bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GÊNERO E OS FEMINISMO (s) AFRICANO (s)
Authors: Silva Dayane Augusta Santos da
Published: August 2021

No continente africano, é recente a publicação da carta de princípios feministas para as feministas africanas. O documento é resultado do Fórum Feminista Africano, ocorrido em Gana, em novembro de 2006, onde mais de 100 ativistas de todas as regiões de África e diáspora reuniram-se. Neste espaço autônomo de reflexão coletiva e crítica, reconheceu-se as multiplicidades identitárias destas mulheres enquanto feministas africanas. Na carta, destacaram a importância do reconhecimento das memórias de suas ancestrais cujos nomes raramente são registrados nos livros de História e insistiram na ideia de que um feminismo importado do Ocidente para a África é um profundo insulto[1].  Afirmaram as ativistas: “somos mulheres africanas – vivemos aqui em África e mesmo quando vivemos em outro lugar, o nosso foco é sobre a vida das mulheres africanas no continente. A nossa identidade feminista não se qualifica com “se”, “mas” ou “porém”. Somos feministas”. Ponto”[2]. As feministas africanas concentram-se na experiência das mulheres africanas e ressaltam as diferentes formas de opressão as quais estas mulheres estão sujeitas, sob outra ótica. Este artigo parte da análise de material bibliográfico produzido por feministas, acadêmicas africanas, que independentemente de seu país de origem, no continente ou na diáspora, têm buscado refletir partindo do ponto de vista africano, embora reconhecendo a imensa heterogeneidade que opera dentro dos limites deste termo. O esforço aqui não é de categorizar ou classificar as obras das feministas africanas, mas analisar algumas implicações teóricas que o uso do termo trás.[1] Carta de princípios feministas para as feministas africanas. Disponível em https://www.geledes.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/AFF-Feminist-Charter-Digital-%E2%80%93-Portuguese.pdf Acesso em 08/112018, p. 12.[2] Ibidem, p. 6.
UM ESTUDO DA CAPACIDADE DE RESILIÊNCIA DA POPULAÇÃO DE LUANDA NO PÓS-GUERRAS – A CONSTRUÇÃO NARRATIVA EM OXALÁ CRESÇAM PITANGAS E É DREDA SER ANGOLANO (2006/2008).
Authors: Cruz Paula Faccini de Bastos
Published: August 2021

Este artigo é parte integrante de minha tese de doutorado, intitulada Vulnerabilidade, resiliência e identidades: construções narrativas no cinema angolano. No presente trabalho analisamos a capacidade de resiliência desenvolvida pela população de Angola, mais especificamente, de Luanda, no período do pós-guerras. Utilizamos para tanto o estudo comparado de duas produções do cinema angolano contemporâneo, Oxalá cresçam pitangas (ONDJAKI, LIBERDADE, 2006) e É dreda ser angolano (FAZUMA, 2008). Nessas duas construções narrativas podemos apontar seis eixos principais de produção e facilitação de resiliência, sejam eles o esporte, as rádios e a pirataria, as artes (música, poesia e cinema), as igrejas e escolas, a clandestinidade e a informalidade, e os sentimentos e afetos.
NARRATIVAS, ESCRITAS E ARQUIVOS: REARTICULANDO EXPERIÊNCIAS E FONTES SOBRE MULHERES AFRICANAS NO BRASIL OITOCENTISTA: NOTAS DE PESQUISAS
Authors: Viana Iamara , Costa Valéria , Gomes Flávio
Published: August 2021

O presente texto trata das reflexões iniciais das investigações em andamento de um projeto mais amplo acerca do protagonismo de mulheres negras em seus projetos e expectativas familiares no período da escravidão. Por meio do levantamento em fontes textuais de natureza eclesiástica e aquela civil e crime ─ devassas e processos de habeas corpus ─ abordamos narrativas de (sobre) africanas e as primeiras gerações daquelas nascidas no Brasil. Partimos de fontes (suas naturezas e abordagens diversas) que no limite sugerem pensar que foram escritas ─ ditadas ─ por pessoas da África especialmente seus testamentos e também devassas eclesiásticas e libelos civis. Mesmo não sendo necessariamente documentos escritos ou ditados por mulheres e homens escravizados expressam suas escolhas, vontades, desejos e percepções de vida.
The Welsh Stroke Conference 2021: a summary
Authors: McLoughlin Alison Sarah Rachel , Bryant Claire
Published: August 2021

July 2021 marked the 19th Welsh Stroke Conference, the first to be delivered virtually. Using the four pillars of practice, this feature will outline some of the content of this useful conference for all stroke practitioners.
The new NHS landscape
Authors: Thomas Sue
Published: August 2021

The NHS is undergoing significant organisational change, moving to a structure in which neurological patients will be managed within integrated care partnerships. Those working in neurology will need to play a major part in new service design at place level. Sue Thomas highlights these new frameworks and attempts to demystify how they will operate.
Training to meet the pandemic's challenges in neuroscience nursing
Authors: Spence Emily
Published: August 2021

All health services and specialities, including neuroscience, are facing an uncertain future as the pandemic's impact continues to be felt throughout 2021. Emily Spence highlights the importance of continuing professional development and education in meeting these challenges.
Cover Cropping and Interseeding Management Practices to Improve Runoff Quality from Dairy Farms in Central Pennsylvania
Authors: Barnes Ryan G. , Rotz C. Alan , Preisendanz Heather E. , Watson Jack E. , Elliott Herschel A. , Veith Tamie L. , Williams Clinton , Brasier Kathryn J.
Published: August 2021

Highlights

Three crop scenarios for eight dairy farm types were simulated using the Integrated Farm System Model.

Cover cropping and interseeding each significantly reduced runoff losses, compared to the baseline, for most farm types.

Interseeding averaged greater reductions in N, P, and sediment losses than cover cropping.

Increases in average annual production costs were <2% of the baseline for most farm types.

Abstract. Intensive agricultural activities are known to increase nutrient and sediment losses, leading to degraded water quality in receiving water bodies. In the Chesapeake Bay watershed, animal operations must reduce farm-level nutrient and sediment losses to meet federally mandated load reduction goals. This work investigated the potential water quality benefits and economic impacts of adopting post-harvest cover cropping or interseeded cover cropping on eight dairy farms representative of common operations in central Pennsylvania. The farms, simulated with the Integrated Farm System Model (IFSM), represented confined, organic, grazing, and Amish farming practices for dairy herds ranging in size from 35 to 150 lactating Holstein cows. Simulations were run for 25 years using observed weather data for Mifflin County, Pennsylvania, and for the dominant agricultural soil series in the county: Hagerstown silt loam. Model output included water balance results, nutrient and sediment loads, and farm-scale economics at an annual scale. Overall, simulation results showed that post-harvest cover cropping reduced N, P, and sediment by 18%, 17%, and 42%, respectively, while interseeding reduced loads by 49%, 41%, and 46%, respectively. Economic impacts of cover cropping and interseeding varied among farm types, but nearly all scenarios resulted in a net loss in profit compared to the baseline. However, annual economic losses were relatively minor: less than $28 ha-1 for cover cropping and $63 ha-1 for interseeding. Results suggest that the benefits of interseeding cover crops are greater for farms with larger portions of land in row crops with less perennial grassland. Interseeding necessitates purchasing additional equipment or custom hiring the seeding operation. These results have implications for cost-share incentive structures aimed at promoting adoption of cover crops and interseeding, especially for confined farms, which may otherwise experience financial losses if these practices are adopted. Keywords: Best management practice, Conservation, Economic evaluation, Erosion, IFSM, Integrated Farm System Model, Nutrient transport, Water quality.
'Verstehen' heißt nicht 'mögen'
Authors: Harden Theo
Published: August 2021

The discussion in the entire area of "intercultural communication" revolves around the issue of facilitating mutual understanding between members of ethnic and cultural communities. The basic assumption is that once this has been achieved, the fundamental problems have been addressed, thereby removing the obstacles for sympathetic interaction. The conclusion that understanding is a necessary condition for liking, is, however, faulty. Empathy and sympathy are - even though related - not identical. In this contribution I will argue that getting to know the "other" better will not automatically result in liking him/her more. The history of exotism from Marco Polo via Columbus to even such sober characters as James Cooke shows that phenomena which are not understood may create very strong positive feelings whereas in an intracultural setting which is certainly not ridden by difficulties encountered in intercultural exchange, we do find clearly marked antipathies. A further topic to be addressed is the issue of whether the matters in question are intrinsically accessible and capable of being mediated in formal instruction.
"Bei Tische halte ich mich unter". Language play in literary texts and using it in teaching German as a foreign language
Authors: Jung Merle
Published: August 2021

Language is not only a vehicle for transporting information, emotions or opinions, it is also a source for discoveries and experiments. Using literary texts including language play in foreign language teaching we can reach different goals: it develops the sensibility of the learners to the foreign language they are learning, it encourages them to use their creativity and fantasy in their own oral and written production, it helps them when learning specific language areas, e. g. phonetics, grammar, orthography; and it also brings fun and variety into the lesson. The most important function of using language play is to make the learners think about the language they speak as the material they can also play with, it means, to accustom them to conscious analyses. Literature is full of language play; several lyrical, epic and dramatic texts build a varied assortment where every teacher can find something suitable for his/her lesson. Playing with language arouses interest in the foreign language and it is the best prerequisite for learning it well.
Die Vorlesung - eine fachsprachliche Textsorte am Beispielder Fachkommunikation Wirtschaft. Eine textlinguistische Analyse mit didaktischen Anmerkungen fürden Fachsprachenunterricht Deutsch als Fremdsprache.
Authors: Grütz Doris
Published: August 2021

Ein Korpus an Vorlesungstexten aus den Wirtschaftswissenschaften wird daraufhin untersucht, welche sprachlichen Mittel seitens des Textproduzenten eingesetzt werden, um die Rede für die Rezipienten verständlich zu gestalten. Die Untersuchung ist mit dem Ziel entstanden, ausländischen Studierenden, die ein Studium an deutschsprachigen Universitäten und Fachhochschulen aufnehmen wollen, Mittel an die Hand zu geben, Texte, mit denen sie häufig konfrontiert werden, möglichst gut zu verstehen. Um einer Vorlesung bewusst und effektiv folgen zu können, bietet das Wissen um Art, Bedeutung und Wirkungsweise der Kohärenz stiftenden sprachlichen Mittel eine Hilfestellung.
Ausgehend von der Prämisse, dass der Fachsprachenunterricht DaF beim Spracherwerb das Fach mit seinen spezifischen Denk- und Mitteilungsstrukturen in den Mittelpunkt stellt (nicht sprachliche Strukturen an sich) (vgl dazu Buhlmann/Fearns 1989:87 und 91f), beschäftigt sich die Arbeit mit den thematischen Mitteln der Textkohärenz: den metakommunikativen Äußerungen, die die Textstruktur sichtbar machen und der Fachlexik.
A selection of texts from lectures in economic studies is examined with the purpose to determine which linguistic means are being employed on behalf of the producer of the texts in order to render the speech comprehensible for the recipients. The aim of the investigation is to provide foreign students who want to begin a course at German speaking universities or polytechnics with a tool which helps them to understand as much as possible texts with which they are frequently confronted. In order to be able to consciously and effectively follow a lecture, the knowledge about the type, meaning and way of action of those means which foster coherence by way of linguistic methods, offers valuable help.
Taking as a point of departure the fact that during language acquisition the specialized language teaching "German as foreign language" focuses on the specific structures of thought and communication and not on linguistic structures as such, the paper is concerned with the thematic means of text coherence: the meta-communicative expressions which visualize the structure of the text, and the terminology relevant to the specialization.
Les femmes et le langage selon Charles Bally: "des moments de décevante inadvertance"?
Authors: Durrer Sylvie
Published: August 2021

Les problématiques rassemblées parfois sous la désignation de "Language and Gender" figurent également dans les publications du linguiste suisse Charles Bally. Cet axe de réflexion, qui n’a guère été remarqué dans son œuvre, mérite d’être mis en lumière, non pas pour faire de Bally un féministe avant l’heure, mais simplement, parce qu’il nous semble important de documenter l’histoire d’une problématique en plein essor. Cet article a donc pour objectif de montrer que la question du traitement des femmes et du féminin par la langue française suscite de nombreuses réflexions dès la fin du XIXe. Il s’agira de procéder à une histoire critique d’un épisode de la "linguistique générique", afin de voir si les actuelles thématiques de cette orientation sont abordées, sous quels aspects, dans quels contextes, avec quels résultats, etc. On pourrait alors être surpris-e de découvrir que Charles Bally n’était pas un cas isolé, mais qu’un grand nombre de contemporains (Nyrop, Brunot, Vendryès, Damourette & Pichon, Dauzat, etc.), se sont eux aussi interrogés, plus ou moins longuement, sur les rapports entre les femmes, le féminin et le langage. Les réflexions "génériques" de Bally et de ses confrères ne sauraient donc être regardées comme de simples "moments décevante inadvertance".
Eugen Lerchs "Wissenschaftsdiplomatie" - Eine Fallstudie zur frühen Rezeption des Strukturalismus in Deutschland. Einige Verdachtsmomente zur Ableitung pejorativer Nomina im Deutschen
Authors: Ehlers Klaas-Hinrich
Published: August 2021

Still today, received wisdom has it that (with rare exceptions) structuralism underwent no reception in Germany before the Second World War and especially not during the period of Nazi rule. In contrast, the present study on Eugen Lerch, a scholar of Romance languages, shows that even among German linguists who today would be considered as far removed from structuralist concerns, structuralism was on the contrary anything but unknown. In 1934, Lerch, a Vossler student, pointed out explicit connections between his own "idealistic" program of linguistic research and the international structuralist movement and emphasized points of methodology he shared in common with Saussure and later also with the Prague and Copenhagen schools of linguistics. Lerch intends his reference to structuralism to serve as argumentative backing for his own linguistic position, which he saw embattled by unceasing polemical attacks. Lerch's self-conscious and well considered "scientific diplomacy" offers clear evidence of the high degree of prestige that the international structuralist movement in linguistics enjoyed in Germany in the nineteen-thirties.
Die Tanzerei und das Gesinge. Einige Verdachtsmomente zur Ableitung pejorativer Nomina im Deutschen
Authors: Harden Theo
Published: August 2021

Derived nouns on -ei (-erei) and those with prefix Ge- and suffix -e have a number of functions in German. The most prominent is arguably the expression of negative speaker attitudes, like dissatisfaction, contempt, etc. Both forms are normally interpreted as being synonymous (e. g. Tanzerei and Getanze). This article has the intention of sketching a more differentiated approach where it will be argued that even though there is considerable overlapping with regard to the meaning of the nouns in question, they cannot be classified as synonymous and that native speakers, even though unaware of the process, seem to have clearly marked preferences which are based on contextual and situational variables.
Es war einmal ein Subjekt
Authors: Hentschel Elke
Published: August 2021

This article deals with the occurrence of es in the subject position in German. It explores the functions of es as the subject of impersonal verbs, impersonal copula constructions and impersonal passive constructions.
Explanations are offered to its obligatory and facultative functions in different construction types. The final part of the paper explores through a pilot study the acceptability of es as an expletive element in sentences with two predicates and one subject. Two rules are given to explain the findings.
Franz Kafkas Deutsch
Authors: Nekula Marek
Published: August 2021

The present paper is concerning with Franz Kafka's German. It calls in question the theories about the poor, impoverished and insular character of Kafka's Prague (ghetto) German in isolation from a German speaking community. The paper presents Franz Kafka's in its temporal, regional and social context: (1) His German participates in the contemporary development of the German language. (2) The German of his private letters and diaries is a variety with several spoken and Bavarian characteristic features in the phonology, morphology, syntax and lexicon, but the German of his official letters and manucripts contains largely only lexical, especially terminological law Austriacisms. So Franz Kafka had a good command of all language registers. (3) Some phenomena in Franz Kafka's German have parallels in Czech and Yiddish. Some of these phenomena are to interpret as Baiuvarisms too, some other as collective phenomena in the German speaking in Bohemia.
'No Thanks': a Socio-Semiotic Approach
Authors: Fetzer Anita
Published: August 2021

This contribution argues for a socio-semiotic approach to natural-language communication which focuses on the connectedness between linguistic code and social and sociocultural practice. Section 1 investigates natural language communication with regard to propositional, interpersonal and interactional meaning from both code and inference-model viewpoints. The results of this discussion are accommodated in the redefinition of two of the most important premises of pragmatics, i.e. rationality and intentionality. In section 2, the interdependence of culture, context and communication is analysed in the framework of ethnomethodology, in which the linguistic realization of an utterance and its degree of contextualization are examined with regard to encoding, decoding, inference and implicature. In section 3 the phenomenon of communicative strategy is analysed in a socio-semiotic framework and special attention is given to the speech acts of denial and rejection. Communicative strategies are defined within the framework of preference organization and classified with regard to their preferred and dispreferred modes of linguistic representation and interpretation. In section 4, the results of the investigation of denials and rejections are systematized in the framework of the dialogue act of a plus/minus validity claim, which is based on Habermas' approach to communication (1987) and Halliday's functional interpretation of language (1996). In the conclusion, culture is defined as both a macro and a micro concept, and is created in and through the process of communication. Linguistic code and sociocultural practice are context-dependent by definition: they are anchored to linguistic contexts, which are embedded in sociocultural contexts, which are embedded in social contexts Thus, the macro concept of culture and its context-dependent manifestation as particular cultural values are reflected in particular communicative strategies which are interdependent on the presentation of self in everyday life (Goffman 1971).
Einsatz eines didaktisch gelenkten Chatrooms im Fremdsprachenunterricht
Authors: Engler Lela-Rose
Published: August 2021

The use of virtual chatrooms for foreign language learning processes has lead to new research questions in the area of language acquisition. Assuming the differences between tutored and untutored chats tutored chats do not only offer the opportunity of synchronous communication between native and non-native speakers but also support the development of language abilities as reading and writing in the target language. In distance learning they can substitute for missing oral conversational classes.
The conditions which either do or do not support the use of chatrooms have to be taken into account for planning and evaluating distance foreign language classes.
Sprachliche Zweifelsfälle als linguistischer Gegenstand. Zur Einführung in ein vergessenes Thema der Sprachwissenschaft.
Authors: Klein Wolf Peter
Published: August 2021

The term "sprachlicher Zweifelsfall" ('linguistic case of doubt') is not yet well established in the terminology of linguistics. The first part of the paper therefore outlines a definition of "sprachlicher Zweifelsfall" and a classification of various types. Basically, the definition takes up the fact that even fully competent speakers sometimes do not know definitely which variant to choose from two (or more) alternatives. Doubts like this evolve on all levels of language (phonetics, morphology, lexic, syntax, semantics). Considering the emergence of "Zweifelsfälle", it is argued that they arise mainly from the existence of written language and more or less standardized varieties of language. At least some of their features refer to the specific conceptual conditions of writing and reading. In the second part of the paper, the "Zweifelsfälle" are reconceived in so far as they have been treated in the newer history of German discourse on language, including both popular and philological discussion. Starting in 19th century thought, they became symbolic means of social distinction. In contrast, linguists tended to neglect the existence of "Zweifelsfälle" because they did not fit in well with their theories on language. The paper ends with several theses dealing with possible future research on the topic.
"Imperfektibles" sprachliches Wissen. Theoretische Vorüberlegungen zu "sprachlichen Zweifelsfällen"
Authors: Antos Gerd
Published: August 2021

In linguistic cases of doubt a differentiation has to be made between the pragmatic reflections of language by laypersons (SZ 1) and the common 'extra-communicatice' reflections by linguists (SZ 2). These structural inhomogeneities of languages are based upon (e.g. ortho-graphic) variants, 'openings', so called 'language fluctuations' or some other irregular forms that have developed historically (SZ 2 = 'objective imperfectibility' of the linguistic system). On the other hand, the competence theoretical notion of 'linguistic doubt' (of the type SZ 1) requires that speakers become aware or are aware of their lacking, constricted, or insecure knowledge in their language usage (= SZ 1: 'subjective imperfectibility'). From a point of linguistic development, both linguistic cases of doubt can be seen as indicators for potential 'mutants' in the inheritance of linguistic forms, structures and functions. Hence, 'imperfectibility' (both as a quality of a system and as a cognitive substrate of it) is an important condition for future linguistic change.
"Wir bitten Sie das nicht misszugeneralisieren". Sprachverhalten in grammatischen Zweifelsfällen am Beispiel trennbarer und nicht-trennbarer Verben
Authors: Becker Tabea , Peschel Corinna
Published: August 2021

In this paper we attempt to determine the criteria speakers apply in morphologically or syntactically ambiguous cases. In German separable vs. inseparable verbs can be included in these cases. Although most grammar books present patterns or rules which give the impression of relatively clear cut cases, in contrast literal usage in every day life seems to hint to the contrary. In an empirical study with 120 students we demonstrated that separable verbs are a grammatical entity where even native speakers differ greatly in their linguistic behaviour and choices. Their behaviour also reveals considerable incongruities with rules ascribed by grammarians. In addition we found the following factors which influence the way speakers use complex verbs: While stress plays a major role (as pointed out in most grammar books), habitual use or analogous treatment enter as important factors. Semantic criteria are not heeded or only to a small degree, contrary to the postulations in some grammar books. Our results support the hypothesis that for syntactical processing, criteria or cues from various linguistic levels (phonological, morphological, semantic) are used. Since those cues can be contradictory to one another, insecure or differing linguistic judgements ensue. Thus we gained insights into how syntactic knowledge is stored and processed.
Normprobleme bei der Pluralbildung fremder und nativer Substantive
Authors: Wegener Heide
Published: August 2021

The paper takes the German noun plural formation as an example for different cases of doubt and shows in which circumstances German speakers can have problems to create the "normal" plural form corresponding to the standard. The paper distinguishes between native and non native plural forms. The cases of doubt within the former can be shown to result from either natural change which leads to a reduction of plural classes and explains the decline of the er- and the umlaut plural, or from a strategy of compensation which replaces the non iconic 0-plural by forms in -n or -s. The problems with the non native nouns varying between a plural form in -s and one ending in a schwa suffix are shown to be the consequence of the ongoing assimilation process. The -s is in complementary distribution with the native schwa suffixes of German and a means of integration: The non-syllabic -s allows for highly corresponding, "conservative" forms similar to the singular by adding only a segment, not a syllable to the stem. By contrast, a native plural with a syllabic suffix alters more or less severely the phonological shape of the base. The alterations yield a continuum of similarity that are demonstrated in a diagram. The paper shows that this distribution is functionally motivated. Loan words, nouns not yet fully established in the speech community, can only be altered in their phonological structure after they have gained a certain degree of familiarity. Only the established borrowings apply -en or -e because these allow "better" plural forms as to prosodic and phonological constraints, i.e. trochaic forms without consonant clusters and superheavy syllables. Finally, the paper discusses the consequences of this variation for the layers of the lexicon and for the grammar of German. Three appendixes indicate the statistical development of the plural classes during the last century, token frequencies of some examples and regional differences in the use of the variants.
Natural language processing tools for computer assisted language learning
Authors: Vandeventer Faltin Anne
Published: August 2021

This paper illustrates the usefulness of natural language processing (NLP) tools for computer assisted language learning (CALL) through the presentation of three NLP tools integrated within a CALL software for French. These tools are (i) a sentence structure viewer; (ii) an error diagnosis system; and (iii) a conjugation tool. The sentence structure viewer helps language learners grasp the structure of a sentence, by providing lexical and grammatical information. This information is derived from a deep syntactic analysis. Two different outputs are presented. The error diagnosis system is composed of a spell checker, a grammar checker, and a coherence checker. The spell checker makes use of alpha-codes, phonological reinterpretation, and some ad hoc rules to provide correction proposals. The grammar checker employs constraint relaxation and phonological reinterpretation as diagnosis techniques. The coherence checker compares the underlying "semantic" structures of a stored answer and of the learners' input to detect semantic discrepancies. The conjugation tool is a resource with enhanced capabilities when put on an electronic format, enabling searches from inflected and ambiguous verb forms.
Ideen zur Veranschaulichung von Aussagen mit Modalverben Sprachwissenschaftliche Annahmen - für den Unterricht aufbereitet
Authors: Richter Michael
Published: August 2021

The topic of the present paper is the relation between linguistics and language education. Put as a question one could ask: 'what benefit can linguistics have for language teaching?'. It will be claimed that as a precondition, language teachers should have more than just marginal insight into theories of natural language. I will try to support this postulate using sentences with modal verbs: based on a certain linguistic theory, illustrations of sentences with modal verbs will be given. These illustrations are thought to be a first step for a didactic preparation (transformation) of explanations given by a linguistic theory for natural language phenomena. As a consequence of the considerations it will be postulated that it is obligatory for the education of teachers to include linguistic modules, since, in line with the hypothesis of this paper, insight into linguistic theories can help:
1) to understand phenomena of natural language and
2) to find a didactical preparation for the phenomena in question.
Voice alternation as passive lenition: /ᴚ/ in French
Authors: Webb Eric Russell
Published: August 2021

The rhotic or "r-like sound" of Standard European French is a segment varying in manner, both degree of aperture and voice quality. This paper presents a broadly functional analysis of /ᴚ/ voicing within an Optimality Theoretic framework, accounting for instances of voice assimilation, neutralization and apparent free variation. Autosegmental analysis of /ᴚ/ voice alternation is critiqued based on its inability to account for voice patterns. A lenition-based approach, taking into account active and passive voicing mechanisms, is proposed, from which alternations between voiced and voiceless /ᴚ/ are seen as the result of principled phonological processes involving effort avoidance and reduction. This analysis supports a representation of /ᴚ/ that is unspecified for active glottal control; essentially, the output or surface instantiation of /ᴚ/ derives from its phonological environment, as constrained by universal principles of effort reduction or avoidance. These principles are articulated in grounded constraints LAZY(glot), targeting glottal or laryngeal effort. Other issues raised include the integration of phonetic principles in phonological explanation, the justification for input or underlying representations of variant phonemes and the heuristic capabilities of proposed constraints. A concluding section comprises a discussion of the data and the conception of voice as a phonological category.
Ist Standarddeutsch für Deutschschweizer eine Fremdsprache? Untersuchungen zu einem Topos des sprachreflexiven Diskurses
Authors: Hägi Sara , Scharloth Joachim
Published: August 2021

This paper is concerned with the question, whether the status of Standard German in German-speaking Switzerland is adequately described as that of a foreign language. It discusses typological aspects, language awareness and language ideologies among German-speaking Swiss people, the practice of language acquisition, the language use in private life and media and the linguistic discourse about the relationship between the use of Swiss German and Standard German. It argues that from a linguistic point of view in none of these fields a clear decision can be made whether Standard German is a foreign language or not. Thus, the authors suggest that the conceptual framework ought to be widened to adequately describe the status of Standard German in German-speaking Switzerland. Finally, they take occasion to develop the concept of "Sekundärsprache"/"secondary language" for language situations similar to that in German-speaking Switzerland.
Passiv im Schweizerdeutschen
Authors: Bucheli Berger Claudia
Published: August 2021

In this paper, I will show that the investigation of passive constructions by means of written questionnaires ('Projekt Dialektsyntax des Schweizerdeutschen', University of Zurich) provides reliable data on Swiss German dialect syntax. Concerning the accusative passive, I will illustrate that the auxiliaries 'kommen' or 'werden' and inflected or uninflected past participles are found in geographically distinct areas. Our material shows a similar geographical distribution of variants as the data from traditional direct interviews. Since we have been working with several consultants at each place, it is possible to give a picture of the gradual nature of the transition from one to another variant. The distribution of the passive constructions fits more general, North-South-oriented dialect-geographical patterns (cf. Hotzenköcherle 1986) that are well-known from other syntactic phenomena (such as the inflection of the predicative adjective (SDS III 256), of copredicative and resultative constructions (Bucheli Berger/Glaser (2004), Bucheli Berger (2005)). The evidence concerning the dative passive (recipient passive) leads me to the conclusion that its existence is not beyond any doubt in Swiss German. Beside the different passive constructions, I will also discuss the geographical distribution of alternative constructions such as active, 'tun'-periphrasis, etc.
Die Schweizer Wenkersätze
Authors: Kakhro Nadja
Published: August 2021

Georg Wenker, a librarian and a specialist in German Studies of the Marburg University initiated the Linguistic Atlas of the German Language, having started a distribution of a questionnaire composed of sentences with the most striking phonetic and grammar features of the German language. He sent it to elementary teachers who were to translate Wenker's sentences to the dialects they spoke. As a result of responses, dialect borders of the German language were defined - first within Germany, then in the other German-speaking states. In the 1930s those questionnaires, after some changes, got to Switzerland. Having doubts about the method chosen by the researcher and the reliability of the materials received, Wenker's questionnaires were subjected to strong criticism and set aside for a long time. However, Wenker's material is of great interest for researchers, including the Syntax of dialects. Syntactic phenomena are defined in this paper, the study of which became possible due to the questionnaires (by comparison with other sources). Also preliminary results of the analysis of the Swiss questionnaires were presented from the syntactic point of view.
Le détachement en position initiale: rôle phrastique ou discursif/textuel? Exemple du syntagme à propos de X
Authors: Porhiel Sylvie
Published: August 2021

The syntagm à propos de X can syntactically function two ways: on a cline from left to right, one goes from no integration (with the indexation of à propos de X; it has a thematic reading and is a marker of thematization) towards a maximum integration (when the syntagm depends on another morphosyntactic element; it has an 'about', a causal or a temporal reading and is not a marker of thematization). This integrative scale allows hypothesizing that indexing à propos de X against the remaining proposition gives this syntagm a textual function as it provides an interpretative background for the proposition.
Within the sentence, analysis suggests it is difficult to index à propos de X. However, analysis also shows that indexing à propos de X is possible when providing sentences, where à propos de X is integrated, with a context and when indexing this syntagm. A textual perspective modifies the grammatical judgments made in the sentence, makes the examples sufficient and also underlines that the maker of thematization à propos de X is potentially integrative and oppositive.
The detachment of à propos de X does not mean however that the syntagm is systematically a thematic introducer. To determine when it is the case in examples where i) à propos de X is detached and ii) where a noun, a verb or an adjective combines with a complement, this paper introduces a saturation principle.
Das Internet als linguistisches Korpus
Authors: Bickel Hans
Published: August 2021

This article discusses whether the Internet can be used as a linguistic corpus. It is based on experiences in connection with the Variantenwörterbuch des Deutschen (Dictionary of Standard German Variants), which was compiled 1997-2004. In order to identify national and regional variants of the German language in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, it was necessary to work with a large linguistic corpus that could also provide data on the frequency of rather rare words. The question was: Is the Internet suitable as a corpus for linguistic frequency analysis? The use of the WWW as corpus can be suitable only
1. if reliable and reproducible results can be obtained;
2. if the results are closely related to the language as it is actually used.
The test showed that the Internet is an extremely useful corpus to get information on word frequency. The enormous size and the large number of different text types makes it an extremely versatile corpus, which has a systematic connection to the written language reality.
Kollokationsforschung und Kollokationsdidaktik
Authors: Reder Anna
Published: August 2021

Investigating and teaching collocations. The starting point of the paper is the observation that foreign language learners translate collocations literally from their L1. Collocations are conceived here as phrasal units which can be placed between free word groups and idioms. The paper focuses on metaphoric collocations, i.e. with polysemic collocator. In this type of collocation the collocator is used in a metaphoric meaning, while it appears in denotative meaning in free word groups. Contrasting types of collocation are presented in a model. Data from empirical research show that foreign language learners of a certain level regard metaphoric collocations as marked and transfer them less often than non-metaphoric collocations. The paper supports the need for pointing out the significance of collocations even for beginners.
Cultural concepts of parenting. A linguistic analysis
Authors: Hentschel Elke , Keller Heidi
Published: August 2021

This study is part of a larger cross cultural research project on "parenting ethnotheories", where mothers of three months old infants were interviewed about their ideas on good parental care for small babies. They were confronted with picture cards, displaying different parenting behaviours from their own cultural community and were asked to comment on the appropriateness and inappropriateness of such behaviour. This paper addresses 40 of the German language interviews with a total 78,484 words. The central focus of this analysis is the frequency and distribution of modal particles as used in these interviews and as compared to two other corpora with a total of 60,000 words. The results indicate substantial differences with respect to the most frequently used particles, which can be explained by the attitudes of these women towards the particular topic being addressed in the interviews. The particle halt was used 17 times more often, whereas the usually very frequent doch was used 16 times less than usual. Based on the meaning of these particles in the German language, conclusions can be drawn concerning the more or less conscious representation of parenting ideas. The women interviewed regarded their ideas as unchangeable (as expressed in halt) and are convinced that others share their worldview (as expressed in the low incidence of doch).
Deonomastika von Städte- und Ländernamen aus lexikographischer Perspektive
Authors: Rothstein Björn
Published: August 2021

The paper argues for a special lexicographic treatment of the derivates of city and country names. "Normally", proper names are not part of a dictionary, they are only considered in the encyclopedia. Therefore, their derivates should not figure in the dictionary from a semantic point of view. In Swedish and French, the derivates of those proper names turn however out to be morphologically irregular. They should therefore be part of the dictionary. The paper compares their lexicographic treatment in Swedish and French dictionaries.
Greek -ízo Derivatives: A Conceptual Analysis
Authors: Charitonidis Chariton
Published: August 2021

This paper deals with the semantic structures of the Event -ízo derivatives in Modern Greek, appearing in the syntactic frames NPi __ NP and NP __ . The present analysis incorporates a version of Ray Jackendoff's conceptual semantics (1983, 1990, 1992). Special attention is paid to the semantic under-determination of word-formation rules. Semantic fields, conceptual functions, formation rules, and mechanisms/rules involved in -ízo derivation are presented. A principled account of various ambiguous structures is also provided. In the last part, the conceptual structures in -ízo derivation are finally laid down and the question of keeping these structures minimal while extending the semantic fields is once more addressed.
Die Entwicklung schulisch-standardsprachlicher Kompetenzen in der Volksschule. Eine Quasi-Längsschnittstudie.
Authors: Müller Romano , Dittmann-Domenichini Nora
Published: August 2021

The article presents the theoretical and methodological reflexions guiding the research project "The Development of Cognitive-Academic Language Proficiency of Monolingual and Bilingual Primary and Secondary School Students. A comparison" (2006–2010).
(1) The first part gives an overview of immigrant pupils' situations in the Swiss educational system and shows the reasons for their unsatisfying success in school. Swiss school system is mainly defined by an assimilative philosophy not sufficiently taking into account the specific conditions of the 23.7% of bilingual students in Swiss schools.
(2) The theoretical bases of the study refer to the framework of socio-cognitive theory. On the individual level, factors such as the "linguistic self-concept" and "intelligence", and on the exogenous level, context factors such as the "institutional support", specific "classroom programs" for migrant pupils and the "aspirations and support opportunities of the families" are supposed to have a systematic impact on the pace and the level of second language acquisition. We further discuss the theoretical conception of language competencies underlying the project.
(3) Finally the methodology of the project, including 1200 monolinguals and bilingual students, is discussed. The project follows the rules of a quasi-longitudinal study measuring the development of language competencies levels twice in the interval of one year in the 2nd/3rd-, 5th/6th-, and 8th/9th-grades.
The results will lead to insights in the acquisition process and eventual stagnations in educational language development.
Zur Bedeutung der deutschen Modalpartikeln in Gesprächen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Sprechakttheorie und der DaF-Perspektive
Authors: Heggelund Kjell T.
Published: August 2021

Der vorliegende Aufsatz setzt sich aus vier Hauptabschnitten zusammen. Die Einleitung gibt einen kurzen Überblick über die wichtigsten Eigenschaften der Modalpartikeln (MPn) als eigenständiger Wortklasse. Im zweiten Abschnitt (= ersten Hauptteil) wird der Versuch unternommen, die Bedeutung der deutschen Modalpartikeln eingehender zu erörtern. Unter Bedeutung verstehe ich die semantische und pragmatische Bedeutung bzw. Funktion der betreffenden Wörter. Eine bestimmte pragmatische oder semantisch-pragmatische Theorie wird in der Analyse eingesetzt, und zwar die so genannte Sprechakttheorie. In Abschnitt 3 (= zweitem Hauptteil) wende ich mich dann einem anderen Aspekt des Begriffes Bedeutung zu - dem kommunikativ-stilistischen Wert von MPn - wobei besonders die DaF-Perspektive berücksichtigt wird. Die Fragen, die hier im Zentrum des Interesses stehen, sind folgender Art und Weise: Wie wichtig sind die deutschen Modalpartikeln für deutsche Muttersprachler untereinander? Wie wichtig sind sie für Ausländer, die sich mit Deutschsprachigen unterhalten? Ist ein Gespräch ohne Verwendung von MPn besser oder schlechter als ein Gespräch mit Verwendung von vielen MPn? Inwiefern sind die MPn für Ausländer überhaupt lernbar bzw. lehrbar? Im Schlussteil fasse ich die wichtigsten Ergebnisse und Erkenntnisse zusammen, wobei ich auch einen Blick in die Zukunft werfe. Zwei Anhänge enthalten authentische Sätze mit deutschen und norwegischen MPn (denn, doch, ja, ruhig, schon, wohl bzw. då, jo, nok, vel) aus einer Derrick-Folge und einer Donald Duck-Geschichte.
Extraction of tissue optical property and blood flow from speckle contrast diffuse correlation tomography (scDCT) measurements
Authors: Zhao Mingjun , Huang Chong , Mazdeyasna Siavash , Yu Guoqiang
Published: August 2021

Measurement of blood flow in tissue provides vital information for the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of various vascular diseases. A noncontact, camera-based, near-infrared speckle contrast diffuse correlation tomography (scDCT) technique has been recently developed for 3D imaging of blood flow index (αDB) distributions in deep tissues up to a centimeter. A limitation with the continuous-wave scDCT measurement of blood flow is the assumption of constant and homogenous tissue absorption coefficient (μa). The present study took the advantage of rapid, high-density, noncontact scDCT measurements of both light intensities and diffuse speckle contrast at multiple source-detector distances and developed two-step fitting algorithms for extracting bothμaand αDB. The new algorithms were tested in tissue-simulating phantoms with known optical properties and human forearms. Measurement results were compared against established near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) techniques. The accuracies of our new fitting algorithms with scDCT measurements in phantoms (up to 16% errors) and forearms (up to 23% errors) are comparable to relevant study results (up to 25% errors). Knowledge ofμanot only improved the accuracy in calculating αDBbut also provided the potential for quantifying tissue blood oxygenation via spectral measurements. A multiple-wavelength scDCT system with new algorithms is currently developing to fit multi-wavelength and multi-distance data for 3D imaging of both blood flow and oxygenation distributions in deep tissues.
Robust functional imaging of taste sensation with a Bessel beam
Authors: Han Jisoo , Kim Seonghoon , Choi Pyonggang , Lee Sungho , Jo Yongjae , Kim Eunsoo , Choi Myunghwan
Published: August 2021

Functional imaging of intact taste cells in response to various tastant solutions poses a technical challenge since the refractive index of the immersion medium dynamically changes during tastant delivery. Critically, the focal shift introduced by high-index tastant solutions has been the fundamental limit in experimental design. Here we seek to address this issue by introducing an axially elongated Bessel beam in two-photon microscopy. Compared to the conventional Gaussian beam, the Bessel beam provides superior robustness to the index-induced focal shift, allowing us to acquire near artifact-free imaging of taste cells in response to a physiological taste stimulus.