bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multi-objective drone path planning for search and rescue with quality-of-service requirements
Authors: Hayat Samira , Yanmaz Evşen , Bettstetter Christian , Brown Timothy X.
Published: July 2020

We incorporate communication into the multi-UAV path planning problem for search and rescue missions to enable dynamic task allocation via information dissemination. Communication is not treated as a constraint but a mission goal. While achieving this goal, our aim is to avoid compromising the area coverage goal and the overall mission time. We define the mission tasks as: search, inform, and monitor at the best possible link quality. Building on our centralized simultaneous inform and connect (SIC) path planning strategy, we propose two adaptive strategies: (1) SIC with QoS (SICQ): optimizes search, inform, and monitor tasks simultaneously and (2) SIC following QoS (SIC+): first optimizes search and inform tasks together and then finds the optimum positions for monitoring. Both strategies utilize information as soon as it becomes available to determine UAV tasks. The strategies can be tuned to prioritize certain tasks in relation to others. We illustrate that more tasks can be performed in the given mission time by efficient incorporation of communication in the path design. We also observe that the quality of the resultant paths improves in terms of connectivity.
A Three-Dimensional Jigsaw Made of Pliable Bits: Analysing Adolescent Identity as an Intertextual Construct in Aidan Chambers’ Postcards from No Man’s Land (1999)
Authors: Duthoy Leander
Published: July 2020

YA fiction is well known for a prevalence of narratives that explore identity and identity change. Critics have constructed multiple theoretical frameworks that help put into words the workings of adolescent identity in these novels. This article adds to that discussion by analysing Jacob, the main character of Aidan Chambers’ Postcards from No Man’s Land, (The Bodley Head, London, 1999), through the framework of Julia Kristeva’s intertextual theory, where any socio-cultural element can be an intertext, from a specific song to a political ideology. By returning to Kristeva’s original broad interpretation of textuality, I consider Jacob’s identity itself a text, shaped by the intertexts in his socio-cultural environment. My analysis then focuses on how Jacob’s process of identity development is empowered through the various intertexts with which he is presented over the course of Postcards’ narrative.
Unveiling assumptions through interdisciplinary scrutiny: Observations from the German Priority Program on Climate Engineering (SPP 1689)
Authors: Kreuter Judith , Matzner Nils , Baatz Christian , Keller David P. , Markus Till , Wittstock Felix , Bernitt Ulrike , Mengis Nadine
Published: July 2020

The interdisciplinary exchange in climate engineering research offers a unique opportunity to make assumptions more explicit for such research projects. While making assumptions explicit is the standard in all disciplinary sciences, some assumptions in the context of societal challenges can only be usefully unveiled, discussed, and verified from the perspective of other research disciplines. Results from successful interdisciplinary collaborations are then more accessible and more generalizable to actors beyond the confines of the academic community. We aim to illustrate how interdisciplinary exchange helps to unveil assumptions in research endeavors and why this is important for successful interdisciplinary collaborations. We therefore follow different stages of the German Priority Program on Climate Engineering (SPP 1689), which we use as an example case of a successful interdisciplinary project. SPP 1689 focused on risks, challenges, and opportunities of Climate Engineering from the perspectives of numerous disciplines. Major results were that the initial assessments of technologies had to be sobered, the consideration of trade-offs is crucial for the potential assessment, and governance issues appeared larger than previously considered. From the reflections of SPP 1689, we conclude with three lessons learned: (1) The project profited from egalitarian organizational structures and communicative practices, preventing the predominance from single disciplines. (2) Within the project continuous efforts were undertaken to foster interdisciplinary understanding. In addition, the flexible project structure allowed for the accommodation of research needs arising as a result of these exchanges. (3) SPP 1689 offered early career researchers a platform for professional exchange on common challenges and best practices of being a part of an interdisciplinary research project.
Drought results in recruitment failure of Rio Grande silvery minnow (Hybognathus amarus), an imperiled, pelagic broadcast-spawning minnow
Authors: Archdeacon Thomas P. , Diver-Franssen Tracy A. , Bertrand Nick G. , Grant Joshua D.
Published: July 2020

As precipitation and temperature patterns change, the resulting alterations in hydrologic conditions may adversely affect some stream fishes. The unique guild of freshwater, pelagic broadcast-spawning minnows found in the western United States appears to be particularly sensitive to low-flow conditions. We examined reproductive and recruitment patterns of one of these species, Rio Grande silvery minnow (Hybognathus amarus), over a three-year period, which included one year of extreme drought. We followed gonadal development from March through September each year, from 2017 to 2019, to determine if Rio Grande silvery minnow were reproductively active during extreme drought. The population structure was also monitored to confirm successful recruitment over the same period. We found that in all years Rio Grande silvery minnow were reproductively active in April through early June, including during extreme drought in 2018. However, almost no recruitment occurred in 2018, and by early 2019 the population was dominated by older, wild age-2 fish and hatchery-reared fishes. Our work supports previous research on pelagic broadcast-spawning minnows and confirms that extreme low-flows results in near-complete recruitment failure of Rio Grande silvery minnow. This work will help inform management and conservation of Rio Grande silvery minnow and other pelagic broadcast-spawning minnows during drought or low flows years.
“I Am a Total…Loser” – The Role of Interpretation Biases in Youth Depression
Authors: Sfärlea Anca , Buhl Christina , Loechner Johanna , Neumüller Jakob , Asperud Thomsen Laura , Starman Kornelija , Salemink Elske , Schulte-Körne Gerd , Platt Belinda
Published: July 2020

Negative interpretation biases have been found to characterize adults with depression and to be involved in the development and maintenance of the disorder. However, less is known about their role in youth depression. The present study investigated i) whether negative interpretation biases characterize children and adolescents with depression and ii) to what extent these biases are more pronounced in currently depressed youth compared to youth at risk for depression (as some negative interpretation biases have been found already in high-risk youth before disorder onset). After a negative mood induction interpretation biases were assessed with two experimental tasks: Ambiguous Scenarios Task (AST) and Scrambled Sentences Task (SST) in three groups of 9–14-year-olds: children and adolescents with a diagnosis of major depression (n = 32), children and adolescents with a high risk for depression (children of depressed parents; n = 48), as well as low-risk children and adolescents (n = 42). Depressed youth exhibited substantially more negative interpretation biases than both high-risk and low-risk groups (as assessed with both tasks), while the high-risk group showed more negative interpretation biases than the low-risk group only as assessed via the SST. The results indicate that the negative interpretation biases that are to some extent already present in high-risk populations before disorder onset are strongly amplified in currently depressed youth. The different findings for the two tasks suggest that more implicit interpretation biases (assessed with the SST) might represent cognitive vulnerabilities for depression whereas more explicit interpretation biases (assessed with the AST) may arise as a consequence of depressive symptomatology.
Interrelationship Between Inquiry-Based Learning and Instructional Quality in Predicting Science Literacy
Authors: Kang Jingoo
Published: July 2020

Recent international comparison studies such as the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) repeatedly argued that inquiry-based learning (IBL) indicated a negative effect on science literacy (SL). However, those studies included two limitations in revealing the relationship between IBL and SL as they did not consider (1) instructional quality and (2) different types of IBL. Accordingly, this study aimed to explore relationships between two types of IBL (open and guided) and SL, and how four types of instructional quality (classroom management, adaptative teaching, teacher–student relationship, and teacher support) moderated the relationships between IBL and SL. For this purpose, a PISA 2015 Finnish sample was used and analyzed by latent moderated structural equation modeling in order to explore the latent interaction between IBL and the quality of instruction. The results of this study presented that the teacher–student relationship was the most potent predictor of SL and moderated the effects of guided and open inquiry on SL. Classroom management also indicated moderation effects for both guided and open inquiry. Also, this study showed the overruling effect of open inquiry on guided inquiry in predicting SL.
Thrombotic circuit complications during venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in COVID-19
Authors: Bemtgen Xavier , Zotzmann Viviane , Benk Christoph , Rilinger Jonathan , Steiner Katrin , Asmussen Alexander , Bode Christoph , Wengenmayer Tobias , Maier Sven , Staudacher Dawid L.
Published: July 2020

The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the resulting disease COVID-19 causes pulmonary failure including severe courses requiring venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V-V ECMO). Coagulopathy is a known complication of COVID-19 leading to thrombotic events including pulmonary embolism. It is unclear if the coagulopathy also increases thrombotic circuit complications of the ECMO. Aim of the present study therefor was to investigate the rate of V-V ECMO complications in COVID-19. We conducted a retrospective registry study including all patients on V-V ECMO treated at our centre between 01/2018 and 04/2020. COVID-19 cases were compared non- COVID-19 cases. All circuit related complications resulting in partial or complete exchange of the extracorporeal system were registered. In total, 66 patients were analysed of which 11 (16.7%) were SARS-CoV-2 positive. The two groups did not differ in clinical parameters including age (COVID-19 59.4 vs. non-COVID-19 58.1 years), gender (36.4% vs. 40%), BMI (27.8 vs. 24.2) and severity of illness as quantified by the RESP Score (1pt. vs 1pt.). 28 days survival was similar in both groups (72.7% vs. 58.2%). While anticoagulation was similar in both groups (p = 0.09), centrifugal pump head thrombosis was more frequent in COVID-19 (9/11 versus 16/55 p < 0.01). Neither the time to first exchange (p = 0.61) nor blood flow at exchange (p = 0.68) did differ in both groups. D-dimer levels prior to the thrombotic events were significantly higher in COVID-19 (mean 15.48 vs 26.59, p = 0.01). The SARS-CoV-2 induced infection is associated with higher rates of thrombotic events of the extracorporeal system during V-V ECMO therapy.
Entrepreneurship of an institutional field: the emergence of coworking spaces for digital business models
Authors: Bouncken Ricarda B. , Kraus Sascha , Martínez-Pérez Juan F.
Published: July 2020

Coworking spaces have been proliferating world-wide in urban and rural areas while facilitating entrepreneurship and new, especially digital business models. Our research analyzes the worldwide expansion by drawing upon mechanisms from institutional theory. We argue that the sense of community, emotional activation, the local communities together with the digital linkages and the open office allowed coworking spaces to evolve as a real space for entrepreneurship. The common lifestyle and the high digital identity of the users further explain the emergence of this entrepreneurship field that shows high convergent forms of coworking spaces. The key divergence comes with different ownership models.
Imaging for central nervous system (CNS) interstitial fluidopathy: disorders with impaired interstitial fluid dynamics
Authors: Taoka Toshiaki , Naganawa Shinji
Published: July 2020

After the introduction of the glymphatic system hypothesis, an increasing number of studies on cerebrospinal fluid and interstitial fluid dynamics within the brain have been investigated and reported. A series of diseases are known which develop due to abnormality of the glymphatic system including Alzheimer’s disease, traumatic brain injury, stroke, or other disorders. These diseases or disorders share the characteristics of the glymphatic system dysfunction or other mechanisms related to the interstitial fluid dynamics. In this review article, we propose “Central Nervous System (CNS) Interstitial Fluidopathy” as a new concept encompassing diseases whose pathologies are majorly associated with abnormal interstitial fluid dynamics. Categorizing these diseases or disorders as “CNS interstitial fluidopathies,” will promote the understanding of their mechanisms and the development of potential imaging methods for the evaluation of the disease as well as clinical methods for disease treatment or prevention. In other words, having a viewpoint of the dynamics of interstitial fluid appears relevant for understanding CNS diseases or disorders, and it would be possible to develop novel common treatment methods or medications for “CNS interstitial fluidopathies.”
Novel ion drift tube for high-performance ion mobility spectrometers based on a composite material
Authors: Ahrens André , Möhle Janina , Hitzemann Moritz , Zimmermann Stefan
Published: July 2020

Ion mobility spectrometers (IMS) are able to detect pptV-level concentrations of substances in gasses and in liquids within seconds. Due to the continuous increase in analytical performance and reduction of the instrument size, IMS are established nowadays in a variety of analytical field applications. In order to reduce the manufacturing effort and further enhance their widespread use, we have developed a simple manufacturing process for drift tubes based on a composite material. This composite material consists of alternating layers of metal sheets and insulator material, which are connected to each other in a mechanically stable and gastight manner. Furthermore, this approach allows the production of ion drift tubes in just a few steps from a single piece of material, thus reducing the manufacturing costs and efforts. Here, a drift tube ion mobility spectrometer based on such a composite material is presented. Although its outer dimensions are just 15 mm × 15 mm in cross section and 57 mm in length, it has high resolving power of Rp = 62 and detection limits in the pptV-range, demonstrated for ethanol and 1,2,3-trichloropropane.
Validation of the 3-variable prognostic score (3-PS) in mCRPC patients treated with 223Radium-dichloride: a national multicenter study
Authors: Frantellizzi Viviana , Monari Fabio , Mascia Manlio , Costa Renato , Rubini Giuseppe , Spanu Angela , Di Rocco Arianna , Lodi Rizzini Elisa , Cindolo Luca , Licari Maria , Lavelli Valentina , Nuvoli Susanna , De Angelis Cristina , Dionisi Valeria , Ferrari Cristina , De Vincentis Giuseppe
Published: July 2020

Objective

Radium-223 (223Ra) has been approved for treatment in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostatic cancer (mCRPC) and bone metastasis. This α-emitting radionuclide has a beneficial effect on pain and is also capable to increase overall survival (OS). Several studies evaluated the prognostic value of different biomarkers at baseline, such as serum values, imaging parameters or pain. To date, however, clinicians lack a validated and simple system to assess which patients will most likely benefit from 223Ra treatment. The 3-variable prognostic score (3-PS), proposed in a single-center study in 2017 classifies patients in five prognostic groups with a specific OS. This study aims to validate the 3-PS in a larger multicenter population.

Methods

Four hundred and thirty mCRPC patients treated with 223Ra from six different centers were analyzed. The 3-PS score consists of the collection of baseline hemoglobin, prostatic specific antigen and Eastern cooperative oncology group performance status and was initially applied to the whole population (total group). The score was then validated on the 338 patient’s subgroup (clean group) obtained by subtracting the 92 patients enrolled for the original study of the 3-PS score. This purified group served as further validation evidence.

Results

Statistical analysis showed that the 3-PS score was valid on the total group as well as in the clean group as the AUC estimated (0.74) falls within the CI of the AUC calculated on the validation sample (95% CI 0.66–0.82).

Conclusion

This study confirms the validity of the 3-PS score for mCRPC patients. This score is simple, noninvasive and affordable and can be easily used to select patients that will most probably complete 223Ra treatment. In addition, this tool provides an exact estimate of life expectancy in terms of OS.
Introspective Interest and Insight in the Context of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction: a Randomized Trial
Authors: Nyklíček Ivan , Zonneveld Renée , Denollet Johan
Published: July 2020

Objective

Introspective interest and insight have long been argued to be important factors in psychotherapy. However, empirical studies are scarce and their results equivocal. Therefore, in the present study, the potential moderating and mediating roles of introspective interest and insight were examined in the context of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR).

Methods

In a randomized controlled trial, 72 MBSR participants were compared with 71 waitlist control participants. Their mean age was 46.1 years (SD = 10.3), 31.5% were male and all were white. Pre-to-post changes in mood, perceived stress, quality of life, mindfulness skills, and introspective interest and insight were compared between the groups and the moderating and mediating effects of introspective interest and insight were examined, adjusting for effects of mindfulness skills.

Results

Introspective interest nor insight moderated the effects of MBSR. However, increase in insight, but not interest, significantly mediated favorable effects of MBSR on all outcome variables, over and above changes in mindfulness skills: perceived stress (B = − 1.43, 95% CI − 2.63 to − 0.54), negative affect (B = − 0.11, 95% CI − 0.23 to − 0.00), positive affect (B = 0.12, 95% CI 0.03–0.23) and psychological quality of life (B = 0.16, 95% CI 0.02–0.34).

Conclusions

Increase in introspective insight may form a potentially important mechanism of the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions, and possibly also other psychological interventions.
Immersive virtual reality as a pedagogical tool in education: a systematic literature review of quantitative learning outcomes and experimental design
Authors: Hamilton D. , McKechnie J. , Edgerton E. , Wilson C.
Published: July 2020

The adoption of immersive virtual reality (I-VR) as a pedagogical method in education has challenged the conceptual definition of what constitutes a learning environment. High fidelity graphics and immersive content using head-mounted-displays (HMD) have allowed students to explore complex subjects in a way that traditional teaching methods cannot. Despite this, research focusing on learning outcomes, intervention characteristics, and assessment measures associated with I-VR use has been sparse. To explore this, the current systematic review examined experimental studies published since 2013, where quantitative learning outcomes using HMD based I-VR were compared with less immersive pedagogical methods such as desktop computers and slideshows. A literature search yielded 29 publications that were deemed suitable for inclusion. Included papers were quality assessed using the Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument (MERSQI). Most studies found a significant advantage of utilising I-VR in education, whilst a smaller number found no significant differences in attainment level regardless of whether I-VR or non-immersive methods were utilised. Only two studies found clear detrimental effects of using I-VR. However, most studies used short interventions, did not examine information retention, and were focused mainly on the teaching of scientific topics such as biology or physics. In addition, the MERSQI showed that the methods used to evaluate learning outcomes are often inadequate and this may affect the interpretation of I-VR’s utility. The review highlights that a rigorous methodological approach through the identification of appropriate assessment measures, intervention characteristics, and learning outcomes is essential to understanding the potential of I-VR as a pedagogical method.
Curtailing Carbon Usage with Addition of Functionalized NiFe2O4 Quantum Dots: Toward More Practical S Cathodes for Li–S Cells
Authors: Li Ning , Meng Ting , Ma Lai , Zhang Han , Yao JiaJia , Xu Maowen , Li Chang Ming , Jiang Jian
Published: July 2020

Smart combination of manifold carbonaceous materials with admirable functionalities (like full of pores/functional groups, high specific surface area) is still a mainstream/preferential way to address knotty issues of polysulfides dissolution/shuttling and poor electrical conductivity for S-based cathodes. However, extensive use of conductive carbon fillers in cell designs/technology would induce electrolytic overconsumption and thereby shelve high-energy-density promise of Li–S cells. To cut down carbon usage, we propose the incorporation of multi-functionalized NiFe2O4 quantum dots (QDs) as affordable additive substitutes. The total carbon content can be greatly curtailed from 26% (in traditional S/C cathodes) to a low/commercial mass ratio (~ 5%). Particularly, note that NiFe2O4 QDs additives own superb chemisorption interactions with soluble Li2Sn molecules and proper catalytic features facilitating polysulfide phase conversions and can also strengthen charge-transfer capability/redox kinetics of overall cathode systems. Benefiting from these intrinsic properties, such hybrid cathodes demonstrate prominent rate behaviors (decent capacity retention with ~ 526 mAh g−1 even at 5 A g−1) and stable cyclic performance in LiNO3-free electrolytes (only ~ 0.08% capacity decay per cycle in 500 cycles at 0.2 A g−1). This work may arouse tremendous research interest in seeking other alternative QDs and offer an economical/more applicable methodology to construct low-carbon-content electrodes for practical usage.
Asymptotics of near-cloaking
Authors: OCKENDON J. R. , OCKENDON H. , SLEEMAN B. D. , TEW R. H.
Published: July 2020

This paper describes how asymptotic analysis can be used to gain new insights into the theory of cloaking of spherical and cylindrical targets within the context of acoustic waves in a class of linear elastic materials. In certain cases, these configurations allow solutions to be written down in terms of eigenfunction expansions from which high-frequency asymptotics can be extracted systematically. These asymptotics are compared with the predictions of ray theory and are used to describe the scattering that occurs when perfect cloaking models are regularised.
Warm Atlantic Water Explains Observed Sea Ice Melt Rates North of Svalbard
Authors: Duarte Pedro , Sundfjord Arild , Meyer Amelie , Hudson Stephen R. , Spreen Gunnar , Smedsrud Lars H.
Published: July 2020

Warm Atlantic water (AW) that flows northward along the Svalbard west coast is thought to transport enough heat to melt regional Arctic sea ice effectively. Despite this common assumption, quantitative requirements necessary for AW to directly melt sea ice fast enough under realistic winter conditions are still poorly constrained. Here we use meteorological data, satellite observations of sea ice concentration and drift, and model output to demonstrate that most of the sea ice entering the area over the Yermak Plateau melts within a few weeks. Simulations using the Los Alamos Sea Ice Model (CICE) in a 1‐D vertically resolved configuration under a relatively wide range of in situ observed atmospheric and ocean forcing show a good fit to observations. Simulations require high‐frequency atmospheric forcing data to accurately reproduce vertical heat fluxes between the ice or snow and the atmosphere. Moreover, we switched off hydrostatic equilibrium to properly reproduce ice and snow thickness when observations showed that ice had a negative freeboard, without surface flooding and snow‐ice formation. This modeling shows that realistic melt rates require a combination of warm near‐surface AW and storm‐induced ocean mixing. However, if AW is warmer than usual (>5°C), then lower mixing rates are sufficient. Our results suggest that increased winter storm frequency and increased heat content of the AW may work together in reducing future sea ice cover in the Eurasian basin.
Large‐Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Oscillatory Flow Over Three‐Dimensional Transient Vortex Ripple Geometries in Quasi‐Equilibrium
Authors: Chalmoukis Iason A. , Dimas Athanassios A. , Grigoriadis Dimokratis G. E.
Published: July 2020

Vortex ripples induced by oscillatory flow display straight crests at equilibrium, but they develop transient three‐dimensional (3‐D) bedform geometries when transitioning from one equilibrium state to another due to changes in the oscillatory flow. Large‐eddy simulations were performed of oscillatory flow over 3‐D bedform defects associated with an increase of the orbital motion amplitude, similar to what might happen during the waxing phase of a storm. The objective is to determine the intercorrelation between flow processes and evolution of 3‐D bedform defects toward an equilibrium two‐dimensional (2‐D) state of vortex ripples. Results are presented for oscillatory flows over fixed ripples with sinusoidal crests in the spanwise direction, which introduce slope asymmetries on opposite sides of the crests, during different transient states. It was found that steep‐sloped regions of the bedforms are associated with thicker recirculation areas, whereas in more gently sloped regions thinner recirculation vortices exist. Furthermore, streamwise vortical structures and significant secondary flow develop in the vicinity of sinusoidal crests, relative to straight crests. These flow structures might be responsible for the gradual reformation of the rippled bed, as they induce higher bed shear stresses, that is, increasing bed sediment transport, and they diffuse turbulent kinetic energy to higher levels above crests, that is, increasing suspended sediment transport, relative to equilibrium 2‐D ripples. Finally, the period‐averaged currents around the sinusoidal crests exhibit higher velocities on the steep‐sloped side than on the mild‐sloped one, also likely contributing to sediment transport and bed reformation toward a 2‐D configuration.
Ooid Cortical Stratigraphy Reveals Common Histories of Individual Co‐occurring Sedimentary Grains
Authors: Trower Elizabeth J. , Bridgers Sophia L. , Lamb Michael P. , Fischer Woodward W.
Published: July 2020

Ooids are a common type of carbonate sand grain that form through a combination of constructive and destructive mechanisms: growth via precipitation and diminution via physical abrasion. Because growth and abrasion obey distinct morphometric rules, we developed an approach to quantitatively constrain the history of growth and abrasion of individual ooid grains using the record of evolving particle shape preserved by their cortical layers. We designed a model to simulate >106 possible growth‐abrasion histories for each pair of cortical layer bounding surfaces in an individual ooid. Estimates for the durations of growth and abrasion of each cortical layer were obtained by identifying the simulated history that best fit the observed particle shape. We applied this approach to thin sections of “modern” lacustrine ooids collected from several locations in the Great Salt Lake (GSL), UT, to assess the spatial and temporal variability of environmental conditions from the perspective of individual grains within a single deposit. We found that GSL ooids do not all share the same histories: Clustering ooid histories by a Fréchet distance metric revealed commonalities between grains found together locally within a deposit but distinct differences between subpopulations shared among localities across the GSL. These results support the tacit view that carbonate sedimentary grains found together in the environment do reflect a common history of sediment transport. This general approach to invert ooid cortical stratigraphy can be applied to characterize environmental variability over <1,000 year timescales in both marine and lacustrine ooid grainstones of any geologic age.
A Framework to Quantify the Uncertainty Contribution of GCMs Over Multiple Sources in Hydrological Impacts of Climate Change
Authors: Wang Hui‐Min , Chen Jie , Xu Chong‐Yu , Zhang Jianke , Chen Hua
Published: July 2020

The quantification of climate change impacts on hydrology is subjected to multiple uncertainty sources. Large ensembles of hydrological simulations based on multimodel ensembles (MMEs) have been commonly applied to represent overall uncertainty of hydrological impacts. However, as increasing numbers of global climate models (GCMs) are being developed, how many GCMs in MMEs are sufficient to characterize overall uncertainty is not clear. Therefore, this study investigates the influences of GCM quantity on quantifying overall uncertainty and uncertainty contributions of multiple sources in hydrological impacts. Large ensembles of hydrological simulations are obtained through the permutation of 3 greenhouse gas emission scenarios, 22 GCMs, 6 downscaling techniques, 5 hydrological models (HMs), and 5 sets of HM parameters, which enables to decompose uncertainty components using analysis of variance. The influences of GCM quantity are investigated by repeatedly conducting uncertainty decomposition for hydrological simulations from subsets with different numbers of GCMs. The results show that GCMs are the leading uncertainty sources in evaluating changes in annual and peak streamflows, while for changes in low flow, other uncertainty sources except HM parameters also have large contributions to overall uncertainty. Furthermore, on the condition of using no more than five GCMs, there are large possibilities that the overall uncertainty and GCMs' uncertainty contribution are underestimated. Using around 10 GCMs can ensure that the median of different combinations generates similar uncertainty components as the whole ensemble. Therefore, it is recommended to use at least 10 GCMs in studies of climate change impacts on hydrology to thoroughly quantify uncertainty.
This Week: Climate Fixes, Hidden Currents, and Land Grabs
Authors:   AGU
Published: July 2020

What Earth and space science stories are we recommending this week?
A Drift‐Kinetic Method for Obtaining Gradients in Plasma Properties From Single‐Point Distribution Function Data
Authors: Wetherton B. A. , Egedal J. , Montag P. K. , Lê A. , Daughton W. S.
Published: July 2020

In this paper, we derive a new drift‐kinetic method for estimating gradients in the plasma properties through a velocity space distribution at a single point. The gradients are intrinsically related to agyrotropic features of the distribution function. This method predicts the gradients in the magnetized distribution function and can predict gradients of arbitrary moments of the gyrotropic background distribution function. The method allows for estimates on density and pressure gradients on the scale of a Larmor radius, proving to resolve smaller scales than any method currently available to spacecraft. The model is verified with a set of fully kinetic VPIC particle‐in‐cell simulations.
IONISE: An Ionospheric Observational Network for Irregularity and Scintillation in East and Southeast Asia
Authors: Sun Wenjie , Wu Baoyuan , Wu Zhi , Hu Lianhuan , Zhao Xiukuan , Zheng Jianchang , Xie Haiyong , Yang Sipeng , Ning Baiqi , Li Guozhu
Published: July 2020

An Ionospheric Observational Network for Irregularity and Scintillation in East and Southeast Asia (IONISE) is developed to identify and study the short‐term and fine‐scale ionospheric variations over China. The IONISE network mainly includes three crossed chains of Beidou geostationary satellite total electron content (TEC)/scintillation receivers along 110°E, 23°N, and 40°N respectively, multistatic portable digital ionosondes and bistatic very high‐frequency radars. Based on the IONISE observations, we report some preliminary results of ionospheric disturbances and irregularities, including (1) initially generated and zonally drifting equatorial plasma bubbles and related scintillations, (2) traveling ionospheric disturbances from middle to low latitudes, (3) drift of strong sporadic E structures over a wide area of more than 1,000 km, (4) fine‐scale ionospheric perturbation and regional TEC gradient, and (5) general features of ionospheric response to geomagnetic storms. Possible mechanisms responsible for these ionospheric phenomena are discussed. The IONISE provides new data set for investigation on ionospheric disturbances of various scales in a broad region with dense observations along specific latitude/longitude.
A Late Cretaceous‐Eocene Geomagnetic Polarity Timescale (MQSD20) That Steadies Spreading Rates on Multiple Mid‐Ocean Ridge Flanks
Authors: Malinverno A. , Quigley K. W. , Staro A. , Dyment J.
Published: July 2020

Magnetic anomalies over mid‐ocean ridge flanks record the history of geomagnetic field reversals, and the width of magnetized crustal blocks can be combined with absolute dates to generate a Geomagnetic Polarity Timescale (GPTS). We update here the current GPTS for the Late Cretaceous‐Eocene (chrons C33–C13, ~84–33 Ma) by extending to several spreading centers the analysis that originally assumed smoothly varying spreading rates in the South Atlantic. We assembled magnetic anomaly tracks from the southern Pacific (23 ship tracks), the northern Pacific (35), the southern Atlantic (45), and the Indian Ocean (51). Tracks were projected onto plate tectonic flow lines, and distances to magnetic polarity block boundaries were estimated by fitting measured magnetic anomalies with a Monte Carlo algorithm that iteratively changed block model distances and anomaly skewness angles. Distance data from each track were then assembled in summary sets of block model distances over 13 ridge flank regions. We obtained a final MQSD20 GPTS with another Monte Carlo algorithm that iteratively perturbed ages of polarity chron boundaries to minimize the variability of spreading rates over all ridge flanks and fit an up‐to‐date set of radioisotopic dates. The MQSD20 GPTS highlights a major plate motion change at 50–45 Ma, when spreading rates decreased in the Indian Ocean as India collided with Eurasia while spreading rates increased in the South Atlantic and Northern Pacific and the Hawaii‐Emperor seamount chain changed its orientation.
Intermittency of Gravity Waves in the Antarctic Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere Revealed by the PANSY Radar Observation
Authors: Minamihara Y. , Sato K. , Tsutsumi M.
Published: July 2020

The momentum fluxes associated with gravity waves (GWs) significantly vary both in time and space. It is important to qualify the intermittency of GWs because the intermittency largely affects the vertical profile of momentum flux convergences in the middle atmosphere. In this study, 1 year of continuous observation with high time/height resolution and accuracy was provided by the PANSY radar, a Mesosphere‐Stratosphere‐Troposphere (MST) radar at Syowa Station (69.01°S, 39.59°E) in the Antarctic. The PANSY radar is used to study the intermittency of GWs in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. In all seasons, the intermittency is large in the troposphere with Gini coefficients of 0.4–0.6 for absolute momentum fluxes (
) and 0.4–0.7 for vertical wind variances multiplied by the density (
). However, the intermittency is small in the lower stratosphere with Gini coefficients of 0.3–0.5 for
and 0.2–0.4 for
. The seasonal characteristics in the lower stratosphere are different between
and
: small Gini coefficients are observed in May–July for
and in December–February for
. Simple model experiments with ideal distributions of GWs as a function of momentum flux magnitude and ground‐based phase velocity are performed. These results indicate that the vertical profiles of the Gini coefficient obtained by the PANSY radar are largely affected by orographic GWs with large amplitudes. The results also suggest that the generation and the partial reflection of GWs play an important role in determining the vertical profile of GW intermittency.
The GAMIL3: Model Description and Evaluation
Authors: Li Lijuan , Dong Li , Xie Jinbo , Tang Yanli , Xie Feng , Guo Zhun , Liu Hongbo , Feng Tao , Wang Lu , Pu Ye , Sun Wenqi , Xia Kun , Liu Li , Xie Zhenghui , Wang Yan , Wang Longhuan , Shi Xiangjun , Jia Binghao , Liu Juanjuan , Wang Bin
Published: July 2020

The Grid‐point Atmospheric Model of the IAP LASG version 3 (GAMIL3) has been developed by upgrading the horizontal resolution, methods of parallel computation, boundary layer scheme, aerosol parameterization, convective parameterization, stratocumulus cloud fraction scheme, land component, and coupler, as well as tuning some moist physical parameters with large uncertainties. Its performance is evaluated, and the results show significant improvements compared with the previous version, GAMIL2. The simulated performance of mean states is notably enhanced, including the energy budget terms at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) and surface, shortwave/longwave cloud radiative forcing (SWCF/LWCF), precipitation, zonal wind, low‐level temperature, 500‐hPa geopotential height, and snow cover fraction in the Northern Hemisphere. The characteristics of internal variability are captured well, such as the frequency band and active areas of quasi‐biweekly (QBW) oscillation, spectral power of convectively coupled equatorial waves (CCEWs), Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO) eastward propagation, and heat flux response to El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and these variabilities are generally strengthened in GAMIL3. In addition, the anthropogenic aerosol climate effects are weakened when using the forcings recommended by CMIP6.
A remarkably air-stable quinodimethane radical cation
Authors: Harada Mei , Tanioka Masaru , Muranaka Atsuya , Aoyama Tetsuya , Kamino Shinichiro , Uchiyama Masanobu
Published: July 2020

An ambient-stable radical cation of a Thiele's hydrocarbon derivative has been synthesized and its properties have been explored using a combined experimental and computational approach.
Catalytic regio- and stereoselective intermolecular [5+2] cycloaddition via conjugative activation of oxidopyrylium
Authors: Zhang Ling , Shi Qiu , Cao Tongxiang , Zhu Shifa
Published: July 2020

A catalytic stereodivergent intermolecular [5+2] cycloaddition of maltol-type oxidopyrylium through conjugative activation was reported.
Concentrated aqueous dispersions of low-defect few-layer thick graphene using surface active ionic liquid for enhanced enzyme activity
Authors: Singh Gagandeep , Kaur Manvir , Singh Gurbir , Arora Komal , Singh Manpreet , Sheikh Bilal A. , Kang Tejwant S.
Published: July 2020

Hydrophobically driven physical adsorption of cellulase on graphene sheets exfoliated using surface active ionic liquids.
Visible-light-induced radical cascade cyclization of pyrazoles bearing a coumarin unit
Authors: Sharma Amit Kumar , Jaiswal Anjali , Mishra Anu , Tiwari Jyoti , Jaiswal Deepali , Singh Shailesh , Singh Jaya , Singh Jagdamba
Published: July 2020

A visible light facilitated protocol for the synthesis of pyrazoles and their derivatives bearing a coumarin unit in the presence of Eosin Y.
Integrating PtNi nanoparticles on NiFe layered double hydroxide nanosheets as a bifunctional catalyst for hybrid sodium–air batteries
Authors: Yu Xueqing , Kang Yao , Wang Shuo , Hui Kwan San , Hui Kwun Nam , Zhao Huajun , Li Jianding , Li Bo , Xu Jincheng , Chen Liang , Shao Huaiyu
Published: July 2020

The hierarchical porous architecture of Pt3Ni1/NixFe LDHs was electro-synthesized as a binder-free and bifunctional air cathode catalyst for hybrid sodium–air batteries.
Boosting CO2 electrolysis performance via calcium-oxide-looping combined with in situ exsolved Ni–Fe nanoparticles in a symmetrical solid oxide electrolysis cell
Authors: Tian Yunfeng , Liu Yun , Naden Aaron , Jia Lichao , Xu Min , Cui Wen , Chi Bo , Pu Jian , Irvine John T. S. , Li Jian
Published: July 2020

The electrocatalysis of CO2 to valuable chemical products is an important strategy to combat global warming.
Synthesis and in vivo evaluation of PEG-BP–BaYbF5 nanoparticles for computed tomography imaging and their toxicity
Authors: Imberti Cinzia , Fedatto Abelha Thais , Yan Yong , Lange Jaclyn , Cui Xianjin , Szanda Istvan , Goh Vicky , Dailey Lea Ann , T. M. de Rosales Rafael
Published: July 2020

PEG(5)-BP–BaYbF5 nanoparticles provide superior CT contrast and circulation time compared to clinically-used iodinated molecules, but suffer from unexpected in vivo toxicity.
Self-scattering in protoplanetary disks with dust settling
Authors: Brunngräber R. , Wolf S.
Published: July 2020

Scattering of re-emitted flux is considered to be at least partially responsible for the observed polarisation in the (sub-)millimetre wavelength range of several protoplanetary disks. Although the degree of polarisation produced by scattering is highly dependent on the dust model, early studies investigating this mechanism relied on the assumption of single grain sizes and simple density distribution of the dust. However, in the dense inner regions where this mechanism is usually most efficient, the existence of dust grains with sizes ranging from nanometres to millimetres has been confirmed. Additionally, the presence of gas forces larger grains to migrate vertically towards the disk midplane, introducing a dust segregation in the vertical direction. Using polarisation radiative transfer simulations, we analyse the dependence of the resulting scattered light polarisation at 350 μm, 850 μm, 1.3 mm, and 2 mm on various parameters describing protoplanetary disks, including the effect of dust grain settling. We find that the different disk parameters change the degree of polarisation mostly by affecting the anisotropy of the radiation field, the optical depth, or both. It is therefore very challenging to deduce certain disk parameter values directly from polarisation measurements alone. However, assuming a high dust albedo, it is possible to trace the transition from optically thick to optically thin disk regions. The degree of polarisation in most of the considered disk configurations is lower than what is found observationally, implying the necessity to revisit models that describe the dust properties and disk structure.
Sonografie – die praktische Anwendung in der Physiotherapie
Authors: Griefahn Annika , Krone Christina
Published: July 2020

Ist die Sonografie in der Physiotherapie überhaupt sinnvoll? Die Autorinnen antworten auf diese Frage mit einem klaren „Ja“, denn sie bietet sehr unterschiedliche Anwendungsmöglichkeiten – reliable Untersuchung verschiedener Strukturen, Verlaufsbeobachtung und Biodfeedback. Und nicht zuletzt hat auch der Patient eine weitere Möglichkeit, auf sehr anschaulichem Weg in die Therapie miteinbezogen zu werden.
Schulterspezifische Übungen bei Schulter-Impingement empfohlen
Authors: Klien Sebastian
Published: July 2020

Steuri R, Sattelmayer M, Elsig S et al. Effectiveness of Conservative Interventions Including Exercise, Manual Therapy and Medical Management in Adults with Shoulder Impingement: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of RCTs. Br J Sports Med 2017; 51: 1340–1347. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2016–096515
Application of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound to Detect Hepatic Hydrothorax in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis
Authors: Mücke Victoria Therese , Fitting Daniel , Dultz Georg , de Leuw Philipp , Weiler Nina , Mücke Marcus Maximilian , Hausmann Johannes , Welsch Christoph , Zeuzem Stefan , Friedrich-Rust Mireen , Bojunga Jörg
Published: July 2020

Purpose Hepatic hydrothorax (HH) is defined as transudate in the pleural cavity in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis (DC) without concomitant cardiopulmonary or pleural disease. It is associated with high short-term mortality. HH can evolve via translocation through diaphragmatic gaps. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility and safety of injecting ultrasound contrast medium into the peritoneal cavity to detect HH.

Materials and Methods This study included patients with concomitant ascites and pleural effusion who were admitted to our hospital between March 2009 and February 2019. A peritoneal catheter was inserted and ultrasound contrast medium was injected into the peritoneal cavity. In parallel, the peritoneal and pleural cavities were monitored for up to 10 minutes.

Results Overall, 43 patients were included. The median age was 60 years and the majority of patients were male (n = 32, 74 %). Most patients presented with right-sided pleural effusion (n = 32, 74 %), 3 (7 %) patients with left-sided and 8 (19 %) patients had bilateral pleural effusion. In 12 (28 %) patients ascites puncture was not safe due to low volume ascites. Thus, the procedure could be performed in 31 (72 %) patients. No adverse events occurred. In 16 of 31 (52 %) patients we could visualize a trans-diaphragmic flow of microbubbles. The median time until transition was 120 seconds.

Conclusion Our clinical real-world experience supports the safety and feasibility of intraperitoneal ultrasound contrast medium application to detect HH in patients with DC, as a non-radioactive real-time visualization of HH. Our study comprises the largest cohort and longest experience using this method to date.
Novel Cardioplegia Delivery in Patients with Severe Aortic Regurgitation
Authors: Wang Chuan , Ma Weiguo , Gu Chengxiong , Li Jingxing
Published: July 2020

During aortic valve replacement (AVR) in patients with severe aortic regurgitation (AR), repeated delivery of cardioplegia into the coronary ostia using a routine infusion cannula may induce coronary ostial injury. This study aims to introduce a new no-touch delivery method with reduced time and similar or better outcomes. Preliminary results have shown that no-touch cardioplegia delivery method was a simple, safe, and effective approach for cardioplegia infusion during AVR in patients with severe AR.
Geriatrische Akutversorgung: In guten Händen
Authors: Heeser Alexandra
Published: July 2020

Die Zahl der an Demenz erkrankten Patienten, die wegen einer akuten Erkrankung stationär behandelt werden, nimmt stetig zu. Ihre individuelle Betreuung stellt Ärzte und Pflegekräfte vor eine besondere Herausforderung. Deshalb entstehen an vielen Kliniken kleine, separate Stationen, die speziell auf die Bedürfnisse dieser Patienten abgestimmt sind: Demenz- und Delirstationen.