bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RING Domain Mutations Uncouple TRIM5α Restriction of HIV-1 from Inhibition of Reverse Transcription and Acceleration of Uncoating
Authors: Roa Amanda , Hayashi Fumiaki , Yang Yang , Lienlaf Maritza , Zhou Jing , Shi Jiong , Watanabe Satoru , Kigawa Takanori , Yokoyama Shigeyuki , Aiken Christopher , Diaz-Griffero Felipe
Published: November 2011

Rhesus TRIM5α (TRIM5α
rh
) is a cytosolic protein that potently restricts HIV-1 at an early postentry stage, prior to reverse transcription. The ability of TRIM5α
rh
to block HIV-1 infection has been correlated with a decrease of pelletable HIV-1 capsid during infection. To genetically dissect the ability of TRIM5α to block reverse transcription, we studied a set of TRIM5α
rh
RING domain mutants that potently restrict HIV-1 but allow the occurrence of reverse transcription. These TRIM5α
rh
RING variants blocked HIV-1 infection after reverse transcription but prior to integration, as suggested by the routing of nuclear viral DNA to circularization in the form of 2-long terminal repeat (2-LTR) circles. The folding of RING domain variants was similar to that of the wild type, as evaluated by nuclear magnetic resonance. RING domain changes that allowed the occurrence of reverse transcription were impaired in their ability to decrease the amount of pelletable capsid compared with wild-type TRIM5α. Similar effects of this particular group of mutations were observed with human TRIM5α inhibition of N-tropic murine leukemia virus (N-MLV). Interestingly, TRIM5α
rh
RING domain variants also prevented the degradation of TRIM5α
rh
that occurs following cell entry of HIV-1. These data correlated the block of reverse transcription with the ability of TRIM5α to accelerate uncoating. Collectively, these results suggest that TRIM5α
rh
blocks HIV-1 reverse transcription by inducing premature viral uncoating in target cells.
CHAOS SYNCHRONIZATION IN THE PRESENCE OF NOISE
Authors: CHEN KUAN-YU , TUNG PI-CHENG , LIN SHIH-LIN , TSAI MONG-TAO
Published: November 2011

In this paper, we first develop a systematic procedure of state feedback control, based on a Lur'e-type system, to analyze the synchronization of two chaotic systems in the presence of random white noise. With the aid of the modified independent component analysis (ICA), the real chaotic signal can be extracted from a noisy source where the chaotic signal has been contaminated by random white noise. Hence, a new scheme has been proposed in this paper to combine the modified ICA design and the state feedback control method for achieving chaos synchronization. The synchronization time can be arbitrarily designed to guarantee stability, even if the system's output is corrupted by measuring noise. A Duffing system example is provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. The new scheme is first used for control systems with measurement noise which can replace the conventional Kalman filter.
Reduced ghrelin production induced anorexia after rat gastric ischemia and reperfusion
Authors: Mogami Sachiko , Suzuki Hidekazu , Fukuhara Seiichiro , Matsuzaki Juntaro , Kangawa Kenji , Hibi Toshifumi
Published: November 2011

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is one of the most susceptible organs to ischemia. We previously reported altered gastric motility after gastric ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). However, there have also been few reports of alterations in the eating behavior after gastric I/R. Ghrelin is a GI peptide that stimulates food intake and GI motility. Although ghrelin itself has been demonstrated to attenuate the mucosal injuries induced by gastric I/R, the endogenous ghrelin dynamics after I/R has not yet been elucidated. The present study was designed to investigate the relationship between food intake and the ghrelin dynamics after gastric I/R. Wistar rats were exposed to 80-min gastric ischemia, followed by 12-h or 48-h reperfusion. The food intake, plasma ghrelin levels, gastric preproghrelin mRNA expression levels, and the histological localization of ghrelin-immunoreactive cells were evaluated. The effect of exogenous ghrelin on the food intake after I/R was also examined. Food intake, the plasma ghrelin levels, the count of ghrelin-immunoreactive cells corrected by the percentage areas of the remaining mucosa, and the expression levels of preproghrelin mRNA in the stomach were significantly reduced at 12 h and 48 h after I/R compared with the levels in the sham-operated rats. Intraperitoneal administration of ghrelin significantly reversed the decrease of food intake after I/R. These data show that gastric I/R evoked anorexia with decreased plasma ghrelin levels and ghrelin production, which appears to be attributable to the I/R-induced gastric mucosal injuries. The decrease in the plasma ghrelin levels may have been responsible for the decreased food intake after gastric I/R.
Identification of adeno-associated viral vectors suitable for intestinal gene delivery and modulation of experimental colitis
Authors: Polyak Steven , Mach Annette , Porvasnik Stacy , Dixon Lisa , Conlon Thomas , Erger Kirsten E. , Acosta Andres , Wright Amy J. , Campbell-Thompson Martha , Zolotukhin Irene , Wasserfall Clive , Mah Cathryn
Published: November 2011

Effective gene transfer with sustained gene expression is an important adjunct to the study of intestinal inflammation and future therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are ideal for gene transfer and long-term transgene expression. The purpose of our study was to identify optimal AAV pseudotypes for transduction of the epithelium in the small intestine and colon, which could be used for studies in experimental colitis. The tropism and transduction efficiencies of AAV pseudotypes 1–10 were examined in murine small intestine and colon 8 wk after administration by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. The clinical and histopathological effects of IL-10-mediated intestinal transduction delivered by AAVrh10 were examined in the murine IL-10−/− enterocolitis model. Serum IL-10 levels and IL-10 expression were followed by ELISA and real-time PCR, respectively. AAV pseudotypes 4, 7, 8, 9, and 10 demonstrated optimal intestinal transduction. Transgene expression was sustained 8 wk after administration and was frequently observed in enteroendocrine cells. Long-term IL-10 gene expression and serum IL-10 levels were observed following AAV transduction in an IL-10−/− model of enterocolitis. Animals treated with AAVrh10-IL-10 had lower disease activity index scores, higher colon weight-to-length ratios, and lower microscopic inflammation scores. This study identifies novel AAV pseudotypes with small intestine and colon tropism and sustained transgene expression capable of modulating mucosal inflammation in a murine model of enterocolitis.
Experimental Characterization of Ultra-Wideband Channel Parameter Measurements in an Underground Mine
Authors: Nkakanou B. , Delisle G. Y. , Hakem N.
Published: November 2011

Experimental results for an ultra-wideband (UWB) channel parameters in an underground mining environment over a frequency range of 3 GHz to 10 GHz are reported. The measurements were taken both in LOS and NLOS cases in two different size mine galleries. In the NLOS case, results were acquired for different corridor obstruction angles. The results were obtained during an extensive measurement campaign in the UWB frequency, and the measurement procedure allows both the large- and small-scale parameters such as the path loss exponent, coherence bandwidth, and so forth, to be quantified. The capacity of the UWB channel as a function of the physical depth of the mine gallery has also been recorded for comparison purposes.
Explanting Is an Ex Vivo Model of Renal Epithelial‐Mesenchymal Transition
Authors: Winbanks Catherine E. , Darby Ian A. , Kelynack Kristen J. , Pouniotis Dodie , Becker Gavin J. , Hewitson Tim D.
Published: November 2011

Recognised by their
de novo expression of alpha‐smooth muscle actin
(SMA), recruitment of myofibroblasts is key to
the pathogenesis of fibrosis in chronic kidney
disease. Increasingly, we realise that
epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) may be an
important source of these cells. In this study
we describe a novel model of renal EMT. Rat
kidney explants were finely diced on
gelatin‐coated Petri dishes and cultured in
serum‐supplemented media. Morphology and
immunocytochemistry were used to identify
mesenchymal (vimentin+, α‐smooth muscle
actin (SMA)+, desmin+), epithelial
(cytokeratin+), and endothelial (RECA+) cells at
various time points. Cell outgrowths were all
epithelial in origin (cytokeratin+) at day 3. By
day 10, 50 ± 12%
(mean ± SE) of cytokeratin+
cells double‐labelled for SMA, indicating EMT.
Lectin staining established a proximal tubule
origin. By day 17, cultures consisted only of
myofibroblasts (SMA+/cytokeratin−). Explanting
is a reproducible ex vivo model
of EMT. The ability to modify this change in
phenotype provides a useful tool to study the
regulation and mechanisms of renal
tubulointerstitial fibrosis.
Rosiglitazone and Fenofibrate Additive Effects on Lipids
Authors: Slim Ahmad , Castillo-Rojas Laudino , Hulten Eddie , Slim Jennifer N. , Pearce Moore Dorette , Villines Todd C.
Published: November 2011

Background. To evaluate the effect of rosiglitazone, fenofibrate, or their combined use on plasma lipids in normoglycemic healthy adults. Methods and Results. Subjects were randomized in a double-blind fashion to rosiglitazone + placebo, fenofibrate + placebo, rosiglitazone + fenofibrate, or matching double placebo. The between-group difference in the change in fasting TG, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), LDL-C, and plasma apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, and C-III level were compared after 12 weeks of treatment. A total of 548 subjects were screened and 41 met the inclusion criteria. After 12 weeks of therapy, the median change in the triglyceride levels showed a significant reduction ranging from 47 to 55 mg per deciliter in the fenofibrate only and rosiglitazone/fenofibrate groups compared with placebo (). However, the rosiglitazone only group did not show significant change in triglyceride level. The change in the Apo AII showed increase in all the treatment groups compared with placebo (). There was also significant change in the Apo CIII that showed reduction of its level in the fenofibrate only and rosiglitazone/fenofibrate groups (). Conclusion. Rosiglitazone does not appear to modulate hypertriglyceridemia in patients with elevated triglycerides independent of glucose metabolism.
An Analysis of Anger in Adolescent Girls Who Practice the Martial Arts
Authors: Lotfian Sara , Ziaee Vahid , Amini Homayoun , Mansournia Mohammad-Ali
Published: November 2011

The effect of martial arts on adolescents' behavior, especially aggression, is controversial. The aim of this study was to assess and compare anger ratings among adolescent girl athletes of different martial arts. 291 female adolescents between the ages of 11 and 19 were assessed according to the Adolescent Anger Rating Scale designed by DM Burney. In the case group, the martial arts practiced were either judo (n=70) or karate (n=66), while the control group was composed of swimmers (n=59) and nonathletes (n=96). Total anger scores showed statistically significant differences between the groups (P=0.001) decreasing from girls who practiced judo to nonathletes, karate, and swimmers. Instrumental and reactive anger subscales also showed significant differences between the groups, but this difference was not found for anger control. As a conclusion, the anger rate did not differ between judoka and nonathletes, but that both of these groups received higher scores in total anger than karateka and swimmers.
Giant Plexiform Schwannoma of the Tongue
Authors: Nisa Lluís , von Büren Toni , Tiab Amine , Giger Roland
Published: November 2011

We present the case of a 38-year-old woman that presented with a very slowly enlarging mass of the tongue. MRI revealed a large mass originating in the tongue base and extending to the supraglottic space. Biopsy of this tumor confirmed the diagnosis of schwannoma. An endaural approach allowed complete resection of the tumor. Definitive histopathological examination showed a plexiform schwannoma. Schwannoma or neurilemoma represents a benign tumor potentially affecting any nerve. The head and neck region is a relatively common location for schwannomas, but tongue schwannomas are considered to be rare and pose the problem of both clinical and histological differential diagnosis of tongue masses.
Use of UKCAT scores in student selection by UK medical schools, 2006-2010
Authors: Adam Jane , Dowell Jon , Greatrix Rachel
Published: November 2011

Background

The United Kingdom Clinical Aptitude Test (UKCAT) is a set of cognitive tests introduced in 2006, taken annually before application to medical school. The UKCAT is a test of aptitude and not acquired knowledge and as such the results give medical schools a standardised and objective tool that all schools could use to assist their decision making in selection, and so provide a fairer means of choosing future medical students.

Selection of students for UK medical schools is usually in three stages: assessment of academic qualifications, assessment of further qualities from the application form submitted via UCAS (Universities and Colleges Admissions Service) leading to invitation to interview, and then selection for offer of a place. Medical schools were informed of the psychometric qualities of the UKCAT subtests and given some guidance regarding the interpretation of results. Each school then decided how to use the results within its own selection system.

Methods

Annual retrospective key informant telephone interviews were conducted with every UKCAT Consortium medical school, using a pre-circulated structured questionnaire. The key points of the interview were transcribed, 'member checked' and a content analysis was undertaken.

Results

Four equally popular ways of using the test results have emerged, described as Borderline, Factor, Threshold and Rescue methods. Many schools use more than one method, at different stages in their selection process. Schools have used the scores in ways that have sought to improve the fairness of selection and support widening participation. Initially great care was taken not to exclude any applicant on the basis of low UKCAT scores alone but it has been used more as confidence has grown.

Conclusions

There is considerable variation in how medical schools use UKCAT, so it is important that they clearly inform applicants how the test will be used so they can make best use of their limited number of applications.
Differential regional expression patterns of α-synuclein, TNF-α, and IL-1β; and variable status of dopaminergic neurotoxicity in mouse brain after Paraquat treatment
Authors: Mitra Soham , Chakrabarti Nilkanta , Bhattacharyya Arindam
Published: November 2011

Background

Paraquat (1, 1-dimethyl-4, 4-bipyridium dichloride; PQ) causes neurotoxicity, especially dopaminergic neurotoxicity, and is a supposed risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of PQ-induced neurodegeneration are far from clear. Previous studies have shown that PQ induces neuroinflammation and dopaminergic cell loss, but the prime cause of those events is still in debate.

Methods

We examined the neuropathological effects of PQ not only in substantia nigra (SN) but also in frontal cortex (FC) and hippocampus of the progressive mouse (adult Swiss albino) model of PD-like neurodegeneration, using immunohistochemistry, western blots, and histological and biochemical analyses.

Results

PQ caused differential patterns of changes in cellular morphology and expression of proteins related to PD and neuroinflammation in the three regions examined (SN, FC and hippocampus). Coincident with behavioral impairment and brain-specific ROS generation, there was differential immunolocalization and decreased expression levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the three regions, whereas α-synuclein immunopositivity increased in hippocampus, increased in FC and decreased in SN. PQ-induced neuroinflammation was characterized by area-specific changes in localization and appearances of microglial cells with or without activation and increment in expression patterns of tumor necrosis factor-α in the three regions of mouse brain. Expression of interleukin-1β was increased in FC and hippocampus but not significantly changed in SN.

Conclusion

The present study demonstrates that PQ induces ROS production and differential α-synuclein expression that promotes neuroinflammation in microglia-dependent or -independent manners, and produces different patterns of dopaminergic neurotoxicity in three different regions of mouse brain.
Suppression of allergic airway inflammation in a mouse model of asthma by exogenous mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Ou-Yang Hai-Feng , Huang Yun , Hu Xing-Bin , Wu Chang-Gui
Published: November 2011

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have significant immunomodulatory effects in the development of acute lung inflammation and fibrosis. However, it is still unclear as to whether MSCs could attenuate allergic airway inflammation in a mouse model of asthma. We firstly investigated whether exogenous MSCs can relocate to lung tissues in asthmatic mice and analyzed the chemotactic mechanism. Then, we evaluated the in vivo immunomodulatory effect of exogenous MSCs in asthma. MSCs (2 × 106) were administered through the tail vein to mice one day before the first airway challenge. Migration of MSCs was evaluated by flow cytometry. The immunomodulatory effect of MSCs was evaluated by cell counting in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), histology, mast cell degranulation, airway hyperreactivity and cytokine profile in BALF. Exogenous MSCs can migrate to sites of inflammation in asthmatic mice through a stromal cell-derived factor-1 α/CXCR4-dependent mechanism. MSCs can protect mice against a range of allergic airway inflammatory pathologies, including the infiltration of inflammatory cells, mast cell degranulation and airway hyperreactivity partly via shifting to a T-helper 1 (Th1) from a Th2 immune response to allergens. So, immunotherapy based on MSCs may be a feasible, efficient therapy for asthma.
Contradictory Evidence for the Role of Temperature and Particle Size in Nanofluid Thermal Conductivity
Authors: Christianson Rebecca J. , Townsend Jessica
Published: November 2011

The prospects for increased cooling capacity from the use of nanofluid coolants has created a tremendous amount of interest. However, in the years since the initial thermal conductivity measurements of nanoparticle suspensions were reported, there has been much inconsistency in data published in the literature. The International Nanofluids Benchmarking Exercise was a significant step towards creating a reliable set of data on the thermal conductivity enhancement of stable nanofluids, however there remain many unanswered questions. Most significant, perhaps, is the contradictory results on the effects of particle size and temperature. In the past year alone it is possible to find published reports on nominally identical samples claiming precisely opposing trends in thermal conductivity with decreasing particle size at room temperature. Some studies also claim an increasing enhancement at higher temperatures, sometimes linking this to small particle sizes. In this work we review the literature claims for particle size and temperature results, the theories used to support those claims, as well as presenting new data with the aim of resolving the dispute and identifying the origins of the evidence for contradictory claims.
Electronic Thermal Conductivity Effects of Nanoscale Conductors in a Gaseous Flow Environment
Authors: Garrity Patrick L. , Stokes Kevin L.
Published: November 2011

The surrounding ambient introduces a gaseous boundary to many nanotechnology applications such as nanosensors, nanoelectromechanical systems and nanocoatings. Despite the large surface area to volume ratio of nanostructures, a formal study of the surface scattering effects induced by a gaseous boundary has received little attention. In this work, we consider the perturbing effects to the electron cloud or jellium of conducting nanostructures when submitted to a gaseous interface of varying interaction energies. Specifically, we incorporate the novel experimental method of Dynamic Electron Scattering (DES) to measure electronic thermal conductivity of 30 nm thick Au and Cu metal films in He and Ar atmospheres. The gas particle impact energy is varied by changing the flow speed from stationary (non-moving gas field) to high speed flow over the metal films. The scattering effects of each gas are clearly observable through electronic thermal conductivity reductions as the gas impact energy increases. We find the high collision density of He to induce greater reductions in thermal conductivity than the much heavier Ar with lower collision density. The perturbed transport properties of the Au and Cu thin films are explained by kinetic surface scattering mechanisms that dominate the scattering landscape of high surface area to volume ratio materials as suggested by comparative measurements on bulk Cu.
Guerra Fria na Região Amazônica: um estudo da Missão Venturini ao Suriname (1983)
Authors: Avila Carlos Federico Domínguez
Published: November 2011

O artigo aborda a evolução das relações bilaterais entre o Brasil e o Suriname durante a primeira metade da década de 1980, e especificamente o processo de tomada de decisão que culminou com o envio da assim chamada missão Venturini ao Suriname. O texto fundamentase em evidência documental primária resgatada em dois arquivos brasileiros. Conclui-se que os objetivos fundamentais propostos pelo governo brasileiro com relação ao Suriname - então controlado pelo comandante Desiré Delano Bouterse - foram alcançados, particularmente no que diz respeito a evitar a instalação do conflito Leste-Oeste na sensível fronteira norte do país e na região amazônica, em geral.
"Depois aconteça o que acontecer": por uma rediscussão do Caso Panther e da política externa de Rio Branco
Authors: Peixoto Renato Amado
Published: November 2011

O Caso Panther foi um incidente que envolveu o Brasil e a Alemanha e que teve grande repercussão internacional em sua época, ficando marcado na história da política externa brasileira enquanto um episódio de agressão imperialista contra o Brasil e como o momento que marca a aproximação entre nosso país e os Estados Unidos. Acreditamos, porém, que uma rediscussão do Caso Panther permita um novo exame das dinâmicas do Imperialismo a partir de um olhar periférico, bem como uma outra compreensão das ideias acerca da nação que imprimiram suas marcas no pensamento de Rio Branco.
Sphere Effects: A History of Peter Sloterdijk's Political Architectures
Authors: Couture Jean-Pierre
Published: November 2011

This article discusses recent work by Peter Sloterdijk, who has developed a phenomenological analysis of human spaces. The aim of my contribution is to put this spatial theorization in relation with political constructions. Sloterdijk’s undertaking presents itself as a long history of the cosmological and architectural elements that shape the very spaces of human-production. He also puts it forward as a new pathway for understanding the human topos which has been subsumed for too long by the metaphysics of the 'beyond’ and which is currently liquefied by contemporary processes of mobilizing capital.
Association of Urinary Sodium/Potassium Ratio with Blood Pressure
Authors: Hedayati S. Susan , Minhajuddin Abu T. , Ijaz Adeel , Moe Orson W. , Elsayed Essam F. , Reilly Robert F. , Huang Chou-Long
Published: November 2011

Background and objectives

Previous studies reporting an association between high BP and high sodium and low potassium intake or urinary sodium/potassium ratio (U[Na+]/[K+]) primarily included white men and did not control for cardiovascular risk factors.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

This cross-sectional study investigated the association of U[Na+]/[K+] with BP in 3303 participants using robust linear regression.

Results

Mean age was 43±10 years, 56% of participants were women, and 52% were African American. BP was higher in African Americans than in non–African Americans, 131/81±20/11 versus 120/76±16/9 mmHg (P<0.001). Mean U[Na+]/[K+] was 4.4±3.0 in African Americans and 4.1±2.5 in non–African Americans (P=0.002), with medians (interquartile ranges) of 3.7 (3.2) and 3.6 (2.8). Systolic BP increased by 1.6 mmHg (95% confidence interval, 1.0, 2.2) and diastolic BP by 1.0 mmHg (95% confidence interval, 0.6, 1.4) for each 3-unit increase in U[Na+]/[K+] (P<0.001 for both). This association remained significant after adjusting for diabetes mellitus, smoking, body mass index, total cholesterol, GFR, and urine albumin/creatinine ratio. There was no interaction between African-American race and U[Na+]/[K+], but for any given value of U[Na+]/[K+], both systolic BP and diastolic BP were higher in African Americans than in non–African Americans. The diastolic BP increase was higher in men than in women per 3-unit increase in U[Na+]/[K+] (1.6 versus 0.9 mmHg, interaction P=0.03).

Conclusions

Dietary Na+ excess and K+ deficiency may play an important role in the pathogenesis of hypertension independent of cardiovascular risk factors. This association may be more pronounced in men than in women.
Cryptic Transcription and Early Termination in the Control of Gene Expression
Authors: Colin Jessie , Libri Domenico , Porrua Odil
Published: November 2011

Recent studies on yeast transcriptome have revealed the presence of a large set of RNA polymerase II transcripts mapping to intergenic and antisense regions or overlapping canonical genes. Most of these ncRNAs (ncRNAs) are subject to termination by the Nrd1-dependent pathway and rapid degradation by the nuclear exosome and have been dubbed cryptic unstable transcripts (CUTs). CUTs are often considered as by-products of transcriptional noise, but in an increasing number of cases they play a central role in the control of gene expression. Regulatory mechanisms involving expression of a CUT are diverse and include attenuation, transcriptional interference, and alternative transcription start site choice. This review focuses on the impact of cryptic transcription on gene expression, describes the role of the Nrd1-complex as the main actor in preventing nonfunctional and potentially harmful transcription, and details a few systems where expression of a CUT has an essential regulatory function. We also summarize the most recent studies concerning other types of ncRNAs and their possible role in regulation.
Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound in suspected ovarian torsion
Authors: Mawaldi Leena , Guptaa Charu , Bakhsha Hanadi , Saadeh Maissa , Abolfotouh Mostafa A.
Published: November 2011

Objective. Ultrasound has been proven to be useful in detecting underlying ovarian pathology. However, its role in the prediction of ovarian torsion has been controversial. The aim of the study was to assess the validity of ultrasound in the prediction of ovarian torsion in patients with acute pelvic pain related to clinically suspected ovarian torsion. Methods. A retrospective observational study was conducted at the Obstetrics/Gyneacology department using a 10-year chart review of all female patients older than 11 years of age with highly suspected ovarian torsion who underwent clinical assessment and ultrasound prior to surgery (n=62). The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound were determined by cross-tabulation of the ultrasound and surgical findings. Results. Of the suspected cases, 54 (87.1%) were confirmed to be cases of ovarian torsion by surgery. The majority of the cases were suggestive of ovarian torsion, which was indicated by clinical examination (77.4%), ultrasound (77.4%), or pathological examination (79%). Almost one-half of the cases (46.8%) showed a pain score >6; two-thirds (62.9%) presented with vomiting and/or nausea; and more than one-third (38.7%) presented with leukocytosis. The estimated sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound were 0.74 and 0.0, respectively. The positive predictive value was 0.83. Ultrasound was significantly associated with both clinical examination (P=0.039) and pain score (P=0.008). Conclusion. The diagnosis of ovarian torsion cannot be exclusively based on ultrasound. Both clinical and sonographical evaluation of acute pelvic pain should be considered for the diagnosis. A definitive diagnosis remains challenging.
Millennial Democracy and Spectral Reality in Post-colonial Africa
Authors: Basile Ndjio
Published: November 2011

One could not pertinently speak about the recent experience of multi-partyism in Africa without acknowledging the ‘teleological meta-narratives’ of democracy. That is, a system of knowledge and a series of discourses, theories and ideologies that were constructed around the very idea of political liberalization, and that helped to frame its principles, as well as to orientate its form, expression, mode of functioning and representation. But whatever their orientations, assumptions or theoretical oppositions, all these savoirs shared the same messianic approach to democracy and the same uni-linear evolutionist vision about the social and political adjustment which many African countries were going through in the early 1990s. Indeed, political liberalization, as envisaged by both developmentalist and modernist philosophies,assumed not only the universal principle of elective representation, good governance, freedom, fair competition and alternation, but also embraced the enlightenment ideals of emancipation, progress, change and betterment. In this contribution, which does not claim to assess the experience of democracy in sub-Saharan Africa, we want to examine how these grand narratives have affected Africans’ imaginations and the way they represent multi-party politics, and how, as a result of these millenarian ideologies, many of them have transformed the political adjustment into a sort of mythology of redemption. However, what is much more important to us is to demonstrate that modernist (developmentalist and evolutionist) formulations of the democratization process of the early 1990s, as a simple replication of western modernity, have failed to take up the conceptual and methodological challenges which these theories encountered when they travelled from the West to sub-Saharan Africa.
From OAU to AU: New Wine in Old Bottles
Authors: Armstrong M. Adejo
Published: November 2011

If we are to remain free, if we are to enjoy the full benefits of Africa’s rich resources, we must unite to plan our total defence and the full expectation of our national and human means, in the full interest of all our people. To go it alone will limit our horizons, curtail our expectations and thereafter our liberty. – Kwame Nkrumah
Permafrost degradation risk zone assessment using simulation models
Authors: Daanen R. P. , Ingeman-Nielsen T. , Marchenko S. S. , Romanovsky V. E. , Foged N. , Stendel M. , Christensen J. H. , Hornbech Svendsen K.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. In this proof-of-concept study we focus on linking large scale climate and permafrost simulations to small scale engineering projects by bridging the gap between climate and permafrost sciences on the one hand and on the other technical recommendation for adaptation of planned infrastructures to climate change in a region generally underlain by permafrost. We present the current and future state of permafrost in Greenland as modelled numerically with the GIPL model driven by HIRHAM climate projections up to 2080. We develop a concept called Permafrost Thaw Potential (PTP), defined as the potential active layer increase due to climate warming and surface alterations. PTP is then used in a simple risk assessment procedure useful for engineering applications. The modelling shows that climate warming will result in continuing wide-spread permafrost warming and degradation in Greenland, in agreement with present observations. We provide examples of application of the risk zone assessment approach for the two towns of Sisimiut and Ilulissat, both classified with high PTP.
Genotyping of the Pseudorabies Virus by Multiplex PCR Followed by Restriction Enzyme Analysis
Authors: Fonseca Antônio Augusto , Magalhães Cristina Gonçalves , Sales Érica Bravo , D'Ambros Régia Maria , Ciacci-Zanella Janice , Heinemann Marcos Bryan , Leite Rômulo Cerqueira , Reis Jenner Karlisson Pimenta dos
Published: November 2011

Suid herpesvirus 1 (SuHV-1) is the causative agent of Aujeszky's disease. The infectious agent has only one serotype, but it was classified by restriction enzyme analysis of the whole genome into four genotypes, named I to IV. The aim of this study was to standardize a rapid method for genotyping SuHV-1 without virus isolation, using a multiplex-PCR followed by enzymatic restriction analysis. The complete genome of the virus was analyzed in silico to determine the restriction sites for the enzyme BamHI. Primers were designed to flank sites with emphasis on certain points of differentiation of genotypes. The standard PCRs were able to detect the SuHV-1 and also to differentiate genotypes from brain tissue of infected pigs. The BamHI-PCR is a rapid, practical, and sensitive way to genotype SuHV-1.
Mucosal Immunity and the Intestinal Microbiome in the Development of Critical Illness
Authors: Madách Krisztina , Kristóf Katalin , Tulassay Eszter , Iványi Zsolt , Erdei Anna , Király András , Gál János , Bajtay Zsuzsa
Published: November 2011

The intestinal community, including the commensal microbial flora as well as the host tissues, represents a functional whole in vivo. Under physiological circumstances, this symbiosis brings great benefit for the host; however, critical illness induces profound disturbances in the intestinal ecosystem affecting both procaryotic and eucaryotic members. Today, 25 years after the gut was first described as a motor of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, the role of the injured splanchnic compartment in the pathomechanism and development of critical illness is still in the first line of research. Multiple mechanisms have been identified by which the stressed gut may affect host homeostasis, and how external intervention might help to rebalance physiology. This paper provides a brief overview of the present of this field.
The Cost Implications of Replacing Soda Lime with Amsorb Plus in Clinical Practice
Authors: Ahmed Osman , Mannion Stephen
Published: November 2011

Background and Goal of the Study. Desiccated soda lime is known to produce toxic compounds when interacting with volatile anesthetic agents. Amsorb Plus does not produce these but is more expensive per unit weight. Materials and Methods. In a prospective cross-over study, we evaluated the cost of using soda lime (Spherasorb, Intersurgical, UK) and Amsorb Plus. In four operating theatres over two 4-week periods, one for each product, we measured sevoflurane consumption, amount of absorbent used (kg), and amount of waste disposal (kg). Soda lime was changed weekly, and Amsorb Plus once colour change happened. Both were changed if inspired CO2 occurred. Low fresh gas flows were encouraged with Amsorb Plus. Results and Discussion. The total costs over each four-week period were €4375.69 and €3150.94 for soda lime and Amsorb Plus respectively. Reduced cost during Amsorb Plus period (28%) was due to (1) less sevoflurane consumption, (2) fewer Amsorb Plus changes because of reliable colour change, and (3) cheaper domestic waste disposal of Amsorb Plus as it is inert. Conclusion. We demonstrated Amsorb Plus to be a cost-efficient alternative to soda lime in everyday clinical practice.
Zweihundert Jahre Iodforschung: ein interdisziplinärer Überblick über die derzeitige Forschung
Authors: Küpper Frithjof C. , Feiters Martin C. , Olofsson Berit , Kaiho Tatsuo , Yanagida Shozo , Zimmermann Michael B. , Carpenter Lucy J. , Luther George W. , Lu Zunli , Jonsson Mats , Kloo Lars
Published: November 2011

Iod als neues Element wurde im Zusammenhang mit den Napoleonischen Kriegen 1811 entdeckt. Zum Anlass dieses zweihundertjährigen Jubiläums möchten wir auf die Geschichte der Erforschung und Nutzung dieses Elements zurückblicken und die vielen Facetten der Iodforschung beleuchten, die sich seit der Entdeckung herausgebildet haben. Iod beeinflusst viele Aspekte des Lebens auf der Erde und der menschlichen Zivilisation. Es wird in hohen Konzentrationen von marinen Algen akkumuliert, die die Ursache für einen bedeutenden Eintrag von Iod in die Küstenatmosphäre sind und dabei klimatische Prozesse beeinflussen. In marinen Sedimenten wird Iod als biophiles Element angesehen. Iod ist entscheidend für die Schilddrüsenfunktion von Wirbeltieren und damit von großer Bedeutung für die menschliche Gesundheit. Iod kommt in einer großen Zahl von Oxidationszuständen vor und zeichnet sich durch eine vielfältige supramolekulare Chemie aus. Iod ist einer Reihe analytischer Techniken zugänglich, und Iodverbindungen werden vielfach in organischen Synthesen eingesetzt. Elementares Iod wird in industriellen Größenordnungen produziert und findet ein breites Spektrum industrieller Anwendungen, insbesondere bei innovativen Werkstoffen wie Halbleitern – besonders auch in Solarzellen.
Synthesis of monodisperse crosslinked poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene) microspheres by precipitation polymerization in acetic acid
Authors: Tan Zhi , Ma Jing , Chen Hou , Ji Naiyi , Zong Guangxi
Published: November 2011

Poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene) microspheres with size ranging from 1.6 to 1.8 μm were prepared in acetic acid by precipitation polymerization. The particle size and particle size distribution were determined by laser diffraction particle size analyzer, and the morphology of the particles was observed with scanning electron microscope. Besides, effects of various polymerization parameters such as initiator and total monomer concentration, divinylbenzene (DVB) content, polymerization time and polymerization temperature on the morphology and particle size were investigated in this article. In addition, the yield of microspheres increased with the increasing total monomer concentration, initiator loading, DVB concentration and polymerization time. In addition, the optimum polymerization conditions for synthesis of monodisperse crosslinked poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene) microspheres by precipitation polymerization in acetic acid were obtained. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Mechanical, thermal properties, and flame retardancy of PC/ultrafine octaphenyl‐POSS composites
Authors: Li Lamei , Li Xiangmei , Yang Rongjie
Published: November 2011

Composites of ultrafine polyhedral oligomeric octaphenyl silsesquioxane (OPS) and polycarbonate (PC) were prepared by melt blending. The mechanical and thermal properties of the composites were characterized by tensile and flexural tests, impact test, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Rheological properties of these melts were tested by torque rheometer. The flame retardancy of the composites was tested by limiting oxygen index (LOI), the vertical burning (UL‐94), and cone calorimeter test. The char residue was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and ATR‐FTIR spectrum. Furthermore, the dispersion of OPS particles in the PC matrix was evidenced by SEM. The results indicate that the glass transition temperatures (Tg) and torque of the composites decrease with increasing OPS loading. The onset decomposition temperatures of composites are lower than that of PC. The LOI value and UL‐94 rating of the PC/OPS composites increase with increasing loading of OPS. When OPS loading reaches 6 wt %, the LOI value is 33.8%, UL‐94 (1.6 mm) V‐0 rating is obtained, and peak heat release rate (PHRR) decreases from 570 to 292 kJ m−2. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Underwater video analysis as a non‐destructive alternative to electrofishing for sampling imperilled headwater stream fishes
Authors: Ellender B. R. , Becker A. , Weyl O. L. F. , Swartz E. R.
Published: November 2011

Traditionally headwater streams are surveyed using electrofishing, a potentially harmful sampling method. Increasingly scientists are seeking out the least destructive stream sampling methods, especially when sampling imperilled fishes. It is therefore imperative that the efficacy of alternative, non‐destructive sampling methods be investigated.

This study investigated the potential for using underwater video analysis (UWVA) as an alternative to electrofishing for assessing the diversity and relative abundance of imperilled fishes in clear, relatively shallow (<1.5 m) headwater streams.

Detection rates using UWVA were higher than with electrofishing, relative abundance estimates between the two methods were significantly correlated, the attractive effect of the camera was negligible and UWVA was logistically feasible for sampling small headwater streams.

These results have clear conservation implications as it was demonstrated that UWVA is a suitable sampling method for estimating relative abundance of fishes in small, clear headwater streams.

Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linker histone H1 stimulates DNA strand exchange between short oligonucleotides retaining high sensitivity to heterology
Authors: Bocharova Tatiana N. , Smirnova Elena A. , Volodin Alexander A.
Published: November 2011

The interaction of human linker histone H1(0) with short oligonucleotides was characterized. The capability of the histone to promote DNA strand exchange in this system has been demonstrated. The reaction is reversible at saturating amounts of H1 corresponding to complete binding of the oligonucleotide substrates with the histone. In our conditions the complete saturation of DNA with the histone occurs at a ratio of one protein molecule per about 60 nucleotides irrespectively of DNA strandedness. In contrast to the DNA strand exchange promoted by RecA‐like enzymes of homologous recombination the H1 promoted reaction exhibits low tolerance to interruptions of homology between oligonucleotide substrates comparable to those for the case of spontaneous strand exchange between free DNA molecules at elevated temperatures and the exchange promoted by some synthetic polycations. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 97: 229–239, 2012.
Organizational Legitimacy and the Strategic Bridging Ability of Green Alliances
Authors: Shah Kalim U.
Published: November 2011

Alliances with environmental non‐governmental organizations may benefit multinational corporations (MNCs) operating in developing countries where uncertain socio‐cultural and institutional conditions present higher investment risks. Such ‘green alliances’ can provide strategic bridging services by interceding between MNCs and distant, yet important, stakeholders. From an institutional perspective, strategic bridging success may depend on stakeholder perceptions of alliance legitimacy. In this study the relationship between alliance legitimacy and strategic bridging ability is explored through the case of the Turtle Village Trust in Trinidad and Tobago. Findings suggest that bridging success occurs when organizational legitimacy peaks; that new alliance partners temporarily weaken legitimacy; and bridging with every new targeted stakeholder requires continued acquisition of legitimacy based on their respective values. MNC decisions to form alliances that bridge targeted stakeholders on their behalf should therefore consider the potential of the alliance to acquire and accumulate organizational legitimacy without which strategic bridging efforts may be futile. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The Adoption of Sustainable Manufacturing Practices in the Caribbean
Authors: Millar Harvey H. , Russell Suzana N.
Published: November 2011

The Caribbean region is awakening to the reality that environmental sustainability is fast becoming a major business performance dimension that is shaping the competitive landscape for manufacturers. This research attempts to gain a picture of the current level of emphasis on environmental sustainability among manufacturers in five Caribbean countries. This paper reports on the level of awareness of the concept of sustainable manufacturing, the sustainability practices Caribbean manufacturers are currently engaged in, and the barriers preventing the adoption of sustainability practices. The findings from our survey show that the majority of Caribbean manufacturers have little knowledge of the concept of sustainable manufacturing and the adoption of sustainability practices is low. In light of these findings, the paper discusses potential roles for Caribbean governments, manufacturing associations, and educational institutions in addressing the need for greater emphasis on sustainable manufacturing in the region. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Vitamin E supplementation modulates gingival crevicular fluid lipid peroxidation and antioxidant levels in patients with orthodontic tooth movement
Authors: Esenlik Elçin , Nazıroğlu Mustafa , Açıkalın Cahide , Övey Ishak Suat
Published: November 2011

The aim of this study was to investigate the levels of the oxidant and antioxidant changes in orthodontic tooth movement and the effects of vitamin E on these parameters. For this purpose, 50 orthodontic patients (aged 13–18 years) required non‐extracted treatment were divided randomly into the following groups: Control and Vitamin E. Same pre‐adjusted appliances were applied to all patients, and vitamin E (300 mg day−1) was given during 1 month in vitamin E group. Gingival crevicular fluid was collected and periodontal indexes were recorded at the baseline and after 1 month. Lipid peroxidation (LP) levels as malonyldialdehyde, reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px), vitamin C and E levels were measured in the anterior and posterior regions of the dentition. After 1 month, orthodontic treatment LP levels increased in control group in both anterior and posterior regions in vitamin E group. LP levels also increased in vitamin E group in only posterior region. The level of GSH and vitamin C did not change statistically in control and vitamin E groups. Periodontal indexes did not show any differences in comparison with the groups.

In conclusion, we observed protective role of vitamin E on LP levels in anterior region of patients with orthodontic tooth movement. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interaction of a Tat Substrate and a Tat Signal Peptide with Thylakoid Lipids at the Air–Water Interface
Authors: Kerth Andreas , Brehmer Tina , Meister Annette , Hanner Peter , Jakob Mario , Klösgen Ralf Bernd , Blume Alfred
Published: November 2011

The Tat machinery enables folded proteins to be translocated across biological membranes. In vitro studies have shown that Tat substrates can interact with membranes prior to translocation. In this study we investigated the initial states of this interaction with thylakoid lipid monolayers at the air–water interface by using monolayer techniques combined with infrared reflection‐absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS). We used enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) as a model substrate and the signal peptide SP16 from the 16 kDa protein of the spinach oxygen‐evolving complex (OEC16). We found that the signal peptide is essential for the interaction of the model substrate with lipid monolayers. IRRA spectroscopy showed an increased amount of α‐helical secondary structure elements for the chimeric model substrate i16/EGFP (SP16 fused to EGFP) compared with EGFP; this can be attributed to the signal peptide.