bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dinámicas de colaboración en las organizaciones del tercer sector de acción social en España
Authors: Jaraíz Arroyo Germán , González-Portillo Auxiliadora
Published: December 2021

La evolución y posicionamiento del tercer sector están vinculados a la morfología de sus redes propias y la conexión cívica mediante la que estas organizaciones tejen sus tramas. Este trabajo analiza la dimensión relacional del sector.El artículo presenta una parte de los resultados del Proyecto Perspectiva Comparada del Tercer Sector (en adelante PECOTSAS), los referidos al análisis del proceso de articulación del tercer sector de acción social en España y su aporte en la generación de capitales sociales. Pretendemos identificar los principales elementos incidentes en este proceso en un grupo de siete comunidades autónomas para discernir en qué medida su evolución ha dado lugar a diferentes desarrollos autonómicos de tercer sector.En lo metodológico, los resultados de investigación se han obtenido, por un lado del análisis bibliográfico y de fuentes secundarias (análisis descriptivo), y por otro del desarrollo de 48 entrevistas en profundidad a informantes clave (gestores, técnicos, voluntariado, stakeholders) y 14 grupos focales (análisis de las percepciones). El trabajo concluye que, aunque el tercer sector es en esencia un actor cívico, en la configuración de sus redes han ejercido mayor influencia los aspectos de colaboración-prestación de servicios en contextos de política pública, siendo también influyentes la defensa de derechos, la producción y divulgación interna de conocimiento y el fomento de la participación voluntaria. Por último concluimos que, si bien es cierto que cada una de las comunidades analizadas posee singularidades, el condicionamiento de elementos de conjunto en el ámbito europeo y estatal ejercen una presión homogeneizadora mayor.
A THREE-PHASE INDUCTIVE SENSOR FOR IN VIVO MEASUREMENT OF ELECTRICAL ANISOTROPY OF BIOLOGICAL TISSUES
Authors: Kosugi Yukio , Takemae Tadashi , Takeshima Hiroki , Kudo Atsushi , Kojima Kazuyuki , Tanaka Naofumi
Published: December 2021

Biological tissue will have anisotropy in electrical conductivity, due to the orientation of muscular fibers or neural axons as well as the distribution of large size blood vessels. Thus, the in vivo measurement of electrical conductivity anisotropy can be used to detect deep-seated vessels in large organs such as the liver during surgeries. For diagnostic applications, decrease of anisotropy may indicate the existence of cancer in anisotropic tissues such as the white matter of the brain or the mammary gland in the breast. In this paper, we will introduce a new tri-phase induction method to drive rotating high-frequency electrical current in the tissue for the measurement of electrical conductivity anisotropy. In the measurement, three electromagnets are symmetrically placed on the tissue surface and driven by high-frequency alternative currents of 0 kHz, modulated with 1 kHz 3-phase signals. In the center area of three magnets, magnetic fields are superimposed to produce a rotating induction current. This current produces electrical potentials among circularly arranged electrodes to be used to find the conductivity in each direction determined by the electrode pairs. To find the horizontal and vertical signal components, the measured potentials are amplified by a 2ch lock-in amplifier phase-locked with the 1 kHz reference signal. The superimposed current in the tissue was typically 45 micro Amperes when we applied 150 micro Tesla of magnetic field. We showed the validity of our method by conducting in vitro measurements with respect to artificially formed anisotropic materials and preliminary in vivo measurements on the pig’s liver. Compared to diffusion tensor MRI method, our anisotropy sensor is compact and advantageous for use during surgical operations because our method does not require strong magnetic field that may disturb ongoing surgical operations.
THERMAL CONDUCTANCE OF HELICALLY COILED CARBON NANOTUBES
Authors: Popović Zoran , Damnjanović Milan , Milošević Ivanka
Published: December 2021

Thermal conductivity is one of the most interesting physical properties of carbon nanotubes. This quantity has been extensively explored experimentally and theoretically using different approaches like: molecular dynamics simulation, Boltzmann-Peierls phonon transport equation, modified wave-vector model etc. Results of these investigations are of great interest and show that carbon- based materials, graphene and nanotubes in particular, show high values of thermal conductivity. Thus, carbon nanotubes are a good candidate for the future applications as thermal interface materials. In this paper we present the results of thermal conductance s of a model of helically coiled carbon nanotubes (HCCNTs), obtained from phonon dispersion relations. Calculation of s of HCCNTs is based on the Landauer theory where phonon relaxation rate is obtained by simple Klemens-like model.
THERMAL STABILITY AND DAMPING PROPERTIES OF POLYURETHANE HYBRID MATERIAL BASED ON CASTOR OIL
Authors: Budinski Simendić Jaroslava , Bjelović Zoran , Samaržija Jovanović Suzana , Aleksić Vojislav , Valentova Helena , Meszaros Szecseny Katalin , Krakovsky Ivan
Published: December 2021

This study reports the fabrication of environmentally friendly polyurethane materials using either 2,4-toluene diisocyanate or isophorone diisocyanate, castor oil as a polyol component, and TiO2 nanoparticles. Samples were prepared with stoichiometric balance of reactive groups. Dynamic viscoelastic properties of prepared samples were studied. The ratio of the loss component to the storage component (tanδ) was used as a measure of the material damping properties. The glass transition temperature was determined as a position of the tanδ curve maximum. The temperature range with tanδ > 0.3 was used to evaluate damping capacity of elastomers. Thermal stability of prepared samples was estimated by TGA method. It was assessed that PU based on aliphatic diisocyanate have higher thermal stability. Obtained values of the glass transition temperature and the starting degradation temperature are important for the application window of novel materials.
STUDYING RETENTION BEHAVIOR, LIPOPHILICITY AND PHARMACOKINETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF N-SUBSTITUTED PHENYL-2-CHLOROACETAMIDES
Authors: Apostolov Suzana , Vaštag Đenđi , Matijević Borko , Nakomčić Jelena , Marinković Аleksandar
Published: December 2021

The biological activity of compounds is mostly determined by its physical and structural characteristics. Among the many molecular descriptors that may indicate a potential biological activity of a compound, lipophilicity occupies the most important place. Since chloroacetamides show a variety of physiological activity, the task of this study was to investigate the potential biological activity of newly synthesized derivatives of selected N-substituted phenyl-2-chloroacetamides. Analysis was performed by thin layer chromatography on reversed phase (RP18 F254s TLC), and the mobile phase consisted of mixtures of water-acetic acid and water-dimethylformamide. By varying the volume fraction of organic modifier chromatographic retention constants, RM0, of the compounds were determined. Тhen RM0 were correlated with the software calculated partition coefficient, log P, as a standard measure of lipophilicity. Also, RM0 were correlated with selected pharmacokinetic parameters: intestinal absorption, HIA, the ability to bind to plasma proteins, PPB, and the distribution through the blood-brain barrier, BBB.
USING PERMUTATION ENTROPY FOR AFM DATA ANALYSIS
Authors: Malivuk Dragana , Nježić Saša , Lekić Sreten , Škrgić Enes , Rajilić Zoran
Published: December 2021

We consider driven oscillations of the AFM cantilever in computational experiments. Complexity of motion is described by permutation entropy H(3), which we compute for data obtained during scanning. Our aim is to find the optimal values of the scanning velocity, initial position of the tip, and the driving force amplitude and frequency for imaging the nanostructure, in a specific dynamic mode of the AFM operation.
STUDY OF THE OPTICAL POWER OF NANOPHOTONIC SOFT CONTACT LENSES BASED ON POLY (2- HYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE) AND FULLERENE
Authors: Debeljković Mitrović Aleksandra , Stamenković Dragomir , Conte Manuel , Bojović Božica , Mihajlović Spomenko
Published: December 2021

In this paper results of comparative study of the optical power of soft contact lenses (SCL) made of standard material for SCL and nanophotonic materials with different measurement techniques used for the final contact lens controllers are presented. Three types of nanophotonic soft contact lenses were made of standard polymacon material (Soleko SP38TM) incorporated with fullerene C60, fullerol C60(OH)24 and fullerene metformin hydroxylate C60(OH)12(OC4N5H10)12. For the purposes of material characterization for potential application as soft contact lenses, the optical properties of the soft contact lenses were measured by Rotlex and Nidek device. With Rotlex device the following optical results were obtained: optical power and map of defects, while with the Nidek device: optical power, cylinder power and cylinder axis. The obtained values of optical power and map of defects showed that the optical power of synthesized nanophotonic soft contact lens is same to the nominal value, while this was not the case for the standard soft contact lens. Also, the quality of the nanophotonic soft contact lens is better than the standard one. Hence, it is possible to synthesize new nanophotonic soft contact lenses of desired optical characteristics, implying possibilities for their application in this field.
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF THE ELECTRODEPOSITED COPPER POWDER FILLED LIGNOCELLULOSIC COMPOSITES
Authors: Pavlović Miroslav , Gligorić Miladin , Ćosović Vladan , Bojanić Vaso , Tomić Milorad , Pavlović Miomir
Published: December 2021

This article deals with the synthesis and characterization of electroconductive composite materials prepared by the compression molding of mixtures of lignocellulose and electrochemically deposited copper powder under different pressures, as well as with the investigation of the influence of particle morphology on conductivity and the percolation threshold of obtained composites. Electrodeposited copper powder content varied from 1.9-29.4 vol%. The analysis of the most significant properties of prepared composites and its components included impedance spectroscopy (IS) behavior, the measurements of electrical conductivity, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and structural analysis. It has been shown that the percolation threshold (PT) depends on both particle shape and the type of spatial distribution. IS measurements and SEM analysis have shown that particles that have pronounced grain boundaries have a bit effect on the appearance of electric conductive pathways thus on the composite conductivity. The packaging effect and more pronounced interparticle contact with copper powder particles lead to the “movement” of PT, which, for the particles 45 μm and the highest processing pressure of 27 MPa, was 7.2% (v/v).
OBTAINING OF MATERIALS WITH ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY BY BONDING OF CEFAZOLINE ON MODIFIED CELLULOSIC BANDAGE
Authors: Rodić Grabovac Branka , Đuđić Radana , Sailović Pero
Published: December 2021

Obtaining of biologically active cellulosic bandage with antimicrobial activity is one of the most interesting trends in the development of new medical materials. This paper investigates the effect of reaction conditions on oxidation of cellulose fiber in a form of bandage with an aim to obtain a material suitable for chemical binding of antibiotics. Also, the influence of structure of cefazoline on sorption on oxidized cellulose fiber is investigated. The chemical bonding of the drug was performed on oxidized cellulose samples ( OC ) with different carboxylic groups content in cefazoline water solution concentration with c = 1.7 ∙ 10-3 mol / L, while the desorption of bonded antibiotic was done in physiological solution. The amounts of bonded and released drug were determined spectrophotometrically in UV range. It was found that carboxylic groups content on OC and solution pH during the sorption process had a significant influence on the amount of bonded antibiotics. Antimicrobial activity of fiber samples with bonded cefazoline was tested in vitro in relation to gram positive and gram negative microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli). The paper showed that the optimal ratio of cefazoline consumption versus the amount of released antibiotic was obtained for the sample with 6.48 % of the carboxylic group.
BIOCOMPATIBILITY EVALUATION OF Cu-Al-Ni SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS
Authors: Todorović Ana , Rudolf Rebeka , Romčević Nebojša , Đorđević Igor , Milošević Nataša , Trifković Branka , Veselinović Valentina , Čolić Miodrag
Published: December 2021

Shape memory alloys belong to a group of smart, functional materials with a unique ability to "remember" the shape that they had before the pseudo-elastic deformation. Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloys are today the only available high-temperature SMA, showing good resistance to functional load, however their biomedical application is still limited. Using melt spinning technique, thin Cu-Al-Ni ribbons can be produced directly from the melt. The aim of our study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of Cu-Al-Ni alloys in vitro. Thin Cu-Al-Ni ribbons were produced by the technique of melt spinning and used for the tests. The base alloy for casting of the same composition, but without shape memory effect, was used as control. The results of MTT test showed that Cu-Al-Ni base alloys (alloys control) almost completely reduced metabolic activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBC), while none of Cu-Al-Ni ribbons types showed a statistically significant effect on the metabolic activity of cells compared with control (cells cultivated only in the medium). Rapid solidified ribbons with memory effect stimulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines, but not Th1 and Th2 cytokines by activated PBC. However, in addition to IL-1β, their stimulatory potential is significantly lower compared to the control Cu-Al-Ni alloy.
PROPERTIES OF RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE
Authors: Malešev Mirjana , Radonjanin Vlastimir , Broćeta Gordana
Published: December 2021

Following an example of the world's great powers that developed the recycling industry after natural disasters and wars, the paper points to the possibility of using large quantities of construction and demolition waste, generated as a result of the recent floods in the BiH and Serbia. Based on the years of extensive experimental research, and the research conducted by eminent experts, an overview is provided of the most basic properties and application of recycled aggregate concrete. It has been shown that the application of coarse recycled concrete aggregate, as the component materials in the concrete mixtures, it is possible to produce structural concrete that can be satisfactory and even with high quality, which primarily depends on the characteristics of crushed demolished concrete.
Are Three-Dimensional–Printed Foot Orthoses Able to Cover the Podiatric Physician's Needs?
Authors: Allado Edem , Poussel Mathias , Chary-Valckenaere Isabelle , Potier Clément , Loeuille Damien , Albuisson Eliane , Chenuel Bruno
Published: December 2021

Background

Current management of foot pain requires foot orthoses (FOs) with various design features (eg, wedging, height) and specific mechanical properties (eg, hardness, volume). Development of additive manufacturing (three-dimensional [3-D] printing) raises the question of applying its technology to FO manufacturing. Recent studies have demonstrated the physical benefits of FO parts with specific mechanical properties, but none have investigated the relationship between honeycomb architecture (HcA) infilling density and Shore A hardness of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) used to make FOs, which is the aim of this study.

Methods

Sixteen different FO samples were made with a 3-D printer using TPU (97 Shore A), with HcA infilling density ranging from 10 to 40. The mean of two Shore A hardness measurements was used in regression analysis.

Results

Interdurometer reproducibility was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64–0.98; P < .001) and interprinter reproducibility was excellent/good (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.43–0.96; P < .001). Linear regression showed a positive significant relationship between Shore A hardness and HcA infilling density (R2 = 0.955; P < .001). Concordance between evaluator and durometer was 86.7%.

Conclusions

This study revealed a strong relationship between Shore A hardness and HcA infilling density of TPU parts produced by 3-D printing and highlighted excellent concordance. These results are clinically relevant because 3-D printing can cover Shore A hardness values ranging from 40 to 70, representing most FO production needs. These results could provide important data for 3-D manufacturing of FOs to match the population needs.
Superficial Acral Fibromyxoma
Authors: Bostanci Seher , Akay Bengü Nisa , Akkaya Zehra , Aygun Merve , Başarır Kerem , Kaygusuz Gülşah , Kiremitçi Saba
Published: December 2021

Superficial acral fibromyxoma is a rare, benign, slow-growing, soft-tissue tumor commonly located in the acral regions, with a predilection for the great toe, developing from the nail unit. Because of its nonspecific features and rarity, clinical diagnosis is difficult. In this article, we present a case of superficial acral fibromyxoma located in the nail unit with new dermatoscopic and radiologic findings that have not been previously reported in the literature.
A Case of Arthroscopic Treatment of Chondroblastoma-Induced Chondropathy Situated at the Posterior Talus
Authors: Yonter Selcuk Necip , Aslan Lercan , Can Ata , Ogut Tahir
Published: December 2021

Chondroblastoma located in the talus is a rare incidence, and due to the weightbearing duty of the talus, the results of local excision may not be favorable. While the volume of the tumor increases, more sophisticated techniques may be undertaken. Cell-free matrix application for extensive osteochondral defects is gaining popularity for its structural support when it is used with microfracture and autograft application. In this case report, we present a patient with 13 × 20 × 8mm–sized chondroblastoma located in the talus. After evaluation of the mass, we performed curettage, iliac crest autograft application, and augmentation with cell-free matrix. After uneventful clinical follow up, we present our patient's postoperative second year magnetic resonance imaging and functional status.
Fibro-osseous Pseudotumor of the Distal Phalanx
Authors: Zalacain-Vicuña Antonio Jesús , de Planell-Mas Elena , Espada-Martín Nuria , Planas-Ortega Laura , Subero-Tomás Maria Elena
Published: December 2021

Fibro-osseous pseudotumor of the digit is an unusual benign tumor that appears on the extremities. A 45-year-old, human immunodeficiency virus–positive man presented with a painful lesion on the tip of the fourth toe of his right foot. The tumor was completely excised without any connection to the underlying bone being observed, although the phalanx had to be extirpated. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of fibro-osseous pseudotumor. At the follow-up visit, 12 months later, no abnormalities were found.
CRMP4-mediated fornix development involves Semaphorin-3E signaling pathway
Authors: Boulan Benoît , Ravanello Charlotte , Peyrel Amandine , Bosc Christophe , Delphin Christian , Appaix Florence , Denarier Eric , Kraut Alexandra , Jacquier-Sarlin Muriel , Fournier Alyson , Andrieux Annie , Gory-Fauré Sylvie , Deloulme Jean-Christophe
Published: December 2021

Neurodevelopmental axonal pathfinding plays a central role in correct brain wiring and subsequent cognitive abilities. Within the growth cone, various intracellular effectors transduce axonal guidance signals by remodeling the cytoskeleton. Semaphorin-3E (Sema3E) is a guidance cue implicated in development of the fornix, a neuronal tract connecting the hippocampus to the hypothalamus. Microtubule-associated protein 6 (MAP6) has been shown to be involved in the Sema3E growth-promoting signaling pathway. In this study, we identified the collapsin response mediator protein 4 (CRMP4) as a MAP6 partner and a crucial effector in Sema3E growth-promoting activity. CRMP4-KO mice displayed abnormal fornix development reminiscent of that observed in Sema3E-KO mice. CRMP4 was shown to interact with the Sema3E tripartite receptor complex within detergent-resistant membrane (DRM) domains, and DRM domain integrity was required to transduce Sema3E signaling through the Akt/GSK3 pathway. Finally, we showed that the cytoskeleton-binding domain of CRMP4 is required for Sema3E’s growth-promoting activity, suggesting that CRMP4 plays a role at the interface between Sema3E receptors, located in DRM domains, and the cytoskeleton network. As the fornix is affected in many psychiatric diseases, such as schizophrenia, our results provide new insights to better understand the neurodevelopmental components of these diseases.
Estimating the impact of influenza on the epidemiological dynamics of SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Domenech de Cellès Matthieu , Casalegno Jean-Sebastien , Lina Bruno , Opatowski Lulla
Published: December 2021

As in past pandemics, co-circulating pathogens may play a role in the epidemiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In particular, experimental evidence indicates that influenza infection can up-regulate the expression of ACE2—the receptor of SARS-CoV-2 in human cells—and facilitate SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here we hypothesized that influenza impacted the epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 during the early 2020 epidemic of COVID-19 in Europe. To test this hypothesis, we developed a population-based model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and of COVID-19 mortality, which simultaneously incorporated the impact of non-pharmaceutical control measures and of influenza on the epidemiological dynamics of SARS-CoV-2. Using statistical inference methods based on iterated filtering, we confronted this model with mortality incidence data in four European countries (Belgium, Italy, Norway, and Spain) to systematically test a range of assumptions about the impact of influenza. We found consistent evidence for a 1.8–3.4-fold (uncertainty range across countries: 1.1 to 5.0) average population-level increase in SARS-CoV-2 transmission associated with influenza during the period of co-circulation. These estimates remained robust to a variety of alternative assumptions regarding the epidemiological traits of SARS-CoV-2 and the modeled impact of control measures. Although further confirmatory evidence is required, our results suggest that influenza could facilitate the spread and hamper effective control of SARS-CoV-2. More generally, they highlight the possible role of co-circulating pathogens in the epidemiology of COVID-19.
El principio de inclusión de la prueba relevante en el código procesal penal chileno
Authors: Vera Sánchez Juan Sebastián
Published: December 2021

En este trabajo desarrollaré argumentos para sostener que el CPP, en sede de admisibilidad, adopta el principio de inclusión de la prueba relevante como criterio general de depuración epistémica. Los argumentos que daré se basarán en consideraciones epistémicas, normativas y extraepistémicas.
Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease in the Craniovertebral Junction: An Unusual Cause of Neck Pain
Authors: Barreto-Neto Nestor , Reis-Neto Edgard Torres dos , DÃ³rio Murillo , Fuller Ricardo , Pinheiro Marcelo de Medeiros , Domiciano Diogo Souza
Published: December 2021

Crowned Dens Syndrome (CDS) is a rare manifestation of Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition (CPPD) disease characterised by calcification around the odontoid process in the atlantoaxial joint. It manifests as intense neck pain with signs of systemic inflammation, including elevated acute phase reactants. Thus, it can simulate other causes of neck pain and diagnosis can be challenging. Moreover, CPPD disease can be asymptomatic and observed as radiological finding. Here in, two cases of spinal CPPD disease with distinct presentations are reported. The first of 83-year-old woman describes CDS that was misdiagnosed as Polymyalgia Rheumatica (PMR) whereas in the second case of 70-year-old female calcification around the odontoid process was incidentally found in a patient with acute cervical spine fracture. These two reported cases highlight the spectrum of manifestations of spinal CPPD disease and support the notion that careful discrimination of the cause of neck pain is essential for improving outcomes.
Designing a National Haemodialysis Registry Model for Iran
Authors: Asadi Farkhondeh , Rezaei Roya , Hosseini Azamossadat , Moghaddasi Hamid
Published: December 2021

Introduction: The global prevalence of End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) requiring therapeutic dialysis is on the rise. Haemodialysis is the main therapeutic dialysis method. Evaluating its effectiveness and planning to promote the quality of care and epidemiological research necessitate the development of registries as the main management tool. Aim: To design a national haemodialysis registry model for Iran. Materials and Methods: This was an applied descriptive study. Based on a review of articles and information sources, and a comparative study of national hemodialysis registries in developed countries, a national haemodialysis registry model was designed for Iran. After confirming the reliability and validity of the questionnaire, the designed model was given to nephrologists in a two-stage Delphi technique, and their comments were applied to the final model. Results: The presented national haemodialysis registry model main components consist of: goals, structure, data sources, minimum dataset, standards, and processes, all of which received 100% expert consensus. Conclusion: This registry is a powerful database for the progress of treatment, understanding changes in the treatment and outcomes, examining the factors affecting prognosis and quality of life.
Improved In Situ Burn Efficiencies: An Overview of New Techniques and Technologies Resulting in Cleaner Burns
Authors: Stone Karen N. , Rangwala Ali , Arsava Kamal , Gollner Michael , Gullett Brian K. , Lamie Nathan
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT Number: 1141152

In situ burning is an efficient response method that quickly removes large quantities of oil from the marine environment eliminating the need for collection, storage, and transport. The combustion of hydrocarbons mainly yields carbon dioxide and water; however, it also creates large plumes of black carbon soot and residues of incompletely burned oils. Three research projects focusing on improving burn efficiencies show promise to make an already efficient response method even more efficient. Specifically, a technology to increase heat transfer back into the crude oil result in more complete combustion greatly reducing carbon soot is nearing completion and will soon be ready for transfer to industry for commercialization. A study reconfiguring existing booming techniques allows more oxygen into the fire resulting in decreased soot production and cleaner burns. Finally, a fundamental study into the phenomena of fire whirls demonstrates a dramatic increase in volumes of oil burned while greatly reducing emissions. Emissions and efficiencies of the studies are compared with standard pool fires.
Incorporating wildlife effectively into oil spill exercises – An Australian Story
Authors: Short Michael
Published: December 2021

Australia holds regular National oil spill exercises through the National Plan for Maritime Emergencies. Two National Plan exercise activities that have taken place include Exercise Northerly held in Darwin (Northern Territory) in 2014 and Exercise Torres focussed on the Torres Straits (Queensland) in 2018. The overall aim of the two exercises were to implement and review the effectiveness of a combined Commonwealth (Federal), Territory/State and industry marine pollution response to a Level 3 pollution incident. Both Exercise Northerly and Exercise Torres included oiled wildlife response actions to practice and test. Exercise Northerly for wildlife was principally a desk top activity that included a number of injects relating to wildlife threatened and impacted by an oil spill event. Wildlife considered in Northerly included cetaceans, dugong, marine reptiles and seabirds. The key wildlife objectives for Northerly were to establish and maintain a wildlife Incident Management Team under the broader Incident Command structure and develop wildlife incident action plans for hazing wildlife and responding to oil impacted wildlife. Exercise Torres incorporated both planning and field based operational activities and considered cetaceans, dugong, marine reptiles and seabirds both threatened and impacted by oil pollution. Wildlife planning during exercise Torres was principally held in Cairns at the established Incident Control Centre where incident action plans were developed to haze oil threatened wildlife, collect oiled impacted wildlife and then rehabilitate wildlife considering the strict quarantine restrictions imposed on wildlife movements through and out of the Torres Strait Protection Zone. The field deployment activities for Torres were then managed and undertaken through a forward operations base established on Waiben Island, some 800 kilometres or 500 miles north of Cairns that borders Papua New Guinea. The wildlife field teams were required to establish an oiled wildlife response centre making it fully operational with pre-deployed equipment, manage responder safety for actual dangerous wildlife in the area, respond to reports of impacted wildlife, transport impacted mock wildlife through the different contaminant hazard zones (i.e. hot, warm and cold zones) and then to the wildlife care centre, undertake wildlife assessment using narrative techniques, triage wildlife based on provided wildlife assessment data, decontaminate mock wildlife and then provide basic wildlife rehabilitation practices. Both of the National exercises provided effective opportunities to practice the skills necessary to support oiled wildlife response actions and to identify key learnings for better practices when responding to oiled wildlife threatened and impacted in remote areas.
Geographic Response Plans: Preparing for Inland Oil Spills in California Waterways
Authors: Burkholder Anna
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT #1141189

Emergency regulations governing the development of oil spill contingency plans in California, along with financial responsibility for inland facilities, pipelines, refineries and railroads, became effective in 2015, with final regulations being adopted in January of 2019. With the California Department of Fish and Wildlife's (CDFW's) Office of Spill Prevention and Response's (OSPR's) authority for oil spill prevention, preparedness, and response being extended to inland waters of the State, the need to develop Geographic Response Plans (GRPs) for priority watersheds with higher risk of an oil spill became a top priority. Given the successful history with developing, implementing, and maintaining the California marine Area Contingency Plans (ACPs), OSPR has implemented a similarly effective GRP program.

GRPs are driven primarily by access to sites along river systems and lakes where response activities are feasible. The process of developing GRPs for the State has consisted of: 1) developing a consistent document framework based on recently developed GRPs including the Region 10 Regional Response Team (RRT) and Northwest Area Committee (NWAC) GRPs in the Pacific Northwest, the Feather River GRP developed by Union Pacific Railroad in California, as well as previously developed GRPs by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Region 9 (California, Nevada, Arizona); 2) implementing a Statewide GRP Steering Committee (SGSC) consisting of State, federal and local agencies, industry, oil spill response organizations (OSROs), an environmental Non-Governmental Organization (NGO), and a tribal representative; and 3) developing partnerships with industry representatives, and federal, State and local agencies, including first responders [Local Emergency Planning Committees (LEPCs) and others] to ensure critical local expertise and information is incorporated in each, individual GRP.

With the emerging trend of oil by rail transportation; historical spill threats from pipelines, fixed facilities, and truck transportation; and the promulgation of emergency regulations extending OSPR's oil spill preparedness activities to inland waters, the development of GRPs for at-risk watersheds became critical.
Oil Slick Discrimination and Characterization: A Multisource Image Processing System to Integrate SAR & PolSAR Data during Emergency Responses
Authors: Genovez Patrícia C. , Sant‘ Anna Sidnei , Jones Cathleen E. , Bentz Cristina M. , Freitas Corina C.
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT 1141194

During oil spills response activities (OSR), discrimination and characterization of oil slicks has the potential to minimize false alarms and to indicate the location of thicker layers of oil, providing tactical and strategic information to decision makers. This specific demand for spatial intelligence during emergencies emphasizes the importance of the Multisource Image Processing System developed by the Brazilian Institute for Space Research (INPE) and described herein. Synthetic Aperture Radars (SAR) are the most common operational remote sensing data providers, acquiring images in different frequencies, incidence angles, resolutions, polarizations and formats (amplitude, intensity or complex). The system is able to integrate this product diversity including polarized (SAR), polarimetric (PolSAR) and optical data acquired by multiple sensors with different signal to noise ratios (SNR) and statistical distributions. The classifier uses a supervised approach to compare stochastic distances between different statistical distributions and statistical hypothesis testing to associate confidence levels to the results. Two study cases including mineral and biogenic oils with internal thickness variations were used to demonstrate the potential of the system to process SAR and PolSAR data, considering different formats and statistical distributions. The system was able to differentiate mineral oils from biogenic oils, as well as to detect thicker layers within the oil slicks with high global accuracies and low uncertainties. The polarimetric (dual and full-pol) and the intensity pair data had better accuracy at discriminating different types of oils; meanwhile SAR and PolSAR data returned statistically equivalent global accuracies in characterizing oil slicks. The low noise floor in UAVSAR sensor is able to detect oil thickness variations, which is feasible even if only using the VV channel. The possibility to qualitatively identify the thicker layers of the spilled oil, as well as minimize false alarms ratio is a significant contribution to ongoing efforts to improve OSR. The classification maps provided by the system may also be used to extract the relative areas for each type of oil, supporting the oil volume estimation. In this context, the integration of all information extracted from SAR and PolSAR data is useful both at strategic and tactical levels of an emergency, and is being used to guide aerial surveillance and the deployment of barriers and skimmers, aiming to increase oil recovery efficiency and minimize environmental impact.
A Shoreline Response Program (SRP) Decision Support Tool based on the Geographic Variability in Attenuation and Weathering of Stranded Oil.
Authors: Owens Ed , Taylor Elliott , An Chunjiang , Chen Zhi , Danner George , Gmur Stephan , Lee Kenneth
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT #1141234

The coastal waters of Canada embrace a wide range of physical environments and ecosystems from the warm, sediment-rich waters of the Bay of Fundy to the nutrient-limited cold waters of the high Arctic. This range of biophysical characteristics impacts natural attenuation and weathering processes for oil stranded on shorelines. This study was conducted to: 1) identify and quantify the primary regional parameters that control shoreline oil translocation (removal) processes and pathways and 2) define the effectiveness and environmental consequences of current and potential oiled shoreline treatment strategies and tactics. A specific knowledge gap, here and elsewhere in the world, has been in understanding how the distribution and character of fine-grained sediments affect stranded oil attenuation. Fine-grained sediments (<1mm) can play a critical role in natural or induced (that is, shoreline treatment) oil dispersal. Shoreline sediment samples were collected and analyzed from representative locations on Arctic, Atlantic, and Pacific Ocean beaches to provide a broad geographic characterization of mineral fines at the regional level. This knowledge is the basis for an “Oiled Shoreline Response Program (SRP) Decision Support Tool” to aid spill scientists, students, environmental resource managers, spill responders and the public in understanding the response methods and the ramifications and consequences of their shoreline treatment options without the need to digest technical papers, large reports, or data bases. This MPRI SRP Decision Support Tool is intended to be a dynamic, interactive, multi-layered, geographically and seasonally-based model for shoreline oil spill response decision analyses. A goal of this interactive model is to move away from the traditional static format of learning from explanations in text reports and publications to an interactive tool that encourages its users to explore and fully understand the significance of the different environmental factors outlined in publications and data bases. Recent advances in web technology make this possible. The development of user interface platforms such as React, libraries such as D3, and notebook forms like Observable has created a palette of technologies that together make web application patterns such as Documodels a much more streamlined development process. The power of this medium is to convey a complex subject and to enable a user to grasp keen insights and so understand the consequences of intervention decisions.
Characterizing Dispersion Effectiveness at Varying Salinities
Authors: Conmy Robyn N. , Sundaravadivelu Devi , Schaeffer Blake A. , Robinson Brian , King Tom , Grosser Robert , Holder Edith
Published: December 2021

Chemical dispersant formulations typically provide maximum oil dispersion in waters between 30–40 ppt (parts per thousand) salt content, which encompasses typical ocean salinity (~34 ppt). As a result, most laboratory studies of oil dispersion effectiveness (DE) are conducted at low to average ocean salinity. Ocean salinity can vary locally from below 20 ppt during ice and snow melt, to extremely high (over 100 ppt) during freeze up periods or within natural brine pools in deeper waters. In this study, the influence of salinity on DE was evaluated using the baffled flask test (BFT) at a dispersant-to-oil ratio (DOR) of 1:25. Benchtop experiments were conducted with Alaskan North Slope (ANS) crude oil in the presence or absence of chemical dispersant at 5 and 25°C and varying salinities (0.2 to 125 ppt). In addition to DE as determined by BFT, oil droplet size distribution (DSD) and fluorescence intensity was measured via a LISST-100X particle size analyzer (Sequoia Scientific, Inc., Bellevue, WA) and ECO fluorometer (Sea Bird - WET Labs, Inc.; Philomath, OR), respectively. Results indicate that in the presence of dispersant, maximum DE occurred at 25ppt, and decreases above and below this salinity. Concentration of small droplets (<10 μm) was twice as high at 35ppt than at the other salinities in the presence of dispersant at 25°C. Treatments without dispersant did not vary significantly as a function of salinity. Flume tank experiments over a range of salinities support the lab scale results of DSD. These results provide a more comprehensive picture pertaining to the influence of salinity on dispersant usage at high salinities.
United States and Canada Transboundary Oil Spill Liability and Compensation Regimes: An Overview
Authors: Hemminger Helkei S.
Published: December 2021

Abstract # —1141278 —

In 2018, the Canadian government purchased the Trans Mountain pipeline, running from Alberta to British Columbia, along with the plans for expansion. The expansion could triple the transport capacity from 300,000 to 890,000 barrels of oil per day, and would increase the tanker traffic in the inland waterways of the Salish Sea, an area known for its sensitive marine habitat, and narrow, difficult to navigate passages. The anticipated increase in tanker traffic in this busy waterway continues to raise concerns about the impact of an oil spill and the financial means to address related injuries, particularly to natural resources. The transboundary nature of any spill further complicates the situation vis-à-vis the applicable liability regimes and response resources.

Under the Canada-United States Joint Marine Contingency Plan (“JCP”), the United States Coast Guard and Canadian Coast Guard acknowledge each country's responsibility to fund their own response actions and pursue reimbursement of those costs within their respective jurisdictions. The availability of funding for a response, and to compensate injured parties, however, including the limits of liability of the responsible party, differs under each regime, and could impact the nature and scope of a response.

For spills into or posing a substantial threat to the navigable waters of the United States, the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 governs and a national fund, the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (“OSLTF”), is immediately available to address an incident, including emergency restoration to natural resources. Canada's Marine Liability Act enables the Ship-source Oil Pollution Fund (“SOPF”) to pay claimants who have incurred damages as a result of oil pollution. Both countries' funds operate under the same principal—the polluter pays—but the compensation structure, and claims processes and procedures are entirely different.

This paper provides an overview of these funding sources and claims procedures, comparing and contrasting the different systems. The discussion is meant to provide an overall understanding of potential funding pools available for spill responses under each scheme in order to facilitate transboundary spill planning and discussion.
Developing a regulatory framework for certifying spill management teams in California: a balancing act
Authors: Fabian Rachel A. , Addassi Yvonne Najah
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT 1141476

Major oil spills in California have historically instigated legislation aimed at improving preparedness and response. Most recently, public concern over management of high-profile pipeline spills precipitated the 2017 passage of Assembly Bill (AB) 1197, which mandated a certification program for spill management teams (SMTs). AB 1197 directs contingency plan holders to identify a certified SMT capable of managing their reasonable worst-case spill (RWCS) volumes, and tasks the Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR) with adopting regulations establishing criteria for certification, including personnel on-scene times, training, and response objectives. We aimed to develop regulations detailing requirements that are achievable, but effectively advance preparedness, drawing upon accepted standards while incorporating mechanisms for flexibility. As we developed the regulations, we conducted informal scoping meetings with industry to fine-tune these mechanisms. We created three tiers for certification delineated by RWCS volume. To account for phased resource mobilization, we established separate requirements for initial response and cascading SMT personnel. We applied team-based training requirements to initial responders and used pared-down National Incident Management System qualifications for cascading personnel, allowing equivalent courses and/or experience to substitute for required training courses. We composed a short objectives checklist, aiming to capture essential tasks to be completed within the first 24 hours. The final regulatory package strikes balances between flexibility and prescription, and between achievability and advancing statewide preparedness.
Integrating physical, chemical and biological data to understand fate, behaviour and effects of diluted bitumen in coastal waters
Authors: Ortmann Alice C , Cobanli Susan E , King Thomas L , Greer Charles W. , Wohlgeschaffen Gary , Robinson Brian
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT: 1141488

Production of bitumen from oil sands is predicted to rise over the next decade. Some of this increased production will be transported to coastal areas for export. While some product will be transported via rail, the majority is likely to be transported through pipelines as diluted bitumen. This unconventional oil product is a mixture of the highly viscous bitumen with differing amounts of diluent, which can include condensates, synthetic crudes or conventional crudes. As a mixture of products, the behaviour of diluted bitumen may differ from conventional heavy crude oils following a spill. This is of concern in Canada as the main transportation route for exporting diluted bitumen will go through the Salish Sea, home to endangered southern resident killer whales, economically important commercial and traditional fisheries including Pacific salmon, and millions of people. Knowing how diluted bitumen products will behave and their potential impacts if a spill occurs in these coastal waters is important in developing an effective response plan.

The Centre for Offshore Oil, Gas and Energy Research (COOGER) within Fisheries and Oceans Canada (DFO) has been carrying out research to characterize and predict the fate and behaviour of diluted bitumen products in marine environments over the last seven years. Using a combination of small-scale microcosms, medium-scale mesocosms, large-scale weathering and wave tank studies as well as field experiments, we have collected a broad range of data providing insights into how diluted bitumen might behave following a spill.

Our research suggests that diluted bitumen will weather rapidly, with density and viscosity increasing significantly over the first 48 h. Low concentrations of hydrocarbons are typically detected in the water column, even in the presence of high energy breaking waves. The amount of weathering and water column hydrocarbons vary with season, but overall the microbial community shows a small response to the presence of diluted bitumen. Conventional spill response technologies may be used within the first 48 h of a spill, but extensive weathering will further limit their effectiveness. While the studies provide a more complete understanding of the fate and behaviour of diluted bitumen in coastal waters, there are important questions yet to be answered, some of which are presented here.