bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GROWTH, FERTILITY, ETC. IN ANIMALS DURING ATTEMPTED ACCLIMATIZATION TO CARBON MONOXIDE
Authors: Campbell J. Argyll
Published: December 2014

1. Some mice and rabbits maintain their rate of growth when slowly acclimatized to about 0·3 per cent. of carbon monoxide in the inspired air. It is pointed out that man's ability to acclimatize gradually to the gas has never been properly tested, and, although not so resistant as certain animals appear to be, he probably possesses much greater resistance, to such gradual exposure, than has so far been suspected.

2. The heart of the mouse is often much hypertrophied during slow acclimatization, and this organ is regarded as playing a chief part in the powers to acclimatize.

3. The mouse appears to be more easily acclimatized to carbon monoxide than to low oxygen pressure in the air.

4. Mice after acclimatization to 0·30 per cent. carbon monoxide are not fertile; true acclimatization is thus not attained.

5. If carbon monoxide is consumed by living animals when breathing 0·30 per cent. of the gas, the consumption must be of a very low order, as is to be expected from Fenn and Cobb's results for frog's skeletal muscle exposed in vitro to 80 per cent. of the gas.

6. The carbon monoxide pressure in the tissues is less than half that in the inspired air. Oxygen pressures in the tissues are reduced to half the normal value in an acclimatized animal breathing 0·30 per cent. carbon monoxide.

I am indebted to my assistant Mr C. Pergande for much help with this research.
THE RELATION BETWEEN BRONCHIAL AND PULMONARY CIRCULATIONS IN THE HUMAN LUNG, INVESTIGATED BY RADIOPAQUE INJECTIONS
Authors: Berry J. L.
Published: December 2014

1. The systemic arterial vessels reaching the human lungs and visceral pleura have been shown to be independent of the pulmonary vessels by their injection from the aorta with a radiopaque material which does not traverse capillaries.

2. Vessels have been distended by radiopaque material to 14 µ in diameter, without passage of the material into the pulmonary circulation, showing that if anastomoses between the pulmonary and bronchial systems are present, they exist in the region of capillaries or by means of arterioles and venules less than 14 µ in diameter when fixed, i.e. they form a physiological connection and in this sense are not true anatomical anastomoses.

3. The relations of the systemic vascular distribution in the human lung to various lung structures, are discussed and found to be analogous to those in the Dog except in the blood supply of the visceral pleura.

4. In Man, the visceral pleural systemic blood supply serves not only the pleura, but over the medial surface, also the pleural nerve trunks.
THE ACTION OF ŒSTRIN ON THE MAMMARY SECRETION
Authors: Robson J. M.
Published: December 2014

Administration of crystalline ketohydroxyœstrin in lactating mice (normal and ovariectomised) inhibits the mammary secretion. The degree of inhibition varies with the dose of hormone and with the method of administration, and, under certain conditions, may rapidly lead to a complete cessation of the mammary secretion. Cessation of œstrin injections is followed by a resumption of full mammary secretion and a rapid rise in the weight of the litter. Vaginal cornification is obtained in ovariectomised lactating animals with doses of œstrin that have little or no effect on the vaginal smear in lactating animals with intact ovaries.

The expenses of this investigation have been defrayed by grants from the Medical Research Council and the Royal Society.
ON THE INFLUENCE OF (ŒSTRIN INJECTIONS ON THE BALANCE BETWEEN THE PREHYPOPHYSEAL GONADOTROPIC HORMONES OF THE MALE RAT
Authors: Lipschütz Alexander
Published: December 2014

The injection of impure œstrin (from urine of the pregnant mare) into the adult normal male rat causes the luteinizing faculty of the prehypophysis, as revealed by subcutaneous administration to the infantile female rat, to be diminished whereas the œstrogenic faculty remains unaltered or is even sometimes increased.

The administration of male œstrin‐prehypophysis does not always cause luteinization, although with the same quantities of male control prehypophysis a coefficient of luteinization of Qlut = 0·95 may be obtained.

When greater quantities of œstrin‐prehypophysis are given luteinization also occurs, but the coefficient of luteinization decreases as the number of the injections is increased (down to Qlut = 0·12).

The effect of œstrin injections on the prehypophysis of the adult normal male rat is interpreted as being due to a change in the balance between the œstrogenic and the luteinizing gonadotropic hormones, the quantity of the luteinizing factor being diminished.

The prehypophyseal weight is greater in œstrin‐injected adult male rats than in normal ones.

These results make it highly probable that the prehypophysis of the uncastrated adult male rat injected with œstrin behaves differently from the prehypophysis of the œstrin‐injected castrated male.

Œstrin injections produced in most cases a partial disturbance of spermatogenesis. Possibly autolytic substances emanating from the seminal tubules with disturbed spermatogenesis interfered in the gonadotropic balance of the prehypophysis.
THE EFFECT OF THE COMPOSITION OF THE INSPIRED AIR ON THE CIRCULATION THROUGH THE BRAIN
Authors: Irving Laurence , Welch Mary Scott
Published: December 2014

The flow of blood through the femoral vein and longitudinal sinus of dogs was examined by comparison of the A‐V oxygen differences. Inhalation of 10 per cent. CO2 in O2 increased blood‐flow through the brain of anæsthetised dogs to the estimated extent of from two to four times. At the same time flow through the hind leg was diminished, often to less than half the normal rate. These vascular changes indicate a differential vascular control giving a preferential consideration to the brain.

Alveolar O2 deficiency did not cause the differential change, but the actual degree of anoxemia was not serious.

During CO2 inhalation the R.Q. of the brain is much larger than in the leg. The R.Q. indicates the process of equilibration of the tissue with a change in pressure of CO2, and demonstrates that the pressure of CO2 changes more quickly in the brain than in the leg. The stimulus for differential control of flow may originate in the brain itself, but the result may be reinforced by, or it may even originate in a site extrinsic to the tissue.
RESTING METABOLISM OF THE FROG'S VENTRICLE
Authors: Clark A. J.
Published: December 2014

1. The rate of asphyxial exhaustion of frog's ventricles either normal or poisoned with I.A.A. provides a method by which the rates of metabolism during asphyxia under different experimental conditions can be compared.

2. This method shows a linear relation between the metabolic rate and frequency up to a frequency of 30 per min., a result which agrees with previous estimations of the influence of frequency on the oxygen consumption of the isolated ventricle.

3. The resting metabolism per min. of the normal ventricle is equal to the metabolism per min. added by contraction at a frequency of 3–7 per min., and is 21 per cent. of the metabolism at a frequency of 15 per min.

4. The resting metabolism per min. of the I.A.A. poisoned ventricle is equal to the metabolism added by a contraction at a frequency of 4–8 per min., and is 24 per cent. of the metabolism at a frequency of 15 per min.

5. These results with ventricles poisoned with I.A.A. indicate that phosphagen is utilised by the resting as well as by the contracting ventricle.

6. The duration of survival of the I.A.A. poisoned ventricle when asphyxiated is about that which would be expected if phosphagen hydrolysis were the chief source of energy available.

The expenses of this research were defrayed by a grant from the Moray Research Fund, for which the author desires to express his thanks.
THE EFFECT OF SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION AND OF AUTONOMIC DRUGS ON THE PARALYTIC SUBMAXILLARY GLAND OF THE CAT
Authors: Fleming A. J. , MacIntosh F. C.
Published: December 2014

1. In cats, after section and degeneration of the chorda tympani, the submaxillary gland shows a greatly increased secretory response to sympathetic stimulation and to adrenaline.

2. This increased response is due to a true heightened irritability of the secretory cells for sympathetic stimulation.

3. Pilocarpine and acetylcholine act more strongly on the normal than on the paralytic gland.

We are much indebted to Dr. B. P. Babkin for his helpful advice and criticism during the course of this work.
DIFFUSION OF LACTIC ACID INTO AND OUT OF THE VOLUNTARY MUSCLES OF THE FROG
Authors: Ghaffar Abdul
Published: December 2014

1. Observations on the diffusion of d‐lactate in and out of resting frog muscle during immersion in a Ringer's solution containing sodium d‐lactate show that only about one‐third of the muscle water appears to be involved in the diffusion process, the rest appearing to be shut off by membranes impermeable to lactate. These two portions of muscle have been termed “interspaces” and “cells” respectively.

2. In the fatigued muscle, the “interspaces” tend to disappear presumably due to a swelling of the “cells” on account of increased osinotic pressure within them.

3. In heat rigor, nearly the whole of the muscle water becomes available for the diffusion of lactate.

4. An excited state of the isolated muscle does not appear to render the membranes bounding the “cells” permeable to lactate.

5. The normal lactic acid concentration in the “cells” of isolated frog muscle is found to be lower than that in the “interspaces,” whether the frog is fresh or has been previously cooled or fatigued. Besides, the muscles in the body appear to maintain a relationship between their lactate concentration in these two fractions. The two values rise and fall together.

6. This relationship in the concentrations in the “cells” and “interspaces” suggests that although diffusion experiments with relaxed isolated muscles indicate complete separation of “cells” from “interspaces” in respect of lactate, the intact animal possesses some mechanism by which a relationship between the concentration of “cells” and “interspaces” is maintained.

I am deeply indebted to Dr. P. Eggleton for help and guidance generously given.

The expenses of this research were defrayed by a grant from the Moray Endowment Fund.
THE NERVE CONTROL OF THE DISTAL COLON
Authors: M'Fadden G. D. F. , Loughridge J. S. , Milroy T. H.
Published: December 2014

1. The nerves supplying the distal colon have been divided singly or in combination.

2. The effect of these lesions on the distal colon has been studied by radiograms. The results have been summarised above.

3. The histology of the nerves, before and after section, is described.

4. The hypogastric nerves in the cat are composed solely of fibres descending to the pelvic plexus.
THE MECHANICAL FACTORS WHICH AFFECT THE SECRETION OF URINE IN MAMMALS, AND THEIR OPERATION DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: Theobald G. W. , Verney E. B.
Published: December 2014

1. No decrease in the response of the kidneys to the ingestion of water was found to follow an increase of pressure in the renal veins sufficient to cause albuminuria.

2. An increase of the ureter pressure by 5 mm. Hg over that of the atmosphere causes dilatation of the pelvis and calyces of the kidney, and a diminution in the rate of urinary secretion which is relatively greater the lower the rate of urine flow. On the other hand, if during water‐diuresis a pressure of 60 mm. Hg be applied to the ureter, the rate of urinary secretion may still be as high as one‐quarter of the normal rate at the peak of diuresis.

3. A sustained intra‐abdominal pressure between 11 and 18 mm. Hg produces no significant change in the course of water‐diuresis in the dog.

4. Determinations of the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood serum before and during water‐diuresis show no significant variations.

5. The marked effect of a change to the upright posture on water‐diuresis is only obtained after the position has been adopted for some 10 minutes, and if the subject remains motionless.

6. The effect of the upright posture on diuresis is to be explained by stagnation of the blood in the lower extremities, due to gravity and the absence of muscular contractions. The stagnation of blood leads to an increase in pressure in the capillaries and consequent loss of fluid from the circulation to the tissues. This can to a considerable extent be prevented by previous bandaging of the legs.

7. The abnormal partition of urine during the latter months of pregnancy can be adequately explained by assuming that the pressure in the veins draining the legs is increased by the weight of the pregnant uterus. The fluid lost to the tissues by day re‐enters the circulation and is excreted by night.

8. If the fluid thus lost to the tissues by day is excessive and is not presented to the kidneys for secretion by night, œdema of the tissues commencing in the lower extremities will occur.

9. We suggest that the best way of avoiding the pyelitis of pregnancy is to ensure a daily water‐diuresis during the whole course of pregnancy.
DOES A FRACTION OF CENTRIFUGAL FINE MEDULLATED FIBRES IN THE DORSAL ROOT BELONG TO COLLATERALS OF THE SENSORY FIBRES?
Authors: Kuré Ken , Kajiyama Morio
Published: December 2014

The result of our investigations shows that the hypothesis suggested by Barron and Matthews from their experiments on cats is not supported by our work on dogs. The results of previous authors, who found only a few spinal efferent fibres in the dorsal roots, depends perhaps upon an inadequate manipulation or method of investigation.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE MODE OF ACTION OF OXYGEN LACK ON RESPIRATION
Authors: Wright Samson
Published: December 2014

1. The effects on respiration of the inhalation of oxygen poor mixtures were examined in chronic denervated cats and rabbits (i.e. animals that had recovered from denervation of the vaso‐sensory zones). In the cat, anoxia, if sufficiently marked, depresses respiration both in the anæsthetised and unanæsthetised animal. In the rabbit anoxia depresses breathing only in the anæsthetised animal. In none of the animals did anoxia cause any stimulation of respiration.

2. It is concluded that anoxia stimulates respiration only when the sino‐aortic nerves are intact.

3. CO2, on the other hand, produces considerable respiratory stimulation in chronic denervated preparations.

4. The changes in the arterial blood are described resulting from the inhalation of oxygen poor mixtures in anæsthetised cats with the respiratory centre innervated and denervated. It is shown that the deafferented animal is imperfectly equipped for dealing with such a situation. Further, under these conditions failure of the deafferented respiratory centre occurs when there is approximately twice as much oxygen in the blood as in the case of the normally innervated centre. It is suggested that afferent impulses along the sino‐aortic nerves can antagonise to some extent the direct chemical changes produced by anoxia in the respiratory centre.

5. The respiratory stimulation normally produced by carbon monoxide poisoning is absent after section of the vagi and excision of the carotid sinuses.
STUDIES ON PHOSPHORYLCHOLINE
Authors: Beznák A. B. L. , Chain E.
Published: December 2014

1. Phosphorylcholine has been synthesised from choline chloride and phosphorus pentoxide and isolated as the double salt OCH2.CH2.N(CH3)3+ 2AgNO3.AgO—P—O‐O

2. Phosphorylcholine, unlike most of the choline esters, is very stable towards alkaline and acid hydrolytic agents; this stability is attributed to the betaine structure of the compound.

3. Phosphorylcholine is hydrolysed by kidney, bone, and serum phosphatase.

4. The physiological properties of phosphorylcholine have been tested in the following ways: On the frog's heart, leech muscle, virgin guinea‐pig's uterus, cat's blood‐pressure and superior cervical ganglion, intestinal muscle of the rabbit, frog's rectus abdominus. In all cases its physiological activity was very slight, many thousand times less than the acetylcholine effect and sometimes qualitatively different from it. The physiological inertness of phosphorylcholine is again in accordance with its betaine structure.

We wish to express our gratitude to Professor Sir F. G. Hopkins and Professor H. W. Florey for hospitality and interest.
REACTIONS OF THE UTERINE MUSCLE AND ENDOMETRIUM OF THE RABBIT TO TESTOSTERONE
Authors: Robson J. M.
Published: December 2014

Testosterone propionate produces inhibition of the reaction to oxytocin of the rabbit's uterus and some progestational proliferation. The relative intensities of these two effects is different from that brought about by progesterone; the inhibitory action on the muscle may be obtained when little or no progestational proliferation of the endometrium is present.

The expenses of this investigation have been defrayed by a grant from the Medical Research Council.
THE EFFECT OF SYMPATHECTOMY ON THE FATTY DEPOSIT IN CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Authors: Beznák A. B. L. , Hasch Z.
Published: December 2014

1. Unilateral section of both splanchnic nerves in cats diminishes the degree of fall in the amount of perirenal fat which follows laparotomy under ether anæsthesia. On the splanchnicotomised side the perirenal fat weighs 100–300 per cent. more than on the intact side.

2. The same difference is found if the cats starve after splanchnicotomy, or if cats with very little perirenal fat are fattened after the splanchnicotomy.

3. When cats are fed with a diet containing fat stained with Sudan III. the stained fat is deposited in the perirenal fat on both sides in equal concentrations. When they are starved after unilateral splanchnicotomy, the amount of the perirenal fatty tissue on the ipsilateral side is greater than on the normal. The concentration of Sudan III., however, remains on both sides the same as it was previous to the splanchnicotomy and starvation.

4. If cats and rats are kept on normal unstained diets for various periods after unilateral splanchnicotomy, are then fed with a diet containing fat stained with Sudan III. and are killed 18 hours after the feeding, the concentration of Sudan III. on the splanchnicotomised side is about ¼ of that on the normal side.

5. The conclusion is reached that, in consequence of the splanchnicotomy, changes take place in the perirenal connective tissue which slow both the deposition of fat and its mobilisation. The mobilisation is retarded more than the deposition.

6. Unilateral splanchnicotomy in the rabbit and in the rat has the same effect on the perirenal fat as in the cat.

7. The effect of unilateral extirpation of the stellate and the superior cervical ganglia on the amount of the pericardial fat and the effect of unilateral extirpation of the lumbar and sacral ganglia on the abdominal and subcutaneous fat on the denervated side make it likely that the effects of the splanchnic nerves on the perirenal fat may be extended to describe the relation between fat storage in and sympathetic innervation of connective tissue in general.

At the beginning of this work we had the collaboration of Mr. Zoltán Harris, and for this and for Professor Sándor Belák‐s kind interest and helpful suggestions the authors express their best thanks.
STUDIES ON HYPERTROPHY, REGENERATION, AND RETARDATION OF OVARIAN WEIGHTS IN GROWING RATS AFTER ŒSTRONE INJECTIONS
Authors: Emery Frederick E.
Published: December 2014

1. The effects of œstrone on the estrous cycle, ovaries, hypophysis, and several other organs have been studied in semi‐ovariectomised rats, in rats with one‐half of each ovary removed, and in rats with entire ovaries.

2. Œstrone in 1 to 20 rat units daily for six weeks had little, if any, effect on the secretion of the hypophysis as shown by (1) normal hypertrophy of the remaining ovary, (2) normal regeneration of ovarian fragments, and (3) insignificant reduction in the weight of the entire ovaries.

3. The length of the estrous cycles was practically unaffected, but the percentage of time in estrus was somewhat longer in the œstrone injected groups. This latter effect may not be specific, as shown by similar results in the saline injected controls.

4. The spleen, liver, lungs, and thymus were slightly increased in weight. The adrenals, pituitary, uterus, thyroid, heart, kidneys, intestines, and brain were unchanged in weight by œstrone.

5. A discussion indicating that ovarian hypertrophy and regeneration may not be entirely controlled by the action of œstrone on the pituitary gland is presented for consideration.
NEUTRALISATION OF THE ANTIFERMENTING PRINCIPLE IN SNAKE VENOMS BY ANTIVENINS
Authors: Chain E.
Published: December 2014

The antivenins against venoms of the cobra and black tiger snake, which protect guinea‐pigs against the lethal effects of these venoms, also neutralise the inhibitory effect of the venoms on alcoholic fermentation.
SENSORY RECEPTORS IN THE PULMONARY VASCULAR BED
Authors: de Burgh Daly I. , Ludány G. , Todd Alison , Verney E. B.
Published: December 2014

Methods are described for perfusing (in the dog):—

(1) A head‐thorax‐preparation in which the systemic and pulmonary circulations are supplied by separate pumps, the systemic blood being oxygenated by isolated perfused lungs from another animal;

(2) the entire animal by two separate pumps, the outlet connexions of which are tied into the pulmonary artery and ascending aorta;

(3) the entire animal, less the lower limbs, by two separate pumps the outlet of one of which is tied into the abdominal aorta and the outlet of the other inserted into the right ventricle.

In all three preparations an increase of pulmonary blood flow gives rise to a slight but definite fall in systemic arterial pressure and a rise or fall in heart rate. These effects do not appear after section of both cervical vagosympathetic nerves. An increase of pulmonary flow causes an acceleration of respiration in some preparations.

Obstruction to the outflow of blood from the left auricle is more effective than a rise in pulmonary arterial pressure in producing cardiosystemic reflexes.

The possible significance of these results in relation to the evocation of reflexes in consequence of left heart failure and of pulmonary embolism is discussed.

The pulmonary arterial pressure may exhibit periodic variations unaccompanied by similar changes in the systemic arterial pressure.

We wish to express our thanks to Dr. J. L. Berry and Miss Barbara Petrovskaia for help with some of the experiments, and to the Government Grants Committee of the Royal Society for defraying the expenses of the investigation by a grant to one of us (I. de B. D.).
THE ACTION OF 1·2 : 5·6 DIBENZANTHRACENE ON THE METABOLISM OF RATS
Authors: Lees J. C.
Published: December 2014

1. Injection of 10 mg. followed by 15 mg. of 1·2 : 5·6 dibenzanthracene in adult rats did not alter the metabolic rate or the food consumption.

2. These injections, however, produced a prolonged loss of weight and death in 4 out of 8 rats. The deaths occurred 42 to 65 days after injection.

3. The inhibition of the growth of young rats by 1·2 : 5·6 dibenzanthracene was not affected by treating the rats with thyroid or insulin.

4. 1·2 : 5·6 dibenzanthracene in large doses did not affect normal cestrus in rats.

This work was made possible by a grant from the Medical Research Council for the maintenance of animals and laboratory expenses, and by a personal grant from the Cancer Control Organisation for South‐East Scotland. Thanks are also due to Dr. C. M. Scott for advice and assistance.
THE OXYTOCIN CONTENT OF THE FŒTAL PITUITARY
Authors: Bell G. H. , Robson J. M.
Published: December 2014

The oxytocin content of the pituitaries of pigs and sheep at various stages of fœtal life and in mature animals has been determined. Quite appreciable amounts are present in full term fœtuses, and the possibility that this hormone might pass into the maternal circulation and play a part in the process of parturition is discussed.

We are indebted to the following for pig and sheep pituitary material: Mr. Syn of the Edinburgh Corporation abattoir, Messrs. Spears Bacon Factory, Bristol, and Messrs. R. D. Waddell, Glasgow.

The expenses of this investigation have been defrayed by grants from the Medical Research Council.
THE INACTIVATION OF ADENOSINE BY BLOOD, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CAT'S BLOOD
Authors: Drury A. N. , Lutwak‐Mann C. , Solandt O. M.
Published: December 2014

1. There is present in cat's plasma an enzyme system which is capable of inactivating adenosine.

2. The inactivation is accompanied by the liberation of ammonia, and it is probable that it is due to the deamination of adenosine and the production of inosine, which is biologically inactive.

3. The capacity of the plasma to inactivate adenosine is considerably increased under certain experimental conditions. The reason for this change is not understood.

4. The plasma from other animals also contains a similar enzyme, but it is present in much smaller quantity.

5. Whole blood from different animals inactivates adenosine at different rates. This apparently depends more upon the different amount of enzyme which is present in the blood‐cells than that in the plasma.

6. Muscle adenylic acid and adenyl pyrophosphoric acid are also inactivated by plasma, but very much less readily than adenosine.
THE EFFECT OF INJECTED INSULIN ON THE STORAGE OF GLYCOGEN IN THE PANCREAS AND LIVER
Authors: Hebb Catherine O.
Published: December 2014

1. In dogs, anæsthetized with amytal, nembutal, or chloralose, and in dogs whose spinal cord has been sectioned, the concentration of glycogen in the pancreas varies between 0·10 g. and 0·30 g. per 100 g. of gland.

2. Fasting does not diminish the concentration of the pancreatic glycogen unless prolonged for 36 hours or more.

3. Continuous intravenous administration of dextrose increases the concentration of the pancreatic glycogen at a rate which bears a definite relation to the amount of dextrose injected per kilogram body‐weight per hour.

4. The administration of insulin retards glycogenesis in the pancreas.

5. The injection of dextrose alone readily increases the storage of hepatic glycogen.

6. The injection of dextrose along with insulin will increase the glycogen in the liver only if sufficient sugar is administered to prevent hypoglycæmia.

7. Since the administration of insulin has been found to increase the deposition of glycogen in the muscles, it is concluded that injected insulin has primarily a peripheral point of attack, and that it retards glycogenesis in the pancreas by increasing the uptake of glucose by the muscles.

The expenses of this research were defrayed by a grant obtained from the Banting Research Foundation, whose assistance is gratefully acknowledged.

The writer wishes to express her sincere appreciation of the helpful advice and encouragement which she has received from Dr. B. P. Babkin, under whose direction the investigation was carried out. She is indebted to Miss J. F. Oswald for help in the preparation of this manuscript for press.
FOWL SPERM IMMOBILIZATION BY A TEMPERATURE‐MEDIA INTERACTION AND ITS BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: Munro S. S.
Published: December 2014

1. The motility of fowl sperm in vitro depends upon an interplay of temperature and medium of suspension. Most types of synthetic diluents support motility at room temperature but inhibit such at body temperature. The immobilization is not permanent and movement is again resumed when the temperature is lowered. Extremely low temperatures, i.e. just above freezing, also immobilize fowl sperm. Rat and guinea‐pig sperm, on the other hand, are most active at body temperatures in the same synthetic diluents and are only immobilized by low temperatures, reactions which, according to the literature, appear to be generally characteristic of mammalian sperm.

2. Among natural fluids, sperm serum, blood serum, thin egg white and fluid from the shell gland support the motility of fowl sperm at all levels from 75° F. to 105° F. On the other hand, juice from the magnum or the infundibulum behave as synthetic diluents, immobilizing sperm at 105° F. but supporting motility at lower temperatures.

3. The facts summarized in (1) show that fowl sperm activity is under a delicate physiological control not operative in the rat or guineapig. This, together with the results summarized in (2), suggest that fowl sperm are motile in the shell gland of the female but are immobilized without injury to their functional abilities while in the magnum and infundibulum.

4. These suggestions are discussed in relation to the observations of other workers, and it is shown that not only are they tenable in the light of these reports but they actually support and logically integrate certain previously disconcerting findings.

5. The exact nature of the immobilizing mechanism is not clear, but it probably depends upon a complicated interaction between temperature, type, and pH level of the fluid environment.
THE RÔLE OF GONADOTROPIC HORMONE IN THE MAINTENANCE OF LUTEAL FUNCTION
Authors: Robson J. M.
Published: December 2014

Pseudo‐pregnant rabbits were hypophysectomized and the luteal function was maintained for 3 days by the administration of œstrin. Gonadotropic hormone from human pregnancy urine was then injected in doses which maintain the luteal function when given to pseudopregnant animals immediately after hypophysectomy, but it failed to maintain the luteal function.

As it has been previously shown that the capacity of the ovary to respond to stimulation by gonadotropic hormone rapidly decreases after removal of the pituitary, it is suggested that the failure of gonadotropic hormone to maintain the luteal function in the present experiments is due to its failure to induce œstrin secretion by the ovary, and that normally gonadotropic hormone controls the luteal function through the secretion of œstrin and not by any direct action on the corpora lutea. The relevance of these findings to the problem of the existence of one or more gonadotropic hormones is discussed.

When œstrin is injected into rabbits in which ovulation has been induced after hypophysectomy, active corpora lutea develop.

The synthetic œstrogenic substance triphenyl ethylene can maintain the luteal function in hypophysectomized rabbits.

The expenses of this research were defrayed by a grant from the Medical Research Council.
ANTAGONISM OF THE VAGINAL ACTION OF TRIPHENYL ETHYLENE BY PROGESTERONE AND TESTOSTERONE
Authors: Robson J. M.
Published: December 2014

The vaginal cornification produced by the synthetic œstrogen, triphenyl ethylene, in spayed mice is inhibited when progesterone or testosterone propionate is simultaneously administered. Testosterone is more effective than progesterone in producing this inhibition, and the results are quantitatively similar to those obtained for the antagonism between the naturally occurring œstrogen, œstrone, and progesterone and testosterone.

The expenses of this investigation have been defrayed by a grant from the Medical Research Council.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON BLOOD‐CLOTTING
Authors: Clark G. A. , Gaiunt R. T. , Timperley W. A.
Published: December 2014

A technique is described for measuring clotting time in anœsthetized cats.

Methods are given for preparing a substance (or substances) from egg‐white which will lower the clotting time in vivo but not in vitro. Heparin prevents the action.

The slight increase in platelets observed is probably due to a contaminant.

We wish to express our thanks to Mr. J. A. Freeman, chief chemist of Messrs. Parke, Davis and Co. Ltd., at Hounslow, for preparing much of the material.

The expenses of this research were defrayed in part by a grant from the Medical Research Council, from whom W. A. T. has also received a personal grant.
THE USEFULNESS OF GUM ARABIC AS AN INFUSION LIQUID
Authors: Maas J. A.
Published: December 2014

It may be concluded from the above experiments that to the dangers connected with a gum infusion already known, a new one has been added, namely, the possibility of a calcium fixation in the blood. This occurs especially if a pure arabinate of sodium is used. With gum of unknown origin an interchange of Ca is possible. Furthermore, ions adsorbed on the arabinate molecule, like K and Mg, may easily change with Na‐ions of the plasma and cause a disturbance of the physiological balance of the plasma‐ions with consequent effects upon the heart. We found a pure Ca‐arabinate to be harmless to rabbits.

The statement of Bayliss [1920] that “there is no need to add any Ca salt to gum saline, since the gum itself contains sufficient” is incorrect, and either he must have been fortunate in the sample he examined or possibly his practice of dissolving the gum in tap‐water (London tap‐water contains considerable quantities of Ca) was responsible.
THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF KETOSIS AND ACIDOSIS IN THE PRODUCTION OF DIABETIC COMA
Authors: Schneider R. , Droller H.
Published: December 2014

1. Acetoacetic acid and its sodium salt administered by continuous intravenous infusion to rabbits produced a state resembling diabetic coma with normal or relatively high alkali reserves.

2. β‐hydroxybutyric acid did not produce coma even at low alkali reserves.

3. Hydrochloric acid with one exception produced coma only at low alkali reserves.

4. It is concluded that diabetic coma is due in the main to a specific intoxication by the acetoacetic anion.

The authors desire to express their thanks to Professor E. J. Wayne at whose suggestion the work was undertaken, and to both him and Dr. H. A. Krebs for valuable advice and criticism: the latter also for the preparation of β‐hydroxybutyric and acetoacetic acid.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BLOOD‐PERFUSED LUNGS OF THE DOG, GUINEA‐PIG, AND MACACUS RHESUS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO “SPONTANEOUS” LUNG MOVEMENTS
Authors: De Burgh Daly I.
Published: December 2014

The interpretation of venous outflow changes in organs perfused at constant volume inflow is discussed.

The recording system itself may be responsible for changes in venous outflow when a physiological alteration in inflow pressure takes place. The main error introduced is due to capacity changes in the manometer used for measuring the inflow pressure, and is such that if a pressor response is accompanied by a venous outflow augmentation, both being due to physiological events, the latter may be masked, or even reversed by reason of the transfer of a portion of the circulating fluid to the manometer.
A SIMPLIFIED HEART OXYGENATOR CIRCUIT FOR BLOODFED HEARTS
Authors: Bogue J. Yule , Gregory R. A.
Published: December 2014

A simplified form of the Evans, Grande, and Hsu constant level pump heart oxygenator preparation is described in which the dead space has been considerably reduced.

The blood‐flow through the oxygenator is kept constant by means of a pump, and is not dependent upon the cardiac output. It is possible to make the preparation using the same dog as bleeder and experimental animal.

We wish to express our thanks to Professor C. Lovatt Evans for his kindness and help and the provision of every facility in this work.

We are indebted to the Government Grants Committee of the Royal Society for a grant to one of us (J. Y. B.), and to the Thomas Smythe Hughes Fund for a grant to R. A. G., from which grants the cost of animals was met.
THE VISCO‐ELASTIC PROPERTIES OF THE LUNGS
Authors: Bayliss L. E. , Robertson G. W.
Published: December 2014

1. The pressure required to distend the lungs under any given conditions may be divided into two parts: (a) a pressure which is positive during both inspiration and expiration (the elastic pressure), and (b) a pressure which is positive in inspiration and negative in expiration (the viscous pressure). The presence of the latter results in work being done during each complete cycle of inspiration and expiration.

2. A method is described whereby these two pressures may be independently evaluated under certain conditions. A special pump has been designed for this purpose and is described.

3. The elastic and viscous pressures developed per unit volume of tidal air are defined as the “elastance” and “viscance” respectively.

4. The viscance may be further divided into (a) that part which is due to the flow of the air through the air passages, and (b) that part which is due to the deformation of the lung structures. These may be independently evaluated by ventilating the lungs with an O2‐H2 mixture instead of air.

5. Of the total pressure required to distend the lungs at a frequency of 18 respirations per minute, the elastance contributes 80 per cent., the structure viscance 15 per cent., and the air viscance 5 per cent.

6. The structure viscance is more or less independent of the frequency of respiration over the range of frequencies used: the phase angle of the lung substance as a visco‐elastic system is thus sensibly independent of the frequency. The air viscance increases in proportion to the frequency, as is to be expected theoretically.

7. A preliminary study has been made of the action of vagal stimulation and of the administration of pilocarpine, histamine, adrenaline, and acetylcholine. In nearly every case there was a simultaneous action on both elastance and viscance, but histamine and adrenaline, on occasion, increased the elastance without having any action on the viscance, and pilocarpine and adrenaline, on occasion, increased the viscance without having any action on the elastance.

8. No evidence could be obtained that pilocarpine had any effect on the air viscance, its action being exerted mainly, or entirely, on the elastance and the structure viscance.
THE PROBABLE ERROR OF BLOOD‐PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Shock Nathan W. , Ogden Eric , Heck Kathryn
Published: December 2014

Statistical analysis of 16,320 blood‐pressure measurements by three observers on 130 subjects has led to the following conclusions applicable to the conditions, subjects, and observers detailed in the text:—

1. When the effects of temporal differences and differences between the two arms are eliminated, systematic differences between the observers in this experiment are insignificant.

2. Significant differences in the variability of determination made by different observers were found.

3. The probable error of measurement of a single blood‐pressure observation is 1·2–1·8 mm. for systolic pressures and 1·8–2.· mm. for diastolic pressures when readings are made under conditions of rest and adequate time is permitted for the establishment of postural equilibrium.

4. The gain in precision obtained by averaging successive readings is greater for diastolic pressure than systolic pressure.

5. An average of more than 5 observations of blood‐pressure does not result in a useful gain in precision.

Grateful acknowledgment is made by the authors to the Works Progress Administration (O.P. No. 465–03–3–631, Unit A‐8) for clerical assistance in the analysis of the data. For statistical advice and criticism of the manuscript we are indebted to Dr. Herbert S. Conrad and Dr. Robert C. Tryon.
RHYTHMICITY AND AUTOMATISM IN THE MAMMALIAN LEFT AURICLE
Authors: Rothberger C. J. , Sachs A.
Published: December 2014

1. Automaticity and responsiveness to various pharmacological agents were examined in isolated muscular strips from the outer wall of the left auricle of mammalian hearts. Simultaneous mechanical and electrical recording was often employed.

2. Of 65 preparations studied, 7 beat spontaneously; the others remained quiescent except for occasional isolated contractions. Fifteen were histologically examined (Professor Aschoff); none of them, even those which contracted rhythmically spontaneously, contained specific nodal tissue.

3. The strips responded to single condenser discharges or to continued faradic stimulation. The response sometimes outlasted the period of stimulation.

4. Adrenaline increased the number and force of the irregular contractions and sometimes produced rhythmic activity. Previous treatment with adrenaline facilitated the setting up of regular rhythmic response to single electrical stimuli.

5. Histamine in larger initial doses often, but not invariably, produced rhythmic activity.

6. Barium invariably produced rhythmic activity. Calcium abolished spontaneous contractions and prevented the rhythmic response to histamine.

7. Strophanthin did not produce rhythmic responses.

8. Veratrine and aconitine always produced rhythmic activity of high frequency.

9. In man, under pathological conditions, the left auricle may possibly initiate single auricular extra‐systoles and maintain rhythmic activity.

We express our thanks to Professor Samson Wright for his help in preparing this paper for the press.
DURATIONS OF RESPONSES TO ADRENALINE, TYRAMINE, AND EPHEDRINE
Authors: Clark A. J. , Raventos J.
Published: December 2014

1. The relation between concentration and duration of action of adrenaline acting on the frog's auricle wetted with a small amount of solution indicates that the adrenaline is oxidised by a tissue catalyst. The rate of destruction varies as the concentration and the time of half oxidation is about 60 secs.

2. A comparison of the dosage‐duration curves obtained in the cat with adrenaline before and after pyrogallol and with ephedrine indicates that the duration is limited by two mechanisms, namely, oxidation and, in addition, some other mechanism which does not depend on the lability of the drug.

3. The relation between dosage of adrenaline (below 3 µg./kg.) and the duration of action on the cat's blood‐pressure and nictitating membrane and gut indicates that the amount of adrenaline destroyed per unit of time varies as the concentration and that half‐destruction occurs in the tissues in about 20 secs.

4. When the dosage of adrenaline exceeds 3 µg./ kg. the amount destroyed is between 0·1 and 0·2, Lg./ µg/kg. per sec., and this amount does not change when the dosage is increased.

5. The curves relating the concentration (or dosage) and the duration of action of tyramine on the wetted frog's auricle and on the cat's blood‐pressure are similar in shape to those obtained with adrenaline. Tyramine is inactivated about five times more rapidly than is adrenaline.

The expenses of this research were defrayed by a grant from the Moray Research Fund of Edinburgh University, and one of the authors (J. R.) is in receipt of a grant from Messrs. Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd. We desire to express our thanks for this help.
THE PARASYMPATHETIC‐LIKE EFFECT OF SPLANCHNIC NERVE STIMULATION ON PANCREATIC SECRETION
Authors: Babkin B. P. , Hebb Catherine O. , Sergeyeva Maria A.
Published: December 2014

1. A secretion comparable to that elicited by vagal stimulation is produced by activation of the secretory fibres, which are conveyed by the splanchnic nerves to the acinous cells of the pancreas in the dog and the cat. It can be arrested by an appropriate dose of atropine, and enhanced by the administration of physostigmine or pilocarpine but not of cocaine. The effect of electrical stimulation of the splanchnic nerves cannot be simulated by adrenaline administration. The physiological results are supported by histological findings.

2. The splanchnic secretory fibres pass without synaptic relay through the cœliac ganglion, as was revealed in experiments in which the ganglion was painted with nicotine, but after intravenous injection of nicotine, stimulation of these nerves produces no secretory effect.

3. After stimulation of the splanchnic nerves with an induction current the venous blood of the pancreatic gland contains a substance whose properties are similar to those of acetylcholine, from which it may be concluded that the secretory sympathetic fibres to the pancreas are of a cholinergic nature.

Part of this work was carried out with the aid of a grant received by one of us (M. A. S.) from the Ella Sachs Plotz Foundation, whose assistance is gratefully acknowledged.
THE NERVOUS CONTROL OF THE BLOOD‐FLOW THROUGH THE SKIN AS STUDIED BY THE EFFECT OF ADRENALINE
Authors: Goetz Robert H.
Published: December 2014

The effect of intravenous injections of adrenaline on the cat's paw vessels has been investigated with a special type of optical plethysmographic method. The method is described. Changes in the paw volume are considered to be mainly, if not solely, due to changes in the skin vessels.

In the animal kept warm, under normal laboratory conditions, adrenaline from the smallest effective to the largest applied doses always produced a constriction of the paw vessels, irrespective of the effect of adrenaline on the blood pressure, which may be pressor or depressor. A marked constriction of the paw vessels is seen after doses which do not alter the blood pressure.

Since the blood pressure may reach a considerable height, or even its maximum, before any constriction can be detected, and since a constriction of the paw vessels is seen even if the blood pressure falls, it is concluded (1) that the reaction of the skin vessels does not play such a deciding part in producing the first elevation of the blood pressure after adrenaline injections as is usually accepted, and (2) that adrenaline acts much more in the sense of a blood distributor than blood‐pressure augmentor. This is confirmed by the effect of adrenaline injections in the cooled animal, where the constriction of the paw vessels is suppressed and an increase in paw volume can be registered. It is argued that the functional state of the paw vessels is responsible for the change in the reaction, and that the adrenaline reaction is subordinate to those reactions on the skin vessels which control the body temperature, as already recognised for the muscle vessels.

The increase in paw volume which has been observed under certain conditions is neither increased by eserine nor abolished by atropine; hence it is not cholinergic in type. It is, however, suppressed by ergotamine. The probable underlying physiological reaction in the increase in paw volume is discussed.

All the reactions registered by the plethysmograph have been confirmed by the observed changes in the skin temperature.

Part of this research was carried out while the author was in the Department of Physiology, Edinburgh. The author is much indebted to Professor I. de Burgh Daly for his hospitality, constant advice, and the interest taken in this work.

It is with pleasure that I put on record my indebtedness to Professor C.F.M. Saint for his interest and constant help.

The expenses of the research have been defrayed by the Marais Fund, for which help I express my thanks.
PERMANENT STOMACH FISTULAE IN RUMINANTS
Authors: Phillipson A. T. , Innes J. R. M.
Published: December 2014

The technique of making permanent rumen and abomasal fistulae in sheep is described. The canulæ used are described and illustrated.