bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Positive Coping Style and Family Resilience of Caregivers of COPD Patients: The Chain Mediating Roles of Caregiver Burden and Resilience
Authors: Zhang Nan , Liu Yuan , Yu Xi , Tian Zheng , Liu Yong , Li Yimiao , Liu Xinyi , Zhu Hongyi , Wang Lan
Published: December 2024

Aims

To investigate the association between positive coping style and family resilience, considering the mediating factors of burden and individual resilience within caregivers of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients.

Design

A cross‐sectional survey.

Methods

A total of, 204 caregivers of COPD patients were recruited using convenient sampling from April 2023 to May 2024 to investigate general information, family resilience, individual resilience, caregiver burden and positive coping styles on caregivers of COPD patients. Influencing factors were primarily identified using Mann–whitney U test and Kruskal–Wallis H test. Spearman correlation analysis was used to explore the correlation between family resilience, positive coping, caregiver burden and resilience. Linear regression was used to analyse the influencing factors of family resilience of caregiver. Structural equation modelling was used to detect the mediating effects of caregiver burden and resilience.

Reporting Method

The STROBE checklist was followed.

Results

The family resilience of caregivers was positively correlated with positive coping styles and individual resilience, and negatively correlated with caregiver burden. The family resilience of caregivers increased with the improvement positive coping style and individual resilience, and decreased with the increase of caregiver burden. Caregiver burden and resilience played the chain mediating roles between positive coping style and family resilience.

Conclusion

Family caregivers of COPD patient with higher education levels also have higher family resilience. Higher positive coping style may lead to higher family resilience of caregivers of COPD patients by reducing caregiver burden and promoting resilience.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

There are individual differences in the level of family resilience of caregivers of COPD patients, and nurses can provide personalised interventions to different family caregivers by understanding their characteristics and needs. Nurses can improve the family resilience of caregivers by guiding them to adopt positive coping styles, reducing burdens and promoting resilience.

Patient or Public Contribution

This study was conducted with the participation of caregivers of COPD patients who contributed data by completing study questionnaires.
Sexuality and pregnancy: Beliefs and dysfunctions in pregnant women
Authors: Guermazi Fatma , Ajmi Syrine , Jmaa Maissa Ben , Masmoudi Rim , Zouari Amina , Amamou Badii , Feki Ines , Baâti Imen , Masmoudi Jawaher
Published: December 2024

Aims

Pregnancy brings out significant physiological, psychological, and sexual changes that may lead to sexual dysfunction. Our study aimed to explore common beliefs about sexuality during pregnancy among pregnant women and to assess sexual dysfunction in this population.

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional study between March and August 2022, involving pregnant women regardless of their pregnancy term. A self‐administered questionnaire was digitized using Google Forms®, and the Female Sexual Function Index was used to identify the presence of sexual dysfunction.

Results

A total of 34 women with a mean age of 31.56 ± 3.25 years participated in our study. Among the participating women, 29.5% had questions about sexuality during pregnancy, 26.5% sought information from caregivers, and 41.2% received spontaneous information from their doctors. Regarding common beliefs, some pregnant women thought that sexual intercourse could harm the fetus (20.6%) or their own health (17.6%). Sexual dysfunction was found in 70.6%, and no significant associations were found between the presence of sexual dysfunction and the sociodemographic or clinical data related to ongoing pregnancy.

Conclusions

The prevalence of female sexual dysfunction during pregnancy is quite high. Providing accurate information and advice from trained professionals can dispel misconceptions, demystify beliefs about sexuality, and improve the sexual performance of couples during pregnancy.
Management Strategies for Macadamia Branch Dieback in South Africa
Authors: Jami Fahimeh , Morey Liesl
Published: December 2024

Macadamia trees are potentially at risk of many diseases especially those caused by latent pathogens. The Botryosphaeriaceae and Diaporthaceae species are among the most important latent pathogens, with widespread distribution across many climate zones and regions. Due to many recent reports of branch dieback in macadamia trees in South Africa this study aimed to: (i) identify the causal fungal species; (ii) examine the aggressiveness of the species obtained; (iii) evaluate the reaction of macadamia cultivars against the most aggressive species; (iv) evaluate the effectiveness of fungicides on disease development and (v) understand pathogens distribution in nurseries as well as common woody plants surrounding macadamia orchards. The samples were collected from trees showing symptoms in 12 orchards and the obtained isolates were identified by DNA sequence data for the rDNA‐ITS and TEF1‐α loci. Seven Botryosphaeriaceae species (Diplodia eriobotryicola, D. pseudoseriata, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, L. pseudotheobromae, Neofusicoccum parvum, N. kwambonambiense and Pseudofusicoccum olivaceum) and two Diaporthaceae species (Diaporthe ilicicola and Di. macadamiae) were identified. While L. theobromae was the most aggressive species, it produced significantly shorter lesions on the cultivars A4 and Nelmak2 than on Beaumont when their tolerance and susceptibility were evaluated. Out of the 14 commercial tested fungicides in the laboratory, greenhouse and field, five fungicides were confirmed to be effective against L. theobromae. In the survey of pathogen distribution, one species of Diaporthaceae was found to be common between trees in orchards and those in the nursery, while three species of Botryosphaeriaceae were common between trees in orchards and surrounding trees. This study highlights the risks posed by Botryosphaeriaceae and Diaporthaceae species to the macadamia crop. The evaluation of cultivar tolerance and efficacy testing of fungicides provide valuable insights for disease management and mitigation strategies in macadamia orchards, emphasising the need for proactive measures in preserving tree health and productivity.
Field Efficacy of Fungicides for the Management of Rice Neck Blast (Caused by Pyricularia oryzae) in the North‐Western Region of Haryana, India
Authors: Bochalya Mahaveer Singh , Kumar Ashwani , Gandhi Vishal , Kumar Rakesh , Chauhan Ravinder , Kumar Amit , Jain Ashish , Madaan Sukham , Saini Sumit , Lalita   , Singh Charan , Kumar Parvesh
Published: December 2024

Neck blast is one of the most damaging fungal disease of rice, causing severe yield losses in the North‐Western region of Haryana, India. Due to the lack of resistant cultivars commonly grown in Haryana, the management of the disease has relied predominantly on the foliar application of fungicides. Therefore, this study evaluated the field efficacy of various fungicides against rice neck blast in the North‐Western region of Haryana, India, over the kharif seasons of 2020, 2021 and 2022. Fungicides were applied twice per season, at panicle emergence and 10 days later. Among the seven fungicides tested, isoprothiolane 40% EC, propineb 70% WP and difenoconazole 25% EC significantly reduced neck blast severity by 63.2%, 55.2% and 47.3% in 2020; 60.6%, 51.4% and 47.4% in 2021; and 70.0%, 64.9% and 62.5% in 2022, respectively with corresponding reductions in area under disease progress curve values compared with the untreated control. The highest grain yield was recorded for isoprothiolane 40% EC, followed by propineb 70% WP and difenoconazole 25% EC. The greatest increase in grain yield was observed in kharif 2020, whereas the lowest yield in kharif 2022 was associated with moderate total rainfall (284 mm) and high average relative humidity (94.4%) following the appearance of neck blast. These results suggest that these fungicides are effective in reducing rice neck blast and enhancing grain yield in the North‐Western region of Haryana, India.
Circumpolar and Regional Seascape Drivers of Genomic Variation in a Southern Ocean Octopus
Authors: Lau Sally C. Y. , Wilson Nerida G. , Watts Phillip C. , Silva Catarina N. S. , Cooke Ira R. , Allcock A. Louise , Mark Felix C. , Linse Katrin , Jernfors Toni , Strugnell Jan M.
Published: December 2024

Understanding how ecological, environmental and geographic features influence population genetic patterns provides crucial insights into a species' evolutionary history, as well as their vulnerability or resilience under climate change. In the Southern Ocean, population genetic variation is influenced across multiple spatial scales ranging from circum‐Antarctic, which encompasses the entire continent, to regional, with varying levels of geographic separation. However, comprehensive analyses testing the relative importance of different environmental and geographic variables on genomic variation across these scales are generally lacking in the Southern Ocean. Here, we examine genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphisms of the Southern Ocean octopus Pareledone turqueti across the Scotia Sea and the Antarctic continental shelf, at depths between 102 and 1342 m, throughout most of this species' range. The circumpolar distribution of P. turqueti is biogeographically structured with a clear signature of isolation‐by‐geographical distance, but with long‐distance genetic connectivity also detected between East and West Antarctica. Genomic variation of P. turqueti was also associated with bottom water temperature at a circumpolar scale, driven by a genotype‐temperature association with the warmer sub‐Antarctic Shag Rocks and South Georgia. Within the Scotia Sea, geographic distance, oxygen and fine‐scale isolation‐by‐water depth were apparent drivers of genomic variation at regional scales. Putative positive selection of haemocyanin (oxygen transport protein), calcium ion transport and genes linked to RNA modification, detected within the Scotia Sea, suggest physiological adaptation to the regional sharp temperature gradient (~0–+2°C). Overall, we identified seascape drivers of genomic variation in the Southern Ocean at circumpolar and regional scales in P. turqueti and contextualised the role of environmental adaptations in the Southern Ocean.
ThyD Is a Thylakoid Membrane Protein Influencing Cell Division and Acclimation to High Light in the Multicellular Cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. Strain PCC 7120
Authors: Valladares Ana , Herrero Antonia
Published: December 2024

Cyanobacteria developed oxygenic photosynthesis and represent the phylogenetic ancestors of chloroplasts. The model strain Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 grows as filaments of communicating cells and can form heterocysts, cells specialized for N2 fixation. In the Anabaena genome, ORF all2390 is annotated as encoding a SulA homolog, but sequence similarity to SulA of model bacteria is insignificant. We generated strains that lacked or overexpressed all2390, both of which showed instances of increased cell size, and observed that purified All2390 protein interfered with the in vitro polymerization of FtsZ. Heterocyst frequency diminished by all2390 inactivation and increased by all2390 overexpression. Overexpression retarded the dismantlement of Z‐ring structures that determines commitment in the differentiating cells. Thus, All2390 can influence cell division affecting heterocyst differentiation. An All2390‐GFP fusion protein localized to the thylakoid membranes including the honeycomb membranes, which harbor photosynthetic complexes, in the heterocyst polar regions. Notably, all2390 expression strongly increased under high light, conditions under which growth of the null mutant is compromised. Thus, All2390 appears essential for adaptation to high light conditions. We named All2390 ThyD to reflect its thylakoidal localization and its dual role in cell division dynamics and acclimation of thylakoid membranes to increased light intensity.
Psammogeton tylerii sp. nov. (Apiaceae: Pimpinelleae) from Jammu, India
Authors: Bhellum B. L. , Magotra Rani
Published: December 2024

A new species, Psammogeton tylerii (Apiaceae) from a natural population along the riverine catchment area of the district of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, is described and illustrated. The new species differs from its closely allied Psammogeton canescens in having an exceptionally elongated peduncle (12–20 cm) which is articulated nearly in the middle. The inflorescence is 4.0–6.5 cm across with 2.0–3.2 cm long rays. The number of flowers is about 25 per umbellet. To make it easier to identify it in the field, a diagnostic key, images and illustrations of peduncle, inflorescence and umbellets are presented.
Prospective Evaluation of Autonomic Function and Intestinal Blood Flow in Health and Irritable Bowel Syndrome Shows Differences Limited to Patients With Constipation Predominance
Authors: Mazor Yoav , Leach Margaret M. , Jones Michael , Ejova Anastasia , Fisher Charles , Joffe David , Roach Paul , Kellow John , Malcolm Allison
Published: December 2024

Background

Autonomic dysfunction may contribute to symptom generation in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), possibly driven by psychological morbidity and activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Previous data are conflicting, perhaps due to lack of accounting for differential bowel patterns in IBS (constipation vs. diarrhea) or by diverse methodologies used to measure autonomic function. Our aim was to determine if autonomic response differed between IBS subtypes and healthy controls.

Methods

Forty female volunteers (20 IBS and 20 healthy) underwent comprehensive autonomic testing, fasting and postprandially, and in response to cold pressor and deep breathing challenges. Pulse transit time (PTT) and ultrasound measurements of intestinal blood flow were used as measures of systemic and local autonomic function, respectively. Outcomes were adjusted for baseline psychological comorbidities and gastric emptying (measured concurrently with scintigraphy).

Key Results

Findings, confined to IBS patients with predominant constipation (IBS‐C), included (1) lower fasting and a trend to larger postprandial increase in superior mesenteric artery end‐diastolic velocity; (2) lower fasting PTT, suggesting higher sympathetic tone, but no difference in postprandial PTT change; and (3) attenuated increase in postprandial aortic peak systolic velocity. Response to systemic autonomic challenges did not differ between IBS and health. Some psychological factors mediated differences between groups in the fasting, but not postprandial, state.

Conclusions and Inferences

IBS‐C patients display systemic and local autonomic imbalance providing some support for recent therapies aimed at modulating autonomic state specifically in this patient group (e.g., acustimulation).
Sagittal Inclination Angle of the Graft Affects Graft Maturity and Knee Stability After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Li Ming , Meng Fangang , Long Dianbo , Wencheng Dorje , Zhong Yanlin , Kang Yan , Wu Peihui , He Aishan
Published: December 2024

Objective

The influence of the graft sagittal inclination angle (SIA) on knee stability, biomechanics, and graft maturity has been elucidated. However, no study has comprehensively described the effects of SIA on the aforementioned postoperative prognostic indicators. So, we aimed to determine whether the sagittal inclination angle (SIA) of a graft is associated with postoperative graft maturity, joint stability, and joint function after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.

Methods

Patients who had undergone ACL reconstruction between April 2019 and February 2022 and those with intact ACL were eligible. Using magnetic resonance imaging, graft maturity was evaluated as the mean signal‐to‐noise quotient (SNQ) measured in three regions. Anterior tibial translation (ATT) was used to evaluate knee stability. Correlation analysis was conducted for the SIA, ATT, and clinical outcome scores. Multivariate stepwise regression analysis was used on the SIA and potential risk factors to determine their association with the graft SNQ. The SIA threshold of knee instability was calculated by receiver‐operating characteristic curves.

Results

Sixty‐three postoperative patients were enrolled. The SIA was significantly negatively associated with graft SNQ value. A multivariate stepwise regression analysis showed that SIA and body mass index were significant influencing factors associated with the graft SNQ. Correlations between the SIA and medial and lateral ATT were statistically significant. A larger SIA resulted in a decreased probability of medial and lateral ATT ≥ 5 mm. The SIA threshold of an increased risk of lateral ATT ≥ 5 mm was < 44.4°. A positive correlation was observed between SIA and subjective symptom subscales in the KOOS.

Conclusions

A low SIA is not conducive to graft maturation after ACL reconstruction. A larger graft SIA was correlated with better postoperative knee stability. However, the effect of the SIA on joint function was only significant in terms of symptoms. Therefore, these new findings provide new ideas for preoperative assessment and intraoperative determination of the ideal graft inclination.
Feasibility and Safety of the C1 “Zero Angle” Screw: A Novel “In–Out–In” Technique for Atlantoaxial Dislocation
Authors: Chen Zexing , Huang Xinzhao , Zou Xiaobao , Lian Peirong , Liu Guoqiang , Chen Junlin , Zhu Changrong , Ma Xiangyang
Published: December 2024

Objectives

To minimize the risk of V3 segment of vertebral artery (VA) injury in the atlantoaxial dislocation (AAD) patients with C1 pedicle height less than 4.0 mm and provide a strong toggle force in irreducible AAD and revision surgery. We evaluated the feasibility of C1 “Zero Angle” screw (C1ZAS) and safe entry point with “in–out–in” technique as an alternative option for C1 pedicle screw (PS) in cases with AAD.

Methods

Sixty‐one patients with AAD or atlantoaxial instability (AAI) (45 male and 16 female) who underwent cervical computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scans in our center between January 1, 2022 and December 31, 2023 were retrospectively reviewed. Measurements were made around the ideal trajectory and entry point of C1ZAS using computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 61 patients. Radiographic measurements included (A) the distance from the recess to the transverse foramen (RTF); (B) the tricortical screw zone (TSZ); (C) the lateral mass height along the C1ZAS trajectory (LMH); (D) the screw length of C1ZAS (ZSL); (E) the screw length of C1 PS (PSL); (F) the distances from the recess to the dura (RD); (G) the distance from the recess to the spinal cord (RSC); (H) the distance from the inner of lateral mass to the spinal cord (ILMSC). During the period of January 1, 2022 to December 31, 2023, C1ZAS placement with “in–out–in” technique was used as an alternative option for C1 PS in 8 patients with AAD and unilateral/bilateral narrow C1 pedicles.

Results

The average RTF, TSZ, LMH, ZSL, RD, RSC, and ILMSC were 7.71, 6.14, 8.32, 33.23, 4.68, 10.02, and 2.91 mm respectively. The entry point of the C1ZAS was defined as the projection point of the inner of the recess to the posterior arch and the trajectory should be angled cephalad by 8.7° and medially by 0°. The 61 patients (122 sides) with AAD or AAI were classified into three groups: the low‐risk (76 sides, 62%), the intermedial‐risk (18 sides, 15%), and the high‐risk (28 sides, 23%) groups. Satisfactory C1ZAS placement and atlantoaxial reduction were achieved in all eight patients with AAD and unilateral/bilateral narrow C1 pedicles. No instance of C1ZAS placement‐related VA injury or dural laceration was observed.

Conclusions

When the placement of C1 PS is not feasible in patients with AAD and unilateral/bilateral narrow C1 pedicles, C1ZAS placement with “in–out–in” technique can be considered an effective alternative option, providing tricortical or quadricortical purchase for rigid fixation of the atlas.
Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion Combined With Anterolateral Fixation and Cement Augmentation for the Treatment of Degenerative Lumbar Diseases in the Elderly Population: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Han Weiqi , He Lei , Wang Fei , Zhao Xiaofeng , Jin Cong
Published: December 2024

Objectives

Cage subsidence is a common complication of oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF), particularly in elderly patients with osteoporosis or osteopenia. While bilateral pedicle screw fixation (BPS) is effective in reducing subsidence, it is associated with longer operative times, increased blood loss, and greater tissue trauma. In contrast, anterolateral fixation (AF) is less invasive but linked to higher subsidence rates. Ensuring both minimal invasiveness and adequate stability in OLIF‐assisted fixation remains a significant challenge. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of combining AF with cement augmentation (AF + CA) in reducing cage subsidence and improving clinical outcomes compared with AF and BPS.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was conducted on 138 elderly patients with degenerative lumbar diseases treated with OLIF. Patients were divided into three groups: AF + CA (32 patients), AF (32 patients), and BPS (74 patients). Clinical and radiographic outcomes were compared among the groups, and logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors for cage subsidence after OLIF.

Results

At 1 year postoperatively, the disc height of the AF + CA group was significantly greater than that of the AF group. The cage subsidence rate in the AF + CA group was 24.3%, significantly lower than that in the AF group (48.8%, p < 0.05) and comparable to the BPS group (30.4%). Survivorship curve analysis showed better outcomes in reducing cage subsidence in the AF + CA group compared with the AF group, with no significant difference between the AF + CA and BPS groups. Compared with the AF + CA and BPS groups, the AF group had significantly higher grades and severity of cage subsidence. Fusion rates at 1 year were 91.9% in the AF + CA group, 90.2% in the AF group, and 95.1% in the BPS group, with no significant differences. The AF + CA group had significantly shorter operative times, less intraoperative blood loss, lower VAS scores at 3 days and 1 year postoperatively, and lower ODI scores at 3 days and 3 months compared with the BPS group. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that AF was a significant risk factor for cage subsidence, with an odds ratio of 3.399 compared with AF + CA.

Conclusions

AF + CA effectively reduces cage subsidence in OLIF surgeries, offering results comparable to BPS while providing advantages such as shorter surgical time, reduced blood loss, and improved early postoperative outcomes. AF + CA is a viable alternative, especially for elderly patients with comorbidities who may not tolerate the longer operative durations or greater blood loss associated with BPS.
The interaction of ADHD traits and trait anxiety on inhibitory control
Authors: Hare Carolynn , Panda Erin J. , Collins Tyler K. , Segalowitz Sidney J. , Tekok‐Kilic Ayda
Published: December 2024

Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and anxiety frequently occur together; however, the cognitive outcomes of comorbid anxiety and ADHD are not straightforward. A potential explanation for conflicting results in the literature may be that different core ADHD symptoms show different interactions with anxiety depending on the task‐processing demands. To address this question, we investigated whether different ADHD traits are related to different inhibitory outcomes, contingent upon the level of trait anxiety. The sample consists of 60 non‐clinical university students (age = 20.5, 53% male). Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scale and State Trait Anxiety Inventory were used to measure ADHD traits and anxiety, respectively. The participants completed a visual Go/NoGo task with and without distractor conditions while continuous EEG was recorded. Inhibitory control was operationalized as the frontocentral N2 maximum peak amplitude elicited in response inhibition (NoGo/No Distractor), cognitive inhibition (Go/Distractor), dual inhibition (NoGo/Distractor), and control (Go/No Distractor) conditions. We analyzed the moderating effect of trait anxiety on the prediction of inhibitory control by ADHD scores for each Go/NoGo condition with the varying inhibition demands. Results showed that trait anxiety moderated the effects of total ADHD and hyperactivity‐impulsivity scores, but only in the response inhibition condition (NoGo/No Distractor). These findings suggest that depending on the inhibitory demands of the task, unique cognitive outcomes may occur when different ADHD traits coexist with anxiety.
Numerical Analysis of Enhanced Forced Convection in Perforated Surface Wavy Plate-Fin Cores
Authors: Sathe Shubham J. , Kaushik Mahima , Manglik Raj M. , Jog Milind A.
Published: December 2024

Steady, periodically fully developed forced convection through three-dimensional perforated sinusoidal wavy fin cores with uniform wall temperature is computationally investigated. Constant property airflow (Pr ≈ 0.71) with a Reynolds number range of 50–4000 covering both laminar and turbulent regimes is considered. The computational solutions, validated with in-house experimental data for continuous and perforated wavy fin coupons, highlight the effects of perforation locations (characterized by phase angle β), fin porosity, inter-fin spacing, and corrugation amplitude on the thermal-hydraulic performance of the fins. The local temperature, velocity, and pressure variations, and the corresponding local heat transfer coefficient and friction drag (or the Colburn factor j and Fanning friction factor f) are reported. Fluid flows from the adjacent channels through wavy surface perforations induce secondary flow and interrupt the boundary layer leading to an increase in f and j in both laminar and turbulent regimes. Decrease in corrugation amplitude and inter-fin spacing leads to the suppression of recirculation zones, whereas higher porosity yields increased f and j. Perforated fins nevertheless require less surface area to fulfill a specified heat load condition with a fixed pressure drop as compared to the continuous wavy fins. Furthermore, the perforation location has a noticeable effect on the local heat transfer and flow dynamics and, except for Re < ∼200, wavy fins with perforations at relatively higher phase angle β perform better.
The influence of dialect loss on tone perception: Diminishing voice quality cues in preserved tone contrast
Authors: Zhang Yi , Li Lishan , Lai Wei , Xu Xiaoying
Published: December 2024

This study examines whether cue integration in tone perception undergoes changes caused by disparities in language experience among two groups of multidialectal speakers from Changsha: participants in the dialect-preserving group speak Changsha dialect (CD), Changsha Plastic Mandarin (CPM), and Standard Mandarin (SM), whereas participants in the dialect-lost group speak CPM and SM but not CD. An identification test on T1 and T4 was conducted, both of which are present in the CD and CPM. T1 and T4 are associated with a high pitch, but they differ in pitch height, pitch contour, and voice quality. In particular, T4 is associated with a tense voice quality. The results showed that F0 height is the primary cue for distinguishing T1 and T4 by both groups. Voice quality affects the perception of the dialect-preserving group, but it does not have an impact on the perception of the dialect-lost group. Alternatively, F0 contour plays a more important role in T1/T4 perception for the dialect-preserving group than for the dialect-lost group. This suggests that differences in language experience caused by dialect loss affect the use of F0 and voice quality cues in tone perception.
Social-Ecological Correlates of Physical Activity Among Older Adults With Subjective Cognitive Decline in Chinese Community: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Zhao Jiali , Liu Juan , Ma Xinlong , Shi Xiaoyang , Wang Yan , Bai Lijing , Wang Ying , Li Wenhua
Published: December 2024

Background: Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is an important time window for early prevention of Alzheimer’s disease. Regular physical activity (PA) has positive effects on cognitive functions. Little is known about the actual PA levels and social-ecological correlates in people with SCD. This study aimed to describe PA level and examine the individual, interpersonal, and neighborhood environmental correlates of PA among older adults with SCD in the Chinese community. Methods: A total of 246 older adults with SCD who participated in community physical examinations in three community health service centers in Baoding City from May to July 2023 were selected as the investigation subjects through convenience sampling. Questionnaires were conducted on PA, self-efficacy, self-regulation, social support, and community environment of older adults. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to analyze the factors influencing PA in older adults with SCD. Results: Only 25.2% of older adults with SCD were physically active enough. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that PA was positively correlated with self-reported health status, self-efficacy, self-regulation, social support, and community facilities. It was negatively associated with age, income, and overweight/obesity. Conclusions: Factors on three levels were all significantly associated with PA. Interventions that incorporate individual, interpersonal, and social factors may be considered to promote PA in older adults with SCD. However, only a few older adults achieve the goal of 150 min/week of moderate activity.
Structural and mechanism-based engineering of sulfotransferase CHST15 for the efficient synthesis of chondroitin sulfate E
Authors: Wang Zhonghua , Song Wei , Wei Wanqing , Qi Hejia , Meng Weiwei , Liu Jia , Li Xiaomin , Gao Cong , Liu Liming , Hu Guipeng , Zhou Yiwen , Wu Jing
Published: December 2024

Natural chondroitin sulfate (CS), extracted from animal cartilage, is widely used in the pharmaceuticals and foods. However, contamination with animal-derived heteropolysaccharides presents significant challenges, including potential immune responses. To address this, we developed a green and efficient method for synthesizing chondroitin sulfate E (CSE) via enzymatic synthesis, identifying
Ec
CHST15, a sulfotransferase that catalyzes the conversion of chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) to CSE. We investigated the novel catalytic mechanism of CHST15 through quantum mechanical (QM) calculations and experimental validation, confirming its alignment with the SN2 reaction mechanism. Subsequently, we enhanced the catalytic efficiency of CHST15 using protein engineering, improving the catalytic efficiency from 18.1% in the wild type (WT) to 62.5% in the M7 mutant—a 3.5-fold increase. Finally, we constructed a six-enzyme cascade whole-cell catalyst, achieving a 72.2% conversion of 15 g/L CSA to produce CSE within 24 h. These findings offer a promising strategy for the industrial production of CSE.

IMPORTANCE

Current methods for obtaining chondroitin sulfate (CS) primarily rely on tissue extraction and chemical synthesis. However, these approaches are hindered by contamination risks from animal-derived heteropolysaccharides and the technical challenges inherent in complex chemical synthesis, limiting the scalability of industrial CS production. To address this, we developed a green and efficient enzymatic biosynthesis method for chondroitin sulfate E (CSE). By identifying and engineering the sulfotransferase CHST15 from
Erpetoichthys calabaricus
, we created a mutant (
Ec
CHST15
M7
) with a 3.5-fold increase in catalytic efficiency toward chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) compared to the wild-type enzyme. Additionally, we constructed a six-enzyme cascade whole-cell biocatalyst, achieving a 72.2% conversion rate from CSA to CSE. This study opens new avenues for the industrial-scale production of CSE through sustainable enzymatic processes.
Genetic diversity of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N6 and H5N8 viruses in poultry markets in Guangdong, China, 2020-2022
Authors: Yang Kang , Nizami Sarea , Hu Shu , Zou Lirong , Deng Huishi , Xie Jiamin , Guo Qianfang , Edwards Kimberly M. , Dhanasekaran Vijaykrishna , Yen Hui-Ling , Wu Jie
Published: December 2024

H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 (Gs/Gd) lineage continue to evolve and cause outbreaks in domestic poultry and wild birds, with sporadic spillover infections in mammals. The global spread of clade 2.3.4.4b viruses via migratory birds since 2020 has facilitated the introduction of novel reassortants to China, where avian influenza of various subtypes have been epizootic or enzootic among domestic birds. To determine the impact of clade 2.3.4.4b re-introduction on local HPAI dynamics, we analyzed the genetic diversity of H5N6 and H5N8 detected from monthly poultry market surveillance in Guangdong, China, between 2020 and 2022. Our findings reveal that H5N6 viruses clustered in clades 2.3.4.4b and 2.3.4.4h, while H5N8 viruses were exclusively clustered in clade 2.3.4.4b. After 2020, the re-introduced clade 2.3.4.4b viruses replaced the clade 2.3.4.4h viruses detected in 2020. The N6 genes were divided into two clusters, distinguished by an 11 amino acid deletion in the stalk region, while the N8 genes clustered with clade 2.3.4.4 H5N8 viruses circulating among wild birds. Genomic analysis identified 10 transient genotypes. H5N6, which was more prevalently detected, was also clustered into more genotypes than H5N8. Specifically, H5N6 isolates contained genes derived from HPAI H5Nx viruses and low pathogenic avian influenza in China, while the H5N8 isolates contained genes derived from HPAI A(H5N8) 2.3.4.4b and A(H5N1) 2.3.2.1c. No positive selection on amino acid residues associated with mammalian adaptation was found. Our results suggest expanded genetic diversity of H5Nx viruses in China since 2021 with increasing challenges for pandemic preparedness.

IMPORTANCE

Since 2016/2017, clade 2.3.4.4b H5Nx viruses have spread via migratory birds to all continents except Oceania. Here, we evaluated the impact of the re-introduction of clade of 2.3.4.4b on highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus genetic diversity in China. Twenty-two H5N6 and H5N8 HPAI isolated from monthly surveillance in two poultry markets in Guangdong between 2020 and 2022 were characterized. Our findings showed that clade 2.3.4.4h, detected in 2020, was replaced by clade 2.3.4.4b in 2021–2022. H5N6 (
n
= 18) were clustered into more genotypes than H5N8 (
n
= 4), suggesting that H5N6 may possess better replication fitness in poultry. Conversely, the H5N8 genotypes are largely derived from the clade 2.3.4.4b wild bird isolates. As clade 2.3.4.4b continues to spread via migratory birds, it is anticipated that the genetic diversity of H5N6 viruses circulating in China may continue to expand in the coming years. Continuous efforts in surveillance, genetic analysis, and risk assessment are therefore crucial for pandemic preparedness.
Identification of viral protease-dependent cleavage sites within the human astrovirus polyprotein
Authors: Mehri Samaneh , Bengert Brooke , Holliday Madeline , Corliss Lochlain , Prevelige Peter E. , Lennemann Nicholas J.
Published: December 2024

Infection by human astrovirus (HAstV), a small, positive-strand RNA virus, is a major cause of gastroenteritis and has been implicated in an increasing number of severe, sometimes fatal, neurological diseases since 2008. Currently, there are no vaccines or antiviral treatments available to treat HAstV infection. An attractive target for antiviral therapeutics is the viral protease due to its essential functions throughout infection. However, the molecular mechanisms of the HAstV protease, nonstructural protein 1a/3 (nsp1a/3), are poorly understood. In fact, the specific residues within the cleavage junctions that are targeted by nsp1a/3 during polyprotein processing have yet to be experimentally identified. To identify the junctions between viral proteins, we performed mass spectrometry and site-directed mutagenesis using epitope-tagged viral polyprotein expression plasmids. Using these strategies, we identified a consensus motif that is found throughout the polyprotein near previously proposed junctions. We found that cleavage occurs after a hydrophobic residue – X – Gln motif. Further mutagenesis of surrounding sequence identified the importance of basic residues following the motif for efficient processing. Cleavage at each junction was determined to be essential for the production of progeny virions. However, abolishing nsp1a/4-VPg cleavage allowed efficient replication, suggesting that VPg can function in an intermediate form. Overall, our results identify a conserved cleavage motif that is recognized by the nsp1a/3 protease within the viral polyprotein, and cleavage at this motif was found to be essential for the recovery of progeny virions. These findings will be instrumental in further understanding the basic functions of HAstV polyprotein processing during infection.

IMPORTANCE

Human astroviruses (HAstVs) are a leading cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis in children, elderly individuals, and immunocompromised patients. However, infection by divergent strains of HAstV is now recognized as a causative agent of severe neurological diseases, which can have fatal outcomes. Despite the global prevalence of HAstV, we currently have a limited understanding of the biology of these viruses. Translation of the viral genome leads to the production of polyproteins that are processed by viral and host proteases into functional proteins. In this study, we identified a conserved recognition sequence targeted by the viral protease for cleavage. Importantly, these findings elucidate the N- and C-termini of the nonstructural proteins within the HAstV polyprotein, offering valuable information for future studies on the function of individual viral proteins. Similar to other positive-sense RNA viruses, the necessity of proteolytic processing for the HAstV polyprotein highlights the viral protease as a promising target for antiviral development.
Genomes of novel
Serratia
strains from suburban soil
Authors: Markert E. X. , Severe Landon , Severe Kaeson , Twing Katrina I. , Ward L. M.
Published: December 2024

Here, we present genomes of three strains of
Serratia
initially isolated from suburban soil—one strain of
S. ureilytica
and two strains of
S. quinivorans
—resistant to multiple classes of antibiotics. This expands the genomic sampling of a group relevant to the ecosystem and human health.
Effect of flexor tendon tenotomy of the diabetic hammertoe on plantar pressure: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Askø Andersen Jonas , Rasmussen Anne , Engberg Susanne , Bencke Jesper , Frimodt-Møller Marie , Kirketerp-Møller Klaus , Rossing Peter
Published: December 2024

Introduction

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of flexor tendon tenotomy treatment of the diabetic hammertoe deformity on plantar pressure.

Research design and methods

The study was a substudy including participants from a randomized study on tenotomy treatment of diabetic hammertoes. This study was conducted between December 20, 2019 and June 22, 2021. Participants were randomized to tenotomy and standard non-surgical treatmentorstandard non-surgical treatment alone. Barefoot plantar pressure measurement was performed pre-intervention and 3 months post-intervention. Primary outcome was change in peak plantar pressure post tenotomy treatment.

Results

Of the 95 participants screened in the original study, 45 (57.8% male) were included and

completed this substudy. Of the 45 participants, 22 were randomized to intervention. The average age of participants was 65.6 ((SD±) 9.5) years and 30 (66.7%) had type 2 diabetes.

The average peak plantar pressure (PPP) in toe regions of the participants in the intervention group was significantly (p<0.0001) reduced from 205.6 kPa ((Q1–Q3) 152.0–289.1) pre-intervention to 61.3 kPa (39.1–100.5) post-intervention. The average reduction in PPP of toe regions for participants in the intervention group (−145.3 kPa (−225.9 to −56.2)) was significantly (p=0.00017) higher than what was observed for participants in the control group (−1.6 kPa (−30.2 to 27.9)).

Conclusion

This study found that tenotomies of the diabetic hammertoe reduces plantar pressure affecting the treated toes. This likely explains the positive effects of tenotomy treatment on diabetic foot ulcers.
Ten-year health impact, economic impact and return on investment of the South African molecular diagnostics programme for HIV, tuberculosis and SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Nichols Brooke E , de Nooy Alexandra , Cassim Naseem , Hans Lucia , da Silva Manuel Pedro , Chetty Kamy , Grantz Kyra H , Han Alvin X , Phillips Andrew N , Jamieson Lise , Scott Lesley E , Stevens Wendy S
Published: December 2024

Introduction

To ensure there is adequate investment into diagnostics, an understanding of the magnitude of impact and return on investment is necessary. We, therefore, sought to understand the health and economic impacts of the molecular diagnostic programme in South Africa, to deepen the understanding of the broad value of diagnostics and guide future healthcare investments.

Methods

We calculated the 10-year (where data were available) total cost and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) averted associated with molecular testing for tuberculosis diagnosis (2013–2022), HIV viral load monitoring (2013–2022), early infant diagnosis of HIV infection (2013–2022) and SARS-CoV-2 testing (2020–2022), based on the actual number of molecular tests conducted in South Africa for the respective time periods. We then calculated the economic value associated with those health gains and subsequent return on investment.

Results

Since the inception of the molecular diagnostics programme in South Africa, approximately 4.3 million DALYs (uncertainty range (UR): 2.8–5.8 million) have been averted as a direct consequence of this programme. This has generated an estimated US$28.3 billion in economic value due to these health gains (UR$18.4–UR$38.7 billion). The return on investment varied by specific diagnostic test (20.3 (UR 15.2–25.4) for tuberculosis, 7.7 (UR 1.6–13.9) for HIV viral load testing, 63.0 (UR 63.0–65.5) for early infant diagnosis of HIV and 2.5 (UR 0.7–4.6) for SARS-CoV-2), for an average of 13.9 (UR 9.0–18.9) for the entire molecular diagnostics programme or US$13.9 of value for each UR$1 invested.

Conclusions

The molecular diagnostics programme in South Africa generated a significant amount of health gains and economic value associated with these health gains. The return on investment rivals other high-impact public health interventions such as childhood vaccination. The molecular diagnostics programme in South Africa is highly impactful and will continue to be an excellent investment in South African public health expenditure.
Third-grade school performance in children with special healthcare needs: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Schlecht Jennifer , König Jochem , Kuhle Stefan , Urschitz Michael S
Published: December 2024

Objective

Children with special healthcare needs (SHCN) due to a chronic health condition perform more poorly at school compared with their classmates. We aimed to estimate the effects of past, current, transient, emerging and persistent SHCN on school performance in primary school children.

Methods

Data from the German population-based prospective cohort study ikidS were used. The children withSHCN screener was administered before school entry (T1) and at the end of first (T2) and third grade (T3). Grades for German, maths and science (range: 1 (Very Good) to 6 (Failure)) were obtained at the end of third grade (age 8–9 years), and an average grade was calculated. Associations between the timing of SHCN and average grade were estimated by mixed linear regression models adjusted for potential confounding variables.

Results

751 children were included, and 21% had ever SHCN. Children with ever SHCN had poorer school performance than children with never SHCN (adjusted mean difference in average grade [95% CI]: 0.17 [0.06; 0.28]). SHCN in the third year were associated with a poorer average grade (0.29 [0.16; 0.41]) compared with healthy children. Only emerging (0.31 [0.15; 0.48]) and persistent (0.25 [0.07; 0.43]) SHCN were associated with average grade.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the negative effect of current, emerging and persistent SHCN on academic performance in primary school children. Consequently, students should be regularly assessed for SHCN during school age. Timely interventions may help reduce the adverse effects of chronic health conditions on academic achievements in childhood.
Is there truth in fiction? Lessons from readers’ responses to dementia fiction
Authors: Lugea Jane , Fernandez-Quintanilla Carolina , Carney Gemma , Devine Paula
Published: December 2024

This paper addresses the question ‘is there truth in fiction?’, by synthesising a range of disciplinary approaches to the issue, as well as drawing on empirical research carried out with readers of fiction about dementia (hereafter, dementia fiction). We argue that fiction—perhaps because of its fictional status and apparatus—invites readers to consider its truth value, to explore the possibilities of human experience and interrogate issues relative to their subjective experience, community or society. The findings have significant implications for the Medical Humanities’ use of fictional texts to explore lived medical conditions and experiences, as well as claims made about the potential for fiction to affect real-world understandings, awareness and empathy around the conditions depicted. We show that the techniques used in fictional language may be artifice, but they simulate a truth that corresponds with reality.