bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regionalization of a Landscape-Based Hazard Index of Malaria Transmission: An Example of the State of Amapá, Brazil
Authors: Li Zhichao , Catry Thibault , Dessay Nadine , Da Costa Gurgel Helen , Aparecido de Almeida Cláudio , Barcellos Christovam , Roux Emmanuel
Published: November 2017

Identifying and assessing the relative effects of the numerous determinants of malaria transmission, at different spatial scales and resolutions, is of primary importance in defining control strategies and reaching the goal of the elimination of malaria. In this context, based on a knowledge-based model, a normalized landscape-based hazard index (NLHI) was established at a local scale, using a 10 m spatial resolution forest vs. non-forest map, landscape metrics and a spatial moving window. Such an index evaluates the contribution of landscape to the probability of human-malaria vector encounters, and thus to malaria transmission risk. Since the knowledge-based model is tailored to the entire Amazon region, such an index might be generalized at large scales for establishing a regional view of the landscape contribution to malaria transmission. Thus, this study uses an open large-scale land use and land cover dataset (i.e., the 30 m TerraClass maps) and proposes an automatic data-processing chain for implementing NLHI at large-scale. First, the impact of coarser spatial resolution (i.e., 30 m) on NLHI values was studied. Second, the data-processing chain was established using R language for customizing the spatial moving window and computing the landscape metrics and NLHI at large scale. This paper presents the results in the State of Amapá, Brazil. It offers the possibility of monitoring a significant determinant of malaria transmission at regional scale.
The Application of Dual-Tree Complex Wavelet Transform (DTCWT) Energy Entropy in Misalignment Fault Diagnosis of Doubly-Fed Wind Turbine (DFWT)
Authors: Xiao Yancai , Hong Yi , Chen Xiuhai , Chen Weijia
Published: November 2017

Misalignment is one of the common faults for the doubly-fed wind turbine (DFWT), and the normal operation of the unit will be greatly affected under this state. Because it is difficult to obtain a large number of misaligned fault samples of wind turbines in practice, ADAMS and MATLAB are used to simulate the various misalignment conditions of the wind turbine transmission system to obtain the corresponding stator current in this paper. Then, the dual-tree complex wavelet transform is used to decompose and reconstruct the characteristic signal, and the dual-tree complex wavelet energy entropy is obtained from the reconstructed coefficients to form the feature vector of the fault diagnosis. Support vector machine is used as classifier and particle swarm optimization is used to optimize the relevant parameters of support vector machine (SVM) to improve its classification performance. The results show that the method proposed in this paper can effectively and accurately classify the misalignment of the transmission system of the wind turbine and improve the reliability of the fault diagnosis.
Correction: Kolchinsky, A. and Tracey, B.D. Estimating Mixture Entropy with Pairwise Distances. Entropy 2017, 19, 361
Authors: Kolchinsky Artemy , Tracey Brendan
Published: November 2017

Following the publication of our paper [1], we uncovered a mistake in the derivation of two formulas in the manuscript.[...]
Battery Storage Technologies for Electrical Applications: Impact in Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems
Authors: Akinyele Daniel , Belikov Juri , Levron Yoash
Published: November 2017

Batteries are promising storage technologies for stationary applications because of their maturity, and the ease with which they are designed and installed compared to other technologies. However, they pose threats to the environment and human health. Several studies have discussed the various battery technologies and applications, but evaluating the environmental impact of batteries in electrical systems remains a gap that requires concerted research efforts. This study first presents an overview of batteries and compares their technical properties such as the cycle life, power and energy densities, efficiencies and the costs. It proposes an optimal battery technology sizing and selection strategy, and then assesses the environmental impact of batteries in a typical renewable energy application by using a stand-alone photovoltaic (PV) system as a case study. The greenhouse gas (GHG) impact of the batteries is evaluated based on the life cycle emission rate parameter. Results reveal that the battery has a significant impact in the energy system, with a GHG impact of about 36–68% in a 1.5 kW PV system for different locations. The paper discusses new batteries, strategies to minimize battery impact and provides insights into the selection of batteries with improved cycling capacity, higher lifespan and lower cost that can achieve lower environmental impacts for future applications.
Disturbance Elimination for Partial Discharge Detection in the Spacer of Gas-Insulated Switchgears
Authors: Wang Guoming , Kil Gyung-Suk , Ji Hong-Keun , Lee Jong-Hyuk
Published: November 2017

With the increasing demand for precise condition monitoring and diagnosis of gas-insulated switchgears (GISs), it has become a challenge to improve the detection sensitivity of partial discharge (PD) induced in the GIS spacer. This paper deals with the elimination of the capacitive component from the phase-resolved partial discharge (PRPD) signal generated in GIS spacers based on discrete wavelet transform (WT). Three types of typical insulation defects were simulated using PD cells. The single PD pulses were detected and were further used to determine the optimal mother wavelet. As a result, the bior6.8 was selected to decompose the PD signal into 8 levels and the signal energy at each level was calculated. The decomposed components related with capacitive disturbance were discarded, whereas those associated with PD were de-noised by a threshold and a thresholding function. Finally, the PRPD signals were reconstructed using the de-noised components.
A Decision Support Tool for Building Integrated Renewable Energy Microgrids Connected to a Smart Grid
Authors: Asaleye Damilola A. , Breen Michael , Murphy Michael D.
Published: November 2017

The objective of this study was to create a tool that will enable renewable energy microgrid (REμG) facility users to make informed decisions on the utilization of electrical power output from a building integrated REμG connected to a smart grid. A decision support tool for renewable energy microgrids (DSTREM) capable of predicting photovoltaic array and wind turbine power outputs was developed. The tool simulated users’ daily electricity consumption costs, avoided CO2 emissions and incurred monetary income relative to the usage of the building integrated REμG connected to the national electricity smart grid. DSTREM forecasted climate variables, which were used to predict REμG power output over a period of seven days. Control logic was used to prioritize supply of electricity to consumers from the renewable energy sources and the national smart grid. Across the evaluated REμG electricity supply options and during working days, electricity exported by the REμG to the national smart grid ranged from 0% to 61% of total daily generation. The results demonstrated that both monetary saving and CO2 offsets can be substantially improved through the application of DSTREM to a REμG connected to a building.
Hydrodynamic Modelling of Municipal Solid Waste Residues in a Pilot Scale Fluidized Bed Reactor
Authors: Cardoso João , Silva Valter , Eusébio Daniela , Brito Paulo
Published: November 2017

The present study investigates the hydrodynamics and heat transfer behavior of municipal solid waste (MSW) gasification in a pilot scale bubbling fluidized bed reactor. A multiphase 2-D numerical model following an Eulerian-Eulerian approach within the FLUENT framework was implemented. User defined functions (UDFs) were coupled to improve hydrodynamics and heat transfer phenomena, and to minimize deviations between the experimental and numerical results. A grid independence study was accomplished through comparison of the bed volume fraction profiles and by reasoning the grid accuracy and computational cost. The standard deviation concept was used to determine the mixing quality indexes. Simulated results showed that UDFs improvements increased the accuracy of the mathematical model. Smaller size ratio of the MSW-dolomite mixture revealed a more uniform mixing, and larger ratios enhanced segregation. Also, increased superficial gas velocity promoted the solid particles mixing. Heat transfer within the fluidized bed showed strong dependence on the MSW solid particles sizes, with smaller particles revealing a more effective process.
Quantifying Dustiness, Specific Allergens, and Endotoxin in Bulk Soya Imports
Authors: Mason Howard , Gómez-Ollés Susana , Cruz Maria-Jesus , Roberts Paul , Thorpe Andrew , Evans Gareth
Published: November 2017

Soya is an important bulk agricultural product often transported by sea as chipped beans and/or the bean husks after pelletisation. There are proven allergens in both forms. Bulk handling of soya imports can generate air pollution containing dust, allergens, and pyrogens, posing health risks to dockside workers and surrounding populations. Using an International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standardised rotating drum dustiness test in seven imported soya bulks, we compared the generated levels of dust and two major soya allergens in three particle sizes related to respiratory health. Extractable levels of allergen and endotoxin from the bulks showed 30–60 fold differences, with levels of one allergen (hydrophobic seed protein) and endotoxin higher in husk. The generated levels of dust and allergens in the three particle sizes also showed very wide variations between bulks, with aerolysed levels of allergen influenced by both the inherent dustiness and the extractable allergen in each bulk. Percentage allergen aerolysed from pelletized husk—often assumed to be of low dustiness—after transportation was not lower than that from chipped beans. Thus, not all soya bulks pose the same inhalation health risk and reinforces the importance of controlling dust generation from handling all soya bulk to as low as reasonably practicable.
L’Aquila Smart Clean Air City: The Italian Pilot Project for Healthy Urban Air
Authors: Avveduto Alessandro , Ferella Francesco , De Giovanni Marina , Innocenzi Valentina , Pace Lorenzo , Tripodi Paolo
Published: November 2017

Exposure to atmospheric pollution is a major concern for urban populations. Currently, no effective strategy has been adopted to tackle the problem. The paper presents the Smart Clean Air City project, a pilot experiment concerning the improvement in urban air quality. Small wet scrubber systems will be operating in a network configuration in suitable urban areas of L’Aquila city (Italy). The purpose of this work is to describe the project and show the preliminary results obtained in the characterization of two urban sites before the remediation test; the main operating principles of the wet scrubber system will be discussed, as well as the design of the mobile treatment plant for the processing of wastewater resulting from scrubber operation. Measurements of particle size distributions in the range of 0.30–25 µm took place in the two sites of interest, an urban background and a traffic area in the city of L’Aquila. The mean number concentration detected was 2.4 × 107 and 4.5 × 107 particles/m3, respectively. Finally, theoretical assessments, performed by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes, will show the effects of the wet scrubber operation on air pollutants under different environmental conditions and in several urban usage patterns.
Tissue-Specific Response to Experimental Demethylation at Seed Germination in the Non-Model Herb Erodium cicutarium
Authors: Alonso Conchita , Medrano Mónica , Pérez Ricardo , Bazaga Pilar , Herrera Carlos
Published: November 2017

Experimental alteration of DNA methylation is a suitable tool to infer the relationship between phenotypic and epigenetic variation in plants. A detailed analysis of the genome-wide effect of demethylating agents, such as 5-azacytidine (5azaC), and zebularine is only available for the model species Arabidopsis thaliana, which suggests that 5azaC may have a slightly larger effect. In this study, global methylation estimates obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses were conducted to investigate the impact of 5azaC treatment on leaf and root tissue in Erodium cicutarium (Geraniaceae), which is an annual herb native to Mediterranean Europe that is currently naturalized in all continents, sometimes becoming invasive. We used seeds collected from two natural populations in SE Spain. Root tissue of the second generation (F2) greenhouse-grown seedlings had a significantly lower global cytosine methylation content than leaf tissue (13.0 vs. 17.7% of all cytosines). Leaf tissue consistently decreased methylation after treatment, but the response of root tissue varied according to seed provenance, suggesting that genetic background can mediate the response to experimental demethylation. We also found that both leaf number and leaf length were reduced in treated seedlings supporting a consistent phenotypic effect of the treatment regardless of seedling provenance. These findings suggest that, although the consequences of experimental demethylation may be tissue- and background-specific, this method is effective in altering early seedling development, and can thus be useful in ecological epigenetic studies that are aiming to investigate the links between epigenetic and phenotypic variation in non-model plant species.
Molecular and Epigenetic Mechanisms Underlying Cognitive and Adaptive Responses to Stress
Authors: Trollope Alexandra , Mifsud Karen , Saunderson Emily , Reul Johannes
Published: November 2017

Consolidation of contextual memories after a stressful encounter is essential for the survival of an organism and in allowing a more appropriate response to be elicited should the perceived threat reoccur. Recent evidence has explored the complex role that epigenetic mechanisms play in the formation of such memories, and the underlying signaling pathways are becoming more apparent. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) has been shown to play a key role in these events having both genomic and non-genomic actions in the brain. GR has been shown to interact with the extracellular signal-regulated kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK MAPK) signaling pathway which, in concert, drives epigenetic modifications and chromatin remodeling, resulting in gene induction and memory consolidation. Evidence indicates that stressful events can have an effect on the offspring in utero, and that epigenetic marks altered early in life may persist into adulthood. A new and controversial area of research, however, suggests that epigenetic modifications could be inherited through the germline, a concept known as transgenerational epigenetics. This review explores the role that epigenetic processes play in the central nervous system, specifically in the consolidation of stress-induced memories, the concept of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, and the potential role of epigenetics in revolutionizing the treatment of stress-related disorders through the emerging field of pharmacoepigenetics and personalized medical treatment.
The Content of Tocols in South African Wheat; Impact on Nutritional Benefits
Authors: Labuschagne Maryke , Mkhatywa Nomcebo , Johansson Eva , Wentzel Barend , Van Biljon Angeline
Published: November 2017

Wheat is a major component within human consumption, and due to the large intake of wheat, it has an impact on human nutritional health. This study aimed at an increased understanding of how the content and composition of tocols may be governed for increased nutritional benefit of wheat consumption. Therefore, ten South African wheat cultivars from three locations were fractionated into white and whole flour, the content and concentration of tocols were evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and vitamin E activity was determined. The content and composition of tocols and vitamin E activity differed with fractionation, genotype, environment, and their interaction. The highest tocol content (59.8 mg kg−1) was obtained in whole flour for the cultivar Elands grown in Ladybrand, while whole Caledon flour from Clarence resulted in the highest vitamin E activity (16.3 mg kg−1). The lowest vitamin E activity (1.9 mg kg−1) was found in the cultivar C1PAN3118 from Ladybrand. High values of tocotrienols were obtained in whole flour of the cultivars Caledon (30.5 mg kg−1 in Clarens), Elands (35.5 mg kg−1 in Ladybrand), and Limpopo (33.7 mg kg−1 in Bultfontein). The highest tocotrienol to tocopherol ratio was found in white flour (2.83) due to higher reduction of tocotrienols than of tocopherols at fractionation. The quantity and composition of tocols can be governed in wheat flour, primarily by the selection of fractionation method at flour production, but also complemented by selection of genetic material and the growing environment.
Prenatal Heavy Metal Exposure and Adverse Birth Outcomes in Myanmar: A Birth-Cohort Study
Authors: Wai Kyi , Mar Ohn , Kosaka Satoko , Umemura Mitsutoshi , Watanabe Chiho
Published: November 2017

Arsenic, cadmium and lead are well-known environmental contaminants, and their toxicity at low concentration is the target of scientific concern. In this study, we aimed to identify the potential effects of prenatal heavy metal exposure on the birth outcomes among the Myanmar population. This study is part of a birth-cohort study conducted with 419 pregnant women in the Ayeyarwady Division, Myanmar. Face-to-face interviews were performed using a questionnaire, and maternal spot urine samples were collected at the third trimester. Birth outcomes were evaluated at delivery during the follow up. The median values of adjusted urinary arsenic, cadmium, selenium and lead concentration were 74.2, 0.9, 22.6 and 1.8 μg/g creatinine, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression revealed that prenatal cadmium exposure (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.10; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01–1.21; p = 0.043), gestational age (adjusted OR = 0.83; 95% CI: 0.72–0.95; p = 0.009) and primigravida mothers (adjusted OR = 4.23; 95% CI: 1.31–13.65; p = 0.016) were the predictors of low birth weight. The present study identified that Myanmar mothers were highly exposed to cadmium. Prenatal maternal cadmium exposure was associated with an occurrence of low birth weight.
Desert Dust and Health: A Central Asian Review and Steppe Case Study
Authors: Sternberg Troy , Edwards Mona
Published: November 2017

In Asian deserts environmental and anthropomorphic dust is a significant health risk to rural populations. Natural sources in dry landscapes are exacerbated by human activities that increase the vulnerability to dust and dust-borne disease vectors. Today in Central and Inner Asian drylands, agriculture, mining, and rapid development contribute to dust generation and community exposure. Thorough review of limited dust investigation in the region implies but does not quantify health risks. Anthropogenic sources, such as the drying of the Aral Sea, highlight the shifting dust dynamics across the Central EurAsian steppe. In the Gobi Desert, our case study in Khanbogd, Mongolia addressed large-scale mining’s potential dust risk to the health of the local population. Dust traps showed variable exposure to particulates among herder households and town residents; dust density distribution indicated that sources beyond the mine need to be considered when identifying particulate sources. Research suggests that atmospheric dust from multiple causes may enhance human particulate exposure. Greater awareness of dust in greater Central Asia reflects community concern about related health implications. Future human well-being in the region will require more thorough information on dust emissions in the changing environment.
Exploring Spatiotemporal Patterns of Long-Distance Taxi Rides in Shanghai
Authors: Wu Hangbin , Fan Hongchao , Wu Shengyuan
Published: November 2017

Floating Car Data (FCD) has been analyzed for various purposes in past years. However, limited research about the behaviors of taking long-distance taxi rides has been made available. In this paper, we used data from over 12,000 taxis during a six-month period in Shanghai to analyze the spatiotemporal patterns of long-distance taxi trips. We investigated these spatiotemporal patterns by comparing them with metro usage in Shanghai, in order to determine the extent and how the suburban trains divert the passenger flow from taxis. The results identified 12 pick-up and six drop-off hotspots in Shanghai. Overall, the pick-up locations were relatively more concentrated than the drop-off locations. Temporal patterns were also revealed. Passengers on long-distance taxi rides were observed to avoid the rush hours on the street as their first priority and tried to avoid the inconvenience of interchanges on the metro lines as their second priority.
The C-C Chemokines CCL17 and CCL22 and Their Receptor CCR4 in CNS Autoimmunity
Authors: Scheu Stefanie , Ali Shafaqat , Ruland Christina , Arolt Volker , Alferink Judith
Published: November 2017

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). It affects more than two million people worldwide, mainly young adults, and may lead to progressive neurological disability. Chemokines and their receptors have been shown to play critical roles in the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a murine disease model induced by active immunization with myelin proteins or transfer of encephalitogenic CD4+ T cells that recapitulates clinical and neuropathological features of MS. Chemokine ligand-receptor interactions orchestrate leukocyte trafficking and influence multiple pathophysiological cellular processes, including antigen presentation and cytokine production by dendritic cells (DCs). The C-C class chemokines 17 (CCL17) and 22 (CCL22) and their C-C chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) have been shown to play an important role in homeostasis and inflammatory responses. Here, we provide an overview of the involvement of CCR4 and its ligands in CNS autoimmunity. We review key clinical studies of MS together with experimental studies in animals that have demonstrated functional roles of CCR4, CCL17, and CCL22 in EAE pathogenesis. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of newly developed CCR4 antagonists and a humanized anti-CCR4 antibody for treatment of MS.
Can Flowering Greencover Crops Promote Biological Control in German Vineyards?
Authors: Hoffmann Christoph , Köckerling Janine , Biancu Sandra , Gramm Thomas , Michl Gertraud , Entling Martin
Published: November 2017

Greencover crops are widely recommended to provide predators and parasitoids with floral resources for improved pest control. We studied parasitism and predation of European grapevine moth (Lobesia botrana) eggs and pupae as well as predatory mite abundances in an experimental vineyard with either one or two sowings of greencover crops compared to spontaneous vegetation. The co-occurrence between greencover flowering time and parasitoid activity differed greatly between the two study years. Parasitism was much higher when flowering and parasitoid activity coincided. While egg predation was enhanced by greencover crops, there were no significant benefits of greencover crops on parasitism of L. botrana eggs or pupae. Predatory mites did not show an as strong increase on grapevines in greencover crop plots as egg predation. Overall, our study demonstrates only limited pest control benefits of greencover crops. Given the strong within- and between year variation in natural enemy activity, studies across multiple years will be necessary to adequately describe the role of greencover crops for pest management and to identify the main predators of L. botrana eggs.
Evolution of Akaganeite in Rust Layers Formed on Steel Submitted to Wet/Dry Cyclic Tests
Authors: Xiao Haigang , Ye Wei , Song Xiaoping , Ma Yuantai , Li Ying
Published: November 2017

The evolution of akaganeite in rust layers strongly impacts the atmospheric corrosion behavior of steel during long-term exposure; however, the factors affecting the evolution of akaganeite and its mechanism of formation are vague. In this work, wet-dry cyclic corrosion tests were conducted to simulate long-term exposure. Quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis was employed to analyze variations in the relative amounts of akaganeite; scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis were used to study the migration of relevant elements in the rust layer, which could help elucidate the mechanism of akaganeite evolution. The results indicate that the fraction of akaganeite tends to decrease as the corrosion process proceeded, which is a result of the decrease in the amount of soluble chloride available and the ability of the thick rust layer to block the migration of relevant ions. This work also explores the location of akaganeite formation within the rust layer.
Study on Scattering and Absorption Properties of Quantum-Dot-Converted Elements for Light-Emitting Diodes Using Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method
Authors: Li Jiasheng , Tang Yong , Li Zongtao , Ding Xinrui , Yuan Dong , Yu Binhai
Published: November 2017

CdSe/ZnS quantum-dot-converted elements (QDCEs) are good candidates for substituting rare-earth phosphor-converted elements (PCEs) in white light-emitting diodes (LEDs); however, studies on their scattering and absorption properties are scarce, suppressing further increment in the optical and thermal performance of quantum-dot-converted LEDs. Therefore, we introduce the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method to achieve the critical optical parameters of QDCEs when used in white LEDs; their scattering cross-section (coefficient), absorption cross-section (coefficient), and scattering phase distributions are presented and compared with those of traditional YAG phosphor-converted elements (PCEs) at varying particle size and concentration. At a commonly used concentration ( < 50 mg / cm 3 ), QDCEs exhibit stronger absorption (tens of millimeters, even for green-to-red-wavelength light) and weaker scattering ( < 1 mm − 1 ) compared to PCEs; the reabsorption, total internal reflection, angular uniformity, and thermal quenching would be more significant concerns for QDCEs. Therefore, the unique scattering and absorption properties of QDCEs should be considered when used in white LEDs. Furthermore, knowledge of these important optical parameters is helpful for beginning a theoretical study on quantum-dot-converted LEDs according to the ray tracing method.
Effects of Nano-Aluminum Nitride on the Performance of an Ultrahigh-Temperature Inorganic Phosphate Adhesive Cured at Room Temperature
Authors: Ma Chengkun , Chen Hailong , Wang Chao , Zhang Jifeng , Qi Hui , Zhou Limin
Published: November 2017

Based on the optimal proportion of resin and curing agent, an ultrahigh-temperature inorganic phosphate adhesive was prepared with aluminum dihydric phosphate, aluminium oxide ( α -Al2O3), etc. and cured at room temperature (RT). Then, nano-aluminum nitride (nano-AlN), nano-Cupric oxide (nano-CuO), and nano-titanium oxide (nano-TiO2) were added into the adhesive. Differential scanning calorimetry was conducted using the inorganic phosphate adhesive to analyze the phosphate reactions during heat treatment, and it was found that 15 wt % nano-AlN could clearly decrease the curing temperature. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the microphenomenon of the modified adhesive at ultrahigh-temperature. The differential thermal analysis of the inorganic phosphate adhesive showed that the weight loss was approximately 6.5 wt % when the mass ratio of resin to curing agent was 1:1.5. An X-ray diffraction analysis of the adhesive with 10% nano-AlN showed that the phase structure changed from AlPO4(11-0500) to the more stable AlPO4(10-0423) structure after heat treatment. The shear strength of the adhesive containing 10% nano-AlN reached 7.3 MPa at RT due to the addition of nano-AlN, which promoted the formation of phosphate and increased the Al3+.
The Analysis of Nonlinear Vibrations of Top-Tensioned Cantilever Pipes Conveying Pressurized Steady Two-Phase Flow under Thermal Loading
Authors: Adegoke Adeshina , Oyediran Ayo
Published: November 2017

This paper studied the nonlinear vibrations of top-tensioned cantilevered pipes conveying pressurized steady two-phase flow under thermal loading. The coupled axial and transverse governing partial differential equations of motion of the system were derived based on Hamilton’s mechanics, with the centerline assumed to be extensible. Using the multiple-scale perturbation technique, natural frequencies, mode shapes, and first order approximate solutions of the steady-state response of the pipes were obtained. The multiple-scale assessment reveals that at some frequencies the system is uncoupled, while at some frequencies a 1:2 coupling exists between the axial and the transverse frequencies of the pipe. Nonlinear frequencies versus the amplitude displacement of the cantilever pipe, conveying two-phase flow at super-critical mixture velocity for the uncoupled scenario, exhibit a nonlinear hardening behavior; an increment in the void fractions of the two-phase flow results in a reduction in the pipe’s transverse vibration frequencies and the coupled amplitude of the system. However, increases in the temperature difference, pressure, and the presence of top tension were observed to increase the pipe’s transverse vibration frequencies without a significant change in the coupled amplitude of the system.
On the Use of Maximum Force Criteria to Predict Localised Necking in Metal Sheets under Stretch-Bending
Authors: Morales-Palma Domingo , Martínez-Donaire Andrés , Vallellano Carpóforo
Published: November 2017

The maximum force criteria and their derivatives, the Swift and Hill criteria, have been extensively used in the past to study sheet formability. Many extensions or modifications of these criteria have been proposed to improve necking predictions under only stretching conditions. This work analyses the maximum force principle under stretch-bending conditions and develops two different approaches to predict necking. The first is a generalisation of classical maximum force criteria to stretch-bending processes. The second approach is an extension of a previous work of the authors based on critical distance concepts, suggesting that necking of the sheet is controlled by the damage of a critical material volume located at the inner side of the sheet. An analytical deformation model is proposed to characterise the stretch-bending process under plane-strain conditions. Different parameters are considered, such as the thickness reduction, the gradient of variables through the sheet thickness, the thickness stress and the anisotropy of the material. The proposed necking models have been successfully applied to predict the failure in different materials, such as steel, brass and aluminium.
Structure and Martensitic Transformation in Rapidly Solidified CoNiAlFe Alloy
Authors: Chen Huiling , Ju Jia , Shuai Liguo , Liu Huan , Yan Chen , Liu Zhuang
Published: November 2017

Housler based magnetic controlled shape memory alloys are characterized by a large magnetic field induced strain. The strain was dependent on the twin martensite structure rearrangement, and the rapid solidification technology had a significant influence on the microstructure, physical, and chemical properties of the alloy. Thus, the structure and the martensitic transformation changes of Co33Ni31Al27Fe9 during the rapidly solidified process were studied. The microstructure of Co33Ni31Al27Fe9 with furnace cooled and rapid solidification (RS) constitutes a dual-phase structure, β phase and γ phase in a low cooling rate and martensite and γ phase in a high cooling rate. The γ phase at the grain boundaries reduced and became more fragile by raising the RC value. The one-step austenite-martensite phase transformation occurred during the process of heating and cooling. The phase transition temperature presents an increasing trend by rising the cooling rate, even to over the room temperature. Moreover, the martensite structure in Co33Ni31Al27Fe9 constitutes a typical L10-type twinning structure.
Three-Dimensional Lattice Boltzmann Modeling of Dendritic Solidification under Forced and Natural Convection
Authors: Eshraghi Mohsen , Hashemi Mohammad , Jelinek Bohumir , Felicelli Sergio
Published: November 2017

A three-dimensional (3D) lattice Boltzmann (LB) model is developed to simulate the dendritic growth during solidification of Al-Cu alloys under forced and natural convection. The LB method is used to solve for solute diffusion and fluid flow. It is assumed that the dendritic growth is driven by the difference between the local actual and local equilibrium composition of the liquid in the interface. A cellular automaton (CA) scheme is adopted to capture new interface cells. The LB models for solute transport and fluid flow are first validated against two benchmark problems. The dendrite growth model is also validated with available analytical solutions. The evolution of a 3D dendrite affected by melt convection is investigated. Also, density inversion caused by solute concentration gradient is studied. It is shown that convection can change the kinetics of growth by affecting the solute distribution around the dendrite. In addition, the growth features of two-dimensional (2D) and 3D dendrites are briefly compared. The results show that decreasing undercooling and increasing solute concentration decelerates the growth in all branches of the dendrite. While increasing fluid velocity does not significantly influence upstream and transverse arms, it decreases the growth rate in the downstream direction considerably. The size ratio of the upstream arm to the downstream arm rises by increasing inlet velocity and solute content, and decreasing undercooling. Similarly, in the case of natural convection, redistribution of solute due to buoyancy-induced flow suppresses the growth of the upward arm and accelerates the growth of the downward arm. Considering the advantages offered by the LB method, the present model can be used as a new tool for simulating 3D dendritic solidification under convection.
Preparation of Nano-TiO2-Coated SiO2 Microsphere Composite Material and Evaluation of Its Self-Cleaning Property
Authors: Sun Sijia , Deng Tongrong , Ding Hao , Chen Ying , Chen Wanting
Published: November 2017

In order to improve the dispersion of nano-TiO2 particles and enhance its self-cleaning properties, including photocatalytic degradation of pollutants and surface hydrophilicity, we prepared nano-TiO2-coated SiO2 microsphere composite self-cleaning materials (SiO2–TiO2) by co-grinding SiO2 microspheres and TiO2 soliquid and calcining the ground product. The structure, morphology, and self-cleaning properties of the SiO2–TiO2 were characterized. The characterization results showed that the degradation efficiency of methyl orange by SiO2–TiO2 was 97%, which was significantly higher than that obtained by pure nano-TiO2. The minimum water contact angle of SiO2–TiO2 was 8°, indicating strong hydrophilicity and the good self-cleaning effect. The as-prepared SiO2–TiO2 was characterized by the nano-TiO2 particles uniformly coated on the SiO2 microspheres and distributed in the gap among the microspheres. The nano-TiO2 particles were in an anatase phase with the particle size of 15–20 nm. The nano-TiO2 particles were combined with SiO2 microspheres via the dehydroxylation of hydroxyl groups on their surfaces.
Italian Physicians’ Opinions on Rotavirus Vaccine Implementation
Authors: Mita Valentin , Arigliani Michele , Zaratti Laura , Arigliani Raffaele , Franco Elisabetta
Published: November 2017

Rotavirus (RV) infection is the main cause of severe acute gastroenteritis (GE) in the pediatric population and has a major impact in both developing and industrialized countries. The reduction of severe RVGE cases, followed by death or hospitalization, is considered the main benefit of RV vaccination, even though its implementation often faces obstacles. In Italy, the recently approved National Immunization Plan aims to overcome the differences among regions, offering a universal free RV vaccination. The aim of the study was to evaluate the opinions on benefit and acceptability of RV vaccination related to the perception of the burden of RV disease. Data were collected from 108 physicians in 2015 by a questionnaire consisting of 12 questions; some answers were compared with those obtained with a similar tool in 2011. The majority of respondents (76.2%) was convinced of the benefit of the vaccine and 57.4% recommended it routinely, but more than half indicated a <25% adherence to RV vaccination among their patients. As the main reasons of vaccine refusal, skepticism about the vaccine (60.4%) and its cost (34.1%) were indicated. Our data confirm that more information and counselling are needed to increase RV vaccine coverage.
Using Simulation for Scheduling and Rescheduling of Batch Processes
Authors: Joglekar Girish
Published: November 2017

The problem of scheduling multiproduct and multipurpose batch processes has been studied for more than 30 years using math programming and heuristics. In most formulations, the manufacturing recipes are represented by simplified models using state task network (STN) or resource task network (RTN), transfers of materials are assumed to be instantaneous, constraints due to shared utilities are often ignored, and scheduling horizons are kept small due to the limits on the problem size that can be handled by the solvers. These limitations often result in schedules that are not actionable. A simulation model, on the other hand, can represent a manufacturing recipe to the smallest level of detail. In addition, a simulator can provide a variety of built-in capabilities that model the assignment decisions, coordination logic and plant operation rules. The simulation based schedules are more realistic, verifiable, easy to adapt for changing plant conditions and can be generated in a short period of time. An easy-to-use simulator based framework can be developed to support scheduling decisions made by operations personnel. In this paper, first the complexities of batch recipes and operations are discussed, followed by examples of using the BATCHES simulator for off-line scheduling studies and for day-to-day scheduling.
Stop Smoking—Tube-In-Tube Helical System for Flameless Calcination of Minerals
Authors: Haneklaus Nils , Zheng Yanhua , Allelein Hans-Josef
Published: November 2017

Mineral calcination worldwide accounts for some 5–10% of all anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions per year. Roughly half of the CO2 released results from burning fossil fuels for heat generation, while the other half is a product of the calcination reaction itself. Traditionally, the fuel combustion process and the calcination reaction take place together to enhance heat transfer. Systems have been proposed that separate fuel combustion and calcination to allow for the sequestration of pure CO2 from the calcination reaction for later storage/use and capture of the combustion gases. This work presents a new tube-in-tube helical system for the calcination of minerals that can use different heat transfer fluids (HTFs), employed or foreseen in concentrated solar power (CSP) plants. The system is labeled ‘flameless’ since the HTF can be heated by other means than burning fossil fuels. If CSP or high-temperature nuclear reactors are used, direct CO2 emissions can be divided in half. The technical feasibility of the system has been accessed with a brief parametric study here. The results suggest that the introduced system is technically feasible given the parameters (total heat transfer coefficients, mass- and volume flows, outer tube friction factors, and –Nusselt numbers) that are examined. Further experimental work will be required to better understand the performance of the tube-in-tube helical system for the flameless calcination of minerals.
Proteomic Investigations of Proteases Involved in Cotyledon Senescence: A Model to Explore the Genotypic Variability of Proteolysis Machinery Associated with Nitrogen Remobilization Efficiency during the Leaf Senescence of Oilseed Rape
Authors: Poret Marine , Chandrasekar Balakumaran , Van der Hoorn Renier , Coquet Laurent , Jouenne Thierry , Avice Jean-Christophe
Published: November 2017

Oilseed rape is characterized by a low nitrogen remobilization efficiency during leaf senescence, mainly due to a lack of proteolysis. Because cotyledons are subjected to senescence, it was hypothesized that contrasting protease activities between genotypes may be distinguishable early in the senescence of cotyledons. To verify this assumption, our goals were to (i) characterize protease activities in cotyledons between two genotypes with contrasting nitrogen remobilization efficiency (Ténor and Samouraï) under limiting or ample nitrate supply; and (ii) test the role of salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in proteolysis regulation. Protease activities were measured and identified by a proteomics approach combining activity-based protein profiling with LC-MS/MS. As in senescing leaves, chlorophyll and protein contents decrease in senescing cotyledons and are correlated with an increase in serine and cysteine protease activities. Two RD21-like and SAG-12 proteases previously associated with an efficient proteolysis in senescing leaves of Ténor are also detected in senescing cotyledons. The infiltration of ABA and SA provokes the induction of senescence and several cysteine and serine protease activities. The study of protease activities during the senescence of cotyledons seems to be a promising experimental model to investigate the regulation and genotypic variability of proteolysis associated with efficient N remobilization.
Relationships of S-Band Radar Backscatter and Forest Aboveground Biomass in Different Forest Types
Authors: Ningthoujam Ramesh , Balzter Heiko , Tansey Kevin , Feldpausch Ted , Mitchard Edward , Wani Akhlaq , Joshi Pawan
Published: November 2017

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) signals respond to the interactions of microwaves with vegetation canopy scatterers that collectively characterise forest structure. The sensitivity of S-band (7.5–15 cm) backscatter to the different forest types (broadleaved, needleleaved) with varying aboveground biomass (AGB) across temperate (mixed, needleleaved) and tropical (broadleaved, woody savanna, secondary) forests is less well understood. In this study, Michigan Microwave Canopy Scattering (MIMICS-I) radiative transfer model simulations showed strong volume scattering returns from S-band SAR for broadleaved canopies caused by ground/trunk interactions. A general relationship between AirSAR S-band measurements and MIMICS-I simulated radar backscatter with forest AGB up to nearly 100 t/ha in broadleaved forest in the UK was found. Simulated S-band backscatter-biomass relationships suggest increasing backscatter sensitivity to forest biomass with a saturation level close to 100 t/ha and errors between 37 t/ha and 44 t/ha for HV and VV polarisations for tropical ecosystems. In the near future, satellite SAR-derived forest biomass from P-band BIOMASS mission and L-band ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 in combination with S-band UK NovaSAR-S and the joint NASA-ISRO NISAR sensors will provide better quantification of large-scale forest AGB at varying sensitivity levels across primary and secondary forests and woody savannas.
Combining Estimation of Green Vegetation Fraction in an Arid Region from Landsat 7 ETM+ Data
Authors: Jia Kun , Li Yuwei , Liang Shunlin , Wei Xiangqin , Yao Yunjun
Published: November 2017

Fractional vegetation cover (FVC), or green vegetation fraction, is an important parameter for characterizing conditions of the land surface vegetation, and also a key variable of models for simulating cycles of water, carbon and energy on the land surface. There are several types of FVC estimation models using remote sensing data, and evaluating their performance over a specific region is of great significance. Therefore, this study firstly evaluated three types of FVC estimation models using Landsat 7 ETM+ data in an agriculture region of Heihe River Basin, China, and then proposed a combination strategy from different individual models to improve the FVC estimation accuracy, which employed the multiple linear regression (MLR) and Bayesian model average (BMA) methods. The validation results indicated that the spectral mixture analysis model with three endmembers (SMA3) achieved the best FVC estimation accuracy (determination coefficient (R2) = 0.902, root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.076) among the seven individual models using Landsat 7 ETM+ data. In addition, the MLR and BMA combination methods could both improve FVC estimation accuracy (R2 = 0.913, RMSE = 0.063 and R2 = 0.904, RMSE = 0.069 for MLR and BMA, respectively). Therefore, it could be concluded that both MLR and BMA combination methods integrating FVC estimates from different models using Landsat 7 ETM+ data could effectively weaken the estimation errors of individual models and improve the final FVC estimation accuracy.
Comparison of Measurement Models for 3D Magnetic Localization and Tracking
Authors: De Angelis Guido , De Angelis Alessio , Moschitta Antonio , Carbone Paolo
Published: November 2017

In this paper, we consider magnetic positioning and tracking of objects and provide a comparison of the characteristics of two major measurement models: the magnetic dipole model and the mutual inductance model. The numerical results obtained by applying these models to a short-range position measurement application, with a maximum operating distance of approximately 50 cm, are compared. Based on the results of this comparison, a prototype 9-sensor array is developed, experimental tests are performed, and extensive measurement results are presented. Outcomes show the feasibility of tracking the position and orientation of a mobile coil in real time with a median positioning error below 1 cm and a worst-case error of about 2 cm and 11 degrees inside a spatial region of 30 × 30 × 30 cm3 operational volume.
Correction: A New Quaternion-Based Kalman Filter for Real-Time Attitude Estimation Using the Two-Step Geometrically-Intuitive Correction Algorithm. Sensors 2017, 17, 2146
Authors: Feng Kaiqiang , Li Jie , Zhang Xiaoming , Shen Chong , Bi Yu , Zheng Tao , Liu Jun
Published: November 2017

The authors wish to make the following corrections to their paper [...]
Health Consciousness, Smog Consciousness and Chinese Elderly Migrant Workers’ Preferred Retirement Place
Authors: Wang Feng , Fan Jin , Reisner Ann , Mi Hong
Published: November 2017

Although those who migrated fairly early in the Chinese diaspora are reaching retirement age, their choice of retirement location will be affected by significant rural–urban disparities in medical insurance and service, pension, environment management, and public education. The lifestyle and savings for migrant workers over 45 years old are unique; they have received the wages of urban workers but are still tied to agricultural residential identities. A field survey of 173 elderly migrant workers in Xi’an examined the relationship between preferred place of retirement and health, smog, and health environmental consciousness. Among the sample, 70.5% preferred to return home for retirement; 16.8%, to stay away from home; and 12.7% had not yet considered where they would live in retirement. Based on regression results, migrant workers who were more concerned about their personal health, less concerned about the effects of city smog, who had property in rural areas and who were less educated were significantly more likely to say that they would return to rural areas for retirement. It is suggested that the narrowing the gap in retirement service and medical service between rural and urban areas could be an effective way for the government to deal with future retirement issues and provide equalized retirement services for elderly migrant workers.