bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cell membrane chromatography coupled online with LC‐MS to screen anti‐anaphylactoid components from Magnolia biondii Pamp. targeting on Mas‐related G protein‐coupled receptor X2
Authors: Lin Yuanyuan , Xu Jing , Jia Qianqian , Sun Wei , Fu Jia , Lv Yanni , Han Shengli
Published: April 2020

Mas‐related G protein‐coupled receptor X2 was a mast cell–specific receptor mediating anaphylactoid reactions by activating mast cells degranulation, and it was also identified as a target for modulating mast cell–mediated anaphylactoid and inflammatory diseases. The anti‐anaphylactoid drugs used clinically disturb the partial effect of partial mediators released by mast cells. The small molecule of Mas‐related G protein‐coupled receptor X2 specific antagonists may provide therapeutic action for the anaphylactoid and inflammatory diseases in the early stage. In this study, the Mas‐related G protein‐coupled receptor X2 high expression cell membrane chromatography was coupled online with liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry and successfully used to screen anti‐anaphylactoid components from Magnolia biondii Pamp. Fargesin and pinoresinol dimethyl ether were identified as potential anti‐anaphylactoid components. Bioactivity of these two components were investigated by β hexosaminidase and histamine release assays on mast cells, and it was found that these two components could inhibit β hexosaminidase and histamine release in a concentration‐dependent manner. This Mas‐related G protein‐coupled receptor X2 high expression cell membrane chromatography coupled online with liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry system could be applied for screening potential anti‐anaphylactoid components from natural medicinal herbs. This study also provided a powerful system for drug discovery in natural medicinal herbs.
Analysis the effect of miR‐141‐3p/HMGB1 in LPS‐induced mucus production and the apoptosis in nasal epithelial cells
Authors: Zhu Yong‐Ming , Wu Feng , Zhou Jie‐Yu
Published: April 2020

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an allergic disease characterized by immunoglobulin E (IgE)‐mediated type I hypersensitivity disorder. In the current study, we illuminated the potential roles of microRNA‐141‐3p (miR‐141‐3p) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced mucus production and the apoptosis in nasal epithelial cells (NECs). We demonstrated that miR‐141‐3p was significantly downregulated in nasal tissues from patients with AR and LPS‐treated NECs. Upregulation of miR‐141‐3p decreased the level of mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) in LPS‐treated NECs and induced NECs apoptosis. High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) was proved as a target of miR‐141‐3p and miR‐141‐3p negatively regulated its expression. In addition, we observed that HMGB1 was overexpressed in nasal mucosal tissues from patients with AR and LPS‐treated NECs. Finally, we proved that miR‐141‐3p decreased the level of MUAC5AC in LPS‐treated NECs through regulating HMGB1. In conclusion, miR‐141‐3p inhibited LPS‐induced MUAC5AC production and the apoptosis of LPS‐treated NECs by targeting HMGB1.
Prognostic Significance of Lymph Node Status in p16+ Oropharyngeal Cancer After Surgical Treatment
Authors: Park Young Min , Eo Tae Seong , Koh Yoon Woo , Kim Se‐Heon , Choi Eun Chang
Published: April 2020

Objectives/Hypothesis

In this study, we retrospectively reviewed medical records of patients who underwent surgery for p16+ oropharyngeal cancer and analyzed the prognostic implications of pathologic lymph node (LN) status, including number of metastatic LNs, LN ratio, and location of metastatic LNs.

Study Design

Retrospective case series.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed data on patients diagnosed with p16+ oropharyngeal cancer.

Results

The study population consisted of 159 males and 29 females with a mean age of 57.2 years. The primary tumor sites were tonsils (n = 160), base of the tongue (n = 24), and soft palate (n = 4). Only recurrence‐free survival (RFS) showed a significant correlation with contralateral LN metastasis on multivariate analysis. On Kaplan‐Meier analysis, 5‐year RFS was 92.4% in patients without contralateral LN metastasis and 68.8% in patients with contralateral LN metastasis.

Conclusions

Among pathologic LN status in p16+ oropharyngeal cancer, only contralateral LN metastasis showed prognostic significance in disease recurrence of p16+ oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma patients.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 130: 1973–1979, 2020
Sex‐Dependent Improvement in Survival of Parkinson's Disease Patients
Authors: Kuusimäki Tomi , Kurki Samu , Sipilä Jussi O.T. , Salminen‐Mankonen Heli , Carpén Olli , Kaasinen Valtteri
Published: April 2020

Background

Advances in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) and changes in general life expectancy may have improved survival in patients with PD.

Objective

The objective of this study was to investigate recent trends in PD mortality.

Methods

In total, 1521 patients with PD in local and national registries were followed for 11 years (2006–2016) from diagnosis until exit date or death, and the causes of death were recorded.

Results

The survival of men with PD improved during the follow‐up period, but no change was observed in women (2‐year postdiagnosis survival in men, 79.0%–86.3%, P = 0.03; 2‐year postdiagnosis survival in women, 82.8%–87.5%, P = 0.42). Pneumonia was the most common immediate cause of death.

Discussion

The survival of men with PD has improved in Finland without a similar change in women. Because changes in treatment likely affect both sexes similarly, the results may reflect the decreasing sex gap in life expectancy. This phenomenon will likely increase the already high male‐to‐female prevalence ratio of PD.
A Comprehensive Review of Brain Connectomics and Imaging to Improve Deep Brain Stimulation Outcomes
Authors: Wong Joshua K. , Middlebrooks Erik H. , Grewal Sanjeet S. , Almeida Leonardo , Hess Christopher W. , Okun Michael S.
Published: April 2020

DBS is an effective neuromodulatory therapy that has been applied in various conditions, including PD, essential tremor, dystonia, Tourette syndrome, and other movement disorders. There have also been recent examples of applications in epilepsy, chronic pain, and neuropsychiatric conditions. Innovations in neuroimaging technology have been driving connectomics, an emerging whole‐brain network approach to neuroscience. Two rising techniques are functional connectivity profiling and structural connectivity profiling. Functional connectivity profiling explores the operational relationships between multiple regions of the brain with respect to time and stimuli. Structural connectivity profiling approximates physical connections between different brain regions through reconstruction of axonal fibers. Through these techniques, complex relationships can be described in various disease states, such as PD, as well as in response to therapy, such as DBS. These advances have expanded our understanding of human brain function and have provided a partial in vivo glimpse into the underlying brain circuits underpinning movement and other disorders. This comprehensive review will highlight the contemporary concepts in brain connectivity as applied to DBS, as well as introduce emerging considerations in movement disorders. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
A family of potentials for elliptic equations with one singular coefficient and their applications
Authors: Srivastava Hari M. , Hasanov Anvar , Gulamjanovich Ergashev Tuhtasin
Published: April 2020

Potentials play an important role in solving boundary value problems for elliptic equations. In the middle of the last century, a potential theory was constructed for a two‐dimensional elliptic equation with one singular coefficient. In the study of potentials, the properties of the fundamental solutions of the given equation are essentially and fruitfully used. At the present time, fundamental solutions of a multidimensional elliptic equation with one degeneration line are already known. In this paper, we investigate the double‐ and simple‐layer potentials for this kind of elliptic equations. Results from potential theory allow us to represent the solution of the boundary value problems in the form of an integral equation. By using some properties of the Gaussian hypergeometric function, we first prove limiting theorems and derive integral equations concerning the densities of the double‐ and simple‐layer potentials. The obtained results are then applied in order to find an explicit solution of the Holmgren problem for the multidimensional singular elliptic equation in the half of the ball.
Solution blow‐up for a fractional in time acoustic wave equation
Authors: Jleli Mohamed , Kirane Mokhtar , Samet Bessem
Published: April 2020

We consider the fractional in time acoustic wave equation

where 1<α<2,
is the Caputo fractional derivative of order α, u=u(t,x), t>0,
, is the pressure in the medium, ε is the nonlinear acoustic parameter, ρ0 is the equilibrium density in the medium, and c0 is the equilibrium sound velocity. We study a Cauchy problem for this equation and a mixed boundary value problem in a bounded domain. For each problem, sufficient conditions for the blow‐up of solutions are derived. Moreover, we provide a class of initial data for which there are no classical solutions even locally in time. Our approach is based on the nonlinear capacity method.
Nonexistence of sign‐changing solutions for some elliptic and parabolic inequalities
Authors: Galakhov Evgeny , Salieva Olga
Published: April 2020

We establish nonexistence of nontrivial solutions (including sign‐changing ones) for some partial differential inequalities of elliptic and parabolic type containing nonlinear terms that depend on the positive and negative part of the sought function in different ways. Systems of elliptic inequalities with similar structure are also considered. The proofs are based on the test function method.
Proteomic Analysis of Heart and Kidney Tissues in Healthy and Metabolic Syndrome Rats after Hesperidin Supplementation
Authors: Pla‐Pagà Laura , Guirro Maria , Gual‐Grau Andreu , Gibert‐Ramos Albert , Foguet‐Romero Elisabet , Catalán Úrsula , Mayneris‐Perxachs Jordi , Canela Nuria , Valls Rosa M. , Arola Lluís , Solà Rosa , Pedret Anna
Published: April 2020

Scope

Proteomics has provided new strategies to elucidate the mechanistic action of hesperidin, a flavonoid present in citrus fruits. Thus, the aim of the present study is to determine the effects of hesperidin supplementation (HS) on the proteomic profiles of heart and kidney tissue samples from healthy and metabolic syndrome (MS) rats.

Methods and results

24 Sprague Dawley rats are randomized into four groups: healthy rats fed with a standard diet without HS, healthy rats administered with HS (100 mg kg−1 day−1), MS rats without HS, and MS rats administered with HS (100 mg kg−1 day−1) for eight weeks. Heart and kidney samples are obtained, and proteomic analysis is performed by mass spectrometry. Multivariate, univariate, and ingenuity pathways analyses are performed. Comparative and semiquantitative proteomic analyses of heart and kidney tissues reveal differential protein expression between MS rats with and without HS. The top diseases and functions implicated are related to the cardiovascular system, free radical scavenging, lipid metabolism, glucose metabolism, and renal and urological diseases.

Conclusion

This study is the first to demonstrate the protective capacity of hesperidin to change to the proteomic profiles in relation to different cardiovascular risk biomarkers in the heart and kidney tissues of MS rats.
Consumption of Diet Soda Sweetened with Sucralose and Acesulfame‐Potassium Alters Inflammatory Transcriptome Pathways in Females with Overweight and Obesity
Authors: Sylvetsky Allison C. , Sen Sabyasachi , Merkel Patrick , Dore Fiona , Stern David B. , Henry Curtis J. , Cai Hongyi , Walter Peter J. , Crandall Keith A. , Rother Kristina I. , Hubal Monica J.
Published: April 2020

Scope

Low‐calorie sweetener (LCS) consumption is associated with metabolic disease in observational studies. However, physiologic mechanisms underlying LCS‐induced metabolic impairments in humans are unclear. This study is aimed at identifying molecular pathways in adipose impacted by LCSs.

Methods and results

Seven females with overweight or obesity, who did not report LCS use, consumed 12 ounces of diet soda containing sucralose and acesulfame‐potassium (Ace‐K) three times daily for 8 weeks. A subcutaneous adipose biopsy from the left abdomen and a fasting blood sample were collected at baseline and post‐intervention. Global gene expression were assessed using RNA‐sequencing followed by functional pathway analysis. No differences in circulating metabolic or inflammatory biomarkers were observed. However, ANOVA detected 828 differentially expressed annotated genes after diet soda consumption (p < 0.05), including transcripts for inflammatory cytokines. Fifty‐eight of 140 canonical pathways represented in pathway analyses regulated inflammation, and several key upstream regulators of inflammation (e.g., TNF‐alpha) were also represented.

Conclusion

Consumption of diet soda with sucralose and Ace‐K alters inflammatory transcriptomic pathways (e.g., NF‐κB signaling) in subcutaneous adipose tissue but does not significantly alter circulating biomarkers. Findings highlight the need to examine molecular and metabolic effects of LCS exposure in a larger randomized control trial for a longer duration.
Anti‐Inflammatory and Antioxidative Properties of Isoflavones Provide Renal Protective Effects Distinct from Those of Dietary Soy Proteins against Diabetic Nephropathy
Authors: Jheng Huei‐Fen , Hayashi Kanako , Matsumura Yasuki , Kawada Teruo , Seno Shigeto , Matsuda Hideo , Inoue Kazuo , Nomura Wataru , Takahashi Haruya , Goto Tsuyoshi
Published: April 2020

Scope

Dietary soy reportedly protects from diabetic nephropathy (DN), but its active components and mechanism of action remain unknown.

Methods and results

In this study, KKAy mice are fed three types of diet: Dietary soy isoflavones with soy protein (Soy‐IP) diet, reduced isoflavones soy protein (RisoP), and oral administration of isoflavones aglycones (IsoAgc). Albuminuria and glycosuria are decreased only in the soy‐IP group. The risoP group show reduced expansion of mesangial matrix and renal fibrosis, the IsoAgc group show renal anti‐fibrotic and anti‐inflammatory effects; however, these renal pathological changes are repressed in the soy‐IP group, suggesting the distinct protective roles of soy protein or isoflavones in DN. The isoflavone genistein has a better inhibitory effect on the inflammatory response and cellular interactions in both mouse tubular cells and macrophages when exposed to high glucose and albumin (HGA). Genistein also represses HGA‐induced activator protein 1 activation and reactive oxidases stress generation, accompanied by reduced NADPH oxidase (NOX) gene expression. Finally, diabetic mice show a decrease in lipid peroxidation levels in both plasma and urine, along with lower NOXs gene expression.

Conclusion

The data elucidate the detailed mechanism by which isoflavones inhibit renal inflammation and provide a potential practical adjunct therapy to restrict DN progression.
Perceptions and experiences of living with type 1 diabetes among Latino adolescents and parents with limited English proficiency
Authors: Joiner Kevin L. , DeJonckheere Melissa , Whittemore Robin , Grey Margaret
Published: April 2020

We explored perceptions and experiences of living with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) among U.S. Latino adolescents (age 12–19 years) with T1DM and parents with limited English proficiency. We used a qualitative descriptive approach with semi‐structured interviews of adolescents together with their parents. Interview data were reviewed, coded, and combined into themes about participant experiences with T1DM. Twenty‐four adolescents (mean age: 15.4 years) and 23 parents participated. Analysis resulted in three themes: (a) Understanding and adapting to T1DM (i.e., initial fear and misunderstandings of T1DM; adolescents' reflections on living with a chronic health condition); (b) Coming to terms with social and environmental influences on T1DM self‐management (i.e., T1DM as disruptive to school and social activities; dealing with stigma and judgments related to diabetes); and, (c) Integrating T1DM self‐management expectations with components of Latino cultures (i.e., orientation toward family well‐being; parent concerns about cultural preferences that influence food choices, positive influence of spirituality and religiousness; parental views of their current health care in comparison to that available in their place of birth). Adolescents and their parents reported experiences that are universal to adolescents with T1DM in addition to challenges that are unique to Latinos. Efforts aimed at improving T1DM self‐management during adolescence with this population need to be tailored to meet the unique social and cultural contexts and delivered in a culturally and linguistically congruent manner.
Intrafetal laser for midtrimester TRAP sequence‐experience from a single center
Authors: Seshadri Suresh , Shinde Roopa R. , Ram Uma
Published: April 2020

Objective

To report our experience and evaluate outcomes in monochorionic pregnancies with Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion sequence with intrafetal laser therapy.

Methods

Retrospective review of records of all pregnancies with TRAP sequence treated by intrafetal laser therapy between 2011 January and 2015 December that were retrieved and analysed.

Results

Electronic search of the scan database retrieved 57 cases of TRAP sequence during the study period, 7 triplets and 50 monochorionic twins. Intrafetal laser was done in 27 cases, 22 cases of twins and 5 cases of triplets. In the twins group, median gestational age at intervention was 22.5 weeks, the earliest done at 16.3 weeks. The median gestational age at delivery and birth weight was 37 weeks and 2.5 Kgs. The median procedure and delivery interval was 14 weeks. Live birth rate was 17/22 (77%) the pump survival rate was 16/22 (73%). Pregnancies with non‐surviving pump were 5 in numbers (5/22). A repeat procedure was warranted in one case. In the triplet group, median gestational age at intervention, delivery and procedure delivery interval was 18, 35 and 17 weeks.

Conclusion

Intrafetal laser is simple, effective and the treatment of choice to interrupt the vascular supply to acardiac twin.
Translational hurdles with cannabis medicines
Authors: Graham Myfanwy , Lucas Catherine J. , Schneider Jennifer , Martin Jennifer H. , Hall Wayne
Published: April 2020

Purpose

Internationally, there has been widespread medical use of cannabis medicines before rigorous evaluations in randomised controlled trials (RCTs). Some advocates of medicinal use of cannabis argue that real‐world evidence (RWE) can be a substitute for or at least supplement evidence from RCTs. We explore the utility, limitations and impact of RWE in the translation of cannabis medicines research into clinical practice using the established literature.

Methods

A literature search was performed via Embase and Medline using a diverse range of cannabinoid and RWE search terms. The review provides a snapshot of cannabis medicine RWE initiatives from around the world.

Results

Diverse and novel sources of real‐world data and RWE include international cannabis registries, surveys, post‐marketing data collection and use of electronic or digital health records. The strengths and limitations of using RWE in translational research are highlighted, along with the identification of barriers to RCTs involving cannabis medicines.

Conclusions

RWE promises to play a significant role in the evaluation of cannabis medicines around the world. When used appropriately RWE may complement RCT data by providing valuable insights into cannabis medicine safety and effectiveness.

Take Home Messages

It is important that real‐world evidence (RWE) is used to complement rather than replace randomised controlled trial (RCT) evidence on cannabis medicines.

Technological advances have created the opportunity to explore diverse and novel sources of cannabis medicine RWE.

Although RWE may be more reflective of real‐world clinical practice, it cannot provide conclusive evidence of the safety and efficacy of cannabis medicines.

While acknowledging its limitations, RWE may nonetheless provide some guidance on safety and adverse events of cannabis medicines.

RWE has already had a significant impact on the regulation of cannabis medicines.
Daily Responsiveness, Expectations, and Self–disclosure: How the Average Levels and Within–person Variability of Three Relationship Components Mediate Personality–Relationship Transactions in Romantic Couples
Authors: Bühler Janina Larissa , Weidmann Rebekka , Wünsche Jenna , Burriss Robert Philip , Grob Alexander
Published: April 2020

The associations between couple members’ personality and their relationship satisfaction can be conceptualized as reciprocal transactions. To better understand these transactions, we focused on both partners’ interpersonal vulnerabilities (i.e. neuroticism, low self–esteem, and insecure attachment); daily emotional, cognitive, and behavioural relationship components (i.e. perceived responsiveness, positive expectations, and self–disclosure); and relationship satisfaction. Specifically, we examined whether the average levels and within–person variability of the relationship components mediated the transactions between interpersonal vulnerabilities and relationship satisfaction. Data came from 689 female–male couples aged 18 to 81 years who participated in three measurement occasions across 12 months, including a 14–day diary phase. We used mediated dyadic bivariate latent change score models to test the level–change and change–change transactions and mediations. The findings partly supported our hypotheses: Couple members with interpersonal vulnerabilities had lower average levels (but not higher within–person variability) of the relationship components, and less satisfied couple members had lower average levels and higher within–person variability of these components. The lower average levels but not the variability mediated between a lower level of relationship satisfaction and an increase in avoidant attachment. No other mediations were observed. We discuss the importance of studying daily relationship components for better understanding reciprocal transactions in couples. © 2020 European Association of Personality Psychology
Novel stretchable light‐emitting diodes based on conjugated‐rod block elastic‐coil copolymers
Authors: Jao Chih‐Chun , Chang Jia‐Rui , Ya Chia‐Yu , Chen Wei‐Cheng , Cho Chia‐Jung , Lin Ja‐Hon , Chiu Yu‐Cheng , Zhou Ye , Kuo Chi‐Ching
Published: April 2020

In this study, we successfully fabricated an intrinsically stretchable light‐emitting diode (LED) by using a new conjugated rod–coil block copolymer, poly[2,7‐(9,9‐dioctylfluorene)]‐block‐poly(isoprene) (PF‐b‐PI). ( PF conjugated rods and PI coils exhibited fluorescent and intrinsically stretchable properties, respectively. Copolymers with three different rod/coil ratios, namely PF18K‐b‐PI5K, PF12K‐b‐PI5K and PF12K‐b‐PI10K, were utilized for elastic LED demonstration. Notably, PF18K‐b‐PI5K and PF12K‐b‐PI5K LEDs can work under a strain of 140% because of suitable ratios of rod/coil lengths. Finally, a stretchable PF12K‐b‐PI5K LED was measured with a low voltage of 2 V and with a brightness of 70 cd m−2 at 10 V. This LED was subjected to 100 cycles of luminance–strain testing under 50% strain and it maintained a stable level of brightness. These results demonstrated that the luminescent PF12K‐b‐PI5K rod–coil block copolymers exhibit exceptional stretchability and high stability; these copolymers can be used in stretchable LEDs for a wide range of applications. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Workforce participation of Australian women with breast cancer
Authors: Lewis Joanne , Mackenzie Lynette , Black Deborah
Published: April 2020

Objective

International research suggests that many women do not return to their previous work after breast cancer. This study aimed to identify workforce participation patterns for Australian women with breast cancer and compare these to healthy aged matched women.

Methods

Using the 1946–1951 birth cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health, the work status of women was compared three years before and three years after their first reported breast cancer diagnosis. Latent class analysis was used to identify workforce participation patterns of women with breast cancer and healthy aged matched women. Multinomial logistic regression examined associations between work patterns and other risk factors.

Results

Pre and post breast cancer diagnosis work status data were available for 448 women with breast cancer between 1998 and 2010. Three years after diagnosis, 48% of full‐time workers returned to full‐time work but 52% returned to part time work or were not in paid work. Latent class analysis identified five classes. Women with breast cancer were more likely to be in the ‘mostly full‐time work’ and ‘mostly not in paid work’ classes compared to healthy women. Odds ratios showed that women in remote areas, partnered, with less education or with chronic health condition were more likely to be ‘not in paid work’.

Conclusion

Breast cancer has a negative impact on the workforce participation of Australian women. Women with breast cancer need support to return to work.
Ataluren/ivacaftor combination therapy: Two N‐of‐1 trials in cystic fibrosis patients with nonsense mutations
Authors: Peabody Lever Jacelyn E. , Mutyam Venkateshwar , Hathorne Heather Y. , Peng Ning , Sharma Jyoti , Edwards Lloyd J. , Rowe Steven M.
Published: April 2020

Premature termination codons (PTCs) in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) produce nonfunctional protein. No approved therapies exist for PTC mutations, including W1282X. We hypothesized that ivacaftor, combined with readthrough therapy, may benefit W1282X patients. Two N‐of‐1 clinical trials were conducted with ataluren and ivacaftor in various combinations. No meaningful clinical benefit was observed in either patient with ivacaftor alone or ataluren/ivacaftor combination. However, isolated improvements of uncertain significance were noted by a nasal potential difference (NPD) and FEV1% with ivacaftor in Patient‐1 and with ataluren/ivacaftor combination by NPD and body mass index in Patient‐2. Drug regimen composed of readthrough agents and potentiators warrant further development for W1282X and other CFTR nonsense mutations.
Characterization of CaMKIIα holoenzyme stability
Authors: Torres‐Ocampo Ana P. , Özden Can , Hommer Alexandra , Gardella Anne , Lapinskas Emily , Samkutty Alfred , Esposito Edward , Garman Scott C , Stratton Margaret M
Published: April 2020

Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a Ser/Thr kinase necessary for long‐term memory formation and other Ca2+‐dependent signaling cascades such as fertilization. Here, we investigated the stability of CaMKIIα using a combination of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X‐ray crystallography, and mass photometry (MP). The kinase domain has a low thermal stability (apparent Tm = 36°C), which is slightly stabilized by ATP/MgCl2 binding (apparent Tm = 40°C) and significantly stabilized by regulatory segment binding (apparent Tm = 60°C). We crystallized the kinase domain of CaMKII bound to p‐coumaric acid in the active site. This structure reveals solvent‐exposed hydrophobic residues in the substrate‐binding pocket, which are normally buried in the autoinhibited structure when the regulatory segment is present. This likely accounts for the large stabilization that we observe in DSC measurements comparing the kinase alone with the kinase plus regulatory segment. The hub domain alone is extremely stable (apparent Tm ~ 90°C), and the holoenzyme structure has multiple unfolding transitions ranging from ~60°C to 100°C. Using MP, we compared a CaMKIIα holoenzyme with different variable linker regions and determined that the dissociation of both these holoenzymes occurs at a higher concentration (is less stable) compared with the hub domain alone. We conclude that within the context of the holoenzyme structure, the kinase domain is stabilized, whereas the hub domain is destabilized. These data support a model where domains within the holoenzyme interact.
Challenges facing arthropod biological control: identifying traits for genetic improvement of predators in protected crops
Authors: Bielza Pablo , Balanza Virginia , Cifuentes Dina , Mendoza José E
Published: April 2020

Biological control is an efficient pest control method but there are still limitations that are hindering its wider adoption. Genetic improvement of biological control agents (BCAs) can help to overcome these constraints, but the choice of key attributes for better performance that need to be selected is still an open question. Several characteristics have been suggested but the harsh reality is that selective breeding of BCAs has received a lot of attention but resulted in very little progress. Identifying the appropriate traits to be prioritized may be the first step to reverse this situation. In our opinion, the best way is to look at the factors limiting the performance of key BCAs, especially generalist predators (pesticide compatibility, prey‐density dependence, non‐suitable crops, and extreme environmental conditions), and according to these challenges, to choose the attributes that would allow BCAs to overcome those limitations. The benefits of selection for higher resistance to toxins, whether artificially applied (pesticides) or plant produced (plant defenses); increased fitness when feeding on non‐prey food (supplemented or plant‐derived); and better adaptation to extreme temperature and humidity are discussed. In conclusion, genetic improvement of BCAs can bring about new opportunities to biocontrol industry and users to enhance biocontrol resilience. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Oviposition‐deterrent effect of linalool – a compound of citrus essential oils – on female Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Papanastasiou Stella A , Ioannou Charalampos S , Papadopoulos Nikos T
Published: April 2020

BACKGROUND

Linalool is a natural scent, found in essential oils (EOs) of several plants. It is widely used as a fragrant, also possessing toxic, oviposition‐deterrent and repellent properties against many insect species. Ceratitis capitata (medfly) is one of the most notorious insect pests for international fresh fruit production. Despite the available information on the repellent effects of EOs on herbivorous insects, possible oviposition‐deterrent effects of linalool against C. capitata remain unknown.

OBJECTIVES AND RESULTS

We tested whether different linalool concentrations, application methods on fruit hosts and time since application elicited oviposition‐deterrence on medfly, from bitter oranges, apples and nectarines, under constant laboratory conditions. We also tested possible repellent properties of linalool on adult medflies in field conditions. Females drilled fewer oviposition stings and deposited fewer eggs per fruit in all linalool‐treated hosts. Spraying and topical‐droplet application were the most efficient methods on bitter oranges, although spraying was the least effective method in apples. Bitter oranges and nectarines that were offered to females immediately post‐exposure to linalool received more oviposition stings and eggs than those offered 3 days post‐exposure to linalool solutions. Conversely, apples tested 3 days following linalool application received significantly more oviposition stings and eggs than those tested immediately and 1 day post‐exposure. More adults in total, and more females, were captured in traps located on untreated‐control than on linalool‐treated trees, especially in citrus hosts.

CONCLUSION

Linalool has a potential future use in environmentally friendly control strategies against C. capitata. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Uptake, translocation, and metabolism of glyphosate, glufosinate, and dicamba mixtures in Echinochloa crus‐galli and Amaranthus palmeri
Authors: Meyer Chris J , Peter Falco , Norsworthy Jason K , Beffa Roland
Published: April 2020

BACKGROUND

Echinochloa crus‐galli (L.) Beauv. and Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats are two common and problematic weeds prevalent across the Midsouth of the USA. Herbicide absorption, translocation, and metabolism were investigated as potential sources of herbicide antagonism on A. palmeri and E. crus‐galli using 14C‐labeled herbicides. Three 14C‐labeled herbicides, glyphosate, glufosinate, and dicamba, were utilized individually in separate experiments.

RESULTS

Uptake of 14C‐glyphosate in E. crus‐galli was 15% of the total applied radioactivity for glyphosate/glufosinate (897 + 595 g a.i./a.e. ha−1) compared to 25% for glyphosate alone. Similarly, uptake of 14C‐glyphosate in A. palmeri reduced by 10% when applied with glufosinate. Applying glyphosate/dicamba (897/560 g a.e. ha−1) reduced 14C‐glyphosate uptake in both species. In the 14C‐glufosinate experiment, both species absorbed less 14C‐glufosinate when mixed with glyphosate compared to glufosinate alone. No metabolic degradation of glyphosate was observed in either species. E. crus‐galli metabolized dicamba 23 times faster than A. palmeri. When glufosinate was applied with dicamba, metabolic degradation of 14C‐dicamba was limited in both species. For example, 99.9% of the applied radioactivity was recovered in A. palmeri as the parent compound when 14C‐glufosinate dicamba was applied with glufosinate, compared to 95.7% for dicamba alone.

CONCLUSION

These findings demonstrate absorption, translocation, or metabolism of dicamba, glufosinate, and glyphosate can be affected by mixing with another herbicide. As mixing two herbicides is often a critical component of resistance management, careful investigation into the performance of these mixtures in the field is needed. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
What Policies Advance Infants and Toddlers? Evidence to Inform State and Federal Options
Authors: Fuller Bruce , Bridges Margaret , Land Austin
Published: April 2020

A variety of civic actors—government, associations, and local agencies—work to help parents advance the vitality of our youngest children. Empirical findings accumulating over the past half‐century identify benefits for infants and toddlers stemming from three policy models: paid leave for parents after a newborn arrives; regular pediatric assessments, including home visiting; and quality caregivers situated in homes or centers. We review what is known about the effects of these policies, along with constituent elements of quality (mediators) that operate proximal to children's health, cognitive, and emotional growth. Much has been learned about how such collective action, carried out by local organizations, advance infant–toddler development. Methodological advances foster new knowledge: moving closer to causal inferences and pinpointing social mechanisms that enrich infant–toddler settings. Less well understood is how policy levers can move the malleable elements of program quality to raise the magnitude or sustainability of program effects. We note the benefits of income‐support efforts for fragile families, while urging new work on how economic dynamics touch the capacity of parents and caregivers to better nurture infants and toddlers.
Search‐based crash reproduction using behavioural model seeding
Authors: Derakhshanfar Pouria , Devroey Xavier , Perrouin Gilles , Zaidman Andy , van Deursen Arie
Published: April 2020

Search‐based crash reproduction approaches assist developers during debugging by generating a test case, which reproduces a crash given its stack trace. One of the fundamental steps of this approach is creating objects needed to trigger the crash. One way to overcome this limitation is seeding: using information about the application during the search process. With seeding, the existing usages of classes can be used in the search process to produce realistic sequences of method calls, which create the required objects. In this study, we introduce behavioural model seeding: a new seeding method that learns class usages from both the system under test and existing test cases. Learned usages are then synthesized in a behavioural model (state machine). Then, this model serves to guide the evolutionary process. To assess behavioural model seeding, we evaluate it against test seeding (the state‐of‐the‐art technique for seeding realistic objects) and no seeding (without seeding any class usage). For this evaluation, we use a benchmark of 122 hard‐to‐reproduce crashes stemming from six open‐source projects. Our results indicate that behavioural model seeding outperforms both test seeding and no seeding by a minimum of 6% without any notable negative impact on efficiency.
Shaking table model test of a mega‐frame with a vibration control substructure
Authors: Jiang Qing , Wang Han‐qin , Ye Xian‐guo , Chong Xun , Feng Yu‐long , Wang Jing , Yao Hua‐ting
Published: April 2020

A mega‐frame with a vibration control substructure (MFVCS) is a tuned mass damper system that converts substructures into a tuned mass. In this study, a kind of MFVCS using lead–rubber bearings (LRBs) to connect the vibration control substructure to the mega‐frame was proposed. To investigate the damping effect of this MFVCS, a series of shaking table tests were conducted, and the seismic responses of the MFVCS were compared with those of the traditional mega‐frame structure (TMFS). The results show that the seismic responses of the MFVCS are clearly smaller than those of the TMFS; additionally, the proposed MFVCS can provide a sufficient damping effect under different ground motions. Finite element (FE) models of the TMFS and MFVCS were established and validated by experimental results. Finally, the simulation results adopting different LRB models (equivalent linear and nonlinear elements) were compared, and the results indicate that simulation results can be obtained with greater accuracy from the FE model with a nonlinear LRB model than that with a linear LRB model.
Nail tip sensor: Toward reliable daylong monitoring of heart rate
Authors: Ishii Kohei , Hiraoka Nobuaki
Published: April 2020

A nail tip sensor that can provide long‐term vital data acquisition without uncomfortable wearing feel is described and discussed. Through 24 h continuous measurement under daily life environment, the proposed nail tip photoplethysmographic (PPG) sensor circuit works effectively and shows no deterioration in the quality of PPG waveform due to aging, peeling, flooding, or vibration. The waveform of measured pulse obtained from the nail tip PPG sensor is consistent with that from electrocardiograph (ECG), excluding the time when saturation or undershoot due to body motion artifact is dominant. Heart rates calculated from PPG and ECG pulse waves with simple algorithm are correlated with each other, and show circadian variation and respiratory variation. © 2020 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Assets of origin? Chinese multinational enterprises amidst the Belt and Road Initiative
Authors: Wang Liang , Yan Haifeng , Yang Xiaohua , Ciabuschi Francesco , Wei William X.
Published: April 2020

This article reviews the current literature on the implications of the Belt and Road (B&R) Initiative for Chinese multinational enterprises (CMNEs) and calls for further empirical investigations of the motivations, processes, and consequences of the expansion of CMNEs into B&R countries. We posit that the rapid expansion of CMNEs in these countries indicates assets, rather than liabilities, for the county of origin. Empirical studies in this special issue provide new insights into what is “Chinese” about Chinese foreign direct investment in B&R countries and how the “assets of origin” may play a role in CMNEs' expansion in B&R countries.
Ultrasound‐guided sciatic nerve block at the midthigh level in a porcine model: A descriptive study
Authors: Lee Mi Geum , Choi Sung Uk , Lim Jae Kwan , Lee Mee Ju , Hong Ji Su , Baek Mi Ok , Yoon Seung Zhoo , Park Hee Yeon , Shin Hyeon Ju
Published: April 2020

Background and Objective

There are a growing number of porcine models being used for orthopaedic experiments for human beings. Therefore, pain management of those research pigs using ultrasound (US)‐guided nerve block can be usefully performed. The aim of this study is to determine optimal US approaches for accessing and localizing the sciatic nerve at the midthigh level, a relevant block site for hindlimb surgery in female Yorkshire pigs.

Methods

As a first step, we dissected the intubated, blood‐washed out pigs (n = 3) and confirmed the anatomical position of the sciatic nerve at midthigh level. After dissection, we found the sciatic nerve, connected with nerve stimulator, and checked the dorsiflexion or plantar flexion of the hindlimb. We matched the sciatic nerve location with the US image. After the pigs were euthanized, the neural structures of the sciatic nerve were confirmed by histological examination with H&E staining. In second step, a main US‐guided sciatic nerve block study was done in the intubated, live pigs (n = 8) based on the above study.

Results

In lateral position, the effective US‐guided nerve block site was about 6 cm from the patella crease level; immediately proximal to the bifurcation of the sciatic nerve into the tibial nerve and common peroneal nerve. The distal femur was selected as the landmark. There were no vessels or other nerves surrounding the sciatic nerve. The needle‐tip was positioned less than 1 cm lateral from the distal femur and about 2 cm deep to skin. ‘Donut sign’ in US images was confirmed in all 16 nerves.

Conclusions

Midthigh level sciatic nerve is located superficially, which enables nerve block to be easily performed using US. This is the first study to describe midthigh sciatic nerve block in the lateral position under US guidance in a porcine model from a clinical perspective.
Zero or not? Causes and consequences of zero‐flow stream gage readings
Authors: Zimmer Margaret A. , Kaiser Kendra E. , Blaszczak Joanna R. , Zipper Samuel C. , Hammond John C. , Fritz Ken M. , Costigan Katie H. , Hosen Jacob , Godsey Sarah E. , Allen George H. , Kampf Stephanie , Burrows Ryan M. , Krabbenhoft Corey A. , Dodds Walter , Hale Rebecca , Olden Julian D. , Shanafield Margaret , DelVecchia Amanda G. , Ward Adam S. , Mims Meryl C. , Datry Thibault , Bogan Michael T. , Boersma Kate S. , Busch Michelle H. , Jones C. Nathan , Burgin Amy J. , Allen Daniel C.
Published: April 2020

Streamflow observations can be used to understand, predict, and contextualize hydrologic, ecological, and biogeochemical processes and conditions in streams. Stream gages are point measurements along rivers where streamflow is measured, and are often used to infer upstream watershed‐scale processes. When stream gages read zero, this may indicate that the stream has dried at this location; however, zero‐flow readings can also be caused by a wide range of other factors. Our ability to identify whether or not a zero‐flow gage reading indicates a dry fluvial system has far reaching environmental implications. Incorrect identification and interpretation by the data user can lead to inaccurate hydrologic, ecological, and/or biogeochemical predictions from models and analyses. Here, we describe several causes of zero‐flow gage readings: frozen surface water, flow reversals, instrument error, and natural or human‐driven upstream source losses or bypass flow. For these examples, we discuss the implications of zero‐flow interpretations. We also highlight additional methods for determining flow presence, including direct observations, statistical methods, and hydrologic models, which can be applied to interpret causes of zero‐flow gage readings and implications for reach‐ and watershed‐scale dynamics. Such efforts are necessary to improve our ability to understand and predict surface flow activation, cessation, and connectivity across river networks. Developing this integrated understanding of the wide range of possible meanings of zero‐flows will only attain greater importance in a more variable and changing hydrologic climate.

This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Methods

Science of Water > Hydrological Processes

Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and Awareness
Integral geometry of pairs of hyperplanes or lines
Authors: Hug Daniel , Schneider Rolf
Published: April 2020

Crofton’s formula of integral geometry evaluates the total motion invariant measure of the set of k-dimensional planes having nonempty intersection with a given convex body. This note deals with motion invariant measures on sets of pairs of hyperplanes or lines meeting a convex body. Particularly simple results are obtained if, and only if, the given body is of constant width in the first case, and of constant brightness in the second case.
Alteration of the late endocytic pathway in Charcot–Marie–Tooth type 2B disease
Authors: Romano Roberta , Rivellini Cristina , De Luca Maria , Tonlorenzi Rossana , Beli Raffaella , Manganelli Fiore , Nolano Maria , Santoro Lucio , Eskelinen Eeva-Liisa , Previtali Stefano C. , Bucci Cecilia
Published: April 2020

The small GTPase RAB7A regulates late stages of the endocytic pathway and plays specific roles in neurons, controlling neurotrophins trafficking and signaling, neurite outgrowth and neuronal migration. Mutations in the RAB7A gene cause the autosomal dominant Charcot–Marie–Tooth type 2B (CMT2B) disease, an axonal peripheral neuropathy. As several neurodegenerative diseases are caused by alterations of endocytosis, we investigated whether CMT2B-causing mutations correlate with changes in this process. To this purpose, we studied the endocytic pathway in skin fibroblasts from healthy and CMT2B individuals. We found higher expression of late endocytic proteins in CMT2B cells compared to control cells, as well as higher activity of cathepsins and higher receptor degradation activity. Consistently, we observed an increased number of lysosomes, accompanied by higher lysosomal degradative activity in CMT2B cells. Furthermore, we found increased migration and increased RAC1 and MMP-2 activation in CMT2B compared to control cells. To validate these data, we obtained sensory neurons from patient and control iPS cells, to confirm increased lysosomal protein expression and lysosomal activity in CMT2B-derived neurons. Altogether, these results demonstrate that in CMT2B patient-derived cells, the endocytic degradative pathway is altered, suggesting that higher lysosomal activity contributes to neurodegeneration occurring in CMT2B.