bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The herbicide effect for controlling the weeds in wheat field
Authors: T Azzaya , M Otgonsuren
Published: October 2018

Of all reported distributions of weeds of 19 species belonging to 15 genera of 10 families in the wheat planted fields Tsagaannuur soum of Selenge aimag, annuals account for 57.9%, biennials for 10.5% and perennials for 31.5%. The use of herbicide Trimexa, Cliomex 300, Cliodmex plus and Trimexa + Cliodimex plus express for controlling both grassy and dicotyledonous weeds has Agropyron repens L, Panicium miliaceum L, Eragrostis minor Host, Amaranthus retroflexus L, Artemisia sieversiana Willd, Cannabis ruderalis Janisch, Chenopodium album L, Chenopodium aristatum L, Chenopodium acuminatum Willd, Convolvulus arvensis L, Convolvulus gortschakovii Schrenk, Erodium stephanianum Willd, Polygonum  convolvulus L, Geranium  siviricum L, Salsola collina (Pall), Salsola australis R.Br, Noneo pulla L, Malva mohileviensis Downer, Vicia cracca L. 84.4-90.9% technical effectiveness.
The Dynamics of Trust and Control in Innovation Ecosystems
Authors: Cobben Dieudonnee , Roijakkers Nadine
Published: October 2018

Within the innovation ecosystem literature, scholars have considered governance mechanisms as an important instrument for focal entities to mitigate the risks of opportunistic behaviour. Scholars have not focused yet on how these mechanisms work. In the alliance literature, governance mechanisms have been extensively researched and described. As innovation ecosystems are a subset of alliances, constructs from the alliance literature are used to understand how governance mechanisms are employed by the focal entity within innovation ecosystems. Scholars have also considered the importance of partner alignment for successful innovations. To mitigate the risks of opportunistic behaviour and to align partners, this research has focused on understanding how the focal entity uses governance mechanisms to influence partner alignment. Based on an exploratory multiple case study research, this research has found a list of partner stimulators, like for example leadership and expectation management, that influence the effectiveness of governance mechanisms used by focal entities in aligning partners. When partner alignment stimulators are present, the effectiveness of governance mechanisms is enhanced and partners feel more aligned. We have also developed a model that explains the relation between partner alignment stimulators, governance mechanisms, and partner alignment. In addition, we have found that constructs from the alliance literature can be applied to an innovation ecosystem setting when partner alignment stimulators are considered in addition to governance mechanisms.  We contribute to the innovation ecosystem literature by explicitly considering partner alignment stimulators that influence the relation between governance mechanisms and partner alignment. Future research could focus on using quantitative methods to strengthen the findings of this research.
Making the Left Great Again
Authors: Ramsey Gordon
Published: October 2018

Review of Reclaiming the State:  A Progressive Vision of Sovereignty for a Post-Neoliberal World by William Mitchell & Thomas Fazi, London: Pluto Press, 2017.
Health care information: gold mine or mine field? Collection, protection and utilization in Denmark’s primary health care system
Authors: Matus Justin C.
Published: October 2018

Abstract.  The purpose of this article is to present an overview of the status of the Danish Health Care system’s internal debate about the role of health care information.  On the one hand, health information, when used appropriately can be a gold mine of information to help patients and in the development of policies and allocation of resources.  On the other hand, concerns about patient privacy, unmasking of poor quality, monitoring, reduced autonomy and political agendas give rise to suspicion and fear, i.e., the mine field.  An overview of the Danish health care system is presented with an emphasis on the perceived concerns and agendas of the various stakeholders.  The perceived risks and benefits of collecting, protecting and utilizing health information is presented.  The article concludes with a recommendation for greater cooperation among the various stakeholders. Published: Online September 2018.
Ethical, pedagogical, socio-political and anthropological implications of quaternary prevention
Authors: Jamoulle Marc , Roland Michel , Bae Jong-Myon , Heleno Bruno , Visentin Giorgio , Gusso Gustavo Diniz Ferreira , Godycki-Ćwirko Maciek , Pizzanell Miguel , Ouvrard Patrick , La Valle Ricardo , Gomes Luis Filipe , Widmer Daniel , Bernstein Jorge , Mariño Mariana , Wagner Hamilton Lima , Rossi Ilario
Published: October 2018

The concept of quaternary prevention, resulting from a reflection on the doctor-patient relationship, is presented as a renewal of the age-old ethical requirement: first, a doctor must do no harm; second, the doctor must control himself/herself. The origin of the concept, its endorsement by the World Organization of Family Doctors (WONCA) and the European Union of General Practitioners (UEMO), its dissemination, and the debates to which it has given rise, are presented by a panel of authors from 10 countries. This collective text deals more specifically with: the bioethics of prevention, the importance of teaching Quaternary prevention and factual medicine, the social and political implications of the concept of quaternary prevention, and its anthropological dimensions.
The rheology of the geological medium of interblock seismically active faults in the continental lithosphere: a key to understanding the generation of the strongest earthquakes in Central Asia
Authors: Sherman S. I. , Gorbunova E. A.
Published: October 2018

The problem of earthquake forecasting remains challenging, especially considering strong seismic events (M≥8). Strong earthquakes occur most often along the fault planes due to large-amplitude displacements of the contacting blocks. In such cases, the physical parameters of the earthquake foci generation process are estimated on the basis of the concepts describing the destruction of solids. In this paper, we present a new tectonophysical model of strong earthquake foci in the continental lithosphere. In this model, an earthquake focus is viewed as a body whose rheological properties are changing over time throughout the entire seismic period, including the moment of the seismic event initiation, its occurrence and the subsequent stress release in of the geological medium. In the period when a future earthquake source develops and grows, the physical properties of the host rocks are assumed to change substantially, and both the viscosity and the relative shear strength decreases. At the moment of time when a strong earthquake takes place, the viscosity of the rocks in its focus is at its minimum value and thus favorable for high-amplitude interblock shearing under the current regional stress and unchanged geodynamic factors. A decrease in the viscosity is facilitated by an increase in the fault length and leads to weakening of the geological medium and decreases its strength properties. When the earthquake occurs, the viscosity of the rocks in its source is assumed significantly lower than the dynamic viscosity of the lithosphere and not less than one or two orders below the viscosity of the interblock seismically active medium containing the source. It is most likely that at the moment of time when an earthquake takes place, the viscosity in its source is 1017–1019 Pa·s. In our approach, the parameter of viscosity is introduced into the physics of earthquake foci, and the time factor is taken into account when studying the process of earthquake preparation and occurrence, which can be an important step to gaining more knowledge for forecasting of the strongest seismic events (M≥8).
Laboratory studies of slip along faults as a physical basis for a new approach to short-term earthquake prediction
Authors: Kocharyan G. G. , Batukhtin I. V.
Published: October 2018

The physical effects that may prove useful for developing a new approach to short-term earthquake prediction have been studied in laboratory conditions. In seismology and earthquake foci mechanics, one of the major challenges is searching for indicators of an upcoming seismic event and attempting to reliably record such indicators by available instruments. In this regard, the best result of the laboratory studies of dynamic slip along faults would be the identification of specific macroscopic parameters controlling the deformation process, which are measurable in field. Dynamic stiffness of a fault zone seems to be an appropriate parameter. The recent laboratory experiments have shown that the value of this parameter predetermines the slip mode along the fault (unstable slip, creep, tremor, etc.), and a radical decrease in shear stiffness takes place as the fault zone reaches the metastable state. The effect discovered in the laboratory conditions gives grounds to suggest that changes in the stress-strain state of the fault zone at the final stage of earthquake preparation are detectable from the parameters of microseismic noise in the low-frequency range. Apparently, the noise records during and after the arrival of surface waves from distant earthquakes can provide the best opportunity for determining the parameters characterizing the study area. The wave oscillations with a period of a few dozen seconds have significant amplitudes and duration, which contributes to the excitation of resonance oscillations of the blocks. There are problems requiring additional laboratory experiments: estimating the size of a fault, which predetermines regularities in decreasing of the own frequency of the block-fault system; determining the ratio of the mechanical parameters of the fault in the nucleation zone and on the periphery of the future rupture, etc. Having analyzed the results of experimental studies carried out by other researchers, we conclude that laboratory experiments under normal conditions and low pressures can successfully address a number of fundamental issues on the way to creating a new approach to short-term earthquake prediction. Increasing pressure and temperature to values characteristic of seismogenic depths does not lead to the occurrence of any fundamentally new features in the behavior of the block-fault system at the stage when dynamic slip is being prepared. During slip, friction reduces due to melting, physical and chemical transformations at the micro- and nanoscales and other processes on the slipping surface, but these effects play no role at the stage when dynamic rock failure and the onset of slip are being prepared.
Prediction and observation of strain waves in the Earth
Authors: Bykov V. G.
Published: October 2018

The theoretical prediction of strain waves in the Earth is one of the most significant achievements in geophysics of the last third of the 20th century. Using the strain wave theory, the physical foundations were developed for the mathematical theory of strain wave propagation, and the search for methods that could detect the strain waves in experiment and simulation has commenced. This article provides an overview of the history of the strain wave theory and describes the observation methods, the main types of geological structures generating strain waves, and the properties of strain waves. It presents the most important results of the theoretical, laboratory and field studies of slow migration of strain. Future studies based on the strain wave theory may initiate a fundamental revision of the current concepts of the seismic process.
The evolution of the crustal stress state of the Catoca kimberlite pipe area (northeastern Angola)
Authors: Lunina O. V. , Gladkov A. S. , Gladkochub D. P. , João F. , Karpenko M. A. , Félix J. T. , Koshkarev D. A. , Sklyarov E. V.
Published: October 2018

This paper presents the first results of the geostructural and tectonophysical studies of the crustal stress state in the Catoca kimberlite pipe area at the southwestern flank of the Kasai Shield in the northeasternAngola. In the evolution of the crustal stress state, six main stages are distinguished by analyzing the displacements of markers, fold hinges, long axes of boudins, granite dikes of various intrusion phases and kimberlites, as well as fractures with striations. For each of these stages, a dominating horizontal tectonic stress and its orientation is identified. During stage 1 (NW extension and shearing) and at the beginning of stage 2 (NW compression), structures formed in the host rocks in brittle-plastic conditions. The replacement of plastic deformation by faulting could occur about 530–510 Ma ago, when the continental crust ofAfricahad completely formed. Stage 3 (radial, mainly NW extension) and stage 4 (shearing, NW extension, and NE compression) were the most important for kimberlite occurrence: in the Early Cretaceous, radial extension was replaced by shearing. Both stages are related to opening of the central segment of theSouth Atlantic. The main kimberlite magmas occurred during the break-up of the Angola-Brazilian segment of Gondwana. In the course of all the four stages, stress was mainly released by the NE- and E-NE-striking faults and, to a lesser extent, by the NW-striking and latitudinal faults. The initial stage of kimberlite magmatism is associated with the NE- and E-NE-striking faults due to the presence of the Precambrian zones of flow and schistosity, which facilitated the NW-trending subhorizontal extension. Stage 5 (NE compression) began in the second half of the Cretaceous and possibly lasted until the end of the Paleogene, and compression occurred mainly along the NW-striking faults. Regionally, it corresponds to two stages of inversion movements in the southern regions of Africa, during which theAngoladome-shaped uplift emerged and the shoulders of the East African rifts began to take shape. Stage 6 (horizontal extension, mainly in the N-NE direction) is related to the processes that took place in the southern segment of theTanganyikarift and the eastern coast of theAtlantic. Based on the results of our studies, it became for the first time possible to get an idea of the main stages in the evolution of the studied region. Further geostructural measurements and dating of the host rocks will provide for a more precise definition of the proposed stages.
Parageneses of fractures in large fault zones of West Transbaikalia
Authors: Cheremnykh A. V.
Published: October 2018

Our study was focused on the parageneses of heterogeneous fractures in the large fault zones of West Transbaikalia,Russia. We reconstructed the latest deformation in the fault zones of Transbaikalia, within which paleoseismic dislocations are known and M 4.7 earthquakes take place. To obtain statistically justified solutions on the kinematic types of the largest faults ofWest Transbaikalia, we collected the required data and conducted the structural and paragenetic analysis of the fractures in the study area. In the Chikoi-Ingoda, Khilok, North Tugnui andNorth Zaganfault zones, we created a network of 54 observation points and measured more than 5500 details of local fractures and faults. Recorded were the observed slickensides, the displacements of markers, and other details of rock fracturing. Based on the analysis results, we calculated a ratio of heterochronous dynamic settings for formation of the observed fault group. It shows that NW-SE-trending extension and compression are dominant in the study region. The parageneses of E-NE-striking faults, i.e. regional faults longitudinal to the depressions ofWest Transbaikalia, are abundant in the studied fault zones and generally observed in heterochronous formations, including the Cenozoic sediments. This fact, along with the focal mechanisms of the recently recorded earthquakes, suggests that these faults are young. Besides, in the Tugnui basin and the area southeast of the Chikoy depression, the right-lateral strike-slip setting was reconstructed for E-NE-trending faults. Our study pioneers in the quantitative analysis of the fault parageneses ofWest Transbaikalia. Considering the development of the network of large faults in the study area, we reconstructed the main stages and the kinematic types of the second-order fractures that constitute the internal structure of the studied fault zones at each stage of their tectonic development.
Deep-focus earthquakes: spatial patterns, possible causes and geodynamic consequences
Authors: Didenko A. N. , Kuzmin M. I.
Published: October 2018

The spatial analysis was conducted to analyze the positions of earthquakes hypocenters in the transit zone of the upper mantle and the focal mechanisms of the strongest earthquakes in the subduction slabs of theOkhotskSeasegment of the Kuril-Kamchatka island arc and theJapanSeasegment of the Japanese island arc. It revealed a significant difference in the morphology of these slabs, as well as in the positions of the earthquake hypocenters relative to the active and stagnating parts of the slabs and the forces that caused the earthquakes. Based on the seismic data presented in the article, it is confirmed that there are two types of subduction of the oceanic lithospheric plates in the mantle. The article discusses relationships between the subduction and various geological processes at the upper–lower mantle boundary. It considers possible causes (including those related to phase transitions) of deep-focus earthquakes, in case of which splitting of the oceanic lithospheric plates takes place at depths near the upper–lower mantle boundary. Subduction of the oceanic lithospheric plates and their splitting predetermine a possibility for the crustal elements to penetrate into the lower mantle and deeper into the D″ layer, wherein new plumes arise and transport the deep magma together with the recycled substance into the crust. Deep-focus earthquakes are a necessary link in the mechanism providing for the recycling of chemical elements in the crust – mantle – D″ layer system and thus leading to the formation of a wide range of mineral deposits.
Recent anomalous deformation of the ground surface in fault zones: shear or tensile faulting?
Authors: Kuzmin Yu. O.
Published: October 2018

Various definitions of the kinematic types of faults are reviewed. The degree of symmetry in the distribution of anomalous displacements of the ground surface is proposed as a morphological criterion for identifying the types of faults based on geodetic observations. Local anomalies of vertical displacements identified by geodetic observations in the fault zones are analysed by types. It is revealed that 88 % of the analysed anomalies show local symmetrical subsidence of the ground surface near the faults. Morphologically, these anomalies correspond to the subvertical tensile faults. Mechanisms of three types (block, dislocation, and parametric) are discussed considering the formation of the observed displacements in the zones of activation of the tensile faults. A comparison of the calculated and observed displacements of the ground surface shows that the best consistency between the theory and the observations is achieved using the model of local parametric excitation of deformation under quasi-static regional loads and the theory of strain nuclei (soft inclusions).
On the structure and formation of earthquake sources in the faults located in the subsurface and deep levels of the crust. Part II. Deep level
Authors: Ruzhich V. V. , Kocharyan G. G. , Savelieva V. B. , Travin A. V.
Published: October 2018

In the part 2 of the study [Ruzhich, Kocharyan, 2017, we aimed at identifying the elements of paleoearthquake sources in the crust, which formed at the hypocentral depths in the exhumed Primorsky segment of the ancient collisional suture. The study area covered the southeastern margin of the Siberian craton (Pribaikalie, East Siberia). Slickensides, pseudo-tachyllite (basaltic glass) and other petrological evidence of intensive tectonic movements were sampled. The structure of the deep segments of the collisional suture were reconstructed from on the data on coseismic ruptures and faults, and the PT parameters were estimated. In the past decades, similar research problems were actively investigated (e.g. [Sibson, 1973;Byerlee, 1978;Morrowetal., 1992;Hodges, 2004;Kirkpatricketal., 2012). In Russia, the interest in studying geological and geophysical features of the deeply denuded areas in ancient faults is still limited [Sherman, 1977;Ruzhich, 1989, 1992, 1997;Savel’eva et al., 2003;Ruzhich et al., 2015; Kocharyan, 2016. The deeply denuded Primorsky segment of the collisional suture of the Siberian Craton underwent the geological evolution of a billion years. In the analysis, we used additional geological data from the petrology studies of the Main Sayan fault zone and other exhumed fault segments, including the seismogenerating faults in the Mongolia-Baikal region [Zamaraev,Ruzhich, 1978;Zamaraev et al., 1979;Ruzhich et al., 2009. From the PT conditions for the occurrence of the slickensides, pseudo-tachylyte, and the Primorsky segment structure, the40Ar/39Ar method estimated the age of the slickensides containing tourmaline at 673±4.8 Ma, which may correspond to the Neoproterozoic stage of the breakdown of the megacontinent Rodinia. Another dating, 415.4±4.1 Ma, obtained for the muscovite sample from a decompressional rupture, refers to the Early Paleozoic stage in the development of the collisional suture, when accretion of the Siberian Craton and the Olkhon terrain took place [Donskaya et al., 2003;Fedorovsky et al., 2010. Based on these ages and other available petrological data, the depths of the heterochronous systems of coseismic ruptures were estimated:18 km in the Neoproterozoic, and12 km in the Middle Paleozoic stage of the seismotectonic evolution of the crust in Pribaikalie. The deep paleoseismological settings need to be further investigated in order to more thoroughly clarify the physical and chemical conditions that contributed to the occurrence of the ancient and recent sources of strong earthquakes in the deep segments of faults in the crust. Such information is a prerequisite for further progress towards resolving the problems of securing seismic safety in various regions.
Hentei-Dauria fold system of the Mongolia-Okhotsk belt: magmatism, sedimentogenesis, and geodynamics
Authors: Gordienko I. V. , Minina O. R. , Vetluzhskikh L. I. , Medvedev A. Ya. , Odgerel D.
Published: October 2018

The geostructural, petrological, geochemical, geochronological and biostratigraphic studies were conducted in the Hentei-Dauria fold system of the Mongolia-Okhotsk orogenic belt. This Paleozoic system is composed mainly of three heterochronous rock associations related to the onset and development of oceanic basins and active margins in the conjugation zone of the Siberian continent and the Mongolia-Okhotsk ocean. This region developed in three stages: (1) Late Caledonian (Ordovician – Early Silurian), (2) Early Hercynian (Late Silurian – Devonian), and (3) Late Hercynian (Carboniferous–Permian). In the Late Caledonian, oceanic seafloor spreading was initiated, deep-sea siliceous deposits were formed, basaltic and andesitic pillow lavas were erupted, and layered and cumulative gabbros, gabbro-dolerite dykes and subduction zones with island-arc magmatism were formed. After a short quiescence period, new zones of spreading and subduction occurred at the active margins of the Mongolia-Okhotsk ocean in the Early Hercynian. In the Late Hercynian, large back-arc sedimentary basins, accretionary prisms and connecting intraplate magmatic complexes were formed in all structures of the Hentei-Dauria fold system. As a result of our studies, we propose a comprehensive model showing the geodynamic development of the Hentei-Dauria fold system that occurred in the area of the Mongolia-Okhotsk Ocean and its margins.
Host preference fruit flies Bactrocera carambolae (Drew & Hancock) and Bactrocera dorsalis (Drew and Hancock) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Koswanudin Dodin , Basukriadi Adi , Samudra I Made , Ubaidillah Rosichon
Published: October 2018

Host plant preference amongst several fruit species was studied for two fruit fly species i.e. Bactrocera carambolae (Drew & Hancock) and Bactrocera dorsalis (Drew & Hancock), which both belong to B. dorsalis species complex. Both fruit fly species are known to be polyphagous and cause significant economic losses as pests of fruit crops. The aim of this research was to assess the host range of these major pests in Indonesia. The research was conducted at the Entomology Laboratory and Insect Specimen Collection Laboratory, Indonesian Center for Agriculture Biotechnology and Genetic Resource Research and Development, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia from June 2011 to March 2012. Comparative host preference for both species was studied with regard to malaya varieties of star fruit (Averrhoa carambolae), manalagi varieties of mango (Mangifera indica), guava aka water apple (Psidium guajava), citra water guava (Eugenia aquae), jamaica bol guava (Eugenia malaccenensis), and california papaya (Carica papaya). Our results suggest the strongest preference for malaya star fruit by B. carambolae followed by manalagi mango; and for california papaya followed by manalagi mango by B. dorsalis. The study also found that welahan variety star fruit is least preferred by both species of fruit fly.
News
Authors: Schudson Michael
Published: October 2018

People have presumably always sought and shared novel information about recent events, but news as a specialized project produced by distinct institutions of journalism has generally speaking existed only since the 1600s. News in this sense came to prominence as part of an emerging public sphere in eighteenth‐century Europe. It developed further in the nineteenth century as commercial news organizations saw profit in providing factual news in addition to partisan opinion, and in hiring reporters to gather the news rather than relying on random contributors. Ideals of a strict “objectivity” in news‐writing were increasingly challenged, first in the 1960s and 1970s with criticism that found fact‐centered news favored government sources over political outsiders, and again in the digital era as social media blurred the distinction between personal news and gossip and professionally reported news.
AZO Embedded Interdigitated Electrodes for Monitoring Stimuli Responsive Materials
Authors: Gil‐González Nerea , Chen Chaoqiu , Akyazi Tugce , Zuzuarregui Ana , Rodriguez Ainara , Knez Mato , Castaño Enrique , Benito‐Lopez Fernando , Morant‐Miñana Maria Carmen
Published: October 2018

A combination of atomic layer deposition and photolithography is applied to fabricate interdigitated electrodes of aluminum‐doped zinc oxide embedded in polyethylene terephthalate substrates. Various designs with different gap to widths ratios are realized and important characteristics of the electrodes, including thickness, surface roughness, and electrical properties with different ZnO:Al2O3 ratios are studied. Oxygen plasma is applied to etch the polyethylene terephthalate surface and to embed the electrodes, a methodology which is a breakthrough toward ultimately thin devices fabrication. Moreover, the influence of oxygen plasma on the electrical properties of aluminum‐doped zinc oxide is analyzed in more detail. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies of two different stimuli responsive ionogels are performed using the fabricated electrodes. The results show the suitability of the use of the fabricated electrodes to monitor changes in ion motion and morphology of stimuli responsive materials. These electrodes and the process of characterization of the ionogels presented could be implemented to monitor electrochemical changes in real applications such as protective coatings.
Constructing a “Native” Oxyfluoride Layer on Fluoride Particles for Enhanced Upconversion Luminescence
Authors: Tian Li , Shang Yunfei , Hao Shuwei , Han Qi , Chen Tong , Lv Weiqiang , Yang Chunhui
Published: October 2018

The efficiency and tenability of upconversion fluorescence are correlated closely to the structure of host materials. Herein, an oxyfluoride layer grown in situ on fluoride‐based upconversion crystals through a high‐temperature air annealing is employed to synthesize stable lattice‐mismatch NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+@YOF:Yb3+/Er3+ core/shell architecture with greatly enhanced upconversion luminescence. Such a “native” oxyfluoride layer suppresses the surface quenching and modulates the phonon energy of host materials. Consequentially, the upconversion emitting intensity of NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ increases over ≈25 times after covering a “native” YOF layer. The luminescence red/green ratio is manipulated from ≈1.3 to ≈11.2. By incorporating NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+@YOF:Yb3+/Er3+ into the TiO2 photoanode of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), the photon–electron conversion efficiency of DSSCs increases by ≈17.1% due to the improved near‐infrared photon harvest. This work provides a novel core/shell construction route toward high‐efficiency upconversion systems.
A Reliable Photoelectrochemical Bioassay System Based on Cathodic Reaction at a Solid–Liquid–Air Joint Interface
Authors: Wang Dandan , Chen Liping , Liu Jie , Guan Fengying , Sun Ruize , Jiang Lei , Feng Xinjian
Published: October 2018

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) bioassay system based upon cathodic measurement of enzymatic product hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is highly attractive for accurate analyte detection as it can naturally avoid interference signals arising from readily oxidizable species in biological solutions. However, its practical utilization is restricted due to the similar reduction potential of H2O2 and oxygen, whereas solution oxygen levels can fluctuate significantly. To this end, this restriction is addressed via developing a novel PEC bioassay system containing a bio‐cathode with a solid–liquid–air triphase interface constructed by assembling an oxidase layer on the surface of superhydrophobic single‐crystal TiO2 nanowire arrays. The triphase bio‐cathode enables oxygen rapidly diffusing from the air phase to the bioassay reaction zone, thereby providing a constant interfacial oxygen concentration. The cathodic measurement enables PEC bioassay system exhibiting remarkably high detection selectivity, and compared with a normal diphase solid–liquid PEC bioassay system a 100‐fold extended linear detection range. The rapid electron transport in the single‐crystal TiO2 nanowire arrays endows the bioassay system an 845‐fold enhanced sensitivity, and three orders of magnitude lower minimum detection limit compared with TiO2 nanoparticle–based ones. The detection principle is general and thus applicable for quantification of other bio‐species.
Field‐Effect Transistors on Photonic Cellulose Nanocrystal Solid Electrolyte for Circular Polarized Light Sensing
Authors: Grey Paul , Fernandes Susete N. , Gaspar Diana , Fortunato Elvira , Martins Rodrigo , Godinho Maria H. , Pereira Luis
Published: October 2018

The integration of bioinspired chiral cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) films into transistor devices with distinct sensing properties for left‐ and right‐handed circular polarized light (LCPL and RCPL, respectively) is reported. The CNC films with a left‐handed internal long‐range order are infiltrated with sodium ions to yield solid‐state electrolytes with photonic properties capable of LCPL reflection and RCPL transmission. They are employed as gate dielectrics in sputtered amorphous indium–gallium–zinc oxide (a‐IGZO) transistors. The obtained devices operate in depletion mode at low voltages (<2 V) with On–Off ratios of up to 7 orders of magnitude, subthreshold swings around 80 mV dec−1, and saturation mobilities up to 9 cm2 V−1 s−1. Combining the photonic character of the CNC films with the light sensitivity of a‐IGZO, the devices are capable of discrimination between LCPL and RCPL signals in the blue region. These type of devices can find application in photonics, emission, conversion, or sensing with CPL but also imaging or spintronics.
Surface‐Dominated Sodium Storage Towards High Capacity and Ultrastable Anode Material for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Luo Da , Xu Jing , Guo Qiubo , Fang Lingzhe , Zhu Xiaohui , Xia Qiuying , Xia Hui
Published: October 2018

The development of sodium‐ion batteries is hindered by the poor Na+ transport kinetics and structural instability of electrode materials during Na+ intercalation/deintercalation. In this work, surface‐dominated Na storage is demonstrated on the oxygen‐functionalized graphene nanosheets (FGS) with fast surface redox reaction and robust structural stability. The FGS samples with tunable oxygen contents and species are fabricated via a two‐step thermal exfoliation method from graphite oxides. The surface‐induced oxygen functional groups can serve as the surface‐redox sites for the FGS electrode, attaining a high specific capacity of 603 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.05 A g−1, excellent rate capability (214 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1), and ultrastable cycling stability (capacity retention close to 100% after 10 000 cycles at 5 A g−1). Even at a slow scan rate of 0.1 mV s−1 for cyclic voltammetry, about 67.7% capacity is contributed from the surface adsorption/desorption and surface‐redox reaction, suggesting surface‐dominated Na storage for the FGS‐700 (FGS sample obtained at 700 °C) electrode. The present work demonstrates that the surface oxygen functionalization is an effective strategy to develop high‐performance graphene‐based anodes due to the surface‐dominated Na storage with improved reaction kinetics and suppressed structural variation.
Iron Gall Ink Revisited: In Situ Oxidation of Fe(II)–Tannin Complex for Fluidic‐Interface Engineering
Authors: Lee Hojae , Kim Won Il , Youn Wongu , Park Taegyun , Lee Sangmin , Kim Taek‐Soo , Mano João F. , Choi Insung S.
Published: October 2018

The ancient wisdom found in iron gall ink guides this work to a simple but advanced solution to the molecular engineering of fluidic interfaces. The Fe(II)–tannin coordination complex, a precursor of the iron gall ink, transforms into interface‐active Fe(III)–tannin species, by oxygen molecules, which form a self‐assembled layer at the fluidic interface spontaneously but still controllably. Kinetic studies show that the oxidation rate is directed by the counteranion of Fe(II) precursor salts, and FeCl2 is found to be more effective than FeSO4—an ingredient of iron gall ink—in the interfacial‐film fabrication. The optimized protocol leads to the formation of micrometer‐thick, free‐standing films at the air–water interface by continuously generating Fe(III)–tannic acid complexes in situ. The durable films formed are transferable, self‐healable, pliable, and postfunctionalizable, and are hardened further by transfer to the basic buffer. This O2‐instructed film formation can be applied to other fluidic interfaces that have high O2 level, demonstrated by emulsion stabilization and concurrent capsule formation at the oil–water interface with no aid of surfactants. The system, inspired by the iron gall ink, provides new vistas on interface engineering and related materials science.
Stretchable Suction Cup with Electroadhesion
Authors: Okuno Yuto , Shigemune Hiroki , Kuwajima Yu , Maeda Shingo
Published: October 2018

Suction cups are commonly used as adhering and grasping devices. This study proposes a methodology to expand the applicability of suction cups. A suction cup is developed with a soft pad which consists of stretchable electrodes and insulating layers that bond to the bottom of the main body of the suction cup. When the stretchable electrodes generate an electrostatic attraction between the electrodes and the object, the pad deforms, filling the gaps between the pad and the object. Due to the soft pad, the amount of incoming air is significantly reduced compared to a normal suction cup. Experiments reveal the effect of these features. Applying a high voltage to the stretchable electrodes increases the holding success ratio of the suction cup in the normal direction for smooth and rough surfaces due to the stretchable electrodes. Measuring the negative pressure inside the suction cup confirms that the electrostatic force maintains the adhesion force on both smooth and rough surfaces. Thus, the electrostatic force and stretchability of the soft pad greatly increase the adhesion force of the suction cup. Furthermore, the electrostatic force prevents a slip of the suction cup, which improves the performance of the suction cup.
Highly Efficient Spintronic Terahertz Emitter Enabled by Metal–Dielectric Photonic Crystal
Authors: Feng Zheng , Yu Rui , Zhou Yu , Lu Hai , Tan Wei , Deng Hu , Liu Quancheng , Zhai Zhaohui , Zhu Liguo , Cai Jianwang , Miao Bingfeng , Ding Haifeng
Published: October 2018

Spintronic terahertz (THz) emitter provides the advantages such as apparently broader spectrum, significantly lower cost, and more flexibility compared with the commercial THz emitters, and thus attracts great interest recently. In past few years, efforts have been made in optimizing the material composition and structure geometry, and the conversion efficiency has been improved close to that of ZnTe crystal. One of the drawbacks of the current designs is the rather limited laser absorption—more than 50% energy is wasted and the conversion efficiency is thus limited. Here, a novel device that fully utilizes the laser intensity and significantly improves the conversion efficiency is theoretically proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The device, which consists of a metal–dielectric photonic crystal structure, utilizes the interference between the multiple scattering waves to simultaneously suppress the reflection and transmission of the laser, and to reshape the laser field distributions. The experimentally detected laser absorption and THz generation show one‐to‐one correspondence with the theoretical calculations. The strongest THz pulse emission that presents a 1.7 times improvement compared to the currently designed spintronic emitter is achieved. This work opens a new pathway to improve the performance of spintronic THz emitter from the perspective of optics.
The Dawn of Single Material Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Roncali Jean , Grosu Ion
Published: October 2018

Single material organic solar cells (SMOSCs) are based on ambivalent materials containing electron donor (D) and acceptor (A) units capable to ensure the basic functions of light absorption, exciton dissociation, and charge transport. Compared to bicomponent bulk heterojunctions, SMOSCs present several major advantages such as considerable simplification of cell fabrication and a strong stabilization of the morphology of the D/A interface, and thus of the cell lifetime. In addition to these technical issues, SMOSCs pose fundamental questions regarding the possible formation, and dissociation of excitons on the same molecular D–A architecture. SMOSCs are developed with various approaches, namely “double‐cable” polymers, block copolymers, oligomers, and molecules that differ by the donor platform: polymer or molecule, the nature of A, the D–A connection, and the intra‐ and intermolecular interactions of D and A. Although for several years the maximum efficiency of SMOSCs has remained limited to 1.0–1.5%, impressive progress has been recently accomplished leading to SMOSCs with 4.0–5.0% efficiency. Here, recent advances in the synthesis of D–A materials for SMOSCs are presented in the broader context of the chemistry of organic photovoltaic materials in order to discuss possible directions for future research.
Biodegradable 2D Fe–Al Hydroxide for Nanocatalytic Tumor‐Dynamic Therapy with Tumor Specificity
Authors: Cao Zhenbang , Zhang Liang , Liang Kang , Cheong Soshan , Boyer Cyrille , Gooding J. Justin , Chen Yu , Gu Zi
Published: October 2018

Therapeutic nanocatalysis has emerged as an intriguing strategy for efficient cancer‐specific therapy, but the traditional inorganic nanocatalysts suffer from low catalytic efficiency and difficulty in biodegradation, hindering their further clinical translation. Herein, a tumor microenvironment‐triggered, biodegradable and biocompatible nanocatalyst employing 2D hydroxide nanosheet is presented, and is shown to have high catalytic capacity to efficiently produce abundant hydroxyl radicals under the tumor microenvironment and consequently kill tumor cells selectively. A polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐conjugated Fe2+‐containing hydroxide nanosheet is successfully constructed via a facile but efficient bottom‐up approach that concurrently realizes nanosheet synthesis and PEGylation. Importantly, the nanosheets are featured with high catalytic activity to disproportionate H2O2 in tumors, and consequently generate abundant hydroxyl radicals at a high reaction rate under tumorous acidic condition; the highly toxic hydroxyl radicals, as a result, cause the death of tumor cells in vitro and suppress the tumor growth in vivo without the use of any supplementary toxic agent, only with the biocompatible nanocatalysts. Meanwhile, the desirable biodegradation and biocompatibility of the hydroxide nanosheet render a high degree of safety to the organism. Therefore, this work provides the first paradigm of biodegradable 2D nanocatalytic platform with concurrently high catalytic‐therapeutic performance and biosafety for efficient tumor‐specific treatment.
Kinetic modeling of methanol to olefins process over SAPO‐34 catalyst based on the dual‐cycle reaction mechanism
Authors: Yuan Xiaoshuai , Li Hua , Ye Mao , Liu Zhongmin
Published: October 2018

A kinetic model for methanol to olefins (MTO) process over SAPO‐34 catalyst was established based on the dual‐cycle reaction mechanism. Simplifications were made by assuming olefins‐based cycle as virtual species S, and aromatics‐based cycle as R, where the former mainly accounts for the production of higher olefins, while the latter for lower olefins. Transformation of S to R was considered with the participation of methanol and olefins. Meanwhile, a phenomenological deactivation model was developed to account for the deactivation process. With the proposed model, the evolution of methanol conversion and product selectivity with time on stream could be predicted, and key reaction characteristics, such as the autocatalytic nature of the reaction, could also be captured due to its mechanism‐based nature. Further simulations of MTO reactors at different scales validated the robustness and applicability of the current model in MTO process development and optimization. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 65: 662–674, 2019
Random loose packing of small particles with liquid cohesion
Authors: Chen Hongsheng , Liu Wenwei , Li Shuiqing
Published: October 2018

Random packing of wet grains is numerically investigated using a multiscale discrete element method. The cohesion between wet grains is evaluated by the Weber number, with which the macroscopic and microscopic properties of wet packing are compared with those of dry systems. The effect of capillary force on wet packing partially resembles that of van der Waals force on the dry adhesive packing, because both packing fraction (ϕ) and coordination number (Z) of wet packing decrease with increasing surface tension, following a Boltzmann‐like exponential decay that leads to a metastable state with ϕ ≈ 0.37 and Z ≈ 3.8. The decay processes of wet grains, however, are much faster than that of dry ones due to the additional liquid‐phase viscous dissipation. Moreover, in the cases of strong cohesion, the relationship between Z and ϕ can be well interpreted by the Edwards' ensemble theory, while those with weak cohesion follow an exponential formula instead. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 65: 500–511, 2019
Proceedings of the fifth international RASopathies symposium: When development and cancer intersect
Authors: Rauen Katherine A. , Schoyer Lisa , Schill Lisa , Stronach Beth , Albeck John , Andresen Brage S. , Cavé Hélène , Ellis Michelle , Fruchtman Steven M. , Gelb Bruce D. , Gibson Christopher C. , Gripp Karen , Hefner Erin , Huang William Y. C. , Itkin Maxim , Kerr Bronwyn , Linardic Corinne M. , McMahon Martin , Oberlander Beverly , Perlstein Ethan , Ratner Nancy , Rogers Leslie , Schenck Annette , Shankar Suma , Shvartsman Stanislav , Stevenson David A. , Stites Edward C. , Stork Philip J. S. , Sun Cheng , Therrien Marc , Ullian Erik M. , Widemann Brigitte C. , Yeh Erika , Zampino Giuseppe , Zenker Martin , Timmer William , McCormick Frank
Published: October 2018

This report summarizes and highlights the fifth International RASopathies Symposium: When Development and Cancer Intersect, held in Orlando, Florida in July 2017. The RASopathies comprise a recognizable pattern of malformation syndromes that are caused by germ line mutations in genes that encode components of the RAS/mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Because of their common underlying pathogenetic etiology, there is significant overlap in their phenotypic features, which includes craniofacial dysmorphology, cardiac, cutaneous, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal and ocular abnormalities, neurological and neurocognitive issues, and a predisposition to cancer. The RAS pathway is a well‐known oncogenic pathway that is commonly found to be activated in somatic malignancies. As in somatic cancers, the RASopathies can be caused by various pathogenetic mechanisms that ultimately impact or alter the normal function and regulation of the MAPK pathway. As such, the RASopathies represent an excellent model of study to explore the intersection of the effects of dysregulation and its consequence in both development and oncogenesis.
Spektroskopischer Nachweis einer attraktiven Kation‐Kation‐ Wechselwirkung in OH‐funktionalisierten ionischen Flüssigkeiten: ein H‐Brücken‐gebundenes kettenförmiges Trimer
Authors: Niemann Thomas , Strate Anne , Ludwig Ralf , Zeng Helen J. , Menges Fabian S. , Johnson Mark A.
Published: October 2018

Wir untersuchen die Bildung von wasserstoffverbrückten Domänen zwischen den kationischen Bestandteilen der ionischen Flüssigkeit (IL) 1‐(3‐Hydroxypropyl)‐pyridinium‐tetrafluoroborat [HPPy][BF4] mithilfe der kryogenen Ionenschwingungs‐Prädissoziationsspektroskopie von kalten (≈35 K) ionischen Gasphasenclustern und quantenchemischen Berechnungen. Eine Analyse der OH‐Streckschwingungen zeigt ein kettenförmiges OH⋅⋅⋅OH⋅⋅⋅OH⋅⋅⋅BF4−‐Strukturmotiv, an dem die drei Kationen in einem quinären kationischen Cluster (HPPy+)3(BF4−)2 beteiligt sind. Rechnungen belegen, dass die Anziehung dieser kooperativen H‐Brücken die Coulomb‐Abstoßung kompensiert und zu stabilen Komplexen führt, die erfolgreich mit den Komplexen konkurrieren, bei denen die OH‐Gruppen überwiegend an Anionen gebunden sind. Unser experimenteller und theoretischer Ansatz liefert wichtige Einblicke in die kooperativen Effekte, die zur Bildung von wasserstoffverbrückten Domänen unter Einbeziehung der kationischen Bestandteile von ILs führen.
Remodeling of the Photosynthetic Chain Promotes Direct CO2 Conversion into Valuable Aromatic Compounds
Authors: Ni Jun , Liu Hong‐Yu , Tao Fei , Wu Yu‐Tong , Xu Ping
Published: October 2018

Directing CO2 conversion using photosynthetic microorganisms offers a promising route to couple CO2 sequestration with petrochemical replacement. However, the low‐flux shikimate pathway remains largely unexploited for the synthesis of valuable aromatics. In addition, it is unclear how an enhanced low‐flux pathway would influence the photosynthetic chain. We created a powerful metabolic sink by introducing the 2‐phenylethanol pathway and an artificial feedback‐inhibition‐resistant cassette to Synechococcus elongatus. More than 30 % of the fixed carbon was redirected to the shikimate pathway for aromatic synthesis, and carbon fixation and O2 evolution increased significantly. A “self‐remodeling” mechanism of the photosynthetic chain was discovered, which accelerates electron transport and reduces energy waste. This study represents a significant step toward the industrial viability of CO2 conversion into aromatic compounds and provides design guidance for improving photosynthetic efficiency.