bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La enseñanza de la literatura y el pluralismo metodológico
Authors: Ballester Josep , Ibarra Noelia
Published: November 2015

¿Cuáles deben ser, en la sociedad actual, los objetivos de la educación literaria? El camino de la renovación debe venir por la recuperación de su valor instructivo. La capacidad cognoscitiva para interpretar la realidad y la construcción sociocultural parece uno de los ejes. No obstante, cabe subrayar el placer que provoca la lectura como base para la adquisición de la competencia literaria. Asimismo, otro aspecto fundamental es el corpus de textos que deben utilizarse. Este debe ser, en todos los sentidos, multicultural, esto es, textos clásicos, universales y los más próximos en el contexto del estudiante como también aquellos pertenecientes a la denominada otra literatura (literatura infantil, literatura de masas, etcétera). Además del enfoque comparativo que permite un extenso abanico de opciones, las fronteras entre los diferentes discursos artísticos son cada vez más difusas, por lo que resulta fundamental aprovechar la conexión de los diferentes lenguajes como un excelente canal de motivación.
Hacia una conceptualización de la cultura escrita: contextos y prácticas letradas en y desde El Quijote
Authors: Martos García Aitana
Published: November 2015

En este artículo se analizan las diferentes interpretaciones y manifestaciones de la cultura escrita extraídas a partir de El Quijote de Cervantes. En primer lugar se examina el contexto global de la cultura escrita partiendo de su conceptualización actual ligada a los nuevos estudios de literacidad y el concepto de cultura letrada de Chartier, añadiéndole una visión más contemporánea donde la cultura digital complementa a las tradicionales manuscrita y tipográfica. Debemos extrapolar esta visión a El Quijote, no sin antes examinar las implicaciones de las diferentes dimensiones de la obra en cuanto a signo y documento. Tras examinar de forma breve algunas de las prácticas letradas que podemos ver de forma tradicional en El Quijote, es tiempo para crear nuevas prácticas que se ajusten a las necesidades y circunstancias actuales, transformando la obra en una nueva herramienta para obtener nuevas prácticas letradas de actualidad gracias a los mecanismos intertextuales e interdiscursivos de ésta.
“Aunque lea poco, yo sé que soy listo”. Estudio de caso sobre un adolescente que no lee literatura
Authors: Aliagas Cristina , Castellà Lidon Josep M. , Cassany Daniel
Published: November 2015

Exploramos con un estudio de caso la lectura como práctica social en la vida de un adolescente que acaba de abandonar los estudios en 1º de Bachillerato. Desde el prisma teórico de los Nuevos Estudios de Literacidad, analizamos su punto de vista y sus creencias sobre las prácticas lectoras dominantes y vernáculas en las que participa, dentro y fuera del Instituto. A pesar de su fuerte desinterés por la lectura académica, nuestro informante ha construido una vida lectora variada y activa al margen de la escuela.
Los recursos metaficcionales en la literatura juvenil: el caso de Dónde crees que vas y quién te crees que eres de Benjamín Prado
Authors: De-Amo José Manuel
Published: November 2015

En el amplio panorama de la Literatura Juvenil comienza a despuntar una práctica narrativa que se caracteriza por llamar la atención sobre su propia forma y su propio proceso de construcción, desvelando así su naturaleza ficcional. Se trata de una producción literaria que rompe con los códigos narrativos tradicionales y que requiere del lector una forma más activa de acercamiento. Con este artículo he pretendido analizar las técnicas y recursos literarios recurrentes en este tipo de obras, poco frecuentes en el ámbito literario que nos ocupa. Para tal fin, he indagado, por un lado, en el estado de la cuestión acerca de la teoría de la metaficción y, por otro, en las estrategias creativas utilizadas por Benjamín Prado en su novela Dónde crees que vas y quién te crees que eres, por ser esta una obra paradigmática.
Rolnictwo ekologiczne i GMO szansą dla rozwoju polskiej gospodarki? Korzyści i zagrożenia
Authors: Ciepielewska Magdalena
Published: November 2015

Jakość spożywanego pożywienia, ilość zawartych w nim składników odżywczych czy witamin wpływa na stan zdrowia, aktywność fizyczną i psychiczną człowieka. Zatem bardzo ważne jest, by żywność przez nas spożywana była zdrowa, pełnowartościowa, bez hormonów wzrostu, antybiotyków czy metali ciężkich. W ostatnich latach rolnictwo ekologiczne rozwija się bardzo intensywnie na całym świecie, również w Polsce można zaobserwować wzrost powierzchni upraw ekologicznych oraz liczby przetwórni, a także jednostek certyfikujących. Także uprawy GM mogą stanowić dużą szansę dla rozwoju gospodarki, lecz konieczne jest wprowadzenie odpowiednich norm i przepisów regulujących owe uprawy. Problem z GMO jest taki, że nie zostało przeprowadzonych wystarczająco dużo testów i badań, które wykluczyłyby negatywny wpływ spożywania roślin GM na zdrowie ludzi. Świat stoi w obliczu narastającego problemu głodu, który uprawy GM mogłyby rozwiązać. Jednak, przed wprowadzeniem jakichkolwiek nasion czy sadzonek, które zostały zmodyfikowane genetycznie, należy być bardzo ostrożnym i skrupulatnie przeprowadzić wszelkie niezbędne badania.
Wpływ ryzyka pogodowego na wartość usług ekosystemowych
Authors: Michalak Dorota
Published: November 2015

Zasoby naturalne i ekosystemy, które ich dostarczają stanowią podstawę naszych działań gospodarczych, decydują o jakości naszego życia oraz spójności społecznej. Jednak sposób, w jaki organizujemy nasze systemy gospodarcze nie uwzględnia w dostatecznym stopniu następującej zależności – gospodarka nie może istnieć bez środowiska, natomiast środowisko doskonale radzi sobie bez gospodarki. Koncepcja usług ekosystemowych jest jednym z narzędzi do prowadzenia dyskusji na temat zależności społeczeństwa od przyrody. Umożliwia w sposób syntetyczny przedstawienie powiązań między podstawowymi koncepcjami ekologicznymi i ekonomicznymi oraz łączną analizę tych dwóch podsystemów. Jednym z najgroźniejszych skutków postępujących zmian klimatycznych jest nasilenie się ilości i siły ekstremalnych zjawisk pogodowych, które powodują straty nie tylko czysto ekonomiczne i społeczne, ale i przyrodnicze. Ponadto efektem zmian klimatycznych są anomalia pogodowe, lecz także zmiany charakteru aury, co również istotnie wpływa na wartość usług ekosystemowych. Pojawia się pytanie, w jakim stopniu warunki meteorologiczne wpływają na wartość usług ekosystemowych. Czy analiza taka jest możliwa do przeprowadzenia? Celem niniejszego artykułu jest określenie wpływu ryzyka pogodowego na wartość usług ekosystemowych. Niestety brak odpowiednich narzędzi gromadzenia danych na temat strat przyrodniczych wywołanych ekstremalnymi zjawiskami pogodowymi uniemożliwia przeprowadzanie analiz wpływu ryzyka pogodowego na wartość usług ekosystemowych. Na ten moment możliwa jest jedynie teoretyczna polemika. Podane przykłady strat w rolnictwie wywołanych zdarzeniami pogodowymi o charakterze katastroficznym i niekatastroficznym wskazują na konieczność konstrukcji odpowiednich instrumentów wspomagających raportowanie powstałych strat.
Odnawialne Źródła Energii podstawowym filarem implementacji Modelu M Ekorozwoju Wrocławia i Dolnego Śląska
Authors: Zwoździak Jerzy , Szałata Łukasz , Kwiecińska Kornelia
Published: November 2015

Strategia Unii Europejskiej 2020, wymagania dla Polski w zakresie zwiększenia produkcji energii, ciepła i chłodu z odnawialnych źródeł energii do poziomu 15% oraz stałej poprawy jakości komponentów środowiska, stają się wyzwaniem nie tylko dla polskiego państwa, ale również dla miasta Wrocławia i województwa dolnośląskiego. W związku z powyższym wyzwaniem autorzy prezentują własny, oryginalny Model M Ekorozwoju Wrocławia i Dolnego Śląska jako miasta niskowęglowego / niskoemisyjnego, którego podstawowym filarem są m.in. inwestycje w odnawialne źródła energii (OZE) i zwiększenie ich udziału w skali regionu. Ponadto istotne stało się opracowanie założeń wdrażania trwałego zrównoważonego rozwoju miasta i województwa w perspektywie do 2020 roku. Stworzenie wielowymiarowego dynamicznego Modelu M Ekorozwoju Wrocławia i Dolnego Śląska jest procesem wieloetapowym, cechującym się indywidualnym podejściem. Działania uwzględniają m.in. bilans energetyczny miasta, bilans zasobów naturalnych i społecznych, miks energetyczny miasta, wykorzystanie walorów krajobrazowych terenu w celu zwiększenia udziału odnawialnych źródeł energii.
Yield and Nitrogen Uptake of Bowl‐Seedling Machine‐Transplanted Rice with Slow‐Release Nitrogen Fertilizer
Authors: Miao Xuekuan , Xing Xiaoming , Ding Yanfeng , Ke Jian , Liu Zhenghui , Tang She , Ding Chengqiang , Wang Shaohua , Li Ganghua
Published: November 2015

Slow‐release N fertilizer is considered an effective method of improving the N use efficiency (NUE). To investigate yield and N uptake of bowl‐seedling machine‐transplanted rice (Oryza sativaL.) with slow‐release N fertilizer, three fertilizers treatments including slow‐release fertilizer blend (SFB), polymer‐coated urea (PCU), and sulfur‐coated urea (SCU), and two fertilizer methods including single basal application (B), and combined with tillering urea (BT) were performed from 2013 to 2014 in Jiangsu Yellow Sea Farm of China. Conventional split fertilization (CK) and zero N treatment (N0) are controls. Yield and NUE improvement was found in PCU under both fertilization methods in both years when compared with the CK. The SCU only showed a slight yield increase in 2014, while SFB increased the yields and NUEs under both fertilization methods in both years. The BT‐SFB got the highest yields as 13.6 and 13.3 Mg ha−1, as well as increased 7.9 and 10.8% compared with CK in both years, respectively. The recovery efficiency of N was also the highest for BT‐SFB with 52.7 and 38.5% for 2013 and 2014, respectively. The results indicated that SFB can meet the rice N demand and improve the yield and NUE, and the combined application of tillering urea and SFB was better than that of single basal application with SFB.
Genetic Diversity, Population Structure, and Association Mapping of 10 Agronomic Traits in Sesame
Authors: Wei Wenliang , Zhang Yanxin , Wang Linhai , Li Donghua , Gao Yuan , Zhang Xiurong
Published: November 2015

To improve efficiency in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) breeding, it is important to understand the genetic basis and relatedness of advanced varieties developed during the past decades and to identify molecular markers associated with quantitative traits of agronomic importance. Seed yield and traits that contribute to yield are strongly influenced by traits related to plant height, but little is known about the genetic basis of height‐related traits in sesame. A sesame association panel was phenotyped in multienvironment trials and fingerprinted with 44 markers to conduct genetic diversity analysis and association mapping of four height‐related traits and six yield‐related traits. Population structure analyses revealed two subgroups within the panel. The Q model performed better in terms of controlling false associations than the mixed models and identified a total of 92 marker associations with these 10 traits in three environments at P < 0.01. Eleven markers were identified as linked to three height‐related traits and three yield‐related traits in more than one environment. Further, three markers (ID24, SSI259, and ZZM452) were simultaneously associated with multiple traits in different environments with stable and pleiotropic effects. In each of the three environments, ID71 was stably associated with the number of seeds per capsule and ZZM452 was associated with thousand‐seed weight. These results suggest that the relatively abundant diversity in this sesame association panel together with the power of the Q model are useful for association analysis of agronomic traits in sesame. The associations of markers with these traits will benefit marker‐assisted selection in sesame after further validation.
Canopy Visible and Near‐infrared Reflectance Data to Estimate Alfalfa Nutritive Attributes Before Harvest
Authors: Starks Patrick J. , Brown Michael A. , Turner Kenneth E. , Venuto Bradley C.
Published: November 2015

Canopy reflectance (i.e., remotely sensed) data may allow rapid assessment of nutritive values, such as total N, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF), as well as nutritive quality indicators such as relative feed value (RFV) and a forage energy/protein ratio of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Remotely sensed data were acquired over seven alfalfa cultivars in the 2005 to 2008 growing seasons (n = 580) to develop and test calibration equations to predict concentrations of total N, NDF, and ADF. About 31% of the canopy reflectance dataset and corresponding measured values of total N, NDF, and ADF were used in calibration equation development while the remaining samples (69%) were used to validate the calibration equations. The remote sensing based values of NDF, ADF, and crude protein (CP = total N × 6.25) were used to calculate RFV and the total digestible nutrients/crude protein (TDN/CP) ratio. Measured total N, NDF, ADF, RFV, and the TDN/CP ratio were used to assess the accuracy of the corresponding predicted values from the remotely sensed canopy reflectance data. The remotely sensed based prediction equations explained from 78 to 83% of the variation in measured total N, NDF, and ADF, correctly predicted about 80% of the RFV‐based hay grade classifications, and about 78% of the measured TDN/CP ratios. This technology could help improve profit margins by timing the cutting or harvesting of alfalfa, in rapid assessment of nutritive values over large areas devoted to growing alfalfa, and assessing nutritive quality in real time.
Genetic Variation and Postflowering Drought Effects on Seed Iron and Zinc in ICRISAT Sorghum Mini Core Collection
Authors: Upadhyaya Hari D. , Dwivedi Sangam L. , Singh Sube , Sahrawat Kanwar L. , Singh Shailesh K.
Published: November 2015

Drought stress invariably reduces yield and may alter seed chemistry. This experiment was initiated to characterize the sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] mini core collection for genetic variation and to study the effect of postflowering drought on seed Fe and Zn concentrations. Accessions with similar maturity, together with controls, were evaluated in split‐plot design under irrigated and drought‐stressed environments for two postrainy seasons. Residual (or restricted) maximum likelihood (REML) analysis of data considering genotypes as random and drought and year as fixed indicated highly significant variance as a result of genotypes. Highly significant effects of drought (D), year (Y), and D × Y interaction emphasized need for multilocation evaluation of germplasm for agronomic and seed nutritional traits. About twofold variation in Fe (25.8–48.9 mg kg−1 seed) and threefold variation in Zn (13.5–42.6 mg kg−1 seed) concentrations was observed across environments. Eleven accessions with high seed Fe, 14 accessions with high Zn, and nine accessions high in both Fe and Zn were identified. These accessions, however, produced low seed yields. In addition, six and four accessions, respectively, showed 8 to 39% and 9 to 38% greater Fe and Zn over control IS 33844 and produced seed yields similar to that of IS 33844. Significant rank correlation (≥0.70) indicated that accessions with high Fe or Zn under irrigated environments are also expected to perform well under drought‐stressed environments. Significantly positive correlation between Fe and Zn indicated simultaneous improvement as a realistic approach in breeding. The identified germplasm are ideal genetic resources for the development of Fe‐ and Zn‐dense sorghum cultivars.
Responses to Recurrent Index Selection for Reduced Fusarium Ear Rot and Lodging and for Increased Yield in Maize
Authors: Horne David W. , Eller Magen S. , Holland James B.
Published: November 2015

Fusarium ear rot, caused by the pathogen Fusarium verticillioides, damages maize (Zea mays L.) grain production and is associated with contamination of grain by fumonisin, a mycotoxin harmful to both humans and animals. Recurrent selection may be an effective way to combine improvements in resistance to Fusarium ear rot with improved grain yield and lodging resistance. To test this hypothesis, three cycles of recurrent index selection based on evaluating S0:1 lines for Fusarium ear rot, grain yield, and lodging were implemented in a genetically broad‐based population. Direct intrapopulation response to selection in the target traits was measured by comparing lines sampled from Cycle 0 and Cycle 3 populations. In addition, indirect response for fumonisin contamination was also measured along with indirect response for agronomic traits when crossed to commercial inbred tester, FR1064. Results indicate significant direct gain from selection for Fusarium ear rot, but no significant gains for yield or lodging resistance. Indirect gains were also observed for Fusarium ear rot resistance in topcrosses to an unrelated tester line and for fumonisin contamination both within the selection population and in topcrosses. Our results are the first demonstration of the indirect effect of selection against Fusarium ear rot on reduction of fumonisin contamination. Heritabilities for target traits did not decrease over generations, indicating potential for further genetic gain from selection in this population.
An Assimilated Time Domain Reflectometry Probe
Authors: Ouaknin Hanna , Meyouhas Yael , Weisbrod Noam , Furman Alex
Published: November 2015

Core Ideas

We introduce a calibration procedure for a non‐penetrating TDR probe.

The measured dielectric permittivity is a volume average of the soil and the measurement apparatus.

We experimentally calibrated the TDR probe for various soils.

Time domain reflectometry (TDR) is a simple and popular method for measuring soil water content. The TDR measures a weighted average of the dielectric permittivity of the soil along and around a probe. Under some experimental or technical restrictions, the penetration of the probe into the studied domain is undesirable or impossible. Here, we experimentally investigate the feasibility of measuring a material's water content by only touching it. Such a configuration, where the probe is not fully inserted into the measured domain, leads to a far‐from‐uniform distribution of the dielectric permittivity around the probe. A laboratory experiment was conducted, comparing wall‐embedded TDR (wall probe [WP]) measurements with those of a regular TDR probe (standard probe [SP]). Five different soils were examined (sand, “Hamra” [red loamy sand], loess, pure quartz, and clayey soil). For all soils, the WP measurements apparently underestimated water content. This is because it averages soil permittivity of the domain of interest (soil) with that of the probe host material, typically of lower dielectric permittivity. A linear relation between the water content as measured by the WP and the SP was found for all the soils. For most soils and for the non‐marginal water contents, the true soil permittivity (and hence the water content) was roughly twice that measured by the WP. However, the measurement was found to be highly sensitive to the exact location of the probe at the material interface. We conclude that the wall‐assimilated probe can be used with minimal calibration to measure water content without penetration into the measured domain, but high caution should be used with respect to the exact location of the probe at the wall–soil interface.
Benchmarking the Inelastic Neutron Scattering Soil Carbon Method
Authors: Yakubova Galina , Kavetskiy Aleksandr , Prior Stephen A. , Torbert H. Allen
Published: November 2015

The herein described inelastic neutron scattering (INS) method of measuring soil carbon was based on a new procedure for extracting the net carbon signal (NCS) from the measured γ spectra and determination of the average carbon weight percent in the upper ∼8‐cm soil layer (AvgCw%8). The NCS extraction utilized the net‐INS spectrum, which was the difference between the INS and thermal neutron capture (TNC) spectra and the net‐INS system background spectrum. The proportionality between NCS and AvgCw%8 for any shape of soil carbon depth distribution was demonstrated theoretically. The theoretical model for NCS calculations accounted for carbon depth distribution and neutron and γ ray propagation laws in our analysis; previous model results were verified by comparison with a Monte Carlo simulation using Geant4. The experimental results confirmed the identified proportionality. The mobile INS system was calibrated using pits filled with synthetic soil; this calibration was used for AvgCw%8 determinations in INS field measurements. The AvgCw%8 was also determined by the dry combustion method. Benchmarking the soil carbon determination by INS demonstrated results that coincided with dry combustion technique (DCT) results (within experimental error limits). Given the agreement between these methods, the described INS measurement system can be recommended as a reliable alternative means for measuring soil carbon.
Effects of Message Framing and Exemplars on Promoting Organ Donation
Authors: Chien Yu-Hung , Chang Wen-Te
Published: November 2015

People in many countries are unwilling to donate organs. Drawing on previous research regarding the use of message framing and the theory of exemplification promoting intentions to donate organs, this study examined messaging strategies. This study used a 2 × 2 between-subjects factorial design to examine the joint effects of gain/loss frames and statistical/exemplar appeals on the intentions of 189 Taiwanese college students (108 women, 81 men; age range = 19–24 yr., M = 21.6, SD = 2.9) regarding organ donation. Each participant was randomly assigned to read one of four versions of an organ donation promotional message and then to complete a questionnaire. The analysis of variance showed a significant interaction between the two factors. Loss–exemplar messages elicited significantly more positive intentions toward donation than did loss–statistical messages. There was no significant difference between the statistical and exemplar appeals observed under the gain-framed condition. The practical implications of developing effective organ donation promotional materials and the limitations of this study are discussed.
The Effects of Expressive Writing on Postpartum Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms
Authors: Di Blasio Paola , Camisasca Elena , Caravita Simona Carla Silvia , Ionio Chiara , Milani Luca , Valtolina Giovanni Giulio
Published: November 2015

This study investigated whether an Expressive Writing intervention decreased depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after childbirth. 113 women ( M age = 31.26 yr., SD = 4.42) were assessed at Time 1 for depression (Beck Depression Inventory) and PTS (Perinatal PTSD Questionnaire) in the first days after childbirth, then randomized to either expressive writing or neutral writing conditions and reassessed at Time 2, 3 months later. The results (ANCOVAs, regression models) show that at 3 mo. depressive and posttraumatic symptoms were lower in women who performed the expressive writing task than in the neutral writing group. Moreover, the intervention condition was associated significantly with decreased depression at the high and at the mean levels of baseline depression at Time 1. Regarding PTSD, the results showed that the intervention condition was linked significantly to reductions of the symptoms at all levels of baseline PTSD. Mainly, these outcomes suggest that Expressive Writing can be a helpful early and low-cost universal intervention to prevent postpartum distress for women.
Self-Report of Empathy: A Shortened French Adaptation of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) Using Two Large Belgian Samples
Authors: Braun Stéphanie , Rosseel Yves , Kempenaers Chantal , Loas Gwenole , Linkowski Paul
Published: November 2015

For more than 30 years, the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) has been used to measure the multidimensional aspects of empathy. But the 28-item, 4-factor model of Davis (1980) is currently contested because of methodological issues and for theoretical reasons. Confirmatory (CFA) and exploratory factor analyses (EFA) were applied in two French-speaking Belgian student samples (1,244 participants in the first and 729 in the second study) to test this model and to propose a shortened version. A non-optimal fit was found with respect to the CFI value (Study 1). By splitting the student group into two random subsamples, EFA and then CFA were used to propose a 15-item, 4-factor model with good fit indices. A CFA on the second student group (Study 2) replicated this model. Results are discussed considering the influence of social desirability response bias, an absence of strong invariance across sex and the usefulness of self-report scales to measure empathy.
A Crisis in Comparative Psychology: Where Have All the Undergraduates Gone? Additional Comments,
Authors: Abramson Charles I.
Published: November 2015

This article identifies what I believe is a crisis in comparative psychology: the need to recruit undergraduates as the next generation of comparative psychologists. Issues to be addressed include the lack of graduate programs, only a single currently available comparative textbook, few undergraduate courses in comparative psychology, and the portrayal of comparative psychology in introductory psychology texts. Suggestions to help increase undergraduate interest in comparative psychology involve: recognition that comparative psychology is more than the study of animal behavior, that comparative psychology teaches broad-based research and critical thinking skills that can be used not only to further educational opportunities but also be useful for students who would like to directly go into business, encouraging students to create their own undergraduate major with a focus on comparative psychology, development of on-line courses, promotion of comparative-based teaching exercises, and using a track system to develop graduate programs in comparative psychology.
Belief Inconsistency in Conspiracy Theorists
Authors: Irwin Harvey J. , Dagnall Neil , Drinkwater Kenneth
Published: November 2015

This study investigated the relationship between conspiratorial beliefs and doublethink. Particularly, it assessed whether conspiratorial ideation (beliefs and theories) was associated with proneness to belief incoherency (doublethink). In total, 257 adults completed online survey measures. Conspiratorial ideation was positively associated with belief incoherency. Study implications and limitations are considered.
Influence of Parent—Adolescent Conflict Frequency on Adolescent Family Satisfaction and Self-Satisfaction in China: Conflict Coping Tactics as Moderators
Authors: Zhao Hongyu , Xu Yan , Wang Fang , Jiang Jiang , Zhang Xiaohui
Published: November 2015

Existing studies have found that parent–adolescent conflict frequency and conflict coping tactics influence adolescent family satisfaction and self-satisfaction under the background of Western culture. However, due to differences between Eastern and Western cultures, it is unknown whether previous results of the Western population can be extended to Chinese adolescents. The present study investigated grade differences in parent–adolescent conflict frequency and conflict coping tactics and examined the moderating effects of conflict coping tactics on the relationships between conflict frequency and adolescent family satisfaction and between conflict frequency and adolescent self-satisfaction. Chinese adolescents in Grades 7, 8, 10, and 11 ( N = 524) completed measures on conflict frequency, conflict coping tactics, family satisfaction, and self-satisfaction. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) and structural equation model analyses found, first, that conflict frequency decreased with grade level. For coping tactics, conciliation, avoidance, and assertion behaviors increased with grade level. Second, conflict frequency was negatively related to family satisfaction regardless of conciliation and avoidance tactics. By contrast, conflict frequency was negatively related to self-satisfaction when high conciliation and high avoidance behaviors were practiced. In addition, at low conflict frequency conciliation was positively associated with self-satisfaction and was not significant at high conflict frequency.
Editors’ Note
Authors: Heller WD , Scherer G
Published: November 2015

This issue marks a turning point in the history of BeiträgezurTabakforschung International. From its first issue in 1961, our Journal has been published and funded by the Verband der Cigarettenindustrie (VdC). After the liquidation of the VdC in 2007 we had to find a new publisher as well as sponsors, who are willing to provide the funds required for the continuation of the publishing process. During the last two years, we asked various corporations to financially support Beiträge and thus ensure its survival. Our call has been honoured by a number of the addressees approached so that we were able to continue our work for the Journal. We would like to express our cordial thanks for the opportunity to dedicate this issue to all our friends and sponsors who made this possible.
New Methodologies for Qualitative and Semi-Quantitative Determination of Carbon-Centered Free Radicals in Cigarette Smoke Using Liquid ChromatographyTandem Mass Spectrometry and Gas Chromatography-Mass Selective Detection
Authors: Gerardi AR , Coleman WM
Published: November 2015

Several approaches were explored to develop a high throughput procedure for relative determination of 14 different carbon-centered free radicals, both acyl and alkylaminocarbonyl type, in cigarette smoke. Two trapping procedures using 3-cyano-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy, or 3-cyanoproxyl radical (3-CNP) were designed for this study: a) trapping in solution and b) trapping on a solid support which was a Cambridge filter pad. Fresh whole smoke and vapor phase smoke from mainstream cigarette smoke from Kentucky Reference Cigarettes 2R4F, as partitioned via an unadulterated Cambridge filter pad, were transferred into each trapping system in separate experiments. The 3-CNP coated Cambridge filter pad approach was shown to be superior to the impinger procedure as described in this study. Gas chromatography coupled with mass selective detection (GC-MS) was employed for the first time as an alternate means of detecting several relatively highly concentrated radical adducts. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with precursor ion monitoring and selected ion monitoring (SIM) was used for detecting the large array of radicals, including several not previously reported: formyl, crotonyl, acrolein, aminocarbonyl, and anilinocarbonyl radicals. Relative quantitation was achieved using as external calibration standards of 4-(1-pyrrolidino)benzaldehyde and nicotine. It was determined that the yield of carbon-centered free radicals by reference cigarette 2R4F was approximately 265 nmoles/cigarette at 35 mL puff/60 sec interval/2 sec duration smoking conditions.
Effects of Flue-curing on Cigarette Smoke Condensates Mutagenicity
Authors: Morin A , Poirier N , Prefontaine D , Lacasse M
Published: November 2015

Flue-curing is a post harvest conditioning process which strongly affects the tobacco leaf chemistry, and consequently the chemical properties of tobacco smoke. Several studies identified the major changes in tobacco chemistry occurring during flue-curing. It is not known how flue-curing contributes to changes in bioactivity of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC). In this study, tobacco leaves collected throughout the twelve days of flue-curing were used to prepare cigarettes that were smoked to generate CSC samples. The assessment of mutagenicity was performed using the Bacterial Reverse Mutation / Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium TA98 in the presence of S9 metabolic activation. CSC from cured leaves were significantly more mutagenic than CSC from uncured leaves. The number of revertants was positively influenced by the duration of the curing. The effect of the duration of curing on the number of revertants was more pronounced with increasing CSC concentration.
Editors’ Note
Authors: Heller WD , Scherer G
Published: November 2015

We would like to draw our readers‘ attention to the following three joint publications in this issue:

· HAHN and SCHAUB (page 100)

· ROEMER et al. (page 117)

· INTORP et al. (page 139)

The three papers are based on an initiative of the German regulative authorities who requested and initiated a research project to get more information concerning the influence of tobacco additives on the composition of cigarette mainstream smoke. Since up to now, most of the peer reviewed publications on the effects of additives originate from scientists based in the tobacco industry, in this case an independent regulative laboratory (Chemical and Veterinary Surveillance Agency Sigmaringen) was asked to evaluate the effects of the tobacco additives sucrose, cocoa powder and glycerol on the amounts of several selected compounds in cigarette mainstream smoke. The test cigarettes for these evaluations were manufactured in the pilot plant of BAT Germany and are described and characterized by HAHN and SCHAUB. This paper also contains the results of the regulatory laboratory on the effects of the three additives on mainstream smoke composition.

The influence of these additives on cigarette mainstream smoke was also evaluated by ROEMER et al. and INTORP et al. using the identical test cigarettes as studied by HAHN and SCHAUB. While INTORP et al. in their three laboratory study analyzed the same mainstream smoke component as HAHN and SCHAUB, ROEMER et al. studied the effects of these tobacco ingredients on the levels of 39 different components in mainstream smoke of the test cigarettes and also on different endpoints of some selected toxicological in vitro assays. The chemical analytical work necessary for this evaluation was done by Labstat International, an independent contract laboratory; the in vitro tests were done by the Philip Morris Research Laboratories, Cologne, Germany. The results obtained by the participating laboratories showed no overall significant effects of the tested additives on the levels of the selected smoke constituents and the biological activity.

Finally, we would like to inform our readers that Nicolas Baskevitch has decided to retire from the advisory board, being a member since 2006. We would like to thank him for his collaboration in improving the manuscripts submitted to the Journal.
The Addition of Cocoa, Glycerol, and Saccharose to the Tobacco of Cigarettes: Implications for Smoke Chemistry, In Vitro Cytotoxicity, Mutagenicity and Further Endpoints
Authors: Roemer E , Wittke S , TrellesSticken E , Piade JJ , Bonk T , Schorp MK
Published: November 2015

The cigarette ingredients cocoa powder, glycerol, and saccharose were investigated regarding their potential effect on the resulting mainstream smoke, i.e., smoke chemistry (Hoffmann analytes), mammalian cell cytotoxicity (Neutral Red Uptake assay), and bacterial mutagenicity (Ames assay). Each ingredient was added at three concentrations to the tobacco of a 6 mg and 10 mg ‘tar’ yield experimental American blend filter cigarette (obtained under ISO/FTC smoking regime). The lowest application concentration was equivalent to the normal approximate use level of the ingredients; the highest application level was up to 5-fold higher. The resulting data were compared with the respective control cigarettes without addition of the ingredients. The addition of cocoa powder did not lead to any consistent effects on the measured mainstream smoke analytes. Neither the in vitro cytotoxicity nor the in vitro mutagenicity was affected by cocoa addition. The addition of glycerol resulted in a decrease in the delivery of several smoke constituents (generally around 20%), e.g. aldehydes, phenolics, and N-nitrosamines. Water in the particulate phase (TPM) was distinctly increased (up to +150%). The cytotoxicity of the TPM was decreased (approx. !15%). Mutagenicity was not affected. Saccharose addition consistently increased formaldehyde delivery in smoke by up to 40% and decreased tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines by up to approximately 20%. The increase in formaldehyde is discussed in the context of the human smoker. The cytotoxicity was not affected by the addition of saccharose, while the mutagenicity of the TPM was decreased in tester strain TA98 with metabolic activation (!15%). The results are in agreement with currently available literature. Some investigations summarized in this publication are novel and have not yet been reported in the literature. Based on the total evidence, it can be concluded that the three ingredients added at their current use levels do not increase the inherent toxicity of the cigarette smoke.
Development of a Rapid Cell-free Method for Cytotoxicity Assessment of Vapor Phase of Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Cahours X , Blanchet M , Dubois M , Haond C
Published: November 2015

Currently, several in vitro tests are widely used to measure toxicological properties of mainstream smoke (Neutral Red Uptake Assay, Micronucleus assay, Ames Test). These tests are necessary to assess cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity, but are time consuming. This is essentially due to the preparation and the handling of cells. It is difficult to use these in vitro tests as screening method for product testing and development. For a better assessment of the cytotoxicity of the vapor phase, a rapid cell-free method has been developed. This paper describes a capillary electrophoresis cell-free method, based on the depletion of an anti-oxidant L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine (GSH), applied to an aliquot of vapor phase phosphate buffered saline (PBS)-trapped cigarette smoke (as recommended for in vitro testing). The correlation between this method and the survival/viability test (Neutral Red cytotoxicity) is excellent (coefficient of correlation (r = 0.99)).
Effects of Water Volume and Nitrogen Fertilization on Yield and Quality Traits of Air-cured Burley Tobacco (Nicotianatabacum L.)
Authors: Ascione S , Ruggiero C , Napolitano A
Published: November 2015

Based on a two-year field trial in the region of Campania (Southern Italy) the effects of water volume and nitrogen fertilization on the yield and quality of Burley tobacco (Nicotianatabacum L.) were investigated with reference to the following traits: cured leaf yield, price index, yield value, leaf area, specific leaf weight, burning capacity, color parameters, total alkaloid, nitrate and chloride leaf content. The experimental design was a factorial comparison among three water volumes (40, 80 and 120% evapotranspiration (ET)), four nitrogen fertilization levels (0, 80, 160 and 240 kg ha-1) and two genotypes (cv TN86 and the hybrid R7-11). The yield of cured leaves rose with the increase in water and nitrogen availability, albeit at a decreasing rate. With the increase in water volume, the price index, burning capacity, specific leaf weight, total alkaloid and nitrate content decreased, while leaf area and chloride content increased. Up to a rate of 160 kg ha-1, nitrogen fertilization increased the price index, yield value, burning capacity, leaf area, specific leaf weight, total alkaloid and nitrates, and reduced leaf chloride content especially at 40% ET water volume. Both, nitrogen fertilization and water volume had little influence on leaf color. The year had considerable effects on yield, leaf area and color parameters, with higher values in the rainier season. In the two years, genotype TN86 showed higher stability for yield and yield value, lower alkaloid and higher nitrate content in the leaf than the R7-11 hybrid.
Guest Editorial
Authors: Klus H
Published: November 2015

Dr Thomas A. Perfetti and Dr Alan Rodgman wereawarded the CORESTA Prize in 2010. The two scientistswere honored by CORESTA for their lifetime researchwork on tobacco and tobacco smoke, culminating in theexcellent and highly recommendable compendium “TheChemical Components of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke”published in 2009. It is an honor for the editors to publish in BeiträgezurTabakforschung International/CONTRIBUTIONS TO TOBACCO RESEARCH the presentation given byDrsPerfetti and Rodgman at the 2010 CORESTAplenary session in Edinburgh.
Analysis of Certain Nitrogenous Compounds in Tobacco. Part 1: Adenosine, 2,5- and 2,6-Deoxyfructosazines, Mannosamine and Glucosamine
Authors: Moldoveanu SC , Byrd CH , Gerardi AR
Published: November 2015

Nitrogenous compounds such as amino acids and proteins are frequently analyzed in tobacco since they are considered precursors of toxicants in cigarette smoke. However, much less attention is given to other nitrogenous compounds such as amino sugars and deoxyfructosazines, although their concentration in tobacco can be equal to or even higher than that of most free amino acids. These nitrogenous compounds may contribute to the formation of toxicants in smoke, or may contribute to the sensory properties of cigarette smoke, reasons for which their analysis is important. This study describes a procedure for the analysis of adenosine, 2,5- and 2,6-deoxyfructosazines (DFs), mannosamine and glucosamine in tobacco. The analysis uses a liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) technique. Sample preparation for analysis consists of the extraction of the tobacco with a solution of 90% water and 10% methanol, followed by filtration. The separation of the analytes was done on a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography HILIC column using an isocratic procedure with a solvent consisting of 78% CH3CN, 22% H2O, that also contained 0.1 % HCOOH and 0.143 g/L CH3COONH4. The measurements were done using electrospray positive ionization mass spectrometric detection. The analytical procedure was validated and was proven very reliable. A number of tobaccos were analyzed, including several fluecured and Burley USA tobaccos, off-shore tobaccos, two

Oriental tobaccos, two green tobaccos, as well as tobaccos from commercial and Kentucky reference cigarettes. The ranges for the analytes per g tobacco were found between 0.4 and 20.3 µg/g for adenosine, between 0.0 and 608.5 µg/g for 2,5-DF, between 0.0 and 424.5 µg/g for 2,6-DF, between 12.5 and 415.5 µg/g for mannosamine and between 25.9 and 1885.7 µg/g for glucosamine. The study also indicated that the levels of DFs and that of the amino sugars in tobacco show a very good correlation. This correlation can be explained by the same source of the two classes of compounds, namely the reaction of (reducing) sugars and ammonia.
Problems with the Tobacco Products Scientific Advisory Committee (TPSAC) List of Harmful or Potentially Harmful Tobacco and/or Tobacco Smoke Components
Authors: Rodgman A
Published: November 2015

The draft initial list of harmful or potentially harmful tobacco and/or smoke components prepared by the Constituent Subcommittee of the Tobacco Products Scientific Advisory Committee (TPSAC) differs significantly from the similar lists prepared by Hoffmann and colleagues who had over four decades of experience and knowledge in tobacco and/or tobacco smoke components and their chemical and biological properties. The draft list comprises 106 components, 60 of which were included in the recent Hoffmann et al. lists but does not include nine of the Hoffmann-listed components. All of the 106 components appear in a list by Rodgman and Green of 162 tobacco and/or tobacco smoke components, each of which was defined as biologically adverse at one time or another over the previous years by one or more investigators. As with the Hoffmann et al. lists, the list by the TPSAC Constituent Subcommittee contains numerous anomalies.

· Three harmful components (dibenz[a, j]acridine, dibenz[a, h]acridine, 7H-dibenzo[c, g]carbazole) first reported in tobacco smoke in the 1960s that were not confirmed over the next forty years by many talented investigators in Japan, Germany, and the USA, including several at the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA).

· Two harmful components (arsenic, N-nitrosodiethanolamine) the levels of which have decreased significantly because their precursors have not been used in tobacco agronomy for over three decades.

· The many water-soluble components that reach the lung at a much reduced level to exert their ciliastasis.

· A component (chrysene) that the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has removed from its tumorigenicity listing, a decision accepted by Hoffmann et al. who removed chrysene from their more recent tobacco/tobacco smoke listings of adverse components.

TPSAC gives no indication of the following:

· The relationship between the per cigarette delivery of some of the harmful components and their level of permissibility by Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA).

· The components on its list that significantly offset the adverse biological activity of several others of its listed components.

· Many components in tobacco and/or tobacco smoke not listed by TPSAC have been reported to significantly reduce the adverse biological effect of several components on the TPSAC list plus several others.
Quantitative Determination of Menthol in a Single Puff of Mainstream Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Meruva NK , Smith MT , Plunkett SE
Published: November 2015

A method for the determination of menthol in a single puff of mainstream cigarette smoke is reported. A rotary smoking machine with a twin filter interface was used to smoke cigarettes with varying menthol and “tar” deliveries determined based on the Cambridge filter method. The twin filter interface mechanically switches to a new filter pad for collection of smoke from each cigarette puff. The individual filter pad extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine menthol puff-by-puff deliveries. Menthol puff-by-puff profiles show an increase in menthol smoke delivery with increasing puff count, a trend consistent with total particulate matter and smoke delivery profiles of other mainstream smoke constituents. The sum of single puff menthol deliveries is comparable to the whole cigarette menthol smoke delivery as collected on a single filter pad. This method can also determine quantitative puff-by-puff deliveries of other mainstream cigarette smoke constituents.