bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of flows over three-dimensional swept wings at low Reynolds number
Authors: Burtsev Anton , Pezlar Vojtech , Theofilis Vassilios
Published: October 2024

High angle of attack flows over swept three-dimensional wings based on the NACA 0015 profile are studied numerically at low Reynolds numbers. Linear stability analysis is used to compute instability and receptivity of the flow via the respective three-dimensional (triglobal) direct and adjoint eigenmodes. The magnitude of the adjoint eigenvectors is used to identify regions of maximum flow receptivity to momentum forcing. It is found that such regions are located above the primary three-dimensional separation line, their spanwise position varying with wing sweep. The wavemaker region corresponding to the leading global eigenmode is computed and found to lie inside the laminar separation bubble (LSB) at the spanwise location of peak recirculation. Increasing the Reynolds number leads to the wavemaker becoming more compact in the spanwise direction, and concentrated in the top and bottom shear layers of the LSB. As sweep is introduced, the wavemaker moves towards the wing tip, following the spanwise displacement of maximum recirculation. Flow modifications resulting from application of different types of forcing are studied by direct numerical simulation initialised with insights gained from stability analysis. Periodic forcing at the regions of maximum receptivity to momentum forcing results in greater departure from the baseline case compared to same (low, linear) amplitude forcing applied elsewhere, underlining the potential of linear stability analysis to identify optimal regions for actuator positioning.
Plasma-based base flow modification on swept-wing boundary layers: dependence on flow parameters
Authors: Peng K. , Avallone F. , Kotsonis M.
Published: October 2024

This work examines the control of cross-flow instabilities (CFIs) and laminar–turbulent transition on a swept wing, through the plasma-based base flow modification (BFM) technique. The effect of experimentally derived plasma body forces on the steady boundary layer base flow is explored through numerical simulations. Linear stability theory is subsequently used to predict the net BFM effect on CFIs. Based on these preliminary predictions, experiments are conducted in a low-turbulence wind tunnel where a spanwise-invariant plasma actuator is installed near the wing leading edge and operated at constant input voltage and frequency. Various flow parameters governing the plasma-based BFM technique are investigated, namely the Reynolds number, angle of attack and wavelength of excited stationary CFI modes. Stationary and travelling CFIs are quantified by planar particle image velocimetry while the transition topology and location are recorded by infrared thermography. The results confirm the stabilising effect of BFM on the swept-wing boundary layer. However, the plasma-based BFM is found to render the boundary layer more susceptible to travelling CFIs. In the presence of both net BFM effect and intrinsic plasma unsteady perturbations, the plasma-based BFM technique achieves transition delay with specific combinations of Reynolds number, angle of attack and wavelength of excited stationary CFI modes. The present findings provide insights into the fundamental principles of operating plasma actuators within the context of BFM control.
Scale dependence of local shearing motion in decaying turbulence generated by multiple-jet interaction
Authors: Watanabe Tomoaki , Mori Takahiro , Ishizawa Kirari , Nagata Koji
Published: October 2024

Scale dependence of local shearing motion is investigated experimentally in decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence generated through multiple-jet interaction. The turbulent Reynolds number, based on the Taylor microscale, is between approximately 900 and 400. Velocity fields, measured using particle image velocimetry, are analysed through the triple decomposition of a low-pass filtered velocity gradient tensor, which quantifies the intensities of shear and rigid-body rotation at a given scale. These motions manifest predominantly as layer and tubular vortical structures, respectively. The scale dependence of the moments of velocity increments, associated with shear and rigid-body rotation, exhibits power-law behaviours. The scaling exponents for shear are in quantitative alignment with the anomalous scaling of the velocity structure functions, suggesting that velocity increments are influenced predominantly by shearing motion. In contrast, the exponents for rigid-body rotation are markedly smaller than those predicted by Kolmogorov scaling, reflecting the high intermittency of rigid-body rotation. The mean flow structure associated with shear at intermediate scales is investigated with conditional averages around locally intense shear regions in the filtered velocity field. The averaged flow field exhibits a shear layer structure with aspect ratio approximately 4.5, surrounded by rotating motion. The analysis at different scales reveals the existence of self-similar structures of shearing motion across various scales. The mean velocity jump across the shear layer increases with the layer thickness. This relationship is well predicted by Kolmogorov's second similarity hypothesis, which is useful in predicting the mean characteristics of shear layers across a wide range of scales.
Impact of laterally mobile surface charge on diffusiophoresis of hydrophobic rigid colloids
Authors: Majhi Subrata , Bhattacharyya Somnath , Gopmandal Partha P.
Published: October 2024

The diffusiophoresis of charged hydrophobic nanoparticles (NPs) governed by an imposed ionic concentration gradient is analysed. The main objective is to elucidate the impact of the laterally mobile adsorbed surface ions at the interface on the propulsion of the hydrophobic NPs in diffusiophoresis. In addition, the dielectric polarization due to the difference in dielectric constant between the NPs and the suspension medium is also considered. The mobile surface ions create a friction as well as an electric force at the hydrophobic surface, which leads to a modification of the slip velocity condition and the slip length. We obtain an exact numerical solution of the governing electrokinetic equations in their full form by adopting a control volume formulation. The numerical model is supplemented by analytical solutions derived based on the Debye–Hückel linearization. We find that the lateral mobility of the surface ions obstruct the coions to diffuse from the higher concentration side to the lower concentration side, which results in a repulsive force to the particle leading to the occurrence of a negative mobility. Based on the numerical results and analytical solutions, we have shown that for a fully mobile surface charge, the diffusiophoresis of a hydrophobic NP is identical to the diffusiophoresis of a liquid droplet whose viscosity is related to the slip length of the hydrophobic particle. We establish that the dielectric polarization enhances the velocity of a hydrophobic particle, which has potential applications in the practical context.
Self-induced transparency of long water waves over bathymetry: the dispersive shock mechanism
Authors: Sheremet Alex , Qayyum Rizwan , Shrira V.I.
Published: October 2024

The shoreline hazard posed by ocean long waves such as tsunamis and meteotsunamis critically depends on the fraction of energy transmitted across the shallow near-shore shelf. In linear setting, bathymetric inhomogeneities of length comparable to the incident wavelength act as a protective high-pass filter, reflecting long waves and allowing only shorter waves to pass through. Here, we show that, for weakly nonlinear waves, the transmitted energy flux fraction can significantly depend on the amplitude of the incoming wave. The basis of this mechanism is the formation of dispersive shock waves (DSWs), a salient feature of nonlinear evolution of long water waves, often observed in tidal bores and tsunami/meteotsunami evolution. Within the framework of the Boussinesq equations, we show that the DSWs efficiently transfer wave energy into the high wavenumber band, where reflection is negligible. This is phenomenologically similar to self-induced transparency in nonlinear optics: small amplitude long waves are reflected by the bathymetric inhomogeneity, while larger amplitude waves that develop DSWs blueshift into the transparency regime and pass through. We investigate this mechanism in a simplified setting that retains only the key processes of DSW disintegration and reflection, while the effects such as bottom dissipation and breaking are ignored. The results suggests that the phenomenon is a robust, order-one effect. In contrast, the increased transmission due to the growth of bound harmonics associated with the steepening of the wave is weak. The results of the simplified modelling are validated by simulations with the FUNWAVE-TVD Boussinesq model.
MISSMARPLE: MIlan Small-SaMple Automated Radiocarbon Preparation LinE for atmospheric aerosol
Authors: Crova F , Salteri F , Barone S , Calzolai G , Forello A , Fedi M , Liccioli L , Valli G , Vecchi R , Bernardoni V
Published: October 2024

Radiocarbon measurements on the carbonaceous aerosol fractions are an effective tool for aerosol source apportionment. For these measurements, a new sample preparation line (MISSMARPLE: MIlan Small-SaMple Automated Radiocarbon Preparation LinE for atmospheric aerosol) was built in Milan (Italy). MISSMARPLE can separate different carbon fractions (i.e. total carbon (TC), elemental carbon (EC)), automates the sample combustion processes and the CO2 isolation in the “combustion line”, and was designed to handle small samples, of about 50 μg carbon. The CO2 obtained in the combustion line is then reduced to graphite in the graphitization line for subsequent accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) analysis at the INFN-LABEC in Sesto Fiorentino (Italy). MISSMARPLE was tested for reproducibility of 14C/12C ratio in primary standard samples, for background contamination by the analysis of blank samples (graphite with zero percent Modern Carbon (pMC)), and for accuracy by the analysis of IAEA-C7 for pMC(TC) and NIST RM8785 for pMC(EC) used as secondary standards. Measurements were carried out in different AMS runs. Reproducibility of 14C/12C was within 1.2%; blank values were down to 2.2 ± 0.2 pMC in the latest AMS run, and both IAEA-C7 and NIST RM8785 measurements were within 1σ with the reference value (but for one IAEA-C7 sample within 2.3σ). These results point to MISSMARPLE as a new, valuable tool for aerosol sample preparation for radiocarbon measurements to be exploited not only on traditional 24-h samples but also when small carbon quantities are available (e.g. collected at remote sites or with high temporal resolution).
Catching-Up and Falling Behind: Russian Economic Growth, 1690s–1880s
Authors: Broadberry Stephen , Korchmina Elena
Published: October 2024

We provide decadal estimates of GDP per capita for the Russian Empire from the 1690s to the 1880s, making it possible for the first time to compare the economic performance of one of the world’s largest economies with other countries. Significant Russian economic growth before the 1760s resulted in catching-up on northwest Europe, but this was followed by a period of negative growth between the 1760s and 1800s and stagnation from the 1800s to the 1880s, leaving late-nineteenth century Russia further behind the West than at the beginning of the eighteenth century.
Black Americans’ Landholdings and Economic Mobility after Emancipation: Evidence from the Census of Agriculture and Linked Records
Authors: Collins William J. , Holtkamp Nicholas , Wanamaker Marianne H.
Published: October 2024

Large and persistent racial disparities in land-based wealth were an important legacy of the Reconstruction era. To assess how these disparities were transmitted intergenerationally, we build a dataset to observe Black households’ landholdings in 1880 alongside a sample of White households. We then link sons from all households to the 1900 census records to observe their economic and human capital outcomes. We show that Black landowners, relative to laborers, transmitted substantial intergenerational advantages to their sons, particularly in literacy and homeownership. However, such advantages were small relative to the racial gaps in measures of economic status.
Aortic valve function and aortic dimensions in obese and overweight patients with bicuspid aortic valve
Authors: Reittinger Andrew M. , Dean Peter N. , McCulloch Michael A. , Vergales Jeffrey
Published: October 2024

Introduction:

Bicuspid aortic valve is the most common CHD and commonly associated with activity restrictions that may lead to a sedentary lifestyle known to increase obesity risk. It is unknown whether obesity is associated with changes in aortic dimensions or aortic valve function in young people with bicuspid aortic valve. This study investigates whether overweight and obese children with bicuspid aortic valve have worse aortic valve function or increased aortic dimensions compared to healthy weight children with bicuspid aortic valve.

Methods:

This was a single centre retrospective cohort study comprised of patients 5 to 25 years old with a diagnosis of bicuspid aortic valve between 1 January, 2019 and 31 December, 2020. Patients were classified as healthy weight or overweight/obese. Values for aortic dimensions as well as peak and mean aortic valve gradients were obtained from echocardiogram reports.

Results:

About 251 patients were analysed. Demographics were similar between groups. When indexed to height, the aortic valve annulus (1.28 ± 0.14 vs. 1.34 ± 0.15, p = 0.001) and sinotubular junctions (1.44 ± 0.21 vs. 1.49 ± 0.24, p = 0.038) were larger in the overweight/obese group, with no differences in aortic root or ascending aorta sizes. The obese/overweight group had a higher peak aortic valve gradient (23.03 ± 1.64 mmHg vs. 16.17 ± 1.55 mmHg, p = 0.003) compared to the healthy weight group.

Conclusion:

Healthy weight patients did not have larger aortic dimensions compared to the overweight/obese patients. There was evidence of worsening aortic valve stenosis in overweight/obese patients compared to those at a healthy weight.
Novel linkage of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons database and hospital electronic health records
Authors: Atkins Christopher A. , Nellis Joseph R. , Vekstein Andrew M. , D’Ottavio Alfred , DeLaRosa Jesse M. , Chiswell Karen , Turek Joseph W. , Beckerman Ziv , Raskind Hood Cheryl , Book Wendy M. , Hoffman Timothy M. , Hartman Robert J. , Walsh Michael , Li Jennifer S. , Welke Karl F.
Published: October 2024

Background:

Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database is the largest congenital heart surgery database worldwide but does not provide information beyond primary episode of care. Linkage to hospital electronic health records would capture complications and comorbidities along with long-term outcomes for patients with CHD surgeries. The current study explores linkage success between Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database and electronic health record data in North Carolina and Georgia.

Methods:

The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database was linked to hospital electronic health records from four North Carolina congenital heart surgery using indirect identifiers like date of birth, sex, admission, and discharge dates, from 2008 to 2013. Indirect linkage was performed at the admissions level and compared to two other linkages using a “direct identifier,” medical record number: (1) linkage between Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database and electronic health records from a subset of patients from one North Carolina institution and (2) linkage between Society of Thoracic Surgeons data from two Georgia facilities and Georgia’s CHD repository, which also uses direct identifiers for linkage.

Results:

Indirect identifiers successfully linked 79% (3692/4685) of Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database admissions across four North Carolina hospitals. Direct linkage techniques successfully matched Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database to 90.2% of electronic health records from the North Carolina subsample. Linkage between Society of Thoracic Surgeons and Georgia’s CHD repository was 99.5% (7,544/7,585).

Conclusions:

Linkage methodology was successfully demonstrated between surgical data and hospital-based electronic health records in North Carolina and Georgia, uniting granular procedural details with clinical, developmental, and economic data. Indirect identifiers linked most patients, consistent with similar linkages in adult populations. Future directions include applying these linkage techniques with other data sources and exploring long-term outcomes in linked populations.
Experimental and theoretical studies of the interactions of alanine onto surfaces of olivine and montmorillonite: relevance in astrobiology
Authors: Colín-García María , Lerin-Morales Karen Melissa , Sainz-Díaz C. Ignacio , Soriano-Correa Catalina , Martínez-Pabello Pável U.
Published: October 2024

Amino acids have been detected in some meteorites and are readily synthesized in prebiotic experiments. These molecules may have been precursors of oligomers and polymers in the early Earth. These reactions were likely to happen in the protected confined spaces on the porous surface of olivine and in the interlayer nanospace of montmorillonite. This study describes experimental and theoretical research on the sorption of l-alanine onto surfaces of silicate minerals, olivine and montmorillonite. Kinetics of the sorption of this amino acid at different pH media was performed. This sorption has been also studied at atomic scale by means of quantum mechanical calculations finding that this sorption is energetically favourable. These results strongly support the premise that minerals could have actively participated in prebiotic reactions.
Improvement of Source Spectrum Fall‐Off for Simulating Ground Motion Using Stochastic Green’s Function Method
Authors: Xie Xu , Hao Xu , Ji Longfei
Published: October 2024

The stochastic Green's function method (SGFM), which simulates the source spectra of small earthquakes based on the ω−2 model and follows the scaling law of earthquakes to synthesize into a large earthquake, is a practical ground motion simulation method in areas lacking suitable small earthquake records. However, one of the problems in the application of the SGFM is that the source spectrum synthesized from small earthquakes shows a fall‐off in the mid‐frequency band, as the number of fault divisions of the large earthquake increases. To solve this problem, this study proposes an improved method, which introduces a correction coefficient for the source spectrum according to the ω−2 model and considers the variation of subfault rise time with the rupture process. Taking the 1994 Northridge earthquake as an example, the ground motion simulation results of the improved method are compared with observed records. The results show that only introducing the correction coefficient causes larger amplitude of simulation results than observed records. Only considering the variation of subfault rise time can improve the fall‐off problem to some extent, but the accuracy of ground motion simulation at observation points has no significant improvement. By simultaneously introducing the correction coefficient and considering the variation of subfault rise time, the simulation results are in good agreement with observed records and are able to reproduce the directivity effect at the forward observation points. Therefore, the improved SGFM proposed in this study is an effective and reliable tool for ground motion simulation.
Unraveling the Distribution of Black Carbon in Chinese Forest Soils Using Machine Learning Approaches
Authors: Zhao Chen , Tian Zhouyang , Zhang Qiang , Wang Yinghui , Zhang Peng , Sun Guodong , Yang Yuanxi , He Ding , Tu Shuxin , Wang Junjian
Published: October 2024

Black carbon (BC) is a highly persistent yet poorly understood component of forest soil carbon reservoirs, while its inventory, distribution, and determining factors in forest soils on a large geographic scale remain unclear. Here, we characterized soil BC across 68 Chinese forest sites using benzene polycarboxylic acid method and developed machine learning (ML) models to predict and interpret potential impacts of soil organic matter (SOM) properties, soil physiochemical properties, meteorological conditions, wildfire history, and microbial diversity on BC. Results revealed that SOM properties were the most critical in predicting BC, complemented by the negative impact of mean annual temperature and alkaline mineral composition. The superior prediction accuracy for BC with higher condensed aromaticity (more benzene hexa‐ and penta‐carboxylic acid monomers) likely results from its simpler sources and greater resistance to transformation. This study introduces an effective ML model for predicting and interpreting soil BC inventory to better understand BC cycling.
Magnetite Survivability and Non‐Stoichiometric Magnetite Formation in Presence of Oxyhalogen Brines on Mars
Authors: Mitra Kaushik , Bahl Yatharth , Ledingham Greg J. , Hernandez‐Robles Andrei , Stevanovic Ana , Westover Gavin , Hurowitz Joel A.
Published: October 2024

The mixed Fe(II)/Fe(III) mineral magnetite [Fe3O4] of various stoichiometric and non‐stoichiometric compositions have been reported in Martian soils and rocks by several rover missions. Magnetite is an important paleomagnetic indicator mineral and can serve as a ‘biogeobattery’ as a consequence of its magnetic properties and the mixed valence state of iron in its structure. Here, we assess the extent of oxidative weathering of magnetite in presence of chlorate and bromate containing solutions that are likely important oxidants on Mars. Oxyhalogen species, chlorate and bromate, produced non‐stoichiometric magnetite [Fe(II)/Fe(III) < 0.5] in Mars‐relevant, near‐neutral pH fluids; no other ferric minerals were produced. The same results were observed in highly acidic fluids with or without oxyhalogens. Owing to its resistance to extensive oxidation, magnetite can serve as an important archive of geochemical, paleomagnetic, and astrobiological information in samples that will be returned by the Mars Sample Return mission.
Heparin treatment is associated with a delayed diagnosis of Alzheimer’s dementia in electronic health records from two large United States health systems
Authors: Readhead Benjamin , Klang Eyal , Gisladottir Undina , Vandromme Maxence , Li Li , Quiroz Yakeel T. , Arboleda-Velasquez Joseph F. , Dudley Joel T. , Tatonetti Nicholas P. , Glicksberg Benjamin S. , Reiman Eric M.
Published: October 2024

Recent studies suggest that heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) contribute to the predisposition to, protection from, and potential treatment and prevention of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here, we used electronic health records (EHR) from two different health systems to examine whether heparin therapy was associated with a delayed diagnosis of AD dementia. Longitudinal EHR data from 15,183 patients from the Mount Sinai Health System (MSHS) and 6207 patients from Columbia University Medical Center (CUMC) were used in separate survival analyses to compare those who did or did not receive heparin therapy, had a least 5 years of observation, were at least 65 years old by their last visit, and had subsequent diagnostic code or drug treatment evidence of possible AD dementia. Analyses controlled for age, sex, comorbidities, follow-up duration and number of inpatient visits. Heparin therapy was associated with significant delays in age of clinical diagnosis of AD dementia, including +1.0 years in the MSMS cohort (P < 0.001) and +1.0 years in the CUMC cohort (P < 0.001). While additional studies are needed, this study supports the potential roles of heparin-like drugs and HSPGs in the protection from and prevention of AD dementia.
Exploring new horizons in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: novel mechanisms of action and future therapeutic avenues
Authors: Shirian Jonathan D. , Shukla Priya , Singh Rishi P.
Published: October 2024

Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) can lead to significant vision impairment through the growth of abnormal neovascular membranes in the choroid. Despite advancements with current anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapies, challenges such as frequent injections, inadequate response, and patient-related concerns persist. Emerging therapeutics aim to reduce vision-loss through a variety of mechanisms. Gene therapies, including RGX-314 and Ixo-vec, express an anti-VEGF protein, and 4D-150, expresses an anti-VEGF protein and a VEGF-C inhibitory miRNA. Anti-VEGF associated therapeutics include OPT-302, targeting VEGF-C and VEGF-D, BI 836880, which inhibits VEGF-A and Ang-2 activity, and Tarcocimab tedromer, inhibiting all VEGF-A isoforms. Agents with novel mechanisms of action include UBX1325, which inhibits an anti-apoptotic protein, Restoret (EYE103), a Wnt agonist, and the tyrosine kinase inhibitors, EYP-1901, OTX-TKI, CLS-AX, and KHK4951.
Heterogeneous afferent arteriolopathy: a key concept for understanding blood pressure–dependent renal damage
Authors: Kohagura Kentaro , Zamami Ryo , Oshiro Nanako , Shinzato Yuki , Uesugi Noriko
Published: October 2024

Hypertension, aging, and other factors are associated with arteriosclerosis and arteriolosclerosis, primary morphological features of nephrosclerosis. Although such pathological changes are not invariably linked with renal decline but are prevalent across chronic kidney disease (CKD), understanding kidney damage progression is more pragmatic than precisely diagnosing nephrosclerosis itself. Hyalinosis and medial thickening of the afferent arteriole, along with intimal thickening of small arteries, can disrupt the autoregulatory system, jeopardizing glomerular perfusion pressure given systemic blood pressure (BP) fluctuations. Consequently, such vascular lesions cause glomerular damage by inducing glomerular hypertension and ischemia at the single nephron level. Thus, the interaction between systemic BP and afferent arteriolopathy markedly influences BP-dependent renal damage progression in nephrosclerosis. Both dilated and narrowed types of afferent arteriolopathy coexist throughout the kidney, with varying proportions among patients. Therefore, optimizing antihypertensive therapy to target either glomerular hypertension or ischemia is imperative. In recent years, clinical trials have indicated that combining renin–angiotensin system inhibitors (RASis) and sodium–glucose transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) is superior to using RASis alone in slowing renal function decline, despite comparable reductions in albuminuria. The superior efficacy of SGLT2is may arise from their beneficial effects on both glomerular hypertension and renal ischemia. A comprehensive understanding of the interaction between systemic BP and heterogeneous afferent arteriolopathy is pivotal for optimizing therapy and mitigating renal decline in patients with CKD of any etiology. Therefore, in this comprehensive review, we explore the role of afferent arteriolopathy in BP-dependent renal damage.
Light-harvesting properties of photocatalyst supports—no photon left behind
Authors: Tountas Athanasios A. , Dreher Anselm , Zhou Wenjie , Mohan Abhinav , Kherani Nazir P. , Ozin Geoffrey A. , Sain Mohini M.
Published: October 2024

In this work, we set out to elucidate the light-harvesting properties of various random and ordered photocatalyst supports (PSs) with different macropore sizes. To accomplish this, we propose two studies of increasing relevance, enabled by computed tomography (CT) reconstructions and ray-tracing COMSOL Multiphysics simulations: (a) a 360-degree light release study approximating a PS situated within a compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) or cylindrical LED reactor with open ends; and (b) the same system as before but with closed ends. The ordered geometry is of interest, as it can be 3D printed at scale with a tailored morphology and porosity, and it can potentially be refined using machine learning models to optimize its light-harvesting properties. As will be shown, the local volumetric light absorption (LVLA) data suggests that an ordered PS with a more open pore interior and a smaller pore exterior would begin to approach the more isophotonic light-harvesting properties of random PSs.
Chemical inhibition of the integrated stress response impairs the ubiquitin-proteasome system
Authors: Xu Shanshan , Gierisch Maria E. , Barchi Enrica , Poser Ina , Alberti Simon , Salomons Florian A. , Dantuma Nico P.
Published: October 2024

Inhibitors of the integrated stress response (ISR) have been used to explore the potential beneficial effects of reducing the activation of this pathway in diseases. As the ISR is in essence a protective response, there is, however, a risk that inhibition may compromise the cell’s ability to restore protein homeostasis. Here, we show that the experimental compound ISRIB impairs degradation of proteins by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) during proteotoxic stress in the cytosolic, but not nuclear, compartment. Accumulation of a UPS reporter substrate that is intercepted by ribosome quality control was comparable to the level observed after blocking the UPS with a proteasome inhibitor. Consistent with impairment of the cytosolic UPS, ISRIB treatment caused an accumulation of polyubiquitylated and detergent insoluble defective ribosome products (DRiPs) in the presence of puromycin. Our data suggest that the persistent protein translation during proteotoxic stress in the absence of a functional ISR increases the pool of DRiPs, thereby hindering the efficient clearance of cytosolic substrates by the UPS.
Methodological concerns underlying a lack of evidence for cultural heterogeneity in the replication of psychological effects
Authors: Schimmelpfennig Robin , Spicer Rachel , White Cindel J. M. , Gervais Will , Norenzayan Ara , Heine Steven , Henrich Joseph , Muthukrishna Michael
Published: October 2024

The multi-site replication study, Many Labs 2, concluded that sample location and setting did not substantially affect the replicability of findings. Here, we examine theoretical and methodological considerations for a subset of the analyses, namely exploratory tests of heterogeneity in the replicability of studies between “WEIRD and less-WEIRD cultures”. We conducted a review of literature citing the study, a re-examination of the existing cultural variability, a power stimulation for detecting cultural heterogeneity, and re-analyses of the original exploratory tests. Findings indicate little cultural variability and low power to detect cultural heterogeneity effects in the Many Labs 2 data, yet the literature review indicates the study is cited regarding the moderating role of culture. Our reanalysis of the data found that using different operationalizations of culture slightly increased effect sizes but did not substantially alter the conclusions of Many Labs 2. Future studies of cultural heterogeneity can be improved with theoretical consideration of which effects and which cultures are likely to show variation as well as a priori methodological planning for appropriate operationalizations of culture and sufficient power to detect effects.
DELE1 maintains muscle proteostasis to promote growth and survival in mitochondrial myopathy
Authors: Lin Hsin-Pin , Petersen Jennifer D , Gilsrud Alexandra J , Madruga Angelo , D’Silva Theresa M , Huang Xiaoping , Shammas Mario K , Randolph Nicholas P , Johnson Kory R , Li Yan , Jones Drew R , Pacold Michael E , Narendra Derek P
Published: October 2024

Mitochondrial dysfunction causes devastating disorders, including mitochondrial myopathy, but how muscle senses and adapts to mitochondrial dysfunction is not well understood. Here, we used diverse mouse models of mitochondrial myopathy to show that the signal for mitochondrial dysfunction originates within mitochondria. The mitochondrial proteins OMA1 and DELE1 sensed disruption of the inner mitochondrial membrane and, in response, activated the mitochondrial integrated stress response (mt-ISR) to increase the building blocks for protein synthesis. In the absence of the mt-ISR, protein synthesis in muscle was dysregulated causing protein misfolding, and mice with early-onset mitochondrial myopathy failed to grow and survive. The mt-ISR was similar following disruptions in mtDNA maintenance (Tfam knockout) and mitochondrial protein misfolding (CHCHD10 G58R and S59L knockin) but heterogenous among mitochondria-rich tissues, with broad gene expression changes observed in heart and skeletal muscle and limited changes observed in liver and brown adipose tissue. Taken together, our findings identify that the DELE1 mt-ISR mediates a similar response to diverse forms of mitochondrial stress and is critical for maintaining growth and survival in early-onset mitochondrial myopathy.
High-entropy alloy nanomaterials for electrocatalysis
Authors: Cui Mingjin , Zhang Ying , Xu Bo , Xu Fei , Chen Jianwei , Zhang Shaoyin , Chen Chunhong , Luo Zhimin
Published: October 2024

Synthetic strategies and electrocatalytic applications of high-entropy alloys.
Water adsorption at the (010) and (101) surfaces of CuWO4
Authors: Chu Xuan , Santos-Carballal David , de Leeuw Nora H.
Published: October 2024

The copper tungstate CuWO4 surfaces tend to remain either dry or fully hydrated, depending on specific environmental conditions.
Observation of metastable structures of the ethylene glycol–water dimer in helium nanodroplets
Authors: Polak Daniel W. , Turnbull Lewis J. P. , Bass Owen D. , Yang Shengfu , Ellis Andrew M.
Published: October 2024

Conformers of the dimer of ethylene glycol within a helium nanodroplet.
A chemically induced, room temperature, single source precursor to CuS (covellite) nanomaterials: synthesis and reactivity of [Cu(S2CNHBz)]n
Authors: Huang Siqiao , Xu Xiang , Sarker Jagodish C. , Pugh David , Hogarth Graeme
Published: October 2024

In situ generated [Cu(S2CNHBz)2] undergoes rapid intramolecular electron-transfer to afford the Cu(i) complex [Cu(S2CNHBz)]n which undergoes base-induced room temperature decomposition to afford CuS (covellite) nanomaterials.
Helical dinuclear 3d metal complexes with bis(bidentate) [S,N] ligands: synthesis, structural and computational studies
Authors: Allen Jamie , Saßmannshausen Jörg , Singh Kuldip , Kilpatrick Alexander F. R.
Published: October 2024

A dinucleating [S,N] ligand with a flexible linker forms homobimetallic complexes with Fe, Co and Zn. These show a double-stranded helicate structure, stabilised by intramolecular π-π interactions, with homochirality at the two tetrahedral centres.
Rationally designed porous self-assembled nanoparticles for combinational chemo-photodynamic therapy
Authors: Negi Kanchan , Kumar Ashok , Chakraborty Gourav , Sahoo Sudhansubala , Patra Sushmita , Patra Niladri , Bhutia Sujit Kumar , Sahu Sumanta Kumar
Published: October 2024

Zinc-coordinated quercetin-based self-assembled nanoparticles (ZnQ NPs) further loaded with Ce6 enhance cancer treatment efficacy through combined chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy.
A novel viologen-based hybrid crystalline material for photochromic glass films, information storage and anti-counterfeiting
Authors: Yu Yang-Tao , Li Shu-Hao , Li Zhuo-Yu , Zeng Jian-Ge , Liu Chun-Jie , Li Li
Published: October 2024

A novel viologen-based crystalline material showing excellent photochromic properties was used in photochromic glass films, information storage, anti-counterfeiting, and amine-selective sensing.
Naloxone-initiated mechanochemical synthesis of poly(lactic acid)
Authors: Ebqa'ai Mohammad A. , Kasthuri Dias Sandun Bogahawaththa , Kassick Andrew J. , Averick Saadyah , Nelson Toby L.
Published: October 2024

Herein is an one-pot mechanosynthesis of naloxone covalently linked poly(lactic acid) and nanoparticles (∼600 nm) with a drug loading (∼8.3% w/w).
Heparosan crosslinked hydrogels for injectable dermal fillers: fabrication, physicochemical properties and biocompatibility
Authors: Wei Fang , Jiahong Guo , Feifei Wang
Published: October 2024

Heparosan crosslinked hydrogels were fabricated after the reaction of the hydroxyl groups of heparosan and the epoxy groups of BDDE.
MeOTf-catalyzed Friedel–Crafts alkylation of benzoxazolones, benzothiazolones, indolinones and benzimidazolones with activated secondary alcohols
Authors: Duari Surajit , Biswas Subrata , Roy Arnab , Maity Srabani , Elsharif Asma M. , Biswas Srijit
Published: October 2024

A MeOTf catalysed methodology for the selective C-alkylation of benzoxazolones, benzothiazolones, indolinones and benzimidazolones by using secondary benzylic alcohols as the alkylating agent.
Recognition of mixed-sequence double-stranded DNA regions using chimeric Invader/LNA probes
Authors: Everly Michaela E. , Emehiser Raymond G. , Hrdlicka Patrick J.
Published: October 2024

Heteroduplexes comprised of densely intercalator-modified oligodeoxyribonucleotides and LNAs (locked nucleic acids) enable highly specific mixed-sequence recognition of double-stranded DNA regions.
WO3/Pt photocatalyst supported by a ceramic filter for indoor air purification under visible light irradiation
Authors: Pal Sudipto , Kaitheri Amruth , Kunjalukkal Padmanabhan Sanosh , Catalano Massimo , Perboni Stefano , Licciulli Antonio
Published: October 2024

Household air pollution exposure can lead to various chronic health issues, photocatalytic air purification could improve the indoor air quality.
A review of the toxic effects of microplastics based on studies on mammals and mammalian cell lines
Authors: Tang Kuok Ho Daniel
Published: October 2024

In vivo studies showed that adverse effects were observed at 0.01–0.15 mg day−1 for polystyrene microplastics and 0.125 mg day−1 for polyethylene microplastics. In vitro studies yielded variable results depending on the cell types.
Strong turbulence and magnetic coherent structures in the interstellar medium
Authors: Ntormousi Evangelia , Vlahos Loukas , Konstantinou Anna , Isliker Heinz
Published: October 2024

Context. Magnetic turbulence is classified as weak or strong based on the relative amplitude of the magnetic field fluctuations compared to the mean field. These two classes have different energy transport properties.

Aims. The purpose of this study is to analyze turbulence in the interstellar medium (ISM) based on this classification. Specifically, we examined the ISM of simulated galaxies to detect evidence of strong magnetic turbulence and provide statistics on the associated magnetic coherent structures (MCoSs), such as current sheets, that arise in this context.

Methods. We analyzed magnetohydrodynamic galaxy simulations with different initial magnetic field structures (either completely ordered or completely random) and recorded statistics on the magnetic field fluctuations (δB/B0) and the MCoSs, which are defined here as regions where the current density surpasses a certain threshold. We also studied the MCoS sizes and kinematics.

Results. The magnetic field disturbances in both models follow a log-normal distribution, peaking at values close to unity; this distribution turns into a power law at large values (δB/B0 > 1), which is consistent with strong magnetic turbulence The current densities are widely distributed, with non-power-law deviations from a log-normal at the largest values. These deviating values of the current density define MCoSs. We find that, in both models, MCoSs are fractally distributed in space, with a typical volume-filling factor of about 10%, and tend to coincide with peaks of star formation density. Their fractal dimension is close to unity on sub-kiloparsec scales, and between 2 and 3 on larger scales. These values are consistent with MCoSs having a sheet-like or filament-like morphology.

Conclusions. Our work challenges the prevailing paradigm of weak magnetic turbulence in the ISM by demonstrating that strong magnetic disturbances can occur even when the initial magnetic field is completely ordered. This strong magnetic turbulence arises self-consistently from differential rotation and supernova feedback. Our findings provide a foundation for a magnetic turbulence description of the galactic ISM that includes strong fluctuations of the magnetic field.
Coronal and chromospheric activity of Teegarden’s star
Authors: Fuhrmeister B. , Schmitt J. H. M. M. , Reiners A. , Czesla S. , Béjar V. J. S. , Caballero J. , Eislöffel J. , Henning Th. , Morales J. C. , Quirrenbach A. , Ribas I. , Robrade J. , Schneider P. C. , Zechmeister M.
Published: October 2024

Teegarden’s star is a late-type M-dwarf planet host, typically showing only rather low levels of activity. In this paper we present an extensive characterisation of this activity at photospheric, chromospheric, and coronal levels. We specifically investigated TESS observations of Teegarden’s star, which showed two very large flares with an estimated flare fluence between 1029 and 1032 erg comparable to the largest solar flares. We furthermore analysed nearly 300 CARMENES spectra and 11 ESPRESSO spectra covering all the usually used chromospheric lines in the optical from the Ca II H & K lines at 3930 Å to the He I infrared triplet at 10 830 Å. These lines show different behaviour: The He I infrared triplet is the only one absent in all spectra, some lines show up only during flares, and others are always present and highly variable. Specifically, the Hα line is more or less filled in during quiescence; however, the higher Balmer lines are still observed in emission. Many chromospheric lines show a correlation with Hα variability, which, in addition to stochastic behaviour, shows systematic behaviour on different timescales including the rotation period. Moreover, we found several flares and also report hints of an erupting prominence, which may have led to a coronal mass ejection. Finally, we present X-ray observations of Teegarden’s star (i.e. a discovery pointing obtained with the Chandra observatory) and an extensive study with the XMM-Newton observatory, which observed two large flares. One of these showed clear signatures of the Neupert effect, suggesting the production of hard X-rays in the system.
Pulmonale Sarkoidose
Authors: Jentzsch Benedikt , Jouanjan Louis , Frye Björn Christian
Published: October 2024

Sarkoidose ist eine seltene, granulomatöse Erkrankung unklarer Ätiologie, die vor allem das lymphatische System und die Lunge befällt, jedoch auch alle anderen Organe betreffen kann. Die Diagnose wird anhand passender klinischer Symptome, dem histologischen Nachweis von nicht nekrotisierenden Granulomen sowie dem Ausschluss relevanter Differenzialdiagnosen gestellt. Der histologische Nachweis von Granulomen gelingt häufig mittels endobronchialer ultraschallgesteuerter transbronchialer Feinnadelbiopsie der thorakalen Lymphknoten, alternativ können bronchoskopisch Schleimhaut- oder transbronchiale Parenchymbiopsien zur Diagnose vorgenommen werden. Die Entscheidung für eine immunsuppressive Therapie sollte vor allem unter Berücksichtigung der Nebenwirkungen dann getroffen werden, wenn die Sarkoidose die Lebensqualität der*s Betroffenen reduziert oder Organfunktionen einschränkt. Die Therapie erfolgt primär mit Kortikosteroiden und kann in der Zweitlinientherapie um Azathioprin oder Methotrexat (oder andere DMARD) als steroidsparende Medikamente erweitert werden. Die klinische Verlaufskontrolle zielt auf das Monitoring der Organfunktionen (z. B. Lungenfunktion) und der Lebensqualität.
Typ-1-Interferonopathien
Authors: Wege Lisa , Lee-Kirsch Min Ae
Published: October 2024

Die Typ-1-Interferonopathien umfassen eine klinisch heterogene Gruppe seltener Erkrankungen, die auf einer genetisch bedingten Fehlfunktion des angeborenen Immunsystems beruhen. Zentrales Merkmal ist eine chronisch gesteigerte Aktivität der antiviralen Typ-1-Interferon(IFN)-Achse, die zu einer Immundysregulation führt. Das klinische Spektrum der Typ-1-Interferonopathien ist breit und primär durch Autoinflammation und Autoimmunität gekennzeichnet, wobei bei einigen Erkrankungen auch eine Infektneigung auftreten kann. Neben systemischen Zeichen wie Fieberschüben und erhöhten Entzündungswerten können verschiedene organspezifische Manifestationen auftreten. Pathogenetisch liegen den Typ-1-Interferonopathien Störungen des Metabolismus und der immunologischen Erkennung von intrazellulären Nukleinsäuren zugrunde. Da einige Erkrankungen therapeutisch auf eine immunmodulatorische Intervention ansprechen, die der inadäquaten Typ-1-IFN-Aktvierung entgegenwirkt, ist eine möglichst frühzeitige Diagnose von großer Bedeutung.
Blutuntersuchungen
Authors: Schmid Eva C.
Published: October 2024

Blutuntersuchungen haben einen hohen Stellenwert für die Diagnose oder Früherkennung von Erkrankungen sowie die Beurteilung des Therapieverlaufes.
Salbe, Creme, Gel? Dermatika für jede Indikation!
Authors: Wendland Matthias
Published: October 2024

Für die topische Anwendung stehen je nach Indikation unterschiedliche Zubereitungen bereit, darunter insbesondere Salben, Cremes, Lösungen, Gele und Puder. Während Salben über eine ausschließlich fette Grundlage verfügen, kommen in Cremes ein Wasseranteil und ein geeigneter Emulgator dazu, indes Gele meist zu über 95 % aus Wasser bestehen. Aufgrund ihrer Zusammensetzung und spezifischen Eigenschaften eignen sich Salben und Wasser-in-Öl-Cremes insbesondere für trockene und schuppende Haut und sind vorteilhaft, wenn eine lange und tiefe Wirkung erwünscht ist. Gele bieten sich bei akuter Entzündung, Schmerz und Schwellung, Öl-in-Wasser-Cremes und feuchte Umschläge bei exsudativen Dermatosen an.
Fieberklee - nah am Wasser gebaut
Authors: Lorenz Daniel
Published: October 2024

Auf der gesamten Nordhalbkugel ist der Fieberklee (Menyanthes trifoliata) in Feuchtgebieten zu finden. Diese bemerkenswerte Pflanze, die auch unter den Namen Bitterklee oder Wasserklee bekannt ist, wird seit Jahrhunderten wegen ihrer heilenden Eigenschaften geschätzt.
Alles fließt von Kopf bis Fuß
Authors: Corts Magga
Published: October 2024

Mithilfe zirkulatorischer Behandlungstechniken werden der Liquor-, der Lymph- und der Blutfluss angeregt, um den Stoffwechsel, die Zellregeneration und das Immunsystem zu unterstützen und Stauungen entgegenzuwirken. Der Beitrag erläutert die verschiedenen Systeme, beleuchtet den parasympathischen Einfluss auf den menschlichen Organismus und stellt wichtige Behandlungsschritte von Kopf bis Fuß vor. Für die gesamte Homöostase hilfreich können die beschriebenen Techniken manuelle sowie medikamentöse Therapien ergänzenund zu einem wichtigen Bestandteil naturheilkundlicher Konzepte werden.
Schweiß lass nach!
Authors: Welsch Katja
Published: October 2024

Die primäre Hyperhidrose ist eine idiopathische Erkrankung, lässt sich also nicht einer bestimmten Ursache zuordnen. Da die Klassische Homöopathie symptombezogen vorgeht, lässt sich in vielen Fällen ein passendes Homöopathikum für das übermäßige Schwitzen finden, zum Beispiel das häufig verordnete Sulfur. Viele homöopathische Arzneien haben einen Bezug zu Schwitzen und Schweiß. Daher ist es umso wichtiger, für die Mittelfindung weitere begleitende Symptome oder Modalitäten herauszufinden.