bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Primary Afferent Collaterals and Spinal Relays of the Dorsal and Ventral Spino‐Cerebellar Tracts.
Authors: OSCARSSON O.
Published: December 2008

The experiments were performed on cats under nembutal anaesthesia.

Successively more caudal midline sections of the spinal cord abolished the ventral spino‐cerebellar tract (VSCT) discharge evoked on hamstring nerve stimulation, only when the sections were performed at the lower part of the L V segment. This indicates that the column of VSCT cells extends to a level caudally of Clarke's column.

The mass discharges in the dorsal and ventral spino‐cerebellar tracts (DSCT and VSCT) were simultaneously recorded on stimulation of the hamstring nerve. The decrease of the discharges after sections of the dorsal funiculi at different segmental levels showed that the collaterals from Golgi tendon organ afferents to both DSCT and VSCT neurons are given off at the same segmental level. This level corresponds to the location of the VSCT neurons, caudally of Clarke's column. Both types of muscle spindle afferents ascend in the dorsal funiculi, and give off collaterals to the DSCT neurons at a more cranial level, which corresponds to the caudal‐most part of Clarke's column. It is suggested that the collaterals of the Golgi tendon organ afferents are common for the two tracts and that these collaterals branch to give secondary collaterals to the VSCT neurons and other secondary collaterals which ascend within the gray matter to terminate on the DSCT neurons.
The Toxicity of Low‐molecular Triglycerides.
Authors: WRETLIND ARVID
Published: December 2008

The LD50 of low‐molecular triglycerides has been determined by intravenous injection into mice. The triglycerides were administered in the form of emulsions.

The LD50 is found to be lowest in triisovalerin (82 ± 4 mg/kg) and to increase when the fatty acid chain contains less than 5 carbon atoms, reaching 1,600 ± 81 mg/kg in triacetin. With more than 5 carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain, LD50 rises successively and lies over 10,000 mg/kg for trinonylin, tricaprinin and triunde‐cylin.

With lethal doses the symptom complex is somewhat variable, but generally includes respiratory arrest or respiratory embarrassment with a rapid onset, this being the probable cause of death.
The Respiratory Response to Acute Exercise of Eskimoes and White
Authors: ERIKSON H.
Published: December 2008

The respiratory gaseous exchange of 10 Alaskan male eskimoes and 10 white male subjects during rest and during and after a work performance of approximately 1,125 kg‐m in the course of 1 minute on a bicycle ergometer was determined.

During rest the only difference between the two groups of subjects was that the eskimoes had a higher resting metabolism. The difference in this limited material might be accidental, or can also be due to the fact that the eskimoes under these circumstances were more tense than the white.

The work efficiency of the eskimoes, who never had bicycled before, was almost the same as of the white, who all were used to bicycling.

The eskimoes, who were shorter and lighter than the white subjects had a shorter recovery time indicating a better cardiorespiratory function. For types of exercise which are a function of the body weight, the difference would have been even more pronounced.
Supersensitivity of Salivary Glands of Rabbits.
Authors: NORDENFELT I. , OHLIN P.
Published: December 2008

Secretion from the submaxillary and parotid glands has been studied in rabbits under urethane anaesthesia. The submaxillary gland, but not the parotid, shows a continuous secretion, which probably occurs spontaneously. The secretory responses of the glands to various drugs have been investigated. The parotid gland of the rabbit seems to be a valuable substrate for experiments on supersensitivity to chemical agents. Supersensitivity has been produced by extirpation of the superior cervical ganglion or treatment with the parasympathicolytic agent Hoechst 9980.
Cardiovascular Effects of Direct Vagal Stimulation in Man.
Authors: CARLSTEN A. , FOLKOW B. , HAMBERGER C.‐A.
Published: December 2008

The vagal control of the heart has been studied in man during total neck dissections. After that the normal tonic discharge of the fibres to the heart had been blocked by locally injected xylocaine, the nerve could be directly stimulated at maximal strength and increasing frequencies. Plotting the effector response, as measured by the pulse rate, ECG and blood pressure, against the stimulation frequencies gives a hyperbolic curve, typical of autonomic neuroeffectors, with almost maximal effects on the heart already at 10 impulses per second.

By comparing the heart response to known stimulation rates with the heart rate before nerve block, the normally present vagal tone could be roughly evaluated to about 2–4 impulses per second.

No evidence was obtained in support of vagal fibres with a negative inotropic effect on the heart ventricles, as has previously been suggested.

It was further observed that afferent fibres in the vagal nerves with reflex connections to the vasomotor centre are very sensitive to mechanical stimuli so that dissections of the nerve can induce drastic reflex effects on the cardiovascular system.
Turnover Rate of Unesterified Fatty Acids in Human Plasma.
Authors: LAURELL SIGFRID
Published: December 2008

The disappearance rate of unesterified palmitic acid and oleic acids in plasma in man was studied after varying periods of fasting and after the administration of glucose. Although the biologic half life increased during prolonged fasting, the turnover was large enough to satisfy the bulk of the caloric requirements, at least after 3 days' fasting.
Biogenesis of Histamine Studied by Its Distribution and Urinary Excretion in Germ Free Reared and Not Germ Free Rats Fed a Histamine Free Diet.
Authors: GUSTAFSSON B. , KAHLSON G. , ROSENGREN ELSA
Published: December 2008

1. The distribution and content of histamine in the whole animal and the urinary excretion of histamine has been investigated in germ free reared and not germ free rats of both sexes, all fed a histamine free diet.

2. The distribution and total content of histamine appears to be the same in germ free and not germ free rats.

3. In male rats the daily excretion of total histamine is about equal in germ free and not germ free rats, 9–23 μg/24 hr in the former group, 6–17 in the latter. In germ free male rats a large proportion of the total histamine is in the conjugated form in the not germ free almost all the histamine is conjugated.

4. Female germ free rats excrete both free and conjugated histamine, whereas not germ free females excrete histamine almost exclusively in the free form.

5. Evidence is presented that the conjugate in the urine of a germ free female may be acetylhistamine.

6. The consequences of the present observations for further studies of the metabolism and release of endogenous histamine is discussed.
Pronounced Hypothermia Elicited by Prolonged Stimulation of the “Heat Loss Centre” in Unanaesthetized Goats.
Authors: ANDERSSON B. , PERSSON N.
Published: December 2008

Polypnea, peripheral vasodilatation and inhibition of shivering were maintained for long periods by continuous electrical stimulation of the preoptic “heat loss centre” in unanaesthetized goats kept in an environmental temperature of — 6 to — 7° C. In this way the rectal temperature of one goat was lowered as far as to 29.5° C. This pronounced hypothermia was accompanied by drowsiness, hyperglycaemia and a reduced blood flow in accessible veins.
Cholinesterase Content of Certain Regions of the Spinal Cord as Judged by Histochemical and Cartesian Diver Technique
Authors: GIACOBINI E. , HOLMSTEDT B.
Published: December 2008

1. The cholinesterase content of neurones belonging to the antero‐lateral group of the anterior horn of the spinal cord of rat has been investigated histochemically by means of a modified thiocholine method and microchemically by means of a Cartesian diver technique.

Biochemical controls with the inhibitor (Mipafox) run in solutions similar to those used histochemically have been made.

2. When rat brain homogenate was used as source of enzyme, with Mipafox (4 × 10‐6 M) as inhibitor, and ace'ylthiocholine as substrate (0.004 M), the inhibition curve fits between those of AcChE (electric tissue) and BuChE (Cohn's serum fraction).

3. A histochemical survey of a section of the cervical cord shows that only anterior and lateral horns are stained. The large motor neurones are heavily stained and the product of the histochemical reaction is clearly visible along the neurites. The difference in staining intensity among various cells is not sufficiently marked to allow a quantitative appreciation of cholinesterase activity.

4. By measuring the cholinesterase activity of single neurones by means of the Cartesian diver technique two significantly different groups of cells can be demonstrated. In one group the total enzyme activity per cell is approximately 4 times higher than in the other. All the cells investigated have a measurable cholinesterase activity. Experiments with a selective inhibitor demonstrated that the enzyme present in these cells is acetylcholinesterase.

5. The results are discussed in the light of what is known about the morphology and physiology of the motor cell groups of the spinal cord.
Unsaturated Fatty Acid Composition of Subcutaneous Fat and Liver Fat in Bats in Relation to Dietary Fat
Authors: DAM HENRIK , ENGEL P. FREDERIK
Published: December 2008

When newly weaned female rats were given (through a period of 183 days) a fat‐free basal diet supplemented with 0, 38, 89, 178, and 444 mg peanut oil per day (corresponding to 0, 8, 19, 39, and 97 mg linoleic acid) the following changes were observed:

1. The amount of dienoic acid as percentage of the fat in the fat tissue declined sharply with time during the first 40 days and then levelled off at values nearly proportional to the daily dose of peanut oil.

2. In the liver the following results were obtained at the end of the feeding period:

Expressed as mg per g liver, the amount of dienoic acid was not influenced by the peanut oil supplement.

Trienoic declined with increasing doses of peanut oil. A value almost equal to 0 was obtained with the largest dose of peanut oil fed.

Tetraenoic increased with increasing doses of peanut oil, following a curve which levelled off when the dose of peanut oil was near the maximal dose given.

The sum of trienoic and tetraenoic was not influenced by the amount of peanut oil fed; this phenomenon is discussed in relation to the origin of the trienoic acid of fat‐deficiency.

Scaly tail developed in the beginning of the feeding period with all doses of peanut oil. This sign declined after 50—90 days and was absent after 140 days of feeding, except when no peanut oil or the lowest dose (38 mg) was given.
Cortical Blood Flow Related to EEG Patterns Evoked by Stimulation of the Brain Stem
Authors: INGVAR DAVID H. , SÖDERBERG ULF
Published: December 2008

1. The cortical blood flow was recorded in lightly anesthetized or unanesthetized (encéphale isolé) cat preparations in which different EEG effects were elicited by electrical stimulation of the brain stem.

2. The regular EEG ‘arousal reaction’ (‘cortical activation’) was followed by a marked increase of the cortical blood flow which was due to a reduction of the cortical vascular resistance (Ingvar 1955b, Ingvar and Söderberg 1956b).

3. From this was distinguished another type of EEG response, the ‘flattening reaction’, characterized by reduction of amplitude with only occasional slow waves, differing significantly from the other by the fact that no cortical vasomotor changes were found to accompany it. Respiratory and systemic circulatory changes, as well as effects upon the muscle tone concomitant to the brain stem stimulation were not related to this response. It also seems unlikely that local vasoconstrictions could explain it. For these reasons it is set off as a specific reaction.

4. It was confirmed that ‘sleep spindles’ could be elicited by electrical stimulation of the brain stem. No cortical vasomotor changes could be recorded during such responses. Physiological sleep was not studied.

5. A fourth type of response was characterized by generalized high voltage slow waves. It often occurred during systemic circulatory failure and possibly had some relation to a defective cortical circulatory homeostasis and to the development of brain edema, seen in such cases.
Some Characteristics of the Renal Tubular Transport Mechanism for Histamine in the Hen
Authors: LINDAHL K. M. , SPERBER I.
Published: December 2008

1. The pH of the urine appears to have no influence upon the tubular excretion of histamine.

2. Tm for histamine is shown to be comparatively high.

3. The excretion of histamine is not influenced by brom cresol green.

4. The excretion of histamine is depressed by priscoline and, at east partly, by cyanine.
Glycolysis and Respiration in Ehrlich Ascites Tumour Cells.
Authors: KVAMME ELLING
Published: December 2008

1. When glycolysis in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells was limited by different concentrations of either IAA, phosphate or glucose, no direct correlation was revealed between the Crabtree effect and the glycolytic rate, or the concentrations of hexosephosphates and acid labile phosphate esters which accumulated during aerobic glycolysis.

2. In DNP inhibited cells, incubated with 0—20 μmoles of inorganic phosphate per ml, a competition existed between glycolysis and respiration for the inorganic phosphate. In the presence of DNP, excess phosphate in the medium completely abolished the Crabtree effect.

3. Evidence has been presented showing that the rate of glucose uptake in the ascites cells is determined by the inorganic phosphate in the medium taken up through the glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase reaction. This is explained by assuming that glycolytically generated ATP determines the rate of the hexokinase reaction.
Glycolysis and Respiration in Ehrlich Ascites Tumour Cells. III. Relation to the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
Authors: KVAMME ELLING
Published: December 2008

1. In Ehrlich ascites tumour cells partially blocked with malonate, the accumulation of citrate and alpha ketoglutarate was raised during aerobic glycolysis upon the addition of fumarate and citrate respectively.

2. Fumarate, in contrast to citrate or alpha ketoglutarate, counteracted the Crabtree effect in cells partially blocked with malonate, in both the presence and absence of DNP. After a lag time succinate counteracted the Crabtree effect in trans‐aconitate blocked cells. The data suggest that during aerobic glycolysis respiration is limited by substrate phosphorylation(s) in the alpha ketoglutarate — succinate reaction.
Glycolysis and Respiration in Ehrlich Ascites Tumour Cells
Authors: KVAMME ELLING
Published: December 2008

1. The aerobic inhibition of glucose utilization i. e. the Pasteur effect in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells decreased when the concentration of inorganic phosphate in the medium and the level of intracellular inorganic phosphate increased. It was accompanied by a rise in acid soluble phosphate esters. A higher aerobic than anaerobic glucose uptake was observed in IAA inhibited cells, or by incubation in a strong phosphate buffer (negative Pasteur effect).

2. In ascites tumour cells, partially blocked with malonate, fumarate in contrast to citrate, stimulated oxygen uptake and inhibited glycolysis (the malonate Pasteur effect). This effect also decreased when the concentration of inorganic phosphate in the medium and the level of intracellular, inorganic phosphate increased. It was inhibited by DNP and anaerobiosis.

3. In glycolyzing cells, blocked with malonate, fumarate further enhanced the acid labile phosphate and ATP, in spite of the accompanying rise in oxygen uptake. Thus the Crabtree effect could not be explained by lack of total cellular inorganic phosphate or phosphate acceptors.

4. The Pasteur and Crabtree effects in Ehrlich ascites tumour cells are explained by the preferential channeling of limited a‐mounts of cellular inorganic phosphate which is to some extent carried by adenine nucleotides into certain reactions at the expense of others.
The Effect of Stimulation of Autonomic Areas in the Cerebral Cortex upon the Adrenaline and Noradrenaline Secretion from the Adrenal Gland in the Cat
Authors: EULER U. S. v. , FOLKOW BJÖRN
Published: December 2008

On stimulation of autonomic areas of the cerebral cortex selective changes in the adrenaline secretion from the adrenal medulla can be obtained. Most consistently an inhibition of the adrenaline secretion is obtained on stimulation of structures in ventral parts of the cerebral cortex, while the noradrenaline secretion is only little affected.
Adenosinephosphates and Inorganic Phosphate in the Adrenaline and Noradrenaline Containing Granules of the Adrenal Medulla
Authors: HILLARP NILS‐ÅKE
Published: December 2008

1. The catechol amine containing granules of the cow adrenal medulla have been isolated as a fraction of high purity by density gradient centrifugation. They have a very high content of amines (34.3 μmoles/mg protein‐N) and ATP (7.6 μmoles). Smaller amounts of ADP (0.89 μmoles), AMP (0.27 μmoles) and inorganic phosphate (1.45 μmoles) are also present. The adenosinephosphates represent at least 95 per cent of the acid soluble organic phosphates in the granules.

2. The molar ratio amines: ATP is 4.5: 1 or 3.9: 1, if the ADP and AMP in the granules are assumed to be split products from ATP. The sum of adenosinephosphates and inorganic phosphate represents an amount of acid equivalent to the catechol amines. This suggests that the amines are stored in intimate relation to the phosphates.

3. The osmotic properties of the granules and the amine content found in them make it necessary to assume that the amines are incorporated, together with the adenosinephosphates, in a complex molecular structure which prevents them from forming free ions or molecules in the intragranular water. The presence of large amounts of water soluble proteins (77—78 per cent of the total proteins) within the granules suggests that these proteins are a component in the postulated structure.
The Localization of the Thalamic Relay in the Specific Sensory Path from the Tongue of the Cat
Authors: APPELBERG E. , LANDGREN S.
Published: December 2008

1. The thalamic relay nucleus in the specific sensory path from the tongue was localized in the medial part of nucleus ventralis posteromedialis of the cat.

2. The center of the nucleus was found within a region defined by the following Horsley‐Clarke coordinates: frontally, 9 to 10, laterally, 4 to 5 and dorso‐ventrally, 0 to 1.

3. The focal potential evoked by electrical stimulation of the tongue was recorded with microelectrodes in 0.25 mm steps along tracks through the thalamus of encéphale isolé preparations. The potential was evoked within a well localized region not exceeding 2 mm in diameter. The overlap with the nearby region of nucleus ventralis posteromedialis containing the tactile face relays was of the order of 0.2 mm.

4. Responses to tactile, thermal and gustatory stimulation of the tongue were observed within the thalamic relay nucleus.
Oxygen Consumption in Relation to Temperature in Some Poikilotherms
Authors: VALEN EVA
Published: December 2008

Oxygen consumption at graded temperatures was measured for crayfish, frog, newt and earthworm. In contrast to recent claims, these animals showed the normal metabolic response to rising temperature, with a Q10 value of 2—3.

So far the evidence for diurnal or other short term temperature compensation is at best poorly reproducible and the phenomenon can hardly be accepted as well established.
Acid Soluble Mononucleotides in Rat Diaphragm During Incubation.
Authors: ALERTSEN AA. RYE , WALAAS O. , WALAAS E.
Published: December 2008

The content of acid soluble mononucleotides in the rat diaphragm has been determined during incubation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions and after addition of 2,4‐dinitrophenol. The diaphragms were incubated in Krebs Ringer phosphate medium, pH 7.4 and 37°C, and the mononucleotides determined in PCA extracts of the diaphragms subjected to chromatography on Dowex‐1 anion exchange resin.

Eleven different nucleotide components were obtained from rat diaphragm. The bulk was composed of adenine nucleotides, ATP representing 50 per cent of the total content. Small amounts of GTP and UTP were present. Two complexes of ADP have been detected but not fully identified. Incorporation of P32 from radioactive inorganic phosphate into these two last mentioned compounds was small after 30 minutes incubation.

By aerobic incubation for 30 minutes the level of ATP was decreased to slightly below‐ the level initially present. Addition of insulin or adrenalin in vitro had no effect on the content of ATP in the diaphragm during incubation.

In anaerobiosis or by addition of NaCN or 2,4‐DNP to the medium, ATP in rat diaphragm was rapidly‐ broken down. After incubation for 30 minutes the content of ATP was decreased to a level of 10 per cent of the amount initially present. Simultaneously, formation of IMP and inosine occurred in amounts corresponding to the breakdown of ATP. A great deal of inosine was liberated into the medium during incubation. The inivestigations suggest that during incubation of rat diaphragm ATP is broken down by the subsequent action of ATPase. myokinase, 5'adenylic acid deaminase and 5'nucleotidase.
Über den Zusammenhang der von voluntgäer Muskelaktion erbrachten Bewegungsgrösse und der elektrischen Aktivität des Muskels.
Authors: BERGSTRÖM. R. M.
Published: December 2008

Der Zusammenhang zwischen dem bei voluntärer Aktion eines Muskels erbrachten Kraftimpuls und der integrierten, elektrischen Aktivität im Elektromyogramm wurde untersucht. Die Versuchs‐ergebnisse zeigen, dass bei der nicht‐isometrischen Zeigefingerab‐duktion die integrierte, elektrische EMG‐Aktivität bei stärkeren Aktionen relativ schneller zuwachst als bei schwächeren.

The relation between the mechanical impulse produced by a muscle in voluntary action and the integrated electric. activity in the electromyogram was investigated. The experimental results indicated that in non‐isometric abduction of the forefinger the integrated electric activity increased relatively more rapidly in connection with stronger than weaker actions.
A Method for the Fluorimetric Determination of Adrenaline and Noradrenaline in Tissues.1
Authors: BERTLER ÅKE , CARLSSON ARVID , ROSENGREN. EVALD
Published: December 2008

A method for chemical assay of small amounts of adrenaline and noradrenaline in tissues is described. The catechol amines are extracted with perchloric acid. The extracts are passed through a cation exchange column (Dowex 50) which takes up the catechol amines. Elution of the amines from the column is performed by hydrochloric acid. Estimation of the two amines in the eluates is made fluorimetrically after oxidation and rearrangement in alkali. Differentiation between adrenaline and noradrenaline is performed by utilizing the difference in the activation spectra of the fluoro‐phores.
Influence of Asphyxia on Membrane Potential Level and Action Potentials of Spinal Moto‐ and Interneurons
Authors: KOLMODIN G. M. , SKOGLUND C. R.
Published: December 2008

Kolmodin, G. M. and C. R. Skoglund. Influence of asphyxia on membrane potential level and action potentials of spinal moto‐ and interneurons. Acta physiol. scand. 1959. 45. 1–18. — Asphyxial changes in spinal moto‐ and interneurons of decapitate cats were studied by means of intracellular microelectrodes. In both types of neurons the first change in membrane potential was usually observed after about 30 sec in the form of a depolarization of 5–10 mV which after some 30 sec was followed by a phase of more rapidly developing depolarization of larger amplitude; during recovery a phase of increased polarization may be observed. Interneurons showed signs of being more resistant to asphyxia than moto‐neurons. The spib potential underwent a. successive diminution in amplitude, at first owing to the decrease in membrane potential value, later also due to a change in spike peak level. During the later stage of asphyxia a decrease of both the rate of rise of the ascending and the rate of decay of the descending spike phases could be demonstrated. Rhythmical interneuron discharges showed periods of increased and decreased frequency before final blocking.
The Relation between the Number of Impulses and the Integrated Electric Activity in Electromyogrsm
Authors: BERGSTRÖM R. M.
Published: December 2008

In order to evaluate electrical parameters of gross response electro‐myograms, the interrelationship between the integrated electric activity and the number of motor impulses of the myograms obtained from human forefinger abductor muscle in voluntary, non‐isometric contractions was studied. The integrated activity was determined by planimetry. The number of motor impulses were counted irrespective of location and size. The relationship between the integrated activity and the number of motor impulses was found to be linear in contraotions up to a spike frequency of 500 cps. It was concluded that, as far as small muscles are concerned, counting of the motor impulses in the electromyogram, recorded with non‐selective electrodes, can be used in estimating the electric activity of the whole muscle.
Observations on the Effects of Infusion of Prostnglnndin E in Man
Authors: BERGBTRÖM S. , DTJNGR H. , EULER U. S. V. , PERNOW B. , SJÖVALL J.
Published: December 2008

Chemically pure prostaglandin E was infused in doses of 0.2–4.7 μglkglrnin in two healthy male subjects over periods of 4–10 min. Tachycardia, reddening of the faoe, headache and an oppressive feeling in the chest were noted. Systemic arterial blood pressure and cardiac output fell moderately.
Über die Ubermittlung von Kälteschmerz
Authors: BOMAN KURT
Published: December 2008

In the rat infraorbital nerve activity can be demonstrated in small nerve fibres by cutaneous temperatures below 25° C. The number of active nerte fibres is determined by the absolute cutaneous temperature. It is believed that these fibres mediate sensations of cold pain.
Die Einwirkung von Druckreizen auf spontantätige mechanosensible Receptoren der Haut
Authors: BOMAN KURT
Published: December 2008

In the infra‐orbital nerve of the cat and the rat nerve fibres from cutaneous receptors with high specificity of mechanical stimuli can be demonstrated. These receptors are not influenced by thermal stimuli.
Salivary Secretion in Man Elicited by Means of Stimulation of the Chorda Tympani
Authors: DIAMANT H. , ENFORS B. , HOLMSTEDT B.
Published: December 2008

During some operations on the ear in man the chorda tympani is exposed and become accessible to experiment. Electrical stimulation caused secretion of saliva, with maximal response at 10 impulses per sec and 2–3 V. iltropine abolished the response. Intravenous infusion of acetyl‐,6–methylcholine iodide some days after cutting the chorda tympani on onr side caused bilateral secretion of saliva while the response to lemon juice on the tongue was greatly reduced on the operated side.
Excretion and Nature of Bile Acids Formed from Cholic Acid‐24‐14C and Deoxycholic Acid‐24‐14C in Bile Duct Ligated Rats
Authors: NORXAN ARNE , SAMUELSSON BENUT
Published: December 2008

Cholic acid‐24–14C and deoxycholic acid‐24–14C have been given intraperito‐neally to rats at different times after ligation of the common bile duct. Chromatographic separations of the labelled urinary products show the appearence of free bile acids, the amount increasing with the duration of obstruction. Deoxycholic acid is almost completely 7–α‐hydroxylated even after longstanding obstruction when the conjugation power has been reduced.
Nucleotides in the Catechol Amine Granules of the Adrenal Medulla
Authors: HILLARP N.‐A. , THIEME G.
Published: December 2008

The work was carried out to determine whether the catechol amines in the adrenal medulla from birds and mammals are stored together with adenosinephosphates in the same way as previously found in the cow. The aniine granules of the adrerial medulla from fowl, goose, cat and goat were isolated by means of density gradient centrifugation. As in the cow no nucleotides other than adenosinephosphates were found (ion exchange and paper chromatography, high voltage paper electrophoresis). No purine or pyrimidine bases or nucleotides were demonstrable. In all animals examined ATP was predominant, but ADP and AMP were always present. The relative proportions of the three phosphates varied rather markedly, however. In spite of this, amines and adenosinephosphatefi were regularly present in practically equivalent amounts.
Relaxation of Glycerol‐extracted Muscle Fibre Bundles Induced by Zinc in the Presence of ATP and Other Polyphosphates.
Authors: EDMAN K. A. PAUL
Published: December 2008

A survey of factors affecting the relaxing effects of zinc on glycerol‐extracted psoas fibre bundles has been made with isometric recording technique. No relaxation is obtained with zinc alone. In the presence of 0.05–0.4 mM adenosinetriphosphate (ATP) and 1 mM magnesium complete relaxation of a contracted fibre bundle is obtained with 0.1–0.4 mM zinc. The relaxing effect decreases at high ATP concentrations, probably due to a decrease in the free zinc ion concentration in the bath caused by complex formation between zinc and ATP. The ATPase activity of the fibre bundles is abolished during relaxation with 0.1 mM zinc + 1 mM magnesium + 0.2 mM ATP. Magnesium and zinc have mutually antagonistic effects on contractility, but the relaxing effect of zinc is probably not due to a simple competition with magnesium. Calcium (10 mM) increases the rate of relaxation induced by zinc + ATP. Relaxation can be induced by 0.2 mM zinc in the presence of 1 mM mranesium and 0.4 mM inosinetriphate(ITP) or uridinetrophosphate instead of ATP. The visco‐elastic effects of zinc + ITP are much more pronounced than those of zinc + ATP in quimolar bath concentrations. Zinc does not modify the relaxing effect of inorganic pyrophosphate and tripoly‐phosphate, not the effect of adenosinediphosphate.
The Discharge to Maintained Stretch of Spindles in Slow and Fast Muscles of Rabbit.
Authors: GRANIT RAGNAR , HOMMA SABURO
Published: December 2008

Systematic measurements of the maintained discharge to stretch at time 4–5 sec from onset have been carried out with 69 muscle spindles in ankle extensors and flexors of anaesthetized rabbits. Three main types of spindles can be separated on the basis of rate of discharge, slow, medium and fast spindles. The number of fast spindles is greater in fast muscle. Slow and medium spindles only are found in slow muscle.
Peripheral Circulatory Response to Submersion Asphyxia in the Duck.
Authors: JOHANSEN KJELL , KROG JOHN
Published: December 2008

The peripheral circulation in the duck during diving has been studied. Changes in peripheral blood flow were indicated by measuring the venous pressure‐rise in a branch of the femoral vein, when the main venous return was occluded. Electrocardiograms and arterial pressures were recorded simultaneously. Upon diving of the animals an extreme bradycardia was observed while the arterial pressure underwent only small changes. The slow drop in the arterial diastolic pressure during diving indicated a great reduction in the rate of emptying from the larger arteries. The peripheral blood flow determined from the degree of venous return was likewise found to be markedly reduced. It is concluded that diving induces an adjustatory shut down of the circulation through the whole limb. This explains the animals' ability to compensate for the extreme bradycardia in the maintenance of high systemic blood pressure, thus securing an ample circulation to the brain during asphyxia.
A Note on the Composition of Alveolar Air in the Diving Duck.
Authors: ANDERSEN HARALD T.
Published: December 2008

The oxygen‐carbon dioxide diagram obtained in two successive dives performed by domestic ducks are different in shape, the curve for the first dive shows a conspicuous S‐shape, whereas the second dive performed on a high lactic acid concentration in the blood presents a straight line. This striking change may be explained as caused by a breakdown of the buffering capacity of the blood.
The Rate of Methemoglobin Reduction in Red Cells of Moderately Bled Rabbits.
Authors: JALAVISTO E. , PITKÄNEN A. , SELONEN A. , SOLANTERÄ L.
Published: December 2008

Repeated bleedings were shown to enhance the methemoglobin reduction rate (MRR) of nitrite treated red cells incubated without substrate, with glucose at 7.4 and with lactate at pH 8. When the samples were incubated with adenosine prior to the treatment with nitrite the MRR was speeded up; the difference, however, between anemic and normal cells persisted. Regularly in anemic and sometimes in intact red cells pyruvic acid slowed the reduction rate down by a fairly constant amount. It was concluded that reduction through lactate cannot represent the main factor in the anemic increase of MRR. After bleedings when the reticulocytosis had subsided, an elevated MRR could still be observed. It was concluded that the anemic increase of MRR is due to an overall activation of metabolic processes in a population consisting of young red cells.
A Study of Central Regulation of Rumination and Reticulo‐Ruminal Motility.
Authors: ANDERSSON B. , KITCHELL R. L. , PERSSON N.
Published: December 2008

Rumination, emesis and increased reticulo‐ruminal motility have been produced by electrical stimulation at different sites in the medulla oblongata of conscious goats. In the region of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus, stimulations among other effects caused arrest of reticulo‐ruminal motility, followed by abnormally increased motility after cessation of stimulation.
The Influence of Temperature on the Electrocardiograms of Some Northern Reptiles.
Authors: JOHANSEN KJELL
Published: December 2008

The relation between heart rate and body temperature in three species of Norwegian reptiles has been studied (Tripodonotus natrix L, Vipera berus L, Anguis fragilis L). In all species studied the heart beat vs. body temperature curves showed a logarithmic regression. The increments of heart frequency with temperature were found to be 5–6 beats/°C/minute inside a temperature interval from 8–32° C. The normal appearance of the electrocardiograms in the same three species of reptiles has been analyzed and the influence of temperature upon the waveform has been discussed.
Effects of Alterations of Total Muscular Blood Flow on Local Tissue Clearance of Radio‐Iodide in the Cat.
Authors: HYMAN CHESTER , ROSELL SUNE , ROSEN ANDERS , SONNENSCHEIN RALPH R. , UVNÄS BÖRJE
Published: December 2008

Simultaneous measurement was made of isotope clearance and of venous outflow or arterial inflow in the gastrocnemius muscle of anesthetized cats. The purpose was to explore if vasomotor nerves to the skeletal muscles might innervate different types of blood vessels. Restriction of the arterial inflow resulted in approximately proportionate decreases in flow and clearance. Stimulation of the sympathetic supply to the area caused a somewhat greater decrease in total flow than in clearance. Intra‐arterial infusion of compound 48/80 or of methacholine, stimulation of the sciatic nerve or of the appropriate anterior roots, all increased flow and clearance proportionately. In contrast, stimulation of vasodilator pathway in the hypothalamus caused significant increase in flow with no consistent change in tissue clearance. With sympathetic stimulation, clearance of intra‐arterially injected isotope showed a drop more nearly proportional to the drop in blood flow. None of the vasodilating procedures, however, increased the rate of clearance of intra‐arterially administered isotope. It is concluded that most procedures influence the shunt and nutritional blood flow in a proportionate manner, but the active vasodilation resulting from hypothalamic stimulation is restricted to the shunt flow.
Electrocardiographic, Heart‐Rate and Subjective Responses to Prolonged Gravitational Stress and their Relation to some Dimensional and Functional Parameters of the Circulatory System
Authors: Bjurstedt Hilding , Hansson Lars‐Erik , Ström Gunnar
Published: December 2008

Heart‐rate and ECG (including 5 precordial leads) responses were studied in 16 healthy subjects during up to 6 min exposure to 3‐3 1/2 times the force of gravity in a human centrifuge. The subjective g tolerance (resistance to dimming or loss of vision) was determined in relation to various circulatory functional and dimensional parameters. The ECG did not show any remarkable alterations during or after the runs. Subjective g tolerance was correlated to orthostatic heart‐rate (produced by normal gravity) but not to heart‐rate response under increased gravitational stress, physical working capacity, heart volume in the horizontal or vertical body position, or total hemoglobin.
A Rapid and Sensitive Electrode for Continuous Measurement of pCO2 in Liquids and Tissue
Authors: Hertz C. Hellmuth , Siesjö Bo
Published: December 2008

A pCOa electrode for measurements in tissues and liquids is described, based upon the principle first employed by Stow, baer and Randall (1957) for pCO2 measurements in liquids. Tissue measurements have been made possible by using a plane membrane pH glass electrode covered by a Teflon membrane. Together with a miniature calomel electrode it forms a pCO2 electrode, which proved to be superior to earlier electrodes. Thus it is simpler in construction, more sensitive and about three times as fast as earlier electrodes.
Observations on the Distribution and Action of Substance P in Marine Animals1
Authors: Dahlstedt E. , Euler U. S. V. , Lishajko F. , ÖStlund E.
Published: December 2008

Various parts of the CNS of the dogfish and the ray were found to contain large amounts of Substance P (SP), up to 50 units/g fresh organ. It was also found in extracts of intestine of these species, and in minute amounts in the hagfish (Myxine). No SP activity was found in total extracts of Mytilus and Actiniaria, but small amounts were found in Ciona. The strongly stimulating action of SP on teleost intestine was confirmed with superfusion technique.
Olfactory Bulb Potentials Induced by Electrical Stimulation of the Nasal Mucosa in the Frog
Authors: Ottoson D.
Published: December 2008

The potential changes induced in the frog's olfactory nerve and bulb by electrical stimulation of the nasal mucosa have been studied. The response developed by the bulb is composed of two successive negative deflections. It has been possible to segregate these deflections and partly identify their origins. The first component of the response is of synaptic nature and builds up a persisting potential during repetitive stimulation. The second component of the response is sensitive to the action of narcotics and asphyxia and is blocked when secondary neurons are stimulated antidromically. The conclusion has been drawn that this component represents the propagated activity in neurons of secondary order. The properties of the olfactory nerve fibres have been studied in recordings of the nerve action potential.
Metastatic Calcification in Experimental Overdosage of Dihydrotachysterol in Rats
Authors: Häkkinen Ilkka P. T.
Published: December 2008

Tetracycline and DOCA were observed to increase metastatic calcification in rats treated with dihydrotachysterol (AT10). Cortisone had an opposite effect. DOCA increased tetracycline fluorescence in calcium metastatic regions, cortisone had again an opposite effect. So tetracycline fluores‐cense and metastatic calcification seemed to correlate. The way of fixation of tetracycline has been discussed.
The Kinetic Energy Produced by Voluntarily Controlled Muscle Action and the Frequency of the Motor Discharge
Authors: Bergström R. M.
Published: December 2008

The experiments were performed in order to study the voluntary control of muscle contraction. Under the experimental conditions concerned it was possible to demonstrate a linear relationship between the discharge frequency of the electromyogram recorded from the forefinger abductor muscle using non‐selective electrode technique and the kinetic energy produced by the abduction. It is assumed that the mechanical effect of voluntary muscle contractions is graded by the central nervous system by the gradation of the number of the time periods in the motor discharge. The number of the time periods is proportional to the physical action (energy ? time, dimension g·cm2·s‐1) of the mechanical effect of the motion.
The Mechanical Work Produced by Voluntarily Controlled Muscle Action and the Frequency of the Motor Discharge
Authors: Bergström R. M.
Published: December 2008

The interrelationship between the mechanical work and the impulse frequency of the electromyogram obtained with non‐selective electrodes was studied in voluntary actions of the human forefinger abductor muscle. In view of the fact that the work performed by the muscle is independent of the time relations of the contraction, the impulse frequency corresponding to a certain amount of mechanical work was registered in the terminal position of the muscle shortening. The impulse frequency of the electromyogram was directly proportional to the degree of the muscle shortening by different loadings of the contractions and to the amount of work produced by the unloaded contraction. The result makes it possible to treat the impulse frequency of the motor discharge as an energy parameter, which shows the amount of the “potential energy” corresponding to a certain length of the muscle.
A Simple Device for Long‐Lasting, Continuous Injections into Animals
Authors: Falck B. , Hillarp N. Å. , Thieme G.
Published: December 2008

An injection syringe to be carried by the animal has been devised. The syringe allows continuous injection of given volumes of fluid in given periods of time (from half a day up to several days). The injection fluid is pressed through a filter delaying the outflow and the rate of the outflow may be varied by varying the viscosity of the fluid.
A Hypothalamic Structure with a Marked Inhibitory Effect on Tonic Sympathetic Activity
Authors: Folkow Björn , Johansson Börje , ÖBerg Bengt
Published: December 2008

In cats the brain has been explored with the Horsley‐Clarke technique in a search for hypothalamic structures from which distinct inhibitions of sympathetic activity can be elicited. Just behind and below the anterior commissure, about 2 mm from the midline, a restricted area has been localized, from which often drastic inhibitions of sympathetic vasoconstrictor‐accelerans tone can be induced. It is suggested that this structure constitutes a hypothalamic relay station for cortical inhibitory pathways to subordinated sympathetic structures, mainly affecting the discharge of the medullary vasomotor centre.
Further Observations on the State of the Catechol Amines Stored in the Adrenal Medullary Granules
Authors: Hillarp Nils‐Åke
Published: December 2008

On incubation of amine granules from cow adrenal medulla in media containing labelled adrenaline no significant exchange between this adrenaline and the amines stored in the granules was found. This and other findings indicate that the stored amines are bound in a non‐diffusible state in combination with adenosinephos‐phates and probably with intragranular proteins. The supposed complex binding the amines seems to be a very labile structure, which is destroyed on disruption of the granule membrane.
Habituation of Autonomic Response Elements under two Conditions of Alertness
Authors: Scholander T.
Published: December 2008

The habituation of the phasic responses and the prestimulus values of the pulse rate and the electrodermal activity has been studied under two different conditions of alertness. The auditory stimulus was administered with intervals varied at random according to a constant sequence. The degree of alertness was assumed to be higher when the subject was preoccupied with a special sighting device than when he was relaxed. It was found that the increased alertness tended to delay the habituation and to increase the prestimulus activation level of the variables.
Studies on the Possibilities of Improving the Nutritive Value of Swedish Wheat Bread I. The effect of lysine supplementation
Authors: Ericson L.‐E. , Ovenfors C.
Published: December 2008

Ericson, L.‐E. and C. Ovenfors. Studies on the possibilities of improving the nutritive value of Swedish wheat bread. I. The effect of lysine supplementation. Acta physiol. scand. 1959. 47. 44—51. — The growth rate of weanling albino rats was used as an index of the extent of improvement in the nutritive value of wheat bread that is obtainable by lysine supplementation. It was found that the addition of 0.5 % L‐lysine to a basal diet prepared from 90 % air dried wheat bread (containing 3.3 % roller dried skim milk) and ample quantities of vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids, doubled the growth rate of the rats and caused a gain in body protein. However, this growth rate was still only about half that obtained with a stock diet or a diet containing egg protein. Possible explanations for this relatively small effect of lysine supplementation and for the differences between our results and those of other authors have been discussed.
Activity in Single Hippocampal Pyramids
Authors: Euler Curt Von , Green J. D.
Published: December 2008

Euler, C. V. and J. D. Green. Activity in single hippocampal Pyramids.

Activity from single pyramidal cells of dorsal hippocampus has been studied in rabbits under light urethane anaesthesia or with encéphale isolé. Capillary microelectrodes were used for recording. Respiratory and cardiovascular movements of the brain were reduced by using a ‘closed system’. Extracellular biphasic positive‐negative spikes of large amplitude were frequently recorded. The shape of the extracellular spikes indicate that the soma spikes are usually not followed by excitation of the dendritic membrane. However, occasionally spikes with negative‐positive potential sequence indicating somatofugal excitation of the dendrites, have been recorded after a burst of positive‐negative spikes. This occurred in response to prolonged repetitive stimulation and in after‐discharges. Spikes were normally not recorded in the dendritic layer. Repetitive stimulation, however, elicited sharp spikes in the apical dendrites increasing in number and amplitude with increasing stimulus strength and duration.

Action potentials and slow changes in membrane potential were commonly recorded with big attenuation but without other signs of serious injury.

Polarizing hippocampal neurones with minute currents in the order of 2 × 10‐9A through the recording microelectrode stimulated or inhibited that cell from which the activity was extracellularly recorded.

The hippocampus is an uncomplicated cortical structure with a relative uniform and simple lamination. These and other features make the Ammon's horn a suitable site for studies of cortical properties (see e. g. Euler, Green and Ricci 1958). This paper presents an analysis of the spontaneous activity in single hippocampal pyramids and a component analysis of spike potentials recorded extracellularly. A subsequent paper (Euler and Green 1960) deals with the activity patterns which can be elicited through afferent stimulation. A ‘positive’ wave with rapidly declining ‘positive’ spikes proved to be a pattern entity of possible significance for the ‘brain waves’ of the hippocampus. Although no successful intracellular records of this phenomenon were obtained, the experimental data presented in the present paper lend themselves to the conclusion that the spikes and the wave originate in the same neurone and that the phenomenon thus may be identified as the ‘inactivating process’ of Granit and Phillips (1956).