bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Religion and the Changing Role of Women
Authors: HARGROVE BARBARA , SCHMIDT JEAN MILLER , DAVANEY SHEILA GREEVE
Published: March 2007

As the role of women in the society at large has changed, religion in America has responded to the changes in a number of ways. New professional roles in church and synagogue have been opened to women, including, in most mainline denominations, that of ordained clergy. Lay leadership positions as well are increasingly being filled by women. Along with these structural changes, a number of theological issues have been engendered, including the recovery of women's share of religious history, changing images of God and the church, and issues relating to sexual equality and justice. On the other hand, some religious groups have taken the lead in opposing women's assumption of more public roles and also movements to free women from the domestic role through, among other things, abortion, birth control, and divorce. These issues have been joined to larger movements over which religious groups and denominations have become polarized. They have also affected the churches' expectations of a large pool of female volunteer workers. Thus the general pattern of changing roles for women has changed the structure, both social and ideological, of American religion.
Religion in Post-Mao China
Authors: GOLDMAN MERLE
Published: March 2007

Increased interest in religion in post-Mao China stems from disillusionment with Marxism-Leninism-Maoism and the destructiveness of the Cultural Revolution. Young people, in particular, are searching for a new belief system. Equally important, the Deng Xiaoping leadership is willing to tolerate religious practices and to rebuild religious institutions. Its seemingly benign policy does not stem from a greater appreciation of religion, but from the desire to exert tighter control over religion. The repression of the Cultural Revolution had driven religion underground, outside the Party's control; thus, the Deng leadership's policy of religious tolerance is to lure religious believers from private to public worship, where the Party can reassert its control. Its religious tolerance is also aimed at winning the cooperation of relatively well-educated Christian converts and the assistance of Western nations in its drive for economic modernization.
The Transnational Nexus of Migration
Authors: ROGERS ROSEMARIE
Published: March 2007

The large-scale post-World War II labor migrations from the Mediterranean countries and North Africa to northern and western Europe have resulted in the presence of millions of foreigners and their families in the host countries. This article discusses the ambiguous situation of many of these migrants, who are not fully settled in the countries in which they live, but are nevertheless likely to remain there in the near future or indeed for good. The article also inquires into the ways in which the political, cultural, and economic relations between the migrants' countries of origin and their countries of residence have been affected by these migrations, and into the bilateral and multilateral arrangements that regulate these processes of migration and settling.
Living with the FECA: Confessions of a Sometime Campaign Treasurer
Authors: BERMAN MICHAEL S.
Published: March 2007

Presidential campaigns now require the use of substantial legal and accounting resources principally to assure compliance with the Federal Election Campaign Act. The act was designed to reassure the American public that the federal election process was not irreparably corrupted, and, in presidential campaigns, to provide a more level playing field in the accumulation and use of funds. It may be now that the act has become a burden on the process. Contribution limits, certain matching-fund rules, and state expenditure limits in early primary and caucus states have caused candidates to find creative ways to avoid their impact. The rules governing expenditure of funds on grass-roots activity, the heart of American politics, have become far too complicated. All of this means that a person must think twice before taking on the responsibility of being the treasurer of a presidential campaign.
Francophone Africa: The Enduring French Connection
Authors: STANILAND MARTIN
Published: March 2007

France's relations with its former colonies remain close after 26 years of independence, and France has tried hard in the last decade to expand its sphere of influence beyond the ex-colonial core. This article examines French economic and security interests in Africa, as well as the role of Africa in France's foreign policy. It also considers some of the contradictions in French policy, the problems encountered by the Socialist government between May 1981 and March 1986, and the longer-term trend toward greater discretion and discrimination in dealing with African states. Finally, it discusses the analytic problems raised by the peculiar postcolonial relationship between France and French-speaking Africa.
Training for High-Level Language Skills
Authors: KUBLER CORNELIUS C.
Published: March 2007

The majority of attention in foreign language teaching in the United States has in the past been focused on the lower levels of instruction. While many students begin the study of various languages each year, only very few continue to the level where they can truly function. This country's interests demand that we train more students to higher levels of proficiency in a greater variety of languages than ever before. To improve high-level language training, steps need to be taken to (1) coordinate and/or provide advanced-level, intensive language instruction in the United States and abroad; (2) train teachers in the techniques of high-level instruction; (3) catalog, adapt, prepare, and disseminate advanced training materials; (4) conduct research into the most effective training techniques at the higher levels; (5) promote language proficiency testing and certification; and (6) disseminate the knowledge and experience gained from the preceding.
Anti-Americanism in China
Authors: SHAMBAUGH DAVID L.
Published: March 2007

Anti-Americanism in China has a history of more than a century; however, it is only part of a general ambivalence that is manifest in both pro- and anti-American images and behavior. This ambivalence is rooted in the differing value systems of Chinese and Americans, but it has also been stimulated by Sino-American interactions historically. With the seizure of power by the Communist Party in 1949, anti-American images became de rigueur in the official media and academic circles. Demonstrable anti-American behavior by the Chinese public was also evident during the first 25 years of the People's Republic. Since the 1970s, however, anti-Americanism has progressively declined at all measurable levels. In its place have arisen more nuanced images that take account of American pluralism. Chinese government policies toward America have both driven and reflected these evolving images over time.
The Lives of Older People and Changing Social Roles
Authors: RILEY MATILDA WHITE , RILEY JOHN W.
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the central dilemma of the mismatch between the strengths and capacities of the increasing numbers of older people in the United States, on the one hand, and the inadequate social-role opportunities to utilize, reward, and sustain these strengths, on the other. In order to enhance the quality of aging, interventions are needed, both in the ways individuals grow older and in the environing matrix of families, work organizations, political institutions, health care systems, and all the other social structures in which people's lives are embedded. Examples of interventions in both lives and role structures demonstrate the potential for improvement. Looking toward the future, these interventions are seen to affect people of all ages and call for ultimate gradual redesign of the life course from birth to death. An analytical framework of the relationship between aging and broad changes in society is presented as a guide in designing small-scale interventions that can accumulate to benefit—rather than to impair—the well-being of older people now and in the future.
Peace Studies at the Crossroads: Where Else?
Authors: ALGER CHADWICK F.
Published: March 2007

Peace studies should be in the midst of four crossroads. First, peace studies must be at the crossroads of peace research, peace education, and peace action. In a century-long learning process, 21 approaches to peace have been developed in the twentieth century. In response, peace studies must be at a second crossroads, between approaches of negative peace—stopping violence—and those of positive peace—overcoming social injustice. Peace studies must also be at the crossroads of a growing array of movements at the grass roots, a challenge to more traditional peace-research methodologies. Peace studies should endeavor to create a new crossroads, between grass-roots movements and global organizations. Only through grass-roots practice can the peace efforts of global organizations acquire legitimacy.
Homeless Children: Philadelphia as a Case Study
Authors: FOX ELAINE R. , ROTH LISA
Published: March 2007

Homeless children are rapidly emerging as a new segment of the nation's underclass. This article describes the origins and implications of this phenomenon, using Philadelphia as a case study. The recent rise in the number of homeless families is due to a decrease in the amount of affordable housing and a simultaneous increase in the number of families living in poverty and its attendant social problems. As a result, homeless children in Philadelphia and the nation experience severe disruptions in family life that can have devastating, and possibly permanent, effects on them. These effects include poor health, limited access to a source of continuing health care, developmental delays, emotional disturbance, and poor school performance. We must address both the children's immediate needs for comprehensive social services and the systemic causes of family homelessness in order to prevent future generations of homeless children.
Foreign Language Use Among International Business Graduates
Authors: LAMBERT RICHARD D.
Published: March 2007

American business is constantly being urged to employ more executives who can operate successfully abroad in one or another foreign language. Nonetheless, the employment prospects for Americans with foreign language competences remain relatively low. To both meet and stimulate that limited demand, several business schools have instituted programs that combine general business courses with foreign language training and international studies. This article reports on a survey of 600 graduates of three of the best-known international business programs of this type. The purpose of the survey was to determine the importance of a foreign language competence in the careers of these specially trained business school graduates.
Nordic Security in a Europe Without the United States
Authors: MILLER STEVEN E.
Published: March 2007

The five Nordic countries have quite different security problems and geostrategic settings and have made very different choices about their security policy. They will thus react differently to the new balance of forces in Europe that results from the revolutions in Eastern Europe, the disintegration of the Soviet empire, and the unification of Germany. Should these sweeping changes also be accompanied by a U.S. withdrawal from Europe, the Nordic countries would again react in unique ways. An optimistic view of the 1990s would see great benefits to the Nordic region from the end of the Cold War and the confrontation between the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Warsaw Pact, and the establishment of a more cooperative pan-European security arrangement. Defense planners in the Nordic countries should also plan, however, for the possibility of greater instability on the Continent, which might generate the need for new security arrangements, different alliance relationships, and a rethinking of the meaning of neutrality in a multipolar world.
Who Speaks for American Women? The Future of Antifeminism
Authors: MARSHALL SUSAN E.
Published: March 2007

The defeat of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) in 1982 raised many questions about the viability of American feminism. The antifeminist movement has largely escaped critical inquiry, despite its close relationship with the New Right, a coalition that experienced several setbacks in the late 1980s. This article examines the antifeminist movement in the post-ERA period. It presents a historical overview of American antifeminist movements, examines their bases of support among both sympathizers and activists, and details the organization and activities of the two largest antifeminist organizations, Eagle Forum and Concerned Women for America. Concluding comments speculate on the future of the antifeminist movement and suggest that there are both internal and external barriers to its continued success.
Regional Organizations in Conflict Management
Authors: THORNTON THOMAS PERRY
Published: March 2007

The end of colonialism and the decline of Cold War bipolarity mean that the United States and the Soviet Union must find new ways of relating to a Third World that is growing increasingly influential and is seeking ways to be master of its own destinies. Over the past decade and more, there has been a marked growth in regional organizations within the Third World designed to deal with the related problems of solving internal disputes and reducing the role of outside powers in regional affairs. These organizations have mixed records, and some could pose threats to broader global interests, including those of the United States and the USSR. Nonetheless, the trend toward regionalization is pervasive, and in many cases regional groupings can deal with problems that the superpowers no longer can or want to handle. Moscow and Washington must judge each case on its own merits, but their general approach should be to let regional groupings carry as much of the burden as possible.
Exploring the Future: A 200-Year Record of Expanding Competence
Authors: COATES JOSEPH F. , JARRATT JENNIFER
Published: March 2007

The contemporary study of the future evolved from several directions: science, technology, military and business interests, sociology, history, and a literary tradition. Futurists may be working in a variety of organizations and situations, but they share beliefs in society's ability to explore, and take responsibility for influencing, the future. Lack of imagination and unexamined assumptions often cause forecast failure. Agreement and disagreement between several futurists is explored in this article, with the warning that pushing to achieve consensus on the future may mislead in times of rapid change. Finally, several key trends for the future of the world, and of the United States, are outlined.
Religion and Ethnicity in Late-Twentieth-Century America
Authors: HAMMOND PHILLIP E. , WARNER KEE
Published: March 2007

A tie to the old-country religion remains one of the ways by which ethnic group identity is expressed and maintained in America. Recent survey results suggest, however, that this relationship between religion and ethnicity is not as strong as it once may have been. Moreover, the degree of ethnic and religious identification, as well as the strength of their corelationship, varies from one ethnic group to another. After a presentation of these facts, we then discuss what they mean for ethnic assimilation and religious development in these waning years of the twentieth century.
The U.S. and the Caribbean: The Power of the Whirlpool
Authors: PASTOR ROBERT A.
Published: March 2007

The Spanish-American War heralded the beginning of America's global role and its preoccupation with the Caribbean area. There are a host of theories to explain U.S. involvement in the Caribbean, but over time, the whirlpool pattern of intense involvement followed by disinterest suggests that security considerations have remained paramount. U.S. policy in the twentieth century can be divided into three periods: the protectorate era (1898-1933); the Good Neighbor Policy (1933-53); and the Cold War (1953-90). Whether the United States will be able to escape the unproductive and erratic relationships of the past depends on whether it uses the post-Cold War era to develop a collective defense of democracy and a social safety net for the poor people in the countries of the region.
Nongovernmental Organizations and Caribbean Development
Authors: LEWIS DAVID E.
Published: March 2007

Throughout the past decade, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in the Caribbean have been attempting to redefine their role vis-à-vis the state and civil society in order to be able to contribute substantively to the regional debate on development strategies. Their role has most often centered on both political and economic priorities, in contrast with the position of most international NGOs, which tend to stress their own apolitical character and to define Third World requirements in terms of economic rather than political necessities. This has meant a rethinking of the relationship with the state, promoting a debate between NGOs concerning the question of how NGOs should interact with the state.
U.S. Policy toward Cuba in the 1980s and 1990s
Authors: DOMÍNGUEZ JORGE I.
Published: March 2007

A central weakness in U.S. policy toward Cuba has been the undervaluation of the utility of negotiation and the overvaluation of the utility of penalties. The tendency has been to adopt symbolic policies toward Cuba in response to domestic political pressures in the United States. The record after over three decades, however, is plain: negotiation accomplished U.S. goals whereas exhortation and confrontation did not.
Developments in the Global Supply of Arms: Opportunity and Motivation
Authors: BRZOSKA MICHAEL , PEARSON FREDERIC S.
Published: March 2007

Likely trends in the supply side of the arms trade are examined, considering the opportunities and motives available to key actors and the changing international system that constrains their options. Among suppliers, the United States remains predominant, if somewhat more commercially than hegemonically oriented than in the past. Despite reassertive efforts and lower prices in the arms field, Russian export prospects are questionable, given uncertainties over budgetary investments, lagging technology, and potentially unreliable parts production or supply. West European sales are likely to remain confined to niches, since there still are no single unified European Union production and marketing mechanisms. China, the least predictable supplier, remains on an economic arms sales push. The depressed market for third-tier suppliers seems likely to persist. The global move to restructure defense industries is likely to lead to a shift from overproduction of finished arms, with many dual-use products emerging instead.
Global Trends in Military Production and Conversion
Authors: SILVERBERG DAVID
Published: March 2007

The end of the Cold War has forced the world's military-industrial complex to concentrate on technological niches rather than broad technological thrusts. The decline in defense budgets and the cutbacks in defense production will erode military capabilities in the developed world, allowing the Third World to catch up in key niches.

Defense conversion has not succeeded to date, and is unlikely to succeed on anything like the scale of the previous military production or to absorb significant numbers of unemployed defense workers. The military-industrial complex should be allowed to consolidate and contract while new business formation among former defense workers, researchers, and engineers should be encouraged. In the long run, entrepreneurship will likely prove more beneficial and productive than trying to keep alive the kinds of enterprises that served the needs of the Cold War.
Discharge for Cause: History and Development in the United States
Authors: STIEBER JACK , RODGERS ROBERT
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the literature on discharge for cause in the United States in the twentieth century. The principal findings are that (1) discharge rates tend to be lower during periods of economic recession and higher during years of prosperity; (2) discharge rates have not varied significantly as between union and nonunion employers; (3) discharge rates are inversely related to seniority and age of employees; and (4) workers who are discharged for cause have more difficulty finding employment than workers who have been laid off or who have left their jobs voluntarily. It is estimated that approximately 3 million private sector at-will employees are discharged each year. Using what they consider to be reasonable assumptions, the authors estimate that at least 150,000 would be found to have been discharged without just cause if they had recourse to arbitration under the same standards as unionized employees.
Historical Traditions and the Inevitability of European Ties
Authors: SCHMIDT GUSTAV
Published: March 2007

The traditional view that Canada's relations with Europe are a significant influence on Canadian life and Canada's international role no longer prevails in Canadian politics. New immigration and multiculturalism encourage other than (West) European inputs; in addition, decisions taken in 1987-88 seem to bring economic and military-strategic tendencies toward continentalism and sover-eignty to their logical conclusion, at the expense of reaffirmation of ties with Europe and Atlanticism. However, Canada's security remains tied to North America and Europe, and Canada's interest in being seen as an involved international actor also implies inevitable ties with Europe, via trade and through investments and collaboration in high-technology ventures. In the past four decades, Ottawa had to bow to the force of the argument that the North Atlantic Alliance might do without a Canadian military contribution but that Canada could not afford to forgo the goodwill of its partners in the inescapable security community. After the end of the divisions that accompanied the Cold War, both Canada and Europe will have to assess the lessons of the 1947-89 epoch. This article attempts to spotlight the main stakes in the developments between Canada, the United States, and NATO Europe.
The Federal Role in Sentencing Law and Policy
Authors: REITZ KEVIN R.
Published: March 2007

Compared to some other areas of governmental activity, the federal presence in the realm of sentencing law and policy has remained insignificant. Setting aside the growth in federal criminal jurisdiction per se, which still accounts for less than 8 percent of all incarcerated offenders, Congress historically has shown little interest in influencing the goals or the particulars of state sentencing systems and has done little to help fund those systems. This may, however, be changing. There are now calls to expand the federal government's role in both paying for and controlling the contours of criminal punishment at the state level. These developments raise long-term questions concerning the appropriate allocation of federal, state, and local authority over sentencing law. Surprisingly, very little consideration has been given to these issues. This article suggests a pragmatic analysis for addressing them. It posits that, for the foreseeable future, it would be a mistake to move toward a federally dominated national sentencing policy.
Valuing Risks to the Environment
Authors: GREGORY ROBIN , BROWN THOMAS C. , KNETSCH JACK L.
Published: March 2007

Increasing awareness of exposure to environmental risks has focused attention on measures that would give greater assurance that such risks are effectively managed and that the adverse consequences of risky activities are mitigated. Implementing such actions is made more difficult by the uncertainties of environmental changes, their often delayed impacts, the great importance attached to extremely small risks, and the lack of clear measures of the values of environmental losses. Findings from recent behavioral studies of people's time preferences, valuations of losses relative to gains, and risk perceptions are providing information that should lead to more effective risk management strategies.
The Federal Urban Policy Agenda: Recent Past and New Realities
Authors: HAYNES KINGSLEY E. , STOUGH ROGER R.
Published: March 2007

After reviewing changes in housing policy and the impact of U.S. metropolitan decentralization on jobs and the demand for transportation, the authors examine the role of the new high-technology economy in urbanization. Specifically, they suggest that the patterns of public and private metropolitan infrastructure investments continue to support decentralized expansion. Using the Washington, D.C., region as an example, they explore the increased separation of suburbs and core cities in metropolitan regions. They explore the different policy perspectives of economic dependency versus specialized economic functions in an interdependent metropolitan region. They argue that present federal urban policy reflects the former but that new urban regional dynamics are driven by the realities of the latter.
Can Developing Countries Learn from Our Mistakes?
Authors: GWILLIAM KENNETH M.
Published: March 2007

It is often asserted that developing countries can best avoid the deterioration of the environment that is a consequence of the unfettered increase of motorization by studying the failure of industrialized countries to make the necessary political and resource commitments to confront the issue. Such assertions usually fail to recognize that differences in social objectives and both administrative and fiscal capacity typically exclude the application in developing countries of many of the restraining measures advocated for the industrialized world. Instead, it is argued that the development of efficient social and personal incentive systems, rather than the traditional emphasis on systems of subsidy, public sector service provision, and physical restraint, is the critical policy imperative for the developing world.
Casinos De Juegos Del Mundo: A Survey of World Gambling
Authors: THOMPSON WILLIAM N.
Published: March 2007

Legalized gambling is expanding throughout the world. There is considerable variation in the patterns of gambling operations found in different places. This article examines the difference between the mass-marketed casinos of North America and the very restricted casinos of Europe. Explanations for the different styles are suggested. Casinos in other developed nations as well as in the less developed nations are also examined, as are lottery operations. It is suggested that the North American pattern, although appealing to entrepreneurs, will not soon be adopted in Europe or in any widespread way in other parts of the world.
Restructuring and Skill Needs: Will Firms Train?
Authors: SALZMAN HAROLD
Published: March 2007

In this article, Harold Salzman presents an analysis of corporate restructuring and resulting organizational outcomes to provide a framework for analyzing the role of the firm in workforce skill development. Salzman bases his analysis on case studies of firms in two industries, insurance and medical imaging equipment, supplemented by case studies of other firms engaged in significant levels of workforce skill development. The study addresses the extent to which restructuring firms are unstable in terms of organizational form—losing the capacity to provide skill development for their workforces—and the extent to which job changes, restructuring, and/or technology increases skill levels and therefore the demand for upgrading the skills of incumbent and new workers. His findings show that, although demand for skills has increased, a number of countervailing factors within firms and in the market inhibit firms' active engagement in skill development.
The Psychology of Loss as a Lens to a Positive Psychology
Authors: HARVEY JOHN H.
Published: March 2007

This article argues for the development of a field concerned with the psychology of loss that is interdisciplinary in nature and focused on people's pervading sense of loss. The psychology of loss may be defined as broader than related fields such as traumatology, thanatology, and stress and coping. It focuses on the perception of major loss deriving from events such as death and divorce but also on this perception in connection with diverse phenomena. An important research topic for this field concerns people's imputed meanings to losses in their lives and their activities of developing stories of losses and confiding those stories to close others as they cope with the losses. This article describes basic principles of loss that may be observed across varied loss events. It is argued that this development of a psychology of loss will contribute invaluable perspective to developments in work on positive psychology.
Reflections on the Nature of Economic Power
Authors: Lhomme Jean
Published: March 2007

Many voices have been heard on the nature and definition of power. Jean Lhomme, a French economist, here derives a carefully structured definition of economic power, synthesizing and criticizing analyses by German, French and American writers. He defines power in general and carefully distinguishes between power and force. The core of his argument is an analysis of the material elements of economic power, which are number, resources and organi zation, and the non-material elements, consciousness of force and consciousness of cohesion. His concluding definition is that "economic power is the conscious ability to transform a force into action, in order to make economic action more nearly a determinate action."
Architecture for Researchers
Authors: Sommer Robert , Osmond Humphry
Published: March 2007

From the University of Alberta comes a coolness towards conventional design in research. The architects and administrators, in expressing their personalities, may not do well by the researcher's personality. Readers will recall Dr. Som mer's fables concerning keys and power and secretaries and research produc tivity.
The Challene of Automation to Education
Authors: Evans Luther H.
Published: March 2007

Dr. Evans, now of Columbia University and formerly Librarian of Congress and Director General of UNESCO, has just completed a study of automation. Here he sketches the varied impacts of technology upon education and predicts a life-long formal learning process as in store for the general population.
The New Curricula in Social Studies
Authors: Bragdon Henry W.
Published: March 2007

Reviewing the pathetic nature of the social studies in the lower schools, a member of the Phillips Exeter Academy faculty, and leader in the social studies movement, mentions some of the ways to improve the teaching of history and use it as material for social science.
Impressions About Utility and Wastefulness in Applied Social Science Studies
Authors: Dexter Lewis Anthony
Published: March 2007

Proposals to end "boondoggling" in social science research are presented by the author, co-winner of the Woodrow Wilson Award for the best book in Political Science in 1963, American Business and Public Policy, and a lecturer in social science at Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Conversion Process Models and the Jesus Movement
Authors: Richardson James T. , Stewart Mary
Published: March 2007

This paper is an extension of previous process models of conversion, based on research on the Jesus movement. The detailed examination of "predispositions" for conversion and the discussion of the importance of affective ties in the conversion process are of particular interest.
From a Politics of Transgression Toward an Ethics of Reflexivity
Authors: SCHUBERT J. DANIEL
Published: March 2007

Perhaps one day [transgression] will seem as decisive for our culture... as the experience of contradiction was at an earlier time for dialectical thought.

Michel Foucault (1977, p. 33)
Prevention of Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Abuse
Authors: JANSEN MARY A. , GLYNN THOMAS , HOWARD JAN
Published: March 2007

This article first provides an overview of a sequential approach to conducting research. This model and similar sequential approaches have sometimes been referred to as the phases of research model. Next, the article offers a summary of what has been learned from this research and offers some thoughts on what is needed in future prevention research efforts, particularly in alcohol, tobacco, and other drug abuse prevention. The research agendas of three federal agencies are provided, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), the National Cancer Institute (NCI), and the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP).
Talking About the Natural Environment
Authors: CLARK VIVIEN , JENNINGS P. DEVEREAUX
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors argue that discourse in organizations about the natural environment challenges the traditionally enacted boundaries between the firm and the environment and therefore is an important source of deinstitutionalization. Using data gathered from their research project on sustainability, the authors show that attention by organizational members to meaningful cues embedded in terminology, expressions, and stories undermines existing institutional logics operating in firms and helps establish newer ones.
Mobilizing Minority Communities
Authors: PORTNEY KENT E. , BERRY JEFFREY M.
Published: March 2007

The debate over social capital and civil society has focused largely on broad-brush assessments of participation in America and on what various measures of involvement in social and political life indicate about Americans. This study moves beyond general interpretations of societal trends to a detailed analysis of minorities in city politics. Drawing on data gathered from a study of participation in large American cities, the authors break participation down by neighborhood and ask what kinds of political organizations are most effective in mobilizing minorities in city politics. This study compares the participation of Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics in neighborhood associations, citywide issue organizations, crime watch groups, and social service/self-help organizations. The data are further analyzed on the basis of the socioeconomic and racial makeup of neighborhoods. The neighborhood associations stand out as the most successful of the four types of organizations for mobilizing African Americans and bringing them into the political process.
Mexico's National Identity After NAFTA
Authors: MORENO ISIDRO MORALES
Published: March 2007

Mexico's 20th-century national identity has been defined and bounded by the images, colors, heroes, narratives, institutions, and symbols of the so-called Mexican Revolution. The social construction around the Mexican Revolution was perceived by most Mexicans as a continuum, the history and destiny of which was permanently ordered by the government's official discourse. Dissident views of the Revolution have existed since the very moment the revolutionary upheaval took place. This has not created a new identity nor a new social construct for Mexicans, but it is certainly making clearer the close relationship between power and social representation in Mexico.
A Pollster on Polling
Authors: PALEOLOGOS DAVID A.
Published: March 2007

Polling today is so overdeveloped and underpoliced, yet so heavily relied upon, that it harms our democracy. In concert with mass media, contemporary polling short-circuits useful contributions to constituent reponsiveness. Politicians are unwilling to take important leadership risks when immediate electoral gratification is so starkly visible. Significant reform is necessary.
Movement Cycles and the Nazi Party
Authors: ANHEIER HELMUT K. , NEIDHARDT FRIEDHELM , VORTKAMP WOLFGANG
Published: March 2007

Following insights of social movement theory, this article looks at movement cycles in the initial development of the Nazi Party. Specifically, it explores the framing strategies the party employed in trying to make efficient use of opportunity structures in the political discourse of the late 1920s. On the basis of a content analysis of the official party newspaper, the authors analyze the topics of political events and speeches the Nazi Party organized in Munich between 1925 and 1930. The results show that after 1928, the Nazi Party managed to achieve a coherent set of themes around economic and political issues that may have facilitated its rise to power.
Are All Associations Alike?
Authors: STOLLE DIETLIND , ROCHON THOMAS R.
Published: March 2007

Associational memberships have become the indicator of choice for examining the formation and destruction of social capital. Memberships in associations are believed to create generalized interpersonal trust, which can be used as a lubricant that makes possible a variety of forms of social interaction and cooperation. Clearly, not all types of associations will be equally effective in their relative capacity to create generalized, or public, social capital. Each indicator of social capital that we examine is positively related to associational membership. However, some association memberships, particularly in cultural groups, are correlated with a wide range of forms of social capital. The diversity of an association also has an effect on the connection between social capital and association memberships. Homogeneous associations are less likely to inculcate high levels of generalized trust and community reciprocity among their members. These results indicate the need for further specification of the social capital theory.
AIDS and Stigma
Authors: HEREK GREGORY M.
Published: March 2007

This article briefly reviews current knowledge about AIDS-related stigma, defined as prejudice, discounting, discrediting, and discrimination directed at people perceived to have AIDS or HIV, and the individuals, groups, and communities with which they are associated. AIDS stigma has been manifested in discrimination, violence, and personal rejection of people with AIDS (PWAs). Whereas the characteristics of AIDS as an illness probably make some degree of stigma inevitable, AIDS has also been used as a symbol for expressing negative attitudes toward groups disproportionately affected by the epidemic, especially gay men and injecting drug users (IDUs). AIDS stigma affects the well-being of PWAs and influences their personal choices about disclosing their serostatus to others. It also affects PWAs' loved ones and their caregivers, both volunteers and professionals. Stigma has hindered society's response to the epidemic, and may continue to have an impact as policies providing special protection to people with HIV face renewed scrutiny.
Simulation Modeling in Political Science
Authors: JOHNSON PAUL E.
Published: March 2007

Simulation research has made some notable contributions in political science. This article describes a variety of simulation projects and points out the strengths and weaknesses of simulation in contrast with other methods of research. The strength of simulation research is that it is naturally suited to modeling projects that include a large number of autonomous, interacting agents. Statistical and formal methods of analysis have made contributions in these areas, but there is good reason to believe that simulation can go further. This point is explored in several contexts, including social choice theory, individual-level simulation models, international relations, the prisoner's dilemma game, and more general agent-based models of multiperson interaction.
Culture, Perceived Corruption, and Economics
Authors: Getz Kathleen A. , Volkema Roger J.
Published: March 2007

Corruption can impede commerce and economic development, yet it seems to be tolerated in many countries. The purpose of this study was to develop and test a model that integrates socioeconomic factors related to corruption. The analysis revealed that a negative relationship between economic adversity and wealth was mediated by corruption. Economic adversity was positively related to corruption, and corruption was inversely related to wealth. Uncertainty avoidance moderated the relationship between economic adversity and corruption, whereas power distance and uncertainty avoidance were positively associated with corruption. The implications of these results for enhancing the effectiveness of international agreements are discussed.
An Examination of the Influence of Diversity and Stakeholder Role on Corporate Social Orientation
Authors: Smith Wanda J. , Wokutch Richard E. , Harrington K. Vernard , Dennis Bryan S.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the extent to which diversity characteristics and stakeholder role influence individuals’ corporate social orientation (CSO). Our findings indicate that one’s relationship to the organization as well as diversity, gender, and race influence one’s CSO. Specifically, we found that employees’ greatest concern was economic whereas customers had a stronger ethical orientation. The results also suggest that women as well as Black employees and customers place more emphasis on whether an organization is fulfilling its discretionary responsibilities than do males and Whites. A model using the concept of value congruence is presented to guide future research.
Conflicting Shareholder Interests
Authors: Sundaramurthy Chamu , Rechner Paula L.
Published: March 2007

This study of 258 corporations provides an assessment of the impact of institu-tional investor stockholding on fair price adoption decisions. In addition, the influence of board composition, board leadership, and the interaction between these two governance attributes on such decisions is examined. The results of analyses suggest that only institutional stockholding plays a significant role.
Moving to CSR
Authors: Frederick William C.
Published: March 2007

The study of Social Issues in Management (SIM) has exhausted its primary analytic framework based on corporate social performance (social science), business ethics (philosophy), and stakeholder theory (organizational science), and needs to move to a new paradigmatic level based on the natural sciences. Doing so would expand research horizons to include cosmological perspectives (astrophysics), evolutionary theory (biology, genetics, ecology), and non-sectarian spirituality concepts (theological naturalism, cognitive neuroscience). Absent this shift, SIM studies risk increasing irrelevance for scholars and business practitioners.
Ranking Rank Behaviors
Authors: Scott Elizabeth D. , Jehn Karen A.
Published: March 2007

Using ethical theory often applied by business ethicists, this article develops a threshold definition of honesty that incorporates specific situational factors (act, actor, person affected, intention, and result) in the definition: Dishonesty occurs when a responsible actor voluntarily and intentionally violates some convention of the transfer of information or of property, and, in so doing, potentially harms a valued being. The article then further refines this definition to differentiate among various categories of dishonesty, such as theft and deceit. Ways to use the definition in research and teaching are discussed.
The Subnational Politics of Economic Adjustment
Authors: REMMER KAREN L. , WIBBELS ERIK
Published: March 2007

Existing research has failed to address the impact of subnational politics on economic adjustment. This article attempts to fill this gap by outlining theoretical reasons for anticipating policy divergences across levels of government and by offering three hypotheses to account for variation at the subnational level. The authors explore these ideas on the basis of the Argentine experience. The study traces the impact of subnational policy on Argentine economic adjustment and tests hypotheses about subnational policy variation on the basis of provincial fiscal data. The authors' findings underline the importance of subnational policy choice for national performance and suggest a revised understanding of the role of political competition in the economic adjustment process. The authors find considerable evidence that interactions between party competition and the structure of the public sector shape provincial fiscal performance and thereby condition the capacity for economic adjustment at the national level.
Citizen Attitudes and Political Behavior
Authors: Dalton Russell J.
Published: March 2007

The field of comparative political behavior has experienced an ironic course of development. Over the past generation, the field has generated a dramatic increase in the knowledge about how people think about politics, become politically engaged, and make their political decisions. Empirical data on citizen attitudes are now available on a near global scale. However, this increase in knowledge has occurred as the processes and structures of contemporary politics are transforming citizen politics. Thus, although more is known about contemporary electorates, the behavior of the public has become more complex and individualistic, which limits the ability to explain the behavior with the most common models. This article documents the expansion of this knowledge in several areas—political culture, political cognition, voting behavior, and political participation—and discusses the current research challenges facing the field.
Patterns of Diffusion in Japan and America
Authors: REED STEVEN R.
Published: March 2007

Japan is a small, homogeneous, unitary state. The United States is a large, diverse, federal state. One would expect that diffusion among Japanese prefectures would be (1) faster, 2) more complete, and (3) more influenced by the central government than is diffusion among the American states. These three hypotheses are tested with mixed results. In some respects diffusion may follow a dynamic of its own, producing similar results in vastly different contexts.
Are Western Party Systems “Frozen”?
Authors: SHAMIR MICHAL
Published: March 2007

Party systems have been perceived for a long time as highly persistent, stable, “frozen” subsystems of the polity. This dominant view has been put forward most eloquently by Lipset and Rokkan (1976) and has been adopted and adapted by others since. This article challenges this view by studying 19 Western party systems over their entire history. I show that in terms of party systems fragmentation, ideological polarization, and instability of the vote, most systems cannot be regarded as stable. Party systems have not been “defreezing” in the last few years; they have never really been frozen.
On the Political Economy of Welfare Expansion
Authors: HICKS ALEXANDER , SWANK DUANE
Published: March 2007

This article elaborates the thesis that economic growth and various types of collective action by class-linked actors determine the expansion and decline of welfare spending in rich capitalist democracies. Our multivariate model of this thesis, specified to 1960-1971 growth rates in direct cash transfer payments as proportions of gross domestic product, is supported strongly by regression analyses. These indicate that economic growth notably facilitates transfer payment growth. They also suggest that rightist party participation in government notably dampens welfare expansion, while leftist, centrist and Christian democratic party participation in government are conducive to welfare expansion; and they suggest that the political influences of both unions and large industrial corporations are conducive to growth in transfers payments as well. In addition, state authorities appear to augment welfare spending in response to working class protests, strike activity, and capital investment/disinvestment — activities outside the boundaries of political arenas typically conceived. In short, institutional and extrainstitutional class-linked politics along with economic growth seem largely to determine welfare payment changes. In contrast with other comparative research on the welfare state, the fit of model to data is strong and findings are robust in the face of statistical controls, small changes in measurement, and small changes in sample.