bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Real‐time daily assessment of work interference on healthcare professionals' restroom use: A pilot study
Authors: Hartigan Siobhan , Finn Michael , Dmochowski Roger , Reynolds W. Stuart
Published: February 2021

Aims

Certain occupations may predispose individuals to develop lower urinary tract symptoms presumably through the adoption of unhealthy toileting behaviors. This study aimed to pilot the feasibility of recording healthcare workers' perceptions of daily, work‐related interference with toilet use using a cellular, text‐based survey tool.

Methods

A cohort study of adult healthcare professionals completed a baseline questionnaire, a daily survey for fourteen consecutive days regarding their restroom use for the current workday, and a posttest survey providing feedback on study design and participation. Contributors to daily toilet use were analyzed in a linear mixed effects model that allowed for modeling effects within a given day. A backward stepwise regression was performed to assess for the presence of the effect of toilet use among control variables.

Results

Increased work burden (i.e., increased inconvenience for using the restroom at work) was provisionally found to be associated with fewer voids per day. The number of voids at work was also associated with the number of breaks, urinary urgency, and limiting fluids. Subjects reported that participation in the study was easy, did not interfere with work, and that they would be willing to participate again in a similar study.

Conclusion

The utilization of a daily text message survey is a feasible way to study healthcare workers and their toileting behaviors at work. A larger similarly designed study could potentially confirm that limitations to restroom use may result in toileting behaviors that could predispose healthcare workers to develop bothersome urinary symptoms. Further investigation is warranted.
The incidence of asymptomatic thrombosis related to peripherally inserted central catheter in adults: A systematic review and meta‐analysis People’s
Authors: Chen Pei , Zhu Bingqian , Wan Guangming , Qin Liyuan
Published: February 2021

Aim

To examine the incidence and risk factors for asymptomatic peripherally inserted central catheter‐related thrombosis (PICC‐RT).

Design

We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis following the PRISMA guidelines.

Methods

The review was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42020186732). A systematic search of EMBASE, CINAHL, PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane was performed from inception to 4 June 2020. Meta‐analysis was performed to determine the pooled incidence of asymptomatic PICC‐RT.

Results

Ten studies comprising 1591 participants with 1592 PICCs were included in this meta‐analysis. The pooled incidence of asymptomatic PICC‐RT in adults was 22% (95% CI, 0.17–0.29). The pooled incidence of PICC‐RT in cancer patients was 19% (95% CI, 0.13–0.26). Asymptomatic PICC‐RT mainly occurred in superficial veins. Most asymptomatic thrombosis occurred 3–12 days after the PICC insertion. A higher Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group score (ECOG), slower blood flow velocity and left basilic vein were independent risk factors of asymptomatic thrombosis.
From dirty to delicacy? Changing exploitation in China threatens the world's largest amphibians
Authors: Turvey Samuel T. , Chen Shu , Tapley Benjamin , Liang Zhiqiang , Wei Gang , Yang Jian , Wang Jie , Wu Minyao , Redbond Jay , Brown Thomas , Cunningham Andrew A.
Published: February 2021

Determining the dynamics and sustainability of human interactions with threatened species is essential to inform evidence‐based conservation, but data can be challenging to collect across large areas and multiple user groups.

Chinese giant salamanders Andrias spp. are critically depleted across China. Wild populations were exploited during the 20th century, and more recently to support a large‐scale farming industry. However, robust data remain largely unavailable on the timing of population declines in relation to changing human pressures, on primary drivers of exploitation, or on the effectiveness of conservation legislation.

We conducted a series of large‐scale interview surveys across the range of giant salamanders in China, targeting potential rural and urban user groups, and stakeholders involved with giant salamander exploitation and policy management (comprising 2,932 rural households, 66 salamander farms, 115 county government officials and 835 urban consumers).

Giant salamander populations were probably declining from at least the 1980s due to exploitation for food, and negative cultural values associated with these animals have not prevented rural consumption. There has been a major escalation in exploitation following the establishment of a large‐scale giant salamander farming industry in the 2000s. Our results demonstrate wide‐scale and largely unregulated illegal hunting to stock farms at a country‐wide scale in order to support demand by urban consumers for high‐prestige rare meat. We estimate there were at least 42,000 wild‐caught breeding adult giant salamanders and 164,000 wild‐caught subadults in farms across China at the time of our survey.

Salamander farming probably poses unsustainable pressure on giant salamander populations. Existing legislation has clearly proved ineffective at preventing the stocking of farms with wild‐caught animals, and our findings highlight an important gap in the effectiveness of China's conservation protection for some of its highest‐priority threatened species. Tackling this problem will likely require multiple coordinated approaches, including enforcement of legislation, increased penalties for removing giant salamanders from the wild, permanent identification of captive‐bred giant salamanders, and consumer‐focused interventions to reduce urban demand.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
QCL Dual‐Comb Spectroscopy Matures for Applications
Authors: Geiser Markus , Horvath Raphael , Hayden Jakob
Published: February 2021

Dual‐comb spectroscopy is a powerful direct absorption spectroscopy technique and has attracted considerable attention, with high precision spectroscopy applications being the most prominent since the invention of the frequency comb was awarded the 2005 Nobel Prize in physics. The application range is continuously broadening and here we review recent advances achieved with quantum cascade laser frequency comb spectrometers in process monitoring and reaction kinetics applications.
New generation of cell‐penetrating peptides: Functionality and potential clinical application
Authors: Reissmann Siegmund , Filatova Margarita P.
Published: February 2021

Cell‐penetrating peptides (CPPs) can transport various cargoes through membranes of live cells. Since the first generations of CPPs suffered from insufficient cell and tissue selectivity, stability against proteases, and escape from endosomes, a new generation of peptides, with optimized properties, was developed. These are either derived from natural sources or created through the combination of multivalent structures. The second method allows achieving high internalization efficiency, high cell and tissue selectivity, and release from endosomes via hybrid structures, combining sequences for endosomal release, homing sequences, and sequences for activation at the target tissue and for local delivery of cargoes. CPPs with innate tumor selectivity include azurin, crotamine, maurocalcine, lycosin‐I, buffalo cathelicidin, and peptide CB5005. Some of them can penetrate the membranes of live cells and influence intracellular signaling pathways, thereby exerting cytotoxic effects against tumor cells. To obtain multilayer penetration and stabilization against proteolytic degradation, as well as for better handling, CPPs are often conjugated to nanoparticles. A special problem for tumor treatment is the efficiency of drug transport through three‐dimensional cell cultures. Therefore, the capability of CPPs to deliver the drug even to the innermost tissues is of crucial importance. Notably, the ability of certain CPPs to penetrate barriers such as skin, the blood‐brain barrier (BBB), and cornea or conjunctiva of eyes enabled the replacement of dangerous and painful injections with soothing sprays, creams, and drops. However, it is difficult to rank the efficacy of CPPs because transport efficiency and tissue selectivity depend not only on the CPP itself but also on the target tissue or organ, as well as on the cargo and method of CPP‐cargo coupling. Therefore, the present review describes some examples of new‐generation CPPs and aims to provide advice on how to find or create the right CPP for a given task.
Enhanced Thermal Stability of Inverted Polymer Solar Cells Based on Solution‐Processed WOx as an Anode Interlayer
Authors: Albonetti Cristiano , El Qacemi Virginie , Limage Stéphanie , Versini Corinne , Kauffmann Louis-Dominique , Muccini Michele , Seri Mirko
Published: February 2021

The simultaneous optimization of device efficiency, stability and large area processing represents one of the biggest challenges to exploit the potential offered by polymer solar cells. In this context, detailed studies of the impact of different interlayers on the key device properties are of crucial importance. Herein, the thermal stability of inverted polymer solar cells containing two different metal oxides as an anode interlayer is compared: i) ≈80 nm of solution‐processed tungsten oxide (WOx) and, ii) 10 nm of (thermally evaporated) molybdenum oxide (MoOx) as a reference system. A detailed comparison focused on the evolution of device performances/properties before and after thermal stress (85°C for 140 h in dark) is reported, highlighting advantages arising from the use of WOx as an interlayer. Two sets of inverted solar cells, based on either HBG‐1:PC61BM and P3HT:PC61BM as active layer, are fabricated and studied. Electrical, morphological and optical characterizations, performed both on freshly prepared and aged devices, are analyzed and correlated to explain the positive effect of the WOx interlayer on the resulting device thermal stability. Compared to fresh devices, thermally aged WOx (MoOx) based HBG‐1:PC61BM and P3HT:PC61BM solar cells exhibit an efficiency decay of −16% (−24%) and −28% (−57%), respectively.
Early failure active elimination system research for electromechanical product based on meta‐action
Authors: Li Yulong , Wen Shutao , Liu Shengquan , Zhao Lingyu , Wang Qinghang , Zhang Genbao
Published: February 2021

Frequent early failures have been the key factor restricting the reliability improvement of electromechanical product, and also reducing its market competitiveness. Most of the current early failure elimination methods are passive elimination technologies after a failure. Their purpose is to quickly restore the production capacity of products, which is mainly used to improve the reliability of the products, and cannot fundamentally improve the quality of the manufactured product. To address those problems, this paper first analyzed the causes of early failures in the production stage of electromechanical product, and studied the corresponding early failure elimination mechanism; second, according to the FRACAS (Failure Report Analysis and Corrective Action System), an early failure elimination method for electromechanical product was proposed based on the meta‐action unit; finally, in order to ensure the smooth implementation of early failure elimination measures, a set of early failure active elimination guarantee management system was established. In addition, this paper also introduced the specific implementation process of the proposed method. The proposed method is applied to engineering, and the results verify its correctness. The proposed method provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the elimination of electromechanical product early failure.
Preliminary stable isotope analyses for propellant discrimination in shotshells
Authors: Kim Nam Yee , Song Byeong‐Yeol , Kim Dong‐Hwan , Jung Min‐ji
Published: February 2021

Rationale

This study aimed to develop methods to determine the identity and trace the origin of propellants used in shotshells. Specifically, the use of organic component and stable isotope analysis techniques, such as bulk stable isotope analysis (BSIA) and compound‐specific isotope analysis (CSIA) techniques, for the study of shotshell propellants was investigated.

Methods

Nine samples of shotshell propellants from different manufacturing countries and brands were analyzed for explosive and additive components by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and thin‐layer chromatography. BSIA of the propellants was achieved using elemental analysis/isotope ratio mass spectrometry without a pretreatment process. For the CSIA of nitroglycerin, double‐base powder propellants were extracted with ether, and the isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen were measured by gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry.

Results

Nine samples drawn from seven brands in four countries were classified into five groups by organic component analysis, while eight classification groups were identified by BSIA. Thus, two samples could not be distinguished from each other by either BSIA or organic component analysis. Subsequently, with the use of results obtained with CSIA for nitroglycerin, all the samples could be classified into different groups. These findings suggest that the nine propellant samples were all composed of different ingredients or raw materials from different sources.

Conclusions

Stable isotope ratio analyses were performed for propellant discrimination. The combined BSIA, CSIA and organic component analysis techniques were able to successfully distinguish the nine shotshell propellants from seven brands sourced from four different countries, and the results suggested that the samples contained different ingredients or raw materials from different sources. We therefore can conclude that reliable results can be obtained using combined isotope analysis methods such as CSIA and BSIA for origin tracing and identity determination.
Unusual presentation of recurrent follicular lymphoma as diffuse granular shadow
Authors: Ito Takayasu , Okachi Shotaro , Ishikawa Yuichi , Shimada Satoko , Wakahara Keiko , Hashimoto Naozumi
Published: February 2021

A 75‐year‐old man was diagnosed with advanced follicular lymphoma because of enlarged cervical lymph nodes. He received chemotherapy and was in complete remission for four years. However, after four years, he developed diffuse lymphadenopathy in the abdominal and iliac area suspected to be recurrent follicular lymphoma. At the time, he was asymptomatic and did not have any accompanying lung lesions. Due to his asymptomatic state, careful monitoring was chosen. Later, he developed diffuse granular shadow in the lung fields. A definite diagnosis was difficult to achieve without histological findings. Therefore, transbronchial lung biopsy of the lesions was performed. The pathology and immunohistochemistry of the lesions revealed recurrent follicular lymphoma. Although the frequency of recurrent follicular lymphoma presenting with diffuse granular shadow is uncommon, recurrent malignant lymphoma should be considered as a differential diagnosis in case with a history of malignant lymphoma.
Mycobacterium simiae pulmonary infection: a case series and literature review
Authors: Lotfi Hadi , Sankian Mojtaba , Meshkat Zahra , Khalifeh Soltani Ahmad , Aryan Ehsan
Published: February 2021

Incidence of Mycobacterium simiae pulmonary infection is increasing and diagnosis and treatment are challenging. We surveyed the clinical features, risk factors, diagnosis, and management in 20 patients from northeastern Iran diagnosed by line probe assay and confirmed by sequencing the ITS (16S‐23S) rRNA region and carried out a literature review using the keywords “pulmonary infection” and “Mycobacterium simiae.” The mean age of patients was 55.1 years, with 80% female and 90% diagnosed by sputum. Clinical symptoms included severe cough (90%), sputum production (70%), haemoptysis (50%), and chest pain (35%). Comorbidities included a history of tuberculosis (60%), smoking (40%), or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (20%). Patients were treated with levofloxacin, clarithromycin, and co‐trimoxazole. Except for two patients, the clinical symptoms improved. Mycobacterium simiae pulmonary infection is increasing in people with underlying diseases. Although choosing the most appropriate treatment remains a challenge, combining successful treatments could be useful in treating these patients.
Influence of oxytetracycline on boron adsorption at the hematite–water interface: A macroscopic and in situ ATR–FTIR study
Authors: Anuo Christopher O. , Rakshit Sudipta , Essington Michael E.
Published: February 2021

The veterinary antibiotic (VA) oxytetracycline (OTC) is used widely in confined animal feeding operations for treating animal diseases, as a prophylactic, and as a growth promoter. Oxytetracycline can enter the environment via various pathways, including runoff from stored manure stockpiles, and applications of manure or contaminated irrigation water to agricultural lands. Once present, OTC may potentially interfere with the biogeochemical cycling of micronutrients, such as boron (B). Iron oxides are known to control the phytoavailability of B via adsorption reactions. Here, we evaluated the influence of OTC on B retention on hematite under various solution properties using macroscopic and in situ attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared (ATR–FTIR) spectroscopic experiments. We found that the extent of B adsorption was reduced in the presence of OTC, whereas OTC retention was not affected by B. The spectroscopic results suggested B retention through the formation of trigonal and tetragonal inner sphere surface species on hematite. These results also indicated that in the presence of OTC the B adsorption mechanisms were altered. Surface complexation modeling, coupled with inner sphere surface complexation of both B and OTC, successfully predicted the B adsorption on hematite and the decrease of B adsorption in the presence of OTC. Our results will improve understanding the biogeochemical cycling of B in the presence of VAs.
Novel Multifunctional Hybrid Molecules Constructed from β‐Carboline and Naphthalene Anhydride: Aggregation, Deaggregation and Fluorescence Detection
Authors: Lin Yonggang , Zhang Dan , Li Le , Zhang Yuanzheng
Published: February 2021

A series of hybrid molecules (CA‐1, CA‐2, CA‐3 and CA‐4) containing carbazole, β‐carboline, naphthalene anhydride linked together by triazole ring were synthesized via click chemistry reaction. The photophysical properties of four hybrid molecules showed that aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) phenomenon was discovered as the water‐phase ratio increases. According to X‐ray single crystal diffraction date of CA‐3, it was clearly revealed that CA‐3 and CA‐4 with β‐carboline unit aggregated in water solution through π‐π stacking and hydrogen bonding. Significantly, the coordination of CA‐3 and CA‐4 to metal ions effectively promoted molecular deaggregation. In addition, CA‐3 successfully developed into a ratio fluorescent probe for Al3+ detection in tap water due to its fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) effect, providing a feasible way for sensing applications of multifunctional hybrid molecules.
Radio‐ and Fluorescent‐Labeling of Rituximab Based on the Inverse Electron Demand Diels‐Alder Reaction
Authors: Fernanda García María , de Souza Junqueira Mara , da Silva Mororó Janio , Camacho Ximena , de Paula Faria Daniele , de Godoi Carneiro Camila , Gallazzi Fabio , Chammas Roger , Quinn Thomas , Cabral Pablo , Cerecetto Hugo
Published: February 2021

The bioorthogonal reaction between[1,2,4,5]tetrazines with trans‐cyclooctene through the inverse electron demand Diels‐Alder (IEDDA) has been described as powerful bioconjugation tool. In this work, we explore the IEDDA as a modular conjugation strategy for in vitro and in vivo labeling of Rituximab for the generation of radioactive and fluorescently label immunoconjugates. The strategy allowed the generation, in vitro and in vivo, of conjugated Rituximab with cyanine 5 and 7 and the gamma emmiter technetium‐99m.
Thermal Driven High Crystallinity of Bismuth as Robust Catalyst for CO2 Electroreduction to Formate
Authors: Guo Dianliang , Wang Xiaoshan , Yang Zhongxue , Wang Wenhang , Ning Hui , Wu Mingbo
Published: February 2021

Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) can convert greenhouse gases into high value‐added carbon‐based fuels and chemicals, providing a sustainable way to solve energy and environmental crises. Bismuth based catalysts have been found with excellent performance towards CO2 electroreduction to formate but facing great challenge in exploring simple synthesis methods. Herein, the bismuth nanospheres (Bi NSs) with controlled crystallinity were synthesized through a facile solvothermal method following by annealing treatment under Argon protection. For the first time, we demonstrate the catalytic performance of Bi NSs was closely related to the crystallinity. High crystallinity endows Bi NSs with more distinct grain boundaries, providing more active sites for CO2 electroreduction. In a broad potential range from −1.0 to −1.4 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), a high faradaic efficiency of 91∼95 % towards formate was achieved on the high crystallinity Bi NSs.
Synthesis and Electrochemical Characterization of NaCoO2 as Cathode Material in 2 M NaOH Aqueous Electrolyte
Authors: Shiprath Kudekallu , Manjunatha Hanumanthrayappa , Venkata Nadh Ratnakaram , Anil Babu Tadiboyina , Ramesh Singampalli , Chandra Babu Naidu Kadiyala , Ramesha Muniyappa
Published: February 2021

This work reports an electro‐analytical study of NaCoO2 as cathode material synthesized by a low‐temperature combustion method for aqueous sodium‐ion batteries. The synthesized cathode material was electrochemically characterized in 2 M NaOH aqueous electrolyte. The obtained material‘s physical characteristics are investigated by X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX), Thermo‐Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) to evaluate its crystal structure, crystal size, composition, and surface morphology. From SEM images, the crystal size of the synthesized NaCoO2 is found to be varying between 50–100 nm with good crystallinity. From TGA studies, the material shows thermal stability up to around 300 °C with maximum weight loss at about 375 °C. Electrochemical behaviour of NaCoO2 in 2 M aqueous sodium electrolytes are evaluated using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge‐discharge techniques. The cell, NaTi2(PO4)3/2 M NaOH/NaCoO2 constructed in aqueous 2 M NaOH is found to deliver a discharge capacity of 89 mAh g−1 at C/10 rate. It retains its initial capacity over 55 cycles and at a high Crate of 1 C a discharge capacity of 34 mAh g−1 was obtained which can be compared with that obtained for NaCoO2 in non‐aqueous battery systems.
In Situ Porphyrin Substitution in a Zr(IV)‐MOF for Stability Enhancement and Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Authors: Kong Xiang‐Jing , He Tao , Zhou Jian , Zhao Chen , Li Tong‐Chuan , Wu Xue‐Qian , Wang Kecheng , Li Jian‐Rong
Published: February 2021

Despite numerous inherent merits of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), structural fragility has imposed great restrictions on their wider involvement in many applications, such as in catalysis. Herein, a strategy for enhancing stability and enabling functionality in a labile Zr(IV)‐MOF has been proposed by in situ porphyrin substitution. A size‐ and geometry‐matched robust linear porphyrin ligand 4,4′‐(porphyrin‐5,15‐diyl)dibenzolate (DCPP2−) is selected to replace the 4,4′‐(1,3,6,8‐tetraoxobenzo[lmn][3,8]phenanthroline‐2,7(1H,3H,6H,8H)‐diyl)dibenzoate (NDIDB2−) ligand in the synthesis of BUT‐109(Zr), affording BUT‐110 with varied porphyrin contents. Compared to BUT‐109(Zr), the chemical stability of BUT‐110 series is greatly improved. Metalloporphyrin incorporation endows BUT‐110 MOFs with high catalytic activity in the photoreduction of CO2, in the absence of photosensitizers. By tuning the metal species and porphyrin contents in BUT‐110, the resulting BUT‐110‐50%‐Co is demonstrated to be a good photocatalyst for selective CO2‐to‐CO reduction, via balancing the chemical stability, photocatalytic efficiency, and synthetic cost. This work highlights the advantages of in situ ligand substitution for MOF modification, by which uniform distribution and high content of the incoming ligand are accessible in the resulting MOFs. More importantly, it provides a promising approach to convert unstable MOFs, which mainly constitute the vast MOF database but have always been neglected, into robust functional materials.
Influence of Pore Architecture and Chemical Structure on the Sodium Storage in Nitrogen‐Doped Hard Carbons
Authors: Schutjajew Konstantin , Pampel Jonas , Zhang Wuyong , Antonietti Markus , Oschatz Martin
Published: February 2021

Hard carbon is the material of choice for sodium ion battery anodes. Capacities comparable to those of lithium/graphite can be reached, but the understanding of the underlying sodium storage mechanisms remains fragmentary. A two‐step process is commonly observed, where sodium first adsorbs to polar sites of the carbon (“sloping region”) and subsequently fills small voids in the material (“plateau region”). To study the impact of nitrogen functionalities and pore geometry on sodium storage, a systematic series of nitrogen‐doped hard carbons is synthesized. The nitrogen content is found to contribute to sloping capacity by binding sodium ions at edges and defects, whereas higher plateau capacities are found for materials with less nitrogen content and more extensive graphene layers, suggesting the formation of 2D sodium structures stabilized by graphene‐like pore walls. In fact, up to 84% of the plateau capacity is measured at potentials less than 0 V versus metallic Na, that is, quasimetallic sodium can be stabilized in such structure motifs. Finally, gas physisorption measurements are related to charge–discharge data to identify the energy storage relevant pore architectures. Interestingly, these are pores inaccessible to probe gases and electrolytes, suggesting a new view on such “closed pores” required for efficient sodium storage.
Experimental and Numerical Study of the Free Surface During the Side Teeming Ingot Casting Process
Authors: Yin Jun , Ersson Mikael , Jönsson Pär G. , Conejo Alberto N.
Published: February 2021

The flow pattern affects the interaction between the mold flux and liquid steel, especially during the initial entry of liquid steel into the mold. Strong turbulence can cause mold flux entrapments during the ingot casting process. If this happens, nonmetallic inclusions are generated, which decreases the quality of the final product. Herein, the side teeming process is introduced as an alternative to the traditional uphill teeming process to decrease mold flux entrapments. Both physical experiments and mathematical modeling are conducted to study the free surface. Specifically, the Weber number is also evaluated to predict the possibility of mold flux entrapments at the free surface. The results show that a calmer free surface is formed in the side teeming process compared with the uphill teeming process. Also, the results show that the Reynolds stress model is more suitable to predict the free surface compared with the realizable k–ε model. The present findings strongly suggest that an implementation of a side teeming process would be an effective way of reducing the risk for mold flux entrapments.
Torsional Vibrations Control of Double‐Ended Driving and Dual‐Excited Turbo‐Generator Shafts Based on Multi‐Index Nonlinear Control
Authors: Li Xiaocong , Qin Jianbo , Xu Junhua , Tian Yejie
Published: February 2021

The problem of shafting torsional vibrations has been increasingly emerging due to the increasing capacity of turbo‐generator and the complexity of power grid. Therefore, how to reduce the torsional vibration of the turbo‐generator shaft and improve the stability of the power system has become the focus of our research. First, in order to solve the problem and alleviate the torsional vibrations of turbo‐generator shafts, this paper proposed a new shafting structure model of Double‐ended Driving and Dual‐Excited Turbo‐Generator set (DDDETG). A static excitation mode is used for the excitation of the DDDETG and the mechanical power is supplied symmetrically and synchronously from both ends of the generator rotor. Then, in order to improve the output characteristic of the generator and further suppress the torsional vibrations of the turbo‐generator shafts, combined with the nonlinear control design method of partial feedback linearization, a Multi‐Index Nonlinear Coordinated Control (MINCC) strategy for the double‐ended driving and dual‐excited turbo‐generator is proposed to ensure good dynamic and static state performances of each state in the system. Finally, the simulation results on a single‐machine infinite bus system demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy. In addition, this paper compares the performance of DDDETG and the traditional Single‐ended Drive and Single‐Excited Turbo Generator (SDSETG), the simulation results show that the restraint effect of the DDDETG structure on shafting torsional vibrations is more obvious under the proposed control strategy. © 2021 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Development of a Pets' Body Movement Recognition Technique Using Deep Neural Networks
Authors: Yeh Cheng‐Yu , Lai Hsiang‐Yueh , Huang Hung‐Hsun
Published: February 2021

This paper presents a deep neural network‐based technique to recognize pets' body movements. The motivation to develop the technique arises from the fact that there are an increasing number of animal lovers, say dog or cat lovers, who spend a tremendous amount of effort to take care of their beloved pets, and even to capture the pets' images in daily life and at particular memorable moments for sharing among friends. For illustrative purposes, the recognition model was trained and then tested using a number of cats' images. As it turned out, the model well recognized three body movements: eating, tail raising and yawn, with a recognition accuracy up to 99.45%. Using this recognition technique, pets' images can be captured automatically once specific movements are detected, and job as a pet photographer can be made easy accordingly. © 2021 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
“This Is Crazy…She’s Real”: How Fourth‐Grade Readers Establish Source Authority
Authors: Walsh‐Moorman Elizabeth , Hovick Kate
Published: February 2021

A classroom teacher and a university researcher examined what criteria fourth‐grade students use to examine text authority and how traditional and new literacy skills may support such evaluation. Results of this case study indicate that students rely heavily on traditional reading skills, including background knowledge and vocabulary skill, to evaluate digital sources. Furthermore, the concept of expert is complex for students, who view it as an interaction between personal experience and objective evidence of authority, such as experience and education. The study shows how explicit instruction and continual practice are necessary to prepare students for web‐based reading and research.
Carceral and Climate Crises and Health Inequities: A Call for Greater Transparency, Accountability, and Human Rights Protections
Authors: Golembeski Cynthia A. , R. Dong Kimberly , Irfan Ans
Published: February 2021

The United States has approximately 5 percent of the world's population but incarcerates nearly 25 percent of the world's incarcerated population and produces nearly 25 percent of global carbon dioxide emissions. Climate change and hyperincarceration are causes and consequences of structural racism and economic deprivation, which disproportionately affect structurally disenfranchised citizens, including lower‐income communities, communities of color, and people with disabilities. Empirical evidence exists regarding the adverse health effects of climate change and mass incarceration, which occur in cascading and overlapping categories and include preventable death, illness, and injury. Researchers underscore the medical vulnerability of incarcerated populations, who are increasingly susceptible to climate‐driven exposure pathways and mental and physical health outcomes involving extreme temperatures, natural disasters, infectious diseases, and displacement. Intersectional structural drivers, such as anthropogenic climate change and hyperincarceration, undermine social and political determinants of health equity. Policymakers and health professionals can advance understanding and mitigate present and anticipated public health threats by increasing transparency, accountability, and human rights protections with an emphasis on decarceration and decarbonization.
On Certain Sums of Arithmetic Functions Involving the GCD and LCM of Two Positive Integers
Authors: Heyman Randell , Tóth László
Published: February 2021

We obtain asymptotic formulas with remainder terms for the hyperbolic summations $$\sum _{mn\le x} f((m,n))$$

∑

m
n
≤
x

f

(

(
m
,
n
)

)

and $$\sum _{mn\le x} f([m,n])$$

∑

m
n
≤
x

f

(

[
m
,
n
]

)

, where f belongs to certain classes of arithmetic functions, (m, n) and [m, n] denoting the gcd and lcm of the integers m, n. In particular, we investigate the functions $$f(n)=\tau (n), \log n, \omega (n)$$

f
(
n
)
=
τ
(
n
)
,
log
n
,
ω
(
n
)

and $$\Omega (n)$$

Ω
(
n
)

. We also define a common generalization of the latter three functions, and prove a corresponding result.
Coronakinderstudien „Co-Ki“: erste Ergebnisse eines deutschlandweiten Registers zur Mund-Nasen-Bedeckung (Maske) bei Kindern
Authors: Schwarz Silke , Jenetzky Ekkehart , Krafft Hanno , Maurer Tobias , Martin David
Published: February 2021

Hintergrund

Bei Kindern- und Jugendlichen häufen sich Narrative über Beschwerden durch das Tragen eines Mund-Nasen-Schutzes (Maske). Weltweit existiert bisher kein Register für mögliche Nebenwirkungen von Masken.

Methode

Im Rahmen des www.Co-Ki.de Multi-Studienkomplexes wurde ein Online-Register aufgebaut, im dem Eltern, Ärzt*innen, Pädagog*innen und andere ihre Beobachtungen zu den Auswirkungen des Tragens einer Maske bei Kindern und Jugendlichen eintragen können. Am 20.10.2020 wurden 363 Ärzt*innen eingeladen, Eintragungen zu tätigen und auf das Register hinzuweisen.

Ergebnisse

Bis zum 26.10.2020 hatten 20.353 Personen an der Umfrage teilgenommen. Allein die Gruppe der Eltern gab Daten zu 25.930 Kindern ein. Die angegebene durchschnittliche Tragedauer der Maske lag bei 270 min am Tag. Die Eingebenden berichten zu 68 %, dass Kinder über Beeinträchtigungen durch das Maskentragen klagen. Zu den Nebenwirkungen zählten Gereiztheit (60 %), Kopfschmerzen (53 %), Konzentrationsschwierigkeiten (50 %), weniger Fröhlichkeit (49 %), Schul‑/Kindergartenunlust (44 %), Unwohlsein (42 %), Beeinträchtigungen beim Lernen (38 %) und Benommenheit/Müdigkeit (37 %).

Diskussion

Dieses weltweit erste Register zur Erfassung von Auswirkungen des Tragens eines Mund-Nasen-Schutzes bei Kindern und Jugendlichen widmet sich einer neuen Forschungsfrage. Eine Verzerrung im Hinblick auf die präferenzielle Dokumentation besonders schwer betroffener Kinder oder den Schutzmaßnahmen grundsätzlich kritisch gegenüberstehenden Personen lässt sich nicht ausschließen. Die Nutzungshäufigkeit und das Symptomspektrum weisen auf die Wichtigkeit des Themas hin und rufen nach repräsentativen Surveys, randomisierten kontrollierten Studien mit verschiedenen Maskensorten und nach einer Nutzen-Risiko-Abwägung der Maskenpflicht bei der vulnerablen Gruppe der Kinder.
High union rates following surgical treatment of proximal fifth metatarsal stress fractures
Authors: Hollander Julian J. , Rikken Quinten G. H. , Dahmen Jari , Stufkens Sjoerd A. S. , Kerkhoffs Gino M. M. J.
Published: February 2021

Purpose

The primary purpose of this study was to determine the union rate and time for surgical- and non-surgical treatment of stress fractures of the proximal fifth metatarsal (MT5). The secondary purpose was to assess the rate of adverse bone healing events (delayed union, non-union, and refractures) as well as the return to sports time and rate.

Methods

A literature search of the EMBASE (Ovid), MEDLINE (PubMed), CINAHL, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases until March 2020 was conducted. Methodological quality was assessed by two independent reviewers using the methodological index for non-randomized studies (MINORS) criteria. The primary outcomes were the union time and rate. Secondary outcomes included the delayed union rate, non-union rate, refracture rate, and return to sport time and rate. A simplified pooling technique was used to analyse the different outcomes (i.e. union rate, time to union, adverse bone healing rates, return to sport rate, and return to sport time) per treatment modality. Additionally, 95% confidence intervals were calculated for the union rate, adverse bone healing rates, and the return to sport rate.

Results

The literature search resulted in 2753 articles, of which thirteen studies were included. A total of 393 fractures, with a pooled mean follow-up of 52.5 months, were assessed. Overall, the methodological quality of the included articles was low. The pooled bone union rate was 87% (95% CI 83–90%) and 56% (95% CI 41–70%) for surgically and non-surgically treated fractures, respectively. The pooled radiological union time was 13.1 weeks for surgical treatment and 20.9 weeks for non-surgical treatment. Surgical treatment resulted in a delayed union rate of 3% (95% CI 1–5%), non-union rate of 4% (95% CI 2–6%) and refracture rate of 7% (95% CI 4–10%). Non-surgical treatment resulted in a delayed union rate of 0% (95% CI 0–8%), a non-union rate of 33% (95% CI 20–47%) and a refracture rate of 12% (95% CI 5–24%), respectively. The return to sport rate (at any level) was 100% for both treatment modalities. Return to pre-injury level of sport time was 14.5 weeks (117 fractures) for surgical treatment and 9.9 weeks (6 fractures) for non-surgical treatment.

Conclusion

Surgical treatment of stress fractures of the proximal fifth metatarsal results in a higher bone union rate and a shorter union time than non-surgical treatment. Additionally, surgical and non-surgical treatment both showed a high return to sport rate (at any level), albeit with limited clinical evidence for non-surgical treatment due to the underreporting of data.

Level of evidence

Level IV, systematic review.
Spectra of Jacobi Operators via Connection Coefficient Matrices
Authors: Webb Marcus , Olver Sheehan
Published: February 2021

We address the computational spectral theory of Jacobi operators that are compact perturbations of the free Jacobi operator via the asymptotic properties of a connection coefficient matrix. In particular, for Jacobi operators that are finite-rank perturbations we show that the computation of the spectrum can be reduced to a polynomial root finding problem, from a polynomial that is derived explicitly from the entries of a connection coefficient matrix. A formula for the spectral measure of the operator is also derived explicitly from these entries. The analysis is extended to trace-class perturbations. We address issues of computability in the framework of the Solvability Complexity Index, proving that the spectrum of compact perturbations of the free Jacobi operator is computable in finite time with guaranteed error control in the Hausdorff metric on sets.
Visual assessment of [18F]flutemetamol PET images can detect early amyloid pathology and grade its extent
Authors: Collij Lyduine E. , Salvadó Gemma , Shekari Mahnaz , Lopes Alves Isadora , Reimand Juhan , Wink Alle Meije , Zwan Marissa , Niñerola-Baizán Aida , Perissinotti Andrés , Scheltens Philip , Ikonomovic Milos D. , Smith Adrian P. L. , Farrar Gill , Molinuevo José Luis , Barkhof Frederik , Buckley Christopher J. , van Berckel Bart N. M. , Gispert Juan Domingo ,   For the ALFA study,   On behalf of the AMYPAD consortium
Published: February 2021

Purpose

To investigate the sensitivity of visual read (VR) to detect early amyloid pathology and the overall utility of regional VR.

Methods

[18F]Flutemetamol PET images of 497 subjects (ALFA+ N = 352; ADC N = 145) were included. Scans were visually assessed according to product guidelines, recording the number of positive regions (0–5) and a final negative/positive classification. Scans were quantified using the standard and regional Centiloid (CL) method. The agreement between VR-based classification and published CL-based cut-offs for early (CL = 12) and established (CL = 30) pathology was determined. An optimal CL cut-off maximizing Youden’s index was derived. Global and regional CL quantification was compared to VR. Finally, 28 post-mortem cases from the [18F]flutemetamol phase III trial were included to assess the percentage agreement between VR and neuropathological classification of neuritic plaque density.

Results

VR showed excellent agreement against CL = 12 (κ = .89, 95.2%) and CL = 30 (κ = .88, 95.4%) cut-offs. ROC analysis resulted in an optimal CL = 17 cut-off against VR (sensitivity = 97.9%, specificity = 97.8%). Each additional positive VR region corresponded to a clear increase in global CL. Regional VR was also associated with regional CL quantification. Compared to mCERADSOT-based classification (i.e., any region mCERADSOT > 1.5), VR was in agreement in 89.3% of cases, with 13 true negatives, 12 true positives, and 3 false positives (FP). Regional sparse-to-moderate neuritic and substantial diffuse Aβ plaque was observed in all FP cases. Regional VR was also associated with regional plaque density.

Conclusion

VR is an appropriate method for assessing early amyloid pathology and that grading the extent of visual amyloid positivity could present clinical value.
Botulinum Toxin Versus Placebo: A Meta-Analysis of Treatment and Quality-of-life Outcomes for Hyperhidrosis
Authors: Obed Doha , Salim Mustafa , Bingoel Alperen S. , Hofmann Thurid R. , Vogt Peter M. , Krezdorn Nicco
Published: February 2021

Aims

This study aims at assessing the treatment effect, disease severity and quality-of-life outcomes of botulinum toxin (BTX) injections for focal hyperhidrosis.

Methods

We included randomized controlled trials of BTX injections compared with placebo for patients with primary or secondary focal hyperhidrosis. PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library were searched to August 2020. Gravimetric sweat rate reduction, disease severity measured by Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale and quality-of-life assessment measured by Dermatology Life Quality Index were the outcomes of interest. Cochrane risk-of-bias tools were employed for quality assessment of given randomized controlled trials.

Results

Eight studies met our inclusion criteria (n=937). Overall, risk bias was mixed and mostly moderate. BTX injections showed reduced risk in comparison with placebo for the gravimetric quantitative sweat reduction of > 50 % from baseline (risk difference: 0.63, 95% CI 0.51 to 0.74). Additionally, improvements were seen for disease severity and quality-of-life assessments evaluated by Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Score reduction of ≥ 2 points (risk difference: 0.56, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.69) and mean change in Dermatology Life Quality Index (mean difference: − 5.55, 95% CI − 7.11 to − 3.98). The acquired data were insufficient to assess for long-term outcomes and limited to an eight-week follow-up period.

Conclusions

In focal axillary hyperhidrosis, BTX significantly reduces sweat production and yields superior outcomes in assessments of disease severity and quality-of-life. However, the quality-of-evidence is overall moderate and included studies account for short-term trial periods only. Further studies assessing BTX in comparison with first-line treatments for hyperhidrosis are warranted.

Level of Evidence III

This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these evidence-based medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
Gummy Smile: Mercado-Rosso Classification System and Dynamic Restructuring with Hyaluronic Acid
Authors: Mercado-García Jorge , Rosso Paula , Gonzalvez-García Mar , Colina Jesús , Fernández José Manuel
Published: February 2021

Background

Gummy smile (GS) is a nonpathological condition causing esthetic disharmony in which an excessive amount of gingival tissue is exposed when smiling. Nowadays, there is not unanimous agreement regarding both classification and management of GS. This study aimed to present an organized and comprehensive clinical classification of the GS, as well as to discuss a therapeutic approach, with hyaluronic acid dermal fillers.

Methods

This study is presenting the clinical experience of the authors regarding GS.

Results

The Mercado-Rosso GS classification has into account aesthetic aspects, etiopathogenetic criteria, and functional aspects of the smile. According to Mercado-Rosso GS-classification-system, GS is divided into 3-types: Type 1, characterized by a lack of support and/or a lack of projection of the upper maxilla; Type 2, due to an imbalance between the strength (excess) and the resistance (defect) of the levator muscles; and Type 3, defined by an excessive strength of the zygomatic muscles, which causes a wide smile and an excessive visualization of the molar teeth.

Conclusions

The Mercado-Rosso GS classification system is a tool that facilitates the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to the gummy smile. RD Dynamic Restructuring® constitutes a comprehensive therapeutic approach that makes reference to both the effect of the HA filler on the muscle movement and the balance between the muscle strength and the resistance of the soft tissue to be folded in different facial structures). Level of evidence: Level V.
Correction to: The Issues of Post‐Lichtenstein Chronic Groin Pain
Authors: Ramana B. , Dube Brijesh
Published: February 2021

In the original online version of the article there were errors in Refs. 2 and 3.
Orange is the new white: taxonomic revision of Tritonia species (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from the Weddell Sea and Bouvet Island
Authors: Rossi Maria Eleonora , Avila Conxita , Moles Juan
Published: February 2021

Among nudibranch molluscs, the family Tritoniidae gathers taxa with an uncertain phylogenetic position, such as some species of the genus Tritonia Cuvier, 1798. Currently, 37 valid species belong to this genus and only three of them are found in the Southern Ocean, namely T. challengeriana Bergh, 1884, T. dantarti Ballesteros & Avila, 2006, and T. vorax (Odhner, 1926). In this study, we shed light on the long-term discussed systematics and taxonomy of Antarctic Tritonia species using morpho-anatomical and molecular techniques. Samples from the Weddell Sea and Bouvet Island were dissected and prepared for scanning electron microscopy. The three molecular markers COI, 16S, and H3 were sequenced and analysed through maximum-likelihood and Bayesian methods. The phylogenetic analyses and species delimitation tests clearly distinguished two species, T. challengeriana widely spread in the Southern Ocean and T. dantarti endemic to Bouvet Island. Colouration seems to be an unreliable character to differentiate among species since molecular data revealed both species can either have orange or white colour morphotypes. This variability could be explained by pigment sequestration from the soft coral species they feed on. Morphological analyses reveal differences between Antarctic and Magellanic specimens of T. challengeriana. However, the relationship between T. challengeriana specimens from these two regions remains still unclear due to the lack of molecular data. Therefore, the validity of the T. antarctica Martens & Pfeffer, 1886, exclusively found in Antarctic waters requires further systematic work.