bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental design of a simple medium for the bioluminescence of Aliivibrio fischeri and mathematical modelling for growth estimation
Authors: Castillo‐Gómez Odette , Ramírez‐Rivera Víctor M. , Canto‐Canché Blondy B. , Valdez‐Ojeda Ruby A.
Published: July 2019

Increasing numbers of studies are using Aliivibrio fischeri (A. fischeri), a marine bioluminescent bacterium as a model, however the culture medium used for its growth are complex and expensive. The objectives of this study were: (1) to evaluate the effect of yeast extract, tryptone, and NaCl to select a simple and inexpensive culture medium suitable for A. fischeri growth and bioluminescence induction; and (2) to compare the performance of mathematical models to predict the growth of A. fischeri. A fractional factorial design was performed to evaluate the effect of yeast extract, tryptone, and sodium chloride on the luminescence of A. fischeri. The result showed that sodium chloride is the most important factor, congruent with its inducer role in bioluminescence. The best medium for bioluminescence induction was selected through an optimization plot, this medium is inexpensive, and generates the same luminescence as commercial formulations. The estimation of A. fischeri growth at OD600 measurement was statistically analyzed. All evaluated models fitted the data adequately (r2 > 0.96). The nonlinear models Gompertz, Richards and logistic provided a lower variation and a better fit of the growth estimation (r2>0.99), showing that these mathematical models can be used for the accurate growth prediction of A. fischeri.
Stanniocalcin‐1 mediates negative regulatory action of epidermal layer on expression of matrix‐related genes in dermal fibroblasts
Authors: Ezure Tomonobu , Amano Satoshi
Published: July 2019

Dermal–epidermal interaction plays a role in many pathophysiological processes, such as tumor invasion and psoriasis, as well as wound healing, and is mediated at least in part by secretory factors. In this study, we investigated the factor(s) involved. We found that stanniocalcin‐1 (STC1), a cytokine, is expressed at the basal layer of epidermis. Knockdown of STC1 with siRNA in HaCaT cells decreased matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1) expression, suggesting that STC1 serves as an autocrine factor, maintaining MMP1 mRNA expression in the epidermal layer. In dermal fibroblasts, STC1 increased MMP1 mRNA expression and decreased collagen1A1 and elastin mRNA expression. These actions were inhibited by SP600125, a jun kinase (JNK) inhibitor. Nuclear translocation of AP‐1, a downstream signal of JNK, was implicated in the actions of STC1. In a coculture system of HaCaT cells and fibroblasts, used as a model of dermal–epidermal interaction, knockdown of STC1 in HaCaT cells with siRNA reduced the negative effects (i.e., induction of MMP1 and decrease of collagen1A1 and elastin) of STC1 on fibroblasts. These results suggest that STC1 secreted from the epidermal layer is a mediator of dermal–epidermal interaction.
Cellular architecture and migration behavior of fibroblast cells on polyhydroxyoctanoate (PHO): A natural polymer of bacterial origin
Authors: Witko Tomasz , Solarz Daria , Feliksiak Karolina , Rajfur Zenon , Guzik Maciej
Published: July 2019

Biodegradable and biocompatible novel materials of natural origin are gaining more and more attention in recent years. These so called biopolymers, characterized by their biointegrity and biocompatibility, find completely new and promising applications in biomedical sciences. The presented work focuses on the medium chain length elastomeric polyhydroxyalkanoate biopolymer—polyhydroxyoctanoate (PHO). This biopolymer is fully biodegradable without formation of harmful byproducts.We investigated PHO's physical properties with nanoindentation technique and scratch testing to determine Young's modulus and friction coefficient. Further, the work focused on the impact of PHO, used as growth substrate, on the physiology and morphology of mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (MEF 3T3). Application of fluorescent staining protocols and advanced microscopic techniques allowed to study the morphological changes in the cytoskeletons of cells grown on PHO and also gave an insight into their migration strategies on the polymer surface. We found that PHO exhibits no cellular cytotoxicity, similarly to a glass substrate. MEF cells spread better on glass surface than on each tested PHO substrate though there was almost no difference between PHO substrates cast from different solvents. However, a detailed analysis of actin and microtubule cytoskeletal architecture reveals changes in the density of actin and microtubular networks. Migration of MEF cells on PHO substrates was slower than on the glass substrate. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of observed changes in cytoskeletal architecture and migration parameters can be of special interest for future medical application of PHO polymer.
Chemokine receptor 7 targets the vascular endothelial growth factor via the AKT/ERK pathway to regulate angiogenesis in colon cancer
Authors: Li Xiang , Wang Xuemei , Li Zitao , Zhang Zhen , Zhang Yixia
Published: July 2019

Background

Studies have shown that CXCR7 is expressed in many tumors. The aim of the present study was to investigate the function of CXCR7 in colon cancer. Although evidence indicates that CXCR7 promotes angiogenesis in colon cancer, the mechanism involved in this process remains unclear.

Methods

The expression of CXCR7 in colon cancer was evaluated by quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. After transfection, cell proliferation, migration, and lumen formation were measured in vitro. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting were used to identify the functional target of CXCR7 in vivo and in vitro.

Results

In this study, CXCR7 was differentially expressed in four colon cancer cell lines. The proliferation and migration experiments showed that overexpression of CXCR7 enhanced cell growth and migration. Moreover, the tube formation assays showed that co‐culture of colon cancer cells overexpressing CXCR7 with human umbilical vein endothelial cells significantly promoted tube formation in the latter cells. Conversely, the stable knockdown of CXCR7 significantly reduced this malignant activity. In addition, we found that CXCR7 activates the AKT and ERK pathways in colon cancer cells. The phosphorylation of AKT and ERK, as well as the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor, can be inhibited using the LY294002 and U0126 inhibitors. Furthermore, the angiogenic ability of CXCR7‐induced colon cancer cells was eliminated.

Conclusion

Expression of CXCR7 contributes to colon cancer growth and angiogenesis, by activating the AKT and ERK pathways. CXCR7 provides a potential therapeutic target against colon cancer.
Esophageal cancer treatment costs by phase of care and treatment modality, 2000‐2013
Authors: Tramontano Angela C. , Chen Yufan , Watson Tina R. , Eckel Andrew , Hur Chin , Kong Chung Yin
Published: July 2019

Background

Detailed cost estimates are not widely available for esophageal cancer. Our study estimates phase‐specific costs for esophageal cancer by age, year, histology, stage, and treatment for older patients in the United States and compares these costs within stage and treatment modalities.

Methods

We identified 8061 esophageal cancer patients in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results‐Medicare database for years 1998‐2013. Total, cancer‐attributable, and patient‐liability costs were calculated based on separate phases of care—staging (or surgery), initial, continuing, and terminal. We estimated costs by treatment modality within stage and phase for esophageal adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma separately. We fit linear regression models using log transformation to determine cost by age and calendar year. All costs are reported in 2018 US dollars.

Results

Overall, mean (95% CI) monthly total cost estimates were high during the staging ($8953 [$8385‐$9485]) and initial phases ($7731 [$7492‐$7970]), decreased over the continuing phase ($2984 [$2814‐$3154]), and increased substantially during the 6‐month terminal phase ($18 150 [$17 211‐$19 089]). This pattern of high staging and initial phase costs, decreasing continuing phase costs, and increasing terminal phase costs was seen in all stages. The highest staging costs were in stages III ($9249, $8025‐$10 474) and II ($9171, $7642‐$10 699). The highest initial phase cost was in stage IV, $9263 ($8758‐49 768), the lowest continuing phase cost was in stage I, $2338 ($2160‐$2517), and the highest terminal phase costs were in stages II ($20 533, $17 772‐$23 293) and III ($20 599, $18 268‐$22 929). The linear regression models showed that cancer‐attributable costs remained stable over the study period and were unaffected by age for most histology, stage, and treatment modality subgroups.

Conclusions

Our estimates demonstrate that esophageal cancer costs can vary widely by histology, stage, and treatment. These cost estimates can be used to guide future resource allocation for esophageal cancer care and research.
Comparative Analysis of the Antibacterial Activity and HPLC Phytochemical Screening of the Brazilian Red Propolis and the Resin of Dalbergia ecastaphyllum
Authors: da Silveira Regueira‐Neto Marcos , Relison Tintino Saulo , Pereira da Silva Ana Raquel , do Socorro Costa Maria , de Morais Oliveira‐Tintino Cícera Datiane , Augusti Boligon Aline , Menezes Irwin R. A. , de Queiroz Balbino Valdir , Melo Coutinho Henrique Douglas
Published: July 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of red propolis and resin and their association with standard antibiotics to evaluate possible differences of activity. We also submitted red propolis and the resin to a HPLC analysis to confirm the botanical origin. The extracts were tested against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus alone and in association with gentamicin and imipenem. The HPLC analysis identified seven compounds with six of them present in both substances. The lowest MIC values obtained in this study were observed against S. aureus. In general, MIC values showed to be lower for red propolis against all species tested in comparison to resin. Despite the synergistic behavior to be similar for both substances, we observed that inhibitory concentrations of drugs were lower when associated with red propolis in comparison to resin.
Combination of varenicline and nicotine patch for smoking cessation: A case report
Authors: Young Kelly M. , Davis James M.
Published: July 2019

Standard pharmacotherapy approaches to treat tobacco use may be ineffective in people with high nicotine dependence. Individuals with high nicotine dependence may be good candidates for a new treatment approach—combination of varenicline and nicotine patch.
Genetic Engineering by DNA Recombineering
Authors: Papa Louis J. , Shoulders Matthew D.
Published: July 2019

Recombineering inserts PCR products into DNA using homologous recombination. A pair of short homology arms (50 base pairs) on the ends of a PCR cassette target the cassette to its intended location. These homology arms can be easily introduced as 5′ primer overhangs during the PCR reaction. The flexibility to choose almost any pair of homology arms enables the precise modification of virtually any DNA for purposes of sequence deletion, replacement, insertion, or point mutation. Recombineering often offers significant advantages relative to previous homologous recombination methods that require the construction of cassettes with large homology arms, and relative to traditional cloning methods that become intractable for large plasmids or DNA sequences. However, the tremendous number of variables, options, and pitfalls that can be encountered when designing and performing a recombineering protocol for the first time introduce barriers that can make recombineering a challenging technique for new users to adopt. This article focuses on three recombineering protocols we have found to be particularly robust, providing a detailed guide for choosing the simplest recombineering method for a given application and for performing and troubleshooting experiments. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Novel differential linear B‐cell epitopes to identify Zika and dengue virus infections in patients
Authors: Amrun Siti Naqiah , Yee Wearn‐Xin , Abu Bakar Farhana , Lee Bernett , Kam Yiu‐Wing , Lum Fok‐Moon , Tan Jeslin JL , Lim Vanessa WX , Watthanaworawit Wanitda , Ling Clare , Nosten Francois , Renia Laurent , Leo Yee‐Sin , Ng Lisa FP
Published: July 2019

Objectives

Recent Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks challenged existing laboratory diagnostic standards, especially for serology‐based methods. Because of the genetic and structural similarity of ZIKV with other flaviviruses, this results in cross‐reactive antibodies, which confounds serological interpretations.

Methods

Plasma from Singapore ZIKV patients was screened longitudinally for antibody responses and neutralising capacities against ZIKV. Samples from healthy controls, ZIKV patients and DENV patients were further assessed using ZIKV and DENV peptides of precursor membrane (prM), envelope (E) or non‐structural 1 (NS1) viral proteins in a peptide‐based ELISA for epitope identification. Identified epitopes were re‐validated and diagnostically evaluated using sera of patients with DENV, bacteria or unknown infections from Thailand.

Results

Long‐lasting ZIKV‐neutralising antibodies were elicited during ZIKV infection. Thirteen potential linear B‐cell epitopes were identified, and of these, four common flavivirus, three ZIKV‐specific and one DENV‐specific differential epitopes had more than 50% sensitivity and specificity. Notably, ZIKV‐specific peptide 26 on domain I/II of E protein (amino acid residues 271–288) presented 80% sensitivity and 85.7% specificity. Importantly, the differential epitopes also showed significance in differentiating non‐flavivirus patient samples.

Conclusion

Linear B‐cell epitope candidates to differentiate between ZIKV and DENV infections were identified, providing the first step towards the design of a much‐needed serology‐based assay.
Hurthle cell predominance impacts results of Afirma gene expression classifier and ThyroSeq molecular panel performance in indeterminate thyroid nodules
Authors: Parajuli Shobha , Jug Rachel , Ahmadi Sara , Jiang Xiaoyin “Sara”
Published: July 2019

Background

Molecular tests such as the Afirma gene expression classifier (GEC) and mutational panels (such as ThyroSeq) have been introduced to help risk stratify cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules with the aim to reduce the number of unnecessary thyroidectomies. Some reports have suggested that samples with Hurthle cell predominance have higher false‐positive rates on GEC testing, but data are limited.

Methods

We reviewed thyroid nodules with indeterminate (Bethesda III/IV) cytology at our institution. Patient demographics, cytologic and histologic diagnoses (where available), and molecular test results were collected.

Results

GEC was performed on 202 nodules, and ThyroSeq was performed on 81 nodules. In the GEC cohort, 66% of nodules with Hurthle cell predominance yielded “suspicious” result vs 46% of nodules without Hurthle cell predominance, with risk of malignancy (ROM) for surgically resected nodules of 16% and 33%, respectively. In ThyroSeq cohort, 8% of nodules with Hurthle cell predominance yielded a high‐risk mutation vs 19% of nodules without Hurthle cell predominance, with ROM of 50% and 33%, respectively.

Conclusions

For ThyroSeq molecular panel, while it did not appear that there was an increase in rate of high‐risk mutations detected in the samples with Hurthle cell predominance, small numbers limit the generalizability of these results. For the GEC cohort, indeterminate thyroid nodules with predominance of Hurthle cells showed an increased rate of “suspicious” results compared to samples without Hurthle cell predominance. The ROM for GEC “suspicious” nodules with Hurthle cell predominance on surgical resection was lower in our study. Repeat FNA may be of use in patients with these types of nodules. In the context of a Hurthle cell predominant lesion, positive results on molecular testing may not carry a high rate of malignancy.
Puberty is a critical window for the impact of diet on mammary gland development in the rabbit
Authors: Hue‐Beauvais Cathy , Laubier Johann , Brun Nicolas , Houtia Inès , Jaffrezic Florence , Bevilacqua Claudia , Le Provost Fabienne , Charlier Madia
Published: July 2019

Background

Nutritional changes can affect future lactation efficiency. In a rabbit model, an obesogenic diet initiated before puberty and pursued throughout pregnancy enhances mammary differentiation, but when started during the neonatal period can cause abnormal mammary development in early pregnancy. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of an unbalanced diet administered during the pubertal period only.

Results

Consuming an obesogenic diet at puberty did not affect either metabolic parameters or certain maternal reproductive parameters at the onset of adulthood. In contrast, at Day 8 of pregnancy, epithelial tissue showed a lower proliferation rate in obesogenic‐diet fed rabbits than in control‐diet fed rabbits. Wap and Cx26 genes, mammary epithelial cell differentiation markers, were upregulated although Wap protein level remained unchanged. However, the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism and in alveolar formation was not modified.

Conclusion

Taken together, our results demonstrate that the consumption for 5 weeks of an obesogenic diet during the pubertal period initiates mammary structure modifications and affects mammary epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation. Our findings highlight the potentially important role played by unbalanced nutrition during critical early‐life windows in terms of regulating mammary epithelial cell differentiation and subsequent function in adulthood.
Combination of GLP‐1 receptor agonists and behavioural treatment in type 2 diabetes elicits synergistic effects on body weight: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Petroni Maria Letizia , Montesi Luca , Colosimo Santo , Caletti Maria Turchese , Mazzotti Arianna , Marchesini Giulio
Published: July 2019

Aims

Intensification of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) treatment with GLP‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1RAs) promotes weight loss. We aimed to determine the synergistic effect of behavioural programmes on body weight on top of GLP‐1RA treatment.

Materials and methods

We retrospectively analysed the time course of 328 individuals with T2DM starting GLP‐1RA treatment because of insufficient metabolic control. In 29, a structured programme of elementary nutritional counselling was also implemented (elementary nutritional education [ENE]‐5 group sessions), whereas 53 entered a programme of cognitive‐behavioural treatment (CBT‐12 group sessions). Both programmes were completed within 6 months of switching to GLP‐1RAs. Data of body weight and metabolic control were followed up to 2 years as part of regular follow‐up. Weight loss targets (≥10% and ≥5%) and metabolic target (HbA1c < 7%) were analysed by Cox regression model in comparison with standard care (SC, N = 244).

Results

Body weight remarkably decreased following both behavioural programmes, with significant differences compared with SC at 2 years (CBT, 8.5 ± 5.9% vs 6.3 ± 6.9 in ENE and only 3.1 ± 5.7 in SC; P < 0.001 and P = 0.045 vs CBT and ENE, respectively). The 10% weight loss was achieved and maintained in approximately 30% of cases during follow‐up, and an additional 35% of cases lost between 5% and 10%. Data were consistent between behavioural programmes, after adjustment for confounders, including initial body weight (logreg Mantel‐Cox: ENE vs SC, P < 0.01; CBT vs SC, P < 0.001). No differences in metabolic control were detected between groups.

Conclusions

Initiation of GLP‐1RA treatment provides an opportunity for addressing patients' needs of weight control. By producing initial weight loss, patients' motivation and self‐efficacy are expected to increase and adherence to long‐term lifestyle changes might be more easily attained.
Heart failure prevalence in the general population: SOBOTA‐HF study rationale and design
Authors: Lainscak Mitja , Omersa Daniel , Sedlar Natasa , Anker Stefan D. , Farkas Jerneja
Published: July 2019

Aims

Epidemiological heart failure (HF) data in the era of natriuretic peptides and echocardiography are scarce. The primary aim of this study is to evaluate the HF prevalence in the general population. We will also investigate natriuretic peptide cut‐off for diagnosis of HF. Finally, we will be able to identify left ventricular function phenotypes and study relations between cardiac function, clinical presentation, and health‐related quality of life.

Methods and results

Screening Of adult urBan pOpulation To diAgnose Heart Failure (SOBOTA‐HF) is a cross‐sectional prevalence study in a representative sample of Murska Sobota residents aged 55 years or more. Individuals will be invited to attend screening visit with point‐of‐care N‐terminal pro‐b‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) testing. All subjects with NT‐proBNP ≥ 125 pg/mL will be invited for a diagnostic visit that will include history and physical examination, electrocardiogram, echocardiography, blood and urine sampling, ankle brachial index, pulmonary function tests, body composition measurement, physical performance tests, and questionnaires. To validate the screening procedure, a control group (NT‐proBNP < 125 pg/mL) will undergo the same diagnostic evaluation. An external centre will validate echocardiography results, and the HF diagnosis will be adjudicated within an international HF expert panel. Overall and age‐specific HF prevalence will be calculated in individuals ≥ 55 years and extrapolated to the whole population.

Conclusions

The SOBOTA‐HF study will test the latest HF guideline diagnostic criteria in the general population sample. Next to HF prevalence, it will provide insight into left ventricular function and general patient phenotype; we will also extend current understanding of natriuretic peptides for HF screening.
Identification of cross‐reactive antibodies for the detection of lymphocytes, myeloid cells and haematopoietic precursors in the naked mole rat
Authors: Shebzukhov Yury , Holtze Susanne , Hirseland Heike , Schäfer Hubert , Radbruch Andreas , Hildebrandt Thomas , Grützkau Andreas
Published: July 2019

The naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber, NMR) is a rodent with exceptional longevity, low rates of age‐related diseases and spontaneous carcinogenesis. The NMR represents an attractive animal model in longevity and cancer research, but there are no NMR‐specific antibodies available to study its immune system with respect to age‐ and cancer‐related questions. Substantial homology of major NMR immune cell markers with those of Guinea pig, human and, to a lesser extent, mouse and rat origin are implicated for the existence of immunological cross‐reactivity. We identified 10 antibodies recognising eight immunophenotypic markers expressed on the NMR's T and B lymphocytes, macrophages/monocytes and putative haematopoietic precursors and used them for an immunophenotyping of leukocyte subsets of peripheral blood, spleen and bone marrow samples. Overall, we found that the leukocyte composition of NMR peripheral blood is comparable to that of mice. Notably, the frequency of cytotoxic T cells was found to be lower in the NMR compared to corresponding mouse tissues and human blood. Antibodies used in the present paper are available either commercially or from the scientific community and will provide new opportunities for the NMR as a model system in ageing‐ and cancer‐related research areas.
Zinc Ferrite Nanorod‐Assembled Mesoporous Microspheres as Advanced Anode Materials for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Ma Jingyao , Wang Xiujuan , Wang Gang , Wang Hui
Published: July 2019

Mesoporous zinc ferrite (ZnFe2O4) microspheres assembled by nanorods are fabricated through a facile hydrothermal approach, followed by a calcination strategy. The fabricated mesoporous ZnFe2O4 has a diameter of approximately 500–800 nm with a high surface area of 91.6 m2 g−1. The utilization of the microspheres that serve as anode materials for sodium‐ion batteries is studied for the first time. The electrochemical results demonstrate that the ZnFe2O4 anode experiences a series of conversion and alloying reactions for reversible sodium storage and exhibits high sodium storage capacity and excellent stability. It exhibits a reversible capacity as high as 350 mAh g−1 after 300 cycles at 100 mA g−1, which is superior to other reported ZnO and ZnMxOy (M = Co, Sn, Ge) electrodes. The existence of the mesoporous structure is responsible for the excellent electrochemical properties of the microspheres, which not only enhances the electrochemical kinetics but also offers additional space to alleviate the strain associated with sodiation/desodiation.
Effect of Precursor Stoichiometry on the Performance and Stability of MAPbBr3 Photovoltaic Devices
Authors: Falk Lukas M. , Goetz Katelyn P. , Lami Vincent , An Qingzhi , Fassl Paul , Herkel Jonas , Thome Fabian , Taylor Alexander D. , Paulus Fabian , Vaynzof Yana
Published: July 2019

The wide‐bandgap methylammonium lead bromide perovskite is promising for applications in tandem solar cells and light‐emitting diodes. Despite its utility, there is a limited understanding of its reproducibility and stability. Herein, the dependence of the properties, performance, and shelf storage of thin films and devices on minute changes to the precursor solution stoichiometry is examined in detail. Although photovoltaic cells based on these solution changes exhibit similar initial performance, shelf storage depends strongly on precursor solution stoichiometry. While all devices exhibit some degree of healing, bromide‐deficient films show a remarkable improvement, more than doubling in their photoconversion efficiency. Photoluminescence spectroscopy experiments performed under different atmospheres suggest that this increase is due, in part, to a trap‐healing mechanism that occurs upon exposure to the environment. The results highlight the importance of understanding and manipulating defects in lead halide perovskites to produce long‐lasting, stable devices.
Biocrust landscape‐scale spatial distribution is strongly controlled by terrain attributes: Topographic thresholds for colonization in a semiarid badland system
Authors: Rodríguez‐Caballero Emilio , Román José Raúl , Chamizo Sonia , Roncero Ramos Beatriz , Cantón Yolanda
Published: July 2019

Biological soil crust, or biocrust communities, are the dominating life form in many extreme habitats, such as arid and semiarid badlands, where water scarcity and highly erodible substrates limit vegetation cover. While climate, soil and biotic factors have been described as environmental filters influencing biocrust distribution in such biomes, little is known about the effect of terrain attributes on creating specific microhabitats that promote or restrict biocrust colonization. This study aimed to identify the main terrain attributes controlling biocrust distribution in the driest badland system in Europe, the Tabernas Badlands (SE Spain). To do this, we analysed the influence of different terrain attributes related to landscape stability and microclimate formation on the spatial distribution of lichen and cyanobacteria, using field measurements and topographical information from a LiDAR survey. Our results showed that the spatial distribution of cyanobacteria‐dominated biocrusts, which are physiologically and morphologically adapted to extreme drought and high UVA radiation, was mostly associated with areas of high potential incoming solar radiation. The exception was bare south‐aspect hillslopes with very high sediment transport potential, where bare physically crusted soils were the dominant ground cover. Lichen‐dominated biocrusts, in contrast, colonized near the top of north‐aspect hillslopes, characterized by low potential incoming solar radiation and potential evapotranspiration, and their cover decreased downstream, as conditions became good enough for vascular plants. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Key Practice, Building and Sharing Stories and Social Understandings: The Intrinsic Value of Narrative
Authors: Deane Paul , Somasundaran Swapna , Lawless René R. , Persky Hilary , Appel Colleen
Published: July 2019

One of the major goals of the English Language Arts is to teach students to read, understand, and write narratives. This report examines the ways in which the skills that support narrative develop during the school years, outlines a model of narrative as a “key practice” in which the ability to model social situations supports narrative understanding, and feeds into the ability to use stories to reflect about stories and the classes of social situations they represent. Narrative is important precisely because it helps people develop their understanding of the social world and reason about their place in it. Assessments of narrative reading and writing need to take this broader construct into account.
Economic and Environmental Prospects for Battery Electric‐ and Fuel Cell Vehicles: A Review
Authors: Ajanovic A. , Haas R.
Published: July 2019

Due to the pressing environmental problems coming from the transport sector, interest in electric vehicles (EVs) has increased significantly over the last decade. Although different types of EVs are available on the market, the largest contribution to the reduction of environmental problems could be made through zero‐emission vehicles, such as battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and fuel cell vehicles (FCVs). Each of these vehicles has some advantages and disadvantages. The problem they share is the high purchase price in comparison to conventional gasoline vehicles. Through the improvement of battery performance, further technological learning and a mix of different direct and indirect supporting policy measures, the competiveness of EVs could be significantly improved. EVs could already contribute to the reduction of emissions today, however the full environmental benefit of BEVs and FCVs is related to the mix of the primary energy sources used for electricity generation and hydrogen production. The increasing use of renewable energy sources in electricity generation makes EVs more environmentally friendly. Since total emissions are also dependent on the embedded emissions of cars, their lifetime as well as their usage (specific vehicle kilometers driven per year) have significant impacts on the total emissions per km driven.
Impairments in remote memory caused by the lack of Type 2 IP3 receptors
Authors: Pinto‐Duarte António , Roberts Amanda J. , Ouyang Kunfu , Sejnowski Terrence J.
Published: July 2019

The second messenger inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate (IP3) is paramount for signal transduction in biological cells, mediating Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum. Of the three isoforms of IP3 receptors identified in the nervous system, Type 2 (IP3R2) is the main isoform expressed by astrocytes. The complete lack of IP3R2 in transgenic mice was shown to significantly disrupt Ca2+ signaling in astrocytes, while leaving neuronal intracellular pathways virtually unperturbed. Whether and how this predominantly nonneuronal receptor might affect long‐term memory function has been a matter of intense debate. In this work, we found that the absence of IP3R2‐mediated signaling did not disrupt normal learning or recent (24–48 h) memory. Contrary to expectations, however, mice lacking IP3R2 exhibited remote (2–4 weeks) memory deficits. Not only did the lack of IP3R2 impair remote recognition, fear, and spatial memories, but it also prevented naturally occurring post‐encoding memory enhancements consequent to memory consolidation. Consistent with the key role played by the downscaling of synaptic transmission in memory consolidation, we found that NMDAR‐dependent long‐term depression was abnormal in ex vivo hippocampal slices acutely prepared from IP3R2‐deficient mice, a deficit that could be prevented upon supplementation with D‐serine ‐ an NMDA‐receptor co‐agonist whose synthesis depends upon astrocytes' activity. Our results reveal that IP3R2 activation, which in the brain is paramount for Ca2+ signaling in astrocytes, but not in neurons, can help shape brain plasticity by enhancing the consolidation of newly acquired information into long‐term memories that can guide remote cognitive behaviors.
When I relive a positive me: Vivid autobiographical memories facilitate autonoetic brain activation and enhance mood
Authors: van Schie Charlotte C. , Chiu Chui‐De , Rombouts Serge A. R. B. , Heiser Willem J. , Elzinga Bernet M.
Published: July 2019

Autobiographical memory is vital for our well‐being and therefore used in therapeutic interventions. However, not much is known about the (neural) processes by which reliving memories can have beneficial effects. This study investigates what brain activation patterns and memory characteristics facilitate the effectiveness of reliving positive autobiographical memories for mood and sense of self. Particularly, the role of vividness and autonoetic consciousness is studied. Participants (N = 47) with a wide range of trait self‐esteem relived neutral and positive memories while their bold responses, experienced vividness of the memory, mood, and state self‐esteem were recorded. More vivid memories related to better mood and activation in amygdala, hippocampus and insula, indicative of increased awareness of oneself (i.e., prereflective aspect of autonoetic consciousness). Lower vividness was associated with increased activation in the occipital lobe, PCC, and precuneus, indicative of a more distant mode of reliving. While individuals with lower trait self‐esteem increased in state self‐esteem, they showed less deactivation of the lateral occipital cortex during positive memories. In sum, the vividness of the memory seemingly distinguished a more immersed and more distant manner of memory reliving. In particular, when reliving positive memories higher vividness facilitated increased prereflective autonoetic consciousness, which likely is instrumental in boosting mood.
Myotomy of sternocleidomastoid muscle as a secondary procedure in laryngectomized patients
Authors: Santoro Giovanni Paolo , Luparello Paolo , Lazio Maria Silvia , Comini Lara Valentina , Martelli Federica , Cannavicci Angelo
Published: July 2019

Background

The application of specific devices to seal the tracheal stoma in laryngectomized patients is critical for optimal pulmonary and phonatory rehabilitation. Indeed, an excessive stomal depth is one of the main causes of rehabilitation failure. In this context, division of the sternal heads of the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) is a common technique, usually performed during the laryngectomy.

Methods

We perform a myotomy of the sternal head of the SCM in deep and narrow tracheal stoma as a secondary procedure under local anesthesia, and here we describe the surgical steps of this procedure.

Results

The medium depth of the stoma is reduced, and no procedure‐specific complications have been observed. Postoperative morphological features show a flattening of the peristomal area, and all patients have begun regular use of appropriate patches and filters.

Conclusions

Secondary section of SCM is a safe, simple, and effective procedure in total laryngectomies with deep and narrow stoma.
Tongue reconstruction: Rebuilding mobile three‐dimensional structures from immobile two‐dimensional substrates, a fresh cadaver study
Authors: Baskin R Michael , Seikaly Hadi , Sawhney Raja , Danan Deepa , Burt Martha , Idris Sherif , Shama Mohamed , Boyce Brian , Dziegielewski Peter T.
Published: July 2019

Objective

To determine the two‐dimensional (2D) characteristics of flaps necessary to create three‐dimensional (3D) tongue anatomy.

Methods

Dissection of 11 fresh, nonpreserved human cadavers was performed. Six defects in each were created: total tongue, total oral tongue, hemiglossectomy, oral hemiglossectomy, total base of tongue, and hemi‐base of tongue. The resections were debulked to create flat, 2D mucosal flaps. The dimensions and shapes of these flaps were determined.

Results

Each specimen showed consistent dimensions and geometry between cadavers. The total tongue was pear‐shaped, the total oral tongue was egg‐shaped, the oral hemi‐tongue was bullet‐shaped, the hemi‐tongue resembled a dagger, the total base of tongue was rectangular, and the hemi‐base of tongue was hour‐glass shaped.

Conclusion

Typical dimensions and shapes of common tongue defects were determined. It is conceivable that customizing reconstructive flaps based on these data will increase the accuracy of neo‐tongue reconstruction, and thus, improve functional outcomes.
Effect of aspect ratio on saturated boiling flow in microchannels with nonuniform heat flux
Authors: Yan Wen‐Tao , Ye Wei‐Biao , Li Cong
Published: July 2019

Microchannel two‐phase flow is an effective cooling method used in microelectronics, in which the heat flux density is unevenly distributed usually. The paper is focused on numerical study the effect of aspect ratio on the flow boiling of microchannels with nonuniform heat flux. The heat source is a three‐dimensional (3D) integrated circuit. 3D microchannel model and volume of fluid method are coupled in numerical simulation. The results show that the aspect ratio has no relationship with the two‐phase pressure drop of the microchannel. It has a certain influence on the distribution of bubble shape. In terms of the heat transfer coefficient, the aspect ratio has a certain influence on a section of the inlet. Due to the nucleate boiling, the convective heat transfer in the remaining areas is the dominant factor and the average heat transfer coefficient is mainly determined by the heat flux at the bottom of the channel.
Seasonal controls of meltwater runoff chemistry and chemical weathering at Urumqi Glacier No.1 in central Asia
Authors: Li Xiangying , Ding Yongjian , Han Tianding , Kang Shichang , Yu Zhongbo , Jing Zhefan
Published: July 2019

Temporal variation of runoff chemistry and its seasonal controls relating to chemical weathering processes and drainage system evolution were examined at Urumqi Glacier No.1 in Xinjiang, China, over a full melt season. The dominant ions in meltwater runoff are HCO3−, Ca2+, and SO42−; and Fe, Sr, and Al are dominant elements. Concentrations of major ions and some elements show periodic variations with seasons and negatively correlate with discharge, whereas other elements (e.g., Al, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) show a random change, providing insights into the hydrological and physicochemical controls. HCO3− and Ca2+ are primarily derived from calcite, SO42− and Fe mainly come from pyrite, and Sr and Al principally originate from silicate. Hydrochemical fluxes of solutes exhibit strong seasonality but are positively related to discharge, suggesting an increasing release of solutes during higher flow conditions. Solute yields, cation denudation rate, and chemical weathering intensity observed at Urumqi Glacier No.1 are higher than those at most basins worldwide. This suggests that chemical weathering in central Asia may be stronger than at other glacial basins with similar specific discharge. Concentrations of some elements (e.g., Fe, Al, As, Pb, and Zn) are close to or exceed the guidelines for drinking water standards in meltwater‐fed rivers. These rivers may face future challenges of water quality degradation, and relationships between changing flow and water quality conditions should be established soon, given that development of channelized flow is expected to be earlier over a melt season in a warming climate.
ANALYSIS OF THE CORRELATION BETWEEN GROUP HETEROGENEITY AND THE SELF‐GOVERNANCE PERFORMANCE OF SMALL‐SCALE WATER CONSERVANCY FACILITIES: BASED ON THE THRESHOLD MODEL OF THE NUMBER OF WATER USER HOUSEHOLDS†
Authors: Luo Fang , Tian Miao , Sun Caihong
Published: July 2019

Small‐scale water conservancy facilities are common‐pool resources, the self‐governance performance of which is key to reducing farming costs and determines whether farmers' demand for irrigation is met. The self‐governance performance of small‐scale water conservancy facilities is closely related to institutional arrangements, such as group heterogeneity and the size of the group that use water. According to the stratified random sampling data of 105 villages and 1549 farmers in Hubei, China, and based on the standardization and principal component factor analysis of the variables, the threshold model of the number of water user households is used to analyse the correlation between group heterogeneity and the self‐governance performance of small‐scale water conservancy facilities. The results show that there is a significant positive correlation between group heterogeneity and the self‐governance performance of small‐scale water conservancy facilities in small‐sized villages, a non‐significant correlation in middle‐sized villages, and a significant negative correlation in large‐sized villages; thus, there is an inverse U‐shaped relationship between them. The policy enlightenment is as follows: (i) small‐sized villages should accelerate land circulation, and the new‐style agricultural management subjects should adopt a centralized decision‐making manner; (ii) large‐sized villages should establish civil organizations, such as water users' associations and agricultural professional cooperatives. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing skill acquisition under varying onsets of differential reinforcement: A preliminary analysis
Authors: Campanaro Alexandra M. , Vladescu Jason C. , Kodak Tiffany , DeBar Ruth M. , Nippes Kasey C.
Published: July 2019

The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effect of implementing differential reinforcement at different times relative to the onset of teaching new skills to learners with autism spectrum disorder. Specifically, we first determined the most efficient differential reinforcement arrangement for each participant. Using the most efficient arrangement, we evaluated if differential reinforcement from the immediate onset, early onset, or late onset is the most efficient for learners to acquire a new skill. Three children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder who have a history of receiving intervention based on the principles of applied behavior analysis participated in this study. The immediate onset of differential reinforcement resulted in the most efficient instruction in 6 of 7 comparisons. The results are discussed in light of previous studies and suggestions for future research are provided.
An evaluation of parent preference for prompting procedures
Authors: Halbur Mary E. , Kodak Tiffany , Wood Raven , Corrigan Erin
Published: July 2019

Parent participation in intervention can enhance intervention efficacy and promote generalization of skills across settings. Thus, parents should be trained to implement behavioral interventions. The purpose of the current investigation was to evaluate parent preference for and acceptability of 3 commonly used prompting procedures. We trained parents of children with disabilities to use 3 empirically validated prompting strategies (i.e., least‐to‐most, most‐to‐least, and a progressive‐prompt delay). Once the parent reached the mastery criteria with each prompting procedure, we evaluated his/her preference for each of the procedures using a concurrent‐chains arrangement. We also measured treatment acceptability of all procedures throughout the study. All participants met the mastery criteria for each of the prompting procedures and showed a preference for least‐to‐most prompting. Results suggest parents' acceptability of procedures prior to training were different than posttraining/post‐child practice. In addition, acceptability rating scores obtained at the end of the investigation corresponded to preference of intervention during the concurrent‐chains arrangement. The results demonstrate the benefits of objective measures for studying preference for behavioral, skill‐acquisition procedures.
Pharmacists' perceptions and practice changes resulting from emergence of the vancomycin‐piperacillin/tazobactam nephrotoxicity phenomenon
Authors: Hammond Drayton A. , Trivedi Abhaya P. , Esmero Veronica M. , Hamadeh Leena , Heikkinen Benjamin , Tan Carrie , Hanson Amy , Rech Megan A.
Published: July 2019

Purpose

To elucidate the considerations pharmacists have when using concomitant vancomycin and piperacillin/tazobactam (VPT) and strategies implemented across hospitals in response to published data on this phenomenon.

Methods

A survey of pharmacist members of the infectious diseases and critical care (CC) practice and research networks of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy was conducted. Participants were grouped based on their belief (yes or no) in the association between VPT and acute kidney injury (AKI) and queried regarding AKI with VPT, antimicrobial stewardship practices, and demographics. Descriptive statistics were performed. Between‐group responses were compared using χ2 or Fisher's exact tests.

Results

There were 238 responses. Most (88.7%) respondents believed combination VPT is associated with greater expected odds of AKI development than vancomycin monotherapy or with cefepime. Nonbelievers more commonly practiced in CC or emergency medicine (P = .006) and less frequently recommended the combination in patients already experiencing AKI (64% vs 7.4%, P < .001) and in patients with chronic kidney disease class III or IV (56.9% vs 3.7%, P < .001). Opinions varied regarding risk factors for and odds of AKI development in specific scenarios. Respondents who believed combination VPT is associated with greater odds of AKI development more frequently provided formal (18% vs 0, P = .01) and informal (73% vs 33.3%, P < .001) education on potential AKI from combination VPT and discouraged empiric combination VPT in favor of other combination(s) (40.8% vs 14.8%, P = .01). Other AMS strategies were used to a similar extent regardless of belief in the association of VPT with AKI.

Conclusion

Most respondents, particularly those practicing in CC and emergency medicine, believe combination VPT is associated with AKI development. These beliefs have affected antimicrobial recommendations and educational efforts. The impact of these beliefs on patient outcomes and health care expenditures requires further investigation.
Profound vitamin D deficiency in four siblings with Imerslund‐Grasbeck syndrome with homozygous CUBN mutation
Authors: Ciancio Jose I. R. , Furman Mark , Banka Siddharth , Grunewald Stephanie
Published: July 2019

Imerslund‐Grasbeck syndrome (IGS, OMIM 261100) is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by vitamin B12 malabsorption resulting in megaloblastic anemia and asymptomatic proteinuria. IGS is caused by bi‐allelic mutations in either CUBN or AMN that respectively encode the cubilin and amnionless subunits of the cobalamin‐intrinsic factor receptor. We report four siblings (three boys, one girl) of non‐consanguineous parents of Jewish background, aged 10 months to 12 years, with homozygous CUBN frameshift c.2614_2615deIGA p.(Asp872LeufisTer3) mutation and typical features of IGS. The two older brothers presented in early infancy with lethargy, mouth ulcerations, eosinophilic enterocolitis, megaloblastic anemia and failure to thrive. Investigations revealed low serum cobalamin levels. Intramuscular hydroxycobalamin supplementation resulted in dramatic resolution of all symptoms including lethargy. A positive impact on their growth curve was seen. Prospective early treatment in the younger siblings prevented these manifestations. Proteinuria with proximal tubulopathy was seen in all patients, plasma protein level and renal function were normal. All children had pronounced vitamin D deficiency and required high doses of oral supplementation. Vitamin B12 treatment could be individually adjusted; requirement decreased with age. Tubulopathy showed improvement over time. Low vitamin D could be explained by cubilin being involved in reabsorption of vitamin carriers.