bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Saecular Discourse
Authors: Hay Paul
Published: October 2019

Even during Augustus’ own lifetime, it was possible to speak of an “Age of Augustus.” This concept emerged from an earlier tradition of qualitative periodization, the applications of which already extended beyond political promotion. Beginning during Sulla’s ascendancy, and continuing throughout the first century bce, Roman intellectuals divided time into discrete units marked by characteristic qualities, a form of periodization that inherently narrativized history. The potential of this “saecular discourse” for sophisticated thought and description contributed to its growing importance throughout the century, linking disparate intellectual fields during this period of Roman cultural “revolution.” This chapter examines how the concept of the “Augustan saeculum” and the rhetoric of an Augustus-led return to the aurea saecula appeared alongside unrelated saecular discourse on medicine and literature, thus competing with (rather than dominating) these alternative saecular histories.
Maecenas and the Augustan Poets
Authors: Doze Philippe Le
Published: October 2019

Attending to the historical and cultural background behind the desire to promote Latin literature allows us to interpret the partnership between Maecenas and the so-called Augustan poets without recourse to traditional notions of poets as instruments. This chapter argues that the poets’ activities, at once cultural and civic, were influenced by a philosophy of history of which Polybius, Cicero, and (in the Augustan age) Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus were exponents. The poets were also encouraged by a new idea, largely initiated by Cicero and supported by Athenodorus in the entourage of Augustus, that one could benefit one’s homeland not only through politics but also through writing. Maximum effectiveness, however, required the authority to be heard at the highest level of the state. In this context, Maecenas’ patronage was a weighty asset. His proximity to the princeps and his auctoritas allowed the poets a real freedom of speech.
The Ambivalent State
Authors: Auyero Javier , Sobering Katherine
Published: October 2019

Over the past few decades, debates about policing in poor urban areas have shifted from analyzing the state’s neglect and abandonment to documenting its harsh interventions and punishing presence. Most of this research has focused on the overt actions and inactions of the state. Yet we know very little about the covert world of state action that is hidden from public view. The Ambivalent State offers an unprecedented look into the clandestine relationships between police officers and drug dealers in Argentina. Drawing on a unique combination of ethnographic research and documentary evidence, including hundreds of pages of wiretapped phone conversations, sociologists Javier Auyero and Katherine Sobering analyze the inner workings of “police-criminal collusion” and its connections to drug markets and the depacification of daily life. Through rich descriptions of the actual clandestine interactions between drug dealers and police, they argue that an up-close examination of covert state action exposes the workings of an “ambivalent state”: one that enforces the rule of law while at the same time and in the same place functions as a partner to what it defines as criminal behavior. The Ambivalent State develops a political sociology of violence that focuses on not only what takes place in police stations, criminal courts, and poor neighborhoods, but also the clandestine actions and interactions of police agents, judges, and politicians that structure daily life at the urban margins. By way of empirical demonstration, the book makes an urgent call for scholars to incorporate clandestine action into understandings of the state.
The Adolescent
Authors: Sweet Bridget
Published: October 2019

The chapter considers adolescent development holistically, with voice change as one aspect of adolescence. Scrutiny, both self-imposed and societal, surrounds adolescents. Physical growth affects coordination and confidence, as students experience rapid and sporadic growth of all their body parts. Hormones play an essential part in adolescent development into adulthood, but they can create complications for students that are unknown to others. The adolescent brain rewires itself significantly in preparation for adulthood; all experiences are internalized in the brain and affect rewiring. Hearing development is not related only to mechanisms in the ear but is largely connected to the brain. Adolescence is also a time of experiencing new, complex emotions, and interpretation and embodiment of these emotions can be an intricate process.
Strength from Within
Authors: Sweet Bridget
Published: October 2019

The chapter describes how young singers, female and male, can be helped as they traverse times of great vocal challenge. If psychological and emotional needs are not met, it is likely that adolescents will not endure vocal difficulties and will stop singing. Until coordination of the vocal mechanism returns, students must be provided with something to keep them going, to keep them from quitting singing. This chapter focuses on ideas of resolve that are essential to the navigation of voice change; perseverance is explored under the designations of grit, vulnerability, and relentlessness. An additional section considers perseverance in practice and provides strategies for music students and educators to utilize during voice change challenges and beyond.
Adult Contemporary Bossa Nova
Authors: Goldschmitt K. E.
Published: October 2019

This chapter details the transition of the bossa nova from ubiquitous fad to music for an older demographic to explain how the music became associated with seduction and the easy listening format. It features an analysis on the use of bossa nova in three films that feature international espionage and travel, with a focus on the pairing of bossa nova with moments of seduction and the postwar crisis in masculinity. It also traces the legacy of Astrud Gilberto’s career in the United States following the breakout success of her appearance on the recording of “The Girl from Ipanema” with Stan Getz and João Gilberto, and her influence on the extended legacy of bossa nova after its peak in popularity.
Constructing a New Music Industry
Authors: Goldschmitt K. E.
Published: October 2019

In place of a large-scale fad, boom, or trend, the Brazilian artists who have found Anglophone publics in the 2010s have done so through a more dispersed approach than the watershed moments that characterized Brazil’s breakthroughs of the past. Brazilian artists utilize new strategies of co-branding and marketing to break through to Anglophone publics, due in part to an explosion of musical diversity over the last few decades. As a result of new mediation and distribution paths, Brazilian artists have upended old expectations for how to find success abroad, resulting in the looser iteration of the country’s musical brand. Yet old stereotypes of what counts as Brazilian music have adapted to a new music marketplace, emphasizing Brazil’s links to a new iteration of Afro-diasporic music.
Infusing Islam in Connected Societies
Authors: Aljunied Khairudin
Published: October 2019

This chapter uncovers the connectedness of Malay societies that made it conducive for Muslim traders and travelers who crossed the Indian Ocean to live alongside non-Muslim Malays, thereby introducing Islam in an incidental fashion. These traders and travelers were, later on, joined by rulers, Sufi missionaries, and Islamic scholars hailing from the Arab world, South Asia, China, and Southeast Asia who gained new converts through direct preaching. Even though many Malays embraced Islam during this phase, their conversion did not radically change the outlook and governance of Malay states. Hindu-Buddhist-animist frames of reference were generally maintained by the masses as the common people slowly internalized the tenets of Islam. Islamic and pre-Islamic codes of law and ethics were fused together by Malay elites in the management of their societies so as to not disrupt the age-old cultures that the common people held on to.
Women and Other Islamizers
Authors: Aljunied Khairudin
Published: October 2019

Chapter 4 uncovers the premiership of Siti Wan Kembang, the ruler of the state of Kelantan in the early seventeenth century. Her rise to power and successful reign provides an illustrative sample of the varied roles Muslim women played in the Islamization of the Malays. In addition to powerful women such as Siti Wan Kembang, this chapter also delves into the creative missionizing methods and links formed by Muslim scholars and emissaries. Networks of Islamic scholars in Malaysia who studied in Patani, the Hijaz, Cairo, and Hadramaut and the movement of Muslims along the hajj routes aided in the diffusion of Islam among the locals in mosques, suraus (prayer) places, and other religious institutions. Among the scholars prominent in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was Tok Pulau Manis. Drawing from the flourishing literary world of kingdoms in Pasai and Perlak, these scholars introduced the Jawi script into Malaysia, which soon replaced the old Pallava script from India. Finally, the chapter highlights the part played by foreigners such as the Chinese Muslims in Malaysia, who acted as emissaries of non-Muslim kingdoms cum missionaries of Islam. The efforts of Admiral Cheng Ho will be analyzed here, most notably the impact of his diplomatic trips in furthering the preaching of Islam in Melaka and other Malay states.
Repertoires of Muslim Resistance
Authors: Aljunied Khairudin
Published: October 2019

Chapter 6 is centered on various forms of resistance against colonial rule. It begins with the outbreaks of rebellions, which were stirred by a sense of disenfranchisement, and Muslim perceptions that the colonial powers were working against Islam. Although largely failed campaigns, these violent episodes awakened the Malay Muslims regarding the need to reform themselves. It examines, among others, the reform efforts of To’ Kenali and his modernized pondok (traditional Islamic schools) as well as the growth of Islamic modernist ideas championed by the Al-Imam group in Singapore and students returning from the Al-Azhar University in Cairo. Revivalists in the Arab World, Turkey, and South Asia influenced these local reformists. At the same time, they promulgated new ideas that laid bare the problems of taqlid (blind obedience) in Malaysia. Islamic modernism developed in conjunction with the revival of traditionalism, both of which had their own unique visions of how Muslims ought to reform themselves. The rapid growth of political movements and parties demonstrate the effervescence of anti-colonial Islamization in Malaysia that eventually led to the country’s independence.
Sexual Assault on College Campuses in the United States
Authors: Brammer Audrey , Zaleski Kristen , Klemmer Cary
Published: October 2019

Sexual assault on college campuses is a global issue, with women’s victimization rates ranging from 13.8% in Nigeria to 77.6% in Turkey. Although the vast majority of studies on this particular form of violence against women have been conducted in the United States, studies from throughout the world have revealed the epidemic of sexual violence on college campuses. This chapter surveys the prominence of sexual victimization on college campus and discusses college subcultures, diversity considerations, endorsement of rape culture, prevention programming, and current political policy debates that impact a solution for college sexual assault predation. Global incidence is discussed, but this discussion is framed within the US college culture. The chapter concludes with a discussion of current advocacy efforts and some recommendations for change within prevention programming.
Non-Consensual Image Sharing
Authors: Klein Jessica , Zaleski Kristen
Published: October 2019

Non-consensual image sharing is a 21st-century concern at the intersection of some of the most difficult challenges of our time: sexual trauma, victims’ rights, internet privacy, and free speech. Also known as non-consensual pornography, technology-facilitated violence, and revenge pornography, the phenomenon occurs when sexually explicit, nude or semi-nude photos are distributed without the consent of the individual pictured. This chapter explores non-consensual image sharing research and discusses trends as well as future questions that have yet to be answered about the pervasiveness of this problem. It is asserted that research on the impact of cyber sexual exploitation on victims is needed, as are initiatives that integrate victim resources, tools for law enforcement, and technical resources to identify and remove content.
Benjamin Libet’s Big Experiment
Authors: McComas Alan J.
Published: October 2019

This chapter describes Benjamin Libet’s finding that electrical activity in the brain precedes conscious awareness. Libet’s work had shown that, no matter how brief it was, a sensory stimulus evoked responses in the cortex that lasted hundreds of milliseconds. He also suggested that, just as the somatosensory cortex was able to refer sensations to a particular point on the opposite side of the body (“spatial reference”) so it could refer sensations to an earlier moment—the time when impulse activity had first been initiated in the cortex following the stimulus (“temporal reference”). These were important conclusions and inevitably became the subjects of debate following their publication. But Libet was soon to deliver a greater surprise when he discovered that a decision only entered consciousness when the underlying neural activity was already far advanced. Rather than the mind controlling the brain—thought by thought—it was the other way round and “free will,” seemingly so self-evident, was an illusion.
Saving Abstraction
Authors: Dohoney Ryan
Published: October 2019

Saving Abstraction takes up the conflicted history of Morton Feldman’s most important collaboration—his work with Dominique and John de Menil on music for the Rothko Chapel in Houston. These collaborators struggled over fundamental questions about the emotional efficacy of artistic practice and its potential translation into religious feeling. At the center of this study is the question of ecumenism—that is, in what terms can religious encounters be staged for fruitful dialog to take place? And how might abstraction (both visual and musical) be useful to achieving it? This was a dilemma for Feldman, whose music sought to produce sublime “abstract experience,” as well as for the de Menils, who envisioned the Rothko Chapel as a space for spiritual intervention into late modernity. Saving Abstraction develops two central concepts: “abstract ecumenism” and “agonistic universalism.” The former characterizes a broad spiritual orientation within postwar musical modernism and experimentalism that aspired to altered states of ego-loss. This emerged as a renewed religious sensibility in late modernist experimentalism. The latter concept describes the particular religious form that Feldman’s music achieves within Rothko Chapel—an ascetic mode of existence that endures hopefully the aporia of postwar modernization’s destructiveness and modernism’s failure to effectively counter it.
International Adjudication on Trial
Authors: Shlomo Agon Sivan
Published: October 2019

Is the World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement System (DSS) effective? How exactly is the effectiveness of this adjudicative system to be defined and measured? Is its effectiveness all about compliance? If not, what goals—beyond compliance—is the WTO DSS expected to achieve? Has it fulfilled these objectives so far, and how can their achievement and the system’s effectiveness be enhanced in the future? Building on a theoretical model borrowed from social science, this book lays down the analytical framework required to answer these questions, while crafting a revealing insider’s account of the WTO DSS—one of the most important and debated sites of the evolving international judiciary. Drawing on interviews with WTO adjudicators, WTO Secretariat staff, ambassadors, trade delegates, and trade lawyers, the book offers an elaborate analysis of the various goals steering the DSS’s work, the diverse roles it plays, the challenges it confronts, and the outcomes it produces. Through this insider look at the WTO DSS and detailed examination of landmark trade disputes, the book uncovers the oft-hidden dynamics of WTO adjudication and provides a fresh perspective on the DSS’s operation and the undercurrents affecting its effectiveness. Given the pivotal role the WTO DSS has assumed in the multilateral trading regime since its inception in 1995 and the systemic pressures it has recently come to face, this book makes an important contribution towards understanding and measuring the benefits (as well as the costs) this adjudicative body generates, while providing valuable insights into current debates on its reform.
Rights’ Elusive Relation to Powers
Authors: Cruft Rowan
Published: October 2019

Chapter 3 examines the relation between rights and the powers typically borne by right-holders: powers to waive duties, demand their fulfilment, enforce them, resent them, forgive them. It argues that there are impersonal parallels, performable by third parties, for all the powers that one might think can only be performed by the person to whom a duty is owed. We therefore cannot identify to whom a duty is owed by asking who can exercise the relevant powers. Instead we need to ask, circularly, who can exercise these powers as right-holder to whom the duty is owed. This reasoning is used to criticize the Will Theory of Rights (as found in Hart and Steiner), and other problems are found with Sreenivasan’s Hybrid Theory and Feinberg’s demand-based approach.
The Individual’s Place in the Grounding of her Rights
Authors: Cruft Rowan
Published: October 2019

Chapter 8 develops a taxonomy of the differing degrees and manner in which a right might be grounded on its holder’s good—and, in the author’s terms, exist ‘for its holder’s sake’. This is a taxonomy of the extent to which a right’s status as a right, and a duty’s status as a directed duty whose violation wrongs someone, are pre-institutional or ‘natural’. The chapter explores the important question of whether non-individualistic, communitarian moral views can accommodate this idea of ‘natural’ rights grounded by their holder’s good. It turns out that while many communitarian approaches are compatible with the idea, it is inconsistent with those communitarians who deny the very possibility of distinguishing one party’s good from the wider good. The chapter ends by sketching the appeal of taking human rights as grounded ultimately on ‘natural’ rights that exist for the right-holder’s sake.
Conclusion
Authors: Cruft Rowan
Published: October 2019

How defensible is our use of the concept of a right? The book has offered a partial vindication of the rights concept. Part I showed that rights constitute a formally connected, non-alienated form of normativity: a distinctive form that speaks to the agent in her guise as ‘acting-on-others-conceived-second-personally’. Part II showed that use of this concept is appropriate in human rights contexts; but Part III showed that it is misleading in many cases of property. The difference turns on the differing roles of the individual’s good in generating duties. Part III implies that we should avoid fixating on the right-holder’s own good when judging the relative importance of most property or the rights protecting duties of office; but Part II tells us such a focus of attention is not out of place—despite conservatives’ protestations to the contrary—when judging the importance of our basic human rights.
The Problem of Other Minds; Some Preliminaries
Authors: Snowdon Paul F.
Published: October 2019

This chapter aims to develop some thoughts about the nature of the problem of other minds, rather than offer a solution. In section 1, the character of the problem of other minds is contrasted with the character of the problem of self-knowledge. Both concern knowledge of psychological states, but the major difference is that worries about scepticism have dominated consideration of other minds, though have been ignored when considering self-knowledge. In section 2, three candidate ways to formulate the problem are articulated and compared. It is argued that we should not be asking whether we know about other minds, nor asking the completely general question how is it possible to know, but rather be asking how we know about other minds. In section 3, P. F. Strawson’s famous conception of the problem is expounded and criticized as resting on dubious assumptions about meaning. In section 4, it is argued that psychological states involve something being a certain way in the interior of subjects, but paradoxically inspecting the interior of subjects does not, arguably, reveal the presence of the psychological state. It is suggested that knowledge of the presence of these interior features is generated by perception of the subjects from outside when they are viewed as organisms in an environment. Finally, in section 6, an as yet unsolved component in the problem is claimed to be that we lack any understanding of how to generate knowledge as to whether artificial objects, such as robots, can possess psychological states or not.
Knowledge, Belief, and the Asymmetry Thesis
Authors: Wikforss Åsa
Published: October 2019

This chapter examines the thesis that there is a deep-lying asymmetry between first- and third-person knowledge, by examining the idea that first-person knowledge is direct. The focus is on the propositional attitudes, in particular that of belief. Whereas philosophers generally take self-knowledge of belief to be direct and essentially different from knowledge of the beliefs of others, experimental psychologists have long challenged the idea that there is an important epistemic asymmetry between first- and third-person knowledge of belief. By drawing on some of the psychological literature, I argue that the psychologists are more nearly right. Although there are some interesting epistemic differences between first- and third-person knowledge of belief, the assumption of a deep-lying epistemic asymmetry is mistaken. In particular, I suggest, inference plays an important role both in the first- and in the third-person case.
Challenging the Two-systems Model of Mindreading
Authors: Jacob Pierre
Published: October 2019

The two-systems model of mindreading advocated by Ian Apperly and Steve Butterfill seeks to find a middle ground between full-blown mindreading and either behaviour-reading or so-called ‘sub-mentalizing’. Minimal mindreading is taken to be efficient, automatic, and to emerge early in human ontogenetic development. Full-blown mindreading is taken to be flexible, less efficient, and to develop later. This chapter raises three challenges for this model. First, it challenges its claim to resolve the developmental puzzle. Secondly, it challenges the claim that the representation of the aspectuality of beliefs falls outside the scope of minimal mindreading. Finally, examination of the contrast between Level-1 and Level-2 visual perspective-taking undermines the sharp dichotomy between automatic and flexible cognitive processes. The alternative picture supported by this chapter is of a single mindreading system that can be used in ways that are more or less effortful as a result of interacting with other cognitive systems, such as working memory and executive control.
Perception, Evidence, and Our Expressive Knowledge of Others’ Minds
Authors: Gomes Anil
Published: October 2019

‘How, then, she had asked herself, did one know one thing or another thing about people, sealed as they were?’ So asks Lily Briscoe in To the Lighthouse. It is this question, rather than any concern about pretence or deception, which forms the basis for the philosophical problem of other minds. Responses to this problem have tended to cluster around two solutions: either we know others’ minds through perception; or we know others’ minds through a form of inference. In the first part of this chapter I argue that this debate is best understood as concerning the question of whether our knowledge of others’ minds is based on perception or based on evidence. In the second part of the chapter I suggest that our ordinary ways of thinking take our knowledge of others’ minds to be both non-evidential and non-perceptual. A satisfactory resolution to the philosophical problem of other minds thus requires us to take seriously the idea that we have a way of knowing about others’ minds which is both non-evidential and non-perceptual. I suggest that our knowledge of others’ minds which is based on their expressions—our expressive knowledge—may fit this bill.
Expressions, Looks, and Others’ Minds
Authors: McNeill William E. S.
Published: October 2019

We can know some things about each others’ mental lives. The view that some of this knowledge is genuinely perceptual is getting traction. But the idea that we can see any of each other’s mental states themselves—the Simple Perceptual Hypothesis—remains unpopular. Very often the view that we can perceptually know, for example, that James is angry, is thought to depend either on our awareness of James’s expression or on the way James appears—versions of what I call the Expressive Hypothesis. The Expressive Hypothesis is intuitive. But in this chapter I argue that it does not allow us to do away with the thought that we sometimes perceive people’s mental states. I take my arguments to provide some tentative support for the Simple Perceptual Hypothesis.
The Independence of the Soul from the Body
Authors: Ogihara Satoshi
Published: October 2019

Chapter 7 identifies a principle that governs much of Socrates’ discussion in the Philebus and shows how it is at work in 31b–36c, where he discusses bodily pleasures of restoration and begins discussion of psychic pleasures. That is, he starts with the most primitive type of experience in which the soul just passively receives influence from the body (Philebus’ focus in life), and gradually points out more and more significant ways in which the soul works independently from the body. Such a procedure is meant to familiarize Protarchus with Socrates’ viewpoint from which various workings of the soul are valued independently of their power to promote pleasure. To prepare the discussion, the chapter first argues that the Philebus presents no substantial unitary account of pleasure. In particular, the account in terms of restoration of a harmony and the account in terms of filling do not overlap exactly.
Truth, Beauty, Purity, and Pleasure
Authors: Warren James
Published: October 2019

At Philebus 50e–53c Socrates outlines a class of true and pure pleasures, principally by reference to certain particular perceptual objects that are beautiful kath’ hauta. He considers the nature of the perceived object as an important determinant of the nature of the pleasure, specifying that pure and true pleasures derive from “beautiful” colors, shapes, sounds, and smells (51b3) and then offering what he acknowledges is an unorthodox account of the criteria by which shapes and sounds should be considered beautiful (51b9–e6). Chapter 11 suggests that these objects, while pure and simple, nevertheless can be said to display a kind of symmetria and therefore conform to Socrates’ claims about beauty elsewhere in the dialogue, particularly his claims about music. It also considers the pure and true pleasures of mathēmata introduced at 51e7–52b9.
Bridging Worlds
Authors: Campoy Leonardo Carbonieri
Published: October 2019

This chapter reports on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in a child neurologist’s project for autistic children and their families in a large Brazilian city. The interactional dynamics of the consultations made the presence of the researcher, an anthropologist, become an active participation. Both families and the neuropediatrician requested the anthropologist’s opinion on the situations addressed in their conversations, and the anthopologist interacted frequently with the children. These demands necessitated a response, not only in an ethical sense, but also because they were fundamentally of communicational nature. The participation of the anthropologist helped translate medical, familial, and autistic languages, and thus helped communication between the three diverse actors present at the consultations: doctor, family, and child. The anthropologist became a reference in the consultations because a kind of anthropological therapy was performed. This chapter presents reflections on this experience, exploring the possibilities and risks of a sort of anthropological therapy applied to such interactions.
Are Patients with Psychiatric Disorders “Uniquely” Vulnerable in the Context of DBS Research?
Authors: Dunn Laura B. , Holtzheimer Paul E.
Published: October 2019

As investigators look to “next-generation” deep brain stimulation (DBS) approaches, renewed enthusiasm is emerging for DBS for psychiatric disorders. This commentary on Chapter 13 (“Informed Consent for Next-Generation Deep Brain Stimulation Psychiatric Research: Engaging End Users to Understand Risks and Improve Practice”) provides additional insight into the challenges related to informed consent described by Klein. We argue that the sorts of vulnerability described by Klein warrant further attention, in particular, to help address the question of whether patients with psychiatric disorders are uniquely vulnerable, in ways that patients with other illnesses are not. Ethics research, such as that conducted by Klein, in which end users of brain-based devices are interviewed, is critical. It will also be important to compare brain-based intervention research with other forms of research; we do not want to end up engaging in ethics “exceptionalism” as a result of failure to conduct rigorous studies on ethics-related questions.
Vulnerability, Empowerment, and Dissent
Authors: Cascio M. Ariel
Published: October 2019

This is a commentary on Chapters 1–17. It focuses on the vulnerability of potential research participants to undue influence or coercion, empowerment to make decisions about taking part in research, and the importance of creating a space for potential participants to say no.
The Economic Integration of Italy
Authors: Roselaar Saskia T.
Published: October 2019

Chapter 3 discusses economic change in Italy. It investigates economic activities carried out by the Italians independently from Roman interference. Many Italians were quick to take advantage of the possibilities offered by their association with Rome, such as the opening up of new markets for Italian products and safer sailing because of Roman control of the Mediterranean. These economic activities had important consequences for economic developments in Italy itself: many far-reaching changes took place in the third to first centuries, such as changes in settlement patterns and an increase in the scale of agricultural production. Nevertheless, not every change that occurred after the Roman conquest should be ascribed to the conquest itself. The second part of chapter 3 investigates the economic and cultural developments that occurred in four sample areas, in order to trace the level of economic integration as a result of macroeconomic developments in Italy.
A Voice of the Nonconformist Conscience, 1849–80
Authors: Brown Stewart J.
Published: October 2019

The son of a Congregational minister in the north of England, W. T. Stead was largely taught at home by his father, and experienced conversion during the religious revival of 1859–62. In 1870, at the age of 22, he was appointed editor of the Darlington Northern Echo, and over the next decade he made the newspaper a powerful voice of the Nonconformist Conscience in the north of England. For Stead, the editor’s desk was a ‘pulpit’ from which to preach to a congregation of thousands. He played a leading role in the ‘Bulgarian atrocities’ agitation of 1876–8, calling for British intervention to end the massacres of Christians in the Ottoman Empire and becoming a fervent supporter of the Liberal politician, William Ewart Gladstone. Through the enigmatic Russian, Madame Novikoff, Stead was introduced into London cultural circles and embraced what would be a lifelong love of Russian cultures and peoples.
Christina Rossetti’s Chronometrical Eternal
Authors: Lysack Krista
Published: October 2019

This chapter takes up one of The Christian Year’s most provocative interpolators, Christina Rossetti. Examining her devotional books, it makes a particular study of Time Flies: A Reading Diary, a miscellany of daily reading that combines lyric poetry and prose meditations. In Time Flies: A Reading Diary, Rossetti embraces the apparent synchronizations of liturgical and clock time that Keble’s volume implies. Among the time signatures that Rossetti tries on, in addition to the more familiar ones of liturgical time, are ones shaped through the possibilities of the quotidian. Time Flies playfully reveals how heterotopic or “eternal” time is produced through a material relation with the book as diurnal reading/writing object.
Family Prayers
Authors: Lysack Krista
Published: October 2019

This chapter takes up the Victorian fashion for family prayers and a host of devotional manuals—guides that were widely referred to as “forms”—whose purpose was to instrumentalize this practice for families as a regular, household routine. Although family prayers could do the work of maintaining normative gender and class boundaries in the increasingly time-scheduled middle-class home, the recommendation of these books to conduct devotions with efficiency betrays an anxiety over the disruptive prospect of the household audience’s boredom. Along with these manuals, novelistic treatments of family prayers show that domestic devotions were equally an everyday duration in which daydream and reverie might offer household members a provisional reprieve from the labours of attention that family prayers demanded.
Have I Finished?
Authors: Morgan Oliver
Published: October 2019

This chapter introduces the set of questions which frame the second half of the book—how one person can know when another person has finished, or will finish, speaking, and what happens if they fail to reply at the appropriate moment. It reviews what interactional linguistics and cognitive science have to say about the timing of transitions between turns and asks what this might mean for the study of Shakespearean dialogue. There are no easy answers to such questions. The dramatic text is profoundly ambiguous with regard to timing. It tells us what happens next but not when or how quickly it happens, even if Shakespeare is characteristically inventive when it comes to escaping such limitations. The chapter ends with a detailed examination of these issues in Volumnia’s great speech to Coriolanus outside the walls of Rome (Coriolanus, 5.3).
Why Worry about Decision-Making by Machine?
Authors: Yeung Karen
Published: October 2019

This chapter poses a deceptively simple question: what, precisely, are we concerned with when we worry about decision-making by machine? Focusing on fully automated decision-making systems, it suggests that there are three broad sources of ethical anxiety arising from the use of algorithmic decision-making systems: concerns associated with the decision process, concerns about the outputs thereby generated, and concerns associated with the use of such systems to predict and personalize services offered to individuals. The chapter examines each of these concerns, drawing on analytical concepts that are familiar in legal and constitutional scholarship, often used to identify various legal and other regulatory governance mechanisms through which the adverse effects associated with particular actions or activities might be addressed.
Evidence Neutrality and the Moral Value of Information
Authors: Askell Amanda
Published: October 2019

In this chapter, Amanda Askell takes up the question of whether there is a case for favoring interventions whose effectiveness has stronger evidential support, when expected effectiveness is equal. Of course, in practice expected effectiveness might well not be equal: as Askell notes, given a sceptical prior, it might be only in the presence of substantial positive evidence that any intervention can have an expected value significantly higher than that of “doing nothing”. But is there a case for favoring evidence-backed interventions over and above this contribution of evidence to expected value? Askell argues that in fact the reverse is true: when expected value is equal one should prefer to invest in interventions that have less evidential support, on the grounds that by doing so one can acquire evidence of their effectiveness (or ineffectiveness) that may then be valuable for future investment decisions.
Classifiers in Hmong
Authors: White Nathan M.
Published: October 2019

Building on research done by Riddle (1989) and Bisang (1993), inter alia, this chapter seeks to provide a more thorough account of the classifier system of the two varieties of Laotian Hmong (Hmong-Mien, Laos and diaspora), White Hmong and Green Mong. In Hmong, classifiers are an open class, belonging to one of six semantic varieties, including locational. While most classifiers function as multiple classifiers, covering the roles of noun classifier, numeral classifier, possessed classifier, and deictic classifier, some individual classifiers may permit only a subset of these. Classifiers not only serve multiple functions related to syntax and discourse, including to indicate emphasis, selection of a subgroup, and apportioning of objects, but also participate in four-syllable elaborate expressions subject to specific rules, as well as display distinct behaviour in certain narrative contexts that represent special exceptions to Bisang’s (1993) hierarchy of definiteness for Hmong.
Numeral classifiers in Japanese
Authors: Jarkey Nerida , Komatsu Hiroko
Published: October 2019

This examination of numeral classifiers in standard Japanese (hyoojungo) focuses on their interaction with nouns and their referents in terms of both meaning and function. By unitizing their referents, Japanese numeral classifiers not only facilitate enumeration but also play an important discourse pragmatic role in the understanding of referentiality. While Japanese numeral classifiers have been discussed in much previous research, this chapter offers further insights into a range of issues that are of typological interest in relation to noun categorization systems. These issues include the extent to which a distinction can be made between classifiers and quantifiers in this language, as well as between classifiers whose referents are represented by nouns or verbs. The chapter also extends the understanding of the discourse pragmatic functions of Japanese numeral classifiers and opens a new area of investigation into their idiosyncratic, metaphorical uses by speakers to express their subjective attitude towards a referent.
The Catholic Church and the Northern Ireland Troubles, 1968-1998
Authors: Scull Margaret M.
Published: October 2019

This book evaluates the role of the Catholic Church in mediating conflict situations, with the Northern Ireland ‘Troubles’ acting as a case study. Until surprisingly recently the only accounts of the Irish Catholic Church during this period were written by Irish priests and bishops and were commemorative, rather than analytical, in intent. During the conflict, these individuals often worked behind the scenes, acting as go-betweens for the British government and republican paramilitaries, with the aim of bringing about a peaceful solution. In addition, this study explores the impact of the English Catholic Church on the conflict and provides a broad analysis of key themes in the history of the Catholic Church during the ‘Troubles’. It argues for an entangled approach to this history, maintaining that we must study the actions of the American, Irish, and English Catholic Churches, as well as that of the Vatican, to uncover the full impact of the Church on the conflict. A critical analysis of previously neglected state documents alongside Irish and English Catholic Church archival material changes our perspective on the role of a religious institution in a modern conflict. Author-conducted interviews with leading priests, women religious, bishops, former paramilitaries, community organizers, and politicians add colour and nuance to the debate.
‘The Men of Violence’, 1976–1981
Authors: Scull Margaret M.
Published: October 2019

This chapter is devoted to the prison protests in Long Kesh/Maze Prison. It evaluates Church responses to the evolving protest by republican paramilitary prisoners on their quest for ‘five demands’ for political prisoner status. The chapter will culminate with the 1980 and 1981 hunger strikes which saw the deaths of ten men in the prison, including Bobby Sands, and more than sixty deaths outside caused by heightened community tensions. At this point, the English and Irish Catholic Churches faced their greatest point of division over the issue of hunger striking as suicide; a schism often reported by the British media. Fr Denis Faul, a civil rights activist, effectively ended the 1981 hunger strike by convincing the families to medically intervene. The legacy of the strikes fractured the tenuous relationship between the Church and Irish Republicans, marking a major turning point in the conflict.
‘Marvellous Melbourne’
Authors: Blomkamp Emma , Lewis Jenny M.
Published: October 2019

Melbourne has been named the world’s most liveable city for almost a decade on a number of global rankings. Leaving aside problems of such indicators, Melbourne has transformed from an economic basket-case of industrial decline in the 1980s into a vibrant and cosmopolitan world city. Central to this transformation been a set of determined moves by the city and state governments to change the city centre from an inhospitable place into a desirable location to work, live, and play. In this chapter, more than two decades (1980–2015) of city planning and policy development are charted to explain Melbourne’s remarkable economic resurgence and cultural revitalization. This is not a straightforward tale of policy success, however. Strained relations between the state and city governments, changing technologies and industrial trends, and at times hostile reactions to the creative visions of the city’s architects have threatened policy success. Informed by extensive research and consultation, the city government nevertheless stimulated housing and retail development, and activated public space. Strategic interventions by the state government to stimulate the economy in key areas of strength, combined with the city government’s people-centric approach to liveability, have effectively made the city more amenable, creative, smart, and sustainable.
The Copenhagen Metropolitan ‘Finger Plan’
Authors: Sørensen Eva , Torfing Jacob
Published: October 2019

The metropolitan region of Copenhagen in Denmark has successfully avoided urban sprawl through a comprehensive public plan initiated more than seventy years ago. Given the well-known challenges to urban planning, it is surprising how successful this so-called Finger Plan has been in governing the process of expansion and development to satisfy both public planners and private citizens. Formulated in the optimistic post-war years, 1945–7, when the pressure on land use outside the city centre was still limited, the plan was initiated by the private Urban Planning Lab. In today’s terminology, this was a bottom-up grassroots initiative which maintained support from local, regional, and national decision-makers. Higher than expected growth in population, economy, and transportation infrastructure has been achieved through robust adaptation. Now considered by many to be one of the greatest Danish planning achievements in history, it was included in 2006 on the national list of celebrated cultural icons. The chapter analyses the conditions for and adaptive development of the Finger Plan. The analysis of the factors driving the successful formulation and implementation of the Finger Plan pays attention to the question of timing, the professional process management, the political coalition building, the strength of metaphors, and the ability to adapt to changing conditions.
Healing the Ozone Layer
Authors: Albrecht Frederike , Parker Charles F.
Published: October 2019

The Montreal Protocol—the regime designed to protect the stratospheric ozone layer—has widely been hailed as the gold standard of global environmental governance and is one of few examples of international institutional cooperative arrangements successfully solving complex transnational problems. Although the stratospheric ozone layer still bears the impacts of ozone depleting substances (ODSs), the problem of ozone depletion is well on its way to being solved due to the protocol. This chapter examines how the protocol was designed and implemented in a way that has allowed it to successfully overcome a number of thorny challenges that most international environmental regimes must face: how to attract sufficient participation, how to promote compliance and manage non-compliance, how to strengthen commitments over time, how to neutralize or co-opt potential ‘veto players’, how to make the costs of implementation affordable, how to leverage public opinion in support of the regime’s goals, and, ultimately, how to promote the behavioural and policy changes needed to solve the problems and achieve the goals the regime was designed to solve. The chapter concludes that while some of the reasons for the Montreal Protocol’s success, such as fairly affordable, available substitutes for ODSs, are not easy to replicate, there are many other elements of this story that can be utilized when thinking about how to design solutions to other transnational environmental problems.
The Matter of Song in Early Modern England
Authors: Larson Katherine R.
Published: October 2019

Given the variety and richness of the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century English “songscape,” it might seem unsurprising to suggest that early modern song needs to be considered as sung. When a reader encounters a song in a sonnet sequence, a romance, and even a masque or a play, however, the tendency is to engage with it as poem rather than as musical performance. The Matter of Song in Early Modern England: Texts in and of the Air opens up the notion of song from a performance-based perspective and considers the implications of reading early modern song not simply as lyric text but as embodied and gendered musical practice. Animating the traces of song preserved in physiological and philosophical commentaries, singing handbooks, poetic treatises, and literary texts ranging from Mary Sidney Herbert’s Psalmes to John Milton’s Comus, the book confronts song’s ephemerality, its lexical and sonic capriciousness, and its airy substance. These features can resist critical analysis but were vital to song’s affective workings in the early modern period. The Matter of Song in Early Modern England demonstrates the need to attend much more closely to the musical dimensions of literary production and circulation in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century England. It also makes an important and timely contribution to our understanding of women’s engagement with song as writers and as performers. A companion recording of fourteen songs, featuring Larson (soprano) and Lucas Harris (lute), brings the project’s innovative methodology and central case studies to life.