bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The 2‐(4‐Phenyl‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐1‐yl)ethanol‐Based Phosphinite Ligand Ph2POCH2CH2[1,2,3‐N3C(Ph)C(H)] – Synthesis, Transition‐Metal Complexes, and Structural Studies
Authors: Choubey Bimba , Prasad Pandey Sameer , Mague Joel T. , Balakrishna Maravanji S.
Published: March 2018

Invited for the cover of this issue is MaravanjiàS. Balakrishna from the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, India. The cover image shows the new triazole‐based phosphinite ligand and its ability to stabilize various coordination modes.
Chemistry of Triple‐Decker Sandwich Complexes Containing Four‐Membered Open B2E2 Rings (E = S or Se)
Authors: Joseph Benson , Barik Subrat Kumar , Ramalakshmi Rongala , Kundu Gargi , Roisnel Thierry , Dorcet Vincent , Ghosh Sundargopal
Published: March 2018

Building upon our earlier studies of cobaltaheteroboranes, we explore the chemistry with heavier group 9 metals. Reaction of [Cp*M(µ‐Cl)Clx]2 (Cp* = η5‐C5Me5; M = Co, x = 0; M = Rh or Ir, x = 1) with [LiBH4·THF], followed by thermolysis with an excess of chalcogen powders (S or Se), affords dimetallaheteroboranes nido‐[(Cp*M)2B2H2E2], 1–4 (1: E = S; 2: E = Se, M = Co; 3 and 4: E = Se, M = Rh and Ir, respectively) in moderate‐to‐good yields. The solid‐state structures of these compounds show open‐cage triple‐decker clusters. Attempts to isolate the Te analogue have failed; however, in the case of cobalt, we have isolated an 11 skeletal‐electron‐pair nido‐[(Cp*Co)2B5H5Te2], 5. The X‐ray diffraction structure of 5 shows monocapped square antiprismatic geometry, with two Te atoms in the core. To close the central four‐membered B2E2 open ring of nido‐1 and nido‐2, we have performed a reaction with [Ru3(CO)12], which leads to the formation of closo‐[(Cp*Co){µ‐η5:η5‐B2H2E2M}M{µ‐Ru(CO)4}], 6 and 7 [6: E = S; 7: E = Se; M = Ru(CO)2]. In contrast, the reactions of nido‐2 and nido‐3 with [Fe2(CO)9] result in heterometallic clusters nido‐[(Cp*M)Fe(CO)3B2H2Se2], 8 and 9 (8: M = Co; 9: M = Rh), [(Cp*Co)Fe3(CO)8Se2], 10, and [(Cp*Co)Fe2(CO)7Se], 11. As nido‐8 also contains a four‐membered open ring B2Se2, we have treated this with [Ru3(CO)12], which yields closo‐[(Cp*Co){µ‐η5:η5‐B2H2Se2M}M{µ‐Fe(CO)4}], 12 [M = Ru(CO)2], which is analogous to that of 7. In addition, we have analyzed the divergence in the reactivity of nido‐[(Cp*M)2B2H2E2], 2–4, with the help of density functional theory calculations.
Insects as Food: Fatty Acid Profiles, Lipid Classes, and sn‐2 Fatty Acid Distribution of Lepidoptera Larvae
Authors: Guil‐Guerrero José L. , Ramos‐Bueno Rebeca P. , González‐Fernández María J. , Fabrikov Dmitri , Sánchez‐Muros María J. , Barroso Fernando G.
Published: March 2018

The aim of this work is to assess the fatty acid (FA) profiles, the lipid classes, and the positional distribution of FA within the triacylglycerol (TAG) structure of the lipids extracted from Lepidoptera larvae, compared with Diptera and Coleoptera ones. The major essential FA in most species was α‐linolenic acid (ALA), at 62.5 mol% of total FA in Caligo memnon. Oleic acid (OA) was found in high amounts in Galleria mellonella, at 44.8 mol% of total FA. The n‐6/n‐3 ratio was below 1 in 12 of the 15 species surveyed, reaching 14.8 in Oryctes nasicornis. As for lipid fractions, an increase in the amounts of stearic and linoleic acids in the phospholipids fraction was observed. Distribution of FA in the sn‐2 position of TAG is assessed through enzymatic hydrolysis reaction. Bombyx mori larvae contain ALA at 49.1 mol% of total FA at the sn‐2 position of TAG, while OA is the main FA in sn‐2 position in G. mellonella (88.5 mol% of total FA). Overall, Lepidoptera larvae constitute a rich source of specifically located at the sn‐2 position OA and ALA, and similar or better than current sources. Initial data on other insect orders also points in this direction.

Practical Applications: The present study develops knowledge about the lipid classes of Lepidoptera larvae, as well as on their regiospecific FA profiles. The data from Lepidoptera species are compared to other ones obtained from samples belonging to Diptera and Coleoptera. Insects are rich in essential amino acids; therefore if they contain omega‐3 and omega‐9 FA, would be healthy alternatives to other commonly consumed animal foods, which tend to be rich in saturated and omega‐6 FA. Therefore, it is necessary to check different species to know their FA profile, as well as both the structure of their TAG and their lipid classes. Lepidoptera larvae constitute an alternative source of OA‐ and ALA‐rich oils, which can be devoted for food use, as well as for using in the food and pharmaceutical industries, with agronomic implications.

The lipid classes and the regiospecific fatty acid profiles of several Lepidoptera larvae (Class Insecta) with different geographic origin and compared to that of Coleoptera and Diptera is achieved. Enzymatic hydrolysis reaction shows that oleic and α‐linolenic acids are preferably located at the sn‐2 position of triacylglycerols in most of the analyzed species. According to the results of this work, new functional oils extracted from various insect species can be obtained.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of Oxazolopyrimidines
Authors: De Coen Laurens M. , Roman Bart I. , Movsisyan Marine , Heugebaert Thomas S. A. , Stevens Christian V.
Published: March 2018

In this work, the synthesis of oxazolo[4,5‐d]pyrimidines and oxazolo[5,4‐d]pyrimidines is reviewed. The review is focused on the construction of the scaffold rather than on its further modification. Nevertheless, selected examples illustrate some of the most common modifications of these scaffolds. The synthetic part is complemented by an overview of their biological activity. This review covers literature and patents from 1967 until the present.
Synthesis of Indolo[1,2‐b]isoquinoline Derivatives by Lewis Acid‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Friedel–Crafts Alkylation Reaction
Authors: Gour Jitendra , Gatadi Srikanth , Nagarsenkar Atulya , Babu Bathini Nagendra , Madhavi Y. V. , Nanduri Srinivas
Published: March 2018

A methodology for the synthesis of indolo[1,2‐b]isoquinoline derivatives by Lewis acid‐catalyzed intramolecular Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction has been developed. The reaction proceeds well with both secondary and primary 2‐indolylmethanols. The method efficiently affords pharmaceutically important polycyclic fused indole derivatives in moderate to high yields with good functional group tolerance. In addition, the reaction proceeded in large scale indicating that this method could be scaled up for the synthesis of indolo[1,2‐b] isoquinoline derivatives.
Computational Description of a Huisgen Cycloaddition Inside a Self‐Assembled Nanocapsule
Authors: Goehry Charles , Besora Maria , Maseras Feliu
Published: March 2018

Density functional theory calculations are applied to the study of a cycloaddition reaction between phenyl acetylene and phenyl azide taking place inside a self‐assembled nanoreactor derived from the coupling of two resorcinarene‐derived units. Calculations are applied to all steps in the reactivity of the system: self‐assembly, guest trapping, guest exchange, in‐core reaction, and product release. A reaction network is built, and the evolution of concentrations of a large variety of species over a range of time scales is obtained through the application of a kinetic model. The modeled behavior of the nanocapsule and its guests reproduces the experimental observations and completes our knowledge and understanding of this chemical system.
Iridium(III)‐Catalyzed Directed ortho‐C(sp2)–H Amidation of Arenes with Sulfonamides
Authors: Zhang Wei , Yang Darun , Wang Wengui , Wang Shoufeng , Zhao Huaiqing
Published: March 2018

An iridium(III)‐catalyzed ortho‐C(sp2)–H amidation of O‐methyl ketoximes with sulfonamides has been accomplished under mild conditions. This protocol can be successfully applied to a broad scope of oxime substrates and works well with a range of aryl‐ and alkylsulfonamides.
Sanctis A–C: Three Racemic Procyanidin Analogues from The Lichen Parmotrema sancti‐angelii
Authors: Duong Thuc‐Huy , Ha Xuan‐Phong , Chavasiri Warinthorn , Beniddir Mehdi A. , Genta‐Jouve Grégory , Boustie Joël , Chollet‐Krugler Marylène , Ferron Solenn , Nguyen Hung‐Huy , Yamin Bohari Mohd , Huynh Bui‐Linh‐Chi , Le Pogam Pierre , Nguyen Kim‐Phi‐Phung
Published: March 2018

The phytochemical investigation of the lichen Parmotrema sancti‐angelii afforded three racemic compounds, sanctis A–C, which feature an original dibenzo‐2,8‐dioxabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane scaffold. These compounds were structurally characterized by extensive NMR spectroscopy analyses, comparison between experimental and theoretical NMR spectroscopic data, and X‐ray crystallography. These metabolites are similar to procyanidin A and display a methyl group instead of a pendant aromatic ring at C‐9, a so far unprecedented structural feature. A biosynthetic route to sanctis A–C is proposed.
Proline‐Rich Short Peptides with Photocatalytic Activity for the Nucleophilic Addition of Methanol to Phenylethylenes
Authors: Hermann Sergej , Sack Daniel , Wagenknecht Hans‐Achim
Published: March 2018

Short proline‐rich peptides were synthesized and modified with 1‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)pyrene by copper(I)‐catalyzed cycloaddition. They perform photoredox catalysis of the nucleophilic addition of methanol to 1,1‐diphenylethylene derivatives into products with Markovnikov orientation. The common additive triethylamine is avoided because forward and backward electron transfer is controlled by substrate binding. A free carboxylic function in the substrate allows more precise substrate binding and defines the electron transfer path better than the unspecific exciplex formation with the substrate bearing a carboxylic ester. A proline‐type turn is an advantage for photoredox catalysis, but a proline‐induced helix is not required. This is the first successful example for introducing secondarily structured peptides to photoredox catalysis.
Continuous‐Flow Synthesis of (R)‐Propylene Carbonate: An Important Intermediate in the Synthesis of Tenofovir
Authors: Suveges Nicolas S. , Rodriguez Anderson A. , Diederichs Carla C. , de Souza Stefania P. , Leão Raquel A. C. , Miranda Leandro S. M. , Horta Bruno A. C. , Pedraza Sérgio F. , de Carvalho Otavio V. , Pais Karla C. , Terra José H. C. , de Souza Rodrigo O. M. A.
Published: March 2018

(R)‐Propylene carbonate is an important intermediate in the synthesis of tenofovir pro‐drugs such as tenofovir alafenamide fumarate (TAF) and tenofovir diisoproyl fumarate (TDF). Independent of the pro‐drug type, tenofovir presents a chiral secondary hydroxy derivative, which can be obtained directly from (R)‐propylene carbonate. Herein, we report our chemo‐enzymatic continuous‐flow strategy towards (R)‐propylene carbonate starting from a very cheap and renewable raw material, glycerol. We were able to synthesize (R)‐propylene carbonate in seven continuous‐flow steps, starting from glycerol, in good‐to‐excellent yields (66–93 %) and excellent selectivity (E > 200).
Phosphorylation Catalyzed by Dihydroxyacetone Kinase
Authors: Gauss Dominik , Sánchez‐Moreno Israel , Oroz‐Guinea Isabel , García‐Junceda Eduardo , Wohlgemuth Roland
Published: March 2018

Site‐ and enantioselective kinases have been very useful catalysts for biocatalytic phosphorylations in straightforward syntheses of phosphorylated metabolites. Biocatalytic phosphorylations catalyzed by recombinant dihydroxyacetone kinase beyond the dihydroxyacetone substrate have been investigated with quantitative 31P NMR spectroscopy using pyruvate‐kinase‐catalyzed ATP regeneration. A nearly 100 % conversion of d‐glyceraldehyde to d‐glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate has been found. Interestingly, with pure l‐glyceraldehyde as substrate, practically no formation of l‐glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate was observed.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Regioselective C–H Bond Fluorination of 8‐Amidoquinolines with Selectfluor
Authors: Chen Hao , Li Pinhua , Wang Min , Wang Lei
Published: March 2018

A simple and efficient transition‐metal‐free protocol for the regioselective C–H bond fluorination of 8‐aminoquinoline scaffolds with Selectfluor was developed. The reaction has a broad substrate scope and provides facile access to the corresponding C‐5 fluorinated quinolines in good yields.
Stereospecific Protodeauration/Transmetalation Generating Configurationally Stable P‐Metalated Nucleoside Derivatives
Authors: Richard Marcia E. , Ciccarelli Rosa M. , Garcia Kevin J. , Miller Erica J. , Casino Stephanie L. , Pike Robert. D. , Stockland Jr Robert A.
Published: March 2018

Highly efficient transmetalation between gold phosphites and iodopalladium species is presented. In addition to successful transfer of cyclic and acyclic phosphites, studies involving P‐chiral substrates revealed that an initial protodeauration as well as the target transmetalation were both stereospecific, and that the overall process occurred with retention of configuration at phosphorus. Building on the mechanistic work, a catalytic approach to the synthesis of chiral P‐arylated nucleoside derivatives was developed. This chemistry has the potential to be easily adapted for the preparation of a diverse group of P‐chiral species.
Controllable Direction of Porphyrin Derivatives in Two Cyclodextrin Cavities
Authors: Horiguchi Banri , Nakaya Toshimi , Ueda Masafumi , Sugikawa Kouta , Mizuta Tsutomu , Haino Takeharu , Kawata Naomi , Ikeda Atsushi
Published: March 2018

Porphyrin–trimethyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (TMe‐β‐CDx) complexes have pseudorotaxane structures in which two meso‐phenyl and/or ‐pyridyl moieties penetrate the upper rim of two TMe‐β‐CDx molecules. Porphyrin derivatives with one to three pyridyl moieties at meso positions formed complexes with TMe‐β‐CDx in which the penetration of the upper rim of the two TMe‐β‐CDxs by the pyridyl moieties was minimized. In contrast, in TMe‐β‐CDx complexes formed with porphyrin derivatives bearing two 2‐methoxyphenyl moieties and two pyridyl moieties, the pyridyl moieties penetrate the upper rim of the two molecules because steric hindrance prevents penetration by the 2‐methoxyphenyl moieties.
Refinement of the Catalyst Backbone of Chiral Intramolecular Silicon–Sulfur Lewis Pairs: Improved Enantioselectivity in the Diels–Alder Reaction of Cyclohexa‐1,3‐diene and Chalcone Derivatives
Authors: Shaykhutdinova Polina , Kemper Sebastian , Oestreich Martin
Published: March 2018

The preparation and NMR spectroscopic characterization of a family of axial chiral, sulfur‐stabilized silicon cations is reported. These silicon Lewis acids have been applied as catalysts in difficult enantioselective Diels–Alder reactions of cyclohexa‐1,3‐diene and representative chalcone derivatives. To gain better understanding of the relevant structural elements in these catalysts, their silepine backbone and the aryl thioether group have been systematically modified. These efforts have led to an improved catalyst that induces 53 % ee for chalcone and even 65 % ee for a more hindered derivative. These cyclohexa‐1,3‐diene Diels–Alder reactions are endo selective. However, the corresponding cyclopentadiene Diels–Alder reactions predominantly yield the exo cycloadducts with no enantioinduction.
‘Would it not be better to get someone out workin?’: ‘Safe prejudice’ against Polish workers
Authors: McVittie Chris , McKinlay Andy
Published: March 2018

One recurring criticism of immigrant groups is their alleged failure to be employed and contribute to the host society. Here we examine how speakers mobilise a criticism that has attracted less research attention: that through their economic activity immigrant groups usurp others’ employment entitlements. Discourse analysis of data from seven focus group discussions about pre‐Brexit Polish immigration into the UK, involving 31 UK nationals, shows that participants accomplish exclusionary outcomes in two divergent ways. The first attributes qualities to Polish workers but also makes explicit the consequences of these attributions for UK nationals, rendering speakers’ investment in such claims visible. The second relies on the production of category pairs, within which claims can be made for the category that excludes Polish workers. This use of categories comprises ‘safe prejudice’, a form of prejudice not previously identified but which is less open to challenge than other forms of prejudiced talk.
A dual‐process motivational model of attitudes towards vegetarians and vegans
Authors: Judge Madeline , Wilson Marc S.
Published: March 2018

Vegetarians and vegans comprise a minority of most western populations. However, relatively little research has investigated the psychological foundations of attitudes towards this minority group. The following study employs a dual process model of intergroup attitudes to explore the motivational basis of non‐vegetarians' attitudes towards vegetarians and vegans. Participants were 1,326 individuals recruited through advertisements in a national newspaper in New Zealand. Non‐vegetarian participants first completed measures of ideological attitudes and social worldviews, and then were randomly assigned to complete a measure of outgroup attitudes towards either vegetarians or vegans. Although non‐vegetarians' attitudes towards both vegetarians and vegans were generally positive, attitudes towards vegans were significantly less positive than attitudes towards vegetarians, and male participants expressed significantly less positive attitudes towards both outgroups than female participants. The structural equation model predicting attitudes towards vegetarians and vegans fit the data well and explained a significant amount of the variance in attitudes.
Pathways to intercultural accuracy: Social projection processes and core cultural values
Authors: Mor Shira , Toma Claudia , Schweinsberg Martin , Ames Daniel
Published: March 2018

The present research examines intercultural accuracy—people's ability to make accurate judgments about outgroup values—and the role of social projection processes. Across four studies, U.S. and British participants showed low overall levels of intercultural accuracy for Chinese students’ individualistic and collectivistic values. In line with recent changes toward individualism in China, we observed different levels of intercultural accuracy, hinging on whether the criterion values of Chinese were assessed before (2001) or after (2015) this shift. Important for the study of social projection, we observed that U.S./British participants projected their values onto the outgroup. Social projection tendency (measured in Study 2 and manipulated in Study 3) was associated with greater intercultural accuracy. The relationship between projection and accuracy also depended on the shifts in individualistic values of Chinese. Important for the study of intergroup relations, accuracy was positively associated with interest in future relationships with the Chinese.
Fabrication of Surface‐enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) – Active Electrodes by Silver Sputtering Deposition for Electrochemical SERS Analysis
Authors: Zhu Zicheng , Yoshikawa Hiroyuki , Saito Masato , Fan Bin , Tamiya Eiichi
Published: March 2018

SERS‐active screen‐printed electrodes (SPEs) are extensively applied for electrochemical SERS biosensors with the advantages of portable, inexpensive cost, fast measurement, and sensitive detection. In our work, a useful fabrication method of sputtering deposition for SERS‐active SPEs was proposed. Two kinds of working electrodes of SPE which were carbon electrode and gold electrode were successfully deposited by silver nanoparticles. Besides, the sputtering experiments of different substrates (paper, glass epoxy and polyethylene terephthalate) of the SPE were also conducted. The comparison of SERS enhancement of rhodamine 6G (R6G) on different kinds of SERS‐active SPEs was introduced. In addition, the relationship between the surface roughness and SERS enhancement has been investigated. The enhancement factor (EF) of Ag/carbon and Ag/gold electrode were estimated as 2.8×105 and 2.2×107, respectively. From the SERS experiments, the lower background noise of SERS signals could be observed through sputtering deposition method compared with the citrate reduction method. Furthermore, spectro‐electrochemical analysis of uric acid was studied. The SERS signals were strongly increased upon the modulation of the applied voltage. These results demonstrated the applicability of this mass producible fabrication method for producing SERS‐active SPEs, as well as, highlighting the future potential of commercial bio‐applications.
Oriented, One‐Dimensional Tin Dioxide–Titanium Dioxide Composites as Anode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Kacica Clayton T. , Wang Louis S. , Chadha Tandeep S. , Biswas Pratim
Published: March 2018

Highly oriented columnar nanostructures of tin dioxide (SnO2) and a composite tin dioxide material with a thin titanium dioxide coating (SnO2–TiO2) are fabricated using aerosol chemical vapor deposition (ACVD) and are utilized as high‐capacity anode materials in lithium‐ion batteries. The SnO2 nanostructures exhibit a specific capacity of 445 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at a rate of 1 C, but experience substantial capacity fade at a charge rate of 2 C, and a capacity of 251 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles. To enhance the capacity retention a coating of TiO2 is applied to the electrodes. Comparatively, the SnO2–TiO2 electrode exhibits a capacity of 497 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at a charge rate of 2 C. Diffusion measurements indicate that no inhibition of lithium diffusion occurs due to a thin TiO2 coating. The superior capacity retention of the composite electrode may be attributed to the protection of SnO2 from irreversible reactions using a TiO2 coating.
The new family of Fisher copulas to model upper tail dependence and radial asymmetry: Properties and application to high‐dimensional rainfall data
Authors: Favre Anne‐Catherine , Quessy Jean‐François , Toupin Marie‐Hélène
Published: March 2018

Joint precipitation data measured at a large number of stations typically show tail asymmetry and significant upper tail dependence. Unfortunately, many multivariate dependence models that are commonly used in large dimensions such as the normal and the Student copulas are radially symmetric, whereas the recently introduced chi‐square copula is asymmetric, but its tail dependence coefficients are null. In order to circumvent the limitations of the available models, the new family of Fisher copulas is introduced; it is shown that these dependence models are tail asymmetric and allow for upper tail dependence, among other characteristics. Two semiparametric strategies for parameter estimation in this class of copulas are proposed, and their efficiency in small and moderate sample sizes is investigated with the help of simulations. The usefulness of the parametric Fisher copula family is then illustrated on the modeling of the precipitation data observed at 105 stations within or close to the Aare river catchment in Switzerland.
Modelling biome‐scale root reinforcement and slope stability
Authors: Hales Tristram C.
Published: March 2018

Rapid changes in the composition of hillslope vegetation due to a combination of changing climate and land use make estimating slope stability a significant challenge. The dynamics of root growth on any individual hillslope result in a wide range of root distributions and strengths that are reflected as up to an order of magnitude variability in root cohesion. Hence the challenge of predicting the magnitude of root reinforcement for hillslopes requires both an understanding of the magnitude and variability of root distributions and material properties (e.g. tensile strength, elasticity). Here I develop a model for estimating the reinforcement provided by plant roots based on the distribution of biomass measured at the biome level and a compilation of root tensile strength measurements measured across a range of vegetation types. The model modifies the Wu/Waldron method of calculating root cohesion to calculate the average lateral root cohesion and its variability with depth using the Monte Carlo method. The model was validated in two ways, the first against the predicted depth‐reinforcement characteristics of Appalachian soils and the second using a global dataset of landslides. Model results suggest that the order of magnitude difference in root cohesions measured on individual hillslopes can be captured by the Monte Carlo approach and provide a simple tool to estimate root reinforcement for data‐poor areas. The model also suggests that future hotspots of slope instability will occur in areas where land use and climate convert forest to grassland, rather than changes between different forest structures or forest and shrubland. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toxicity of silver nanoparticles to Lumbriculus variegatus is a function of dissolved silver and promoted by low sediment pH
Authors: Rajala Juho E. , Vehniäinen Eeva-Riikka , Väisänen Ari , Kukkonen Jussi V. K.
Published: March 2018

Toxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to benthic organisms is a major concern. The use of AgNPs in industry and consumer products leads to increasing release of AgNPs into the aquatic environment—sediments being the major sink. Effects of sediment pH on the toxicity of AgNPs to benthic oligochaeta Lumbriculus variegatus were studied in a 23-d toxicity test. Artificially prepared sediments (pH 5 and 7) were spiked with varying concentrations of uncoated AgNP, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-coated AgNP, and silver nitrate (AgNO3) as dissolved Ag reference. Number of individuals and biomass change were used as endpoints for the toxicity. The toxic effects were related to the bioaccessible concentration of dissolved Ag in the sediments, assessed with a 2-step extraction procedure. The toxicity of 2 AgNPs was similar and greatly enhanced in the acidic sediment. Because the toxic effects were well related to the bioaccessible concentration of dissolved Ag in the sediments, the toxicity of sediment-associated AgNPs to L. variegatus is suggested to be a function of dissolved Ag rather than a result from NP-specific modes of toxicity. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1889–1897. © 2018 SETAC

Abstract

Toxicity of silver (Ag) nanoparticles to benthic oligochaeta Lumbriculus variegatus was found to be higher in the more acidic sediment. Toxicity was explained by increased dissolution of silver nanoparticles in the acidic test sediment.
Assessing the release of copper from nanocopper-treated and conventional copper-treated lumber into marine waters II: Forms and bioavailability
Authors: Parks Ashley N. , Cantwell Mark G. , Katz David R. , Cashman Michaela A. , Luxton Todd P. , Clar Justin G. , Perron Monique M. , Portis Lisa , Ho Kay T. , Burgess Robert M.
Published: March 2018

One application of nanocopper is as a wood-preserving pesticide in pressure-treated lumber. Recent research has shown that pressure-treated lumber amended with micronized copper azole (MCA), which contains nanosized copper, releases copper under estuarine and marine conditions. The form of copper released (i.e., ionic, nanocopper [1–100 nm in size]) is not fully understood but will affect the bioavailability and toxicity of the metal. In the present study, multiple lines of evidence, including size fractionation, ion-selective electrode electrochemistry, comparative toxicity, and copper speciation were used to determine the form of copper released from lumber blocks and sawdust. The results of all lines of evidence supported the hypothesis that ionic copper was released from MCA lumber and sawdust, with little evidence that nanocopper was released. For example, copper concentrations in size fractionations of lumber block aqueous leachates including unfiltered, 0.1 μm, and 3 kDa were not significantly different, suggesting that the form of copper released was in the size range operationally defined as dissolved. These results correlated with the ion-selective electrode data which detects only ionic copper. In addition, comparative toxicity testing resulted in a narrow range of median lethal concentrations (221–257 μg/L) for MCA lumber blocks and CuSO4. We conclude that ionic copper was released from the nanocopper pressure-treated lumber under estuarine and marine conditions. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1969–1979. Published 2018 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Dynamic semantic‐based green bio‐inspired approach for optimizing energy and cloud services qualities
Authors: Mansouri Kamel , Alti Adel , Roose Philippe , Laborie Sébastien
Published: March 2018

Currently, everybody can access and leverage existing services on the Cloud from a wide variety of mobile devices at any time and from anywhere (at home, at work, in the car, etc). The massive use of new heterogeneous mobile devices and technologies for discovering and deploying cloud services has led a trade‐off between costs and improved quality of services (eg, fast response time, low cost, improved security, the reduction of energy consumption, and considerable emissions of carbon). This trade‐off has led most cloud service providers to call for new intelligent, faster, and energy‐saving solutions. This paper aims to propose a new approach based on Semantic Web technologies and Ant Colony Optimization algorithm, which intends to reduce the energy consumption of a wide variety of cloud services. Our approach is generic and, therefore, offers to customers a flexible infrastructure where they can easily perform their preferences. The effectiveness and energy saving of our proposal have been validated and evaluated through multiple experiments on random and real‐world data sets.
The tempo of human childhood: a maternal foot on the accelerator, a paternal foot on the brake
Authors: Kotler Jennifer , Haig David
Published: March 2018

Relative to the life history of other great apes, that of humans is characterized by early weaning and short interbirth intervals (IBIs). We propose that in modern humans, birth until adrenarche, or the rise in adrenal androgens, developmentally corresponds to the period from birth until weaning in great apes and ancestral hominins. According to this hypothesis, humans achieved short IBIs by subdividing ancestral infancy into a nurseling phase, during which offspring fed at the breast, and a weanling phase, during which offspring fed specially prepared foods. Imprinted genes influence the timing of human weaning and adrenarche, with paternally expressed genes promoting delays in childhood maturation and maternally expressed genes promoting accelerated maturation. These observations suggest that the tempo of human development has been shaped by consequences for the fitness of kin, with faster development increasing maternal fitness at a cost to child fitness. The effects of imprinted genes suggest that the duration of the juvenile period (adrenarche until puberty) has also been shaped by evolutionary conflicts within the family.
A high‐order PIC method for advection‐dominated flow with application to shallow water waves
Authors: Wang W. , Kelly D.M.
Published: March 2018

A hybrid Eulerian‐Lagrangian particle‐in‐cell–type numerical method is developed for the solution of advection‐dominated flow problems. Particular attention is given over to the high‐order transfer of flow properties from the particles to the grid. For smooth flows, the method presented is of formal high‐order accuracy in space. The method is applied to solve the nonlinear shallow water equations resulting in a new, and novel, shock capturing shallow water solver. The approach is able to simulate complex shallow water flows, which can contain an arbitrary number of discontinuities. Both trivial and nontrivial bottom topography is considered, and it is shown that the new scheme is inherently well balanced, exactly satisfying the
‐property. The scheme is verified against several one‐dimensional benchmark shallow water problems. These include cases that involve transcritical flow regimes, shock waves, and nontrivial bathymetry. In all the test cases presented, very good results are obtained.
Optimization of red teff flour, malted soybean flour, and papaya fruit powder blending ratios for better nutritional quality and sensory acceptability of porridge
Authors: Mezgebo Kiros , Belachew Tefera , Satheesh Neela
Published: March 2018

This study was carried out to optimize the compositions of red teff flour with malted soybean flour and papaya fruit powders for better nutritional quality and sensory acceptability of porridge. Total eleven formulations of the composite flours were determined using D‐optimal mixture design with the help of Minitab Version 16 Statistical Software. The three ingredients were considered in the ranges of 55%–70%, 20%–30%, 5%–15% for red teff flour, malted soybean flour, and Papaya fruit powder, respectively. The prepared porridge samples from formulations were analyzed for nutritional composition, antinutritional factors, and sensory acceptability. Results of the study showed the significant difference (p < .05) in ash, fat, fiber, protein, carbohydrate, energy, iron, calcium, zinc, β‐carotene, phytates, tannin, appearance, taste, mouthfeel, and overall acceptability as the composition of ingredients were changed. The overall optimum point was found in a range of red teff flour (60%–70%), malted soybean flour (20%–27.5%), and papaya fruit powder (10%–12.5%). In conclusion, the present approach can help in improve infants dietary quality of complementary foods by developing nutritionally enhanced red teff‐based porridge used for intervention of malnutrition.
Effect of ethanol extract of boiled breadfruit (Treculia Africana) seed on the oral glucose tolerance, lipid profile, and body weight of normoglycemic albino rats
Authors: Eleazu Kate , Maduabuchi Patric , Eleazu Chinedum
Published: March 2018

The effect of ethanol extracts of boiled Treculia africana seed on the oral glucose tolerance (OGTT), lipid profile, and body weight of normoglycemic albino rats was determined. Fifteen male albino rats were used and were divided into three groups of five rats each. Groups 1 and 2 received 100 and 200 mg/kg of the extract, while group 3 (control group) received 1 ml/kg of normal saline. The experiment lasted for 28 days. The body weights of the rats were determined daily. OGTT was determined at week zero (before extract administration) and at weeks 2 and 4, respectively, following extract administration. Glycemic index (GI) of the extracts was calculated from the incremental area under the OGTT curve. The total cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and very‐low‐density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol levels in the sera of the rats were determined using standard techniques. Atherogenic index (AI) and coronary risk index (CRI) of the rats were expressed as ratios of LDL cholesterol to HDL cholesterol and total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol, respectively. Following 2 weeks of the extract administration, the blood glucose for groups 1 and 2 rats declined to values ≤100 mg/dl after oral glucose loading. GI for the standard rat feeds and the extracts at 100 and 200 mg/kg by the second week of experimentation were 100, 114, and 96.09, respectively. GI for the extract at 100 mg/kg decreased to 103.63 at the 4th week, while that for the extract at 200 mg/kg increased to 98.07. The extract at 100 mg/kg increased the LDL cholesterol, AI, and CRI of the rats, suggesting that consumption of boiled African breadfruit may expose an individual to the risk of development of cardiovascular diseases. Finally, the study suggested that consumption of T. africana seed by a nondiabetic subject may have no effect on the glucose tolerance of the individual, while it will negatively impact on the glycemic status of a diabetic subject.
Operation Strategies Based on Carbon Corrosion and Lifetime Investigations for High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell Stacks
Authors: Kannan A. , Kaczerowski J. , Kabza A. , Scholta J.
Published: March 2018

This paper is aimed to develop operation strategies or high temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells (HT‐PEMFCs) stacks in order to enhance the endurance by mitigating carbon oxidation reaction. The testing protocols are carefully designed to suit the operating cycle for the realistic application. A 5 cell co‐flow stack is assembled with BASF Celtec® P membrane electrode assembly (MEA) with an active area of 163.5 cm2. The oxidation rate of carbon is systematically investigated employing potentiostatic experiments under variation of both cell voltage and temperature using on‐line mass spectrometry.

The experimental results show that more CO2 is measured for the open circuit voltage (OCV) operation, indicating that the lifetime of the stack is strongly affected by a factor of approximately 12–26 between OCV and 700 mV depending on temperature. Protective start‐stop algorithms are developed to avoid the formation of aggressive cell potentials. The startup procedures let degrade the catalyst support to a higher extent than the stop procedures, which is presumably due to both OCV exposure and hydrogen front passing through the anode. A model for lifetime prediction is developed from carbon corrosion experiments and validated with a durability test for 1,562 cycle events.
Information about price and volatility jumps inferred from options prices
Authors: Taylor Stephen J. , Tzeng Chi‐Feng , Widdicks Martin
Published: March 2018

High‐frequency jump tests are applied to the prices of both futures contracts and their options, to infer the properties of jumps in the price and volatility of the underlying asset. Empirical results for FTSE 100 contracts detect frequent jumps in futures, call, and put prices. Jumps in futures prices are more important than any jumps in volatility when the market determines option prices. The empirical evidence is consistent with futures prices following affine jump‐diffusion processes, containing either futures price jumps or contemporaneous futures price, and volatility jumps, providing jump risk premia are included in the price dynamics.
Mutation analysis of adenomas and carcinomas of the colon: Early and late drivers
Authors: Wolff Roger K. , Hoffman Michael D. , Wolff Erica C. , Herrick Jennifer S. , Sakoda Lori C. , Samowitz Wade S. , Slattery Martha L.
Published: March 2018

Colorectal cancer (CRC) accounts for about 8% of all new cancer cases diagnosed in the US. We used whole exome sequence data from triplet samples (colon carcinoma, colon adenoma, and normal tissue) from 18 individuals to assess gene mutation rates. Of the 2 204 genes that were mutated, APC, TTN, TP53, KRAS, OBSCN, SOX9, PCDH17, SIGLEC10, MYH6, and BRD9 were consistent with genes being an early driver of carcinogenesis, in that they were mutated in multiple adenomas and multiple carcinomas. Fifty‐two genes were mutated in ≥12.5% of microsatellite stable (MSS) carcinomas but not in any of the adenomas, in line with the profile of a late driver event involved in tumor progression. Thirty‐eight genes were sequenced in a larger independent set of 148 carcinoma/normal tissue pairs to obtain more precise mutation frequencies. Eight of the genes, APC, TP53, ATM, CSMD3, LRP1B, RYR2, BIRC6, and MUC17, contained mutations in >20% of the carcinomas. Interestingly, mutations in four genes in addition to APC that are associated with dysregulation of Wnt signaling, were all classified as early driver events. Most of the genes that are commonly associated with colon cancer, including APC, TP53, and KRAS, were all classified as being early driver genes being mutated in both adenomas and carcinomas. Classifying genes as potential early and late driver events points to candidate genes that may help dissect pathways involved in both tumor initiation and progression.
Magmatism and Cu–Au–Mo mineralization of the Darbut tectono‐magmatic zone in West Junggar (Xinjiang), NW China: An updated review
Authors: Duan Fenghao , Li Yongjun , Zhi Qian , Yang Gaoxue , Lai Chun‐Kit , Xiao Hong , Lindagato Philemon , Wan Yu , Ren Yi
Published: March 2018

The Darbut tectono‐magmatic zone in the West Junggar terrane (NW China) is an important component of the famous Circum‐Balkhash‐West Junggar metallogenic province. In this region, the discovery of some small but high‐quality Cu–Au deposits/prospects indicate substantial exploration potential for large porphyry Cu–Au deposits, for example, those in the neighbouring Kazakhstan. In this contribution, we concluded that the Dulunhe granite and small ore‐bearing granitoids in Baogutu are adakitic petrogenesis, and the Buerkesitai and Tasikuola granites (formed by magma mixing) are well comparable with the Xiaerpu granite. In summary, granitoids with similar petrogenesis and mineralization are distributed on both sides of the Darbut fault zone and show good correlations with the sinistral movement of the latter. We propose that the porphyry Cu–Mo–Au mineralization potential of the small calc‐alkaline I‐type granitic stocks in southern West Junggar region is significantly higher than that of alkaline A‐type large granitic batholiths. Besides, the magma mixing‐derived and adakitic granites have great prospecting potentialities. We argue that the Cu–Mo–Au mineralization in the Darbut tectono‐magmatic zone was originally E‐W trending, and then displaced by the Darbut sinistral strike‐slip faulting, instead of being controlled by NE‐NNE trending faults. The main regional mineralization pattern comprises a northern magmatic‐hydrothermal Au belt (~318 Ma), a middle porphyry Mo belt (~296 Ma), and a southern adakite and magma mixing granite‐related Cu–Au belt (~313 Ma). We infer that the Bieluagaxi Au belt may continue eastward to east of Sartohay.
A predominantly glial origin of axonal ribosomes after nerve injury
Authors: Müller Kerstin , Schnatz Andrea , Schillner Miriam , Woertge Simone , Müller Christina , von Graevenitz Ilse , Waisman Ari , van Minnen Jan , Vogelaar Christina F.
Published: March 2018

Axonal mRNA transport and local protein synthesis are crucial for peripheral axon regeneration. To date, it remains unclear how ribosomes localize to axons. They may be co‐transported with mRNAs or, as suggested by recent studies, transferred from Schwann cells (SC). Here, we generated transgenic “RiboTracker” mice expressing tdTomato‐tagged ribosomal protein L4 in specific cell types when crossed with Cre lines. Two neuronal RiboTracker‐Cre lines displayed extremely low levels of axonal L4‐tdTomato‐positive ribosomes. In contrast, two glial RiboTracker‐Cre lines revealed tagged ribosomes in sciatic nerve (SN) axons with increasing amounts after injury. Furthermore, non‐RiboTracker dorsal root ganglia co‐cultured with L4‐tdTomato‐expressing SCs displayed tagged ribosomes in axons. These data provide unequivocal evidence that SN axons receive ribosomes from SCs upon injury and indicate that glial cells are the main source of axonal ribosomes.
GSEA of mouse and human mitochondriomes reveals fatty acid oxidation in astrocytes
Authors: Eraso‐Pichot Abel , Brasó‐Vives Marina , Golbano Arantxa , Menacho Carmen , Claro Enrique , Galea Elena , Masgrau Roser
Published: March 2018

The prevalent view in neuroenergetics is that glucose is the main brain fuel, with neurons being mostly oxidative and astrocytes glycolytic. Evidence supporting that astrocyte mitochondria are functional has been overlooked. Here we sought to determine what is unique about astrocyte mitochondria by performing unbiased statistical comparisons of the mitochondriome in astrocytes and neurons. Using MitoCarta, a compendium of mitochondrial proteins, together with transcriptomes of mouse neurons and astrocytes, we generated cell‐specific databases of nuclear genes encoding for mitochondrion proteins, ranked according to relative expression. Standard and in‐house Gene Set Enrichment Analyses (GSEA) of five mouse transcriptomes revealed that genes encoding for enzymes involved in fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and amino acid catabolism are consistently more expressed in astrocytes than in neurons. FAO and oxidative‐metabolism‐related genes are also up‐regulated in human cortical astrocytes versus the whole cortex, and in adult astrocytes versus fetal astrocytes. We thus present the first evidence of FAO in human astrocytes. Further, as shown in vitro, FAO coexists with glycolysis in astrocytes and is inhibited by glutamate. Altogether, these analyses provide arguments against the glucose‐centered view of energy metabolism in astrocytes and reveal mitochondria as specialized organelles in these cells.
Reward learning impairment and avoidance and rumination responses at the end of Engage therapy of late‐life depression
Authors: Victoria Lindsay W. , Gunning Faith M. , Bress Jennifer N. , Jackson Danielle , Alexopoulos George S.
Published: March 2018

Objectives

This study examined the association between reward processing, as measured by performance on the probabilistic reversal learning (PRL) task and avoidance/rumination in depressed older adults treated with Engage, a psychotherapy that uses “reward exposure” to increase behavioral activation.

Methods

Thirty older adults with major depression received 9 weeks of Engage treatment. At baseline and treatment end, the 24‐item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM‐D) was used to assess depression severity and the Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale (BADS) to assess behavioral activation and avoidance/rumination. Participants completed the PRL task at baseline and at treatment end. The PRL requires participants to learn stimulus‐reward contingencies through trial and error, and switch strategies when the contingencies unexpectedly change.

Results

At the end of Engage treatment, the severity of depression was lower (HAM‐D: t(19) = −7.67, P < .001) and behavioral activation was higher (BADS: t(19) = 2.23, P = .02) compared to baseline. Response time following all switches (r(19) = −0.63, P = .003) and error switches (r(19) = −0.57, P = .01) at baseline was negatively associated with the BADS avoidance/rumination subscale score at the end of Engage treatment.

Conclusions

Impaired reward learning, evidenced by slower response following all switches and error switches, contributes to avoidant, ruminative behavior at the end of Engage therapy even when depression improves. Understanding reward processing abnormalities of avoidance and rumination may improve the timing and targeting of interventions for these symptoms, whose persistence compromises quality of life and increases the risk of depression relapse.
Patterns of carer distress over time in mild dementia
Authors: Svendsboe Ellen J. , Testad Ingelin , Terum Toril , Jörg Assmus , Corbett Anne , Aarsland Dag , Rongve Arvid
Published: March 2018

Objective

To study the level of carer reported distress in mild dementia, over a 3‐year period.

Methods

This study is part of the Norwegian DemVest‐study and utilises data from carers of people with mild dementia (n = 223). Those diagnosed with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB, n = 63) and Alzheimer's disease (AD, n = 97) were included together with other dementia types (n = 63). The Relatives' Stress Scale was used to assess the level of reported distress in carers. Descriptive and a linear mixed effects models including diagnosis, time, and the interaction between time and diagnosis were performed.

Results

Carer distress in mild dementia increased significantly over time (P = 0.011), particularly from baseline until 2 (P = 0.001) years follow‐up. Carer distress in people caring for those with AD increased significantly, from baseline until 2 (P = 0.047) and 3 (P = 0.019) years follow‐up. Distress in carers of people with DLB was high at baseline and remained relatively stable across the 3‐year period. However, admission to a nursing home during the first year of follow‐up was associated with a significantly lower reported carer distress in those caring for a person with DLB (P = 0.002), compared with those caring for a person with DLB living at home.

Conclusion

Being a carer to a person with mild dementia is associated with increasing distress. However, the burden of distress changes with the diagnosis, time, and situation, which highlights the dynamic nature of the caring role. Findings have important implications for health services for people diagnosed with mild dementia and their carers.