bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Ban on the Use of Force in the UN Charter
Authors: Schrijver Nico
Published: July 2016

This chapter focuses on Article 2(4) of the UN Charter, which prohibits the use of force in international relations. After discussing pre-Charter attempts to restrict states’ freedom to resort to warfare, it examines the emergence of a normative doctrine on a bellum justum. It considers the history of Article 2(4) and the other articles of the Charter that touch on the use of force and outlines exceptions to the prohibition on the use of force, including the so-called Uniting for Peace procedure. It examines the interpretation of Article 2(4) in the practice of the General Assembly, Security Council, and International Court of Justice), together with its inclusion in a number of multilateral treaties. Finally, it assesses the question whether the use of force after 1945 conforms to the object and purpose of Article 2(4), as well as the legal status of the prohibition to use force in contemporary international law.
The Prohibition of the Use of Force and Non-Intervention
Authors: Arrighi Jean Michel
Published: July 2016

This chapter examines the principles governing relations among member states of the Organization of American States (OAS) as embodied in the OAS Charter, including reciprocal assistance, collective self-defence and defence of democracy, abstention from the use of force, peaceful settlement of disputes, and non-intervention in the affairs of another member state. It begins by looking at the history of disputes in the Americas, including those arising from border delimitation and demarcation issues, and early efforts to address them. It then discusses the adoption of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance in 1947 and the establishment of the OAS, together with the adoption of the American Treaty on Pacific Settlement (‘Pact of Bogota’), in 1948. The chapter considers a number of cases in which the provisions embodied in the OAS Charter, particularly the use of force in dispute settlement, were applied.
The International Court of Justice and the ‘Principle of Non-Use of Force’
Authors: Kreß Claus
Published: July 2016

This chapter examines how the ICJ has interpreted UN Charter provisions on use of force in international relations. It outlines ICJ jurisprudence covering use of force by focusing on prohibition of use of force, exceptions to that prohibition, and prohibition of the threat of force. It cites cases from Corfu Channel (1949) to Nicaragua (1986); Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons (1996); Case Concerning Oil Platforms (2003) pitting Iran against the US; Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (2004); and Case Concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (2005). The chapter opines that the Court was remarkably successful in clarifying the law and influencing state practice according to its interpretations. Finally it suggests that the ICJ should avoid too much prohibitive rigour in clarifying the important remaining grey areas of the international law on the use of force.
Taming the Doctrine of Pre-Emption
Authors: Deeks Ashley
Published: July 2016

This chapter examines one of the most contentious issues in the jus ad bellum: whether and when international law permits a state to use force unilaterally before it suffers an armed attack. More specifically, it considers whether pre-emption needs to be tamed. The discussion begins by sorting through the terminology used by states and scholars with respect to acts of self-defence in advance of an attack, with particular reference to three different terms: anticipatory self-defence, pre-emptive self-defence, and preventive self-defence. The chapter then outlines the basic positions in the historical debate about the legality of such self-defence before turning to three geopolitical and technological factors that put pressure on the doctrine of pre-attack self-defence: weapons of mass destruction, terrorism, and cyber attacks. Finally, it evaluates the future of pre-emption, with emphasis on changes in the timing of a state’s right to use force in self-defence.
Intervention by Invitation
Authors: Fox Gregory H.
Published: July 2016

This chapter examines the debate concerning a state’s intervention in internal armed conflicts based on invitation, either from the government or from a rebel group fighting against the government. It looks at the issues that arise from intervention by invitation, particularly those relating to the territorial integrity of the state, the status of the actors involved, the nature of the consent, and implications for international law in general and for politics and human rights in particular. The chapter first considers the traditional view of intervention by invitation and the recent challenges to that view. It then discusses the negative equality principle as it applies to intervention in civil wars, as well as the link between intervention by invitation and democratic legitimacy. It also analyses the position of the UN Security Council on intervention by invitation.
On the radial distribution of Galactic cosmic rays
Authors: Recchia S. , Blasi P. , Morlino G.
Published: July 2016

The spectrum and morphology of the diffuse Galactic γ-ray emission carries valuable information on cosmic ray (CR) propagation. Recent results obtained by analyzing Fermi-LAT data accumulated over 7 yr of observation show a substantial variation of the CR spectrum as a function of the distance from the Galactic Centre. The spatial distribution of the CR density in the outer Galaxy appears to be weakly dependent upon the galactocentric distance, as found in previous studies as well, while the density in the central region of the Galaxy was found to exceed the value measured in the outer Galaxy. At the same time, Fermi-LAT data suggest a gradual spectral softening while moving outwards from the centre of the Galaxy to its outskirts. These findings represent a challenge for standard calculations of CR propagation based on assuming a uniform diffusion coefficient within the Galactic volume. Here, we present a model of non-linear CR propagation in which transport is due to particle scattering and advection off self-generated turbulence. We find that for a realistic distribution of CR sources following the spatial distribution of supernova remnants and the space dependence of the magnetic field on galactocentric distance, both the spatial profile of CR density and the spectral softening can easily be accounted for.
Reaching Beyond Low-Hanging Fruit
Authors: Berry Justin , Chouhoud Youssef , Junn Jane
Published: July 2016

This chapter argues for the use of creative and targeted strategies rather than a one-size-fits-all approach to capturing information on low-incidence populations. It first conceptualizes low-incidence populations and highlights the existing empirical literature on them and then frames the challenges of polling these populations with an overview of sampling, contacting, and analytical strategies. It highlights the inherent trade-offs of each approach and points to the factors to consider when determining which strategy is best suited to particular research questions. It then details polling efforts designed to capture attitudes and behaviors of American Muslims, Asian Americans, and nonelected political activists. The chapter concludes with a discussion of fruitful polling practices for conducting research on low-incidence U.S. populations, arguing that the approach to polling these populations must be equally informed by the unique characteristics of the target group and the analytical conclusions one seeks to draw.
Consciousness and Causal Emergence
Authors: Coseru Christian
Published: July 2016

In challenging the physicalist conception of consciousness advanced by Cārvāka materialists such as Bṛhaspati, the Buddhist philosopher Śāntarakṣita addresses a series of key issues about the nature of causality and the basis of cognition. This chapter considers whether causal accounts of generation for material bodies are adequate in explaining how conscious awareness comes to have the structural features and phenomenal properties that it does. Arguments against reductive physicalism, it is claimed, can benefit from an understanding of the structure of phenomenal consciousness that does not eschew causal-explanatory reasoning. Against causal models that rely on the concept of potentiality, the Buddhist principle of “dependent arising” underscores a dynamic conception of efficient causality, which allows for elements defined primarily in terms of their capacity for sentience and agency to be causally efficacious.
Disjunctured Feminisms
Authors: Lamb Roberta , Dhokai Niyati
Published: July 2016

This chapter explores feminism in the classroom to contribute to the discussion of music education and social justice in the volume. Through a dual-authored, cross-generational and cross-cultural approach, it follows the disjunctured past of feminism in North American music education, and advocates for the study of feminist histories within music education and its social and historical relevance to current music educators. It also deliberates the negotiation of North American academic feminisms concurrently with global feminisms. Furthermore, it considers the emergence of multicultural feminist perspectives within the music education classroom and offers ethnographic possibilities for encouraging diverse perspectives within the classroom. The chapter offers possibilities for encouraging inclusive and comprehensive music education that recognizes how each individual’s experience contributes to feminist diversity and social justice.
The Promotion of Multiple Citizenships in China’s Music Education
Authors: Ho Wai-Chung , Law Wing-Wah
Published: July 2016

This chapter analyzes how ideas about multiple citizenship in Chinese school music education are put into practice, interpreted, and negotiated in this age of modernization and globalization. Education for multiple citizenships is made possible by an increasingly relaxed social environment attributable to international free trade agreements and the cultural and economic influences of globalization. Despite an emphasis on individualism and diversity in school music education, however, this educational project continues to consolidate the authority of the Chinese government by promoting traditional Chinese cultural and socialist values. This chapter furthers understanding of how China’s school music education responds to economic, political, and social demands and shapes students’ ideas about citizenship and identity. To this end, it includes discussions on education policy, pedagogy, community cohesion, democracy, and social justice as they relate to the formation of multiple citizenships in school music education.
Social Policy Dynamics
Authors: Jacobs Alan M.
Published: July 2016

Historical institutionalism (HI) has made vital contributions to our understanding of US social policy by addressing a set of interconnected questions. Why does the United States spend so little on public social programs compared to other rich democracies? Why has the US fashioned such distinctive forms of social protection? How has the peculiar design of the American welfare state shaped the politics of social policy? And what have been the distributive consequences of the rightward shift in politics since the 1970s? Through deeply historical accounts of policy development, HI scholars have explained central features of welfare-state politics that prior frameworks had taken as given—including basic power relations in the American political system.
The Party System
Authors: Aylott Nicholas
Published: July 2016

A party system refers to the political parties that operate in a given polity and to their patterns of interaction. The Swedish system was long associated with several features: it had five parties; they were aligned in two informal blocs; and one party, the Social Democrats, has provided much the biggest, dominating governments. These patterns, summarized as “moderate pluralism,” were also stable. Since the 1980s, much has changed. There are now more parties in Parliament. By 2010 the bloc structure looked remarkably institutionalized. But a more “polarized pluralism,” seen briefly in the 1970s and 1990s, might now be in prospect.
Friedrich Hölderlin’s Romantic Classicism
Authors: Görner Rüdiger
Published: July 2016

Hölderlin’s emphasis on the interrelatedness of genres and forms of artistic expression brings him close to early Romantic aesthetics as developed by Friedrich Schlegel, Ludwig Tieck, and Novalis. At the same time, Hölderlin engaged in a particular quest for ‘purity’ of expression modelled on what were perceived, since Johann Joachim Winckelmann’sHistory of Ancient Art(1764), as the Greek principles of artistic production. This engagement in attaining, in Winckelmann’s proverbial phrase, ‘noble simplicity and quiet grandeur’ brought Hölderlin closer to the ambition of Weimar Classicism. If one were to single out one recurrent theme in Hölderlin’s works, it would be experiencing and dealing with emotional, and existential, extremes and, eventually, attaining ἀταραξία that is tranquillity of the mind and soul achieved through measure and centredness.
Social Influence in Marketing
Authors: Kirmani Amna , Ferraro Rosellina
Published: July 2016

Much of consumer behavior is socially based, involving public consumption of products, exposure to individuals or groups engaging in consumption, and discussions about products with family, friends, acquaintances, and strangers. We examine research on the effects of social influence on consumer behavior, focusing on articles from the top journals in the field. A large part of this work applies and expands on theories developed in the field of psychology; however, given the interdisciplinary nature of marketing, consumer research incorporates findings from other fields, including economics, sociology, anthropology, and communications. Some topics unique to consumer research include gift giving, brand community, and word of mouth. We close the chapter with a discussion of social influence research opportunities in the consumer behavior domain.
Neuroethics
Authors: Racine Eric , Dubljević Veljko
Published: July 2016

This article reviews different points of interest in neuroethics. These are exemplified by the three broad areas of neuroscience research—neuroimaging, neuropharmacology, and neurostimulation—and the major ethical questions with which they are associated. It considers primary research in neuroscience, ethics, and philosophy and identifies some important questions meriting further attention, primarily in the context of healthcare but also beyond, in the broad areas of education, business, and the military. A heavily debated trend, that of the enhancement use of neuropharmaceuticals and neurostimulation devices, is also discussed, especially in relationship to cognitive enhancement and neuroethics. In addition, emerging forms of neurostimulation are considered with respect to effectiveness and ethics.
Networks, Shocks, and Systemic Risk
Authors: Acemoglu Daron , Ozdaglar Asuman , Tahbaz-Salehi Alireza
Published: July 2016

This chapter develops a unified framework for the study of how network interactions can function as a mechanism for propagation and amplification of microeconomic shocks. The framework nests various classes of games over networks, models of macroeconomic risk originating from microeconomic shocks, and models of financial interactions. Under the assumption that shocks are small, the authors provide a fairly complete characterization of the structure of equilibrium, clarifying the role of network interactions in translating microeconomic shocks into macroeconomic outcomes. This characterization provides a ranking of different networks in terms of their aggregate performance. It also sheds light on several seemingly contradictory results in the prior literature on the role of network linkages in fostering systemic risk.
Networked Experiments
Authors: Aral Sinan
Published: July 2016

This chapter considers the design and analysis of networked experiments. As a result of digitization, the scale, scope, and complexity of networked experiments have expanded significantly in recent years, creating a need for more robust design and analysis strategies. This chapter first reviews innovations in networked experimental design, assessing the implications of the experimental setting, sampling, randomization procedures, and treatment assignment. Then the analysis of networked experiments is discussed, with particular emphasis on modeling treatment response assumptions, inference, and estimation, and recent approaches to interference and uncertainty in dependent data. The chapter concludes by discussing important challenges facing the future of networked experimentation, focusing on adaptive treatment assignment, novel randomization techniques, linking online treatments to offline responses, and experimental validation of observational methods. I hope this framework can help guide future work toward a cumulative research tradition in networked experimentation.
Field Experiments, Social Networks, and Development
Authors: Breza Emily
Published: July 2016

This chapter explores the use of field experiments as a tool to study the economics of social networks, with an emphasis on applications in development economics. Field experiments can be powerful vehicles to measure causal treatment effects. However, when treatments “spill over” onto others in the social network, many new considerations arise. The chapter begins with a discussion of methodological challenges involved in conducting social network experiments. The chapter then explores how field experiments have begun to shed light on five key issues in the economics of networks, including social learning and diffusion, other-regarding preferences, peer monitoring and enforcement, risk sharing, and network formation.
Informal Transfers in Social Networks
Authors: Mobius Markus , Rosenblat Tanya
Published: July 2016

Social networks can facilitate informal lending and risk-sharing in situations where formal institutions such as banks and insurance companies do not exist. The social collateral approach provides an analytically tractable framework that can be used to analyze a wide range of informal transfers. Moreover, the approach is easily amenable to empirical analysis .
Privileging Embodied Experience in Feminist Screendance?
Authors: Hubbard Frances
Published: July 2016

This chapter takes an approach grounded in feminist phenomenology to consider the work of four screendance filmmakers: Maya Deren, Yvonne Rainer, Amy Greenfield, and Sally Potter. With particular attention given to Deren’s Meshes of the Afternoon and Greenfield’s Tides, the chapter contends that their creative practice is grounded in a cinema of the body, attempting to create ritualistic and creative-art form/experiences showing emotion and transcendence through the body. In contrast, Rainer’s Lives of Performers, influenced by a poststructuralist distrust of language and narrative, uses film as an alienation technique, even with regard to screendance, in order to dissect rather than indulge in emotions and affect. Potter’s The Tango Lesson attempts to bridge the gap between these two approaches. However, particularly in terms of their desire to not evoke a cathartic response and elicit kinesthetic identification, all four are inspired by a similar feminist sensibility.
Empire, Vision, and the Dancing Touch
Authors: De Esha Niyogi
Published: July 2016

This chapter argues that dance imagery and screen choreography arising from postcolonial regions, such as India, hold the potential to intervene in the binary way in which modern nations and empires regulate physicality through the technologies of vision. For in these regional cultures of visibility, nonmodern practices of personhood, embodied performance, and sensuous community overlap with modern approaches to and critiques of gendered movement arts. The claim is illustrated through a genealogical study of selected Indian practices of physicality and visibility: new liberal Bollywood cinema; present-day avant-garde screendance; made-for-television video; colonial Indian photography; and modern and premodern dance and painting. The disrupted choreographies to be found on Bollywood screens are discussed hand in hand with the critical approaches of the feminist choreographer Manjusri Chaki-Sircar, the transgender filmmaker Rituparno Ghosh, and the anti-imperialist dance philosopher and Nobel Prize winner, Rabindranath Tagore.
Toward an Aesthetical Approach to Screendance
Authors: Temperley Susana
Published: July 2016

Technological objects which materialize the permanent emergence of the new and define one of the manifestations of present-day screendance need to be revalued in terms of aesthetic approach. Considering as a starting point Immanuel Kant’s opposition to any standards of taste—that is to say to any criteria of beauty considered as an objective foundation for the aesthetic appreciation—the chapter examines the notion of aesthetic behavior, which involves rediscovering the question of the pleasure connected with the reception of the work of art, as well as the notion of the aesthetic object as a substitute for a work of art, thus judging art in terms of strength and not institutional acceptability. Examining aspects of the piece such as the body, the movement of the camera, and the place of the narrative and fiction, the chapter then inquires into the resulting status of the aesthetic experience.
In the Blink of an Eye
Authors: Thain Alanna
Published: July 2016

Canadian animator Norman McLaren claims that “animation is not the art of drawings that move but the art of movements that are drawn; what happens between each frame is much more important than what exists on each frame; animation is therefore the art of manipulating the invisible interstices that lie between the frames.” That has remained the default definition of animation since he first proposed it. Between the frames lie the alchemical transformations of animation and live-action cinema that exceed the still, photographed images. McLaren’s emphasis on the in-between may explain why his work involves stop-motion animation and was so strongly influenced by dance. Through consideration of McLaren’s collaborations with dancers in Ballet Adagio and Pas de Deux, but especially the aberrant movement and nonhuman dance of his A Chairy Tale, McLaren’s ability to animate change itself links dance’s potential for animation and animation’s ability to bring to screendance new potentials of the body.
Mothers and Others
Authors: Goering Sara
Published: July 2016

Motherhood is a transformative experience for many women, bringing new dependency and the direct experience of the relational self. Relational autonomy theory understands how input from others is part of the capacity to make autonomous choices. With such interconnection, however, come vulnerability and particularly the risk of identity trapped by others’ outdated or problematic expectations. At the same time, children with strong bonds with their mothers may also develop their own expanded relational connections that distribute the opportunities and responsibilities for creating the child’s identity. Recognition and enhancement of these relational structures and norms can, in turn, help mothers avoid the feeling that motherhood requires complete self-sacrifice of their own interests and identities. The chapter concludes by exploring approaches to relational support of childrearing and how they might be structured effectively and fairly.
Opioid-induced Loss of Local Anesthetic Potency in the Rat Sciatic Nerve
Authors: Liu Qing , Gold Michael S.
Published: July 2016

Background

Previous evidence suggests that opioid-tolerant patients are less responsive to local anesthetics (LAs) for postoperative pain management.

Methods

To determine whether this apparent loss of LA potency is due to an intrinsic change in the peripheral nerve, the effect of systemic morphine was assessed on the potency of lidocaine-induced block of the compound action potential in isolated rat sciatic nerves. Analgesic efficacy was assessed with the heat withdrawal assay.

Results

While acute administration of 10 mg/kg morphine had no detectable influence on lidocaine potency, seven daily subcutaneous injections of morphine produced a three-fold decrease in potency (EC50 for block A and C waves for naive rats were [mean ± SD] 186 ± 32 μM [n = 6] and 201 ± 31 μM [n = 6], respectively, vs. 608 ± 53 μM [n = 6] and 613 ± 42 μM [n = 6], respectively [P < 0.001], in nerves from rats that had received seven daily injections of morphine [10 mg/kg]). This loss in potency was both dose-dependent and injection number dependent, such that the magnitude of the loss of lidocaine potency was significantly (n = 6; P < 0.01) correlated (r2 = 0.93) with the development of morphine tolerance. Interestingly, despite the complete recovery of analgesic efficacy within days after cessation of morphine administration, the morphine-induced decrease in lidocaine potency was fully manifest even 35 days after the last morphine injection. Coadministration of naloxone (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), but not of naloxone methiodide (1 mg/kg, subcutaneously), with each of seven daily injections of morphine blocked the decrease in lidocaine potency.

Conclusions

These preclinical data suggest that the morphine-induced decrease in LA potency is due, at least in part, to the intrinsic changes in the peripheral nerve. Identification of the underlying mechanisms may suggest strategies for more effective postoperative pain management in the growing population of opioid-tolerant patients.
Arthroscopic Classification of the Lesions of the Dorsal Capsulo-Scapholunate Septum (DCSS) of the Wrist
Authors: Van Overstraeten Luc , Camus Emmanuel J.
Published: July 2016

The dorsal capsulo-scapholunate septum (DCSS) is an anatomic structure linking the scapholunate ligament and the dorsal capsule of the wrist. It should be a predynamic scapholunate stabilizer. The authors, using their experience for the extrinsic ligaments testing, suggest an arthroscopic testing of the DCSS. The status could be graded in 4 stages according to the trampoline aspect and to the fiber attachment. They report a preliminary study on a series of 53 arthroscopies made between January 2014 and December 2015 with evaluation of scapholunate ligament instability and DCSS laxity. There is a significant correlation between the lesional stage of the DCSS and the arthroscopic predynamic scapholunate instability stage (P<0.01).
Pemetrexed-Induced Pseudocellulitis Reaction With Eosinophilic Infiltrate on Skin Biopsy
Authors: Tracey Elisabeth H. , Modi Badri , Micheletti Robert G.
Published: July 2016

Peripheral edema with painful erythema is an increasingly recognized but poorly understood cutaneous adverse reaction to the antifolate agent pemetrexed. It is frequently misdiagnosed as cellulitis, and when it occurs, it is often dose-limiting. The authors report the case of a patient with preexisting lower extremity edema who developed extensive painful, bilateral erythema 5 days after administration of pemetrexed. An eosinophil-rich dermal inflammatory infiltrate was noted histologically. The authors review previously reported cases of pemetrexed-induced pseudocellulitis and discuss possible pathophysiology.
Trauma Tactics: Rethinking Trauma Education for Professional Nurses
Authors: Garvey Paula , Liddil Jessica , Eley Scott , Winfield Scott
Published: July 2016

According to the National Trauma Institute (2015), trauma accounts for more than 180,000 deaths each year in the United States. Nurses play a significant role in the care of trauma patients and therefore need appropriate education and training (L. Patient, 2007). Although several courses exist for trauma education, many nurses have not received adequate education in trauma management (B. Armstrong, 2013; L. Patient, 2007). Trauma Tactics, a 2-day course that focuses on high-fidelity human patient simulation, was created to meet this educational need. This descriptive study was conducted retrospectively to assess the effectiveness of the Trauma Tactics course. Pre- and postsurveys, tests, and simulation performance were used to evaluate professional nurses who participated in Trauma Tactics over a 10-month period. Fifty-five nurses were included in the study. Pre- and postsurveys revealed an increase in overall confidence, test scores increased by an average of 2.5 points, and simulation performance scores increased by an average of 16 points. Trauma Tactics is a high-quality course that provides a valuable and impactful educational experience for nurses. Further research is needed to evaluate the long-term effects of Trauma Tactics and its impacts on quality of care and patient outcomes.
Paradoxical Effect of Levetiracetam in Newly Diagnosed Type II Focal Cortical Dysplasia
Authors: Fois Chiara , Rassu Anna Laura , Mandia Daniele , Sechi Elia , Doneddu Pietro E. , Sechi GianPietro
Published: July 2016

A paradoxical effect of antiepileptic drugs was defined as an increased seizure frequency or severity occurring shortly after introducing a drug considered effective for that kind of epilepsy. In addition, this effect should occur at nontoxic drug serum levels. So far, pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have not been clarified. Recent evidence suggests that the variability of drug effects may depend on precise intrinsic properties of dynamic networks involving the drug and its binding site. Although several reports of paradoxical seizure exacerbation have been reported for levetiracetam (LEV), a possible association with focal cortical dysplasia has never been described nor investigated. In this report, we document a paradoxical effect induced by LEV monotherapy in a patient with type II focal cortical dysplasia at LEV serum levels within the therapeutic range. A hint of pathophysiological hypothesis underlying this potential relationship will be also suggested.
Critical appraisal of health claims: science teachers’ perceptions and practices
Authors: Nordheim Lena , Pettersen Kjell Sverre , Flottorp Signe , Hjälmhult Esther
Published: July 2016

Purpose

– Critical appraisal skills are necessary to navigate the numerous contradictory and pseudo-scientific claims in the popular media. Health and science education in schools is essential for promoting these skills in students. The purpose of this paper is to explore lower secondary school science teachers’ perceptions and reported practices related to teaching critical appraisal of health claims.

Design/methodology/approach

– Interpretive description strategy guided the study process. A purposeful sample of 25 Norwegian teachers was interviewed individually or in groups. Interviews were analysed using the constant comparative method.

Findings

– One main theme, “unexploited opportunities for teaching critical appraisal”, and three sub-themes were identified: “inattentive to the relevance of critical appraisal”, “prioritise facts over critical appraisal”, “limited competency in critical appraisal”. Teachers’ descriptions of science sessions devoted to health education uncovered important opportunities for teaching critical appraisal of health claims. However, teachers did not appear to seize opportunities because they seemed inattentive to the relevance of teaching critical appraisal, they reported to prioritise teaching health content knowledge, and teachers themselves revealed limited expertise in assessing health claims critically.

Practical implications

– The findings suggest that science teachers need support to take better advantage of the links between health and science education to enhance students’ critical appraisal skills.

Originality/value

– This study adds depth to the understanding of issues and challenges faced by science teachers regarding critical appraisal of health claims, which is an important aspect of health education schools.
Eating disorder public service announcements
Authors: Iles Irina A. , Seate Anita Atwell , Waks Leah
Published: July 2016

Purpose

– Previous studies have documented that exposure to stereotypical information about certain social groups leads to unfavorable perceptions and feelings toward that group. Integrating insights from the mental illness stigma and the social identity perspective literatures, the purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of eating disorder public service announcements (ED PSAs) that employ stigma formats through the lenses of the stereotype content model (SCM) and the Behaviors from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes (BIAS) Map.

Design/methodology/approach

– The study followed an experimental control group design. Participants were exposed to either a stigmatizing or a non-stigmatizing PSA.

Findings

– Exposure to the stigmatizing PSA resulted in lower perceptions of warmth and competence being attributed to people who have an ED which further predicted greater feelings of contempt toward these individuals. The stigmatizing PSA also directly predicted greater feelings of contempt.

Practical implications

– The findings suggest that using stereotypes about EDs in PSAs aimed at preventing such diseases may elicit perceptions of low warmth and competence, further associated with increased feelings of contempt toward people who have an ED in healthy individuals.

Social implications

– The stereotyping effects of PSAs may reduce the social and emotional support that people with EDs receive and may exacerbate their emotional distress.

Originality/value

– From a theoretical point of view, these results extend the understanding of mental illness stereotypes from an intergroup, SCM and BIAS Map perspective as it applies to EDs. More importantly, this study draws attention to possible unintended consequences of PSAs, a matter that is rarely researched, but that can have severe implications.
College Socialization and the Economic Views of Affluent Americans
Authors: Mendelberg Tali , McCabe Katherine T. , Thal Adam
Published: July 2016

Affluent Americans support more conservative economic policies than the nonaffluent, and government responds disproportionately to these views. Yet little is known about the emergence of these consequential views. We develop, test, and find support for a theory of class cultural norms: These preferences are partly traceable to socialization that occurs on predominantly affluent college campuses, especially those with norms of financial gain, and especially among socially embedded students. The economic views of the student's cohort also matter, in part independently of affluence. We use a large panel data set with a high response rate and more rigorous causal inference strategies than previous socialization studies. The affluent campus effect holds with matching, among students with limited school choice, and in a natural experiment; and it passes placebo tests. College socialization partly explains why affluent Americans support economically conservative policies.
Primary olfactory cortex in autism and epilepsy: increased glial cells in autism
Authors: Menassa David A. , Sloan Carolyn , Chance Steven A.
Published: July 2016

Autism Spectrum Disorder is characterized by sensory anomalies including impaired olfactory identification. Between 5 and 46 percent of individuals with autism have a clinical diagnosis of epilepsy. Primary olfactory cortex (piriform cortex) is central to olfactory identification and is an epileptogenic structure. Cytoarchitectural changes in olfactory cortex may underlie olfactory differences seen in autism. Primary olfactory cortex was sampled from 17 post‐mortem autism cases with and without epilepsy, 11 epilepsy cases without autism and 11 typically developed cases. Stereological and neuropathological methods were used to quantify glial, pyramidal and non‐pyramidal cell densities in layers of the piriform as well as identify pathological differences in this area and its neighbouring region, the olfactory tubercle. We found increased layer II glial cell densities in autism with and without epilepsy, which were negatively correlated with age and positively correlated with levels of corpora amylacea in layer I. These changes were also associated with greater symptom severity and did not extend to the olfactory tubercle. Glial cell organization may follow an altered trajectory of development with age in autism. The findings are consistent with other studies implicating increased glial cells in the autism brain. Altered cytoarchitecture may contribute to sensory deficits observed in affected individuals. This study provides evidence that autism is linked to alterations in the cytoarchitectural structure that underlies primary sensory processes and is not restricted to heteromodal (“higher”) cognitive centers.
Hibiscus sabdariffa increases hydroxocobalamin oral bioavailability and clinical efficacy in vitamin B12 deficiency with neurological symptoms
Authors: Souirti Zouhayr , Loukili Mouna , Soudy Imar D. , Rtibi Kaies , Özel Aslihan , Limas‐Nzouzi Nicolas , El Ouezzani Seloua , Eto Bruno
Published: July 2016

The aim of the study was to evaluate the bioavailability and clinical benefits of oral new formulation (HB12) of hydroxocobalamin (Hdrx) with Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS). First, in an observational study, a cohort of 30 vitamin B12‐deficient patients (vit B12 < 200 pg/mL) with neurological symptoms received oral fixed dose of Hdrx containing 15 mg Hdrx daily for 10 days followed by 15 mg monthly. Clinical benefits were evaluated on haematological and biochemical parameters, and neurological improvement at days 10 and 90 compared to day 0. To understand the mechanism, intestinal mucosa from mice were mounted in vitro in Ussing chambers to measure Hdrx Fluxes. In the clinical study, serum vitamin B12 level increased from 55.1 ± 36.9 to 1330 ± 335.5 pg/mL at day 10 and 431.0 ± 24.27 pg/mL at day 90, without overt adverse effects. In mice ileum, (i) intestinal bioavailability of Hdrx increased in dose‐dependent manner with HB12. The apparent permeability of Hdrx was Papp = 34.9 ± 4.6 × 10−6 cm/s in the presence of 3 mg/mL (HB12B) compared to the control Papp = 6.2 ± 0.7 × 10−6 cm/s. (ii) Total transepithelial electrical conductance (Gt) increased in dose‐dependent manner with HB12, Gt = 161.5 ± 10.8 mS/cm² with HB12B (Hdrx 1 mg + HS 3 mg) compared to the control Hdrx, Gt = 28.7 ± 4.0 mS/cm². In conclusion, the clinical study suggests that injections are not required when Hdrx is given orally. Intestinal bioavailability of Hdrx increased in vitro when it was used concomitantly with HS.
Immunoglobulin a nephropathy: Pathological markers of renal survival in paediatric patients
Authors: Fabiano Rafaela Cabral Gonçalves , Pinheiro Sérgio Veloso Brant , de Almeida Araújo Stanley , Simões e Silva Ana Cristina
Published: July 2016

IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is one of the leading causes of glomerulonephritis characterized by the findings of IgA and IgG immune deposits in the mesangium of kidney biopsies from patients with persistent microscopic haematuria. IgAN is frequently detected among adolescents and young adults. IgAN presents a highly variable course that includes a spectrum from a very mild disease to end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). There are several clinical and histological factors that strongly determined the final outcome of patients with IgAN. Pathological variables associated with unfavorable outcomes are mesangial hypercellularity, segmental glomerulosclerosis, endocapillary hypercellularity and interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy, according to the Oxford classification. Moreover, some studies also suggest a role for complement activation in the pathogenesis of IgAN. In this regard, staining for C4d may be an independent risk factor for the development of ESRD in IgAN. Despite the growing number of studies assessing IgAN risk factors, this kind of investigation in paediatric patients is still very limited. The aim of this article is to revise pathological markers related to deterioration of renal function in paediatric patients with IgAN, particularly those that can independently affect renal survival.
An autopsy case of a centenarian with the pathology of senile dementia of the neurofibrillary tangle type
Authors: Iwasaki Yasushi , Deguchi Akira , Mori Keiko , Ito Masumi , Mimuro Maya , Yoshida Mari
Published: July 2016

A Japanese woman showed slowly progressive memory disturbance since the age of 85 years. Later, disorientation gradually appeared. Head computed tomography revealed severe hippocampal atrophy, particularly in the posterior portion, and lateral ventricular dilatation, particularly in the inferior horn at the age of 99 years. The amygdala was relatively preserved from atrophy, and atrophy of the frontal lobe was relatively mild for her age. Apolipoprotein E gene analysis showed the ε3 homozygous phenotype. The woman died at the age of 101 years, and her clinical diagnosis was mild Alzheimer's disease. No apparent behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia were observed during the disease course. Autopsy revealed severe hippocampal atrophy with numerous neurofibrillary tangles and ghost tangles, particularly in the hippocampal region, but senile plaques were rarely observed in the brain. The pathological findings were compatible with senile dementia of the neurofibrillary tangle type, whereas other neurodegenerative disorders were not recognized. The clinicopathologic findings of the present case are considered significant for the clinical diagnosis and pathogenesis of senile dementia of the neurofibrillary tangle type.
Effect of estradiol cypionate and GnRH treatment on plasma estradiol‐17β concentrations, synchronization of ovulation and on pregnancy rates in suckled beef cows treated with FTAI‐based protocols
Authors: Uslenghi G , Vater A , Rodríguez Aguilar S , Cabodevila J , Callejas S
Published: July 2016

Contents

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of different ovulation inducers on E‐17β plasma concentrations, synchronized ovulations and pregnancy rates. In Experiment 1, cows received a progesterone intravaginal device (PID) with 1 g of progesterone (P4) plus 2 mg of estradiol benzoate (EB) (day 0). At PID removal (day 8), cows received 0.150 mg of D‐cloprostenol and were randomly assigned to four treatment groups (n = 10/treatment): Group ECP: 1 mg of estradiol cypionate at PID removal, Group EB: 1 mg of EB 24 hr after PID removal, Group GnRH: 10 μg of GnRH 48 hr after PID removal, Group ECP‐GnRH: 1 mg of ECP at PID removal plus 10 μg of GnRH 48 hr later. Ultrasonographic examinations were performed to detect the dominant follicle and ovulation. GnRH‐treated cows ovulated later (p < .05) compared to ECP‐ and ECP+GnRH‐treated cows. There were effects of treatment, time and their interaction on E‐17β concentrations (p < .05). ECP treatment affected plasma E‐17β concentration, which increased earlier and decreased later compared to treatments without ECP. In Experiment 2, cows received (i) ECP: n = 126; (ii) EB: n = 126; (iii) GnRH: n = 136; (iv) ECP+GnRH: n = 139; FTAI was performed 48–50 hr after PID removal. Pregnancy rates did not differ among ovulation inducers (p > .05; ECP: 54.0%, 68/126; EB: 49.2%, 62/126; GnRH: 40.4%, 55/136; ECP+GnRH: 43.9%, 61/139). In conclusion, ECP administration (ECP and ECP+GnRH treatments) affected E‐17β concentrations, determining its earlier increase and later decrease compared to treatments without ECP (EB and GnRH treatments). ECP+GnRH‐treated cows achieved the best distribution of ovulations without affecting pregnancy rates.
Rational points on Erdős–Selfridge superelliptic curves
Authors: Bennett Michael A. , Siksek Samir
Published: July 2016

Given $k\geqslant 2$, we show that there are at most finitely many rational numbers $x$ and $y\neq 0$ and integers $\ell \geqslant 2$ (with $(k,\ell )\neq (2,2)$) for which $$\begin{eqnarray}x(x+1)\cdots (x+k-1)=y^{\ell }.\end{eqnarray}$$ In particular, if we assume that $\ell$ is prime, then all such triples $(x,y,\ell )$ satisfy either $y=0$ or $\ell <\exp (3^{k})$.
A higher-dimensional generalization of Lichtenbaum duality in terms of the Albanese map
Authors: Kai Wataru
Published: July 2016

In this article, we present a conjectural formula describing the cokernel of the Albanese map of zero-cycles of smooth projective varieties $X$ over $p$-adic fields in terms of the Néron–Severi group and provide a proof under additional assumptions on an integral model of $X$. The proof depends on a non-degeneracy result of Brauer–Manin pairing due to Saito–Sato and on Gabber–de Jong’s comparison result of cohomological and Azumaya–Brauer groups. We will also mention the local–global problem for the Albanese cokernel; the abelian group on the ‘local side’ turns out to be a finite group.
Simulating Melt Pool Shape and Lack of Fusion Porosity for Selective Laser Melting of Cobalt Chromium Components
Authors: Teng Chong , Gong Haijun , Szabo Attila , Dilip J. J. S. , Ashby Katy , Zhang Shanshan , Patil Nachiket , Pal Deepankar , Stucker Brent
Published: July 2016

Cobalt chromium is widely used to make medical implants and wind turbine, engine and aircraft components because of its high wear and corrosion resistance. The ability to process geometrically complex components is an area of intense interest to enable shifting from traditional manufacturing techniques to additive manufacturing (AM). The major reason for using AM is to ease design modification and optimization since AM machines can directly apply the changes from an updated STL file to print a geometrically complex object. Quality assurance for AM fabricated parts is recognized as a critical limitation of AM processes. In selective laser melting (SLM), layer by layer melting and remelting can lead to porosity defects caused by lack of fusion, balling, and keyhole collapse. Machine process parameter optimization becomes a very important task and is usually accomplished by producing a large amount of experimental coupons with different combinations of process parameters such as laser power, speed, hatch spacing, and powder layer thickness. In order to save the cost and time of these experimental trial and error methods, many researchers have attempted to simulate defect formation in SLM. Many physics-based assumptions must be made to model these processes, and thus, all the models are limited in some aspects. In the present work, we investigated single bead melt pool shapes for SLM of CoCr to tune the physics assumptions and then, applied to the model to predict bulk lack of fusion porosity within the finished parts. The simulation results were compared and validated against experimental results and show a high degree of correlation.
Forging Ahead: An Examination of the Experiences and Coping Mechanisms of Channel Swimmers
Authors: Schumacher Jennifer M. , Becker Andrea J. , Wiersma Lenny D.
Published: July 2016

Phenomenological interview methods were used to examine the experiences of thirteen channel swimmers (nine males and four females) with an average age of 41.08 years (SD = 10.05). All participants successfully completed an official channel crossing of 20 or more miles within the past 2 years. Analyses of the interview transcripts yielded 2,028 meaning units that were grouped into subthemes, themes, and major dimensions (e.g., Patton, 2002). The final thematic structure consisted of three major dimensions that chronicled the swimmers’ experiences including: before my channel swim, during my channel swim, and after my channel swim. This manuscript specifically focuses on the themes from within the dimension of during my channel swim, which includes the swimmers’ environmental, physical, social, and psychological experiences during the swim itself as well as the coping mechanisms that they used to succeed.
A time capsule from Bronze Age Britain
Authors: Stokstad Erik
Published: July 2016

Charred river houses offer an extraordinary view of everyday life 3000 years ago.