bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Case Study of Social Work Leadership in the Pandemic Intervention in Wuhan
Authors: Yu Zhihong , Luo Hai , Tan Weijia , Niu Liya
Published: August 2021

Social workers in Wuhan, China were among the first to respond to the public health crisis caused by Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in early 2020. Social workers in Wuhan developed and implemented an effective interventional model integrating online and offline volunteers of multiple professions—the ‘4 + 1’ model—to support affected individuals in the process of battling the pandemic. Transformational social work leadership played a vital role in the widely adopted model in China, characterised by idealised influence—attributed (or charisma); idealised influence—behavioural; inspirational motivation; intellectual stimulation and individual consideration. Contextual performance is also discussed, followed by a discussion on why social work can play a leadership role in inter-disciplinary intervention in the pandemic crisis. The article concludes with the areas social workers can improve on for the betterment of leadership.
Quasi-symmetries in complex networks: a dynamical model approach
Authors: Rosell-Tarragó Gemma , Díaz-Guilera Albert
Published: August 2021

The existence of symmetries in complex networks has a significant effect on network dynamic behaviour. Nevertheless, beyond topological symmetry, one should consider the fact that real-world networks are exposed to fluctuations or errors, as well as mistaken insertions or removals. Therefore, the resulting approximate symmetries remain hidden to standard symmetry analysis—fully accomplished by discrete algebra software. There have been a number of attempts to deal with approximate symmetries. In the present work we provide an alternative notion of these weaker symmetries, which we call ‘quasi-symmetries’. Differently from other definitions, quasi-symmetries remain free to impose any invariance of a particular network property and they are obtained from the phase differences at the steady-state configuration of an oscillatory dynamical model: the Kuramoto–Sakaguchi model. The analysis of quasi-symmetries unveils otherwise hidden real-world networks attributes. On the one hand, we provide a benchmark to determine whether a network has a more complex pattern than that of a random network with regard to quasi-symmetries, namely, if it is structured into separate quasi-symmetric groups of nodes. On the other hand, we define the ‘dual-network’, a weighted network (and its corresponding binnarized counterpart) that effectively encodes all the information of quasi-symmetries in the original network. The latter is a powerful instrument for obtaining worthwhile insights about node centrality (obtaining the nodes that are unique from that act as imitators with respect to the others) and community detection (quasi-symmetric groups of nodes).
Potential of unenhanced computed tomography as a screening tool for acute aortic syndromes
Authors: Otani Takayuki , Ichiba Toshihisa , Kashiwa Kenichiro , Naito Hiroshi
Published: August 2021

Aims

Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CE-CT) is the gold standard for diagnosing acute aortic syndromes (AAS). Unenhanced computed tomography (unenhanced-CT) also provides specific findings for AAS; however, its diagnostic ability is not well discussed. This study aims to evaluate the potential of unenhanced-CT as an AAS screening tool.

Methods and results

We retrospectively examined AAS patients who visited our hospital between 2011 and 2021 to validate the diagnostic value of unenhanced-CT alone and along with the aortic dissection detection risk score (ADD-RS) plus D-dimer. Acute aortic syndrome was assessed as detectable using unenhanced-CT with any of the following findings: pericardial haemorrhage, high-attenuation haematoma, and displacement of intimal calcification or a flap. Of the 316 AAS cases, 292 (92%) were detectable with unenhanced-CT. Twenty-four (8%) cases undetectable with unenhanced-CT involved younger patients [median (interquartile range), 45 (42–51) years vs. 72 (63–80) years, P < 0.001] and patients more frequently complicated with a patent false lumen (79% vs. 42%, P < 0.001). Acute aortic syndrome-detection rate with unenhanced-CT increased with age, reaching 98% (276/282) in those ≥50 years of age and 100% (121/121) in those ≥75 years of age. With the ADD-RS plus D-dimer, there was only one AAS case undetectable with unenhanced-CT among patients ≥50 years of age, except for cases with the ADD-RS ≥1 plus D-dimer levels of ≥0.5 μg/mL.

Conclusion

Acute aortic syndromes in younger patients and patients with a patent false lumen could be misdiagnosed with unenhanced-CT alone. The combination of the ADD-RS plus D-dimer and unenhanced-CT could minimize AAS misdiagnosis while avoiding over-testing with CE-CT.
The digital heart–lung unit: applications of exponential technology
Authors: Sadeghi Amir H , Ooms Joris F W , Van Mieghem Nicolas M , Mahtab Edris A F , Bogers Ad J J C
Published: August 2021

Exponential technologies such as virtual reality (VR), computational modelling, and additive manufacturing have emerged in the field of cardiology and cardiothoracic surgery. An increasing number of publications that evaluate the clinical role of these technologies are becoming available. Moreover, there is an increase in the number of hospitals and departments that have implemented digital and exponential solutions in clinical workflow. In our centre, we have adopted various exponential technologies in order to improve clinical pre-procedural workflow, patient care, and training and education. In order to provide our view and approach on the implementation of these technologies, in this article, we provide an overview of the currently applied modalities including immersive VR, three-dimensional (3D) computational modelling, VR-based simulations, and additive manufacturing (3D printing). Moreover, we present the potential of these applications in cardiovascular and cardiothoracic medicine, and additionally, we will provide key facilitators, challenges, and recommendations to adopting these technologies in clinical practice.
Significantly favourable outcome for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer stage IIIA/IIIB and single-station persistent N2 (skip or additionally N1) disease after multimodality treatment
Authors: Stamatis Georgios , Müller Stefanie , Weinreich Gerhard , Schwarz Birte , Eberhardt Wilfried , Pöttgen Christoph , Aigner Clemens
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVES

Persistent lymph nodes infiltration after neoadjuvant treatment remains a controversial topic in the treatment of stage III non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The aim of this study is to identify subgroups with persistent N2 disease, who could experience survival benefit from the addition of surgery.

METHODS

A retrospective mono-institutional study was conducted to analyse all patients with a final histopathology of NSCLC and persistent mediastinal disease after induction chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy and surgery from January 1998 to June 2015.

RESULTS

A total of 145 patients (93 men, 52 women) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The median age was 60 years (range 38–78). A total of 82 (56.5%) patients received a lobectomy, 48 (33.1%) a pneumonectomy, 11 (7.6%) a bilobectomy and 4 (2.6%) an anatomical segmentectomy; 128 (88.3%) were completely resected (R0). Operative mortality was 2.6% (4 patients), and morbidity was 35.2% (51 patients). Overall survival at 5 years was 47.3% (n = 19) for single N2 (skip), 30.2% (n = 16) for single N2 and N1 lymph nodes and under 5% (n = 1) for multiple mediastinal stations disease. Overall survival at 5 years after lobectomy/bilobectomy was not statistically different than after pneumonectomy (33.5% vs 20.5%, P = 0.082). Disease-free survival at 5 years was 30.6% (n = 6) for ypN2a1, 23.4% (n = 7) for ypN2a2 and under 5% (n = 1) for ypN2b status.

CONCLUSIONS

Lobectomy or bilobectomy has to be taken into account as a potentially curative option with promising long-term results for patients after induction treatment and persistent single-station N2 involvement (skip or additionally N1 status).

Trial registry number

14-6138-BO.
Invasive and non-invasive assessment of ischaemia in chronic coronary syndromes: translating pathophysiology to clinical practice
Authors: Demir Ozan M , Rahman Haseeb , van de Hoef Tim P , Escaned Javier , Piek Jan J , Plein Sven , Perera Divaka
Published: August 2021

Intracoronary physiology testing has emerged as a valuable diagnostic approach in the management of patients with chronic coronary syndrome, circumventing limitations like inferring coronary function from anatomical assessment and low spatial resolution associated with angiography or non-invasive tests. The value of hyperaemic translesional pressure ratios to estimate the functional relevance of coronary stenoses is supported by a wealth of prognostic data. The continuing drive to further simplify this approach led to the development of non-hyperaemic pressure-based indices. Recent attention has focussed on estimating physiology without even measuring coronary pressure. However, the reduction in procedural time and ease of accessibility afforded by these simplifications needs to be counterbalanced against the increasing burden of physiological assumptions, which may impact on the ability to reliably identify an ischaemic substrate, the ultimate goal during catheter laboratory assessment. In that regard, measurement of both coronary pressure and flow enables comprehensive physiological evaluation of both epicardial and microcirculatory components of the vasculature, although widespread adoption has been hampered by perceived technical complexity and, in general, an underappreciation of the role of the microvasculature. In parallel, entirely non-invasive tools have matured, with the utilization of various techniques including computational fluid dynamic and quantitative perfusion analysis. This review article appraises the strengths and limitations for each test in investigating myocardial ischaemia and discusses a comprehensive algorithm that could be used to obtain a diagnosis in all patients with angina scheduled for coronary angiography, including those who are not found to have obstructive epicardial coronary disease.
Prognostic value of comprehensive intracoronary physiology assessment early after heart transplantation
Authors: Ahn Jung-Min , Zimmermann Frederik M , Arora Satish , Solberg Ole-Geir , Angerås Oskar , Rolid Katrine , Rafique Muzammil , Aaberge Lars , Karason Kristjan , Okada Kozo , Luikart Helen , Khush Kiran K , Honda Yasuhiro , Pijls Nico H J , Lee Sang Eun , Kim Jae-Joong , Park Seung-Jung , Gullestad Lars , Fearon William F
Published: August 2021

Aims

We evaluated the long-term prognostic value of invasively assessing coronary physiology after heart transplantation in a large multicentre registry.

Methods and results

Comprehensive intracoronary physiology assessment measuring fractional flow reserve (FFR), the index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR), and coronary flow reserve (CFR) was performed in 254 patients at baseline (a median of 7.2 weeks) and in 240 patients at 1 year after transplantation (199 patients had both baseline and 1-year measurement). Patients were classified into those with normal physiology, reduced FFR (FFR ≤ 0.80), and microvascular dysfunction (either IMR ≥ 25 or CFR ≤ 2.0 with FFR > 0.80). The primary outcome was the composite of death or re-transplantation at 10 years. At baseline, 5.5% had reduced FFR; 36.6% had microvascular dysfunction. Baseline reduced FFR [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 2.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.88–6.15; P = 0.088] and microvascular dysfunction (aHR 0.88, 95% CI 0.44–1.79; P = 0.73) were not predictors of death and re-transplantation at 10 years. At 1 year, 5.0% had reduced FFR; 23.8% had microvascular dysfunction. One-year reduced FFR (aHR 2.98, 95% CI 1.13–7.87; P = 0.028) and microvascular dysfunction (aHR 2.33, 95% CI 1.19–4.59; P = 0.015) were associated with significantly increased risk of death or re-transplantation at 10 years. Invasive measures of coronary physiology improved the prognostic performance of clinical variables (χ  2 improvement: 7.41, P = 0.006). However, intravascular ultrasound-derived changes in maximal intimal thickness were not predictive of outcomes.

Conclusion

Abnormal coronary physiology 1 year after heart transplantation was common and was a significant predictor of death or re-transplantation at 10 years.
Nucleus Type-Specific DNA Methylomics Reveals Epigenetic “Memory” of Prior Adaptation in Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Wen Yuan , Dungan Cory M , Mobley C Brooks , Valentino Taylor , von Walden Ferdinand , Murach Kevin A
Published: August 2021

Using a mouse model of conditional and inducible in vivo fluorescent myonuclear labeling (HSA-GFP), sorting purification of nuclei, low-input reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS), and a translatable and reversible model of exercise (progressive weighted wheel running, PoWeR), we provide the first nucleus type-specific epigenetic information on skeletal muscle adaptation and detraining. Adult (>4 mo) HSA-GFP mice performed PoWeR for 8 wk then detrained for 12 wk; age-matched untrained mice were used to control for the long duration of the study. Myonuclei and interstitial nuclei from plantaris muscles were isolated for RRBS. Relative to untrained, PoWeR caused similar myonuclear CpG hypo- and hyper-methylation of promoter regions and substantial hypomethylation in interstitial nuclear promoters. Over-representation analysis of promoters revealed a larger number of hyper- versus hypo-methylated pathways in both nuclear populations after training and evidence for reciprocal regulation of methylation between nucleus types, with hypomethylation of promoter regions in Wnt signaling-related genes in myonuclei and hypermethylation in interstitial nuclei. After 12 wk of detraining, promoter CpGs in documented muscle remodeling-associated genes and pathways that were differentially methylated immediately after PoWeR were persistently differentially methylated in myonuclei, along with long-term promoter hypomethylation in interstitial nuclei. No enduring gene expression changes in muscle tissue were observed using RNA-sequencing. Upon 4 wk of retraining, mice that trained previously grew more at the whole muscle and fiber type-specific cellular level than training naïve mice, with no difference in myonuclear number. Muscle nuclei have a methylation epi-memory of prior training that may augment muscle adaptability to retraining.
Geology differentiation by applying unsupervised machine learning to multiple independent geophysical inversions
Authors: Melo Aline , Li Yaoguo
Published: August 2021

Effective quantitative methods for integrating multiple inverted physical property models are necessary to increase the value of information and advance interpretation further to produce interpretable geology models through geology differentiation. Geology differentiation is challenging in greenfield exploration areas where specific a priori geological information is scarce. The main problem is to identify geological units quantitatively with appropriate 3-D integration of these models. The integration of multiple sources of information has been conducted with different unsupervised machine learning methods (e.g. clustering), which can identify relationships in the data in the absence of training information. For this reason, we investigate the performance of five different clustering methods on the identification of the geological units using inverted susceptibility, density, and conductivity models that image a synthetic geological model. We show that the correlation-based clustering yields the best results for the geology differentiation among those investigated by identifying the correlation between physical properties diagnostic of each unit. The result of the differentiation is a quasi-geology model, which is a model that represents the geology with inferred geological units and their spatial distribution. The resulting integrated quasi-geology model demonstrates that individually inverted models with minimal constraints have sufficient information to jointly identify different geological units.
Placebo Response and Its Predictors in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analysis and Comparison of Meta-Regression and MetaForest
Authors: Castells Xavier , Saez Marc , Barcheni Maghie , Cunill Ruth , Serrano Domènec , López Beatriz , van Lissa Caspar J
Published: August 2021

Background

High placebo response in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can reduce medication–placebo differences, jeopardizing the development of new medicines. This research aims to (1) determine placebo response in ADHD, (2) compare the accuracy of meta-regression and MetaForest in predicting placebo response, and (3) determine the covariates associated with placebo response.

Methods

A systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial investigating pharmacological interventions for ADHD was performed. Placebo response was defined as the change from baseline in ADHD symptom severity assessed according to the 18-item, clinician-rated, DSM-based rating scale. The effect of study design–, intervention–, and patient–related covariates in predicting placebo response was studied by means of meta-regression and MetaForest.

Results

Ninety-four studies including 6614 patients randomized to placebo were analyzed. Overall, placebo response was −8.9 points, representing a 23.1% reduction in the severity of ADHD symptoms. Cross-validated accuracy metrics for meta-regression were R2 = 0.0012 and root mean squared error = 3.3219 for meta-regression and 0.0382 and 3.2599 for MetaForest. Placebo response among ADHD patients increased by 63% between 2001 and 2020 and was larger in the United States than in other regions of the world.

Conclusions

Strong placebo response was found in ADHD patients. Both meta-regression and MetaForest showed poor performance in predicting placebo response. ADHD symptom improvement with placebo has markedly increased over the last 2 decades and is greater in the United States than the rest of the world.
Uniform Potential Density for Rational Points on Algebraic Groups and Elliptic K3 Surfaces
Authors: Lai Kuan-Wen , Nakahara Masahiro
Published: August 2021

A collection of varieties satisfies uniform potential density if each of them contains a dense subset of rational points after extending its ground field by a bounded degree. In this paper, we prove that uniform potential density holds for connected algebraic groups of a fixed dimension over fields of characteristic zero as well as elliptic K3 surfaces over number fields.
Off-Diagonal Estimates for Bi-Commutators
Authors: Airta Emil , Hytönen Tuomas , Li Kangwei , Martikainen Henri , Oikari Tuomas
Published: August 2021

We study the bi-commutators $[T_1, [b, T_2]]$ of pointwise multiplication and Calderón–Zygmund operators and characterize their $L^{p_1}L^{p_2} \to L^{q_1}L^{q_2}$ boundedness for several off-diagonal regimes of the mixed-norm integrability exponents $(p_1,p_2)\neq (q_1,q_2)$. The strategy is based on a bi-parameter version of the recent approximate weak factorization method.
Pharmacokinetics of vaginally applied integrase inhibitors in macaques
Authors: Nishiura Kenji , Sharma Sunita , Sterling Mara , Makarova Natalia , Martin Amy , Dinh Chuong , Mitchell James , García-Lerma J Gerardo , Heneine Walid , Dobard Charles
Published: August 2021

Objectives

We conducted a detailed pharmacokinetic assessment in macaques treated with vaginal gels formulated with HIV integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) to better understand drug distribution and identify INSTI concentrations associated with previously demonstrated in vivo protection against vaginal simian HIV challenge.

Methods

Six macaques received vaginal gel containing 1% raltegravir (30 mg) once-weekly over 6 weeks. Following a washout period, five macaques received once-weekly gel containing 0.23% L-870,812 (7 mg). Drug concentrations were measured in plasma, mucosal fluids and vaginal tissues at baseline and 2, 5 and 24 h post-dosing.

Results

The median maximum concentration (Cmax) for raltegravir and L-870,812 in plasma was below the limit of quantification and 41.1 ng/mL, respectively. The Cmax in vaginal fluids (1441 and 1250 μg/mL) and tissues (266.7 and 368.4 μg/g) was achieved 2–5 h after dosing, respectively. A similar half-life was observed for raltegravir and L-870,812 in vaginal fluids (8–10 h) and remained 3–4 orders of magnitude above the protein-adjusted IC95 (0.016 and 0.106 μg/mL, respectively) at 24 h. Drug concentrations in vaginal fluids correlated well with those in vaginal tissues (Pearson r ≥ 0.788). Both drugs were consistently detected in rectal fluids 2 h after vaginal dosing, albeit at much lower levels (31–92-fold) than those in vaginal fluids.

Conclusions

To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first data on INSTI levels in vaginal tissues associated with in vivo protection and demonstrates rectal drug distribution of INSTIs after vaginal dosing. These findings may inform dose selection for topical products with INSTIs for HIV prevention.
Prediction of ceftriaxone MIC inNeisseria gonorrhoeae usingDNA microarray technology and regression analysis
Authors: Shaskolskiy Boris , Kandinov Ilya , Kravtsov Dmitry , Filippova Marina , Chestkov Alexander , Solomka Victoria , Kubanov Alexey , Deryabin Dmitry , Dementieva Ekaterina , Gryadunov Dmitry
Published: August 2021

Background

Decreased susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to extended-spectrum cephalosporins is a major concern. Elucidation of the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of such isolates is a priority task.

Methods

We developed a method for predicting the N. gonorrhoeae ceftriaxone susceptibility level (MICcro) by identifying genetic determinants of resistance using low-density hydrogel microarrays and a regression equation. A training dataset, containing 5631 isolates from the Pathogenwatch database and 181 isolates obtained in the Russian Federation during 2018–19, was used to build a regression model. The regression equation was tested on 14 WHO reference strains. Ceftriaxone resistance determinants for the 448 evaluated clinical isolates collected in Russia were identified using microarray analysis, and MICcro values were calculated using the regression equation and compared with those measured by the serial dilution method.

Results

The regression equation for calculating MICcro values included 20 chromosomal resistance determinants. The greatest contributions to the increase in MICcro were shown to be PBP2: Ala-501→Pro, Ala-311→Val, Gly-545→Ser substitutions, Asp(345–346) insertion; and PorB: Gly-120→Arg substitution. The substitutions PBP2: Ala-501→Thr/Val, PorB: Gly-120→Asn/Asp/Lys and PBP1: Leu-421→Pro had weaker effects. For 94.4% of the isolates in the evaluation set, the predicted MICcro was within one doubling dilution of the experimentally determined MICcro. No ceftriaxone-resistant isolates were identified in the analysed samples from Russia, and no interpretative errors were detected in the MICcro calculations.

Conclusions

The developed strategy for predicting ceftriaxone MIC can be used for the continuous surveillance of known and emerging resistant N. gonorrhoeae isolates.
Crohn’s and Colitis Canada’s 2021 Impact of COVID-19 and Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Canada: Risk Factors and Medications
Authors: Targownik Laura E , Bernstein Charles N , Lakatos Peter L , Murthy Sanjay K , Benchimol Eric I , Bitton Alain , Huang James Guoxian , Kuenzig M Ellen , Jones Jennifer L , Kaplan Gilaad G , Lee Kate , Mukhtar Mariam S , Tandon Parul , Windsor Joseph W , Panaccione Remo
Published: August 2021

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a disease that results from dysregulation of the immune system and frequently requires medications that can affect the immune response to infections; therefore, it was imperative to quickly understand the risk of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection on persons living with IBD and how that risk may be increased by commonly used IBD medications. The IBD research community in Canada and beyond quickly established collaborative efforts to better understand the specific risk posed by COVID-19 on persons with IBD. We learned that IBD itself was not a risk factor for death or serious complications of COVID-19, and that most commonly used drug classes (with the notable exception of corticosteroids) do not increase the risk of COVID-19-related adverse outcomes. The risk factors for serious complications and death from COVID-19 appear to be similar to those identified in the wider population; those being advanced age, having pre-existing heart or lung disease, and smoking. We recommend that persons with IBD do not alter their course of therapy to avoid complications of COVID-19, though the indiscriminate use of corticosteroids should be avoided. Persons with IBD should follow the same public health recommendations as the general population to reduce their personal risk of acquiring COVID-19.
A Duty to Care: The Case of Sharma v Minister for the Environment [2021] FCA 560
Authors: Peel Jacqueline , Markey-Towler Rebekkah
Published: August 2021

This analysis considers the implications of Sharma v Minister for the Environment [2021] FCA 560 and its finding of a novel duty of care owed by the Australian Government to children to prevent climate harms. While the judgment of a single Federal Court justice is likely to be appealed and did not result in an injunction halting the coal mine, its close consideration of scientific evidence of climate impacts and recognition of the special vulnerability of children has potentially profound ramifications for the ongoing development of climate litigation, both in Australia and globally. More broadly, the Sharma decision adds to growing momentum for governments to be held accountable for their actions on climate change, effectively calling for a duty to care in the face of inter-generational injustices inflicted by inaction on reducing greenhouse gas emissions to safe levels.
Disposition of magmatic eruptions and fault distribution in northwestern Saudi Arabia using pseudo-depth slice magnetic anomaly
Authors: Ibrahim Elkhedr , Arfaoui Mohamed , Mogren Saad , Qaysi Saleh , Lashin Aref , Alfaifi Hussain
Published: August 2021

This study presents the disposition of magmatic eruptions with a fault distribution in northwestern Saudi Arabia, where intensive magma invades the lithosphere. Structural and magmatic features are traced at successive depths through high-resolution magnetic anomaly pseudo-depth slices. The total horizontal gradient technique is applied to pseudo-depth slice magnetic anomalies to enhance the linear trends of faults and related magmatic activity. A comprehensive cross-section constructed from the projection of gradient horizontal maxima relative to pseudo-slices allows the visualization of the vertical behavior of faults and magma sources. Three major fault systems were identified, primarily aligned in the N–S, NE–SW and NW–SE directions. They are characterized by increasing length and width with depth. The N-S fault system is a major non-planar deep system throughout the area, affected by the NW–SE and NE–SW deep discontinuities. The evolution of these discontinuities with depth successfully shows magma uprising zones represented by a circular horizontal gradient, which starts to appear at a depth of 4500 m with a vertical continuity to the surface. They are interpreted as possible locations of ascending magma chambers or vents. The disposition of these magma sources with fault distribution can show a close relationship between the fault systems and the magma eruptions. The interpreted magma vents appear where the NE-trending transform faults intersect the NW or N–S fault zone. These intersections may represent weak zones that act as vertical conduits through which magma discontinuously erupts into the overlying crust, forming major volcanic fields in the eastern Red Sea.
Spatially resolved star formation and inside-out quenching in the TNG50 simulation and 3D-HST observations
Authors: Nelson Erica J , Tacchella Sandro , Diemer Benedikt , Leja Joel , Hernquist Lars , Whitaker Katherine E , Weinberger Rainer , Pillepich Annalisa , Nelson Dylan , Terrazas Bryan A , Nevin Rebecca , Brammer Gabriel B , Burkhart Blakesley , Cochrane Rachel K , van Dokkum Pieter , Johnson Benjamin D , Marinacci Federico , Mowla Lamiya , Pakmor Rüdiger , Skelton Rosalind E , Speagle Joshua , Springel Volker , Torrey Paul , Vogelsberger Mark , Wuyts Stijn
Published: August 2021

We compare the star-forming main sequence (SFMS) of galaxies – both integrated and resolved on 1 kpc scales – between the high-resolution TNG50 simulation of IllustrisTNG and observations from the 3D-HST slitless spectroscopic survey at z ∼ 1. Contrasting integrated star formation rates (SFRs), we find that the slope and normalization of the star-forming main sequence in TNG50 are quantitatively consistent with values derived by fitting observations from 3D-HST with the Prospector Bayesian inference framework. The previous offsets of 0.2–1 dex between observed and simulated main-sequence normalizations are resolved when using the updated masses and SFRs from Prospector. The scatter is generically smaller in TNG50 than in 3D-HST for more massive galaxies with M*> 1010 M⊙, by ∼10–40 per cent, after accounting for observational uncertainties. When comparing resolved star formation, we also find good agreement between TNG50 and 3D-HST: average specific star formation rate (sSFR) radial profiles of galaxies at all masses and radii below, on, and above the SFMS are similar in both normalization and shape. Most noteworthy, massive galaxies with M*> 1010.5 M⊙, which have fallen below the SFMS due to ongoing quenching, exhibit a clear central SFR suppression, in both TNG50 and 3D-HST. In contrast, the original Illustris simulation and a variant TNG run without black hole kinetic wind feedback, do not reproduce the central SFR profile suppression seen in data. In TNG, inside-out quenching is due to the supermassive black hole (SMBH) feedback model operating at low accretion rates.
Towards constraining warm dark matter with stellar streams through neural simulation-based inference
Authors: Hermans Joeri , Banik Nilanjan , Weniger Christoph , Bertone Gianfranco , Louppe Gilles
Published: August 2021

A statistical analysis of the observed perturbations in the density of stellar streams can in principle set stringent constraints on the mass function of dark matter subhaloes, which in turn can be used to constrain the mass of the dark matter particle. However, the likelihood of a stellar density with respect to the stream and subhaloes parameters involves solving an intractable inverse problem which rests on the integration of all possible forward realizations implicitly defined by the simulation model. In order to infer the subhalo abundance, previous analyses have relied on Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) together with domain-motivated but handcrafted summary statistics. Here, we introduce a likelihood-free Bayesian inference pipeline based on Amortised Approximate Likelihood Ratios (AALR), which automatically learns a mapping between the data and the simulator parameters and obviates the need to handcraft a possibly insufficient summary statistic. We apply the method to the simplified case where stellar streams are only perturbed by dark matter subhaloes, thus neglecting baryonic substructures, and describe several diagnostics that demonstrate the effectiveness of the new method and the statistical quality of the learned estimator.
Morphostatistical characterization of the spatial galaxy distribution through Gibbs point processes
Authors: Hurtado-Gil Lluís , Stoica Radu S , Martínez Vicent J , Arnalte-Mur Pablo
Published: August 2021

This paper proposes a morphostatistical characterization of the galaxy distribution through spatial statistical modelling based on inhomogeneous Gibbs point processes. The galaxy distribution is supposed to exhibit two components. The first one is related to the major geometrical features exhibited by the observed galaxy field, here, its corresponding filamentary pattern. The second one is related to the interactions exhibited by the galaxies. Gibbs point processes are statistical models able to integrate these two aspects in a probability density, controlled by some parameters. Several such models are fitted to real observational data via the ABC shadow algorithm. This algorithm provides simultaneous parameter estimation and posterior-based inference, hence allowing the derivation of the statistical significance of the obtained results.
Comparing hypervelocity star populations from the Large Magellanic Cloud and the Milky Way
Authors: Evans F A , Marchetti T , Rossi E M , Baggen J F W , Bloot S
Published: August 2021

We predict and compare the distributions and properties of hypervelocity stars (HVSs) ejected from the centres of the Milky Way (MW) and the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). In our model, HVSs are ejected at a constant rate – equal in both galaxies – via the Hills mechanism and are propagated in a combined potential, where the LMC orbits the MW on its first infall. By selecting $m \gt 2\, \mathrm{M_\odot }$ HVSs well separated from the Magellanic Clouds and Galactic mid-plane, we identify mock HVSs which would stand out from ordinary stars in the stellar halo in future data releases from the Gaia satellite and the Vera C. Rubin Observatory’s Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST). We find that in these deep surveys, LMC HVSs will outnumber MW ones by a factor of ∼2.5, as HVSs can more easily escape from the shallower potential of the LMC. At an assumed HVS ejection rate of $10^{-4} \, \mathrm{yr^{-1}}$, HVSs detectable in the final Gaia data release and LSST from the LMC (MW) will number $125_{-12}^{+11}$ ($50_{-8}^{+7}$) and $140_{-11}^{+10}$ ($42_{-7}^{+6}$), respectively. The MW and LMC HVS populations show different kinematics and spatial distributions. While LMC HVSs have more modest total velocities and larger Galactocentric distances clustered around those of the LMC itself, HVSs from the MW show broader distributions, including a prominent high-velocity tail above $500 \, \mathrm{km \ s^{-1}}$ that contains at least half of the stars. These predictions are robust against reasonable variation of the Galactic potential and of the LMC central black hole mass.
J2102+6015: a young radio source at z = 4.575
Authors: Zhang Yingkang , An Tao , Frey Sándor , Yang Xiaolong , Krezinger Máté , Titov Oleg , Melnikov Alexey , de Vicente Pablo , Shu Fengchun , Wang Ailing
Published: August 2021

Jets of high-redshift active galactic nuclei (AGNs) can be used to directly probe the activity of the black holes in the early Universe. Radio sources with jets misaligned with respect to the line of sight are expected to dominate the high-redshift AGN population. In this paper, we present the high-resolution imaging results of a z = 4.57 AGN J2102+6015 by analysing its multi-epoch dual-frequency very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) data. The 8.4-GHz VLBI images reveal two major features along the east–west direction separated by ∼10 mas. From the spectral index map, both features show flat/inverted spectra. The separation between the two features remains almost unchanged over an observation period of ∼13 yr, placing an upper limit of the separation speed as about 0.04 mas yr−1. Previous studies have classified the source as a GHz-peaked spectrum quasar. Our results indicate that J2102+6015 is most likely a young, compact symmetric object rather than a blazar-type core–jet source.
Common envelope evolution of eccentric binaries
Authors: Glanz Hila , Perets Hagai B
Published: August 2021

Common envelope evolution (CEE) is believed to be an important stage in the evolution of binary/multiple stellar systems. Following this stage, the CE is thought to be ejected, leaving behind a compact binary (or a merger product). Although extensively studied, the CEE process is still little understood, and although most binaries have non-negligible eccentricity, the effect of initial eccentricity on the CEE has been little explored. Moreover, most studies assume a complete circularization of the orbit by the CE onset, while observationally such eccentricities are detected in many post-CE binaries. Here we use smoothed particle hydro-dynamical simulations to study the evolution of initially eccentric (0 ≤ e ≤ 0.95) CE-systems. We find that initially eccentric binaries only partially circularize. In addition, higher initial eccentricity leads to a higher eccentricity following the end of the inspiral phase, with eccentricities as high as 0.18 in the most eccentric cases, and even higher if the initial pericentre of the orbit is located inside the star (e.g. following a kick into an eccentric orbit, rather than a smooth transition). CEE of more eccentric binaries leads to enhanced dynamical mass-loss of the CE compared with more circular binaries, and depends on the initial closest approach of the binary. We show that our results and the observed eccentricities of post-CE binaries suggest that the typical assumptions of circular orbits following CEE might potentially be revised. We expect post-CE eccentricities to affect the delay time distributions of various transients such as supernovae, gamma-ray bursts, and gravitational-wave sources by up to tens of per cents.
A new formation scenario of a counter-rotating circumstellar disk: Spiral-arm accretion from a circumbinary disk in a triple protostar system
Authors: Takaishi Daisuke , Tsukamoto Yusuke , Suto Yasushi
Published: August 2021

We present the evolution of rotational directions of circumstellar disks in a triple protostar system simulated from a turbulent molecular cloud core with no magnetic field. We find a new formation pathway of a counter-rotating circumstellar disk in such triple systems. The tertiary protostar forms via the circumbinary disk fragmentation and the initial rotational directions of all three circumstellar disks are almost parallel to that of the orbital motion of the binary system. Their mutual gravito-hydrodynamical interaction for the subsequent ∼104 yr greatly disturbs the orbit of the tertiary, and the rotational directions of the tertiary disk and star are reversed due to the spiral-arm accretion of the circumbinary disk. The counter-rotation of the tertiary circumstellar disk continues to the end of the simulation (∼6.4 × 104 yr after its formation), implying that the counter-rotating disk is long-lived. This new formation pathway during the disk evolution in Class 0/I young stellar objects possibly explains the counter-rotating disks recently discovered by ALMA.
p-Coumaroylation of poplar lignins impacts lignin structure and improves wood saccharification
Authors: Lapierre Catherine , Sibout Richard , Laurans Françoise , Lesage-Descauses Marie-Claude , Déjardin Annabelle , Pilate Gilles
Published: August 2021

The enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose into glucose, referred to as saccharification, is severely hampered by lignins. Here, we analyzed transgenic poplars (Populus tremula × Populus alba) expressing the Brachypodium (Brachypodium distachyon) p-coumaroyl-Coenzyme A monolignol transferase 1 (BdPMT1) gene driven by the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) Cinnamate 4-Hydroxylase (AtC4H) promoter in the wild-type (WT) line and in a line overexpressing the Arabidopsis Ferulate 5-Hydroxylase (AtF5H). BdPMT1 encodes a transferase which catalyzes the acylation of monolignols by p-coumaric acid (pCA). Several BdPMT1-OE/WT and BdPMT1-OE/AtF5H-OE lines were grown in the greenhouse, and BdPMT1 expression in xylem was confirmed by RT-PCR. Analyses of poplar stem cell walls (CWs) and of the corresponding purified dioxan lignins (DLs) revealed that BdPMT1-OE lignins were as p-coumaroylated as lignins from C3 grass straws. For some transformants, pCA levels reached 11 mg·g−1 CW and 66 mg·g−1 DL, exceeding levels in Brachypodium or wheat (Triticum aestivum) samples. This unprecedentedly high lignin p-coumaroylation affected neither poplar growth nor stem lignin content. Interestingly, p-coumaroylation of poplar lignins was not favored in BdPMT1-OE/AtF5H-OE transgenic lines despite their high frequency of syringyl units. However, lignins of all BdPMT1-OE lines were structurally modified, with an increase of terminal unit with free phenolic groups. Relative to controls, this increase argues for a reduced polymerization degree of BdPMT1-OE lignins and makes them more soluble in cold NaOH solution. The p-coumaroylation of poplar samples improved the saccharification yield of alkali-pretreated CW, demonstrating that the genetically driven p-coumaroylation of lignins is a promising strategy to make wood lignins more susceptible to alkaline treatments used during the industrial processing of lignocellulosics.
Cerebellar Dentate Connectivity across Adulthood: A Large-Scale Resting State Functional Connectivity Investigation
Authors: Bernard Jessica A , Ballard Hannah K , Jackson Trevor Bryan
Published: August 2021

Cerebellar contributions to behavior in advanced age are of interest and importance, given its role in motor and cognitive performance. There are differences and declines in cerebellar structure in advanced age and cerebellar resting state connectivity is lower. However, the work on this area to date has focused on the cerebellar cortex. The deep cerebellar nuclei provide the primary cerebellar inputs and outputs to the cortex, as well as the spinal and vestibular systems. Dentate networks can be dissociated such that the dorsal region is associated with the motor cortex, whereas the ventral aspect is associated with the prefrontal cortex. However, whether dentato-thalamo-cortical networks differ across adulthood remains unknown. Here, using a large adult sample (n = 590) from the Cambridge Center for Ageing and Neuroscience, we investigated dentate connectivity across adulthood. We replicated past work showing dissociable resting state networks in the dorsal and ventral aspects of the dentate. In both seeds, we demonstrated that connectivity is lower with advanced age, indicating that connectivity differences extend beyond the cerebellar cortex. Finally, we demonstrated sex differences in dentate connectivity. This expands our understanding of cerebellar circuitry in advanced age and underscores the potential importance of this structure in age-related performance differences.
Recovery of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) seedlings from ungulate browsing mirrors soil nitrogen availability
Authors: Csilléry Katalin , Buchmann Nina , Brendel Oliver , Gessler Arthur , Glauser Alexandra , Doris Kupferschmid Andrea
Published: August 2021

Abies alba (Mill.) has a high potential for mitigating climate change in European mountain forests; yet, its natural regeneration is severely limited by ungulate browsing. Here, we simulated browsing in a common garden experiment to study growth and physiological traits, measured from bulk needles, using a randomized block design with two levels of browsing severity and seedlings originating from 19 populations across Switzerland. Genetic factors explained most variation in growth (on average, 51.5%) and physiological traits (10.2%) under control conditions, while heavy browsing considerably reduced the genetic effects on growth (to 30%), but doubled those on physiological traits related to carbon storage. While browsing reduced seedling height, it also lowered seedling water-use efficiency (decreased $\delta ^{13}$C) and increased their $\delta ^{15}$N. Different populations reacted differently to browsing stress, and for seedling height, starch concentration and $\delta ^{15}$N, population differences appeared to be the result of natural selection. First, we found that populations originating from the warmest regions recovered the fastest from browsing stress, and they did so by mobilizing starch from their needles, which suggests a genetic underpinning for a growth-storage trade-off across populations. Second, we found that seedlings originating from mountain populations growing on steep slopes had a higher $\delta ^{15}$N in the common garden than those originating from flat areas, indicating that they have been selected to grow on N-poor, potentially drained, soils. This finding was corroborated by the fact that nitrogen concentration in adult needles was lower on steep slopes than on flat ground, strongly indicating that steep slopes are the most N-poor environments. These results suggest that adaptation to climate and soil nitrogen availability, as well as ungulate browsing pressure, co-determine the regeneration and range limit of silver fir.
VIII Renaissance Drama: Excluding Shakespeare
Authors: Bull Steve , Balakrishnan Lakshmi , Moroney Elizabeth , Ragni Cristiano , Equestri Alice
Published: August 2021

This chapter has three sections: 1. Editions and Textual Matters; 2. Theatre History; 3. Criticism. Section 1 is by Steve Bull; section 2 is by Lakshmi Balakrishnan; section 3(a) is by Elizabeth Moroney; section 3(b) is by Cristiano Ragni; section 3(c) is by Alice Equestri.
X The Seventeenth Century: Part II
Authors: Baker William , Airey Jennifer
Published: August 2021

This chapter has five sections: 1. General and Poetry; 2. Restoration Drama Excluding Dryden; 3. Dryden; 4. Prose; 5. Miscellaneous. Sections 1, 4, and 5 are by William Baker; sections 2 and 3 are by Jennifer Airey.
The Progress and Challenges of Convalescent Plasma Therapy for Coronavirus Disease 2019
Authors: Shi Ming , Zhang Chao , Wang Fu-Sheng
Published: August 2021

Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and SARS-CoV-2 infection (causing coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]) are serious diseases. To date, no effective post-exposure prophylaxis, prevention, or therapeutic agents are recommended as effective for these diseases. Convalescent plasma (CP), donated by individuals with established humoral immunity to the virus after recovering from coronavirus infection, has been successfully applied to treat several infectious diseases, including SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. Nonetheless, there are obstacles and challenges to using CP that should be taken into account. In this review, we summarize the evidence derived from clinical attempts to treat COVID-19 with CP, which represents a promising therapy for severe coronavirus infection. Furthermore, we outline the remaining challenges and general issues that should be considered when using CP treatment for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes.
Using Invitational Theory to Examine Nursing Students’ Experiences of Their Learning Environment
Authors: Watts Sarah Owens , Hodges Helen F.
Published: August 2021

AIM

The aim of this study was to test Purkey’s invitational theory to evaluate unique aspects of the learning environment in nursing education.

BACKGROUND

Faculty evaluate student learning but rarely students’ unique experiences within learning environments.

METHOD

This interpretive phenomenological analysis explored students’ perceptions of their prelicensure learning environments. Twelve participants from two private bachelor of science in nursing programs were interviewed about their experiences.

RESULTS

Students’ perceptions of what helped (invited) their learning and hindered (disinvited) their learning included thematic aspects of learning environments based on Purkey’s theory: people, places, processes, policies, and programs. Findings illustrate facets of the learning environment often not considered by educators in planning learning environments most conducive to student learning.

CONCLUSION

Purkey’s theory is a plausible framework for nurse educators to evaluate learning environments from students’ perspectives and may provide valuable data about the unique milieu that promotes or hinders successful learning.