspects of TS. The odds of women with TS identifying psychological research as “most important” was significantly lower (OR: 0.607; 95% CI: 0.375, 0.982] than the odds of parents making the same prioritization. Despite the majority of participants rating research as very important, only approximately half‐rated participation in research as similarly important. The majority of respondents in all three groups (59%–73%) indicated they would “very likely” participate in research pertaining to eating or nutrition, quality of life, or genetic studies in TS. Substantially fewer expressed similar eagerness to participate in studies involving the study of a new medicine or medical device. Increased engagement of patient and family stakeholders in research requires that investigators select topics of study important to that community.
Complex Formation of the Tetracycline‐Binding Aptamer Investigated by Specific Cross‐Relaxation under DNP
Authors: Aladin Victoria , Vogel Marc , Binder Robert , Burghardt Irene , Suess Beatrix , Corzilius Björn
Published: February 2019

While dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) under magic‐angle spinning (MAS) is generally a powerful method capable of greatly enhancing the sensitivity of solid‐state NMR spectroscopy, hyperpolarization also gives rise to peculiar spin dynamics. Here, we elucidate how specific cross‐relaxation enhancement by active motions under DNP (SCREAM‐DNP) can be utilized to selectively obtain MAS‐NMR spectra of an RNA aptamer in a tightly bound complex with a methyl‐bearing ligand (tetracycline) due to the effective CH3‐reorientation at an optimized sample temperature of approximately 160 K. SCREAM‐DNP can spectrally isolate the complex from non‐bound species in an RNA mixture. This selectivity allows for a competition assay between the aptamer and a mutant with compromised binding affinity. Variations in molecular structure and methyl dynamics, as observed by SCREAM‐DNP, between free tetracycline and RNA‐bound tetracycline are discussed.
Photoredox‐Catalyzed Site‐Selective α‐C(sp3)−H Alkylation of Primary Amine Derivatives
Authors: Ashley Melissa A. , Yamauchi Chiaki , Chu John C. K. , Otsuka Shinya , Yorimitsu Hideki , Rovis Tomislav
Published: February 2019

The synthetic utility of tertiary amines to oxidatively generate α‐amino radicals is well established, however, primary amines remain challenging because of competitive side reactions. This report describes the site‐selective α‐functionalization of primary amine derivatives through the generation of α‐amino radical intermediates. Employing visible‐light photoredox catalysis, primary sulfonamides are coupled with electron‐deficient alkenes to efficiently and mildly construct C−C bonds. Interestingly, a divergence between intermolecular hydrogen‐atom transfer (HAT) catalysis and intramolecular [1,5] HAT was observed through precise manipulation of the protecting group. This dichotomy was leveraged to achieve excellent α/δ site‐selectivity.
Efficient Access to Deuterated and Tritiated Nucleobase Pharmaceuticals and Oligonucleotides using Hydrogen‐Isotope Exchange
Authors: Palazzolo Alberto , Feuillastre Sophie , Pfeifer Viktor , Garcia‐Argote Sébastien , Bouzouita Donia , Tricard Simon , Chollet Céline , Marcon Elodie , Buisson David‐Alexandre , Cholet Sophie , Fenaille François , Lippens Guy , Chaudret Bruno , Pieters Grégory
Published: February 2019

A general approach for the efficient hydrogen‐isotope exchange of nucleobase derivatives is described. Catalyzed by ruthenium nanoparticles, using mild reaction conditions, and involving either D2 or T2 as isotopic sources, this reaction possesses a wide substrate scope and a high solvent tolerability. This novel method facilitates the access to essential diagnostic tools in drug discovery and development: tritiated pharmaceuticals with high specific activities and deuterated oligonucleotides suitable for use as internal standards during LC‐MS quantification.
Mn‐Catalyzed Dehydrocyanative Transannulation of Heteroarenes and Propargyl Carbonates through C−H Activation: Beyond the Permanent Directing Effects of Pyridines/Pyrimidines
Authors: Zheng Guangfan , Sun Jiaqiong , Xu Youwei , Zhai Shuailei , Li Xingwei
Published: February 2019

Pyridines/pyrimidines are common and effective directing groups in C−H activation. However, they are poorly functionalizable heteroarenes. Reported in this work is Mn‐catalyzed dehydrocyanative transannulation between three classes of heteroarenes and propargyl carbonates. The pyridyl/pyrimidyl groups in the heteroarenes initially function as directing groups to enable C−H allenylation; they then undergo intramolecular Diels–Alder/retro‐Diels–Alder reactions with the allene moiety to afford fused carbo/heterocycles. Three key intermediates at different stages of the reaction were isolated.
β‐Selektive C‐Glycosylierung und ihre Anwendung in der Synthese von Scleropentasid A
Authors: Boehlich G. Jacob , Schützenmeister Nina
Published: February 2019

C‐Glycoside sind Kohlenhydrate, welche am anomeren Zentrum mittels einer C‐C‐Bindung an ein Aglykon gebunden sind. Durch ihre höhere Stabilität gegenüber chemischer und enzymatischer Hydrolyse werden diese Verbindungen häufig als Kohlenhydrat‐Mimetika in der Arzneistoffentwicklung eingesetzt. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt eine allgemeine, β‐selektive Methode zur Synthese des Acyl‐C‐glycosidischen Strukturmotivs, welches in der Naturstoffklasse der Scleropentaside vorkommt. Eine Corey‐Seebach‐Umpolung als Schlüsselschritt in der Synthese von Scleropentasid A und Analoga ermöglicht den β‐selektiven Aufbau der anomeren C‐C‐Bindung ausgehend von ungeschützten Kohlenhydraten in nur vier Synthesestufen. Die Methode ist besonders Atom‐ und Topf‐effizient und verzichtet auf die Verwendung von toxischen Schwermetallen.
Cu nanoparticles immobilized on modified magnetic zeolite for the synthesis of 1,2,3‐triazoles under ultrasonic conditions
Authors: Khakzad Siuki Mohammad Mehdi , Bakavoli Mehdi , Eshghi Hossein
Published: February 2019

Magnetically recoverable copper nanoparticle‐loaded natural zeolite (CuNPs/MZN) as an efficient catalyst was synthesized. The Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles were immobilized into the pores of natural clinoptilolite zeolite, which were modified with epichlorohydrine and ethylenediamine species and then CuNPs were decorated on the surface of functionalized zeolite (CuNPs/MZN). The catalysts were successfully characterized by Fourier transform‐infrared, CHN, thermogravimetric analysis, inductively coupled plasma, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy techniques. The 1,2,3‐triazoles were readily synthesized through using the catalyst in high yields and short reaction times under ultrasonic conditions via CuAAC reactions of aryl azides and terminal alkynes. The CuNPs/MZN was easily separated from the reaction mixture by an external magnet and reused several times successfully. The catalyst could be used for the synthesis of various organic compounds.
Study on thermal conductive PA6 composites with 3‐dimensional structured boron nitride hybrids
Authors: Wang Liang , Wu Wei , Drummer Dietmar , Ma Renbo , Liu Zhaowen , Shen Wanting
Published: February 2019

To develop thermally conductive PA6 composites with the aim of decreasing filler content, structure‐complexed fillers were fabricated. This research presented an effective approach by noncovalent functionalization of poly(dopamine) (PDA) followed by silver nanoparticles decoration to fabricate 3‐dimensional (3‐D) structured boron nitride hybrids (BN@PDA@AgNPs). BN hybrids were then introduced into PA6 to prepare thermally conductive PA6 composites. The results demonstrated that PA6/BN hybrids (PMB) composites exhibited higher thermal conducivity compared with PA6/BN composites, which revealed more effective construction of thermal conductive network in the composites with the addition of 3‐D structured fillers. The effects of BN hybrids with different loadings on thermal stability, mechanical property, as well as electrical resistance of the composites were also analyzed. Overall, the prepared PMB composites exhibited outstanding performance in thermal conductivity, thermal stability, mechanical property, while retaining good electrical insulating property, which showed a potential application in electronic packaging fields. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47630.
Effects of pressure on poly(ether‐ether‐ketone) (PEEK) sintering mechanisms
Authors: Sébileau Jean‐Charles , Lemonnier Sébastien , Barraud Elodie , Vallat Marie‐France , Carradò Adele , Nardin Michel
Published: February 2019

This study deals with the understanding of the sintering mechanisms that occur during consolidation of an ultra‐high‐performance polymer: poly(ether‐ether‐ketone). In particular, we investigated the effects of uniaxial pressure during spark plasma sintering (SPS) processing. Glass‐transition temperature (Tg) measurements under loading, stress–strain curves and scanning electron microscopy analysis allowed us to determine the role of pressure intensity and temperature of application on macromolecular chain mobility in both the bulk and the surface of the particles. First, a loss of chain mobility in the bulk of the particles was observed under high pressure. Second, it was shown that high pressure applied at low temperature leads to friction effects between the particles which enhances chain mobility in the particle shell through a local melting phenomenon. These experimental conditions favor the healing of particles and high cohesion was then observed in the resulting sintered samples. The level of friction is enhanced when pressure is applied at a low temperature since the powders are still in a glassy state. Finally, the achievement of cohesive grain boundaries was found to be related to the location and conformation of chain ends. Good healing between particles can only occur if a sufficient number of chain ends are available at the surface of the particle shell. We showed that the native powder state plays a significant role. The direct use of as‐received powder leads to final material exhibiting good cohesion whereas pretreatments of the native powder are highly detrimental. It should be noted that this processing does not affect the high initial degree of crystallinity because no bulk melting is observed during consolidation by sintering. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47645.
Genetic Disorders of the Extracellular Matrix
Authors: Lamandé Shireen R. , Bateman John F.
Published: February 2019

Mutations in the genes for extracellular matrix (ECM) components cause a wide range of genetic connective tissues disorders throughout the body. The elucidation of mutations and their correlation with pathology has been instrumental in understanding the roles of many ECM components. The pathological consequences of ECM protein mutations depend on its tissue distribution, tissue function, and on the nature of the mutation. The prevalent paradigm for the molecular pathology has been that there are two global mechanisms. First, mutations that reduce the production of ECM proteins impair matrix integrity largely due to quantitative ECM defects. Second, mutations altering protein structure may reduce protein secretion but also introduce dominant negative effects in ECM formation, structure and/or stability. Recent studies show that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, caused by mutant misfolded ECM proteins, makes a significant contribution to the pathophysiology. This suggests that targeting ER‐stress may offer a new therapeutic strategy in a range of ECM disorders caused by protein misfolding mutations. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 The Authors. The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists.
Durchstanztragverhalten von Einzelfundamenten mit variierenden Durchstanzbewehrungsgraden
Authors: Kueres Dominik , Schmidt Philipp , Hegger Josef
Published: February 2019

Mit der bauaufsichtlichen Einführung des Eurocode 2 in Deutschland wurde die Durchstanzbemessung von Fundamenten und Bodenplatten neu geregelt. Für die Bemessung der Durchstanzbewehrung wird im Eurocode 2 unabhängig vom Bauteil ein 33°‐Fachwerk mit konstantem Betontraganteil vorgeschlagen. Aufgrund von Sicherheitsbedenken wurde im Deutschen Anhang zum Eurocode 2 (EC2+NA(D)) davon abweichend ein Aufhängefachwerk ohne Betontraganteil für die Bemessung der Durchstanzbewehrung in Fundamenten und Bodenplatten eingeführt. Während zur Bewertung der Bemessungsgleichungen für die Ermittlung der Durchstanztragfähigkeit von Fundamenten ohne Durchstanzbewehrung bzw. der maximalen Durchstanztragfähigkeit verschiedene Versuchsergebnisse vorliegen, fehlen bislang systematische Versuchsreihen an Fundamenten mit einem Durchstanzversagen innerhalb des durchstanzbewehrten Bereichs (Bemessung der Durchstanzbewehrung).

Zur systematischen Untersuchung des Durchstanztragverhaltens von Fundamenten mit Bügeln als Durchstanzbewehrung wurden insgesamt drei Versuchsserien (elf Versuche) mit variierendem Durchstanzbewehrungsgrad durchgeführt. Dabei erfolgte die Variation der Durchstanzbewehrungsmenge über den Bügeldurchmesser. Weitere untersuchte Einflussparameter waren die Schubschlankheit und die statische Nutzhöhe. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die durchgeführten Versuche vorgestellt und die Versuchsergebnisse diskutiert. Durch den Vergleich der experimentell ermittelten Bruchlasten mit den rechnerischen Durchstanztragfähigkeiten nach Eurocode 2 und EC2+NA(D) können die bestehenden normativen Regeln bewertet werden. Darüber hinaus werden die Bemessungsregeln nach Model Code 2010 in die Bewertung mit einbezogen.
Direct and Oriented Conversion of CO2 into Value‐Added Aromatics
Authors: Wang Yang , Gao Weizhe , Kazumi Shun , Li Hangjie , Yang Guohui , Tsubaki Noritatsu
Published: February 2019

The oriented conversion of CO2 into target high‐value chemicals is an effective way to reduce carbon emissions, but still presents a challenge. In this communication, we report the oriented conversion of CO2 into value‐added aromatics, especially para‐xylene, in a single pass by combining core–shell structured Zn‐doped H‐ZSM‐5 (Zn‐ZSM‐5@SiO2) and a Cr2O3 component. Through precise regulation of the acidity of Zn‐ZSM‐5@SiO2, high para‐xylene selectivity (38.7 % in the total products) at a CO2 conversion of 22.1 % was achieved. Furthermore, a CO2‐assisted effect in the synthesis of aromatics during the tandem process has been clarified through a control experiment. The CO2 reactant can act as a hydrogen acceptor to accelerate the dehydrogenation of alkenes, intermediates in the synthesis of aromatics, thereby increasing the driving force towards aromatics in the tandem reaction process.
XANES/EPR Evidence of the Oxidation of Nickel(II) Quinolinylpropioamide and Its Application in Csp3−H Functionalization
Authors: Hao Wenyan , Sha Yuchen , Deng Yi , Luo Yi , Zeng Li , Tang Shan , Weng Yue , Chiang Chien‐Wei , Lei Aiwen
Published: February 2019

An in situ generated oxidation species of nickel quinolinylpropioamide intermediate was produced. Characterization by X‐ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and EPR provides complementary insights into this oxidized nickel species. With aliphatic amides and isocyanides as substrates, a nickel‐catalyzed facile synthesis of structurally diverse five‐membered lactams could be achieved.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Pd@PtnL Core‐Shell Icosahedral Nanocrystals in High Throughput through a Quantitative Analysis of the Reduction Kinetics
Authors: Lee Chi‐Ta , Wang Helan , Zhao Ming , Yang Tung‐Han , Vara Madeline , Xia Younan
Published: February 2019

The rational design and implementation of a one‐pot method is reported for the facile synthesis of Pd@PtnL (nL denotes the number of Pt atomic layers) core‐shell icosahedral nanocrystals in a single step. The success of this method relies on the use of Na2PdCl4 and Pt(acac)2 as the precursors to Pd and Pt atoms, respectively. Our quantitative analysis of the reduction kinetics indicates that the PdII and PtII precursors are sequentially reduced with a major gap between the two events. Specifically, the PdII precursor is reduced first, leading to the formation of Pd‐based icosahedral seeds with a multiply‐twinned structure. In contrast, the PtII precursor prefers to take a surface reduction pathway on the just‐formed icosahedral seeds. As such, the otherwise extremely slow reduction of the PtII precursor can be dramatically accelerated through an autocatalytic process for the deposition of Pt atoms as a conformal shell on each Pd icosahedral core. Compared to the conventional approach of seed‐mediated growth, the throughput for the one‐pot synthesis of Pd@PtnL core‐shell nanocrystals can be increased by more than 30‐fold. When used as catalysts, the Pd@Pt4.5L core‐shell icosahedral nanocrystals show specific and mass activities of 0.83 mA cm−2 and 0.39 A mgPt−1, respectively, at 0.9 V toward oxygen reduction. The Pt‐based nanocages derived from the core‐shell nanocrystals also show enhanced specific (1.45 mA cm−2) and mass activities (0.75 A mgPt−1) at 0.9 V, which are 3.8 and 3.3 times greater than those of the commercial Pt/C, respectively.
“You probably can’t feel as safe as normal women”: Hispanic women’s reactions to breast density notification
Authors: Pacsi‐Sepulveda Alsacia L. , Shelton Rachel C. , Rodriguez Carmen B. , Coq Arielle T. , Tehranifar Parisa
Published: February 2019

Background

Patient advocacy has led to state‐level legislative mandates for the release of personal mammographic breast density information to women undergoing screening mammography. More research is needed to understand the impact of this information on women’s perceptions and mammography screening behavior.

Methods

Semistructured interviews were conducted in English and Spanish with 24 self‐identified Hispanic women who had undergone at least 1 mammogram since breast density notification was enacted in New York State. The women ranged in age from 43 to 63 years. Women were asked about their understanding and perceptions of the communication of New York State‐mandated breast density information, and any actions they have taken or would take in response to this information. A content analysis of the qualitative data from the translated and transcribed interviews was conducted.

Results

The majority of participants had no prior knowledge of breast density and expressed confusion and apprehension regarding the meaning of dense breasts when presented with the notification information. Many participants understood having dense breasts to be a serious and abnormal condition, and reported feelings of worry and vulnerability. Participants mostly expressed a strong interest in learning about breast density and obtaining additional and more frequent breast cancer screening tests. These behavioral intentions were consistent with participants’ overall favorable view of breast cancer screening and a belief that their faith, as well as regular screening, can help to protect them from breast cancer morbidity and mortality.

Conclusions

Hispanic women conveyed proactive breast cancer screening intentions in response to breast density notification, despite inadequate comprehension of this information and negative emotional responses.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Containing A Pyrrolopyridazine Core
Authors: Richter Marcus , Fu Yubin , Dmitrieva Evgenia , Weigand Jan J. , Popov Alexey , Berger Reinhard , Liu Junzhi , Feng Xinliang
Published: February 2019

Polycyclic aromatic azomethine ylides (PAMYs) are versatile building blocks for the bottom‐up construction of unprecedented nitrogen‐containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (N‐PAHs). Here, we demonstrate the 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition between PAMY and 1,4‐diphenylbut‐2‐yne‐1,4‐dione and the subsequent condensation reaction with hydrazine, which led to unique N‐PAHs with a phenyl‐substituted pyrrolopyridazine core (PP‐1 and PP‐2). The molecular structures of pristine PP‐1 and tert‐butyl‐substituted PP‐2 were verified by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Moreover, the structure of PP‐2 was unambiguously elucidated by X‐ray single crystal analysis. The optoelectronic properties were investigated by solvent‐dependent UV‐Vis absorption and fluorescence emission spectroscopy as well as cyclic voltammetry. Additionally, density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that PP‐1 and PP‐2 exhibit push–pull behavior. Furthermore, in situ EPR/UV‐Vis‐NIR spectroelectrochemistry allowed the detailed insight into the spectroscopic properties and spin distribution of radical cation species of PP‐2.
Selective Conversion of Cellulose to Hydroxyacetone and 1‐Hydroxy‐2‐Butanone with Sn–Ni Bimetallic Catalysts
Authors: Wang Haiyong , Zhu Changhui , Liu Qiying , Tan Jin , Wang Chenguang , Liang Zheng , Ma Longlong
Published: February 2019

The high‐value‐added chemicals hydroxyacetone (HA) and 1‐hydroxy‐2‐butanone (HB) were produced from agricultural waste over a Ni3Sn4‐SnOx catalyst. The Sn–Ni intermetallic compound and SnOx acted as the active sites for HA and HB production by selectively cleaving the target C−C and C−O bonds. Approximately 70 % of the total HA and HB yield was obtained by selective hydrogenolysis of cellulose. This strategy expands the application of cellulose towards renewable production of high‐value C3 and C4 keto‐alcohols from cellulosic biomass.
Modeling spatiotemporal abundance of mobile wildlife in highly variable environments using boosted GAMLSS hurdle models
Authors: Smith Adam , Hofner Benjamin , Lamb Juliet S. , Osenkowski Jason , Allison Taber , Sadoti Giancarlo , McWilliams Scott R. , Paton Peter
Published: February 2019

Modeling organism distributions from survey data involves numerous statistical challenges, including accounting for zero‐inflation, overdispersion, and selection and incorporation of environmental covariates. In environments with high spatial and temporal variability, addressing these challenges often requires numerous assumptions regarding organism distributions and their relationships to biophysical features. These assumptions may limit the resolution or accuracy of predictions resulting from survey‐based distribution models. We propose an iterative modeling approach that incorporates a negative binomial hurdle, followed by modeling of the relationship of organism distribution and abundance to environmental covariates using generalized additive models (GAM) and generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS). Our approach accounts for key features of survey data by separating binary (presence‐absence) from count (abundance) data, separately modeling the mean and dispersion of count data, and incorporating selection of appropriate covariates and response functions from a suite of potential covariates while avoiding overfitting. We apply our modeling approach to surveys of sea duck abundance and distribution in Nantucket Sound (Massachusetts, USA), which has been proposed as a location for offshore wind energy development. Our model results highlight the importance of spatiotemporal variation in this system, as well as identifying key habitat features including distance to shore, sediment grain size, and seafloor topographic variation. Our work provides a powerful, flexible, and highly repeatable modeling framework with minimal assumptions that can be broadly applied to the modeling of survey data with high spatiotemporal variability. Applying GAMLSS models to the count portion of survey data allows us to incorporate potential overdispersion, which can dramatically affect model results in highly dynamic systems. Our approach is particularly relevant to systems in which little a priori knowledge is available regarding relationships between organism distributions and biophysical features, since it incorporates simultaneous selection of covariates and their functional relationships with organism responses.
Application of a SSR‐GBS marker system on investigation of European Hedgehog species and their hybrid zone dynamics
Authors: Curto Manuel , Winter Silvia , Seiter Anna , Schmid Lukas , Scheicher Klaus , Barthel Leon M. F. , Plass Jürgen , Meimberg Harald
Published: February 2019

By applying second‐generation sequencing technologies to microsatellite genotyping, sequence information is produced which can result in high‐resolution population genetics analysis populations and increased replicability between runs and laboratories. In the present study, we establish an approach to study the genetic structure patterns of two European hedgehog species Erinaceaus europaeus and E. roumanicus. These species are usually associated with human settlements and are good models to study anthropogenic impacts on the genetic diversity of wild populations. The short sequence repeats genotyping by sequence (SSR‐GBS) method presented uses amplicon sequences to determine genotypes for which allelic variants can be defined according to both length and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). To evaluate whether complete sequence information improved genetic structure definition, we compared this information with datasets based solely on length information. We identified a total of 42 markers which were successfully amplified in both species. Overall, genotyping based on complete sequence information resulted in a higher number of alleles, as well as greater genetic diversity and differentiation between species. Additionally, the structure patterns were slightly clearer with a division between both species and some potential hybrids. There was some degree of genetic structure within species, although only in E. roumanicus was this related to geographical distance. The statistically significant results obtained by SSR‐GBS demonstrate that it is superior to electrophoresis‐based methods for SSR genotyping. Moreover, the greater reproducibility and throughput with lower effort which can be obtained with SSR‐GBS and the possibility to include degraded DNA into the analysis, allow for continued relevance of SSR markers during the genomic era.
Tandem Thioacylation‐Intramolecular Hydrosulfenylation of Propargyl Amines – Rapid Access to 2‐Aminothiazolidines
Authors: Singh Ravi P. , Gout Delphine , Lovely Carl J.
Published: February 2019

An investigation directed towards the preparation of α‐substituted propargyl thioureas from the corresponding propargylamine resulted in a tandem thioacylation/anti‐hydrosulfenylation and the formation of the corresponding thiazolidine in excellent (46–98 %) yields rather than the anticipated thiourea. Initial interpretation of this outcome was formulated in terms of the highly substituted nature of the α‐carbon of these amines resulting in steric acceleration, however, even simple propargylamines engage in this chemistry. In light of these observations, it was determined subsequently that the formation of the thiourea is quite rapid, but cyclization occurred during chromatographic purification and is in fact facilitated by silica gel. Control reactions and monitoring the progress of the reaction by NMR spectroscopy clearly indicate that the cyclization is relatively slow until either purification or the introduction of silica gel results in cyclization. Subsequently, it was found that even the parent system afforded the thiazolidine when the reaction was conducted on silica gel. Overall, the reaction is tolerant of a variety of substitution patterns, internal and terminal alkynes and isothiocyanates providing rapid access to 2‐aminothiazolidines.
Synthesis of 2,2‐Disubstituted Spirocyclic Pyrrolidines by Intramolecular Dieckmann Condensation
Authors: Fominova Kateryna , Diachuk Taras , Sadkova Iryna V. , Mykhailiuk Pavel K.
Published: February 2019

Novel spirocyclic pyrrolidines were synthesized in three steps from cyclic α‐amino acids with a 3‐ to 7‐membered cycle. The key transformation was the Dieckmann condensation reaction. The described approach opens a door to various novel spirocyclic building blocks for drug design.
Double Functionalization of Styrenes by Cu‐Mediated Assisted Tandem Catalysis
Authors: Kawauchi Daichi , Ueda Hirofumi , Tokuyama Hidetoshi
Published: February 2019

The double functionalization of styrenes through Cu‐mediated assisted tandem catalysis was developed. The reaction was initiated by Cu‐catalyzed aziridination and the subsequent nucleophilic ring‐opening, which was triggered by the addition of (NH4)2S2O8 as an oxidant of Cu‐catalyst to form a variety of C–C and C–X bonds. The expansion to three contiguous catalytic cycles led to the synthesis of functionalized indolines by one‐pot operation.
Production of nanocellulose by enzymatic hydrolysis: Trends and challenges
Authors: Ribeiro Ruan S. A. , Pohlmann Bruno C. , Calado Veronica , Bojorge Ninoska , Pereira Nei
Published: February 2019

There is a great interest in increasing the levels of production of nanocellulose, either by adjusting production systems or by improving the raw material. Despite all the advantages and applications, nanocellulose still has a high cost compared to common fibers and to reverse this scenario the development of new, cheaper, and more efficient means of production is required. The market trend is to have an increase in the mass production of nanocellulose; there is a great expectation of world trade. In this sense, research in this sector is on the rise, because once the cost is not an obstacle to production, this material will have more and more market. Production of the cellulose fibers is determinant for the production of nanocellulose by a hydrolyzing agent with a reasonable yield. This work presents several aspects of this new material, mainly addressing the enzymatic pathway, presenting the hydrolysis conditions such as pH, biomass concentration, enzymatic loading, temperature, and time. Also, the commonly used characterization methods are presented, as well as aspects of the nanocellulose production market.
Histopathologic substrate of drug‐resistant epilepsy in older adults and the elderly undergoing surgery
Authors: Punia Vineet , Bena James , Gonzalez‐Martinez Jorge , Bingaman William , Najm Imad , Stojic Andrey , Prayson Richard
Published: February 2019

Patients 60 years or older are one of the highest risk age groups for development of epilepsy. Clinical and neuroimaging analysis has typically accounted for etiology in two‐thirds of these patients, while the data on histopathology are lacking. We provide the first analysis of the histopathological substrates underlying drug‐resistant epilepsy (DRE) in older adults/elderly patients who underwent resective epilepsy surgery (RES) at Cleveland Clinic. A total of 78 patients (mean age ± standard deviation: 64.7 ± 3.7 years; 59% female) were included in the study. The most common pathologies included hippocampal sclerosis (HS; 35.9%; all visible on magnetic resonance imaging [MRI]), focal cortical dysplasia (FCD; 25.6%) and remote infarct/ischemic changes (12.8%). Underlying pathology did not differ significantly between the patients achieving a good seizure outcome (Engel class I; 77% [47 of 61 patients]) and the rest of the cohort. With one exception, all MRI‐negative cases had FCD type Ib. A receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis found a significant association (P = 0.002) between seizure‐onset age and HS, whereby the odds of its presence were reduced by 4% for every 1 year increase in the age at seizure onset. The model showed that the age cutoff for seizure onset predicting HS was 43 years, with a negative predictive value of 81.6%. None of the 14 patients with late‐onset epilepsy (≥60 years of age) were found to have HS; they mostly had acquired lesions. Our study provides histopathologic evidence for the diminished role of late‐onset HS in DRE in older adults/elderly who undergo RES.
Metamorphic evolution of the Heilongjiang glaucophanic rocks, NE China: Constraints from the P–T pseudosections in the NCKFMASHTO system
Authors: Li Weimin , Liu Yongjiang , Takasu Akira , Zhao Yingli , Fazle Kabir Md , Wen Quanbo , Liang Chenyue , Feng Zhiqiang , Zhang Li
Published: February 2019

The glaucophanic rocks, including the garnet‐barroisite schist (09YL10) and glaucophane aegirine‐augite schist (09YL12) from the Heilongjiang Complex exposed in the Yilan area, have been petrographically investigated, in order to contribute to the discussion on the high‐P/T metamorphism that took place in the suture zone between the Jiamusi and Songliao blocks, NE China. The mineral assemblages of peak metamorphic stage are characterized by garnet (100XCa < 26) + epidote + barroisite/katophorite + phengite (Si < 6.84 pfu) + chlorite + quartz + rutile + haematite and barroisite/katophorite + glaucophane + aegirine‐augite (Jd < 30) + epidote + phengite (Si < 6.84 pfu) + haematite ± quartz ± chlorite for the investigated samples 09YL10 and 09YL12, respectively. By applying P–T pseudosection modelling in the NCKFMASHTO system, the peak metamorphic conditions yield 550–580°C/1.1–1.3 GPa and 500–550°C/1.1–1.3 GPa, for sample 09YL10 and 09YL12, respectively, indicating the epidote‐amphibolite facies metamorphism. Furthermore, the equilibrium mineral assemblages and the estimated P–T conditions define the Alpine‐type clockwise P–T paths for the Heilongjiang glaucophanic rocks, suggesting isothermal decompression (ITD) and/or slight heating during the beginning of the exhumation process. These P–T paths significantly match to the warm subduction trajectory, indicating the tectonic regimes similar to those of young oceanic slabs subduction zones and subsequent continental orogenic belts. Taking available regional geochronological data into account, we propose that the final subduction/collision between the Jiamusi and Songliao blocks took place in the Jurassic, effected by the Palaeo‐Pacific subduction system, leading to formation of the Heilongjiang glaucophanic rocks and their high‐P/T metamorphosed pelitic country rocks.
Measuring patient trust: Comparing measures from a survey and an economic experiment
Authors: Kovacs Roxanne J. , Lagarde Mylene , Cairns John
Published: February 2019

Despite its importance in health care, empirical evidence on patient trust is limited. This is likely because, as with many complex concepts, trust is difficult to measure. This study measured patient trust in health care providers in a sample of 667 patients in Senegal. Two instruments were used to measure patient trust in providers: a survey questionnaire and an incentivised behavioural economic experiment—a “trust game.” The results show that the two measures are significantly, but weakly, associated. Using information from patients and providers, we find that continuity of care, provider communication ability, and clinical competence were positively associated with patient trust. Based on the results obtained from both methods, the trust game seems to have higher construct validity than the survey instrument in this context. This paper contributes to the methodological literature on patient trust and the evidence on the determinants of patient trust. It suggests that researchers interested in studying patient trust in providers should rely more on economic experiments and explore their validity in different contexts.
Predicting the cytotoxicity of chemicals using ensemble learning methods and molecular fingerprints
Authors: Yin Zimo , Ai Haixin , Zhang Li , Ren Guofei , Wang Yuming , Zhao Qi , Liu Hongsheng
Published: February 2019

The prediction of compound cytotoxicity is an important part of the drug discovery process. However, it usually appears as poor predictive performance because the datasets are high‐throughput and have a class‐imbalance problem. In this study, several strategies of performing a structure‐activity relationship study for a cytotoxic endpoint in the AID364 dataset were explored to solve the class‐imbalance problem. Random forest adaboost was used as the base learners for 10 types of molecular fingerprints and an ensemble method and six data‐balancing methods were applied to balance the classes. As a result, the ensemble model using MACCS fingerprint was found to be the best, giving area under the curve of 85.2% ± 0.35%, sensitivity of 81.8% ± 0.65%, and specificity of 76.0% ± 0.12% in fivefold cross‐validation and area under the curve of 78.8%, sensitivity of 55.5% and specificity of 78.5% in external validation. Good performance also appeared on other datasets with different sizes/degrees of imbalance. To explore the structural commonality of cytotoxic compounds, several substructures were identified as an important reference for substructure alerts. The convincing results indicate that the proposed models are helpful in predicting the cytotoxicity of chemicals.
Contribution of autophagy‐related gene 5 variants to acquired aplastic anemia in Han‐Chinese population
Authors: You Yahong , Huo Jiali , Huang Jinbo , Wang Min , Shao Yingqi , Ge Meili , Li Xingxin , Huang Zhendong , Zhang Jing , Nie Neng , Zheng Yizhou
Published: February 2019

Immune‐mediated quantitative and qualitative defects of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) play a vital role in the pathophysiology of acquired aplastic anemia (AA). Autophagy is closely related to T cell pathophysiology and the destiny of HSPCs, in which autophagy‐related gene 5 (ATG5) is indispensably involved. We hypothesized that genetic variants of ATG5 might contribute to AA. We studied six ATG5 polymorphisms in a Chinese cohort of 176 patients with AA to compare with 157 healthy controls. A markedly decreased risk of AA in the recessive models of rs510432 and rs803360 polymorphisms (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.467 [0.236‐0.924], P = 0.029 for ATG5 rs510432; adjusted OR [95% CI] = 0.499 [0.255‐0.975], P = 0.042 for ATG5 rs803360) was observed. Furthermore, the decreased risk was even more pronounced among nonsevere AA compared with healthy controls under recessive models (adjusted OR [95% CI] = 0.356 [0.141‐0.901], P = 0.029 for ATG5 rs510432; adjusted OR [95% CI] = 0.348 [0.138‐0.878], P = 0.025 for ATG5 rs803360; adjusted OR [95% CI] = 0.352 [0.139‐0.891], P = 0.027 for ATG5 rs473543). Above all, rs573775 can strongly predict the occurrence of newly onset hematological event in patients with AA. Our results indicate that genetic ATG5 variants contributed to AA, which may facilitate further clarifying the underlying mechanisms of AA and making a patient‐tailored medical decision.
Personality‐driven depression: The case for malignant self‐regard (and depressive personalities)
Authors: Huprich Steven K.
Published: February 2019

Many patients with chronic depression are not well‐treated. In part, this is due to the underlying personality dynamics that maintain the depressive experience are ignored. In this paper, I describe the concept of malignant self‐regard, a derivative of the depressive personality. I describe briefly its origins in the clinical and empirical literature and focus upon the presentation of a case of a patient who displays a prototypic manifestation of malignant self‐regard. I offer some ideas for how to manage such patients, with a focus on countertransference experiences that can be used to inform treatment.
Fractionated ionizing radiation facilitates interferon‐γ signaling and anticancer activity in lung adenocarcinoma cells
Authors: Wu Szu‐Yuan , Chen Chia‐Ling , Tseng Po‐Chun , Chiu Chi‐Yun , Lin Yung‐En , Lin Chiou‐Feng
Published: February 2019

Fractionated ionizing radiation (FIR) is a radiotherapy regimen that is regularly performed as part of lung cancer treatment. In contrast to the growth inhibition caused by DNA damage, immunomodulation in post‐irradiated cancer cells is not well documented. Interferon (IFN)‐γ confers anticancer activity by triggering both growth inhibition and cytotoxicity. This study investigated the priming effects of FIR with immunomodulation on the anticancer IFN‐γ. Cell morphology, cell growth, and cytotoxicity were observed in FIR‐treated A549 lung adenocarcinoma. Induction of p53 and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) were monitored. Following FIR, activation of IFN‐γ signaling pathways were detected. FIR caused changes in cell morphology, inhibited cell growth, and induced cytotoxicity. While p53 was induced by FIR, no epithelial–mesenchymal transition could be found. Following IFN‐γ stimulation, FIR‐induced p53‐associated cell cytotoxicity was significantly enhanced. Additionally, FIR increased the downstream response to IFN‐γ by facilitating IFN‐γ‐induced signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) signaling without affecting the receptor expression. FIR‐facilitated STAT1 activation through the mechanism involving mitogen‐activated protein kinase activation and Src‐homology 2 domain‐containing tyrosine phosphatase 2 inactivation. These results demonstrate the FIR‐facilitated IFN‐γ signaling and its anticancer activity.
Sodium fluoride regulates the osteo/odontogenic differentiation of stem cells from apical papilla by modulating autophagy
Authors: Pan Yin , Li Zehan , Wang Yanqiu , Yan Ming , Wu Jintao , Beharee Romila Gobin , Yu Jinhua
Published: February 2019

Fluoride (sodium fluoride) is thought to be essential in the development of tooth, and research shows that fluoride can modulate the differentiation of dental stem cells. However, the effects of fluoride on the committed differentiation of stem cells from apical papilla (SCAPs) and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, SCAPs were isolated from healthy extracted human third molars with immature roots and then were cultured with NaF conditioned media. Cell Counting Kit‐8, EdU staining, and flow cytometry were performed to detected the proliferation activity. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, Alizarin Red staining, Western blot assay, and real‐time reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction were applied to assess the osteo/odontogenic differentiation NaF‐treated SCAPs. Western blot assay and transmission electron microscope were used to evaluate the autophagy involved in the differentiation of SCAPs. ALP activity, ALP protein, and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression showed that 0.5 mM was the optimal concentration for the induction of SCAPs by NaF. 0.5 mM NaF‐treated SCAPs induced more mineralized nodules as compared with untreated cells. Moreover, the osteo/odontogenic markers (RUNX2, OSX, DSP, and OCN) in mRNA levels were upregulated while the protein levels of these markers increased considerably in 0.5 mM NaF‐treated SCAPs. Furthermore, the autophagy‐related proteins (LC3, ATG5, and Beclin1) increased in NaF‐treated SCAPs, and the osteo/odontogenic makers significantly decreased while silencing ATG5 to block autophagy. In all, sodium fluoride can regulate the osteo/odontogenic differentiation of SCAPs by modulating autophagy.
Retracted: Protection of miR‐19b in hypoxia/reoxygenation‐induced injury by targeting PTEN
Authors: Liu Wan‐Gen , Han Li‐Li , Xiang Rong
Published: February 2019

Objective

To study the role and mechanism of microRNA 19b (miR‐19b) in hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R)‐induced injury by targeting PTEN.

Methods

PC12 and BV2 cells induced by H/R were treated with miR‐19b mimics/inhibitors or small interfering PTEN (si‐PTEN), respectively. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level, malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) content was detected. Besides, cell viability and apoptosis were determined by 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide, Hoechst33342 staining, and flow cytometry, whereas mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) tested by JC‐1 assay, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) evaluated by the dichloro‐dihydro‐fluorescein diacetate assay. The ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) rats model was used to investigate the effects of miR‐19b in vivo test. The infarct area and apoptosis rates in brain tissues were detected by 2,3,5‐triphenyltetrazolium chloride and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP‐biotin nick end labeling staining, respectively. miR‐19b and PTEN/PI3K/Akt pathway‐related proteins were detected by quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis.

Results

miR‐19b mimics could reduce LDH, MDA, and ROS levels and decline cell apoptosis, but enhance the viability, MMP, and SOD activity with decreased PTEN and cleaved caspase, as well as increased p‐Akt/Akt and Bcl‐2/Bax ratios in H/R‐induced PC12 and BV2 cells. However, miR‐19b inhibitors led to completely opposite results to aggravate H/R‐induced cell injury. Meanwhile, si‐PTEN could reverse the effect of miR‐19b inhibitors on H/R‐induced injury. Moreover, treatment with miR‐19b agomir after I/R in vivo sufficiently decreased infarct area and reduced apoptosis rates by targeting PTEN through the regulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway.

Conclusion

miR‐19b could inhibit oxidative stress, enhance cell MMP, promote cell survival, and inhibit cell apoptosis by targeting PTEN via the regulation of the PI3K/Akt pathway, thus playing the neuronal protective effects.
The apical Na+–HCO3− cotransporter Slc4a7 (NBCn1) does not contribute to bicarbonate transport by mouse salivary gland ducts
Authors: Yang Ning‐Yan , Mukaibo Taro , Kurtz Ira , Melvin James E.
Published: February 2019

The HCO3
− secretion mechanism in salivary glands is unclear but is thought to rely on the co‐ordinated activity of multiple ion transport proteins including members of the
Slc4 family of bicarbonate transporters. Slc4a7 was immunolocalized to the apical membrane of mouse submandibular duct cells. In contrast, Slc4a7 was not detected in acinar cells, and correspondingly,
Slc4a7 disruption did not affect fluid secretion in response to cholinergic or β‐adrenergic stimulation in the submandibular gland (SMG). Much of the Na
+‐dependent intracellular pH (pH
i) regulation in SMG duct cells was insensitive to 4,4′‐diisothiocyano‐2,2′‐stilbenedisulfonic acid, S0859, and to the removal of extracellular HCO
3
−. Consistent with these latter observations, the
Slc4a7 null mutation had no impact on HCO
3
− secretion nor on pH
i regulation in duct cells. Taken together, our results revealed that Slc4a7 targets to the apical membrane of mouse SMG duct cells where it contributes little if any to pH
i regulation or stimulated HCO
3
− secretion.