bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Family‐Friendly Human Resource Policy: Is It Still Working in the Public Sector?
Authors: Kim Jungin , Wiggins Mary Ellen
Published: September 2011

The balance between work and family plays a pivotal but evolving role in human resource policy. Ensuring that human resource policy responds to rapidly changing American family demographics, particularly the recent sharp increase in single unmarried Americans, is a major challenge. Compensation policy long has focused on family‐oriented values by promising increased capacity to provide for a family in exchange for higher work performance. Now, employees are voicing concerns about matters such as quality time with family, and, in turn, employers are responding by implementing more benefits to achieve a better work–family balance. Strong counterarguments against human resource goals targeted only at families advocate personal policies that emphasize work–life balance for all employees. How well has personal policy kept pace with the shifting compensation preferences of public employees? Results suggest that implementation policies are keeping pace with employee satisfaction. However, levels of employee satisfaction often differ widely by demographic characteristics.
Covert Pay Discrimination: How Authority Predicts Pay Differences between Women and Men
Authors: Alkadry Mohamad G. , Tower Leslie E.
Published: September 2011

Research repeatedly highlights the gap between male and female earnings across the public and private sectors. The authors address an overlooked manifestation of pay discrimination against women in the labor market. Using a survey of 384 public sector chief procurement officers, they analyze the indirect effects of gender on women’s pay through the intervening variable of authority. Gender affects the amount of authority that is delegated to an employee, which, in turn, affects the variance in pay between men and women. Results reveal that gender plays a hidden role in influencing compensation levels by shifting the chain of authority given to executives as they build a career portfolio. The conclusion underscores why gender pay disparities should account for both the indirect and the direct effects of gender on pay.
Implications of Occupational Locus and Focus for Public Service Motivation: Attitudes Toward Work Motives across Nations
Authors: Houston David J.
Published: September 2011

Is occupational locus or focus important for public service motivation? Does national context influence public service motivation? To answer both questions, the author examines attitudes toward work motives from national samples in 11 North American and Western European nations using multilevel binary logistic regression analysis. The findings demonstrate that the locus of an occupation in government and its focus on a public service activity both are important in shaping preferences for work motives related to public service motivation. Also, the preference for work motives held by citizens is correlated with the type of welfare regime in a nation. Although it is less pronounced, some evidence suggests that the type of welfare regime influences preferences toward work motives among government employees.
Lutherans in Need of Self‐Discipline: Japanese Shugyō and the Art of Sanctification
Authors: Mann Jeffrey K.
Published: September 2011

Abstract:  Lutherans have a reputation for not attending well to the life of sanctification. Whether or not this is deserved, it is clear that all believers should make greater efforts to live in conformity with the will of God. Distinctly lacking in the Lutheran heritage, however, are disciplines of self‐cultivation. Such methods could play a larger role in the spiritual lives of believers, not for the sake of one's own salvation, but for the benefit of others. With that in mind, this article considers the practice of shugyō in Japanese Buddhism. This concept of self‐cultivation can form a model for how we in the West might seek to attend to our own maturing in the Christian life, attending to a greater stewardship of our bodies and minds.
Obama's Interfaith Service Challenge: A Call for a New Theology of Service in American Higher Education
Authors: Sapp Christy Lohr
Published: September 2011

Abstract:  President Obama's recent Interfaith Service Challenge issued to colleges and universities in the United States encourages schools to commit to year‐long interfaith service projects that engage constituencies across campus, across faith traditions, and across the wider local community. While they were included in pre‐challenge planning, university chaplains and religious life staff were omitted from the list of partners. This omission challenges college chaplains and campus ministers to articulate a theology of interfaith service that represents their enduring priorities to engagement across faith lines and in service to others. For Christians, such a theology could be based on the three key principles of imago dei, theologia crucis, and faith active in love.
Bediuzzaman Said Nursi's Ethics of Non‐Violence: Implications for Christian‐Muslim Relations Today
Authors: Sayilgan Zeyneb , Sayilgan Salih
Published: September 2011

Abstract:  Islam, unlike any other major religious tradition, is often associated with violence and extremism. This essay explores some of the elements of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi's (1876/77–1960) ethics of non‐violence and the historical context within which it evolved and was put into practice. It will become evident that Bediuzzaman's advocacy of non‐violence is rooted in a qur’anic framework by providing a holistic reading of scripture. This takes into consideration major qur’anic ethical virtues of compassion and mercy and a re‐interpretation of jihad suitable with those. Introducing the general Christian audience to these Muslim advocates remains crucial in fostering Christian‐Muslim relations.
The Lutheran Church and Lutheran Theology in Korea1
Authors: Schwarz Hans
Published: September 2011

Abstract:  Lutheranism came to Korea with the American military chaplaincy of The Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod in conjunction with the Korean War. The initial aim of these chaplains was to help the Koreans to improve their living conditions and to further their acquaintance with the Christian message. The main proponent of Lutheranism was Won Yong Ji, who for many years held a dual appointment at Concordia Seminary in St. Louis, Missouri, and at the Luther Seminary in Korea. His brother, Won‐Sang Ji, was the first president of the Lutheran Church in Korea. Though the church has fewer than fifty congregations—most Protestant Christians are Presbyterians—its theological influence is significant.
Left Ventricular Pacing in Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy: Blessing or Blunder?
Authors: NIAZI IMRAN , RENNICK NEIL , KIEMEN JO ANN , SRA JASBIR
Published: September 2011

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) predominantly involves the right ventricle, and myocardium is progressively replaced by fat and fibrous tissue in the apex, base, and outflow tract regions. This pathology, and the progressive nature of the disease, poses special challenges for implant and subsequent appropriate functioning of an implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator. This case report describes a solution to problems during lead placement in patients with ARVD.
Overcoming Artifacts and Fears: Electrophysiology Study and Radiofrequency Ablation in a Parkinsonian Patient with Supraventricular Tachycardia and a Brain Neurostimulator
Authors: KANAGARATNAM LOGAN , LEE ADAM , WHALLEY DAVID , FIGTREE GEMMA A.
Published: September 2011

With the ageing of the population and expanding use of deep brain stimulation in the treatment of various neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions, there will be an increasing number of patients with these devices who present with cardiac conditions necessitating electrophysiology studies (EPS). However, neurostimulator devices have been shown to cause significant artifacts on electrocardiography recordings. We present the case of a 53‐year‐old Parkinsonian woman with a brain neurostimulator device who underwent a successful EPS with radiofrequency ablation.

(PACE 2013; 36:e1–e3)
“Pseudo PJRT”—Fast‐Slow AV Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia Presenting with Tachycardia‐Induced Cardiomyopathy
Authors: SELVARAJ RAJA , ANANTHAKRISHNAPILLAI AJITH , SADASIVAM RAVISHANKAR , BALACHANDER JAYARAMAN
Published: September 2011

A 52‐year‐old woman presented with left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and incessant narrow complex tachycardia. Electrocardiogram and clinical picture were suggestive of a permanent form of junctional reciprocating tachycardia, but electrophysiology study showed the tachycardia to be a fast‐slow form of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). Slow pathway ablation terminated the tachycardia and the LV dysfunction resolved completely at follow‐up. Fast‐slow AVNRT has not been reported to present in incessant form, and the mechanism in this patient was absent retrograde fast pathway conduction resulting in easy initiation and maintenance of tachycardia.

(PACE 2013; 36:e4–e6)
Predictors of Recurrence in Patients Undergoing Cryoballoon Ablation for Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation: The Independent Role of Sleep‐Disordered Breathing
Authors: BITTER THOMAS , NÖLKER GEORG , VOGT JÜRGEN , PRINZ CHRISTIAN , HORSTKOTTE DIETER , OLDENBURG OLAF
Published: September 2011

Predictors of AF Recurrence After Cryoballoon PVI. Introduction: In patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing pulmonary vein isolation, cryoballoon technique (cryoPVI) has been adopted in many centers. This study aimed to evaluate predictors of AF recurrence including impact of sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB).

Methods and Results:
In 82 patients consecutively assigned to cryoPVI cardiorespiratory screening for SDB, assessment of medical history, ECG, echocardiography, standard laboratory measurement, and blood gas analysis were performed prior to intervention. After a 3‐month blanking period, a 7‐day Holter ECG was performed at 3, 6 and then every 6 months to determine AF recurrence. Seventy‐five patients (69 paroxysmal AF, 6 persistent AF, 22 female, age 60 ± 9 years) completed at least 6‐month follow‐up. Median follow‐up of 12 months (interquartile range 6–18 months) confirmed maintenance of sinus rhythm in 69.4% of these patients. Stepwise forward regression model revealed moderate to severe SDB (cut‐off apnea‐hypopnea‐index (AHI) ≥ 15 per hour; Hazard Ratio (HR) 2.95, P = 0.04), early recurrence of AF (HR 8.74, P < 0.001), persistent AF (HR 7.16, P < 0.001), preprocedural class III‐antiarrhythmic drug treatment (HR 3.63, P = 0.02), but not SDB per se (AHI ≥ 5 per hour) as independent predictors for AF recurrence.

Conclusion:
Moderate to severe SDB is a treatable condition that independently predicts AF recurrence in patients undergoing cryoPVI. Screening for SDB and adequate treatment may improve long‐term success of cryoPVI. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23, pp. 18‐25, January 2012)
Do “Illegal” Im/migrants Have a Right to Health? Engaging Ethical Theory as Social Practice at a Tel Aviv Open Clinic
Authors: Willen Sarah S.
Published: September 2011

As the notion of a “right to health” gains influence, it is increasingly deployed in ways that are diverse, contextually variable, and at times logically inconsistent. Drawing on extended fieldwork at an Israeli human rights organization that advocates for “illegal” migrants and other vulnerable groups, this article contends that medical anthropologists cannot simply rally behind this right. Instead, we must take it as an object of ethnographic analysis and explore how it is invoked, debated, and resisted in specific contexts. Critical ethnographies of right to health discourse and practice can enlighten us, and help us enlighten scholars in other fields, to the complexity, messiness, and “mushiness” (Sen 2009) of this right, especially in the context of advocacy on unauthorized im/migrants’ behalf. It can also deepen understanding of the complicated and sometimes tense relationships among human rights, humanitarianism, and other contemporary idioms of social justice mobilization, especially in the health domain.[right to health, migrant “illegality,” im/migrant health, human rights, idioms of social justice mobilization]
Take a Stand Commentary: How Can Medical Anthropologists Contribute to Contemporary Conversations on “Illegal” Im/migration and Health?
Authors: Willen Sarah S. , Mulligan Jessica , Castañeda Heide
Published: September 2011

Of the estimated 214 million people who have migrated from poorer to richer countries in search of a better life, between 20 and 30 million have migrated on an unauthorized, or “illegal,” basis. All have health needs, or will in the future, yet most are denied health care available to citizens and authorized residents. To many, unauthorized im/migrants’ exclusion intuitively “makes sense.” As scholars of health, social justice, and human rights, we find this logic deeply flawed and are committed to advancing a constructive program of engaged critique. In this commentary, we call on medical anthropologists to claim an active role in reframing scholarly and public debate about this pressing global health issue. We outline four key theoretical issues and five action steps that will help us sharpen our research agenda and translate ourselves for colleagues in partner disciplines and for broader audiences engaged in policymaking, politics, public health, and clinical practice. [unauthorized im/migration, “illegality,” social determinants of health, “deservingness,” public anthropology]
Candi(e)d Action: Biosocialities of Turkish Berliners Living with Diabetes
Authors: Guell Cornelia
Published: September 2011

In this article, I explore Turkish migrants’ responses to diabetes in Germany. Anthropological studies on health inequalities tend to theorize “social suffering” as passive experiences; those that analyze active social engagement by patient groups as “biosociality” do so solely in the realm of biotechnologies and suggest that social disadvantage prevent active engagement. This article draws on 12 months of ethnographic fieldwork in Berlin from 2006 to 2007. Although Turkish Berliners seem burdened by diabetes, informal diabetes care, for example through a self‐help group, is nonetheless collectively negotiated. Increasing incidence and awareness of diabetes in Berlin's Turkish population and their growing political organization and economic entrepreneurship, against the backdrop of experiences of marginality, gives rise to biosociality unanticipated in previous accounts. Addressing the limitations of previous uses of biosociality, this ethnography suggests that social interaction and belonging that formed around altered biologies, here diabetes, are complex and fragmented.[biosociality, diabetes, migrant communities, Turkish Berliners]
Feeding by the Newly Described, Nematocyst‐Bearing Heterotrophic Dinoflagellate Gyrodiniellum shiwhaense
Authors: JEONG HAE JIN , LEE KYUNG HA , YOO YEONG DU , KANG NAM SEON , LEE KITACK
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT. We explored the feeding ecology of the newly described, nematocyst‐bearing heterotrophic dinoflagellate Gyrodiniellum shiwhaense (GenBank accession number=FR720082). Using several different types of microscopes and high‐resolution video‐microscopy, we investigated feeding behavior and types of prey species that G. shiwhaense feeds upon. Additionally, we measured its growth and ingestion rates on its optimal algal prey, the cryptophyte Teleaulax sp. and the dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae, as a function of prey concentration. These rates were measured for other edible prey at single prey concentrations at which the growth and ingestion rates of G. shiwhaense were saturated. After anchoring the prey with a tow filament, G. shiwhaense fed using a peduncle, ingesting small algal species with equivalent spherical diameters (ESDs) of <13 μm. However, it did not feed on larger algal species that had ESDs≥13 μm or the small diatom Skeletonema costatum. The specific growth rates for G. shiwhaense feeding upon Teleaulax sp. and A. carterae increased rapidly with increasing mean prey concentration before saturating at concentrations of ca. 180–430 ng C/ml. The maximum specific growth rate of G. shiwhaense on Teleaulax sp. and A. carterae were 1.05 and 0.82/d, respectively. However, Heterosigma akashiwo did not support positive growth of G. shiwhaense. The maximum ingestion rates of G. shiwhaense on Teleaulax sp. and A. carterae were 0.35 and 0.54 ng C/grazer/d, respectively. The calculated grazing coefficients attributable to G. shiwhaense on co‐occurring cryptophytes and Amphidinium spp. were 0.01–1.87/d and 0.08–2.60/d, respectively. Our results suggest that G. shiwhaense can have a considerable grazing impact on algal populations.
Light and Ultrastructural Description of Meglitschia mylei n. sp. (Myxozoa) from Myleus rubripinnis (Teleostei: Serrasalmidae) in the Amazon River System
Authors: AZEVEDO CARLOS , RIBEIRO MARIANA , CLEMENTE SÉRGIO C. S. , CASAL GRAÇA , LOPES LEILA , MATOS PATRÍCIA , AL‐QURAISHY SALEH A. , MATOS EDILSON
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT.
Meglitschia mylei n. sp. found in the gall bladder of the teleostean fish Myleus rubripinnis (Serrasalmidae) from the middle Amazonian region of Brazil is described using light and transmission electron microscopy. The spores observed in the bile averaged 24.6±0.8 μm long, 8.7±0.4 μm wide and 5.1±0.3 μm thick and were strongly furcate and arcuate ∩‐shaped composed of two symmetric equal‐sized valves, up to ∼70 nm thick. Each valve possessed one opposed tapering appendage, 20.1±0.7 μm long, oriented parallel towards the basal tip of the appendages and joined along a right suture line forming a thick strand. The strand goes around the central part of the spore, which in turn surrounds two equal and symmetric spherical polar capsules (PC), 2.1±0.3 μm in diameter, located at the same level. Each capsule contains a polar filament with five (rarely six) coils. The binucleate sporoplasm was irregular in shape, contained several sporoplasmosomes, ∼175 nm in diameter and filled all the space of the two caudal appendages. Based on the arc shape of the spore with two tapering caudal appendages oriented to the basis of spores, on the number and position of the PC and of the polar filament coils and arrangements, and on the host specificity, we propose the name M. mylei n. sp. for this new myxozoan. Accordingly, this is the second described species of this genus.
How Linguistic and Cultural Forces Shape Conceptions of Time: English and Mandarin Time in 3D
Authors: Fuhrman Orly , McCormick Kelly , Chen Eva , Jiang Heidi , Shu Dingfang , Mao Shuaimei , Boroditsky Lera
Published: September 2011

In this paper we examine how English and Mandarin speakers think about time, and we test how the patterns of thinking in the two groups relate to patterns in linguistic and cultural experience. In Mandarin, vertical spatial metaphors are used more frequently to talk about time than they are in English; English relies primarily on horizontal terms. We present results from two tasks comparing English and Mandarin speakers’ temporal reasoning. The tasks measure how people spatialize time in three‐dimensional space, including the sagittal (front/back), transverse (left/right), and vertical (up/down) axes. Results of Experiment 1 show that people automatically create spatial representations in the course of temporal reasoning, and these implicit spatializations differ in accordance with patterns in language, even in a non‐linguistic task. Both groups showed evidence of a left‐to‐right representation of time, in accordance with writing direction, but only Mandarin speakers showed a vertical top‐to‐bottom pattern for time (congruent with vertical spatiotemporal metaphors in Mandarin). Results of Experiment 2 confirm and extend these findings, showing that bilinguals’ representations of time depend on both long‐term and proximal aspects of language experience. Participants who were more proficient in Mandarin were more likely to arrange time vertically (an effect of previous language experience). Further, bilinguals were more likely to arrange time vertically when they were tested in Mandarin than when they were tested in English (an effect of immediate linguistic context).
Quantification of Human Mitochondrial DNA Using Synthesized DNA Standards*
Authors: Kavlick Mark F. , Lawrence Helen S. , Merritt R. Travis , Fisher Constance , Isenberg Alice , Robertson James M. , Budowle Bruce
Published: September 2011

Abstract:  Successful mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) forensic analysis depends on sufficient quantity and quality of mtDNA. A real‐time quantitative PCR assay was developed to assess such characteristics in a DNA sample, which utilizes a duplex, synthetic DNA to ensure optimal quality assurance and quality control. The assay’s 105‐base pair target sequence facilitates amplification of degraded DNA and is minimally homologous to nonhuman mtDNA. The primers and probe hybridize to a region that has relatively few sequence polymorphisms. The assay can also identify the presence of PCR inhibitors and thus indicate the need for sample repurification. The results show that the assay provides information down to 10 copies and provides a dynamic range spanning seven orders of magnitude. Additional experiments demonstrated that as few as 300 mtDNA copies resulted in successful hypervariable region amplification, information that permits sample conservation and optimized downstream PCR testing. The assay described is rapid, reliable, and robust.
The influence of dental attendance on change in oral health–related quality of life
Authors: Crocombe Leonard A. , Brennan D. S. , Slade G. D.
Published: September 2011

Crocombe LA, Brennan DS, Slade GD. The influence of dental attendance on change in oral health–related quality of life. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2012; 40: 53–63. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Abstract –  Background: Few longitudinal studies have investigated the association between dental attendance and oral health–related quality of life (OHRQoL). These studies were limited to older adults, or to study participants with an oral disadvantage and did not assess if dental attendance had a different effect on OHRQoL for different people. Objective: This project was designed to test whether routine dental attendance improved the OHRQoL of survey participants and whether any patient factors influenced the effect of dental attendance on change in OHRQoL. Methods: Collection instruments of a service use log book and a 12 month follow‐up mail self‐complete questionnaire were added to the Tasmanian component of the National Survey of Adult Oral Health 2004/06. The dependent variable was change in OHIP‐14 severity and the independent variable was dental attendance. Many putative confounders/effect modifiers were analysed in bivariate, stratified and three‐model multivariate analyses. These included indicators of treatment need, sociodemographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, pattern of dental attendance and access to dental care. Results: None of the putative confounders were associated with both dental attendance and the change in mean OHIP‐14 severity. The only statistically significant interaction for change in OHIP‐14 severity was observed for dental attendance by residential location (P < 0.01). In multivariate analysis, there was a statistically significant association of dental attendance with change in mean OHIP‐14 severity. It also showed that the difference in association of attendance between Hobart, the capital city of Tasmania, and other places was statistically significant based on the interaction between residential location and attendance (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The effect of dental attendance on OHRQoL was influenced by a patient's residential location.
Classification and description of alluvial plant communities of the Piedmont region, North Carolina, USA
Authors: Matthews Elizabeth R. , Peet Robert K. , Weakley Alan S.
Published: September 2011

Questions: What are the alluvial vegetation types of the North Carolina Piedmont? How is species composition related to site conditions?

Location: Catawba, Yadkin‐PeeDee, Cape Fear, Neuse and Tar‐Pamlico River Basins, North Carolina Piedmont region, southeast USA.

Methods: We recorded 194 alluvial vegetation plots. Vegetation types were derived using flexible β‐hierarchical cluster analysis and random forests classifiers to reassign misclassified plots. We used canonical correspondence analysis to show the relationship between species composition and key environmental variables.

Results: Twelve forested vegetation types and two herbaceous types were distinguished, nested within a hierarchical classification structure ive higher‐level groups. The five mega groups describe broad geomorphic–floristic conditions, whereas the narrower vegetation types characterize finer‐scale floristic variation. Floristic variation is related to stream order and soil chemistry (pH and Ca:Mg ratio), as well as soil texture variables (percentage sand and percentage clay). We present a summary of floristic composition and structure, environmental setting and geographic distribution for each of the 14 vegetation types.

Conclusions: We suggest recognition of 14 alluvial vegetation types in the North Carolina Piedmont. In comparing our vegetation types with the community concepts currently recognized in the US National Vegetation Classification, some of our types fit well within recognized NVC associations, whereas others deviate sharply from established types, suggesting the need for reworking the currently recognized NVC alluvial type concepts.
Vegetation survey: a new focus for Applied Vegetation Science
Authors: Chytrý Milan , Schaminée Joop H. J. , Schwabe Angelika
Published: September 2011

Vegetation survey is an important research agenda in vegetation science. It defines vegetation types and helps understand differences among them, which is essential for both basic ecological research and applications in biodiversity conservation and environmental monitoring. In this editorial, we reflect on the historical development and current state of vegetation survey worldwide and introduce the Special Feature ‘Vegetation Survey’, as well as the new section of the same name in Applied Vegetation Science. The current Special Feature contains eight vegetation survey studies from North America, New Zealand, Europe and Asia. Most of these studies describe diversity of important vegetation types across large areas and some are also innovative from the methodological viewpoint. They illustrate current trends in vegetation survey in different parts of the world and also represent some examples of the type of studies that we wish to publish in the ‘Vegetation Survey’ section in future issues of Applied Vegetation Science.
Bridges to Nowhere: Hosts, Migrants, and the Chimera of Social Capital in Three African Cities
Authors: Madhavan Sangeetha , Landau Loren B.
Published: September 2011

Interest in migrant social networks and social capital has grown substantially over the past several decades. The relationship between “host” and “migrant” communities remains central to these scholarly debates. Recently urbanized cities in Africa, which include large numbers of “native‐born” or internal migrants, challenge basic presumptions about host/migrant distinctions informing many of these discussions. Using comparable survey data from Johannesburg, Maputo, and Nairobi, we examine 1) the nature of social connectedness in terms of residence and nativity characteristics; and 2) the relationship between residence and nativity characteristics and three measures of trust within and across communities. Our findings suggest that the host/migrant distinction may not be particularly revealing in African cities where domestic mobility, social fragmentation and the absence of bridging institutions result in relatively low levels of trust both within and across communities. These findings underscore the need for new concepts to study “communities of strangers” and how people strategize their social mobility in urban contexts.
Effects of Demographic and Retirement‐Age Policies on Future Pension Deficits, with an Application to China
Authors: Zeng Yi
Published: September 2011

A simple method is proposed for projecting future deficits in a defined benefit or defined contribution pension scheme. The annual pension deficit rate is expressed in terms of the elderly dependency ratio (determined by demographic factors), the average retirement age, and a few parameters describing the scheme. An illustrative application to China demonstrates that if the average age at retirement gradually increases from the current low level to age 65 for both men and women in 2050, the annual pension deficit rate would be greatly reduced or even eliminated under various plausible demographic regimes over this period. With all else equal, a transition to a two‐child policy (assuming this would raise fertility) would also lower the deficit rate in comparison to keeping the current fertility policy unchanged, although the effect would be seen only after 2030. The effect of potentially faster mortality decline in raising future deficits is appreciable and starts earlier than the effects of fertility change. The proposed method may also be used to gauge the magnitudes and timing of impacts on future pension deficits of alternative assumptions regarding levels and age/sex composition of international migration.
Shakespeare and Marriage: An Open Question
Authors: Dolan Frances E.
Published: September 2011

Marriage is a focus of conflict today, from lamentations about divorce rates to legal contests over same‐sex marriage. It was equally contested in Shakespeare’s England, even if the issues at stake were somewhat different. Recent scholarship on the history of marriage has unsettled many of the assumptions that once governed discussions of early modern marriage and its representation on the stage. It is no longer safe to assume we know what early modern marriage meant, how it felt, or what it achieved or required. This essay focuses particularly on new research on rates of marriage in early modern England, on married women’s agency, will, and work, and on same‐sex attachments. What are the implications of these new approaches for our readings of Shakespeare’s plays? Is marriage a happy ending? Is it an ending at all?
Haggard Criticism since 1980: Imperial Romance Before and After the Postcolonial Turn
Authors: Hultgren Neil E.
Published: September 2011

This paper surveys a selection of criticism of H. Rider Haggard, late Victorian British writer of imperial romances known for King Solomon’s Mines (1885) and She (1887). In a period spanning from 1980 to the present, Haggard criticism has evinced a continued interest in issues of gender and imperialism. This fascination was to a great extent influenced by the popularity of postcolonial criticism after 1985. While works by Wendy Katz and Norman Etherington show that earlier discussions of imperialism in Haggard were motivated by debates about Haggard’s status as an author and the literary value of his works, subsequent publications beginning in the late 1980s highlight the complicated and often ambivalent nature of Haggard’s relationship with imperial discourse. As multiple critics from the 1990s have shown, Haggard’s works, whether understood in relation to the literary culture of the imperial capital or the colonized spaces of South Africa, often reflect anxieties about Britain’s imperial power as well as Britain’s imperial designs on the places and peoples of Africa. Critics after 2000, however, must contend with a field saturated by postcolonial approaches to Haggard. Rather than return to the issues of imperialism and gender, recent critics of Haggard rely on approaches from textual studies and cultural history to explore newer, more specific aspects of Haggard’s work.
Recent Studies in Victorian English Literary Dialect and its Linguistic Connections
Authors: Edney Sue
Published: September 2011

Literary as well as linguistic scholars study dialect use in Victorian poetry and prose: the linguistic group generally examines the specifics of language use and tries to map its occurrence with a view to understanding its wider socio‐linguistic significance. Literary‐inclined research is interested in the aesthetic effects and affective power of local dialect – why a writer would choose to use it if they could as easily write in national English. The 19th century was a rich period for dialect writers and linguists alike. Literary English dialect – that is, the use of local language in narrative, dramatic or lyrical textual contexts – proved adaptable and expressive for a wide range of Victorian writers from Wordsworth to Dickens, and could transcend geographical and sociological boundaries. Recent studies have attempted to make more mutually helpful connections between linguistic and literary research, taking account of the history of both while encouraging wider debate across the two disciplines and their numerous sub‐categories. In the 21st century, diminishing linguistic diversity is a cross‐disciplinary concern for writers and researchers, as it relates to greater, global cultural shifts and even to biodiversity loss – losing the name for a thing might result in losing the thing. This essay picks out recent studies that seek to address these connections between linguistic and literary interests, and that provide scope for further exploration, linking research into Victorian attitudes to their cultural futures with our own.
Monstrous Philosophy: Charlotte Dacre’s Zofloya, or the Moor and John Milton’s Paradise Lost
Authors: Brewster Glen
Published: September 2011

Charlotte Dacre’s novel Zofloya, or the Moor: A Romance of the 15th Century (1806) scandalized its contemporary reviewers, offended not only by its many references to erotic activity, often adulterous, or its extended scenes of violence, but also by its representation of the title character as an avatar of Satan. Critics of Gothic literature have offered varied interpretations of the moral issues presented in the novel, and the narrator makes numerous contradictory statements about morality, reason, and temptation. Dacre’s narrator often warns her readers (and her characters) to adhere to conventional moral principles in order to avoid evil for themselves and others, but her repeated references to Paradise Lost are similar to other Romantic era re‐visions that reveal much more interest in representations of rebellion against – rather than submission to – moralistic authority. In the novel, renaissance Venice becomes a type of anti‐Eden as Zofloya and Victoria debate the meaning of ‘right reason’ in alternate versions of the philosophy of Paradise Lost as they rationalize their sensual desires and crimes of power.
A signature of the internal reionization of the Milky Way?
Authors: Ocvirk Pierre , Aubert Dominique
Published: September 2011

We present a new semi-analytical model of the population of satellite galaxies of the Milky Way, aimed at estimating the effect of the geometry of reionization at galaxy scale on the properties of the satellites. In this model, reionization can be either (A) externally driven and uniform, or (B) internally driven by the most massive progenitor of the Milky Way. In the latter scenario, the propagation of the ionization front and photon dilution introduce a delay in the photoevaporation of the outer satellites' gas with respect to the inner satellites. As a consequence, outer satellites experience a longer period of star formation than those in the inner halo. We use simple models to account for star formation, the propagation of the ionization front, photoevaporation and observational biases. Both scenarios yield a model satellite population that matches the observed luminosity function and mass-to-light ratios. However, the predicted population for scenario (B) is significantly more extended spatially than for scenario (A), by about 0.3 dex in distance, resulting in a much better match to the observations. The survival of the signature left by the local ultraviolet field during reionization on the radial distribution of satellites makes it a promising tool for studying the reionization epoch at galaxy scale in the Milky Way and nearby galaxies resolved in stars with forthcoming large surveys. However, more work is needed to determine how the effect reported here can be disentangled from that of cosmic variance between different realizations of Milky Way haloes.
Jainism: Key Themes
Authors: Long Jeffery
Published: September 2011

The Jains have constituted a small but highly culturally significant minority community in the Indian subcontinent for thousands of years. Probably best known for the profound commitment to an ethos of ahimsa, or nonviolence in thought, word, and deed, it is in the areas of nonviolence and ascetic practice that the Jains have had their greatest impact on the Hindu majority. Key themes and topics of ongoing scholarly debate and discussion in relation to Jainism are the question of its origins, the relationship of Jainism to Hinduism, the roles of women—especially ascetics—in the tradition, Jainism and ecology, and finally, the distinctive Jain approach to religious pluralism contained in a set of teachings called the Jain doctrines of relativity—anekantavada, nayavada, and syadvada.
What is Canadian about Canadian Buddhism?
Authors: Wilson Jeff
Published: September 2011

Buddhism in Canada is part of a larger global network of Buddhist people, institutions, and practices in the modern world. It shares much with Buddhism in other countries, such as the United States. What, then, is distinctive about Canadian Buddhism? This article suggests five areas in which researchers may fruitfully probe for what is particular about Buddhism in Canada. These five areas are (1) the history of Buddhist individuals and institutions in Canada; (2) the impact of national and provincial laws and policies; (3) the impact of Canadian social and cultural characteristics, and efforts to create a self‐consciously Canadian Buddhism; (4) the landscape of Canada itself; and (5) Canadian Buddhism’s relationship with Buddhism in other countries.
Pentecostal Theology: Retrospect and Prospect
Authors: Stephenson Christopher A.
Published: September 2011

Due to its vast geographic and numerical expansion, pentecostalism exhibits many of the contextual complexities of a global religious tradition. Therefore, the topic ‘pentecostal theology’ can easily succumb to death by a thousand qualifications. At the same time, there are concrete historical developments and sufficient theological commonalities that allow for a survey that does not underestimate the many variations of pentecostal theology. First, I trace the developments of the ‘three waves’ of pentecostalism. I briefly discuss some of their respective major figures and theological emphases. While the term ‘three waves’ has become a standard designation for recounting the phases of pentecostal history and theology, the rise of academic theology within first‐wave pentecostalism defies some of the schema’s categorizations. Therefore, I, second, trace this turn to academic theology. From their early creation of Bible schools to their more recent attainment of advanced training in religious studies, first‐wave pentecostals demonstrate an increasing interest in obtaining terminal theological training. Some of the most recent of these scholars are the first within first‐wave pentecostalism to take up systematic/constructive theology. While they have produced a significant amount of literature since the beginning of the 1990s, they have yet to receive extensive scholarly assessment. Therefore, I, third, introduce some major pentecostal systematic/constructive theologians.
Ethical Problems in New Religion Field Research
Authors: Dallam Marie W.
Published: September 2011

Scholars studying living religious communities confront myriad questions about all levels of appropriate social interaction, and fortunately some lessons from the disciplines of sociology and anthropology help us navigate the work. However, those engaging in research on New Religions may have added burdens, as the marginalized communities we study may be further complicated by factors such as exclusivity or defensiveness, among others. As we work to balance critical academic study with engagement that is sensitive to practitioners, we may find ourselves in murky ethical situations. This essay, the second of a two‐part series, discusses a range of unique ethical problems that those researching New Religions may confront, and for possible guidance it refers to specific examples faced by scholars in the past.
Ethical Design of New Religion Field Projects
Authors: Dallam Marie W.
Published: September 2011

Scholars studying living religious communities confront myriad questions about all levels of appropriate social interaction, and fortunately some lessons from the disciplines of sociology and anthropology help us navigate the work. However, those engaging in research on New Religions may have added burdens, as the marginalized communities we study may be further complicated by factors such as exclusivity or defensiveness, among others. As we work to balance critical academic study with engagement that is sensitive to practitioners, we may find ourselves in murky ethical situations. This essay, the first in a two‐part series, discusses a range of ethically charged problems that should be considered in the course of designing a sound research fieldwork project involving a New Religion. For guidance it refers to specific examples faced by scholars in the past.
The Lingering Effects of Our Past Experiences: The Sunk‐Cost Fallacy and the Inaction‐Inertia Effect
Authors: Tykocinski Orit E. , Ortmann Andreas
Published: September 2011

The effect of past experiences and actions in shaping current perceptions, emotions, decisions and goals is widely recognized in the psychological literature. When it comes to economic decisions, however, these influences are sometimes seen as impediments to rational decision‐making. In an attempt to explore the enduring consequences of the past, we present, compare, and discuss two familiar behavioral phenomena: The sunk‐cost effect, which refers to situations where continued actions are fueled by past investments, and the inaction‐inertia effect, in which continued inaction is triggered by the shadows of missed opportunities. Although one process elicits continued action and the other continued inaction, we show that there is a great deal of similarity in the psychological underpinnings of these effects, and argue that respecting sunk costs and avoiding actions that are associated with forgone opportunities are not necessarily unreasonable, or maladaptive behaviors.
Embodied Cultural Cognition: Situating the Study of Embodied Cognition in Socio‐Cultural Contexts
Authors: Leung Angela K.–y. , Qiu Lin , Ong Laysee , Tam Kim‐Pong
Published: September 2011

Embodiment research has demonstrated that cognition is grounded in bodily interactions with the environment and that abstract concepts are tied to the body’s sensory and motor systems. Building upon this embodiment perspective and advancing our understanding, we discuss the extension of embodied cultural cognition. We propose that some associations between bodily experiences and abstract concepts are not randomly formed; rather, the development of such associations is situated in a socio‐cultural context, informed by cultural imperatives, values, and habits. We draw evidence supporting this view of embodied cultural cognition in body–mind linkages manifested in construal of emotions, time perception, person perception, social power, and moral reasoning. To further extend this research avenue that synthesizes the studies of embodied cognition and culture, we also suggest potential future research directions inspired by this view. This embodied cultural cognition account is useful in understanding and organizing accumulating discoveries of cultural variations in embodiments; it also highlights the social situatedness of embodied cognition and is, therefore, highly compatible with theorizing and research in social and cultural psychology.
Human Psychological Autonomy: Reflections on the Debates about its Understanding in Modern Psychology
Authors: Chirkov Valery I.
Published: September 2011

This article addresses the centuries old but recently revived topic of human autonomy and its relation to people’s functioning: physiological, psychological, and socio‐cultural. It provides a review of current debates about status, nature, and perspectives of studying autonomy, agency, free will and self‐determination in neuro‐ and cognitive sciences, motivation, personality and cultural psychology. This review starts with the theoretical definitions of the concepts and differentiatespersonal, intrapsychic,andmotivational autonomyas well asbehavioral freedom; delineates the distinction betweenautonomousandcontrolledforms of humanagency;and relates all these concepts to the notion of human happiness and optimal functioning. It supports the idea of the universality of psychological autonomy as a fundamental capability of human species and argues that this capability is a real natural power that does not contradict the principle of determinism. Special attention is paid to the debates about the role culture plays in enabling and regulating human autonomy. The idea of dialectical relations between culture and human autonomy is presented and defended.
Hindsight Bias: A Primer for Motivational Researchers
Authors: Pezzo Mark V.
Published: September 2011

Thirty‐five years since the publication ofFischhoff’s (1975)seminal article, we continue to be fascinated by the hindsight bias. Like a well‐developed character in a novel, the bias has something for everyone. Its basic tenet – that things seem less surprising in hindsight than they should – is instantly recognizable as a common human flaw. It is robust, often difficult to reduce, and appeals to researchers with a wide range of interests including history, business, law, medicine, and of course, psychology. This interest stems from the belief that failure to be surprised by an event prevents us from learning from it, and will likely cause us to judge others unfairly for not having been able to foresee it. But just how bad is it? Although guided by a cold cognitive mechanism that ‘creeps up’ on us, hindsight bias is complex, seemingly strengthened, and yet also reduced by self‐serving motives. In this article, I introduce the reader to the basic designs used to study the bias, key cognitive and motivational mechanisms, the major controversies, and some unstudied questions that I hope will guide future research.
Allium arsuzense sp. nov. and A. roseum subsp. gulekense subsp. nov. from Turkey
Authors: Koyuncu Mehmet , Eker İsmail
Published: September 2011

A new species, Allium arsuzense Eker & Koyuncu sp. nov. and a new subspecies, Allium roseum L. subsp. gulekense Koyuncu & Eker subsp. nov. (Alliaceae) from Turkey are described. Diagnostic characters, descriptions, detailed illustrations, geographical distribution, conservation status, observations and taxonomic comments on the new taxa are provided. They are also compared with the closely related A. ertugrulii Demirelma & Uysal and A. roseum L. subsp. roseum.