bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rola statystki publicznej w procesie monitorowania zrównoważonego rozwoju kraju. Aplikacja Wskaźniki Zrównoważonego Rozwoju w kontekście pomiaru jakości życia
Authors: Gorzelak Monika
Published: March 2020

The role of official statistics in the process of monitoring sustainable development of the country: Sustainable Development Indicators Application in the context of life quality measurementThe present paper is concerned with measuring public health on the national level both as a determinant of life quality and as an area of sustainable development in its social dimension. The Sustainable Development Indicators Application is a publicly available tool for monitoring the condition of society. It was developed in the Statistical Office in Katowice in cooperation with the Statistical Office in Wroclaw, and launched on the official website of the Central Statistical Office of Poland in February 2016. The SDI Application is a proposal of official statistics for disseminating and presenting information on the sustainable development of the country. It includes a set of indicators grouped into areas within four domains: social, economic, environmental and institutional-political on the national, regional and local levels. SD indicators on the national list monitor goals referring to sustainable development, set out in national strategic documents, including quality of life, which underlies social, economic and institutional-political development of the country. Currently, the Polish SDI set is being further developed according to the guidelines outlined in the 2030 Agenda adopted at the UN Summit in 2015.
Prawne aspekty udzielania kredytów denominowanych oraz indeksowanych do waluty obcej
Authors: Białek Tadeusz , Niska Joanna
Published: March 2020

Legal aspects of granting loans denominated and indexed in a foreign currencyThis study addresses the issue of the legality of the denominated and indexed loans in a foreign currency under the current applicable law, with reference to the existing position of doctrine and case law in this area. The starting point for this considerations is the arbitrarily accepted thesis in the public discourse that the credit agreements denominated and indexed in a foreign currency were defective due to their lack of compliance with the applicable law or because their included the provisions that were unfair market practices. This study is an attempt to dispel doubts to the compliance of the loan granting mechanism with the commonly applicable laws in Poland, in particular with the provision of Article 69 of the Banking Law, setting forth the rules of concluding by the bank the credit agreement with the borrowers or a provision of Article 358 § 2 of the Civil Code providing for the possibility of using so-called valorization clauses. This study also delivers opinion of the National Bank of Poland or the Financial Supervision Commission, which very often are deliberately omitted or distorted in the public discourse.
Aktywność życiowa rodziców wychowujących dziecko z niepełnosprawnością jako istotny element ochrony ich zdrowia
Authors: Komorowska Olga
Published: March 2020

Life activity of parents raising a child with a disability as an important element of their health protectionDiagnosis of a child’s disability becomes a cause of stress that applies to the whole family, above all the mother, who most often deals with the care and upbringing of the child. Disability absorbs the physical and mental resources in the family, because much of the attention is focused on the child. Parents, and above all mothers, are tired both physically and mentally. Life activity, understood as professional activity, as well as spending free time away from home, enables disengagement from the child’s disability, which may have a beneficial effect on the improvement of well-being. The aim of the article is to present the professional activity of parents bringing up a child with disabilities, free time, tourism, and leisure outside the place of residence. The study was based on unpublished data from the Household Budget Survey BBGD 2014 and data from the study “Entrepreneurial and Consumer Behaviors in Families Caring for Children and Teenagers with Disabilities” financed by the National Center for Science OPUS 4 and individual interviews.
Organizacyjno-prawne problemy zabezpieczania zasobów intelektualnych w przedsiębiorstwie
Authors: Dereń Aldona Małgorzata , Skonieczny Jan
Published: March 2020

Organizational and legal problems of securing intellectual resources in the enterpriseThe goal of the research paper is to present intellectual property as an intangible resource in enterprise. The specific features of this resource and the base of competing co-operation and rivalry characteristic for a contemporary market make these core resources for development of not only a large company. In these circumstances it is a premise to create adjusted orientation on the search and exposure of immaterial values but also their monitoring of competitors. Simultaneously this orientation is aimed at the choice of proper manners of protection of these values both within the organization,in the process of sharing both knowledge and information with other organizations on the market.
Zastosowanie normy ISO/EIC 27001 w sektorze finansowym — zakres i korzyści
Authors: Krawczyk-Jezierska Agnieszka , Jezierski Jarosław
Published: March 2020

Application of ISO/EIC 27001 in the financial sector — scope and benefitsIn the face of technological advances and, as a result, the increasing threat of the loss of growing amount of data collected by financial institutions, it seems necessary to employ effective security measures in the process of information management. The necessity to implement information security management systems ISMS by all institutions processing personal data is reflected in national legislation. The requirements resulting from contemporary hazards and legal provisions are concurrent with the requirements of the international standard ISO/IEC 27001, concerning the designing of the information security management system. This standard is most widely used by IT companies, however, the financial sector that collects and a processes huge amount of personal data, constitutes its significant recipient. Most of the companies certified by this standard come from the Eastern Asia and Pacific region, dominated by Japan, and from Europe, where the United Kingdom is the leader. In Poland the use of ISO/IEC 27001 is growing, yet the financial institutions that fulfill its requirements are still in a minority. It seems that from May 2018 on, national regulations imposing greater responsibility for the security of personal data on the institutions processing it, will bring the above-mentioned standard into focus.
Znaczenie innowacji technologicznych dla podnoszenia poziomu jakości życia mieszkańców miast — wybrane przykłady rozwiązań w polskich start-upach
Authors: Brdulak Anna
Published: March 2020

The importance of technological innovations in raising the quality of life of city dwellers: Selected examples of solutions in Polish start-upsThe main goal of the study is to analyze technological solutions offered by start-ups, designed to im­prove the living standards of city dwellers. The text consists of two parts, theoretical and practical. In theoretical considerations, the author relies on selected literature items. The review of secondary sources first of all serves to define the concept of start-up, and then to expand and enrich the practical part with additional technological solutions for the described projects and this role is directly related to the purpose of the presented article. In the practical part, selected case studies were described and analyzed with reference to the results of the author’s own research. The research project was car­ried out by the author in 2016–2017 in cooperation with the Wroclaw Agglomeration Development Agency. Its aim was to analyze the start-up ecosystem in Wroclaw and to try to find an answer to the question about the importance of start-ups for the quality of life of city dwellers. Recommendations for the local authorities in Wroclaw on how to support ventures in entering the market and remain­ing there were of additional value. The project consisted of three parts. The first two were analyses of secondary sources, on the basis of which the necessary information was collected related to the definition of a start-up company and the current situation of enterprises in Poland and Wroclaw, and quantitative research in the form of an online survey on asample of n=108 start-ups from Wro­claw. The last stage of the research project was the qualitative part. It was in the form of individual interviews with start-ups and industry experts. Seven respondents took part in this component of the study. The result of the research was acharacterization of the start-up environment in Wroclaw. Answers to the questions asked in the questionnaire, supplemented by expert interviews, allowed to determine, among others, the branches in which Wroclaw start-ups operate, to identify the products offered by them and to extrapolate the results of start-ups’ situation to the whole of Poland. Based on the obtained knowledge, it was possible to present the importance of technological solutions of individual start-ups for the quality of life of city dwellers. According to the results of own research and the analysis of secondary sources, it can be stated that the presence of startups in urban space improves the quality of life of city dwellers, while also supporting the construction of social capital.
Aplikacje mobilne typu fit — planowanie posiłków i dieta pod kontrolą technologii
Authors: Dejnaka Agnieszka
Published: March 2020

Fitness mobile applications: Meal planning and diet under technological controlMore and more people in Poland begin to check in detail what products they buy and what they con­sume every day. Some of these people are on adiet that reduces weight or try to match/plan meals to meet the needs of their body e.g. a sports training plan. Mobile applications come to their aid, as they facilitate the above processes related to meal planning and diet. The aim of the article is to present the results of qualitative research and critical analysis of mobile applications available on the market in the field of meal planning, introducing areduction diet and maintaining it. The article also attempts to answer the following questions: What is the assessment and expectations for fitness mobile applications by users? Are meal planning and diets under the control of technology a trend or a necessity?
Dynamika rozwoju biegów masowych w Polsce — analiza statystyczna
Authors: Waniowski Tomasz , Żakowska Sylwia
Published: March 2020

The dynamic of development of mass-participation running events in Poland: Statistical analysisThe quantitative development of mass-participation running events in Poland, especially in recent years, is huge. Nowadays, there are more than 4,000 runs organized every year and they are open for everyone. These running events have a different number of participants from as little as 10 people, up to even afew thousands and they are organized in many places by various institutions and or­ganizations. Furthermore, we can distingusih long-distance runs mainly marathons and half-mara­thons and shorter-distance runs e.g. 10 km.The aim of this of article is to analyze mass-participation running events in Poland statistically, taking into account many criteria: quantity, location, distance and sex. The following statistical methods are used: chain indexes and average annual rate of change. Statistical data were obtained directly from organizers, their websites and different publications about mass-participation running events in Poland. The authors present a versatile statistical view on Polish mass running events in tabular and chart forms.
Idea neutralności pieniądza a wybrane nurty ekonomii
Authors: Mikołajczak Dawid
Published: March 2020

Money neutrality and selected currents in economicsThe history of the idea of neutrality of money begins with David Hume. There are at least five types of money neutrality. They could be grouped into neutrality relating to the moment static neutrality and institutional neutrality and neutrality relating to the period dynamic neutrality, superneutrality, monetary neutrality. In mainstream economics, views on neutrality have changed over the years. Monetarism has differentiated views on the neutrality of money. The Austrian school remains sceptical about this simplification of the monetary economy. The theory of the real business cycle accepts any kind of neutrality in the period, and neutrality at the moment is not an important issue for it. Keynesianism focuses on neutrality in the short term and is sceptical about it.
Neoklasyczne teorie dyskryminacji w warunkach konkurencji doskonałej — analiza krytyczna
Authors: Sielska Alicja
Published: March 2020

Neoclassical theories of discrimination under conditions of perfect competition — critical analysisThe goal of this article is to analyze the neoclassical theories of discrimination in perfectly competitive labor markets. Based on the conducted considerations, the taste discrimination model, as well as the theory of human capital, demonstrated the lack of validity of these theories over a long period of time. In the short term, however, self-selection contracts or masking curtains seem to be a good solution. Despite this, the period of motherhood, which can be considered one of the most important discrimination factors, remains an unsolved problem.
Tying on the mobile apps market and competition rules
Authors: Kostecka-Jurczyk Daria
Published: March 2020

Tying on the mobile apps market and competition rulesThe dynamic growth of digital markets is conducive to the use of anti-competitive practices by companies in order to maintain or strengthen their market position. One example of such practices is the abuse of the dominant position occupied by Google, including by tying Android with applications available on Google Play. This tying means that Google imposes on the smartphone manufacturers a “set of applications” necessary to be installed, even if they were not interested in pre-installing some of them. The study analyzes the anti-competitive practices that the European Commission accuses Google of in the decision of 18 August 2018. The purpose of the article is to examine whether tying a specific set of applications with the Android system meets the conditions for abuse of Art. 102 TFEU. This requires, first of all, an examination of whether Android is a binding product for applications available in Google Play and, if so, of whether the conditions of abuse in the form of sales binding are met. As a result, it has been shown that on digital markets, where there is dynamic competition, it is difficult to make an unambiguous assessment of anti-competitive behavior and one of the important arguments that may prejudge the abuse is the harm to end users.
Železný had v horském lese: Bitva Olhy Kobyljanské
Authors: Špina Michal
Published: March 2020

An iron snake in a highland forest: Olha Kobylianska’s The BattleThe article is devoted to Olha Kobylianska’s story The Battle 1895, which focuses on the introduction of railways into the Carpathian landscape Bukovina. While in metropolitan areas and economically advanced regions of Europe railways became a “natural” element of the landscape at the turn of the 20th century, in distant mountain regions railways constituted an alien and invasive element. In the main part of the article the author examines the motif of the opposition between nature and civilisation. In addition, the author explores the cultural symbolism and opposing meanings of iron and trees. Thus what emerges as the central motif of the story is the fate of the Hutsuls as an ethnic group living in the highlands in the context of the opposition indicated above. The originality of Kobylianska’s story lies in the fact that nature becomes its main protagonist. In the last part of the article the author embarks on a comparative confrontation between The Battle and Karl Emil Franzos’ German-language prose.
Czarodziejska góra Tomasza Manna jako przestrzeń transgresji
Authors: Nowicka Dorota
Published: March 2020

THOMAS MANN'S MAGIC MOUNTAIN AS A SPACE OF TRANGRESSIONThomas Mann’s The Magic Mountain is analysed with regard to elements pointing to the transgressive nature of the mountain and its impact on the protagonists of the novel. The author of the article focuses on the impact of time spent in the sanatorium on the mountain on the patients’ perception of the world below, on the plains, taking into account both external and mental changes. The selected fragments refer primarily to the transformations of the main protagonist, i.e. Hans Castorp, but also those of other protagonists, for example Dr Behrens or patients in whom changes of moral character can be observed. Life “up there” prompts people to see the world “down there” differently and thus figures as a place of internal transformation and crossing of boundaries, which should not be seen only topographically in this case.]]>
Między impresją a Ideą. Niezauważalne transgresje świetlne w tatrzańskiej poezji Kazimierza Przerwy-Tetmajera
Authors: Bajda Justyna
Published: March 2020

BETWEEN AN IMPRESSION AND AN IDEA. UNNOTICEABLE LIGHT TRANSGRESSIONS IN KAZIMIERZ PRZERWA- TETMAJER'S TATRA POETRYThe article is devoted to an analysis of the category of light in Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer’s Tatra lyrics. The category is not unequivocally defined by the poet, nor is it combined by him with one natural source, yet in the case of the Tatra lyrics discussed in the article, it always appears in strictly defined types of images. According to the present author, the most intriguing, in terms of her perspective of interpretation, is the balancing between various ways of shaping poetic compositions by means of light. Thanks to the light transgressions referred to in the title, Tetmajer’s luminism serves varied aesthetic as well as semantic and ideological functions in creating mountain landscapes. In the article the author reconstructs how Tetmajer introduces light into his Tatra poems and points to three main types of the category: romantic-realistic making the mountain space dramatic and theatrical, impressionistic-ornamental and symbolic sensualist concepts of perceiving reality as well as ideological-philosophical context of idealistic and pessimistic philosophies.]]>
Gea Dobrzańska, Z zakopańskich tchnień. Pomiędzy fabułą a rzeczywistością
Authors: Pigoń Anna
Published: March 2020

GEA DOBRZAŃSKA, Z ZAKOPIAŃSKICH TCHNIEŃ, BREATH OF ZAKOPANE. BETWEEN PLOT AND REALITYThe article is an analysis of a 1914 collection of stories, Z zakopańskich tchnień Breath ofZakopane and an attempt to discover the identity of its author, Gea Dobrzańska. Dobrzańska, who came most likely from Wielkopolska, was a socially engaged writer: she collaborated with the Na posterunku journal, the editor-in-chief of which was also part of the editorial committee of Eleuteria’s magazine. Her oeuvre suggests that she was no stranger to the ideas of Towianism and, more broadly, Romanticism.The article focuses on four stories from the collection Kartki znalezione na Antałówce, Przed czynem Before Action, Magnificat, W górach In the Mountains, the action of which takes place in Zakopane. The world presented by the author in these stories indicates that she was familiar with the reality of life in the Podhale region before the First World War and confirms her commitment to social and political causes, commitment reflected in her work.Another trail in the process of discovering Dobrzańska’s biography leads to Eleusis, a society founded by Wincenty Lutosławski. The writer’s links to this organisation, promoting abstinence and spiritual development, are suggested both by elements from her biography and by her literary oeuvre.
Romowie Górscy jako społeczność wielokulturowa karpackiego pogranicza
Authors: Matkowska Justyna
Published: March 2020

THE MOUNTAIN ROMA AS A MULTICUTURAL COMMUNITY OF THE CARPATHIAN BORDERLANDThe article was inspired by the author’s search for ethnic identity. The author focuses on a group of Polish Carpathian Roma as a multicultural community living in the multi-ethnic Carpathia borderland. Her research perspective falls within broadly defined anthropological studies, primarily with regard to various aspects of the life of highland Roma in Poland. The aim of the article is to examine the exclusion and transgression of the Carpathian Roma with regard to the functioning of the group among the Polish Roma communities and Polish highlander communities. The population in question has functioned as poor, solitary, rejected, despised and pushed to the margins of society’s life both by the highlanders and by Roma groups with nomadic traditions. It has experienced a feeling of injustice, misunderstanding, alienation and awareness of the tragedy of its situation.
Górski wehikuł czasu. Legenda Rogera Dodswortha w literaturze i kulturze
Authors: Makuch Szymon
Published: March 2020

A MOUTAIN TIME MACHINE. THE LEGEND OF ROGER DODSWORTH IN LITERATURE AND CULTUREIn various legends and literary works the mountains often served as a place where time travel was possible, as they provided security for protagonists falling into deep sleep for years. It is no coincidence that legends of sleeping knights often place them in the mountains. In 1826 a rumour spread that Roger Dodsworth, who had been buried in an avalanche over 100 years earlier, came to life. The news was circulated by the press across Europe and attracted the interest of Mary Shelley, who devoted a short story to it. The present article is an analysis of press stories concerning the famous hibernatus and the story by the English writer, who saw the popular rumours as a background for reflections on a man from a different period transferred into the future, as well as an attempt to define the role of the mountains in the writings on Dodsworth.
O oczywistych i nieoczywistych granicach karkonoskich
Authors: Pacholski Jan
Published: March 2020

THE OBVIOUS AND NOT SO OBVIOUS BORDERS IN THE GIANT MOUNTAINSStretching over ca 36 km, the Giant Mountains Krkonoše/Karkonosze range is a naturalborder between Silesia and Bohemia, today between Poland and the Czech Republic. In the late Middle Ages and the beginning of the early modern period, i.e. when the highest range of the Sudetes separated two provinces of the Kingdom of Bohemia, its role as border mountains was notas important, although it was precisely a border dispute between Bohemian Harrach and Silesian Schaffgotsch lords of these lands that increased interest in the region, laying the foundations, in a way, for the development of tourism in the future. Side effects of the border dispute included St. Lawrence Chapel on Śnieżka and spread of the popularity of the source of the Elbe, i.e. sites that have remained the most frequently visited spots in these mountains to this day. Around the mid-18th century, when, as a result of wars, most Silesia was incorporated into the Kingdom of Prussia, the Giant Mountains border grew in importance. From that moment the highest range of the Sudetes would separate lands ruled by two different dynasties — the Austro-Bohemian Habsburgs and the Prussian Hohenzollerns, with two different and hostile religions — Catholic and Lutheran. Having become more significant, the border began to appear in literary works, from Enlightenment period travel accounts to popular novels. The author of the present article discusses literary images of this border, using several selected examples.
„Z gór, gdzie dźwigali” — a słuchali w salonach. Zygmunta Krasińskiego transgresje na szczycie góry
Authors: Łoboz Małgorzata
Published: March 2020

"Z GÓR, GDZIE DŹWIGALI" "FROM MOUNTAINS, WHERE THEY CARIED" - AND LISTENED TO THE SALONS. ZYGMUNT KRASIŃSKI' TRANSGRESSIONS ON THE TOP OF A MOUNTAINThe present Article is an attempt at an analysis and interpretation of Zygmunt Krasiński’s 1847 poem “Z gór, gdzie dźwigali” From the mountains, where they carried. The poem, full of sceptical pessimism, refers to the Biblical episode featuring Moses, whom God showed the vast expanse of the promised land from the top of a mountain, telling him, however, that he would see the land but would never enter it. Krasiński addressed this Biblical analogy to participants in the Great Emigration and his entire generation. The metaphorical mountain carries an ambiguous message: on the one hand it radiates heavenly light and on the other is a symbolic place of suffering, a Golgotha on the top of which each participants in the Messianic process carries his own cross — the burden of superhuman torment and penance. The mountain top is a place in which each of them experiences transgression, overcoming their own physical and intellectual weaknesses, and achieving spiritual stability by accepting the ungrateful role of “intermediaries” in the journey towards a free homeland. When it comes to the literature of Polish Romanticism, this is a noteworthy and important reflection.]]>
Michała Andrzejkowicza-Butowta odkrywanie gór Kaukazu
Authors: Gadamska-Serafin Renata
Published: March 2020

Michał Andrzejkowicz-Butowt’s discovery of the Caucasus MountainsAmong Polish exiles who became fascinated with the Caucasus and explored them was Michał Andrzejkowicz-Butowt ca 1816–1860, a graduate of the University of Vilnius. He spent as much as 18 years in the Caucasus, which enabled him to thoroughly explore this mountainous region especially its Georgian and Dagestan parts. His forced stay in the region resulted in the two-volume Szkice Kaukazu Caucasus sketches Warsaw 1859, an excerpt from which was published in the 1840s in the Athenaeum magazine by J.I. Kraszewski. Apart from this work, the only surviving writings of Butowt are his letters from the 1840s and 1850s written to Kraszewski and kept in the Jagiellonian Library 5 letters. Andrzejkowicz travelled for about 2,500 kilometres in the Caucasus. His Szkice reveal the author’s great fascination with mountain landscapes of Georgia, Azerbaijan and Dagestan. The several years spent in Shura in the 1840s and participation in military expeditions organised there enabled him to explore and describe in detail the highland wilderness of Dagestan and Chechnya. The Sketches document an interesting oronymic initiative by Andrzejkowicz: he gave the name of “new Olympus” to Mount Achymer Russian Анчимер above the village of Andi in western Dagestan today probably Mount Bakhargan in the Andean Ridge near the border with Chechnya.Like other Caucasian exiles e.g. Gralewski, the author of the Szkice Kaukazu saw the need for a precise, scientific, rational and cataloguing description of the Caucasus Mountains. The research was to be a continuation of the work of the scholar Jan Potocki, a pioneer of Polish research in this region of the world. Andrzejkowicz’s work reveals the scholarly aspirations of Polish Caucasian Romanticism and is an important contribution to the development of Polish Caucasian studies.
Karpackie Towarzystwo Narciarzy we Lwowie
Authors: Kapłon Jerzy
Published: March 2020

The Carpathian Skiing Society in LvivVery few people interested in the history of Polish skiing realise that it began in the second half of the 19th century in Galicia. It was first in the Eastern Carpathians that skis began to be used by foresters wanting to move more easily in their work and slightly later by tourists in their highland treks. In the late 19th century skiers appeared in Lviv, where in the early 20th century the sport began to be promoted by the Popular Entertainment Society. This was also where various institutions dealing with skiing were established, institutions like the Skiing Section of the Czarni Sports Club and, above all, the Carpathian Skiing Society founded in early 1907, the first Polish association seeking to popularise skiing as its main objective. The society’s founders included Kazimierz Panek, Maksymilian Dudryk, Zygmunt Klemensiewicz, Roman Kordys and Eugeniusz Romer, i.e. well-known mountaineers, tourists or even skiers. In addition to popularising skiing, e.g. by conducting training courses and publishing various manuals, the Society soon brought about a construction of a hostel in Sławsko. The resort became a favourite among Lviv skiers because of the excellent skiing conditions and good railway connection to Lviv. Burned during the war in May 1915, it was quickly rebuilt after the war and faithfully served tourists throughout the interwar period. On the day of its reopening, 11 March 1923, the Polish Skiing Association organised the 4th Polish Skiing Championship in Sławsko. By establishing its regional branches, the Carpathian Skiing Society promoted tourism in the Carpathians, initially in Galicia, and then throughout the Carpathian region in the Second Polish Republic. Kraków was the seat of a branch of the Society, which gave rise to another association, another important contributor to the development of Polish skiing — the Tatra Skiing Society. In 1919 the two organisations, together with three others, founded the Polish Skiing Association. Initially, the Society was active both in sport and tourism; later, given the easier access to Alps-type mountains with better snow conditions the Tatras for skiers from Zakopane, skiers from the region achieved much better results than their Lviv counterparts. The most important sporting achievements that should be noted include the successes of Janina Loteczkowa, who for several years in the second half of the 1920s had no equals in Europe. The Society was represented at the St. Moritz Olympics by Franciszek Kawa. In addition, the Society was instrumental in the construction of a professional ski jumping hill in Lviv. The 1930s were marked by a clear turn towards tourism, resulting in the construction and opening, in 1936, of a mountain hostel on Maryszewska. It is worth stressing, therefore, that such a relatively small organisation its membership never exceeded 400 in one year could do so much for the development of skiing in Poland.
Błogosławiony widok i architektura pustelni. Stefana Żeromskiego epizod z dziejów szlaku na Kalatówki
Authors: Łoboz Małgorzata
Published: March 2020

A blessed sight and architecture of a hermitage: Stefan Żeromski’s episode from the history of the Kalatówki trailThe article seeks to interpret the motif of Brother Albert Chmielowski participant in the January Uprising, social activist as well as a Young Poland painter in Stefan Żeromski’s 1913 novel Nawracanie Judasza Converting Judas and to answer the question about the role of the Albertine hermitage on Kalatówki. The Albertine congregation played an active part in the development of infrastructure in Zakopane, with the brothers working, for example, on the construction of the most popular tourist trail in the Tatras — to Giewont — an important thread in Żeromski’s novel. Żeromski sees Brother Albert not only as a spiritual idealist and social activist, but also a fine artist creating works typical of modernism painting in the altar in the Kalatówki chapel featuring the crucifix with the suffering Christ. The crucial motif of “converting Judas” lies in the enhancement of the status of landscape, an example of Żeromski’s typical lyricisation of descriptions of nature. For the author of Converting Judas, the subjectification of landscape as well as numerous metaphorised images of nature are used mostly as means to illustrate the protagonist’s inner landscape. The dominant myth in the novel — of eternal creative nature: changeable but personifying the evolutionary continuity of life — is an optimistically soothing answer to decadent dilemmas. In the mountain landscape, surrounded by nature and accompanied by a friar, the protagonist experiences a real katharsis. The “blessed sight” generates strength needed for the construction of the trail and personal spiritual renewal.
Potopu świata fale i Mer de Glace. O pewnym sposobie obrazowania górskiego pejzażu
Authors: Kolbuszewski Jacek
Published: March 2020

Waves of the flood of the world and Mer de Glace: On a way of depicting mountain landscapeWhen describing the Glacier du Bois seen for the first time, Wiliam Windham 1741 compared it to a lake suddenly bound by ice. In a similar function Horace-Bénédict de Saussure 1786 compared the glacier to a suddenly frozen sea. These descriptions gave rise to the name Mer de Glace, popularised from the early 19th century. In some respects an analogous phenomenon in poetry was the use of a metaphor in which a sudden arrest of an ascending motion of a being flood waters, space rocket constitutes a poetic image Adam Mickiewicz, Julian Korsak, Wincenty Pol, Wisława Szymborska.
Kilka uwag o sposobach rozstrzygania sporów dotyczących sprawczego współdziałania w popełnieniu przestępstwa indywidualnego
Authors: Kardas Piotr
Published: March 2020

A few thoughts on how to resolve disputes concerning agential cooperation in individual crimesThe following research paper is devoted to the analysis of the issue of criminal liability of the extraneus for agential cooperation in committing an individual crime. It sets out to describe the historical concept of the extraneus’ responsibility for his cooperation in committing an individual crime and to further evaluate the fundamental theoretical, criminal, political and dogmatic problems associated with the above mentioned matter.When it comes both to the criminal and political aspects, our analysis focuses on how to justify grounds for criminal liability in cases where the perpetrator of an individual cooperative crime does not fulfi ll the statutory requirements which must be met so as to constitute such an offense.As for the theoretical aspect, it depicts the possible models of solving the extraneous’ liability issue by juxtaposing two mutually exclusive conceptions. First of these is based on the modification of the elements of an individual offense, thus transforming it into a crime that can be perpetrated by any offender ordinary crime? in case of agential cooperation. The second one, however, advocates including new elements into the criminal code, the actualization of which will constitute grounds for accepting the extraneus’ liability for cooperation in committing an individual crime without modifying the statutory characteristics of the agential subject.Finally, the dogmatic insights review the current regulations and provisions.To sum up, it is proposed to order the statutory regulations by using and implementing one of the aforementioned theories.
Sprawiedliwość w sędziowskim wymiarze kary
Authors: Królikowska Jadwiga , Utrat-Milecki Jarosław
Published: March 2020

Punishment and justice in the judge’s sentencing decisionsThe article starts with the general presentation of the sociological perspective on the question of justice in the motives of a criminal judge’s sentencing decisions. The question of justice is also analysed in relation to the legitimation of the criminal law and the various theories of punishment, retributive, consequentialist, and mixed. Punishment is analysed as a social and legal institution and as a social process in its various organisational forms. The rationalisation of punishment as a social and legal institution is analysed in relation to the question of human rights, and the question of its effectiveness in social control as a tool in the protective function of the criminal law. The problem of justice is also analysed from a subjective point of view as a question of the just judge. It is not only analysed here as an ethical question, but also as a problem of the methodology of the work of the judge, and a question of organisation of the sentencing process. The article presents the results of research sociological reports concerning the question of the motives of judges’ sentencing in the criminal courts. The article presents the basics of the methodology and results of research in that respect which was carried out in the 1930s B.Wróblewski, W. Świda, 60s and 70s T. Kaczmarek, W. Świda, and the 1980s T. Kaczmarek, J. Giezek and the team, and the latest research carried out by the authors in 2012–2015 J. Królikowska, J. Utrat-Milecki. The authors explain here the general outline of the method of culturally integrated social and legal studies, which they used in their sociological and anthropological research on the criminal justice offi cers judges, prosecutors and probation officers, and which is also the theoretical background of the present article. Finally, the authors present the broader culturally integrated definition of punishment, so as to help to identify the main research questions in socio-legal studies of punishment considered both as a socio-legal institution and a social and legal process which can be identified in different organisational forms.
Polityka karna sądów w kontekście reformy prawa karnego. Wstępne wyniki badań
Authors: Melezini Mirosława
Published: March 2020

Penal policy of courts in the context of criminal law reform.Preliminary research resultsThe subject matter of the article is the penal policy of courts of law implemented in 2005 and 2010, and in the years 2014–2015, presented based on court statistics. The principal objective of the discussion is to find the answer to the question of whether the penal code reform implementedby the Act of 20 February 2015, which became effective on 1 July 2015, brought about the expected changes in the jurisprudence. The preliminary results of the research demonstrated that the penal code reform did to an extent result in the expected changes in the penal policy, because, after its implementation, the extent to which the penalty of imprisonment with conditional suspension of its enforcement was imposed decreased, and the importance of the penalty of restriction of liberty increased. Also, the importance of the so-called mixed penalties increased. However, contrary to the expectations, the importance of unconditional imprisonment did not decrease and, instead, its share increased from 12.1% in 2014 to 14.4% in 2015.
A study of the effect of substrate on dot-matrix printing
Authors: Saini Komal , Singh Varinder , Kaur Manpreet , Sharda Seema
Published: March 2020

A study related to Dot-matrix printers has been carried out in order to analyze the effect of change of substrate on its printing characteristics. Twenty Dot-matrix printers and five types of substrates or white pages have been selected for the study. The printouts have been taken on all the five types of white papers from each of the twenty Dot-matrix printers. These printouts have been examined using stereomicroscope 4x40magnification and VSC 2000 C to examine the features such as change in colour of ink, lustre of printing text, impact of printing, spreading of ink, background noise, UV fluorescence and absorption spectra. It has been concluded that the physical characteristics of dot-matrix printing gets changed by changing the type of substrate even in case of the same printer. Thus, the results of this study would definitely help the forensic document examiners to give an accurate opinion on the cases related to Dot-matrix printouts, specifically in the examination of multiple documents consisting of different types of papers.
From experts practice of revealing obliterated and obscured notes and signatures
Authors: Bodrov Nikolay
Published: March 2020

This article focuses on the analysis of practice, which allows for identification of hidden texts and signatures. The examples of subsequent handwriting researches of de­tected notes, signatures and people, on whose behalf they were made, are given. In this article there is a description of optical research of dashes, which were created by com­mon and special pens. The author formulated all practical recommendations about work­ing with research equipment, programs and creating illustrations phototable to expert testimony. There are several findings: 1 the aggressive impact on the document some­times does not preclude the successful handwriting identification of the remote notes and signatures perpetrator; 2 based on the outcome of the practice analysis, it points to the need of joining two specialties: «technical and criminalistics examination» and «forensic handwriting examination» due to the fact that practicing experts in the handwriting field often make mistakes.
Uwagi na temat charakteru prawnego dyrektywy wymiaru kary za ciąg przestępstw. Część II
Authors: Kokot Rajnhardt
Published: March 2020

The remarks on the legal character of the directive of the punishment for the series of crimes The article considers the problem of punishment for the series of crimes. It raises the legal character of the rule of tightening the criminal responsibility as a consequence of committing crimes remaining in a confl uence of events connected with the buckle of continuity. The main doubt accompanying such evaluation is connected with the answer to the question if the legal eff ects within the scope of punishment resulting from the art. 91 § 1 of the Penal Code express ordinary or extraordinary punishment. The dispute about the legal nature of the consequences resulting from that regulation has not only the theoretical-legal dimension. Accepting one of those options causes far-reaching legal consequences within the sphere of the law practice application. It decides about the scope of the legal responsibility and determines the relations with other statutory premises that modify its limits. In this context there are also the remarks considering the conditions of accepting the set of principles, resulting from art. 57 of the Penal Code, reforming those limits with the rule of punishment for the series of crimes. The analysis takes up the problem of the punishment for the continuous act defi ned in art. 12 of the Penal Code. We have to take into consideration that this institution derives from the same as the series of crimes structure of the continuous act of crime that was in the Penal Code from 1969, which is the basis of the extraordinary tightening the punishment. Thus there comes the question — whether resigning from modifying the principles of legal responsibility for the continuous act of crime can lead to impression of the dissymmetry of penalty of both structures, and is that the reasonable and rational solution.
Niebezpieczeństwo wyrządzenia znacznej szkody majątkowej jako skutek przestępstwa bezszkodowej niegospodarności
Authors: Płońska Anna
Published: March 2020

The danger of causing a signifi cant material damage as a result of a non-damage mismanagement off enceThe essence of the criminal conduct described in Article 296 § 1a of Polish Penal Code is defined as causing the immediate danger of material damage caused by the perpetrator who deals with the financial matters or the economic activity of an individual, a legal person or an organizational unit without legal personality represented under a legal obligation, the decision of the appropriate authority or the contract, abuses the authority vested in him or her or fails to fulfill his or her duties. This article has been devoted to the analysis of the consequences of the crime of non-damage mismanagement, along with an indispensable indication of its critical systemic and dogmatic appraisals. And while the defects of analyzed regulation are justified, they should not prejudge the total depenalization of the crime of non-damage mismanagement.
International co-operation in combating cybercrime. Selected issues
Authors: Cieśla Rafał
Published: March 2020

The article discusses selected aspects of international co-operation in combating selected types of cybercrime. The complex character of criminal activity besetting contemporary banking causes numerous difficulties and poses many challenges, such as detecting and apprehending perpetrators. Online banking crime constitutes a specific category, comprising cashless transactions and electronic data processing. The specific environment of online banking, where crime is committed, determines the nature of traces left by perpetrators; it also necessitates creation of new forensic methods based on modern technology. The more sophisticated the crime, the more difficult it is to identify the perpetrators. Therefore, international co-operation in combating cybercrime is essential.
Zarządzenie o zgodzie na widzenie z osobą tymczasowo aresztowaną
Authors: Kalisz Tomasz
Published: March 2020

Visiting order for a person held on remandA particularly severe restriction of the right of individuals held on remand comes with the normative regulations concerning visit entitlements. As a rule, in the Polish legal order an individual held on remand may be allowed a visit after the authority under whose charge he or she is detained has issued a visiting order. A refusal to issue a visiting order for an individual held on remand to see a close relative is a decision taken in the course of enforcement proceedings for which there is a separate appeal procedure, different from the basic form of control. Special grounds are also provided for such a refusal.
Recent Council of Europe and European Union legislation on preventing terrorism and its impact on the criminal law of Member States the example of Poland
Authors: Hara Michał
Published: March 2020

The paper seeks to draw comparisons between recent instruments adopted by the Council of Europe CoE and the European Union EU in the field of prevention of terrorism. The examined instruments are the CoE convention on the prevention of terrorism of 2005 with its additional protocol of 2015 and the EU’s 2017 directive on combating terrorism. The paper demonstrates the different scope of criminalisation required by these instruments, highlighting areas in which the EU’s legal regime is stricter, providing for criminalisation of a wider array of activities aiming to prepare for the commission of terrorist offences in particular with regard to public provocation, receiving terrorist training and terrorist travel. The paper then examines implementation of both sets of international instruments into a national legal system using the Polish transposition as an example. Both good and poor examples of implementation are presented. The former includes comprehensive criminalisation of public provocation to commit a terrorist offence and membership of a terrorist organisation, while the latter includes insufficient transposition of provisions requiring the criminalisation of receiving terrorist training and terrorist travel as well as introducing unwarranted powers of the public prosecutor to grant leniency to terrorist travellers.
Split payment and criminal fiscal law
Authors: Ochman Piotr
Published: March 2020

Split payment and criminal fiscal lawSummaryThe purpose of the article is to present solutions in Polish criminal fiscal law aimed at protecting the mandatory use of the split payment mechanism. The analysis is preceded by a brief overview of instruments aimed at counteracting tax fraud as well as the effects of tax fraud. The main element of the article are considerations regarding article 57c of the Criminal Fiscal Code penalising making payments without using the split payment mechanism.