bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
160 Effects of dietary amino acid concentration on digestibility of amino acids in soybean meal and soy protein concentrate fed to growing pigs
Authors: Lee Su A , Stein Hans H
Published: November 2020

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA by growing pigs is not influenced by dietary AA. In Exp. 1, thirty cannulated pigs (BW:31.4 ± 3.9 kg) were allotted to 5 diets. Four diets were formulated to contain 4.7 to 30.4% CP, by including 10, 30, 50, or 70% soybean meal. An N-free diet was used to determine the basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. The model included diet as a fixed variable and polynomial contrasts were used to test linear and quadratic effects of dietary AA. The SID of CP, Lys, Phe, and Thr decreased linearly (P < 0.05) as dietary AA increased (Table 1). However, this effect was primarily a result of the SID of AA in the diet containing 30.4% CP and the SID of CP and most AA was not affected by dietary AA if diets contained 4.7 to 22.1% CP. In Exp. 2, twenty-four cannulated pigs (BW:22.8 ± 1.7 kg) were used. Pigs were allotted to a quadruplicated 6 × 2 Youden square design with 6 diets and 2 periods. Five diets were formulated to contain 6.8 to 31.8% CP, by including 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50% soy protein concentrate. An N-free diet was also used. Data were analyzed as for Exp. 1. The SID of His and Lys decreased quadratically (P < 0.05) with increased dietary AA (Table 2). However, if dietary CP was 26.6% or less, no effect of dietary AA on SID of CP and most indispensable AA was observed. In conclusion, the SID of most AA is not influenced by dietary AA if dietary CP does not exceed around 26%. Hence, the SID of AA in feed ingredients may be determined in diets containing AA below, at, or slightly above requirements without impacting results.
89 Controlling intrinsic pathways to optimize efficiencies of mineral and vitamin use by sows
Authors: Crenshaw Thomas D , Capdeville Mariola Grez , Amundson Laura A
Published: November 2020

Nutrient efficiency concepts seem to have been ignored in applications of diet formulations for the breeding herd, especially for minerals and vitamins. Historically, gestating sows were notably the animal that could withstand marginal, or minimal fortifications of nutrients. The sow was resilient to nutrient inputs. Ample examples illustrate the ability of sows to adapt to marginal nutrient inputs by improvements in efficiency, and thus, avoid reduced productivity. Over-supplementation of nutrients precludes adaptive improvements in efficiency and leads to substantial environmental impacts and economic losses. Failure to focus on optimizing nutrient efficiency contributes to negative consumer perceptions, which imply that modern swine production is not sustainable. Understanding intrinsic pathways provide opportunities to improve nutrient efficiencies for both macro- and micro- minerals, and fat-soluble vitamins. As an example, over-supplementation of 0.10% excess P to sow herd diets equates to an excess of 4,745 metric tons of P that must be accommodated in manure nutrient management plans. The recent global shortage of vitamins captured the attention of nutritionists and raised questions around sufficient safety margins needed for vitamins. Based on our research efforts, the minimal vitamin D requirement for sows is likely around 300 IU D3/kg diet, yet commercial diets are commonly supplemented at 6X that level. The historical recommendations that 1.5X requirements for fat soluble vitamins and 3X requirements for water soluble vitamins provide sufficient safety margins have been largely ignored in current production applications. Does scientific evidence support such extreme over-supplementation? In conclusion, understanding intrinsic pathways to improve gestating sow nutrient efficiencies provides opportunities for significant impacts on the balance between meeting animal needs and minimizing environmental impacts. As an industry our research efforts and practical applications must focus on positive ways to capture nutrient efficiency, especially in mineral and vitamin fortifications, in order to promote a sustainable industry.
87 Energy and lysine utilization and requirements of lactating sows
Authors: Theil Peter K
Published: November 2020

Energy and lysine are the two most important aspects for sow productivity, but how should we understand such a simple thing as feed efficiency in lactating sows? Feed intake, feed composition, utilization of feed ingredients, milk yield, milk composition and body mobilization are the traits that needs to be integrated to understand how efficiently lactating sows utilize their feed.
173 Lysed Corynebacterium glutamicum cell mass from lysine production as a novel feed additive to enhance gut health and growth of newly-weaned pigs
Authors: Cheng Yi-Chi , Duarte Marcos E , Kim Sung Woo
Published: November 2020

The objective was to determine the functional and nutritional values of Corynebacterium glutamicum Cell Mass (CGCM) on growth performance and gut health of newly-weaned pigs. Forty newly-weaned pigs (21 d of age; initial BW 7.1 ± 0.4 kg) were allotted to 5 dietary treatments based on randomized complete block design with sex and BW as blocks. The lysine broth of CGCM (CJ Bio, Fort Dodge, IA) was homogenized by using French press and dried to obtain lysed CGCM. Dietary treatments were: basal diet with lysed CGCM at 0, 0.7, 1.4, 2.1%, and with 1.4% intact CGCM. Experimental diets were formulated based on nutrient requirements (NRC, 2012) and pigs were fed based on 2 phases (10 and 11 d for each phase). Titanium dioxide (0.4%) was added to phase 2 diets as an indigestible external marker to calculate nutrient digestibility. Feed intake and BW were measured at d 0, 10, and 21. Pigs were euthanized on d 21 to collect proximal and distal jejunal mucosa to measure TNF-α, IL-8, MDA, IgA, and IgG concentrations. Diets and ileal digesta were collected to measure AID. Data were analyzed by SAS using MIXED, REG, and GLM procedures. Overall, increasing daily lysed CGCM intake increased (P < 0.05) ADG (211 to 296 g) and ADFI (432 to 501 g). Increasing levels of lysed CGCM decreased (P < 0.05) MDA and changed (quadratic, P < 0.05) IgA (max: 4.90 ng/mg at 1.13%) and IgG (max: 3.37 ng/mg at 1.04%) in the proximal jejunal mucosa. Increasing daily lysed CGCM intake had quadratic effect (P< 0.05) of protein carbonyl (max: 6.3 μmol/mg at 4.9 g/d). Lysed CGCM potentially benefits growth performance and gut health of newly-weaned pigs by reducing oxidative stress and increasing immune response.
174 The effect of a microbial Muramidase on peptidoglycan content in the gut of swine using in-vitro and in-vivo measures
Authors: McCormack Ursula M , Klausen Mikkel , Laprade Lisa A , Christian Sonja , Frederiksen Carsten Østergaard , Walsh Maria C , Tsai Tsungcheng , Maxwell Charles V , Bradley Casey L
Published: November 2020

Bacterial debris in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are continuously being produced by the microbiota present upon bacterial division and death. One of the most abundant components in bacterial debris are peptidoglycans (PGN), a structural cell wall component in gram- positive and negative bacteria. The objective of this work was to investigate if addition of a novel microbial muramidase (Muramidase 007; MUR) that hydrolyzes PGN, would reduce PGN adhesion to porcine intestinal cells in-vitro and hydrolyze PGN in the GIT of swine. Adhesion efficacy of intact and MUR hydrolyzed fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC)-labelled PGN were compared using fluorescence-microscopy (3 wells/condition). Catalytic performance of MUR on intact FITC-labelled PGN adhered to intestinal cells were also tested. In-vivo MUR-supplementation at 50,000 LSU/kg diet to gestating and lactating sows and/or their subsequent offspring for 42-d post-weaning was investigated. Mass-spectroscopy was used to quantify soluble and total muramic acid, which is only found in PGN, in the ileal and cecal digesta (8 piglets/treatment) to calculate percentage soluble-PGN. Cell-culture data were analyzed using GraphPad-Prism 8.0 and in-vivo data using mixed-models in JMP 14.0. MUR hydrolyzed PGN adhered 10x less to the IPEC-J2 cell line culture compared to intact-PGN (P< 0.05). In addition, data show that MUR hydrolyzed PGN attached to cell surfaces by 2x, as attached PGN were also reduced by 50% following MUR incubation (P< 0.05). Offering sows MUR-diets had no carryover effect on the percentage soluble PGN in their piglets’ digesta, and there were no interactions observed for sow x piglet x tract neither (P >0.05). Percentage soluble-PGN increased in piglets fed MUR compared to control-piglets (47.18 vs. 29.84% SEM:1.624; P< 0.001) and was higher in cecal digesta compared to ileal digesta (49.91 vs. 27.11%; SEM:1.634; P< 0.001), irrespective of MUR-supplementation. These results suggest that MUR may reduce PGN adhesion to intestinal cells and may hydrolyze PGN found in the GIT.
183 Isoquinoline alkaloids increase apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids and crude protein and apparent total tract digestibility of crude protein by finishing pigs fed corn-soybean meal diets
Authors: Rundle Carly M , Stein Hans H
Published: November 2020

An experiment was conducted to determine if the inclusion of a preparation of isoquinoline alkaloids (IQ) in corn-soybean meal diets fed to finishing pigs increases the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids (AA) and crude protein (CP) and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of CP and gross energy. Twelve ileal cannulated barrows (BW: 77.2 ± 6.23 kg) were allotted to a triplicated 4 x 3 incomplete Latin square design with 4 diets and 9 replicates per diet. Diets were supplemented with either 0, 40, 80, or 160 mg/kg IQ and with 0.40% titanium dioxide as an indigestible marker. Each collection period lasted 14 d with d 1 through 10 as an adaptation to the diets, fecal samples were taken using the grab sampling technique on d 11 and 12, and ileal digesta were collected for 8 h on d 13 and 14. Data were analyzed using the Proc MIXED procedure of SAS. Contrast statements were used to determine linear and quadratic effects of including IQ in the diets. Results were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05 and considered a trend at 0.05 < P ≤ 0.10. Inclusion of IQ resulted in a quadratic increase (P < 0.05) in the AID of CP and AA in corn-soybean meal diets fed to finishing pigs, with the greatest digestibility values generally observed in the 40 mg/kg IQ treatment. Additionally, IQ resulted in a quadratic increase (P = 0.009) in the ATTD of CP, with the greatest digestibility observed in the 80 mg/kg IQ treatment. Therefore, it was concluded that supplementing corn-soybean meal diets with 40 or 80 mg/kg IQ may increase the AID of CP and AA and ATTD of CP by finishing pigs.
185 Effect of dacitic tuff breccia in nursery diets on pig growth performance and nutrient digestibility
Authors: Garcia Ricardo M , Ferrel Jon , Rulon Karissa N , Thayer Morgan T , Mahoney Julie F , Duttlinger Alan W , Whitmore Flannery J , Chastain Clayton S , Radcliffe John S , Richert Brian T
Published: November 2020

For proper function of many metabolic processes trace element and mineral intake is important. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the addition of a dacitic tuff breccia (DTB), a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate, on nursery pig growth and nutrient digestibility. Dietary treatments were: 1) Control (CON) and 2) CON+0.50% DTB (DTB). Pigs (7.73±0.205 kg; 26 d of age) were individually housed and fed for 20d (n=24, 12/trt). Nutrient digestibility was evaluated using individual metabolism pens for 3d total collection of feces and urine during the last week of evaluation. DTB had no effect on pig performance during week 1 (P >0.28). Week 2 ADG (128 versus 302 g/d; P=0.02), BW (10.63 versus 11.77 kg; P=0.03), and G:F (0.275 versus 0.608; P=0.02) were improved for DTB compared to CON fed pigs. Week 3 ADFI was greater for DTB fed pigs compared to CON (642 vs 768 g/d; P=0.01). Overall (d0-20), DTB fed pigs had greater ADG (279 versus 352 g/d; P=0.04), final BW (13.3 versus 14.8 kg; P=0.04), and numerically greater ADFI (497 versus 558 g/d; P=0.16) and G:F (0.562 versus 0.624; P=0.22) compared to CON. During the collection period, ADG was numerically increased (396 versus 427 g/d; P=0.69) and ADFI (544 vs 668 g/d; P=0.03) was greater for DTB versus CON fed pigs. Nutrient digestibility was not affected by inclusion of DTB in the diet (P >0.05). Digestibility coefficients for CON and DTB, respectively, were: 0.863 and 0.856 for DM; 0.842 and 0.842 for digestible energy; 0.824 and 0.814 for nitrogen; 0.701 and 0.667 for phosphorus; 0.873 and 0.816 for sodium; 0.481 and 0.431 for zinc; 0.517 and 0.458 for iron; and 0.438 and 0.392 for manganese. DTB in nursery pig diets improved growth performance and tended to improve feed intake, but had no effect on nutrient digestibility.
264 Effects of Water Quality on Nursery Pig Performance and Health
Authors: Lozinski Brigit , Frederick Brent , Hilbrands Adrienne , Li Yuzhi , Saqui-Salces Milena , Shurson Gerald C , Urriola Pedro E , Wilson Melissa , Johnston Lee
Published: November 2020

Newly-weaned pigs (n = 450; age = 20 d) were used in a 40-d experiment to determine the effects of water quality on pig performance and health. Pigs were sourced from a single commercial sow farm that was negative for both Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus and Mycoplasma Pneumonia. Pigs were allotted randomly to 45 pens (10 pigs/pen) and pens were assigned to 1 of 3 water treatments that provided water of differing quality. Waters were selected to represent a wide range of perceived water quality. Water quality was determined based on concentration of analytes including sulfates (1,120; 617; 2 ppm), iron (5.4; 5.2; 1.3 ppm), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS; 1,500; 1,050; 348 ppm), hardness (1,410; 909; 235 mg Eq CaCO3/L), magnesium (171; 91; 21 ppm) and sodium (64; 37; 29 ppm) for waters A, B, and C, respectively. Pigs were housed in an environmentally controlled, power ventilated, confinement nursery barn and were allowed ad libitum access to a common three-phase diet and water across all water treatments. Weekly ADG, ADFI, and G:F were measured and subjective scour score (1=solid feces to 4=liquid feces) was recorded daily through day 7. Data for pig growth performance were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX with water quality as a fixed effect and pen served as the experimental unit. There were no differences among treatments in ADG, ADFI, and G:F (Table 1). Number of pigs treated with antibiotics throughout the experiment did not differ among treatments as determined by Chi-Square analysis. Average subjective scour score on day 7 of the experiment also did not differ among treatments. In conclusion, performance and health of nursery pigs as measured in this experiment were not influenced by the differing water qualities studied.
269 Effects of high phytase supplementation in lactation diets on sow and litter performance
Authors: Batson Kelsey L , Calderon Cartagena Hilda I , Goodband Robert D , Woodworth Jason C , Tokach Mike D , Dritz Steve S , DeRouchey Joel M
Published: November 2020

A total of 109 sows (Line 241; DNA, Columbus, NE) were used in a study to evaluate the effect of increasing phytase concentration in lactation diets on sow and litter performance. On d 107 of gestation, sows were blocked by body weight and parity and allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments of increasing phytase concentration (0, 1,000, or 3,000 FYT/kg; Ronozyme HiPhos 2700; DSM Nutritional Products, Inc., Parsippany, NJ). The control diet contained no phytase and was formulated to contain 0.50% standardized total tract digestible phosphorus (STTD P; 0.45% available P) and 0.62% STTD calcium (0.90% total Ca). The same STTD P and Ca concentrations were formulated for the phytase diets considering a release of 0.132 STTD P and 0.094 STTD Ca in both diets. Diets were fed from d 107 of gestation until weaning (d 18 ± 2). Litters were cross-fostered within treatment until 48 h post-farrowing to equalize litter size. Linear and quadratic response to phytase concentration was evaluated using the lmer function in R. There was no evidence for difference in sow body weight change, farrowing performance, wean-to-estrus interval, or litter size among dietary treatments. Sow average daily feed intake from farrowing to weaning tended to increase (linear, P=0.093) as phytase increased. Although not significant (linear, P =0.226), farrowing duration decreased as phytase increased. Litter weaning weight increased (quadratic, P=0.039) and overall litter gain increased (quadratic, P=0.047) with 1,000 FYT of phytase. In summary, sow feed intake tended to increase linearly with increasing phytase; however, feeding 1,000 FYT/kg maximized overall litter gain and weaning weight. This small-scale study suggests sow and litter performance benefits due to high inclusions of dietary phytase; however, a commercial trial with more sows is warranted to confirm these results.
26 Factors effecting collection characteristics in beef bulls at an artificial insemination facility
Authors: Hartman Ashley , Butler Madison L , McCabe Esther D , Goodenow Nicole , Tucker Sharon , Bormann Jennifer M , Grieger David M
Published: November 2020

Increased genomic information available for young bulls has decreased age at time of semen collection. Factors effecting collection characteristics include collection method (electro ejaculate (EE), or artificial vagina (AV), and the number of ejaculates collected. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of managerial factors on collection characteristics. From 2008 to 2018, 11,642 individual ejaculates were analyzed by a single technician at the Kansas Artificial Breeding Service Unit. Bulls that were not receptive to the AV after 3 or 4 attempts, were subject to EE. Collection characteristics were evaluated using multiple regression models; fixed effects included collection method, sequence of ejaculates collected per day, and were evaluated for their impact on collection characteristics. Progressive motility before freezing was greater (P< 0.0001) for bulls collected with EE compared to AV. Ejaculate volume for EE collections was greater (P< 0.0001) than those collected with AV. Percent spermatozoa with secondary abnormalities was greater (P< 0.05) for bulls collected with EE compared to AV. Concentration of spermatozoa per mL was less (P< 0.0001) for bulls collected with an EE (514 x106) compared to AV (617 x106). Total number of straws frozen per ejaculate were less (P< 0.001) for bulls collected with EE (94) compared to AV (108). The number of ejaculates collected per day was significant for the percent of spermatozoa with secondary abnormalities (P< 0.001). As ejaculate number per day increased, the concentration of spermatozoa decreased (713, 580, 535, and 434 x 106 per ml respectively; P< 0.0001) and the number of straws frozen per ejaculate decreased (123, 107, 93, and 82 respectively; P < 0.0001). In conclusion, AV collections resulted in a higher number of straws frozen. The method of collection could cause a significant impact when collecting young high demand bulls.
29 Influence of dietary manganese source on the corpus luteum proteome in pigs
Authors: Studer Jamie M , Kiefer Zoe , Keating Aileen F , Baumgard Lance H , Olsen Kristin M , Rambo Zachary , Wilson Mark E , Rapp Christof , Ross Jason W
Published: November 2020

Functional corpora lutea (CL) are required for pregnancy establishment and gestational maintenance in swine. Manganese (Mn) could be critical in regulating CL function since it is a cofactor for the enzyme Mn superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) as well as enzymes involved in progesterone (P4) synthesis. We hypothesized a more bioavailable dietary Mn source would increase CL Mn content thereby influencing luteal function during the mid-luteal phase of the estrous cycle. Post-pubertal gilts (n = 32) were assigned to one of four gestation diets. The control diet (CON) met or exceeded NRC requirements and was formulated to contain 20 ppm added Mn in the form of Mn sulfate. Three additional diets included 20 (TRT1), 40 (TRT2) or 60 (TRT3) ppm Mn from a Mn-amino acid complex (Availa-Mn; Zinpro Corporation) in place of Mn sulfate. Dietary treatment began at estrus synchronization onset and continued through D12 of the ensuing estrous cycle when gilts were euthanized. Mn content increased (P ≤ 0.06) 19, 21 and 24% in CLs of gilts fed TRT1, TRT2, and TRT3, respectively, and luteal P4 concentration decreased (P ≤ 0.03) 25, 26, and 32% in gilts fed TRT1, TRT2, and TRT3, respectively, compared to CON. Total CL protein was extracted and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was performed to assess global protein abundance. Compared to CON, 29, 105, and 118 proteins were differentially abundant (P < 0.01) in TRT1, TRT2, and TRT3, respectively. KEGG pathway analysis revealed proteins involved in P4 signaling (membrane-associated P4 receptor component 2) and cholesterol synthesis and transport (mevalonate kinase, diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase, low density lipoprotein receptor) were downregulated in response to Availa-Mn. Collectively, these data support the posit that dietary Mn source affects Mn accumulation and P4 concentration in CL tissue and influences protein abundance which may affect CL function.
231 Impact of Brachyspira hyodysentariae on intestinal function and integrity
Authors: Helm Emma T , Lin Susanne J , Gabler Nicholas , Burrough Eric R
Published: November 2020

Swine dysentery (SD) induced by Brachyspira hyodysentariae (Bhyo) causes colitis and mucohemorrhagic diarrhea in grow-finish pigs, however little is known about the physiological changes that occur to the gastrointestinal tract during Bhyo infection. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of a Bhyo challenge on intestinal function and integrity of pigs fed two divergent diets. A total of 36 Bhyo negative gilts (24.3 ± 3.6 kg BW) were selected and assigned to one of three treatment groups (n=12 pigs/trt): 1) Bhyo negative, 20% DDGS diet (CON), 2) Bhyo challenged, 20% DDGS diet (DDGS), and 3) Bhyo challenged, 10% DDGS, 5% beet pulp and 5% resistant potato starch diet (RS). Pigs were fed diets 21 days prior to challenge and on days post inoculation (dpi) 0 and 1, pigs were inoculated with Bhyo or sham. Fecal samples were collected for ATTD and pigs were euthanized for colon collection within 72 hours of initial observation of clinical SD, or at the end of the study (dpi 10-16). Tissues were assessed for ex vivo measures of intestinal integrity and mitochondrial function. The challenge resulted in high morbidity, with 88% of DDGS and RS pigs developing clinical SD. Colon transepithelial resistance was increased in DDGS pigs compared with CON and RS pigs (P=0.005), and colon macromolecule permeability was reduced in both DDGS and RS pigs compared with CON pigs (P=0.006), likely due to mucoid discharge. Colonic mitochondrial oxygen consumption was not impacted by treatment (P >0.10). Further, ATTD of DM, OM, N, and GE were reduced in DDGS pigs compared with CON pigs (P< 0.001), whilst nutrient digestibility was not reduced in RS pigs. Taken together, these data show Bhyo does not appear to reduce ex vivo colonic integrity. Further, the RS diet may reduce severity of a Bhyo challenge.
232 Reduced growth performance during viral challenge primarily results from disease hypophagia
Authors: Todd Blaire , Becker Larissa , Gabler Nicholas
Published: November 2020

Reductions in voluntary feed intake during disease, or disease hypophagia, is a common phenotype observed in nearly all species. However, the extent to which disease hypophagia explains attenuated pig performance during disease is poorly defined. The objective of this study was to describe the extent to which hypophagia explains pig performance during a Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) virus challenge. Twenty-four PRRS naïve barrows (12.8 ± 0.73 kg BW; Landrace x Large White, PIC) were selected, blocked by body weight, and allotted across three treatments (n=8/trt): 1) PRRS-naïve, ad libitum fed (Ad), 2) PRRS-inoculated, ad libitum fed (PRRS), and 3) PRRS-naïve, pair-fed daily to the PRRS pigs (PF) to mimic disease feed intake. All pigs were individually penned and after a 4-day acclimation, on days post inoculation (dpi) 0, PRRS pigs were inoculated with PRRS virus. Over 7 dpi, daily feed intake and body temperatures (BT), and 7 day ADG, ADFI, and G:F were assessed. Over the 7-day challenge period, a treatment x time interaction (P < 0.0001) was reported for ADFI in which PRRS and PF pigs’ ADFI was reduced by 51% compared with Ad pigs. Compared with Ad pigs, PRRS and PF pigs end BW was reduced by 23% (P = 0.004). The Ad pigs had greater ADG compared with PF and PRRS pigs (0.64, 0.12, -0.04 g/d, respectively, P < 0.0001). Overall G:F was reduced by 112% and 53% in the PRRS and PF pigs, respectively, compared with Ad pigs (P < 0.0001). A treatment x dpi effect was reported in core BT, in which PF pigs; BTs reduced over time compared with Ad and PRRS pigs (38.7, 39.4, 39.6 °C, respectively, P = 0.001). In summary, disease hypophagia explains much of the reduced growth observed during PRRS challenge.
236 Effects of mitoquinol during acute heat stress exposure in growing pigs
Authors: Mayorga Edith J , Horst Erin A , Goetz Brady M , Rodríguez-Jiménez Sonia , Abeyta Megan A , Al-Qaisi Mohmmad , Lei Samantha , Rhoads Robert P , Selsby Joshua T , Baumgard Lance H
Published: November 2020

Objectives were to determine the effects of mitoquinol (MitoQ) on performance, metabolism, and inflammation during acute heat stress (HS) in growing pigs. Crossbred barrows (n=32; 59±1 kg BW) where blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 therapeutic-environmental treatments: 1) thermoneutral (TN) control (n=8; TNCtl), 2) TN and MitoQ (n=8; TNMitoQ), 3) HS control (n=8; HSCtl), or 4) HS and MitoQ (n=8; HSMitoQ). The trial consisted of two experimental periods (P). During P1 (2d), pigs were fed ad libitum and housed in TN conditions (20.6±0.1°C). During P2 (24h), HSCtl and HSMitoQ pigs were exposed to continuous HS (35.2±0.03°C); while TNCtl and TNMitoQ remained in TN conditions. Mitoquinol was orally administered twice daily (0700 and 1800 h; 40 mg/d) during P1 and P2. Pigs exposed to HS had increased rectal temperature, skin temperature, and respiration rate (1.46°C, 6.79°C, and 101 bpm, respectively; P< 0.01) compared to their TN counterparts. Acute HS markedly decreased feed intake (67%; P< 0.01). Additionally, HS pigs lost BW compared to their TN counterparts (-4.7 vs. +1.6 kg, respectively; P< 0.01); however, the reduction in BW was less severe in HSMitoQ compared to HSCtl pigs (-3.85 vs. -5.50 kg, respectively; P< 0.01). Circulating glucose increased in HSMitoQ relative to HSCtl pigs (15%; P=0.04). Non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentrations were increased in HS compared to TN pigs (P< 0.01), although this difference was influenced by increased NEFA in HSCtl relative to HSMitoQ pigs (251 vs. 142 μEq/L; P< 0.01). Insulin:feed intake tended to increase in HS relative to TN pigs (P=0.09). Overall, no differences in blood urea nitrogen or cell blood counts were observed across treatments (P >0.10). In conclusion, acute HS exposure negatively altered animal performance and metabolism; however, administering MitoQ appeared to ameliorate the HS response.
230 Young Scholar Presentation: Heat stress and its effects on energetics, gut integrity, and inflammation in pigs
Authors: Mayorga Edith J , Baumgard Lance H
Published: November 2020

Heat stress represents one of the costliest issues in animal agriculture as it compromises a variety of production parameters including growth and reproduction. When animals are exposed to heat stress, physiological and metabolic changes are needed to cope with the heat insult to maintain euthermia. The most well-established adaptation across species involves a marked reduction in feed intake. Additionally, heat-stressed animals alter their carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism; a mechanism characterized by a paradoxical increase in circulating insulin. This altered nutrient partitioning appears to be mediated by the effects of heat stress on gastrointestinal health. Heat-stressed animals redistribute blood flow from the splanchnic bed to the periphery in a coordinated attempt to maximize heat dissipation. This circulatory adaptation reduces blood and nutrient delivery to the gastrointestinal tract which compromises intestinal infrastructure barrier. Consequently, a dysfunctional intestinal barrier allows for the translocation of dietary and microbial (i.e., lipopolysaccharide [LPS], from Gram negative bacteria) antigens from the lumen to the basolateral membrane, stimulating a local and systemic inflammatory response. Interestingly, there are remarkable metabolic and physiological similarities between animals suffering from heat stress and severe endotoxemia; in both conditions, there is an increase in circulating insulin despite marked reductions in feed intake, a scenario energetically difficult to explain. The likelihood that LPS is an insulin secretagogue explains the hyperinsulinemia we and others observe in a variety of heat stress models. Inflammation induced by LPS elicits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. When activated, the immune system utilizes a considerable amount of energy (glucose), which redirects nutrients away from production purposes (i.e., growth, reproduction); thus, negatively compromising animal production efficiency. Therefore, identifying strategies designed to minimize intestinal permeability, improve the immune response, and enhance animal productivity during a thermal load is of particular interest. Nutritional interventions are practical and cost-effective approaches to mitigate the detrimental effects of heat stress on animal health and productivity and to minimize agricultural economic losses.
143 Nutritional advances in fetal and neonatal development: amino acid supplementation
Authors: Swanson Kendall C , Reiners Jessica N
Published: November 2020

Nutrient requirements of grazing ruminants change throughout the production year. Also, pasture quality and quantity change throughout the year and are influenced by environment. Therefore, there commonly are times of the year where nutrient requirements are not met from the forage alone. We have long known the importance of nutrition during key development including the conception, fetal, neonatal, and weaning period. Altering nutrition during these periods can have lasting effects on health and productivity. Much of the research in ruminants examining nutritional effects on development has focused on large changes in diet, such as energy or protein restriction, rather than specific nutrients such as amino acids. Amino acids play an important role to meet requirements for lean growth but also have other physiological functions regulating metabolism and health that have important effects on development. Amino acid deficiencies during the fetal and neonatal period(s) can result in small-for-gestational age births or stunting, respectively. Diets that are deficient in protein or amino acids are also often deficient in dietary energy and other nutrients. Supplying specific amino acids (and other nutrients/energy) for absorption, signaling, and use by the animal could be an approach to help overcome negative developmental outcomes. Specific amino acids are thought to function by regulating protein synthesis, immune function, 1-C metabolism, intestinal development and health, blood flow, cellular proliferation, and behavior, to name a few. Some of the amino acids with potential for influencing developmental outcomes include leucine, arginine, glutamine, lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan. Because of the varied functional roles of specific amino acids, there is great potential to develop targeted supplementation programs using amino acids to improve developmental outcomes.
239 Grazing Distribution of Beef Cattle: Acronyms of Technology and Spatial Measures
Authors: Thomas Milton G , Dillon Jasmine , Bailey Derek , Pierce Courtney , Speidel Scott , Enns Mark
Published: November 2020

Grazing distribution is an important aspect of pasture management, yet measuring traits for sustainable forage consumption is challenging. Uplands are often un-grazed by beef cattle due to rugged terrain while riparian zones are often heavily grazed; thus, sustainable consumption may be achieved if improved landscape utilization by cattle is encouraged. Modifying grazing behaviour with fencing and (or) water-source and feeding location(s) is effective in improving grazing patterns; however, these infrastructure improvements are typically expensive, supporting the concept of genetic selection for improved grazing distribution. Efforts funded by the Western Sustainable Research and Education Program (WSARE; SW15-015) using global positioning systems (GPS) indicated a genetic influence on quantitative traits describing grazing distribution of 330 Angus-influenced cows (i.e. distance from water, slope, elevation, vertical climb, etc.). Collars fitted with GPS devices for data collection accrued measures at intervals of 5 to 15 min and 10 m resolution for 3-19 weeks in 16 pastures on 14 ranches and experiment stations. Genome-wide association studies involving trait-measures and high-density genotypes (n = 777,962 single nucleotide polymorphisms; SNP) indicated these traits were polygenic. Combining SNP genotypes with trait measures and pedigree has become the norm in genetic evaluation and improvement processes (i.e. genome-enhanced expected progeny difference (GE-EPD). These processes require data from large numbers of animals (n > 10,000). Collecting grazing distribution phenotypes with GPS collars is accurate, but time-consuming; therefore, collaborative research is being conducted in the 2019-2020 academic year exploring the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and cameras to ascertain spatial measures of beef cow grazing distribution. This collaboration involves scientists in the Colorado State University Drone Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, and Department of Animal Sciences. The project objective is to determine if UAV can expedite data collection to support development of genetic evaluation and improvement programs for grazing distribution.
237 Developing a Dairy Brain: Improved Decision-Making from Continuous Integrated Data
Authors: Cabrera Victor E
Published: November 2020

Data pervades the dairy farming industry. However, specific data streams are most often ad-hoc and poorly linked to each other and to decision making processes. It is imperative to develop a system that can collect, integrate, manage, and analyze on- and off-farm data in real-time for practical and relevant actions. Hence, we are developing a real-time, data-integrated, data-driven, continuous decision-making engine: The Dairy Brain by applying Precision Farming, Big Data analytics, and the Internet of Things. This is a trans-disciplinary research and extension project that engages multi-disciplinary scientists, dairy farmers, and industry professionals. We have a four-part strategy: (1) Create a Coordinated Innovation Network (CIN) to shape data service development; (2) Create a prototype Agricultural Data Hub (AgDH) to gather/disseminate multiple data streams relevant to dairy operations; (3) Build the Dairy Brain – a suite of analytical modules that leverages the AgDH to provide insight to the management of dairy operations and serve as an exemplar of an ecosystem of connected services; and (4) Design and execute an innovative Extension program. We will illustrate our Dairy Brain concept with a few practical applications. Tomorrow’s dairy industry will be built on the effective capture and integration of more data streams, not fewer. This is a critical moment to develop the structures that can move the industry towards modernized data exchange. We are confident the Dairy Brain concept could shift the paradigm of how dairy farms operate.
7 Effects of Syngenta Enogen Feed Corn (SYT-EFC) and corn processing methods fed with byproducts on finishing cattle performance and carcass characteristics
Authors: Hopfauf Stacia M , Wilson Hannah C , MacDonald James C , Erickson Galen E
Published: November 2020

The objective of this pooled analysis was to evaluate the effect of Syngenta Enogen Feed Corn (SYT-EFC) and corn processing methods with byproducts on finishing cattle performance and carcass characteristics. Treatment factors consisted of SYT-EFC or commercial corn (CON) processed as dry-rolled (DRC) or high-moisture corn (HMC). Byproduct comparisons were 0, 18, or 30% distillers grains inclusions or with 30% Sweet Bran to determine if SYT-EFC effect was impacted by byproducts. Seven trials (n = 2,340 steers; initial BW = 327 ± 20 kg) consisting of 252 pen means with 12 treatments were analyzed utilizing contrasts. Feeding SYT-EFC as DRC resulted in heavier final BW (P ≤ 0.03) and greater 12th rib fat (P < 0.01) compared to CON. There was a linear interaction between hybrid and distillers for G:F (P < 0.01). As distillers increased, G:F improved at a greater rate for CON compared to SYT-EFC. Feeding SYT-EFC as DRC with increasing distillers was not significantly different (P ≥ 0.68) from CON for G:F, but was 3% better than CON with 0% distillers. Feeding SYT-EFC as DRC with 18% distillers resulted in heavier final BW (P < 0.01) compared to 0 or 30% distillers. Feeding SYT-EFC as DRC with Sweet Bran resulted in heavier final BW (P ≤ 0.02) and greater ADG (P < 0.01) compared to CON. This increase in ADG with no difference in DMI, resulted in SYT-EFC diets having a 5.08% increase in feed efficiency (P < 0.01). The improvement for the corn is calculated to be 9.58% (5.08 / 0.53) when SYT-EFC was fed with Sweet Bran compared to a CON corn hybrid. No positive effects were observed when SYT-EFC was processed as HMC. These data suggest that SYT-EFC is better than CON hybrids when distillers inclusion is low or when fed with Sweet Bran.
152 Effects of a solar-powered cooling system on performance of heat-stressed lactating sows
Authors: Johnston Lee , Reese Mike , Buchanan Eric , Li Yuzhi , Hilbrands Adrienne , Lozinski Brigit , Tallaksen Joel , Janni Kevin , Hetchler Brian , Cortus Erin
Published: November 2020

We hypothesized that a solar-powered system designed to cool heat-stressed sows would improve sow performance and reduce use of fossil fuels in farrowing rooms. To test this hypothesis, we used two mirror-image, farrowing rooms equipped with 16 farrowing stalls each. Each farrowing stall in the COOLED room was equipped with a cooled flooring insert (Nooyen Manufacturing) under the sow and a single nipple drinker delivering chilled drinking water. Circulating water cooled by a water-source heat pump that was powered by a 20 kW photovoltaic solar array cooled the floor inserts (15 to 18°C) and chilled the drinking water (13 to 15°C). Heat harvested from sows partially warmed water (43 to 48°C) that circulated through pads in the piglet creep area. The CONTROL room was nearly identical to the COOLED room except there was no cooling and supplemental heat for piglets was provided by one heat lamp (125 W) per farrowing stall or an electric heating pad (Innovative Heating Technologies). Three farrowing groups were studied during summer and room heaters kept rooms above 24°C to ensure sows were heat stressed. Electric consumption in COOLED and CONTROL rooms was measured. Data were analyzed using Proc Glimmix with room treatment as a fixed effect and farrowing group as a random effect. The cooling system reduced sow respiration rate and body temperature (Table 1) which increased feed intake and reduced weight loss of sows over the 21-day lactation. However, the cooling system did not increase litter size or weight at weaning. Electricity use in the CONTROL room (26.4 kWh/d) was lower (P< 0.01) than the COOLED room (79.6 kWh/d). The solar array produced 91 kWh/d on average. In conclusion, the cooling system studied partially mitigated heat stress of lactating sows but did not improve sow performance and did not noticeably reduce consumption of fossil fuels.
253 Make Yourself Really Good at Your Career
Authors: Grandin Temple
Published: November 2020

In the 1970’s when I started my career, there were no women working in the feedlots with the cattle. Being a woman at this time was a much bigger obstacle than my awkward social skills due to autism. I created my own internships at Arizona feedlots and the Swift Tolleson plant. I handled cattle along with the feedlot processing crews. There was a nice man who ran a contract processing crew who taught me how to move cattle. The worst treatment I received came from cowboy foremen who were the cattle managers for the entire feedlot. The feedlot owners and the more senior bosses were usually helpful. I made myself highly knowledgeable in the specialized area of the design of cattle handling facilities. At this time there were few people in this field. I learned to sell my work by showing people my detailed drawings and photos of completed projects. Another skill I had was writing, and it really helped my career. After I completed a project, I wrote about it in both local and national livestock publications.
62 Altering sexual behavior of rats through neonatal treatment with an aromatase inhibitor, estrogen receptor antagonist and testosterone
Authors: Gholson Sara K , Schmelzle Amanda , Green Jonathon , Smith Micheal , Geisert Rodney
Published: November 2020

The mammalian brain is sexually dimorphic until becoming imprinted before birth or during neonatal development. The naïve mammalian brain of neonates is programmed to become feminine. In male neonates, testosterone crosses the blood brain barrier where it is converted to estrogen by aromatase. Estrogen in the brain imprints male sexual behavior. In female neonates, estrogen binds to alpha fetoprotein which prohibits estrogen from entering the brain. The present study was undertaken to determine if testosterone, an estrogen receptor antagonist (ICI 182,780) or aromatase inhibitor (Letrozole) would alter sexual behavior in neonatal rats. In this study, the entire litter of neonatal rat pups received a sc injection (100µl) of one of the following four treatments: corn oil (CO), testosterone propionate 100 µg (TP), ICI 182,780 100 µg (ICI), or Letorozole 100 µg (LET) on days 1 and 3 after birth. At approximately 60-70 days of age, treated rats were placed in cages with nontreated rats of the opposite sex. Animals were euthanized after 20 days. Body, testis, epididymal, and accessory gland weights were recorded for males as well as the number of females they bred and litter size. Body weight, pregnancy status, and litter size (if pregnant) were recorded for treated females. While there was a difference (P< 0.001) in body weight between males and females (average 372 g vs 279 g respectively), there was no statistical differences in body, testis, epididymal, or accessory gland weight between male treatment groups. While number of females pregnant or litter size was not different for CO, TP, or ICI, LET males established no pregnancies. Body weight, number pregnant and litter size were not different between female CO, ICI, or LET treatments. However, TP treated females established no pregnancies. Sexual mating behavior is altered by neonatal exposure to an aromatase inhibitor or testosterone in rats.
59 The effects of audio exposure to goat kids’ relative intensity ratios of harmonics from birth to weaning
Authors: Bartley Samantha S , Burke Thomas A , Quandt Rachael C , Forshey Brandon
Published: November 2020

This study evaluated the effects of exposure to sound stimuli on goat kids’ relative intensity ratios (RIR) of harmonics one through five from d 0 to d 49 of growth. RIR are the ratio between a harmonic and the first harmonic. Day zero boer kids were randomly assigned to three treatment groups: treatment 1 (n=5) was only exposed to a single human voice recording, treatment 2 (n=4) was exposed to their boer dams, and treatment 3 (n=4) was exposed to no vocalizations. Each group was housed in pens (2.44 x 3.05 m) and received the same diets, which met or exceeded NRC requirements. The kids were isolated in their respective pens 1x/wk for 7 wk for 120 to 1000 s to obtain vocalization recordings. The kid’s vocalizations were collected via a Blue Snowball iCE condenser microphone and laptop. VoceVista Video software was utilized to analyze the relative intensities (dB) of the first five harmonics. Results indicate there is no difference in average RIR between the human and treatment 1 of the second, third, and the fifth harmonics. Kids raised next to the dams had significantly lower average (P < 0.05) RIR for all of the harmonics. No significant difference was noted between the average RIR of harmonics three, four, and five of treatment 3 and the human recording. No difference in the RIR of second, third, and fifth harmonics suggest that a goat kid exposed to only human vocalization exhibits a human-like tone in relation to these harmonics within the first 7 wks. A difference in treatment two from the average RIR of the dams and no difference between treatments one and three compared to the human recording indicate that exposure to vocalizations during growth does have an effect on seven-week-old kid harmonic intensities.
61 Impact of broken kernels and foreign matter content of corn on nutrient and energy composition and mycotoxin levels
Authors: Hagen Chloe S , Cline Paul , Tostenson Blair
Published: November 2020

The objective of this experiment was to determine the impact of elevated broken kernels and foreign material content (BCFM) on energy and nutrient content and mycotoxin levels of corn delivered to a commercial feed mill in southern Minnesota. Corn was sourced from Central Region Cooperative (Sleepy Eye, MN) to meet BCFM specifications: medium (M), averaging 4.9% BCFM and high (H), averaging 7.9% BCFM. Each of 20 deliveries of M were individually sampled at the time of delivery; half was cleaned using a 2.4 mm screen. The clean (CC) and the uncleaned (UC) corn were assayed for moisture, ash, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, and phosphorus. The net energy content was determined using pooled samples of CC and UC using NIR (Cargill, Elk River, MN; Dutch Net Energy formula, CVB). Twenty-six deliveries of H were processed as above, except that the fines (CF) were retained, and CC, CU and CF were assayed for deoxynivalenol and zearalenone. The nutrient data and mycotoxin data were analyzed using ANOVA in which delivery was the experimental unit. There were no differences (P > 0.10) between CC and UC for moisture (14.2 vs 14.1 % for CC and UC, respectively), ash (1.1 vs 1.1%), crude protein (6.6 vs 6.6%), ether extract (3.2 vs 3.1%), neutral detergent fiber (8.9 vs 8.4%), and phosphorus (0.2 vs 0.2%). The net energy of CC and UC were both 2.63 Mcal/kg. The CF contained the highest levels of DON (2,856 vs 425 vs 138 ppb for CF, UC and CC, respectively; P < 0.01) and the highest levels of zearalenone (385 vs 61 vs 15 ppb; P < 0.01). In conclusion, cleaning corn with 4.9% BCFM provided no benefit in terms of nutrient and energy levels. Cleaning corn with 7.9% BCFM reduced mycotoxin content and therefore health risks.