bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and determinants of failure to thrive in children with vesico‐ureteral reflux
Authors: Guarino Stefano , Di Sessa Anna , De Lucia Maeva , Vitulano Caterina , Rivetti Giulio , Capasso Giusy , La Manna Angela , Polito Cesare , Miraglia del Giudice Emanuele , Marzuillo Pierluigi
Published: August 2024

Aim

To assess the prevalence and determinants of failure to thrive (FTT) among patients with vesico‐ureteral reflux (VUR) and evaluating the effects of supplementation on growth in patients with urinary solute losses.

Methods

We retrospectively enrolled 1277 patients with VUR (mean age at diagnosis = 6.5 months). Patients with FTT were screened for renal tubular function impairment (TFI). If fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) >2% or blood bicarbonate <20 mmol/L, supplementation was provided.

Results

Among 1277 patients, 56 (4.4%) had FTT. Of these, 42 (75%) presented extrarenal causes of FTT, 3 (5.4%) had chronic kidney disease (CKD), 9 (16.1%) had TFI, and 2 (3.5%) had CKD and TFI. FTT occurred in 8/208 patients (3.8%) with and in 48/1069 patients (4.5%) without (p = 0.68) recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs). At multiple logistic regression, birthweight <10th percentile, preterm birth, TFI, identified or suspected syndromes and other diseases were predictors of FTT. Eleven (19.6%) patients with FTT had TFI; five with increased FENa and/or acidosis received supplementation and showed catch‐up growth. The remaining six patients exhibited spontaneous catch‐up growth.

Conclusion

FTT was found in <5% of children with VUR. It was not determined by recurrent UTIs and was mainly associated with extrarenal causes. Supplementation with sodium and bicarbonates could be useful in selected cases.
Treating gaps and biases in biodiversity data as a missing data problem
Authors: Bowler Diana E. , Boyd Robin J. , Callaghan Corey T. , Robinson Robert A. , Isaac Nick J. B. , Pocock Michael J. O.
Published: August 2024

Big biodiversity data sets have great potential for monitoring and research because of their large taxonomic, geographic and temporal scope. Such data sets have become especially important for assessing temporal changes in species' populations and distributions. Gaps in the available data, especially spatial and temporal gaps, often mean that the data are not representative of the target population. This hinders drawing large‐scale inferences, such as about species' trends, and may lead to misplaced conservation action. Here, we conceptualise gaps in biodiversity monitoring data as a missing data problem, which provides a unifying framework for the challenges and potential solutions across different types of biodiversity data sets. We characterise the typical types of data gaps as different classes of missing data and then use missing data theory to explore the implications for questions about species' trends and factors affecting occurrences/abundances. By using this framework, we show that bias due to data gaps can arise when the factors affecting sampling and/or data availability overlap with those affecting species. But a data set per se is not biased. The outcome depends on the ecological question and statistical approach, which determine choices around which sources of variation are taken into account. We argue that typical approaches to long‐term species trend modelling using monitoring data are especially susceptible to data gaps since such models do not tend to account for the factors driving missingness. To identify general solutions to this problem, we review empirical studies and use simulation studies to compare some of the most frequently employed approaches to deal with data gaps, including subsampling, weighting and imputation. All these methods have the potential to reduce bias but may come at the cost of increased uncertainty of parameter estimates. Weighting techniques are arguably the least used so far in ecology and have the potential to reduce both the bias and variance of parameter estimates. Regardless of the method, the ability to reduce bias critically depends on knowledge of, and the availability of data on, the factors creating data gaps. We use this review to outline the necessary considerations when dealing with data gaps at different stages of the data collection and analysis workflow.
Cervical Auscultation for Detecting Oropharyngeal Aspiration in Paediatric and Adult Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Cron Annelise C. , David Michael , Orbell‐Smith Jane , Chang Anne B. , Weir Kelly A. , Frakking Thuy T.
Published: August 2024

Background

Cervical auscultation (CA) involves listening to swallowing and respiratory sounds and/or vibrations to detect oropharyngeal aspiration (OPA). CA has shown promising diagnostic test accuracy when used with the clinical swallowing examination and is gaining popularity in clinical practise. There has not been a review to date analysing the accuracy of CA in paediatric and adult populations with meta‐analyses.

Objectives

To determine the accuracy of CA in detecting OPA in paediatric and adult populations, when compared to instrumental assessments.

Search Methods

Databases searched included MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, AustHealth, Cochrane and Web of Science. The search was restricted between 01 October 2012 and 01 October 2022.

Selection Criteria

Inclusion criteria included (a) all clinical populations of all ages, (b) who have had an instrumental assessment and (c) CA. All study types were included.

Data Collection and Analysis

Studies were reviewed independently by two authors. The methodological quality of the studies was analysed using the QUADAS‐2.

Main Results

Ten studies met the inclusion criteria for this review and meta‐analyses. The pooled diagnostic performance of CA in detecting OPA was 0.91 for sensitivity and 0.79 for specificity. The area under the curve summary receiver operating curve (sROC) was estimated to be 0.86, thereby indicating good discrimination of OPA. Most studies scored high for risk of bias in at least one domain in the QUADAS‐2, likely attributed to a lack of high‐quality prospectively designed studies.

Conclusions

There are promising diagnostic test accuracies for the use of CA in detection of OPA. Future research could include using CA in specific clinical populations and settings, and identifying standardised criteria for CA.
Circ_0028826 Promotes Growth and Metastasis of NSCLC via Acting as a Sponge of miR‐758‐3p to Derepress IDH2 Expression
Authors: Guo Lihong , Liu Xueqin , Zhang Jie , Liu Zhuixing , Zhang Bohao , Sun Yang , Cui Dandan , Liu Jinpeng
Published: August 2024

Background

Non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the cancers with the highest mortality and morbidity in the world. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are newly identified players in carcinogenesis and development of various cancers. This study is aimed at exploring the functional effects and mechanism of circ_0028826 in the development of NSCLC.

Methods

Real‐time quantitative PCR (RT‐qPCR) was used to detect the expression levels of circ_0028826, IDH2 mRNA, and miR‐758‐3p. IDH2, Bcl2, Bax, and E‐cadherin protein levels were detected using a western blot. Cell Counting Kit‐8 (CCK‐8), 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine (EdU), flow cytometry, wound healing, and transwell assays were used to assess the capacities of proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion. Interaction between miR‐758‐3p and circ_0028826 or IDH2 was validated using a dual‐luciferase reporter assay. The role of circ_0028826 in vivo was checked based on a xenograft tumor model.

Results

Circ_0028826 was elevated in NSCLC, and its absence inhibited NSCLC cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and induced apoptosis. In terms of mechanism, circ_0028826 increased IDH2 expression by targeting miR‐758‐3p. In addition, circ_0028826 knockdown also regulated IDH2 by targeting miR‐758‐3p to inhibit tumor growth in vivo.

Conclusion

Circ_0028826 promoted the development of NSCLC via regulation of the miR‐758‐3p/IDH2 axis, providing a new strategy for NSCLC treatment.
Regulation of exosomes as biologic medicines: Regulatory challenges faced in exosome development and manufacturing processes
Authors: Wang Chun‐Kai , Tsai Teng‐Huang , Lee Chung‐Hsi
Published: August 2024

With advances in medical technology, extracellular vesicles, also known as exosomes, are gaining widespread attention because of their potential therapeutic applications. However, their regulatory landscape is complex and varies across countries because of their unique intracellular mechanisms of action. The diversity of manufacturing techniques renders their standardization challenging, leading to a fragmented regulatory landscape. The current global regulatory framework of exosomes can be broadly classified into two strategies: one involves elucidating constituent components within exosomes and the other involves examining the physiological repercussions of their secretion. When using exosomes as therapeutic agents, they should be governed similarly to biological medicinal products. Similar to biologics, exosomes have been analyzed to determine their particle size and protein composition. An exosome‐based therapeutic agent should be clinically approved after understanding its molecular composition and structure and demonstrating its pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy. However, demonstrating the pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy of exosomes is challenging for regulatory agencies. This article reviews the technical characteristics of exosomes, analyzes the trends in regulatory laws in various countries, and discusses the chemistry, manufacturing, and control requirements of clinical applications.
Trends in rates of hospitalisation for infection in people with diabetes and the general population
Authors: Feleke Berhanu Elfu , Shaw Jonathan E. , Magliano Dianna J.
Published: August 2024

Aim

To describe the trends of hospitalisation for infections in people with diabetes and in the general population.

Methods

People with diabetes were identified from the Australian National Diabetes Services Scheme linked to hospitalisation datasets from 2010/11 to 2018/19. Data on hospitalisations in the general population were obtained from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Joinpoint regression software was used to calculate the annual percentage change (APC) of rates.

Results

The rate of hospitalisation for total infections increased with an APC of 2.6% (95% CI: 1.5, 3.7) among people with type 1 diabetes, 3.6% (2.6, 4.6) among people with type 2 diabetes, and 2.5% (1.3, 3.9) in the general population. Increasing rates were observed for sepsis, influenza, kidney infections, osteomyelitis, cellulitis, and foot infections in all groups. The rate of hospitalisation for urinary tract infection declined among people with type 2 diabetes though it was stable in other groups. The rate of hospitalisation for respiratory tract infections was stable among people with type 1 diabetes but increased in other groups. The rate of hospitalisation for gastrointestinal infection was stable in all cohorts.

Conclusion

Hospitalisation rates for infection have increased more rapidly over time in people with diabetes than in the general population.
Assessing aortic flow with doppler echocardiography in cardiogenic shock: A crucial diagnostic tool
Authors: Riccardi Mauro , Cani Dario S. , Pagnesi Matteo , Lombardi Carlo M. , Metra Marco , Inciardi Riccardo M.
Published: August 2024

Purpose

Cardiogenic shock still has a high mortality. In order to correctly manage these patients, it is useful to have available haemodynamic parameters, invasive and non‐invasive. The aim of this review is to show the current evidence on the use of echocardiographic aortic flow assessment by left ventricular outflow tract ‐ velocity time integral.

Methods

Publications relevant to the discussion of echocardiographic aortic flow assessment by left ventricular outflow tract ‐ velocity time integral and cardiogenic shock, were retrieved from PubMed®.

Results

Left ventricular outflow tract ‐ velocity time integral is an easily sampled and reproducible parameter that has already been shown to have prognostic value in various cardiovascular pathologies, including myocardial infarction and heart failure. Although there are still few data available in the literature, the LVOT‐VTI also seems to have an important role in CS from prognosis to guidance in the escalation/de‐escalation of vasoactive therapy and to support devices by allowing an estimate of patient’s probability of response to fluid administration.

Conclusion

Aortic flow assessment can become a very useful invasive parameter in the management of cardiogenic shock.
Measuring the macroprudential policy stance in the euro area with a semi‐structural model
Authors: Budnik Katarzyna , Boucherie Louis , Panoš Jiří
Published: August 2024

This article proposes a methodology for measuring the macroprudential policy stance based on a forward‐looking distance‐to‐tail metric derived from a large‐scale semi‐structural model. The model reflects the dynamics of 89 significant euro area banks and 19 euro area economies and two endogenous amplification mechanisms: the real economy banking sector and solvency funding feedback loops. Our results reveal a slight tightening of the macroprudential policy stance from 2017 to the end of 2019 that partially stemmed from adjusting macroprudential capital buffers and the phase‐in of other systemwide banking sector policies reflecting macroprudential intentions. This trend is abruptly interrupted at the onset of the Covid‐19 pandemic, when pronounced macrofinancial uncertainty led to a substantial increase in tail risks and reappears in 2021. Our assessment also reveals a high degree of co‐movement in macroprudential stances across the euro area countries.
Ukrainian Refugees’ Differentiated Treatment: A Critical and Systematic Review
Authors: Mickelsson Tony Blomqvist
Published: August 2024

This review examines the distinct treatment of millions of displaced Ukrainians amidst the ongoing conflict, compared to previous refugee groups in Europe, presenting a synthesis of research encompassing traditional and grey literature. Evaluating resettlement processes, the analysis underscores the unique factors shaping Ukrainian refugees' reception, shedding light on disparities compared to other refugee groups. Cultural perceptions, vulnerability, demographics and the framing of Russia as a common adversary influence responses from individuals, organizations and nations in unprecedented ways in Western societies. The discussion critically dissects these findings, proposing the concept of ‘promising victimhood’ for a nuanced understanding of differential treatment, while urging further theoretical development. This concise systematic review serves as a crucial benchmark for both academics and policymakers, emphasizing the need to address systemic injustices in refugee reception across various levels and sectors.
The Co‐Production, Pilot and Qualitative Evaluation of a Cancer Prevention Programme With High‐Risk Women Delivered on Group Walks by Cancer Champions: Shoulder to Shoulder, Walk and Talk
Authors: Hanson Sarah , Hardeman Wendy
Published: August 2024

Objectives

Women in the criminal justice system and women who have been subject to domestic abuse are at high risk of cancer but underrepresented in health promotion research. We aimed to co‐produce, pilot and evaluate a health promoting programme delivered on group walks.

Design

A programme co‐produced by women, based on motivational interviewing, created the opportunity for supportive conversations about cancer prevention.

Methods

Programme development in two workshops with women with lived experience using authentic vignettes to prompt help‐seeking conversations. A small pilot and a qualitative evaluation was done using framework analysis.

Results

The programme appeared acceptable to women and the walk leaders. Women felt included and found it a safe space for sensitive conversations. They appeared empowered and more confident to seek help. Walk leaders expressed confidence in delivering this informal programme, which used prompts rather than delivering didactic training.

Conclusion

Cancer prevention for high‐risk groups can be delivered in a personalised and novel way by creating informal opportunities for supportive conversations about cancer prevention. Careful co‐production of the programme of walks with women, using scenarios and quotes that were authentic vignettes, ensured that these came directly from the women's lived experience and enabled women to talk about change. Our findings indicate that this approach was practical, relevant and acceptable to them with some evidence of women feeling empowered to make informed decisions about their health. We recommend that future cancer prevention programmes for underrepresented groups take an asset‐based approach by utilising pre‐existing community organisations to increase reach and sustainability.

Patient and Public Involvement

Women with lived experience co‐designed and tested the programme. Provisional findings were fed back to the women and the women's organisation that partnered with this research.
The importance of stratum corneum ω‐linoleoyloxyacylceramides in human skin barrier health: their biochemistry, processing enzymes and metabolites involved in corneocyte lipid envelope maturation
Authors: Rawlings Anthony V. , Lane Majella E. , Voegeli Rainer
Published: August 2024

Over the past 50 years there have been great strides made in the discovery of the composition and relevance of the total stratum corneum (SC) ceramide matrix. However, the focus of this review is on the free intercellular class of ω‐linoleoyloxyacylceramides, corneocyte‐bound ceramides and associated lipids known as the corneocyte lipid envelope (CLE) together with their processing enzymes involved in aiding ceramide attachment the corneocyte protein envelope (CPE). Two structural models and partially shared biosynthetic pathways have been proposed for the attachment of CPE‐bound O‐ceramides (ω‐hydroxyceramides attached to glutamate residues of proteins in the (CPE) using the 12R‐lipoxygenase (12R‐LOX)/epidermal lipoxygenase‐3 (eLOX3)/epoxide hydrolase‐3 (EPHX3)/unknown esterase/ transglutaminase‐1 (TG1) attachment pathway) and CPE‐bound EO‐ceramides (epoxy‐enone ceramides attached to cysteine residues of proteins in the CPE using the 12R‐LOX/eLOX3/short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 9C member 7 (SDR9C7)/non‐enzymatic attachment pathway), i.e. there is a bifurcation step beyond epidermal eLOX3. Their formation and structures will be discussed as well as their relevance in compromised skin barrier conditions together with our own work on SC maturation examined by proteomics, lipidomics, enzyme immunolocalization studies, mechanical fragility assays and Nile red staining of corneocyte envelopes (CE). Reduced levels of 12R‐LOX, eLOX3, SDR9C7 and TG1 were observed in photodamaged skin of the cheeks that were associated with reduced SC maturation as evidenced by Nile red staining and increased CE fragility. In the severely photodamaged cheeks of Albino African SC we also observed increased levels of acylceramides. Concomitantly by reducing the activity of 12R‐LOX by antibody inhibition and TG1 inhibition with a known chemical inhibitor, we demonstrated in a humidity‐based ex vivo SC maturation model that these enzymes contributed to increased CE hydrophobicity and mechanical integrity. We hypothesize that at least the CPE‐bound O‐ceramide pathway is operational in the SC. Nevertheless, our understanding of the full complexity of ω‐linoleoyloxyacylceramides and the composition of the CLE is limited particularly on cosmetically relevant body sites such as the face.
Topically applied, fatty acid‐containing formulations provide superior barrier benefits in an ex vivo tape‐stripped skin model
Authors: Nip John , Ilarslan Hilal , Villa Ana , Mihalov Dawn , Misra Manoj , Samaras Samantha D. , Feng Lin , Arcella Stella , Bajor John , Mayes Andrew E.
Published: August 2024

Objective

Ex vivo skin has been used to study various skin conditions from atopic dermatitis to burn injury. The aim of this research is to identify a more effective barrier improvement strategy and to evaluate topical formulations in replenishing the skin. The skin can create new longer chain fatty acids and ceramides (CERs) from topically applied skin natural fatty acid to help renew the skin's barrier.

Methods

An ex vivo skin model damaged by sequential tape stripping of the stratum corneum (SC) was used to investigate the repair of the SC. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to assess the SC layers recovered. Ultrastructural analysis was performed using transmission electron microscopy to visualize the lamellar bodies and intercellular lipid lamellae.

Results

The data in this study provide the first direct ex vivo evidence comparing different marketed formulations containing three CERs with those containing fatty acids. Free fatty acid (FFA)‐containing formulations, but not CER‐containing formulations, directly applied to the damaged skin, showed an increased number of repaired SC layers and this was reflected at the ultrastructural level by an increased intercellular lipid lamellae length and an increased number of lamellar bodies.

Conclusion

These findings demonstrate that FFA‐containing formulations can repair damaged ex vivo skin and point to a repair mechanism in which topically applied palmitic and stearic acids, (which boost lipid levels and elongation) can increase the production and transport of lipids into a repaired SC and thus rebuild an effective skin barrier.
Effects of eczema calming lotion on the stratum corneum in atopic dermatitis: Corneodesmosin and intercellular lipid lamellae
Authors: Ilarslan Hilal , Lathrop William F. , Dobkowski Brian , Hawkins Stacy S. , Scott Jane , Bajor John , Mayes Andrew E.
Published: August 2024

Objective

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by compositional and structural changes to the skin at lesional sites. Alteration to the levels and organization of both protein and lipid components are associated with disease status and lead to impaired barrier and hydration. Corneodesmosin (CDSN) and the arrangement and length of the intercellular lipid lamellae (ICLL) are altered in disrupted skin states. The aim of this research was to profile the distribution of CDSN and the ICLL in the stratum corneum (SC) at lesional and non‐lesional sites in AD‐prone skin and to investigate the impact of an eczema calming lotion containing petroleum jelly, fatty acids, and colloidal oatmeal.

Methods

An IRB‐approved study was conducted with participants with active AD. From a small subset of participants, tape strips were collected from lesional and non‐lesional sites on the arm, prior to and after twice daily application, over 4 weeks of an eczema calming lotion containing petroleum jelly, fatty acids, and colloidal oatmeal. Fluorescent antibody staining was used to investigate the distribution of CDSN. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to characterize the ICLL.

Results

The distribution/coverage of CDSN was similar between lesional and non‐lesional sites at baseline; application of the lotion resulted in a more defined honeycomb/peripheral distribution. Normalized ICLL (nICLL) was lower in baseline samples from lesional sites relative to non‐lesional sites. Application of the lotion increased this parameter by the end of the study at all sites.

Conclusion

The eczema calming lotion containing petroleum jelly, fatty acids and colloidal oatmeal provided changes in corneodesmosomal proteins distribution and ICLL, consistent with improvements in corneocyte maturation and improved barrier function in the skin of individuals with atopic dermatitis.
Boosting of retinol activity using novel lecithin: Retinol acyltransferase inhibitors
Authors: Imfeld Dominik , Fischer André , Budel Leithe , Stoll Clarissa , Schütz Rolf , Rawlings Anthony Vincent
Published: August 2024

Lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) is the main enzyme catalysing the esterification of retinol to retinyl esters and, hence, is of central importance for retinol homeostasis. As retinol, by its metabolite retinoic acid, stimulates fibroblasts to synthesize collagen fibres and inhibits collagen‐degrading enzymes, the inhibition of LRAT presents an intriguing strategy for anti‐ageing ingredients by increasing the available retinol in the skin. Here, we synthesized several derivatives mimicking natural lecithin substrates as potential LRAT inhibitors. By exploring various chemical modifications of the core scaffold consisting of a central amino acid and an N‐terminal acylsulfone, we explored 10 different compounds in a biochemical assay, resulting in two compounds with IC50 values of 21.1 and 32.7 μM (compounds 1 and 2), along with a simpler arginine derivative with comparative inhibitory potency. Supported by computational methods, we investigated their structure–activity relationship, resulting in the identification of several structural features associated with high inhibition of LRAT. Ultimately, we conducted an ex vivo study with human skin, demonstrating an increase of collagen III associated with a reduction of the skin ageing process. In conclusion, the reported compounds offer a promising approach to boost retinol abundance in human skin and might present a new generation of anti‐ageing ingredients for cosmetic application.
What defines dry skin? Correlating a range of skin hydration parameters with In Vivo Confocal Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Crowther Jonathan M. , Matts Paul J.
Published: August 2024

Objective

While there are a wide range of approaches for the assessment of skin hydration, it is not always clear how data from them relate to one another or to the skin itself. With the development of in vivo Confocal Raman Spectroscopy (ICRS), it has become possible to measure water concentration as a function of protein/depth within the stratum corneum (SC). This article reports a comparison between electrical skin hydration measures/visual/optical grading and water concentration profiles measured using ICRS, to better understand the relationship between these approaches.

Methods

SC hydration of lower‐leg skin with varying degrees of dryness was assessed using visual grading (live and from digital images), Corneometer®, Visioscan and ICRS. In addition, a custom fingerprint sensor was used to image surface capacitance (as a surrogate of SC hydration), and SC barrier function was assessed using evaporimetry (to measure trans‐epidermal water loss; TEWL).

Results

Significant correlations were observed between a number of different skin grading/measurement approaches and ICRS data. ICRS hydration profiles also revealed a region near the SC surface with a relatively flat water profile in dry skin subjects.

Conclusions

The advent of quantitative in vivo analytical techniques such as ICRS, which can be used in a clinical setting, has enabled greater insight into more conventional approaches for assessing skin dryness. While traditional skin grading and biophysical methods for measuring skin hydration have varying degrees of correlation with one another, they also provide comparatively unique information about different regions within the SC. This should enable a more informed approach to product development in the future.
Hot corrosion behaviors of Sc2O3–Gd2O3–Y2O3 co‐doped ZrO2 in Na2SO4 + V2O5 molten salts at 1000°C
Authors: Dai Yifei , Liao Yuxuan , He Aoping , He Huan , Liang Tianquan
Published: August 2024

The hot corrosion behaviors of the Sc2O3–Gd2O3–Y2O3 co‐doped ZrO2 (SGYSZ) ceramics in Na2SO4 + V2O5 molten salts at high temperature were investigated in this work. The results show that the SGYSZ exhibits good hot corrosion resistance to the 50 wt% Na2SO4 + 50 wt% V2O5 molten salts at 1000°C. It is attributed to the doping of small Sc3+, which can decrease the M–O bonding length and increase the binding energy, and then reduce the dissolution and loss of the stabilizer as rare‐earth cations Gd3+ and Y3+ from the SGYSZ. The significant synergistic effects of Sc3+, Gd3+, and Y3+ are beneficial to enhance the phase stability and corrosion resistance of the zirconate ceramic due to the different ionic radius and basicity of rare‐earth oxides (RE2O3). More Gd3+ in SGYSZ can promote the forming and coarsening of the GdVO4 during mineralization, which can also decrease the loss of Y3+ from the SGYSZ. The corrosion mechanism is discussed in detail.
Chinese learners’ Swahili learning motivational trajectories
Authors: Zhao Yang , Li Citing , Zhou Xiaozhou (Emily)
Published: August 2024

By adopting a longitudinal multiple‐case study approach, we tracked two Swahili language learners’ motivational trajectories over 20 months from 2020 to 2022 via investment as a sociological lens. Data were collected through four semi‐structured interviews with each participant. Thematic analysis of the data revealed that the two focal learners chose to invest in learning Swahili upon matriculation due to the influence of family capital and ideology, imagined professional identity, and perceived cultural capital concomitant with their learning. Moreover, their sustained learning endeavors can largely be attributed to academic support from teachers, positive self‐positioning as legitimate Swahili speakers in multi‐dimensional spaces, and their efforts to eliminate stereotypes. We argue that their Swahili learning motivation underwent a spiral‐rise development, and through sustained efforts to learn the Swahili language, learners appear to be able to translate capital into new forms and construct imagined identities. This article concludes by discussing pedagogical implications for the development of multilingual education in China.
Science, technology, and innovation in the dairy sector
Authors: Hill Jeremy
Published: August 2024

In this article, we explore why dairy science, technology, and innovation will for the foreseeable future remain important, and some of the future trends we can expect in the field. Given the nutrient richness and density of milk, its ubiquitous production and utility of use to produce foods and food ingredients, dairy will almost certainly continue to play an important role in diets and the global food system. Annual milk production at over 900 billion litres represents approximately 8% of total food biomass but has a disproportionate contribution to global nutrient provision. The value of the global dairy market will reach over $860 billion in 2024, employing approximately 240 million people, and supporting the livelihoods of up to one billion. The importance and long history of dairy has fuelled a vast amount of research in dairy science and technology with hundreds of thousands of papers published in the field. Given the amount of existing dairy science and technology is there anything significant left to be done? However, with advances in numerous other fields such as materials, biology and biochemistry, analytical technology, computing technology, etc., the opportunities in dairy science and technology also advance. Future innovations in the dairy sector will include those relating to environmental science and technology, the food matrix, foods tailored to diets for life stages and lifestyles, developments based on our expanding knowledge of microbiomes, and new opportunities from the use of AI. Dairy is the target for technology‐enabled disruption by those looking to produce substitute products. Some of the technologies to produce dairy alternatives will feature in the future of dairy innovation but the impact is more likely to complement rather than disrupt the dairy sector.
Fortification of wheat white bread: assessing the suitability of Beta vulgaris trough technological, nutritional, and sensory evaluation
Authors: Issaoui Manel , Oueslati Samia , Flamini Guido , Delgado Amélia M. , Romano Anabela
Published: August 2024

As societies undergo shifts in dietary patterns, there is often an increase in nutrition‐related issues. This is particularly evident in the case of wheat bakery products, which have evolved in an unsustainable way. The fortification of wheat flour with vegetables has emerged as a strategy to mitigate the imbalanced composition of white bread. The objective of this study is to address existing knowledge gaps regarding nutritional quality and technological characteristics of food‐to‐food fortified bakery products. A blend of Beta vulgaris powder (up to 5% of the total weight) was incorporated into commercial wheat white flour, and the resulting composition and technological parameters were analysed throughout the bread‐making process, using standard methods (e.g., AAAC, ISO). The sensory assessment of the tested fortified baking products formulations was conducted. The 178 volunteer consumers noted the differences conveyed by B. vulgaris, but scored the taste and colour as acceptable (6 out of 9). Formulations containing moderate amounts of chard (e.g., 2%) were most appreciated. This study demonstrates that B. vulgaris can be employed to enrich white bread, particularly in minerals, such as calcium, magnesium, and iron, in a readily actionable manner that is well accepted by consumers. Furthermore, the use of flour blends contributes to mitigate the impact of fluctuations in wheat availability, thereby enhancing food security.
Precursor impurity‐mediated effect in the photocatalytic activity of precipitated zinc oxide
Authors: Ilyas A. M. , Musah Jamal‐Deen , Or Siu Wing , Awodugba Ayodeji Oladiran
Published: August 2024

Photocatalytic degradation of pollutants using nanoparticles presents a promising method globally. However, effectively harnessing light absorption while mitigating recombination and nanoparticle agglomeration remains challenging. Here, we explore the synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles for photocatalytic dye removal in water. The ZnO catalyst, controlled by impurity amount, is developed, demonstrating a notable impact on photolytic performance. Various zinc precursors, namely, zinc acetate, zinc sulfate, zinc nitrate, and zinc chloride, were used in the precipitation technique. Optical characterization showed distinct band transitions and UV‐dominant absorption peaks, indicating the presence of different impurities in each precursor. Photocatalytic performance is assessed using Rhodamine B decomposition with the sample prepared from zinc acetate, demonstrating enhanced photocatalytic activity attributed to its larger surface area, surface defects, and superior morphology, enabling efficient organic pollutant degradation. Oxygen vacancies aid in charge carrier separation, crucial for effective photocatalysis. The material's intense interaction with pollutants and a high photocurrent density of 5.18 µAcm−2 highlight superior electron–hole pair separation capabilities influenced by morphology and impurity‐generated defects, significantly boosting its overall photocatalytic reaction. These findings emphasize the critical role of precursor selection in designing effective ZnO‐based photocatalysts, water treatment, and environmental remediation applications.
Text‐to‐speech and virtual reality agents in primary school classroom environments
Authors: Dai Laduona , Kritskaia Veronika , van der Velden Evelien , Vervoort Reinder , Blankendaal Marlieke , Jung Merel M. , Postma Marie Šafář , Louwerse Max M.
Published: August 2024

Background

The integration of Text‐to‐Speech (TTS) and virtual reality (VR) technologies in K‐12 education is an emerging trend. However, little is known about how students perceive these technologies and whether these technologies effectively facilitate learning.

Objectives

This study aims to investigate the perception and effectiveness of TTS voices and VR agents in a K‐12 classroom setting, with a focus on information recall.

Methods

Using a recent TTS architecture, we developed four different synthetic voices based on 5, 10, 15 and 20 h of training materials. Two experiments were conducted involving students in a K‐12 setting. The first experiment examined students' evaluations of TTS voices with varying hours of training material and the impact on information recall. The second experiment assessed the effect of pairing TTS voices with a VR agent on students' perception and recall performance.

Results and Conclusions

Human voices received superior quality ratings over TTS voices within the classroom context. The integration of a VR agent was found to enhance the perception of TTS voices, aligning with existing literature on the positive impact of virtual agents on speech synthesis. However, this incorporation did not translate to improved recall, suggesting that the student focus may have been compromised by the VR agent's novelty and its design limitations.
Measuring (meta)cognitive processes in multimedia learning: Matching eye tracking metrics and think‐aloud protocols in case of seductive details
Authors: Stark Lisa , Korbach Andreas , Brünken Roland , Park Babette
Published: August 2024

Background

Both learning and problem solving are major goals of complex problem solving in engineering education. The order of knowledge construction and problem solving in learning through problem solving, however, has not been explained in current literature.

Objectives

To understand their relationships, this study compared the effects of different goal type orders on collaborative simulation‐based inquiry in engineering problem solving.

Methods

In the study, 24 engineering undergraduate students worked in pairs to solve a wind tunnel problem using a computer simulation application. Process mining and epistemic network analysis were used to model the inquiry process and identify inquiry patterns based on the log data and discussion discourse.

Results and Conclusions

The results showed the goal type of first assigned subtask influenced the inquiry strategies of medium‐performance learners most. In addition, the goal type of first assigned subtask had influence on learners' inquiry process. The learners assigned with a problem‐solving goal subtask first (Problem solving goal‐Learning goal condition) had more simulation trials and centered their inquiry discourse around clarification while the learners assigned with a learning goal subtask first (Learning goal‐Problem solving goal condition) connected reflection with other inquiry phases more often. The findings of this study suggested assigning a learning goal subtask first in simulated‐based complex engineering problem solving could be used as an idea‐centered scaffolding, especially for medium‐performance learners. However, low‐performance learners would experience a “situate knowledge paradox” and needs extra guidance. It is important to monitor the knowledge construction process in complex problem solving, even when seeking a solution is the major task.
Management of older adults with diabetes mellitus: Perspective from geriatric medicine
Authors: Umegaki Hiroyuki
Published: August 2024

Advances in diabetes medication and population aging are lengthening the lifespans of people with diabetes mellitus (DM). Older patients with diabetes mellitus often have multimorbidity and tend to have polypharmacy. In addition, diabetes mellitus is associated with frailty, functional decline, cognitive impairment, and geriatric syndrome. Although the numbers of patients with frailty, dementia, disability, and/or multimorbidity are increasing worldwide, the accumulated evidence on the safe and effective treatment of these populations remains insufficient. Older patients, especially those older than 75 years old, are often underrepresented in randomized controlled trials of various treatment effects, resulting in limited clinical evidence for this population. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the characteristics of older patients is essential to tailor management strategies to their needs. The clinical guidelines of several academic societies have begun to recognize the importance of relaxing glycemic control targets to prevent severe hypoglycemia and to maintain quality of life. However, glycemic control levels are thus far based on expert consensus rather than on robust clinical evidence. There is an urgent need for the personalized management of older adults with diabetes mellitus that considers their multimorbidity and function and strives to maintain a high quality of life through safe and effective medical treatment. Older adults with diabetes mellitus accompanied by frailty, functional decline, cognitive impairment, and multimorbidity require special management considerations and liaison with both carers and social resources.
Recent advances in deep‐fat frying through pretreatments and edible coating to reduce oil absorption
Authors: Manoharan Sanjay , Dubey Praveen Kumar , Sharma Maanas
Published: August 2024

This review concentrates on cutting‐edge pretreatments for deep‐fat frying that are meant to lower energy costs and enhance product quality. Methods such as freezing, blanching, pulsed electric fields, superheated steam, and ultrasonication are investigated to improve flavor without increasing cooking time. The study focuses on techniques to reduce oil absorption, specifically using physicochemical changes and hydrocolloid coatings. When added before or after frying, functional ingredients such as proteins and non‐protein hydrocolloids take advantage of cooling‐phase effects and water replacement mechanisms to minimize oil absorption. Effective barrier agents that preserve the texture and moisture of fried foods like French fries include pectin, CMC, and xanthan gum. While the effectiveness of various hydrocolloids varies, carrageenan and gum Arabic are particularly effective. French fries treated with guar gum and sorbitol showed reductions in total oil between 30.6% and 50.8%, respectively. Furthermore, the initial moisture content affects physical changes that occur during frying, such as the development of porosity, which affects the absorption of oil. This thorough analysis provides insights into cutting‐edge methods for making fried foods with less oil while preserving sensory qualities. Future studies will be focused on developing novel physicochemical changes and hydrocolloid coatings that use functional ingredients such as proteins and non‐protein hydrocolloids to efficiently lower excessive oil absorption.
ProSAAS is preferentially up‐regulated during homeostatic scaling and reduces amyloid plaque burden in the 5xFAD mouse hippocampus
Authors: Mitias Samira , Schaffer Nicholas , Nair Saaya , Hook Chelsea , Lindberg Iris
Published: August 2024

The accumulation of β‐amyloid in Alzheimer's disease greatly impacts neuronal health and synaptic function. To maintain network stability in the face of altered synaptic activity, neurons engage a feedback mechanism termed homeostatic scaling; however, this process is thought to be disrupted during disease progression. Previous proteomics studies have shown that one of the most highly regulated proteins in cell culture models of homeostatic scaling is the small secretory chaperone proSAAS. Our prior work has shown that proSAAS exhibits anti‐aggregant behavior against alpha‐synuclein and β‐amyloid fibrillation in vitro and is up‐regulated in cell models of proteostatic stress. However, the specific role that this protein might play in homeostatic scaling, and its anti‐aggregant role in Alzheimer's progression, is not clear. To learn more about the role of proSAAS in maintaining hippocampal proteostasis, we compared its expression in a primary neuron model of homeostatic scaling to other synaptic components using western blotting and qPCR, revealing that proSAAS protein responses to homeostatic up‐ and down‐regulation were significantly higher than those of two other synaptic vesicle components, 7B2 and carboxypeptidase E. However, proSAAS mRNA expression was static, suggesting translational control and/or altered protein degradation. ProSAAS was readily released upon depolarization of differentiated hippocampal cultures, supporting its synaptic localization. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated abundant proSAAS within the mossy fiber layer of the hippocampus in both wild‐type and 5xFAD mice; in the latter, proSAAS was also concentrated around amyloid plaques. Importantly, overexpression of proSAAS in the CA1 region via stereotaxic injection of proSAAS‐encoding AAV2/1 significantly decreased amyloid plaque burden in 5xFAD mice. We hypothesize that dynamic changes in proSAAS expression play a critical role in hippocampal proteostatic processes, both in the context of normal homeostatic plasticity and in the control of protein aggregation during Alzheimer's disease progression.

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Influence of information on pesticide use during fruit and vegetable cultivation through labeling at the point of purchase: Insights from a French study
Authors: Droulers Olivier , Lacoste‐Badie Sophie
Published: August 2024

Scientific evidence has been building up about the potentially negative effects of pesticides on human health. Fruit and vegetables have a higher percentage of samples with pesticide residues exceeding tolerance levels than any other food item. However, no regulations exist that require point‐of‐purchase labeling to inform consumers of the use of pesticides during cultivation. Based on a nationally representative sample of the French population, this study examined the impact of labeling designed to provide information about pesticide use during fruit and vegetable cultivation at the point of purchase. The results suggest that information on pesticides has a strong impact on consumers' purchase intention and product choice, and that a large majority of participants support the proposal to display mandatory information about pesticide use through labeling at the point of purchase. We conclude with a discussion of the public policy implications of our findings.
Evaluation of Methenolone Enanthate Efficacy in Preventing MRONJ: A Randomized Trial on Rats
Authors: Gürses Gökhan , Sur Emrah , Cengiz Ziya Ozan , Körez Muslu Kazım
Published: August 2024

Background

It is well‐known that oral surgical procedures pose a high risk for medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients taking bisphosphonates. Although some position papers and guidelines have been published with regard to its treatment, few studies have investigated prevention methods. This study investigates the effectiveness of methenolone enanthate, an anabolic steroid, for the prevention of medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw.

Methods

Thirty‐six Wistar rats were divided into three groups. Two experimental groups, Z and ZM, took zoledronic acid for 6 weeks prior to extraction of the left maxillary first molar. The Group ZM also was given methenolone enanthate continuously for 1 week before and 4 weeks after the extraction. The control group was not given any medication. The rats were euthanized 5 weeks after extraction. The extraction socket was evaluated clinically for bone exposure and histologically for inflammation, hyperemia, collagen fibers, epithelialization, number of osteoclasts, and empty lacunae.

Results

Six rats died during the experimental research. The bone exposure rate, mean numbers of attached osteoclasts (in 40× magnification), and empty lacunae (in 100× magnification) were 0%, 4%, and 0.8% in Group C; 75%, 1%, and 8% in Group Z; and 10%, 2.1%, and 3% in Group ZM, respectively. Significant differences exist between all groups regarding the number of empty lacunae. There were significant differences between Group C/ZM and Group Z in terms of bone exposure rate, inflammation, hyperemia, collagen fiber organization, and epithelialization.

Conclusion

In our tested preclinical model, methenolone enanthate has shown potential for preventing medication‐related osteonecrosis of the jaw.