bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VI.—Note on a large Boulder at Wimpole Hall, Cambs
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

About five-and-twenty years ago a large boulder, lying in the garden of Wimpole Hall, near Koyston, was pointed out to the Rev. Osmond Fisher by the Lady Hardwicke of that period, and s-he informed him that it had been brought from near Old North Eoad Station when the hill there was lowered. As its dimensions and nature had not been determined, Mr. Fisher invited me to accompany him to Wimpole on April 22nd in order to examine it, having previously obtained permission from the present owner of the property, Lord Eobartes. After a brief search the boulder was discovered lying about 30 yards north-west of the conservatory and almost concealed under a dense growth of ivy. It measures approximately 8 ft. 10 in.inlength, 4 tt.inheight, and lft. 8 in.inbreadth, and consists of a greenish-grey tough sandstone. Mr. Fisher determined its S.G. to be 191 and its weight to amount to 3 tons 2cwt. Lithologically the rock is precisely similar to portions of the Spilsby Sandstone of Lincolnshire, and a specimen in the Woodwardian Museum from near Claxby is indistinguishable from it. By good luck a small Ammonite occurred in a fragment chipped off by the Kev. E. Conybeare, who met us at Wimpole; and Mr. G. C. Crick, of the British Museum, who has kindly examined it for us, writes that it ia “ not referable to any species which has hitherto been recorded from Great Britain, “but that it” is closely related to Olcosteyhanus (Craspedites) subdilus (Trautschold), which has been recorded from the Spilsby Sandstone of Lincolnshire (Pavlow and Lam pi ugh, ‘Argiles de Speetpn,’ etc., p. 116, pi. xiii (vi), figs. 5a, b, c).“
I.—On Desmidopora Alveolaris, Nich., A New Genus and Species of Silurian Corals
Authors: Nicholson H. Alleyne
Published: May 2009

Gen. Char.—Corallum composite, with an epithecate base, the corallites subpolygonal, and indissolubly united by the coalescence of their walls. The corallites are sometimes circumscribed, but they are for the most part more or less extensively connected by deficiency of their walls in particular directions, so as to give rise to sinuous rows of serially-united tubes. The calices, like the corallites, may be circumscribed, but are mostly in the form of vermiculate grooves sorresponding with the serially confluent corallites. The calices ire not oblique, nor are the corallites reclined. Mural pores are numerous and well developed. Septa and septal spines are wholly wanting. The tabulaæ are numerous, being simple and complete in the circumscribed corallites, but becoming vesicular in the rows of serially confluent corallites. New corallites are produced by fission.
VI.—On the Sequence and Systematic Position of the Cambrian Rocks of Nuneaton
Authors: Lapworth C.
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine for December, 1882, I published a brief note upon the “Discovery of Cambrian Rocks in the Neighbourhood of Birmingham,” in which evidences were adduced demonstrative of the fact that the oldest sedimentary strata of the Lickey Hills, and of the neighbourhood of the town of Nuneaton, previously referred to the Llandovery and Carboniferous respectively, are, in reality, of Cambrian age. Since that date these Cambrian areas have been in part mapped by the members of the Field Geology Class of the Mason College, and many confirmatory and interesting points of detail have been detected by myself and others. Some of these will be found incorporated in Mr. Jerome Harrison's valuable paper on the “Pre-Carboniferous Floor of the Midlands,” published in the Midland Naturalist for 1885. My friend Mr. T. H. Waller, B.Sc, kindly undertook the microscopical examination of the igDeous rooks associated with these Cambrian strata, but the results of his observations are as yet unpublished.
V.—Notes on the Ash-Slates and other Rooks of the Lake District
Authors: Hutchings W. Maynard
Published: May 2009

Taking the other and coarser constituents of such slates as are X not wholly made up of the fine “base,”—the constituents which may be spoken of as “porphyritic,”—the lapilli vary very greatly in number and distinctness. In a large part of the roofing-slates they are either no longer discernible at all or are so exceedingly faded and blurred as to be just barely recognizable, often as patches altered to chlorite, or chlorite and calcite, in which the felspar-laths of the original andesitic ground-mass may still be seen comparatively little altered. In cases where there is reason to suppose that the lapilli were largely of more basic nature, this almost complete alteration of them is observed, as might naturally be expected.
II.—Notes on the Coniston Limestone Series
Authors: Goodchild J. G.
Published: May 2009

Mr. Marr's valuable communication on the Coniston Limestone Series, which appeared in the March Number of this Magazine, is sure to be welcomed as an excellent summary of the geology of this interesting group of rocks. It contains a digest of most of the published work relating to the Coniston Limestone Series, and also many new facts and arguments drawn from Mr. Marr's own observations in the field.
VII.—Recent Observations on the Geology of the Lizard District, Cornwall
Authors: Somervall Alexander
Published: May 2009

During a stay of nearly six weeks, made last July and August, at the Lizard, Cornwall, I had ample opportunity of correcting former, and making some fresh observations.

With regard to the first of these, and to some of the strictures recently passed on them, I found that I had little or nothing to regret as to what I had already written on the subject, with the exception of the “felsitic-like-rock” at Housel Cove, which I should now rather regard as a mass segregated, or separated out of the common magma, common magma, than as an altered portion of the hornblende-schist as I then described it—my object at the time being to show that it was not a dyke; a view I am still convinced of. I now pass on to recent observations.
II.—Geological Sketch of a Visit to Ireland in August, 1876
Authors: Roemer Ferdinand
Published: May 2009

I have been this autumn in the Land of the Giant's Causeway and of the Giant Stag. For a long time it had been my earnest desire to become acquainted with “The Green Isle.” In my colleague, Professor von Lasaulx, I found a wished-for companion on my journey. It is easy to get to Ireland. In a single night's journey one is whirled from London to Dublin viá Holyhead. In Dublin the best directions for a geologist are to be had at the Geological Survey Office for Ireland. which forms a department of the Government Geological Survey of Great Britain. Prof. Hull, the Director of the establishment, and Mr. Hellier Baily, the Palæontologist attached to it, afforded me, with the greatest kindness, every necessary assistance.
VI.—The Fossil Fish Localities of the Lebanon
Authors: Lewis E. R.
Published: May 2009

If an apology were needed for writing a few words upon the subject of the fossil fish of the Lebanon, mine would be this, that I have resided so near the well-known localities as to be able to visit them often and collect more and better specimens than have ever been found there before. Many and celebrated geologists and palæontologists have written upon the subject of the fossil fish found here, and yet the localities have been visited by few of those who have written best. The distinguished palæontologist F. J. Pictet published a volume in 1850, and another, together with M. Alois Humbert, in 1866, in which are found interesting histories of the localities Hâkel and Sahel Alma, and most excellent and accurate descriptions and figures of the fossil fish found there up to the last date mentioned.
I.—Notes on the Geology of the Isle of Man
Authors: Ward J. Clifton
Published: May 2009

The following notes have been made during a few weeks' holiday in the Isle of Man, and my special object is to notice those points which have a bearing upon the geology and physical history of the neighbouring Cumberland mountains. For many years I have, from time to time, looked across to the hills of Mona's Isle, regarding them as a portion of the Cumbrian group standing aloof from their brethren, and often have I wished to carry my hammer amongst them. My wish has at last been fulfilled, but the bad weather of the coldest of summers has prevented the observations made being as full as I had intended. Such as they are I offer them.
II.—The Glacial Deposits of Cromer
Authors: Reid Clement
Published: May 2009

Taking into account the large number of papers that have been published on the Glacial Deposits near Cromer, any further description may appear unnecessary; and it was with this impression that I commenced the systematic examination of the coast three years ago. Before long, however, I found that in many important points the actual facts do not support the accepted theories of the origin of the deposits; and having now made a thorough examination, I lay the results before the reader.
I.—Notice of the Occurrence of Upper Devonian Goniatite Limestone in Devonshire
Authors: Roemer Ferdinand
Published: May 2009

On a visit to Devonshire, in August, 1879, I was conducted, by my friend, Mr. John Edward Lee, F.G.S., of Torquay, to a recently discovered locality at Lower Dunscombe, near Chudleigh, in which large Goniatites occur in considerable numbers in a bed of red limestone. On the slope of a chain of hills, not far from one of the farm-houses belonging to Lord Clifford, there is a ruined quarry, in which a vertical face of limestone is exposed.
II.—The Subdivisions of the Chalk
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J.
Published: May 2009

The earliest attempt to describe the component beds of the English Chalk was made by W. Phillips in 1819: this is his well-known account of the cliffs between Dover and Folkestone, which is reproduced in Conybeare and Phillips' Geology (1822). He recognizes four divisions as follows:—
IV.—On the Pre-Cambrian Rocks of West and Central Ross-shire
Authors: Hicks Henry
Published: May 2009

In these mountains to the north of the road leading from Glen Docherty to Auchnasheen, the gneiss rocks and mica schists of which they are mainly composed dip at a high angle, and have a strike averaging somewhere about N.W. to S.E.—in some places being nearly due N. and S., in others only a little N. of W. This strike, which is the normal one for the Pre-Cambrian rocks, and very unusual in the newer deposits, occurring here throughout so great a thickness of strata and over a wide area, when we take into consideration the fact also that the rocks themselves present the strongest resemblance possible to many of those found amongst the Pre-Cambrian rocks in the Western areas, furnishes very strong proof that we have here a re-appearance of the old Pre-Cambrian floor.
VI.—Upper Devonian in Devonshire
Authors: Champernowne A.
Published: May 2009

Having read Mr. Reid's letter on the above subject in the GeologicalMagazine for June, referring to the Chudleigh district, I beg to offer you a few lines of my own, in hopes of clearing up some confusion that may exist on the subject.
VIII.—High-Level Terraces in Norway
Authors: Dakyns J. R.
Published: May 2009

In the summer of 1872 I visited Norway, and wrote the following brief notice of certain high-level terraces immediately on my return to England, but kept it back that I might first consult some papers on Norwegian terraces that had appeared in the closing numbers of “Scientific Opinion”; these I was not able to meet with for so long a time that I gave up the idea of sending my notice to the press. I am now induced to do so, because I see that the subject of the parallel roads of Glenroy still occupies the attention of geologists, and it may induce some one next summer to examine minutely the Dovre terraces and sand-heaps and their relation to the physical geography of the district. I was merely able to make a flying visit to them, which I delayed my party to do, because they caught my eye so forcibly, as we were driving along the valley.
II.—Supplementary Note on the Foraminifera of the Chalk (?) of the New Britain Group
Authors: Brady Henry B.
Published: May 2009

Since writing the letter quoted in the foregoing communication by my friend Prof. Liversidge, I have had the opportunity of examining a larger fragment of the calcareous rock to which it refers, and am thereby enabled to add somewhat, not merely to the list of Foraminifera which it contains, but also to the general conclusions to be drawn from it. The lithological characters of the rock are, as Prof. Liversidge has stated, precisely those of many specimens of white chalk, but it is seldom that a Cretaceous mineral is so entirely composed of the recognizable remains of microzoa, and it is still more rarely that a geological deposit occurs, for which so exact a counterpart in process of formation can be indicated. Under these circumstances some further remarks on the subject may not be without interest.
III.—The Mammoth in Siberia
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

In a previous paper we have considered some of the legends which are current among the Nomades of Siberia about the Mammoth, and which were the outcome of the curious fact that whole carcases of the animal have been discovered intact and with their soft parts and external shape preserved. This fact has not only been fruitful in romance among the inhabitants of the Tundras, and among those who are attracted by strange and unusual occurrences among more civilized people, but is in itself the key to a great deal of difficulty in understanding the later changes that have occurred in the northern hemisphere.
I.—Oscillations of Level along our South Coast since the Human Period
Authors: Gardner J. Starkie
Published: May 2009

In the latest number of the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society there is a description by Mr. D. Pigeon, F.G.S., of recent discoveries in the submerged Forest of Torbay. The paper is highly interesting, and records many facts, valuable alike to the geologist and archæologist. But the inferences he draws from them in opposition to Mr. Pengelly, though not altogether unchallenged in the discussion of his paper, were not contradicted as emphatically as they might have been. As I take interest in, and have observed signs of upheaval and depression along our coast-line, and believe that scarcely any part of the coast is at rest, I beg leave to protest against this latest of several attempts to show, that remains of forests, now beneath the sea-level, originally grew at the levels they now occupy. We know that it is possible that forests might grow at a lower level than the sea until a protecting dam gave way and they became overwhelmed; but I would ask whether there is any example of such growing anywhere round the coasts of Great Britain to-day, and whether there is anything to lead to the belief that there were, at the epochs of these submerged forests, any physical conditions that rendered it more probable that forests might have grown below high-water mark along the coasts, then than now. To admit that there were, would admit a change of some kind, presumably of level, which is what I maintain. My own idea is that the physiography, of the south coast at least, is entirely opposed to the growth of forests behind dykes below the sea-level, and that the only probable explanation of their present position is a subsidence of the area on which they grew. This seems so self-evident that I should hardly have thought any other view could have been supported. The conclusion I take most particular exception to is this: “That a coast which has remained stationary for the last 2000 years should have made such active use of the preceding twelve or twenty centuries for the purposes of oscillation, is rather hard of belief.” In the first place there is no sort of evidence that the coast was stationary for 2000 years, and in the second, were it so, it would not present any reason to my mind why evidence of the occurrence of oscillations in the 2000 years preceding should be rejected.
I.—The Inland Seas and Salt-Lakes of the Glacial Period
Authors: Jamieson T. F.
Published: May 2009

In certain parts of the world, where the climate is very dry, we find examples of large salt lakes out of which no water ever flows towards the ocean. These lakes are fed by the rains and streams of the surrounding regions, but the evaporation from the surface is so great that it dries up the water as fast as it comes in, so that the lake remains stationary—the influx of water and the amount evaporated just balancing one another.
I.—On the Land Mollusca of the Eocenes
Authors: Gardner J. Starkie
Published: May 2009

The distribution of land mollusca still remains one of the most perplexing of the problems to be solved by the geologist. Sir Charles Lyell seems to have been especially strack with their capricious distribution, particularly in Madeira. The facts are still substantially as stated in the tenth edition of his “Principles of Geology,” for Mr. Leacock, in showing me the results of many years collecting in Madeira, observed that his researches had not modified them in any important particulars. Nearly all the species are peculiar to the Madeira Archipelago, and the remarkable fact about their distribution is that, though there are 56 species in Madeira proper, and 42 in Porto Santo, only 12 are common to both islands, though in sight of each other. Still more unaccountable it seems, that of 19 species found on the Dezertas, three barren rocks which appear but little detached from the main island, only 12 are common to Madeira, and even each of these islets has species and varieties peculiar to itself. But two species of land-shells are in fact common to Madeira, the Dezertas and Porto Santo. Sir Charles Lyell infers the great antiquity of the Archipelago from this, contrasting it with the far more extensive group of the British Isles, numbering 200 islands, not one of which have yet developed peculiar species. The fact that such narrow seas have sufficed to keep the land-mollusca distinct conclusively proves, in his opinion, that they have no ready means of dispersal, and that their passage across even the narrowest sea must be of such extraordinary rarity that the possibility need hardly be taken into account. The presence of the same species throughout the whole of the British Islands is thus the strongest argument in favour of their having been joined together and to Europe at a very recent date.
IV.—Two more English Carboniferous Insects
Authors: Scudder Samuel H
Published: May 2009

By the kind intervention of Sir William Dawson, the Rev. H. H. Higgins has sent me two new Carboniferous Insects of sufficient interest to bring to the attention of English palæontologists. They are both preserved in the Liverpool Museum, one having been presented to it by Major Chambers as long ago as January, 1858; while the other was mentioned by Mr. Higgins in his presidential address to the Liverpool Naturalists' Field Club in 1871, figured on the plate of the Ravenhead fossils in the Liverpool Museum (fig. 15) which accompanies it. Both the wings are gigantic.
II.—On Some Palæozoic Phyllopod-Shields, and on Nebalia and its Allies
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

In a paper lately published in the “Neues Jahrbuch” (Band i. 1884), Herr W. Dames, of Berlin, has made some observations “On the Phyllopod-nature of Spathiocaris, Aptychopsis, and similar bodies,” met with in strata of Silurian, Devonian and Carboniferous ages in Europe and North America, and described by Barrande, Salter, M'Coy, Meek, Hall, Clarke, Jones, myself, and others.
I.—On Recent and Fossil Pleurotomariæ
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

The progress of modern discovery, both in Palæontology and Zoology, has been steadily tending to bridge over the gap which seemed at one time to separate the past from the present life-history of our globe, and has brought each more closely into relationship with the other than seemed possible fifty years ago.
V.—Palæontology in Germany and Austria
Authors: Gaudry Albert
Published: May 2009

[Note by the Translator.—M. Albert Gaudry, the well-known Professor of Palæontology at the Museum of Natural History of Paris, following up a report which he published last year of a visit to the British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, has recently written an article in the "Revue Scientifique" on a series of visits just paid to the Museums of Germany and elsewhere.

This article is valuable, not only for the statement of the existence of a great scientific movement on the Continent, but for the summarised sketch it gives of the most interesting geological and palæontological collections in the principal museums of Europe, a knowledge of which is often desiderated by the student when travelling abroad.—Mark Stirrup.]
II.—Some Examples of Folds and Faults in the Devonian Rocks at and near Ilfracombe, North Devon
Authors: Hicks Henry
Published: May 2009

In a paper read by me before the Geological Society of London on November 26th, 1890, I mentioned that I had obtained evidence during a recent visit to North Devon which had led me to believe that far too little importance had hitherto been assigned to the results of movements in the earth's crust as affecting the succession of the rocks in that area. I mentioned also that the supposed continuous upward succession from the rocks on the shore of the Bristol Channel to those in the neighbourhood of Barnstaple, including, according to some authors, no less than ten distinct groups, was an erroneous interpretation; for the beds are greatly plicated and faulted and several times repeated. Therefore instead of being one continuous series with a regular dip to the south, the beds are much folded in several broken troughs.inthis paper I purpose giving some examples of the folds and faults near Ilfracombe which will enable those who visit that neighbourhood to verify the statements which I have made in regard to some of the rocks in that area.
IV.—A new Cirripede from the Cenomanian Chalk Marl of Cambridge
Authors: Withers Thomas H.
Published: May 2009

Of the Cirripedes obtained by the late Mr. F. Mockler from the Chalk Marl of Cambridge, two species, Zeugmatolepas mockleri. Withers, and Calantica (Titanolepas) tuberculata, Darwin, sp., have already been described and restorations given. The remaining material consists entirely of disconnected valves, and among these are (1) a number of valves referable to Pollicipes glaber, F. A. Roemer; (2) a few valves of P. rigidus, J. de C. Sowerby, together with some valves of a new species which is probably related to P. rigidus; (3) an important series of valves belonging to several species of Scalpellum allied to S. arcuatum, Darwin, and S. fossula, Darwin; and (4) some valves that do not belong to any of the species already mentioned, and which it will be convenient to describe here.
II.—Notes on Carboniferous Mollusca
Authors: Etheridge R.
Published: May 2009

Specific Chars.—Polyzoarium composed of small cylindrical stems occupied by oval to hexagonal cells arranged usually in quincunx; or in oblique ascending lines; periphery of the cells erect, sharp, and granular; granules minute, numerous, and closely arranged. Here and there the angles between the cells are occupied by a small supplementary pore or pores, which are occasionally increased in number, and extend vertically between two contiguous cells, or uniting, give rise to an elongated narrow groove-like slit. Section circular.
II.—Some Notes on Glaciers
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

As missiles are falling thick like hail upon Mr. Judd since his challenge to the Glacialists, I take the opportunity of putting together a few notes, made during an Alpine journey last summer, which would have been published sooner, had more time been at my disposal. The lower parts of the Gorner, Arolla, Des Bossons, Des Bois, and Argentière Glaciers were carefully studied, but others received passing attention.
I.—Contributions to the Study of Volcanos.—Second Series
Authors: Judd John W.
Published: May 2009

The study of the great mountain ranges of America by Rogers, Hall, Dana, Le Conte, Hunt, and other geologists, has now thrown much new light on the earth-movements which precede and accompany the formation of mountain chains. As the result of these researches, it appears certain that the preliminary stage in the formation of every mountain system has consisted in a long-continued depression of the area which is afterwards to become its site; and, in consequence of this prolonged subsidence, the accumulation of an enormous thickness of stratified rocks, within the great trough so formed, has taken place. Of this character, as is now well known, have been the earlier manifestations of the subterranean forces that were concerned in the formation of the Appalachians, Green Mountains, and other American ranges; the districts in which they are situated were subjected to long-continued depression, which permitted of an abnormal development of all the members of the sedimentary deposits formed during this initiatory period; and it was by the folding, metamorphism and crushing together of this abnormally thickened portion of the earth's crust that the indurated and elevated masses have been formed which denudation has sculptured into the existing mountain chains.
VII.—Oscillations in the Sea-level. (Part II.)
Authors: Pearson H. W.
Published: May 2009

In the “Gallery of Nature,” Milner, p. 388, it is stated that Brighton (then a mere village) in the time of Elizabeth (1558–1603) “stood upon a site where the sea now rolls, and where the chain pier stands.” We might infer from this statement that at Brighton the sea, since the date mentioned, had been elevated over the land. We cannot draw this conclusion, however, with certainty, for the reasons following:—

During the last century the eastern coast of England has been constantly eaten into by the sea; churches, farms, and towers have been repeatedly devoured by the waves. In this district, however, we know that these results have not been caused by a rise in surface-level of the waters; we know that erosion by waves and currents has been the sole cause for these changes. It is absurd, therefore, to assume that Brighton during the last few centuries has alone suffered submergence, while all Britain has elsewhere undergone continual upheaval. Erosion, then, is the more probable explanation of this item, and it should not be held as evidence conflicting with our curve.
I.—On the Tripartite Classification of the Lower Palæozoic Rocks
Authors: Lapworth Charles
Published: May 2009

BY those accustomed to the hopeless confusion of the Greywacké of the earlier geologists, the publication of Murchison's grand work on the “Silurian System” was hailed with feelings of the most profound relief and satisfaction. His clear and brilliant presentation of the physical and palæontological proofs of an orderly sequence among the Palæozoic Rocks below the Old Red Sandstone, as originally set forth in all their force and harmony in his magnificent volumes, naturally astonished and dazzled the majority of his scientific contemporaries, and secured for his nomenclature of these ancient deposits an almost universal acceptance. His subsequent abuse of this advantage to strengthen and consolidate his own system at the expense of that of his equally - illustrious co-worker—the less fortunate but more cautious Sedgwick —was a gallant but unscrupulous defence of this original nomenclature, which by that time he must have felt himself almost powerless to disturb. His later extension downward of the limits of his system, till it embraced all the rocks between the supposed Azoics and the Old Red Sandstone—though, in a measure, forced upon him from without—ought perhaps to be regarded in part as a very natural return to the ideas of his early teachers, who had always held the practical unitly of the rocks of the Transitionalperiod. In this wey, however, Murchison unwittingly destroyed many of the most beneficial results of his won labours; in a sense, spending his old age in the attempted re-erection of the very edifice it hed been the pride of his manhood to destroy—the early years of his scientific career being devoted to the worthy task of proving the marvellous variety of the Lower Palæozoics; his later years to demonstrating their integrity, unity, and indivisibility.
III.—Historical Geology of Cornwall
Authors: Ussher W. A. E.
Published: May 2009

To ascertain the most recent movement to which a country has been subjected, and by careful comparison with the past to discover what insensible changes are now progressing, is of the utmost importance in approaching its Quaternary History.
IV.—Notes on the Bivalves contained in the Gilbertson Collection, British Museum, and Figured in Phillips's “Geology of Yorkshire.”
Authors: Etheridge R.
Published: May 2009

BY far the larger proportion of the Carboniferous fossils described and figured by the late Professor John Phillips, F.R.S., in the second volume of his “Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire,” and published in 1836, are contained in the collection of the late Mr. Gilbertson, of Clitheroe, now deposited in the Geological Department of the British Museum. The early date of publication of this work renders the collection described in it one of the most important, next to those of Sowerby, Ure, Martin, and one or two others, to students not only of British, but equally so of Continental Carboniferous Palæontology. Unfortunately the descriptions of Prof. Phillips are so abbreviated and unsatisfactory, and the figures in many instances so mearge, that it is with great difficulty anything like an accurate determination of a species can be made by the aid of them. Under these circumstances the following notes made directly from the type specimens will probably be found of use; it would, however, be far more satisfactory to have the specimens refigured. For convenience sake I shall commence with those composing plate vi., and then take the others composing plate v.
IV.—On Professor Dana's Classification of Rocks
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

The two important papers by this accomplished veteran of science, which have appeared in the American Journal of Science (vol. xvi. November and December, 1878) [noticed in this present number of the Geological Magazine pp. 222–225], though, as might be expected, of the highest value, are in one or two respects, as it seems to me, open to question. Professor Dana approaches the subject as a chemical mineralogist: I venture to criticize as a field who checks his conclusions by using the microscope.
VII.—The Fossiliferous Clay Beds overlying Basalt, Lough Neagh, and the Geological Age of that Lake
Authors: Hardman Edward T.
Published: May 2009

I regret that I have not had an earlier opportunity of replying to a paper in the GeologicalMagazine for February, p. 62, by Mr. William Swanston, F.G.S., on the above subject. I shall now try to compress my remarks into the smallest possible space.
II.—On a New Genus of Favosite Coral from the Niagara Formation (U. Silurian), Manitoulin Island, Lake Huron
Authors: Hinde G. Jennings
Published: May 2009

Certain zones of the massive grey dolomite belonging to the Niagara Formation in North America are so largely composed of fossil corals as to indicate similar conditions of formation to that of the coral reefs of the present age. Perhaps no better examples of these Palæozoic coral reefs could be found than those which are exposed in many tracts of the surface of the Great Manitoulin Island, which are literally covered with complete and fragmentary corals in a silicified condition, which have been weathered out of the matrix of hard dolomite in which they had been imbedded. The great majority of these corals belong to the well-known genera Favosites, Halysites, Heliolites, Alveolites, Cænites, Syringopora, Strombodes, Cyathophyllum, Zaphrentisand Omphyma, and many of the species are also common to the Silurian rocks of Europe. A recent search in the dèbris of one of these ancient reefs has brought to light a coral which appears to belong to a new genus, with the following characters.
V.—Pleistocene Geology of Cornwall
Authors: Ussher W. A. E.
Published: May 2009

Proceeding round the coast from Plymouth.

1. Par. A low range of sand dunes separates the alluvial tracts from the Par sands.
II.—Suggestions as to Geological Time
Authors: Ward J. Clifton
Published: May 2009

But a few years since geologists were in the habit of drawing largely from the Bank of time, and the more they drew the greater was the supply they seemed to want, till at last the thought seemed to come quite natural to them that the supply indeed was inexhaustible. Quite lately, however, these time-speculators have had it suggested to them that there is a limit to the supply, and that the countless ages on which they have depended seem to be very probably but some one hundred millions of years, and untold ages to be reckoned by telling numerals.
III.—Note on the Passage of the Red Chalk of Speeton into an Underlying Clay-bed
Authors: Meÿer C. J. A.
Published: May 2009

The accompanying section represents the passage of the Red Chalk, of Speeton, into an underlying bed of dark slaty clay.It exhibits a small section, which was visible in the cliff on the South of Speeton Beck, in September last.
IV.—Contributions to the Study of Volcanos
Authors: Judd J. W.
Published: May 2009

In the months of May, June, and October, 1855, and again in July, 1856, Stromboli was visited by M. C. Ste.-Claire Deville. He fully confirms the great variations in the intensity of the explosions of the volcano.
V.—A Chapter in the History of Meteorites
Authors: Flight Walter
Published: May 2009

A brilliant meteor was observed by Serpieri at the Observatory of Urbino, which left a persistent streak. It was attended by an explosion.
III.—A Chapter in the History of Meteorites
Authors: Flight Walter
Published: May 2009

The meteor took a direction S. 45° E., and exploded with a loud noise at an altitude of about 20 miles, the cloud remaining several minutes. The inclination to the horizon was probably not less than 30° or more than 60°. The fragments of the meteorite, which have not yet been found, probably fell 20 or 30 miles N.W. of Lebanon.
IV.—On the Occurrence of Boring Mollusca in the Oolitic Rocks
Authors: Morris J.
Published: May 2009

The occurrence of perforations due to Lithophagous mollusca has been frequently observed in the Oolitic rocks, viz. in the Inferior and Great Oolite, Cornbrash, Coral-rag, and Portland beds. During a recent visit, with some of the students of the Agricultural College, Cirencester, to a quarry near there, further evidence of a similar fact was obtained. The quarry is situated near the canal on the farm land of Mr. Sargeant, and has been long worked for road stone and building stone, and, according to the Geological Survey, belongs to the Forest Marble division of the Great Oolite series, and exhibits the structure known as “false-bedding or oblique lamination,” and occasionally the flagstones in this and other neighbouring quarries show ripple-marks and tracks of marine animals.
V.—The Lead-Bearing Districts of the North of England
Authors: Morris
Published: May 2009

The district to which attention is directed is situated in the centre and the most elevated part of Great Britain, which is thickly inhabited by an industrial population, many of whom are occupied in the working of Lead-mines. The Agent's house of the Beaumont Mines is at an elevation of 1400 feet above the sea, Kilhope Law rises 2206, while Crossfell (capped by Millstone Grit) attains a height of 2901 feet; Dufton Pike 1575 feet, and the Cheviots 2676 feet, the three counties of Northumberland, Cumberland, and Durham meeting at Rampgill Head; Durham, Yorkshire, and Westmoreland at Cauldron Snout. This elevated district, bounded on the east by the Tyne and Wear Coal-field, and on the west by the Whitehaven field, chiefly consists of the Carboniferous rocks, and presents varied physical features. The Penine chain, of which Crossfell is a part, extends from the borders of Scotland to Derbyshire, and from its westerly trend it forms the watershed, whence on the east side fall the waters of the Tyne, Wear, and the Tees. The country presents a varied aspect; to the east are broad low plains, succeeded by rolling hills and dreary elevated moors, followed by a more hilly and more rugged district, rising gradually on the east side of the Penine chain, and descending more steeply on the western side. These, together with the character of the rocks, influence the vegetation of the country, as shown by the “basset” of the Great Limestone, which forms almost the boundary of cultivated land and human habitations. Above it (as Mr. Sopwith observes) are more or less brown and dreary moors, and below it the hill-sides present a green surface and flowery meadows. The counties of Northumberland and Durham occupy about 2905 square miles, three quarters of which belong to the Carboniferous strata.
I.—Notes on the Volcanic Eruptions in Iceland
Authors: Scrope G. Poulett
Published: May 2009

Iceland—that land of Frost and Fire, an island which, though as X large as Ireland, is, apparently, but a crust of hardened lava over a seething cauldron of the same substance, bearing on its frozen surface eternal snows and glaciers—has been this year in extraordinary commotion, socially and politically, as well as physically. It has celebrated the millenary of its colonization, and for the first time in this long period received a visit from its sovereign; while it has been so devastated of late by frequent fiery eruptions, the ashes from which destroy its pasturage—the only resource of the islanders—as to have driven them, it is said, to the desperate resolve to emigrate en masse, and leave their native land for a safer, at least, if not a more genial residence, in the far North-West of the American Continent.
I.—On “Tasmanite” and Australian “White Coal”
Authors: Newton E. T.
Published: May 2009

The two substances known as “Tasmanite” and Australian “White Coal,” which are the subject of the present communication, have a special interest for the geologist on account of the light which they throw upon the microscopio structure and composition of many Coals. My attention was first directed to them when collecting materials for Professor Huxley’s examination into the microscopic structure of Coal. My esteemed colleague, Mr. Etheridge, at that time gave me a specimen of brown laminated substance, labelled “Lignite, the so-called White Coal, Australia,” and drew my attention to the fact that it was very largely composed of small seed-like bodies, very similar to, although smaller than, the macrospores of Flemingites, which are to be seen in many kinds of British Coal. A specimen of this same kind of White Coal is in the Museum of Practical Geology, and is labelled, “ Bituminous Shale (locally called White Coal), New South Wales, Australia.” I have likewise been able to examine the specimen of Tasmanite also in this Museum, which is labelled “ Tasmanite; combustible matter from the river Mersey on the north side of Tasmania; stratum of unknown thickness, but known to extend for some miles. Presented by Sir Won. Denison.” These specimens are very similar in appearance and structure, but the White Coal is softer than the Tasmanite. Chemical analyses of Tasmanite have been published, but I am not aware of any satisfactory account of ’its microscopic structure. The only mention of Australian White Coal with which I am acquainted is that in Prof. Huxley’s lecture on “On the Formation of Coal” (“Contemporary Keview,” Nov. 1870). And there is a figure, of a section and some separated spores, given by Sir C Lyell in the 2nd edition of his Student’s Elements of Geology, 1874.
II.—On the Cretaceous Aporrhaïdæ
Authors: Gardner J. Starkie
Published: May 2009

When I commenced these notes at the beginning of this year, I expressed a regret that “I cannot include the Aptien and Neocomian species, but the collections at present open to me are too meagre to give anything like a complete account of them.
VI.—Nomenclature of the Drift
Authors: Kinahan G. H.
Published: May 2009

In the short notice on the Drift (Geol.Mag. July, 1875, p. 328) I did not mean specially to condemn Mr. Birds; the paper being intended as a general protest against the loose nomenclature used by former writers and adopted by those of the present day.
I.—The Cause Of The Glacial Period, With Reference To The British Isles
Authors: Ricketts Charles
Published: May 2009

It is a fact universally accepted that, within a period comparatively recent, extensive districts in North America and in Europe, now fruitful and luxuriant, were covered with a thick mantle of snow and ice; and their valleys were filled with glaciers, which extended into the sea, and, breaking off at their extremities, floated away as icebergs.
II.—Did the Cold of the Glacial Epoch extend over the Southern Hemisphere?
Authors: Hutton F. W.
Published: May 2009

So many geologists appear to take it for granted that the cold of the Glacial Epoch extended over the whole earth that a few words of caution from the Southern Hemisphere may not perhaps be out of place.
IV.—Wind Denudation.—Eolites
Authors: Reade T. Mellard
Published: May 2009

I am not aware that any geological notice has been taken of the effect of the wind on a flat sandy shore, further than the simple removal of the sand therefrom, and its collection on the sea-margin in the shape of sand dunes.

At the present moment a walk on the shore at Blundellsands has vividly impressed me with the efficacy of this agent—wind—as a denuder.

Though I have frequently observed the phenomenon I am about to describe, after continued gales from the North-West, I never saw it displayed in so uniform a manner as now.
II.—On the Anomalous Mode of Growth of Certain Fossil Oysters
Authors: Judd John W.
Published: May 2009

In that rich storehouse of fossils, the Cornbrash, there occur, as all geologists who have been in the habit of collecting from it are aware, several species of the genus Ostrea, two of which are large and conspicuous shells. One of these is the everywhere abundant and very characteristic plicated form known, as O. Marshii, Sow. (O. flabelliformis, Lamk.?); the other, which is far less common, but by no means rare, is flat and smooth, and sometimes considerably elongated in form. This latter species does not appear to have received a name in this country, but it may not improbably be identical with the O. exarata of Goldfuss (Petrifacta Germaniæ, Theil ii. z. 5, tab. 72, fig. 9), a shell first obtained from the Unteroolith of Gräfinberg.
IV.—On the Co-relation of the Carboniferous Deposits of Cornbrook, Brown Clee, Harcott, and Coalbrook-dale
Authors: Jones Daniel
Published: May 2009

It has not hitherto been clearly made out in what way these Carboniferous patches are related to each other. Some have considered it doubtful whether the three former are in any way represented in the Coalbrook-dale Field. The prevailing impression is, I believe, that the Clee Hill Fields are quite distinct in point of age from any of the Coal tracts surrounding them, and were formed in a depression sufficiently low to receive the Millstone Grit which we find to be wanting in the extensive Coal-fields to the East and North-east, except, let me observe, along the Western margin of the Coalbrook-dale district, where it is not well developed, but still represented. Eastward of that margin, however, it thins out rapidly, and gives way to the Silurian flooring of that Coal-field.
III. On Preglacial (?) Drift in Queen's County, Ireland
Authors: Kinahan G. Henry
Published: May 2009

‘The Coal-measure hills that form the outer margin of the Castlecomer table-land are generally covered with local drift; but the drift on nearly all the other Coal-measure hills is largely composed of limestone, even on the top of hills 700 feet high. What is most remarkable, however, is that in some places there are valleys and plains not more than 400 feet above the sea without a particle of limestone-drift on them, while hills in their vicinity are covered with it’.

In sinking the various pits in the Queen's County Collieries, a Stratified Drift was found under some of this Boulder-clay. When the place was visited, none of these sections could be examined; but fortunately a record of each was kept in the ‘bore-books’ that are in the possession of the different agents and proprietors.
VI.—Alphabetical Catalogue of Type Specimens of Fossil Fishes in the Collection of Sir Philip de Malpas Grey Egerton, Bart., M.P., at Oulton Park
Authors: P.M.G.E.
Published: May 2009

The object of the accompanying list of Fossil Fishes is merely to record, for future palæontologists, the depository of a few specimens which have furnished the materials for descriptions and figures of species recorded in the publications of the day. They are available for inspection to any one who may be interested in their examination, and I am only too happy when I can induce any geological or palæontological students to come and see them.
IV.—Woodwardian Laboratory Notes—N. Wales Rocks V
Authors: Tawney E. B.
Published: May 2009

We may pass next to the Sam Meylltern district, to examine the patch which Dr. Hicks on his sketch-map [Q.J.G.S. vol. xxxv. p. 297] has indicated as Dimetian with a strip of Arvonian along the north side. We read [l.c. p. 300], “Eastward (sic) of this, and as we approach the so-called altered Cambrian, rocks of a more felsitic character come in abruptly, and it is probable that these are of Arvonian age.” At the north end of the patch, by the Cromlech and Amwlch Lodge, the rock is however of the type which Dr. Hicks has termed Dimetian, and as it varies much in character at different parts of its course, I think we must ask for further proof that there is a second bed of rock of different age, in this area.
II.—Notes on the Cheviot Andesites and Porphyrites
Authors: Teall J. J. Harris
Published: May 2009

The Cheviot district is largely composed of those quartzless porphyritic rocks to which the term porphyrite has been applied both by English and Continental petrologists. The Cheviot porphyrites are characterized by a compact felsitic ground-mass, throughout which are scattered numerous crystals of felspar, mostly belonging to triclinic species. The ground-mass varies in colour; the two principal shades being dark purple and red. These porphyrites are evidently more or less altered rocks and sometimes the alteration has been carried so far as to make it almost, if not quite impossible to recognize their original nature by macroscopic examination. Amygdaloidal varieties are not uncommon, and in these agates are frequently found. In addition to the ordinary porphyrites, there occur masses of volcanic ash and breccia, and also a remarkable rock which has been called pitchstone-porphyrite. This is dark almost black in colour, with a well-marked resinous lustre and a specific gravity lying between 2·53 and 2·62. It is porphyritic in texture; the large crystals consisting of a fresh glassy-looking triclinic felspar. Red veins usually traverse the rock in different directions. The boulders lying in the streams are covered with a thin light-coloured crust due to weathering, but at a distance of a quarter of an inch from the surface, or even less, the fresh unaltered rock is always found.
VI.—The Secret of the Highlands
Authors: Lapworth Charles
Published: May 2009

Having gained a general comprehension of the probable physical and palæontological sequence among the Lower Palæozoic strata of the Southern Uplands of Scotland, as partly published in my memoirs upon the “Moffat Series,” and the Girvan Succession, I felt myself at liberty last summer to commence the study of those rocks of the North-west Highlands, which are supposed to be of corresponding age.