bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Petrology of the northern Yukon intrusive suite
Authors: Burwash R A
Published: April 2014

A wide variety of nonrenewable commodities of economic interest to mining and oil companies occurs in northern Yukon Territory and western District of Mackenzie. They range from coal, iron, uranium, lead and zinc in the mountainous southern part of the area, to
oil and gas in the Eagle Plain, placer gold in the Yukon Coastal Lowland, construction materials in the Northern Interior Platform, and oil and gas in the Mackenzie Delta and the continental shelf of southern Beaufort Sea. Of singular importance are the enormous tonnages of phosphatic iron in the
northwestern Mackenzie Mountains, the very large tonnages of subbituminous to high volatile bituminous coal nearby in the Bonnet Plume Basin, and the numerous discoveries of oil and gas on the continental shelf. Although the resource potential of many of these commodities is reasonably well known,
only the construction materials have been exploited commercially. The region remains a storehouse of economic minerals and hydrocarbons for Canada's future.
Overfeeding Dairy Cattle during Late-Pregnancy Alters Hepatic PPARα-Regulated Pathways Including Hepatokines: Impact on Metabolism and Peripheral Insulin Sensitivity
Authors: Khan M. Jawad , Jacometo Carolina B. , Graugnard Daniel E. , Corrêa Marcio N. , Schmitt Eduardo , Cardoso Felipe , Loor Juan J.
Published: April 2014

Hepatic metabolic gene networks were studied in dairy cattle fed control (CON, 1.34 Mcal/kg) or higher energy (overfed (OVE), 1.62 Mcal/kg) diets during the last 45 days of pregnancy. A total of 57 target genes encompassing PPARα-targets/co-regulators, hepatokines, growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) axis, lipogenesis, and lipoprotein metabolism were evaluated on −14, 7, 14, and 30 days around parturition. OVE versus CON cows were in more negative energy balance (NEB) postpartum and had greater serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), and liver triacylglycerol (TAG) concentrations. Milk synthesis rate did not differ. Liver from OVE cows responded to postpartal NEB by upregulating expression of PPARα-targets in the fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis pathways, along with gluconeogenic genes. Hepatokines (fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), angiopoietin-like 4 (ANGPTL4)) and apolipoprotein A-V (APOA5) were up-regulated postpartum to a greater extent in OVE than CON. OVE led to greater blood insulin prepartum, lower NEFA:insulin, and greater lipogenic gene expression suggesting insulin sensitivity was not impaired. A lack of change in APOB, MTTP, and PNPLA3 coupled with upregulation of PLIN2 postpartum in cows fed OVE contributed to TAG accumulation. Postpartal responses in NEFA and FGF21 with OVE support a role of this hepatokine in diminishing adipose insulin sensitivity.
Obesity Prevention from Conception: A Workshop to Guide the Development of a Pan-Canadian Trial Targeting the Gestational Period
Authors: Adamo Kristi B. , Shen Garry X. , Mottola Michelle , Nascimento Simony , Jean-Philippe Sonia , Ferraro Zachary M. , Nerenberg Kara , Smith Graeme , Ohari Radha , Gaudet Laura , Piccinini-Vallis Helena , McDonald Sarah , Atkinson Stephanie , Godbout Ariane , Robitaille Julie , Davidge Sandra T. , Gruslin Andrée , Prud'homme Denis , Stacey Dawn , Rossiter Melissa , Goldfield Gary S. , Dodd Jodie
Published: April 2014

This report summarizes a meeting, Obesity Prevention from Conception, held in Ottawa in 2012. This planning workshop was funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) to bring together researchers with expertise in the area of maternal obesity (OB) and weight gain in pregnancy and pregnancy-related disease to attend a one-day workshop and symposium to discuss the development of a cross-Canada lifestyle intervention trial for targeting pregnant women. This future intervention will aim to reduce downstream OB in children through encouraging appropriate weight gain during the mother's pregnancy. The workshop served to (i) inform the development of a lifestyle intervention for women with a high pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), (ii) identify site investigators across Canada, and (iii) guide the development of a grant proposal focusing on the health of mom and baby. A brief summary of the presentations as well as the focus groups is presented for use in planning future research.
Revisiting the Monoamine Hypothesis of Depression: A New Perspective
Authors: Goldberg Joel S. , Bell Clifton E. , Pollard David A.
Published: April 2014

As the incidence of depression increases, depression continues to inflict additional suffering to individuals and societies and better therapies are needed. Based on magnetic resonance spectroscopy and laboratory findings, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) may be intimately involved in the pathophysiology of depression. The isoelectric point of GABA (pI = 7.3) closely approximates the pH of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). This may not be a trivial observation as it may explain preliminary spectrophotometric, enzymatic, and HPLC data that monoamine oxidase (MAO) deaminates GABA. Although MAO is known to deaminate substrates such as catecholamines, indoleamines, and long chain aliphatic amines all of which contain a lipophilic moiety, there is very good evidence to predict that a low concentration of a very lipophilic microspecies of GABA is present when GABA pI = pH as in the CSF. Inhibiting deamination of this microspecies of GABA could explain the well-established successful treatment of refractory depression with MAO inhibitors (MAOI) when other antidepressants that target exclusively levels of monoamines fail. If further experimental work can confirm these preliminary findings, physicians may consider revisiting the use of MAOI for the treatment of non-intractable depression because the potential benefits of increasing GABA as well as the monoamines may outweigh the risks associated with MAOI therapy.
Long term trends in aerosol optical characteristics in the Po Valley (IT)
Authors: Putaud J. P. , Cavalli F. , Martins dos Santos S. , Dell'Acqua A.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Aerosols properties have been monitored by ground-based in situ and remote sensing measurements at the station for atmospheric research located in Ispra on the edge of the Po Valley for almost one decade. In-situ measurements are performed according to Global Atmosphere Watch recommendations, and quality is assured through the participation in regular inter-laboratory comparisons. Sunphotometer data are produced by AERONET. Data show significant decreasing trends over 2004–2010 for a number of variables including particulate matter (PM) mass concentration, aerosol scattering, backscattering and absorption coefficients, and aerosol optical thickness (AOT). In-situ measurement data show no significant trend in the aerosol backscatter ratio, but a significant decreasing trend of about −0.7 ± 0.3% in the aerosol single scattering albedo in the visible light range. Similar trends are observed in the aerosol single scattering albedo retrieved from sunphotometer measurements. Correlations appear between in situ PM mass concentration and aerosol scattering coefficient on the one hand, and elemental carbon (EC) and aerosol absorption coefficient on the other hand, however, no increase in the EC / PM ratio was observed, which could have explained the decrease in SSA. The application of a simple approximation to calculate the direct radiative forcing by aerosols suggests a significant diminution in their cooling effect, mainly due to the decrease in AOT. Applying the methodology we present to those sites where the necessary suite of measurements is available would provide important information to inform future policies for air quality enhancement and fast climate change mitigation.
Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and HR-ToF-AMS measurements at a coastal site in Hong Kong: size-resolved CCN activity and closure analysis
Authors: Meng J. W. , Yeung M. C. , Li Y. J. , Lee B. Y. L. , Chan C. K.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. The cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) properties of atmospheric aerosols were measured on 1–30 May 2011 at a coastal site in Hong Kong. Size-resolved CCN activation curves, the ratio of number concentration of CCN (NCCN) to aerosol concentration (NCN) as a function of particle size, were obtained at supersaturation (SS) = 0.15%, 0.35%, 0.50%, and 0.70% using a DMT CCN counter (CCNc) and a TSI scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). The mean bulk size-integrated NCCN ranged from ∼500 cm−3 at SS = 0.15% to ∼2100 cm−3 at SS = 0.70%, and the mean bulk NCCN / NCN ratio ranged from 0.16 at SS = 0.15% to 0.65 at SS = 0.70%. The average critical mobility diameters (D50) at SS = 0.15%, 0.35%, 0.50%, and 0.70% were 116 nm, 67 nm, 56 nm, and 46 nm, respectively. The corresponding average hygroscopic parameters (κCCN) were 0.39, 0.36, 0.31, and 0.28. The decrease in κCCN can be attributed to the increase in organic to inorganic volume ratio as particle size decreases, as measured by an Aerodyne high resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). The κCCN correlates reasonably well with κAMS based on size-resolved AMS measurements: κAMS = κorg × forg + κinorg × finorg, where forg and finorg are the organic and inorganic volume fractions, respectively, κorg = 0.1 and κinorg = 0.6, with a R2 of 0.51. In closure analysis, NCCN was estimated by integrating the measured size-resolved NCN for particles larger than D50 derived from κ assuming internal mixing state. Estimates using κAMS from size-resolved AMS measurements show that the measured and predicted NCCN were generally within 10% of each other at all four SS. The deviation increased to 26% when κAMS was calculated from bulk PM1 AMS measurements of particles because PM1 was dominated by particles of 200 nm to 500 nm in diameter, which had a larger inorganic fraction than those of D50 (particle diameter < 200 nm). A constant κ = 0.33 (the average value of size-resolved κAMS over the course of campaign) was found to give an NCCN prediction within 12% of the actual measured values. We also compared NCCN estimates based on the measured average D50 and the average size-resolved CCN activation ratio to examine the relative importance of hygroscopicity and mixing state. NCCN was found to be relatively more sensitive to the mixing state and hygroscopicity at a high SS = 0.70% and a low SS = 0.15%, respectively.
Response of carbon dioxide emissions to sheep grazing and N application in an alpine grassland – Part 2: Effect of N application
Authors: Gong Y. M. , Mohammat A. , Liu X. J. , Li K. H. , Christie P. , Fang F. , Song W. , Chang Y. H , Han W. X. , Lü X. T. , Liu Y. Y. , Hu Y. K
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Widespread nitrogen (N) enrichment resulting from anthropogenic activities has led to great changes in carbon exchange between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere. Grassland is one of the most sensitive ecosystems to N deposition. However, the effect of N deposition on ecosystem respiration (Re) in grasslands has been conducted mainly in temperate grasslands, which are limited largely by water availability, with few studies focused on alpine grasslands that are primarily constrained by low temperatures. Failure to assess the magnitude of the response in Re outside the growing season (NGS) in previous studies also limits our understanding of carbon exchange under N deposition conditions. To address these knowledge gaps we used a combination of static closed chambers and gas chromatography in an alpine grassland from 2010 to 2011 to test the effects of N application on ecosystem respiration (Re) both inside and outside the growing season. There was no significant change in CO2 emissions under N application. Re outside the growing season was at least equivalent to 9.4% of the CO2 fluxes during the growing season (GS). Annual Re was calculated to be 279.0–403.9 g CO2 m−2 yr−1 in Bayinbuluk alpine grasslands. In addition, our results indicate that soil temperature was the dominant abiotic factor regulating variation in Re in the cold and arid environment. Our results suggest that short-term N additions exert no significant effect on CO2 emissions in alpine grassland.
Variation in the Asian monsoon intensity and dry-wet condition since the Little Ice Age in central China revealed by an aragonite stalagmite
Authors: Yin J.-J. , Yuan D.-X. , Li H.-C. , Cheng H. , Li T.-Y. , Edwards R. L. , Lin Y.-S. , Qin J.-M. , Tang W. , Zhao Z.-Y. , Mii H.-S.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Highlight: this paper focuses on the climate variability in central China since 1300 AD, involving: 1. A well-dated, 1.5 year resolution stalagmite δ18O record from Lianhua Cave, central China; 2. Links of the δ18O record with regional dry-wet condition, monsoon intensity, and temperature over eastern China; 3. Correlations among drought events in the Lianhua record, solar irradiation, and ENSO index. We present a highly precisely 230Th/U dated, 1.5 year resolution δ18O record of an aragonite stalagmite (LHD1) collected from Lianhua Cave in Wuling mountain area of central China. The comparison of the δ18O record with the local instrumental record and historical documents exhibits at least 15 drought events in the Wuling mountain and adjacent areas during the Little Ice Age, in which some of them were corresponding to megadrought events in the broad Asian monsoonal region of China. Thus, the stalagmite δ18O record reveals variations in the summer monsoon precipitation and dry-wet condition in Wuling mountain area. The eastern China temperature varied with the solar activity, showing higher temperature under stronger solar irradiation which produces stronger summer monsoon. During Maunder, Dalton and 1900 sunspot minima, more severe drought events occurred, indicating weakening of the summer monsoon when solar activity decreased on decadal time scales. On interannual time scale, dry conditions in the studying area were prevailing under El Niño condition, which is also supported by the spectrum analysis. Hence, our record illustrates the linkage of Asian summer monsoon precipitation to solar irradiation and ENSO: wetter condition under stronger summer monsoon during warm periods and vice versa; During cold periods, the Walker circulation will shift toward central Pacific under El Niño condition, resulting further weakening of Asian summer monsoon. However, the δ18O of LHD1 record is positively correlated with temperature after ~1940 AD which is opposite to the δ18O – temperature relationship in earlier time. This anomaly relationship might be caused by the greenhouse-gas forcing.
Raumaneignungen, Regeln und Profite in Dhakas Feld des Straßenhandels – Sozialgeographische Erklärungsversuche auf Grundlage von Bourdieus Theorie der Praxis
Authors: Etzold B.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. The paper discusses street vendors' spatial appropriations and the governance of public space in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. The much debated question in social geography how people's position in social space relates to their position in physical space (and vice versa) stands at the centre of the analysis. I use Bourdieu's Theory of Practice to discuss this dialectic relation at two analytical levels. On a micro-political level it is shown that the street vendors' social positions and the informal rules of the street structure their access to public space and thus determine their "spatial profits". At a macro-political level, it is not only the conditions inside the "field of street vending" that matter for the hawkers, but also their relation to the state-controlled "field of power". The paper demonstrates that Bourdieu's key ideas can be linked to current debates about spatial appropriation and informality. Moreover, I argue that Bourdieu's theory builds an appropriate basis for a relational, critical, and reflexive social geography in the Urban South.
„Arbeit ist nur das, was Geld bringt“ Wandel der lokalen Ökonomie in Ameskar Fogani (Marokko) am Beispiel des Tourismus
Authors: Metzger J.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. This article discusses current transformations from nomadism to labor migration and tourism in the local economy in the Moroccan mountain village Ameskar Fogani. Using the concepts of field, habitus and symbolic capital of Bourdieu's "theory of practice", changes in economic practices are analyzed in relation to changes of (symbolic) meanings and perceptual categories. This perspective sheds light on the close interrelation of economic and cultural aspects of social change.
MOMBA 1.1 – a high-resolution Baltic Sea configuration of GFDL's modular ocean model
Authors: Dietze H. , Löptien U. , Getzlaff K.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. We present a new coupled ocean circulation – ice model configuration of the Baltic Sea. The model features, contrary to most existing configurations, a high horizontal resolution of ≈1 nautical mile which is eddy resolving over much of the domain. The vertical discretisation comprises a total of 47 vertical levels. Results from a 1987 to 1999 hind cast simulation show that the model's fidelity is competitive. As suggested by a comparison with sea surface temperatures observed from space, this applies especially to near-surface processes. Hence, the configuration is well suited to serve as a nucleus of a full-fledged coupled ocean circulation biogeochemical model (which is yet to be developed). A caveat is that the model fails to reproduce major inflow events. We trace this back to spurious vertical circulation patterns at the sills which may well be endemic to high resolution models based on geopotential coordinates. Further, we present indications that – so far neglected – eddy/wind effects exert significant control on wind-induced up- and downwelling.
Modelling overbank flood recharge at a continental scale
Authors: Doble R. , Crosbie R. , Peeters L. , Joehnk K. , Ticehurst C.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Accounting for groundwater recharge from overbank flooding is required to reduce uncertainty and error in river-loss terms and groundwater sustainable-yield calculations. However, continental- and global-scale models of surface water–groundwater interactions rarely include an explicit process to account for overbank flood recharge (OFR). This paper upscales previously derived analytical equations to a continental scale using national soil atlas data and satellite imagery of flood inundation, resulting in recharge maps for seven hydrologically distinct Australian catchments. Recharge for three of the catchments was validated against independent recharge estimates from bore hydrograph responses and one catchment was additionally validated against point-scale recharge modelling and catchment-scale change in groundwater storage. Flood recharge was predicted for four of the seven catchments modelled, but there was also unexplained recharge present from the satellite's flood inundation mapping data. At a catchment scale, recharge from overbank flooding was somewhat under-predicted using the analytical equations, but there was good confidence in the spatial patterns of flood recharge produced. Due to the scale of the input data, there were no significant relationships found when compared at a point scale. Satellite-derived flood inundation data and uncertainty in soil maps were the key limitations to the accuracy of the modelled recharge. Use of this method to model OFR was found to be appropriate at a catchment to continental scale, given appropriate data sources. The proportion of OFR was found to be at least 4% of total change in groundwater storage in one of the catchments for the period modelled, and at least 15% of the riparian recharge. Accounting for OFR is an important, but often overlooked, requirement for closing water balances in both the surface water and groundwater domains.
Literary Value and the Customs House:
Authors: Meyer-Lee Robert J.
Published: April 2014

This article explores the relation between Chaucer's socioeconomic location as lay controller of customs and the dazzling metapoetics of the House of Fame. It emphasizes the social ambiguity of Chaucer's movement out of court to the customs house and hence what he would have to gain, in an intertwined socioeconomic and aesthetic sense, from the dissemination of this poem. It argues that the latter—in addition to its skeptical and comic engagement with poetic tradition—represents Chaucer's experimental attempt to shift the parameters of the literary field of late medieval English court poetry to better advantage someone in his then rather peculiar, liminal position.
Student Mobility and Migrant Knowledge
Authors: Vauterin J.J. , Virkki-Hatakka T. , Michelsen K.E.
Published: April 2014

For a better understanding of the impact of global student flows on industries and knowledge societies, we need to rethink the relationship between global student mobility and migrant knowledge. The authors elaborate on the view that current policy and practice relating to higher education mobility puts too much emphasis on mobilizing pools of knowledge, thereby ignoring the fact that knowledge flows tend to be concentrated among people who are actively participating in the knowledge flow. Adopting a shared social context perspective on the dynamics of knowledge flow embedded in mobile minds may enable a better assessment to be made of the impact of student mobility over time on industries and societies. Given such an assessment, policy and practice measures can be developed to encourage those involved in the knowledge flow to exploit student talent flow more effectively.
The Bayh–Dole Act, Technology Transfer and the Public Interest
Authors: Perkins Jason F. , Tierney William G.
Published: April 2014

Passed to stimulate innovation and economic growth in 1980, the Bayh–Dole Act caused research universities in the USA to increase their focus on patenting and licensing activities. While Bayh–Dole appears to have led to an escalation in licensing and patenting applications through technology transfer offices, some question the Act's utility and influence with regard to the traditional mission of the university. This paper describes the Act's operation and influence, and analyses its consequences for academia, industry and the mission of research universities.
Personality Traits in Australian Business Graduates and Implications for Organizational Effectiveness
Authors: Jackson Denise
Published: April 2014

The Five-Factor model is widely accepted as a robust model of personality that influences workplace behaviour and performance. Given evidence of persistent skills gaps in Australia, it is important to explore personality traits in business graduates to understand whether they have the necessary characteristics to enable the country to perform successfully nationally and to compete on a global level, particularly during periods of economic uncertainty. This study examines personality traits in 674 Australian business graduates, using the Ten-Item Personality Inventory (TIPI), and variations in traits across demographic/background characteristics. The results indicate that graduates are relatively high in extroversion, conscientiousness and emotional stability and low in openness and agreeableness. Some gender differences were apparent. The findings are largely positive for organizational performance, but raise concern for organizational well-being, effective leadership and innovativeness. There is some alignment between the findings and documented deficiencies in graduate performance, highlighting areas for intervention. Strategies for managing typical traits in business graduates and their potential impact on prevalent skills gaps are discussed for both professional and education practitioners.
El sistema penitenciario y carcelario en Colombia: El concepto de alta seguridad en la justicia especializada
Authors: Baracaldo Méndez María Stella
Published: April 2014

Colombia heredó de las guerras civiles del siglo XIX una cultura de conflicto político, que tras un descanso, reapareció en la década de los cuarenta con la confrontación de los partidos tradicionales (liberal y conservador) y desde los años cincuenta con la aparición gradual de grupos de guerrilla, autodefensas, narcotraficantes, delincuencia común y organizada, entre otros, dando paso a un nuevo y complejo conflicto. Desde 1978 ha predominado la medida del Estado de Conmoción Interior para manejar la seguridad interna sin el reconocimiento del conflicto armado. La reforma constitucional de 1991 introdujo un nuevo sistema de justicia que, por mes, genera un promedio de 1500 reclusos, cantidad que actualmente desbordan la capacidad de las cárceles, administradas bajo el sistema progresivo de mínima, media y alta seguridad. Hoy, con la declaración del conflicto por el presidente Santos y una justicia transicional para el proceso de paz, está en curso la reforma del Código Penitenciario y Carcelario y fue decretada la emergencia carcelaria ante un nivel de hacinamiento del 52% y graves violaciones de derechos humanos de la población reclusa.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v3i1.1330
Situación de las personas reclusas latinoamericanas en Cataluña (2011)
Authors: Ferrer Berta Framis , Capdevila Capdevila Manel , Ferrer Puig Marta
Published: April 2014

Cataluña comparte con España el mismo Código penal. Sin embargo, Cataluña tiene competencias exclusivas en materia de políticas penitenciarias y una de sus preocupaciones ha sido siempre conocer en profundidad las realidades y las necesidades específicas de la población que ha de atender, con la finalidad de ajustar al máximo las intervenciones que favorezcan la reinserción social y la disminución de la reincidencia. Uno de los fenómenos observados ha sido el aumento de población penitenciaria extranjera, fruto de un elevado flujo migratorio registrado en la primera década del nuevo milenio. La Dirección General de Servicios Penitenciarios del Departamento de Justicia de la Generalitat de Cataluña planteó al Centro de Estudios Jurídicos y Formación Especializada, -organismo autónomo dedicado a la investigación y a la formación de los profesionales que dependen del Departamento de Justicia- la demanda de esta investigación con la finalidad de proporcionar conocimiento amplio y global de la realidad de los extranjeros en los centros penitenciarios catalanes y de sus posibilidades de futuro, apuntando recomendaciones que puedan ayudar a intervenir con más eficacia. La metodología fue muy compleja por la gran cantidad de datos y las diversas formas y fuentes de recogida de información a lo largo de más de 3 años de trabajo (de 2008 a 2011). Un tema destacado desde el principio fue la constatación de las dificultades de integración social una vez cumplida la pena, debido a la complejidad del marco legal que regula su estancia en Cataluña y por extensión al Reino de España.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v3i1.1331
El Crimen Organizado en las Cárceles: Las Extorsiones desde los Centros Penales en El Salvador (2008-2009)
Authors: Gómez Hecht Juan Ricardo
Published: April 2014

Se explora el delito de extorsión en El Salvador y la manera como la mayoría de estas actividades ilícitas son planificadas, ordenadas y negociadas por grupos de crimen organizado, desde los diversos centros penitenciarios del país a través de sus estructuras reticulares. A partir de una profunda investigación bibliográfica y empírica, el trabajo se centra en analizar las condiciones criminógenas de carácter político-gubernamental, cultural-social y económico que se conjugan en El Salvador para generar que organizaciones criminales desde el interior de los centros penales se dediquen a extorsionar nacional o transnacionalmente. Finalmente se concluye que las estructuras de crimen organizado desde los centros penales constituyen una amenaza a la seguridad del Estado. Las actividades ilegales de estas organizaciones socava la habilidad del Estado para proveer servicios, proteger a las personas y mantener la confianza de la ciudadanía en el gobierno y la democraciaDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v3i1.1333
El experimento penitenciario salvadoreño, 1900-1944
Authors: Moreno Carlos W
Published: April 2014

En este artículo interesa estudiar el proyecto penitenciario salvadoreño de las primeras cuatro décadas del siglo XX; describe su creación e intereses iniciales y se establece también una comparación del estado de las penitenciarías y otros establecimientos carcelarios. No obstante, el artículo se centra en las técnicas de reeducación de los individuos privados de libertad en las penitenciarías; es decir, en los programas de trabajo y retribución económica de la mano de obra, en la manufactura y distribución de la producción de los reos. Además, ¿se aplicó este régimen laboral a toda la población penitenciaria? ¿Cómo se desarrolló el mismo al cabo de unas décadas? ¿Cómo influyeron los programas represivos del delito durante el martinato en el estado de las penitenciarías? Este trabajo intenta reflexionar sobre las instituciones penitenciarias, su evolución, su funcionalidad y proyecto rehabilitador de la delincuencia.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v3i1.1335
Cárcel y Fábrica. Los Orígenes del Sistema Penitenciario (siglos XVI-XIX)
Authors: Badura Benjamín
Published: April 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v3i1.1336
Discurso del Coordinador Principal del CINC-ANSP en la presentación pública del tercer número de la revista "Policía y Seguridad Pública"
Authors: Editor El
Published: April 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v3i1.1340Revista Policía y Seguridad Pública 3(1) 2013: 353-357
Libros: No que muera, sino que se arrepienta el criminal y viva. El debate sobre el trabajo penitenciario en los impresos salvadoreños, 1880-1900
Authors: Herrera Sajid Alfredo
Published: April 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v3i1.1341
Web: Sistemas sobrecargados: Leyes de drogas y cárceles de América Latina
Authors: González Rodríguez Edwin Edgardo
Published: April 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v3i1.1344Revista Policía y Seguridad Pública 3(1) 2013: 367-368
Cine: Los Olvidados
Authors: Morales Peña Juan Carlos
Published: April 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rpsp.v3i1.1347
Masculinity, Religion, and Modernism: A Consideration of Benjamin Elijah Mays and Richard Wright
Authors: Jelks Randal Maurice
Published: April 2014

This article is a comparative consideration of Morehouse College president and public theologian Benjamin Elijah Mays (1894-1984) and novelist Richard Wright (1908-60). Their respective views on modernism were developed through a gendered lens of black Southern masculinity and religion that each experienced during his formative childhood. Mays and Wright responded differently to theism and Christianity. They also responded differently to the mothering women in their lives--one with affection, the other with disaffection. Both Mays and Wright viewed modernism as a means of navigating the political hegemony embodied by white males. Yet, they each reproduced the modernist heterosexism, unwittingly supporting the subordination of the women who mothered them.
Families as catalysts for peer adherence support in enhancing hope for people living with HIV/AIDS in South Africa
Authors: Masquillier Caroline , Wouters Edwin , Mortelmans Dimitri , Booysen Frederik le Roux
Published: April 2014

Introduction

Hope is an essential dimension of successful coping in the context of illnesses such as HIV/AIDS, because positive expectations for the future alleviate emotional distress, enhance quality of life and have been linked to the capacity for behavioural change. The social environment (e.g. family, peers) is a regulator of hope for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). In this regard, the dual aim of this article is (1) to analyze the influence of a peer adherence support (PAS) intervention and the family environment on the state of hope in PLWHA and (2) to investigate the interrelationship between the two determinants.

Methods

The Effective AIDS Treatment and Support in the Free State study is a prospective randomized controlled trial. Participants were recruited from 12 public antiretroviral treatment (ART) clinics across five districts in the Free State Province of South Africa. Each of these patients was assigned to one of the following groups: a control group receiving standard care, a group receiving additional biweekly PAS or a group receiving PAS and nutritional support. Latent cross‐lagged modelling (Mplus) was used to analyse the impact of PAS and the family environment on the level of hope in PLWHA.

Results

The results of the study indicate that neither PAS nor the family environment has a direct effect on the level of hope in PLWHA. Subsequent analysis reveals a positive significant interaction between family functioning and PAS at the second follow‐up, indicating that better family functioning increases the positive effect of PAS on the state of hope in PLWHA.

Conclusions

The interplay between well‐functioning families and external PAS generates higher levels of hope, which is an essential dimension in the success of lifelong treatment. This study provides additional insight into the important role played by family dynamics in HIV/AIDS care, and it underscores the need for PAS interventions that are sensitive to the contexts in which they are implemented.
Gating of neural error signals during motor learning
Authors: Kimpo Rhea R , Rinaldi Jacob M , Kim Christina K , Payne Hannah L , Raymond Jennifer L
Published: April 2014

Cerebellar climbing fiber activity encodes performance errors during many motor learning tasks, but the role of these error signals in learning has been controversial. We compared two motor learning paradigms that elicited equally robust putative error signals in the same climbing fibers: learned increases and decreases in the gain of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). During VOR-increase training, climbing fiber activity on one trial predicted changes in cerebellar output on the next trial, and optogenetic activation of climbing fibers to mimic their encoding of performance errors was sufficient to implant a motor memory. In contrast, during VOR-decrease training, there was no trial-by-trial correlation between climbing fiber activity and changes in cerebellar output, and climbing fiber activation did not induce VOR-decrease learning. Our data suggest that the ability of climbing fibers to induce plasticity can be dynamically gated in vivo, even under conditions where climbing fibers are robustly activated by performance errors.
Thermal stability of paramagnetic defect centers in amorphous silicon nitride films
Authors: Kobayashi Kiyoteru , Suzuki Aran
Published: April 2014

We have investigated the thermal stability of paramagnetic silicon dangling bond centers, which are called K0 centers, generated by ultraviolet exposure of low-pressure chemical-vapor-deposited silicon nitride films. The K0 center density, which was measured by electron spin resonance spectroscopy, decayed upon isothermal annealing at 150, 240, 400, and 750 °C. Some K0 centers were not easily relaxed even after long-time annealing at 150, 240, and 400 °C. An analytical model was proposed to explain the isothermal decay of the K0 center density and the presence of long-lifetime K0 centers.
Reduction in leakage current in AlGaN/GaN HEMT with three Al-containing step-graded AlGaN buffer layers on silicon
Authors: Yu Xinxin , Ni Jinyu , Li Zhonghui , Zhou Jianjun , Kong Cen
Published: April 2014

AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) structures with two and three Al-containing step-graded AlGaN buffer layers (BLs) were grown on silicon (111) substrates by metal organic chemical vapor deposition. Considerable tensile stress was observed in the GaN grown with only two 0.8 µm AlGaN BLs, while a large in-plane compression in GaN grown with three 2.3 µm AlGaN BLs. The reverse gate leakage current in the HEMT with three AlGaN BLs was approximately 0.1 µA/mm, which was more than one order of magnitude smaller than that for the HEMT with two AlGaN BLs. A three-terminal off-state breakdown voltage of 265 V and a vertical gate-to-substrate breakdown voltage of 510 V were obtained in the HEMT with three AlGaN BLs. Detailed analysis was performed on the basis of the structural properties of AlGaN/GaN heterostructures.
Effects of interface reaction on the performance of AlOx/WOx bilayer resistive switching memory
Authors: Song Ya-Li , Yang Ling-Ming , Wang Yan-Liang , Liu Yi , Lin Yin-Yin
Published: April 2014

The effects of interface reaction, which were proved to affect the device performance significantly, were investigated in the AlO
x
/WO
x
bilayer resistive switching memory. The formation of the AlO
x
layer is due to the reaction of the Al top electrode with the oxygen in the WO
x
surface during the post-annealing process. It was observed that longer tungsten oxidation time can decrease the forming voltage and reset current. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that longer tungsten oxidation time leads to the formation of a thinner AlO
x
layer under the same post-annealing conditions. It was deduced that the different oxygen composition in the WO
x
surface may be the origin of the different AlO
x
layer thickness observed. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results of the WO
x
surface indicated that the W6+/W5+ ratio decreased with increasing W oxidation time, which explained the different thickness of AlO
x
, thus resulting in different resistive switching characteristics. This study paved the way for the optimization of the process of fabricating AlO
x
/WO
x
bilayer resistive switching memory.
Surface polarity control to reinforce dopant adhesion in laser doping of textured silicon
Authors: Nishimura Hideki , Okamura Takanori , Yamamoto Yuki , Fuyuki Takashi
Published: April 2014

Increasing energy conversion efficiency without any extra cost is required for crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells. Laser doping (LD) can meet these requirements because it can be performed in an ambient atmosphere at room temperature. In this study, spin-coated phosphorus silicate glass (PSG) was formed on textured c-Si as a precursor for LD. We found that after LD, the reinforcement of the interface between PSG and the Si surface improved the photovoltaic characteristics V
oc and J
sc. The interface was reinforced by changing the c-Si surface from hydrophobic to hydrophilic before spin coating. The reinforced interface led to a reduction in the number of surface voids and an enhancement of the transfer of dopant atoms.
Epitaxial growth of Li4Ti5O12 thin films using RF magnetron sputtering
Authors: Kumatani Akichika , Shiraki Susumu , Takagi Yoshitaka , Suzuki Tohru , Ohsawa Takeo , Gao Xiang , Ikuhara Yuichi , Hitosugi Taro
Published: April 2014

We fabricated Li4Ti5O12(111) epitaxial thin films on α-Al2O3(0001) substrates by RF magnetron sputtering. Thin films of amorphous Li4Ti5O12 were deposited at room temperature, and then the films were annealed at high temperatures for the formation of epitaxial thin films. Furthermore, we investigated the effect of niobium (Nb) incorporation into Li4Ti5O12. The Nb-incorporated Li4Ti5O12 thin films showed an improvement in crystallinity with a narrower rocking curve full width at half-maximum of 0.36° for the Li4Ti5O12(111) peak. Further, the resistivity of the Nb-incorporated film dropped three orders of magnitude on the Nb incorporation.
Non-catalytic direct growth of nanographene on MgO substrates
Authors: Kamoi Susumu , Kim Jung-Gon , Hasuike Noriyuki , Kisoda Kenji , Harima Hiroshi
Published: April 2014

We have grown high-quality nanographene layers by alcoholic chemical vapor deposition on insulated MgO substrates without catalysts. Typical Raman spectra showed the formation of nanographene layers consisting mainly of sp2 bonds. Their grain size depended on the flow rate of the carbon source. Planar and triangular nanographenes were formed on MgO(100) and (111) substrates, respectively. The results suggested that the lattice orientation of the MgO substrate determined the morphology of nanographenes.
Level of Information and Education Campaign on Solid Waste Management and Household Practices on Solid Waste Disposal in Butuan City
Authors: Herrera Fernando T. , Boyles Lilia Z. , Miculob Ian G.
Published: April 2014

This study investigates the level of Information and Education Campaign (IEC) on Solid Waste Management (SWM) conducted by the LGU and other government agencies in Butuan City. Moreover, it also considered the practices among households of Butuan City in relation to solid waste disposal. Descriptive survey design was used in this study. Using the stratified random sampling, ten (10) communities were selected with households as the main unit of analysis. From eighty-six (86) legitimate communities of Butuan City, five (5) communities were randomly selected from each of the rural and urban communities as classified by NEDA. Results revealed that, the level of IEC in both rural and urban communities of Butuan City was poor. Public forum or general assembly, focus group discussion, installation of tarpaulin and other signs, television ad and radio broadcast, house to house information campaign, and school campaign were seldom carried out. Lack of institutional support and inadequate provision of garbage disposal points and Mass Recovery Facilities (MRF) from other concerned government agencies, nongovernment organizations and HEIs were evident. It was also reported that majority of the households had their own garbage storage bin with considerable number of them having separators for biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. Some opted to use plastic bags and sacks instead. Many of those in rural areas buried their biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste on the ground.
Development of a Sugar Free Chewy Candy Utilizing Pili Pulp Flour and Oil
Authors: De Jesus Geraldine F. , Cambaliza Concepcion J. , Catabian Sofia V.
Published: April 2014

The development of a sugar free chewy candy is formulated as an additional product of pili utilizing the pili pulp oil and flour. This is considered to be a non-caloric food since no sugar was added to the product, but aspartame was used instead. A total of 20 panelists evaluated the sample using a 9 Hedonic scale method. Two trials were made, one with the addition of sugar syrup which is termed as low calorie and the other is without the addition of sugar syrup thus termed as a sugar free chewy candy. Comparative test result revealed that the former was rated as like slightly and the later as like moderately. Nutrition information was computed based on the nutritional content of the raw materials used, and the following were obtained at 50g per serving or approximately 10 pieces of the product. Calories 80, calories from fat 15, total fat 1.4g with daily value of 2%, transfat 0g, saturated fat 1g with 5% DV, cholesterol 13.6g with 5% DV, sodium 94 mg with 4%DV. The total carbohydrates is 10g, 4%DV, dietary fiber is 0, sugar 0, protein 7.5g. Others were Vitamin A 1%,Vitamin C 2%, Calcium 25% and Iron 1%.
Contribution of Smoke-Belching Vehicles to the Green House Gases Concentration in the City of Dipolog, Philippines
Authors: Gilaga Bernard G. , Pallega Rowell B.
Published: April 2014

Among 212 nations in the world, the Philippines is ranked 48th in terms of carbon emission in the transportation sector. The study sought to determine and estimate the amount of gaseous pollutants emitted by the vehicles in Dipolog City in relation to the overall gaseous pollutants of the Philippines. Results revealed an annual gaseous pollutant contribution of 1,072929.597%V for carbon monoxide and 501,282,073.1 ppm for hydrocarbon emission which, together, roughly explain 6% of the country's overall GHG (Greenhouse gases) output per year. Considering that there are 122 cities in the Philippines, the 6% GHG contribution of Dipolog City is considered well beyond the normal threshold. The study also identified some of the factors leading to this inordinate amount of GHG output of the city, such as, but not limited to: (a) strict implementation of the standards for vehicle emission levels prior to renewal of registration, and (b) strict monitoring and implementation of the anti-smoke belching law or the Clean Air Act (RA 8749).
The Spratly's Conflict: Implications to the Peoples' Republic of China and the Republic of the Philippines
Authors: Yeneza Christine Marie S.
Published: April 2014

This study, anchored on the theory of realism by Hans Morgenthau (1948), examined the Spratly's conflict and discussed its implications to the Peoples' Republic of China and the Republic of the Philippines. Budgetary allocations of both states for Spratly's were reviewed. China's interest on the Spratly's is manifested by its strong hold of military forces and recorded incursions in the area. Data suggest that China has been strengthening its military capabilities from 2001 to the present. Meanwhile, the conflict over Spratly's pushed the Philippines to upgrade its military capabilities. China and the Philippines confirm their claims over the Spratly's Islands notwithstanding a commitment in the UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Laws of the Seas). Evidently, the Spratly's conflict has brought pressure to China and the Philippines in boosting their military presence in the area. Empirically gathered evidences point out expanding military budget in both countries as they advance their claims over Spratly's. Indicatively, the conflict will continue as long as both states hold on to their respective claims. In this respect, China and the Philippines should endeavour to resolve the Spratly's conflict through diplomatic ties. At the same time, work for cooperation by enactment of mutually beneficial bilateral agreements.
Development of Energy Saving Multi-Fuel Cooking Stove
Authors: Garcia Jesus , Bajet, Jr. Manuel A.
Published: April 2014

The Philippines is typical of many developing countries where the majority ofthe population has low income. With the present economic crisis happening dueto the increase of oil prices, housewives are very much worried in budgeting familyexpenditures. They find hard to budget the day to day needs of the family. Thus,the need to design and develop a low consuming, multiple feed cooking stove, yetcomparably performs with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), kerosene and electric stove,would somehow ease the day to day expenditure. Energy Saver Multi-Fed CookingStove was structured and made up of scrap iron bars sheet and a pipe welded together.It has a chimney and an ash tray. Multi- Fuel in the sense that it can be fuelledwith firewood, charcoal like corn cobs, tobacco stalks, and others which were usuallyburned when the farmers lack knowledge in making use into fertilizer. Qualitativetesting was done in cooking different food was done to identify the cooking fuelconsumption. Using firewood is more economical in cooking with rice, vegetabledishes, boiling of fruits and root crops. While cooking meat and frying fish, charcoalis also more economical. In cooking different foods, it is significantly different fromone another of fuel material. This implies that all the fuel materials are significantlydifferent in terms of cooking different foods. Furthermore, cooking different foods issignificantly different in all cooking stoves like LPG, kerosene, clay and electric stove.
Evaluating Iraqi Primary EFL Curriculum and Textbooks
Authors: Alkhateeb Muna Mohammed Abbas
Published: April 2014

A textbook is an organized collection of designed material. In Iraq, “Iraq Opportunities” series from Third till Sixth primary grades, Activity book, Teacher’s book, and Curriculum Document, were all prescribed by the Ministry of Education. In order to determine whether textbooks writers are currently meeting the Educational objectives, certain units of the four books being analyzed in terms of a range of effective criteria derived from relevant sections of the curriculum Document. To achieve this, the researcher evaluated the Curriculum Document, the Textbooks, Teacher’s Book and Activity Books to find out whether they match with the expected standards according to Nation’s principles. From the analysis, we have gotten the language content is generally consistent with the Grades 3-6 curriculum Document objectives.