bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Palladium‐Catalyzed Fluoride‐Free Cross‐Coupling of Intramolecularly Activated Alkenylsilanes and Alkenylgermanes: Synthesis of Tamoxifen as a Synthetic Application
Authors: Matsumoto Kenji , Shindo Mitsuru
Published: February 2012

We have demonstrated that intramolecular hypercoordination of a carboxylic acid is a powerful activation strategy for the palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reaction of trialkyl(vinyl)silanes and trialkyl(vinyl)germanes under fluoride‐free conditions. Z‐β‐Trialkylsilyl‐ and Z‐β‐trialkylgermylacrylic acids, synthesized stereoselectively by olefination with ynolates, are highly stable and useful reagents for cross‐coupling with a variety of aryl iodides to provide tetrasubstituted olefins possessing different carbon substituents in a stereocontrolled and diversity‐oriented manner. An application to a stereoselective synthesis of (Z)‐tamoxifen is also reported.
Chemoselective Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Reduction of Acid Chlorides to Aldehydes with Dimethylphenylsilane
Authors: Gutsulyak Dmitry V. , Nikonov Georgii I.
Published: February 2012

A variety of aromatic and alkyl acid chlorides can be selectively converted into aldehydes using dimethylphenyl silane (HSiMe2Ph) as the reducing reagent in the presence of the cationic ruthenium catalyst {Cp[(i‐Pr)3P]Ru(NCMe)2}+ [PF6]−. The reactions proceed under very mild conditions and are tolerant to many functional groups.
Synthesis of Olefin‐Oxazoline Ligands (OlefOx) by Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Oxidative Olefination
Authors: Schröder Nils , Besset Tatiana , Glorius Frank
Published: February 2012

The rhodium(III)‐catalyzed oxidative olefination of 2‐aryloxazolines is described and has been employed for the synthesis of olefin‐oxazoline ligands (OlefOx). The highly modular synthesis starting from readily available 2‐aryloxazolines can be performed under an atmosphere of air as the terminal oxidant with catalytic amounts of copper(II)‐acetate.
Iron‐Catalysed Markovnikov Hydrothiolation of Styrenes
Authors: Cabrero‐Antonino Jose R. , Leyva‐Pérez Antonio , Corma Avelino
Published: February 2012

The bis(triflimide)iron(III) salt catalyzes the hydrothiolation of styrenes in a Markovnikov fashion with good selectivities and high yields. After isolation, different benzylic thioethers are obtained. This iron(III) catalyst is unique in terms of regioselectivity and represents a sustainable and economic alternative to those processes based on stoichiometric reagents.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of N‐Substituted Planar Chiral Ferrocenes Using a Proline Hydantoin‐Derived Auxiliary
Authors: Metallinos Costa , John Joshni , Zaifman Josh , Emberson Kassandra
Published: February 2012

An N‐substituted ferrocene bearing a proline‐derived chiral directing group undergoes diastereoselective lithiation–electrophile quench to give planar chiral products in >95:5 dr. The starting material is synthesized by imidation of iodoferrocene with L‐proline hydantoin, followed by hydrosilylation. Although the auxiliary is stable to lithium bases of the types RLi and R2NLi, the ortho‐substituted products may be converted to solely planar chiral derivatives with simple reagents thanks to a labile triethylsilyloxy moiety.
Human brain mass: Similar body composition associations as observed across mammals
Authors: Heymsfield Steven B. , Müller Manfred J. , Bosy‐Westphal Anja , Thomas Diana , Shen Wei
Published: February 2012

Objectives:

A classic association is the link between brain mass and body mass across mammals that has now been shown to derive from fat‐free mass (FFM) and not fat mass (FM). This study aimed to establish for the first time the associations between human brain mass and body composition and to compare these relations with those established for liver as a reference organ.

Methods:

Subjects were 112 men and 148 women who had brain and liver mass measured by magnetic resonance imaging with FM and FFM measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry.

Results:

Brain mass scaled to height (H) with powers of ≤0.6 in men and women; liver mass and FFM both scaled similarly as H∼2. The fraction of FFM as brain thus scaled inversely to height (P < 0.001) while liver mass/FFM was independent of height. After controlling for age, brain, and liver mass were associated with FFM while liver was additionally associated with FM (all models P ≤ 0.01). After controlling for age and sex, FFM accounted for ∼5% of the variance in brain mass while levels were substantially higher for liver mass (∼60%). Brain mass was significantly larger (P < 0.001) in men than in women, even after controlling for age and FFM.

Conclusions:

As across mammals, human brain mass associates significantly, although weakly, with FFM and not FM; the fraction of FFM as brain relates inversely to height; brain differs in these relations from liver, another small high metabolic rate organ; and the sexual dimorphism in brain mass persists even after adjusting for age and FFM. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Student perceptions of an upper‐level, undergraduate human anatomy laboratory course without cadavers
Authors: Wright Shirley J.
Published: February 2012

Several programs in health professional education require or are considering requiring upper‐level human anatomy as prerequisite for their applicants. Undergraduate students are confronted with few institutions offering such a course, in part because of the expense and logistical issues associated with a cadaver‐based human anatomy course. This study describes the development of and student reactions to an upper‐level human anatomy laboratory course for undergraduate students that used a regional approach and contemporary, alternative teaching methods to a cadaver‐based course. The alternative pedagogy to deliver the curriculum included use of commercially available, three‐dimensional anatomical virtual dissection software, anatomical models coupled with a learning management system to offer Web‐based learning, and a new laboratory manual with collaborative exercises designed to develop the student's anatomical skills and collaborative team skills. A Likert‐scale survey with open‐ended questions was used to ascertain student perceptions of the course and its various aspects. Students perceived that the noncadaver‐based, upper‐level human anatomy course with an engaging, regional approach is highly valuable in their learning of anatomy. anatomy. Anat Sci Educ. © 2012 American Association of Anatomists.
A qualitative assessment of human cadavers embalmed by Thiel's method used in laparoscopic training for renal resection
Authors: Prasad Rai Bhavan , Tang Benjie , Eisma Roos , Soames Roger W. , Wen Haitao , Nabi Ghulam
Published: February 2012

Human cadaveric tissue is the fundamental substrate for basic anatomic and surgical skills training. A qualitative assessment of the use of human cadavers preserved by Thiel's method for a British Association of Urological Surgeons—approved, advanced laparoscopic renal resection skills training course is described in the present study. Four trainees and four experienced laparoscopic surgeons participated in the course. All participants completed a five‐point Likert scale satisfaction questionnaire after their training sessions. The quality of cadaveric tissue and the training session were assessed with particular emphasis placed on the ease of patient positioning, the ease of trocar placement, the preservation of tissue planes, the ease of renal pedicle dissection, and the quality of tissue preservation. All of the participants highly rated the quality of the cadaveric tissue embalmed by Thiel's method (mean scores for quality on the five‐point Likert scale were 4.5 and 4.3 by the trainees and experienced laparoscopic surgeons, respectively). All of the steps of laparoscopic renal resection were rated 4.0 or more on the Likert scale by both trainees and faculty members. The initial response rates for using a human cadaver embalmed by Thiel's method as a training tool for laparoscopic nephrectomy showed encouraging results. The performance of a laparoscopic nephrectomy on a human cadaver embalmed by Thiel's method bears close resemblance to real laparoscopic nephrectomy procedures, and thus demonstrates added advantages to the previously reported models. © 2012 American Association of Anatomists.
Effects of 3D microwell culture on growth kinetics and metabolism of human embryonic stem cells
Authors: Azarin Samira M. , Larson Elise A. , Almodóvar‐Cruz Janice M. , de Pablo Juan J. , Palecek Sean P.
Published: February 2012

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) hold potential in the field of tissue engineering, given their capacity for both limitless self‐renewal and differentiation to any adult cell type. However, several limitations, including the ability to expand undifferentiated cells and efficiently direct differentiation at scales needed for commercial cell production, prevent realizing the potential of hESCs in tissue engineering. Numerous studies have illustrated that three‐dimensional (3D) culture systems provide microenvironmental cues that affect hESC pluripotency and differentiation fates, but little is known about how 3D culture affects cell expansion. Here, we have used a 3D microwell array to model the differences in hESC growth kinetics and metabolism in two‐dimensional (2D) versus 3D cultures. Our results demonstrated that 3D microwell culture reduced hESC size and proliferative capacity, and impacted cell cycle dynamics, lengthening the G1 phase and shortening the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. However, glucose and lactate metabolism were similar in 2D and 3D cultures. Elucidating the effects of 3D culture on growth and metabolism of hESCs may facilitate efforts for developing integrated, scalable cell expansion and differentiation processes with these cells.
Hydration of Saccharides: Estimation of Reaction Properties and Equilibrium Conversion
Authors: Lobanova O. , Müller K. , Mokrushina L. , Arlt W.
Published: February 2012

Biomass holds great promise as a renewable source of hydrogen and thus as a zero‐emission, carbon‐neutral, and nearly inexhaustible energy resource. Thermodynamic analysis of biomass hydration is carried out to study the reaction properties considering a series of saccharides as a model. Equilibrium constants and composition are estimated in dependence on the saccharide chain length and temperature. The latter is also studied as a function of the reactant ratios and in the presence of nonreacting additives. Being highly endothermic, the reaction is thermodynamically favorable due to a high entropic contribution. Increase in the saccharide chain length affects the conversion only slightly, so the results for low‐molecular‐weight saccharides can be transferred to long‐chain ones.
New Hyperbranched Polytriazoles Containing Isolation Chromophore Moieties Derived from AB4 Monomers through Click Chemistry under Copper(I) Catalysis: Improved Optical Transparency and Enhanced NLO Effects
Authors: Wu Wenbo , Ye Cheng , Yu Gui , Liu Yunqi , Qin Jingui , Li Zhen
Published: February 2012

By modifying a synthetic procedure, two new hyperbranched polytriazoles (HP1 and HP2) containing isolation chromophores were synthesized successfully through click chemistry reactions under copper(I) catalysis. For the first time, these two polymers were derived from an AB4‐type monomer, although they contain different end‐capping chromophores. They are soluble in normal polar organic solvents and are well characterized. Thanks to the presence of the isolation chromophore, the two polymers demonstrate good nonlinear optical (NLO) properties and optical transparency, making them promising candidates for practical applications.
Multi‐Use NBD‐Based Tetra‐amino Macrocycle: Fluorescent Probe for Metals and Anions and Live Cell Marker
Authors: Amatori Stefano , Ambrosi Gianluca , Fanelli Mirco , Formica Mauro , Fusi Vieri , Giorgi Luca , Macedi Eleonora , Micheloni Mauro , Paoli Paola , Pontellini Roberto , Rossi Patrizia , Varrese Maria Antonietta
Published: February 2012

Ligand L (4‐(7‐nitrobenzo[1,2,5]oxadiazole‐4‐yl)‐1,7‐dimethyl‐1,4,7,10‐tetra‐azacyclododecane) is a versatile fluorescent sensor useful for CuII, ZnII and CdII metal detection, as a building block of fluorescent metallo‐receptor for halide detection, and as an organelle marker inside live cells. Ligand L undergoes a chelation‐enhanced fluorescence (CHEF) effect upon metal coordination in acetonitrile solution. In all three complexes investigated the metal cation is coordinatively unsaturated; thus, it can bind secondary ligands as anionic species. The crystal structure of [ZnLCl](ClO4) is discussed. CuII and ZnII complexes are quenched upon halide interaction, whereas the [CdL]2+ species behaves as an OFF–ON sensor for halide anions in acetonitrile solution. The mechanism of the fluorescence response in the presence of the anion depends on the nature of the metal ion employed and has been studied by spectroscopic methods, such as NMR spectroscopy, UV/Vis and fluorescence techniques and by computational methods. Subcellular localization experiments performed on HeLa cells show that L mainly localizes in spot‐like structures in a polarized portion of the cytosol that is occupied by the Golgi apparatus to give a green fluorescence signal.
Elongated Thrombin Binding Aptamer: A G‐Quadruplex Cation‐Sensitive Conformational Switch
Authors: De Rache Aurore , Kejnovská Iva , Vorlíčková Michaela , Buess‐Herman Claudine
Published: February 2012

Aptamer‐based biosensors offer promising perspectives for high performance, specific detection of proteins. The thrombin binding aptamer (TBA) is a G‐quadruplex‐forming DNA sequence, which is frequently elongated at one end to increase its analytical performances in a biosensor configuration. Herein, we investigate how the elongation of TBA at its 5′ end affects its structure and stability. Circular dichroism spectroscopy shows that TBA folds in an antiparallel G‐quadruplex conformation with all studied cations (Ba2+, Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, Na+, NH4+, Sr2+ and the [Ru(NH3)6]2+/3+ redox marker) whereas other structures are adopted by the elongated aptamers in the presence of some of these cations. The stability of each structure is evaluated on the basis of UV spectroscopy melting curves. Thermal difference spectra confirm the quadruplex character of all conformations. The elongated sequences can adopt a parallel or an antiparallel structure, depending on the nature of the cation; this can potentially confer an ion‐sensitive switch behavior. This switch property is demonstrated with the frequently employed redox complex [Ru(NH3)6]3+, which induces the parallel conformation at very low concentrations (10 equiv per strand). The addition of large amounts of K+ reverts the conformation to the antiparallel form, and opens interesting perspectives for electrochemical biosensing or redox‐active responsive devices.
Dendron‐Containing Tetraphenylethylene Compounds: Dependence of Fluorescence and Photocyclization Reactivity on the Dendron Generation
Authors: Huang Guangxi , Ma Baode , Chen Jianming , Peng Qian , Zhang Guanxin , Fan Qinghua , Zhang Deqing
Published: February 2012

The synthesis and characterization of four dendron‐containing tetraphenylethylenes (TPEs), 11–14, were synthesized, along with a TPE compound that contained four OCH2Ph groups (referred to as 10) for comparison. Photophysical studies revealed that the TPE core became emissive after linking dendrons onto its periphery. Moreover, the fluorescence intensity was significantly enhanced when high‐generation dendrons were linked onto the TPE core; the fluorescence intensity increased in the following order: 11<12<13<14. This phenomenon was tentatively attributed to an enhancement in the energy barrier for internal rotation and torsion of the TPE core to which four dendrons were connected. In addition, the photocyclization of the TPE core into the respective 9,10‐diphenylphenanthrene was facilitated when high‐generation dendrons were linked to the TPE core. Again, the photocycliztion reactivity increased in the following order: 11<12<13<14. We found that the fluorescence and photocyclization reactivity of TPE could be modulated by covalent interactions with dendrons, and such modulation was strongly dependent on the dendron‐generation.
ChemInform Abstract: LiGaGe2Se6: A New IR Nonlinear Optical Material with Low Melting Point.
Authors: Mei Dajiang , Yin Wenlong , Feng Kai , Lin Zheshuai , Bai Lei , Yao Jiyong , Wu Yicheng
Published: February 2012

The new title compound is synthesized by solid state reaction of stoichiometric amounts of Li2Se, GeSe2, and Ga2Se3 (700 °C, 72 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Relaxor Behavior in a New Aurivillius Oxide — Bi2La0.5Sr0.5Nb1.75 Sc0.25O9.
Authors: Sivakumar Thathan , Itoh Mitsuru
Published: February 2012

The new n = 2 Aurivillius phase of title is synthesized by solid state reaction of a stoichiometric mixture of Bi2O3, SrCO3, Nb2O5, and Sc2O3 (1273 K and 1323 K, 12 h each).
ChemInform Abstract: Low‐Cost Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide Counter Electrodes for High‐Efficiency Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells.
Authors: Xin Xukai , He Ming , Han Wei , Jung Jaehan , Lin Zhiqun
Published: February 2012

Cu1.51Zn1.00Sn1.45S3.61 nanoparticles are prepared by injecting a solution of sulfur in oleylamine into a mixture of copper(II) acetylacetonate, zinc acetylacetonate, tin(IV) bis(acetylacetonate) dibromide, and oleylamine (225 °C, 1 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Bismuth Pyrostannate, Bi2Sn2O7, from the First Structurally Characterized Heterobimetallic Bi:Sn Alkoxides.
Authors: Andrews Philip C. , Junk Peter C. , Nuzhnaya Iryna , Thielemann Dominique T.
Published: February 2012

The structures of (III) and (IV) are determined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Two {Mo36}‐Containing Polymolybdates: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Spectral Characterizations.
Authors: Han Zhangang , Pei Wenbo , Xie Jingli , Zhou Yang , Ren Xiao‐Ming
Published: February 2012

Compounds (II) and (IV) are characterized by single crystal XRD, UV/VIS, and FTIR spectroscopy.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal and Electronic Structures, and Magnetic Properties of LiLn9Mo16O35 (Ln: La, Ce, Pr, and Nd) Compounds Containing the Original Cluster Mo16O36.
Authors: Gougeon Patrick , Gall Philippe , Cuny Jerome , Gautier Regis , Le Polles Laurent , Delevoye Laurent , Trebosc Julien
Published: February 2012

The new title compounds are prepared from stoichiometric mixtures of Li2MoO4, Ln2O3 (Ln: La, Nd) , Pr6O11, or CeO2, MoO3, and Mo (Mo crucible, Ar, 1600 °C, 48 h).
ChemInform Abstract: CdCu3(OH)6Cl2: A New Layered Hydroxide Chloride.
Authors: McQueen T. M. , Han T. H. , Freedman D. E. , Stephens P. W. , Lee Y. S. , Nocera D. G.
Published: February 2012

The new title compound is synthesized by hydrothermal reaction of CdCl2 and Cu(OH)2 (H2O, autoclave, 130 °C, 2 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Nanoparticle Supported Polyoxometalates (POMs) via Non‐Covalent Interaction: Reusable Acid Catalysts and Catalyst Supports for Chiral Amines.
Authors: Zheng Xiaoxi , Zhang Long , Li Jiuyuan , Luo Sanzhong , Cheng Jin‐Pei
Published: February 2012

Novel types of non‐covalently immobilized polyoxometalate (POM) catalysts using magnetic nanoparticles as support are prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Practical Three‐Component Synthesis of Crowded Arenes with Donor—Acceptor Substitution.
Authors: Fichtler Robert , Neudoerfl Joerg‐M. , Jacobi von Wangelin Axel
Published: February 2012

The two‐step, one‐pot protocol utilizes dienophiles, aldehydes, and carboxamides and relies upon the sequential combination of condensation, cycloaddition, and oxidation reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Bidentate Ligand Catalyzed Enantioselective Addition of RZnX to Benzaldehyde.
Authors: Jagtap R. S. , Joshi N. N.
Published: February 2012

Moderate enantioselectivity is achieved under optimized conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: An Effective Method to Introduce Carbon Acid Functionality: 2,2‐Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)ethylation Reaction of Arenes.
Authors: Yanai Hikaru , Ogura Hiroshi , Fukaya Haruhiko , Kotani Akira , Kusu Fumiyo , Taguchi Takeo
Published: February 2012

The Tf2CH‐CH2 functionality is introduced to a wide range of phenols or phenol ethers ortho to the hydroxy or ether group.
ChemInform Abstract: Teflon AF‐2400 Mediated Gas—Liquid Contact in Continuous Flow Methoxycarbonylations and in‐line FTIR Measurement of CO Concentration.
Authors: Koos Peter , Gross Ulrike , Polyzos Anastasios , O'Brien Matthew , Baxendale Ian , Ley Steven V.
Published: February 2012

Using Teflon AF‐2400 to mediate gas‐liquid contact in a concentric Tube‐in‐Tube configuration enables the continuous flow palladium‐catalyzed methoxycarbonylation of alkyl and aryl iodides in a reliable manner.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis and Characterization of Immobilized Palladium Carbene Complexes and Their Application to Heterogeneous Catalysis.
Authors: Tyrrell Elizabeth , Whiteman Leon , Williams Neil
Published: February 2012

A novel silica‐supported catalyst is developed for the reaction of aryl halides with arylboronic acids.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling of Arene C—H Bonds with Methyl‐ and Arylboron Reagents Assisted by the Removable 2‐Pyridylsulfinyl Group.
Authors: Romero‐Revilla Jose A. , Garcia‐Rubia Alfonso , Gomez‐Arrayas Ramon , Fernandez‐Ibanez M. Angeles , Carretero Juan C.
Published: February 2012

It allows and efficient access to toluenes and biphenyl derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Binaphthol‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Conjugate Arylboration of Enones.
Authors: Turner Heather M. , Patel Jignesh , Niljianskul Nootaree , Chong J. Michael
Published: February 2012

Both naphthol‐derived catalysts (I) are effective for the reaction of enols with boronates.
ChemInform Abstract: Research on the Synthesis of Aromatic Hydrazone in Ionic Liquids.
Authors: Wang Haibin , Sun Li , Li Xiaonian , Duan Jiangli , Pei Wen
Published: February 2012

[bmim]BF4 is shown to be the best‐suited ionic liquid for the synthesis of aromatic hydrazones of type (II) from the corresponding ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Imidazolones and 2‐Iminoimidazoles.
Authors: Lima Heather M. , Lovely Carl J.
Published: February 2012

Direct conversion of imidazolium salts to imidazolones becomes possible by treatment with NCS/aqueous base or hypochlorite.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,6‐Bis‐arylmethyloxy‐5‐hydroxychromones with Antiviral Activity Against Both Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and SARS‐Associated Coronavirus (SCV).
Authors: Chong Youhoon , et al. et al.
Published: February 2012

The synthesis and antiviral evaluation of a series of novel 2,6‐diarylmethoxychromones (IX) (7 examples) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyridinyl Directed Alkenylation with Olefins via Rh(III)‐Catalyzed C—C Bond Cleavage of Secondary Arylmethanols.
Authors: Li Hu , Li Yang , Zhang Xi‐Sha , Chen Kang , Wang Xin , Shi Zhang‐Jie
Published: February 2012

This novel transformation occurs with high efficiency and excellent E‐selectivity under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Ligustrazine Derivatives. Part 5. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Ligustrazinyloxy‐Cinnamic Acid Derivatives as Potent Cardiovascular Agents.
Authors: Chen Hongfei , Li Guoning , Zhan Peng , Liu Xinyong
Published: February 2012

Compound (VIIIa) is found to be the most active anti‐platelet agent.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Spiroheterocycles Derived from Benzo[f]chromanone.
Authors: Pati Anita , Mohapatra Snigdha , Behera Rajani K.
Published: February 2012

The synthesis of a class of hitherto unreported spiro derivatives containing a benzochromanone moiety via very simple cyclocondensation reactions is described.
ChemInform Abstract: NiCl2(PMe3)2‐Catalyzed Borylation of Aryl Chlorides.
Authors: Yamamoto Tetsuya , Morita Tomoyuki , Takagi Jun , Yamakawa Tetsu
Published: February 2012

The reaction uses metal 2,2,2‐trifluoroethoxide as a unique base, generated in situ.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Synthesis of Carbocycle‐Fused Mono and Bis‐1,2,3‐selenadiazoles and Their Antimicrobial and Antimycobacterial Studies.
Authors: Chitra Selvam , Paul Nidhin , Muthusubramanian Shanmugam , Manisankar Paramasivam , Yogeeswari Perumal , Sriram Dharmarajan
Published: February 2012

Mono‐ and bisselenadiazoles are obtained by oxidative cyclization of mono‐and bissemicarbazones of cyclohexanone derivatives (I) using selenium(IV) oxide.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Aziridination of Cyclic Enones Using Chiral Diamine Catalysts and Its Application to the Total Synthesis of (—)‐Agelastatin A.
Authors: Menjo Yasuhiro , Hamajima Akinari , Sasaki Neri , Hamada Yasumasa
Published: February 2012

The reaction is applied to five‐ to seven‐membered cycloalkenones to afford the desired aziridines with excellent enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Secondary Building Units and Framework Structures in Aluminium and Zinc Phosphates: The Connection Between
Authors: Murugavel R. , Rao C. N. R.
Published: February 2012

Review: 41 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal Complexes with New Types of Chiral Ligands Based on Natural Terpenes
Authors: Larionov S. V.
Published: February 2012

Review: 72 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Formation of Medium‐Ring Heterocycles of Biological Relevance by Intramolecular Cyclization.
Authors: Majumdar K. C.
Published: February 2012

Review: more than 200 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis of Chiral Phosphorus Ligands for Use in Homogeneous Metal Catalysis
Authors: Luehr Susan , Holz Jens , Boerner Armin
Published: February 2012

Review: 175 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enzymatic Synthesis of Organophosphorus Compounds
Authors: Kolodiazhnyi O. I.
Published: February 2012

Review: 149 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Sumanenes: Synthesis and Complexation
Authors: Hirao Toshikazu , Amaya Toru
Published: February 2012

Review: 93 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ligand Recognition Mechanism of Lipocalin‐Type Prostaglandin D Synthase
Authors: Shimamoto Shigeru , Yoshida Takuya , Ohkubo Tadayasu
Published: February 2012

Review: 22 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Use of Enzymes for Construction of DNA‐Based Objects and Assemblies
Authors: Keller Sascha , Marx Andreas
Published: February 2012

Review: 44 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Relativistic Pseudopotentials: Their Development and Scope of Applications
Authors: Dolg Michael , Cao Xiaoyan
Published: February 2012

Review: 654 refs.
Declining In‐Hospital Mortality in Patients Undergoing Coronary Bypass Surgery in the United States Irrespective of Presence of Type 2 Diabetes or Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: Movahed Mohammad Reza , Ramaraj Radhakrishnan , Khoynezhad Ali , Hashemzadeh Mehrnoosh , Hashemzadeh Mehrtash
Published: February 2012

Background:

Significant advances in surgical techniques and postsurgical care have been made in the last 10 years. The goal of this study was to evaluate any decline in the age‐adjusted in‐hospital mortality rate of patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) using a national database from 1989 to 2004 in the United States.

Hypothesis:

Reduction in CABG related mortality in recent years.

Methods:

Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database, we obtained specific ICD‐9‐CM codes for CABG to compile the data. To exclude nonatherosclerotic cause of coronary disease, we studied only patients older than 40 years. We calculated total and age‐adjusted mortality rate per 100,000 for this period.

Results:

The NIS database contained 1 145 285 patients who had CABG performed from 1988 to 2004. The mean age for these patients was 71.05 ± 9.20 years. From 1989, the age‐adjusted rate for all CABG‐related mortality has been decreasing steadily and reached the lowest level in 2004: 300.3 per 100 000 in 1989, (95% confidence interval [CI], 20.4‐575.9) and 104.69 per 100 000 (95% CI, 22.6‐186.7) in 2004. Total death also declined from 5.5% to 3.06%. This decline occurred irrespective of comorbidities such as congestive heart failure, diabetes, or acute myocardial infarction, albeit increasing the number of CABG procedures performed in high‐risk patients.

Conclusions:

The age‐adjusted in‐hospital mortality rate from CABG has been declining steadily and reached its lowest level in 2004, irrespective of comorbidities. This decline most likely reflects advances in surgical techniques and the use of evidence‐based medicine in patients undergoing CABG. Clin. Cardiol. 2011 DOI: 10.1002/clc.21970

The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
Hepatoblastoma—An attempt of histological subtyping on fine‐needle aspiration material
Authors: Barwad Adarsh , Gupta Nalini , Gupta Kirti , Rajwanshi Arvind , Marwaha Ram Kumar , Rao K. L. N. , Dey Pranab , Srinivasan Radhika , Nijhawan Raje
Published: February 2012

Hepatoblastoma (HB) is classified into epithelial, mixed (epithelial/mesenchymal), and small‐cell (anaplastic) type. Wnt/β‐catenin pathway plays a key role in hepatic development, regeneration, and tumorigenesis, and HB is known to present β‐catenin mutations (50–90%). The present study was undertaken to delineate the cytomorphologic features of HB and to evaluate the feasibility of subtyping of HB on fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). The expression of β‐catenin in these tumors was also evaluated both of histopathologic sections and on the aspirated material. Thirty‐three cases with fine‐needle aspirates of HB were retrieved over a period of 12 years. Cytologic diagnosis was reviewed in the light of clinicoradiological data, response to therapy, and subsequent histopathology. Immunochemistry for β‐catenin was performed in 19 of 33 cases on histopathologic sections (n = 10)/cell blocks (n = 6)/cytosmears (n = 3). Based on the cytologic features, the cases were divided into fetal HB (n = 17), embryonal HB (n = 4), combined epithelial HB (n = 8), and mixed HB (n = 4). Four cases of histopathologically proven mixed HB were reported as pure epithelial HB on FNAC, as mesenchymal elements were not represented in the cytology smears. Cytoplasmic as well as nuclear staining for β‐catenin was noted in a total of 10 of 19 cases. FNAC can accurately categorize epithelial HB; however, in mixed type, the accuracy depends on number of areas sampled. Cell block can be of help to perform ancillary investigations especially β‐catenin for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Cytopathol. 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dyshormonogenetic goiter‐like changes in a child with congenital hypothyroidism and a euthyroid adult
Authors: Perry Kyle D. , Hope Jason , Yang Jack
Published: February 2012

Dyshormonogenetic goiter is a rare entity that presents in patients who typically have a history of congenital hypothyroidism, and generally arises from a genetic mutation compromising the production of functional thyroxine or thyroglobulin. Clinically, physical manifestations of goiter can result if left untreated. Histologically, the thyroid lesions usually show prominent bridging fibrosis, multiple thyroid nodules with different architectures, microfollicular arrangement, scant colloid, and enlarged vesicular or hyperchromatic nuclei. Cytologically, the features of the lesion are not distinguishable from follicular lesion and follicular neoplasm. We describe two patients exhibiting similar histological and cytological features resembling dyshormonogenetic goiter with cytologic misinterpretation as follicular neoplasm. One was a child with an established history of congenital hypothyroidism. The other was an adult euthyroid patient who presented with an associated parathyroid adenoma. These findings further affirm that cytologically and histologically, morphologic features associated with dyshormonogenetic goiter can also be found in patients without a history of congenital hypothyroidism. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013;41:720–724. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of Silicone‐Based Gels Containing Allantoin, Dexpanthenol and Heparin on Hypertrophic Scarring in the Rabbit Ear Model
Authors: Kim Gun Gook , Ku Sae Kwang , Lee Dong Won , Marasini Nirmal , Pradhan Roshan , Son Mi‐Won , Jun Joon Ho , Jang Sun Woo , Jin Sung Giu , Kang Min Kyung , Yong Chul Soon , Choi Han‐Gon , Kim Jong Oh
Published: February 2012

Strategy, Management and Health Policy

Enabling Technology, Genomics, Proteomics
Preclinical Research
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Silicone‐based formulations are extensively used for the management of hypertrophic scars. Although the exact mechanism of action is still unknown, it has been postulated that some occlusion and hydration of the stratum corneum with subsequent cytokine‐mediated signaling from keratinocytes to dermal fibroblasts is involved in its antiscarring effects. In this study, the effectiveness of silicone‐based gels containing allantoin, dexpanthenol, and heparin was evaluated for improving the healing of hypertrophic scars. It was found that silicone‐based gels showed remarkable improvements in hypertrophic scar healing and low amounts of skin pigmentation in the rabbit ear model compared with the nontreated control or base alone. Furthermore, the histopathological and histomorphometrical profiles of three different formulations containing 1%, 5%, and 20% silicone contents exhibited marked or significant decreases in the scar elevation index, anterior skin and epithelial thicknesses, inflammatory cells, vessels, collagen disorganization, and fibroblasts compared with nontreated control hypertrophic scars. Therefore, these results indicate that silicone‐based gels containing heparin, allantoin, and dexpanthenol could be promising formulations for the healing of hypertrophic scars.
Effect of mothering on the spatial exploratory behavior of quail chicks
Authors: de Margerie E. , Peris A. , Pittet F. , Houdelier C. , Lumineau S. , Richard‐Yris M.‐A.
Published: February 2012

Previous maternal deprivation experiments demonstrated that absence of maternal care impacts the behavioral development of young animals. Here we assessed the influence of the presence of a mothering hen on the spatial exploration of Japanese quail chicks, after the mothering period. Brooded and nonbrooded chicks were placed in a novel environment containing feeding troughs. The distribution of chicks and their inter‐individual distances were measured during repeated tests. Brooded chicks exhibited a higher ability to disperse, thereby progressively exploiting larger surfaces and gaining access to food more easily. The fact that exploration by nonbrooded chicks was delayed suggests a deficit in their exploratory motivation and/or spatial skills. We hypothesize that brooded chicks experienced the constraint to follow the mothering hen, and to adapt to frequent reconfigurations of their environment. The lack of this variability in the environment of nonbrooded chicks could have reduced adaptability of their spatial behavior. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 55: 256–264, 2013
Sliding and overturning potential of Christchurch 2011 earthquake records
Authors: Gazetas George , Garini Evangelia , Berrill John B. , Apostolou Marios
Published: February 2012

The 22 February 2011 Mw 6.3 earthquake produced a number of unique accelerograms in the city of Christchurch and the port of Lyttelton. Four of these records are analyzed in this paper. The two are from the Christchurch Catholic Cathedral College and Christchurch Hospital stations in the center of the city, which were placed on top of loose sandy soils that suffered softening due to liquefaction; one is from the Lyttelton station, Lyttelton Port Company, on a rock outcrop; and one is from the station at the Heathcote Valley Primary School, on stiff colluvial silts and sands near the edge of a steep and stiff sedimentary basin. The (elastic) response spectra are discussed and related to some salient characteristics of the motions. Symmetric and asymmetric sliding of a block resting through Coulomb friction on horizontal or inclined planes and rocking–overturning of rigid blocks, when excited at their base by these records, offer a strong indication of their ‘destructiveness potential’. The corresponding sliding and overturning spectra of the 2011 records are compared with those of some historic accelerograms to get an understanding of the severity of ground shaking that caused 170 deaths and heavy geotechnical and structural damage in the city of Christchurch. The possible role played by the unusually large vertical accelerations is also explored. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the efficient application of weighted essentially nonoscillatory scheme
Authors: Su Xinrong , Sasaki Daisuke , Nakahashi Kazuhiro
Published: February 2012

In this paper, the efficient application of high‐order weighted essentially nonoscillatory (WENO) reconstruction to the subsonic and transonic engineering problems is studied. On the basis of the physical considerations, two techniques are proposed to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of the WENO reconstruction. First, it is observed that the WENO scheme using characteristic variable has better accuracy and convergence speed than the scheme using primitive variable. For engineering problems with shock of moderate amplitude, on the basis of the Rankine–Hugoniot conditions, a simplified characteristic‐variable‐based WENO is developed. The simplified version significantly reduces the cost overhead without sacrificing the shock‐capturing capability. Second, in this work, it is found for viscous case that it is better to include the viscous effect. On the basis of a simple analysis, the viscous correction to the parameter ε in the WENO reconstruction is proposed. Numerical results indicate, with the proposed simplified characteristic‐variable‐based reconstruction and the viscous correction, that the nonlinear WENO interpolation is sharply activated in the region of shock jump, whereas in the shockless area, the WENO interpolation weights are tuned towards the designed optimal value for better accuracy. Compared with the original characteristic‐variable‐based WENO, the current implementation has similar accuracy and reduced cost. At the same time, compared with the primitive variable‐based WENO, better accuracy and convergence speed are obtained at marginal cost overhead. Several practical cases are calculated to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the current methodology. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PREFERENCES FOR THE NORMATIVE BASIS OF HEALTH CARE PRIORITY SETTING: SOME EVIDENCE FROM TWO COUNTRIES
Authors: Olsen Jan Abel , Richardson Jeff
Published: February 2012

The present paper concerns the criteria people would prefer for prioritising health programmes. It differs from most empirical studies as subjects were not asked about their personal preferences for programmes per se. Rather, they were asked about the principles that should guide the choice of programmes. Four different principles were framed as arguments for alternative programmes. The results from population surveys in Australia and Norway suggest that people are least supportive of the principle that decision makers should follow the stated preferences of the public. Rather, respondents expressed more support for decisions based upon health maximisation, equality and urgency. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
All‐cause cancer mortality over 15 years in multi‐ethnic Mauritius: The impact of diabetes and intermediate forms of glucose tolerance
Authors: Harding Jessica L. , Soderberg Stefan , Shaw Jonathan E. , Zimmet Paul Z. , Pauvaday Vassen , Kowlessur Sudhir , Tuomilehto Jaakko , Alberti K. George M.M. , J. Magliano Dianna
Published: February 2012

There are accumulating data describing the association between diabetes and cancer mortality from Westernised populations. There are no data describing the relationship between diabetes and cancer mortality in African or South Asian populations from developing countries. We explored the relationship of abnormal glucose tolerance and diabetes on cancer mortality risk in a large, multi‐ethnic cohort from the developing nation of Mauritius. Population‐based surveys were undertaken in 1987, 1992 and 1998. The 9559 participants comprised 66% of South Asian (Indian), 27% of African (Creole), and 7% of Chinese descent. Cox's proportional hazards model with time varying covariates was used to obtain hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for risk of cancer mortality, after adjustment for confounding factors. In men, but not women, cancer mortality risk increased with rising 2h‐PG levels with HR for the top versus bottom quintile of 2.77 (95%CI: 1.28 to 5.98). South Asian men with known diabetes had a significantly greater risk of cancer mortality than those with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) HR: 2.74 (95%CI: 1.00‐7.56). Overall, impaired glucose tolerance was associated with an elevated risk of cancer mortality compared to NGT (HR: 1.47, 95% CI: 0.98–2.19), though this was not significant. We have shown that the association between abnormal glucose tolerance and cancer extends to those of African and South Asian descent. These results highlight the importance of understanding this relationship in a global context to direct future health policy given the rapid increase in type 2 diabetes, especially in developing nations.
A deuterated analog of dasatinib disrupts cell cycle progression and displays anti‐non‐small cell lung cancer activity in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Ling Chunhua , Chen Gang , Chen Guodong , Zhang Zubin , Cao Biyin , Han Kunkun , Yin Jianming , Chu Alex , Zhao Yun , Mao Xinliang
Published: February 2012

The pan‐Src family kinase inhibitor dasatinib has been approved for chronic myeloid leukemia treatment but displays limited activity in lung cancer patients. In this study, we used a deuterium substitution strategy to develop a class of novel chemicals based on dasatinib and found that these compounds maintain inhibition on c‐Src activity and display anti‐non‐small cell lung cancer activity in vitro and in vivo. BRP800, one of these compounds, was chosen for further studies. BRP800 mainly displayed antiproliferative but not proapoptotic activity. Molecularly, BRP800 did not show significant effects on the expression of antiapoptotic genes, such as Bcl‐2 and Mcl1, or on the activation of apoptotic enzymes, such as caspase‐3, ‐8 or 9. However, BRP800 decreased expression of cell cycle promoting genes such as cyclins D1, D3, E, A and CDK4 and 6, and increased the expression of cell cycle negative regulators including p21, p27 and p53. Consistent with these findings, BRP800 arrested cells at the G0/G1 phase in a concentration‐dependent manner, and the G0/G1 fraction was increased from 64% in control to 85% in BRP800‐treated cells. We also evaluated the effects of BRP800 on NSCLC xenografts using H460 as a model in nude mice. Compared with the known NSCLC drug docetaxel, BRP800 displayed potent and similar antitumor activity but with less toxicity. These findings suggest that the deuterated analog of dasatinib is antiproliferative by inhibiting c‐Src and disrupting cell cycle progression, and could be further developed as a novel drug for non‐small lung cancer treatment.
Combined measurement of preoperative α‐fetoprotein and des‐γ‐carboxy prothrombin predicts recurrence after curative resection in patients with hepatitis‐B‐related hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Chon Young Eun , Choi Gi Hong , Lee Myoung Ha , Kim Seung Up , Kim Do Young , Ahn Sang Hoon , Kim Kyung Sik , Choi Jin Sub , Han Kwang‐Hyub , Chon Chae Yoon , Park Jun Yong
Published: February 2012

Alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) and des‐γ‐carboxy prothrombin (DCP) are widely used complementary tumor markers for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In this study, we investigated whether preoperative AFP and DCP levels predict recurrence after curative resection in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐related HCC. Records for 267 patients who were diagnosed with HBV‐related HCC and who underwent curative resection for HCC were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were divided into two preoperative groups: pre‐op I (AFP ≥20 ng/dL and DCP ≥40 mAU/mL) and pre‐op II (AFP ≥20 ng/dL and DCP <40 mAU/mL; AFP <20 ng/dL and DCP ≥40 mAU/mL; or AFP <20 ng/dL and DCP <40 mAU/mL). Among 267 patients, 102 (38.2%) patients were classified as pre‐op I, whereas the other 165 (61.8%) belonged to pre‐op II. During the post‐resection follow‐up [69.0 (3.0–136.0) months] period, 154 (57.7%) patients developed recurrences [68 (66.7%) patients in pre‐op I vs. 86 (52.1%) in pre‐op II, p = 0.029]. A multivariate analysis revealed that multiple tumors [hazard ratio (HR), 2.210; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.185–4.121] and pre‐op I (HR: 1.890; 95% CI; 1.080–3.289) were significant predictors for recurrence. Disease‐free survival (DFS) was significantly shorter in pre‐op I compared to that in pre‐op II (20.0 vs. 46.8 months, p = 0.006). Elevated preoperative AFP and DCP levels were associated with a higher recurrence rate and shorter DFS in patients with HBV‐related HCC after curative resection. The combined measurement of preoperative AFP and DCP may be a prognostic factor for future recurrence.
Influences of tobacco and alcohol use on hepatocellular carcinoma survival
Authors: Shih Wei‐Liang , Chang Hung‐Chuen , Liaw Yun‐Fan , Lin Shi‐Ming , Lee Shou‐Dong , Chen Pei‐Jer , Liu Chun‐Jen , Lin Chih‐Lin , Yu Ming‐Whei
Published: February 2012

Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is generally poor. The role of modifiable lifestyle factors on HCC survival has been less studied. To examine whether prediagnosis smoking and alcohol affected HCC survival stratified by viral etiology, we conducted a prospective cohort study of 2,273 (1990 with viral hepatitis and 283 without) incident HCC cases aged 20–75 years who were enrolled between 1997 and 2004 from a Taiwanese multicenter study, and followed up through 2007. Information on habitual smoking and alcohol consumption was obtained at baseline through personal interview. After follow‐up to a maximum of 10 years, 1,757 participants died and 1,488 (84.7%) were attributed to HCC. Prediagnosis smoking and alcohol worsened prognosis independent of each other and clinical predictors. The effects of both risky behaviors were limited to viral hepatitis‐related HCC and more profound among those with early‐stage HCC. Risk for HCC‐specific mortality increased with increasing pack‐years smoked and ethanol intake (all p < 0.001 for trend), with an additive effect shown for the two habits [hazard ratio (HR) for alcohol ≥46.2 g/day and ≥10 pack‐years = 1.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.45–2.05]. For either habit, cessation reduced HCC‐specific mortality, but a significant mortality benefit occurred 10 years after abstinence (quitting smoking ≥10 years vs. continuing smokers: HR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.61–0.97; quitting drinking ≥10 years vs. continuing drinkers: HR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.56–0.98). In conclusion, among patients with viral hepatitis‐related HCC, prediagnosis smoking and alcohol have a deleterious effect on HCC survival. Quitting smoking or drinking alcohol could reduce the excess risk, but only after a long interval of cessation.