bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Height Increment and Laboratory Profile of Boys Treated With Aromatase Inhibitors With or Without Growth Hormone
Authors: Pedrosa Ludmila , de Oliveira Joice , Thomé Paula , Kochi Cristiane , Damiani Durval , Longui Carlos
Published: August 2017

Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) have been used to recover height loss due to their capacity to delay growth plate closure. Long-term studies describing final heights are needed to determine the efficacy and safety profiles of these drugs for the treatment of impaired growth. This study aims to identify the therapeutic efficiency of AIs in improve growth and to describe potential adverse effects during treatment. Retrospective data analysis of 96 adolescents, among which 22 patients already attained near-final height, were followed at outpatient clinics of two referral centers. Patients were all in puberty and present idiopathic decrease in predicted adult height. Patients were treated with Anastrozole (ANZ: 1 mg/day) or Letrozole (LTZ: 2.5 mg/day) with/without recombinant human growth hormone (0.05 mg/kg/day) for 1.0 to 3.5 years (2.1±1.2 years). Height gain, body mass index, lipid, liver enzyme, gonadotropins and testosterone levels were described before and at the end of treatment. Predicted adult height (PAH) and NF height were compared with the TH. The height SDS (adjusted to bone age) significantly increased (p<0.05) in all groups [0.8±0.7 (ANZ), 0.7±0.7 (ANZ+GH), 0.3±0.5 (LTZ), and 1.2±0.8 (LTZ+GH)]; the latter group exhibited the highest increment of PAH and growth recovery to the TH (p<0.004). No significant side effects were observed. AI treatment, especially when used in association with GH was able to improve growth and the attainment of familial target height.
Potential energy and dipole moment surfaces of the triplet states of the O2(X3Σg−) − O2(X3Σg−,a1Δg,b1Σg+) complex
Authors: Karman Tijs , van der Avoird Ad , Groenenboom Gerrit C.
Published: August 2017

We compute four-dimensional diabatic potential energy surfaces and transition dipole moment surfaces of O2–O2, relevant for the theoretical description of collision-induced absorption in the forbidden X3Σg− → a1Δg and X3Σg− → b1Σg+ bands at 7883 cm−1 and 13 122 cm−1, respectively. We compute potentials at the multi-reference configuration interaction (MRCI) level and dipole surfaces at the MRCI and complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) levels of theory. Potentials and dipole surfaces are transformed to a diabatic basis using a recent multiple-property-based diabatization algorithm. We discuss the angular expansion of these surfaces, derive the symmetry constraints on the expansion coefficients, and present working equations for determining the expansion coefficients by numerical integration over the angles. We also present an interpolation scheme with exponential extrapolation to both short and large separations, which is used for representing the O2–O2 distance dependence of the angular expansion coefficients. For the triplet ground state of the complex, the potential energy surface is in reasonable agreement with previous calculations, whereas global excited state potentials are reported here for the first time. The transition dipole moment surfaces are strongly dependent on the level of theory at which they are calculated, as is also shown here by benchmark calculations at high symmetry geometries. Therefore, ab initio calculations of the collision-induced absorption spectra cannot become quantitatively predictive unless more accurate transition dipole surfaces can be computed. This is left as an open question for method development in electronic structure theory. The calculated potential energy and transition dipole moment surfaces are employed in quantum dynamical calculations of collision-induced absorption spectra reported in Paper II [T. Karman et al., J. Chem. Phys. 147, 084307 (2017)].
Nuclear magnetic relaxation by the dipolar EMOR mechanism: Multi-spin systems
Authors: Chang Zhiwei , Halle Bertil
Published: August 2017

In aqueous systems with immobilized macromolecules, including biological tissues, the longitudinal spin relaxation of water protons is primarily induced by exchange-mediated orientational randomization (EMOR) of intra- and intermolecular magnetic dipole-dipole couplings. Starting from the stochastic Liouville equation, we have previously developed a rigorous EMOR relaxation theory for dipole-coupled two-spin and three-spin systems. Here, we extend the stochastic Liouville theory to four-spin systems and use these exact results as a guide for constructing an approximate multi-spin theory, valid for spin systems of arbitrary size. This so-called generalized stochastic Redfield equation (GSRE) theory includes the effects of longitudinal-transverse cross-mode relaxation, which gives rise to an inverted step in the relaxation dispersion profile, and coherent spin mode transfer among solid-like spins, which may be regarded as generalized spin diffusion. The GSRE theory is compared to an existing theory, based on the extended Solomon equations, which does not incorporate these phenomena. Relaxation dispersion profiles are computed from the GSRE theory for systems of up to 16 protons, taken from protein crystal structures. These profiles span the range from the motional narrowing limit, where the coherent mode transfer plays a major role, to the ultra-slow motion limit, where the zero-field rate is closely related to the strong-collision limit of the dipolar relaxation rate. Although a quantitative analysis of experimental data is beyond the scope of this work, it is clear from the magnitude of the predicted relaxation rate and the shape of the relaxation dispersion profile that the dipolar EMOR mechanism is the principal cause of water-1H low-field longitudinal relaxation in aqueous systems of immobilized macromolecules, including soft biological tissues. The relaxation theory developed here therefore provides a basis for molecular-level interpretation of endogenous soft-tissue image contrast obtained by the emerging low-field magnetic resonance imaging techniques.
Helical paths, gravitaxis, and separation phenomena for mass-anisotropic self-propelling colloids: Experiment versus theory
Authors: Campbell Andrew I. , Wittkowski Raphael , ten Hagen Borge , Löwen Hartmut , Ebbens Stephen J.
Published: August 2017

The self-propulsion mechanism of active colloidal particles often generates not only translational but also rotational motion. For particles with an anisotropic mass density under gravity, the motion is usually influenced by a downwards oriented force and an aligning torque. Here we study the trajectories of self-propelled bottom-heavy Janus particles in three spatial dimensions both in experiments and by theory. For a sufficiently large mass anisotropy, the particles typically move along helical trajectories whose axis is oriented either parallel or antiparallel to the direction of gravity (i.e., they show gravitaxis). In contrast, if the mass anisotropy is small and rotational diffusion is dominant, gravitational alignment of the trajectories is not possible. Furthermore, the trajectories depend on the angular self-propulsion velocity of the particles. If this component of the active motion is strong and rotates the direction of translational self-propulsion of the particles, their trajectories have many loops, whereas elongated swimming paths occur if the angular self-propulsion is weak. We show that the observed gravitational alignment mechanism and the dependence of the trajectory shape on the angular self-propulsion can be used to separate active colloidal particles with respect to their mass anisotropy and angular self-propulsion, respectively.
Ab initio potential energy surface and microwave spectra for the H2—HCCCN complex
Authors: Qin Miao , Zhu Hua , Fan Hongjun
Published: August 2017

We present a four-dimensional ab initio potential energy surface of the H2—HCCCN complex at the coupled-cluster singles and doubles with noniterative inclusion of connected triples [CCSD(T)]-F12 level with a large basis set including an additional set of bond functions. The artificial neural networks method was extended to fit the intermolecular potential energy surface. The complex has a planar linear global minimum with the well depth of 199.366 cm−1 located at R = 5.09 Å, φ = 0°, θ1 = 0°, and θ2 = 180°. An additional planar local minimum is also found with a depth of 175.579 cm−1 that is located at R = 3.37 Å, φ = 0°, θ1 = 110°, and θ2 = 104°. The radial discrete variable representation/angular finite basis representation and the Lanczos algorithm were employed to calculate the rovibrational energy levels for four species of H2—HCCCN (pH2—HCCCN, oH2—HCCCN, pD2—HCCCN, and oD2—HCCCN). The rotational frequencies and spectroscopic parameters were also determined for four complexes, which agree well with the experimental values.
Forest fire risk assessment using point process modelling of fire occurrence and Monte Carlo fire simulation
Authors: Woo Hyeyoung , Chung Woodam , Graham Jonathan M. , Lee Byungdoo
Published: August 2017

Risk assessment of forest fires requires an integrated estimation of fire occurrence probability and burn probability because fire spread is largely influenced by ignition locations as well as fuels, weather, topography and other environmental factors. This study aims to assess forest fire risk over a large forested landscape using both fire occurrence and burn probabilities. First, we use a spatial point processing method to generate a fire occurrence probability surface. We then perform a Monte Carlo fire spread simulation using multiple fire ignition points generated from the fire occurrence surface to compute burn probability across the landscape. Potential loss per land parcel due to forest fire is assessed as the combination of burn probability and government-appraised property values. We applied our methodology to the municipal boundary of Gyeongju in the Republic of Korea. The results show that the density of fire occurrence is positively associated with low elevation, moderate slope, coniferous land cover, distance to roads, high density of tombs and interaction among fire ignition locations. A correlation analysis among fire occurrence probability, burn probability, land property value and potential value loss indicates that fire risk in the study landscape is largely associated with the spatial pattern of burn probability.
Evaluation of Proposed Speckled Peacock Bass Cichla temensis Introduction to Puerto Rico
Authors: Neal J. Wesley , Bies Jason M. , Fox Cynthia N. , Lilyestrom Craig G.
Published: August 2017

Speckled Peacock Bass Cichla temensis are being considered for introduction into Puerto Rico to provide sportfishing opportunities and biological control for invasive New World cichlids. The proposed introduction was evaluated by following the American Fisheries Society's recommended seven-step approach to introducing nonnative fish. This paper documents the evaluation process, which included a rapid risk screening approach using the Fish Invasiveness Screening Kit (FISK) version 2 and a series of controlled experiments on prey selection, agonistic behavior, and competition. The overall FISK score was 6 with a certainty factor of 0.84, placing the introduction in the medium-risk category (0–18) for invasiveness. Many of the attributes elevating this species to the medium-risk designation were the same attributes desired during species selection, including generalist feeding behavior and large body size, which are required for predation on New World cichlids. In controlled experiments, Speckled Peacock Bass consumed all cichlid species offered, suggesting that they may have potential as a biological control agent, although some selectivity in species and size was observed. Speckled Peacock Bass showed aggression toward conspecifics and other species in a mesocosm environment, but aggression generally decreased with time. There was no evidence of negative effects on Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides in terms of growth or condition via aggression or competition in controlled small-pond experiments. Although some downstream movement from receiving reservoirs would be possible, downstream habitats are unsuitable for establishment of this species. The greatest risk may be unauthorized movement by anglers to other reservoirs where this species is not desired. It is the conclusion of this evaluation that Speckled Peacock Bass will consume New World cichlids and that the risks of introduction are acceptably low. Thus, introduction may proceed on a limited scale with proper scientific evaluation and public outreach directed at reducing unauthorized translocation by anglers.

Received October 12, 2016; accepted June 19, 2017 Published online August 31, 2017
Impression or expression? The influence of self-monitoring on the social modulation of motor contagion
Authors: Roberts James W , Bennett Simon J , Hayes Spencer J
Published: August 2017

Social primes (pro-social, anti-social) can modulate mimicry behaviour. To date, these social modulation effects have been explained by the primed incentive to affiliate with another (Social Top-Down Response Modulation; STORM) and the primed active-self-concept leading to behaviour that is either consistent or inconsistent with the primed-construct (Active-Self account). This study was designed to explore the explanatory power of each of these accounts and thereby gain a greater understanding of how social modulation unfolds. To do this, we assessed social modulation of motor contagion in individuals high or low in self-monitoring. It was reasoned that high self-monitors would modulate mimicry according to the primed social incentive, whereas low self-monitors would modulate according to the primed active-self-concept. Participants were primed with a pro-social and anti-social cue in the first-person and third-person perspective. Next, they completed an interpersonal observation–execution task featuring the simultaneous observation and execution of arm movements that were either congruent or incongruent to each other. Results showed increased incongruent movement deviation (motor contagion) for the anti-social compared to the pro-social prime in the high self-monitors only. Findings support the STORM account of mimicry by showing observers modulate behaviour based on the social incentive underpinning an interpersonal exchange.
Semantic and phonological schema influence spoken word learning and overnight consolidation
Authors: Havas Viktória , Taylor JSH , Vaquero Lucía , de Diego-Balaguer Ruth , Rodríguez-Fornells Antoni , Davis Matthew H
Published: August 2017

We studied the initial acquisition and overnight consolidation of new spoken words that resemble words in the native language (L1) or in an unfamiliar, non-native language (L2). Spanish-speaking participants learned the spoken forms of novel words in their native language (Spanish) or in a different language (Hungarian), which were paired with pictures of familiar or unfamiliar objects, or no picture. We thereby assessed, in a factorial way, the impact of existing knowledge (schema) on word learning by manipulating both semantic (familiar vs unfamiliar objects) and phonological (L1- vs L2-like novel words) familiarity. Participants were trained and tested with a 12-hr intervening period that included overnight sleep or daytime awake. Our results showed (1) benefits of sleep to recognition memory that were greater for words with L2-like phonology and (2) that learned associations with familiar but not unfamiliar pictures enhanced recognition memory for novel words. Implications for complementary systems accounts of word learning are discussed.
Do delayed judgements of learning reduce metamemory illusions? A meta-analysis
Authors: Luna Karlos , Martín-Luengo Beatriz , Albuquerque Pedro B
Published: August 2017

Past research has shown that the perceptual characteristics of studied items (e.g., font size) lead to a metamemory illusion, and that delayed judgements of learning (JOLs) are better predictors of memory performance than immediate JOLs. Here, we tested whether delayed JOLs could reduce or eliminate the effect of perceptual characteristics on JOLs and restudy decisions. We adopted a meta-analytic approach and analysed the results of 28 experiments in which participants’ studied items were presented in either large or small font. JOLs and, sometimes, restudy decisions were collected either immediately or after a delay. Finally, participants completed a memory test. The results of the meta-analyses confirmed the effect of the font size on JOLs and restudy decisions. The delayed procedures reliably reduced the effect of perceptual characteristics on JOLs, but the effect was still significant after a delay. For restudy decisions, delayed procedures only reduced numerically the effect. Surprisingly, the meta-analysis also showed a very subtle memory advantage for items presented in large font over small font, although no individual study showed a significant difference and the overall effect size was small. One plausible explanation is that after a delay, information about font size is not available for some items, causing a reduction in the effect. Moreover, our results suggest that the dissociation between memory and metamemory reported previously may not be dissociation at all, but a mistmatched effect of font size on memory and metamemory.
Is cost–benefit analysis a foreign language?
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: August 2017

Do people think better in a foreign language? In some ways, yes. There is considerable evidence to this effect, at least to the extent that they are less likely to rely on intuitions that can lead to serious errors. This finding reinforces, and makes more plausible, a central claim in regulatory policy, which involves the value of cost–benefit analysis. In a sense, cost–benefit analysis is a foreign language, and it reduces the risk that people will rely on intuitions that cause serious errors.
Destabilization of the replication fork protection complex disrupts meiotic chromosome segregation
Authors: Escorcia Wilber , Forsburg Susan L.
Published: August 2017

The replication fork protection complex (FPC) coordinates multiple processes that are crucial for unimpeded passage of the replisome through various barriers and difficult to replicate areas of the genome. We examine the function of Swi1 and Swi3, fission yeast’s primary FPC components, to elucidate how replication fork stability contributes to DNA integrity in meiosis. We report that destabilization of the FPC results in reduced spore viability, delayed replication, changes in recombination, and chromosome missegregation in meiosis I and meiosis II. These phenotypes are linked to accumulation and persistence of DNA damage markers in meiosis and to problems with cohesion stability at the centromere. These findings reveal an important connection between meiotic replication fork stability and chromosome segregation, two processes with major implications to human reproductive health.
tmVar 2.0: integrating genomic variant information from literature with dbSNP and ClinVar for precision medicine
Authors: Wei Chih-Hsuan , Phan Lon , Feltz Juliana , Maiti Rama , Hefferon Tim , Lu Zhiyong
Published: August 2017

Motivation

Despite significant efforts in expert curation, clinical relevance about most of the 154 million dbSNP reference variants (RS) remains unknown. However, a wealth of knowledge about the variant biological function/disease impact is buried in unstructured literature data. Previous studies have attempted to harvest and unlock such information with text-mining techniques but are of limited use because their mutation extraction results are not standardized or integrated with curated data.

Results

We propose an automatic method to extract and normalize variant mentions to unique identifiers (dbSNP RSIDs). Our method, in benchmarking results, demonstrates a high F-measure of ∼90% and compared favorably to the state of the art. Next, we applied our approach to the entire PubMed and validated the results by verifying that each extracted variant-gene pair matched the dbSNP annotation based on mapped genomic position, and by analyzing variants curated in ClinVar. We then determined which text-mined variants and genes constituted novel discoveries. Our analysis reveals 41 889 RS numbers (associated with 9151 genes) not found in ClinVar. Moreover, we obtained a rich set worth further review: 12 462 rare variants (MAF ≤ 0.01) in 3849 genes which are presumed to be deleterious and not frequently found in the general population. To our knowledge, this is the first large-scale study to analyze and integrate text-mined variant data with curated knowledge in existing databases. Our results suggest that databases can be significantly enriched by text mining and that the combined information can greatly assist human efforts in evaluating/prioritizing variants in genomic research.

Availability and implementation

The tmVar 2.0 source code and corpus are freely available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/research/bionlp/Tools/tmvar/
6. Delivering more with less: austerity and the politics of law and order
Authors: Morgan Rod , Smith David J.
Published: August 2017

The background to the contemporary politics of crime is the historical process between about 1850 and 1920 through which a purely punitive and retributive criminal justice system was replaced by a ‘penal-welfare complex’ involving a range of charitable organizations and public officials, with the aim of control through instruction, regulation, and support, as well as punishment. Despite shifting emphases, no political party has rejected the entire settlement. Trends in crime and public opinion show that political discourse is not driven by crime trends and that politicians have considerable scope to make the weather. After a period of expansion of the penal-welfare complex under Labour (1997–2010), policy under the Conservative-Liberal Coalition (2010–15) was driven by the need to cut expenditure following the financial crash of 2008. This led to the marketization of large parts of the penal system, most notably probation, a development accompanied by the ‘Big Society’ rhetoric about devolution of power to local people. Meanwhile, a hardline punitive rhetoric was accompanied by a remarkable reduction in youth custody. The new Conservative government in 2015 looked set to embark on radical and progressive prison reforms until the resignation of the prime minister following the EU referendum. Thus complex and conflicting policies and ideas did not map onto political parties and allegiances in a simple or coherent way.
7. Crime data and criminal statistics: a critical reflection
Authors: Maguire Mike , McVie Susan
Published: August 2017

This chapter provides a critical reflection on the nature and measurement of crime levels, patterns, and trends. It covers empirical and methodological questions about how much crime there is and how this changes over time and considers the relationship between what crime data are collected and published and changes in perceptions of and responses to the crime problem as a result of developments in the politics of crime control. The chapter is divided into three sections. The first provides a critical overview of the development of the ‘official’ crime statistics in England and Wales, highlighting some of the key decisions that are made about how to present statistics to the public and how to respond to legal changes, new sources of data, and the emergence of new kinds of criminal behaviour. The second section examines, and explores the reasons behind, a rapid growth in demand for new kinds of information about crime which has been evident since the 1970s. The final section summarizes challenges, dilemmas, and recent debates about the future of national crime statistics, including questions about how to maintain public trust and how to balance competing demands of relevance, comprehensiveness, and robust measurement of trends.
11. News power, crime and media justice
Authors: Greer Chris , McLaughlin Eugene
Published: August 2017

News corporations are reconstituting and dramatically extending their power to shape crime consciousness and influence criminal justice rhetoric and practice. At the same time, in depth crime news research has fallen off the criminological radar. In this chapter we argue that because criminologists have not kept pace with the transforming news environment, the relations between news power, crime, and criminal justice remain under-researched and under-conceptualized. We begin by revisiting two concepts that continue to dominate UK crime news research: news values and moral panic. Though these concepts are still important for understanding news power, crime, and criminal justice, there has been a qualitative shift in how increasingly adversarial corporations manufacture crime news in a 24/7 digital environment. We identify ‘trial by media’ and ‘scandal hunting’ as journalistic practices that news corporations are perfecting through the relentless exposure of institutional failure as the cause of a systemic crisis in public protection and criminal justice. It is in this intermediatized context that we situate the shift from criminal justice to media justice.
15. Criminology, punishment, and the state in a globalized society
Authors: Franko Katja
Published: August 2017

Questions of criminal law and criminal justice are increasingly becoming international, overcoming the confines of traditional jurisdictional constraints. This chapter traces these developments in order to examine what relevance criminology has had and may hold for understanding contemporary global issues. It examines, among other things, the impact of global interconnectedness on the nature of state sovereignty, particularly in light of challenges such as international terrorism, irregular migration, and transnational organized crime. By doing so, the chapter does not simply chart a demise of the state, as is sometimes assumed within studies of globalization. Instead, it proposes a more subtle, analytical and imaginary disconnection between crime, penality, and the nation state. Finally, the chapter addresses the rise of international forms of justice, particularly those articulated through human rights regimes, as well as the emerging challenges to them.
22. Character, circumstances, and the causes of crime: towards an analytical criminology
Authors: Wikström Per-Olof H.
Published: August 2017

This chapter analyses and explains acts of crimes as moral actions (i.e., actions guided by what is the right or wrong thing to do) within an analytical criminology framework. It outlines some common problems of current mainstream criminological theorizing and research, such as the lack of a shared definition of crime, the poor integration of knowledge about the role of people and places in crime causation, the frequent confusion of causes and correlates, and the lack of an adequate action theory, and proposes a more analytical criminology as the remedy. The chapter introduces Situational Action Theory (SAT), a general, dynamic, and mechanism-based theory about crime and its causes, designed to address these problems and provide a foundation for an analytical criminology. It concludes by briefly discussing main implications for the future direction of policy and prevention.
36. Principles, pragmatism, and prohibition: explaining continuity and change in british drug policy
Authors: Stevens Alex
Published: August 2017

This chapter analyses the development of British policy on illicit drugs from the late nineteenth century until 2016. It shows how this is characterized by contestation between social groups who have an interest in the control and regulation of some drugs and their users. It argues that there is a ‘medico-penal constellation’ of powerful organizations that produce British drug policy in accordance with their own ideas and interest. There have been clashes between the different principles held by people within these organizations but these have often been dealt with through the creation of pragmatic compromises. Recent examples include policies towards ‘recovery’ in drug treatment and new psychoactive substances whilst heroin-related deaths are used to explain why, so far, these pragmatic compromises have not ended the prohibition upon which British drug policy is based.
41. Youth justice
Authors: McAra Lesley
Published: August 2017

This chapter explores the founding principles, operational functioning and impact of the institutions which have evolved across the four nations in the United Kingdom to deal with children and young people who come into conflict with the law. It takes as its principal empirical focus the shifting patterns of control that have emerged over the past twenty years—a period characterized by a persistent disjuncture between normative claims about youth justice, evolving policy discourse, and the impact of youth justice practices on the lives of young people. The chapter concludes by arguing that, unless there is better alignment between these dimensions, justice for children and young people cannot and will never be delivered.
2. Sources of International Law
Authors: Dixon Martin , McCorquodale Robert , Williams Sarah
Published: August 2017

This chapter begins with a discussion of the importance of the sources of international law. It then discusses the Statute of the International Court of Justice 1945; treaties; customary international law; general principles of law; judicial decisions and the writings of publicists; resolutions of international organisations; soft law.Finally, it looks at whether there exists a hierarchy of international law sources.
Criminology
Authors: Case Steve , Johnson Phil , Manlow David , Smith Roger , Williams Kate
Published: August 2017

Criminology is a core, introductory textbook on the field of crime and criminology. It starts by looking at what crime is and the theories that try to explain it. It then considers society's response to crime. It shows how to carry out independent research and plan first steps in a career. The critical, applied approach is emphasized through some of the many features that are integrated throughout the book. These include conversations with authentic voices from the field, compelling personal insights, and challenges to the reader to question assumptions, apply knowledge, and critically reflect on their personal viewpoints. Topics covered include crime statistics, the media, victimology, youth crime, sociological positivism, crime control, punishment, and rehabilitation. The last part of the text applies theories of criminology to the real world and introduces the reader to what might be involved in a career in criminology research.
Borkowski's Law of Succession
Authors: Sloan Brian
Published: August 2017

Borkowski's Law of Succession gives full attention to this area's rich and evolving case-law, illustrating the relevance of the law to modern life; the central issues and academic debates surrounding inheritance are discussed fully. This revised edition of the text includes a new introductory chapter covering the demographic and policy context of succession law. It also covers new case-law including Gill v Woodall, Olins v Walters, and Barrett v Bem, new legislation including the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013 and the Gender Recognition Act 2004. The text also looks at relevant Law Commission projects (including the eventual Inheritance and Trustees' Powers Act). Finally, there is discussion of the latest succession law scholarship.
4. Discrimination: the protected characteristics
Authors: Jefferson Michael
Published: August 2017

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter focuses on Sections 4–12 of the Equality Act 2010. The Act protects people from discrimination in relation to nine protected characteristics: age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity, race, religion or belief, sex, and sexual orientation. It also protects people from discrimination by association with someone who has one of the protected characteristics and from discrimination by perception (e.g. discrimination because of sexual orientation includes discrimination against those one perceives to be gay even if they are not).
6. Parental rights
Authors: Jefferson Michael
Published: August 2017

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the law on parental rights. Topics covered include maternity leave, parental leave, time off for dependents, and right to request flexible working.
7. Working time
Authors: Jefferson Michael
Published: August 2017

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter focuses on the Working Time Regulations 1998 (WTR). WTR implements the Working Time Directive 1993 and parts of the Young Workers Directive 1994. WTR impose a maximum 48-hour week during a 17-week reference period and provide rules on night work, rest periods, and annual leave.
Introduction to Business Law
Authors: Jones Lucy
Published: August 2017

Introduction to Business Law demonstrates the relevance of key areas of the law to a world of work that the business student can relate to. Students of business often find business law modules challenging, irrelevant to their future career, and full of alien terminology and concepts. Structured in eight parts, this book provides a foundation in the key legal concepts of the English legal system, contract law, and negligence before discussing how the law affects the everyday workings of businesses and their employees from protecting intellectual property rights to company formation, winding up and insolvency. It covers a variety of topics around the subjects of the English legal system, contract law, the law of torts, employment law, the structure and management of business and the major intellectual property rights.
Legal Skills
Authors: Finch Emily , Fafinski Stefan
Published: August 2017

Legal Skills is structured in three parts, covering a full range of legal skills. The first part deals with sources of law and includes information on finding and using legislation, case law, books, journals, and official publications, making sure you understand where the law comes from, and how to use it. The second part covers academic legal skills and provides advice on study and writing skills, legal reasoning, referencing and avoiding plagiarism, essay writing, dissertations, problem solving, and revision and examinations. The final part of the book covers the practical legal skills of oral presentation, mooting, and negotiation. This sixth edition includes a new section on legal ethics and codes of professional conduct, and completely rewritten chapters on presentation skills, and negotiation skills, including a brand new scenario, together with a large number of other enhancements throughout.
1. Privacy, technology, and surveillance
Authors: Lloyd Ian J.
Published: August 2017

This chapter considers various issues concerning privacy, information technology, and surveillance. These include the emergence of a surveillance of society, the legal aspects of surveillance, rights to privacy, surveillance-based legislation, and data protection.
11. Computer fraud and forgery
Authors: Lloyd Ian J.
Published: August 2017

This chapter discusses the law on computer-related fraud and forgery. It argues that issues of computer fraud raise relatively few issues of legal significance. Taking someone else’s money without justification will always constitute some form of criminal offence, the exact nature of which will vary depending upon the nature of the conduct. The situation has been more difficult when the conduct involves evading the charges which would normally be levied in return for the provision of a service. The provisions of the Fraud Act 2006 should serve to close a loophole which had existed in English law since the move in the 1960s to reliance upon the notion of deception as the basis for this form of offence.
23. Electronic money
Authors: Lloyd Ian J.
Published: August 2017

This chapter begins with a discussion of the regulation of the issuance and use of electronic money. Initial sector-specific legislation was introduced by the EU in the form of the Directive on the taking up, pursuit of, and prudential supervision of the business of electronic money institutions. In the United Kingdom, the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 designated the issue of e-money as a ‘regulated activity’ and particular provision to implement a Directive was made. The chapter then turns to the regulation of online gambling. It covers the Gambling Act 2005, licensing of remote gambling activities, and the Remote Gambling and Software Technical Standards.
2. Funding Litigation
Authors: Sime Stuart
Published: August 2017

This chapter discusses the issue of funding litigation. Solicitors have a professional duty to advise clients on litigation funding options. The advice and agreed funding method should be confirmed in writing in a ‘client care letter’. Most commercial clients pay their lawyers under the traditional retainer, normally with an agreed hourly rate. Conditional free agreements (CFAs) or ‘no win, no fee’ agreements are increasingly common. They allow a lawyer to agree not to charge the client if the proceedings are unsuccessful, but to charge an uplift or ‘success fee’ of up to 100 per cent over the solicitor’s usual costs if the proceedings are successful. Damages-based agreements (DBAs) are a form of contingency fee agreement under which the lawyer is paid out of the sums recovered in the proceedings. Public funding is restricted to individuals with modest income and capital, and there are wide exclusions from the scheme.
4. Overriding objective and human rights
Authors: Sime Stuart
Published: August 2017

This chapter discusses the sources of procedural law, the general principles relevant to civil procedure established by the overriding objective, the European Convention on Human Rights, and some rules on how the courts approach construing the Civil Procedure Rules 1998 (CPR). The CPR and practice directions (PDs) are the procedural rules governing civil proceedings. The most important rule is the ‘overriding objective’ of dealing with claims justly and at proportionate cost. The most important Convention rights in civil litigation are the right to a fair trial, the right to respect for private and family life, and the right to freedom of expression.
11. Service outside the jurisdiction
Authors: Sime Stuart
Published: August 2017

This chapter deals with jurisdiction in England and Wales. Proceedings generally have to be served within the jurisdiction. There always has to be a sound basis before proceedings can be served outside the jurisdiction. Where the defendant is domiciled in the EU, the general rule is that they must be sued in the country where they are domiciled. If jurisdiction can be established against an EU defendant: (a) the claimant can choose whether to sue in England or in the defendant’s country of domicile; and (b) English proceedings may be served without permission. If jurisdiction can be established against a defendant who is outside the EU under the CPR, r 6.36 and PD 6B, para 3.1, proceedings can be served outside the jurisdiction only with the permission of the court. The times for responding to claims served outside the jurisdiction are extended.
17. Costs capping and protection
Authors: Sime Stuart
Published: August 2017

Costs capping orders limit the amount of costs a party may be ordered to pay to its opponent. This chapter will consider the general rules governing costs capping in CPR, Part 3. When it comes into force, there will be a parallel statutory costs capping scheme for judicial review claims in the Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015, ss 88 and 89. In addition, there are a number of judge-made costs protection orders, namely: Beddoe orders; protective costs orders; Aarhus Convention cases; and costs limitation orders.
26. Security for costs
Authors: Sime Stuart
Published: August 2017

The question of who pays for the costs of a claim is generally not determined until the claim is finally disposed of, whether by consent, interim process, or trial. However, an order for security for costs can be made against a party in the position of a claimant. Once security is given it may be retained, subject to the court’s discretion, pending an appeal. An order for security for costs usually requires the claimant to pay money into court as security for the payment of any costs order that may eventually be made in favour of the defendant, and staying the claim until the security is provided. On the application three matters arise: (a) whether one of the conditions for ordering security for costs is satisfied; (b) if so, whether, having regard to all the circumstances of the case, it would be just to exercise the court’s discretion in favour of making the order; and (c) if so, how much security should be provided. This chapter considers each of these three matters. It begins by looking at the procedure for making the application and the capacity of the respondent to the application.
29. Multi-track
Authors: Sime Stuart
Published: August 2017

The multi-track deals with a vast range of cases, from simple contractual disputes involving little more than £25,000, to complex commercial cases involving difficult issues of fact and law with values of several million pounds, to cases where perhaps no money is at stake but which raise points of real public importance. Cases on the multi-track will generally be dealt with either in the Royal Courts of Justice or other civil trial centre. This chapter discusses agreed directions; case management conferences; fixing the date for trial; pre-trial checklists; listing hearings; pre-trial review; directions given at other hearings; and variation of case management timetable.
40. References to the Court of Justice of the European Union
Authors: Sime Stuart
Published: August 2017

An English court faced with a question of EU law may sometimes decide it itself, or may refer it to the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in Luxembourg for a preliminary ruling. If a reference is made, the English proceedings will be stayed pending the ruling of the CJEU. Once it is made, the ruling is binding on the English court, but it is only a preliminary ruling, in that the English court is left to apply the ruling to the facts of the case and to give judgment. This chapter discusses the questions which may be referred to the CJEU; mandatory references; discretionary references; procedures in England; procedure in the CJEU; and costs of the parties in seeking a ruling from the CJEU.
46. Costs
Authors: Sime Stuart
Published: August 2017

This chapter focuses on legal costs. It discusses the two main principles for deciding which party should pay the costs of an application or of the whole proceedings; the rule that costs follow the event; range of possible costs orders; interim costs orders; indemnity principle; basis of quantification; proportionality; summary and detailed assessments; fast track fixed costs; fixed and scale costs; costs and track allocation; publicly funded litigants; pro bono costs orders; costs against non-parties; and wasted costs orders.
47. Qualified one-way costs shifting
Authors: Sime Stuart
Published: August 2017

Qualified one-way costs shifting (QOCS) provides costs protection to claimants in personal injuries claims. If the claimant wins, the defendant should be ordered to pay the claimant’s costs in the usual way. However, if the claimant loses, under QOCS while the claimant remains liable to pay its own lawyers’ costs, and may be ordered to pay the successful defendant’s costs, the claimant will be protected against actually having to pay those costs to the defendant. This chapter discusses cases where QOCS applies; the effects of QOCS; and loss of QOCS protection.
Property Law 2017-2018
Authors: Abbey Robert , Richards Mark
Published: August 2017

Property Law is a companion that guides through the intricacies of the conveyancing process. Drawing on practical experience of legal practice, with a residential and a commercial conveyancing focus, the volume offers explanations of often complex processes. The title contains practical guidance on how to approach each stage of a conveyancing transaction in practice. This edition has been fully updated with recent developments in the law, including discussion of ‘Help to buy’ shared ownership schemes, coverage of the Land Transaction Tax, and updated tax rates and chargeable amounts for enveloped dwellings.
1. Introduction
Authors: Abbey Robert , Richards Mark
Published: August 2017

Property Law and Practice (PLP) covers all aspects of the process that is otherwise called conveyancing. It is how practitioners arrange the transmission of property ownership from seller to buyer. This introductory chapter provides an overview of PLP. Specifically, it explains the three foundations upon which PLP rests: land law, contract law, and trusts.
11. The purchase deed
Authors: Abbey Robert , Richards Mark
Published: August 2017

The purchase deed transfers the legal estate in the property from the seller to the buyer. Whereas the contract sets out what the parties have agreed, the purchase deed actually puts those agreed terms into effect. This chapter discusses drafting and approving the deed; forms of purchase deed; the plan in a purchase; execution of purchase deed; and advising the client.
12. Pre-completion procedures
Authors: Abbey Robert , Richards Mark
Published: August 2017

Pre-completion searches are a critical part of any property transaction and conveyancing practitioners must be fully acquainted with all aspects of pre-completion searches. This chapter discusses pre-completion procedures; pre-completion when acting for the buyer; pre-completion when acting for the seller; pre-completion searches; acting for the lender; buying from a company; physical inspection of the subject property; and completion statements.
10. Defending a claim
Authors: Cunningham-Hill Susan , Elder Karen
Published: August 2017

This chapter considers the options open to a defendant faced with a claim against him. It covers the emotional responses of the defendant; the defendant’s pre-action position; the way in which a defendant may fund the litigation; the essential steps needed to respond to a claim; the substantive responses to the action; and tactical responses to the claim.
20. Assessment of Costs Proceedings
Authors: Cunningham-Hill Susan , Elder Karen
Published: August 2017

This chapter focuses on the practical considerations and procedures involved in assessing costs once the litigation is concluded. It discusses the procedures for the assessment of costs and costs only proceedings.
1. Introduction
Authors: Wright Kathryn , Firth Clare , Crompton Lucy , Fox Helen , Seabridge Frances , Wigglesworth Susan , Smart Elizabeth
Published: August 2017

This chapter begins with a description of how the legal services market has undergone an era of change with the Solicitors Regulation Authority’s (SRA) introduction of a new code of conduct on 6 October 2011, referred to as the outcomes-focused regulation code (OFR Code). It considers what being a member of the profession and a good solicitor means, the Handbook, and the OFR Code in general. It then looks at the practical application of the OFR Code and the principles, outcomes, and indicative behaviours in the OFR Code which are most relevant to readers at this stage of their legal career as a student and trainee.