bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematic review of record linkage studies of mortality in ex‐prisoners: why (good) methods matter
Authors: Kinner Stuart A. , Forsyth Simon , Williams Gail
Published: November 2012

Aims

World‐wide, more than 30 million people move through prisons annually. Record linkage studies have identified an increased risk of death in ex‐prisoners. In order to inform preventive interventions it is necessary to understand who is most at risk, when and why. Limitations of existing studies have rendered synthesis and interpretation of this literature difficult. The aim of this study was to describe methodological characteristics of existing studies and make recommendations for the design, analysis and reporting of future studies.

Methods

Systematic review of studies using record linkage to explore mortality in ex‐prisoners. Based on analysis of these studies we illustrate how methodological limitations and heterogeneity of design, analysis and reporting both hamper data synthesis and create potential for misinterpretation of findings. Using data from a recent Australian study involving 42 015 ex‐prisoners and 2329 observed deaths, we quantify the variation in findings associated with various approaches.

Results

We identified 29 publications based on 25 separate studies published 1998–2011, mainly from the United Kingdom, United States and Australia. Mortality estimates varied systematically according to features of study design and data analysis. A number of common, avoidable and significant methodological limitations were identified. Substantial heterogeneity in study design, methods of data analysis and reporting of findings was observed.

Conclusions

Record linkage studies examining mortality in ex‐prisoners show widely varying estimates that are influenced substantially by avoidable methodological limitations and reducible heterogeneity. Future studies should adopt best practice methods and more consistent methods of analysis and reporting, to maximize policy relevance and impact.
Early life socio‐economic position and later alcohol use: birth cohort study
Authors: Melotti Roberto , Lewis Glyn , Hickman Matthew , Heron Jon , Araya Ricardo , Macleod John
Published: November 2012

Aims

To investigate associations between socio‐economic position in early life and later alcohol use and problem use among male and female adolescents.

Design

Birth cohort study.

Setting

South West England.

Participants

A total of 2711 girls and 2379 boys with one or more measures of alcohol use or problem use at age 15 years.

Measurements

Exposure measures were highest parental social class, maternal education and household disposable income (all maternal self‐report before school‐age); outcome measures were heavy typical drinking, frequent drinking, regular binge drinking, alcohol‐related psychosocial problems and alcohol‐related behavioural problems.

Findings

Alcohol use and related problems were relatively common amongst adolescent girls and boys. Boys were slightly more likely to report frequent drinking and girls were slightly more likely to drink heavily and to experience alcohol‐related psychosocial problems. Higher maternal education appeared protective in relation to alcohol‐related problems, particularly among boys. Higher household income was associated with greater risk of alcohol use and problem use, most apparently among girls.

Conclusions

Children from higher‐income households in England appear to be at greater risk of some types of adolescent alcohol problems, and these risks appear different in girls compared to boys. Childhood social advantage may not generally be associated with healthier behaviour in adolescence.
Review article: towards a considered and ethical approach to organ support in critically‐ill patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Berry P. A. , Thomson S. J. , Rahman T. M. , Ala A.
Published: November 2012

Background

Increasing numbers of patients are being admitted to hospital with decompensated chronic liver disease in the UK. A significant proportion will develop complicating extra‐hepatic organ dysfunction, but the selection of those who should be admitted to intensive care is complex and challenging. Alcohol‐related liver disease also presents complex ethical dilemmas.

Aim

To review recent survival analyses and explore differences in secondary and tertiary care; to highlight strengths and weaknesses of prognostic models, therapeutic advances and shifts in prognostic expectation. We also aim to explore the ethical challenges presented by addiction and self‐injury in an area of limited resource.

Methods

We searched PubMed for articles discussing ‘cirrhosis’, ‘prognosis’, ‘critical illness’, ‘organ failure’, ‘renal failure’, ‘alcohol’, ‘ethics’ and ‘addiction’. We also explored particular ethical dilemmas encountered by the authors and colleagues.

Results

Prognosis has improved in many cirrhotic complications and historically poor outcomes in tertiary care may reflect a more complex patient cohort. Previously ‘untreatable’ complications are now being managed successfully. Estimates of survival are more accurate after a 48‐h period of supportive care. Physicians are not best placed to make judgments with regard to deservingness, moral responsibility, rationing and access to organ support in cases of acute deterioration related to alcoholism, and the case for denying support must be made on purely medical grounds.

Conclusions

An early, aggressive approach to organ support is justified. Further discussions between hepatologists and critical care physicians are required to determine acceptable burden‐to‐benefit ratios for prolonged intensive care support in young alcoholic patients.
Foster Mother–Infant Bonding: Associations Between Foster Mothers' Oxytocin Production, Electrophysiological Brain Activity, Feelings of Commitment, and Caregiving Quality
Authors: Bick Johanna , Dozier Mary , Bernard Kristin , Grasso Damion , Simons Robert
Published: November 2012

This study examined the biological processes associated with foster mother–infant bonding. In an examination of foster mother–infant dyads (N = 41, mean infant age = 8.5 months), foster mothers' oxytocin production was associated with their expressions of behavioral delight toward their foster infant and their average P3 response to images of all infant faces in the first 2 months of the relationship. Three months later, foster mothers' oxytocin production was still associated with delight toward their foster infant and was also specifically associated with their P3 response to an image of their foster infant. Similar to biologically related mothers and infants, oxytocin appears to be associated with foster mothers' brain activity and caregiving behavior, with patterns suggestive of bond formation.
Parental self‐efficacy and oral health‐related knowledge are associated with parent and child oral health behaviors and self‐reported oral health status
Authors: de Silva‐Sanigorski Andrea , Ashbolt Rosie , Green Julie , Calache Hanny , Keith Benedict , Riggs Elisha , Waters Elizabeth
Published: November 2012

Objectives

This study sought to advance understanding of the influence of psychosocial factors on oral health by examining how parental self‐efficacy (with regard to acting on their child's oral health needs) and oral health knowledge relate to parental and child oral health behaviors and self‐rated oral health.

Methods

Parents of children in grades 0/1 and 5/6 (n = 804) and children in grades 5/6 (n = 377, mean age 11.5 ± 1.0, 53.9% female) were recruited from a stratified random sample of 11 primary (elementary) schools. Participants completed surveys capturing psychosocial factors, oral health‐related knowledge, and parental attitudes about oral health. Parents also rated their own oral health status and the oral health of their child. Correlations and logistic regression analysis (adjusted for socioeconomic status, child age, and gender) examined associations between psychosocial factors and the outcomes of interest (parent and child behaviors and self‐rated oral health status).

Results

Higher parental self‐efficacy was associated with more frequent toothbrushing (by parent and child), and more frequent visits to a dental professional. These associations were particularly strong with regard to dental visits for children, with parents with the highest tertile for self‐efficacy 4.3 times more likely to report that their child attended a dentist for a checkup at least once a year (95%CI 2.52–7.43); and 3 times more likely to report their child brushing their teeth at least twice a day (Adjusted Odds Ratio 3.04, 95%CI 1.64–5.64) compared with those parents in the lowest tertile for self‐efficacy. No associations with oral health knowledge were found when examined by tertile of increasing knowledge.

Conclusions

Oral health self‐efficacy and knowledge are potentially modifiable risk factors of oral health outcomes, and these findings suggest that intervening on these factors could help foster positive dental health habits in families.
A Minority within a Minority? Social Justice for Traveller and Roma Children in ECEC
Authors: Murray Colette
Published: November 2012

This article discusses recent policy developments in Europe regarding Roma and Traveller integration and Early Childhood Provision. After a long history of oppression, Roma issues have recently become prominent on the EU policy agenda. The article discusses how these relate to developments in other areas of policy: the European children's rights agenda and the recognition that early childhood education and care is a key policy tool to combat social exclusion. It gives background information on Roma and Travellers in Europe and discusses the consequences of subsuming the various communities under one umbrella term: Roma. The EU Commission is concerned with responses from Member States to the European Framework for National Roma Integration Strategies. The article argues that in order to address Roma children's experience from a holistic perspective, social justice and equality need to be key elements of early childhood education and care provision and training. The European policy developments that frame the article are examined from a local vantage point: the experiences of Traveller and Roma children in Ireland and the Irish Preschool Education Initiative for Children from Minority Communities.
Towards Competent Systems in Early Childhood Education and Care. Implications for Policy and Practice
Authors: Urban Mathias , Vandenbroeck Michel , Van Laere Katrien , Lazzari Arianna , Peeters Jan
Published: November 2012

The close connection between the quality of provision for young children and professionaliation of the field has long been supported by international research. That the two are inseparable aspects of one picture is beginning to become accepted at European policy level, as evident in recent high level EU policy documents. This article explores the reciprocal relationship between quality and professionalisation, drawing on the findings of the study on ‘competence requirements in early childhood education and care’ (CoRe), jointly conducted by the University of East London and the University of Gent, and funded by the European Commission. Based on a review of literature in several European languages and data from a 15‐country survey and seven in‐depth case studies, CoRe has identified systemic conditions for a professionalisation of the entire early childhood system, beyond the formal qualification levels of individual practitioners. The article argues for a critical and systemic reconceptualisation of professional practice in a competent system.
Impacts of dreissenid mussel invasions on chlorophyll and total phosphorus in 25 lakes in the USA
Authors: CHA YOONKYUNG , STOW CRAIG A. , BERNHARDT EMILY S.
Published: November 2012

1. Invasions of zebra and quagga mussels have had long‐term, large‐scale impacts on lake ecosystems in the USA as characterised by high abundance, broad‐scale spread and effective adaption to new environmental conditions. Due to their high filtering capacity, decreases in chlorophyll a (Chl) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations have been reported in many affected lakes.

2. In 25 US lakes, we analysed the effects of dreissenid invasions on changes in Chl and TP concentrations, measured as the probability of a concentration decrease in the post‐invasion period and changes in Chl–TP relationships using Bayesian hierarchical regressions. We also examined whether changes in Chl and TP concentrations and in the Chl–TP relationship differed according to lake hydromorphology, such as mean depth or mixing status (mixed versus stratified lakes).

3. Our results showed that dreissenid invasions were often, but not always, associated with subsequent TP and Chl declines. Dreissenid effects on Chl and TP may be influenced by lake thermal structure. Decreases in Chl and TP were consistently found in mixed lakes where benthic–pelagic coupling is tight, while the effects were less predictable in stratified lakes. Within stratified lakes, Chl and TP reductions were more clearly discernible in deeper lakes with long water residence times.

4. Regression results demonstrated that a joint increase in slope and decrease in intercept and a tighter correlation of the Chl–TP relationship were likely to occur in dreissenid‐invaded lakes; this does not support the idea of a shift from bottom‐up to top‐down control of primary production. These results have important implications for management, suggesting that a relaxation of TP standards would be unwarranted.

5. Across lakes, the slope of the Chl–TP relationship for mixed lakes was substantially higher than that for stratified lakes before mussel invasion, indicating an important role of light in limiting primary production. The slope differences between mixed and stratified lakes decreased in the post‐invasion period, possibly because mussel filtration results in a relaxation of light limitation that is more pronounced in deeper, stratified lakes.
Rapid diversification of Tragopogon and ecological associates in Eurasia
Authors: Bell C. D. , Mavrodiev E. V. , Soltis P. S. , Calaminus A. K. , Albach D. C. , Cellinese N. , Garcia‐Jacas N. , Soltis D. E.
Published: November 2012

Tragopogon comprises approximately 150 described species distributed throughout Eurasia from Ireland and the UK to India and China with a few species in North Africa. Most of the species diversity is found in Eastern Europe to Western Asia. Previous phylogenetic analyses identified several major clades, generally corresponding to recognized taxonomic sections, although relationships both among these clades and among species within clades remain largely unresolved. These patterns are consistent with rapid diversification following the origin of Tragopogon, and this study addresses the timing and rate of diversification in Tragopogon. Using BEAST to simultaneously estimate a phylogeny and divergence times, we estimate the age of a major split and subsequent rapid divergence within Tragopogon to be ~2.6 Ma (and 1.7–5.4 Ma using various clock estimates). Based on the age estimates obtained with BEAST (HPD 1.7–5.4 Ma) for the origin of crown group Tragopogon and 200 estimated species (to accommodate a large number of cryptic species), the diversification rate of Tragopogon is approximately 0.84–2.71 species/Myr for the crown group, assuming low levels of extinction. This estimate is comparable in rate to a rapid Eurasian radiation in Dianthus (0.66–3.89 species/Myr), which occurs in the same or similar habitats. Using available data, we show that subclades of various plant taxa that occur in the same semi‐arid habitats of Eurasia also represent rapid radiations occurring during roughly the same window of time (1.7–5.4 Ma), suggesting similar causal events. However, not all species‐rich plant genera from the same habitats diverged at the same time, or at the same tempo. Radiations of several other clades in this same habitat (e.g. Campanula, Knautia, Scabiosa) occurred at earlier dates (45–4.28 Ma). Existing phylogenetic data and diversification estimates therefore indicate that, although some elements of these semi‐arid communities radiated during the Plio‐Pleistocene period, other clades sharing the same habitat appear to have diversified earlier.
Marginalized Mothers, Reproductive Autonomy, and ‘Repeat Losses To Care’
Authors: Cox Pamela
Published: November 2012

Over 70,000 children are ‘looked after’ by local authorities in England and Wales. Emerging research suggests that a significant proportion of their birth parents have either already lost a child to permanent adoption or will go on to lose others. These ‘repeat loss’ cases raise difficult questions about marginalized mothers and their reproductive autonomy. This article considers past and present tactics used by the state in its attempts to limit that autonomy, including institutionalization, sterilization, long‐acting contraception, and permanent adoption. It argues that the gradual democratization of intimate citizenship over the past century, defined as a person's ability to choose and direct their intimate relationships, has obliged the contemporary state to develop new tactics which aim to build personal capacity and to balance enhanced child protection with enhanced reproductive autonomy.
Corruption, Bureaucratic Failure and Social Policy Priorities
Authors: Dahlström Carl , Lindvall Johannes , Rothstein Bo
Published: November 2012

This article argues that bureaucratic capacity – the competence and reliability of the national bureaucracy – matters to the allocation of public spending among welfare state programmes since it is difficult for governments to justify high levels of spending on programmes that require bureaucrats to make case-by-case decisions, on a discretionary basis, if the bureaucracy is incompetent, corrupt or both. We expect bureaucratic capacity to have a positive effect on programmes that involve bureaucratic discretion, but weak or no effects on programmes that are more straightforward to implement. In order to test these hypotheses, we analyse public spending on active labour market programmes (which involve a lot of discretion) and parental leave benefits (which involve less discretion). Relying on data for twenty advanced democracies from the mid-1980s to the mid-2000s, we find that high bureaucratic capacity does have a positive effect on active labour market policy spending, but not on parental leave benefits.
A Multi-Faceted Power Analysis of Men's Violence to Known Women: From Hegemonic Masculinity to the Hegemony of Men
Authors: Hearn Jeff
Published: November 2012

This article presents a multi-faceted power analysis of men's violence to known women, by way of assessing two main perspectives on research in men and masculinities: first, that founded on hegemonic masculinity, and, second, that based on the hegemony of men. Each perspective is interrogated in terms of understandings of men's violence to known women. These approaches are articulated in relation to empirical research, and conceptual and theoretical analysis. Thus this article addresses to what extent hegemonic masculinity and the hegemony of men, respectively, are useful concepts for explaining and engaging with men's violence to known women? The article concludes with discussion of more general implications of this analysis.
Exaggerated Femininity and Tortured Masculinity: Embodying Gender in the Horseracing Industry
Authors: Butler Deborah , Charles Nickie
Published: November 2012

Most of the young people enrolling on modern apprenticeships in the horse racing industry are women and many hope to become jockeys. The majority of those who realise these ambitions are, however, men. This paper explores this process of attrition, focussing on gendered embodiment and its relation to the development of the bodily hexis and habitus characteristic of the racing field. We argue that women engage in the bodily labour of engenderment in a context of hostility and harassment and that they develop a contradictorily gendered habitus which brings together attributes which are culturally associated with both masculinity and femininity. In order to achieve this they subject themselves to a disciplining and punishing of the body which creates a ‘tortured’ masculinity. Female bodies are, however, ‘imprisoned’ by the workings of the habitus and, within the racing field, their bodies are read as weak, not fit for hard work and as more suited to an office (or home) than a race horse. These embodied processes and practices place them at a severe disadvantage and result in women being a very small minority of jockeys.
Securitized Citizens: Islamophobia, Racism and the 7/7 London Bombings
Authors: Hussain Yasmin , Bagguley Paul
Published: November 2012

The London bombings of 7 July 2005 were a major event shaping the relationship between Muslims and non-Muslims in Britain. In this paper we introduce the idea of ‘securitized citizens’ to analyse the changing relationship between British Muslims and wider British society in response to this and similar events. Through an analysis of qualitative interviews with Muslims and non-Muslims of a variety of ethnic backgrounds in the areas where the London bombers lived in West Yorkshire we examine the popular perceptions of non-Muslims and Muslims' experiences. We show how processes of securitization and racialization have interacted with Islamophobic discourses and identifications, as well as the experiences of Muslims in West Yorkshire after the attacks.
Spermatogenesis, sperm storage and reproductive timing in bats
Authors: Pfeiffer B. , Mayer F.
Published: November 2012

Reproduction in bats from the temperate zones differs from the general mammalian pattern with regard to long‐term sperm storage. In contrast to other mammals, female bats from the temperate zones store viable spermatozoa from autumn copulations through hibernation into spring when fertilization occurs. Males, however, are also capable of storing spermatozoa viably in their cauda epididymides after they have undergone spermatogenesis in the summer months. This could free them from precisely coupling their spermatogenic timing to the female cycle. Furthermore, it enables them to inseminate females throughout winter during periodic arousals and into spring. In this comparative study of four sympatric species at one site inCentralEurope, we tested for interspecific differences in the onset and length of the mating period. Species‐specific mating periods can be best explained by the availability of receptive females since males match the timing of spermatogenesis closely to the female reproductive cycle. The close sequence of male reproductive readiness and female availability indicates a fertilization advantage of early copulations in hibernating bats, as opposed to last sperm precedence in most mammals. Thus, the observed marked differences in the timing of reproduction between these sympatric species are in contrast to the hypothesis that reproductive timing results solely from climate and food availability.
Overview of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) candidate pathogen recognition genes reveals importantSolanumR locus dynamics
Authors: Andolfo G. , Sanseverino W. , Rombauts S. , Van de Peer Y. , Bradeen J. M. , Carputo D. , Frusciante L. , Ercolano M. R.
Published: November 2012

To investigate the genome‐wide spatial arrangement ofRloci, a complete catalogue of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and potato (Solanum tuberosum) nucleotide‐binding site (NBS)NBS, receptor‐like protein (RLP) and receptor‐like kinase (RLK) gene repertories was generated.

Candidate pathogen recognition genes were characterized with respect to structural diversity, phylogenetic relationships and chromosomal distribution.

NBSgenes frequently occur in clusters of related gene copies that also includeRLPorRLKgenes. This scenario is compatible with the existence of selective pressures optimizing coordinated transcription. A number of duplication events associated with lineage‐specific evolution were discovered. These findings suggest that different evolutionary mechanisms shaped pathogen recognition gene cluster architecture to expand and to modulate the defence repertoire. Analysis of pathogen recognition gene clusters associated with documented resistance function allowed the identification of adaptive divergence events and the reconstruction of the evolution history of these loci. Differences in candidate pathogen recognition gene number and organization were found between tomato and potato. Most candidate pathogen recognition gene orthologues were distributed at less than perfectly matching positions, suggesting an ongoing lineage‐specific rearrangement. Indeed, a local expansion of Toll/Interleukin‐1 receptor (TIR)‐NBS‐leucine‐rich repeat (LRR) (TNL) genes in the potato genome was evident.

Taken together, these findings have implications for improved understanding of the mechanisms of molecular adaptive selection atSolanumRloci.
A retrospective evaluation of coral snake envenomation in dogs and cats: 20 cases (1996–2011)
Authors: Pérez Mayrim L. , Fox Karlie , Schaer Michael
Published: November 2012

Objective

To describe the clinical signs, treatment, and outcomes of dogs and cats following envenomation by the eastern coral snake and to report our clinical experience with the use of Coralmyn.

Design

Retrospective study (1996–2011).

Setting

University teaching hospital.

Animals

Sixteen dogs and 4 cats with eastern coral snake envenomation.

Measurements and Main Results

Medical records meeting the study inclusion criteria were reviewed and evaluated for signalment, date and time of the snake encounter, elapsed time between encounter and hospital examination, initial physical examination findings, antivenom type, length of hospitalization, and outcome. Initial physical examination findings included: quiet mentation, tetraparesis, ptyalism, tachypnea, abdominal breathing, shallow breathing, decreased to absent gag reflex, ataxia, muscle fasciculations, and decreased spinal reflexes. Laboratory findings in dogs included proteinuria, bilirubinuria, hemeproteinuria, increased aspartate aminotransferase activity, increased alanine aminotransferase activity, and hemolysis. Four dogs and 2 cats received Coralmyn and 4 dogs received North American Coral Snake Antivenom. Adverse reaction to antivenom was suspected in 1 dog that received North American Coral Snake Antivenom. Eight of 11 envenomated dogs survived with a median length of hospitalization of 4.5 days. Two of 3 envenomated cats survived with a median length of hospitalization of 4 days. Two dogs were euthanized, 1 dog suffered acute respiratory arrest, and 1 cat developed tachycardia that progressed to pulseless electrical activity. Five dogs and 1 cat in the encounter group survived to discharge.

Conclusions

Diagnosis of eastern coral snake envenomation is likely in the dog that has concomitant lower motor neuron neuropathy, bulbar palsy, and hemolysis. Early diagnosis is crucial as antivenom administration can reduce morbidity. Prognosis is considered good with 71% of the envenomated patients in this study surviving to discharge. Supportive care that may include ventilator assistance and antivenom administration are the mainstays of therapy.
A new Early–Middle Weichselian palaeoenvironmental record from a lacustrine sequence at Svirkanciai, Lithuania
Authors: Satkunas Jonas , Grigiene Alma , Buynevich Ilya V. , Taminskas Julius
Published: November 2012

The Middle Weichselian (OIS 4‐3) and the transition from Early to Middle Weichselian are the most problematic and disputed time intervals of the Late Pleistocene with regard to the palaeogeography of the Fennoscandian glaciations. The number of sites with sediments of Middle Weichselian age in the Baltic region is very limited. An extensive area (77 km2) of lacustrine sediments (sand, clay, silt with humus and interlayers of peat), under the relief‐forming Upper Weichselian till, was discovered in the vicinity of the Venta settlement, northwestern Lithuania, and named the Venta Palaeolacustrine Basin. The Svirkanciai outcrop (56°18′05″N, 22°53′00″E) (15 m in height) of this palaeobasin is composed of two sediment complexes of different genesis and age. The lower part consists of silt and very fine‐grained sand of lacustrine origin. According to palynological data, the lacustrine sediments accumulated under boreo‐arctic climatic conditions. The pollen records suggest that local vegetation was sparse forest with open areas. An Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) date of the lacustrine sand yielded an age of >79±6 ka, which indicates that lacustrine conditions may have occurred during part of the Early Weichselian Odderade Interstadial (Jonionys 2). However, the palynological data from Svirkanciai suggest a Middle Weichselian age, possibly correlating with the Oerel Interstadial (Jonionys 3) 55 ka ago. No traces of early Middle Weichselian Schalkholz (Nemunas 2a) stadial glacial advance have been found in the Venta sections. This also suggests a Middle Weichselian age for the Svirkanciai lacustrine sediments.
The last Welsh Ice Cap: Part 2 – Dynamics of a topographically controlled icecap
Authors: Patton Henry , Hubbard Alun , Glasser Neil F. , Bradwell Tom , Golledge Nicholas R.
Published: November 2012

During the Last Glacial Maximum, the British–Irish Ice Sheet was dominated by a number of accumulation centres, including a terrestrially based, semi‐independent icecap centred on Wales. The dynamics of this Welsh Ice Cap (WIC) over the last glacial period are still relatively poorly understood, with few studies taking into consideration the dynamic evolution of the icecap as a whole. Here we contrast results from two modelled reconstructions of the WIC in conjunction with the wider glacial geomorphological record to elucidate understanding of its form, extent and dynamics. Model output was analysed to yield zones of high basal motion and the spatial distribution of potential glacial erosion. We conclude that coherent flowsets of streamlined bedforms are linked to fast‐flowing outlets dominated by basal sliding. Large‐scale changes in dynamics are discussed, with a number of possible major advances proposed over the glacial cycle. Maximum ice thicknesses of ∼1200 m in Mid Wales indicate that all mountain summits were probably ice‐covered during the Last Glacial Maximum, even if it was with a thin protective mantle of cold‐based ice, leading to landscape preservation of these upland zones. The distribution, dynamism and landscape modification related to the WIC are further discussed at the regional scale. Model predictions of glacier distribution through the Younger Dryas stadial accord well with geologically reconstructed limits at this time.
Reshaping Urban Infrastructure
Authors: Hodson Mike , Marvin Simon , Robinson Blake , Swilling Mark
Published: November 2012

Urban policy makers and researchers consistently recognize the challenge of more effectively reshaping the linkages between cities, urban infrastructure, ecosystem services, and natural resources. The aim of this article is to consider the potential value of developing connections between two currently disconnected approaches to resource use and cities—material flow analysis (MFA) and transitions analysis (TA). This article attempts to address this deficit and looks critically at resource flows through cities and the infrastructures that have been—or could be—reconfigured to more effectively manage these flows from the perspectives of MFA and TA. This is an issue that has not been addressed, with the result that inadequate attention has been paid to the reconfiguring of urban infrastructures whose construction and maintenance are, in turn, often the largest expenditures at the city government level. Insufficient attention has been given to the fact that the design, construction, and operation of infrastructures (specifically energy, waste, water, sanitation, and transport infrastructures) create a sociotechnical environment that plays an important role in shaping, and potentially reshaping, how resources are procured, used, and disposed of by the city. The challenge, of course, is how such a transition takes place, who leads it and what social and governance processes are best suited to facilitate such city transitions. This article assesses the role of MFA and TA in understanding these resource flows and urban infrastructures, making it possible to begin to tackle this challenge in practical transformative ways.
Strategic Preparedness for Recovery from Catastrophic Risks to Communities and Infrastructure Systems of Systems
Authors: Haimes Yacov Y
Published: November 2012

Natural and human‐induced disasters affect organizations in myriad ways because of the inherent interconnectedness and interdependencies among human, cyber, and physical infrastructures, but more importantly, because organizations depend on the effectiveness of people and on the leadership they provide to the organizations they serve and represent. These human–organizational–cyber–physical infrastructure entities are termed systems of systems. Given the multiple perspectives that characterize them, they cannot be modeled effectively with a single model. The focus of this article is: (i) the centrality of the states of a system in modeling; (ii) the efficacious role of shared states in modeling systems of systems, in identification, and in the meta‐modeling of systems of systems; and (iii) the contributions of the above to strategic preparedness, response to, and recovery from catastrophic risk to such systems. Strategic preparedness connotes a decision‐making process and its associated actions. These must be: implemented in advance of a natural or human‐induced disaster, aimed at reducing consequences (e.g., recovery time, community suffering, and cost), and/or controlling their likelihood to a level considered acceptable (through the decisionmakers’ implicit and explicit acceptance of various risks and tradeoffs). The inoperability input‐output model (IIM), which is grounded on Leontief's input/output model, has enabled the modeling of interdependent subsystems. Two separate modeling structures are introduced. These are: phantom system models (PSM), where shared states constitute the essence of modeling coupled systems; and the IIM, where interdependencies among sectors of the economy are manifested by the Leontief matrix of technological coefficients. This article demonstrates the potential contributions of these two models to each other, and thus to more informative modeling of systems of systems schema. The contributions of shared states to this modeling and to systems identification are presented with case studies.
Using the Concrete–Representational–Abstract Sequence with Integrated Strategy Instruction to Teach Subtraction with Regrouping to Students with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Mancl Dustin B. , Miller Susan P. , Kennedy Meghan
Published: November 2012

Mathematics continues to be one of the most challenging aspects of the school curriculum for students with learning disabilities. The provision of pedagogically sound foundational computation and word problem instruction in the elementary grades is critical for students to progress through the mathematics curriculum successfully. A multiple–probe–across–participants design was used to investigate the effects of explicit instruction using the concrete–representational–abstract sequence with integrated cognitive strategies to teach five fourth– and fifth–grade students how to subtract when regrouping is required. All five participants benefited from the scripted instructional lessons. Practical implications and suggestions for future research in this area are provided.
MRI of Pallidal Involvement in Beta‐Ketothiolase Deficiency
Authors: O'Neill Michael L. , Kuo Frank , Saigal Gaurav
Published: November 2012

Beta‐ketothiolase (BKT) deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder, which causes episodic severe metabolic acidosis. Average onset of disease is from 6 to 24 months. Imaging findings relating to this entity have rarely been reported. We report a case of a 5‐year‐old girl with BKT deficiency with isolated focal T2 hyperintensities involving the globi pallidi, which demonstrated restricted diffusion. To our knowledge, these imaging findings have not been previously reported in the setting of BKT deficiency.
‘Of Golden King and Silver Lady’: Yeats and the Pre‐Socratic Philosophers
Authors: Muller Elizabeth
Published: November 2012

Of all the poets in the English speaking world, Yeats is probably the most indebted to philosophy and much has been said about the momentous impact Plato and the Neo‐Platonists had on his work. This paper examines another philosophical legacy which is directly relevant to the theme of the conference since many Pre‐Socratic philosophers wrote their philosophical aphorisms in verse: they lived at a time when the distinction between philosophy and literature had not yet come about. During that fascinating period of ur‐philosophy, both the Italian and the Ionian schools produced thinkers who couched down revelations in dactylic hexameters, the meter used for prophecy at Delphi as well as Homer’s epic metre. Indeed, the two philosophers who are most relevant to Yeats’s work, i.e., Empedocles and Heraclitus were often compared to soothsayers, especially Heraclitus, aptly named ‘the obscure’ and whose nominal fragments were famously cryptic throughout Antiquity. Yeats’s wife, Georgie Hyde‐Lees, had an extremely good knowledge of early Greek philosophy, and it comes as no surprise that frequent allusions to the Pre‐Socratic philosophers appear in Yeats’s later poetry and esoteric treatise, A Vision, in fact in all the works that were written after his marriage. Regarding subject‐matter, the Pre‐Socratic schools assert an influence over Yeats’s poetry as he moves away from transcendental Platonism and in this paper I will attempt to trace their impact. But I should also like to point out that they affect Yeats’s style as he started writing extremely short aphoristic verse containing the same sort of lapidary and obscure paradoxes as can be found in Pre‐Socratic fragments. Famous statements like ‘Fair and foul are near of kin’ vividly recall the epigrams of Heraclitus. So great is Yeats’s mastery of style in service to philosophy that his work often begs comparison with pre‐Socratic writings and their unique blend of poetry, knowledge and myth.
The Triumph of Schopenhauer’s Pessimism Over Comte’s Positivism in George Gissing’s Early Writing
Authors: Harrison Debbie
Published: November 2012

George Gissing (1857–1903) is one of the most rewarding and unsettling of the English writers of fiction associated with literary realism in the late nineteenth century. His early novels – beginning with Workers in the Dawn (1880) and culminating with The Nether World (1889) – dramatize the life of the suffering poor but also the anguished intellectual outcast, with whom he identified and saw as a victim of the deep‐rooted Victorian class system and its equally entrenched hypocrisy. During his stormy early life Gissing engaged enthusiastically with socialism and at the same time he was drawn to the Positivist creed espoused by the French philosopher Auguste Comte (1798–1857). Almost immediately, however, he became disenchanted with Comte’s “religion of humanity” and developed a much darker disposition, strongly inflected by the aestheticism and ascetic detachment from the world and the “Will,” as advocated by the Pessimism of the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer (1788–1860). In this essay I argue that this apparently paradoxical philosophical volte face was inevitable from the outset and that Pessimism was always the dominant force in Gissing’s life. However, although Gissing embraced Schopenhauer’s aesthetic vision for artistic genius, he rarely achieved the asceticism on which Pessimism was founded; his anger and bitterness towards the hypocrisy of late‐Victorian society stayed with him to the very end. Nevertheless, among contemporary, like‐minded writers of fiction, including Thomas Hardy,George Meredith, George Moore, and Arthur Morrison, Gissing stands out as the Apostle of Pessimism.
When Lions Talk: Wittgenstein, Kipling, and the Language of Colonialism1
Authors: Lee Jonathan Rey
Published: November 2012

This paper uses a Wittgensteinian framework to analyze the ethical representation of otherness in Rudyard Kipling’s short story, “Her Majesty’s Servants.” These texts address a central dilemma in representing difference, that the mere fact of viable, verifiable otherness problematizes the universal validity of one’s representational practices. By analyzing the tension between comprehension and incomprehension in narrating talking animals, this paper critiques the colonial tendency to domesticate otherness by describing it, arguing instead that one can productively respond to difference only by recognizing but not transgressing the limits of representation.
Sexual selection in fungi
Authors: Nieuwenhuis B. P. S. , Aanen D. K.
Published: November 2012

The significance of sexual selection, the component of natural selection associated with variation in mating success, is well established for the evolution of animals and plants, but not for the evolution of fungi. Even though fungi do not have separate sexes, most filamentous fungi mate in a hermaphroditic fashion, with distinct sex roles, that is, investment in large gametes (female role) and fertilization by other small gametes (male role). Fungi compete to fertilize, analogous to ‘male‐male’ competition, whereas they can be selective when being fertilized, analogous to female choice. Mating types, which determine genetic compatibility among fungal gametes, are important for sexual selection in two respects. First, genes at the mating‐type loci regulate different aspects of mating and thus can be subject to sexual selection. Second, for sexual selection, not only the two sexes (or sex roles) but also the mating types can form the classes, the members of which compete for access to members of the other class. This is significant if mating‐type gene products are costly, thus signalling genetic quality according to Zahavi's handicap principle. We propose that sexual selection explains various fungal characteristics such as the observed high redundancy of pheromones at the B mating‐type locus of Agaricomycotina, the occurrence of multiple types of spores in Ascomycotina or the strong pheromone signalling in yeasts. Furthermore, we argue that fungi are good model systems to experimentally study fundamental aspects of sexual selection, due to their fast generation times and high diversity of life cycles and mating systems.
Task specialization in two social spiders, Stegodyphus sarasinorum (Eresidae) and Anelosimus eximius (Theridiidae)
Authors: Settepani V. , Grinsted L. , Granfeldt J. , Jensen J. L. , Bilde T.
Published: November 2012

Understanding the social organization of group‐living organisms is crucial for the comprehension of the underlying selective mechanisms involved in the evolution of cooperation. Division of labour and caste formation is restricted to eusocial organisms, but behavioural asymmetries and reproductive skew is common in other group‐living animals. Permanently, social spiders form highly related groups with reproductive skew and communal brood care. We investigated task differentiation in nonreproductive tasks in two permanently and independently derived social spider species asking the following questions: Do individual spiders vary consistently in their propensity to engage in prey attack? Are individual spiders' propensities to engage in web maintenance behaviour influenced by their previous engagement in prey attack? Interestingly, we found that both species showed some degree of task specialization, but in distinctly different ways: Stegodyphus sarasinorum showed behavioural asymmetries at the individual level, that is, individual spiders that had attacked prey once were more likely to attack prey again, independent of their body size or hunger level. In contrast, Anelosimus eximius showed no individual specialization, but showed differentiation according to instar, where adult and subadult females were more likely to engage in prey attack than were juveniles. We found no evidence for division of labour between prey attack and web maintenance. Different solutions to achieve task differentiation in prey attack for the two species studied here suggest an adaptive value of task specialization in foraging for social spiders.
THE HAPPINESS‐REDUCING COSTS OF NOISE POLLUTION*
Authors: Weinhold Diana
Published: November 2012

ABSTRACT This analysis examines the costs of everyday residential noise pollution using a series of “happiness regressions.” We control for both the possibility that an unobservable characteristic may cause omitted variable bias, as well as for the possibility of endogeneity bias if “effort” is not adequately taken into account. We find perceived noise pollution to exert a negative and highly significant effect on happiness. We then calculate the required income transfer to compensate for the noise and find the costs of noise pollution to be on the order of €172 per month per household.
Pharmacokinetics of chloramphenicol following administration of intravenous and subcutaneous chloramphenicol sodium succinate, and subcutaneous chloramphenicol, to koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus)
Authors: Black L. A. , McLachlan A. J. , Griffith J. E. , Higgins D. P. , Gillett A. , Krockenberger M. B. , Govendir M.
Published: November 2012

Clinically normal koalas (n = 19) received a single dose of intravenous (i.v.) chloramphenicol sodium succinate (SS) (25 mg/kg; n = 6), subcutaneous (s.c.) chloramphenicol SS (60 mg/kg; n = 7) or s.c. chloramphenicol base (60 mg/kg; n = 6). Serial plasma samples were collected over 24–48 h, and chloramphenicol concentrations were determined using a validated high‐performance liquid chromatography assay. The median (range) apparent clearance (CL/F) and elimination half‐life (t1/2) of chloramphenicol after i.v. chloramphenicol SS administration were 0.52 (0.35–0.99) L/h/kg and 1.13 (0.76–1.40) h, respectively. Although the area under the concentration–time curve was comparable for the two s.c. formulations, the absorption rate‐limited disposition of chloramphenicol base resulted in a lower median Cmax (2.52; range 0.75–6.80 μg/mL) and longer median tmax (8.00; range 4.00–12.00 h) than chloramphenicol SS (Cmax 20.37, range 13.88–25.15 μg/mL; tmax 1.25, range 1.00–2.00 h). When these results were compared with susceptibility data for human Chlamydia isolates, the expected efficacy of the current chloramphenicol dosing regimen used in koalas to treat chlamydiosis remains uncertain and at odds with clinical observations.