bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Charlie Hebdo Attacks on Twitter: A Comparative Analysis of a Political Controversy in English and French
Authors: Smyrnaios Nikos , Ratinaud Pierre
Published: February 2017

In this article, we propose an original method combining large-scale network and lexicometric analysis to link identifiable communities of Twitter users with the main discursive themes they used in the aftermath of the Charlie Hebdo attacks in Paris, France in 2015. We used this method to compare tweets and user networks in French and in English. We observed that the majority of the users who tweeted about Charlie Hebdo were people without any particular affiliation, who were shocked by the attacks and immediately expressed themselves through emotionally charged messages. But rather quickly their proportion decreased and they participated less in politically polarizing discussions. On the other hand, we found that smaller, highly politicized, and polarized groups had similar attitudes toward the events: they were less engaged immediately after the attacks in emotional expression of sympathy and shock, but they participated vividly in the following days in polemical discussions or engaged themes. Other findings include the central position of mainstream media and the existence of groups of users that aggregated on the basis of nationality. More generally, our results show clearly that even the most dramatic events such as a terrorist attack with innocent victims do not produce homogeneous reactions online. Rather, political engagement and cultural dispositions are keys to understand different attitudes on Twitter.
Intra-articular fracture of proximal phalanx of great toe accompanied by valgus deformity associated with sports activities
Authors: Kim Sungsoo , Lee Myoungjin , Seok Sangyun
Published: February 2017

Background:

We analyzed clinical and radiologic examination of intra-articular fracture of the proximal phalanx of great toe accompanied by valgus deformity associated with sports activities. Therefore, we assessed valgus deformity of great toe at fracture side and contralateral side by simple radiograph in order to confirm the causal relation of fracture and deformity.

Methods:

A retrospective study was conducted on 23 cases, between January 2000 and August 2014, which showed an intra-articular fracture of proximal phalanx which was diagnosed after visiting our hospital for valgus deformity of great toe as a chief complaint. All patients were involved in sports activities for over 2 years. The site of fracture was the lateral side of the proximal phalanx head in 16 cases and the medial side of the proximal phalanx base in 7 cases. In order to assess the valgus deformity of great toe, hallux valgus angle (HVA) and hallux valgus interphalangeal angle (HVIPA) were measured on the weight-bearing foot radiograph.

Results:

The average HVA of the fracture group on the lateral side of the proximal phalanx head was 10.5° and HVIPA was 17.8°, while the average HVA of the fracture group on the medial side of the proximal phalanx base was 18.1° and HVIPA was 10.7°. Among the 16 cases with a fracture on the lateral side of the head, 13 cases showed hallux valgus interphalangeus (81.3%), while all 7 cases of fracture on the medial side of the base showed hallux valgus (100%).

Conclusion:

Hallux valgus was mostly found on the fracture of the medial side of the proximal phalanx base, while hallux valgus interphalangeus was mostly found on the fracture of the lateral side of the proximal phalanx head.
Type I interferon-enhanced IL-10 expression in human CD4 T cells is regulated by STAT3, STAT2, and BATF transcription factors
Authors: Govender Umeshree , Corre Béatrice , Bourdache Yasmine , Pellegrini Sandra , Michel Frédérique
Published: February 2017

Type I IFN can exert pro- and anti-inflammatory activities in the immune system. Here, we have investigated the mechanism by which IFN-α enhances early expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in human CD45RA+CD4+ T cells. With the use of transcriptomic and biochemical approaches, we found distinct and combined contributions of the IFN and the TCR signaling pathways to the induction of STAT1/2/3 and the basic leucine zipper activating transcription factor-like (BATF) family members. Moreover, IFN-induced STAT3 phosphorylation was prolonged by the TCR response, whereas IFN-induced STAT2 phosphorylation was of long duration. With the use of RNA interference (RNAi), we identified STAT3 as the major actor and STAT2 as a contributor of the IFN action on IL-10. Upon TCR/IFN costimulation, STAT3 directly bound at the IL-10 conserved noncoding sequence (CNS)- 9, an enhancer element known to recruit BATF in CD4 T cells. The cosilencing of the 3 BATFs resulted in an overall reduction of IL-10 expression, but the promoting activity of IFN-α was retained. These results support the notion that the IFN action is indexed on BATF function and provide evidence for a cooperation between BATFs and STAT3, the latter being activated via early IFN and delayed TCR effects.
Anesthetic Management for Percutaneous Minimally Invasive Fetoscopic Surgery of Spina Bifida Aperta: A Retrospective, Descriptive Report of Clinical Experience
Authors: Arens Christoph , Koch Christian , Veit Mirko , Greenberg Robert Steven , Lichtenstern Christoph , Weigand Markus Alexander , Khaleeva Anastasiia , Schuerg Rainer , Kohl Thomas
Published: February 2017

Minimally invasive fetoscopic surgery for spina bifida aperta is a new therapeutic approach to preserve neurologic function by protecting exposed neural tissue. The anesthetic management is of paramount importance for the success of the procedure. Therefore, our protocol was developed with particular attention to safe and adequate maternal and fetal anesthesia, sufficient uterine relaxation as well as prevention of pulmonary edema, placental abruption, and spontaneous labor. As illustrated by this retrospective analysis of 61 cases, these goals can be reliably achieved. The clinical protocol is presented as a supplemental digital content to this manuscript (Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/AA/B733).
Prophylactic Phenylephrine Infusions to Reduce Severe Spinal Anesthesia Hypotension During Cesarean Delivery in a Resource-Constrained Environment
Authors: Bishop David G. , Cairns Carel , Grobbelaar Mariette , Rodseth Reitze N.
Published: February 2017

Phenylephrine infusions are considered as standard management for obstetric spinal hypotension, but there remains reluctance to implement them in resource-limited contexts. This prospective, alternating intervention study of patients undergoing elective or urgent cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia compared a vasopressor bolus strategy to fixed-rate, low-dose prophylactic phenylephrine infusion with supplemental boluses. The primary outcome was the incidence of severe hypotension (mean arterial pressure <70% baseline or systolic blood pressure <80 mm Hg). Fewer patients receiving prophylactic phenylephrine infusions had severe hypotension (47.4% [n = 120/253] vs 62.1% [n = 157/253], P = .001, estimated relative risk 0.84, 95% confidence interval, 0.69–1.02), with no significant difference in the rate of hypertension (15% [n = 39/253] vs 11% [n = 27/253], P = .11, estimated relative risk 1.39, confidence interval 0.87–2.20). Guidelines for resource-constrained settings should consider a fixed, low-dose phenylephrine infusion in combination with rescue vasopressor bolus therapy.
Notch signalling restricts inflammation and serpine1 expression in the dynamic endocardium of the regenerating zebrafish heart
Authors: Münch Juliane , Grivas Dimitrios , González-Rajal Álvaro , Torregrosa-Carrión Rebeca , de la Pompa José Luis
Published: February 2017

The zebrafish heart regenerates after ventricular damage through a process involving inflammation, fibrotic tissue deposition/removal and myocardial regeneration. Using 3D whole-mount imaging, we reveal a highly dynamic endocardium during cardiac regeneration, including changes in cell morphology, behaviour and gene expression. These events lay the foundation for an initial expansion of the endocardium that matures to form a coherent endocardial structure within the injury site. We studied two important endocardial molecules, Serpine1 and Notch, which are implicated in different aspects of endocardial regeneration. Notch signalling regulates developmental gene expression and features of endocardial maturation. Also, Notch manipulation interferes with attenuation of the inflammatory response and cardiomyocyte proliferation and dedifferentiation. serpine1 is strongly expressed very early in the wound endocardium, with decreasing expression at later time points. serpine1 expression persists in Notch-abrogated hearts, via what appears to be a conserved mechanism. Functional inhibition studies show that Serpine1 controls endocardial maturation and proliferation and cardiomyocyte proliferation. Thus, we describe a highly dynamic endocardium in the regenerating zebrafish heart, with two key endocardial players, Serpine1 and Notch signalling, regulating crucial regenerative processes.
Blood vessel anastomosis is spatially regulated by Flt1 during angiogenesis
Authors: Nesmith Jessica E. , Chappell John C. , Cluceru Julia G. , Bautch Victoria L.
Published: February 2017

Blood vessel formation is essential for vertebrate development and is primarily achieved by angiogenesis – endothelial cell sprouting from pre-existing vessels. Vessel networks expand when sprouts form new connections, a process whose regulation is poorly understood. Here, we show that vessel anastomosis is spatially regulated by Flt1 (VEGFR1), a VEGFA receptor that acts as a decoy receptor. In vivo, expanding vessel networks favor interactions with Flt1 mutant mouse endothelial cells. Live imaging in human endothelial cells in vitro revealed that stable connections are preceded by transient contacts from extending sprouts, suggesting sampling of potential target sites, and lowered Flt1 levels reduced transient contacts and increased VEGFA signaling. Endothelial cells at target sites with reduced Flt1 and/or elevated protrusive activity were more likely to form stable connections with incoming sprouts. Target cells with reduced membrane-localized Flt1 (mFlt1), but not soluble Flt1, recapitulated the bias towards stable connections, suggesting that relative mFlt1 expression spatially influences the selection of stable connections. Thus, sprout anastomosis parameters are regulated by VEGFA signaling, and stable connections are spatially regulated by endothelial cell-intrinsic modulation of mFlt1, suggesting new ways to manipulate vessel network formation.
Comparison of Image Quality, Diagnostic Accuracy and Radiation Dose Between Flash Model and Retrospective ECG-Triggered Protocols in Dual Source Computed Tomography (DSCT) in Congenital Heart Diseases
Authors: Wang Rong , Xu Xiang-Jiu , Huang Gang , Zhou Xing , Zhang Wen-Wen , Ma Ya-Qiong , Zuo Xiao-na
Published: February 2017

Background: Dual source computed tomography (DSCT) plays an important role in the diagnosis of congenital heart diseases (CHD). However, the issue of radiation-related side effects constitutes a wide public concern. The aim of the study was to explore the differences in diagnostic accuracy, radiation dose and image quality between a prospectively ECG – triggered high – pitch spiral acquisition (flash model) and a retrospective ECG-gated protocol of DSCT used for the detection of CHD.

Material/Methods: The study included 58 patients with CHD who underwent a DSCT examination, including two groups of 29 patients in each protocol. Then, both subjective and objective image quality, diagnostic accuracy and radiation dose were compared between the two protocols.

Results: The image quality and the total as well as partial diagnostic accuracy did not differ significantly between the protocols. The radiation dose in the flash model was obviously lower than that in the retrospective model (P<0.05).

Conclusions: Compared to the retrospective protocol, the flash model can significantly reduce the dose of radiation, while maintaining both diagnostic accuracy and image quality.
Bibliometric analysis of Oropouche research: impact on the surveillance of emerging arboviruses in Latin America
Authors: Culquichicón Carlos , Cardona-Ospina Jaime A. , Patiño-Barbosa Andrés M. , Rodriguez-Morales Alfonso J.
Published: February 2017

Given the emergence and reemergence of viral diseases, particularly in Latin America, we would like to provide an analysis of the patterns of research and publication on Oropouche virus (OROV). We also discuss the implications of recent epidemics in certain areas of South America, and how more clinical and epidemiological information regarding OROV is urgently needed.
Predictors and brain connectivity changes associated with arm motor function improvement from intensive practice in chronic stroke
Authors: Wittenberg George F. , Richards Lorie G. , Jones-Lush Lauren M. , Roys Steven R. , Gullapalli Rao P. , Yang Suzy , Guarino Peter D. , Lo Albert C.
Published: February 2017

Background and Purpose: The brain changes that underlie therapy-induced improvement in motor function after stroke remain obscure. This study sought to demonstrate the feasibility and utility of measuring motor system physiology in a clinical trial of intensive upper extremity rehabilitation in chronic stroke-related hemiparesis. Methods: This was a substudy of two multi-center clinical trials of intensive robotic and intensive conventional therapy arm therapy in chronic, significantly hemiparetic, stroke patients. Transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to measure motor cortical output to the biceps and extensor digitorum communus muscles. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to determine the cortical anatomy, as well as to measure fractional anisotropy, and blood oxygenation (BOLD) during an eyes-closed rest state. Region-of-interest time-series correlation analysis was performed on the BOLD signal to determine interregional connectivity. Functional status was measured with the upper extremity Fugl-Meyer and Wolf Motor Function Test. Results: Motor evoked potential (MEP) presence was associated with better functional outcomes, but the effect was not significant when considering baseline impairment. Affected side internal capsule fractional anisotropy was associated with better function at baseline. Affected side primary motor cortex (M1) activity became more correlated with other frontal motor regions after treatment. Resting state connectivity between affected hemisphere M1 and dorsal premotor area (PMAd) predicted recovery. Conclusions: Presence of motor evoked potentials in the affected motor cortex and its functional connectivity with PMAd may be useful in predicting recovery. Functional connectivity in the motor network shows a trends towards increasing after intensive robotic or non-robotic arm therapy. Clinical Trial Registration URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifiers: NCT00372411 \& NCT00333983.
The role of informal caregivers at the end of life: providing support through Advance Care Planning
Authors: Costello John
Published: February 2017

In the palliative phase of a person's illness, the needs of the patient and informal caregivers are paramount. Caregivers often look to palliative care practitioners for support, guidance and emotional comfort. This article reviews the role of the informal caregiver at the end of life, summarising their concerns and needs. The paper also highlights caregiver difficulties in making the coping transition when the patient's medical condition becomes advanced and they require end-of-life care. The focus of the review is placed on discussions about Advanced Care Planning (ACP). ACP is a complex legal, ethical and practical issue that can enable caregivers to consider future strategies and enable them to provide high quality care at the end of life. The paper looks at some of the ethical and legal issues associated with this sensitive end-of-life issue.
Declining oral intake towards the end of life: how to talk about it? A qualitative study
Authors: Clark Jean , Raijmakers Natasja J H , Allan Simon , Zuylen Lia van , Heide Agnes van der
Published: February 2017

Background:

Decreasing oral intake is common towards the end of life and a potential source of distress and concern for patients, relatives, whānau and clinicians. This paper provides insight to inform practice regarding clinicians' perceptions, practices, responses and communication with patients and their companions regarding declining oral intake towards the end of life.

Methods:

In this qualitative study ten specialist palliative care staff participated in semi-structured interviews. Qualitative thematic analysis was used to analyse the data.

Findings:

Three themes were identified: declining oral intake was a natural part of the dying process; responding empathetically; and clinicians described specific aims and ways regarding communication.

Conclusion:

Insight into clinicians' endeavours to manage declining oral intake and support the wellbeing of patients, families, and whānau can inform practice. However the perspectives of family, whānau and health professionals continue to show significant variation regarding the communication given and received around declining oral intake towards the end of life.
Family caregiver recruitment via social media: challenges, opportunities and lessons
Authors: Hansen Dana , Sheehan Denice K , Stephenson Pam
Published: February 2017

Background:

Illness blogs are a way seriously ill people communicate publicly about their illness journey. As communication about serious illness increases on social media, it is important to evaluate how this affects the family caregiver. However, identifying and accessing family caregivers remains challenging, especially via social media.

Purpose:

The aim of this article is to report the opportunities, challenges and lessons learned from using social media to recruit family caregivers.

Methods:

Recruitment methods included posting study invitations on illness blogs, advertising through Facebook and placing study fliers in the community.

Results:

Using social media to recruit was inexpensive and provided a wide geographical reach. One important finding was discovering the importance of using language in the recruitment materials that family caregivers could identify with to help deem themselves as eligible to participate in the study.
Prioritisation of future research topics in paediatric palliative care in Ireland: a Delphi study
Authors: Quinn Claire , McCarthy Sandra , Devins Mary , O'Reilly Maeve , Twomey Marie , Ling Julie
Published: February 2017

This paper reports the findings from a Delphi Study undertaken to identify the research priorities in children's palliative care in Ireland. Palliative care for children is a small and highly specialised field of healthcare that focuses on improving the quality of life of children living with, or dying from, a life-limiting condition. Ideally, support for children requiring palliative care begins at the time of diagnosis, which for many children with life-limiting conditions can be from birth. There is a notable overlap between the needs of children requiring palliative care and those with disabilities and other complex care needs, resulting in care being provided by a range of voluntary and statutory agencies. As a new specialty, there is a need to develop an evidence-based approach to providing children's palliative care. In order to do this in a systematic way, identification of the research priorities in children's palliative care within Ireland is required.
How to maintain joint health in the ageing canine
Authors: Kerrigan Lynne
Published: February 2017

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common chronic musculoskeletal disease and causes lameness in dogs. The therapeutic management of OA in dogs has tended to be dominated by the use of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), however NSAIDs can induce serious adverse effects; their prolonged use is not advocated in the elderly patient. Such side effects include gastrointestinal irritation, renal toxicity and interference with haemostasis. This article will outline additional measures that can be taken to preserve/aid joint health in ageing canines.
Lo que nos dio y no nos dio Bourbaki
Authors: Ezenarro Enetz
Published: February 2017

Bourbaki nos enseñó el potencial que guarda el concepto de estructura matemática para reorganizar, sistematizar y unificar el entramado matemático. Pero la evolución de la matemática, en las últimas décadas deja patente las limitaciones de este enfoque. En este artículo analizamos las contribuciones de Bourbaki a lo que denominamos fundamentación “interna” de la matemática y señalamos, a su vez, las que a nuestro juicio son sus principales carencias. A continuación bosquejamos brevemente algunas evidencias sobre las que sustentamos la perspectiva denominada funcionalismo estructuralista. Según ésta, la noción general de morfismo caracteriza la naturaleza dinámica de la matemática actual.
Teorías de la referencia, filosofía experimental y calibración de intuiciones
Authors: Pérez Otero Manuel
Published: February 2017

E. Machery and some collaborators have used survey data to criticize Kripke’s anti-descriptivism about proper names. I highlight a number of drawbacks in the tests of Machery et al. Some of my objections concern their ambiguity. In particular, the responses that–according to them–reveal descriptivist intuitions can be interpreted as anti-descriptivist responses (for reasons that have not been pointed out so far). Furthermore, their vignettes are inconsistent. I also discuss other issues related to the role of intuitions in philosophy; Machery et al.’s theses depends on an unjustified assumption: there is not expertise regarding intuitions.
Efficiency testing of artificial neural networks in predicting the properties of carbon nanomaterials as potential systems for nervous tissue stimulation and regeneration
Authors: Sasiada Martyna , Fraczek-Szczypta Aneta , Tadeusiewicz Ryszard
Published: February 2017

A new method of predicting the properties of carbon nanomaterials from carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide, using electrophoretic deposition (EPD) on a metal surface, was investigated. The main goal is to obtain the basis for nervous tissue stimulation and regeneration. Because of the many variations of the EPD method, costly and time-consuming experiments are necessary for optimization of the produced systems. To limit such costs and workload, we propose a neural network-based model that can predict the properties of selected carbon nanomaterial systems before they are produced. The choice of neural networks as predictive learning models is based on many studies in the literature that report neural models as good interpretations of real-life processes. The use of a neural network model can reduce experimentation with unpromising methods of systems processing and preparation. Instead, it allows a focus on experiments with these systems, which are promising according to the prediction given by the neural model. The performed tests showed that the proposed method of predictive learning of carbon nanomaterial properties is easy and effective. The experiments showed that the prediction results were consistent with those obtained in the real system.
Dynamic Stability of Post-Keynesian Pricing
Authors: Kemp-Benedict Eric
Published: February 2017

Conventional economic theory assumes a Walrasian pricing mechanism that is known to pose theoretical difficulties. Less well-known is that conventional price theory conflicts with empirical studies of price-setting in industrial firms. Post-Keynesian theory, which assumes mark-up pricing on normal costs and infrequent price changes, is consistent with observation, and we show in this paper that post-Keynesian pricing, unlike conventional pricing, features stable dynamics. We focus on the short run, because post-Keynesian theory posits complex and historically-contingent long-term price dynamics. Specifically, we show that under very general conditions, prices converge to a unique equilibrium price vector.
An approach for estimating measurement uncertainty in medical laboratories using data from long-term quality control and external quality assessment schemes
Authors: Padoan Andrea , Antonelli Giorgia , Aita Ada , Sciacovelli Laura , Plebani Mario
Published: February 2017

Background:

The present study was prompted by the ISO 15189 requirements that medical laboratories should estimate measurement uncertainty (MU).

Methods:

The method used to estimate MU included the: a) identification of quantitative tests, b) classification of tests in relation to their clinical purpose, and c) identification of criteria to estimate the different MU components. Imprecision was estimated using long-term internal quality control (IQC) results of the year 2016, while external quality assessment schemes (EQAs) results obtained in the period 2015–2016 were used to estimate bias and bias uncertainty.

Results:

A total of 263 measurement procedures (MPs) were analyzed. On the basis of test purpose, in 51 MPs imprecision only was used to estimate MU; in the remaining MPs, the bias component was not estimable for 22 MPs because EQAs results did not provide reliable statistics. For a total of 28 MPs, two or more MU values were calculated on the basis of analyte concentration levels. Overall, results showed that uncertainty of bias is a minor factor contributing to MU, the bias component being the most relevant contributor to all the studied sample matrices.

Conclusions:

The model chosen for MU estimation allowed us to derive a standardized approach for bias calculation, with respect to the fitness-for-purpose of test results. Measurement uncertainty estimation could readily be implemented in medical laboratories as a useful tool in monitoring the analytical quality of test results since they are calculated using a combination of both the long-term imprecision IQC results and bias, on the basis of EQAs results.
Evaluation of two fully automated immunoassay based tests for the measurement of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in human serum and comparison with LC-MS/MS
Authors: Spanaus Katharina , von Eckardstein Arnold
Published: February 2017

Background:

1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)

Methods:

In the presented study, we evaluated the performance of two immunoassays from DiaSorin and from Immunodiagnostic Systems (IDS) which combine fully automated extraction and measurement of 1,25(OH)

Results:

Total imprecision was 5.2% or less for the DiaSorin test but reached 20.1% for the IDS iSYS test. 1,25(OH)

Conclusions:

Due to its high sensitivity, low imprecision, broad measurement range, and good agreement with 1,25(OH)
Influence of genetic polymorphisms of CYP3A5 and ABCB1 on sirolimus pharmacokinetics, patient and graft survival and other clinical outcomes in renal transplant
Authors: Rodríguez-Jiménez Consuelo , García-Saiz Mar , Pérez-Tamajón Lourdes , Salido Eduardo , Torres Armando
Published: February 2017

Background:

In transplant patients receiving de novo anticalcineurin-free sirolimus (SRL)-based immunosuppression, we determined the influence of cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5) and ATP-binding cassette, sub-family B (MDR/TAP), member (ABCB1) genotypes on SRL blood levels and medium-term relevant clinical outcomes, in order to improve effectiveness of immunosuppression strategies when anti-mammalian target of rapamycin (anti-mTOR) inhibitor is indicated for clinical reasons.

Methods:

Forty-eight renal transplant recipients (suffered 48% diabetes mellitus, 91% hypertension, and 47% dyslipidemia) were genotyped for CYP3A5 (6986A>G) and ABCB1 (3435C>T) polymorphisms by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Sirolimus blood levels were determined using microparticle enzyme immunoassay technique. Relationships between genotypes and pharmacokinetics, graft function, and patient-graft survival were determined by univariate analysis.

Results:

CYP3A5
*1/*3 showed lower SRL levels than CYP3A5
*3/*3 (4.13±1.54 vs. 8.49±4.18 ng/mL; p=0.003) and level/dose ratio (LDR) (92.74±37.47 vs. 178.62±116.45; p=0.019) in early post-transplant period. In ABCB1 polymorphisms, CT genotypes showed higher SRL levels than CC and TT (8.93±2.22 vs. 7.28±2.47 vs. 7.35±1.15 ng/mL; p=0.038) in the late period; LDR in CC and CT were 171.29±36.24 vs. 335.66±138.71 (p=0.003), despite receiving lower doses (p=0.018). Acute rejection rate was 14% vs. 42% for *3/*3 and 14% (TT), 48% (CT), and 31% (CC). Median patient survival was 45 months, significantly lower than that of *3/*3 patients (69 months). Death-censored graft survival during 5-year follow-up was similar for both CYP3A5 genotypes and significantly lower in TT than CT and CC groups, without survival differences.

Conclusions:

CYP3A5 and ABCB1 polymorphisms influenced SRL levels; preliminary data suggest this may affect patient and graft survival. Genotyping renal transplant patients could help select candidates for SRL (genotype*3/*3 for CYP3A5 and CT for ABCB1), when anti-mTOR immunosuppression is indicated.
On Partial Identification of the Natural Indirect Effect
Authors: Miles Caleb , Kanki Phyllis , Meloni Seema , Tchetgen Tchetgen Eric
Published: February 2017

In causal mediation analysis, nonparametric identification of the natural indirect effect typically relies on, in addition to no unobserved pre-exposure confounding, fundamental assumptions of (i) so-called “cross-world-counterfactuals” independence and (ii) no exposure-induced confounding. When the mediator is binary, bounds for partial identification have been given when neither assumption is made, or alternatively when assuming only (ii). We extend existing bounds to the case of a polytomous mediator, and provide bounds for the case assuming only (i). We apply these bounds to data from the Harvard PEPFAR program in Nigeria, where we evaluate the extent to which the effects of antiretroviral therapy on virological failure are mediated by a patient’s adherence, and show that inference on this effect is somewhat sensitive to model assumptions.
Cystic-fibrosis related-diabetes (CFRD) is preceded by and associated with growth failure and deteriorating lung function
Authors: Terliesner Nicolas , Vogel Mandy , Steighardt Anna , Gausche Ruth , Henn Constance , Hentschel Julia , Kapellen Thomas , Klamt Sabine , Gebhardt Julia , Kiess Wieland , Prenzel Freerk
Published: February 2017

Background:

Impaired glucose metabolism and cystic fibrosis (CF)-related diabetes (CFRD) are associated with insufficient weight gain and impaired lung function in children and adolescents with CF. We have asked whether imminent CFRD may be a cause of poor growth in children and adolescents.

Methods:

A retrospective case control study including 32 patients with CF with or without diabetes was conducted. Sixteen pairs, matched according to age, gender and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, were analysed. Standard deviation scores (SDS) of height, growth, weight, body mass index (BMI), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) and forced expiratory flow at 75% of expired FVC (FEF75) were recorded during a mean observation period of 13 years per patient.

Results:

SDS of height and weight were reduced in CF patients with diabetes compared to those without, not only at the point of diagnosis (both p<0.05) but years before the evidence of diabetes. Afterwards there was a significant decline in height (p<0.001) and weight (p<0.01) SDS in CFRD patients and an increasing difference between the height and weight of CF patients with or without diabetes. In contrast, no significant reduction of BMI-SDS was observed in CFRD patients. All analysed lung function parameters showed a marked decline in CFRD patients starting 1 year prior to the diagnosis of diabetes.

Conclusions:

Deteriorating growth, reduced weight and impaired lung function are related to the development of CFRD and are obvious several years before the actual diagnosis of diabetes.
Retroflexion in South Asia: Typological, genetic, and areal patterns
Authors: Arsenault Paul
Published: February 2017

Retroflexion in South Asia has been the subject of at least two previous typological studies: Ramanujan and Masica (1969. Toward a phonological typology of the Indian linguistic area. In T. A. Sebeok (ed.),Current trends in linguistics, volume 5: Linguistics in South Asia, 543–577. Paris: Mouton) and Tikkanen (1999. Archaeological-linguistic correlations in the formation of retroflex typologies and correlating areal features in South Asia. In Roger Blench & Matthew Spriggs (eds.),Archaeology and language IV: Language change and cultural transformation, 138–148. London & New York: Routledge). Despite their many virtues, these studies are limited by the size of their data samples, their dependence on qualitative data without quantitative analysis, and their use of hand-drawn maps. This paper presents the results of an entirely new survey of retroflexion in South Asia – one that incorporates a larger language sample, quantitative analysis, and computer-generated maps. The study focuses on the genetic and geographic distribution of various retroflex subsystems, including retroflex obstruents, nasals, liquids, approximants and vowels. While it is possible to establish broad statistical correlations between specific types of contrast and individual language families (or sub-families), the study finds that the distribution of most retroflex systems is more geographic in nature than genetic. Thus, while retroflexion is characteristic of South Asia as a whole, each type of retroflex system tends to cut across genetic lines, marking out its own space within the broader linguistic area.
Hierarchical and accusative alignment of Verbal Person Marking in Trans-Himalayan
Authors: DeLancey Scott
Published: February 2017

Verbal Person Marking is a neglected feature of Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan) languages. TH systems are of great typological interest, showing both canonical versions and unusual variations of both hierarchical and accusative alignment. The predominant and ancestral pattern is hierarchical, but we also see innovative accusative patterns. Canonical hierarchical and accusative systems do occur, but a majority of VPM systems of both alignments show variations on the basic patterns. Hierarchical systems sometimes develop means to index both participants in a transitive configuration rather than only the higher. Accusative systems frequently develop secondary O indexation for SAP arguments, and sometimes move further in the direction of hierarchical patterning. Thus Trans-Himalayan offers a wealth of examples of VPM systems, which deserve greater attention from the field of typology.
Evaluation of gamma radiation response of electrolyte, MKP and MKT capacitors in various frequencies
Authors: Malekie Shahryar , Salehpour Behrooz
Published: February 2017

In this experimental work, the effect of gamma irradiation on the capacitance and impedance of some commercial capacitors namely electrolytic, MKP, and MKT capacitors in different radiation doses up to 120 kGy and a wide range of frequencies between 42 Hz and 5 MHz were studied. Results showed that the capacitances of the electrolytic capacitors exhibited a linear decrease by increasing the radiation dose and frequencies, which can be used for high dosimetry purposes, but non-ceramic capacitors as MKP and MKT showed much higher radiation resistance, particularly for the frequencies less than ~1 MHz.
Predictive values of Ischemia modified albumin in neonatal sepsis
Authors: Hekimoğlu Berna , Aslan Yakup , Mutlu Mehmet , Menteşe Ahmet , Karahan Süleyman Caner
Published: February 2017

Objective

This study aims to identify whether ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) can be used as a marker in the diagnosis of sepsis in the term patient population.

Methods

In the study group 30 sepsis patients and 30 healthy neonatal, control group, whose gestational ages were ≥38 weeks were included. Blood samples were taken for IMA levels at baseline and on the 3rd and 10th days of the treatment. The IMA values obtained were compared with those for C-reactive protein (CRP).

Results

The baseline CRP, IMA, and adjusted IMA levels of the patients in the study group were statistically higher compared to the control group (p<0.05). IMA and adjusted IMA values measured in the study group on the 3rd and 10th days decreased gradually and significantly compared to initial levels (p<0.0001). There was a positive correlation between the baseline IMA levels and CRP values among the patients with sepsis (r: 0.371, p<0.05). The diagnostic cut-off value of IMA in term of diagnosis of the neonatal sepsis was found to be 0.644 ABSU (p<0.0001), with a sensitivity of 93.3% and specificity of 66.7%.

Conclusion

We suggest that IMA can be used as a useful biomarker in the early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis.
Episodic Memory Retrieval Benefits from a Less Modular Brain Network Organization
Authors: Westphal Andrew J. , Wang Siliang , Rissman Jesse
Published: February 2017

Most complex cognitive tasks require the coordinated interplay of multiple brain networks, but the act of retrieving an episodic memory may place especially heavy demands for communication between the frontoparietal control network (FPCN) and the default mode network (DMN), two networks that do not strongly interact with one another in many task contexts. We applied graph theoretical analysis to task-related fMRI functional connectivity data from 20 human participants and found that global brain modularity—a measure of network segregation—is markedly reduced during episodic memory retrieval relative to closely matched analogical reasoning and visuospatial perception tasks. Individual differences in modularity were correlated with memory task performance, such that lower modularity levels were associated with a lower false alarm rate. Moreover, the FPCN and DMN showed significantly elevated coupling with each other during the memory task, which correlated with the global reduction in brain modularity. Both networks also strengthened their functional connectivity with the hippocampus during the memory task. Together, these results provide a novel demonstration that reduced modularity is conducive to effective episodic retrieval, which requires close collaboration between goal-directed control processes supported by the FPCN and internally oriented self-referential processing supported by the DMN.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTModularity, an index of the degree to which nodes of a complex system are organized into discrete communities, has emerged as an important construct in the characterization of brain connectivity dynamics. We provide novel evidence that the modularity of the human brain is reduced when individuals engage in episodic memory retrieval, relative to other cognitive tasks, and that this state of lower modularity is associated with improved memory performance. We propose a neural systems mechanism for this finding where the nodes of the frontoparietal control network and default mode network strengthen their interaction with one another during episodic retrieval. Such across-network communication likely facilitates effective access to internally generated representations of past event knowledge.
Thalamic Control of Dorsomedial Striatum Regulates Internal State to Guide Goal-Directed Action Selection
Authors: Bradfield Laura A. , Balleine Bernard W.
Published: February 2017

We (Bradfield et al., 2013) have demonstrated previously that parafascicular thalamic nucleus (PF)-controlled neurons in the posterior dorsomedial striatum (pDMS) are critical for interlacing new and existing action–outcome contingencies to control goal-directed action. Based on these findings, it was suggested that animals with a dysfunctional PF–pDMS pathway might suffer a deficit in creating or retrieving internal contexts or “states” on which such information could become conditional. To assess this hypothesis more directly, rats were given a disconnection treatment using contralateral cytotoxic lesions of the PF and pDMS (Group CONTRA) or ipsilateral control lesions (Group IPSI) and trained to press a right and left lever for sucrose and pellet outcomes, after which these contingencies were reversed. The rats were then given an outcome devaluation test (all experiments) and a test of outcome-specific reinstatement (Experiments 1 and 3). We found that devaluation performance was intact for both groups after training of initial contingencies, but impaired for Group CONTRA after reversal. However, performance was restored by additional reversal training. Furthermore, when tested a second time after reversal training, rats in both groups demonstrated responding in accordance with the original contingencies, providing direct evidence of modulation of action selection by state. Finally, we found that external context could substitute for internal state and so could rescue responding in Group CONTRA, but only in the reinstatement test. Together, these findings suggest that animals use internal state information to guide action selection and that this information is modulated by the PF–pDMS pathway.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIndividuals with Parkinson's disease dementia often suffer a characteristic deficit in “cognitive flexibility.” It has been suggested that neurodegeneration in the pathway between the centromedian/parafascicular thalalmic nucleus (PF) and striatum might underlie such deficits (Smith et al., 2014). In rats, we have similarly observed that a functional disconnection of the PF–posterior dorsomedial striatal pathway produces a specific impairment in the ability to alter goal-directed actions (Bradfield et al., 2013). It was suggested that this impairment could be a result of a deficit in state modulation. Here, we present four experiments that provide evidence for this hypothesis and suggest several ways (e.g., extended practice, providing external cues) in which this state modulation can be rescued.
KEBIASAAN MAKAN BEBERAPA JENIS IKAN PELAGIS DI PERAIRAN TELUK TOMINI
Authors: Suwarso Suwarso , A. Zamrony A. Zamrony , Setiawan Rahmat
Published: February 2017

Studi tentang kebiasaan makan ikan pelagis di Teluk Tomini telah dilakukan berdasarkan pada hasil pengamatan terhadap isi lambung ikan contoh yang tertangkap di sekitar rumpon pada bulan Juli sampai dengan Agustus 2003 dan bulan Agustus 2004 di Teluk Tomini.
Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) as Dna Barcoding to Identify Fungal Species: a Review
Authors: Fajarningsih Nurrahmi Dewi
Published: February 2017

Despite the fact that fungi are important sources of both bioactive compounds and mycotoxins, and that they are very ubiquitous in our environment, their species identification is hampered by incomplete and often unclear literature. Fungi identification is primarily based on their phenotypic and physiological characteristics. Nowadays, many molecular methods to identify fungal species have been developed. One of the methods considered as a new concept to rapidly and accurately identify unknown fungal sample is DNA Barcoding. This literature review will outline the use of DNA barcoding approach to rapidly identify fungal species and the use of ITS region that recently has been designated as primary DNA barcode for fungal kingdom. “DNA barcode” is a short, highly variable and standardized DNA region with approximately 700 nucleotides in length, which is used as a unique pattern to identify living things. Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region of nuclear DNA (rDNA) has become the most sequenced region to identify fungal taxonomy at species level, and even within species. ITS region is a highly polymorphic non-coding region with enough taxonomic units. Therefore, it is able to separate sequences into species level. Even though ribosomal ITS as a universal barcode marker for fungi is still hampered by few limitations, the ITS will remain as the key choice for fungal identification. The search for alternative regions as DNA marker to improve fungal identification, especially in specific heredities, has already started.
Survival Gains from First-Line Systemic Therapy in Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in the U.S., 1990–2015: Progress and Opportunities
Authors: Roth Joshua A. , Goulart Bernardo H. L. , Ravelo Arliene , Kolkey Holli , Ramsey Scott D.
Published: February 2017

Background

Approximately 190,000 Americans are diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) annually, and about half have metastatic (Stage IV) disease. These patients have historically had poor survival prognosis, but several new therapies introduced since 2000 provide options for improved outcomes. The objectives of this study were to quantify survival gains from 1990, when best supportive care (BSC) only was standard, to 2015 and to estimate the impact of expanded use of systemic therapies in clinically appropriate patients.

Materials and Methods

We developed a simulation model to estimate survival gains for patients with metastatic NSCLC from 1990–2015. Survival estimates were derived from major clinical trials and extrapolated to a lifetime horizon. Proportions of patients receiving available therapies were derived from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database and a commercial treatment registry. We also estimated gains in overall survival (OS) in scenarios in which systemic therapy use increased by 10% and 30% relative to current use.

Results

From 1990–2015, one-year survival proportion increased by 14.1% and mean per-patient survival improved by 4.2 months (32,700 population life years). Increasing treated patients by 10% or 30% increased OS by 5.1 months (39,700 population life years) and 6.9 months (53,800 population life years), respectively.

Conclusion

Although survival remains poor in metastatic NSCLC relative to other common cancers, meaningful progress in per-patient and population-level outcomes has been realized over the past 25 years. These advances can be improved even further by increasing use of systemic therapies in the substantial proportion of patients who are suitable for treatment yet who currently receive BSC only.
RNA extraction for plant samples using CTAB-pBIOZOL v1
Authors: Mu Weixue , Wei Jinpu , Yang Ting , Fan Yannan , Cheng Le , Yang Jinlong , Mu Ranchang , Liu Jie , Zhao Jianming , Sun Weibang , Xu Xun , Liu Xin , Drmanac Radoje , Liu Huan
Published: February 2017

RNA extraction of plant tissues (in our case Bauhinia leaves) using a pBIOZOL/CTAB lysis buffer
Unusual presentations of late onset diaphragmatic hernia: a six year study
Authors: Aggarwal Sumeet , Aggarwal Amika , Ded K. S.
Published: February 2017

Background: Late-presenting congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a rare subset of CDH, most of the information is derived from small series or case reports. The aim of this study is to document the varied presentations of late-presenting CDH in a tertiary hospital.Methods: Information about late-presenting CDH (diagnosed at later than 30 days of age) was identified from the data collected by a 5 year reterospective study and 1 year prospective study.Results: Twenty five cases were studied over a period of 6 years with 5 years of reterospective study and 1 year of prospective study. Three cases had a morgagni hernia (2 right-sided, 1 central, 2 males and 1 female). There were 16 males (64%) and 9 females (36%). Major associated anomalies were identified in 6 cases (24%). Cardiac anomalies included ventricular septal defect (n = 4), atrial septal defect (n = 2), gastroesophageal reflux was found in 3 cases, 1 of which required surgery. Presenting symptoms were respiratory in 8 (32%), gastrointestinal in 13 (52%), both in 4 (16%). The hernia was left-sided in 17 (68%), right-sided in 5 (20%), and central 3 (12%). Patients with gastrointestinal symptoms invariably had left-sided hernias (n = 10), whereas patients with respiratory symptoms                 (n = 8) seemed equally likely to have right- or left-sided lesions. A primary repair without patch was done in all cases with 100% survival.Conclusions: Presenting symptoms of late-onset CDH can be respiratory or gastrointestinal, but presentation with gastrointestinal problems was more common in left-sided hernias, whereas respiratory symptoms were seen with equal preponderance in left and right-sided lesions. The prognosis is excellent once the correct diagnosis is made.