bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Singularities in Gaussian scale space that are relevant for changes in its hierarchical structure
Authors: Kuijper A.
Published: February 2009

The Gaussian scale space for an n–dimensional imageL(x) is defined as itsn+1 dimensional extensionL(x,t) being the solution of ∂tL=ΔL,Lt=0=L(x). A hierarchical structure inL(x,t) is derived by combining the critical curves (∇xL(x,t)=0) and special points on them, viz. catastrophe points (where detH=0,Hbeing the Hessian matrix) and scale space saddles (where ΔL=0), with iso–intensity manifolds through the scale space saddles. Until now, this structure has only been used for topological segmentation.

In order to perform image matching and retrieval tasks based on the hierarchical structure, one needs to know which transitions are allowed when the structure is changed under influence of one control parameter. In this way, the gradual change of one structure into another is described. In this work we describe such relevant possible transitions for the hierarchical structure. These transitions describe the creations and annihilations of catastrophe points and scale space saddles, as well as their interaction with iso–intensity manifolds. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thermomagnetic convection in magnetic fluids influenced by a time‐modulated magnetic field
Authors: Engler Harald , Odenbach Stefan
Published: February 2009

Material– and flow properties of magnetic fluids can be influenced by applying an external magnetic field. In this work we will particularly consider the onset of convection in magnetic fluids which is influenced by a magnetic force. In a horizontal magnetic fluid layer the force arises if a temperature gradient and an external magnetic field is applied. The behaviour of the onset of convection is investigated for a static and a time–modulated magnetic field. For the case of a static magnetic field the onset of convection depends on the strength of the field and for a time–modulated magnetic field an additional dependence on the frequency of magnetic field variation is found. The experimental results presented here confirm in principle the theoretical predictions about the influence of static and time–modulated magnetic forces on the onset of convection. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A numerical study of flows driven by a rotating magnetic field in a square container
Authors: Fraňa K. , Stiller J. , Horáková K.
Published: February 2009

The influence of the geometry on the magnetically driven flow is studied by means of numerical simulations. Low–frequency, low–induction and low–interaction conditions are assumed. The rotating magnetic field (RMF) gives rise to a time–independent magnetic body force, computed via the electrical potential equation and Ohm's law and a time–dependent part that is neglected due to the low interaction parameter. Flow results of the cylindrical and square container are compared with respect to the magnetic body force, time–averaged velocity fields, first flow instabilities and Reynolds stress tensors. The dependency of the maximal velocity magnitude and the intensity of the magnetic induction is identical in axisymmetric and non–axisymmetric containers and in good agreement with Davidson's theory. However, significant differences are recognized, for instance, in the distribution of the Reynolds stress tensors. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Result Verification of RRT‐based Single‐Query Path Planning through Interval Analysis
Authors: Grimm Cornelius
Published: February 2009

Single–query path planning is still an open research field. A very promising approach is the use of Rapidly–exploring Random Trees (RRTs). In this approach two RRTs are constructed, one starting from the initial configuration and one from the goal configuration. In comparison with other approaches, this methodology is very efficient in high–dimensional configuration spaces.

However, a naive implementation of this approach results in reliability problems: For the construction of an RRT, only discrete configurations are tested for feasibility, while continuous transitions between configurations are not. Furthermore, numerical computations are performed in a floating point arithmetic without accounting for round–off errors. In this work an advanced algorithm will be presented that incorporates interval analysis to eliminate these problems and yield reliable results. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Zur Geschichte der Vitamin‐Mangelerkrankungen. Skorbut, Rachitis und Co.
Authors: Staiger Christiane
Published: February 2009

Vitamin‐Mangelerkrankungen waren viele Jahrtausende eine Geißel der Menschheit. Skorbut raffte in der Seefahrt viele Menschen dahin, an Land starben Unzählige in Epidemien von Rachitis oder Beri‐Beri. Erst die Entdeckung der Vitamine als essentielle Nahrungsbestandteile ebnete den Weg zur rationalen Therapie.
Vitamine – ein Frage‐ und Antwort‐Spiel zwischen einer jungen Studentin und einem alten Professor. Bleibendes und Aktuelles, leicht lesbar aufbereitet
Authors: Roth Hermann J.
Published: February 2009

Da die Frage die wertvollste Sprachleistung des Menschen ist, die entweder ein Gespräch nach sich zieht, eine Erläuterung verlangt oder zum Nachdenken herausfordert, sollen die zum Thema Vitamine gehörenden Begriffe, Definitionen, Anschauungen, Fakten und Vorstellungen interrogativ behandelt werden.
Vitamine und Spurenelemente in der parenteralen Ernährung. Theoretische Hintergründe und praktische Tipps
Authors: Vetter Kathy
Published: February 2009

Die Notwendigkeit der Zufuhr von Vitaminen und Spurenelementen während einer parenteralen Ernährung zur Vermeidung von Mangelzuständen ist unbestritten und gängige Praxis. Auf Grund der eingeschränkten Möglichkeiten zur Festlegung des individuellen Bedarfs der Mikronährstoffe gibt es derzeit aber größtenteils nur Schätzwerte für eine angemessene Zufuhr. Es fallen außerdem zum Teil erhebliche Diskrepanzen bei den Empfehlungen der einzelnen Fachgesellschaften auf. Hier bedarf es ebenso wie zum Zeitpunkt des Substitutionsbeginns entsprechender Studien. Bei der praktischen Umsetzung kann sich der Apotheker bezüglich Herstellung, Fragen zu (In‐)Kompatibilitäten, Stabilitäten und Bioverfügbarkeiten einbringen und so zu einer bestmöglichen Versorgung der Patienten beitragen.
Fetal abnormalities leading to third trimester abortion: nine‐year experience from a single medical center
Authors: Barel Oshri , Vaknin Zvi , Smorgick Noam , Reish Orit , Mendlovic Sonia , Herman Arie , Maymon Ron
Published: February 2009

Objective

To assess fetal abnormalities and events leading to third‐trimester abortion.

Methods

The study population included all parturient women with singleton pregnancy that underwent termination of pregnancy (TOP) in the third trimester in our institute because of fetal indications between 1998 and 2006.

Results

There were 777 cases of TOP due to fetal anomalies in our center during the study period, and 52 terminations were carried out in the third trimester. All cases of third‐trimester abortions were due to severe malformations with high probability of perinatal death or severe handicap: 65.3% anomalies were structural, and 58.9% of them involved the central nervous system (CNS). Genetic indications included mostly genetic diseases, unlike aneupluidities in earlier terminations. Routine prenatal care raised suspicion of abnormalities in 22 (42.3%) cases, and diagnosis was established by additional tests. Abnormal findings were either missed in 4 (7.7%) cases or developed later in 11 (21.1%) cases. No routine prenatal screening was performed in the remaining 15 (28.8%) cases.

Conclusions

Third‐trimester abortion may be obviated by timely screening and scanning in some cases. The possibility of late TOP should be considered in malformations occurring late in pregnancy and in cases that require meticulous evaluation and follow‐up from earlier stages of gestation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical outcome and placental territory ratio of monochorionic twin pregnancies and selective intrauterine growth restriction with different types of umbilical artery Doppler
Authors: Chang Yao‐Lung , Chang Shuenn‐Dyh , Chao An‐Shine , Hsieh Peter C. C. , Wang Chao‐Nin , Wang Tzu‐Hao
Published: February 2009

Objective

To evaluate the clinical outcome and placental territory ratio in monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) twin pregnancies and selective intrauterine growth restrictions (sIUGR) with different types of umbilical artery (UA) Doppler.

Study Design

An MCDA twin pregnancy with sIUGR was defined as a fetal weight below the 10th percentile in one twin. MCDA twins were divided into three groups: without IUGR (group I); with sIUGR, and a normal UA Doppler (group II); or an abnormal UA Doppler (persistent absence or reverse of end‐diastolic velocity) (group III). Placental territory was calculated as the estimated individual placental mass/total placenta weight.

Results

Altogether, 27 cases of group I, 11 cases of group II and 13 cases of group III MCDA twins were included. The placenta territory of the IUGR twin in group III MCDA twin was the smallest among the three groups of MCDA twins (ANOVA test, p < 0.001). There was incidence of neonatal death in six (6/26) of group III MCDA fetuses, while none in groups I and II MCDA twins did.

Conclusions

In MCDA twins with sIUGR, abnormal UA Doppler in the IUGR twin may reflect a more severe unequal placenta share and poorer neonatal outcomes. The prognosis of group II MCDA twins, even with sIUGR found in early gestation, is, by contrast, better. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reporting Down syndrome screening results: women's understanding of risk
Authors: Nagle Cate , Hodges Ryan , Wolfe Rory , Wallace Euan M.
Published: February 2009

Objectives

To compare women's understanding of different methods of expressing Down syndrome risks.

Methods

A self‐administered structured questionnaire given to 311 English‐speaking women postpartum, at three maternity units. Understanding of numeric risk expression was assessed by women identifying whether a specified risk was higher, lower or the same as another nominated risk, expressed as two percentages, as two ratios or one of each. Perceptions of a high‐risk result were obtained using display rankings of percentages and ratios.

Results

Response rate was 95% (294/311). Overall, women were poor comparing numeric risks whether expressed similarly (ratio vs. ratio or percentage vs. percentage) or not. When comparing similarly expressed risks, 66% (95% CI: 62–70%) of respondents were correct, considerably more than when asked to compare different risk expressions 30% (95% CI: 26–34%), P < 0.0001. Women were more tolerant of risk when expressed as a percentage than as a ratio (median high risk for percentage form was 5% (1:20) and for ratio form was 1:200 (0.5%).

Conclusions

Women's understanding of Down syndrome risk is dependent upon how risks are expressed. These findings may usefully direct how risk should be reported to women having prenatal screening for Down syndrome. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis for BRCA1/2—a novel clinical experience
Authors: Sagi M , Weinberg N , Eilat A , Aizenman E , Werner M , Girsh E , Siminovsky Y , Abeliovich D , Peretz T , Simon A , Laufer N
Published: February 2009

Objective

To describe our 2‐year experience with preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) for carriers of mutations in the genes BRCA1 and BRCA2, the dilemmas incurred and the lessons learned.

Methods

We collected data on those carriers of BRCA1/2 mutations who applied for PGD counseling and who decided to proceed. We describe the PGD procedures that were conducted and their outcome.

Results

Ten carriers of BRCA1/2 mutations applied for PGD counseling, seven were healthy, and three were BC survivors. Eight women needed in vitro fertilization (IVF) because of coexisting infertility. After counseling, six opted for the procedure and five of them underwent PGD for the BRCA mutation. In one of these PGD, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis for chromosomes 21, X and Y was also performed. Three women conceived, each in the first treatment attempt. One of them gave birth to twins, the second to a singleton and the third is currently pregnant. During the pregnancies, dilemmas concerning PGD confirmation were discussed.

Conclusions

PGD is an acceptable reproductive option for BRCA mutation carriers, especially for those who require IVF due to fertility problems. Discussion of this option should be carried out with sensitivity, taking into account the age of the woman, her health, fertility status and emotional state. Confirmatory prenatal diagnosis may not always be encouraged. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Blood pressure reduction in hypertensive patients after withdrawal of effervescent medication
Authors: Ubeda Amalia , Llopico Javier , Sanchez M. Teresa
Published: February 2009

Background

Raised blood pressure associated with the sodium excipient content of soluble or effervescent analgesic has been previously reported. However, the influence of other anions associated with sodium on blood pressure is still controversial.

Methods

Observational study of elderly hypertensive patients with uncontrolled blood pressure treated with effervescent paracetamol (3 g/day) for osteoarthritis. Blood pressure was measured before and after (4 weeks or more) switching paracetamol from an effervescent format to a tablet form in 34 patients. Blood pressure was recorded by community pharmacists during a pharmacotherapeutic follow‐up service.

Results

Sodium intake in an effervescent form was 74 mmol/day (mainly associated with sodium bicarbonate and carbonate excipients). Initial blood pressure was high (range: 153–168 mmHg systolic and 92–99 mmHg diastolic). Switching to paracetamol tablets (no sodium content) was associated with both lowered systolic pressure of 13.1 mmHg (95%CI: 11.9–14.3, p < 0.0001) and a moderate reduction of diastolic pressure of 2.5 mmHg (95%CI: 2.1–2.9, p < 0.0001). No changes in medication in the study period took place, and weight and lifestyles remained stable. A detailed review of pharmacotherapy and lifestyle reveals no other causes for blood pressure to lower.

Conclusions

A relationship of causality between the intake of high sodium excipients and high blood pressure in elderly hypertensive individuals, without chloride ions, was found. Clinicians should be aware of possible raised blood pressure when effervescent formulations are prescribed to hypertensive patients. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychological states and coping strategies after bereavement among the spouses of cancer patients: a qualitative study
Authors: Asai Mariko , Fujimori Maiko , Akizuki Nobuya , Inagaki Masatoshi , Matsui Yutaka , Uchitomi Yosuke
Published: February 2009

Objective: Encouraging coping strategies that contribute to positive psychological states in bereaved individuals is assumed to be desirable; however, little is known about the components of positive psychological states and bereavement‐specific coping strategies. The purpose of this study was to describe the components of psychological states and coping strategies after bereavement among the spouses of cancer patients.

Methods: Semi‐structured interviews were conducted among bereaved spouses of cancer patients. Meaning units of the psychological state and coping strategy in the interview records were grouped into categories and themes based on their similarities using content analysis and constant comparison methods. Negative/positive psychological states and general/bereavement‐specific coping strategies were identified by discussion among the authors. The number of participants who responded to each category was determined by two raters who were unaware of the categorized procedure.

Results: Seven men and 17 women participated in the interviews. Forty‐two categories of psychological states identified from 784 meaning units were grouped into six themes: ‘Anxiety’, ‘Yearning’, ‘Anger’, and ‘Depression’ were negative psychological states, while ‘Acceptance’ and ‘Future‐oriented Feelings’ were positive psychological states. Thirty‐three categories of coping strategies identified from 559 meaning units were grouped into six themes: ‘Avoidance’, ‘Distancing’, ‘Emotional Expression’, and ‘Seeking Support’ were general coping strategies, while ‘Continuing Bonds’ and ‘Reconstruction of Life’ were bereavement‐specific coping strategies.

Conclusions: Several original components of positive psychological states after bereavement and bereavement‐specific coping strategies were identified, whereas most of the other components were consistent with previous studies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidence‐based drug treatment of chronic heart failure
Authors: Squire Iain
Published: February 2009

A wide range of drugs to treat heart failure is available, and an evidence‐based approach to management is now possible. Our Drug review discusses the properties and side‐effects of the various drug groups, followed by sources of further information. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Interface Ltd
Effective management of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain
Authors: Young Matthew
Published: February 2009

Diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain has varied presentations and affects around 10 per cent of patients with diabetes. Here, the author describes the diagnosis and recommended treatment of this debilitating condition. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Interface Ltd
The reformed Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme
Authors: Chaplin Steve
Published: February 2009

The new Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme addresses previous criticisms by promoting patient access and uptake of new medicines, and introduces flexible drug pricing and generic substitution. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Interface Ltd
Solvothermal fabrication of ZnO nanorods using ethanolic quantum dot precursors
Authors: Hara Yukihiro , Brownson Jeffrey , Anderson Marc
Published: February 2009

ZnO nanorods were obtained by solvothermal reaction using quantum dot precursors suspended in ethanol. The ZnO suspensions were prepared from ethanolic zinc acetate solutions in the presence of lithium hydroxide, and treated by solvothermal synthesis under different reaction temperatures and duration times. Parameters of processing of these nanorods were investigated, including the concentration of precursors and solvothermal temperature. The ZnO nanorod powders were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, FT‐IR, thermal analysis, and isothermal N2(g) adsorption analyses. Commercially available ZnO nanopowders were studied for comparison. Resulting ZnO nanorod powders were pure ZnO and showed higher surfaces area than commercial ZnO nanopowders. Length and diameter of ZnO nanorods depended on the concentration of precursors and the annealing temperature employed. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth and electrical properties of ZnO films prepared by chemical bath deposition method
Authors: Chu Dewei , Hamada Takahiro , Kato Kazumi , Masuda Yoshitake
Published: February 2009

The influence of the choice of temperature, pH value, counter‐ion, deposition time, and seed layer on the morphology as well as electrical properties of ZnO films grown from chemical bath deposition (CBD) are discussed. Consequently, oriented ZnO films with various microstructures can be synthesized by controlling the solution pH value and counter‐ions. Besides, the point at which the seed layer is pre‐heated at higher temperature is crucial and can lead to a significant difference in the width of crystals and electrical properties of ZnO films. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Design of a quality control system for a radioactive aqueous waste treatment facility
Authors: Abdel Rahman R. O.
Published: February 2009

The R&D program supports the safe management of the low‐level and intermediate‐level radioactive waste in Egypt. This program has been started to address the challenges that affect the efficiency and reliability of the management practice. The Egyptian radioactive aqueous waste treatment facility was planned, designed, and implemented to prevent any release to the environment during operations. The existing quality control system for the facility depends on the confirmation of the quality of the treatment process through manual testing of the effluent during operation. In that system, the probabilities of worker exposure to radiation and incidental spill are very high. Within the R&D program, a new quality control system is designed to prevent and mitigate the exposure hazard and the incidental spill. This system is based on controlling the quality of the input waste, chemical processes and products rather than relying on manual testing. In this work, a brief description of the Egyptian low‐level radioactive aqueous treatment waste facility will be given and the current quality assurance program will be briefly presented. The elements of the proposed multilevel quality control system will be covered including the requirement for direct and indirect inspection. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Will India set the price for teleradiology?
Authors: McLean Thomas R.
Published: February 2009

Background

With a lower cost for labour, Indian teleradiologists have an absolute price advantage in the global market. However, because trade is determined by comparative advantage rather than absolute price advantage, India's ability to export teleradiology services may be limited. The issue is, can the ‘India price’ for teleradiology set the price for these services in the USA?

Methods

Review of the economic literature concerning the global teleradiology market.

Results

Currently, minimal information exists concerning the economic of global teleradiology market. However, a Ricardian analysis of this market suggests that India's ability to export teleradiology may be limited by rising opportunity costs (i.e. social unrest). Similarly, Heckscher–Ohlin analysis suggests that a lack of English‐speaking physicians will limit India's ability to export teleradiology services to the USA.

Conclusion

It appears unlikely that India will gain sufficient market share in the USA to determine the price of teleradiology services. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An autonomous rice transplanter guided by global positioning system and inertial measurement unit
Authors: Nagasaka Yoshisada , Saito Hidefumi , Tamaki Katsuhiko , Seki Masahiro , Kobayashi Kyo , Taniwaki Ken
Published: February 2009

This paper reports the development of an automated rice transplanter guided by a global positioning system and an inertia measurement unit using the controller area network bus. The actuator control command and data communication protocols comply with the ISO 11783. The project aims to develop an autonomous agricultural system for operation in the paddy field. The automated rice transplanter presented in this paper is the first stage in achieving the project objective. This paper focuses on the development of sensor and main computer connections to the operating autonomous unit and the use of common control protocols for each of the automated machines. A simple steering control algorithm was used for straight traveling. The automated rice transplanter made a turn at the headland of the paddy field and moved to the next desired path. After 12 straight operations, the rms lateral deviation was observed to be less than 0.04 m and the rms heading angle error was less than 3.6 deg. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Can trend forecasting improve stability in supply chains? A response to Forrester's challenge in Appendix L of Industrial Dynamics
Authors: Saeed Khalid
Published: February 2009

This paper revisits the use of trend forecasting in driving ordering policies in supply chains by comparing it with derivative control in classical control theory. While both processes involve use of trend to determine policies for achieving reliable performance, the former often worsens instability, while the latter can improve stability with certainty. The similarities and differences between the two processes are discussed and a framework suggested for improving the efficacy of trend forecasting in ordering policies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A system dynamics‐based simulation experiment for testing mental model and performance effects of using the balanced scorecard
Authors: Capelo Carlos , Dias João Ferreira
Published: February 2009

This study develops a theoretical model that explains the effectiveness of the balanced scorecard approach by means of a system dynamics and feedback learning perspective. Presumably, the balanced scorecard leads to a better understanding of context, allowing managers to externalize and improve their mental models. We present a set of hypotheses about the influence of the balanced scorecard approach on mental models and performance. A test based on a simulation experiment that uses a system dynamics model is performed. The experiment included three types of parameters: financial indicators; balanced scorecard indicators; and balanced scorecard indicators with the aid of a strategy map review. Two out of the three hypotheses were confirmed. It was concluded that a strategy map review positively influences mental model similarity, and mental model similarity positively influences performance. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk‐adjusted monitoring of survival times
Authors: Sego Landon H. , Reynolds Marion R. , Woodall William H.
Published: February 2009

We consider the monitoring of surgical outcomes, where each patient has a different risk of post‐operative mortality due to risk factors that exist prior to the surgery. We propose a risk‐adjusted (RA) survival time CUSUM chart (RAST CUSUM) for monitoring a continuous, time‐to‐event variable that may be right‐censored. Risk adjustment is accomplished using accelerated failure time regression models. We compare the average run length performance of the RAST CUSUM chart with the RA Bernoulli CUSUM chart using data from cardiac surgeries to motivate the details of the comparison. The comparisons show that the RAST CUSUM chart is more efficient at detecting a sudden increase in the odds of mortality than the RA Bernoulli CUSUM chart, especially when the fraction of censored observations is relatively low or when a small increase in the odds of mortality occurs. We also discuss the impact of the amount of training data used to estimate chart parameters as well as the implementation of the RAST CUSUM chart during prospective monitoring. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal choice of the number of treatments to be included in a clinical trial
Authors: Stallard Nigel , Posch Martin , Friede Tim , Koenig Franz , Brannath Werner
Published: February 2009

It is common for a number of potentially effective treatments to be available for clinical evaluation. Limitations on resources mean that this inevitably leads to a decision as to how many, and which, treatments should be considered for inclusion in a clinical trial. This paper considers the problem of selection of possible treatments for inclusion in a phase III clinical trial. We assume that treatments will be compared using a standard frequentist hypothesis test, and propose a Bayesian decision‐theoretic approach that leads to minimization of the total sample size of the trial subject to controlling the familywise type I error rate and the expected probability of rejecting at least one null hypothesis. The method is illustrated in the simplest situation, in which two experimental treatments could be included in the clinical trial, exploring the levels of evidence that are required to lead to an optimal trial that includes one or both of these treatments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test under scrutiny
Authors: Fagerland Morten W. , Sandvik Leiv
Published: February 2009

The Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney (WMW) test is often used to compare the means or medians of two independent, possibly nonnormal distributions. For this problem, the true significance level of the large sample approximate version of the WMW test is known to be sensitive to differences in the shapes of the distributions. Based on a wide ranging simulation study, our paper shows that the problem of lack of robustness of this test is more serious than is thought to be the case. In particular, small differences in variances and moderate degrees of skewness can produce large deviations from the nominal type I error rate. This is further exacerbated when the two distributions have different degrees of skewness. Other rank‐based methods like the Fligner–Policello (FP) test and the Brunner–Munzel (BM) test perform similarly, although the BM test is generally better. By considering the WMW test as a two‐sample T test on ranks, we explain the results by noting some undesirable properties of the rank transformation. In practice, the ranked samples should be examined and found to sufficiently satisfy reasonable symmetry and variance homogeneity before the test results are interpreted. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managing liquidity in research‐intensive firms: signaling and cash flow effects of patents and alliance activities
Authors: Levitas Edward , McFadyen M. Ann
Published: February 2009

The effective holding and management of liquid assets is critical to success in research‐intensive industries. The primary output of invention is new knowledge. However, because of its ‘sticky’ characteristics, knowledge may not easily diffuse to external shareholders, leading to knowledge asymmetries between managers/employees and external suppliers of capital. Many valuable R&D projects may thus fail to attract external financing, limiting a firm's ability to invest in R&D. In this study, we examine how the cash flow and signaling properties of a firm's patents and certain aspects of its alliance strategy can attenuate such problems. Specifically, we suggest that a firm's R&D investments positively predict the level of its liquid asset holdings. This is due to the fact that invention‐induced knowledge asymmetries increase the firm's cost of accessing external liquid capital. However, holding cash entails opportunity costs. In this regard, we also find that patent production and certain alliance activities provide important signaling mechanisms, which reduce knowledge asymmetries between the firm and capital markets, and consequently lower the firm's need to hold liquid assets. Empirical tests were conducted using a sample of 108 U.S‐based biotechnology firms. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advanced materials for environmental catalysts
Authors: Imanaka Nobuhito , Masui Toshiyuki
Published: February 2009

Recent advances in the synthesis and characterization of materials for environmental catalysts are reported in this paper. Highly advanced environmental catalysts for decomposition of volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides were artificially designed based on a concept usually employed in the fields of solid‐state chemistry and solid‐state ionics. Catalytically active materials for complete ethylene oxidation were prepared by a citrate sol‐gel method as a key process to obtain CeO2ZrO2Bi2O3 solid solutions. On the other hand, direct NO decomposition catalysts were designed and prepared focusing on the open spaces and oxide anion vacancies in the crystal lattice. Evaluation of the materials as environmental catalysts demonstrated significant advantages over the conventional ones. The design strategy, synthetic method, and structural features of these concerto catalysts are addressed. © 2009 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 9: 40–50; 2009: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20167
Development and application of high‐performance affinity beads: Toward chemical biology and drug discovery
Authors: Sakamoto Satoshi , Kabe Yasuaki , Hatakeyama Mamoru , Yamaguchi Yuki , Handa Hiroshi
Published: February 2009

In drug development research, the elucidation and understanding of the interactions between physiologically active substances and proteins that numerous genes produce is important. Currently, most commercially available drugs and physiologically active substances have been brought to market without knowledge of factors interacting with the drugs and the substances. Affinity purification is a useful and powerful technique employed to understand factors that are targeted by drugs and physiologically active substances. However, use of conventional matrices for affinity chromatography often causes a decrease in efficiency of affinity purification and, as a result, more practical matrices for affinity purification have been developed for application in drug discovery research. In this paper, we describe the development of high‐performance affinity beads (SG beads and FG beads) that enable one‐step affinity purification of drug targets and the elucidation of the mechanism of the action of the drugs. We also describe a chemical screening system using our affinity beads. We hope that utilization of the affinity beads will contribute to the progress of research in chemical biology. © 2009 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 9: 66–85; 2009: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20170
Comparison of inter‐ and intraobserver agreement between three types of fetal volume measurement technique (XI VOCAL™, VOCAL™ and multiplanar)
Authors: Cheong K. B. , Leung K. Y. , Chan H. Y. , Lee Y. P. , Yang F. , Tang M. H. Y.
Published: February 2009

Objectives

To compare the new XI VOCAL™ (eXtended Imaging Virtual Organ Computer‐aided Analysis) for three‐dimensional (3D) ultrasound measurement of fetal volume with the conventional multiplanar technique and a rotational method using VOCAL™.

Methods

We acquired 3D volume datasets from 30 fetuses at 11–14 weeks of gestation using a commercially available ultrasound system. Fetal volume was calculated using XI VOCAL (with 5, 10, 15 and 20 slices), multiplanar (1‐mm interval) and VOCAL (with 12°, 18° and 30° rotation) techniques. The level of agreement for interobserver and intraobserver variability was determined and evaluated for all methods and reliability was assessed.

Results

Fetal volume measurements obtained using XI VOCAL (10 slices) showed good correlation with those obtained using VOCAL (18°) (r = 0.940, P = 0.076; intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), 0.962 (95% CI, 0.920–0.982), P = 0.182), and XI VOCAL (15 slices) showed good correlation with VOCAL (12°) (r = 0.961, P = 0.092; ICC, 0.979 (95% CI, 0.957–0.990), P = 0.190). The mean difference between paired measurements by the XI VOCAL (10 slices) and VOCAL (18°) methods was 1.00 mL, while that by the XI VOCAL (15 slices) and VOCAL (12°) methods was 0.90 mL. 95% limits of agreement were − 2.80 to 4.80 between XI VOCAL (10 slices) and VOCAL (18°) and − 1.90 to 3.70 between XI VOCAL (15 slices) and VOCAL (12°). There was a small difference in the time required to complete the fetal volume measurement between XI VOCAL and VOCAL when a similar number of slices or rotational steps was used (P < 0.05), XI VOCAL taking less time.

Conclusion

XI VOCAL (with 10, 15 and 20 slices) can be used interchangeably with the multiplanar technique (1‐mm interval) for the measurement of fetal volume. XI VOCAL (10 slices) and VOCAL (18°) can be used interchangeably, as can XI VOCAL (15 slices) and VOCAL (12°), for the measurement of fetal volume. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anatomic relationship between the pubic symphysis and ischial spines and its clinical significance in the assessment of fetal head engagement and station during labor
Authors: Barbera A. F. , Imani F. , Becker T. , Lezotte D. C. , Hobbins J. C.
Published: February 2009

Objective

To develop a geometric model from computed tomographic (CT) images in non‐pregnant women that would objectively reflect clinical head station in laboring patients, against which to test the accuracy of digital examinations.

Method

CT scans were performed in 70 non‐pregnant women to determine, using a geometric model, which angle in a mid‐sagittal transperineal ultrasound (TPU) image best coincided with the mid‐point of a line drawn between the ischial spines (zero station). Using a geometric algorithm, TPU angles were then assigned for other clinical stations (−5 to + 5). Finally, clinical station was assessed by digital examination and simultaneous TPU assessments in 88 laboring patients to see how closely the clinical examination correlated with the station calculated from the above geometric model.

Results

The mean angle between the long axis of the symphysis pubis and the mid‐point of the line connecting the two ischial spines for the 70 non‐pregnant subjects was 99°. The geometric model developed allowed us to build an algorithm to assign a specific set of theoretical angles to each computed station. Relationships between digitally assessed fetal head station, TPU angle for each station, and the geometrical model created with CT data, are reported. Clinical digital assessment of station correlated poorly with computed station, especially at stations below zero, where it could have greater clinical impact.

Conclusion

The TPU angle of 99° correlated with zero station, and each station above or below this station could be assigned a specific corresponding angle for reference. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of isolated macrodactyly
Authors: Yüksel A. , Yaǧmur H. , Kural B. S.
Published: February 2009

Congenital enlargement of one or several digits of the hands or feet, known as macrodactyly, is a rare malformation. True macrodactyly, characterized by overgrowth of all mesenchymal elements, must be differentiated from that due to tumorous enlargement of a single element, as in hemangioma, lymphangioma or enchondroma. Furthermore, macrodactyly may be isolated, but it can also be associated with several syndromes. Here we present a case of prenatally diagnosed isolated true macrodactyly of the second toe of the left foot at 24 weeks of gestation, and discuss the key points in its differential diagnosis and management. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A dynamic stall model for airfoils with deformable trailing edges
Authors: Andersen Peter Bjørn , Gaunaa Mac , Bak Christian , Hansen Morten Hartvig
Published: February 2009

The present work contains an extension of the Beddoes–Leishman‐type dynamic stall model. In this work, a deformable trailing‐edge flap has been added to the dynamic stall model. The model predicts the unsteady aerodynamic forces and moments on an airfoil section undergoing arbitrary motion in heave, lead‐lag, pitch, trailing‐edge flapping. In the linear region, the model reduces to the inviscid model, which includes the aerodynamic effect of a thin airfoil with a deformable camberline in inviscid flow. Therefore, the proposed model can be considered a crossover between the work of Gaunaa for the attached flow region and Hansen et al. The model is compared qualitatively to wind tunnel measurements of a Riso/ B1‐18 blade section equipped with deformable trailing‐edge flap devices in the form of piezoelectric devices. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surgical and Medical Treatment of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Patients on Continuous Dialysis
Authors: Tominaga Yoshihiro , Matsuoka Susumu , Uno Nobuaki
Published: February 2009

Background

Secondary hyperparathyroidsm (2HPT) is a common complication in hemodialysis patients associated with morbidity and sometimes mortality. The majority of patients with 2HPT can be managed by medical treatment. However, medical treatment does not always provied control of parathyroid disorder. Some patients require surgical treatment, parathyroidetomy (PTx). Successful surgical treatment often results in dramatic drop of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, relieves the patients from clinical symptoms, and reduces mortality. However, at present we do not have reliable evidences showing that PTx.

Methods

The published papers about medical and surgical treatment for 2HPT within the last 10 years were evaluated to acquire the evidence for the adequate surgical treatments for 2HPT.

Results

Many retrospective, observation studies have confirmed that successful PTx can achieve a dramatic drop of PTH levels, relieve symptoms of 2HPT and reduce mortality. However, we do not have reliable evidence that PTx compared with placebo or active drugs, improves mortality or outcome with respect to cardiovascular symptoms, bone disease, or biochemical parameter. The indications for surgery may be strongly influenced by medical therapy, including treatment with calcimimetics, as well as by composition of the patients material and medical insurance system. There are many treatment of modalities in addition to PTx for dialysis patients with 2HPT. Moreover, we do not have clear evidence telling us which operative procedures is most appropriate for 2HPT, with respect to clinical effectiveness, mortality or risk for recurrence.

Conclusion

To acquire the evidence for the adequate medical and surgical treatment for 2HPT including operative procedures, randomized controlled prospective studies are requires.
Epitaxial Catalyst-Free Growth of InN Nanorods onc-Plane Sapphire
Authors: Shalish I , Seryogin G , Yi W , Bao JM , Zimmler MA , Likovich E , Bell DC , Capasso F , Narayanamurti V
Published: February 2009

We report observation of catalyst-free hydride vapor phase epitaxy growth of InN nanorods. Characterization of the nanorods with transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction show that the nanorods are stoichiometric 2H–InN single crystals growing in the [0001] orientation. The InN rods are uniform, showing very little variation in both diameter and length. Surprisingly, the rods show clear epitaxial relations with thec-plane sapphire substrate, despite about 29% of lattice mismatch. Comparing catalyst-free with Ni-catalyzed growth, the only difference observed is in the density of nucleation sites, suggesting that Ni does not work like the typical vapor–liquid–solid catalyst, but rather functions as a nucleation promoter by catalyzing the decomposition of ammonia. No conclusive photoluminescence was observed from single nanorods, while integrating over a large area showed weak wide emissions centered at 0.78 and at 1.9 eV.
Multi-Stable Conductance States in Metallic Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Tang Dongsheng , Wang Yong , Yuan Huajun , Ci Lijie , Zhou Weiya , Xie Sishen
Published: February 2009

Electrical transport properties of individual metallic double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) were measured down to liquid helium temperature, and multi-stable conductance states were found in DWCNTs. At a certain temperature, DWCNTs can switch continuously between two or more electronic states, but below certain temperature, DWCNTs are stable only at one of them. The temperature for switching is always different from tube to tube, and even different from thermal cycle to cycle for the same tube. In addition to thermal activation, gate voltage scanning can also realize such switching among different electronic states. The multi-stable conductance states in metallic DWCNTs can be attributed to different Fermi level or occasional scattering centers induced by different configurations between their inner and outer tubes.
Smooth muscle cell differentiation from human bone marrow: Variations in cell type specific markers and Id gene expression in a new model of cell culture
Authors: Tréguer Karine , Naye François , Thiébaud Pierre , Fédou Sandrine , Soulet Fabienne , Thézé Nadine , Faucheux Corinne
Published: February 2009

Stromal cells follow a vascular smooth muscle differentiation pathway. However, cell culture models performed from human bone marrow do not allow the obtention of a large proportion of highly differentiated smooth muscle cells (SMC) and their differentiation pathways remain unclear. We have characterized a new model of SMC differentiation from human bone marrow stromal cells by using different factors (bFGF, EGF, insulin and BMP‐4). A relative homogeneous population of differentiated SMC was reproducibly obtained in short‐term culture with high expression of SMC markers. Id gene expression was investigated and showed that (1) Id2 mRNA expression was upregulated during SMC differentiation without change of Id1 mRNA and (2) Id1 gene expression highly increased concomitantly with a decrease of SMC markers while Id2 mRNA was slightly modulated. Our data suggested that Id genes are potentially implicated in the differentiation pathway of human SMC from bone marrow.
Surgical treatment of labyrinthine fistula in cholesteatoma surgery
Authors: Quaranta Nicola , Liuzzi Cristina , Zizzi Stefania , Dicorato Anna , Quaranta Antonio
Published: February 2009

Objective/Hypothesis

Evaluate the treatment of labyrinthine fistula in a large series of middle ear cholesteatomas.

Study Design

Case series in a tertiary referral center.

Methods

Between January 2001 and December 2007, 361 ears affected by mastoid and middle ear cholesteatoma were operated at our institution. The incidence of labyrinthine fistula, preoperative and postoperative hearing function, preoperative symptoms, type of surgery, and intraoperative findings were all analyzed.

Results

The incidence of labyrinthine fistula was 12.7 percent. During surgery the matrix over the fistula was removed in all but one case. A labyrinthine fistula occurred in larger cholesteatomas as demonstrated by the higher number of cases with more than two sites involved (P < 0.001), facial nerve exposed (P < 0.001), and stapes superstructure eroded (P = 0.010). Postoperative change of bone conduction threshold and postoperative dead ears were not significantly different between fistula and nonfistula cases.

Conclusions

The preservation of the bone conduction threshold is a common finding in small fistulas and can be obtained also in “large” fistulas when appropriate surgical technique is used. In fistulas involving the promontory the matrix should be left in situ when the endosteum is involved.
Intracapsular coblation tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy for the treatment of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome
Authors: Friedman Michael , Wilson Meghan N. , Friedman Jacob , Joseph Ninos J. , Lin Hsin‐Ching , Chang Hsueh‐Wen
Published: February 2009

Objective

To report the findings of five years' experience using standardized coblation intracapsular tonsillectomy with adenoidectomy for treatment of pediatric sleep apnea.

Study Design

Case series.

Methods

A five‐year retrospective analysis of coblation tonsillectomy performed by a single department for sleep apnea was completed.

Results

A total of 159 tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A) cases performed with coblation technique were reviewed. The mean preoperative apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI) was 17.8 and mean postoperative AHI was 3.3. Polysomnogram (PSG) normalization (AHI < 1), was achieved in 54.7% patients. Normalization of PSG data was achieved in only 42.2% of overweight patients (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 85th percentile). Based on regression analysis, Friedman tongue position (III and IV) and elevated AHI were determined to be independent predictors of poor response to T&A.

Conclusions

Contrary to popular belief, a review of 159 cases demonstrates that T&A does not always result in normalization of polysomnographic data. Although complete resolution is not achieved in most cases, T&A offers significant improvements in AHI. Predictive variables such as BMI, FTP, and AHI should be taken into account when designing a treatment plan. It is important to recognize the need for close follow‐up and early detection of residual disease in the pediatric population.