bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Hindlimb Conformation in Cats with and without Medial Patellar Luxation
Authors: Beer Andrew James Carey , Langley-Hobbs Sorrel , Belch Alex
Published: September 2022

Objectives Medial patellar luxation (MPL) is the most common developmental cause of hindlimb lameness in cats. The association between femoral and tibial conformation and MPL measured on computed tomography (CT) has not been reported in cats. The aims were to report femoral and tibial conformation in cats with and without MPL and to report normal femoral and tibial angles.

Methods Angle of inclination of femoral neck (AI), anatomical lateral distal femoral angle (aLDFA), femoral trochanteric angle (FCT), angle of anteversion of femoral neck (AA), distal and proximal anteversion angle (DAA/PAA), overall tibial valgus (TV), tibial torsion (TT), tibial tuberosity displacement (TTD) and trochlear depth:patellar thickness ratio (T:P) were measured by three observers on CT of cats with and without MPL. Comparisons were made between groups. Inter-observer intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated.

Results Sixteen cats were recruited: eight control and eight with MPL. The aLDFA, PAA, TT, TTD and T:P were significantly less in cats with high-grade MPL. The AI, FCT, AA, DAA and TV were not significantly different. A high correlation was shown with inter-observer ICC in 33.33% and good correlation in 26.67% when comparing measurements between observers.

Clinical Significance This study suggests that cats with high-grade MPL have decreased TT, TTD and T:P and may require tibial tuberosity transposition and femoral trochleoplasty. The PAA, TT and aLDFA were decreased, although clinical significance may vary and these cats may not require correctional osteotomies. Results should be interpreted with caution as high/good levels of inter-observer ICC occurred in less than two-thirds of cases between observers.
A lexicon-based approach to examine depression detection in social media: the case of Twitter and university community
Authors: Cha Junyeop , Kim Seoyun , Park Eunil
Published: September 2022

Globally, the number of people who suffer from depression is consistently increasing. Because both detecting and addressing the early stage of depression is one of the strongest factors for effective treatment, a number of scholars have attempted to examine how to detect and address early-stage depression. Recent studies have been focusing on the use of social media for depression detection where users express their thoughts and emotions freely. With this trend, we examine two-step approaches for early-stage depression detection. First, we propose a depression post-classification model using multiple languagesTwitterdatasets (Korean, English, and Japanese) to improve the applicability of the proposed model. Moreover, we built a depression lexicon for each language, which mental health experts verified. Then, we applied the proposed model to a more specific user group dataset, a community of university students (Everytime), to examine whether the model can be employed to address depression posts in more specific user groups. The classification results present that the proposed model and approach can effectively detect depression posts of a general user group (Twitter), as well as specific user group datasets. Moreover, the implemented models and datasets are publicly available.
Artificial synapse network demonstrates plasticity behaviors
Authors: Johnson-Groh Mara
Published: September 2022

Connected gold nanogap artificial synapses were able to perform synaptic functions for the first time.
Cuprous oxide photocathodes for solar water splitting
Authors: Cheng Jinshui , Wu Linxiao , Luo Jingshan
Published: September 2022

Solar water splitting is a promising technique for harvesting solar energy and converting abundant sunlight into storable hydrogen fuel. The cuprous oxide photocathode, one of the best-performing oxide photocathodes, possesses a theoretical photocurrent density of up to 14.7 mA cm−2 and a photovoltage as large as 1.6 V, making it possible to convert solar energy into hydrogen energy in a low-cost way. Herein, a comprehensive review of improving the solar water splitting performance of the cuprous oxide photocathode is presented with a focus on the crucial issues of increasing photocurrent density, photovoltage, and durability from the aspects of solving the incompatibility between the electron diffusion length and optical absorption distances, improving interfacial band alignment, revealing the impact of deficiencies, and introducing protective overlayers. We also outline the development of unassisted solar water splitting tandem devices with the cuprous oxide photocathode as a component, emphasizing the critical strategies to enhance the transmittance of the cuprous oxide photocathode, laying a solid foundation to further boost solar to hydrogen conversion efficiency. Finally, a perspective regarding the future directions for further optimizing the solar water splitting performance of the cuprous oxide photocathode and boosting solar to hydrogen conversion efficiency of the unbiased tandem device is also presented.
Coexisting magnetic orders and concomitant Morin-like transition and relaxor behavior in multiferroic Aurivillius Bi4Ti3 − 2xNbxFexO12 compounds
Authors: Algueró Miguel , del Real Rafael P. , Amorín Harvey , Castro Alicia
Published: September 2022

Aurivillius layered oxides with general formula (Bi2O2)(Am−1BmO3m+1) stand out among room-temperature magnetoelectric multiferroics for their large magnetization. However, despite extensive research, there is an obvious lack of understanding of their magnetism. The chemical design strategy for obtaining multiferroism involves the incorporation of M3+ magnetic cations at the B-site of well-known ferroelectric compounds such as Bi4Ti3O12 (m = 3). We report here a study of the magnetism and dielectric properties of Aurivillius Bi4Ti3 − 2xNbxFexO12 phases with x ≥ 1 up to 1.2, which correspond to magnetic cation fractions at the B site between 0.33 and 0.4 above the threshold for percolation. This is a three-layer system, less prone to the formation of intergrowths, which nominally contains Fe3+ as single magnetic species. Despite that, a rich phenomenology is uncovered. Coexisting magnetic orders are present in the Aurivillius compounds, and a Morin-like transition takes place at low temperatures. The dielectric characterization does not show any associated anomaly that could indicate a polymorphic phase transition but the appearance of relaxor-like characteristics. Possible scenarios are discussed, which involve the presence of Fe2+, cation partitioning between nonequivalent B-sites, and the development of polar nanodomains within a ferroelectric phase at a spin reorientation transition.
Epitaxy of hexagonal ABO3 quantum materials
Authors: Nordlander Johanna , Anderson Margaret A. , Brooks Charles M. , Holtz Megan E. , Mundy Julia A.
Published: September 2022

Hexagonal ABO3 oxides (A, B = cation) are a class of rich materials for realizing novel quantum phenomena. Their hexagonal symmetry, oxygen trigonal bipyramid coordination, and quasi-two dimensional layering give rise to properties distinct from those of the cubic ABO3 perovskites. As bulk materials, most of the focus in this class of materials has been on the rare-earth manganites, RMnO3 (R = rare earth); these materials display coupled ferroelectricity and antiferromagnetic order. In this review, we focus on the thin-film manifestations of the hexagonal ABO3 oxides. We cover the stability of the hexagonal oxides and substrates which can be used to template the hexagonal structure. We show how the thin-film geometry not only allows for further tuning of the bulk-stable manganites but also allows for the realization of metastable hexagonal oxides such as the RFeO3 that combine ferroelectricity with weak ferromagnetic order. The thin-film geometry is a promising platform to stabilize additional metastable hexagonal oxides to search for predicted high-temperature superconductivity and topological phases in this class of materials.
Experimental studies of a novel one-dimensional plasma window
Authors: Yu Xiuming , Yang Xiaoyi , Xiao Chijie , Xu Min , He Renchuan , Xu Tianchao , Ge Yue , Zhang Zuyu , Wu Mingyang , Yu Yi , Zhu Kun , Wang Xiaogang
Published: September 2022

The plasma window is a windowless vacuum sealing device that utilizes a cascade arc discharge to isolate regions with different pressures. It was proposed as an alternative to the traditional windowless sealing technology of differential pumping, which greatly improves the sealing efficiency and has been successfully applied in electron beam welding. The discharge channel of the existing plasma window is a small circular hole, referred to as a zero-dimensional plasma window, which has limited applications to its dimensions. In this study, we suggested a one-dimensional (1D) plasma window with a slit discharge channel (cross section: 3 × 35 mm2, length: 60 mm). An arc discharge is realized with the support of an 80 A DC power supply, which can maintain a pressure drop of more than 10 times between the high-pressure and low-pressure ends of the plasma window. A COMSOL-based magneto-hydrodynamic model of the plasma window was established, and simulations were in good agreement with the experimental results. The pressure drop in the plasma window caused by argon plasma has also been theoretically analyzed and discussed. The feasibility of a 1D plasma window to achieve vacuum isolation was verified theoretically, numerically, and experimentally.
Size-dependent ferroic phase transformations in GeSe nanoribbons
Authors: Yang Yang , Zong Hongxiang , Ding Xiangdong , Sun Jun
Published: September 2022

Ferroic phase transformation in monolayer nanosheets or nanoribbons endows 2D nanoelectronic devices with novel functionalities. However, less is known how the phase transformation behaves with the system size. Combined with molecular dynamic simulations and a machine learning model, we systematically investigate the temperature induced ferroic phase transformation in monolayer GeSe nanoribbons, which exhibits remarkable size effect. Specifically, the transformation hysteresis is found continuously decreased with ribbon width at the investigated scales. In contrast, the transformation temperature of monolayer GeSe nanoribbons shows non-monotonic size-dependency, i.e., it is first increased and then decreased as we narrow the GeSe nanoribbons. We attribute this to a competition between the enhanced ripple deformation, which will promote phase transformation upon cooling, and the stronger edge effect that can suppress phase transformation. In addition, the two factors are well captured by the Landau model, which will deepen our understanding of phase transformation behaviors in 2D ferroic materials.
Absorptive filters for quantum circuits: Efficient fabrication and cryogenic power handling
Authors: Paquette Alexandre , Griesmar Joël , Lavoie Gabriel , Albert Romain , Blanchet Florian , Grimm Alexander , Martel Ulrich , Hofheinz Max
Published: September 2022

We present an efficient fabrication method for absorptive microwave filters based on Eccosorb CR-124. Filters are fabricated from readily available parts, and their cutoff frequency can be set by their length. They exhibit desirable properties such as a very large and deep stop band with rejection beyond 120 dB at least up to 40 GHz, more than 10 dB return loss in both the pass and the stop band, and an error-function shaped step response without overshoot. Measurements at very low temperatures show that the filters thermalize on a time scale of approximately 100 s, and that they can absorb power as high as 100 nW with their noise temperature staying remarkably low, below 100 mK. These properties make the filters ideal for cryogenic filtering and filtering of intermediate frequency port signals of mixers.
An assessment of the accuracy of surgical time estimation by orthopaedic theatre staff
Authors: Butler Stephen , Loseli Tau , Graham David , Watson Anna , Kao Mark , Saxena Akshat , Sivakumar Brahman , Van der Rijt Adrian
Published: September 2022

Objective Optimal utilisation of theatre time increases efficiency and reduces the cost of health care. The accuracy of surgical time estimation between different members of the theatre team has not been well documented, and may aid in more efficient utilisation of available theatre time. This study aims to identify the cohort of theatre staff with greatest accuracy in estimating orthopaedic surgical time. Methods This study was conducted in a prospective fashion using consecutive orthopaedic trauma and elective operative lists over a period of 3 months. Prior to each operating list, a senior member of each of the anaesthetic, orthopaedic and scrub/scout nursing teams predicted the surgical duration for orthopaedic procedures after being provided with information regarding the individual cases. The absolute difference between estimated and actual surgical times was calculated. Results When expressed as a percentage difference from true surgical time, the orthopaedic team provided the most accurate estimates, with a mean difference of 33.0%. This was followed by nursing staff (40.5%) and anaesthetics (50.9%). Similarly, a higher proportion of estimates by the orthopaedic team were within the limits of 20% underestimation and 10% overestimation (deemed clinically significant). Conclusions Surgical times for orthopaedic trauma and elective cases are most accurately estimated by the operating team. These estimates should be implemented when planning theatre utilisation, and may benefit computer algorithms for theatre scheduling.
Use of Recovery Probabilities Can Improve Sampling Efficiency for Throw Traps in Vegetated Habitats
Authors: Camp Edward V. , Gwinn Daniel C. , Lauretta Matthew V. , Pine William E. , Frazer Thomas K.
Published: September 2022

Throw traps are commonly used to assess small fish and macroinvertebrate (SFI) communities in aquatic habitats. Traditionally, numerous passes with a bar seine are used to remove all SFIs from within the throw trap, providing density estimates that are comparable across habitat types. However, similar information can be gathered with fewer seine passes than are traditionally used, thus allowing more sampling in a given field effort. The appropriate number of seine passes to meet study objectives can be determined if habitat‐specific recovery probabilities are estimated. We investigated how SFI recovery probabilities within throw traps varied among five submerged aquatic vegetation habitat types and how these recovery probabilities can be used to determine the number of seine passes necessary to assess and detect differences in SFI relative abundance. Using a 1‐m2 throw trap and bar seine, we found that estimates of SFI recovery probability were high (75–80%) and similar across habitats. Because of the high recovery probabilities, the use of about three bar‐seine passes produced accurate estimates of true SFI density within a throw‐trap sample, and additional bar‐seine passes did not substantially improve the power to detect decreases in SFI density. These results are applicable to studies that use throw traps to sample SFIs in submerged aquatic vegetation habitats, and they illustrate how improvements in sampling efficiency can be obtained by decreasing the number of passes used per sample.
Culture of Tubifex tubifex: Effect of Feed Type, Ration, Temperature, and Density on Juvenile Recruitment, Production, and Adult Survival
Authors: Oplinger Randall W , Bartley Matt , Wagner Eric J
Published: September 2022

The oligochaete worm Tubifex tubifex is widely cultured as a fish food. Stocking of certain T. tubifex strains has been shown to help prevent the occurrence or reduce the severity of whirling disease caused by Myxobolus cerebralis. Optimal culture conditions (e.g., temperature, density, and feed type) are not known for T. tubifex. We conducted four experiments to improve our knowledge of culture methods for T. tubifex. First, we evaluated the survival, growth, and recruitment of T. tubifex that were fed one of three different diets. We found that the performance of worms fed cow manure was poor and that growth and recruitment were best when they were fed either a commercial fish-flake food (Tetramin) or a commercial sinking fish feed containing spirulina Spirulina spp. In the second experiment, we evaluated the performance of worms fed Tetramin at rations of 0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0% of body mass/d and found the greatest growth and recruitment at the 5.0% and 10.0% rations. In the third experiment, we found high growth and survival among T. tubifex at temperatures between 12°C and 27°C; however, recruitment decreased at temperatures above 21°C. In the final experiment comparing seven initial adult stocking densities (2,675–267,451 individuals/m2), juvenile recruitment and the net increase in biomass were found to be highest at the lowest initial density of 2,675 adults/m2. Recruitment decreased significantly at densities above 6,686 adults/m2.

Received June 16, 2010; accepted September 4, 2010
Laboratory Mass Culture of the Freshwater Oligochaete Dero digitata
Authors: Mischke Charles C , Griffin Matt J
Published: September 2022

Proliferative gill disease (PGD) in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus is caused by the myxozoan parasite Henneguya ictaluri, which uses the freshwater oligochaete Dero digitata as an alternate host. Controlled studies on the transmission of PGD require sustainable D. digitata mass cultures. We developed methods to grow and sustain large D. digitata populations and compared population growth in aerated versus nonaerated containers. White paper towels (2–3-cm squares) were placed into six 10.7-L dish pans into which 4 L of autoclaved pond water from commercial channel catfish ponds were then added along with 0.1 g of fish food. Each of the six dish pans was initially stocked with 100 D. digitata and maintained at 22–25°C; three pans received aeration, and three did not. All worms were counted and returned to their respective pans once each week for 5 weeks. To compensate for evaporative loss, autoclaved pond water was added to the pans weekly, and pond water and paper towels were completely changed after 4 weeks. Over 5 weeks, the mean number of worms per pan increased significantly more in the nonaerated pans than in the aerated pans. We have maintained D. digitata mass cultures in our laboratory for over a year, starting with two pans containing 100 worms each. Through routine exchanges of pond water and paper towel squares, these populations have expanded to 16 pans, each supporting 3,000–6,000 worms. We have also removed thousands of worms periodically to give to other researchers or for research in our laboratory. Using methods described here, researchers can maintain D. digitata mass cultures and predict population numbers that will be available at given times for studies on myxozoan life cycles and oligochaete control.

Received March 12, 2010; accepted May 24, 2010
Effects of the COVID-19 lockdowns on aesthetic and affective evaluations of natural and urban scenes (Efectos de los confinamientos COVID-19 sobre las evaluaciones estéticas y afectivas de escenas naturales y urbanas)
Authors: Felisberti Fatima-M. , Harrison Neil-R.
Published: September 2022

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent UK lockdowns restricted mobility, altered access to the outdoors and led to changes in the environment (e.g., reduced traffic, pollution and crowding). This is likely to have altered the way people evaluated outdoor environments. Here we investigated aesthetic and emotional responses (liking, openness, relaxation) to paintings and photographs depicting landscapes and urban scenes in three UK cohorts: pre-lockdown, spring 2020 lockdown, and winter 2021 lockdown. Participants ( N = 334) reported higher levels of liking, openness and relaxation for landscapes and urban scenes during the two lockdown periods compared to pre-lockdown levels. Importantly, evaluations in the lockdown groups were influenced by the types of places visited most frequently. These findings aid our understanding of the psychological effects of lockdowns on evaluations of outdoor environments and are relevant to the development of policies for the promotion of well-being, including the design of more open and relaxing urban spaces.
Book reviews
Authors: MARCOVITCH Harvey
Published: September 2022

Fraud and Misconduct in Biomedical Research
, 4th edition Edited by Frank Wells and Michael Farthing Royal Society of Medicine Press Ltd, 2008, 287 pp. ISBN 978 1 85315 786 8, £45.00, pbk
Spin excitations of individual magnetic dopants in an ionic thin film
Authors: Li Zhe , Delgado Fernando , Du Mei , He Chen , Schouteden Koen , Haesendonck Chris Van , Janssens Ewald , Arnau Andres , Lievens Peter , Cerda Jorge I
Published: September 2022

Individual magnetic transition metal dopants in a solid host usually exhibit relatively small spin excitation energies of a few meV. Using scanning tunneling microscopy and inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (IETS) techniques, we have observed a high spin excitation energy around 36 meV for an individual Co substitutional dopant in ultrathin NaCl films. In contrast, the Cr dopant in the NaCl film shows much lower spin excitation energy around 2.5 meV. Electronic multiplet calculations combined with first-principles calculations confirm the spin excitation induced IETS, and quantitatively reveal the out-of-plane magnetic anisotropies for both Co and Cr. They also allow reproducing the experimentally observed redshift in the spin excitations of Co dimers and ascribe it to a charge and geometry redistribution.
An attention-enhanced multi-modal deep learning algorithm for robotic compound fault diagnosis
Authors: Zhou Xing , Zeng Hanlin , Chen Chong , Xiao Hong , Xiang Zhenlin
Published: September 2022

Compound fault diagnosis plays a critical role in lowering the maintenance time and cost of industrial robots. With the advance of deep learning and industrial big data, a compound fault diagnosis model can be established through a data-driven approach. However, current methods mainly focus on the single fault diagnosis of assets, which cannot achieve satisfactory performance for compound fault diagnosis. This study proposes a compound fault diagnosis algorithm for an industrial robot based on multi-modal feature extraction and fusion. Firstly, the multi-head self-attention enhanced convolution neural network module and long short-term memory network module are adopted to learn the fault-related features from different perspectives simultaneously. The local and global features extracted by the aforementioned modules are then fused for subsequent compound fault classification. An experimental study was implemented based on real-world robotic sensor data. The experimental results indicated that the proposed multi-modal algorithm shows merits in compound fault diagnosis in comparison with other state-of-the-art methods.
A simple experimental setup for investigating light diffraction with a thin copper wire and a LED
Authors: Onorato Pasquale , Gratton Luigi M , Di Mauro Marco , Rosi Tommaso
Published: September 2022

A simple experimental setup for quantitatively investigating single-slit diffraction is described, which uses only inexpensive materials and can be reproduced at home, making it suitable for distance learning. The theoretical basis exploits Babinet’s principle, according to which a thin wire—much easier to obtain than a slit—produces, with a very good approximation, a diffraction pattern which is the same as that produced by the slit. A copper wire is placed directly on the camera of a smartphone, and the resulting photos are quantitatively analyzed with Tracker. As light sources, LEDs of different colors are used.
Grüneisen approach for universal scaling of the Brillouin shift in gases
Authors: Liang Kun , Xu Jiaqi , Wang Yuanqing , Lü Hai-Feng , Ubachs Wim
Published: September 2022

A Grüneisen relationship is defined for gases, following the formulation of the original microscopic Grüneisen ratio γ = (d ln ω)/(d ln V) for solids. In the case of gases acoustic excitations represent the modes at frequency ω to be considered. By comparing to measured Brillouin shifts in various gases (SF6, N2O, and CO2) under various conditions of pressure and temperature, a specific value of the defined ratio γ
0 = 0.064 ± 0.004 is found to provide a universal description of the active modes in a gas. This finding of such universal gas law may find application in extrapolation of properties of ideal gases to regimes where those cannot be measured easily, like the acoustics and shocks at extremely high temperatures.
FERIA: Flat Envelope Model with Rotation and Infall under Angular Momentum Conservation
Authors: Oya Yoko , Kibukawa Hirofumi , Miyake Shota , Yamamoto Satoshi
Published: September 2022

Radio observations of low-mass star formation in molecular spectral lines have rapidly progressed since the advent of the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). The gas distribution and its kinematics within a few hundreds of astronomical unit scale around a Class 0–I protostar are spatially resolved, and the region where a protostellar disk is being formed is now revealed in detail. In such studies, it is essential to characterize the complex physical structure around a protostar consisting of an infalling envelope, a rotationally supported disk, and an outflow. For this purpose, we have developed a general-purpose computer code “FERIA” (Flat Envelope model with Rotation and Infall under Angular momentum conservation) to generate the image data cube based on the infalling-rotating envelope model and the Keplerian disk model, both of which are often used in observational studies. In this paper, we present the description and the user manual of FERIA and summarize caveats in actual applications. This program outputs cube FITS files, which can be used for direct comparison with observations. It can also be used to generate mock data for machine/deep learning. Examples of these applications are described and discussed to demonstrate how the model analyses work with actual observational data.
KMTNet Nearby Galaxy Survey: Overview and Survey Description
Authors: Byun Woowon , Sheen Yun-Kyeong , Seon Kwang-Il , Ho Luis C. , Lee Joon Hyeop , Jeong Hyunjin , Kim Sang Chul , Park Byeong-Gon , Lee Yongseok , Cha Sang-Mok , Kim Minjin
Published: September 2022

Recently, there has been increasing demand for deep imaging surveys to investigate the history of the mass assembly of galaxies in detail by examining the remnants of mergers and accretions, both of which have very low surface brightness (LSB). In addition, the nature of star formation in LSB regions, such as galaxy outer disks, is also an intriguing topic in terms of understanding the physical mechanisms of disk evolution. To address these issues, this study conducted a survey project, called the Korea Microlensing Telescope Network Nearby Galaxy Survey, to construct a deep imaging data set of nearby galaxies in the southern hemisphere. It provides deep and wide-field images with a field of view of ∼12 deg2 for 13 nearby galaxies drawn from the Carnegie–Irvine Galaxy Survey catalog in optical broad bands (BRI) and an Hα narrow band. Through a dedicated data reduction, the surface brightness limit in 10″ × 10″ boxes was found to reach as deep as μ
1σ
∼ 29–31 mag arcsec−2 in the optical broad bands and f
1σ
∼ 1–2 × 10−18 erg s−1 cm−2 arcsec−2 in the Hα narrow band. To conclude the paper, several possible scientific applications for this data set are described.
Peculiar Black Hole Accretion Rates in AGN with Highest Star Formation Rates in the Universe
Authors: Garofalo David , Pouliasis Ektoras
Published: September 2022

Pouliasis et al. explored star formation rates, black hole accretion rates, and stellar mass of active galaxies at redshift above 3.5, uncovering a leveling off of the star formation rate at high stellar mass, which they consider to be evidence of AGN feedback. Their data shows that as AGN approach the flattening of the curve in the star formation rate—stellar mass plane, the accretion rates begin to drop. We describe the nature of the AGN feedback responsible for this in terms of powerful FRII jets enhancing star formation rates but eventually also triggering a shift in accretion from near-Eddington rates to advection dominated. These systems are on the cusp of a dramatic transition where the active galaxy goes from strong enhancement to large suppression of star formation in a way that produces the steeper slope for radio AGN at low redshift compared to radio AGN at higher redshift and to jetless AGN. We argue, therefore, that the data of Pouliasis et al. constitute the high redshift objects predicted by Singh et al. that connect to the low redshift behavior of radio AGN shown in Comerford et al.
Escape rate of an active Brownian particle in a rough potential
Authors: Wang Yating , Tu Zhanchun
Published: September 2022

We discuss the escape problem with the consideration of both the activity of particles and the roughness of potentials. We derive analytic expressions for the escape rate of an active Brownian particle in two types of rough potentials by employing the effective equilibrium approach and the Zwanzig method. We find that activity enhances the escape rate, but both the oscillating perturbation and the random amplitude hinder escaping.
Atomic simulations of primary irradiation damage in U–Mo–Xe system
Authors: Ouyang Wen-Hong , Liu Jian-Bo , Lai Wen-Sheng , Li Jia-Hao , Liu Bai-Xin
Published: September 2022

To shed a light on Xe bubble nucleation in U–Mo fuel from the view of primary irradiation damage, a reported U–Mo–Xe potential under the framework of embedded atom method has been modified within the range of short and intermediate atomic distance. The modified potential can better describe the interactions between energetic particles, and can accurately reproduce the threshold displacement energy surface calculated by the first-principles method. Then, molecular dynamics simulations of primary irradiation damage in U–Mo–Xe system have been conducted under different contents. The raise of Xe concentration brings about a remarkable promotion in residual defect quantity and generates bubbles in more over-pressured state, which suggests an acceleration of irradiation damage under the accumulation of the fission gas. Meanwhile, the addition of Mo considerably reduces the residual defect count and hinders irradiation-induced Xe diffusion especially at high contents of Xe, corroborating the importance of high Mo content in mitigation of irradiation damage and swelling behavior in U–Mo fuel. In particular, the variation of irradiation damage with respect to contents suggests a necessity of taking into account the influence of local components on defect evolution in mesoscale simulations.
Traffic flow of connected and automated vehicles at lane drop on two-lane highway: An optimization-based control algorithm versus a heuristic rules-based algorithm
Authors: Liu Huaqing , Jiang Rui , Tian Junfang , Zhu Kaixuan
Published: September 2022

This paper investigates traffic flow of connected and automated vehicles at lane drop on two-lane highway. We evaluate and compare performance of an optimization-based control algorithm (OCA) with that of a heuristic rules-based algorithm (HRA). In the OCA, the average speed of each vehicle is maximized. In the HRA, virtual vehicle and restriction of the command acceleration caused by the virtual vehicle are introduced. It is found that (i) capacity under the HRA (denoted as C
H) is smaller than capacity under the OCA; (ii) the travel delay is always smaller under the OCA, but driving is always much more comfortable under the HRA; (iii) when the inflow rate is smaller than C
H, the HRA outperforms the OCA with respect to the fuel consumption and the monetary cost; (iv) when the inflow rate is larger than C
H, the HRA initially performs better with respect to the fuel consumption and the monetary cost, but the OCA would become better after certain time. The spatiotemporal pattern and speed profile of traffic flow are presented, which explains the reason underlying the different performance. The study is expected to help for better understanding of the two different types of algorithm.
Femtosecond-comb based 10 MHz-to-optical frequency link with uncertainty at the 10−18 level
Authors: Wada Masato , Inaba Hajime
Published: September 2022

The International System of Units (SI) definition of the ‘second’ is likely to be redefined in the optical frequency region in the near future. Therefore, uncertainty reduction in the frequency link between 10 MHz, which is used in the frequency link with an artificial satellite, and the ultrastable laser for observing clock transitions in optical clocks, is an important issue for numerical determination in the new definition and for International Atomic Time operation after the redefinition. We have evaluated all the possible uncertainty factors in the frequency link with a femtosecond comb between 10 MHz and an optical frequency and obtained the lowest uncertainty yet reported of 3.9 × 10−18 by temperature-stabilizing RF multipliers and by using temperature insensitive coaxial cables. Furthermore, we have validated the uncertainty of the frequency link by simultaneously measuring an optical frequency of an identical laser using two femtosecond combs referenced to a common 10 MHz source and confirmed to be consistent with the evaluated uncertainty.
Coherent fiber links operated for years: effect of missing data
Authors: Tønnes Mads Bebe Krog , Schuller Frédéric , Cantin Etienne , Lopez Olivier , Le Targat Rodolphe , Amy-Klein Anne , Pottie Paul-Éric
Published: September 2022

Aiming at delivering a highly available service, the French national optical fiber link network is run mostly unmanned and automatically, with the help of a global supervision. However, at a year scale, missing data are seemingly unavoidable. Here, we present a first study of the uncertainty of coherent fiber links with missing data. We present the tools to assess statistical properties for processes which are not strictly stationary, and a simulation of optical fiber links depending only on a handful of parameters. We show how missing data affects the phase-coherent optical fiber links, and how to mitigate the issue with a fill-in procedure that preserves the statistical properties. We apply the method for a 5 years-long data set of a 1410 km long fiber link. Second, we apply the method to the case of optical clock comparisons, where the downtimes of the optical clocks degrade the coherence of the links. We show that our methodology of processing the missing data is robust and converges to consistent mean values, even with very low uptimes. We present an offset and uncertainty contribution from the French fiber network of 2.4 (9.0) × 10−20, that is an improvement by a factor 5 as compared to a processing without taking the effect of missing data into account.
Correlated continuous-time random walk with stochastic resetting
Authors: Zhang Caiyun , Hu Yuhang , Liu Jian
Published: September 2022

It is known that the introduction of stochastic resetting in an uncorrelated random walk process can lead to the emergence of a stationary state, i.e. the diffusion evolves towards a saturation state, and a steady Laplace distribution is reached. In this paper, we turn to study the anomalous diffusion of the correlated continuous-time random walk considering stochastic resetting. Results reveal that it displays quite different diffusive behaviors from the uncorrelated one. For the weak correlation case, the stochastic resetting mechanism can slow down the diffusion. However, for the strong correlation case, we find that the stochastic resetting cannot compete with the space-time correlation, and the diffusion presents the same behaviors with the one without resetting. Meanwhile, a steady distribution is never reached.
Adaptive strategies in Kelly’s horse races model
Authors: Despons Armand , Peliti Luca , Lacoste David
Published: September 2022

We formulate an adaptive version of Kelly’s horse model in which the gambler learns from past race results using Bayesian inference. We characterize the cost of this gambling strategy and we analyze the asymptotic scaling of the difference between the growth rate of the gambler and the optimal growth rate, known as the gambler’s regret. We also explain how this adaptive strategy relates to the universal portfolio strategy, and we build improved adaptive strategies in which the gambler exploits the information contained in the bookmaker odds distribution.
Performance in beam tests of irradiated Low Gain Avalanche Detectors for the ATLAS High Granularity Timing Detector
Authors: Agapopoulou C. , Alderweireldt S. , Ali S. , Ayoub M.K. , Benchekroun D. , Castillo García L. , Chan Y.H. , El Jarrari H. , Falou A. , Ferreira A. , Gkougkousis E.L. , Grieco C. , Grinstein S. , Große-Knetter J. , Guimarães da Costa J. , Guindon S. , Henriques Correia A.M. , Hidalgo S. , Howard A. , Hsu P.J. , Huang Y.C. , Khoulaki Y. , Kramberger G. , Kuwertz E.S. , Lange J. , Li C. , Li Q. , Lin H.C. , Lu Y.J. , Makovec N. , Masetti L. , Mazini R. , Mazza S.M. , Nikolic I. , Pellegrini G. , Quadt A. , Reynolds B. , Rizzi C. , Robles Manzano M. , Rummler A. , Sacerdoti S. , Serin L. , Soengen J. , Tayalati Y. , Terzo S. , Tolley E. , Trincaz-Duvoid S. , Wang S.M. , Yang X.
Published: September 2022

The High Granularity Timing Detector (HGTD) will be
installed in the ATLAS detector to mitigate pile-up effects during
the High Luminosity (HL) upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC)
at CERN. The design of the HGTD is based on the use of Low Gain
Avalanche Detectors (LGADs), with an active thickness of
50 μm, that allow to measure with high-precision the time of
arrival of particles. The HGTD will improve the particle-vertex
assignment by measuring the track time with a resolution ranging
from approximately 30 ps at the beginning of the HL-LHC operations
to 50 ps at the end. Performances of several unirradiated, as well
as neutron- and proton-irradiated, LGAD sensors from different
vendors have been measured in beam test campaigns during the years
2018 and 2019 at CERN SPS and DESY. This paper presents the results
obtained with data recorded by an oscilloscope synchronized with a
beam telescope which provides particle position information within a
resolution of a few μm. Collected charge, time resolution and
hit efficiency are presented. In addition to these properties, the
charge uniformity is also studied as a function of the position of
the incident particle inside the sensor pad.
Electric-field-coupled oscillators for collective electrochemical perception in biohybrid robotics
Authors: Kernbach Serge
Published: September 2022

This work explores the application of nonlinear oscillators coupled by an electric field in water, inspired by weakly electric fish. Such coupled oscillators operate in clear and colloidal (mud, bottom silt) water and represent a collective electrochemical sensor that is sensitive to global environmental parameters, the geometry of the common electric field and spatial dynamics of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). Implemented in hardware and software, this approach can be used to create global awareness in a group of robots, which possess limited sensing and communication capabilities. Using oscillators from different AUVs enables extension of the range limitations related to the electric dipole of a single AUV. Applications of this technique are demonstrated for detecting the number of AUVs, distances between them, perception of dielectric objects and synchronization of behavior. Recognizing self-/nonself-generated signals by electric fish is re-embodied in a technological way through an ‘electrical mirror’ for discrimination between ‘collective self’ and ‘collective nonself’. These approaches have been implemented in several research projects with bioinspired/biohybrid systems in fresh and salt water, and electrochemical sensing in fluidic media.
Simulating burn severity maps at 30 meters in two forested regions in California
Authors: Sam Jonathan A , Baldwin W Jonathan , Westerling A LeRoy , Preisler Haiganoush K , Xu Qingqing , Hurteau Matthew D , Sleeter Benjamin M , Thapa Samrajya B
Published: September 2022

Climate change is altering wildfire and vegetation regimes in California’s forested ecosystems. Present day fires are seeing an increase in high burn severity area and high severity patch size. The ability to predict future burn severity patterns could better support policy and land management decisions. Here we demonstrate a methodology to first, statistically estimate individual burn severity classes at 30 meters and second, cluster and smooth high severity patches onto a known landscape. Our goal here was not to exactly replicate observed burn severity maps, but rather to utilize observed maps as one realization of a random process dependent on climate, topography, fire weather, and fuels, to inform creation of additional realizations through our simulation technique. We developed two sets of empirical models with two different vegetation datasets to test if coarse vegetation could accurately model for burn severity. While visual acuity can be used to assess the performance of our simulation process, we also employ the Ripley’s K function to compare spatial point processes at different scales to test if the simulation is capturing an appropriate amount of clustering. We utilize FRAGSTATS to obtain high severity patch metrics to test the contiguity of our high severity simulation. Ripley’s K function helped identify the number of clustering iterations and FRAGSTATS showed how different focal window sizes affected our ability to cluster high severity patches. Improving our ability to simulate burn severity may help advance our understanding of the potential influence of land and fuels management on ecosystem-level response variables that are important for decision-makers. Simulated burn severity maps could support managing habitat and estimating risks of habitat loss, protecting infrastructure and homes, improving future wildfire emissions projections, and better mapping and planning for fuels treatment scenarios.
Isolation and Screening of Laccase-producing Fungi from Sawdust-contaminated Sites in Ado-Odo Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria
Authors: Akinyemi O. D. , Ahuekwe E. F. , Akinduti P. A. , Oziegbe O. , Oniha M. I. , Ichor T. , Alade B. M. , Ezekiel O. M. , Adekeye B. T. , Kuye A. O.
Published: September 2022

The environmental imbalance exerted by the continuous release of phenolic substances necessitates a return of polluted sites to natural and safe status. In this study, fungal isolates obtained from sawdust-contaminated soils were screened for laccase production capacities, using tannic acid, as an index to the bio-stimulatory potentials of the sawdust. Soil and sawdust samples collected from wood-processing plants in Morogbo-Agbara (M), Iju (I), and Oja (O) of Ado-Odo/Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria were subjected to physicochemical analysis. The phenolic content estimated using gallic acid calibration curve, showed 0.90%, 0.79% and 0.33% for the soil samples labeled MSL, ISL, OSL, respectively. Phenol content was observed to be 0.63%, 0.91%, and 0.53% for sawdust samples labeled MSD, ISD, OSD, respectively. In the same labeling order, the percentage nitrogen content was 0.77%, 0.38%, and 0.21% for soil; and 0.0025%, 0.0035% and 0.0028% for sawdust; while the percentage carbon was 0.25%, 0.62% and 0.49% for soil samples; and 88.11%, 85.56%, and 88.69% for the sawdust samples. Fungal species ofAspergillus, Penicillium, CandidaandSaccharomycesamong the ten isolates presented a positive reaction for laccase production by showing a brownish-black coloration. The ability of the fungal isolates to produce laccase makes them useful laccase sources for industrial and environmental applications.
Toxicity and Cytotoxicity Effects of Selected Nanoparticles: A Review
Authors: Odaudu O. R. , Akinsiku A. A.
Published: September 2022

The appreciable development in nanotechnology has drawn the attention of several researchers cutting across different fields. However, some nanoparticles have been identified to possess harmful effects on humans and the environment. Hence, putting these cause and effect patterns into context is highly required for future research and discussions about nanotechnology. This study reviewed existing literature on the toxicity and cytotoxicity effects of some nanoparticles to compare reaction patterns. Many kinds of research used different cell cultures, including cancer cell lines, human endothelial cells, hepatic cells, which were tested both in vitro and in vivo to check the mechanism of the possible toxicity effects. Adverse effects of nanoparticles identified involved damaged DNA leading to mutations and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The prominent identified common toxicity responses in nanoparticle-cell interaction were lysosomes formation interference, necrosis and apoptosis, nanoparticles and protein interaction, and agglomerate formation in other body parts. Some reports showed that the causes of these responses might be due to the physicochemical properties of the interrogated particles, such as particle size, shape, surface functionalisation, surface charge. Furthermore, nanoparticles’ toxicity effects are both concentration-dependent and time-dependent, highly pronounced in chemical or physical-based synthetic routes. Cytotoxic effects of nanoparticles were mainly linked to their synthetic method, nature of the reducing agent, and culture media.
Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Perceptible Principle of Universal Design in Shopping Malls in Southwest Nigeria
Authors: Adewale B. A. , Jegede F. O. , Sogbetun O. T.
Published: September 2022

Universal Design (UD) is a concept that encompasses strategies in design that provides comfort, flexibility and adaptability in the built environment and improves the quality of life of all human beings. Perceptible information as a principle of UD that needs to be incorporated in the design of shopping malls in southwest Nigeria because it helps communicate sensorial information effectively to users notwithstanding the condition of the users or their sensory capacities. The aim of this study is to evaluate the use of perceptible information in shopping malls located in southwest Nigeria with a view to providing a standard for designing shopping malls that fulfill all requirements of UD. The quantitative method of data collection was used to obtain data. The data obtained was statistically analyzed and used to generate results related to the study. The Statistical Package of the Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for the statistical analysis and the results were presented using descriptive texts, figures, plates and tables. The study uncovered that the application of perceptible information as a UD principle in shopping malls in southwest Nigeria is insufficient. The study concluded by recommending various strategies through which perceptible information can be implemented in shopping malls in southwest Nigeria.