bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of flow in a square mini-channel: Effect of flow oscillation
Authors: Lobo Oswald Jason , Chatterjee Dhiman
Published: April 2018

In this research paper, we present a numerical prediction of steady and fully oscillatory flows in a square mini-channel connected between two plenums. Flow separation occurs at the contraction of the plenum into the channel which causes an asymmetry in the development of flow in the entrance region. The entrance length and recirculation length are found, for both steady and fully oscillatory flows. It is shown that the maximum entrance length decreases with an increase in the oscillating frequency while the maximum recirculation length and recirculation area increase with an increase in oscillating frequency. The phase of a velocity signal is shown to be a strong function of its location. The phase difference between the velocities with respect to the different points along the centerline and those at the middle of the channel show a significant dependence on the driving frequency. There is a significant variation in the phase angles of the velocity signals computed between a point near the wall and that at the centerline. This phase difference decreases along the channel length and does not change beyond the entrance length. This feature can then be used to determine the maximum entrance length, which is otherwise problematic to ascertain in the case of fully oscillatory flows. The entrance length, thus obtained, is compared with that obtained from the velocity profile consideration and shows good similarity. The phase difference between pressure and velocity is also brought out in this work.
Inhomogeneity induced and appropriately parameterized semilocal exchange and correlation energy functionals in two-dimensions
Authors: Patra Abhilash , Jana Subrata , Samal Prasanjit
Published: April 2018

The construction of meta generalized gradient approximations based on the density matrix expansion (DME) is considered as one of the most accurate techniques to design semilocal exchange energy functionals in two-dimensional density functional formalism. The exchange holes modeled using DME possess unique features that make it a superior entity. Parameterized semilocal exchange energy functionals based on the DME are proposed. The use of different forms of the momentum and flexible parameters is to subsume the non-uniform effects of the density in the newly constructed semilocal functionals. In addition to the exchange functionals, a suitable correlation functional is also constructed by working upon the local correlation functional developed for 2D homogeneous electron gas. The non-local effects are induced into the correlation functional by a parametric form of one of the newly constructed exchange energy functionals. The proposed functionals are applied to the parabolic quantum dots with a varying number of confined electrons and the confinement strength. The results obtained with the aforementioned functionals are quite satisfactory, which indicates why these are suitable for two-dimensional quantum systems.
Ions, metabolites, and cells: Water as a reporter of surface conditions during bacterial growth
Authors: Jarisz Tasha A. , Lane Sarah , Gozdzialski Lea , Hore Dennis K.
Published: April 2018

Surface-specific nonlinear vibrational spectroscopy, combined with bulk solution measurements and imaging, is used to study the surface conditions during the growth of E. coli. As a result of the silica high surface charge density, the water structure at the silica–aqueous interface is known to be especially sensitive to pH and ionic strength, and surface concentration profiles develop that can be appreciably different from the bulk solution conditions. We illustrate that, in the presence of growing cells, a unique surface micro-environment is established as a result of metabolites accumulating on the silica surface. Even in the subsequent absence of the cells, this surface layer works to reduce the interfacial ionic strength as revealed by the enhanced signal from surface water molecules. In the presence of growing cells, an additional boost in surface water signal is attributed to a local pH that is higher than that of the bulk solution.
Designing superhard metals: The case of low borides
Authors: Liang Yongcheng , Qin Ping , Jiang Haitao , Zhang Lizhen , Zhang Jing , Tang Chun
Published: April 2018

The search for new superhard materials has usually focused on strong covalent solids. It is, however, a huge challenge to design superhard metals because of the low resistance of metallic bonds against the formation and movement of dislocations. Here, we report a microscopic mechanism of enhancing hardness by identifying highly stable thermodynamic phases and strengthening weak slip planes. Using the well-known transition-metal borides as prototypes, we demonstrate that several low borides possess unexpectedly high hardness whereas high borides exhibit an anomalous hardness reduction. Such an unusual phenomenon originates from the peculiar bonding mechanisms in these compounds. Furthermore, the low borides have close compositions, similar structures, and degenerate formation energies. This enables facile synthesis of a multiphase material that includes a large number of interfaces among different borides, and these interfaces form nanoscale interlocks that strongly suppress the glide dislocations within the metal bilayers, thereby drastically enhancing extrinsic hardness and achieving true superhard metals. Therefore, this study not only elucidates the unique mechanism responsible for the anomalous hardening in this class of borides but also offers a valid alchemy to design novel superhard metals with multiple functionalities.
Time-of-flight spectrometry of biointerfaces helps link deposition mechanisms to surface design
Authors: Cockbill Louisa
Published: April 2018

An up-and-coming spectrometry technique helps reveal how the composition of plasma polymer films affects biofunctionality, and how the dynamics of film deposition mechanisms plays a role in creating particular surface features.
A note on volitional and non-volitional prefixes in Gyalrong languages
Authors: Jacques Guillaume
Published: April 2018

This paper addresses Prins’ (2016) recent proposal of a m(ə)‑ non-volitional prefix
in the Kyomkyo dialect of Situ, showing that alternative analyses are preferable. In addition, it offers an account of some irregular
anticausative forms in Situ, and presents evidence for a possible volitional mə‑ prefix in Gyalrong languages.1
Phonetic distance and dialect clustering on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau
Authors: Powell Abe , Suzuki Hiroyuki
Published: April 2018

The goal of this paper is to use string edit distance to describe the synchronic relationship between the Tibetan speech varieties located on the Northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. String edit distance provides a statistical way to compare a large number of linguistic features, in essence producing a statistical bundle of isoglosses. In this way, it can be used as a tool in dialect mapping and synchronic clustering. In this paper, the aggregate distance matrix produced by string edit distance reveals that the great degree of phonetic continuity on the grasslands of the northeastern edge of the plateau is matched by an equal degree of phonetic discontinuity in the mountains forming the eastern border of the plateau. While the dialects located on the grasslands can be grouped together into one cluster, the dialects in the mountains can be grouped together into six clusters.
Ideophones in Khaling Rai
Authors: Lahaussois Aimeé
Published: April 2018

In Khaling Rai, a number of lexemes have been found which can be considered ideophones, according to Dingemanse’s (2012: 654) definition of the latter as “marked words depictive of sensory imagery.” This
article will describe the different types of ideophones found in Khaling. These ideophones not only manifest a range of different
morphological patterns, they cover the entire spectrum of sensory modalities found in Dingemanse’s implicational hierarchy (2012: 663), namely sound, movement, visual patterns, other sensory perceptions (such as
texture and taste) and cognitive states. The more than 400 ideophones collected to date in Khaling present a sound symbolic
landscape which appears to be considerably richer than that found in other Kiranti languages with which the author is
familiar.
Neuroprotective effect of Citrus kawachiensis (Kawachi Bankan) peels, a rich source of naringin, against global cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice
Authors: Okuyama Satoshi , Yamamoto Kana , Mori Hirotomo , Sawamoto Atsushi , Amakura Yoshiaki , Yoshimura Morio , Tamanaha Arisa , Ohkubo Yuu , Sugawara Kuniaki , Sudo Masahiko , Nakajima Mitsunari , Furukawa Yoshiko
Published: April 2018

Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion is known to induce the generation of reactive oxygen species and inflammatory responses. Numerous studies have demonstrated that naringin (NGIN) has anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. We previously reported that Citrus kawachiensis contains a large quantity of NGIN in its peel. In the present study, we orally (p.o.) administered dried peel powder of C. kawachiensis to mice of a transient global ischemia model and found in the hippocampus region that it 1) suppressed neuronal cell death, 2) reversed the reduction in the level of phosphorylated calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, 3) had the tendency to reverse the reduction in the level of glutathione, and 4) blocked excessive activation of microglia and astrocytes. These results suggested that the dried peel powder of C. kawachiensis had a neuroprotective effect against ischemic brain via anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. We also showed that these effects of the dried peel powder were more powerful than those obtained with a comparable amount of NGIN alone.
Dietary astaxanthin can accumulate in the brain of rats
Authors: Manabe Yuki , Komatsu Toshiyuki , Seki Shinobu , Sugawara Tatsuya
Published: April 2018

We evaluated the distribution of astaxanthin in rat brains after a single dose administration and after feeding 0.1% astaxanthin diet for 5 days. Astaxanthin was detected in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex 4 and 8 h after a single dose. Astaxanthin concentration in rat brains was higher after consumption of astaxanthin diet for 5 days than after a single dose.
APMP supplementary comparison (APMP.L-S8) measurement of flatness of optical flat by interferometry
Authors: Buajarern J , Bitou Y , Zi X , Zhao L , Swift N , Agarwal A , Hungwe F
Published: April 2018

A reginal supplementary comparison, APMP.L-S8, was started in 2015 to demonstrate the equivalence of routine calibration services offered by NMIs to clients. Participants in this APMP.L-S8 comparison agreed to apply interferometric method for flatness measurement of the optical flats. There are two configurations of flatness interferometer used in this comparison, vertical type and horizontal type. There are seven laboratories from NMIs participated this supplementary comparison which included NIMT, NMIJ, NIM, NMC/A*STAR, MSL, NPLI and NMISA.

This report describes the measurement results of two optical flats, diameter of 70 mm and 160 mm. The calibrations of this comparison were carried out by participants during the period from July 2015 to September 2016. The results show that there is a degree of equivalence below 1 for all measurands. Hence, there is a close agreement between the measurements from all participants.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCL, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Final report, on-going key comparison BIPM.QM-K1, ozone at ambient level, comparison with INECC, September 2017
Authors: Viallon Joële , Idrees Faraz , Moussay Philippe , Wielgosz Robert , Fentanes Oscar , Benítez Ángeles , Ordoñez Daniel
Published: April 2018

As part of the ongoing key comparison BIPM.QM-K1, a comparison has been performed between the ozone national standard of Mexico maintained by the National Institute of Ecology and Climate Change (INECC) and the common reference standard of the key comparison, maintained by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM). The instruments have been compared over a nominal ozone amount-of-substance fraction range from 0 nmol/mol to 500 nmol/mol.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Absolute Lymphocyte Count: A Predictor of Recurrent Cytomegalovirus Disease in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients
Authors: Gardiner Bradley J , Nierenberg Natalie E , Chow Jennifer K , Ruthazer Robin , Kent David M , Snydman David R
Published: April 2018

In a retrospective cohort study of 170 solid organ transplant recipients who completed treatment for an episode of cytomegalovirus disease, absolute lymphocyte count within a week of cessation of primary treatment emerged as an independent predictor of relapse.
From Hope to Defensiveness: The Foreign Policy of a Beleaguered Liberal Spain, 1820–1823
Authors: Butrón Prida Gonzalo
Published: April 2018

In 1820, the reinstatement of the Constitution of 1812 placed Spain at the head of the international political agenda, since it presented the first challenge to the status quo defined at the Congress of Vienna. During the following years, the great powers increased the pressure exerted on Spain’s Liberal regime, shifting from diplomatic pressure to the eventual French military intervention in 1823, which ruined hopes of a liberal political efflorescence in Europe. The object of this article is to systematise knowledge about Spain’s foreign policy during the so-called Liberal Triennium (1820–23), and to analyse its progress from an initial idealism, associated with prevailing Romanticism, to ultimate isolationism. This was a result of a lack of resources and also of inconsistency in Spain’s foreign policy, at a time when a well-defined international plan might have changed the fate of Spanish Liberalism. The article also pays special attention to the diplomatic relations between Spain and Great Britain, the only great power that did not pursue the marked hostility towards Spanish Liberalism displayed by the continental powers after 1820. Accordingly, most of the hopes of an increasingly besieged Liberal Spain were placed on Britain’s good offices and support.
When Adults Don’t Exercise: Behavioral Strategies to Increase Physical Activity in Sedentary Middle-Aged and Older Adults
Authors: Lachman Margie E , Lipsitz Lewis , Lubben James , Castaneda-Sceppa Carmen , Jette Alan M
Published: April 2018

Physical activity is one of the most promising nonpharmacological, noninvasive, and cost-effective methods of health-promotion, yet statistics show that only a small percentage of middle-aged and older adults engage in the recommended amount of regular exercise. This state of affairs is less likely due to a lack of knowledge about the benefits of exercise than to failures of motivation and self-regulatory mechanisms. Many types of intervention programs target exercise in later life, but they typically do not achieve sustained behavior change, and there has been very little increase in the exercise rate in the population over the last decade. The goal of this paper is to consider the use of effective low-cost motivational and behavioral strategies for increasing physical activity, which could have far-reaching benefits at the individual and population levels. We present a multicomponent framework to guide development of behavior change interventions to increase and maintain physical activity among sedentary adults and others at risk for health problems. This involves a personalized approach to motivation and behavior change, which includes social support, goal setting, and positive affect coupled with cognitive restructuring of negative and self-defeating attitudes and misconceptions. These strategies can lead to increases in exercise self-efficacy and control beliefs as well as self- management skills such as self-regulation and action planning, which in turn are expected to lead to long-term increases in activity. These changes in activity frequency and intensity can ultimately lead to improvements in physical and psychological well-being among middle-aged and older adults, including those from underserved, vulnerable populations. Even a modest increase in physical activity can have a significant impact on health and quality of life. Recommendations for future interventions include a focus on ways to achieve personalized approaches, broad outreach, and maintenance of behavior changes.
Patient and Treatment Characteristics by Infecting Organism in Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunt Infection
Authors: Simon Tamara D , Kronman Matthew P , Whitlock Kathryn B , Browd Samuel R , Holubkov Richard , Kestle John R W , Kulkarni Abhaya V , Langley Marcie , Limbrick David D , Luerssen Thomas G , Oakes Jerry , Riva-Cambrin Jay , Rozzelle Curtis , Shannon Chevis N , Tamber Mandeep , Wellons III John C , Whitehead William E , Mayer-Hamblett Nicole ,   Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network
Published: April 2018

Background

Previous studies of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt infection treatment have been limited in size and unable to compare patient and treatment characteristics by infecting organism. Our objective was to describe variation in patient and treatment characteristics for children with first CSF shunt infection, stratified by infecting organism subgroups outlined in the 2017 Infectious Disease Society of America’s (IDSA) guidelines.

Methods

We studied a prospective cohort of children <18 years of age undergoing treatment for first CSF shunt infection at one of 7 Hydrocephalus Clinical Research Network hospitals from April 2008 to December 2012. Differences between infecting organism subgroups were described using univariate analyses and Fisher’s exact tests.

Results

There were 145 children whose infections were diagnosed by CSF culture and addressed by IDSA guidelines, including 47 with Staphylococcus aureus, 52 with coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, 37 with Gram-negative bacilli, and 9 with Propionibacterium acnes. No differences in many patient and treatment characteristics were seen between infecting organism subgroups, including age at initial shunt, gender, race, insurance, indication for shunt, gastrostomy, tracheostomy, ultrasound, and/or endoscope use at all surgeries before infection, or numbers of revisions before infection. A larger proportion of infections were caused by Gram-negative bacilli when antibiotic-impregnated catheters were used at initial shunt placement (12 of 23, 52%) and/or subsequent revisions (11 of 23, 48%) compared with all other infections (9 of 68 [13%] and 13 of 68 [19%], respectively). No differences in reinfection were observed between infecting organism subgroups.

Conclusions

The organism profile encountered at infection differs when antibiotic-impregnated catheters are used, with a higher proportion of Gram-negative bacilli. This warrants further investigation given increasing adoption of antibiotic-impregnated catheters.
Novel Models of Delivery 1
Authors: Kazdin Alan E.
Published: April 2018

This chapter presents models of delivery that complement and build on the dominant model of psychotherapy. The proposed models deliver available treatments but in novel ways. The models address key characteristics that will be required if interventions are to reach people in need of services. The models discussed in this chapter are task shifting and sharing, disruptive innovations, and delivering interventions in unconventional (everyday) settings. The chapter conveys that that to scale treatment to help large numbers and to reach special populations in need will require multiple models.
Introduction to Program Evaluation
Authors: Morrison Julie Q. , Harms Anna L.
Published: April 2018

The objective of this chapter is to provide the school-based professional a concise introduction to program evaluation. Program evaluation is defined and the distinguishing characteristics of program evaluation and research are described. An overview of the most prominent evaluation approaches relevant to a school-based context is provided. The distinction between formative and summative evaluation is presented. Throughout this chapter, evaluation approaches, purposes, and foci are presented as they relate to the evaluation of a multi-tier system of supports (MTSS) framework. Finally, the distinction between an internal and external evaluator is outlined in terms of the relative advantages and disadvantages of each. The role of the school-based professional as an internal or external evaluator is illustrated given the current context in education emphasizing results-driven accountability.
Tier 1 and Tier 3 Strategies for Problematic Absenteeism
Authors: Kearney Christopher A.
Published: April 2018

This chapter begins by covering Tier 1 strategies that refer to school-wide practices designed to reduce overall levels of absenteeism and improve attendance rates. These practices could be implemented in conjunction with existing programs, such as academic or antibullying programs, or they could be implemented as stand-alone techniques to specifically focus on school attendance. Important Tier 1 strategies can focus on improving school climate, enhancing parental involvement, implementing health-based and mental health-based strategies, promoting safety and social-emotional learning, and re-examining district-wide policies. The chapter also covers Tier 3 strategies that are designed to address severe and chronic cases of school refusal behavior. Important Tier 3 strategies can focus on alternative educational programs and schools, mentors, early education, family, and health services, court referral and community services, and a team approach.
Interventions for Negatively Reinforced School Refusal Behavior
Authors: Kearney Christopher A.
Published: April 2018

This chapter covers intervention strategies for children with considerable anxiety about attending school, or refusing school for negative reinforcement. These strategies focus on the key response components of anxiety, including physical, cognitive, and behavioral aspects. Interventions for the physical aspect of anxiety include somatic management techniques such as muscle relaxation training and breathing retraining. Interventions for the cognitive aspect of anxiety include cognitive restructuring techniques that focus on developing more realistic thoughts and challenging negative thoughts. Interventions for the behavioral aspect of anxiety include different ways of gradually reintegrating a child into school, or exposure-based practices. These recommendations are specifically tailored to developmental levels and include those circumstances most characteristic of children with anxiety-based school refusal behavior, such as difficulty with a new school or teacher, increased academic work, transitions between areas of the school, and the school bus, to name a few.
Relapse Prevention, Difficult Parents, and Other Special Topics
Authors: Kearney Christopher A.
Published: April 2018

This chapter covers techniques to maintain treatment gains and to prevent a relapse to school attendance problems. These techniques can include reminders following an intervention, practicing techniques from an intervention, addressing new obstacles to school attendance, preparing for the beginning of a new school year, booster sessions, reminders of a child’s success, and structured activities during a break. The chapter also covers recommendations for addressing difficult parents, such as increasing collaborative contact, meeting at school or home if possible, giving information about options, simplifying treatment procedures, addressing obstacles to interventions, expanding social support networks, and exploring a need for a referral. Special topics that impact school refusal behavior cases are discussed as well. Examples include beginning of a new school year, comorbid behavior problems, and medical problems.
Predictions of Violence
Authors: Monahan John
Published: April 2018

This chapter presents an historical account of the emergence of violence risk assessment as a central issue in what were portrayed as reforms of the mental health and criminal justice systems in the 1970s. The author traces his own involvement in the nascent field of psychology and law to his writing the first comprehensive review of research on the validity of violence risk assessment. The chapter then details the major theoretical, empirical, and policy strides that characterized violence risk assessment as it matured over the next several decades. The author concludes by reflecting on several issues whose resolution has proved elusive.
Measuring outcomes using goals
Authors: Jacob Jenna , Edbrooke-Childs Julian , Lloyd Christopher , Hayes Daniel , Whelan Isabelle , Wolpert Miranda , Law Duncan
Published: April 2018

Goal-based outcome measures are increasingly seen as important tools when working with counselling and psychotherapy clients. The aim of this chapter is to identify and review different measures used with children and adults, outline the considerations around their psychometric properties, and explore the benefits and challenges of goal setting and tracking. A range of goal-based measures is available for clients. The flexible and personalized approach of goal-based measures means that they can be used across healthcare settings and appointments, as well as contribute to collaborative working. Incorporating multiple stakeholder views and issues around client capacity have been suggested as barriers to the use of goal-based measures with certain populations or situations. However, with appropriate clinician training and a flexible approach to goal-setting and monitoring, measuring outcomes using goals should become central to the counselling and psychotherapy process for all.
From problems to goals
Authors: Dryden Windy
Published: April 2018

The goal of this chapter, ‘From problems to goals: identifying ‘good’ goals in psychotherapy and counselling’, is to outline what makes a ‘good’ goal for therapy. Much of the discussion in this chapter is influenced by the theory underpinning rational emotive behaviour therapy (REBT). It is argued that negotiating goals make most sense when a clear understanding has been arrived at concerning the psychological state of the client. Distinctions are made among the psychological states of disturbance, dissatisfaction, and development. It is proposed that goals can be negotiated with respect to each psychological state, and these processes are illustrated with clinical examples. Various problems with respect to goals are identified and discussed.
Persistent Metabolic Disturbance in the Perihemorrhagic Zone Despite a Normalized Cerebral Blood Flow Following Surgery for Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Tobieson Lovisa , Rossitti Sandro , Zsigmond Peter , Hillman Jan , Marklund Niklas
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND

We hypothesized that reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF) and/or energy metabolic disturbances exist in the tissue surrounding a surgically evacuated intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). If present, such CBF and/or metabolic impairments may contribute to ongoing tissue injury and the modest clinical efficacy of ICH surgery.

OBJECTIVE

To conduct an observational study of CBF and the energy metabolic state in the perihemorrhagic zone (PHZ) tissue and in seemingly normal cortex (SNX) by microdialysis (MD) following surgical ICH evacuation.

METHODS

We evaluated 12 patients (median age 64; range 26-71 yr) for changes in CBF and energy metabolism following surgical ICH evacuation using Xenon-enhanced computed tomography (n = 10) or computed tomography perfusion (n = 2) for CBF and dual MD catheters, placed in the PHZ and the SNX at ICH surgery.

RESULTS

CBF was evaluated at a mean of 21 and 58 h postsurgery. In the hemisphere ipsilateral to the ICH, CBF improved between the investigations (36.6 ± 20 vs 40.6 ± 20 mL/100 g/min; P < .05). In total, 1026 MD samples were analyzed for energy metabolic alterations including glucose and the lactate/pyruvate ratio (LPR). The LPR was persistently elevated in the PHZ compared to the SNX region (P < .05). LPR elevations in the PHZ were predominately type II (pyruvate normal-high; indicating mitochondrial dysfunction) as opposed to type I (pyruvate low; indicating ischemia) at 4 to 48 h (70% vs 30%) and at 49 to 84 h (79% vs 21%; P < .05) postsurgery.

CONCLUSION

Despite normalization of CBF following ICH evacuation, an energy metabolic disturbance suggestive of mitochondrial dysfunction persists in the perihemorrhagic zone.
C5-C6 Cervical Spinal Cord Cavernous Malformation Microsurgical Resection: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Enriquez-Marulanda Alejandro , Alturki Abdulrahman Y , Kicielinski Kimberly , Thomas Ajith J , Ogilvy Christopher S
Published: April 2018

We describe the case of a previously healthy 44-yr-old female patient presenting with a sudden onset of numbness, paresthesias, and decreased sensation in her lower limbs. Physical examination revealed a decreased sensation to vibration and light touch in her lower extremities, primarily in the left limb. Impaired proprioception was also evident primarily in the left toe. Full strength with 2+ reflexes was observed in all extremities. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an exophytic lesion in the posterior aspect of the cervical spinal cord at the C5-C6 level, with a hemosiderin halo, consistent with a cavernous malformation. Given the evidence of past hemorrhage and the location of the lesion, microsurgical intervention was indicated. A midline cervical C5-C6 laminectomy under neurophysiologic monitoring was performed, and complete resection of the lesion was achieved with mild improvement of the sensitive symptoms and no evidence of new motor deficits. Any microsurgical resection of a cervical spinal cord lesion can be technically difficult and adequate patient selection with evaluation of the accessibility to the lesion is key.
1
Surgical resection of cavernous malformations in selected patients eliminates the risk of future hemorrhage and may achieve satisfactory outcomes comparable to patients who undergo conservative management.
2
In the following video illustration, we narrate this operative case, and highlight the nuances of this approach. Patient consent was obtained for the submission of the video to this journal.
Microsurgical Resection of Medulla Oblongata Hemangioblastoma: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Pojskić Mirza , Arnautović Kenan I
Published: April 2018

This video demonstrates the microsurgical resection of brainstem hemangioblastoma. The patient is a 32-yr-old woman with Von Hippel Lindau syndrome who presented with quadriparesis and inability to swallow. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the neuroaxis revealed a brainstem cystic lesion with contrast-enhancing tumor nodule right along the posterior aspect of the lower part of medulla oblongata. The surgery was performed in the prone position with suboccipital craniectomy and partial C1 posterior arch removal. The aim of the surgery was to remove the tumor nodule.
1-12

The tumor was separated from the right dorsal nerve roots, and then progressively dissected with coagulation of arterial feeders and draining vein and division of the pia circumferentially. Postoperative MRI revealed complete resection. The patient completely recovered from her quadriparesis and difficulty swallowing.
Gender and Status in Inca Textile and Ceramic Craft Production
Authors: Costin Cathy
Published: April 2018

Inca imperial rule depended on the production and distribution of cloth and pottery of different qualities. These were produced by specialists, such as the acllacona and cumbicamayos, and were used in performances of state hospitality that reciprocated the labor service (mit’a) of Inca subjects, and given as rewards. Production of these prestige goods indicates hybrid practices across the empire, as well as the role of gender and class in the labor patterns sustaining the empire. In addition to specialist by Inca artisans, the evidence from archaeology and the colonial chronicles indicates widespread participation in craft production in the Inca political economy.
Inca Transformations of the Chachapoya Region
Authors: Schjellerup Inge
Published: April 2018

The goal of this chapter is to reconstruct the socioeconomic impact that Inca rule had on the Chachapoya and the geographic landscape they inhabited. By using different lines of evidence, including archaeology and ethnohistory, supplemented with botanic and bioarchaeological data, this chapter explores the complex relations that the Inca established with the rebellious Chachapoya. Located at the crossroads between the western Andes and the eastern lowlands in northeastern Peru, this region provided unique resources to the Inca Empire. This chapter also offers an overview of the Inca imperial installations, and the importance of the Inca road in integrating this distant territory.
Quipus and Yupanas as Imperial Registers
Authors: Urton Gary
Published: April 2018

The Incas used the quipu, a knotted cord device, for administrative and historical record-keeping. This chapter summarizes the modern scholarship on the quipu, which uses colonial documents and analyses of the construction and numerical composition of surviving quipus. Seventeenth-century sources describe how quipu records were calculated using the yupana, a simple device for performing basic arithmetic functions. Most of the extant quipus are found in museums or private collections, removed from their original context, but the recent discovery of several quipus that were left at the coastal site of Inkawasi when it was abandoned offer a unique opportunity to consider how they were used to register the movement of staple goods moving in and out of an Inca imperial storage facility.
Levinas on God and the Trace of the Other
Authors: Morgan Michael L.
Published: April 2018

Levinas takes the face-to-face relationship between each subject and every other particular person to be a relationship of the self with transcendence. He believes this dimension of our interpersonal experience is represented in traditional religious and theological texts by the relationship with the divine or God. This paper explores how Levinas’s appropriation of the Cartesian expression “the idea of infinity” introduces this divine character of the face-to-face and how Levinas goes on to develop and enrich this association of the face-to-face, its ethical character, and divine transcendence. Levinas takes the divinity of the face-to-face to refer to the universality, objectivity, normative force, and motivational attraction of the sense of responsibility he believes is foundational for human experience. In short, for Levinas, the divinity associated with morality in traditional religious texts refers to the normative weight and psychological appeal of ethics itself.
Neural Origins of Self-Generated Thought
Authors: Fox Kieran C.R.
Published: April 2018

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has begun to narrow down the neural correlates of self-generated forms of thought, with current evidence pointing toward central roles for the default, frontoparietal, and visual networks. Recent work has linked the arising of thoughts more specifically to default network activity, but the limited temporal resolution of fMRI has precluded more detailed conclusions about where in the brain self-created mental content is generated and how this is achieved. This chapter argues that the unparalleled spatiotemporal resolution of intracranial electrophysiology (iEEG) in human epilepsy patients can begin to provide answers to questions about the specific neural origins of self-generated thought. The chapter reviews the extensive body of literature from iEEG studies over the past few decades and shows that many studies involving passive recording or direct electrical stimulation throughout the brain point to the medial temporal lobe as a key site of thought-generation.
Mind-Wandering and Self-Referential Thought
Authors: D'Argembeau Arnaud
Published: April 2018

When one’s mind wanders, one frequently experiences thoughts, images, and feelings about oneself and one’s life. These self-referential thoughts involve diverse contents and take various forms, but most often focus on specific future events that are closely related to one’s personal goals and concerns. Neuroimaging studies show that such spontaneous thoughts recruit many of the same brain regions—largely corresponding to the default network—as directed self-referential thought. The medial prefrontal cortex is most consistently involved and might contribute to assign value and to integrate processed contents with autobiographical knowledge. The tendency of the wandering mind to focus on self-related information might foster a sense of personal identity and lay the foundation for long-term goal pursuit.
Sleep Paralysis
Authors: Solomonova Elizaveta
Published: April 2018

Sleep paralysis is an experience of being temporarily unable to move or talk during the transitional periods between sleep and wakefulness: at sleep onset or upon awakening. The feeling of paralysis may be accompanied by a variety of vivid and intense sensory experiences, including mentation in visual, auditory, and tactile modalities, as well as a distinct feeling of presence. This chapter discusses a variety of sleep paralysis experiences from the perspective of enactive cognition and cultural neurophenomenology. Current knowledge of neurophysiology and associated conditions is presented, and some techniques for coping with sleep paralysis are proposed. As an experience characterized by a hybrid state of dreaming and waking, sleep paralysis offers a unique window into phenomenology of spontaneous thought in sleep.
Spontaneous and Controlled Processes in Creative Cognition
Authors: Benedek Mathias , Jauk Emanuel
Published: April 2018

Creative cognition has long been hypothesized to rely on spontaneous as well as controlled cognitive processes. This chapter starts by giving a brief overview of pertinent dual process models of creative thought. It then reviews empirical research supporting the relevance of controlled and spontaneous processes in creative cognition (mostly defined by divergent thinking and insight problem solving). The relevance of controlled processes is mainly supported by verbal protocol studies and individual differences research on executive functions and intelligence. The relevance of spontaneous processes is mainly supported by research on incubation and neuroscientific investigations. The chapter concludes by considering potential ways of interaction between goal-directed, controlled thought and undirected, spontaneous thought, both from the short-term perspective of immediate creative problem solving as well as from the long-term perspective of extended creative work.
Investigating the Elements of Thought
Authors: Smallwood Jonathan , Margulies Daniel , Bernhardt Boris C. , Jefferies Elizabeth
Published: April 2018

Spontaneous thoughts come in a large variety of different forms, varying in their experiential content as well as the functional outcomes with which they are associated. This chapter describes a component process architecture for spontaneous thought in which different types of experience arise through the combinations of different underlying neurocognitive processes. These underlying elements of cognition are not specific to spontaneous thought, since many, if not all, of these neurocognitive processes can be engaged when participants perform an externally directed task. We consider neurocognitive evidence that shows how this component process architecture provides explanatory value for accounts of spontaneous thought since it provides a mechanism that captures both the complex variety of spontaneous experiences that characterize the human condition, as well as the different functional outcomes that these different experiences are associated with.
Rumination Is a Sticky Form of Spontaneous Thought
Authors: DuPre Elizabeth , Spreng R. Nathan
Published: April 2018

This chapter examines rumination as a unique mode of thought capable of arising in both normative and pathological contexts. Although there has been extensive interest in rumination as a trait-level contributor to psychopathology, research on the neural correlates of ongoing rumination is relatively recent. Viewed through the lens of spontaneous thought, the chapter considers rumination as a spontaneously occurring form of thought that becomes “stuck” in a repetitive, highly constrained context. In considering the implications of this viewpoint, the chapter explores the contexts in which rumination has been identified, as well as its relationship to other forms of spontaneous thought such as mind-wandering.
Flow as Spontaneous Thought
Authors: Vervaeke John , Ferraro Leo , Herrera-Bennett Arianne
Published: April 2018

Flow is an experience encountered in many areas of human endeavor; it is reported by athletes and artists, writers and thinkers. Paradoxically, it appears to involve significant energy expenditure, and yet it is reported to feel almost effortless. It is a prototypical instance of spontaneous thought. The flow experience has been extensively documented and studied by many scholars, most prominently Csikszentmihalyi, who characterized it as “optimal experience.” This chapter builds on the work of Csikszentmihalyi and others by providing a cognitive scientific account of flow, a framework that organizes and integrates the various cognitive processes and features that serve to make flow an optimal experience. In particular, it is argued that flow is characterized by a dynamic cascade of insight, coupled with enhanced implicit learning. This model seeks to integrate the phenomenological accounts of flow with the existing body of cognitive research.
Dewey, Habermas, and the Unfinished Project of Modernity in Unmodern Philosophy and Modern Philosophy
Authors: Deen Phillip
Published: April 2018

John Dewey’s Unmodern Philosophy and Modern Philosophy aspires to overcome the antiquated philosophical baggage of so-called “modern” philosophy and replace it with a philosophy that is truly modern, having incorporated the technoscientific revolution. As the philosophical revolution is incomplete, so is Dewey’s own text. In an attempt to flesh out a Deweyan conception of modernity, this chapter turns to another philosopher who has argued that modernity is still an unfinished project: Jürgen Habermas. This chapter compares their accounts of the meaning of modernity, its pathologies, and their proposed cures through a turn from subjective reason to intersubjective action and concludes that their essential difference lies in the emancipatory potential of scientific-technological reason itself.
The Production of Ethnographic Records and Their Use in Rock Art Research
Authors: Monney Julien , Baracchini Leïla
Published: April 2018

This chapter explores the characteristics, limits, and diversity of ethnographic records produced and/or used in rock art research. By critically examining the ethnographic archives on rock art available in the global literature, the chapter addresses the conditions and processes involved in the making of these records. The authors argue that analyzing the particular social circumstances of their production is not only a prerequisite for any methodological discussion on how to use ethnographic records in interpreting rock art, but also a way to promote self-reflection about the way that we perceive, experience, interact with, and create knowledge about rock art.
Political Theories and Jesuit Politics
Authors: Zeron Carlos
Published: April 2018

This chapter focuses on political theories that were forged by the Jesuits. It analyzes how these theories became dogmatic outfits used by the Society of Jesus, as well as by the church and the monarchies, and how the information that came from other continents nourished the reflection of the theologians in Europe. In their roles as professors at the universities and as counselors to kings, these theologians wrote extensively about politics and law in treaties that intended to include discussions on European monarchies and their overseas dominions, as well as on all other republics, in a comprehensive theory of the state and of human law. Therefore, special attention is given to authors who had practical experience of overseas countries and, in the European setting, to the most influential theologians who made an effort at assimilating and processing information from abroad to develop an all-inclusive perspective.
Being and Its Other
Authors: Kovan Martin
Published: April 2018

As in many other religious and ethical traditions, the status of suicide in Buddhism is contested and ambiguous, from the earliest Pāli record through to twentieth-century Mahāyāna praxes, and in a sense particular to Buddhist thought, paradoxical. This chapter will focus on three main areas: (1) the canonical accounts of suicide in the Śrāvakayāna and Mahāyāna traditions; (2) their theorization in a Buddhist psychological and phenomenological understanding of suicide; and (3) the ramifications of that understanding for contemporary social and medical practice, namely in assisted suicide and autothanasia, and for recent Buddhist history, above all for evaluating the Tibetan Buddhist self-immolations evident since 2009.
Buddhism and Sexuality
Authors: Langenberg Amy Paris
Published: April 2018

In surveying the discursive landscape of ancient, classical, and medieval Indo-Tibetan Buddhist sexual ethics, this chapter takes a Foucauldian approach that holds Buddhist sexual norms and ideals to be an evolving discourse productive of a wide variety of sexual persons. It focuses on the manner in which Buddhist sexual ethics foster states of self rather than Buddhist ethics as a universally applicable set of moral obligations. Topics considered include the theory and practice of brahmacarya, representations of the Buddha as hyper-masculine, the sexual upāyas of bodhisattvas as articulated in Mahāyāna teachings, the revalorization of sexual union as a yogic practice in medieval Indian and Tibetan Tantra, and articulations of lay ethics in the scholastic traditions of classical and medieval India and Tibet. This chapter also contextualizes instances of sexual abuse in contemporary Western Buddhist saṅghas and notes the emergence of a distinctive queer Buddhist discourse.
Minority Rights
Authors: Kymlicka Will
Published: April 2018

It has often been noted that the political claims of minorities and indigenous peoples are marginalized within traditional state-centric international political theory; but perhaps more surprisingly, they are also marginalized within much contemporary cosmopolitan political theory. In this chapter, I will argue that neither cosmopolitanism nor statism as currently theorized is well equipped to evaluate the normative claims at stake in many minority rights issues. I begin by discussing how the “minority question” arose as an issue within international relations—that is, why minorities have been seen as a problem and a threat to international order—and how international actors have historically attempted to contain the problem, often in ways that were deeply unjust to minorities. I will then consider recent efforts to advance a pro-minority agenda at the international level, and how this agenda helps reveal some of the limits of both cosmopolitan and statist approaches to IPT.