bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protection of Aluminum Foils against Environmental Corrosion with Graphene-Based Coatings
Authors: Paterakis George , Anagnostopoulos George , Sygellou Labrini , Galiotis Costas
Published: September 2021

Commercial aluminum foils were coated by graphene oxide, and its functionalized derivatives and the corrosion performance of the coated specimens were examined in acidic conditions (lithium perchlorate and sulfuric acid). Electrochemical experiments have shown that all graphene oxide-coated specimens provided up to 96% corrosion inhibition efficiency with a corresponding lower corrosion rate compared to the bare aluminum foil. Our results clearly show that graphene-related materials offer viable alternatives for the protection of aluminum, and this opens up a number of possibilities for its use in a number of commercial applications.
Walk with the Wind
Authors: Joyce Justin A.
Published: September 2021

Recalling the insurrectionary violence that descended upon the US Capitol on 6 January 2021, reflecting on the baser instincts left unchecked in America by an absence of common communication and a paradigmatic shift in our media apparatuses, Justin A. Joyce introduces the seventh volume of James Baldwin Review.
THz electromagnetic wave regulated dissolution of methane hydrate
Authors: Zhu Zhi , Yan Shao-Jian , Duan Tong-Chuan , Zhao Yan , Sun Ting-Yu , Li Yang-Mei ,   Key Laboratory of Optical Technology and Instrument for Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Optical-Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China,   Innovation Laboratory of Terahertz Biophysics, National Innovation Institute of Defense Technology, Beijing 100071, China
Published: September 2021

Methane hydrate (so-called flammable ice) has many advantages such as wide distribution, large resource reserves, high energy density, being clean and pollution-free, etc. Thus, it has attracted much attention since it was discovered. Unfortunately, its exploration encounters many difficulties, which involve mainly with the dissolution process of caged methane hydrate. Therefore, in this work the specific effect of THz electromagnetic wave on decomposition of the hydrate is explored through molecular dynamics simulations. Analyzing the vibrational spectrum of the hydrogen-bond network in methane hydrate, no specific absorption peak is found in the bulk water. Applying a THz wave at this specific frequency to the methane hydrate, the original hydrogen-bond network is broken, the coordinate number of water molecules for the methane decreases, and ultimately the methane frees from the water cage. The F4 ordered parameters further validate the phase change from the crystal water to liquid water under the same THz field irritation. It is also proved that this peak absorption frequency has a remarkable superiority over other frequencies in decomposing the methane hydrate, hence it has specificity. Our findings support the feasibility of non-thermally dissolving methane hydrate, which promises to promote the exploitation efficiency and development of new energy sources in the future.
Extracting Accountability
Authors: Smith Jessica M.
Published: September 2021

How engineers in the mining and oil and gas industries attempt to reconcile competing domains of public accountability.

The growing movement toward corporate social responsibility (CSR) urges corporations to promote the well-being of people and the planet rather than the sole pursuit of profit. In Extracting Accountability, Jessica Smith investigates how the public accountability of corporations emerges from the everyday practices of the engineers who work for them. Focusing on engineers who view social responsibility as central to their profession, she finds the corporate context of their work prompts them to attempt to reconcile competing domains of accountability—to formal guidelines, standards, and policies; to professional ideals; to the public; and to themselves. Their efforts are complicated by the distributed agency they experience as corporate actors: they are not always authors of their actions and frequently act through others.

Drawing on extensive interviews, archival research, and fieldwork, Smith traces the ways that engineers in the mining and oil and gas industries accounted for their actions to multiple publics—from critics of their industry to their own friends and families. She shows how the social license to operate and an underlying pragmatism lead engineers to ask how resource production can be done responsibly rather than whether it should be done at all. She analyzes the liminality of engineering consultants, who experienced greater professional autonomy but often felt hamstrung when positioned as outsiders. Finally, she explores how critical participation in engineering education can nurture new accountabilities and chart more sustainable resource futures.
Deep evolutionary origin of gamete-directed zygote activation by KNOX/BELL transcription factors in green plants
Authors: Hisanaga Tetsuya , Fujimoto Shota , Cui Yihui , Sato Katsutoshi , Sano Ryosuke , Yamaoka Shohei , Kohchi Takayuki , Berger Frédéric , Nakajima Keiji
Published: September 2021

KNOX and BELL transcription factors regulate distinct steps of diploid development in plants. In the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, KNOX and BELL proteins are inherited by gametes of the opposite mating types and heterodimerize in zygotes to activate diploid development. By contrast, in land plants such as Physcomitrium patens and Arabidopsis thaliana, KNOX and BELL proteins function in sporophyte and spore formation, meristem maintenance and organogenesis during the later stages of diploid development. However, whether the contrasting functions of KNOX and BELL were acquired independently in algae and land plants is currently unknown. Here, we show that in the basal land plant species Marchantia polymorpha, gamete-expressed KNOX and BELL are required to initiate zygotic development by promoting nuclear fusion in a manner strikingly similar to that in C. reinhardtii. Our results indicate that zygote activation is the ancestral role of KNOX/BELL transcription factors, which shifted toward meristem maintenance as land plants evolved.
Tiled-ClickSeq for targeted sequencing of complete coronavirus genomes with simultaneous capture of RNA recombination and minority variants
Authors: Jaworski Elizabeth , Langsjoen Rose M , Mitchell Brooke , Judy Barbara , Newman Patrick , Plante Jessica A , Plante Kenneth S , Miller Aaron L , Zhou Yiyang , Swetnam Daniele , Sotcheff Stephanea , Morris Victoria , Saada Nehad , Machado Rafael RG , McConnell Allan , Widen Steven G , Thompson Jill , Dong Jianli , Ren Ping , Pyles Rick B , Ksiazek Thomas G , Menachery Vineet D , Weaver Scott C , Routh Andrew L
Published: September 2021

High-throughput genomics of SARS-CoV-2 is essential to characterize virus evolution and to identify adaptations that affect pathogenicity or transmission. While single-nucleotide variations (SNVs) are commonly considered as driving virus adaption, RNA recombination events that delete or insert nucleic acid sequences are also critical. Whole genome targeting sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 is typically achieved using pairs of primers to generate cDNA amplicons suitable for next-generation sequencing (NGS). However, paired-primer approaches impose constraints on where primers can be designed, how many amplicons are synthesized and requires multiple PCR reactions with non-overlapping primer pools. This imparts sensitivity to underlying SNVs and fails to resolve RNA recombination junctions that are not flanked by primer pairs. To address these limitations, we have designed an approach called ‘Tiled-ClickSeq’, which uses hundreds of tiled-primers spaced evenly along the virus genome in a single reverse-transcription reaction. The other end of the cDNA amplicon is generated by azido-nucleotides that stochastically terminate cDNA synthesis, removing the need for a paired-primer. A sequencing adaptor containing a Unique Molecular Identifier (UMI) is appended to the cDNA fragment using click-chemistry and a PCR reaction generates a final NGS library. Tiled-ClickSeq provides complete genome coverage, including the 5’UTR, at high depth and specificity to the virus on both Illumina and Nanopore NGS platforms. Here, we analyze multiple SARS-CoV-2 isolates and clinical samples to simultaneously characterize minority variants, sub-genomic mRNAs (sgmRNAs), structural variants (SVs) and D-RNAs. Tiled-ClickSeq therefore provides a convenient and robust platform for SARS-CoV-2 genomics that captures the full range of RNA species in a single, simple assay.
PGFinder, a novel analysis pipeline for the consistent, reproducible, and high-resolution structural analysis of bacterial peptidoglycans
Authors: Patel Ankur V , Turner Robert D , Rifflet Aline , Acosta-Martin Adelina E , Nichols Andrew , Awad Milena M , Lyras Dena , Gomperts Boneca Ivo , Bern Marshall , Collins Mark O , Mesnage Stéphane
Published: September 2021

Many software solutions are available for proteomics and glycomics studies, but none are ideal for the structural analysis of peptidoglycan (PG), the essential and major component of bacterial cell envelopes. It icomprises glycan chains and peptide stems, both containing unusual amino acids and sugars. This has forced the field to rely on manual analysis approaches, which are time-consuming, labour-intensive, and prone to error. The lack of automated tools has hampered the ability to perform high-throughput analyses and prevented the adoption of a standard methodology. Here, we describe a novel tool called PGFinder for the analysis of PG structure and demonstrate that it represents a powerful tool to quantify PG fragments and discover novel structural features. Our analysis workflow, which relies on open-access tools, is a breakthrough towards a consistent and reproducible analysis of bacterial PGs. It represents a significant advance towards peptidoglycomics as a full-fledged discipline.
Individual history of winning and hierarchy landscape influence stress susceptibility in mice
Authors: LeClair Katherine B , Chan Kenny L , Kaster Manuella P , Parise Lyonna F , Burnett Charles Joseph , Russo Scott J
Published: September 2021

Social hierarchy formation is strongly evolutionarily conserved. Across species, rank within social hierarchy has large effects on health and behavior. To investigate the relationship between social rank and stress susceptibility, we exposed ranked male and female mice to social and non-social stressors and manipulated social hierarchy position. We found that rank predicts same sex social stress outcomes: dominance in males and females confers resilience while subordination confers susceptibility. Pre-existing rank does not predict non-social stress outcomes in females and weakly does so in males, but rank emerging under stress conditions reveals social interaction deficits in male and female subordinates. Both history of winning and rank of cage mates affect stress susceptibility in males: rising to the top rank through high mobility confers resilience and mice that lose dominance lose stress resilience, although gaining dominance over a subordinate animal does not confer resilience. Overall, we have demonstrated a relationship between social status and stress susceptibility, particularly when taking into account individual history of winning and the overall hierarchy landscape in male and female mice.
Deepening into the suitability of using pre-trained models of ImageNet against a lightweight convolutional neural network in medical imaging: an experimental study
Authors: Alzubaidi Laith , Duan Ye , Al-Dujaili Ayad , Ibraheem Ibraheem Kasim , Alkenani Ahmed H. , Santamaría Jose , Fadhel Mohammed A. , Al-Shamma Omran , Zhang Jinglan
Published: September 2021

Transfer learning (TL) has been widely utilized to address the lack of training data for deep learning models. Specifically, one of the most popular uses of TL has been for the pre-trained models of the ImageNet dataset. Nevertheless, although these pre-trained models have shown an effective performance in several domains of application, those models may not offer significant benefits in all instances when dealing with medical imaging scenarios. Such models were designed to classify a thousand classes of natural images. There are fundamental differences between these models and those dealing with medical imaging tasks regarding learned features. Most medical imaging applications range from two to ten different classes, where we suspect that it would not be necessary to employ deeper learning models. This paper investigates such a hypothesis and develops an experimental study to examine the corresponding conclusions about this issue. The lightweight convolutional neural network (CNN) model and the pre-trained models have been evaluated using three different medical imaging datasets. We have trained the lightweight CNN model and the pre-trained models with two scenarios which are with a small number of images once and a large number of images once again. Surprisingly, it has been found that the lightweight model trained from scratch achieved a more competitive performance when compared to the pre-trained model. More importantly, the lightweight CNN model can be successfully trained and tested using basic computational tools and provide high-quality results, specifically when using medical imaging datasets.
GenACO a multi-objective cached data offloading optimization based on genetic algorithm and ant colony optimization
Authors: Indana Zulfa Mulki , Hartanto Rudy , Erna Permanasari Adhistya , Ali Waleed
Published: September 2021

Background

Data exchange and management have been observed to be improving with the rapid growth of 5G technology, edge computing, and the Internet of Things (IoT). Moreover, edge computing is expected to quickly serve extensive and massive data requests despite its limited storage capacity. Such a situation needs data caching and offloading capabilities for proper distribution to users. These capabilities also need to be optimized due to the experience constraints, such as data priority determination, limited storage, and execution time.

Methods

We proposed a novel framework called Genetic and Ant Colony Optimization (GenACO) to improve the performance of the cached data optimization implemented in previous research by providing a more optimum objective function value. GenACO improves the solution selection probability mechanism to ensure a more reliable balancing of the exploration and exploitation process involved in finding solutions. Moreover, the GenACO has two modes: cyclic and non-cyclic, confirmed to have the ability to increase the optimal cached data solution, improve average solution quality, and reduce the total time consumption from the previous research results.

Result

The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed GenACO outperformed the previous work by minimizing the objective function of cached data optimization from 0.4374 to 0.4350 and reducing the time consumption by up to 47%.
Phylogenetic relationships of the genus Mischonyx Bertkau, 1880, with taxonomic changes and three new species description (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae)
Authors: Gueratto Caio , Benedetti Alípio , Pinto-da-Rocha Ricardo
Published: September 2021

The type species of Mischonyx Bertkau 1880, Mischonyx squalidus, was described based on a juvenile. The holotype is lost. Based on a revision of publications, the genus includes 12 species, all in Brazil. The objectives of this research are: to propose a phylogenetic hypothesis for Mischonyx based on Total Evidence (TE); propose taxonomic changes based on the phylogeny; and analyze the phylogenetic hypothesis biogeographically. Using the exemplar approach to taxon selection, we studied 54 specimens, 15 outgroups and 39 ingroup taxa using seven molecular markers (28S, 12S and 16S ribosomal genes, citochrome oxidase subunit I gene, carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase gene, internal transcribed spacer subunit 2 and histone H3 gene), totaling 3,742 bp, and 128 morphological characters. We analyzed the dataset under three optimality criteria: Maximum likelihood (ML), Maximum parsimony (MP) and Bayesian. We discuss the transformation of character states throughout the phylogeny, the different phylogenetic hypotheses using different datasets and the congruence of evidence between the clades obtained by the phylogenetic analysis and the biogeographical hypothesis for the Atlantic Forest areas of endemism. We estimate that Mischonyx clade diverged 50.53 Mya, and inside the genus there are two major clades. One of them cointains species from Paraná, Santa Catarina, South of São Paulo and Serra do Mar Areas of Endemism and the other has species from Espinhaço, Bocaina, South coast of Rio de Janeiro and Serra dos Órgãos Areas of Endemism. The first split inside these two clades occurred at 48.94 and 44.80 Mya, respectively. We describe three new species from Brazil: Mischonyx minimus sp. nov. (type locality: Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro), Mischonyx intervalensis sp. nov. (type locality: Ribeirão Grande, São Paulo) and Mischonyx tinguaensis sp. nov (type locality: Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro). The genus Urodiabunus Mello-Leitão, 1935 is considered a junior synonym of Mischonyx. Weyhia spinifrons Mello-Leitão, 1923; Weyhia clavifemur Mello-Leitão, 1927 and Geraeocormobius reitzi Vasconcelos, 2005 were transferred to Mischonyx. Mischonyx cuspidatus (Roewer, 1913) is a junior synonym of M. squalidus Bertkau, 1880. In the results of the phylogenetic analyses, Gonyleptes antiquus Mello-Leitão, 1934 (former Mischonyx antiquus) does not belong in Mischonyx and its original combination is re-established. As it is now defined, Mischonyx comprises 17 species, with seven new combinations.
The clinical diagnosis of Achilles tendinopathy: a scoping review
Authors: Matthews Wesley , Ellis Richard , Furness James , Hing Wayne A.
Published: September 2021

Background

Achilles tendinopathy describes the clinical presentation of pain localised to the Achilles tendon and associated loss of function with tendon loading activities. However, clinicians display differing approaches to the diagnosis of Achilles tendinopathy due to inconsistency in the clinical terminology, an evolving understanding of the pathophysiology, and the lack of consensus on clinical tests which could be considered the gold standard for diagnosing Achilles tendinopathy. The primary aim of this scoping review is to provide a method for clinically diagnosing Achilles tendinopathy that aligns with the nine core health domains.

Methodology

A scoping review was conducted to synthesise available evidence on the clinical diagnosis and clinical outcome measures of Achilles tendinopathy. Extracted data included author, year of publication, participant characteristics, methods for diagnosing Achilles tendinopathy and outcome measures.

Results

A total of 159 articles were included in this scoping review. The most commonly used subjective measure was self-reported location of pain, while additional measures included pain with tendon loading activity, duration of symptoms and tendon stiffness. The most commonly identified objective clinical test for Achilles tendinopathy was tendon palpation (including pain on palpation, localised tendon thickening or localised swelling). Further objective tests used to assess Achilles tendinopathy included tendon pain during loading activities (single-leg heel raises and hopping) and the Royal London Hospital Test and the Painful Arc Sign. The VISA-A questionnaire as the most commonly used outcome measure to monitor Achilles tendinopathy. However, psychological factors (PES, TKS and PCS) and overall quality of life (SF-12, SF-36 and EQ-5D-5L) were less frequently measured.

Conclusions

There is significant variation in the methodology and outcome measures used to diagnose Achilles tendinopathy. A method for diagnosing Achilles tendinopathy is proposed, that includes both results from the scoping review and recent recommendations for reporting results in tendinopathy.
Application of intra-arterial chemotherapy in high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: You Chengyu , Li Xianhui , Du Yuelin , Wang Hui , Zhang Xiaojun , Wei Tangqiang , Wang Anguo
Published: September 2021

Background

To summarize the current evidence on the effects of intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) on high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and compare oncology results with intravesical chemotherapy (IVC).

Methods

We performed a systematic review and cumulative meta-analysis of the primary outcomes of interest by a systematical search of multiple scientific databases in February 2021. The mean difference (MD) and odds ratio (OR) were calculated for continuous and dichotomous variables respectively, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The hazard radio (HR) with 95% CIs was used for overall survival (OS), recurrence-free survival (RFS) and progression-free survival (PFS).

Results

A total of six studies with 866 patients were included. For IAC combined with IVC versus IVC alone, statistically significant differences were found regarding tumor recurrence rate (OR: 0.51, 95% CI [0.36∼0.72], p = 0.0001), tumor progression rate (OR: 0.47, 95% CI [0.30∼0.72], p = 0.0006), tumor-specific death rate (OR: 0.49, 95% CI [0.25∼0.99], p = 0.05), PFS (HR: 0.47, 95% CI [0.23∼0.96], p = 0.04) and RFS (HR: 0.60, 95% CI [0.41∼0.87], p = 0.007). No significant difference between two groups was found for time to first recurrence (MD: 3.27, 95% CI [−2.37∼8.92], p = 0.26) and OS (HR: 1.20, 95% CI [0.44∼3.32], p = 0.72). For IAC alone versus IVC, There was no statistical difference in the terms of tumor-specific death rate (OR: 0.67, 95% CI [0.29∼1.53], p = 0.34), RFS (HR: 0.90, 95% CI [0.56∼1.46], p = 0.68) and PFS (HR: 0.71, 95% CI [0.32∼1.55], p = 0.39). Adverse events mainly included nausea/vomiting (36.3%), hypoleukemia (19.4%), neutropenia (16.0%), increased creatinine (9.9%), increased alanine aminotransferase (18.7%), and thrombocytopenia (9.9%).

Conclusion

The IAC combined with IVC is a safe and effective treatment for high risk NMIBC, with lower rates of recurrence, progression, tumor-specific death, PFS and RFS, and with minor and tolerable events. The effectiveness of the IAC alone is parallel to the IVC alone.
Cost Excursion Study of Various Insulin Preparations Available in India
Authors: Phulpagare Mayur B , Tiwari Smita A , Hiray Rajesh S
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Poor drug compliance affects clinical outcome and increases healthcare costs in various disease setting. Several type II diabetes mellitus patients, not controlled on oral hypoglycaemics eventually require insulin therapy. Antidiabetic treatment is to be taken lifelong and in such a setting insulin price variation imposes a huge economic burden on poor diabetic patients. Moderating drug cost is associated with improved adherence to the medication regimen. Aim: To study the variation in cost amongst various brands of insulin analogues. Materials and Methods: This was an observational, cross-sectional study. Data regarding the 116 formulations and cost of 18 types of insulin preparations was collected from sources like Current Index of Medical Specialties (CIMS), National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA), Government of India official website (https://nppaimis.nic.in/nppaprice/pharmasahidaamweb.aspx) and compared with its lowest counterpart. The cost ratio and percentage cost variation was analysed and expressed as percentages. Results: This study showed a noticeable variation in the prices of insulin analogues. The highest percentage of cost variation was found for Insulin (Highly Purified) Zinc-40 IU (135.17%), followed by Insulin (Analogue) Glargine-100 IU (109.31%). The lowest percentage were for: Insulin (Human-Isophane Recombinant)-40 IU (1.40%), and Insulin (Analogue) Aspart- 100 IU (6.26%). Conclusion: A noticeable variation in cost prices was observed especially in commonly used intermediate acting insulin that help basal glycaemic control. Similarly, the lowest variation was observed with recombinant counterparts as an effect of pre-existing high prices of each. Need for vital medication like insulin at affordable costs has incited national and global efforts to make it cheaper and accessible to maximum beneficiaries.
Expression of Biomarkers Estrogen Receptor, Progesterone Receptor, HER2 in Primary Breast Tumour and Synchronous Metastatic Axillary Lymph Node
Authors: Mondal Priyanka , Rana Satyadev , Saha Mautoshi , Kundu Sayan , Chakraborty Jayati
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Estrogen Receptor (ER), Progesterone Receptor (PR), Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2 (HER2) status are routinely used to guide treatment decision for breast cancer. Treatment protocol in breast cancer is currently based on biomarker characteristic of primary tumour. But this biomarker status may change as the tumour progresses from primary to synchronous metastatic lymph node. Hence, it is important to know the biomarker status of these synchronous metastatic lymph nodes as it may serve as an important tool to guide management, evaluate prognosis and to anticipate the possibility of recurrent risk of primary invasive breast cancer. Aim: To study the expression of ER, PR, HER2 status in primary breast carcinoma and synchronous metastatic lymph node and to evaluate concordance and discordance between them. Materials and Methods: This study was observational, retrospective and prospective study conducted over a period of one and half years from February 2015 to October 2016 at ESI-PGIMSR, Maniktala, Kolkata, India, where 50 cases of breast carcinoma with positive axillary lymph node metastasis were studied. Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) sections were reviewed and representative paraffin blocks were selected. Immunostains were performed and scoring was done following standard protocols. Standard statistical methods were applied for analysis of data using chi-square test and kappa statistics and data was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 6.1.3 software. Results: Out of 50 cases the mean age of the patients was 50.56±10.5 years. Amongst ER and PR status, 24 out of 50 (48%) and 18 out of 50 (36%) were ER and PR positive respectively. HER2 positive cases were 48% i.e., 24 out of 50 cases. The overall discordance rates of ER, PR and HER2 was found to be 10%, 8%, 18%, respectively. The discordance rates of ER positive and ER negative cases were 4.2% and 15.4%, respectively. The discordance rates of PR positive and PR negative cases were 5.6% and 9.4% respectively, whereas 29.2% of HER2 positive cases were discordant in lymph node metastases. Conclusion: There was discordance between ER, PR, HER2 status of primary tumour and metastatic lymph node. Hence, assessment of these biomarker status in axillary lymph node metastases may be considered along with primary tumour in breast carcinoma work-up.
Production and Trade Performance of Blackgram (Vigna mungo) and Greengram (Vigna radiata) in India and Myanmar
Authors: Khine Nyein Aye , Kundu K. K. , Malik D. P. , Devi Monika
Published: September 2021

Black gram and green gram are important legume crops in India and Myanmar. The largest producer of black gram and green gram is India but it does not meet domestic consumption. The study was conducted with time series data from the year 1970 to 2019 in order to work out the growth patterns in area, production, productivity, export and import of black gram and green gram. CAGR and instability was calculated in order to better understand fluctuations of black gram and green gram year by year. Area and production increased in both countries from the year 1970-71 to 2018-19. However, the yield of black gram and green gram was stagnant in India which was over 500 kg/ha in 2018-19 whereas the yield in Myanmar was more than 1000 kg/ha during the same period. The yield gap between India and Myanmar was about 800 kg/ha. With a growing population and often unfavorable seasonal conditions, the country's production regularly fell short of consumption needs requiring it to import large quantities of pulses. Cropping patterns like rice-pulses, intercropping with other crops and HYV can improve productivity and expand pulse areas in India. India is the largest importer of black gram and has greater bargaining power to dominate the black gram market in Myanmar. Trade agreement is needed to overcome the risks of price fluctuation between the two countries.
Research on Curriculum Construction Path Based on "DCOI" Concept -Taking Finance Major as an Example
Authors: Ye Sun
Published: September 2021

Curriculum construction is the key field of higher education in China at present and in the future, and also the important focus of connotative development of colleges and universities. Starting from the problems existing in the current curriculum construction and drawing lessons from the educational concept of higher engineering certification, this paper puts forward the DCOI curriculum construction concept, creates the "12345" curriculum construction mode with four dimensions of "system construction - resource construction - teaching implementation - evaluation and improvement", and realizes it through the practice in the major of finance. The construction goal of "curriculum system integration, curriculum resource informatization, efficient classroom teaching and scientific curriculum evaluation" has achieved remarkable construction results and formed a relatively complete curriculum construction paradigm.
Generating Electricity from Micro-hydro Power Stations to Feed the Isolated Areas of the National Network
Authors: Nasir Bilal Abdullah
Published: September 2021

The construction of small-hydro power stations does not require high technologies, but needs to provide a river or stream water is smooth. Through the establishment of small dams on the stream can control the amount of water necessary to rotate the water turbine, which in turn converts the potential energy of water into kinetic energy. Through the transfer of kinetic energy of rotation of the turbine to the generator can convert this energy into electrical energy. The idea of ​​our plan of research for electrical energy from the power of water using small- hydroelectric plants, which can be built on small rivers, streams, and through the construction of small dams to control the amount of water. Electrical energy derived from small- hydroelectric plants could help feed the electrical loads to areas isolated from the national grid and can be linked with the national grid to add additional electric power.
Impact of Low Intensity Exercise on Liver Enzymes (ALT & ALP)
Authors: Khan Alamgir , Butt Muhammad Zafar Iqbal , Khan Shahzaman , Nazir Sobia , Asghar Ejaz , Khan Samiullah , Selamoglu Zeliha , Jamil Muhammad , Manan Abdul
Published: September 2021

This particular research study was basically carried out for the purpose to examine the impact of low intensity exercise on two particular liver enzymes i.e. alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphate (ALP). 20 Non sportsmen were selected as subjects of the study (n=20, age 20 to 30 years (20.95±3.79), Body Mass Index (BMI) from 18 to 30 (25.90±5.54). Similarly the subjects were divided into two groups (Experimental Group and Control Group) through the application of International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and measurement of Maximum Heart Rate (MHR). 12 weeks self-made low intensity exercise protocol was applied to an experimental group.  5ml blood was collected from all subjects to measure the effect of low intensity exercise on ALT and ALP. The data of pre and post-test were processed through SPSS version 24. Based on analysis and findings, the researcher concluded that in experimental group (EXG) the level of ALT and ALP was found significantly higher (p<0.05) as compared to control group (CG). Based on conclusion, it is hereby recommended by the researcher that for the purpose to promote the functional capacity of liver, low as well as moderate intensity exercise should be performed on daily basis. In addition, in this study due to lack of financial resources, two basic liver enzymes i.e.ALT and ALP were measured, therefore the other enzymes like as AST and bilirubin also need to be examined in such other research studies.
Separation and Determination of Process Related Impurities in Palbociclib: A Rp-hplc Study
Authors: Srikanth D. , Ganapaty S. , Reddy P. Manik , Sowjanya G. , Sunitha K.
Published: September 2021

Aims: A new gradient RP-HPLC method was developed for the separation and determination of process related impurities in Palbociclib.

Methodology: The chromatographic separation was achieved on a Inert sustain swift (C18) column using a mobile phase comprising of perchloric acid and acetonitrile in a gradient mode at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. over a runtime of 50 minutes. All the eluants were monitored at 230 nm. The optimized method was validated as per ICH guidelines for various parameters.

Results: The linearity of the method was proposed in the range of LOQ to 250 % for the drug and its impurities by subjecting the data obtained to statistical analysis using correlation coefficient model (r > 0.99). The method also gave acceptable recovery of all the four impurities at each level and was found to be accurate. The % RSD obtained in the method precision and intermediate precision were less than 2% depicting the precision of the method. The LOD and LOQ values were calculated based on the signal to noise ratio and are indicating the sensitivity of the method. The specificity of the method was checked in the presence of process related impurities and also degradants generated by exposing to a variety of forced degradation conditions.

Conclusion: The proposed RP-HPLC method for the determination of process related impurities of Palbociclib could be routinely used in the quality control testing.
Optimisation of Lactic Acid Fermentation from Cassava Peel by Lactobacillus casei (ATCC334)
Authors: Zakariyah Rahmat Folashade , Ojo Micheal Oluwaseyi , Ajijolakewu Kamoldeen Abiodun , Saliu Kudirat Bolanle , Ahmed Risikat Nike , Agbabiaka Tariq Oluwakunmi , Sani Alhassan
Published: September 2021

The demand for lactic acid is steadily increasing due to the desire of its bioproduction over chemical synthesis. The associated cost, however, is a significant hurdle. This study reports lactic acid fermentation by Lactobacillus casei ATCC334 from cassava peel. It investigates the effect of unhydrolysed cassava peels, acidic, alkali hydrolysates; fermenting pH; substrate concentration; nitrogen source concentration; duration; and inoculum size. An attempt at a cheaper purification and recovery protocol relative to those currently in use was similarly performed. Acidic hydrolysate yielded 10.53%, unhydrolysed substrate gave 4.80% with alkali hydrolysate yielding 4.75%. The highest LA yield was obtained at pH 6.0, 2.0% v/v inoculum size, 25% w/v substrate concentration, 5% nitrogen source concentration. A post-optimisation combination yielded 18.3% LA suggesting that one-factor-at-a-time may be unsuitable for optimisation studies involving cassava peel and L. casei ATCC334. FTIR spectra of product suggests effective partial purification. Hence, an improvement in the optimization strategy for production is recommended for subsequent study.
Reaction Kinetics of Levulinic Acid Synthesis from Glucose Using Bronsted Acid Catalyst
Authors: Toif Meutia Ermina , Hidayat Muslikhin , Rochmadi Rochmadi , Budiman Arief
Published: September 2021

Glucose is one of the primary derivative products from lignocellulosic biomass, which is abundantly available. Glucose has excellent potential to be converted into valuable compounds such as ethanol, sorbitol, gluconic acid, and levulinic acid (LA). Levulinic acid is an exceptionally promising green platform chemical. It comprises two functional groups, ketone and carboxylate, acting as highly reactive electrophiles for a nucleophilic attack. Therefore, it has extensive applications, including fuel additives, raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry, and cosmetics. This study reports the reaction kinetics of LA synthesis from glucose catalyzed by hydrochloric acid (HCl), a Bronsted acid, that was carried out under a wide range of operating conditions; i.e. the temperature of 140–180 °C, catalyst concentration of 0.5–1.5 M, and initial glucose concentration of 0.1–0.5 M. The highest LA yield of 48.34 % was able to be obtained from an initial glucose concentration of 0.1 M and by using 1 M HCl at 180 °C. The experimental results show that the Bronsted acid-catalyzed reaction pathway consists of glucose decomposition to levoglucosan (LG), conversion of LG to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and rehydration of HMF to LA. The experimental data yields a good fitting by assuming a first-order reaction model. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Eliminar “sem deixar vestígios”: a distensão política e o desaparecimento forçado no Brasil
Authors: De Almeida Teles Janaína
Published: September 2021

Transcorridos mais de 30 anos desde a (re)democratização no Brasil, observam-se importantes lacunas nas articulações entre o passado e o presente, no que tange ao legado da ditadura militar. Com o objetivo de contribuir para o entendimento desse processo histórico, este texto procura caracterizar o desaparecimento forçado enquanto estratégia repressiva da ditadura e sua centralidade no processo de distensão política. Propomo-nos a traçar um panorama de seus antecedentes históricos e a prevalência de paralelos existentes nas estratégias repressivas dos governos dos generais Médici e Geisel. Este estudo beneficiou-se de documentos inéditos ou pouco explorados, e uma ampla revisão da bibliografia existente sobre o assunto, a fim de apresentar um balanço crítico sobre o aparato repressivo e o período imediatamente anterior à distensão política no país.
Completed life pill: incompatibilidade teórica em relação à boa morte e possíveis problemas práticos
Authors: Dadalto Luciana , Fagundes Lima Monteze Caneschi Camila , Anselmo Frota Gabriel
Published: September 2021

O objetivo do presente texto é contrapor os conceitos de completed life e boa morte, demonstrando que aquele não é um meio de alcançar este, usando, para isso, a situação atual do debate sobre morte assistida na Holanda. O artigo busca elucidar conceitos relativos à boa morte, à morte assistida e a completed life, de forma a facilitar o entendimento do leitor sobre o tema. Por meio disso, são apresentados estudos e perspectivas sobre o que está por trás do conceito de completed life, afastando-o, assim, do conceito de boa morte. A análise, tanto conceitual, quanto da realidade (abordada por meio de estudos) permite concluir que a atual visão de completude da vida perverte o conceito de boa morte e, caso levada adiante, pode causar severos problemas sociais.
La representación de las pasiones humanas como epidemia en la historieta El cuento de Hortensia y la Muerte.
Authors: Castelli Olvera Sarahi Isuki
Published: September 2021

En este trabajo, proponemos analizar la historieta mexicana, El cuento de Hortensia y la muerte, de Verónica Jiménez (2019). Proponemos que se trata de una historieta creada a partir de la estética neobarroca, que utiliza el relato enmarcado y la metalepsis para representar dos escenarios: uno mágico-metafórico y otro postapocalíptico de ciencia ficción. Uno es la metáfora del otro, pero en ambos, se representa a una tierra destruida por las pasiones humanas (7 pecados capitales católicos), las cuales se asimilan a un virus. Este trabajo se sustenta en el paradigma inductivo de inferencias indiciales del Carlo Ginzburg, a partir del cual se inicia una descripción de la fuente, para después analizar la fuente primaria a partir de sus referentes socio culturales y teóricos. Concluimos que esta propuesta está elaborada a partir de una estética neobarroca, en la que los diferentes componentes, se insertan atendiendo a distintos modos de repetición, resultado del consumo productivo de la autora.
Kribbellaceae
Authors: Meyers Paul R.
Published: September 2021

Kri.bel.la.ce'ae. N.L. fem. dim. n.
Kribbella
, type genus of the family; L. fem. pl. suff.
‐aceae
, ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Kribbellaceae
, the
Kribbella
family.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Propionibacteriales / Kribbellaceae

Aerobic
, but some species also show weak growth under anaerobic conditions.
Gram‐stain‐positive
but may be variable. Non‐acid‐fast.
Produce extensively branched substrate hyphae
.
Aerial hyphae are produced
on certain agar media. Short chains of conidia may occur on aerial hyphae. Both the substrate and aerial
hyphae usually undergo fragmentation to produce irregular rod‐shaped to coccoid, nonmotile, elements
. Endospores are not formed.
Chemoorganotrophic.
Catalase‐positive. Oxidase‐variable.
Mesophilic
, nonhalophilic, and prefer a neutral to mildly alkaline pH.

The cell‐wall peptidoglycan contains
ll
‐diaminopimelic acid

, alanine, glutamic acid, and glycine (peptidoglycan type A3γ). The muramic acid residue of the peptidoglycan is

N

‐
acetylated
. The tetrahydrogenated menaquinone with nine isoprene units [
MK‐9(H

4

)] is the major respiratory quinone. The main cellular fatty acids are saturated iso‐ and anteiso‐branched acids (C

15:0

anteiso, C

16:0

iso
,
and C

15:0

iso)
, with
C

15:0

anteiso usually present in the greatest proportion. Mycolic acids are absent.
The diagnostic component of the polar lipid pattern is phosphatidylcholine
; additional principal polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylinositol.

Source
: A wide range of natural terrestrial habitats worldwide, mostly in soils of different origin.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 67.0–70.6 (based on 18
Kribbella
type‐strain genome sequences).

Type genus
:
Kribbella
Park et al. 1999
VP
.
Rubripirellula
Authors: Lage Olga Maria , Calisto Rita
Published: September 2021

Ru.bri.pi.rel'lu.la. L. masc. adj.
ruber
, red; N.L. fem. dim. n.
Pirellula
, name of a bacterial genus; N.L. fem. dim. n.
Rubripirellula
, red‐colored
Pirellula
.

Planctomycetes / Planctomycetia / Pirellulales / Pirellulaceae / Rubripirellula

Planctomycetes
of the genus
Rubripirellula
form pink‐ to red‐pigmented colonies. The cells are variable in shape, from spherical to ovoid and pear shaped, and usually are organized in rosettes or aggregates. Members of this genus possess a dimorphic cell cycle with budding reproduction. Crateriform pits with a polar location and fimbriae in the reproductive cell pole are present. Cells can be surrounded by a thick cell wall and a glycocalyx and gathered by a holdfast. These bacteria are chemoheterotrophic, neutrophilic to alkaliphilic, and mesophilic. The genome sizes vary from 6.96 to 7.98 Mb, and the DNA G + C content is in the range of 53.7–56.2%. The genus is a member of the class
Planctomycetia
, order
Pirellulales
, and family
Pirellulaceae
. The known habitats are marine and brackish environments.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 53.7–56.2 (genome sequence).

Type species
:
Rubripirellula obstinata
Bondoso et al. 2015, VL171.
An Easy‐to‐Install Textile Bending Sensor with High Sensitivity, Linearity, and Multidirection Direction Capability
Authors: Cao Yuying , Shao Hao , Wang Hongxia , Yang Xiao , Gao Qiang , Chen Qian , Fang Jian , Cheng Tinghai , Lin Tong
Published: September 2021

This study develops a full‐textile triboelectric bending sensor using an elastic conductive filament and a textile fabric as a tribopair, separated by two short spacer filaments between them. Bending triggers a triboelectric conversion. Such a sensor device can report bending angles in real time, with high sensitivity (0.0611 V deg−1) and linearity (goodness of fit above 0.986). By integrating multiple devices at the exact location, the sensor assembly can detect bending in different directions. This sensor device can be directly prepared on clothes, just using the clothes as one of the tribocomponents, and the preparation is simple, simply sewing the conductive filament to the targeted location on the clothes. The presence of sensors has little effect on the air permeability and fabric softness. In addition, the device is washable and can be used for multiple cycles without losing sensing ability. As a demonstration, the sensor is directly made on gloves and elbow pads to detect the finger bending and elbow joint movements successfully. Moreover, a two‐channel bending sensor is attached to the human wrist to report wrist bending direction. Such a simple sensor design has great potential to develop low‐cost, flexible, wearable bending devices for various applications.
“Diminishing returns” for leaves of five age‐groups of Phyllostachys edulis culms
Authors: Guo Xuchen , Shi Peijian , Niinemets Ülo , Hölscher Dirk , Wang Rong , Liu Mengdi , Li Yirong , Dong Lina , Niklas Karl J.
Published: September 2021

Premise

Leaf mass (M) and lamina surface area (A) are important functional traits reported to obey a scaling relationship called “diminishing returns” (i.e., M ∝ Aα>1). Previous studies have focused primarily on eudicots and ignored whether the age of leaves affects the numerical value of the scaling exponent (i.e., α).

Methods

The effect of age was examined using 1623 Phyllostachys edulis leaves from culms differing in age collected in Nanjing, China. The scaling relationships among leaf A, fresh mass (FM), and dry mass (DM) were evaluated using reduced major axis protocols. The bootstrap percentile method was used to test the significance of differences in α‐values.

Results

Overall, the numerical values of α exceeded 1.0. The scaling relationship between FM and A was statistically more robust than that between DM and A. The scaling exponents of FM vs. A exhibited a “high‐low‐high‐low‐high” numerical trend from the oldest to the youngest age‐group. FM increased linearly as culm age decreased; the leaf DM per unit area (LMA) exhibited a parabolic trend across the age‐groups.

Conclusions

“Diminishing returns” is confirmed for all but one age‐group of an important monocot species. The relationship between FM and A was statistically more robust than that between DM and A for each age‐group. The FM per unit A decreased with increasing age‐groups, whereas the middle age‐groups had a greater LMA than the oldest and youngest age‐groups. These data are the first to show that the age of shoots affects the scaling relationship between leaf mass and area.