bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pierre Janet on post‐traumatic stress
Authors: van der Kolk Bessel A. , Brown Paul , van der Hart Onno
Published: June 2007

One hundred years ago, in 1889, Pierre Janet published L'Automatisme Psychologique, his first work to deal with how the mind processes traumatic experiences. Janet claimed that vehement emotions interfere with proper appraisal and appropriate action. Failure to confront the experience fully leads to dissociation of the traumatic memories and their return as fragmentary reliving experiences: feeling states, somatic sensations, visual images, and behavioral reenactments. A century later, Janet still provides an unsurpassed framework for integrating current knowledge about the psychodynamic, cognitive, and biological effects of human traumatization.
The Japanese American internment: Exploring the transgenerational consequences of traumatic stress
Authors: Nagata Donna K.
Published: June 2007

The present study investigates the cross‐generational impact of the World War II Japanese American internment upon the children of those who were incarcerated. Survey data were collected from a national sample of 593 third‐generation (Sansei) Japanese Americans to assess the impact of a parent's internment upon the Sansei's: (a) patterns of communication, interest, and knowledge about the internment; and (b) attitudes towards ethnic affiliation, sense of security in the United States, and monetary redress. Results indicated that strikingly little communication has occurred between the Sansei and their parents regarding the internment. In addition, although Sansei whose parents had been interned did not differ from Sansei with noninterned parents in terms of outmarriage or level of knowledge about the internment, they did report being less secure about their rights in this country, having a greater preference for affiliation with other Japanese Americans and more strongly favoring monetary redress for those who were interned. The implications of these findings are discussed with reference to the existing literature on trauma and victimization.
A behavior‐response wheel for training and field use by civil defense officers at emergency sites
Authors: Granot Hayim , Brender Moshe
Published: June 2007

There has been a growth of awareness in many countries of the world in the last decade or so that mental health must be integrated into emergency preparedness if long‐term and often severe emotional sequelae are to be mitigated. This paper reflects an assumption that these considerations need to be an integral part of the immediate response to emergency situations. The paper describes the development of an instrument used in training uniformed personnel to fulfill this unfamiliar and uncomfortable role. Nineteen behaviors and three modes of recommended response to them were formulated in an attractively designed wheel for training civil defense officers. In the course of applying the new instrument it appeared that the wheel may also have a research value in detecting diverse preferences for the suggested response modes.
Combat exposure and the etiology of postdischarge substance abuse problems among Vietnam veterans
Authors: Fischer Victor J.
Published: June 2007

This study finds a highly significant (p < 0.0002) relationship between combat exposure and problems with drugs or drinking too much following discharge from the Armed Forces among a large (N = 1,176) national random probability sample of Vietnam veterans. Exposure to heavy combat more than doubled a typical Vietnam veteran's risk of reporting a postdischarge substance abuse problem, as compared to what would have been expected had he served, but seen no combat, in Vietnam. Employing an ordinary least‐squares multiple regression model, this study also found a highly significant relationship (p < 0.0001) between the self‐report of a postdischarge substance abuse problem and age at assignment to Vietnam. These findings support the residual stress theory proposed by Figley (1978), as opposed to the stress evaporation hypothesis advanced by Borus (1973). Providing empirical support for the psychoanalytic construct of normal developmental lines advanced by Anna Freud (1965) and Erikson (1968), this study posits that younger Vietnam combat veterans, having achieved less developmental stability and personality integration than relatively older veterans, were therefore at greater risk for the subsequent emergence of substance abuse problems as a result of their exposure to combat.
The contribution of wartime, pre‐war, and post‐war factors to self‐efficacy: A longitudinal study of combat stress reaction
Authors: Solomon Z. , Benbenishty R. , Mikulincer M.
Published: June 2007

The current study is designed to investigate factors that shape combat‐related self‐efficacy expectations following breakdown in combat, and changes in the relative importance of each of these factors as time elapses. In the current study, a sample of Israeli frontline soldiers in the Israel Lebanon War (1982) who were diagnosed as having combat stress reaction was followed‐up 1, 2, and 3 years after combat. At these three points of time, we assessed their psychiatric status and combat‐related perceived self‐efficacy. In addition, we gathered information about the soldiers' behavior and affect during battle, their adjustment prior to military training, the number of wars in which they had participated, and whether they broke down in these prior wars. Results show that self‐efficacy following war was influenced by the specific characteristics of events that occurred during the war, the soldiers' current psychiatric status, and their adjustment prior to military training. In addition, it was found that with the passage of time, the importance of the characteristics of the trauma diminishes, and other factors take precedence. The results were discussed in terms of Bandura's conceptualization of self‐efficacy.
The Williams pipeline disaster: A controlled study of a technological accident
Authors: Realmuto George M. , Wagner Nancy , Bartholow John
Published: June 2007

This study reports the results of a neighborhood interview for Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms 13 months after a manmade technological disaster. Interviews with 24 victims found 3 who satisfied DSM‐III‐R criteria for PTSD. However, a low community response rate of 58%, resident relocation and other factors raise the possibility of sampling bias and results should be considered cautiously. Victims experiencing PTSD symptoms were more likely to be female, older, and having a history of psychiatric treatment. Some PTSD symptoms were more frequent than others, especially the avoidance symptoms of amnesia, diminished interest and detachment, which had a sensitivity of 63% and a specificity of 100%. One particular arousal symptom, sleep difficulty, was generally confined to female victims. The study corroborates the findings of larger disasters regarding the importance of certain characteristics of individuals that place them at greater risk for psychological morbidity following a disaster. Further studies are needed to define the unique characteristics of circumscribed disasters, such as social, religious or geographical parameters that may mitigate or compound the effect of a disaster.
A study of the MMPI clinical and research scales for post‐traumatic stress disorder diagnostic utility
Authors: Silver Steven M. , Salamone‐Genovese Linda
Published: June 2007

Controversy exists as to the utility of the MMPI in diagnosing post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Studies of an empirically developed PTSD Subscale for the MMPI have had conflicting results. In this study 84 MMPI clinical and research scales, including the PTSD Subscale, of 234 Vietnam War veterans (+PTSD = 117, ‐PTSD = 117) were compared to determine the clinical usefulness of the scales for differential diagnosis of PTSD. The veterans were all inpatients applying for admission to a PTSD treatment program. The MMPI clinical profile for PTSD was corroborated, though it had little statistically significant difference than the average profile of the ‐PTSD group. The PTSD Subscale was slightly better than chance in classifying veterans. A number of research scales were found to be as or more accurate than the PTSD Subscale in terms of true hit rates.
Debriefing red cross disaster personnel: The multiple stressor debriefing model
Authors: Armstrong Keith , O'Callahan William , Marmar Charles R.
Published: June 2007

During the 1989 San Francisco earthquake, Red Cross disaster personnel were involved in providing services which put them at risk for developing stress reactions including Post‐traumatic Stress Disorder. This article describes the disaster relief effort in San Francisco and Oakland made by Red Cross workers and the debriefing which was provided to these personnel. Mitchell's Model for Critical Incident Stress Debriefing (CISD) was modified to fit the broad spectrum of needs and stresses experienced by disaster relief personnel. The Multiple Stressor Debriefing Model (MSDM) which evolved from this experience is discussed with specific recommendations for mental health workers involved in Debriefing Red Cross and other emergency personnel who face multiple stressors over an extended period of relief operations.
Anger and post‐traumatic stress disorder in female crime victims
Authors: Riggs David S. , Dancu Constance V. , Gershuny Beth S. , Greenberg Deborah , Foa Edna B.
Published: June 2007

This study examined feelings of anger among female victims of crime and the relation of anger to the development of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). One hundred and sixteen women who had been victims of sexual or nonsexual criminal assaults were compared to a matched comparison group of 50 nonvictimized women on measures of anger and anger expression. Results indicate that victims were angrier than nonvictims. The level of anger was related to various aspects of the assault, such as the use of a weapon and the victim's response to the attack. In addition, the results indicate that elevated anger is positively related to the development of PTSD. Results are discussed in relation to a cognitive/behavioral conceptualization of PTSD.
Emotional numbing: A possible endorphin‐mediated phenomenon associated with post‐traumatic stress disorders and other allied psychopathologic states
Authors: Glover Hillel
Published: June 2007

Numbing of general responsiveness associated with post‐traumatic stress disorders is postulated to represent a psychobiological response to overwhelming stress mediated by a hypersecretion of the endogenous opiate system. Evidence for the hypothesis is inferential and is based on: (1) similarities between behavioral symptoms of the numb state and the effects of opioids on animals and man; (2) the stress induced analgesia phenomenon, an endorphin mediated response leading to reduction of pain and fear; (3) Solomon's Opponent Process Theory, which offers a conceptual framework for understanding how the numb response can become the dominant psychopathologic disturbance in a chronic condition. Catastrophe theory models are introduced to describe and explain the relationship of emotional nonresponsiveness to rage and other affective states. In addition, other psychiatric states in which flat affect, apathy, and social withdrawal predominate are highlighted as phenomenologically and dynamically similar to the numb state and are posited to also be regulated by the endogenous opiate system.
Traumatic stress of multiple murder investigations
Authors: Sewell James D.
Published: June 2007

The investigation of multiple murders is becoming increasingly common to America's communities. With the response to and investigation of such crimes comes significant and unique stress to law enforcement personnel. Such stressors fall into two broad categories: organizational and event. Successful management of this unique type of law enforcement stress requires a strong organizational commitment, specific management programs involving training and critical incident stress debriefing, and community support.
Diverse motives for fictitious post‐traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Lacoursiere Roy B.
Published: June 2007

Fictitious cases of Vietnam‐related post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) present a difficult diagnostic problem. In settings where the motives of avoiding criminal responsibility or gaining financially are apparent, the clinician is alerted to possible fictitious cases. But there are a variety of other reasons for fictitious presentation of PTSD that the clinician needs to consider. These other reasons include psychotic disorders, concealing other behavior, gaining special attention in a Vietnam veteran PTSD role, explaining and covering up a dysfunctional life, and factitious disorder. Case examples are presented of these various fictitious presentations of post‐Vietnam PTSD.
Post‐traumatic stress disorder following a suicide attempt
Authors: Wulsin Lawson R. , Goldman Laurie
Published: June 2007

How commonly does a suicide attempt lead to post‐traumatic stress disorder? The terrifying nature of events before and after many suicide attempts and the increasing rates of suicide attempts in the general population suggest that PTSD as a result of a suicide attempt should not be a rare occurrence. However, a thorough review of the literature revealed no reports. We provide one case report and discuss the theoretical, clinical, and research questions linking traumatic suicide attempts to subsequent PTSD.
The creative balance: The therapeutic relationship and thematic issues in trauma resolution
Authors: Roth Susan , Batson Ronald
Published: June 2007

A case example of the psychotherapeutic treatment by a male therapist of a female incest survivor is presented in the present paper. The case illustrates how the evolution of the therapeutic relationship critically contributed to the resolution of thematic issues that defined the therapeutic work. The case also illustrates the use of hypnosis in facilitating the integration of traumatic memories and themes. The importance of a creative balance between autonomy and connection in the therapeutic alliance is emphasized. Data for the case include narrative material written by the client over the course of the therapy.
Predictors of chronic stress among Vietnam veterans: Stressor exposure and intrusive recall
Authors: Davidson Laura M. , Baum Andrew
Published: June 2007

The present study examined the relationship between military service during the Vietnam era and chronic stress among Vietnam combat veterans, noncombat military controls, and nonmilitary age‐mates. Psychological, behavioral, and biochemical indices of stress were assessed. Results demonstrated that exposure to combat was not associated with symptoms of chronic stress. However, reported intrusiveness of recalled imagery associated with stressful combat events was an important predictor of long‐term symptoms of stress irrespective of combat exposure. In addition, the interaction of combat exposure and intrusive thinking was significantly related to symptoms of chronic stress. These data suggest that intrusive thinking may reflect an important individual difference variable that could help predict long‐term responding to stressors.
Odor‐induced EEG changes in PTSD Vietnam veterans
Authors: McCaffrey Robert J. , Lorig Tyler S. , Pendrey Deanna L. , McCutcheon N. Bruce , Garrett James C.
Published: June 2007

Electroencephalogram (EEG) changes in response to trauma and non‐traumarelated odors were examined in five Vietnam veterans with a DSM‐III‐R diagnosis of Post‐traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and in five Vietnam veterans with adjustment‐related problems (non‐PTSD). Period analysis of the EEG indicated that the odors differentially affected the PTSD group's theta and alpha activity compared to the non‐PTSD group. The greatest EEG and self‐report odor and PTSD effects were found in response to a trauma odor which simulated burning flesh. These findings have important implications in the detection of veterans who attempt to feign deliberately the psychophysiological response pattern associated with PTSD.
Unit‐based intervention for Gulf war soldiers surviving a SCUD missile attack: Program description and preliminary findings
Authors: Perconte Stephen , Wilson Anne , Pontius Edward , Dietrick Ann , Kirsch Cynthia , Sparacino Christopher
Published: June 2007

An intensive, on‐site treatment intervention was designed and implemented for the nonhospitalized survivors of a SCUD missile attack during the Persian Gulf War, following their return to the states. Twenty‐eight members of the 14th Quartermasters Unit, 24 males and 4 females, were evaluated and administered the Mississippi Scale for Combat‐Related PTSD (revised), the Beck Depression Inventory, and the SCL‐90R to assess levels of war stress symptomatology. A total of 20 soldiers participated in the treatment program, which consisted of a highly structured intervention utilizing a multimodal treatment approach. The pre‐ and post‐treatment testing suggested relatively high levels of symptomatology related to war stress in the soldiers who were in the vicinity of the missile blast, which decreased significantly following treatment. While the overall treatment effort was well‐received, several obstacles were encountered and discussed.
The psychobiology of PTSD: Perspectives and reflections on the past, present, and future
Authors: Kolb Lawrence C.
Published: June 2007

This article reviews historic, clinical, therapeutic, and research work regarding psychopathological responses to massive emotional stress. From these emerge the suggestion that post‐traumatic stress disorder represents a physioneurosis. Psychophysiological and neuroendocrine investigations of the last decade are summarized, as well as the neuropsychological hypothesis the author has derived therefrom about the etiologic development of post‐traumatic stress disorders. Lines of future research are suggested.
Dissociation, affect, and network models of memory: An integrative proposal
Authors: Yates Jean L. , Nasby William
Published: June 2007

This paper provides an integrative review of two schools of psychological research on memory. In one, the developers of associative network models (e.g., Anderson, 1983; Bower, 1981; Rumelhart and McClelland, 1986) base their work on experimentation and computer simulations. In the other, clinicians studying dissociative disorders (e.g., Bliss and Jeppsen, 1985; Braun, 1984a; Kluft, 1985a; Putnam et al., 1986) develop theories through the observation of patients and the collection of clinical statistics. Both schools of research are attempting to understand how items in memory are variably accessible and inaccessible in order to conceptualize an overall structure of the way memory is connected and organized as well as to develop a vocabulary of rules about how memory works. Connections found between the two areas result in three topics of particular interest. First, the central role of affect in dissociative disorders suggests a reevaluation of the minor role that it has been given in most network models. Second, the extreme levels of affect present in clinical observation, not ethically reproducible in mood and memory experimentation, call attention to the necessity of examining clinical data in establishing experimental theories. Third, the role of inhibition in “neural” network memory models, taken for granted in clinical research, must be accounted for in network models of memory.
Vietnam veterans in the general hospital: Seven years later
Authors: Reaves Michael E. , Callen Kenneth E. , Maxwell Michael J.
Published: June 2007

Vietnam era veterans who were originally part of a sample of 300, were surveyed in 1982 and again in 1989. There were significant increases in symptom scores in 5 of 20 questions for the combat veteran subgroup from 1982 to 1989. The avoidance group of symptoms had the highest scores in 1989. Combat veterans continued to be more symptomatic than their non‐combat contemporaries. Vietnam veterans estimate of combat activity differed with the passage of time.
The theory of torture and the treatment of its survivors: An intervention model
Authors: Gonsalves Carlos J. , Torres Tato A. , Fischman Yael , Ross Jaime , Vargas Maria O.
Published: June 2007

Torture is analyzed as an institution which impacts on both the individual survivor and society at large. The authors provide formulations toward a comprehensive treatment approach for survivors of torture and political repression. Interventions are focused on four key areas: (a) restoring physical integrity; (b) promoting psychological reorganization; (c) examining the multiple losses involved in refugee or exile status; and (d) reintegrating the survivor into sociopolitical life. A critical element underlying these interventions is an awareness of and sensitivity to countertransference dynamics. The authors stress the need for a safe therapeutic environment in which the uncovering process can take place, and survivors can rebuild their sense of trust and security.
Post‐traumatic stress: Attributional aspects
Authors: Joseph Stephen , Yule William , Williams Ruth
Published: June 2007

Although exposure to a traumatic event is thought to be the main aetiological factor in the development of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD: APA, 1987), a large amount of individual variance in the chronicity and severity of symptoms remains unaccounted for. In this paper, evidence will be reviewed for the possible mediating role of causal attributions and attributional style. It is suggested that these factors may be related to specific emotional states within PTSD and to particular coping behaviors.
Violence, trauma, and post‐traumatic stress disorder among women drug users
Authors: Fullilove Mindy Thompson , Fullilove Robert E. , Smith Michael , Winkler Karen , Michael Calvin , Panzer Paula G. , Wallace Rodrick
Published: June 2007

In order to examine the association between the experience of violent events, trauma, and post‐traumatic stress disorder among women drug users, 105 women in treatment for addictive disorders were interviewed. One hundred four of the study participants reported trauma in 1 or more of 14 categories of traumatic events, 59% of whom reported symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder. Among those with PTSD, 97% reported one or more violent traumas as compared with 73% of those without PTSD. The likelihood of PTSD was strongly associated with the number of violent traumas reported by a woman. Women in recovery from drug addiction are likely to have a history of violent trauma and are at high risk for post‐traumatic stress disorder. Screening for PTSD among women with an addictive disorder should become part of the diagnostic and treatment routine.
Relationship of cynical hostility and PTSD among Vietnam veterans
Authors: Kubany Edward S. , Denny Nathan R. , Gino Antonio , Torigoe Rodney Y.
Published: June 2007

The personality construct of cynical hostility, as measured by the Cook‐Medley scale (an MMPI subscale), has been implicated as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. A literature review suggests that Vietnam veterans exhibit many cynical hostility‐like characteristics. We examined the association between Cook‐Medley scores and PTSD among Vietnam and other‐era veterans. Study 1 involved analyses of data from 1293 MMPIs administered at Department of Veterans Affairs in Honolulu between 1986–1991. Cook‐Medley scores were highly correlated with MMPI PTSD scores, and Vietnam Era veterans obtained higher scores than veterans from other eras. In Study 2, twenty nine Vietnam veterans with PTSD disability ratings obtained very high Cook‐Medley scores which were higher than Vietnam Era veterans without rated PTSD. Findings indicate that the cynical hostility literature has considerable relevance for study of PTSD and suggest that PTSD veterans may have heightened risk for developing cardiovascular disease. Several directions for future research are suggested.
A comparison of four PTSD measures' convergent validities in Vietnam veterans
Authors: Watson Charles G. , Plemel Duane , DeMotts John , Howard Mary T. , Tuorila James , Moog Ronald , Thomas Dolores , Anderson Douglas
Published: June 2007

We compared the convergent validities of four commonly used post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) measures in 80 help‐seeking Vietnam veterans by contrasting their intercorrelations. When scored as continuous severity or frequency measures, the Mississippi Scale for Combat‐related PTSD's and the Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder Interview's (PTSD‐I's) concordances with other measures were similar to one anothers' and generally larger than those of either the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) PTSD module or the MMPI PTSD scale. However, when used only to identify stress disorder's presence or absence, the four techniques' concordances were nearly identical. This suggested that the four measures have similar convergent validities when used simply to identify PTSD, but that the PTSD‐I and Mississippi scale offer better convergent validity than the MMPI or DIS instruments when used as severity measures.
Dissociative states induced by relaxation training in a PTSD combat veteran: Failure to identify trigger mechanisms
Authors: Fitzgerald Stephen G. , Gonzalez Edgardo
Published: June 2007

PTSD is often treated with anxiety management techniques, including relaxation training. A case report is presented which describes a PTSD combat veteran who experienced dissociative states induced by relaxation training. Hypnotherapy subsequently identified traumatic memories which were recalled during relaxation training but triggering mechanisms for the recall of these traumatic memories were not identified.
Depressive features in Holocaust survivors with post‐traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Yehuda Rachel , Kahana Boaz , Southwick Steven M. , Giller Earl L.
Published: June 2007

The present study was designed to explore several aspects of depressive phenomenology, including current symptoms, dependency (anaclitic) and self‐criticism (introjective) themes, and issues of self‐efficacy, in Holocaust survivors with and without posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The Depressive Subscale of the Symptom Checklist‐90 (SCL‐90) and the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ) were administered to 23 Holocaust survivors and 18 demographically‐matched controls. Holocaust survivors with PTSD scored significantly higher on the SCL‐90 depression scale, and portrayed more self‐criticism on the DEQ, than Holocaust survivors without PTSD and demographically‐matched non‐exposed subjects. The data suggest that depressive symptoms in individuals who have been severely traumatized are more severe when associated with a concurrent PTSD. Furthermore, groups suffering different types of trauma may show similarities in psychological dimensions of depression.
Post‐traumatic stress disorder as a sequela of Guillain‐Barre syndrome
Authors: Chemtob Claude M. , Herriott Michael G.
Published: June 2007

Post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was observed in a 24 year‐old female following severe Guillain‐Barre syndrome (GBS). A review of the literature uncovered no previously mentioned examples of PTSD resulting from GBS or other medical illnesses. GBS‐induced PTSD shared the features of PTSD seen following other traumatic events.
Confidants' feedback and traumatic life events
Authors: Kelly Anita E. , Coenen Matthew E. , Johnston Benjamin L.
Published: June 2007

One hundred six undergraduate (83 women and 23 men) completed surveys concerning their most traumatic life event, the feedback they received following their disclosure of the event to others, and how they felt after the disclosure. Results indicated that the better they felt after disclosure, the less disturbed they were by thoughts of the event at the time of the study. In addition, the more personal the trauma was, the worse they felt after their disclosure, and the more disturbed they were about the trauma. However, no significant relation existed between the positivity (e.g., supportiveness) of their confidant's feedback and their present degree of disturbance. Implications for understanding the complex relation between confiding traumatic events and resolving feelings surrounding those events were discussed.
Trauma‐related disorders in psychiatrists' and general practitioners' private practice in Switzerland
Authors: Schnyder Ulrich , Valach Ladislav , Hofer Dieter
Published: June 2007

A questionnaire addressing traumatic stress related issues was mailed to every third psychiatrist in private practice and to every fifth general practitioner in Switzerland (N = 1406), number of returns 517 (37%). Trauma‐related disorders seem to be underdiagnosed. Patients suffering from rape, accidents and war related trauma were most often mentioned. Psychiatrists knew more about specific treatment possibilities than general practitioners. Only 14% of the responding clinicians were satisfied with the existing therapeutic services for trauma victims; more psychiatrists voiced a need for their improvement. A majority suggested interdisciplinarity and the cooperation of institutions and therapists in private practice for the treatment of trauma‐related disorders. It is proposed that further education should be tailored according to the target professional group.
Interpersonal violence: Expanding the search for long‐term sequelae within a sample of battered women
Authors: Weaver Terri L. , Clum George A.
Published: June 2007

Lifetime sexual and physical victimization histories were examined within a shelter and outpatient sample of battered women (N = 43). Rates of prior victimization were very high with 71% of women reporting a childhood experience of physical abuse and 53% of women reporting a childhood experience of sexual abuse. These experiences were then examined as predictors of intra‐ and interpersonal functioning. Difficulties with identity development, low self‐worth, borderline personality characteristics, and (at the trend level) difficulties with intimacy, received some support as long‐term outcomes associated with reports of chronic experiences of childhood physical abuse. These findings provide some empirical support for the theorized relationship between childhood abuse and difficulties in the domains of intra‐ and interpersonal functioning.
MMPI profiles of acute and chronic PTSD in a civilian sample
Authors: Gaston Louise , Brunet Alain , Koszycki Diane , Bradwejn Jacques
Published: June 2007

In a treatment setting, a group of 165 subjects presenting with either acute or chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were compared to 72 subjects presenting with panic disorder only in order to determine whether the MMPI PTSD assessment strategy developed with Vietnam veterans could be validly used with civilians. Results indicated that the MMPI profile, codetype, diagnostic decision rule, and PK scale developed with samples of Vietnam veterans did not apply well to civilians, especially those presenting with acute PTSD. It is thus recommended that specific assessment strategies be developed for these populations.
The counting method for ameliorating traumatic memories
Authors: Ochberg Frank M.
Published: June 2007

The Counting Method is a technique for modulating and mastering traumatic memories in which the therapist counts out loud to 100 while the client silently remembers a traumatic event. Immediately afterward, the recollection is reported, discussed and reframed. This method is briefly described and its use within the context of ongoing therapy is explained.
Development of a criteria set and a structured interview for disorders of extreme stress (SIDES)
Authors: Pelcovitz David , van der Kolk Bessel , Roth Susan , Mandel Francine , Kaplan Sandra , Resick Patricia
Published: June 2007

Data regarding the development of a structured interview measuring alterations that may accompany extreme stress are presented. A list of 27 criteria often seen in response to extreme trauma and not addressed by DSM‐IV criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were generated based on a systematic review of the literature and a survey of 50 experts. A structured interview for disorders of extreme stress (SIDES) measuring the presence of these criteria was administered to 520 subjects as part of the DSM‐IV PTSD field trials. Inter‐rater reliability as measured by Kappa coefficients for lifetime Disorders of Extreme Stress was .81. Internal consistency using coefficient alpha ranged from .53 to .96. Results indicate that the SIDES is a useful tool for investigation of response to extremes stress.
Anger regulation deficits in combat‐related posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Chemtob Claude M. , Novaco Raymond W. , Hamada Roger S. , Gross Douglas M. , Smith Gary
Published: June 2007

We describe a typology of regulatory deficits associated with anger in combat‐related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cognitive, arousal, and behavioral domain deficits in anger regulation were observed clinically in PTSD patients with high levels of anger who were participating in a multi‐year trial of a structured anger treatment. We also describe a category of patients whose anger type we have termed “ball of rage.” These patients exhibit regulatory deficits in all three domains of anger regulation. We offer a conceptual framework to advance the understanding of anger associated with PTSD and to guide its effective treatment.
The relationship between violence dimensions and symptom severity among homeless, mentally ill women
Authors: Goodman Lisa A. , Dutton Mary Ann , Harris Maxine
Published: June 2007

Little is known about the relationship between violence and symptomatology in the lives of homeless, mentally ill women. This study investigates the possibility that specific dimensions of violence—frequency, recentness and type—may be associated with severity of psychiatric symptomatology in this population. Results indicate that each of the abuse dimensions is associated with a broad range of psychiatric symptoms and, in combination with substance abuse, account for almost one third of the variance in overall distress. These findings suggest the possibility that intensity of exposure to violence contributes to the severity of psychiatric symptoms even in women who already suffer an overwhelming number of intrapsychic and social difficulties; and that multiply traumatized women do not become desensitized to the impact of new violence. This article discusses the clinical and policy implications of these conclusions.
Posttraumatic stress disorder and substance abuse: Use of research in a clinical setting
Authors: Dansky Bonnie S. , Roitzsch John C. , Brady Kathleen T. , Saladin Michael E.
Published: June 2007

The goal of the present investigation was to evaluate whether the process of assessing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in substance abuse/dependence inpatients (N = 95) as part of a research protocol influenced the diagnostic assessment conducted by clinical staff. The prevalence of current crime‐related PTSD (CR‐PTSD) observed with a research interview was 40% (n = 38), whereas the rate of current CR‐PTSD documented in (the same) patients' discharge summaries was 15% (n = 14). An even lower CR‐PTSD prevalence rate of 8% (n = 5) was obtained from a new sample of patient discharge summaries (N = 59) collected after the cessation of the research project. On chart intake reports, clinical staff documented a history of sexual and/or physical assault in approximately one‐half of these patients, but PTSD was not evaluated. PTSD appears to be under‐diagnosed by clinical staff in patients with substance use disorders.
Trauma‐related symptomatology among American Indian adolescents
Authors: Jones Monica C. , Dauphinais Paul , Sack William H. , Somervell Philip D.
Published: June 2007

The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC‐2.1C), including the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) module, was administered to 109 American Indian adolescents from a Northern Plains reservation. In response to the DISC's open‐ended probes, 61% of respondents reported at least one traumatic event. Despite high rates of trauma and substantial numbers of subsyndromal PTSD symptoms, the prevalence rate of diagnosable PTSD was found to be only 3%. The reporting of traumatic events was associated with increased prevalence of behavioral disorders and substance abuse or dependence diagnoses. There was, however, no significant difference in academic performance (grade point average or scholastic aptitude test scores) between those who reported traumatic events, or PTSD symptoms, and those who did not.
The impact of the homecoming reception on the development of posttraumatic stress disorder: The West Haven Homecoming Stress Scale (WHHSS)
Authors: Johnson David Read , Lubin Hadar , Rosenheck Robert , Fontana Alan , Sonthwick Steven , Charney Dennis
Published: June 2007

This study reports on the development of a self‐report measure of the homecoming experience among Vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The West Haven Homecoming Stress Scale (WHHSS), measuring Frequency of Events, Intensity of Feelings, and Level of Support during the first 6 months after return from overseas, and within the past 6 months, was collected from 247 veterans who were receiving inpatient treatment for PTSD. Homecoming Stress was the most significant predictor of current PTSD symptomatology superseding combat exposure, childhood and civilian traumas, and stressful life events. A factor analysis resulted in four orthogonal factors: Shame, Negative Interpersonal Interaction, Social Withdrawal, and Resentment. Homecoming Stress was unchanged over the course of a 4 month inpatient program.
Childhood trauma histories in adolescent inpatients
Authors: Weine Stevan M. , Becker Daniel F. , Levy Kenneth N. , Edell William S. , McGlashan Thomas H.
Published: June 2007

The authors describe the prevalence of childhood traumatic experiences among adolescent inpatients. A Childhood Trauma Chart Review Scale (CTCRS) was developed to assess traumatic experiences during childhood and adolescence. The CTCRS was reliably applied to the medical records of 75 adolescent inpatients who had been given structured clinical interviews for DSM‐III‐R diagnoses at the time of admission. Most subjects (81%) had experienced at least one traumatic event during childhood, with loss of caregiver being the most frequent type of traumatic experience. Many subjects had multiple types of traumatic experiences, during both early and late childhood. A history of childhood trauma was associated with greater functional impairment and higher likelihood of having a personality disorder, but with no difference in Axis I diagnoses.
Screening for trauma history on an inpatient affective‐disorders unit: A pilot study
Authors: Escalona Rodrigo , Tupler Larry A. , Saur Carol D. , Krishnan K. Ranga R. , Davidson Jonathan R. T.
Published: June 2007

Psychiatric inpatients (N = 343) admitted to an affective‐disorders unit were administered a self‐rating Trauma Questionnaire (TQ) to evaluate life history of traumatic experiences. Eighty four percent of the sample identified at least one traumatic‐event category (M = 2.72 categories/patient). Symptoms consistent with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were highly prevalent. However, only six patients received a chart diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder. Female patients evidenced more PTSD symptoms than males, in contrast to an equal number of event categories identified by the two sexes. Age correlated negatively with number of symptoms endorsed. Implications for trauma screening in affective‐disorder patients are discussed.
The association between illusions of invulnerability and exposure to trauma
Authors: Roe‐Berning Shelley , Straker Gill
Published: June 2007

The study investigated, in a high risk adolescent sample, the relationship between illusions of invulnerability and exposure to six specific traumatic events. The most significant finding was the significant negative relationship between exposure to trauma and level of invulnerability, indicating that the greater the exposure to trauma, the less the invulnerability expressed in regard to potential risk. A further significant finding of the study was that vicarious exposure to trauma affects how one estimates risk of death in relation to the “average other” but not in relation to the self. Direct experience of trauma, on the other hand, affects perceived risk in relation to both self and other.
Assessing the structure, content, and perceived social climate of residential posttraumatic stress disorder treatment programs
Authors: Johnson David Read , Rosenheck Robert , Fontana Alan
Published: June 2007

This study utilized a comprehensive assessment of program structure, content, and social climate to determine whether specialized residential posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) programs (SIPUs,n= 19) can be differentiated from general psychiatric units (GPUs, n = 18) within the Department of Veterans Affairs. Significant differences between program types were found: SIPUs were more clearly differentiated from the larger hospital system, had more strict patient selection criteria and program regulations, longer length of stays and lower admission rates, and spent more program time on PTSD symptoms and war zone experiences than GPUs. Veterans in the SIPUs (n= 453) rated the programs significantly higher on most social climate measures than veterans with PTSD in the GPUs (n= 153), indicating that veterans perceived these programs as more active, supportive, and better structured.
Treatment preferences of vietnam veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Johnson David Read , Lubin Hadar
Published: June 2007

This study attempted to examine patterns over time in treatment preferences of 65 veterans who completed a 4 month inpatient posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD) program in order to reveal potentially more beneficial types of treatment. Veterans rated the severity of their symptoms and degree of benefit of 35 different treatment components at discharge, and at 4 and 12 months follow‐up. Veterans rated their symptoms as having not changed at discharge, and worsening by 4 months. Veterans initially perceived components that were high in Vietnam content, exploratoty in purpose, verbal in modality, and personally focused as most effective, but by 12‐month follow‐up they perceived these as less effective than components that were low in Vietnam content, educative, action oriented, and externally focused. These effects were strongest among veterans with higher levels of PTSD symptomatology. Combat exposure, childhood abuse, and race were generally not significant predictors of response. These results underscore the importance of further inquiry into the relative value of rehabilitative‐oriented and psychotherapeutic‐oriented treatments for veterans with severe and chronic PTSD.
Inpatient treatment of war‐related posttraumatic stress disorder: A 20‐year perspective
Authors: Rosenheck Robert , Fontana Alan , Errera Paul
Published: June 2007

These papers show that long‐stay inpatient PTSD programs provide treatment that is quite different from other programs but that they are neither as effective, from a psychometric perspective, nor as helpful, from the veterans' subjective perspective, as has been expected. VA treatment of PTSD is changing its focus and is being influenced by three distinct societal forces, in addition to data from studies like these: (1) the continuing effort of American society to come to terms with its Vietnam War experience; (2) the crisis of U.S. health care costs; and (3) the emergence of a movement to “re‐invent” government and to increase public accountability through performance data.
Hope, coping, and social support in combat‐related posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Irving Lori M. , Telfer Leslie , Blake Dudley D.
Published: June 2007

Dispositional hope, coping and perceived social support were assessed among Vietnam combat veterans upon admission to and discharge from inpatient treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Veterans reported lower dispositional hope than any previously described sample, and hope did not increase at discharge from treatment. At admission, higher hope was correlated with greater perceived social support coming from family (this relationship persisted when controlling for depression and PTSD symptoms). At discharge, higher hope was associated with greater perceived social support coming from family and friends and the use of adaptive coping strategies. Results indicate that hope confers a beneficial effect once veterans undergo treatment for combat‐related PTSD, a finding that suggests that hope may be “gone but not lost” for these individuals.
Psychometric properties of the Civilian version of the Mississippi PTSD scale
Authors: Lauterbach Dean , Vrana Scott , King Daniel W. , King Lynda A.
Published: June 2007

The psychometric properties of the Civilian Mississippi Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Scale were explored. The Mississippi is internally consistent (α ≅ 89, split‐half r ≅ 80), and it can discriminate between traumatized and nontraumatized respondents. However, its relationship with measures of PTSD was weaker than its relationship with measures of depression and anxiety, suggesting that it may be more of a general measure of distress. The results of a series confirmatory factor analyses provided mixed results. These findings were discussed along with recommendations for use of this instrument.
EMDR minus eye movements equals good psychotherapy
Authors: Hyer Lee , Brandsma Jeffrey M.
Published: June 2007

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a therapy roughly equal in efficacy to others currently available. It is argued that this treatment method is efficacious independent of the value of its component parts (e.g., eye movements) and is successful because it applies common and generally accepted principles of psychotherapy. Ten curative principles of this procedure are discussed as reflective of sound psychotherapy practice. It is hoped that an understanding of this therapy from the perspective of the practice and theory of psychotherapy will assist in its study.
Adult memories of childhood trauma: A naturalistic clinical study
Authors: Herman Judith L. , Harvey Mary R.
Published: June 2007

The clinical evaluations of 77 adult psychiatric outpatients reporting memories of childhood trauma were reviewed. A majority of patients reported some degree of continuous recall. Roughly half (53%) said they had never forgotten the traumatic events. Two smaller groups described a mixture of continuous and delayed recall (17%) or a period of complete amnesia followed by delayed recall (16%). Patients with and without delayed recall did not differ significantly in the proportions reporting corroboration of their memories from other sources. Idiosyncratic, trauma‐specific reminders and recent life crises were most commonly cited as precipitants to delayed recall. A previous psychotherapy was cited as a factor in a minority (28%) of cases. By contrast, intrusion of new memories after a period of amnesia was frequently cited as a factor leading to the decision to seek psychotherapy. The implications of these findings are discussed with respect to the role of psychotherapy in the process of recovering traumatic memories.
N,N,N‐Trimethylchitosan Chloride as a Gene Vector: Synthesis and Application
Authors: Mao Zhengwei , Ma Lie , Jiang Yan , Yan Ming , Gao Changyou , Shen Jiacong
Published: June 2007

N,N,N‐Trimethylchitosan chloride with different degrees of quaternization has been synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The particle size ranges from 150 to 600 nm, which is dependent on the N/P ratio and is less influenced by the degree of quaternization. The majority of the particles have a spherical morphology. The zeta potential of the particles increases with the N/P ratio and the quaternization degree of TMC. Short‐term contact experiments show good biocompatibility of TMC, but long‐term contact experiments reveal its high toxicity. This study suggests that TMC is a promising gene carrier, but further modification is still required to improve its cytocompatibility.

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