bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Information Acquisition for Product Design in a Green Supply Chain
Authors: Fan Mengli , Huang Yi , Xing Wei
Published: April 2022

This paper studies the interaction between the product development mode and the acquisition of consumers’ environmental awareness (CEA) information in a two-echelon green supply chain. Our study shows that when the downstream manufacturer achieves the CEA information superiority, the in-house mode improves the total environmental quality and is better for supply chain members than the outsourcing mode. In contrast, when the upstream supplier achieves the information advantage, the green product development modes affect neither the decisions nor the performance of supply chain members because the supplier discloses its CEA information through pricing and/or green level decisions. We further find that under the outsourcing mode, the supplier has more incentive to achieve CEA information superiority, which always improves the total environmental quality and may benefit the manufacturer; however, under the in-house mode, the supplier’s superior information benefits the manufacturer and itself as well as total environmental quality only under certain conditions. Finally, we show that the downstream CEA information disclosure under the outsourcing mode helps supply chain members achieve a Pareto improvement and increases the total environmental quality; this finding is contrary to the extant literature that focuses on demand intercept information disclosure.
On the Number of Finite Fuzzy Subsets with Analysis of Integer Sequences
Authors: Mohapatra Rajesh Kumar , Hong Tzung-Pei
Published: April 2022

This paper solves the issues of determining the number Fn of fuzzy subsets of a nonempty finite set X. To solve this, this paper incorporates the equivalence relation on the collection of all fuzzy subsets of X. We derive two closed explicit formulas for Fn, which is the sum of a finite series in the product of binomial numbers or the sum of k-level fuzzy subsets Fn,k by introducing a classification technique. Moreover, these explicit formulas enable us to find the number of the maximal chains of crisp subsets of X. Further, this paper presents some elementary properties of Fn,k and Fn.
Projecting Mortality Rates Using a Markov Chain
Authors: Spreeuw Jaap , Owadally Iqbal , Kashif Muhammad
Published: April 2022

We present a mortality model where future stochastic changes in population-wide mortality are driven by a finite-state hierarchical Markov chain. A baseline mortality in an initial ‘Alive’ state is calculated as the average logarithm of the observed mortality rates. There are several more ‘Alive’ states and a jump to the next ‘Alive’ state leads to a change (typically, an improvement) in mortality. In order to estimate the model parameters, we minimized a weighted average quadratic distance between the observed mortality rates and expected mortality rates. A two-step estimation procedure was used, and a closed-form solution for the optimal estimates of model parameters was derived in the first step, which means that the model could be parameterized very fast and efficiently. The model was then extended to allow for age effects whereby stochastic mortality improvements also depend on age. Forecasting relies on state space augmentation and an innovations state space time series model. We show that, in terms of forecasting, our model outperforms a naïve model of static mortality within a few years. The Markov approach also permits an exact computation of mortality indices, such as the complete expectation of life and annuity present values, which are key in the life insurance and pension industries.
Efficient Mining Support-Confidence Based Framework Generalized Association Rules
Authors: Mouakher Amira , Hajjej Fahima , Ayouni Sarra
Published: April 2022

Mining association rules are one of the most critical data mining problems, intensively studied since their inception. Several approaches have been proposed in the literature to extend the basic association rule framework to extract more general rules, including the negation operator. Thereby, this extension is expected to bring valuable knowledge about an examined dataset to the user. However, the efficient extraction of such rules is challenging, especially for sparse datasets. This paper focuses on the extraction of literalsets, i.e., a set of present and absent items. By consequence, generalized association rules can be straightforwardly derived from these literalsets. To this end, we introduce and prove the soundness of a theorem that paves the way to speed up the costly computation of the support of a literalist. Furthermore, we introduce FasterIE, an efficient algorithm that puts the proved theorem at work to efficiently extract the whole set of frequent literalets. Thus, the FasterIE algorithm is shown to devise very efficient strategies, which minimize as far as possible the number of node visits in the explored search space. Finally, we have carried out experiments on benchmark datasets to back the effectiveness claim of the proposed algorithm versus its competitors.
MHD Mixed Convection Hybrid Nanofluids Flow over a Permeable Moving Inclined Flat Plate in the Presence of Thermophoretic and Radiative Heat Flux Effects
Authors: Khan Umair , Waini Iskandar , Zaib Aurang , Ishak Anuar , Pop Ioan
Published: April 2022

Recent nanotech advancements have created a tremendous platform for the development of a superior ultrahigh performance coolant referred to as nanofluid for several industrial and engineering technologies. In this research, the impact of thermophoretic and viscous dissipation on the radiative mixed convective flow comprising hybrid nanofluid through an inclined permeable moving flat plate with a magnetic field is examined numerically. A model of non-linear differential equations is derived based on some realistic assumptions and tackled numerically using the bvp4c technique. The impact of the specific set of distinguished parameters on the velocity profiles, shear stress, temperature distribution profiles, heat transfer, concentration distribution profile, and mass transfer for the two dissimilar branch solutions are discussed in detail. In addition, it has been discovered that double solutions exist in the case of an opposing flow, while a single solution is observed in the case of an assisting flow. The temperature distribution profile escalates with the radiation parameter, while decelerating the velocity and concentration profiles.
Alzheimer’s Disease and Toxins Produced by Marine Dinoflagellates: An Issue to Explore
Authors: Botelho Maria João , Milinovic Jelena , Bandarra Narcisa M. , Vale Carlos
Published: April 2022

This paper examined the toxins naturally produced by marine dinoflagellates and their effects on increases in β-amyloid plaques along with tau protein hyperphosphorylation, both major drivers of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This approach is in line with the demand for certain natural compounds, namely those produced by marine invertebrates that have the potential to be used in the treatment of AD. Current advances in AD treatment are discussed as well as the main factors that potentially affect the puzzling global AD pattern. This study focused on yessotoxins (YTXs), gymnodimine (GYM), spirolides (SPXs), and gambierol, all toxins that have been shown to reduce β-amyloid plaques and tau hyperphosphorylation, thus preventing the neuronal or synaptic dysfunction that ultimately causes the cell death associated with AD (or other neurodegenerative diseases). Another group of toxins described, okadaic acid (OA) and its derivatives, inhibit protein phosphatase activity, which facilitates the presence of phosphorylated tau proteins. A few studies have used OA to trigger AD in zebrafish, providing an opportunity to test in vivo the effectiveness of new drugs in treating or attenuating AD. Constraints on the production of marine toxins for use in these tests have been considered. Different lines of research are anticipated regarding the action of the two groups of toxins.
Risk Factors and Predictive Value of Depression and Anxiety in Cervical Cancer Patients
Authors: Tosic Golubovic Suzana , Binic Iva , Krtinic Dane , Djordjevic Vladimir , Conic Irena , Gugleta Uros , Andjelkovic Apostolovic Marija , Stanojevic Marko , Kostic Jelena
Published: April 2022

Background and Objectives: Women with cervical cancer may experience depression or anxiety, influencing their quality of life and even their adherence to cancer treatments. This study aimed to explore and measure the levels of anxiety and depression in patients suffering from cervical cancer and to identify the possible predictors among known risk factors such as age, cancer stage, smoking status, number of partners, use of contraceptives, and annual gynecological visits. Materials and Methods: In total, 59 patients with cervical cancer were included. A consecutive sampling method was used to select participants in this research. Depression and anxiety were assessed using the Zung Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Zung Depression Scale (SDS). The subjects were divided into three groups, according to the stage of cancer. Results: Scores of depression and anxiety were increased in all recruited cervical cancer patients. A significant correlation was found between disease stage and the scores of depression (p = 0.002) and anxiety (p = 0.016). More severe depressive symptoms correlated to a more advanced stage of the disease. A multiple linear regression showed that disease stage and annual visits to the gynecologist are the risk factors associated with higher depression scores. Conclusions: Patients diagnosed with cervical cancer are a vulnerable group for the development of the psychiatric disorders and they require screening programs, which could potentially detect candidates for co-psychiatric and/or psychotherapeutic treatment. They demand particular attention because anxiety and depression are associated with the significant burden of the underlying disease and unfavorable survival rates.
Digital Transformation Will Change Medical Education and Rehabilitation in Spine Surgery
Authors: Morimoto Tadatsugu , Hirata Hirohito , Ueno Masaya , Fukumori Norio , Sakai Tatsuya , Sugimoto Maki , Kobayashi Takaomi , Tsukamoto Masatsugu , Yoshihara Tomohito , Toda Yu , Oda Yasutomo , Otani Koji , Mawatari Masaaki
Published: April 2022

The concept of minimally invasive spine therapy (MIST) has been proposed as a treatment strategy to reduce the need for overall patient care, including not only minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS) but also conservative treatment and rehabilitation. To maximize the effectiveness of patient care in spine surgery, the educational needs of medical students, residents, and patient rehabilitation can be enhanced by digital transformation (DX), including virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), mixed reality (MR), and extended reality (XR), three-dimensional (3D) medical images and holograms; wearable sensors, high-performance video cameras, fifth-generation wireless system (5G) and wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), artificial intelligence, and head-mounted displays (HMDs). Furthermore, to comply with the guidelines for social distancing due to the unexpected COVID-19 pandemic, the use of DX to maintain healthcare and education is becoming more innovative than ever before. In medical education, with the evolution of science and technology, it has become mandatory to provide a highly interactive educational environment and experience using DX technology for residents and medical students, known as digital natives. This study describes an approach to pre- and intraoperative medical education and postoperative rehabilitation using DX in the field of spine surgery that was implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic and will be utilized thereafter.
Soft Tissue Defect Reconstruction and Lymphatic Complications Prevention: The Lymphatic Flow-Through (LyFT) Concept
Authors: Scaglioni Mario F. , Meroni Matteo , Fritsche Elmar
Published: April 2022

Background and Objectives: When a lymphatic-rich area is severely damaged, either after trauma or a surgical procedure, both soft tissue defect reconstruction and lymphatic drainage restoration are necessary. In this setting, we aim to show the potential of the lymphatic flow-through flap (LyFT) concept, which might be an attractive new solution to reduce postoperative lymphatic complications. Materials and Methods: Between 2018 and 2021, 12 patients presenting a soft tissue defect involving damage to the lymphatic drainage pathway received a lymphatic flow-through flap for volume and lymphatic drainage restoration. Different flaps were employed: 3 pedicled superficial circumflex iliac artery perforator (SCIP) flaps, 2 free SCIP flaps, 3 pedicled deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flaps, 2 pedicled vertical posteromedial thigh (vPMT) flaps, and 2 pedicled anterolateral thigh (ALT) flaps. A range of 1 to 3 lymphovenous anastomosis (LVA) with flap’s veins was performed (mean 1.9). For a better dead space obliteration, an additional vastus lateralis muscle flap was performed in one case. Indocyanine green (ICG) lymphography was used in all cases to identify the lymphatic pathway, make the preoperative markings, and check the patency of the anastomoses. Results: In all cases, the reconstructive results were satisfactory from both the functional and aesthetic points of view. No secondary surgeries were required, and only one minor complication was encountered: an infected seroma that was managed conservatively. The mean follow-up was 9.9 months (range 6–14 months). Conclusions: Lymphatic flow-through flaps seem to effectively reduce the risk of lymphatic complications after the reconstruction of soft tissue defects with a compromised lymph pathway. This is a versatile solution that might be used in different body regions resorting to different flap types.
Bowel Rest with Total Parenteral Nutrition as an Alternative to Diverting Ileostomy in High-Risk Colorectal Anastomosis: A Pilot Study
Authors: Kryzauskas Marius , Jakubauskas Matas , Gendvilaite Neda , Rudaitis Vilius , Poskus Tomas
Published: April 2022

Anastomotic leakage remains the most feared complication in colorectal surgery. Various intraoperative tests evaluate bowel perfusion and mechanical integrity of the colorectal anastomosis. These tests reduce the risk of postoperative anastomotic leakage; however, the incidence remains high. Diverting loop ileostomy mitigates the damage if anastomotic leakage occurs. Nevertheless, ileostomy has a significant rate of complications, reducing patients’ quality of life, and requiring an additional operation. We evaluated six consecutive cases where bowel rest with total parenteral nutrition was used instead of diverting loop ileostomy. All colorectal anastomoses were at high risk of postoperative anastomotic leakage. Total parenteral nutrition was administered for the first seven days postoperatively. There were no serious complications during the recovery period, and no clinical postoperative anastomotic leakage was detected. All patients tolerated total parenteral nutrition. Bowel rest with total parenteral nutrition may be a feasible option in high-risk left-sided colorectal anastomosis and a possible alternative to a preventive loop ileostomy. Further studies are necessary to evaluate it on a larger scale.
Influence of Surface Forces on Membrane Separations
Authors: Filippov Anatoly N. , Selcuk Huseyin
Published: April 2022

This Special Issue of Membranes, entitled “Influence of Surface Forces on Membrane Separation”, is published in honour of Professor Victor Mikhailovich Starov, Doctor of Science in Chemistry, Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry [...]
Nannochloropsis sp. Biorefinery: Recovery of Soluble Protein by Membrane Ultrafiltration/Diafiltration
Authors: Ribeiro Cláudia , Santos Edgar T. , Costa Luís , Brazinha Carla , Saraiva Pedro , Crespo João G.
Published: April 2022

This work proposes a way to maximize the potential of a Nannochloropsis sp. biorefinery process, through membrane technology, producing an extract enriched in soluble proteins, free from the insoluble protein fraction, with a low lipid content and eliminating the colored chlorophyll-a. This procedure, following the principles of a circular economy approach, allows for the valorization of a stream from the biorefining of Nannochloropsis sp. that, otherwise, would be considered a residue without commercial value. The process proposed minimizes fouling phenomena at the membrane surface, making it possible to achieve high permeate fluxes, thus reducing the need for membrane cleaning and, therefore, contributing to an extended membrane lifetime. Supernatant obtained after centrifugation of a suspension of ruptured Nannochloropsis sp. cells was processed by ultrafiltration using a membrane with a cut-off of 100 kDa MWCO. Two different operating approaches were evaluated—controlled transmembrane pressure and controlled permeate flux—under concentration and diafiltration modes. Ultrafiltration operated in a diafiltration mode, under controlled permeate flux conditions, led to the highest soluble protein recovery (78%) with the highest constant permeate flux (12 L·m−2·h−1) and low membrane fouling.
Enhancing the Dye-Rejection Efficiencies and Stability of Graphene Oxide-Based Nanofiltration Membranes via Divalent Cation Intercalation and Mild Reduction
Authors: Jee Hobin , Jang Jaewon , Kang Yesol , Eisa Tasnim , Chae Kyu-Jung , Kim In S. , Yang Euntae
Published: April 2022

Laminar graphene oxide (GO) membranes have demonstrated great potential as next-generation water-treatment membranes because of their outstanding performance and physicochemical properties. However, solute rejection and stability deterioration in aqueous solutions, which are caused by enlarged nanochannels due to hydration and swelling, are regarded as serious issues in the use of GO membranes. In this study, we attempt to use the crosslinking of divalent cations to improve resistance against swelling in partially reduced GO membranes. The partially reduced GO membranes intercalated by divalent cations (i.e., Mg2+) exhibited improved dye-rejection efficiencies of up to 98.40%, 98.88%, and 86.41% for methyl orange, methylene blue, and rhodamine B, respectively. In addition, it was confirmed that divalent cation crosslinking and partial reduction could strengthen mechanical stability during testing under harsh aqueous conditions (i.e., strong sonication).
Dynamic Study on Vanadium Extraction Process in Basic Oxygen Furnance: Modeling Based on Gibbs’ Free Energy Minimization
Authors: Zhou Zhenyu , Luo Cong
Published: April 2022

Vanadium extraction process demands low residual vanadium and carbon loss, and variations of dissolved elements in hot metal must be determined to achieve it. A three parts dynamic model that applies the concept of Gibbs’ free energy minimization at the slag–metal interface is proposed. Modeling simulation results shows good uniformity with plant experimental data, and the presented model can describe the vanadium extraction process in BOF qualitatively well. The effects of coolant addition and oxygen flow rate have been studied by modeling. The lack of coolant will reduce (FeO) content and elevate the molten bath temperature, which are harmful to deep vanadium removal with less carbon loss in semi-steel. The excessive oxygen flow rate has little effect on residual [V], and there is more carbon loss because of higher (FeO) content and molten bath temperature.
Observations of Microstructure-Oriented Crack Growth in a Cast Mg-Al-Ba-Ca Alloy under Tension, Compression and Fatigue
Authors: Maier Petra , Ginesta Daniel , Clausius Benjamin , Hort Norbert
Published: April 2022

DieMag633, a cast Mg-Al-Ba-Ca alloy, was the focus of this study. Brittle interdendritic phases strongly influenced the crack initiation and propagation under quasi-static and fatigue loading. Especially under tensile loading, the material showed a low resistance to failure. Selected fatigue loading sequences were applied to investigate their influence on crack propagation. DieMag633 in this study contained shrinkage cavities and pores of significant size and irregular distribution. Even though pores played a role in initiating the crack, it was mainly influenced by the Ba- and Ca-rich phases, being and staying much harder under deformation than the Mg-matrix. Apart from the fatigue crack propagation region under fatigue loading, there was no transgranular cracking found within the dendritic α-Mg grains. Only under compression did the dendritic α-Mg grains bridge the crack from one brittle phase to another. Transgranular cracking within the compact Ba-rich phase was very pronounced, starting with many microcracks within this phase and then connecting to the macrocrack. The lamellar Ca-rich phase showed also mainly transgranular cracking, but being small lamellae, intergranular cracking was additionally found. The hardness increase under deformation depended on the loading condition; a compression load strain-hardened the material the most. µCT analysis was applied to characterize the amount and location of the shrinkage cavities and pores in the individual gauge length.
Fatigue Analysis of Nonstationary Random Loadings Measured in an Industrial Vehicle Wheel: Uncertainty of Fatigue Damage
Authors: Marques Julian M. E. , Solazzi Luigi , Benasciutti Denis
Published: April 2022

This article presents an application of a method for estimating the inherent statistical variability of the fatigue damage computed in one single nonstationary random time history. The method applies the concept of confidence interval for the damage, which is constructed after the single time history is subdivided into pseudo-stationary segments, with each of them further divided into shorter blocks. As a case study, the method is applied to the strain time histories measured in a wheel of a telescopic handler industrial vehicle. A preliminary screening involving the short-time Fourier transform and the run test is carried out to verify whether the measured time histories are truly nonstationary and fall within the hypotheses of the proposed method. After that, the confidence interval for the unknown expected damage is computed; its upper bound can be used as a safety limit in a structural integrity assessment. The obtained results seem very promising and suggest the possible use of the proposed approach in similar engineering applications.
The Microstructure Formation in Slag Solidification at Continuous Casting Mold
Authors: Bhagurkar Ashutosh G. , Qin Rongshan
Published: April 2022

The microstructure of slag film solidified on the inner wall of mold in continuous casting of low carbon steel has been examined experimentally and analyzed theoretically. A puzzle for the crystallization sequence has been solved by this work, which is useful to guide the modification of slag microstructure in efficient casting of advanced steels. The experiments observed three crystalline bands, each containing an initial block-shaped crystal sub-band and late-developed dendrite sub-band. The grain size and morphology change monotonically across the crystalline layers to form a gradient structure. The reason for this is that the solute segregation causes considerable surging of viscosity and constitutional undercooling in the liquid phase. This is rarely seen in the casting of alloys and have not been pointed out previously in the casting of oxide mixtures.
Effect of Cu on Nitriding of α-Fe
Authors: Leineweber Andreas , Fischer Max , Kante Stefan , Martin Stefan
Published: April 2022

Nitriding of Fe-1 wt.% Cu and Fe-5 wt.% Cu alloys at 813 K leads to the formation of predominantly the γ′-iron nitride phase (γ′-Fe4N) when using nitriding conditions, which lead to pronounced formation of ε-iron nitride phase (ε-Fe3N1+x) upon nitriding of pure α-Fe. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis reveals that the developing γ′ can attain a Cu content corresponding to that of the base material. In contrast, tiny amounts of ε-nitride that eventually develop contain considerably less Cu. The microstructure implies that the formation of the ε-nitride requires long-range substitutional interdiffusion to achieve the Cu partitioning. These observations were interpreted in terms of a significantly higher solubility of Cu in the γ′ phase than in the ε phase, which is explainable by the phases’ crystal structures. The observations were rationalized in terms of schematic Fe–Cu–N phase diagrams valid for 813 K.
Sulfonation Reactions behind the Fate of White Wine’s Shelf-Life
Authors: Nikolantonaki Maria , Romanet Rémy , Lucio Marianna , Schmitt-Kopplin Philippe , Gougeon Régis
Published: April 2022

White wine’s oxidative stability after several years of bottle aging is synonymous to its organoleptic quality. In order to gain control over the cascade of chemical reactions that are implicated in that phenomenon, fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS)-based metabolomics and sensory evaluation were combined for the analysis of a vertical series of white wines from different vineyard plots. Data mining using supervised cluster analysis allowed the extraction of known and unknown sulfur- and nitrogen-containing molecular features, with oxidative stability molecular markers presenting an increased number of S and O atoms in their formulas. In their majority, S-containing molecular features possessed between 4 to ~12 O atoms, indicating the relatively higher importance of sulfonation reactions as opposed to dimerization reactions. Molecular networking, based on sulfonation reaction transformations, evidences the importance of hitherto unknown and/or minor sulfur dioxide binders (peptides, aldehydes, and polyphenols) on wine’s oxidative stability.
A Thermal Actuated Bistable Structure for Generating On-Chip Shock Loads
Authors: Yu Runze , Zhang Dacheng
Published: April 2022

In this paper, we propose a bistable shock structure based on the thermal actuation principle, which overcomes the response time limitation of heating and cooling in typical thermal actuators and enables a rapid release of energy. Thus, force with a steep rising edge can be applied on a target. Using a bistable shock structure to generate on-chip shock loads, we propose an automated and resettable method for shock testing of microstructures. We characterize the microscale shock process by high-speed camera and finite element simulation (FEM). The method can simulate the dynamic response of key structures in MEMS devices under mechanical shock conditions, and therefore, can be used to evaluate shock fracture strength of microstructures.
Editorial for the Topic on Microdevices for Biomedical Analysis
Authors: Ino Kosuke
Published: April 2022

Recently, biomedical tools have been rapidly miniaturized due to the progress of micro-/nanofabrication technology based on bottom-up and top-down approaches [...]
Kinetic Walking Energy Harvester Design for a Wearable Bowden Cable-Actuated Exoskeleton Robot
Authors: Shi Yunde , Guo Mingqiu , Zhong Heran , Ji Xiaoqiang , Xia Dan , Luo Xiang , Yang Yuan
Published: April 2022

Over the past few decades, wearable exoskeletons of various forms have been developed to assist human activities or for rehabilitation of movement disorders. However, sustainable exoskeletons with efficient energy harvesting devices still have not been fully explored. In this paper, we propose the design of a lightweight wearable Bowden-cable-actuated soft exoskeleton robot with energy harvesting capability. Unlike previous wearable exoskeletons, the presented exoskeleton uses an electromagnetic generator to both harvest biomechanical energy and to output mechanical torque by controlling an operation mode relay switch based on a human’s gait. Moreover, the energy-harvesting module also acts as a knee impact absorber for the human, where the effective damping level can be modulated in a controlled manner. The harvested energy is regulated and stored in super capacitors for powering wireless sensory devices when needed. The experimental results show an average of a 7.91% reduction in thigh muscle activity, with a maximum of 3.2 W of electric power being generated during movement downstairs. The proposed design offers important prospects for the realization of lightweight wearable exoskeletons with improved efficiency and long-term sustainability.
Electrocapillary Actuation of Liquid Metal in Microchannels
Authors: Dacuycuy Saige , Shiroma Wayne , Ohta Aaron
Published: April 2022

Controllable deformation of liquid metal by electrocapillary actuation (ECA) is empirically characterized in fluidic channels at the sub-millimeter-length scale. In 100-µm-deep channels of varying widths, the Galinstan liquid metal could move at velocities of more than 40 mm/s. The liquid metal could extend more than 2.5 mm into the channels at an electrocapillary actuation voltage of 3 V DC. The dynamic behavior of the liquid metal as it moves in the microchannels is described. These results are useful for designing microsystems that use liquid metal as a functional material.
Staphylococcus schweitzeri—An Emerging One Health Pathogen?
Authors: Akoua-Koffi Chantal , Kacou N’Douba Adèle , Djaman Joseph Allico , Herrmann Mathias , Schaumburg Frieder , Niemann Silke
Published: April 2022

The Staphylococcus aureus-related complex is formed by the Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus schweitzeri, Staphylococcus argenteus, Staphylococcus roterodami and Staphylococcus singaporensis. Within this complex, S. schweitzeri is the only species mainly found in African wildlife, but it is rarely detected as a colonizer in humans or as a contaminant of fomites. The few detections in humans are most likely spillover events after contact with wildlife. However, since S. schweitzeri can be misidentified as S. aureus using culture-based routine techniques, it is likely that S. schweitzeri is under-reported in humans. The low number of isolates in humans, though, is consistent with the fact that the pathogen has typical animal adaptation characteristics (e.g., growth kinetics, lack of immune evasion cluster and antimicrobial resistance); however, evidence from selected in vitro assays (e.g., host cell invasion, cell activation, cytotoxicity) indicate that S. schweitzeri might be as virulent as S. aureus. In this case, contact with animals colonized with S. schweitzeri could constitute a risk for zoonotic infections. With respect to antimicrobial resistance, all described isolates were found to be susceptible to all antibiotics tested, and so far no data on the development of spontaneous resistance or the acquisition of resistance genes such the mecA/mecC cassette are available. In summary, general knowledge about this pathogen, specifically on the potential threat it may incur to human and animal health, is still very poor. In this review article, we compile the present state of scientific research, and identify the knowledge gaps that need to be filled in order to reliably assess S. schweitzeri as an organism with global One Health implications.
Electrocoagulation vs. Integrate Electrocoagulation-Natural Zeolite for Treatment of Biowaste Compost Leachate—Whether the Optimum Is Truly Optimal
Authors: Vukojević Medvidović Nediljka , Vrsalović Ladislav , Svilović Sandra , Bobanović Anđela
Published: April 2022

Natural zeolites are well-known materials widely applied in the environmental remediation treatment process. However, the integration of various treatment methods is exceedingly investigated for achieving satisfactory effluent quality. In this paper, the integration of electrocoagulation and natural zeolite was evaluated in the treatment of biowaste compost leachate in a single step. The influence of different distances of electrodes (1.5, 3, and 4.5 cm), stirring speed (70, 200, and 400 rpm), the addition of natural zeolite and electrolyte NaCl on the efficiency of treatment of biowaste compost leachate has been carried out. Process efficiency was evaluated by measuring the change of pH value, electrical conductivity, temperature, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TNK), total solids, and sludge settling test. The Taguchi method was applied to optimize biowaste compost leachate treatment. Experiments are planned according to Taguchi’s L8 (24 41) orthogonal array. The stirring speed, electrode distance, electrolyte and zeolite addition, solution initial pH adjustment were chosen as controllable factors, and their impact on COD, turbidity, TNK, settling rate, and electrode consumption were studied. Results show that optimal conditions depend on the parameter of interest and that optimal values for a particular parameter are not always the optimum if the desired goal is considered.
Comparison of Productivity When Running Filled, Near-Empty, or Flow-Through Orepass Using Discrete Event Simulation
Authors: Skawina Bartłomiej , Salama Abubakary , Gunillasson Johan , Strömsten Mats , Wettainen Thomas
Published: April 2022

Ore passes are often the main part of sublevel caving transportation systems, and they use gravity to move material to lower levels in the mine. During operations, the ore pass structures are exposed to the risk of stoppage and failure, leading to a long-term reduction in operational capacity and affecting productivity. The failed ore passes can be restored or rehabilitated, but the rehabilitation cost is normally high and the time to restore is usually long. To minimize disturbances and stoppage of the ore pass, alternative strategies should be considered. The appropriate design and operation of an ore pass is crucial. Therefore, this study compared running ore pass systems in a filled, near-empty, or flow-through manner using discrete event simulation. The aim was to compare the ore pass operational performance and impact on reaching the daily and 90-day production targets of 76.4 Ktonnes and 6.9 Mtonnes, respectively. The results showed that running the ore pass in flow-through mode, filled manner, and near-empty manner achieved 96%, 80%, and 81% of the production target, respectively. In mining operations where ore pass systems are used to transfer material, running them in a flow-through mode can ensure higher production and fewer hang-ups, as it lessens the chance of blocks arching over a chute throat and leads to less blasting.
Effects of In Vitro Digestion on Anti-α-Amylase and Cytotoxic Potentials of Sargassum spp.
Authors: Un Sovannary , Quan Nguyen Van , Anh La Hoang , Lam Vu Quang , Takami Akiyoshi , Khanh Tran Dang , Xuan Tran Dang
Published: April 2022

This is the first study to examine the effects of in vitro digestion on biological activities of Sargassum spp., a broadly known brown seaweed for therapeutic potential. Three fractions (F1–F3) were obtained from hexane extract by column chromatography. Under in vitro simulated digestion, the anti-α-amylase capacity of F1 in oral and intestinal phases increases, while it significantly decreases in the gastric phase. The α-amylase inhibition of F2 promotes throughout all digestive stages while the activity of F3 significantly reduces. The cytotoxic activity of F1 against U266 cell-line accelerates over the oral, gastric, and intestinal stages. The fractions F2 and F3 exhibited the declined cytotoxic potentialities in oral and gastric phases, but they were strengthened under intestinal condition. Palmitic acid and fucosterol may play an active role in antidiabetic and cytotoxic activity against multiple myeloma U266 cell line of Sargassum spp. However, the involvement of other phytochemicals in the seaweed should be further investigated.
Relationship between Neuroprotective Effects and Structure of Procyanidins
Authors: Chen Juan , Chen Yixuan , Zheng Yangfan , Zhao Jiawen , Yu Huilin , Zhu Jiajin
Published: April 2022

This study evaluated the relationship between the neuroprotective effects of procyanidins and their structural characteristics. In vitro, a rat pheochromocytoma cell line (PC12) was exposed to the grape seed-derived procyanidin monomers: catechin (C), epicatechin (EC), and epicatechin gallate (ECG); the procyanidin dimers: procyanidin B1 (B1), procyanidin B2 (B2), procyanidin B3 (B3), procyanidin B4 (B4), procyanidin B1-3-O-gallate (B1-G), and procyanidin B2-3-O-gallate (B2-G); and the procyanidin trimers: procyanidin C1 (C1) and N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) for 24 h. Cells were then incubated with 200 μM H2O2 for 24 h. In vivo, zebrafish larvae (AB strain) 3 days post-fertilization were incubated with NAC or procyanidins (C, EC, ECG, B1, B2, B3, B4, B1-G, B2-G, C1) in 300 µM H2O2 for 4 days. Different grape seed procyanidins increased the survival of PC12 cells challenged with H2O2, improved the movement behavior disorder of zebrafish caused by H2O2, inhibited the increase of ROS and MDA and the decrease of GSH-Px, CAT, and SOD activities, and up-regulated the Nrf2/ARE pathway. The neuroprotective effects of the procyanidin trimer C1 treatment group were greater than the other treatment groups. These results suggest that the neuroprotective effect of procyanidins is positively correlated with their degree of polymerization.
Photocatalytic Degradation of Orange G Dye by Using Bismuth Molybdate: Photocatalysis Optimization and Modeling via Definitive Screening Designs
Authors: Shukla Brijesh Kumar , Rawat Shalu , Gautam Mayank Kumar , Bhandari Hema , Garg Seema , Singh Jiwan
Published: April 2022

In the current study, Bismuth molybdate was synthesized using simple co-precipitation procedure, and their characterization was carried out by various methods such as FT-IR, SEM, and P-XRD. Furthermore, the photocatalytic degradation of Orange G (ORG) dye using synthesized catalyst under visible light irradiation was studied. Response surface Method was used for the optimization of process variables and degradation kinetics evaluated by modeling of experimental data. Based on the experimental design outcomes, the first-order model was proven as a practical correlation between selected factors and response. Further ANOVA analysis has revealed that only two out of six factors have a significant effect on ORG degradation, however ORG concentration and irradiation time indicated the significant effects sequentially. Maximum ORG degradation of approximately 96% was achieved by keeping process parameters in range, such as 1 g L−1 loading of catalyst, 50 mg L−1 concentration of ORG, 1.4 mol L−1 concentration of H2O2 at pH 7 and a temperature of 30 °C. Kinetics of ORG degradation followed the pseudo first order, and almost complete degradation was achieved within 8 h. The effectiveness of the Bi2MoO6/H2O2 photo-Fenton system in degradation reactions is due to the higher number of photo-generated e- available on the catalyst surface as a result of their ability to inhibit recombination of e- and h+ pair.
Gas Chromatography Combustion Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry to Detect Differences in Four Compartments of Simmental Cows Fed on C3 and C4 Diets
Authors: Pianezze Silvia , Corazzin Mirco , Bontempo Luana , Sepulcri Angela , Saccà Elena , Perini Matteo , Piasentier Edi
Published: April 2022

Fatty acids (FAs) metabolism in animals represents an important field of study since they influence the quality and the properties of the meat. The aim of this study is to assess the possibility to discriminate the diets of cows in different animal compartments and to study the fate of dietary FAs in the bovine organism, using carbon isotopic ratios. Five FAs, both essential (linoleic and linolenic) and non-essential (palmitic, stearic, and oleic) in four compartments (feed, rumen, liver, meat) of animals fed two different diets (based on either C3 or C4 plants) were considered. For all compartments, the carbon isotopic ratio (δ13C) of all FAs (with few exceptions) resulted significantly lower in cows fed on C3 than C4 plants, figuring as a powerful tool to discriminate between different diets. Moreover, chemical reactions taking place in each animal compartment result in fraction processes affecting the δ13C values. The δ13CFAs tendentially increase from feed to meat in group C3. On the other hand, the δ13CFAs generally increase from rumen to liver in group C4, while δ13CFAs of rumen and meat are mostly not statistically different. Different trends in the δ13CFAs of the two groups suggested different FAs fates depending on the diet.
Propolis Integration Methods into Solutions for Highly Loaded Propolis Fibers by Needleless Electrospinning
Authors: Zelca Zane , Kukle Silvija , Janceva Sarmite , Vilcena Laimdota
Published: April 2022

A load-bearing matrix filled with biologically active compounds is an efficient method for transporting them to the target location. Bee-made propolis has long been known as a natural product with antibacterial and antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antifungal properties, and anti-oxidative activity. The aim of the research is to obtain stable propolis/PVA solutions and produce fibers by electrospinning. To increase propolis content in fibers as much as possible, various types of propolis extracts were used. As a result of the research, micro- and nano-fiber webs were obtained, the possible use of which have biomedical and bioprotective applications. All used materials are edible and safe for humans, and fiber webs were prepared without using any toxic agent. This strategy overcomes propolis processing problems due to limitations to its solubility. The integration of different combinations of extracts allows more than 73 wt% of propolis to be incorporated into the fibers. The spinning solution preparation method was adapted to each type of propolis, and by combining the methods, solutions with different propolis extracts were obtained. Firstly, the total content of flavonoids in the propolis extracts was determined for the assessment and prediction of bioactivity. The properties of the extracts relevant for the preparation of electrospinning solutions were also evaluated. Secondly, the most appropriate choice of PVA molecular weight was made in order not to subject the propolis to too high temperatures (to save resources and not reduce the bioactivity of propolis) during the solution preparation process and to obtain fibers with the smallest possible diameter (for larger surface-to-volume ratios of nanofibers and high porosity). Third, electrospinning solutions were evaluated (viscosity, pH, conductivity and density, shelf life) before and after the addition of propolis to predict the maximum propolis content in the fibers and spinning stability. Each solution combination was spun using a cylindrical type electrode (suitable for industrial production) and tested for a stable electrospinning process. Using adapted solution-mixing sequences, all the obtained solutions were spun stably, and homogeneous fibers were obtained without major defects.
Automated Computational Detection of Disease Activity in ANCA-Associated Glomerulonephritis Using Raman Spectroscopy: A Pilot Study
Authors: Morris Adam D. , Freitas Daniel L. D. , Lima Kássio M. G. , Floyd Lauren , Brady Mark E. , Dhaygude Ajay P. , Rowbottom Anthony W. , Martin Francis L.
Published: April 2022

Biospectroscopy offers the ability to simultaneously identify key biochemical changes in tissue associated with a given pathological state to facilitate biomarker extraction and automated detection of key lesions. Herein, we evaluated the application of machine learning in conjunction with Raman spectroscopy as an innovative low-cost technique for the automated computational detection of disease activity in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA)-associated glomerulonephritis (AAGN). Consecutive patients with active AAGN and those in disease remission were recruited from a single UK centre. In those with active disease, renal biopsy samples were collected together with a paired urine sample. Urine samples were collected immediately prior to biopsy. Amongst those in remission at the time of recruitment, archived renal tissue samples representative of biopsies taken during an active disease period were obtained. In total, twenty-eight tissue samples were included in the analysis. Following supervised classification according to recorded histological data, spectral data from unstained tissue samples were able to discriminate disease activity with a high degree of accuracy on blind predictive modelling: F-score 95% for >25% interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (sensitivity 100%, specificity 90%, area under ROC 0.98), 100% for necrotising glomerular lesions (sensitivity 100%, specificity 100%, area under ROC 1) and 100% for interstitial infiltrate (sensitivity 100%, specificity 100%, area under ROC 0.97). Corresponding spectrochemical changes in paired urine samples were limited. Future larger study is required, inclusive of assigned variables according to novel non-invasive biomarkers as well as the application of forward feature extraction algorithms to predict clinical outcomes based on spectral features.
The Potential of 2-Substituted Quinolines as Antileishmanial Drug Candidates
Authors: Loiseau Philippe M. , Balaraman Kaluvu , Barratt Gillian , Pomel Sébastien , Durand Rémy , Frézard Frédéric , Figadère Bruno
Published: April 2022

There is a need for new, cost-effective drugs to treat leishmaniasis. A strategy based on traditional medicine practiced in Bolivia led to the discovery of the 2-substituted quinoline series as a source of molecules with antileishmanial activity and low toxicity. This review documents the development of the series from the first isolated natural compounds through several hundred synthetized molecules to an optimized compound exhibiting an in vitro IC50 value of 0.2 µM against Leishmania donovani, and a selectivity index value of 187, together with in vivo activity on the L. donovani/hamster model. Attempts to establish structure–activity relationships are described, as well as studies that have attempted to determine the mechanism of action. For the latter, it appears that molecules of this series act on multiple targets, possibly including the immune system, which could explain the observed lack of drug resistance after in vitro drug pressure. We also show how nanotechnology strategies could valorize these drugs through adapted formulations and how a mechanistic targeting approach could generate new compounds with increased activity.
Adsorption Characteristics of Gas Molecules Adsorbed on Graphene Doped with Mn: A First Principle Study
Authors: Xie Tingyue , Wang Ping , Tian Cuifeng , Zhao Guozheng , Jia Jianfeng , He Chaozheng , Zhao Chenxu , Wu Haishun
Published: April 2022

Herein, the adsorption characteristics of graphene substrates modified through a combined single manganese atom with a vacancy or four nitrogen to CH2O, H2S and HCN, are thoroughly investigated via the density functional theory (DFT) method. The adsorption structural, electronic structures, magnetic properties and adsorption energies of the adsorption system have been completely analyzed. It is found that the adsorption activity of a single vacancy graphene-embedded Mn atom (MnSV-GN) is the largest in the three graphene supports. The adsorption energies have a good correlation with the integrated projected crystal overlap Hamilton population (-IpCOHP) and Fermi softness. The rising height of the Mn atom and Fermi softness could well describe the adsorption activity of the Mn-modified graphene catalyst. Moreover, the projected crystal overlap Hamilton population (-pCOHP) curves were studied and they can be used as the descriptors of the magnetic field. These results can provide guidance for the development and design of graphene-based single-atom catalysts, especially for the support effect.