bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ADBP-1 regulates ADR-2 nuclear localization to control editing substrate selection
Authors: Eliad Berta , Schneider Noa , Zgayer Orna Ben-Naim , Amichan Yarden , Glaser Fabian , Erdmann Emily A. , Rajendren Suba , Hundley Heather A. , Lamm Ayelet T.
Published: May 2023

Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing, catalyzed by ADAR enzymes, is a prevalent and conserved RNA modification. While A-to-I RNA editing is essential in mammals, inCaenorhabditis elegans, it is not, making them invaluable for RNA editing research. InC. elegans, ADR-2 is the sole catalytic A-to-I editing enzyme, and ADR-1 is an RNA editing regulator. ADAR localization is well-studied in humans but not well-established inC. elegans. In this study, we examine the cellular and tissue-specific localization of ADR-2. We show that while ADR-2 is present in most cells in the embryo, at later developmental stages, its expression is both tissue- and cell-type-specific. Additionally, both ADARs are mainly in the nucleus. ADR-2 is adjacent to the chromosomes during the cell cycle. We show that the nuclear localization of endogenous ADR-2 depends on ADBP-1, not ADR-1. Inadbp-1mutant worms, ADR-2 is mislocalized, while ADR-1 is not, leading to decreased editing levels andde-novoediting, mostly in exons, suggesting that ADR-2 is also functional in the cytoplasm. Besides, mutated ADBP-1 affects gene expression. Furthermore, we show that ADR-2 targets adenosines with different surrounding nucleotides in exons and introns. Our findings indicate that ADR-2 cellular localization is highly regulated and affects its function.
Glycocalyx dynamics and membrane curvature under cytosolic pressure
Authors: Gandhi Jay G. , Koch Donald L. , Paszek Matthew J.
Published: May 2023

The glycocalyx is a soft material composed of glycosylated proteins and lipids decorating the plasma membrane of cells. Although the glycocalyx is a mechanical conduit between the plasma membrane and the cell surroundings, the coupled dynamics of the glycocalyx and membrane are poorly understood in most cell processes. Here, we construct a dynamic model to predict the coupled mechanical behaviors of the glycocalyx and membrane due to internal cytosolic pressure in a cell interacting with an external substrate. We report how the glycocalyx constituents bear cytosolic loads, physically rearrange, and shape the cell membrane. Simulations of the model predict that highly flexible, polymeric elements in the glycocalyx are uniformly compressed in the cell-substrate contact zone. However, more rigid, fiber-like glycocalyx constituents dynamically rearrange over timescales on the order of 10 milliseconds, concentrating into clusters. This spatial heterogeneity allows close apposition of the plasma membrane with the substrate, a geometry that would be favorable for subsequent adhesive bond formation. Clustered glycocalyx constituents imprint nanotopographical features on the plasma membrane with longitudinal dimensions of 200 – 300 nm. Analysis of the membrane topographies reveals curvatures that could be sufficient to elicit biological responses through curvature sensing proteins, such as BAR-domain proteins. Together, our simulations suggest how instabilities in the compressed glycocalyx could mediate downstream adhesive and signaling processes in the bleb-substrate interface.
A mixed amplicon metabarcoding and sequencing approach for surveillance of drug resistance to levamisole and benzimidazole inHaemonchusspp
Authors: Francis Emily Kate , Antonopoulos Alistair , Westman Mark Edward , McKay-Demeler Janina , Laing Roz , Šlapeta Jan
Published: May 2023

Anthelmintic resistant parasitic nematodes present a significant threat to sustainable livestock production worldwide. The ability to detect the emergence of anthelmintic resistance at an early stage, and therefore determine which drugs remain most effective, is crucial for minimising production losses. Despite many years of research into the molecular basis of anthelmintic resistance, no molecular-based tools are commercially available for the diagnosis of resistance as it emerges in field settings. We described a mixed deep amplicon sequencing approach to determine the frequency of the levamisole (LEV) resistant single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) withinarc-8 exon 4 (S168T) inHaemonchusspp., coupled with benzimidazole (BZ) resistance SNPs withinβ-tubulinisotype-1 and ITS-2 nemabiome. This constitutes the first multi-drug and multi-species molecular diagnostic developed for helminths of veterinary importance. Of the ovine, bovine, caprine and camelid Australian field isolates we tested, S168T was detected in the majority ofHaemonchusspp. populations from sheep and goats, but rarely at a frequency greater than 16%; an arbitrary threshold we set based on whole genome sequencing of LEV resistantH. contortusGWBII. Overall, BZ resistance was far more prevalent inHaemonchusspp. than LEV resistance, confirming that LEV is still an important anthelmintic class for small ruminants in New South Wales. The mixed amplicon metabarcoding approach described herein, paves the way towards the use of large scale sequencing as a surveillance technology in the field, the results of which can be translated into evidence-based recommendations for the livestock sector.
Investigation on fin cooling for lithium-polymer batteries
Authors: Yasar Onur , Ekici Selcuk , Yalcin Enver , Karakoç Tahir Hikmet
Published: May 2023

Purpose

Lithium-polymer batteries have common usage in aviation industry especially unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV). Overheating is a serious problem in lithium-polymer batteries. Various cooling methods are performed to keep lithium-polymer batteries in the desired temperature range. The purpose of this paper is to examine pouch type lithium-polymer battery with plate fins by using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for UAV.

Design/methodology/approach

Battery models were produced with a 3D printer. The upper surfaces of fabricated battery models were covered with plate fins with different fin heights and fin thicknesses. Velocities were obtained with PIV and CFD. Temperature dissipations were acquired with numerical simulations.

Findings

At the end of the study, the second battery model gave the lowest temperature values among the battery models. Temperature values of the seventh battery model were the highest temperatures. Fin cooling reduced the maximum cell temperatures noticeably. Numerical simulations agreed with PIV measurements well.

Practical implications

This paper takes into account two essential tools such as PIV and CFD, for fluid mechanics, which are significant in the aviation industry and engineering life.

Originality/value

The originality of this paper depends on investigation of both PIV and CFD for UAV and developing a cooling method that can be feasible for landing and take-off phases for UAV.
A new validated model of leadership development in higher education; empirical assessment using universal attributes of spiritual intelligence
Authors: Prabhu Chetan , Mehta Mita
Published: May 2023

Purpose

Higher education institutions aim for the holistic development of students to cope with the changing global context. The present study aims to devise a model of leadership development among higher education students by validating the model conceptually and testing it empirically. Attributes of Spiritual Intelligence (SI) are empirically evaluated for leadership development post its conceptual validation.

Design/methodology/approach

This article examined current theoretical frameworks and gaps in the literature. A total of 810 students were approached from Indian Higher education institutions for study. Data has been examined using the exploratory and then confirmatory factor analysis techniques to check the validity and reliability of the measuring instrument.

Findings

The empirical findings confirm that the eight new spiritual intelligence attributes defined and validated through this study can have a significant impact on the leadership development of higher education students.

Practical implications

Educational researchers have often found the construct of spiritual intelligence challenging to comprehend and implement in higher education institutions. The present study findings can be of great value to higher education institutions that will recognize the importance of spiritual values in holistic development including leadership development.

Originality/value

This paper initiates and validate a universal set of attributes of spiritual intelligence in the higher education domain that can be useful for leadership development. The uniqueness of this paper lies in the fact that the eight new attributes of SI defined are easy to comprehend and practical to use in daily academic life, and can be used by HEIs students irrespective of their spiritual beliefs. A validated model at one university could be replicated at other universities in India and around the world, not only for students but also for educators and administrators as well.
Government policy response to COVID-19 and bank performance: a comparison between Islamic and conventional banks
Authors: Yudaruddin Rizky
Published: May 2023

Purpose

This study aims to examine the joint impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the government response on the performance of Islamic and conventional banks.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected from a sample of 94 conventional and 14 Islamic banks in Indonesia from March 2020 to September 2021. The system generalized methods of moments estimation is used to analyze the data.

Findings

This study finds robust results regarding the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the positive effects of government responses to COVID-19 pandemic on bank performance in Indonesian banking. Moreover, in line with the rise in confirmed COVID-19 cases, a higher government policy responses index improves bank performance, both in conventional and Islamic banks.

Practical implications

This paper highlights the importance of the government policy responses index to absorb the negative impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on banking performance.

Originality/value

This paper provides novel insights into the joint impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and government responses to COVID-19 pandemic on bank performance between conventional and Islamic banks.
Bending strength of full-scale wide-flange steel beams considering strain rate effects at elevated temperatures
Authors: Kimura Kei , Onogi Takeshi , Yotsumoto Naoya , Ozaki Fuminobu
Published: May 2023

Purpose

In this study, the effects of strain rate on the bending strength of full-scale wide-flange steel beams have been examined at elevated temperatures. Both full-scale loaded heating tests under steady-state conditions and in-plane numerical analysis using a beam element have been employed.

Design/methodology/approach

The load–deformation relationships in 385 N/mm2-class steel beam specimens was examined using steady-state tests at two loading rate values (0.05 and 1.00 kN/s) and at two constant member temperatures (600 and 700 °C). Furthermore, the stress–strain relationships considering the strain rate effects were proposed based on tensile coupon test results under various strain rate values. The in-plane elastoplastic numerical analysis was conducted considering the strain rate effect.

Findings

The experimental test results of the full-scale steel beam specimens confirmed that the bending strength increased with increase in strain rate. In addition, the analytical results agreed relatively well with the test results, and both strain and strain rate behaviours of a heated steel member, which were difficult to evaluate from the test results, could be quantified numerically.

Originality/value

The novelty of this study is the quantification of the strain rate effect on the bending strength of steel beams at elevated temperatures. The results clarify that the load–deformation relationship of steel beams could be evaluated by using in-plane analysis using the tensile coupon test results. The numerical simulation method can increase the accuracy of evaluation of the actual behaviour of steel members in case of fire.
3D bioprinting in the era of 4th industrial revolution – insights, advanced applications, and future prospects
Authors: Bin Rashid Adib , Uddin Abu Saleh Md. Nakib , Azrin Fahima Akter , Saad Khondker Safin Kaosar , Hoque Md Enamul
Published: May 2023

Purpose

The main objective of this paper is to illustrate an analytical view of different methods of 3D bioprinting, variations, formulations and characteristics of biomaterials. This review also aims to discover all the areas of applications and scopes of further improvement of 3D bioprinters in this era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper reviewed a number of papers that carried evaluations of different 3D bioprinting methods with different biomaterials, using different pumps to print 3D scaffolds, living cells, tissue and organs. All the papers and articles are collected from different journals and conference papers from 2014 to 2022.

Findings

This paper briefly explains how the concept of a 3D bioprinter was developed from a 3D printer and how it affects the biomedical field and helps to recover the lack of organ donors. It also gives a clear explanation of three basic processes and different strategies of these processes and the criteria of biomaterial selection. This paper gives insights into how 3D bioprinters can be assisted with machine learning to increase their scope of application.

Research limitations/implications

The chosen research approach may limit the generalizability of the research findings. As a result, researchers are encouraged to test the proposed hypotheses further.

Practical implications

This paper includes implications for developing 3D bioprinters, developing biomaterials and increasing the printability of 3D bioprinters.

Originality/value

This paper addresses an identified need by investigating how to enable 3D bioprinting performance.
Copycatting the smell of death: Deciphering the role of cadaveric scent components used by detection dogs to locate human remains
Authors: Martin Clément , Malević Marta , Diederich Claire , Verheggen François
Published: May 2023

Human remains detection dogs (HRDD) are commonly used by law enforcement agencies to search for cadavers. Biological material is typically used as a training stimulus, also called aids, to train dogs to recognize the smell of cadavers. While HRDD training approaches have received extensive attention, information remains limited on the olfactory cues used to train them. Here, we aimed to decipher the chemical basis of detection dog olfaction. Five specific objectives were explored to precise whether the composition or the concentration of the training aids drives the HRDDs responses. We recorded the behavioral responses of four HRDDs exposed to different cadaveric‐like smells. We found that HRDDs recognized a simplified synthetic aid composed of cadaveric compounds. The lowest concentration at which HRDDs continued to perceive the cadaveric smell was determined. HRDDs were not impacted by slight modifications to the chemical composition of a blend of odors that they have been trained with. HRDDs associated sulfur and nitrogen compounds as human cadaver. Our findings highlight a lack of specificity of HRDDs to cadaveric compounds, which could lead to error of detection. Moreover, all dogs did not positively respond to the same blends, despite being trained with the same aids and procedure. However, we confirmed that dogs could be trained with a simplified blend of molecules. The chemical composition of a training aid has, therefore, high consequences on the performance of the trained animal, and this conclusion opens additional questions regarding olfaction‐based detection animals.
Effects of processing methods on the aroma constituents of hihatsumodoki (Piper retrofractum Vahl)
Authors: Oe Moena , Wada Koji , Asikin Yonathan , Arakaki Mika , Horiuchi Masahiro , Takahashi Makoto
Published: May 2023

Hihatsumodoki (Piper retrofractum Vahl) is a traditional spice from Okinawa (Japan) that can be processed in different ways to create the desired flavor. Herein, we examined the effects of processing (sun‐drying, oven‐drying, roasting, and steaming) on the volatile aroma constituents of hihatsumodoki fruits. Among the 106 chromatographic peaks observed in total, 58 were assigned to known aroma compounds. The relative contents of terpenes, for example, linalool, β‐caryophyllene, α‐caryophyllene, and germacrene D, ranged from 57.6% to 88.1%. Sun‐drying decreased the content of aldehydes such as hexanal and trans‐2‐hexenal but did not significantly affect the total content of aroma compounds. The amount of aroma compounds released during oven‐drying and roasting increased with temperature up to a certain point (90°C) and decreased at an excessively high temperature of 180°C. High‐temperature roasting generated Maillard reaction products such as furans and furanones, which could impart sweet caramel odors. Steamed fruits had the lowest content of aroma compounds, which was ascribed to the loss of these compounds to vapor. Meanwhile, drying steamed fruits resulted in an approximately 3.6‐fold increase in their aroma compound content, and the content of sesquiterpenes in the steamed‐dried fruits was similar to that in fruits exposed to high temperatures. The effects of processing on aroma quality were visualized using multivariate statistical analysis. The aroma characteristics of roasted (180°C), steamed, and steamed‐dried fruits were different from those of the control. The combined findings provide useful information for the selection of processing methods to achieve the desired flavor of hihatsumodoki.

Practical Application: This study reveals the effects of different processing methods on the aroma profile of hihatsumodoki (Piper retrofractum Vahl), a subtropical spice from Okinawa (Japan). The results facilitate the selection of preferred hihatsumodoki flavors for household and industrial applications in foods and beverages. In addition, they inspire research on the processing‐induced flavor changes of other tropical or subtropical spices.
Circulating leptin level in osteoarthritis and associations between leptin receptor polymorphisms and disease susceptibility: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Lee Young Ho , Song Gwan Gyu
Published: May 2023

Objective

This study aimed to systemically review the evidence on the relationship between the circulating leptin levels and osteoarthritis (OA), and the association between leptin and leptin receptor (LEPR) polymorphisms and OA susceptibility.

Methods

To find relevant papers (up to February 2023) examining the association between circulating leptin levels, LEPR polymorphisms, and OA, the PUBMED, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched. We performed a meta‐analysis to examine the levels of synovial and serum/plasma leptin in OA patients compared with healthy controls, as well as the relationship between OA and LEPR polymorphisms.

Results

Data from 15 investigations, totaling 2197 patients with OA and 2546 controls, were included in the meta‐analysis. There were statistically significant differences in the levels of circulating leptin between the OA and control groups (standardized mean difference [SMD] 2.178, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.208‐3.139, P = 0.001). Leptin levels were also substantially greater in European, Asian, and Arab groups among OA patients. After adjusting for age, sex, and/or body mass index, the leptin levels of patients with OA were significantly higher. Similarly, regardless of sample size (n < 100 and n ≥ 100) or year of publication, leptin levels were considerably higher in the OA group. In addition, the synovial leptin level was greater in the OA group than in the control group (SMD 0.783; 95% CI 0.247‐1.319, P = 0.004). In the LEPR rs1137101 polymorphism, the OA and AA genotypes were significantly associated (odds ratio 0.282, 95% CI 0.126‐0.629, P = 0.002), according to the meta‐analysis. Ethnic stratification revealed an association between OA and the LEPR rs1137101 AA genotype in Asian and Arab populations.

Conclusion

The results of this meta‐analysis indicate that patients with OA had considerably greater levels of circulating leptin than did control individuals. In addition, synovial leptin levels were greater in OA patients than in healthy individuals, and the LEPR rs1137101 polymorphism was linked to an increased risk of developing OA. These results imply that leptin participates in the onset and progression of OA.
Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in Japanese patients with metastatic squamous non‐small‐cell lung cancer in KEYNOTE‐407
Authors: Sugawara Shunichi , Tanaka Kentaro , Imamura Fumio , Yamamoto Nobuyuki , Nishio Makoto , Okishio Kyoichi , Hirashima Tomonori , Tanaka Hiroshi , Fukuhara Tatsuro , Nakahara Yasuharu , Kurata Takayasu , Katakami Nobuyuki , Okada Morihito , Horinouchi Hidehito , Udagawa Hibiki , Kasahara Kazuo , Satouchi Miyako , Saka Hideo , Tokito Takaaki , Hosomi Yukio , Aoe Keisuke , Kishi Kazuma , Ohashi Kadoaki , Yokoyama Takuma , Adachi Noriaki , Noguchi Kazuo , Schwarzenberger Paul , Kato Terufumi
Published: May 2023

The global phase III KEYNOTE‐407 (NCT02775435) trial showed that pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy prolonged overall and progression‐free survival (OS/PFS) versus placebo plus chemotherapy in patients with metastatic squamous non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We present outcomes of patients from Japan enrolled in KEYNOTE‐407. Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive pembrolizumab 200 mg or placebo with paclitaxel 200 mg/m2 every 3 weeks (Q3W) or nab‐paclitaxel 100 mg/m2 (weekly) plus carboplatin area under the concentration‐time curve of 6 mg/mL/min Q3W for four cycles, followed by pembrolizumab or placebo Q3W for a total of 35 cycles. Primary end‐points were OS and PFS per RECIST version 1.1 by blinded independent central review. Fifty patients were randomized at Japanese sites (pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy, n = 22; placebo plus chemotherapy, n = 28). Median follow‐up time at data cut‐off (May 9, 2019) was 15.1 (range, 0.5–24.0) months. Median OS (95% confidence interval [CI]) was 17.3 (12.5–not reached) versus 11.0 (8.6–19.5) months in the pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus placebo plus chemotherapy group (hazard ratio [HR] 0.56; 95% CI, 0.27–1.15). Median PFS (95% CI) was 8.3 (6.1–13.0) versus 7.2 (3.9–8.8) months (HR 0.65; 95% CI, 0.35–1.23). Grade 3–5 adverse events (AEs) occurred in 86% and 75% of patients, respectively. There were three fatal AEs, two of which were treatment‐related (one from each treatment group, pneumonitis and pulmonary hemorrhage). Efficacy and safety outcomes were consistent with the global study and support the use of pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy in Japanese patients with metastatic squamous NSCLC.
A prospective case series on the efficacy of a cross‐linked collagen matrix to increase buccal soft tissue thickness at large edentulous gaps: One‐year results
Authors: Surdiacourt Lenz , Cosyn Jan
Published: May 2023

Objective

The objective of this study is to assess profilometric changes following soft tissue augmentation with a cross‐linked porcine‐derived collagen matrix (CMX) at large edentulous gaps of at least two units.

Materials and methods

Systemically healthy, nonsmoking patients with a large edentulous gap of at least two units demonstrating a horizontal soft tissue defect, were enrolled in a prospective case series. Soft tissue augmentation was performed in a one‐stage approach with a 6 mm thick CMX at the time of implant placement. The primary outcome was the change in buccal soft tissue profile (BSP) at a mesial, central, and distal area of interest (AOI) up to 1 year when compared to the preoperative situation based on superimposed digital surface models. Secondary outcomes included the horizontal dimension of the soft tissue defect, complications, and marginal bone loss (MBL).

Results

Fifteen patients (eight females; mean age 58.73 years) were enrolled and 13 could be re‐assessed at 1‐year follow‐up. The mean linear increase in BSP at 1 year was 0.66 mm (98.3% CI: 0.37–0.94), 0.80 mm (98.3% CI: 0.39–1.22), and 0.69 mm (98.3% CI: 0.32–1.06) at the mesial, central, and distal AOI, respectively. Substantial shrinkage of about 75% was observed in all areas between augmentation and 1‐year follow‐up. Even though 11 of 13 sites were fully augmented immediately postoperative, a soft tissue defect recurred in all sites at 1‐year follow‐up with a mean deficit of 2.30 mm. Altogether, 25% of the original soft tissue defect was eliminated by soft tissue augmentation. CMX was safe since no postoperative complications occurred and MBL was limited (0.70 mm).

Conclusion

CMX is efficacious for horizontal soft tissue augmentation at large edentulous gaps. However, considerable graft resorption may be expected, and the clinical relevance of the augmentation may be questionable since all patients demonstrated a recurring and considerable soft tissue defect 1 year after surgery.
Integrated analysis of the association between methionine cycle and risk of moyamoya disease
Authors: Li Junsheng , He Qiheng , Liu Chenglong , Zeng Chaofan , Tao Chuming , Zhai Yuanren , Liu Wei , Zhang Qian , Wang Rong , Zhang Yan , Ge Peicong , Zhang Dong , Zhao Jizong
Published: May 2023

Objective

The role of methionine (Met) cycle in the pathogenesis and progression of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases has been established, but its association with moyamoya disease (MMD) has rarely been studied. This study aimed to analyze the levels of Met cycle‐related metabolites and constructed a risk model to explore its association with the risk of MMD.

Methods

In this prospective study, a total of 302 adult MMD patients and 88 age‐matched healthy individuals were consecutively recruited. The serum levels of Met cycle‐related metabolites were quantified by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC–MS). Participants were randomly divided into training set and testing set at a ratio of 1:1. The training set was used to construct the risk score model by LASSO regression. The association between Met cycle‐related risk score and the risk of MMD was analyzed using logistic regression and assessed by ROC curves. The testing set was used for validation.

Results

The levels of methionine sulfoxide and homocysteine were significantly increased, while the levels of betaine and choline were significantly decreased in MMD and its subtypes compared to healthy controls (p < 0.05 for all). The training set was used to construct the risk model and the risk score of each participant has been calculated. After adjusting for potential confounders, the risk score was independently associated with the risk of MMD and its subtypes (p < 0.05 for all). We then divided the participants into low‐risk and high‐risk groups, the high‐risk score was significantly associated with the risk of MMD and its subtypes (p < 0.05 for all). The risk scores were further assessed as tertiles, the highest tertile was significantly associated with a higher risk of MMD and its subtypes compared to the lowest (p < 0.05 for all). The results were validated in the testing set.

Conclusion

This study has constructed and validated a risk model based on Met cycle‐related metabolites, which was independently associated with the risk of MMD and its subtypes. The findings provided a new perspective on the risk evaluation and prevention of MMD.
Chunking Versus Transitional Probabilities: Differentiating Between Theories of Statistical Learning
Authors: Emerson Samantha N. , Conway Christopher M.
Published: May 2023

There are two main approaches to how statistical patterns are extracted from sequences: The transitional probability approach proposes that statistical learning occurs through the computation of probabilities between items in a sequence. The chunking approach, including models such as PARSER and TRACX, proposes that units are extracted as chunks. Importantly, the chunking approach suggests that the extraction of full units weakens the processing of subunits while the transitional probability approach suggests that both units and subunits should strengthen. Previous findings using sequentially organized, auditory stimuli or spatially organized, visual stimuli support the chunking approach. However, one limitation of prior studies is that most assessed learning with the two‐alternative forced‐choice task. In contrast, this pre‐registered experiment examined the two theoretical approaches in sequentially organized, visual stimuli using an online self‐paced task—arguably providing a more sensitive index of learning as it occurs—and a secondary offline familiarity judgment task. During the self‐paced task, abstract shapes were covertly organized into eight triplets (ABC) where one in every eight was altered (BCA) from the canonical structure in a way that disrupted the full unit while preserving a subunit (BC). Results from the offline familiarity judgment task revealed that the altered triplets were perceived as highly familiar, suggesting the learned representations were relatively flexible. More importantly, results from the online self‐paced task demonstrated that processing for subunits, but not unit‐initial stimuli, was impeded in the altered triplet. The pattern of results is in line with the chunking approach to statistical learning and, more specifically, the TRACX model.
Prediction From Minimal Experience: How People Predict the Duration of an Ongoing Epidemic
Authors: Lu Yi‐Long , Lu Yang‐Fan , Han Zhuo Rachel , Qin Shaozheng , Zhang Xin , Yi Li , Zhang Hang
Published: May 2023

People are known for good predictions in domains they have rich experience with, such as everyday statistics and intuitive physics. But how well can they predict for problems they lack experience with, such as the duration of an ongoing epidemic caused by a new virus? Amid the first wave of COVID‐19 in China, we conducted an online diary study, asking each of over 400 participants to predict the remaining duration of the epidemic, once per day for 14 days. Participants’ predictions reflected a reasonable use of publicly available information but were meanwhile biased, subject to the influence of negative affect and future time perspectives. Computational modeling revealed that participants neither relied on prior distributions of epidemic durations as in inferring everyday statistics, nor on mechanistic simulations of epidemic dynamics as in computing intuitive physics. Instead, with minimal experience, participants’ predictions were best explained by similarity‐based generalization of the temporal pattern of epidemic statistics. In two control experiments, we further confirmed that such cognitive algorithm is not specific to the epidemic scenario and that minimal and rich experience do lead to different prediction behaviors for the same observations. We conclude that people generalize patterns in recent history to predict the future under minimal experience.
Bidirektionale Assoziationen zwischen Psoriasis und Migräne: Eine systematische Übersicht und Metaanalyse
Authors: Huang I‐Hsin , Hung Wei‐Kai , Chi Ching‐Chi
Published: May 2023

Hintergrund und Ziele

Die Assoziation zwischen Psoriasis und Migräne zu beurteilen.

Patienten und Methodik

MEDLINE, Embase und Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials wurden vom Zeitpunkt ihrer jeweiligen Gründung bis zum 1. Mai 2022 nach relevanten Beobachtungsstudien durchsucht. Die Risikoeinschätzung zur Quantifizierung der Assoziationen zwischen Psoriasis und Migräne wurde anhand einer Metaanalyse mit Zufallseffektmodell berechnet. Außerdem führten wir eine Sensitivitätsanalyse durch ausschließliche Berücksichtigung von Studien mit bereinigten Risikoschätzwerten sowie eine Subgruppenanalyse gemäß der Schwere der Psoriasis durch.

Ergebnisse

Es wurden 9 Studien mit 6 742 075 Teilnehmern eingeschlossen. Die Metaanalyse verdeutlichte die erhöhte Prävalenz der Migräne bei Patienten mit Psoriasis (gepoolte OR: 1,69, 95%‐KI: 1,26–2,28) sowie die erhöhte Prävalenz der Psoriasis bei Patienten mit Migräne (OR: 1,88, 95%‐KI: 1,32–3,67). Eine Subgruppenanalyse der Kohortenstudien ergab ein zunehmend höheres Risiko einer inzidenten Migräne bei Patienten mit leichter und schwerer Psoriasis (die IRR betrug 1,37 (95%‐KI 1,30–1,44) beziehungsweise 1,55 (95%‐KI 1,29–1,86)).

Schlussfolgerungen

Diese Metaanalyse ergab signifikante bidirektionale Assoziationen zwischen Migräne und Psoriasis. Ein höherer Schweregrad der Psoriasis ist anscheinend mit einem höheren Risiko assoziiert, eine Migräne zu entwickeln. Mediziner sollten die Symptome einer Migräne bei Patienten mit Psoriasis abklären und eine geeignete Behandlung anbieten.
Syphilis
Authors: Sadoghi Birgit , Stary Georg , Wolf Peter
Published: May 2023

Die Syphilis ist eine heilbare systemische Infektionserkrankung, die in den vergangenen Jahren mit deutlich steigender Inzidenz diagnostiziert wird. Die Erkrankung weist eine große klinische Bandbreite auf und stellt aufgrund der langen Inkubationszeit und der teilweise komplexen Interpretation der serologischen Untersuchungsergebnisse Kliniker vor große Herausforderungen. Nach wie vor ist Penicillin G in allen Stadien der Syphilis die Therapie der Wahl.
Anti‐DFS70‐Antikörper sind mit atopischer Dermatitis assoziiert und können zur Fehldiagnose einer Kollagenose führen
Authors: Santler Bettina , Wimmer Louisa , Schlüter Bernhard , Ehrchen Jan
Published: May 2023

Hintergrund: Antinukleäre Antikörper (ANA) sind ein typischer Befund bei Patienten mit einer Kollagenose und können mittels Immunfluoreszenz auf HEp2‐Zellen nachgewiesen werden. Selbst hohe Titer sind jedoch nicht beweisend für das Vorliegen einer Kollagenose und können zu Fehldiagnosen führen. Anti‐DFS70‐Antikörper sind ANA, welche auch bei Menschen ohne Kollagenose in hohen Titern vorliegen können. Daher wollten wir evaluieren, ob sie zu einer Fehldiagnose beitragen können. Da in Japan beschrieben wurde, dass Anti‐DFS70‐Antikörper mit atopischer Dermatitis (AD) assoziiert sind, wollten wir diese Assoziation und ihre potenzielle diagnostische Relevanz auch in Deutschland untersuchen.

Patienten und Methodik: Wir analysierten retrospektiv die Daten von 40 Patienten, welche zur Mitbeurteilung bei Kollagenose zu uns überwiesen wurden. Prospektiv erhoben wir die Prävalenz von Anti‐DFS70‐Antikörpern bei 110 AD‐Patienten und 89 Kontrollpatienten.

Ergebnisse: Bei 75% der überwiesenen Patienten konnten wir keine Kollagenose nachweisen. 26% dieser Patienten erhielten im Vorfeld bereits systemische Therapien. Das DFS70‐typische Fluoreszenzmuster konnte bei 35%, Anti‐DFS70‐Antikörper bei 12,5% dieser Patienten nachgewiesen werden. Bei den AD‐Patienten trat in 22% der Fälle das DFS70‐typische Fluoreszenzmuster auf und in 10% der Fälle zeigten sich Anti‐DFS70‐Antikörper (im Vergleich zu 5,6% und 0% der Kontrollpatienten, P < 0,001).

Schlussfolgerungen: Anti‐DFS70‐Antikörper sind signifikant mit AD assoziiert und könnten für die Fehldiagnose einer Kollagenose mitverantwortlich sein.
“Contemporary standard” English policy and pseudo‐diversity among inner and outer circle assistant language teachers in Japan
Authors: Yoko Kobayashi
Published: May 2023

Assistant language teachers (ALTs) in the Japan Exchange and Teaching (JET) program are composed of 90% of Inner Circle ALTs and 10% of rigorously screened Outer Circle JET ALTs, who are hired under the Education Ministry's “contemporary standard” (i.e., American) English policy. Although silent regarding the disproportion, the Ministry and affiliated entities have been celebrating the program's “multinational diversity.” Stimulated by this inconsistency and aiming to discover other cases, this study collects policy statements on the role of inner/outer circle JET ALTs and non‐JET ALTs. It examines the level of consistencies between policymakers’ explicit and implicit authorization (e.g., the Ministry's articulate demand for more non‐JET ALTs, relative to their unspoken acknowledgment of those ALTs’ deviation from the standard English policy). Factors behind the Ministry's double standards of JET ALT‐based standard English and unbranded English policies are discussed. Implications for Global Englishes research in light of Asia's Inner Circle‐oriented English education policy and its discrimination against Outer Circle teachers from/in Asian neighboring countries are also presented.
Incidence of anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody‐associated renal vasculitis: a retrospective study in rural and regional Victoria, Australia
Authors: Oakman Georgina , Bach Cindy‐Anne , Ong Cindy
Published: May 2023

Background

The epidemiology of anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)‐associated vasculitis (AAV) varies worldwide. Previous Australian studies described a higher incidence of AAV in rural areas; however, this has not yet been investigated in Victoria.

Aims

To calculate the incidence of AAV in rural and regional Victoria and characterise the demographics and clinical outcomes of this cohort.

Methods

We performed a retrospective review of patients with newly diagnosed AAV confirmed on renal biopsy at Bendigo Health between 2013 and 2021. Cases were classified according to the 2022 American College of Rheumatology/European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology criteria. Local disease incidence was calculated using Estimated Resident Population data for our catchment, the Loddon Mallee region.

Results

Twenty‐eight cases of new AAV were identified; 17 were classified as microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and the remainder as granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). The median age at diagnosis was 68 years (interquartile range (IQR): 59–77). The incidence per million person‐years was 9.3 for AAV overall (95% CI: 6.2–13.5), 5.7 for MPA (95% CI: 3.3–9.1) and 3.7 for GPA (95% CI: 1.8–6.6). With a median follow‐up time of 3.3 years (IQR: 1.9–5.6), one‐quarter of patients relapsed (n = 7, 25%), and six required ongoing renal‐replacement therapy (21%).

Conclusions

The calculated incidence of AAV in rural and regional Victoria is not higher than the reported incidence in most urban Australian cohorts. This study may underestimate the true local disease incidence as only patients with renal vasculitis were included.
Epibiosis and parasitism of coquina clam Donax spp.: Location, location, location!
Authors: McElroy Eric J. , Hill‐Spanik Kristina M. , Connors Vincent A. , de Buron Isaure
Published: May 2023

Cryptic species of coquina clams Donax fossor and D. variabilis carry the hydroid epibiont Lovenella gracilis and are infected with metacercariae of the monorchiid parasites Lasiotocus trachinoti and L. choanura. The associations among this host–epibiont–parasite system were investigated. Fifty clams were collected at low tide over 3 days in June 2020 in South Carolina from each of three groups: clams with no hydroid from the upper intertidal zone and clams with and without hydroids from the swash zone. Clams were measured, identified using a newly developed PCR‐RFLP, and examined for infection by metacercariae. Parasites were identified based on cercarial morphology and on metacercariae habitat in the clams. D. fossor was most often found in the swash zone and D. variabilis in the upper intertidal zone. The hydroid was most often associated with D. fossor, which was more infected by both digeneans than D. variabilis. Mean abundance of metacercariae of L. choanura was higher than that of L. trachinoti in both clams and increased over time for both parasites, because higher infection was correlated with larger clams. Greater time spent in the water by individuals of D. fossor appears to best explain these results, with the presence of the hydroids also being associated with higher infection by metacercariae in this coquina. Integration of D. variabilis in both digenean life cycles appears to lead to a positive outcome for the parasites as prevalence and abundance of infection were high; however, because D. variabilis is most frequent in the upper intertidal, more emersed, zone, it is likely deleterious to the epibiont to establish on this clam.
Childhood atopic dermatitis is associated with cardiovascular risk factors in young adulthood—A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Lundin S. , Wahlgren C. F. , Johansson E. K. , Andersson N. , Mogensen I. , Ekstrom S. , Jonsson M. , Melen E. , Ljungman P. L. S. , Bergstrom A. , Kull I.
Published: May 2023

Background

Studies have indicated that atopic dermatitis (AD) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, data are conflicting. Furthermore, the longitudinal effect of childhood AD on cardiovascular risk factors in young adulthood is less investigated.

Objectives

To assess associations between AD in childhood and CVD risk factors in young adulthood.

Methods

The study encompasses longitudinal data from a population‐based birth cohort. Participants with data up to age 24 years were included (n = 2270). The primary outcomes were body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), body fat per cent (BF%) and blood pressure (BP) at 24 years. The secondary outcome was blood lipids. Severe AD was defined as AD in combination with sleep disturbance due to itching.

Results

In total, 18.6% (n = 420) had AD at 24 years. Males with AD had higher BMI (βAdj. 0.81, 95% CI 0.15–1.47), BF% (βAdj. 1.19, 95% CI 0.09–2.29), systolic BP (βAdj. 1.92, 95% CI 0.02–3.82), total cholesterol (βAdj. 0.14, 95% CI 0.00–0.28) and LDL cholesterol (βAdj. 0.15, 95% CI 0.02–0.27) compared with males without AD. No associations were seen in females. Current AD with prepubertal onset was associated with increased BMI in both males (βAdj. 0.89, 95% CI 0.11–1.67) and females (βAdj. 0.72, 95% CI 0.11–1.33). At 24 years, 23.1% (n = 97) of all with AD, had severe disease, which was significantly associated with overweight in both sexes, with BMI (βAdj. 1.83, 95% CI 0.72–2.94), WC (βAdj. 4.03, 95% CI 1.54–6.52) and BF% (βAdj. 2.49, 95% CI 0.60–4.39) in females and with BF% (βAdj. 2.96, 95% CI 0.23–5.69) in males, compared with peers with mild to moderate AD.

Conclusion

AD in males appears to be associated with CVD risk factors in young adulthood. The duration and severity of AD seem to be of importance in both sexes.
A study on the seasonal cyclicity of ovarian development in adult Himalayan snow trout, Schizothorax plagiostomus
Authors: Sharma Partigya , Purohit Shriya , Bhatt Gaurav , Kothiyal Sachin , Singh Mahender , Nautiyal Prakash , Bhattacharya Indrashis
Published: May 2023

Schizothorax plagiostomus, commonly known as snow trout, is a popular food fish found in parts of Central Asia and the Indo‐Himalayan region. Despite such a broad range of distribution and potential financial value, it is a highly neglected cold‐water ichthyofauna. Furthermore, an alarming decline in Schizothoracine population has been reported in the recent past due to climate change and uncontrolled anthropogenic interference. In this study, the seasonal variations in ovarian architecture and development were examined in adult S. plagiostomus from Garhwal Himalayan region, Uttarakhand, India. Ovarian‐somatic index ranged from 16.86 ± 0.29 to 0.31 ± 0.56, with a maximal value in September and a minimal value in April. Ovarian histology revealed the abundance of primary growth oocytes in resting and preparatory stages; primary/secondary vitellogenic oocytes with numerous cortical alveoli were predominant in the developing stage of pre‐spawning ovaries; secondary/tertiary vitellogenic oocytes were conspicuous in actively spawning ovaries; and atretic follicles/oocytes were discernible during the regressing stage of spent ovaries. Scanning electron microscopy of mature ova (mean diameter 2.003 ± 0.01 mm) prominently showed the structure micropyle (mean diameter 12.93 ± 3.38 μm). Fecundity analyses suggested that September was the principal breeding season, whereas residual spawning occurred with fresh rain in late winter during February–March. Collectively, this is the first comprehensive qualitative and quantitative report of the seasonal variations in the ovarian development and function for S. plagiostomus. These data may provide valuable information towards the captive breeding programme as well as conservation and management for Schizothoracine fishes in normal and altered climatic conditions.
Prevalence of temporomandibular disorders in subjects affected by Parkinson disease: A systematic review and metanalysis
Authors: Minervini Giuseppe , Franco Rocco , Marrapodi Maria Maddalena , Ronsivalle Vincenzo , Shapira Ira , Cicciù Marco
Published: May 2023

Introduction

While Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are not typically considered a primary symptom of Parkinson disease (PD), recent studies have documented a correlation between ageing and TMDs, a cluster of conditions affecting the temporomandibular joint and surrounding musculature, thereby underscoring the potential for an increased frequency of TMDs in the ageing PD population.

Objective

The purpose of this review is to systematically evaluate the existing literature on the topic and provide a comprehensive overview of the prevalence of TMDs in patients with PD.

Methods

To determine eligibility, we utilised the Population (human subjects), Exposure (PD), Comparator (PD vs non‐PD subjects), and Outcomes (TMD) (PECO) model. To conduct this systematic review, we searched for articles published in PubMed, Web of Science and Lilacs from the beginning until April 15, 2023.

Results

Three studies were selected. All together they comprised a total of 55 828 subjects, out of which 12 629 were affected by PD or Parkinsonism, and the remaining 43 199 were non‐PD subjects matched for age and sex. The study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of TMDs in subjects affected by PD. The results showed that 193/12629 (1.53%) of PD individuals presented with TMD symptoms or were diagnosed with TMD, while 260/43199 (0.6%) of non‐PD subjects were diagnosed with the same. The meta‐analysis showed that there was a higher TMD prevalence in PD subjects compared to non‐PD subjects (RR 1.57; 95% CI: 1.30–1.89).

Conclusion

The studies reviewed suggest a possible association between TMD and PD. Further research is needed to clarify the relationship between TMD and PD and to identify possible mechanisms and treatment strategies.
Linear pooling of potentially related density forecasts in crop insurance
Authors: Ramsey A. Ford , Liu Yong
Published: May 2023

Accurate pricing of crop insurance policies relies on forecasts of probability densities of crop yields. Yield densities are dynamic, time series data on yields are often limited, and yield data are spatially correlated. We examine linear pooling of potentially related, but almost surely misspecified, crop yield density forecasts. The pooled forecasts combine densities from other spatial units based on out‐of‐sample forecast performance. The pooled densities result in more accurate premium rates which can reduce incentives for adverse selection. The approach is applicable to any insurance setting where the statistical model for the loss variable is likely to be misspecified and the underlying data‐generating processes are potentially related.