bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of extremes of temperature on herring larvae
Authors: Blaxter J. H. S.
Published: May 2009

Most of the work on temperatures lethal to fish has been reviewed by Brett (1956). Most of the fish have been adults of freshwater species, and it has been found that both upper and lower lethal temperatures vary with the species, the temperature of acclimatization and the duration of time the fish are subjected to the test temperature.
Exchanges of water between the English and Bristol Channels around Lands End
Authors: Cooper L. H. N.
Published: May 2009

An understanding of the oceanography of the Celtic Sea requires anunder-standing of the exchanges of water around four headlands, Ushant, Lands End, St Davids Head and Carnsore Point. As a sequel to the study on the flow past Ushant already presented (Cooper, 1960b), this paper and the following one by Cooper, Lawford & Veley are attempts to achieve a better understanding of the exchanges around Lands End andin the neighbourhood of the Scilly Isles (Fig. 1).

Matthews (1914, p. 20) said: 'The charts published in this report show that the saltest water enters the Irish area between Lands End and the Scilly Islands, and detailed observations made along this line on several cruises at intervals of from half a mile to one mile onthe Marine Biological Association's steamers have shown that the axis of highest salinity lies midway between the Longships Rock and the Seven Stones Lightship, that is, at a distance of only a few miles off Lands End. This current of salt warm water is derived from a current which has already entered the English Channel from a southwesterly direction, and has in part turned northwards and north-westwards to escape into the Irish Channel. It is practically certain that this water has come from the mouth of the English Channel and not directly from the open sea because further westwards a great area of lower surface salinity stretches southwards across the fairway and prevents any such direct current.' Harvey (1925, fig. 19) accepted Matthews' interpretation and later (1929) from a study of geopotential topographies deduced that a residual current ran between Lands End and the Scillies in June 1924 in a N.N.E. applies more nearly in the passage itself..
On the pigments of the Chrysophyceae
Authors: Phillips Dales R.
Published: May 2009

The colour of the chromoplasts in the Chrysophyceae varies from a greenish yellow to a golden brown. Klebs (1892) described this colour as being due to a special pigment which he called ‘chrysochrom’. Gaidukov (1900) made an acetone extract of a dense bloom of Chromulina rosanoffii (Woronin, 1880) Biitschli filtered from the tanks in the cold glasshouses of the Botanic Gardens in St Petersburg. He found a water soluble pigment which he called ‘phycochrysin’ together with ‘chrysochlorophyll’ and ‘chrysoxanthophyll’. Most authors have since questioned the existence of special pigments in the Chrysophyceae (Fritsch, 1937; Smith, 1938). Carter, Heilbron & Lythgoe (1939) analysed extracts of an incrustation of Apistonema carteri, Thallochrysis litoralis and Gleochrysis maritima (identified by F. E. Fritsch) found on the chalk cliffs at Folkestone, and identified β-carotene, fucoxanthin and lutein, using calcium carbonate as adsorbent in their analysis. Heilbron (1942) later drew attention to the fact that these pigments are present in the Bacillariophyceae but not in the Xanthophyceae, throwing doubt on Pascher's view of the close relationship of all three groups. We now know that it is not lutein but diadinoxanthin that is present in the Bacillariophyceae (Strain, Manning & Hardin, 1944). Seybold, Egle & Hülsbruch (1941) then showed that the chlorophyll present in Hydrurus foetidus and Chromulina rosanoffii was chlorophyll a, apparently without other chlorophylls. Seybold (1941) has commented further on the singular occurrence. and implications of chlorophyll a alone, and this has been recently discussed by Allen (1958). In recent years our knowledge of the pigments of the algae has been greatly advanced by Strain and his colleagues (Strain, 1958) but, while the pigments of the Xanthophyceae and Bacillariophyceae have been examined with the improved techniques now available(Pace, 1941; Strain, Manning & Hardin, 1943, 1944; Strain, 1958), those of the Chrysophyceae have not.
Manganese and the Growth of Phytoplankton
Authors: Harvey H. W.
Published: May 2009

Inshore water collected near Plymouth during the late summer and autumn of 1945, after enrichment with nitrate, phosphate and iron, did not support continued growth of a species of Chlamydomonas, of Chlorella, of a Cryptomonad and of two species of Chrysomonads.

The addition of 0-5-2-0 mg. Mn" or Mnv/m.3 allowed vigorous growth and the production of heavy crops. The effect on Chlamydomonas of adding as little as o-i mg./m.3 was apparent.

The growth of Coscinodiscus excentricus varied in waters collected from inshore and from offshore which had been similarly enriched with N, P and Fe. The addition of manganese had only a minor effect.

The addition of other microelements to inshore waters enriched with N, P, Fe and Mn did not affect growth rate of Chlamydomonas. Manganese starvation led to the production of small Chlamydomonas cells.

Manganese starvation caused a resting condition or lag period in Chlorella. A supply of manganese alone was insufficient for recovery; a period of illumination was also required for internal changes to take place before logarithmic growth was resumed.

The addition of manganese was effective when either nitrate or ammonium was supplied as source of nitrogen, in dim, bright, continuous, or discontinuous illumination.

Metabolic products which leached out of the cells into the water during the growth of both Chlorella sp. and of Nitzschia closterium acted as a growth stimulant.

Manganese at great dilution is rapidly 'collected' from solution by Chlorella. During growth this alga abstracts a material proportion from water containing 5 mg. Mn/m.3

Using Chlamydomonas as 'analyst', it was found that added organic detritus, or the corpses of marine bacteria, adsorbed a material proportion of the manganese in sea water containing 1-2 mg. Mn/m.3
The Biology ofCrangon VulgarisL. in the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary
Authors: Lloyd A. J. , Yonge C. M.
Published: May 2009

Collections of some 22,000 female and 6000 male Crangon vulgaris were made throughout the year from the shrimp fisheries of the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel. All animals were measured.

The habits of the species are described; it can withstand a wide range of temperature but, though euryhaline, resembles other Decapoda in the inability to withstand low salinity combined with low temperature.

Osmo-regulation is apparently largely inhibited at low temperatures and to a greater extent in the males than the females.

Growth rate decreases with increasing age; in the female there is no increase in length when moulting from the ' neuter' to the egg-carrying intermoult. The duration of this intermoult, if spawning is successful, is about double that of the normal intermoult under the same temperature conditions. Growth almost ceases in the winter.

Secondary sexual characters are described, especially the differences between the endopodites of the pleopods in the two sexes.

Females become mature at a minimum length of 45 mm. in the Channel and seldom less than 50 mm. in the Estuary. The effect of the female sexual cycle on the size of the ovary and the form of the pleopods is described. The process of copulation is described; it can occur in the brackish waters of the estuary. Egg-laying always follows within two days of moulting into the egg-carrying condition but eggs are not retained if copulation has not occurred.

The females lie on their sides during the act of spawning and the eggs are firmly attached within thirty minutes to the egg-carrying setae on the basipodites of the first to fourth pair of pleopods, then to those on the endopodite of the first pleopod, finally to those on the coxopodites of the last two pairs of pereiopods.
Notes on the Bionomics of the Tube Building Amphipod,Leptocheirus PilosusZaddach
Authors: Goodhart C. B.
Published: May 2009

A study made of the adaptations to tubicolous life found in the small brackish water Photid Amphipod, Leptocheirus pilosus Zaddach, revealed several interesting points.

The presence of cement glands in many amphipods has been recognized by several previous authors. In L. pilosus these glands are found mainly in the upper joints of the first two pairs of peraeopods, opening to the exterior through a common duct in the claw. Unicellular glands are also found all over the body, particularly on the coxal plates.
On the Nematocysts of Hydromedusae. II
Authors: Russell F. S.
Published: May 2009

The nematocysts of the three species of Leptomedusae, Aequorea forskalea, A. vitrina, and A. pensilis, and of the two siphonophores Agalma elegans and Velella velella are described.

The specific characters of the three species of Aequorea are discussed and it is shown that A. pensilis is probably the same species as A. macrodactyla
On the Growth and Feeding of Young Herring in the Clyde
Authors: Marshall S. M. , Nicholls A. G. , Orr A. P.
Published: May 2009

Two groups of young herring are found in the Clyde. One, the offshore group, has been identified as Clyde spring-spawned herring; the other, the inshore type, is of unknown origin. The former were caught only occasionally, the latter at fairly regular intervals during their first year.

The two groups are distinguished by differences in size and identified as belonging to different races by vertebral counts. There was no intermixture.

The offshore herring which metamorphosed at the end of May when 40-50 mm. long, reached a length of 90-100 mm. in winter. The inshore fish which were about 50 mm. long in May reached a length of about 130 mm. in winter.
The Swimming and Burrowing Habits of Some Species of the Amphipod Genus Bathyporeia
Authors: Watkin E. Emrys
Published: May 2009

The swimming and burrowing habits of four species of the genus Bathyporeia have been examined and shown to be alike, and similar to B. robertsoni as described by Schellenberg.

Swimming is effected by the pleopods working in a metachronal rhythm, drawing water along a ventral groove formed by the coxal plates of the second peraeopods and the expanded bases of peraeopods 3, 4 and 5.

The main water current enters anteriorly between the second gnathopods and is filtered by a series of feathered bristles borne on the basis of this appendage; a subsidiary current enters between the second and third peraeopods.

Burrowing is effected mainly by the sweeping action of the second gnathopods and first two pairs of peraeopods, aided by the first and second uropods as soon as they can obtain a purchase on the sand. The adaptation of these three pairs of appendages to burrowing is explained.
On a New Species of Gammarus (G. Trigrinus) from Droitwich District
Authors: Sexton E. W. , Cooper L. H. N.
Published: May 2009

The new species of Gammarus here described was first noted in 1931 by Prof. H. Munro Fox, to whom I am indebted for the opportunity of examining it. He found it in abundance in the Droitwich district, living in the brackish waters of the River Salwarpe near the town, in the Canal, and in Wyken Slough near Coventry.
The Distribution ofGammarusSpecies in Estuaries. Part I
Authors: Spooner G. M.
Published: May 2009

The work of which an account is here given was largely carried out from the autumn of 1937 to the spring of 1940, when it was interrupted by the war. In taking it up again (in July 1945) while, facilities for field work are still limited, the author feels it useful to publish results as they stand and indicate where further work is considered advisable.

In examinations of the free-swimming bottom fauna of the Tamar and other estuaries, attention was inevitably drawn to the populations ofGammarusspecies, which make up the greater bulk of it. Before quantitative observations were planned, some interesting points came to light with regard to the qualitative composition of populations. This aspect lent itself more readily to study and, though byno means a new field for exploration, soon proved worth examining ingreater detail than previous workers had attempted.

The broad fact of a replacement of oneGammarusspecies by another in passing up an estuary was well enough known, though exact knowledge for the British Isles only starts from the time whenG. zaddachiSexton was recognized as a regular member of the upper estuarine fauna of the Tay (Bassindale, 1933; Alexander, Southgate & Bassindale, 1935) and of the Deben (Serventy, 1935). This species proved to be the main brackish-water species overlapping with the marineG. locusta(L.) near the seaward end, and with the fresh-waterG. pulex(L.) at the river end (or ‘head’) of the estuary. The status in estuaries of two other brackish-water species,G. duebeniLillj. and G.chevreuxiSexton, remained obscure.
The Spawning of Mackerel, Scomber Scombrus L., and Pilchard, Clupea Pilchardus Walbaum, in the Celtic Sea in 1937–39
Authors: Corbin P. G.
Published: May 2009

The distributions of mackerel eggs and young stages, pilchard eggs, the siphonophore Muggiaea atlantica and the chaetognaths Sagitta elegans, S. setosa, S. serratodentata and 5. lyra in the Celtic Sea in March 1939, April, May-June 1937, 1938 and 1939 and July 1937 and 1938 are described, together with notes on the hydrological conditions in April 1937, 1938 and 1939, May-June 1939 and July 1938.

Mackerel spawning started in mid-March, rapidly reached a maximum in mid-April, declined gradually through May and June and was very slight at the end of July.

The changes in intensity of spawning are accompanied by a continuous shift eastward and slightly northward of the locus of spawning. In March spawning occurred in a small area at the western edge of the Continental Shelf only. In mid-April it was spread over the greater part of the Celtic Sea, with the main activity concentrated in two centres—to the south of Ireland and to the west of the mouth of the English Channel. By May-June it had shifted farther to the east and occupied the central area of the Celtic Sea. In July there was no spawning to the westward of the Scilly Isles.

The spawning area of the mackerel appears to be confined to the shallow waters over the Continental Shelf.

No mackerel young stages were found in March. Small numbers occurred in April (maximum 174). They were abundant in May-June (maximum 8239), and very scarce in July (maximum 20).

The distribution of young stages closely follows the movement of spawning during the season.
The Preservation of Fishing Nets, Trawl Twines and Fibre Robes for Use in Sea Water
Authors: Atkins W. R. G. , Warren F. J.
Published: May 2009

Manila ropes and trawl twines, and cotton nets, have been immersed in clean sea water for periods up to 14 months, some with alternate wetting and drying, some wet all the time, but in both cases accompanied by storage in air after immersion. All the untreated specimens perished, but the 700 lb. manila ropes retained at least 40% of the original tensile strength.in every case in which a copper soap had been included in the treatment. A previous treatment with cutch is a considerable advantage as shown by the 500 lb. manila ropes and trawl twines, though cutch alone is worthless. Coal tar distillates after cutch are, however, more useful than when used alone, and their mixture with copper soaps gives excellent results. Cutch fixed with bichromate gives tolerably good preservation on nets up to 6 months, but is a poor preservative for trawl twines and ropes which are expected to have a long life. The choice of the copper soap used depends upon the material to be preserved. Naphthenate is the most soluble and penetrates thick ropes excellently; on fine nets it leaches out easily. Oleate is cheaper, but its penetration is less; it does very well with tar on twines and nets. Resinate is the least soluble, but is useful with creosote oil or tar. On account of their greasy nature naphthenate and oleate act as lubricants in ropes.

Immersion tests on other preservatives, kindly suggested by Dr S. G. Barker, are to be begun.
A Note on the Changes in Water Content of the Lobster (Homarus Vulgaris M.-EDW.) During Moult
Authors: Lowndes A. G. , Panikkar N. K.
Published: May 2009

One of the lobsters kept in the tanks of the Plymouth Laboratory moulted on the night of 2 0 August 1940. This opportunity was taken to examine the changes in water content and osmotic pressure of the freshly moulted as compared with unmoulted lobsters. Though only one recently moulted individual has been examined, the results seem to be worthy of note since so far as we are aware no data are available on the subject in regard to Homarus. The biology of moulting among lobsters has received the attention of many investigators (vide Herrick (1895) and Drach (1939) for summary and literature).

The water content was determined by distilling the fresh lobster together with a known weight of sea water under xylol. This method is a modification of that of Dean and Stark which one of us (A. G. L.) has tried on a number of animals and found to give accurate results. The density was estimated by a modification of a method previously described (Lowndes, 1938). Osmotic pressure of blood and the external medium were measured by Baldes's (1934) modification of the Hill thermoelectric technique, as employed by one of us (N. K. P.) in the study of prawns and other crustaceans. The water content of the moulted skin was calculated from its dry weight taken after dehydrating in a hot air oven for 48 hr. at 105° C. Osmotic pressure was measured 17±6 hr. after moult; density and water content after 34±6hr. The temperature of sea water at which the density was estimated was 17° C.
Notes on British and Norwegian Hydroids and Medusae
Authors: Rees W. J.
Published: May 2009

The notes collected in this paper are a continuation of earlier observations on British and Norwegian hydroids and their medusae. The observations were made at the Biological Stations of Herdla (Bergen), Millport and Plymouth.
Notes on Certain Aspects of the Biology of Cumopsis Goodsiri (Van Beneden) and Some Other Cumaceans in Relation to their Environment
Authors: Dixon Audrey Y.
Published: May 2009

The breathing, feeding, swimming, burrowing and cleaning habits of Cumopsis goodsiri are discussed.

Cumopsis has compact respiratory chambers. The inspiratory current enters each gill chamber posteriorly at the base of the third maxillipede, and the expiratory current leaves anteriorly through the siphons which pass through the pseudorostral chamber. The inspiratory current is filtered from all suspended particles by a sieve placed at the mouth of the respiratory funnel, which is formed by the depression of the third maxillipede away from the body. The size of the spaces in the mesh of this sieve probably determines the grade of the substratum in which the animal can live.

Cumopsis feeds on micro-organisms which it cleans off sand grains and other small objects. These are collected by the first peraeopods, held in position by the third maxillipedes, and cleaned by the first and second maxillipedes. The food is then passed on to the maxillae, maxillules and mandibles and finally enters the mouth. All these appendages are suitably armed to perform their respective functions.

Use is made of the last four pairs of peraeopods in burrowing and Cumopsis will only burrow into a sandy substratum. Swimming is accomplished in three different ways: (a) by flexures of the abdomen, (b) by paddle-like movements of the exopodite of the first peraeopod, and (c) in adult males by the abdominal pleopods.

The body is cleaned by the uropods. Their general rough surface and flexibility is very important. The uropod armature seems to add efficiency to the cleaning movements in the adult animals, particularly in the males.

The size of the soil particle is vitally important in the distribution of the Cumacea. It determines whether the animals breathe properly. There is also probably a close association between the soil grade and distribution of soil micro-organisms upon which they feed. As a result they refuse to burrow into a soil grade which is unfavourable.
Ichthyosporidium Hoferi (Plehn & Mulsow, 1911), An Internal Fungoid Parasite of the Mackerel
Authors: Sproston Nora G.
Published: May 2009

A fungus has been found causing a fatal disease among mackerel in British waters, and a very high rate of infection has been maintained for over three years. It is spread throughout the viscera by the circulation, being particularly common in the kidney and spleen: it is very rare in the muscles and has never been found in the gonads or central nervous system of these fish.

Growth of the aseptate, sparsely branched hyphae is usually radial, from one of three types of central body. The length and thickness of the hyphae varies according to the density of the infected tissue and the degree of resistance which is set up. Connective tissue capsules are laid down round spores and hyphal bodies, occluding the small vessels or capillaries in which they become lodged. Growth of the parasite stretches the capsule, which may become a tubular gallery containing many growth stages. This may effectively seal the parasites which then degenerate; or, more usually, the strong proteolytic enzymes secreted by the advancing hyphae perforate it, and proceed to convert the whole organ into a necrotic mass in which hyphae grow to great lengths. There is always a tendency for hyphal walls to collapse behind the outgrowing hyphae, giving the appearance of hair-like threads with swollen ends.

Any of the following developments may occur, apparently on any hypha, in tissue undergoing necrosis: (1) Bunches of large elongated chlamydospores, with a very hard exospore and a thick (?) gelatinous endospore—a germination pore is present; (2) Single dome-shaped conidia (like those of Entomophthoraceae); (3) Hyphal bodies of various shapes, either growing at once where they become lodged or becoming rounded and encysted—these may subdivide irregularly, each spherule having a separate cyst; (4) Branched conidiophores with rounded tips which contain endo-conidia—liberated as minute amoeboid bodies into the blood vessels; (5) Simple clavate sporangia from the ends of unbranched hyphae, also containing endo-conidia; (6) Hyphal fusions of numerous kinds, immediately proceeding to further outgrowths of similar hyphae; (7) ‘Spores produced by hyphal fusion’: fusion of two hyphae followed by the participation of neighbouring hyphae which also contribute to form the outer, resistant, rugose wall.
Moulting Hormones In Leander (Crustacea Decapoda)
Authors: Carlisle D. B.
Published: May 2009

Removal of the eyestalks in Leander serratus does not result in an earlier moult, a shorter intermoult period, or a higher moult rate. There is no evidence of an eyestalk moult-inhibiting hormone in this species. The evidence points to the existence of an eyestalk moult-accelerating hormone. The possible correlation of the presence of the moult-inhibiting hormone and seasonal moulting is discussed.
A New Apparatus for the Collection of Bottom Plankton
Authors: Wickstead J.
Published: May 2009

A description is given of a new type of apparatus designed to sample plankton from the immediate vicinity of the sea bottom, and purely from this region. Details of the construction are given and the relative merits of the design are briefly discussed.

It could be used for quantitative hauls.

A small additional net serves to sample the smaller benthic fauna at the same time as bottom plankton is being sampled.
An Examination of the Original Slides of Marine Acari of Hodge, 1863
Authors: Fountain H. C.
Published: May 2009

An examination of Hodge's original slides of marine Acari shows that three alterations in synonymy are called for: (i) Simognathus sculptus (Brady, 1875) to become a synonym of S. minutus (Hodge, 1863); (ii) Copidognathus oculatus Hodge, 1860 to become C. oculatus Lohmann, 1889; (iii) C. glyptoderma Trouessart to become a synonym of C. granulatus (Hodge, 1863). Observations were also made on the permanence of Dean's Medium as a mountant for small arachnids and some quotations and observations on the value of certain diagnostic characteristics of the genus Copidognathus are made.
Observations on the Breeding and Settlement ofMytilus Edulis(L.) in British Waters
Authors: Chipperfield P. N. J.
Published: May 2009

During 1946 and 1947, regular samples ofMytilus edulisfrom a number of localities ontheBritish coasts, including Conway, Brancaster and Liverpool, were examined for gonad conditionand spawning. For each sample, the mean stage of gonad development was computed. The criteria employed in distinguishing the stages of gonad development are described.

Ripening of the gonads takes place within a few weeks of the onset of spawning, in general commencing when the sea temperature has risen above 7–0° C. There appears to be no correlation between nutritional condition and ripening of the gonads, or subsequent spawning.

In all localities and in each year in which observations were made spawning occurred in late spring (mid-April to the end of May) and in most areas lasted for a short period only (2–4 weeks). At Brixham, in 1949 and 1950, the duration of the spawning period was longer (4-6 weeks). In most cases, 70–80% of the mature population spawned during the first 7–10 days of the breeding period. No evidence of periodic spawning was obtained.

In all cases, spawning commenced in a period during which the mean temperature to which the mussels were exposed was rising from c. 9–5° C. to 11–12–5° C. In most cases, the onset of spawning was coincident with a period of spring tides, and of predominantly bright sunny weather. The initial rate of spawning appears to be directly related to the rate of increase in mean temperature to which the mussels are exposed.

After spawning, mussels enter into a ‘neuter’ or ‘resting spent’ stage in which all traces of sexuality are lost.
The Larvae of the Spatangidae
Authors: Rees C. B.
Published: May 2009

An account is given of the general structure of the body skeleton of the spatangid larva. A considerable change occurs in the skeleton as the larva increases in size, some parts being absorbed and new parts appearing. Of particular interest is the replacement of the anterior transverse rod by the ventral horizontal rod.

The skeletons of larvae, young stages to late stages, ofEchinocardium cordatum, E. flavescens, Spatangus purpureus and Brissopsis lyriferaare described. The larvae ofEchinocardium and Spatangusare, in essentials, very similar; that of Brissopsis differs greatly from them. A striking difference is that in Brissopsis the ventral horizontal rod arises from the postoral arm and anterior to the anterior transverse rod, in the other two genera it arises from the body rod posterior to the anterior transverse rod.

The replacement of the anterior transverse rod by a ventral horizontal rod is probably normal in clypeastroid larvae also.
Cellulolytic Activity in the Lamelli-Branch Crystalline Style
Authors: Newell B. S.
Published: May 2009

A method of demonstrating cellulose utilization in biological systems by measurement of the turbidity of a cellulose suspension in a photo-electric absorptiometer is described. The crystalline styles ofOstrea edulis and Mytilusedulis appear to contain a cellulolytic factor as yet uncharacterized.
The Nematode Fauna Associated With Holdfasts of Kelp (Laminaria Hyperborea) in North-East Britain
Authors: Moore P. G.
Published: May 2009

Seventy-two holdfast samples of the kelp Laminaria hyperborea (Gunn.) Fosl., from fifteen approximately equidistant sites along the North-East coast of Britain, from St Abbs in Berwickshire to Flamborough Head, have been taken during the course of one spring-tide period. The nematode fauna of these samples (20,744 specimens of 61 species) has been examined and the data are presented in such a way as to facilitate comparison with previous work. The fauna in the North Sea is dominated by large enoploid species. Enoplus communis Bastian, Anticoma acuminata (Eberth), Thoracostoma coronatum (Eberth), Phanoderma albidum Bastian and Pontonema vulgaris (Bastian) are regularly abundant. The minor contribution of the family Monohysteridae indicates that silt is of little importance to the nematode fauna in exposed localities. The holdfast-dwelling nematodes are generally epigrowth feeders or omnivores, the latter exploiting the sediment-feeding niche apparently unavailable to specialized deposit feeders. Species with short body setae, body length above 1·5 mm, having smooth cuticles and possessing some visual mechanism are dominant. It is upheld that algal structure per se is of primary importance in determining the different nematode communities found to exist in algae of different growth forms, and to account for the similarity shown between the faunas inhabiting similar algal growth forms from widely separate geographical areas and differing levels on the shore. It is suggested that habitat-component generic keys might facilitate investigation of unknown regions.
Tracking of Blue Lights by Hyperiid Amphipods
Authors: Land M.F. , Marshall N.J. , Diebel Carol
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTION

The problems of observing the behaviour of mid-water animals are considerable. The depths involved are generally too great to allow free diving, and because the population density is low, useful observations from submersibles and remote cameras are rare. Animals brought to the surface are often in too poor a condition to behave at all normally. The hyperiid amphipods are one of the best groups to work with in trying to overcome these difficulties. They are relatively common and frequently observed from submersibles, where they congregate round the lights. They are tough, survive capture and behave well in aquaria at the surface (Land, 1992a). Compared with other groups, a reasonable amount is known about their habits, especially their associations with gelatinous animals on which they prey or have commensal relationships (Harbison et al., 1977; Madin & Harbison, 1977; Diebel, 1988). It is also known that they sometimes form swarms (Lobel & Randall, 1986).
A Sensory Basis for Orientation in Cephalopods
Authors: Williamson R.
Published: May 2009

This brief review describes the sense organs involved in orientation by cephalopods with a view to providing a basis for understanding the mechanisms involved. As in many other animals, vision is probably the most important sense involved in orientation. Cephalopods have paired eyes, sometimes providing binocular vision, and generally similar to those of many vertebrates in terms of their gross structure and performance. The main feature apparently lacking in most cephalopods is colour vision, although many have polarized vision. The second most important sense in cephalopods is the sense of balance provided by the statocysts. These paired organs, are functionally similar to the vertebrate vestibular system, and detect both linear and angular accelerations, giving the animal information on its spatial orientation and rotational movements. The statocysts may also be involved in hearing, for there is no doubt that they can detect some vibrations carried in the water and ground. The recently discovered cephalopod lateral line system also detects water-borne vibrations, but this is more probably used for locating other animals in low light conditions. Behavioural experiments have shown that olfaction is also important in cephalopod orientation, but, although there is good morphological data on the structures involved in olfaction, there are little supporting physiological data. Of the remaining senses used in orientation, touch is important for bottom living species, but less so for the free swimming animals. There is no evidence, so far, for electroreception or magnetic sensitivity in cephalopods.
Behaviour, Transport and Recruitment of Bay of Biscay Sole (Solea Solea): Laboratory and Field Studies
Authors: Champalbert G. , Koutsikopoulos C.
Published: May 2009

This article is a comparison and a synthesis of laboratory and field studies focused on the influence of larval and early juvenile behaviour on the recruitment mechanisms of sole in the northern part of the Bay of Biscay. Laboratory studies concerned the individual behaviour of larvae and juveniles, in particular, changes in swimming activity controlled by endogenous factors and also reactions to light, current, pressure and feeding conditions. Experiments were performed in different types of tanks fitted with special devices to vary light, pressure and current. Specific methods using visual observations and an infra-red converter as well as actographic techniques with infra-red barriers were utilized. The relative contribution of endogenous and external factors on swimming activity and orientation vary during ontogenesis. Field studies concern a time series of fine-scale vertical distribution of larval stages. Endogenous rhythms and light seem to play an important role in the control of diel vertical migration from early larval stages, whereas semi-diurnal and tidal behaviour could develop mainly after metamorphosis. A simulation is used for the study of the interactions between individual behaviour and tidal currents. Based on laboratory and field observations we propose and discuss a hypothesis of transport and migration. In the Bay of Biscay, such a hypothesis involves diffusion processes enhanced by active behaviour.
On the ‘Visceral Nervous System’ of Ciona
Authors: Mackie G.O.
Published: May 2009

Ciona intestinalis has a well developed nerve plexus associated with the dorsal strand, as first described by Marco Fedele. The dorsal strand plexus is immunoreactive with antisera against gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Immunoreactivity is seen in the cell bodies, which lie peripherally, and in processes which run throughout the dorsal blood sinus, enter the branchial sac and penetrate the brain via the visceral nerve. The plexus provides a rich innervation of the gonoducts, and processes have been seen in the gonads. The pericardium is not innervated by processes from the plexus and the rectum is poorly innervated, but the full extent of the plexus in the viscera remains uncertain. While this study confirms many of Fedele's observations, it does not support the view that the dorsal strand plexus is equivalent to the vertebrate visceral nervous system.
Induction of Metallothionein Synthesis in the Gill and Kidney ofLittorina LittoreaExposed to Cadmium
Authors: Bebianno M.J. , Langston W.J.
Published: May 2009

Induction of metallothionein synthesis inLittorina littoreaexposed to cadmium (400 µg I-1) is tissue dependent. Concentrations of the metal-binding protein increased by a factor of four in the gills and by a factor of three in the kidney.

Gel filtration chromatography of heat-treated cytosolic extracts reveals that cadmium, accumulated in both the gills and the kidney, is bound principally to the newly formed metallothionein. Cadmium saturation of the protein (at an MT:Cd molar ratio of 1:5) and the approach of steady-state condition for Cd accumulation was indicated in the latter tissue, but there was little evidence for Cd equilibrium in gills.

Metallothionein levels in the kidney ofL. littoreacan be determined on a routine basis in laboratory experiments and in field samples by differential pulse polarography of wholecytosol preparations: heat-treatment/centrifugation is sufficient to remove most of the interference from high-molecular-weight thiolic proteins. In contrast, the use of gelfiltration chromatography is recommended alongside polarographic analysis of the gill cytosol to enable quantification of, and compensation for, such interferences, and hence to ensure that only metallothionein is determined.

Measurements of metallothionein induction in the kidney ofLittorinamay therefore prove useful in the determination of sublethal biological response to metal contamination. Background metallothionein concentrations of 3–4 mg g-1(measured polarographically) serve as a baseline against which samples from contaminated sites can be assessed.

INTRODUCTION

Exposure of marine organisms to metals such as cadmium can induce the synthesis of low molecular weight, cysteine-rich proteins, metallothioneins (MTs), which are capable of sequestering and detoxifying excess intra-cellular metal.
The Droguing of Meddy Pinball and Seeding with Alace Floats
Authors: Pingree R.D.
Published: May 2009

This paper reports the results of a hydrographic survey and the successful deliberate deep droguing of a meddy (Pinball) and the seeding of its core with two ALACE floats. The drogued buoy results give important kinematic properties of the eddy core in real timesemicolon the ALACE have allowed the position of the meddy to be tracked for seven months. Pinball was found against the continental slope near Lisbon canyon. The maximum core salinity was 36·564 psu, at a depth of 1260 m, but the maximum rotation rate with period ~2·5 d was in the upper core near 700 m, where temperatures reached 13·2°C. The azimuthal transport to a radius of 50 km was ~13 Sv. Pinball moved from the continental slope near Lisbon to the central Tagus Abyssal Plain, returned towards the continental slope and then moved westwards crossing the central Tagus Abyssal Plain a second time. At times it had a marked remote sensing infra-red sea-surface signature. It moved ~550 km over 204 d and the near real-time data meant that, in principle, this eddy could have been re-surveyed, redrogued or reseeded with floats during this period.
The Food of Seriola Dumerili (Pisces: Carangidae) in the Catalan Sea (Western Mediterranean)
Authors: Matallanas J. , Casadevall M. , Carrasson M. , Bolx J. , Fernandez V.
Published: May 2009

Stomachs of 385 specimens of Seriola dumerili (Risso, 1810) have been analysed. Their coefficient of repletion is 50·8% in juveniles and 90·3% in adults. Juveniles feed almost exclusively on Teleostei with Engraulis encrasicholus and Sardina pilchardus as the main food; Cephalopoda (Loligo vulgaris and Sepiola sp.) and Crustacea (Squilla mantis) are also eaten. Adults feed on a great diversity of Teleostei headed by S. pilchardus and Merluccius merluccius.

According to Smith-Vaniz (1986)Seriola dumerili is both epibenthic and pelagic, occurring at 18–72 m in small to moderate schools. Juveniles are associated with flotsam in oceanic or offshore neritic waters. Adults often live near reefs or at deep off-shore holes or drop-offs. It is found from the Mediterranean and the Bay of Biscay to South Africa, from Nova Scotia to Brazil, and also in the Arabian Gulf, Australia, Japan and the Hawaiian Islands.
A porphyrin pigment in the integument ofArion ater(L.)
Authors: Kennedy G. Y.
Published: May 2009

MacMunn (1886) extracted a porphyrin from the integument of the starfishAsterias rubens—then known asUraster rubens—and he considered that this and similar pigments which he had obtained from the slugArion empiricorumand the coelenteratesFlabellum variabileandFungia symmetricawere identical with the haematoporphyrin of Hoppe-Seyler (1871), which was then the only porphyrin known. Dhéré & Baumeler (1928 a) confirmed the presence of a porphyrin inArion empiricorum, but did not specify which porphyrin they had found. Kennedy & Vevers (1953), working at the Plymouth Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association, found that the pigment of the integumentof Asterias rubensL. was protoporphyrin, and in a further survey of the porphyrins of marine invertebrates (Kennedy & Vevers, 1954), they examined the integuments of two molluscs,Aplysia punctataCuvier andDuvaucelia plebeia(Johnston), and showed that each contained uroporphyrin I. This pigment was also found by Kennedy & Vevers (1956) to be present in the integument of the tectibranch molluscAkera bullata(O. F. Müller). The present paper describes the isolation and identification of the po phyrin from the integument of the black garden slugArion ater(L.).Arion empiricorumwas a synonym introduced by Férussac, Férussac & Deshayes (1819–51) to cover the numerous colour and pattern varieties of the slug more generally known asArion ater. The work appears here since it is a continuation of investigations of mollusc pigments initiated in the Plymouth Laboratory, the results of which have already been published in thisJournal.
Some observations on the scyphomedusaAtolla
Authors: Russell F. S.
Published: May 2009

During the last four years collections of plankton from deep water have been made regularly on the cruises of R.V. ‘Sarsia’. The opportunity has been taken to study the biology of the scyphomedusaAtolla wyvillei.It was hoped that with material collected from the same area at different times of the year it might be possible to gain some information on the growth and length of life of this medusa. The collections have been supplemented by a number of specimens taken on recent cruises of R.R.S. ‘Discovery II’, and a total of nearly 300 medusae have been examined. The collections were made with the 2 m stramin ring trawl and the Isaacs-Kidd pelagic trawl mostly from the Bay of Biscay.
The reproduction and larval development of Nereis fucata (Savigny)
Authors: Brown-Gilpin J. B.
Published: May 2009

The wide variety of reproductive patterns and behaviour in the many species of Nereidae already studied clearly justifies further research. But the life history of Nereis fucata (Savigny) is not only of interest from the comparative point of view. Its commensal habit (it occurs within shells occupied by hermit crabs) immediately gives it a special importance. This alone warrants a detailed study, particularly as no commensal polychaete has yet been reared through to metamorphosis and settlement on its host (Davenport, 1955; Davenport & Hickok, 1957). The numerous interesting problems which arise, and the experimental methods needed to study them, are, however, beyond the range of a paper on nereid development. It is therefore proposed to confine the present account to the reproduction and development up to the time when the larvae settle on the bottom. The complete life cycle, the mechanism of host-adoption, and related topics, will be reported in later papers.
Carbohydrate levels inPatella
Authors: Barry R. J. C. , Munday K. A.
Published: May 2009

The limited observations available on blood sugar levels of Mollusca suggest that they are very low. Values of 2–14 mg % glucose have been reported forAplysia(see Kisch, 1929; Berthoumeyroux, 1935), and even the higher levels recorded forOctopusandSepiaspecies by Bierry & Giaja (1909), Berthoumeyroux (1935) and Derrien (1938) range only from 20 to 32 mg % glucose. The majority of these blood sugar analyses were based on the Hagedorn & Jensen (1923) technique. Landgrebe & Munday (1954) have shown that this technique may have an inherent blank error of 5 mg % glucose equivalent, and consequently it is not a suitable method for critical analyses of these low molluscan blood sugar levels.
The growth stages of the lophophore of the brachiopods Platidia davidsoni (Eudes Deslongchamps) and P. anomioides (Philippi), with notes on the feeding mechanism
Authors: Atkins D.
Published: May 2009

The lophophore of Platidia, as illustrated in most memoirs and text-books, bears little resemblance to its appearance in life, no doubt because such illustrations and the accompanying descriptions were based on dried specimens. The lophophore of Platidia has been considered to be of a peculiar sigmoid type, differing from that of any other known lophophore. The dredging by R.V. ‘Sarsia’ of three species of the genus in recent years has afforded the opportunity of figuring the lophophore in its natural state, and the working out of its growth stages in P. davidsoni and P. anomioides: these were previously unknown for any species of Platidia. The third species, a new one, is described separately (Atkins, 1959).
The biology and ecology ofRissoa parva(da Costa) [Gastropoda: Prosobranchia]
Authors: Wigham G. D.
Published: May 2009

The family Rissoidae comprises 24 British species, occurring, many in great profusion, in both littoral and sublittoral marine habitats. On rocky shores the most prolific species isRissoa parva(da Costa), which occupies a number of microhabitats, algae in particular, centred on the infralittoral fringe but reaching as high as M.T.L., and may also be found sublittorally off these shores.
New Observations Upon Members of the Genus Chrysotila Anand, with Remarks Upon their Relationships within the Haptophyceae
Authors: Green J. C. , Parke Mary
Published: May 2009

In a recent paper, Green & Parke (1974) drew attention to some of the systematic problems posed by benthic members of the Haptophyceae. Particular attention was given to Ruttnera spectabilis Geitler (1942) the type species of its genus, which was shown by the fine structure of the zoids to be a member of the Haptophyceae with a characteristic rudimentary haptonema and not, as had been thought previously, a member of the Chrysophyceae (sensu Christensen, 1962). Attention was also drawn to the close similarities between R. spectabilis and Chrysotila lamellosa Anand (1937) both in the vegetative and motile phases, but no formal taxonomic changes were made pending the completion of the comparative reinvestigation of both these species together with C. stipitata Anand, the type species of the genus Chrysotila (so designated by Bourrelly, 1957).
Vertical distribution of cephalopods at 18°N 25°W in the North Atlantic
Authors: Clarke M. R. , Lu C. C.
Published: May 2009

The present work is part of an analysis of catches made with rectangular midwater trawls (RMTs) in the North Atlantic at about 20°W and at 60°N, 53°N, 40°N (all in Lu & Clarke, 1975), 30°N (Clarke & Lu, 1974), 18°N and 11°N (Lu & Clarke, 1975). The collections were made for the ecological programme of the National Institute of Oceanography, Wormley, England (now part of the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences).
Synchrony in the digestive diverticula ofMytilus edulisL.
Authors: Langton R. W.
Published: May 2009

The organization, cellular composition and function of the digestive diverticula has been described for a large number of molluscs (Nakazima, 1956; Owen, 1966; Purchon, 1968). Changes in the digestive cells which are associated with intracellular digestion have also been widely recognized (Graham, 1938; Carriker, 1946; J. E. Morton, 1955, 1956, 1959; Owen, 1955, 1966, 1970, 1972; Sumner, 1965, 1966a, b, 1969; Morse, 1968; McQuiston, 1969; Walker, 1970; Merdsey & Farley, 1973). In general the digestive cells show three cyclic phases, (1) absorption, (2) digestion, (3) fragmentation and excretion, and these phases, with only minor modifications, are typical of most molluscs (Owen, 1966). In many groups, especially gastropods, the changes in the digestive cells within the tubules of the digestive diverticula often appear to be synchronized and consequently the tubules have a uniform appearance throughout the diverticula. In the Bivalvia, however, this type of synchrony has not generally been recognized. Since bivalves have been considered to feed more or less continuously (Purchon, 1971; Winter, 1973) it is not surprising that a homogenous appearance was only exceptionally observed, e.g. J. E. Morton (1956), J. E. Morton, Boney & Corner (1957).
E. Ford
Authors: Russell F. S.
Published: May 2009

Ebenezer Ford was born on 22 September 1890 at Hove, Sussex, and died on 14 October 1974 at the age of 84. His father, George Horace Ford, was a man of insatiable intellectual curiosity and was a great stimulus to his sons. He took them on walks to ‘explore’ the countryside of Sussex, including the sea shore, which much interested ‘Ebb’, as he was known. Both sides of the family came from yeoman non-conformist stock, which instilled into him a keen sense of duty and desire to serve the public. Ebb was much involved in country affairs and had many opportunities of taking part in Wealden farm life. He was thus essentially an open-air boy with a growing interest in nature.