bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves in initiation and maintenance of pathological pain
Authors: Jancsó Gábor , Dux Mária , Sántha Péter
Published: July 2002

This commentary provides experimental data in support of the
critical role of capsaicin-sensitive primary afferent fibers in the
initiation and maintenance of pathological pain. The demonstration of
capsaicin-induced, centrally-evoked cutaneous hyperalgesia, and of
neuroplastic changes elicited by the degeneration of C-fiber primary
afferent terminals following peripheral nerve damage, indicates a
significant contribution of capsaicin-sensitive sensory ganglion
neurons in the development of pathological pain conditions.
[coderre & katz]
On the computational basis of synchronized codes
Authors: Wang DeLiang L.
Published: July 2002

For scene analysis, it is important to ask the question of how
synchronized population codes – the basic representation
employed in the target article – are generated. Recent
computational advances have resolved the critical challenges of rapid
synchronization with local coupling and rapid desynchronization. The
synchronized codes make real contributions to tackling the problem
of scene analysis.
Classical conditioning has much to do with LTP
Authors: Thompson Richard F.
Published: July 2002

Shors & Matzel somewhat lightly dismiss the evidence
that a process like LTP may underlie the learning-induced increase
in neuronal activity in the hippocampus in eyeblink conditioning. I
provide some 12 lines of evidence supporting this hypothesis and the
further hypothesis that this learning-induced LTP-like hippocampal
plasticity can play a critical role in certain aspects of learned
behavior.
Dynamicists versus computationalists: Whither mechanists?
Authors: Bechtel William
Published: July 2002

Van Gelder's characterization of the differences between
the dynamical and computational hypotheses, in terms of the contrast
between change versus state and geometry versus structure, suggests
that the dynamical approach is also at odds with classical mechanism.
Dynamical and mechanistic approaches are in fact allies: mechanism can
identify components whose properties define the variables that are
related in dynamical analyses.
Revising locus of the bridge between neuroscience and perception
Authors: Hahn L. W.
Published: July 2002

This commentary proposes keeping the bridge locus
construct with a revised definition which requires the bridge
locus to be dynamic, representation-independent and influenced by
top-down processes. The denial of the uniformity of content thesis is
equivalent to dualism. The active perception perspective is a valuable
one.
Real-world categories don't allow uniform feature spaces – not just across categories but within categories also
Authors: Hahn Ulrike , Chater Nick
Published: July 2002

The Schyns et al. target article demonstrates that different
classifications entail different representations, implying
“flexible space learning.” We argue that flexibility is
required even at the within-category level.
Vector code differences and similarities
Authors: Sokolov E. N.
Published: July 2002

Edelman suggests that any shape is encoded by an excitation
vector with components corresponding to excitations of corresponding
neuronal modules. This results in discrimination of stimuli in a shape
space of low dimensionality. Similar vector encoding is present in
color vision. Red-green, blue-yellow, bright and dark neurons are
modules that represent a number of different color stimuli in color
space of low dimensionality. Vector encoding allows effective
computation of color differences and color similarities. Such a
neuronal vector-encoding approach has also been applied to the
perception of visual movement, line orientation, and
stereopsis.
Ingestive and vocal mechanisms in birds: A parallel?
Authors: Scanlan Jim , Rogers Lesley
Published: July 2002

Parrots prepare for vocalization by a ventro-caudal retraction
of the larynx. This laryngeal movement, which “frames”
vocal sequences, is similar to a movement used by pigeons as a
preparation for suction drinking. The air-pressure events involved in
such movements can trigger either suction drinking or vocalization.
This suggests a possible evolutionary link between these ingestive and
vocal mechanisms.
Spatiotemporal unit formation
Authors: Shipley Thomas F.
Published: July 2002

Findings in dynamic unit formation suggest that completion
processes reflect the optics of our world. Dynamic unit formation may
depend on patterns of motion signals that are consistent with the
causes of optical changes. In addition, dynamic completion conforms to
a local curvature minimization constraint. Such relational aspects of
vision are important to consider in linking perceptual experience and
neural activity.
A viable alternative to null-hypothesis testing
Authors: Zumbo Bruno D.
Published: July 2002

This commentary advocates an alternative to null-hypothesis
testing that was originally represented by Rozeboom over three decades
ago yet is not considered by Chow (1996). The central distinguishing
feature of this approach is that it allows the scientist to conclude
that the data are much better fit by those hypotheses whose values
fall inside the interval than by those outside.
Metabolic complexity has no bearing on genetic determinism
Authors: Cornish-Bowden Athel
Published: July 2002

Metabolic systems are complicated and contain very large numbers
of interacting reactions and many internal regulatory mechanisms. This
does not prevent the genetic composition of an organism from influencing
its behavior, however, nor does it preclude the possibility that some
aspects of its behavior may be amenable to simple explanations.
Which phonology? Evidence for a dissociation between articulatory and auditory phonology from word-form deafness
Authors: Grossi Giordana
Published: July 2002

Pulvermüller's Hebbian model implies that
an impairment in the word form system will affect phonological
articulation and phonological comprehension, because there
is only a single representation. Clinical evidence from patients with
word-form deafness demonstrates a dissociation between input and
output phonologies. These data suggest that auditory comprehension
and articulatory production depend on discrete phonological
representations localized in different cortical networks.
Fishing with the wrong nets: How the implicit slips through the Representational Theory of Mind
Authors: Jiménez Luis , Cleeremans Axel
Published: July 2002

Dienes & Perner's target article is not a satisfactory
theory of implicit knowledge because in endorsing the representational
theory of knowledge, the authors also inadvertently accept that only
explicit knowledge can be causally efficacious, and hence that implicit
knowledge is an inert category. This conflation between causal efficacy,
knowledge, and explicitness is made clear through the authors'
strategy, which consists of attributing any observable effect to the
existence of representations that are as minimally explicit as needed to
account for behavior. In contrast, we believe that causally efficacious
and fully implicit knowledge exists, and is best embodied in frameworks
that depart radically from classical assumptions.
Development, consciousness, and the perception/mental representation distinction
Authors: McCune Lorraine
Published: July 2002

Perceptual symbol systems provide a welcome alternative to
amodal encapsulated means of cognitive processing. However, the
relations between perceived reality and internal mentation require a
more differentiated approach, reflecting both developmental differences
between infant and adult experience and qualitative differences between
consciously perceived and mentally represented contents. Neurological
evidence suggests a developmental trajectory from initial perceptual
states in infancy to a more differentiated consciousness from two
years of age on. Children's processing of and verbal expressions
regarding motion events provides an example of the changing capacity for
mental experience.
What is the cat in complex settings?
Authors: Marescaux Pierre-Jean , Chambres Patrick
Published: July 2002

Dienes & Perner present a hierarchical model that addresses
the nature – implicit versus explicit – of knowledge in
areas as diverse as learning, memory, and visual perception. This
framework appears difficult to apply to complex situations, such as
those involving implicit learning, because of the indeterminacy that
remains regarding knowledge at the low-level in the hierarchy. These
reservations should not detract from the positive features of this
model. Among its other advantages, it is well adapted to priming
phenomena in which the information responsible for the individual's
behavior can be precisely defined.
Neuroscience and the explanation of psychological phenomena
Authors: Revonsuo Antti
Published: July 2002

Explanatory problems in the philosophy of neuroscience are not
well captured by the division between the radical and the trivial neuron
doctrines. The actual problem is, instead, whether mechanistic
biological explanations across different levels of description can be
extended to account for psychological phenomena. According to cognitive
neuroscience, some neural levels of description at least are
essential for the explanation of psychological phenomena, whereas, in
traditional cognitive science, psychological explanations are completely
independent of the neural levels of description. The challenge for
cognitive neuroscience is to discover the levels of description
appropriate for the neural explanation of psychological phenomena.
Rules or neural networks?
Authors: Schnelle Helmut
Published: July 2002

Clahsen's claim to contribute arguments for dual mechanisms based on rule analysis and against connectionist proposals is refuted. Both types of modeling are inadequate for principled reasons.
Rules and rote: Beyond the linguistic either-or fallacy
Authors: Schreuder Robert , de Jong Nivja , Krott Andrea , Baayen Harald
Published: July 2002

We report an experiment that unambiguously shows an effect of full-form frequency for fully regular Dutch inflected verbs falling into Clahsen's “default” category, negating Clahsen's claim that regular complex words in the default category are not stored.
Let us keep our ontology and epistemology separate!
Authors: Uttal William R.
Published: July 2002

Gold & Stoljar are right in their thesis but incomplete
in not pointing out that there are many other arguments from cognate
sciences suggesting that a radical eliminativist neuroreductionism is
unlikely to be achieved. The radical neuron doctrine they criticize is
only a hoped for dogma that cannot be verified, whereas a constrained
monistic materialism (with only partial reductionism) is subject to
immediate test by applying such criteria as combinatorial complexity
and thermodynamic irreversibility.
Interpreting neuroscience and explaining the mind
Authors: Gold Ian , Stoljar Daniel
Published: July 2002

Although a wide variety of questions were raised about different
aspects of the target article, most of them fall into one of five
categories each of which deals with a general question. These questions
are (1) Is the radical neuron doctrine really radical? (2) Is the
trivial neuron doctrine really trivial? (3) Were we sufficiently
critical of the radical neuron doctrine? (4) Is there a distinction to
be drawn at all between the two doctrines? and (5) How does our argument
bear on related issues in the ontology of mind? Our replies to the
objections and observations presented are organized around these five
questions.
Bifurcation from relative periodic solutions
Authors: WULFF CLAUDIA , S. W. LAMB JEROEN , MELBOURNE IAN
Published: July 2002

Relative periodic solutions are ubiquitous in dynamical systems with continuous symmetry. Recently, Sandstede, Scheel and Wulff derived a center bundle theorem, reducing local bifurcation from relative periodic solutions to a finite-dimensional problem. Independently, Lamb and Melbourne showed how to systematically study local bifurcation from isolated periodic solutions with discrete spatiotemporal symmetries.

In this paper, we show how the center bundle theorem, when combined with certain group theoretic results, reduces bifurcation from relative periodic solutions to bifurcation from isolated periodic solutions. In this way, we obtain a systematic approach to the study of local bifurcation from relative periodic solutions.
Conformal isomorphism of inner functions
Authors: MARTIN N. F. G.
Published: July 2002

If a non-Möbius inner function on the disk with
a fixed point in the
open disk has a boundary function which is measure
theoretically conjugate to the boundary function of another
inner function with fixed point in the open disk, then the
inner functions are conformally conjugate.
Differentiable structures of central Cantor sets
Authors: BAMÓN RODRIGO , MOREIRA CARLOS G. , PLAZA SERGIO , VERA JAIME
Published: July 2002

Central Cantor sets form a class of symmetric Cantor sets of the real
line. Here we give a complete characterization of the $C^{k +
\alpha}$ regularity
of these Cantor sets.
We also give a classification of central Cantor sets up to global and local
diffeomorphisms. Examples of central Cantor sets with special dynamical
and measure-theoretical properties are also provided.
Finally, we calculate the fractal dimensions of an arbitrary central Cantor
set.
The dynamics of contractions
Authors: BEARDON A. F.
Published: July 2002

We show that, providing a metric space $X$ has a boundary that is in some
sense similar to the boundary of hyperbolic space, the iterates of a
contraction $f:X\to X$ converge locally uniformly to a point in, or on the
boundary of, $X$. This generalises the Denjoy–Wolff theorem for analytic
self-maps of the unit disc in the complex plane, and also shows that if $D$
is a bounded strictly convex subdomain of ${\Bbb R}^n$, then any contraction
of $D$ with respect to the Hilbert metric of $D$ converges to a point in the closure of $D$.
Conditionally invariant measures for Anosov maps with small holes
Authors: CHERNOV N. , MARKARIAN R. , TROUBETZKOY S.
Published: July 2002

We study Anosov diffeomorphisms on surfaces in which some small ‘holes’ are cut. The points that are mapped into those holes disappear and never return. We assume that the holes are arbitrary open domains with piecewise smooth boundary, and their sizes are small enough. The set of points whose trajectories never enter holes under the past iterations of the map is a Cantor-like union of unstable fibers. We establish the existence and uniqueness of a conditionally invariant measure on this set, whose conditional distributions on unstable fibers are smooth. This generalizes previous works by Pianigiani, Yorke, and others.
Ageing and intergenerational relationships in rural Germany
Authors: SCHARF THOMAS
Published: July 2002

This paper uses a range of secondary data sources to analyse key elements of intergenerational relationships in Germany. Within the context of a discussion of regional differences in Germany’s population structure and aspects
of socio-economic conditions in rural areas, the paper focuses on the following aspects of intergenerational relationships: household structures, proximity of the generations, frequency and intensity of contacts between the generations, intergenerational transfers and non-kin relationships. Where appropriate, comparisons are made between East and West Germany and between rural and urban areas. The analysis of data on intergenerational relationships highlights several difficulties associated with research on older people living in rural areas. It is suggested that these difficulties contribute to the distorted and contradictory views that are often associated with rural ageing.
The crisis of postwar East Asian capitalism: American power, democracy and the vicissitudes of globalization
Authors: GILLS BARRY K.
Published: July 2002

The debate over the East Asian crisis has thus far been led by economists who have focused on technical economic issues and policy goals at the expense of macro historical-structural questions. Foremost amongst the neglected questions is whether and under what conditions ‘Postwar East Asian Capitalism’ (PWEAC) will either continue to flourish or undergo a radical political transformation ‘after the crisis’. This question must be understood in the context of the changing geopolitical framework of the post-Cold War era. PWEAC is under great pressure for reform from both external and internal forces. Whether a ‘new political architecture’ for capitalism in East Asia is emerging is the central issue and one which will determine the future direction of Asia. The demise of authoritarian-oligarchic capitalism in Asia may have been accelerated by the economic crisis. The most enduring result of the Asian crisis is not the presumed derailing of the (re)ascent of Asia in the world economy but rather the weakening of the non-democratic state forms that have characterized East Asia's capitalism for decades. Popular demands for change represent a real challenge to both the domestic authoritarian-oligarchic power structure of PWEAC and its crucial geopolitical underpinning and external orientation.

A people that has existed for centuries under a system of castes and classes can arrive at a democratic state of society only by passing through a long series of more or less critical transformations, accomplished by violent efforts, and after numerous vicissitudes, in the course of which property, opinions, and power are rapidly transferred from one to another...

Alexis de Tocqueville

Democracy in America, Vol. II, 1840

To reason with governments, as they have existed for ages, is to argue with brutes. It is only from the nations themselves that reforms can be expected.

Thomas Paine

The Rights of Man, Preface to the French Edition, 1791
‘Chiefly for fear, next for honour, and lastly for profit’: an analysis of foreign policy motivation in the Peloponnesian War
Authors: CHITTICK WILLIAM O. , FREYBERG-INAN ANNETTE
Published: July 2002

This article applies a three-dimensional framework for the analysis of the role of motivation in foreign policy decision-making to the foreign policy decisions of individuals and cities in Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War. First, the authors briefly introduce their framework for analysis. Using the speeches in Thucydides to explicate the motives and goals of individuals and cities, the authors then trace the relationships between the motivational dispositions of foreign policy actors and their foreign policy behaviour. In so doing, they demonstrate both the relevance of a concern with individual motivation for foreign policy analysis and the usefulness of their analytical framework for studying the impact of the relevant motives. The authors also show how ideological statements can be analysed to determine the relative salience of individual motives and collective goals, suggesting a relationship between ideological reasoning and motivational imbalance which can adversely affect the policymaking process. In conclusion, they briefly assess the theoretical and normative as well as practical policy implications of their observations.
Clausewitz rules, OK? The future is the
past—with GPS
Authors: GRAY COLIN
Published: July 2002

The confessions of a neoclassical realist

In 1972, Hedley Bull
wrote that ‘the sources of facile optimism and narrow moralism never dry
up, and the lessons of the “realists” have to be learnt afresh by
every new generation.‘ He proceeded to claim, with
undue emphasis, that ‘in terms of the academic study of international
relations, the stream of thinking and writing that began with Niebuhr and Carr
has long run its course.’ The scholarly problems with classical realist
theory are indeed severe. However, it would be a most grievous error to
consign such theory to the bin marked ‘yesterday's solutions for
yesterday's problems.’ If the academic study of international
relations can find little save period-piece interest in the ideas of the
classical realists, that is more a comment upon the competence of scholarship
today than upon any change in world conditions.
Identities in Action Conference, Gregynog, 10–12 December 1999
Authors: Hill Sarah
Published: July 2002

Daniel Chandler and Meic Llewellyn of the Department of Education at the University of Wales, Aberystwyth, nearly achieved the impossible in their construction of the Identities in Action conference. By allowing for the free interweaving of several identity discourses over a tantalisingly brief weekend, they provided a practical forum for the sympathetic mutual understanding of the studies of cultural- and self-identities, marginalised communities, minority languages, and gender and queer studies. Each block of time was organised into four different ‘strands’ which then culminated in workshops and discussion sessions: Music and Identities, Cyberspace and Identities, Organisational Identities; Identities and Place, Gender Identities, Political Action and Identities; Queer Theory and Gay Identities, Museum of the Future, Children's Identities and the Media; Language and Identities, Personal Identities, Representations and Identities. The unfortunate fact of such an undertaking is the time restriction imposed upon it. Had the conference lasted even a full five days, we may have seen not only the formation of imagined communities, but intriguing societal developments between them.
Design of an experience-based assembly sequence planner for mechanical assemblies
Authors: Swaminathan Arun , Shaikh Saghir A. , Barber K. Suzanne
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a design of an assembly sequence planner based on a “plan reuse” philosophy. Most of assembly planning research in the past has attempted to completely plan each problem from scratch. This research shows that stored cases of basic assembly configurations can be applied to a given assembly problem. It is observed that the number of such basic assembly configurations is quite small. The planner divides the assembly into a number of constituent configurations, which are called “loops”.
These act as subgoals in its search for solutions. Plans retrieved for all subgoals are fused into a set of plans that are consistent with the constraints implied by each plan. Application specific constraints on the assembly are explicitly handled in the second phase of planning. Mechanisms for assembly representation and implementation details of the planner are also presented.
Coordination learning of robot movements with vision processes
Authors: Burdet E. , Luthiger J.
Published: July 2002

One of the most important drawbacks of real robots is their lack of flexibility to changes in the environment or of the task. This paper presents a method enabling a visually guided robot to coordinate its movements with the vision processes. This method has been tested with a manipulator tracking maneuvering targets. The learning phase is performed in about one hour of repeated movements. After that, the robot can perform smooth and fast reaching movements and easily drop small objects into the wagon of a model train moving on
an arbitrary trajectory.
HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT IN EUROPE
Authors: Cookson Richard , Maynard Alan
Published: July 2002

This paper discusses the challenges facing health technology

assessment (HTA) in Europe, based on an explicit analysis of the

characteristics of an “optimal” HTA system. It has three

objectives: a) to elaborate an explicit system of policy goals and

the characteristics of an optimal HTA system that

facilitates the achievement of these goals; b) to identify the

general institutional incentive barriers (government and market

failures) that prevent the attainment of an optimal HTA

system in Europe; and c) to argue that evaluation of the

implications of health technologies for equity and inequality in

health is an essential part of this optimal system and a

considerable challenge for HTA decision makers, especially as

national governments realign policy toward equity goals.
REPORT FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY, SOCIAL MEDICINE, AND HEALTH
SYSTEM RESEARCH, MEDIZINISCHE HOCHSCHULE HANNOVER, GERMANY
Authors: Perry Seymour
Published: July 2002

The Department of Epidemiology and Social Medicine at the Medizinische
Hochschule Hannover is one of the leading university-based public health
departments in Germany. It is divided into units for health system analysis,
epidemiology, prevention, and health economics. The department offers a
postgraduate master's degree program in public health. The staff number
is approximately 25, two-thirds of whom are researchers. The German Federal
Ministries of Health and of Education, Science, Research, and Technology are
the major providers of research grants. The department is the managerial focus
of the North German Center for Public Health Research. Internationally, the
department is an active member of the International Society of Technology
Assessment in Health Care (ISTAHC), the European Healthcare Management
Association (EHMA), and the International Society for Quality Assurance
(ISQua). The department has been involved in several European-wide studies and
collaborates with the World Health Organization (WHO).
AVERAGE NUMBER OF EVENTS AND AVERAGE REWARD
Authors: Mi Jie
Published: July 2002

In a renewal process, the interarrival times are
independent and identically distributed, and in a renewal
reward process, the pairs of reward and interarrival time
are i.i.d. Many useful results hold for these processes.
This paper relaxes the assumption of identical distributions
while keeping the assumption of independence. This paper
explores the properties of the mean average number of occurrence
of events and the mean average reward on any finite time
interval. The paper also discusses the limiting properties
of these two quantities and extends many results from the
renewal process and renewal reward process to the more
general counting process and reward sequence.
LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION. Jon Roberts. London:
Arnold, 1998. Pp. viii + 346. $70.00 cloth, $19.95 paper.
Authors: Lacorte Manel
Published: July 2002

This volume is a valuable contribution to the field of language teacher education (LTE)
because of its innovative approach to language learning and teaching as well as its consistent
organization. As noted in the introduction, the book is intended for language teachers
“who will make, or have made, the step from teaching to training” (p. 1). To this
end, the author relates the teachers' experience and understanding of the classroom context
to a broadly social constructivist perspective, based on the relevance of the personal and social
dimensions of learning to teach.
THE CURRENT STATE OF INTERLANGUAGE: STUDIES IN HONOR OF
WILLIAM E. RUTHERFORD.Lynn Eubank, Larry Selinker, and Michael Sharwood
Smith (Eds.). Amsterdam: Benjamins, 1995. Pp. vii + 293. $57.00 cloth.
Authors: Liceras Juana M.
Published: July 2002

This volume is dedicated to Bill Rutherford, a long-time friend and colleague, whose
commitment and dedication to the study of interlanguage has inspired many of us. The various
papers deal with relevant issues in the study of interlanguage with the aim of addressing the wide
range of theoretical and pedagogical questions that Rutherford has tried to answer throughout his
career. This multifaceted character of the book is very appealing, and so is the inquisitive and
provocative tone of several of the papers. I have chosen to group the contributions under five
different headings, depending on the cognitive and behavioral sciences that constitute their main
focus of attention.
MAKING SENSE OF A NEW WORLD: LEARNING TO READ IN A SECOND
LANGUAGE.Eve Gregory. London: Chapman, 1996. Pp. 197. $25.95
paper.
Authors: Wilson Marilyn
Published: July 2002

Eve Gregory's book fills a void in literacy education for bilingual students. This text
provides solid theory, useful resources, and practical teaching suggestions for literacy
development in a second language for young children. Describing the multilingual, multicultural
complexity of early schooling in Great Britain, Gregory provides a strong rationale for her views
of early literacy training, both formal and informal, for “emergent
bilinguals”—children who are “the first generation in their family to receive
formal schooling in the new country, who do not speak the language of the host country at
home, and who are consequently at the early stages of second language learning” (p.
8).
On finite type 3-manifold invariants IV: comparison of definitions
Authors: GAROUFALIDIS STAVROS , LEVINE JEROME
Published: July 2002

The present paper is a continuation of [Ga],
[GL1] and [GO]. Using a key lemma
we compare two currently existing definitions of finite type invariants
of oriented
integral homology spheres and show that type 3m invariants in
the sense of
Ohtsuki [Oh] are included in type m invariants
in
the sense of the first author [Ga].
This partially answers question 1 of [Ga]. We
show that type 3m invariants of
integral homology spheres in the sense of Ohtsuki map to type 2m
invariants of knots in S3, thus answering question
2 from [Ga].
Finite generation of exterior and symmetric powers
Authors: KOCHLOUKOVA DESSISLAVA H.
Published: July 2002

If Q is a finitely generated abelian group,
k a field, V a finitely generated kQ-module

Bieri and Groves have proved that [otimes ]mV

is a finitely generated as a kQ-module
with diagonal Q-action if and only if ∧iV

is finitely generated as a kQ-module for
all 1[les ]i[les ]m. We generalize this result by
showing that if the mth exterior power
of V or the mth symmetric power of V
is finitely generated as a kQ-module so is
the mth tensor power of V. Further we show the
equivalence between the finite
generation of symmetric and tensor powers in the case when the ground ring
is a
PID of characteristic 0.
Asymptotic values of fine continuous functions
Authors: WORDSWORTH J. R.
Published: July 2002

The set of asymptotic values of a continuous function on the open unit disc in
ℝ2 forms an analytic set, in the sense of being a continuous
image of a Polish space (complete, separable metric space). This was proved in
[9] by J. E. McMillan, who
had earlier given versions of this result for holomorphic and meromorphic functions.
We extend his method to the case of a function on the open unit ball
of ℝn which
is continuous merely in the fine topology, the coarsest topology making all subharmonic
functions continuous. In particular, we use a version of McMillan's ingenious
metric on a certain space of equivalence classes of asymptotic paths. McMillan also
proved in [9] that the set of point asymptotic values of a continuous function in
the unit disc forms an analytic set. We use a modification of the McMillan metric
to extend this result to fine continuous functions in the unit ball and deduce that
the set of boundary points of the unit ball at which the function has an asymptotic
value forms an analytic set.
The balls do not generate all Borel sets using complements and
countable disjoint unions
Authors: KELETI T. , PREISS D.
Published: July 2002

We prove that in a separable infinite dimensional Hilbert space the Dynkin system
generated by the family of all open balls (that is, the smallest collection containing
the open balls and closed under complements and countable disjoint unions) does
not contain all Borel sets.
The Threat to the ‘S’ Band Marine Radar Frequency Allocation and the
Necessity to Preserve It
Authors: Beattie John. H.
Published: July 2002

There is increasing pressure from commercial interests to obtain radio bandwidth for both
terrestrial and satellite radio-communication applications. Existing civil radio-navigation
and military radio-location bands are now being scrutinised by these interests. This
background paper is about those pressures and the factors that marine navigators need to
be aware of now and will need to deal with in the future.
Flight Tracks of Homing Pigeons Measured with GPS
Authors: von Hünerbein Karen , Wiltschko Wolfgang , Rüter Eckhard
Published: July 2002

This and the following paper were first presented at the RIN01 Conference held in
Oxford under the auspices of the Animal Navigation Special Interest Group, April
2001.

Flight paths of homing pigeons were measured with a newly developed recorder based on
GPS. The device consists of a GPS receiver board, a logging facility, an antenna, a power
supply, a DC-DC converter and a casing. It has a weight of 33 grams and works reliably with
a sampling rate of 1 Hz for an operating time of about three hours, providing time-indexed
data on geographic positions, ground speed and altitude. The devices are fixed to the birds
with a harness, and the data are downloaded when the bird is re-captured. The measured
flight paths show many details : for example, initial loops flown immediately after release and
large detours flown by some pigeons. Three examples of flight paths are presented from a
release site 17·3 km northeast of the home loft in Frankfurt. Mean speed in flight, duration
of breaks and total length of the flight path were calculated. The pigeons chose different
routes and have different individual tendencies to fly loops over the village close to the release
site.
Fast Craft and the COLREGS
Authors: Millns A. T. C.
Published: July 2002

I understand that The Netherlands are pressing the IMO
to change the COLREGS so that
high speed craft (HSC) have the obligation of
keeping out of the way of other vessels.

There is an IMO definition of high speed craft which was adopted by
resolution MSC
36(63) in May 1995. It is the International Code of Safety
for High Speed Craft. It covers
vessels on international routes but does not cover, for instance, warships,
troopships,
fishing and pleasure craft. However, for the purpose of the COLREGS,

I am sure that this definition should be widened and then incorporated.

I agree with many of the points in Mr R. D. Pike's article printed
in
this Journal in May 1997.
‘Free Flight’ for Air Traffic in Europe
Authors: Ratcliffe S.
Published: July 2002

In an earlier study, the author attempted to give some quantitative estimates of the problems
that free flow might face in Europe. The study was based on a traffic sample from the
Eurocontrol Route Charges Office for a busy day in 1991. More recently, they generously
made available a similar sample for a day in 1997. Using this new data, the study has been
extended to cover wider aspects of the free flow problem. The central problem is that of
ensuring safety. This will require a mechanism to detect collision threats and safely to resolve
the problems. Possible tools are ground-based surveillance and/or airborne systems. This
paper will use computer modelling to predict the loads that these detection and resolution
systems must face.
Economic crisis, small-scale agriculture, and forest cover change in southern Cameroon
Authors: SUNDERLIN W.D. , NDOYE O. , BIKIÉ H. , LAPORTE N. , MERTENS B. , POKAM J.
Published: July 2002

The rate of forest cover loss in the humid tropics of Cameroon is one of the highest in Central Africa. The aim of the large-scale, two-year research project described here was to understand the effect of the country's economic crisis and policy change on small-scale agricultural systems and land-clearing practices. Hypotheses were tested through surveys of more than 5000 households in 125 villages, and through time-series remote sensing analysis at two sites. The principal findings are that: (1) the rate of deforestation increased significantly in the decade after the 1986 onset of the crisis, as compared to the decade prior to the crisis; (2) the main proximate causes of this change were sudden rural population growth and a shift from production of cocoa and coffee to plantain and other food crops; and (3) the main underlying causes were macroeconomic shocks and structural adjustment policies that led to rural population growth and farming system changes. The implication of this study is that it is necessary to understand and anticipate the undesirable consequences of macroeconomic shocks and adjustment policies for forest cover. Such policies, even though they are often not formulated with natural resource consequences in mind, are often of greater relevance to the fate of forests than forest policy.
The case for long-term studies of greenhouse gas emissions
Authors: NEWCOMB TIM
Published: July 2002

Many nations have recognized the need to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). The scientific assessments of climate change of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) support the need to reduce GHG emissions. The 1997 Kyoto Protocol to the 1992 Convention on Climate Change (UNTS 30822) has now been signed by more than 65 countries, although that Protocol has not yet entered into force. Some 14 of the industrialized countries listed in the Protocol face reductions in carbon dioxide emissions of more than 10% compared to projected 1997 carbon dioxide emissions (Najam & Page 1998).
Vibrio vulnificus infection reporting on death certificates:
the

invisible impact of an often fatal infection
Authors: BANATVALA N. , HLADY W. G. , RAY B. J. , McFARLAND L. M. , THOMPSON S. , TAUXE R. V.
Published: July 2002

This study assessed accuracy of (a) recording Vibrio

vulnificus infection on death certificates

and (b) International Classification of Disease (ICD)-9 codes
for

V. vulnificus. Patients with

microbiologically confirmed V. vulnificus infection were identified

as part of co-ordinated

surveillance in four USA Gulf Coast states between 1989 and 1993. Of 60

deaths, 51 death

certificates were reviewed and V. vulnificus was recorded as the

immediate cause of death on 11

(22%). There was no ICD-9 code for V. vulnificus infection, thus

no patients had an ICD-9

code indicating V. vulnificus infection. Of 23 certificates where

V. vulnificus was recorded on the

death certificate, only 5 (22%) were coded for Gram-negative, septicaemia.

This study highlights the importance of teaching physicians how to provide

epidemiologically meaningful

data on death certificates and the need for accurate ICD mortality codes.
A community outbreak of Salmonella berta

associated with a soft cheese product
Authors: ELLIS A. , PRESTON M. , BORCZYK A. , MILLER B. , STONE P. , HATTON B. , CHAGLA A. , HOCKIN J.
Published: July 2002

In September 1994, a complaint was registered at a

public health unit concerning a cheese

product. In addition, public health laboratories in Ontario

reported an increase in the number

of isolates of Salmonella berta from patients with

diarrhoeal illness. A clinical, environmental

and laboratory investigation was initiated to determine the

nature of this outbreak. Isolates of

Salmonella berta were compared using large fragment

genomic fingerprinting by pulsed-field gel

electrophoresis (PFGE). By late October, 82 clinical cases

had been identified including 35

confirmed, 44 suspected and 3 secondary. The investigation

linked illness to consumption of an

unpasteurized soft cheese product produced on a farm and sold

at farmers' markets. Subtyping

results of patient, cheese and chicken isolates were

indistinguishable, suggesting that the cheese

was contaminated by chicken carcasses during production.

The outbreak illustrates the

potential role of uninspected home-based food producers

and of cross-contamination in the

transmission of foodborne bacterial pathogens.
Torrefranca vs. Puccini: embodying a decadent Italy
Authors: WILSON ALEXANDRA
Published: July 2002

Puccini reception lay at the heart of a crisis of national identity that gripped Italy between the turn of the century and the First World War. For Puccini's detractors his works were an emblem of decadence; for his supporters they provided a means for regeneration. In his vitriolic monograph, Giacomo Puccini e l'opera internazionale (1912), Fausto Torrefranca associated Puccini with dangerous ‘others’ – women, homosexuals and Jews – in order to instil fear about the ‘feminisation’ of Italian culture. The reception of his book shows that Torrefranca's ‘extreme’ views were widely shared.
An adequate and efficient left-associated binary numeral system in the λ-calculus
Authors: GOLDBERG MAYER
Published: July 2002

This paper introduces a sequence of λ-expressions modeling the binary expansion of integers.
We derive expressions computing the test for zero, the successor function, and the predecessor
function, thereby showing the sequence to be an adequate numeral system, i.e. one in which
all recursive functions are lambda-definable. These functions can be computed efficiently; To
this end, we introduce a notion of complexity that is independent of the order of evaluation.
LA GÉOMÉTRIE DE L'ASTROLABE AU Xe SIÈCLE Geometry of the Astrolabe in the Tenth Century
Authors: Philippe Abgrall
Published: July 2002

Many studies on the astrolabe were written during the period from the ninth
to the eleventh century, but very few of them related to projection, i.e., to the
geometrical transformation underlying the design of the instrument. Among
those that did, the treatise entitled The Art of the Astrolabe, written in the
tenth century by Abū Sahl al-Qūhī, represents a particulary important phase
in the history of geometry. This work recently appeared in a critical edition
with translation and commentary by Roshdi Rashed. It contains the earliest
known theory of the projection of the sphere, a theory developed in a commentary
written by a contemporary mathematician, Ibn Sahl. Following
R. Rashed, the present article offers here a thorough mathematical analysis
of al-Qūhī's treatise and of the commentary by Ibn Sahl. It also presents,
with commentary, an account of a contemporary treatise on the projection of
the sphere, written by al-[Sdotu]āġānī. The latter work is concerned with the conical
projection of a sphere on a plane, from a point on an axis of the sphere,
other than its pole. The author consciously avoids the case of stereographic
projection, but he studies all the other cases of conical projection which, if we
employ the terms of al-Qūhī's theory, are compatible with the movement of
the instrument (i.e. the rotation of the sphere around its axis). These three
texts provide clear evidence of the emergence, during the second half of the
tenth century, of a new field of study, that of projective geometry.
IBN SAHL ET AL-QŪHĪ: LES PROJECTIONS ADDENDA & CORRIGENDA
Authors: Rashed Roshdi
Published: July 2002

This article continues and improves the research already accomplished in
Géométrie et dioptrique au Xesiècle (1993). It presents two fragments and an
additional treatise which enlarge our understanding of the work of Ibn Sahl
on the geometrical constructions and projections. All the necessary corrections
are included.
Age-related changes in leptin: consequences and mechanisms
Authors: Mizuno Tooru M. , Ross Andrew , Mobbs Charles V.
Published: July 2002

ob/ob mice with mutations in the obese gene are extremely obese and hyperphagic and have characteristic neuroendocrine impairments, including impaired reproduction and low sex hormones, low thyroid hormone, low growth hormone, and elevated glucocorticoids, a pattern also observed in fasting mice. The product of the obese gene, called leptin, was originally characterized on the basis of positional cloning. Injections of leptin not only reversed many of the phenotypes of ob/ob mice, many of the neuroendocrine effects of fasting are also reversed by leptin injection.
Mental health factors in late-life insomnia
Authors: Morgan Kevin
Published: July 2002

As a correlate of psychological well-being, insomnia continues to be regarded as a critical indicator of both mental health and quality of life, appearing as a prominent diagnostic feature in both DSM-IV1 and ICD-102 (particularly in relation to depression and anxiety states), and included in many of the most commonly used health outcome measures, including the Nottingham Health Profile and the SF-364. The symptom of disturbed sleep is also included in most of the available schedules for assessing the mental health of elderly people, including the GMS, CAMDEX, and the CARE. Whether specified as a diagnostic criterion or included in a diagnostic algorithm, the assumption is made that certain patterns of sleep disturbance are associated with, and consequently predict, certain types of mental illness. The evidence would suggest, however, that
the strength of the association, and hence the validity of this assumption, may diminish across the human lifespan.
A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF EVOLUTION OF AFRICAN AND MADAGASCAN APIACEAE
Authors: VAN WYK B.-E.
Published: July 2002

A broad overview of the current state of taxonomic knowledge on the Apiaceae of Sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar is presented. Sub-Saharan Africa has about 69 indigenous genera in the family, with 38 of them endemic, while Madagascar has at least 16 genera, of which six are endemic. Many taxa are poorly known and show unusual combinations of character states. Generic delimitations have not yet reached stability but monographic work, in which morphological, anatomical and some chemical characters are rigorously analysed, is contributing steadily to an improved understanding of generic relationships. A preliminary cladistic analysis of some genera is presented, based on characters such as woodiness, leaf persistence, leaf type, dentate-serrate leaf margins, heteromorphous fruits and the co-occurrence of intrajugal and vallecular vittae. Despite poor resolution, the results consistently show that several African and Madagascan genera are basal to the rest of the Apiaceae. The subfamily Saniculoideae Burnett always appears in a basal position, in close association with anomalous genera such as Lichtensteinia Cham. & Schltdl., Polemanniopsis B. L. Burtt, Steganotaenia Hoscht. and Pseudocarum C. Norman. These genera are clearly central to a better understanding of the early evolution of the family and also to an ultimate improvement of Drude's (1898) classification system.
Patient Access to Medical Information in the Computer Age:
Ethical Concerns and Issues
Authors: RESNIK DAVID B.
Published: July 2002

During a prostate exam, Mr. Watson, age 65, learns
that his prostate appears to be abnormal. The family physician
conducting the exam, Dr. Kleinman, informs Mr. Watson that
he may have prostate cancer. Mr. Watson agrees to a variety
of tests, including blood tests, bone scans, ultrasound
scanning, and a biopsy. After learning about this possible
diagnosis and these tests, Mr. Watson surfs the Web for
information about prostate cancer and gathers data from
many different sources, including the National Cancer Society,
the National Institutes of Health, Johns Hopkins University,
the Mayo Clinic, and “alternative” medicine
sites. He also searches for information from medical journals
using MEDLINE, visits several chat rooms on prostate cancer,
and joins some e-mail lists. He arrives in Dr. Kleinman's
office for a follow-up appointment with a stack of material
and many questions. Dr. Kleinman is surprised, irritated,
and offended. He recommends that Mr. Watson have a prostatectomy
followed by radiation, but Mr. Watson does not want this
operation. He would rather receive a form of radiation
therapy recently approved by the FDA that he learned about
through his own research. Dr. Kleinman admits that he does
not know much about this new treatment, but he says that
he would read up on it and consult an oncologist.
What's So Special about the Human Genome?
Authors: CAPLAN ARTHUR L.
Published: July 2002

Glenn McGee argues that the time is now for debating the
morality of patenting human genes. In one sense he is surely
right. While thousands of patents have been issued or are
pending on many gene sequences, public policy with respect
to ownership of the human genome is still far from settled.
So a debate about the ethics of patenting genes is, if nothing
else, timely. In another sense however, Professor McGee is wrong.