bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“And Who Is My Neighbor?” II: Quest Religion as a Source of Universal Compassion
Authors: Batson C. Daniel , Eidelman Scott H. , Higley Seanna L. , Russell Sarah A.
Published: March 2003

Are those with a high‐quest orientation to religion less likely to help a person if that person's behavior violates their values of open‐mindedness and tolerance? If so, is it because they have antipathy toward the person or toward the behavior? To answer these questions, sixty undergraduate women were given the opportunity to help either of two same‐sex peers win a monetary prize. About one peer, they knew nothing; from the other, they had received two self‐disclosing notes. The first note either did or did not reveal that the discloser was intolerant of gays; the second revealed that the discloser wanted the money for an activity that either would or would not promote intolerance of gays. Participants scoring high on measures of quest religion helped the intolerant discloser less than the discloser who was not intolerant when their help would promote intolerance; they did not help the intolerant discloser less when their help would not promote intolerance. These results suggest that a high‐quest orientation is associated with antipathy toward the value‐violating behavior (intolerance), not toward the value‐violating person. The scope of the associated compassion seems relatively broad.
Mutual Fund Herding and the Impact on Stock Prices
Authors: Wermers Russ
Published: March 2003

We analyze the trading activity of the mutual fund industry from 1975 through 1994 to determine whether funds “herd” when they trade stocks and to investigate the impact of herding on stock prices. Although we find little herding by mutual funds in the average stock, we find much higher levels in trades of small stocks and in trading by growth‐oriented funds. Stocks that herds buy outperform stocks that they sell by 4 percent during the following six months; this return difference is much more pronounced among small stocks. Our results are consistent with mutual fund herding speeding the price‐adjustment process.
Call Options, Points, and Dominance Restrictions on Debt Contracts
Authors: Dunn Kenneth B. , Spatt Chester S.
Published: March 2003

We analyze the impact of a contract's length, callability, amortization, and original discount by arbitrage methods. Among instruments that are callable without penalty, longer instruments command a higher interest rate because the borrower possesses the option of repaying relatively more slowly. However, the rate on longer self‐amortizing loans cannot be substantially larger than for shorter ones because the payments decrease with contract length. Bounds on the trade‐off between points and rate for callable debt are characterized using the trade‐off for noncallable debt and the property that the value of the prepayment option increases with the loan's interest rate.
Is Group Affiliation Profitable in Emerging Markets? An Analysis of Diversified Indian Business Groups
Authors: Khanna Tarun , Palepu Krishna
Published: March 2003

Emerging markets like India have poorly functioning institutions, leading to severe agency and information problems. Business groups in these markets have the potential both to offer benefits to member firms, and to destroy value. We analyze the performance of affiliates of diversified Indian business groups relative to unaffiliated firms. We find that accounting and stock market measures of firm performance initially decline with group diversification and subsequently increase once group diversification exceeds a certain level. Unlike U.S. conglomerates' lines of business, and similar to the affiliates of U.S. LBO associations, affiliates of the most diversified business groups outperform unaffiliated firms.
Stock Repurchases in Canada: Performance and Strategic Trading
Authors: Ikenberry David , Lakonishok Josef , Vermaelen Theo
Published: March 2003

During the 1980s, U.S. firms announcing stock repurchases earned favorable long‐run returns. Recently, concerns have been raised over the robustness of these findings. This concern comes at a time of explosive growth in repurchase programs. Thus, we study new evidence from the 1990s for 1,060 Canadian repurchase programs. Moreover, because of Canadian law, we can carefully track repurchase activity monthly. Similarly to the situation in the United States, the Canadian stock market discounts the information in repurchase announcements, particularly for value stocks. Completion rates in Canada are sensitive to mispricing. Trades also appear linked to price movements; managers buy more shares when prices fall.
Can Investors Profit from the Prophets? Security Analyst Recommendations and Stock Returns
Authors: Barber Brad , Lehavy Reuven , McNichols Maureen , Trueman Brett
Published: March 2003

We document that purchasing (selling short) stocks with the most (least) favorable consensus recommendations, in conjunction with daily portfolio rebalancing and a timely response to recommendation changes, yield annual abnormal gross returns greater than four percent. Less frequent portfolio rebalancing or a delay in reacting to recommendation changes diminishes these returns; however, they remain significant for the least favorably rated stocks. We also show that high trading levels are required to capture the excess returns generated by the strategies analyzed, entailing substantial transactions costs and leading to abnormal net returns for these strategies that are not reliably greater than zero.
Spatial Price Discrimination in Two‐Dimensional Competitive Markets
Authors: Sanner Helge , Scholer Klaus
Published: March 2003

Intuition suggests that firms that can apply price discrimination make higher profits than firms that are restricted in their pricing policy. In this paper, we show that, in general, this is not the case. In the framework of a two‐dimensional spatial model with elastic demand à la Lösch, we further investigate the interplay of transport costs, competition, and price policy. One of our results is that under realistic specifications of parameters each firm gains a monopolistic area in the center of its market that has the same shape as the entire market, but with a convexly or concavely distorted separating line, depending on the extension of the market.
Spatial Aspects of Capacity Change by U.S. Integrated Steel Producers
Authors: Beeson Patricia , Giarratani Frank
Published: March 2003

This paper examines changes in the location of ore‐based steel‐makingcapacity in the U.S. over the period 1974 to 1991 using data on each of the 45 ore‐based mills that were in operation in 1974. We find that the geographic ddistributions of demand and of competition from minimills and imports were important in determining where capacity reductions occurred and which plants were closed. Technology in use at the plant also affected capacity adjustment. However, we find that regional variation in prices of raw materials were notimportant factors in determining where steel‐making capacity was reduced.
Understanding Spatial Inertia: A Comment on Tellier and Vertefeuille
Authors: Plastria Frank , Rosing Kenneth E.
Published: March 2003

In this paper we address problems regarding the applicability of themathematical statements in a recent paper in this journal by Tellier and Vertefeuille (1995). These problems have a serious impact on the conclusions drawn in the work.
Further Understanding Spatial Inertia: A Reply to Plastria and Rosing
Authors: Tellier Luc‐Normand , Pinsonnault Martin
Published: March 2003

Our position with respect to Plastria and Rosing's comments isqualified. Some of their comments are irrelevant because they attack a general statement that is not included in Tellier and Vertefeuille's paper (1995). Portions of their comments on the mathematical framework are relevant and have some implication for the validity of the mathematical relations proposed. A new analysis of the local behavior of the Weberian optimum is presented and its probabilistic interpretation is emphasized. On the basis of this analysis and ofempirical observation, we maintain that Tellier and Vertefeuille's paper was genericallycorrect with regard to spatial inertia.
Optimal Environmental policies for Sustainable Growth: A Two‐Region Model
Authors: Inoue Tomoko
Published: March 2003

I examine the sustainability of a spatial economy consisting of an advanced region and a developing region. The advanced region aids the developing region with technological knowledge on pollution abatement. The model is based mainly on that of van den Bergh and Nijkamp (1995) but differs in that the aids are determined through an optimal control method. The numerical simulation shows that the optimal control policy is thought to be effective in the sense that almost all trajectories of the welfare index of the advanced region are single‐peaked with a fairly long duration of growth, and the policy favorably affects the welfare level of the developing region.
Creating a New Welfare Reality: Early Implementation of the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families Program
Authors: Pavetti LaDonna A.
Published: March 2003

This article describes the new welfare reality that has emerged since the passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996. The author focuses on four key dimensions of this new system: conditional availability of cash assistance, the promotion of rapid entry into the labor market, an increased emphasis on the provision of work supports, and limited expansion of services for nonworking Temporary Assistance for Needy Family (TANF) recipients. Stringent work mandates reinforced with tough financial penalties for noncompliance and limits on the number of months families can receive assistance have created a cash assistance system that requires significantly more of families than the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program. Although it is true that more is expected of families, many states have also substantially increased the support provided to families as they make the transition to paid employment.
The Impact of Welfare Reform Policies on Child Protective Services: A National Study
Authors: Romero Diana , Chavkin Wendy , Wise Paul H.
Published: March 2003

The 1996 welfare reform bill set forth major changes in social welfare policies. In addition to federal work requirements and time limits, new state policies impose behavioral mandates that may be accompanied by financial sanctions for noncompliance. Analysis of a survey of state Child Protection Services (CPS) directors focuses on four major areas: effect of Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) on CPS; interaction between the two agencies; role of TANF sanctions in referrals to CPS; and select special areas of concern. This research provides empirical insight into the interaction between these two agencies, specific TANF sanctions, and the potential conflicts between TANF policies and CPS concerns for the welfare of children and families under its charge.
More Than Epistemology: Relationships in Applied Research With Underserved Communities
Authors: Brodsky Anne E.
Published: March 2003

The nature and consequences of researcher‐participant relationships are explored within methodological frameworks, and the impact of relationship roles and decisions are examined through an example of applied research with low‐income women and an agency that serves them. Three types of relationship issues and decisions are discussed: (1) the construction of research relationships with two groups of participants: agency staff and agency clients; (2) the involvement of multiple researchers; and (3) the definition and boundaries of the research relationships pertinent to work with people and communities with limited resources. Researcher‐participant relationship dilemmas and decisions have implications for the quality of our research and the lives of our participants.
Constructive and Constructivist Challenges for Applied Linguistics
Authors: McGroarty Mary
Published: March 2003

I argue here that the most productive future directions for theory building and research in applied linguistics derive from the extent to which the field's investigators can enrich their conceptual frameworks and methods with insights from “constructivist” scholarly approaches. Such approaches are marked by heightened attention to agency and subjectivity, to the generation and interpretation of meaning, and to the constant interplay between individual and group activity. In addition, I discuss scholarship from other social sciences that further illuminates conditions affecting language learning. The presentation focuses on 3 arenas in which such approaches and additional scholarship have generated important new questions for applied linguistics: (a) the multiple identities of language users, (b) the identification of optimal environments for language acquisition, and (c) the institutional constraints affecting language acquisition and instruction. In each area, constructivist approaches challenge applied linguists to rethink the bounds of the theories andmethods that guide their work.
Bimodal Speech Perception by Native and Nonnative Speakers of English: Factors Influencing the McGurk Effect
Authors: Hardison Debra M.
Published: March 2003

This research provides a multidisciplinary perspective on the factors influencing the process of integrating auditory and visual information in speech perception, and the nature of the mental representations to which speech input is matched for identification. Most previous studies of L2 speech perception had focused on only one source of input—the auditory modality. In this study, however, the occurrence of the McGurk effect (the influence of visual or lip‐read information on speech perception) pointed to the power of visible speech in face‐to‐face communication for L2 learners as well as native speakers. Participants were advanced ESL learners of 4 L1s (Japanese, Korean, Spanish, and Malay) and native speakers of English. In this experimental design, six CV syllables with /p, f, w, r, t, k/ were combined on videotape to create concordant and discordant conditions (i.e., where audiovisual cues were matched and mismatched). This design permits the tagging of input according to its source in order to evaluate the relative contributions of each modality to the perceptual outcome. Results indicated that the learners' L1s influenced the relative information value of the auditory and visual cues, and thus their contribution to a single percept. The Japanese and Korean learners' identification accuracy of /f/ and /r/ increased with matched visual cues. It was evident that learners attended to visual cues to identify speech sounds even though they had not received any explicit training.

By drawing from the literature on L2 phonology, speechreading, speech perception, attention, similarity, and categorization, this work demonstrates the need for a model of L2 speech acquisition within a cognitive framework to account for bimodal input in the broader context of spoken language processing. Findings also point to the need to incorporate into perceptual training for L2 learners the enhancement of the information value of visual cues as a second channel of input.
Beliefs about Language Learning and their Relationship to the Ability to Integrate Information from Word Parts and Context in Interpreting Novel Kanji Words
Authors: Mori Yoshiko
Published: March 2003

This study explores the relationship between the strategies second language learners use to interpret unfamiliar words in a target language, and their general epistemological beliefs (i.e., beliefs about the nature of knowledge) and beliefs specifically about language learning. More specifically, this study examines how learner beliefs are related to the ability to combine information from word parts and context in interpreting novel semantically semitransparent kanji compounds (i.e., words consisting of 2 or more Chinese characters). Forty‐seven English‐speaking learners of Japanese completed both a belief questionnaire and a 72‐item multiple‐choice kanji compounds test. Results indicate modest but statistically significant correlations between (a) belief in the simplicity of knowledge and a tendency to overrely on a single source of information, (b) avoidance of ambiguity and overreliance on kanji clues, and (c) perception of the difficulty of kanji learning and greater use of contextual clues. These findings suggest that language learners' word inference strategies at least partially reflect their beliefs about learning in general and language learning in particular.
Ethnocentrism, Cultural Traits, Beliefs, and English Proficiency: A Japanese Sample
Authors: Hinenoya Kimiko , Gatbonton Elizabeth
Published: March 2003

This article reports on a study investigating the role in second language (L2) learning of ethnocentrism, cultural and personality traits, and acceptance of values and beliefs expressed in myths and proverbs. Although scholars have conjectured that these factors may play an important role in L2 proficiency, there has been very little empirical investigation of this issue. In our study, 108 adult Japanese living in North America were asked how much they agreed with or accepted statements expressing ethnocentric views about Japanese culture and language that described their shyness, inwardness, and groupist tendencies and that indicated certain Japanese values and beliefs as expressed through myths and proverbs. Three sets of variables were tested: (a) participants’ ethnocentrism, (b) willingness to acknowledge certain cultural traits as being characteristic of Japanese as a group, and (c) willingness to accept the validity of Japanese‐oriented myths and proverbs. The participants’ responses on these variables were correlated with their levels of English proficiency as measured by a cloze test, a self‐rated ability sacle, and a self‐rated performance scale. It was hypothesized that the higher the participants’ responses on these variables, the lower their proficiency levels in English would be. Results suggest that these cultural traits and beliefs play a role in L2 learning but provide little evidence for an effect of ethnocentrism as the term is commonly defined.
Differing Perceptions of EFL Writing among Readers in Japan
Authors: Rinnert Carol , Kobayashi Hiroe
Published: March 2003

This quantitative and qualitative study investigated perceptions of English compositions among four groups of readers (N= 465) in Japan. Analyses of evaluative criteria and readers' comments yielded the following clear parallel results: Whereas inexperienced English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students attended predominantly to content in both judging and commenting on compositions, more experienced EFL students and nonnative English teachers showed greater concern than the inexperienced students did for clarity, logical connections, and organization. The experienced groups' perceptions tended to be more similar to the perceptions of native English‐speaking teachers than those of the inexperienced EFL students. This tendency suggests that there is a gradual change in Japanese readers' perceptions of English composition from preferring the writing features of their first language (L1) to preferring many of the writing features of the second language (L2). The results imply that the particular kind of evaluation and feedback students are asked to provide on their peers' writing should vary according to the amount of L2 writing awareness and experience they have acquired.
CCD Image System Design And Exploitation: Experiences And Lessons Learned
Authors: Hoffman G. R.
Published: March 2003

The use of digital imagery, acquired through charge‐coupled devices (CCDs) either by the scanning of hard copy film or direct capture through the use of a CCD camera, has fundamentally changed the photogrammetric environment. In order to fully exploit these digital image data, the photogrammetrist must employ system design, implementation philosophies and processing methodologies different from those of traditional film based photogrammetry. It is now possible for these new photogrammetric systems to be operated from low cost, high performance PC and Macintosh class commercial hardware, using vendor supplied software for user developed applications.

This paper explores lessons learned and experiences gained from low cost, digital photogrammetric system development and CCD image exploitation. Examples and discussion presented in this paper include: (1) integration of user developed applications with commercial hardware and software; (2) user interface design; (3) validation of processing algorithms within the digital image domain; (4) system calibration; (5) digital image data handling, management and storage; and (6) image data compression. The film based photogrammetric system provides the point of departure to digital photogrammetry. Technical knowledge, system design and implementation and CCD image exploitation provide the experience.
Photogrammetry for GIS: The Multimedia Revolution
Authors: Waters R. S.
Published: March 2003

After giving an account of his personal experiences in the mapping industry, the author considers definitions of the terms photogrammetry, GIS and multimedia. The interaction of photogrammetry and GIS from the viewpoint of commercial suppliers is examined with reference to four companies: Intergraph, Leica, Laser‐Scan and ERDAS. The main effects on the end user of a fast developing market are identified as the need to choose from an ever increasing diversity of products and services, and the opportunity to benefit from the changing presentation of height information. Finally the subject of professional institutions is discussed; any proposals for further fragmentation should be resisted.
Helicopter Supported Photogrammetric Survey of Ramsberg Castle
Authors: Eckstein G. , Peipe J.
Published: March 2003

Ramsberg Castle is to be restored and renovated to allow a new use of the building. This requires extensive structural and architectural analyses based upon metric documentation. The façades of the castle were recorded photogrammetrically. Photography from the ground was impossible due to the steep terrain on three sides of the building. For this reason, the photographs were taken from a helicopter. A 4 × 5 inch Linh of Metrika réseau camera was used.

Because of the adverse topography, only a few control points could be determined by on‐site theodolite measurement. Therefore the control network was achieved by means of photogrammetric bundle triangulation. Stereorestitution was performed using an analytical plotter connected with a CAD system. Drawings at 1:50 scale were then derived from the as‐built CAD model.
Computer Assisted Learning of Photogrammetric Measurement
Authors: King B. A. , Fryer J. G.
Published: March 2003

This paper describes a project, the aim of which was to develop a computer assisted package for the teaching of analytical photogrammetry and especially the use of the ADAM Technology MPS‐2 Micro Photogrammetric Stereoplotter.
Photogrammetric Performance Evaluation of A 4096×4096 Pixel Digital Camera Back
Authors: Peipe J.
Published: March 2003

The paper deals with the determination of the metric quality of a 409634096 pixel high resolution digital camera back achieved from testfield measurements.
A Flexible Analysis Procedure for Geometrical Detection of Spatial Deformation
Authors: Setan H.
Published: March 2003

Methods for deformation monitoring are based on two‐epoch analysis. During geometrical deformation detection, it is required to transform the results into a common datum, identify a set of stable points and localize the deformation. This paper describes a flexible analysis procedure that incorporates stability determination, congruency testing, S‐transformations, localization and testing of spatial deformation. The procedure has been implemented into a computer program, DETECT. Two photogrammetric monitoring schemes were analysed using DETECT for identifying the significance of spatial deformation between epochs. The results confirmed the suitability of the procedure in practical applications.
The Photogrammetric Society Analogue Instrument Project: A Ninth Extract
Authors: Burnside C. D.
Published: March 2003

The paper entitled The Photogrammetric Society Analogue Instrument Project was published in The Photogrammetric Record 14(82): 565‐582 (October 1993). Extracts have appeared in each subsequent issue such that all the standard types of analogue instruments mentioned in the catalogue have now been included, some 28 instruments in all.

In this final extract, the three remaining instruments listed in the catalogue are dealt with. All are of a type usually known as approximate solution instruments because they did not attempt any form of accurate space intersection but relied on applying a number of corrections to a model formed on the assumption that the photographs being used were true verticals taken at the same altitude. The accuracies achieved by such instruments depended both on how close the photography being used was to this ideal situation and on the degree of sophistication in the design of the analogue correctors incorporated in any particular instrument. The raison d'être for such a genre of instrument was essentially one of cost. Any organization faced with the requirement to produce small scale topographic mapping of an extensive region within a reasonable period of time might consider spending its available funds on a larger number of cheaper approximate solution instruments, always provided that an acceptable degree of accuracy could be maintained. Fortunately for such projects the specification would normally be for mapping of a graphical order of accuracy produced from high altitude photography. At such altitudes, stable flying conditions and small camera tilts of the order of 3° to 4° could realistically be expected. However, to obtain the best possible results from such photography, the best images possible should be provided for the operator, a factor sometimes overlooked by some manufacturers in their attempts to produce cheaper instruments.

In view of the background to the development of British photogrammetry mentioned in previous extracts, it is perhaps surprising that a successful instrument of this type was not produced in the UK at a much earlier point in the era of analogue photogrammetry. Approximate methods were certainly favoured and promoted but only as far as planimetric maps were concerned. For these, form lines rather than contours were drawn when height information was considered necessary. However, when it was finally produced, the Thompson CP1 (manufactured by Cartographic Engineering Ltd.) proved to be an excellent instrument of its type and less approximate in its solution than most of its competitors. The other two instruments described in this extract are the Zeiss Stereotope and the Galileo‐Santoni Stereomicrometer. The instruments are introduced in the order of their appearance on the market, which is also the order of the degree of sophistication found in the analogue computers they employed to reduce the errors introduced by any camera and airbase tilt present in the photography.
Some Considerations for the Statistical Testing of Least SquaresAdjustments of Photogrammetric Bundles
Authors: King B. A.
Published: March 2003

A review of the statistical testing of least squares photogrammetric bundle adjustments is presented. Various points are considered, including the effects of computation of the degrees of freedom and, in particular, assessing the goodness of fit of the adjustment residuals. Also discussed is how these tests relate to the assessment of the adjustment of the same data under different functional models.
Measuring Dynamic Response of a Golf Club During Swing and Impact
Authors: Smith M. J. , Mather J. S. B. , Gibson K. A. H. , Jowett S.
Published: March 2003

The University of Nottingham has been undertaking research into the dynamics of a golf club shaft during a swing for a number of years. The measurement of the deformation of the golf club as it is being swung has been undertaken by close range photogrammetry. The measurement system originally developed was based on the use of two 35 mm SLR cameras and the use of a direct linear transformation computation from measurements of the photographs made on a digitizing tablet. Recently, the system has been revised and enhanced, and the images are now scanned and measured digitally. This paper presents a background to the project, a description of the instrumentation and how it is used. The measurement and computational procedures are explained and results from trials will be discussed.
Aspects of Change in Air Survey Primary Data Acquisition
Authors: Read R. E.
Published: March 2003

The number of people involved in the actual process of airborne data collection has always been relatively small in comparison with the large number of end users of the product. As with many aspects of photogrammetry, the techniques and equipment used in aerial imagery acquisition have changed rapidly over recent years. Other outside influences are having an effect on how aerial operations are carried out and this paper examines how these factors will affect air survey as we approach the millennium.
The Interpolation Problem in Gps‐Supported Aerial Triangulation
Authors: Lichti Derek
Published: March 2003

This paper gives the results of an investigation into the use of different sampling rates and models for the interpolation of perspective‐centre coordinates in GPS‐assisted aerial triangulation. Industry‐standard models and rigorous signal reconstruction filtering have been implemented for two largescale photogrammetric blocks. GPS sampling rate was found to have the most impact on bundle adjustment results in terms of the perspective‐centre residuals. However, the accuracy of object‐space point coordinates was found to be invariant to both GPS sampling rate and interpolation method
Major Players: Bureaucracies In American Government
Authors: Kaufman Herbert
Published: March 2003

For more than 50 years, Herbert Kaufman has been an astute observer of public bureaucracies. In this essay, Kaufman draws on his extensive experience in explaining the role of public bureaucracies in the American political system. Kaufman was motivated to write the essay because of his concern that public bureaucracies are not given adequate attention in American government textbooks. We hope that PAR readers will use the essay to educate students and others about the important role of public bureaucracies in American government.—LDT
An Essay on Comparative Administration
Authors: Tummala Krishna K.
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed:

John A. Rohr, Founding Republics in France and America: A Study in Constitutional Governance.
Reforming Budget Systems in Countries of the Former Soviet Union
Authors: Mikesell John L. , Mullins Daniel R.
Published: March 2003

The countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU) required considerable revision to their budget processes and procedures to establish systems consistent with transformation from controlled dependencies within a larger planned economy to independent governments of fledgling market‐oriented democracies. This article considers the degree to which preexisting, reforming, and reformed budget systems in FSU countries deliver the basic expectations of a public sector resource allocation system. Evidence indicates failures to realign budgeting and finance systems designed for command and control environments to the demands of more market based economic systems, with effects often magnified by the hybrid economies of these transitional states. Significant difficulties and shortcomings in the ability of existing systems to perform basic public sector allocation, management, and control functions are the result, but some countries are ahead of others and their experience can guide reforms across the FSU.
E. H. Carr
Authors: Davies R. W.
Published: March 2003

Article reviewed:

Haslam, Jonathan, The Vices of Integrity: E. H. Carr, 1892‐1982
The Great Terror: Suicide or Murder?
Authors: Rees E. A.
Published: March 2003

Article reviewed:

Getty, J. Arch, and Oleg V. Naumov, The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self‐Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932‐1939Translations by Benjamin Sher.
Inhabiting Soviet Modernity
Authors: Kiaer Christina
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Buchli, Victor, An Archaeology of Socialism. Materializing Culture
The Ideology of Martin Malia
Authors: Kotsonis Yanni
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

The Soviet Tragedy: A History of Socialism in Russia, 1917–1991, by Martin Malia
Film Review: Mother and Son
Authors: Iordanova Dina
Published: March 2003

Film reviewed in this article:

Mother and Son. Russia/Germany 1997. Director, Alexander Sokurov. Camera, Alexei Fedorov. Cast, Aleksey Ananishov, Gudrun Geyer
Sex, Age, and the Implementation of the Motor Voter Act: The 1996 Presidential Election
Authors: Parry Janine A. , Shields Todd G.
Published: March 2003

Objective. Among the existing studies of political participation, few discuss differences between men and women. Of those published, most have focused upon substantive policy preferences, perhaps noting women's newly dominant electoral presence but not probing its characteristics or limits. In this analysis we build on the work of Schlozman, Burns, and Verba (1994) by examining the compound effects of closing dates, state National Voter Registration Act implementation delay, and age upon women and men. Methods. Using the 1996 Current Population Survey Voter Supplement we compare the impact of legal obstacles among different age groups of men and women in the 1996 presidential election. Results. We find that legal restrictions do have a different impact on men and women, especially the youngest and oldest members of the latter group. Conclusions. The most significant implication of our work is that policy efforts aimed at further reducing legal barriers to political participation may facilitate women's growing electoral dominance.
“Spiritualizing the Political”: Christ and Christianity in Gandhi'sSatyagraha
Authors: Johnson Richard L. , Ledbetter Eric
Published: March 2003

Gandhi's intense study of Christ and Christianity, especially in South Africa, had a major impact on his satyagraha campaigns in both South Africa and India. Although satyagrahais often considered only in its political aspect, and although several studies of his religious beliefs have been done without reference to their political implications, Gandhi himself emphasized throughout his life that he sought to spiritualize the political, to establish a spiritual basis for all his social and political work. Gandhi was especially moved by the similar themes he found in the Sermon on the Mount and the Bhagavad Gita. Christ's ethic of Love, expressed especially in the admonitions to “resist not evil” and to “make this world the Kingdom of God,“ deepened Gandhi's inclusive Hindu faith and contributed to his theory of nonviolent direct action.
For Better or Worse? Community Relations Initiatives in Northern Ireland
Authors: Hughes Joanne , Knox Colin
Published: March 2003

The last ten years have seen the most sustained attempt by the British government to address the underlying problems of segregation and division in Northern Ireland through a reexamination of public policy issues (housing, education, and employment). This paper examines the contribution of one such policy initiative, a “bottom‐up” approach to community relations under the auspices of the Central Community Relations Unit. Official evaluations of twenty‐two projects are reviewed and assessed against principles of good practice emerging from a growing body of theoretical literature on effective intergroup contact.
"Gram Swaraj" versus “Globalization”
Authors: Rigby Andrew
Published: March 2003

Since 1991, India has been pursuing macroeconomic policies of liberalization and globalization, the main costs of which have fallen on the poorest sections of society. Popular movements of resistance and the positive vision of “gram swaraj.” This paper focuses on one such movement, the opposition to the spread of aquacultural enterprises along the southeastern coast of India. The continuities between the values embodied in the concept of “gram swaraj” and the themes of contemporary advocates of alternative patterns of sustainable development are highlighted. The paper concludes by exploring the significance of the linkages established between the grass‐roots movements of resistance in the South India and transnational campaigns and movements.
The Woman inside the Negotiations: Alva Myrdal's Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, 1961–1982
Authors: Herman Sondra R.
Published: March 2003

Alva Myrdal, Sweden's chief negotiator at the United Nations Eighteen Nation Disarmament Commission, devoted the last twenty years of her life (up to 1982) to nuclear disarmament. With a powerful antinuclear women's movement behind her, Myrdal offered proposals such as nuclear‐free zones, a no‐first‐strike pledge by the nuclear powers, and a comprehensive nuclear test ban monitored by seismic stations and satellites. She asserted that the escalating arms race was irrational as well as dangerous. Disarmament would bring far greater security to both superpowers and all the peoples of the world. Because no real disarmament followed the signing of the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty in 1971, she considered her efforts a failure. However, she had demonstrated women's leadership ability in a technically complex and crucial area of cold war diplomacy, and her proposals bore fruit later.
If You Want Justice, Work for Peace
Authors: Kendall III Walter J.
Published: March 2003

Nobel Lectures—Peace—1971–1980 edited by Irwin Abrams

Nobel Lectures—Peace—1981–1990 edited by Irwin Abrams
More Questions than Answers: Dilemmas of Humanitarian Action
Authors: Väyrynen Raimo
Published: March 2003

The world has largely internalized the moral imperative to provide relief to the victims of humanitarian emergencies. Due to the increasing and diversified efforts by nongovernmental organizations and governmental agencies, the international capacity to deliver humanitarian aid is mostly in place. Obviously, the political will of governments and the capacity of the fragmented nongovernmental organization field to provide assistance is sometimes in doubt. However, the main humanitarian dilemma concerns the political repercussions of assistance which has become a resource in and a part of the dynamics of local conflicts. As the cases of Bosnia, Rwanda, and Somalia indicate, military faction leaders have learned to take advantage of the relief operations, which has resulted in their misuse and even prolonged the crisis (of which Sudan is a good example). To alleviate this problem, one can pursue two avenues: either reform the aid process or use military force more systematically to protect the deliveries and people involved. The emphasis should be on the reform of humanitarian relief.
Grass‐Roots Conflict Resolution Exercises andConstituent Commitment
Authors: Hubbard Amy S.
Published: March 2003

A basic assumption behind intergroup conflict resolution theory and practice is that representatives of communities in conflict who successfully find common ground through conflict resolution exercises will then work symmetrically to commit their own constituents to that same agreement. This paper argues that such beliefs are based on a general model of conflict resolution derived from official conflict resolution exercises such as mediation and international negotiation. Rather, grass‐roots conflict resolution groups find that constituent commitment is hindered by organizational problems inherent in such groups. They may, in fact, demonstrate a different pattern whereby participants use the bridge they build to cross over and address constituents on the other side. This paper is based on a six‐year participant‐observation study of a U.S.‐based Middle East dialogue group.
Atlantic Federalism and the Expanding Atlantic Nucleus
Authors: Straus Ira
Published: March 2003

The Atlantic federalist movements since 1865 laid the ground for the several generations of actual Atlantic alliance: the Anglo‐American rapprochement of the 1890s, the fighting alliances of the World Wars, and after 1945, the institutionalized Euro‐Atlantic system of NATO, EU, OECD and G‐7. Atlantic Union was proposed as an expandable “nucleus” for world federation, adding more countries as they became democratic; in practice, the Atlantic system has in each generation added former enemies: France, Italy‐Germany‐Japan, Spain, and now ex‐Communist countries. The rush to join is creating new pressure for institutional deepening.
Teaching about Race Comparatively Through Study Tours
Authors: Will Donald S. , Young Karen Beasley , Collins Kathaleen C.
Published: March 2003

Many students labor under the misconception that race is primarily a biological category. Such a misunderstanding impedes education and policies designed to reduce racism. When students are taught that race is a social construct, as opposed to a biological category, they often have difficulty grasping the concept because racial categories in the United States are of long standing and often seem immutable. Cross‐cultural comparisons of racial orders demonstrate to students that alternative categories have arisen due to differing socioeconomic histories. Through two interterm study tour classes visiting first Cuba, and then Haiti and Jamaica, Chapman University encouraged students to constrast the racial divisions in these societies with that of the United States. This article presents the reflections of two faculty members and of a student who enrolled in both classes.
Managing Africa's Violent Conflicts
Authors: Jackson Richard
Published: March 2003

Conflict management research has not often compared the effectiveness of different methods such as negotiation and mediation. Consequently, applying conflict management techniques to international disputes has sometimesbeen ad hoc and ineffectual. This article compares the effectiveness of negotiation and mediation in African conflict management in the period 1945 to 1995. Utilizing an original data set on cases of negotiation and mediation, the analysis indicates that, overall, bilateral negotiations are more successful than mediation. However, negotiation is difficult to initiate in cases of intense, intractable civil conflicts, and works best in cases of interstate disputes. Given that Africa’s worst conflicts are all intense, long‐running civil wars, improving the effectiveness of mediation in the region is a top priority.
Reconciling Relationships while Pursuing Justice: The Case Of Land Redistribution in Zimbabwe
Authors: McCandless Erin
Published: March 2003

This article explores the ways in which land redistribution efforts in Zimbabwe contribute to the building of constructive intercommunal relationships and a sustainable peace. Paradoxical questions are conceptualized and analysis and recommendations offered, elicited from stakeholder communities. For theorists interested in reconciliation, this case points towards the need for critical reflection into the ways in which social and economic relationships and structures factor into peace‐building.
Non‐Racialism Versus Nationalism: ContrastingSolutions to Conflict in South Africa and Israel/Palestine
Authors: Will Donald S.
Published: March 2003

South Africa and Israel/Palestine present dramatically different courses of social change. Both have roots as settler societies, albeit with some distinct differences. The quest to bridge the ethnic nationalism separating the settlers from the indigenous peoples has led in South Africa to an inclusivist nationalism and a redefinition of the state. In contrast, Israeli Jews and Palestinian Arabs each cling to essentially nationalist definitions of the state, closely linked to ethnicity and sometimes religion. Does SouthAfrica offer lessons for Israel/Palestine? Will the latter conflict be resolved with‐out seriously reconsidering the concept of a “Jewish state”? The sources and strength of nationalism suggest that peace between Palestinian Arabs and Israeli Jews still may be many years away .
The Mozambican Peace Process: An (Over)Abundance of Lessons
Authors: Minter William
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Richard Synge, Mozambique: UN Peacekeeping in Action, 1992–94

Jeremy Armon, Dylan Hendrickson, and Alex Vines, eds., The Mozambican Peace Process in Perspective

Carolyn Nordstrom, A Different Kind of War Story

Thomas Ohlson, Power Politics and Peace Politics: Intra‐State Conflict Resolution in Southern Africa
A Historian’sEngagement
Authors: Schalk David L.
Published: March 2003

This memoir offers a microhistorical analysis of the American anti–Vietnam War movement. The author's aims in bringing this memoir of his five years as a draft counselor to the public a quarter‐century after the Vietnam War's end are three. First, the scholarly goal is historical recuperation of a key ingredient of the antiwar movement that has been studied from a national, but rarely a local, perspective. Secondly, the author hopes that before his generation passes, while there are still surviving activists, his text will inspire other draft counselors to come forward and publish similar accounts, which should offer interesting regional comparisons and provide the basis for a broader national study. Finally, the author, trained as an intellectual historian, hypothesizes that his memoir may provide some empirical support for Julien Benda's claim that “history is made of shreds of justice that the intellectual has torn from the politician.”
W.E.B. Du Bois and the Wounded World: Seeking Meaning in the First World War for African‐Americans
Authors: Keene Jennifer D.
Published: March 2003

In his unpublished and published writings, W.E.B. Du Bois struggled for fifteen years with multiple interpretations of the First World War's significance for African‐Americans. Du Bois argued that the war was a futile exercise brought on by capitalist imperialists, but then glorified the military accomplishments of black soldiers and the chance African‐American soldiers had to experience the joys of being treated as equals by the French. The urgency he felt to present his version of the history of the First World War reflected his belief that unstable race relations would likely mean another war in the near future. The possibility of a Pan‐African community emerging from the war fascinated Du Bois, and he hoped the war would provide a way for the black world to reunite and become a political force. Du Bois also wanted the white world to take note of the central role Africa and black soldiers played in the war. Du Bois, however, gradually became disillusioned with the notion that war could serve as a vehicle for positive social change as he realized that postwar economic problems had intensified racial hatred throughout the world. He also doubted the ability of World War I to serve as “the war to end all wars” until the problem of racial prejudice was solved. In the end, Du Bois rejected war as a way to advance the economic or political interests of the black world.
The Exercise of Authority to Prevent Communal Conflict
Authors: Bock Joseph G.
Published: March 2003

This article attempts to bridge the gap between research on the role of leaders in conflict prevention, on the one hand, and studies on obedience to authority, on the other. The former has been the focus of political scientists and international relations specialists while the latter has been researched extensively by social psychologists. Studies of obedience provide an explanation of the potential role of authority in conflict prevention. This article discusses investments in peace that focus on building inter‐communal harmony, and compares them to investment in a business setting. It argues that peace research could benefit from a focus on obedience studies comparing the role of conflict‐promoting authority figures to that of conflict‐preventing authority figures. It supports the view that aid agencies that train community leaders in communal conflict preemption techniques are making effective investments in peace.