bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Pursuit of the Fruit
Authors: Haufe Chris
Published: May 2024

This chapter sets out the general mission pursued in the book. The roots of the problem develop out of Thomas Kuhn’s approach to scientific knowledge as described in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. That approach, and the history of science upon which it draws, make it difficult to reconcile scientific knowledge with the traditional epistemological focus on true belief. This chapter provides a survey of the alternative epistemological framework developed later on, which replaces the pursuit of true beliefs about nature with the pursuit of apt metaphors for representing it. This chapter remarks on the general approach and the particular relevance of the history of science and mathematics, and it summarizes forthcoming chapters.
Framing Fruitfulness
Authors: Haufe Chris
Published: May 2024

In this chapter we look more closely at the properties of research frameworks, why they are sought out, and how they are able to exert normative influence over members of a research community. This chapter examine two episodes in depth, to present the reader with some fine-grained detail regarding investigative resources that research frames provide. The first is Maxwell’s description of the obstacles confronting research into electricity in his classic paper, “On Faraday’s Lines of Force.” The second is the rise of “particle paleontology” in the 1970s. The chapter then turns to some reflections of Henri Poincaré that articulate in general form some of the ways in which certain bits of research are valued for their broader facilitation of inquiry.
Axiology Here and Now
Authors: Kolber Adam J.
Published: May 2024

This chapter provides background on utilitarian moral theory and its eventual expansion into consequentialism. Traditional utilitarian approaches, Kolber argues, are simplest and easiest to apply in the here and now. We can adopt more complicated consequentialist theories, if necessary, to fit our moral intuitions. Though such forms of consequentialism are harder to apply in the here and now, they are still superior to standard retributivism. Standard retributivism either cannot be applied in the here and now, in which case it is inferior to pure consequentialist approaches, or it is much harder to apply, in which case we should put a thumb on the scale for consequentialism going forward.
Abolish Incarceration, But Not Today
Authors: Kolber Adam J.
Published: May 2024

If a serviceable, pure consequentialism with an associated axiology was morally adequate for use in the here and now, it would encourage us to be cautiously but favorably disposed to eventually abolish prison. More specifically, it would advise more radical forms of experimentation to identify better types of and alternatives to prison. Whether sufficient evidence will ultimately support carceral abolition depends on precisely what is meant by carceral abolition and on the evidence that would be marshaled along a path toward reduced reliance on incarceration. On the flip side, because the most consequentialists can muster for abolition are cautious enthusiasm and a willingness to investigate and experiment further, consequentialists should deem at least some incarceration under some conditions morally permissible today.
Toilet Training
Authors: Hoffman Jeanne Swickard
Published: May 2024

Toilet training is a major developmental milestone, but can prove challenging to many parents. This chapter offers helpful suggestions for how to know when your child is ready and what steps to take. Bedwetting and fecal soiling may occur after daytime toilet training is complete. Detailed advice for managing these problems is also included.
Healthy Eating
Authors: Darling Katherine E. , Warnick Jennifer L. , Jelalian Elissa
Published: May 2024

Children’s typical eating patterns change throughout the course of development. Given these changes, it can be hard for parents and caregivers to identify what may be considered “normal” and when they might need to seek outside help. This chapter covers the typical development of eating patterns, from picky eating to overeating. It provides practical strategies for developing a positive eating environment for the whole family. The chapter also includes guidance regarding signs that caregivers may need to seek professional support to address their child’s eating patterns or their nutrition, as well as the kinds of support that are available.
Social Media and Screen Time
Authors: Dreier Melissa J. , Carper Matthew M. , Hamilton Jessica L.
Published: May 2024

This chapter provides an overview about what “social media” is, what researchers know about how social media affects youth mental health, and what parents can do to help their children navigate social media. This chapter is designed to provide parents with concrete and actionable tips that they can use to both minimize risks from social media and to promote healthy engagement and conversations around social media use.
Hate Crimes and Violence
Authors: Talusan Liza A.
Published: May 2024

While every generation has a major social and political event that marks significance for that period, young people today are growing up with a frequency of traumatic events, including turbulent political factions, hate speech, shootings at schools and other public places, racial violence, and systemic actions reversing long-standing personal rights. Different from previous generations, however, is the easy access to firsthand accounts through social media, video devices, streaming platforms, and through surveillance and security cameras that are made readily available 24/7. Because of this availability of information, many of these instances feel closer to home as individuals watch these events on their phones, screens, and televisions. It is important that parents and caregivers have tools for navigating the trauma of identity-related events to provide support and safety for young people as they are exposed to and experience hate crimes and violence.
Relocating and Starting a New School
Authors: Burdette Evan T. , La Greca Annette M.
Published: May 2024

Starting a new school is stressful and challenging for most youth and their parents. Children may face increased academic and social demands, and parents may feel overwhelmed by changes in routine and struggle to adjust to their child’s unique needs. This chapter provides parents with an overview of strategies they can use to help their child start a new school based on their developmental stage and unique situation, such as moving during the school year. Additionally, the authors provide considerations for children with unique needs, such as children with learning disorders, developmental delays, or autism. The strategies outlined in this chapter will enable parents to help their child make a successful transition to a new school, even in challenging circumstances.
Driving
Authors: DaSilva Daniel
Published: May 2024

Allowing your adolescent to get behind the wheel of a 3,000-pound motor vehicle and drive off for the first time will doubtless trigger some level of parental anxiety. Learning to drive an automobile is often a rite of passage for adolescents, that many parents approach with a mix of pride and trepidation. Acting as a role model and talking through good driving habits and responsible behavior behind the wheel with your adolescent are critically important. This chapter discusses common hazards for parents to consider in teaching and supporting their child as a good driver.
Money Matters
Authors: Martin William
Published: May 2024

“Money makes the world go ’round” is a popular saying. This chapter focuses on developing financially healthy children and adolescents. A key theme is to tap into one’s power as a parent or caregiver, and intentionally design lessons to enhance the financial health of children and adolescents. To make this easier and more practical, a five-step framework is provided for parents to follow and customize to fit the needs of their family.
Shyness and Social Anxiety
Authors: Fox Jeremy K. , Escobar Melissa B. , Thomas Hannah M. , Warner Carrie Masia
Published: May 2024

All children and adolescents experience shyness or feelings of social discomfort at times. However, some struggle with more frequent or extreme shyness and may have what is known as social anxiety disorder (SAD). SAD involves persistent and debilitating nervousness in social situations due to fears of criticism and embarrassment. Signs and symptoms of SAD include expecting bad things to happen in social situations, experiencing distressing physical sensations when anxious, and avoiding or escaping from social settings. For parents, it can be useful to recognize signs of when their children’s social anxiety may be a concern and to learn strategies for helping them, such as increasing social opportunities and rewarding brave behavior. Some young people may also benefit from working with a psychologist who can provide cognitive-behavioral therapy to help them gradually face their feared social situations. Resources with additional tips for parents are included.
Sadness and Depression
Authors: MacPherson Heather A.
Published: May 2024

All children and adolescents experience sadness, anger, and boredom at times. However, it is important to differentiate normative negative emotional reactions from clinical depression that may require treatment. This chapter discusses the difference between typical negative emotions versus clinical depression in childhood and adolescence. The chapter concludes by offering suggestions for how caregivers can support children and adolescents struggling with depression, such as differentiating the child/adolescent from their mood symptoms, monitoring their symptoms, practicing effective communication strategies, focusing on positive behaviors, adjusting expectations, encouraging engagement in pleasant activities/positive coping strategies, establishing routines/structure and healthy habits, planning ahead, problem-solving, assessing for safety, seeking professional help, and engaging in self-care.
Suicide Risk and Self-Injury
Authors: Lopez Nadja N. , Guerry John D.
Published: May 2024

Youth reports of emotional distress are at critical stages. In 2021, 42% of high school students felt so sad or hopeless almost every day for at least two weeks in a row that they stopped doing their usual activities. It is vital for parents to have a clear understanding of how emotional distress is related to non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behaviors in youth. This chapter offers statistics, information, and practical responses for parents when assessing for and dealing with potential suicidal behaviors in their children.
Jazz Migrations
Authors: Gazit Ofer
Published: May 2024

Since the 1990s, migrant musicians have become increasingly prominent in New York City’s celebrated jazz scene. Challenging norms about who can be an American jazz musician and what immigrant music should sound like, these musicians create a more mobile and diverse notion of jazz, while inadvertently contributing to processes of gentrification and institutionalization. Jazz Migrations is the first book-length study to discuss the impact of contemporary transnational migration on New York jazz, examining its effects on educational institutions, club scenes, and jam sessions. As it traces the role of movement in the music of migrant musicians, it urges us to rethink genre boundaries, senses of belonging, and musical identities.
Time and Spacetime
Authors: Bardon Adrian
Published: May 2024

In Europe, thanks to its being championed by the Catholic Church, Aristotelian physics persisted as pretty much the one and only approach to understanding nature, all the way up to the arrival of the Scientific Revolution in the seventeenth century. There were a number of great (and, often, courageous) scientists associated with this movement—such as Giordano Bruno, Galileo Galilei, Francis Bacon, and Robert Boyle—but Isaac Newton was, in many ways, the most successful of them all. While other scientists had disproved certain elements of Aristotelian or Catholic dogma (most famously, the geocentric model of the universe), Newton produced a comprehensive system of physical laws that totally superseded what had been the received view since ancient times. This system persisted until Einstein, whose revision of Newtonianism took our understanding of time to a whole new level.
Time and Freedom
Authors: Bardon Adrian
Published: May 2024

Is the future already written? According to the static theory of time, all so-called ‘future’ events timelessly be, distributed over the temporal dimension of spacetime. Since static theory seems to suggest that all facts just are what they are, with no distinction between the future and the ‘settled’ past, it might be taken to imply that we cannot change the future: if there is only one way for things to go, then we can’t choose otherwise than we in fact do. How can we be free, if we can’t choose otherwise than we do? Is the impossibility of free will really a consequence of the static theory of time? (And, if so, would this consequence be a reason to reject that theory?)
Living with Ghosts
Authors: Jack Max
Published: May 2024

This chapter explores Black Corner’s own reflexivity regarding the politics of crowd participation, following the ways that the group grappled with their ice hockey team’s history—that which was linked with East German authoritarianism and Nazism in the German imaginary. In East Germany, Sport Club Dynamo was sponsored by the secret police called the Stasi, and after the fall of the Berlin Wall was later dominated by a right-wing hooligan fan scene in the 1990s. For Black Corner, discourse over the politics of performance meant abstaining from singing preexisting content that they deemed racist, sexist, or homophobic at Eishockey Club Dynamo. Black Corner was also beginning to insert overtly antifascist discourse into the arena as well—a strategy meant to assert the collective values of the group.
Similes et Aequales
Authors: Smolin Nathan Israel
Published: May 2024

Chapter 6 profiles Hilary of Poitiers as the innovator of a new anthropology and theology of equality and a belief in the Christian episcopate as the sole institutional link between human and divine realms. Section 6.1 discusses Hilary’s life and his importance to the development of the Nicene consensus. In De synodis (section 6.2), Hilary is portrayed as attempting to unite different theological factions via a detailed metaphysical treatment of the concept of equality. In section 6.3, Hilary’s direct engagement with Lucifer of Cagliari is argued for. Hilary’s efforts led to Ad Constantium (section 6.4), a last-minute attempt to convince Constantius to reverse his conciliar campaign. This appeal’s failure, section 6.5 argues, led to Hilary’s decision to embrace a Luciferean generic model in In Constantium, a furious effort to make of Constantius a unifying antagonist for the episcopate as a whole.
Geopolitical Condition Red
Authors: Toal Gerard
Published: May 2024

This chapter expounds on the contemporary geopolitical condition. The 2021 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report underscores the perilous condition humanity finds itself in: code red due to rising surface and oceanic temperatures across the planet. Moreover, the condition is characterized by an Earth system that is imposing significant dislocation on human living spaces. Yet, geopolitics continues as normal. This unstable state of affairs will inevitably produce future climate shocks and environmental emergencies. The climate crisis presents a mobilization problem, especially when the climate emergency has no clear territorial front lines, unlike great power geopolitics.
Deciphering International Punishments
Authors: Mallavarapu Siddharth
Published: May 2024

Drawing on literary, legal, and political registers, this chapter examines the normative arc that frames international punishments. It approaches the question of normativity and its material implications from the perspective of a critical Global South sensibility and poses fundamental questions around the nature of international punishment and stigmatization as well as the meanings of retributive and rehabilitative justice both in the past and in the present. Embedding international punishment in broader historical and international political economy contexts compels the revisitation of “colonial mindsets,” “standards of civilization,” and persisting “racial capitalism,” in addition to the unfolding politics around reparation claims from different areas of the world.
Robert Owen’s Cooperative Vision
Authors: Madden Kirsten , Persky Joseph
Published: May 2024

After his successful experimentation in industrial organization to the benefit of his workforce at New Lanark, Robert Owen became an architect and proselytizer of cooperation. He is the first cooperative theorist in Great Britain. Assuming the desire for happiness and the plasticity of human nature, Owen deduces the major propositions in his new social science. Cooperation—a cordial, other-centered working together by all for the benefit of each—is the only structure that promises superabundance and the achievement of meaningful human development. Success in cooperation requires a fundamentally restructured rational-ethical program of education. Owen also drew institutional blueprints for villages, schools, and workplaces. Perhaps the most fundamental contradiction of Owen’s cooperation lies in his penchant for paternalistic authority to lead cooperative organizations.
The Cooperative Socialism of J. S. Mill and Harriet Taylor
Authors: Madden Kirsten , Persky Joseph
Published: May 2024

John Stuart Mill and his wife Harriet Taylor, place cooperation at the center of a new understanding of social progress. Anticipating elements of Marxian historical materialism, Mill and Taylor identify fundamental tendencies pushing toward cooperation. There is an evolution among the labor force fueled by education and a growing sense of independence. Over time, workers assert control over (Malthusian) population growth and demand higher wages, developments that generate a falling rate of profit. The resulting tension promises a revolutionary change in the relations of production and a broad shift toward cooperatives. Mill and Taylor predict that the new economy will be far more productive and equal but insist that maintaining inter-cooperative competition in a market setting is crucial to the ultimate success of such new modes of production. Their version of cooperative competition remains influential on classical liberal political economy through the end of the 19th century.
The Upstart Strategy
Authors: Mastro Oriana Skylar
Published: May 2024

This chapter describes what the upstart strategy is, how it has been used by China to enter the great power club, and what factors have determined the contours of China’s unique strategic approach. To explain the value of an upstart strategy, the chapter probes the idea of emulation in international politics, including the conditions in which emulation is effective as a competitive approach. Overall, this chapter discusses the basic propositions of competition theory, showing why actors are sometimes driven toward tactics, activities, and strategies that differ from those of their primary competitors. The chapter then further lays out the three components of the upstart strategy—emulation, exploitation, and entrepreneurship. It then discusses the pros and cons of each, which ultimately sets the conditions under which each component is likely to be the preferred pathway to power.
Conclusion
Authors: Mastro Oriana Skylar
Published: May 2024

This chapter unpacks what we can anticipate from China’s behavior moving forward, and what would be the best US and allied policy response. It argues that exploitation approaches are the most likely contenders for potential change as China’s power continues to grow and China’s entrepreneurial approaches are least likely to change. In terms of how the United States can build and maintain a competitive edge, this chapter argues that the United States and its allies should do three things. One is to undermine the efficiency of China’s entrepreneurial approaches by imposing costs in new areas of competition. The second is to close the gaps China exploits to build power. The third is to encourage more Chinese emulation where the United States maintains competitive advantage.
Seeing Red
Authors: Oates Sarah , Ramsay Gordon Neil
Published: May 2024

The convergence of strategic narratives from U.S. President Donald Trump and the Kremlin created historic opportunities for Russia’s global propaganda war. This could not have happened without Trump, who has been aided and abetted by politicians and U.S. news outlets, such as Fox, that favor propaganda over information. Through the 2020 election, the Stop the Steal conspiracy, and the Capitol insurrection, Russians found myriad ways to publicize the end of American democracy and the rise of Russia. Identifying and tracking four key Russian strategic narratives—democracy is flawed and failing, resurgent Russia, protecting Russians abroad, and the West is out to destroy Russia—allows us to better understand how Russian propaganda finds echoes in U.S. news. Despite knowledge of the risk and resourceful work by analysts and journalists in tracking down Russian propaganda in the United States, the problem of foreign disinformation continues to this day and played a key role in Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine. Our analysis deploys both traditional political communications methods such as content analysis as well as computational methods to leverage our insights at a greater scale. Detecting foreign propaganda in U.S. news is a critical task for democracy. At the same time, we need to understand a dangerous menace lies not just in how foreign governments attempt to manipulate the media, but in how the U.S. media system has been compromised by domestic actors who follow an authoritarian playbook.
Curating Chaos
Authors: Oates Sarah , Ramsay Gordon Neil
Published: May 2024

Chapter 5 presents an in-depth analysis of coverage of conspiracy theories of electoral fraud and the Capitol insurrection on Russian and U.S. right-wing news outlets: RT, Sputnik, Fox News, and Newsmax. The chapter shows that electoral fraud and the resulting violence were of great interest as both news and propaganda showcased the failures of American democracy. Russian propaganda sites enthusiastically covered the election conspiracy narrative along with the violence, using a dark moment in U.S. politics to bolster a significant Russian strategic narrative of the demise of democracy. This allowed the Russian outlets an unprecedented opportunity to construct their propaganda and attack democracy by drawing on statements by U.S. elite political figures, especially Donald Trump, as well as U.S. right-wing news content.
Interlude
Authors: Boffone Trevor
Published: May 2024

Extending the ways that Beetlejuice revolutionized Broadway marketing practices, the book’s first interlude reveals how musical theatre TikTokers use the platform as a digital stage door. This practice peels back the curtain and brings fans backstage into the world of musical theatre. I focus on popular TikToker Amber Ardolino. Ardolino’s interactive, fan-centered TikTok account positioned her as one of Hamilton’s most approachable stars when Broadway re-open in fall 2021. Ardolino’s TikTok account offers a model for how actors might engage with fans on social media.
Memory and Aging: The Basics
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 1 answers basic questions about the memory changes that most people experience as they grow older: When do changes begin? What is normal? Why does memory change with age? It is not always easy to tell the difference between memory changes that happen to everyone as they grow older, and those that are part of MCI. Some degree of memory change is perfectly normal and expected with age. It begins earlier than most people realize, usually during one’s late teens or early 20s. Many of these memory changes are caused by age-related changes in the brain. Heart health, medications, mood, sleep, and other health factors can also cause changes in memory.
What Is Mild Cognitive Impairment?
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 3 provides an overview of mild cognitive impairment, or MCI. Cognitive changes in MCI fall between the mild changes that everyone experiences with age and the severe changes seen in dementia. In some cases, normal aging progresses to MCI, and MCI progresses to dementia, but this is not true for everyone. MCI is a risk factor for dementia, and people with MCI have a higher than average risk of developing dementia. There are a number of different types of MCI, defined according to the type and number of cognitive abilities that are impaired. Different types of MCI are generally caused by different diseases or disorders that affect the brain.
What Is Dementia?
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 6 sets the stage for Section Two of this book. This chapter starts out by defining dementia, by providing the clinical definition, and then unpacking that so that readers have a good understanding of what dementia is, and how it is the symptom of one of a number of brain diseases that can cause dementia. This chapter also discusses how it can affect not only cognition but also behavior and body functions. Trends in the prevalence and incidence of dementia worldwide are discussed. Then, the four main brain diseases causing dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, and dementia due to Parkinson’s disease or Lewy Body disease, are briefly introduced in preparation for the next four chapters.
Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 7 dives deeper into Alzheimer’s disease. It starts by defining Alzheimer’s disease, and its hallmark characteristics of developing slowly and progressively getting worse. Then, different levels of diagnostic certainty (probable and possible) are distinguished. The difference between early-onset and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease is discussed, as are the differences between familial (inherited) and sporadic Alzheimer’s disease. The next section describes the cognitive and behavioral changes that occur in Alzheimer’s disease. Following that is a description of the brain changes that occur with Alzheimer’s disease, including describing what the well-known “plaques” and “tangles” actually are, and how they can be seen in the brain through various kinds of neuroimaging. This section also talks about changes in brain structure and function with Alzheimer’s disease. Finally, drug treatments of Alzheimer’s disease are discussed.
Bringing Your Concerns About Memory Change to Your Family Doctor
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 17 explores the types of memory concerns an older adult might have, and how these concerns might lead them to want to talk to their family doctor. Experiencing memory change can be worrisome. The chapter provides helpful information to self-evaluate personal memory concerns. Also included is a self-guided survey that asks for information that will be important to tell the family doctor about and that can be prepared in advance of the doctor visit. What to expect during the visit in terms of review of physical health, medications, and possible tests the doctor may want to do are covered in the chapter.
Life as a Person with Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 24 talks about the non-cognitive changes experienced by a person living with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Experiencing cognitive decline can influence other aspects of a person’s life and these influences are discussed with respect to small changes in being independent with easily managing more complex things in everyday life, such as planning a vacation. It also covers how self-confidence and mood can be negatively affected and how sensory changes, like hearing loss, can make cognitive problems worse. Advice and information on how to better cope with these non-cognitive changes is provided.
Sleeping Well
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 27 describes the importance of sleep for brain health and memory. The chapter also describes sleep hygiene steps, which refers to healthy sleep habits you can develop that will benefit your sleep. When we sleep, our brain is at work making more permanent our memories of what we learned and did. Sleep also gives our body time to repair. The sleep cycle changes with age. We can also become more prone to developing sleep disorders, like sleep apnea (abnormal breathing during sleep). People with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) show some small changes in their sleeping when compared to older adults without MCI, but they do not necessarily have more sleep disorders. Sleep is important for brain health; thus, taking steps to practice good sleep habits is especially important for people with MCI because it might prevent or delay further cognitive decline.
Benefits of Cognitive Engagement
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 42 explains how cognitive engagement is good for brain health. Some of the benefits include improving memory and other thinking skills, and lowering risk of dementia. These benefits are discussed in detail by relating them to different engagement activities, including leisure activities, volunteering, and formal learning activities. Research shows that it is never too late to get involved in engaging activities. There is evidence that cognitive engagement is good for people with normal cognition, those with mild cognitive impairment, and even those with dementia. Regardless of one’s current level of cognitive ability, there are benefits to be had by participating in activities that are challenging and engaging.
Building a More Sociable Lifestyle
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Building on the known benefits of social engagement, Chapter 45 provides tips for increasing one’s social engagement. Because there are no official guidelines for how much and how often we should socialize, the chapter reviews what is known about the “average” person’s social life. Comparing yourself to this can tell you whether you may want to increase your social engagement. Some studies show that the lowest risk of dementia is found in people who engage in more social activities or have larger social networks than the average person. Knowing this, a good goal might be to aim for average or a little bit higher. Specific guidance is provided for how to build a broad network of friends, increase social activities, and improve the quality of social relationships.
Remembering by Thinking About What Something Means
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

A useful memory strategy involves making information meaningful. Research has shown that it is easiest to remember new information when we think about the semantics, or the meaning, of that information. Chapter 50 reviews some of the research behind this idea, and explains how the reader can use semantic memory strategies. Specific ideas are provided for how to use this strategy for remembering names, titles, and numbers. These include thinking about what something literally means, linking new information to something you already know, creating a mental picture, and finding patterns. There are a number of ways to make something meaningful, and there are no “right” or “wrong” ways to do it. If it is meaningful to you in any way, you are more likely to remember it.
Using Memory Strategies in Your Everyday Life
Authors: Anderson Nicole D. , Murphy Kelly J. , Troyer Angela K.
Published: May 2024

Chapter 52 builds on previous chapters that introduced specific memory strategies. The reader is presented with a number of everyday scenarios where a person would like to learn or remember something and is asked to come up with memory strategies that could be used. Ideas are provided for how to approach each memory scenario. Just like any new skill, becoming good at using memory strategies takes some practice. Although memory strategies will not “cure” all your memory problems or lead to a perfect memory, with regular use, you should find that you are better at remembering the things that are most important to you. A worksheet is provided to help readers keep track of opportunities to use memory strategies in their day-to-day lives.
Mutual aid and the way forward
Authors: Sawatsky Alexander W.
Published: May 2024

There is a common argument that anarchism is utopian and hence not applicable to humanity, which will inevitably descend into chaos. Mutual aid—a hallmark of anarchist organizing—is connected to social work and group practice in light of counter narratives that demonstrate examples of communities in crisis behaving in ways that are positive and supporting of each other. This is like how social workers are taught to focus on strengths and promote healing in the social environment. It is a timely topic, given the current political climate. This chapter argues that the rise of right-wing populism and its associated racism, misogyny, and violence is rather the result of artificial constructions of nationhood, colonization, and imperialism personified in the state. Communities flourish and connect us to each other when these structures are absent. The argument is made that social work can play a role in this process.
Lotteries Divine and Human: The World of the Homeric Epics
Authors: Malkin Irad , Blok Josine
Published: May 2024

The full spectrum of the practices, vocabulary, and values implied in the drawing of lots is apparent already in Homer and Hesiod and was consistent and ubiquitous through the archaic and classical periods. Distributive, procedural, and selective lotteries are manifest both among the gods who draw lots for portions of the world and among humans, distributing booty and catch, selecting soldiers and heroes, dividing an inheritance, and establishing turns. Myths about drawing lots among the gods reflect a general outlook and a mindset. Neither gods nor humans employ the lot to “reveal the will of the gods.” The emphasis is on the community and the egalitarian guidelines of equality and fairness. Aside from a top-down authority, we observe “horizontal,” egalitarian features. Lotteries imply equality of status and merit (eligibility) while defining the exclusive contours of the circle of sharers and participants. The Endnotes discuss distributing booty in Homer and the vocabulary of distribution and getting by lot.
Drawing Lots on the Athenian Stage
Authors: Malkin Irad , Blok Josine
Published: May 2024

The language of the lottery is pervasive in classical tragedy. numbering in the tens of thousands, fifth-century Athenian audiences shared the mindset and understood the broad spectrum of lottery-related procedures and overlapping evocations and resonances. The discrete themes of the first chapters converge in classical Athenian drama, notably in Aeschylus’s Seven against Thebes. Athenian playwrights used the lot as a narrative device, an idiom, and a poetic metaphor while relying on a mental frame of reference that recognized lotteries as ubiquitous in the experiences of life and death. Two sisters get by lot, respectively, Hellas and barbarian lands; guard shifts are set by lot with dramatic consequences; Iphigenia refuses a drawing of lots to choose a sister for sacrifice; women captives are distributed by lot; and the plot of Seven revolves around the abuse of the results of drawing lots for the sake of partible inheritance.
Founding Cities and Sharing in the Polis: Equality, Allotment, and Civic Mixture
Authors: Malkin Irad , Blok Josine
Published: May 2024

Greek colonists drew by lot equal First Lots (protoi kleroi) that constituted a minimum holding and a discrete category (inalienable and kept whole). No ancient source reports or even imagines an alternative, illustrating a ubiquitous mindset and conventions spreading through Small-World dynamics. Egalitarianism and equality are not synonyms: material differentiation became apparent quickly, expressing the tension between elite and egalitarian vectors. A new land was supposedly “empty” (eremos chora), ready for a superimposed egalitarian parcellation. Inscribed foundation decrees (always prescriptive) express such conventions. Aside from the nucleus, "whoever wished" (provided they were Greeks) could join, thus contributing to the spread of conventions. Distributive lotteries imply a self-aware, defined, exclusive community. The chapter discusses parallelism and interdependence between inheritance and colonization. It further discusses nomima and the integrative role of lotteries in absorbing new citizens or resolving a civil conflict. The second part discusses ancient literary sources, “First Lots” (protoi kleroi), equality, and egalitarianism. Three endnotes provide detailed discussions: (1) The cui bono argument and the ancient sources; (2) isomoiria; (3) women and the kleros.
The Fairness Problem
Authors: Pokharel Atul
Published: May 2024

This chapter combines the theoretical discussion with the empirical findings to define the fairness problem. It argues that the problem of remaining fair becomes more important than collective action problems to sustained cooperation. It then explains how sustained cooperation hinges on the ability of communities to solve the fairness problem. It first traces how cooperators are grappling with the perpetual problem of figuring out what fairness means and then what rules will avoid unfairness. To explore some of the key factors outside of the group, it traces how these systems adapted to the decade-long Maoist conflict in Nepal. It then explains that local communities may not be able to solve complex fairness problems on their own, even when they have solved collective action problems. Consequently, this variability opens up a wider range of roles for state institutions in shared resource governance than dominant understandings permit. It ends with a discussion of how governments and local communities might address fairness problems.
Introduction
Authors: Schubert Stefan , Caviola Lucius
Published: May 2024

The Introduction situates the central questions of the book. Every year, people sacrifice large resources for the sake of others as donors and volunteers. But, unfortunately, most of these resources aren’t allocated effectively, meaning they do much less good than they could. Why is that? And what can we do to change it? These are the two questions addressed in Part I and Part II of the book, respectively. In recent years, the effective altruism movement has sought to maximize its positive impact on the world, and its principles are used as a guiding framework. The Introduction ends with an outline of the book.
The Norms of Giving
Authors: Schubert Stefan , Caviola Lucius
Published: May 2024

Chapter 1, “The Norms of Giving,” shows that do-gooding is viewed as a subjective domain, where one uses one’s feelings and tastes, rather than an objective domain, where one uses intersubjective metrics. It’s seen as more akin to restaurant choice than to investment decisions. One doesn’t have an obligation to support the most effective causes but is free to pick causes one feels strongly for. This directly reduces the effectiveness of people’s help. However, it also reduces effectiveness in another way: It means that people don’t do the extensive research that’s needed to find the most effective ways of helping. Consequently, most people don’t know, for example, what the most effective charities are. Thus, the view that do-gooding is a subjective domain reduces the effectiveness of people’s help in multiple ways.
Neglecting the Stakes
Authors: Schubert Stefan , Caviola Lucius
Published: May 2024

Chapter 2, “Neglecting the Stakes,” shows that most people underestimate the differences in effectiveness between different ways of doing good. Laypeople think that the most effective charities supporting the global poor are at most twice as effective as the average such charity, but experts estimate them to be 100 times more effective. This underestimation of effectiveness differences leads people to underestimate the importance of finding the most effective ways of doing good. However, teaching them that the effectiveness differences are vast doesn’t change their behavior as much as one might have expected. People are insensitive to the scale or scope of opportunities to help others (scope neglect). Thus, while misconceptions about differences in effectiveness likely reduce the effectiveness of people’s help, the effect of correcting those misconceptions may be somewhat muted.
Information, Nudges, and Incentives
Authors: Schubert Stefan , Caviola Lucius
Published: May 2024

Chapter 6, “Information, Nudges, and Incentives,” discusses a series of evidence-backed techniques for overcoming the obstacles from Part I. They include simply providing people with information about what the most effective charities are, as well as more elaborate nudging and incentivization strategies. A salient example is Giving Multiplier: a donation website where people are encouraged, via nudging and matching techniques, to allocate at least some funds to highly effective charities. The limitations of these techniques are also discussed. Though the techniques are tractable and useful, they likely won’t lead to a deep societal change regarding the effectiveness of altruistic efforts.
Privately Controlled Party Organizations
Authors: Fagan E.J.
Published: May 2024

Partisan think tanks work very closely with political parties, closer than most other interest groups in the party coalition. In most democracies, political parties have a similar relationship with think tanks, but they are formal party organizations with public financing. In the United States, partisan think tanks are independent nonprofit organizations with independent leadership and private funding. This chapter explores the implications of this difference. Private controlled think tanks could cause parties to sacrifice electoral gains to achieve ideological goals. They also allow parties to take more extreme positions by short-circuiting the problem-solving instincts of elected officials.
Violence, State-Building, and the Shia-Sunni Cleavage
Authors: Petersen Roger D.
Published: May 2024

This chapter provides an overview of the genesis, evolution, and capabilities of Shia and Sunni organizations. The chapter covers the origins and power of the major actors, especially the two main Shia forces—the Sadrists, and the Badr Organization. The organization of Shia groups is compared and contrasted with that of the Sunnis. Émigré groups are also covered. By the end of the chapter, the reader should have some understanding of the origins and political orientations of Dawa, the Sadrists, the Badr Organization, and Iraqi political forces living abroad before the invasion. The reader should be prepared to understand the difference in capacities for mobilization between Shia and Sunni. Furthermore, the readers should understand how the Iraq’s repressive history, powerful religious institutions, and sectarian differences can work to affect the mechanisms and roles at the heart of our analytical framework.
The Battle of Sadr City, 2008
Authors: Petersen Roger D.
Published: May 2024

This chapter begins by surveying changes in the balance of power among internal Iraqi political actors in the wake of Shia victory in the “Battle of Baghdad.” The chapter also concentrates on a shift in US tactics and strategy from clear, hold, build to a combination of war-fighting and decapitation as US forces took on Sadr and the Jaysh al-Mahdi militia in their stronghold. Although the Sadrists were decimated in the 2008 Battle of Sadr City, they retained their advantages in social organization, demography, control of state ministries, and communications. While defeated in this battle, the Sadrists remained resilient.
Hawija
Authors: Petersen Roger D.
Published: May 2024

The chapter breaks down both the US military strategies during 2003–2011 and the Iraqi government strategies during 2011–2017, and matches those strategies with those of Sunni resistance groups. The chapter illustrates the persistent power of the Shia-Sunni master cleavage despite, and because of, changes in US and Iraqi state strategies.
How Minorities Make Their Way
Authors: Petersen Roger D.
Published: May 2024

This chapter expands on the issue of how actors operate in Iraq’s fragmented state and security environment. While the book concentrates on Iraq’s master cleavages, like most states, Iraq contains significant minority groups. The chapter explains how and why sections of a minority group moved from relative pacifism to the creation of militias. The chapter recounts how one significant minority, the Christians in Mosul and the Nineveh Plains, have dealt not only with Iraq’s weak state, but also with the existential threat from ISIS. The chapter is co-written with Matt Cancian, who has done extensive fieldwork experience in the region.
The Kurdistan Regional Government Revisited
Authors: Petersen Roger D.
Published: May 2024

This chapter continues the story from Chapter 14 of the Kurdish region of Iraq. Chapter 19 centers on the disastrous independence referendum of 2017. It will again illustrate the persistent influence of master cleavage politics both between Kurds and Arabs and between the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK). The chapter will again explore how the parallel security systems of the KDP and PUK underlie and perpetuate a weak Kurdish quasi-state.
Findings and Lessons
Authors: Petersen Roger D.
Published: May 2024

This chapter begins the final section of the book with a review of findings gleaned from the empirical sections. It conducts this review by examining the answers to two fundamental questions pursued since the first pages of the book: (1) In the contests between counterinsurgent and insurgent, what explains who wins? (2)What explains the persistent weakness of the Iraqi state? After addressing these two questions, the chapter concludes with a list of “lessons.” This set of lessons is not specific to the case of Iraq. It is meant to be applied to intervention and insurgency in general. This set of general lessons forms the starting point for the remaining two chapters.
Constraints on Learning
Authors: Petersen Roger D.
Published: May 2024

While the previous chapter listed several generalizable lessons, this chapter considers whether US policymakers and practitioners will learn those lessons. The chapter investigates the organizational, political, cultural, and structural factors that could affect how those lessons might be learned, ignored, or forgotten.
Prologue
Authors: Giggie John M.
Published: May 2024

The prologue introduces Reverend Thomas William “T. W.” Linton and the story of the struggle for civil rights in Tuscaloosa. It explains that this book’s origins can be traced back to a haircut at Reverend Linton’s barbershop, during which the author first learned about Bloody Tuesday. The barbershop, called Howard & Linton, had a long history as a site of civil rights resistance prior to Bloody Tuesday. The prologue recounts Reverend Linton and the author’s work to document Bloody Tuesday, teach a new class in Black history in Tuscaloosa City Schools which was the first Black history course taught daily for an entire year in an Alabama public school, and create a civil rights trail in Tuscaloosa. In addition to Reverend Linton, the stories and memories of several others are also introduced and recounted.