bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cana de açúcar, financiamento público e produção de alimentos no Cerrado
Authors: Sauer Sérgio , Pietrafesa José Paulo
Published: December 2022

A demanda crescente por fontes alternativas de energia incentivou o crescimento da produção das chamadas agroenergias, especialmente o etanol com a ampliação das lavouras de cana no Centro Oeste. Apesar de São Paulo ser o principal produtor nacional, há um expressivo avanço em direção ao Cerrado do Centro Oeste, com especial destaque para o Estado de Goiás, devido à disponibilidade de terras, infraestrutura adequada, mas financiamento público e restrições do zoneamento agroecológico da cana, de 2009. Este estudo procura, a partir do mapeamento da expansão das lavouras de cana para o Cerrado, avaliar sua relação com a produção de alimentos. Tomando dados dos levantamentos do IBGE e da CONAB, relacionar com a dinâmica de outras culturas, especialmente arroz, milho e leite em Goiás.
A cafeicultura em Minas Gerais: estudo comparativo entre as regiões Triângulo Mineiro/Alto Paranaíba e Sul/Sudoeste
Authors: Vale Ana Rute do , Calderaro Rodrigo Alexandre Pereira , Fagundes Francielly Naves
Published: December 2022

Em se tratando de cafeicultura brasileira, o estado de Minas Gerais destaca-se como maior produtor e exportador, uma vez que possui aparato tecnológico e logístico que facilitam o desenvolvimento dessa atividade agrícola, ou melhor, dessa commodity. As mesorregiões mineiras Sul/Sudoeste e Triângulo Mineiro/Alto Paranaíba podem ser destacadas pela elevada produção, produtividade e diversidade na cafeicultura. Por essa razão são objeto desse estudo, que pretende analisá-las de forma comparativa, buscando compreender as diferenças e semelhanças, a partir as seguintes características: processo produtivo, mão-de-obra empregada e comercialização da produção.
Przeciwdziałanie marnowaniu żywności jako wyzwanie współczesności – studium porównawcze prawa polskiego i niemieckiego
Authors: Sokołowski Łukasz Mikołaj
Published: December 2022

Przeprowadzone rozważania są próbą porównania i oceny sposobów przeciwdziałania marnowaniu żywności w Polsce oraz w Niemczech. Zasięg tego zjawiska jest globalny, ale przeciwdziałać mu należy już na poziomie regionalnym, a nawet lokalnym. W Polsce została wprowadzona odrębna regulacja prawna w zakresie przeciwdziałania marnowaniu żywności, natomiast w Niemczech taka regulacja nie występuje. W konkluzji autor stwierdza między innymi, że zarówno w UE, jak i w Polsce i w Niemczech brakuje rozwiązań prawnych, które umożliwiłyby skuteczne i kompleksowe przeciwdziałanie marnowaniu żywności. Zauważa jednak, że bez udziału i zaangażowania społeczeństwa regulacje prawne nie wystarczą do skutecznego przeciwdziałania marnowaniu żywności także dlatego, że największy udział w nim ma etap konsumpcji żywności, co do którego możliwość ingerencji prawodawcy jest bardzo ograniczona. W tym zakresie warto opierać się na doświadczeniach niemieckich i inicjatywach tam podejmowanych.
FSO systems for next generation networks: a review, techniques and challenges
Authors: Sharma Dipti , Tripathi Ashutosh , Kumari Meet
Published: December 2022

Free space optics (FSO) is considered among the emerging technological innovations which are currently being utilized to supersede radio frequency (RF) communication because of its benefits over it, like, low cost, high speed, optimized bandwidth, reduced error and effective communication. In this regard, a brief and comprehensive survey on the FSO system is proposed in this paper under the impact of weather conditions. Furthermore, extending the review, the working, classification and challenges faced in FSO communication systems have also been explored. As the main objective of this review is to analyze and study the performance of FSO systems under varying environmental and turbulent conditions, therefore, in general, categorized the literature survey into two sections general FSO techniques and optimization-based FSO techniques including key findings, future scope as well as comparison tables for understanding the FSO systems more efficiently.
Formulation and evaluation of antidandruff shampoo using mannosylerythritol lipid (MEL) as a bio-surfactant
Authors: Mawani Jayata S. , Mali Suraj N. , Pratap Amit P.
Published: December 2022

Dandruff is a dermatological, harmless, non-inflammatory, chronic scalp condition caused byMalasseziaspecies and recognisable by the white flakes of dead skin in the hair. Mannosylerythritol lipids (MEL) are non-ionic glycolipid surfactants (biosurfactants) with excellent surface-active properties. Their skin compatibility, biocompatibility, biodegradability and remarkable antimicrobial properties make them a potential alternative to conventional surfactants. In the current study, an anti-dandruff shampoo was formulated with different concentrations of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and MEL as surfactants. Two anti-dandruff agents, salicylic acid and benzoic acid, were used. The other ingredients used were xanthan gum, sodium EDTA, urea, Tween 80 and distilled water. The various physicochemical parameters evaluated were colour, clarity, odour, texture, pH, skin irritation, percentage of solid content, dispersibility for dirt, foam formation and foam stability, critical micelle concentration, washability, surface tension, visual stability and antimicrobial test using recommended procedures. The pH ranged from 5.15 to 6.5, the physical appearance was golden yellow, the solids content ranged from 25.1% to 28%, surface tension ranged from 30.64 mN m−1to 38.00 mN m−1, CMC concentration ranged from 30.14 g/L to 30.16 g/L and foam value ranged from 190 mL to 105 mL. Antimicrobial activity was determined withStaphylococcus aureus(DSM 3463) andMalassezia furfur(ATCC14521). The zone of inhibition ranged from 10 mm to 17 mm (S. aureus) and 14.5 mm to 24 mm (M. furfur), respectively. The shampoo formulated with MEL only (formulation C) showed lower foaming and anti-dandruff activity than the synthetic shampoo (formulation A). However, the anti-dandruff activity increased when MEL was used in combination with SLS (formulation B). This shows that the antimicrobial properties of MEL and SLS together with other antimicrobial agents such as salicylic acid and benzoic acid enhance the properties of the shampoo. SLS can be completely replaced by a combination with biosurfactants to reduce the use of chemical surfactants and improve the anti-dandruff properties.
Rolling Bearing Steel: Design, Technology, Testing and Measurements
Authors: Beswick John M.
Published: December 2022

Description

This publication was sponsored by ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys. The ASTM bearing steel symposia have created a legacy of knowledge for current and future bearing steel technologists. The primary reference sources for this book are the numerous ASTM selected technical publications on bearing steel technologies.

Topics covered in this publication include but are not limited to:
Chapter 2 | Basic Bearing Steel Metallurgy and Relationship of Steel Composition, Metallurgical Cleanliness, and Heat Treatment—Specifications and Standard Methods
Authors: Beswick John M.
Published: December 2022

The microstructure of steels for rolling bearings is the single most important parameter in the metallurgy of steels for rolling bearings. The required spheroidize annealing operation for high carbon through hardening steels is reviewed. The microstructure produced in martensitic and bainitic through hardening processes are described as well as the carbide microstructure effects in secondary hardening treatment for steels for high temperature aerospace precision rolling bearings. Metallurgical cleanliness is an all-encompassing parameter in steels for rolling bearings and as such the various characteristics of inclusions present in rolling bearing steels are described. The effect of chemical elements in bearing steel compositions is treated with respect to their effects on rolling bearing properties. The international specifications and details of testing methods for steels for rolling bearings are explained and illustrated. The metallurgical specification and test parameters covered in this section are: microcleanliness, mesosize, defect control, macroinclusion testing using ultrasonic methods, microstructure control, steel composition testing, hardness testing, grinding burn, static capacity relationships, retained austenite and residual stress determination using x-ray diffraction, and radiation testing. The information in this section will enable the reader to identify the most important parameters for global sourcing and testing of steels for rolling bearings.
Chapter 4 | Steelmaking, Casting, Rolling—Air (Open) Melt Steel Grades
Authors: Beswick John M.
Published: December 2022

Bearing steel technologists need to be aware of air-melt bearing steelmaking process developments and the market demands for cheaper and better rolling bearings, and reduced CO2 emissions. Primary steelmaking in electric arc or basic oxygen furnaces is described together with the development of linked or separate ladle refining and vacuum degassing technologies. The choice of aluminum or silicon (nonaluminum) deoxidation is explained as a function of the applied casting methodology, end product requirement, and the prevailing ethos. The variety of steelmaking combinations are explained and relationships of the processes with the metallurgical quality illustrated. The technologies applied in bearing steel casting operations have a profound effect on quality and costs and this is described. High carbon bearing steel compositions present special problems with respect to segregation and a need for homogenization treatments. Continuous casting of bearing steels is established, but ingot casting is required for higher alloyed steels. Ingot casting remains an excellent way of making high-quality bearing steels. Both billet and bloom continuous casting are economically attractive provided the bearing steels in question can be cast in suitable sequences. The use of post-casting homogenization treatments are explained particularly for the large-size bearing steel grades produced by radial-axial hot ring rolling. Control of hot-working process temperatures and adiabatic heating effects, particularly for high carbon-alloy steels, is described. Nondestructive testing cannot detect all internal metallurgical defects which means that hot ring rolling must not introduce undetectable, or difficult to detect, internal void defects. It is explained that careful homogenization of steels for radial and axial ring rolling needs to be performed in order to ensure that the rings have full metallurgical integrity (i.e., they are free of voids/porosity).
Chapter 6 | Heat Treatment Process Technologies—Softening Heat Treatments
Authors: Beswick John M.
Published: December 2022

Softening of 1 wt.% carbon bearing steels, for soft machining, is generally performed in a spheroidize annealing operation. In the spheroidization procedure the lamella carbide, in the pearlitic microstructure formed during cooling from the hot forming operation, forms spheres. The addition of 1.5 wt.% chromium to a 1 wt.% carbon steel composition has a positive effect on the spheroidizing process. The chromium makes the lamella finer and the resultant spheroidal carbides fine and uniform as compared to steels without chromium. A 1C-1.5Cr steel composition produces an austenite containing a distribution of fine cementite particles resulting in a divorced eutectoid transformation reaction which is positive to the spheroidization of steels such as 52100. The spheroidization operation can be performed at various temperatures and generally requires several hours to successfully complete. The temperature is either above or below the A1 eutectoid temperature and the temperature influences the size of the spheroidal carbides in the final softened microstructure. Generally longer time cycles applied for spheroidization gives more uniform carbide size distributions and improved subsequent hardening heat treatment responses. During the hardening operations of 52100 type steels, depending on the austenitization temperature and time at temperature, a significant proportion of the spheroidal carbides are not dissolved in the austenite. The carbides remain in the microstructure as residual carbides and pin the grain size up to hardening temperature of approximately 880°C. For metallurgical quality reasons (heat treatment distortion) the applied spheroidization process should be performed at suitable temperatures and for a long enough time to form unified spheroidal carbide microstructures. The quality of spheroidized microstructures are assessed metallographically using, for example, ASTM A892-09. Steels with carbon content below that of 52100 steel are less easy to spheroidize anneal and steels such as 1070 are softened for soft machining without full spheroidization of the microstructure.
Chapter 9 | Grinding and Hard Turning Metallurgical Property Relationships
Authors: Beswick John M.
Published: December 2022

Hardened bearing steel component grinding, hard turning, and final finishing operations of raceways are critical to rolling bearing function performance. If grinding or hard turning damage is present the metallurgical integrity is compromised and RCF life reduced. Therefore, hard-machining operations are key aspects of rolling bearing steel technologies. Grinding damage is generally prevented by the use of optimum grinding abrasives, speeds, loads and coolants. Prevention and control of excessive localized heat generation at the hard-machining surface is an essential quality assurance measure. Grinding burns are tested by appropriate methods such as acid etching and visual comparison charts. The test component preparation and acid etchants can vary depending on the bearing steel composition as given in the ISO 14104:2017 standard method. MIL-STD-867C standard describes grinding burn inspection methods for 52100, M50, and 440C bearing steels. Barkhausen noise testing can be used for grinding damage assessment. The white layers formed on hard-turned rolling bearing surfaces need to be minimized and possibly removed by a final lapping operation. It is published that beneficial compressive stresses can be generated in hard-finishing operations. Hard turning metallurgical parameters need precise control methodologies and if too much heat is generated in hard turning, undesired subsurface tensile residual stresses may be present. In common with other metallurgical tests, experience and precision is required in rolling bearing component grinding damage control.
Chapter 11 | Rolling Contact Fatigue Strength Material Testing
Authors: Beswick John M.
Published: December 2022

Rolling contact fatigue (RCF) strength testing is a fundamental steel technology. Cycles and Hertzian stress thresholds respectively greater than 108 and in excess of 2 GPa are published as hardened bearing steel fatigue limits. However, the existence of bearing steel fatigue limits remains an open discussion. The complexities of the hardened bearing steel microstructure, the loading, the temperature, and the lubrication associated with contact fatigue make this a multiscale topic. Over the years, RCF bearing steel testing has been given considerable attention by the ASTM organization. An ASTM standard RCF test method does not exist and as far as is known the only National Standard is the Chinese JB/T 10510-2005 method. A specialist ASTM symposium on RCF testing was held in 1981 and the resulting STP771 is to this day a standard reference on the topic. Fatigue failure is a statistical process and the bearing industry generally applies Weibull statistics to rationalize the variations in the nonlinear probability versus test cycle distributions. As bearing steel quality has improved the number of test cycles to failure has increased resulting in vastly extended test durations. Increasing the loads to shorten the test times can result in nonrepresentative failures modes. Numerous RCF tests methods exist, such as thee-ball-on-rod, flat washer, and angular contact ball bearing, and various methods are reviewed in this chapter. The effect of the rolling contact test loads on raceway cyclic microplasticization is discussed as it is important to define the maximum test load without unacceptable cyclic plasticization of the raceway contacts. Substitute fatigue testing methods are evaluated. The most frequently applied substitute tests are rotating beam and push-pull testing with ultrasonic frequencies being applied to speed up the testing. In addition, modeling of the effect of microinclusion on RCF strength is reviewed.
Chapter 13 | Rolling Contact Microstructural Alterations and Effect on Residual Stress and Fatigue Limit, “Butterflies,” Material Response Analysis, and Modeling of Rolling Contact Fatigue Life
Authors: Beswick John M.
Published: December 2022

Alterations of the subsurface microstructure of rolling bearing steels, due to cyclic rolling contact loads, have been known for a long time. Light optical, white etching “wings” observed with nonmetallic inclusions in bearing steels are a particular fascination to bearing metallurgists. Rolling contact microstructural transformations have been the subject of numerous studies and publications. Knowledge as to the nature of the complex transformations has improved with the introduction of advanced experimental methods. Retained austenite is often present in the contact surfaces of through and surface hardened standard bearing steels and this unstable microstructure constituent is generally the first to transform under rolling contact loads. Three stages have been observed in the microplastic microstructure transformations, namely: 1) shakedown, 2) steady state, and 3) microstructure instability. The transformations may be quantified by the use of x-ray diffraction methods as described in the ASTM standard practice E975-13. In addition the change in residual stress due to rolling contact microstructural transformations can be quantified by the application X-ray diffraction methodologies. The presence of butterflies tends to indicate a significant presence of debonded nonmetallic inclusions and combined structural and rolling contact loading. Description of the microstructural transformation is typically abbreviated, for example “DER,” meaning “dark etching region” and “WEC” meaning “white etching crack,” etc. Higher alloyed, secondary hardening, steels used in aerospace rolling bearings also exhibit subsurface rolling contact microstructure transformations. In such steels, different light-etching regions (LERs) have been reported, adding to the already complex but fascinating topic. Characterization of the rolling contact microstructure transformation is a useful tool in rolling bearing diagnostic investigations. Terms such as remaining life of a rolling bearing are applied to describe how much of the contact fatigue life of a steel exists after exposure to rolling contact loading. Characterization of subsurface microstructures unambiguously defines the rolling contact conditions.
Chapter 14 | Toughness and Fracture Mechanics Properties
Authors: Beswick John M.
Published: December 2022

Rolling bearing steels are primarily designed to tolerate rolling contact loads, but adequate toughness is a prerequisite. Toughness terms such as impact, notch, and fracture toughness are frequently linked to characterize tolerance to loads without fracture. Classical fracture toughness requires the existence of preexisting crack-like defects to initiate unstable cracks. Some steel technologists treat microinclusions as crack-like defects and thus apply fracture mechanics principles in bearing steel quality assurance. However, detail testing of 52100 steel with high metallurgical cleanliness has not shown superior measured toughness than equivalent less clean steels. Linear elastic plane strain fracture mechanics measurements on hardened bearing steels is a specialized testing technique, especially in high hardness through hardening rolling bearing steels. The preparation of crack growth curves involves the determination of threshold stress intensity (ΔKth) using ASTM E647-15 standard test, the rate of stable crack growth (Paris law region m value), and maximum load for fracture (KIC) using ASTM E399-20a standard test. The microstructure, in principle, is responsible for any measured variations in ΔKth, Paris law slope m, and KIC. However, martensitic heat treated bearing steels tend to show similar values at a given heat-treated hardness. Bainitic microstructures have marginal improvements in toughness as compared to martensitic due to crack closure effects, influenced by the compressive stress condition typically resulting from bainitic heat treatments. If resistance to through-cracking failure is required, surface hardening of tough core steel technologies should be considered in the rolling bearing material and heat treatment design phase. Ashby plots of yield strength versus crack tip plastic zone size are useful to establish the optimum strength and toughness of candidate rolling bearing steel technologies. Relatively standard impact toughness testing yields significant information for the designer at a fraction of the complexity as compared with linear elastic fracture mechanics measurements.
Chapter 17 | Super-Precision Aerospace Bearing Steel Technologies
Authors: Beswick John M.
Published: December 2022

Steel technologies used in precision aerobearings are unlike those used in industrial machines or automotive rolling bearings, etc. Quality assurance, with respect to metallurgical cleanliness, is achieved by the use of multiple vacuum steelmaking and a revised ASTM E45 micro-inclusion rating method. Vacuum induction melting (VIM) in combination with vacuum arc remelting (VAR) is the mostly applied steelmaking method. Aeroengine rolling bearings typically run at elevated temperatures. In order to achieve the required high temperature, hot hardness requirements, secondary hardening steels such as M50 (through hardening) and M50NiL (case carburizing) steels are employed. In addition to M50 and M50 NiL, other aerobearing steel grades and heat treatments are applied especially when resistance to corrosion is required. Advanced high-speed steel compositions such as 7-7-7-11 (Aerospace Materials Specifications, AMS 6560), using powder metallurgy manufacturing methods, are increasingly being applied. The super precision aerobearing market requires numerous types, and sizes, of relatively exotic bearing rings and are produced in small batches. Application loads and lifecycle requirements means that forging with rolling bearing raceway conforming material flow conformance are specified in the design. Due to the use of VIM-VAR or other remelt steelmaking, “classical” subsurface inclusion initiated spalling is usually not observed. Aerobearing ring and rolling elements often have to tolerate lubricant contamination. The failure mode is thus surface distress and for this reason surface strengthening heat treatments have been developed and used. Nitriding of the steel ring working contact surfaces is often applied especially in combination with silicon nitride rolling elements. Corrosion resistance is recognized as a requirement in aeroengine bearings especially when engines are intermittently used (i.e., standstill corrosion conditions). Corrosion resistant bearing steel development and testing is a demanding topic (see Chapter 10). Functional test results on various “standard” and newly developed aerobearing steel technologies are published in ASTM STPs.
PASLANMAZ ÇELİK YÜZEYLERDE SÜT PROTEİN KONSANTRESİ BİRİKİMİNİN VE SU İLE ÇALKALAMA, ALKALİ VE ENZİMATİK TEMİZLEME YÖNTEMLERİNİN ETKİNLİĞİNİN FTIR-ATR İLE DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Authors: URGU OZTURK Muge
Published: December 2022

Birikim, gıda güvenliği ve ürün kalitesi açısından ısıl işlemin gerekli olduğu süt endüstrisinde önemli bir sorundur. Özellikle paslanmaz çelik yüzeylerde uygulanan ısıl işlemler, hızla birikimler oluşturarak hem ürünlerin kalitesini değiştirebilmekte hem de gıda güvenliği açısından büyük riskler oluşturabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, farklı sıcaklık uygulamalarının ve kalsiyum ilavesinin süt protein konsantresinin paslanmaz çelik yüzeylerdeki birikimine etkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, laboratuvar tipi birikim modeli 3 farklı birikim sıcaklığında (65, 90 ve 110 ºC) uygulanmıştır. Ayrıca, meydana gelen kalıntının uzaklaştırılabilmesi amacıyla uygulanabilecek su ile çalkalama, alkali ve enzimatik temizleme yöntemlerinin etkinlikleri değerlendirilmiştir. Kalsiyum ilavesi ve uygulanan sıcaklığın artmasıyla yüzeyde meydana gelen birikim miktarının arttığı ve temizleme etkinliklerinin azaldığı belirlenmiştir. Temizleme etkinliği en düşük su ile çalkalama yönteminde, en yüksek ise enzimatik temizleme yönteminde belirlenmiştir. Çok değişkenli analiz teknikleri ile kombine edilerek kullanılan FTIR-ATR tekniğinin, süt protein konsantresi birikiminin veya kalıntısının olduğu paslanmaz çelik yüzeylere ait sınıflar arası ayrımlarında kullanım potansiyelinin olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Alih Kode dan Campur Kode Dialog Tutur Sepuh di Semarang Tv Edisi Januari-November 2019
Authors: Latifah Chajar Umi , Setyowati Herlina , Rochimansyah Rochimansyah , Santosa Eko
Published: December 2022

The purpose of this study is to describe the types of code switching that occur in the Speech Sepuh dialogue on Semarang TV January November 2019 edition and describe the form of code mixing in the form of words, phrases, baster, word repetition, clauses obtained in the Sepuh Speech dialogue on Semarang TV January edition. November 2019. The research method is descriptive qualitative. The data source for this research is video documents from youtube, the Tutur Sepuh event on Semarang TV in January November 2019. The data collection technique was obtained by the listening method followed by the note-taking technique. The data analysis technique uses the comparative method or also called the equivalent method. The results of the study were in the form of code switching from Javanese to Indonesian, forms of code mixing in Javanese with Indonesian, Javanese with Arabic, and several factors were found behind the occurrence of code switching and code mixing, namely the limitations of the use of codes, the use of more popular terms. , variety and level of speech.

Keywords: Code switching, Code mixing Tutur Sepuh
A Rare Case of Primary Malignant Pericardial Mesothelioma Diagnosed with Pericardiotomy
Authors: Cui Fenfen , Hu Yuan , Li Yuanmin
Published: December 2022

Primary malignant pericardial mesothelioma (PMPM) is an extremely rare and lethal cardiac tumor. This article presents a 62-year-old man with recurrent pericardial fluid. The patient’s clinical symptoms and imaging features were nonspecific. Initial diagnosis was constrictive pericarditis. After admission, the patient’s symptoms worsened, and echocardiography indicated increased pericardial effusion. To diagnose and improve the patient’s symptoms, pericardiotomy was performed; however, the procedure was unsuccessful because the pericardium was densely adherent to the myocardium. Histopathological examination, including immunohistochemical staining of the pericardial specimen revealed malignant mesothelioma. We recommended adjuvant therapy for the patient with cis-platinum and pemetrexed; however, the patient and his family refused treatment. The patient was discharged 11 days after surgery. The patient survived for more than 15 months with surgical treatment. In this report, the patient’s symptoms improved, and the patient survived beyond the median survival after surgical treatment.  
Conclusion: The definitive diagnosis of PMPM mostly has been obtained from specimens obtained by surgery. Surgery is an effective treatment method because it prevents cardiac tamponade and can improve symptoms or prognosis, but complete resection is impossible.
Burgos, escenario de un nuevo tiempo. Las fiestas por la boda de Carlos II y María Luisa de Orleans (1679)
Authors: Zaparaín Yáñez María José , EScorial Esgueva Juan
Published: December 2022

La ciudad de Burgos fue testigo, durante el siglo XVII, de varias visitas reales, destacando, por su significado, tras un contexto de decadencia generalizada, la acontecida, en 1679, con motivo del matrimonio de Carlos II y María Luisa de Orleans. La ciudad no dejó pasar tan relevante ocasión y preparó un amplio programa festivo para enmarcar la llegada de la joven reina, en un brillante ejercicio en el que se integraron varios conceptos urbanos diferenciados. El marco físico de la cotidianidad quedaba oculto, tanto por la idea de ciudad que se quería trasmitir como por la imagen transmutada de sus calles, plazas y edificios principales, convertidos en magnos escenarios de las celebraciones. De este modo, las fiestas permitían vincular la historia particular de la urbe con el contexto generaldel reino, adquiriendo un valor añadido cuando era la esposa del soberano la que se presentaba, por primera vez, ante la población, como garante de un nuevo tiempo.
Is a four-week hormone suspension necessary for thyroid remnant ablation in low and intermediate risk patients? A pilot study with quality-of-life assessment
Authors: Santos Poliane A.L. , Flamini Maria E.D.M. , Mourato Felipe A. , Lima Fernando R.A. , Santos Joelan A.L. , Lima Fabiana F. , Albuquerque Estelita T.B. , De Freitas Alexandra C. , Brandão Simone C.S.
Published: December 2022

Radioiodine therapy (RIT) is a complementary treatment to total thyroidectomy in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) patients. High levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) are usually required in clinical practice to increase RIT efficacy. Suspension of levothyroxine hormone for weeks is usually necessary, greatly impacting patients' quality of life. Patients with DTC of low or intermediate-risk were divided into two groups - one where levothyroxine was suspended for 4-5 weeks and a TSH ≥ 30 mUI/L was required for radioiodine administration (group 1), and another where levothyroxine was suspended for two weeks only (group 2). The RIT efficacy was compared between the groups. The absorbed dose in the cervical region after 24 hours was also calculated and correlated with TSH. The quality of life was also accessed with the EORTC questionnaire. Thirty-one patients were included in this study (14 in group 1 and 17 in group 2), with a mean age of 45.7 ± 10.6 years and 29 (93.5%) females. The mean TSH level for group 1 was 67.0 ± 35.6 UI/ml, and for group 2 was 31.3 ± 29.4 UI/ml. After six months, the successful RIT frequency was 66.6% for group 1 and 73.3% for group 2. Patients from group 2 showed better quality of life. TSH level ≥ 30 mUI/L is not critical for the success of RIT in patients with low or intermediate risk DTC. A two-week suspension of thyroid hormone appears to meet similar RIT needs, providing a better quality of life.
Los verbos modales en español desde la perspectiva langackeriana
Authors: Smažíková Adéla
Published: December 2022

This article presents the problem of modal verbs in Spanish from the perspective of Langacker’s cognitive grammar. It focuses on the fundamental terms and deals with the problematic point of the theory: the temporal grounding of modal verbs. According to Langacker, grounding elements, in the strict sense of the word, do not reflect verb tense. Therefore, it can be deduced that in most of the languages with verb inflection, including Spanish, modal verbs cannot play this role. Despite this, it is argued that the nature and conceptual content of modal verbs is similar in Spanish and English and that it is possible to analyze modal verbs as grounding elements by redefining the ground. For these purposes it is proposed the representation of the temporal grounding of Spanish modals as a layer within the construal that does not directly affect the implicit character of the modal grounding. It is concluded that temporal grounding should not be considered an obstacle to cognitive analysis and the reason for excluding Spanish modal verbs from the group of grounding elements.
A prediction model for chloride-ion ingress in concrete sleepers
Authors: Esmaeili Morteza , Kaviani Sadegh , Farivar Farzad
Published: December 2022

There are approximately 600 km (370 mi) of railway passing through the desert areas in Iran. One of the important challenges associated with the degradation of railway structures in desert areas is chloride-ion invasion of the concrete, which causes the corrosion and swelling of bars, leading to the total destruction of concrete sleepers. Although numerous studies have been conducted on the prediction of bar corrosion in various reinforced concrete structures, there is no specific study on the prediction of bar corrosion in B70 concrete sleepers. This study investigates chloride diffusion in concrete sleepers and develops a prediction model using field and laboratory measurements. Sample profiles were taken from the Bam–Zahedan railway line for the determination of diffusion coefficients and initial and surface chloride contents. The early-age diffusion coefficient in concrete samples was obtained, and a prediction model was developed based on these parameters. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was performed in order to investigate the influential parameters on the initiation time of the corrosion. The results indicate that the effects of the chloride diffusion coefficient and the concrete cover were the leading factors in the corrosion initiation time.
A duális és a hagyományos képzési formában folytatott szakmai gyakorlat vizsgálata
Authors: Badinszky Réka Gabriella , Fenyvesi Éva , Sólyom Andrea
Published: December 2022

A tanulmány célja a duális és a hagyományos képzésben részt vevő hallgatók
szakmai gyakorlatának vizsgálata. A kínálati oldalról (hallgatók) online
kérdőíven, a keresleti oldalról (vállalatok) néhány vállalat HR-vezetőjével
készített interjún keresztül gyűjtöttünk információt. Eredményeink azt mutatják,
hogy a megkérdezett hallgatók többsége ismeri a duális képzést. A duális
képzésben részt vevő hallgatók legfőbb motivációs tényezője rövid távon a
szakmai gyakorlat megszerzése és a rendszeres jövedelem megléte. Hosszú távú
céljaik között a professzionális szakmai ismeretek megszerzése és a jól fizető
munka szerepel, míg a hagyományos képzésen tanulóknál a professzionális szakmai
ismeretek megszerzése mellett egy jó csapatba kerülést tartották fontosnak. A
megkérdezett vállalatok a duális képzésben tanulók szakmai gyakorlatához számos
előnyt soroltak, úgymint a jobb mintaterv, a világos határidők és feltételek és
a mélyebb szakmai tapasztalatszerzés.
Quality characteristics of ‘Pasta-Filata’ Serbian Kačkavalj cheese and regulatory compliance assessment
Authors:   University of Belgrade, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Source Food Technology, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia, Satric Ana
Published: December 2022

The purpose of this study was to investigate the chemical, proteolysis, microbiological, colour and textural characteristics of Serbian Kačkavalj cheese in order to determine the variability degree between cheeses, compare their properties to other similar ‘Pasta Filata’ cheeses and to determine if they comply to the regulative requirements. A broad range of variations of cheese characteristics was found among Kačkavalj cheeses. The composition showed high variations: dry matter ranged from 51.52% to 58.71%; fat from 20.00% to 29.50%; fat in dry matter from 36.08% to 55.96%; NaCl from 0.93% to 3.69%; total protein from 23.25% to 30.79%. The proteolysis parameters in Kačkavalj cheeses differed significantly. The colour evaluation showed significant differences in a* and b* values, however in L* values there were no significant differences (p>0.05). The traditional Kačkavalj cheese represents the part of national heritage; thus, the comprehensive characterization was conducted to investigate quality variations between Serbian Kačkavalj cheeses. The study identified that term Kačkavalj is used despite some cheeses are not fully compliant with the National Standard. The control of fulfilling the requirements of the National Standard should be improved, as well as raising awareness and prevention of inadequate cheese labelling.
Language brokering between deaf signing parents and healthcare professionals
Authors: Gee Abigail , Wright Barry , Napier Jemina , Ackroyd Victoria , Phillips Helen , Hayes Rachael
Published: December 2022

Language brokering refers to the informal interpreting performed by children and young people, typically in migrant families. Hearing heritage signers are typically individuals who grow up using a sign language at home with deaf parents. As most of them are hearing, they often broker between their signing deaf parent(s) and hearing non-signers. Brokering has been found to occur in varied contexts, including healthcare settings. Using semi-structured interviews, this study aimed specifically to explore the experiences of hearing heritage signers brokering between their parents and healthcare professionals using British Sign Language.

Hearing heritage signers’ experiences of brokering in healthcare settings were found to be varied, as were their attitudes, feelings and views towards brokering. Key themes were identified: pride and pressure; insider and outsider status; conflicting roles; autonomy, dependence and independence; choice and expectation; and perceptions of high- or low-stakes brokering. Based on these findings, recommendations for healthcare providers include increasing awareness of deaf people's rights and access, recognition of children's developmental needs in these contexts and the ability to signpost hearing heritage signers to appropriate support networks.
Impulse oscillometry in children and adolescents with persistent asthma and its correlation with spirometry
Authors: Pereira de Lima Jales Henrique , De Oliveira Jorge Patrícia Polles , Solé Dirceu , Wandalsen Gustavo Falbo
Published: December 2022

Introduction: Asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood. Spirometry is the traditional test for assessing lung function, while impulse oscillometrics is an alternative resource that measures the impedance of the respiratory system.
Objective: To evaluate the pulmonary function of children and adolescents with asthma by impulse oscillometry and correlate the findings with those obtained by spirometry.
Methods: A cross-sectional study in which the pulmonary function of asthmatic children and adolescents aged between 6 and 18 years was evaluated, categorized by the level of disease control according to the Asthma Control Test (ACT) or Children Asthma Control Test (C-ACT) into controlled (ACT/C-ACT>19; n = 70) and uncontrolled (ACT/C-ACT ≤ 19; n = 60).
Results: A total of 130 asthmatic children and adolescents were evaluated (51% were males). There were no significant differences in the parameter values of both tests when patients were divided by the level of asthma control. Altered impulse oscillometry and spirometry were performed in 20 and 25% of the cases, respectively. Changes in impulse oscillometry were more frequent in patients with controlled asthma. R5 (%), X5 (%), and Fres showed moderate correlation with the main spirometric parameters, being stronger between X5 (%) and FEV1/FVC (%) (r: -0,58; P < 0,05) in patients with controlled asthma. Bronchodilator response was observed in a similar number of patients in both exams, but with reasonable agreement.
Conclusions: Impulse oscillometry values showed a weak or moderate correlation with spirometry values.
Permanencia de la generación millennials en las organizaciones
Authors: Franco-López Jorge
Published: December 2022

Los Millennials son un grupo de personas que tienen cierto grado de afinidad, que los hacen diferentes en algunos aspectos y en los distintos contextos donde habitan, ciertos comportamientos que los hacen únicos, capaz de imponer su estilo de vida en todas las instancias. El objetivo fue identificar los factores que promueven la decisión de permanencia y deserción de la generación Millennials en las organizaciones en Medellín. La investigación presentada es de tipo descriptiva y estudio de caso, con enfoque de investigación mixta. Se hace una revisión en bases de datos especializadas a través de un constucto con una ecuación de búsqueda, permitiendo extraer un primer sistema de ocho categorías o variables (8) desde el marco teórico, el cual fue evaluado con una técnica Delphi por cinco (5) expertos, posteriormente este segundo sistema es conformado por cuatro categorías o variables (4): ambiente laboral, motivación, calidad de vida, oportunidades, tecnologías y digitalización. Se amplía cada categoría con subcategorías con referentes teóricos. Lo anterior es la base para obtener información en una encuesta estructurada utilizando diez y nueve (19) preguntas escala Likert, donde ciento nueve (109) millennials que laboran en organizaciones respondieron a través de google forms. El análisis se hizo a través de estadísticas básicas donde cada pregunta se hace a través de segmentos poblacionales. Por último, el resultado final se aplica una hermenéutico a cada categoría.
Ingreso de Colombia a la OCDE: una mirada desde las relaciones internacionales para Latinoamérica
Authors: Vega María Eugenia , Peñaloza Jeison Duvan
Published: December 2022

El objetivo del presente trabajo es realizar un análisis de las condiciones de ingreso de Colombia a la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE) en función de la calidad de vida de sus habitantes, en comparación con las condiciones de otros países latinoamericanos como Chile y México, todo dentro del marco de las relaciones internacionales como referente teórico.

Se utilizó un método de estudio de tipo teórico descriptivo que a través de la técnica  cualitativa del análisis de contenido recopiló y analizó información correspondiente a los indicadores de calidad de vida relativos a bienestar, educación e ingresos per cápita para todos los integrantes de la OCDE durante los años 2020 y 2021; encontrándose que los países latinoamericanos, en especial México,  quien ya cuenta con casi tres  décadas en la Organización, no ha logrado equiparar sus condiciones de calidad de vida a la de países como los norteamericanos o europeos; así mismo las ciudades capitales: México D.F. y Santiago de Chile exhiben similitud actual en indicadores como seguridad, vivienda y vida en comunidad.

Colombia ingresó hace dos años a la entidad de cooperación bajo ambientes comparables a las actuales condiciones de México, quien ya cuenta con 28 años bajo las directrices y recomendaciones de la OCDE por lo que resulta importante realizar un análisis detallado de las implicaciones de ingreso del país, a fin de establecer posibles referentes con base en los casos de estudio de los demás países latinoamericanos que hacen parte de la organización desde hace varios años.
Óbitos e internações de vítimas de eventos toxicológicos não medicamentosos no Brasil, 2009 a 2018
Authors: Duarte Fernanda Gross , Moreira Sandra da Silva , Barberino Maria Goreth , Paula Marcelo Neubauer de , Vianna Nelzair Araújo , Almeida Maria Conceição Chagas de , Moreira Junior Edson Duarte
Published: December 2022

Resumo Objetivo: determinar a taxa de internações por eventos agudos de intoxicação não medicamentosa (NMx) e analisar a mortalidade decorrente desses agravos no Brasil, de 2009 a 2018. Métodos: estudo de série temporal, no qual se analisaram registros de internações por “tratamento de intoxicação ou envenenamento por exposição a substâncias de uso não medicamentoso” no Sistema de Informações Hospitalares (SIH), por regressão de Prais-Winsten. Resultados: ocorreram 125.570 internações em virtude de intoxicação NMx. A taxa média de internações foi de 6,3/100 mil habitantes, sendo maior no sexo masculino (8,0/100 mil hab.) comparado ao feminino (4,6/100 mil hab.). A taxa de internações e a mortalidade geral de internações por intoxicação NMx diminuíram de 9,4 para 4,5/100 mil hab. e de 2,5 para 1,6/1 milhão de hab., respectivamente. Conclusões: houve redução da taxa de internações e da mortalidade por intoxicações NMx durante a década analisada.
WIND POWER PREDICTION METHODS FOR SHELF WIND POWER PLANTS
Authors:   Ufa State Petroleum Technological University, Solovev Bogdan , Gamisonia Giorgi ,   Ufa State Petroleum Technological University
Published: December 2022

Relevance Wind energy forecasting is an opportunity to evaluate the production possibilities of a wind farm in the short term. Production often refers to the available capacity of the wind farm in question. For example, to date, the installed wind power in Russia has reached 20 GW. Direct transmission operators use existing tools to forecast wind production up to 48 hours. Forecasting tools help optimize power system management. This article discusses the abundance of relevant forecasting methods in the field of wind energy, evaluates their effectiveness and value for the most effective control of wind energy. Particular attention is paid to the ongoing development of wind energy forecasting models to meet the specifics of shelf. Aim of research Conduct a comparative analysis of existing forecasting methods in the field of wind energy under general given conditions, choose the best method for a particular case. Research methods To solve the problem, the authors conducted a comparative analysis of the popular, currently existing methods for forecasting wind farms, comparing their applicability with the specification of the area of use. Results In the course of the study, modern wind energy forecasting tools were analyzed, a comparative analysis was carried out, and conclusions were drawn about the applicability of each of the methods. Keywords: wind energy, short-term forecasting, shelf, optimization, efficiency, model, tool, control, mathematical model, forecast error level