bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La presencia gallega en la historia de la economía cubana
Authors: César Valdés Julio Cesar
Published: June 2017

El trabajo aborda de forma sintética la participación e influencia del gallego en el ideario cubano. El objetivo planteado fue analizar desde una perspectiva histórica la influencia gallega en la economía cubana. La metodología empleada fue la realización de un análisis retrospectivo y transversal de la influencia gallega en la vida económica y social de Cuba. Tanto el objetivo planteado como la metodología, unida a otras técnicas de investigación nos permiten plantear como principales resultados, que la presencia gallega llegó a casi todo las ramas de la industria y los servicios de la vida social y económica cubana, con una participación destacada en los sectores tabacalero y servicios (pequeñas bodegas o abastos de venta a la población). Se muestran algunos de los  exponentes del sector tabacalero y como muchos de ellos llegaron a transformar esta industria, de los bodegueros se especifica como supieron socializar con su carismático carácter en las zonas donde se radicaban. Se detalla como el gallego luego de obtener una fortuna se vio afectado por las medidas adoptadas por del gobierno revolucionario. Finalmente se concluye que resulta difícil escribir la historia económica, política y social de Cuba sin que en ella no se encuentre inmerso un gallego.
Does Institution Affect the Inflow of FDI? A Panel Data Analysis of Developed and Developing Countries
Authors: Siddica Asiya , Nur Angkur Mir Tanzim
Published: June 2017

The objective of this paper is to study the institutional impact on the net FDI inflow along with the other possible determinants of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in 40 countries comprising of developing and developed countries over the period of 1990-2010 by using panel econometric model. The dependent variable of our study is log of net FDI inflows measured at current US million dollars of different countries in different points in time and independent variables are log of GDP measured at current US dollars, total trade as a share of GDP, gross fixed capital formation as a share of GDP, inflation as measured by consumer price index (annual %) and log of composite index for infrastructure and a number of institutional variables such as investment profile, law and order and bureaucratic quality. According to the econometric results, the coefficients of log of GDP, trade to GDP ratio, gross fixed capital formation (% GDP), and log of composite index for infrastructure and institutional variables are positive and significant but coefficient of inflation (%, CPI) is negative and significant. Moreover, the institutional variables- investment profile and law and order have positive effect on FDI and bureaucratic quality has negative effect and also statistically significant.
AUTOMATIC LUNG NODULE DETECTION BASED ON STATISTICAL REGION MERGING AND SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINES
Authors: Aghabalaei Khordehchi Elaheh , Ayatollahi Ahmad , Daliri Mohammad Reza
Published: June 2017

Lung cancer is one of the most common diseases in the world that can be treated if the lung nodules are detected in their early stages of growth. This study develops a new framework for computer-aided detection of pulmonary nodules thorough a fully-automatic analysis of Computed Tomography (CT) images. In the present work, the multi-layer CT data is fed into a pre-processing step that exploits an adaptive diffusion-based smoothing algorithm in which the parameters are automatically tuned using an adaptation technique. After multiple levels of morphological filtering, the Regions of Interest (ROIs) are extracted from the smoothed images. The Statistical Region Merging (SRM) algorithm is applied to the ROIs in order to segment each layer of the CT data. Extracted segments in consecutive layers are then analyzed in such a way that if they intersect at more than a predefined number of pixels, they are labeled with a similar index. The boundaries of the segments in adjacent layers which have the same indices are then connected together to form three-dimensional objects as the nodule candidates. After extracting four spectral, one morphological, and one textural feature from all candidates, they are finally classified into nodules and non-nodules using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier. The proposed framework has been applied to two sets of lung CT images and its performance has been compared to that of nine other competing state-of-the-art methods. The considerable efficiency of the proposed approach has been proved quantitatively and validated by clinical experts as well.
Predicted Impact of Aeration on Toxicity From Trihalomethanes and Other Disinfection Byproducts
Authors: Huang Yifeng , Zhang Hong , Zamyadi Arash , Andrews Susan , Hofmann Ron
Published: June 2017

The removal by aeration of a mixture of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) was modeled, and the resulting impact on overall cytotoxicity or genotoxicity was calculated. Both the aeration model and the toxicity model were simplistic, but all assumptions were made to err on the side of overestimating DBP volatility to try to demonstrate a possible health benefit. The results predicted that aeration designed to remove 90% of chloroform would leave the concentrations of many other DBPs largely unaffected; since these other DBPs are predicted to contribute to the majority of the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, the models used in the current research predicted only a 4% reduction in both cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Although this study was a preliminary screening limited by simplistic models, it underscores a need to conduct more research in this area.
Case Studies in Energy Management: Experience From Germany
Authors: Voltz Thomas J. , Grischek Thomas , Musche Fabian
Published: June 2017

The estimated potential for long‐term energy‐efficiency improvement of water/wastewater utilities (WWUs) ranges from 10 to 30%. Energy efficiency measures generally have short payback periods and are more economical than adding renewable energy generation. This article presents experience gained from working with German WWUs on energy efficiency since 2013, focusing on six case studies: (1) making full use of available energy use data, (2) reducing costs by avoiding demand spikes and optimizing electricity contracts, (3) improving the efficiency of over‐dimensioned booster station pumps, (4) reducing energy use for space heating at a water treatment plant, (5) replacing pressure‐reducing valves with turbines to make use of excess hydraulic capacity, and (6) avoiding energy waste of wastewater treatment plant blowers by keeping oxygen sensors properly calibrated. The main partner WWU achieved a 13% improvement in energy efficiency after less than two years of focused energy management, with an average payback period per measure of 1.2 years.
STABLE TETRAEDR OF LiF-LiCl-Li2SO4-NaCl
Authors: Omarova Sabina M. , Verdiev Nadinbeg N. , Alkhasov Alibek B. , Magomedbekov Ukhumaali G. , Dvoryanchikov Vasiliy I. , Nekrasov Dmitry A.
Published: June 2017

With differential-thermal method of physicochemical analysis; using the General rules of the projection-thermographic method; the surface was studied of the liquidus stable tetrahedron LiF–LiCl–Li2SO4–NaCl of quaternary mutual system Li;Na//F;Cl;SO4. As a result of researches it was established that the system implements the quadruple eutectic point melting at 410 °C. Increased interest in involvement in the global energy balance of renewable energy sources (RES); encourages research to identify the eutectic salt mixtures capable of accumulating heat energy. Research undertaken with the aim of developing nizkodubova; eutectic composition; which can be used in thermal batteries as coolant of accumulators. As research object the stable tetrahedron LiF – LiCl – Li2SO4 – NaCl four-component mutual system was selected. This system was formed from the halides and sulfates of lithium and sodium. The choice of the research object is due to the fact that its composition includes lithium salt with large values of enthalpies of phase transitions. For planning of experimental researches; analysis of systems with lower dimensionality within free of the system under study was carried out. The results revealed that the most informative section for an experimental study in the system LiF –LiCl – Li2SO4 – NaCl is a cross-section of selected volume of the crystallization of lithium chloride. Based on these considerations; in a volume of the crystallization of lithium chloride the two-dimensional polythermal cross section ABC was choosen. The phase diagram of the section MN located at the cross-section ABC was DTA experimentally investigated. It allows determining the ratio of lithium fluoride and sodium chloride in the quaternary eutectic. Further; consistent analysis of DTA-dimensional polythermal sections- В – а –Ē□; (LiCl)2 – Ē□ – E□ - the ratio of sulfate and lithium chloride in the quaternary eutectic was determined. The revealed by such a way the eutectic contains (LiF)2 – 10.4%; (LiCl)2 – 38%; Li2SO4 -23.6%; (NaCl)2 – 28%. The crystallization temperature was 410 °C. Taking into account that all components of eutectic have relatively large values of enthalpies of phase transitions; it can be assumed that the identified eutectic composition will have sufficient value of ΔНпл. Therefore; the composition can be recommended as a coolant for devices of thermal energy storage. For citation:Omarova S.M.; Verdiev N.N.; Alkhasov A.B.; Magomedbekov U.G.; Dvoryanchikov V.I.; Nekrasov D.A. Stable tetraedr of LiF-LiCl-Li2SO4-NaCl. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 5. P. 57-62
INVESTIGATION OF KINETIC COEFFICIENTS OF ELECTRIC HYPERFILTRATION EXTRACTION OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES FROM ANILINE-CONTAINING MANUFACTURING PROCESS SOLUTIONS
Authors: Lazarev Sergey I. , Lazarev Konstantin S. , Kovaleva Olga A. , Kazakov Vadim G. , Strelnikov Alexandr E.
Published: June 2017

The data on extraction factor; hindrance factor and solvent specific flow value during electric hyperfiltration extraction of substances from aniline-containing manufacturing process solutions are obtained in this study. The interpretation of experimental materials (extraction factor; hindrance factor and solvent specific flow) in a dependence on current density; concentration; nature of dissolved substance and semipermeable membrane type is presented as well. It was established that extraction factor and hindrance factor for aniline-containing substances is increased due to the growth of current density and sulfuric acid concentration. Solvent specific flow value is increased under current density elevation; but it is decreased in response to concentration growth. The treatment of aniline-water solution with sulfuric acid results in hindrance factor increasing with the growth of sulfuric acid concentration in aniline-water solution on MGA-100 and OPM-K membranes which is explained by pH reduction of solution. Besides; dissociation degree and solubility of weak bases such as aniline elevate; Gibbs energy common value is decreased under absorption; which leads to reduction of aniline sorption by membranes. The presence of sulfuric acid in aniline-water solution brings about the formation of more complex space structures. These substances are retained by membrane better due to its higher dissociation degree; better water solubility; larger molecular size and more branched structure. The increasing in sodium chloride and sodium sulfate concentrations results in the decrease in its hindrance factors and solvent specific flow value through semipermeable membranes of MGA-100 and OPM-K types.Forcitation:Lazarev S.I.; Lazarev К.S.; Kovaleva О.А.; Каzakov V.G.; Strelnikov А.Е. Investigation of kinetic coefficients of electric hyperfiltration extraction of chemical substances from aniline-containing manufacturing process solutions. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 5. P. 74-80
The Effectiveness of a programme-based Vocabulary Learning Strategies for Developing English Vocabulary for EFL Female Students at Taif University
Authors: Ismaiel Nasrah Mahmoud , Awadh Al Asmari AbdulRahman
Published: June 2017

The study of vocabulary can be considered a chief issue which the second language students encounter within the learning of another language especially, for non-English major students. This study aims at assessing the influence of a suggested program for enhancing EFL students` vocabulary and vocabulary learning strategies use. The sample of this study consists of (123) females, it is parted into two sections; the experimental group consists of 55 female students and the control group consists of 68 female students. During the course of the study, learners were randomly chosen and randomly were divided into the experimental and control groups. The aim of the study is twofold: (a) to assess if there exist notable discrepancies between these two groups on the English Language Vocabulary post-test and vocabulary language learning strategies. The study also aims to analyze if there exist important discrepancies in the mean grades of pre and post-test of the English Language Vocabulary test and vocabulary language learning strategies. The research applied will continue for 12 weeks throughout the second semester which includes the proposed program. Students` vocabulary learning strategies were measured by Schmitt’s (1997) questionnaire. This questionnaire contains 58 items covering five main strategies that are determination plans, social plans, memory tactics, cognitive plans and meta-cognitive programs. While the Students` English Language Vocabulary size was measured by English Language vocabulary test that was designed by the researchers. The research accomplished lasted for three months that encompasses the suggested plan. The gathered data demonstrated that there existed statistically important discrepancies between the experimental group and the control group on the post-test, in which the experimental one was more bolded. It also uncovred that there existed statistically important discrepancies among the pre-test and post-test outcomes for the experimental group on the diction examination. Moreover, the grades depicted that there existed statistically notable discrepancies among the experimental group and its counterpart. The data of the present research have notable insinuations for the learners and make an enhanced case for the study of diction and vocabulary.
Rhetorical Flaws in Brutus’ Forum Speech in Julius Caesar: A Carefully Controlled Weakness?
Authors: Cheetham Dominic
Published: June 2017

In Julius Caesar Shakespeare reproduces one of the pivotal moments in European history. Brutus and Mark Antony, through the medium of their forum speeches, compete for the support of the people of Rome. In the play, as in history, Mark Antony wins this contest of language. Critics are generally agreed that Antony has the better speech, but also that Brutus’ speech is still exceptionally good. Traditionally the question of how Antony’s speech is superior is argued by examining differences between the two speeches, however, this approach has not resulted in any critical consensus. This paper takes the opening lines of the speeches as the only point of direct convergence between the content and the rhetorical forms used by Brutus and Antony and argues that Brutus’ opening tricolon is structurally inferior to Marc Antony’s. Analysis of the following rhetorical schemes in Brutus’ speech reveals further structural weaknesses. Shakespeare gives Brutus a speech rich in perceptually salient rhetorical schemes but introduces small, less salient, structural weaknesses into those schemes. The tightly structured linguistic patterns which make up the majority of Brutus’ speech give an impression of great rhetorical skill. This skilful impression obscures the minor faults or weaknesses that quietly and subtly reduce the overall power of the speech. By identifying the weaknesses in Brutus’ forms we add an extra element to the discussion of these speeches and at the same time display how subtly and effectively Shakespeare uses rhetorical forms to control audience response and appreciation.
Environmental hedging: A theory and method for reconciling reservoir operations for downstream ecology and water supply
Authors: Adams L. E. , Lund J. R. , Moyle P. B. , Quiñones R. M. , Herman J. D. , O'Rear T. A.
Published: June 2017

Building reservoir release schedules to manage engineered river systems can involve costly trade‐offs between storing and releasing water. As a result, the design of release schedules requires metrics that quantify the benefit and damages created by releases to the downstream ecosystem. Such metrics should support making operational decisions under uncertain hydrologic conditions, including drought and flood seasons. This study addresses this need and develops a reservoir operation rule structure and method to maximize downstream environmental benefit while meeting human water demands. The result is a general approach for hedging downstream environmental objectives. A multistage stochastic mixed‐integer nonlinear program with Markov Chains, identifies optimal “environmental hedging,” releases to maximize environmental benefits subject to probabilistic seasonal hydrologic conditions, current, past, and future environmental demand, human water supply needs, infrastructure limitations, population dynamics, drought storage protection, and the river's carrying capacity. Environmental hedging “hedges bets” for drought by reducing releases for fish, sometimes intentionally killing some fish early to reduce the likelihood of large fish kills and storage crises later. This approach is applied to Folsom reservoir in California to support survival of fall‐run Chinook salmon in the lower American River for a range of carryover and initial storage cases. Benefit is measured in terms of fish survival; maintaining self‐sustaining native fish populations is a significant indicator of ecosystem function. Environmental hedging meets human demand and outperforms other operating rules, including the current Folsom operating strategy, based on metrics of fish extirpation and water supply reliability.
Drought impacts to water footprints and virtual water transfers of the Central Valley of California
Authors: Marston Landon , Konar Megan
Published: June 2017

The Central Valley of California is one of the most productive agricultural locations in the world, which is made possible by a complex and vast irrigation system. Beginning in 2012, California endured one of the worst droughts in its history. Local impacts of the drought have been evaluated, but it is not yet well understood how the drought reverberated through the global food system. Here we quantify drought impacts to the water footprint (WF) of agricultural production and virtual water transfers (VWT) from the Central Valley of California. To do this, we utilize high‐resolution spatial and temporal data sets and a crop model from predrought conditions (2011) through 3 years of exceptional drought (2012–2014). Despite a 12% reduction in harvested area, the WF of agricultural production in the Central Valley increased by 3%. This was due to greater crop water requirements from higher temperatures and a shift to more water‐intensive orchard and vine crops. The groundwater WF increased from 7.00 km3 in 2011 to 13.63 km3 in 2014, predominantly in the Tulare Basin. Transfers of food commodities declined by 1% during the drought, yet total VWT increased by 3% (0.51 km3). From 2011 to 2014, groundwater VWT increased by 3.42 km3, offsetting the 0.94 km3 reduction in green VWT and the 1.96 km3 decrease in surface VWT. During the drought, local and global consumers nearly doubled their reliance on the Central Valley Aquifer. These results indicate that drought may strengthen the telecoupling between groundwater withdrawals and distant consumers of agricultural commodities.
The effect of flooding on mental health: Lessons learned for building resilience
Authors: Foudi Sébastien , Osés‐Eraso Nuria , Galarraga Ibon
Published: June 2017

Risk management and climate adaptation literature focuses mainly on reducing the impacts of, exposure to, and vulnerability to extreme events such as floods and droughts. Posttraumatic stress disorder is one of the most important impacts related to these events, but also a relatively under‐researched topic outside original psychopathological contexts. We conduct a survey to investigate the mental stress caused by floods. We focus on hydrological, individual, and collective drivers of posttraumatic stress. We assess stress with flood‐specific health scores and the GHQ‐12 General Health Questionnaire. Our findings show that the combination of water depth and flood velocity measured via a Hazard Class Index is an important stressor; and that mental health resilience can be significantly improved by providing the population with adequate information. More specifically, the paper shows that psychological distress can be reduced by (i) coordinating awareness of flood risks and flood protection and prevention behavior; (ii) developing the ability to protect oneself from physical, material and intangible damage; (iii) designing simple insurance procedures and protocols for fast recovery; and (iv) learning from previous experiences.
cis
‐Regulatory Driver Mutations in Cancer Genomes
Authors: Poulos Rebecca C , Wong Jason WH
Published: June 2017

The increasing availability of large‐scale whole cancer genome sequencing data sets has enabled research efforts to focus on cancer driver mutations within the noncoding genome.
cis
‐Regulatory elements are sites responsible for the control of gene expression. Mutations at such loci may modify transcription factor binding sites, disrupt enhancer–promoter interactions or affect epigenetic marks.
cis
‐Regulatory driver mutations have been found in some cancer types to‐date, with initial discoveries of point mutations in the
TERT
promoter, small insertions creating an enhancer regulating
TAL1
and genomic rearrangements leading to simultaneous enhancer dysregulation of
EVI1
and
GATA2
. However, recent discoveries have also revealed mechanisms responsible for the accumulation of recurrent, and even functional, somatic single‐nucleotide mutations in regulatory regions, wholly apart from selective pressure. Close scrutiny of candidate
cis
‐regulatory mutations is necessary in order to effectively identify mutations that have undergone positive selection and to accurately distinguish driver from passenger mutations.

Key Concepts

Improvements in DNA sequencing technology, and the commencement of large‐scale cancer genome sequencing projects, have made discoveries in the noncoding genome possible.

cis
‐Regulatory elements, such as promoters and enhancers, are responsible for the control of gene expression.

Transcription factors bind to
cis
‐regulatory elements, influencing the rate of transcription of DNA to mRNA.

Mutations in
cis
‐regulatory elements can drive cancer development by altering transcription factor binding sites, enhancer–promoter interactions or the epigenetic landscape of the cell.

Alterations to
cis
‐regulatory elements can lead to gene dysregulation, potentially impacting the expression of oncogenes or tumour suppressor genes.

Recurrent somatic driver mutations affecting
cis
‐regulatory elements have already been identified in cancer genomes, including point mutations, insertions and deletions (indels) and structural rearrangements.

cis
‐Regulatory elements may appear recurrently mutated in cancer due to selective pressures or due to other mechanisms driving the formation of mutation hot spots.

Transcription factor binding can inhibit access to nucleotide excision repair (NER) enzymes, leading to increased mutation rates at transcription factor binding sites in some cancers.

DNA modifications and nucleotide composition can both influence the propensity for certain sites to become mutated.

Close scrutiny of candidate
cis
‐regulatory mutations is necessary in order to effectively identify sites under selective pressure and to accurately distinguish driver from passenger mutations.
Affect
Authors: Young Arlene
Published: June 2017

The expansion of scientific and medical knowledge in the nineteenth century led to the development of new ways of understanding the human psyche and emotions, in what, by the end of the century, would be termed affect. Greater understanding of the functioning of the nervous system and principles of evolutionary biology led to an increasing emphasis on the physiological experience in theories of emotion. These new theories were debated widely in Victorian public discourse and challenged by conservative thinkers who considered them secular and irreligious. The influence of this broadening interest in understanding the experience of emotion is reflected in Victorian fiction, especially in sensation fiction and in the development of psychological realism. The revival of interest in affect theory in the late twentieth century has produced renewed interest in Victorian concepts of affect and in the affective content of Victorian literature.
Arnold, Matthew, prose
Authors: Williams Rhian
Published: June 2017

Matthew Arnold was one of the most prominent commentators on his age and wrote numerous articles for the contemporary periodical press. A Victorian “man of letters” and Inspector of Schools, Arnold famously advocated exposure amongst the general population to “the best that has been thought and said in the world”. His forthright yet elegant writing on the role of criticism as a civilizing process provoked lively debate in the Victorian period and proved enormously influential in the establishment of the disciplines of literary and cultural studies in the century following his death. Recognizing that the “center of movement” was then in the “fermenting mind of the nation”, Arnold responded widely and regularly to what he identified as an urgent need for culture at a time of pressing social change.
Barrie, James Matthew
Authors: Rudd David
Published: June 2017

J. M. Barrie (1860–1937) charted the various shifts in taste, sensibility, and mores as Victorian Britain moved towards the modern age. Born in Scotland, he moved to London as an adult and became very much part of the literary and social scene of the first two decades of the twentieth century. He wrote some forty works for the stage (including twenty‐eight plays and a comic opera), eleven novels, many other volumes of reminiscences, sketches and tales, and even became involved in filmmaking. In turn, a number of his plays have been made into films and, more recently, after a period of neglect, revived on stage. However, it is
Peter Pan
(1904) that made Barrie's name known worldwide: a character that has become iconic of the carefree innocence of childhood, though Barrie's creation has far darker undertones.
Biography
Authors: Caine Barbara
Published: June 2017

Although very popular in the nineteenth century, Victorian biography was damningly criticized in the twentieth century. This entry looks at the proliferation of Victorian biography and at some of the concerns expressed in the eighteenth century about how it should be written and what it should contain or omit. It then looks at the condemnation of it in the early twentieth century and at the new and more sympathetic approaches to it evident in some contemporary work by literary scholars and historians.
Boucicault, Dion
Authors: Holder Heidi J.
Published: June 2017

Dion Boucicault was arguably the most popular and influential of Victorian dramatists. From a start writing comedies he became a master of melodramatic form and stage effect, writing and often acting in such works as
The Corsican Brothers
,
The Octoroon
, and
Jessie Brown; or, The Relief of Lucknow
. His plays increasingly dealt with such contemporary concerns as slavery and the wars of empire; he found perhaps his greatest success in a series of Irish plays beginning with the
Colleen Bawn
, works that proved hugely popular not only in England but also in Ireland and the United States.
Browning, Elizabeth Barrett
Authors: Stone Marjorie
Published: June 2017

Elizabeth Barrett Browning was the most internationally influential English women poet of the nineteenth century. Her formally innovative works in diverse genres include epic, dramatic monologues, ballads, sonnets, lyrics, lyrical dramas, polemical political poems, odes, and classical translations. She first established a transatlantic reputation at mid‐career as “Elizabeth Barrett Barrett” withPoems(1844), after three earlier collections manifesting her response to formative Romantic movements, themes, and authors.Sonnets from the Portuguese(1850), altering a predominantly male amatory sonnet tradition, has been translated into multiple languages. Like her epic verse‐novelAurora Leigh(1856), which influenced writers, intellectuals, and activists in Europe and North America, her poetry is often deeply engaged with issues central to her times: factory reform, the abolition of slavery, Italian nation‐building, religious and aesthetic debates, and women's rights. Other works explore the er registers of personal experience: the risks of love, religious doubt, private grief.
Caribbean literature, anglophone
Authors: Dalleo Raphael
Published: June 2017

England's Victorian era began amid the abolition of slavery in Britain's possessions and became defined by transformations in Britain's empire. While references to the Caribbean appeared in English literature by Victorian writers, this period also saw the rise of writing that did not just represent the Caribbean from outside. Today's robust tradition of literature written in English by Caribbean people began to take off between the publications of
The History of Mary Prince
in 1831 and Stephen Cobham's
Rupert Gray
in 1907. This time period, and the uneven modernity that accompanied it throughout the region, witnessed formal and generic experiments that drew on gothic and romantic traditions even as unique forms of Caribbean realism and precursors to Caribbean modernism began to develop. Writers from this period such as Maxwell Philip, Mary Seacole, J. J. Thomas, and Freida Cassin produced a body of work that Caribbean studies has begun to seriously engage as important to understanding Caribbean literary and cultural history.
Chesterton, Gilbert Keith
Authors: Hurley Michael D.
Published: June 2017

G. K. Chesterton (1874–1936) resists the easy abbreviations of literary survey, whether by period, subject, or style. He overspills the standard descriptive categories, self‐consciously opposing rather than reflecting the dominant moral, artistic, and intellectual ideals of his time, while writing prolifically on diverse topics across a dozen genres (and often indeed confounding the thematic and formal expectations within individual genres). His achievement may therefore be best understood in terms of the very characteristics that make his work hard to paraphrase: notably its paradoxical capacity for earnest humor, which animates not only his fantastic fiction but also his overtly philosophical and theological writings.
Corelli, Marie
Authors: Stiles Anne
Published: June 2017

Marie Corelli was the best‐selling British novelist of the 1890s and the Edwardian era. While Corelli's novels never achieved critical acclaim, they thrilled readers with accounts of supernatural transformations and spiritual journeys through time and space. Her novels helped readers reconcile religious faith with the fast pace of scientific change at the turn of the twentieth century.
Decadence
Authors: Denisoff Dennis
Published: June 2017

From the medieval Latin
decadentia
(
de
, “down” or “apart,” and
cadere
, “to fall), the term “decadence” has generally been used to describe a civilization that, having passed its height of strength and glory, was now characterized by the overly refined excesses of an elite class or eccentric geniuses. While associated with immorality, degeneracy, and deviance, the accusation of decadence was adopted by Victorian artists and writers as a badge of their innovation, individuality, and openness to new ways of understanding the world. As an early modernist phenomenon, it has connections to aestheticism, Symbolism, and Pre‐Raphaelitism. Key contributors to the Victorian decadent movement include Charles Baudelaire, Aubrey Beardsley, Max Beerbohm, George Egerton, Michael Field, Théophile Gautier, George Fleming, Joris‐Karl Huysmans, Henry James, Vernon Lee, Ada Leverson, Charlotte Mew, Walter Pater, Simeon Solomon, Algernon Swinburne, Arthur Symons, and Oscar Wilde.
Novel, diamond
Authors: Johns Timothy
Published: June 2017

Although Victorian novels involving diamonds have traditionally been examined through the lens of detective fiction, imperial fiction, New Woman fiction, and other subgenres, recent scholarship suggests that the diamond novel can be treated as a distinct category. If one explores the elevated role of diamonds in the commodity culture of Victorian Britain and traces an interest in diamond plots from sites of consumption in metropolitan cities to sites of production in colonial South Africa, the diamond novel can be understood as a unique Victorian genre – a genre narrating, above all, the uneven success stories of ambitious women.
Disability
Authors: Bourrier Karen , Esmail Jennifer
Published: June 2017

The role of physical and cognitive disability in Victorian literature is examined here in its historical context. Although the Victorians would not have used the term “disability,” they were fascinated with physical and cognitive difference. Victorian novels, in particular, are populated by characters with disabilities and their presence had varying purposes and effects. For instance, some characters with disabilities were represented as saints, and others as villains, and often these characters were meant to evoke emotional responses in readers.
Du Maurier, George
Authors: Olwell Victoria
Published: June 2017

George du Maurier (1834–96) was a Victorian illustrator, satirical cartoonist, and novelist. He published cartoons in such magazines as
The Graphic
,
Cornhill Magazine
, and
Once a Week
, and joined the staff of
Punch
in 1865. Toward the end of his life, he published three novels,
Peter Ibbetson
(1891)
, Trilby
(1894), and
The Martian
(1897), all of which he illustrated. Long in the public eye as an illustrator of novels and a cartoonist, he achieved extraordinary international fame with the 1894 serialized publication
Trilby,
which became not only a bestseller but also a mass‐cultural phenomenon.
Trilby
was adapted into live performances and films and was widely cited in articles, popular images, and advertisements in the late 1890s. Scholarship on Du Maurier has been weighted heavily toward
Trilby
and the significance of the extraordinary vogue it achieved.
Eliot, George, fiction
Authors: Buzard James
Published: June 2017

The novelist known as George Eliot (1819–80, born Mary Ann Evans) was the most distinguished practitioner and proponent of fictional realism in nineteenth‐century England. Between the late 1850s and her death she wrote a number of novels and other works of fiction both popular with the reading public and regarded as raising the novel form to new heights as an instrument for incisive ethical and social analysis. Her
Middlemarch
(1871–72) continues to be considered one of the greatest novels in English, or indeed in any language.
Empire
Authors: Hensley Nathan K.
Published: June 2017

During the nineteenth century, England drew large swaths of the world into a vast network of economic, political, military, and cultural power, a globalized system of linkage as productive as it was oppressive. Whether conceived in political terms as an organization of dependent states or more broadly as an ensemble of dependencies, trade outposts, and spheres of influence, the British Empire enabled daily life at home and reshaped the lives of countless individuals beyond England's shores. The “civilizing mission” driving British expansion was fueled by myths of racial and cultural superiority no less than profit motives and religious zeal; together these factors authorized a phase of global hegemony guaranteed by military force and aimed at economic dominance that was, nevertheless, always in contestation. Resistance was constant. Still, the Empire's process of unequal globalization generated vast consequences, reorganizing social life and spurring cultural innovation in ways that remain legible today.
Farrar, Fredric W.
Authors: Agruss David
Published: June 2017

Frederic W. Farrar (1831–1903) was best known in his lifetime as the author of the boys’ public school novel
Eric; or, Little by Little
(1858) although he published other novels of school and university life. In addition, his theological and philological writings were also widely read, and his published sermons were extremely popular. Earlier in his career, Farrar taught at Marlborough College and Harrow School and was later headmaster at Harrow. And later in his career, Farrar rose through the religious ranks, serving as Canon of Westminster, then Archdeacon of Westminster, and finally Dean of Canterbury until his death.
Formalism
Authors: Levine Caroline
Published: June 2017

Formalism is an approach to art and literature that focuses on the structures and techniques of aesthetic works. Two major traditions of formalist thinking, Anglo‐American New Criticism and Russian Formalism, shaped readings of Victorian poetry and narrative in the twentieth century. Twenty‐first century critics have joined formalist methods to an interest in historical contexts, valuing the ways that Victorian writers used form to grasp and convey their social and natural worlds.
Germany
Authors: Rignall John
Published: June 2017

An interest in German literature and thought, which dates back to the Romantic period, was widespread among Victorian writers, thanks largely to the advocacy of Thomas Carlyle. Many writers learnt German, and German culture was particularly important for George Eliot, G. H. Lewes, Matthew Arnold, George Meredith, and George Gissing. Goethe was widely admired and Heine was seen as his most important poetic successor by both Eliot and Arnold. Germany was respected for its learning and scholarship, admired for its picturesque towns and landscapes, and visited for its spas, which feature in some Victorian novels. A condescending view of the country as intellectually advanced, and richly musical, but socially and politically backward, began to change after the Franco‐Prussian War of 1870–71 when a unified Germany emerged as an economic and military power which could rival Britain and be used by writers to reveal British deficiencies.
Global Studies
Authors: Gagnier Regenia
Published: June 2017

This entry shows how the intercultural transvaluation of actants and ideas often associated with Victorian Britain will be central to the development of Victorian Studies in global contexts made possible by new media. In addition to the global circulation of Victorian authors, works, and movements, the actants also include geopolitical ideologies such as individualism, collectivism, nationalism, internationalism, and cosmopolitanism; geopolitical institutions and state apparatuses such as modes of government and trade, legal systems, and armed services; and geopolitical commodities and technologies like textiles, tea, railways, and sanitation systems. The first part explores these literary, institutional, and material actants. The following parts survey the global state of Victorian Studies in institutionalized and emergent forms.
Gray, John
Authors: McCormack Jerusha
Published: June 2017

John Gray (1866–1934), known as “Dorian” (after the hero of Oscar Wilde's novel
The Picture of Dorian Gray
) was a minor poet of the 1890s whose book
Silverpoints
(1893) led to his reputation as being “the most decadent of decadents.” He outlived both reputations. Breaking with Wilde, Gray converted to Roman Catholicism, becoming, after the turn of the century, a respected priest in Edinburgh. Joined there by his lifelong friend André Raffalovich (also a convert), together they were the prime movers behind the building of St. Peter's Roman Catholic church in Morningside. During this period, Gray systematically destroyed evidence linking him to Wilde and his past as “Dorian” Gray. Marking the distance from his “decadent” period, Gray also produced a considerable body of modernist poetry, most notably his collection
The Long Road
(1926), together with one experimental novella,
Park: A Fantastic Story
(1932).
Horror fiction
Authors: Worth Aaron
Published: June 2017

The Victorian age was a period of extraordinary fertility for writers of horror fiction, a genre with roots in the Gothic tradition of the eighteenth century. Important developments in the literature of fear during the nineteenth century include the rise of the “penny dreadfuls,” as well as the emergence of the ghost story as a modern form. The fin de siècle years were particularly significant for the development of the modern horror story, with influential works appearing by authors such as Robert Louis Stevenson, Oscar Wilde, Bram Stoker, Arthur Machen, and H. G. Wells.
Horticulture and botany
Authors: Voskuil Lynn
Published: June 2017

Throughout much of the nineteenth century, the practices of the two fields of horticulture and botany were closely intertwined rather than demarcated into the zones of “garden” and “laboratory,” as they usually are today. The development of botany as a science was shaped by botanists like Joseph Hooker and Charles Darwin, scientists who believed that the field of botany should be codified and elevated. Both men worked with horticulturists as well, however. Horticulturists like J. C. Loudon and Joseph Paxton professed little regard for disciplinary separation. The widespread popularity of science in Victorian England contributed to the shared development of horticulture and botany. The rich mix of science, aesthetics, empire, and domesticity that characterized this complex process was reflected, discussed, and widely debated in Victorian Britain's horticultural, botanical, and aesthetic literature.
Novel, Indian
Authors: Joshi Priya
Published: June 2017

Many of the innovations for which the Indian novel is most renowned today date back to the colonial encounter and to experiments in form and theme undertaken in the nineteenth century. During that period Indian readers encountered the modern novel and experimented with language and theme in developing a novel in Indian languages. The book trade between Britain and India was paradoxically reciprocal in the Victorian period: London publishers provided titles for sale in India, and Indian readers soon came to determine the contours of British publishing. If the novelists of the period are no longer household names, their legacies nevertheless persist in the forms of the novel that are familiar today.
Ingelow, Jean
Authors: Hoagwood Terence
Published: June 2017

Jean Ingelow's widely admired poetry represents large cultural conflicts with subtlety, including gender politics and higher criticism of the Bible. Prolific in the writing of children's literature and often engaged in problems of urban poverty, her work has tended to be understood in terms of domestic life and feminine propriety, but recent studies have begun to indicate her skillful development of artistic forms suitable for the presentation of unresolved crises of faith and doubt.
Jewsbury, Geraldine
Authors: Bloom Abigail Burnham
Published: June 2017

Geraldine Jewsbury, a Victorian woman of letters, contributed to the literature of her era as a novelist, letter writer, journalist, book reviewer, translator, and editor. Her novels, like her other work, center on concerns raised by the “woman's question” – the education, employment, and position of women in Victorian society – and advocate self‐reliance and self‐control for women. Her published letters, particularly those to Jane Welsh Carlyle, provide insight into the thoughts and behaviors of a complex, intellectual, and independent woman.
Keble, John
Authors: Gelpi Barbara Charlesworth
Published: June 2017

Although John Keble spent most of his adult life as a country clergyman, he wielded a powerful influence upon Victorian religion, society, and culture. He was one of the leaders of the Oxford Movement, which urged the reestablishment of ancient traditions in belief and practice within the Anglican Communion, and he was the author of
The Christian Year
. This book of poems, linked to the readings for Sundays and feast days in the Anglican Book of Common Prayer, was a Victorian bestseller; it shaped the devotional life of believing Christians and influenced the moral stance of those who experienced doubt.
Le Fanu, Sheridan
Authors: Jones Anna Maria
Published: June 2017

Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu (1814–73), an Anglo‐Irish author, is best known for his gothic and supernatural novels and short fiction, especially the novel
Uncle Silas
(1864) and the novella
Carmilla
(1872), and for his representations of Irish Protestant guilt and anxieties. He helped define the genre of the Victorian ghost story and has been influential on a number of authors such as Charlotte Brontë, James Joyce, Elizabeth Bowen, Dorothy L. Sayers, Bram Stoker, H. P. Lovecraft, and M. R. James. He owned and edited the
Dublin University Magazine
(1861–69). The influence of Swedish mystic Emanuel Swedenborg can be seen in some of his later fiction, especially
Uncle Silas
and the short‐story collection
In a Glass Darkly
(1872).
Lyric
Authors: Thain Marion
Published: June 2017

Etymologically associated with the lyre, the term “lyric” might seem to denote poetry strongly connected with music. Yet across the nineteenth century it came to encompass many different types and forms of verse. Within this expanded remit the Romantic association with personal emotion and reified introspection remained strong and, in a context of rapid modernization, ensured an often productive tension with social engagement. A complex and indistinct literary space for the Victorians, lyric was nonetheless increasingly considered the preeminent mode of poetry.
Marryat, Frederick
Authors: Bragg Tom
Published: June 2017

This entry is a discussion of the life, works, and critical reception of Victorian naval officer and novelist Frederick Marryat (1792–1848). The entry describes Marryat's career, from his years as a sailor and officer in the Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars to his burgeoning career as a writer of nautical fiction in the 1830s and his shift into children's fiction in the 1840s. A brief account is provided of critical treatments of his work during the late twentieth and early twenty‐first centuries, including the popular focus on juvenile works like
Masterman Ready
.
Morris, William
Authors: Boos Florence
Published: June 2017

William Morris (1834–96) was a major Victorian poet, essayist, translator, author of prose romances, and theorist of popular art, book design, and socialism. He was also a cofounder of the decorative firm Morris and Co., initiator of the Kelmscott Press, originator of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings, and leader of the early British socialist movement. The immense range of these activities and accomplishments was united by Morris's literary gifts, study of medieval culture, love of organic forms, and communitarian ethical commitments. A historicist poet, artist, and political thinker, his writings embody a secular faith that the meaning of history must reside in what he called “fellowship,” a form of solidarity achieved through remembrance, anticipation, and action. Against the claim that Victorian neo‐medievalism was largely escapist, Morris's poetry avoids such evasion by probing into the heart of emotional loss. If, for Morris, random and systemic violence threatens even the most intimate of human relationships, the only source of hope remains art, defined broadly to include memorialization through memory and poetry: To preserve and reenact such forms of memory, a poet/singer/outsider figure was requisite. As an example of such a figure, inNews from Nowherea literal Guest or revenant from the benighted nineteenth century finds himself awake in the socialist society of the future, before he returns to his present day with the message that a better world is possible – but only “if others can see it as I have seen it.”