bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A cross sectional study to assess the morbidity pattern among under five year old children in urban Chitradurga, South India
Authors: Kallupurackal Sherin Joseph Xavier , G. Hamsaveni , Rafeek Aarsha , Mendez Anarin , Manu Kalpitha K. , Chitturi Lavanya , G. Monika , P. Naveen G. , Hoolageri Nikhitha D. , Spurthi Osuri Ayodhya
Published: May 2019

Background: Children under 5 years of age constitute approximately 15% of the country’s total population. First 1000 days of life is the most crucial period, as this age is known for high growth rate and development. They constitute most vulnerable section of the society and suffer from highest morbidity. Good personal hygiene and sanitary condition of living now forms a part of primary health prevention strategy and it is found to be effective for reducing morbidity and mortality in children.Methods: It’s a community based cross sectional study among 150 children of less than five years of age for a period of 4 months from November 2018 to February 2019 in the urban field practice area of Basaveshwara Medical College and Hospital, Chitradurga.Results: In our present study we found respiratory tract infection is the predominant ailment followed by gastrointestinal clinical features accounting for 39% and 33% respectively. Though the factors like birth weight, immunisation of majority of population were fair but in later years of life found that weight for height was not achieved as per standard protocol among major of the study population.Conclusions: By health education for the caretaker regarding mother-crafting and satisfactory environmental condition can reduce the prevalence of morbidity.
National Women’s Health Plan, Selected Countries Experiences and Necessity of Developing It in Iran: A Narrative Review Article
Authors: AHMADI Batoul , SALAVATI Sedigheh
Published: May 2019

Background: National plans have an important role in defining vision, goals, priorities, and action plans. The present paper examined the international experience in developing upstream documents concerning women's health; it regards the necessity of developing Iranian women's health plan.
Methods: This review, conducted with search in electronic databases and literature of no limitation in terms of years conducted. The phrases such as "woman health policy", "woman health promotion", "woman health strategy" and "woman health plan” were searched. The criteria based on which the countries were chosen were the degree to which they were developed in health system, health indexes, the accessibility of required information, and the possibility of benchmarking the new methods.
Results: Emphasize on gender as a determinant of health, increasing the economic activities of women, decreasing the violence against women, gender-based researches, and inter-sectorial approach are some common items in the women’s health plans in selected countries. The main upstream documents about women health in Iran such as ‘Research policies and principles of women issues’, “Women Charter of Rights in Iran” were not developed and implemented in form of a comprehensive plan so we need to formulate a full women health national plan that summarizes all previous policies with addition of new needed strategies inclusion.
Conclusion: Developing a national plan for Iranian women’s health regarding with selected countries experiences makes a long-term vision for health and obtains the institutional and organizational efforts and resources necessary for women health promotion in Iran.
Percent Body Fat Cut-Off Points for Diagnosing Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adolescents
Authors: PARK Saejong , CHUNG Dong-Sik , -Goo KO Byoung , SONG Hong-Sun , KIM Kwang Jun , CHUNG Jin-Wook , LEE Seunghee , KIM Chul-Hyun , NAM Younshin , SHIN Seungyun , LEE Hyo , CHUNG Sochung , AHN Hong-Yup , Hun OH Jeong , SO Wi-Young
Published: May 2019

Background: This study aimed to identify percent body fat cut-off points related to metabolic syndrome in a large sample of Korean adolescents.
Methods: The subjects (n=2120; boys=1107, girls=1013) were middle and high school students aged 12–17 yr who participated in the Korean National Fitness Award Project in 2013. Percent body fat was estimated via eight-polar bioelectrical impedance analysis. Metabolic syndrome was classified using established standards based on the National Cholesterol Education Program with the definition modified for age. Age- and sex-specific percent body fat z-scores were calculated for every adolescent using skewness, median, and coefficient of variation curves to account for growth and development. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to identify the percent body fat cut-off points using percent body fat z-scores from skewness, median, and coefficient of variation curves as the test and metabolic syndrome as the criterion.
Results: Based on the modified National Cholesterol Education Program criteria for metabolic syndrome, the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve for percent body fat were 0.882 and 0.893 for boys and girls, respectively. The percent body fat percentiles were 82.2 and 87.3 for boys and girls, respectively. According to the skewness, median, and coefficient of variation curves, the percent body fat cut-off points based on the modified National Cholesterol Education Program criteria were 23.6%-25.7% for boys and 32.8%-37.3% for girls, both aged 12-17 yr. Age- and sex-specific percent body fat cut-off points were identified in relation to the metabolic syndrome status of Korean adolescents.
Conclusion: These percent body fat cut-offs might be useful for identifying metabolic abnormality due to obesity in Korean adolescents.
Cytogenetic Analysis of Amniotic Fluid Cells in 4206 Cases of High-Risk Pregnant Women
Authors: LI Huafeng , LI Yongli , ZHAO Rui , ZHANG Yanli
Published: May 2019

Background: We aimed to assess the frequency and structure of chromosomal abnormalities as well as the distribution of the indications of prenatal diagnosis in 4206 cases of high-risk pregnant women.
Methods: A retrospective analysis of cytogenetic studies of 4206 pregnant women with indications of amniocentesis, referred to Linyi Women and Children’s Hospital, Shandong Province, Linyi, China in 2016-2017, was performed. Among those, 4191 amniotic fluid specimens were successfully extracted and cultured, and received karyotype diagnosis.
Results: A total of 358 abnormal karyotypes were detected and the abnormal rate was 8.54%. Among them, autosomal aneuploidy was the most common pattern occupied 64.53% and the detection rate was 5.51%, of which 173 (48.32%) cases were 21-trisomy, which was the main type of abnormal karyotypes, followed by 18-trisomy (14.25%). There were 38 cases with sex chromosome aneuploidy, including 47, XXY, 47, XXX, 47, XYY, 69, XXX and 45, X0, accounting for 10.61% of the total chromosome abnormalities and the detection rate was 0.91%. Chromosome structural disorders occupied 10.61% (38/358) of the chromosome abnormalities, including Robertson translocation (16 cases), balance translocation (14 cases), inversion (3 cases), deletion (3 cases), and so on. Chromosome polymorphism was 10.61% too. Other uncommon abnormal karyotypes included mosaicism (11/358), marker chromosome (1.3%). Advanced age and serological screening for high risk were the major prenatal diagnostic indications for pregnant women with chromosomal abnormalities.
Conclusion: The karyotype analysis of amniotic fluid cells in pregnant women with different amniocentisis indications can effectively prevent the birth of fetuses with chromosomal diseases and reduce the risk of fetal malformation.
Health Complex Model as the Start of a New Primary Healthcare Reform in Iran: Part B: The Intervention Protocol
Authors: TABRIZI Jafar Sadegh , KARAMOUZ Majid , SADEGHI-BAZARGANI Homayoun , NIKNIAZ Alireza , NIKNIAZ Leila , HASANZADEH Roya , HANAEE Jalal , FARAHBAKHSH Mostafa
Published: May 2019

Background: For overcoming the existing problems and finding a pathway for realization of universal health care, health complexes were implemented in the form of a pilot project in Tabriz suburban area.
Methods: Tabriz Health Complex Project was designed in 2013 in the provincial health center of East Azerbaijan. In terms of execution schedule, this intervention had 4 phases including 1) study phase, 2) planning phase, 3) pilot phase, and 4) implementation phase. Each health complex covers a population of 40,000 to 120,000 in a defined geographic area and consists of a Comprehensive Health Center (CHC) including health centers and a management center, which usually located in CHC. The important features of this project are as follows: people-centered primary health care, special attention to health promotion and prevention and establishment of a referral system within the region (organic connection between the first and second levels).
Results: An accountable and responsive health care system has been established to deliver integrated care services to people in a defined catchment area against identified per capita payment, under district health centre policies and regulations. Each health team consisted of a general practitioner and a family health nurse who covered around 4000 people to deliver prevention, promotion, and treatment services especially in and NCDs field.
Conclusion: Health complex as a model of public-private participation and practical solution to address many of the problems in the primary care system of the country. The project can organize the PHC system and family medicine program.
Preliminary Assessment of the Need and Awareness of Augment-ative and Alternative Communication Systems in Armenia
Authors: PETROSYAN Tigran , MKRTCHYAN Hasmik , HARUTYUNYAN Zvart , AVAGYAN Armenuhi
Published: May 2019

The abstract not available.
The Impact of Treatment on Quality of Life in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: DĄBROWSKA-BENDER Marta , SŁONIEWSKI Robert , RELIGIONI Urszula , SŁONIEWSKA Anna , MILEWSKA Magdalena , KUPIECKA Anna , SOBOL Adrianna , STANISZEWSKA Anna
Published: May 2019

The abstract not available.
The Effect of Curcumin on Regression of Liver Fibrosis through Decreased Expression of Transforming Growth Factor-β1 (TGF-β1)
Authors: Supriono Supriono , Nugraheni Asri , Kalim Handono , Eko Mudjiwijono Handaru
Published: May 2019

BACKGROUND: Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 has a pivotal role in liver fibrogenesis. Curcumin effectively prevent the progression of liver fibrosis through inhibition of TGF-β1/Sma and drosophila MAD (Smad) signaling pathway. However, the role of curcumin in the regression of liver fibrosis is still unknown. This study investigated the role of curcumin and TGF-β1 in liver fibrosis regression.METHODS: An experimental Wistar rat model included 6 treatment groups as well as positive and negative control groups. The treatment and positive control groups were injected with carbon tetrachlorid (CCl4) for 9 weeks to induce liver fibrosis. After cessation of injection, 3 of the treatment groups were given curcumin and 3 were given carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) for 2, 5 and 9 weeks, while the positive control was untreated. The negative control was injected with normal saline. TGF-β1 liver tissue levels were analyzed by ELISA, while the TGF-β1 expression in liver cells was analyzed by immunohistochemical assay. The metavir score was used to assess the degree of liver fibrosis. Values of p<0.05 were regarded as statistically significant.RESULTS: Nine weeks of CCl4 injection induced liver fibrosis (metavir F3); and significantly increased TGF-β1 levels and expression in tissues (p=0.00, p=0.021, respectively). Curcumin administration decreased levels and expression of TGF-β1 in the liver and accelerated regression of liver fibrosis. There was a significant correlation between duration of administration of curcumin with an expression of TGF-β1 in the liver tissue (r=0.87; p<0.00).CONCLUSION: Curcumin accelerates regression of liver fibrosis, likely through decreasing of TGF-β1 expression in the liver.KEYWORDS: curcumin, TGF-β1, liver fibrosis regression, CCl4, animal model
Prevalence and Characterization of Plasmid-mediated Quinolone Resistance Genes among Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Different Water Sources in Alborz Province, Iran
Authors: Ranjbar Reza , Tavanania Shahrzad , Sabokbar Azar , Khamesipour Faham
Published: May 2019

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of quinolone resistance associated (qnr) antibiotic resistance among Escherichia coli strains isolated from different water sources in Alborz province, Iran.METHODS: E. coli strains were isolated and identified by standard microbiological and biochemical tests from surface water sources in Alborz province, Iran in 2013. Fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates were determined using the antimicrobial susceptibility test determined by the Kirby–Bauer assay. Total genomic and plasmid DNA were extracted by boiling method. The presence of qnr genes in all nalidixic-acid and ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli strains was determined by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The PCR amplicons were visualized after electrophoresis stained with ethidium bromide.RESULTS: One hundred E. coli strains were isolated from the water sources examined in this study. As much as 22.7% and 7.3% of the isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin respectively. While qnrS, qnrB and qnrA genes were detected in 28%, 9% and 1% of fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates respectively. All fluoroquinolone-susceptible isolates however did not contain any of the qnr genes.CONCLUSION: This study reflects an increasing prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli strains in surface water sources. Underlining the importance of surface water sources as reservoirs for dissemination of potentially pathogenic E. coli and horizontal gene transfer between other waterborne bacterial species. Other possible mechanisms of resistance should also be investigated for better characterization of quinolone-resistant E. coli isolates. Therefore, immediate measures are needed to control and treat water sources more effectively.KEYWORDS: antibiotic resistance, E. coli, qnr genes, water sources
Conditioned Media of Human Umbilical Cord Blood Mesenchymal Stem Cell Inhibits Ultraviolet B-induced Apoptosis in Fibroblasts
Authors: Dewi Dian Andriani Ratna , Sandra Ferry
Published: May 2019

BACKGROUND: Ultraviolet (UV)B irradiated-skin cells may respond either by activating protective or apoptotic mechanisms. Several treatments has been reported to prevent apoptosis of the skin cell. To date, despite of the cell, secretome of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) has been progressively explored for various treatment. Current research was conducted to find out the possible effect of MSC's secretome to protect normal cells from the UVB irradiation.METHODS: For preparation of the conditioned media human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cell (CM-hUCB-MSC), hUCB was collected and separated to collect mononuclear cell (MNC). MNC was cultured in MSC medium until passage 4, then checked for MSC biomarkers. Conditioned media was then produced from the cultured MSC. For induction of apoptosis, NIH3T3 cells were pretreated with/without CM-hUCB-MSC, prior to the UVB irradiation for 5-60 minutes. After 24 hours, apoptosis evaluation was conducted with Sub-G1 assay with hypotonic fluorochrome solution using flow cytometer.RESULTS: The average of apoptotic cells irradiated with UVB for 30 minutes was 94.2%. The 30-minutes-UVB irradiation significantly induced apoptosis in NIH3T3 cells (p=0.000). The averages of apoptotic cells by pretreatment of 0, 5, 10 and 20% CM-hUCB-MSC prior to UVB irradiation were 94.2, 46.8, 31.8 and 31.5 %, respectively. The pretreatment of 5, 10 and 20% CM-hUCB-MSC prior to UVB irradiation could significantly decrease the percentage of apoptosis caused by UVB (p=0.001).CONCLUSION: Taken together, CM-hUCB-MSC inhibited UVB-induced apoptosis in NIH3T3 cells significantly, suggesting that CM-hUCB-MSC might be a potential anti-UVB-induced apoptosis factor. Hence, further research should be explored to disclose its specific intracellular mechanism.KEYWORDS: UVB, stem cell, conditioned media, fibroblast, apoptosis, aging, secretome, NIH3T3 cell
Nutritional Influences on Epigenetics, Aging and Disease
Authors: Meiliana Anna , Dewi Nurrani Mustika , Wijaya Andi
Published: May 2019

BACKGROUND: Altered epigenetics is regarded to play quite a role in many chronic diseases including cancer, diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension and neurodegeneration, hence nutrition suggested to contribute in epigenetics and disease.CONTENT: Histone modifications, as a part of epigenetics mechanisms, depend on metabolites which acts as cofactors or substrates. Fluctuating levels of specific metabolites become the direct and rapid mechanisms to influence gene activity. Therefore, these metabolites may have a role as gatekeepers of chromatin, in chromatin landscape modulation as a response to key nutritional cues. Chemical modifications of histones and DNA have a critical role in epigenetic gene regulation including histone acetylation, and DNA methylation. Some enzymes add or remove such chemical modifications, and suggested to be sensitive to changes in intracellular metabolism, such as mutations in the metabolic enzymes succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), fumarate hydratase (FH) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) can result in cancer.SUMMARY: As a response to their nutrient environment, organisms tend to rapidly alter their gene expression. Many evidences showed an epigenetic regulation of chromatin is coupled to the changes on metabolites levels due to this kind of response. These metabolites will lead the recruitment of transcriptional regulatory complexes to DNA, thus clearly influencing the dynamic chromatin landscape.KEYWORDS: metabolites, enzymes, epigenetics, chromatin, nutrition
Healthy Birth Practice #6: Keep Mother and Newborn Together—It's Best for Mother, Newborn, and Breastfeeding
Authors: Crenshaw Jeannette T.
Published: May 2019

Mothers and newborns have an emotional and physiological need to be together at the moment of birth and during the hours and days that follow. Keeping mothers and newborns together is a safe and healthy birth practice. Evidence supports immediate, undisturbed skin-to-skin care after vaginal birth and during and after cesarean surgery for all medically stable mothers and newborns, regardless of feeding preference; and, no routine separation during the days after birth. Childbirth educators and other health-care professionals have an ethical responsibility to support this essential healthy birth practice through education, advocacy, and implementation of evidence-based maternity practices.
Healthy Birth Practice #1: Let Labor Begin on Its Own
Authors: Amis Debby
Published: May 2019

Current evidence and professional organizations identify letting labor begin on its own as one of the most important strategies for promoting normal, physiologic birth. It also prevents iatrogenic prematurity and the need for high-tech medical interventions required for labor induction. Because the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) now states that it is reasonable for obstetric care providers to offer induction at 39 weeks to low-risk nulliparous women, it is more important than ever for childbirth educators to be familiar with best evidence on letting labor begin on its own.
Autoria única nas áreas de informação no Brasil: características da produção de artigos científicos (2011-2016)
Authors: Queiroz Daniela Gralha de Caneda , Vilan Filho Jayme Leiro
Published: May 2019

Objetiva investigar a publicação de artigos em autoria única nas áreas de Arquivologia, Biblioteconomia, Ciência da Informação e Museologia no Brasil. Faz uma análise bibliométrica de 1036 artigos, publicados entre os anos de 2011 e 2016, indexados na base de dados ABCDM. Apresenta tabelas, gráficos e figuras que apontam: taxa média negativa de produção de 12,67%; 80,66% de autores transientes; Espanha e Portugal como países cujos autores mais publicaram nos periódicos brasileiros; a região sudeste e a Universidade de São Paulo como as que mais tiveram publicações; o periódico Acervo foi o que mais publicou artigos desse tipo; Ciência da Informação como a área e tema de pesquisa mais frequente. Conclui que as características da produção científica em autoria única apresentam diferenças em relação às características da produção científica em autoria múltipla, com sugestão de estudo qualitativo futuro.
Rede de relações entre institutos federais de educação e as universidades públicas do sul do Brasil
Authors: Garcia Renata Ivone , Matias Márcio
Published: May 2019

O estudo teve por objetivo analisar, por meio de técnicas e métricas de Análise de Redes Sociais, a rede de conexões estabelecidas, por menções web, entre os Institutos Federais de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da região sul do Brasil e as universidades públicas da mesma região. O estudo caracterizou-se como descritivo, e apresentou abordagem quali-quantitativa por meio do emprego de métricas de Análise de Redes Sociais e categorização de conteúdo. Dos resultados de coleta, foram identificadas 25.507 menções web válidas entre as Instituições de Ensino Superior. O Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia com maior centralidade de grau foi o Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina. No que diz respeito à densidade, foi percebido que todas as Instituições de Ensino Superior possuem menções web entre si, representando assim uma rede altamente conectada. Mas, foram percebidos três clusters que estabeleceram um número maior de conexões, que são justamente os relacionados a cada estado do sul do Brasil, o que evidencia o fato de que instituições, geograficamente mais próximas, tendem a estabelecer laços fortes. Nos laços fortes, foram identificados os cinco contextos de conteúdo mais recorrentes: eventos científicos; elementos de estudo; divulgação geral; periódicos científicos e qualificação de servidores. Concluiu-se, que estudos envolvendo as menções web e a Análise de Redes Sociais podem ser empregados para estudar as relações entre Institutos Federais de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia e universidades, o que permitirá, em estudos futuros, focar em aspectos específicos dessas relações, como a cooperação na produção e publicação de artigos científicos.
Unidades de informação: termos e características para uma diversidade de ambientes de informação
Authors: Macedo Solange Madalena Souza , Ortega Cristina Dotta
Published: May 2019

Frente à dicotomia em torno da biblioteca – ora de superação, ora de valorização –, o termo unidade de informação é adotado como modo de englobar os diversos ambientes de informação que condizem com a prática bibliotecária. No entanto, os modos de uso do termo são distintos, não respondem amplamente pela realidade do mercado de trabalho e são pouco problematizados na literatura. Assim, o objetivo do trabalho é explorar o termo unidade de informação, no que tange às motivações e implicações dos seus usos, em especial no Brasil, e às suas possibilidades de caracterização. A metodologia pautou-se por levantamento não exaustivo da literatura atinente às questões colocadas sobre o tema, que foi tratado em quatro partes: a diversidade de termos e conceitos em torno da ideia de unidades de informação; os tipos de unidades de informação que foram base da construção do termo, como bibliotecas, centros de documentação e centros de informação, e alguns tipos criados mais recentemente; a caracterização das unidades de informação como sistema; e seu modo de funcionamento no que refere aos condicionantes internos e externos às unidades. Considera-se, ao final, a identificação dos diversos modos de uso do termo unidade de informação, nem sempre atrelados ao campo, e a necessidade da estabilidade de termos para sua consolidação.
Impactos da busca de informações não relevantes na produtividade de profissionais de Tecnologia da Informação
Authors: Vitoriano Maria Albeti Vieira , Gasque Kelley Cristine Gonçalves Dias
Published: May 2019

Este artigo é resultante de uma pesquisa de doutorado realizada com profissionais da área de infraestrutura de Tecnologia da Informação que trabalham no Distrito Federal. Utiliza-se metodologia de natureza quanti-qualitativa, com aplicação de questionário e realização de entrevistas individuais de natureza semiestruturada. Os resultados mostram que esses profissionais estão conectados durante a maior parte do tempo e, em geral, acessam informações sem relevância para o trabalho imediato, fenômeno denominado cyberloafing. Os principais motivos para o acesso são: atualização sobre os últimos acontecimentos, redução do nível de estresse e aumento do nível de conhecimento técnico. Reconhece-se que o acesso à internet desvia a atenção, mesmo assim muitos profissionais criticaram as organizações em que trabalham devido à prática de bloqueio de sites e de conteúdos. Os principais impactos no trabalho são o pouco aproveitamento do tempo para as tarefas na empresa e desvio da atenção. As organizações precisam se adaptar a essa nova realidade e encontrar soluções de gerenciamento e controle ao invés do uso exclusivo de ferramentas de bloqueio do acesso a certos tipos de sites e aplicativos.
Wawasan Al-Qur’an tentang Pendidikan Multikultural Menuju Wasaṭiyyatul Islam
Authors: Handriawan Dony
Published: May 2019

Pendidikan Islam adalah pendidikan yang sangat menghargai perbedaan, menjunjung tinggi keberagaman (multikultural), serta mengajarkan nilai-nilai kesetaraan dan jalan tengah (wasaṭiyyah). Nilai-nilai universal yang diusung oleh Islam sebagai agama raḥmatan lil ‘ālamīn, mengandung karakteristik yang cinta perdamaian (salam), toleransi (tasāmuh), kasih sayang (raḥmān), kesetaraan (al-musāwah), keadilan (al-‘adālah) dan mengajarkan sikap moderat (at-tawaṣṣuṭ) kepada pemeluknya. Jika nilai-nilai universalitas ini dipahami dan digiring sebagai salah satu rūh penyelenggaraan pendidikan di Indonesia (terlebih pendidikan Islam), maka tentu pendidikan karakter maupun pendidikan moral yang saat ini tampak menyibukkan para praktisi pendidikan di Indonesia, tidak perlu lagi diformulasikan secara istimewa (mencari rumusan, cara evaluasi dan lain-lani). Demikian pula pendidikan multikultural, tidak perlu menuai perdebatan panjang, apalagi dalam hal “halal” dan tidaknya diterapkan di Indonesia. Islam melalui al-Qur’an-nya, sangat syarat dengan nilai-nilai multikultural dan ajaran-ajaran tentang kesetaraan dan jalan tengah.
Constitutional Court, Judicial Independence, and Efforts to Achieve Qualified Justice
Authors: Rachman Irfan Nur
Published: May 2019

Judicial Corruption is a disgrace to the world of justice and disaster for the justice seeker community. The judiciary is the third branch of state power after the executive and legislature. The judicial function is as a control and a counterweight to both branches of the power so as not to fall into arbitrary acts. In other words, the judiciary basically serves to implement the principle of checks and balances. However, if the justice functioning as a counterweight is actually involved in the vortex of judicial corruption that has plagued the judicial institutions, then what happens is the absence of justice because the judicial institution becomes unqualified and degrades its reputation in the public eye. This will lead to a vote of no confidence in the judiciary as a whole and the community has the potential to seek justice in other ways that may be done in illegal ways. Therefore, it is important to realize quality judiciary by organizing institutional aspects, the process of recruitment of constitutional justices, and producing decisions containing new legal breakthroughs, so that will be realized a qualified judicial institution.
Best Practices and Recommendations for Magnetic Directional Surveying in the Barents Sea
Authors: Edvardsen Inge , Nyrnes Erik , Gullikstad Johnsen Magnar , Naemi Willer Anna
Published: May 2019

In the coming years, several oil and gas fields in the Barents Sea will be developed. The Barents Sea is located between 71-74° latitude and is a part of the Arctic Ocean. At such high latitudes, surveying with magnetic Measurement-while-drilling (MWD) and gyro survey instruments result in almost twice the azimuth uncertainties of the North Sea latitudes.

Magnetic MWD is the most common survey method, mainly due to low cost and time consumption to perform a measurement. However, the main drawback with magnetic MWD survey instruments is the sensitivity to external magnetic fields resulting from magnetic components in the bottom hole assembly (BHA), magnetic particles in drilling fluids, and fluctuations in the Earth's magnetic field. The Barents Sea is in the auroral zone where the largest geomagnetic field disturbances are experienced. Consequently, achieving accurate reference field parameters for MWD surveying is challenging.

Different methods exist to maintain an acceptable quality of magnetic survey data at high latitudes. One approach is to isolate the magnetometer sensors from external magnetic interference and apply uncorrected azimuth calculation. This is advantageous because uncorrected azimuth is less sensitive to external field disturbances than corrected azimuth achieved by drill string interference (DSI) correction or multi-station analysis (MSA). For offshore sites, limitations exist for using geomagnetic reference data from land-based monitoring stations to correct MWD data.

Large azimuth uncertainties result in major lateral wellbore position uncertainties and give less room for blunders and gross survey errors when high accuracy is required. Consequently, it is vital to minimize the effects of external error sources. Several downsides of large position uncertainties exist, such as increased distance between wells to avoid collisions and decreased chance of hitting geological targets. The combined effect of external error sources is complex and in specific cases certain error sources cannot be detected using conventional quality control procedures.

In this paper, recommendations to overcome the above-mentioned challenges will be presented.
Well Integrity – Managing the Risk Using Accurate Design Factors
Authors: Brechan Bjorn , Sangesland Sigbjorn , Dale Stein
Published: May 2019

Wells closed in due to integry issues compose large volumes of recoverable hydrocarbons. In recent years, there has been advances in the understanding of pipe performance. The understanding of these advances is kept with a few specialists, and the industry standard remains unchanged for most engineers working with well intergrity. This paper shed light on these advances and the impact they have to well integrity. A modest estimate for an average well is an upfront saving potential of ~$45,000 USD for tubulars and a reduction of more than 50 metric tons of CO2 saving of the environment. The larger values, however, is with wells closed in due to integrity marginally under the acceptable. This article shows a hidden design margins. On average, pipe resistance to collapse is ~10 to 25% above the industry standard calculations. And for burst design, the real limit is often more than 7% higher than the industry standard calculations.

Well integrity is a discipline ensuring safe hydrocarbon recovery on behalf of an operator. Every well is scrutinized and every signal outside the set boundaires from a well is ensued until the integrity is understood and a decision can be made to safely produce or to suspend the well. Well integrity is based on performance of the equipment in the barrier envelopes. Pipe is an important element in both the primary and secondary envelopes. Following a better understanding of pipe integrity, a new integrity work flow is proposed. Well Integrity is a relatively young discipline, where guidelines and stanards have evolved significantly over the last decade. There are still several important issues to be standardized, such as the minimum integrity information to be defined for a well. Examples are operational parameters such as (assumed) effective hole diameter, cementing parameters (rate, preflush, slurry, etc.) which have an impact to the integrity. Other important information to standardize is the restrictions in pressure testing of casing to avoid damage of the cement sheaths. Finally, this article proposes "information management" as the 4th element in the definition of well intergrity. The digitalization wave washing over the industry is about making optimal use of data, which is essential to make good decision in well integrity as much as any other area in the oil and gas industry.
Real-Time Fluid Mapping Ensures Reserve Development Via Optimized High-Angle Infill Drilling
Authors: Bravo Maria Cecilia , Baig Mirza Hassan , Gueze Nicolas , Kotwicki Artur , Horstmann Mathias , Blanco Yon , Guevara Carlos , El-Khoury Jules , Scott Paul
Published: May 2019

Reservoirs containing complex structures require additional technology to obtain optimum performance from planned production wells. In this scenario, logging-while-drilling (LWD) technologies play an important role in well construction from purely geometric trajectories to the real-time trajectory steering and formation and fluid characteristics measurements.

A North Sea Alvheim field case study is presented in this paper. During the exploration and initial development phase of the field, the oil/water contact (OWC) varied to 7 m due to the presence of mudstone baffles and faults. The field has been on production since 2008 using bottom-aquifer drive, and current fluid contacts have shifted from their initial levels. To enhance field recoverable reserves, an infill development plan was required to place the wells within a thin oil rim between the gas/oil contact (GOC) and the OWC.

Field objectives included achieving optimal well landing, identifying the moveable oil in situ, mapping the hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir, and identifying the hydrocarbon type (oil or gas) along the wellbore trajectory. To address the challenges, an integrated drilling bottomhole assembly (BHA) consisting of a deep-directional resistivity (DDR) tool to refine the reservoir delineation and structural positioning, a downhole fluid analyzer (DFA) using optical spectrometry to identify in-situ fluids, and advanced petrophysical measurements provided a complete quantitative reservoir evaluation during well construction.

This paper presents the design, execution, and interpretation of the acquisition program to achieve the well objectives, including positioning the producer well in the desired moveable fluid zone. The final results demonstrated that integrating LWD measurements in the operation added significant value toward achieving the desired wellbore trajectory by optimally positioning the wellbore in the desired reservoir fluid layer.
Precision Surgery for Well Workover: An Innovation in Well Intervention
Authors: Benguergoura M. C , Bergem J
Published: May 2019

Conventional well interventions using drill pipes, coiled tubing, and slickline suffer much from inaccuracy, absence of downhole control, and lack of surface monitoring. The oil and gas industry has been pushing for a better, lighter, and more innovative approach. During the last 25 years, emerging downhole electric and electrohydraulic tools deployed on electric line (e-line) have gradually replaced some conventional methods, enabling more efficient and precise operational execution with the help of surface read-out data and real-time monitoring while controlling the downhole tools via commands sent through the e-line, adjusting to the needs transmitted by sensors integrated in the tools themselves. The results have been well received, and precision has become a necessity in certain well interventions, especially where the life of a well is expected to extend and the recovery to become more sustainable. Consequently, precision interventions save considerable time and cost to the operators while offering safer alternatives to other methods.

In this case, we show how two cutting-edge, e-line technologies have solved two important challenges for an operator: (1) Orienting an e-line puncher tool sideways to secure circulation when punching tubing at high deviation, and (2) cutting tubing in compression without damaging the outer casing, leaving a clean, beveled edge for subsequent runs.

Both solutions were made available and executed flawlessly for the operator. Surface read-out data from both tools helped real-time monitoring and successful execution. This case demonstrates, once again, what a combination of e-line intervention and disruptive innovation can currently achieve for operators.

On a subsequent well, both solutions described above were combined in one run, saving further rig time and cost, and resulting in safer operations than alternative, conventional methods.
Efficient Optimization of Well Drilling Sequence with Learned Heuristics
Authors: Wang Lingya , Oliver Dean S.
Published: May 2019

When preparing a field development plan, the forecast value of the development can be sensitive to the order in which the wells are drilled. Determining the optimal drilling sequence generally requires many simulation runs. In this paper, we formulate the sequential decision problem of drilling schedule as one of finding a path in a decision tree that is most likely to generate the highest net-present-value (NPV). A non-parametric online learning methodology is developed to efficiently compute the sequence of drilling wells that is optimal or near optimal. The main ideas behind the approach are that heuristics from relaxed problems can be used to estimate the maximum value of complete drilling sequences constrained to previous wells, and that multiple online learning techniques can be used to improve the accuracy of the estimated values. The performance of various heuristic methods is studied in a model for which uncertainty in properties is neglected. The initial heuristic utilized in this work generates a higher estimated NPV than the actual maximum NPV. Although such a heuristic is guaranteed to find the true optimal drilling order when used in A* search, the cost of the search can be prohibitive unless the initial heuristic is highly accurate. For the variants of heuristic search methods with weighting parameters, the results show that it may not be possible to identify parameters that can be used to find a solution quickly without sacrificing the accuracy of the estimated NPV in this drilling sequence problem. In contrast, the online learned heuristics based on the observations from previous drilling steps are demonstrated to outperform the other variants of heuristic methods in terms of running time, accuracy of the estimated value and solution quality. Multi-learned heuristic search with space reduction is an efficient and fast method to find a solution with high value. Continuing the search with space restoration is guaranteed to improve the solution quality or find the same solution as the multi-learned heuristic search without any space reduction.
Flow Loop Trial of an Autonomous Downhole Choke for Compensation of Rig Heave-Induced Surge & Swab
Authors: Gorski Dmitri , Kvernland Martin , Borgen Harald , Godhavn John-Morten , Aamo Ole Morten , Sangesland Sigbjørn
Published: May 2019

Harsh weather conditions result in severe heave motion on floating drilling rigs. The drill string is heave-compensated during drilling ahead, however, when slips are set during drill pipe connections, the topside heave compensation system is disabled, and the drill string is then moving up and down together with the rig. Pressure oscillations below and around the drill bit, induced by such movement, are known as "surge & swab". These oscillations can be in the order of 20 bar or more during drill pipe connections in the North Sea and pose a serious challenge to drilling of wells with narrow pressure margins from floating rigs in harsh weather environment. A managed pressure drilling (MPD) choke at the surface cannot be used to control rig heave-induced surge & swab due to the fast nature of the pressure oscillations in question, stochastic character of the sea waves that cause them and long time-delay between topside choking and bottomhole response. Continuous Circulation System (CCS) might be able to reduce the pressure oscillations somewhat by maintaining constant mud flow during connections.

Computer simulations and laboratory experiments were previously used to investigate a novel method for attenuating surge & swab by utilizing an autonomous choke to be installed in the bottom-hole assembly (BHA). The bottomhole pressure oscillations can be effectively reduced through dynamic in-situ control of the mud flow through BHA by a downhole choke. This paper presents the downhole choke system and the results from the first pilot trial conducted in a mud flow loop at Ullrigg test rig in Stavanger utilizing a full-scale version of the choke. The prototype was subjected to drilling mud with flow rates up to 2500 lpm and differential pressure up to 250 bar to investigate its ability to accurately control the flow while at the same time withstanding the demanding conditions.

Satisfactory choke valve characteristics were obtained, indicating ability to control the flow with sufficient precision. Flow testing resulted in severe erosion of carbon steel components while wolfram carbide components were able to withstand the erosive nature of the flow. The test also uncovered challenges related to operation of the choke with high differential pressure and flow rates which could later be related to the motor, used to control the downhole choke assembly.

The next phase of the project is to design a downhole prototype and test it in an onshore test well to achieve Technology Readyness Level (TRL) 4 qualification ("ready for first use offshore"). The final goal is to qualify the downhole choke together with MPD and a Continuous Circulation System (CCS) for use on floating drilling rigs in harsh weather environment.
CASSETTE - clindamycin adjunctive therapy for severe Staphylococcus aureus treatment evaluation: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Dotel Ravindra , Tong Steven YC , Bowen Asha , Nelson Jane N , O'Sullivan Matthew VN , Campbell Anita J , McMullan Brendan J , Britton Philip N , Francis Joshua R , Eisen Damon P , Robinson Owen , Manning Laurens , Davis Joshua S
Published: May 2019

Background Exotoxins are an important virulence factors in Staphylococcus aureus. Clindamycin, a protein synthesis inhibitor antibiotic, is thought to limit exotoxin production and improve outcomes in severe S. aureus infections. However, randomised prospective data to support this is lacking. Methods An open label, multicenter, randomised controlled trial (RCT) will compare outcome differences in severe S. aureus infection between a standard treatment (flucloxacillin/cefazolin in methicillin-susceptible S. aureus; and vancomycin/daptomycin in methicillin-resistance S. aureus) and a standard treatment plus an additional clindamycin given for 7 days. We will include a minimum of 60 participants (both adult and children) in the pilot study. Participants will be enrolled within 72 hours of an index culture. Severe infections will include septic shock, necrotising pneumonia, or multifocal and non-contiguous skin and soft tissue/osteoarticular infections. Immunosuppressed, moribund, current severe diarrhea or C. difficile infection, pregnant, and those with anaphylaxis to beta-lactams or lincosamides will be excluded. Primary outcomes measure is number of days alive and free (1 or none) of SIRS (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome) within the first 14 days post randomization. Secondary outcomes measure will include all-cause mortality at 14, 42 and 90 days, time to resolution of SIRS, proportion with microbiological treatment failure, and rate of change of C-reactive protein over time. Impacts of inducible clindamycin resistance, strains types, methicillin-susceptibility, and presence of various exotoxins will also be analysed. Discussion This study will assess the effect of adjunctive clindamycin on patient-centered outcomes in severe, toxin mediated S. aureus infections. The Pilot study will provide feasibility for a much larger RCT. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12617001416381p. Registered 06 October 2017
OCT Angiography of Persistent Hyaloid Artery: A case report
Authors: Jeon Hansol , Kim Jinsoo , Kwon Soonil
Published: May 2019

Background

A persistent hyaloid artery is a rare fetal remnant. Several complications such as amblyopia, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment have been reported. Here, we present a case of vitreous hemorrhage with a persistent hyaloid artery.

Case presentation

A healthy 16-year-old male presented with blurred vision in his left eye. Vitreous hemorrhage occurred and absorbed spontaneously. Slit-lamp examination demonstrated a Mittendorf’s dot and fundus examination revealed a persistent hyaloid artery. Optical coherence tomography showed a Bergmeister’s papilla. The blood flow of the persistent hyaloid artery via the Bergmeister’s papilla was found by OCT angiography.

Conclusion

The persistent hyaloid artery should be considered as a cause of spontaneous vitreous hemorrhage of young healthy patient. The OCT angiography will be a useful noninvasive approach to confirm the patency of the persistent hyaloid artery.
Integrative Analysis of shared Genetic Pathogenesis by Autism Spectrum Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Liu Dongbai , Cao Hongbao , Kural Kamil Can , Fang Qi , Zhang Fuquan
Published: May 2019

Background

Many common pathological features have been observed for both autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, no systematic analysis of the common gene markers associated both ASD and OCD has been conducted so far.

Results

Here, two batches of large-scale literature based disease-gene relation data (updated in 2017 and 2019, respectively) and gene expression data were integrated to study the possible association between OCD and ASD at the genetic level. Genes linked to OCD and ASD present significant overlap (p-value<2.64e-39). A genetic network of over 20 genes was constructed, through which OCD and ASD may exert influence on each other. The 2017-based analysis suggested six potential common risk genes for OCD and ASD (CDH2, ADCY8, APOE, TSPO, TOR1A, and OLIG2), and the 2019-based study identified two more genes (DISP1 and SETD1A). Notably, the gene APOE identified by the 2017-based analysis has been implicated to have an association with ASD in a recently study (2018) with DNA methylation analysis.

Conclusions

Our results support the possible complex genetic associations between OCD and ASD. Genes linked to one disease is worthy of further investigation as potential risk factors for the other.
The Effect of Oral Contraceptive Pills on the Macula, the Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer, The Ganglion Cell layer and The Choroidal Thickness
Authors: Shaaban Yasmine Maher , Badran Tamer Abdel-Fattah
Published: May 2019

Background To evaluate the effect of oral contraceptive pills (OCP) on the macula, the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), the ganglion cell layer ( GCL), and the choroidal thickness (CT). Methods In this prospective observational cross-sectional study, 60 eyes of 30 healthy women taking monophasic OCP (0.03 mg ethinylestradiol and 0.15 mg levonorgestrel) for contraception for at least one year were compared with 60 eyes of a control group of 30 healthy women who were not taking any OCP. Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) was used to evaluate the macula, the RNFL, the GCL, and the CT. Measurements were taken in the follicular phase (day 3) of the last menstrual cycle in all women. Results No disparity in terms of age between both groups was observed (p=0.444). All the macular parameters measurements were considerably lower in the OCP group compared to the control group (p<0.001). Also, the RNFL thickness, the GCL thickness, and the CT were all significantly thinner in the OCP group (p<0.001). Conclusions The use of OCP can cause significant changes in the retina and choroid thickness over one year period. The women who are using OCP for longer duration could have some eye problems. OCT should be routinely done for follow up. Further long term studies are required, using different preparations of OCP. It is important to find out when this thickness alterations can be clinically significant or symptomatic and if these changes are reversible or not.