bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Teaching Philosophy and Ethics through the Law and Literature Course in Today’s Turkey. Special Issue on Active Learning and Teaching in Legal Education
Authors: Aki E. Irem
Published: November 2018

Teaching Philosophy and Ethics through the Law and Literature Course in Today’s Turkey. Special Issue on Active Learning and Teaching in Legal Education

Jurisprudence is a domain related to terms such as rules, morality, principles, equality, justice, etc. Legal scholars have to teach the meaning of these terms. However, these are not terms, one can comprehend by just reading their standard definition. These are terms one must digest and learn to use. My argument is that literature or the law and literature movement can be used as a tool in order to explain and discuss these terms. For instance, beyond simply explaining or teaching legal positivism and natural law, Antigone helps students reflect upon the distinction between them. To cite another example, reading Nana can help students think about sex-workers in a way they would never think before. Moreover, the literature can be a useful means in teaching critical movements in law, such as critical legal studies, feminist legal theory and critical race theory. Finally, the terms I stated at the beginning are not only terms of jurisprudence, they are terms we should use properly in order to construct a healthy legal environment. Therefore, to get students comprehend these terms is a crucially important aim. I argue that literature can be a tool in order to achieve this aim.
ZAGOSPODAROWANIE POZOSTAŁOŚCI Z TERMICZNEGO PRZETWARZANIA ODPADÓW KOMUNALNYCH W POLSCE
Authors: Poniatowska Agnieszka , Andrzejewska-Górecka Dorota Anna
Published: November 2018

Artykuł przedstawia analizę aktualnie funkcjonujących zakładów termicznego przetwarzania odpadów komunalnych w Polsce i strukturę odpadów przez te zakłady wytwarzanych. Pokazana jest charakterystyka odpadów resztkowych ze spalarni odpadów. Praca prezentuje sposoby obróbki i zagospodarowania tych odpadów w zakładach funkcjonujących w Polsce. Artykuł dokonuje analizy problemów i wskazania kierunków dla gospodarowania odpadami pochodzącymi z zakładów termicznego przetwarzania odpadów komunalnych w Polsce.
HPTLC Screening of Weight Loss Products for Deliberately Added Undeclared Synthetic Drugs
Authors: Do Tiên T K , Reich Eike
Published: November 2018

Background: The proposed HPTLC method combines features of the existing methods for (1) the detection of sibutramine and (2) for the detection of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors and analogs. Objective: The method permits effective screening for the presence of nine adulterants in finished products, including tablets, capsules, and “instant coffee” powders. Methods: All products were prepared for analysis using the same simple procedure: ultrasound-assisted extraction in methanol for 30 min followed by centrifugation or filtration. Results: The retardation factor (RF) values of individual zones afford preliminary identification of potential adulterants. Scanning densitometry enables comparison of recorded UV spectra with those of known standard compounds and provides further structural information. Conclusions: The method was successfully applied to 12 commercial products. Of those, nine products tested positive for at least one undeclared component.
Validation of the TadpoleTMCampylobacter jejuni Real-Time PCR Identification Kit
Authors: Jiang Yuan , Shen Jinling , Xue Feng , Zhao Lina , Yang Jielin , Shao Jingdong , Zhu Changqing , Su Jing , Chen Yi , Brodsky Michael , Salfinger Yvonne
Published: November 2018

Background: The gene-based real-time PCR method for identification of Campylobacter jejuni is more simple, rapid and accurate than the traditional biochemical method. Objective: A performance validation of the TadpoleTMCampylobacter jejuni Real-Time PCR Identification Kit was performed. Method: The assay uses TaqMan Real-time PCR technology to amplify target genes from isolated colonies. Bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from inclusivity and exclusivity organisms cultured on Columbia Blood Agar, Campy-Cefex agar and modified Charcoal Cefoperazone Deoxycholate was extracted and analyzed on three instruments: Applied Biosystems (ABI) 7500 Fast, ABI StepOne Plus and Bio-Rad CFX96. Results: When 57 distinct strains of C. jejuni were tested for inclusivity, all 57 strains produced positive results on the three instruments. In exclusivity testing, all 35 strains of related organisms, including 7 non-target Campylobacter strains and other common species, produced negative results on the three instruments. The Independent Laboratory validation consisting of an inclusivity and exclusivity evaluation for 10 C. jejuni isolates and 10 nontarget Campylobacter isolates also showed 100% expected results on the three instruments. In addition, in robustness testing, small, deliberate changes to the assay parameters, including cell suspension turbidity, heat lysis time, and DNA template volume in the PCR reaction, did not affect the kit performance. Finally, the combined lot-to-lot and stability study on both the ABI 7500 Fast and the ABI StepOne Plus showed that the 11 C. jejuni strains and 5 nontarget Campylobacter strains can be correctly identified by the three independently manufactured, lots and it supported a shelf life of 9 months when stored at –20°C. Conclusions: The Tadpole method offers a rapid, accurate, and robust alternative for C. jejuni identification. Highlights: Rapid and accurate method to identify C. jejuni, which has a good robustness and high stability. It is flexible and offers the advantages of reduced labor and time saving.
Analytical Validation and Clinical Utility of an Immunohistochemical Programmed Death Ligand-1 Diagnostic Assay and Combined Tumor and Immune Cell Scoring Algorithm for Durvalumab in Urothelial Carcinoma
Authors: Zajac Magdalena , Boothman Anne-Marie , Ben Yong , Gupta Ashok , Jin Xiaoping , Mistry Amita , Sabalos Constantine , Nielsen Alma , Manriquez Guadalupe , Barker Craig , Antal Joyce , Wang Peiyi , Patil Pallavi , Schechter Nicole , Rebelatto Marlon C. , Walker Jill
Published: November 2018

Context.—

Clinical responses to anti–programmed death receptor-1 and anti–programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) agents are generally improved in patients with high PD-L1 expression compared with those with low/negative expression across several tumor types, including urothelial carcinoma.

Objective.—

To validate a PD-L1 immunohistochemical diagnostic test in urothelial carcinoma patients treated with the anti–PD-L1 monoclonal antibody durvalumab.

Design.—

The Ventana PD-L1 (SP263) assay was validated for intended use in urothelial carcinoma formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples in studies addressing sensitivity, specificity, robustness, and precision, and implemented in study CD-ON-MEDI4736-1108 (NCT01693562). Efficacy was analyzed in patients classified according to prespecified PD-L1 expression cutoffs: PD-L1 high (if >1% of the tumor area contained tumor-associated immune cells, ≥25% of tumor cells or ≥25% of immune cells stained for PD-L1; if ≤1% of the tumor area contained immune cells, ≥25% of tumor cells or 100% of immune cells stained for PD-L1) and PD-L1 low/negative (did not meet criteria for PD-L1 high).

Results.—

The assay met all predefined acceptance criteria for sensitivity, specificity, and precision. Interreader and intrareader precision overall agreement were 93.0% and 92.4%, respectively. For intraday reproducibility and interday precision, overall agreement was 99.2% and 100%, respectively. Interlaboratory overall agreement was 92.6%. In study CD-ON-MEDI4736-1108, durvalumab demonstrated clinical activity and durable responses in both PD-L1–high and PD-L1–low/negative subgroups, although objective response rates tended to be higher in the PD-L1–high subgroup than in the PD-L1–low/negative subgroup.

Conclusions.—

Determination of PD-L1 expression in urothelial carcinoma patients using the Ventana PD-L1 (SP263) assay was precise, highly reproducible, and clinically relevant.
Robots that look like humans: A brief look into humanoid robotics
Authors: Yoshida Eiichi
Published: November 2018

This article provides a brief overview of the technology of humanoid robots. First, historical development and hardware progress are presented mainly on human-size full-body biped humanoid robots, together with progress in pattern generation of biped locomotion. Then, «whole-body motion» – coordinating leg and arm movements to fully leverage humanoids’ high degrees of freedom – is presented, followed by its applications in fields such as device evaluation and large-scale assembly. Upper-body humanoids with a mobile base, which are mainly utilized for research on human-robot interaction and cognitive robotics, are also introduced before addressing current issues and perspectives.
Educating and Leading for World Citizenship
Authors: Moos Lejf
Published: November 2018

Two perspectives on local and global societies, and therefore also on education, are explored and discussed in this paper. On one hand, society as a civilisation is producing an outcome-based discourse with a focus on marketplaces, governance, bureaucracies and accountability. On the other hand, society focuses on cul-ture through arts, language, history, relations and communication, producing a democratic Bildung dis-course. At a global level, I see those discourses shaping discourses of world citizenship and of global mar-ketplace logics with technocratic homogenisation. Those trends and tendencies are found through social analytic strategies in these categories: context of discourses, visions, themes, processes, and leadership.
Historical Amnesia
Authors: Irgens Eirik Johannes
Published: November 2018

A number of initiatives have been put forth over the last decade to improve quality in Norwegian schools. Many have been nationwide government-initiated programs. However, several studies express concern about the actual effect of these programs, and some also point to a lack of local anchoring and involvement of teachers. In this article, I draw on studies of one such program. Ungdomstrinn i utvikling (Lower Sec-ondary in Development) was a five-year school-based competence development program in more than 1200 lower-secondary level schools. We found that the local start-up phase and the co-determination of the teach-ers were crucial, and few schools drew on knowledge from the 1960s in Norway on how to organize dia-logue seminars so teachers might have a chance to participate in the local design of the program and estab-lish a shared understanding and knowledge of the challenges at hand. Instead, we found examples of a transaction perspective and an “order and deliver” model of competence development. I discuss this as a possible consequence of the influence of instrumental management theory and why the Nordic cooperation model, even though challenging for school leaders, local union representatives and teachers, would be a better approach to school development. Lastly, I argue that we should avoid historical amnesia and that we would probably be better off if we revived the knowledge from the 1960s and after on co-generation and collaboration.
Reassessing public opinion of captive cetacean attractions with a photo elicitation survey
Authors: Wassermann Sophia N. , Hind-Ozan Edward J. , Seaman Julia
Published: November 2018

Background

Captive cetacean attractions are growing in number globally, their operators citing entertainment, education, and conservation as benefits. Those for and against developing such attractions claim public support. Previous public opinion research, however, shows little consensus, partly due to the introduction of biases in study design that influence participants’ responses. Those involved in, or concerned with, developing and licensing these attractions need to better understand what drives the lack of consensus to take socially-acceptable decisions.

Methods

We reviewed previous research on public opinion of cetacean captivity, noting possible sources of bias. Survey question wording can be a major source of introduced bias, so we used an open-ended photo elicitation approach. We showed tourists in the Turks Caicos Islands (N = 292) images of a marine mammal park (MMP) killer whale show and a swim-with-the-dolphins (SWTD) attraction and asked for their qualitative comments on the potential development of each. They also indicated how likely they would be to visit each on a Likert scale.

Results

Respondents were generally against visiting MMP killer whale shows, with 60.9% not likely to visit. SWTD attractions were more popular; 60.3% were likely to visit. For SWTD, USA residents were more likely to visit; older respondents and those staying in all-inclusive resorts were less likely. Those staying in all-inclusive resorts were also less likely to visit MMP killer whale shows. The great majority of qualitative comments centred on either entertainment value or animal welfare concerns. There were very few, if any, comments on the education or conservation value of these attractions.

Discussion

Our findings contradict several previous studies on public opinion of captive cetaceans that did not use photo elicitation. The support shown for MMP killer whale shows in this survey was well below that claimed by studies conducted on behalf of captive cetacean attraction operators. Opposition to SWTD was also noticeably lower than that found in surveys conducted with wild cetacean tourism participants. This difference can likely be attributed to the different survey populations and settings, but this variation is also very likely attributable to researcher-introduced bias. While photo selection can introduce bias, photo elicitation reduces reliance on pre-scripted questions and responses, and seems to effectively reduce other forms of bias. Allowing open-ended responses, where participants responded to an image, seems to have given a more representative understanding of what is at the forefront of the public’s mind than closed questioning. These conclusions, among others made in this study, suggest that development decisions for captive cetacean attractions are being made on imprecise data. Going forward, data collected via responder-led, open-ended, bias-minimising approaches should at least be considered when informing such decisions.
Overcoming the Pitfalls of Cytochrome P450 Immobilization through the Use of Fusogenic Liposomes
Authors: Kiiski Iiro M. A. , Pihlaja Tea , Urvas Lauri , Witos Joanna , Wiedmer Susanne K. , Jokinen Ville P. , Sikanen Tiina M.
Published: November 2018

This work describes a new nanotechnology‐based immobilization strategy for cytochrome P450s (CYPs), the major class of drug metabolizing enzymes. Immobilization of CYPs on solid supports provides a significant leap forward compared with soluble enzyme assays by enabling the implementation of through‐flow microreactors for, for example, determination of time‐dependent inhibition. Immobilization of the complex CYP membrane‐protein system is however particularly challenging as the preservation of the authentic enzyme kinetic parameters requires the full complexity of the lipid environment. The developed strategy is based on the spontaneous fusion of biotinylated fusogenic liposomes with lipid bilayers to facilitate the gentle biotinylation of human liver microsomes that incorporate all main natural CYP isoforms. The same process is also feasible for the biotinylation of recombinant CYPs expressed in insect cells, same as any membrane‐bound enzymes in principle. As a result, CYPs could be immobilized on streptavidin‐functionalized surfaces, both those of commercial magnetic beads and customized microfluidic arrays, so that the enzyme kinetic parameters remain unchanged, unlike in previously reported immobilization approaches that often suffer from restricted substrate diffusion to the enzyme's active site and steric hindrances. The specificity and robustness of the functionalization method of customized microfluidic CYP assays are also carefully examined.
Laser Direct Writing of Ultrahigh Sensitive SiC‐Based Strain Sensor Arrays on Elastomer toward Electronic Skins
Authors: Gao Yang , Li Qi , Wu Rongyao , Sha Jin , Lu Yongfeng , Xuan Fuzhen
Published: November 2018

Electronic skins (e‐skins) have been widely investigated as important platforms for healthcare monitoring, human/machine interfaces, and soft robots. However, mask‐free formation of patterned active materials on elastomer substrates without involving high‐cost and complicate processes is still a grand challenge in developing e‐skins. Here, SiC‐based strain sensor arrays are fabricated on elastomer for e‐skins by a laser direct writing (LDW) technique, which is mask‐free, highly efficient, and scalable. The direct synthesis of active material on elastomer is ascribed to the LDW‐induced conversion of siloxanes to SiC. The SiC‐based devices own a highest sensitivity of ≈2.47 × 105 achieved at a laser power of 0.8 W and a scanning velocity of 1.25 mm s−1. Moreover, the LDW‐developed device provides a minimum strain detection limit of 0.05%, a small temperature drift, and a high mechanical durability for over 10 000 cycles. When it is mounted onto human skins, the SiC‐based device is able to monitor external stimuli and human health conditions, with the capability of wireless data transmission. Its potential application in e‐skins is further proved by an LDW‐fabricated device having 3 × 3 SiC sensor array for tactile sensing.
Electrospinning‐on‐Electrode Assembly for Air‐Cathodes in Microbial Fuel Cells
Authors: Quaglio Marzia , Chiodoni Angelica , Massaglia Giulia , Delmondo Luisa , Sacco Adriano , Garino Nadia , Castellino Micaela , Bianco Stefano , Margaria Valentina , Salvador Gian Paolo , Pirri Candido Fabrizio
Published: November 2018

A binder‐free electrospinning‐on‐electrode (EoE) assembly is proposed for the decoration of nonflat electrodes with nanostructured catalysts. EoE assembly exploits the modulation of the electric field induced by conducting protrusions. Using nonflat electrodes as collectors, EoE assembly allows the arrangement of nanostructured catalyst with optimized electrochemical interfaces. This work discusses the decoration of carbon paper electrodes with nanostructured manganese oxide to catalyze the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Carbon fibers on top of carbon paper act as conductive protrusions, locally enhancing the electric field, and thus inducing a preferential arrangement of the electrospun. Two nanostructured Mn3O4 are obtained by EoE assembly, i.e., nanofibers and nanobeads. The catalytic behavior toward ORR is evaluated by rotating ring disk electrode analysis. The EoE‐based cathodes with the catalyst shaped as nanofibers have exchanged 3.81 electrons during ORR, while nanobeads have reached 3.9 electrons, behaving similarly to standard Pt/C‐based electrodes. Electrodes are then tested in single chamber microbial fuel cell with air breathing cathode. Devices having cathodes decorated with Mn3O4 nanobeads achieve a power output comparable to that obtained by Pt‐based cathodes. The impressive result can be attributed to the good quality of the electrochemical interfaces formed by the electrospinning‐based processing as demonstrated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
Multidisciplinary care results in similar maternal and perinatal mortality rates for women with and without SCD in a low‐resource setting
Authors: Oppong Samuel A. , Asare Eugenia V. , Olayemi Edeghonghon , Boafor Theodore , Dei‐Adomakoh Yvonne , Swarry‐Deen Alim , Mensah Enoch , Osei‐Bonsu Yvonne , Crabbe Selina , Musah Latif , Hayfron‐Benjamin Charles , Covert Brittany , Kassim Adetola A. , James Andra , Rodeghier Mark , Audet Carolyn , DeBaun Michael R.
Published: November 2018

In Africa, the maternal mortality rate in sickle cell disease (SCD) is ~10%. Our team previously demonstrated an 89% decrease in mortality rate in a before‐and‐after feasibility study among women with SCD living in low‐resource setting in Ghana. In the same cohort including additional participants with and without SCD, we used a prospective cohort design to test the hypothesis that implementing a multidisciplinary care team for pregnant women with SCD in low‐resource setting will result in similar maternal and perinatal mortality rates compared to women without SCD. We prospectively enrolled pregnant women with and without SCD or trait and followed them up for 6‐week postpartum. We tested the newborns of mothers with SCD for SCD. We recruited age and parity matched pregnant women without SCD or trait as the comparison group. Maternal and perinatal mortality rates were the primary outcomes. A total of 149 pregnant women with SCD (HbSS, 54; HbSC, 95) and 117 pregnant women without SCD or trait were included in the analysis. Post‐intervention, maternal mortality rates were 1.3% and 0.9% in women with and without SCD, respectively (P = 1.00); the perinatal mortality rates were 7.4% and 3.4% for women with and without SCD, respectively (P = 0.164). Among the mothers with SCD, ~15% of newborns had SCD. Multidisciplinary care of pregnant women with SCD may reduce maternal and perinatal mortality rates to similar levels in pregnant women without SCD in low‐resource settings. Newborns of mothers with SCD have a high rate of SCD.
A Study on the Reactions of SeO2 with Pyrroles and N‐Substituted Indoles in Non‐Anhydrous Ethanol under Non‐Inert Atmosphere
Authors: Talukdar Ranadeep
Published: November 2018

The reactions of SeO2 with a wide range of differently functionalized N‐protected indoles and pyrroles were studied in a “green” approach. The reactions occurred smoothly in ethanol at room temperature to afford 3,3′‐diindolyl and 2,2′‐dipyrrolyl selenides without any need of inert conditions.
Synergistic Activities in the Ullmann Coupling of Chloroarenes at Ambient Temperature by Pd‐Supported Calcined Ferrocenated La2O3
Authors: Chumkaeo Peerapong , Poonsawat Thinnaphat , Meechai Titiya , Somsook Ekasith
Published: November 2018

Novel palladium‐doped nanoparticles have been explored to serve as the first metal oxide‐derived heterogeneous catalyst for Ullmann reaction of chloroarenes under mild condition (34 °C). This heterogeneous catalyst exhibited high catalytic activity towards the Ullmann homocoupling of chloroarenes into a series of useful symmetrically biaryl products with good to excellent yields in the presence of ethanol and NaOH, thereby leading to green and economical Ullmann reaction. The produced nanoparticles were successfully characterized by various techniques including PXRD, XPS, HRTEM, SEM‐EDS, BET, TGA techniques, elemental mapping analysis and ICP‐OES. Interestingly, based on characterization and experimental data, a reasonable mechanism has been proposed. Also, the formation of aryl methyl ketone as a by‐product has been further confirmed by isotopic labelling experiments that the acetyl moiety is derived from ethanol. Moreover, the catalyst was stable and could be easily reused up to 5 times under atmospheric air without suffering significant loss in catalytic activity.
Behavioral fluency and mathematics intervention research: A review of the last 20 years
Authors: Stocker James D. , Schwartz Rachel , Kubina Richard M. , Kostewicz Douglas , Kozloff Martin
Published: November 2018

Behavioral fluency refers to the relationship between the achievement of performance standards, or frequency ranges of behavior, and critical learning outcomes. Over the past 20 years, Precision Teaching and related research have contributed a number of studies examining behavioral fluency. The subsequent review investigates the empirical evidence from mathematics intervention research. Several studies suggest numerical markers that best support behavioral fluency. Results indicate that fluency interventions set to performance standards increased behavioral fluency and associated critical learning outcomes; however, more research is warranted to operationalize and standardize each outcome to the principles of behavior and numerical markers that constitute behavioral fluency.
Strategies for humanizing glycosylation pathways and producing recombinant glycoproteins in microbial expression systems
Authors: Khan Amjad Hayat , Noordin Rahmah
Published: November 2018

Homogeneously glycosylated proteins are essential for analyzing the structure ofN‐glycans, studying their consequences inside cells, and developing therapeutic glycoproteins. However, the isolation of glycoproteins with homogeneous glycans from human is difficult since glycoforms slightly differ from each other with respect to molecular weight and charge. Microbial expression systems have numerous benefits in expression technology and have gained great attention, because they are more adaptable to the biotechnology industry. While selecting an expression host, the glycosylation pattern must be taken into account, because glycosylation strongly depends on cellular production system and selected production clone. This review discussed the technological developments in glycoengineering of microbial expression systems for humanizing the glycosylation profile and highlighted the expression potential ofLeishmaniaexpression system. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical EngineersBiotechnol. Prog., 35: e2752, 2019.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the rectum: Practice trends and patient survival
Authors: Dutta Sunil W. , Alonso Clayton E. , Waddle Mark R. , Khandelwal Shiv R. , Janowski Einsley‐Marie , Trifiletti Daniel M.
Published: November 2018

Purpose

Leverage the National Cancer Database (NCDB) to evaluate trends in management of nonmetastatic squamous cell cancer (SCC) of the rectum and their effect on survival for this uncommon tumor.

Methods and Materials

Retrospective data was obtained from the NCDB for patients diagnosed with SCC of the rectum between 2004 and 2014, including cT1‐4, cN0‐2, cM0 tumors (cohort A, n = 2296). A subgroup analysis was performed on locally advanced tumors (cT1‐T2, N+ or cT3, N any, subcohort B, n = 883), treated with chemoradiation (n = 706) or trimodality therapy (n = 177) including chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. Pathological complete response rate following neoadjuvant therapy was obtained. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to generate hazard ratios (HR) investigating factors associated with overall survival. Kaplan‐Meier (K‐M) method was used to estimate overall surviving proportion at 5 and 10 years.

Results

The K‐M estimated 5 and 10 year overall survival for stage I disease was 71.3% and 57.8%, respectively; stage II disease was 57.0% and 38.9%, respectively; stage III disease was 57.8% and 41.5%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, higher cT category (P < 0.001) resulted in worse survival. For locally advanced tumors (subcohort B), there was no significant difference in survival between chemoradiation alone compared to trimodality therapy (P = 0.909 on multivariate analysis).

Conclusions

Most providers manage locally advanced SCC of the rectum similar to anal cancer, which results in equivalent overall survival and spares patients from the additional morbidity associated with surgical resection.
Fatal right‐sided heart failure due to leukostasis in a patient with leukemic transformation of myelodysplastic syndrome
Authors: Pryds Kasper , Rasmussen Lars E. , Andersen Niels H.
Published: November 2018

Key Clinical Message

We document leukostasis leading to acute fatal right‐sided heart failure. In patients presenting with leukostasis and cardiopulmonary symptoms, clinicians should aim to assess for cardiac involvement, that is, by ECG and acute echocardiogram, since early recognition of right ventricular disease may provide an opportunity to treat this potentially reversible condition.
Experimental study of nucleate pool boiling heat transfer of self‐rewetting solution by surface functionalization with TiO2 nanostructure
Authors: Hu Baisong , Zhang Shaofeng , Wang Dewu , Chen Xinglin , Si Xianghua , Zhang Dan
Published: November 2018

A titanium plate with titanium dioxide nanotube was prepared with the anodic oxidation process. The heat transfer through this plate was studied with quantitative heptanol solution as self‐rewetting solution. The microstructure of this nano‐structure surface was characterized by SEM and the surface tension of the self‐rewetting solution on it was measured by the static contact angle. The results indicated that the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and the critical heat flux (CHF) were significantly improved with the increasing concentration of heptanol. In the 0.1 mass% heptanol solution, the best heat transfer enhancement effect was obtained. The HTC is 22.46 kW · m−2 · K−1 and CHF is 536.64 kW · m−2, which were increased by 121 and 62.9 % more than those in the distilled water. According to the experimental phenomenon and mechanism analysis, the surface of the nanotube has a more effective vaporization core, greater roughness, and better wettability. Combined with the special double surface tension gradient characteristic of the self‐wetting solution, the hot and cold liquid forms a microcirculation and the synergistic superposition of the driving force strengthens. The system can produce tiny and fine bubbles under low superheat, detach quickly, transfer heat quickly, and perform secondary wetting in time to achieve synergistic enhanced boiling heat transfer.
Pyrene‐Tagged Chloro Oximes as Ambient‐Light‐Accelerated Ligation Agents
Authors: Offenloch Janin T. , Bastian Simon , Mutlu Hatice , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: November 2018

We demonstrate how a normally base‐induced or transition‐metal‐catalyzed cycloaddition reaction can be executed without additives by equipping the reactant with a chromophore as a light‐harvesting unit, able to exploit light to boost the reaction. Specifically, we generate a highly reactive nitrile oxide upon light irradiation which is able to undergo cycloaddition reactions with a wide range of substrates by introducing a pyrene unit into the oxime precursor. Commercially available LED setups, and even ambient light, were successfully employed to induce the cycloaddition. Our approach demonstrates that the careful design of light‐harvesting chromophores can be a powerful tool to facilitate light‐induced chemical transformations.
Trinuclear Gold–Carborane Cluster as a Host Structure
Authors: Aullón Gabriel , Laguna Antonio , Filippov Oleg A. , Oliva‐Enrich Josep M.
Published: November 2018

This work encompasses a comprehensive study of host–guest interactions between cyclic trimer metal–carborane [Au3(1,2‐C2B10H10)3]3– and several guest species such as cations (H+, Li+, Be2+, Hg2+), anions (F–, H–, Cl–, Br–, I–, HCC–), and neutral molecules (H2, CO2, I2, HCCH, N2). A computational study has been carried out to evaluate energetic profiles and determine the contribution of attractive or repulsive interactions between guest and host. The energy minima obtained call our attention to several cases. For instance, all above cations form stable minima as guest complexes with the three gold atoms of the host. Unexpectedly, pyramidal H– or F– species are obtained as energy minima, while other anions give completely repulsive interactions. Finally, the CO2 molecule is also trapped inside the trinuclear ring.
Unexpected Reactivity of N‐Acyl‐Benzotriazoles with Aromatic Amines in Acidic Medium (ABAA Reaction)
Authors: Laconde Guillaume , Amblard Muriel , Martinez Jean
Published: November 2018

Despite the large number of methods for the synthesis of amides, formation of the amide bond from aromatic amines has always been a challenge for organic chemists due to their weak nucleophile character. We describe here a new efficient method of amide formation from N‐Acyl‐Benzotriazoles and Aromatic Amines (ABAA reaction) including aniline derivatives, in acidic conditions. This reaction is selective for aromatic amines, since aliphatic amines did not react under the same experimental conditions. Using the ABAA reaction, we have synthesized a series of aromatic amide compounds including labelled enzyme substrates, in excellent yield. The ABAA reaction also allowed the one‐pot synthesis of Nordiazepam, which is a precursor of the anxiolytic Diazepam (Valium®). This procedure opens new ways of synthesis of amides from aromatic amines, as well as of heterocyclic structures.
Efficient Electrosynthesis of Thiazolidin‐2‐imines via Oxysulfurization of Thiourea‐Tethered Terminal Alkenes Using the Flow Microreactor
Authors: Islam Muhammad , Kariuki Benson M. , Shafiq Zahid , Wirth Thomas , Ahmed Nisar
Published: November 2018

Sulfur‐containing scaffolds play a significant role in many important biological processes. The thiazole‐2‐imine derivatives have gained significant biological attention due to their interesting pharmacological activities and act as potential therapeutic agents. Many of their syntheses suffer from the drawbacks such as the handling of toxic reagents, harsh reaction conditions, longer reaction times and tedious separation procedures. To their easy access, we applied first time flow electrochemical approach under free supporting electrolytes conditions and without the use of expensive catalysts and reagents. This is not only the first electrochemical cyclization to access thiazolidin‐2‐imines also represents the first intramolecular sulfurization of unfunctionalized terminal alkenes. This flow electrolysis of N‐allylic thioureas generates radical intermediates of nitrogen and sulfur that cyclized via oxysulfurization of terminal alkenes and gives thiazolidin‐2‐imines with good to high yields under mild, green and environmentally friendly conditions.
Same but different–Scale up and numbering up in electrobiotechnology and photobiotechnology
Authors: Enzmann Franziska , Stöckl Markus , Zeng An‐Ping , Holtmann Dirk
Published: November 2018

Facing energy problems, there is a strong demand for new technologies dealing with the replacement of fossil fuels. The emerging fields of biotechnology, photobiotechnology and electrobiotechnology, offer solutions for the production of fuels, energy, or chemicals using renewable energy sources (light or electrical current e.g. produced by wind or solar power) or organic (waste) substrates. From an engineering point of view both technologies have analogies and some similar challenges, since both light and electron transfer are primarily surface‐dependent. In contrast to that, bioproduction processes are typically volume dependent. To allow large scale and industrially relevant applications of photobiotechnology and electrobiotechnology, this opinion first gives an overview over the current scales reached in these areas. We then try to point out the challenges and possible methods for the scale up or numbering up of the reactors used. It is shown that the field of photobiotechnology is by now much more advanced than electrobiotechnology and has achieved industrial applications in some cases. We argue that transferring knowledge from photobiotechnology to electrobiotechnology can speed up the development of the emerging field of electrobiotechnology. We believe that a combination of scale up and numbering up, as it has been shown for several photobiotechnological reactors, may well lead to industrially relevant scales in electrobiotechnological processes allowing an industrial application of the technology in near future.
Synthesis of CeO2‐ZrO2 Solid Solutions for Thermochemical CO2 Splitting
Authors: Shi Heng , Luo Jing , Wang Feng , Pu Yanfeng , Yang Jinhai , Xiao Fukui , Zhao Ning , Song Quanbin , Chen Zhiwen
Published: November 2018

Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 materials prepared by one‐pot evaporation‐induced self‐assembly (EISA), coprecipitation, and hydrothermal methods are comparably studied for thermochemical CO2 splitting. The materials are characterized by X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, temperature‐programmed reduction with hydrogen, Raman spectra, scanning electron microscopy, and N2 adsorption techniques. The results reveal that, compared with materials prepared by coprecipitation and hydrothermal methods, the material synthesized by EISA shows a better catalytic performance due to more lattice defects and oxygen vacancies, which apparently promotes the oxygen exchange capacity.
The MaRIUS‐G2G datasets: Grid‐to‐Grid model estimates of flow and soil moisture for Great Britain using observed and climate model driving data
Authors: Bell Victoria A. , Kay Alison L. , Rudd Alison C. , Davies Helen N.
Published: November 2018

The MaRIUS‐G2G datasets were produced for the MaRIUS (Managing the Risks, Impacts and Uncertainties of drought and water Scarcity) project, using the Grid‐to‐Grid (G2G) national‐scale hydrological model for Great Britain. There are six separate datasets, with each of three combinations of meteorological driving data (two observation‐based and one from climate model ensembles) used to produce two types of outputs (daily time‐series of natural river flow for 260 sites, and monthly 1 × 1 km grids of natural flow and soil moisture in the unsaturated zone). The driving data required by G2G are rainfall and potential evaporation (PE). Two of the datasets from observation‐based driving data use rainfall from CEH‐GEAR (CEH‐Gridded Estimates of Areal Rainfall) with PE from MORECS (Met Office Rainfall and Evaporation Calculation System), and cover the period 1960–2015, while the other two use CEH‐GEAR rainfall with PE derived from 5 km temperature data using the Oudin method, and cover 1891–2015. The two datasets based on driving data (rainfall and PE) from the climate model ensembles cover three periods: Historical Baseline (1900–2006), Near‐Future (2020–2049), and Far‐Future (2070–2099). Data for a 30‐year Baseline period (1975–2004), against which the Near‐Future and Far‐Future periods should be compared, are also available directly. There are 100 members in each ensemble, and the future periods use the RCP8.5 emissions scenario. This paper provides details of the G2G model and the different sets of meteorological driving data, as well as the availability and formatting of the output datasets. It also describes some recent and potential applications of the datasets, which have already been used to support historical and future analyses of low flow and drought characteristics across Britain, and provides some guidance on how the climate model‐driven datasets should (and should not) be used.

Open Practices

This article has earned an Open Data badge for making publicly available the digitally‐shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at DOI 10.5285/5f3c1a02-d5c4-4faa-9353-e8b68ce2ace2. Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science: https://osf.io/tvyxz/wiki.
Shipboard automated meteorological and oceanographic system data archive: 2005–2017
Authors: Smith Shawn R. , Briggs Kristen , Bourassa Mark A. , Elya Jocelyn , Paver Christopher R.
Published: November 2018

Since 2005, the Shipboard Automated Meteorological and Oceanographic System (SAMOS) initiative has been collecting, quality‐evaluating, distributing, and archiving underway navigational, meteorological, and oceanographic observations from research vessels. Herein we describe the procedures for acquiring ship and instrumental metadata and the one‐minute interval observations from 44 research vessels that have contributed to the SAMOS initiative from 2005 to 2017. The overall data processing workflow and quality control procedures are documented along with data file formats and version control procedures. The SAMOS data are disseminated to the user community via web, FTP, and Thematic Real‐time Environmental Distributed Data Services from both the Marine Data Center at the Florida State University and the National Centers for Environmental Information, which serves as the long‐term archive for the SAMOS initiative. They have been used to address topics ranging from air‐sea interaction studies, the calibration, evaluation, and development of satellite observational products, the evaluation of numerical atmospheric and ocean models, and the development of new tools and techniques for geospatial data analysis in the informatics community. Maps provide users the geospatial coverage within the SAMOS dataset, with a focus on the Essential Climate/Ocean Variables, and recommendations are made regarding which versions of the dataset should be accessed by different user communities.

Open Practices

This article has earned an Open Data badge for making publicly available the digitally‐shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.7289/V5QJ7F8R. Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science: https://osf.io/tvyxz/wiki.
Unique role for dentate gyrus microglia in neuroblast survival and in VEGF‐induced activation
Authors: Kreisel Tirzah , Wolf Brachi , Keshet Eli , Licht Tamar
Published: November 2018

Neurogenic roles of microglia (MG) are thought to include an active role in adult hippocampal neurogenesis in addition to their established roles in pruning surplus dendrites and clearing dead neuroblasts. However, identification of such a role and its delineation in the neurogenic cascade is yet to be established. Using diphtheria toxin‐aided MG ablation, we show that MG reduction in the DG—the site where neuronal stem cells (NSCs) reside—is sufficient to impede overall hippocampal neurogenesis due to reduced survival of newly formed neuroblasts. To examine whether MG residing in the hippocampal neurogenic zone are inherently different from MG residing elsewhere in the hippocampus, we compared growth factor responsiveness of DG MG with that of CA1 MG. Strikingly, transgenic induction of the potent neurogenic factor VEGF elicited robust on‐site MG expansion and activation exclusively in the DG and despite eliciting a comparable angiogenic response in the CA1 and elsewhere. Temporally, DG‐specific MG expansion preceded both angiogenic and neurogenic responses. Remarkably, even partial MG reduction during the process of VEGF‐induced neurogenesis led to reducing the number of newly formed neuroblasts to the basal level. Transcriptomic analysis of MG retrieved from the naïve DG and CA1 uncovered a set of genes preferentially expressed in DG MG. Notably the tyrosine kinase Axl is exclusively expressed in naïve and VEGF‐induced DG MG and its inhibition prevented neurogenesis augmentation by VEGF. Taken together, findings uncover inherent unique properties of DG MG of supporting both basal‐ and VEGF‐induced adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
Gamma Knife radiosurgery for glomus tumors: Long‐term results in a series of 30 patients
Authors: Spina Alfio , Boari Nicola , Gagliardi Filippo , Bailo Michele , Del Vecchio Antonella , Bolognesi Angelo , Mortini Pietro
Published: November 2018

Background

Glomus tumors are rare and benign hypervascular tumors. Surgery represented the mainstay of their treatment, even if it has been associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Recently, the treatment shifted to a multimodal approach and Gamma Knife radiosurgery represents one of the treatment options.

Methods

Authors retrospectively analyzed the clinical and radiological outcome of a series of patients who underwent Gamma Knife radiosurgery for glomus tumors.

Results

Thirty patients underwent Gamma Knife radiosurgery. Mean tumor volume was 7.69 cc (range 0.36‐24.6). Mean tumor margin dose was 16 Gy (range 13‐18). Median follow‐up was of 91 months (mean 90; range 11‐172). Overall clinical control rate was 100%; overall volumetric tumor control rate was 96.6%. Patients' and tumors' characteristics, treatment data, and outcome have been analyzed.

Conclusion

Gamma Knife radiosurgery represents a safe and effective treatment for glomus tumors. Longer follow‐up and larger cohort studies are needed to definitively outline the role of Gamma Knife radiosurgery for glomus tumors.
Priming of LTP in amygdala and hippocampus by prior paired pulse facilitation paradigm in mice lacking brain serotonin
Authors: Gebhardt Christine , Mosienko Valentina , Alenina Natalia , Albrecht Doris
Published: November 2018

This study focuses on analyzing long‐term potentiation (LTP) changes in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) and in the CA1 region of the hippocampus in slices derived from mice deficient in tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2−/−), the rate‐limiting enzyme for 5‐HT synthesis in the brain. We found a reduced LTP in both brain structures in TPH2−/− mice. However, we found no changes in the magnitude of LTP in TPH2−/− mice compared to wildtype mice when it was preceded by a paired pulse protocol. Whereas the magnitude of long‐term depression (LTD) did not differ between wildtype and TPH2−/− mice, priming synapses by LTD‐induction facilitated subsequent CA1‐LTP in wildtype mice to a greater extent than in TPH2−/− mice. In the LA we found no differences between the genotypes in this protocol of metaplasticity. These data show that, unlike exogenous 5‐HT application, lack of 5‐HT in the brain impairs cellular mechanisms responsible for induction of LTP. It is supposed that suppression of LTP observed in TPH2−/− mice might be compensated by mechanisms of metaplasticity induced by paired pulse stimulation or low frequency stimulation before the induction of LTP.
Unsupervised learning and rule extraction for Domain Name Server tunneling detection
Authors: Aiello Maurizio , Mongelli Maurizio , Muselli Marco , Verda Damiano
Published: November 2018

The paper deals with k‐means clustering and logic learning machine (LLM) for the detection of Domain Name Server (DNS) tunneling. As the LLM shows more versatility in rule generation and classification precision with respect to traditional decision trees, the approach reveals to be robust to a large set of system conditions. The detection algorithm is designed to be applied over streaming data, without accurate tuning of algorithms' parameters. An extensive performance evaluation is provided with respect to different tunneling tools and applications; silent intruders are considered. Results show robustness on a test set that exhibits a different behavior from training.
Radiological evaluation of kyphoplasty with an intravertebral expander after osteoporotic vertebral fracture
Authors: Arabmotlagh Mohammad , Nikoleiski Sabrina C. , Schmidt Sven , Rauschmann Michael , Rickert Marcus , Fleege Christoph
Published: November 2018

Spinal deformities due to osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures can be reduced by balloon kyphoplasty, but the correction may be partly lost when the balloon is deflated. The present study aimed to evaluate an intravertebral expander developed to reduce and maintain vertebral body height while cement is injected to correct spinal deformities due to osteoporotic vertebral fractures. The study included 31 osteoporotic vertebral body fractures in 31 patients, classified as A1 according to the AO classification, who underwent kyphoplasty using an intravertebral expander. The kyphosis angle was significantly corrected from 13.4 degrees prior to kyphoplasty to 10.8 degrees (p < 0.01) after surgery, but this correction was lost at 12 months (13.3 degrees). The correction of the kyphosis angle best correlated with the pre‐operative mobility of the fracture (r = 0.59, p < 0.01), and the loss of the kyphosis improvement correlated with the amount of correction (r = 0.49, p = 0.01). All patients, except for six with adjacent vertebral fractures, experienced significant pain reduction (VAS 8.7 pre‐operatively and 2.0 at 12 months; p < 0.01), and the pain was not affected by the correction of the spinal deformity or the loss of correction in the follow‐up period. These results suggest that the mobility of the fracture mainly determines the extent of deformity correction rather the device used for reduction, and greater corrections are at increased risk for losing the improvement. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:457–465, 2019.