bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Devil, Superstition, and the Fragmentation of Magic
Authors: Armstrong Sean
Published: June 2020

Using mostly English sources of the witch hunt era, this article demonstrates that the “fragmentation of Renaissance occultism” argued by John Henry and others involved redefining the term “superstition.” At the start of the witch hunt era, superstition was the antonym to religion; by the 1620s, when the witch hunt peaked, Francis Bacon was presenting his new philosophy as the antonym to superstition and its twin idolatry. This change in the signification of superstition was causally linked to the devil, who was both master and goal of all superstition and idolatry. Superstition was redefined and the devil was rethought as aspects of the same process, as critics of the witch hunt concluded that it was superstition to believe the devil could affect the natural order. The early stages of this redefinition drew on a concept from early classical natural philosophy that has been labelled “double determination” by G. E. R. Lloyd. Eventually the expanded concept of superstition became the counterfoil to the new philosophy.

Employant principalement des sources de la période de la chasse aux sorcières, cet article démontre que la « fragmentation de l’occultisme de la Renaissance », soutenu par John Henry et d’autres, impliquait une redéfinition du terme « superstition ». Au début de la période de la chasse aux sorcières, superstition était antonyme de religion. Dès les années 1620, au summum de la chasse aux sorcières, Francis Bacon présentait sa nouvelle philosophie comme l’antonyme de la superstition et de l’idolâtrie qui lui associée. Ce changement dans la signification de la superstition était lié au diable, qui était à la fois maître et objectif de toute superstition et idolâtrie. La superstition est redéfinie et le diable repensé comme aspects du même processus, les critiques de la chasse aux sorcières ayant conclu qu’il était superstitieux de croire que le diable pouvait influencer l’ordre naturel. Les premières étapes de cette redéfinition s’inspiraient d’un concept de la philosophie naturelle antique intitulée « double determination » par G. E. R. Lloyd. Finalement, le concept élargi de superstition est devenu la souche de la nouvelle philosophie.
Erring from Good Huswifry? The Author as Witness in Margaret Cavendish and Mary Trye
Authors: Clairhout Isabelle
Published: June 2020

Margaret Cavendish and Mary Trye differ in the extent to which their scientific ideas and social positions allowed them to translate their view of the embodied observer into a steady textual image that was consistent with their methodological and epistemological ideas. However, they are united in a rhetoric of opposition that accommodates their defence against accusations that females had no authority in these matters due to inferior physical and mental qualities (although Cavendish’s defence is far from unequivocal). Moreover, both took on the role of a spokesperson for a member of their family and, again, their interpretation of that role is affected by their scientific views. This article will examine the similarities and differences of their authorial self-fashioning in the context of what was far from homogeneous early modern scientific authorship.

Margaret Cavendish et Mary Trye diffèrent dans la mesure dans laquelle leurs idées scientifiques et leurs positions sociales les autorisaient à traduire leur vues de observateur incarné en une image textuelle non seulement constante mais en accord avec leurs idées méthodologiques et épistémologiques. Elles sont toutefois unies par une rhétorique de l’opposition s’adaptant à leur défense contre des accusations affirmant que les femmes n’avaient aucune autorité en la matière en raison de leurs qualités physiques et mentales réduites (bien que la défense de Cavendish soit loin d’être sans équivoque). De plus, toutes deux ont adopté le rôle de porte-parole pour un membre de leur famille et, encore une fois, leur interprétation de ce rôle est affecté par leurs vues scientifiques. Cet article examinera les similarités et différences de leur positionnement auctorial dans un contexte loin de l’homogénéité auctoriale scientifique de la période des débuts de l’ère moderne.
The Renaissance in Toronto: Early Modern Italian Books in the Collections of the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library
Authors: Ricci Antonio
Published: June 2020

The Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library at the University of Toronto has significant holdings of books printed in Italy during the Renaissance. These volumes cover a wide variety of disciplines and represent a major resource for scholars of literature, philosophy, science, and print culture. The article explains how the Renaissance material came to Toronto by tracing the historical formation of the rare books and special collections of the University Library. It then analyzes the main areas of strength of the Fisher’s early modern holdings, offering representative examples of the most important editions and of the outstanding bibliographic treasures. Finally, it briefly considers the contribution made by the Fisher Library to Renaissance studies in Canada in the last fifty years.

La bibliothèque Thomas Fisher de livres rares de l’Université de Toronto possède une collection significative de livres imprimés en Italie à la Renaissance. Ces livres relèvent d’une variété de disciplines et constituent une importante ressource pour la recherche en littérature, en philosophie, en science, et en histoire de l’imprimerie. Cet article décrit comment ces livres de la Renaissance se retrouvent à Toronto, en retraçant l’histoire de la collection de livres rares et des collections spéciales de l’Université de Toronto. On y analyse ensuite les domaines majeurs de la collection Fisher de livres de la Renaissance, par le biais d’exemples des plus importantes éditions et des trésors bibliographiques inestimables. Enfin, on y décrit la contribution de la bibliothèque Fisher aux études canadiennes de la Renaissance des cinquante dernières années.
Canadian Contributions to Anabaptist Studies since the 1960s
Authors: Seiling Jonathan R.
Published: June 2020

Anabaptist studies in Canada have been marked by an exceptional degree of productive, inter-confessional (or non-confessional) engagement, most notably between Mennonites, Baptists, and Lutherans. The institutions making the greatest contributions have been at the University of Waterloo (including, but not exclusively, Conrad Grebel University College), Queen’s University, and Acadia Divinity College. The geographic expansion of Anabaptist studies beyond the traditional Germanic centres into eastern Europe and Italy, and the re-orientation of analysis away from primarily theological or intellectual history toward a greater focus on socio-political factors and networking, have been particular areas in which Canadian scholars have impacted Anabaptist studies. The relationship of Spiritualism (and later Pietism) to Anabaptist traditions and the nature of Biblicism within Anabaptism, including the greater attention to biblical hermeneutics with the “Marpeck renaissance,” have also been studied extensively by Canadians. International debates concerning “normative” Anabaptism and its genetic origins have also been driven by the past generations of Canadian scholars (monogenesis, polygenesis, post-polygenesis).

Les études anabaptistes ont été marquées au Canada par un degré exceptionnel de collaboration productive, interconfessionnelle et non-confessionnelle, en particulier entre les mennonites, les baptistes, et les luthériens. Les institutions qui ont le plus contribué à cette collaboration sont les établissements de Waterloo (y compris, entre autres, le Conrad Grebel University College), la Queen’s University et l’Acadia Divinity College. Les études anabaptistes ont déployé leurs intérêts au-delà des centres germaniques traditionnels vers l’Europe de l’Est et l’Italie. Les chercheurs canadiens en études anabaptistes ont contribué de façon importante aux transformations de leur discipline, qui ont amené cette dernière à s’éloigner de l’histoire théologique et intellectuelle fondamentale pour se concentrer davantage sur les facteurs et les réseaux socio-politiques du mouvement anabaptiste. Les chercheurs canadiens ont aussi approfondi les thèmes de la relation du spiritisme (et plus tard, du piétisme) avec les traditions anabaptistes, et du biblicisme propre à l’anabaptisme, incluant l’intérêt croissant pour l’herméneutique biblique dans le cadre de la Renaissance de Marpeck. Des générations de chercheurs canadiens ont également fait leur marque dans les débats internationaux au sujet de l’anabaptiste « normatif » et de sa généalogie (monogenèse, polygenèse, post-polygenèse).
“Nature’s Bastards”: Grafted Generation in Early Modern England
Authors: Duncan Claire
Published: June 2020

This paper examines the shared rhetoric between human and horticultural generation in early modern England, particularly focusing on grafting. Early modern English gardening manuals imagine grafting as a method of controlling generation in the natural world, and early modern English obstetrical treatises imagine the female generative body in horticultural language. Alongside these scientific texts, this article uses Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale as a literary case study of grafting rhetoric. Ultimately, while grafting treatises imagine man’s power over generation in the natural world and obstetrical treatises imagine controlling human generation using horticultural metaphor, The Winter’s Tale complicates this fantasy by depicting Leontes’s efforts at genealogical control as unnecessary and fruitless: not only do Perdita and Hermione survive and flourish after his attempts to kill them, but Perdita is the legitimate and non-grafted offspring of Hermione and Leontes.

Cet article examine la rhétorique que partagent la reproduction humaine et l’horticulture en Angleterre au début de l’époque moderne. Les ouvrages portant sur les jardins, à l’époque, représentent la greffe comme une méthode pour contrôler la reproduction dans le monde naturel, tandis que les ouvrages d’obstétrique de la même époque représentent la capacité reproductrice du corps féminin en termes d’horticulture. A côté de ces textes scientifiques, on se sert dans cet article de la pièce de Shakespeare The Winter’s Tale comme exemple de la rhétorique de la greffe. En dernière analyse, tandis que les ouvrages décrivant la greffe représentent la puissance humaine sur la reproduction dans le monde naturel et que les ouvrages d’obstétrique représentent la reproduction humaine avec des métaphores tirées de l’horticulture, The Winter’s Tale vient compliquer cet imaginaire en présentant comme futiles les tentatives de contrôle généalogique de Leontes : non seulement Perdita et Hermione survivent et fleurissent après les tentatives de meurtre, mais encore Perdita est le fruit légitime non-greffé des amours d’Hermione et Leontes.
Monstrous Births and Imaginations: Authorship and Folklore in Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream
Authors: Walters Lisa
Published: June 2020

The amateur actors in A Midsummer Night’s Dream are compared several times with the fairies who inhabit a forest outside of Athens. This article will investigate the significance of the analogy by exploring commonalities between discursive elements in folklore, physiology, and philosophy that regard imaginative faculties as a powerful force. When contextualizing Shakespeare’s representation of acting and writing within early modern assumptions about the nature of the imagination and its relation to popular stories of monstrous births, fairies, and witches, we can see that A Midsummer Night’s Dream portrays theatre as a medium containing subversive political and erotic energies that potentially can alter the socio-political landscape.

Dans A Midsummer Night’s Dream, les acteurs amateurs sont plusieurs fois comparés aux fées habitant la forêt voisine d’Athènes. Cet article examine la signification de cette analogie en explorant les points communs que partagent les discours tenus sur le folklore, sur la physiologie et sur la philosophie : tous considèrent les facultés imaginatives comme de puissantes forces. Lorsque l’on situe les représentations proposées par Shakespeare de l’acteur et de l’écrivain dans le contexte des idées de son époque sur la nature de l’imagination et sur sa relation avec les histoires populaires de naissances monstrueuses, de fées et de sorcières, on constate que A Midsummer Night’s Dream représente le théâtre comme un art porteur d’énergies politiques et érotiques subversives, lesquelles peuvent éventuellement modifier le paysage sociopolitique.
Sixteenth-Century Polymaths in the Print and Publishing Business in Basel: An Intersection of Interests and Strategies (1472–1513)
Authors: Sebastiani Valentina , Ricketts (translator) Wendell
Published: June 2020

In sixteenth-century Europe the business of printing created small intellectual communities that had the ability to manage the exigencies of the market and those of culture. In this process of continual negotiation between the interests of publishers, authors, and readers, how did men of letters lend their erudition to the service of printing? How were they able to elicit the interest of printers in publishing their works? And, above all, to what extent did their collaboration with printers impact their careers? This brief investigation analyzes the work of polymaths such as Johann Heynlin, Conrad Leontorius, Konrad Pellikan, Sebastian Brant, Jacob Wimpfeling, and Johann Reuchlin—who, acting as translators, proofreaders, and literary and typographical experts, collaborated with the Basel printer Johann Amerbach—in order to shed light on the fruitful reciprocity of printing and erudition that shaped the careers of early modern scholars and erudites.

Dans l’Europe du XVIe siècle, l’imprimerie a créé de petites communautés d’intellectuels en mesure de tenir compte aussi bien des exigences culturelles que de celles du marché. À travers la continuelle négociation entre les intérêts des éditeurs, des auteurs et des lecteurs, comment ces hommes de lettre ont-ils mis leur érudition au service de l’imprimerie ? Comment arrivaient-ils à intéresser les éditeurs à leur travail ? Et surtout, dans quelle mesure leur collaboration avec ces éditeurs a-t-elle influencé leur carrière ? Cette brève enquête analyse le travail de savants polymathes tels que Johann Heynlin, Conrad Leontorius, Konrad Pellikan, Sebastian Brant, Jacob Wimpfeling et Johann Reuchlin, qui ont travaillé en tant que traducteurs, correcteurs d’épreuves, et d’experts typographes et littéraires avec l’imprimeur bâlois Johann Amerbach. Elle met ainsi en lumière la collaboration fructueuse de l’imprimerie et de l’érudition et son impact sur la carrière des intellectuels et des érudits de cette époque.
Dialogic Construction and Interaction in Lodovico Domenichi’s La nobiltà delle donne
Authors: Prelipcean Laura
Published: June 2020

Lodovico Domenichi (1515–64), one of the major polymaths of sixteenth-century Italy, is currently enjoying a marked revival in the critical literature. Although he has been studied in the context of his contemporary printing and publishing activities, the dissemination of works in the vernacular, the promotion of women’s writings, and the religious crisis of that time, little attention has been devoted to him as a writer. In 1549 Domenichi published a dialogue on and for women, La nobiltà delle donne (The nobility of women). This work allowed him to contribute to the advancement of the women’s cause in Italy. This article investigates how Domenichi modelled the speakers, facilitated their dialogic interaction, and delivered his defence of women. Finally, it sheds light on the role that the female moderator, Violante Bentivoglia, played during the five-day conversations and how she influenced the intellectual and cultural environment dominated by men.

Lodovico Domenichi (1515–1564), un des plus grands humanistes italiens et reçoit actuellement un intérêt renouvelé parmi la littérature critique. Bien que son œuvre ait été étudiée dans le contexte de ses activités simultanées d’impression et d’édition, de la circulation de ses ouvrages en langue vernaculaire, de la promotion des écrits féminins et de la crise religieuse de l’époque, très peu de chercheurs se sont penchés sur son travail d’écrivain. En 1549, Domenichi a publié un dialogue sur les femmes et à leur intention, intitulé La nobilità delle donne (La Noblesse des Femmes). Cet ouvrage lui a permis de faire avancer la cause de femmes en Italie. Cet article explore comment Domenichi a construit ses protagonistes et facilité leur dialogue, tout en présentant sa défense des femmes. Enfin, on y met en lumière le rôle modérateur que tient Violante Bentivoglia pendant ces cinq jours de conversation et comment elle influence un environnement intellectuel et culturel dominé par les hommes.
Self-Portraits of a Truthful Liar: Satire, Truth-Telling, and Courtliness in Ludovico Ariosto’s Satire and Orlando Furioso
Authors: Ugolini Paola
Published: June 2020

Composed during the most difficult years of Ludovico Ariosto’s relationship with the Este court, the Satire are known for presenting a picture of their author as a simple, quiet-loving man, and also as a man who can speak only the truth. However, the self-portrait offered by the Satire of the author as a man incapable of lying stands in direct contrast to the depiction presented by St. John in canto 35 of the Orlando Furioso of all writers (and thus, implicitly, of Ariosto) as liars. This article investigates the relationship between such contrasting self-portraits of Ariosto, aiming to overcome the traditional opposition of satire as the mode for honest speech—and for a truthful portrayal of the author’s self—and epic as the mode for courtly flattering.

Composée pendant les années les plus difficiles de sa relation avec la cour d’Este, les Satires de l’Arioste sont connues pour la représentation qu’elles donnent de leur auteur comme un homme simple aimant la tranquillité et ne disant jamais rien que la vérité. Toutefois, cette représentation de l’auteur comme un homme incapable de mentir contredit directement la représentation des écrivains (incluant implicitement l’Arioste lui-même comme menteurs, avancée par saint Jean dans le chant 35 de son Orlando Furioso.) Cet article examine donc les relations qu’entretiennent les différents autoportraits qu’offre l’Arioste et cherche à dépasser l’opposition traditionnelle entre la satire comme forme du discours honnête — qui comprend l’autoportrait honnête de l’auteur —, et le discours épique comme mode de flatterie de cour.
“Of rose and pomegarnet the redolent pryncesse”: Fashioning Princess Mary in 1525
Authors: Hamrick Stephen
Published: June 2020

While a more accurate appraisal of Mary Tudor’s life and reign is underway, historians of literature continue either to ignore or to misinterpret surviving representations of Princess Mary. To begin correcting this failure, the article analyzes a complex 1525 verse portrait of Mary, setting that text within its contemporary political contexts. Analysis of William Newman’s unpublished manuscript poem, “My ladie princesse doughter to king harry the VIII,” recovers an intriguing characterization of the first Tudor princess in the period immediately prior to Henry’s divorce from Catherine of Aragon and frustrates attempts to understand the first Tudor queen as a lifelong loser destined to failure by her own limited abilities. Newman’s long poem represents the princess as uniquely qualified and admirably prepared to rule England as Henry’s heir.

Bien qu’une réévaluation de la vie et du règne de Marie Tudor soit en cours, les historiens de la littérature continuent d’ignorer ou de mal interpréter les représentations de la princesse Marie qui nous sont parvenues. Afin de contribuer à corriger cette lacune, cet article analyse un portrait littéraire complexe de Marie, long de 1525 vers, et le situe dans son contexte politique. L’analyse du poème manuscrit et inédit de William Newman, intitulé « My ladie princesse doughter to king harry the VIII », présente une intéressante description de la première princesse Tudor, durant la période précédant immédiatement le divorce d’Henri VIII et de Catherine d’Aragon ; ce choix chronologique empêche de considérer la première reine Tudor comme une perdante, que ses compétences limitées destinent à l’échec. Le long poème de Newman représente en effet la princesse comme l’héritière d’Henri VIII, exceptionnellement compétente et parfaitement préparée à diriger l’Angleterre.
“No chronicle records his fellow”: Reading Perkin Warbeck in the Early Seventeenth Century
Authors: Djordjevic Igor
Published: June 2020

This article argues that John Ford’s play Perkin Warbeck should be read in the context of “new” Jacobean readings of the historiography of Henry VII’s reign. After tracing the origins and dissemination of Warbeck’s scaffold confession of imposture, and exposing the sixteenth-century chroniclers’ reliance on mind-reading, clairvoyance, fallacious reasoning, and shrill invective, the article reveals the revaluation of this received “memory” of the 1490s by influential seventeenth-century historians. I argue that Ford’s elimination of the confession and his strategy of staging realpolitik as a kind of non sequitur response to the audience’s persistent questions regarding the “truth” of Perkin’s identity return the story to the indeterminacy it had for its contemporaries.

Cet article montre que la pièce de théâtre de John Ford, Perkin Warbeck, doit être comprise dans le contexte des nouvelles lectures jacobéennes de l’historiographie du règne d’Henri VII. On y retrace les origines et la circulation des confessions d’imposture de Warbeck, pour ensuite exposer combien les chroniqueurs du XVIe siècle se sont fiés à la télépathie, à la voyance, aux faux raisonnements et au bruit des invectives. L'article met en lumière la réévaluation de ces mémoires des années 1490 par d’importants historiens du XVIIe siècle. On y montre ainsi que Ford ramène cette affaire à l'état d'indétermination qu'elle avait sans doute pour ses contemporains, en éliminant la catégorie de la confession religieuse et en mettant en avant la stratégie de « realpolitik », qui menait à ne pas répondre aux questions persistantes de l’Assemblée au sujet de l'identité réelle de Perkin.
Robert Radcliffe’s Translation of Joannes Ravisius Textor’s Dialogi (1530) and the Henrician Reformation
Authors: Juhász-Ormsby Ágnes
Published: June 2020

Joannes Ravisius Textor’s Dialogi aliquot festivissimi (1530) exerted considerable influence in England in the 1530s. The English Textor movement was spurred primarily by the dialogues’ effectiveness in advancing and popularizing specific religious changes promoted by the government as part of the unfolding Henrician Reformation. Around 1540, the master of Jesus College School in Cambridge, Robert Radcliffe, dedicated a collection of prose translations of Textor’s three dialogues—A Governor, or of the Church (Ecclesia), The Poor Man and Fortune (Pauper et fortuna), and Death and the Goer by the Way (Mors et viator)—to Henry VIII. Radcliffe’s translations, especially the politically charged A Governor, demonstrate that not only his strategically selected source texts but also his method of translation helped him position himself in influential court circles and shape his image as a humanist scholar, schoolmaster, and translator.

Les Dialogi aliquot festivissimi (1530) de Joannes Ravisius Textor ont exercé une influence importante en Angleterre pendant les années 1530. Le succès du mouvement anglais de Textor est principalement dû à l’efficacité avec laquelle les dialogues mettent de l’avant et popularisent des transformations religieuses spécifiques que promouvait le gouvernement dans le contexte du déploiement de la Réforme d’Henri VIII. Autour de 1540, le maître du Jesus College de Cambridge, Robert Radcliffe, a dédié une collection de traduction en prose des trois dialogues de Textor — A Governor, or of the Church (Ecclesia), The Poor Man and Fortune (Pauper et fortuna), et Death and the Goer by the Way (Mors et viator) — à Henri VIII. Les traductions de Radcliffe, en particulier celle du A Governor chargé politiquement, montrent qu’il a cherché à se positionner dans des cercles de cour d’influence et se construire une image de chercheur, d’écolâtre et de traducteur humaniste, non seulement à l’aide de ses choix stratégiques de textes à traduire, mais aussi à travers ses méthodes de traductions.
La farse d’Amphitrion (Anvers, 1504), première traduction française d’une comédie plautinienne
Authors: Ferrand Mathieu
Published: June 2020

La farse d’Amphitrion paraît à Anvers en 1504, dans un recueil de vers anonymes. Il s’agit de la première traduction française d’une comédie plautinienne. L’analyse du texte et du paratexte permet d’abord de reconstituer le portrait intellectuel de l’auteur — un poète de la cour de Bourgogne — et de proposer une identification. L’analyse de la traduction permet ensuite d’apprécier comment le poète comprend la langue plautinienne, souvent difficile, et comment il tente de traduire sa vis comica. Une attention toute particulière est portée à la façon dont il rend l’agilité verbale de Plaute (jeux de mots, expressions imagées, stichomythies, etc.) et ses jeux de scène, utilisant pour cela les ressources du théâtre — et notamment du théâtre contemporain. Le poète bourguignon offre ainsi à ses lecteurs un texte non seulement fidèle à son modèle, mais aussi lisible et efficace.

La farse d’Amphitrion [The Farce of Amphitryon] was published in Anvers in 1504, in a collection of anonymous verse. It was the first French translation of a Plautine comedy. First, textual and paratextual analysis enables us to reconstruct an intellectual portrait of the author — a poet in the court of Burgundy — and to propose an identification. Analysis of the translation then reveals how the poet understood Plautine language, which was often difficult, and how he sought to translate his vis comica. Special attention is given to the way in which he renders Plautus’ verbal agility (word play, imagery, stichomythias, etc.) and his stage games, using the resources of the theatre — and notably of contemporary theatre. The Burgundian poet offered his readers a text which was not only faithful to its original, but also readable and effective.
Why Was There Even a Reformation in Lindau? The Myth and Mystery of Lindau’s Conflict-Free Reformation
Authors: Wolfart Johannes
Published: June 2020

Histories of Lindau emphasize a remarkably conflict-free course of early reform in that particular locale. This view is established and maintained by multiple means, including hyper-credulity towards the peacefulness asserted by local authorities, anachronistic projections of the confessional “compromise” that was the Tetrapolitana back into the 1520s, and a deliberately narrow definition of key subjects, to exclude obvious contrary evidence. While Bernd Moeller has recently remarked that Lindau society was so harmonious that it is surprising there was any Reformation at all, archival sources actually indicate conflict in several areas pertaining to the early Reformation in Lindau, including interpersonal violence over key theological issues, the social conflict of the Peasant’s War, and stark communal divisions over iconoclasm, resulting in the ritual conflict of a feud. This article is both a particular historical corrective and a general historiographical illustration of how mythographic and historiographic modes may be entangled in early Reformation studies.

Les ouvrages d’histoire montrent un début de Réforme remarquablement exempt de conflit dans l’histoire de Lindau. Cette interprétation fut établie et renforcée de plusieurs façons, dont une excessive crédulité envers les assertions de paix faites par les autorités locales, la projection anachronique de l’esprit de compromis confessionnel propre au Tetrapolitana de 1520, ainsi que la restriction délibérée des définitions de certains sujets essentiels, menée afin de réduire les contradictions patentes. Bien que Bernd Moeller ait récemment fait remarquer que la société de Lindau apparaît comme si harmonieuse que l’on peut s’étonner qu’il s’y soit même déroulé une Réforme, les documents d’archives révèlent plutôt l’existence de conflits dans plusieurs secteurs de Lindau au début de la Réforme, conflits prenant la forme, par exemple, de violences entre interlocuteurs lors de discussions sur des questions théologiques centrales, de conflits sociaux participant de la Guerre des Paysans, et de sérieuses divisions marquant la communauté au sujet de l’iconoclasme, ayant pour résultat un échange formel de représailles. Cet article cherche donc à la fois à corriger l’histoire et à mettre en lumière, par ce cas de figure, comment les usages mythographiques et historiographiques s’enchevêtrent et marquent les études des débuts de la Réforme.
Sex, Blasphemy, and the Block: The Trial and Execution of Ludwig Hätzer
Authors: Dipple Geoffrey
Published: June 2020

In early 1529, the Protestant authorities of Constance executed Ludwig Hätzer for disobedience and moral depravity. Although the court documents avoided any reference to his religious teachings, contemporaries speculated about the role that perceptions—that he was an Anabaptist who espoused heretical opinions—played in his conviction. This article uses Hätzer’s trial and execution as an opportunity to reflect on two topics of interest in studies of the early Reformation: the reluctance of reformers to level charges of heresy against each other, and their re-evaluation of human sexuality resulting from the rejection of clerical celibacy.

Au début de 1529, les autorités protestantes de Constance ont exécuté Ludwig Hätzer pour désobéissance et dépravation morale. Bien que les documents juridiques évitent toute référence à ses enseignements religieux, ses contemporains ont multiplié les conjectures au sujet du rôle qu’a joué dans sa condamnation la conviction qu’il était un anabaptiste ayant des croyances hérétiques. Cet article examine le procès et l’exécution de Hätzer afin de réfléchir à deux questions importantes pour les études du début de la Réforme : la résistance des réformateurs à engager des accusations d’hérésies contre d’autres tenants de la Réforme, et leur reconsidération de la sexualité suite au rejet du celibate sacerdotal.
Utz Richsner as Ideologue of the Schilling Uprising in Augsburg, 1524
Authors: Bast Robert J.
Published: June 2020

The 1524 uprising of evangelical artisans in Augsburg on behalf of the Franciscan preacher Johann Schilling counts as a turning point of the Reformation movement in that city. Relying on chronicles, government reports, and interrogation records, previous scholarship—none better than Jörg Rogge’s— has exposed the egalitarian theology and the social, economic, and political critique that united Schilling’s supporters. Yet the source of their ideology has always been unclear, for Schilling left behind neither treatises nor sermon transcriptions. That lacuna can be filled in part by re-examining sources largely overlooked: the four pamphlets published in 1524 by the weaver Ulrich (Utz) Richsner. A contextual reading of those pamphlets suggests a close collaboration between Schilling and Richsner, and a much more central role for Richsner in the movement around Schilling than has yet been recognized.

La révolte en 1524 des artisans évangéliques d’Augsbourg pour le compte du prédicateur franciscain Johann Schilling est considérée comme un tournant dans le mouvement de réforme de cette ville. En se basant sur des chroniques, des rapports gouvernementaux et des minutes d’interrogatoires, la recherche — incluant les travaux inégalés de Jörg Rogge — a mis en lumière la théologie égalitaire ainsi que la critique sociale, économique et politique qui ont rassemblé les partisans de Schilling. Toutefois, les sources de cette pensée n’ont jamais été clarifiées, puisque Schilling n’a laissé ni écrits, ni transcriptions de sermons. Cette lacune peut être partiellement comblée en réexaminant des sources qui jusqu’à maintenant ont été négligées, c’est-à-dire les quatre libelles publiés en 1524 par le tisserand Ulrich (Utz) Richsner. Une lecture de ces textes dans leur contexte suggère une collaboration étroite entre Schilling et Richsner, ainsi qu’un rôle beaucoup plus important de Richsner dans le mouvement entourant le procès de Schilling, deux aspects méritant davantage notre attention.
Dünyada ve Türkiye'de Zihinsel ve Ruhsal Engellilik: Zaman Çizelgesi
Authors: ATAYURT FENGE Zeynep Zeren , SUBAŞIOĞLU Fatoş
Published: June 2020

Bu zaman çizelgesi, insanlık tarihi kadar eski olan engelli tarihinde dünyada ve ülkemizde engellilerin, özellikle zihinsel engelliler ile ruhsal engellilerin yaşamını etkileyen önemli tarihsel olayların, bireylerin, grupların, kurumların, yasal düzenlemelerin, bazı teknolojilerin kronolojik gelişim çizgisini içererek, dünyada ve Türkiye'de zihinsel ve ruhsal engellilerin yaşam kalitesini iyileştirme yönünde yapılan toplumsal, kültürel, siyasî, hukukî, eğitimsel ve tıbbî girişimlerin tarih içindeki gelişimine olan farkındalığı artırmayı amaçlamaktadır.
THE VALUE OF EDUCATION IN THE CONTEXT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Authors: Arroio Agnaldo
Published: June 2020

On March 24 of this year 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that the United States had the potential to become the new epicenter of the coronavirus pandemic, due to the data presented that infected more than 42,000 people in the United States at that time. President Donald Trump dismissed the seriousness of the growing threat of the virus. He trivialized the emergency by saying it was a "farce" from his political rivals. Today, May 23, according to the data from the Coronavirus Resource Center at Johns Hopkins University, there are more than 5 million confirmed victims in the world and of these more than 1,6 million in the United States alone, with more than 98 thousand deaths. Director Michael Ryan of the World Health Organization (WHO) emergency program announced on May 22 that South America has become the new epicenter of covid-19 in the world, considering data from Brazil. He said, "We have seen many South American countries with an increase in the number of cases and, clearly, there is concern in many of these countries, but certainly the most affected is Brazil at the moment".
Effects of data transformation on multivariate analyses in intracerebral hemorrhage
Authors: Rendevski Vladimir , Aleksovski Boris , Kolevska Milena , Stojanov Dragan , Dimitrovski Koco , Mihajlovska Rendevska Ana , Aleksovski Vasko , Petlickovski Aleksandar , Trajkov Dejan , Stojanoski Kiro
Published: June 2020

Multivariate statistical approaches have been increasingly applied in hemorrhagic stroke data analysis. Nevertheless, several aspects regarding their relevance and validity in respect of the application of data transformations have not been studied in details. This paper examines the effects of different data transformations in the standard statistical methods of the multivariate analysis of the intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) parameters in small group samples. Two different methods for data transformations (log transformation (log(Xi )), square root transformation (√Xi ))have been carried out. The initial volume of the ICH have been studied using several test for skewness, kurtosis, histogram distribution method and different quartile-quartile (Q-Q) and probability-probability (P-P) plots as criteria for normal distribution. Multivariate analyses for the prediction of the perifocal edema was performed using raw and transformed data. Our results indicate that the data transformation operations should be performed very carefully because different analytical outputs lead to different scientific conclusions.
Association of p53Pro72Arg (rs1042522) and MDM2309 (rs2279744) polymorphisms with risk for cervical intraepthelial lesions and cervical cancer development in Macedonian women
Authors: Duvlis Sotirija , Hiljadnikova Bajro Marija , Plaseska Karanfilska Dijana
Published: June 2020

High risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is an important etiological factor in initiation of squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL), but not enough for malignant progression to cervical cancer (CCa). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): rs1042522 within the codon 72 of p53 and rs2279744 within MDM2 promoter gene are plausible factors for development of SIL or CCa conferring increased attenuation of p53 pathway. We investigated the association of these SNPs with the HPV positive SIL and CCa among women from the Republic of Macedonia. Using a multiplex PCR SNaPShot analysis we genotyped rs1042522 and rs2279744 in 131 HPV positive women with SIL or CCa and 110 HPV and cytologicaly negative controls subject. No significant difference in either genotype or allelic frequencies for rs1042522 and rs2279744 between cases and control was found. The stratification of patients on the basis of the lesion grade revealed
lower frequency of CC genotype and C allele of rs1042522 in HSIL and CCa compared to LSIL [GG vs CC; p=0.001, OR=0.4; CG vs CC; p=0.04, OR=0.03 and CG+ GG vs CC; p=0.004, OR=0.2]. Additionally TT genotype and T allele of MDM2 309 showed significantly lower frequency in HSIL and CCa group then in LSIL [G vs T p=0.02, OR=0.52; GG vs TT; p=0.04, OR=0.29; ТТ vs ТG+GG; p=0.007, OR=0.34].The Arg variant of rs1042522 and T allele/TT genotype of rs2279744 are associated with progression to LSIL to HSIL or CCa and may be used as prediction markers in CCa management, but the clinical relevant warrants further validation in large and well-designed
studies
A cost-minimization analysis of MD-Knee versus hyaluronic acid in patients with knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Migliore Alberto , Ravasio Roberto
Published: June 2020

Introduction: The administration by injection of hyaluronic acid (HA) for 3-5 weeks is effective in the treatment of patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Other products for intra-articular use have been recently introduced for the treatment of OA. Among these, a medical device, MD-Knee, produced by Guna S.p.A.; this study aims to estimate the cost-minimization of MD-Knee versus HA in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis.

Methods and Results: We performed a cost-minimization analysis (CMA). The CMA was conducted from the perspective of the Italian National Health Service (iNHS). Only direct medical costs (MD-Knee and HA) were considered. We performed a sensitivity analysis to test the robustness of the results. The mean 6-months cost per patient was € 75,00 with MD-Knee and € 185,00 with HA.

Conclusion: From the Italian National Health Service’s perspective, MD-Knee appears to be the cost-saving therapeutic option compared with HA in the treatment of patients with knee osteoarthritis. (HTA & Market Access)
Language Preference of Bilingual Preschool Children in Articulating Word-Object Relationships
Authors: Susyetina Arida -
Published: June 2020

This study attempts to focus on one factor of bilingual acquisition and language differentiation by exploring bilingual preschoolers’ language preference in articulating word-object relationships using concentrated descriptive and associative questions. Ten bilingual preschool children from the middle class families participated in the study. Pre-testing phase was conducted before the actual testing phase and the preschool teachers were consulted to confirm the data collection. These observations on general language bias as well as preferences developed by the males and females participants may have significant implications for language teaching that teachers shall carefully deliberate the kind of classroom culture they would like their learners to experience because strong language bias could possibly develop in language prejudice that may obstruct healthy bilingual development.
COURAGE AND MODESTYAS THE ATTRIBUTES OF MORAL VALUE IN THE NOVEL OF THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA
Authors: Aristiawan Danul
Published: June 2020

The aim of the research was to analyze the courage and modesty as the attributes of moral value in The Old Man And The Sea. This research was descriptive qualitative research. The data were words, phrases, sentences or fragments from the first until the last chapters. The result of this research were: (1)Santiago’s being determined, being hard-working and perseverance, and optimistic of what he did (2)The attribute of being modest or modesty was displayed in various characteristics of Santiago. Some characteristics of Santiago were being unselfish, care, respect, loving, feeling lonely, sympathetic, and even feeling of regretful after killing a fish. The attribute of being modest was displayed by showing that the old man behaves as if he were the father of the young boy Manolin. In terms of being religious, the old man displayed the characteristic of being grateful to God when he realized that God had made the fish not as intelligent as human. This, in the old man’s view, made it possible that human could kill the fish. In such a feeling, he also imagined if only the fish were as intelligent as human. This novel revealed the Courage and Modesty in details.
ENGLISH LESSON PLAN IMPLEMENTATION BY TEACHERS CANDIDATE IN MICRO TEACHING COURSE AT FKIP OF HKBP NOMMENSEN UNIVERSITY
Authors: Silalahi Dumaris E
Published: June 2020

English lesson plan is a set of learning plans contains essential guidance for the teacher referring to English teaching material. Successful teaching is not determined by the learners’ achievement but also teaching process, which is prepared well by the teacher. It is the proof of teaching as transferring the knowledge. Referring to this case, this research was intended to find out the extent of the English lesson plan implementation by the teacher candidates of English department students as the learner of English as a foreign language. The implementation was observed engaging 65 students who were attending a microteaching class which was one of education compulsory and requirement subject at FKIP of HKBP Nommensen University. Quantitative research design was used to find out the extent of implementation English Lesson plan of the subject. The research found the level of the implementation at 15,19% at level of high, 27,69 % of moderate, 25,00% at low, and 32,11 of poor. It indicates that the English lesson plan implementation by the teacher candidates as the sample in this research was still low.
Human Natural Antibodies to Mammalian Carbohydrate Antigens as Unsung Heroes Protecting against Past, Present, and Future Viral Infections
Authors: Galili Uri
Published: June 2020

Human natural antibodies to mammalian carbohydrate antigens (MCA) bind to carbohydrate-antigens synthesized in other mammalian species and protect against zoonotic virus infections. Three such anti-MCA antibodies are: (1) anti-Gal, also produced in Old-World monkeys and apes, binds to α-gal epitopes synthesized in non-primate mammals, lemurs, and New-World monkeys; (2) anti-Neu5Gc binds to Neu5Gc (N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid) synthesized in apes, Old-World monkeys, and many non-primate mammals; and (3) anti-Forssman binds to Forssman-antigen synthesized in various mammals. Anti-viral protection by anti-MCA antibodies is feasible because carbohydrate chains of virus envelopes are synthesized by host glycosylation machinery and thus are similar to those of their mammalian hosts. Analysis of MCA glycosyltransferase genes suggests that anti-Gal appeared in ancestral Old-World primates following catastrophic selection processes in which parental populations synthesizing α-gal epitopes were eliminated in enveloped virus epidemics. However, few mutated offspring in which the α1,3galactosyltransferase gene was accidentally inactivated produced natural anti-Gal that destroyed viruses presenting α-gal epitopes, thereby preventing extinction of mutated offspring. Similarly, few mutated hominin offspring that ceased to synthesize Neu5Gc produced anti-Neu5Gc, which destroyed viruses presenting Neu5Gc synthesized in parental hominin populations. A present-day example for few humans having mutations that prevent synthesis of a common carbohydrate antigen (produced in >99.99% of humans) is blood-group Bombay individuals with mutations inactivating H-transferase; thus, they cannot synthesize blood-group O (H-antigen) but produce anti-H antibody. Anti-MCA antibodies prevented past extinctions mediated by enveloped virus epidemics, presently protect against zoonotic-viruses, and may protect in future epidemics. Travelers to regions with endemic zoonotic viruses may benefit from vaccinations elevating protective anti-MCA antibody titers.
Crystallography, in Silico Studies, and In Vitro Antifungal Studies of 2,4,5 Trisubstituted 1,2,3-Triazole Analogues
Authors: Venugopala Katharigatta N. , Khedr Mohammed A. , Girish Yarabahally R. , Bhandary Subhrajyoti , Chopra Deepak , Morsy Mohamed A. , Aldhubiab Bandar E. , Deb Pran Kishore , Attimarad Mahesh , Nair Anroop B. , Sreeharsha Nagaraja , V Rashmi , Kandeel Mahmoud , Akrawi Sabah H. , Reddy M B Madhusudana , Shashikanth Sheena , Alwassil Osama I. , Mohanlall Viresh
Published: June 2020

A series of 2,4,5 trisubstituted-1,2,3-triazole analogues have been screened for their antifungal activity against five fungal strains, Candida parapsilosis, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Aspergillus niger, and Trichophyton rubrum, via a 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) microdilution assay. Compounds GKV10, GKV11, and GKV15 emerged as promising antifungal agents against all the fungal strains used in the current study. One of the highly active antifungal compounds, GKV10, was selected for a single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis to unequivocally establish its molecular structure, conformation, and to understand the presence of different intermolecular interactions in its crystal lattice. A cooperative synergy of the C-H···O, C-H···N, C-H···S, C-H···π, and π···π intermolecular interactions was present in the crystal structure, which contributed towards the overall stabilization of the lattice. A molecular docking study was conducted for all the test compounds against Candida albicans lanosterol-14α-demethylase (pdb = 5 tzl). The binding stability of the highly promising antifungal test compound, GKV15, from the series was then evaluated by molecular dynamics studies.
Chalcones Isolated from Arrabidaea brachypoda Flowers as Inhibitors of NorA and MepA Multidrug Efflux Pumps of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Rezende-Júnior Luís Mário , Andrade Leila Maria de Sousa , Leal Antonio Linkoln Alves Borges , Mesquita Avilnete Belem de Souza , Santos Ana Lurdes Portela de Araújo dos , Neto José de Sousa Lima , Siqueira-Júnior José Pinto , Nogueira Carlos Emídio Sampaio , Kaatz Glenn William , Coutinho Henrique Douglas Melo , Martins Natália , da Rocha Cláudia Quintino , Barreto Humberto Medeiros
Published: June 2020

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics has become a public health issue around the world. The present study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of chalcones isolated from flowers of Arrabidaea brachypoda, and their potential as efflux pump inhibitors of Staphylococcus aureus efflux pumps. Microdilution assays were performed with natural products from A. brachypoda. Chalcones 1, 3, 4, and 5 did not show intrinsic antimicrobial activity against all S. aureus strains tested, but they were able to potentiate the Norfloxacin action against the SA1199-B (norA) strain, with a better modulating action for the 4 trimethoxylated chalcone. All chalcones were also able to potentiate the action of EtBr against SA1199-B strain, suggesting a potential NorA inhibition. Moreover, chalcone 4 was able to interfere in the activity of MepA, and interfered weakly in the QacA/B activity. Molecular docking analyzes showed that tested chalcones are capable of binding in the hydrophobic cavity of NorA and MepA, in the same Norfloxacin binding site, indicating that chalcone 4 compete with the antibiotic for the same NorA and MepA binding sites. Association of chalcone 4 with Norfloxacin could be an alternative against multidrug resistant S. aureus over-productive of NorA or MepA.