bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling marine emissions and atmospheric distributions of halocarbons and DMS: the influence of prescribed water concentration vs. prescribed emissions
Authors: Lennartz S. T. , Krysztofiak-Tong G. , Marandino C. A. , Sinnhuber B.-M. , Tegtmeier S. , Ziska F. , Hossaini R. , Krüger K. , Montzka S. A. , Atlas E. , Oram D. , Keber T. , Bönisch H. , Quack B.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Marine produced short-lived trace gases such as dibromomethane (CH2Br2), bromoform (CHBr3), methyliodide (CH3I) and dimethylsulfide (DMS) significantly impact tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry. Describing their marine emissions in atmospheric chemistry models as accurately as possible is necessary to quantify their impact on ozone depletion and the Earth's radiative budget. So far, marine emissions of trace gases have mainly been prescribed from emission climatologies, thus lacking the interaction between the actual state of the atmosphere and the ocean. Here we present simulations with the chemistry climate model EMAC with online calculation of emissions based on surface water concentrations, in contrast to directly prescribed emissions. Considering the actual state of the model atmosphere results in a concentration gradient consistent with model real-time conditions at ocean surface and atmosphere, which determine the direction and magnitude of the computed flux. This method has a number of conceptual and practical benefits, as the modelled emission can respond consistently to changes in sea surface temperature, surface wind speed, sea ice cover and especially atmospheric mixing ratio. This online calculation could enhance, dampen or even invert the fluxes (i.e. deposition instead of emissions) of VSLS. We show that differences between prescribing emissions and prescribing concentrations (−28 % for CH2Br2 to +11 % for CHBr3) result mainly from consideration of the actual, time-varying state of the atmosphere. The absolute magnitude of the differences depends mainly on the surface ocean saturation of each particular gas. Comparison to observations from aircraft, ships and ground stations reveals that computing the air–sea flux interactively leads in most of the cases to more accurate atmospheric mixing ratios in the model compared to the computation from prescribed emissions. Calculating emissions online also enables effective testing of different air–sea transfer velocity parameterizations k, which was performed here for eight different parameterizations. The testing of these different k values is of special interest for DMS, as recently published parameterizations derived by direct flux measurements using eddy covariance measurements suggest decreasing k values at high wind speeds or a linear relationship with wind speed. Implementing these parameterizations reduces discrepancies in modelled DMS atmospheric mixing ratios and observations by a factor of 1.5 compared to parameterizations with a quadratic or cubic relationship to wind speed.
The relative contributions of forest growth and areal expansion to forest biomass carbon sinks in China
Authors: Li P. , Zhu J. , Hu H. , Guo Z. , Pan Y. , Birdsey R. , Fang J.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Forests play a leading role in regional and global terrestrial carbon (C) cycles. Changes in C sequestration within forests can be attributed to areal expansion (increase in forest area) and forest growth (increase in biomass density). Detailed assessment of the relative contributions of areal expansion and forest growth to C sinks is crucial to reveal the mechanisms that control forest C sinks and is helpful for developing sustainable forest management policies in the face of climate change. Using the Forest Identity concept and forest inventory data, this study quantified the spatial and temporal changes in the relative contributions of forest areal expansion and increased biomass growth to China's forest C sinks from 1977 to 2008. Over the last 30 years, the areal expansion of forests was a larger contributor to C sinks than forest growth for all forests and planted forests in China (74.6 vs. 25.4 % for all forests, and 62.4 vs. 37.8 % for plantations). However, for natural forests, forest growth made a larger contribution than areal expansion (60.4 vs. 39.6 %). The relative contribution of forest growth of planted forests showed an increasing trend from an initial 25.3 to 61.0 % in the later period of 1998 to 2003, but for natural forests, the relative contributions were variable without clear trends owing to the drastic changes in forest area and biomass density over the last 30 years. Our findings suggest that afforestation can continue to increase the C sink of China's forests in the future subject to persistently-increasing forest growth after establishment of plantation.
Determining the stable isotope composition of pore water from saturated and unsaturated zone core: improvements to the direct vapor equilibration laser spectroscopy method
Authors: Hendry M. J. , Schmeling E. , Wassenaar L. I. , Barbour S. L. , Pratt D.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. A method to measure the δ2H and δ18O composition of pore waters in saturated and unsaturated geologic core samples using direct vapor equilibration and laser spectroscopy (DVE-LS) was first described in 2008, and has since been widely adopted by others. Here, we describe a number of important methodological improvements and limitations encountered in routine application of DVE-LS over several years. Generally, good comparative agreement and accuracy is obtained between core pore water isotopic data obtained using DVE-LS and that measured on water squeezed from the same core. In complex hydrogeologic settings, high-resolution DVE-LS depth profiles provide greater spatial resolution of isotopic profiles compared to long-screened or nested piezometers. When fluid is used during drilling and coring (e.g., water rotary or wet sonic drill methods), spiking the drill fluid with 2H can be conducted to identify core contamination. DVE-LS analyses yield accurate formational isotopic data for fine-textured core (e.g., clay, shale) samples, but are less effective for cores obtained from saturated permeable (e.g., sand, gravels) geologic media or on chip samples that are easily contaminated by wet rotary drilling fluid. Data obtained from DVE-LS analyses of core samples collected using wet (contamination by drill water) and dry sonic (water loss by heating) methods were also problematic. Accurate DVE-LS results can be obtained on core samples with gravimetric water contents < 5 % by increasing the sample size tested. Inexpensive Ziploc™ gas sampling bags were determined to be as good as, if not better, than other, more expensive bags. Sample storage in gas tight sample bags provides acceptable results for up to 10 days of storage; however, measureable water loss and evaporitic isotopic enrichment occurs for samples stored for up to 6 months. With appropriate care taken during sample collection and storage, the DVE-LS approach for obtaining high resolution pore water isotopic data remains a promising alternative to study the hydrogeology of saturated and unsaturated sediments. Eliminating analytical interferences from volatile organics remains a challenge.
High frequency monitoring of water fluxes and nutrient loads to assess the effects of controlled drainage on water storage and nutrient transport
Authors: Rozemeijer J. C. , Visser A. , Borren W. , Winegram M. , van der Velde Y. , Klein J. , Broers H. P.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. High nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fluxes from upstream agriculture threaten aquatic ecosystems in surface waters and estuaries, especially in areas characterized by high agricultural N and P inputs and densely drained catchments like the Netherlands. Controlled drainage has been recognized as an effective option to optimize soil moisture conditions for agriculture and to reduce unnecessary losses of fresh water and nutrients. We designed a small scale (1 ha) field experiment to investigate the hydrological and chemical changes after introducing controlled drainage. Precipitation rates and the response of water tables and drain fluxes were measured in the periods before the introduction of controlled drainage (2007–2008) and after (2009–2011). For the N and P concentration measurements, we combined auto-analysers for continuous records with passive samplers for time-average concentrations at individual drain outlets. Our experimental setup yielded continuous time series for all relevant hydrological and chemical parameters, which enabled us to quantify changes in the field water and solute balance after introducing controlled drainage. We concluded that controlled drainage reduced the drain discharge and increased the groundwater storage in the field. The introduction of controlled drainage did not have clear positive effects on nutrient losses to surface water.
INVESTIGATING GEOSPARQL REQUIREMENTS FOR PARTICIPATORY URBAN PLANNING
Authors: Mohammadi E. , Hunter A. J. S.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. We propose that participatory GIS (PGIS) activities including participatory urban planning can be made more efficient and effective if spatial reasoning rules are integrated with PGIS tools to simplify engagement for public contributors. Spatial reasoning is used to describe relationships between spatial entities. These relationships can be evaluated quantitatively or qualitatively using geometrical algorithms, ontological relations, and topological methods. Semantic web services utilize tools and methods that can facilitate spatial reasoning. GeoSPARQL, introduced by OGC, is a spatial reasoning standard used to make declarations about entities (graphical contributions) that take the form of a subject-predicate-object triple or statement. GeoSPARQL uses three basic methods to infer topological relationships between spatial entities, including: OGC's simple feature topology, RCC8, and the DE-9IM model. While these methods are comprehensive in their ability to define topological relationships between spatial entities, they are often inadequate for defining complex relationships that exist in the spatial realm. Particularly relationships between urban entities, such as those between a bus route, the collection of associated bus stops and their overall surroundings as an urban planning pattern. In this paper we investigate common qualitative spatial reasoning methods as a preliminary step to enhancing the capabilities of GeoSPARQL in an online participatory GIS framework in which reasoning is used to validate plans based on standard patterns that can be found in an efficient/effective urban environment.
Exploring the link between drought indicators and impacts
Authors: Bachmair S. , Kohn I. , Stahl K.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Current drought monitoring and early warning systems use different indicators for monitoring drought conditions and apply different indicator thresholds and rules for assigning drought intensity classes or issue warnings or alerts. Nevertheless, there is little knowledge on the meaning of different hydro-meteorologic indicators for impact occurrence on the ground. To date, there have been very few attempts to systematically characterize the indicator–impact relationship owing to sparse and patchy data on drought impacts. The newly established European Drought Impact report Inventory (EDII) offers the possibility to investigate this linkage. The aim of this study was to explore the link between hydro-meteorologic indicators and drought impacts for the case study area Germany and thus to test the potential of qualitative impact data for evaluating the performance of drought indicators. As drought indicators two climatological drought indices – the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) – as well as streamflow and groundwater level percentiles were selected. Linkage was assessed though data visualization, extraction of indicator values concurrent with impact onset, and correlation analysis between monthly time series of indicator and impact data at the federal state level, and between spatial patterns for selected drought events. The analysis clearly revealed a significant moderate to strong correlation for some states and drought events allowing for an intercomparison of the performance of different drought indicators. Important findings were strongest correlation for intermediate accumulation periods of SPI and SPEI, a slightly better performance of SPEI versus SPI, and a similar performance of streamflow percentiles to SPI in many cases. Apart from these commonalities, the analysis also exposed differences among federal states and drought events, suggesting that the linkage is time variant and region specific to some degree. Concerning "thresholds" for drought impact onset, i.e. indicator values concurrent with past impact onsets, we found that no single "best" threshold value can be identified but impacts occur within a range of indicator values. Nevertheless, the median of the threshold distributions showed differences between northern/northeastern versus southern/southwestern federal states, and among drought events. While the findings strongly depend on data and may change with a growing number of EDII entries in the future, this study clearly demonstrates the feasibility of evaluating hydro-meteorologic variables with text-based impact reports and highlights the value of impact reporting as a tool for monitoring drought conditions.
Structure, stability, and tsunami hazard associated with a rock slope in Knight Inlet, British Columbia
Authors: van Zeyl D. P. , Stead D. , Sturzenegger M. , Bornhold B. D. , Clague J. J.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Rockfalls and rockslides during the past 12 000 years have deposited bouldery debris cones on the seafloor beneath massive rock slopes throughout the inner part of Knight Inlet. The 885 m high rock slope, located across from a former First Nations village destroyed in the late 1500s by a slide-induced wave, exposes the contact between a Late Cretaceous dioritic pluton and metamorphic rocks of the Upper Triassic Karmutsen Formation. The pluton margin is strongly foliated parallel to primary and secondary fabrics in the metamorphic rocks, resulting in highly persistent brittle structures. Other important structures include a set of sheeting joints and highly persistent mafic dykes and faults. Stability analysis indicates that planar and wedge rock slope failures up to about 500 000 m3 in volume could occur. We suspect that failures of this size in this setting would have the potential to generate locally hazardous waves. As several similar rock slopes fronted by large submarine debris cones exist in the inner part of Knight Inlet, it is clear that tsunami hazards should be considered in coastal infrastructure development and land-use planning in this area.
Stress states and moment rates of a two-asperity fault in the presence of viscoelastic relaxation
Authors: Dragoni M. , Lorenzano E.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. A fault containing two asperities with different strengths is considered. The fault is embedded in a shear zone subject to a constant strain rate by the motions of adjacent tectonic plates. The fault is modelled as a discrete dynamical system where the average values of stress, friction and slip on each asperity are considered. The state of the fault is described by three variables: the slip deficits of the asperities and the viscoelastic deformation. The system has four dynamic modes, for which analytical solutions are calculated. The relationship between the state of the fault before a seismic event and the sequence of slipping modes in the event is enlightened. Since the moment rate depends on the number and sequence of slipping modes, the knowledge of the source function of an earthquake constrains the orbit of the system in the phase space. If the source functions of a larger number of consecutive earthquakes were known, the orbit could be constrained more and more and its evolution could be predicted with a smaller uncertainty. The model is applied to the 1964 Alaska earthquake, which was the effect of the failure of two asperities and for which a remarkable post-seismic relaxation has been observed in the subsequent decades. The evolution of the system after the 1964 event depends on the state from which the event was originated, that is constrained by the observed moment rate. The possible durations of the interseismic interval and the possible moment rates of the next earthquake are calculated as functions of the initial state.
Measurements and modelling of snow particle size and shortwave infrared albedo over a melting Antarctic ice sheet
Authors: Pirazzini R. , Räisänen P. , Vihma T. , Johansson M. , Tastula E.-M.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The albedo of a snowpack depends on the single-scattering properties of individual snow crystals, which have a variety of shapes and sizes, and are often bounded in clusters. From the point of view of optical modelling, it is essential to identify the geometric dimensions of the population of snow particles that synthetize the scattering properties of the snowpack surface. This involves challenges related to the complexity of modelling the radiative transfer in such an irregular medium, and to the difficulty of measuring microphysical snow properties. In this paper, we illustrate a method to measure the size distribution of a snow particle parameter, which roughly corresponds to the smallest snow particle dimension, from two-dimensional macro-photos of snow particles taken in Antarctica at the surface layer of a melting ice sheet. We demonstrate that this snow particle metric corresponds well to the optically equivalent effective radius utilized in radiative transfer modelling, in particular when snow particles are modelled with the droxtal shape. The surface albedo modelled on the basis of the measured snow particle metric showed an excellent match with the observed albedo when there was fresh or drifted snow at the surface. In the other cases, a good match was present only for wavelengths longer than 1.4 μm. For shorter wavelengths, our modelled albedo generally overestimated the observations, in particular when surface hoar and faceted polycrystals were present at the surface and surface roughness was increased by millimetre-scale cavities generated during melting. Our results indicate that more than just one particle metric distribution is needed to characterize the snow scattering properties at all optical wavelengths, and suggest an impact of millimetre-scale surface roughness on the shortwave infrared albedo.
Elevation change of the Greenland ice sheet due to surface mass balance and firn processes, 1960–2013
Authors: Kuipers Munneke P. , Ligtenberg S. R. M. , Noël B. P. Y. , Howat I. M. , Box J. E. , Mosley-Thompson E. , McConnell J. R. , Steffen K. , Harper J. T. , Das S. B. , van den Broeke M. R.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Observed changes in the surface elevation of the Greenland ice sheet are caused by ice dynamics, basal elevation change, surface mass balance (SMB) variability, and by compaction of the overlying firn. The latter two contributions are quantified here using a firn model that includes compaction, meltwater percolation, and refreezing. The model is forced with surface mass fluxes and temperature from a regional climate model for the period 1960–2013. The model results agree with observations of surface density, density profiles from 62 firn cores, and altimetric observations from regions where ice-dynamical surface height changes are likely small. We find that the firn layer in the high interior is generally thickening slowly (1–5 cm yr−1). In the percolation and ablation areas, firn and SMB processes account for a surface elevation lowering of up to 20–50 cm yr−1. Most of this firn-induced marginal thinning is caused by an increase in melt since the mid-1990s, and partly compensated by an increase in the accumulation of fresh snow around most of the ice sheet. The total firn and ice volume change between 1980 and 2013 is estimated at −3900 ± 1030 km3 due to firn and SMB, corresponding to an ice-sheet average thinning of 2.32 ± 0.61 m. Most of this volume decrease occurred after 1995. The computed changes in surface elevation can be used to partition altimetrically observed volume change into surface mass balance and ice-dynamically related mass changes.
Tourism’s potential to benefit the poor
Authors: Croes Robertico , Rivera Manuel A.
Published: June 2015

The study examines the distributional effects of tourism expansion applying a social accounting matrix model to the case of Ecuador. Specifically the study examines what share of tourism expansion benefits poor people. The study finds that tourism has large multiplier effects on the Ecuadorian economy and has the potential for substantial benefits to the poor. The study also found that distributional effects of tourism development are spread across all household incomes in both urban and rural areas benefiting the lowest and low households the most. Tourism has the potential of reducing inequality and is pro-poor in the case of Ecuador. Benefits to the poor seem to hinge on how and where tourists spend their money.
Evaluation of a Dementia Education Program for Family Medicine Residents
Authors: Prorok Jeanette C. , Stolee Paul , Cooke Martin , McAiney Carrie A. , Lee Linda
Published: June 2015

BackgroundDementia diagnosis and management is increasing in importance in the training of future family physicians. This study evaluated the impact of a dementia education program for family medicine residents (FMR) on residents’ knowledge, attitudes, and confidence with respect to dementia assessment and management. A three-part questionnaire was developed and validated for these purposes.MethodsA mixed methods study design was employed. The questionnaire’s internal consistency and test–retest reliability was determined and content validity was assessed. Twelve FMR participated in questionnaire validation. Program participants completed the validated questionnaire at baseline, at interim, and following program completion. Twenty-seven FMR completed the questionnaire as part of the program evaluation. Willing residents also participated in program feedback interviews. Differences in questionnaire scores between program participants and the comparison group were examined.ResultsEach questionnaire component demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach’s α: 0.83–0.91) and test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients: 0.74–0.91). Program participants (n = 15) scored significantly higher than the comparison group (n = 12) on the knowledge component and also reported greater confidence in several areas. Qualitative data indicated that residents felt the program focused on important topic areas and appreciated the opportunity to work in an interprofessional team.ConclusionEvaluation results indicate that the program improved FMRs’ knowledge on dementia assessment and management, as well as increased the residents’ confidence levels.
Identifying Feasible Physical Activity Programs for Long-Term Care Homes in the Ontario Context
Authors: Shakeel Saad , Newhouse Ian , Malik Ali , Heckman George
Published: June 2015

BackgroundStructured exercise programs for frail institutionalized seniors have shown improvement in physical, functional, and psychological health of this population. However, the ‘feasibility’ of implementation of such programs in real settings is seldom discussed. The purpose of this systematic review was to gauge feasibility of exercise and falls prevention programs from the perspective of long-term care homes in Ontario, given the recent changes in funding for publically funded physiotherapy services.MethodSix electronic databases were searched by two independent researchers for randomized controlled trials that targeted longterm care residents and included exercise as an independent component of the intervention.ResultsA total of 39 studies were included in this review. A majority of these interventions were led by physiotherapist(s), carried out three times per week for 30–45 minutes per session. However, a few group-based interventions that were led by long-term care staff, volunteers, or trained non-exercise specialists were identified that also required minimal equipment.ConclusionThis systematic review has identified ‘feasible’ physical activity and falls prevention programs that required minimal investment in staff and equipment, and demonstrated positive outcomes. Implementation of such programs represents cost-effective means of providing long-term care residents with meaningful gains in physical, psychological, and social health.
Technology Evaluation in the Elderly Abstracts from the meeting held in Toronto, September 21-23, 2014
Authors: Authors Various
Published: June 2015

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Corrigendum: Comparison of the SIMARD MD to clinical impression in assessing fitness to drive in patients with cognitive impairment
Authors: Wernham Madelaine , Jarrett Pamela G. , Stewart Connie , MacDonald Elizabeth , MacNeil Donna , Hobbs Cynthia
Published: June 2015

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Evaluation of HER2/neu Status by Immunohistochemistry Using Computer-Based Image Analysis and Correlation With Gene Amplification by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Assay: A 10-Year Experience and Impact of Test Standardization on Concordance Rate
Authors: Sarode Venetia R. , Xiang Qun Diane , Christie Alana , Collins Rebecca , Rao Roshni , Leitch A. Marilyn , Euhus David , Haley Barbara
Published: June 2015

Context

The American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists proposed several recommendations for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) test standardization. One suggestion was that image analysis (IA) could be useful for scoring of HER2/neu immunohistochemistry. The utilization of IA in a real-world practice in a large cohort of cases has not been previously reported.

Objectives

To compare HER2/neu quantification by IA with gene amplification by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH); to determine sensitivity, specificity, and concordance rates with the FISH assay; and to determine association between HER2 status with estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and Ki-67 expression.

Design

We evaluated HER2 results performed by immunohistochemistry and FISH in conjunction with ER, PR, and Ki-67 in 3093 invasive breast cancer cases from 2002 to 2011.

Results

The overall concordance between immunohistochemistry and FISH was 87.3% (1768 of 2026). When analyzed by year, there was an improvement in the positive concordance rate from 49.4% (44 of 89) to 95.0% (57 of 60) (P < .001). The negative concordance rate was at least 95% with a median false-negative rate of 1.5%. In the FISH+ group, amplification ratio showed significant correlation with IA scores (P < .001). Positive versus negative HER2 status was associated with lower ER and PR levels (P < .001) and higher Ki-67 expression (P < .001).

Conclusion

Scoring of HER2/neu by IA was associated with high false-positive rates before 2008. Improvement in concordance rate after 2008 may be due to proper tissue handling, improved HER2/neu scoring by IA, and assay standardization.
Difficult Diagnostic Problems in Pancreatobiliary Neoplasia
Authors: Bledsoe Jacob R. , Shinagare Shweta A. , Deshpande Vikram
Published: June 2015

Context

Many common diagnostic dilemmas are encountered in pancreatobiliary pathology, frequently resulting in uncertainty on behalf of the pathologist and referral for a second opinion.

Objectives

To review 4 common diagnostic dilemmas encountered in the practice of pancreatobiliary pathology: (1) pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma versus chronic pancreatitis; (2) pancreatic ductal carcinoma versus adenocarcinomas arising in the ampulla and intrapancreatic common bile duct; (3) the distinction of uncommon intraductal neoplasms—intraductal oncocytic papillary neoplasm, intraductal tubulopapillary neoplasm, and intraductal acinar cell carcinoma; and (4) intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma versus metastatic carcinoma.

Data Sources

A review of pertinent literature, along with the authors' personal experience, based on institutional and consultation materials.

Conclusions

Important diagnostic features for a few challenging problems in pancreatobiliary pathology are reviewed. Careful study of the microscopic features along with awareness of differential diagnoses and diagnostic pitfalls generally allows distinction of these entities. We also highlight established and novel ancillary studies that help to arrive at an accurate diagnosis.
Pathophysiology and Diseases of the Proximal Pathways of the Biliary System
Authors: Nakanishi Yukihiro , Saxena Romil
Published: June 2015

Context

Diseases of the proximal pathways of the biliary system can be divided into those that affect the interlobular bile ducts and those that affect the bile canaliculi. The former include primary biliary cirrhosis, small-duct variant of primary sclerosing cholangitis, graft-versus-host disease, and drug-induced liver injury, whereas the latter include progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, benign recurrent intrahepatic cholestasis, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, and drug-induced liver injury.

Objective

To summarize the current state of knowledge of diseases of the proximal pathways of the biliary system, with special emphasis on clinical presentation, pathological features, and differential diagnosis.

Data Sources

Clinicopathological information was extracted from pertinent published literature.

Conclusions

Care of the patient with cholestasis hinges on identifying the etiology. Diagnostic steps in cholestatic conditions comprise a thorough patient history, abdominal imaging, distinct serological studies, and liver biopsy. Primary biliary cirrhosis is characterized by distinctive serological and histological findings. The small-duct variant of primary sclerosing cholangitis is very rare and difficult to diagnose; imaging of the bile ducts is not helpful. Graft-versus-host disease is characterized by damage and loss of intrahepatic bile ducts. Drugs can cause injury variably at the level of bile canaliculus or the interlobular bile duct. Loss of bile ducts may be seen with primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, graft-versus-host disease, and drug-induced liver injury. Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis and progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis represent 2 extreme ends of the spectrum of abnormalities in transporters responsible for bile formation. Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy has a variable incidence in different parts of the world and may be due to abnormalities in transporter molecules.
Design of a Genomics Curriculum: Competencies for Practicing Pathologists
Authors: Laudadio Jennifer , McNeal Jeffrey L. , Boyd Scott D. , Le Long Phi , Lockwood Christina , McCloskey Cindy B. , Sharma Gaurav , Voelkerding Karl V. , Haspel Richard L.
Published: June 2015

Context

The field of genomics is rapidly impacting medical care across specialties. To help guide test utilization and interpretation, pathologists must be knowledgeable about genomic techniques and their clinical utility. The technology allowing timely generation of genomic data is relatively new to patient care and the clinical laboratory, and therefore, many currently practicing pathologists have been trained without any molecular or genomics exposure. Furthermore, the exposure that current and recent trainees receive in this field remains inconsistent.

Objective

To assess pathologists' learning needs in genomics and to develop a curriculum to address these educational needs.

Design

A working group formed by the College of American Pathologists developed an initial list of genomics competencies (knowledge and skills statements) that a practicing pathologist needs to be successful. Experts in genomics were then surveyed to rate the importance of each competency. These data were used to create a final list of prioritized competencies. A subset of the working group defined subtopics and tasks for each competency. Appropriate delivery methods for the educational material were also proposed.

Results

A final list of 32 genomics competency statements was developed. A prioritized curriculum was created with designated subtopics and tasks associated with each competency.

Conclusions

We present a genomics curriculum designed as a first step toward providing practicing pathologists with the competencies needed to practice successfully.
Mapping Academic Library Contributions to Campus Internationalization
Authors: Witt Steven W. , Kutner Laurie , Cooper Liz
Published: June 2015

This study surveyed academic libraries across the United States to establish baseline data on their contributions to campus internationalization. Supplementing data from the American Council on Education (ACE) on internationalization of higher education, this research measured the level of international activities taking place in academic libraries and their role in campus internationalization efforts. The results of this study indicated that responding libraries contribute broadly to campus internationalizing efforts yet trail campuses in strategic planning and organizational support. Based on analysis of the results in comparison with ACE data, the authors provide suggestions for further library initiatives and research that focuses on international and global learning activities.
Organizational Learning for Library Enhancements: A Collaborative, Research-Driven Analysis of Academic Department Needs
Authors: Loo Jeffery L. , Dupuis Elizabeth A.
Published: June 2015

This article presents a qualitative evaluation methodology of academic departments for library organizational learning and library enhancement planning. This evaluation used campus units’ academic program review reports as a data source and employed collaborative content analysis by library liaisons to extract departmental strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats, and priorities. We illustrate how a systematic review of internal planning documents facilitates the understanding of programmatic goals, identification of cross-unit synergies, and prioritization of library services. Our evaluation used a mix of technological, methodological, and analytical activities suitable for implementation in other academic library settings.
Minding Your Matters: Predicting Satisfaction, Commitment, and Conflict Strategies From Trait Mindfulness
Authors: Harvey Knowles Jacquelyn , Manusov Valerie , Crowley John
Published: June 2015

This exploratory study sought to uncover whether trait mindfulness, an individual’s aptitude for focusing on the present moment while refraining from passing negative judgments or processing external cues in a habitual manner, is predictive of more constructive and less destructive approaches to relational conflict. In addition, we looked at its predictive role in relational satisfaction and commitment. Ninety-one participants completed self-report measures on trait mindfulness, relational satisfaction, commitment, and conflict strategies. Results revealed that aspects of mindfulness predict the type of conflict strategy in which people reportedly engage. Mindfulness subscales were also related positively to satisfaction and commitment. In concluding, we discuss limitations and potential avenues for future inquiry in this area.
Cost analysis of inappropriate treatments for suspected dermatomycoses
Authors: Fiammenghi Emanuela , Patalano Angela , Lo Conte Viviana , Calabrò Gabriella
Published: June 2015

Superficial mycoses are estimated to affect more than 20-25% of the world’s population with a consistent increase over the years. Most patients referred to our clinic for suspected dermatomycoses have already been treated with pharmacotherapy, without a previous mycological examination and many show changes in the clinical manifestations. Indeed, some medications, such as steroids, antiviral, antibiotics and antihistamines are not able to erase a fungal infection, but also they can cause atypical clinical manifestations. The consequences of inappropriate treatment include delayed diagnosis, prolonged healing time, and additional costs. The aims of this study were (1) to evaluate the incidence of increased costs attributable to inappropriate therapy sustained by the National Health Service and patients and (2) to highlight the importance of mycological evaluation before starting treatment, in order to improve diagnostic accuracy. An observational retrospective and prospective study was performed from September 2013 to February 2014, in 765 patients referred to our center (University Hospital “ Federico II”) in Naples, Italy, for suspected mycological infection. The following treatments (alone or in combination) were defined as inappropriate: (1) cortisone in a patient with at least one positive site; (2) antifungals in (a) patients with all negative sites or (b) ineffective antifungal treatment (in terms of drug chosen, dose or duration) in those with all positive sites; or (3) antibiotics; (4) antivirals or (5) antihistamines, in patients with ≥ 1 positive site. Five hundred and fifty patients were using medications before the assessment visit. The total amount of avoidable costs related to inappropriate previous treatments was € 121,417, representing 74% of the total treatment costs. 253/550 patients received drugs also after the visit. For these patients, the cost of treatment prescribed after mycological testing was € 42,952, with a decrease with respect to the total consumption of drugs at the time of access to the Mycology Laboratory of € 34,781. Thus, our cost analysis shows that it is important to obtain a reduction of costs for pathologies that need to be confirmed by examinations before starting treatment.
Paternité en contexte de violence conjugale : regards rétrospectif et prospectif
Authors: Labarre Michel , Roy Valérie
Published: June 2015

Cet article retrace l’évolution des champs d’études « paternité » et « violence conjugale » afin de mieux saisir comment ils en sont venus à se croiser au tournant des années 2000. D’une part, le développement de la recherche sur la paternité de même que des politiques et programmes sociaux faisant la promotion de la paternité ont contribué à créer un climat social valorisant l’engagement paternel. D’autre part, certains thèmes de recherche en violence conjugale (par exemple, les conséquences de la violence sur les enfants) et certains axes d’intervention (par exemple, la protection de la jeunesse) ont soulevé des préoccupations à l’égard de l’engagement des pères ayant des comportements violents. Ces éléments ont progressivement contribué à la reconnaissance sociale de la problématique de la paternité en contexte de violence conjugale et, par la suite, aux initiatives pratiques et scientifiques en la matière. Notre analyse met en lumière la nécessité d’atteindre un équilibre entre soutien et contrôle dans les pratiques et politiques en matière de paternité en contexte de violence conjugale. Elle suggère également quelques réflexions quant à l’évaluation de programmes et aux pistes de recherche à explorer.
Conflits entre conjoints ou contrôle des hommes sur les femmes ? L’expérience et le point de vue d’enfants et d’adolescents exposés à la violence conjugale
Authors: Lapierre Simon , Côté Isabelle , Buetti David , Lambert Amélie , Lessard Geneviève , Drolet Marie
Published: June 2015

Cet article présente les résultats d’une recherche empirique réalisée avec des enfants et des adolescents qui ont été exposés à la violence conjugale, dans le but de mieux comprendre leur expérience et leur point de vue sur la violence conjugale. Plus particulièrement, cet article s’intéresse à la façon dont ces jeunes définissent la violence conjugale. Privilégiant une méthodologie qualitative et participative, des groupes de discussions ont d’abord été réalisés avec 20 participants, suivis de 46 entrevues individuelles. Les participants étaient des enfants et des adolescents québécois et franco-ontariens qui ont été exposés à la violence conjugale. Dans l’ensemble, les résultats révèlent que, si la définition proposée par les enfants et les adolescents met l’accent sur l’exacerbation des conflits, renforçant ainsi le discours sur la symétrie de la violence conjugale, les expériences vécues mettent plutôt en évidence les inégalités liées au genre ainsi que le pouvoir et le contrôle des hommes sur les femmes.
La violence conjugale à l’épreuve de l’État social : une comparaison franco-états-unienne
Authors: Delage Pauline
Published: June 2015

À partir de la fin des années 1970, les associations féministes qui prennent en charge le problème de la violence conjugale se sont insérées dans le secteur social, avec plus ou moins de succès, et ont bénéficié de financements venant de l’État. Dans une période de reconfigurations de l’État social, qui affectent notamment les modes d’attribution des budgets publics, celui-ci perd en légitimité symbolique et voit ses fonctions se modifier. Quels sont les effets de ces mutations sur la prise en charge, étatique et associative, du problème de la violence conjugale ? La comparaison entre la France et les États-Unis met en lumière un paradoxe concernant l’évolution de la cause dans ces deux contextes institutionnels et politiques. Alors que l’État social est moins fort aux États-Unis qu’en France, la légitimité de la cause dans l’espace social permet de créer des droits spécifiques aux femmes victimes et d’instaurer notamment un régime d’exception les prémunissant des contraintes du workfare. Parallèlement, en France, les organisations féministes oeuvrent toujours à la pleine reconnaissance de ce problème public et semblent davantage menacées par les réductions budgétaires. En s’appuyant sur une enquête ethnographique menée principalement dans le comté de Los Angeles et en région parisienne, cet article propose de retracer les trajectoires de la cause de la violence conjugale prisme des transformations provoquées par les mutations de l’État social.
L’émergence des violences sexuelles intrafamiliales : un appui pour la visibilité des violences sexuelles en France dans les statistiques françaises ?
Authors: Debauche Alice
Published: June 2015

Les violences sexuelles ont été reconnues comme un problème social au cours des années 1970 et 1980 à la faveur des mobilisations sociales féministes et de leur relais législatifs. Les différentes statistiques françaises sur les violences sexuelles montrent toutes une tendance à l’augmentation depuis le début des années 1980, que ces statistiques proviennent de sources administratives (police, justice), de données d’enquêtes ou des associations d’assistance aux victimes de violences sexuelles. Une analyse détaillée de ces données permet de mettre en évidence le rôle central des violences sexuelles subies par des mineurs, particulièrement au sein de la famille, dans cette augmentation. Ces violences, qui font depuis le milieu des années 1990 l’objet d’une attention croissante de la part des médias et des politiques publiques où elles incarnent souvent le crime absolu, semblent plus fréquemment que les autres formes de violence sexuelles donner lieu à des déclarations, de la part des victimes aussi bien que des divers intervenants de l’enfance. Ainsi, l’augmentation importante des condamnations entre le début des années 1980 et les années 2000 est principalement le résultat de l’augmentation des condamnations pour viols par un ascendant ou une personne ayant autorité sur la victime et pour viols sur mineurs de moins de 15 ans.
Un double ancrage : liens familiaux et insertion sociale des enfants d’immigrés philippins en France
Authors: Fresnoza-Flot Asuncion
Published: June 2015

La migration des parents philippins vers la France entraîne une séparation familiale qui prend fin lorsque le parent migrant rentre définitivement au pays ou lorsque les enfants précédemment « laissés en arrière » viennent le retrouver en France. Ils rejoignent alors les rangs de la « génération 1,5 » – définie comme les migrants dont l’enfance ou l’adolescence s’est déroulée en partie dans leur pays d’origine, puis dans leur pays d’accueil. Comment ces individus au parcours complexe décrivent-ils leurs relations avec leurs parents migrants avant et après la réunification familiale ? Quel rôle leur famille, et notamment leurs parents, jouent-ils dans leur insertion dans leur société d’accueil ? Cet article examine la trajectoire migratoire de la génération 1,5 des immigrés philippins en France et son expérience familiale. Le travail de terrain mené en France montre que les enfants restés au pays entretiennent avec leurs parents migrants une relation à distance caractérisée par un fossé émotionnel dont ils ne réalisent l’existence qu’en arrivant en France. Pourtant, malgré cet effet de la séparation familiale, les enfants des immigrés philippins se tournent en priorité vers leurs parents et leur famille étendue pour faire face aux défis posés par leur immigration. Pendant qu’ils construisent leurs points d’ancrage en France, ces jeunes migrants maintiennent leurs liens émotionnels avec leur pays d’origine, un double ancrage qui souligne la spécificité de ce groupe parmi les enfants de migrants.
Quand les jeunes issus de familles nombreuses envisagent de devenir parents : l’influence de la socialisation primaire sur le nombre d’enfants souhaités
Authors: Court Martine , Bertrand Julien , Bois Géraldine , Henri-Panabière Gaële , Vanhée Olivier
Published: June 2015

Depuis les années 1980, de nombreuses études ont montré que les individus issus de familles nombreuses ont tendance à désirer et à avoir eux-mêmes un nombre élevé d’enfants. Pour autant, cette reproduction à l’âge adulte du type de famille que l’on a connu pendant l’enfance ne va pas de soi. Le fait d’avoir grandi dans une fratrie nombreuse ne suffit pas à lui seul à faire naître chez les individus le désir d’avoir à leur tour de nombreux enfants. L’émergence de ce désir suppose un certain nombre de conditions sociales. Cet article analyse ces conditions, en s’intéressant au rôle de la socialisation primaire. Il décrit en particulier trois types d’expériences socialisatrices susceptibles de favoriser ou au contraire de défavoriser la construction de l’aspiration à avoir soi-même un grand nombre d'enfants chez les jeunes issus d’une famille nombreuse : les souvenirs plus ou moins heureux que les individus gardent de leur enfance, leur implication dans la prise en charge de leurs cadets et leur perception de l'expérience de leurs parents. Dans chaque cas, l’article montre que les expériences socialisatrices associées au désir d’avoir soi-même un grand nombre d'enfants ne sont pas réparties de manière uniforme au sein de l’espace social.
Le logement social récent en périphérie de Guadalajara : analyse du projet Hacienda Santa Fe dans la perspective de la satisfaction résidentielle
Authors: Reyes Ramón , Torres Juan , Becerra Olga
Published: June 2015

Dans la région métropolitaine de Guadalajara, les réformes aux politiques mexicaines de logement social des années 1990 se sont traduites par la multiplication de projets résidentiels dans des municipalités périphériques. Hacienda Santa Fe, dans Tlajomulco de Zúñiga, est l’un de ces projets. Réalisé selon le modèle des communautés fermées, il répond à une forte demande de logement abordable ; toutefois, il se déploie loin des secteurs consolidés. Dans quelle mesure le projet peut-il satisfaire ses résidants ? Sur la base d’une analyse documentaire et d’une enquête exploratoire auprès de 60 participants, cet article présente le projet Hacienda Santa Fe, ainsi que l’évaluation que les résidants en font en termes de satisfaction résidentielle. L’analyse des résultats met en évidence des niveaux de satisfaction variés en ce qui a trait aux caractéristiques du logement, du contexte immédiat et de l’ensemble du quartier, autant sur le plan physique que sur le plan social.