bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Porous silica particles grafted with an amphiphilic side‐chain polymer as a stationary phase in reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Shahruzzaman Md. , Takafuji Makoto , Ihara Hirotaka
Published: May 2015

The amphiphilic polymer‐grafted silica was newly prepared as a stationary phase in high‐performance liquid chromatography. Poly(4‐vinylpyridine) with a trimethoxysilyl group at one end was grafted onto porous silica particles and the pyridyl side chains were quaternized with 1‐bromooctadecane. The obtained poly(octadecylpyridinium)‐grafted silica was characterized by elemental analysis, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis. The degree of quaternization of the pyridyl groups on the obtained stationary phase was estimated to be 70%. The selective retention behaviors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons including some positional isomers were investigated using poly(octadecylpyridinium)‐grafted silica as an amphiphilic polymer stationary phase in high‐performance liquid chromatography and results were compared with commercially available polymeric octadecylated silica and phenyl‐bonded silica columns. The results indicate that the selectivity toward polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exhibited by the amphiphilic polymer stationary phase is higher than the corresponding selectivity exhibited by a conventional phenyl‐bonded silica column. However, compared with the polymeric octadecylated silica phase, the new stationary phase presents similar retention behavior for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons but different retention behavior particularly for positional isomers of disubstituted benzenes as the aggregation structure of amphiphilic polymers on the surface of silica substrate has been altered during mobile phase variation.
Multistage three‐dimensional UTE lung imaging by image‐based self‐gating
Authors: Tibiletti Marta , Paul Jan , Bianchi Andrea , Wundrak Stefan , Rottbauer Wolfgang , Stiller Detlef , Rasche Volker
Published: May 2015

Purpose

To combine image‐based self‐gating (img‐SG) with ultrashort echo time (UTE) three‐dimensional (3D) acquisition for multistage lung imaging during free breathing.

Methods

Three k‐space ordering schemes (modified spiral pattern, quasirandom numbers and multidimensional Golden Angle) providing uniform coverage of k‐space were investigated for providing low‐resolution sliding‐window images for image‐based respiratory self‐gating. The performance of the proposed techniques were compared with the conventional spiral pattern and standard DC‐based self‐gated methods in volunteers during free breathing.

Results

Navigator‐like respiratory signals were successfully extracted from the sliding‐window data by monitoring the lung–liver interface displacement. A temporal resolution of 588 ms was adequate to retrieve gating signals from the lung–liver interface. Images reconstructed with the img‐SG technique showed significantly better sharpness and apparent diaphragm excursion than any of the DC‐SG methods. Direct comparison of the three implemented ordering schemes did not demonstrate any clear superiority of one with respect to the others.

Conclusion

Image‐based respiratory self gating in UTE 3D lung images allows successful retrospective respiratory gating, also enabling reconstruction of intermediate respiratory stages. Magn Reson Med 75:1324–1332, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rotation Identification in Geometric Algebra: Theory and Application to the Navigation of Underwater Robots in the Field
Authors: Stanway M. Jordan , Kinsey James C.
Published: May 2015

We report the derivation and experimental evaluation of a stable adaptive identifier to estimate rigid body rotations using rotors in Geometric Algebra (GA). This work is motivated by the need for in situ estimation of the alignment between sensors commonly used in underwater vehicle navigation. Here we derive an adaptive identifier using a geometric interpretation of the error to drive first‐order rotor kinematics. We prove that it is Lyapunov stable, and we show that it is asymptotically stable in the presence of persistent excitation. We use the identifier to estimate the alignment between the Doppler velocity log sonar and the fiber optic gyrocompass used by underwater vehicles for dead reckoning (DR). We evaluate this method in the laboratory with a remotely operated vehicle (ROV), and then with an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) operating in the field at 1,200 m depth. Our results show that this technique reduces dead reckoning navigation errors on these platforms and provides comparable performance to previously reported SO(3) constrained Linear Algebra (LA) approaches. The rotor identifier has a number of advantages over these previously reported methods, including a more straightforward derivation, simpler gain tuning, increased computational efficiency, and reduced data manipulation.
Novel point mutations in β-tubulin gene for carbendazim resistance maintaining nematode pathogenicity
of Paecilomyces lilacinus
Authors: Yang Fan , Abdelnabby Hazem , Xiao Yannong
Published: May 2015

The application of fungicides is so critical, especially in greenhouses,
to avoid fungal infections. Carbendazim, an inhibitor of tubulin biosynthesis, is
the most widely known broad-spectrum benzimidazole fungicide. The application of
carbendazim affects other beneficial fungi as well. Paecilomyces lilacinus 36-1 (Pl36-1) is a beneficial fungus used for biological control, and the most
effective biocontrol agents of nematode eggs. The Pl36-1 is sensitive to carbendazim (0.3 μg/ml). There is a general
consensus that the mechanisms of resistance to carbendazim in the β-tubulin gene have been analyzed in detail. However,
no studies were conducted on P. lilacinus
strains. In the present study, two carbendazim-resistant mutants of Pl36-1, P50 and P100, were obtained from UV exposure
and tested. The β-tubulin gene fragments were
cloned and sequenced in the three strains, Pl36-1, P50 and P100. The resistance to carbendazim was developed when
amino acid substitutions occurred at β-tubulin
gene positions of S145A, T185A and F200Y. The β-tubulin gene was overexpressed in Pl36-1 strains. The β-tubulin
expression level of the overexpressed mutant (PL3), quantified by qRT-PCR, was
increased 4-folds over its normal level in Pl36-1. In vitro, the PL3 was resistant to carbendazim with maintaining
growth, sporulation and pathogenicity rates. Three-year field trial demonstrated
that P100 and PL3 strains exhibited carbendazim resistance combined with high
nematode reduction and yield improvement.
Cognitive performance before and after the onset of subjective cognitive decline in old age
Authors: Koppara Alexander , Wagner Michael , Lange Carolin , Ernst Annette , Wiese Birgitt , König Hans‐Helmut , Brettschneider Christian , Riedel‐Heller Steffi , Luppa Melanie , Weyerer Siegfried , Werle Jochen , Bickel Horst , Mösch Edelgard , Pentzek Michael , Fuchs Angela , Wolfsgruber Steffen , Beauducel André , Scherer Martin , Maier Wolfgang , Jessen Frank
Published: May 2015

Background

Our objectives were (1) to test the association between the report of subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and prospective objective cognitive performance in high age individuals and (2) to study the course of longitudinal cognitive performance before and after the first report of SCD.

Methods

Cognitively normal elderly participants of the German Study on Ageing, Cognition, and Dementia study (N = 2330) with SCD (subjective decline in memory with and without associated concerns) and without SCD at baseline were assessed over 8 years with regard to immediate and delayed verbal recall, verbal fluency, working memory, and global cognition. Baseline performance and cognitive trajectories were compared between groups. In addition, cognitive trajectories before and after the initial report of SCD (incident SCD) were modelled in those without SCD at baseline.

Results

Baseline performance in the SCD group was lower and declined more steeply in immediate and delayed verbal recall than in the control group (no SCD at baseline). This effect was more pronounced in the SCD group with concerns. Incident SCD was preceded by decline in immediate and delayed memory and word fluency.

Conclusions

SCD predicts future memory decline. Incident SCD is related to previous cognitive decline. The latter finding supports the concept of SCD indicating first subtle decline in cognitive performance that characterizes preclinical Alzheimer's disease.
Similar regulation of two distinct UL24 promoters by regulatory proteins of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV‐1)
Authors: Ma Yue , Liu Diqiu , Gao Jun , Wang Xiaojun
Published: May 2015

To characterise the pattern of the transcriptional regulation of equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV‐1) UL24 by regulatory proteins, we identified two distinct promoter regions and two transcription initiation (Tci) sites located upstream of the UL24 open reading frame (ORF). The ORF proximal promoter exhibited higher cis‐activity than that of the distal one. Contrary to the former, the latter performed its function dependent on an initiator (INR) due to its lack of a TATA box. Our results showed that the EHV‐1 regulatory proteins EICP0, EICP22 and ETIF trans‐activated the two promoters, whereas IEP and IR2P displayed negative regulation. In summary, the regulatory proteins exhibited similar regulatory patterns for the two distinct promoters of EHV‐1 UL24.
Regulation of Hox orthologues in the oyster Crassostrea gigas evidences a functional role for promoter DNA methylation in an invertebrate
Authors: Saint-Carlier Emma , Riviere Guillaume
Published: May 2015

DNA methylation within promoter regions (PRDM) controls vertebrate early gene transcription and thereby development, but is neglected outside this group. However, epigenetic features in the oyster Crassostrea gigas suggest functional significance of PDRM in invertebrates. To investigate this, reporter constructs containing in vitro methylated oyster Hox gene promoters were transfected into oyster embryos. The influence of in vivo methylation was studied using bisulfite sequencing and DNA methyltransferase inhibition during development. Our results demonstrate that methylation controls the transcriptional activity of the promoters investigated, unraveling a functional role for PRDM in a lophotrochozoan, an important finding regarding the evolution of epigenetic regulation.
Selective permeabilization of cervical cancer cells to an ionic DNA‐binding cytotoxin by activation of P2Y receptors
Authors: Bukhari Maurish , Deng Han , Jones Noelle , Towne Zachary , Woodworth Craig D. , Samways Damien S.K.
Published: May 2015

Extracellular ATP is known to permeabilize certain cell types to polyatomic cations like YO‐PRO1. Here, we report that extracellularly applied ATP stimulated rapid uptake and accumulation of an otherwise weakly membrane permeable fluorescent DNA‐binding cytotoxin, Hoechst 33258, into cervical cancer cells. While ATP stimulated Hoechst 33258 uptake in 20–70% of cells from seven cervical cancer cell lines, it stimulated uptake in less than 8% of cervical epithelial cells obtained from the normal transformation zone and ectocervix tissue of 11 patients. ATP‐evoked Hoechst 33258 uptake was independent of ionotropic P2X receptors, but dependent on activation of P2Y receptors. Thus, we show here that cervical cancer cells can be selectively induced to take up and accumulate an ionic cytotoxin by exposure to extracellular ATP.
Membrane protein production in Escherichia coli cell‐free lysates
Authors: Henrich Erik , Hein Christopher , Dötsch Volker , Bernhard Frank
Published: May 2015

Cell‐free protein production has become a core technology in the rapidly spreading field of synthetic biology. In particular the synthesis of membrane proteins, highly problematic proteins in conventional cellular production systems, is an ideal application for cell‐free expression. A large variety of artificial as well as natural environments for the optimal co‐translational folding and stabilization of membrane proteins can rationally be designed. The high success rate of cell‐free membrane protein production allows to focus on individually selected targets and to modulate their functional and structural properties with appropriate supplements. The efficiency and robustness of lysates from Escherichia coli strains allow a wide diversity of applications and we summarize current strategies for the successful production of high quality membrane protein samples.
Growth control mechanisms in neuronal regeneration
Authors: Doron-Mandel Ella , Fainzilber Mike , Terenzio Marco
Published: May 2015

Neurons grow during development and extend long axons to make contact with their targets with the help of an intrinsic program of axonal growth as well as a range of extrinsic cues and a permissive milieu. Injury events in adulthood induce some neuron types to revert to a regenerative state in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Neurons from the central nervous system (CNS), however, reveal a much lower capacity for regenerative growth. A number of intrinsic regeneration‐promoting mechanisms have been described, including priming by calcium waves, epigenetic modifications, local mRNA translation, and dynein‐driven retrograde transport of transcription factors (TFs) or signaling complexes that lead to TF activation and nuclear translocation. Differences in the availability or recruitment of these mechanisms may partially explain the limited response of CNS neurons to injury.
Inverse relationship between photon flux densities and nanotesla magnetic fields over cell aggregates: Quantitative evidence for energetic conservation
Authors: Persinger Michael A. , Dotta Blake T. , Karbowski Lukasz M. , Murugan Nirosha J.
Published: May 2015

The quantitative relationship between local changes in magnetic fields and photon emissions within ∼2 mm of aggregates of 105–106 cells was explored experimentally. The vertical component of the earth's magnetic field as measured by different magnetometers was ∼15 nT higher when plates of cells removed from incubation were measured compared to plates containing only medium. Additional experiments indicated an inverse relationship over the first ∼45 min between changes in photon counts (∼10−12W·m−2) following removal from incubation and similar changes in magnetic field intensity. Calculations indicated that the energy within the aqueous volume containing the cells was equivalent for that associated with the flux densities of the magnetic fields and the photon emissions. For every approximately 1 nT increase in magnetic field intensity value there was a decrease of ∼2 photons (equivalent of 10−18J). These results complement correlation studies and suggest there may be a conservation of energy between expression as magnetic fields that are subtracted or added to the adjacent geomagnetic field and reciprocal changes in photon emissions when aggregates of cells within a specific volume of medium (water) adapt to new environments.
A 23‐year, single‐center, retrospective analysis of 36 cases of acute pancreatitis in pregnancy
Authors: Xu Qiuxiang , Wang Sumei , Zhang Zhenyu
Published: May 2015

Objective

To assess the incidence, causes, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of cases of acute pancreatitis in pregnancy (APIP).

Methods

A retrospective review was conducted of the medical records of pregnant women who were diagnosed with APIP at any point during pregnancy, labor, or the puerperium and attended Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, China, between January 1, 1991, and March 31, 2014.

Results

Among 34 292 pregnant women admitted to the center during the study period, 36 patients were diagnosed with APIP. The condition developed during the second (9 [25%] cases) and third (22 [61%]) trimesters. The underlying cause was hypertriglyceridemia for 14 (39%) patients and biliary diseases for 7 (19%). Severe acute pancreatitis was significantly more common among patients with hypertriglyceridemia (11/14 [79%]) than among those without hypertriglyceridemia (6/22 [27%]; P = 0.006). Additionally, complications were recorded for more patients with hypertriglyceridemia (11 [79%]) than those without hypertriglyceridemia (4 [18%]; P < 0.001). Delayed diagnosis was more common among patients with severe acute pancreatitis (8/17 [47%]) than among those with mild acute pancreatitis (3/19 [16%]; P = 0.039). No maternal deaths and only two perinatal deaths were recorded.

Conclusion

The overall incidence of APIP was low; however, hypertriglyceridemia was associated with poor outcomes. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment should be implemented to improve maternal and fetal prognosis and decrease mortality.
Relationship of ABO Blood Type on Rotator Cuff Tears
Authors: Lee Doo‐Hyung , Lee Han‐Dong , Yoon Seung‐Hyun
Published: May 2015

Background

ABO blood groups are associated with various diseases. A relationship between Achilles tendon ruptures and blood type O has been reported, although its pathogenesis was not clear. To the best of our knowledge, there is no published study describing the relationship between blood type and rotator cuff tendon tears.

Objective

To determine whether patients with rotator cuff tear had a greater prevalence of blood type O than those without rotator cuff tear.

Design

A cross‐sectional study.

Setting

Research hospital outpatient evaluation.

Participants

A total of 316 subjects with shoulder pain were included and divided into “tear” and “no‐tear” groups according to ultrasonographic examination.

Main Outcome Measures

ABO blood group, gender, dominant arm, smoking history, trauma history, and age were compared between the 2 groups and the odds ratios of these factors were evaluated by logistic regression.

Results

The tear group (38.6%) had more instances of blood type O than the healthy population (27.2%; P = .002). The adjusted odds ratio for rotator cuff tear for blood type O to non‐O was 2.38 (95% confidence interval 1.28‐4.42). The odds ratios for rotator cuff tears for smoking, major trauma history, minor trauma history, and age were 2.08, 3.11, 2.29, and 1.06, respectively.

Conclusion

Patients with rotator cuff tears were more likely to have blood type O. The odds ratios of factors for rotator cuff tears were high in the following order: major trauma history, blood type O, minor trauma history, and age.
In Defense of Uncle Tom
Authors: Starkey Brando Simeo
Published: May 2015

'Uncle Tom' is the most piercing epithet blacks can hurl at one another. It marks targets as race traitors, and that painful stain is often permanent. Much more than a slur, Uncle Tom is a vital component of a system of social norms in the black community that deters treachery. In this book, Brando Simeo Starkey provocatively argues that blacks must police racial loyalty and that those successfully prosecuted must be punished with the label Uncle Tom. This book shadows Uncle Tom throughout history to understand how these norms were constructed, disseminated, applied, and enforced. Why were Martin Luther King, Jr, Marcus Garvey, Muhammad Ali, Jackie Robinson, Thurgood Marshall and others accused of racial betrayal? In Defense of Uncle Tom answers this and other questions and insists that Uncle Tom is too valuable to discard. Because it deters treachery, this epithet helps build black solidarity, a golden tool in promoting racial progress.
Vertebrobasilar Ischemia and Hemorrhage
Authors: Caplan Louis R.
Published: May 2015

This comprehensive review of vascular disease in the vertebrobasilar circulation is based on Dr Louis R. Caplan's extensive experience and observation of patients from the New England Medical Center posterior circulation stroke registry. It benefits from an organized, uniform, and coherent analysis of all types of vascular disease involving the posterior circulation, presented by a single author who is one of the world's leading authorities on this topic. This new edition is fully updated throughout, including a review of all the literature published on this topic since the previous edition in 1996. There are major rewrites for the chapters on diagnosis and therapy, inclusion of modern imaging techniques, and extensive illustrations. Essential reading for stroke physicians and neurologists, the book will also be an important source of reference for neurosurgeons, vascular surgeons and endovascular radiologists.
Fluid-Induced Seismicity
Authors: Shapiro Serge A.
Published: May 2015

The characterisation of fluid transport properties of rocks is one of the most important, yet difficult, challenges of reservoir geophysics, but is essential for optimal development of hydrocarbon and geothermal reservoirs. This book provides a quantitative introduction to the underlying physics, application, interpretation, and hazard aspects of fluid-induced seismicity with a particular focus on its spatio-temporal dynamics. It presents many real data examples of microseismic monitoring of hydraulic fracturing at hydrocarbon fields and of stimulations of enhanced geothermal systems. The author also covers introductory aspects of linear elasticity and poroelasticity theory, as well as elements of seismic rock physics and mechanics of earthquakes, enabling readers to develop a comprehensive understanding of the field. Fluid-Induced Seismicity is a valuable reference for researchers and graduate students working in the fields of geophysics, geology, geomechanics and petrophysics, and a practical guide for petroleum geoscientists and engineers working in the energy industry.
The Language of Service Encounters
Authors: Félix-Brasdefer J. César
Published: May 2015

Service encounters are ubiquitous in social interaction. We buy food and everyday items in supermarkets, convenience stores, or markets; we purchase merchandise in department stores; or we request information at a visitor information center. This book offers a comprehensive account of service encounters in commercial and non-commercial settings. Grounded in naturally occurring face-to-face interactions and drawing on a pragmatic-discursive approach, J. César Félix-Brasdefer sets out a framework for the analysis of transactional and relational talk in various contexts in the United States and Mexico. This book investigates cross-cultural and intra-lingual pragmatic variation during the negotiation of service. The author provides a broad review of research on service encounters to date, and analyzes characteristics of sales transactions, such as participants' roles, pragmatic and discourse functions of relational talk and address forms, the realization of politeness, and changes in alignment from transactional to relational talk.
Children and Global Conflict
Authors: Huynh Kim , D'Costa Bina , Lee-Koo Katrina
Published: May 2015

Over one billion people under the age of eighteen live in territories affected by armed conflict. Despite this, scholars and practitioners often lack a comprehensive knowledge of how children both struggle within and shape conflict zones. Children and Global Conflict provides this understanding with a view to enhancing the prospects of conflict resolution and peacebuilding. This book presents key ideas and issues relating to children's experiences of war, international relations and international law. The authors explore the political, conceptual and moral debates around children in these contexts and offer examples and solutions based on case studies of child soldiers from Vietnam, child forced migrants in Australia, young peace-builders in post-conflict zones, youth in the international justice system, and child advocates across South Asia and the Middle East.
JUSTICE RETOLD: THE SEMINAL NARRATIONS OF THE TRIAL OF THE JUDEAN KING
Authors: Flatto David C.
Published: May 2015

Many legal systems have foundational stories about their provenance, serving to heighten the stature and authority of the normative order. Yet, these primary myths are often complicated by secondary ones that describe later climactic moments. A prevalent plot of this latter kind involves a defiant political actor who contests the jurisdiction of the courts and relates the legal order's response to this daunting challenge. The crucible of struggle forges a formidable legal institution that can withstand assault or a weaker one that limply survives.

Such stories captivate the collective legal imagination of a paideic community, a process first analyzed by the late Robert Cover. Hence they are preserved, told, and retold. However, the morals of secondary stories are more variable. Precisely because they examine moments of disturbance and conflict their implications are frequently in dispute. Thus, the very act of narration aims to amplify core truths implicit in these tales and announce their essential lessons.

The narrative history of the epic “trial of the Judean king” among Jews in antiquity and late antiquity affords a striking instance of this phenomenon. Making a lasting impression on the Jewish legal imagination of this period, the trial's impact and perpetual legacy are nevertheless highly contested. While the enduring lesson of the trial revolves around the relationship between law and power, what that legacy is depends entirely on the way the tale of the trial is told and, perhaps more importantly, retold.
TOWARDS A JUDICIAL BIOGRAPHY OF RABBI SHNEUR ZALMAN OF LIADY
Authors: Cooper Levi
Published: May 2015

This study seeks to forge a new avenue of legal scholarship on the modern religious movement known as Hasidism. The paper focuses on Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liady (ca. 1745–1812)—Hasidic master, religious thinker, and jurist. Much has been written on Shneur Zalman, his formidable leadership in the face of strident opposition and his groundbreaking religious philosophy. His legacy continues to animate contemporary Judaism, primarily through his spiritual heirs—the Lubavitch Hasidic community—and through his Hasidic thought known as Chabad. The present study maps out an aspect which has been widely neglected, but is nonetheless crucial to understanding this religious leader: Rabbi Shneur Zalman's legal activity. The first part of the study surveys existing research, assessing what has been achieved thus far, and what tools are available for further research. The second part of the essay highlights salient questions to be considered as part of a judicial biography, offering preliminary answers to these questions. The article concludes with the contention that without serious analysis of Rabbi Shneur Zalman's legal writings—or for that matter, legal writings of Hasidic masters in general—any intellectual history of this religious movement will be incomplete.
On the financial structure and personnel organisation of the Trịnh Lords in seventeenth to eighteenth-century North Vietnam
Authors: Ueda Shin’ya
Published: May 2015

After the restoration of the Lê dynasty, the Red River delta region was flooded with military men who set up and controlled irregular departments from the end of the sixteenth to the first half of the seventeenth century. The imperial administration became a shell during the Lê-Trịnh period, with the Trịnh Lords as de facto rulers who constructed their own parallel government on the basis of these local departments. This analysis of contemporary inscriptions indicates that the Trịnh Lords subsequently expanded their administration and secured their rule by absorbing large numbers of Red River delta literati, while retaining many eunuchs in influential financial and military roles. Overall, the Trịnh bureaucracy, comprising of the Lục Phiên andLục Cung,was a kind of financial organisation combined with a military district system because it harnessed the existing military organisation.
Could Amazonian Deforestation Increase Cloudiness and Rain?
Authors: Palus Shannon
Published: May 2015

In trading trees for pastures, patchwork differences in vegetation heights increase cloudiness in downwind regions.
Hubble's Legacy: The Pillars of Creation
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: May 2015

The Pillars of Creation remains to this day Hubble's most iconic view of the cosmos.
A Four-Year Follow-up Study of Renal Epithelioid Angiomyolipoma: A Multi-Center Experience and Literature Review
Authors: Lei Jun H. , Liu Liang R. , Wei Qiang , Song Tu R. , Yang Lu , Yuan Hai C. , Jiang Yong , Xu Huan , Xiong Sheng H. , Han Ping
Published: May 2015

In this study, we systematically explored the clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of renal epithelioid angiomyolipoma (EAML) retrospectively by analyzing data of 52 patients diagnosed with EAML at four centers. Our results showed that the onset of EAML was usually inconspicuous and so no obvious symptoms or signs had occurred in most patients at diagnosis. Its diagnoses always depended on postoperative pathological examination. The immunohistochemical (IHC) results [HMB45 ( + ), cytokeratin (-) and S100 (-)] could be used to differentiate EAML from other malignancies such as renal cell cancer (RCC) and sarcomas. For treatment, surgery resulted in satisfactory short-term prognosis. The long-term prognosis of patients with EAML was poor, particularly when a large size, a high percentage of epithelioid component, tumor thrombus formation and necrosis were present. In conclusion, EAML is a tumor with malignant potential. Once diagnosed, integrated approaches, including surgery, chemotherapy and targeted therapy, should be considered; a close follow-up regimen is necessary for cases that met: 1) tumor size >9 cm, 2) tumor thrombus formation in the vein, 3) epithelioid cells >70% or atypia cells >60% and 4) necrosis.
Crosslinking of the Pd(acacCN)2 building unit with Ag(i) salts: dynamic 1D polymers and an extended 3D network
Authors: Guo Qianqian , Merkens Carina , Si Runze , Englert Ulli
Published: May 2015

Pd(acacCN)2 and Ag(i) salts aggregate to a 3D network or 1D chains. The latter topology provides an example for a tunable phase transition.
A shortcut to high-affinity Ga-68 and Cu-64 radiopharmaceuticals: one-pot click chemistry trimerisation on the TRAP platform
Authors: Baranyai Zsolt , Reich Dominik , Vágner Adrienn , Weineisen Martina , Tóth Imre , Wester Hans-Jürgen , Notni Johannes
Published: May 2015

The kinetic inertness profile of Cu(ii) complexes of TRAP-conjugates enables simple Cu(ii) removal after click functionalisation and confirms their suitability for Cu-64-PET.
Onion artificial muscles
Authors: Chen Chien-Chun , Shih Wen-Pin , Chang Pei-Zen , Lai Hsi-Mei , Chang Shing-Yun , Huang Pin-Chun , Jeng Huai-An
Published: May 2015

Artificial muscles are soft actuators with the capability of either bending or contraction/elongation subjected to external stimulation. However, there are currently no artificial muscles that can accomplish these actions simultaneously. We found that the single layered, latticed microstructure of onion epidermal cells after acid treatment became elastic and could simultaneously stretch and bend when an electric field was applied. By modulating the magnitude of the voltage, the artificial muscle made of onion epidermal cells would deflect in opposing directions while either contracting or elongating. At voltages of 0–50 V, the artificial muscle elongated and had a maximum deflection of −30 μm; at voltages of 50–1000 V, the artificial muscle contracted and deflected 1.0 mm. The maximum force response is 20 μN at 1000 V.
Native defects in Tl6SI4: Density functional calculations
Authors: Shi Hongliang , Du Mao-Hua
Published: May 2015

Tl6SI4 is a promising room-temperature semiconductor radiation detection material. Here, we report density functional calculations of native defects and dielectric properties of Tl6SI4. Formation energies and defect levels of native point defects and defect complexes are calculated. Donor-acceptor defect complexes are shown to be abundant in Tl6SI4. High resistivity can be obtained by Fermi level pinning by native donor and acceptor defects. Deep donors that are detrimental to electron transport are identified and methods to mitigate such problem are discussed. Furthermore, we show that mixed ionic-covalent character of Tl6SI4 gives rise to enhanced Born effective charges and large static dielectric constant, which provides effective screening of charged defects and impurities.
Theory of single molecule emission spectroscopy
Authors: Bel Golan , Brown Frank L. H.
Published: May 2015

A general theory and calculation framework for the prediction of frequency-resolved single molecule photon counting statistics is presented. Expressions for the generating function of photon counts are derived, both for the case of naive “detection” based solely on photon emission from the molecule and also for experimentally realizable detection of emitted photons, and are used to explicitly calculate low-order photon-counting moments. The two cases of naive detection versus physical detection are compared to one another and it is demonstrated that the physical detection scheme resolves certain inconsistencies predicted via the naive detection approach. Applications to two different models for molecular dynamics are considered: a simple two-level system and a two-level absorber subject to spectral diffusion.
Enhancement of electrical conductivity in CoO-SiO2 nanoglasses and large magnetodielectric effect in ZnO-nanoglass composites
Authors: Chatterjee Soumi , Maiti Ramaprasad , Saha Shyamal Kumar , Chakravorty Dipankar
Published: May 2015

Nanoglasses of compositions xCoO·(100-x)SiO2 (mol. %) with x having values 10, 15, and 20, respectively, were grown within the nanopores of a pellet comprising of ZnO nanoparticles by soaking the latter in a suitable sol followed by necessary heat treatment. Both Co2+ and Co3+ ions were present and confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the fraction of Co2+ species being ∼ 0.70. Small polaron hopping conduction was found to be present in the nanoglasses. The activation energy in the latter was observed to be smaller (range of 0.32–0.44 eV) than that in the corresponding bulk glass (0.70–0.77 eV). This was caused by the higher free volume in the nanoglass as compared to that of the bulk glass. This was confirmed by the extracted values of intersite separation between cobalt ions, which were higher in the nanoglass. Weak ferromagnetism was exhibited by the nanocomposites. This was ascribed to super exchange interaction between spin moments associated with Co2+ and Co3+ ions, respectively, leading to an antiferromagnetic spin alignment. The nanocomposites showed magnetodielectric effect with the magnetodielectric parameter having values in the range of 5.5% to 10%. The experimental data were fitted to equations derived from Catalan's model by invoking a negative and a positive magnetoresistance for nanoglasses of compositions having x = 20 and x = 10, respectively. A weak spin-orbit coupling and wave function shrinkage in a magnetic field for strongly localized states, respectively, are believed to cause such behaviour in the nanoglass systems concerned. Direct magnetoresistance measurements were carried out on the nanocomposites containing nanoglasses having 10CoO and 20CoO, respectively. The trend of results obtained indeed confirmed the presence of positive and negative magnetoresistance in the two nanoglasses, respectively. The materials would be suitable for magnetic sensor applications.
Simultaneous measurements of X-ray reflectivity and grazing incidence fluorescence at BL-16 beamline of Indus-2
Authors: Das Gangadhar , Kane S. R. , Khooha Ajay , Singh A. K. , Tiwari M. K.
Published: May 2015

A new multipurpose x-ray reflectometer station has been developed and augmented at the microfocus beamline (BL-16) of Indus-2 synchrotron radiation source to facilitate synchronous measurements of specular x-ray reflectivity and grazing incidence x-ray fluorescence emission from thin layered structures. The design and various salient features of the x-ray reflectometer are discussed. The performance of the reflectometer has been evaluated by analyzing several thin layered structures having different surface interface properties. The results reveal in-depth information for precise determination of surface and interface properties of thin layered materials demonstrating the immense potential of the combined measurements of x-ray reflectivity and grazing incidence fluorescence on a single reflectometer.
Geometry and field dependence of the formation of magnetic antivortices in pound-key-like structures
Authors: Asmat-Uceda Martin , Li Lin , Haldar Arabinda , Shaw Brian , Buchanan Kristen S.
Published: May 2015

In this work, we assess the effects of field history and structure shape on the formation of magnetic antivortices. The magnetic reversal process was investigated for a series of patterned micron-sized permalloy pound-key structures with varying degrees of asymmetry using magneto-optical Kerr effect hysteresis measurements combined with magnetic force microscopy. The largest number of antivortices was observed in the structures with the highest level of structure asymmetry, which also show an intermediate state in the hysteresis loop. A significant enhancement of the antivortex formation rate—from 5% to almost 80%—was achieved by adjusting the structure dimensions. Images of the magnetic states obtained at various points in the hysteresis loop show that the highest rate of antivortex formation occurs near the coercive field, also the nucleation field, and that the antivortex formation is also sensitive to the angle of the applied field, where the highest antivortex formation rate is observed when the field is aligned along the structure diagonal. A comparison of the experimental results with micromagnetic simulations shows that the areas with lower shape anisotropy lead the reversal in the formation step and the upper field limit for the antivortex stability is related to the reversal of the regions with higher shape anisotropy, although the simulations suggest that the annihilation mechanism will change to one that involves domain wall propagation when the smallest structure dimensions are below ∼60 nm. These results demonstrate how shape anisotropy can be used to promote the formation of isolated magnetic antivortices, which will facilitate future investigations of this topological magnetic state.
The role of probe oxide in local surface conductivity measurements
Authors: Barnett C. J. , Kryvchenkova O. , Wilson L. S. J. , Maffeis T. G. G. , Kalna K. , Cobley R. J.
Published: May 2015

Local probe methods can be used to measure nanoscale surface conductivity, but some techniques including nanoscale four point probe rely on at least two of the probes forming the same low resistivity non-rectifying contact to the sample. Here, the role of probe shank oxide has been examined by carrying out contact and non-contact I V measurements on GaAs when the probe oxide has been controllably reduced, both experimentally and in simulation. In contact, the barrier height is pinned but the barrier shape changes with probe shank oxide dimensions. In non-contact measurements, the oxide modifies the electrostatic interaction inducing a quantum dot that alters the tunneling behavior. For both, the contact resistance change is dependent on polarity, which violates the assumption required for four point probe to remove probe contact resistance from the measured conductivity. This has implications for all nanoscale surface probe measurements and macroscopic four point probe, both in air and vacuum, where the role of probe oxide contamination is not well understood.
Manipulating torsional motions of soft dielectric tubes
Authors: Shmuel Gal
Published: May 2015

Tubular dielectric elastomers function as actuators by application of a radial voltage difference. This work demonstrates how the applied electric field can be exploited to manipulate their torsional motion. The approach employed considers torsional elastic waves superposed on a finitely deformed configuration, which depends on bias electromechanical loadings. The theory of nonlinear electroelasticity is utilized to derive the corresponding governing equations. These are analyzed analytically and numerically, as functions of the thickness of the tube, the mechanical constraints, and most importantly the applied voltage. The analysis shows how dispersive waves beyond a certain length are filtered across a frequency band, and are significantly accelerated above it. This phenomenon observed to strongly depend on the applied voltage, in a non-linear manner.
Elastic tunneling charge transport mechanisms in silicon quantum dots /SiO2 thin films and superlattices
Authors: Illera S. , Prades J. D. , Cirera A.
Published: May 2015

The role of different charge transport mechanisms in Si/SiO2 structures has been studied. A theoretical model based on the Transfer Hamiltonian Formalism has been developed to explain experimental current trends in terms of three different elastic tunneling processes: (1) trap assisted tunneling; (2) transport through an intermediate quantum dot; and (3) direct tunneling between leads. In general, at low fields carrier transport is dominated by the quantum dots whereas, for moderate and high fields, transport through deep traps inherent to the SiO2 is the most relevant process. Besides, current trends in Si/SiO2 superlattice structure have been properly reproduced.
A deep subwavelength cavity formed by total external reflection of surface plasmon polariton
Authors: Seol Kang Hee , Lee Kwang-Geol , Song Seok Ho
Published: May 2015

We numerically analyze the characteristics of a nanocavity in surface plasmon polariton (SPP) modes confined by total external reflection (TER) at deep subwavelength scales. This SPP-TER cavity consists of a low-index dielectric channel on a flat metal surface covered by a high-index gain medium. Compared to other types of nanocavities formed by total internal reflection such as a metallic channel and a high-index dielectric channel, an SPP-TER nanocavity provides superior functionality on mode area, confinement factor in the gain medium, Q-factor, and threshold gain. From this result, we suggest the SPP-TER nanocavity as a promising high-quality deep-subwavelength scale resonator, which is an essential ingredient in nanophotonics.
Enhanced absorption in two-dimensional materials via Fano-resonant photonic crystals
Authors: Wang Wenyi , Klots Andrey , Yang Yuanmu , Li Wei , Kravchenko Ivan I. , Briggs Dayrl P. , Bolotin Kirill I. , Valentine Jason
Published: May 2015

The use of two-dimensional (2D) materials in optoelectronics has attracted much attention due to their fascinating optical and electrical properties. However, the low optical absorption of 2D materials arising from their atomic thickness limits the maximum attainable external quantum efficiency. For example, in the visible and near-infrared regimes monolayer MoS2 and graphene absorb only ∼10% and 2.3% of incoming light, respectively. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the use of Fano-resonant photonic crystals to significantly boost absorption in atomically thin materials. Using graphene as a test bed, we demonstrate that absorption in the monolayer thick material can be enhanced to 77% within the telecommunications band, the highest value reported to date. We also show that the absorption in the Fano-resonant structure is non-local, with light propagating up to 16 μm within the structure. This property is particularly beneficial in harvesting light from large areas in field-effect-transistor based graphene photodetectors in which separation of photo-generated carriers only occurs ∼0.2 μm adjacent to the graphene/electrode interface.
Linking strain anisotropy and plasticity in copper metallization
Authors: Murray Conal E. , Jordan-Sweet Jean , Priyadarshini Deepika , Nguyen Son
Published: May 2015

The elastic anisotropy of copper leads to significant variation in the x-ray elastic constants (XEC), which link diffraction-based strain measurements to stress. An accurate depiction of the mechanical response in copper thin films requires a determination of an appropriate grain interaction model that lies between Voigt and Reuss limits. It is shown that the associated XEC weighting fraction, x*, between these limits provides a metric by which strain anisotropy can be quantified. Experimental values of x*, as determined by a linear regression scheme of diffraction data collected from multiple reflections, reveal the degree of strain anisotropy and its dependence on plastic deformation induced during in-situ and ex-situ thermal treatments.
Effect of ambient on the resistance fluctuations of graphene
Authors: Amin Kazi Rafsanjani , Bid Aveek
Published: May 2015

In this letter, we present the results of systematic experimental investigations of the effect of different chemical environments on the low frequency resistance fluctuations of single layer graphene field effect transistors. The shape of the power spectral density of noise was found to be determined by the energetics of the adsorption-desorption of molecules from the graphene surface making it the dominant source of noise in these devices. We also demonstrate a method of quantitatively determining the adsorption energies of chemicals on graphene surface based on noise measurements. We find that the magnitude of noise is extremely sensitive to the nature and amount of the chemical species present. We propose that a chemical sensor based on the measurement of low frequency resistance fluctuations of single layer graphene field effect transistor devices will have extremely high sensitivity, very high specificity, high fidelity, and fast response times.
Near-field acoustic microbead trapping as remote anchor for single particle manipulation
Authors: Hwang Jae Youn , Cheon Dong Young , Shin Hyunjune , Kim Hyun Bin , Lee Jungwoo
Published: May 2015

We recently proposed an analytical model of a two-dimensional acoustic trapping of polystyrene beads in the ray acoustics regime, where a bead diameter is larger than the wavelength used. As its experimental validation, this paper demonstrates the transverse (or lateral) trapping of individual polystyrene beads in the near field of focused ultrasound. A 100 μm bead is immobilized on the central beam axis by a focused sound beam from a 30 MHz single element lithium niobate transducer, after being laterally displaced through hundreds of micrometers. Maximum displacement, a longest lateral distance at which a trapped bead can be directed towards the central axis, is thus measured over a discrete frequency range from 24 MHz to 36 MHz. The displacement data are found to be between 323.7 μm and 470.2 μm, depending on the transducer's driving frequency and input voltage amplitude. The experimental results are compared with their corresponding model values, and their relative errors lie between 0.9% and 3.9%. The results suggest that this remote maneuvering technique may be employed to manipulate individual cells through solid microbeads, provoking certain cellular reactions to localized mechanical disturbance without direct contact.
Spin-driven multiferroics in BaYFeO4
Authors: Cong Jun-Zhuang , Shen Shi-Peng , Chai Yi-Sheng , Yan Li-Qin , Shang Da-Shan , Wang Shou-Guo , Sun Young
Published: May 2015

We report on the spin-driven multiferroic property and magnetoelectric effect in the lately synthesized compound BaYFeO4. Due to its peculiar crystal structure, the system exhibits complex magnetic phases with multiple transitions. The dielectric and pyroelectric measurements evidence a spin-driven multiferroic state raised by the cycloidal spin structure below T1 = 36 K. Strong magnetoelectric effect has also been observed in the multiferroic state. The origin of noncollinear cycloidal spin structure in BaYFeO4 is believed to arise from the interactions between low-dimensional magnetic columns.