bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vom Auftrag bis zum Versand
Authors: Richerzhagen Björn , Reiff Ellen‐Christine
Published: March 2021

Um die eigene Tätigkeit und Prozesse im Unternehmen genau zu beschreiben, helfen gemeinsame Modellierungssprachen für Administration, IT und Fertigung. Sind die Abläufe vom Auftragseingang über die Fertigung bis zum Warenausgang bekannt, lassen sich Produktionsabläufe optimieren.
Neutrinoastronomie in der Antarktis
Authors: Ackermann Markus
Published: March 2021

Fast hundert Jahre nach der Vorhersage von Neutrinos sind wir heute in der Lage, diese faszinierenden Elementarteilchen als Boten aus dem All zu nutzen. Sie helfen uns, die extremsten Phänomene im Universum zu verstehen. IceCube ist das erste Neutrinoteleskop, das die kritische Größe erreicht hat, um Neutrinosignale aus dem All zu messen. Damit lassen sich erste Schlüsse über ihre Herkunft und die Eigenschaften ihrer Quellen ziehen. Die nächste Generation von Neutrinoteleskopen wird uns darauf aufbauend erlauben, den Neutrinohimmel präzise zu vermessen und ein neues tieferes Verständnis für Sternenexplosionen, aktive Galaxien und andere energiereiche Vorgänge zu entwickeln. Zusätzlich ermöglichen die riesigen Detektoren einzigartige Suchen nach neuen physikalischen Phänomenen und Teilchen. Nach zehn Jahren IceCube könnte die große Zeit der Neutrinoastronomie noch vor uns liegen.
Phasenübergang in Quantengas aus sechs Atomen
Authors: Bayha Luca , Holten Marvin
Published: March 2021

Unserer Forschungsgruppe „Ultrakalte Quantengase“ an der Universität Heidelberg ist es gelungen, die Entstehung kollektiven Verhaltens und Anzeichen eines Phasenüberganges in einem System aus nur sechs Atomen zu beobachten.
Zum Dynamikverständnis mit Kraftstoß
Authors: Wilhelm Thomas , Weatherby Thomas , Kuhn Jochen
Published: March 2021

Eine Simulation zum senkrechten Stoß auf eine rollende Kugel hilft Lernenden, den Kraftbegriff in der Newtonschen Dynamik zu verstehen.
Positive airway pressure for the treatment of the childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
Authors: Xanthopoulos Melissa S. , Williamson Ariel A. , Tapia Ignacio E.
Published: March 2021

In this review, we have summarized the benefits of treatment with positive airway pressure for the childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and presented a socio‐ecological framework to enhance our understanding of positive airway pressure adherence predictors and important targets of comprehensive positive airway pressure treatment models across different pediatric populations. Although positive airway pressure is clearly a beneficial treatment for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, additional research is needed to evaluate how socio‐ecological factors may interact to predict positive airway pressure adherence, with more attention to the impact of the broader healthcare setting and on treatment approaches and outcomes in special pediatric populations.
Density functional theory calculations on the adsorption and degradation characteristics of ronidazole on the TiO2 surface
Authors: Chen Yang , Xu Donghui , Zhang Shuang , Tan Ruolan , Li Laicai , Liu Xiang‐Yang
Published: March 2021

In this paper, density functional theory (DFT) is used to study the adsorption characteristics and degradation mechanisms of ronidazole (RNZ) on different surfaces of TiO2. The stable adsorption configurations of RNZ on different surfaces of TiO2 are obtained. The structural changes of the stable adsorption structures are carefully analyzed. It is found that the adsorption of RNZ on surfaces of TiO2 is chemical adsorption, and there is hydrogen bond interaction between RNZ and different surfaces of TiO2 during the adsorption process. This study reveals that all the adsorption processes of RNZ on different surfaces of TiO2 activate the C‐N bond of the imidazole ring, which is beneficial to the photocatalytic reaction. We also studied the degradation reaction mechanisms of RNZ on different surfaces of hydroxylated TiO2, and studied two different degradation reaction channels of RNZ on different surfaces of TiO2. From the results of the energy barrier study of the degradation reaction, RNZ proceeds along the reaction path (RR1 → RTS1 → RM1 → RTS2 → RP1), and the main ring‐opening product of the degradation is the formation of the C‐N bond breaking of the imidazole ring of the RNZ, which is consistent with the results reported in previous experiment.
Variation in macroinvertebrate community structure of functional process zones along the river continuum: New elements for the interpretation of the river ecosystem synthesis
Authors: Maasri Alain , Thorp James H. , Kotlinski Nicholas , Kiesel Jens , Erdenee Bolortsetseg , Jähnig Sonja C.
Published: March 2021

We examined how communities of macroinvertebrates occurring in functional process zones (FPZs) are affected by the location of FPZs in the river continuum. We delineated FPZs for three rivers displaying significant disparities in elevation, annual precipitation, valley shape, and other valley‐scale hydrogeomorphic variables. We extracted corresponding macroinvertebrate community data from the US National Water Quality Monitoring Council database and matched it to the stream order (SO) and FPZ delineations. We examined community structure in the three rivers by partitioning the variances associated with the FPZ and SO delineations. Then, we examined community variation as patterns of beta‐diversity for communities of FPZs in different SOs. In total, 23 FPZ‐SO configurations were examined. SO and FPZ delineations contributed similarly to the variance in the structure of macroinvertebrate communities. Taxa turnover accounted for the majority of the compositional change in communities of FPZs along the river continuum, while the functional composition showed primarily a nested structure. Pairwise comparison of communities for each FPZ along the river continuum showed that significant differences in community composition occurred at high SO in the three examined rivers. In this manuscript, we show that communities of FPZs are only partially comparable along the river continuum as significant compositional changes occur when comparing communities of FPZs in distant SOs. We bring, therefore, new elements to improve the interpretation of the River Ecosystem Synthesis concept that can have wider implications for understanding the biocomplexity of hydrogeomorphic patchiness in river networks.
Study of the Hydroamination Reaction of Methyl Acetylenedicarboxylate with Aromatic Amines and its Heterocyclization Products
Authors: Sol Shmidt Maria , Florencia Martini Maria , Oppezzo Guido A. , Mercedes Blanco Maria , Moglioni Albertina G.
Published: March 2021

Here we describe the reaction of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate with aniline, N‐ethylaniline or diphenylamine. The diasteromeric enamines obtained in each case are inequivocally characterized by 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR spectra and computational methods. The heterocyclization reaction of each isolated diasteromeric enamines, leads to different products depending on the reaction conditions and the stereoelectronic characteristics of the substrate. Thus, we were able to obtain 1‐phenyl‐2‐methoxycarbonyl‐4‐quinolinone, and to find a new route for obtaining 1‐phenyl‐3‐oxo‐1,3‐dihydro‐2‐indoliliden‐acetic acid derivatives.
Large‐scale Synthesis of Porous Pt Nanospheres /Three‐dimensional Graphene Hybrid Materials as a Highly Active and Stable Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Hu Shuqi , Li Xiaolan , Ali Asad , Zhang Xinyi , Kang Shen Pei
Published: March 2021

In order to facilitate widespread commercialization of proton‐exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), the synthesis of advanced catalysts toward oxygen reduction reaction with high activity and stability is essential. Here, we report the synthesis of strongly coupled porous Pt nanospheres /three‐dimensional graphene (P−Pt @3DG) hybrid materials through a facile strategy. The P−Pt @3DG displays an excellent oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance with the mass activity of 0.542 A/mgPt and specific activity of 0.976 mA/cm2 at 0.9 V vs. RHE, respectively, which are 4.0‐ and 3.7‐ times higher than those of commercial Pt/C catalysts. More importantly, high stability with only 5.35 % loss after 10,000 cycles is achieved. The superior performance of P−Pt @3DG is mainly attributed to the open structure of porous Pt spheres, which exposes the internal Pt atoms with an ultrahigh Pt utilization. Moreover, the 3D graphenes possess an open and interconnected porous structure and allow efficient charge and mass transfer. Besides, this synthetic method is suitable for large scale production, which is highly applicable to the commercialization of PEMFCs.
Oxygen‐Vacancy Abundant NiCo2O4 on the N‐Doped Carbon Nanosheets as Anode for High Performance Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Jin Rencheng , Yue Hailong , Xia Juan , Ren Congying , Gao Shanming
Published: March 2021

Abstract: In this work, the oxygen‐vacancy abundant NiCo2O4 grown on the N‐doped carbon nanosheets are designed and fabricated through a facile procedure. The obtained special structure combined with the oxygen vacancies effectively enhance the contact area, keep the structural integrity as well as accelerate the electron and lithium ion transfer. As an anode for lithium ion batteries, the special architecture exhibits good cycle stability (1096 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at current density of 200 mA g−1) and long cycle capability at high current rate (398 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at 5000 mA g−1). The advantageous features by constructing oxygen‐vacancy abundant transition metal oxides with the conductive N‐doped carbon nanosheets may pave the way for improving the electrochemical performance.
L‐Carnitine‐Based Bio‐Ionic Liquids as Antioxidants
Authors: Czerniak Kamil , Pernak Juliusz
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this research was to determine the antioxidant properties of ionic liquids containing an anion showing antioxidant activity and a cation of natural origin derived from L‐carnitine. Formation methods of ionic liquids based on direct protonation of an L‐carnitine zwitterion form were evaluated with the selected phenolic acids and L‐ascorbic acid. All received compounds were characterized, and the physicochemical properties significant to ionic liquid uses were measured (thermal stability and phase transitions). All research on antioxidant activity was conducted using commonly applied spectrophotometric methods, allowing for assessment of the neutralization ability of compounds regarding various radicals. The ferrous and cupric ion reduction ability and ferrous ion chelation of the ionic liquids were also examined. Furthermore, ionic liquid activity toward the enzyme xanthine oxidase responsible for the formation of reactive oxygen species in the body was determined.
Laryngeal perforation in a cat due to a fish bone foreign body
Authors: Chatzimisios Kyriakos , Angelou Vasileia , Anagnostou Tilemachos , Anastasiou Spiros , Papazoglou Lysimachos G.
Published: March 2021

A two‐year‐old domestic shorthair (DSH) cat was presented with a three‐day history of anorexia and cough after having a meal of raw fish. Clinical examination revealed stridorous breathing and excessive salivation. On external examination, the area surround the larynx appeared oedematous, palpation of this area seemed painful and elicited a dry cough. Laryngoscopy examination revealed laryngeal oedema, normal laryngeal function and an intralaryngeal foreign body. The foreign body was protruding from the ventral larynx, and 5 mm was visible. Lateral radiography of the cervical region depicted subcutaneous emphysema and a foreign body, which was bone opacity, in the larynx. Surgical exploration of the ventral larynx revealed perforation of the thyroid cartilage due to a fish bone that was removed, and the laryngeal wound was closed with sutures. After a follow‐up of 1.5 years, the cat was reported to be free of clinical signs.
Urinary bladder torsion in a dog with an extraluminal tumor of the bladder apex
Authors: Bourbos Alexandros , Liotta Annalisa Pia , Piola Valentina , Cinti Filippo , Pisani Guido
Published: March 2021

A 12‐year‐old, spayed female, Lagotto Romagnolo dog is referred because of acute onset of stranguria, dysuria and abdominal discomfort after jumping from a height. Clinical examination reveals mild abdominal pain with enlargement of the urinary bladder and no hematological abnormalities. Computer tomographic examination identifies a large eccentric soft tissue mass with smooth margins, which contacts the serosal layer of the urinary bladder apex. The urinary bladder is pear‐shaped, displaced laterally, and has a longitudinal spiral pattern (whirlpool sign) in the bladder neck area. Celiotomy reveals a mass attached to the apex of the urinary bladder, which has a clockwise 180° torsion with no signs of necrosis. Partial cystectomy, after detorsion, is performed, and bladder incision is closed routinely. Histopathologic evaluation reveals a grade 1 leiomyosarcoma. Although urinary bladder torsion has been reported in five dogs, neoplastic lesions have not previously described as a cause of torsion and should be included in the differential diagnosis.
Überversorgung in der Intensivmedizin: erkennen, benennen, vermeiden
Authors: Michalsen Andrej , Neitzke Gerald , Dutzmann Jochen , Rogge Annette , Seidlein Anna-Henrikje , Jöbges Susanne , Burchardi Hilmar , Hartog Christiane , Nauck Friedemann , Salomon Fred , Duttge Gunnar , Michels Guido , Knochel Kathrin , Meier Stefan , Gretenkort Peter , Janssens Uwe
Published: March 2021

Ungeachtet der sozialgesetzlichen Vorgaben existieren im deutschen Gesundheitssystem in der Patientenversorgung nebeneinander Unter‑, Fehl- und Überversorgung. Überversorgung bezeichnet diagnostische und therapeutische Maßnahmen, die nicht angemessen sind, da sie die Lebensdauer oder Lebensqualität der Patienten nicht verbessern, mehr Schaden als Nutzen verursachen und/oder von den Patienten nicht gewollt werden. Daraus können hohe Belastungen für die Patienten, deren Familien, die Behandlungsteams und die Gesellschaft resultieren. Dieses Positionspapier erläutert Ursachen von Überversorgung in der Intensivmedizin und gibt differenzierte Empfehlungen zu ihrer Erkennung und Vermeidung. Zur Erkennung und Vermeidung von Überversorgung in der Intensivmedizin erfordert es Maßnahmen auf der Mikro‑, Meso- und Makroebene, insbesondere die folgenden: 1) regelmäßige Evaluierung des Therapieziels im Behandlungsteam unter Berücksichtigung des Patientenwillens und unter Begleitung von Patienten und Angehörigen; 2) Förderung einer patientenzentrierten Unternehmenskultur im Krankenhaus mit Vorrang einer qualitativ hochwertigen Patientenversorgung; 3) Minimierung von Fehlanreizen im Krankenhausfinanzierungssystem gestützt auf die notwendige Reformierung des fallpauschalbasierten Vergütungssystems; 4) Stärkung der interdisziplinären/interprofessionellen Zusammenarbeit in Aus‑, Fort- und Weiterbildung; 5) Initiierung und Begleitung eines gesellschaftlichen Diskurses zur Überversorgung.
Recycling von Lithium-Ionen-Batterien: Herausforderungen und aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse
Authors: Windisch-Kern Stefan , Holzer Alexandra , Ponak Christoph , Nagovnak Peter , Raupenstrauch Harald
Published: March 2021

Der Einsatz von wertvollen und teilweise kritischen Rohstoffen wie Kobalt, Nickel, Mangan und Lithium in Kathodenmaterialien sowie die prognostizierten Marktentwicklungen machen das Recycling von Lithium-Ionen-Batterien zu einem abfallwirtschaftlich relevanten Thema. Dieser Beitrag beleuchtet die Entwicklung und Vielfalt dieser Kathodenmaterialien und leitet daraus Anforderungen an zukünftige Aufbereitungs- bzw. Recyclingverfahren ab. Die schnelle Weiterentwicklung der Zellchemismen hin zu nickelreichen Kathodenmaterialien stellt bestehende Verfahren vor wirtschaftliche Probleme und unterstreicht zusätzlich die Notwendigkeit eines flexiblen Prozesses, welcher mit einer variierenden chemischen Zusammensetzung des Abfallstromes zurechtkommen muss. Zusätzlich wird ein umfassender Einblick in die diesbezüglichen Forschungsbestrebungen des Lehrstuhls für Thermoprozesstechnik gegeben. Die präsentierten Ergebnisse des eingesetzten Verfahrenskonzepts attestieren dem Ansatz ein großes Potenzial. Beispielsweise gelang es, die als Bottleneck der Pyrometallurgie eingestufte Verschlackung von Lithium, großteils zu unterbinden und über 90 % des Elements aus dem experimentellen Reaktor zu entfernen.
A novel semi-implicit scheme for elastodynamics and wave propagation in nearly and truly incompressible solids
Authors: Kadapa Chennakesava
Published: March 2021

This paper presents a novel semi-implicit scheme for elastodynamics and wave propagation problems in nearly and truly incompressible material models. The proposed methodology is based on the efficient computation of the Schur complement for the mixed displacement-pressure formulation using a lumped mass matrix for the displacement field. By treating the deviatoric stress explicitly and the pressure field implicitly, the critical time step is made to be limited by shear wave speed rather than the bulk wave speed. The convergence of the proposed scheme is demonstrated by computing error norms for the recently proposed LBB-stable BT2/BT1 element. Using the numerical examples modelled with nearly and truly incompressible Neo-Hookean and Ogden material models, it is demonstrated that the proposed semi-implicit scheme yields significant computational benefits over the fully explicit and the fully implicit schemes for finite strain elastodynamics simulations involving incompressible materials. Finally, the applicability of the proposed scheme for wave propagation problems in nearly and truly incompressible material models is illustrated.
The influence of fencing on seedling establishment during reforestation of oak stands: a comparison of artificial and natural regeneration techniques including costs
Authors: Löf Magnus , Barrere Julien , Engman Mattias , Petersson Linda K. , Villalobos Adrian
Published: March 2021

In temperate Europe, oak-dominated forests are widespread, supporting high biodiversity and providing important ecosystem services. Insufficient natural regeneration has, however, been a concern for over a century. The objective of this study was to gain insights into differences in regeneration success using artificial and natural regeneration techniques for reforestation of oak (Quercus roburL.) stands. We monitored seedlings following planting, direct seeding and natural regeneration over five years in a randomized block experiment in southern Sweden with fenced and non-fenced plots. Fencing had a strong positive effect on height growth, especially for planted seedlings that were taller than the other seedlings and more frequently browsed in non-fenced plots. In contrast, there was little effect of fencing on survival, establishment rate and recruitment rate of seedlings. Due to aboveground damage on seedlings from voles, protection of acorns did not improve establishment rate following direct seeding. Under current circumstances at the site with a sparse shelterwood of old oaks, we conclude that natural regeneration was the most cost-efficient regeneration method. It resulted in the most seedlings at the lowest cost. However, regeneration success was heavily influenced by interference from herbaceous vegetation. With a small additional investment in vegetation control, the results might have been improved for planting and direct seeding.
Out of our skull, in our skin: the Microbiota-Gut-Brain axis and the Extended Cognition Thesis
Authors: Boem Federico , Ferretti Gabriele , Zipoli Caiani Silvano
Published: March 2021

According to a shared functionalist view in philosophy of mind, a cognitive system, and cognitive function thereof, is based on the components of the organism it is realized by which, indeed, play a causal role in regulating our cognitive processes. This led philosophers to suggest also that, thus, cognition could be seen as an extended process, whose vehicle can extend not only outside the brain but also beyond bodily boundaries, on different kinds of devices. This is what we call the ‘Externally Extended Cognition Thesis.’ This notion has generated a lively debate. Here, we offer a novel notion of extended cognition, according to which cognition can be seen as being realized (and expanded) outside the brain, but still inside the body. This is what we call the ‘Internally Extended Cognition Thesis’. Not only our thesis but also our approach while defending it is innovative. The argument we offer is supported by recent empirical findings in the life sciences and biomedicine, which suggest that the gut microbiota’s activity has a functional role in regulating our cognitive processes and behaviors. In doing so, we embrace theholobiont-perspective, according to which it is possible to claim that what we call biological individuals are not autonomous entities with clear boundaries, but should rather be seen as networks of multiple interactions among species. Thus, by analyzing different sets of evidence in light of theholobiont-perspective, we argue that the gut microbiota could be seen as a component of our organism. On the basis of the philosophical interpretation of this evidence, however, we also suggest that there are no impediments standing the way of considering the gut microbiota also as a functional extension of our cognitive system. If so, this amounts to extending cognition out of ‘our skull’, though still confining it within ‘our body’: to ‘our gut’. This is an instance of the ‘Internally Extended Cognition Thesis,’ whose benefits for an original (biologically informed) theory ofextended cognitionare discussed.
Barriers, emotions, and motivational levers for lifestyle transformation in Norwegian household decarbonization pathways
Authors: Moberg Karen Richardsen , Sovacool Benjamin K. , Goritz Alexandra , Hinojosa Gaëtan M. , Aall Carlo , Nilsson Maria
Published: March 2021

Meeting the Paris Agreement targets requires strong near-term climate change mitigation in all sectors of the economy. Increasing demand-side emission abatement efforts is one important area to pursue, yet there are significant barriers that must be overcome in order to realize its potential. We ask: What barriers may be hindering deep emissions reduction at the household level? What kinds of levers are available to achieve emission reductions? Based on an original and extensive qualitative dataset, our in-depth study of households in Bergen, Norway, shows that individuals perceive they are confronted with considerable individual, economic, and infrastructural barriers that prevent them from taking deep mitigation actions. Our results however also suggest that some barriers can be overcome with motivational levers such as the availability of more sustainable alternatives, support networks and by the positive emotions felt when having a positive impact on the environment. Other barriers are more difficult to overcome, pointing to the overarching lesson from our study that households will need to be forced or incentivized beyond voluntary efforts to achieve rapid and comprehensive decarbonization. The current policy approach, aimed mostly at nudging for voluntary mitigation actions, is wholly inadequate to achieve significant emission reductions. Our study indicates that households are open for increasingly including more “sticks” into climate policymaking. While there are significant challenges to individuals taking stronger mitigation action, these can be overcome by strengthening government policies targeting the patterns and, importantly, volumes of household consumption.
Order, experience, and critique: The phenomenological method in political and legal theory
Authors: Loidolt Sophie
Published: March 2021

The paper investigates phenomenology’s possibilities to describe, reflect and critically analyse political and legal orders. It presents a “toolbox” of methodological reflections, tools and topics, by relating to the classics of the tradition and to the emerging movement of “critical phenomenology,” as well as by touching upon current issues such as experiences of rightlessness, experiences in the digital lifeworld, and experiences of the public sphere. It is argued that phenomenology provides us with a dynamic methodological framework that emphasizes correlational, co-constitutional, and interrelational structures, and thus pays attention to modes of givenness, the making and unmaking of “world,” and, thereby, the inter/subjective, affective, and bodily constitution of meaning. In the case of political and legal orders, questions of power, exclusion, and normativity are central issues. By looking at “best practice” models such as Hannah Arendt’s analyses, the paper points out an analytical tool and flexible framework of “spaces of meaning” that phenomenologists can use and modify as they go along. In the current debates on political and legal issues, the author sees the main task of phenomenology to reclaim experience as world-building and world-opening, also in a normative sense, and to demonstrate how structures and orders arelivedwhile they condition and form spaces of meaning. If we want to understand, criticize, act, or change something, this subjective and intersubjective perspective will remain indispensable.
The thin ret(raction) line: biomedical journal responses to incorrect non-targeting nucleotide sequence reagents in human gene knockdown publications
Authors: Byrne Jennifer A. , Park Yasunori , West Rachael A. , Capes-Davis Amanda , Favier Bertrand , Cabanac Guillaume , Labbé Cyril
Published: March 2021

The capacity of the scientific literature to self-correct is of vital importance, but few studies have compared post-publication journal responses to specific error types. We have compared journal responses to a specific reagent error in 31 human gene knockdown publications, namely a non-targeting or negative control nucleotide sequence that is instead predicted to target a human gene. The 31 papers published by 13 biomedical journals generated 26 published responses (14 retractions, 5 expressions of concern, 7 author corrections which included one resolved expression of concern) as well as 6 stated decisions to take no action. Variations in published responses were noted both between journals and by 4 journals that published different responses to at least 2 papers. A subset of published responses revealed conflicting explanations for the wrongly identified control reagent, despite 30/31 papers obtaining their gene knockdown reagents from the same external supplier. Viewed collectively, different journal responses to human gene knockdown publications with a common reagent error type suggest that editorial staff require more support to interpret post-publication notifications of incorrect nucleotide sequence reagents. We propose a draft template to facilitate the communication, interpretation and investigation of published errors, including errors affecting research reagents.
The Maximum Modulus Set of a Polynomial
Authors: Pardo-Simón Leticia , Sixsmith David J.
Published: March 2021

We study the maximum modulus set, $${{\mathcal {M}}}(p)$$

M
(
p
)

, of a polynomial p. We are interested in constructing p so that $${{\mathcal {M}}}(p)$$

M
(
p
)

has certain exceptional features. Jassim and London gave a cubic polynomial p such that $${{\mathcal {M}}}(p)$$

M
(
p
)

has one discontinuity, and Tyler found a quintic polynomial $${\tilde{p}}$$

p
~

such that $${{\mathcal {M}}}({\tilde{p}})$$

M
(

p
~

)

has one singleton component. These are the only results of this type, and we strengthen them considerably. In particular, given a finite sequence $$a_1, a_2, \ldots , a_n$$

a
1

,

a
2

,
…
,

a
n

of distinct positive real numbers, we construct polynomials p and $${\tilde{p}}$$

p
~

such that $${{\mathcal {M}}}(p)$$

M
(
p
)

has discontinuities of modulus $$a_1, a_2, \ldots , a_n$$

a
1

,

a
2

,
…
,

a
n

, and $${{\mathcal {M}}}({\tilde{p}})$$

M
(

p
~

)

has singleton components at the points $$a_1, a_2, \ldots , a_n$$

a
1

,

a
2

,
…
,

a
n

. Finally we show that these results are strong, in the sense that it is not possible for a polynomial to have infinitely many discontinuities in its maximum modulus set.
Correction to: A new approach to model the counts of earthquakes: INARPQX(1) process
Authors: Altun Emrah , Bhati Deepesh , Khan Naushad Mamode
Published: March 2021

A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-021-04401-1
Race, Rights and Reform
Authors: Dunstan Sarah C.
Published: March 2021

Sarah C. Dunstan constructs a narrative of black struggles for rights and citizenship that spans most of the twentieth century, encompassing a wide range of people and movements from France and the United States, the French Caribbean and African colonies. She explores how black scholars and activists grappled with the connections between culture, race and citizenship and access to rights, mapping African American and Francophone black intellectual collaborations from the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 to the March on Washington in 1963. Connecting the independent archives of black activist organizations within America and France with those of international institutions such as the League of Nations, the United Nations and the Comintern, Dunstan situates key black intellectuals in a transnational framework. She reveals how questions of race and nation intersected across national and imperial borders and illuminates the ways in which black intellectuals simultaneously constituted and reconfigured notions of Western civilization.
The Hague Rules on Business and Human Rights Arbitration
Authors: Kriebaum Ursula
Published: March 2021

Let me start with the goals of the Hague Rules on Business and Human Rights Arbitration. The Business and Human Rights Arbitration Project dates back to 2013. In that year the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the Kiobel v. Shell case that the U.S. Alien Tort Statute of 1789 has no extraterritorial effect. It denied victims of human rights abuses by companies access to U.S. courts to obtain damages for alleged violations. As a consequence, the idea arose that arbitration could be used as an alternative route for dispute resolution available to corporations and rights holders to resolve their disputes in the business and human rights field.
Remarks by Donald Steinberg
Authors: Steinberg Donald
Published: March 2021

My work over the last forty-five years has been at the intersection of human rights, conflict transformation, and development with the U.S. government, civil society, and the United Nations. The clearest lesson I have learned is that peaceful, prosperous, and just societies only emerge when we draw on the leadership and contributions of all of society, including women, people with disabilities, racial and religious minorities, the LGBTQ community, displaced persons, and other marginalized groups. The paradox we face is that most of the policymakers and gatekeepers who are key to ensuring this diversity and inclusion are people like me: privileged, straight, older men with little direct experience of exclusion and abuse based on identity factors.
Remarks by Sean D. Murphy
Authors: Murphy Sean D. , Grossman Claudio
Published: March 2021

Our conversation might begin by looking backward a bit. The human rights movement from 1945 onward has been one of the signature accomplishments of the field of international law, one that refocused our attention from a largely interstate system to a system where the individual moved in from the periphery to the center. Human rights champions point to numerous landmark treaties, numerous institutions, and the rise of NGOs as a critical vehicle for developing and monitoring human rights rules. Yet others look at the international human right system and still see the state as overly central, tolerating and paying lip service to human rights, but too easily discarding them when they prove to be inconvenient. The persistence of racism comes to mind. As a general matter, how would you assess the strengths and weaknesses of the system that was built essentially during your lifetime?
Remarks by Eunkyung Kim Shin
Authors: Shin Eunkyung Kim
Published: March 2021

Eunkyung Kim Shin, a Senior Associate at the law firm of Baker McKenzie, addressed key industry trends in response to the U.S./China trade war from a private practitioner's point of view, including:
Remarks by Nilüfer Oral
Authors: Oral Nilüfer
Published: March 2021

I would like to begin by first acknowledging and thanking Bogdan Aurescu, my Co-chair and co-author of the International Law Commission (ILC) Study Group on Sea-Level Rise First Issues Paper on the law of the sea whose contribution is very much part of this presentation.
Remarks by Margaret Chon
Authors: Chon Margaret
Published: March 2021

Thanks to Professor Dreyfuss for this invitation and to Professor Rutschman for her thought-provoking paper. Professor Rutschman is deeply engaged with the law of pharmaceutical innovation. And she is also deeply committed to a public health perspective. For many reasons, the two domains often speak past each other. Her paper provides a basis for shared vocabulary if not a common language.
Remarks by Mauricio Rodas
Authors: Rodas Mauricio
Published: March 2021

First of all, I want to thank the American Society of International Law, the Municipality of The Hague, and all of you for this invitation, I am delighted to be part of this great group of panelists speaking here today.
FIXED POINTS OF POLYNOMIALS OVER DIVISION RINGS
Authors: CHAPMAN ADAM , VISHKAUTSAN SOLOMON
Published: March 2021

We study the discrete dynamics of standard (or left) polynomials

$f(x)$
over division rings D. We define their fixed points to be the points

$\lambda \in D$
for which

$f^{\circ n}(\lambda )=\lambda $
for any

$n \in \mathbb {N}$
, where

$f^{\circ n}(x)$
is defined recursively by

$f^{\circ n}(x)=f(f^{\circ (n-1)}(x))$
and

$f^{\circ 1}(x)=f(x)$
. Periodic points are similarly defined. We prove that

$\lambda $
is a fixed point of

$f(x)$
if and only if

$f(\lambda )=\lambda $
, which enables the use of known results from the theory of polynomial equations, to conclude that any polynomial of degree

$m \geq 2$
has at most m conjugacy classes of fixed points. We also show that in general, periodic points do not behave as in the commutative case. We provide a sufficient condition for periodic points to behave as expected.
Some effectivity questions for plane Cremona transformations in the context of symmetric key cryptography
Authors: Shepherd-Barron N. I.
Published: March 2021

An effective lower bound on the entropy of some explicit quadratic plane Cremona transformations is given. The motivation is that such transformations (Hénon maps, or Feistel ciphers) are used in symmetric key cryptography. Moreover, a hyperbolic plane Cremona transformation g is rigid, in the sense of [5], and under further explicit conditions some power of g is tight.
SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION OF /S/-WEAKENING IN A STUDY ABROAD CONTEXT
Authors: Linford Bret , Harley Alicia , Brown Earl K.
Published: March 2021

This study examines the second language (L2) development of variable /s/-weakening in the spontaneous speech of L2 learners of Spanish who studied abroad in either Dominican Republic, where /s/-weakening is widespread, or central Spain, where /s/-weakening is much less common. Learners’ realizations of /s/ were coded impressionistically and acoustically by measuring voicing, center of gravity, and duration. The results show that regardless of the study abroad location, students did not change the amount of sibilance they produced over time. However, they became more nativelike with respect to /s/-voicing and duration. Additionally, whereas some linguistic factors were found to significantly constrain /s/-weakening across groups, learners did not gain sensitivity to all factors that constrain native-speaker /s/-weakening. Findings suggest that exposure to /s/-weakening during a semester abroad is insufficient for learners to adopt this sociolinguistic variable and other social and cognitive factors likely mitigate its integration into the L2 learners’ phonological systems.
ASYMPTOTIC ANALYSIS FOR THE MEAN FIRST PASSAGE TIME IN FINITE OR SPATIALLY PERIODIC 2D DOMAINS WITH A CLUSTER OF SMALL TRAPS
Authors: IYANIWURA S. , WARD M. J.
Published: March 2021

A hybrid asymptotic-numerical method is developed to approximate the mean first passage time (MFPT) and the splitting probability for a Brownian particle in a bounded two-dimensional (2D) domain that contains absorbing disks, referred to as “traps”, of asymptotically small radii. In contrast to previous studies that required traps to be spatially well separated, we show how to readily incorporate the effect of a cluster of closely spaced traps by adapting a recently formulated least-squares approach in order to numerically solve certain local problems for the Laplacian near the cluster. We also provide new asymptotic formulae for the MFPT in 2D spatially periodic domains where a trap cluster is centred at the lattice points of an oblique Bravais lattice. Over all such lattices with fixed area for the primitive cell, and for each specific trap set, the average MFPT is smallest for a hexagonal lattice of traps.
The Concept of Essential Use: A Novel Approach to Regulating Chemicals in the European Union
Authors: Garnett Kathleen , Van Calster Geert
Published: March 2021

This article examines ‘essential use’ as a novel form of regulatory control. An essential use approach to the regulation of potentially hazardous chemicals has not been used extensively (if at all) in European Union (EU) regulatory law and warrants further consideration. Essential use, as initially proposed by scientists and later referred to in the EU 2020 Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability, is a radical departure from the current method of regulating hazardous substances. The purpose of this article is to contribute to legal scholarship on essential use by (i) scoping its origins in United States law and subsequently in international law; (ii) noting its limited incorporation into the EU legal order over the past 30 years; (iii) analyzing how it could be further incorporated into the EU legal order; and (iv) considering the impact of such a move on the future regulation of hazardous substances in the EU.
International public awareness of peripheral artery	disease
Authors: Bauersachs Rupert , Brodmann Marianne , Clark Christopher , Debus Sebastian , De Carlo Marco , Gomez-Cerezo Jorge Francisco , Madaric Juraj , Mazzolai Lucia , Ricco Jean-Baptiste , Sillesen Henrik , Aboyans Victor ,   EUROPAD Writing Group
Published: March 2021

Summary: Background: Peripheral artery disease (PAD) of the lower limbs is a common condition with considerable global burden. Some country-specific studies suggest low levels of public awareness. To our knowledge public awareness of PAD has never been assessed simultaneously in several countries worldwide. Patients and methods: This was an international, general public, internet-based quantitative survey assessing vascular health and disease understanding. Questionnaires included 23 closed-ended multiple-choice, Likert scale and binary choice questions. Data were collected from 9,098 survey respondents from nine countries in Europe, North and Latin America during May-June 2018. Results: Overall, familiarity with PAD was low (57% of respondents were “not at all familiar”, and 9% were “moderately” or “very familiar”). Knowledge about PAD health consequences was limited, with 55% of all respondents not being aware of limb consequences of PAD. There were disparities in PAD familiarity levels between countries; highest levels of self-reported awareness were in Germany and Poland where 13% reported to be “very” or “moderately” familiar with PAD, and lowest in Scandinavian countries (5%, 3% and 2% of respondents in Norway, Sweden and Denmark, respectively). There were disparities in awareness according to age. Respondents aged 25–34 were most familiar with PAD, with 12% stating that they were “moderately” or “very” familiar with the condition, whereas those aged 18–24 were the least familiar with PAD (7% “moderately” or “very” familiar with PAD). In the 45–54, 55–64 and 65+ age groups, 9% said they were “moderately” or “very” familiar with the term. There was no important gender-based difference in PAD familiarity. Conclusions: On an international level, public self-reported PAD awareness is low, even though PAD is a common condition with considerable burden. Campaigns to increase PAD awareness are needed to reduce delays in diagnosis and to motivate people to control PAD risk factors.
Perceptions of a Self-Management Intervention for Adolescents With Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Crosby Lori E. , Joffe Naomi E. , Kidwell Katherine M. , Harry Onengiya , McTate Emily A. , Nwankwo Cara , Hood Anna M.
Published: March 2021

Objective: Individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD) are at increased risk for complications from their disease during their adolescent and young adult (AYA) years. The risk of morbidity in AYAs with SCD can be decreased with improved self-management. Existing self-management interventions typically focus on one aspect of self-management (e.g., adherence) and do not address factors that activate patients (knowledge, motivation, self-efficacy, and social support) to self-manage. Sickle Cell Thrive (SCThrive) is a mixed in-person/online, technology-enhanced (use of a mobile app), group self-management intervention that targets patient activation. To determine the most clinically significant intervention components, a qualitative study was conducted. Method: Participants were 19 AYAs ( M age = 17.05) with SCD who participated in individual semistructured phone interviews after completing SCThrive. Interview content was coded using a grounded-theory approach to generate themes related to SCThrive’s feasibility, acceptability, and motivation for and impact on self-management. Results: SCThrive was reported to be highly feasible due to the mixed in-person/online format and acceptable because they learned skills to manage SCD in a group of AYAs with SCD. Action planning and pain/mood tracking appeared to be key factors in motivating AYAs for self-management. Participants reported continuing to use self-management skills post-SCThrive (self-efficacy) including applying them to other domains of their lives (e.g., educational/vocational). Conclusions: Study results provide data that can be leveraged to enhance the feasibility, acceptability, and impact of SCThrive and other self-management interventions. Findings can also inform clinical and mobile health interventions to increase self-management in this population.

Implications for Impact Statement

Adolescents and young adults with sickle cell disease are a particularly vulnerable group at risk for serious disease complications that could be minimized or prevented with effective self-management. This study showed a self-management intervention delivered in a group format in-vivo and online was acceptable, feasible, and motivating for self-management. Participants perceived the peer support component and app as highly beneficial.
Genome-wide analysis of changes in miRNA and target gene expression reveals key roles in heterosis for Chinese cabbage biomass
Authors: Li Peirong , Su Tongbing , Zhang Deshuang , Wang Weihong , Xin Xiaoyun , Yu Yangjun , Zhao Xiuyun , Yu Shuancang , Zhang Fenglan
Published: March 2021

Heterosis is a complex phenomenon in which hybrids show better phenotypic characteristics than their parents do. Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapaL. spp.pekinensis) is a popular leafy crop species, hybrids of which are widely used in commercial production; however, the molecular basis of heterosis for biomass of Chinese cabbage is poorly understood. We characterized heterosis in a Chinese cabbage F1hybrid cultivar and its parental lines from the seedling stage to the heading stage; marked heterosis of leaf weight and biomass yield were observed. Small RNA sequencing revealed 63 and 50 differentially expressed microRNAs (DEMs) at the seedling and early-heading stages, respectively. The expression levels of the majority of miRNA clusters in the F1hybrid were lower than the mid-parent values (MPVs). Using degradome sequencing, we identified 1,819 miRNA target genes. Gene ontology (GO) analyses demonstrated that the target genes of the MPV-DEMs and low parental expression level dominance (ELD) miRNAs were significantly enriched in leaf morphogenesis, leaf development, and leaf shaping. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the expression levels of photosynthesis and chlorophyll synthesis-related MPV-DEGs (differentially expressed genes) were significantly different in the F1hybrid compared to the parental lines, resulting in increased photosynthesis capacity and chlorophyll content in the former. Furthermore, expression of genes known to regulate leaf development was also observed at the seedling stage. Arabidopsis plants overexpressingBrGRF4.2and bra-miR396 presented increased and decreased leaf sizes, respectively. These results provide new insight into the regulation of target genes and miRNA expression patterns in leaf size and heterosis for biomass ofB. rapa.
Transcription factor WRKY22 regulates canker susceptibility in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) by enhancing cell enlargement and CsLOB1 expression
Authors: Long Qin , Du Meixia , Long Junhong , Xie Yu , Zhang Jingyun , Xu Lanzhen , He Yongrui , Li Qiang , Chen Shanchun , Zou Xiuping
Published: March 2021

Pathological hypertrophy (cell enlargement) plays an important role in the development of citrus canker, but its regulators are largely unknown. Although WRKY22 is known to be involved in pathogen-triggered immunity and positively regulates resistance to bacterial pathogens in Arabidopsis, rice and pepper, the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated partial knockout ofCsWRKY22improves resistance toXanthomonas citrisubsp.citri(Xcc) in Wanjincheng orange (Citrus sinensisOsbeck). Here, we demonstrate that CsWRKY22 is a nucleus-localized transcriptional activator.CsWRKY22-overexpressing plants exhibited dwarf phenotypes that had wrinkled and thickened leaves and were more sensitive to Xcc, whereasCsWRKY22-silenced plants showed no visible phenotype changes and were more resistant to Xcc. Microscopic observations revealed that the overexpression ofCsWRKY22increased cell size in the spongy mesophyll. Transcriptome analysis showed that cell growth-related pathways, such as the auxin and brassinosteroid hormonal signaling and cell wall organization and biogenesis pathways, were significantly upregulated uponCsWRKY22overexpression. Interestingly, CsWRKY22 activated the expression ofCsLOB1, which is a key gene regulating susceptibility to citrus canker. We further confirmed that CsWRKY22 bound directly to the W-boxes just upstream of the transcription start site ofCsLOB1in vivo and in vitro. We conclude that CsWRKY22 enhances susceptibility to citrus canker by promoting host hypertrophy andCsLOB1expression. Thus, our study provides new insights into the mechanism regulating pathological hypertrophy and the function of WRKY22 in citrus.