bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Apple, Summer Control of Obliquebanded Leafroller, 1991
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham D. H. , Smith C.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to single-tree plots of apple trees in two orchards in Wayne Co. NY: (1) 'Spyjohn' trees in the,Dathyn orchard were ca 15 years old, 4.8 m high, and planted at a spacing of 5.8 by 6.4 m apart. (2) 'Wayne' apples in the Mills Orchard were ca 20 years old, 5.2 m high, and planted at a spacing of 10.7 by 11.9m apart. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design and replicated on 4 trees. All sprays were applied dilute to runoff (3,656 1/ha) at a pressure of 32 kg/cm2. Summer infestations of larvae were compared by examining up to 50 actively growing terminals (Mills Orchard) or 100 fruit clusters (Dathyn Orchard) for live larvae after the first spray of the early treatments (20 Jun) or after the last treatment (10 Jul) was applied. Fruit damage was estimated by sampling between 100 and 300 fruit/ tree around the periphery from the ground to eye level on 12-14 Aug, and again on 9-11 Sep. The following pest phenology parameters after the first catch of males in pheromone traps (3 Jun) were used to time sprays: 19-20 Jun to coincide with predicted first hatch of eggs; 27-28 Jun (620-628 degree days, base temperature = 43°F) to coincide with a cumulative egg hatch of approximately 40%; and 9-10 Jul, in accordance with standard practices to retreat at 10-14 day intervals to maintain continuous effective residues while larvae are active.
Control of Plum Curculio, 1991
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham D. H. , Smith C.
Published: March 2022

Test 1 was set up to compare effectiveness of different schedules of Asana, Guthion, and Lorsban. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design and replicated three times on single tree plots of'McIntosh' apples. These trees were 25 years old, 4.6 m high, and planted on seedling rootstocks 5.8 × 12.5 m apart. Plots were separated by one or more unsprayed buffer trees. Sprays were applied dilute to runoff with a hand sprayer (32 kg/cm2) at pink (1 May), petal fall (14 May), first cover (24 May), and second cover (5 Jun). Fruit damage was evaluated on 14 Aug by examining 50 dropped and 100 picked apples from each tree for both feeding damage and oviposition scars. Test 2 was set up to compare effectiveness of post petal fall border row treatments versus complete sprays of Guthion in controlling plum curculio. The following treatments were compared: (1) Standard Plot—All trees in each plot were sprayed with Guthion 35 W (11.6 oz form/100 gal) at petal fall (14 May), first cover (24 May) and second cover (5 Jun); (2) Standard Petal Fall—All trees were sprayed with Guthion 35 W (11.6 oz form/100 gal) at petal fall (14 May); (3) Border Row Plot—All trees were sprayed at petal fall (14 May) with Guthion and trees along the perimeter of plots were sprayed at first cover (24 May) and second cover (5 Jun). These border sprays were applied to single trees around the perimeter of plots in Orchard 12 and to the two outer rows of trees around the perimeter of plots in Orchard 12B. Each treatment was replicated four times. Two replications were set up in rectangular 9-tree plots of 'McIntosh' apples in Orchard 12. Trees in these plots were 25 years old, 4.6 m high, and planted on seedling rootstocks 5.8 × 12.5 m apart. Another two replications were set up in rectangular 24-tree plots in Orchard 12B. Trees in this orchard were 12 years old, 3.2 m high, and planted on M111/M9 interstem rootstocks 8.5 × 4.6 m apart. Trees in Orchard 12B were planted in three 8-tree rows consisting of two adjacent 'McIntosh', 'Cortland', 'Golden Delicious', and 'Delicious' trees. Fruit damage was evaluated on 14-15 Aug by examining 50 dropped and 100 picked apples from the center 'McIntosh' tree in each plot in Orchard 12 and 50 picked apples from each of two trees (one 'Golden Delicious' and one 'Cortland') in the center of each plot in Orchard 12B.
Pear, Residual Control of Pear Rust Mite with Safer'S Soap, 1990
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: March 2022

Mature Bartlett' trees in Fennville, MI were sprayed with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer at 150 gpa of finished spray. Trees were arranged in a completely randomized design of single trees replicated 4 times. Applications of all materials were made as indicated in the table on 11 May (PF), 23 May (IC), 5 Jun (2C), and 28 Jun (4C). Dates of evaluation were 29 May, 6 Jun, 12 Jun, 19 Jun, 26 Jun, 5 Jul, 10 Jul, 17 Jul, 24 Jul, and 7 Aug. At each evaluation, 50 leaves per replication (200 per treatment) were picked and brushed in a mite brushing machine and examined under a stereo microscope for rust mite adults. At harvest, 50 fruit per replicate (200 per treatment) were harvested and examined for russetting damage from PRM. Russetting evaluations were based on visual inspection, with the scoring criteria listed in the table.
Pear, Broad Spectrum Control of Insects, 1991
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: March 2022

Mature ‘Bartlett’ trees in Fennville, MI (VanVorhees East-Block) were sprayed with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer at 100 gpa of finished spray. Trees were arranged in a completely randomized design of single trees replicated 4 times. Applications of all materials were made as indicated in the table on 10 May (PF), 3 Jun (2C), 27 Jun (4C), and 2 Aug (6C). Mid-season fruit finish data were taken on 18 Jun, picking 25 fruit per replicate, totaling 100 fruit per treatment. Harvest fruit finish data were taken on 19 Aug, by randomly picking 50 fruit per replicate (200 per treatment), from the periphery of the tree.
Peach, Season-Long Insect Control, 1990
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied to mature trees on the Trevor Nichols Res. Complex (Peach 2) at a rate of 125 gal/acre with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged as completely randomized units consisting of single trees, each replicated 4 times. Applications were made on 9 May (PF), 18 May, 30 May, 11 Jun, 25 Jun, 9 Jul, 23 Jul, and 3 Aug. Ziram, Benlate, and Captan were applied separately to all treatments. Harvest fruit finish data were taken on 13 Aug from 50 fruit taken randomly from the periphery of the tree from each replicate, for a total of 200 fruit per treatment.
Insecticide Evaluation, 1991
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Ti.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted in a 5.4 acre block of 37-yr-old trees, which measured 16.5 ft in height and 23 ft in width and were planted at a spacing of 20 × 40 ft. The experimental design consisted of 6 single-tree plots (3 'Rome Beauty,' 3 'Golden Delicious') in a randomized block design. Insecticides were applied with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 2.4 mph and delivered a spray volume of 100 gal/acre. Dates of application were 2 Apr (delayed dormant [DD]), 9 Apr (prepink [PP]), 8 May (petal fall [PF]), 21 May (first cover [1C]), 31 May (second cover [2C]), 13 Jun (third cover [3C]), 27 Jun (fourth cover [4C]), 16 Jul (fifth cover [5C]), 30 Jul (sixth cover [6C]), 12 Aug (seventh cover [7C]), and 29 Aug (eighth cover [8C]). Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Agristrep, Bordeaux mixture, Captan, Dodine, NAA, Nova, Rubigan, Solubor, and Topsin-M. Control of RAA was evaluated by counting colonies/tree. Effect of treatments against SA was determined by counting aphids on the most infested leaf on each of five terminals/tree around the periphery of'Rome Beauty.' Control of WALH and RLH was evaluated by counting nymphs on 25 leaves selected from the periphery of trees. Treatment effect against STLM was determined by counting mines observed in 5 minutes around the periphery of trees. Control of fruit-feeding insects was determined by scoring for injury 600 picked apples/treatment (100/replication) plus up to 600 drop apples/ treatment (up to 100/replication) sampled on 17 Sep. Fruit picked from 'Golden Delicious' trees were rated for finish as 0 (no russet), 1 (enlarged and raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (>50% russeted surface).
Blueberry Thrips Control, 1991
Authors: Collins J. A. , Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

On a newly pruned blueberry field at Lubec, Maine, materials were applied to 6- by 10-ft plots on 20 May (newly emerging stems averaged 0.25- to 0.50-inches tall) and 28 May (plants 1.0- to 1.5-inches tall). There were 3 replications of each treatment in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied at a rate of 25 gal/acre using a C02-propelled, 30-inch boom sprayer with 4 flat-spray, 800067 Teejet nozzles operating at 35 psi. On 19 Jun, 2, sq ft wooden frames, divided by twine into quarters, were placed within each plot equidistant from each other and the ends of the plot. All the stems within one quarter of each frame were cut at ground level and brought into the laboratory. Stems were recorded as being curled (thrips’ injury) or noncurled. The number of stems per 1.50-sq ft ranged from 239 to 294 per treatment. There were no unusual weather conditions during the test.
Grape, Season-Long Control of Grape Berry Moth, 1990
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: March 2022

Sprays were made to 9 year old grape vines near Fennville, MI at a rate of 50 gpa with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single 50 foot-long rows of vines replicated 4 times. Applications of materials were made as indicated in the table on 3 May (BS), 25 Jun (Bloom), 9 Jul (PB), 23 Jul (4C), 4 Aug (5C), 15 Aug (6C), 26 Aug (7C), 9 Sep (8C), and 20 Sep (9C). Dikar was applied separately to all treatments. Fruit evaluation was made on 3 Sep, by picking 25 grape clusters per replicate (100 clusters per treatment) and rating them for the presence or absence of grape berry moth damage.
Citrus Rust Mite Control on Texas Citrus, 1991
Authors: French J. Victo. , Hernandez Elia.
Published: March 2022

Experimental acaricides, AC-801757 and AC-303630, each alone and tank mixed with NR 440 oil, were compared to the standard Vendex for efficacy against CRM. Treatments were randomly assigned to single tree plots and replicated 3 times in a 5-yr-old block of grapefruit on 12 × 24 ft spacing. Each treated tree was bounded on all sides by an unsprayed tree to minimize cross-contamination. Treatments were applied on 13 May using a Hypro 5200 portable high pressure handgun sprayer operating at 200 psi. At each count date 16 fruit per replicate were randomly selected and examined in situ with a 10 X handlens. All live CRM were counted in two, 1-cm2 lens fields on the shaded side of each fruit. The two counts per fruit were averaged and recorded as one observation.
Speed-Sprayer Trials for Citrus Thrips Control, 1991
Authors: Morse J. G. , Brawner O. L. , Urena A. A.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were evaluated spring, 1991 in 2 fields at the University of California’s Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, Calif, for control of citrus thrips. Pesticides were applied with an FMC CP-267 speed-sprayer pulled behind a tractor. In Field 23, 4 methods of application were compared with Baythroid: the same amount of active ingredient on a per acre basis was applied in 50, 100, or 200 gal of water per acre (gpa) using outside coverage (achieved by reducing fan speed from a full throttle wind velocity of 130 mph to 80 mph) and a driving speed of 2 miles per hour (mph); in the fourth treatment, the same machine settings were used as with the 200 gpa application but driving speed was increased to 4 mph resulting in an application of 100 gpa. In Field 41-42, 5 treatments were compared, all with outside coverage applied at 2 mph: split applications of 10 fl oz of Agri-Mek per acre in 50, 100, or 200 gpa or 20 fl oz in 100 gpa were compared against a single post petal-fall application of Carzol. Each field was divided into 2 blocks and one replicate of each treatment was assigned to each block randomly; each replicate plot was 6 rows wide and 5-8 trees long. In each plot, 6 data trees were chosen from the center 2 rows of each plot, excluding the trees at the end of a row. Ten outside fruit per data tree from the inside of the 2 data rows from knee to eye level were sampled for citrus thrips infestation at 4 times during the critical period (the first 6 wks after petal-fall) during which citrus thrips fruit scarring occurs. Citrus thrips fruit scarring evaluations were taken in Aug 1991 on all fruit on the exterior of data trees from knee to eye level. Typical scarring levels on outside fruit as sampled in this study are approximately twice as high as percent scarring of fruit sampled from the entire tree (inside fruit are less severely scarred). Scarring was rated as: (a) none, (b) slight (any citrus thrips scarring), or (c) severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring at a level that would cause downgrading of fruit in a commercial operation). Economic scarring levels in a normal year are approximately 5% severe scars (approximately 10% severe scarring of outside fruit as sampled in this study). In 1991, late Apr and May were relatively warm—daily maximums were between 64 and 95°F (mean 79.0°) in the 4 wks after petal-fall. A little precipitation occurred (0.04 inch, 8 May; 0.08, 17 May; 0.04, 24 May; none in Jun) but probably had little effect on the treatments. These groves had low levels of predaceous mites.
Codling Moth Control with Insect Growth Regulators, 1991
Authors: Van Steenwyk R. A. , Fouche C. F.
Published: March 2022

The trial was conducted on 20-yr-old Ashley’ walnuts in a commercial orchard near Woodland, Calif. Five treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of an individual tree. Treatments were applied with a hand-held orchard sprayer operating at 300 psi and delivering 400 gal/acre of finished spray (5.7 gal/tree). All rates of RH-5992 and Lorsban were applied on 2 May (Vi-inch nut size for the overwintering CM generation). In addition, RH-5992 was applied on 21 Jun (start of oviposition for the first CM generation) and again on 19 Jul, while Guthion was applied on 7 Jul (5 to 10% egg hatch of first generation) and again on 2 Aug to the trees which were treated with Lorsban on 2 May. Control of the overwintering generation (first application) was evaluated by counting all CM-infested dropped nuts weekly from 28 May through 1 Jul. Control of the first generation (second and third applications) was evaluated by inspecting 100 nuts/tree at commecial harvest on 20 Sep for CM and NOW infestation. The trial was conducted in an orchard which had experienced more than 20% CM damage the previous year. Thus, this trial should be considered a very rigorous test of the experimental materials.
Seedcorn Maggot Control in Navy Bean, 1990
Authors: Noetzel Davi. , Ricard Michel. , Sheets Beck.
Published: March 2022

This trial was located at the Staples Irrigation Station, Staples, MN. Soils were irrigated sandy loams. Plots were 2 rows X 9.15 meters in length. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 6 replications. The seed was treated with a sticker, coated with the appropriate seed treatment, allowed to dry, and planted 30 May using an Almaco planter. Granular insecticides were applied by hand in a 15.24 cm band following planting and lightly covered. The field was irrigated to ensure uniform emergence. Stand counts and yield were taken on 6.10 meters of row. The threshed seed was cleaned, dried, and moisture taken. Final yields reported were adjusted to a standard moisture.
Comparing New Bioinsecticide Products for Control of Natural Populations of Leidoptera in A Full Season Program on Cabbage, 1991
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was transplanted on 7 Jun at the Vegetable Crops Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots consisted of two 10- ft rows on 36-inch centers with 18-ineh plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in an RCB design. A backpack sprayer with a one-row boom, having 3 nozzles per row with HC 12 hollow cone tips, and delivering 38 gal/acre at 40 psi and 2 mph, was used to apply weekly applications of each treatment. Treatments were applied on 17, 24, 31 Jul, 7, 14, 21, 28 Aug, 5, and 12 Sep and evaluated on 17 Sep. Evaluations were made by randomly selecting five plants per plot for marketability, of which three plants were evaluated for insect populations by removing all leaves, and counting the number of live larvae. Marketability was judged using a rating scale of 1-6, with 1 being clean, rating less than 4 having no injury to the head, and 6 having severe damage to the head and frame leaves.
Apple, Laboratory Evaluation of Penncap M for Control of Larvae of Rblr, 1991
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Kilmer S. W. , Cook K. E.
Published: March 2022

Redbanded leafroller (RBLR) larvae caused serious damage to fruit in Frederick County, Virginia, in 1990. In one orchard where Penncap M had been used for several years (including 1990) the problem was particularly severe and larvae from eggs laid by the overwintering generation were very abundant in the spring of 1991. Efficacy of insecticide against RBLR larvae in this orchard was questioned. Consequently, two laboratory toxicity studies were conducted. Exp. 1 was designed to evaluate relative toxicities of several pesticides currently recommended for control of RBLR. Exp. 2 was performed to determine an effective dosage of pesticides for grower use. Terminal apple shoots bearing 5 live RBLR larvae were dipped in the appropriate toxicant dilutions which had been mixed in 1 gal battery jars. There were 4 replicates of each treatment and a control. After dipping, the basal portion of the shoot was passed through a fine meshed nylon screen into water in the bottom of a styrofoam cup. The screen was taped so as to seal it to the top of the cup and served to prevent larvae from entering the water. Each of these units was then placed in a clean glass battery jar. Tops of jars were covered with fine nylon netting, held in place with a rubber band, and held at 80°F in a lighted room. Larvae were examined after 24 and 48 h and categorized as live or dead. Death was determined by the lack of any movement when the larva was probed gently with a blunt steel probe.
Cabbage Looper and Diamondback Moth Control on Cabbage, Spring 1991
Authors: Winters S. , Cartwright B.
Published: March 2022

Six week old Express’ cv. cabbage plants were transplanted on 8 May into a Bernow series fine, sandy loam soil at the Wes Watkins A.R.E.C. in Lane, OK. Single-row plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications and were 30 ft long. Rows were spaced 3 ft apart. One unplanted row between plots and 5 ft within rows were left as plot buffers. Thirty plants per plot were each spaced 12 inches apart. Trickle irrigation was used to apply recommended rates of fertilizer and meet irrigation needs. All treatments were applied with a C02-powered backpack sprayer and double-nozzle boom with TX-10 nozzles spaced 18 inches apart, directed toward the plants. The sprayer was calibrated on 28 May at 30.0 gallons per acre, 13 Jun at 28.2 GPA, and 17 Jun at 27.8 GPA. Insecticides were applied on 29 May, 7, 12, 17, 25, and 29 Jun. Five randomly selected plants per plot were sampled on 28 May, 5, 11, 14, 19, 24, and 28 Jun for CL, DBM, and other lepidopterous larvae. CL and DBM larvae were categorized as small (CL—instar 1 & 2, DBM—instar 1, 2 & 3) and large (CL—instar 3 & 4, DBM—instar 1, 2 & 3). All plots were harvested on 1 Jul and individual heads were rated using the following scale: 1 = no wrapper leaf damage, no head damage, 2 = wrapper leaf damage, no head damage, 3 = light head damage, 4 = moderate/severe head damage. Heads rated 1 or 2 were considered marketable according to U.S.D.A. standards.
Cabbage Looper Control with Esfenvalerate Tank Mixed with Urea Fertilizer, 1991
Authors: Teague T. G.
Published: March 2022

Field trials were conducted to determine if addition of urea fertilizer to spray tank mixes of Asana XL would affect insecticide efficacy. Collards were transplanted 26 Jul in a Calloway silt loam on the ASU Research Farm in single rows on raised beds spaced 6.6 ft apart with plant spacing at 12 inches. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Plot size was 1 row, 20 ft long. All plots received season long protection from pests until 10 days prior to test initiation. At that time all plants were fully shucked then sprayed 5 days later with of 0.03 lb AI Asana XL. For the experiment, prilled urea was dissolved in tap water in the spray tank, the insecticide was added, and pH of the final spray mixture determined. Treatments were applied on 26 Aug using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 40 psi and equipped with 2 hollow cone nozzles spaced 20 inches apart and directed at a 45° angle toward the center of the plant. Temperature at application time was 89°F with 40% RH. Treatment evaluations were made 31 Aug by sampling 5 randomly selected plants per plot. No. of larvae, damaged leaves, and marketable leaves per plant were determined. In addition, insect damage was rated on a 1 to 5 scale with 1 = no damage, 2 = slight damage (<2 leaves unmarketable), 3 = moderate damage (<3 leaves unmarketable), 4 = heavy damage (>3 leaves unmarketable with <10% loss of leaf area), and 5 = severe damage (>3 leaves unmarketable with >10% loss of leaf area). Phytotoxicity was rated on a 0 to 3 scale with 0 = no damage, 1 = moderate damage (1 leaf damaged), 2 = heavy damage (>1 leaf damaged with <25% of damaged leaves affected), and 3 = severe damage (>1 leaf damaged with >25% of damaged leaves affected). Data including log transformations of insect count data were subject to ANOVA.
Effectiveness of Bacillus Thvringiensis Formulations for Control of Lepidopterous Pests on Fall Cabbage, 1992
Authors: McKenzie C. L. , Cartwright B.
Published: March 2022

‘Blue Vantage’ cabbage plants were transplanted on 25 Aug into a Bernow series fine, sandy loam soil at the Wes Watkins AREC in Lane, OK. Plots consisted of 2 12 ft rows on 36 inch centers with each treated plot separated by an untreated bed and 12 ft buffers within rows. Transplants were spaced 12 inches between plants within each row and fertilized at recommended levels and irrigated as needed through a trickle system. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with 2 hollow cone TX-18 nozzles/row. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 46.6 gal/acre at 2 mph using 40 psi. Treatments were applied on 17, 24, 29 Sep, 5, 13, 21, 27 Oct, and 2 Nov. Insecticide efficacy was assessed by counting CL larvae and eggs, parasitized CL, DBM larvae, YSA larvae, BAW larvae, CWW larvae, and CSCW larvae on 8 randomly chosen plants/replicate on 12 dates. Counts were always made prior to spraying on those dates that are the same. Plots were harvested as ready on 5, 12 and 19 Nov and individual heads were weighed and graded using the following scale: 1 = no wrapper leaf damage, no head damage; 2 = wrapper leaf damage, no head damage; 3 = wrapper leaf damage, light head damage; 4 = wrapper leaf damage, moderate to severe head damage. Heads rated 1 or 2 were considered marketable according to USDA standards. Data were transformed [log (x + 1)] before analysis where appropriate. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA, SAS 1988) and means were separated using Ryan’s Q test.
Control of Lepidopterous Pests on Cabbage, Fall, 1992
Authors: Rowland S. , Cartwright B.
Published: March 2022

‘Blue Vantage’ cv. cabbage was transplanted into a Bernow series sandy loam soil on 25 Aug at the Wes Watkins AREC, Lane, OK. Plots one row wide by 4.6 m long were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. One unplanted row between rows and 4.6 m within rows served as spray buffers. Rows were spaced on 91 cm centers and plants were spaced 30 cm apart within rows. Standard cultural practices were used throughout the trial. All treatments were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer calibrated on 3 Sep at 176.2 liters per acre. The sprayer was equipped with two TX-18 spray nozzles spaced 46 cm apart and directed inward toward the plants. Treatments were applied on 18, 26 Sep, 1, 9, and 21 Oct. A spreader-sticker, Agri-Dex @ 2 pt/acre, was added to each of the Bacillus thuringiensis products. On each sample date, eight randomly selected plants were sampled from each plot for CL, DBM and other lepidopterous larvae. Insect feeding damage was evaluated on 2 Nov. Each plant was rated according to the following scale: 1 = no wrapper leaf damage, no head damage, 2 = wrapper leaf damage, no head damage, 3 = light head damage, 4 = moderate/severe head damage. Heads rated 1 or 2 were considered marketable according to USDA standards.
Foliar Sprays to Control Worms on Cabbage, 1992
Authors: Speese J.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was transplanted on 27 Aug at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, Va. Each plot consisted of a 25 ft row bordered on each side by an untreated guard row, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plant spacing was 12 inches with 3 ft between rows. Sprays were applied with a propane-compressed gas backpack sprayer using 3 hollow cone nozzles (D4-45) per row and delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Applications were made on 29 Sep; 6 and 23 Oct, and 3 Nov. The second applications for the twice weekly treatments were on 1, 7, and 26 Oct and 6 Nov. Evaluation criteria consisted of weekly counts of all species present on 5 randomly chosen plants/plot and market ratings according to Greene et al. (J. Econ. Entomol. 62(4):798-800) on 13 Nov. A rating greater than 3 is considered unmarketable.
Control of Lepidoptera on Late Season Cabbage, 1992
Authors: Vaughn Ty T. , Hoy Casey W.
Published: March 2022

‘Bravo’ cabbage was transplanted at Fry Farm, OARDC, Wooster, OH, on 7 Jul. Plots were 2 rows wide on 36 inch centers, 40 ft long, and separated by 12 ft alleys. Each treatment was replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. The field was sprayed with Sevin XLR (4EC) at lqt/acre on 24 Jul for flea beetles. Treatments were applied 14 and 21 Aug, and 10 Sep using a tractor mounted drop nozzle boom sprayer delivering 50 gal/acre at 50 psi with three D-4 hollow cone nozzles/row. Five plants per plot were randomly selected and sampled for DBM, ICW, and CL small (1-2 instar) and large (3> 3 instar) larvae on 13, 20, 27, Aug, 9, and 16 Sep. To rate marketability, 40 cabbage heads per plot were inspected on 28 Sep, and the number with worms, frass, or damage on the head was recorded.
Control on Late Season Sweet Corn with Foliar Sprays, 1992
Authors: Bowman James S. , Campbell Margaret D.
Published: March 2022

The ‘Honeymoon’ sweet corn used in this study was hand-planted in rows on 36 inch centers at the University of New Hampshire Kingman Farm, Madbury, NH on 23 Jun. Each plot consisted of a single 30-ft row of corn and each treatment was replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. On 12 Jul, when the corn plants were in the pretassel growth stage, spray applications of 10 insecticide treatments were administered using a R & D CO2-pressurized (40 psi) single nozzle hand-held sprayer that delivered 14.4 gal/acre to control second brood ECB and FAW. Silk sprays were begun on 28 Aug (when approximately 10% of the plants were in silk) and repeated on 2 Sep and 8 Sep. These sprays were directed toward the silk zone on both sides of the plant at a delivery rate of 30.3 gal/acre.
Corn Earworm Control on Sweet Corn, 1992
Authors: Rowland S. , Cartwright B.
Published: March 2022

‘Maple Sweet’ cv. sweet corn was seeded on 15 May at the Wes Watkins A.R.E.C, Lane, OK. Plots 5.8 m long by 4 rows wide were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Rows were spaced 91 cm apart and plants were spaced 10-15 cm apart within rows. Two unplanted rows between plots and 1.5 m within rows served as spray buffers. Standard cultural practices were used throughout the trial. Treatments were applied with a tractor mounted PTO-driven air pressure sprayer calibrated at 95.8 liters per acre. Six insecticide applications were made on a 3 x per week regime on the following dates: 9, 13, 15, 17, 20 and 22 Jul. Three TX-10 spray nozzles per row were suspended from the boom with one nozzle on each side of the row directed inward at the level of the silks and one nozzle above the row. Thirty primary ears from each plot were harvested on 24 Jul and evaluated for CEW damage. Each ear was categorized according to USDA standards as undamaged, marketable or unmarketable. Marketability was determined by measuring the depth of CEW penetration from the tip of the ear. Ears with no damage beyond 38 mm from the tip or at least 12.7 cm in length after trimming all damage from them were considered marketable. Ears were considered unmarketable if damage extended beyond 38 mm from the tip or if total undamaged length was less than 12.7 cm after trimming. Average penetration depth was also calculated.
Insecticide Evaluation for Corn Earworm Control on Sweet Corn, 1992
Authors: Rowland S. , Cartwright B.
Published: March 2022

‘Classic Touch’ sweet corn was seeded on 31 Mar at the Wes Watkins A.R.E.C, Lane, OK. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Plots were four rows wide, on 91 cm centers, by 6.7 m long with plants spaced 10-15 cm apart within rows. Two unplanted rows between plots served as spray buffers. Standard cultural practices were used throughout the trial. Thirty primary ears from the inner 4.9 m of each plot were selected for insect damage evaluation. Treatments were applied on 3, 5, 8, 10, 12, 15, 17 and 19 Jun with a tractor-mounted PTO-driven air pressure sprayer calibrated at 95.8 liters per acre, three TX-10 nozzles per row were configured with one nozzle on each side of the row directed inward at the level of the silks and one nozzle above the tassels. Ears were harvested on 22 Jun and evaluated for CEW damage by measuring the depth of penetration from the tip of the ear. Ears were categorized according to USDA standards as undamaged, marketable (no damage beyond 38 mm from tip or 12.7 cm of ear undamaged after trimming) or unmarketable (damage beyond 38 mm from tip or ears less than 12.7 cm after trimming). An average penetration depth from the tip was also calculated.
Control of Fall Armyworm in Sweet Corn with Bacillus Thumngiensis, 1991
Authors: Teague T. G.
Published: March 2022

Field trials were conducted in fall 1991 in Jonesboro, AR, in sweet corn planted 19 Jul on Calloway silt loam soil. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Plots were 2 rows wide (1 m row spacing) and 10 m long with 1 row separating adjacent plots. Applications were made on 1, 5 and 8 Aug using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer equipped with one hollow cone nozzle situated ca 15 cm directly over the whorl and calibrated to deliver 93 ha-1 at 0.27 MPa. FAW population density and plant damage was determined by dissecting 10 randomly selected plants/plot prior to applications and 4 days following the last application. Larvae were categorized as small (<0.5 cm), medium (>0.5<1 cm), and large (>1 cm). Damage was rated for each plant as: (1) very little to no damage, (2) slight damage to outside leaves and whorl, (3) moderate damage to outside leaves with whorl damage fresh and very apparent, (4) heavy damage throughout plant, and (5) complete decimation. All data were subjected to ANOVA, and means were separated using LSD.
Foliar Sprays on Late Planted Sweet Corn, 1992
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted on 6 Jul near Georgetown, DE. Two row plots, 20 ft long on 30-inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using two nozzles/row delivering 50 gal/acre at 40 psi. Silk sprays were applied on 25, 28, and 31 Aug; 3, 8, and 11 Sep. At harvest maturity (14 Sep), all ears from each plot were husked and evaluated for damage as clean ears (no damage) and tip damaged ears (less than 3.6 cm tip damage). All worms were identified, counted, and recorded.
Evaluation of Jojoba Oil Formulations for Spwf Control on Cucumbers, 1992
Authors: Sparks Alton N.
Published: March 2022

A small plot study was conducted in Weslaco, Texas to evaluate two formulations of jojoba oil for control efficacy against the SPWF on cucumbers. Experimental plots measured one row (40 in.) by 25 feet. Plots were separated by single row wind breaks of sudan grass. Treatments were initiated when plants were in approximately the 3 true leaf stage. Treatments consisted of jojoba oil mixed with lauryl sulfate and a premix jojoba oil. Applications were made with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer at 40 PSI, with 3 lOx hollow cone nozzles per row (1 overtop, 2 on drops) in a total volume of 50 GPA. Applications were made on 1, 7 and 12 Oct 1992. Adult SPWF were monitored 24 hours after each application by counting the number of adults on the first fully expanded leaf from the terminal on three plants in each plot. Immature stages were monitored on 9 and 14 Oct on two randomly selected plants per plot. Two leaves were removed from each plant (4th and 6th leaf from the terminal on 9 Oct; 5th and 7th leaf from the terminal on 14 Oct) and brought into the laboratory for counting. Two 2.2 cm diameter disks were cut from each leaf using a cork borer and the total number of immatures were counted on these disks (8 disks per plot).
Eggplant, Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1992
Authors: Hamilton George C.
Published: March 2022

‘Harris Special’ eggplant transplants were planted in 90 ft rows on 15 May. Each treatment consisted of 10 rows of 10 plants, separated by 5 ft buffers, replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was sprayed with a low-pressure boom sprayer delivering 50 gal/acre at 36 psi. Treatments were applied 22 and 31 Jul; 7 and 15 Aug. Weekly counts were made from all plants for the total number of eggmass, small and large larvae, adults, and number of flowers and fruit.
Evaluation of Spray Additives and Application Methodology Effects on Thrips Control on Onions, 1990
Authors: Sparks Alton N. , Chambers Cliff
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots (2-40 inch beds by 20 ft) were established in commercial onion fields near Mission (spray additive test) and Donna (spray methodology test) Texas. Spray additives were evaluated in combination with Lannate at 0.9 lb Al/acre and were applied on 23 Jan with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer (50 gal/acre, 50 psi, 2-10x hollow cone nozzles per bed). Spray methodology was evaluated by applying Lannate (0.9 lb Al/acre, 2 Mar) and Ammo (0.1 lb Al/acre, 12 Mar) to test plots using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with various combinations of nozzles, spray pressures and spray volumes. Efficacy was evaluated in both tests by counting the number of thrips on 5 randomly selected plants per plot.
Apple, Control of the Pandemis Leafroller with Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bt) Products in Spring, 1992
Authors: Brunner Jay F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

Bt products were evaluated for control of PLR larvae of the overwintering generation. The test was conducted in a commercial apple orchard near Wenatchee. Trees were 4-year-old spur type ‘Red Delicious’ on dwarfing roots. The test design consisted of five-tree plots replicated five times in randomized complete blocks. Treatments were applied as handgun sprays at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal/acre. Application dates and plant development periods are shown in the table. Two post-treatment evaluations were made, the first on 6 Apr, between the tight cluster (TC) and pink (P) applications and the second on 24 Apr, following the last application at petal fall (PF, 24 Apr). Each tree was examined and the number of active feeding sites (live leafroller larvae) was recorded.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potatoes with in-Furrow Treatments, 1992
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Rouse Robert
Published: March 2022

Red Norland" potatoes were planted in 25 foot rows on 18 May 92. Plots consisted of a single row treatment. The distance between rows was 72 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 9 inches. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. Granular treatments were applied with a small shaker can over top the seed pieces in the furrow. In furrow H20 treatments were applied to the seed at the rate of 20 gal/acre with a 2 gal sprinkle can. Initial treatments were applied at planting with foliar spray treatments of Furadan when necessary. Sprays were applied 18 Jun; 3 and 4 Jul. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of adults, larvae and egg masses/10 plants and the % defoliation were recorded. Defoliation categories were assigned using a pretransformed defoliation rating scale, based on dividing 90° into 13 steps corresponding to arcsin transformation values (Little & Hills 1978). Yields were taken on 3 Aug from 25-ft row.
Apple, Control of the Pandemis Leafroller with Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bt) Products in Summer, 1992
Authors: Brunner Jay F. , Smith L. O.
Published: March 2022

Three Bt products were evaluated for control PLR larvae of the summer generation. The test orchard was located at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Test Trees were 15-year-old spur type ‘Red Delicious’ on dwarfing roots. The orchard was irrigated by over-tree sprinklers on a 14-day schedule. The test design consisted of seven-tree plots replicated five times in randomized complete block. All treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip, simulating a dilute spray of approximately 400 gal/acre. Dates of different treatments are shown in the table. The 9 Jun application was timed to coincide with predicted beginning of egg hatch. The 15 Jun application was timed to coincide with predicted peak of egg hatch, and the 22 Jun application was timed to coincide with the completion of egg hatch. The post-treatment evaluation was made on 20 Jul when surviving larvae could be easily found at the tips of growing shoots. Each tree was examined for 2 min and the number of active feeding sites (live leafroller larvae) was recorded.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Insecticides, Pasquotank Co., NC, 1992
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Holloway C. Wade
Published: March 2022

‘Atlantic’ potatoes were planted 25 Mar, near Elizabeth City, NC, on 42 inch centers. Thimet 15 G (3.0 lb (Al/acre) was applied in furrow at planting. Plots consisted of single rows, 10 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 5 ft were used between replicates within rows. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle (18X). Application rate was 80 gal/acre delivered at 50 psi. Applications were made 12 May (all materials) and 21 May (all treatments with the exception of Trigard 75 WP at hatch only). Counts of insects on 3 hills/plot were made 12 and 21 May. Small larvae were assumed to be first and second instars, and large larvae, third and fourth instars. Visual damage ratings were made 21 May and 10 Jun. Potatoes were harvested and yielded recorded 10 Jun.
Pumpkin Insect Pest Control, 1992
Authors: Teague T. G.
Published: March 2022

Pumpkins were direct seeded on 20 Jul near Bay, AR in Dubbs sandy loam soil on raised beds spaced 2 m apart. Plots were 12 m long, 3 beds wide with 3 m alleys separating plots. Treatments included applications at planting (AP) or 3 wks later; these were either a soil applied sidedress (SD) or a foliar application (F). AP applications were made in the seed furrow using a CO2 charged backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 3.6 liters/100 m of row through a single hollow cone nozzle attached to the planter’s double disk opener. For the sidedress application, the spray nozzle was attached to a small knife which cut a 2 to 4 cm deep furrow ca 15 cm from the base of the plants. The broadcast foliar application was made with a tractor mounted sprayer equipped with flat fan nozzles calibrated to deliver 327 liters/ha at 0.55 MPa. Plants were inspected for pest presence and damage on 10 and 22 Aug. MA (winged and wingless) densities were determined by examining 1 leaf, 18 to 25 cm in diameter, on 5 randomly selected plants/plot. The entire plant was then inspected and the total no. of live adult SCB, SCB damage, dead SCB within a 30 cm radius of the base of the plant, and number of SB egg masses were recorded. SCB damage was rated on a 1 to 5 scale ranging from 1 = 0 or very little damage to 5 = complete decimation.
Control Of Green Peach Aphid On Spinach, 1992
Authors: Edelson Jonathan V. , Crouse Larry , Stacey Bill
Published: March 2022

Three insecticides were evaluated for control of green peach aphid on spinach in Oklahoma. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 3 blocks and 5 treatments. Insecticides were applied using a hand held CO2 propelled spray boom at 2 rates (40 and 5 gal/acre) at 40 psi with 4 Teejet T12 hollow cone nozzles. Plots were 5 ft wide (6 rows spinach) by 15 ft long. Aphid counts were made across all plots 5 days prior to application and 3 days after application.
Thrips Control in Tomatoes in North Florida, 1992
Authors: Funderburk J. , Olson S. , Brown A. , Snell J.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was located in Gadsden Co., Florida. Plot size was 1 row x 27 ft. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Spray insecticide treatments were applied on 1, 8, and 15 May with a 1-row, CO2 powered backpack sprayer that was equipped with 5 D7-45 nozzles/row. The chemicals were applied at about 60 psi, with the amount of spray about 63 gal/acre. The density of thrips in tomato flowers was estimated in each plot 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after treatment. Each sample was placed in a prelabeled vial containing 70% ethyl alcohol. The number of thrips in each sample was determined by searching the contents of each vial under a 7 to 15 x dissecting microscope.
Control of Leafminers, Armyworms and Tomato Pinworms on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Fall 1991
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

Transplants were set 5 Sep, 15 inches apart on 8-inch-high beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Each plot consisted of a single 15 ft row with rows on 5 ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design applied with a 2.5 gal, hand-held CO2-powered sprayer on 10, 17, 24, 31 Oct, 8, 14, 22 Nov and 11 Dec. The sprayer was operated at 60 psi and delivered 100 gal/acre using a single nozzle fitted with a D-5 disk and #45 core. On 8 Nov, the number of southern armyworm larvae per plot was determined by a whole plant search. On 25 Nov, the numbers of small (<0.5 inch long) and large (≥0.5 inch long Liriomyza spp. leafmines were counted in a 1 minute search of selected treatments. On the same date, the number of leafrolls produced by larvae of the tomato pinworm was counted in a 2 minute search of each plot. Fruit was harvested on 11, 15 Nov, 4 and 13 Dec and the number and weight of undamaged fruit and the number and weight of fruit damaged by noctuid larvae (primarily the southern armyworm) were determined.
Evaluation of Preventive and Rescue Sprays for Spwf on Potted Tomatoes, 1990
Authors: Sparks Alton N.
Published: March 2022

Potted tomato plants were used in a greenhouse study to evaluate specific insecticides as preventive and rescue sprays for SPWF. Each treatment and check was replicated four times as a preventive and rescue spray. Preventive applications were initiated prior to SPW infestation establishment. Four applications were made on a weekly basis starting 10 Sep. Plants receiving rescue sprays were treated four times on a weekly basis starting 12 Oct (SPWF was well established at this time). Treatments were evaluated three days after the final application for each group. Treatments were diluted at indicated rates for application in 100 gal/acre. The dilute sprays were applied with a hand held atomizer. Plants were placed on a turntable and turned as they were being sprayed to insure thorough coverage. SPWF populations were monitored by sampling three leaves from each plant (2nd, 4th and 6th leaf from the cotyledons). Each leaflet of the trifoliate was placed under an index card containing two 1/4 inch hole punches, examined under magnification, and all eggs, immatures and pupal cases seen within the hole punches were recorded as number per leaf (six hole punches). Because of extreme unequal variation associated with SPWF distribution, data were transformed using Log X + 1 for analyses. Data presented are means for all three locations on the plant and analyzed with location as an independent variable.
Control of Sweetpotato Whitefly, Tomato Pinworm, and American Serpentine Leafminer on Staked Tomato, Fall 1991
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Cawley B. M.
Published: March 2022

Twelve, 3 ft by 240 ft beds on 6 ft centers were planted with ‘Sunny’ tomatoes spaced 20 inches apart on 22 Oct. Standard cultural practices were followed for staked, seep-irrigated tomatoes in southwest Florida. Dipel 2 X was applied as needed for control of armyworms. Experimental design was randomized complete block with 4 replications. Each block consisted of 3 rows with each replicate plot comprised of 3 rows 23 ft in length. There were 10 treatments plus an unsprayed control. Five weekly applications were made, beginning on 5 Dec. A single boom plot sprayer equipped with drops fitted with Albuz ATR lilac ceramic tips was operated at 400 psi. Each drop had 3 nozzles, for a total of 6 per row. Average delivery per nozzle was 0.194 gal/min; total delivery rate was 54 gal/acre. SPWF and LM immatures, LM stings, and completed mines were monitored weekly with a random sampling of 3 terminal leaflets from three 6th Leaves (from the top) per plot, 1 per row. Leaf area was determined with a leaf area meter to obtain values for SPWF per cm2. Adult SPWF were counted from one, 3-inch sq yellow card trap exposed for 24 hr (one card per row). Fruit was harvested twice, weighted and counted by USDA size categories, culled and checked for TPW damage.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1992
Authors: Parr J. C. , Pass B. C.
Published: March 2022

The plots, 34 ft × 34 ft, were in a 3-yr-old stand of ‘Cimarron’ variety alfalfa. All treatments and the untreated control were replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. Sprays were mixed to apply the proper rates in 20 gal total vol/acre. Treatments were applied on 23 Apr with a low pressure, low volume, Hahn field sprayer equipped with 21 Spraying Systems 8003 stainless steel Tee Jet nozzles and operated at a pressure of 35 psi. Valent W-77 non-ionic spreader activator (0.25 % volume/volume) was added to an Ambush 2 EC treatment at 0.2 lb (AI)/acre. A standard treatment of Furadan 4 F was applied at the rate of 0.5 lb (AI)/acre for comparison. Population densities of AW larvae were determined 5, 8, 11, 18 and 21 DAT by collecting 10 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15-inch-diam beating net. A phytotoxicity rating was made 5 and 8 DAT in the Lorsban plots where 1 = no damage and 9 = complete kill with 2 through 8 being intermediate.
Alfalfa Weevil Control in Alfalfa, 1992
Authors: Shields E. J. , Taylor P. S.
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots measuring 7.6 m2 (25 ft2) were established in a 6-yr-old field of ‘Oneida VR’ alfalfa in the vegetative state located in Ithaca, NY. Soils were silt loam. Nine treatments and 1 untreated check were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied on 27 May with a CO2 pressurized, 4-nozzle, hand-held spray boom which spanned 1.44 m (56 inches). The sprayer delivered 215.7 liters/ha (22.8 gal/acre) at 40 psi and a walking speed of 4.4 km/hr (2.7 mi/hr). AW density was evaluated 1 day pre-treatment and 4, 7, and 14 DAT by collecting 10 stems per plot and counting total number of larvae collected per plot. Data for all plot samplings were expressed as mean AW/stem.