bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional Interactions between Stress and the Endocannabinoid System: From Synaptic Signaling to Behavioral Output
Authors: Hill Matthew N. , Patel Sachin , Campolongo Patrizia , Tasker Jeffrey G. , Wotjak Carsten T. , Bains Jaideep S.
Published: November 2010

Endocannabinoid signaling is distributed throughout the brain, regulating synaptic release of both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. The presence of endocannabinoid signaling within stress-sensitive nuclei of the hypothalamus, as well as upstream limbic structures such as the amygdala, suggests it may play an important role in regulating the neuroendocrine and behavioral effects of stress. The evidence reviewed here demonstrates that endocannabinoid signaling is involved in both activating and terminating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to both acute and repeated stress. In addition to neuroendocrine function, however, endocannabinoid signaling is also recruited by stress and glucocorticoid hormones to modulate cognitive and emotional processes such as memory consolidation and extinction. Collectively, these data demonstrate the importance of endocannabinoid signaling at multiple levels as both a regulator and an effector of the stress response.
Agrin Downregulation Induced by Nerve Injury Contributes to Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Cui Jian-Guo , Bazan Nicolas G.
Published: November 2010

The elusiveness of neuropathic pain mechanisms is a major impediment in developing effective clinical treatments. Here we show that peripheral nerve injury decreased agrin expression in the ipsilateral spinal dorsal horn of rats displaying tactile allodynia. SCP1, an acetaminophen analog, suppressed allodynia and promoted agrin upregulation. Preemptive treatment with SCP1 also upregulated agrin, thereby preventing neuropathic pain development. Expression of 50 kDa agrin delivered by adeno-associated virus into the dorsal horn also suppressed allodynia and hyperalgesia. Allodynia suppression was a consequence of serine residue 896/897 phosphorylation of NMDA receptor NR1 subunits in the GABA interneurons of the dorsal horn. Agrin silencing by small interference RNA, administered with either AAV-Ag50 vector or SCP1, blocked allodynia suppression, agrin upregulation, and NR1 phosphorylation. In conclusion, 50 kDa agrin modulates neuropathic pain through NR1 phosphorylation in GABA neurons. This mechanism may open new approaches for treating not only neuropathic pain, but also epilepsy, tremors, and spasticity.
A Brief Cognitive‐behavioral Stress Management Program for Secondary School Teachers
Authors: Leung Sharron SK , Chiang Vico CL , Chui YY , Mak YW , Wong Daniel FK
Published: November 2010

A Brief Cognitive‐behavioral Stress Management Program for Secondary School Teachers: Sharron SK Leung, et al. School of Nursing, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, China—

Objective

This study aimed to assess the eficacy of a brief cognitive‐behavioral program that was designed to reduce the work‐related stress levels of secondary school teachers.

Methods

A quasi‐experimental design was used to compare the intervention groups with the wait‐list control groups. Seventy teachers from the intervention groups and 54 from the control groups completed a set of validated scales at the baseline and 3–4 wk later. The scales included the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale—Form A, the Health‐Promoting Lifestyle Proile II, and the Occupational Stress Inventory Revised Edition.

Results

After controlling for the baseline measures, the intervention groups had significantly lower role stress, personalstrain and overall work‐related stress 3–4 wk after the baseline measurements. The intervention groups also had significantly higher stress management behaviors, and less general stress and dysfunctional thoughts than the control groups (all p≤0.05). The levels of dysfunctional thoughts and stress management behaviors significantly predicted general stress after intervention and personal resource deicits. The level of dysfunctional thoughts also predicted the personal strain of work‐related stresses (all p<0.05).

Conclusions

The brief program reported in this study was eficacious in reducing the work‐related stress of secondary teachers. Teachers experienced less work‐related stress after the program, and they reported reduced dysfunctional thoughts and enhanced stress management behaviors. This program may be considered as an initial strategy for teachers todevelop skills to cope with their work‐related stress in the short term and could be incorporated with other strategies to achieve longer‐term effects.
Wet Hydrolysis of Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate Thermoplastic Resin with Sulfuric Acid and CFD Simulation for High Viscous Liquid Mixing
Authors: Moghbeli Mohammad Reza , Namayandeh Sahar , Hashemabadi Seyed Hassan
Published: November 2010

In this research, wet hydrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), as used in beverage bottles, has been carried out using sulfuric acid. The hydrolysis reaction has been investigated in a laboratory glass reactor, provided with an anchor mixer and a digital torque meter. The hydrodynamics of viscous liquid in stirred reactor has also been studied by computational fluid dynamics simulation. The results of simulations give the operational conditions for optimum mixing into the designed agitated reactor. In the stirred reactor, the used chopped PET pieces were degraded into its constituent monomers, terephthalate acid (TPA) and ethylene glycol, in an acidic medium. The hydrolysis of product was characterized by (FT-IR) spectroscopy, while the efficiency of TPA production was measured by (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer. The effects of different parameters such as temperature, acid concentration and reaction time on PET degradation have been investigated. The experimental results show that the optimum reaction condition occurred while the sulfuric acid to used PET ratio is 4:1 at a reaction temperature of 90°C and reaction time of five hours.
Successive Oligopolies and Decreasing Returns
Authors: Zanaj Skerdilajda
Published: November 2010

In this paper, we analyze successive oligopolies where downstream firms share the same decreasing returns technology of the Cobb-Douglas type. We stress the differences between the conclusions obtained under this assumption and those resulting from the traditional literature in which output firms use a constant returns technology. It is shown that when firms use a decreasing returns technology, (i) the profit of a downstream firm can decrease when the upstream market is more competitive; (ii) the input price does not tend to the corresponding marginal cost when the number of firms in both markets tends to infinite; and (iii) double marginalization is lower. Finally, the effects of mergers are revisited to highlight the role played by the technology of output firms.
Normative Data for the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 in 7-Yr.-Old Children in the Czech Republic
Authors: Cepicka Ladislav
Published: November 2010

Scores on the Test of Gross Motor Development–2 (TGMD–2) in a Czech sample recruited from mainstream urban elementary schools were compared with the U.S. normative sample. 315 children participated (152 boys, M age = 7.1 yr., SD = 0.3; 163 girls, M age = 7.0 yr., SD = 0.3). Differences in raw score means and percentiles were evaluated, showing differences between the Czech and the U.S. normative samples. Standardized U.S. norms for the TGMD–2 should not be generalized to the Czech population without further study.
Social Skills Assessment of Children and Adolescents with Visual Impairment: Identifying Relevant Skills to Improve Quality of Social Relationships
Authors: Caballo Cristina , Verdugo Miguel ángel
Published: November 2010

The purpose of this article was to study the influence of visual impairment on the quality of participation in social relationships with peers. Analysis indicated that the presence of visual impairment is a significant predictor of the quality of participation in one-to-one and larger group interactions. Nevertheless, there are specific social skills like verbal skills, body language, play skills, cooperation skills, and expression and recognition of emotions skills which contribute more to the quality of social interactions among children.
Job Stress, Burnout, Depression Symptoms, and Physical Health among Chinese University Teachers
Authors: Zhong Jie , You Jianing , Gan Yiqun , Zhang Yiwen , Lu Changqin , Wang Hongbo
Published: November 2010

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships among job stress, burnout, depression, and health among university teachers in China. Using a stratified random sampling method, a sample of 300 university teachers completed the Occupational Stress Indicator–2 (OSI–2), Maslach Burnout Inventory–General Survey (MBI–GS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF–36). Path analysis showed that burnout was a mediator among job stress, the occurrence and exacerbation of depressive symptoms, and poor physical health.
Braindance of the Hikikomori: Towards a Return to Speculative Psychoanalysis
Authors: Wilson Scott
Published: November 2010

This article takes its point of departure from late Lacan's meditations on the incompatibility of psychoanalysis with Japanese culture due to its non-European linguistic basis. The article argues that this emphasis on language narrowly conceived fails to keep pace with the interconnected, multi-media, all-encompassing nature of the unconscious today. Illustrating this point, the article focuses on the figure of the hikikomori: middle-class Japanese youths who have withdrawn from all conventional social contact to indulge exclusively computer-based interactions. Thanks to the overlap with the related figure of the ‘Bedroom DJ’, the analysis then moves on to the ambient music of Richard D. James, aka Aphex Twin. It argues for the validity of the concept of an ‘audio unconscious’ distinct from Lacan's unconscious ‘structured like a language’. The final part of the article, however, examines one of James's music videos and discerns in it modes of jouissance that psychoanalysis can still describe.
Cell Therapy from Bench to Bedside Translation in CNS Neurorestoratology Era
Authors: Huang Hongyun , Chen Lin , Sanberg Paul
Published: November 2010

Recent advances in cell biology, neural injury and repair, and the progress towards development of neurorestorative interventions are the basis for increased optimism. Based on the complexity of the processes of demyelination and remyelination, degeneration and regeneration, damage and repair, functional loss and recovery, it would be expected that effective therapeutic approaches will require a combination of strategies encompassing neuroplasticity, immunomodulation, neuroprotection, neurorepair, neuroreplacement, and neuromodulation. Cell-based restorative treatment has become a new trend, and increasing data worldwide have strongly proven that it has a pivotal therapeutic value in CNS disease. Moreover, functional neurorestoration has been achieved to a certain extent in the CNS clinically. Up to now, the cells successfully used in preclinical experiments and/or clinical trial/treatment include fetal/embryonic brain and spinal cord tissue, stem cells (embryonic stem cells, neural stem/progenitor cells, hematopoietic stem cells, adipose-derived adult stem/precursor cells, skin-derived precursor, induced pluripotent stem cells), glial cells (Schwann cells, oligodendrocyte, olfactory ensheathing cells, astrocytes, microglia, tanycytes), neuronal cells (various phenotypic neurons and Purkinje cells), mesenchymal stromal cells originating from bone marrow, umbilical cord, and umbilical cord blood, epithelial cells derived from the layer of retina and amnion, menstrual blood-derived stem cells, Sertoli cells, and active macrophages, etc. Proof-of-concept indicates that we have now entered a new era in neurorestoratology.
Liver Cell Culture Devices
Authors: Andria B. , Bracco A. , Cirino G. , Chamuleau R. A. F. M.
Published: November 2010

In the last 15 years many different liver cell culture devices, consisting of functional liver cells and artificial materials, have been developed. They have been devised for numerous different applications, such as temporary organ replacement (a bridge to liver transplantation or native liver regeneration) and as in vitro screening systems in the early stages of the drug development process, like assessing hepatotoxicity, hepatic drug metabolism, and induction/inhibition studies. Relevant literature is summarized about artificial human liver cell culture systems by scrutinizing PubMed from 2003 to 2009. Existing devices are divided in 2D configurations (e.g., static monolayer, sandwich, perfused cells, and flat plate) and 3D configurations (e.g., liver slices, spheroids, and different types of bioreactors). The essential features of an ideal liver cell culture system are discussed: different types of scaffolds, oxygenation systems, extracellular matrixes (natural and artificial), cocultures with nonparenchymal cells, and the role of shear stress problems. Finally, miniaturization and high-throughput systems are discussed. All these factors contribute in their own way to the viability and functionality of liver cells in culture. Depending on the aim for which they are designed, several good systems are available for predicting hepatotoxicity and hepatic metabolism within the general population. To predict hepatotoxicity in individual cases genomic analysis might be essential as well.
Entre angoisse et créativité : les compagnons imaginaires
Authors: de Bérail Brune , Missonnier Sylvain
Published: November 2010

La revue de la littérature sur le thème des compagnons imaginaires permet de dégager un continuum du phénomène, allant de l’objet transitionnel « virtuel » de l’enfant qui joue à la manifestation d’une structuration pathologique – le compagnon imaginaire se confond avec le persécuteur, investi sur le mode hallucinatoire. L’objet de cette recherche est de tenter de dégager des axes de lecture pouvant enrichir l’interprétation de ce phénomène pluriel. Les conceptions associées au motif du double par Rank, Freud et Nathan sont ici convoquées. Issu du refoulement originaire, le motif du double psychique serait une représentation des limites du moi. Cette hypothèse prolonge les travaux de S. Freud et A. Freud sur la valeur défensive du compagnon imaginaire, ceux de Nagera, Benson and Pryor insistant sur son rôle de renforcement narcissique et ceux d’Amado et Costes situant ce symptôme dans une pathologie de l’aire transitionnelle.
Méthodes techniques et outils
Authors: Diallo Alpha , Lebigre Loïc , Dupin Corinne , Ertzscheid Olivier
Published: November 2010

Résumé Trois contributions figurent dans la rubrique « Méthodes, techniques et outils » de ce numéro : un point sur la normalisation en cours du management de l’intelligence stratégique, ; un compte rendu d’une journée d’étude consacrée aux nouveaux horizons professionnels ouverts par la gestion de contenu ; et une chronique sur la manière dont le Web peut être instrumentalisé
droit de l'information
Authors: Taillefer Marion
Published: November 2010

Résumé Deux articles figurent dans la rubrique « Droit de l’information » de ce numéro : un compte rendu d’une journée d’étude sur le thème « Innovations Web 2.0 et données publiques » et une chronique sur les excès possibles de la protection des auteurs par le droit de la propriété intellectuelle.
Problemas en la reparación por laser cladding de superficies de acero AISI D2 tratado térmicamente
Authors: Candel J. J. , Amigó V. , Ramos J. A. , Busquets D.
Published: November 2010

Se ha depositado polvo de acero de herramienta (H13) sobre diferentes sustratos de acero que se encuentran en estado metalúrgico diferente (recocido o de temple y revenido) para comparar los resultados y se ha analizado la microestructura del recubrimiento y de la zona afectada por el calor (ZAC) mediante microscopia óptica, microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB) y difracción de electrones retrodispersados (EBSD). El objetivo del trabajo es relacionar los parámetros del proceso de recubrimiento por láser (potencia, velocidad, caudal de polvo) con las transformaciones metalúrgicas producidas en el acero de herramienta AISI D2, con el fin de optimizar las condiciones de operación durante la reparación. Los resultados muestran que los parámetros influyen en gran medida en la geometría del cordón y en la formación de la microestructura. Aunque es sencillo obtener deposiciones geométricamente aceptables (forma y tamaño adecuado, ausencia de porosidad), en muchos casos aparecen fenómenos perjudiciales como la dilución de carburos y la aparición de fases metaestables que modifican las propiedades mecánicas del recubrimiento. En concreto, la presencia de austenita retenida en el recubrimiento, relacionada con la temperatura máxima alcanzada y la velocidad de enfriamiento, produce una fuerte disminución en la dureza, que debe evitarse. Además, para una misma composición y acabado superficial, el estado metalúrgico inicial del sustrato tiene una gran influencia sobre el resultado. Sustratos en estado de temple implican una mayor absorción del láser y la acumulación de calor que produce mayores zonas afectadas por el calor (ZAC). Por ese motivo, deben optimizarse los parámetros del proceso para cada operación de manera que se mejore el comportamiento en servicio del componente.
Optimización del tratamiento de fosfatado como método de protección frente a la corrosión
Authors: Onofre-Bustamante E. , Olvera A. , Barba A. , Rodríguez F. J. , Carboneras M. , Álvarez M. , García-Alonso M. C. , Escudero M. L.
Published: November 2010

En el presente trabajo se estudia el fosfatado como tratamiento de conversión química (TCQ) libre de cromo, partiendo de un estudio básico del fosfatado comercial aplicado por inmersión en soluciones al 100 % y diluciones 1:2, 1:5 y 1:10. Para conseguir un buen recubrimiento de fosfato se determinó el tiempo óptimo de inmersión mediante curvas de potencial a circuito abierto. Las propiedades de protección contra la corrosión se evaluaron mediante medidas de resistencia a la polarización e impedancia electroquímica. La adherencia al sustrato se determinó por ensayos de tracción (pull-off). Los resultados en inmersión continua mostraron que la aplicación de un recubrimiento orgánico sobre el sustrato previamente fosfatado en una dilución 1:5 (10 min) aumenta la resistencia a la corrosión en, al menos, un orden de magnitud con respecto al sustrato no fosfatado, incrementando la adherencia y el tiempo de vida del sistema recubrimiento-sustrato debido a que la película de conversión forma parte integral del sustrato y la superficie generada incrementa el área y número de sitios activos.
Estudio térmico y estructural del proceso de solidificación de fundiciones de hierro con grafito laminar
Authors: Larrañaga P. , Sertucha J.
Published: November 2010

La fabricación de piezas de fundición de hierro con grafito laminar (FGL) es un proceso industrial extensamente utilizado en la actualidad. Por ello, el estudio de los procesos de solidificación en estos materiales y de los factores que influyen en la transformación líquido-sólido supone un conocimiento de gran utilidad a la hora de avanzar en el desarrollo tecnológico de este tipo de fundición. En el presente trabajo se estudian tres aleaciones de diferente composición química (hipoeutéctica, eutéctica e hipereutéctica) con el fin de analizar, comparativamente, las características estructurales del material a lo largo de la transformación líquido-sólido. Las muestras obtenidas se han monitorizado con el fin de registrar las curvas de enfriamiento y se han sometido a procesos de temple en distintos instantes durante la solidificación. Las aleaciones presentan diferencias dependiendo de su composición y potencial de grafitización. Los resultados obtenidos se discuten de forma comparativa, estableciendo modelos de solidificación que justifican el comportamiento de este tipo de materiales.
Development of a decision support model for screening attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with actigraph-based measurements of classroom activity
Authors: Kam H.J. , Shin Y.M. , Cho S.M. , Kim S.Y. , Kim K.W. , Park R.W.
Published: November 2010

Objective: Questionnaire-based ADHD screening tests may not always be objective or accurate, owing to both subjectivity and prejudice. Despite attempts to develop objective measures to characterize ADHD, no widely applicable index currently exists. The principal aim of this study was to develop a decision support model for ADHD screening by monitoring children’s school activities using a 3-axial actigraph.

Methods: Actigraphs were placed on the non-dominant wrists of 153 children for 3 hours, while they were at school. Children who scored high on the questionnaires were clinically examined by child psychiatrists, who then confirmed ADHD. Mean, variance, and ratios of low-level (0.5-1.0G) and high-level (1.6-3.2G) activity were extracted as activity features from 142 children (10 ADHD, 132 non-ADHD). Two decision-tree models were constructed using the C5.0 algorithm: [A] from whole hours (class + playtime) and [B] during classes. Accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity were evaluated. PPV, NPV, likelihood ratio, and AUC were also calculated for evaluation.

Results: [Model A] One child without ADHD was misclassified, resulting in an accuracy score of 99.30%. Sensitivity and NPV were 1.0000. Specificity and PPV were 0.992 and 0.803-0.909, respectively. [Model B] Two children without ADHD were misclassified, resulting in an accuracy score of 98.59%. Specificity and PPV were scored at 0.985 and 0.671-0.832, respectively.

Conclusion: The selected features were consistent with the findings of previous studies. Objective screening of latent patients with ADHD can be accomplished with a simple watch-like sensor, which is worn for just a few hours while the child attends school. The model proposed herein can be applied to a great many children without heavy cost in time and manpower cost, and would generate valuable results from a public health perspective.
Evaluation of stratocumulus cloud prediction in the Met Office forecast model during VOCALS-REx
Authors: Abel S. J. , Walters D. N. , Allen G.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. Observations in the subtropical southeast Pacific obtained during the VOCALS-REx field experiment are used to evaluate the representation of stratocumulus cloud in the Met Office forecast model and to identify key areas where model biases exist. Marked variations in the large scale structure of the cloud field were observed during the experiment on both day-to-day and on diurnal timescales. In the remote maritime region the model is shown to have a good representation of synoptically induced variability in both cloud cover and marine boundary layer depth. Satellite observations show a strong diurnal cycle in cloud fraction and liquid water path in the stratocumulus with enhanced clearances of the cloud deck along the Chilean and Peruvian coasts on certain days. The model accurately simulates the phase of the diurnal cycle but is unable to capture the coastal clearing of cloud. Observations along the 20° S latitude line show a gradual increase in the depth of the boundary layer away from the coast. This trend is well captured by the model (typical low bias of 200 m) although significant errors exist at the coast where the model marine boundary layer is too shallow and moist. Drizzle in the model responds to changes in liquid water path in a manner that is consistent with previous ship-borne observations in the region although the intensity of this drizzle is likely to be too high, particularly in the more polluted coastal region where higher cloud droplet number concentrations are typical. Another mode of variability in the cloud field that the model is unable to capture are regions of pockets of open cellular convection embedded in the overcast stratocumulus deck and an example of such a feature that was sampled during VOCALS-REx is shown.
Natural and anthropogenic atmospheric mercury in the European Arctic: a speciation study
Authors: Steen A. O. , Berg T. , Dastoor A. P. , Durnford D. A. , Hole L. R. , Pfaffhuber K. A.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. It is agreed that gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) is converted to reactive gaseous mercury (RGM) during springtime Atmospheric Mercury Depletion Event (AMDE). RGM is associated with aerosols (PHg) provided that there are sufficient aerosols available for the conversion from RGM to PHg to occur. This study reports the longest time series of GEM, RGM and PHg concentrations from a European Arctic site. From 27 April 2007 until 31 December 2008 composite GEM, RGM and PHg measurements were conducted in Ny-Ålesund (78°54' N, 11°53' E). The average concentrations of the complete dataset were 1.62±0.3 ng m−3, 8±13 pgm−3 and 8±25 pgm−3 for GEM, RGM and PHg, respectively. The study revealed a clear seasonal distribution of GEM, RGM and PHg previously undiscovered. For the complete dataset the atmospheric mercury distribution was 99% GEM, whereas RGM and PHg constituted <1%. Increased PHg concentration occurred exclusively from March through April, and constituted on average 75% of the reactive mercury species in the respective period. RGM was suggested as the precursor for the PHg existence, but long range transportation of PHg has to be taken into consideration. Surprisingly, RGM was not solely formed during the spring AMDE season. Environment Canada's Global/Regional Atmospheric Heavy Metal model (GRAHM) suggested that in situ oxidation of GEM by ozone may be producing the increased RGM concentrations from March through August. Most likely, in situ oxidation of GEM by BrO produced the observed RGM from March through August. The AMDEs occurred from late March until mid June and were thought to be of non-local origin, with GEM being transported to the study site by a wide variety of air masses. With some exceptions, no clear meteorological regime was associated with the GEM, RGM and PHg concentrations.
The development of the Social Bullying Involvement Scales
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sally , Bussey Kay
Published: November 2010

This study reports findings of a newly developed measure of social bullying based on Underwood's [2003] framework of social aggression. The Social Bullying Involvement Scales (SBIS) consist of four scales measuring the extent to which children experience social victimization, engage in social bullying, witness social bullying, and intervene in social bullying. The sample consisted of 636 participants (311 females and 325 males, age range 11–16 years; 71% White). Confirmatory factor analysis supported a revised version of Underwood's framework for each of the four participant role scales. Internal consistencies for each scale ranged from .93 to .97. Results revealed that social victimization was related to an increase in anxiety, depressive, and externalizing behaviors. Social bullying was associated with an increase in general externalizing behaviors only. Social witnessing was moderately correlated with depression scores. Intervening in social bullying was not linked with psychological maladjustment or externalizing behaviors. The SBIS provides a comprehensive measure of social victimization, social bullying, social witnessing, and social intervening. Aggr. Behav. 37:177–192, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex differences in the consequences of early‐life exposure to epidemiological stress—A life‐history approach
Authors: Störmer Charlotte
Published: November 2010

Objectives:Exposure to infectious disease in early life has been suggested to have a negative effect on later‐life survival, possibly through the induction of inflammatory responses. Although a life‐course perspective emphasizes the importance of both survival and reproduction for individual fitness, to date, no studies have investigated whether early‐life exposure to infectious disease has an impact on reproduction as it has been suggested for later survival.

Methods:To address this question, I have used family reconstitution data from a historical (18th and 19th century) human population in theKrummhörn(Germany) comparing survival and reproduction between an exposed and a nonexposed group. The exposed group comprised those exposed to a high‐infectious disease load during prenatal and early postnatal development.

Results:The results show a marked sex difference in the impact of early‐life exposure to infectious disease. Exposed females show no effect on their life expectancy but significantly reduced fertility (number of children). For exposed males, however, the effect on survival is opponent over time: mortality is increased during childhood but decreased in late adulthood. Above that, exposed males reproduce earlier and have a smaller proportion of surviving children.

Conclusions:This study does not support former studies indicating a negative association between early‐life disease load and later survival. I argue that due to differences in male and female life strategies, males in general are more vulnerable especially early in life. Hence, adverse environmental conditions may have a stronger effect on male survivability and reproductive performance. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NOMPC, a member of the TRP channel family, localizes to the tubular body and distal cilium of Drosophila campaniform and chordotonal receptor cells
Authors: Liang Xin , Madrid Johnson , Saleh Henri S. , Howard Jonathon
Published: November 2010

Mechanoreception underlies the senses of touch, hearing and balance. An early event in mechanoreception is the opening of ion channels in response to mechanical force impinging on the cell. Here, we report antibody localization of NOMPC, a member of the transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channel family, to the tubular body of campaniform receptors in the halteres and to the distal regions of the cilia of chordotonal neurons in Johnston's organ, the sound‐sensing organ of flies. Because NOMPC has been shown to be associated with the mechanotransduction process, our studies suggest that the transduction apparatus in both types of sensory cells is located in regions where a specialized microtubule‐based cytoskeleton is in close proximity to an overlying cuticular structure. This localization suggests a transmission route of the mechanical stimulus to the cell. Furthermore, the commonality of NOMPC locations in the two structurally different receptor types suggests a conserved transduction apparatus involving both the intracellular cytoskeleton and the extracellular matrix. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of insurance type on survivor‐focused and general preventive health care utilization in adult survivors of childhood cancer
Authors: Casillas Jacqueline , Castellino Sharon M. , Hudson Melissa M. , Mertens Ann C. , Lima Isac S. F. , Liu Qi , Zeltzer Lonnie K. , Yasui Yutaka , Robison Leslie L. , Oeffinger Kevin C.
Published: November 2010

BACKGROUND:

Lack of health insurance is a key barrier to accessing care for chronic conditions and cancer screening. The influence of insurance type (private, public, none) on survivor‐focused and general preventive health care in adult survivors of childhood cancer was examined.

METHODS:

The Childhood Cancer Survivor Study is a retrospective cohort study of childhood cancer survivors diagnosed between 1970 and 1986. Among 8425 adult survivors, the relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of receiving survivor‐focused and general preventive health care were estimated for uninsured (n = 1390) and publicly insured (n = 640), compared with for the privately insured (n = 6395)

RESULTS:

Uninsured survivors were less likely than those privately insured to report a cancer‐related visit (adjusted RR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.75‐0.91) or a cancer center visit (adjusted RR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.71‐0.98). Uninsured survivors had lower levels of utilization in all measures of care in comparison with privately insured. In contrast, publicly insured survivors were more likely to report a cancer‐related visit (adjusted RR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.11‐1.35) or a cancer center visit (adjusted RR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.18‐1.70) than were privately insured survivors. Although publicly insured survivors had similar utilization of general health examinations, they were less likely to report a Papanicolaou test or a dental examinations

CONCLUSIONS:

Among this large, socioeconomically diverse cohort, publicly insured survivors utilize survivor‐focused health care at rates at least as high as survivors with private insurance. Uninsured survivors have lower utilization of both survivor‐focused and general preventive health care. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Late age at first full term birth is strongly associated with lobular breast cancer
Authors: Newcomb Polly A. , Trentham‐Dietz Amy , Hampton John M. , Egan Kathleen M. , Titus‐Ernstoff Linda , Warren Andersen Shaneda , Greenberg E. Robert , Willett Walter C.
Published: November 2010

BACKGROUND:

Late age at first full‐term birth and nulliparity are known to increase breast cancer risk. The frequency of these risk factors has increased in recent decades.

METHODS:

The purpose of this population‐based case‐control study was to examine associations between parity, age at first birth (AFB), and specific histological subtypes of breast cancer. Women with breast cancer were identified from cancer registries in Wisconsin, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire. Control subjects were randomly selected from population lists. Interviews collected information on reproductive histories and other risk factors. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of ductal, lobular, and mixed ductal‐lobular breast cancer diagnosis in association with AFB and nulliparity.

RESULTS:

AFB ≥30 years was associated with a 2.4‐fold increase in risk of lobular breast cancer compared with AFB <20 years (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.9‐2.9). The association was less pronounced for ductal breast cancer (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.2‐1.4). Nulliparity was associated with increased risk for all breast cancer subtypes, compared with women with AFB <20 years, but the association was stronger for lobular (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.3‐2.2) than for ductal (OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1‐1.3) subtypes (P = .004). The adverse effects of later AFB was stronger with obesity (P = .03) in lobular, but not ductal, breast cancer.

CONCLUSIONS:

Stronger associations observed for late AFB and nulliparity suggest that these factors preferentially stimulate growth of lobular breast carcinomas. Recent temporal changes in reproductive patterns and rates of obesity may impact the histological presentation of breast cancer. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Multifactorial central nervous system recurrence susceptibility in patients with HER2‐positive breast cancer
Authors: Musolino Antonino , Ciccolallo Laura , Panebianco Michele , Fontana Elisa , Zanoni Daniele , Bozzetti Cecilia , Michiara Maria , Silini Enrico Maria , Ardizzoni Andrea
Published: November 2010

BACKGROUND:

A series of retrospective studies have reported that patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)‐positive breast cancer are at a greater risk of central nervous system (CNS) metastases. Trastuzumab, which does not cross the blood‐brain barrier, has been associated with this increased risk.

METHODS:

The authors evaluated incidence, survival, and risk factors for CNS metastases in the incident breast cancer population systematically collected by the Parma Province Cancer Registry over the 4‐year period between 2004 and 2007.

RESULTS:

A total of 1458 patients with a diagnosis of stage I to III invasive breast cancer were analyzed for study purposes. At a median follow‐up of 4.1 years, CNS events were observed in 1.3% and 5% of HER2‐negative patients and HER2‐positive patients, respectively (P< .0001). The administration of trastuzumab either as adjuvant therapy or for metastatic disease was associated with a significantly increased risk of CNS involvement at first disease recurrence and after first extracranial recurrence, respectively. According to multivariate analysis, HER2‐positive status and trastuzumab treatment, high Ki‐67 index, and hormone receptor negativity remained independent risk factors for the development of CNS metastasis.

CONCLUSIONS:

To the authors' knowledge, this is the first population‐based cancer registry study analyzing factors associated with CNS recurrence in a general population of newly diagnosed breast cancer patients with known HER2 status. The data from the current study provide evidence that patients with HER2‐positive breast cancer have a significantly higher incidence of CNS metastasis after treatment with trastuzumab. Improvements in systemic control and overall survival associated with trastuzumab‐based therapy may lead to an “unmasking” of CNS disease recurrence that would otherwise remain clinically silent before a patient's death. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Real‐Time Probing of Ion Pairing Dynamics with 2DIR Spectroscopy
Authors: Park Kwang‐Hee , Choi Seung Ryul , Choi Jun‐Ho , Park Sungnam , Cho Minhaeng
Published: November 2010

Chemical exchange two‐dimensional infrared (2DIR) spectroscopy is applied to investigate ion pairing dynamics occurring on picosecond timescales. SeCN− ion is used as a vibrational probe. The SeCN− ion dissolved in N,N‐dimethyl formamide (DMF) has a sufficiently long vibrational lifetime and can form a contact ion pair with Li+ ion in DMF. The CN stretch frequency of the contact ion pair is significantly blue‐shifted from that of free SeCN− so the free SeCN− ion can be spectrally distinct from the contact ion pair in DMF. Therefore, we were able to directly monitor the ion pairing dynamics of Li+ and SeCN− in real time by using ultrafast 2DIR spectroscopy. As a result, we have determined the dissociation time constant of the LiSeCN contact ion pair to be 420±40 ps.
Interactive segmentation of clustered cells via geodesic commute distance and constrained density weighted Nyström method
Authors: Du Cheng‐Jin , Marcello Marco , Spiller David G. , White Michael R. H. , Bretschneider Till
Published: November 2010

An interactive method is proposed for complex cell segmentation, in particular of clustered cells. This article has two main contributions: First, we explore a hybrid combination of the random walk and the geodesic graph based methods for image segmentation and propose the novel concept of geodesic commute distance to classify pixels. The computation of geodesic commute distance requires an eigenvector decomposition of the weighted Laplacian matrix of a graph constructed from the image to be segmented. Second, by incorporating pairwise constraints from seeds into the algorithm, we present a novel method for eigenvector decomposition, namely a constrained density weighted Nyström method. Both visual and quantitative comparison with other semiautomatic algorithms including Voronoi‐based segmentation, grow cut, graph cuts, random walk, and geodesic method are given to evaluate the performance of the proposed method, which is a powerful tool for quantitative analysis of clustered cell images in live cell imaging. © 2010 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Evaluation of basophil activation in mastocytosis with Hymenoptera venom anaphylaxis
Authors: González‐de‐Olano D. , Álvarez‐Twose I. , Morgado J. M. , López M. I. Esteban , Castro A. Vega , Díaz de Durana M. D. Alonso , Sánchez‐Muñoz L. , Matito A. , de la Hoz Caballer B. , Sanz M. L. , Orfao A. , Escribano L.
Published: November 2010

Background:

Basophil activation tests (BATs) have been demonstrated to be useful in detecting IgE‐mediated sensitization by measuring basophil activation surface markers (CD63 and CD203c). Hymenoptera venom is one of the best known mediators‐release trigger in patients with systemic mastocytosis (SM). The aim of this study was to investigate the use of BATs as an additional diagnostic tool in patients with mastocytosis suffering from hymenoptera venom anaphylaxis (HVA).

Methods:

A total of 22 patients with history of HVA and SM, together with a group of 11 patients with HVA in whom SM was ruled out after a complete bone marrow study, were analyzed.

Results:

Among 11 SM patients who had specific serum IgE (sIgE) against hymenoptera venom and an evaluable BAT, a positive BAT was found in nine. Additionally, a positive BAT was detected in three of seven patients who had no sIgE. These three patients had low levels of total IgE compared with control population (mean of 20 vs. 78 IU/mL); one had discontinued immunotherapy after 5 years, when sIgE levels had turned negative, and, in the other two patients, BAT identified the culprit insect.

Conclusions:

BAT is a useful complementary diagnostic tool to sIgE in mastocytosis patients with HVA, and it may contribute to predict or confirm these nearly fatal reactions, especially before discontinuing venom immunotherapy in patients who are negative for skin tests or sIgE or display low total IgE levels; in such cases, it also provides evidence on the culprit insect prompting HVA. © 2010 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Widely expressed Af17 is likely not required for embryogenesis, hematopoiesis, and animal survival
Authors: Zhang Zhijing , Huang Le , Reisenauer Mary Rose , Wu Hongyu , Chen Lihe , Zhang Yujin , Xia Yang , Zhang Wenzheng
Published: November 2010

As a putative transcription factor, Af17 may play a role in multiple signaling pathways. However, the Af17 expression profile during development and in adult tissues remains largely uncharacterized. The importance of Af17 function in embryogenesis, hematopoiesis, and animal survival has never been addressed before. Here we report the generation of the first Af17 mutant mouse model and characterization of the Af17 temporal and spatial expression profile in various embryonic stages and adult tissues by X‐gal staining, in situ hybridization, and RT‐PCR. Af17 expression is detected in specific cell populations in all stages and in multiple tissues examined. In situ hybridization yielded a consistent Af17 expression pattern by X‐gal staining. Homozygous mutant mice are viable, fertile, normal in size, and do not display any gross physical, behavioral, or hematopoietic abnormalities. Thus, our studies describe the generation of the first Af17 mutant mouse model, provide the first developmental profile of Af17 expression, and reveal that Af17 may be dispensable for normal embryogenesis, hematopoiesis, and animal survival. genesis 48:693–706, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Late side effects of radioactive iodine on salivary gland function in patients with thyroid cancer
Authors: Almeida Juliana Pereira , Sanabria Álvaro Enrique , Lima Eduardo Nóbrega Pereira , Kowalski Luiz Paulo
Published: November 2010

Background.

The purpose of this study was to assess the late side effects of radioiodine therapy (RIT) on salivary gland function. One hundred eighty two patients were evaluated.

Methods.

Assessment of salivary gland function was performed with salivary gland scintigraphy (SGS), sialometry, and subjective open questions to determine common side effects of RIT on salivary gland function.

Results.

RIT had a strong association with decreased elimination counts by SGS. Patient age was the only variable associated with sialometry; age and the use of xerostomic drugs were strongly associated with decreased mean values of salivary flow. Dysphagia was strongly associated with RIT. Using multiple logistic regression analysis, age was determined to be an important factor associated with salivary gland dysfunction, and RIT was associated with impairment of saliva excretion.

Conclusion.

These results show that patients subjected to RIT have more difficulty in draining saliva, mainly from the parotid glands, which is associated with clinical dysphagia in this subset of patients. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Clinical significance of TRAIL and TRAIL receptors in patients with head and neck cancer
Authors: Yoldas Burcak , Ozer Cem , Ozen Ozlem , Canpolat Tuba , Dogan Isilay , Griffith Thomas S. , Sanlioglu Salih , Ozluoglu Levent N.
Published: November 2010

Background.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a death ligand currently under clinical trials for cancer. The molecular profile of TRAIL and TRAIL receptors has not yet been mapped for patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) or patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC).

Methods.

Paraffin‐embedded tissues from 60 patients with laryngeal SCC and 14 patients with OCSCC were retrospectively analyzed using immunohistochemistry.

Results.

An increase in decoy‐R1 (DcR1) but a decrease in decoy‐R2 (DcR2) expression were observed in patients with laryngeal SCC and in patients with OCSCC compared with control individuals with benign lesions. Clinical and pathologic grading revealed distinctive TRAIL and TRAIL receptor profiles in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN).

Conclusions.

TRAIL and a TRAIL receptor expression profile might be useful to follow‐up disease progression by virtue of its connection with clinical staging and pathologic grading in patients with laryngeal SCC. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Increased prevalence of interleukin‐17–producing CD4+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in human oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Lee Jang‐Jaer , Chang Yen‐Liang , Lai Wan‐Ling , Ko Jenq‐Yuh , Kuo Mark Yen‐Ping , Chiang Chun‐Pin , Azuma Miyuki , Chen Ching‐Wen , Chia Jean‐San
Published: November 2010

Background.

T helper 17 (Th17) and regulatory T cells share plasticity in the expression of interleukin (IL)‐17 and forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), but their mutual presence in human diseases is unclear.

Methods.

IL‐17 and FOXP3 were analyzed by immunohistostaining and flow cytometry. The cytokine milieu was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR).

Results.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma expresses high levels of IL‐1β, IL‐6, and transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β. A unique subset of FOXP3+ IL‐17‐producing CD4+ T cells was consistently identified in tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes from advanced stages of cancer, but not in the circulation, at a frequency of 0.5% to 5.5 % of total CD4+ T and positively correlated with the frequency of IL‐17+FOXP3− T cells. The IL‐17+FOXP3+ T cells express CCR6 and suppress the proliferation of autologous CD4+ CD25− responder T‐cells in vitro.

Conclusions.

The prevalence of IL‐17‐producing FOXP3+ CD4+ tumor infiltrating lymphocytes is increased in oral squamous cell carcinoma. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010
Extended deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap for head and neck reconstruction: A clinical experience with 100 patients
Authors: Masià Jaume , Sommario Maria , Cervelli Daniele , Vega Carmen , León Xavier , Pons Gemma
Published: November 2010

Background.

The extended deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) artery flap had been described in 1983. For head and neck reconstruction, we have been using a variation of this flap, namely a perforator free flap of the deep inferior epigastric system with a superolateral extension of the skin paddle.

Methods.

The purpose of this study was to present our 10‐year experience in the performance of 102 soft tissue head and neck reconstructions with the extended DIEP flap in 100 patients.

Results.

Depending on the reconstructive needs, we used the extended DIEP flap in 3 ways: as a cutaneous perforator flap (52.9%), as a chimeric perforator flap (6.9%), and as a myocutaneous perforator flap (40.2%). The overall flap survival rate was 97.1%. Three flaps (2.9%) totally necrosed. Partial flap loss occurred in 5.9% of the cases.

Conclusion.

The extended DIEP flap is reliable, has a safe vascular supply, and has a long pedicle. Its versatility makes it suitable for reconstruction of moderate to large head and neck reconstruction. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2010