bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Securigera Securidaca Linnaeus on Conditioned Avoidance in Mice
Authors: Al-Hachim Ghazi M.
Published: September 2011

6 groups of albino mice ( ns = 6) were administered finely crushed Securigera Securidaca or its extracts. 3 groups of animals were given chloroform, absolute ether, or petroleum ether extract of seeds of Securigera Securidaca. The dose for each extract was 100 mg/kg body weight. Two groups of animals were given 100 mg/kg or 250 mg/kg body weight of crushed seeds. The control group of animals was given olive oil 10 cc/kg body weight. All the doses of the drugs were given orally. The conditioned avoidance technique was used 2 and 4 hr. after every treatment to test Ss' learning. Analysis of variance showed significant differences for treatments, days of treatments, and animals within time and treatment. Also a significant time-day interaction indicated the differential effect of time on different days.
Effects of Race and Sex of Experimenter and Subject on Responsiveness during Nonreinforcement and Reinforcement Conditions
Authors: Breyer Norman L. , May Jack G. , Gable Robert K.
Published: September 2011

Two 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 4 repeated measures analyses of variance were used to assess the effects of sex of S, race of S, sex of E, race of E, E-replications within characteristics and trials on responsiveness during nonreinforcement and reinforcement (verbal approval) conditions. Ss were 96 children from the Headstart program. They ranged in age from 60 to 72 mo. and were equally divided according to sex and race (black and white) characteristics so as to form 4 groups of 24 Ss each. Chi-square analyses of responsiveness of adjacent nonreinforcement and reinforcement conditions indicated that there was a reinforcement effect. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences were manifest in responsiveness under nonreinforcement conditions for sex of S, sex of E and E-replications. Significant interactions for sex by race of S and sex by race of E were also found. Similar effects were found in responsiveness under reinforcement conditions except that the interaction of sex by race of E which was not manifest.
Relationships between Estimated Price, Actual Price, and Rated Product Quality
Authors: Reck Martin
Published: September 2011

Ss consumed a selection of cheeses in a field setting and rated each cheese regarding flavor, aroma, and estimated price. The average ratings were correlated with each other and with market price. The results indicated that while Ss were able to estimate actual cost fairly well, they did not expect flavor and aroma to be related to cost. In addition, more expensive cheeses were not rated superior in flavor and were rated inferior in aroma to less expensive cheeses.
Evaluation of Distractibility of Material Reinforcers and Procedures on Discrimination Learning
Authors: Blair John Raymond
Published: September 2011

Third-grade middle-class children performed a size-discrimination task under one of 5 reward conditions (consumable, nonconsumable, token-consumable, token-nonconsumable, token) or a control condition. The reward groups were comparable in performance and markedly superior to the control group. Contrary to expectations, response-contingent nonconsumable rewards were not more distracting than response-contingent consumable rewards nor was the token-reward system for presenting these material rewards less distracting than the response-contingent reinforcement procedure.
Traditional and Non-Traditional Role Choice and Need for Failure among College Women
Authors: Maxwell Pamela G. , Gonzalez Arthur E. John
Published: September 2011

Female college Ss were administered a role choice questionnaire and indices for failure needs in the feminine and masculine domains. It was hypothesized that traditional role choice would entail a concomitant need for failure in the masculine domain and that the need for feminine failure would follow non-traditional role preference. Results supported the hypothesis.
Original Verbal Images of Children as a Function of Time
Authors: Khatena Joe
Published: September 2011

87 children between 8 and 11 yr. were identified as high, moderate and low creatives on a measure of verbal originality and presented 5 onomatopoeic words 4 times with time deadlines of 10 sec., 20 sec., 30 sec. and unlimited time. All three groups needed some time press although highly creative boys and girls generally needed more than their less creative peers.
Varied Information Levels and Accuracy of Person Perception
Authors: Obitz Frederick W. , Oziel L. Jerome
Published: September 2011

200 Ss judged 4 stimulus persons in 20 experimental conditions with varying amounts and categories of information given them. The greatest judging accuracy was obtained when total information input of different amounts and categories was greatest. Adding more input did not result in greater accuracy of judgment with all stimulus persons, however, and actually reduced accuracy for some stimulus persons. Further, considering the disproportionate amount of input increase necessary in order to yield small amounts of increased predictive accuracy, a question was raised concerning whether it is practically profitable to attempt to maximize predictive accuracy.
Sentence Mnemonics and the Role of Verb-Class in Paired-Associate Learning
Authors: Duffy Thomas M. , Walker Clinton , Montague William E.
Published: September 2011

The effectiveness of sentence mnemonics in facilitating noun pair learning was examined as a function of the grammatical restrictiveness of the connecting verb. Noun pairs were presented in transitive, transitive-causative, and intransitive sentences or by themselves for learning. No effect due to type of sentence was found. However, presenting sentence mnemonics, regardless of structure, produced significant interference with learning. The role of idiosyncratic mnemonics formed by Ss was discussed. In addition the relation between rated imagery and meaningfulness of the sentence and learning was examined.
Achievement Motivation and Cheating
Authors: Fakouri M. E.
Published: September 2011

The Achievement Imagery Scale of Iowa Picture Interpretation Test was administered to 154 undergraduate students. When an opportunity for cheating on the examination was provided only 24 Ss cheated. The achievement motivation scores of cheaters and non-cheaters were not different. Proportionally there were more male cheaters than female. The non-cheaters received significantly higher grades than the cheaters. Achievement motivation was related to academic performance.
Scale Membership and Direction of Scoring for Items on the Personal Orientation Inventory
Authors: Silverstein A. B. , Fisher Gary
Published: September 2011

Two tables are presented, showing the scale membership and direction of scoring for each of the POI's 150 items (a) by scale, and (b) by item.
Locus of Control and Attitudes concerning Military Service
Authors: Zanna Mark P. , Lewis Lawrence D. , Goldstein Marvin
Published: September 2011

Locus of control measures were correlated with attitudes concerning military service. Results, using Rotter's (1966) standard I-E scale, indicated that the more internal an S: (a) the more favorable his attitude is toward an all-volunteer army; and (b) the more likely he is to perceive that avoiding service in the armed forces is a matter of chance. Using a subset of Rotter's items, which presumably best measure personal control, only the latter relationship was reliable.
Internal-External Control Orientation, Self-Description, and Bridge Playing Expertise
Authors: Reznikoff Marvin , Bridges Carolyn , Hirsch Tannah
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship between expertise in bridge playing, the degree to which the individual believes that luck or fate determine his success and self-description. Ss, 46 males and 24 females participating in a national bridge tournament, were administered Rotter's I-E scale and the Adjective Check List (ACL). Correlations of I-E scores and degree of expertness showed that the more expert males were significantly less external, indicating that they perceive bridge as much more a game of skill rather than chance. No significant correlation was found for the group of female bridge players, perhaps due to the smaller number of Ss and the greater degree of homogeneity in the group. On the ACL male experts perceived themselves as more controlled and optimistic toward life and their ability to cope with it. Female experts seemed to regard themselves as more assertive and self-confident than their less expert confreres and as having a more risk-taking life orientation. Correlations of the ACL and I-E scores indicated in general that the more internally oriented person had a more positive self-concept.
On Developmental Heterogeneity: The Case for Piaget
Authors: Vikan Arne
Published: September 2011

Although the Piagetan theory seems to imply homogeneity in the development of operational structures, heterogeneity is frequently noted. In this paper, an attempt is made to point out that observed heterogeneity, in the form of three main types, does not necessarily mean that the Piagetan theory is wrong. On the contrary, heterogeneity seems a consequence of basic aspects of the theory. An attempt is made to outline the conditions for verifying statements from Piagetan theory. Such statements are held to be dependent upon a control for the relationship between the operational structure and the experimental material, called “action-distance.”
The First Psychiatric Interview: Patients Who Do and Do Not Come
Authors: Gottesfeld Harry , Martinez Hector
Published: September 2011

100 patients at a voluntary hospital who kept their first psychiatric appointments were compared on 31 variables with 100 patients who did not. Patients whose problems had become more acute prior to their appointment and those who mentioned some expectation of what was going to happen to them were more likely to have kept the appointments. The findings suggest the need for facilities where there is no waiting and also indicate the importance of quickly educating potential psychiatric patients about the nature of treatment.
Treatment of Chronic Vomiting and Extreme Emaciation by an Aversive Stimulus: Case Study
Authors: Watkins John T.
Published: September 2011

Electric shock was administered to a severely retarded adolescent who weighed only 45 lb. and whose survival was in question. He was shocked over a period of 7 wk. whenever he attempted to vomit. The vomiting response was practically eliminated and remarkable weight gain occurred during the treatment phase and during the 3-mo. follow-up period.
Sleep Stage Deficits in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Traub Arthur C.
Published: September 2011

Evidence for the importance of delta sleep is reviewed, and the hypothesis tested that marked deficits in these sleep stages are characteristic of chronic schizophrenics. The sleep patterns of 9 chronic schizophrenics were monitored for 8 consecutive nights by means of continuous all-night EEG, eye and chin-muscle recordings. The main finding was that all Ss showed dramatic and stable deficits in delta sleep stages 3 and 4. The role of factors other than chronic schizophrenia producing this finding is discussed.
Prediction of Specific Self-Evaluations from Performance and Personality Measures
Authors: Felker Donald W.
Published: September 2011

Performance, general self-concept, and specific anxiety were found predictive of self-evaluative behavior. This finding was generally supportive of the idea that persons evaluate themselves both on the basis of what they do and on the basis of the concept that they hold of themselves.
Knowledge of Names for in- and Outgroup Members of Different Sex and Ethnic Groups
Authors: Meeker Frederick B. , Kleinke Chris L.
Published: September 2011

Two studies were conducted to test the notion that members of outgroups would report more names for outgroups and for ingroups than members of ingroups. In the first study Black and Chicano students listed more names for themselves and for whites than did white students. In the second study female students listed more names for themselves and for males than did male students. Analysis of the most common names listed showed that in- and outgroups share use of many names but also have some names which are exclusive to their own group. It was suggested that the number of names listed by persons might be affected by intelligence or other personality variables. Further ideas for using the name listing method were proposed.
Field-Dependent Introvert and Neuroticism: Eysenck and Witkin United
Authors: Fine Bernard J.
Published: September 2011

Based on derivations from the theories of Witkin and Eysenck, it was predicted that field-dependent introverts would have a higher incidence of neuroticism (above the 70th percentile, as measured by personality tests) than any other combination of the field-dependence and extraversion dimensions. The relationship was verified six times utilizing data from previously completed studies. Broad implications of the possibly genetically based results are discussed and potentially fruitful areas of investigation are noted.
Changes in Self-Regard, Creativity and Interpersonal Behavior as a Function of Audio-Tape Encounter-Group Experiences
Authors: Weissman Herbert N. , Goldschmid Marcel L. , Gordon Robert , Feinberg Helene
Published: September 2011

This research examined the effects of self-directed audio-tape encounter-group experiences on dimensions of self/ideal-self-congruence, creativity and interpersonal need fulfillment. The Semantic Differential, Barron-Welsh Art Scale and the FIRO-B were administered to groups of college students. The audio-tape procedure was effective and results supported the hypotheses which predicted that encounter relative to control Ss would achieve a higher congruence between their self- and ideal-self-concepts, seek more complex and imaginative solutions to problems, and become more self-directing in a prototypical interpersonal situation.
Differences among Campus Groups on a Measure of Self-Actualization
Authors: Reeves T. Glen , Shearer Robert A.
Published: September 2011

To investigate differences in self-actualization among campus groups the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI) was administered to 192 Ss. The POI scale scores were factor analyzed. Three factors were identified and the following groups were compared on the basis of mean factor scores: Group 1—Black students ( N = 51); Group 2—white majority ( N = 72); Group 3—white, overt, non-conformists ( N = 31); Group 4—white, covert, non-conformists ( N = 22); Group 5—white, non-affiliated ( N = 16). Groups 1 and 2 scored significantly higher on Factor I (self-actualization feelings), no significant differences were found on Factor II (self-actualization thinking), and Group 1 scored significantly higher than Group 5 on Factor III (tentatively identified as a measure of self-concept).
Prediction of Grade Point Averages Using Cognitive and Noncognitive Predictor Variables
Authors: Reed Cheryl L. , Feldhusen John F. , Van Mondfrans Adrian P.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the usefulness of a number of noncognitive variables in improving the prediction of students' first semester, second semester, and first-year grade point averages. Freshman nursing students entering five associate degree nursing schools between 1964 and 1967 ( N = 495) were used as the validation sample. The cross-validation sample included the 1968 ( N = 170) entrants. When added to a battery of established cognitive predictors, several noncognitive variables added a unique and significant increment to the prediction of grade point averages in associate degree nursing programs. These variables were: age in months of the student, year of entry into nursing school, level of previous education of the student, and the particular school attended. These results encourage future studies in search of new noncognitive variables to improve prediction. Measures of a student's past health and practical experience might be worthy of future study.
Backward Learning as a Function of Age
Authors: Phye Gary D.
Published: September 2011

Groups of sixth, eighth, and tenth grade students learned eight pairs of paired-associate items followed by recall for the stimulus items. Each group learned a different list constructed from items of comparable meaningfulness determined by standardization for each group. As analysis of variance indicated no significant differences among groups, it was concluded that backward learning is not a variant of incidental learning of paired-associate lists.
Adjustment Differences Related to Pattern of Rating of the other
Authors: Bach Thomas R.
Published: September 2011

58 Ss divided into 29 pairs, 15 of whom were comprised of Ss of different levels of adjustment (Cattell's IPAT Anxiety Scale) and 14 of Ss of similar levels, rated the person with whom S interacted in terms of what he “appeared to be” and what he “really was.” The hypothesis that the perceived difference between “real” and apparent levels of personality contributes to differences between adjusted and maladjusted behavior received support. Factor analysis of rs of S‘s ratings indicated a tendency for maladjusted Ss to exhibit extremes in ratings on all factors and in a negative direction when the stimulus person was adjusted. Results indicated support for the notion that personality adjustment affects the perception of personality characteristics of the other person, suggesting a need for caution in the interpretation of ratings in experiments involving interpersonal perception.
Attention Dysfunction in Senile Dementia
Authors: Alexander David Alan
Published: September 2011

A group of 14 patients suffering from senile dementia were compared with 40 normal and 20 non-brain-damaged psychiatric controls on a visual vigilance task. The senile Ss were able to perform at a level appropriate to their ages when the task involved a simple S-R paradigm. When the complexity of the task was increased by requiring the short-term retention of response-relevant information, brain-damaged patients were markedly less efficient. Over-responsiveness was the characteristic error of the brain-damaged patients. Dementia may be associated with a disorder of selective attention.
Some Determinants of the Peak Shift in Stimulus Generalization
Authors: Weinberg Stephanie G.
Published: September 2011

Rats were pretrained in the presence of an auditory click rate stimulus of 14 pps correlated with variable-interval or variable-ratio reinforcement. During subsequent discrimination training, the added stimulus, correlated with extinction, was 18, 36, 72, or 0 (no sound) pps. After discrimination, Ss were given a generalization test session, in extinction, in which five click rate stimuli were presented. The inverse relationship between physical separation of the discrimination training stimuli and amount of peak shift of the generalization gradient occurred regardless of the original positive reinforcement schedule during training. Behavioral contrast was not produced by all Ss. Results demonstrated no effect of separation of training stimuli on behavioral contrast and that behavioral contrast and peak shift need not covary.
Clients' Need for Social Approval and Perceptions of Counseling Relationship and Outcomes
Authors: McNally Harry , Drummond Robert
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the relationship between clients' need for social approval and clients' ratings of counseling process and outcomes. A group of 52 junior high, secondary school, and college student counselees anonymously completed the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory and Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale at the conclusion of a second interview with a counselor. 2 wk. after termination of counseling the clients anonymously completed the Counseling Evaluation Inventory. Clients' scores on the Social Approval Scale were used to assign them to a high approval-need group or a low approval-need group. Ratings of counseling process and outcome made by the 2 groups showed clients with high need for social approval rated their counselors as more empathic and their counseling experiences as more satisfactory. Results suggest that clients' need for social approval should be controlled in research utilizing clients' ratings.
Birth Order and Academic Behavior in First Grade
Authors: Skovholt Thomas , Moore Earl , Wellman Frank
Published: September 2011

Teacher ratings of academic behavior were obtained for pupils in first grade. The sample included 686 boys and 580 girls from a suburban county in a southern state. Data were analyzed in a 2 × 4 factorial analysis of variance design with 2 levels of sex and 4 levels of birth order (only children, firstborns, middle children, and lastborns). Results were that only males, and first females were rated higher than middle males; only males, only females, first females, and last females were rated higher than last males.
Amount of Food as a Factor in Activity Conditioning
Authors: Maples Ernest G. , Weston Beverly C. , Haraway Maury M.
Published: September 2011

The study investigated the relationship between the magnitude of classically conditioned activity and the amount of food used as the unconditioned stimulus. Groups of 6 male rats were given 13 days of training in which either 5/6, 2/6, or 0/6 of the daily food supply was paired with a flashing light. The remainder of S's food was presented an hour later. After training, activity in response to the light was assessed. The results indicated that magnitude of conditioned activity varied positively with amount of food. Analysis of variance for a randomized block design showed the difference among groups to be significant ( p < .01, two-sided). The results were interpreted as supporting classical conditioning interpretations of positive reinforcement.
Perceptual Training and its Effect on Racial Preferences of Kindergarten Children
Authors: Hohn Robert L.
Published: September 2011

This study was an attempt to evaluate two training procedures in facilitating racial preference in kindergarten children. One treatment emphasized perceptual awareness and role-taking ability. The other treatment employed training in conservation and spatial perspective. The major dependent variable was a racial preference test requiring Ss to choose among pictures of black and white models. Six Piagetan tasks assessing the development of conservation and perspective were also administered pre- and post-training. Results showed that Ss possessed positive preferences for white models. Both the role-taking and Piagetan training conditions significantly decreased pro-white biases. In addition, both treatments resulted in a significant number of Ss acquiring conservation of number, distance, and two-dimensional space.
Retroactive Inhibition and Spontaneous Recovery in a Contingent Verbal Discrimination Task
Authors: Lehr Donald J. , Netti John F.
Published: September 2011

A primary purpose of the present experiment was to examine retroactive inhibition and spontaneous recovery by employing a task which combines aspects of paired-associate and verbal-discrimination learning. The design was a 3 × 2 independent groups factorial manipulating type of interpolated learning and length of the retention interval. There were 14 Ss in each of the six groups. Significant retroactive inhibition was found in one condition and an absolute temporal increase in List-1 recall in another; however, the interaction of Condition × Retention Interval was not significant. Acquisition and recall data are discussed primarily in terms of frequency theory and response-set interference.
Assessing the Intelligence of Aged Persons: Report on the Quick Test
Authors: Gendreau Lorna , Roach Tom , Gendreau Paul
Published: September 2011

Ammons and Ammons Quick Test (QT) was found to be applicable for intelligence testing with the aged. Normative data were presented for a sample who averaged 80.7 yr. Correlations among the three single forms and between the forms and the complete test were high (.80 to .93 for corrected IQs, .82 to .96 for uncorrected IQs). Performance on the test was not affected by socioeconomic status, institutionalization factors or anxiety level. The test's usefulness for assessing IQ for a senile sample was noted. Revisions in the test's age correction factors were suggested.
Recall of Temporally Compressed Auditory and Visual Information
Authors: Wasserman H. M. , Tedford W. H.
Published: September 2011

100 Ss were presented with auditory and visual lists at rates from 180 to 360 words per min. After each list they were asked to recall as many of the words as possible. At lower rates, recall from auditory stimulation was superior to visual but this reversed at higher rates. Percentage of correct recall from either modality was shown to be a decreasing linear function of percentage compression of the stimuli. Ss imported significantly more incorrect words after auditory lists, regardless of amount of compression.
Escape as an Alternative to Shock-Induced Fighting in Rats
Authors: Whitman Robert N. , Doleys Daniel M.
Published: September 2011

The effects of training rats to perform an escape response to the presentation of foot-shock on shock-induced fighting were examined. The procedure utilized 3 phases: (a) establishment of baseline fighting frequency, (b) escape conditioning, and (c) post-escape-conditioning fighting frequency. The experimental design considered treatment group (conditioned or yoked) and target animal (present or absent) as the main variables. The analysis showed a significant reduction in recorded fights from baseline to post-conditioning phase for the conditioned Ss. Further, this reduction was demonstrated to be a function of the increased frequency of escape responding. Target animal and yoked treatment were nonsignificant variables. These results raise questions concerning the reflexive nature of fighting as a response to foot-shock.
Application of an Information Model to Schizophrenia: Relationship of Relevancy to Irrelevancy
Authors: Alumbaugh Richard V. , Sweney Arthur B.
Published: September 2011

The frequently reported inability of schizophrenics to disregard irrelevancy was investigated within the framework of information theory. Quantitative and qualitative noise levels were varied with levels of relevant information. Chronic schizophrenics ( N = 30) were compared with tubercular controls and community volunteers ( Ns = 30) on a task consisting of the tachistoscopic presentation of dots in the presence of noise. The results substantiated an earlier study that demonstrated schizophrenics have relatively more difficulty processing information under low-noise conditions. Intelligence, by covariance analysis, did not account for the low-noise effect. Institutionalization was related to information-processing deficiencies.
Development of a Personal Space Measure
Authors: Pedersen Darhl M.
Published: September 2011

The development of a measure of simulated personal space, using standardized instructions, is described. Reliability and validity were assessed.
Effects of Prior Gains on Risk-Taking Behavior by Children
Authors: McGinnis James H. , Berg Norman L.
Published: September 2011

60 8- to 10-yr.-old male Ss undertook a risk-taking task designed to assess the effects of both prior gains and magnitude of potential loss on children's subsequent risk preference. Contrary to research findings with adults, the children in the current study showed little concern about amount of potential loss. Virtually every S was apparently attempting to maximize gain. Decision time increased in the risk-taking task as a function of probability of loss but not magnitude of loss.
Pictures vs Words: Some Discrepant Results
Authors: Shepard Winifred O.
Published: September 2011

140 fourth grade children and 80 adults were tested for free recall of pictures or the corresponding words. Half the Ss had an immediate recall test, half a 48-hr. delayed test. There was no difference in over-all recall of pictures or words, but correlations and intrusion errors did suggest different processing strategies.
Anger, Arousal, and Systematic Desensitization
Authors: Evans David R. , Hearn Margaret T. , Saklofske Donald
Published: September 2011

The effect of systematic desensitization on semantic and physiological responses to anger-inducing scenes was examined with 20 nursing students. Pre- and post-treatment GSR, and semantic responses of a treatment and a no-treatment control group were obtained during exposure to anger-inducing scenes. Results supported the hypothesis that systematic desensitization reduces arousal and rated anger to the scenes.
An Appetitively Motivated Single-Trial Learning Task for Mice
Authors: Crabbe John C. , Alpern Herbert P.
Published: September 2011

A maze consisting of 6 successive brightness discriminations was developed as a single-trial appetitive learning task for mice Error and latency measures indicated that significant learning occurred as a result of the single-exposure trial. The utility of this task for assessing treatments altering learning and memory processes was discussed.
Sexual Stimulation and Displaced Aggression
Authors: La Torre Ronald A.
Published: September 2011

An experiment is reported using a projective technique to measure displaced aggression following a frustrative task which was preceded by visual sexual stimulation or visual stimulation of a nonsexual nature. Results, which indicated significantly greater manifest aggression in the sexually stimulated group, are discussed in terms of a possible neurohumoral substrate of arousal theory.
Expectations of Behaviors of Mothers Preceding Initiation of Contact Comfort with Their Children
Authors: King Donald L.
Published: September 2011

Certain attentive behaviors (e.g., turning toward, speaking in a pleasant tone of voice) are probably social reinforcers. Responses to incomplete paragraphs indicated 32 male and 32 female students and 32 mothers expected that mothers' exhibition of certain attentive behaviors is followed by their initiating contact comfort with children relatively frequently. Ss also expected mothers would be less likely to deliver contact comfort if their children behaved inappropriately. These two results suggest that one reason attentive behaviors are social reinforcers is that they become associated with contact comfort and one way mothers socialize children is by making contact comfort contingent on children's exhibiting appropriate behavior.
MMPI Changes for a Male Alcoholic State Hospital Population—1959 to 1971
Authors: Hoffmann Helmut
Published: September 2011

Mean MMPI scale scores and two-point code elevations of alcoholics consecutively admitted to a state hospital in 1959 and 1971 were compared. The 1971 admissions scored significantly higher on the MMPI scales P, K, D, Hy, Mf, and Sc than the 1959 admissions. Because differences were rather small, stability of the alcoholic symptomatology over the years was assumed.
Toward a Definition of the Difficulty of a Personality Item
Authors: Rogers T. B.
Published: September 2011

Convergence among several indices of personality-item difficulty was assessed. Controversiality, item response variance, response time, and difficulty ratings showed consistent convergence, while ambiguity did not. Variance analyses indicated that the usual item-statistic approach (collapsing over Ss) results in the loss of considerable variance from the original item X persons data matrix.
Roles of Direct and Shared Associations in Verbal Generalization
Authors: Thomas E. J. Baylis , Conrad Edward
Published: September 2011

The power of associative relations to predict verbal generalization depends on their type: (a) direct, where one word is a free associate of another, and (b) indirect, where words have identical free associates in common. 30 Ss generalized between word-pairs preselected to have equal indices of predicted generalization based either on predominantly direct or indirect associations. Significantly greater amounts of generalization were obtained to directly related word-pairs ( P < .0001), indirectly related word pairs yielding no more than chance amounts. An index of generalization based exclusively on direct associations correlated significantly with generalization ( rho = .61) while inclusion of indirect associations reduced the correlation to chance levels ( rho = .10). Examination of the literature suggests that the success of indices using indirect associations may derive from their inclusion of direct associations as well.
Extant-Link and Applied-Link Mediation in an Acquired Equivalence Paradigm
Authors: Peterson Candida C.
Published: September 2011

“Extant” verbal labels are those which Ss bring from preexperimental experience. “Applied” labels are learned during the experiment itself. Extant labels function as symbolic mediating responses in an acquired equivalence task but, when offered a choice, Ss mediate according to applied labels. The results are interpreted in terms of the effects of applied-label training and the nature of the extant mediating responses.
Effects of Contralateral Cutaneous Afferent Activity on Acquisition of a Nictitating Membrane Response
Authors: Kettlewell Neil M. , Berger Laurence H.
Published: September 2011

The effects of 2 different levels of contralateral cutaneous afferent activity on acquisition of the nictitating membrane response in 2 groups of rabbits was examined. Differences in the level of contralateral afferent activity from the primary response area were found to have no statistically significant effect on the acquisition rates of an ipsilaterally developed nictitating membrane response.
Congruence of Spouses' Personal Constructs and Reported Marital Success: Pitfalls in Instrumentation
Authors: Weigel Richard G. , Weigel Virginia M. , Richardson Frank C.
Published: September 2011

24 married couples completed a marital adjustment test and a measure of shared Personal Constructs. The number of shared Personal Constructs and marital adjustment test scores were not significantly related; nor was a significant relationship found between spouse's responses on the marital adjustment test. In addition, no significant differences were found between the number of shared Personal Constructs for these couples and couples with members assigned at random. Difficulties in instrumentation are discussed.
Note on Alienation, Race, and College Attrition
Authors: Burbach Harold J. , Thompson Myron A.
Published: September 2011

When college persisters (23 Puerto Ricans, 61 blacks, 377 whites) and nonpersisters (20 Puerto Ricans, 36 blacks, and 91 whites) were compared by race on alienation and three of its components, powerlessness, normlessness, and social isolation, no significant differences were found.
Reliability of the Short Form of Betts' Questionnaire on Mental Imagery: Replication
Authors: Evans Ian M. , Kamemoto Wanda S.
Published: September 2011

The short form of the Betts QMI vividness of imagery scale had a test-retest reliability of .91, higher than that previously reported. The correlation matrix led to the conclusions that the scale is reliable over a 6-wk. period, the over-all score is more reliable than any of the individual modality scores, tactile imagery ratings are reliable, and both visual and organic sections need to be revised.
A New Rule of Inference for an Epistemic Logic Applied to Cognitive Psychology
Authors: La Fave Lawrence , Shew Steven
Published: September 2011

Though psychology's only hope of ever becoming a science resides in a phenomenological approach, no mathematical logic presently exists for formalizing adequately a comprehensive cognitive psychology. Such a needed epistemic logic would lose some rules of inference which positivistic, nonepistemic mathematical logics employ. Therefore, if this needed new logic is to provide sufficient deductive power, new rules of inference would be required. The present paper attempts to develop one such new rule of inference.
Coalitional Behavior under the Condition of Risk
Authors: Ashour Ahmed Sakr
Published: September 2011

Coalitional behavior under the risk condition of coalition success was investigated using male Ss in the triadic situation where A > B > C, A < (B + C). The results showed that under risk and potentially low conflict for power between partners, a coalition between A and B is most likely. The hypothesis that coalitions are equally likely was supported only when a potentially high power conflict between partners was present. The equity hypothesis that partners divide the payoff in proportion to their contribution to coalitional resources was supported when conflict for power was low. When the potential conflict was high, the stronger partner took advantage of it and the outcome was determined by the contest for power. The findings suggest that hypotheses about expected utility and equity provide powerful explanations of coalitional behavior under the condition of risk and when conflict for power among partners is low. The difference in coalitional behavior between situations of low and high conflict for power suggests that these situations should be distinguished in theoretical formulations. Suggestions for research are offered.
Single-Anchor Stapel Scales versus Double-Anchor Semantic Differential Scales
Authors: Vidali Joseph J.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the comparability of attitude-rating values generated by 72 single-anchor semantic scales (the Stapel Scale) and 12 double-anchor semantic scales (the Semantic Differential). Results showed that the attitude-rating values generated by the two scales did not differ.
Recall as a Function of Input Clustering, Delay and Intentions to Learn
Authors: Frase Lawrence T.
Published: September 2011

48 adults judged the similarity of word-pairs with (Intentional) and without (Incidental) knowledge that recall would follow. Pairs were typed next to each other (Simultaneous), or S turned a card to see the second member (Delayed). The list was composed of synonyms paired together (Synonymity), paired with themselves (Repeated), or paired with Unrelated list members. Recall for the Intentional Group was better clustered but not higher than for the Incidental Group. The Delayed Group recalled fewer words than the Simultaneous Group. Repeated and Unrelated pairings did not differ, and they produced lower recall than Synonymity pairings.
Life-Change Events as Related to Self-Reported Academic and Job Performance
Authors: Clinard John W. , Golden Stanford B.
Published: September 2011

The Schedule of Recent Experiences Questionnaire, providing a quantification of individual life changes, and a list of 16 academic and job-related performance criteria were administered to 105 graduate and undergraduate student volunteers. Of 624 Pearsonian correlations, 42 were significant ( p ≤ .02). A weighted total life-change score was significantly related to 4 of the 16 performance criteria, including personal injury or illness, number of jobs previously held, number of promotions received and number of raises received.
An Image Theory of Classical Conditioning
Authors: King Donald L.
Published: September 2011

It is proposed that the CR results from a CS-produced image of the UCS. This hypothesis makes sense, e.g., for salivary conditioning, the CS produces an image of food and salivation therefore occurs, just as salivation occurs when we imagine food. The theory is supported by the finding that image-produced responses are similar to the ones produced by real stimuli, evidence which has been neglected by learning theorists. The proposed explanations of many of the basic findings in classical conditioning are described. The theory is feasible neurophysiologically and can be tested with the use of the hypothesis that a positive association exists between vividness of imagery and image-produced response strength. Its relation to other theories of classical conditioning is discussed.
Memory for Logical Structure and Verbal Units in Prose Material at Increased Rates of Presentation
Authors: Keesey James C.
Published: September 2011

Prose material was presented at rates which were faster than normal reading rates by 0, 50, 100, and 200 words per minute. Two forms of memory for the material were examined: (a) memory for logical relationships between groups in the passages and (b) memory for the words in the material. As the rate of presentation increased, memory for logical structure decreased while memory for specific words did not. A comparison of relative changes in the two forms of memory showed that logical structure decreased more than specific words. This result demonstrates that, when information-processing capacity is limited by speeded presentation, more highly coded information such as logical relations is less adequately retained than less highly coded information such as specific words.
Similarities in Personality Profiles of College and Career Women
Authors: Bachtold Louise M.
Published: September 2011

Senior women ( N = 108) majoring in psychology, science, art, and English responded to the Sixteen Factor Personality Test (16 PF). When their scores were compared with profiles for successful women in related careers, pattern similarity coefficients were significant for each field. Data affirm that characteristics which have been related to professional and creative productivity may be discerned among women of college age.
Need for Achievement and Continuation in College
Authors: Lueptow Lloyd B.
Published: September 2011

A study of the effect of TAT n Ach on continuation in college. n Ach scores for 354 males were obtained prior to freshman year, school status determined in a follow-up 2 yr. later. The findings fail to support the hypothesis that n Ach has an appreciable effect on continuation in college, even when objective probability of success is controlled.
Informative and Affective Feedback: Implications for Interviewing
Authors: Weisenberg Matisyohu
Published: September 2011

Feedback by interviewers has taken the form of providing information or social approval both of which are frequently confounded. To differentiate these meanings, separate groups of Ss participated in a verbal conditioning experiment where each group received either informative feedback, which provided knowledge about correctness and incorrectness or affective feedback which provided approval or disapproval. Each group used the same feedback, a chime (positive) or buzzer (negative). Meaning was induced by different feedback training on a preliminary task. Results indicated that both informative and affective feedback led to conditioning. However, affective feedback was not as effective as informative in yielding a high performance level. No differences were obtained between positive and negative feedback. Implications were discussed in relation to interviewing behavior and the training of interviewers.
Comparison of Protesting and Non-Protesting Students
Authors: Waters Carrie Wherry
Published: September 2011

127 protesting and non-protesting college students were compared on 23 variables assessing ability and achievement, family-related factors, biographical, college-related factors, and personal adjustment. When compared with controls, the protest sample did not differ significantly in ability but was lower in high school and college academic achievement; came from higher socio-economic level homes; had a higher proportion of out-of-state and Jewish students; had more members in areas of fine arts and government/history and fewer in areas of business, education, engineering and science; had more students with past university disciplinary offenses, and a greater number who had obtained personal counseling. These protestors appeared actually more “alienated” than “activist.”
Demographic and MMPI Characteristics of Male and Female State Hospital Alcoholic Patients
Authors: Jansen David G. , Hoffmann Helmut
Published: September 2011

State hospital alcoholic patients of both sexes were compared on the basis of demographic and MMPI characteristics. Men and women were basically similar with regard to age, educational level, intelligence, and abstract reasoning ability. Men and women also showed a similar pattern of divergence from their counterparts in the general population on the MMPI scales.
Internal-External Control, Test Anxiety and Academic Achievement: Additional Data
Authors: Prociuk Terry J. , Breen Lawrence J.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationships between the internal-external control and test anxiety constructs, and academic achievement. 87 college students were administered the I-E scale, Achievement Anxiety Test and the Academic Internal-External Control Scale, the latter developed for this research. Analyses of variance indicated that Ss experiencing facilitating test anxiety had significantly higher grade-point averages than those experiencing debilitating test anxiety. The hypothesis that internals would be more successful academically than externals, was not supported.
Locus of Control, Achievement, and Failure among Disadvantaged College Students
Authors: Hohmuth Arthur V. , Ramos Robert A.
Published: September 2011

Rotter's (1966) Internal-External Locus of Control (I-E) Scale was administered to 69 disadvantaged college freshmen. Correlations of this scale with grade point average (gpa) at the end of the first semester and with cumulative gpa at the end of the second semester were nonsignificant. However, for those students who were failing at the end of the first semester a correlation of .49 ( p < 05) was observed between I-E score and change in cumulative gpa at the end of the second semester.
Social and Play Behavior of Children with Down's Syndrome in Sexually Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Dyads
Authors: Schlottmann Robert S. , Anderson Victor H.
Published: September 2011

Ss were 6 male and 6 female children with Down's syndrome (mongolism) who interacted in dyads in sexually homogeneous and heterogeneous free-play situations. Actual, observable behaviors were recorded to investigate sex differences in, and the influence of sex of peer on, social and play behavior. Girls engaged in more sedentary activities than boys and sexual homogeneity resulted in less sedentary activity than sexual heterogeneity. Peer-sex seems to influence more the type rather than the amount of social interaction with male mongoloids being more influenced by peer-sex than girls. Implications of the results for future studies of mental retardate social behavior and studies of the stereotypic conception of mongoloids as cheerful, friendly, and so forth, were discussed.
A Discriminative Stimulus Model for Application of Greater Control in Token Economics
Authors: Vitulli William F.
Published: September 2011

The preoccupation with conditioned or generalized reinforcing properties of stimuli used as tokens in applied settings has resulted in a costly neglect of the discriminative (SD) properties of token stimuli. Published data suggest a discriminative stimulus model using Mechner's notation for more carefully establishing discriminative functions of stimuli in token economics and for employing them more efficiently.
Extinction of Observing Behavior
Authors: Auge Robert J.
Published: September 2011

The probability of observing-key responses for pigeons trained to observe during a mixed-fixed ratio 50 fixed-interval 2-min. schedule of reinforcement decreased sharply when only the mixed schedule or the corresponding multiple schedule was programmed. First session observing-key response probability values were greater in the mixed-schedule condition, suggesting that the mixed-schedule stimulus set the occasion for pecking the observing-key following reinforcement offset. In the mixed-schedule condition, the results for one bird suggested that stimuli associated with the early portion of each component controlled a relatively high response-rate; and, when the component was fixed-interval, stimuli arising from the organism's behavior controlled a pause which followed more than 50 responses. This post-response pause contributed to the determination of a relatively low response-rate in the fixed-interval component of the mixed-schedule.