bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of the Allee Effect on the Dynamics of a Predator–Prey Model Exhibiting Group Defense
Authors: Singh Manoj Kumar , Sharma Arushi , Sánchez-Ruiz Luis M.
Published: February 2025

The Allee effect and group defense are two naturally occurring phenomena in the prey species of a predator–prey system. This research paper examines the impact of integrating the Allee effect on the dynamics of a predator–prey model, including a density-dependent functional response that reflects the defensive strategies of the prey population. Initially, the positivity and boundedness of the solutions are examined to ascertain the biological validity of the model. The presence of ecologically significant equilibrium points are established, followed by examining parametric restrictions for the local stability to comprehend the system dynamics in response to minor perturbations. A detailed computation encompasses diverse bifurcations, both of codimension one and two, which provide distinct dynamic behaviors of the model, such as oscillations, stable coexistence, and potential extinction scenarios. Numerical simulation has been provided to showcase complex dynamical behavior resulting from the Allee effect and prey group defense.
Iterative Kneser-Type Criteria for Oscillation of Half-Linear Second-Order Advanced Dynamic Equations
Authors: Hassan Taher S. , El-Matary Bassant M. , Popa Ioan-Lucian , Mesmouli Mouataz Billah , Odinaev Ismoil , Jawarneh Yousef
Published: February 2025

This work aims to develop new iterative Kneser-type criteria for determining the oscillatory behaviour of half-linear second-order advanced dynamic equations on arbitrary unbounded-above time scales T. The results extend and refine previously established criteria for these equations while also generalising classical criteria for corresponding ordinary dynamic equations. This study provides a broader and more flexible approach to analysing such systems by introducing iterative methods. Several examples are included to demonstrate the accuracy, usefulness, and adaptability.
Telehealth—An Environmentally Friendly Way to Take Care of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Marković Srdjan , Kralj Djordje , Knežević Ivanovski Tamara , Svorcan Petar
Published: February 2025

Background and Objectives: On 11 March 2020, our hospital adapted to the COVID-19 pandemic by becoming a temporary COVID-19 facility, leading to the suspension or delegation of non-COVID-19 services. Among the international IBD community, there were significant concerns regarding the neglect of immunocompromised IBD patients and their increased vulnerability to COVID-19. To address these challenges, the COVID-19 ECCO Taskforce recommended the implementation of telehealth. Following this recommendation, our hospital’s IT department integrated audiovisual hardware and software solutions to facilitate virtual consultations. This approach enabled patients and their local physicians to receive formal reports comparable to those issued during standard in-person care. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data from patients diagnosed with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis who participated in telemedicine consultations. Average distances and time saved were calculated using Google Maps, while carbon emissions and carbon footprint reductions were determined. Results: Between 11 August 2021 and 15 June 2023, 107 telehealth consultations were completed. Patients benefited from reduced travel distances, with an average saving of 168.28 km per consultation and a total reduction of 18,006 km. Travel time savings averaged 2 h and 22 min per consultation, amounting to a total of 252 h saved. The reduction in carbon emissions was calculated at 3.26 tons, equivalent to the annual absorption capacity of 109 fully grown trees, considering that an individual tree absorbs approximately 21.77 kg of CO2 annually. These findings underscore telemedicine’s role in reducing environmental impact while enhancing patient convenience. Conclusions: The adoption of telehealth successfully optimized outpatient clinic operations, maintaining high-quality patient outcomes while contributing to environmental sustainability.
Causes and Clinical Outcomes of Acute Kidney Injury After Cardiac Arrest: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Aslan Murat , Yılmaz Rabia , Birtane Dicle , Çukurova Zafer
Published: February 2025

Background and Objectives: The development of acute kidney injury (AKI) in the post-cardiopulmonary resuscitation (post-CPR) period is a common pathology that has not been adequately investigated but contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality. We aimed to investigate the causes of AKI in the early post-CPR period. Materials and Methods: This study was performed retrospectively in 82 adult patients who survived for at least 2 days out of 312 patients admitted to the intensive care unit after cardiac arrest in 2013–2022. AKI developed in 40 (48.7%) of these 82 patients (AKI 1–3 patient, respectively: 14, 13, 13). Binary logistic regression analysis was performed separately to determine the risk factors for AKI and mortality. Results: Each unit increase in BMI increased the risk of developing AKI by 1.272-fold, and the increase was statistically significant [OR (95%CI) = 1.272 (1.089–1486); p = 0.002]. The use of VSP and INO treatment alone increased the risk of AKI by approximately 14-fold, and this increase was statistically significant [OR (95%CI) = 14.225 (1.172–172.669); p = 0.037]. The combined use of VSP and INO treatment increased the risk of AKI by approximately 42-fold, and this increase was statistically significant [OR (95%CI) = 42.089 (2.683–660.201); p = 0.008]. The COVID-19 period alone increased the risk of developing AKI by 2.8-fold compared to the non-COVID-19 period, but the statistical significance of this increase was limited [OR (95%CI) = 2.801 (0.859–9.126); p = 0.088]. The development of AKI was not associated with mortality [OR (95%CI) = 2.194 (0.700–6.872); p = 0.178]. Conclusions: Having VSP and/or INO support and high BMI in the post-CPR period are the most important reasons for the development of AKI. COVID-19 may also increase the risk of developing AKI.
An Investigation on Li-Ion Battery Recycling via In Situ Alloying: Influence of Slag Composition on Li and F Evaporation
Authors: Babanejad Safoura , Ahmed Hesham , Andersson Charlotte , Rodríguez-Largo Olga , Andersson Anton , Alcaraz Lorena , López Félix A.
Published: February 2025

The amount of waste Li-Ion Batteries (LIBs) is significantly growing. Therefore, scholars and industries are exploring efficient ways to recover their valuable elements. Meanwhile, steel production generates Fe-rich slag, which is often sold for construction purposes without fully utilizing its potential metal content. Reusing this slag in LIB recycling allows simultaneous recovery of valuable elements from both waste LIBs and steel slag. This study investigates the pyrometallurgical recycling of Black Mass (BM) from a mixture of spent LIBs in the presence of Fe-rich slag (set based on Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) slag), with a focus on the evaporation of Li and F, the critical volatile elements in the BM, at 1500 °C. The effects of basicity (B2), MgO content, and flux amount on Li and F evaporation were studied using a central composite experimental design, showing that while the effects of MgO content and flux amount were insignificant, B2 had a linear effect on Li and a quadratic effect on F evaporation. Thermodynamic and viscosity calculations suggest that higher B2 improves ion mobility, facilitating the evaporation mechanism. However, for F, its dual role at different B2 levels leads to an evaporation trend different from that of Li. Keeping B2 within a midrange seems to balance Li evaporation efficiency while limiting F evaporation.
Prevalence of Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli in Bovine Manure in the Mid-Atlantic Region of the United States
Authors: Litt Pushpinder K. , Omar Alexis N. , Gartley Samantha , Kelly Alyssa , Ramos Thais , Nyarko Esmond , de Souza Tenille Ribeiro , Jay-Russell Michele , Chen Yuhuan , Aminabadi Peiman , Ingram David T. , Kniel Kalmia E.
Published: February 2025

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a foodborne pathogen and known to reside naturally in cattle. The application of untreated biological soil amendments of animal origin on fresh produce fields results in unique food safety challenges. It is critical to identify farm manure management practices to mitigate pre-harvest pathogen contamination. The objective of this study was to quantify the prevalence and level of STEC in cattle manure in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. A total of 161 bovine manure samples were collected from 13 cattle farms between 2016 and 2018. The samples were enriched with non-selective and selective media and quantified following a Most-Probable Number (MPN) assay. Among the recovered STEC isolates, PCR was performed to determine the presence of stx, eae, and rfbE. Clermont PCR was performed to identify phylogenetic groups of isolates. Of the 13 farms, 11 had STEC populations between <1.0 and >5.6 log MPN/g. Farm, humidity, and sampling year significantly (p < 0.05) influenced STEC populations in bovine manure. Of the 108 isolates, 50% were stx+ and 14% eae+. Phylogenetic group analysis revealed that 46% of the isolates belonged to group A, 19% to B1, 7% to B2, and 28% to D. Group D had the highest prevalence of stx+ and eae+ and group B1 had the lowest prevalence. Results suggest STEC geographical distribution in the Mid-Atlantic region is farm-specific, and climatic conditions can be critical for its survival and dissemination.
Spatial–Temporal Characterization of Microplastics in the Surface Water of an Urban Ephemeral River
Authors: Felton Andre , Farner Salem , Day Logan , Gibbs-Huerta Sue Ellen , Zamarripa Briaunna , Hutchinson Jeffrey
Published: February 2025

Rivers are recognized as major unilateral pathways of microplastic transport between terrestrial and marine ecosystems, yet our understanding of their dispersal patterns over space and through time as they migrate from source to sink is limited. In this study, surface water samples were collected monthly from 12 sites along an urban ephemeral river (Leon Creek) in San Antonio between June 2021 and May 2022 to characterize and evaluate the spatiotemporal distribution of microplastics. Microplastics were found in all sites throughout the monitoring timeframe. The mean abundance of microplastics varied from 3.21 to 26.8 items/L. Surface waters consistently contained microplastics during months of dysconnectivity, suggesting atmospheric deposition as a considerable contributive variable. Contrary to prior studies of perennial systems, ephemeral pools and reaches showed no correlation between MP concentration and season precipitation. Fibers were the most abundant (~87%) morphology followed by foams (7%). This study is the first to report microplastics in ephemeral streams, suggesting that different environmental variables may be responsible for microplastic dynamics in intermittent river and ephemeral stream systems and headwater tributaries of major rivers. As the global extent of IRES systems is projected to increase with continued climate change, understanding such systems’ influence on MP spatial distribution and fluvial transport regimes constitutes valuable information in assessing MP pathways and their fate as a part of the global “Plastisphere” geochemical cycle in the Anthropocene.
Robust Estimation and Validation of Contact Parameters of Iron Ore for Transfer Chute Simulation
Authors: de Oliveira Guilherme Pereira , de Carvalho Rodrigo Magalhães , de Souza Almeida Henrique Peixoto , Tavares Luís Marcelo
Published: February 2025

Transfer chutes are crucial components in handling bulk materials using belt conveyors. The flow of material through these devices is influenced by several variables. Traditionally, these devices have been designed based on prior experience. However, the increase in computational capacity has enabled the application of the Discrete Element Method (DEM) in their simulation by modeling the behavior of individual particles forming the bulk. The greatest challenge in this process is the selection of appropriate contact models and parameters that accurately reflect the material response. The work describes an approach used to calibrate contact parameters of a sample of moist iron ore while interacting with two distinct surface materials. The methodology starts with a variety of bench-scale tests, followed by experiments in a pilot-scale handling system, concluding with a semi-quantitative verification in an industrial-scale chute using three commercial DEM software. The findings indicate that certain tests are more responsive to specific material behavior, so that their combined use allows for a realistic representation of the material flow, even when using virtual spherical particles.
Two-Step Shear Flocculation for High-Efficiency Dewatering of Ultra-Fine Tailings
Authors: Yang Ying , Liu Xiaohui , Zhang Liqiang , Guo Miaomiao
Published: February 2025

The high-efficiency dewatering of ultra-fine tailings is one of the most prominent challenges in tailings thickening. The two-step shear flocculation process represents a promising practical method to achieve the dewatering of ultra-fine tailings. In this paper, a small self-made experimental device was used to simulate the two-step shear flocculation process of ultra-fine tailings, strengthening the effect of shear failure and shear coagulation, and we explored the mass fraction of ultra-fine tailings, floc structure size, floc strength, and regeneration performance of tailings slurry according to the variation in shear action in different stages. In addition, the synergistic mechanism of shear failure and shear coagulation in the two-step high-efficiency dewatering process of ultra-fine tailings was proposed. The results show that the dewatering of ultra-fine tailings was significantly improved by two-step flocculation, and the mass fraction of tailings can reach more than 71%. In the primary floc failure stage, the value of G1T1 should be higher than 100,000, and in the secondary floc regeneration stage, the value of G2T2 should be in the range of 7000~11,000. This paper provides a reference for the regulation of the shear mode and action range in the two-step flocculation process of ultra-fine tailings.
Geochemical Characteristics and Paleoenvironmental Significance of No. 5 Coal in Shanxi Formation, Central–Eastern Ordos Basin (China)
Authors: Pan Bo , Wang Kangle , Dong Guodong , Zhou Xingze , Chen Yuhang , Zhuang Yipeng , Gao Xing , Du Xiaowei
Published: February 2025

Coal is a carrier of geological information, preserving paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic data from geological history. The Ordos Basin hosts abundant coal resources with significant potential for exploration and development. The geochemical properties of coal and their associated geological information offer key insights into coal formation, coal–rock gas generation, and the identification of favorable development areas. This study focuses on the No. 5 coal of the Shanxi Formation in the central and eastern Ordos Basin. Building on previous research and advancements, this study reveals the geochemical attributes and sedimentary background of coal through core observations, drilling data, macerals, and element analyses. The results indicate that the No. 5 coal primarily consists of bright and semi-bright coal, characterized by medium ash yield and high fixed carbon. The macerals of the coal are predominantly vitrinite (64.08% on average), followed by inertinite (24.92% on average) and liptinite (2.8% on average). The source material for the No. 5 coal in the Shanxi Formation is primarily derived from felsic igneous rocks. The varying distribution patterns of rare earth elements suggest differences in the sources of coal materials. From the Late Carboniferous to the Early Permian, the North China Craton was located in tropical paleolatitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. The warm and humid paleoclimate facilitated the deposition of coal. Fluctuations in local lake levels and sedimentary system evolution resulted in an oxidized and oxygen-deficient water. The No. 5 coal is characterized by a relatively small TPI value and a relatively large GI value, indicating a coal-forming environment with deep water coverage, poor water circulation, or relative stagnation. This resulted in slow peat accumulation, allowing plant remains to fully gelatinize. The findings enhance the understanding of the geochemical characteristics of the No. 5 coal and the factors controlling its development within the Shanxi Formation of the central and eastern Ordos Basin. These results provide a theoretical basis for coal exploration and development.
Astronomical Forcing of the Siliciclastic-Carbonate Mixed Sedimentation in the Late Pennsylvanian of the Tarim Basin, West China
Authors: Han Rui , Zhang Shangfeng , Luo Shunshe , Wang Yaning , Gong Gaoyang , Liang Jianhao , Zhang Chengcheng , Cheng Cai , Zhang Liang
Published: February 2025

The Azigan Formation and the Lower Member of the Tahaqi Formation, dating to the Late Pennsylvanian, are pivotal exploration targets within the Tarim Basin. This region exhibits extensive siliciclastic-carbonate mixed sediments. However, the lack of high-resolution sequence stratigraphic frameworks significantly limits advanced petroleum geological research. Using principles of sequence stratigraphy and cyclostratigraphy and leveraging outcrop and thin section data alongside GR series analysis, this study systematically investigates the lithological, cyclic, and sequence stratigraphic characteristics of these formations. A total of 12 different lithofacies were identified, and 3 third-order sequences, 15 fourth-order sequences, and 16 long eccentricity cycles were delineated. A 1.2 Ma long slope signal was also identified. An astronomical timescale was established with 298.9 Ma as the anchor, defining the boundary between the upper and lower members of the Tahaqi Formation, revealing a link between long eccentricity cycles and the formation of fourth-order sequences. Moreover, the relationship between the 1.2 Ma long obliquity cycle and third-order sequences, as well as its role in driving sea-level changes in southwestern Tarim, is explored. The interplay between long obliquity and eccentricity cycles influenced the region’s mixed siliceous clastic and carbonate deposition. Warm and humid climatic conditions coupled with sea-level rise enhanced the input and transport of clastic materials, facilitating large-scale mixed sedimentation.
Triazine-Modified Color-Responsive Triarylboron/Acridine Fluorescent Probe with Multi-Channel Charge Transfer for Highly Sensitive Fluoride Ion Detection
Authors: Tang Lei , Wang Jiaoyun , Liu Yuan
Published: February 2025

A novel fluoride ion fluorescent probe is designed by introducing the strong electron-withdrawing triazine groups into the triarylboron/acridine conjugation system. The A-D-A′ molecular configuration endows this molecule with multiple charge-transfer channels; upon reaction with F−, the triazine groups act as primary acceptors within the molecule, facilitating charge transfer between the acridine units and the triazine groups. During fluoride ion detection, changes in the triarylboron moiety lead to a significant bathochromic-shift in fluorescence emission from green to yellow. Theoretical calculations attribute this phenomenon to a reduction in the molecular S1 state energy level upon fluorination, resulting in a pronounced visible color change and chromogenic response during detection. Based on fluorescence intensity changes with varying degrees of F− coordination, a detection limit as low as 10−7 M was determined for TB-1DMAc-2TRZ, demonstrating the high sensitivity of this probe.
Combinatorial Analysis of miRNAs and tRNA Fragments as Potential Biomarkers for Cancer Patients in Liquid Biopsies
Authors: Glogovitis Ilias , D’Ambrosi Silvia , Antunes-Ferreira Mafalda , Chiogna Monica , Yahubyan Galina , Baev Vesselin , Wurdinger Thomas , Koppers-Lalic Danijela
Published: February 2025

Background: Liquid biopsy has gained significant attention as a non-invasive method for cancer detection and monitoring. IsomiRs and tRNA-derived fragments (tRFs) are small non-coding RNAs that arise from non-canonical microRNA (miRNAs) processing and the cleavage of tRNAs, respectively. These small non-coding RNAs have emerged as pro-mising cancer biomarkers, and their distinct expression patterns highlight the need for further exploration of their roles in cancer research. Methods: In this study, we investigated the differential expression profiles of miRNAs, isomiRs, and tRFs in plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) from colorectal and prostate cancer patients compared to healthy controls. Subsequently, a combinatorial analysis using the CombiROC package was performed to identify a panel of biomarkers with optimal diagnostic accuracy. Results: Our results demonstrate that a combination of miRNAs, isomiRs, and tRFs can effectively di- stinguish cancer patients from healthy controls, achieving accuracy and an area under the curve (AUC) of approximately 80%. Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential of a combinatorial approach to small RNA analysis in liquid biopsies for improved cancer diagnosis and management.
Oxidative Balance Score Calculated Using Different Methods and Its Associations with Colorectal Cancer Risk
Authors: Lin Fangting , Zhou Ruolin , Ou Qingjian , Tu Kexin , Fang Yujing , Zhang Caixia
Published: February 2025

Background: The oxidative balance score (OBS) measures oxidative stress from diet and lifestyle, but research linking it to colorectal cancer (CRC) risk is scarce and varies in calculation methods. Methods: We conducted a case-control study in Guangzhou, China, involving 2799 CRC cases and an equal number of sex- and age-matched controls. We adopted and compared four different methods for calculating the OBSs. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) for the relationship between OBS and CRC risk were determined using an unconditional logistic regression model. Restricted cubic splines were used to explore potential non-linear relationships. Additionally, stratified analyses were performed by sex, and subgroup analyses were performed based on the tumor site. Results: Among the four OBSs assessed, OBS-1 demonstrated superior performance. Higher adherence to four OBSs was associated with a lower risk of CRC. The adjusted ORs (95%CIs) for the highest quartile compared to the lowest quartile were as follows: 0.42 (0.35, 0.50) for OBS-1, 0.43 (0.36, 0.51) for OBS-2, 0.50 (0.42, 0.59) for OBS-3, and 0.43 (0.36, 0.51) for OBS-4. Linear relationships were observed between four OBSs and CRC risk (all p-Nonlinear > 0.05). Stratified analysis by sex revealed that all four OBSs were negatively associated with CRC risk in both male and female patients. Subgroup analysis by cancer site indicated that four OBSs were negatively associated with the risk of both colon and rectal cancer. Conclusions: All four OBSs were negatively associated with CRC risk, with OBS-1 showing the strongest association in our analysis.
Relationship of Wine Neophobia Levels with Demographic Factors and Wine Consumption Behavior in Spanish Consumers
Authors: Criado Celia , Pozo-Bayón Maria Ángeles , Domínguez Laura , Fernández-Ruiz Virginia , Muñoz-González Carolina
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Wine neophobia identifies segments of consumers who are reluctant to consume new or unfamiliar wines. This study examined the wine neophobia levels of a cohort of 376 Spanish wine consumers and the differences in demographics, wine consumption, and food neophobia according to their degree of wine neophobia. To that end, a specific survey with demographic data, wine consumption habits, and neophobia levels was designed and administered to Spanish consumers. Methods: The Wine Neophobia Scale (WNS) and Food Neophobia Scale (FNS) were used, and data collected were statistically analyzed (chi-square test, Pearson correlation analyses, and principal component analysis (PCA)). Two different clusters were identified: high- and low-wine-neophobic groups (HWN and LWN, respectively). Results: Results indicated significant differences in gender, marital status, and employment between groups. The HWN group was generally formed by women and singles, whereas participants with a partner (not married) and employed individuals were mostly in the LWN group. Overall, HWN consumers were characterized by consuming wine less frequently, preferring fruity and “softer” wines (e.g., whites and sparkling wines) or wine mixed with soda, and being willing to pay less money (“less than 5 €”) to buy wine on a daily basis than low-neophobics, who preferred red reserve wines with higher sourness and astringency and were willing to pay for more expensive wines. Finally, a direct relation has been observed between wine and food neophobia, as the LNW group reported lower scores on items relative to greater openness to the consumption of new foods. Conclusions: The present study provides for the first time insights into the relationship between wine neophobia, demographics, and wine consumption behavior in Spanish consumers, which can be useful to the wine industry for the development of personalized wines. This approach can aid wine market segmentation as well as product innovation.
Croatian Translation and Initial Psychometric Validation of the Negative Behaviors in Health Care Questionnaire
Authors: Bušac Vesna , Kanceljak Nikolina , Žepina Puzić Ana , Ljevak Ivona
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: This cross-sectional study aimed to produce an adapted Croatian version of the Negative Behaviors in Health Care Questionnaire and to validate it. Methods: The process comprised the translation, cultural adaptation, and psychometric evaluation of the questionnaire. Clinical specialists and qualified bilingual speakers participated in both forward and backward translation. Face validity was tested. The survey’s original developer approved the final version. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using the test–retest method and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and assessments of divergent and convergent validity were conducted. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 and R, program version 3.5.2., for Windows. Results: A five-factor structure was obtained and confirmed via CFA, although not all fit coefficients were satisfactory. The internal consistency reliability was 0.86 for the contributing factors and the seriousness of aggression, 0.79 for the use of aggression, 0.95 for the fear of retaliation, and 0.83 for the frequency of aggression; in total, α = 0.88. Test–retest reliability was moderate. All correlations were statistically significant, and the correlation was the highest for seriousness (0.754) and frequency of aggression (0.725) and the lowest for contributing factors (0.528). Test–retest reliability was satisfactory. Statistically significant differences were found when comparing respondents by gender, age, work experience, education, and hierarchical position. Conclusions: The adapted, translated, and validated survey provides a valuable tool for assessing lateral and vertical aggression between and towards nurses in terms of contributing factors, frequency, severity, uses of aggression, and fear of retaliation.
Isolation, Identification, and Molecular Genetic Characteristics of a Pathogenic Strain of Streptococcus suis Serotype 3
Authors: Wang Longbai , Qiu Jingli , He Bing , Wu Xuemin , Chen Qiuyong , Wang Quanxi , Wu Renjie , Zheng Bohan , Zhou Lunjiang , Huang Xiaohong
Published: February 2025

Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is considered as one of the most crucial bacterial pathogens that leads to serious economic losses to the swine industry. Different S. suis serotypes exhibit diverse characteristics in population structure and pathogenicity. Epidemiology data underscore the importance of S. suis serotype 3 (SS3). However, except for a few epidemiological information, limited study information is available on this serotype. Herein, a pathogenic SS3 (the S. suis strain YA) was isolated from infected piglets in clinical practice, and then whole genome sequencing and analysis, hemolytic activity, antimicrobial susceptibility, pathogenicity to mice and piglets were conducted. The results of the whole genome sequencing of the S. suis strain YA showed that the complete genome was 2,167,682 bp in length with a G + C content of 41.2% and exhibited a unique sequence type (ST1801). The result of phylogenetic tree showed that it was most closely related to strain DNC15 and 6407 (ST54) from Denmark. The tet(W) and erm(B) resistant genes were identified in the S. suis strain YA by inserting into rum locus, in accordance with the result of resistance to tetracyclines and macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin antibiotics. Twenty-seven key virulence factors were detected in the S. suis strain YA, including sly, ef and mrp, which contribute to pathogenicity in mice and piglets, causing bleeding and congestion in multiple tissue organs especially in the brains. And the LD50 value for mice was 1.54 × 107 CFU. Therefore, our research emphasizes the importance of understanding SS3, and provides valuable information for the scientific prevention and control of S. suis.
Virulence and Genetic Diversity of Puccinia spp., Causal Agents of Rust on Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) in the USA
Authors: Bahri Bochra A. , Tian Peng , Rijal Samikshya , Devos Katrien M. , Bennetzen Jeffrey L. , Smith Shavannor M.
Published: February 2025

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is an important cellulosic biofuel grass native to North America. Rust, caused by Puccinia spp. is the most predominant disease of switchgrass and has the potential to impact biomass conversion. In this study, virulence patterns were determined on a set of 38 switchgrass genotypes for 14 single-spore rust isolates from 14 field samples collected in seven states. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variation was also assessed in 720 sequenced cloned amplicons representing 654 base pairs of the elongation factor 1-α gene from the field samples. Five major haplotypes were identified differing by 11 out of the 39 SNP positions identified. STRUCTURE, Principal Coordinate Analysis, and phylogenetic analyses divided the rust population into two genetic clusters. Virginia and Georgia had the highest and lowest rust genetic diversity, respectively. Only nine accessions showed a differential disease response between the 14 isolates, allowing the identification of eight races, differing by 1–3 virulence factors. Overall, the results suggested clonal reproduction of the pathogen and a North–South differentiation via local adaptation. However, similar haplotypes and races were also recovered from several states, suggesting migration events, and highlighting the need to further investigate the switchgrass rust population structure and evolution in the USA.
Recent Advances in Studying In Vitro Drug Permeation Across Mucosal Membranes
Authors: Song Juan , Xu Zizhao , Xie Lingxiao , Shen Jie
Published: February 2025

Transmucosal drug products, such as aerosols, films, semisolids, suppositories, and tablets, have been developed for the treatment of various human diseases and conditions. Transmucosal drug absorption is highly influenced by the biological structures of the mucosa and the physiological environment specific to the administration route (e.g., nasal, rectal, and vaginal). Over the last few decades, in vitro permeation testing (IVPT) using animal tissues or in vitro cell cultures have been utilized as a cost-effective and efficient tool for evaluating drug release and permeation behavior, assisting in formulation development and quality control of transmucosal drug delivery systems. This review summarizes the key mucosal permeation barriers associated with representative transmucosal administration routes, as well as considerations for IVPT method development. It highlights various IVPT methods, including vertical diffusion cell, flow-through diffusion cell, Ussing chamber, and transwell systems. Additionally, future perspectives are discussed, such as the use of optical methods to study in vitro drug permeation and the development of in vitro–in vivo correlation (IVIVC) for transmucosal drug development. The potential of IVPT as part of in vitro bioequivalence assessment strategies for locally acting transmucosal drug products is also highlighted.
Recent Innovations in Retinal Laser Therapy
Authors: Zheng Mi , Paulus Yannis M.
Published: February 2025

The early history of retinal laser therapy began with the observation of solar blindness, leading to the development of various laser technologies for treating retinal diseases. The first retinal photocoagulation machine was developed in 1956, and subsequent advancements introduced ruby and argon lasers. While conventional theories posited that retinal damage was an indispensable prerequisite for therapeutic effects, emergent insights highlight the non-damaging mechanisms, such as photostimulation- and self-repair-related mechanisms. Novel therapies, such as subthreshold micropulse laser (SMPL) and selective retina therapy (SRT), are now being employed alongside innovative delivery systems to improve treatment efficiency and safety. Clinical studies are underway to evaluate the efficacy of these therapies for conditions like diabetic retinopathy and central serous chorioretinopathy. Despite the challenges in standardization and long-term evaluation, these innovations represent significant progress towards safer and more effective laser treatment for retinal diseases.
Phytochemical Compounds from Laelia furfuracea and Their Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities
Authors: López-Pérez Abimael , Lagunez-Rivera Luicita , Solano Rodolfo , Chávez-Piña Aracely Evangelina , Barragán-Zarate Gabriela Soledad , Jiménez-Estrada Manuel
Published: February 2025

Laelia furfuracea is an orchid endemic to Oaxaca, Mexico, used for the treatment of cough and has anticoagulant activity. We aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of the hydroethanolic extract of L. furfuracea leaves and identify its phytochemical compounds. The leaf material was subjected to solid–liquid extraction. Compounds were identified by UPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS/MS. The Folin–Ciocalteu and aluminum trichloride methods were used to quantify phenols and flavonoids, respectively. The DPPH method was used to determine the antioxidant activity. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in a model of carrageenan-induced plantar edema induced in Wistar rats. Compounds tentatively identified in L. furfuracea leaves were malic, citric, succinic, hydroximethylglutaric, azelaic, eucomic, and protocatechuic acids, saponarin, luteolin-7,3′-di-O-glucoside, isoorientin, and vitexin. The contents of total phenols and flavonoids and antioxidant activity were 394.7 ± 0.1 mg EqAG/g, 129.9 ± 0.005 mg EqQ/g, and 84.6 ± 1.4%, respectively. The anti-inflammatory effect of the extract was dose-dependent, where 1000 µg/paw presented a 43.4% reduction in inflammation, similar to naproxen. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effect of the hydroethanolic extract of Laelia furfuracea leaves was demonstrated. This effect may be due to the synergy between its compounds. This orchid is a potential candidate for future pharmacological research due to its anti-inflammatory activity.
Conducting Rubber Anisotropy of Electrophysical and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Makhno Stanislav , Wan Xianpeng , Lisova Oksana , Gorbyk Petro , Wang Dongxing , Tang Hao , Shi Yuli , Kartel Mykola , Ivanenko Kateryna , Hozhdzinskyi Sergii , Zaitseva Galyna , Stetsenko Maksym , Sementsov Yurii
Published: February 2025

The aim of this work was to determine the anisotropy of the electrophysical and mechanical properties of rubber reinforced with a hybrid filler CNTs&CB (carbon nanotubes and carbon black) as a function of CNT content and the technological parameters of the production process. A significant difference in electrical conductivity (σ) and dielectric permittivity (ε) in three perpendicular directions was found for CNT concentrations ranging from 0 to 0.007 in volume fraction. The highest values of σ and ε were observed in the calendering direction, with slightly lower values in the perpendicular direction. This effect was attributed to the orientation of polymer molecules and CNTs along the direction of movement during calendering, as well as the disruption of the cluster structure in the transverse direction. Although the calculated percolation threshold values of the investigated system differed slightly, a correlation was observed between the mechanical and electrophysical properties of CNTs&CB rubber. This correlation enables rubber products to be designed with optimal properties tailored to the desired direction.
Comparative Study of the Method of Decorticating on Chemical Composition and Physicochemical Properties of Xyloglucan Extracted from Tamarindus indica L. Seeds at a Semi-Industrial Scale
Authors: Espíndola-Sotres Valeria , Gutiérrez-Cortez Elsa , Mendez-Albores Abraham , Aguirre-Gómez Arturo , Maciel-Cerda Alfredo , Bah Moustapha , Saavedra Araceli Ulloa , Luna-Vázquez Francisco , Ramirez-Ortíz María Eugenia , Rojas-Molina Alejandra , Rojas-Molina Isela
Published: February 2025

Xyloglucan from Tamarindus indica seeds (TISs) is a polysaccharide widely used in the food, biomedical, and pharmaceutical sectors. Nevertheless, the challenge in future research for the food processing industry is to provide adequate knowledge regarding natural product extraction, chemical modifications, interactions, and potential applications according to sustainability issues. The goal of this work was to implement a sustainable method for xyloglucan extraction from TISs at a semi-industrial scale and carry out the characterization of this hydrocolloid, to compare the effect of the technique of decorticating of seeds on the chemical composition and physicochemical properties of xyloglucan. The TISs were decorticated using soaking (DS) and roasting (DR) methods, and, then, the xyloglucan was extracted applying a semi-industrial mechanical separation process. Subsequently, the extraction yield, chemical content, Fourier transform infrared analysis, color, morphology, molecular weight (MW), viscosity, texture, Z potential, particle size, and thermal properties were evaluated. Xyloglucan extraction from TISs at a semi-industrial scale was demonstrated for the first time. The xyloglucan yield by DR (44.04%) was significantly higher (p < 0.05) compared with DS (41.42%), while separation efficiency was similar in both methods (~97%). Significant differences (p < 0.05) in fat, ashes, crude fiber, calcium, total phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity in xyloglucan samples were observed by applying DS and DR. The method of decorticating promoted changes in the MW and particle size of xyloglucan samples, which were reflected in the viscosity, particle size, texture attributes, Z potential, and thermal properties of xyloglucan. These results show that the decorticating method is an important issue to be considered in the resultant chemical and physicochemical properties of xyloglucan extracted from tamarind seeds, for suitable applications of the xyloglucan in the food processing and pharmaceutical industries.
Pre-Treatment Impact on Freeze-Drying Process and Properties of Dried Blueberries
Authors: Jakubczyk Ewa , Tryzno-Gendek Ewelina , Kot Anna , Kamińska-Dwórznicka Anna , Nowak Dorota
Published: February 2025

This study has aimed to determine the effect of pre-treatment with enzymes, ultrasound, and fruit skin perforation on the kinetics of the freeze-drying process and selected properties of the dried blueberries. The dry matter, water activity, maximal compression force, and content of flavonoids, polyphenols, and anthocyanins after the pre-treatment and drying process were measured. The enzymatic, ultrasonic, and puncture treatments reduced the hardness of the blueberries by 2.5-fold, while the content of most bioactive compounds remained similar. The structure analysis has shown that freeze-dried blueberries without pre-treatment, but subjected to sonication, were almost hollow inside due to tissue rupture. It resulted in a decrease in the hardness of dried blueberries from 324.2 N (punctured) to 107.5 N (fresh) and 184.5 N (sonicated). The content of polyphenols ranged from 173.2 to 251.0 mg GAE/g d.m. in the fruits subjected to the enzymatic treatment and perforation, respectively. The application of pre-treatment with enzymes and puncturing may be recommended for the freeze-drying of blueberries as it reduces drying time by half. Moreover, the obtained products had a similar content of most bioactive compounds to those observed for freeze-dried blueberries without pre-treatment.
LandNet: Combine CNN and Transformer to Learn Absolute Camera Pose for the Fixed-Wing Aircraft Approach and Landing
Authors: Shen Siyuan , Yu Guanfeng , Zhang Lei , Yan Youyu , Zhai Zhengjun
Published: February 2025

Camera localization approaches often degrade in challenging environments characterized by illumination variations and significant viewpoint changes, presenting critical limitations for fixed-wing aircraft landing applications. To address these challenges, we propose LandNet—a novel absolute camera pose estimation network specifically designed for airborne scenarios. Our framework processes images from forward-looking aircraft cameras to directly predict 6-DoF camera poses, subsequently enabling aircraft pose determination through rigid transformation. As a first step, we design two encoders from Transformer and CNNs to capture complementary spatial–temporal features. Furthermore, a novel Feature Interactive Block (FIB) is employed to fully utilize spatial clues from the CNN encoder and temporal clues from the Transformer encoder. We also introduce a novel Attentional Convtrans Fusion Block (ACFB) to fuse the feature maps from encoder and transformer encoder, which can enhance the image representations to promote the accuracy of the camera pose. Finally, two Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) heads are applied to estimate 6-DOF of camera position and orientation, respectively. Thus the estimated position and orientation of our LandNet can be further used to acquire the pose and orientation of the aircraft through the rigid connection between the airborne camera and the aircraft. The experimental results from simulation and real flight data demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.
Surface and Subsurface Soil Moisture Estimation Using Fusion of SMAP, NLDAS-2, and SOLUS100 Data with Deep Learning
Authors: Rabiei Saman , Babaeian Ebrahim , Grunwald Sabine
Published: February 2025

Accurate knowledge of surface and subsurface soil moisture (SM) is essential for hydrologic modeling, weather forecasting, and agricultural water management. NASA’s Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite (level 3) provides ‘surface’ SM with 2–3 days temporal resolution, hence lacks daily and subsurface SM information. This study developed a convolutional neural network–long short-term memory (ConvLSTM) deep learning model to produce ‘daily’ surface (5 cm) and subsurface (25 cm) SM products (9 km) by integrating SMAP level 3 ancillary data, North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS-2; 12 km) SM, and Soil Landscapes of the United States (SOLUS100) digital maps across the contiguous U.S. Two input scenarios were evaluated: scenario 1 used only SMAP ancillary data, while scenario 2 included both SMAP ancillary data and SOLUS100 soil maps. Model evaluation with in situ SM data showed higher accuracy for scenario 2, indicating the importance of soil properties (texture and bulk density) in SM estimation. Coarse-textured soils showed the highest estimation accuracy, followed by medium- and fine-textured soils. The model also performed in estimating subsurface SM than surface SM for most land-cover types. Incorporating SMAP ancillary data and SOLUS100 digital soil maps into the ConvLSTM improved the spatial and temporal estimation of surface and subsurface SM. The results highlight the potential of deep learning for integrating multi-source multi-scale observations for improving SM estimation at large scale.
Advancing Emotionally Aware Child–Robot Interaction with Biophysical Data and Insight-Driven Affective Computing
Authors: Faria Diego Resende , Godkin Amie Louise , da Silva Ayrosa Pedro Paulo
Published: February 2025

This paper investigates the integration of affective computing techniques using biophysical data to advance emotionally aware machines and enhance child–robot interaction (CRI). By leveraging interdisciplinary insights from neuroscience, psychology, and artificial intelligence, the study focuses on creating adaptive, emotion-aware systems capable of dynamically recognizing and responding to human emotional states. Through a real-world CRI pilot study involving the NAO robot, this research demonstrates how facial expression analysis and speech emotion recognition can be employed to detect and address negative emotions in real time, fostering positive emotional engagement. The emotion recognition system combines handcrafted and deep learning features for facial expressions, achieving an 85% classification accuracy during real-time CRI, while speech emotions are analyzed using acoustic features processed through machine learning models with an 83% accuracy rate. Offline evaluation of the combined emotion dataset using a Dynamic Bayesian Mixture Model (DBMM) achieved a 92% accuracy for facial expressions, and the multilingual speech dataset yielded 98% accuracy for speech emotions using the DBMM ensemble. Observations from psychological and technological aspects, coupled with statistical analysis, reveal the robot’s ability to transition negative emotions into neutral or positive states in most cases, contributing to emotional regulation in children. This work underscores the potential of emotion-aware robots to support therapeutic and educational interventions, particularly for pediatric populations, while setting a foundation for developing personalized and empathetic human–machine interactions. These findings demonstrate the transformative role of affective computing in bridging the gap between technological functionality and emotional intelligence across diverse domains.
Design and Optimization of a Gold and Silver Nanoparticle-Based SERS Biosensing Platform
Authors: Saha Soumyadeep , Sachdev Manoj , Mitra Sushanta K.
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the design and optimization of a nanoparticle-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) biosensing platform using COMSOL Multiphysics simulations. The primary goal is to enhance the sensitivity and specificity of SERS biosensors, which are crucial for the precise detection and quantification of biomolecules. The simulation study explores the use of gold and silver nanoparticles in various arrangements, including single, multiple, and periodic nanospheres. The effects of polarization and the phenomenon of local hotspot switching in trimer and tetramer nanosphere systems are analyzed. To validate the simulation results, a SERS biosensing platform is fabricated by self-assembling gold nanoparticles on a silicon substrate, with methylene blue used as the Raman probe molecule. The findings demonstrate the feasibility of optimizing SERS biochips through simulation, which can be extended to various nanostructures. This work contributes to the advancement of highly sensitive and specific SERS biosensors for diagnostic and analytical applications.