bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Leukocyte Migration: An Evaluation of this in Vitro Assay of Delayed Hypersensitivity in Man to a Soluble Antigen
Authors: Rosenberg Steven A. , David John R.
Published: December 2022

An in vitro assay of delayed hypersensitivity in man, modified from the method of Søborg and Bendixen, was evaluated. This assay is based on the inhibition of migration of human peripheral leukocytes in the presence of specific soluble antigen. Twelve of 13 individuals who were skin test positive to tuberculin showed inhibition of leukocyte migration when incubated with 100 µg/ml of soluble purified protein derivative. Only 1 of 12 skin test negative individuals showed a similar inhibition of leukocyte migration. Analysis of the migrating populations showed that the migration of mononuclear cells and not of neutrophils was inhibited.
Properties of Soluble Immune Complexes
Authors: Lightfoot Robert W. , Drusin Ronald E. , Christian Charles L.
Published: December 2022

Immune complexes have been prepared using oligovalent hapten-protein conjugates as antigens. Antigens with a valence of less than four exhibited restricted reactivity with antibody in the complement-fixation and precipitin reactions, and formed predominantly soluble immune complexes. The complexes thus formed were characterized with respect to density and antibody: antigen (Ab:Ag) composition. Complexes with a density greater than that of 19S proteins, with an Ab:Ag ratio of 5:2 or more, were found to fix complement more efficiently and to have a relatively short intravascular half-life. Complexes less dense than 19S proteins fixed complement poorly and had a prolonged intravascular existence. In situations where antigenic valence restricted precipitate formation, precipitation could be enhanced by human or rabbit complement, and this appeared to be predominantly an effect of C1q.
Biologic Activities of Lymph Node Cells Fractionated on Bovine Plasma Albumin
Authors: Moav Neomi , Harris T. N.
Published: December 2022

For the study of some characteristics of antibody-forming cells optimal conditions were determined for enrichment of plaque-forming cells (PFC) in suspensions of rabbit lymph node cells (LNC) by density gradient centrifugation in bovine plasma albumin. The most enriched fractions contained 5 to 15 times their concentration in the original unfractionated cell suspension. There was a correlation between the size distribution of the LNC and their density, the smallest cells appearing in the high density region of the gradient, and the medium and large cells in the low density region.

PFC obtained from rabbits 3 to 4 days after secondary injection of Shigella paradysenteriae were all in low density fractions. On days 4 to 5 some PFC appeared among the highest density fractions, with a gradual shift in that direction until, by day 10, all PFC were in high density fractions. The plaques produced by cells of the low density region of the gradient were prevented by treatment of the plates with 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME), whereas the antibody produced by the high density cells was 2-ME resistant. Mouse spleen cells and LNC did not show such high density PFC at these times.

The antigen-binding capacity of LNC from normal and immunized rabbits was studied with 131I-labeled soluble Shigella antigen. It was found that the antigenbinding profile of LNC from immunized rabbits followed the profile of the PFC, but among cells obtained from normal rabbits, or rabbits immunized with an unrelated antigen, high density cells were found to bind the antigen.

The biosynthetic activity of mouse spleen cells was measured by the incorporation of radioactive amino acids, uridine and thymidine into macromolecules. The density gradient fractions containing the PFC showed greater incorporation of the precursors than the rest of the population.
Carbonyl Iron: A New Adjuvant for Experimental Autoimmune Diseases
Authors: Levine Seymour , Sowinski Richard
Published: December 2022

Carbonyl iron, a form of metallic iron characterized by spherical particles, was a potent adjuvant for production of allergic encephalomyelitis in rats. It was injected intraperitoneally as a saline suspension mixed with an aqueous homogenate of whole neural tissue. Adjuvant activity was also found in kaolin suspensions but not in other forms of metallic iron, iron oxides, iron dextran, or a number of other particulate materials. Carbonyl iron was effective when administered 1 day before or after the antigen but not when given by a different route. Cell suspensions from lymph nodes draining the site of inoculation were capable of transferring the disease passively to unimmunized recipients. The ease of detecting iron and its magnetic qualities should make carbonyl iron a useful material for investigation of adjuvant mechanisms and of cellular immunology.
Ultrastructural Localization of Horseradish Peroxidase and Endogenous Peroxidase Activity in Guinea Pig Peritoneal Macrophages
Authors: Cotran Ramzi S. , Litt Mortimer
Published: December 2022

Normal guinea pig peritoneal cells were examined for peroxidase activity by the diaminobenzidine ultrastructural histochemical technique before and after exposure to horseradish peroxidase in vitro. Macrophages exhibited endogenous peroxidase activity in the nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, occasional golgi vesicles and saccules, and rare granules. The majority of granules and phagolysosomes from normal and horse serum-stimulated macrophages were peroxidase negative. When cells were incubated in vitro with exogenous horseradish peroxidase, the latter was localized in vesicles and vacuoles; the proportion of macrophages showing the distribution pattern of endogenous activity did not increase. The evidence thus suggests that when exogenous peroxidase is used as antigen, enzymatic activity in the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope may be attributed to endogenous enzyme. The possible nature and function of endogenous peroxidase-like activity in the peritoneal cells are discussed.
The in Vitro Effects of Goat Antisera to Rabbit Thymocyte Subcellular Fractions
Authors: Sell Stewart , Mascari Ruth Ann , Goldblatt Peter J.
Published: December 2022

The in vitro activity of goat antisera to rabbit thymus cell subcellular fractions prepared by differential centrifugation was determined by lymphoagglutination, lymphocytotoxicity and lymphocyte transformation. Primary response antisera to membranes and cell sap gave consistently greater effects than primary antisera to nuclei or mitochondria. Secondary response antisera to all fractions were active in lymphocytotoxicity and lymphoagglutination tests. Most of the activity resided in the IgG fraction of the antisera studied. Only anti-membrane and anti-cell sap IgG induced significant lymphocyte transformation. The results indicate that lymphocyte membranes and cell sap may be more effective than nuclei or mitochondria for use as antigens for the production of anti-lymphocytic sera.
Cells Involved in the Immune Response. XX. The “All or None” Nature of the Primary Immune Response (19S Antibody) by Individual Antibody-Forming Cells in the Rabbit
Authors: Richter Maxwell , Behelak Youssef , Haasz Robert , Abdou Nabih I.
Published: December 2022

The cells that synthesize 19S antibodies in the rabbit following primary intravenous immunization have been shown to be localized in the spleen, using the hemolysis in agar (plaque) technique (1). The temporal relationships are such that the 19S antibody-forming cells (AFC) cannot be detected in appreciable numbers before 4 to 5 days after immunization, but they then increase in number markedly within 24 hr. However, what has not been ascertained is whether this explosive increase in the AFC population is due to a) rapid division of these cells, each progeny being immediately capable of synthesizing large quantities of antibody, b) a synchronous phase of rapid antibody formation by non-dividing cells, or c) increasing amounts of antibody being synthesized by the AFC, thus permitting the detection of increasing numbers of non-dividing AFC. The results presented below strongly support but do not discriminate between the first two hypotheses.
Plaque-Forming Cells of Two Different Origins in Single Hemolytic Foci
Authors: Vann D. C. , Campbell P. A.
Published: December 2022

When small numbers of spleen cells and heterologous red blood cells as antigens are injected into lethally irradiated mice, regions of hemolytic antibody-forming cell activity—hemolytic foci—can be detected in the spleens of these recipient mice. It has been shown that the number of hemolytic foci in a recipient spleen is directly proportional to the number of cells injected (1, 2), suggesting that each focus represents a single clone of antibody-forming cells, i.e., plaque-forming cells arising from one precursor cell only.

Recent observations indicate, however, that formation of hemolytic foci may depend on interaction between at least two cell types. Claman et al. (3) showed that the spleens of irradiated mice injected with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and either bone marrow or thymus cells did not develop hemolytic foci but that foci were seen when mice were injected with both cell types.
Preventing Antibody Formation to Anti-Lymphocytic Globulin in Man
Authors: Rossen Roger D. , Butler William T. , Nora James J. , Fernbach Donald J.
Published: December 2022

One or more doses of equine IgG either as anti-lymphocytic globulin (ALG) or deaggregated normal equine IgG (DEGG) were given to 73 individuals including 43 potential or actual allograft recipients, 10 patients with leukemia and 20 normal volunteers in order to define conditions which would prevent formation of detectable antibodies to horse IgG in patients being treated with ALG. Formation of antibody was measured by studying the plasma clearance of radioactively-labeled horse IgG and by an immunoadsorbent assay. DEGG and ALG were equally immunogenic when either was given alone, causing antibody formation to horse IgG in 20 of the 27 patients (74%) treated with one or the other agent. Moreover, treatment of patients with ALG given along with maximum tolerated doses of azathioprine and methyl prednisolone did not reduce the incidence of antibody formation to horse IgG. In contrast, 8 of 27 patients (30%) who were given chemical immunosuppressive treatment for at least 2 days followed by 2 to 18 daily intravenous injections containing 50 µg/Kg of DEGG developed detectable antibodies to horse IgG when subsequently treated with ALG. Of these 8, only 1 developed rapid immune elimination of labeled horse IgG. These results suggest that it is now possible to evaluate the toxic effects and therapeutic efficacy of ALG in man free of those manifestations which might otherwise be ascribed to allergic reactions.
Cell Surface Associated Gamma Globulins in Lymphocytes
Authors: Paraskevas F. , Lee S-T. , Israels L. G.
Published: December 2022

A method has been developed for the demonstration of γ globulin on the surface of mouse and human lymphocytes. It utilizes an (Fab′)2 hybrid antibody containing one antiglobulin site and one antiferritin site. Through the former it reacts with the γ globulin on the cell surface and through the latter it attracts ferritin coated sheep red blood cells to form a rosette. Since the γ globulin on the cell acts as the antigen this has been termed reverse immune-cytoadherence in contrast with the direct technique where the γ globulin acts as an antibody. The technique was used to determine the number of cells with reactive γ globulin on their surface, in mice and man from various sources. Such cells were found in lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow and peripheral blood. However, no rosette-forming cells were found in the thymus. Neoplastic plasma cells and lymphoma cells did not form rosettes. As plasma cells contain large amounts of γ globulin it is suggested that this technique detects a γ globulin which forms an integral part of the cell surface and may represent the antigen receptor γ globulin. The lack of this receptor on plasma cells may represent either a phenotypic restriction during normal differentiation or may be a characteristic of the neoplastic cell.
Corneal Hypersensitivity
Authors: Sery Theodore W. , Nagy Rose Marie
Published: December 2022

An inflammatory episode in the rabbit cornea, resulting from the introduction of foreign serum albumin, endows that cornea with an immune “memory.” Corneal sensitivity in this eye but not in the uninoculated control eye is demonstrable as a localized binding of antigen in the stroma following a second dose of antigen many months later. The second dose of antigen becomes fixed at the injection site as a sharply defined opaque ring and disc. This is observed as early as 15 min after administering the antigen and in strongly sensitized corneas leads to local tissue damage.
The Inhibitory Effect of Vitamin A on Complement Levels and Tolerance Production
Authors: Azar Miguel M. , Good Robert A.
Published: December 2022

Administraion of vitamin A, either in its aqueous or oily form, can inhibit circulating hemolytic complement in mice. Concomitant administration of a tolerance-inducing dose of antigen fails to produce unresponsiveness and the mice become immune. The possible participation of complement in tolerance production is further suggested by these findings.
Quantitative Measurement of Guinea Pig Complement with Liposomes
Authors: Knudson Kristine C. , Bing David H. , Kater Laurence
Published: December 2022

Liposomes were investigated as an alternative reagent to sheep erythrocytes for quantitative titration of whole complement activity. The liposomes were prepared with various concentrations of phospholipid and were sonicated for more effective dispersion. It was found that reproducible complement titrations could be performed with sonicated liposomes prepared with 1 or 2 µmol of phospholipid per milliliter of marker solution (0.3 M galactose). Electron micrographs of liposomes treated with complement and hemolysin showed no discrete lesions, but rather aggregates of liposome fragments.
Communications
Authors: Katz David H. , Bluestein Harry G. , Rouques Renée J. , Pierce Carl W.
Published: December 2022

The augmentation of hapten-specific primary responses in vitro of spleen cells from mice immunized with carrier determinants has been described. Thus, spleen cells from mice primed 3 days previously with burro RBC or 7 days earlier with the bacteriophage ΦX174 display enhanced anti-TNP primary responses when cultured with TNP-burro RBC and TNP-ΦX174, respectively, as immunogens. This in vitro system offers a tool for closer analysis of the mechanisms involved in cooperative interaction of hapten-specific and carrier-specific cells in the development of anti-hapten immune responses.
The Production of Hapten-Specific Reaginic Antibodies in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Levine Bernard B. , Chang Henry , Vaz Nelson M.
Published: December 2022

Immunization of outbred Hartley guinea pigs with repeated minute doses (1.0 µg) of a hapten-protein conjugate, benzylpenicilloyl-bovine γ globulin, in alumina gel adjuvant, resulted in the production of both reaginic and 7Sγ1 homocytotropic antibodies specific for the hapten and for the protein carrier. Reagin was distinguished from 7Sγ1 antibody by its long persistence in homologous skin sites, its lability to heat at 56°C and its relative non-absorbability by a rabbit anti-guinea pig 7Sγ1 antiserum.

The reaginic responses were high titered, persistent for several months and subject to striking booster responses to repeated minute doses of antigen. These reaginic responses were associated with the production of 7Sγ1 antibodies and relatively small amounts of precipitating antibody. By contrast, immunization of guinea pigs with 100-µg doses of the antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant resulted in the production of large amounts of precipitating antibody and only traces of reagin.
Opsonic Activity of Agammaglobulinemic Human Sera
Authors: Williams Ralph C. , Quie Paul G.
Published: December 2022

Two sera from adult patients with agammaglobulinemia were studied for their opsonic capacity—e.g., their ability to enhance phagocytosis and killing of several test bacterial species. The sera contained normal amounts of hemolytically active complement but no more than trace amounts of immunoglobulins. Distinct heat labile opsonic activity was demonstrable for several bacterial strains including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus viridans, Streptococcus faecalis, and Serratia marcescens. Opsonic activity was abolished by heat inactivation at 56°C or by absorption of sera with rabbit antigen-antibody precipitates. These findings indicate that heat labile factors may play a primary role in some human phagocytic systems.
Immunoglobulin Synthesis on Free and Bound Polyribosomes of Rabbit Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Sherr Charles J. , Uhr Jonathan W.
Published: December 2022

Lymph node cells from immunized rabbits were pulse-labeled in vitro with 3Hleucine and fractionated on sucrose gradients to separate free and membrane-bound polyribosomes. Nascent polypeptides released from polyribosomes were precipitated with antiserum specific for rabbit immunoglobulin. The results indicate that immunoglobulin is synthesized preferentially by bound polyribosomes.
Rabbit Platelet Injury by Soluble Antigen and Antibody
Authors: Marney Samuel R. , Des Prez Roger M.
Published: December 2022

Several differences between EAC hemolysis and release of rabbit platelet amines by soluble antigen and antibody have been emphasized by contrasting the effects of some inhibitors on these two models of complement-mediated cell injury. Hemolysis of sensitized sheep cells in undiluted rabbit plasma is not inhibited by citrate. Immune platelet injury, in contrast, is completely inhibited by citrate, but only when this inhibitor is present before the interaction between antigen, antibody and complement. EAC hemolysis in undiluted rabbit plasma is not inhibited by tolsoyl arginine methyl ester (TAME) or acetyl tyrosine ethyl ester (AcTEE), whereas immune platelet injury is inhibited. Further, at plasma dilutions (10%) in which TAME (10 mM) does inhibit EAC hemolysis, the inhibitor must be added before or within 2.5 min after adding sensitized cells to plasma. In contrast, TAME inhibits immune injury to platelets even when added after 20 min preincubation of antigen, antibody and plasma (complement source), as long as it is present before addition of platelets. These observations add support to the concept that the details of complement action in producing EAC hemolysis on the one hand and platelet injury by soluble antigen and antibody on the other are quite different.
Enhanced Protein and IgM and IgG Antibody Synthesis following an Early Second Injection of Hemocyanin Into the Rabbit
Authors: Folds James D. , Stavitsky Abram B.
Published: December 2022

Rabbits were injected with 0.1 or 1 mg alum-precipitated keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) into the hind footpads. One, 3, 8, 14 and 90 days later individual rabbits were reinjected with 1 mg of KLH. Three days later suspensions of popliteal lymph node cells were cultured and assayed for antibody and non-antibody protein synthesis by the incorporation of 14C-leucine. Reinjection of KLH at 1 and 3 days did not stimulate antibody or protein synthesis, but restimulation at 8 and 14 days did. Priming with 0.1 mg induced mainly IgM memory, whereas priming with 1 mg induced mainly IgG memory. Reinjection of KLH at 90 days stimulated a non-antibody-producing cell population to synthesize IgG antibody. There was only fair correlation between the type and extent of the primary antibody response and the type and extent of anamnestic response evoked. There was little correlation between the extent of stimulation of antibody and of non-antibody protein synthesis. Low levels of “natural” antibody to KLH were synthesized by lymph node cells from unimmunized rabbits.
Serologic Classification of Herpes Simplex Viruses
Authors: Hampar Berge , Miyamoto Kaneatsu , Martos Lidia M.
Published: December 2022

Roizman et al. in a recent publication (1) raised a provocative issue concerning the serologic classification of herpes simplex viruses. We agree with these investigators that herpes simplex viruses should be placed in one serologic group, and offer additional arguments in favor of this proposal. Our comments are based on studies that were carried out concerning serologic relationships between intra- and interspecies herpesvirus variants as determined by 50% neutralization endpoints. Employing antisera prepared in rabbits by intravenous (i.v.) immunization, it was noted that the 7S and 19S antibodies fractionated from early (7 day) and late (7 week) immune sera differed in their neutralizing properties against the immunizing or isologous herpesvirus strain (2). These differences were reflected in the ability of these four antibody fractions to neutralize virus alone and to sensitize virus for subsequent neutralization by complement (C) or anti-γ globulin.
A Quantitative Method for Determining Human γG Allotype Antigens (Gm)
Authors: Litwin Stephen D.
Published: December 2022

A new quantitative method for determining relative concentrations of human Gm(a) and (f) allotype antigens is described. The technique employs automated equipment to measure the degree of inhibition of agglutination of an anti-Gm antiserum. Different concentrations of Gm(+) γG are assayed and a regression line is determined and graphed for each sample. Regression lines may then be compared quantitatively and characterized by their slopes. Quantitative comparison was made of the amount of protein required to produce 50% inhibition of hemagglutination in γG samples of different Caucasian phenotypes, each sample being taken from a pool of over 25 normal sera. In both Gm(a) and (f) systems, γG from homozygous subjects had approximately twice the antigenic strength as did γG from heterozygous persons. Subjects of different phenotypes produced Gm regression lines with similar slopes that are believed to reflect antigenic identity. In contrast, γG from a rhesus monkey exhibited a lower slope for Gm(f) indicating that the monkey possessed a cross-reacting antigen. Although high concentrations of Gm(-) γG had a weak ability to inhibit the Gm assay, the slope of the regression line was so low as to suggest that the reaction was nonspecific.
Immunologically Specific Retention of Long-Lived Lymphoid Cells in Antigenically Stimulated Lymph Nodes
Authors: Emeson Eugene E. , Thursh Donald R.
Published: December 2022

The lymphoid cells selectively retained in lymph nodes that have been stimulated by xenogenic erythrocytes include cells of the long-lived subpopulation. This selective retention appears to be real and not an artifact resulting from the reutilization of radioactively labeled DNA or its split products. Lymph nodes draining skin allografts also show a selective retention of long-lived lymphoid cells, although this retention is of a lesser magnitude and occurs at a somewhat slower rate. While most of this selective retention is related to factors other than the immunologic specificity of the long-lived cells involved, we have demonstrated that a small portion of it reflects the accumulation of specific memory cells. This has been done by using an experimental design based on: a) the adoptive immunization of mice to two different antigens (BALB/c mice immunized to DBA/2 and C57BL/Ks histocompatibility antigens), b) the labeling of long-lived lymphocytes of the donor mice with either 3H-thymidine or 14C-thymidine following immunization, and c) the simultaneous counting of both radioisotopes in each set of stimulated lymph nodes.
Immunochemical Studies of Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Authors: Wagner G. G. , Cowan K. M.
Published: December 2022

Neutralization studies indicated that 19S guinea pig antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus were capable of differentiating two antigenic variants of the virus, whereas 7S guinea pig antibodies and 19S or 7S bovine antibodies were not. Absorption experiments demonstrated that the activity unique to the 19S guinea pig antibodies was not simply a reflection of differing amounts of neutralizing antibody.
Immunoglobulin Receptors on Mouse Mast Cells
Authors: Tigelaar Robert E. , Vaz Nelson M. , Ovary Zoltan
Published: December 2022

Rosette formation around isolated mouse peritoneal mast cells by sheep erythrocytes coated with DNP37BSA and then reacted with various anti-DNP antibodies was used to investigate the types of antibody capable of binding to these mast cells. Mouse γG2 antibodies, obtained by electrophoretic fractionation, were found to have the ability to bind to mast cells. In addition, the rosette-forming capacity of mouse γG2-coated erythrocytes could be inhibited by the presence of γG1, γG2a, and γG2b purified mouse myeloma proteins, but not by γA of γM myelomas. These results directly demonstrate the existence of a class of antibody molecules which can bind to mast cells but which apparently cannot mediate the anaphylactic release of histamine from those cells. Of the heterologous antibodies studied, rat anti-DNP antibodies were the most effective in forming rosettes around mast cells: rabbit antibodies were much less effective. Guinea pig γG2 antibodies, which also are incapable of mediating anaphylactic reactions in the mouse, were nevertheless capable of binding to mouse mast cells. No receptors for complement could be detected on the surface of mouse peritoneal mast cells.
Dissociation of Antibody from Erythrocyte Surfaces by Chaotropic Ions
Authors: Edgington Thomas S.
Published: December 2022

IgG, Fab′ and IgM antibodies may be effectively dissociated and partitioned from their homologous erythrocyte surface antigens by chaotropic ions. The efficacy of dissociation of antibody is proportional to the chaotropic properties and molar concentration of the ions in the order SCN- τ; I- τ; Cl-. Complete dissociation of 125I-labeled Fab′ anti-erythrocyte antibody can be achieved with moderate concentrations of iodide and thiocyanate. Disruption of antigen-antibody bonds by chaotropic ions is more readily achieved from cell membrane antigens than from solid immunoadsorbents containing a relatively stable antigen such as human IgG. At chaotropic ion concentrations required for maximal dissociation of antibody, significant irreversible denaturation of membrane antigens, but not of antibody or serum protein antigens, is observed. Conformational changes in membrane antigens, possibly resulting from displacement of hydrophobic forces by chaotropic ions, may contribute to the more effective dissociation of antibody from some cell membrane antigens. Purified 125I Fab′ antibodies exhibit specific primary binding and, because of their univalent nature, may be utilized for quantitative and qualitative elucidation of cell surface antigens. The similarity of equilibrium constants observed with differing erythrocytes of similar Rh phenotype suggests a considerable degree of similarity, if not absolute identity of, the D (Rh0) antigen in different individuals. It also appears that these antigen sites are widely spaced on the erythrocyte surface.
A Micro-Immune Adherence Test for the Detection of HL-A Antigens
Authors: Miyakawa Yuzo , Tanigaki Nobuyuki , Yagi Yasuo , Cohen Elias , Pressman David
Published: December 2022

A micro-method utilizing immune adherence has been developed for the detection of HL-A antigens and the corresponding antibodies. The micro-immune adherence reaction is particularly clear and sensitive when cultured lymphocytoid cells of established human hematopoietic cell lines are used as target cells. The method is simple and rapid to perform. HL-A antigens in particulate and solubilized states can be titrated readily by inhibition of the immune adherence reaction; peripheral lymphocytes can also be typed in a similar manner.
Role of C5 in the Nephritis of NZB/W Mice
Authors: Lanier B. G. , McDuffie F. C. , Holley K. E.
Published: December 2022

To determine the role of C5 in the spontaneous development of “autoimmune” nephritis in NZB/W mice, the F2 generation was produced and grouped according to C5 status by serum levels as determined by radial immunodiffusion—homozygous negative (cc), heterozygous (Cc) and homozygous positive (CC). In both males and females the frequency of nephritis was actually higher in mice lacking C5 (cc). When the figures for males and females were combined this difference was statistically significant (p = 0.04). Thus C5 does not contribute to the renal lesons of NZB/W mice. It may play some protective role, perhaps through some as yet unidentified anti-viral effect.
Selective Inhibition of Cells in the Immune Response by Actinomycin D
Authors: Kaufman Stephen J.
Published: December 2022

A simple method is described for completely and selectively inhibiting one cell population that is required for in vitro and in vivo antibody responses to sheep erythrocyte antigens. This cell population, which is present in both 7-day immune spleen cells and in bone marrow-derived spleen cells, is completely inhibited by treatment with 0.01 µg/ml actinomycin D for 1 hr. These cells are also relatively resistant to radiation. A second cell type present in immune spleen cells is identified by resistance to this dose of actinomycin D, but is susceptible to a 10-fold higher concentration of the drug.
Antibody Plaque-Forming Cells in Mice Immunized with Human γ Globulin
Authors: Hege John S. , Epstein Wallace V.
Published: December 2022

In order to increase the efficiency and reliability of the carbodiimide modification of the Jerne plaque technique several variables were analyzed. Spleen cells forming antibody directed against human γ globulin (HGG) were enumerated in mice undergoing primary or secondary responses to immunization with this protein. When the Jerne indicator erythrocytes were coated with heat-aggregated HGG rather than native HGG the numbers of plaques detected among spleen cells from mice undergoing primary responses were reduced. Small degrees of HGG aggregation caused by freezing and thawing did not affect plaque formation. An optimal concentration of complement was determined for the plaque assay procedure which resulted in a marked increase in plaquing efficiency. The numbers of plaques determined as a function of time after primary HGG immunization reached a maximum on the 6th day.
Genetic Control of the Immune Response in Mice. III. An Association between H-2 Type and Reaction to H-Y
Authors: Gasser David L. , Silvers Willys K.
Published: December 2022

When two strains of mice congeneric with respect to the H-2 locus were tested for reactivity to the H-Y antigen, their responses more nearly resembled those of unrelated animals with the same H-2 type than those of their parental strains. It is therefore suggested that the H-2 locus largely determines reactivity against the H-Y antigen.
Detection of Antigenic Subunits of a Murine Leukemia Virus by Passive Hemagglutination-Inhibition
Authors: Sibal Louis R. , Hollis Vincent W. , Fink Mary Alexander
Published: December 2022

Detergent-ether treatment of purified Rauscher murine leukemia virus (RLV) releases two antigenic subunits which can be separated into highly purified forms by density gradient centrifugation and column chromatography. One of these is clearly identifiable as the group-specific antigen; the other is probably an envelope antigen of the virion. Antiserum to RLV produced in monkeys agglutinated tanned sheep erythrocytes coated with these antigens, whereas BALB/c antiserum reacted only with the envelope antigen. Either of these antigens can be assayed independently by inhibition of passive hemagglutination.
Genetic and Cellular Factors in the Immune Response. III. The Cellular Response to Poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) in the Highly Responding ACI and Poorly Responding F344 Strains of Inbred Rats
Authors: Gill Thomas J. , Enderle Joyce , Germain Ronald N. , Ladoulis Charles T.
Published: December 2022

The antibody response in the inbred rat is controlled by at least two autosomal genes; in addition, there is a sex influence which may include both additional genetic factors and environmental influences (1–3). We postulate that one of the major genes controlling the antibody response influences the size of the cell population initially capable of reacting with the antigen. This hypothesis was tested by measuring the fraction of spleen cells that produced antibody after immunization with poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15)1 in female rats of the highly responding ACI strain, the poorly responding F344 strain and a hybrid of the two.

The inbred ACI and F344 rats were obtained from Microbiological Associates, Walkersville, Md. The hybrid rats were bred in our laboratory starting with an ACI mother and F344 father, and were randomly inbred for three generations. The cellular responses were examined at various time intervals following primary and secondary immunization.
Lysis and Death of Mycoplasma Pneumoniae by Antibody and Complement
Authors: Brunner Helmut , Razin Shmuel , Kalica Anthony R. , Chanock Robert M.
Published: December 2022

Human serum containing antibodies for Mycoplasma pneumoniae or hyperimmune rabbit serum contianing antibodies for membrane glycolipids of M. pneumoniae sensitized M. pneumoniae to the lytic action of fresh guinea pig serum, which served as a source of complement. Lysis of the orgaisms was indicated by the rapid loss from the cells of 260 nm-absorbing materials, by a rapid decrease in viability, and by the transformation of the highly filamentous organisms to ghost-like structures, which was visualized by electron microscopy. The ghost membranes contained large irregular holes that probably resulted from osmotic lysis of the organisms, triggered by the damage to membrane permeability induced by the immune reaction.
Isoantibodies to Human IgM: Serologic and Immunochemical Investigations
Authors: Leikola Juhani , Hugh Fudenberg H. , Vyas Girish N. , Perkins Herbert A.
Published: December 2022

A total of 378 serum samples was tested for anti-IgM activity using 15 different Waldenström's macroglobulins. For detection of the antibodies, a passive hemagglutination assay with CrCl3 as coupling agent was employed. Anti-IgM antibodies were found in 16 sera. The incidence was highest (7.2%) in sera from patients given multiple transfusions. There was no correlation between the antibodies and transfusion reactions. The antibodies were IgG class and were mainly directed against antigenic determinants requiring intact disulfide bridges for their expression. Some normal sera slightly inhibited two antisera. The relation of this inhibition to the possibility of genetic markers on IgM was discussed.
Regulation of the Immune System by Synthetic Polynucleotides
Authors: Schmidtke Jon R. , Johnson Arthur G.
Published: December 2022

Equimolar complexes of the synthetic polyribonucleotides, polyadenylic and polyuridylic acid (poly(A:U)), or polyinosinic and polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) were shown to be adjuvants for antibody formation in mice. A decreased induction period and increases in 19S and 7S antibody titers and in immunologic memory were noted. Poly(A:U) increased the antibody response to a variety of antigens including both soluble and particulate proteins, sheep red blood cells, and a polysaccharide, the Vi antigen of Escherichia coli. In addition, antibody formation to bovine γ globulin was enhanced in mice, rabbits and guinea pigs. Antigenicity was increased considerably in that poly(A:U) was capable of rendering 1 ng of bovine γ globulin immunogenic. When injected 0.5 to 1 day before antigen, poly(A:U) was found to be immunosuppressive. However, a second injection of poly(A:U) given with antigen abolished the immunosuppression induced by the first dose of poly(A:U). Study of various physical and chemical factors necessary for the adjuvant action of poly(A:U) revealed that no polynucleotide alone acted as an adjuvant nor were other known interferon-inducing polymers effective. Complexes composed of altered molar proportions were no more effective than an equimolar complex, and neither purine nor pyrimidine mono- and oligonucleotides could replace their respective polynucleotides in the poly(A:U) complex. Decreasing the hydrogen bonding in the complex through use of chemically modified poly A and poly U caused a reduction in the adjuvant action. In addition, neither repeated freeze-thawing nor prolonged incubation at room temperature minimized the adjuvant action of poly (A:U). Heat denaturation rendered the complex ineffective, as did treatment with ribonuclease or incubation in normal mouse serum.
Lactic Dehydrogenase Virus-Induced Immune Complex Type of Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A. , Dixon Frank J.
Published: December 2022

Mice persistently infected with lactic dehydrogenase virus (LDV) show granular deposits of host IgG, C3 and viral antigen in their renal glomeruli. Specific anti-LDV antibody is concentrated in these deposits. The mild glomerulonephritis observed is apparently related to trapping of circulating virus-antibody complexes in the glomerular filter.
Adenyl Cyclase Activity of Spleen Cells Exposed to Immunoenhancing Synthetic Oligo- and Polynucleotides
Authors: Winchurch Richard , Ishizuka Masaaki , Webb David , Braun Werner
Published: December 2022

Indirect evidence (1) indicates that cells responding to antigenic stimulation, like cells responding to hormone stimulation, may be activated by events that are mediated by adenosine 3′5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP). The stimulation of antibody formation by cAMP, coupled with the capacity of theophylline, a stabilizer of cAMP levels, to magnify poly A:poly U-induced stimulation of specific antibody responses strongly suggested that an activation of adenyl cyclase, converting adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cAMP, may take place following the interaction of antigen with appropriate recognition sites on membranes of immunocompetent cells (1). This conclusion was supported by the finding that cAMP can stimulate thymocytes (2) and human peripheral lymphocytes (3), and that phytohemagglutinin (PHA), a nonspecific activator of lymphocytes, increases adenyl cyclase activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes exposed to PHA in vitro (4). We have now collected direct evidence for increased adenyl cyclase activity in mouse spleen cells exposed in vitro to breakdown products of synthetic polynucleotides, which are known to be potent stimulators of specific immune responses in vivo and in vitro (5).
Human and Rat γ E: Serologic Evidence of Homology
Authors: Kanyerezj B. , Jaton J.-C. , Bloch K. J.
Published: December 2022

The homocytotropic (reaginic) antibodies of several mammalian species resemble one another in their occurrence in trace amounts in serum following immunization, in their heat and sulfhydryl lability, and in their firm binding to target (mast) cells (1). Based on physicochemical characteristics, these homocytotropic antibodies have been identified as γE immunoglobulins in man, monkey, rabbit and rat (2–5). Antigenic relationships among the γE immunoglobulins of these species have been noted (3, 4, 6); the present report concerns the antigenic relationship between human γE (represented by myeloma protein PS (7)) and rat γE (represented by rat anti-Nippostrongylus brasiliensis homocytotropic antibodies (8)).

Human myeloma proteins of the γG, γA, γD and γE class and a Waldenström γM protein were isolated by starch block electrophoresis, anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration according to conventional methods.
Immunologic and Immunochemical Studies on the Gar, Lepisosteus Platyrhincus
Authors: Bradshaw Claire M. , Clem L. William , Sigel M. Michael
Published: December 2022

Purified gar 14S immunoglobulin, obtained by DEAE-cellulose chromatography followed by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration, was found to have a molecular weight of ∼650,000 and a relatively high hexose content, and to be composed of disulfide-linked H (m.w. ∼70,000) and L (m.w. ∼22,000) polypeptide chains present in equimolar amounts. Based upon these data it is proposed that this 14S protein is a tetrameric form of IgM. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of fractions from Sephadex G-200 with rabbit anti-gar H- and L-chain antisera indicated that this was the only class of immunoglobulin present in gar serum.
Detection of Cell-Absorbed Protein Antigen by an Equilibrium Diffusion Method
Authors: Tai Chiaki , McGuigan James E.
Published: December 2022

Diffusion dialysis experiments were conducted using cellulose polyacetate membranes permeable to protein antigen (125I-BGG) but not to cells and microscopically visible cellular components. Under the conditions of these experiments the binding of 125I-BGG by peritoneal exudate cells from non-immunized guinea pigs could not be detected. It was possible to detect and semiquantify binding of 125I-BGG by nonimmunized peritoneal exudate cells which had been pretreated with antiserum containing cytophilic antibodies to BGG. This method, which detects the binding of antigen macromolecules, may be applicable to the study of receptor sites on the surfaces of sensitized lymphocytes postulated to be important in cell-mediated hypersensitivity.
Lymph Node Cells Carrying Receptor Sites Detected by Diffusion Dialysis Techniques
Authors: Tai Chiaki , McGuigan James E.
Published: December 2022

Hartley strain guinea pigs were immunized with bovine γ globulin (BGG) using various techniques in order to produce humoral antibodies, delayed hypersensitivity or both humoral antibodies and hypersensitivity to BGG. A diffusion dialysis technique was utilized to demonstrate cell binding of antigen (125I-BGG). Cells contained in regional lymph node preparations from guinea pigs with delayed hypersensitivity to BGG demonstrated high degrees of cell binding of 125I-BGG. Cytophilic antibodies to BGG were also produced in some guinea pigs. The results of these studies fail to demonstrate a relationship between cell binding of antigen associated with the development of delayed hypersensitivity and the presence of cytophilic antibodies.
Antibody-Agarose Immunoadsorbents: Complete Removal of Classes of Immunoglobulins from Serum
Authors: Mannik Mart , Stage David E.
Published: December 2022

Purified antibodies to human γG, γA and γM and to κ and λ chains were prepared with antigen-agarose immunoadsorbents. The purified antibodies were used to prepare antibody-agarose adsorbents. These in turn permitted selective and complete removal of individual classes of immunoglobulins from sera. Sequential use of appropriate immunoadsorbents allowed the complete removal of all immunoglobulins from sera.
Secretion of Monospecific Anti-Hapten IgG Antibodies by Rabbit Immunocytes
Authors: Hanna Edgar E. , Merchant Bruce
Published: December 2022

A direct search was made for antibody-forming cells that simultaneously secrete antibodies to two related but non-cross-reacting hapten determinants. This was accomplished by combining the hapten-specific hemolytic plaque technique with the replica immune plaque procedure. Rabbits were immunized intravenously with a particulate immunogen consisting of pigeon erythrocyte membranes coupled with both p-arsanilate and o-sulfanilate determinants. Replica immune hapten-specific plaque assays were performed after immunization intervals of 10 days, 4 months and 6 months. These replica assays showed two separate and distinct populations (anti-p-arsanilate and anti-o-sulfanilate) of IgG-secreting immunocytes. No more than 2% of the 6 × 103 immunocytes screened were potential double secretors, and the average number for all assays was 1.4%. It was possible to artificially produce a similar small percentage (2.5%) of “double” plaques by intentionally mixing two independent monospecific plaque-forming cell suspensions. The study indicates that at any one time the vast majority of IgG-secreting rabbit splenic immunocytes are specialized for the production of antibodies that react with only one of two noncross-reacting hapten determinants.
Role of Macrophages and Antibody in Resistance of Mice against Yellow Fever Virus
Authors: Zisman B. , Wheelock E. F. , Allison A. C.
Published: December 2022

Adult mice were treated with silica and antilymphocytic serum before intravenous inoculation of 17D yellow fever virus. Ingestion of silica particles impaired liver macrophage function and allowed early invasion of virus into the brain. Antilymphocytic serum had no potentiating effect after i.v. inoculation of virus. Passive transfer of antibodies protected silica pre-treated mice against development of a fatal infection. These results are discussed in relation to the role of macrophages and cell-mediated and humoral immunity in protection against blood-borne virus infections.
Immunoelectrophoretic Studies of the California Encephalitis Virus Group
Authors: Wellings F. M. , Sather G. E. , Hammon W. McD.
Published: December 2022

Immunoelectrophoretic studies of the California encephalitis group (CEV) of arboviruses were carried out. Both single and multiple injection rabbit antisera prepared against the various antigens were used in several agar-buffer-pH systems. Multiple shared antigens were demonstrable among BFS-283 (CE) and all other members of the group except Keystone (KEY) and trivittatus (TVT), thus showing a close antigenic relationship among the majority of members. However, only a minor common antigen was shared between CE and the latter two, indicating a distant antigenic relationship. Guaroa, a member of the Bunyamwera (BUN) group shown by the more conventional neutralization and hemagglutination tests to be related to the CEV group, was found to show a common minor antigen with all members of the CEV group except TVT. At least two common antigens were shared with the latter. Based on this present work and immunodiffusion studies previously reported, it is suggested that the CEV group be considered as a separate group with at least three types. These would be represented by prototypes CE, TVT and KEY. More exhaustive antigenic studies may eventually define additional types and further elucidate the extent of relatedness among members of the CEV and BUN groups.
Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis: Species Variability of the Encephalitogenic Determinant
Authors: Swanborg Robert H. , Amesse Lawrence S.
Published: December 2022

Modifcation of the single tryptophan residue of the basic protein (BP) isolated from bovine brain results in the loss of encephalitogenic activity in guinea pigs. In contrast, when these same modified BP preparations are tested in Lewis rats they still cause experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). These findings suggest that different encephalitogenic determinants are responsible for EAE in these species.
The Thymus in the Chicken and its Anatomical Relationship to the Thyroid
Authors: Panigraphi D. , Waxler G. L. , Mallman V. H.
Published: December 2022

The surgical removal of either the bursa of Fabricius or the avian thymus has been used to demonstrate their roles in the immunologic maturation necessary for antibody production (1) or delayed sensitivity (2–6), respectively. The bursa is a discrete organ, readily removed. The thymus of the chicken is composed of several lobes which lie above the jugular vein on either side and occupy almost the entire length of the neck. The most posterior lobe is closely adjacent to the thyroid. The number of thymic lobes on each side has been reported to be five (7), seven (8, 9) or to vary from six to eight (10).

We report herein that complete thymectomy of 1-day-old chickens is essentially a surgical impossibility due to the relative positions of the thyroid and posterior lobes of the thymus.

Thirty White Leghorn chickens, 10 each at 1 day, 5 weeks and 10 weeks of age, respectively, were killed and the numbers of thymic lobes on side has been reported to be five (7), seven (8,9) or to vary from six to eight (10).