bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural Study of Titanium Oxide Films Synthesized by Ion Beam‐Assisted Deposition
Authors: Wang Gonghua , Brewer Joseph R. , Namavar Fereydoon , Sabirianov Renat F. , Haider Hani , Garvin Kevin L. , Cheung Chin Li
Published: February 2008

The application of titanium dioxide (TiO2) films as surgical implant coatings for antibiotic attachment depends crucially on their available surface area and thus their surface morphology and crystallinity. Here, we report our fabrication of high Wenzel ratio TiO2 films targeted to increase the film surface area using the ion beam‐assisted deposition (IBAD) technique at high‐deposition temperatures (∼610 °C). The modulation of the films' surface morphology was accomplished by varying the chemical identity of the concurrent ion beams bombarded on the films during the e‐beam evaporation process. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to investigate the surface morphology of the as‐deposited films. X‐ray diffractometry (XRD) revealed that these nanocrystalline films primarily consist of anatase phase TiO2. Wenzel ratio, the ratio of the actual surface area to the projected area, of IBAD films prepared with argon, oxygen, and nitrogen ion beams was measured to be 1.52, 1.31 and 1.49, respectively. The effect of the differences in chemical reactivity and ion size of these three type ion beams are discussed to explain the present results. SCANNING 30: 000–000, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Elucidation of deactivation or resistance mechanisms of CrOx, VOx and MnOx supported phases in the total oxidation of chlorobenzene via ToF‐SIMS and XPS analyses
Authors: Bertinchamps F. , Poleunis C. , Grégoire C. , Eloy P. , Bertrand P. , Gaigneaux E. M.
Published: February 2008

VOx, CrOx and MnOx supported on TiO2 are all efficient catalysts in the total oxidation of benzene. However, in the oxidation of chlorobenzene, they exhibit different behaviors in terms of their resistance to deactivation by the chlorinated reactant and/or products of the reaction (Cl2, HCl). Precisely: VOx catalysts present a very good resistance; conversely, MnOx catalysts present a huge deactivation and CrOx catalysts exhibit an intermediate behavior. This contribution leads to a better understanding of the mechanisms and origins of the respective deactivation (or resistance to deactivation) of the catalysts via a postmortem characterization by ‘X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy’ (XPS) and ‘time of flight—secondary ion mass spectroscopy’ (ToF‐SIMS). (i) The different behaviors are correlated to the atomic ratio of chlorine/transition metal at the surface of the used catalysts and (ii) the nature of the chlorinated species responsible for the deactivation is elucidated: namely, CrOx catalysts deactivate because of a firm adsorption at the surface of the chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOC) or of chlorinated intermediates of reaction, while MnOx catalysts deactivate because of the formation of (oxy)chlorides at their surface. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long range and surface effects on the Auger parameter: electrostatic self‐consistent polarization energy model
Authors: Satta Mauro , Morpurgo Simone , Moretti Giuliano
Published: February 2008

Computational (Tinker) and computer graphic (Molden) programs, available free of charge from the web, respectively, permit the calculation of Auger parameter shifts at the electrostatical level of theory and the graphical display of the involved atomic structures. The effects of distant cations and anions from the ion with the added positive charge may be easily investigated together with the effect of decreasing its coordination number because of its localization at the surface of the material. For such an ion, the effect of adsorbed molecules (e.g. water molecules) on the Auger parameter shift can also be calculated. An application of this method is reported for a BaCl2 crystal considering the Auger parameter shift of Ba cations in different localizations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ARXPS study of the ion mobility through (HfO2)x(SiO2)1−x formed on air‐exposed HfSi0.5As1.5
Authors: Grosvenor Andrew P. , Cavell Ronald G. , Mar Arthur
Published: February 2008

The oxidation of the (001) surface of HfSi0.5As1.5 exposed to the atmosphere, as monitored by angle‐resolved X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS), gives rise to a slightly Si‐rich (HfO2)x(SiO2)1−x film. As2O3 and SiO2 are present at the air‐oxide interface, suggesting that both As and Si atoms can diffuse through the amorphous silicate film via vacancies, in the form of defects and interstitial sites. By exposing the surface over periods between 1 and 60 min, it was found that the oxidation of HfSi0.5As1.5 follows logarithmic kinetics, indicating that the oxide film formed is passive. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of the initial oxide‐film microstructure on the passivation behavior of Al metal surfaces
Authors: Reichel F. , Jeurgens L. P. H. , Mittemeijer E. J.
Published: February 2008

An unexpected passivation behavior is reported for the low temperature oxidation of bare Al{111} substrates, which is characterized by an unusual decrease of the oxide‐film thickness with increasing temperature (at constant time) in the amorphous oxide‐film regime (as established by angle resolved‐X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, real‐time In situ spectroscopic ellipsometry and low energy electron diffraction). Modeling of the oxide‐film growth kinetics on the basis of the coupled‐currents of cations and electrons in a surface‐charge field shows that the decrease of oxide‐film thickness with increasing temperature is due to a slow increase of the rate‐limiting activation energy barrier for cation transport, W, with increasing temperature in combination with a constant kinetic potential due to the surface‐charge field up to the amorphous‐to‐crystalline transition temperature at about 450 K. On Al{100} a more gradual amorphous‐to‐crystalline transition is observed, which is associated with concurrent increases of not only the energy barrier W, but also the kinetic potential, resulting in the usually observed increase of the near‐limiting thickness with increasing temperature. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐energy total reflection X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy for polished iron surface
Authors: Nagoshi Masayasu , Kawano Takashi , Makiishi Noriko , Baba Yuji , Kobayashi Katsumi
Published: February 2008

Total reflection (TR) XPS has been applied to a mirror‐polished iron sheet using incident X‐ray with the energy range of 1800–3600 eV from synchrotron radiation. XPS spectra measured under the TR conditions show remarkably low background intensity and the relative background intensity becomes lower as the photon energy of incident X‐ray increases. These results are explained qualitatively by means of shallow penetration depth of grazing incident X‐rays and rather deep escape depth of high‐energy photoelectrons. XPS spectra have been recorded under ordinary XPS geometry using X‐rays with the same energy range. These spectra are compared with TRXPS, and background spectra are extracted and used for background subtraction for ordinary XPS spectra. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
XPS spectromicroscopy: exploiting the relationship between images and spectra
Authors: Walton John , Fairley Neal
Published: February 2008

The application of spectroscopic processing techniques to multi‐spectral XPS data sets has enabled the acquisition of quantitative surface chemical state images. Such data sets are necessarily large, incorporating many spectra, so prohibiting interactive processing. Instead multivariate analytical techniques are used to reduce the dimensionality of the data, and also to increase the signal/noise, there bye speeding acquisition. These techniques may also be used to classify regions in images according to different chemistry, that is changes in photoelectron intensity, changes in binding energy and changes in the inelastic background. Spectra from classified regions may then be summed to aid visualisation, obviating the need for multivariate curve resolution with its attendant uncertainties. Further the inelastic background of transmission corrected spectra from classified regions may be modelled to provide spatially resolved in‐depth information. Such classification also aids curve fitting, since curve fit models can be applied to regions of similar chemistry. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanowires of metal oxides for gas sensing applications
Authors: Kaciulis Saulius , Pandolfi Luca , Comini Elisabetta , Faglia Guido , Ferroni Matteo , Sberveglieri Giorgio , Kandasamy Sasikaran , Shafiei Mahnaz , Wlodarski Wojtek
Published: February 2008

Nanowires of different metal oxides (SnO2, ZnO) have been grown by evaporation–condensation process. Their chemical composition has been investigated by using XPS. The standard XPS quantification through main photoelectron peaks, modified Auger parameter and valence band spectra were examined for the accurate determination of oxidation state of metals in the nanowires.

Morphological investigation has been conducted by acquiring and analyzing the SEM images. For the simulation of working conditions of sensor, the samples were annealed in ultra high vacuum (UHV) up to 500 °C and XPS analysis repeated after this treatment. Finally, the nanowires of SnO2 have were used to produce a novel gas sensor based on Pt/oxide/SiC structure and operating as Schottky diode. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of copper corrosion products formed during localized corrosion using field emission Auger electron spectroscopy
Authors: Van Ingelgem Yves , Vandendael Isabelle , Vereecken Jean , Hubin Annick
Published: February 2008

Corrosion of pure copper surfaces in chloride‐containing solutions leads to the combined local and global attack of the surface. To be able to identify both reactions, it is important to know the nature of the corrosion products formed in both processes. This was done by investigation of the corroded surface using field emission AES (FE‐AES). The spectra recorded from different locations on the surface were compared to reference spectra using target factor analysis (TFA). The study confirmed the porous nature of the general corrosion product layer. In this layer both Cu2O and CuO are present, the former in higher concentrations. In the local attack sites more CuO than Cu2O is detected and also more chlorides are present. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of polyvinylpyrolidone as an additive in electrochemical preparation of ZnO nanowires and nanostructured thin films
Authors: Enculescu Ionut , Matei Elena , Sima Mariana , Enculescu Monica , Sima Marian , Ghica Cornel
Published: February 2008

Preparation of ZnO in different nano‐morphological forms became a hot topic during the last few years. This tendency was motivated by the wide field of potential applications ranging from optics to electronics and spintronics. In the present work, we deal with the preparation of ZnO nanowires and nanostructured thin films using electrochemical deposition.

ZnO nanowires were grown using the template approach, namely by replicating the nanopores of polycarbonate ion track membranes. The method yields uniform arrays of nanowires with the morphology controlled by the shape and size of the templates pores. Adding polyvinylpyrolidone as an additive in the growth bath became a necessity due to the fact that polycarbonate ion track membranes are usually hydrophobic and thus filling of the nanopores with the growth electrolyte is rather difficult. In order to better understand the influence of the additive on the electrochemical deposition of such nanostructures, similar experiments were performed for the deposition of ZnO thin films.

Scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction and optical spectroscopy measurements were performed for characterization of the deposited structures. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
XPS analysis of nano‐thin films on substrate
Authors: Mao S. F. , Zhang Z. M. , Tokesi K. , Csik A. , Toth J. , Bereczky R. J. , Ding Z. J.
Published: February 2008

For a surface localized nano‐structure, the XPS quantification based only on peak intensity analysis is inaccurate. In this work, we have developed an algorithm that is more elaborate and convenient for application to XPS quantification of nanoscale thin film on substrate by considering the background in a region of about 100 eV following the film signal peak. A W/SiO2 overlayer sample is investigated in this work. Theoretical evaluation of the spectra is compared with the experimental result and a pertinent algorithm is derived for application to the film thickness analysis. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of phosphorus concentration on the electronic structure of nanocrystalline electrodeposited Ni–P alloys: an XPS and XAES investigation
Authors: Elsener B. , Atzei D. , Krolikowski A. , Rossi A.
Published: February 2008

A surface analysis has been conducted on a series of electrodeposited nickel‐phosphorus (Ni–P) alloys containing from 6 to 29 at.% phosphorus, using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X‐ray excited Auger electron spectroscopy (XAES). No changes in core‐level binding energies, Ni2p3/2 and Ni2p1/2, P2p, P2s, or X‐ray excited NiLMM and PKLL Auger lines were observed regardless of phosphorus concentration. The only systematic differences observed concerned: (i) the binding energy of the Ni2p satellite peak, (ii) the fine structure of the NiLMM Auger lines, (iii) the percentage of the satellite in the total Ni2p3/2 spectrum and (iv) the valence band density of states in the Ni3d electrons region, all related to the electronic structure of the Ni–P alloys. For the first time, it has been possible to describe and rationalise the influence of (phosphorus) ligand concentration on the electronic structure of nickel‐based alloys, using a screening model proposed in the literature for clarifying the role of substituents on the electronic structure of conductor compounds of nickel. As the phosphorus content increases, the number of non‐bonding Ni3d electrons decreases. Thus the d‐type core‐hole screening is less pronounced and the binding energy of the satellite for the final state with a filled Ni4s shell increases. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A risk‐adjusted CUSUM in continuous time based on the Cox model
Authors: Biswas Pinaki , Kalbfleisch John D.
Published: February 2008

In clinical practice, it is often important to monitor the outcomes associated with participating facilities. In organ transplantation, for example, it is important to monitor and assess the outcomes of the transplants performed at the participating centers and send a signal if a significant upward trend in the failure rates is detected. In manufacturing and process control contexts, the cumulative summation (CUSUM) technique has been used as a sequential monitoring scheme for some time. More recently, the CUSUM has also been suggested for use in medical contexts. In this article, we outline a risk‐adjusted CUSUM procedure based on the Cox model for a failure time outcome. Theoretical approximations to the average run length are obtained for this new proposal and for some discrete time procedures suggested in the literature. The proposed scheme and approximations are evaluated in simulations and illustrated on transplant facility data from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Growth rates in epidemic models: Application to a model for HIV/AIDS progression
Authors: Gran Jon Michael , Wasmuth Linn , Amundsen Ellen J. , Lindqvist Bo H. , Aalen Odd O.
Published: February 2008

The most common quantity used to describe the growth of an epidemic when modelling infectious diseases is the basic reproduction numberR0. WhileR0is most appropriate for epidemics with short‐lasting infections, long‐lasting infections such as HIV/AIDS may call for the use of growth rates with other properties. For a group of multi‐state compartment models we define bothR0, the actual reproduction numberRa(t), and the intrinsic growth rater. We study the relationship between these different reproduction numbers and growth rates and take a brief look at how they could be estimated from actual observed data. The work is illustrated by a model for HIV/AIDS progression among homosexual men in England and Wales. We conclude that other measures of growth, in addition toR0, give important supplementary information. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytochrome P450 2E1 in the substantia nigra: Relevance for dopaminergic neurotransmission and free radical production
Authors: Shahabi H. Niazi , Andersson D.R. , Nissbrandt H.
Published: February 2008

Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) has been detected in brain regions which are of relevance for the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease, such as the substantia nigra (SN). Furthermore, CYP2E1 is known to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), toxic molecules which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease. We have previously reported that CYP2E1 inhibition increases extracellular dopamine (DA) in the SN. The aims of the present study were by using in vivo microdialysis in rat, to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the increase in extracellular DA induced by CYP2E1 inhibition and to explore whether ROS is produced in the SN, both with and without the presence of an exogenous CYP2E1 substrate. The effect of inhibition of CYP2E1 by phenylethyl isothiocyanate (100 mg/kg) on extracellular DA in the SN was unaltered following pretreatment with γ‐butyrolactone and GBR‐12909, drugs that inhibit firing of DA neurons and DA re‐uptake, respectively. Preadministration of tetrodotoxin or reserpine, however, abolished the effect of CYP2E1 inhibition. Administration of isoflurane, an anesthetic which is metabolized by CYP2E1, increased the production of •OH in the SN, as measured by the transformation of 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid to 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid during local perfusion compared with animals given other anesthetics. The results support the notion that CYP2E1 is located near or in the same compartment in the SN as stored DA, tentatively the endoplasmatic reticulum, and that the enzyme activity might modulate the amount of DA that is available for release. Furthermore, our findings indicate that the production of ROS can be stimulated by CYP2E1 substrates. Synapse 62:379–388, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Solvent extraction of lipids from soybeans with acidic hexane
Authors: Hensarling T. P. , Jacks T. J.
Published: February 2008

Hexane and hexane containing 5% acetic acid (v/v) were used to extract lipids from soybean at room temperature and at 60 C. Hexane/acetic acid extractions yielded ca. 11% more total lipids and ca. 6–10% more neutral oil than did hexane extractions. Hexane/ acetic acid extraction at room temperature yielded the same or slightly more neutral oil than did hexane at 60 C. Thirty‐five times more phosphorus was extracted with hexane/acetic acid than with hexane; this phosphorus represented ca. 46% of the phospholipid phosphorus of soybean. Also, when hexane/acetic acid was used as the solvent, the separation of miscella from marc by filtration was about twice as rapid as the separation when hexane alone was the solvent.
A coalescer for soybean oil emulsions
Authors: Baker E. C. , Brown R. L.
Published: February 2008

A simple device was designed, consisting of alternate layers of absorbant cotton supported on fiberglass that accelerated the coalescence of oil droplets from an emulsion of soybean oil in aqueous isopropyl alcohol. Separation was generally complete in 90 min or less.
Increased oilseed protein solubility after peroxide exposure
Authors: Jacks T. J. , Hensarling T. P. , Muller L. L.
Published: February 2008

Oilseed proteins of peanut (arachin), pumpkin (cucurbitin) and soy (11‐S glycinin) were exposed to 30% H2 O2. Solubilities of arachin, cucurbitin, and glycinin increased 8.5‐fold, 40‐fold, and ca. 200‐fold, respectively, in aqueous (arachin and cucurbitin) or acidic (glycinin) media. Implications for utilization of oilseed pro‐teins following exposureto H2 O2 are discussed.
Cognitive and Behavioural Effects of Genetic Testing for Thrombophilia
Authors: Heshka J. , Palleschi C. , Wilson B. , Brehaut J. , Rutberg J. , Etchegary H. , Langlois N. , Rodger M. , Wells P. S.
Published: February 2008

Very few studies have examined the impact of genetic testing for thrombophilia on health behaviours, perceptions of control over risk factors for venous thromboembolism, or health services utilization. Through a postal questionnaire we compared first degree relatives with thrombophilia (carriers) most of whom had received counseling, to those without (non‐carriers) with respect to: (a) perceived causes of venous thromboembolism; (b) perceived control; (c) health behaviour changes; and (d) use of health care services. 44/51 for carriers and 26/47 for non‐carriers completed questionnaires. Carriers were more likely to believe their risk of venous thromboembolism ‘is a little higher’ or ‘much higher’ than average (p < 0.001) but some continued to believe their risk ‘is the same as’ or ‘lower than’ average. 16%–32% of carriers did not recognize major risk factors. Stress, worry, or depression, negative attitude, and over‐exertion were over‐interpreted as risks. 37.2% did not appreciate that thrombophilia increases risk. Behaviour changes were uncommon. There is a need for research on education and strategies to improve knowledge in thrombophilia carriers.
Effects of a Single and Short‐Term Ingestion of Diacylglycerol on Fat Oxidation in Rats
Authors: Osaki Noriko , Meguro Shinichi , Onizawa Kouji , Mizuno Tomohito , Shimotoyodome Akira , Hase Tadashi , Tokimitsu Ichiro
Published: February 2008

This study examines the effect of diacylglycerol (DAG) oil consisting mainly of 1,3‐species on fat oxidation as a possible mechanism for anti‐obesity. We examined the following: (1) the long‐term (23‐week) effects of a DAG oil diet on the development of obesity; (2) the effect of a single ingestion of DAG oil on fat oxidation; and, (3) the short‐term (2‐week) effect of a DAG oil diet on fat metabolism in rats. Rats fed a DAG oil diet accumulated significantly less body fat compared to rats fed a triacylglycerol (TAG) oil diet, each oil possesses a similar fatty acid composition. More 14C‐CO2 was expired and less 14C‐radioactivity was incorporated into visceral fat after administration of a tracer emulsion containing 1,3‐[oleoyl‐1‐14C] diolein compared to [carboxyl‐14C] triolein. Indirect calorimetry showed respiratory quotients were significantly lower in the DAG oil diet group than in the TAG oil diet group. More 14C‐CO2 was expired and less 14C‐radioactivity was incorporated into visceral fat in the DAG oil diet group than in the TAG oil diet group after a single intragastric administration of [carboxyl‐14C] triolein. These results suggest the following. (1) DAG oil has an inhibitory effect on diet‐induced fat accumulation. (2) 1,3‐DAG, a major component of DAG oil, is more susceptible to oxidation. (3) A short‐term ingestion of DAG oil increases fat utilization at the whole body level and results in increased oxidation of dietary fat. The stimulated fat oxidation might be one explanation for the anti‐obesity effect of long‐term DAG oil ingestion.
Acute heart failure in the emergency department: Short and long‐term outcomes of elderly patients with heart failure
Authors: Ezekowitz Justin A. , Bakal Jeffery A. , Kaul Padma , Westerhout Cynthia M. , Armstrong Paul W.
Published: February 2008

Aims:

Previous epidemiologic studies of acute heart failure (AHF) have involved patients admitted to hospital and fail to account for that unknown proportion discharged directly from the emergency department (ED). We examined discharge rates, and whether outcomes, including mortality, differed based on admission status in AHF.

Methods and results:

This population‐based cohort included all patients ≥65 years presenting to an Alberta ED with HF (ICD9‐CM 428.x; 1998 to 2001). Patients were either not admitted (Not‐ADM) or directly admitted to hospital (ADM) and followed for one‐year.

Of 10,415 AHF patients evaluated in the ED, 35% were Not‐ADM whereas 65% were ADM. Thirty days after ED presentation the rates of death, re‐ED or initial/re‐hospitalisation were 3.3%, 44% and 19% for Not‐ADM, and 10.9%, 33% and 21% for the ADM patients, respectively (all p<0.0001). At one‐year, the rates of death, re‐ED or initial/re‐hospitalisation were 20%, 82% and 58% for Not‐ADM, and 34%, 72% and 60% for ADM, respectively (all p<0.0001).

Conclusions:

One third of AHF patients were not immediately admitted after an ED visit but most present again to the ED, two‐thirds were hospitalised and 20% died within the first year. Our findings provide new impetus to undertake risk assessment and treatment strategies in the ED for AHF.
Predictors of prognosis in patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy
Authors: Duran Nilüfer , Günes Hacı , Duran Ibrahim , Biteker Murat , Özkan Mehmet
Published: February 2008

Objectives

To evaluate the long‐term follow‐up results of patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy and assess the echocardiographic findings relating to prognosis at time of diagnosis.

Methods

Thirty‐three patients diagnosed with peripartum cardiomyopathy and hospitalized between 1995 and 2007 were analyzed. Initial echocardiographic data were recorded and long‐term clinical status was evaluated.

Results

Eight (24%) patients recovered completely, 10 (30%) died, 2 (6%) underwent heart transplants, and 13 (39%) were left with persistent left ventricular dysfunction. Cut‐off values for initial left ventricular end‐systolic diameter (≤ 5.5 cm) and left ventricular ejection fraction (> 27%) were obtained from patients who had completely recovered.

Conclusion

Cut‐off values for initial left ventricular ejection fraction of > 27% and left ventricular end‐systolic diameter of ≤ 5.5 cm may predict recovery of left ventricle function.
Pharmacologically enhanced expression of GPNMB increases the sensitivity of melanoma cells to the CR011‐vcMMAE antibody‐drug conjugate
Authors: Qian Xiaozhong , Mills Evan , Torgov Michael , LaRochelle William J. , Jeffers Michael
Published: February 2008

GPNMB is a melanoma‐associated glycoprotein that is targeted by the CR011‐vcMMAE antibody‐drug conjugate (ADC). Previous studies have shown that CR011‐vcMMAE induces the apoptosis of GPNMB‐expressing tumor cells in vitro and tumor regression in xenograft models. This ADC is currently in clinical trials for melanoma. In the present investigation, a variety of compounds were examined for their ability to increase the expression of GPNMB by cancer cells. These experiments lead to the identification of three distinct groups of compounds that increased GPNMB, some of which were shown to enhance the sensitivity of melanoma cells to CR011‐vcMMAE. These data indicate that it may be possible to increase the anticancer activity of CR011‐vcMMAE through pharmacological enhancement of GPNMB expression for potential therapeutic benefit.
Reducing exercise-induced muscular injury in kendo athletes with supplementation of coenzyme Q10
Authors: Kon Michihiro , Tanabe Kai , Akimoto Takayuki , Kimura Fuminori , Tanimura Yuko , Shimizu Kazuhiro , Okamoto Tadashi , Kono Ichiro
Published: February 2008

Intensive physical exercise may cause muscular injury and increase oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of an antioxidant, coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), on muscular injury and oxidative stress during exercise training. Eighteen male students, all elite Japanese kendo athletes, were randomly assigned to either a CoQ10 group (n 10) or a placebo group (n 8) in a double-blind manner. Subjects in the CoQ10 group took 300 mg CoQ10 per d for 20 d, while subjects in the placebo group took the same dosage of a placebo. All subjects practised kendo 5·5 h per d for 6 d during the experimental period. Blood samples were taken 2 weeks before, during (1 d, 3 d, 5 d) and 1 week after the training. Serum creatine kinase (CK) activity and myoglobin (Mb) concentration significantly increased in both groups (at 3 d and 5 d). Serum CK (at 3 d), Mb (at 3 d) and lipid peroxide (at 3 d and 5 d) of the CoQ10 group were lower than those of the placebo group. The leucocyte counts in the placebo group significantly increased (at 3 d) and neutrophils significantly increased in both groups (at 3 d and 5 d). Serum scavenging activity against superoxide anion did not change in either group. These results indicate that CoQ10 supplementation reduced exercise-induced muscular injury in athletes.
The Judiciary, International and National, and the Development of International Law
Authors: Jennings R. Y.
Published: February 2008

TheAnnual Digest of Public International Law Cases—the ancestor of theInternational Law Reports—was first published “under the direction” of the Department of International Studies of the London School of Economics. The “chief inspirers”, to use Fitzmaurice's phrase, were Arnold McNair and Hersch Lauterpacht, the latter then on the teaching staff of the School. There was also an Advisory Committee of Sir Cecil J. B. Hurst, a former President of the Permanent Court of International Justice and later Legal Adviser to the Foreign Office; W. E. Beckett, also of the Foreign Office; A. Hammarksjöld, the Registrar of the Permanent Court of International Justice, and Sir John Fischer Williams of Oxford and the Reparation Commission.
International Sports Law as a Process for Resolving Disputes
Authors: Nafziger James A. R.
Published: February 2008

International sports law is more than a static set of rules and principles: it is better described as a process for avoiding and resolving disputes. Recent cases highlight its significance. TheSwiss Equestriancase,1decided by the Swiss Federal Tribunal, demonstrates the efficacy of using this process in cases involving issues of eligibility for competition. By contrast, theReynolds case,2decided by US federal courts, shows the folly of ignoring non-judicial remedies prescribed by international sports law. As a result,Reynoldsbecame a sort of Dickensian struggle involving three years of litigation and some nine decisions before the case was finally dismissed. The courts could have, and should have, reached the same result by simply enforcing decisions of the appropriate international sports federation and the arbitral tribunal that had upheld the federation's decision. The Harding case,3which was also decided in the United States, demonstrates that adjudication outside the prescribed process of international sports law is fundamentally unstable.
II. Transport
Authors: Newman Karl , Greaves Rosa
Published: February 2008

The arrival of Neil Kinnock, in January 1995, as the new Commissioner in charge of the transport portfolio, has led to particular emphasis on three objectives: improvement of the quality of the European transport system; integration of the transport policy into the single market; and negotiations with non-Community countries.1 During the last 18 months, the main legal developments continue to be concerned primarily with infrastructure, safety, negotiations with non-Community countries and improving the competitiveness of the industry by adopting liberalising measures and enforcing the EC competition rules.
III. Competition
Authors: Newman Karl , Harding Christopher
Published: February 2008

In the period covered by this note (early 1994 to the middle of 1995) some signifi cant and interesting judgments have been handed down by the Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance on both substantive and procedural issues of competition law, in particular that of the Court of Justice in the Magill case, which deals with the relationship between Article 86 and intellectual property rights. In the legislative field there is now a group exemption on the operation of liner transport services. As regards general problems of enforcement, the Commission's 1993 Notice on Co-operation between National Courts and the Commission1 has provoked a good deal of discussion and a number of commentators and also the Commission itself are now advocating sharing responsibility for enforcement with national competition authorities rather than relying on the direct effect of Articles 85(1) and 86 being invoked before national courts.2
IV. Insurance and Banking
Authors: Newman Karl , Andenas Mads
Published: February 2008

There are still unresolved conflicts at the final stage of the completion of the internal financial market.1 Member State actions have been brought against the European Parliament and Council Directive on Deposit Guarantee Schemes2 and against the Commission Communication on an Internal Market for Pension Funds.1
Maastricht and the Codecision Procedure: A Success Story
Authors: Boyron Sophie
Published: February 2008

The Maastricht Treaty aimed partly to close the democratic deficit that exists in the European decision-making process. Accordingly, the role and the powers of the European Parliament were increased: a right of initiative was created, 1 committees of inquiry were reinforced, 2 the right of petition3 was recognised, an Ombudsman was created4 and a new legislative procedure, 5 which attempted to put the Parliament on an equal footing with the Council, was also included in the Treaty.
The Development of Corporate Law in the Former Soviet Republics
Authors: Lucas Stephen , Maltsev Yuriy
Published: February 2008

The State enterprise was the most conspicuous symbol of the socialist economy. In the late 1980s the gradual demise of the command system based on State ownership and the restructuring of economic relations were accompanied by the introduction of a variety of new forms of commercial organisation into the Soviet legal system.
Constitutional Aspects of Opinion 1/94 of the ECJ Concerning the Wto Agreement
Authors: Appella Andrea
Published: February 2008

The conclusion of the Uruguay Round and the establishment of the World Trade Organisation raised one of the most touchy issues of the European architecture, notably the division of powers between the Community and the member States in the field of international economic relations. The dispute was settled by the European Court of Justice in Opinion 1/94, which was delivered on 15 November 1994.1Although more than a year has passed since its publication, there are still a number of good reasons to explore the findings of the Court in Opinion 1/94 from the point of view of the Community constitution.
I. The Straddling Stocks Agreement of 1995—an Initial Assessment
Authors: Warbrick Colin , McGoldrick Dominic , Anderson D. H.
Published: February 2008

On 4 August 1995 the UN Conference on Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, at its sixth session, adopted without a vote the text of the Agreement for the Implementation of the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks.1 The title is often shortened to “the Straddling Stocks Agreement”. To date, the Agreement has been signed by 29 States.2 It marks a significant clarification and development in the rules of international law relating to fishing on the high seas, within the framework of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.
II. The Geneva Conventions (Amendment) Act 1995: A Generally Minimalist Approach
Authors: Warbrick Colin , McGoldrick Dominic , Rowe Peter , Meyer Michael A.
Published: February 2008

The government's decision, announced on 22 October 1993, to ratify the 1977 Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions of 1949 as soon as amendments to the Geneva Conventions Act 1957 could be made led to a race to pass the bill through all its stages in both Houses before 4 December 1995.1This was the date of the International Conference of the Red Cross and Red Crescent held in Geneva and it was argued in the House of Lords that the British Red Cross should be able to attend the conference and to say that the necessary domestic legislation had been passed to enable ratification to take place. The bill had started its life in the House of Lords and had received its second reading only on 25 May 1995. It was, in fact, given the royal assent on 19 July 1995.
Comparative Law and the Courts
Authors: Koopmans T.
Published: February 2008

For a long time it looked as though comparative law was a matter for academic research, difficult and, surely, very interesting; beautiful to know something about, but not immediately relevant to the daily life of the law. Practising lawyers would admit the importance of comparative law in theory, but they would add that they themselves were, of course, too much occupied with the latest cases on trade marks, or with recent developments in the law of negligence.1
Making the Refugee Convention Gender Sensitive: The Canadian Guidelines
Authors: Wallace Rebecca M. M.
Published: February 2008

Human rights violations committed against women have become an increasingly high priority on the international agenda.1 Rape, “honour killings.”, bride-burning, genital mutilation, forced sterilisation, forced abortion, domestic violence are all acts of violence regularly committed against women. What makes women the target of such acts is primarily if not exclusively their sex. Membership of the female sex is what creates the risk. Women have been afforded minimal redress in international fora and this has been particularly true within the context of refugee determination. Women and children make up the majority of the world's refugee population2 yet, because of their comparative lack of mobility, the refugee jurisprudence which has evolved has been based primarily on the experiences of men. However, women often fear persecution for reasons different from men, and when they do fear persecution for the same reason as men they often experience the persecution differently. There is evidence that contemporary refugee law is becoming gender sensitive. In March 1993 the Guidelines on Women Refugee Claimants Fearing Gender-Related Persecution were issued by the Chairperson of the Canadian Immigration and Refugee Board.3 The Guidelines were novel in that their promulgation made Canada the first country to recognise formally that cognisance should be given to claims by refugee applicants of alleged genderrelated persecution. This short article will identify the raison d'être of the Guidelines, articulate their principal characteristics and assess their impact both within Canada and beyond.
I. Customs, Excise Duties and Value Added Tax
Authors: Newman Karl , Michael Michael
Published: February 2008

The enlargement of the European Union from 1 January 1995 by the accession of Austria, Finland and Sweden inevitably necessitated amendments to much Community legislation.1
The Future of International Administrative Law
Authors: Amerasinghe C. F.
Published: February 2008

The prospects for international administrative law and the international administrative legal system in the future and particularly in the next century will be determined to a large extent by how much importance the world attaches to international organisations and particularly to the maintenance of an independent international civil service as a means of securing international peace and security, promoting development and fostering international co-operation. Not only must there be a change in the current attitude of certain governments towards international organisations as a means to this end but there must also be a more sanguine approach to the singular importance of an independent civil service in the process. What can be said about the international administrative legal system and international administrative law in the future must be conditioned necessarily to a large extent by assumptions made about what is going to happen in the future to both international organisations and the civil service.
The Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage
Authors: Blake Janet
Published: February 2008

In November 1995 a draft resolution was presented to the 28th General Conference of UNESCO which, among other matters, dealt with the organisation's future activities in the field of the underwater cultural heritage.1In conjunction with this resolution, the text of a draft Convention for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage prepared by the International Law Association (ILA) was presented to the General Conference as the possible basis for a new international convention on the subject.2Annexed to this draft Convention text was the Charter for the Protection and Management of the Underwater Cultural Heritage prepared by the International Council of Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS)3to accompany the ILA draft Convention and serve as a set of criteria of good practice to be applied by States parties to the Convention. The General Conference adopted the draft resolution without any change and this therefore forms the basis for future deliberations within UNESCO over this issue, the question whether to draft an international convention on the basis of the ILA draft text having been a central part of the deliberations. Subsequent to the adoption of the resolution, meetings have been held between UNESCO and various bodies with an interest in the issue (such as the International Maritime Organisation and the International Oceanographic Commission as well as the UN Law of the Sea office). Following these consultations, it was agreed to hold a joint meeting of representatives of these organisations with chosen experts in order to examine the ILA draft Convention along with any other material relevant to a new legal instrument for the protection of the underwater cultural heritage.
The Australian High Court's Use of theWestern SaharaCase inMabo
Authors: Scott Shirley
Published: February 2008

Recent cases before the High Court of Australia have raised the question as to the appropriate degree to which international law should influence Australian law and politics.1Crucial to the reasoning in the leading judgment of the landmark 1992Mabocase,2by which the Australian judiciary recognised for the first time a native title to land, was the finding that Australia had not beenterra nulliusat the time of colonisation. The leading judgment accepted the categorisation of Australia as a settled colony which had been established by the Privy Council inCooperv.Stuart.3In this judgment Lord Watson had held that Australia, as a “settled” colony, had received transplanted British law “except where explicitly changed or considered irrelevant”.4This had given rise to the assumption, confirmed byMilurrpumv.Nabalco Ltd(the Gove Land Rights case of 1971) that, since no legal rights to land of indigenous people existed in British law and none had been explicitly acknowledged in relation to Australia, no basis existed for their later recognition.5The leading judgment inMabowent on to declare, however, that the notion that British law had been transplanted into a settled colony had been based on the assumption that the “indigenous people of a settled colony were … without laws, without a sovereign and primitive in their social organisation”.6Since “the facts as we know them today” do not “fit this theory” the leading judgment asserted there to be “no warrant for applying in these times rules of the English common law which were a product of that theory”.7
Hong Kong and Succession of Treaties
Authors: Mushkat Roda
Published: February 2008

It is not surprising that, at a time when the world's political maps are being constantly redrawn, the subject of “State succession” features prominently in international legal discourse. By the same token, the infrequency of “waves” of transformation, the diversified modalities of change (cession, annexation, decolonisation, dissolution, secession, merger, unification) and the varying contextual circumstances have resulted in a less than coherent theoretical or practical framework for resolving issues of State succession.1Nor can limited international attempts at “codification”—represented in the 1978 Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of Treaties2(the “1978 Succession Convention”) and the 1983 Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of Property, Archives and Debts3—be regarded as expressing established customary norms or articulating laws grounded in consistent State practice, judicial precedent or juristic opinion.
II. European Court of Justice and Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters
Authors: Beaumont Paul
Published: February 2008

In May 1995 the Court of Justice published1 its initial contribution to the debate surrounding the intergovernmental conference (IGC) which officially got under
Variable Geometry or Concentric Circles: Patterns for the European Union
Authors: Usher J. A.
Published: February 2008

Once upon a time, a Professor of European Institutions, at least if a lawyer by training, could simply assert that the European Communities are based on the rule of law, that they create institutions with autonomous powers, which are able to issue legislation binding as law throughout every member State of the Community, and that they create courts which have power to exercise judicial control over a complex network of relationships between the Community institutions, the member States and private citizens. While these statements are still true, however, they must now be laced in a rather more complex context. Furthermore, there is a contrast between on the one hand the intensification (to borrow a word from the Common Agricultural Policy) of certain fundamenta s of the EC legal order in the recent case law of the European Court, and on the other hand attempts by member States to escape this through non-EC forms of cooperation in the framework of the European Union, the development of the idea that not all the rules of the EC Treaty apply to all the member States, and the entry by the majority of the member States into a separate Treaty, the Schengen Agreement, dealing with matters which might be thought to fall under the EC Treaty or the Home Affairs and Justice pillar of the Treaty on European Union—all of which might generically be referred to as variable geometry. In the other direction, it may be observed that large amounts of substantive
The International Court of Justice and the Security Council: Is there Room for Judicial Control of Decisions of the Political Organs of the United Nations?
Authors: Akande Dapo
Published: February 2008

Theend of the Cold War and the emergence of a one-superpower world have brought about what one may call the resurrection of the Security Council and a reactivation of Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations. Powers of a coercive nature vested by the Charter in the Security Council which for decades seemed like a dead letter have been rediscovered since the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. The Security Council, which until then had been deadlocked through the threat or use of the veto, has now come alive. Up to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in August 1990 the Security Council had passed 659 resolutions in its 45 years of existence. In the six years since then it has passed over 400 resolutions. What is more important, however, is that mandatory sanctions, which until 1990 had been ordered only twice—the comprehensive sanctions on Rhodesia and arms embargo on South Africa—have since been used by the Security Council in relation to at least eleven countries. This new and increased activity of the Security Council has provoked debate in recent years as to whether the Council is subject to any limitations when it is acting to maintain or restore international peace and security. The problem has shifted from one of trying to get the Council to work as it was intended, to one of trying to control the work of the Council. In particular there has been renewed interest in the question whether there is any room for judicial control, by the International Court of Justice, of decisions made by the political organs of the United Nations.