bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Is ‘Marshallianism’?
Authors: Tribe Keith
Published: December 2021

Marshall’s intellectual heritage is often described as ‘Marshallianism’, a general designation of his intellectual style as teacher and writer. But what exactly might this mean? While it is not necessarily wrong to describe his work in this way, it is necessary to have a clear idea of what the term denotes. To begin with, the work of Marshall is distinguished from that of his near (senior) contemporary, Stanley Jevons; but his death in 1882 came at a point when his version of economics had been gaining ground in Britain. While soon eclipsed by Marshall, this more formal approach later became the trademark of the London School of Economics in the 1920s, mediated by its Professor of Political Economy, Edwin Cannan. Then the work of Marshall as a teacher is examined, identifying an approach that sought to encourage students to apply their economic knowledge to the contemporary world. What he sought to inculcate in his students is shown by a discussion of the work of two of his students, A. C. Pigou and Sydney Chapman. This is then followed by a consideration of the composition and editorial changes to Marshall’s Principles of Economics, first published in 1890 and reaching a very much changed final edition in 1920, in which form it continued to be reprinted for much of the twentieth century. Notwithstanding the long life of this work, it can then be shown that, by the 1920s, criticism of Marshall’s approach to economic analysis was increasing, signalling the demise of the Marshallian heritage.
Models for Commercial Education
Authors: Tribe Keith
Published: December 2021

Arguments that higher education institutions should prepare the future private and public administrators of newly industrialising economies were general by the 1870s, but in all cases they involved the advocacy of commercial education. This was in fact the context in which economics developed to the 1950s in Britain outside Oxford and Cambridge, but these developments in Britain lagged those elsewhere in the world. This chapter discusses the leading international developments of the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the better to locate British developments outlined in the following chapter. In the United States, university commercial education was part of the rapidly evolving higher education landscape of the late nineteenth century, although in every case courses of commercial education were created mostly using existing teaching provision. Even the creation of the Harvard Business School in 1908 did not alter this, and its ‘case study’ method only began to develop in the 1920s. In France, dedicated commercial colleges emerged in the 1860s, but these remained wedded to school curricula despite efforts to develop higher studies. Only in Germany did systematic higher business education develop before the First World War, but few outside Germany seemed aware of this.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Tribe Keith
Published: December 2021

This concluding chapter draws together the argument around the contrasting styles of teaching and argument exemplified by Cambridge and LSE: Alfred Marshall’s emphasis upon a broad acquaintance with contemporary economic realities, selecting techniques to fit cases; and Lionel Robbins’s emphasis upon principles, their technical development, and uniform application to circumstance. The latter approach prevailed not because it was more ‘scientific’, but because the range of material both teacher and student needed to command was strictly circumscribed. The technical development of universal principles required logical skills, rather than substantive knowledge, and was more suited to lecture room and textbook. This was the future of economics.
Introduction
Authors: Johnson Emily Suzanne
Published: December 2021

Conservative evangelical communities gained new national attention in the 1970s and 1980s, as their members became increasingly vocal participants in American political debates. Women played important roles in this developing movement, not just as grassroots supporters but also as national leaders. Most of these women gained prominence through a growing evangelical subculture, which contributed to the development and dissemination of conservative evangelical ideas in purportedly apolitical spaces. These women grappled with their own political identities even became significant voices in their communities. This section delves into the rise of the New Christian Right and its contexts in Cold War politics and evangelical popular culture. It introduces the argument that nationally prominent women played essential roles in shaping this movement and mobilizing its supporters, particularly those who did not yet see themselves as political activists.
Tammy Faye Bakker Responds to the AIDS Crisis
Authors: Johnson Emily Suzanne
Published: December 2021

Tammy Faye and Jim Bakker built one of the largest televangelical ministries of the 1970s and 1980s; PTL (Praise the Lord) boasted a twenty-four-hour television network and the third-most-visited theme park in the United States. Tammy Faye Bakker played a particularly vital role in expanding evangelical women’s culture to television. An influential figure during the rise of the New Christian Right, she also expressed deep ambivalence about taking on a political leadership role. She supported many religious right causes including opposition to abortion and feminism, but she also used her ambivalence about politics to take on a surprising range of political positions, most notable in her support for gay people and people living with AIDS as early as the mid-1980s. Conservative gender norms within evangelical communities made it easy to downplay prominent women’s political significance. However, these same assumptions could also give women greater leeway in choosing their political platforms.
Diversity and Self-Organized Complexity
Authors: Gaus Gerald
Published: December 2021

Part II of the volume takes up Hayek’s second unsettling thesis: that the Open Society is too complex for the practice of moral justification. To begin to analyze this unsettling thesis, it first considers the nature of the Open Society, and why it is characterized by extreme diversity and complexity. Thus the first section of this essay seeks to distinguish Millian and other liberalisms from the far more deeply diverse Open Society. It then argues that the Open Society is characterized by a process of autocatalytic diversity, which leads to ever-increasing complexity. This second essay concludes with an account of how the constitutive moral rules of the Open Society can be justified. It endorses Hayek’s criticism of social contract theory, proposing in its stead a self-organization model of moral justification.
Introduction
Authors: James Elaine T.
Published: December 2021

The introduction orients readers to the aesthetic dimensions of biblical poems and argues that poems as verbal arts are not reducible to rhetoric or a single “message” but rather operate with an excess of meaning that both involves and transcends semantic content. It suggests that biblical poems can be fruitfully examined by considering what kinds of aesthetic experiences they offer. It draws on the work of Alva Noë and Susan Sontag to offer an embodied description of the intellectual work that poems can accomplish as art. The introduction also provides a succinct overview of its chapters.
Forms
Authors: James Elaine T.
Published: December 2021

Chapter 3 examines how biblical poems participate in different literary patterns, or “forms,” both in terms of their familiar thematic movements and their structural dimensions. First it considers the language that the Hebrew Bible uses to talk about poetry and notes how its terms to do not refer to fixed conventions but denote somewhat fluid perceptions of its nature—poetry’s relationship to music, figurative aphoristic speech, lament, and prayer. The chapter emphasizes the highly conventional character of biblical poetry, which seems to prize tradition over more radical types of innovation, but it also traces evidence of places where poems are creative in working with and even against received forms. It ends with a consideration of the acrostic in biblical poetry and a reading of Psalm 119 as both using and radically extending the acrostic’s conventions.
Conclusion
Authors: James Elaine T.
Published: December 2021

The conclusion argues that the aesthetic dimensions of biblical poetry require active engagement with the poem that does not merely uncover a meaning that already exists, but rather enacts a moment of human encounter. In doing so, it re-emphasizes the importance of formal analysis even while resisting New Criticism’s tendency to suppress historical, social, and political dimensions of the text and its interpretation. It follows John Dewey in arguing that reading is always an act of re-creation, and that even reading old material brings a new poem into existence. Ultimately, it suggests that biblical poetry now and again acknowledges its unfinished business: the way it leans toward the future and its readers, and thereby resists the nothingness of destruction.
Branching Space-Times
Authors: Belnap Nuel , Müller Thomas , Placek Tomasz
Published: December 2021

This book develops a rigorous theory of indeterminism as a local and modal concept. Its crucial insight is that our world contains events or processes with alternative, really possible outcomes. The theory aims at clarifying what this assumption involves, and it does it in two ways. First, it provides a mathematically rigorous framework for local and modal indeterminism. Second, we support that theory by spelling out the philosophically relevant consequences of this formulation and by showing its fruitful applications in metaphysics. To this end, we offer a formal analysis of modal correlations and of causation, which is applicable in indeterministic and non-local contexts as well. We also propose a rigorous theory of objective single-case probabilities, intended to represent degrees of possibility. In a third step, we link our theory to current physics, investigating how local and modal indeterminism relates to issues in the foundations of physics, in particular, quantum non-locality and spatio-temporal relativity. The book also ventures into the philosophy of time, showing how the theory’s resources can be used to explicate the dynamic concept of the past, present, and future based on local indeterminism.
The Foundations of Branching Space-Times
Authors: Belnap Nuel , MÜller Thomas , Placek Tomasz
Published: December 2021

In this chapter the reader is guided through the construction of the core theory of Branching Space-Times. This discursive approach culminates in proposing a set of postulates that a structure of the core theory of Branching Space-Times (common BST) has to satisfy. The theory’s basic notion is that of a set of events, partially ordered by a pre-causal relation. Histories are then defined as maximal directed subsets of the base set. The chapter proves essential facts about histories and the postulates that the core of BST is assumed to satisfy. Among other things, it proves the so-called M-property that determines how any two point event in a common BST structure are related.
Discussion on Issues Related to the Use of Dynamic Assessment of Learners of a Spoken or Signed Language
Authors: Mann Wolfgang , Hoskin Joanna , Hasson Natalie , Dumbrill Hilary
Published: December 2021

This chapter is a joint discussion of key items related to the use of dynamic assessment (DA) in spoken and signed language assessment contexts that were discussed in Chapters 3.1 and 3.2. One aspect of spoken language assessment with great potential to inform new research in signed language is the number and detail of available approaches that test different parts of the language system. Whereas DA with signing children has been used exclusively for assessing vocabulary, approaches in spoken languages have also targeted morphology, phonology, sentence structure, and narrative discourse. In comparison, an area where the available research from signed language could help inform the use of DA for spoken language is the involvement of children and families in co-producing goals to guide assessment and intervention. The authors also raise a couple of aspects that are of equal relevance for both fields and which provide opportunities for increased interdisciplinary collaboration.
Assessing Signed Language Development in Deaf/Signing Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Shield Aaron , Mood Deborah , Salamy Nicole , Henner Jonathan
Published: December 2021

In this chapter, the authors discuss assessment of signed language development in deaf/hard of hearing (D/HH) signing children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The development of sign in D/HH children with ASD is an area of growing research, with recent papers describing how the language profile of such children is both similar to and different from hearing/speaking children with ASD. The authors highlight the difficulties of assessing signed language in this population, focusing on a lack of tests designed specifically for D/HH children. Furthermore, they describe how variations in degree of exposure to sign at home and different behavioral norms in the Deaf community complicate identification and assessment. Finally, the authors suggest some directions for possible future research.
Language Assessment Literacy in Second Spoken Language Assessment Contexts
Authors: Harding Luke , Kremmel Benjamin , Eberharter Kathrin
Published: December 2021

This chapter provides an overview of language assessment literacy (LAL) as it relates to spoken language assessment. The chapter begins by charting developments in how LAL has been defined and conceptualized in language assessment research. Then, specific knowledge and skills related to the assessment of spoken language are discussed, organized according to the nine dimensions of LAL identified in Kremmel and Harding’s survey-based study. Critical issues are raised throughout with respect to the unique challenges involved in assessing spoken language in a fair, equitable, and inclusive manner. The authors conclude by pointing to future directions for LAL and highlight the increasingly important role of technology in language assessment practices.
Methodological Introduction
Authors: Garfield Jay L.
Published: December 2021

This chapter explores some of the methodological issues that arise from studying Buddhist ethics. It gives an overview of the four noble truths, and it argues that Buddhist ethical theory is grounded in the Buddhist metaphysical outlook captured by dependent origination, selflessness, and impermanence. It further argues that Buddhist ethics is an attempt to solve the ubiquity of suffering that is grounded in these three characteristics of reality, and that this solution is reflected in the eightfold path. Also addressed are the six realms of transmigration on the Buddhist Wheel of Life, and their applications to the forms of suffering.
Narrative in Buddhist Ethics
Authors: Garfield Jay L.
Published: December 2021

This chapter explores the central role of narratives in the articulation of Buddhist ethics. Discussion includes casuistic narratives, and the way that they aid in moral decision making, including providing rationales and examples, both clear cut and not, illuminating the impact of interconnected human relationships and circumstances, and creating greater psychological impact through analysis of specific cases. Also discussed are the way that stories yield moral insight through their focus on developing deeper ways of seeing. Several narratives are addressed in detail, including that of Kisagotami, Śāriputra and Maudgalyāyana, and a collection of stories from the Mahāvagga and the Avadānaśataka.
The Importance of Vow
Authors: Garfield Jay L.
Published: December 2021

This chapter addresses the role of vows in Buddhist ethics. Vows generate new moral perspectives, as well as new agent-relative moral considerations. Among the vows addressed are the lay vows, monastic vows, bodhisattva vows, and tantric vows. The chapter discusses the diverse Buddhist interpretations of the metaphysical status of vows, and the ways that they transform one’s moral landscape, changing the ethical status of actions. Also addressed here are the binding power of vows, including the roles of both initial intention and admitted exceptions, and the effects of transgressions, including atonement and confession, and the phenomenon of returning vows.
Naturalism
Authors: Garfield Jay L.
Published: December 2021

This chapter argues that naturalism is a virtue in an account of human experience, and thus desideratum in any ethical theory, and that Buddhist ethics is indeed naturalistic. In particular, its ethical orientation relies on no transcendent or transcendental concerns; its theory of the good is rooted in an account of human nature and the nature of the natural world, and its account of agency and responsibility is thoroughly causal. The chapter also discusses some of the aspects and implications of karma, including karmic fruition, the ways that our future lives are conditioned by our present ones, and the idea of collective karma.
Coda
Authors: Garfield Jay L.
Published: December 2021

This brief concluding chapter argues that Buddhist ethics constitutes a distinctive voice in ethical theory. While Buddhist ethical thought is distinct in both form and content from any of the major Western metaethical systems, it is supplementary to, rather than inconsistent with them. Buddhist ethics encourages us to look at the subjective, phenomenological side of ethics, and to foreground ethical perception and experience in our account of moral cultivation, as opposed to actions, rules, and consequences. By examining Buddhist ethical theory in conjunction with Western ethical theory, we can discover new questions that make our ethical debate richer than before.
Laurie Anderson's Big Science
Authors: Reed S. Alexander
Published: December 2021

Shimmering in maximal minimalism, joyful bleakness, and bodiless intimacy, Laurie Anderson’s Big Science diagnosed crises of meaning, scale, and identity in 1982. Decades later, the challenging and strange questions it poses loom even larger: How do we remain human when our identities are digitally distributed? Does technology bring us closer together or further apart? Can we experience the stillness of “now” when time is always moving? How do experiences become memories? This book attends closely to Anderson’s artistic voice, detailing its unique capacities for ambiguity and revelation. It traces the sonic histories etched in the record’s grooves, from the Cold War to a burning future, from the Manhattan skyline to the empty desert, from the opera house to the pop charts. Ultimately, in Big Science, one can hear an invitation to rise above the dualities of parts and wholes, images and essences, the lone individual and the megasystem. The first and most enduring superstar of performance art, Anderson is recognized here for pioneering philosophically rich techniques within the medium but is also taken seriously as a musician and composer. Packed with scrupulous new research, reception history, careful description, and dizzying creativity, this book is an interdisciplinary love letter to a record whose sounds, politics, and expressions of gendered identity grow more relevant each day.
The Gendered Making of Ungendered Style
Authors: Reed S. Alexander
Published: December 2021

This chapter notes the discourse alleging androgyny, genderlessness, and/or asexuality in the work of Laurie Anderson. It then argues that such claims are shortsighted and that, in fact, the seeming illegibility of Big Science’s sexuality was the result of a highly gendered multiyear artistic strategy. Shedding rare new light on Anderson’s early artwork from the 1970s, the chapter demonstrates a progression away from sexual frankness that is congruous with both her increasing fame and the sexist pressures externally placed on her either to conform to, deviate from, or otherwise speak for women’s sexual archetypes. Central to this process is Anderson’s development of a strategy that the chapter dubs “doing-not-telling,” which becomes a signature move in her later works.
Moral Development
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: December 2021

One traditionally important part of education, broadly conceived, is to foster moral development. Drawing on the long history of moral life, and using examples of moral progress, the chapter elaborates an approach to moral decision-making. It argues that the method used must be collective. No individual, whether sage, priest, prophet, philosopher, or professional ethicist, has the final authoritative word. Rather, moral reform should emerge from the style of deliberation identified in Chapter 4. This perspective is used to suggest ways of helping the moral growth of children, adolescents, and adults. Chapters 3–5 thus combine in a synthetic picture of how two of the main goals of education—personal fulfillment and morally responsible citizenship—might be achieved together.
Understanding Ourselves
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: December 2021

Chapter 9 builds on the arguments of its predecessors, focusing on the social sciences and the humanities. Its central theme is the importance of an interactive curriculum in these disciplines in promoting self-understanding. The subjects in question, when imaginatively combined, can play an important part in helping developing individuals discover the path they wish to pursue, and the character of the social environment in which they will make their journey. Literature, art, geography, history, anthropology, psychology, economics, and political science are all crucial parts of a general pre-university course of study. As before, the chapter makes concrete proposals. It concludes with a discussion of the value of studying foreign languages, and of an introduction to philosophy at the pre-university level.
Social Change
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: December 2021

Part III of the book is concerned with the social changes required if the educational proposals are to be implemented, and with the economic feasibility of making the recommended reforms. Chapter 10 takes up the first question. Features of contemporary societies pose all sorts of readily recognizable obstacles to educational progress. Teachers are often seriously underpaid. Schools are often dilapidated and dangerous. Children often live in poverty—and many have no stable homes to leave in the morning and to return to in the afternoon. Parental resources vary widely. Social and economic conditions force students to compete for scarce opportunities. That competition intensifies as they grow older. Stereotypes and biases are everywhere. The solutions proposed culminate in a blueprint for a very different society—the Deweyan society—characterized by seven major features. Arriving at a precise description of this society permits focused consideration of whether it could be economically sustained.
He Shall Repay the Lamb Fourfold
Authors: Gilmour Rachelle
Published: December 2021

When retributive divine punishment against David in 2 Samuel 12 includes the death of David and Bathsheba’s newborn child, troubling issues surrounding God’s character are identified by many commentators. In order to examine the divine violence against David’s household in 2 Samuel 11–20 in Part 1, the terms punishment and retribution are defined. Punishment is pain imposed on a person judicially determined as guilty, either through declaration by an authorised party or through transgression of an established law. By this definition, David’s newborn is not individually punished but either collectively punished as part of David’s household, or the victim of collateral damage. Retribution is distinguished from natural consequences that proceed from transgressions, and defined as backward looking, proportional payback for an offence. Elements of Kant’s formulation for retributive punishment are introduced.
The Characterisation of God in the Stories of the Ark
Authors: Gilmour Rachelle
Published: December 2021

The Divine Violence of the ark in 1 Sam 6:19 and 2 Sam 6:7 springs from the misalignment of the holy transcendent God being present in the ark. The conception of divine presence does not conform to JE, Priestly, Zion-Sabaoth, or Deuteronomistic theology precisely, but it contains elements found in all of these traditions, confirming that the transcendent God is understood as actually present in the ark in 1 Sam 6:19 and 2 Sam 6:7. God is characterised as holy in these narratives, but God also shows no privilege for God’s own people, treating them akin to the Philistines. God is angry in 2 Sam 6:7, and the concept of anger as an unleashed volatile rage is explored. The thought of Walter Benjamin is used to suggest that the Divine Violence of the ark is beyond ethics: it cannot be justified, but it also does not justify other acts of violence.
Reading the Ark in Beth-shemesh and Perez-uzzah Politically
Authors: Gilmour Rachelle
Published: December 2021

A monarchic date for the ark narratives suggests a political context where the temple in Jerusalem is endowed with an ark volatile with divine presence to rival the northern golden calves. The promise of a temple in 2 Sam 7, juxtaposed with the ark’s violence in 2 Sam 6:19, suggests that the volatile ark is safely ensconced in the temple in the city of the Davidic kings, endorsing the cultic centre. Reading the ark narratives in a later period of exile, Jer 3:14–18 suggests an interesting continuation of this logic, where there is no longer misalignment of God’s holy presence in a box, and all Jerusalem will become God’s throne.
Introduction
Authors: Hansen Kai Arne
Published: December 2021

Demonstrating that gender representations in popular culture are intertwined with a broad range of cultural, historical, and social discourses that shape both their production and reception, the introduction outlines some of the key concerns related to the performance and policing of masculinity in pop music. It discusses the theoretical and methodological foundations that may underpin an interdisciplinary, intersectional, and interpretive approach to the study of popular music and gender, and places an emphasis on grappling with the multiple affordances elicited by pop artists’ construction of identity across several platforms. It advocates for an inclusive definition of pop music that encompasses the range of musical and cultural impulses that circulate in mainstream popular music culture. It also discusses the selection of material for a study of pop music and masculinity, and considers the benefits and limitations of an artist-centered interpretive approach.
Beyond Bieber Fever
Authors: Hansen Kai Arne
Published: December 2021

The chapter inquires into Justin Bieber’s 2020 comeback, which followed a hiatus in his career in the late 2010s. After detailing some of the central themes and events in Bieber’s early career, it presents analyses of two music videos: Yummy (2020) and Holy (2020). Yummy is characterized by camp elements that fuel Bieber’s exhibition of a puerile playfulness, whereas Holy presents an earnest portrayal of a down-on-his-luck oil worker who finds solace in religious faith and romantic commitment. Addressing the flexibility with which Bieber adopts contrasting gender expressions in these videos, the author contemplates a number of questions related to the continual reinvention that characterizes the careers of many pop artists. The chapter also discusses how issues related to the sexualization of food, the gendering of work, and the social constraints associated with marriage are navigated within a pop context. If both Yummy and Holy seem to expand the boundaries of masculinity, they are simultaneously characterized by heteronormative elements that undermine such an effort. It is therefore concluded that Bieber’s strategic borrowing from the cultures and practices of black, queer, and working-class men increases his masculine capital without challenging existing relations of privilege and marginalization.
The Church Ascendant, 1831–1967
Authors: O’Donoghue Tom , Harford Judith
Published: December 2021

In the latter half of the eighteenth and early decades of the nineteenth century the priests’ leadership role in Ireland increased, aided by the relaxation of the Penal Laws and the eventual granting of Catholic Emancipation throughout the United Kingdom in 1829. Concurrently, a new generation of reforming bishops shook off the approach of caution of their predecessors towards government and became increasingly assertive about Catholic interests, including in education. That assertiveness is central in the considerations of this chapter. Developments in relation to the role of the Catholic Church (the Church) in Irish society from the decades prior to the Great Famine of 1845–48 are outlined. Relations between the Church and the State on education from the establishment of the Irish National School System in 1831 to the advent of national independence in 1922 are then examined. In the third section the activity of ‘the triumphalist Church in Ireland’ for the period from 1922 to the introduction of ‘free second-level education’ in 1967 is detailed.
A Privileged Minority at their Desks
Authors: O’Donoghue Tom , Harford Judith
Published: December 2021

The Catholic Church and the State supported each other in their pursuit of their respective interests in schooling in Ireland. That was particularly so in relation to the secondary school curriculum. The interest of the Church was in maintaining an all-pervasive religious atmosphere justified by reference to its overt aim of using the schools as an instrument for enhancing ‘the salvation of souls’. Concurrently, it supported successive governments in the pronounced emphasis they placed on promoting the Irish language and Gaelic culture, including through the secondary schools. Further, on occasions when it perceived State initiatives in that domain over-zealous failure to have them implemented was due primarily to the Church having the upper hand in the partnership. At the same time, tension never spilled over into displays of public acrimony. A desire on the part of both institutions not to jeopardize the promotion of the intellectual and emotional development of students only in a very narrow sense served to maintain harmony, as it facilitated the deeper interest of both institutions in maintaining their power among the majority of the population.
Looking Backwards, Looking Forwards
Authors: O’Donoghue Tom , Harford Judith
Published: December 2021

A pluralist, outward-looking approach to Catholic education in Ireland now characterizes some of the latest changes at the level of governance and curriculum. Regarding piety, the first of the two main themes addressed throughout this book, change is also evident. In particular, the manner in which it is promoted and practised in the Catholic secondary schools now is more benignant, personal, ecumenical, and inclusive of those of other faiths than it was in the past. Regarding the second theme considered throughout, namely, the role of the Church historically in favouring at secondary school level those privileged in Irish society socially and economically, the situation is that while expansion of education provision has raised national standards of education, it has not led to the kind of reduction in relative social class inequalities that many believed it could or would. Thus, while so much has changed in relation to second-level schooling in the country from the end of the period 1922–1967 and the move away from the theocratic State, the Church in Ireland still continues to be enmeshed in social reproduction through the position it continues to hold within the nation’s secondary school sector.
Introduction
Authors: Link Jason S. , Marshak Anthony R.
Published: December 2021

The underlying concepts of ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) have been considered for over a century. This chapter discusses broad, disciplinary perspectives on EBFM, noting how the topic has advanced, morphed, and evolved from debates over “what and why” to “how.” Several definitions of EBFM are provided, with a discussion on the past couple of decades for how this concept has developed. A brief exploration of policies related to EBFM is undertaken, with particular emphasis on the U.S.’s EBFM Road Map. The rationale for and obstacles to EBFM are also discussed, with the aim to spur further discussion on how EBFM can be more fully implemented and the benefits from it realized.
The Northern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Link Jason S. , Marshak Anthony R.
Published: December 2021

This chapter describes the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) region and the major issues facing this marine fisheries ecosystem, and presents some summary statistics related to the 90 indicators of ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) criteria. The region contains high numbers of marine species comprising commercially and recreationally important invertebrate (e.g., penaeid shrimp, blue crab, eastern oyster) and finfish (e.g., red snapper, grouper, red drum, pelagic sportfishes) fisheries, which contribute heavily to national landings and seafood supply. The northern GOM contains one of the nation’s largest marine economies (among the eight U.S. regional marine ecosystems), which is dependent on offshore mineral extractions, tourism, marine transportation, living marine resources (LMRs), and other ocean uses. The GOM provides critical social and economic benefits to the region and the nation, is a region with high numbers of managed species, yet exploitation of these resources and an increasing human population makes the GOM an area subject to significant natural and human stressors, including the highest number of hurricanes in the U.S. Atlantic region, large expanses of hypoxic bottom water, overfishing, and major oil spills like the 2010 DWH event.
The U.S. Pacific Region
Authors: Link Jason S. , Marshak Anthony R.
Published: December 2021

This chapter describes the Pacific region and the major issues facing this marine fisheries ecosystem, and presents some summary statistics related to the 90 indicators of ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) criteria. The Pacific contains the sixth-highest number of managed taxa in the nation, including commercially and recreationally important salmon, Pacific sardine, and other coastal pelagic species, Pacific groundfish (e.g., rockfishes, flatfishes, halibut, Pacific hake, Pacific cod, sablefish, lingcod), cephalopods, Dungeness crab, and highly migratory fishes. The Pacific ecosystem emerges as an environment with biota and marine communities that are responding to the consequences of historical overexploitation of its fisheries resources, habitat loss, increasing coastal development, nutrient loading, HABs, ocean acidification, climate forcing, marine heatwaves, and other ocean uses. Overall, EBFM progress has been made at the regional level, and to a certain degree within subregions, in terms of implementing ecosystem-level planning, advancing knowledge of ecosystem principles, and in assessing risks and vulnerabilities to ecosystems through ongoing investigations into climate vulnerability and species prioritizations for stock and habitat assessments. While information has been obtained and calculations and models developed, and some progress has been made toward incorporating ecosystem information in LMR management, limited progress has been made on using ecosystem-level emergent properties in management frameworks or exploring system trade-offs.
The U.S. Western Pacific Region
Authors: Link Jason S. , Marshak Anthony R.
Published: December 2021

This chapter describes the West Pacific region and the major issues facing this marine fisheries ecosystem, and presents some summary statistics related to the 90 indicators of ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) criteria. The U.S. Western Pacific region composes over half (~51%) of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), including multiple remote archipelagos, and extends over much of the Western and Central Pacific Ocean basin. The Western Pacific contains the second-highest (among eight regions) number of managed taxa in U.S. waters, including commercially and recreationally important bottomfishes (e.g., emperors, snappers, groupers), pelagic fishes, crustaceans, corals, and coral reef-associated taxa. The U.S. Western Pacific has been affected by above-average natural and human stressors that include the highest frequency and intensity of cyclonic storm activity, intensive fishing, high coastal development, and continually increasing temperatures. Overall, significant EBFM progress has been made in terms of implementing ecosystem-level planning and advancing knowledge of ecosystem principles.
From Classical to Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Iliopoulos J. , Tomaras T.N.
Published: December 2021

In Chapter 2 we presented the method of canonical quantisation which yields a quantum theory if we know the corresponding classical theory. In this chapter we argue that this method is not unique and, furthermore, it has several drawbacks. In particular, its application to constrained systems is often problematic. We present Feynman’s path integral quantisation method and derive from it Schroödinger’s equation. We follow Feynman’s original approach and we present, in addition, more recent experimental results which support the basic assumptions. We establish the equivalence between canonical and path integral quantisation of the harmonic oscillator.
Neutrino Physics
Authors: Iliopoulos J. , Tomaras T.N.
Published: December 2021

Neutrinos offered the greatest surprises in high energy physics during the last decades. In this chapter we review the main milestones of this passionate history: the first neutrino beams which established the separate neutrino identities, the Gargamelle discovery of the weak neutral currents, the LEP determination of three light neutrino species and the discovery of the intriguing phenomenon of neutrino oscillations. The experimental determination of the neutrino mass matrix elements is still in progress with several experiments either taking data or planned for the near future. We end with the present theoretical puzzles and the experiments which may help to solve them.
A speculation about what linguistic structures might be
Authors: Andrews Avery
Published: December 2021

Linguistics is heavily invested in the idea that linguistic utterances have ‘structures’, but there seems to be relatively little insight into what these structures actually are. In this chapter, Andrews suggests that they can be regarded as ‘aspirational equivalence classes’ of computations whereby the utterances are produced or understood. ‘Aspirational’ refers to the fact that unlike the case of Proof Theory, where the idea of equivalence classes of proofs a.k.a. computations originated, in linguistics we do not know what the computations are, but can nevertheless motivate some ideas about how they are organized. A classic example from LFG is the proposal that constituent-structures are found by a different set of processes than those that find functional-structures; a suggested new example is a proposal that functional-structures for ‘words’ are computed prior to their integration into the functional-structure for the utterance. Andrews suggests that this might be an intermediate level ‘1.6’ in Marr’s system of levels.
Agreement in Urdu adjectival adverbials
Authors: Butt Miriam , King Tracy Holloway
Published: December 2021

This chapter extends the analysis for a class of adjectival agreeing adverbs (AdjAdv) found in Urdu, Sindhi, and Punjabi. It focuses on Urdu, providing new data on the distribution of AdjAdv and formalizing the Urdu agreement facts in LFG within the broader context of Urdu verbal and adjectival agreement patterns. The AdjAdvs are APs at c-structure and clausal adjuncts at f-structure. The Urdu AdjAdv agreement patterns follow those of verbal agreement rather than adjectival agreement and are additionally sensitive to lexical semantics, providing further evidence of the role of lexical semantics in Urdu morphosyntax. The new formal analysis combines several attributes of the LFG architecture including the morphology–-lexicon interface, the use of templates to capture generalizations, and the interaction of lexical semantics and syntax. It also highlights the importance of analyszing phenomena within their broader context in order to capture linguistic generalizations: The act of formalization gave rise to a number of data questions which in turn led to modification of the original generalizations.
An LFG approach to Icelandic reciprocal constructions
Authors: Hurst Peter , Nordlinger Rachel
Published: December 2021

Reciprocal constructions in Icelandic involve complex interactions of gender, number, and case. Icelandic prescriptive grammars describe a single construction type, but actual Icelandic usage reveals there to be a number of variations on this construction. In this chapter Hurst and Nordlinger present these variant construction types, based on the results of a survey undertaken by over 500 Icelandic speakers. They discuss the different morphosyntactic properties of these reciprocal constructions and show how they can be given a straightforward account in LFG. They argue that our LFG account not only provides a natural analysis of the different individual constructions, but also of the relationship between them, potentially reflecting stages of historical development in the Icelandic reciprocal construction over time.
Subjects in Austronesian
Authors: Hemmings Charlotte
Published: December 2021

In LFG, grammatical functions are primitives of the theory and treated as both fundamental and universal. However, there is a long standing debate in the wider literature as to whether grammatical functions should be considered universal or language specific/construction-specific notions. Western Austronesian languages have played a large role in this debate on account of their unusual verbal morphology and the split in typical subject properties between the actor semantic role and the argument privileged by the verbal morphology. In this chapter, Hemmings addresses the debate in relation to empirical data from the Kelabit language of Northern Sarawak. She argues that the Kelabit data provides a number of arguments for treating the privileged argument as subject, and the actor as an object in non-actor voice constructions. This has important implications for the treatment of subjects crosslinguistically, Western Austronesian verbal morphology and linking theories.
Paradigm structure influences syntactic behaviour
Authors: Belyaev Oleg
Published: December 2021

In this chapter, Belyaev analyses several challenging facts of Ossetic nominal inflection that seem to challenge the traditional understanding of Lexical Sharing in LFG. In particular, case markers in Ossetic may attach to the final adjunct of coordinate phrases, even though the structure of the paradigm precludes their analyses as clitics. Moreover, the syntactic behaviour of Ossetic case forms seems to be influenced by paradigm structure: words where the genitive is suppletive and acts as an oblique stem use the genitive instead of the nominative in non-final conjuncts. Belyaev argues that these difficulties can be resolved if the architecture of LFG is extended by Lexical Sharing, which allows one word to occupy two or more syntactic heads. He proposes a formal mechanism of integrating Lexical Sharing with the morphology2013syntax interface of LFG, with Paradigm Function Morphology as the basis for the morphological component.
Introduction
Authors: Copeland Rita
Published: December 2021

What rhetorical traditions did the Middle Ages inherit from antiquity? The first part of this chapter outlines those traditions: a partial corpus of Ciceronian rhetoric; Horace’s Ars poetica; the Rhetoric of Aristotle which was not known until the thirteenth century. The second part considers how emotions figure across rhetorical doctrine in antiquity and the Middle Ages. The third part of the chapter considers the relation of this work to emotions studies and history of emotions more broadly. The fourth part of this Introduction considers the relation between theory and practice, and the sources from which we draw our understanding of medieval rhetoric and the emotions: from theoretical treatises, from rhetorical practice, and the intersections of the two.
Before the Middle Ages
Authors: Copeland Rita
Published: December 2021

Chapter 1 traces the millennial length of a theoretical discourse about affectio that begins with Cicero’s De inventione before turning to a tradition of stylistic teaching that arose in parallel with that speculative rhetorical thought and that was to have much more profound consequences for medieval rhetorical practice. Cicero’s De inventione was the main Latin rhetorical treatise, along with Rhetorica ad Herennium, that the Middle Ages inherited from antiquity. Cicero treats emotion (affectio) as a topic of invention, and understands it in philosophical terms as a perturbation of the soul. That philosophical approach was elaborated in medieval commentaries. The chapter then turns to late antique handbooks of style. Style came to constitute a separate study; through these influences, style also became the main conduit for teaching emotion and rhetorical persuasion.
Political Poetics and the Aristotelian Turn
Authors: Copeland Rita
Published: December 2021

If emotion is expressed through the persuasive form of the enthymeme, what are the fields in which we can find this activated? Chapter 6 turns to poetry itself, poetry written in the wake of De regimine principum and arising from the sphere of political thought. It focuses on three texts that can be read in the light of De regimine principum: Dante’s Convivio, with emphasis on tractate IV and its canzone, part IV of Chaucer’s Knight’s Tale, and Hoccleve’s Prologue to his Regiment of Princes. Two of these, Convivio and Regiment of Princes, engage directly and explicitly with Giles of Rome’s work. Chaucer’s Knight’s Tale carries the accumulated influence of De regimine without directly citing it; Chaucer’s intertext is Dante’s Convivio. While these texts express some of the greater themes of De regimine, their poetic arguments can be read as enthymematic, using a brevity of argument that is emotionally effective. In this way, these poetic texts reflect—via the mediation of Giles’ De regimine—the impact of Aristotle’s rhetoric of emotion.
Worldwide Women Writers in Paris
Authors: Rice Alison
Published: December 2021

Worldwide Women Writers in Paris brings together a variety of authors who are a part of a phenomenon of new writing by women in French. These individuals, all eighteen of whom hail from outside the hexagonal borders of France, have chosen to take up residence in the French capital and compose literary works in French. Whether they were born in Algeria, Hungary, India, Mauritius, South Korea, or elsewhere, these women writers are contributing to a transformation in the Francophone literary landscape through stylistic and thematic innovations that have emerged in part from their differing experiences and varying itineraries. Despite their divergences, these women have much in common, especially when it comes to the way they are continually perceived as foreigners in the location they have adopted as home. Even those who enjoy the greatest international renown for their publications in French are constantly reminded within France that they are not originally from this nation, and this emphasis on their foreign origins may have contributed to keeping them at a remove from the recognition they deserve in French letters. It is, however, becoming more difficult to ignore a growing collective corpus revealing ever greater creativity and wielding ever more influence. These authors are not content simply to compose complicated texts, but they are also actively involved in the formulation of complex publishing profiles that reveal movement and diversity. This result is nothing less than a literary revolution, and it is time to celebrate it.