bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heckler’s Veto
Authors: Smolla Rodney A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter draws attention to Craig Brown and Lisa Robertson, who were the principal in-house lawyers providing legal counsel to the city manager and council of Charlottesville. It investigates Brown and Robertson's view that any attempt at outright cancellation of the Unite the Right rally would be immediately overturned by courts as a violation of the First Amendment. It also explains “heckler's veto” as a free speech jurisprudence that raises the rhetoric of defiance and confrontation that could help counterprotesters to shut down the rally. The chapter discusses the First Amendment in modern times that generally stands against acceding to the power of heckling counterprotesters in order to cease messages with which they disagree. It clarifies that when hecklers and protesters gather to express their disagreement with a speaker's message, the rights of that speaker are in tension.
Aftermath
Authors: Smolla Rodney A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter highlights the national outpouring of grief and anger over the death of Heather Heyer. It discloses how Heyer's ashes were buried in a secret location in order to protect the grave from desecration by neo-Nazis. It also mentions the placement of Heather Heyer's name on a memorial wall at the Southern Poverty Law Center in Montgomery, Alabama that honors martyrs of the civil rights movement. The chapter recalls Martin Luther King Jr. and his civil rights organization that staged demonstrations in Alabama and Jimmy Lee Jackson, an African American participant in the protest demonstrations, who was fatally shot by a white Alabama state trooper. It reviews the infamous “Bloody Sunday” on March 7, 1965 that was stimulated by Jackson's shooting.
Minh
Authors: Norland Patricia D.
Published: January 2021

This chapter is dedicated to Minh, as the third Saigon sister who joined the resistance with slight apprehension due to the tug of being a dutiful daughter. It mentions how Minh resented saluting the French tricolor flag every morning in the courtyard of the Lycée Marie Curie and having to resort to an Encyclopédie Larousse to picture the flag of Vietnam. It also recounts Minh's youth of reading about the French youth under German occupation, singing songs from the maquis, and learning folk dances. The chapter illustrates Minh's risky role as liaison for her sisters and others in the resistance when they needed to pass on information or acquire medicines and other basics that could not be bought in the countryside. It also looks at Minh's heroism in nurturing family members throughout the war, becoming a pillar in the chaos.
Le An
Authors: Norland Patricia D.
Published: January 2021

This chapter talks about the fourth Saigon sister, named Le An. It provides an overview of her youth, from when she scorned her mother for coming from a family that adored everything French and for being a lady of leisure, to her admiration for her father who worked as an engineer in public works for the French. It also details Le An's participation in the protest over the death of a student killed by French authorities in 1950. The chapter looks into the event of Le An joining her father and friends in the resistance, where she adapted to life in the jungle. It emphasizes Le An as being a close second to Thanh in terms of political zeal among the sisters.
Xuan
Authors: Norland Patricia D.
Published: January 2021

This chapter draws attention to the eighth Saigon sister, named Xuan. It talks about Xuan's father who resigned from his position of privilege and decided he could no longer work for the French. It also stresses how Xuan learned about Viet Minh after seeing her father reject a life of prestige and wealth to join the August Revolution. The chapter highlights Xuan's patriotism that was nurtured through the liberal education and friendships forged at Lycée Marie Curie. It details how Xuan rejected a life of wealth and privilege and by 1949 left the lycée for a three–month course on Marxism–Leninism before joining the resistance.
Tuyen
Authors: Norland Patricia D.
Published: January 2021

This chapter recounts Tuyen's training as a pharmacist, her marriage, and how she found her own ways to aid the resistance. It mentions Tuyen's brother, Luu Huu Phuoc, who worked in Northern Vietnam after the Geneva Accords and refused to exchange letters with her out of fear of one falling in the hands of the police. It also discusses how Tuyen raised a family, ran a pharmacy, and helped the poor throughout the 1960s. The chapter looks at Tuyen's efforts to help rebuild a better society amidst social, economic, and political problems, while harboring hope that a decisive event would “change everything” and “rid of all ills”. It mentions Tuyen's introduction to Communism by a French professor of philosophy at the Lycée Marie Curie.
From Precarity to Contestation
Authors: Shibata Saori
Published: January 2021

This chapter highlights the key trends in Japan's labor movement as they have developed in the form of social conflict and protest, drawing on an original data set of protest events in Japan. The data set charts the type of actor, form of protest, and target of the protest for each reported event. These events are a sample taken from key periods in the transformation of Japan's political economy. The findings are used to consider the changing trends in worker-led protest throughout the period of neoliberalization. The results identify heightened contestation, with reported events undertaken increasingly by precarious and nonregular workers using different methods of protest. Ultimately, precarious workers have become increasingly mobilized, contributing to an increased frequency of protests and a greater proclivity toward more confrontational forms of protest activity.
Precarious Labor and the Contestation of Policymaking in Japan
Authors: Shibata Saori
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the impact of Japan's precarious workers' movement on policymaking in Japan, highlighting three cases through which one can witness the effects of opposition mobilized by Japanese nonregular workers on policy outcomes. In each case, one witnesses political elites being forced to respond to successful mobilizations by precarious workers and organizations that have emerged to represent their interests. These mobilizations have served to attract public attention to the impact that neoliberal government policy has on precarious workers. When faced with criticism and opposition from the public, on each occasion governments were forced either to compromise on policy goals or proposals or to abolish or postpone policies to reduce criticism. While precarious workers were not always able to achieve all of their goals, collectively they have become an important actor that is able to gain concessions or raise significant obstacles to the implementation of neoliberal policy options so that their demands must be accommodated in some way.
The Meadowlands
Authors: Feldmann Doug , Ditka Mike
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on Bob Thomas's experience of training camp at Lake Forest in July of 1976. A second harvest of draft picks and free agents joined Jack Pardee's evolving ranks. Brought into camp to compete with Thomas was free agent kicker Rick Danmeier from the University of Sioux Falls, who had received a tryout with Minnesota as a rookie the previous year. By the time of the last exhibition game of the season on September 3 in Washington, Thomas had put an indelible stamp on the kicking job. The young Bears were ready to conquer new territory and got off to a strong start in 1976. However, abuse continued to be delivered toward Thomas from the segment of fans who chose to focus on the memory of the Oakland game. Thomas generally managed to ignore the mistreatment, as he looked forward to a long NFL tenure yet to come. It did not prevent him, however, from making plans for a second career. The chapter then looks at his enrolment for law school at Loyola University in Chicago.
Maggie
Authors: Feldmann Doug , Ditka Mike
Published: January 2021

This chapter describes how Bob Thomas met kindergarten teacher Margaret Mary Murphy during a speaking engagement at Robina Lyle Elementary School in Chicago. He then started exclusively seeing Margaret, whom he would call “Maggie.” With the grind of the season behind him, Thomas continued the rigor of the first year of law school as new friendships were forged at Loyola University with study groups among the students. Certain classes and instructors stood out to him as favorites, such as Professor Richard A. Michael. Meanwhile, the happy day for Bob and Maggie arrived on June 23, 1979, as they were wed at Holy Name Cathedral near the Magnificent Mile in downtown Chicago.
Integrity
Authors: Feldmann Doug , Ditka Mike
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the libelous article which was written by part-time columnist Bill Page and published by the Kane County Chronicle. The article told the story of Mary Elizabeth “Meg” Gorecki, who had been a rising star in the Illinois legal community but committed ethics violations. In his column, Page claimed Bob Thomas originally wanted to pursue a much steeper penalty for Gorecki—up to and including disbarment. Yet in the end, Page contended, Thomas pushed a four-month suspension in return for the Gorecki camp assisting one of Thomas's appointed judges, Robert Spence, in an upcoming election. Thomas then called Chicago attorney Joseph Power, Jr. and suggested they consider filing a defamation lawsuit. Backed into a corner, Thomas was left with no alternative. He would not be able to uphold any semblance of moral authority if he permitted the libelous statements to live. Justice was necessary for him to keep working as a justice. An unconditional exoneration through litigation, he knew, was now the only way to retain the confidence of attorneys. The defamation suit was filed on January 16, 2004, naming Page, managing editor Greg Rivara, and the Shaw Suburban Newspaper Group (which owned the Chronicle) as defendants.
The Convoluted Political Path to Malaysia
Authors: Weiss Meredith L.
Published: January 2021

This chapter analyzes the institutional framework, initial plans, and justifications for local electoral politics and modes of governance that compels members of the public to oriented themselves toward the emerging formal politics. It considers the structures of parties and political networks that take shape with identities and objectives that they organized themselves in order to structure the polity. The chapter also investigates how early patterns laid the ground for the electoral authoritarianism that took hold institutionally and political-culturally through the lenses of national policies, local governance, and individual-level linkages. It describes the Federated and Unfederated Malay States and two territories of the former Straits Settlements that formed the Malayan Union from 1946 to 1948, as the Federation of Malaya in 1948, then as a unified, independent state, Malaysia, in 1957. Singapore, Sarawak, and British North Borneo joined in 1963, only to have Singapore leave Malaysia two years later.
Hegemonic Electoral Authoritarianism in Singapore
Authors: Weiss Meredith L.
Published: January 2021

This chapter illustrates how Singapore has transformed dramatically since the 1960s with politics that still rested on foundations which Lee Kuan Yew laid. It talks about Lee Kuan Yew's consolidated leadership that regrouped Singapore quickly after 1965. Lee and his People's Action Party (PAP) claimed the added legitimacy of being founding parents, charting Singapore's independent path. The chapter also describes how Singapore throws into sharp relief the patterns seen in Malaysia, as opposition parties have had far less chance to make their mark. Not only has the PAP changed over time but it has changed Singapore's political culture, including how voters understand politics, assess politicians, and approach the regime.
Integration and Reorientation
Authors: Riegg Stephen Badalyan
Published: January 2021

This chapter illustrates senior statesmen's competing visions for the social and economic roles that Armenians should play in the tsarist empire at mid-century. It also studies the shifting opposition and cooperation between the Orthodox and Armenian churches. The chapter uses first viceroy of the Caucasus, Mikhail Vorontsov, and other officials to examine the evolution of Russian perceptions of Armenian political loyalty and inspect the codification of the state's cooperation with the Armenian Church. It discusses how the autocracy continued to struggle to incorporate different sections of its internal Armenian diaspora during the reign of Tsar Nicholas when the state sought to standardize the tax laws and religion-related statutes governing its Armenian subjects. It also clarifies how the encounter between Nicholaevan Russia and Armenians confirmed the argument that imperial states operate as states of exception that vigilantly produce exceptions to their principles and exceptions to their laws.
Marriage and Marriageability
Authors: Yamaura Chigusa
Published: January 2021

How do the Japanese men and Chinese women who participate in cross-border matchmaking—individuals whose only interaction is often just one brief meeting—come to see one another as potential marriage partners? This book traces the practices of Sino-Japanese matchmaking from transnational marriage agencies in Tokyo to branch offices and language schools in China, from initial meetings to marriage, the visa application processes, and beyond to marital life in Japan. Engaging issues of colonial history, local norms, and the very ability to conceive of another or oneself as marriageable, the book rethinks cross-border marriage not only as a form of gendered migration, but also as a set of practices that constructs marriageable partners and imaginable marriages. The book shows that instead of desiring different others, these transnational marital relations are based on the tactical deployment of socially and historically created conceptions of proximity between Japan and northeast China. Far from seeking to escape local practices, participants in these marriages actively seek to avoid transgressing local norms. By doing so on a transnational scale, they paradoxically reaffirm and attempt to remain within the boundaries of local marital ideologies.
Creating “Similar” Others at Transnational Matchmaking Agencies in Japan
Authors: Yamaura Chigusa
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the lived experiences of Japanese men at transnational marriage agencies and asks how they came to view Chinese women as marriageable. It focuses on the ways marriage brokers and male clientele at transnational marriage agencies actively worked to reconceptualize these Japanese–Chinese marriages. The participants in these marriages were aware of the stigma attached to Japanese–Chinese marriages and sought to legitimate their own intimate relationships as ordinary marriages between two “similar” people. So while the spouses might come from different cultural, economic, and linguistic backgrounds, male participants in these marriages frequently described their transnational marital relationships as “not that different” from other domestic marriages, as well as other forms of partnerships resulting from matchmaking in Japan. The chapter looks at how male participants frame their own relationship as an “almost” endogamous marriage.
Yen Or En?
Authors: Yamaura Chigusa
Published: January 2021

This concluding chapter addresses the question of how have and do cross-border marriage practices come to be. In examining local–transnational dynamics, this question has revealed itself to be deeply intertwined with a second one: What makes others marriageable? For those involved in the processes of marriage migration between China and Japan, it was the tactical deployment of socially and historically created conceptions of proximity that rendered their partners marriageable. Such notions of proximity were locally created and shaped by deeper regional histories, but they also played important roles in mobilizing individuals to further partake in transnational flows. The chapter then offers some “afterward stories.” As these stories reveal, the issue of marriageability remained something with which participants continued to grapple, even within so-called happy marriages. Finally, the chapter discusses how shifting perceptions of global power dynamics have subsequently influenced the meanings associated with cross-border marriages and migration from China to Japan.
The Hole in the Flag
Authors: Nadkarni Maya
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines two significant attempts to replace the remains of communist history with new democratic content during the first decade of postsocialism. It describes the political battles to claim the revolutionary inheritance of Hungary's failed rebellion against Soviet rule in 1956. The chapter also discusses the commemorative activities of the center-right Fidesz coalition that was in power between 1998 and 2002. In different ways, it analyzes the two democratic attempts' efforts to transform a national community united by pessimism and perceptions of victimhood into a victorious, forward-looking citizenry. But, like the Statue Park Museum, these attempts to create new historical foundations for postsocialist Hungary would also struggle with the recent memory of Kádárism.
Conclusion
Authors: Nadkarni Maya
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the transformations in Hungary's politics of memory since the 2010 return to power of Fidesz, which has become a right-wing populist party. It talks about how Fidesz hailed its electoral victory that enabled Hungary to finally achieve transition and leave the socialist past behind. Yet critics of Fidesz argue that beneath the government's anticommunist rhetoric lie authoritarian policies that have turned back the clock on many of Hungary's postsocialist democratic transformations. The chapter also examines Fidesz's recent attempts to redefine Hungary's political and memorial landscape. It explains how both Fidesz and its opponents ironically revived the threat of socialist remains in order to warn the present of impending danger.
International Intervention and the Problem of Legitimacy
Authors: Gilbert Andrew C.
Published: January 2021

This book argues for an ethnographic analysis of international intervention as a series of encounters, focusing on the relations of difference and inequality, and the question of legitimacy that permeate such encounters. The book discusses the transformations that happen in everyday engagements between intervention agents and their target populations, and also identifies key instabilities that emerge out of such engagements. It highlights the struggles, entanglements and inter-dependencies between and among foreign agents, and the people of Bosnia-Herzegovina that channel and shape intervention and how it unfolds. Drawing upon nearly two years of fieldwork studying in postwar Bosnia and Herzegovina, the book's analysis identifies previously overlooked sites, processes, and effects of international intervention, and suggests new comparative opportunities for the study of transnational action that seeks to save and secure human lives and improve the human condition. Above all, the book foregrounds and analyzes the open-ended, innovative, and unpredictable nature of international intervention that is usually omitted from the ordered representations of the technocratic vision and the confident assertions of many critiques.
Interlude
Authors: Gilbert Andrew C.
Published: January 2021

This interlude outlines the contours of international authority created in the response to the Bosnian war of the 1990s. The remaking of international institutions in response to Bosnia's war and its postwar peace heralded the coming-into-being of the “international community” as the dominant protagonist of a post-Cold War order structured around the values of peace, democracy, the rule of law, humanitarian solidarity, and the inviolability of human rights. This order was presented as more or less universally valid. The universal validity of this post-Cold War model bestowed two main roles and sets of hierarchical relations on the agents of intervention: that of mediator above and between conflicting parties, and that of civilizing missionary or educator of not fully modern people(s). Successfully occupying either role required a constant demonstration of neutrality. However, working out what it meant to be “neutral” in the everyday encounters of international intervention across relations of difference was often a vexing and unpredictable endeavor. The interlude then looks at postwar Bosnia's political settlement and explains why refugee return became such an important site of intervention encounters. It also considers the Dayton Peace Agreement.
The Limits of Foreign Authority
Authors: Gilbert Andrew C.
Published: January 2021

This chapter shows how foreign officials, like the High Representative and a range of Bosnian political elites, used mass publicity to legitimize and authorize their state-building actions and delegitimize those of their opponents. It investigates how Wolfgang Petritsch used the media to engage domestic politicians in attempts to guide their behavior toward foreign state-building goals, even as they sought to shape his actions to serve their own goals. In doing so, the chapter identifies political innovations as well as important limits to internationally instigated political transformation. In discursively stabilizing the ambivalence of his position, Petritsch relied upon and reproduced an image of postwar Bosnia and Herzegovina as caught in a transitory temporality, a temporary state of exception to the normal nation-state order of things. Operating according to a logic of ambivalence afforded Petritsch a calculated flexibility to tack back and forth between various positions of legitimacy and authority.
The Uses of History
Authors: Gilbert Andrew C.
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses how Wolfgang Petritsch used the notion of konstitutivnost naroda (the state-constituting capacity of a nationally defined people) in his efforts to promote political reform and “local ownership,” and to undermine local nationalist separatists. It shows how and why the concept became unexpectedly entangled with international intervention processes of transformation, and with what consequences, both for the meaning of konstitutivnost naroda and for post-Dayton Bosnian politics. In particular, the gap between Petritsch's interpretation of the konstitutivnost naroda principle and amendments process and other interpretations grounded in the constitutive people principle's former contexts created a space for critical perspectives that revealed the limits of foreign authority in this mode. These other perspectives were often antithetical to those that the High Representative intended. Exploring them helps explain how, although Petritsch tried to turn the konstitutivnost naroda principle and the amendments process into symbolic indexes of democratic and European standards, the principle today has been widely recognized as one of the greatest obstacles to Bosnia and Herzegovina's democratization and its path to Europe.
Anthropology and the Educational Encounter
Authors: Vora Neha
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on the author's experiences teaching, researching, and moving between different spaces in Education City, Doha, as it developed and changed during the period of the author's fieldwork. It looks at how Qatar Foundation responded to criticisms, primarily from segments of the citizenry that felt left out of knowledge economy development, through the development of Hamad bin Khalifa University (HBKU). HBKU's formation reconfigured space within the Education City compound and changed the author's everyday mobility within it, as it did her students' and colleagues'. The chapter explores these changes in order to consider how anthropological categories of difference and the university's approach to incorporating oppositional politics migrated along with American institutions, disciplinary formations, and faculty and administrators. While many of these changes, such as moves to segregate formerly coeducational spaces, may have appeared to Western academics as a backlash that fit into their exceptionalizing ideas of Qatari culture and gender norms, or failure of liberalism in illiberal space, oppositional logics were not always pegged to conservative religiosity but rather part of critiques of broader imperial practices within certain, and not all, parts of the country.
Introduction
Authors: Musaraj Smoki
Published: January 2021

This chapter describes events of excitement and loss in order to gain a better understanding of how people from all walks of life came to invest in financial schemes in Albania, which became intertwined with everyday transactions, dreams, and aspirations. It focuses on the Albanian firms that represent an economic reality that is endemic to capitalist economies, such as speculative bubbles and crashes. These firms were all the rage in the early 1990s Albania, attracting 1.5 million investors, in a country of 3 million. Through the study of the Albanian pyramid firms, the chapter takes an ethnographic view of speculative finance. It traces how the Ponzi logics of accumulation, prevalent in the early 1990s Albania, were intricately connected to the significant political and economic transformations of the end of the twentieth century.
“Money Flowed Like a River”
Authors: Musaraj Smoki
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the materialities of speculative finance. It starts with accounts of “stacks and sacs of cash” that circulated at the firms then reviews the changes in the forms and functions of money during the postsocialist transformations. The chapter looks at how two forms of wealth: privatization vouchers and multi-currency remittances lead to top-down and bottom-up economic and social processes and sustained the firms. By focusing on the materialities of “fajde,” the chapter considers how the pyramid firms played a role as thresholds of value conversion that enables different forms of wealth to circulate and be converted across asymmetric regimes of value. It traces how the valuation and circulation of privatization vouchers impacted the acquiring of assets by various firms' owners.
Epilogue
Authors: Musaraj Smoki
Published: January 2021

This chapter summarizes the ethnographic study of pyramid schemes in Albania. It reviews the collapse of the firms and how the economic reforms in Albania have maintained a distinct neoliberal flavor. This postsocialist neoliberal economic order has focused on liberalization and privatization reforms. The chapter looks at Albania's economy that is now rated as an upper-middle-income economy with a few large industries and foreign investments but with the majority of the working force employed in small-and medium-sized enterprises in services, agriculture, and tourism. It analyzes how pyramid schemes, speculative financing in construction, betting cafés, and Ponzi logics of accumulation and investment have become enduring economic forms in postsocialist Albania.
Participation in Counterinsurgency
Authors: Manekin Devorah S.
Published: January 2021

This chapter begins with a description of Aviv Kochavi, who served as a commander in a paratrooper unit at the height of the Second Intifada. It talks about Aviv's strict and demanding command style that soldiers often label a “hard head.” The chapter shows how the military first instills and then enforces a set of norms that distinguish between appropriate and inappropriate violence based on the extent to which it serves organizational goals. It analyzes three analytically distinct categories of violence taken from the perspective of deployed combat soldiers: strategic, entrepreneurial, and opportunistic. It also points out how the categories of violence differ on a number of dimensions and highlights the beneficiary of the violence.
The Production of Strategic Violence
Authors: Manekin Devorah S.
Published: January 2021

This chapter argues that the divergent attitudes and behaviors of ordinary soldiers are best explained by variation in organizational control, which made some forms and targets of violence appropriate in the eyes of combatants. It examines the role of organizational control processes in producing “strategic violence.” It also uses the term “strategic” to indicate what soldiers perceive as strategic, based on the existence of clear orders and on the fact that certain practices are intended to serve military rather than individual goals. The chapter highlights the often-overlooked fact that organizational efforts must be invested not only in curbing violence but also in producing it. It also analyzes the trajectory of control in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) with efforts to shape and direct the disparate interests of Israeli youth before enlistment, military training, and operational deployment.
Beyond Israel
Authors: Manekin Devorah S.
Published: January 2021

This chapter briefly explores the Yugoslav wars of succession in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina from 1991 to 1995. It illustrates how the Israeli case can contribute to the understanding of counterinsurgency outside Western militaries. It also discusses dimensions that the Israeli case exhibits, such as patterns of participation in violence that are shaped by mechanisms of social control. In the brief explorations of the Yugoslav wars, the chapter suggests that the plausibility of the relationship between control and violence in organized militaries is beyond Israel. It also explains how the case of the former Yugoslavia provides initial evidence regarding the emergence of entrepreneurial violence.
Black Lives and Spatial Matters
Authors: Rios Jodi
Published: January 2021

This book is a call to reconsider the epistemic violence that is committed when scholars, policymakers, and the general public continue to frame Black precarity as just another racial, cultural, or ethnic conflict that can be solved solely through legal, political, or economic means. This book argues that the historical and material production of blackness-as-risk is foundational to the historical and material construction of our society and certainly foundational to the construction and experience of metropolitan space. The book also considers how an ethics of lived blackness—living fully and visibly in the face of forces intended to dehumanize and erase—can create a powerful counter point to blackness-as-risk. Using a transdisciplinary methodology, the book studies cultural, institutional, and spatial politics of race in North St. Louis County, Missouri, as a set of practices that are intimately connected to each other and to global histories of race and race-making. As such, it adds important insight into the racialization of metropolitan space and people in the United States. The arguments presented in the book draw from fifteen years of engaged research in North St. Louis County and rely on multiple disciplinary perspectives and local knowledge in order to study relationships between interconnected practices and phenomena.
Confluence and Contestation
Authors: Rios Jodi
Published: January 2021

This chapter highlights some of the moments and patterns that are illustrative of the particularities and peculiarities of the St. Louis region and are therefore important for understanding North St. Louis County. In many ways, the history of St. Louis in the latter part of the twentieth century closely follows the histories of most cities in the rust belt of the United States—in terms of de jure and de facto segregation in housing, education, and the labor force, as well as histories of suburbanization, discriminatory lending, and white flight. Moreover, the genealogies outlined in the chapter reflect the interconnected global histories of chattel slavery, colonial and imperial expansion, and capitalist development. In keeping with these histories, Black residents in the suburbs of North St. Louis County are disciplined as less-than-human, profit-generating bodies by tiny cities that have been stripped of resources and struggle to provide basic services except for an ever-expanding police force. A fierce desire for self-governance and municipal autonomy, a persistent tradition of parochial hierarchies, a peculiar reliance on the local courts, and the perpetual conflation of blackness and risk are legacies that result in specific forms of cultural politics and racialized practices across a highly fragmented geography.
Racial States and Local Governance
Authors: Rios Jodi
Published: January 2021

This chapter argues that municipalities with majority-Black populations are often both victims and administrators of highly racialized practices that differentiate, oppress, and exploit nonwhite communities. This argument is based on data showing that municipalities with higher percentages of Black residents are more likely to have their resources poached by adjacent cities with majority-white populations. The data also show that the residents of these cities experience more extreme forms of political, economic, and physical violence at the hands of local administrators and police, and that the forms of predatory policing in these areas are often obscured or deemed economically rational. The chapter then details the racialized means and extreme measures cities in North St. Louis County use to extract money and resources from Black citizens. These practices have been developed over many years in response to wholesale disinvestment and the poaching of resources out of Black communities. The chapter also considers the ethical arguments and discourses concerning municipal dissolution of majority-Black cities, with particular emphasis on the relationship between municipal poaching, predatory policing, and suburban race-making.
Anchors of Authority
Authors: Graber Kathryn E.
Published: January 2021

This chapter describes the native language elite, the media personnel. It analyzes ethnographic examples from workplaces and homes that reveal how native-language journalists work within value systems that are sometimes at odds with one another. It illustrates how media personnel strive toward the professionalism and hyperinstitutionalization of journalism within the majority of society. The chapter also explains the role of media personnel as a native-language journalist that grants a narrower elite status within the minority that draws on rural “prestige” and noninstitutionalization. It also examines the practice of minority-language journalism in Buryatia as a central way in which particular stances toward Buryat belonging are institutionalized.
Performance Anxiety
Authors: Graber Kathryn E.
Published: January 2021

This chapter looks into the shame and anxiety that many would-be Buryat speakers feel in either not controlling Buryat at all or in not controlling the literary standard. It talks about individuals that are racialized as Buryat that expect others to be invested in the continuation of Buryat language and culture and to demonstrate their ethnonational belonging through the performance of good speech. It confirms why very few Buryat speakers can produce what counts as “good Buryat” and examines how it affects their tendency to count themselves in the minority-language public. The chapter describes ways in which media contexts heighten people's sense of potential disaster as revealed in interviews for television and radio. It also analyzes performance anxiety engendered by language shift, uneven control of the standard, and racialized expectations in media interviews that paradoxically motivates silence and furthers language loss.
KHV Detection Based on Thermal Lysis - Nested PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
Authors: Buwono Ibnu Dwi
Published: January 2021

In the case of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and goldfish (Carrasius auratus) that were lightly infected with Koi Herpes Virus (KHV), the use of the one-step PCR method was insensitive to detect the presence of KHV DNA. The nested PCR method has been developed for a more sensitive detection system for KHV infection. This study aims to test the sensitivity of one-step and nested PCR methods in detecting the KHV virus in lightly infected common carp to prevent early disease attacks. DNA extraction of the test samples used thermal lysis and PBS (Phosphate Buffered Saline). DNA isolate as a KHV template was used to amplify KHV sequences using KHV-TKf: 5'-GGGTTACCTGTACGAG-3 'and KHV-TKr: 5'-CACCCAGTAGATTATGC-3' primers in the one-step PCR method. The nested PCR method uses two pairs of primers, namely the KHV-TKf: 5'-GACACCACATCTGCAAGGAG-3' and KHV-TKr: 5'-GACACATGTTACAATGGTGGC-3') and the CEFAS primer pair (5'-CGTCGTGAGGAATACGACG-3' and 5'- ACCGTACAGCTCGTACTGG-3') for amplification of KHV sequences. The one-step PCR method was insensitive for detection of KHV in common carp and goldfish infected with viruses without clinical symptoms, and was sensitive enough to detect viruses with mild symptoms with a DNA fragment size of 409 bp using TK primers. The nested PCR method was more sensitive in detecting KHV DNA in fish without clinical symptoms with a DNA fragment size of 348 bp using CEFAS primers.
Prevalence of Intestinal Helminthes with Respect to Age, Sex and Breeds of Chicken Slaughtered at Eke Awka Market, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
Authors: Ozougwu J. C. , Imakwu C. A. , Eziuzor S. C. , Ekeleme J. E. , Okeke O. P. , Amana G. U. , Ogbodo J. C.
Published: January 2021

Aim: This research was designed to assess the prevalence of intestinal helminthes with respect to age, sex and breeds of chicken slaughtered at Eke-Awka Market, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria.

Methodology: Fecal specimen was obtained from 150 Chicken slaughtered at Eke-Awka, Market, Anambra State, Nigeria from August to October 2019. The Fecal specimen was processed following floatation and the formalin-ethyl acetate concentration techniques. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics to get the percentage prevalence and chi-square to determine the association of prevalence in relation to age, sex and breeds of the chickens; level of significance was set at P < 0.05.

Results: Out of the 150 fecal specimens examined, 63 were found to be infected with intestinal helminthes parasites, giving a prevalence of 42%. The parasites found were Ascaridia galli, Heterakis gallinarum and Raillietina cesticillus. Raillietina cesticillus was observed to have the highest prevalence which is 16.7%. With respect to gender, a total of 38 males were found to be infected by helminthes parasites and the prevalence among males was 25.3%. Raillietina cesticillus infected the highest number of male chickens 17 (44.7%). A total of 25 female chickens were infected, with a prevalence of 16.7%, Ascaridia galli infected the highest number of female chickens 11 (44%). With respect to age groups, a total of 24 chickens aged (0 – 5) months were infected with a prevalence of 16%. Raillietina cesticillus had the highest infection rate 12 (50%). In the age group (6 – 10) months, a total of 21 chickens were infected giving a prevalence rate of 14%. Ascaridia galli recorded the highest infection rate 9 (49.9%). Among age group 11 months and above, the total number of infected chickens was 18, giving a prevalence rate of 12%. Heterakis gallinarum recorded the highest infection rate 8 (44.4%). With respect to breeds, a total of 28 old layer chickens were found to be infected by helminthes parasites and its prevalence was 18.7%, Raillietina cesticillus had the highest infection rate 13 (46.4%). The broiler had a total infection rate of 22 which gave a prevalence of 14.7%. Raillietina cesticillus had the highest infection rate of 9 (40.9%). Among the Native chickens, the total number of infections was 13 and its prevalence rate was 8.7%. Ascaridia galli recorded the highest infection rate which was 8 (61.5%).

Conclusions: The overall prevalence of intestinal helminthes was 42%, the helminthes parasites found were Ascaridia galli, Heterakis gallinarum and Raillietina cesticillus.  Raillietina cesticillus was observed to have the highest prevalence 16.7%. Government and poultry owners should ensure that good caging and management systems are adopted to prevent the spread of intestinal helminthes among chickens so as to ensure maximum output from poultry production.
Evaluation of Current Issues in Water Supply Systems and Implications for Sustainable Urban Water Management in Limbe, South West Region of Cameroon
Authors: Adamu Baba , N. Ndi Humphrey , N. Balgah Sounders
Published: January 2021

Water supply system has played a significant role in the growth, development and wellbeing of cities. Until now, meeting the need of city residents in terms of availability, reliability, and access to a good quality water supply is a major challenge facing many denizens of the 21st Century due to unprecedented urban growth and urbanization rates. This study is out to examine the current issues and challenges to water supply systems in Limbe. The study adopted the mix method approach which involves triangulation of quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. Primary data were obtained from field observations, interviews and the administration of 383 questionnaires to households and stakeholders. Secondary data were obtained from relevant official documents, published and unpublished sources relevant to water supply systems. Satellite imageries and ArcGIS were used to describe the pattern of growth in built-up areas between 1986 and 2019. Data from the questionnaire were entered using Epi Data Version 3.1, analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science Standard version 21.0 and Microsoft Excel and presented in the form of tables, figures, plates and maps. Findings revealed that, although the water supply accessibility by utilities has improved significantly, the reliability, distribution, flow frequency, supply, price and quality are still low. The inaccessibility and unreliability in the water supply have turned most households to alternative sources with poor quality. Unsustain urbanization and urban growth are occurring through infills in city remaining open spaces and ‘out spill’ and expansion at the outskirt without a concurrent increase, upgrading or extension of water supply infrastructural systems resulting to congestion, conflict over allocation, long-distance trekking to source water, deterioration of basic social services, pollution, inaccessibility amongst to ensure efficient water supply systems and sustainable urban water management. The paper, therefore, calls for the rehabilitation and renovation of dilapidated water supply structures, extension and upgrading basic services, limit urbanization and urban growth, encourage the construction and use of alternative water sources, community participation amongst others for sustainable urban water supply management.
Development of a Small Scale Material Handling Machine for Automated Storage and Retrieval System (ASRS)
Authors: Iqbal Saif Ullah , Yeo C. B. , Nirmal Umar
Published: January 2021

The current works deals with the design and development of an Automated Storage and Retrieval System (ASRS) machine for Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS). The work involved investigating ASRS machine features and operating procedures, evaluating related hardware, software and communication modules for the machine. The work explored on the different options of hardware and software modules offered in the current market and further selected the suitable one for the ASRS machine development. Several design considerations and the limitations faced during the process of the project development and implementation are given. Arduino was used as the coding system for the Arduino UNO board while stainless steel 305 and aluminium was used as the main frame in fabricating the ASRS machine. Lastly, a final working prototype of a fully-developed ASRS machine with dimensions of: 80cm by 73cm by 94cm (length by width by height) is presented.
CSF parvalbumin levels reflect interneuron loss linked with cortical pathology in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Magliozzi Roberta , Pitteri Marco , Ziccardi Stefano , Pisani Anna Isabella , Montibeller Luigi , Marastoni Damiano , Rossi Stefania , Mazziotti Valentina , Guandalini Maddalena , Dapor Caterina , Schiavi Gianmarco , Tamanti Agnese , Nicholas Richard , Reynolds Richard , Calabrese Massimiliano
Published: January 2021

Introduction and methods

In order to verify whether parvalbumin (PVALB), a protein specifically expressed by GABAergic interneurons, could be a MS‐specific marker of grey matter neurodegeneration, we performed neuropathology/molecular analysis of PVALB expression in motor cortex of 40 post‐mortem progressive MS cases, with/without meningeal inflammation, and 10 control cases, in combination with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) assessment. Analysis of CSF PVALB and neurofilaments (Nf‐L) levels combined with physical/cognitive/3TMRI assessment was performed in 110 naïve MS patients and in 32 controls at time of diagnosis.

Results

PVALB gene expression was downregulated in MS (fold change = 3.7 ± 1.2, P < 0.001 compared to controls) reflecting the significant reduction of PVALB+ cell density in cortical lesions, to a greater extent in MS patients with high meningeal inflammation (51.8, P < 0.001). Likewise, post‐mortem CSF‐PVALB levels were higher in MS compared to controls (fold change = 196 ± 36, P < 0.001) and correlated with decreased PVALB+ cell density (r = −0.64, P < 0.001) and increased MHC‐II+ microglia density (r = 0.74, P < 0.01), as well as with early age of onset (r = −0.69, P < 0.05), shorter time to wheelchair (r = −0.49, P < 0.05) and early age of death (r = −0.65, P < 0.01). Increased CSF‐PVALB levels were detected in MS patients at diagnosis compared to controls (P = 0.002). Significant correlation was found between CSF‐PVALB levels and cortical lesion number on MRI (R = 0.28, P = 0.006) and global cortical thickness (R = −0.46, P < 0.001), better than Nf‐L levels. CSF‐PVALB levels increased in MS patients with severe cognitive impairment (mean ± SEM:25.2 ± 7.5 ng/mL) compared to both cognitively normal (10.9 ± 2.4, P = 0.049) and mild cognitive impaired (10.1 ± 2.9, P = 0.024) patients.

Conclusions

CSF‐PVALB levels reflect loss of cortical interneurons in MS patients with more severe disease course and might represent an early, new MS‐specific biomarker of cortical neurodegeneration, atrophy, and cognitive decline.
3D Origami Sensing Robots for Cooperative Healthcare Monitoring
Authors: Kim Tae‐Ho , Vanloo Jaydon , Kim Woo Soo
Published: January 2021

In this study, cooperative healthcare sensing robots that closely monitor and evaluate the patients’ muscle functions through gait analysis and electromyography (EMG) are developed. By integrating the biological sensors, the sensing robot can recognize the vital signs. The sensing robots are developed by the design and optimization of their architectures and materials using a green strategy. To achieve mechanically durable robot designs, 3D origami structures are used with specific optimum criteria. Different sensing robot applications are created through the 3D origami insole and humanoid hands for healthcare monitoring. The smart insole built with 3D origami monitors the foot pressure distribution for gait analysis of patients, and the humanoid hand equipped with the 3D origami‐structured EMG fingers cooperatively detects EMG signals. Such cooperative sensing robots hold considerable promise for healthcare monitoring with convenience for patients with quality of care, because the robots can derive empathetic adaptability with humans.