bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The North Peruvian Oil Pipeline and its Future
Authors: Ocampo Jorge A. Toledo
Published: October 2016

Worldwide economic globalization has awakened the corporate sector and countries to new opportunities and rising competition is forcing them to become more efficient. Perú is undergoing change and working to attain an increasingly important position in the international economy by opening its frontiers and minimizing its government apparatus.

Petróleos del Perú’s Oil Pipeline Division is making adjustments to respond to this new context, searching for excellence to offer Total Quality, is training highly qualified personnel and being oriented to competitive results.

The strategy to be followed must involve deciding on whether to maintain the existing operating capacity, to lengthen the useful life of the system and expanding its services. The most important point to be determined by an enterprise is not what must be done, but what are the aims and goals to be reached.
Arctic Linepipe With High Resistance to Crack Propagation and HIC
Authors: Murtagian Gregorio R. , Fitzsimons Guillermo L. , González Juan C. , Kotova Irina S. , Anenkov Nikoli I.
Published: October 2016

Linepipe steels for sour, arctic and offshore applications, form a class of material by themselves. These linepipes are originated in the need to fulfill several special characteristics like adequacy for induction bending, toughness requirement at very low temperature to prevent a unstable crack propagation, and hydrogen induced cracking resistance.

These kind of linepipes are produced through clean steel practice, resulting in a low residuals content and a low non metallic inclusions rating. It is also very important to get a fine and uniform microstructure to guarantee good performance under sour environments, arctic and offshore conditions.

In the present paper, a practical test to assess fitness for service of special linepipes is presented. Two linepipes with diameters between 219 and 273 mm and Diameter/thickness (D/t) ratios from 10 to 20, intended for arctic service were studied. While linepipe of both large Diameter and D/t (above 50), have been studied, there has been very little work done for diameters below 420 mm and D/t ratios in the range of 10–20.

Full scale burst tests at −40°C and −60°C were carried out under controlled conditions. Actual crack propagation speed during burst tests at temperatures below −60°C, was tracked through an oscilloscope-computer data acquisition system. Weldability and hydrogen induced cracking performances were also studied.
External Pipeline Coating Selection for New and Existing Buried Pipelines
Authors: Brown Mick D.
Published: October 2016

The majority of existing and new pipelines are externally coated. The opportunity to examine buried pipelines has shown that selection of both shop and over-the-ditch field applied coatings has resulted in many failures.

Coating selection in 1996 has become more complex because of the abundance of available products. Not only are there many available coating types but there are also competitive products within each category. The safe approach is to select a coating that will perform well under the most severe conditions but this approach can be very costly and often a lesser coating is selected with the realization that it affects the risk of failure.

This paper addresses the criteria that need to be considered during coating selection and provides an outline for the decision making process. Examples are used to illustrate the effect of different factors on coating performance.
Material Technology Trends to Improve Multi-Layer Coatings: Challenges to Traditional Thinking
Authors: Cox Jamie W. , Grimshaw Denis , D’Agostino Carmine
Published: October 2016

Current Global acceptance of the three layer polyethylene coating system for the exterior coating of steel pipelines (for almost any environment on-shore/off-shore for oil, gas or water pipelines) has helped to expand the present coating use. The focus of this paper will be on coating material changes by technology, to up-grade the end use of the coating system and to present those changes to the engineering and corrosion community to the benefit of the end user or client.
Practical Diagnostics of Russian Gas Transmission Pipelines
Authors: Kharionovsky V.
Published: October 2016

Unified gas transmission system which includes about 140 thousand kilometres of pipelines has been developed in Russia. The mains of pipelines cross the regions with difficult natural and climatic conditions, that originates specific distinctions during the fulfilling of the diagnostic works.

Conception of the main gas transmission pipelines that is based on the determination of potential danger parts and individual inspection of each large-scale gas transmission pipeline has been presented in this work. Estimation procedure of flaw detection results with the purpose of operational capability prognostication of a gas transmission pipeline is also shown in this paper. The fields of application of the early and standard diagnostics are considered, and the analysis of possibility of inpipe and outpipe (from the ground) flaw detection is given in the conditions of Russia too. Practical samples of the diagnostics of gas transmission pipelines and technological equipment in several regions (Orenburg, West Siberia, Central Russia) are presented also.

Integrated inspection program of RAO “Gazprom” gas transmission pipelines is shown and the main procedures of its realization beginning since 1995 are given in this document.
Measuring Pipeline Movement in Geotechnically Unstable Areas Using an Inertial Geometry Pipeline Inspection Pig
Authors: Czyz Jaroslaw A. , Fraccaroli Constantino , Sergeant Alan P.
Published: October 2016

NOWSCO’s Inertial Geometry Inspection system (GEOPIG) measures pipeline location coordinates (x,y,h) and provides data for measuring pipeline bending strain and strain changes used for structural analysis and integrity evaluation of pipeline systems in geotechnically unstable areas. This paper reviews the results of work to prove such a system’s accuracy and repeatability against deliberately induced strain events in a 26 inch operating gas pipeline.

An inertial geometry pipeline inspection tool provides nearly continuous measurement of pipeline centerline coordinates. Over time, run to run strain comparisons can be made providing information with respect to possible failure modes and timing.

Monitoring buried pipeline movements in geotechnically unstable areas using strain gauges and/or monitoring rods can provide incomplete information with regard to true pipeline movement due to the discrete, point type measurement of these systems. If movement occurs outside of areas where such monitoring systems are deployed, information regarding important pipeline strain changes can go unmeasured.

This paper reviews work involved in detecting, locating, and determining the magnitude and type of strain and corresponding pipeline movement induced at one unknown location within a 70 km section between two inertial geometry surveys. The inertial geometry results are compared against strain gauge field measurements.
Internal Inspection Device for Detection of Longitudinal Cracks in Oil and Gas Pipelines: Results From an Operational Experience
Authors: Willems H. H. , Barbian O. A. , Uzelac N. I.
Published: October 2016

Pipetronix has developed a new generation of internal inspection device for the detection of cracks in pipelines. Since its commercial introduction in October 1994 the tool, UltraScan CD (Crack Detection), has successfully inspected nearly 1,000 km of operating oil and gas pipelines. The runs were followed by verification excavations at specific locations selected from the collected data. Comparison of the findings with corresponding verifications from excavations illustrate the sensitivity and reliability of the inspection method and the ability of the tool to accurately discriminate between different types of defects. The performance has proved the UltraScan CD to be a reliable internal inspection device for the detection of cracks (SCC, fatigue and other crack like defects) on pipelines. As a result, the German TÜV (authorized by the German Government to verify the compliance with Regulations covering the operation and inspection of pipelines) has approved the use of UltraScan CD as a substitute for hydrostatic pressure testing of pipelines.
AC Corrosion: A New Threat to Pipeline Integrity?
Authors: Gummow Robert A. , Wakelin Robert G. , Segall Sorin M.
Published: October 2016

Corrosion of steel by alternating current was investigated as far back as the early 1900’s. These early studies and others in the 1950–60’s indicated that AC corrosion of steel was only a fraction of an equivalent amount of direct current (i.e. less than 1% of a like amount of DC) and in addition was controlled to negligible levels with cathodic protection applied to industry standards. In 1986 however, an investigation into a corrosion failure on a high pressure gas pipeline in Germany indicated that the sole cause of the failure was AC corrosion. This corrosion failure on an otherwise well protected pipeline resulted in several laboratory and Held studies which indicated, that above a certain minimum AC current density, standard levels of cathodic protection will not control AC corrosion and AC mitigation is required to prevent further corrosion. Several other corrosion anomalies were discovered at coating holidays during the follow-up investigations in Germany. The authors have investigated several corrosion occurrences on pipelines in Ontario during the last 2–3 years which appear to be caused by AC corrosion. This presentation traces the literature record on AC electrolysis from the past to the present and discusses the key parameters which determine the likelihood of corrosion attack. Several case histories of suspected AC corrosion will be discussed and guidelines on how to assess whether or not a pipeline is susceptible to AC corrosion will be offered.
Monitoring Pump and Compressor Performance Using Motor Data
Authors: Casada Donald A.
Published: October 2016

Mechanical condition diagnostics have historically relied upon both human perceptions (sound, sight, smell) and mechanical measurements, such as vibration. In recent years, the ability to extract useful information about certain conditions of mechanical equipment driven by motors from motor energy transfer components (current, power, etc.) has been recognized. This paper discusses the use of motor data to assist in the understanding of certain fluid and mechanical conditions of compressors and pumps.
New Applications and Advancements in Magnetic Bearing Systems for Pumps and Compressors
Authors: Uptigrove Stan O. , Eakins Paul S. , Sears John E.
Published: October 2016

Magnetic bearings have been used in a variety of pipeline applications, but have not yet achieved industry wide acceptance. They continue to be installed in more innovative and challenging applications which take advantage of the efficiency gains and other information they make available to end users. Despite the promise offered by the technology, issues concerning cost and reliability remain the primary concern among end users. This sets the stage for a discussion of recent operating experience, and advancements currently underway to address the cost and reliability issues. Such advancements include digital control, simplified control hardware, feed forward algorithms and on-line diagnostic capability.
Recycle Dynamics During Centrifugal Compressor ESD, Start-Up and Surge Control
Authors: Botros K. K. , Jones B. J. , Richards D. J.
Published: October 2016

Recycle systems are important components in the operation of centrifugal compressor stations. They are essential during a start-up operation, for surge protection and for emergency shutdown (ESD). These operations are inherently dynamic where interactions between equipment, control and gas flow occur in a complex manner with the associated risk of compressor surge. Of particular importance are the effects of recycle system capacity, the recycle valve characteristics, check valve dynamic behavior, piping geometry and capacitance around the compressor unit, and the performance characteristics of the centrifugal compressor itself. This paper presents numerical results of the effects of some of these parameters on surge control, ESD and unit startup. These parameters are: i) The effects of damping the surge control flow signal in an attempt to suppress the signal noise, on the integrity of the surge control system, ii) The effects of recycle valve characteristics, stroke time and valve capacity on ESD, iii) The effects of recycle line size on ESD and iv) The effects of the recycle valve closing time (or rate) on the startup operation, with the intent of shortening this time to minimum for environmental reasons. Results were obtained from the solution of the pertinent dynamic equations describing the gas and equipment dynamics which has been verified against field and laboratory measurements. The examples presented in this paper were applied to a 24 MW natural gas compressor station on the NOVA Gas Transmission system, and to a scale-down laboratory model. Influence of other parameters from this investigation were published elsewhere and are cited in the reference section.
Customer-Supplier Alliances: A Co-Engineering Process
Authors: Ouellet Peter
Published: October 2016

The 90’s are forcing companies to review all aspects of doing business. Partnerships, alliances and other inter-company relationships are now a matter of course. This paper explores an alternate method currently utilized by one of the major U.S. oil pipelines to acquire products and/or services. The method stresses the formation of long-term alliances to the mutual benefit of both the supplier and the end user companies. The paper uses as an example a SCADA system currently being implemented for this oil company. It outlines the method and explains the pitfalls that have been encountered. As well, the potential benefits to both the supplier and the customer are summarized.
Upgraded SCADA for Yugoslav Main Gas Pipeline
Authors: Atlagic Branislav S. , Kovacevic Vladimir V. , Maruna Vladimir S. , Mihic Velibor M. , Adjanski Branislav D.
Published: October 2016

This paper presents the configuration of a SCADA based telemetry system for the main Yugoslav gas-pipeline network. A central supervising SCADA station is realized by using reliable industrial PC stations interconnected via a LAN. The key features of this SCADA are open architecture, hot stand-by, an effective MMI subsystem and an information link to the Enterprise Information System. In order to achieve better supervision and control over the gas-transport process, basic SCADA functions are supplemented with a decision support system based on trend analysis and a steady-state simulation model.
Real Life Experience With Multipath Ultrasonic Gas Flow Meters
Authors: Sakariassen Reidar
Published: October 2016

Multipath ultrasonic gas flow meters are to be considered as newcomers among flow meters for large, high pressure gas flows. Although the advantages of this type of meters are many and obvious, the metering community is still hesitating to go for it mainly because of lack of experience.

The objective of this paper is to present the experience of Statoil after more than six years experience with multipath ultrasonic gas flow meters. Our experience includes laboratory testing and operation in the field for a variety of designs and dimensions.

This paper presents the accuracy achieved by such meters including comparison between ultrasonic meters and orifice metering systems in operation, the unique possibilities that this type of meter offers for on-line verification of performance and installation effects.

Of particular interest should be noted that in the vicinity of low-noise control valves, such meters could stop functioning completely if no precautions are taken.
Implementing CPM Systems
Authors: Scott Don M.
Published: October 2016

Computational Pipeline Monitoring (a new API developed term) is still often called leak detection. It is a complex application of software technology. This paper considers a number of CPM issues that a pipeline operator should consider in implementing a CPM system. The contents are based upon the experience of Interprovincial Pipe Line Company and other companies who have implemented CPM systems.
Natural Gas Transmission Opening Trade in Mexico: Energy and Environmental Benefits
Authors: Polanco Rene Perez , Rodriguez Betancourt Enrique
Published: October 2016

This paper provides a summary of some management-technical changes and Pemex’s actions to face challenges derived from transportation, distribution, storage and marketing natural gas liberalization.

Since natural gas consumption hasn’t shown uniform growth for all consumer sectors, the Mexican Government decided to change the “rules of the game” to guarantee that such operations could attain the efficiency levels planned for 1995–2000. Thus, Constitutional Article 27 was reformed in 1995, the Energy Regulatory Commission and Natural Gas Regulation were created. This opened the doors to domestic and international investors to participate in transportation and distribution projects. So, to face this challenges and new missions, PGPB started working on new programs and projects to update it’s pipeline transmission system, such as risk management, operational reliability, quality systems, scada operation, reengineering business procedures and strategic planning to improve benefits and reduce incident/accidents. Finally, the energetic and environmental advantages of natural gas are addressed.
An Innovative Approach to Pipeline Isolation and Monitoring
Authors: Savard D. D.
Published: October 2016

Pipeline companies continue to seek ways to improve the quality and efficiency of modifying and repairing pipelines. The focus is on improving the overall quality of the completed work, ensuring that all long term integrity issues are managed and that there will not be a need to return to the site. Many operators have found that when repairs or modifications were undertaken, failures occurred later causing environmental damage or situations where repeated work was required, both impacting landowners, public, customers and company profitability. Pipeline operators control and manage the construction of new pipelines to ensure that the highest quality standards are maintained. Over time these standards may be compromised due to the requirement for modifications and repairs.

Procedures must ensure that there is a proper balance between cost and quality, as in many instances these two areas are directly related to one another. There is a continued focus on reducing overall costs and the number of fittings that are left on the pipeline after repairs are completed. This, combined with the increased regulatory focus on pipeline safety will challenge the industry. Operators have found from experience that fittings are a known source of problems. Operators continue to modify work procedures to reduce the number of fittings that are left on the pipeline.

To date, reliability has been a major concern for operators when using internal pipeline isolation tools. The reliability of the first generation tools was compromised because they required large internal power sources, external controls and were very complex. With this new technology the reliability issue has been addressed.

A new technology has been developed that will allow an operator to carry out maintenance and repairs that will leave the pipeline in virtually the same state as new construction. The PAPlug (pressure activated plug) isolation tool is designed to allow operators to enhance the repair process while reducing over all costs. The development of the PAPlug focused on the use of a reliable energy source for setting and releasing the isolation tool. The energy source was found within the pipeline itself in form of pressure and flow.

The PAPlug has only three moving elements and is designed to be robust and reliable as there are no high maintenance seals, remote controls or large power requirements. All PAPlug operations use internal pipeline pressures which are readily available. The PAPlug can be operated multi-times per run allowing an operator to carry out a number of maintenance activities if required.

The PAPlug transmits internal pipeline pressures and/or temperature information to an above ground receiver allowing the operator to monitor status before and during isolation activities.

The PAPlug technology will allow the operator to select the optimum repair and modification process which include drain-up, pump around and nitrogen purge. The end result will be a repair that will leave the pipeline in new construction state.
Fatigue Damage Calculations for a Dented and Ovalled Section of the TransAlaska Pipeline System at Thompson Pass
Authors: Hart James D. , Powell Graham H. , Maple James A. , Stevick Glen R. , Norton J. David
Published: October 2016

During the summer of 1996, the TransAlaska Pipeline System (TAPS) experienced vibrations in a section of the pipeline near Thompson Pass, north of Valdez, Alaska. Alyeska Pipeline Service Company, operator of TAPS, initiated an extensive investigation, and determined that the vibrations were caused by pressure pulses originating near a slackline-packline interface. The pressure pulses are thought to have been caused by the collapse of vapor bubbles trapped in the flow. The vibrations occurred only when the interface was positioned near a terraced portion of the pipeline topography on the downstream side of the pass. This knowledge allowed Alyeska Pipeline to control the vibrations by back-pressuring the pipeline to move the slackline-packline interface well above the terrace location.
Fatigue Curves for Damage Calculations for a Dented and Ovalled Section of the TransAlaska Pipeline System
Authors: Stevick Glen R. , Hart James D. , Flanders Bill
Published: October 2016

During the summer of 1996, the TransAlaska Pipeline System (TAPS) experienced vibrations near Thompson Pass, about 25 miles north of Valdez, Alaska. The vibrations could, on occasion, be detected by residents living near the pipeline at the bottom of the pass. Close to the source of the phenomena, small bushes could be seen moving in response to the seismic shocks and a noise similar to a “mortar firing in the distance” could be heard. Alyeska Pipeline Service Company initiated an extensive investigation and quickly determined that the seismic shocks were a result of pressure pulses originating near the slackline-packline interface. This only occurred when the slackline-packline interface was positioned near a terraced portion of the pipeline topography on the downstream side of the pass. This knowledge allowed Alyeska Pipeline to control the pulsations by back pressuring the pipeline to move the slackline-packline interface well above the terrace location.

One key aspect of the project was an extensive analytical investigation of a dented and ovalled section of the pipeline near the origin of the pressure pulses. The main concern at this location was that, as each pressure pulse passes, the ovalled and dented pipe section tends to “reround” causing the pipe wall to flex a small amount. Since the pulses occurred frequently under certain flow conditions, there was a concern for possible fatigue damage to the pipe steel. The locations of maximum stress range were estimated to be near the 6:00 position on the outside surface of the pipe at the periphery of the dents in the X65 base metal (Stations 40959+28 and 40959+40 in Alyeska terminology).

This paper describes the “design” and “decision” S-N relationships that were developed during the Thompson Pass investigation to estimate fatigue damage. These curves are a combination of the AWS A fatigue curve and an adjusted version of the ASME Section VIII, Division 2 design fatigue curve. These curves were used together with a multi-axial fatigue model to compute fatigue damage due to pipe stresses caused by pressure pulse cycling as well as that due to operational startup and shutdown cycles.
Review and Proposed Improvement of a Failure Model for SCC of Pipelines
Authors: Jaske Carl E. , Beavers John A.
Published: October 2016

Oil and gas pipelines are subject to stress corrosion cracking (SCC) in groundwater environments. Recent SCC failures have emphasized the need for accurate failure prediction models that can be used to assess the integrity and safety of existing pipelines. SCC is characterized by colonies of many longitudinal surface cracks in the body of the pipeline that link up to form long shallow flaws, with length-to-depth (L/d) ratios that are typically in the range of 50 to 200. Such flaws are particularly challenging for standard failure prediction models.

Because inelastic material behavior is usually associated with SCC failures of pipelines, the authors previously developed a failure prediction model that utilizes both flow strength and J fracture toughness to evaluate the failure of pipelines with crack-like flaws. Failure is predicted to occur either when the applied J value is equal to the J fracture toughness or the net-section stress is equal to the flow strength.

To improve the failure model, recent work has concentrated on long, deep surface cracks. Multiple surface cracks and their possible interaction also have been considered. Interactions are modeled for both flow strength and J fracture toughness failure criteria. Methods for evaluating crack interaction are proposed, and examples of crack-interaction predictions are presented. Also, existing methods for evaluating ductile tearing instability, as well as crack initiation toughness, are described. It is proposed that these methods will improve the failure model.
Comparison Between In-Line Crack Detection and Hydrostatic Testing in IPL’s Line 3
Authors: Gardiner Michael A. , Ward Clive R. , Miller Susan E.
Published: October 2016

The BG Elastic Wave in-line crack detection vehicle was used to inspect 213.5 km (133 miles) of Interprovincial Pipe Line Inc’s (IPL’s) Line 3. Rigorous analysis of the inspection data, concentrated on the seam weld and surrounding region, identified 73 sites for excavation.

Pressure retaining sleeves were fitted at 17 locations. Of these, the most severe defect noted was a 25 mm (1 inch), 40% through wall long seam shrinkage crack. This was the only feature exceeding a size predicted to possibly fail under hydrotest to 100% SMYS. Twelve other cracks were sleeved, all of which were measured to be between 20% and 35% through wall.

Minor imperfections were found at the majority of those reported locations which were not sleeved.

Following completion of remedial work, 198 km (124 miles) of Line 3 was hydrostatically tested at pressures up to 100% SMYS, including 156 km (98 miles) that had been inspected by the Elastic Wave vehicle. There were no leaks or ruptures under hydrotest, demonstrating the ability of the tool to reliably detect cracks in the seam weld and surrounding region that were smaller than would have been found by hydrostatic testing alone.
Three Layer Epoxy/Polyethylene Side Extruded Coatings for Pipe for High Temperature Application
Authors: Alexander Mike
Published: October 2016

The author will focus on the properties of three layer epoxy/ polyethylene coating for pipe, based on the experience developed in the lab, coating plant and in the field.

The demands of the respective Canadian and other international standards will be looked at with the purpose to evaluate respective merits of various specifications.

Special attention will be paid to the properties of the coating involving pipelines operating at elevated temperature, especially running through permanently wet areas, such as permafrost.

Lab results will be correlated with the real life experience.

Three layer Epoxy/ Polyethylene coatings will be compared to other commonly used coatings in the industry with the object to assess respective benefits and projected longevity versus cost.
Transition Temperature Determination for Thick Wall Line Pipe
Authors: Demofonti G. , Junker G. , Pistone V. , Junker Gerd , Pistone Valentino , Demofonti Giuseppe
Published: October 2016

The applicability of Drop Weight Tear Test specimen to evaluate the ductile to brittle transition temperature of thick wall pipes (30 mm and 40 mm wall thickness) has been investigated by comparing West Jefferson tests at different temperatures and laboratory data.

The traditional API pressed notch specimen has been used with full and reduced thickness, together with chevron notch and weld notch starters. The different crack initiation methods have been examined with the goal of providing an easier test specimen, with reduced fracture energy.

The 85% shear area transition temperature indicated by the different test specimen show a reasonable similarity, but the higher costs of preparation of the alternative notch geometries limit their adequacy in substituting the traditional pressed notch specimen.

Good agreement has been found between standard DWTT specimen and full-scale test transition temperature. The results of this program together with literature data, confirm the validity of the DWTT specimen to measure the ductile to brittle transition temperature for thermomechanical rolled linepipe steels of thickness up to 40 mm.

The reduced thickness specimens conservatively predicted full scale behaviour.
Field Monitoring of Gases Using III-V Semiconductor Diode Laser Technology
Authors: Wang Hu , Hamp Michael J. , Cassidy Daniel T. , Nguyen An , Fritz Mark A.
Published: October 2016

III-V semiconductor diode lasers can be used to make accurate measurements of the concentrations of gases. In this paper the field of trace gas detection using III-V semiconductor diode lasers will be reviewed with an emphasis on suitable applications of this technology in pipeline monitoring.

III-V semiconductor diode lasers emit light in the near infrared (NIR) with wavelengths ranging from 1 to 2 μm. Many molecules have absorption lines in this spectral range which makes them contenders for detection with diode laser technology. Molecules relevant to the pipeline industry that can be detected using diode laser systems include H2S, C2H4, C2H2, HF, CO2, CO, O2, NH3, HC1, NO, NO2, HCN, H2O and CH4.

Diode laser detection systems may be well suited for many pipeline related applications. Portable field-screening detection systems may be possible, such as hand-held systems which can be used to pinpoint leaks for compressor station inspection. Airborne (∼200 km/h) and mobile (∼40 km/h) systems which can be used for pipeline and urban area inspection may also be feasible. Stationary systems can be integrated into pipeline systems to provide real-time remote gas monitoring for Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems. Detection sensitivities of parts per million (ppm) or better are achievable for many gases. A single diode laser detector can be designed to detect more than one gas leading to versatile multipurpose systems. As III-V diode laser based gas detection systems exploit the same technologies as the highly successful telecommunications industry they have the potential to be low in cost, reliable, and easy to operate and maintain.

We will present an overview of state-of-the-art III-V diode laser detection systems. System performance will be evaluated and the usefulness of these types of detection systems will be demonstrated.
Support Operation and Monitoring Application of Pipeline Simulator (SMAPS)
Authors: Kondoh Hideki , Miura Kazuyoshi
Published: October 2016

In 1994, Teikoku Oil Co., Ltd. (TOC) and NKK Corp. established a joint pilot project to provide pipeline application and evaluation of NKK’s gas hydraulic simulation engine (GASTRAN), and to co-develop a Demand Forecasting Model (DFC). When the pilot project finished in March 1997, a commercial system, Support Operation and Monitoring Application of Pipeline Simulator (SMAPS), was installed in TOC’s operation center.

SMAPS programs include a real time simulator, an off-line planning simulator, demand and supply database, SCADA interface program, and the DFC. The real-time simulator provides actual initial conditions to the off-line simulator. In addition, the demand and supply database facilitates inputting the data for each sales point and applying real time demand forecasts from DFC.

SMAPS has been mainly used to evaluate pipeline operation and monitor pipeline situations. Future plans include expanding usage for pipeline construction and maintenance and improving employee training.
SCADA Designs: The Evolution of the User Interface for the Pipeline Industry
Authors: Wagner Chad G.
Published: October 2016

This paper will discuss some of the key features that have been implemented in the user interface component of IPL Energy’s Pipeline Control System (PCS).

IPL Energy operates the world’s largest crude oil and liquid pipeline system. In 1968, IPL Energy became one of the first pipeline companies in the world to implement computer based control of its pipeline systems, commonly referred to as SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition). Since then, the SCADA system has been continually modified and improved in order to achieve high standards of reliability, safety, and operator functionality.

Unlike other SCADA systems, PCS has been developed from the ground up drawing from a wide range of experience and expertise in pipeline design, control, and operation. A brief overview of the past generations of SCADA systems will show how the user interface has evolved into the present system. The focus of the discussion will be on the Line Display, a single screen that can be used to operate a particular pipeline. The Line Display is the main operating screen used to control the pipeline and provides the operator with the current operating conditions, including operating pressures, pump statuses, and important alarms.
Field Performance and Surge Testing of Centrifugal Compressors
Authors: VanderSchee David A.
Published: October 2016

In 1997 Alberta Natural Gas Co. Ltd (ANG) completed a field testing program of its centrifugal compressor fleet. Field performance and surge testing of centrifugal compressors in pipeline service was done for efficiency evaluation and to re-establish surge line control.

By confirming the actual location of the surge line, surge controllers are adjusted to allow a more efficient and greater operating range resulting in fuel savings and operating flexibility. The results of this testing provides an accurate operating window for the compression equipment which is then transferred to a hydraulic analysis computer model used to provide accurate capacity estimates in support of additional gas transmission contractible volumes. As part of the surge testing, suction to impeller eye differential pressure readings (used for surge control) were evaluated to determine strength, stability and repeatability. Finally, baseline data was established to determine current compressor operating efficiencies and will be used to determine future efficiency degradation.

ANG is a wholly owned subsidiary of TransCanada PipeLines, one of North America’s leading transporters of natural gas through its energy transmission businesses. ANG owns and operates the British Columbia segment of the Alberta-California pipeline system (ref Figure 1). Compression is provided at three compressor stations with eleven compressors totalling 187,000 installed ISO HP.
Pipeline Pumps for Energy Efficiency and High Reliability
Authors: Samarasekera H. , Lueneburg R. , Morton T.
Published: October 2016

Key variables in the design of pipeline systems are pump efficiency, equipment reliability, and throughput flexibility since they significantly influence the pipeline operating costs.

Pumps commonly used in pipelines operate at high efficiency only at the Best Efficiency Point (BEP) capacity. Outside this capacity, efficiency decreases and the wasted energy is converted into harmful vibrations, noise and heat, contributing to premature pump failures. Conventional pumps do not provide capacity flexibility to a pipeline.

A horizontal split case pump with replaceable diffusers and capable of accommodating a series of impellers has been developed. An impeller/diffuser combination with a BEP capacity matching the pumping capacity is selected to maximise efficiency. Since it operates close to BEP capacity, minimal pump vibrations and noise improve pump reliability.

Hydraulic and mechanical design features of the pump, some concepts for the future and a discussion of the potential cost savings when used in pipeline systems are presented.
Analysis and Field Tests of a New Adjustable Frequency Drive Technology for the Pipe Line Industry
Authors: Astley Paul W. , Rivera Arnold L. , Bolha Mark
Published: October 2016

This paper provides field data and installation history from one 5000 hp and four 4250 hp multi-level pulse width modulated (PWM ) medium voltage adjustable frequency drive systems which are used to control the speed of centrifugal pumps. The multi-level PWM drive has a number of advantages over alternative adjustable drive technologies for the pipeline industry. This is the first use of this multi-level PWM drive for pipeline operation and the first installation of this multi-level PWM drive with closed synchronous transfer. This paper briefly outlines the advantages of the AFD for the pipeline industry and the basic application concerns, which must be dealt with when they are used. The paper then describes the theory of operation of the multi-level PWM drive and the theoretical advantages of this drive technology. The last section of the paper is a summary and evaluation of field data.
Reliability, Interfacing and Standardization Aspects in High Power AC Drive Applications
Authors: Kobi Heinz , Terens Lucien , Wikström Per
Published: October 2016

Selecting, buying and installing an electric variable speed drive system (EVSDS) for a high power drive application is an activity with project character. It is not a product business.

In order to bring the audience to the same level of understanding, there is a chapter with an overview of different VSDS technologies. This overview also gives our opinion of what a large AC drive should be capable of. In the main part of the paper we will review the project handling process. The stages of this process cover project planning, all phases of the drive order, operation, maintenance, servicing and upgrading if needed, up to dismantlement. Focus is set on those issues that have the greatest impact on the reliability of the drive. Besides state-of-the-art technology, two important preconditions are required for a successful application of variable speed drive systems. These are proper drive integration into the drive environment and standardization based on modular structures.

By means of a case history we will report on a large AC drive project and the experience gained in this context.

This paper is in particular addressed to application engineers and persons who are involved in selection and operation of large VSDSs (from a few megawatt to hundreds of megawatt).
System Wide Risk-Based Pipeline Integrity Program at TransCanada
Authors: Sutherby Robert , Fenyvesi Louis , Colquhoun Iain , Rizkalla Moness
Published: October 2016

TransCanada is meeting the challenges of enhanced pipeline safety and reliability in a competitive environment by combining new technologies in an innovative way to help manage risk. TransCanada is building on existing capabilities with development of a new pipeline risk assessment system to identify and prioritize segments on the 38,000 km system that will require particular attention for condition monitoring and mitigation. The system wide risk-based system incorporates a data storage and maintenance asset, tools for risk analysis, as well as tools to view, summarize and learn from the data, including a geographical information system. First use of the new system occurred in 1999.
Minimizing Risk and Improving Operational Availability in the Pipeline Industry
Authors: Raynor Paul G. A.
Published: October 2016

Risk is a function of the probability and consequence of an event that negatively impacts pipeline operations. These events may range from the shut-in of a compressor to a pipeline rupture. In order to quantify risk, it is important to have a thorough method of evaluating the probability and severity of the incident. Until recently, the methods used to assess risk have been mostly subjective and qualitative. Enhanced methods are now available that allow pipeline companies to gain a better understanding of the true risk and to realistically determine the availability and reliability of the pipeline. These methods facilitate balancing the cost of extra safeguards or protection layers with the actual risk of an event occurring, ultimately improving the financial success of a pipeline company.
Developing Tolerable Risk Criteria for Gas Transmission Pipelines
Authors: Martinez Jose L. , Rodriguez Enrique
Published: October 2016

After completing an extensive risk assessment stage, PGPB’s Risk Management Team was ready to move towards Risk Management philosophy. Comparing PEMEX’s algorithm with the typical values of the industry enabled the risk assessment approach adopted in PGPB. As a result of a comprehensive study that gathered several of the users of the same analysis tool, an optimised and normalised algorithm was obtained to support the risk assessment programme and comply with the company’s policies.

The risk assessment stage included more than 1,700 kilometres of LPG pipelines and 3,500 kilometres of natural gas. This stage was granted as final until consistent risk values were achieved in every segment section. To move into the Risk Management stage a comprehensive study was performed to define tolerable risk criteria for PGPB pipeline network.
Importance of Effective Contract Management: GasPacifico Pipeline Project — A Case Study
Authors: Marshall Robert G. , Proctor Catherine
Published: October 2016

The GasPacífico Project involved the construction of 543 kilometres of NPS 20 and NPS 24 high pressure gas pipeline to connect the natural gas reserves in the Province of Neuquen, Argentina to the industrial and domestic demand in and near the city of Concepción, Chile. The pipeline crossed the Pampas of Argentina, the imposing Andes mountain range, the Coastal mountain range and the highly populated agricultural terrain of the Central Valley (740 individual landowners in total) leading to the west coast of Chile.

TransCanada International Ltd. was responsible for the overall project management of the GasPacifico Project which included design, construction and contract administration. In March 1998, the Project Team began the procedure to pre-qualify bidders, to prepare contract documents and to call for bids in preparation for the selection of construction contractors for the project. Contracts were awarded on July 30, 1998.

The proper selection of the Contractors was considered of paramount importance in the project because of the high degree of difficulty of the project, the budget constraints, and the very limited time available for construction.

The details of the process established for the selection of the Contractors for the GasPacífico Project as presented in this paper include:

• the criteria for the pre-qualification of the bidders;

• the technical evaluation format;

• the commercial evaluation format;

• sensitivity studies for unit rate items and extra work;

• the application of the technical/commercial evaluations to the final selection.
A Structured Approach to Supplier Performance Measurement
Authors: Coulson K. E. W. , Slimmon T. C. , Murray M. A.
Published: October 2016

The start of the new millennium will see companies in the oil and gas industry faced with a dual challenge. Not only will they have to undertake exploration in more demanding terrain and environments, but they also face far more competition in what they previously regarded as their traditional marketplace. The goal of meeting both shareholder and customer needs, while simultaneously attempting to increase market share by becoming more competitive, will be paramount if this success is to be achieved. While a number of strategies have been developed over the last decade in an attempt to achieve and balance these financial goals, the control and reduction of costs play a significant part in all such ‘cost effective’ programs.

Past approaches have targeted the organisational structure, internal processes and strategic advantage through acquisitions, mergers and downsizing. However, any gains realised by such programs must be continuously improved upon by implementing innovative approaches to future reductions and controlling costs. Some companies have shifted the focus from internal cost scrutiny to influencing and ultimately controlling external factors of cost. The supply chain offers a tremendous opportunity to drive out costs, one such approach being to partner with the best suppliers of key components to shorten delivery times while minimizing life cycle costs. It is therefore paramount that one distinguishes between those who are simply suppliers and that smaller group who are the best suppliers, all the while fostering a win-win relationship by sharing growth and profitability.

This paper will introduce the concepts of the Supplier Performance Measurement Process (SPMP), which NOVA / TransCanada introduced in late 1997 to measure and manage its suppliers’ performance in the provision of a few strategically critical commodities. To provide context for this paper two such commodities, high pressure line pipe and high integrity pipe coatings are addressed in some detail. The application of the process to these commodities alone yielded a capital cost reduction of 6%. The paper explains in practical terms, the steps involved in the implementation of SPMP, and provides a simple process for eliciting feedback on the efficacy of the procurement process.
New Design Concepts for Pipelines Buried in Permafrost
Authors: Greenslade John G. , Nixon Derick
Published: October 2016

This paper outlines some of the recent design developments and construction support efforts of the authors and their colleagues that reduce the capital cost and enhance the design integrity and environmental performance of pipelines buried in permafrost.

These new design concepts can significantly reduce the expected cost of a major northern gas pipeline relative to historical conceptual costs.

Recent North Slope of Alaska oil developments have successfully utilized new design concepts for warm buried crossings of major rivers to achieve certain environmental and economic objectives. The fully buried oil pipeline from Normal Wells, NWT, originally designed as a cold pipeline, has successfully operated in recent years as an ambient temperature system. These developments widen the application and improve the potential cost advantage of buried oil pipelines over above grade pipelines in permafrost.
Screw Anchor Buoyancy Control Saves an Estimated $12 Million for Enbridge Pipeline
Authors: Doering Raymond , Robertson Randy
Published: October 2016

In today’s competitive environment, oil and gas pipeline companies must search for materials and construction methods that reduce project capital costs while maintaining the quality and integrity of the pipeline. Pipeline buoyancy control can be a major cost of large diameter pipelines, particularly for routes that cross wet terrain.

In 1999, Enbridge Pipelines (Athabasca) Inc. constructed the 541 km NPS 30 Athabasca Pipeline from Fort McMurray to Hardisty, Alberta. Because of the substantial areas of muskeg that the pipeline route traversed, Enbridge selected a pipeline anchor system as the primary means of buoyancy control for the project. This new technology saved greater than an estimated $12 million CDN when compared with the cost of concrete set-on weights, which is the traditional method of controlling buoyancy of pipelines in North America.

This paper describes the design of the anchor system selected for this project, details the calculations performed to determine anchor spacing, documents the challenges which were overcome during installation, and analyses the cost savings which were achieved by the use of this technology.