bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EZHIP: a new piece of the puzzle towards understanding pediatric posterior fossa ependymoma
Authors: Jenseit Anne , Camgöz Aylin , Pfister Stefan M. , Kool Marcel
Published: November 2021

Ependymomas (EPN) are tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) that can arise in the supratentorial brain (ST-EPN), hindbrain or posterior fossa (PF-EPN) or anywhere in the spinal cord (SP-EPN), both in children and adults. Molecular profiling studies have identified distinct groups and subtypes in each of these anatomical compartments. In this review, we give an overview on recent findings and new insights what is driving PFA ependymomas, which is the most common group. PFA ependymomas are characterized by a young median age at diagnosis, an overall balanced genome and a bad clinical outcome (56% 10-year overall survival). Sequencing studies revealed no fusion genes or other highly recurrently mutated genes, suggesting that the disease is epigenetically driven. Indeed, recent findings have shown that the characteristic global loss of the repressive histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) mark in PFA ependymoma is caused by aberrant expression of the enhancer of zeste homolog inhibitory protein (EZHIP) or in rare cases by H3K27M mutations, which both inhibit EZH2 thereby preventing the polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) from spreading H3K27me3. We present the current status of the ongoing work on EZHIP and its essential role in the epigenetic disturbance of PFA biology. Comparisons to the oncohistone H3K27M and its role in diffuse midline glioma (DMG) are drawn, highlighting similarities but also differences between the tumor entities and underlying mechanisms. A strong focus is to point out missing information and to present directions of further research that may result in new and improved therapies for PFA ependymoma patients.
Regulation of dhurrin pathway gene expression during Sorghum bicolor development
Authors: Gleadow Roslyn M. , McKinley Brian A. , Blomstedt Cecilia K. , Lamb Austin C. , Møller Birger Lindberg , Mullet John E.
Published: November 2021

Main conclusion

Developmental and organ-specific expression of genes in dhurrin biosynthesis, bio-activation, and recycling offers dynamic metabolic responses optimizing growth and defence responses in Sorghum.

Plant defence models evaluate the costs and benefits of resource investments at different stages in the life cycle. Poor understanding of the molecular regulation of defence deployment and remobilization hampers accuracy of the predictions. Cyanogenic glucosides, such as dhurrin are phytoanticipins that release hydrogen cyanide upon bio-activation. In this study, RNA-seq was used to investigate the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis, bio-activation and recycling of dhurrin in Sorghum bicolor. Genes involved in dhurrin biosynthesis were highly expressed in all young developing vegetative tissues (leaves, leaf sheath, roots, stems), tiller buds and imbibing seeds and showed gene specific peaks of expression in leaves during diel cycles. Genes involved in dhurrin bio-activation were expressed early in organ development with organ-specific expression patterns. Genes involved in recycling were expressed at similar levels in the different organ during development, although post-floral initiation when nutrients are remobilized for grain filling, expression of GSTL1 decreased > tenfold in leaves and NITB2 increased > tenfold in stems. Results are consistent with the establishment of a pre-emptive defence in young tissues and regulated recycling related to organ senescence and increased demand for nitrogen during grain filling. This detailed characterization of the transcriptional regulation of dhurrin biosynthesis, bioactivation and remobilization genes during organ and plant development will aid elucidation of gene regulatory networks and signalling pathways that modulate gene expression and dhurrin levels. In-depth knowledge of dhurrin metabolism could improve the yield, nitrogen use efficiency and stress resilience of Sorghum.
CXCL13 is expressed in a subpopulation of neuroendocrine cells in the murine trachea and lung
Authors: Mahmoud Wafaa , Perniss Alexander , Poharkar Krupali , Soultanova Aichurek , Pfeil Uwe , Hoek Andreas , Bhushan Sudhanshu , Hain Torsten , Gärtner Ulrich , Kummer Wolfgang
Published: November 2021

The conducting airways are lined by distinct cell types, comprising basal, secretory, ciliated, and rare cells, including ionocytes, solitary cholinergic chemosensory cells, and solitary and clustered (neuroepithelial bodies) neuroendocrine cells. Airway neuroendocrine cells are in clinical focus since they can give rise to small cell lung cancer. They have been implicated in diverse functions including mechanosensation, chemosensation, and regeneration, and were recently identified as regulators of type 2 immune responses via the release of the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). We here assessed the expression of the chemokine CXCL13 (B cell attracting chemokine) by these cells by RT-PCR, in silico analysis of publicly available sequencing data sets, immunohistochemistry, and immuno-electron microscopy. We identify a phenotype of neuroendocrine cells in the naïve mouse, producing the chemokine CXCL13 predominantly in solitary neuroendocrine cells of the tracheal epithelium (approx. 70% CXCL13+) and, to a lesser extent, in the solitary neuroendocrine cells and neuroepithelial bodies of the intrapulmonary bronchial epithelium (< 10% CXCL13+). In silico analysis of published sequencing data of murine tracheal epithelial cells was consistent with the results obtained by immunohistochemistry as it revealed that neuroendocrine cells are the major source of Cxcl13-mRNA, which was expressed by 68–79% of neuroendocrine cells. An unbiased scRNA-seq data analysis of overall gene expression did not yield subclusters of neuroendocrine cells. Our observation demonstrates phenotypic heterogeneity of airway neuroendocrine cells and points towards a putative immunoregulatory role of these cells in bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue formation and B cell homeostasis.
On the lower bound of the principal eigenvalue of a nonlinear operator
Authors: Tu Yucheng
Published: November 2021

We prove sharp lower bound estimates for the first nonzero eigenvalue of the non-linear elliptic diffusion operator $$L_p$$

L
p

on a smooth metric measure space, without boundary or with a convex boundary and Neumann boundary condition, satisfying $$BE(\kappa ,N)$$

B
E
(
κ
,
N
)

for $$\kappa \ne 0$$

κ
≠
0

. Our results extends the work of Koerber Valtorta (Calc Vari Partial Differ Equ. 57(2), 49 2018) for case $$\kappa =0$$

κ
=
0

and Naber–Valtorta (Math Z 277(3–4):867–891, 2014) for the p-Laplacian.
Retrospection of heatwave and heat index
Authors: Awasthi Amit , Vishwakarma Kirti , Pattnayak Kanhu Charan
Published: November 2021

The frequency and intensity of extreme events especially heat waves (HW) are growing all around the world which ultimately poses a serious threat to the health of individuals. To quantify the effects of extreme temperature, appropriate information, and the importance of HW and heat index (HI) are carefully discussed for different parts of the world. Varied definitions of the HW and HI formula proposed and used by different countries are carried out systematically continent-wise. Different studies highlighted the number of definitions of HW; however, mostly used Steadman’s formulae, which was developed in the late 1970s, for the calculation of HI that uses surface air temperature and relative humidity as climatic fields. Since then, dramatic changes in climatic conditions have been observed as evident from the ERA5 datasets which need to be addressed; likewise, the definition of HW, which is modified by the researchers as per the geographic conditions. It is evident from the ERA5 data that the temperature has increased by 1–2 °C as compared to the 1980s. There is a threefold increase in the number of heatwave days over most of the continents in the last 40 years. This study will help the researcher community to understand the importance of HW and HI. Furthermore, it opens the scope to develop an equation based on the present scenario keeping in mind the basics of an index as considered by Steadman.
Inexact accelerated high-order proximal-point methods
Authors: Nesterov Yurii
Published: November 2021

In this paper, we present a new framework ofbi-level unconstrained minimizationfor development of accelerated methods in Convex Programming. These methods use approximations of the high-order proximal points, which are solutions of some auxiliary parametric optimization problems. For computing these points, we can use different methods, and, in particular, the lower-order schemes. This opens a possibility for the latter methods to overpass traditional limits of the Complexity Theory. As an example, we obtain a new second-order method with the convergence rate$$O\left( k^{-4}\right) $$Ok-4, wherekis the iteration counter. This rate is better than the maximal possible rate of convergence for this type of methods, as applied to functions with Lipschitz continuous Hessian. We also present new methods with the exact auxiliary search procedure, which have the rate of convergence$$O\left( k^{-(3p+1)/ 2}\right) $$Ok-(3p+1)/2, where$$p \ge 1$$p≥1is the order of the proximal operator. The auxiliary problem at each iteration of these schemes is convex.
Blockchain drivers to achieve sustainable food security in the Indian context
Authors: Yadav Vinay Surendra , Singh A. R. , Raut Rakesh D. , Cheikhrouhou Naoufel
Published: November 2021

Blockchain has the potential to improve sustainable food security due to its unique features like traceability, decentralized and immutable database, and smart contract mechanisms. However, blockchain technology is still in the early stages of adoption in particular in agricultural applications. In this context, this article aims to identify blockchain drivers to achieve sustainable food security in the Indian context and model them using an integrated MCDM (Multiple Criteria Decision Making) approach. The blockchain adoption drivers are identified through an exhaustive literature review and opinions from domain experts from industry, academia, and Agriculture Supply Chain (ASC) stakeholders. Subsequently, the integrated MCDM approach is developed by combining Total Interpretive Structural Modelling (TISM) and Fuzzy Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL), which does not only investigate the interrelation between the identified constructs and builds hierarchy but also determines the intensity of the causal interrelationships. At a later stage, Fuzzy Cross-Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification (MICMAC) is used to cluster the identified drivers to evaluate the importance of each driver. The results reveal that Traceability, Real-time information availability to agro-stakeholder, and Decentralized and immutable database are the most significant drivers. Policymakers, governmental organizations and other relevant stakeholders may utilize the information about the interrelationship between these drivers and their influential power, to frame suitable strategies for enhancing the adoption rate of blockchain in the Indian ASC.
Hazard-consistent seismic losses and collapse capacities for light-frame wood buildings in California and Cascadia
Authors: Chase Robert E. , Liel Abbie B. , Luco Nicolas , Bullock Zach
Published: November 2021

We evaluate the seismic performance of modern seismically designed wood light-frame (WLF) buildings, considering regional seismic hazard characteristics that influence ground motion duration and frequency content and, thus, seismic risk. Results show that WLF building response correlates strongly with ground motion spectral shape but weakly with duration. Due to the flatter spectral shape of ground motions from subduction events, WLF buildings at sites affected by these earthquakes may experience double the economic losses for a given intensity of shaking, and collapse capacities may be reduced by up to 50%, compared to those at sites affected by crustal earthquakes. These differences could motivate significant increases in design values at sites affected by subduction earthquakes to achieve the uniform risk targets of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) 7 standard.
Kann der ASD Kinder- und Jugendstärkungsgesetz?
Authors: Pietsch Stefan , Klomann Verena
Published: November 2021

Zahlreiche Neuerungen der SGB VIII-Reform wirken sich auf die Arbeit im ASD des Jugendamtes aus. Gleichzeitig wird deren Umsetzung maßgeblich durch den ASD beeinflusst. Exemplarisch werden hiermit einhergehende An- und Herausforderungen aus ASD-Perspektive diskutiert und Entwicklungsimpulse aufgezeigt.
Heart rate increase and inappropriate sinus tachycardia after cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation for atrial fibrillation
Authors: van Deutekom C. , Mulder B. A. , Groenveld H. F. , Tieleman R. G. , Wiesfeld A. C. P. , Tan E. S. , van Gelder I. C. , Rienstra M. , Blaauw Y.
Published: November 2021

Background

Cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is a common therapy for atrial fibrillation (AF). While moderately increased sinus rhythm heart rate (HR) after PVI has been observed, inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST) is a rare phenomenon. We aimed to investigate the prevalence and natural history of an abnormal sinus HR response after cryoballoon PVI.

Methods

We included 169/646 (26.2%) patients with AF undergoing PVI with available Holter recordings before and 3, 6 and 12 months after the procedure. Patients with AF on Holter monitoring were excluded. Mean HR increase ≥ 20 bpm or an IST-like pattern (mean HR > 90 bpm or > 80 bpm when beta-blocking agents were used) following PVI was categorised as abnormal sinus HR response.

Results

Following PVI, mean HR ± standard deviation increased in the entire group from 63.5 ± 8.4 to 69.1 ± 9.9 bpm at 3 months (p < 0.001), and to 71.9 ± 9.4 bpm at 6 months (p < 0.001). At 12 months, mean HR was 71.2 ± 10.1 bpm (p < 0.001). Only 7/169 patients (4.1%) met criteria for abnormal sinus HR response: mean HR was 61.9 ± 10.6 bpm (pre-ablation), 84.6 ± 9.8 bpm (3 months), 80.1 ± 6.5 bpm (6 months) and 76.3 ± 10.1 bpm (12 months). Even at 12 months, mean HR was significantly different from that pre-ablation in this group (p = 0.033). However, in patients meeting IST-like pattern criteria, mean HR at 12 months was no longer significantly different from that pre-ablation.

Conclusion

Few patients had an abnormal sinus HR response after PVI. Peak HR was observed 3 months after PVI, but HR was still significantly increased 12 months post-ablation compared with pre-ablation. An IST-like pattern was rarely observed. In these patients, HR decreased to pre-ablation values within a year.
Conception and evaluation of a washable multimodal smart textile
Authors: Lahmann Nils A. , Müller-Werdan Ursula , Kuntz Simone , Klingehöfer-Noe Jürgen , Jaenicke Fabian , Strube-Lahmann Sandra
Published: November 2021

Smart textiles can support people with specific needs and diseases, such as diabetes or heart disease. Currently there are efforts to combine continuous mobile monitoring with other health-related conditions. On this basis, algorithms could be developed that can be used to detect unusual or critical conditions. A study was to investigate whether a previously developed washable Multi-Modal Smart Textile (MMST), based on inexpensive materials, would provide valid and reliable results with regard to the vital parameters of pulse, temperature and mobility. The measurement of the vital parameters was carried out with the developed prototype MMST as well as with validated devices. All electronics including the rechargeable NiMH has been washed more than 30 times with different methods and it remained fully functional. The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for pulse (temperature) measurement ranged between 0.036 and 0.232 (0.077 and 0.817) depending on the activity of the tested individuals (standing, sitting, lying down, moving). Cohen’s Kappa for the detection of the body position was 0.765. For the parameter of pulse, the results indicated an insufficient derivation for both validity and reliability. Due to flaws in the methodology applied, the validly and reliably for the parameter of temperature could not be determined. Valid and reliable results were obtained for the parameter mobility/change of position. If the MMST (after modification of the prototype) achieves reliable results, there are many advantages for people giving and receiving care on a budget price, even in threatening emergency situations.
Developing a new approach for the anticipation of subsurface pressure in three oil wells from various fields in Iraq
Authors: Abbas Rafid K.
Published: November 2021

Subsurface pressure quantification is the main goal for all drilling engineers due to its vital importance to minimizing drilling costs and preventing various excavating dilemmas such as stuck pipe, pipe collapsing, lost circulation, and well kick. Formation pressure is measured directly in producing hydrocarbon zones using special equipment; however, it is difficult to obtain pore pressure measurements in other intervals; therefore, many approaches were suggested and developed to anticipate the geopressure due to its importance on the drilling operation. Traditionally, Eaton's method is the most widely used for geopressure anticipation from well logs. In the current study, a new proposed formula for geopressure determination was derived from the modified Eaton's equation which is based on the inception of the mechanical specific energy. The study was applied on three oil-producing wells from different fields in Iraq (Missan C, West Qurna 15, and Zubair 171). The estimated subsurface pressure from the new suggested approach was validated by comparison with the actual in situ subsurface pressure obtained from Drill Stem Test (DST) and Repeated Formation Test (RFT). Statistical analysis is used for the validation by applying Mean squared error (MSE) and Mean Absolute percentage Error (MAE). Encouraging results were obtained from the present research for all wells being studied. The main finding of the current work is involving a new parameter (mechanical specific energy) for subsurface pressure determination, where it was not included in the previous techniques of geopressure equations. It was found that the value of exponent (m) in the new proposed equation has a significant influence on the predicted geopressure, where (m) varies from 0.1626 to 0.6896 depending on the type of the excavated rock plus the materials that the drill bit is manufactured of, where the interaction between these components is vital. The present work could be a useful method when planning to excavate a new well adjacent to the area of the investigated wells, where special well logs are unavailable for pore pressure measurement and suitable usage of mud weight is highly needed for the overall drilling process.
Continuous Training and Deployment of Deep Learning Models
Authors: Prapas Ioannis , Derakhshan Behrouz , Mahdiraji Alireza Rezaei , Markl Volker
Published: November 2021

Deep Learning (DL) has consistently surpassed other Machine Learning methods and achieved state-of-the-art performance in multiple cases. Several modern applications like financial and recommender systems require models that are constantly updated with fresh data. The prominent approach for keeping a DL model fresh is to trigger full retraining from scratch when enough new data are available. However, retraining large and complex DL models is time-consuming and compute-intensive. This makes full retraining costly, wasteful, and slow. In this paper, we present an approach to continuously train and deploy DL models. First, we enable continuous training through proactive training that combines samples of historical data with new streaming data. Second, we enable continuous deployment through gradient sparsification that allows us to send a small percentage of the model updates per training iteration. Our experimental results with LeNet5 on MNIST and modern DL models on CIFAR-10 show that proactive training keeps models fresh with comparable—if not superior—performance to full retraining at a fraction of the time. Combined with gradient sparsification, sparse proactive training enables very fast updates of a deployed model with arbitrarily large sparsity, reducing communication per iteration up to four orders of magnitude, with minimal—if any—losses in model quality. Sparse training, however, comes at a price; it incurs overhead on the training that depends on the size of the model and increases the training time by factors ranging from 1.25 to 3 in our experiments. Arguably, a small price to pay for successfully enabling the continuous training and deployment of large DL models.
Niclosamide-Exfoliated Anionic Clay Nanohybrid Repurposed as an Antiviral Drug for Tackling Covid-19; Oral Formulation with Tween 60/Eudragit S100
Authors: Rejinold N. Sanoj , Piao Huiyan , Choi Goeun , Jin Geun-Woo , Choy Jin-Ho
Published: November 2021

The ongoing pandemic, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), has afflicted millions of people around the world, necessitating that the scientific community work, diligently and promptly, on suitable medicaments. Although vaccination programs have been run globally, the new variants of COVID-19 make it difficult to restrict the spread of the virus by vaccination alone. The combination of vaccination with anti-viral drug formulation is an ideal strategy for tackling the current pandemic situation. Drugs approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), such as Remdesivir, have been found to be of little or no benefit. On the other hand, re-purposing of FDA-approved drugs, such as niclosamide (NIC), has offered promise but its applicability is limited due to its poor aqueous solubility and, therefore, low bioavailability. With advanced nano-pharmaceutical approaches, re-purposing this drug in a suitable drug-carrier for a better outcome may be possible. In the current study, an attempt was made to explore the loading of NIC into exfoliated layered double hydroxide nanoparticles (X-LDH NPs); prepared NIC-X-LDH NPs were further modified with eudragit S100 (ES100), an enteric coating polymer, to make the final product, ES100-NIC-X-LDH NPs, to improve absorption by the gastro/intestinal tract (GIT). Furthermore, Tween 60 was added as a coating on ES100-NIC-X-LDH NPs, not just to enhance its in vitro and in vivo stability, but also to enhance its mucoadhesive property, and to obtain, ultimately, better in vivo pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters upon oral administration. Release of NIC from Tween 60-ES100-NIC-X-LDH NPs was found to be greater under gastro/intestinal solution within a shorter period of time than the uncoated samples. The in vivo analysis revealed that Tween 60-ES100-NIC-X-LDH NPs were able to maintain a therapeutically relevant NIC plasma concentration in terms of PK parameters compared to the commercially available Yomesan®, proving that the new formulation might prove to be an effective oral drug-delivery system to deal with the SARS-CoV-2 viral infections. Further studies are required to ensure their safety and anti-viral efficacy.
Optimal error estimate for a space-time discretization for incompressible generalized Newtonian fluids: the Dirichlet problem
Authors: Berselli Luigi C. , Růžička Michael
Published: November 2021

In this paper we prove optimal error estimates for solutions with natural regularity of the equations describing the unsteady motion of incompressible shear-thinning fluids. We consider a full space-time semi-implicit scheme for the discretization. The main novelty, with respect to previous results, is that we obtain the estimates directly without introducing intermediate semi-discrete problems, which enables the treatment of homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions.
High-dimensional distribution generation through deep neural networks
Authors: Perekrestenko Dmytro , Eberhard Léandre , Bölcskei Helmut
Published: November 2021

We show that every d-dimensional probability distribution of bounded support can be generated through deep ReLU networks out of a 1-dimensional uniform input distribution. What is more, this is possible without incurring a cost—in terms of approximation error measured in Wasserstein-distance—relative to generating the d-dimensional target distribution from d independent random variables. This is enabled by a vast generalization of the space-filling approach discovered in Bailey and Telgarsky (in: Bengio (eds) Advances in neural information processing systems vol 31, pp 6489–6499. Curran Associates, Inc., Red Hook, 2018). The construction we propose elicits the importance of network depth in driving the Wasserstein distance between the target distribution and its neural network approximation to zero. Finally, we find that, for histogram target distributions, the number of bits needed to encode the corresponding generative network equals the fundamental limit for encoding probability distributions as dictated by quantization theory.
The Transformative Potential of a Vulnerability Focus in Basic Assistance Policies
Authors: Flegar Veronika
Published: November 2021

The term 'vulnerability' is often used in law and policy to refer to disadvantaged, marginalized or excluded human beings. This book explores how a vulnerability focus in basic assistance policies can contribute to substantive equality and therefore to the realization of universal human rights in the migration context. It concentrates on the potential that such a vulnerability focus can have to mitigate stigmatization and stereotyping and to facilitate socio-economic participation.
Derivation of structural weight estimation for Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle (UCAV)
Authors: Panahi A. , Vaziri Zanjani M. A. , Yousefi Sh. , Fazli N. , Aarabi J.
Published: November 2021

Estimation of the structural weight of an Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle (UCAV) during conceptual design has proven to be a significant challenge mainly due to its unconventional configuration. We investigate development of a customised approach for structural weight estimation of UCAV based on statistical weight of the manned fighter’s components by applying minor modifications on weight formulations of fuselage, wing, empennage, power plant and landing gear. The modifications are applied by considering the corresponding differences between manned fighters and UCAVs such as manned requirements and mission variances. Some new empirical formulas for estimating the weight of UCAV’s components are proposed. Results for the empty weight estimation are validated against actual values of some well-known UCAVs. Moreover, the structural weight is validated against the benchmark UCAV case studies. The results show that the ratio of structural to takeoff weight for UCAVs is approximately between 20% to 10%. Finally, a generalised equation is developed for estimating the structural weight of UCAVs in conceptual design phase.
The Mariel Cubans and John Lewis's Legacy on Human Rights
Authors: Camp Michael
Published: November 2021

This essay examines Representative John Lewis's engagement with the 1987 uprising of Cuban immigrant detainees held in Atlanta's federal penitentiary, which occurred near the beginning of Lewis's time in Congress. Cuban prisoners at the penitentiary took control of the institution and detained several hostages in order to forestall their deportation back to Cuba. After the uprising ended, in contrast to other public figures who advocated harsh punitive treatment, Lewis urged mercy and compassion for the prisoners. Lewis's involvement in the story revealed his underlying understanding of human rights, which he connected to his experiences in the civil rights movement of the 1960s. This broad conception of human rights shaped his engagement with issues of immigration throughout the remainder of his congressional career, especially during the administration of President Donald Trump. Lewis's engagement with issues of immigration is also especially noteworthy in light of metro Atlanta's emergence as a key site for the settlement of immigrants and refugees from around the world, which continues to shape the politics of the metro area.
Race and non-electoral political participation in Brazil, South Africa, and the United States
Authors: Fialho Fabrício M.
Published: November 2021

This paper examines the context-dependent role of race as a predictor of non-electoral political participation. Prior country-level studies have documented group-level differences in a variety of forms of participation in South Africa and the United States, but have found few to no differences in Brazil. Why are members of one group more engaged in certain political activities than members of other groups only in specific contexts? Why do members of socioeconomically deprived groups, such as non-Whites, participate more than better-off groups in acts that require group mobilization in South Africa and the United States but not in Brazil? Results from the World Values Survey and the International Social Survey Programme show that Blacks and Coloureds in South Africa and Blacks in the United States participate more than Whites in activities that demand prior organization and mobilization, whereas group differences are negligible in Brazil. I argue that (1) race as a driver of political mobilization is conditional on the existence of politicized racial identities; (2) members of groups that share a strong collective identity participate in direct political action more than predicted by their socioeconomic background; (3) politicization of identities is the product of racial projects that deploy the state apparatus to enforce group boundaries for the implementation of segregationist policies as well as the reactions against them; and (4) by enforcing group boundaries, those systems unintentionally create the conditions for the formation of politicized group identities. In the absence of such requisites, political mobilization along racial lines would be weak or nonexistent.
Iron deficiency and high-intensity running interval training do not impact femoral or tibial bone in young female rats
Authors: Scott Jonathan M. , Swallow Elizabeth A. , Metzger Corinne E. , Kohler Rachel , Wallace Joseph M. , Stacy Alexander J. , Allen Matthew R. , Gasier Heath G.
Published: November 2021

In the USA, as many as 20 % of recruits sustain stress fractures during basic training. In addition, approximately one-third of female recruits develop Fe deficiency upon completion of training. Fe is a cofactor in bone collagen formation and vitamin D activation, thus we hypothesised Fe deficiency may be contributing to altered bone microarchitecture and mechanics during 12-weeks of increased mechanical loading. Three-week old female Sprague Dawley rats were assigned to one of four groups: Fe-adequate sedentary, Fe-deficient sedentary, Fe-adequate exercise and Fe-deficient exercise. Exercise consisted of high-intensity treadmill running (54 min 3×/week). After 12-weeks, serum bone turnover markers, femoral geometry and microarchitecture, mechanical properties and fracture toughness and tibiae mineral composition and morphometry were measured. Fe deficiency increased the bone resorption markers C-terminal telopeptide type I collagen and tartate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b (TRAcP 5b). In exercised rats, Fe deficiency further increased bone TRAcP 5b, while in Fe-adequate rats, exercise increased the bone formation marker procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide. In the femur, exercise increased cortical thickness and maximum load. In the tibia, Fe deficiency increased the rate of bone formation, mineral apposition and Zn content. These data show that the femur and tibia structure and mechanical properties are not negatively impacted by Fe deficiency despite a decrease in tibiae Fe content and increase in serum bone resorption markers during 12-weeks of high-intensity running in young growing female rats.
Molossinema wimsatti infection in the brain of Pallas's mastiff bats (Molossus molossus)
Authors: de Souto E.P.F. , Oliveira A.M. , Campos É.M. , Vilela V.L.R. , de Barros C.S.L. , Dantas A.F.M. , Nogueira de Galiza G.J.
Published: November 2021

The present report describes two cases of infection by Molossinema wimsatti in the brain of Pallas's mastiff bats (Molossus molossus). The first bat was captured and killed by a domestic cat in a suburban area of the municipality of Patos, Paraiba, northeastern Brazil. The second bat was found crawling on the ground in the same area before dying. No gross lesions were found at necropsy. Histology of the central nervous system revealed filarioid nematodes in the brain ventricles and cerebellum. There were adults, subadults and eggs, the latter sometimes containing microfilariae. No inflammatory response was observed in bat 1, while bat 2 presented a mild lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalitis. Three nematodes were recovered and submitted for parasitological examination. The diagnosis of M. wimsatti infection was based on the histomorphological and parasitological characteristics of the agent and its location in the brain ventricular system of insectivorous bats. The infection likely occurs in other insectivorous bats from South American and Caribbean countries but may be overlooked.
Covid Conversations 4: Stacy Klein
Authors: Klein Stacy , Shevtsova Maria
Published: November 2021

The ecology of the rural setting in which Double Edge Theatre lives and works is as integral to its artistic work as to its principles of social justice, and these qualities mark the ensemble’s singular profile not only in the United States but also increasingly on the world theatre map. Stacy Klein co-founded the company in Boston in 1982 as a women’s theatre with a defined feminist programme. In 1997, Double Edge moved its work space to a farm that Klein had bought in Ashfield, Massachusetts, commuting from there back to Boston to show its productions. Within a few years, Klein and her collaborators were acutely aware of their separation from the local community, which necessitated a change of perspective to encompass personal and creative engagement with local people and to develop audiences within the area, while not losing sight of their international links. Carlos Uriona, formerly a popular-theatre activist from Argentina, had joined Double Edge and facilitated the local immersion that ultimately became its lifeline, most visibly during the Covid-19 pandemic, as Klein here observes. Klein, who had been a student of Rena Mirecka in Poland (starting in 1976), has maintained her friendship and professional relations with this founding member of the Teatr Laboratorium led by Jerzy Grotowski, inviting Mirecka to run wokshops at the Double Edge Farm. Collaboration with Gardzienice (also from the Grotowski crucible) through the Consortium of Theatre Practices (1999–2001) extended Klein’s Polish connections. She expanded her research on community cultures in Eastern and Central Europe and developed these experiences in her probing, distinctly imaginative explorations of theatre-making, while taking a new approach to participatory theatre-making in Ashfield. Her highly visual and sensual compositions are driven by her sense of the fantastic, no more strikingly so than in Klein’s Summers Spectacles, which are performed outdoors, in concert with the Farm’s natural environment – fields, trees, water, birds, animals, and heaven’s firmament. Double Edge’s profound commitment in the past decade to what it now terms ‘living culture’ and ‘art justice’ has taken root in multiracial collaborations, primarily with the indigenous peoples of Western Massachusetts. This Conversation took place on the winter solstice, 21 December 2020, a date that Maria Shevtsova, Editor of NTQ, had chosen symbolically. It was transcribed by Kunsang Kelden and edited by Shevtsova. Many thanks are extended to Travis Coe of Double Edge for assembling with such loving care the photographs requested.
Error characteristics of a model-based integration approach for fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles
Authors: Mwenegoha Hery A. , Moore Terry , Pinchin James , Jabbal Mark
Published: November 2021

The paper presents the error characteristics of a vehicle dynamic model (VDM)-based integration architecture for fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles. Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and inertial measurement unit measurements are fused in an extended Kalman filter (EKF) which uses the VDM as the main process model. Control inputs from the autopilot system are used to drive the navigation solution. Using a predefined trajectory with segments of both high and low dynamics and a variable wind profile, Monte Carlo simulations reveal a degrading performance in varying periods of GNSS outage lasting 10 s, 20 s, 30 s, 60 s and 90 s, respectively. These are followed by periods of re-acquisition where the navigation solution recovers. With a GNSS outage lasting less than 60 s, the position error gradually grows to a maximum of 8⋅4 m while attitude errors in roll and pitch remain bounded, as opposed to an inertial navigation system (INS)/GNSS approach in which the navigation solution degrades rapidly. The model-based approach shows improved navigation performance even with parameter uncertainties over a conventional INS/GNSS integration approach.
Parameterized cast calculi and reusable meta-theory for gradually typed lambda calculi
Authors: SIEK JEREMY G. , CHEN TIANYU
Published: November 2021

The research on gradual typing has led to many variations on the Gradually Typed Lambda Calculus (GTLC) of Siek & Taha (2006) and its underlying cast calculus. For example, Wadler and Findler (2009) added blame tracking, Siek et al. (2009) investigated alternate cast evaluation strategies, and Herman et al. (2010) replaced casts with coercions for space efficiency. The meta-theory for the GTLC has also expanded beyond type safety to include blame safety (Tobin-Hochstadt & Felleisen, 2006), space consumption (Herman et al., 2010), and the gradual guarantees (Siek et al., 2015). These results have been proven for some variations of the GTLC but not others. Furthermore, researchers continue to develop variations on the GTLC, but establishing all of the meta-theory for new variations is time-consuming. This article identifies abstractions that capture similarities between many cast calculi in the form of two parameterized cast calculi, one for the purposes of language specification and the other to guide space-efficient implementations. The article then develops reusable meta-theory for these two calculi, proving type safety, blame safety, the gradual guarantees, and space consumption. Finally, the article instantiates this meta-theory for eight cast calculi including five from the literature and three new calculi. All of these definitions and theorems, including the two parameterized calculi, the reusable meta-theory, and the eight instantiations, are mechanized in Agda making extensive use of module parameters and dependent records to define the abstractions.
The time-varying and volatile macroeconomic effects of immigration
Authors: Li Huachen
Published: November 2021

This paper studies the impact of immigration on the US macroeconomy. I identify structural vector autoregressions (SVARs) with time-varying parameters (TVPs) and stochastic volatility (SV) using a novel set of restrictions. The TVP-SV-SVARs are estimated on a quarterly sample including average labor productivity (ALP), hours worked, immigration, consumption, and term spread from 1953 to 2017. An immigration supply shock increases domestic ALP and hours worked over the business cycle horizons. Movements in immigration are explained by its own shock and to a lesser extent by the productivity and news shocks. IRFs driven by these shocks vary over the sample, especially around changes in immigration policy such as the Immigration Act of 1990. In contrast, the forecast error variance decompositions exhibit little change over the sample. Immigration plays an important role in the US macroeconomy.
Windjamming on the Warming Gulf of Maine
Authors: Morton Mary
Published: November 2021

Living in Geologic Time: A sailing venture reveals economic upheaval along Maine’s enduring coast.
Inland Mangroves Are Relics of the Past’s Higher Sea Levels
Authors: Kornei Katherine
Published: November 2021

Mangroves found in southern Mexico’s rain forest, 170 kilometers from the nearest ocean, date to a time when sea levels were several meters higher.
Pore Fluid Pressure Imaging of the Mt. Pollino Region (Southern Italy) From Earthquake Focal Mechanisms
Authors: De Matteis R. , Convertito V. , Napolitano F. , Amoroso O. , Terakawa T. , Capuano P.
Published: November 2021

Focal mechanisms of selected earthquakes, recorded in the Mount Pollino region (southern Italy) from 2010 through 2014, are used to infer the pore fluid pressure at hypocenter depths. The 3‐D excess pore pressure field provides evidence that the sequence occurs in a fluid‐filled volume with values reaching 35 MPa. The mechanisms underlying this swarm‐like sequence and the triggering of earthquakes are investigated by computing the cumulative static Coulomb stress change at hypocenter depths and analyzing the pore‐pressure diffusion mechanism. The results indicate that static Coulomb stress change was lower than 0.01 MPa, which is the value generally assumed as threshold for the triggering, and seismicity distribution was actually driven by pore‐pressure diffusion with relatively low diffusivity value. This latter mechanism could also explain the delayed triggering of the two larger eventsML4.3 andML5.0, respectively, that occurred about 150 days apart.
Steady‐State Surface NMR for Mapping of Groundwater
Authors: Grombacher D. , Liu L. , Griffiths M. P. , Vang M. Ø. , Larsen J. J.
Published: November 2021

Groundwater is a critical freshwater source for billions of people (Klee, 2013), but resources are increasingly stressed by climate change, pollution, and overexploitation (Frappart & Ramillien, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10060829). Locating groundwater sources and monitoring their sustainable use is a difficult task. One method that shows great promise is surface nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), as it is the only technique capable of non‐invasive direct measurements of subsurface water content and pore‐space properties. Unfortunately, surface NMR often suffers from low‐amplitude signals that limit mapping speeds and may prohibit measurements in noisy environments. We demonstrate a steady‐state scheme for surface NMR, enabled by recent breakthroughs in transmitter capabilities and numerical modeling that delivers orders of magnitude signal enhancements. The new technique is a highly efficient measurement that is both narrowband and utilizes the full measurement interval in contrast to traditional approaches. Our results demonstrate that high‐fidelity groundwater measurements are now possible in hitherto inaccessible areas.
Neural Network‐Based CO2 Interpretation From 4D Sleipner Seismic Images
Authors: Li Bei , Li Yunyue Elita
Published: November 2021

Time‐lapse or 4D seismic survey is a crucial monitoring tool for CO2 geological sequestration. Conventional time‐lapse interpretation provides detailed characterization of CO2 distribution in the storage unit. However, manual interpretation is labor‐intensive and often inconsistent throughout the long monitoring history, due to the inevitable changes in seismic acquisition and processing technology and interpreter's subjectivity. We propose a neural network (NN)‐based interpretation method that translates baseline and monitoring seismic images to the probability of CO2 presence. We use a simplified 3D U‐Net, whose training, validation and testing are all based on the Sleipner CO2 storage project. The limited labels for training are derived from the interpreted CO2 plume outlines within the internal sandstone layers for 2010. Then we apply the trained NN on different time‐lapse seismic data sets from 1999 to 2010. The results suggest that our NN‐based CO2 interpretation has the following advantages: (a) high interpretation efficiency by automatic end‐to‐end mapping; (b) robustness against the processing‐induced mismatch between the baseline and time‐lapse inputs, relaxing the baseline reprocessing demands when compared to newly acquired or reprocessed time‐lapse data sets; and (c) inherent interpretation consistency throughout multiple vintage data sets. Testing results with crafted time‐lapse images unveil that the NN takes both amplitude difference and structural similarity into account for CO2 interpretation. We also compare 2D and 3D U‐Nets under the scenario of sparse 2D labels for training. The results suggest that the 3D U‐Net provides more continuous interpretation at the cost of larger computational resources for training and application.
Implementation of an Orographic Drag Scheme Considering Orographic Anisotropy in All Flow Directions in the Earth System Model CAS‐ESM 2.0
Authors: Xie Jinbo , Zhang Minghua , Zeng Qingcun , Xie Zhenghui , Liu Hailong , Chai Zhaoyang , He JuanXiong , Zhang He
Published: November 2021

A reasonable representation of orographic anisotropy in earth system models is vital for improving weather and climate modeling. In this study, we implement the orographic drag scheme, including 3‐D orographic anisotropy (3D‐AFD), into the Chinese Academy of Sciences Earth System Model version 2 (CAS‐ESM 2.0). Three groups of simulations named sensitivity run, medium‐range forecast, and seasonal forecast respectively are conducted using the updated CAS‐ESM model and validated against station observation and reanalysis data. These simulations are run using the three schemes—3D‐AFD scheme, the 3D orographic anisotropy scheme for the eight‐direction (3D‐8x), and the 2D isotropic scheme (2D)—to compare their performance in CAS‐ESM 2.0. Sensitivity runs show that the 3D‐AFD provide more continuous transition of calculated drag as function of wind direction than the 3D‐8x, while the drag calculated using the 2D scheme show no variation with change of wind direction. Enhanced drag in the medium range and seasonal forecast using the updated CAS‐ESM alleviates part of the winter wind speed bias over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and the cold bias over TP and the Siberian polar region. It is shown that the 3D‐AFD scheme alleviates more bias than that of the 3D‐8x scheme (by wind speed reduction of 1 ∼ 2 m/s and temperature of 1 ∼ 2 K) especially in the seasonal forecast. The results suggest that reasonable representation of the orographic anisotropy is important in climate modeling.