bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Orchid Weevil Control, Hawaii, 1986
Authors: Hara A. H. , Kawakami D. J.
Published: March 2022

Bioassay tests were conducted on 6 Jun, 18 Jul and 1 Aug on flowering dendrobium orchids growing in 1/4 inch crushed basalt rock under 30% polypropylene net shade in Kapoho, Hawaii. Insecticides were applied to runoff with a compressed air sprayer at 40 psi with a no. 8004 Teejet nozzle. After 3 days, 2 terminal leaves per treatment were excised and placed singly in 14 oz unwaxed paper containers. The treated samples were taken back to the laboratory where 4 field collected orchid weevils were added to each of 2 containers. The containers were then covered with organdy. This experiment was replicated 3x (in time) with 8 weevils per replicate. Mortality data was taken on the 4th and 7th day after exposure.
Phytotoxicity on Dendrobium, Hawaii, 1986
Authors: Hara A. H. , Kawakami D. J.
Published: March 2022

Phytotoxicity trials were conducted on matured dendrobium orchid plants, grown under 30% polypropylene net shade in no. 3 crushed basalt rock. Four weekly applications of selected insecticides at 4 x the recommended use rate were applied on 6, 13, 20 and 27 Jun to runoff using a compressed air sprayer with a no. 8004 Teejet nozzle at 40 psi. On 18 Jul, raceme length, flower length and the number of flowers per spray were recorded. Racemes were excised from the cane and measured for total length. Flower length was measured from the base of the most matured flower to the base of the youngest flower. Flowers and leaves were observed weekly for phytotoxic symptoms. Each treatment consisted of 12 plants replicated twice.
Control of Western Flower Thrips in Roses, California, 1986
Authors: Robb K. L. , Virzi J. K. , Parrella M. P.
Published: March 2022

Three insecticides, Carzol 92SP, Monitor 4E, and Diazinon 4E (0.5 lb AI/100 gal H20) were evaluated for control of western flower thrips in commercially grown roses (Santa Barbara, CA). Each material was applied to 4 houses containing 6-130 ft beds. Four weekly applications of the materials were made using a 200 gal Bean sprayer with a hand wand equipped with Cornel) nozzles (300 psi), beginning 8 Apr. Ten samples were taken at random from each house on 7 Apr, 18 Apr, and 2 May. The samples consisted of 5 flowers placed in 50% ethanol (50 flowers/house, 200 flowers/treatment). All stages of thrips were extracted from the ethanol under suction and counted with the ait of a dissecting microscope. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and treatment mens were separated using Tukey's procedure.
Control of Ambrosia Beetle in Eucalyptus Stumps, 1984
Authors: Schubert Thomas H. , Markin George P.
Published: March 2022

Three insecticides were tested to either prevent attack, or to control ambrosia beetles inside established galleries in newly cut Eucalyptus tree stumps. Tests were conducted at an experimental biomass plantation near Hilo, Hawaii, an area with a subtropical climate and average rainfall of 5000 mm/year. Tests were conducted in 2.4 ha of clearcut three-year old plantations containing 5 to 15 m tall trees ranging from 1667 to 6667 per ha. Stumps were 30 to 45 cm high and averaged 9 cm (range of 5 to 14 cm) diameter at tops. Stumps showing no evidence of attack were selected to test Sevin as a prophylactic treatment to prevent further attack. Stumps showing 15 or more galleries per stump, indicated by frass tubes protruding from the ends of the gallery, were used to test Malathion or Orthene to kill beetles established in galleries. Treatment was on 30 Oct, 25 days after harvesting. Insecticides were mixed in water and applied to 15 randomly selected stumps to the point of run off using a hand carried, compressed air sprayer. A third treatment began on 14 Nov, 45 days after harvesting on 200 lightly attacked stumps, half of which were randomly selected for treatment and the other half as checks. A combination of first Malathion, followed 2 weeks later by a treatment of Sevin was used. The same crew that selected the stumps for treatment conducted all post-spray counts. Applications were made in the morning and had at least 4 h to dry before the normal afternoon rain showers began. Rainfall during the period of treatment averaged 8.2 cm per week.
Agworm Control on Juniper, 1986
Authors: Schultz P. B. , Coffelt M. A.
Published: March 2022

Bagworn control was evaluated by selecting 10-ft sections of a 200-ft row of 8-ft high juniper heavily infested with bagworm. Insecticides were applied 30 Jun using a 1-gal B&G compressed air sprayer at 30 psi and were applied to runoff. On 3 Jul mortality was determined by collecting 4 samples of 15 bagworms from each treatment and placing them in a incubator at 120�F for 30 min. Live larvae began moving rapidly and were counted. Temperature at time of treatment was 7TF and 0.49 inches of rainfall fell between application and evaluation.
Pine Needle Scale Control on Scotch Pine in Indiana CO., PA, 1986
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

Nine insecticides were evaluated to control the spring generation crawlers of the pine needle scale on heavily infested 5-6 ft scotch pine Christmas trees. Foliar sprays were applied to the point of run-off with a Solo 425 backpack hand-pump sprayer. Each treatment was applied to 4 single tree replicates. Treatments were applied under partly sunny skies on 5 May. The air temp was 72°F and the % RH was 45. One week posttreatment (12 May), a minimum of 5 infested needle fascicles were randomly removed from each tree. Fascicles were then individually placed in plastic bags and transported in an ice cooler back to the laboratory where the viability of the first 100 nymphs observed under a stereo-dissecting microscope was determined. Counts were always made from a minimum of 5 fascicles.
Cattle-Hypoderma lineatum Animal Systemic Insecticide Test, 1986
Authors: Drummond R. O.
Published: March 2022

Government-owned Hereford, Angus, and Hereford-Angusiross calves and yearlings on pasture at Camp Stanley and Camp Bullis, Bexar Co., TX, naturally infested with the common cattle grub, Hypoderma lineatum Villers), are treated with new insecticides that were determined to be systemically active in the mouse-Cuterebra animal systemic insecticide test. Animals ire weighed and given insecticides in initial tests either orally by capsule (usually technical grade insecticide) or dermally by whole-body spray of 4 liters/ animal at > 1000 kPa [usually formulated as an EC in xylene (65 parts), Triton X-100 (10 parts), and AI (25 parts)]. In other tests, insecticides are administered dermally to cattle by pouron of a specific volume of insecticide (usually water-diluted EC as above or solution in oil) per body weight or intramuscularly or ubcutaneously by injection of a specific weight of insecticide per body weight. Normally cattle are treated with new insecticides initially at the highest lonlethal dosages as determined by cooperating veterinary toxicologists; maximum dosages of initial tests are 100 mg/kg orally and 1% spray. If initial dosages ire effective, cattle are given lower dosages in order to determine the minimum effective dosage. Other cattle are treated with titrated dosages of labeled systemics in order to determine systemic activity of label-listed dosages and less than label-listed dosages. After the treatment in May or Jun, the backs of treated cattle (usually 3-6 animals/treatment) and untreated cattle of the same age and breed from the same herd are examined monthly from Aug to Feb )f the next year for encapsulated cattle grubs. As cattle grubs appear, they are located on an outline map of the back of each animal; the cumulative number )f grubs in each animal is obtained. Effectiveness of a treatment is determined by comparing the average number of grubs in treated cattle with the average number in untreated cattle.
Apple, Mite Control with Carzol/Plictran/Basic H, 1986
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 5 acaricide treatments and a control replicated 4 times. Plots consisted of 4 trees, one each of cultivars York Imperial, Delicious, Golden Delicious, and Rome Beauty. Experimental sprays were applied with a Myers Mity Mist airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gal/acre. All sprays were applied to both sides of trees. Application date was 10 Jul. Dithane M-45 was the only fungicide applied during the course of the experiment. ERM populations were evaluated by collecting a random sample of 25 leaves/tree (cv Delicious), 100 leaves/treatment and brushing them with a Henderson-McBurnie mite brushing machine. The predator S. punctum was observed by making 3 min counts of adults and larvae around periphery of the same trees.
Apple, Eup Evaluation of a New Formulation of Plictran, 1986
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

The trial was conducted in a 12 acre commercial apple orchard in the Buchanan Valley near Arendtsville, PA. The block was further divided into two 6 acre blocks. One block was treated with XRM-4868 5F (Plictran 5F), the other with Plictran 50WP. Seven ‘York Imperial’ apple trees were randomly selected in each block for monitoring. Treatments were applied using the alternate-row middle technique with a Myers airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gal/acre at 2 mph. Spray dates for Plictran treatments were 11 and 18 Jul, 1 Aug. Amounts are listed as complete sprays. If only one half was applied, reduce amounts by one half. All blocks received the same insecticide and fungicide schedule. The effect of sprays on ERM was evaluated by counting mites on samples of 25 leaves/tree (7 trees/treatment). The mite predator S. punctum was monitored by making 3 min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of trees.
Apple, Acaricide Evaluations, 1986
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W.
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied by handgun operating at 200 psi to 8-year old apple trees. Test plots consisted of 4 single tree replicates arranged in a randomized block. Fungicides (Cyprex, Bayleton) were applied when necessary to the entire test block. In early Apr test trees were inoculated by placing apple branches with overwintering eggs in the canopies to encourage ERM to build up. The 1st spray of PH70-30 and Brigade was applied at ‘tight cluster’ stage when ERM eggs began to hatch; RO 08-4947 was sprayed at ‘petal fall'. Treatments were evaluated at 2-week intervals through the season by brushing 25 leaves/tree. On each tree 3 scaffold limbs were selected and leaves were sampled from the center to the periphery of the canopy.
Apple, European Red Mite Control with Acaricides, All-Season Test, 1986
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Herman Elizabeth J. , Starner Van
Published: March 2022

A 16 year-old apple orchard, varieties ‘Yellow Delicious’ and ‘Red Delicious’ was used in this test. Single tree plots, replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design, were sprayed to runoff (ca 5 gal/tree) with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 300 psi. Treatments were applied 4 Apr, half inch green tip (Vz G); 25 Apr, pink (P); 7 & 8 May, petal fell (PF); 22 May, first cover (IC); and other dates (on table). For disease control the entire orchard was treated with Captan and Polyram as needed. ERM counts were made by randomly picking 25 leaves/tree, brushing mites onto glass plates coated with Triton B-1956, and counting motile mites. Mite-days were calculated as follows: MD = MD1 + [(Ml + M2)/2 x Y], where MD1 = mite-days already accumulated, Ml = avg ERM/ leaf on a given counting date, M2 = avg ERM/leaf on the next counting date after Ml and Y = no. of days between Ml and M2. Stethorus = avg no. of S. punctum larvae, pupae and adults/3 min count/tree.
Apple, Second Generation White Apple Leafhopper Carbaryl Evaluation, 1986
Authors: Beers E. H. , Eisner E. A. , Baird R. J.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in an orchard c 16-year-old trees with under-tree irrigation. Treatments consisted of unreplicated 0.6 acre plots containing approximately 35 trees. Materials were applie’ on 22 Aug with a Parker airblast sprayer delivering 400 gal/acre at a ground speed of 2 mph. By the date of application approximately 20% of the WALI populations were adults. Adults were sampled with 12.5 x 17.8 cm sticky boards made from bright yellow poster board coated on both sides with Sticker Special Pest Glue, suspended from limbs with a wire hanger. Six traps were evenly spaced in each plot and left in place for a 24 h period to obtain adul counts. Nymphs were counted on 20 randomly selected leafhopper-injured leaves on terminal growth from 6 trees in each plot (120 leaves per treatment) Mites were sampled by collecting 25 randomly selected leaves from 6 trees in each plot (150 leaves per treatment), brushing them with a mite brushin machine, and counting the mites of each species recovered.
Apple, Insect Control, Hudson Valley, Highland, NY, 1986
Authors: Weires R. W. , Valley Hudson
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to 8 tree plots replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Baythroid, TD 2207, and Lorsban treatments were applied on 28 Apr (pink), 10 May (petal fall), and in cover sprays on 26 May, 10 Jun, 23 Jun, 7 Jul, 21 Jul, 5 Aug, and 19 Aug. Orthene was applied 27 Apr and 10 May followed by Danitol in all remaining cover sprays, while Brigade was applied 28 Apr and 10 May followed by Thiodan in remaining cover sprays. Dimilin treatments were applied 28 Apr, 23 Jun, and 5 Aug with Guthion applied on remaining forementioned spray dates. Larvin was applied along with Guthion at the 4 oz rate on 10 May, and alone at the 8 oz rate on 23 Jun and 5 Aug, while Guthion was applied alone at the 8 oz rate on 28 Apr, 26 May, 10 Jun, 7 Jul, 22 Jul, and 19 Aug. Danitol was applied once at the 10 oz rate on 10 May, and in 4 applications at the 4 and 2.6 oz rates on 27 Apr, 10 May, 23 Jun, and 5 Aug. Kelthane treatments were applied 13 Aug. All treatments were applied dilute to runoff using a high-pressure handgun sprayer at 400 psi delivering 4.2 gal spray per tree or 403 gal/acre. Trees were 22 years-old, 12 ft high, spaced 15 by 30 ft, and on the EMII rootstock. Additional applications over the entire block included: Difolatan 80S 16 lb/acre 9 Apr; Bayleton 50W 3.5 oz/acre, 5 May; and Dithane M-45 78WP 4V2 lb per acre, 5 May and 20 May. Naphthaleneacetic acid was applied in thinning sprays on 15 May using from 5 to 15 ppm depending upon the cultivar. White apple leafhopper was evaluated by counting nymphs on 25 leaves from one ‘Greening’ tree per plot on 23 Jul and 6 Sep. Spotted tentiform leafminer was evaluated 15 Aug by counting mines on 25 leaves from one ‘Greening’ and one ‘Cortland’ tree per plot. Apple aphids were evaluated by examining 25 termianls on one ‘Mcintosh’ tree per plot on 13 Jun and 27 Jun. Woolly apple aphids were evaluated by examining 25 terminals from one ‘Mcintosh’ tree per plot on 6 Sep. European apple sawfly and plum curculio were evaluated prior to Jun drop by examining all fruits in 50 fruiting clusters on one ‘Mcintosh’ tree per plot on 29 May. Insect damage to fruit was assessed at harvest by examining 100 fruits per cultivar per plot from ‘Mcintosh’ 6 Sep, and ‘Golden Delicious’ 1 Oct. Insect pressure during the season was very great for all species evaluated except apple maggot and external lepidopterous fruit feeders, e. g. leafrollers, for which we were unable to determine the predominant species causing injury. An early spring resulted in an early bloom lasting longer than normal. During bloom, warm periods were often followed by sudden temperature drops, and frost damage occurred on at least 2 occasions in low lying areas of the valley. Rainfall was above average throughout Jun and Jul but below average in other months, while temperatures were generally below normal.
Fear, Registered and Experimental Acaricides, 1986
Authors: Beers E. H. , Baird R. J. , Eisner E. A.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in a 23-year-old orchard with under-tree irrigation. A delayed dormant spray of Pydrin 2.4 lb/gal EC at 1 pt/acre was applied on 19 Mar. An application of Guthion 50WP (2 lb/acre) and Mitac 50WP (3 lb/acre) was made on 6 Jun to suppress pear psylla (Psylla pyricola (Foerster)), pear rust mite (Epitrimerus pyri (Nalepa)), and codling moth (Cydia pomonella (L.)). A randomized complete block design was used, with 4 single-tree replicates per treatment. Materials were applied to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operating at 400-500 psi. Per acre rates were based on 400 gal/acre. Acaricides were tested at 3 timings: prepink stage (11 Apr); low mite population threshold (0.9 mites per leaf, 19-20 Jun); and high mite population threshold (4.0 mites per leaf, 4 Jul). Mite populations were assessed weekly by collecting 25 randomly selected leaves from each tree (100 leaves per treatment), brushing them with a mite brushing machine, and counting mites of each species recovered.
Pear, Pest Control, 1986
Authors: Burts Everett
Published: March 2022

Mature pear trees were sprayed with handguns operating at 600 psi to evaluate pesticides for control of pear pests. Plots consisted of 5 2-tree replicates in randomized block design. Treatments were applied 4 times during the season, on 11 Apr, 1 May, 4 Jun and 22 Jul. Treatments were evaluated for PP and mite control by counts made at 2-week intervals, but PP populations declined in late Jul so counts made afterwards are not included in tables. Adult PP were counted from a 5 beating-tray sample/rep. Psylla nymphs and mites were counted from a 50-leaf sample/rep. Leaf samples through 27 May were collected from fruiting spurs. Later samples consisted of the proximal, distal and 3 leaves from between on each of 10 growing shoots. Leaves were brushed and resulting slides were examined using a dissecting microscope. PP and PRM russet were rated according to US grade standards for fresh market Bartlett pears on 2 samples of 25 mature fruits/rep. Fruit and foliage were examined after each spray for phytotoxicity.
Pear, Pear Psylla Control, 1986
Authors: Burts Everett
Published: March 2022

Twenty-year-old pear trees were sprayed with handguns operating at 600 psi to evaluate Avid for seasonal control of PP. Populations were monitored at 2-week intervals by adult and nymph counts. PP adults were counted by the limb tap method (25 taps/plot), PP nymphs and PRM from brushed leaf samples (56 leaves/plot). Plots consisted of unreplicated blocks of 16 trees. Plots were sprayed 19 Mar, 7 Apr, 28 May and 17 Jul.
Apple, Second Generation White Apple Leafhopper Timing Experiment, 1986
Authors: Eisner E. A. , Beers E. H. , Baird R. J.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in a 6-year-old orchard with under-tree irrigation. A randomized complete block design with 4 single-tree replicates per treatment was used. Four applications of Lorsban 50WP at a rate of 1.5 lb (AI)/acre were made at weekly intervals with the first application date (1 Aug) determined by the first appearance of fourth instar WALH nymphs. Sprays were applied dilute to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 400-500 psi. Per acre rates were based on 400 gal/acre. WALH populations were determined by counting nymphs and cast skins on 20 randomly selected leafhopper-injured leaves from the terminal growth of each tree (80 leaves per treatment).
Apple, Rose Leafhopper Insecticide Evaluation, 1986
Authors: Eisner E. A.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in a 4-year-old orchard interplanted with Delicious apple, d'Anjou pear, and Bartlett pear. Only Delicious apple trees were used in this test. A randomized complete block design was used, with 4 single-tree replicates per treatment. Materials were applied on 17 Jul as dilute sprays to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 400-500 psi. Per acre rates were based on 400 gal/acre. At the time of application only RLH nymphs were present on the apple trees. All instars were present, with the majority in the fourth and fifth instar. Nymphs of WALH were first detected on 22 Jul when first and second instar WALH accounted for 14.9% of the total nymphal population. The pretreatment counts were made in situ by randomly selected 20 leafhopper-injured leaves from the terminal growth of each tree (80 leaves per treatment), and counting nymphs and cast skins present. Posttreatment counts were made by collecting 20 randomly selected leafhopper-injured leaves from the terminal growth of each tree (80 leaves per treatment), and counting nymphs and skins of each leafhopper species with the aid of a binocular microscope.
Thrips and Aphid Control, 1986
Authors: Rajotte Edwin G. , Travis James W.
Published: March 2022

Each of 3 rows 150 feet long and 12 feet apart was divided into 4 experimental units. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Insecticides were applied on 27 Jun using a handgun at 100 psi and 150 gal per acre. Pretreatment counts were made on 26 Jun. Posttreatment counts were made on 30 Jun and 10 Jul. Thrips populations were evaluated by arbitrarily selecting the most ripe berry from 3 fruit clusters from each of 10 different plants per replicate. Clusters were rated as having thrips or not. Aphid populations were evaluated by counting the number of aphid-infested canes in 20 arbitrarily selected canes per replicate.
Control of Citrus Thrips on Lemons, 1986
Authors: Byrne D. N. , Draeger E. A.
Published: March 2022

This efficacy trial evaluated the performance of several insecticides against citrus thrips on lemons in an orchard near Yuma, AR. The soil type was sandy loam with a pH of 8.1 and 0.15% organic matter. Experimental compounds were compared with dimethoate 4E, one current product of choice, and untreated control plots. A completely random design was utilized. Test materials were applied on 13 May with a handgun from a John Bean Sprayer. The sprayer was operated at 300 psi with a dilution rate of 200 gpa. Applications were made when new fruit was approximately 2.5 cm in diameter. At the time of application the temperature was 23°C, with 10% RH, and a 5 kph wind. Thrips counts were made on a basis of 16 terminals per treatment, 4 from 4 different trees.
Mango Shoot Caterpillar Control on Mango Flowers, 1985
Authors: Schreiner I.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted in Agat, Guam in a mango orchard of seed-planted trees of varying ages. Individual trees were induced to flower by spraying a mixture of KN03 and NaN03 at the rate of lOOg of each chemical per 100 gallons of water. Trees were treated on 16 and 23 Jan. The pesticide treatments were started as soon as flower buds were observed, and repeated weekly until harvest. Pesticides were applied with a 50 gallon truck mounted power sprayer, and sprayed to the drip point. Each treatment was applied to half a tree, and replicated 6 times in a randomized block design. On 15 Feb, 10 flowers per treatment were chosen randomly, and rated. If the flower was undamaged, it was rated 0, if it was partly consumed it was rated 1, and if it was completely consumed it was rated 2. Fruit was harvested as it was beginning to ripen, sorted into damaged and undamaged groups, and counted. Fruit was harvested on 23 and 30 May.
Control of Cabbage Loopers and Flea Beetles on Fall Broccoli, 1986
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Elkassabany N. , Mullins C. A.
Published: March 2022

Ten insecticides were evaluated at the Plateau Experiment Station, Crossville, TN on Lily sandy loam soil. ‘Packman’ seedlings were transplanted on 14 Aug. Plots were 15 ft X 3 rows replicated 4 times F in a randomized complete block design with 5 ft alleys between blocks. Row spacing was 36 inches with 15 plants/row. Insecticide treatments were applied on 16 Sep and 8 Oct using 2.5 gal compressed C02 hand sprayers at 30 gal/acre. For density estimates, the number of loopers and flea beetles/15 plants was recorded. Yield was measured from the center row on 15, 20, 28 Oct and total combined weight was used to calculate lb/acre.
Cabbage, Beet Armyworm Control, Test 3, Hidalgo County, Tex., 1986
Authors: Royer Tom A. , Edelson J. V.
Published: March 2022

‘Early Round Dutch’ cabbage was seeded on 15 Sep into double-row beds (10 inch rows, 40 inch beds) at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco, Tex. Soil type was a Raymondville clay loam. Plots measured 25 ft by 2 rows, were bordered by 1 row of grain sorghum, and were replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide treatments were applied on 28 Oct through a CO2-powered boom sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gal/acre (40 psi, 4 TX-4 Hollow cone nozzles per plot, 2 mph). Three to 5 h following the treatment application, 10 second- and third-instar beet armyworm larvae were caged on each of 2 plants within each plot. Efficacy was evaluated 3 and 7 days postspray by counting live larvae in the cage. In addition, all lepidopterous larvae on 3 randomly selected plants per plot were counted. Following evaluations for beet armyworm control, 5 randomly selected plants per plot from all plots were surveyed for lepidopterous larvae on a biweekly schedule, and an additional application was made on 21 Nov when larval counts averaged 0.3 larvae/plant in the methomyl-treated plots. Percent marketability was assessed prior to harvest by rating 10 randomly selected cabbage heads/plot for feeding damage.
Chemical Control of Cabbage Root Aphids 1987
Authors: Royer T. C. , Edelson J. V. , Teague T. G. , Scott A. W.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was planted in Hidalgo fine sandy loam soil on 11 Nov 1986 on the Agricultural Research Farm of Rio Farms in Monte Alto, Tex. Row culture was double-row with 40-inch spacing between beds. Plants were thinned to a 12- inch spacing on 12 Dec. The experiment was arranged as a randomized complete block with 4 treatments and 4 replications. Plots consisted of 2 adjacent beds 70 ft long; 10-ft alleys separated replications, insecticides were applied in a liquid fertilizer (N-32) solution and were injected as a side-dressing on 8 Jan 1987. A commercial liquid fertilizer applicator equipped with 3 shanks per bed and calibrated to discharge 25 gal/acre delivered the treatment solutions ca. 4 inches below the soil surface. Soil temp was 20°C. Root aphid population density was estimated using a simple flotation technique. Roots from 3 randomly selected plants were washed in a CaCl solution (1 tablespoon CaCl/gal water), and insects floating to the surface were counted. Surveys were made pretreatment on 8 Jan and at 2 and 5 weeks, posttreatment on 23 Jan and 13 Feb. Two 3-plant samples were taken randomly per plot. Yields were determined by hand-harvesting both beds in a 15-ft section near the center of each plot. Only cabbage heads of commercially acceptable size were harvested during each of 3 harvests; thus, weight per head was consistant among treatments. Following the final harvest of marketable heads, all cabbage from the harvest area was cut; these yield data were combined with total marketable yield to produce total yield values. All data were analyzed by ANOVA, and means were separated by LSD.
Insecticidal Impact on Lepidopterous Larvae and Leafminers on Celery, 1986
Authors: Carson W. G. , Trumble J. T. , Nakakihara H.
Published: March 2022

Celery was transplanted in a sandy loam soil on 16 Aug at the University of California's South Coast Field Station. The plants were sprinkler irrigated for 3 wk and drip irrigated (water pH 7.2-7.5). Experimental plots were 3 beds wide (2 rows/bed on 40-inch centers) by 50 ft and separated with a 5-ft buffer with 4 replicates of each treatment in a randomized complete block design. Weekly application dates included 12, 19, and 26 Aug; 4, 10, 16, 23, and 30 Sep; and 7 and 14 Oct. All chemicals except Trigard 5 SC (through drip lines), Trigard 3G (banded on bed on 22 July only) and AC 290230 and AC 290678 (3 applications; 12 Aug, 23 Sept, and 14 Oct) were applied by a tractor-mounted boom sprayer operated at 100 psi. As plant height and foliage density increased, nozzles varied from 1 to 3 per row and carrier (H2O) increased from 30 gal/acre (12 Aug to 19 Aug) to 50 gal/acre (26 Aug) to 100 gal/acre (4 Sept on). Disk-type cone nozzles incorporated D-3 orifice discs, #23 or #25 cores, and 50 mesh screens. All treatments except Abamectin received spreader sticker (Leaf Act 80A). Antifoam (No-Foam) was used with all treatments. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four 51/2- × 11-inch trays per replicate, when the plants reached a suitable height. Only the first 4 consecutive weeks' data were included in the analyses, as leafminer populations were quite low for the remainder of the season. The number of dead adult parasites of Liriomyza spp. were recorded in the same manner and on the same dates listed for pupal counts. Evaluation of Lepidoptera populations was based on no. of damaged plants found in 25 plants/replicate (100/treatment) from the center 2 rows of each replicate at harvest (23 Oct). Beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) and black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon) damage were recorded separately.
Control of European Corn Borer on Early Sweet Corn, 1987
Authors: Bowman James S. , Barry Donald W.
Published: March 2022

This study was performed on the University of New Hampshire Kingman Farm, Madbury, N.H., and used 'Honeymoon' sweet corn that was planted 7 May. Each plot consisted of a single 30-ft row of corn, and each treatment was replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized block design. The spray treatments were applied using an R&D CO2-pressurized (40 psi) single-nozzle hand-held sprayer that delivered 14.4 gal/acre. The granular treatment was applied by hand. All applications were directed into the whorls when the corn plants were in the late whorl-pretassel stage and showed signs of European corn borer leaf feeding injury. Two spray spplications were made 5 days apart; the granular treatment received a single application. Evaluation for the percentage of injured tassels was made on 24 Jul. The percentage of injured stalks and ears was determined at harvest time (6 Aug) by examining all the plants in each treatment.
Late Season Sweet Corn Worm Control, 1986
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

'Platinum Lady' sweet corn was planted 3 Jun near Benson, N.C. Single-row plots, 10 ft long on 42-inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Applications were made using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow-cone nozzle (18 x), which delivered 80 gal/acre at 60 psi. Treatments were applied beginning at early whorl stage, and applications were made 1, 8, 15, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, and 30 Jul and 1, 4, and 7 Aug. Corn was harvested 11 Aug and the percentage of infested and damaged ears was recorded.
Furadan for Control of Striped Cucumber Beetle, 1987
Authors: Noetzel David
Published: March 2022

A preliminary trial in support of a special local need was established in a growers field near Belle Plaine, Minn. About 15 cucumber seeds per hill with each hill spaced at 3-ft intervals were planted on 2 Jun. A plot was 1 row 50 ft long with a row spacing of 6 ft. A randomized complete block design was used. The amount of insecticide to be placed in each hill was based on the standard in-furrow application rate. Insecticide per 3-row ft was measured or weighed and placed in the hill with the seed. We reasoned that this would be the most severe test for phytotoxicity based on a normal use pattern. The seed was then covered with 0.5 inches of soil and sprinkle irrigated. The soil texture was sandy loam. Foliar insecticide was applied on 10 and 24 Jun and on 6 and 25 Jul. It was broadcast using a hand-held CO2 sprayer at 40 psi pressure and 17 gal total material/acre. The number of plants per plot showing any sort of either chemical or insect damage and the total plants per plot were counted. Growth also was measured.
Control of Onion Maggot, 1986
Authors: Grafius E. , Hayden J.
Published: March 2022

The objective of this study was to compare granular and wettable powder formulations of an insect growth regulator (Trigard) and to compare application methods for control of the onion maggot. Onions ('Downing Yellow Globe') were planted 28 Apr in a commercial onion field at the Krummery Farm, Stockbridge, Mich. Plots were single rows, 20 ft long, with an untreated buffer row between each plot. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications per treatment. Granular in furrow treatments were applied with the seed with a V-belt seeder with a 1-inch planting shoe. Band treatments were applied to the soil surface in a 3-inch band and shallowly incorporated prior to seeding. Diazinon drench treatments were applied with a hand sprayer at 50 gal/acre in a 3- to 4-inch band over the row, beginning as soon as first egg laying was observed, and repeated weekly (23 and 30 May and 6, 13, and 20 Jun). Trigard drench treatments were applied biweekly (23 May and 6 and 20 Jun). Weekly foliar insecticide sprays of parathion or diazinon were applied to the entire field by helicopter, but had no apparent effect on the onion maggot. A 100-plant section of row in each plot was marked with stakes prior to the first injury and sampled weekly from 30 May through 27 Jun and on 10 Jul for observable onion maggot injury and stand remaining. Yield of marketable onions, number of onions, and number of bulbs damaged by onion maggot were evaluated from 10 row-ft in the center of each plot on 21 Aug.
Control of Pepper Weevil Adults, 1987
Authors: Cartwright B. , Bentsen G. , Arriaga R. , Chambers C.
Published: March 2022

The efficacy of various insecticides and insecticide combinations for pepper weevil control was assessed by observing adult mortality in two experiments in mature bell peppers grown on a Hidalgo clay loam soil. Plots consisted of 0.004 acre (25 ft × two 40-inch beds) with one double-row bed as a buffer row. Four cardboard trays (18 × 24 inches) were anchored underneath plants to catch dying weevil adults. In the second experiment, the number of trays was increased to 6/plot. Treatments were randomized among plots and arranged in a randomized block design with 3 replicates. Dead weevils were removed with a hand vacuum from each tray and counted at 1, 2, and 5 days after treatments were applied. The first experiment was sprayed on 24 Jun with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer mounted with 3 TX-18 nozzles/bed, calibrated to deliver 77 gal/acre at 50 psi. A water-only spray was used as the untreated check. The second experiment was conducted at a nearby location in a similar manner except that 45.5 gal/acre at 70 psi was delivered by 3 TX-10 nozzles/bed. Also, 4 replicates of each treatment were used in the second experiment.
Soil Systemics Applied At Plant, and Emergence for Potato Insect Control in Irrigated Potato, 1987
Authors: Noetzel David , Ricard Michele , Scheimann Chuck
Published: March 2022

An irrigated trial was located in a commercial field at Kay Farms near Brooten, Minn. The field was planted 22 Apr with a 6-row commercial planter. Insecticide applicators were disconnected while the experimental area was being planted and then reconnected to complete field rows. The main field was treated with 3 lb (AI)/ acre of Thimet. Fertilizer, weed control, etc., were constant throughout the experimental and production field. Plots were 4 38-inch rows 30 ft long, replicated 3 times, and arranged in a randomized complete block design. The plot area was located 6 rows from the pivot road and extended 150 ft from the field edge into the main field. The soil was a sandy loam. At-plant treatments were applied on 23 Apr and lightly covered. Emergence treatments were applied 20 May. Foliars were applied on 22 Jun, 10 and 22 Jul, and 10 and 20 Aug. Foliars following emergence granular applications were applied on 3 and 22 Jul. Foliars were applied using a hand-held CO2 sprayer using 40 psi pressure and 12 gal total material/acre. Yields were taken by digging the 2 center plot rows, grading into #ls and B-size, and recording.
Effect of 3 Pyrethroid and 4 Suggested Synergist Combinations on Pyrethroid-Resistant Colorado Potato Beetle, 1987
Authors: Noetzel David , Ricard Michele , Wiersma John
Published: March 2022

A trial was established at the Northwest Experiment Station at Crookston, Minn. Plots were 2 rows × 25 ft long, replicated 3 times, and arranged in a randomized complete block design. 5.3 cc of detergent (Ivory Liquid dish soap) and 10.5 cc of the appropriate vegetable oil was used per liter of material when each was added. Applications were broadcast with a hand-held CO2 sprayer using 40 psi pressure and 15 gal total material/acre. Treatments were applied 27 Jun, and surviving larvae/5 plants were counted 24 h later. Counts were converted to percentages, transformed using ARCSINE, and compared. Defoliation estimates were made at the time of larval counts 17 days later. Temperature on the day of application was 86°F.
Wireworm and White Grub Control in Potato, 1987
Authors: Noetzel David , Ricard Michele
Published: March 2022

Wireworm control trials were established at 3 locations in Minnesota: Staples (Wadena County), Itasca (Clearwater County), and Woodbury (Washington County). All sites had either old alfalfa-grass or pasture as the previous crop. Soils were sandy loam and irrigated at Wadena County, clay loam and very moist in Clearwater County, and sandy loam with a spring drouth in Washington County. Severe white grub infestations developed at the Washington and Clearwater locations. A large wireworm population was present in Washington; neither was found in Wadena. The latter permitted evaluation of uncomplicated chemical effects on the potato itself. Insecticides were applied in the furrow with the seed piece in Wadena and Clearwater and over the planted row and then lightly covered in Washington. Plots were single rows 50 ft long, replicated 6 times at each site, and arranged in a randomized complete block design. A different design was used at each location. Fungicide and foliar insecticides were broadcast on all plots at least 3 times at each location to protect the growing potato throughout the season. Plots were hand dug and all tubers were examined and separated according to grub damage, wireworm damage, damage by both, and no damage. Percent effect for each case was calculated and transformed by ARCSINE, and the means were compared.
Foliar Sprays for Colorado Potato Beetle Control on Potatoes, 1987
Authors: Zehnder Geoffrey , Speese John
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted on 27 Mar at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, Va. Each plot consisted of a single 25-ft-long row bordered on one side by 2 untreated rows and on the other side by bare ground. Potatoes were planted with 10-inch plant and 36-inch row spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a propane compressed-gas backpack sprayer using 3 hollow-cone nozzles per row and delivering 70 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Applications were made weekly from 1 May through 16 Jun. Asana 1.9 EC was added to the indicated DPX-EYO 59 treatments for control of CPB adults on 1, 8, and 13 May and 10 Jun. Evaluation criteria consisted of visual counts of CPB small (L1 and L2) larvae, large (L3 and L4) larvae, and adults on 10 randomly chosen stems/treatment plot. Percent defoliation for each treatment was estimated on 12 Jun, and harvest data was taken from the entire treated row in each treatment plot on 29 Jun.
Early-Season Control of Alfalfa Insects in Oklahoma, 1987
Authors: Doss Michael , Berberet Richard
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted on a field of 'Cimarron' alfalfa located at the Southcentral Research Station in Grady County, Okla. Efficacy of several foliar applied insecticides was determined for alfalfa weevil larvae, pea aphids, blue alfalfa aphids and spotted alfalfa aphids. Pretreatment counts made on 26 Mar indicated an infestation of 13 weevil larvae/stem. Aphids were fewer than 1/stem prior to treatment, and the principal evaluation of aphid control involved the capability of materials to limit aphid increase after spraying. Insecticides were applied on 26 Mar with a tractor-drawn boom sprayer equipped with flooding nozzles (TKSS-5) calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 20 psi. Plots were 4.0 × 7.0 m and were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Population densities of weevil larvae were estimated from 25 stem samples taken from each plot on each posttreatment sampling date. Larvae were extracted from foliage with Berlese funnels prior to counting. Populations of the 3 species of aphids began to increase in the test field 2—3 wk after treatments were applied. Efficacy data for each aphid species were determined by clipping 10 stems/plot and washing the aphids into jars of alcohol for counting. Yield was determined by harvesting a 1.0 × 5-m area from each plot using a Carter harvester.
Control of Alfalfa Weevil in Maryland, 1985
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W. , Vinis L. , Salvaggio R. , Grove J.
Published: March 2022

The test was established on a 4-yr-old stand of alfalfa located near Sharpsburg in Washington County. Precount weevil populations were light and averaged about 5 2nd- and 3rd-instar larvae/sweep. Treatments were applied on 7 May. Treatment plots were 10 × 20 ft replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a hand-held COa backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20.4 gal/acre at 40 psi. Posttreatment counts were made with a standard 15-inch-diam sweep net. Ten 180-degree sweeps/plot were made on 10, 14 and 21 May.
Potato Leafhopper Control on Alfalfa, 1987
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W.
Published: March 2022

The test site was a 3-yr-old pure stand of alfalfa located near Sharpsburg in Washington County, Md. Alfalfa height at time of treatment on 25 Jun was about 8 inches. Precounts averaged 15-17 leafhoppers/sweep. Treatment plots were 20 × 20 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Treatments were applied with a hand-held C02 backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 40 psi. Posttreatment counts were made on 29 Jun and 2 and 9 Jul and included nymphs and adults. Ten random 180-degree sweeps were made in each plot.
Alfalfa Weevil Larvae Control, Kentucky 1987
Authors: Parr John C. , Pass B. C.
Published: March 2022

The test area was a 4-yr-old stand of alfalfa. The plots were 34 × 36 ft, and each treatment and the untreated control were replicated 3 times in a completely random design. Sprays were applied in 20 gal of total volume/acre. Treatments were applied with a low-pressure, low-volume, Hahn field sprayer equipped with 21 Spraying Systems 8003 Teejet nozzels and operated at a pressure of 35 psi. Population densities of larvae were determined 3, 7, 10, 14, 20, and 24 days following treatment by collecting 10 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15-inch-diam beat net. The treatments were applied 28 Apr. A standard treatment of carbofuran 4F was applied at the rate of 0.5 lb (AI)/acre for comparison. Treatment means expressed as larvae/10 sweeps on the sampling date indicated were separated by use of Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test.
Prebloom Control of Insect Pests of Alfalfa Seed, 1987
Authors: Tanigoshi Lynell K. , Babcock Jon
Published: March 2022

Chemical treatments were applied on 14 May on a 3-yr-old stand of ‘Shenandoah’ seed alfalfa in Touchet, Walla Walla County, Wash. Spray treatments were applied using a C02-powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 27 gal/acre at 30 psi. Four 8003 flat-fan nozzles were arranged at 19-inch spacings on a 4-ft boom. A completely randomized design was used with 0.01 acre plots replicated 4 times. Insect populations were sampled at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days posttreatment with 5 180-degree sweeps made with a standard 15-inchdiam sweep net. Adults of the alfalfa weevil were not reported because there were fewer than 1 adult/sweep in the posttreatment counts; populations remained at low densities throughout the sampling period.
Red Clover and Carbofuran at Planting Time, 1987
Authors: Manglitz G. R. , Kamble Shripat
Published: March 2022

A test was conducted at Lincoln Neb., to determine efficacy of a planting-time tieatment of granular carbofuran against insect pests of red clover and its possible effect on phytotoxicity and yield. The design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Each plot consisted of 9 20-ft-long rows, spaced 6 inches apart. Seed and insecticide sufficient to treat and plant 1 row were weighed <;:id placed together in paper seed envelopes. Planting was accomplished with a single row V-belt seeder by placing contents of 1 envelope at a time onto t ie belt and planting immediately into premarked rows on 16 Jun. A light irrigation was made shortly after planting to ensure uniform germination. Occasional si rigations supplemented natural rainfall to ensure continual growth. Insects were sampled by making 10 sweeps with a 15-inch-diam sweep net in each plot on 11 Aug and 14 Sep. Harvest was begun on 16 Sep by cutting and weighing the clover in each plot. A small sample was taken from the yield of each plot tar oven drying and subsequent dry-weight determination. Harvest was interrupted by rain after 2 replications had been completed and was finished on 21 Sep.
Efficacy of Capture Against Spider Mites and Second-Generation Corn Borers, Aerial Test, 1987
Authors: Buschman L. L.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted in sprinkler-irrigated corn in Finney County, Kans. Treatments were applied with a Thrush 600 fixed-wing plane (wing span, 45.5 ft), flying 105 mph using Spraying Systems # 5 hollow-cone nozzles at 22 psi and delivering a volume of 2 gal/acre. Plots were 50 rows wide (125 ft or 2 plane swaths). The Furadan + Supracide treatment was applied the evening of 5 Aug. The Capture treatments were applied the morning of 6 Aug. Three treatments and a check were initially arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications; however, errors and substitutions during application destroyed the blocking and 2 plots were misapplied. The data were analyzed assuming a completely randomized design with 2 missing values. Spider mites (mostly large adult females) were counted weekly by searching every other leaf (one-half plant) of 5 flagged plants in the central part of each plot 31 Jul through 31 Aug. Corn borer evaluations were made 31 Aug by dissecting 25 plants in each plot (5 consecutive corn plants next to each flagged plant). Corn borer larvae (by species) were recorded for each plant.