bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identifying target reference points for harvesting assessment‐limited wildlife populations: a case study
Authors: Stevens Bryan S. , Bence James R. , Porter William F. , Jones Michael L.
Published: May 2017

Identifying appropriate strategies for sustainable harvest is a challenge for many terrestrial vertebrate species because of uncertain system dynamics, limited data to inform population models, and potentially conflicting objectives that seek to harvest and maintain populations at desirable levels. The absence of monitoring and assessment infrastructure needed to regularly estimate abundance accentuates this challenge for many species, and limits application of rigorous state‐dependent frameworks for decision making that are commonly advocated in natural resource management. Reference points, which define management targets or triggers for changing management, are often used to guide decision‐making, but suffer from ambiguity when developed without explicit consideration of uncertainty or trade‐offs among competing objectives. We describe an approach for developing unambiguous target reference points for assessment‐limited species using structured decision making, and demonstrate the approach to develop target harvest rates for management of fall Wild Turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) harvests in the face of uncertain population and harvest dynamics. We use simulation and decision analyses to identify harvest rates that are optimal for accomplishing explicit management objectives in the face of uncertainty, and harvest rates with robust performance over broad regions of the demographic and harvest model parameter space. We demonstrate that population and harvest parameters commonly uncertain to wildlife managers interact to determine appropriate target harvest rates for Wild Turkeys, and that formally acknowledging a range of plausible values for structurally uncertain parameters results in more conservative target reference points than suggested by previously published studies. The structured decision making framework described here provides a natural conceptual and quantitative framework for extending our approach to develop unambiguous harvest targets for other assessment‐limited wildlife populations while formally acknowledging structural uncertainty in system dynamics.
Invasion effects of Chromolaena odorata on soil carbon and nitrogen fractions in a tropical savanna
Authors: Wei Hui , Xu Jialin , Quan Guoming , Zhang Jiaen , Qin Zhong
Published: May 2017

The ecological impacts of biological invasion are generalized with difficulty since these impacts are commonly species‐ or ecosystem‐specific. A noxious invasive plant, Chromolaena odorata, has invaded broad regions, but limited attention has been paid to clarify the ecological impacts of this invasive plant on soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) storage in invaded ecosystems. This study was conducted to investigate changes in the labile and total soil C and N fractions in the surface and subsurface soil layers in non‐invaded plots, plots with slight (30%) or severe (100%) invasion, and a restored forest plot with native tree and shrub species within a tropical savanna. Our results showed that different severities of C. odorata invasion induced inconsistent responses of the soil C and N fractions in the investigated tropical savanna. In particular, slight invasion did not alter or decreased the total and labile soil C and N fractions, and severe invasion significantly increased most of the total and labile soil C and N fractions. The encroachment of woody species significantly increased the soil C and N contents, with significantly higher increases than in the invaded plots. Our results suggest that the impacts of invasion on soil C and N fractions could vary depending on invasion severity. Therefore, comparisons of the invaded and non‐invaded plots with invasion duration or severity overlooked are likely to result in biased conclusions regarding the invasion‐induced ecological consequences in terrestrial ecosystems. Moreover, C. odorata invasion can alter soil nutrient conditions according to the needs of C. odorata establishment at different stages and consequently affect the soil C and N contents in this tropical ecosystem.
Balancing Steric and Electronic Effects in Carbonyl–Phosphine Molybdacarboranes
Authors: Robertson Alasdair P. M. , Reckziegel Alexander , Jones John J. , Rosair Georgina M. , Welch Alan J.
Published: May 2017

Analysis of the literature structures [(CO)(PPh3)2MC2B9H11] and [(CO)2(PPh3)MC2B9H11] suggests that in [L3MC2B9H11] metallacarboranes the trans influence of CO is greater than that of PPh3. Extending this study to the [L4MC2B9H11] system the new molybdacarboranes [3,3,3‐(CO)3‐3‐PPh3‐3,1,2‐closo‐MoC2B9H11] (2), [1,2‐Me2‐3,3,3‐(CO)3‐3‐PPh3‐3,1,2‐closo‐MoC2B9H9] (3) and trans‐[3,3‐(CO)2‐3,3‐(PPh3)2‐3,1,2‐closo‐MoC2B9H11] (4) were prepared and fully characterised. Consideration of the exopolyhedral ligand orientations (ELO) in 2 confirms that, in terms of trans influence, CO > PPh3 in [L4MC2B9H11] also. The ELO is effectively reversed in 3 through intramolecular steric crowding between the cage CH3 groups and the PPh3 ligand. The dicarbonylbis(triphenylphosphine) compound 4 has effective Cs symmetry with one CO ligand trans and the other CO ligand cis to the cage C–C connectivity. Unexpectedly the Mo–CO bond lengths are equal. DFT calculations on 4 reproduce this unusual result, but suggest that in the less‐crowded PH3 analogue, the Mo–CO bond length trans to cage C would be about 0.2 Å shorter than that trans to cage B. To test this prediction, the analogous PEt3 complex was prepared as cis and trans structural isomers 5 and 6. The cis isomer 5 is quantitatively converted into the trans isomer 6 when heated to reflux in THF. In 6 the Mo–CO bond more trans to cage C is about 0.2 Å shorter than that which is more trans to cage B, in line with the DFT prediction.
Application of β‐cyclodextrin, chitosan, and collagen on the stability of tocopherols and the oxidative stability in heated oils
Authors: Gim Seo Yeong , Jung Jin Yeong , Kwon Yong Jun , Kim Mi‐Ja , Kim Geun Hyung , Lee Jae Hwan
Published: May 2017

Effects of beta‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD), chitosan, and collagen on tocopherol and oxidative stability in heated oils were determined under moisture added condition at 180°C in this study. Collagen was added in the form of a mesh structure with different pore sizes (50, 100, 200, and 300 μm) whereas chitosan was added in the form of gel. Presence of 1% w/w β‐CD significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the formation of p‐anisidine compared to controls. Collagens also acted as antioxidants irrespective of pore sizes whereas chitosan gel failed to act as antioxidant or prooxidant. Collagen and β‐CD significantly (p < 0.05) protected the decomposition of total tocopherols while chitosan failed to show such protection. Collagen with pore size of 300 μm significantly (p < 0.05) stabilized γ‐ and δ‐ tocopherols compared to controls and oils added with β‐CD, chitosan, or collagen with pore size of 50 μm. The addition of β‐CD, chitosan, and collagen significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the moisture content in heated oil compared to controls. β‐CD or collagen mesh structure can be used in heated oils like frying condition to control the rates of lipid oxidation. Addition of biopolymers may extend the oxidative stability and shelf‐life of heated oils and help to produce more food products.

Practical applications: β‐Cyclodextrin and collagen mesh structure in heated oils can enhance the stability of antioxidants like tocopherols and the oxidative stability were greatly enhanced in heated oils. Therefore, addition of β‐cylcodextrin or collagen mesh structure can be used in heated oils like frying condition to control the rates of lipid oxidation and extend the operation time in frying oils.

Addition of β‐cyclodextrin and collagen mesh structure significantly enhanced the oxidative stability in heated oils. The stability of tocopherols especially γ‐ and δ‐tocopherols increases when collagen mesh structure is added. Moisture content is decreased in heated oils when β‐cyclodextrin, chitosan, and collagen are added.
Biodegradable Chitosan‐Derived Thioureas as Recoverable Supported Organocatalysts – Application to the Stereoselective Aza‐Henry Reaction
Authors: Andrés José M. , González Fernando , Maestro Alicia , Pedrosa Rafael , Valle María
Published: May 2017

Eight different biodegradable chitosan‐supported bifunctional chiral thioureas have been prepared as a greener and more sustainable alternative to those supported on petrochemical‐derived polymers. These organocatalysts promoted an enantioselective aza‐Henry reaction, which afforded good product yields with moderate to high enantioselectivity. The activity and stereodirecting ability of these materials were dependent on the accessibility of the reactants to the active site and increased with the length of the tether that connected the thiourea to the biopolymer. The best performing catalyst was able to be recovered and recycled five times without a loss of activity.
Collective victimhood and acknowledgement of outgroup suffering across history: Majority and minority perspectives
Authors: Green Eva G.T. , Visintin Emilio Paolo , Hristova Antoaneta , Bozhanova Ana , Pereira Adrienne , Staerklé Christian
Published: May 2017

This paper examines how temporally differentiated representations of ingroup victimhood and acknowledgment of outgroup suffering relate to present intergroup attitudes. A mixed‐methods research was conducted in Bulgaria where both the ethnic majority and the Bulgarian Turkish minority can be viewed as victims and perpetrators in the past. Multigroup path models (Study 1) revealed that for the majority (N = 192) collective victimhood was positively related to social distance through reduced forgiveness and through reduced collective guilt for a different historical era. Acknowledgment of outgroup suffering, in turn, was associated with reduced social distance through heightened guilt and through forgiveness for another era. Among the Bulgarian Turks (N = 160), the result pattern differed. Collective victimhood was unrelated to forgiveness. Moreover, the relationship between guilt and social distance was positive. Semi‐directive interviews (Study 2) revealed different meanings attributed to the events by the two groups. The impact of intertwined historical representations on current‐day prejudice is discussed in light of power asymmetry between groups.
Holding your flag: The effects of exposure to a regional symbol on people's behavior
Authors: Guéguen Nicolas , Martin Angélique , Stefan Jordy
Published: May 2017

Research has shown that exposure to the national flag alters people's behavior and political and intergroup judgments. In several field studies conducted in an area of France with a strong regional identity, we examined the effect of the presence of the regional flag versus the national flag versus no flag on behaviors. Various situations (e.g., money solicitation, implicit helping behavior, food tasting) were tested in Brittany, on the French west Atlantic coast. Car drivers, passersby in the street, and patrons in bakeries were exposed to no flag versus the French flag versus the Brittany flag held by requesters or presented on a product or on a car. Findings showed that the regional flag increased helping behavior dramatically. Other studies also revealed that the presence of the Brittany flag reduced aggressiveness and influenced preference for food products. The power of a flag as a symbol that could increase in‐group membership is discussed.
Seeing faces: The role of brand visual processing and social connection in brand liking
Authors: Orth Ulrich R. , Cornwell T. Bettina , Ohlhoff Jana , Naber Christiane
Published: May 2017

This paper investigates how brands—through visuals—can fill a void for consumers experiencing a lack of social connection. Using psychometric measures and mock advertisements with visuals of human faces and non‐faces, Study 1 shows that seeing faces relates to greater brand liking with processing fluency mediating, and individual loneliness and tendency to anthropomorphize moderating the effect. Study 2 replicates findings with other‐race faces corroborating that fluency but not ethnic self‐referencing underlies the effect. Study 3 complements the psychometric measures of Studies 1 and 2 with eye tracking data to demonstrate that fluency correlates with distinct patterns of attention. Study 4 uses actual brand stimuli to show that effects are robust and extend beyond advertisements. Taken together, the findings show that communicating brand names in conjunction with visuals seen by consumers as human faces can increase brand liking.
In‐group relevance facilitates learning across existing and new associations
Authors: Moradi Zahra Zargol , Sui Jie , Hewstone Miles , Humphreys Glyn William
Published: May 2017

Studies have shown that attention prioritizes stimuli associated with the in‐group. However, the extent to which this so‐called in‐group favoritism is driven by relevance is not clear. Here, we investigated this issue in a group of university rowers using a novel perceptual matching task based on the team label–color associations. Across three experiments, participants showed enhanced performance for the in‐group stimulus regardless of its familiarity level. These findings confirmed the role of relevance in in‐group favoritism. In a further control study, the advantage for certain stimuli was not found in an independent sample of participants who were not identified with the teams but were familiar with the label–color associations, indicating that in‐group relevance was necessary for the in‐group favoritism. Together, these findings suggest that in‐group relevance facilitates learning across existing and new associations. The consequences of these findings for understanding in‐group effects on perceptual processing are discussed.
Romantic love versus reproduction opportunities: Disentangling the contributions of different anxiety buffers under conditions of existential threat
Authors: Hoppe Annedore , Fritsche Immo , Koranyi Nicolas
Published: May 2017

Romantic relationships and offspring are discussed as anxiety buffers in terror management processes. We examined the relationship between these possible buffers and tested whether romantic relationships reduce existential threat due to reproduction opportunities or if they represent a distinct anxiety buffer. Contrary to our initial expectations, thinking about a positive romantic relationship without (vs. with) own children increased partner affect (Study 1) and commitment (Study 2) and decreased punishment intentions (Study 2) after mortality salience. These effects were mediated by participants' desire for romantic love. Furthermore, thinking about positive nonparental (vs. parental) romantic relationships lowered death‐thought accessibility (Study 3). Together, these findings suggest that romantic relationships form a distinct anxiety buffer that is only effective when the cultural (romance) instead of the biological (having children) nature of the relationship is highlighted. We discuss the role of anxiety buffer salience for determining whether offspring concerns buffer or increase existential threat.
Intolerance of Uncertainty in Eating Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Brown Melanie , Robinson Lauren , Campione Giovanna Cristina , Wuensch Kelsey , Hildebrandt Tom , Micali Nadia
Published: May 2017

Intolerance of uncertainty is an empirically supported transdiagnostic construct that may have relevance in understanding eating disorders. We conducted a meta‐analysis and systematic review of intolerance of uncertainty in eating disorders using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We calculated random‐effects standardised mean differences (SMD) for studies utilising the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS) and summarised additional studies descriptively. Women with eating disorders have significantly higher IUS scores compared with healthy controls (SMD = 1.90; 95% C.I. 1.24 to 2.56; p < 0.001). Post hoc meta‐analysis revealed significant differences when comparing women with anorexia nervosa with controls (SMD = 2.16; 95% C.I. 1.14 to 3.18; p < 0.001) and women with bulimia nervosa with controls (SMD = 2.03; 95% C.I. 1.30 to 2.75; p < 0.001). Our synthesis of findings suggests that intolerance of uncertainty may represent a vulnerability and maintenance factor for eating disorders and potential target of cognitive, behavioural, interoceptive and affective symptoms. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Joint hypermobility is also associated with anxiety disorders in the elderly population
Authors: Bulbena‐Cabré Andrea , Rojo Conxita , Pailhez Guillem , Buron Maso Emma , Martín‐Lopez Luis Miguel , Bulbena Antonio
Published: May 2017

Background

Anxiety disorders (AD) are very prevalent in the elderly, tend to compromise quality of life, and generate substantial costs. Considering that the prevention and early detection of anxiety may be relevant to increase health gains in older adults, it would be of great interest to identify whether the joint hypermobility syndrome (JHS) is also related to anxiety disorders in this age range.

Methods

Cross‐sectional data was collected in a sample of 108 subjects in a rural town in Spain. Instruments included Spielberger STAI, a modified Wolpe Fear Survey Schedule, General health Questionnaire (GHQ)‐28, and the anxiety and mood disorders section of the SCID, to assess past year prevalence of anxiety disorders. JHS was evaluated by trained examiners using the “Hospital del Mar criteria”.

Results

Among the 108 subjects (55% women, 45% men) over 60 years old, 21.3% meet criteria for JHS. These subjects scored significantly higher in both State (F = 5.53; p = 0.02) and Trait (F = 4.68; p = 0.03) anxiety and the GHQ 28 (F = 6.29; p = 0.01). Compared with non JHS subjects, they had more AD (34.8% vs. 11.8%; x2 = 6.90; p = 0.02) and mood disorders (30.4% vs. 10.6%; x2 = 5.65; p = 0.041) in the past year prevalence. A multiple logistic regression analysis showed that both JHS (β = 0.196; p = 0.04) and fears (β = 0.34; p = 0.001) are predictors of AD (r2 = 188; p = 0.001) in this population.

Conclusions

Joint hypermobility syndrome is associated with anxiety in the elderly population, and it may be used as a physical marker for AD among subjects within this age range. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The research applications of new heat insulation composite material in automobiles
Authors: Bao Yue , Zhao Xiaoyu
Published: May 2017

With the rapid development of its unique advantages, nonwoven fabric has become the leading material of automotive textiles. Nonwoven fabric has become an ideal material for automobiles and replaced traditional textiles and plastic products. This paper takes a car as the research model. A DRL‐2B thermal conductivity tester was used to test thermal conductivity of the material based on the plate method. Material systems and structures of new types of heat insulation composite materials were determined according to test results and the theory of heat transfer. Then, the final new type of heat insulation material was determined by calculating and comparing average heat transfer coefficients and heat transfer between traditional insulation materials and new types of heat insulation materials. The calculated results were verified by experiments in this paper. All the test results show that the new type of composite insulation material is significantly better than traditional insulation materials, and the test results match the calculated results.
Plant source water apportionment using stable isotopes: A comparison of simple linear, two‐compartment mixing model approaches
Authors: Evaristo Jaivime , McDonnell Jeffrey J. , Clemens John
Published: May 2017

Plant source water identification using stable isotopes is now a common practice in ecohydrological process investigations. Notwithstanding, little critical evaluation of the approaches for source apportionment have been conducted. Here, we present a critical evaluation of the main methods used for source apportionment between vadose and saturated zone water: simple mass balance and Bayesian mixing models. We leverage new isotope stem water samples from a diverse set of tree species in a strikingly uniform terrain and soil conditions at the Christchurch Botanic Garden, New Zealand. Our results show that using δ2H alone in a simple, two‐source mass balance approach leads to erroneous results, particularly an apparent overestimation of groundwater contribution to xylem. Alternatively, using both δ2H and δ18O in a Bayesian inference framework improves the source water estimates and is more useful than the simple mass balance approach, particularly when soil and groundwater contributions are relatively disproportionate. We suggest that plant source water quantification methods should take into consideration the possible effects of 2H/1H fractionation. The Bayesian inference approach used here may be less sensitive to 2H/1H fractionation effects than simple mass balance methods.
Hepcidin levels and gastric cancer risk in the EPIC‐EurGast study
Authors: Jakszyn Paula , Fonseca‐Nunes Ana , Lujan‐Barroso Leila , Aranda Núria , Tous Mónica , Arija Victoria , Cross Amanda , Bueno‐de‐Mesquita H. B(as) , Weiderpass Elisabete , Kühn Tilman , Kaaks Rudolf , Sjöberg Klas , Ohlsson Bodil , Tumino Rosario , Palli Domenico , Ricceri Fulvio , Fasanelli Francesca , Krogh Vittorio , Mattiello Amalia , Jenab Mazda , Gunter Marc , Perez‐Cornago Aurora , Khaw Kay‐Tee , Tjønneland Anne , Olsen Anja , Overvad Kim , Trichopoulou Antonia , Peppa Eleni , Vasilopoulou Effie , Boeing Heiner , Sánchez‐Cantalejo Emilio , Huerta José María , Dorronsoro Miren , Barricarte Aurelio , Quirós José Maria , Peeters Petra H. , Agudo Antonio
Published: May 2017

Hepcidin is the main regulator of iron homeostasis and dysregulation of proteins involved in iron metabolism has been associated with tumorogenesis. However, to date, no epidemiological study has researched the association between hepcidin levels and gastric cancer risk. To further investigate the relationship between hepcidin levels and gastric cancer risk, we conducted a nested case‐control study (EURGAST) within the multicentric European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study. The study included 456 primary incident gastric adenocarcinoma cases and 900 matched controls that occurred during an average of 11 years of follow‐up. We measured serum levels of hepcidin‐25, iron, ferritin, transferrin and C‐reactive protein. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the risk of gastric cancer by hepcidin levels were estimated from multivariable conditional logistic regression models. Mediation effect of the ferritin levels on the hepcidin‐gastric cancer pathway was also evaluated. After adjusting for relevant confounders, we observed a statistically significant inverse association between gastric cancer and hepcidin levels (OR 5 ng/l = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.93–0.99). No differences were found by tumor localization or histological type. In mediation analysis, we found that the direct effect of hepcidin only represents a nonsignificant 38% (95% CI: −69%, 91%). In summary, these data suggest that the inverse association of hepcidin levels and gastric cancer risk was mostly accounted by ferritin levels. Further investigation including repeated measures of hepcidin is needed to clarify their role in gastric carcinogenesis.
Weight change, obesity and risk of prostate cancer progression among men with clinically localized prostate cancer
Authors: Dickerman Barbra A. , Ahearn Thomas U. , Giovannucci Edward , Stampfer Meir J. , Nguyen Paul L. , Mucci Lorelei A. , Wilson Kathryn M.
Published: May 2017

Obesity is associated with an increased risk of fatal prostate cancer. We aimed to elucidate the importance and relevant timing of obesity and weight change for prostate cancer progression. We identified 5,158 men diagnosed with localized prostate cancer (clinical stage T1/T2) from 1986 to 2012 in the Health Professionals Follow‐up Study. Men were followed for biochemical recurrence and lethal prostate cancer (development of distant metastasis or prostate cancer‐specific mortality) until 2012. Cox regression estimated hazard ratios (HRs) for body mass index (BMI) at age 21, BMI at diagnosis, “long‐term” weight change from age 21 to diagnosis and “short‐term” weight change over spans of 4 and 8 years preceding diagnosis. Because weight, weight change and mortality are strongly associated with smoking, we repeated analyses among never smokers only (N = 2,559). Among all patients, neither weight change nor BMI (at age 21 or at diagnosis) was associated with lethal prostate cancer. Among never smokers, long‐term weight gain was associated with an increased risk of lethal disease (HR for gaining >30 pounds vs. stable weight [±10 pounds] 1.59, 95% CI, 1.01‐2.50, p‐trend = 0.06). Associations between weight change, BMI and lethal prostate cancer were stronger for men with BMI ≥ 25 at age 21 compared to those with BMI < 25. Weight change and obesity were not associated with an increased risk of biochemical recurrence. Our findings among never smoker men diagnosed with localized prostate cancer suggest a positive association between long‐term weight gain and risk of lethal prostate cancer. Metabolic changes associated with weight gain may promote prostate cancer progression.
Survival Improvement in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells via Fas Receptor Targeting by miR‐374a
Authors: Tasharrofi Nooshin , Kouhkan Fatemeh , Soleimani Masoud , Soheili Zahra‐Sheila , Kabiri Mahboubeh , Mahmoudi Saber Mohaddeseh , Dorkoosh Farid Abedin
Published: May 2017

Oxidative conditions of the eye could contribute to retinal cells loss through activating the Fas‐L/Fas pathway. This phenomenon is one of the leading causes of some ocular diseases like age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). By targeting proteins at their mRNA level, microRNAs (miRNAs) can regulate gene expression and cell function. The aim of the present study is to investigate Fas targeting by miR‐374a and find whether it can inhibit Fas‐mediated apoptosis in primary human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells under oxidative stress. So, the primary human RPE cells were transfected with pre‐miR‐374a pLEX construct using polymeric carrier and were exposed to H2O2 (200 μM) as an oxidant agent for induction of Fas expression. Fas expression at mRNA and protein level was evaluated by quantitative real‐time PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. These results revealed that miR‐374a could prevent Fas upregulation under oxidative conditions. Moreover, Luciferase activity assay confirmed that Fas could be a direct target of miR‐374a. The cell viability studies demonstrated that caspase‐3 activity was negligible in miR‐374a treated cells compared to the controls. Our data suggest miR‐374a is a negative regulator of Fas death receptor which is able to enhance the cell survival and protect RPE cells against oxidative conditions. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 4854–4861, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cases which were treated by giving grounds to delusion: What is client‐centered medical care?
Authors: Suda Michio , Onoe Hisakazu , Harigai Kayoko
Published: May 2017

Delusion is a subjective belief, which is based on a mistaken judgment without any grounds. We thought the symptoms from the perspective of cognitive science. In the process of discovering the grounds by which delusions occur in patients, by the setting of goals which are not restricted by others, and by enhancing the presence such that new frame construction with integrity can be continuously possible, we report the case that delusion has disappeared and has been cured. When considering what client‐centered medical care is, it is necessary to reconsider the mechanism of cognition of patients from the perspective of information fields which occur within relationships, and to support patients so that they can select what they want to do from the standpoint of the goals they seek.
The efficacy of systematic lymph node dissection in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer during interval debulking surgery performed after neoadjuvant chemotherapy
Authors: Eoh Kyung Jin , Yoon Jung Won , Lee Inok , Lee Jung‐Yun , Kim Sunghoon , Kim Sang Wun , Kim Young Tae , Nam Eun Ji
Published: May 2017

Background and Objective

The therapeutic role of systematic lymph node dissection (LND) remains unclear in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), especially during interval debulking surgery (IDS) performed after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). We analyzed the therapeutic and prognostic roles of systematic LND in advanced EOC patients.

Methods

Data from consecutive patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage IIIC‐IV disease, who underwent optimal IDS (<1cm) after NAC, were obtained via a retrospective chart review. Patients were classified into a lymph node sampling (LNS; node count <20) group and an LND (node count ≥20) group.

Results

Among 133 study patients, 65 and 68 underwent LND and LNS, respectively, during IDS. Overall survival (OS) was significantly better in the LND group than in the LNS group. In subgroup analysis with negative lymphadenopathy on preoperative imaging, progression‐free survival (PFS) and OS were significantly better in the LND group than in the LNS group. Follow‐up of subsequent recurrences showed significantly lower nodal and peritoneal recurrence rates among patients who underwent LND. Multivariate analysis identified LND as an independent prognostic factor for PFS and OS.

Conclusion

Systematic LND may have therapeutic value in advanced EOC patients treated with NAC and IDS.
Ultrasound Phantom Using Sodium Alginate as a Gelling Agent
Authors: Aoyagi Minoru , Hiraguri Tomomi
Published: May 2017

For medical workers, ultrasound phantoms for human soft tissue are used not only for accuracy management of ultrasound diagnosis but also to aid ultrasound‐guided needle and blind catheter insertion training without risk to real patients. For the phantoms, ultrasound characteristics and a texture are required to mimic the human soft tissue. The proposed phantom was composed of sodium alginate, calcium sulfate dihydrate, trisodium phosphate 12‐hydrate, glycerol, and water. The propagation speed, attenuation coefficient, acoustic impedance, and texture of the proposed phantom were almost the same as those of human soft tissue. Expensive chemicals and special equipment are not required.
Automated smartphone audiometry: Validation of a word recognition test app
Authors: Dewyer Nicholas A. , Jiradejvong Patpong , Henderson Sabes Jennifer , Limb Charles J.
Published: May 2017

Objectives/Hypothesis

Develop and validate an automated smartphone word recognition test.

Study Design

Cross‐sectional case‐control diagnostic test comparison.

Methods

An automated word recognition test was developed as an app for a smartphone with earphones. English‐speaking adults with recent audiograms and various levels of hearing loss were recruited from an audiology clinic and were administered the smartphone word recognition test. Word recognition scores determined by the smartphone app and the gold standard speech audiometry test performed by an audiologist were compared.

Results

Test scores for 37 ears were analyzed. Word recognition scores determined by the smartphone app and audiologist testing were in agreement, with 86% of the data points within a clinically acceptable margin of error and a linear correlation value between test scores of 0.89.

Conclusions

The WordRec automated smartphone app accurately determines word recognition scores.

Level of Evidence

3b. Laryngoscope, 128:707–712, 2018
Fine‐needle aspiration with selective use of core needle biopsy of major salivary gland tumors
Authors: Romano Erica B. , Wagner Jason M. , Alleman Anthony M. , Zhao Lichao , Conrad Rachel D. , Krempl Greg A.
Published: May 2017

Objectives

Preferential use of fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) versus core needle biopsy (CNB) for distinguishing benign from malignant major salivary gland tumors is highly debated. The main disadvantage of FNA is lower sensitivity, whereas arguments against CNB include use of a larger bore needle and greater risk of complications. The aim of this study is to evaluate our experience performing ultrasound‐guided (UG) FNA with selective use of CNB based on preliminary cytopathology, and to determine whether our preoperative diagnostic approach is more sensitive and specific than FNA alone—and at least as sensitive and specific as CNB alone.

Study Design

Retrospective review of UG needle biopsy sampling of lesions arising in or around parotid and submandibular glands.

Methods

Ultrasounds of 141 needle biopsies were identified. Patient/lesion/needle biopsy characteristics, preliminary cytopathology, final pathology, imaging studies, and subsequent clinical course and treatment were documented.

Results

Needle biopsies performed according to our protocol provided results that guided clinical decision making in 125 of 135 cases, 92.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 86.8%–96.4%) of the time. Using 41 cases that had histologic verification, sensitivity was 100% (95% CI, 79.6%–100%), and specificity was 92.3% (95% CI, 75.9%–97.9%) for detecting malignancy. We definitively characterized 120 lesions as benign (84) or malignant (36).

Conclusion

Preoperative needle biopsy diagnoses allowed clinical management to progress 92.6% of the time. The protocol of FNA with selective use of CNB may potentially reduce patient exposure to risks associated with CNB without the tradeoff of lower sensitivity seen with FNA.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 127:2522–2527, 2017
Central voice production and pathophysiology of spasmodic dysphonia
Authors: Mor Niv , Simonyan Kristina , Blitzer Andrew
Published: May 2017

Objective

Our ability to speak is complex, and the role of the central nervous system in controlling speech production is often overlooked in the field of otolaryngology. In this brief review, we present an integrated overview of speech production with a focus on the role of central nervous system. The role of central control of voice production is then further discussed in relation to the potential pathophysiology of spasmodic dysphonia (SD).

Data Sources

Peer‐review articles on central laryngeal control and SD were identified from PUBMED search. Selected articles were augmented with designated relevant publications.

Review Methods

Publications that discussed central and peripheral nervous system control of voice production and the central pathophysiology of laryngeal dystonia were chosen.

Results

Our ability to speak is regulated by specialized complex mechanisms coordinated by high‐level cortical signaling, brainstem reflexes, peripheral nerves, muscles, and mucosal actions. Recent studies suggest that SD results from a primary central disturbance associated with dysfunction at our highest levels of central voice control. The efficacy of botulinum toxin in treating SD may not be limited solely to its local effect on laryngeal muscles and also may modulate the disorder at the level of the central nervous system.

Conclusion

Future therapeutic options that target the central nervous system may help modulate the underlying disorder in SD and allow clinicians to better understand the principal pathophysiology.

Level of Evidence

NA.Laryngoscope, 128:177–183, 2018
Novel murine xenograft model for the evaluation of stem cell therapy for profound dysphagia
Authors: Kuhn Maggie A. , Black Amanda B. , Siddiqui M. Tausif , Nolta Jan A. , Belafsky Peter C.
Published: May 2017

Objectives/Hypothesis

Dysphagia is common and costly. Treatments are limited and innovative therapies are required. The tongue is essential for safe, effective swallowing and is a natural target for regenerative therapy. Muscle‐derived stem cells (MDSCs) hold potential to restore dynamic function, and their application in the damaged tongue is appealing. We examined the safety and efficacy of human MDSC implantation into a novel mouse tongue model.

Study Design

Animal study.

Methods

Adult immune‐deficient mice were randomized to surgical (hemiglossectomy) and nonsurgical groups. Animals underwent lingual injection of human MDSCs or saline (control). Groups were followed for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was MDSC survival measured by an in vivo imaging system (IVIS). Secondary outcomes included animal survival and weight. Comparisons were made using a Mann‐Whitney U test with an α of .05.

Results

Human MDSCs survived to the endpoint demonstrating 132% ± 465% and 15% ± 11% bioluminescence by IVIS at 12 weeks in hemiglossectomy and nonsurgical groups, respectively. All but one animal (hemiglossectomy with saline injection) survived to the study endpoint. Mean weight increased from baseline in all groups, with the greatest change observed in hemiglossectomy mice with MDSC injection (baseline 24.5 g ± 3.9 g; delta 5.9 g ± 4.6 g), exceeding the weight gain seen in surgical control mice (baseline 24.9 g ± 4.2 g, delta 2.7 g ± 1.4 g) (P = .04).

Conclusions

MDSCs exhibited over 100% survival at 3 months when injected into an immune‐deficient hemiglossectomy mouse model. Tongue‐injured animals injected with MDSCs exhibited superior weight gain after hemiglossectomy than control animals (P < .05). These data support further investigation into the use of autologous MDSCs as a potential treatment for dysphagia secondary to tongue weakness and fibrosis

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 127:E359–E363, 2017
Complications and 30‐day hospital readmission rates of patients undergoing tracheostomy: A prospective analysis
Authors: Spataro Emily , Durakovic Nedim , Kallogjeri Dorina , Nussenbaum Brian
Published: May 2017

Objective

To determine inpatient and outpatient tracheostomy complication rates and 30‐day hospital readmission rates, and to assess patient and procedural risk factors associated with complications and readmissions.

Study Design

Prospective cohort study.

Methods

Adult patients undergoing tracheostomy at a single academic hospital performed by any service, for any indication, were enrolled in this study over the course of 1 year. All patients had complete 30‐day follow‐up after discharge to determine complication and hospital readmission rates. Logistic regression was used to assess patient and procedural risk factors associated with these events.

Results

One hundred patients were enrolled in this study from June 1, 2015, to June 1, 2016. The overall inpatient tracheostomy complication rate was 47% (95% confidence interval [CI], 37%–57%). Inpatient complications were associated with location in the medical intensive care unit and increased length of hospitalization. The outpatient tracheostomy complication rate was 15% (95% CI, 8%–22%). Outpatient complications were associated with having a previous tracheostomy or an awake tracheostomy under local anesthesia. The all‐cause 30‐day hospital readmission rate was 33% (95% CI, 24%–42%), and the tracheostomy‐specific readmission rate was 13% (95% CI, 6%–20%). All‐cause readmissions were associated with diabetes, length of hospitalization after tracheostomy, and outpatient complications. The overall mortality rate during the study period was 11% (95% CI, 5%–17%), with one tracheostomy‐related death.

Conclusion

Patients undergoing tracheostomies are at high risk for both inpatient and outpatient complications, as well for 30‐day hospital readmission. Understanding patient and procedural risk factors associated with these events will help guide interventions for quality improvement.

Level of Evidence

2b. Laryngoscope, 127:2746–2753, 2017
Nitrone Mediated Coupling of Hyperbranched Polymer Radicals
Authors: Du Min , Deng Chang , Wu Xiaoran , Liu Huarong , Liu Hewen
Published: May 2017

The coupling of hyperbranched polychloromethylstyrene (PCMS) radicals with nitrone is studied in this work. Hyperbranched PCMS radicals are generated by a redox reaction of terminal chloride groups with Cu(I)Cl. The molecular weight data show that nitrone mediated radical coupling of PCMS is a kind of step polymerization. The molecular weights of the coupled products in a fixed coupling reaction time increase as the contents of nitrone increase in a wide concentration range, whereas are less affected by the content of CuCl. FTIR and NMR spectra prove the formation of alkoxyamine in the mid‐chains arising from nitrone‐mediated coupling. The nitrone‐coupled hyperbranched polymers show the birefringent property if being watched in a crossed polarizing microscope. The intrinsic viscosity data imply that the nitrone‐coupled hyperbranched polymers in solution behave like rod‐like structures. These nitrone‐coupled hyperbranched polymers are thermodegradable. This kind of cylindrical polymers with highly branched substructures may find important application as anisotropic monomolecular gels or molecular reinforcement, catalyst hosts, etc.

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The F···H Hydrogen Bonding Effect on the Dynamic Mechanical and Shape‐Memory Properties of a Fluorine‐Containing Polybenzoxazine
Authors: Liu Yanfang , Wang Rongrong , An Qin , Su Xuehui , Li Cuiyun , Shen Shanshan , Huo Guoyan
Published: May 2017

A fluorine‐containing difunctional benzoxazine is synthesized by hydrosilylation of a monofunctional benzoxazine based ono‐allylphenol andp‐fluoroaniline. Besides the intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonding associated with the nitrogen and oxygen atoms in the oxazine ring, specific self‐complementary intermolecular ArF···HO hydrogen bonding is formed in the polymerization of the benzoxazine, which leads to the resultant polybenzoxazine possessing a broad glass transition temperature range and showing two not well‐separated transitions. Based on the two glass transition temperatures, the polybenzoxazine exhibits triple‐shape‐memory behaviors by manipulating temperature and strain in the shape fixing process under tensile and bending modes. The dynamic mechanical and shape‐memory properties of the polybenzoxazine are influenced by the combined effect of the cross‐linking density and the ArF···HO hydrogen bonding.

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Computational modeling of 915 MHz microwave ablation: Comparative assessment of temperature‐dependent tissue dielectric models
Authors: Deshazer Garron , Hagmann Mark , Merck Derek , Sebek Jan , Moore Kent B. , Prakash Punit
Published: May 2017

Purpose

The objective of this study is to develop a computational model for simulating 915 MHz microwave ablation (MWA), and verify the simulation predictions of transient temperature profiles against experimental measurements. Due to the limited experimental data characterizing temperature‐dependent changes of tissue dielectric properties at 915 MHz, we comparatively assess two temperature‐dependent approaches of modeling of dielectric properties: model A‐ piecewise linear temperature dependencies based on existing, but limited, experimental data, and model B‐ similar to model A, but augmented with linear decrease in electrical conductivity above 95 °C, as guided by our experimental measurements.

Methods

The finite element method was used to simulate MWA procedures in liver with a clinical 915 MHz ablation applicator. A coupled electromagnetic‐thermal solver incorporating temperature‐dependent tissue biophysical properties of liver was implemented. Predictions of the transient temperature profiles and ablation zone dimensions for both model A and model B were compared against experimental measurements in ex vivo bovine liver tissue. Broadband dielectric properties of tissue within different regions of the ablation zone were measured and reported at 915 MHz and 2.45 GHz.

Results

Model B yielded peak tissue temperatures in closer agreement with experimental measurements, attributed to the inclusion of decrease in electrical conductivity at elevated temperature. The simulated transverse diameters of the ablation zone predicted by both models were greater than experimental measurements, which may be in part due to the lack of a tissue shrinkage model. At both considered power levels, predictions of transverse ablation zone diameters were in closer agreement with measurements for model B (max. discrepancy of 5 mm at 60 W, and 3 mm at 30 W), compared to model A (max. discrepancy of 9 mm at 60 W, and 6 mm at 30 W). Ablation zone lengths with both models were within 2 mm at 30 W, but overestimated by up to 10 mm at 60 W.

Conclusions

The inclusion of decreased electrical conductivity above 95 °C, implemented with model B as guided by our experimental measurements, may be a good approach for approximating the dynamic changes that occur during MWA at 915 MHz. Although a step toward more effectively modeling MWA at 915 MHz, further investigation of the transition in dielectric properties with temperature and tissue shrinkage, especially at high temperatures is needed for more accurate simulations.
Technical Note: Diffusion‐weighted MRI with minimal distortion in head‐and‐neck radiotherapy using a turbo spin echo acquisition method
Authors: Schakel Tim , Hoogduin Johannes M. , Terhaard Chris H.J. , Philippens Marielle E.P.
Published: May 2017

Purpose

Diffusion‐weighted (DW) MRI, showing high contrast between tumor and background tissue, is a promising technique in radiotherapy for tumor delineation. However, its use for head‐and‐neck patients is hampered by poor geometric accuracy in conventional echo planar imaging (EPI) DW‐MRI. An alternative turbo spin echo sequence, DW‐SPLICE, is implemented and demonstrated in patients.

Methods

The DW‐SPLICE sequence was implemented on a 3.0 T system and evaluated in 10 patients. The patients were scanned in treatment position, using a customized head support and immobilization mask. Image distortions were quantified at the gross tumor volume (GTV) using field map analysis. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was evaluated using an ice water phantom.

Results

The DW images acquired by DW‐SPLICE showed no image distortions. Field map analysis at the gross tumor volumes resulted in a median distortion of 0.2 mm for DW‐SPLICE, whereas for the conventional method this was 7.2 mm. ADC values, measured using an ice water phantom were in accordance with literature values.

Conclusions

The implementation of DW‐SPLICE allows for diffusion‐weighted imaging of patients in treatment position with excellent geometrical accuracy. The images can be used to facilitate target volume delineation in RT treatment planning.
It's time to move on from the bell curve
Authors: Robinson Lawrence R.
Published: May 2017

The bell curve was first described in the 18th century by de Moivre and Gauss to depict the distribution of binomial events, such as coin tossing, or repeated measures of physical objects. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the bell curve was appropriated, or perhaps misappropriated, to apply to biologic and social measures across people. For many years we used it to derive reference values for our electrophysiologic studies. There is, however, no reason to believe that electrophysiologic measures should approximate a bell‐curve distribution, and empiric evidence suggests they do not. The concept of using mean ± 2 standard deviations should be abandoned. Reference values are best derived by using non‐parametric analyses, such as percentile values. This proposal aligns with the recommendation of the recent normative data task force of the American Association of Neuromuscular & Electrodiagnostic Medicine and follows sound statistical principles. Muscle Nerve 56: 859–860, 2017