bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMPARISON BETWEEN TONSILLECTOMY WITH THERMAL WELDING AND THE CONVENTIONAL ‘COLD’ TONSILLECTOMY TECHNIQUE
Authors: Sezen Ozan S. , Kaytanci Hande , Kubilay Utku , Coskuner Temel , ÜNver ŞEref
Published: August 2010

Background:  The aim of this study was the evaluation of length of the procedure, anaesthesia, the amount of the intraoperative fluid required, total blood loss and postoperative pain of the ‘thermal welding system tonsillectomy (TWS)’ compared with the conventional ‘cold dissection tonsillectomy’.

Methods:  Fifty patients aged between 3 and 28 years were included in this prospective controlled study. Extracapsular tonsillectomy with TWS was carried out on 25 patients and conventional ‘cold’ extracapsular dissection complete tonsillectomy was carried out on the other 25 patients. Haemostasis was achieved with packing and 3/0 chromic catgut suture is used to treat the persistently bleeding sites in the ‘cold’ tonsillectomy group. Intraoperatively, the duration of the procedure, anaesthesia, the amount of the required intraoperative fluid, the total blood loss and the number of sutures were documented for each patient. In the hospital, the postoperative amount of intravenous fluids, oral intake (timing of onset and amount), the duration and the total dose of analgesics were recorded. Daily assessment included the type of diet, the level of appetite, the total number of analgesics, the presence of fever, the time required to return to normal activity and the pain score (twice daily). Pain was measured by means of Faces Pain Scale and Visual Analogue Scale.

Results:  There was a statistically and clinically significant difference in the operating time in the intraoperative blood loss in favour of the conventional tonsillectomy group (P > 0.05). Although there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups for the postoperative evening pain scores (P > 0.05), there was a statistically significant difference for the morning pain scores (P < 0.05) in the first 2 days postoperatively (P > 0.05) and in the level of appetite in the first postoperative day (P > 0.05). The other outcome measures did not show any statistically significant difference.

Conclusion:  When we compared TWS with the conventional ‘cold’ dissection tonsillectomy, we found that TWS tonsillectomy offered an innovative new tonsillectomy method with significantly reduced blood loss and reduced surgical time and without any increase in the postoperative pain. It was a useful method for tonsillectomy.
Comparison of equipment management and cleaning protocols for rigid sigmoidoscopy
Authors: Simpson Paul J. B. , McMurrick Paul J. , Polglase Adrian L. , Koh Cherry E.
Published: August 2010

Background:  To provide outcome data relating to cleaning of rigid sigmoidoscopy equipment comparing commonly used techniques, allowing a framework for general guidelines for use in clinical practice.

Methods:  A total of 104 rigid sigmoidoscopies were performed in the rooms of two colorectal surgeons using standard techniques. A three‐way randomization was performed adopting the following variables: enzymatic washing versus steam sterilization of the light head, disposable versus reusable bellows and use with versus without an air filter. Aerosol from each system was collected on agar plates, and review of colony count numbers was performed.

Results:  Gross faecal contamination of the rigid sigmoidoscope light head did not occur during any of the procedures. One plate grew a single‐gram negative colony; all other contaminated plates showed environmental flora only. Reusable bellows in combination with an air filter showed lower mean colony counts (environmental flora) from the pre‐procedure cultures as well as from the bellows' cultures.

Conclusion:  Enteric flora in this study was rarely aerosolized, and the use of an air filter may decrease this likelihood even further. There is no advantage in using disposable insufflation bellows when compared with the reusable type, allowing considerable cost saving. Washing the light head between procedures with enzymatic solution is a safe cheap and effective method of decontamination.
Injury induced c‐Jun expression and phosphorylation in the dopaminergic nigral neurons of the rat: correlation with neuronal death and modulation by glial‐cell‐line‐derived neurotrophic factor
Authors: Vaudano Elisabetta , Rosenblad Carl , Björklund Anders
Published: August 2010

This study was designed to determine whether induction and phosphorylation of the transcription factor c‐Jun is associated with lesion‐induced death of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta, and if this cellular response is modulated by glial‐cell‐line‐derived neurotrophic factor. In adult rats, delayed dopaminergic neuron cell death induced by intrastriatal 6‐hydroxydopamine injection led to a marked increase in the number of both c‐Jun‐ and phosphorylated c‐Jun‐immunoreactive nuclei in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The response was maximal before any significant loss of nigral neurons could be detected (on day 7 post lesion) and was confined to the dopaminergic neurons. Similarly, 6‐hydroxydopamine lesion of the striatal dopaminergic terminals or excitotoxic lesion of the striatal target neurons in neonatal rats resulted in an increased number of c‐Jun‐ and phosphorylated c‐Jun‐immunoreactive nigral nuclei that preceded the loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons. By contrast, after an excitotoxic lesion of the striatal target neurons in the adult rat, resulting in atrophy but not cell death of the nigral dopaminergic neurons, no upregulation of either c‐Jun or phosphorylated c‐Jun was found. A single injection of 10 µg of glial‐cell‐line‐derived‐neurotrophic factor given at day 3 after the intrastriatal 6‐hydroxydopamine lesion reduced the number of c‐Jun‐ and phosphorylated c‐Jun‐immunoreactive nuclei in the substantia nigra and protected the dopaminergic neurons from the ensuing cell death. We conclude that c‐Jun induction and phosphorylation may be involved in the cellular events leading to death of nigral dopaminergic neuronsin vivoand that this response can be modulated by glial‐cell‐line‐derived‐neurotrophic factor.
Heterogeneous distribution of AMPA glutamate receptor subunits at the photoreceptor synapses of rodent retina
Authors: Hack Iris , Frech Moritz , Dick Oliver , Peichl Leo , Brandstätter Johann Helmut
Published: August 2010

In the retina the segregation of different aspects of visual information starts at the first synapse in signal transfer from the photoreceptors to the second‐order neurons, via the neurotransmitter glutamate. We examined the distribution of the four AMPA glutamate receptor subunits GluR1–GluR4 at the photoreceptor synapses in mouse and rat retinae by light and immunoelectron microscopy and serial section reconstructions. On the dendrites of OFF‐cone bipolar cells, which make flat, noninvaginating contacts postsynaptic at cone synaptic terminals, the subunits GluR1 and GluR2 were predominantly found. Horizontal cell processes postsynaptic at both rod and cone synaptic terminals preferentially expressed the subunits GluR2, GluR2/3 and GluR4. An intriguing finding was the presence of GluR2/3 and GluR4 subunits on dendrites of putative rod bipolar cells, which are thought to signal through the sign‐inverting metabotropic glutamate receptor 6, mGluR6. Furthermore, at the rod terminals, horizontal cell processes and rod bipolar cell dendrites showed labelling for the AMPA receptor subunits at the ribbon synaptic site or perisynaptically at their site of invagination into the rod terminal. The wide distribution of AMPA receptor subunits at the photoreceptor synapses suggests that AMPA receptors play an important role in visual signal transfer from the photoreceptors to their postsynaptic partners.
Effect of nicotine on cerebellar granule neuron development
Authors: Opanashuk Lisa A. , Pauly James R. , Hauser Kurt F.
Published: August 2010

To assess the role of nicotinic cholinergic receptors (nAChR) on neuronal maturation, nAChR expression and the direct effects of nAChR activation were examined in cerebellar external granular layer (EGL) precursors isolatedin vitro. Treatment of EGL neuroblasts with nicotine elicited a concentration‐dependent increase in DNA content and synthesis, implying an increase in cell numbers. Pretreatment of cultures with the nAChR antagonist dihydro‐β‐erythroidine (DHBE) attenuated nicotine‐induced changes in DNA abundance and synthesis. Furthermore, chronic nicotine treatment for 4–7 days promoted EGL cell survival. Epibatidine but not cytisine stimulated granule neuroblast DNA synthesis and survival. Survival effects mediated by nicotine and epibatidine were attenuated by pretreating cultures with DHBE. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that EGL neurons possessed α3, but not α4, nAChR immunoreactivity. Quantitative autoradiography was used to determine which nAChRs are present during the period of granule cell neurogenesisin vivo. On postnatal day 5, the EGL was intensely labelled by [3H]‐epibatidine but virtually devoid of [3H]‐A85380 binding, suggesting that a high concentration of α3 AChRs is present in granule neuroblasts. The pharmacology of [3H]‐epibatidine displacement from EGL neurons also suggested an interaction with the α3‐nAChR subunits. Together these data provide novel evidence that the activation of nAChRs directly affect the development of primary cerebellar neuroblasts and further suggest that the effects are mediated through the α3‐nAChR subtype.
Visual interhemispheric transfer to areas 17 and 18 in cats with convergent strabismus
Authors: Milleret Chantal , Houzel Jean‐Christophe
Published: August 2010

Commissural connections between primary visual cortical maps of the two hemispheres are essential to unify the split representation of the visual field. In normal adult cats, callosal connections are essentially restricted to the border between areas A17 and A18, where the central vertical meridian is projected. In contrast, early convergent strabismus leads to an expanded callosal‐receiving zone, as repeatedly indicated by anatomical experiments. We investigated here the functional correlates of this widespread distribution of callosal terminals by analysing transcallosal visual responses in five anaesthetized and paralysed 4–10‐month‐old cats whose right eye had been surgically deviated on postnatal day 6. After acute section of the optic chiasm, single‐unit activity was recorded from A17 and A18 of the right hemisphere while the left eye was visually stimulated. A total of 108/406 units were transcallosally activated. While they were more frequent at the 17/18 border (46% of the units recorded within this region), numerous transcallosally activated units were located throughout A17 (16%), A18 (27%) or within the white matter (17%). In all regions, transcallosally driven units displayed functional deficits usually associated with strabismus, such as decreased binocularity and ability to respond to fast‐moving stimuli, and increased receptive field size. Many units also displayed reduced orientation selectivity and increased position disparity. In addition, transcallosal receptive fields were manifestly located within the hemifield ipsilateral to the explored cortex, with almost no contact with the central vertical meridian. Comparison with data from normal adults revealed that strabismus induced a considerable expansion of the callosal receiving zone, both in terms of the cortical region and of the extent of the visual field involved in interhemispheric transfer, with implications in the integration of visual information across the hemispheres.
Lack of dependence and rewarding effects of deltorphin II in mu‐opioid receptor‐deficient mice
Authors: Hutcheson Daniel M. , Matthes Hans W. D. , Valjent Emmanuel , Sánchez‐Blázquez Pilar , Rodríguez‐Díaz Marta , Garzón Javier , Kieffer Brigitte L. , Maldonado Rafael
Published: August 2010

We have previously shown that the antinociceptive effects produced by the delta opioid‐selective agonist deltorphin II are preserved in mu‐opioid receptor (MOR)‐deficient mice. We have now investigated rewarding effects and physical dependence produced by deltorphin II in these animals. Wild‐type and MOR‐deficient mice were implanted with a cannula into the third ventricle and deltorphin II was administered centrally. The rewarding effects induced by deltorphin II were then investigated using the place preference paradigm. Wild‐type mice showed place preference for the compartment previously associated with deltorphin II and this effect was not observed in MOR‐deficient mice. In a second experiment, mice received a chronic perfusion of deltorphin II over 6 days, via an Alzet minipump connected to the intraventricular cannula, and withdrawal was precipitated by naloxone administration. Wild‐type animals showed a moderate but significant incidence of several somatic signs of withdrawal. This withdrawal response was suppressed in MOR‐deficient mice. Analysis of the immunoreactivity levels of PKC‐alpha, PKC‐beta (I and II) and PKC‐gamma isozymes in the cerebral cortex of mice infused chronically with deltorphin II showed a significant up‐regulation of all these isozymes in the soluble fraction in wild‐type but not in MOR‐deficient mice. In conclusion, mu‐opioid receptors, which are not involved in deltorphin II antinociception, appear to mediate the effects of chronic deltorphin II on rewarding responses, physical dependence and adaptive changes to PKC.
Colocalization of tyrosine hydroxylase and GAD65 mRNA in mesostriatal neurons
Authors: González‐Hernández Tomás , Barroso‐Chinea Pedro , Acevedo Abraham , Salido Eduardo , Rodríguez Manuel
Published: August 2010

Although dopamine has been considered as the only neurotransmitter in the nigrostriatal pathway, studies carried out in the last two decades have suggested the existence of a nondopaminergic nigrostriatal projection, and more recently, γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) has been identified as its neurotransmitter. In this study, we used the combination of immunocytochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; a marker of dopaminergic neurons),in situhybridization (ISH) for two different isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65 and GAD67, the rate‐limiting enzyme in GABA synthesis) and retrograde tracing techniques to investigate the possible existence of nigrostriatal neurons containing both neurotransmitters (dopamine and GABA) in the rat. Our results revealed that approximately 10% of mesostriatal dopaminergic neurons, most of them lying in the medial region of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC) and neighbouring A10 region, contain GAD65 mRNA. These findings reveal a third nigrostriatal pathway formed by dopaminergic/GABAergic neurons. Contrasting with the idea that in the basal ganglia, dopamine and GABA are released from different cell populations, the results suggest a more complex dopamine/GABA interaction than previously assumed, probably including cotransmission.
Developmental pharmacology of tramadol during infancy: ontogeny, pharmacogenetics and elimination clearance
Authors: Allegaert Karel , Rochette Alain , Veyckemans Francis
Published: August 2010

Aims and objectives:  To illustrate the complex interaction between ontogeny, i.e., age‐dependent maturation, genetic polymorphisms and renal elimination clearance during infancy, based on developmental disposition of intravenous tramadol during infancy.

Background:  Tramadol (M) is metabolized by O‐demethylation (cytochrome P450 [CYP] 2D6) to the pharmacodynamic active metabolite O‐demethyl tramadol (M1). This metabolite is subsequently eliminated by renal route while M1 formation will in part depend on ontogeny, i.e., age‐dependent activity and CYP2D6 polymorphisms. However, these pathways do not mature simultaneously.

Methods:  A pooled pharmacokinetic analysis of earlier reported time–concentration profiles in neonates and infants was performed with subsequent simulation of the impact of ontogeny, polymorphisms and renal elimination clearance during infancy.

Results:  Tramadol plasma time–concentration profile changes with postmenstrual age. The highest metabolite concentrations occur in the 52‐week infant, where M1 formation clearance (hepatic, CYP2D6) is already mature but metabolite elimination clearance (through glomerular filtration rate) is immature.

Discussion:  The phenotypic observations might in part explain unanticipated (side‐)effects of tramadol. In addition to the compound‐specific clinical implications, it is important to stress that the maturational trends in the elimination processes described can be considered for other compounds (e.g., codeine) that undergo similar elimination routes.
SOLITARY CROSSED ECTOPIC KIDNEY
Authors: MAGRI J.
Published: August 2010

A case of crossed ectopia of a solitary kidney is described. Some diagnostic and embryological aspects of the anomaly are discussed.

I am grateful to Mr Harland Rees for permission to report this case and for his helpful criticisms. I am also indebted to Miss F. Wadsworth for the drawings and to Mr R. Bartholomew for the photographs.
GIANT URETERIC CALCULUS IN A PATIENT WITH DUPLEX KIDNEYS AND URETERS
Authors: SMITH K. H.
Published: August 2010

A case of giant ureteric calculus is presented and the literature on the subject is briefly reviewed.

I am grateful to Mr R. O. Lee for permission to treat and report this case.
PRIMARY TUMOURS OF THE URETER
Authors: MACDOUGALL J. A.
Published: August 2010

Twenty patients with primary tumours of the ureter are recorded. Difficulties in diagnosis and the importance of ureterograms are discussed. The poor prognosis of malignant tumours is confirmed.

I should like to thank Mr R. H. O. B. Robinson and Mr T. W. Mimpriss for permission to publish these cases.
BILATERAL “HEREDITARY” POLYCYSTIC DISEASE OF THE KIDNEYS ASSOCIATED WITH BILATERAL TERATODACTYLY OF THE FEET (“Pied en pince de Homard”)1
Authors: CAMERON J. R.
Published: August 2010

Concurrent congenital abnormalities of the kidneys and of the extremities occur, and perhaps more often than at random.

When they occur they may act as readily visible signposts, aiding the urological diagnosis and thereby assisting in therapy.

They are of embryological, teratological, and eugenic interest, and a clinical study of such patients can be of value to those engaged in the rapidly advancing study of genetics.
THE ACTION OF DRUGS ON THE INTACT HUMAN URETER1
Authors: Ross J. A. , Edmond P. , Griffiths J. M. T.
Published: August 2010

Direct measurement of pelvic and ureteral activity has been used to observe the effect of atropine and buscopan given intravenously. In the majority of cases both had an appreciable effect but individual variation occurs.

The technique employed avoids the pitfalls associated with studies on isolated organs and on other species.

Observations must be prolonged or erroneous conclusions may be reached.

We are grateful to Sir John Bruce, Regius Professor of Surgery, University of Edinburgh for his interest and support. We also wish to thank Dr D. A. Middleton, Boehringer Ingelheim Ltd., for providing funds for part of the equipment used, Dr J. Straton, Consultant Anæsthetist, for many helpful suggestions, and Mr F. Robbie, Superintendent Radiographer, for the reproduction of the tracings.
RECOVERY OF RENAL FUNCTION AFTER PROLONGED URETERIC OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Earlam R. J.
Published: August 2010

Two patients are discussed who presented with anuria. The azotremia returned to normal after a unilateral nephrostomy and the patients went home. At a later date (86 and 348 days) the obstruction in the other kidney was relieved and the normal secretion of urine was resumed.

The dangers of prolonged ureteric obstruction and the necessity of re‐establishing drainage of urine even at a late stage are discussed in relation to experiments with animals and in clinical practice.

I would like to thank the staff of the Regional Urological Centre at Sefton General Hospital, Liverpool, for their help in carrying out the renograms; the Liverpool Radium Institute Isotope Department for assistance in the supply of radioactive hippuran; also Mr E. C. Edwards for permission to publish details about his patient (G. W.). I am especially grateful to Mr Cosbie Ross for assistance in preparing this paper and permission to describe his patient (R. L.).
AVULSION OF THE UPPER URETER SECONDARY TO BLUNT TRAUMA
Authors: Halverstadt DonaldB. , Fraley ElwinE.
Published: August 2010

A case of avulsion of the upper ureter due to blunt trauma, successfully treated by early primary ureteral anastomosis, is presented. A review of the English literature reveals five other cases similarly treated. It is apparent from this and other reports that primary anastomosis of the avulsed upper ureter is not only feasible, but will provide superior results. Early diagnosis is necessary if renal and ureteral function are to be preserved, Delayed exploration and attempts at repair may be associated with distortion of normal anatomical relationships, fibrosis of the injured ureter, and hydronephrosis and pyelonephritis precluding any hope of restoring normal renal function. In addition, perinephric abscess or persistent urinary fistula after delayed exploration may necessitate nephrectomy. Early exploration and repair with meticulous care and fine suture material should prevent these complications in most cases. Restitution of normal renal and ureteral function may be anticipated.
Methodological issues in the evaluation of Internet‐based interventions for problem drinking
Authors: CUNNINGHAM JOHN A. , VAN MIERLO TREVOR
Published: August 2010

Introduction and Aims.In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of Internet‐based interventions (IBI) for alcohol problems and other addictive behaviours. However, it is risky to assume interventions that have been found to work in face‐to‐face modalities can be translated into IBI that are equally effective.Design and Methods.Using selected examples from the published works, this paper will identify some of the special considerations that are relevant to the evaluation of IBI. In addition, methodological issues found in the ongoing development and evaluation of the Check Your Drinking screener (http://www.CheckYourDrinking.net), an IBI for problem drinkers, will be discussed.Results.There have been several randomised control trials with promising results. A primary limitation of much of the research conducted to date is concerns regarding the generalisability of the findings.Discussion and Conclusions.Caution should be taken in assuming that the IBI, which have been found to work in tightly controlled efficacy trials, will display similar levels of effectiveness when used in ‘naturalistic’ settings (i.e. not face‐to‐face in a research environment). Positive results from studies using a variety of different research designs will advance the potential for IBI, as a new means of helping problem drinkers reduce their alcohol consumption. Because of their accessibility and anonymity, IBI could facilitate a broad provision of treatment services at a population level.[Cunningham JA, Van Mierlo T. Methodological issues in the evaluation of Internet‐based interventions for problem drinking.Drug Alcohol Rev2009;28:12–17]
Investigating the utility of mobile phones for collecting data about adolescent alcohol use and related mood, stress and coping behaviours: Lessons and recommendations
Authors: KAUER SYLVIA D. , REID SOPHIE C. , SANCI LENA , PATTON GEORGE C.
Published: August 2010

Introduction and Aims.The trajectory from alcohol use to alcohol use disorders in adolescence is yet to be understood. Momentary sampling may assist in capturing ‘real‐time’ data on young people's alcohol use and associated motivational factors. This paper aims to review the feasibility and usefulness of a mobile phone momentary sampling program to capture data about alcohol use and related behaviours.Design and Methods.Two studies were conducted: a school‐based study with 18 Year 9 and 11 students and a clinical study with eight high‐risk adolescent drinkers. Participants answered questions about their daily activities, alcohol use, stressors and negative mood four times a day for 1 week using a mobile phone momentary sampling program.Results.In the school‐based study, 61% of participants reported drinking alcohol. On drinking days participants spent less time studying (14% vs. 26%), more time sleeping or resting (35% vs. 12%) and more time hanging out (21% vs. 11%) than on non‐drinking days. In the high‐risk sample, 88% of participants reported drinking alcohol. On drinking days, these participants spent a greater proportion of their waking time with their boyfriend or girlfriend (19.2% vs. 6%) and generally had higher negative mood than on non‐drinking days.Discussion and Conclusions.The current mobiletype program was well suited to capturing data on alcohol use in younger, school‐attending adolescents. However, to capture alcohol use in older adolescents who lead less routine lives, it is necessary to make some amendments including targeting particular behaviours and symptoms. Recommendations for future studies are proposed.[Kauer SD, Reid SC, Sanci L & Patton GC. Investigating the utility of mobile phones for collecting data about adolescent alcohol use and related mood, stress and coping behaviours: Lessons and recommendations.Drug Alcohol Rev2009;28:25–30]
Methamphetamine use, dependence and treatment access in rural and regional North Coast of New South Wales, Australia
Authors: WALLACE CATE , GALLOWAY TONY , MCKETIN REBECCA , KELLY ERIN , LEARY JOHN
Published: August 2010

Introduction and Aims. To identify the sociodemographic, health, drug use patterns, treatment coverage and barriers to treatment among regular methamphetamine users in rural and regional North Coast of New South Wales. Design and Methods. A structured questionnaire was used to measure sociodemographic factors, health and well‐being, drug use patterns, methamphetamine dependence, engagement in methamphetamine treatment and barriers to treatment. Participants were 140 regular methamphetamine users. Dependent and non‐dependent participants were compared to identify factors associated with dependence. Results. Participants were predominantly in their thirties, male and had low levels of education, high levels of unemployment and polydrug use. Participants who were dependent on methamphetamine (59%) were more likely to report impaired mental health and to have been diagnosed with depression, anxiety and drug‐induced psychosis. One quarter of dependent methamphetamine users had received treatment in the last year and half had ever received treatment. The main barriers to receiving treatment were a lack of perceived need or motivation to seek treatment and concerns about confidentiality. Discussion and Conclusions. Methamphetamine users living on the North Coast of New South Wales require treatment options tailored to address a complex array of physical and psychological problems. The findings highlight the need for psychiatric support and improved coordination between mental health and drug and alcohol services in rural and regional areas.[Wallace C, Galloway T, McKetin R, Kelly E, Leary J. Methamphetamine use, dependence and treatment access in rural and regional North Coast of New South Wales, Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009]
Sample bias from different recruitment strategies in a randomised controlled trial for alcohol dependence
Authors: MORLEY KIRSTEN C. , TEESSON MAREE , SANNIBALE CLAUDIA , HABER PAUL S.
Published: August 2010

Introduction and Aims. Participants may be recruited from diverse sources for randomised controlled trials (RCT) of treatments for alcohol dependence. A mixed recruitment strategy might facilitate recruitment and increase generalisability at the expense of introducing systematic selection bias. The current study aims to compare the effects of recruitment method on socio‐demographics, baseline illness characteristics, treatment retention and treatment outcome measures. Design and Methods. A secondary analysis from a previous 12 week RCT of naltrexone, acamprosate and placebo for alcohol dependence was conducted. Participants (n = 169) were obtained via four channels of recruitment including in‐patient and outpatient referral, live media and print media solicitation. Baseline parameters, retention in treatment and treatment outcomes were compared in these groups. Results. Relative to in‐patient subjects, those recruited via live and print media had significantly lower scores on taking steps, less in‐patient rehabilitation admissions and less previous abstinence before entering the trial. Subjects recruited via print media had significantly lower scores of alcohol dependence relative to all other modes recruitment. There were no differences between recruitment strategies on treatment retention or compliance. At outcome, no significant effect of recruitment method was detected. Discussion and Conclusions. These results suggest that different recruitment methods may be sourcing subjects with different baseline characteristics of illness. Nonetheless, these differences did not significantly impact on treatment retention or outcome, suggesting that in this population it was appropriate to recruit subjects from mixed sources.[Morley KC, Teesson M, Sannibale C, Haber PS. Sample bias from different recruitment strategies in a randomised controlled trial for alcohol dependence. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009]
Why we should still estimate the costs of substance abuse even if we needn't pay undue attention to the bottom line
Authors: SINGLE ERIC
Published: August 2010

A coalition of provincial, national and international addictions agencies has sponsored a series of symposia leading to the developing of international guidelines for estimating the costs of substance abuse. These guidelines have now been used in national studies in four continents, with more consistent and comparable results than in previous studies. Although the bottom‐line results have been used to argue for alcohol and drug issues having a higher place on the public policy agenda, the real value in such studies lies in the detailed results regarding mortality and morbidity attributable to substance abuse, the relative contribution of acute versus chronic conditions to overall problem levels and the role of substance misuse in adverse social consequences, such as crime and economic productivity. There is a variety of factors which undermine the robustness of the findings, including lack of data, layering of assumptions and changes in the epidemiological knowledge base. It is argued that economic cost estimates should nonetheless be conducted and continually refined, as the detailed findings are of great utility to the design and targeting of prevention programming and policy. The presentation concludes on a personal note of farewell, as this is the author's final conference presentation.[Single E. Why we should still estimate the costs of substance abuse even if we needn't pay undue attention to the bottom line. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009;28:117–121]
Mapping Australian public opinion on alcohol policies in the new millennium
Authors: WILKINSON CLAIRE , ROOM ROBIN , LIVINGSTON MICHAEL
Published: August 2010

Introduction and Aims.Drawing on 16 items in the 2004 National Drug Strategy Household Survey (NDSHS), the paper explores the degree to which Australian public opinion towards different alcohol policies cohere or diverge, and the social location of support for and resistance to more restrictive alcohol controls. Variations in support for particular policies by demographic groups, across states and territories and among those with difference drinking patterns are explored. The extent and direction in which attitudes have changed over time was determined.Design and Methods.Sixteen items from the 2004 NDSHS were subjected to factor analysis. Both a single factor and a four‐factor solution were derived and became the dependent variables for state/territory comparisons and multiple regression analyses determining the predictive power of respondents demographics and drinking behaviour. Trends over time in alcohol policy attitudes used the 1993, 1995, 1998, 2001 and 2004 NDSHS.Results.More severe penalties against drink driving and stricter laws against serving customers who were drunk had the strongest support while policies that controlled accessibility to alcohol such as reducing trading hours received the least support. For all policies support was greater among females, older respondents and those drinking less. The individual's drinking pattern was as strong, and in some cases a stronger predictor of support than gender and age.Discussion and Conclusions.While support for the majority of the alcohol policies decreased over the 11‐year period since 1993, attitudes may be influenced and changed over a shorter period of time.[Wilkinson C, Room R, Livingston M. Mapping Australian public opinion on alcohol policies in the new millennium.Drug Alcohol Rev2009]
Is trivialisation of alcohol consumption a laughing matter? Alcohol incidence in a metropolitan daily newspaper's comic strips
Authors: DONOVAN ROBERT J. , FIELDER LYNDA , DONOVAN PATRICK , HANDLEY CLAIRE
Published: August 2010

Introduction and Aims. A number of studies have looked at the incidence and nature of depictions of alcohol in various media, primarily in movies, television and magazines. However, there have been few studies of depictions of alcohol in comic strips in newspapers. Design and Methods. This study analysed the content of the five comic strips in the 258 weekday editions of a metropolitan newspaper over a period of 1 year. Where alcohol was depicted, this was classified as either integral or incidental to the theme or story of that day's strip. As an indication of the nature of the depiction and in the absence of specific codes for the depiction of alcohol in comic strips, depictions were assessed against the Australian Alcoholic Beverages Advertising Code (ABAC). Results. Of the 1 290 individual comic strips, 4% (n = 54) depicted alcohol. Depictions were equal in number incidental and integral to the ‘story’. Over half of the strips depicting alcohol were deemed to breach the ABAC, with the most common breach related to trivialisation of alcohol consumption. One strip accounted for over 60% of all depictions with the majority breaching the ABAC. Discussion and Conclusions. These results suggest that newspaper publishers should consider a code for depictions of alcohol (and other unhealthy or risky products/behaviours) in comics. At the very least, comics that trivialise the abuse of alcohol should be excluded under such a code.[Donovan RJ, Fielder L, Donovan P, Handley C. Is trivialisation of alcohol consumption a laughing matter? Alcohol incidence in a metropolitan daily newspaper's comic strips. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009]
Alcohol‐related mortality in Ukraine
Authors: KRASOVSKY KONSTANTIN
Published: August 2010

Introduction and Aims. To substantiate public health policies aimed at diminishing alcohol‐related harm, the level of alcohol‐related deaths needs to be documented on a national level. The aim of this study was to explore the opportunities provided by the 1985–1988 anti‐alcohol campaign related data for estimation of alcohol‐related mortality in Ukraine. Design and Methods. Ecological study design based on the aggregate‐level data analysis regarding the natural experiment in Ukraine. All‐cause and cause‐specific observed mortality levels in 1986‐88 compared to the extrapolated 1980–84 trends. The number and proportion of ‘prevented’ deaths were calculated for those causes, for which were observed: (1) reduction of mortality levels during the campaign and (2) increase after 1988. Alcohol‐attributable fractions of mortality per one litre of per capita consumption were calculated for each death cause based on prevented deaths and consumption decrease estimates. The total number of alcohol‐related deaths for a specific year was also calculated. Results. Ukraine experienced a large mortality reduction during the campaign. The estimates of prevented deaths revealed that at least 76% of the mortality reduction was attributable to alcohol. Alcohol‐related mortality due to injuries is much higher for men, while coronary heart disease (CHD) alcohol‐attributable fractions were about 0.5 in middle age both for men and women. Discussion and Conclusions. While in Western countries alcohol is considered as a protective factor for CHD, in Ukraine alcohol‐related cardiovascular mortality is rather high. In 2004 in Ukraine total number of alcohol‐related deaths was about 119,000 or 251 per 100,000 of population.[Krasovsky K. Alcohol‐related mortality in Ukraine. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009;28:396–405]
Large drinks are no mistake: Glass size, not shape, affects alcoholic beverage drink pours
Authors: KERR WILLIAM C. , PATTERSON DEIDRE , KOENEN MARY A. , GREENFIELD THOMAS K.
Published: August 2010

Introduction and Aims. Alcohol content in drinks has been shown to be variable. This study evaluates claims regarding the effects of glass size and glass shape on the amount of alcohol served in on‐premise drinks. Design and Methods. Wine and spirits drinks were purchased and measured in 80 on‐premise establishments in 10 Northern California Counties. Alcohol content was measured as the liquid volume of the drink multiplied by the percentage alcohol by volume of given brands or from analysis of mixed drink and wine samples. Results. Spirits drinks were classified as either straight shots or mixed drinks. Mixed drinks poured in short wide glasses were not found to contain more alcohol than those poured in tall thin glasses. Straight shots and mixed drinks served in the relatively large pint glass and variable ‘other’ glass type were found to contain more alcohol than drinks served in a short wide glass. No other significant differences were found between glass types. Analyses of establishment characteristics found that bars with mostly black patrons serve spirits drinks with more alcohol than bars with other patron types. Discussion and Conclusions. Glass shape does not affect actual drink pours in the USA but glass size does in some cases. Consumer education programs should foster awareness of the relatively high alcohol content of on‐premise wine and mixed spirits drinks. More research is needed to evaluate potential differences in drink pours by patron race and ethnicity.[Kerr WC, Patterson D, Koenen MA, Greenfield TK. Large drinks are no mistake: Glass size, not shape, affects alcoholic beverage drink pours. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009;28:360–365]
Psychopathology in methamphetamine‐dependent adults 3 years after treatment
Authors: GLASNER‐EDWARDS SUZETTE , MOONEY LARISSA J. , MARINELLI‐CASEY PATRICIA , HILLHOUSE MAUREEN , ANG ALFONSO , RAWSON RICHARD A. ,   THE METHAMPHETAMINE TREATMENT PROJECT CORPORATE AUTHORS
Published: August 2010

Introduction and Aims. Although psychiatric symptoms are frequently observed in methamphetamine (MA) users, little is known about the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in MA‐dependent individuals. This is the first study to examine the association of psychiatric disorders with substance use and psychosocial functioning in a large sample of MA users 3 years after treatment. We predicted that psychiatric diagnoses and severity would be associated with substance use and poorer overall functioning over the 3 year post‐treatment course. Design and Methods. Participants (N = 526) received psychosocial treatment for MA dependence as part of the Methamphetamine Treatment Project and were reassessed for psychosocial functioning and substance use at a mean of 3 years after treatment initiation. DSM‐IV psychiatric diagnoses were assessed at follow‐up using the Mini‐International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Psychosocial functioning was assessed using the Addiction Severity Index. Results. Overall, 48.1% of the sample met criteria for a current or past psychiatric disorder other than a substance use disorder. Consistent with prior reports from clinical samples of cocaine users, this rate was largely accounted for by mood disorders, anxiety disorders and antisocial personality. Those with an Axis I psychiatric disorder evidenced increased MA use and greater functional impairment over time relative to those without a psychiatric disorder. Discussion and Conclusions. This initial investigation of psychiatric diagnoses in MA users after treatment indicates elevated rates of Axis I and II disorders in this population and underscores the need for integrated psychiatric assessment and intervention in drug abuse treatment settings.[Glasner‐Edwards S, Mooney LJ, Marinelli‐Casey P, Hillhouse M, Ang A, Rawson RA, The Methamphetamine Treatment Project Corporate Authors. Psychopathology in methamphetamine‐dependent adults 3 years after treatment. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009]
An evaluation of a heroin overdose prevention and education campaign
Authors: HORYNIAK DANIELLE , HIGGS PETER , LEWIS JENNIFER , WINTER REBECCA , DIETZE PAUL , AITKEN CAMPBELL
Published: August 2010

Introduction and Aims. Following detection of an upward trend in the frequency of fatal heroin overdoses in Victoria between 2001 and 2003, Victoria's Department of Human Services planned a campaign aimed at increasing injecting drug users' (IDU) awareness of overdose risks and prevention strategies. Stickers, wallet cards and posters featuring five key messages were distributed via needle and syringe programs (NSP) and other drug and alcohol services between November 2005 and April 2006. An evaluation of the campaign was commissioned to be conducted in late 2006. Design and Methods. The evaluation consisted of analysis of three independent data sets––quantitative data collected from IDU during the campaign period (n = 855 at baseline; and a range of 146–656 at follow up); qualitative interviews with IDU who were NSP clients during the campaign period (n = 16) and qualitative interviews with NSP staff and other key stakeholders (n = 9). Results. While key experts felt that the campaign messages had engendered lasting impact for at least some IDU, these positive impressions were not borne out by the NSP client data, with less than one quarter of all campaign messages being mentioned by a significantly higher proportion of clients during the post‐campaign period compared with baseline. Key experts perceived the greatest weakness of the campaign to be the delay between issue identification and the introduction of campaign materials. Discussion and Conclusions. While IDU are generally responsive to health promotion campaigns, future initiatives in this domain should be designed and implemented rapidly and in ways that are sufficiently flexible to cope with shifts in drug markets which could influence the reception of key messages.[Horyniak D, Higgs P, Lewis J, Winter R, Dietze P, Aitken C. An evaluation of a heroin overdose prevention and education campaign. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009]
Prevalence rates and risk factors for hepatitis C among drug users not in treatment in Malaysia
Authors: VICKNASINGAM BALASINGAM , NARAYANAN SURESH , NAVARATNAM VISWESWARAN
Published: August 2010

Introduction and Aims. The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) among heroin dependants in treatment was estimated at 89.9%; however, virtually no information exists on the prevalence or risk behaviour among the larger population of drug users not in treatment. This study assessed the prevalence of HCV and associated risk factors among this group with a view to designing more effective intervention programs. Design and Methods. A cross‐sectional survey of 552 not‐in‐treatment drug users recruited from five key urban centres across peninsular Malaysia with on‐site serological testing for HCV and HIV seropositivity was conducted. Results. HCV prevalence was 65.4% for the overall sample, but higher among injecting drug users (67.1%) relative to non‐injecting drug users (30.8%). Bivariate analysis suggested seven risk factors though only sharing injecting paraphernalia and lifetime homosexual/bisexual behaviour remained significant in multivariate analysis. Discussion and Conclusions. With the majority (65.9%) sharing injecting equipment and about the same proportion (65.4%) being HCV positive, the risk of further transmission to new drug users is high. It is imperative that the nascent needle and syringe exchange and condom distribution program and its ancillary services—launched in 2005 to fight HIV—be fine tuned, as a first step, to control HCV. With its greater infectivity and non‐symptomatic character, HCV is more insidious. Given the shared risk factors of HCV and HIV, routine screening of drug users for HCV—currently non‐existent—should be instituted. This, with other intervention measures, will help detect and control HCV at an earlier stage while also checking the spread of HIV.[Vicknasingam B, Narayanan S, Navaratnam V. Prevalence rates and risk factors for hepatitis C among drug users not in treatment in Malaysia. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009;28:447–454]
The toxicology of homicide offenders and victims: A review
Authors: DARKE SHANE
Published: August 2010

Issues.The toxicology of homicide offenders and victims, and homicide as a cause of death among psychoactive substance users.Approach.Review of the toxicology of homicide, and homicide as a cause of death among psychoactive substance users.Key Findings.A half or more of offenders are intoxicated by a psychoactive substance at the time of the homicide, with alcohol the most commonly reported substance. Levels of substances among victims are comparable with those seen among perpetrators. Among both offenders and victims, levels of substances far exceed population use. Among substance users, homicide specific mortality rates of substance users far exceed population rates. Reducing rates of alcohol and other drug consumption, at national and individual levels, can be expected to substantially reduce rates of, and risk for, homicide.Conclusions and Implications.Psychoactive substances are strongly associated with homicide. One of the major societal benefits that can be derived from active attempts to reduce alcohol and other drug use are reductions in homicide rates.[Darke S. The toxicology of homicide offenders and victims: A review.Drug Alcohol Rev2009]
The Psychostimulant Check‐Up: A pilot study of a brief intervention to reduce illicit stimulant use
Authors: SMOUT MATTHEW F. , LONGO MARIE , HARRISON SONIA , MINNITI RINALDO , CAHILL SHARON , WICKES WENDY , WHITE JASON M.
Published: August 2010

Introduction and Aims. This study is to test the acceptability of a single‐session ‘check‐up’ intervention for psychostimulant users and document participants' subsequent progress in reducing psychostimulant use and related harms. Design and Methods. The design was pre‐experimental single‐group repeated measures. Eighty participants received the Psychostimulant Check‐Up, with 62% completing a 3 month follow up. Results. Participants were predominantly young adult methamphetamine users. The majority indicated that the Check‐Up answered their questions, increased their awareness of services, and they would recommend it to their friends. At follow up, there was a significant reduction in self‐reported methamphetamine use, the number of self‐reported psychostimulant‐related negative consequences experienced in the previous month and rates of injecting: 62% self‐reported at least a 1 g reduction in methamphetamine use. Discussion and Conclusions. The intervention was well accepted and the majority of those who received it subsequently made meaningful reductions in psychostimulant use and related harm. The intervention offers sufficient promise to warrant a randomised trial to establish whether improvements were specific to the intervention.[Smout MF, Longo M, Harrison S, Minniti R, Cahill S, Wickes W, White JM. The Psychostimulant Check‐Up: A pilot study of a brief intervention to reduce illicit stimulant use. Drug Alcohol Rev 2009]