bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
P.078 Clinical trials in children with Down Syndrome: now and future
Authors: Cieuta-Walti C , Mircher C , Marey I , Toulas J , Prioux E , Walti H , Ravel A
Published: June 2019

Background: Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability.Although progress in managing co-morbidities has improved life expectancy, no therapeutic options have showed to significantly improve intellectual deficiencies.The current focus of the pharmacological treatment of DS is on the improvement of the cognitive impairment that is probably due to neurodevelopmental alterations,neurotransmitter alterations and neurodegeneration,and is also targeted to the overexpression of selected genes on HSA21. Methods: We review the clinical trials of the last 5 years focusing on the cognitive improvement of children with DS. Results: We report the results of therapeutic trials concerning selective negative allosteric regulators of the GABAAa5 receptor, NMDA antagonists, Kinase inhibitors of DYRK1A, folinic acid and thyroid hormone supplementation, activators of serotonergic and cholinergic system. Conclusions: The incomplete understanding of individual phenotypic variability, natural history, lack of biomarkers, no adapted neuropsychological tests, placebo effect, epigenetic effect have limited our capacity to succeed, even when promising drugs are tested.We need new tools and models will allow a better understanding of the pathophysiology. We also need to create more sensitive and realistic outcome mesures to quantify disease and therapeutic efficacy. The association of different therapeutic agents (epidrugs included) with cognitive stimulation could be a future strategy.
P.102 Expanded endoscopic endonasal approach for orbital apex decompression
Authors: Yang K , Ellenbogen Y , Algird A , Sommer D , Reddy K
Published: June 2019

Background: The Endoscopic endonasal approach (EEA) has been gaining popularity in the past decade as an alternative to traditional transcranial and transorbital approaches. We have performed orbital apex decompression for a variety of pathological entities. Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review on patients who underwent EEA orbital apex decompression between January 1st 2010 and December 1st 2018 at McMaster University. Results: Eight patients underwent endoscopic endonasal orbital decompression at our center, including five male patients and three female patients. The mean age of our patients was 50.1 years. The different pathologies we treated included nasopharyngeal carcinoma, hemangioma, fibrous dysplasia, IgG4 disease, inverted papilloma, angioleiomyoma, and neuroendocrine paraganglioma. Five patients presented with visual symptoms. Postoperatively, one of these five patients improved to baseline, three had stable vision, another one had progressive visual decline despite surgical intervention. Conclusions: Endoscopic endonasal approach can be used as an alternative to decompress orbital apex pathologies in selected patients.
P.118 Excalibur, a novel haptic hand-controller for robot-assisted microsurgery
Authors: de Lotbiniere-Bassett M , Choi S , Lama S , Sutherland GR , Hoshyarman H
Published: June 2019

Background: For robot-assisted telesurgery, the workstation, in particular the haptic handcontroller itself a robot, is paramount to the performance of surgery. Based on the requirements for microsurgery, a novel haptic handcontroller Excalibur has been developed. Methods: Thirty-two surgeons performed a peg-in-hole task (simulating micromanipulation) with Excalibur and two commercially available handcontrollers (Sigma 7 and PHANToM Premium 3.0). A modified Kuka endeffector with bipolar forceps, and Leica microscope completed the remote robotic site. Comparisons were made based on training time, task completion time and number of errors. All participants completed a questionnaire. Results: Repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated significance for task completion time (p=0.004), training time (p=0.021) and number of errors (p=0.004). Surgeons were faster with Excalibur (72s) than with Sigma (96s,p=0.005) and PHANToM (96s,p=0.036). Training time was shorter with Excalibur than with PHANToM (210s vs 310s,p=0.013), and users made fewer errors (0.7 vs 2.1,p=0.008). Training time required for Sigma (285s) and the number of errors (1.3) were not significant. The surgeons found Excalibur smoother, more comfortable, less tiring and easier to maneuver, with more realistic force feedback and superior movement fidelity. Conclusions: Surgical performance was superior with Excalibur compared to the other handcontrollers. This may reflect the microsurgical requirements and unique design architecture of Excalibur.
P.119 Impact of postoperative discharge destination on length of stay
Authors: Montazeripouragha A , Kaufmann AM
Published: June 2019

Background: The aim of this study is to assess factors impacting the postoperative length of stay (LOS) for patients undergoing microvascular decompression (MVD) surgery. Methods: A consecutive series of patients undergoing MVD at the Winnipeg Centre for Cranial Nerve Disorders were reviewed. All patients were monitored in a neurosurgical stepdown unit for at least 6 hours postoperatively and when medically stable discharged at their own discretion. The hospital LOS was measured in hours from midnight after day of surgery and categorized by days in hospital. Results: The 112 patients included 53 Manitobans (MB) and 59 from out of province (OOP). The overall LOS was 38±52 hours, and not significantly different between genders, diagnosis or age. LOS was significantly shorter for OOP versus MB patients (28±23/48±71 hours; p=0.02). OOP patients were also more often discharged on the first postoperative day (59% versus 32%; p=0.02) and 85% of them stayed at the hotel within the hospital complex prior to travelling home. Conclusions: Postoperative discharge to an adjacent hotel appears to have led to shorter LOS. These patients may have been reassured by the physical proximity to medical care. The utilization of discharge to an adjacent hotel or comparable faculty may reduce hospitalization days and associated costs.
P.120 Rapid intraoperative reconstruction of cranial implants for craniotomy procedures: a feasibility study
Authors: Beaulieu K , Kunz M , Alkins R
Published: June 2019

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate intraoperative methods to generate patient-specific PMMA bone implants during a craniotomy. The proposed methods combine a cost-efficient, and non-invasive structured light scanner (SLS) as an imaging modality and a prototype printer for rapid generation of implant molds. Methods: This simulation study was performed using retrospective data from three craniotomy patients. The extracted bone flap and the cranial defect were scanned using a SLS, which generates a 3D surface model of an object by projecting a series of light-patterns on it. Prototype printed implant models were generated using two different techniques. The molds were then used to shape PMMA bone implants. These implants were evaluated regarding their accuracy to reconstruct the natural skull anatomy and compared to freehand formed implants. Results: The patient-specific bone implants reconstructed the preoperative anatomy with an average RMS error of 1.37mm (StDev 0.27), compared to an error of 1.5mm (StDev 0.43) for the freehand shaped implants. On average the intraoperative scanning time was 4.7min. The average time to generate and print the implant molds was 204 min. Conclusions: Results of this study have shown great promise for the proposed method to be used for patient-specific bone flap reconstruction during craniotomies.
P.125 Back “pane” secondary to glass coffee table mishap: a very unusual penetrating injury to the thoracic dura without spinal cord injury
Authors: Mercure-Cyr R , Fourney D
Published: June 2019

Background: Non-gunshot wound penetrating injury to the spinal canal have been known to have variable injury patterns with respect to trajectory and depth. Methods: We present a case of a penetrating glass fragment injury to the T11-12 level with a cerebrospinal fluid leak. Results: A T11-12 bilateral laminectomy and duraplasty with motor-evoked potential monitoring was performed to remove the foreign object and associated hematoma. The clinical presentation and surgical management are discussed with respect to other non-gunshot-related penetrating spine injuries in the literature. Conclusions: This case demonstrates a very rare injury pattern, as the vast majority of intradural penetrating injuries to the thoracic spine result in complete or incomplete spinal cord injury. This patient was neurologically intact, which is remarkable, given the 7cm glass fragment crossing the thoracic spinal canal transversely from the right to left.
P.133 Minimally invasive MetrX microdiskectomy for lumbar disc herniation: review of long-term outcomes
Authors: Kindrachuk MN , Persad A , Noyes E , Wu AS , Fourney DR
Published: June 2019

Background: Lumbar microdiskectomy is amongst the most common neurosurgical techniques. In Saskatoon, minimally invasive microdiskectomy using the MetrX tubular retractor system has become a routinely performed procedure. While the outcomes of microdiskectomy are known to be similar to open technique, long term outcomes have not been reported. Methods: We performed a retrospective study of 160 minimally invasive microdiskectomies. We excluded subjects with cauda equina syndrome, redo surgery, fusions, and multi-level decompressions. We used one-way ANOVA to compare VAS, ODI, SF36, and EQ5D scores at pre-operative, 6-week postoperative, and long-term timepoints. Results: The mean pre-operative back pain VAS score was 6.23+/−2.63, 6-week post-operative follow-up VAS was 3.21+/−2.49, and long-term follow-up VAS was 2.56+/−2.45. The mean preoperative leg pain VAS score was 7.66+/−1.99, 6-week follow-up VAS was 3.56+/−2.79, final follow-up VAS was 2.20+/−2.57. The mean preoperative ODI score was 60.41+/−13.97; falling to 32.54+/−20.57 at 6-week follow up, and further to 24.50+/−20.97 at long term follow up. The mean baseline EQ5D quality of life score was 46.4+/−18.1, 68.9+/−20.2 at 6-week follow up and 69.3+/−20.3 at final review. Data reached statistical significance. Conclusions: We report good outcomes for minimally invasive microdiskectomy that are as durable as published results using open technique.
B.07 An educational video improves consent in pediatric lumbar puncture: a randomized control trial
Authors: Dunbar M , Paton G , Singhal A
Published: June 2019

Background: Lumbar puncture (LP) is a low-risk procedure performed on pediatric patients for a variety of indications. There are no published studies of the nature of the concerns of parents in North America, and no studies examining a process to improve pediatric lumbar puncture consent. Methods: 72 patient-parent dyads were enrolled in a randomized control trial to receive standard consent with or without an educational video. A survey was provided to determine parent self-rated understanding of the procedure, their perception of its safety, their perception of the painfulness and their overall comfort with their child undergoing LP. In addition, demographic characteristics and qualitative information about parent concerns were collected. Results: Viewing the video significantly increased parent understanding of the procedure (p=0.015) and their perception of its safety (p=0.021) compared to controls. Parent comfort with the procedure increased after viewing the video (p = 0.002). Variability of answers was reduced in the video group (p = 0.03). Parents’ top three concerns were pain, infection, and neurologic injury. Conclusions: Pediatric lumbar puncture consent can be significantly improved with a short educational video to address the parental concerns and standardize consent.
WHEN IT RAINS, IT POURS: FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND PROVINCIAL CORRUPTION IN VIETNAM
Authors: Kim Yong Kyun
Published: June 2019

Does foreign direct investment (FDI) promote or hinder good governance in a host state? In this article, I analyze the effects of FDI on subnational-level corruption across 63 provinces in Vietnam and find that FDI has both promoted and hindered control of corruption. Initially, FDI creates resources and incentives to improve governance and reduce corruption for early winner provinces. Yet, once FDI begins to pour in, different dynamics start to take effect. While the resources and incentives accrued to FDI-recipient provinces become less effective in further curbing corruption as more FDI flows in, FDI provides leaders of those provinces with growing opportunities and increased abilities to seek and pursue rents, leading to a prevalence of corruption. Using both qualitative and quantitative data, I find strong evidence that the control of corruption is weakest at the extremes: in provinces with the least and the most FDI.
Nonlinear behaviour of the Mack mode in a hypersonic boundary layer
Authors: Craig Stuart A. , Humble Raymond A. , Hofferth Jerrod W. , Saric William S.
Published: June 2019

Mack-mode waves are measured in a hypersonic boundary layer using high-frequency focusing schlieren deflectometry. Experiments are performed using a $5^{\circ }$ flared cone at $0^{\circ }$ angle of attack in the low-disturbance Mach 6 Quiet Tunnel at Texas A&M University across a free-stream unit Reynolds number range of $7.8\times 10^{6}~\text{m}^{-1}\leqslant \mathit{Re}^{\prime }\leqslant 11.0\times 10^{6}~\text{m}^{-1}$. The high-frequency response of the measurement system allows harmonics and other nonlinear behaviour to be measured. Mack-mode waves and several harmonics are clearly observed at a frequency of $f_{0}\approx 250~\text{kHz}$. Bispectral analysis is used to show that these waves undergo several quadratic phase-coupled sum and difference interactions with themselves to produce harmonics, as well interact with a relatively low-frequency wave that results in amplitude modulation. Bispectral analysis is used to highlight these interactions.
Coffee consumption and hip fracture risk: a meta-analysis
Authors: Li Xin-li , Xu Jiu-hong
Published: June 2019

To investigate the effect of coffee consumption on hip fracture risk, a meta-analysis was conducted. The PubMed database was screened for all published studies about coffee consumption and hip fracture through to November 2011. Reviews, PubMed option ‘related articles’ and references of retrieved papers were also searched for potentially relevant papers. Only studies that contained OR with 95 % CI for the association between coffee consumption and hip fracture risk were included. The summary risk estimates were calculated by fixed- and random-effects models. Subgroup analyses were carried out stratified by study designs and participant characteristics, respectively. A total of six prospective cohort studies and six case–control studies were included in the final analysis. The pooled OR displayed increased risk of hip fracture by 29·7 % (95 % CI 0·960, 1·751; P = 0·09) for the highest compared with the lowest coffee consumption by the random-effects model (P for heterogeneity = 0·000; I2 = 84·0 %), but the result had no statistical significance. Subgroup analyses showed that coffee consumption significantly increased hip fracture risk by 54·7 % (95 % CI 1·152, 2·077; P = 0·004) among women, by 40·1 % (95 % CI 1·015, 1·935; P = 0·040) for elderly participants aged over 70 years, and by 68·3 % for Northern Americans (95 % CI 1·492, 1·899; P = 0·000). Other subgroup analyses according to data published before the year 2000 showed a positive association between coffee and hip fracture risk, and follow-up duration also positively affected hip fracture risk, especially when the follow-up length was less than 13 years. Although our meta-analysis has provided insufficient evidence that coffee consumption significantly increases hip fracture risk, coffee intake may increase hip fracture risk among women, elderly participants and Northern Americans. No dose–response pattern was observed.
Meat consumers and non-meat consumers in Germany: a characterisation based on results of the German National Nutrition Survey II
Authors: Koch Franziska , Heuer Thorsten , Krems Carolin , Claupein Erika
Published: June 2019

Meat consumption in high-income countries is increasingly discussed due to its impact on environment and health as well as ethical considerations. The present paper aims to provide information on meat consumption behaviour, sociodemographic factors related to meat consumption and its associations with health and nutritional behaviour, based on the German National Nutrition Survey II. For 12 915 participants aged 18–80 years, food consumption was assessed by two 24-h recalls and further data by interviews. Participants were distinguished in non-meat consumers and meat consumers; meat consumers were further differentiated as low and high meat consumers (<86 g/d and ≥86 g/d). Group differences were analysed using binary logistic and linear regression models. More non-meat consumers were found among women, young and more educated persons. They showed equal or more preferable health characteristics, had a similar energy intake but ate more plant-based foods compared with meat consumers. More high meat consumers were found among men, young and middle-aged and lower-educated persons. Compared with low meat consumers, they showed equal or less preferable health characteristics, had a higher energy intake and ate more potatoes and sauces/spices and less of most other food groups in relation to their energy intake. To conclude, sociodemographic groups differ in their meat consumption and differences in meat consumption go together with differences in health behaviour and other food consumption.
The Compressible Laminar Boundary Layer on a Yawed Infinite Wing
Authors: Crabtree L. F.
Published: June 2019

A study of the laminar boundary layer on a yawed infinite wing in a compressible fluid is made. A method is presented for the investigation of compressibility effects by direct solution of the linearised equations of motion, first considerably simplified by the extension of a transformation due to Illingworth and Stewartson, which assumes a heat-insulated surface and a fluid of unit Prandtl number and a coefficient of viscosity which is proportional to the absolute temperature. As an example of this procedure the boundary layer near a stagnation point is calculated. The simplifications necessary for an extension of the momentum method, which is available for a yawed infinite wing in an incompressible fluid, are discussed, and this method is recommended for a first evaluation of the effect of compressibility.
Photoelastic Investigation on Plates with Single Interference-Fit Pins with Load Applied to Plate Only
Authors: Jessop H. T. , Snell C. , Holister G. S.
Published: June 2019

The introduction of an interference-fit pin in a circular hole in a flat plate is found to result in a reduction in the stress concentration factor at the hole boundary under tension applied to the plate. The S.C.F. decreases rapidly with increase in the ratio of interference stress to applied tension, and decreases also with increase in the ratio of hole diameter to width of plate. Very little difference in the S.C.F. is found for different ratios of Young's modulus of pin and plate.
The Lullingstone Helm
Authors: Blair Claude
Published: June 2019

The paper discusses a tournament-helm from Lullingstone Church, Kent, which was identified as ‘English … of the first quarter of the sixteenth century’ by the late Sir James Mann in a paper read at a meeting of the Society, at which it was exhibited, on 22 October 1931. It was not then noticed that the helm is struck twice with the well-known mark of an armourer who was working for the Habsburg Court in Brussels in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. A possible identification of the owner of the mark is given together with a reassessment of a group of related helms from funerary achievements in this country once thought to be English.
Laws of Mortality Which Satisfy a Uniform Seniority Principle
Authors: Greville T. N. E.
Published: June 2019

It is well known that a principle of uniform seniority applies to mortality tables which follow Gompertz's or Makeham's law, and, in a modified form, in the case of certain other laws, such as Makeham's second law and the double geometric law. It is natural to inquire what is the most general class of mortality laws to which such a principle applies. In its most general form the uniform seniority principle implies that the value of a joint-life annuity on m lives of different ages is equal to that of a joint-life annuity (possibly computed at a different interest rate) on k lives of equal age, in such a way that the new interest rate i′, the number of substituted lives k, and the difference between the youngest age and the substituted equal age, depend only on the various differences in age between the youngest life and the other original lives, and not on the actual age of the youngest life.
Where Have All the Scientific and Academic Freedoms Gone? And What Is ‘Adequate for Science’? The Right to Enjoy the Benefits of Scientific Progress and Its Applications
Authors: Beiter Klaus D
Published: June 2019

Article 15(1)(b) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights protects the right of everyone to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its applications (REBSPA). While the interpretation of this provision has not really been a focus of attention in the past, this is changing. A danger lies in construing this provision as entitling states to comprehensively regulate the field of science, at the expense of scientific and academic freedom. Scientific or academic freedom, rather than state regulation, guarantees creativity and innovation in the field of science for the benefit of society at large. This article raises four caveats to guide all those tasked with interpreting Article 15(1)(b) – specifically, the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, right now preparing a General Comment on Article 15(1)(b). Firstly, it is crucial to have conceptual clarity of, and understand the differences between, the REBSPA, freedom of science, academic freedom, freedom of expression, and the right to education. Secondly, science, by its very nature, is not susceptible to being managed. An ‘adequate’ framework for science should limit state intervention and empower the scientific fraternity. Thirdly, regulation has lately often entailed the adoption of a corporatist approach to science in universities and research institutions. This damages science. Fourthly and finally, UNESCO's recent Recommendation on Science and Scientific Researchers of 2017 constitutes only an imperfect blueprint to guide interpretation of the REBSPA. It fails to address various threats (impact agenda science, peer review, ethical regulation, entrepreneurialisation, accountability excess, absence of rights of participation in governance, and so on) to scientific and academic freedom. Relying throughout on the notion that a science system must be ‘adequate for science’, the article concludes with a set of 22 recommendations on how the REBSPA should be construed so as to duly respect scientific and academic freedom. The current science regime needs to be fundamentally rethought in the light of such freedom. Otherwise – and many experts concur – we shall soon witness the fatal collapse and disintegration of modern science. Freedom as a pillar of science, and of the REBSPA, is in danger of being lost.
Diversity of intertidal marine sponges from the western coast of Portugal (North-east Atlantic)
Authors: Regueiras A. , Alex A. , Costa M. S. , Pereira S. , Vasconcelos V.
Published: June 2019

Sponges are important components of intertidal marine communities. There is a lack of information about intertidal marine sponge diversity in the western coast of Portugal (North-east Atlantic). In the present work we identified the most common intertidal sponges of the western coast of Portugal, and made a comprehensive list of the intertidal species described so far for this region. Sponges belonging to the Classes Calcarea and Demospongiae were identified, the former class for the first time at these locations. Demospongiae are the most common intertidal sponges, present in all sampling locations. We used an integrative approach for Demospongiae identification, using both morphological and molecular characters. Molecular identification, using a CO1 marker proved to be helpful in the identification to the genus level, despite some limitations, such as difficulty in amplification experienced for sponges as well as non-target organisms. A total of 170 specimens were collected. Seven specimens (five species) belonged to the Class Calcarea and 163 specimens (23 species) to the Class Demospongiae. The demosponge Hymeniacidon perlevis was present at all sample locations. Calcarean species were primarily found in samples taken along the south-western coast.
Strain variation in Entamoeba histolytica
Authors: Neal R. A. , Vincent Patricia
Published: June 2019

1. Liver lesions were easily induced in hamsters with two strains of E. histolytica but not with six others.

2. Serial liver passage increased the invasiveness to the rat's caecum of one strain which had become attenuated by in vitro cultivation.

3. The invasiveness of one of the liver passage substrains was lost a second time after cultivation in vitro and a second series of liver passages restored some degree of virulence.

4. Serial liver passage did not increase the invasiveness of two avirulent strains.

5. The ease of production of amoebic liver lesions in hamsters is not correlated with invasiveness in the rat's caecum.
A method for determining the pH of small quantities of fluid
Authors: Bishop Ann , Hartree E. F. , McConnachie Elspeth W.
Published: June 2019

The micro-glass electrode used in measuring the pH of blood from the stomachs of mosquitoes was a modification of that described by Caldwell (1954). The electrode was made of capillary tubing, drawn from Corning 015 glass, the outer diameter being 0·5–0·75 mm. and the length about 6 cm. As the electrode was used with a Pye Universal pH meter, and not with the electrometer impedance converter circuit used by Caldwell, it was important that the wall of the capillary tube should be very thin, in order that the resistance of the electrode should not exceed 500 MΩ, the maximum electrode resistance permissible with the Pye Universal pH meter.
Developmental joint trajectories of anxiety-depressive trait and trait-aggression: implications for co-occurrence of internalizing and externalizing problems
Authors: Dugré Jules R. , Dumais Alexandre , Dellazizzo Laura , Potvin Stéphane
Published: June 2019

Background

In youth, anxiety-depressive traits (ADT) and trait-aggression (TA) are important risk factors of exhibiting maladaptive behaviors in adulthood (i.e. violence and substance use). However, the developmental co-occurrence of these traits in youth remains unknown. We thus sought to investigate the developmental trajectories of ADT and TA within a data-driven approach. The aim was two-fold: (i) to examine the developmental trajectories of ADT and TA in youth from ages 10 to 16, and (ii) to investigate both childhood predictors and problematic outcomes of the identified joint trajectories.

Method

The sample comprised 1354 children provided from the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN) Consortium. Group-based trajectory modeling was first employed to identify individual trajectory models of ADT and TA independently (from ages 10 to 16). Then, joint trajectory models were built on the found trajectories. Last, logistic regressions were used to evaluate the childhood characteristics and negative outcomes of the joint trajectory groups.

Results

Our results showed five trajectory groups with varying levels of ADT and TA. A significant co-occurrence between ADT and TA was found in three of the trajectory groups. Notably, higher levels of childhood psychopathology and more severe/frequent childhood abuse were found in the groups with moderate to high ADT and high TA. The groups with higher ADT and high TA were also more likely to exhibit violence and substance use.

Conclusions

This study exposes the importance of assessing ADT and TA simultaneously and early in childhood to prevent and manage the risk of problematic behaviors in adolescence.
Excavations at Zakro, Crete
Authors: Hogarth D. G.
Published: June 2019

Excavations were undertaken by me on behalf of the Cretan Exploration Fund in the spring of 1901, in pursuance of a programme for exploring the Eteocretan country. Primitive remains had been noted in the Zakro district, by Captain Spratt in 1852, and been more fully described by Prof. F. Halbherr in the Antiquary for 1892 (p. 153). They were visited later by others, notably Prof. L. Mariani in 1893. Mr. A. J. Evans in 1894 and 1896 visited the upper valley, and besides giving a short account of what he saw in the Academy (July 4, 1896), preserved very full notes made on the spot. When a coastal site in East Crete was desired, he recommended these remains, near a natural port, the last on the directest sea-route from the Aegean to the Cyrenaic shore, to my attention.
A Minoan shaft-grave in the bank with Hogarth's Tombs (Knossos Survey 16)
Authors: Hood Sinclair
Published: June 2019

What seemed to be the covering slabs of a tomb were noticed by the School's foreman, Manoli Markoyiannakis, exposed in the low field bank which forms the southern continuation of the high bank with the Geometric tombs dug by Hogarth and Payne, a couple of metres north of the path running eastwards across the base of the Kefala ridge past the Hellenic tower (BSA 52 (1957) 244ff.). During the course of the School's excavation of the early Christian building on the neighbouring Sanatorium site in 1953 Dr. N. Platon, Ephor of Antiquities for Crete, kindly gave me permission to examine the slabs, which were found to cover a grave roughly rectangular in shape and measuring 1·60 × 0·70 at the bottom (Fig. 1). The grave's floor was only 1·15 at the west end and 1·60 at the east below the modern surface of the rock; but the surface here must have once stood much higher, and have worn away owing to erosion.

The three large slabs over the grave were blocks of dressed limestone. That at the east end (A) had a ‘branch’ sign (L. 0·25, max. W. 0·13), boldly carved with broad shallow V-shaped grooves, on the upper exposed face in the north-east corner (Fig. 1, Plate 66d). The joints between the three slabs were carefully wedged with small stones. In the grave below them was a clean fill of kouskouras, the soft white chalky rock of the area, containing a few nondescript Minoan sherds. The cover slabs with the smaller stones wedged in the joints between them seemed to be in place; but the earth below contained small lumps of rock, as if the grave had been deliberately filled before the cover slabs were laid in position. This agrees with what has been observed in the case of other Minoan shaft-graves in the Gypsades cemetery (see p. 219). At the bottom of the grave were the scanty remains of a skeleton, lying on its back with the knees flexed and originally perhaps raised in the usual manner (see p. 218). Although the cover slabs appeared to be in position, and the grave undisturbed, nothing was found with the skeleton. The grave is, however, like other similar shaft-graves at Knossos, presumably Late Minoan, and perhaps early rather than late in the period. The cover slabs may well be old building blocks, and they and the ‘branch’ sign carved on one of them may therefore be considerably earlier than the grave.
Identifying a Principle of International Law Today
Authors: Sinha S. Prakash
Published: June 2019

The midwives of international law, Gentili, Grotius, Vitoria, Suarez, Pufendorf, and Wolff, found the principles of this law in the law of nature. This, in turn, was derived by some of them from the law of God and by others from the law of reason. But, as the law of nations grew and its content developed, its derivation was established, particularly with Vattel in the middle of the eighteenth century, from the will of states rather than from the law of nature. Today’s international lawyer simply inherits the principle of identification whereby international-law rules of general application are created by international custom. (This custom is produced by that kind of practice of states relating to a matter of international relations which is concordant and general and is accompanied by the conviction of states that it is obligatory under international law.) The application of this principle of identification, however, is not so simple because of the appearance of three new situations.
An Historical Introduction to the Teaching of International Law in Canada Part III
Authors: MacDonald R. St. J.
Published: June 2019

From 1872 until 1913 legal education in Manitoba was dependent almost entirely on apprenticeship, supplemented by private study. In 1913 the Law Society of Manitoba organized an improved programme of lectures for intending members of the bar and in 1914 the society entered into an agreement with the University of Manitoba to create and operate jointly the Manitoba Law School. The school's expenses were to be shared equally by the two parent bodies and its operations were to be supervised by a board of trustees consisting of two appointees chosen by each body and a chairman elected by the appointees. The school was modelled on the Osgoode Hall Law School in Toronto and offered a three-year lecture course leading to both the LL.B. degree and admission to practice. As at Osgoode Hall, enrolment at the law school was not regarded as a substitute for service under articles. Classes were held in the morning and late afternoon and students were expected to carry out office duties during the remainder of the day.
Annual Conference of the Canadian Council on International Law
Authors: McRae D. M.
Published: June 2019

The canadian council on International Law held its Fifth Annual Conference in Ottawa on October 22-23, 1976. This conference represented a break from previous ones, in that instead of concentrating on a single theme to be developed through formal sessions, the conference dealt with two separate topics and, in addition to formal panels, an opportunity was provided for participants to take part in workshops relating to those topics. The two topics of the conference were, “The Third Law of the Sea Conference: Canadian Interests and Common Concerns,” and “Nuclear Non-Proliferation and Safeguards.” An attempt was made to draw these divergent issues together with a common theme of “Avoiding International Conflicts.”
La lune: patrimoine commun de l’humanité
Authors: Leger Brigitte
Published: June 2019

Il Semble Qu’une dizaine d’années soit une bonne moyenne pour la conclusion de chacun des travaux du Sous-Comité juridique du Comité de l’Utilisation pacifique de l’Espace extra-atmosphérique des Nations Unies. En effet, presque dix ans se sont écoulés entre la première référence faite au besoin d’établir des principes juridiques sur les questions relatives à la lune et autres corps célestes et l’approbation du projet “d’Accord régissant les activités des Etats sur la lune et autre corps célestes” à la trente-quatrième session de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies en 1979.
François Gény’s Doctrine of Customary Law
Authors: Benson Peter E.
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

L’idée de considérer la coûtume comme l’une des bases du droit international pose des difficultés que les juristes tentent de résoudre depuis longtemps. Au dix-neuvième siècle, François Gény essaya d’expliquer le rôle de la coûtume comme l’une des sources du droit interne et ses recherches permettent de comprendre un peu comment la coûtume peut être considérée comme l’une des sources du droit international. Gény soulignait la difficulté qu’il y a à décider à quel stade de son développement l’usage devient droit coûtumier et se rendait compte qu’il devait y avoir à la fois un élément matériel et un élément psychologique. Mais il se rendait aussi compte de l’inexactitude fondamentale de toute explication du processus de création du droit coûtumier, cette explication étant influencée par la fait que ceux participant à la formation de la coûtume croient, faussement, qu’ils sont déjà obligés de l’observer. Gény, comme d’autres théoriciens, n’ayant pas réussi à résoudre ce dilemme, il est nécessaire de se pencher à nouveau sur la question de savoir si la coûtume est l’une des sources du droit international.
Fundamental Norms in Contemporary International Law
Authors: MacDonald R. ST. J.
Published: June 2019

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Le présent article analyse la question de la hiérarchie en droit international contemporain et pose la question de l'existence même d'une telle hiérarchie, tout en examinant les différents niveaux hiérarchiques possibles. Une énumération des normes supérieures plus importantes est également effectuée et est suivie de commentaires sur leur interaction. Une attention toute particulière est consacrée à la Charte des Nations Unies, au jus cogens et à la doctrine erga omnes.
Aviation Terrorism and the International Civil Aviation Organization
Authors: Fitzgerald Gerald F.
Published: June 2019

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L'acceptation quasi-universelle des Conventions de Tokyo, de La Haye et de Montréal constitue un élément important de la lutte contre le terrorisme aérien. L'OACI met l'accent sur la mise en oeuvre plus étendue de ces Conventions, soit par la soumission des États aux obligations prévues par leurs dispositions, soit par l'adoption et l'application de législations nationales appropriées. Le développement d'un protocole portant sur la répression des actes illicites dans les aéroports desservant l'aviation civile internationale comblera un vide grave dans la Convention de Montréal, laquelle ne vise pas les actes de terrorisme commis dans les aires d'attente.

L'OACI s'occupe activement du développement des politiques en matières de protection de l'aviation civile internationale contre les attaques terroristes. Lors de son Assemblée de ig86, elle a adopté par consensus unanime une résolution consolidée à cet égard.

L'amendement récent de l'Annexe ij de la Convention de Chicago a élevé un bon nombre de Pratiques Recommandées au niveau de Normes et a introduit de nouvelles dispositions sur la sécurité.

En juin 1986, le Conseil de l'OACI a adopté une clause-type sur la sécurité de l'aviation qui pourrait être incorporée dans les accords bilatéraux de transport aérien régissant l'échange mutuel de droits de trafic. Une telle clause aidera à l'application des conventions portant sur la sécurité aérienne aussi bien qu'à l'application des Normes et Pratiques Recommandées de l'OACI relatives à ce sujet.

L'enjeu de la lutte contre le terrorisme aérien exige rien de moins qu'une vigilance suivie de la part des forces de l'ordre. L'OACI joue un rôle très important dans cette lutte.
The Proper Function of International Law in the Determination of Global Behaviour
Authors: MacLean Robert M.
Published: June 2019

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Cet article a pour objet d’identifier et d’analyser l’impact normatif du droit international dans l’orientation des différents comportements étatiques. Nous évaluerons surtout le conflit existant entre le droit international et certaines variables non juridiques qui influencent le processus décisionnel dans l’ordre international, telles le nationalisme, la réalisation d’objectifs stratégiques, l’idéologie et l’opportunisme politique. Nous en arriverons ainsi à l’inévitable conclusion que, contrairement aux variables susmentionnées, le droit international joue un rôle très limité.

En effet, l’efficacité du droit international repose essentiellement sur l’existence d’un consensus au sein de la communauté internationale au sujet des avantages mutuels à adopter tel ou tel comportement étatique. En l’absence d’un tel consensus, les règles du droit international deviennent instables, obscures et inefficaces.

En raison de sa structure sociale primaire, décentralisée et fragmentée, la société internationale a élaboré, tout compte fait, un ordre juridique faible et rudimentaire même si sa réglementation ponctuelle est souvent très complexe.

Le rôle souvent affaibli du droit dans la conduite des relations internationales s’explique, en grande partie, par la crainte des États de limiter leur autorité souveraine. Cette crainte empêche donc la réalisation d’un consensus politique en faveur d’un droit international fort. Aucun défaut inhérent attribuable à la nature même du système juridique international ne saurait être à l’origine de l’inefficacité du droit international.
Conscience in Conflict: The Doctor’s Dilemma
Authors: Hampson Françoise J.
Published: June 2019

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Cet article examine la réserve faite par les États-Unis en ce qui concerne l’article 10 du Protocole II des Conventions de Genève de 1949, en vue d’éviter que les médecins militaires puissent faire appel à la déontologie médicale d’une telle façon qu’ils mettent en cause l’administration interne des forces armées américaines, y compris l’administration de la justice militaire.

Le plan de l’article est le suivant: après avoir expliqué la protection donnée aux fonctions médicales par les Conventions et les Protocoles, l’auteur passe en revue les deux codes de déontologie médicale prévoyant une situation de conflit armé, et suggère qu’ils représentent le contenu reconnu couramment de la "déontologie médicale." Elle précoràse qu’un état indique son acceptation du contenu de ces codes au moyen d’une déclaration interprétative, évitant ainsi les conséquences peu souhaitables d’une réserve.

Les situations dans lesquelles il pourrait y avoir un conflit entre la déontologie médicale et un ordre militaire sont examinées dans le cadre du "U.S. Uniform Code of Military Justice." La réserve américaine ne paraît pas nécessaire. Les raisons l’appuyant sont analysées, tenu compte de la décision dansU.S.v.Levy, mais sont jugées insuffisantes.

Les effets fâcheux qu’aurait une réserve sont examinés, à la fois isolément et dans le cadre des autres articles traitant des principes de la déontologie médicale et de la réaction prévisible des autres états ratifiant le Protocole.

La conclusion de l’auteur est que les États-Unis devraient remplacer leur réserve par une déclaration interprétative.
The International Court as Emerging Constitutional Court and the Co-ordinate UN Institutions (Especially the Security Council): Implications of theAerial Incident at Lockerbie
Authors: McWhinney Edward
Published: June 2019

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La fin de la guerre froide accompagnée de la disparition du système de l'aprèsguerre fondé sur un équilibre politico-juridique, est-ouest, au sein du Conseil de Sécurité et de l'Assemblée Générale de l'ONU, a des conséquences importantes, bien qu'encore imprécises, pour la Cour Internationale de Justice. Dans sa jurisprudence des dernières deux décennies, la Cour, sous l'impulsion surtout du juge Lachs, a, d'une manière constante, nié (existence d'une séparation des pouvoirs constitution-neh (telle qu 'elle existe dans les systèmes nationaux occidentaux) au niveau des institutions internationales. Au contraire, la Cour a souligné qu'il existe une complémentarité de pouvoirs entre les organes principaux de l'ONU, y inclus la Cour elle-même.

Ainsi, il serait inopportun d'écarter entièrement cette conception hautement pragmatiste pour conclure que la Cour détient aujourd'hui le droit constitutionnel de contrôler, de limiter et de restreindre au nom de la Charte de l'ONU les organes internationaux d'un rang égal à la Cour, tel le Conseil de Sécurité. En effet, la Cour Internationale n'est pas encore une cour constitutionnelle spéciale comme la Cour Suprême des États-Unis ou celle de l'Allemagne, et ce, même si certains des juges de la Haye le laissent sous-entendre actuellement. La controverse susmentionnée est à la base de la divergence intellectuelle entre les onze juges majoritaires et les cinq juges dissidents dans l'affaire de l'incident aérien de Lockerbie (la Libye c. le Royaume-Uni), dont le jugement a été rendu par la Cour Internationale en avril 1992. Cette décision comporte d'importantes conséquences pour la Cour elle-même ainsi que pour l'ONU toute entière.
Territorial Modifications and Breakups in Federal States
Authors: Wildhaber Luzius
Published: June 2019

This article considers the way in which territorial modifications and breakups in federal states are dealt with in domestic and in international law. It investigates whether federal states permit separatist claims of their minorities for “internal modifications” on the basis of constitutional Law, such as the formation of new member units or the merger of existing member units, and whether domestic law knows of any secessionist claims for “external modifications,” such as the formation of new sovereign states or the merger or association with existing states. The extensive practice surveyed by the author allows for a new outlook on the well-known problem of “self-determination.”
Metamorphoses: Judge Shigeru Oda and the International Court of Justice
Authors: Reisman Michael
Published: June 2019

A series about the judges of the International Court must be based on two postulates: first, that the unique character and, of course, “value-structure” of each judge ü a variable of some importance in the application, if not incremental formation, of international law; and second, that the International Court is an important institution and has played a significant role in “the progressive development of international Law.” While welcoming the idea of thü series, the reviewer has reservations about the way these postulates have been embraced and adopted by the author and outlines his reservations about key jurisprudential assumptions and strategic choices that were made in designing the idea and about the ways those assumptions and strategies have been implemented.
The Dispute Settlement Regime of the Straddling and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks Convention
Authors: McDorman Ted L.
Published: June 2019

The 1995 Agreement on the Regime for Straddling and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks completes one aspect of the work of the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea. This article presents a summary of the provisions of the 1995 Agreement and their relationship to the 1982 Convention. The author offers insights into the possible effectiveness of several articles and concludes that the 1995 Agreement offers states the possibility of a stable and predictable dispute resolution mechanism. Whether states will take advantage of this regime is another question.
Investor-State Dispute Settlement under NAFTA Chapter 11: The Shape of Things to Come?
Authors: VanDuzer J. Anthony
Published: June 2019

Recently, there has been a proliferation of international agreements imposing minimum standards on states in respect of their treatment of foreign investors and allowing investors to initiate dispute settlement proceedings where a state violates these standards. Of greatest significance to Canada is Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement, which provides both standards for state behaviour and the right to initiate binding arbitration. Since 1996, four cases have been brought under Chapter 11. This note describes the Chapter 11 process and suggests some of the issues that may arise as it is increasingly resorted to by investors.
I Commerce
Authors: Dufour Sophie
Published: June 2019

Le processus d'ouverture des frontières a franchi de nouveaux sommets au cours des années 1995 et 1996. Que ce soit au sein de l'Accord de libre-échange nord-américain (ci-après ALÉNA), de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (ci-après OMC) ou de la zone de libre-échange des Amériques envisagée d'ici l'an 2005, le Canada a grandement contribué à ce processus, tel que nous le verrons dans les paragraphes qui suivent.