bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Farah
Authors: Afkhami Mahnaz
Published: May 2024

The first years after Iran’s Revolution were years of terror, as it took Iranians and people around the world time to fully realize what the Revolution’s leaders had in mind: to govern not only people’s public lives but their private lives as well. The government was obsessed with women and their role in society. To the clerics, Farrokhroo Parsa, Minister of Education, represented the antithesis of a woman’s societal role; her trial gave the revolutionaries their first major opportunity to demonstrate their view of “good” and “evil” with regards to women. Arrested for “prostitution and warring with God,” the evidence against her consisted of school textbooks that presented a positive image of working women and a memo that freed teachers and students from covering their hair at school—projects she had worked on with the author. The revolutionary government executed Mrs. Parsa because her political role, by being public and visible, was the same as prostitution. The author learned that her sister Farah, still in Iran, was in hiding and needed to leave. The author arranged for her and her child to cross the border on horseback and come to the US. After a show trial, Farah’s husband was executed.
Women in Iran
Authors: Afkhami Mahnaz
Published: May 2024

The tensions and conflicts within the Iranian system during Rafsanjani’s presidency (1989–97) opened the way for the election of Mohammad Khatami, who became the “good cop” face of the Islamic Republic. Even though little changed internally in Iran, Khatami’s softer, gentler approach to social issues made some interaction in Iran possible. The author describes several examples of how secular activists for women’s rights were able to join the religious women’s groups that enjoyed the regime’s approval and the consciousness raising that took place through the two groups’ dialogue. The author launched a series of initiatives to provide opportunities for pre-revolutionary women activists and newly minted feminists in Iran to participate in the global dialogue on women’s rights. She brought Iranian women, such as Mehrangiz Kar and Azar Nafisi (her cousin), to the US for conferences, panels, and presentations. She also invited Azar to come to Beijing for the Fourth UN World Conference on Women in 1995, to speak at a session on women’s studies about the experience of teaching in Iran. Later, Azar moved to America and wrote the powerful international bestseller Reading Lolita in Tehran, which brought Iranian women’s voices to an audience of millions around the world.
Women’s Learning Partnership
Authors: Afkhami Mahnaz
Published: May 2024

After leaving SIGI, the author wanted to build an inclusive grassroots-focused civic space for women’s voices. Emphasis on human rights based on an individual’s humanity rather than her identity related to racial, gender, religion, nationality, or any other category became the entry point for its theoretical context and strategic work. The author and five extraordinary women, Marian Wright Edelman (USA), Jacqueline Pitanguy (Brazil), Zenebeworke Tadesse (Ethiopia), Khadija Haq (Pakistan), and Hafsat Abiola (Nigeria), were the first board for a new, more inclusive, grassroots-focused international women’s organization – Women’s Learning Partnership (WLP). Together, they established WLP’s parameters to: partner with community-based women’s rights organizations rather than individuals; select these organizations from around the world on the basis of their capability to think locally, act locally as well as regionally or globally, and communicate what was learned together to a wide constituency; make no theoretical assumptions but base their knowledge on actual experience, moving from experience to theory rather than the reverse; be a learning organization based on dialogue; and most important, “walk the talk” – practice participatory leadership and deeply respect the views, outlook, challenges, and constraints of their partners in communicating and mobilizing a diverse cross section of women in their societies.
Epilogue
Authors: Afkhami Mahnaz
Published: May 2024

A new level of awareness has emerged across the world. Previously wars seemed inevitable; there seemed to be a reason, a cause, somehow an explanation. Now, for the first time, we realize that it is all insane, abnormal, inhuman, and inhumane. Women have not used their potential power, first because circumstances would not allow it, then because the cultural and structural systems appropriating and distributing power were in their way. But, most important, because as those responsible for educating both our male and female children, women pass on to them the nuances of the same patriarchal culture that they were taught by their mothers. With the planet in danger of becoming inhospitable because of destructive climate policies or the unbridled production of armaments capable of destroying the earth and its people many times over, women must exert the power of their numbers to encourage major change in the entire unfair, unsafe, unsustainable conditions of life that the people of the earth experience. Women and men together must replace traditional, patriarchal command structures with inclusive, participatory, and egalitarian decision-making and leadership, to create a social order that is responsive to the needs of all people, irrespective of gender or other distinctions.
Bandits Everywhere
Authors: Behnken Brian D.
Published: May 2024

This chapter focuses on the issue of banditry in the Southwest and White Americans' exaggerated sense that Mexicans were bandits, especially in the early twentieth century. While social bandits have always existed in frontier societies, people in the Southwest seemed to see them everywhere and actively attempted to rid the region of these so-called bandits. This fear of bandits drove law enforcement and vigilante groups to attack Mexican-origin people accused of being bandits as well as those who simply seemed suspicious. Oddly enough, law enforcement tasked with apprehending outlaws often created the very bandits they feared. Many of the Southwest's most notorious desperados only became bandits after an unfortunate encounter with White law enforcement.
In the Middle of Nowhere
Authors: Coggeshall John M.
Published: May 2024

This chapter presents resident perspectives on the Southern Appalachian landscape. It is an area of environmental, animal, and human dangers as well as a beautiful landscape. Residents describe their new sense of “community” and their increasing connections to their new homes, often in exclusive communities. Their perception of valuable land in Appalachia is also discussed.
In Your Bones
Authors: Coggeshall John M.
Published: May 2024

This chapter analyzes how the land blends with families, creating a spiritual connection with inhabitants. Because of this social and spiritual blending, land symbolically anthropomorphizes and merges with people. Thus, to lose family land is like losing a family member, and so families preserve objects from family land, like those once owned by deceased family members. Legends of lost places also arise.
Introduction
Authors: Mims La Shonda
Published: May 2024

This introduction demonstrates that Drastic Dykes is a book about southern urban identity and queering the southern historical landscape. It explains that identity for southerners and for lesbians is messy. Many women who love women do not self-identify as lesbians, and historians have not fully come to grips with what qualifies as a singular Lesbian Identity over time. Because Black lives are less visible in the archives and popular culture, it can be difficult to locate authentic sources when constructing a history of southern Black lesbians. In addition, this chapter briefly introduces the urban history of Atlanta and Charlotte, with a focus on city politics and race in the queer social world that was the southern metropolis.
Opportunities
Authors: Mims La Shonda
Published: May 2024

This chapter explores lesbian life before Stonewall in Atlanta, Georgia. It demonstrates that queer women used class and race privileges to create opportunities for homosocialism and lesbian love. The women introduced in this chapter: Carson McCullers, Mary Hutchinson and her partner, Dorothy King, and Ginny Boyd, represent the varied ways that white women located and loved other women while living in the changing landscape of the urbanizing New South. The separate world of Black lesbian sexuality occasionally appears, as these white actors cast a light on Black southern lives through literature, art, and social spaces.
Visibility
Authors: Mims La Shonda
Published: May 2024

This chapter explains how lesbian feminism and lesbian-feminist separatism radicalized women in Atlanta and Charlotte, two archetypal New South cities. Both were home to activist groups, like the Atlanta Lesbian Feminist Alliance, who demonstrated the increasing visibility of lesbians generally. Lesbians in the two cities forged personal and political connections across geographical boundaries through feminist print media and lesbian-feminist bookstores. In Charlotte, the Drastic Dykes paved a successful path for radical feminist publishing, creating local and national lesbian community through the publication Sinister Wisdom. Atlanta lesbians hosted the Great Southeastern Lesbian conference, which garnered national attention in feminist print media.
Epilogue
Authors: Mims La Shonda
Published: May 2024

The epilogue focuses on same-sex marriage debates in Charlotte, NC. In a city conspicuous for both its relative moderation in race relations and its virulently anti-gay political and religious stances, twenty-first century Charlotteans continued their bumpy path toward change for lesbian and gay citizens in the turmoil of the marriage equality fight. The chapter offers an examination of mayoral politics in Charlotte and explains the impact on lesbian life. There is a brief discussion of Black political leadership in Atlanta Historical and contemporary evidence demonstrates that while drastic dykes continue to establish or advance political or interest-group identities in each city, accidental activists, in search of places to find personal fulfillment consistent with their individual lesbian identities, will also continue to alter and challenge the urban spaces of the US South.
The Second Death of Cerro de San Pedro
Authors: Studnicki-Gizbert Daviken
Published: May 2024

This chapter closes the second part of the book with a portrait of Cerro de San Pedro in the years that followed the sudden shut-down of the mines by ASARCO in 1948. As in chapter 7, the reality of abandonment is examined more closely to reveal the kinds of livelihoods and landscapes that emerged in the wake of extractivist mining's retreat: small-scale mining and smelting, a peasant economy of farmers and herders, the early emergence of local tourism.
Extractivism, Again (1980s–Present)
Authors: Studnicki-Gizbert Daviken
Published: May 2024

This chapter contextualizes the third cycle of mining at Cerro de San Pedro. New techniques, combined with global capital flows, and a Neoliberal renovation of past regimes of extractivist governance, combined to fuel the rapid expansion of large-scale, high through-put, mining across the Americas and the world. At Cerro de San Pedro, in Mexico, and across much of Latin America, this commodity frontier advanced by reviving operations in mining districts considered spent and abandoned. The chapter describes the development and proliferation of open-pit heap-leach mining, the positioning of Canadian stock exchanges (Vancouver and then Toronto) as central hubs for global capital for mining ventures, and the propagation of neoliberal policies in the governance of Latin America's mining sector.
The Politics of Appeasement
Authors: Studnicki-Gizbert Daviken
Published: May 2024

This chapter focuses on the efforts of the mining company to maintain support in the face of the concerted opposition of citizens and multiple court decisions against its project. They illustrate how acquiescence and hegemony have been built around contemporary open-pit mining. The chapter documents the deployments of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) around the mine at Cerro de San Pedro as well as broader, industry-wide levels. Attention is also given to the policies enacted by the government of Canada, a state that has devoted important efforts and resources in the development of the ideology and practice of sustainable mining.
Guaraná
Authors: Garfield Seth
Published: May 2024

In this sweeping chronicle of guaraná—a glossy-leaved Amazonian vine packed with more caffeine than any other plant—Seth Garfield develops a wide-ranging approach to the history of Brazil itself. The story begins with guaraná as the pre-Columbian cultivar of the Sateré-Mawé people in the Lower Amazon region, where it figured centrally in the Indigenous nation's origin stories, dietary regimes, and communal ceremonies. During subsequent centuries of Portuguese colonialism and Brazilian rule, guaraná was reformulated by settlers, scientists, folklorists, food technologists, and marketers. Whether in search of pleasure, profits, professional distinction, or patriotic markers, promoters imparted new meanings to guaraná and found new uses for it. Today, it is the namesake ingredient of a multibillion-dollar soft drink industry and a beloved national symbol. Guaraná’s journey elucidates human impacts on Amazonian ecosystems; the circulation of knowledge, goods, and power; and the promise of modernity in Latin America's largest nation. For Garfield, the beverage's history reveals not only the structuring of inequalities in Brazil but also the mythmaking and ordering of social practices that constitute so-called traditional and modern societies.
Colonial Missions
Authors: Garfield Seth
Published: May 2024

The chapter focuses on historical transformations in Sateré-Mawé communities and the networks of circulation and forms of knowledge production surrounding guaraná that were engendered by the advent of Portuguese colonialism and early Brazilian state formation. Foregrounding the late seventeenth-century text written by the Jesuit missionary João Felipe Bettendorff, the earliest European written description of guaraná, the chapter reflects on the origins and impact of guarana´s insertion into Western networks of knowledge and power that emerged with the centralization of European states and expansion of empires, the spread of Christianity, and the globalization of science. The chapter highlights the entanglement of Indigenous lifeways in the broader Atlantic world owing to violence, missionizing, commercial exchange, and Brazilian Indigenous peoples’ strategic initiatives. Mapping guaraná’s colonial and early nineteenth-century trajectory reveals historically intertwined networks of trade, knowledge, and power in the Brazilian Amazon.
From Guarani to Guaraná
Authors: Garfield Seth
Published: May 2024

Although carbonated beverages took hold first in Europe and the United States during the industrial revolution, the rise of immigration and urbanization in Brazil led to domestic manufacture in the early 1900s. This chapter looks at the role of pharmacists, physicians, Amazonian elites, and beverage manufacturers in the rise of the guaraná soda industry in Brazil. Luís Perreira Barreto, a prominent physician and adherent of positivism in Brazil, devised a method to extract syrup from the guaraná seeds that would be utilized by Companhia Antarctica Paulista in launching its Guaraná Antarctica soda. Pereira Barreto celebrated Brazilian import-substitution industrialization as key to his nation’s economic development, and along with activists in the Brazilian temperance movement, endorsed the consumption of guaraná as an alternative to alcohol. Jesus Gomes, a pharmacist from Maranhão, devised the formula for his soft drink product, Guaraná Jesus, in 1927 in his corner pharmacy. Given the high cost of guaraná and limited supplies, however, many soft drink manufacturers engaged in food adulteration, substituting guaraná with other ingredients. The fraud occasioned a decades-long campaign by Amazonian merchants and producers on behalf of Brazilian consumer protection to ensure a minimum content of guaraná for all namesake beverages, which was codified in national legislation in 1972.
Growing the Pie
Authors: Garfield Seth
Published: May 2024

This chapter links the expansion of guaraná crop production in Brazil to state-sponsored and corporate research in plant genetics and biotechnology amid the Brazilian military government’s geopolitical project for agricultural modernization and Amazon frontier development. Focused on the modernization of guaraná production—intertwined with the rise in agribusiness and rural inequality, increased soda consumption, and overnutrition-- the chapter explores transformations in agriculture and diet in Brazil symptomatic of the Green Revolution and the nutrition transition in developing countries. Institutionalized agricultural research was carried out under the military government under the auspices of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária- EMBRAPA). The nutrition transition in Brazil, tied to the rise of ultra-processed foods characterized by excess simple carbohydrates, such as soft drinks, and saturated fats, has been implicated in the rise of obesity and overweight and the prevalence of morbidity and mortality from chronic and degenerative diseases. The chapter underscores the agroecological change and shifting technical capacities, social roles, and ideologies that converge in the making of food systems. The boom in soda consumption in military Brazil further signaled the sweep of market-driven processes of identity formation and group belonging.
Conclusion
Authors: Garfield Seth
Published: May 2024

The history of guaraná compares somewhat to that of other “soft drugs” such as coffee, tea, tobacco, and chocolate, stimulants whose mass consumption shaped the modern world and an age of addiction. Yet unlike these better-known psychoactive drugs, guaraná never attained the same level of worldwide reach due to scale of production and distribution, transportation costs, and competition from more established global beverages. Guaraná remains primarily grown and consumed in Brazil where its homegrown “authenticity” as a plant and national soft drink sustains notions of Brazilian national identity. In tracing guaraná’s transition from jungle vine to Sateré-Mawé cultivar to artisanal beverage to pharmaceutical and to national soft drink, a history of guaraná reveals the legacies of Indigenous forest management, Portuguese colonialism, Brazilian agro-industrial development, and postwar mass consumption. It also sheds light on how such transformations in understandings and uses of guaraná were effectuated through networked actors armed with varied systems of knowledge, influence, and social power. The mass circulation of guaraná soft drinks in Brazilian society bespeaks social relations that came to revolve primarily around the exchange of goods and services rather than the cooperativism and reciprocal duties that guaraná reflected and reinforced in Sateré-Mawé society. Yet the conclusion also underscores that systems of classification, embodied experiences, and the routinization of behaviors surrounding the beverage serve to buttress a sense of ontological security and social order in both Indigenous communities and the dominant society in Brazil.
Relief for Sea Island Sufferers
Authors: Grego Caroline
Published: May 2024

As coastal residents began to grasp the scale of the destruction, it became clear that this was a disaster of an unprecedented size and that survivors would require assistance. This chapter covers the six weeks between the hurricane’s landfall and the arrival of the American Red Cross, which eventually assumed responsibility for the recovery effort. The plight of the “sea island sufferers,” as the media called them, most of them Black, was swallowed by the racial politics of 1893. Never simply about humanitarian impulses and helping one’s fellow man, the question of responsibility for the sufferers became enmeshed in debates over the legacy of Reconstruction, the future of white supremacy, and the role of the state and federal governments in the early Jim Crow South. Local relief committees tried to shoulder the burden of advertising for and collecting donations of money, food, clothes, and building materials. State politicians appealed for aid in Washington, D.C., with limited success. This chapter uses newspaper reports, personal correspondence, and the papers of the Charleston and Sea Island relief committees to demonstrate how these six weeks were pivotal. The humble materiality of rations and donated clothing were embedded within South Carolina’s defining discourse in the late nineteenth century: who should have access to power?
Unmooring the Regional Economy
Authors: Grego Caroline
Published: May 2024

In the decades after the hurricane struck, coastal African Americans found that the kinds of labor to which many were habituated in rice, phosphate, and subsistence farming no longer provided a tenable living. This chapter looks at the economic decline in the Lowcountry. Despite difficult decades fraught with more hurricanes, the boll weevil, and an increasingly repressive state government and white lending practices, African Americans fought to maintain their hold on their land and livelihoods. They tried to ameliorate the losses to their livelihoods through turning to United States Department of Agriculture programs or founding agricultural and mutual aid societies, including one through the historic Penn School, that allowed Black farmers to pool resources in times of hardship. This chapter follows the three decades of environmental and economic changes in the Lowcountry inflected by the hurricane and how Black and white coastal residents responded to those changes.
Epilogue
Authors: Grego Caroline
Published: May 2024

The epilogue picks up Stevens’s story. It follows the rest of his life, off Kiawah Island, away from the white Vanderhorst family with whom he had a fraught, lifelong relationship, and onto his own land on Johns Island. Without Stevens and his family, Kiawah Island eventually lost its small Black community, was purchased by a corporation, and was transformed into a private resort island for wealthy tourists. Through the case study of Kiawah, it becomes clear how the hurricane prepared the sea islands for their conquest by corporate developers sixty years later. The epilogue surveys the Lowcountry’s present and looks to the future. Amidst the climate crisis and rising seas, it is ever more imperative that histories of environment and climate be brought into conversation with political and social histories, most of all in places exceptionally vulnerable to sea rise, exploitation, and the intensification of hurricanes.
A Social and Moral Contest
Authors: Haumesser Lauren N.
Published: May 2024

During the election of 1860, the Democratic Party finally split in two. Northern and southern Democrats nominated and ran separate candidates, which split the vote and helped hand the election to Republican Abraham Lincoln. During the nominating conventions, both northern and southern Democrats equated compromise with dishonor. A man’s honor was a powerful motivator, so this was an effective tactic to forestall compromise. Northern and southern Democrats also emphasized the gender, social, and cultural incompatibility of the North and the South. These tactics made Democrats’ disagreements seem more profound and compromise seem more dangerous.
Before Equiano
Authors: Hutchins Zachary McLeod
Published: May 2024

In the antebellum United States, formerly enslaved men and women who told their stories and advocated for abolition helped establish a new genre with widely recognized tropes: the slave narrative. This book investigates how enslaved black Africans conceived of themselves and their stories before the War of American Independence and the genre's development in the nineteenth century. Zachary McLeod Hutchins argues that colonial newspapers were pivotal in shaping popular understandings of both slavery and the black African experience well before the slave narrative's proliferation. Introducing the voices and art of black Africans long excluded from the annals of literary history, Hutchins shows how the earliest life writing by and about enslaved black Africans established them as political agents in an Atlantic world defined by diplomacy, war, and foreign relations. In recovering their stories, Hutchins sheds new light on how black Africans became Black Americans; how the earliest accounts of enslaved life were composed editorially from textual fragments rather than authored by a single hand; and how the public discourse of slavery shifted from the language of just wars and foreign policy to a heritable, race-based system of domestic oppression.
Sewall’s Secret
Authors: Hutchins Zachary McLeod
Published: May 2024

Although Samuel Sewall has long been hailed as the father of American abolitionism, he was also an active participant in the slave trade throughout his life. Evidence from his journals and his well-known pamphlet, The Selling of Joseph, suggest that before buying or selling black Africans he first mentally assembled a narrative of their enslavement. This chapter reconstructs several of those narratives from Sewall’s journal, newspapers, court records, and other sources, tracking the ways in which black African residents of Boston responded to Sewall’s hypocrisy during the city’s 1723 arson attacks. As black African arsonists targeted Sewall’s home, the judge responded by helping to pass a new slave code that restricted the movements and rights of Boston’s colored population.
Royalty Enslaved
Authors: Hutchins Zachary McLeod
Published: May 2024

In the eighteenth-century Atlantic world, the most famous black Africans were members of politically prominent families sold into slavery and then repatriated by wealthy European governments or the trading companies they sponsored. These enslaved black African princes included the brothers James Chandos and John Towgood Mastoon, Ayuba Suleiman Diallo, and William Ansah Sessarakoo. As these princes bargained for their freedom with the Royal African Company and others, they shared narratives of their early lives and of their enslavement as tools of diplomacy. These accounts are among the earliest formally composed slave narratives, but their purpose was not to argue for the abolition of the slave trade, as in so many nineteenth-century narratives. Indeed, in their narratives, these princes often argued for expanding the slave trade, with the goal of creating stronger economic ties between foreign nations.
Fighting for, and against, the British
Authors: Hutchins Zachary McLeod
Published: May 2024

Enslaved black Africans in colonial North America without a royal pedigree often identified as foreigners, and they recognized their allegiance—to one or another European state—as a potentially liberating form of power. The black African men accused of setting New York on fire in 1741 reported that their motive in doing so was to secure the aid of France and Spain in escaping from British enslavement. Briton Hammon, by contrast, pledged his allegiance to Great Britain during the Seven Years’ War and framed the story of his captivity among Indians and in Cuba as an expression of loyalty to British ideals of freedom. In his Narrative, Hammon demonstrates that the slave narrative began as an attempt to situate the enslaved within a network of foreign states, deploying diplomacy in order to achieve freedom or other personal gain.
Late Nineteenth-Century Labor Unrest, the Origins of the Law and Order Leagues, and J. West Goodwin
Authors: Pearson Chad E.
Published: May 2024

This chapter explores the origins and characteristics of the Midwestern Law and Order Leagues. Formed in response to the 1886 Southwest Railroad strike, the Law and Order Leagues first emerged in Sedalia, Missouri, before spreading elsewhere. In places like Sedalia, Parsons, Kansas, and St. Louis, the Law and Order Leagues confronted Knights of Labor (KOL) strikers and escorted scabs across picket lines. This chapter looks closely at one of the organization’s leaders and organizers, J. West Goodwin, a newspaperman and anti-labor union ideologue. Goodwin used his paper, the Sedalia Bazoo, to tout the activities of the vigilante organization and signaled out KOL leaders, including Martin Irons. Irons was unable to secure good employment after the strike, and Goodwin repeatedly used the Sedalia Bazoo to further stigmatize Irons. The Law and Order League, under the leadership of people like Goodwin, was a powerful organization that hurt the labor movement.
Birth of the Citizens’ Alliances, the Persistence of Law and Order, and Mythmaking in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Pearson Chad E.
Published: May 2024

This chapter presents an analysis of Citizens’ Associations, an assortment of benign-sounding employer-led organizations. Responding to the reformism central to the so-called Progressive Era, the Citizens’ Alliances promoted themselves as committed to supporting “the common people”—small business owners and non-union workers. In reality, these organizations were led by diehard union-busters and strikebreakers, including some who had participated in earlier employers’ associations, including the Ku Klux Klan and the Law and Order Leagues. J. West Goodwin, a former leader of the Law and Order League, was an active organizer of these groups. They came together to form a national organization, the Citizens’ Industrial Association of America, in late 1903. Despite the language of reform, the members of these organizations were involved in brutal strikebreaking campaigns in the remote mine regions of Colorado and Pennsylvania as well as in modest-sized cities like Pensacola, Florida.
Full Hearted and Half Empty
Authors: Stein Michael
Published: May 2024

In this chapter, a dying patient has difficult decisions to make about continuing care. When a doctor feels particularly attached to a patient, does being a good doctor sometimes require training oneself to exhibit less empathy than normal? Does this produce burn-out? Kindness can be a response to patient sadness.
Making Impressions
Authors: Stein Michael
Published: May 2024

In this chapter, the author becomes a patient. How does a doctor choose his own doctor? What are the qualities anyone wants in a doctor beyond competence? The chapter explores how doctor might be trained to be aware of the manner in which they speak
The Messianic Moment, 1919–1931
Authors: Adjetey Wendell Nii Laryea
Published: May 2024

From 1919 to 1931, African North Americans, through word and deed, engaged in cross-border messianic Pan-Africanisms, a corollary of widespread racial terrorism and Black people’s reflections on ancient Nilotic civilizations. The chapter begins with an examination of Black intellectuals’ writings on African history and ethnology in the long nineteenth century. This intellectual climate underscored self-determination, informing the messianic and revolutionary dimensions of Garveyism. The final part of the chapter scrutinizes editorials in the Canadian newspaper the Dawn of Tomorrow, which African American expatriates founded to unify Black people and inspire global messianic liberation.
Borderlands Blues, 1930–1950
Authors: Adjetey Wendell Nii Laryea
Published: May 2024

From the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century, a group of highly mobile African North Americans practiced interspatial citizenship, that is, racial belonging in the liminal space along an international border. For Black people, this mode of cross-border life amplified Pan-Africanisms, sometimes a bourgeois Du Boisian version or a militant, Black Nationalist Garveyite version but always a universal appreciation of Black solidarity and liberation. They lived, worked, nurtured families, and agitated for full citizenship in the United States and Canada at different moments of their lives, forging a cross-border, continental identity as agents whose “citizenship” transcended both countries, as well as the Caribbean, and sometimes Africa and Europe. In this vein, the Great Lakes region was not simply a US-Canadian border zone but a demilitarized hemispheric and global checkpoint with little surveillance.
Immigration, Black Power, and Draft Resisters
Authors: Adjetey Wendell Nii Laryea
Published: May 2024

As opposition to the racism, sexism, and imperialism of the Cold War global order intensified, leftists from the Caribbean and Black Panthers and war resisters from the United States sought social and economic refuge in Canada. The racism and latent imperialism of Canadian society compelled activists to agitate for social change. This chapter uncovers the struggles of these African Caribbean and Black and white radicals from the United States, as well as Canadian-born activists, who tried to improve the material conditions of vulnerable groups. It is within this logic that Caribbean immigrants, Black Panthers, and US draft resisters looked north to Canada as a viable alternative to an increasingly repressive US government.
The Mind of the State
Authors: Adjetey Wendell Nii Laryea
Published: May 2024

Black activists’ attempts to subvert the imperial, capitalistic, and racist logics of the United States and Canada in the late 1960s and 1970s set them on a collision course with the state. The pursuit of Black liberation in US and Canadian societies brought activists into the crosshairs of the security and intelligence apparatus. Using declassified intelligence reports obtained under freedom of information provisions in the United States and Canada, this chapter uncovers the only known case of US and Canadian authorities deploying the Black “spook.”
Cold Wars, Hot Wars
Authors: Adjetey Wendell Nii Laryea
Published: May 2024

This chapter, which partly relies on declassified sources obtained under freedom of information provisions, uncovers connections between African Liberation Day (ALD) organizing in North America and a US-Canadian arms manufacturer. Working in partnership with the intelligence community, this multinational arms dealer transshipped sophisticated ordnance, cannons, and radar defense systems via the Eastern Caribbean to apartheid South Africa, an action meant to undermine revolutionary Pan-African struggle. The chapter also unearths revolutionary and counterrevolutionary currents in the Caribbean, including the role that US and Canadian white supremacists sought to play in creating an ethno-state paradise in the Eastern Caribbean.
Introduction
Authors: Allred Mason Kamana
Published: May 2024

The introductory chapter gives a brief overview of Mormonism and the book’s structure. It offers a review of theory and literature on media and religious studies that informs this book’s approach. It also seeks to suggest why studying Mormonism, in particular, helps us rethink categories and concepts such as agency, matter, spirit, and technology. It lays out the theoretical lens of mixing feminist new materialism with media archaeology to further develop a technology-aware form of cultural studies.
Cinematic Traffic
Authors: Allred Mason Kamana
Published: May 2024

Although the film is lost, one of the few extant scenes from the first Latter-day Saint church’s film, One Hundred Years of Mormonism (1913), shows technical camera tricks at work to make the angel Moroni materialize in Smith’s bedroom. Staging the specters of Smith’s visions through double exposure literally modernized the Mormon past and submitted it to the public sphere and commercial traffic of cinema. Now involved in proper trafficking and commerce, Mormons were increasingly in step with modernity. There were several popular silent films that depicted Mormons as perpetrators of human trafficking, using hypnotic or mesmerizing vision to abduct women and force them into polygamy. This chapter argues that the LDS church’s interaction with film refashioned Mormon visibility and attention to their look, by warding off negative images and curating a wholesome public image that entailed techniques of performing cinematic whiteness and American belonging.
Micromanaging Death
Authors: Allred Mason Kamana
Published: May 2024

This chapter analyzes the LDS church’s doctrinal directive to perform proxy rituals to save the dead at the nexus of microfilm technology and the rescue of daunting amounts of records around the Second World War. Mormon genealogists credited the advent of microphotography as divine intervention for providing the managerial techniques to save records through duplication and provide the necessary accounting for ordinances performed in temples by the living for the dead. The technology was connected to world projects that would bring together vast stores of records and knowledge to create a shared database—a world brain—for the betterment of humanity. In Latter-day Saint use, microfilm even allowed for instances of spiritual feedback, wherein spirits from beyond the veil could visit, guide, or instant message living genealogists to notify them their proxy work was valid. Good genealogist Mormons had to learn techniques of scanning, recording, zooming, and seeing with spiritual eyes. Visions of dead ancestors were tamed into feedback loops supporting a system that facilitated temple work, while also bolstering racial lineages and American belonging.
Bolivia
Authors: Lupien Pascal
Published: May 2024

This chapter demonstrates that Indigenous CSOs in Bolivia found themselves maneuvering a very different political landscape in the era of President Evo Morales (2006-2019) and his Movimiento al socialismo (MAS) party. An indigenized social citizenship regime and a system of participatory democracy mechanisms provided unprecedented access to the state while seeking to limit associational space outside of this new architecture. Bolivian organizations in 2010s re-centered their multi-scalar positioning around the MAS and focused on civic political action, which provided some with significant gains through controlled inclusion. Some Indigenous sectors contested the MAS’s extractive policies, which resulted in a split between Indigenous civil society. Indigenous CSOs and their leaders have developed a remarkable level of political experience and impressive mobilizing capacity. When their social and political gains were threatened by an unelected interim administration of 2019-2020, they drew on these skills to lead a series of large-scale uprisings. But the political opportunities had shifted in favor of their opponents, and their mobilizing structures had been weakened by years of integration with MAS and the growing rift between Indigenous CSOs. This demonstrates that Indigenous civil society can be weakened through political fragmentation and excessive integration with state structures.
Seattle in Coalition
Authors: Johnson Diana K.
Published: May 2024

In the fall of 1999, the World Trade Organization (WTO) prepared to hold its biennial Ministerial Conference in Seattle. The event culminated in five days of chaotic political protest that would later be known as the Battle in Seattle. The convergence represented the pinnacle of decades of organizing among workers of color in the Pacific Northwest, yet the images and memory of what happened centered around assertive black bloc protest tactics deployed by a largely white core of activists whose message and goals were painted by media coverage as disorganized and incoherent. This insightful history takes readers beyond the Battle in Seattle and offers a wider view of the organizing campaigns that marked the last half of the twentieth century. Narrating the rise of multiracial coalition building in the Pacific Northwest from the 1970s to the 1990s, Diana K. Johnson shows how activists from Seattle's Black, Indigenous, Chicano, and Asian American communities traversed racial, regional, and national boundaries to counter racism, economic inequality, and perceptions of invisibility. In a city where more than eighty-five percent of the residents were white, they linked far-flung and historically segregated neighborhoods while also crafting urban-rural, multiregional, and transnational links to other populations of color. The activists at the center of this book challenged economic and racial inequality, the globalization of capitalism, and the white dominance of Seattle itself long before the WTO protest.
In the Name of Land
Authors: Johnson Diana K.
Published: May 2024

This chapter centers the activism of Native American organizers and chronicles the successful takeover of Fort Lawton in Seattle in 1970. This chapter discusses Native-focused aspects of organizing alongside an exploration of how this movement for racial justice and land reclamation intersected with and inspired multiracial coalition building.
Higher Education for All
Authors: Higgins Andrew Stone
Published: May 2024

The 1960 California Master Plan for Higher Education remains to this day the largest and most ambitious attempt to provide free, universal college education in the United States. Yet the Master Plan, the product of committed Cold War liberals, unfortunately served to reinforce the very class-based exclusions and de facto racism that plagued K–12 education in the nation's largest and most diverse state. In doing so, it inspired a wave of student and faculty organizing that not only forced administrators and politicians to live up to the original promise of the Master Plan—quality higher education for all—but changed the face of California itself. Higher Education for All is the first and only comprehensive account of the California Master Plan. Through deep archival work and sharp attention to a fascinating cast of historical characters, Andrew Stone Higgins has excavated the forgotten history of the Master Plan: from its origins in the 1957 Sputnik Crisis, through Governor Ronald Reagan's financial starvation and his failed quest to introduce tuition, to the student struggle to institute affirmative action in university admissions.
Introduction
Authors: Higgins Andrew Stone
Published: May 2024

The introduction provides a succinct overview of Higher Education for All. Beginning with a recognition of the class-based and racial exclusions embedded in the California Master Plan for Higher Education, the introduction examines how most contemporary discussions of the Master Plan misunderstand the impact of this celebrated liberal reform. As discriminatory admissions standards channeled ever greater numbers of student of color into community colleges, students of color and their allies organized across campuses to establish Educational Opportunity Programs for affirmative action, helping to make good on the original promise of the Master Plan: quality higher education for all.
The Ghost of Sputnik
Authors: Higgins Andrew Stone
Published: May 2024

The Soviet launch of Sputnik in October 1957 occasioned an intense discussion over the state of American education. This chapter traces these discussions in broad form at the national level and in close detail within California, demonstrating that as top California educators aimed to develop education to meet the Soviet threat, they failed to consider how racial and class-based exclusions built into the K-12 years would impact higher education. De facto segregation simply wasn’t on their radar. In such a context, instead of establishing a meritocracy, the Master Plan system emerged as a hierarchy very much divided by race and class.
The New Right Takes Aim
Authors: Higgins Andrew Stone
Published: May 2024

The third chapter demonstrates that debates over the Master Plan and ensuing student protest were at the center of the emergence of the New Right in 1960s California. Even before the rise of Ronald Reagan, heated discussion of public education featured prominently in the campaign of Max Rafferty as he ran for State Superintendent of Public Instruction in 1962. During the Free Speech Movement, Rafferty emerged as the most prominent voice in opposition to student revolt, prefiguring Reagan’s subsequent critiques. Running for governor of California in 1966, Reagan built upon Rafferty’s politicization of education, speaking out against the FSM and opposing subsequent student protests that targeted the de facto racism embedded in Master Plan admissions standards and a Eurocentric curriculum. With Reagan in the governor’s mansion, the levers of power within the Master Plan system fell under the control of a staunch conservative opposed to the provision of free public higher education. But despite the immense budgetary and disciplinary powers he wielded as governor, Reagan could not stop the wave of student protest that crested in his first four years in office.
A Master Plan for Chicanos
Authors: Higgins Andrew Stone
Published: May 2024

This chapter demonstrates how the racial shortcomings of the Master Plan served as the central spur to student organizing within the Chicano movement in California. Mexican Americans—then and now California’s largest minority population—had long faced segregation in education in California. Inspired by a range of contemporary struggles, Chicanos began organizing on college campuses. By the late 1960s, Mexican American students and faculty had developed an in-depth analysis of the racism embedded in the Master Plan and began working towards the goal of closing the racial attainment gap in the Master Plan system. Their organizing culminated in a three day workshop that produced El Plan de Santa Barbara, a 150-page manifesto that would serve as a plan of action for increasing Chicana/o matriculation on California campuses and establishing programs of Chicano Studies across the country.
Conclusion
Authors: Walkiewicz Kathryn
Published: May 2024

The book’s conclusion returns us to the McGirt v. Oklahoma decision of 2020. The US federal government and the State of Oklahoma have emphasized that the decision primarily applies to criminal jurisdiction, policing and surveillance, and little else. By understanding McGirt in conversation with two of the most popular TV shows of 2019 and 2020, Watchmen (2019) and Live PD (2016–), we can think through the ways Indian Territory, especially Tulsa, figures in a larger twenty-first-century cultural imaginary that invokes long-standing discourses of US intervention into tribal affairs, as well as the criminalization of Blackness and Indigeneity.
Dreamland
Authors: Goodman Carly
Published: May 2024

In a world of border walls and obstacles to migration, a lottery where winners can gain permanent residency in the United States sounds too good to be true. Just as unlikely is the idea that the United States would make such visas available to foster diversity within a country where systemic racism endures. But in 1990, the United States Diversity Visa Lottery was created to do just that. Dreamland tells the surprising story of this unlikely government program and its role in American life as well as the global story of migration. Historian Carly Goodman takes readers from Washington, D.C., where proponents deployed a colorblind narrative about our "nation of immigrants" to secure visas for white immigrants, to the African countries where it flourished and fostered dreams of going to America. From the post office to the internet, aspiring emigrants, visa agents, and others embraced the lottery and tried their luck in a time of austerity and limits. Rising African immigration to the United States has enriched American life, created opportunities for mobility, and nourished imagined possibilities. But the promise of the American dream has been threatened by the United States' embrace of anti-immigrant policies and persistent anti-Black racism.
Past and Present
Authors: Goodman Carly
Published: May 2024

Seeking ongoing immigration reform that would allocate more visas to the undocumented Irish, a group organized under the name the Irish Immigration Reform Movement. Using the motto “legalize the Irish” they publicized the plight of the New Irish, built popular support, and worked with policymakers on reforms. Messages about historic contributions by Irish immigrants resonated in the context of a white ethnic revival, in which many Americans with immigrant roots celebrated that element of their identities. In this light, the treatment of the Irish under the contemporary immigration system seemed unfair and discriminatory.