bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fluorescence spectra of Pr3+ ions in phosphate materials calculated by the DVME method
Authors: Kowada Y. , Noma S. , Ogasawara K.
Published: May 2009

Recently, fluorescence spectra of rare‐earth ions in oxide materials are very attractive for the applications of the optical amplification in optical fiber communications, white LED, etc. However, it has been difficult to calculate the fluorescence spectra of rare‐earth ions by the first principle method. In this study, we used the relativistic discrete‐variational multielectron (DVME) method, which is a configuration‐interaction (CI) calculation program using the molecular orbitals obtained by the relativistic DV‐Xα method. We applied this method for the calculation of the fluorescence spectrum of the Pr3+ ions in phosphate materials. The transition probability of the fluorescence was calculated in the same manner of the absorption. The obtained theoretical fluorescence spectrum was in good agreement with the experimental one, though the intensity of each peak was deeply dependent on the configuration of the surrounding structural units. The results suggested that the DVME method was useful for the calculation of not only absorption but also fluorescence spectra of rare‐earth ions in oxide materials. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
NMR computations for carbon nanotubes from first principles: Present status and future directions
Authors: Zurek Eva , Autschbach Jochen
Published: May 2009

NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) is a versatile experimental tool to study the properties of molecules and solids. It has been proposed that reliable computational data of the 13C NMR chemical shifts of different types of carbon nanotubes may be used to guide experimental characterization by NMR. Within the last few years this field has become quite active. After outlining the background for first‐principles calculations, as well as early model calculations, we focus on recent first‐principles theoretical studies performed toward this end. Studies on finite and infinite SWNT systems have indicated that 13C NMR may be used to determine the diameter distribution of the tubes in a bulk sample. The Knight shift of metallic tubes has been examined. NICS (nucleus independent chemical shifts) have yielded information about the aromaticity of various systems, and the NMR chemical shifts of small molecules trapped in nanotubes have been calculated. Work on SWNTs functionalized with NR groups has suggested that 13C NMR may be used to determine which nanotube carbons are derivatized, and perhaps even yield information about the diameter of the tubes. It has also been found that 13C NMR may be useful to quantify the degree of fluorination. Studies on Stone–Wales defects have indicated that well‐resolved NMR signals may arise from atoms in the defect site. Shielding tensor data is also discussed. The theoretical progress made in this field shows that a wealth of information is contained within the NMR chemical shifts of carbon nanotubes. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2009
Examining the ecological consequences of restoring flow intermittency to artificially perennial lowland streams: Patterns and predictions from the Broken—Boosey creek system in northern Victoria, Australia
Authors: Reich Paul , McMaster Damien , Bond Nick , Metzeling Leon , Lake P. Sam
Published: May 2009

The reinstatement of natural flow regimes is a rapidly emerging issue in river restoration worldwide. In northern Victoria, Australia, efforts are presently underway to restore a natural, intermittent flow regime to several streams which have received perennial diversions for both irrigation and stock and domestic water‐supplies for over 100 years. A pipeline to deliver water to landholders will significantly reduce transmission losses throughout the system allowing irrigation canals and diversion weirs to be decommissioned. The motivation for flow alteration in this system lies primarily in reducing inefficiencies in water delivery which, in turn, will be used to meet escalating demands on water resources. The ecological impact of the flow regime shift on these streams is likely to be substantial. This study utilized an existing artificial hydrological gradient (from perennial to intermittent) in two creek systems, to explore relationships between flow regime and a range of ecological variables. These data provide a benchmark against which to assess ecological changes once flow has been altered and form the basis for predicting changes that can assist future management decisions. Data collected from 10 sites across a strong hydrological gradient detected clear differences in geomorphology, water quality and biotic assemblages (macrophytes, macroinvertebrates and fish). By examining the relationship between flow regime and the distribution of biota we identify both the positive and negative outcomes of restoring naturally intermittent flow regimes within artificially perennial lowland streams. The reinstatement of intermittent flow regimes in artificially perennial streams will continue in many parts of the world as water delivery via these systems becomes increasingly uneconomical. While flow restoration may in principle be regarded as a positive step, these findings emphasize the need to consider fully the ecological consequences of restoring historical hydrological regimes to streams within the context of other human induced catchment disturbances. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The onset of convection in a binary viscoelastic fluid saturated porous layer
Authors: Malashetty M.S. , Swamy M. , Heera R.
Published: May 2009

The onset of convection in a binary viscoelastic fluid‐saturated porous layer is studied using a linear and a weak nonlinear stability analyses. The modified Darcy‐Oldroyd model is employed as a momentum equation. The onset criterion for stationary, oscillatory, and finite amplitude convection is derived analytically. There is a competition between the processes of thermal, solute diffusions, and viscoelasticity that causes the convection to set in through oscillatory rather than stationary. The effect of solute Rayleigh number, Prandtl number, diffusivity ratio, relaxation, and retardation parameters on the stability of the system is investigated. The nonlinear theory based on the truncated representation of Fourier series method is used to find the heat and mass transfer. The effect of various parameters on heat and mass transfer is also brought out. The transient behaviour of the Nusselt number and Sherwood number is investigated by solving the finite amplitude equations using Runge‐Kutta method.
Natural convection between two horizontal coaxial cylinders
Authors: Passerini A. , Růžička M. , Thäter G.
Published: May 2009

The objective of our paper is to start the theoretical investigation of the most commonly used mathematical model for natural convection in a horizontal annulus. First, one shows existence of solutions for the unsteady problem. Then, for any Prandtl number and inverse relative gap width, existence, and stability of a steady solution is proved, provided that the Rayleigh number is sufficiently small. The same is also proved for any Rayleigh number provided the inverse relative gap width is sufficiently small. Furthermore, exponential decay to the steady symmetric solution and uniqueness hold true under stronger restrictions to the Rayleigh number.
Closed‐form solution for an orthotropic elastic strip with a crack perpendicular to the edges under arbitrary anti‐plane shear
Authors: Li X.‐F. , Lee K.Y.
Published: May 2009

A cracked orthotropic elastic strip of finite width is analyzed under antiplane shear loading. For four frequently encountered constraint edges, i.e. free‐free, clamped‐clamped, free‐clamped, or clamped‐free edges, the Fourier series method is used to reduce triple series equations, and then to a mixed boundary value problem associated with a mode‐III crack for each case to a singular integral equation. Closed‐form solutions are derived for the resulting equations, and formulae for calculating stress intensity factors are obtained for an internal crack and edge cracks subjected to arbitrarily varying loading. Numerical results of the stress intensity factors for an eccentric, central, and edge crack are shown graphically for the case of uniform loading at the crack faces. Obtained formulae for determining stress intensity factors can be taken as a benchmark of numerical evaluations. The derived results are also applicable to an isotropic elastic strip with an anti‐plane shear crack normal to the edges.
Total Pelvic Exenteration for Primary and Recurrent Malignancies
Authors: Ferenschild F. T. J. , Vermaas M. , Verhoef C. , Ansink A. C. , Kirkels W. J. , Eggermont A. M. M. , de Wilt J. H. W.
Published: May 2009

Introduction

Complete resection is the most important prognostic factor in surgery for pelvic tumors. In locally advanced and recurrent pelvic malignancies, radical margins are sometimes difficult to obtain because of close relation to or growth in adjacent organs/structures. Total pelvic exenteration (TPE) is an exenterative operation for these advanced tumors and involves en bloc resection of the rectum, bladder, and internal genital organs (prostate/seminal vesicles or uterus, ovaries and/or vagina).

Methods

Between 1994 and 2008, a TPE was performed in 69 patients with pelvic cancer; 48 with rectal cancer (32 primary and 16 recurrent), 14 with cervical cancer (1 primary and 13 recurrent), 5 with sarcoma (3 primary and 2 recurrent), 1 with primary vaginal, and 1 with recurrent endometrial carcinoma. Ten patients were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and 66 patients with preoperative radiotherapy to induce down‐staging. Eighteen patients received IORT because of an incomplete or marginal complete resection.

Results

The median follow‐up was 43 (range, 1–196) months. Median duration of surgery was 448 (range, 300–670) minutes, median blood loss was 6,300 (range, 750–21,000) ml, and hospitalization was 17 (range, 4–65) days. Overall major and minor complication rates were 34% and 57%, respectively. The in‐hospital mortality rate was 1%. A complete resection was possible in 75% of all patients, a microscopically incomplete resection (R1) in 16%, and a macroscopically incomplete resection (R2) in 9%. Five‐year local control for primary locally advanced rectal cancer, recurrent rectal cancer, and cervical cancer was 89%, 38%, and 64%, respectively. Overall survival after 5 years for primary locally advanced rectal cancer, recurrent rectal cancer, and cervical cancer was 66%, 8%, and 45%.

Conclusions

Total pelvic exenteration is accompanied with considerable morbidity, but good local control and acceptable overall survival justifies the use of this extensive surgical technique in most patients, especially patients with primary locally advanced rectal cancer and recurrent cervical cancer.
Reactions to and Desire for Prognostic Testing in Choroidal Melanoma Patients
Authors: Beran Tammy M. , McCannel Tara A. , Stanton Annette L. , Straatsma Bradley R. , Burgess Barry L.
Published: May 2009

To determine if choroidal melanoma patients want cytogenetic prognostic information. Ninety‐nine choroidal melanoma patients completed a questionnaire regarding their opinions about receiving prognostic information. The perceived usefulness of prognostic information was evaluated in patients who had undergone cytogenetic testing. Depressive symptoms, quality of life, and interest in supportive counseling during test receipt were assessed. Ninety‐seven percent of respondents reported that they would have wanted prognostic information at the time of their treatment and 98% of respondents reported that supportive counseling should be offered when prognostic information is given. Patients who had received a more favorable prognostic result were more likely to endorse the usefulness of cytogenetic testing than were patients who had received a less favorable prognostic result. Psychological status did not vary significantly as a function of cytogenetic test result. Prognostic information was important to patients with choroidal melanoma, even in the absence of prophylactic measures which might improve prognosis.
Characterization of Turkish Virgin Olive Oils Produced from Early Harvest Olives
Authors: Dıraman Harun , Dibeklioğlu Hamdi
Published: May 2009

Olives were collected from various districts of Turkey (North and South Aegean sub‐region, Bursa‐Akhisar, South East Anatolia region) harvested over seven (2001–2007) seasons. The aim of this study was to characterize the chemical profiles of the oils derived from single variety Turkish olives including Ayvalik, Memecik, Gemlik, Erkence, Nizip Yaglik and Uslu. The olive oils were extracted by super press and three phase centrifugation from early harvest olives. Chosen quality indices included free fatty acid content (FFA), peroxide value (PV) and spectrophotometric characteristics in the ultraviolet (UV) region. According to the FFA results, 46% (11 out of 24 samples) were classified as extra virgin olive oils; whereas using the results of PV and UV, over 83% (over 19 of the 24 samples) had the extra virgin olive oil classification. Other measured parameters included oil stability (oxidative stability, chlorophyll pigment, pheophytin‐α), cis–trans fatty acid composition and color index. Oxidative stability among oils differed whereas the cis–trans fatty acid values were within the national and international averages. Through the application of two multivariate statistical methods, Principal component and hierarchical analyses, early harvest virgin olive oil samples were classified according to the geographical locations categorized in terms of fatty acid profiles. Such statistical clustering gave rise to defined groups. These data provide evidence of the variation in virgin olive oil quality, especially early harvest and cis–trans isomers of fatty acid profiles from the diverse agronomic conditions in the olive growing regions of Turkey.
Outcome of the scarf osteotomy in adolescent hallux valgus
Authors: George H. L. , Casaletto J. , Unnikrishnan P. N. , Shivratri D. , James L. A. , Bass Alfie , Bruce Colin E.
Published: May 2009

Purpose

We have reported the radiological and clinical outcome of scarf osteotomy in the treatment of moderate to severe hallux valgus among adolescent children.

Method

Data were collected retrospectively between April 2001 and June 2006. The pre- and post-operative intermetatarsal angle (IMA), hallux valgus angle (HVA) and distal metatarsal articular angle (DMAA) were determined. Patients were followed up for a mean of 37.6 months.

Results

Thirteen patients with 19 operated feet were available at the time of the latest follow-up. There was significant improvement in the mean post-operative IMA, which was maintained to the last follow-up. There was statistically significant improvement in the 6-week post-operative HVA and DMAA. However, this was lost at the final follow-up. The mean American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society score for the whole group was 80 (54–100).

Conclusion

This study indicates that scarf osteotomy should be used with caution in symptomatic adolescent hallux valgus, as there is a high recurrence rate.
Using Transformational Learning Principles to Change Behavior in the OR
Authors: McNaron Mary E.
Published: May 2009

Achieving the goal of “best practice” in the perioperative field requires continuous education and reflection. Applying transformational learning principles can improve perioperative nursing practice by allowing staff members to reflect on their current practices, discover faulty assumptions, and revise them.

Using a proactive approach, leaders can apply transformational learning principles on a case‐by‐case basis to build professional teams that are effective and efficient. Leaders who use transformational principles and act as role models can influence other staff members to be accountable for their own practice and self‐development. If leaders are effective and inspirational, individual practice and even departmental or institutional cultures can be changed. AORN J 89 (May 2009) 851–860. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
Endovascular Leaks: Perioperative Nursing Implications
Authors: Thompson Jacqueline , Bertling Glenn
Published: May 2009

Endovascular repair is becoming the gold standard treatment for aortic aneurysm disease. With the development of new treatment modalities, however, new and unique complications arise. Endovascular stent graft leaks (ie, endoleaks) are one such complication.

Endoleaks occur when blood leaks into the aneurysm sac after an endovascular stent repair. Endoleaks are divided into four categories (ie, I through IV) depending on the site of origin; perioperative nurses must become familiar with treatment options for each type of endoleak. AORN J 89 (May 2009) 839–846. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
Abrus abrin derived peptides induce apoptosis by targeting mitochondria in HeLa cells
Authors: Bhutia Sujit K. , Mallick Sanjaya K. , Maiti Swatilekha , Mishra Debasish , Maiti Tapas K.
Published: May 2009

In our previous study, Abrus abrin derived peptide fraction (ABP) with molecular weight in range of 600–1500 Da was shown to have potent antitumor activity in Dalton's lymphoma (DL) tumor bearing mice. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of mitochondrial apoptosis induced by the peptide fraction. ABP was found to have selective antiproliferative activity (10 ng–100 ng/ml) on several tumor cell lines in vitro without having any cytotoxic effect on normal cell lines with a dose of 1000 ng/ml. Analysis of the growth inhibitory mechanism in HeLa cells revealed DNA fragmentation with appearance of the sub G0/G1 peak indicative of apoptosis. Further investigation results showed that the apoptotic machinery of HeLa induced by ABP was associated with the release of reactive oxygen species, a drop in mitochondrial transmembrane potential, upregulation of Bax, downregulation of Bcl‐2, and activation of caspase‐3. The peptide fraction was found to target mitochondria of HeLa cells as observed by confocal microscopy. This peptide fraction offers a source of mitochondria penetrating peptides which might have therapeutic induction of apoptosis in cancer cells.
Inhibition of new vessel growth in mouse model of laser‐induced choroidal neovascularization by adiponectin peptide II
Authors: Lyzogubov Valeriy V. , Tytarenko Ruslana G. , Thotakura Sushma , Viswanathan Tito , Bora Nalini S. , Bora Puran S.
Published: May 2009

We have investigated the effect of adiponectin (APN) peptide II on new vessel growth in mouse model of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) or wet type age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). Mice were injected intraperitoneally with APN peptide II, control peptide, or PBS on day 1–7 or day 5–14. APN, AdipoR1, PCNA, and VEGF localization was investigated using confocal microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and RT‐PCR. APN peptide II decreased the relative area of FITC‐dextran perfused vessels by 4‐fold, PCNA expression by 3‐fold, and the number of PCNA stained HUVEC and MAVEC cells by 38 and 46%, respectively. We concluded that APN peptide II inhibits CNV size on days 7 and 14 by inhibiting the proliferation of endothelial cells in vivo and in vitro. APN peptide II may have therapeutic potential to inhibit CNV or wet AMD.
The effect of perceived message choice on persuasion
Authors: Schlosser Ann E. , Shavitt Sharon
Published: May 2009

We argue that giving individuals a sense of choice over the product information they receive (i.e., message choice) can have important subsequent effects when individuals are prompted to make inferences about the company. Even when the product information that is received is exactly the same, being given a sense of choice can produce more favorable company evaluations and in turn, more favorable product judgments. The first two experiments support these hypotheses using different means of prompting company inferences: when prompted, those who had been given message choice judged the company more favorably and were more willing to purchase from that company. The third experiment illustrates when message choice effects can backfire. Specifically, when the company itself highlights the provision of message choice in the ad, and consumers are prompted to make inferences about the company, message choice can backfire because it may be perceived as a persuasion tactic rather than a sincere attempt to inform. The results support company evaluations as the mediator of message choice effects and rule out alternate accounts based on dissonance, elaboration, reactance and self‐labeling explanations. These findings are important in interactive media environments where marketers have opportunities and imperatives to give consumers a sense of choice in message selection.
Management of single‐sided deafness with the bone‐anchored hearing aid
Authors: Yuen Heng‐Wai , Bodmer Daniel , Smilsky Kari , Nedzelski Julian M. , Chen Joseph M.
Published: May 2009

Objectives

The benefits of the bone‐anchored hearing aid (BAHA) for rehabilitation of conductive and mixed hearing loss are well established. Recently, the BAHA was used to rehabilitate patients with single‐sided deafness (SSD). In this study, the benefits of the BAHA in SSD are presented.

Study Design

Case series with planned data collection.

Setting

Tertiary referral center.

Subjects and Methods

Twenty‐one consecutive adult patients with SSD underwent single‐stage BAHA implantation on the side of deafness. Testing in sound field was performed using the hearing‐in‐noise test (HINT) in both unaided and aided conditions. Speech and noise signals were delivered through two speakers oriented in two test paradigms. The outcomes were expressed as signal‐to‐noise (S/N) ratios. Subjective benefit analyses were determined through two questionnaires: the Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit (APHAB) and the Glasgow Hearing Aid Benefit Profile (GHABP).

Results

All subjects demonstrated significant improvement in speech reception thresholds with the HINT using the BAHA, especially with the 90/270 speaker paradigm, in which the mean improvement over the unaided condition was 5.5 dB SPL (range, 2.0‐11.0 dB; P = 0.00001). Qualitative subjective outcome measures demonstrated additional benefits.

Conclusion

In SSD patients, the BAHA provides significant subjective benefits and improves speech understanding in noise.
Potential for clean yam minisett production by resource-poor farmers in the middle-belt of Nigeria
Authors: MORSE S. , McNAMARA N. , ACHOLO M.
Published: May 2009

Yam minisett technique (YMT) has been promoted throughout West Africa since the 1980s as a sustainable means of producing clean yam planting material, but adoption of the technique is often reported as being patchy at best. While there has been much research on the factors that influence adoption of the technique, there have been no attempts to assess its economic viability under ‘farmer-managed’ as distinct from ‘on station’ conditions. The present paper describes the results of farmer-managed trials employing the YMT (white yam: Dioscorea rotundata) at two villages in Igalaland, Kogi State, Nigeria. One of the villages (Edeke) is on the banks of the River Niger and represents a specialist yam environment, whereas the other village (Ekwuloko) is inland, where farmers employ a more general cropping system. Four farmers were selected in each of the two villages and asked to plant a trial comprising two varieties of yam, their popular local variety as well as another variety grown in other parts of Igalaland, and to treat yam setts (80–100 g) with either woodash or insecticide/nematicide+fungicide mix (chemical treatment). Results suggest that while chemical sett treatment increased yield and hence gross margin compared with woodash, if household labour is costed then YMT is not economically viable. However, the specialist yam growers of Edeke were far more positive about the use of YMT as they tended to keep the yam seed tubers for planting rather than sell them. Thus, great care needs to be taken with planning adoption surveys on the assumption that all farmers should adopt a technology.
Evaluating the effects of reserve closure on algae, invertebrate and fish assemblages at a temperate South Australian marine reserve
Authors: Currie David R. , Sorokin Shirley J.
Published: May 2009

Differences in the reef biota between the Point Labatt Marine Reserve and adjacent unprotected reference areas were examined following an 18-year period of protection from fishing. Quantitative measures of fish, invertebrates and algae were obtained by divers at 16 depth-stratified locations inside and outside the reserve, and the significance of differences examined using a combination of univariate (ANOVA) and multivariate (MDS) analyses. Strong depth-related differences in the composition and abundance of algae and invertebrates were observed, both inside and outside the reserve. These community differences were most pronounced in shallow near-shore waters (<10 m depth), and were largely due to variations in the abundance of a small group of species with widespread distributions. Spatial patterns in fish were not closely related to depth, and it appears that trophic linkages between fish and the underlying algal and invertebrate assemblages at Point Labatt are either weak or occur at spatial scales larger than that covered in this study. No significant reserve-related differences were detected in the abundance, diversity or community structures of algae, invertebrates and fish examined in this study. In many cases this is because the biological attributes measured were highly variable in space, and required more intensive sampling regimes to improve statistical precision. This study emphasizes the need for more robust survey designs and their timely implementation in marine conservation planning processes.
An approach to analyses of periphytic ciliate communities for monitoring water quality using a modified artificial substrate in Korean coastal waters
Authors: Xu Henglong , Min Gi-Sik , Choi Joong-Ki , Kim Se-Joo , Jung Jae-Ho , Lim Byung-Jin
Published: May 2009

Structural parameters of periphytic ciliate communities on a modified substrate were studied in Korean coastal waters during the period August–November 2007. In order to reduce the strong disturbances from tidal current and circulation in marine ecosystems, a modified slide method, named the polyurethane foam enveloped slide (PFES) system, was used to host ciliate communities. A total of 37 ciliate species, about half of which belong to the orders Hypotrichida and Cyrtophorida, were identified using living observation and silver impregnation method with this system. The sessile ciliates belonged to the orders Peritrichida and Suctorida, while the motile forms were represented primarily by the species of the orders Hypotrichida, Cyrtophorida and Pleurostomatida. The species diversity and evenness were significantly higher in the PFES system than those on the conventional slides (pairedt-test:t = 2.384, 2.415;P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that the ciliate communities from both sampling systems had similar species composition, but represented significant differences in species distribution and temporal dynamics mainly due to the most dominant peritrichZoothaminium duplicatum, which overly colonized the conventional slides. Results suggest that the PFES system is more effective than the conventional slide method for periphytic ciliate colonization with high species diversity, evenness and sensitive temporal dynamics mainly due to the reduction of disturbances from tidal current and circulation in marine ecosystems.
Beach filling and imposex in Olivancillaria deshayesiana (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Olividae) from the coast of Mar del Plata, Argentina
Authors: Teso S. Valeria , Penchaszadeh Pablo E.
Published: May 2009

Beach filling activities were conducted along the Mar del Plata coastline, Argentina, with sediments dredged from the harbour mouth between November 1998 and April 1999. We determined the percentage of imposex of Olivancillaria deshayesiana before, during and immediately after beach filling. The current situation (2005–2007) of imposex incidence was compared between populations from Mar del Plata and Mar Chiquita, a less impacted area. In addition, we evaluated differences in shell shape and body weight between females with and without imposex. The percentage of imposex was significantly higher during (85.3%) and after (73.9%) beach filling than before it (31.0%). No differences in body weight were found in the female population but shell length was significantly lower in females with imposex. As expected, the Mar Chiquita population showed no signs of imposex. This is the first report of imposex in beaches nourished with sand dredged from the port. Our results highlight the importance of analysing more carefully the sediment before beach filling. On the basis of the high level of imposex recorded near the port of Mar del Plata, O. deshayesiana can be used as a biological indicator of marine contamination with butyltin compounds.
Managing anorexia from a dietitian's perspective
Authors: Cockfield Annette , Philpot Ursula
Published: May 2009

Anorexia nervosa has the highest mortality rate of any psychiatric condition and its management is complex and multi-faceted, requiring a multidisciplinary team approach. Dietitians are an important part of the multidisciplinary team, offering objective nutritional advice with the aim of helping the patient to develop an improved relationship with food. Refeeding patients with a low body weight requires careful management; nonetheless, refeeding the low-weight patient with anorexia presents many additional complications, largely of a psychological nature. Treatment plans need to consider psychological, physical, behavioural and psycho-social factors relating to anorexia nervosa. Currently, there is no consistent approach and a paucity of evidence to support best practice for weight restoration in this group of patients. Tube feeding is utilised at varying BMI in anorexia nervosa, mainly in an inpatient setting. However, its use should be seen as a last resort and limited to a life-saving intervention. Weight restoration is best managed by an experienced dietitian within a specialist eating disorders team, using normal foods. This approach is ideal for nutrition rehabilitation, promoting skills for eating and normal behaviour and providing a longer-term solution by challenging unhelpful coping strategies from the onset. Dietitians have a unique mix of skills and knowledge in numerous areas including nutrition, physiology, psychology, sociology and behaviour change, which can be applied to support patients with thoughts and behaviours around food, weight and appetite. Further research is required into the effectiveness of dietetic interventions in eating disorders in order to establish an evidence base for best practice.
Searching for virulence factors in the non-pathogenic parasite to humansLeishmania tarentolae
Authors: AZIZI H. , HASSANI K. , TASLIMI Y. , NAJAFABADI H. SHATERI , PAPADOPOULOU B. , RAFATI S.
Published: May 2009

Leishmaniaprotozoa are obligate intracellular parasites that reside in the phagolysosome of host macrophages and cause a large spectrum of pathologies to humans known as leishmaniases. The outcome of the disease is highly dependent on the parasite species and on its ascribed virulence factors and the immune status of the host. Characterization of the genome composition of non-pathogenic species could ultimately open new horizons inLeishmaniadevelopmental biology and also the disease monitoring. Here, we provide evidence that the lizard non-pathogenic to humansLeishmania tarentolaespecies expresses anAmastin-like gene, cysteine protease B (CPB), lipophosphoglycanLPG3and the leishmanolysinGP63, genes well-known for their potential role in the parasite virulence. These genes were expressed at levels comparable to those inL. majorandL. infantumboth at the level of mRNA and protein. Alignment of theL. tarentolaeproteins with their counterparts in the pathogenic species demonstrated that the degree of similarity varied from 59% and 60% forAmastin, 89% forLPG3and 71% and 68% forCPB, inL. majorandL. infantum, respectively. Interestingly, theA2gene, expressed specifically by theL. donovanicomplex which promotes visceralization, was absent inL. tarentolae. These findings suggest that the lack of pathogenicity inL. tarentolaeis not associated with known virulence genes such asLPG3,CPB,GP63andAmastin, and that other factors either unique toL. tarentolaeor missing from this species may be responsible for the non-pathogenic potential of this lizard parasite.
Location of active transmission sites of Schistosoma japonicum in lake and marshland regions in China
Authors: ZHANG Z. J. , CARPENTER T. E. , LYNN H. S. , CHEN Y. , BIVAND R. , CLARK A. B. , HUI F. M. , PENG W. X. , ZHOU Y. B. , ZHAO G. M. , JIANG Q. W.
Published: May 2009

Schistosomiasis control in China has, in general, been very successful during the past several decades. However, the rebounding of the epidemic situation in some areas in recent years raises concerns about a sustainable control strategy of which locating active transmission sites (ATS) is a necessary first step. This study presents a systematic approach for locating schistosomiasis ATS by combining the approaches of identifying high risk regions for schisotosmiasis and extracting snail habitats. Environmental, topographical, and human behavioural factors were included in the model. Four significant high-risk regions were detected and 6 ATS were located. We used the normalized difference water index (NDWI) combined with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to extract snail habitats, and the pointwise ‘P-value surface’ approach to test statistical significance of predicted disease risk. We found complicated non-linear relationships between predictors and schistosomiasis risk, which might result in serious biases if data were not properly treated. We also found that the associations were related to spatial scales, indicating that a well-designed series of studies were needed to relate the disease risk with predictors across various study scales. Our approach provides a useful tool, especially in the field of vector-borne or environment-related diseases.
Morphological and molecular characterization ofTrypanosoma copemanin. sp. (Trypanosomatidae) isolated from Gilbert's potoroo (Potorous gilbertii) and quokka (Setonix brachyurus)
Authors: AUSTEN J. M. , JEFFERIES R. , FRIEND J. A. , RYAN U. , ADAMS P. , REID S. A.
Published: May 2009

Little is known of the prevalence and life-cycle of trypanosomes in mammals native to Australia. Native Australian trypanosomes have previously been identified in marsupials in the eastern states of Australia, with one recent report in brush-tailed bettongs (Bettongia penicillata), or woylie in Western Australia in 2008. This study reports a novelTrypanosomasp. identified in blood smears, from 7 critically endangered Gilbert's potoroos (Potorous gilbertii) and 3 quokkas (Setonix brachyurus) in Western Australia. Trypanosomes were successfully culturedin vitroand showed morphological characteristics similar to members of the subgenusHerpetosoma. Phylogenetic analysis of 18S rRNA gene sequences identified 2 different novel genotypes A and B that are closely related to trypanosomes previously isolated from a common wombat (Vombatus ursinus) in Victoria, Australia. The new species is proposed to be namedTrypanosoma copemanin. sp.
Beginners remember orthography when they learn to read words: The case of doubled letters
Authors: WRIGHT DONNA-MARIE , EHRI LINNEA C.
Published: May 2009

Sight word learning and memory were studied to clarify how early during development readers process visual letter patterns that are not dictated by phonology, and whether their word learning is influenced by the legality of letter patterns. Forty kindergartners and first graders were taught to read 12 words containing either single consonants (e.g., FAN) or doubled consonants in initial illegal or final legal positions (e.g., RRUG or JETT). Children required fewer trials to learn to read legally spelled words with single or doubled consonants than illegally spelled words containing initial doublets. On a spelling posttest, children recalled single consonants somewhat better than final doublets, and final doublets much better than initial illegal doublets. More advanced beginning readers tended to regularize illegal initial doublets by doubling the final rather than initial consonants when they wrote these words. Poorer learning and memory for initial doublets occurred despite the salience of their position in words. Findings indicate that beginning readers use orthographic patterns to read and remember words earlier than predicted by phase theory, but their memory is constrained by their knowledge of written word structure.
Processing of inflected nouns in late bilinguals
Authors: PORTIN MARJA , LEHTONEN MINNA , LAINE MATTI
Published: May 2009

This study investigated the recognition of Swedish inflected nouns in two participant groups. Both groups were Finnish-speaking late learners of Swedish, but the groups differed in regard to their Swedish language proficiency. In a visual lexical decision task, inflected Swedish nouns from three frequency ranges were contrasted with corresponding monomorphemic nouns. The reaction times and error rates suggested morphological decomposition for low-frequency inflected words. Yet, both medium- and high-frequency inflected words appeared to possess full-form representations. Despite an overall advantage for the more proficient participants, this pattern was present in both groups. The results indicate that even late exposure to a language can yield such input representations for morphologically complex words that are typical of native speakers.
A follow-up study on Italian late talkers: Development of language, short-term memory, phonological awareness, impulsiveness, and attention
Authors: D'ODORICO LAURA , ASSANELLI ALESSANDRA , FRANCO FABIA , JACOB VALENTINA
Published: May 2009

This follow-up study compares cognitive and language aspects of a group of Italian children ages 4–6 years, who had shown delayed expressive language abilities at 24 months of age (late talkers), with those of a group of children with a history of normal expressive language development (average talkers). Children were given a battery of cognitive–neuropsychological tests to assess grammatical comprehension, vocabulary development, verbal short-term memory, phonological awareness, planning and visuomotor coordination, and attention and impulsiveness. No differences were found in the results between the two groups in the domains of attention, impulsiveness, and visuomotor planning, but in the domain of syntactic competence late talkers developed particular difficulties in the comprehension of passive negative sentences compared to average talkers. Late talkers also performed significantly worse on the nonword repetition task, which measures abilities closely connected with verbal short-term memory and phonological awareness.
The role of home literacy and language environment on bilinguals' English and Spanish vocabulary development
Authors: DUURSMA ELISABETH , ROMERO-CONTRERAS SILVIA , SZUBER ANNA , PROCTOR PATRICK , SNOW CATHERINE , AUGUST DIANE , CALDERÓN MARGARITA
Published: May 2009

For the monolingual population, research has shown that vocabulary knowledge is closely related to reading achievement. However, the role of vocabulary has not been studied as extensively in the bilingual population. It is important to look at vocabulary to better understand reading achievement in the bilingual population in the United States. This study investigated the predictors of Spanish and English vocabulary for 96 fifth-grade Latino English language learners. Our results suggest that becoming or staying proficient in English did not require parental use of English in the home. However, proficiency in Spanish required both instructional support at school and social support at home; it is likely that the low social status of Spanish is related to its greater dependence on home support.
From Physiology to Classification: Comparative Anatomy and Vicq d'Azyr's Plan of Reform for Life Sciences and Medicine (1774–1794)
Authors: Schmitt Stéphane
Published: May 2009

Argument

Here I analyze the anatomical thought of the French physician and naturalist Félix Vicq d'Azyr (1748–1794) in order to bring to light its importance in the development of comparative anatomy at the end of the eighteenth century. I argue that his work and career can be understood as an ambitious program for a radical reform of all biomedical sciences and a reorganization of this whole field around comparative anatomy, on the conceptual as well as the institutional level. In particular, he recommended a close connection between anatomical and physiological studies, and a generalization of the comparative approach towards organs and functions in man and animals. This conception led him not only to reform the scope, the methods, the style of description, and the vocabulary in anatomy, but also to construct a new classification of living beings and to pursue a quest for laws of organization. This strategy was successful, since Vicq d'Azyr was able to promote his thought as well as his institutional position efficiently. The Revolution and his untimely death prevented him from achieving his program, but his attempt would serve as an example for younger scientists like Cuvier.
Material Rhetoric: Spreading Stones and Showing Bones in the Study of Prehistory
Authors: Van Reybrouck David , de Bont Raf , Rock Jan
Published: May 2009

Argument

Since the linguistic turn, the role of rhetoric in the circulation and the popular representation of knowledge has been widely accepted in science studies. This article aims to analyze not a textual form of scientific rhetoric, but the crucial role of materiality in scientific debates. It introduces the concept ofmaterial rhetoricto understand the promotional regimes in which material objects play an essential argumentative role. It analyzes the phenomenon by looking at two students of prehistory from nineteenth-century Belgium.

In the study of human prehistory and evolution, material data are either fairly abundant stone tools or very scarce fossil bones. These two types of material data stand for two different strategies in material rhetoric. In this article, the first strategy is exemplified by Aimé Rutot, who gathered great masses of eoliths (crudely chipped stones which he believed to be prehistoric tools). The second strategy is typified by the example of Julien Fraipont, who based his scientific career on only two Neanderthal skeletons. Rutot sent his “artifacts” to a very wide audience, while Fraipont showed his skeletons to only a few selected scholars. Unlike Rutot, however, Fraipont was able to monitor his audience's interpretation of the finds by means of personal contacts. What an archaeologist gains in reach, he or she apparently loses in control. In this article we argue that only those scholars who find the right balance between the extremes of reach and control will prove to be successful.
The Act or Process of Dying Out: The Importance of Darwinian Extinction in Argentine Culture
Authors: Novoa Adriana
Published: May 2009

Argument

The spread of Darwinian ideas by the late nineteenth century in Argentina transformed the intellectual elites' notion of progress and civilization. While before Darwin, union, harmony, and assimilation were the ideas most commonly associated with the civilizatory process; variation, struggle, and divergence dominated the post-Darwin discussion. More importantly, unlike in Europe, in Argentina the theory not only triggered interest in the process of speciation, but also its relationship with extinction. Extinction became the benchmark of progress, and the sign of success for the nation. If the country was civilizing itself, the “natural” elimination of inferior individuals, unfit for the struggle for existence, had to be proved and displayed. The origin of modernity was here associated with the existence of evolutionary waste that revealed the work of natural selection on behalf of national improvement.
The Epistemologies of Non-Forecasting Simulations, Part II: Climate, Chaos, Computing Style, and the Contextual Plasticity of Error
Authors: Williams Lambert , Thomas William
Published: May 2009

Argument

We continue our analysis of modeling practices that focus more on qualitative understanding of system behavior than the attempt to provide sharp forecasts. The argument here is built around three episodes: the ambitious work of the Princeton Meteorological Project; the seemingly simple models of convection in weather systems by Edward Lorenz at MIT; and then finally analysis of the dripping faucet by Robert Shaw and the Dynamical Systems Collective at UC Santa Cruz. Using the Princeton Meteorological Project as an argumentative foil for the later chaos work of Lorenz and Shaw, we first show how the epistemological interest of modeling came to shift fromissuingpredictions toprobingthe very meaning and limits of prediction. The second step of our argument shows that what may be seen in one context of use as a modeling technology that is error ridden, imprecise, or inadequate, may be parsed completely differently in another context. This argument about technology and practice, we argue, feeds through to epistemological conceptions of error. Far from being something that can be defined in the absolute, the notion of error is shown to be contextually plastic.
A NEW APPROACH FOR THE STOCHASTIC CASH BALANCE PROBLEM WITH FIXED COSTS
Authors: Chen Xin , Simchi-Levi David
Published: May 2009

The stochastic cash balance problem is a periodic review inventory problem faced by a firm in which the customer demands might be positive or negative. At the beginning of each time period, the firm may decide to replenish the inventory or return excess stock. Both the ordering cost and the return cost include a fixed component and a variable component. A holding or penalty cost is charged depending on whether the inventory level is positive or negative. The objective of the firm is to find an ordering and return policy so as to minimize the total expected cost over the entire planning horizon. We show how the concept of symmetric K-convexity introduced by Chen and Simchi-Levi [2,3] and the concept of (K, Q)-convexity introduced by Ye and Duenyas [13] can be used to characterize the optimal policy for this problem.
Danish strategies to controlCampylobacterin broilers and broiler meat: facts and effects
Authors: ROSENQUIST H. , BOYSEN L. , GALLIANO C. , NORDENTOFT S. , ETHELBERG S. , BORCK B.
Published: May 2009

ThermotolerantCampylobacterspp. have been the most common bacterial cause of human gastrointestinal disease in Denmark since 1999. In 2003, the Danish voluntary strategy to controlCampylobacterwas intensified. The focus was on biosecurity, allocation of meat fromCampylobacter-negative broilers to the production of chilled products, and consumer information campaigns. From 2002 to 2007, the percentage ofCampylobacter-positive broiler flocks at slaughter decreased from 43% to 27%. After processing,Campylobacter-positive samples of chilled broiler meat fell from 18% in 2004 to 8% in 2007. Furthermore, the number of registered humanCampylobactercases decreased by 12%; from 4379 cases in 2002 to 3865 cases in 2007. We believe that the observed decrease in the occurrence ofCampylobacterin broilers and broiler meat and the coincidental fall in the number of registered human cases is, in part, a result of the implemented control strategy.