bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Narrative Analysis to Inform About Female and Male Sexual Victimization
Authors: O’Mahoney Jennifer , Anderson Irina
Published: October 2020

Personal stories often occupy an ambivalent place between social hegemony and social change. In personal stories of sexual assault, this ambivalent place can be particularly charged when the narrator’s story is contested or resisted by the listener. Stories of sexual assault can reflect dominant victim discourses, while simultaneously resisting the role of victim as a survivor works to organize and frame a trauma experience. Dominant cultural narratives of victimhood often reflect hegemonic discourses, which restrict coping by providing a narrow victim framework for a survivor of sexual assault. However, this ambivalent place between a narrowly defined victimhood and social change can also provide opportunity for survivors to resist these narrow narrative confines and progress through the trauma. This chapter will analyze personal stories of sexual assault and focus on how survivors’ constructions of self are challenged and fractious as a result of sexual assault. Examples of how the narrators resist the dominant victim narrative to move toward personal and social change in their coping will be considered.
Changing Lives in Unanticipated Ways?
Authors: Phoenix Ann
Published: October 2020

This chapter analyzes two interviews that come from a study concerned with the ways in which adults from three different family backgrounds re-evaluate their earlier experiences of growing up in visibly ethnically different households. Both examples are from adults who are of mixed black-white parentage. The chapter considers the ways in which the two accounts are inextricably linked with the participants’ racialized, gendered positioning and commitments, which are ethically entangled in their narratives. The “small stories” that both participants produced in their narrative construction of their identities as well as their “bigger” life stories produced tensions amongst the research team that were irreconcilable because the researchers were positioned differently and orienting to different aspects of the narratives. The narratives were powerful and produced different possibilities for social change in the researchers, sometimes in ways that posed difficult challenges to their worldviews.
Hidden From View
Authors: Murray Michael
Published: October 2020

Community activism is concerned with various forms of community-based activity designed to improve the lives of disadvantaged, oppressed, and marginalized groups. It can take various forms, from actions within a locality designed to improve the quality of life of the residents (e.g., organizing clubs and events) to activities designed to access increased resources that may bring the community into conflict with outside agencies. Key to these developments is the role of individual community activists who are involved in organizing events and initiating various actions. The aim of this chapter is to explore the work of these community activists through their written accounts and to consider the role of narrative in providing an organizing frame for local change.
Narrative Subjects
Authors: Bradbury Jill
Published: October 2020

This chapter explores an inversion of the feminist slogan “the personal is political” to think about the ways in which the political may be articulated in the construction of personal narratives. In South Africa, narratives of the apartheid past are employed in the construction and interpretation of the present social world, telling a national narrative of resistance and overcoming despite the perpetuation of deeply intransigent inequalities in the present. This repertoire of stories has limited power for social change and exists alongside an injunction to forget or erase the past. The chapter explores this tension between remembering and forgetting in shaping our collective narrative unconscious and how this historical legacy may be reworked in the projection of future (hopeful) narratives of young people. The chapter explores the implications of this particular context of intergenerational tension and change for questions of personal and political transformation across the global terrain.
Relational Evaluation in Primary Education
Authors: Gergen Kenneth J. , Gill Scherto R.
Published: October 2020

Relationships are especially important in childhood and hence in primary education. There are already ground-breaking practices of evaluation in primary classrooms that illustrate how relational approaches can support children’s learning and well-being. These practices often involve dialogue, reflective questioning, peer collaboration, and mutual appreciation in effectively providing formative feedback on children’s classroom learning experiences. This chapter also selects examples, including circle time reflection, dialogic inquiry, learning review meetings, and project exhibitions, as key practices for inspiring and enhancing children’s continued engagement in learning. The authors reflect and analyze the multiple ways in which sensitive and caring evaluation can take place within generative processes of relating and which in turn enrich the myriad relationships so central to learning.
The Di Tella Family, Art Philanthropy, and the Legitimation of Elite Status
Authors: Herrera Eduardo
Published: October 2020

The Di Tella family owned one of the largest industrial emporiums of Argentina and in 1958 decided to use part of their fortune to create the Torcuato Di Tella Institute. In 1962, the Institute collaborated with the Rockefeller Foundation to create a music center, CLAEM, under the direction of Alberto Ginastera. This chapter examines the ways in which avant-garde music, and art in general, was relevant to the Di Tella family at a time when they were in the process of reconfiguring their elite identity. It shows the complex and often contradictory positions of Guido and Torcuato S. Di Tella as they legitimized their status and associated the Di Tella name not just with refrigerators and automobiles, but also with contemporary arts. Built upon oral histories, this chapter explores the social meaning and value of philanthropic practices for the Di Tella brothers. The complex picture painted by this story underlines the need to understand elites as dynamic and not as static or homogeneous social groups.
Human Perceptions and Reflections on the Urban Context
Authors: Lovasi Gina S. , Lankenau Stephen E.
Published: October 2020

To highlight quantitative and qualitative approaches to better understand perceptions and reflections of urban residents relevant to the links between environmental features discussed in Chapter 5 geographically referenced health outcomes discussed in Chapter 7. Strategies to capture what residents perceive, feel, and recommend regarding their environments include characterization of lived experiences (via surveys, focus groups, in depth interviews) as well as detailed assessments of taking place within urban contexts (via ecological momentary assessment, photovoice, ethnography). Participatory approaches that engage community members are illustrated with examples from Bogotá, Madrid, and Philadelphia.
The Minstrelsy of Heaven
Authors: White Harry
Published: October 2020

This chapter examines music as the embodiment of authority in Habsburg Vienna during the reign of Charles VI (1711–40). It explores the structure, liturgical regimen, and stylistic governances of the imperial Kapelle (“music chapel”) as a corporate entity which systematically promoted music as a carefully regulated expression of dynastic authority. It contextualizes this authority through an appraisal of the emperor’s own conception of musical discourse (in which Italian compositional practice was pre-eminent) and of the composers, poets, singers, and instrumentalists who gave it expression. It characterizes the imperial Kapelle as an “imperial noise factory” in which industrious compliance was of far greater account than imaginative freedom. It also countenances the “dynastic style” of Viennese liturgical music as a preoccupation which supervened the agency of individual talent. Lastly, the chapter introduces Fux and his deputy Antonio Caldara in a reading which (not uncritically) privileges Fux as the “truer servant” of the dynastic style.
The Use and Abuse of the Trolley Problem
Authors: Kamm F. M.
Published: October 2020

This chapter begins with a brief overview of what are known as standard Trolley Problem Cases. Next, it points out that many cases that are presented as Trolley Problem Cases in the AI ethics literature in fact raise moral issues distinctive from the issues raised by standard Trolley Problem Cases. This chapter then critically examines some discussions that seek to apply the Trolley Problem to choices involved in self-driving cars, the use of e-cigarettes, and mammography. The final section considers conceptual and moral issues involved in the production and use of self-driving cars, such as the role and responsibility of those who program such cars, the liability of pedestrians and drivers to be harmed by such cars, and whether voluntary passengers of self-driving cars are even more liable to be harmed than pedestrians.
Introduction
Authors: Uden James
Published: October 2020

The book begins by briefly surveying the origin and history of the word Gothic from the Roman Empire to the first canonical novel of the English Gothic tradition, Horace Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto (1764). It then surveys relevant debates about the classical world and its legacy in eighteenth-century England, including the aftershocks of the French “Quarrel of the Ancients and Moderns” and appropriations of classical ideas and images in politics, art, and literature. The Gothic was a “pan-European” phenomenon. Although this book focuses largely on literary works from Britain and America, the allusive connections with Classical literature remind us that the impact of the Gothic was not limited to the English-speaking world.
Ann Radcliffe’s Classical Remembrances
Authors: Uden James
Published: October 2020

This chapter examines the role of classical literature in the life and writings of Ann Radcliffe. A strong case can be made for Radcliffe’s awareness of, and interest in, classical literature, even if it is impossible to claim decisively that she could read Latin. First, it examines allusions to Greek and Roman antiquity in The Romance of the Forest (1791) and The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794). These allusions are used to articulate an ethical sensibility for these novels’ heroines: they are susceptible to the grandeur and sublimity of the classical world, and yet direct their attention and sympathy not to heroes or leaders but to the innocent victims of grand ambition. The second part of the chapter examines Radcliffe’s work of travel literature. In this work, the Roman historian Tacitus is quoted in Latin three times, in each case to describe the traces of war and suffering in the places that Radcliffe and her husband visit. Finally, the chapter turns to Radcliffe’s final novel published in her lifetime, The Italian (1797), in which the eroticism of Herculaneum wall paintings, and the shadowy walls of a Roman fort are sources of terror for the novel’s heroine and hero.
On Being and Becoming
Authors: Gosetti-Ferencei Jennifer Anna
Published: October 2020

On Being and Becoming offers a new approach to existentialist philosophy and literature, as responding to competing demands for universal truth and the defense of the irreducible singularity of the individual. On Being and Becoming traces the heterogeneity of existentialist thinking beyond the popular wartime philosophers of the Parisian Left Bank, demonstrating their critical dependence on sources from the nineteenth century and their complements in modernist works across the European continent and beyond. While quintessentially modern, existentialism inherits ideas of the past and anticipates challenges of the present. Despite its individualism, existentialist attention to the human self is related to conceptions of world, others, the earth, and the more encompassing concept of being. The predominance of ideas of authenticity, individuality, and self-determination makes any existentialist manifesto self-contradictory, while existentialist thinkers above all wanted to make their philosophy relevant to concrete human existence as it is lived. Prevailing models of existential authenticity life tend to overlook the rich diversity of its prospects, which, as this volume shows, involve not only anxiety, absurdity, awareness of death and of the loss of religious reassurances, but also hope, the striving for happiness, and a sense of the transcendent—all of these grounded our human capacity to create meaning. In spite of the diversity of existentialism, all of its thinkers recognize the self as becoming, and recognize the courage and creativity human individuality demands. On Being and Becoming elaborates pragmatic and philosophical relevance of existentialism for being human in the contemporary world.
Romantic Upheavals, Modern Movements
Authors: Gosetti-Ferencei Jennifer Anna
Published: October 2020

This chapter discusses the relation of existentialist thinking to Romanticism and modernism. From the late eighteenth through the nineteenth centuries, some philosophers and writers devoted their efforts to subjective aspects of existence, embracing Enlightenment philosophy’s focus on individual freedom while rejecting its rationalist constraints. This chapter shows the relevance for existentialism of the rebellion by Romantic thinkers against the cult of reason and what they considered its modern disenchanted vision of a world seen through the prism of mathematics and wholly determined by material forces. Often in conflict with the dominant philosophical positions of their time, these thinkers privileged individual subjectivity and freedom, feeling, and imagination, along with an aesthetic program for philosophy. This chapter shows that the creative philosophies of Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Dostoevsky emerged in critical contest with Romanticism, and would in turn feed the existentialist impulse of modernist literature in the following century.
Existentialism as Literature
Authors: Gosetti-Ferencei Jennifer Anna
Published: October 2020

In the wake of scientific and industrial advances in the nineteenth century and the unprecedented destruction of two world wars in the twentieth, existentialist literature emerges as both a crisis of meaning and an ambivalent sense of possibility. This chapter shows how existentialism’s approaches to human existence naturally align with creative forms of expression, particularly those of literary modernism. This chapter examines the literary works by existentialist philosophers including Sartre, Beauvoir, and Camus, while demonstrating how other modernist writers—including Rainer Maria Rilke, Kafka, Richard Wright, and Ralph Ellison—extend the reach of existentialist thought. Absurdity, mortality, freedom, alienation, and the pressure on human consciousness of oppression are among the many themes explored in existentialist literature.
The Self
Authors: Gosetti-Ferencei Jennifer Anna
Published: October 2020

This chapter explores the existentialist dimension of the self. It shows how existentialist thinkers insist on the irreducible nature of subjectivity while also considering critically the nature of the self. While Kierkegaard affirms an inward self, Heidegger and the phenomenologically inspired existentialists describe the self as always outside itself, extended in its interactions with the world. While Sartre may vigorously defend the self’s intrinsic autonomy, other existentialists, including Dostoevsky, Nietzsche, and Beauvoir, paint a more ambiguous picture of freedom. This chapter shows that despite these divergences, existentialist thinkers tend to agree on a few core ideas concerning the self, including its nature as activity, as relational, as a process of becoming, and as the basis for choice or commitment.
What Now?
Authors: Stackhouse John G.
Published: October 2020

This chapter offers a brief challenge to the reader to undertake due diligence and to come to a prompt decision in the matter of religious choice. One must do one’s homework, yes, but without undue delay. For why not enjoy a better life as soon as one can?
Social Reform and the Campaign to Christianize the Economy
Authors: Reilly Thomas H.
Published: October 2020

The Chinese Protestant elite supported the modernization and industrialization of the Chinese economy. Like the rest of the elite, they believed China needed to develop its economy to become a strong, modern, prosperous nation. They together with their missionary patrons also wanted to mitigate the impact of these changes. Theirs was a message of social reform. The national Protestant church sponsored two different conferences to consider how they might engage in a Christianizing of the economy. Alongside these conferences, a campaign was launched to address one of the more harmful consequences of industrialization, that of child labor. Protestant organizations also supported the new Nationalist government in passing legislation to curb other harmful effects of industrialization. The most effective organization in these efforts was the YWCA, especially in the work of Eleanor Hinder, chief of the Shanghai Municipal Council’s Industrial Section.
The YMCA and the Gospel for the Urban Elite
Authors: Reilly Thomas H.
Published: October 2020

The YMCA was one of the most influential organizations in Chinese society during the time of the republic. Its membership was recruited from the urban elite, chiefly the industrial, commercial, and professional sectors of Chinese urban society, while its Protestant leadership represented those sectors, along with the political and educational sectors, as well. The YMCA promoted a Protestant vision of modern China, and sought to realize that vision through a wide range of programs, including citizenship, literacy and hygiene campaigns, and general social service. The YMCA often partnered with the Nationalist government, and Chiang Kai-shek’s New Life Movement was one product of this relationship. The association was not, however, a strong supporter of movements for social reform, much to the disappointment of some of its national secretaries, especially one of the most prominent of those secretaries, Wu Yaozong.
El Baile Del Pueblo
Authors: Bellaviti Sean
Published: October 2020

In this final chapter, the author provides a macro perspective of the música típica genre as a form of national music, focusing on the challenges musicians face as performers of a popular commercial music that is, at the same time, firmly rooted in folkloric traditions to which Panamanians remain deeply attached. Through a series of case studies, the author shows that the “pull” of tradition is a constant in música típica musicians’ lives. This is never more evident than in ongoing discussions regarding what to call this music and the challenge of sorting out the demands of baile performance as distinguished from shows patronized by concertgoers, or even viewed by a nation-wide television audience. This sense of música típica’s unchanging nature also lies at the heart of the perplexity and frustration felt by performers when they consider the unrivalled popularity música típica enjoys in Panama even as it is virtually unknown beyond the country’s borders. Finally, when compared to most other forms of popular music in Panama, the sense of national pride provoked by música típica’s connection to folkloric music and the fact that it is embraced by so many Panamanians means that musicians are praised for their contributions to modernizing the genre even as they run the risk of being accused of undermining what is regarded by many Panamanians as the nation’s cultural patrimony.
Introduction
Authors: Searcy Anne
Published: October 2020

The Introduction argues that reception is key to understanding cultural diplomacy. Using an analogy to the process of transliteration, it shows that audiences interpreted cultural-exchange performances through the parameters set out by their own aesthetic backgrounds and expectations. Just as the sounds of one language are read through the symbols of another in the process of transliteration, so too in cultural exchange performances are sounds, gestures, and forms of a ballet read through the aesthetic contexts of the host country. During the Soviet-American ballet exchange, the resulting aesthetic misinterpretations determined the impact of a cultural diplomatic event. As such, the Introduction explains how dance and music impacted political attitudes during the Cold War. This then also provides a model for understanding the relationship between music, dance, and politics in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.
“Ballet Is a Flower”
Authors: Searcy Anne
Published: October 2020

Chapter 4 analyzes New York City Ballet’s (NYCB’s) 1962 tour of the Soviet Union and the Soviet reception of NYCB choreographer George Balanchine. Previous scholarly accounts have claimed the Soviet reviews of Balanchine’s works were heavily censored, and that, as a result, the tour undermined the authority of the Soviet government with the intelligentsia. Chapter 4 re-examines this tour, using transliteration as a way of modeling the Soviet response to Balanchine. This re-examination shows that Soviet cultural authorities were not at all hostile to the choreographer or his company. The Soviet critics mostly accepted Balanchine’s ballets, but they reframed his accomplishments within their own debates about drambalet and choreographic symphonism. According to Balanchine’s Soviet critics, his works were successful precisely because they reaffirmed the value of the Russian systems of training, artistry, and meaning.
The Return of the “Soviet” through the “National” in Post-Soviet Russia
Authors: Sharafutdinova Gulnaz
Published: October 2020

The first chapter examines the phenomenon of a visible return of Soviet practices and institutions in “post-Crimea” Russia, along with the rising public support and approval for Joseph Stalin. Arguing against culturally based explanations that focus on the legacy of the Soviet man (homo sovieticus), it views these recent trends as a sign of strengthening of the Russian nationals’ sense of collective identity that is argued to be the most socially and politically significant achievement of Vladimir Putin’s leadership. This chapter presents the central argument of the book and the analytical approach that builds on social identity theory to explain “mature Putinism.”
Introduction
Authors: Parekh Serena
Published: October 2020

This chapter introduces the second crisis, the crisis for refugees who are unable to find refuge. Refugees are unable to live with a certain minimal level of human dignity while they wait for a long-term solution, either to go home safely or to be resettled permanently elsewhere, outcomes fewer than 2 percent of refugees will have access to. Most refugees will remain in the Global South, either in inadequate refugee camps or with little international aid in urban centers, for years and often for decades. Some will seek asylum directly in a Western country, a goal that requires spending their life savings, engaging smugglers, and risking their lives. The introduction frames the overall argument of the book and makes clear that we cannot understand our moral obligations to refugees without understanding the second crisis.
The Price We Demand for Asylum
Authors: Parekh Serena
Published: October 2020

Because the options for refugees in the Global South are so dire, many choose to seek asylum in a Western country. Yet even though there is a widely recognized right to seek asylum, most Western states have put in place deterrence policies to discourage and prevent asylum seekers from seeking asylum in their countries. These policies make seeking asylum difficult and sometimes deadly. Because seeking asylum in the twenty-first century is so dangerous, refugees are often forced to hire human smugglers. Increasingly, those who do make it to the West to claim asylum find themselves in circumstances similar to the ones they are fleeing: living in impoverished camps or closed off in detention centers. This aspect of the second crisis—the price we ask refugees to pay to claim asylum—is rarely discussed when considering what we owe to refugees. This chapter highlights this phenomenon and its moral implications.
Conclusion
Authors: Parekh Serena
Published: October 2020

This chapter examines a number of ways that we, both as states and as individuals, can dismantle the structural injustice described in the previous chapter and provide refugees access to the minimum conditions of human dignity. This chapter argues that we should support the integration of refugees via our political and economic policies. Integration would allow refugees to be part of local communities, work, and be political actors, while they wait for a more permanent solution. In addition, states must work collaboratively to support, expand, and normalize resettlement. Individuals also have a large role to play in helping refugees find refuge. The chapter concludes with some examples of how individuals can play a role in helping refugees access the minimum conditions of human dignity and work toward deeper solutions.
Assertion Norms
Authors: Azzouni Jody
Published: October 2020

Assertion is a phenomenological category—that is, assertions are experienced as such by speaker-hearers. Speech-act phenomenology is distinguished from semantic perception. We not only experience speech acts, we experience the words and sentences we utter as distinct objects with properties different from those of the speech acts. Using this distinction, evidence against agential-state assertion norms, such as a sincere-belief norm, a knowledge norm, or a warrant norm, etc., is given. Anonymous assertions or shapes resembling inscriptions produced by accident are experienced as assertions and as possessing meaning even when they are recognized to be products of sheer accidents and in reality without utterers. Spokespersons for companies, actors in advertisements for products, cartoon characters (that don’t exist), and flakes who can’t be trusted are all experienced nevertheless as asserting, and what they assert as assertions. The common-ground expectation view is supported. Compatibly with this, Moorean remarks are often naturally utterable.
Conclusion
Authors: Azzouni Jody
Published: October 2020

The hangman/surprise-examination/prediction paradox is solved. It is not solved by denying knowledge closure (although knowledge closure is false). It is not solved by denying KK or denying that knowing p implies other iterated knowing attitudes (although these are false). It is not solved by misleading evidence causing the students to lose knowledge because students cannot lose knowledge this way. It is solved by showing that a tacit assumption (what is being said to the students/prisoner is informative) is overlooked and that inferences by contradiction are invalid if assumptions are left out. The phenomenology of the surprise-exam paradox is explored to explain why this solution has been missed. Crucial is that in many cases the students/prisoner know(s) there will be a surprise exam/execution because of an inference from what the teacher/judge meant to say, and not directly by the literal application of what he did say.
Darul Islam in West Java: The Rise and Fall of an Islamist Insurgency in Indonesia
Authors: Matesan Ioana Emy
Published: October 2020

This chapter traces the evolution of the Darul Islam rebellion in West Java to explain how the group shifted from one fighting against colonial forces to one staging an insurgency against the Indonesian Republic that has inspired subsequent generations of Islamist activism. The group turned toward armed resistance against the government to protect its organizational interests and authority in the face of perceived external aggression. During the rebellion, however, Darul Islam was severely weakened by the combination of effective military campaigns waged against it, member defections, offers of amnesty, and the loss of public support. The rebellion eventually ran out of steam and withered away after the death of the main leader, Sekarmadji Maridjan Kartosuwirjo. However, though the West Java rebellion was defeated, the idea of establishing an Islamic state in Indonesia persisted, and it continues to inspire Islamist activists to this day.
Jemaah Islamiyah and the Ambiguities of Disengagement from Violence
Authors: Matesan Ioana Emy
Published: October 2020

This chapter traces Jemaah Islamiyah’s complicated relationship with violence in Indonesia to explain why the group has temporarily disengaged from violence without permanently renouncing armed struggle. The organization first engaged in violence in the context of communal clashes. Members subsequently organized large-scale terrorist attacks, but these were largely the acts of factions, whose relationship to the group’s leadership remains contested. More recently, the organization has prioritized social activities over armed struggle. Yet despite internal debates and defections around the use of violence, the leadership has not officially abandoned armed struggle. The chapter reveals that despite political openings and widespread opposition to terrorism, public attitudes toward the group are more ambivalent than they were toward the Egyptian al-Gama’a. Combined with the availability of exit options, this social milieu enables the group to continue its activity without feeling the pressure to undergo a more drastic transformation.
Grace Resolved into Morality?
Authors: Tipson Baird
Published: October 2020

This chapter looks at the theology of three representative figures—Richard Baxter, Richard Allestree, and Richard Alleine—each of whom offered a particular theological option after the Restoration of Charles II in 1660. Characteristic of this period of time would be a tendency to conflate religion and morality. The Evangelicals would recoil from Allestree’s moralism and eventually discover they had much in common with the theology of Baxter and Alleine
The Cross in Modern Visual Art
Authors: Viladesau Richard
Published: October 2020

This chapter looks at treatments of the cross in “fixed” images: painting and drawing, sculpture, and photography. The first part examines the cross in its traditional religious setting. Among the major artists covered are Maurice Denis, Georges Rouault, and Salvador Dalí. The second part surveys the use of the cross in secular settings. The crucifixion of Jesus here becomes a metaphor for the unjust sufferings of others: humanity in general; the artist; the Jewish people; persecuted groups like women or blacks; victims of political and social injustice; those oppressed by the church. The crucifixion also becomes an established artistic genre, without a particular message.
The Afterlife of the Laws of Hammurabi
Authors: Barmash Pamela
Published: October 2020

The tradition of law collections continued outside of Mesopotamia for more than a millennium after Hammurabi. The Laws of Hammurabi was the culmination of this tradition in Mesopotamia, but this tradition of statutes composed on a repertoire of traditional cases continued in the Hittite Laws and biblical law, even though the royal inscription format was no longer used. The Laws of Hammurabi and Mesopotamian law may have influenced ancient Greek and Roman law. The Laws of Hammurabi is also a witness to the start of another stream of tradition. As this chapter discusses, it became a classic text, and no other law collection was copied so often and for so long. The Laws of Hammurabi served as the subject of formal commentaries. The rise of classic texts and formal commentaries signaled a profound cultural shift. Scribes related to the Laws of Hammurabi in ways that diverged from prior attitudes: it was no longer an improvisation on traditional cases frozen momentarily in written form but became an object of study. The Laws of Hammurabi became the object of commentary, a genre that names itself as dependent on another text: one text is elevated above another, and that text’s obscurities and contradictions are affirmed and explained.
Toward a Theory of Understanding
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus
Published: October 2020

This chapter returns to the idea that understanding is a grasp of structure except that it argues that the grasp of propositional structure is a special case of understanding. Knowledge and true belief are therefore forms of understanding. Knowledge and the grasp of nonpropositional structures in the same domain are checks on the veridicality of each other and show that they are in touch with the same world. The chapter also argues that the grasp of repeating structures in different domains is an important skill that supports a strong form of argument by analogy and should be encouraged in educational settings.
Trust
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus
Published: October 2020

This chapter offers an account of trust and its relation to the intellectual virtues. It argues that trust has both practical and epistemic forms, but both forms include elements of belief, feeling, and behavior. Epistemic self-trust and trust in others is prereflective and rationally inescapable. Epistemic self-trust is not an intellectual virtue, but it is closely connected to a host of such virtues. Many of the intellectual virtues would not be virtues at all were it not for the reasonableness of epistemic self-trust or trust in others. Some virtues are enhancements of epistemic trust and some are constraints on it. The connection also goes in the other direction because there are ways in which intellectual virtues prevent trust from becoming either excessive or deficient.
Priming the Party
Authors: Panagopoulos Costas
Published: October 2020

This chapter advances a direct examination of presidential campaign strategies by analyzing the contents of presidential advertisements broadcasted on television in recent cycles. The analyses are suggestive and largely explorative, but they suggest overall that presidential campaigns have increasingly featured partisan cues in their appeals on television, presumably to activate latent predispositions among partisans in their camps and to trigger the salience of social identity processes rooted in partisan identification. I interpret this evidence to support the notion of a base maximizing strategy as opposed to base expansion efforts.
Conclusion
Authors: Panagopoulos Costas
Published: October 2020

The concluding chapter summarizes the key findings reported in the book and provides some additional reflections on the implications for politics and democracy in America.
Reasonableness as a Limitation on the Extraterritorial Application of U.S. Law
Authors: Buxbaum Hannah , Michaels Ralf
Published: October 2020

This chapter studies Section 405 of the Fourth Restatement of Foreign Relations Law. According to Section 405, “courts in the United States may interpret federal statutory provisions to include other limitations on their applicability.” This rather vague and noncommittal phrase is found in a provision entitled “Reasonableness in Interpretation.” The reference to reasonableness suggests continuity with the Third Restatement of Foreign Relations Law, in particular its Section 403, which prohibited the “unreasonable” exercise of prescriptive jurisdiction. However, those provisions differ quite significantly with respect to the source, content, and operation of that limitation. In particular, the Fourth Restatement rejects the idea that courts are required to determine the reasonableness of extraterritorial application of law on a case-by-case basis. The chapter presents two main arguments, one empirical and one normative. Empirically, a reasonableness requirement is part of existing case law, even though it appears under a range of different doctrinal headings. Normatively, such a requirement is necessary to achieve an adequate balance between under—and overregulation in a world of overlapping regulatory claims.
Foreign-Official Immunity under the Common Law
Authors: Bellinger John B. , Wirth Stephen K.
Published: October 2020

This chapter looks at foreign-official immunity. Foreign-official immunity is divided into status-based immunity, which affords absolute immunity to sitting heads of state, heads of government, and foreign ministers, and conduct-based immunity, which affords immunity to sitting and former foreign officials for official conduct undertaken on behalf of the foreign sovereign. Each of these immunities has deep roots in customary international law and the common law. And for nearly two centuries, U.S. courts applied common-law principles of immunity, as articulated by the executive branch in court filings known as “suggestions of immunity,” to assess whether a foreign state or foreign official was immune from suit in the United States. The Fourth Restatement of Foreign Relations Law does not yet include a section on the immunity of foreign officials in U.S. courts. The American Law Institute may consider including this passionately debated topic in a future volume. In the meantime, the chapter provides a background on the state of the case law and executive-branch practice, identifies several challenging open questions, and outlines some principles that may be useful to the eventual drafters of the Fourth Restatement’s section on the topic.
Constitutional Authority for the Transboundary Deployment of Armed Force
Authors: Tuzmukhamedov Bakhtiyar
Published: October 2020

This chapter assesses the formal constitutional framework of authorization of foreign deployments of uniformed personnel, both formed units and individual service members. The initial volume of the Fourth Restatement of Foreign Relations Law does not ponder general matters of separation of powers and specifically in the realm of foreign affairs and national security. Apparently, this discussion is left to subsequent installments. The Third Restatement briefly addressed the separation of powers in foreign relations, in particular referring to the “continuing controversy as to whether the President can deploy the forces of the United States on his own authority for foreign policy purposes short of war, and, if so, whether that authority is subject to Congressional control. Nor is it agreed to what extent Congress can control decisions of the President as Commander in Chief in the conduct of wars authorized by Congress.” The United States is not unique in that respect, and similar controversies, whether in law or in practice, may and do occur in other jurisdictions. This chapter offers a comparative perspective, drawing from experiences of the Russian Federation and its predecessor, the Soviet Union and its heirs.
Making Sense of Recordings
Authors: Walther-Hansen Mads
Published: October 2020

The book shows how metaphors are closely connected to sonic experience and make sense within a larger historical context of technological developments and changing discourses of recorded sound. The book traces written discourses of recorded sound, discussing how everyday listeners and audio professionals describe their experiences of sound in recorded music. Building on cognitive sciences and ideas of embodied cognition, the book provides new theoretical and methodological approaches to sound perception and conceptualization with particular relevance to recorded music. It expands on existing histories of studio music technologies from production to reproduction to reception, but it also provides analytical and practical tools—including an encyclopedia of selected sound terminology—to aid in the understanding and communication of sound.
Discourses of Recorded Sound
Authors: Walther-Hansen Mads
Published: October 2020

The chapter looks at descriptions of sound across texts and across historical contexts. Starting from the invention of the phonograph through multitrack recording to digital audio, the chapter accounts for change and stability in the way sound quality is processed in relation to discourses of sound. It shows how listeners, the industry, and other communities build specific listening preferences through the discourse of sound quality. The chapter also addresses the contributions of the phonograph, vinyl disc, cassette tape, CD, and MP3 formats to the discourse of sound, and it enumerates two cognitive metaphors, the one reality type and the multiple realities type.
The Ontology of Recorded Sound
Authors: Walther-Hansen Mads
Published: October 2020

The chapter begins with a discussion of the role of the metaphor in the formation of sound’s ontology by situating metaphorical descriptions of sound within a discussion of existing definitions of sound found in various musicological and philosophical works. The chapter shows that different ontological metaphors govern how we make sense of sound in the act of listening and how they are used as cognitive tools with which to do certain things with sound during music production. It is argued that people conceive of the general existence of sound via metaphors and that music listening and music production involve attending to sounds at different ontological levels simultaneously.
Conceptualizing Sound Quality
Authors: Walther-Hansen Mads
Published: October 2020

The chapter consists of an encyclopedia that lists, describes, and assesses metaphors that often are used to describe sound quality. Each entry explains the embodied cognitive patterns that connect sound descriptors with the listening experience. Each entry also discusses related terms, and each term is examined in relation to its metaphorical use and the discourses underlying sound and music communities. The encyclopedia includes 15 pairs of opposing terms: balance/unbalance, big/small, clean/dirty, clear/blurred, dark/bright, fat/thin, full/hollow, heavy/light, open/closed, organic/synthetic, rough/smooth, soft/hard, tight/loose, warm/cold, and wet/dry. The terms are distilled from a 50-million-word collection of texts concerning sound culled by the author from music reviews, hi-fi magazines, and the sound engineering literature.
Empathy as a Strategy and Ideal of Deliberation
Authors: Scudder Mary F.
Published: October 2020

This chapter evaluates arguments in favor of using empathy, or imaginative perspective taking, to promote inclusion and uptake in deliberation across deep difference and disagreement. The author ultimately finds empathy-based approaches wanting. Specifically, the chapter identifies three pathologies of relying on empathy in democratic deliberation. First, given the practical limitations in people’s ability to put themselves in each others’ shoes, the outcomes of empathy are realized selectively and unevenly. Second, empathy’s reliance on imagination rather than communication puts it at odds with the normative core of deliberative democracy. And finally, the chapter shows that empathy’s emphasis on highlighting or uncovering similarities can exacerbate problems of exclusion in deliberation across difference. This chapter concludes that people must move beyond empathy in order to achieve the uptake on which full and fair deliberation depends.
A Listening-Centered Approach to Democratic Deliberation
Authors: Scudder Mary F.
Published: October 2020

Chapter 4 proposes a listening-centered alternative to empathy-based approaches to deliberation. The chapter begins by discussing how the concept of listening is used in everyday language and then introduces a more systematic “theory of listening acts.” Using the categories of speech act theory to identify corresponding categories of the listening act, the author distinguishes between auditory, perauditory, and ilauditory listening. With this listening act theory, the author shows that listening is more than simply hearing what is said (auditory listening). Similarly, listening should not be equated with the outcomes it brings about, including consensus or mutual understanding (perauditory listening outcomes). We also act in listening (ilauditory listening). In listening to our fellow citizens we enact the deliberative ideal, acknowledging that their perspectives are relevant to our collective judgements and decisions. The chapter shows that fair consideration is predicated on ilauditory listening, or what the author calls “performative democratic listening.”
Listening toward Democracy
Authors: Scudder Mary F.
Published: October 2020

Chapter 5 continues with a defense of a listening-centered approach to democratic deliberation. It begins with a discussion of the source of performative listening’s democratic power. The chapter shows that performative democratic listening relies on the affective-cognitive disposition of people who listen to their fellow citizens for the purpose of taking up what they have to say. Mere auditory listening becomes “listening toward democracy” when citizens listen seriously, attentively, and humbly. Chapter 5 goes on to consider the cultural and institutional conditions needed to encourage citizens to practice democratic listening. It also identifies empirical markers to be used in the assessment of listening, and to determine the degree to which uptake has been achieved. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the challenges of relying on listening in political contexts of difference, disagreement, and inequality, which are developed further in Chapter 6.
The Problem with Voting in America
Authors: Ritter Michael
Published: October 2020

Chapter 1 introduces the argument that wide variation from state to state in convenience voting laws—in-person early voting, no-excuse absentee/mail in voting, same day registration—as well as election administration performance can be used to explain variation in individual-level voter turnout in the U.S. It re-frames the study of convenience voting methods by also accounting for the administration of elections by local and state governments (based on measures from Pew Charitable Trusts/MIT Election Data and Science Lab). It introduces an innovative dataset (national commercial voter files) and methodology (panel models using vote histories) to provide more leverage in the evaluation of the effect of the state laws on voting. The chapter closes by previewing how the study sheds light on how American states with more accessible elections increase voter turnout and improve turnout equality between historically advantaged (higher socioeconomic status, non-Hispanic white) and disadvantaged (lower socioeconomic status, racial/ethnic minority) groups.
Accessible Elections and Voter Turnout
Authors: Ritter Michael
Published: October 2020

Chapter 4 evaluates the impact of convenience voting laws (in-person early voting, no-excuse absentee/mail voting, and same day registration) and election administration on individual-level voter turnout change from the 2010 to 2014 midterm elections and the 2008 to 2012 presidential elections using lagged panel models. Results show that non-voters are more likely to become voters when living in states with absentee/mail voting, in-person early voting, same day registration, and high-quality election administration, controlling for other factors. Same day registration is the most important of the three in both midterm and presidential elections, while early voting and absentee/mail voting have the largest effects in midterm elections.