bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distinguishing subsampled power laws from other heavy-tailed distributions
Authors: Sormunen Silja , Leskelä Lasse , Saramäki Jari
Published: May 2024

Distinguishing power-law distributions from other heavy-tailed distributions is challenging, and this task is often further complicated by subsampling effects. In this work, we evaluate the performance of two commonly used methods for detecting power-law distributions—the maximum likelihood method of Clauset and the extreme value method of Voitalov —in distinguishing subsampled power laws from two other heavy-tailed distributions, the lognormal and the stretched exponential distributions. We focus on a random subsampling method commonly applied in network science and biological sciences. In this subsampling scheme, we are ultimately interested in the frequency distribution of elements with a certain number of constituent parts—for example, species with k individuals or nodes with k connections—and each part is selected to the subsample with an equal probability. We investigate how well the results obtained from low-subsampling-depth subsamples generalize to the original distribution. Our results show that the power-law exponent of the original distribution can be estimated fairly accurately from subsamples, but classifying the distribution correctly is more challenging. The maximum likelihood method falsely rejects the power-law hypothesis for a large fraction of subsamples from power-law distributions. While the extreme value method correctly recognizes subsampled power-law distributions with all tested subsampling depths, its capacity to distinguish power laws from the heavy-tailed alternatives is limited. However, these false positives tend to result not from the subsampling itself but from the estimators' inability to classify the original sample correctly. In fact, we show that the extreme value method can sometimes be expected to perform better on subsamples than on the original samples from the lognormal and the stretched exponential distributions, while the contrary is true for the main tests included in the maximum likelihood method.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Regge Spectroscopy of Higher-Twist States in
N=4
Supersymmetric Yang-Mills Theory
Authors: Klabbers Rob , Preti Michelangelo , Szécsényi István M.
Published: May 2024

We study a family of higher-twist Regge trajectories in N=4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory using the quantum spectral curve. We explore the many-sheeted Riemann surface connecting the different trajectories and show the interplay between the degenerate nonlocal operators known as (near-)horizontal trajectories. We resolve their degeneracy analytically by computing the first nontrivial order of the Regge intercept at weak coupling, which exhibits new behavior: It depends linearly on the coupling. This is consistent with our numerics, which interpolate all the way to strong coupling.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Lattice QCD Calculation of Electroweak Box Contributions to Superallowed Nuclear and Neutron Beta Decays
Authors: Ma Peng-Xiang , Feng Xu , Gorchtein Mikhail , Jin Lu-Chang , Liu Keh-Fei , Seng Chien-Yeah , Wang Bi-Geng , Zhang Zhao-Long
Published: May 2024

We present the first lattice QCD calculation of the universal axial γW-box contribution □γWVA to both superallowed nuclear and neutron beta decays. This contribution emerges as a significant component within the theoretical uncertainties surrounding the extraction of |Vud| from superallowed decays. Our calculation is conducted using two domain wall fermion ensembles at the physical pion mass. To construct the nucleon four-point correlation functions, we employ the random sparsening field technique. Furthermore, we incorporate long-distance contributions to the hadronic function using the infinite-volume reconstruction method. Upon performing the continuum extrapolation, we arrive at □γWVA=3.65(7)lat(1)PT×10−3. Consequently, this yields a slightly higher value of |Vud|=0.973 86(11)exp(9)RC(27)NS, reducing the previous 2.1σ tension with the CKM unitarity to 1.8σ. Additionally, we calculate the vector γW-box contribution to the axial charge gA, denoted as □γWVV, and explore its potential implications.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Does unstable off-farm employment cause stagnant farmland rent-out in rural China?
Authors: Cao Yueming , Zhou Dongjie , Bai Yunli
Published: May 2024

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the impacts of unstable off-farm employment on the probability and stability of farmland rent-out and explore its mechanisms.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper adopts Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Probit, Tobit, Order probit models with two-way fixed effects to conduct empirical analysis based on the balanced panel data collected in 2016 and 2023 with a national representativeness sample of 1,206 rural households in 100 villages across 5 provinces in China.

Findings

The empirical results showed that unstable off-farm employment had negative effects on the probability of farmland rent-out, but it had no effects on the stability of farmland rent-out. The mechanism analysis showed that unstable off-farm employment affected the probability of farmland rent-out by decreasing the probability of purchasing houses in city and endowment insurance with high pension. Heterogeneity analysis indicated that the negative effect of unstable off-farm employment was much larger for the households with higher share of labor engaging in off-farm employment outside home county, elder members in the households and those located in the villages of mountain areas.

Originality/value

This paper is the first to define the unstable off-farm employment from the perspective of incontiguous off-farm employment for several years, which could capture the normality rather than particular case in a certain year of off-farm employment among rural labors. Using these new measurements of unstable off-farmland, this paper examined the impacts and mechanisms of share of unstable off-farm employment on the probability and stability of farmland rent-out.
Examining the effect of leadership styles on organizational effectiveness in the oil and gas sector: does knowledge acquisition capacity matter?
Authors: Anyigba Hod , Lartey Robert Kofi
Published: May 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between leadership styles and organizational effectiveness in the oil and gas industry, with a particular focus on the moderating role of knowledge acquisition capacity (KAC).

Design/methodology/approach

Using a survey research design, data was collected from 322 respondents comprising faculty employees in the upstream, midstream and downstream of the oil and gas sector in Ghana. The data were analyzed by using the ordinary least squares approach to structural equation modelling with the use of SPSS and Amos software.

Findings

The findings contribute to the existing body of knowledge by confirming the positive associations between transformational and transactional leadership styles and organizational effectiveness. Moreover, the study highlights the significant moderating role of KAC, shedding light on the interaction between leadership styles and the ability to acquire and integrate external knowledge.

Originality/value

By investigating the influence of KAC, which represents a company’s ability to acquire and integrate external knowledge, this study provides a deeper understanding of how leadership styles interact with knowledge acquisition to shape organizational effectiveness. The study makes a contribution to the upper-echelon theory and a practice-knowledge contribution for managers in the oil and gas industry in Ghana.
E-commerce development, poverty reduction and income growth in rural China
Authors: Zhang Haoxu , Millan Elena , Money Kevin , Guo Pei
Published: May 2024

Purpose

This research examines the impact of the National Rural E-commerce Comprehensive Demonstration Project (NRECDP) on poverty reduction and income growth in rural China.

Design/methodology/approach

The study develops a theoretical framework, which considers the role of geographical, technological, institutional and cultural factors for the e-commerce poverty alleviation (e-CPA) model. Empirically, this study applies the difference-in-differences (DID) model and the event study approach to evaluate the effectiveness of NRECDP on the basis of large-scale county-level and household-level panel data spanning 2010 to 2020.

Findings

The study found that the NRECDP, as a government-led, information and communication technology (ICT)-enabled, market-based program, has led to a significant increase in per capita output of primary industry employees, as well as in the disposable income of rural residents, especially those in national-level poverty-stricken (NP) counties. The interventions of the NRECDP achieved these positive outcomes through transportation and Internet infrastructure improvement, ICT adoption and human capital accumulation in impoverished towns and villages in remote rural areas. These effects are larger in the eastern region of China, followed by the central region, whereas the weakest effects were found in the western region. However, we found little evidence of the NRECDP increasing household developmental expenditure.

Research limitations/implications

The study findings have important practical and policy implications for rural e-commerce development and self-sustained poverty alleviation solutions. The research revealed the significance of government NRECDP interventions for increasing rural income, reducing living costs, and empowering the rural population in its multiple social roles, namely, as consumers, producers, employees and microentrepreneurs. The local cultural context may also play a role in ICT adoption and entrepreneurship cultivation with a downstream effect on the effectiveness of e-CPA practices. Policymakers would need to ensure a supportive entrepreneur-friendly environment for rural e-commerce development and continue implementing progressive policies for poverty alleviation.

Originality/value

This study explores poverty alleviation issues in China by developing for the first time a multi-faceted framework that is subsequently tested by both county-level and household-level large-scale observations. Also, it is the first study to provide nationwide empirical evidence on the effectiveness of e-CPA in narrowing down the spatial and digital divides in China. In addition to the impact of geography, technology and governmental support, this study also sheds light on the role of culture in the adoption and diffusion of digital technologies and as a source of local entrepreneurial opportunities.
Non-professional versus professional investors’ trust in financial analysts’ recommendations and influences on investments
Authors: Jansson Magnus , Michaelsen Patrik , Sonsino Doron , Gärling Tommy
Published: May 2024

Purpose

The paper aims to investigate differences in non-professional and professional stock investors’ trust in and tendency to follow financial analysts’ buy and sell recommendations.

Design/methodology/approach

Online experiment conducted in Sweden in March 2022 comparing non-professional private investors (n = 80), professional investors (n = 33), and master students in finance (n = 28). Information was presented about four company stocks listed on the New York stock exchange. Two stocks were buy-recommended and two stocks sell-recommended by financial analysts. For one stock of each type, the recommendation was presented to participants. Dependent variables were predictions of the stock price after three months, ratings of confidence in the predictions and choices of holding, buying or selling the stock. Ratings were also made of the importance of presented stock-related information as well as trust in analysts’ skill and integrity.

Findings

More positive return predictions were made of buy-recommended than sell-recommended stocks. Non-professionals and to some degree finance students tended to trust financial analysts more than professional investors did and they were more influenced by the presentation of the buy recommendations. All groups made too optimistic return predictions, but the professionals were less confident in their predictions, more likely to sell the stocks and lost less on their investments.

Originality/value

A new finding is that non-professional stock investors are more likely than professional stock investors to trust financial analysts and follow their recommendations. It suggests that financial analysts’ recommendations influence non-professional investors to take unmotivated investment risks. Non-professionals in the stock market should hence be advised to exercise more caution in following analysts’ recommendations.
Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography in acute cholecystitis: Is it necessary for patients with normal common bile duct diameter?
Authors: Zeinalpour Adel , Ebrahimibagha Hamed , Amestejani Morteza , Shojaei‐Zarghani Sara , Pakravan Faramarz , Safarpour Ali Reza
Published: May 2024

Aim

Investigating concurrent choledocholithiasis in patients with acute cholecystitis (AC) and normal common bile duct (CBD) diameter on ultrasound by performing magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) can be challenging. This study aims to determine the conditions that necessitate MRCP before surgery and its potential impact on the course of treatment for these patients.

Patients and methods

We included 100 patients with AC and normal CBD diameter who were admitted to Shahid Modarres Hospital from September 2019 to September 2022. Patients with elevated levels of any liver serum markers above the upper limit of normal underwent MRCP.

Results

The MRCP results were positive in 45.16% of cases and altered the type of treatment in 35.48% of them. The findings indicated that direct [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.782; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.597–0.909] and total bilirubin (AUC = 0.697; 95% CI 0.507–0.849) were significantly effective in predicting the positive findings for concurrent CBD stone or Mirizzi's syndrome on MRCP. The optimal cutoff values for direct and total bilirubin were found to be above 1.02 and 2.19 mg/dL. Concerning the alteration of treatment approaches, direct bilirubin demonstrated predictive value (P = .014) at levels above 1.02 mg/dL.

Conclusions

In cases of AC with a normal CBD diameter on ultrasound and mild elevations in liver function parameters, including total and direct bilirubin, it is not routinely necessary to perform MRCP. However, if these laboratory values exceed a certain threshold, MRCP is recommended as it may reveal alternative diagnoses that could alter the clinical management.
New Development Bank's role in the global financial architecture
Authors: Hofman Bert , Srinivas P. S.
Published: May 2024

The New Development Bank (NDB) was established in 2015 by the grouping of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (referred to as the BRICS). The establishment of the NDB was one of the outcomes of the economic and political dissatisfaction arising out of the growing disparity between the BRICS' development needs, their share of the world economy, and their representation in the established institutions of the global financial architecture. The paper examines the origins of NDB, the unique aspects of its governance structure, innovations in its operational model, and the challenges it currently faces. The paper concludes that 9 years after its establishment, NDB has completed the core foundational work required of a new multilateral development bank. It is undoubtedly an interesting experiment in the creation of a new international financial institution, and it has made a good and solid start. However, the current global environment is very different from the world of 9 years ago. If the NDB can navigate well the current challenges and if it can scale up significantly, then the NDB indeed has the potential to make a significant impact on the global architecture of development finance. Whether it does so, remains to be seen.
Sexism and alcohol‐related problems among women: The role of social anxiety and coping motivated drinking
Authors: Buckner Julia D. , Thomas Katharine L. , Morris Paige E.
Published: May 2024

Background and Objectives

Experiencing sexism is related to more alcohol‐related problems, presumably via drinking to cope with negative affect associated with experiencing sexism. Yet no known studies have directly tested whether the relation of sexism to alcohol problems occurs via relevant negative emotions and drinking to cope with negative emotions. Given that sexism is a type of negative evaluation, social anxiety may be one type of negative affect that plays a role in sexism's relation with drinking behaviors.

Method

This study tested whether sexism was related to alcohol‐related problems via the serial effects of social anxiety and coping‐motivated alcohol use among 836 cis‐female undergraduates who endorsed past‐month alcohol use.

Results

Past‐year experiences with sexism were positively correlated with coping and conformity‐motivated alcohol use, alcohol problems (but not peak estimated blood alcohol content, eBAC), social anxiety, and depression. After statistically controlling for depression and peak eBAC, sexism was indirectly related to alcohol problems via the serial effects of social anxiety and drinking motives (coping, conformity).

Discussion and Conclusions

Results highlight the important role of social anxiety and drinking to cope with negative emotions and to fit in with peers who drink in relation of sexism with alcohol‐related problems.

Scientific Significance

This is the first known study to find that experiences of sexism are related to alcohol problems via the serial effects of social anxiety and coping and conformity‐motivated drinking. This is also the first known study to find that sexism is related to more conformity‐motivated drinking.
Hyperandrogenic environment regulates the function of ovarian granulosa cells by modulating macrophage polarization in PCOS
Authors: Chen Xi , Hong Ling , Diao Lianghui , Yin Tailang , Liu Su
Published: May 2024

Background

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine‐metabolic disorder characterized by oligo‐anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries, with hyperandrogenism being the most prominent feature of PCOS patients. However, whether excessive androgens also exist in the ovarian microenvironment of patients with PCOS, and their modulatory role on ovarian immune homeostasis and ovarian function, is not clear.

Methods

Follicular fluid samples from patients participating in their first in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) treatment were collected. Androgen concentration of follicular fluid was assayed by chemiluminescence, and the macrophage M1:M2 ratio was detected by flow cytometry. In an in vitro model, we examined the regulatory effects of different concentrations of androgen on macrophage differentiation and glucose metabolism levels using qRT‐PCR, Simple Western and multi‐factor flow cytometry assay. In a co‐culture model, we assessed the effect of a hyperandrogenic environment in the presence or absence of macrophages on the function of granulosa cells using qRT‐PCR, Simple Western, EdU assay, cell cycle assay, and multi‐factor flow cytometry assay.

Results

The results showed that a significantly higher androgen level and M1:M2 ratio in the follicular fluid of PCOS patients with hyperandrogenism. The hyperandrogenic environment promoted the expression of pro‐inflammatory and glycolysis‐related molecules and inhibited the expression of anti‐inflammatory and oxidative phosphorylation‐related molecules in macrophages. In the presence of macrophages, a hyperandrogenic environment significantly downregulated the function of granulosa cells.

Conclusion

There is a hyperandrogenic microenvironment in the ovary of PCOS patients with hyperandrogenism. Hyperandrogenic microenvironment can promote the activation of ovarian macrophages to M1, which may be associated with the reprogramming of macrophage glucose metabolism. The increased secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines by macrophages in the hyperandrogenic microenvironment would impair the normal function of granulosa cells and interfere with normal ovarian follicle growth and development.
Changes in T‐cell subsets, preexisting cytopenias and hyperferritinaemia correlate with cytopenias after BCMA targeted CAR T‐cell therapy in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma: Results from a prospective comprehensive biomarker study
Authors: Zhou Xiang , Wagner Vivien , Scheller Lukas , Stanojkovska Emilia , Riedhammer Christine , Xiao Xianghui , Steinhardt Maximilian Johannes , Vogt Cornelia , Nerreter Silvia , Eisele Florian , John Mara , Munawar Umair , Kadel Sofie‐Katrin , Mersi Julia , Ruckdeschel Anna , Schimanski Sven , Haertle Larissa , Waldschmidt Johannes Moritz , Han Seungbin , Topp Max , Duell Johannes , Einsele Hermann , Riedel Angela , Kortüm K. Martin , Rasche Leo
Published: May 2024

Biomarkers for cytopenias following CAR T‐cell treatment in relapsed/refractory (RR) multiple myeloma (MM) are not completely defined. We prospectively analysed 275 sequential peripheral blood (PB) samples from 58 RRMM patients treated with BCMA‐targeted CAR T cells, and then divided them into three groups: (i) baseline (before leukapheresis), (ii) ≤day+30, and (iii) >day+30 after CAR T‐cell therapy. We evaluated laboratory data and performed flow cytometry to determine the (CAR) T‐cell subsets. Baseline hyperferritinaemia was a risk factor for long‐lasting grade ≥3 anaemia (r = 0.47, p < 0.001) and thrombocytopenia (r = 0.44, p = 0.002) after CAR T‐cell therapy. Low baseline haemoglobin (Hb) and PLT were associated with long‐lasting grade ≥3 anaemia (r = −0.56, p < 0.001) and thrombocytopenia (r = −0.44, p = 0.002) respectively. We observed dynamics of CAR‐negative T‐cell subsets following CAR T‐cell infusion. In the late phase after CAR T‐cell therapy (>day+30), CD4Tn frequency correlated with anaemia (r = 0.41, p = 0.0014) and lymphocytopenia was related to frequencies of CD8+ T cells (r = 0.72, p < 0.001) and CD8Teff (r = 0.64, p < 0.001). CD4Tcm frequency was correlated with leucocytopenia (r = −0.49, p < 0.001). In summary, preexisting cytopenias and hyperferritinaemia indicated long duration of grade ≥3 post‐CAR T‐cell cytopenias. Prolonged cytopenia may be related to immune remodelling with a shift in the CAR‐negative T‐cell subsets following CAR T‐cell therapy.
Naringenin relieves paclitaxel‐induced pain by suppressing calcitonin gene‐related peptide signalling and enhances the anti‐tumour action of paclitaxel
Authors: Pan Chen , Xu Yuhao , Jiang Zongsheng , Fan Chengjiang , Chi Zhexi , Zhang Yu , Miao Mengmeng , Ren Yuxuan , Wu Ziyi , Xu Linbin , Mei Changqing , Chen Qingge , Xi Yang , Chen Xiaowei
Published: May 2024

Background and Purpose

Chemotherapy‐induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) commonly causes neuropathic pain, but its pathogenesis remains unclear, and effective therapies are lacking. Naringenin, a natural dihydroflavonoid compound, has anti‐inflammatory, anti‐nociceptive and anti‐tumour activities. However, the effects of naringenin on chemotherapy‐induced pain and chemotherapy effectiveness remain unexplored.

Experimental Approach

Female and male mouse models of chemotherapy‐induced pain were established using paclitaxel. Effects of naringenin were assessed on pain induced by paclitaxel or calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) and on CGRP expression in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cord tissue. Additionally, we examined peripheral macrophage infiltration, glial activation, c‐fos expression, DRG neuron excitability, microglial M1/M2 polarization, and phosphorylation of spinal NF‐κB. Furthermore, we investigated the synergic effect and related mechanisms of naringenin and paclitaxel on cell survival of cancer cells in vitro.

Key Results

Systemic administration of naringenin attenuated paclitaxel‐induced pain in both sexes. Naringenin reduced paclitaxel‐enhanced CGRP expression in DRGs and the spinal cord, and alleviated CGRP‐induced pain in naïve mice of both sexes. Naringenin mitigated macrophage infiltration and reversed paclitaxel‐elevated c‐fos expression and DRG neuron excitability. Naringenin decreased spinal glial activation and NF‐κB phosphorylation in both sexes but influenced microglial M1/M2 polarization only in females. Co‐administration of naringenin with paclitaxel enhanced paclitaxel's anti‐tumour effect, impeded by an apoptosis inhibitor.

Conclusion and Implications

Naringenin's anti‐nociceptive mechanism involves CGRP signalling and neuroimmunoregulation. Furthermore, naringenin facilitates paclitaxel's anti‐tumour action, possibly involving apoptosis. This study demonstrates naringenin's potential as a supplementary treatment in cancer therapy by mitigating side effects and potentiating efficacy of chemotherapy.
Use of neurological criteria to declare death in children
Authors: Graf William D. , Epstein Leon G. , Kirschen Matthew P.
Published: May 2024

Accurate determination of death is a necessary responsibility of the medical profession. Brain death, or death by neurological criteria (DNC), can be legally declared after the determination of permanent loss of clinical brain function, including the capacity for consciousness, brainstem reflexes, and the ability to breathe spontaneously. Despite longstanding debates over the exact definition of brain death or DNC and how it is determined, most middle‐ and high‐income countries have compatible medical protocols and legal policies for brain death or DNC. This review summarizes the 2023 updated guidelines for brain death or DNC determination, which integrate adult and pediatric diagnostic criteria. We discuss the clinical challenges related to brain death or DNC determination in infants and young children. We emphasize that physicians must follow the standardized and meticulous evaluation processes outlined in these guidelines to reduce diagnostic error and ensure no false positive determinations. An essential component of the brain death or DNC evaluation is appropriate and transparent communication with families. Ongoing efforts to promote consistency and legal uniformity in the declaration of death are needed.

What this paper adds

Sociocultural sensitivity and appropriate communication with families during the brain death or death by neurological criteria (DNC) evaluation are needed.

A key component of the brain death or DNC evaluation is appropriate and transparent communication with families.

Uniform international standards and consistent legal definitions for brain death or DNC declaration remain a necessary objective.
The role of financial investors in successful family‐firm takeovers: A configurational approach
Authors: Kammerlander Nadine , Kurta Elias , Heider Anne
Published: May 2024

Family firms increasingly opt for an external succession route and sell shares to financial investors. Yet, not all family‐firm takeovers by financial investors are financially successful. To date, however, we lack a nuanced understanding of the conditions under which financial investors' family‐firm takeovers will succeed financially. Our fsQCA study builds on 52 interviews to reveal the interplay of three typical levers that financial investors use (i.e., operational, strategic, and governance measures), the market situation, and investor type. We identify three distinct roles (i.e., incentivizers, optimizers, and adjacent investors) that financial investors take in successful family‐firm takeover cases. We situate our findings in the literature on resources and their orchestration to explain how investors create value in each of the identified paths, and we contribute to the literature on family‐firm succession and the interplay of family firms and financial investors.
Simultaneous Discovery–Invention in Corporate R&D: Lessons from the CRISPR Case
Authors: Plantec Quentin , Le Masson Pascal , Weil Benoît
Published: May 2024

Some companies invest in fundamental research, but many struggle when developing novel in‐house scientific knowledge and integrating it into their new inventions. While the literature advocates revised approaches to better understand this phenomenon, we investigate the processes that lead to Simultaneous Discovery–Invention (SDI). By adopting an abductive process, we propose a model that highlights the mechanisms of SDI. Notably, we reveal that teams must preserve independence in creative exploration during scientific knowledge creation and invention generation while maintaining intensive original knowledge exchange among them. We also demonstrate that anomaly detection and peer validation mechanisms are mandatory for SDI. We evaluate our model with a case study in the food industry: the discovery that CRISPR–Cas9 is an adaptative defense immune system of bacteria and the associated innovations in this industry. Finally, we discuss the insights provided by our model and the implications of our case study.
Virulence is associated with daily rhythms in the within‐host replication of the malaria parasite Plasmodium chabaudi
Authors: Owolabi Alíz T. Y. , Schneider Petra , Reece Sarah E.
Published: May 2024

Most malaria (Plasmodium spp.) parasite species undergo asexual replication synchronously within the red blood cells of their vertebrate host. Rhythmicity in this intraerythrocytic developmental cycle (IDC) enables parasites to maximise exploitation of the host and align transmission activities with the time of day that mosquito vectors blood feed. The IDC is also responsible for the major pathologies associated with malaria, and plasticity in the parasite's rhythm can confer tolerance to antimalarial drugs. Both the severity of infection (virulence) and synchrony of the IDC vary across species and between genotypes of Plasmodium; however, this variation is poorly understood. The theory predicts that virulence and IDC synchrony are negatively correlated, and we tested this hypothesis using two closely related genotypes of the rodent malaria model Plasmodium chabaudi that differ markedly in virulence. We also test the predictions that, in response to perturbations to the timing (phase) of the IDC schedule relative to the phase of host rhythms (misalignment), the virulent parasite genotype recovers the correct phase relationship faster, incurs less fitness losses and so hosts benefit less from misalignment when infected with a virulent genotype. Our predictions are partially supported by results suggesting that the virulent parasite genotype is less synchronous in some circumstances and recovers faster from misalignment. While hosts were less anaemic when infected by misaligned parasites, the extent of this benefit did not depend on parasite virulence. Overall, our results suggest that interventions to perturb the alignment between the IDC schedule, and host rhythms and increase synchrony between parasites within each IDC, could alleviate disease symptoms. However, virulent parasites, which are better at withstanding conventional antimalarial treatment, would also be intrinsically better able to tolerate such interventions.
Improving outcomes in equine skin cancer
Authors: Prange Timo
Published: May 2024

Skin diseases are an important health problem in horses, and the skin is the most common location for tumours. Equine sarcoids, melanomas and squamous cell carcinomas make up over 95% of cutaneous tumours, but information about the effective treatment of these common forms of skin cancer is limited. In the absence of reliable therapies for advanced cases, cancer screening, reliable diagnostics and early treatment become even more important.
Personal and organisational health literacy in the non‐specific symptom pathway for cancer: An ethnographic study
Authors: Black Georgia B. , Moreland Julie‐Ann , Fulop Naomi J. , Lyratzopoulos Georgios , Nicholson Brian D. , Whitaker Katriina L.
Published: May 2024

Introduction

People being investigated for cancer face a wealth of complex information. Non‐specific symptom pathways (NSS) were implemented in the United Kingdom in 2017 to address the needs of patients experiencing symptoms such as weight loss, fatigue or general practitioner ‘gut feeling’, who did not have streamlined pathways for cancer investigation. This study aimed to explore the health literacy skills needed by patients being investigated for cancer in NSS pathways.

Methods

This study employed ethnographic methods across four hospitals in England, including interviews, patient shadowing and clinical care observations, to examine NSS pathways for cancer diagnosis. We recruited 27 patients who were shadowed and interviewed during their care. We also interviewed 27 professionals. The analysis focused on patient communication and understanding, drawing on the concepts of personal and organisational health literacy.

Results

Our analysis derived six themes highlighting the considerable informational demands of the NSS pathway. Patients were required to understand complex blood tests and investigations in primary care and often did not understand why they were referred. The NSS pathway itself was difficult to understand with only a minority of patients appreciating that multiple organs were being investigated for cancer. The process of progressing through the pathway was also difficult to understand, particularly around who was making decisions and what would happen next. The results of investigations were complex, often including incidental findings. Patients whose persistent symptoms were not explained were often unsure of what to do following discharge.

Conclusion

We have identified several potential missed opportunities for organisations to support patient understanding of NSS pathways which could lead to inappropriate help‐seeking post‐discharge. Patients' difficulties in comprehending previous investigations and findings could result in delays, overtesting or inadequately targeted investigations, hindering the effective use of their medical history. Third, patients' limited understanding of their investigations and results may impede their ability to engage in patient safety by reporting potential care errors.

Patient or Public Contribution

Patient, public, clinical and policy representatives contributed to developing the research objectives through a series of meetings and individual conversations in preparation for the study. We have held several events in which patients and the public have had an opportunity to give feedback about our results, such as local interest groups in North London and academic conferences. A clinical contributor (J.‐A. M.) was involved in data analysis and writing the manuscript.
Gastric cancer molecular classification based on immunohistochemistry and in‐situ hybridisation and mortality
Authors: Eskuri Maarit , Birkman Eva‐Maria , Kauppila Joonas H
Published: May 2024

Background and aims

Gastric cancers (GC) are divided into subtypes based on molecular profile: Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐positive, microsatellite instability (MSI), chromosomal instability (CIN) and genomically stable (GS) tumours. The prognostic impact of this classification is unclear. The aim was to evaluate whether the molecular subtypes determined using in‐situ hybridisation (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) are associated with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis.

Methods and results

The study included 503 GC patients. Based on ISH (EBV) and IHC (MSI and TP53), tumours were divided into EBV‐positive, MSI, CIN (EBVneg/MSS/TP53aberrant) and GS (EBVneg/MSS/TP53wild‐type) subgroups. Survival analyses with intestinal‐ and diffuse‐type tumours were examined separately. EBV‐positive tumours associated with male sex. Both EBV‐positive and MSI tumours associated with intestinal type. CIN tumours associated with intestinal‐type and positive lymph node status. GS tumours associated with diffuse‐type and negative lymph node status. In the total cohort, no significant differences in the 5‐year survival were observed. In intestinal tumours, the 5‐year survival was better in EBV‐positive tumours compared with GS tumours [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.33–0.99]. In diffuse tumours, the 5‐year survival was worse in CIN tumours compared with GS tumours (HR = 1.57, 95% CI = 1.14–2.18). In radically resected diffuse tumours, the 5‐year survival was worse in MSI tumours compared with GS tumours (HR = 3.26, 95% CI = 1.20–8.82).

Conclusions

The molecular classification is associated with histological type but not prognosis in GC. As the prognostic effects of molecular subtypes in intestinal‐ and diffuse‐type cancers may differ, combining histological and molecular information is recommended for future studies.
Ecology of multispecies biofilm formed in refrigerated raw milk in the presence of nisin and the quorum quenching furanone
Authors: Oliveira Gabriel Silva , Lima Helena Santiago , Silva Cynthia Canêdo , Vanetti Maria Cristina Dantas
Published: May 2024

Characterisation of bacterial communities in multispecies biofilm can aid the search for prevention and control strategies. This study evaluated the influence of nisin and quorum quenching compound furanone on the diversity of biofilm formed from raw milk. Stainless steel coupons were immersed in raw milk containing either nisin or furanone. Biofilm DNA was extracted, followed by metataxonomic analyses. Chao‐1 richness, Simpson, and Shannon diversity indexes fluctuated over the 10‐day period in the control biofilm. However, both nisin and furanone led to a decrease in the Chao‐1 index of the biofilm microbiota and small fluctuation in the Simpson and Shannon diversity indexes without altering the number of sessile cells. Gammaproteobacteria, recognised contaminants of significance in milk, was the dominant class in all biofilms. Addition of nisin or furanone to the raw milk altered the microbial community of the biofilm, resulting particularly in the abundance of the genera Acinetobacter, Lactococcus, and Serratia.
Exploring language assessment literacy: A case of perceived needs of two stakeholder groups in Egypt
Authors: Ali Amira Desouky
Published: May 2024

Stakeholders in exam‐driven countries are responsible for developing test‐related tasks to assess the quality of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teaching and learning. Hence, the language assessment literacy (LAL) of different stakeholders has to be investigated. This mixed‐methods study explored the required LAL competencies among two groups of Egyptian EFL supervisors and teachers and examined the impact of participants' demographic profiles on choosing LAL competencies. The groups prioritized their needs for assessment in language pedagogy. While supervisors were highly demanded to develop and administer language assessments, teachers were highly interested in developing their skills at assessment scoring and rating. Teachers' selection of LAL competencies was influenced by age, educational degree and professional training; whereas supervisors' LAL was impacted by experience and educational degree. The findings of interviews shed light on participants' perceived needs for LAL knowledge and skills, the challenges of achieving LAL, and ways for improvement.
Processing strategy and composite regulation on dielectric performance in Li2O–Al2O3–B2O3 dielectric systems using SrTiO3
Authors: Xiong Siyu , Chen Deqin , Zhu Xiaowei , Zhu Guobin , Xiao Hongxiang , Gong Weiping , Liu Laijun , Khaliq Jibran , Li Chunchun
Published: May 2024

In this paper, we investigated the effect of processing parameters and composite regulation on the structure and property relationship of lightweight low‐permittivity Li2O–Al2O3–B2O3 dielectric system. Li2BAlO4 ceramic and (1 − x)Li2BAlO4–xSrTiO3 ceramics were synthesized using a conventional solid‐state reaction method. Thermodynamic analysis, sintering temperature, phase formation, crystal structure, and microwave dielectric properties were investigated. Thermal analysis revealed a melting temperature of 847°C, suggesting a comparatively low temperature for the sintering of Li2BAlO4 ceramics. Li2BAlO4 crystalized into a monoclinic structure with P21/c space group, with [Al2B2O8] rings connected by [BO3] triangles and [AlO4] tetrahedra through Al–O–Al bridges. Dense Li2BAlO4 ceramics with a relative density of ∼97.7% were sintered at 750°C and had optimal microwave dielectric properties with relative permittivity (εr) of 5.13, quality factor (Q × f) of 22 610 GHz, and the temperature coefficient of resonance frequency (τf) of −112.5 ppm/°C. The 0.88Li2BAlO4–0.12SrTiO3 composite ceramic has excellent microwave dielectric properties with εr = 8.83, Q × f = 14 000 GHz, τf = 4.6 ppm/°C. The ceramics also demonstrated an inert behavior with silver electrodes proving its application in low‐temperature cofired ceramic (LTCC) technology.
Target organ damage in untreated hypertensive patients with primary aldosteronism
Authors: Li Shi‐Min , Huang Jia‐Yi , Zhu Ching‐Yan , Ng Ming‐Yen , Lin Qing‐Shan , Wu Min , Liu Ming‐Ya , Wang Run , Cao Gao‐Zhen , Chen Cong , Wu Mei‐Zhen , Ren Qing‐Wen , Tse Hung‐Fat , Yiu Kai‐Hang
Published: May 2024

An increased risk of target organ damage (TOD) has been reported in patients with primary aldosteronism (PA). However, there is relatively little related research on the correlation between the degree of TOD and those with and without PA in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients. The aim of this study was to assess the association between PA and TOD among patients with newly diagnosed hypertension. Newly diagnosed hypertensive patients were consecutively recruited from January 2015 to June 2020 at the University of Hong Kong‐Shenzhen Hospital. Patients were stratified into those with and without PA. Data for left ventricular mass index (LVMI), carotid intima‐media thickness (CIMT) and plaque, and microalbuminuria were systematically collected. A total of 1044 patients with newly diagnosed hypertension were recruited, 57 (5.5%) of whom were diagnosed with PA. Patients with PA had lower blood pressure, serum lipids, body mass index, and plasma renin activity and a higher incidence of hypokalemia than those without PA. In contrast, the prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy, increased CIMT, and microalbuminuria was higher in patients with PA than in those without PA. Multivariable regression analysis demonstrated that PA was independently associated with increased LVMI, CIMT and microalbuminuria. Among patients with newly diagnosed hypertension, those with PA had more severe TOD, including a higher LVMI, CIMT and microalbuminuria, than those without PA. These findings emphasize the need for screening TOD in newly diagnosed hypertension due to underlying PA.
Intra‐operative dermoscopy (onychoscopy) of the nail unit—A systematic review
Authors: Sławińska M. , Żółkiewicz J. , Ribereau‐Gayon E. , Maińska U. , Sobjanek M. , Thomas L.
Published: May 2024

Dermoscopy of the nail unit (onychoscopy) is a method which allows for non‐invasive observation of the nail structures, increasing the accuracy of clinical diagnosis. Currently, it is used in evaluation of both inflammatory and neoplastic conditions of the nail unit. However, in contrast to the skin, the anatomy of the nail unit prevents direct observation of nail bed or nail matrix structure during classic onychoscopy. Intra‐operative onychoscopy is a variant of the technique which uses direct visualization of the nail unit structures after nail plate avulsion. The aim of this systematic review was to summarize the current state of knowledge on intra‐operative onychoscopy. The MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane databases were systematically searched in January 2024. All types of study designs assessing intra‐operative dermoscopy of the nail unit were included in this study. The risk of bias in included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. The qualitative synthesis of 19 studies totalling a number of 218 cases in 217 patients included the following entities: melanoma, nevus, hypermelanosis (melanocytic activation), melanocytic hyperplasia, melanophages accumulation, squamous cell carcinoma, glomus tumour, lichen planus, onychomatricoma, onychomycosis and subungual exostosis. The main limitation of the study was a relatively low number of identified studies, most with low levels of evidence. Intra‐operative onychoscopy does not replace histologic examination, though it may be useful in determining the modality of surgical diagnostic procedures.
Barriers and facilitators in self‐care and management of chronic kidney disease in dialysis patients: A systematic review of qualitative studies
Authors: Escudero‐Lopez M. , Martinez‐Andres M. , Marcilla‐Toribio I. , Moratalla‐Cebrian M. L. , Perez‐Moreno A. , Bartolome‐Gutierrez R.
Published: May 2024

Aim

To identify and synthesise qualitative studies on barriers and facilitators perceived by dialysis patients in relation to self‐care and disease management.

Design

Systematic review of qualitative studies.

Data Sources

Qualitative study articles were extracted from PUBMED, MEDLINE, COCHRANE, WEB OF SCIENCE (WOS), CINAHL PsycINFO and EMBASE and electronic journals of the Spanish Society of Nephrology and Spanish Society of Nephrological Nursing until May 2022. Studies on barriers and/or facilitators affecting self‐care and disease management expressed by people undergoing haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis were included.

Review Methods

The SPICE (Setting, Perspective, Intervention, Comparison and Evaluation) strategy was used to develop issues and subissues through the thematic synthesis of the qualitative findings. GRADE‐CERQual was used to evaluate the articles.

Results

From 172 articles, 15 qualitative articles about barriers and facilitators perceived by patients concerning self‐care and disease management were finally included. Identified eight facilitators and four barriers.

Conclusion

Patients perceived a significant number of barriers and facilitators. It is possible to identify which aspects facilitate self‐management of their disease and to understand that the processes are individualised. This is why therapeutic strategies should be designed to foster the participation and empowerment of the person in the management of the disease.

Implications for the profession and/or patient care

Identifying the barriers and facilitators concerning the management of chronic kidney disease furnishes us with knowledge for individualised clinical practice and improved care processes.

Impact

This review is the first to synthesise barriers and facilitators in haemodialysis patients about the management of their disease and treatment. The results enable the proposal of improvements in the training of healthcare personnel, clinical practice guidelines and action protocols to improve the daily life and management of the disease by patients.

No patient or public contribution due to this is a systematic review.