bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Electrophilic Chemistry of Thia‐PAHs: Stable Carbocations (NMR and DFT), S‐Alkylated Onium Salts, Model Electrophilic Substitutions (Nitration and Bromination), and Mutagenicity Assay.
Authors: Laali Kenneth K. , Chun Joong‐Hyun , Okazaki Takao , Kumar Subodh , Borosky Gabriela L. , Swartz Carol
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Transannular Rearrangement of Activated Lactams: Stereoselective Synthesis of Substituted Pyrrolidine‐2,4‐diones from Diketopiperazines.
Authors: Farran Daniel , Parrot Isabelle , Martinez Jean , Dewynter Georges
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Cyclocarbonylation for the Synthesis of Bicyclic 3‐Methylene‐1‐phthalimidoylbutyrolactams from Allene‐hydrazones Mediated by Mo(CO)6.
Authors: Kim Sang‐Hoon , Kang Eui Soo , Yu Chan‐Mo
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile One‐Pot Synthesis of 6‐Monosubstituted and 6,12‐Disubstituted 5,11‐Dihydroindolo[3,2‐b]carbazoles and Preparation of Various Functionalized Derivatives.
Authors: Gu Rong , Hameurlaine Ahmed , Dehaen Wim
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Kinesin Spindle Protein (KSP) Inhibitors. Part 6. Design and Synthesis of 3,5‐Diaryl‐4,5‐dihydropyrazole Amides as Potent Inhibitors of the Mitotic Kinesin KSP.
Authors: Coleman Paul J. , et al. et al.
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Benzoxazole‐2‐ones, Benzothiazole‐2‐ones and Their 2‐Thione Derivatives: Efficient Conversion of 2‐Thione to 2‐Oxo Derivatives.
Authors: Singh M. S. , Singh Pallavi , Singh Shweta
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: First Asymmetric Synthesis of trans‐3,4‐Dimethyl‐4‐arylpiperidines.
Authors: Furkert Daniel P. , Husbands Stephen M.
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Application of P‐Stereogenic Phosphines as Superior Reagents in the Asymmetric Aza‐Wittig Reaction.
Authors: Headley Catherine E. , Marsden Stephen P.
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Photo‐ and Thermochromic Spiranes. Part 29. New Photochromic Indolinospiropyrans Containing a Quinoline Fragment
Authors: Tkachev V. V. , Aldoshin S. M. , Sanina N. A. , Lukyanov B. S. , Minkin V. I. , Utenyshev A. N. , Khalanskiy K. N. , Alekseenko Yu. S.
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 4‐Hydroxy‐2‐quinolones. Part 114. Synthesis and Structure of 6‐R‐5‐Hydroxy‐2,4‐dioxo‐2,3,4,6‐tetrahydrobenzo[c] [2,7]naphthyridine‐1‐carbonitriles (IV).
Authors: Ukrainets I. V. , Bereznyakova N. L. , Parshikov V. A. , Shishkina S. V.
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 4‐Hydroxy‐2‐quinolones. Part 118. Synthesis, Structure, and Chemical Properties of 2‐Bromomethyl‐5‐oxo‐1,2‐dihydro‐5H‐oxazolo[3,2‐a]quinoline‐4‐carboxylic Acid and Its Ethyl Ester.
Authors: Ukrainets I. V. , Sidorenko L. V. , Gorokhova O. V. , Shishkina S. V. , Turov A. V.
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Pyridazine‐Based Scaffolds as α‐Helix Mimetics.
Authors: Volonterio Alessandro , Moisan Lionel , Rebek Julius Jr.
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and SAR of 2‐Aryl Pyrido[2,3‐d]pyrimidines as Potent mGlu5 Receptor Antagonists.
Authors: Wendt John A. , Deeter Susan D. , Bove Susan E. , Knauer Christopher S. , Brooker Rachel M. , Augelli‐Szafran Corinne E. , Schwarz Roy D. , Kinsora Jack J. , Kilgore Kenneth S.
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Heterocycles (h)‐Fused onto 4‐Oxoquinoline‐3‐carboxylic Acid. Part 3. Facile Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Model Heterocycles [a]‐Fused onto Pyrido[2,3‐f]quinoxaline‐3‐carboxylic Acids.
Authors: Shuheil Mohammad Y. Abu , Hassuneh Mona R. , Al‐Hiari Yusuf M. , Qaisi Ali M. , El‐Abadelah Mustafa M.
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Quinoxaline Based Thiazolidinones and Azetidinones.
Authors: Vyas D. A. , Chauhan N. A. , Parikh A. R.
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of New N‐Acylphenothiazinic Derivatives with Potential Activity in Chemotherapy.
Authors: Bacu Elena , Belei Dalila , Couture Axel , Grandclaudon Pierre
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyanide Ion Promoted Addition of Acyl Phosphonates to Ethyl Cyanoformate: Synthesis of Tertiary Carbinols via Tandem Carbon—Carbon Bond Formations.
Authors: Demir Ayhan S. , Reis Barbaros , Reis Oemer , Eymuer Serkan , Goellue Mehmet , Tural Servet , Saglam Gueluezar
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of Dehydroamino Acids and Dehydropeptides from O‐Cbz and O‐Eoc Derivatives of Serine and Threonine.
Authors: Ramesh Ramapanicker , De Kavita , Chandrasekaran Srinivasan
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Conformational Locking Through Allylic Strain as a Device for Stereocontrol — Total Synthesis of Grandisine A.
Authors: Maloney David J. , Danishefsky Samuel J.
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Aaptamines as Sortase A Inhibitors from the Tropical Sponge Aaptos aaptos.
Authors: Jang Kyoung Hwa , Chung Soon‐Chun , Shin Jongheon , Lee So‐Hyoung , Kim Tae‐Im , Lee Hyi‐Seung , Oh Ki‐Bong
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of the Hypervalent Iodine Reagent to the Synthesis of Some Pentasubstituted Aporphine Alkaloids.
Authors: Pingaew Ratchanok , Ruchirawat Somsak
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Stereocontrolled Entry to 3‐Functionalized cis‐3a‐Methyloctahydroindoles: Building Blocks for Daphniphyllum Alkaloid Synthesis.
Authors: Cordero‐Vargas Alejandro , Urbaneja Xavier , Bonjoch Josep
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural, Magnetic, Transport, and Electronic Properties of RNi4B and RNi4Al Compounds (R: Rare Earth)
Authors: ToliNski T.
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Bulk Growth of Gallium Nitride: Challenges and Difficulties
Authors: Bockowski M.
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Supramolecular Chemistry of Acyclic Oligopyrroles
Authors: Maeda Hiromitsu
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Coumarins from Phosphorus Ylides
Authors: Ramazani Ali
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Phase‐Transfer Catalysis in the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds
Authors: Koldobskii G. I.
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Anion Receptors with Glycoluril Molecular Scaffold
Authors: Kang Jongmin , In Sungjae , Cho Seung Joo
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Organoxenonium Salts: Synthesis by “Xenodeborylation”, Reactivities, and NMR Spectroscopic Properties
Authors: Frohn H.‐J. , Bardin V. V.
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Innovations in API Synthesis
Authors: Van Arnum Patricia
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cross‐Metathesis in the Synthesis of Bioactive Phosphonates
Authors: Agrofoglio Luigi A. , Kumamoto Hiroki , Roy Vincent
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: In vivo siRNA Delivery to Tumor Cells and Its Application to Cancer Gene Therapy
Authors: Takahashi Yuki , Nishikawa Makiya , Takakura Yoshinobu
Published: January 2008

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Comparison of the distributions of urocortin‐containing and cholinergic neurons in the perioculomotor midbrain of the cat and macaque
Authors: May Paul J. , Reiner Anton J. , Ryabinin Andrey E.
Published: January 2008

Urocortin is a novel neurotransmitter that appears to play a role in eating and drinking behavior. Most urocortin‐positive (urocortin+) neurons in rodents are found in the cytoarchitecturally defined Edinger‐Westphal nucleus (EW). However, the EW is traditionally described as the source of the preganglionic parasympathetic outflow to the ciliary ganglion. We examined the distribution of urocortin+ cells and motoneurons by use of immunohistochemical staining for this peptide and for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in macaque monkeys, in which most preganglionic motoneurons inhabit the EW, and in cats, in which most do not. In both species, lack of overt double labeling indicated that the ChAT+ and urocortin+ cells are separate populations. In the monkey, most nonoculomotor ChAT+ neurons were found within the EW. In contrast, urocortin+ cells were distributed mainly between the oculomotor nuclei and in the supraoculomotor area. In the cat, most nonoculomotor ChAT+ cells were located in the supraoculomotor area and anteromedian nucleus. Few were present in the cat EW. Instead, this nucleus was filled with urocortin+ cells. These results highlight the fact the term EW has come to indicate different nuclei in different species. Consequently, we have adopted the identifiers preganglionic (EWPG) and urocortin‐containing (EWU) to designate the cytoarchitecturally defined EW nuclei in monkeys and cats, respectively. Furthermore, we propose a new open‐ended nomenclature for the perioculomotor (pIII) cells groups that have distinctive projections and neurochemical signatures. This will allow more effective scientific discourse on the connections and function of groups such as the periculomotor urocortin (pIIIU) and preganglionic (pIIIPG) populations. J. Comp. Neurol. 507:1300–1316, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Calcitonin receptor‐like receptor (CLR), receptor activity‐modifying protein 1 (RAMP1), and calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity in the rat trigeminovascular system: Differences between peripheral and central CGRP receptor distribution
Authors: Lennerz Jochen K. , Rühle Victor , Ceppa Eugene P. , Neuhuber Winfried L. , Bunnett Nigel W. , Grady Eileen F. , Messlinger Karl
Published: January 2008

Calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) is a key mediator in primary headaches including migraine. Animal models of meningeal nociception demonstrate both peripheral and central CGRP effects; however, the target structures remain unclear. To study the distribution of CGRP receptors in the rat trigeminovascular system we used antibodies recognizing two components of the CGRP receptor, the calcitonin receptor‐like receptor (CLR) and the receptor activity‐modifying protein 1 (RAMP1). In the cranial dura mater, CLR and RAMP1 immunoreactivity (‐ir) was found within arterial blood vessels, mononuclear cells, and Schwann cells, but not sensory axons. In the trigeminal ganglion, besides Schwann and satellite cells, CLR‐ and RAMP1‐ir was found in subpopulations of CGRP‐ir neurons where colocalization of CGRP‐ and RAMP1‐ir was very rare (≈0.6%). CLR‐ and RAMP1‐ir was present on central, but not peripheral, axons. In the spinal trigeminal nucleus, CLR‐ and RAMP1‐ir was localized to “glomerular structures,” partly colocalized with CGRP‐ir. However, CLR‐ and RAMP1‐ir was lacking in central glia and neuronal cell bodies. We conclude that CGRP receptors are associated with structural targets of known CGRP effects (vasodilation, mast cell degranulation) and targets of unknown function (Schwann cells). In the spinal trigeminal nucleus, CGRP receptors are probably located on neuronal processes, including primary afferent endings, suggesting involvement in presynaptic regulation of nociceptive transmission. Thus, in the trigeminovascular system CGRP receptor localization suggests multiple targets for CGRP in the pathogenesis of primary headaches. J. Comp. Neurol. 507:1277–1299, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Numerical simulation on operation of closed‐loop experimental facility with subsonic MHD generator
Authors: Takana Hidemasa , Okuno Yoshihiro , Yamasaki Hiroyuki
Published: January 2008

The operating characteristics and operation procedure of the closed‐loop experimental facility under subsonic power generation have been investigated by means of time‐dependent quasi‐one‐dimensional numerical simulations. Two ways of operation for subsonic power generation were found: (1) subsonic operation both under nonpower and power generation and (2) supersonic operation under nonpower generation and subsonic operation under power generation. For operation (1), Mach number at channel inlet decreases to ∼0.6, therefore it is required to generate plasma under this Mach number. On the other hand, if the plasma cannot be generated, operation (2) needs to be carried out. In this case, a shock wave appears in the generator channel, then the influence of a large pressure change and a vibration caused by a shock wave in the generator channel needs to be considered. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 163(1): 25–33, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20399
Position sensorless control for ultrasonic motors based on input voltage information
Authors: Senjyu Tomonobu , Yoshida Tomohiro , Nakamura Mitsuru , Urasaki Naomitsu , Funabashi Toshihisa , Sekine Hideomi
Published: January 2008

This paper presents a method of position sensorless control of ultrasonic motors (USM). The position sensorless control method is useful for reducing the cost and size of drive system. The position estimation method is based on the input voltage information of the ultrasonic motor. The characteristic of input voltage versus rotor position is expressed by a quadratic function which is used to estimate a rotor position based on input voltage information. This estimation method, which uses only the drive voltage of the ultrasonic motor, is a very simple algorithm and shows good estimation ability. The parameters of the quadratic function are adjusted by using the recursive least squares method and are obtained on‐line. Since it can correspond to parameter change, the estimated rotor position shows good agreement with the measured rotor position against load torque and motor temperature changes. Sensorless position control is achieved by using the estimated rotor position instead of the measured rotor position. The validity of the proposed method is confirmed by experimental results. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 163(1): 57–64, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20626
Monitoring gasoline blending rates for compliance
Authors: Gill Ryan S. , Keating Jerome P.
Published: January 2008

We consider the problem of obtaining a confidence region for the blending coefficient in the blended underground storage tank (UST) leak model. Under this model, the blending coefficient estimator is a ratio of two correlated normal random variables. Fieller's method provides a simple way of obtaining limits with exact coverage probability. This confidence interval can be inverted to test the hypothesis that the advertised blending ratio is correct. This method is applied to the Cary blended site data, and several variations are included to account for outliers and a change point. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hedging under counterparty credit uncertainty
Authors: Mahul Olivier , David Cummins J.
Published: January 2008

This study investigates optimal production and hedging decisions for firms facing price risk that can be hedged with vulnerable contracts, i.e., exposed to nonhedgeable endogenous counterparty credit risk. When vulnerable forward contracts are the only hedging instruments available, the firm's optimal level of production is lower than without credit risk. Under plausible conditions on the stochastic dependence between the commodity price and the counterparty's assets, the firm does not sell its entire production on the vulnerable forward market. When options on forward contracts are also available, the optimal hedging strategy requires a long put position. This provides a new rationale for the hedging role of options in the over‐the‐counter markets exposed to counterparty credit risk. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 28: 248–263, 2008
In vitro neuronal and glial differentiation from embryonic or adult neural precursor cells are differently affected by chronic or acute activation of microglia
Authors: Cacci Emanuele , Ajmone‐Cat Maria Antonietta , Anelli Tonino , Biagioni Stefano , Minghetti Luisa
Published: January 2008

The contribution of microglia to the modulation of neurogenesis under pathological conditions is unclear. Both pro‐ and anti‐neurogenic effects have been reported, likely reflecting the complexity of microglial activation process. We previously demonstrated that prolonged (72 hr) in vitro exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endows microglia with a potentially neuroprotective phenotype, here referred as to “chronic”. In the present study we further characterized the chronic phenotype and investigated whether it might differently regulate the properties of embryonic and adult neural precursor cells (NPC) with respect to the “acute” phenotype acquired following a single (24 hr) LPS stimulation. We show that the LPS‐dependent induction of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α was strongly reduced after chronic stimulation of microglia, as compared with acute stimulation. Conversely, the synthesis of the anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐10 and the immunomodulatory prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was still elevated or further increased, after chronic LPS exposure, as revealed by real time PCR and ELISA techniques. Acutely activated microglia, or their conditioned medium, reduced NPC survival, prevented neuronal differentiation and strongly increased glial differentiation, likely through the release of proinflammatory cytokines, whereas chronically activated microglia were permissive to neuronal differentiation and cell survival, and still supported glial differentiation. Our data suggest that, in a chronically altered environment, persistently activated microglia can display protective functions that favor rather than hinder brain repair processes. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Factors affecting rainfall interception determined by a forest simulator and numerical model
Authors: Toba T. , Ohta T.
Published: January 2008

To elucidate the factors involved in interception loss, we conducted experiments in which we measured environmental variables such as rainfall intensity, forest structure, and weather conditions. An artificial forest consisting of 24 vinyl trees was used to examine the influences of forest structure and rainfall conditions on interception loss. The interception rate was higher at higher plant area index (PAI) values and wind speeds and lower with greater rainfall intensity.

We confirmed the factors affecting interception loss by using an interception model based on the tank model. The artificial forest simulations provide new evidence that interception loss is influenced by the PAI, rainfall intensity, saturation deficit, and wind speed. The effect of the saturation deficit on the interception rate was unclear from the experimental results, but the single‐tank model revealed that wind speed strongly influences the effects of the saturation deficit on interception loss. Thus, whereas interception loss was not significantly affected by the saturation deficit at low wind speeds, it increased significantly with the saturation deficit under windy conditions. The model simulation also showed the sensitivity of each factor with regard to the interception rate. The sensitivity of rainfall intensity decreased as the PAI increased, and the sensitivity of the saturation deficit increased as the wind speed increased.

The experiments and model calculations clarified the main elements affecting interception loss and their sensitivities. Compared with previous studies on interception loss, this study revealed a positive relationship between the PAI and interception loss, a negative exponential relationship with rainfall intensity, and the effects of the saturation deficit on interception loss. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The possible role of factor H in colon cancer resistance to complement attack
Authors: Wilczek Ewa , Rzepko Robert , Nowis Dominika , Legat Magdalena , Golab Jakub , Glab Marta , Gorlewicz Adam , Konopacki Filip , Mazurkiewicz Michal , Sladowski Dariusz , Gornicka Barbara , Wasiutynski Aleksander , Wilczynski Grzegorz M.
Published: January 2008

A soluble complement inhibitor factor H (FH) and its splice variant factor H‐like protein (FHL) have been recently discovered to play a major role in malignant cell escape from complement‐mediated cytotoxicity in lung‐, ovarian‐ and glia‐derived neoplasms. The role of FH in colon cancer has not yet been examined. Here, we studied immunocytochemically FH/FHL expression in tumor samples derived from 40 patients, with both primary colon adenocarcinoma and metastatic foci in the liver. FH/FHL immunoreactivity was present in stroma of both primary and metastatic tumors, in virtually all patients. The cellular immunoreactivity was observed infrequently. Importantly, when analyzed quantitatively, FH/FHL immunoreactivity was significantly increased in liver metastases when compared with the primary sites. In addition, we have analyzed FH and FHL expression in 5 colon cancer cell lines: SW480, SW620, HCT116, HT‐29 and Lovo. FH mRNA and FH secretion were observed in SW620 and HT‐29 cells, whereas FHL was produced only by HT‐29 cell‐line. By confocal and electron microscopy, FH immunoreactivity was associated with the plasma membrane and intracellular vesicular structures. Finally, we have analyzed the role of FH in the susceptibility of SW620 colon cancer cells to complement‐mediated damage. When FH function was blocked, using specific antibody, the cells became more susceptible to lysis. Taken together, our results suggest an important role of FH/FHL in colon cancer cells defense against complement‐mediated cytotoxicity, and in metastatic process. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Plac1 is a tumor‐specific antigen capable of eliciting spontaneous antibody responses in human cancer patients
Authors: Dong Xue‐Yuan , Peng Ji‐Run , Ye Ying‐Jiang , Chen Hong‐Song , Zhang Li‐Jie , Pang Xue‐Wen , Li Yan , Zhang Yu , Wang Shan , Fant Michael E. , Yin Yan‐Hui , Chen Wei‐Feng
Published: January 2008

Immunoselection and tumor evasion constitutes one of the major obstacles in cancer immunotherapy. A potential solution to this problem is the development of polyvalent vaccines, and the identification of more tumor‐specific antigens is a prerequisite for the development of cancer vaccines. To identify novel tumor‐specific antigens, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was performed to isolate genes differentially expressed in human hepatocellular cancer (HCC) tissues. PLAC1 (PLACenta‐specific 1) was one of the genes identified highly expressed in HCC tissues but not in paired noncancerous tissues. Further analyses revealed its expression in several other types of cancer tissues as well as tumor cell lines, but not in normal tissues except for placenta. Among HCC samples tested, 32% (22/69) showed PLAC1 mRNA expression while the protein was detected in 23.3% (7/30). A serological survey revealed that 3.8% (4/101) of HCC patients had anti‐PLAC1 antibody response, suggesting the immunogenicity of PLAC1 in HCC patients. PLAC1 represents a new class of tumor associated antigen with restricted expression in placenta and cancer tissues, that may serve as a target for cancer vaccination. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Highly versatile confocal microscopy system based on a tunable femtosecond Er:fiber source
Authors: Träutlein D. , Adler F. , Moutzouris K. , Jeromin A. , Leitenstorfer A. , Ferrando‐May E.
Published: January 2008

The performance of a confocal microscopy setup based on a single femtosecond fiber system is explored over a broad range of pump wavelengths for both linear and nonlinear imaging techniques. First, the benefits of a laser source in linear fluorescence excitation that is continuously tunable over most of the visible spectrum are demonstrated. The influences of subpicosecond pulse durations on the bleaching behavior of typical fluorophores are discussed. We then utilize the tunable near‐infrared output of the femtosecond system in connection with a specially designed prism compressor for dispersion control. Pulses as short as 33 fs are measured in the confocal region. As a consequence, 2 mW of average power are sufficient for two‐photon microscopy in an organotypic sample from the mouse brain. This result shows great prospect for deep‐tissue imaging in the optimum transparency window around 1100 nm. In a third experiment, we prove that our compact setup is powerful enough to exploit even higher‐order nonlinearities such as three‐photon absorption that we use to induce spatially localized photodamage in DNA. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
pH‐induced conformation changes of adsorbed vitronectin maximize its bovine aortic endothelial cell binding ability
Authors: Bernards Matthew T. , Jiang Shaoyi
Published: January 2008

Vitronectin (VN) is an important matricellular protein that plays a role in cell adhesion, cell migration, wound healing, and inflammation. VN is present in both serum and plasma and studies have shown that it has significant surface enrichment on implanted biomaterials as compared to other proteins present in plasma. Previously, charged self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) have been shown to influence the orientation and conformation of adsorbed proteins and their subsequent bioactivity. In addition, numerous studies have shown that the conformation of VN plays a critical role in its bioactive properties. In this study, both the orientation and conformation of adsorbed VN are systematically studied to determine which of these has the greater influence on its cell binding ability. Atomic force microscopy was used to qualitatively asses the adsorbed amount of VN on positively and negatively charged SAMs both before and after conformation changes induced by pH. Cell adhesion assays were then performed to compare the bovine aortic endothelial cell (BAEC) binding ability of VN in three different conformations on positively and negatively charged surfaces. The results indicate that conformation, not orientation, plays the more important role in the BAEC adhesion properties of VN. In addition, the cell binding properties of VN were maximized when the protein is in the conformation imparted to it by acidic conditions. This indicates that the bioactivity of VN is maximized when in its conformation typical of an acidic wound healing environment, emphasizing the biological relevance of this protein for cell binding under these natural biological conditions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
A mathematical model for predicting drug release from a biodurable drug‐eluting stent coating
Authors: Hossainy Syed , Prabhu Santosh
Published: January 2008

Drug‐eluting stents (DESs) are drug–device combination products that have been commercialized and demonstrated to be safe and efficacious in treating coronary artery disease. They have been very effective in reducing the extent of neointimal hyperplasia and therefore in preventing or minimizing the occurrence of in‐stent restenosis. In order to develop a successful DES, it is imperative that the coating be designed so as to deliver, after stent implantation, a therapeutic dose of the drug for the desired time duration at the site of the arterial blockage. Mathematical models are very valuable tools that can be used to study the effect of different coating parameters on drug delivery and can therefore help in coating design. We have developed a bimodal lumped‐parameter mass transport model to describe the release of the drug everolimus from a biodurable fluoropolymer‐based DES coating. We assume that the dispersed drug phase contributes to two discrete modes of drug transport through the coating. These are the fast mode (mode I) which is the release of the drug from a highly percolated structure of drug phase within the polymer, and the slow mode (mode II) which is the release of the drug from a nonpercolated, polymer‐encapsulated phase of the drug within the coating. The three coefficients in the governing equations describing the model, i.e. the two effective diffusivities corresponding to each of the two modes and the fraction of the drug in one of the two modes, were determined by fitting with available DES release data. The predictive power of the model is demonstrated by comparing the release rate from different coating configurations (thickness and drug to polymer ratios) with experimental data. Also, it is demonstrated that if limited experimental data are available at early time points, the model can be used to predict drug release at subsequent time points. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Chemical strengthening of a dental lithium disilicate glass–ceramic material
Authors: Fischer Horst , De Souza Roger A. , Wätjen Anja M. , Richter Silvia , Edelhoff Daniel , Mayer Joachim , Martin Manfred , Telle Rainer
Published: January 2008

Chemical strengthening of dental ceramics by ion exchange has hitherto only been confirmed for feldspathic porcelains. The objective of this study was to examine whether the strength of lithium disilicate glass–ceramics can be increased by ion exchange as well. A lithium disilicate glass–ceramic material was treated in different molten salts. The concentration gradients of the relevant ions in the surface layer were investigated by means of electron probe microanalysis and secondary ion mass spectroscopy. Characteristic strength and Weibull modulus data were determined. An increase in strength of 25% was achieved by treatment in potassium nitrate. The chemical analyses revealed that the increase in strength resulted from an exchange of potassium for lithium ions. We conclude that ion‐exchange treatments can increase the strength of lithium disilicate glass–ceramics. The improved material could be used for highly stressed applications, such as posterior crowns or inlay‐retained bridges, with higher mechanical reliability. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
High concentration of residual aluminum oxide on titanium surface inhibits extracellular matrix mineralization
Authors: Canabarro A. , Diniz M. G. , Paciornik S. , Carvalho L. , Sampaio E. M. , Beloti M. M. , Rosa A. L. , Fischer R. G.
Published: January 2008

In the present study we characterized titanium (Ti) surfaces submitted to different treatments and evaluated the response of osteoblasts derived from human alveolar bone to these surfaces. Five different surfaces were evaluated: ground (G), ground and chemical etched (G1‐HF for 60 s), sand blasted (SB‐Al2O3 particles 65 μm), sand blasted and chemical etched (SLA1‐HF for 60 s and SLA2‐HF for 13 s). Surface morphology was evaluated under SEM and roughness parameters by contact scanning instrument. The presence of Al2O3 was detected by EDS and the amount calculated by digital analyses. Osteoblasts were cultured on these surfaces and it was evaluated: cell adhesion, proliferation, and viability, alkaline phosphatase activity, total protein content, and matrix mineralization formation. Physical and chemical treatments produced very different surface morphologies. Al2O3 residues were detected on SB and SLA2 surfaces. Only matrix mineralization formation was affected by different surface treatments, being increased on rough surface (SLA1) and reduced on surface with high amount of Al2O3 residues (SB). On the basis of these findings, it is possible to conclude that high concentration of residual Al2O3 negatively interfere with the process of matrix mineralization formation in contact with Ti implant surfaces. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Repositioning of ETO gene in cells treated with VP‐16, an inhibitor of DNA‐Topoisomerase II
Authors: Rubtsov Mikhail A. , Terekhov Sergey M. , Razin Sergey V. , Iarovaia Olga V.
Published: January 2008

The translocation t(8;21)(q22;q22) affecting AML1 and ETO genes is known to be one of the frequent chromosome translocations in acute myeloid leukemia. But no data have been available up to date concerning mutual positioning of these particular genes in the nucleus of a living cell as well as the mechanism of their rapprochement and realignment. Here we show that there is no proximity between these two genes in the primary nuclei of normal human male fibroblasts and moreover that these genes are located in different nuclear layers. But we further show that treatment of cells with VP‐16 (etoposide), an inhibitor of DNA topoisomerase II widely used in anticancer chemotherapy, causes the ETO gene repositioning which allows AML1 and ETO genes to be localized in the same nuclear layer. Inhibitor studies demonstrate that such an effect is likely to be connected with the formation of stalled cleavable complexes on DNA. Finally, inhibition of ETO gene repositioning by 2,3‐butanedione monoxime (BDM) suggests that this process depends on nuclear myosin. Together, our data corroborate the so called “breakage first” model of the origins of recurrent reciprocal translocation. J. Cell. Biochem. 104: 692–699, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accuracy of T1 measurement with 3‐D Look‐Locker technique for dGEMRIC
Authors: Li Wei , Scheidegger Rachel , Wu Ying , Vu Anthony , Prasad Pottumarthi V.
Published: January 2008

Purpose

To validate the accuracy of T1 measurement by three‐dimensional Look‐Locker method (3D LL) for delayed gadolinium‐enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC) of human subjects with and without osteoarthritis (OA), as compared with two‐dimensional inversion recovery fast spin‐echo (2D IR‐FSE) technique.

Materials and Methods

MR sagittal images of the knees were acquired for T1 mapping in 29 subjects with standard 2D IR‐FSE and 3D LL sequences 90–135 min following administration of 0.2 mmol/kg Gd‐DTPA2−. T1 maps of femoral and tibial cartilage were generated using custom software. Comparisons in T1 values between the two techniques were performed using regression analysis.

Results

Good agreement in T1 values between 2D IR‐FSE and 3D LL was observed (R values of 0.90, and 0.85, and 0.86 for all, OA, and control subjects, respectively) when acquired within 15 min.

Conclusion

The 3D LL sequence provides accurate T1 estimates of articular cartilage with advantages of entire joint coverage, shorter acquisition time, and a wide range of inversion times sampled within a single acquisition. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Akt activation is involved in P2Y12 receptor‐mediated chemotaxis of microglia
Authors: Irino Yasuhiro , Nakamura Yasuko , Inoue Kazuhide , Kohsaka Shinichi , Ohsawa Keiko
Published: January 2008

Microglia play a variety of significant roles in the central nervous system (CNS), and in one of those roles they undergo morphological change in response to neural injury and migrate to the injured region. We previously reported that ATP/ADP promotes microglial chemotaxis via the Gi/o‐coupled P2Y12 receptor; however, the intracellular signaling underlying P2Y12‐receptor‐mediated microglial chemotaxis is not fully understood. In this study, we examined the role of phospholipase C (PLC) and calcium signaling in ADP‐induced microglial chemotaxis. A PLC inhibitor, U73122, significantly suppressed the chemotaxis and completely blocked the ADP‐evoked intracellular calcium response, and a calcium chelator, BAPTA‐AM, inhibited the chemotaxis. These results indicate that ADP‐induced microglial chemotaxis is regulated by a PLC‐mediated calcium pathway. ADP stimulation induced Akt phosphorylation in microglia, and the phosphorylation was inhibited by a P2Y12 receptor antagonist, AR‐C69931MX. The Akt phosphorylation was blocked by U73122 and BAPTA‐AM as well as by a phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, wortmannin, and inhibition of the Akt activation resulted in failure of chemotaxis. These results indicate that Akt activation is dependent on the PI3K pathway and a PLC‐mediated increase in intracellular calcium and suggest that Akt activation is involved in ADP‐induced microglial chemotaxis. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
El Niño and Indian Ocean influences on Indonesian drought: implications for forecasting rainfall and crop productivity
Authors: D'Arrigo Rosanne , Wilson Rob
Published: January 2008

Indonesia is impacted by severe droughts that cause major food shortages over much of the country, and have long been linked with El Niño events in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Despite seasonal forecasts based on relatively complex climate models, the 1997–1998 ‘El Niño of the century’ was still followed by huge shortfalls in crop production (e.g. a loss of 3 million tons of rice in Java alone), reflecting the large gap that can exist between these forecasts and their actual utilization in agricultural planning. Alternatively, simple predictive models of rainfall and crop yields for Indonesia and other Indian Ocean rim countries have utilized an index of equatorial Pacific sea surface temperatures (Niño‐3.4 SST), and related this index directly to indices of rainfall and crop productivity. However, these latter models have not included climatic information from the Indian Ocean, also implicated as a likely cause of drought in western Indonesia. Here we show that an index of Indian Ocean SSTs, when combined with the previously utilized Niño‐3.4 SSTs, provides a significantly more accurate model of Sept‐Dec drought (PDSI) over Java, Indonesia, than Niño‐3.4 SSTs alone (ar2 64.5% vs 37.9%). Based solely on data for the month of August, this model provides the best tradeoff between model skill and adequate lead time for the Sept‐Dec rice planting season. Such simple models can be used to generate readily usable early warning forecasts of drought and crop failure risk in Indonesia, particularly in the western part of the country that is most influenced by Indian Ocean climate variability. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
GM food and neophobia: connecting with the gatekeepers of consumer choice
Authors: Knight John G , Holdsworth David K , Mather Damien W
Published: January 2008

Resistance to importation of genetically modified (GM) foods in rich countries has deterred governments in many food‐exporting countries from approving the planting of GM food crops for fear of damaging export markets for conventional food. Apart from governments that have actively imposed barriers to entry, another level of resistance can arise from food distribution channel members deciding not to import foods which they believe consumers in their markets will not want. GM foods fall in this category in some markets, particularly in Europe. In China and India, the two most populous consumer markets, pragmatic considerations appear likely to overcome neophobia regarding this technology, provided that benefits are adequately communicated to consumers. Choice‐modelling experiments show that the same may well be true in Europe. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry