bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le partenariat dans la prévention du crime en milieu urbain : les défis d'une culture à consolider
Authors: Paquin Sophie
Published: November 2011

Le partenariat pour la prévention du crime constitue une approche de plus en plus populaire dans la coproduction de la sécurité des collectivités. Toutefois, une certaine confusion et un usage inadéquat existent avec le terme de parte-nariat. Afin de clarifier ce concept, cette étude définit le partenariat et ce qui le distingue des autres modes d'actions collectives. Une enquête a été menée auprès des principaux spécialistes de la prévention du crime au Québec pour connaître leurs perceptions et expériences de la démarche partenariale. L'ana-lyse des résultats de l'enquête souligne que le partenariat multidisciplinaire permet un accès bonifié aux ressources et aux clientèles, favorise le réseautage des partenaires, améliore les résultats des actions et procure un diagnostic de sécurité plus complet. Certaines conditions faciliteraient aussi l'élaboration et le fonctionnement du partenariat. Par contre, le peu de temps habituellement alloué à la consolidation de la démarche partenariale, les changements dans les structures, les cultures organisationnelles difficiles à concilier et la précarité financière des organismes sont des facteurs qui peuvent nuire au partenariat. Dans le contexte sociopolitique actuel, les partenariats en prévention du crime vont se multiplier malgré des conditions de base importantes à satisfaire. Des enjeux majeurs demeurent et vont influencer les débats sur les nouveaux partenariats, particulièrement le manque d'imputabilité des regroupements partenariaux et l'essoufflement des organisations qui, dans un contexte de précarité, ne cessent d'être sollicitées pour de nouveaux partenariats. Le parte-nariat amène donc une série de défis pour l'ensemble des acteurs en prévention du crime.
Crime and Crime Prevention in South Africa: 10 Years After
Authors: Plessis Anton , Louw Antoinette
Published: November 2011

South Africa's transition since 1994 has required an extensive overhaul of its institutions and laws. The last 10 years have been characterized by a flurry of new policies and legislation in the criminal justice sector. After 1994, one of the government's priorities was the National Crime Prevention Strategy (NCPS). The NCPS recognized the social and developmental causes of crime, as well as the need to involve a range of government departments and civil society partnerships. The strategy has, however, lost momentum as a result of public and political pressure to deliver decisive, short-term solutions. Since 1999, the government's focus has been on tough law enforcement interventions and on passing new laws aimed at improving criminal justice functioning. This article argues that South Africa's criminal justice system has performed well considering the challenges it has faced since 1994. The task now is to deal with increasingly negative public perceptions of safety and renew efforts to prevent crime by tackling the social and developmental factors that are beyond the scope of the police and courts.
Crime Prevention through Environmental Design: Discourses of Risk, Social Control, and a Neo-liberal Context
Authors: Parnaby Patrick
Published: November 2011

This article explores the means by which crime-related risks are discursively framed by practitioners and supporters of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED). It will argue that crime-related risks are framed in three interrelated ways: first, as forms of foreseeable danger; second, as depoliticized potentialities; and third, as potentialities that require complete responsibilization. It is argued that these discursive practices constitute the means by which practitioners legitimate their area of professional expertise while at the same time providing them with an opportunity to exercise pastoral control over their client(s). Furthermore, it is argued that these frames demonstrate how "risk" has become an important discourse through which neo-liberal governmentalities (Foucault 1991) with respect to crime control are actualized.
Improving the Effectiveness of the National DNA Data Bank: A Consideration of the Criminal Antecedents of Predatory Sexual Offenders
Authors: House John , Cullen Richard , Snook Brent , Noble Paul
Published: November 2011

This study assessed the effectiveness of the DNA Identification Act by examining whether 106 predatory sexual murderers and 85 predatory sexual assaulters had earlier convictions for offences that require offenders to provide a DNA profile to the National DNA Data Bank (NDDB). Offenders' criminal records were checked for convictions of primary and secondary designated offences, as stipulated by the act, and of non-designated offences that occurred prior to the murder or assault. A majority of the murderers (68%) and assaulters (59%) had no primary designated offence convictions; 50% of the murderers and 37% of the assaulters had no secondary designated offence convictions; and 39% of the murderers and 28% of the assaulters had no prior convictions for any designated offence. Overall, the largest number of prior convictions was for non-designated offences and the smallest for primary designated offences. Previous convictions for theft (non-designated) and breaking and entering (secondary) were most prevalent among the murderers and assaulters. Results suggest that the effectiveness of the NDDB for the identification of sexual predators may be improved by requiring mandatory provision of DNA samples following convictions for some non-designated and secondary designated offences.
Sécurité nationale et sécurité globale: l'adaptation des services de renseignements français
Authors: Ocqueteau Frédéric
Published: November 2011

Depuis les attentats américains de 2001, tous les services de renseignement ont été invités à se réorganiser, constat ayant été dressé de leur mauvaise réactivité à l'égard des nouvelles menaces. En France, deux phénomènes se jouent simultanément: les services de renseignement des ministères de la Défense et de l'Intérieur sont invités à coopérer plus efficacement tout en restant secrets. Une grammaire novatrice dite de la << sécurité globale >>, issue des cercles préfectoraux, semble accompagner cette intention. L'article en interroge les prémisses à l'aide de documents restés confidentiels. Faute d'interroger les pratiques réelles, la présente réflexion esquisse la nature des changements souhaités dans les bureaucraties régaliennes de l'État, dont le contrôle citoyen doit rester soigneusement dépossédé.
Homicide and Medical Science: Is There a Relationship?
Authors: Andresen Martin A.
Published: November 2011

Violent crime remains high in the United States and Canada. Some have hypothesized that there is a disparity between the trend of the rate of aggravated assault (as well as violent crime, in general), on the one hand, and the trend of the rate of homicide, on the other, and that this disparity can be explained by decreases in trauma mortality rates. This hypothesis is supported through the ‘‘lethality approach’’ that measures the proportion of actual deaths (homicides) relative to potential deaths (homicides and aggravated assaults) in criminal activity. The present article shows that the lethality approach is sensitive to data definitions and that there is no disparity between the trends of the rates of aggravated assault and of homicide.
What Happens When the Author Does Not Provide an Abstract
Authors: Fulda Joseph
Published: November 2011

The abstracts that appear in the many online databases produced by indexing and abstracting services (hereafter IAS) may be the only chance most of your potential audience will have to decide whether to read what you write. If you don't write an abstract, there are only two alternatives: Your article will be indexed but not abstracted by IAS, or IAS will write their own abstract; both alternatives may redound to your disadvantage down the line in quite unforeseen ways. This article provides some case studies that drive this generality home.
The State of Scholarly Journal Publishing: 1981-2000
Authors: Greco Albert , Wharton Robert , Estelami Hooman , Jones Robert
Published: November 2011

Scholarly journals play a substantive role in the dissemination of knowledge among academics, and university presses have been exceptionally active as journal publishers. But since 1981 a series of events has affected, and in some instance adversely affected, journal publishing.
A System Destabilized: Scholarly Books Today
Authors: Dalton Margaret
Published: November 2011

In the last twenty years, economic, social, political, and technological forces have converged to produce an unstable present and an uncertain future for the scholarly monograph, the principal form of scholarly communication in the humanities and a form of importance in other areas. This article examines the concerns and problems of each of the interested parties: publishers, booksellers and librarians, readers, and authors. It emphasizes the interrelated character of the system.
Significance of Confined Dynamic Modulus Laboratory Testing for Asphalt Concrete
Authors: Zeiada Waleed Abd-Elaziz , Kaloush Kamil E. , Biligiri Krishna Prapoorna , Reed Jordan Xavier , Stempihar Jeffrey J.
Published: November 2011

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of confinement on the dynamic modulus E* values for different asphalt mixtures. Traditionally, only unconfined tests have been conducted, mainly driven by the simplicity of the test procedure and laboratory equipment needs. In addition, the moduli of the most widely used, dense-graded (conventional) asphalt mixtures are thought to be less influenced by confined testing. However, the increased use of gap- and open-graded asphalt mixtures necessitates the consideration of confined laboratory testing to obtain their true material properties. After five confinement levels were evaluated, a stress of 138 kPa (20 psi) was selected as a rational confinement level for confined E* laboratory testing, because an increase of confining stress beyond 138 kPa did not significantly increase the moduli of the mixtures. The scope of work included testing and analyses of 26 mixtures: four conventional, 12 gap-graded, and 10 open-graded mixtures. The AASHTO TP62-07 procedure was used to measure E* values of the asphalt mixtures in both unconfined and confined states of stresses. Results for the conventional mixtures showed that there was no significant effect of confinement at lower temperatures, but the confined moduli were higher at the highest test temperature. For the gap- and open-graded mixtures, confined test values were higher than unconfined test values at all test temperatures. Statistical hypothesis testing of the data confirmed these findings.
Evaluation of Fracture Toughness of Semirigid Asphalt Concretes at Low Temperatures
Authors: Baek Sung-Hyun , Hong Jun-Pyo , Kim Sung Un , Choi Jung-Soon , Kim Kwang-Woo
Published: November 2011

The fracture characteristics of semirigid asphalt concrete (SRAC) prepared from a highly porous asphalt mixture (matrix) with 18% to 22% air voids and cement paste were evaluated. Two asphalt binders and several polymer-modified cement pastes that were grouted into the porous matrix were used. The SRAC beam specimen was prepared, and an initial notch was made by cutting with a saw at the bottom center of each beam for the static three-point bending (3PB) test at low temperatures (10°C, 0°C, and −10°C). Fracture toughness (KIC) was calculated with 3PB test data to examine the fracture resistance of the SRAC. The two SRAC binders, a normal asphalt (PG 64-22) and a polymer-modified asphalt (PG 76-22), exhibited significant differences in KIC values within the temperature and the paste type. The SRAC using PG 76-22 showed KIC values 17% higher than the SRAC using PG 64-22 at −10°C. Therefore, the SRAC using PG 76-22 binder is expected to have better low-temperature fracture resistance than the SRAC using PG 64-22 binder in the region where the low temperature commonly reaches −10°C.
Factors that Affect Cracking Performance in Hot-Mix Asphalt Mix Design
Authors: Hu Sheng , Zhou Fujie , Scullion Thomas
Published: November 2011

It is well known that cracking resistance of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) mixtures is influenced by many factors, such as the asphalt binder type, binder content, aggregate gradation, aggregate type, and volumetric parameters of mixtures. The Texas Transportation Institute's overlay tester (OT) was used to evaluate cracking performance in terms of number of cycles to failure (NOT), and an experimental design was undertaken to cover the many combinations of aggregates, gradations, and asphalt binders. Through extensive laboratory tests and statistical analyses, the most significant factors that affected cracking performance were identified. Corresponding NOT prediction models were developed with high R2 values (approximately .9). With these models, the minimum asphalt content for different HMA mixtures was estimated, and the lower limits of asphalt content during mix design were recommended. Finally, the models and recommended values were preliminarily verified with asphalt overlay test sections on Interstate 20 near Atlanta, Texas.
Laboratory Evaluation of Asphalt Binders and Mixtures Containing Polyphosphoric Acid
Authors: Li Xinjun , Clyne Timothy , Reinke Gerald , Johnson Eddie N. , Gibson Nelson , Kutay M. Emin
Published: November 2011

Four modified asphalt binders were investigated for performance grade, multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR), mixture dynamic modulus, and mixture fatigue resistance: polyphosphoric acid (PPA) only, PPA plus Elvaloy, styrene–butadiene–styrene (SBS) only, and SBS plus PPA. MSCR data indicated that the binder modified with PPA only had the highest nonrecoverable compliance and lowest percentage of recovery, whereas the binders modified with PPA plus Elvaloy and with SBS plus PPA were best, with the lowest nonrecoverable compliance and highest percentage of recovery, depending on whether the extracted or laboratory binder was evaluated. The dynamic modulus test results illustrated a smaller difference between mixtures, except where the binder modified with PPA plus Elvaloy had a more desirable variation in stiffness (e.g., softer at high frequencies and low temperatures, and slightly stiffer at low frequencies and high temperatures). The fatigue life ranking was different before the data were normalized for controlled strain conditions with the use of viscoelastic continuum damage principles. Without normalization, data from the two SBS-modified mixtures (with and without PPA) had the highest average fatigue life; however, with normalization, the data for mixtures modified with PPA plus Elvaloy exhibited the highest average fatigue life. Implications of the results are that PPA modification strategies can provide adequate resistance to rutting and moisture damage and that modification with PPA only is not the same as (and is statistically less resistant to fatigue cracking than) modification with polymer or with polymer plus PPA. Also, comparable fatigue cracking resistance can be achieved with the use of SBS alone or SBS plus PPA, which uses less polymer in conjunction with PPA.
Evaluation of Predictive Models for Estimating Dynamic Modulus of Hot-Mix Asphalt in Oklahoma
Authors: Singh Dharamveer , Zaman Musharraf , Commuri Sesh
Published: November 2011

Long-term performance of an asphalt pavement depends not only on the material properties but also on the stiffness achieved during compaction. Because the determination of stiffness during construction is not straightforward, a common approach uses predictive models to estimate the dynamic modulus of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) specimens. Four predictive models—the Witczak 1999, Witczak 2006, Hirsch, and Al-Khateeb models—were evaluated for their use in estimating the dynamic modulus of selected HMA mixtures that are commonly used in Oklahoma. Five mixes representing various aggregate sources, aggregate sizes, binder grades, and air void levels were tested in the laboratory, and the measured dynamic modulus of each mix was compared with the value predicted by each of the models. The performance of each predictive model was evaluated by three approaches: goodness-of-fit statistics, comparison of the measured and predicted values, and local bias statistics (slope, intercept, and average error). Analyses of the results showed that the predictive power of each model varied with the temperature and air void levels of a compacted specimen. Calibration factors were developed for each model to obtain an accurate estimate of dynamic modulus. The calibration factors are helpful for Level 2 and Level 3 designs of the Mechanistic–Empirical Pavement Design Guide.
Determination of Crack Size Distribution in Asphalt Mixtures
Authors: Luo Rong , Lytton Robert L.
Published: November 2011

It is a well-known empirical fact that an asphalt mixture with a high percentage of air voids fatigues rapidly. Under repeated loading, air voids grow into cracks. A void or a crack radius follows a Weibull distribution, from which it is possible to determine both the mean air void or crack size and its variance. The ability to measure the size distribution is important in all models of aging and moisture damage. Two mixtures with the same mean air void radius may have strikingly different rates of crack propagation, aging, and moisture damage because of the size of the variance of the air void or the crack size. This paper demonstrates how to make an accurate determination of the air void and subsequent growing crack radius distribution with X-ray computed tomography (CT) and a repeated direct tension test. The proposed Weibull distribution model is more realistic than the model developed solely on the basis of results from the X-ray CT system, which does not take into account air voids and cracks smaller than the minimum detectable air voids and cracks. The accurate measurement and determination of the initial distribution of air void sizes and the subsequent distributions of the growing cracks are necessary to the development of realistic predictive models of aging and moisture damage as well as of fatigue and thermal cracking.
Evaluation of Dynamic Modulus Predictive Equations for Southeastern United States Asphalt Mixtures
Authors: Robbins Mary M. , Timm David H.
Published: November 2011

Mechanistic–empirical pavement design has recently come to the forefront of design, with many states looking to the Mechanistic–Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) as their future primary design method. Central to any flexible pavement mechanistic–empirical design framework is the characterization of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) through the use of dynamic modulus E*. Because expensive and specialized equipment is required to measure E* in the laboratory, predictive E* equations that use binder and mixture properties to estimate E* at various frequencies and temperatures must be evaluated. There are currently three global E* predictive equations, two of which are used at Levels 2 and 3 in the MEPDG. These three models (Witczak 1–37A, Witczak 1–40D, and Hirsch) were evaluated with the use of 18 HMA plant-produced, lab-compacted mixtures (representative of general-use mixtures used in the southeastern United States) that were placed at the 2006 National Center for Asphalt Testing test track. E* predictions were made at three temperatures and three frequencies for direct comparison with measured values. The Witczak models had the greatest deviation from measured values, and the Witczak 1–40D model overestimated E* by approximately 61%. The Hirsch model most accurately predicted the moduli for the 2006 test track mixtures. Calibration of the Hirsch model for these mixtures indicated that the Poisson ratio selected for the asphalt binder had little effect on its prediction capabilities. The little improvement resulting from calibration proves that this step is unnecessary.
Day-to-Day Choice to Commute or Not by Bicycle
Authors: Heinen Eva , Maat Kees , van Wee Bert
Published: November 2011

This paper, using longitudinal data for 633 part-time bicycle commuters, investigates day-to-day decisions to commute by bicycle. Previous research has investigated mode choice, travel destination, and other travel choices for 1 day only. However, it cannot be assumed that travel choices do not vary from day to day and that most individuals travel by the same transportation mode every day. Day-to-day decisions to cycle are affected by work characteristics, commute journey characteristics, and weather conditions. More specifically, workers wearing business attire, needing to transport goods, needing a car during office hours, having longer commute distances, commuting in the dark, and facing a higher wind speed or a more or longer duration of rain are less likely to commute by bicycle. Positive effects were found for temperature and the duration of sunshine. The results show that factors that can differ on a daily basis largely influence bicycle mode choice from day to day. The results show that two groups of part-time cyclists exist: occasional cyclists and frequent cyclists. Whereas the decisions of occasional cyclists to commute by bicycle are more affected by positive weather conditions, frequent cyclists are discouraged from cycling by more practical barriers, including wind speed and the need to be at multiple locations.
Continuous Activity Planning for Continuous Traffic Simulation
Authors: Märki Fabian , Charypar David , Axhausen Kay W.
Published: November 2011

This paper introduces a microscopic traffic simulation that continuously simulates activity-based agent behavior. Rather than using iterative optimization, which builds on stochastic user equilibria, the simulation uses a continuous planning approach. This approach's behavioral model uses the concept of needs to model human demands. Several intuitive parameters control demand and facilitate calibration of various behaviors. These behaviors originate from a planning heuristic making just-in-time decisions about upcoming activities that an agent should execute. The planning heuristic bases its decisions on agents' current need levels and their short-term development. The model is illustrated through simulation runs, and directions for future research are suggested.
A New Generation
Authors: Kuhnimhof Tobias , Buehler Ralph , Dargay Joyce
Published: November 2011

Like other industrialized countries, Germany and Great Britain have experienced increasing motorization over the past five decades. However, results from national travel surveys, vehicle registration statistics, and driver's licensing databases suggest that young Germans and Britons today are less automobile oriented than their parents' generation. The paper sheds light on this trend, with a focus on the group of 20- to 29-year-olds. The analysis finds decreasing car availability, a significant reduction of automobile mileage, increases in the use of other modes, and growing multimodal behavior of the young, with men reducing their automobile travel more than women. Even though the development is more pronounced in Germany, the similarity of the changes in young people's mobility patterns in the two countries is striking. This similarity suggests that the observed changes in travel behavior are not an idiosyncratic development in one country. Instead, the similarity may indicate a structural change in travel behavior that may be found in other Western countries. The paper substantiates findings of changes in trends in mobility patterns of young adults and identifies important storylines of this development on the basis of a harmonized international comparison. Finally, the paper intends to stimulate a discussion and research about reasons for these changes in mobility trends.
Exploring the Role of Psychological Factors in Mode Choice Models by a Latent Variables Approach
Authors: Galdames Camila , Tudela Alejandro , Carrasco Juan-Antonio
Published: November 2011

The literature has suggested that explicit consideration of psychological factors might help in understanding the transport decision-making process by individuals. Nevertheless, few attempts have been made to measure these psychological factors explicitly. Fortunately, social psychology provides an appropriate theoretical framework by which to consider the effects of psychological and contextual aspects on the individual decision-making process. This work studies the role of psychological factors in the mode choice process. Measurement of these factors was made with psychometric tools, which were fit into discrete choice models through a latent variables approach by use of path analysis. Triandis's theory of interpersonal behavior was used as the theoretical framework: observed behavior corresponds to an intention that is mediated by habit and facilitating conditions, with intention depending on three factors: attitude, affect, and social aspects. The data used were collected from a survey that was conducted in 2007 and 2008. The respondents were university lecturers, researchers, and clerical officers who were contacted and interviewed at their workplace about their morning trip to work. The levels of service and cost attributes of the travel modes and socioeconomic and psychometric data for the users were gathered as well. A sample of 409 records was initially available for the estimation process. Inclusion of psychological factors through a latent variables approach helped to improve the fitness level of revealed preference models and to provide an understanding of the role of level-of-service and cost attributes in the decision-making process.
Grocery Shopping
Authors: Jiao Junfeng , Moudon Anne Vernez , Drewnowski Adam
Published: November 2011

This research investigated the influences of socioeconomic characteristics of individual travelers and of the environments where the travelers live and shop on choice of travel mode for grocery shopping. The data on travel for grocery shopping came from 2,001 respondents to the 2009 Seattle Obesity Study survey in King County, Washington. Eighty-eight percent of the respondents drove to their grocery stores, whereas 12% used transit or taxis, walked, biked, or carpooled. The addresses of 1,994 homes and 1,901 primary grocery stores used by respondents were geographically coded. The characteristics of built environments in the neighborhoods around homes and grocery stores and the distances between those homes and stores were measured in a geographic information system. Four binary logistic models estimated the impact of individual socioeconomic characteristics, distance, and built environments around homes and grocery stores on the travel mode used for grocery shopping. Fourteen variables were significantly related to mode choice. The strongest predictors of driving to the grocery store were more cars per adult household member, more adults per household, living in a single-family house, longer distances between homes and grocery stores (both the stores used and the nearest stores), and more at-ground parking around the grocery store used. Higher street density, more quick-service restaurants around homes, and more nonchain grocery stores near the primary grocery store used were related to not driving. Results suggested that reductions of distances between homes and grocery stores, clustering of grocery stores and other food establishments, and reductions in the amount of the parking around them could lead to less driving for grocery shopping.
Behavioral Analysis of Choice of Daily Route with Data from Global Positioning System
Authors: Spissu Erika , Meloni Italo , Sanjust Benedetta
Published: November 2011

This work develops a methodology for converting data from the Global Positioning System (GPS) into observed routes (routes actually taken) to characterize intraindividual and interindividual variability in route choice and to compare observed and minimum-cost routes. Exploration of observed route choice behavior is crucial because the underlying decision-making process is more complex and dynamic for route choice than for other travel choice dimensions. Furthermore, the difficulties associated with collection of data on route choice are reflected in the scarcity of studies on observed behavior and the major simplifications made in traffic assignment models developed for the most common commercial software. The present study analyzes a GPS-based database of 679 routes, collected by a personal probe system called the activity locator over a period of 2 weeks for a sample of 12 students from the University of Cagliari in Italy. In particular, variability in the daily route (for the same individual and for several individuals) and observed deviations of the route from minimum-cost routes have been examined in depth. The results indicate that higher levels of intraindividual variability are found for discretionary trips, whereas higher levels of interindividual variability, as well as greater deviation from minimum-cost routes, are associated with work or study trips.
New Credit Mechanism for Semicooperative Agent-Mediated Joint Activity–Travel Scheduling
Authors: Ma Huiye , Ronald Nicole , Arentze Theo A. , Timmermans Harry J. P.
Published: November 2011

Joint activities have been investigated primarily in the context of household-based models of travel demand. The joint decision requires agreement about several issues. Each participant, on the one hand, tries to cooperate with others to reach an agreement on the joint activity and, on the other hand, tries to maximize his or her own benefit. Given such a semicooperative environment, the methods of joint activity scheduling cannot be directly extended. Negotiation is a suitable approach to reach an agreement on multiple issues and decide on a joint activity. This study adopted a multiplayer, multi-issue, multilateral negotiation model by which agents sequentially submitted proposals in consecutive rounds until a deadline. A new credit mechanism for the agents under conditions of incomplete information was proposed. Credit encouraged agents to do favors by compromising in return for agreement on other issues. Some preliminary experimental results show how three agents focusing on four issues related to a joint activity come to an agreement on those issues. The study demonstrates that the number of agreements is improved and that the average number of rounds before an agreement is reached is much smaller than that in a process in which no credit system is used.
Modeling the Influence of Family, Social Context, and Spatial Proximity on Use of Nonmotorized Transport Mode
Authors: Ferdous Nazneen , Pendyala Ram M. , Bhat Chandra R. , Konduri Karthik C.
Published: November 2011

This paper presents a joint model of the duration of walking and bicycling activity with the use of a hazard-based specification that recognizes the interval nature of time reported in activity–travel surveys. The model structure takes the form of a multilevel hazard-based model system that accounts for the range of interactions and spatial effects that might affect walking and bicycling mode use. In addition to the individual-specific factors, family (household-specific) interactions, social group (peer) influences, and spatial clustering effects are considered potential factors that contribute to heterogeneity in nonmotorized transport mode use behavior. The model system presented is capable of accommodating grouped duration responses often encountered in activity–travel surveys. A composite marginal likelihood estimation approach is adopted to estimate parameters in a computationally tractable manner. The model system is applied to a survey sample drawn from the recent 2009 National Household Travel Survey in the United States. Model results show that significant unobserved family-level, social group, and spatial proximity effects contribute to heterogeneity in walking and bicycling activity duration. The unobserved effects were also found to have a differential impact on bicycling activity duration, thus suggesting the need to treat and model walking and bicycling separately in transportation modeling systems.
Changes in Variations of Travel Time Expenditure
Authors: Chikaraishi Makoto , Fujiwara Akimasa , Zhang Junyi , Axhausen Kay W. , Zumkeller Dirk
Published: November 2011

To improve methods of evaluating the benefits from investments in the transport infrastructure, this paper attempts to develop a method for capturing changes in variations in travel time expenditure and shows empirical results from data from the German Mobility Panel, a multiday and multiperiod panel survey. The proposed methodology can simultaneously and explicitly deal with changes and variations. The empirical analysis indicates that over time, travel time expenditures become more dependent on situational attributes than on individual or household attributes; such dependence implies that travel time expenditures change toward diversification and that longer periods of behavioral observation to describe people's travel time expenditures become more important. The results also imply that understanding of the dynamic aspects of behavior is still important and remains a challenging issue to be revisited, not only for improving forecasting models but also for reconsidering the benefits from investment in transportation infrastructure.
Convergent evolution of a complex fruit structure in the tribe Brassiceae (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Hall Jocelyn C. , Tisdale Tracy E. , Donohue Kathleen , Wheeler Andrew , Al‐Yahya Mohammed A. , Kramer Elena M.
Published: November 2011

• Premise of study: Many angiosperms have fruit morphologies that result in seeds from the same plant having different dispersal capabilities. A prime example is found in the Brassiceae (Brassicaceae), which has many members with segmented or heteroarthrocarpic fruits. Since only 40% of the genera are heteroarthrocarpic, this tribe provides an opportunity to study the evolution of an ecologically significant novelty and its variants.

• Methods: We analyzed nuclear (PHYA) and plastid (matK) sequences from 66 accessions using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference approaches. The evolution of heteroarthrocarpy and its variants was evaluated using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood ancestral state reconstructions.

• Key results: Although nuclear and plastid phylogenies are incongruent with each other, the following findings are consistent: (1) Cakile, Crambe, Vella, and Zilla lineages are monophyletic; (2) the Nigra lineage is not monophyletic; and (3) within the Cakile clade, Cakile, Didesmus, and Erucaria are paraphyletic. Despite differences in the matK and PHYA topologies at both deep and shallow nodes, similar patterns of morphological evolution emerge. Heteroarthrocarpy, a complex morphological trait, has evolved multiple times across the tribe. Moreover, there are convergent transitions in dehiscence capabilities and fruit disarticulation across the tribe.

• Conclusions: We present the first explicit analysis of fruit evolution within the Brassiceae, which exemplifies evolutionary lability. The repeated loss and gain of segment dehiscence and disarticulation suggests conservation in the genetic pathway controlling abscission with differential expression across taxa. This study provides a strong foundation for future studies of mechanisms underlying variation in dispersal capabilities of Brassiceae.
Two‐dimensional solute transport for periodic flow in isotropic porous media: an analytical solution
Authors: Yadav R. R. , Jaiswal Dilip Kumar , Gulrana
Published: November 2011

In this article, a mathematical model is presented for the dispersion problem in finite porous media in which the flow is two‐dimensional, the seepage flow velocity is periodic, and dispersion parameter is proportional to the flow velocity. In addition to these, first‐order decay and zero‐order production parameters have also been considered directly proportional to the velocity. Retardation factor is taken into account in the present problem. First‐type boundary condition of periodic nature is considered at the extreme end of the boundary. Mixed‐type boundary condition is assumed at the origin of the domain. A classical mathematical substitution transforms the original advection–dispersion equation into diffusion equation in terms of other dependent and independent variables, with constant coefficients. Laplace transform technique is used to obtain the analytical solution. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Configuration of hydrological processes in a steep hillslope through causality analysis of soil moisture measurements
Authors: Kim Sanghyun
Published: November 2011

The vertical and lateral profiles of temporal variations in soil moisture are important for understanding the hydrological process along hillside transects. In this study, relationships among measured soil moistures were explored to configure the hydrological contributions of different flowpaths. All the measured soil moistures included a common stochastic structure because rainfall, the hydrometeological driver, is the main factor that determines the soil moisture response feature, and the infiltration process through the topsoil at a shallow depth is also common in all measured soil moisture histories. Therefore, the relationships between the measured series are also affected by both rainfall and topsoil infiltration. The common stochastic structure of the soil moisture series was removed via a prewhitening procedure. A systematic analysis procedure is presented to delineate the exclusive causal relationships among multiple soil moisture measurements. A monitoring system based on multiplexed time domain reflectometry was used to obtain soil moisture time series along two transects on a steep hillslope during the rainy season. The application of the proposed method for monitoring points in two adjacent locations provided 8, 12, 14, and 13, 16, 22 causal relationships for vertical, lateral in parallel, and diagonal directions, respectively, along the two transects. The point‐based contributions of the internal flowpath can be evaluated as the correlation is normalized in the context of inflow and outflow. The hydrological processes in the soil layer, vertical flow, lateral flow, downslope recharge, and return flow were quantified, and the relative importance of each hydrological component was determined to improve our understanding of the hydrological processes along the two transects of the study area. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pulmonary diffusing capacity in healthy caucasian children
Authors: Kim Young‐Jee , Hall Graham L. , Christoph Kathy , Tabbey Rebeka , Yu Zhangsheng , Tepper Robert S. , Eigen Howard
Published: November 2011

Previous studies of pulmonary diffusing capacity in children differed greatly in methodologies; numbers of subjects evaluated, and were performed prior to the latest ATS/ERS guidelines. The purpose of our study was to establish reference ranges for the diffusing capacity to carbon monoxide (DLCO) and alveolar volume (VA) in healthy Caucasian children using current international guidelines and contemporary equipment.

Healthy children from the United States (N = 303) and from Australia (N = 176) performed acceptable measurements of single breath pulmonary diffusing capacity and alveolar volume according to current ATS/ERS guidelines. The natural log of DLCO and VA were associated with height, age and an age–sex interaction term, while DLCO/VA was related to height and the age–sex interaction term only. Adjustment of DLCO for hemoglobin (n = 303; USA data only) resulted is a small but significant decrease in DLCO of ∼1% but did not significantly alter the regression equations. In this dataset there was no influence of center for DLCO or DLCO/VA, while Australian children had a statistically smaller VA (mean difference 0.14 L after accounting for height, age and age–sex; P = 0.012).

We report that diffusing capacity outcomes can be collated from multiple centers using similar equipment and collection protocols. Using collated data we have derived regression equations for pulmonary diffusing capacity outcomes in healthy Caucasian children aged 5–19 years. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012; 47:469–475. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Epitaxial lateral overgrowth of InN by rf-plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy
Authors: Kamimura Jumpei , Kishino Katsumi , Kikuchi Akihiko
Published: November 2011

The orientation-dependent lateral growth of InN was studied and the epitaxial lateral overgrowth (ELO) of InN by rf-plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy was demonstrated for the first time using stripe molybdenum (Mo)-mask-patterned sapphire (0001) substrates. Transmission electron microscopy observation revealed a high dislocation density of ∼5x10-9 cm-2 in the window region. By contrast, very few threading dislocations were observed in the wing region. In particular, there were no threading dislocations in the superficial layer of up to 3 μm width. An InN ELO sample exhibited narrow near-IR emission with a peak photon energy of 0.677 eV and a linewidth of 16.7 meV at 4 K.
Salinirepens amamiensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family

Cryomorphaceae

isolated from seawater, and emended descriptions of the genera

Fluviicola

and

Wandonia
Authors: Muramatsu Yuki , Takahashi Mai , Kamakura Yuki , Suzuki Ken-ichiro , Nakagawa Yasuyoshi
Published: November 2011

The taxonomic position of bacterial strain AM11-6T, isolated from seawater in Japan, was determined by using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The strain was a strictly aerobic and Gram-staining-negative slender rod, motile by gliding. The major respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6 and the predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, C14 : 0 and iso-C15 : 1 G. The polar lipid pattern indicated the presence of an unidentified phospholipid, several glycolipids and an unidentified polar lipid. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 36.4 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain AM11-6T clustered with members of the genera

Wandonia

and

Fluviicola

in the family

Cryomorphaceae

of the phylum

Bacteroidetes

. The strain required NaCl and MgCl2 for growth and could be differentiated from members of other genera in the family

Cryomorphaceae

by fatty acid composition and other phenotypic characters. On the basis of these results, we describe the novel genus and species, Salinirepens amamiensis gen. nov., sp. nov. The type strain of Salinirepens amamiensis is AM11-6T ( = NBRC 101268T = NCIMB 14607T). Emended descriptions of the genera

Fluviicola

and

Wandonia

are also proposed.
Pseudarcicella hirudinis gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the skin of the medical leech Hirudo medicinalis
Authors: Kämpfer Peter , Busse Hans-Jürgen , Longaric Igor , Rosselló-Móra Ramon , Galatis Harald , Lodders Nicole
Published: November 2011

A pinkish-pigmented, Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterium, strain E92T, was isolated from the skin of the medical leech Hirudo medicinalis, on R2A agar. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of strain E92T showed a relatively low 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (93.0–93.5 %) to representatives of the genus

Arcicella

and 91.5–92.0 % to members of the genus

Flectobacillus

. The polar lipid profile was composed of the major compounds phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminophospholipid, an unidentified aminolipid and an unidentified polar lipid; glycolipids were not detected. The major quinone was menquinone MK-7, and the major compound in the polyamine pattern was spermidine. The predominant fatty acids were C16 : 1ω5c and C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH (detected as summed feature 3). The isolate did not contain C14 : 0 or the hydroxyl fatty acid iso-C17 : 0 3-OH found in all representatives of the genera

Arcicella

and

Flectobacillus

, but did produce C18 : 1ω7c and 11-methyl C18 : 1ω7c which are not found in these two genera. The DNA G+C content of strain E92T was 64.4 mol%. The unique 16S rRNA gene sequence, and specific chemotaxonomic and physiological data revealed that strain E92T represents a new genus in the family

Cytophagaceae

for which we propose the name Pseudarcicella hirudinis gen. nov., sp. nov., with the type strain of the type species as E92T ( = LMG 26720T = CCM 7988T).
A POS system based on the remote client‐server model in the small business environment
Authors: Kim Young‐Gyun , Lim Jaejoo
Published: November 2011

Purpose

In traditional point‐of‐sale (POS) systems, an in‐house database server processes all sales transactions it receives from local client computers. Such systems incur high costs because of operational requirements, such as professional maintenance, the sophisticated server hardware required, and scalability requirements. For small retailers that want to use POS systems but have relatively limited financial resources, these expensive operational requirements are big obstacles. Considering these issues, the purpose of this paper is to suggest a POS system that is adequate for small businesses.

Design/methodology/approach

Using a simulation method, the authors tested and compared the operational performance of POS systems in two different environments, i.e. the remote server‐client environment and the local server‐client environment.

Findings

One possible solution is for a group of small retailers to use a shared, remote database server, but such servers often have reliability and performance issues. To resolve these issues, the authors suggest a POS system that utilizes local data tables embedded in each client's computer. This system consists of a remote database server and a group of client POS computers with off‐line data‐handling capabilities. The results indicated that it is possible for small businesses to obtain significant benefits from an affordable POS system based on a remote client‐server model that utilizes a local data cache.

Practical implications

The results of this study indicated that small businesses may obtain significant benefit from the affordable POS systems based on a remote client‐server model that utilizes a local data cache.

Originality/value

The literature lacks studies on small businesses' accessibility to POS systems. The study fills this literature gap and shows a technological solution to provide affordable POS systems to small businesses, which have not been paid much attention by POS vendors.