bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Role Valorization: A Proposed New Term for the Principle of Normalization
Authors: Wolfensberger Wolf
Published: November 2011

The highest goal of the principle of normalization has recently been clarified to be the establishment, enhancement, or defense of the social role(s) of a person or group, via the enhancement of people's social images and personal competencies. In consequence, it is proposed that normalization be henceforth called “social role valorization.”

Originally published in December 1983: Mental Retardation, 21, 234–239
Reflections on a Lifetime in Human Services and Mental Retardation
Authors: Wolfensberger Wolf
Published: November 2011

The author, a life member of the American Association on Mental Retardation, has reflected on over 30 years of primary engagement in mental retardation and inventoried what he believes are certain changes for the better and for the worse that have occurred since the 1950s as well as certain things that have not changed. Some action implications were sketched.
Synthesis and structure of a novel tridentate chiral-NHC ligand precursor
Authors: Yang Longguang , Cao Changsheng , Sun Rui , Peng Yu , Zhang Lingzhi , Shi Zhan , Pang Guangsheng , Shi Yanhui
Published: November 2011

A novel tridentate chiral imidazolium hexafluorophosphate, a precursor for N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand, was synthesized from (S)-proline in five steps in 24% overall yield. The compound was characterized by NMR and elemental analysis. Its molecular structure was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. This chiral compound has two stereogenic centers which are within two chelating side chains and its specific rotation is -19.6°.
Workplace bullying: the case of teen workers
Authors: Keashly Loraleigh
Published: November 2011

Work is an important yet understudied life domain for adolescents that has important implications for their development and well-being. Work relationships, particularly with supervisors and coworkers, are critical influences on teens. To the extent these relationships are negative, as evidenced in workplace bullying, the impact on teens can be wide-ranging and enduring. In this article, research on workplace bullying and its effects is briefly summarized and used as a context for exploring adolescent experiences with bullying on the job, both in terms of their vulnerability to exposure and unique impacts. Implications of these findings for health professionals in the assessment and treatment of teens exposed to workplace bullying are discussed.
Rare cases of disorders of sex development (DSD) in adolescents with female phenotype
Authors: Kristesashvili Jenara , Chipashvili Mariam , Jorbenadze Teimuraz , Greydanus Donald E.
Published: November 2011

Background: Disorders of sex development (DSD) belong to uncommon pathologies; in addition, there are especially rare forms, such are ovotesticular disorders (OT), Turner syndrome and early malignisation of intraabdominal located gonads in the cases of androgen insensitivity syndrome.

Objective: In this article we present four rare cases of DSD in female phenotype adolescents: two cases of ovotesticular DSD with 46,XX and 46,XY karyotypes; one familial case of androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) with early malignancy (19-year-old) of intra-abdominally-located testicle in older siblings, and a case of spontaneous menstruation in a patient with Turner syndrome and mosaic karyotype 45,X/47,XXX. Rare cases of DSD are connected with diagnostic and management difficulties and so description of each such case and collection of data in this field is very important from a scientific, as well as a practical, point of view. Determination of prognosis and adequate management of each individual patient are also essential. Study of this issue is especially sensitive in the case of adolescent patients in order to avoid physiological stress, to reduce health risks and to improve quality of life.
On the role of bond breakage due to unloading in the behaviour of weak sandstones
Authors: ALVARADO G. , COOP M.R. , WILLSON S.
Published: November 2011

A laboratory investigation was made of the effects of isotropic unloading on the mechanical behaviour of cemented sandstones, modelling in a simple way the influence of sampling on hydrocarbon reservoir sandstones that have been cemented at depth. Artificial samples of sandstone were created by allowing a cement to hydrate while a sand sample was under a high confining stress in a triaxial apparatus. Comparisons were then made between the behaviour of samples that had been unloaded to zero confining stress with that of samples tested at stress levels around that during cementing. It was found that the isotropic unloading damaged the cement, which had a significant effect on the small-strain and yielding behaviour but not on the strength and large-strain behaviour. Comparisons were also made with tests on natural samples of reservoir and analogue sandstones, and it was found that the artificial sandstone had reproduced the key elements of their behaviour. The intrinsic properties of all of the sandstones tested were found to be similar, although there were significant differences in the peak strengths and gross yielding envelopes. Cement content was found not to be the sole factor that influenced the peak and gross yield envelopes, and significant anisotropy was also revealed in one sandstone.
Wavelet analysis of bender element signals
Authors: BONAL J. , DONOHUE S. , McNALLY C.
Published: November 2011

Accurate determination of shear wave arrival time using bender elements may be severely affected by a combination of near-field effects and reflected waves. These may mask the first arrival of the shear wave, making its detection difficult in the time domain. This paper describes an approach for measuring the shear wave arrival time through analysis of the output signal in the time-scale domain using a multi-scale wavelet transform. The local maxima lines of the wavelet transform modulus are observed at different scales, and all singularities are mathematically characterised, allowing subsequent detection of the singularity relating to the first arrival. Examples of the use of this approach on typical synthetic and experimental bender element signals are also supplied, and these results are compared with those from other time and frequency domain approaches. The wavelet approach is not affected by near-field effects, but instead is characterised by a relatively consistent singularity related to the shear wave arrival time, across a range of frequencies and noise levels.
Blood biochemical parameters of simmental cows in different phases of reproductive cycle
Authors: Radovic Bisa , Jotanovic Stoja , Savic Djordje , Nitovski Atanas
Published: November 2011

This paper presents the values of blood biochemical parameters of Simmental
cows (n = 60), divided into five groups (dry cows, early puerperium, late
puerperium, the fifth month of lactation, and cows with an extended service
period). The ration for lactating cows contained an insufficient amount of
dry matter, a third less than the lower limit of their requirements. In all
examined groups of cows, a strong protein deficiency and excess calcium was
found in the diet. Total protein concentration in all groups of cows were on
the upper physiological limit, and the concentrations of bilirubin, carotene,
vitamin A and total lipids were within the normal range. Low concentrations
of urea in the third, fourth and fifth group of cows (3.1?0.39 mmol/l,
2.9?0.38 mmol/l and 3.3?0.43 mmol/l, respectively) indicate the imbalance of
protein and energy in the diet. The presence of an energy deficit is also
indicated by the low blood glucose in all groups of cows, especially the
second and fifth groups of cows (2.2?0.04 mmol/l and 2.3?0.07 mmol/l,
respectively). The unfavorable ratio of calcium and phosphorus in the diet
resulted in the narrowing of the calcium:phosporus ratio in blood serum,
which is particularly evident in cows with an extended service period
(2.1?0.07 mmol/l compared to 1.9? 0.11 mmol/l). Based on these results,we
conclude that the tested herd exhibits subclinical health disorders, caused
by an inadequate diet and with adverse effects on the productive and
reproductive parameters.
Nitrofurans' residues in food of animal origin
Authors: Smajlovic Ahmed , Mujezinovic Indira , Cupic Vitomir , Muminovic Mehmed
Published: November 2011

Nitrofurans are synthetic broad-spectrum antimicobial agents that are often
used in commercial animal production because of their excellent antibacterial
and pharmacokinetic properties. However, nitrofurans and their metabolites
have been shown to have potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic
characteristics which has led to a ban on the use of nitrofurans in
preventive and therapeutic treatment of animals used for food production.
Metabolites of nitrofurans that can be determined after their application
are: a metabolite of furazolidone, furaltadone metabolite, a metabolite of
nitrofurantoin and nitrofurazone metabolite. The presence of residues of
nitrofuran antibiotics in meat, fish and shrimps, and milk and eggs
originating from countries outside the European Union is monitored and
recorded by the RASFF system of the European Union. Furthermore, since
nitrofurans are used in some countries as prophylactic agents and growth
promoters, it is necessary to carry out constant control of various types of
food of animal origin, in order to reduce to the minimum potential
carcinogenic and mutagenic effects of these supstances for the health of
consumers. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, there is no permanent control of
nitrofurans in food of animal origin. The provisions of the ?Regulation on
the maximum allowable amounts of veterinary drugs and pesticides in products
of animal origin", published in the Official Gazette of Bosnia and
Herzegovina state the prohibiting of the use of certain veterinary drugs in
animals intended for human consumption, including nitrofurans. The European
Union has established the minimum required limit (MRLP) for performance which
is 1 ?g/kg of nitrofurans for edible tissues of animal origin. Taking all
this into account, methods for nitrofurans detection should be accreditated
and validated, both for screening and confirmatory methods, and further
research into the presence of nitrofurans in food of animal origin in Bosnia
and Herzegovina should be performed.
Ocular manifestation in canine leishmaniasis
Authors: Ralic Marjan , Jovanovic Milan
Published: November 2011

This paper presents a case of ocular changes in leishmaniasis in a dog
brought in for examination because of visible changes in the eyes. An ocular
manifestation in leishmaniasis can be bilateral or unilateral. Changes most
often occur on the conjunctive and the front segment of the eye, the cornea
and iris. From 70 to 80% of dogs diseased with leishmaniasis exhibit frontal
uveitis, and dry eye, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, is also a frequent finding.
Based on the clinical picture and the positive immunochromatographic rapid
test it was established that the dog was diseased with leishmaniasis.
Evaluation of a modified acetaminophen absorption test to estimate the abomasal emptying rate in Holstein-Friesian heifers
Authors: Ehsani-Kheradgerdi Abdullah , Sharifi Kamran , Mohri Mehrdad , Grünberg Walter
Published: November 2011

Objective—To assess the suitability of the modified acetaminophen absorption test for evaluation of abomasal emptying rate in ruminating cattle.

Animals—7 Holstein-Friesian heifers.

Procedures—In a crossover study design, heifers consecutively underwent an IV infusion of 1 L of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (control treatment), 1 L of saline solution containing metoclopramide (0.1 mg/kg), and 1 L of saline solution containing atropine (0.1 mg/kg), with an interval of 15 days between treatments. Immediately after each treatment, acetaminophen diluted in ethanol (50 mg/kg) was infused transcutaneously into the abomasum. Blood samples were obtained repeatedly for measurement of plasma acetaminophen concentration, and pharmacokinetic data were obtained.

Results—Maximum plasma acetaminophen concentration was significantly lower after atropine treatment than after control or metoclopramide treatment, whereas no difference was identified between control and metoclopramide treatments. The interval to maximum plasma acetaminophen concentration was significantly longer in atropine-treated versus metoclopramide-treated heifers. The interval to maximum acetaminophen concentration obtained from a pharmacokinetic model was significantly longer for atropine than for control and metoclopramide treatment. Similarly, areas under the plasma acetaminophen concentration-time curves for the first 60, 90, 120, and 240 minutes after administration were significantly lower for atropine versus metoclopramide or control treatment, whereas differences between metoclopramide and control treatments were not identified.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The modified acetaminophen absorption test was a practical, minimally invasive, and reliable method to assess abomasal emptying in cattle. Metoclopramide administered at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg did not increase the abomasal emptying rate.
Impact of isoflupredone acetate treatment on clinical signs and weight gain in weanling heifers with experimentally induced Mannheimia haemolytica bronchopneumonia
Authors: Hewson Joanne , Viel Laurent , Caswell Jeff L. , Shewen Patricia E. , Buchanan-Smith Jock G.
Published: November 2011

Objective—To characterize the impact of Mannheimia haemolytica infection on feed intake and weight gain in feedlot heifers and to evaluate the clinical efficacy of isoflupredone acetate administered in combination with oxytetracycline.

Animals—96 weanling heifers in a research feedlot facility.

Procedures—Bronchopneumonia was induced by intrabronchial infusion of M haemolytica. Control heifers underwent a sham procedure. Infected heifers were treated with oxytetracycline alone or in combination with isoflupredone acetate (OXY-ISO) or with nothing. Clinical variables were recorded daily for 7 days following disease induction, and feedlot performance indices were measured over a 12-week period.

Results—Infection caused a reduction in dry-matter intake and average daily gain (ADG) in heifers that received no treatment. Oxytetracycline treatment alone did not prevent reductions in feed intake and ADG during the first week after infection was induced, whereas OXY-ISO treatment did prevent these reductions. Treatment with OXY-ISO also resulted in faster clinical improvement. No significant differences were evident between the oxytetracycline and OXY-ISO groups with respect to dry-matter intake or ADG throughout the study period.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Isoflupredone acetate appeared to be a useful clinical adjunct to treatment with oxytetracycline in cattle with acute M haemolytica bronchopneumonia.
Safety and efficacy of a xenogeneic DNA vaccine encoding for human tyrosinase as adjunctive treatment for oral malignant melanoma in dogs following surgical excision of the primary tumor
Authors: Grosenbaugh Deborah A. , Leard A. Timothy , Bergman Philip J. , Klein Mary K. , Meleo Karri , Susaneck Steven , Hess Paul R. , Jankowski Monika K. , Jones Pamela D. , Leibman Nicole F. , Johnson Maribeth H. , Kurzman Ilene D. , Wolchok Jedd D.
Published: November 2011

Objective—To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a vaccine containing plasmid DNA with an insert encoding human tyrosinase (ie, huTyr vaccine) as adjunctive treatment for oral malignant melanoma (MM) in dogs.

Animals—111 dogs (58 prospectively enrolled in a multicenter clinical trial and 53 historical controls) with stage II or III oral MM (modified World Health Organization staging scale, I to IV) in which locoregional disease control was achieved.

Procedures—58 dogs received an initial series of 4 injections of huTyr vaccine (102 μg of DNA/injection) administered transdermally by use of a needle-free IM vaccination device. Dogs were monitored for adverse reactions. Surviving dogs received booster injections at 6-month intervals thereafter. Survival time for vaccinates was compared with that of historical control dogs via Kaplan-Meier survival analysis for the outcome of death.

Results—Kaplan-Meier analysis of survival time until death attributable to MM was determined to be significantly improved for dogs that received the huTyr vaccine, compared with that of historical controls. However, median survival time could not be determined for vaccinates because < 50% died of MM before the end of the observation period. No systemic reactions requiring veterinary intervention were associated with vaccination. Local reactions were primarily limited to acute wheal or hematoma formation, mild signs of pain at the injection site, and postvaccination bruising.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results support the safety and efficacy of the huTyr DNA vaccine in dogs as adjunctive treatment for oral MM.

Impact for Human Medicine—Response to DNA vaccination in dogs with oral MM may be useful in development of plasmid DNA vaccination protocols for human patients with similar disease.
Antifragility and Tinkering in Biology (and in Business) Flexibility Provides an Efficient Epigenetic Way to Manage Risk
Authors: Danchin Antoine , Binder Philippe M. , Noria Stanislas
Published: November 2011

The notion of antifragility, an attribute of systems that makes them thrive under variable conditions, has recently been proposed by Nassim Taleb in a business context. This idea requires the ability of such systems to ‘tinker’, i.e., to creatively respond to changes in their environment. A fairly obvious example of this is natural selection-driven evolution. In this ubiquitous process, an original entity, challenged by an ever-changing environment, creates variants that evolve into novel entities. Analyzing functions that are essential during stationary-state life yield examples of entities that may be antifragile. One such example is proteins with flexible regions that can undergo functional alteration of their side residues or backbone and thus implement the tinkering that leads to antifragility. This in-built property of the cell chassis must be taken into account when considering construction of cell factories driven by engineering principles.
High Calorie, Low Nutrient Food/Beverage Intake and Video Gaming in Children as Potential Signals for Addictive Behavior
Authors: Pentz Mary Ann , Spruijt-Metz Donna , Chou Chih Ping , Riggs Nathaniel R.
Published: November 2011

Little is known about the co-occurrence of health risk behaviors in childhood that may signal later addictive behavior. Using a survey, this study evaluated high calorie, low nutrient HCLN intake and video gaming behaviors in 964 fourth grade children over 18 months, with stress, sensation-seeking, inhibitory control, grades, perceived safety of environment, and demographic variables as predictors. SEM and growth curve analyses supported a co-occurrence model with some support for addiction specificity. Male gender, free/reduced lunch, low perceived safety and low inhibitory control independently predicted both gaming and HCLN intake. Ethnicity and low stress predicted HCLN. The findings raise questions about whether living in some impoverished neighborhoods may contribute to social isolation characterized by staying indoors, and HCLN intake and video gaming as compensatory behaviors. Future prevention programs could include skills training for inhibitory control, combined with changes in the built environment that increase safety, e.g., implementing Safe Routes to School Programs.
Insulin Like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) Causes Overproduction of IL-8, an Angiogenic Cytokine and Stimulates Neovascularization in Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Infarction in Rats
Authors: Haleagrahara Nagaraja , Chakravarthi Srikumar , Mathews Lisa
Published: November 2011

Angiogenesis factors are produced in response to hypoxic or ischemic insult at the site of pathology, which will cause neovascularization. Insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) exerts potent proliferative, angiogenic and anti-apoptotic effects in target tissues. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of IGF-1 on circulating level of angiogenic cytokine interleukin-8 (IL-8), in experimentally-induced myocardial ischemia in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into control, IGF-1 treated (2 µg/kg/day subcutaneously, for 5 and 10 days), isoproterenol (ISO) treated (85 mg/kg, subcutaneously for two days) and ISO with IGF-1 treated (for 5 and 10 days). Heart weight, serum IGF-1, IL-8 and cardiac marker enzymes (CK-MB and LDH) were recorded after 5 and 10 days of treatment. Histopathological analyses of the myocardium were also done. There was a significant increase in serum cardiac markers with ISO treatment indicating myocardial infarction in rats. IGF-1 level increased significantly in ISO treated groups and the level of IGF-1 was significantly higher after 10 days of treatment. IL-8 level increased significantly after ISO treatment after 5 and 10 days and IGF-1 concurrent treatment to ISO rats had significantly increased IL-8 levels. Histopathologically, myocyte necrosis and nuclear pyknosis were reduced significantly in IGF-1 treated group and there were numerous areas of capillary sprouting suggestive of neovascularization in the myocardium. Thus, IGF-1 protects the ischemic myocardium with increased production of circulating angiogenic cytokine, IL-8 and increased angiogenesis.
Les migrations de retraite des citadins en France
Authors: Cribier Françoise , Kych Alexandre
Published: November 2011

La migration de retraite est très importante en France ; un ménage parisien sur quatre, un ménage provincial sur huit quitte définitivement sa ville à la retraite. Les flux n'ont cessé de croître depuis l'après-guerre, mais pour la première fois le taux de départ diminue entre 1982 et 1990. On compare les propensions au départ des Parisiens et des Provinciaux selon les catégories sociales et la localisation dans l'espace urbain, puis les lieux choisis pour la retraite. Pourquoi une telle différence entre Parisiens et Provinciaux ? Comment ont évolué les propensions au départ des uns et des autres, ceux des diverses catégories sociales ? La mobilité saisonnière devient-elle pour certains un substitut à la migration de retraite ?
La migration de retraite des Parisiens : l'apport des enquêtes biographiques par cohortes
Authors: Cribier Françoise
Published: November 2011

On a voulu montrer ce qu'apportent d'original, pour l'analyse de la migration de retraite, des enquêtes de type biographique réalisées auprès de deux cohortes de retraités, nés vers 1908 et 1922. Les enquêtes ont collecté des données d'histoire résidentielle, familiale, professionnelle. Elles ont été réalisées à la fois auprès de migrants installés en province et de non-migrants restés dans le Grand Paris. Leur analyse, couplée avec celle d'autres enquêtes de I'insee et de recensements, permet de mieux saisir les interactions, et de progresser dans la compréhension des rapports entre les gens et les lieux.
Les Slovènes en Autriche
Authors: Zupančič Jernej
Published: November 2011

Slovenes in Austria..

Slovenes in Austria are one of Europe's smaller national minorities, officially numbering 17,000 but estimated at around 45,000. Over the past 150 years they have lived through practically all forms of cohabitation between the two nations; from initial tolerance to later economic, cultural and political conflict, followed by military clashes, planned assimilation and attempts to forcibly disperse the minority, to the re- establishment of harmony and cooperation. During this time, the process of modernisation was carried out in three stages : agrarian, industrial and tertiary. As the majority society and the settlement area itself changed, the size of the Slovene minority fell radically as a result of intensive assimilation (from 95,700 in 1846 to 14,100 in 1991, according to figures of 107,000 and 45,000 respectively). But the minority reorganised its social structure and adapted to the new conditions of postindustrial urban society and intensive cross-border trade, forming the necessary structure in the border area. It is on this that it has based its increasing stability.
Les minorités ethno-linguistiques du Mezzogiorno.
Authors: Bellinello Pier Francesco
Published: November 2011

Ethno-Linguis- tic Minorities in Mezzogiorno.

The Mezzogiorno holds some national minorities (Albanians, Greeks, Serbs, Croats) and some ethnies without a State (Waldensian Occitans, Italic Gallics, Gypsies). The location categories are different according to the groups. Albanians, the most numerous minority, are spread over all around the Mezzogiorno. Greeks are located in Aspromonte and Salento Peninsula. Waldesian Occitans are dwelling in Calabria, and Serbs-Croats in Molise while Italic Gallic settlements are remaining in Sicily. This paper summons the current attempts made in order to protect the cultural and linguistic heritage.
De la géographie des grandes endémies à la géographie de la santé et à la géographie tout court : vingt ans de travaux de l'ORSTOM en Afrique.
Authors: Hervouët Jean-Pierre , Handschumacher Pascal , Paris Frédéric , Salem Gérard
Published: November 2011

Des études sur les grandes endémies à l'analyse des relations entre urbanisation et santé, les recherches en géographie de la santé constituent un fil directeur des travaux menés à l'ORSTOM en Afrique. Mais, loin de devenir une discipline autonome, la géographie de la santé s'est de plus en plus affirmée comme une façon comme une autre de faire de la géographie : la géographie des grandes endémies est inséparable des modes d'occupation de l'espace, de même que les différentiels d'état de santé en ville sont liés aux formes de ségrégation spatiale et de territorialisation. En retour, la démarche et les méthodes des géographes contribuent à des avancées décisives dans l'étude épidémiologique des problèmes de santé qui affectent le Tiers Monde.
Evolution départementale de l'offre et des soins médicaux : indicateurs économiques et indicateurs de santé.
Authors: Tonnellier François , Lucas Véronique
Published: November 2011

Evolution of Supply and Health Care in the French «Départements» : Economic Index and Health Index.

This article concerns the evolution (1968- 1990) of supply and health care in the French «départements». There is a great stability among geographical indicators : the hierarchy of «départements» has remained constant with regard to supply and consumption. This means that there are stable regional behaviours. A traditional contrast between the North and the South remains concerning consultations with specialists and physicians density. We can observe a geographical paradox : age does not explain the disparities in utilization between «départements».
Profil des utilisateurs des différents services de santé modernes dans le Bénin rural.
Authors: Richard Jean-Luc
Published: November 2011

Profile of the Users of the Different Modern Health Care Services in the Central Benin.

According to which criteria do the Benineses choose among the rather diversified modern health care services now available ? This hypothesis was checked by studying over a two-years-period the structure, by sex, age, type of disease and place of origin, of the users of all the modern health care services (public, private and church supported) from the Ouessè district (Central Benin). It was found out that, the weaker the perceived therapeutical efficiency, the more numerous are the children and adult male users, the smaller the attraction area and the narrower the range of treated diseases with in parallel a strong increase in paludism cases.
Pour une géographie du pluralisme thérapeutique dans les grandes villes d'Afrique noire.
Authors: Dorier-Apprill Elisabeth
Published: November 2011

A partir de l'exemple concret de Brazzaville, et en s'appuyant sur les premiers résultats d'un travail d'équipe (équipe ORSTOM-CNRS «citadins et religions»), l'auteur remet en question la stricte notion de «géographie médicale» à propos des villes africaines, et suggère une approche plus globale tenant compte de l'hétérogénéité culturelle de l'offre de soins en milieu urbain africain.
Quelle transition démographique en Chine ?
Authors: Larivière Jean-Pierre
Published: November 2011

What Demographic Transition in China ?

A better knowledge of the demographic evolution since the beginning of the 18th century shows that the originality of China lies mostly in the sustained growth during part of the last centuries of the traditional demographic regime. The demographic transition, however, seems to have taken place from the interwar years onwards, following a classic pattern - first, a lasting decline of mortality, a decrease in fertility starting in the early stages of the People's Republic.
Nationalité, lieu de naissance et autres approches : pertinence comparée des scolarités en France
Authors: Vallet Louis-André , Caille Jean-Paul
Published: November 2011

Une recherche récente a utilisé les données du panel national 1989 d'élèves du second degré pour analyser les différences de performances et de parcours scolaires entre les élèves étrangers ou issus de l'immigration et leurs condisciples. Dans cette étude, huit critères ont été mis en oeuvre afin d'approcher la population en question : nationalité (2 ou 7 catégories), lieu de naissance, nombre d'années scolaires hors de France, ancienneté en France des parents, langue parlée à la maison, groupe d'appartenance de l'élève et nombre d'attributs étrangers. L'article présente la méthodologie générale de la recherche, établit des comparaisons systématiques entre critères afin d'évaluer leur pertinence pour la sociologie de l'éducation et résume les principaux résultats de la recherche.
Immigrés et espace d'origine : le village des Portugais
Authors: Hily Marie-Antoinette
Published: November 2011

Les résultats d'une enquête menée dans trois villages portugais marqués par l'émigration ont mis en évidence le rôle central que joue le local dans les dynamiques migratoires. L'auteur analyse la façon dont le village d'origine se conçoit comme lieu d'intégration porteur et donneur de sens susceptible de maintenir dans un rapport étroit l'émigré avec son lieu d'origine. Deux aspects sont pris en compte : les pratiques festives et les représentations du paysage.
Diversification des activités économiques en Inde rurale : des tendances contrastées
Authors: Guetat-Bernard Hélène
Published: November 2011

Diversification of Economie Activities in Rural India : Contrasted Tendencies.

If we only consider the number of rural workers who depend on non-agricultural income as a main activity, India is, with only one fifth of its rural workers concerned, one of the worst ranked Asian countries. But this proportion does not reflect either the diversity of the local situations, either the importance of this employment sector as a secondary source of income. The roots of this relative diversification of the rural activities, which began in the seventies, are much debated. Dynamics of growth or situation of crisis ? The answers cannot be applied generally to the whole India, and according to the type of activities, the dynamics are various depending on the rural areas.
Reflections on Islamic values and the use of Arabo-Islamic vocabulary in the Wakoki of Maazou Dan Alalo
Authors: Niang Abdou Salam
Published: November 2011

This paper proposes to reflect on the islamisation of Hausa poetry using the example of the wakoki (songs) of Maazou Dan Alalo. Maazou. Born between 1906 and 1910, at Kiyauka, Katsina in today’s Nigeria, he died on 29 November 2002. Though not a griot by birth, he became the bard of the chief of his village and later court griot to the Sultan of Damagram (Zinder). Islam, introduced in African milieus and in their cultural expressions, generated new religious and linguistic elements, while also producing novelties in their artistic and literary creativity and productions. One example, in the case of Zinder and of Dan Alalo’s wakoki, is the annexation of Islamic virtues in the praise songs of chiefs in Islamised African societies, in which political and religious time came to overlap. Islam was pressed into service to legitimise political rulers like the sultan. However, the sociocultural and political role of the griot took on a particular hue under colonial rule. Public amusement, panegyric of the great and wealthy took place in the overcast conditions of colonial occupation. In this context, Dan Alalo’s wakoki allow a close-up view of colonial history as lived experience, complete with of a range of inside insights on social dynamics, including changes in the power pyramid, strategies of adaptation and preservation of the elite, of the community, and of people’s dignity in particular. In this enterprise, the griot played – and was aware of playing – an invaluable role: in social commentary, censure and distraction. His multiple functions included providing a sense of continuity, protecting the dignity of local rulers and of the community as a whole, through the catharsis of humour, in particular.
Abdoulaye Mamani, another Strange destiny
Authors: Pénel Jean-Dominique
Published: November 2011

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Thought and practice in African philosophy
Authors: Mkhwanazi E.F. , Ramose M.B.
Published: November 2011

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Kinderidentiteit, ras en seksualiteit in Ons is nie almal so nie en Die reuk van appels
Authors: Barnard Lianne
Published: November 2011

This article discusses the self-narration of two children, Marnus in Mark Behr’s Die reuk van appels (translated as The smell of apples, 1993) and Gertie in Jeanne Goosen’s Ons is nie almal so nie (1990), translated as We’re not all like that (2007). These children integrate stereotypes about race and sexuality to form complex, richer narratives about their role in society. Both Gertie and Marnus take contradictory discourses (Coloureds both inferior to us and human like us) and form richer narratives. Both characters are exposed to an alternative non-racist discourse, but “choose” to stay within the dominant racist discourse because their identity as male and female respectively is bound within it. Marnus’ choice involves masculinity, violence and sport, and Gertie as Little Red Riding Hood is metaphorically swallowed by the fox of Christian values about women and sex.
S. V. Petersen in dialoog met sy intellektuele en sosiale omgewing
Authors: Willemse Hein
Published: November 2011

This article examines the intellectual and social context of S. V. Petersen (1914–87) with respect to its dialogical tensions. Three key features of his biography are discussed, namely his position as one of only a few coloured boys in the Union of South Africa to have completed his secondary schooling; his relationship to the small but significant Cape elite and his ambivalence towards Afrikaans, his language of choice as a poet. The underlying theoretical impulse provides a reading influenced by Bakhtinian notions of dialogism and the reconstruction of the circumstances in which the initial utterings were made. It is found that Petersen’s creation of the lonely aesthete is influenced by nineteenth century notions of Romantic authorship, and the social tensions between the coloured elite and the Cape or rural underclass. In spite of his Afrikaans childhood, academic training and authorship Petersen’s ambivalence towards the language was fostered by his insertion into the coloured elite in Cape Town.
Mirage of us: A reflection on the role of the Web in widening access to references on Southern African arts, culture and heritage
Authors: Stewart Graham
Published: November 2011

This article outlines the broad aims of the Encyclopaedia of South African Arts, Culture and Heritage (ESAACH) Project then goes on to consider the ESAACH Website as a networked resource that speaks to the project’s vision of accessibility and participation. The wiki architecture is highly accessible to users and contributors alike. In addition to its robust structure as a reference work, a wiki encyclopaedia facilitates networked social collaboration uniquely suited to the co-operative principles of the project. Subject area specialists will exercise editorial control over the content of the wiki, and work with the Editor-in-Chief, Associate Editors and peer reviewers to assess contributions, recommend editorial corrections, and select articles, essays and entries for inclusion in the printed volumes of the encyclopaedia. The paper surveys existing Web-based reference sources on Southern African literature, arts and culture; provides an account of the evolution of the Verbal Arts section of the ESAACH wiki; and South African literary history discusses the prototype ESAACH wiki.
Ben Okri’s The Famished Road: A re-evaluation
Authors: Obumselu Ben
Published: November 2011

This paper assesses positively the important contributions which Ato Quayson and Douglas McCabe have made to the understanding of Ben Okri’s The Famished Road. But it questions whether placing the novel firmly in the context of Yoruba orality, as Quayson does, or in the tradition of New Age spirituality, as McCabe does, does not diminish the work unduly. It points out that Ben Okri did not take his Yoruba material directly from traditional folklore but from secondary sources in which the myths and legends of the Yoruba have been modified and re-interpreted and in The Famished Road the original folk narratives are further transfigured by close linkage with the myths and legends of other lands. Similarly, Azaro’s chanting of the soft paradisal anthems of New Age travellers does not stand in the novel unchanged; it is absorbed and transformed by the context of a novel which deals with the problems of growing up and willingly accepting the burdens of an adult life. The article concludes, after a careful re-evaluation of leading episodes in the novel, that a broad late twentieth century context of existentialist thought and postmodern fiction is the proper background for appreciating a novel in which the extravagances of African folk art are adapted to contemporary myth of the culture hero.
Endogenous and exogenous factors in national development: inferences from the metaphor of witchcraft (Àjé) in Olátúbòsún O. ládàpò. ’s poetry
Authors: Ajibade George Olusola
Published: November 2011

This work engages political commentary in the work of Olátúbòsún Oládàpò, a Yorùbá poet. Its focus is on the way that political ideas and values that are rooted in Nigerian culture can inspire development. The study is an exegesis of a poem entitled Emi lo ó máa fàjéè re se? (“What will you do with your own witchcraft?). The reading explores the multilayered paradoxes and metaphors of witchcraft in the poem, concluding that the God-given abilities and capabilities possessed by Nigerians should be the bases for solving their national problems as the nation needs leaders of a vision and mission. The poet maintains that the Nigerian political leaders have a critical role to play in changing the fortune of the nation by leading by example. In addition, the poet opines that the single factor that explains the national economic stagnation is the lack of integrity and public spiritedness among the political leaders, illustrated through his metaphor of witchcraft.
A pilot operational flood warning system in Andalusia (Spain): presentation and first results
Authors: Versini P.-A. , Berenguer M. , Corral C. , Sempere-Torres D. , Santiago-Gahete A.
Published: November 2011

Abstract. The Guadalhorce Basin is located in Andalusia (South of Spain). Its floods have historically represented a major hazard for the city of Málaga. In 2008 it has been decided to implement a pilot operational flood warning system (GFWS) with the aim of analyzing the capability to minimize the risk to people, and economic activity, as well as for guiding water resources management. The system is oriented to provide distributed warnings based on rainfall accumulations and discharge forecasts. Rainfall accumulation maps are generated according to the interpolation of rain gauge measurements and weather radar rainfall maps whereas discharge forecasts are computed using a distributed rainfall-runoff model. Due to the lack of flow measurements, the model was calibrated a priori in most of the basin area. The performance of the system has been tested on two recent rainfall events which caused many inundations. First results show how the GFWS performed well and was able to forecast the location and timing of flooding. It demonstrates that a simple model and a rough calibration could be enough to issue valuable warnings. Moreover, the European Flood Alert System (EFAS) forecasts have been used to prevent from the flood several days in advance. With low resolution and long anticipation, EFAS appears as a good complement tool to improve flood forecasting and compensate for the short lead times of the GFWS.
The Political Integration of Yugoslavia's Muslims: Determinants of Success and Failure
Authors: Burg Steven L.
Published: November 2011

One of the foundations of the communist claim to legitimacyin Yugoslavia is the assertion that the party has been able to dowhat none of its predecessors could do: regulate internationalityconflict and thereby maintain political stability.Over the years, nationalist movements among one or another of the country's constituent nationalities have seriously challenged that claim. At no time, however, has the communist regime faced such a challenge from a movement based on Islam as a religious, cultural, or political force for mass mobilization. The absence of such a challenge can be explained in part by the successful integration -- some might say cooptation -- of part of the Islamic population through mechanisms of control, and timely concessions amounting to a policy of accommodation. However, that absence can also be explained by the fact that that part of the Islamic populati on which has mounted a serious challenge to the regime has done so on an entirely different basis.
The Russian-Jewish Leadership and the Pogroms of 1881-1882: The Response from St. Petersburg
Authors: Orbach Alexander
Published: November 2011

The pogroms that raged through Jewish neighborhoods in cities and villages, mainly in southem Russia in 1881-1882 were unlike any of the previous assaults experienced by Russian or Fast European Jewry. 'Ihese violent attacks were not carried out against the backgrourrl of a military campaign in W'lich the state was then engaged. Nor were the riots isolated flare-ups touched off by local tensions or points of controversy that then led to confrontations between Jews and their neighbors as had been the case on other occasions. Rather; the pograns of the spring; sumner arrl winter of 1881 and of the ring o1f 882 moved across the countryside in discernible waves. In the first series fran mid-April through the first week of May 1881, over 175 incidents took place in both small ets and large citiinecsluding the cities of Odessa and Kiev. After a two month respite; another wave of pograns ravaged the provinces of Poltava and Chernigov with over thirty incidents being reported. Furthernore, violence against Jews broke out in Warsaw an Christmas ray 1881. Finally; the Balta pogrom of March 1882 closed out the wave of pogroms associated with the years 1881-1882.
Facultative Animacy in Polish
Authors: Swan Oscar
Published: November 2011

INTRODUCTION. 'Grammatical' gender is a largely semantically empty noun trait whose existence is typically revealed through the triggering of agreement rules on the part of items in a sentence with which the noun is in construction. For example, the fact that the Latin word res is feminine in gender requires that the modifying adjective public- take the feminine ending -a. 'Natural' gender refers to perceptual categories with which people tend to view reality- male, female, animate, concrete, abstract, and so onwhich may have means of formal expression in a language. Present-day Polish provides an illustration of the process by which a natural gender can become "grammaticized" by the extension of a formal marker of natural gender to nouns outside the range of the natural gender category, making the feature referentially unpredictable. In Polish, the Genitive=Accusative feature of masculine nouns, traditionally a sign of referential animacy, is being applied more and more to concrete nouns of all sorts, gradually turning the category 'animate' from a natural into a purely grammatical gender designation.
Stalin's Crimes Against the Non-Russian Nations: The 1987-1990 Revelations and Debate
Authors: Nichol Jim
Published: November 2011

This paper' examines the de-Stalinization debate that reemerged in the late 1980s as conducted by, or concerned with, the non-Russian nationalities? The paper focuses on one aspect of this debate - the discussion of individual cases of repression and the discovery of mass gravesites. Many individual testimonies of repression have been published in the press. These testimonies have been particularly graphic and powerfully illuminative. Even more graphic have been reports of mass gravesites in virtually all the republics. As noted by Stephen White, these testimonies and reports have been the most emotionally significant element of de-Stalinization: ''This grisly record...[is] in itself a critique of Stalinism more powerful than anything historians could muster.
“Frenzy and Ferocity”: The Stalinist Judicial System in Poland, 1944–47, and the Search for Redress
Authors: Micgiel John S.
Published: November 2011

InMay and June 1992, the Polish political elite, deeply divided and mired in fractional struggle, devoured itself in the lustracja, a resolution passed by the Polish parliament to root out alleged Communist agents and collaborators then in state service. This spectacle hastened the downfall of the Center-Right government of Prime Minister Jan Olszewski, whose parliamentary supponers organized this political witch hunt. Completely dominating the political arena in Poland, it overshadowed other resolutions aimed at, broadly speaking, historical justice. Legislation aimed at reducing the retirement pensions of persons who had been employed in repressive state institutions, upgrading the retirement benefits of victims of state repression, and revising the statute of limitations on crimes committed during the Stalinist period, that is, between 1944 and 1956, languished. The unifying theme in these projects was redress for wrongs committed during the process of sovietization after World War Two.
Declining Secondary Enrollment in Albania: What Drives Household Decisions?
Authors: Meurs Mieke , Miluka Juna , Hertz Tom
Published: November 2011

Many post-socialist countries have seen a decline in school enrollments, especially at the secondary level, and declines in average school attainment (Hertz, Meurs and Selcuk, 2009). The declines in enrollment rates may be temporary, but the effects may persist across generations, given the generally high correlation between parent and child educational outcomes.In this paper, we examine secondary schooling dynamics in Albania, where enrollment declines have occurred. We examine both demand- and supply-side factors which might underlie household-level enrollment decisions. Using Living Standard Measurement Surveys from 2003 and 2003, we fi nd that, as in other countries, parental education is a signifi cant predictor of secondary school enrollment, but we also fi nd that economic and social changes related to transition appear to play a role. Many of our fi ndings are line with other recent work on this topic, although some differ, suggesting that enrollment dynamics may be changing over time.