bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Residential End‐Users: Programs Partnering With Customers to Reduce Delinquencies Show Strong Benefits
Authors: Connally Florence
Published: January 2014

Credit and collections is often a stressful process for all parties involved, but it does not have to be.
Energy and the Environment: Outlook—Sunspot Data May Indicate End of Global Warming Trend
Authors: Lesser Jonathan A.
Published: January 2014

In November 2013, yet another climate conference was held, this time in Warsaw. Like the United Nations Doha conference the previous year, the Warsaw conference devolved into a demand by less‐developed nations for climate “reparations” from developed nations, principally the United States. The demanders include China and India, which are the number‐one and number‐four carbon emitters, respectively. In fact, China led a walkout of 132 developing nations from the Warsaw conference to protest the lack of climate reparations. Nevertheless, the conference was a resounding success, assuming success to be an agreement by participating nations to publish intended carbon emissions reductions before the gabfest to be held in Paris in the fall of 2015.
HDAC6 inhibition results in tau acetylation and modulates tau phosphorylation and degradation in oligodendrocytes
Authors: Noack Monika , Leyk Janina , Richter‐Landsberg Christiane
Published: January 2014

Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is a unique member of the HDAC family. It is localized within the cytoplasm and has unique substrate specificities for nonhistone proteins, such as α‐tubulin. Furthermore, it plays a major role in protein aggregate formation and recently was demonstrated to interact with the microtubule associated protein tau and tau was identified as a possible substrate for HDAC6 in neurons. This study was undertaken to investigate whether HDAC6 is present in oligodendrocytes and whether it is involved in tubulin and tau acetylation in these cells. We show for the first time that HDAC6 is expressed in cultured rat brain oligodendrocytes. Its inhibition by the specific HDAC6 inhibitor tubastatin A (TST) leads to morphological alterations, microtubule bundling, and tubulin acetylation, and changes in tau‐isoform expression and phosphorylation. Furthermore, the microtubule binding activity of tau was reduced. Using the oligodendroglial cell lines OLN‐t40 and OLN‐t44, which were genetically engineered to express either the longest human tau isoform with four microtubule binding repeats (4R‐tau), or the shortest tau isoform with three repeats (3R‐tau), respectively, we demonstrate that tau is acetylated by HDAC6 within the 4R‐binding domain. Tau acetylation reduced its turnover rate and acetylated tau was degraded slower in these cells. TST and shRNA‐mediated knockdown of HDAC6 in oligodendroglia cells caused an increase in pathological hyperphosphorylated tau detectable with the 12E8 antibody. Hence HDAC6 and dysregulation of the deacetylation and acetylation process in oligodendrocytes may contribute to diseases with oligodendroglial pathology. GLIA 2014;62:535–547
Dynamics of β‐adrenergic/cAMP signaling and morphological changes in cultured astrocytes
Authors: Vardjan Nina , Kreft Marko , Zorec Robert
Published: January 2014

The morphology of astrocytes, likely regulated by cAMP, determines the structural association between astrocytes and the synapse, consequently modulating synaptic function. β‐Adrenergic receptors (β‐AR), which increase cytosolic cAMP concentration ([cAMP]i), may affect cell morphology. However, the real‐time dynamics of β‐AR‐mediated cAMP signaling in single live astrocytes and its effect on cell morphology have not been studied. We used the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)‐based cAMP biosensor Epac1‐camps to study time‐dependent changes in [cAMP]i; morphological changes in primary rat astrocytes were monitored by real‐time confocal microscopy. Stimulation of β‐AR by adrenaline, noradrenaline, and isoprenaline, a specific agonist of β‐AR, rapidly increased [cAMP]i (∼15 s). The FRET signal response, mediated via β‐AR, was faster than in the presence of forskolin (twofold) and dibutyryl‐cAMP (>35‐fold), which directly activate adenylyl cyclase and Epac1‐camps, respectively, likely due to slow entry of these agents into the cytosol. Oscillations in [cAMP]i have not been recorded, indicating that cAMP‐dependent processes operate in a slow time domain. Most Epac1‐camps expressing astrocytes revealed a morphological change upon β‐AR activation and attained a stellate morphology within 1 h. The morphological changes exhibited a bell‐shaped dependency on [cAMP]i. The 5–10% decrease in cell cross‐sectional area and the 30–50% increase in cell perimeter are likely due to withdrawal of the cytoplasm to the perinuclear region and the appearance of protrusions on the surface of astrocytes. Because astrocyte processes ensheath neurons, β‐AR/cAMP‐mediated morphological changes can modify the geometry of the extracellular space, affecting synaptic, neuronal, and astrocyte functions in health and disease. GLIA 2014;62:566–579
The role of reciprocal activation of cAbl and Mst1 in the Oxidative death of cultured astrocytes
Authors: Lee Sook‐Jeong , Seo Bo‐Ra , Choi Eui‐Ju , Koh Jae‐Young
Published: January 2014

The protein kinase Mst1 (mammalian Sterile 20‐like kinase 1) likely plays a role in oxidative neuronal cell death as a target of its activator, cAbl. We previously found that H2O2‐induced death of astrocytes is mediated by cAbl in a metallothionein‐3 (Mt3)‐dependent manner. In the present study, we examined a possible role for Mst1 in the oxidative death of astrocytes. Treatment of cortical astrocytes with 170 µM H2O2 activated Mst1. Knockdown of Mst1 reduced H2O2‐induced cell death, indicating that Mst1 activation contributes to astrocytic cell death. STI571, an inhibitor of cAbl, blocked induction/activation of Mst1 and H2O2‐induced cell death. However, Mst1 silencing also inhibited induction/activation of cAbl, suggesting that the two kinases are regulated by a reciprocal activating mechanism. The zinc chelator TPEN blocked induction/activation of cAbl and Mst1, indicating that these phenomena are dependent on the rise of intracellular zinc. Moreover, H2O2 exposure did not increase free zinc levels in Mt3‐null astrocytes, suggesting that the increased levels of free zinc were largely from Mt3. Consistent with the involvement of FoxO1/3, which may play a role in the Mst1‐cell death cascade, we found an increase in the level of phosphorylated FoxO1/3 in H2O2‐treated astrocytes. Moreover, inhibition of cAbl or Mst1 reversed this effect. The present results suggest the interesting possibility that cAbl and Mst1 are reciprocally activated under oxidative stress conditions in astrocytes. Both kinases appear to be regulated by changes in the levels of free zinc originating from Mt3 and contribute to oxidative cell death through a FoxO‐dependent mechanism. GLIA 2014;62:639–648
Cerebellar networks in individuals at ultra high‐risk of psychosis: Impact on postural sway and symptom severity
Authors: Bernard Jessica A. , Dean Derek J. , Kent Jerillyn S. , Orr Joseph M. , Pelletier‐Baldelli Andrea , Lunsford‐Avery Jessica R. , Gupta Tina , Mittal Vijay A.
Published: January 2014

Despite known deficits in postural control in patients with schizophrenia, this domain has not been investigated in youth at ultra high‐risk (UHR) for psychosis. This is particularly relevant as postural control implicates dysfunction in the cerebellum‐a region implicated in cognitive dysmetria conceptions of schizophrenia but poorly understood in the prodrome. Here, we extended our understanding of movement abnormalities in UHR individuals to include postural control, and have linked these deficits to both symptom severity and cerebello‐cortical network connectivity. UHR and healthy control participants completed an instrumentally based balance task to quantify postural control along with a resting state brain imaging scan to investigate cerebellar networks. We also quantified positive and negative symptom severity with structured clinical interviews. The UHR group showed overall increased postural sway and decreased cerebello‐cortical resting state connectivity, relative to controls. The decreased cerebello‐cortical connectivity was seen across multiple networks. Postural sway was also correlated with cerebellar connectivity in this population and uniquely positively correlated with the severity of negative symptoms. Finally, symptom severity was also associated with cerebellar connectivity. Together, our results point to a potential deficit in sensory integration as an underlying contributor to the increased postural sway, and provide evidence of cerebellar abnormalities in UHR individuals. These results extend our understanding of the motor abnormalities of UHR individuals beyond striatum‐based dyskinesias to include postural control and sensory integration deficits, and implicate the cerebellum as a distinct neural substrate preceding the onset of psychosis. Taken together, our results extend the cognitive dysmetria framework to UHR populations. Hum Brain Mapp 35:4064–4078, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Slowly Relaxing Local Structure Perspective of Protein Dynamics by NMR Relaxation
Authors: Meirovitch Eva
Published: January 2014

NMR relaxation is a powerful method for elucidating structural dynamics. Standard stochastic dynamic models generate time correlation functions (TCFs) that feature physically well‐defined parameters. We developed such a model, called the slowly relaxing local structure (SRLS) approach, for proteins. SRLS is a two‐body (protein and probe) coupled‐rotator approach. Given that the protein (featuring diffusion tensor, D1) restricts the probe (featuring diffusion tensor, D2), the two “bodies” are inherently coupled dynamically. This is substantiated by a local potential, u, associated with a local ordering tensor, S. SRLS allows for general tensorial properties of D1, D2, S and the magnetic NMR tensors, and a general form of u. The TCFs are multi‐exponential, in accordance with the degree of generality of the various tensors. The traditional model‐free (MF) method is based on a different conceptualization. According to it a mode‐decoupling bi‐exponential (one term for each rotator) TCF captures adequately the detectable features of structural dynamics. Hence, stochastic approaches are unnecessary. Here, we show that this (amply proven) oversimplification leads to physically vague constructs/composites as descriptors of structural dynamics. We illustrate misleading results obtained with MF when mode coupling, or S tensor asymmetry, dominate the analysis. Finally, we delineate the substantial advantage in using SRLS TCF as quantity to be compared with its atomistic molecular dynamicsbased counterpart.
Recent Advances in Solid State NMR of Small Molecules in Confinement
Authors: Werner Mayke , Rothermel Niels , Breitzke Hergen , Gutmann Torsten , Buntkowsky Gerd
Published: January 2014

In the past years, porous media have become a major focus of materials science, due to their versatile properties, such as high surface area, low specific weight, high surface functionality, and the ability to customize their surface properties. Applications of porous media range from catalysis to separation media to gas storage. All of the mentioned applications involve the introduction of guest molecules into the pores. For efficient application of the materials, it is essential to know the behavior of these introduced molecules in the confined state. Solid state (ss) NMR gives a unique insight into the dynamics, the guest‐host interactions, and the binding sites of porous materials and is probably the most powerful characterization method for probing a huge variety of real‐life systems. Recent results in research of microporous zeolites and periodically mesoporous silica (PMS) materials using NMR will be highlighted.
Nestedness in sessile and periphytic rotifer communities: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Meksuwan Phuripong , Pholpunthin Pornsilp , Walsh Elizabeth J. , Segers Hendrik , Wallace Robert L.
Published: January 2014

The freshwater littoral comprises a mosaic of habitats structured at several scales by a combination of hydrophyte architecture and physiology. Within this complex environment littoral invertebrates should distribute themselves to maximize fitness: that is, for sessile animals selection of permanent substrata is critical, while distribution of motile (periphytic) animals should follow predictions of Ideal Free Distribution theory. Here we explore the relationships between littoral rotifers and hydrophytes by conducting nestedness analyses on 10 published datasets (7 sessile; 3 periphytic); one dataset each of microcrustaceans and insects were included for comparison. We used four metrics to assess nestedness: mean matrix temperature (T); counts of discrepancy shifts and species segregation; and percent singletons. Six sessile rotifer datasets exhibited nestedness (T = 9.25–30.2°, supported by ≥2 null models; the other metrics varied widely). Our results indicate that distribution of sessile rotifers and periphytic insects was highly structured, but until more data is available little can be said about the distribution of the periphytic rotifer or microcrustacean community structure. Sessile rotifer species possessing idiosyncratic temperatures (T>T +1.5 SD) exhibited a trend toward a record of cosmopolitanism. Important idiosyncratic hydrophytes includedCeratophyllum, Chara, andUtricularia. Two of the three periphytic, rotifer datasets exhibited nestedness (T = 19.2°, 39.9°), but each was supported by only one of the four null models. The periphytic microcrustaceans did not show nestedness, while the insects did (T = 15.5°; supported by four null models). The three other metrics varied considerably among the periphytic datasets, showing no discernable pattern.
Addition of pluronics® to reducible disulfide‐bond‐containing Pluronic®–PEI–SS specifically enhances circulation time in vivo and transfection efficiency in vitro
Authors: Chen Zhenzhen , Zhang Lifen , Li Yanfeng
Published: January 2014

To improve the circulation time and transfection efficiency of the polyplexes used in gene delivery, a series of Pluronic®/Pluronic®F127–PEI–SS/pDNA complexes (PFPS/pDNA), based on the addition of different kinds of Pluronics® to the reducible disulfide‐bonds‐containing Pluronic®F127–PEI–SS/pDNA (FPS/pDNA) polyplexes, was prepared and evaluated in Bcap and Hela cells in vitro and in vivo. The addition of Pluronics® with molecular weights and hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLBs) different from that in the FPS/pDNA complex resulted in five PFPS(1–5)/pDNA complexes, and the correlation between the structure of the free Pluronic® and the properties of the PFPS/pDNA complexes was investigated. The addition of Pluronics® resulted in slightly larger or same‐sized nanoparticles of PFPS/pDNA at a constant N/P ratio. The PFPS copolymer displayed strong stability against DNase I digestion and serum degradation. PFPS‐4 containing added Pluronic® L35, with an intermediate HLB of 19, showed a much higher transfection efficiency and less cytotoxicity than FPS or PEI‐25 kDa in vitro. PFPS‐4 also exhibited a considerably longer blood circulation time than FPS or PEI‐25 kDa in vivo in mice, indicating that the addition of an intermediate Pluronic® can enhance the transfection efficiency of gene delivery systems. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 1268–1276, 2014.
Iron–sulfur bond covalency from electronic structure calculations for classical iron–sulfur clusters
Authors: Harris Travis V. , Szilagyi Robert K.
Published: January 2014

The covalent character of iron–sulfur bonds is a fundamental electronic structural feature for understanding the electronic and magnetic properties and the reactivity of biological and biomimetic iron–sulfur clusters. Conceptually, bond covalency obtained from X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) can be directly related to orbital compositions from electronic structure calculations, providing a standard for evaluation of density functional theoretical methods. Typically, a combination of functional and basis set that optimally reproduces experimental bond covalency is chosen, but its dependence on the population analysis method is often neglected, despite its important role in deriving theoretical bond covalency. In this study of iron tetrathiolates, and classical [2Fe2S] and [4Fe4S] clusters with only thiolate ligands, we find that orbital compositions can vary significantly depending on whether they are derived from frontier orbitals, spin densities, or electron sharing indexes from “Átoms in Molecules” (ÁIM) theory. The benefits and limitations of Mulliken, Minimum Basis Set Mulliken, Natural, Coefficients‐Squared, Hirshfeld, and AIM population analyses are described using ab initio wave function‐based (QCISD) and experimental (S K‐edge XAS) bond covalency. We find that the AIM theory coupled with a triple‐ζ basis set and the hybrid functional B(5%HF)P86 gives the most reasonable electronic structure for the studied FeS clusters. 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
DADS TUNING IN TO KIDS: PILOTING A NEW PARENTING PROGRAM TARGETING FATHERS’ EMOTION COACHING SKILLS
Authors: Wilson Katherine R. , Havighurst Sophie S. , Harley Ann E.
Published: January 2014

This pilot study reports the preliminary evaluation of an emotion socialization parenting program for fathers of preschool children. The program, Dads Tuning in to Kids (DadsTIK), is a specifically modified version of a universal evidence‐based prevention program, Tuning in to Kids (Havighurst & Harley, 2007). DadsTIK teaches fathers emotion coaching parenting skills that have previously been linked to children's social‐emotional competence and fewer behavior problems. The 7‐session (14 hours total) group program was delivered to 43 fathers who completed pre‐ and post‐program questionnaires assessing their parenting (emotional style, reactions to children's negative emotions, reactive/angry parenting, and parenting competence) and child outcomes (behavioral functioning). Program retention was excellent; and, post‐program, fathers reported increased emotion coaching, decreased emotion dismissing, decreased angry reactivity and improved parenting efficacy and satisfaction. They also reported reductions in difficult child behaviors. These positive outcomes suggest DadsTIK warrants further investigation.
IMPROVING PARENTING OF TODDLERS’ EMOTIONS USING AN EMOTION COACHING PARENTING PROGRAM: A PILOT STUDY OF TUNING IN TO TODDLERS
Authors: Lauw Michelle S. M. , Havighurst Sophie S. , Wilson Katherine R. , Harley Ann E. , Northam Elisabeth A.
Published: January 2014

Parental responses to children's emotions influence children's emotion‐related abilities. Tuning in to Toddlers (TOTS) is a new emotion‐focused parenting program for parents of toddlers aged 18 to 36 months. It is based on the empirically tested Tuning in to Kids program that teaches parents how to emotion coach their children. In the current pilot study, an intervention‐only sample of parents of typically developing toddlers attended a 6‐session group program. At preprogram and postprogram, parents’ emotion‐coaching and emotion‐dismissing behaviors were assessed using self‐report questionnaires and observation measures. Results showed significant increases in self‐reported and observed emotion coaching behaviors and use of emotion talk after intervention. There was also a significant decrease in self‐reported and observed emotion dismissing behaviors, and toddler externalizing behavior problems. Overall, findings provide preliminary support for TOTS and suggest its potential as a valuable intervention for supporting parents in their efforts to emotion coach their toddlers.
ADJUSTMENT TO DIVORCE: A COMPARISON OF ETHIOPIAN IMMIGRANT AND ISRAELI‐BORN MEN
Authors: Kulik Liat , Kasa Yael‐Avero
Published: January 2014

The research dealt with adjustment to divorce among men who immigrated to Israel from Ethiopia versus Israeli‐born men. In addition, we examined whether there were differences between the two groups of divorcés with regard to coping resources that explain adjustment to divorce. Three types of resources were examined: personal resources (level of education, and self‐assessed income); interpersonal resources (quality of the relationship with the ex‐spouse, the existence of a new romantic relationship, and the fathers’ involvement in their children's lives); and environmental resources (formal and informal social support). Adjustment in the dimension of self‐acceptance of divorce was lower among the Ethiopian immigrant men than among their Israeli‐born counterparts. The Israeli‐born men were found to be more involved in their children's lives than the Ethiopian immigrants.
TO FUKUSHIMA WITH LOVE: LESSONS ON LONG‐TERM ANTINUCLEAR CITIZEN PARTICIPATION FROM THREE MILE ISLAND
Authors: Angelique Holly L. , Culley Marci R.
Published: January 2014

We revisit long‐term politically active citizens at the Three Mile Island nuclear plant in the wake of ongoing environmental and nuclear crises in Japan to better understand how long‐term citizen participation focused on environmental disasters might be fostered and sustained. In our qualitative study of 31 long‐term antinuclear activists, we examine the confluence of psychological and sociopolitical dimensions of active citizenship for over 3 decades. Psychological dimensions include moral obligations and civic‐mindedness, emotions, such as anger, stress, and deepened convictions, and the importance of social solidarity and silent supporters. Sociopolitical dimensions include the lack of social power, the importance of formal groups, and strong leadership. Additionally, we compare first‐time active citizens with those with prior political experience and argue that at least 2 types of active citizens may exist: those who are intrinsically inspired and those who are motivated by a direct threat. Implications for promoting increased active citizenship around environmental and technological crises are discussed.
LIBERATION‐FOCUSED COMMUNITY OUTREACH: A QUALITATIVE EXPLORATION OF PEER GROUP SUPERVISION DURING DISASTER RESPONSE
Authors: Goodman Rachael D. , Calderon Angela M. , Tate Kevin A.
Published: January 2014

While it is clear that community outreach and disaster response must include cultural and social justice competence, there is a dearth of knowledge regarding the process by which this can occur. Guided by liberation psychology, this qualitative study examined the peer group supervision process of psychologists and counselors providing outreach to Haitian communities in Florida after the 2010 earthquake in Haiti. The findings suggest that peer supervision generated a cyclical process in which the practitioners focused on both content and process themes that were salient to the community outreach. During supervision, practitioners used content information on the community's culture, strengths, and sociopolitical issues to conceptualize the community's experiences and needs. This content informed the outreach process, including the practitioners’ roles and the ways in which they connected and developed respectful relationships with the community. Ongoing peer supervision appeared to facilitate a liberation‐focused community outreach and increase consciousness among the practitioners.
Preliminary testing and design of permeable bioreactive barrier for phenanthrene degradation by Pseudomonas stutzeriCECT 930 immobilized in hydrogel matrices
Authors: Ferreira Laura , Rosales Emilio , Sanromán M. Angeles , Pazos Marta
Published: January 2014

BACKGROUND

Currently, to allow the remediation of polluted groundwater, it is necessary to develop in situ treatments, such as permeable reactive biobarrier (PRBB). However, few bioreactive materials are known, and more studies are required. Therefore, the aim of this work was to obtain new bioreactive materials by immobilization of Pseudomonas stutzeri CECT 930 in different hydrogels.

RESULTS

To determine the effectiveness of the developed bioreactive materials phenanthrene degradation was carried out in batch assays. High degradation levels were achieved after 11 days for bacteria trapped in the different hydrogel matrices. Using experiments to test the behaviour and reusability, the performance of immobilized bacteria in continuous mode was also investigated. In these experiments, P. stutzeri immobilized in agar exhibited near complete degradation with high cell retention. Finally, this new bioreactive medium was tested in a simulated PRBB.

CONCLUSION

The results show that this PRBB is stable with different hydraulic retention times without operational problems or loss of activity. Therefore, the results obtained suggest the use of P. stutzeri immobilized in agar as biofiller in a PRBB for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation in groundwater. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Microvasculature of the cerebral cortex: A vascular corrosion cast and immunocytochemical study
Authors: Scala Gaetano
Published: January 2014

In mammals, the cerebral cortex microvasculature (CCM) of the neopallium plays important roles in the physiological and pathological processes of the brain. The aim of the present work is to analyze the CCM by use of the SEM‐vascular corrosion cast technique, and to examine the immunocytochemical characteristics of the CCM in adult domestic ruminants (cattle, buffalo, and sheep) by using the SEM‐immunogold technique. The CCM originated from the very small, finger‐like terminal branches of the macrovasculature of the brain. The superficial cortical arterioles were more numerous than the deep straight arterioles which proceeded toward the white matter. The surface casts of the arterioles and capillaries of the cerebral cortex showed ring‐shaped formations in the arterioles and at the origin of the capillaries. All capillaries down‐stream from these ring‐shaped formations were flaccid. Casts of the capillaries showed wrinkles due to the presence of endothelial folds, which is characteristic of varying blood pressure. Formations having intense anti‐GIFAP immunoreactivity were frequently evident along the course of the blood capillaries in the cerebral cortex. These formations were probably astrocytes that might regulate the cerebral microcirculation based on physiological and pathological stimuli, such as neuronal activation. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:257–263, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Angiotensin axis blockade, hypotension, and acute kidney injury in elective major orthopedic surgery
Authors: Nielson Erik , Hennrikus Eileen , Lehman Erik , Mets Berend
Published: January 2014

BACKGROUND

Patients presenting for surgery with angiotensin axis blockade (AAB) from therapy with either angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers experience an increased incidence of perioperative hypotension. Acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients receiving preoperative AAB has been demonstrated after lung, vascular, and cardiac surgery. However, there is little literature evaluating the hypotensive and renal effects of preoperative AAB and major orthopedic surgery.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective chart review of 1154 patients who underwent spinal fusion, total knee arthroplasty, or total hip arthroplasty during the 2010 calendar year in our academic medical center.

RESULTS

A total of 922 patients met inclusion criteria, 343 (37%) received preoperative AAB. Postinduction hypotension (systolic blood pressure ≤80 mm Hg for 5 minutes) was significantly higher in patients receiving AAB when compared to those not so treated (12.2% vs 6.7%; odds ratio [OR]: 1.93, P = 0.005). Of the 922 patients, 798 had documented measurements of both preoperative and postoperative creatinine. Postoperative AKI was significantly higher in patients receiving AAB therapy (8.3% vs 1.7%; OR: 5.40, P < 0.001), remaining significant after adjusting for covariates including hypotension (OR: 2.60, P = 0.042). Developing AKI resulted in a significantly higher mean length of stay (5.76 vs 3.28 days, P < 0.001) but no difference in 2‐year mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients undergoing major elective orthopedic surgery who receive preoperative AAB therapy,have an associated increased risk of postinduction hypotension and postoperative acute kidney injury resulting in a greater hospital length of stay. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2014;9:283–288. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
Primary cilia mediate sonic hedgehog signaling to regulate neuronal‐like differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells for resveratrol induction in vitro
Authors: Huang Jia‐Gui , Shen Chang‐Bo , Wu Wen‐Bin , Ren Jun‐Wei , Xu Lan , Liu Shu , Yang Qin
Published: January 2014

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into neuronal‐like cell types under specific conditions. The classical antioxidant inducers such as β‐mercaptoethanol (BME), butylated hydroxyanisol (BHA), and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) are limited in clinical because of toxicity. Resveratrol, a safer, natural antioxidant, can stimulate osteoblastic differentiation of MSCs. However, its effect of inducing MSCs to differentiate into neuronal‐like cells is less well studied, and its differentiated mechanisms are not well understood. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling, mediated by the primary cilia, is crucial for embryonic development and tissue differentiation, but relatively little is known about the role of Shh signaling and primary cilia in neuronal‐like differentiation of MSCs. Here we show that primary cilia, harboring patched 1 (Ptc1), are present in growth‐arrested MSCs and that smoothened (Smo) and Gli1 are present in cytoplasm of MSCs, which are important components of the Shh signaling pathway. After resveratrol induction, MSCs acquire neuronal‐like cell morphologies and phenotypes, Smo translocates to the primary cilia, Gli1 enters the nucleus, and expressions of Smo and Gli1 proteins increase, which can be inhibited by cyclopamine, a Smo antagonist. Meanwhile, Smo agonist (SAG) attains similar effects compared with the resveratrol group. These data indicate that resveratrol can induce MSCs to differentiate into neuronal‐like cells and activate Shh signaling pathway in the primary cilia. Moreover, the primary cilia and Shh signaling are essential for resveratrol inducing neuronal‐like differentiation of MSCs. Our finding is important for understanding the neuronal‐like differentiation mechanism of MSCs for resveratrol and promoting its clinical therapeutic utility. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Calcium ion influx in microglial cells: Physiological and therapeutic significance
Authors: Sharma Purnima , Ping Liao
Published: January 2014

Microglial cells, the immunocompetent cells of the central nervous system (CNS), exhibit a resting phenotype under healthy conditions. In response to injury, however, they transform into an activated state, which is a hallmark feature of many CNS diseases. Factors or agents released from the neurons, blood vessels, and/or astrocytes could activate these cells, leading to their functional and structural modifications. Microglial cells are well equipped to sense environmental changes within the brain under both physiological and pathological conditions. Entry of calcium ions (Ca2+) plays a critical role in the process of microglial transformation; several channels and receptors have been identified on the surface of microglial cells. These include store‐operated channel, Orai1, and its sensor protein, stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), in microglial cells, and their functions are modulated under pathological stimulations. Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels and voltage‐ and ligand‐gated channels (ionotropic and metabotropic receptors) are also responsible for Ca2+ influx into the microglial cells. An elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration subsequently regulates microglial cell functions by activating a diverse array of Ca2+‐sensitive signaling cascades. Perturbed Ca2+ homeostasis contributes to the progression of a number of CNS disorders. Thus, regulation of Ca2+ entry into microglial cells could be a pharmacological target for several CNS‐related pathological conditions. This Review addresses the recent insights into microglial cell Ca2+ influx mechanisms, their roles in the regulation of functions, and alterations of Ca2+ entry in specific CNS disorders. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adjustable thermoplastic mandibular advancement device for obstructive sleep apnea: Outcomes and practicability
Authors: Banhiran Wish , Kittiphumwong Phantipar , Assanasen Paraya , Chongkolwatana Cheerasook , Metheetrairut Choakchai
Published: January 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

To assess outcomes including efficacy, adverse effects, and quality of life (QOL) of an adjustable thermoplastic mandibular advancement device (AT‐MAD) fitted by an otolaryngologist for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) treatment.

Study Design

Prospective, nonrandomized, before‐after study.

Methods

Sixty‐four adult patients (40 men and 24 women) were recruited. Inclusion criteria were OSA patients who had failed or refused treatment with continuous positive airway pressure and surgery. Exclusion criteria were insufficient teeth, active intraoral disease, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders. Outcomes were measured using polysomnography, symptom questionnaires, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ) before treatment and 4 to 6 months thereafter.

Results

Mean apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI) and ESS scores decreased from 17.7 ± 14.6 to 7.5 ± 10.9 and from 8.7 ± 4.9 to 6.5 ± 4.4, respectively, after treatment (P < .001). Thirty‐nine patients (60.9%) achieved post‐treatment AHI of <5, with the highest success rate in those with mild OSA (75%). FOSQ global scores increased from 16.4 ± 2.8 to 17.7 ± 3.0 (P < .05), along with most FOSQ subscale scores. Thirty‐four patients (53.1%) regularly used the device for ≥5 nights per week. Adverse effects include TMJ discomfort, dry mouth, and excessive salivation, which were largely tolerable. Only four patients withdrew from the study because of adverse effects.

Conclusions

This is the first study in Asians demonstrating that an AT‐MAD, if done properly, is a practical short‐term treatment of OSA, with good outcomes including improved QOL. Its advantages are its low cost and ready‐to‐use nature. However, further randomized controlled trials are required.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope 124:2427–2432, 2014
The behavior of mastoidectomy cavities following modified radical mastoidectomy
Authors: Thiel Gundula , Rutka John A. , Pothier David D.
Published: January 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

An analysis of the frequency and intensity of postoperative aftercare required for modified radical mastoidectomy (MRM) and patterns of healing in the postoperative period.

Study Design

A retrospective review of all primary modified radical mastoidectomies carried out for cholesteatoma under the care of the senior author between the years of 2004 and 2009 with minimum follow‐up of 2 years.

Methods

The time and number of interventions required to achieve a stable and dry mastoid cavity were collected. Cross‐sectional and longitudinal analysis of the behavior of the cavities was carried out.

Results

Overall, 73 cases (71 patients) were identified. Patients were followed up for a median of 45.7 months (interquartile range, 31.8–70.5). After initial debridement, most cavities settled rapidly, but this was not always predictable, with a large proportion requiring further clinical intervention after the cavity was stable, sometimes for prolonged periods of time. At the time of analysis, 73% had achieved a stable cavity, 17 (23%) still required attention (nine for wax removal and eight for debridement); two were lost to follow‐up. No revision surgeries were required. At 6 months, 36% of cavities were settled, 42% at 1 year, 53% at 18 months, and 62% at 2 years. After two standard postoperative visits, a total of 632 visits were made by these patients.

Conclusions

Following MRM, the majority of patients achieve a dry, self‐cleaning mastoid cavity. This might require periods of intense care interspersed with periods of quiescence. These results allow the benefits of this procedure to be put in the context of the entire patient journey.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope 124:2380–2385, 2014
Epoxy‐Amine Resins with Controlled Reactivity
Authors: Burkhart Alexander , Fischer Julian , Mondrzyk Adam , Ritter Helmut
Published: January 2014

The control of reactivity of several bis(N‐glycidylsulfonamides) by aromatic substituents is presented. Therefore, disulfonamides with electron‐withdrawing or electron‐donating aryl moieties and a linear, branched, or oxygen‐substituted spacer are synthesized and further N‐alkylated with epichlorohydrin. Their curing times with N,N‐dimethyl aminopropyl amine in comparison with standard bisphenol A diglycidyl ether are measured by oscillatory rheology. A dependence of curing time with the Hammett σ‐value is found.

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Nutation frequency modulation on NMR signal of nuclear spins in chemical exchange with solvent water under the BEST conditions
Authors: Yao Shenggen , Keizer David W.
Published: January 2014

Solvent exchange properties of protein backbone amide protons provide valuable residue‐specific information on protein solvent accessibility, structure stability and flexibility and hence are of significant interest in structural biology. NMR has served as a unique means for the characterization of chemical exchange including proton amide exchange with solvent water at residue‐specific levels across a broad range of exchange rates. One of the methods used for the characterization of protein backbone amide exchange by NMR involves the use of progressive selective irradiation of the water resonance. Here, we report the experimental observation of the nutation frequency (strength of RF field used for the irradiation of water resonance) modulation on amide proton signals for those in exchange with the solvent water under the band‐selective excitation short transient (BEST) conditions. Compared with conventional saturation transfer of water magnetization experiments, this nutation frequency modulation observed on signal of nuclear spins under the BEST conditions potentially offers a quick identification of protein backbone amides in rapid exchange with solvent water. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inactivation of mTor arrests bovine oocytes in the metaphase‐I stage, despite reversible inhibition of 4E‐BP1 phosphorylation
Authors: Mayer Sophia , Wrenzycki Christine , Tomek Wolfgang
Published: January 2014

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTor), a Ser/Thr protein kinase, is implicated in the phosphorylation‐triggered inactivation of translation repressors, the so‐called eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E)‐binding proteins (4E‐BPs). Previous observations in porcine and bovine oocytes revealed an increasing phosphorylation of 4E‐BP1 during meiotic maturation. This factor is hypophosphorylated in the germinal‐vesicle (GV) stage and its phosphorylation peaks in the metaphase II (M II) stage. In the present approach we intended to block 4E‐BP1 phosphorylation specifically to impair initiation of translation and elucidate effects on resumption of meiosis. Torin2, which acts as an active‐site mTor inhibitor, reduces 4E‐BP1 phosphorylation without any effect on eIF4E and arrests up to 60% of the oocytes in the M I stage. Effects of Torin2 treatment, analyzed by site‐specific substrate phosphorylation, were also observed at protein kinase B (Akt or PKB), and cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs). Only minor side effects were found at protein kinase A, C (PKA, PKC), ATM/ATR (Ataxia telangiectasia mutated/AT and Rad3‐related protein), and the mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPK) ERK1,2. The inhibition of 4E‐BP1 phosphorylation by Torin2 is reversible when cultivating oocytes for additional 24 hr in Torin2‐free medium. Even so, oocytes persist in the M I stage. This may indicate the necessity of spatiotemporally regulated translation during meiosis, which cannot be restored later. In conclusion, Torin2 enables an effective and specific inhibition of 4E‐BP1 phosphorylation, which may be valuable to investigate maturation specific protein synthesis in more detail. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 81: 363–375, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of nano cadmium sulfide on combustion and thermal decomposition of polystryene and poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Wang Zhengzhou , Cai Guipeng , Matusinovic Zvonimir , Wilkie Charles A.
Published: January 2014

Cadmium sulfide nano particles, both hollow spheres (CdS‐HS) and rods (CdS‐NR), were synthesized by ultrasonic and solvothermal processes, respectively, and characterized by XRD and SEM. The effect of the two kinds of nano particles on flammability was investigated using the cone calorimeter and microscale combustion calorimeter. The incorporation of small amount of CdS nano particles (1 wt.%, 3 wt.%, 5 wt.%) leads to a reduction in the peak heat release rate (PHRR) compared to pristine PS; CdS‐NR is more efficient in reducing the PHRR. CdS nano particles are less effective in reducing the PHRR of PMMA. Thermal stability of PS/CdS and PMMA/CdS nanocomposites was studied by TGA. The TGA results show that the addition of the nano particles mainly increases thermal stability of PS and PMMA at high temperatures. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of hydrophobically modified flocculant by aqueous dispersion polymerization and its application in oily wastewater treatment
Authors: Lü Ting , Qi Dongming , Zhao Hongting , Cheng Yuhua
Published: January 2014

A hydrophobically modified cationic flocculant, in the form of aqueous dispersion, has been successfully synthesized via dispersion copolymerization of acrylamide (AM), 2‐methylacryloylxyethyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC), and methyl methacrylate (MMA) in aqueous ammonium sulfate (AS) solution. The molecular structure of the prepared copolymer was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Meanwhile, the influence of hydrophobic comonomer (MMA) on the viscosity and microstructure of this aqueous dispersion was investigated. It was found that both the viscosity and the particle size were decreased with increasing content of MMA. Thereafter, this flocculant was used to treat the oily wastewater, and its oil removal ability was assessed under various conditions. It was demonstrated that the hydrophobically modified flocculant has obvious superiority for oily wastewater treatment. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:1–7, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Influence of monomeric and polymeric structure on the physical properties of thermoplastic polyesters derived from hydroxy fatty acids
Authors: Jose Jesmy , Pourfallah Ghazaleh , Leao Alcides Lopes , Narine Suresh S
Published: January 2014

The physical properties of three vegetable oil derived medium and long chain poly(ω‐hydroxy fatty ester)s (P(Me‐ω‐OHFA)s), namely poly(ω‐hydroxynonanoate) [P(Me‐ω‐OHC9)], poly(ω‐hydroxytridecanoate) [P(Me‐ω‐OHC13)] and poly(ω‐hydroxyoctadecanoate) [P(Me‐ω‐OHC18)] (n = 8, 12 and 17, respectively), of the [−(CH2)n−COO–]x polyester homologous series are presented. The effect of Mn (Mn 10–40 kg mol−1) and n on the crystal structure and thermal and mechanical properties of the P(Me‐ω‐OHFA)s were investigated by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), TGA, DSC, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and tensile analysis and are discussed in the context of the [−(CH2)n−COO–]x polyester homologous series, contrasted with linear polyethylene (PE). For all P(Me‐ω‐OHFA)s the WAXD data indicated an orthorhombic crystal phase reminiscent of linear PE with crystallinity (Xc = 50%−80%) depending strongly on Mn. The glass transition temperature and Young's modulus for P(Me‐ω‐OHFA)s increased with Xc. The DSC, DMA and TGA studies for P(Me‐ω‐OHFA)s (n = 8, 12 and 17) indicated strong correlations between the melting, glass transition and thermal degradation behavior and n. The established predictive structure relationships can be used for the custom engineering of polyester materials suitable for specialty and commodity applications. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
A review of floating photovoltaic installations: 2007–2013
Authors: Trapani Kim , Redón Santafé Miguel
Published: January 2014

The paper gives a review of the various projects that have been realised in throughout the years. These have all been in enclosed water bodies such as reservoirs, ponds and small lakes. The main motivation for the floating photovoltaic (PV) panels was the land premium, especially for agricultural sites were the land was more valuable for growth of the crops (in these cases, grapes because the sites were wineries). The PV panels of the existing projects are mounted on a rigid pontoon structure and vary between horizontal and tilted installations. Future concepts proposed for marine and large lacusterine sites are envisaged to incorporate laminated thin film PV, which would allow the structure to be flexible and able to yield with the oncoming waves, and submergible arrays, which would be submerged in harsh weather conditions. Interest and research has been developing in this niche field throughout the years and has currently reached the megawatt scale with even bigger plans for the future. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does cognitive behaviour therapy for insomnia reduce clinical levels of fatigue, anxiety and depression in cancer patients?
Authors: Fleming Leanne , Randell Kate , Harvey Christopher‐James , Espie Colin A.
Published: January 2014

Objectives

This secondary analysis of data from a randomised controlled trial explores associations between common symptom clusters and evaluates pre‐treatment to post‐treatment changes in clinical levels of these symptoms following cognitive behaviour therapy for insomnia (CBT‐I).

Methods

Baseline data from 113 participants with insomnia were explored to establish rates of and associations between clinical levels of fatigue, anxiety and depression across the sample. Effects of CBT‐I on this symptom cluster were also explored by examining changes in pre‐treatment to post‐treatment levels of fatigue, anxiety and depression.

Results

At baseline, the most common symptom presentation was insomnia + fatigue, and 30% of the sample reported at least three co‐morbid symptoms. Post‐CBT, the number of those experiencing clinical insomnia and clinical fatigue decreased. There were no changes in anxiety rates from baseline to post‐treatment in the CBT group and modest reductions in rates of those with clinical depression. Seven individuals (9.6%) from the CBT group were completely symptom free at post‐treatment compared with 0% from the treatment as usual condition. Chi‐square analysis revealed a significant relationship between group allocation and changes in symptoms of insomnia and fatigue. No such relationship was found between group allocation and mood variables.

Conclusions

These findings confirm the high rate of symptom co‐morbidities among cancer patients and highlight strong associations between sleep and fatigue. CBT‐I appears to offer generalised benefit to the symptom cluster as a whole and, specifically, is effective in reducing fatigue, which exceeded clinical cut‐offs prior to implementation of the intervention. This has implications for the diagnosis/management of common symptoms in cancer patients. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.