bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Their Filthy Trash”: Taste, Eating, and Work in Mary Rowlandson's Captivity Narrative
Authors: Herrmann Rachel B.
Published: March 2015

After colonist Mary Rowlandson was captured by Native Americans during King Philip's War, food and labor came to represent her fraught position between Native American and colonial worlds. Rowlandson learned to eat previously disgusting foods, but she also tried to convince readers that she preferred non-Native commodities. If she described her tastes as an odd mix between Indian and English, however, she depicted her eating as Indian. Rowlandson's approach to labor proved similarly motley. Her manufacture of English-style clothing identified her definitively as an Englishwoman, and her inconsistent approach to work meant that she frequently went without food. Rowlandson's unwillingness to work illuminates different English and Indian attitudes regarding gender. Throughout the war, colonists and Natives toiled to maintain food supplies and targeted foodstuffs as a military strategy. People used food to communicate with each other in ways that ultimately solidified the gap between Native and non-Native in colonial America.
“Obtaining a Decent Livelihood”: Food Work, Race, and Gender in W. E. B. Du Bois's The Philadelphia Negro
Authors: May Vanessa
Published: March 2015

In The Philadelphia Negro, published in 1899, W. E. B. Du Bois examined the problem African American workers faced in finding meaningful work. As the following essay and primary documents demonstrate, work with food was central to black labor. Du Bois lauded the success of a small class of black caterers even as he decried the confinement of the vast majority of African Americans to domestic work, which Du Bois viewed as menial labor. But Du Bois's view of African American food work was grounded in middle-class Progressive understandings of labor, skill, and the gendered value of work. Systemic racism confined African American women to poorly paid and often exploitive domestic work, but cooking in private homes was hardly menial labor. Even in domestic work, which placed its workers on the margins of respectable and remunerative labor, food expertise gave workers relative power.
Food as a Civil Right: Hunger, Work, and Welfare in the South after the Civil Rights Act
Authors: Kornbluh Felicia
Published: March 2015

In this article, Felicia Kornbluh profiles activism and litigation by the civil rights movement that centered directly on food and indirectly on access to income with which to provide food for families. It builds upon the evidence of these efforts to restore to the history of civil rights pivotal battles over political economy, that is, the nexus between government action and the material and nutritional fortunes of citizens. It draws upon a virtually unused set of grassroots-level documents that chronicle civil rights law in action—outside of federal courts and in local communities. Civil rights battles here were welfare rights battles, in the senses of helping individuals get and maintain public aid and of pressing at the limits of the welfare system to raise questions about the distribution of wealth throughout the society.
Follow-up: Prospective compound design using the ‘SAR Matrix’ method and matrix-derived conditional probabilities of activity
Authors: Gupta-Ostermann Disha , Hirose Yoichiro , Odagami Takenao , Kouji Hiroyuki , Bajorath Jürgen
Published: March 2015

In a previous Method Article, we have presented the ‘Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR) Matrix’ (SARM) approach. The SARM methodology is designed to systematically extract structurally related compound series from screening or chemical optimization data and organize these series and associated SAR information in matrices reminiscent of R-group tables. SARM calculations also yield many virtual candidate compounds that form a “chemical space envelope” around related series. To further extend the SARM approach, different methods are developed to predict the activity of virtual compounds. In this follow-up contribution, we describe an activity prediction method that derives conditional probabilities of activity from SARMs and report representative results of first prospective applications of this approach.
Properties of the F2-layer maximum density variability over Irkutsk under different levels of the solar and geomagnetic activity
Authors: Деминов Марат , Deminov Marat , Деминова Галина , Deminova Galina , Жеребцов Гелий , Zherebtsov Geliy , Полех Неля , Polekh Nelya
Published: March 2015

Using hourly data (1958–1992) from Irkutsk ionosonde station, we analyzed properties of variability of the F2-layer maximum density, Nm, under different levels of the solar and geomagnetic activity. The standard deviation s(x) of Nm fluctuations relative to the quiet level (x=(Nm/Nm0–1)·100 %), and the average shift of these fluctuations x-ave were used as characteristics of this variability. For this purpose, the empirical model of the F2-layer maximum density for quiet magnetic conditions, Nm0, was constructed. The Nm variability was found to depend weakly on the solar activity level; in the first approximation, this dependence can be neglected. The Nm variability dependence on geomagnetic activity is among the principal ones, along with the dependences on local time and season. In general, dispersion of Nm fluctuations under quiet conditions is smaller than that during the periods of high geomagnetic activity. During the periods of high geomagnetic activity, however, the dispersion does not increase with the further growth of this activity, while the absolute value of shift x-ave (which is mainly negative under high geomagnetic activity) still increases with growing geomagnetic activity. As a result, if this activity is high enough, the condition |x-ave|>|s(x)| can be fulfilled.
STRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPING SUBCHANNEL CAPABILITY IN AN ADVANCED SYSTEM THERMALHYDRAULIC CODE: A LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: Cheng Z. , Rao Y.F.
Published: March 2015

In the framework of developing next generation safety analysis tools, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL) has planned to incorporate subchannel analysis capability into its advanced system thermalhydraulic code CATHENA 4. This paper provides a literature review and an assessment of current subchannel codes. It also evaluates three code-development methods: (i) static coupling of CATHENA 4 with the subchannel code ASSERT-PV, (ii) dynamic coupling of the two codes, and (iii) fully implicit implementation for a new, standalone CATHENA 4 version with subchannel capability. Results of the review and assessment suggest that the current ASSERT-PV modules can be used as the base for the fully implicit implementation of subchannel capability in CATHENA 4, and that this option may be the most cost-effective in the long run, resulting in savings in user application and maintenance costs. In addition, improved versatility of the tool could be accomplished by the addition of new features that could be added as part of its development. The new features would improve the capabilities of the existing subchannel code in handling low, reverse, and stagnant flows often encountered in system thermalhydraulic analysis. Therefore, the method of fully implicit implementation is preliminarily recommended for further exploration. A feasibility study will be performed in an attempt to extend the present work into a preliminary development plan.
Retinoblastoma: Clinician and patient perspectives
Authors: Parulekar Manoj V , Green Lesley , Hopson Rob
Published: March 2015

Retinoblastoma is the most common malignant tumour of the eye in children and accounts for 3% of all childhood cancers in the UK. It is a life-threatening disease, but over the past four decades, the management of retinoblastoma has evolved tremendously, transforming it from a deadly childhood cancer to a largely curable disease. A swift referral pathway is vital to reduce the risk of mortality.

The fist section of this article looks at the epidemiology, signs and symptoms and treatment of retinoblastoma. The second gives an overview of the support work carried out with individuals and families affected by retinoblastoma by UK charity the Childhood Eye Cancer Trust. The final section tells the story of Rob Hopson, a retinoblastoma survivor whose two sons also have the condition.
A six-step approach to curriculum development for mid-level ophthalmic professionals in Singapore
Authors: Drury Vicki , Korne Dirk de , Gopalan Radhika , Thiyagarajan Jayabaskar
Published: March 2015

Background/Aims:

Ageing populations with increasing eye care needs and a global shortage of ophthalmologists has resulted in a growing need for mid-level ophthalmic professionals. This article describes the process used to develop accredited, internationally recognised educational programmes for ophthalmic assistants, ophthalmic technicians and ophthalmic enrolled nurses in Singapore.

Method:

Using action research methodology, a six-step approach to curriculum development based on Hilda Taba's (1962) Curriculum Development was utilised.

Results:

Programmes for ophthalmic assistants and technicians were developed and piloted and through accreditation by the Joint Commission of Allied Health Professionals in Ophthalmology, the Singapore National Eye centre was granted global accreditation for these training programmes.

Discussion:

To cope with the greater eye care demands of the future, task-shifting from ophthalmologists to mid-level ophthalmic professionals could be a valuable approach. Education must be standardised and meet international benchmarks.

Conclusions:

Training mid-level ophthalmic professionals could improve access to eye care services and decrease the burden on medical staff, allowing ophthalmologists to concentrate on complex cases. Additionally, the initiation of more holistic care by mid-level ophthalmic professionals may improve patient outcomes.
Detecting a relative afferent pupillary defect using the swinging light test
Authors: Touqeer Mohammed
Published: March 2015

The pupillary light reflex regulates the amount of light reaching the retina. A clinical evaluation of the pupillary response reveals valuable information about the integrity of the structures involved in the pupil reflex. This article seeks to outline the neural pathway underlying pupil constriction and provides a guide to assessing pupillary light reaction to detect a relative afferent pupillary defect.
Funding for school buildings
Authors: Gilliford Kate
Published: March 2015

Finding the money to repair and maintain your school buildings is a major headache for school leaders. Kate Gilliford looks at some possible funding streams
Women and violence in contemporary Spanish cinema: La vida secreta de las palabras (2005), Mataharis (2007) and Elisa K. (2010)
Authors: Gámez Fuentes María José
Published: March 2015

Within the framework of the debate on violence against women in Spain, this article aims to analyse three Spanish films that constitute a turning point in the media and political configuration of the issue. The specialist literature agrees that, despite good intentions, the attention paid to the matter since the 1990s has reinforced rather than dismantled the cultural imaginary that sustains violence against women by placing them in the eternal position of victims. However, La vida secreta de las palabras, Mataharis and Elisa K. offer challenging narrative strategies to undermine this hegemonic grammar of recognition. Through our analysis, we will investigate how their approach is linked to an attempt to go against the grain of traditional technologies of representation and, hence, the sadism in narratives portraying gender violence (not only in Spain but in the international arena). Second, we will examine how, by framing that attempt within particular historical backgrounds that sustain (or have sustained) violence against women, the films, in the last instance, deal with the rewriting of historical memory.
Making room for women in the last chapter of the war story: Fanta Régina Nacro’s La Nuit de la vérité/The Night of Truth
Authors: Spleth Janice
Published: March 2015

Traditionally, the war film has been a primarily masculine genre. To some extent, the absence of women in the war story merely reflected the way wars had been fought throughout history, but by the end of the twentieth-century, the nature of war around the globe was changing substantially, and recent engagements have largely been civil conflicts. While the majority of combatants in Africa’s ethnic wars have been men, women are increasingly implicated in the violence. Despite her obvious involvement in hostilities, however, woman’s voice is rarely represented in the negotiations for peace at the end of hostilities, a process inevitably dominated by men, generally military leaders. In her film, La Nuit de la vérité/The Night of Truth (2004), Fanta Régina Nacro describes the reconciliation process in the wake of civil conflict in an imaginary African country. Peace talks are clearly controlled by the men in the film, but Nacro’s representation of women demonstrates how their role in war has changed and ultimately suggests that they have a role to play in the success of peace. This article explores narrative and cinematographic devices through which Nacro’s film makes a place for women in the last chapter of the war story, ultimately situating the film-maker’s work in the context of recent scholarship by social scientists who have studied Africa’s new wars and their reconciliation processes from the perspective of gender.
Urbanização e riscos ambientais, na cidade de Salvador – Bahia
Authors: Cerqueira dos Santos Miguel
Published: March 2015

O uso e ocupação do solo de Salvador tem provocado sérios problemas. Este trabalho analisa as principais causas e consequências dos riscos ambientais, decorrentes do processo de urbanização. A metodologia adotada teve como pontos básicos a leitura de autores clássicos e contemporâneos e a realização de trabalho de campo. Salvador é predominantemente composta por morros, que apresentam semelhanças geomorfológicas, mas potencializam riscos ambientais diferenciados, a depender das condições socioeconômicas e culturais da população que ocupa essas áreas
Vulnerabilidad y daño potencial ocasionado por incendios en áreas de interfaz urbano-forestal, provincia de Valparaíso. Chile central
Authors: Castillo S. Miguel , Julio A. Guillermo , Quintanilla P. Víctor
Published: March 2015

Se caracterizan los incendios forestales que afectan a la interfaz urbano-forestal en Valparaíso, mediante la construcción de un modelo y carta de vulnerabilidad y daño potencial, que considera entre otros aspectos, las condiciones topográfi cas, ambientales, el factor humano y los daños producidos por la propagación del fuego.
Risco de incêndio numa fossa de resíduos sólidos
Authors: Ferreira Emanuel , Rodrigues João Paulo C. , Coelho Leça
Published: March 2015

Neste artigo é analisado o risco de incêndio numa instalação de tratamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos, nomeadamente ao nível da sua fossa de deposição desses resíduos. Foram realizadas simulações do desenvolvimento do incêndio usando um modelo de duas zonas, o Consolidated Model of Fire and Smoke Transport (CFAST) e um modelo de campo, o Fire Dynamics Simulator and Smokeview (FDS-SMV), ambos do National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), sendo os resultados analisados e discutidos.
Avaliação e controlo de riscos químicos graves e a protecção civil, no transporte e na directiva “SEVESO II”
Authors: Camacho Mondril Nuno
Published: March 2015

Esta comunicação expõe as formas de actuação da Autoridade Nacional de Protecção Civil (ANPC) e das entidades públicas e privadas, no contexto do sistema de protecção civil, face aos riscos colectivos decorrentes do transporte de matérias perigosas e das instalações fixas com produtos químicos (abrangidos pela Directiva “SEVESO II” 96/82/CE), na gestão das emergências e das catástrofes e na avaliação e cartografia dos riscos químicos graves, na sua prevenção, preparação, planeamento e adequação dos instrumentos de gestão do território.
Avaliação do risco para a navegação utilizando o sistema GUIOMAR. o caso do porto de Sines
Authors: Neves Diogo Ruben , Juana Fortes Conceição , Santos João Alfredo , Teresa Reis Maria , Rodrigues Sara
Published: March 2015

O presente trabalho descreve uma primeira aplicação ao porto de Sines do conjunto de procedimentos automáticos introduzidos no sistema integrado de modelação da agitação marítima, GUIOMAR, para avaliação do risco para navegação em zonas portuárias. O novo conjunto de procedimentos automáticos implementa uma metodologia de avaliação do risco baseada na amplitude da componente vertical do movimento de um navio ao longo da sua trajectória induzida pela agitação marítima incidente no navio.
The role of PEG conformation in mixed layers: from protein corona substrate to steric stabilization avoiding protein adsorption
Authors: Comenge Joan , Puntes Víctor F.
Published: March 2015

Although nanoparticles (NPs) have been traditionally modified with a single ligand layer, mixture of ligands might help to combine different functionalities and to further engineer the NP surface. A detailed study of the competition between an alkanethiol (11-mercaptoundecanoic acid) and SH-PEG for the surface of AuNPs and the resultant behaviors of this model nanoconjugate is presented here. As a result, the physicochemical properties of these conjugates can be progressively tuned by controlling the composition and especially the conformation of the mixed monolayer. This has implications in the physiological stability. The controlled changes on the SH-PEG conformation rather than its concentration induce a change in the stabilization mechanism from electrostatic repulsion to steric hindrance, which changes the biological fate of NPs. Importantly, the adsorption of proteins on the conjugates can be tailored by tuning the composition and conformation of the mixed layer.
Molecular evidence for verifying the distribution of Chondracanthus chamissoi and C. teedei (Gigartinaceae, Rhodophyta)
Authors: Yang Mi Yeon , Macaya Erasmo C. , Kim Myung Sook
Published: March 2015

Chondracanthus teedei and C. chamissoi are regarded as cosmopolitan and endemic species, respectively. To verify the geographic distribution of these two species, we analyzed specimens of C. teedei from the Western Pacific and the Atlantic coast of Spain, as well as of C. chamissoi from Chile using plastid rbcL and mitochondrial COI genes. The phylogenetic tree of rbcL revealed that “C. teedei” from Asia and Chondracanthus sp. from France are conspecific with C. chamissoi from Chile, but distinct from the clade of C. teedei from the Atlantic. These results indicate that C. chamissoi is not exclusively distributed in the southeastern Pacific, but is also found in Korea/Japan and France, whereas C. teedei is found in the Atlantic and not in the western Pacific region. This study demonstrated that the range of C. chamissoi is wider than previously thought, raising interesting questions regarding the transportation vector and the absence of C. teedei from Korea and Japan. In addition, we confirmed that molecular analyses can be used to examine the geographic distribution of marine macroalgae.
The First IUPAC Congress in Korea
Authors: Kim Myung Soo
Published: March 2015

The organizing committee is pleased to welcome scientists from around the world to the 45th IUPAC World Chemistry Congress and 48th IUPAC General Assembly (IUPAC-2015), which will be held 9-14 August 2015 in Busan, Korea. IUPAC-2015 will provide the appropriate forum to promote innovation in chemistry and related fields all over the world.
What's in a Name? Quite a Lot, as it Happens!
Authors: Borkum Mark I. , Frey Jeremy G.
Published: March 2015

Names are essential to data manipulation and data interpretation. IUPAC standardizes the names that chemists use in their scholarly works, which it publishes as a suite of terminology, nomenclature and ontology, the IUPAC colour books. Currently, machine-accessible representations of these publications are not available on the Web. In this article, we argue the case for Web-based, machine-accessible representations of IUPAC publications.
Immunochemical Recognition and its Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications
Authors: Templeton Douglas , Schwenk Michael
Published: March 2015

The October 2014 issue of
Lefschetz properties for noncompact arithmetic ball quotients
Authors: Nair Arvind N.
Published: March 2015

We prove a Lefschetz property for restriction of the cohomology of noncompact congruence ball quotients to ball quotients of smaller dimension, and a Lefschetz property for the cohomology of smooth compactifications of such ball quotients.
Unleashing the power of comparative oncology models in nanomedicine research
Authors: Henry Carolyn J.
Published: March 2015

The pathway from discovery of novel candidate drugs, including nanomedicine compounds, to FDA approval is lengthy and may be difficult to navigate. Oftentimes, investigational drugs are appropriately abandoned early in the development pathway due to preclinical failure. Other novel compounds may look quite promising in rodent models and preclinical trials, but prove disappointing when tested in human patients. In fact, only 5% of drugs entering Phase I human cancer clinical trials in the US are ultimately approved. Given the enormous cost, in terms of both financial investment and delay in progress toward improved patient outcome, there is a critical need for a more reliable and efficient process. One solution may be to improve translatability of our preclinical data by including trials in cancer-bearing pet dogs in the drug development pathway.
A fast search algorithm for 〈m,m,m〉 Triple Product Property triples and an application for 5×5 matrix multiplication
Authors: Hart Sarah , Hedtke Ivo , Müller-Hannemann Matthias , Murthy Sandeep
Published: March 2015

We present a new fast search algorithm for 〈
Double Bias: Estimation of Causal Effects from Length-Biased Samples in the Presence of Confounding
Authors: Ertefaie Ashkan , Asgharian Masoud , Stephens David A.
Published: March 2015

Length bias in survival data occurs in observational studies when, for example, subjects with shorter lifetimes are less likely to be present in the recorded data. In this paper, we consider estimating the causal exposure (treatment) effect on survival time from observational data when, in addition to the lack of randomization and consequent potential for confounding, the data constitute a length-biased sample; we hence term this a double-bias problem. We develop estimating equations that can be used to estimate the causal effect indexing the structural Cox proportional hazard and accelerated failure time models for point exposures in double-bias settings. The approaches rely on propensity score-based adjustments, and we demonstrate that estimation of the propensity score must be adjusted to acknowledge the length-biased sampling. Large sample properties of the estimators are established and their small sample behavior is studied using simulations. We apply the proposed methods to a set of, partly synthesized, length-biased survival data collected as part of the Canadian Study of Health and Aging (CSHA) to compare survival of subjects with dementia among institutionalized patients versus those recruited from the community and depict their adjusted survival curves.
A new locality, range extension and record of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in the endangered terrestrial breeding frog Pristimantis katoptroides Flores, 1988 (Anura: Craugastoridae) in Peru
Authors: Cusi Juan Carlos , Barboza Andy C. , Vredenburg Vance , Von May Rudolf
Published: March 2015

We provide a new record of the poorly known and endangered Pristimantis katoptroides from the Cordillera Central in Peru, based on a specimen collected in the Alto Mayo Protected Forest, San Martin Department. We provide notes on the morphology and coloration of the species and two other specimens previously collected in Peru, as well as photographs and an updated map indicating the known localities of P. katoptroides. This record represents an extension of 210 km in the southern limit of the geographic range. Additionally, we report the presence of the chytrid fungus in this species.
Enhancement of the thermoelectric figure-of-merit in nanowire superlattices
Authors: Wang Chumin , González J. Eduardo , Sánchez Vicenta
Published: March 2015

Based on the Kubo-Greenwood formula, the thermoelectric effects in periodically and quasiperiodically segmented nanowires are studied by means of a real-space renormalization plus convolution method, where the electrical and lattice thermal conductivities are respectively calculated by using the tight-binding and Born models; the latter includes central and non-central interactions between nearest-neighbor atoms. The results show a significant enhancement of the thermoelectric figure-of-merit (ZT) induced by the structural disorder and/or the reduction of nanowire cross-section area. In addition, we observe a maximum ZT in both the chemical-potential and temperature spaces.
ALGUNS ASPECTOS DA CADEIA PRODUTIVA E COMERCIALIZAÇÃO DO LEITE DE CABRA PRODUZIDO NO MUNICÍPIO DE CURRAIS NOVOS - RN
Authors: Cardoso Maria Conceição
Published: March 2015

A expansão do agronegócio da caprinocultura leiteira está transformando o cenário produtivo no Brasil, de modo a exigir do pequeno produtor uma maior preocupação com aspectos de manejo integrado e com segmentos da cadeia produtiva que envolva a comercialização dos derivados destas espécies. Na região Nordeste a caprinocultura tem grande importância tanto econômica quanto social, devido ao fato dos animais terem uma boa adaptação ao clima e a alimentação disponível na região que geralmente é muito escassa. A compreensão das cadeias produtivas locais permite a proposição de melhorias no setor a fim de torná-lo mais eficiente. Na caprinocultura, esta eficiência se dá através da oferta leite de qualidade, proveniente de animais sadios, segurança alimentar e preços competitivos. Nesse trabalho é apresentada uma análise descritiva da caprinocultura leiteira no município de Currais Novos - RN com observância, principalmente, de alguns aspectos relacionados aos procedimentos adotados durante a produção do leite, condições higiênicas sanitárias das instalações físicas, comercialização e caracterização do produtor quanto à idade, grau de escolaridade e capacitação. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar dificuldades e prioridades relacionadas à atividade do agronegócio da caprinocultura leiteira, considerada uma das mais importantes no município de Currais Novos, a fim de compreender os principais elos relacionados à produção, processamento e comercialização do leite produzido na região e contribuir para o desenvolvimento e fortalecimento desta atividade.
SOBRE A UTILIZAÇÃO DE MEDIADORES SEMÂNTICOS PARA MONITORAMENTO DE QUALIDADE DE SERVIÇO NA WEB
Authors: Ribeiro Cláudia Maria F. Araujo
Published: March 2015

Mediadores são entidades especializadas na resolução de conflitos. Um cenário típico em que mediadores desempenham um papel fundamental é durante a negociação de serviços na Web, uma vez que provedores e clientes freqüentemente têm objetivos opostos. Por exemplo, na perspectiva do provedor o objetivo é maximizar lucros através do uso racional de recursos, ao passo que clientes buscam maximizar a satisfação com o custo mínimo. Mediadores computacionais preservam similaridades com seus pares no mundo real e ambos necessitam de informações específicas para realizar seu trabalho. Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir o uso de mediadores semânticos por aplicações orientadas a serviço, durante a negociação de requisitos de qualidade na Web.
A EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA NO PROEJA DO IFRN-CAMPUS NATAL ZONA NORTE: UMA EXPERIÊNCIA PEDAGÓGICA.
Authors: Souza Filho Moyses de , Souza Hunaway Albuquerque Galvão de
Published: March 2015

Este estudo investigou as vivências corporais sócio escolares precedentes dos alunos do PROEJA do IFRN Campus Natal Zona Norte, como estratégia de elaboração da avaliação diagnóstico para o planejamento da disciplina Educação Física. A investigação se fundamentou na pesquisa do tipo descritiva qualitativa. O instrumento utilizado foi um questionário aberto no qual os alunos puderam expressar suas opiniões acerca das experiências corporais vividas.Os resultados apontaram que os investigados tiveram vivências corporais significativas sociais na infância, porém houve um hiato na experiência com a Educação Física no ensino fundamental e que as atividades físicas praticadas no momento pelos pesquisados refletiam o senso comum do conhecimento da cultura corporal acerca do movimento humano. As sugestões para as atividades da Educação Física surpreenderam pela pertinência e complexidade temática. A metodologia desenvolvida nessa experiência pedagógica fundamentou-se na concepção do ‘ensino aberto às experiências’.A seleção dos conteúdos considerou as categorias conceitual, procedimental e atitudinal e o processo avaliativo teve como critérios os fatores qualitativos da participação e da interação do grupo com o processo ensino aprendizagem.Concluiu-se que esta experiência proporcionou novas perspectivas de ação pedagógica para a Educação Física além de contribuir para a emancipação sócio educacional dos sujeitos do PROEJA.
Paroxysmales Vorhofflimmern und klinisch reversibles Cor pulmonale bei einem Pferd mit komplizierter rezidivierender Atemwegsobstruktion
Authors: van den Hoven R. , Schwarz B. , Hanka J.
Published: March 2015

Die Entstehung eines Cor pulmonale stellt eine seltene Komplikation bei Pferden mit rezidivierender Atemwegsobstruktion (RAO) dar. Dieser Fallbericht beschreibt Vorgeschichte, Ergebnisse klinischer und weiterführender Untersuchungen, Behandlung und Kranhkeitsverlauf eines Pferdes mit Cor pulmonale und paroxysmalem Vorhofflimmern von 2 Tagen Dauer aufgrund einer Exazerbation einer RAO. Unseres Wissens nach ist dies der erste Bericht eines durch RAO verursachten Lungenhochdrucks beim Pferd, der zu Vorhofflimmern führte. Dennoch scheinen auch schwere Herzveränderungen aufgrund von Atemwegsproblemen beim Pferd größtenteils reversibel zu sein.
Downhole-Choke Applications and Performance Impact in the Tupper Fields
Authors: Guindon Leah
Published: March 2015

Performance improvement and mitigation of downhole sand plugging has resulted in minimizing the net pressure condition created within an induced-fracture network. Restricted well drawdown minimizes the physical loss of the induced stimulation, a loss which leads to downhole plugging. Using downhole chokes in liquid-unloading applications maintains high flowing sandface pressure conditions. This creates improved reservoir performance and improved well operations, and also saves costs by mitigating surface hydrate formation and fracture sand flowback.
Determining Interwell Connectivity and Reservoir Complexity Through Fracturing Pressure Hits and Production-Interference Analysis
Authors: Guindon Leah
Published: March 2015

A process for analyzing production interference and interwell hydraulic-fracturing pressure hits for multiwell horizontal pads in unconventional reservoirs evaluated 10 wells with varied spacing in separate formations. Hydraulic fractures induce a high degree of interwell connectivity with a complex stimulated network that extends between wells and across different formations using the “fracturing wave” technique. Combining the microseismic and pressure-hit observations helps to manage the limitations and biases inherent to each method.
Minimizing HSE Impacts During Design and Construction of a Major Gas Pipeline Through the Baltic Sea
Authors: Valeur Jens R. , Strøbæk Neel , Andersson Nicklas
Published: March 2015

From 2010 to 2012, two parallel gas pipelines (the Nord Stream Project) were installed in the Baltic Sea between Vyborg in Russia and Greifswald in Germany. The pipeline system will enable an annual transport of 55 billion m3 (bcm) of natural gas from the large Russian gas fields to the European gas grid.

Comprehensive environmental and safety studies were carried out in the design phase. The outcome of these studies was used in iterations with the pipeline-design process, ensuring that the final pipeline design has minimal impact on the environment as well as on human activities in the Baltic Sea. Also, due consideration has been given to ensuring the health and safety of construction personnel and minimizing the environmental impacts during construction.

Major changes to the design were made in order to minimize project impacts, including

An originally planned intermediate service platform was "engineered out," eliminating the risk of ship collisions in the operation phase.

The pipeline route was optimized to avoid sensitive natural areas and heavily used ship-traffic routes.

Extensive geophysical surveys were carried out in order to identify and mitigate interaction with dumped chemical and conventional munitions and cultural-heritage objects.

It was ensured by theoretical analysis verified by measurements that the pipeline with the chosen route did not have a negative impact on inflow and mixing of water in the Baltic Sea.

Environmental monitoring and subsequent feedback to the construction vessels were carried out during seabed-intervention works near sensitive habitats.

Unique for this project are the major design changes that have taken place as a result of the HSE analysis. One outcome of this has been that all five affected countries have given permit to the project in a relatively short time period, even though it is the first major pipeline project in the Baltic Sea.
Numerical Simulation of Transient Flow in a Gas Pipeline and Tank
Authors: Ling Kegang , Guo Boyun , Zhang He
Published: March 2015

Gas transient flow in a gas pipeline and gas tank is critical in flow assurance. Not only does leak detection require a delicate model to simulate the complicated yet dramatically changed phenomena, but gas pipeline and gas tank design in metering, gathering, and transportation systems demands an accurate analysis of gas-transient flow, through which efficient, cost-effective operation can be achieved.

Traditionally, there are two types of approaches used to investigate gas-transient flow: one involves treating gas as ideal gas so that the ideal gas law can be applied and the other considers gas as real gas, allowing the gas compressibility factor to come into play. Needless to say, the former method can result in an analytical solution to gas transient flow with a deviation from the real-gas performance, which is very crucial in daily operation. The latter approach requires a numerical method to solve the governing equation, leading to instability issues with a more-accurate result. Our literature review indicated that no study considering the effect of changing gas viscosity on the transient flow was available; therefore, this effect was included in our study.

Our investigation showed that viscosity does have a significant influence on gas-transient flow in pipe- and tank-leakage evaluation. In this study, a comprehensive evaluation of all variables was performed to determine the most-important factors in the gas-transient flow. Several case studies were used to illustrate the significance of this study. Engineers can perform a more-reliable evaluation of gas transient flow by following the method we used in our study.
Oil and Gas Industry Megaprojects: Our Recent Track Record
Authors: Merrow Edward W.
Published: March 2015

Projects throughout the process industries--oil and gas, chemicals, and minerals--have become significantly larger and more complex over the past decade or so. The underlying reasons for increasing project size and difficulty are understood--we are developing natural resources in progressively more difficult circumstances simply because we have to. Moreover, the choice of oil and gas developments is influenced by the decisions of some large resource-holding countries to restrict or delay the development of some more easily accessible reservoirs.

Eight years ago at the Offshore Technology Conference, the author reported on a distressing pattern that Independent Project Analysis (IPA) was seeing in offshore projects: Success, measured by how well we meet promises made at the time of the financial investment decision (FID), declines rapidly with project size (Merrow 2003). (Note: IPA benchmarks projects before FID and project systems in the oil and gas and other capital-intensive industrial sectors.) While projects in the USD 300- to USD 600-million range were largely successful, the success rate for the megaprojects--defined as exceeding USD 1 billion measured in constant start-of-2003 terms--was approximately 50%. Interestingly, megaprojects in other industrial sectors, such as downstream oil and gas, minerals, and chemicals, had approximately the same rates of success and failure.

In this updated analysis with a much larger sample of both oil and gas and other process industry megaprojects, our conclusion is quite different for oil and gas projects. While non-oil and gas development projects increased in size and difficulty, they maintained a success rate of approximately 50%. This rate of success is certainly not good, but at least it had not declined despite the much more difficult projects market. Meanwhile, the performance of oil and gas megaprojects collapsed; only 22% of these projects could reasonably be called successful. While the successful projects were spectacularly successful, the other 78% were equally unimpressive with 33% real cost overruns, cost indices that averaged 1.37, and execution schedule slip of 30%. More importantly, a disappointing 64% of these projects experienced serious and enduring production attainment problems in the first 2 years after first oil or gas. The issue this paper addresses is why the relative performance of oil and gas megaprojects dropped so precipitously in the first decade of the twenty-first century.
Experimental Study of 3% Cr Tubing Steel in CO2 and CO2H2S Corrosion Environment
Authors: Yan Wei , Deng Jingen , Dong Xingliang , Zhang Chunyang , Li Wenliang
Published: March 2015

The corrosion behavior of 3% Cr steel is tested by a high-temperature/high-pressure autoclave. The corrosion environment is categorized into CO2-alone and CO2/H2S conditions. At 90°C, with the addition of H2S to the CO2, the surface corrosion condition improved greatly, and the corrosion rates declined compared with the CO2-alone condition. Under CO2/H2S condition, with an increasing CO2/H2S partial-pressure ratio, the corrosion rate reached a peak value at pCO2/pH2S = 100, and then declined. Through the analysis of the corrosion products of the samples in different conditions by scanning electron microscope (SEM), EDS, and X-ray-diffraction (XRD) methods, it was found that the inner film is finer and denser than the outer scale. The partial-pressure ratio of H2S corrosion regime should be between 10 and 100 and is not the previous 200.

Introduction Corrosion has wide-ranging implications for the integrity of materials used in the petroleum industry. The implication of CO2 corrosion can be viewed in terms of its effect on capital and operational expenditures and health, safety, and the environment (Kermani and Harrop 1996),which brings huge losses and poses security threats to the development of oil and gas (Minxu et al. 2002; Kinsella et al. 1998). Medium Cr-containing steels showed improved corrosion resistance compared with carbon steel and lower cost than 13% Cr steel (Ueda and Takabe 2002; Muraki et al. 2002; Nose et al. 2001). The effect of medium chromium-additions was attributed to the formation of chromium enriched corrosion products (e.g., observed on 3% Cr steel). Steels alloyed with 3% Cr or more were found to show improved corrosion performance over Cr-free steel by a factor of two or more (Nose et al. 2001). The corrosion becomes complicated when H2S is added into the CO2 corrosion system. The current research should focus on the formation mechanism of the corrosion product film, properties of corrosion product of different structures, and protection to the matrix. The corrosion experiment that has been carried out with 3% Cr tubular steel in pure CO2 and CO2/H2S environments. The results would be to supplement the CO2/H2S corrosion theory of 3% Cr steel and provide theoretical basis for the proper selection of the tubing and casing in oil and gas fields.
Acoustic-Induced-Vibration Case Study for WDDM Onshore Facilities
Authors: Moussa Atef Mahmoud
Published: March 2015

In gas applications with high-pressure drops and/or high-velocity gas flow, acoustic-induced vibration (AIV) occurs when very high sound levels are propagated in piping. If the sound levels are high enough, they will excite the circumferential vibration modes of the pipe. This allows the pipe to vibrate in and out as the sound wave moves through the piping. Most often this occurs downstream of pressure-reducing valves or safety-relief valves, but AIV can occur at any location where the pressure drop or mass flow rate is sufficiently large. The level of pipe wall vibration is so high that it can induce fatigue cracking of the pipe and can potentially cause catastrophic pipe failure. The West Delta Deep Marine (WDDM) concession onshore of the slug catcher M9001 had a recent failure in the flare header as result of accumulating AIV effect. As a consequence of this failure Enppi/Burullus and Foster Wheeler have undertaken an engineering assessment study to investigate the risk of AIV for the plant and determine the corrective and engineering solutions to protect the plant from any failure that may occur as a result of AIV. This paper will present a case study as reference for gas-production facilities to consider the AIV application in regard to the design phase, and what might have prevented fatigue of pipes during the operation phase.
The Braess Paradox and Its Impact on Natural-Gas-Network Performance
Authors: Ayala Luis , Blumsack Seth
Published: March 2015

Steady increases in natural gas transportation volumes have prompted operators to reevaluate the performance of the existing gas-pipeline infrastructure. Conventional wisdom dictates that adding an additional link or a pipe leg in a gas transportation network should enhance its ability to transport gas. Several decades ago, however, Dietrich Braess challenged this traditional understanding for traffic networks. Braess demonstrated that adding extra capacity could actually lead to reduced network efficiency, congestion, and increased travel times for all drivers in the network (the so-called "Braess paradox"). The study of such counterintuitive effects, and the quantification of their impact, becomes a significant priority when a comprehensive optimization of the transportation capacity of operating gas-network infrastructures is undertaken. Corroborating the existence of paradoxical effects in gas networks could lead to a significant shift in how network capacity enhancements are approached, challenging the conventional view that improving network performance is a matter of increasing network capacity. In this study, we examine the occurrence of Braess' Paradox in natural-gas-transportation networks, its impact, and potential consequences. We show that paradoxical effects do exist in natural-gas-transportation networks and derive conditions where it can be expected. We discuss scenarios that can mask the effect and provide analytical developments that may guide the identification of paradoxical effects in larger-scale networks.
Optimal Design and Operation of Egyptian Gas-Transmission Pipelines
Authors: Elshiekh T. M. , A. Khalil S. , El Mawgoud Hussien A.
Published: March 2015

Natural gas is increasingly being used as an energy source. Natural gas transmission pipelines transport large quantities of natural gas across long distances. They operate at high pressures and use a series of compressor stations at frequent intervals along the pipeline (more than 60 miles) to move the gas over long distances.

The objective function is given by a nonlinear function of flow rates and pressures. The optimization problem has been solved with a number of decision variables and the number of constraints to find the optimal design variables and operations of transmission pipelines over flat terrain. The objective function includes installation cost of pipelines, compressor stations, fuel consumption in compressor stations, maintenance, labor, and supervision. The software computer program LINGO (LINDO 1997) is used to obtain the solution procedure for optimal design and operation of gas-transmission pipelines.
Choice of Development Concept--Platform or Subsea Solution?
Authors: Osmundsen Petter
Published: March 2015

A real choice exists today on a number of discoveries between platform-basedor subsea development solutions. Statistics from the Norwegian continentalshelf (NCS) show that fields developed with fixed platforms have asubstantially higher recovery factor. The potential for a later commitment toimproved oil recovery (IOR) is determined largely by the original developmentsolution. Through the use of cases and examples, this paper discussesprinciples for valuation of the enhanced flexibility offered by platform-baseddevelopment solutions and sequential subsea solutions. It illustrates thatvaluing the various types of flexibility is difficult, which leads to thefollowing question: Are development solutions being selected without takingsufficient account of option values?
Treating and Releasing Produced Water at the Ultradeepwater Seabed
Authors: Prescott Neal , Daigle Timothy P. , Hantz Savanna N. , Janjua Rafique , Zhang Jeff
Published: March 2015

Tomorrow's energy needs are driving the industry to pursue the concept of "no oil left behind." But this goal comes at a cost as the pressures in remote deepwater reservoir pockets are depleted and the water cuts increase. Existing technology is evolving to meet the challenges to automate water separation and purification in deepwater for environmentally safe discharge at the seabed.

To solve these problems, the objectives must be defined; the best available solutions must be selected, and the technology gaps must be identified and closed. Environmental protection is a priority, and the translation of the existing statutory regulations regarding discharged water quality is the starting point. Safety and reliability will follow along with the flexibility to tailor the system to match the reservoir's changing needs and incorporate the best, newest, and fastest-developing technology. Equipment relocation may also prove commercially attractive.

Major challenges will include remote process train control and monitoring, and the ability to perform routine maintenance while the wells still flow. Some of this technology could have immediate benefits to surface processes that would in turn provide ideal proving grounds before the technology ventures into deepwater.