bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FACE-MASKS WITH A HALO IN THE LOWER AMUR ROCK ART
Authors: Е.Г. Дэвлет , А.Е. Гринько , А.Р. Ласкин , Э.А. Грешников
Published: November 2021

В статье рассматривается дискуссионная тема интерпретации изображений антропоморфных личин с ореолом ( сиянием ) в комплексах петроглифов Нижнего Амура. На основе анализа литературных источников и сопоставления аналогий в широком диахронном аспекте прослежена связь территориально удаленных иконографических трансформаций и универсалий, конвергентного сходства и заимствований в традициях подобных антропоморфных изображений обширного Тихоокеанского региона

The paper deals with the debatable topic of interpretation of anthropomorphic face-mask images with a halo ( shine ) in rock art of the Lower Amur. Based on the analysis of publications and comparison of analogies in a wide diachronic aspect, the connection is traced between territorially distant iconographic transformations and universals, convergent similarities and borrowings in traditions of similar anthropomorphic images of the vast Pacific region.
THE DISCOVERY OF ICE AGE CAVE ART AT LA MARCHE (VIENNE, FRANCE)
Authors: П.Дж. Бан
Published: November 2021

Статья представляет краткое описание открытия первого изображения на стенах палеолитической пещеры Ла-Марш (Люссак-ле-Шато, Вьенна, Франция). Этот памятник всемирно известен благодаря тому, что в нем было найдено огромное количество гравированных каменных плиток с гравировками, датируемыми более чем 14 000 л. н. Гравировки расшифровывались в течение 25 лет и были полностью опубликованы доктором Л. Палем. Всегда считалось, что на стенах этой пещеры изображений нет. Первая информация о том, что на стенах в Ла Марш есть какие-то следы, была получена автором еще в 2004 г., и вот недавно им была обнаружена первая фигура: голова бизона, сочетающая технику гравировки и использование естественной скальной формы. По стилю она напоминает знаменитый скульптурный фриз в гроте Англь-сюр-Л Англен, расположенный в том же регионе, что и Ла Марш, и датируемый тем же временем.

A brief account of the discovery of the first parietal figure in the Ice Age rock-shelter of La Marche (Lussacles-Chteaux, Vienne, France). The site was already world-famous for its huge collection of engraved plaquettes of stone, dating to more than 14,000 years ago, which were deciphered and published over the course of 25 years by Dr Lon Pales. But it was always thought that the rock-shelter in which the plaquettes were found had undecorated walls. In 2004 I was given information which suggested that there might be markings, and I eventually discovered a first parietal figure, a head of a bison, comprising engraving and use of natural rock shape. The style was similar to that of the great sculpted frieze at Angles-sur-lAnglin, in the same region, which is of the same date as La Marche.
A Pedagogical Approach to Obtain the Combined First and Second Law of Thermodynamics from Classical Statistical Mechanics
Authors: Govind Rajan Ananth
Published: November 2021

The combined first and second law of thermodynamics for a closed system is written as dE=TdS - PdV, where E is the internal energy, S is the entropy, V is the volume, T is the temperature, and P is the pressure of the system. This equation forms the basis for understanding physical phenomena ranging from heat engines to chemical reactors to biological systems. In this work, we present a pedagogical approach to obtain the combined first and second law of thermodynamics beginning with the principles of classical statistical mechanics, thereby establishing a fundamental link between energy conservation, heat, work, and entropy. We start with Boltzmann's entropy formula and use differential calculus to establish this link. Some new aspects of this work include the use of the microcanonical ensemble, which is typically considered to be intractable, to write the partition function for a general system of matter; deriving the average of the inverse kinetic energy, which appears in the microcanonical formulation of the combined first and second law, and showing that it is equal to the inverse of the average kinetic energy; obtaining an expression for the pressure of a system involving many-body interactions; and introducing the system pressure in the combined first and second law via Clausius's virial theorem. Overall, this work informs the derivation of fundamental thermodynamic relations from an understanding of classical statistical mechanics. The material presented herein could be incorporated into senior undergraduate/graduate-level courses in statistical thermodynamics and/or molecular simulations.
Computational Insights in DNA Methylation: Catalytic and Mechanistic Elucidations
Authors: Almatarneh Mansour H. , Kayed Ghada G. , Altarawneh Mohammednoor , Zhao Yuming , Verma Amita
Published: November 2021

Methylation at C5 position of cytosine (5mC) is the most abundantly occurring methylation process at CpG island, which has been well-known as an epigenetic modification linked to many human’s diseases. Recently, another methylation approach has been discovered to show that DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) promote the addition of methyl group at position 3 to yield 3mC. The existence of 3mC can cause severe damages to the DNA strand, such as blocking its replication, repair, and transcription, affecting its stability, and initiating a double-strand DNA break. To gain a deeper insight into the formation of 3mC, we have performed density functional theory (DFT) modeling studies at different levels of theory to clearly map out the mechanistic details for this new methylation approach. Our computed results are in harmony with pertinent experimental observations and shed light on a crucial off-target activity of DNMTs.
Faith-Based Organisations in New Zealand: an Exploration of How Faith Affects Faith-Based Organisations' Relationships with Donors
Authors:   , McLoughlin Jane
Published: November 2021

Faith-based organisations (FBOs) constitute a significant part of the development industry, yet our knowledge of FBOs and the ways in which they operate, often within secular societies, is limited. This research focuses on one particular aspect of FBOs in New Zealand: that is how FBOs perceive their faith impacts on their donor relationships. The research is undertaken within the context of the call for more empirical studies on FBOs in order to understand what types of FBOs exist, what contexts they appear in, and how they approach development. To this end, I conducted 17 semi-structured interviews with FBOs based in New Zealand over September-October 2010 and critically analysed these interviews for what they revealed about FBOs-donor relationships. The findings of this research are that FBOs are compelled to undertake development work as a religious and moral duty, and that their faith identity sometimes translates into a unique form of development assistance. FBOs have advantages over secular organisations in their ability to mobilise resources from within their faith networks, particularly the ability to secure low cost labour. These networks can be viewed as part of a spiritual economy for FBOs. Some FBOs position their organisations to receive funding from both their spiritual economies and mainstream secular sources. These organisations have established separate development arms within their organisation devoid of any religious reference or content, yet retain a religious arm to promote their faith. Other organisations successfully secure secular donor funding by clearly demonstrating how their faith is incorporated within their development work. The majority of FBOs operate outside the mainstream development industry in New Zealand and are either self-funding or funded through their spiritual economies. My major finding is that FBOs’ donors are not homogeneous groups; they hold a divergence of expectations which change the way FBOs position their development work in relation to their faith.
Promoting Communication and Socialisation in Music Therapy for Children with Cerebral Palsy
Authors:   , Kho Hong Ching
Published: November 2021

This research was conducted as an exploratory case study as identified by Yin (2009) using primarily qualitative data gathered from a clinical practice setting with young children. The primary aim was to find out how music therapy could promote communication and socialisation for children with cerebral palsy at an Early Intervention Conductive Education Centre. This case study research involved two indepth cases of children diagnosed with Cerebral Palsy at different levels of severity at aged four to five years old. It documents individual music therapy sessions over a three month period. Assessments of the two children’s communication and socialisation skills were made using the Assessment, Evaluation, and Programming System for Infants and Children (AEPS) to provide a comparison before and after the intervention. Staff perceptions about the nature of the children’s communication and socialisation in music therapy were sought using a short and informal interview with two staff members at the Centre. These three data sources were triangulated in the analysis and the findings are discussed individually. Each child showed diverse observable improvement in communication and socialisation based on perspectives of staff members interviewed, on clinical notes and on the AEPS evaluations. It is hoped that this mixed methods study could lead towards a more specific quantitative inquiry in the future about the effectiveness of music therapy for children with cerebral palsy.
The Development of Intensive Care Nursing as a Specialty at Wellington Hospital Intensive Care Unit, Wellington, New Zealand, 1964-1989
Authors:   , Harper Elinore
Published: November 2021

Intensive care nursing developed as a specialty with the advent of intensive care units (ICUs) following the poliomyelitis outbreaks of the 1950s. In New Zealand (NZ) the first ICU was opened in the early 1960s in Auckland. Many ICUs were quickly established in other NZ hospitals around this time with Wellington Hospitals ICU opening in 1964. This work explores the first 25 years of the development of the Wellington ICU and the specialisation of ICU nursing. Oral history interviews with past and present staff who worked and taught in the ICU during this time and Hospital archives and primary documentation sources provided much of the background information about this development. One find during the cataloguing of materials and administrative records prior to the move to the newly built Wellington Regional Hospital was the patient admission records documenting each year of the unit‟s operation since it opened. The information gathered from these records provided data on patient demographics, giving age, admission diagnosis, discharge destination, mortality information and admission source for each patient admitted. Education of the nurses, many of whom were embracing the knowledge and technology required to look after ICU patients for the first time was paramount to the care of the critically ill patient. With the advent of an ICU six-month nursing course in 1968 many of the educational needs of the nurses were met. Working relationships with the medical staff were very different from those that many nurses had been used to when working in the wards with the Doctor - Nurse relationship becoming less formal and more collaborative. This thesis illustrates the hard work and determination of those early nurses to provide excellent and appropriate care and translate knowledge into practice in order to look after these critically ill patients.
Literature and Practice in the Creation of Online Information Literacy Tutorials in New Zealand and Australian University Libraries: Results of Content Analysis of Online Tutorials
Authors:   , Cordes Margaret Jane
Published: November 2021

Introduction: This research users inferential statistical tests to explore the statistical significance of observed relationships between the frequencies of elements of online tutorials found within the academic literature, and the frequencies of those same elements as found in online tutorials produced by New Zealand and Australian university libraries. Frequencies were also compared between Australian and New Zealand tutorials, and also between two types of tutorials. Method: Elements of online tutorials were located in articles from highly ranked journals, and other germane sources. A content analysis of a sample of online tutorials was carried out, using the elements identified as criteria. Findings and conclusion: No statistically significant differences were found between the frequencies of elements in the literature and elements in the online tutorials, despite descriptive statistics indicating otherwise. A slight positive correlation was found between the frequencies of elements in tutorials produced in the two different countries. However, the small size of the literature sample severely restricts the conclusiveness of these results.
An Analysis of New Zealand’s Role in Food Insecurity in Fiji
Authors:   , Barrett Laura
Published: November 2021

Access to adequate food is a human right. Despite this, globally around three billion people lack access to food sufficient to allow them to live free from hunger and malnutrition. In the Pacific, despite millennia of positive nutrition, they now have some the highest rates of diabetes and obesity in the world, and 75 percent of their population are dying prematurely from non-communicable diseases (NCD’s). One of the main risk factors for NCD’s is an unhealthy diet. A key finding coming out of the Pacific Food Summit in 2010 was that imported foods represent a threat to Pacific food security. New Zealand is a key trader with the Pacific. It has also come under criticism in recent years over its trade of poor quality meat to the Pacific, which it has been argued is contributing to poor health outcomes there. This research seeks to look deeper into the relationship between New Zealand trade and Pacific food insecurity, using Fiji as a case study. A key foundation for this research is the ‘right to food’. The right to adequate food is a fundamental right of all human beings. This is established by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and subsequent treaties, to which all signatory countries are bound. Recently, this right is being discussed in an extraterritorial context, meaning states have obligations not only to those within their territory, but across the globe. This places obligations on states to both respect the right to food of citizens globally, and also to protect them against actions taken by those within their territory which would undermine this right. It is against this backdrop, utilising interviews, data and policy analysis, that the trade relationship between New Zealand and Fiji is analysed.
Restoring the Soils of Nauru: Plants as Tools for Ecological Recovery
Authors:   , Feary Alexander
Published: November 2021

The restoration of Nauru’s mined areas is fundamental to the future wellbeing of the people and ecosystems of Nauru. Extensive open cast phosphate mining on Nauru over the last 100 years has led to soil losses and landscape degradation to the extent that over 70% of this South-Western Pacific island state is now uninhabitable and almost all productive land has been lost. Significant landscape degradation has occurred and as a consequence the soils that remain are insufficient in volume and quality to achieve the Government’s restoration goals which support the long-term development of Nauru and the well-being of its people. The aim of this research is to evaluate aspects of cover-crop use as a means for soil restoration in Nauru. This research evaluates biomass production, phytoremediation potential, and germination success for a range of species in Nauruan soils. Field trials exploring biomass production and cadmium phytoextraction were performed, as was an experiment assessing the effects of cadmium on germination success. It was found that, in the circumstances assessed, biomass productivity was significantly determined by species, mulch use, soil type, and to a small degree – cadmium. Phytoextraction was significantly determined by tissue type. Germination success was not determined by soil cadmium, but soil type was a significant factor.
Pacific Students and Their Perceptions of an Academic Library: a Case Study of Whitireia Community Polytechnic
Authors:   , Hinder Audrey Therese
Published: November 2021

While more Pacific students are participating in tertiary education, there is little research on the information behaviour of this group in the academic library. As the primary function of the academic library is to support the learning needs of the student community, it is of interest to investigate how Pacific students use libraries and information resources available to them during their course of study.  Using a qualitative case study approach, the aim of this study is to begin to understand Pacific students’ experiences of the library at Whitireia Community Polytechnic. This study investigates how they use the library, their perceptions of the library and how it may contribute to their academic success.  Key findings of this study show that students generally had a positive experience of the library, using it not just as an information centre but also as a cultural centre. The library was a place for them to find information, a place for them to study and a place for them to meet other Pacific students and classmates whom they worked and studied with in the library. Though this group of participants did not feel that there were any significant cultural barriers to their use of the library, the findings reveal some cultural factors that may affect Pacific students’ use of the library.  Though this is a small case study, it provides an understanding of the experience of this group of Pacific students in an academic library. Understanding the information needs and information – seeking behaviour of this group will enable library and academic staff to develop or improve appropriate services so that student learning outcomes may also be improved.
Contagious Description: Factors Influencing the Adoption of the Australian Series System in New Zealand Archives
Authors:   , Battley Belinda Jane
Published: November 2021

The Australian series system has been identified as useful in describing the multiple relationships increasingly identified in archival collections due to complex administrative history, the need to describe electronic records or a wish to describe multiple views of a single group of archives. However, throughout New Zealand it has been fully adopted by relatively few Archives. A mixed-methods survey was carried out to investigate motivators and barriers to the adoption of the Australian series system, using quantitative and qualitative methods of analysis of responses to a questionnaire. Using Rogers’ diffusion of innovations theory and the records continuum model to suggest factors and map the results, it was found that the main motivator to use the AuSS was an archivist convinced of its value, through training or previous use, and with an awareness of archival conventions and standards. Other motivators included a large collection with a complex administrative history, the availability of compatible software, institutional support, and expert advice recommending its use. Barriers included lack of awareness or training, lack of autonomy for the archivist, and lack of resources. Changes to description occurred when particular moments of opportunity coincided with perceived needs. These factors worked together at all levels of the records continuum to affect decisions made by archivists on the type of description to use in their finding aids. Wider use of the AuSS to enable better information sharing and more fully-developed contextual description could be achieved through the provision of better publicised information; expert advice on implementation and on migration of existing data; and practical, readymade, simple and adaptable templates for finding aids.
Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) Algorithm for Nanocrystals
Authors:   , Paea Sione
Published: November 2021

This thesis uses the kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) algorithm to examine the growth morphology and structure of nanocrystals. Crystal growth in a supersaturated gas of atoms and in an undercooled binary melt is investigated. First, in the gas phase, the interplay of the deposition and surface diffusion rates is studied. Then, the KMC algorithm is refined by including solidification events and finally, by adding diffusion in the surrounding liquid. A new algorithm is developed for modelling solidification from an undercooled melt. This algorithm combines the KMC method, which models the change in shape of the crystal during growth, with a macroscopic continuum method that tracks the diffusion of material through solution towards the crystal. For small length and time scales, this approach provides simple, effective front tracking with fully resolved atomistic detail of the crystal-melt interface. Anisotropy is included in the model as a surface diffusion process and the growth rate of the crystal is found to increase monotonically with increase in the surface anisotropy value. The method allows for the study of multiple crystal nuclei and Ostwald ripening. This method will aid researchers to explain why certain crystal shapes form under particular conditions during growth, and may enable nanotechnologists to design techniques for growing nanocrystals with specific shapes for a variety of applications, from catalysis to the medicine field and electronics industry. This will lead to a better understanding of the atomistic process of crystal growth at the nanoscale.
The Use of Music Therapy Strategies to Enhance the General Milieu in a Rehabilitation Centre
Authors:   , Liu Xinxin
Published: November 2021

This research focused on how music therapy strategies could be used to improve the milieu in a rehabilitation centre in a New Zealand city. Residents in the rehabilitation centre had difficulty interacting with each other. I planned to use a Community Music Therapy approach to address residents' social needs. The research methodology was Action Research which involves the study of one's own practice. Cycles of learning led to the introduction of more 'open' groups and the use of the 'sharing concert' as a vehicle for promoting interaction between residents, staff, and family members, and staff and children at an early childhood centre. I examined the group dynamics, encouraged residents to move from small groups to bigger group or even open groups, and began to challenge them to take responsibility for individual tasks for their own and others' benefit. Through interactive music making, the residents improved understanding about conversation courtesy; their motivation for active participation increased as they developed a sense of togetherness, and appreciation for their community. They enjoyed interacting with the wider community also, and had the wish to 'branch out'. Further, the action research changed my understanding and leadership style: I learnt to gradually move from an aesthetic focus and into a supportive role as residents prepared for "their own concert".
Staff Perceptions of How Music Therapy Can Support Palliative Care Patients in a New Zealand / Aotearoa Hospice, with a Particular Focus on Spiritual Care
Authors:   , Squires Keryn
Published: November 2021

The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of staff from a hospice, in New Zealand / Aotearoa, regarding the use of music therapy in the care of dying patients. The study has a particular focus on spiritual aspects of palliative care in music therapy, as spirituality is an inherent aspect of the work done by caregivers in palliative care. Hospice staff were asked to reflect on what they knew and understood of music therapy before, and after, a music therapy student arrived at the hospice, and their narratives were explored to uncover the links between patients, music and spirituality. The aim of this was to identify what might be needed to increase knowledge, to improve referral processes, and to increase opportunities for collaborative team work. A cross-section of staff, i.e. two nurses, one doctor, an occupational therapist, and a counsellor, who were part of the palliative care team, were recruited to participate in two semi-structured interviews to discuss their perceptions of the potential for music therapy to support the spiritual needs of hospice patients. A qualitative approach was employed and narrative analysis was used to interpret the interviews. Narrative research emphasises the language of human understanding and in this research it involved gathering participants' 'stories' of their evolving perceptions over time. Findings suggest the language used to describe spiritual care in music therapy was different for each participant although common meanings were drawn from the participants' stories. Commonalities included: music therapy in the hospice was valued by the participants; some participants would like more knowledge to make an informed referral. In addition, staff understanding appeared to have increased over time partly due to educational seminars, sharing at team meetings, actual exposure to music therapy, informal conversations with staff, and participants' growing knowledge of music therapy through their own personal process of learning.
Molecular Dynamics: A Study on Slip, Drops, and Graphene
Authors:   , Mahelona Keoni Kealoha
Published: November 2021

Molecular dynamics (MD) is a computational tool used to study physical systems by modeling the atomic-scale interactions between atoms. MD can accurately predict the properties of materials where models are well developed. For new materials, models may be in their early stages and may lack the ability to produce accurate results; however, MD can still provide insight into the physical properties of these new materials. This thesis will use MD to study two different systems. First, the Lennard-Jones (L-J) liquid is used to study how the intrinsic slip lengths of atomic sized surfaces add to produce an effective slip of a larger surface made up of these atomic constituents. The results show that the effective slip of a surface is dominated by its smallest slip, and these results show good agreement with a theory that predicts effective slip given the intrinsic slip and roughness of a surface. The L-J model is also used to investigate the rolling and sliding motion of viscous drops on super-hydrophobic surfaces. The effects of drop size, slip length, and gravity on drop velocities are investigated, and a model that predicts drop speed given the characteristics of a drop and a surface is proposed. The model shows good agreement with simulation results, especially for certain regimes. Second, graphene is studied with MD using various atomistic models. The energies of layers of graphene are reproduced using an Adaptive Intermolecular Reactive Empirical Bond Order (AIREBO) potential, and the energies required to exfoliate graphene from crystal graphite and nickel nano-particles are calculated. The calculations from MD show good agreement with literature and experiment, and these results demonstrate how simple models in MD can produce useful results to aid research and experiment. Finally, the formation of nano-bubbles in graphene grown on platinum is studied using the AIREBO and L-J potentials. The basic formation of graphene nano-bubbles is demonstrated by compressing the edges of graphene  flakes. The simulations highlight the importance of proper boundary conditions, such as atom pinning, in order to produce tall, smooth nano-bubbles. The results also suggest that accurate models will be required to effectively demonstrate bubble formation.
As We Build our World We Build our Minds: The Causal Role of Technology in the Development and Evolution of Human Psychological Traits
Authors:   , Gers Matt
Published: November 2021

Do genes or environments have more of a role to play in the development of psychological traits? The nature versus nurture debate takes many forms and recent developmental systems arguments consider the roles of developmental resources to be inextricably linked. In this thesis I show that some elements of human culture, specifically technologies, play a privileged role in psychological development. Moreover, as we invent new technologies, we change the developmental environment for the present and subsequent generations, thereby causing evolution of the mind. I begin by outlining evidence, which shows that culture, and technology in particular, cause novel psychological traits to develop. Then I explain the evolutionary dynamics by which novel technologies and traits co-elaborate each other. The brain has evolved adaptations for plasticity and responds to environmental challenges in novel ways during development. I also show that brains often integrate with the material world, incorporating symbols, technologies and other artefacts as part of distributed information processing systems. Having demonstrated that technology has a causal role to play in cognitive development and function, I then move on to explain how we can distinguish among causal roles and thereby favour some causes over others in explanations of the development of traits. Beginning with Woodward’s analysis of three dimensions of biological causation, I build a concept space and incorporate a fourth dimension of causation. This modified four-dimensional concept space of causal roles allows us to categorize and distinguish the causal role of genetic and non-genetic developmental resources. It turns out that, with respect to some questions or effects we are interested in, genes are important, and with respect to many other effects or developmental outcomes, cultural technologies are more privileged causes. I illustrate the use of this causal analysis tool by explaining the development of critical thinking skills. I conclude by arguing that the privileged role of technology in psychological development may help to explain two problems in human prehistory. First, it helps to explain why there was a lag between Homo sapiens becoming anatomically modern and only later becoming behaviourally modern, and second, it helps to explain the mysterious extinction of the Neanderthals.
Trusting Your Bank in a Digitally Connected World: An Investigation into Perceptions of Privacy by Bank Customers
Authors:   , Londt Shivonne
Published: November 2021

People are placing more of their personal information online as the use of online social networking sites (OSNs) grows. Individuals often lack an awareness around the privacy implications of placing their personal information on these sites but still have an expectation of privacy about this information that may not entirely be justified. OSN data is often used for purposes other than those for which it was provided, but customer demand for ethical and compassionate use of their data is growing. Customers expect greater corporate social responsibility from companies, and especially banks, after the recent global financial crisis. Customers may perceive the use of OSN data by New Zealand banks to influence their lending decisions as a privacy violation. This study is intended to evaluate whether this use of OSN data would be perceived by customers to be a violation of their privacy. The research was carried out through a web-based survey and follow-up interviews with selected respondents. It was found that the less aware that respondents were about OSN privacy policies, the greater their expectation of privacy. The research also highlighted that even respondents who did not expect their data to remain private still had an expectation of privacy. A lack of perceived control was found to be associated with a greater expectation of a privacy invasion. Trust in respondents' banks was associated with a negative perception of those banks' use of OSN data for lending decisions. This study has revealed a high likelihood that a perception of betrayal coupled with a perceived privacy violation would take place should New Zealand Banks use OSN data in this manner.
Social Affiliation Needs as a Motivator of Risky Online Behaviour
Authors:   , Zogg Antony
Published: November 2021

In spite of the risks, people often share large quantities of personal information online. The objective of this research was to gain an understanding as to why people take such risks when engaging with others on social networking sites like Facebook. Initially the existence of online communities had to be established, and consideration given to the possibility that these online communities reflected groups found in the real world. The following hypotheses were then tested using an online survey with Likert Scale questions and freeform questions. This data was then triangulated by and supplemented with data received as a result of semi-structured interviews. Interview and survey questions were informed by a full literature review undertaken on the topic. H1: Humans mimic online behaviours including risky behaviours to gain acceptance in online communities. There was insufficient support for this hypothesis. This may be due to the fact that online and real world groups differ in terms of the way in which they communicate. The five senses are not fully engaged in online communication and there is an absence of body language and other non-verbal communication. This difference may determine that there is less need for social affiliation online than in the real world. H2: The need for personal safety online is secondary to the need for social affiliation. Again there was insufficient support for this hypothesis, and even those with online communities of trusted friends drawn from the real world were concerned for their personal safety and configured their privacy settings. However these people were comfortable sharing personal information online with trusted friends, demonstrating that they were under the illusion that their information was private. H3: Humans reflect the values of their friends on social networks to gain their approval. This hypothesis was well supported and indications were that people were more prepared to share personal information online with those who shared their values. They are also unlikely to share controversial information that violated their personal values. The results of this research were viewed through the lens of "The Online Disinhibition Effect" (Suler, 2004), and recommendations made to companies planning online business.
Gothic Imaginations in Primo Ottocento Opera
Authors:   , Chesney Sarah
Published: November 2021

Connections between the Gothic and opera remain a subsidiary concern to most writers on the Gothic and on opera, if they are even addressed at all. In this study I wish to illuminate how the Gothic is presented both musically and visually on stage through the setting and thematic traits in select nineteenth-century Italian operas. A number of ideas are central to this aim. Firstly, that the ‘Gothic’ dimension of ‘Gothic opera’ is overtly represented through staging. The settings of many ‘Gothic operas’ in Scotland and England reveal the continental European fascination with northern Europe and its history. This stemmed from the influx of English and Scottish literature, most prominently the Ossian poems and the works of Walter Scott and Shakespeare. Consequently, Gothic scenes such as ruined medieval castles and rugged cliffs, masked by darkness or mist are enmeshed with a northern landscape. Tartan costuming also visually situates the Gothic scenes in Northern Europe. Furthermore, the use of musical mannerisms of Scotland and England, particularly in chorus scenes, reinforces this parallel between the Gothic and the north, linking music to the visible Gothic setting. Secondly, I will explore the way in which Gothic imaginings of both immaterial and physical incarnations of the supernatural move between the latent subconscious and conscious realisation. This is evident through the interplay between voice, orchestra and the singer’s corporeality and draws upon recent operatic studies concerning representation of ‘others’, dramatisation, and theatrical spaces. This second section positions women at the heart of the Gothic in opera, as the soprano is most often the character susceptible to other-worldly encounters and madness. The fundamental figure in this study is Gaetano Donizetti (1797-1848). A number of his operas from the 1830s, especially Lucia di Lammermoor, emphasise how the Gothic may be revealed in opera. However, I conclude with a chapter on Macbeth, the ‘Gothic opera’ of Giuseppe Verdi (1813-1901), for this work demonstrates how the configuration of the Gothic is developed in musical and dramatic terms and presents a case where the supernatural influence becomes all-empowered.
Predictable Switching Between Recognition Memory and Magnitude Judgement Tasks: Effects and Implications
Authors:   , Burson Rebecca Anne
Published: November 2021

Task switching and interruption effects—slower and (often) less accurate responses when a task changes compared to that when a task remains the same—have been investigated from both theoretical and applied vantage points (e.g., Altmann & Trafton, 2007; Jersild, 1927; Rogers & Monsell, 1995). The task switching research has typically used simple tasks with high stimulus-response (S-R) overlap, but there is a need to use different methods and tasks to test the boundaries of task switching effects and the theories used to explain them (Logan, 2003). This thesis examined the costs of switching between a recognition memory task, which is a more complex task than those typically used, and a magnitude judgement task (for the number of dots in a spatial array), which is the type of simple task that has been used (e.g., Altmann, 2002; Monsell, Sumner & Waters, 2003). Across seven experiments, participants switched between the recognition and magnitude tasks in predictable 1, 2, or 4-trial runs. The first two experiments examined task switching effects on recognition memory performance, with Experiment 2 investigating whether specific recognition processes (i.e., recollection and/or familiarity) were affected by switching tasks. Experiment 3 investigated the recovery from a task switch for both tasks and included a visual, task switch "reminder" cue in an attempt to improve switching performance. Finally, Experiments 4A, 4B, 5A, and 5B examined evidence for two well-known task switching phenomena, the practice effect and the preparation effect. The results led to four critical conclusions: (1) switching between two tasks with minimal S-R overlap produced significant RT and accuracy switch effects; (2) the cost to recognition memory accuracy did not reflect an impairment to controlled recollection processes; (3) the magnitude and persistence of task switching effects changed as a function of practice within an experiment; and (4) there was little evidence that participants began to switch tasks in advance of stimulus presentation. The results reported in this thesis provide a clear example of task switching driven by the type of stimulus (word or dots), where a change in stimulus type (i.e., from word to dots array or vice versa) initiated the time consuming process of retrieving/activating the appropriate task set. Future research will need to clarify whether the stimulus-driven nature of switching between the recognition and magnitude tasks remains when using different task switching paradigms and when S-R overlap is reintroduced.
Environmental Regulation of Firms that Experience Dynamic Inconsistency
Authors:   , Zuccollo James
Published: November 2021

The recent push for environmental regulation has invigorated the discussion of mechanism design and optimal taxation policy. Recent decades have also seen growing interest in behavioural economics and empirically based theory. In this thesis we take a step towards combining the two by asking how a regulator may correct an externality in situations where they have a time consistency problem. Time inconsistency is one of the notable developments of behavioural economics. It posits that an agent’s decisions do not remain consistent over time, which causes a utility loss if the agent cannot commit themselves to a particular course of action and stick to it. The solution to inconsistency problems is to precommit to a course of action and prevent future deviations from it. However, finding a mechanism to enable such precommitment is often problematic. A regulator who maximises welfare can have a time consistency problem because welfare will depend on the decisions of firm and households who may themselves be inconsistent. That inconsistency then propagates to the regulator’s decision and reduces the level of welfare that the regulator can reach. Alternatively, the regulator’s time consistency problem can be caused by non-stationarity in their time preferences. To reach the firstbest outcome the regulator must not only eliminate the environmental externality: they must also overcome their own time inconsistency problem. This thesis draws from the literature on strategic delegation to construct a taxation game in which the regulator can achieve the first best taxation regime without the need for external precommitment devices. We study a dynamic game where the regulator chooses a tax rate and the regulated monopolist chooses their price. We show that the Markov-perfect equilibrium price path of this game will replicate the first best plan. Our results holds for time inconsistency caused by both jump states and quasihyperbolic discounting.
The Same, but Different: An Exploratory Study of English as Second Language Learners in the Context of their Information Behaviour Related to Recreational Reading
Authors:   , Banks Matthew
Published: November 2021

Research problem: This research was a localised (Wellington-based) exploration of the information behaviour of adult immigrant English as Second Language (ESL) Learners in relation to their recreational reading. It explored the context of their everyday lives and the individual experiences of ESL Learners. It contributes to the development of our understanding of immigrant information behaviour in the Library and Information Studies field. Methodology: A qualitative methodology was used. This was in the form of semi-structured interviews conducted with each of the five participants and qualitative data analysis techniques. A purposive sample was drawn from adult, immigrant members of the Wellington ESL community. Results: The information behaviour of the participants interviewed was found to be wide ranging and often specific to the individual's needs. Some similarities in the participant's experiences were found. The participant's information behaviour was found to be influenced by a number of social and cultural factors. Language was found to significantly impact the participant's information behavior. Implications: This research implies that there is a continuing need for ongoing investigation into the information behaviour of ESL learners and immigrants within the Library and Information Studies community. This will have ongoing implication for public libraries as they continue to find new and better ways to meet the needs of this group.
Situating the Situationists: The Disruption of a Domesticated Architecture
Authors:   , Keane Ross
Published: November 2021

This research seeks to place Situationist theory into a domestic context through a critical reading of Guy Debord and the Internationale Situationnistes’ writings. Challenging the notion of a domesticated architecture, Situationist techniques and strategies are used to test new ground in the interpretation of a domestic situation. Two techniques explored are the dérive and détournement. In Guy Debord’s Theory of Dérive, the dérive is described as "a technique of rapid passage through varied ambiences (Knabb 52)." This technique was used by the Situationists as a way of experiencing a city through the possibilities provided by the "terrain and the encounters they find there (52)." Adding to this definition, Jonathan Hill in Actions of Architecture describes the dérive as "confront[ing] the habitual and functional experience of the city (Hill 67). Détournement, described by the Situationists as 'the re-use of pre-existing artistic elements in a new ensemble (Knabb 67)." is a way of constructing new meanings and expressions for previously defined elements. In A User’s Guide to Détournement, Debord outlines several 'laws' defining the use of détournement as ways of creating situations, which he explains is 'the ultimate goal of all our activity (16)." To dérive in the domestic suggests possibilities of a continual exploration of the spaces within the home. Traditional notions of the home’s function and meaning are reconfigured in order to construct new situations; how do the spaces within a home contribute or hinder these explorations? What role does each room play within the domestic as a whole, and what are their relationships to each other as individual spaces? Détournement links in closely with the exploration of spaces within the domestic. Using it as a way of challenging the traditional functions of both the spaces themselves, and the artefacts contained within [the artefacts being the markers of function in most cases], what are the implications of this misappropriation of artefacts and space? Will these interpretations bring a greater understanding of the artefacts and spaces themselves, as well as create new meanings? The contextual critique of the domestic through a critical reading of the Situationists’ theories will deepen the possibilities of how the domestic is understood. This understanding is visualised through a reworking of an existing domestic framework, a New Zealand state house. Architectural interventions are used to create new modes of inhabitation that modify behaviour and habitual living within the domestic. Here, the role of the artefact and space within the domestic is challenged and altered to create new manifestations.
Impact of Formal Educational Qualifications on the Assessment by IS Managers of Their Own Effectiveness
Authors:   , Tungngern Pratoomthip
Published: November 2021

This study seeks to contribute to a better understanding of what role, if any, tertiary formal education contributes to the effectiveness of IS managers. The research question guiding this study is ‘How does the possession or otherwise of formal educational qualifications impact on the assessment by IS managers of their own effectiveness?’ This is a qualitative research using an interview method that allows participants to provide contextual information to describe specific outcomes. A non-probability sampling technique is used with a quota sampling size of 12. The inclusion characteristics were to be an IS manager, employed in IS/IT/ICT department and to work in the Wellington region of New Zealand. The significant findings in this study is that all participating IS managers perceived that formal education positively contributed to their managerial effectiveness. They perceived that formal education helped them to improve or gain new skill and provided them with formal tools and frameworks that they utilised in their jobs. Sampling within other industries and larger random samples could be undertaken to see if this research has given results that are representative of the IS industry and its recognition of formal education.