bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the Efficiency of Tobacco Cessation Counseling in Primary Care
Authors: El-Shahawy Omar , Shires Deirdre A. , Elston Lafata Jennifer
Published: August 2015

Clinical Practice Guidelines for Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence advocate for using counseling targeted at tobacco users’ motivation to quit during each office visit. We evaluate tobacco use screening and counseling interventions delivered during routine periodic health examinations by 44 adult primary care physicians practicing in 22 clinics of a large health system in southeast Michigan. 484 office visits were audio-recorded and transcribed. For this study, current tobacco users ( N = 91) were identified using pre-visit surveys and audio-recordings. Transcripts were coded for the delivery of tobacco-related counseling interventions. The extent to which counseling interventions were used and/or targeted to the patients’ readiness to quit was the main outcome measure. The majority of tobacco users ( n = 77) had their tobacco use status assessed, and most received some sort of tobacco-related counseling ( n = 74). However, only 15% received the recommended counseling targeted to their readiness to quit. On the other hand, 19% received less counseling than recommended given their readiness to quit, 7% received only nonindicated counseling, and 59% received nonindicated counseling in addition to indicated counseling. Results illustrate physicians’ commitment to cessation counseling and also identify potential opportunities to improve the efficiency of tobacco-related counseling in primary care.
A refined twig-join swift query algorithm for diversification issues of XML
Authors: Kung Yi-Wei , Chang Hsu-Kuang , Lee Chung-Nan
Published: August 2015

Compiling documents in extensible markup language (XML) plays an important role in accessing data services. An efficient query service should be based on a skillful representation that can support query diversification and solve ambiguity in order to improve high-precision search capabilities. However, to the best of our knowledge, research on query diversification, target hierarchical level and the problem of ambiguity is insufficient. In this study we aimed to solve these problems so that the results are able not only to satisfy query diversification, but also to offer better precision compared with the existing twig join algorithms. An extended twig join Swift (TJSwift) associated with adjacent linked lists for the provision of efficient XML query services is also proposed, whereby queries can be versatile in terms of predicates. It can completely preserve hierarchical information; in addition, the new index generated from XML is used to save semantic information.
Implementation of a pilot telehealth programme in community palliative care: A qualitative study of clinicians’ perspectives
Authors: Collier Aileen , Morgan Deidre D , Swetenham Kate , To Timothy HM , Currow David C , Tieman Jennifer J
Published: August 2015

Background:

Telehealth technologies are an emerging resource opening up the possibility of greater support if they have utility for patients, carers and clinicians. They may also help to meet health systems’ imperatives for improved service delivery within current budgets. Clinicians’ experiences and attitudes play a key role in the implementation of any innovation in service delivery.

Aim:

To explore clinicians’ perspectives on and experiences of the utilisation of a pilot telehealth model and its integration into a specialist community palliative care programme.

Design:

Focus groups and interviews generated data that were analysed through the lens of a realistic evaluation theoretical framework.

Setting/participants:

The study was conducted in a metropolitan specialist palliative care service in South Australia. Participants (n = 10) were clinicians involved in the delivery of community specialist palliative care and the piloting of a telehealth programme.

Results:

Service providers consider telehealth resources as a means to augment current service provision in a complementary way rather than as a replacement for face-to-face assessments. Introducing this technology, however, challenged the team to critically explore aspects of current service provision. The introduction of technologies also has the potential to alter the dynamic of relationships between patients and families and community palliative care clinicians.

Conclusion:

Implementation of a pilot telehealth programme in a specialist palliative community team needs to involve clinical staff in service redesign from the outset. Reliable IT infrastructure and technical support is critical for telehealth models to be effective and will aid uptake.
The Impact of Same- and Other-Race Gaze Distractors on the Control of Saccadic Eye Movements
Authors: Dalmaso Mario , Galfano Giovanni , Castelli Luigi
Published: August 2015

Two experiments were aimed at investigating whether the implementation of voluntary saccades in White participants could be modulated more strongly by gaze distractors embedded in White versus Black faces. Participants were instructed to make a rightward or leftward saccade, depending on a central directional cue. Saccade direction could be either congruent or incongruent with gaze direction of the distractor face. In Experiment 1, White faces produced greater interference on saccadic accuracy than Black faces when the averted-gaze face and cue onset were simultaneous rather than separated by a 900-ms asynchrony. In Experiment 2, two temporal intervals (50 ms vs . 1,000 ms) occurred between the initial presentation of the face with direct-gaze and the averted-gaze face onset, whereas the averted-gaze face and cue onset were synchronous. A greater interference emerged for White versus Black faces irrespective of the temporal interval. Overall, these findings suggest that saccadic generation system is sensitive to features of face stimuli conveying eye gaze.
Bilateral Symmetry of Distortions of Tactile Size Perception
Authors: Longo Matthew R. , Ghosh Arko , Yahya Tasneem
Published: August 2015

The perceived distance between touches on the limbs is generally bigger for distances oriented across the width of the limb than for distances oriented along the length of the limb. The present study aimed to investigate the coherence of such distortions of tactile size perception across different skin surfaces. We investigated distortions of tactile size perception on the dorsal and palmar surfaces of both the left and right hands as well as the forehead. Participants judged which of two tactile distances felt larger. One distance was aligned with the proximodistal axis ( along the body), the other with the mediolateral axis ( across the body). Clear distortions were found on all five skin surfaces, with stimuli oriented across the width of the body being perceived as farther apart than those oriented along the length of the body. Consistent with previous results, distortions were smaller on the palmar than on the dorsal hand surface. Distortion on the forehead was intermediate between the dorsal and palmar surfaces. There were clear correlations between distortion on the left and right hands, for both the dorsal and palmar skin surfaces. In contrast, within each hand, there was no significant correlation between the two skin surfaces. Distortion on the forehead was not significantly correlated with that on any of the other skin surfaces. These results provide evidence for bilaterally symmetric representations underlying tactile size perception.
Afterimages are biased by top-down information
Authors: Utz Sandra , Carbon Claus-Christian
Published: August 2015

The afterimage illusion refers to a complementary colored image continuing to appear in the observer’s vision after the exposure to the original image has ceased. It is assumed to be a phenomenon of the primary visual pathway, caused by overstimulation of photoreceptors of the retina. The aim of the present study was to investigate the nature of afterimage perceptions; mainly whether it is a mere physical, that is, low-level effect or whether it can be modulated by top-down processes, that is, high-level processes. Participants were first exposed to five either strongly female or male faces (Experiment 1), objects highly associated with female or male gender (Experiment 2) or female versus male names (Experiment 3), followed by a negativated image of a gender-neutral face which had to be fixated for 20 s to elicit an afterimage. Participants had to rate their afterimages according to sexual dimorphism, showing that the afterimage of the gender-neutral face was perceived as significantly more female in the female priming condition compared with the male priming condition, independently of the priming quality (faces, objects, and names). Our results documented, in addition to previously presumed bottom-up mechanisms, a prominent influence of top-down processing on the perception of afterimages via priming mechanisms (female primes led to more female afterimage perception).
Migraine in Synesthetes and Nonsynesthetes: A Prevalence Study
Authors: Jonas Clare N. , Hibbard Paul B.
Published: August 2015

Synesthesia is a neurological condition in which an inducer stimulus in one sense leads to a concurrent percept in a second sense. The immune hypothesis of synesthesia links synesthesia to immune-related conditions such as migraine. More specifically, migraine with aura may be linked to grapheme-color synesthesia as both involve cortical hyperexcitability. In this study, 161 female synesthetes, and 92 female nonsynesthetes, completed an online questionnaire about synesthesia and migraine. We found no general link between migraine and synesthesia nor between migraine with aura and grapheme-color synesthesia. Exploratory analyses, however, showed that certain types of synesthetic inducer (non-linguistic visual experiences, scent, taste, emotion and personality) were associated with visual disturbances in headache among female participants, and touch as a concurrent was associated with migraine with aura. On the basis of our exploratory analyses, we hypothesize that specific subtypes of synesthesia are related to migraine. The relationship between these two conditions is likely to become clearer as research on the underlying causes of synesthesia and migraine progresses.
Models of innovation: Why models of innovation are models, or what work is being done in calling them models?
Authors: Godin Benoît
Published: August 2015

Models abound in the literature on innovation. They are continuously being invented and succeed one after the other. At the same time, these models are regularly criticized. This article looks at models of innovation and conducts a conceptual analysis of models. To the producers and users of models of innovation, a model has at least five different meanings: conceptualization, narrative, figure, tool, and perspective. This article suggests that the term ‘model’ has both a scientific and a rhetorical function. A ‘model’ is a symbol of scientificity and travels easily between scholars and between the latter and policy-makers. Calling a conceptualization or narrative or tool ‘model’ facilitates its propagation.
Adjudicating non-knowledge in the Omnibus Autism Proceedings
Authors: Decoteau Claire Laurier , Underman Kelly
Published: August 2015

After 5600 families of children diagnosed with autism filed claims with the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program in the United States, the court selected ‘test’ cases consolidated into the Omnibus Autism Proceedings, held from 2007 to 2008, to examine claims that vaccines caused the development of autism. The court found all of the causation theories presented to be untenable and did not award damages to any parents. We analyze the Omnibus Autism Proceedings as a struggle within the scientific field between the scientific orthodoxy of the respondents and the heterodox position taken by the plaintiffs, suggesting that the ruling in these cases helped to shore up hegemony on autism causation. Drawing on the literature on non-knowledge, we suggest that only the respondents had enough scientific capital to strategically direct non-knowledge toward genetic research, thereby foreclosing the possibility of environmental causation of autism. The plaintiffs, who promote a non-standard ontology of autism, suggest that the science on autism remains undone and should not be circumscribed. In analyzing the Omnibus Autism Proceedings with field theory, we highlight the way in which scientific consensus-building and the setting of research agendas are the result of struggle, and we show that the strategic deployment of non-knowledge becomes a major stake in battles for scientific legitimacy and the settling of scientific controversies.
Qualitative theory in finance: Theory into practice
Authors: Salmona Michelle , Kaczynski Dan , Smith Tom
Published: August 2015

This paper discusses the application of qualitative theory in finance research. Six qualitative theoretical orientations are presented to demonstrate a range of philosophical perspectives which a researcher may consider when conducting qualitative inquiry. Finance examples are provided for applied ethnography, content analysis, social constructivism, grounded theory, systems theory, and critical change theory. By aligning and bringing theory into practice, researchers engaged in qualitative inquiry may investigate specific social actions so as to make credible sense of complex circumstances.
Disappearing women: Why do women leave senior roles in finance?
Authors: Neck Carolyn
Published: August 2015

If Finance companies are keen to increase the number of senior women, understanding why they leave is important. Interviews with 27 women provided deeper understanding of the organisational culture facing women working at senior levels in Finance, as well as insights into the decision to leave. Various cultural aspects can cause frustration – some relate to working in Finance in general, while some relate to issues impacting women. The decision to leave appears to be a combination of frustration, change and choice. Nearly every woman had frustration with her job, but this alone was rarely enough to trigger a decision to leave. This tended to be at a time when the woman was undergoing some form of change (in personal circumstances or seeking change in her life) at which time she considered her options. Choice was also important. It seems women have choice to leave a senior role and take a lower paying one, or one with more flexibility – or even not to work at all.
Masters of the Universe: What top finance academics say about the ‘state of the field’
Authors: Gippel Jennifer
Published: August 2015

Through the lens of systems theory, this paper examines contemporary research practices in the academic field of finance. The aim is to establish a benchmark for the ‘state of the field’ in the early 21st century in order to stimulate thinking and challenge the field to open debate about current research practices: what they are, what maintains them, and how they might evolve.
My boat my identity: Investment in tuna fishing in Viet Nam
Authors: Ho Lan
Published: August 2015

This research examines the issue of boat development, from the perspective of boatowners in the context of the Vietnamese tuna longline commercial fishery. In particular, it seeks to better understand fishers’ decision to acquire their first fishing boat. This research employed a constructivist grounded theory method, using qualitative data generated from interviews, observation and collected documents. The study finds that fishers’ decision to acquire their first fishing boat is, primarily, a commitment to work long term in the fishing occupation, to maintain and develop one’s identity as a fisher. Aside from that, fishers are also motivated by the financial and non-financial rewards of fishing, particularly with tuna as a highly prized export. Non-financial rewards refer to aspects of job satisfaction such as being one’s own boss, thrill of the activity, the social company and passion for the sea.
The Ability of Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction to Correct Patellar Kinematics and Contact Mechanics in the Presence of a Lateralized Tibial Tubercle
Authors: Stephen Joanna M. , Dodds Alexander L. , Lumpaopong Punyawan , Kader Deiary , Williams Andy , Amis Andrew A.
Published: August 2015

Background:

Tibial tubercle (TT) transfer and medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction are used after patellar dislocations. However, there is no objective evidence to guide surgical decision making, such as the ability of MPFL reconstruction to restore normal behavior in the presence of a lateralized TT.

Hypothesis:

MPFL reconstruction will only restore joint contact mechanics and patellar kinematics for TT–trochlear groove (TG) distances up to an identifiable limit.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Eight fresh-frozen cadaveric knees (mean TT-TG distance, 10.4 mm) were placed on a testing rig. Individual quadriceps heads and the iliotibial band were loaded with 205 N in physiological directions using a weighted pulley system. Patellofemoral contact pressures and patellar tracking were measured at 0°, 10°, 20°, 30°, 60°, and 90° of flexion using pressure-sensitive film and an optical tracking system. The MPFL attachments were marked. TT osteotomy was performed, and a metal T-plate was fixed to the anterior tibia with holes at 5-mm intervals for TT fixation. The anatomic TT position was restored after plate insertion. The TT was lateralized in 5-mm intervals up to 15 mm, with pressure and tracking measurements recorded. The MPFL was transected and all measurements repeated before and after MPFL reconstruction using a double-stranded gracilis tendon graft. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA, Bonferroni post hoc analysis, and paired t tests.

Results:

MPFL transection significantly elevated lateral patellar tilt and translation and reduced mean medial contact pressures during early knee flexion. These effects increased significantly with TT lateralization. MPFL reconstruction restored patellar translation and mean medial contact pressures to the intact state when the TT was in anatomic or 5-mm lateralized positions. However, these were not restored when the TT was lateralized by 10 mm or 15 mm. Patellar tilt was restored after 5-mm TT lateralization but not after 10-mm or 15-mm lateralization.

Conclusion:

Considering the mean TT-TG distance in this study (10.4 mm), findings suggest that in patients with TT-TG distances up to 15 mm, patellofemoral kinematics and contact mechanics can be restored with MPFL reconstruction. However, for TT-TG distances greater than 15 mm, more aggressive surgery such as TT transfer may be indicated.

Clinical Relevance:

This provides guidance to surgeons as to the threshold at which MPFL reconstruction may satisfactorily restore patellofemoral mechanics, beyond which more invasive surgery such as TT transfer may be indicated.
Poly(ester-anhydride) for controlled delivery of hydrophilic drugs
Authors: Ickowicz Diana E , Abtew Ester , Khan Wahid , Golovanevski Ludmila , Steinman Noam , Weiniger Carolyn F , Domb Abraham J
Published: August 2015

Injectable pasty polyester-anhydride based on sebacic acid and ricinoleic acid at a 30:70 w/w ratio, poly(sebacic-co-ricinoleic-ester-anhydride) 3:7, was synthesized from the esterification of ricinoleic acid on poly(sebacic acid) followed by polyanhydride condensation. The effect of castor oil, citric acid, and glycerol added at 1% w/w as branching agents was determined. Castor oil and citric acid increased the viscosity, while glycerol decreased the viscosity of the polymer. Constant release of gentamicin and thyrotropin-releasing hormone incorporated in the polymer paste was monitored during 28 days.
Childhood Physical Maltreatment and Young Adult Dating Violence: A Propensity Matching Approach
Authors: Tomsich Elizabeth , Jennings Wesley G. , Richards Tara N. , Gover Angela R. , Powers Ráchael A.
Published: August 2015

Intimate partner violence disproportionately occurs among young adults and relates to a range of health and behavioral problems throughout the life course. Although numerous studies substantiate the prevailing cycle of violence perspective, methodological limitations in prior research prohibit the conclusion of a causal relationship between childhood physical maltreatment and dating violence perpetration and victimization in young adulthood. The current research applies a quasi-experimental propensity score matching approach to a large sample of young adults ( n = 4,168) to isolate the causal effect of childhood physical maltreatment on dating violence perpetration and victimization. Results suggest selection bias accounts for the correlation between childhood physical maltreatment and young adult physical dating violence perpetration and victimization, indicating a spurious relationship—before matching: odds ratio (OR) = 1.38, p < .001; OR = 1.35, p < .001; after matching: OR = 1.08; p = .379; OR = 1.09; p = .297. Study limitations and implications are discussed.
Psychometric Properties of the Cyberbullying Test, a Screening Instrument to Measure Cybervictimization, Cyberaggression, and Cyberobservation
Authors: Garaigordobil Maite
Published: August 2015

The purpose of the study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Cyberbullying Test. The sample included 3,026 participants from the Basque Country (northern Spain), aged 12 to 18 years. Results confirmed high internal consistency and moderate temporal stability. Exploratory factor analysis yielded three moderately correlated factors (cyberobserver, cyberaggressor, and cybervictim). Confirmatory factor analysis ratified adequate model fit of the three factors. Convergent and discriminant validity were confirmed: (a) cybervictims use a variety of conflict resolution strategies, scoring high in neuroticism, openness, antisocial behavior, emotional attention, school-academic problems, shyness-withdrawal, psychopathological disorders, anxiety, and psychosomatic complaints, and low in agreeableness, responsibility, self-esteem, and social adjustment and (b) cyberaggressors use many aggressive conflict resolution strategies, scoring high in neuroticism, antisocial behavior, school-academic problems, psychopathological and psychosomatic disorders, and low in empathy, agreeableness, responsibility, emotion regulation, and social adjustment. The study confirms the test’s reliability and validity.
One Size Doesn’t Fit All: Dating Abuse Against Women From the Perspective of South Asian Muslim Youth in Canada
Authors: Couture-Carron Amanda
Published: August 2015

Despite the growing recognition of intersectionality in the field of domestic abuse, scholarship on dating abuse is still limited by its lack of attention to cultural context. To begin to address this gap, this article presents findings from an exploratory qualitative study of 11 South Asian Muslims’ perceptions of behaviors/actions in dating relationships that they identify as being potentially experienced and/or understood differently by South Asian Muslim women. In particular, the participants identify (a) exposure to parents/community, (b) behaviors of a sexual nature, (c) controlling behaviors, and (d) psychological, emotional, and/or verbal behaviors/abuse as being experienced and understood in unique ways by South Asian Muslim women. By connecting these perceptions to the cultural context of South Asian Muslims, these findings support an intersectionality perspective by suggesting sociocultural variations in the meanings assigned to behaviors and/or actions.
Exclusive Breastfeeding Experiences among Mexican American Women
Authors: Wambach Karen , Domian Elaine Williams , Page-Goertz Sallie , Wurtz Heather , Hoffman Kelli
Published: August 2015

Background:

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hispanic breastfeeding mothers begin early formula supplementation at higher rates than other ethnic groups, which can lead to shorter breastfeeding duration and decreased exclusive breastfeeding. Acculturation, the process of adopting beliefs and behaviors of another culture, appears to influence breastfeeding practices of Hispanic women in the United States. Little is known about Mexican American mothers’ formula use and exclusive breastfeeding within the context of acculturation.

Objective:

Our study identified perceived benefits and barriers to exclusive breastfeeding and levels of acculturation among Mexican American women living in a Midwestern city.

Methods:

We used a qualitative descriptive design integrating Pender’s Health Promotion Model concepts. Individual interviews were conducted in English or Spanish (N = 21). The revised Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans was used to examine acculturation levels.

Results:

Acculturation scores indicated that the majority (66%) of the sample was “very Mexican oriented.” Most women exclusively breastfed, with a few using early supplementation for “insufficient milk production.” Three themes emerged: (1) It is natural that a woman give life and also provide the best food for her baby; (2) Breastfeeding is ultimately a woman’s decision but is influenced by tradition, guidance, and encouragement; and (3) Breast milk is superior but life circumstances can challenge one’s ability to breastfeed.

Conclusion:

Strong familial/cultural traditions supported and normalized breastfeeding. Barriers to exclusive breastfeeding were similar to breastfeeding women in general, in the United States. Findings support the need for culturally competent and individualized lactation care.
Robust velocity control for an A-shaped micro-robot with stick-slip locomotion
Authors: Moradian H , Vossoughi GR
Published: August 2015

In this paper, the problem of velocity control of a micro-robot’s locomotion with nanometric resolution has been investigated. A sliding, A-shaped micro-robot, used in precision positioning applications is analyzed. This micro-robot is actuated by means of a piezoelectric stack actuator in order to produce translational and periodic motion. A dynamic model of the robot is proposed assuming linear behavior for the piezoelectric stack and Coulomb friction model. Then, in order to control the velocity of micro-robot, first a robust sliding mode control is used so that the relative angle between the legs in the micro-robot tracks a periodic reference signal. The velocity tracking for the micro-robot is achieved using an amplitude modulation strategy by adapting the amplitude of this reference signal. Velocity control of locomotion is assumed to be in the presence of a non-separation constraint (between the legs and the substrate) and friction uncertainties. Also, a state observer is designed to estimate the rate of change of the relative angle between the legs of the micro-robot, which is needed in the velocity control algorithm. Finally, simulation results are presented which illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.
Local and participatory approaches to building resilience in informal settlements in Uganda
Authors: Dobson Skye , Nyamweru Hellen , Dodman David
Published: August 2015

Many of the people who are most vulnerable to the effects of climate change live in low-income and informal settlements in and around urban centres in Africa, Asia and Latin America. While there is a growing recognition of the importance of urban resilience, there is little documented evidence of how collective actions undertaken by residents of these communities can contribute to this. This paper describes the processes adopted by the National Slum Dwellers Federation of Uganda for responding to a variety of challenges – and explains how these not only address the immediate needs of these communities but also contribute to building resilience at the scale of the individual, household, community and city. It links the experiences of manufacturing matoke briquettes, developing new construction materials for low-income housing, and improving drainage and freshwater supplies to some of the key features of an urban resilience agenda, and makes the case for broader international support and funding to these local responses to climate change.
Knowledge-based Economic Growth in Kazakhstan
Authors: Yusuf Shahid
Published: August 2015

Mineral resource rich countries are under pressure to diversify their sources of growth and employment in the face uncertain demand and fluctuating prices for their products. Moreover, because the mineral sector generates few jobs and linkages to other subsectors, it is only by building capabilities in other areas that economies such as Kazakhstan can gainfully absorb an expanding and better-educated workforce. Given the small size of its domestic market, its remoteness, and its relatively high wage rates, Kazakhstan cannot compete with Asian countries in the production of standardized manufactures. Hence as this article discusses, Kazakhstan must acquire and enhance technological capabilities in niche manufacturing, agro-industries, and certain high value tradable services. And it needs to exploit the ongoing regional investment in transport and logistics to tap opportunities across Central Asia and in Europe. Kazakhstan’s RD&I system is at an early stage of development; however, it has the resources to scale up the research infrastructure and to rapidly improve the quality of human capital—as China and other East Asian countries have done. The experience of other small—and remote—economies examined in the article indicates that with good policies, perseverance, and some luck, resource-rich countries can nurture an ecosystem of globally competitive firms that in conjunction with the mineral sector can sustain the rates of growth that Kazakhstan is targeting.
Scaling-up in the Country Program Strategies of International Aid Agencies
Authors: Linn Johannes F.
Published: August 2015

Scaling up the impact of interventions for maximum sustained development results should be a primary objective of international aid organizations. This article reports on a review of the African Development Bank’s (AfDB) country strategy papers (CSPs) from a scaling-up perspective. It concludes, based on a sample of strategy and supporting documents, that the AfDB’s CSPs do not focus systematically on scaling up the impact of the projects and programs that this multilateral development bank supports. This is not surprising, since the AfDB’s corporate strategy, policies, and processes do not explicitly focus on scaling up. However, the review also concludes that key elements of a scaling-up approach are found in the AfDB’s CSPs. If they were systematically applied across the board, AfDB could readily turn its CSPs into effective scaling-up strategies.
‘Good’ Governance in India: How Good or Bad?
Authors: Vyasulu Vinod
Published: August 2015

The adoption of ‘good governance’ practices has been seen as a necessary condition for a country to grow economically, provide essential services and reduce poverty. Yet, there is ambiguity about what exactly good governance is. The use of the adjective ‘good’, which has a positive moral connotation, further confounds the issue. This article examines good governance practices adopted in India, and unbundles the concept to define what good governance is. The article asks if good governance practices have lived up to the promises made in terms of the wellsprings of economic growth, scientific research and innovation with an example from sector of water supply in India. If in reduction of poverty and inequality, there is an important role for the government/state, then what kind of state should a country have? Examining Indian experience, the article shows that a state with good governance can quickly degenerate into a predatory one. The state has an important role that good governance practices do not give it, but it is also important that a country has the right kind of state. It is to this question that researchers must now turn their attention.
Limited Catch-up in China’s Semiconductor Industry: A Sectoral Innovation System Perspective
Authors: Rho Sungho , Lee Keun , Kim Seong Hee
Published: August 2015

This article analyzes China’s semiconductor industry from the SSI perspective to find that in terms of catch-up in market shares and technology, China is showing only a limited success. The article explains the reasons for limited catch-up first in terms of the characteristics of the technology/knowledge regime of the industry where innovations are frequent and technologies are highly cumulative, which put a latecomer in a disadvantageous position. Furthermore, market for standard integrated circuit chips are not segmented but highly integrated, which implies no (low-end market) room for the latecomers. Therefore, it is more difficult for the latecomer firms to seize the market opportunity through marketing. The situation is getting worse with a continued increase of the required investment and shortened life cycles. Furthermore, the existing practice of Western countries restricting transfer of core technologies to communist countries like China has been aggravating the difficulties for China. In contrast to memory chips, the nature of ASIC chips are somewhat different, with relative longer cycle of technologies, and more divisions within markets specific to the needs of client firms. For this reason, some mainland Chinese firms, like SMIC and Huahong-NEC, are shown to gradually reduce the share of memory business and have been shifting towards the more ASIC-oriented foundry business. Although China’s semiconductor industry has faced many obstacles in their search for catch-up, some promising signs are emerging. First, continuing explosion of China market and its increasing importance after the global crisis will be acting as a factor to push for loosening restrictions of technology transfers to China. Second, China can expect an increasing flow of human capital equipped with up-to-date technology in this field by working with foreign firms and by educating and training its human capital in foreign countries. As these factors are combined with consolidation of domestic innovation system, such as, R&D capabilities of domestic firms, research organization and universities, China’s position is expected to rise and technology catch-up will become visible.
Structural Transformation, Trade Policies and Income Distributional Impacts: A Computable General Equilibrium Model of India
Authors: Mythili G.
Published: August 2015

The liberalization and globalization process which India initiated in the 1990s have been carried on successfully and this has taken the economy to higher growth path of more than 8 per cent GDP growth post-2000. However, there is no substantial achievement on the income distributional front and there are no convincing studies to empirically demonstrate the impact of various domestic and global policies of India on income inequality. This study proposed to simulate alternative scenario of external shocks and counterbalancing trade policies on income accounts of different groups of households classified by consumption expenditure by rural and urban using computable general equilibrium (CGE) modelling. The data pertain to social accounting matrix (SAM) of 2006–2007 for India. Apart from policies, it is also looked at the income distributional impacts of various anticipated structural changes in the domestic economy that will influence the Indian trade. Alternative GDP growth scenarios give a clear picture that higher GDP growth does not favour agriculture sector. Rural income share has come down from 61 to 56 per cent. It has a structural bias towards urban rich. This is a challenge for planners as the real issue is how to make agriculture progress when the economy is moving towards higher growth path. Among the policy scenarios, it is found that reduction in foreign capital inflow renders biggest loss to rural areas.
The State of Security Studies in India: Limitations and Potential
Authors: Singh Swaran
Published: August 2015

Teaching and research in the security studies discipline remains one of the most neglected critical component in ensuring India’s rise as a major twenty-first century power. However, in spite of India’s well-recognized heritage as also potential to contribute to the emerging global discourses, its security studies remain devoid of direction, vision and resources. Sporadic initiatives, both at individual and institutional level, have not allowed India to move beyond producing merely a mass of consumers of teaching and research done in select universities in Europe and North America that continue to guide the tone and tenor of India’s security studies. Indian universities, which sustain large degree-awarding infrastructure in security studies, have continued in this path-dependency and celebrate works done in the West. Information revolution led globalization was expected to create a level-playing field for India’s experts. But it has only reinforced conventional path-dependency by providing free and rather easy access to Western analysis and information. India’s security studies have remained bound within the original mode of Imperial education that was aimed at producing clerks and court jesters. No doubt, few think tanks have tried to present Indian perspectives of few contemporary issues yet they remain focused on topical themes and confined to policy research. Even here, it is India’s universities that provide both the cadres as also consumers for these think tanks’ analysis and comments. Thus responsibility lies primarily with Indian universities to engage in deeper academic research through long-term cultivation of Indian scholarly traditions. Indeed, as India emerges as a major power to reckon with, evolving original Indian schools of thought in security studies teaching and research becomes a prerequisite for ensuring India its place in the evolving global order.
Book Review: David Omissi. 2014. Indian Voices of the Great War
Authors: Suman
Published: August 2015

David Omissi. 2014. Indian Voices of the Great War. Gurgaon: Viking/Penguin, pp. xxxi + 358. ₹ 599. ISBN: 9780670087112.
Book Review: Pongsak Hoontrakul, Christopher Balding and Reena Marwah. 2014. The Global Rise of Asian Transformation: Trends and Developments in Economic Growth Dynamics
Authors: Kapila Nitasha
Published: August 2015

Pongsak Hoontrakul, Christopher Balding and Reena Marwah. 2014. The Global Rise of Asian Transformation: Trends and Developments in Economic Growth Dynamics. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 271. £75.00. ISBN 978-1-137-41235-5.
Multiple antigen target approach using the Accuplex4 BioCD system to detect Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies in experimentally infected and vaccinated dogs
Authors: Moroff Scott , Woodruff Colby , Woodring Todd , Sokolchik Irene , Lappin Michael R.
Published: August 2015

The primary objective of our study was to optimize detection of serum antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi using a new commercial automated fluorescence system (Accuplex4 BioCD system, Antech Diagnostics, Lake Success, New York). The system used multiple natural and artificial peptides—outer surface proteins (OspA, OspC, OspF), an outer membrane protein (P39), and a proprietary synthetic peptide (small Lyme peptide [SLP])—and the results were compared with a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that uses a proprietary peptide (C6). Sera from 4 groups were evaluated: dogs vaccinated with 1 of 3 commercially available vaccines ( n = 18); dogs infested with adult Ixodes scapularis (black-legged tick; n = 18); dogs previously vaccinated and then infested with I. scapularis ( n = 18); and dogs with B. burgdorferi infection that were then vaccinated ( n = 14). All of the vaccines evaluated induced OspA responses. However, antibodies against OspF or C6 were not induced in any of the vaccinated dogs. Additionally, the OspF antibodies had 100% sensitivity and specificity when compared to antibodies against C6 peptide. In B. burgdorferi–infected dogs, antibodies against OspC and SLP were detected in serum sooner than antibodies against the other targets. Low levels of antibodies against OspA developed in 6 of 14 B. burgdorferi–infected, unvaccinated dogs and had the shortest duration compared to the other antibodies. Detection of antibody responses to multiple B. burgdorferi targets with this system can be used to help differentiate vaccinated dogs from exposed dogs as well as acute infection from chronic infection.
Bovine tuberculosis in an Asian small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinerea) in the Republic of Korea
Authors: Lee Hyunkyoung , Kim Jae-Myung , Jang Yunho , Lee Kyunghyun , Baek Kanghyun , Lee Boram , Kim Ha-Young , Lee Myoung-Heon , Ryoo Soyoon , Bae You-Chan , Choi Eun-Jin , So ByungJae
Published: August 2015

Bovine tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis has a wide range of hosts including cattle and humans, but its incidence in otters is very rare. Our report describes a case of bovine tuberculosis in an Asian small-clawed otter ( Aonyx cinerea). A deceased female otter ~2–3 years of age that was raised in an aquarium was submitted to the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency (Anyang, Republic of Korea) for autopsy in June 2013. Following gross pathological examination, many white nodules were observed in the lungs and mesentery. The nodules showed central necrosis infiltrated with lymphocytes and macrophages and surrounded by fibrous tissue. Acid-fast bacteria were detected in the necrotic foci, but no fungi were observed. Molecular analysis led to the detection of M. bovis, which is identified in otters in some European countries such as Spain and France.
Investigation of cement–sand-based piezoelectric composites
Authors: Zhao Ping , Kim Sunjung , Hinderliter Brian
Published: August 2015

A novel cement–sand-based piezoelectric smart composite was developed for conducting structural health monitoring for civil structures. To overcome the incompatibility between piezoelectric materials and reinforced concrete containing cement and sand, for the first time, sand was used to fabricate the new composite in this study. Two sets of specimens containing 30 and 50 vol% lead zirconate titanate were prepared using normal mixing and spread methods, followed by the characterization of the properties of the composites. The composite exhibited desirable piezoelectric strain and voltage coefficients. Furthermore, the dielectric constant and loss of the composite were also determined. The results indicated that the piezoelectric effect and dielectric constant were enhanced with increasing lead zirconate titanate content. Compressive tests were conducted to study the sensing effect of the composite. The investigation demonstrated the feasibility of using the new composite as sensors in structural health monitoring systems to prevent possible failure of civil structures.
Talking About Looking
Authors: Lee Richard Philip , Thompson Ben , Whybrow Paul , Rapley Tim
Published: August 2015

Given the profusion of illness-related information, in this article, we consider how talking about information seeking—and in particular Internet use—is difficult, not because it is necessarily a highly sensitive topic (though it may be), but rather due to the unusual and unfamiliar situation of talking about information seeking. Drawing on interviews conducted as part of a study on the educational needs of carers of people with rheumatoid arthritis, we compare three types of interview for understanding online information seeking: interviews (recall), researcher-led observation (joining participant at the computer), and diaries. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each approach and discuss how changing interview questions and the form of interaction can help to produce different types of data, and potentially more meaningful insights. Of the three approaches, conducting interviews with participants while looking at a computer (talking while looking) offered the best opportunities to understand Internet-based information seeking.
Climbing Back Up the Mountain
Authors: Hutson Sadie P.
Published: August 2015

Little is known about the health access and end-of-life (EOL) concerns of persons living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Appalachia, where religious and cultural values are largely traditional. A qualitative, descriptive study with 9 participants was undertaken to assess EOL care needs among those from South Central Appalachian PLWHA. The focus of the study was to examine subjective data regarding EOL needs assessment related to advanced care planning. Five men and 4 women self-acknowledged a diagnosis of HIV/AIDS and completed a 2-hour face-to-face interview with the nurse researcher. Data were analyzed using qualitative descriptive content analysis methods, including data coding for emergent themes and metaphors. A common metaphor tied content to both struggle and triumph as well as the beauty and ruggedness of the Appalachian region: “Climbing Back up the Mountain.” Rich descriptions of the significance of the metaphor match with stigma as the greatest hurdle to overcome in planning and interacting with others, including health care providers and significant others, about EOL care needs and advanced planning preferences. Further, the metaphor was derived directly from quotes offered by participants. Sources of stigma were often intersecting: the disease itself, associations with “promiscuity,” sexual minority status, illicit drug use, and so on. Strong spiritual images were contrasted with a common avoidance and disdain of organized religion. Findings were used in refining plans for a larger study of EOL care needs and concerns on the population of PLWHA in 2 Southern Appalachian states. Comparison with other research and insights for providers is included.
The Insula
Authors: Borsook David , Veggeberg Rosanna , Erpelding Nathalie , Borra Ronald , Linnman Clas , Burstein Rami , Becerra Lino
Published: August 2015

The insula, a “cortical hub” buried within the lateral sulcus, is involved in a number of processes including goal-directed cognition, conscious awareness, autonomic regulation, interoception, and somatosensation. While some of these processes are well known in the clinical presentation of migraine (i.e., autonomic and somatosensory alterations), other more complex behaviors in migraine, such as conscious awareness and error detection, are less well described. Since the insula processes and relays afferent inputs from brain areas involved in these functions to areas involved in higher cortical function such as frontal, temporal, and parietal regions, it may be implicated as a brain region that translates the signals of altered internal milieu in migraine, along with other chronic pain conditions, through the insula into complex behaviors. Here we review how the insula function and structure is altered in migraine. As a brain region of a number of brain functions, it may serve as a model to study new potential clinical perspectives for migraine treatment.
Over 50 Years of Fibrinogen Concentrate
Authors: Costa-Filho Rubens , Hochleitner Gerald , Wendt Michael , Teruya Alexandre , Spahn Donat R.
Published: August 2015

March 2013 represented the 50th anniversary of the first license granted for a fibrinogen concentrate. In this review, we look at the history of bleeding management that led to the development of fibrinogen concentrate, discuss its current use, and consider future developments for this product.