bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spectrum of elastin sequence variants and cardiovascular phenotypes in 49 patients with Williams–Beuren syndrome
Authors: Delio Maria , Pope Kathleen , Wang Tao , Samanich Joy , Haldeman‐Englert Chad R. , Kaplan Paige , Shaikh Tamim H. , Cai Jinlu , Marion Robert W. , Morrow Bernice E. , Babcock Melanie
Published: February 2013

Haploinsufficiency of the elastin gene (ELN) on 7q11.23 is responsible for supravalvular aortic stenosis (SVAS) and other arteriopathies in patients with Williams–Beuren syndrome (WBS). These defects occur with variable penetrance and expressivity, but the basis of this is unknown. To determine whether DNA variations in ELN could serve as genetic modifiers, we sequenced the 33 exons and immediately surrounding sequence of the ELN gene (9,455 bp of sequence) in 49 DNAs from patients with WBS and compared cardiovascular phenotypes. Four missense, and four novel intronic variants were identified from a total of 24 mostly intronic single nucleotide variations and one indel. Two missense changes were present in one patient each, one published, p.Gly610Ser in exon 27 (MAF, 0.003) and one novel, p.Cys714Tyr, in exon 33 (MAF, 0.001), were rare in the general population. To identify a statistical association between the variants identified here and cardiovascular phenotypes a larger cohort would be needed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sample size calculations for noninferiority trials with Poisson distributed count data
Authors: Stucke Kathrin , Kieser Meinhard
Published: February 2013

Clinical trials with Poisson distributed count data as the primary outcome are common in various medical areas such as relapse counts in multiple sclerosis trials or the number of attacks in trials for the treatment of migraine. In this article, we present approximate sample size formulae for testing noninferiority using asymptotic tests which are based on restricted or unrestricted maximum likelihood estimators of the Poisson rates. The Poisson outcomes are allowed to be observed for unequal follow‐up schemes, and both the situations that the noninferiority margin is expressed in terms of the difference and the ratio are considered. The exact type I error rates and powers of these tests are evaluated and the accuracy of the approximate sample size formulae is examined. The test statistic using the restricted maximum likelihood estimators (for the difference test problem) and the test statistic that is based on the logarithmic transformation and employs the maximum likelihood estimators (for the ratio test problem) show favorable type I error control and can be recommended for practical application. The approximate sample size formulae show high accuracy even for small sample sizes and provide power values identical or close to the aspired ones. The methods are illustrated by a clinical trial example from anesthesia.
Group testing regression model estimation when case identification is a goal
Authors: Zhang Boan , Bilder Christopher R. , Tebbs Joshua M.
Published: February 2013

Group testing is frequently used to reduce the costs of screening a large number of individuals for infectious diseases or other binary characteristics in small prevalence situations. In many applications, the goals include both identifying individuals as positive or negative and estimating the probability of positivity. The identification aspect leads to additional tests being performed, known as “retests”, beyond those performed for initial groups of individuals. In this paper, we investigate how regression models can be fit to estimate the probability of positivity while also incorporating the extra information from these retests. We present simulation evidence showing that significant gains in efficiency occur by incorporating retesting information, and we further examine which testing protocols are the most efficient to use. Our investigations also demonstrate that some group testing protocols can actually lead to more efficient estimates than individual testing when diagnostic tests are imperfect. The proposed methods are applied retrospectively to chlamydia screening data from the Infertility Prevention Project. We demonstrate that significant cost savings could occur through the use of particular group testing protocols.
Geiersterben auf dem indischen Subkontinent beendet?
Authors: Klemmstein Wolfgang
Published: February 2013

Keine andere Tierart beseitigt Kadaver so gründlich wie die Geier. Fällt diese “Gesundheitspolizei” aus, erwachsen daraus Gefahren für den Menschen. Besserung scheint in Sicht.
Ein Mitochondrium zum Selbstbauen
Authors: Högermann Christiane , Skenderovic Senada , Wagner Olga
Published: February 2013

Zum Verständnis der “Kraftwerkfunktion” eines Mitochondriums ist die genaue Vorstellung seines strukturellen Baus notwendig, denn nur so können die Abläufe der Zellatmung räumlich zugeordnet werden. Mit dem hier vorgestellten, preisgünstigen Modell lassen sich die wesentlichen Mitochondrienmerkmale zeigen.
Elements of Effective Transfer Associate Degrees
Authors: Kisker Carrie B. , Wagoner Richard L. , Cohen Arthur M.
Published: February 2013

This chapter discusses the policy impetuses behind statewide pathways that simultaneously lead to an associate degree and transfer with junior status to a four‐year college or university, then outlines the elements of effective transfer associate degrees.
The Role of Presidential Leadership in Improving New Jersey's Community College Transfer Experience
Authors: Maliszewski Casey , Crabill Kathleen , Nespoli Lawrence
Published: February 2013

Presidential leadership contributed to the implementation of New Jersey's transfer articulation legislation.
Bailout antegrade coronary reentry with the stingray™ balloon and guidewire in the setting of an acute myocardial infarction and cardiogenic shock
Authors: Azemi Talhat , Fram Daniel B. , Hirst Jeffrey A.
Published: February 2013

Emergent coronary artery bypass surgery for failed percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) during acute myocardial infarction (MI) is a bailout strategy that is associated with a high in‐hospital morbidity and mortality (7–10%). Innovative strategies to improve the probability of PCI success in this setting are needed. Antegrade coronary re‐entry with the Stingray™ balloon and guidewire has been shown to facilitate recanalization of chronic total occlusions in stable patients. We report a case where the Stingray™ device was successfully used as a bailout strategy in the setting of an acute MI complicated by cardiogenic shock. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stereodynamics of Small 1,2‐Dialkyldiaziridines
Authors: Kamuf Matthias , Trapp Oliver
Published: February 2013

Diaziridines are very interesting representatives of organic compounds containing stereogenic nitrogen atoms. In particular, 1,2‐dialkyldiaziridines show extraordinarily high stereointegrity. The lone electron pairs of the nitrogen atoms are intransconfiguration, avoiding a four‐electron repulsive interaction. Furthermore, thetransconfiguration of the substituents at the nitrogen atoms is energetically favored because of reduced steric interactions. Therefore only two stereoisomers (enantiomers) are observed. At elevated temperatures the enantiomers are interconverting because of the limited stereointegrity of the chirotopic nitrogen atoms. The enantiomerization rate constants and the activation parameters of interconversion are of great interest. Here, we investigated the stereodynamics of a set of small 1,2‐dialkyldiaziridines bearing short substituents (Me, Et,iPr,tBu), using enantioselective dynamic gas chromatography (DGC). Separation of enantiomers of all compounds, including the highly volatile 1,2‐dimethyldiaziridine, was achieved using heptakis(2,3‐di‐O‐ethyl‐6‐O‐tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)‐β‐cyclodextrin in 50% PS086 (w/w) as chiral stationary phase in fused silica capillaries with a length of up to 50 m. Measurements at variable temperatures were performed and reaction rate constants were determined using the unified equation of chromatography implemented in the software DCXplorer. The activation barriers at room temperature for 1‐(tert‐butyl)‐2‐ethyldiaziridine, ΔG╪298K = 123.8 kJ mol–1(ΔH╪ = 115.5 ± 2.9 kJ mol–1, ΔS╪ = –28 ± 1 J mol–1 K–1), and 1‐ethyl‐2‐isopropyldiaziridine, ΔG╪298K = 124.2 kJ mol–1(ΔH╪ = 113.1 ± 2.4 kJ mol–1, ΔS╪ = –37 ± 2 J mol–1 K–1), were determined, representing some of the highest values observed for nitrogen inversion in diaziridines.Chirality 00:000–000, 2013.© 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ultrathin primary is a marker for worse prognosis in lymph node–positive cutaneous melanoma
Authors: Bagaria Sanjay P. , Ray Partha S. , Joseph Richard W. , Heckman Michael G. , Rawal Bhupendra , Gray Richard J. , Pockaj Barbara , Wasif Nabil
Published: February 2013

BACKGROUND:

Lymph lymph node metastasis from melanoma ≤0.50 mm (ultrathin) is an infrequent event. However, because many newly diagnosed melanomas are ultrathin, a significant proportion of patients who present with lymph node disease have an ultrathin melanoma. The authors hypothesized that ultrathin melanomas that present with lymph node metastasis represent biologically aggressive lesions with a worse prognosis.

METHODS:

The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry data were queried to identify patients with cutaneous melanoma who presented with lymph node metastasis diagnosed between 1998 and 2008. Hazard ratios (HRs) from Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to compare disease‐specific survival (DSS) between various tumor depths.

RESULTS:

In total, 6134 patients with lymph node‐positive melanoma were identified and stratified according to tumor depth, including 588 (10%) with a tumor depth ≤0.50 mm, 519 (8%) with a tumor depth from 0.51 to 1.00 mm, 1669 (27%) with a tumor depth from 1.01 to 2.00 mm, 1871 (31%) with a tumor depth from 2.01 to 4.00 mm, and 1487 (24%) with a tumor depth >4.00 mm; and the respective 5‐year DSS rates were 63%, 76%, 75%, 60%, and 43%. Multivariable analysis confirmed a similar trend in HRs for DSS: The HR was 1.00 for a tumor depth ≤0.50 mm (reference category) and 0.64 (P < .001), 0.65 (P < .001), 0.95 (P = .57), and 1.42 (P < .001) for tumor depths of 0.51 to 1.00 mm, 1.01 to 2.00 mm, 2.01 to 4.00 mm, and >4.00 mm, respectively. This association of tumor depth with DSS persisted for N1 and N2 disease but not for N3 disease.

CONCLUSIONS:

Ultrathin melanoma (≤0.50 mm) was identified as a marker of poor prognosis in the setting of lymph node metastasis. These results may improve recommendations for adjuvant therapy, surveillance protocols, and risk stratification for clinical trials. Cancer 2013. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Asymmetric Strecker Reaction with Chiral Amines: a Catalyst‐Free Protocol Using Acetone Cyanohydrin in Water
Authors: Pori Matteo , Galletti Paola , Soldati Roberto , Giacomini Daria
Published: February 2013

The synthesis of a series of new chiral α‐aminonitriles was achieved in a diastereoselective Strecker reaction in a one‐pot procedure with aldehydes, enantiopure amines, and acetone cyanohydrin in water. Primary and secondary amines derived from L‐α‐amino acids were used as sources of chirality. The reactions proceeded efficiently without any catalyst at room temperature. The diastereoselectivity of the process, and the configurational stability of new chiral α‐aminonitriles were investigated. The identification of labile intermediates by NMR analysis, and a proposed mechanism and a model for the asymmetric induction are reported. The chemical transformation of proline‐derived chiral α‐amino‐nitriles into chiral amino‐diacids, aminols, and amides is reported.
On‐line coupled capillary isotachophoresis‐capillary zone electrophoresis in hydrodynamically closed separation system hyphenated with laser induced fluorescence detection
Authors: Mikuš Peter , Veizerová Lucia , Piešťanský Juraj , Maráková Katarína , Havránek Emil
Published: February 2013

An analytical method, based on a column coupling capillary ITP and CZE in a hydrodynamically closed separation mode hyphenated with the detection in the modular arrangement, was developed in this work. Analytical possibilities of this approach are demonstrated on the direct and ultrasensitive quantitative determination of quinine (QUI) in diluted real multicomponent ionic matrices (beverages, urine). The detection cell interface, with the rectangular arrangement of the optical channels inside, connected the separation capillary with the LIF detector via optical fibers in the on‐column detection arrangement. ITP enabled the direct large volume (30 μL) injections of the diluted real matrices with an on‐line sample pretreatment (preseparation, preconcentration) so that no external sample preparation (except for the dilution) was necessary for the separation of the analyte in the multicomponent ionic matrices. Due to the ITP sample preconcentration and intrinsic sensitivity of the LIF detection, very low concentration LOD (as low as 77 pg/mL), were reached at the same time. This was ca. two orders lower than the corresponding LOD achieved by the same 2D separation system with UV absorbance detection. Compared to the single column CE‐LIF methods applied for this model analyte and matrix, this method was found to be superior in terms of concentration LOD, with acceptable selectivity and benefits of the on‐line sample preparation. A food control and bioanalytical application clearly illustrates great practical possibilities and routine use of the proposed modular ITP–CZE–LIF technique.
MODELING ENVIRONMENTAL AND HUMAN HEALTH RISKS OF VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS APPLIED IN POND AQUACULTURE
Authors: Rico Andreu , Geng Yue , Focks Andreas , Van den Brink Paul J.
Published: February 2013

A model called ERA-AQUA was developed to assess the risks posed by the use of veterinary medicinal products (VMPs) applied in aquaculture ponds for the targeted produce, surrounding aquatic ecosystems, consumers, and trade of the aquaculture produce. The model calculates risks by following a risk quotient approach, calculating predicted exposure concentrations (exposure assessment) and predicted no-effect concentrations (effect assessment) for the endpoint under study. The exposure assessment is performed by combining information on the environmental characteristics of the aquaculture pond, characteristics of the cultured species, aquaculture management practices, and physicochemical properties of the compound under study. The model predicts concentrations of VMPs in the pond water, pond sediment, cultured species, and watercourse receiving pond effluent discharges by mass balance equations. The effect assessment is performed by combining (eco)toxicological information and food safety threshold concentrations for the studied compound. In the present study, the scientific background, strengths, and limitations of the ERA-AQUA model are presented together with a sensitivity analysis and an example showing its potential applications. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:1196–1207. © 2013 SETAC
TOXICITY AND TOXICOKINETICS OF BINARY COMBINATIONS OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON DISTILLATES WITH THE EARTHWORM EISENIA ANDREI
Authors: Cermak Janet , Stephenson Gladys , Birkholz Detlef , Dixon D. George
Published: February 2013

Petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) act via narcosis and are expected to have additive toxicity. However, previous work has demonstrated less-than-additive toxicity with PHC distillates and earthworms. A study was initiated to investigate this through toxicity and toxicokinetic studies with the earthworm Eisenia andrei. Three petroleum distillate fractions, F2 (>C10–C16), F3a (>C16–C23), and F3b (>C23–C34), were used in two binary combinations, F2F3a and F3aF3b. In the toxicity study, clean soil was spiked with equitoxic combinations of the two distillates ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 toxic units. In the toxicokinetic study, a binary combination consisting of one concentration of each distillate was used. On a soil concentration basis, the toxicity of the binary combinations of distillates was less than additive. Accumulation of the individual distillates, however, was generally reduced when a second distillate was present, resulting in lower body burden. This is thought to be due to the presence of a nonaqueous-phase liquid at the soil concentrations used. On a tissue concentration basis, toxicity was closer to additive. The results demonstrate that tissue concentrations are the preferred metric for toxicity for earthworms. They also demonstrate that the Canada-wide soil standards based on individual distillates are likely protective. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:1016–1026. © 2013 SETAC
Arsenic geochemistry in a biostimulated aquifer: An aqueous speciation study
Authors: Stucker Valerie K. , Williams Kenneth H. , Robbins Mark J. , Ranville James F.
Published: February 2013

Stimulating microbial growth through the use of acetate injection wells at the former uranium mill site in Rifle, Colorado, USA, has been shown to decrease dissolved uranium (VI) concentrations through bacterial reduction to immobile uranium (IV). Bioreduction also changed the redox chemistry of site groundwater, altering the mobility of several other redox-sensitive elements present in the subsurface, including iron, sulfur, and arsenic. Following acetate amendment at the site, elevated concentrations of arsenic in the groundwater were observed. Ion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry was used to determine the aqueous arsenic speciation. Upgradient samples, unexposed to acetate, showed low levels of arsenic (≈1 μM), with greater than 90% as arsenate (As[V]) and a small amount of arsenite (As[III]). Downgradient acetate-stimulated water samples had much higher levels of arsenic (up to 8 μM), and 4 additional thioarsenic species were present under sulfate-reducing conditions. These thioarsenic species demonstrate a strong correlation between arsenic release and sulfide concentrations in groundwater, and their formation may explain the elevated total arsenic concentrations. An alternative remediation approach, enhanced flushing of uranium, was accomplished by addition of bicarbonate and did not result in highly elevated arsenic concentrations. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1216–1223. © 2013 SETAC
WHOLE SEDIMENT TOXICITY TESTS FOR METAL RISK ASSESSMENTS: ON THE IMPORTANCE OF EQUILIBRATION AND TEST DESIGN TO INCREASE ECOLOGICAL RELEVANCE
Authors: Vandegehuchte Michiel B. , Nguyen Lien T.H. , De Laender Frederik , Muyssen Brita T.A. , Janssen Colin R.
Published: February 2013

Current laboratory-based approaches for predicting metal toxicity in sediments exhibit a number of limitations. The most important are (1) a lack of sufficient equilibration resulting in unrealistically low pH values or unnaturally high porewater metal concentrations and (2) an inadequate test design regarding the metal concentrations selected for spiking. The present study illustrates that by explicitly accounting for these limitations, one obtains reliable and environmentally realistic toxicity data, thus advancing the metal risk assessments of sediments. To this end, a toxicity test design with natural sediments was developed in which the administered metal concentrations were selected to comprise a range of the difference between the molar concentration of simultaneously extracted metals and acid volatile sulfides (SEM-AVS) closely surrounding zero. In addition, the test design presented includes a 35- or 40-d equilibration period with overlying water renewal during which conductivity, pH, and metal concentrations in the overlying water are monitored. This allows toxicity testing to start after equilibrium for these parameters has been reached. This test design was applied to Ephoron virgo (Olivier, 1791), Gammarus pulex (Linnaeus, 1758), and Lumbriculus variegatus (Mueller, 1774) exposed to Zn and Pb. These tests indicated that the general concept of absence of toxicity when SEM-AVS < 0 could not be rejected. However, the onset of Zn toxicity occurred at lower concentrations than generally assumed. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:1048–1059. © 2013 SETAC
INTER- AND INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION IN MERCURY BIOACCUMULATION BY SNAKES INHABITING A CONTAMINATED RIVER FLOODPLAIN
Authors: Drewett David V.V. , Willson John D. , Cristol Daniel A. , Chin Stephanie Y. , Hopkins William A.
Published: February 2013

Although mercury (Hg) is a well-studied contaminant, knowledge about Hg accumulation in snakes is limited. The authors evaluated Hg bioaccumulation within and among four snake species (northern watersnakes, Nerodia sipedon; queen snakes, Regina septemvittata; common garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis; and rat snakes, Elaphe obsoleta [Pantherophis alleghaniensis]) from a contaminated site on the South River (Waynesboro, VA, USA) and two nearby reference sites. Total Hg (THg) concentrations in northern watersnake tail tissue at the contaminated site ranged from 2.25 to 13.84 mg/kg dry weight (mean: 4.85 ± 0.29), or 11 to 19 times higher than reference sites. Blood THg concentrations (0.03–7.04 mg/kg wet wt; mean: 2.24 ± 0.42) were strongly correlated with tail concentrations and were the highest yet reported in a snake species. Within watersnakes, nitrogen stable isotope values indicated ontogenetic trophic shifts that correlated with THg bioaccumulation, suggesting that diet plays a substantial role in Hg exposure. Female watersnakes had higher mean THg concentrations (5.67 ± 0.46 mg/kg) than males (4.93 ± 0.49 mg/kg), but no significant differences between sexes were observed after correcting for body size. Interspecific comparisons identified differences in THg concentrations among snake species, with more aquatic species (watersnakes and queen snakes) accumulating higher mean concentrations (5.60 ± 0.40 and 4.59 ± 0.38 mg/kg in tail tissue, respectively) than the more terrestrial species, garter snakes and rat snakes (1.28 ± 0.32 and 0.26 ± 0.09 mg/kg, respectively). The results of the present study warrant further investigation of potential adverse effects and will aid in prioritizing conservation efforts. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:1178–1186. © 2013 SETAC
Assessing recollection and familiarity of similar lures in a behavioral pattern separation task
Authors: Kim Jennifer , Yassa Michael A.
Published: February 2013

The relationship between recollection‐mediated recognition memory and behavioral pattern separation is poorly understood. In two separate experiments, we modified a well‐validated object discrimination task with previously demonstrated sensitivity to neural pattern separation with instructions to assess recollection and familiarity. In the first experiment, we included a Remember/Know (R/K) judgment, and in the second we included a source memory judgment. We found that both “Remember” and correct source judgments were higher for lures labeled “similar” (where pattern separation is engaged) but also higher on lures called “old” (where pattern separation is absent), suggesting that false alarms in pattern separation tasks are frequently mediated by recollection. As one might expect, “Remember” judgments and correct source decisions increased with greater dissimilarity for “similar” responses and increased with greater similarity for “old” responses. This suggests that recollection can occur in the presence and in the absence of pattern separation and that false alarms to similar lures are not simply driven by familiarity. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluating actual evapotranspiration and impacts of groundwater storage change in the North China Plain
Authors: Cao Guoliang , Han Dongmei , Song Xianfang
Published: February 2013

As a critical water discharge term in basin‐scale water balance, accurate estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) is therefore important for sustainable water resources management. The understanding of the relationship between ET and groundwater storage change can improve our knowledge on the hydrological cycle in such regions with intensive agricultural land usage. Since the 1960s, the North China Plain (NCP) has experienced groundwater depletion because of overexploitation of groundwater for agriculture and urban development. Using meteorological data from 23 stations, the complementary relationship areal evapotranspiration model is evaluated against estimates of ET derived from regional water balance in the NCP during the period 1993–2008. The discrepancies between calculated ET and that derived by basin water balance indicate seasonal and interannual variations in model parameters. The monthly actual ET variations during the period from 1960 to 2008 are investigated by the calibrated model and then are used to derive groundwater storage change. The estimated actual ET is positively correlated with precipitation, and the general higher ET than precipitation indicates the contributions of groundwater irrigation to the total water supply. The long term decreasing trend in the actual ET can be explained by declining in precipitation, sunshine duration and wind speed. Over the past ~50 years, the calculated average annual water storage change, represented by the difference between actual ET and precipitation, was approximately 36 mm, or 4.8 km3; and the cumulative groundwater storage depletion was approximately 1700 mm, or 220 km3 in the NCP. The significantly groundwater storage depletion conversely affects the seasonal and interannual variations of ET. Irrigation especially during spring cause a marked increase in seasonal ET, whereas the rapid increasing of agricultural coverage over the NCP reduces the annual ET and is the primary control factor of the strong linear relationship between actual and potential ET. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risks and benefits of prophylactic inferior vena cava filters in patients undergoing bariatric surgery
Authors: Birkmeyer Nancy J. , Finks Jonathan F. , English Wayne J. , Carlin Arthur M. , Hawasli Abdelkader A. , Genaw Jeffrey A. , Wood Michael H. , Share David A. , Birkmeyer John D. ,   Michigan Bariatric Surgery Collaborative
Published: February 2013

BACKGROUND

The United States Food and Drug Administration recently issued a warning about adverse events in patients receiving inferior vena cava (IVC) filters.

OBJECTIVE

To assess relationships between IVC filter insertion and complications while controlling for differences in baseline patient characteristics and medical venous thromboembolism prophylaxis.

DESIGN

Propensity‐matched cohort study.

SETTING

The prospective, statewide, clinical registry of the Michigan Bariatric Surgery Collaborative.

PATIENTS

Bariatric surgery patients (n=35,477) from 32 hospitals during the years 2006 through 2012.

INTERVENTION

Prophylactic IVC filter insertion.

MEASUREMENTS

Outcomes included the occurrence of complications (pulmonary embolism, deep vein thrombosis, and overall combined rates of complications by severity) within 30 days of bariatric surgery.

RESULTS

There were no significant differences in baseline characteristics among the 1,077 patients with IVC filters and in 1,077 matched control patients. Patients receiving IVC filters had higher rates of pulmonary embolism (0.84% vs 0.46%; odds ratio [OR], 2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.6‐6.5; P=0.232), deep vein thrombosis (1.2% vs 0.37%; OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.1‐10.1; P=0.039), venous thromboembolism (1.9% vs 0.74%; OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.1‐6.3, P=0.027), serious complications (5.8% vs 3.8%; OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.0‐2.4; P=0.031), permanently disabling complications (1.2% vs 0.37%; OR, 4.3; 95% CI, 1.2‐15.6; P=0.028), and death (0.7% vs 0.09%; OR, 7.0; 95% CI, 0.9‐57.3; P=0.068). Of the 7 deaths among patients with IVC filters, 4 were attributable to pulmonary embolism and 2 to IVC thrombosis/occlusion.

CONCLUSIONS

We have identified no benefits and significant risks to the use of prophylactic IVC filters among bariatric surgery patients and believe that their use should be discouraged. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2013;8:173–177. © 2013 Society of Hospital Medicine
Linking micromorphism, brooding, and hermaphroditism in brachiopods: Insights from Caribbean Argyrotheca (Brachiopoda)
Authors: Kaulfuss Anne , Seidel Ronald , Lüter Carsten
Published: February 2013

In extant brachiopods, parental brooding of the larvae occurs exclusively within Rhynchonelliformea. Methods of larval protection range from simple retention of the larvae within the mantle cavity, to sophisticated brood care within highly specialized brood pouches found in Argyrotheca and Joania (Terebratulida, Megathyridoidea), Gwynia (Terebratulida, Gwynioidea), and all Thecideoidea (Thecideida). Previous studies on the reproductive biology of Argyrotheca yielded contrasting results on the epithelial origin of the brood pouches in this genus. Here, representatives of different species of Argyrotheca from the Belize Barrier Reef were examined using histological section series. Brood pouches of four species, A. cf. schrammi and Argyrotheca sp. 1–3, are of the same basic structure, formed by invaginations of the anterior body wall and connected to the visceral cavity via the metanephridia. The same four species are simultaneously hermaphroditic, suggesting that fertilization is achieved, at least partly, through selfing. One species, Argyrotheca rubrocostata, differs significantly from all others as it has no brood pouch and gonochoric gonads. Thus, the presence of brood pouches and simultaneous hermaphroditism are concluded to be correlated within Megathyridoidea and proposed to be homologous traits of Joania and several but not all species of Argyrotheca, questioning the monophyletic status of both genera. In contrast to the brood pouches of Thecideoidea, lophophoral epithelium is not involved in the formation of the pouches of Argyrotheca and Joania. Therefore, megathyridoid and thecideoid brood pouches are not homologous but evolved independently within rhynchonelliform brachiopods. All brachiopods with brood pouches share a micromorphic form and a short life span, limiting the space and time available for gamete and larval development. We suggest that the brood pouches and the hermaphroditic gonads of Argyrotheca spp. and Joania compensate these limitations by minimizing the loss of gametes and larvae, and by maximizing the chances of successful fertilization. J. Morphol., 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inner architecture of vertebral centra in terrestrial and aquatic mammals: A two‐dimensional comparative study
Authors: Dumont Maitena , Laurin Michel , Jacques Florian , Pellé Eric , Dabin Willy , de Buffrénil Vivian
Published: February 2013

Inner vertebral architecture is poorly known, except in human and laboratory animals. In order to document this topic at a broad comparative level, a 2D‐histomorphometric study of vertebral centra was conducted in a sample of 98 therian mammal species, spanning most of the size range and representing the main locomotor adaptations known in therian taxa. Eleven variables relative to the development and geometry of trabecular networks were extracted from CT scan mid‐sagittal sections. Phylogeny‐informed statistical tests were used to reveal the respective influences of phylogeny, size, and locomotion adaptations on mammalian vertebral structure. The use of random taxon reshuffling and squared change parsimony reveals that 9 of the 11 characteristics (the two exceptions are total sectional area and structural polarization) contain a phylogenetic signal. Linear discriminant analyses suggest that the sampled taxa can be arranged into three categories with respect to locomotion mode: a) terrestrial + flying + digging + amphibious forms, b) coastal oscillatory aquatic taxa, and c) pelagic oscillatory aquatic forms represented by oceanic cetaceans. Pairwise comparison tests and linear regressions show that, when specific size increases, the length of trabecular network (Tt.Tb.Le), as well as trabecular proliferation in total sections (Pr.Tb.Tt), increase with positive allometry. This process occurs in all locomotion categories but is particularly pronounced in pelagic oscillators. Conversely, mean trabecular width has a lesser increase with size in pelagic oscillators. Trabecular orientation is not influenced by size. All tests were corrected for multiple testing. By using six structural variables or indices, locomotion mode can be predicted with a 97.4% success rate for terrestrial forms, 66.7% for coastal oscillatory, and 81.3% for pelagic oscillatory. The possible functional meaning of these results and their potential use for paleobiological inference of locomotion in extinct taxa are discussed. J. Morphol., 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Treatment of cosmetic tattoos with nonablative fractional laser in an animal model: A novel method with histopathologic evidence
Authors: Wang Chia‐Chen , Huang Chuen‐Lin , Lee Shao‐Chen , Sue Yuh‐Mou , Leu Fur‐Jiang
Published: February 2013

Background and Objective

Cosmetic tattoos are difficult to treat using Q‐switched lasers. We introduce a novel method for the treatment of cosmetic tattoos using a nonablative fractional laser and investigate the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms in an animal model.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Ten rats were tattooed on their backs with white and flesh‐colored pigments. One‐half of each tattoo was treated with a 1,550‐nm, erbium:glass fractional laser system with energy settings of 17 mJ and 169 MTZ/cm2 × 2 passes for five sessions at 1‐month intervals. The untreated half of each tattoo served as the control. An independent physician reviewed the photographs and scored the clinical response. Serial skin samples were obtained at baseline and at various times after laser treatment. These tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and immunostained for types I, III, and IV collagen; laminin; fibronectin; and α‐smooth muscle actin.

Results

White tattoos showed excellent responses in two rats and good responses in eight rats, whereas flesh‐colored tattoos showed excellent responses in four rats and good responses in six rats (P = 0.001 in both cases compared with baseline). Both tattoos exhibited a similar clearance rate (P > 0.05) and histological reactions. Microscopic epidermal necrotic debris (MEND) containing tattoo pigments and collagen fibrils appeared on day 1, increased on day 2, and was exfoliated after 5 days. The dermal–epidermal junction lost integrity 30 minutes after treatment, but recovered completely on day 3. The expression of fibronectin and collagen‐III, which play key roles in wound healing, increased around the microscopic treatment zone on days 1–5 and 4–7, respectively. A few myofibroblasts appeared on days 4–7.

Conclusion

Nonablative fractional lasers (NAFLs) successfully remove cosmetic tattoos by transepidermal elimination of tattoo pigments through the disrupted dermal–epidermal junction. This action is facilitated by the wound healing process. Lasers Surg. Med. 45: 116–122, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Non‐separable multivariate filter banks from univariate wavelets
Authors: Chen Qiuhui , Ren Guangbin , Cerejeiras Paula , Kaehler Uwe
Published: February 2013

The main purpose of this paper is the design of multivariate filter banks starting from univariate wavelet filters. The matrix completion is solved by utilizing some special Toeplitz matrices. A generalized method of rational polynomial univariate filter with preset zero points set is constructed.
Nerve strain correlates with structural changes quantified by fourier analysis
Authors: Love James M. , Chuang Ting‐Hsien , Lieber Richard L. , Shah Sameer B.
Published: February 2013

Introduction: Nerve deformation affects physiological function. Bands of Fontana are an optical manifestation of axonal undulations and may provide a structural indicator of nerve strain. Methods: We developed an automated Fourier‐based image processing method to quantify the periodicity of bands of Fontana both in bright field images and in axonal undulations in immunolabeled longitudinal sections. Results: We found a strong linear relationship between applied strain and the frequency of bands of Fontana in rat sciatic nerves (−0.0056 μm−⋅%−, r2 = 0.829; P < 0.05). This relationship agreed with the observed trend between strain and axonal waviness, calculated from longitudinal sections of sciatic nerves immunolabeled against myelin basic protein. Conclusions: This accurate and objective approach has potential to increase our understanding of structure–function relationships in the nervous system and to guide preservation and enhancement of neural function. Muscle Nerve 48: 433–435, 2013
Systemchemie an Grenzflächen
Authors: Heinke Lars , Gliemann Hartmut , Wöll Christof
Published: February 2013

Beschichtungen mit metallorganischen Käfigverbindungen funktionalisieren Oberflächen. Diese porösen Hybridmaterialien lassen sich nach einem Baukastenprinzip herstellen und in ihren Eigenschaften vielfältig variieren.
Aliphaten: Lange Stiefkinder
Authors: Offermanns Heribert
Published: February 2013

Vor dem Aufkommen der Petrochemie war es nicht leicht, einfach an aliphatische Grundchemikalien zu kommen. Als Rohstoff diente statt Erdöl vor allem Holz.
Energie strategisch managen
Authors: Maier Herbert
Published: February 2013

Wie sich Energie für Standorte und Produktionsanlagen effizient erzeugen und nutzen lässt, zeigt Clariant.
Wissen über die gesamte Prozesskette
Authors: Maiwald Michael , Bremser Wolfram , Ostermann Markus , Paul Andrea , Zientek Nicolai
Published: February 2013

Um ressourcenschonend und sicher zu produzieren, ist es erforderlich, chemische Prozesse entlang der gesamten Wertschöpfungskette zu verfolgen. Prozessanalytik muss bereits bei den Rohstoffen einsetzen und sämtliche Schritte prüfen. Dies erfordert neue Methoden und verfeinerte Messtechnik.
Protein‐Ligand‐Wechselwirkungen
Authors: Brecker Lothar , Husa Markus
Published: February 2013

Methoden der NMR‐Spektroskopie erfassen nicht‐kovalente Wechselwirkungen und geben so Auskunft über das Bindungsverhalten von Arzneimittelwirkstoffen an Rezeptoren oder an Trägersysteme.
Wissenschaft und Forschung in ihrer Stellung im Dritten Reich
Authors: Ausführungen Nach , Goebbels
Published: February 2013

Im vergangenen Jahr ist Reichsminister Dr. Goebbels mehrfach irrtümlichen Auflassungen über die Stellung des geistigen Arbeiters im Volksganzen entgegengetreten. Im Rahmen dieser Ausführungen wurde auch wiederholt die Wichtigkeit der Forschung unterstrichen, so daß der Herausgeber es für zweckmäßig hielt, durch Ausschnitte aus diesen Schriften die Ausführungen der vorher zur Sprache gekommenen Forscher zu unterstreichen. Die folgenden Abschnitte sind entnommen aus der Rede: “Der geistige Arbeiter im Schicksalskampf des Reiches”, die am 9. Juli 1943 vor der Heidelberger Universität gehalten wurde (als Druckschrift im Eher‐Verlag erschienen) und aus einem Aufsatz in der deutschen Wochenzeitschrift “Das Reich” vom 13. Juni 1943, der den Titel trug “Von der Arbeit des Geistes”.
Die Schlüsselstellung der Physik
Authors: Ramsauer C.
Published: February 2013

Aus einem Vortrag vom 6. August 1942 bzw. dessen bearbeiteter Niederschrift in den Naturwissenschaften 31, 285, 1943, sind die anschließenden Ausführungen des Vorsitzenden der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft entnommen. Es handelt sich um diejenigen Teile des Vortrags, in denen auf die Bedeutung der physikalischen Forschung als technischer und militärischer Machtfaktor hingewiesen wird. Der Beweis hierfür wird einerseits an Hand von praktischen Beispielen aus der Geschichte der Technik, andererseits durch die Analyse des Vorlesungsverzeichnisses der Berliner Technischen Hochschule erbracht.
Ueber die Gefahr der Zurückdrängung der exakten Naturwissenschaften an den Schulen und Hochschulen
Authors: Thomsen G.
Published: February 2013

Am 22. November 1933, also vor bereits 10 Jahren, hielt der Mathematik‐Professor G. Thomsen vor der mathematisch‐naturwissenschaftlichen Fachschaft der Rostocker Universität einen Vortrag, in dem er auf die große Gefahr hinwies, die in dem Zurückgehen der exakten Naturwissenschaften im Reich zu erkennen war. Nach dem Tode des Autors wurde Anfang 1934 dieser Vortrag in den Neuen Jahrbüchern für Wissenschaft und Jugendbildung (Heft 2, 1934) abgedruckt. Die Deutsche Gesellschaft für technische Physik legte den Abdruck bald darauf ihrem Organ, der Zeitschrift für technische Physik, bei und brachte diese seherischen Worte Thomsens den Physikern zur Kenntnis.

Es mag genügen, bei dem Wiederabdruck des gekürzten ersten Teiles dieses Vortrages an die harten, klaren Worte zu erinnern, die Thomsen als Naturwissenschaftler für alle übrigen sprach: “Senkung unserer wissenschaftlichen Spezial‐bildung würde einem Selbstmord unseres Volkes gleichkommen.”
Aktivierung des Akademikernachwuchspotentials
Authors: Eisendrahi E.
Published: February 2013

Im Folgenden kommt der größte Teil eines Beitrages von Dipl.‐Volkswirt Ernst Eisendraht, Berlin, aus “Die soziale Praxis” 1943 Hft. 5 S. 135 zum Abdruck. Die Betrachtungen bringen allgemeine Gedanken über die Beseitigung des Nachwuchsmangels und die Wege zur optimalen Behandlung dieses Problems. Die Betrachtungen sind nicht für die Naturwissenschaften oder gar — noch spezieller — für die Physik geschrieben. Sie sind jedoch unmittelbar auf das wichtige physikalische Nachwuchsproblem anzuwenden. Der Beitrag enthält eine Anzahl von Gedanken von besonderer Wichtigkeit. So stellt der Autor die Forderung auf, daß das in der Nation vorhandene Begabungsgut unbedingt zu mobilisieren sei und zur Entfaltung gebracht werden müsse, was für die Physik bedeutet, daß die für physikalische Forschungen geeigneten, aus der Erbmasse neu aufsteigenden Kräfte gesucht und frühzeitig einer guten physikalischen Ausbildung zugeführt werden müssen. Wenn dann die Ausbildungsstellen ihre Aufgaben erfüllen und die Einschätzung der geistigen Berufe durch die Öffentlichkeit eine Aufwertung erfährt, würden wir einen menschlich und beruflich hochstehenden Nachwuchs erhalten, der in entsagungsvoller Forschung und hingebungsvoller Arbeit einen wichtigen Aktivposten unserer nationalen Zukunft darstellt. Sein Gewicht könne gar nicht hoch genug veranschlagt werden. Wir würden so den in den letzten Jahrzehnten, gegenüber dem 19. Jahrhundert stark gesunkenen Leistungsstand wieder heben.
Wissenschaftlicher Nachwuchs und höhere Schule
Authors: Hahn K.
Published: February 2013

Nun ergreift ein Schulmann das Wort zu den Problemen, deren Behandlung diese Blätter dienen. Der Sonderbeauftragte des Reichserziehungsministers für den Einsatz von Luftwaffenhelfern in einem Luftgau spricht abermals das aus, was in den früheren Beiträgen von Forschern und Hochschullehrern über die naturwissenschaftliche Forschung und ihre Wichtigkeit gesagt wurde. Prof. Hahn, der Nachfolger Grimsehls, bleibt aber nicht dabei stehen, sondern weist als Lehrer mit großem Nachdruck auf den Menschen als Voraussetzung der erfolgreichen Forschung hin. Wer die wissenschaftliche Laufbahn ergreift, muß wie der Künstler Idealist sein. Diesen Idealisten prägt in dem Jüngling Elternhaus und Schule. Voraussetzung ist ein Jüngling, der nach Begabung und Anlage das Zeug zum Forscher und Wissenschaftler hat. Ihn gilt es schon im Jungen zu finden und für die große und schöne Aufgabe zu begeistern. Dazu müssen Schule und Hochschule in ihren Aufgaben und Wirkungsmöglichkeiten aufeinander abgestimmt sein. Ersterer fällt die Begeisterung der Jugend und die Weckung der schlummernden Fähigkeiten zu, letzterer die Vermittlung von Wissen und Können und die Heranbildung zum reifen Wissenschaftler.
Deutsche Forschung im Kriege
Authors: Mentzel
Published: February 2013

Die Einschätzung der Forschung im Großdeutschen Reich findet ihren Ausdruck darin, daß Reichsmarschall Göring Präsident des Reichsforschungsrates ist. Der Leiter deß geschäftsführenden Beirats, Ministerialdirektor Prof. Dr. Mentzel, hat im Juli 1943 einen Rundfunk‐Vortrag gehalten, der dann in der Ausgabe vom 10. Juli im “Völkischen Beobachter” zum Abdruck gelangte. In der gleichen Ausgabe war auch die Rede von Dr. Goebbels an das geistige Deutschland wiedergegeben, die er am 9. Juli 1943 auf einer Großkundgebung in Heidelberg hielt und aus der wir im ersten Heft bereits einen Auszug brachten. Wegen der Bedeutung der grundsätzlichen Ausführungen eines an leitender Stelle in der Forschung stehenden Mannes sei der Vortrag von Prof. Mentzel im folgenden ohne Kürzung wiedergegeben.
Forschung tut not auch im Kriege
Authors: Zenneck J.
Published: February 2013

Die “Physikalischen Blätter” begannen ihre Arbeit mit einem Beitrag des Altmeisters der drahtlosen Telegraphie. Der Beitrag wurde unter dem Titel “Die Bedeutung der Forschung” abgedruckt. Es war der erste Teil eines Vortrages von 1942, dem nun der zweite Teil folgt. Beschäftigte sich der erste Teil allgemein mit der physikalischen Forschung und ihrer praktischen Bedeutung, so wird im zweiten Teil besonders auf die Bedeutung der physikalischen Forschung für den Krieg hingewiesen.
Grundlagenforschung im Kriege
Authors: Brüche E.
Published: February 2013

Der anschließende Beitrag des Herausgebers wurde auf Anforderung der “Rheinisch‐Westfälischen Zeitung” geschrieben, wo er am 30. 6. 1943 erschien. In ihm wird besonders auf den qualitativ sehr geringen Einsatz an Menschen und Mitteln hingewiesen, den der Staat mit der Stützung, der physikalischen Grundlagenforschung nur zu machen braucht, und auf den unverhältnismäßig großen Gewinn, den er dabei zu erzielen vermag. Obwohl der Verfasser in der Industrie beheimatet ist, unterstreicht er die Wichtigkeit der kleinen, von einem Forscher geistig durchdrungenen und einheitlich geleiteten Hochschulinstitute. Die beste Jugend der Nation, die mit ihrem Idealismus und ihrer Stoßkraft für die Aufgabe, die Wissenschaft ihrer selbst willen zu pflegen, stets empfänglich sein wird, muß der Wissenschaft fortlaufend zugeführt werden. “Weitblick wird hierin Deutschland durch seine Hochschul‐ und Industrieforschung den ersten Platz im Kampf der Völker sichern.”
Wie die amerikanische Wissenschaft unsere Welt sieht
Authors: Bliven Bruce
Published: February 2013

In Amerika erschien vor einigen Jahren das Buch des Publizisten Bliven unter dem Titel „Wie die Wissenschaft unsere Welt sieht”︁. Das Buch wurde 1943 in die deutsche Sprache übertragen und in der Schweiz verlegt. Es enthält in dem einleitenden Kapitel einige übersichtlich geordnete Ergebnisse von Interviews, die der Autor mit amerikanischen Wissenschaftlern und Ingenieuren führte. Wir haben keinen Grund anzunehmen, daß es nicht die Meinung des gebildeten Amerikaners ist, die uns hier entgegentritt. Anschließend sind diese einleitenden Seiten abgedruckt, wobei politische Betrachtungen, so z. B. darüber, ob die amerikanischen Wissenschaftler die Demokratie oder andere Staatsformen vorzögen, wie der Liberalismus auf den wissenschaftlichen Fortschritt gewirkt habe und ob es richtig sei, die Wissenschaftler Rassengesetzen zu unterwerfen, ausgelassen wurden, da wir die in Amerika über diese Punkte vertretenen Meinungen hinlänglich gut kennen. Ebenso wurden Betrachtungen über die für Deutschland gänzlich uninteressante Frage der Arbeitslosigkeit und über rein technische Fragen weitgehend unterdrückt. Der Herausgeber hofft, daß durch diese Streichungen und durch Hervorhebungen, durch kräftige Absätze und durch Umstellungen das für uns Wichtige stärker hervortritt. Dieses Wichtige ist die starke Betonung der Forschung, die selbst in Amerika noch auf das Hundertfache verstärkt werden müsse, ist der Hinweis auf die Phasenverschiebung zwischen Forschung und dem durch sie erzielten technischen Fortschritt, ist manches, was — mehr oder weniger deutlich ausgesprochen — uns Hinweise geben kann.