bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Muddy shore to modern port: redimensioning the Montréal waterfront time‐space
Authors: Gilliland Jason
Published: November 2004

For Montréal in the nineteenth century, as for most port cities, the waterfront served as the primary interface between the city and the markets of the world. This paper examines how and why the primitive waterfront of Montréal as of 1830 was repeatedly adapted and transformed into a modern port district by 1914. Beyond a detailed examination of the set of physical changes on the waterfront, this paper draws theoretical insights from geographical interpretations of the rhythm of capital accumulation to explore the formative and adaptive processes underlying waterfront redevelopment. Global innovations in transport and cargo‐handling technology are recognised as the preconditions for the periodic redimensioning of the port of Montréal, and it is established that these changes were driven by the perennial demands of local investors to accelerate circulation and thus reduce the turnover time of capital. This paper offers a new perspective on waterfront development by conceptualising the entire port as a comprehensive circulatory system and then exploring the redevelopment of various components in relation to others. The findings indicate that massive increases in traffic—the number and size of ships—through the port were correlated with the redimensioning of all of the connected components of the circulatory system; that is, the major arteries such as the St Lawrence River ship channel, as well as the smaller capillaries like finger piers.
Dealing with globalisation at the regional and local level: the case of contemporary containerization
Authors: Mccalla Robert J. , Slack Brian , Comtois Claude
Published: November 2004

This paper considers the challenges that ocean container companies face in developing global operations in the ocean and land realms. The recent horizontal and vertical integration of the ocean carriers and the subsequent formation of global networks have taken place for the transport of goods at sea. Conformity in operations is to be expected in the globalisation process; however, there is less conformity of operations on land. The cooperation strategies at sea appear to break down when the goods reach the port. Each shipping company has its own network of agents and agreements with shippers, freight forwarders or land transportation companies to handle goods on land. Each also has varying logistics provision abilities. Moreover, the land areas vary according to simple geography, economic development, transport infrastructure and institutional constraints. Of these differences, we suggest that institutional constraints create the greatest challenge to the ocean carriers adopting a universal land strategy to service their customers. The paper focuses on three major areas for containerisation—East Asia, Northwest Europe and North America—and draws on interviews conducted with shipping industry executives in Norfolk (Va.), Rotterdam, Le Havre, Hong Kong and Singapore. The paper ends with a look at the land operations of Maersk Sealand as an example of a company with varying capabilities and strategies for the landward transport of containers.
Defining the gigantopterid concept: a reinvestigation of Gigantopteris (Megalopteris) nicotianaefolia Schenck and its taxonomic implications
Authors: Glasspool Ian , Hilton Jason , Collinson Margaret E. , Wang Shi‐Jun
Published: November 2004

Reinvestigation of the first described gigantopterid plant, Gigantopteris (Megalopteris) nicotianaefolia Schenk ex Potonié, 1902 from the Permian of China, has been conducted using the original specimens documented in 1883. The application of new techniques has permitted a comprehensive review of their morphology. This study represents the first photographic record of Schenk's specimens and provides a standardised terminology to describe them. This species of Palaeozoic leaf megaphyll is characterised by its pinnate venation, with tertiary veins that anastomose, and give rise to branches that may be of the same or higher order. These anastomosed branches form a reticulum of irregular polygonal meshes, within which higher order veins anastomose and again form meshes. On examination of Schenk's original specimens only one, MB.Pb.2002/989, can be assigned to Gigantopteris nicotianaefolia, and this is herein designated the lectotype. The remaining specimens described by Schenk are reassigned to cf. G. nicotianaefolia, cf. Gigantopteris sp., Gigantonoclea sp. or cf. Gigantonoclea sp. This re‐analysis of Schenk's specimens has led to an emended diagnosis of both the genus Gigantopteris and the species G. nicotianaefolia. Current evidence suggests that Gigantopteris nicotianaefolia is restricted to the southern floral regions of Cathaysia, as typically are other species of this genus. Fertile specimens of Gigantopteris are unknown, and the status of these plants as a natural group relies upon a combination of their complex foliar physiognomy, stratigraphic range, and geographical distribution. This study indicates that the genera GigantopterisGigantonoclea form the basis of the gigantopterid concept. These two genera share characters of leaf morphology including megaphylls with eucamptodromous venation across which extends a continuous lamina, and higher order veins, third order or above, that arise from the secondary veins and anastomose to form complex meshes. These genera are distinguished in that the venation of Gigantopteris is far more complex than that of Gigantonoclea, with a greater number and complexity of vein orders, the penultimate and ultimate of which form meshes within meshes, and of these the finest may terminate in blind endings.
What is a passive? The case of Finnish
Authors: Manninen Satu , Nelson Diane
Published: November 2004

Abstract.  Several previous authors have argued that Finnish lacks a true passive construction, and relabel the form ‘‘indefinite,’’‘‘impersonal’’ or ‘‘suppressive’.’ In this paper, we first devise a set of criteria for passives cross‐linguistically; we then present syntactic and morphological evidence to show that the Finnish construction displays all the key features we would expect from a passive.
Support with Strings: Workfare as an ‘Impermissible Condition’
Authors: Goodin Robert E.
Published: November 2004

abstract  Even if a state would have been perfectly within its rights not to provide for people's welfare at all, it might still be wrong for it to exercise that discretion conditional upon something that claimants do (like ‘look for work’). What might make some conditions morally permissible and others impermissible? One answer is in terms of the consonance of the condition with the purposes of the policy. If a policy is supposed to be for one purpose — or, morally, if it can be justified only by reference to one purpose — then that policy must not impose conditions that are appropriate only to some other purpose. It is an improper exercise of power for public officials to tack wholly inappropriate conditions onto programmes justified on some other grounds altogether. Tacking labour‐market conditions onto policies that are ostensibly designed to promote people's welfare can be a case in point.
3‐O‐Methylfunicone, a secondary metabolite produced by Penicillium pinophilum, induces growth arrest and apoptosis in HeLa cells
Authors: Buommino E. , Nicoletti R. , Gaeta G. M. , Orlando M. , Ciavatta M. L. , Baroni A. , Tufano M. A.
Published: November 2004

Abstract.  3‐O‐Methylfunicone (OMF) is a secondary metabolite produced by the soil fungus Penicillium pinophilum which has cytostatic properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms by which such properties are exerted, with special reference to any anti‐proliferative and apoptotic potential, on HeLa cells. OMF treatment caused about 44% inhibition of cell growth after 24 h, and modifications in the tubulin fibre organization. In addition, a significant increase in p21 mRNA expression and a decrease in cyclin D1 and Cdk4 mRNA expression resulted at the same time. Apoptosis induction was demonstrated by the annexin V assay, cytofluorimetric analysis of the DNA content of the sub‐G1 fraction and DNA laddering. Taken together, our data showed that the compound inhibits proliferation of HeLa cells by several mechanisms, such as disruption of tubulin fibres, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction. The capacity of the compound to affect the cell cycle and to modulate apoptosis is indicative of a potential for the development of a new agent for cancer chemotherapy.
Quality of life and symptoms among older people living at home
Authors: Hellström Ylva , Persson Gunnel , Hallberg Ingalill R.
Published: November 2004

Aim.  This paper reports a study comparing the socio‐demographic data, quality of life (QoL) and symptoms of older people living at home with and without help.

Background.  Despite growing numbers of older people worldwide, little is know about the differences between older people receiving help to live at home and those not receiving this, especially as regards QoL and symptoms. Not only symptoms but also dependency on others per se may reduce older people's QoL. From a nursing perspective, knowledge about such issues is important because the impact of symptoms may be reducible, even when diseases cannot be cured.

Method.  A postal questionnaire was sent to an age‐stratified random sample of 1866 people aged 75 years or over. Of the respondents (n = 1248) 448 received help and 793 did not.

Results.  The group receiving help had a significantly higher age, more women, more people widowed and living alone, more children, a higher number of self‐reported diseases and symptoms, greater inability to remain alone at home and lower QoL. Loneliness, depressed mood and abdominal pain were significantly related to low QoL in both groups. Living alone, not being able to remain alone at home without help, and fatigue were also predictive of low QoL among those receiving help, and number of diseases and sleep problems in those without.

Conclusion.  Receiving help with daily living seems to be significantly related to low QoL and goes along with a high number of symptoms that need to be considered in nursing care. Through regular visits, systematic assessment and intervention, especially focusing on older people's symptoms, nurses may contribute to improved QoL for this section of the population.
Host and non‐host pathogens elicit different jasmonate/ethylene responses in Arabidopsis
Authors: Zimmerli Laurent , Stein Mónica , Lipka Volker , Schulze‐Lefert Paul , Somerville Shauna
Published: November 2004

Arabidopsis does not support the growth and asexual reproduction of the barley pathogen, Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei Bgh). A majority of germlings fail to penetrate the epidermal cell wall and papillae. To gain additional insight into this interaction, we determined whether the salicylic acid (SA) or jasmonate (JA)/ethylene (ET) defence pathways played a role in blocking barley powdery mildew infections. Only the eds1 mutant and NahG transgenics supported a modest increase in penetration success by the barley powdery mildew. We also compared the global gene expression patterns of Arabidopsis inoculated with the non‐host barley powdery mildew to those inoculated with a virulent, host powdery mildew, Erysiphe cichoracearum. Genes repressed by inoculations with non‐host and host powdery mildews relative to non‐inoculated control plants accounted for two‐thirds of the differentially expressed genes. A majority of these genes encoded components of photosynthesis and general metabolism. Consistent with this observation, Arabidopsis growth was inhibited following inoculation with Bgh, suggesting a shift in resource allocation from growth to defence. A number of defence‐associated genes were induced during both interactions. These genes likely are components of basal defence responses, which do not effectively block host powdery mildew infections. In addition, genes encoding defensins, anti‐microbial peptides whose expression is under the control of the JA/ET signalling pathway, were induced exclusively by non‐host pathogens. Ectopic activation of JA/ET signalling protected Arabidopsis against two biotrophic host pathogens. Taken together, these data suggest that biotrophic host pathogens must either suppress or fail to elicit the JA/ET signal transduction pathway.
The chromatin remodelling complex FACT associates with actively transcribed regions of the Arabidopsis genome
Authors: Duroux Meg , Houben Andreas , Růžička Kamil , Friml Jiří , Grasser Klaus D.
Published: November 2004

The packaging of the genomic DNA into chromatin in the cell nucleus requires machineries that facilitate DNA‐dependent processes such as transcription in the presence of repressive chromatin structures. Using co‐immunoprecipitation we have identified in Arabidopsis thaliana cells the FAcilitates Chromatin Transcription (FACT) complex, consisting of the 120‐kDa Spt16 and the 71‐kDa SSRP1 proteins. Indirect immunofluorecence analyses revealed that both FACT subunits co‐localize to nuclei of the majority of cell types in embryos, shoots and roots, whereas FACT is not present in terminally differentiated cells such as mature trichoblasts or cells of the root cap. In the nucleus, Spt16 and SSRP1 are found in the cytologically defined euchromatin of interphase cells independent of the status of DNA replication, but the proteins are not associated with heterochromatic chromocentres and condensed mitotic chromosomes. FACT can be detected by chromatin immunoprecipitation over the entire transcribed region (5′‐UTR, coding sequence, 3′‐UTR) of actively transcribed genes, whereas it does not occur at transcriptionally inactive heterochromatic regions and intergenic regions. FACT localizes to inducible genes only after induction of transcription, and the association of the complex with the genes correlates with the level of transcription. Collectively, these results indicate that FACT assists transcription elongation through plant chromatin.
Conservation of the microstructure of genome segments in Brassica napus and its diploid relatives
Authors: Rana Debashis , van den Boogaart Tom , O'Neill Carmel M. , Hynes Llewelyn , Bent Elisabeth , Macpherson Lee , Park Jee Young , Lim Yong Pyo , Bancroft Ian
Published: November 2004

The cultivated Brassica species are the group of crops most closely related to Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis). They represent models for the application in crops of genomic information gained in Arabidopsis and provide an opportunity for the investigation of polyploid genome formation and evolution. The scientific literature contains contradictory evidence for the dynamics of the evolution of polyploid genomes. We aimed at overcoming the inherent complexity of Brassica genomes and clarify the effects of polyploidy on the evolution of genome microstructure in specific segments of the genome. To do this, we have constructed bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries from genomic DNA of B. rapa subspecies trilocularis (JBr) and B. napus var Tapidor (JBnB) to supplement an existing BAC library from B. oleracea. These allowed us to analyse both recent polyploidization (under 10 000 years in B. napus) and more ancient polyploidization events (ca. 20 Myr for B. rapa and B. oleracea relative to Arabidopsis), with an analysis of the events occurring on an intermediate time scale (over the ca. 4 Myr since the divergence of the B. rapa and B. oleracea lineages). Using the Arabidopsis genome sequence and clones from the JBr library, we have analysed aspects of gene conservation and microsynteny between six regions of the genome of B. rapa with the homoeologous regions of the genomes of B. oleracea and Arabidopsis. Extensive divergence of gene content was observed between the B. rapa paralogous segments and their homoeologous segments within the genome of Arabidopsis. A pattern of interspersed gene loss was identified that is similar, but not identical, to that observed in B. oleracea. The conserved genes show highly conserved collinearity with their orthologues across genomes, but a small number of species‐specific rearrangements were identified. Thus the evolution of genome microstructure is an ongoing process. Brassica napus is a recently formed polyploid resulting from the hybridization of B. rapa (containing the Brassica A genome) and B. oleracea (containing the Brassica C genome). Using clones from the JBnB library, we have analysed the microstructure of the corresponding segments of the B. napus genome. The results show that there has been little or no change to the microstructure of the analysed segments of the Brassica A and C genomes as a consequence of the hybridization event forming natural B. napus. The observations indicate that, upon polyploid formation, these segments of the genome did not undergo a burst of evolution discernible at the scale of microstructure.
ACC synthase expression regulates leaf performance and drought tolerance in maize
Authors: Young Todd E. , Meeley Robert B. , Gallie Daniel R.
Published: November 2004

Ethylene regulates entry into several types of plant developmental cell death and senescence programs besides mediating plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress. The response of cereals to conditions of drought includes loss of leaf function and premature onset of senescence in older leaves. In this study, ACC synthase (ACS) mutants, affecting the first step in ethylene biosynthesis, were isolated in maize and their effect on leaf function examined. Loss of ZmACS6 expression resulted in delayed leaf senescence under normal growth conditions and inhibited drought‐induced senescence. Zmacs6 leaves continued to be photosynthetically active under both conditions indicating that leaf function was maintained. The delayed senescence phenotype associated with loss of ZmACS6 expression was complemented by exogenous ACC. Surprisingly, elevated levels of foliar chlorophyll, Rubisco, and soluble protein as well as improved leaf performance was observed for all Zmasc6 leaves, including young and fully expanded leaves which were far from initiating senescence. These observations suggest that ethylene may serve to regulate leaf performance throughout its lifespan as well as to determine the onset of natural senescence and mediate drought‐induced senescence.
Citation patterns in tropical medicine journals
Authors: Schoonbaert Dirk
Published: November 2004

Selections of most important journals in the field of tropical medicine have previously been identified with the help of resources such as bibliographical and citation databases. This article uses ISI's Journal Citation Reports (JSR) for 2002 to analyse the citation characteristics of the Tropical Medicine category. According to these data, this small but diverse group of 12 journals bestows some 40% more citations than it receives. Its six typical core journals tend to cite one another heavily, but they also refer a lot to multidisciplinary science and general medicine journals, and to infectious diseases and parasitology journals. Looking at the sources from which JCR's tropical medicine journals derive their citations, it is clear that in this reverse direction, the specialty's literature is still more concentrated. Apart from the typical core, this JCR category also contains a number of journals with more idiosyncratic citing patterns, focused on specialties such as paediatrics, a single disease (leprosy) and a representative of Latin American and Francophone biomedical science each. Implications of concentrated citedness and language biases are discussed briefly. This paper features a selection of bibliometric parameters relating to the tropical medicine journals and lists of the 80 journals most citing and cited by them.
Is there an association between bacteriological drinking water quality and childhood diarrhoea in developing countries?
Authors: Jensen P. K. , Jayasinghe G. , van der Hoek W. , Cairncross S. , Dalsgaard A.
Published: November 2004

To investigate the association between bacteriological drinking water quality and incidence of diarrhoea, we conducted a 1‐year prospective study in the southern Punjab, Pakistan. Diarrhoea episodes, drinking water sources and drinking water quality were monitored weekly among children younger than 5 years in 200 households. We found no association between the incidence of childhood diarrhoea and the number of Escherichia coli in the drinking water sources (the public domain). A possible trend was seen relating the number of E. coli in the household storage containers (the domestic domain) and diarrhoea incidence, but this did not reach statistical significance. Faecal contamination levels in household water containers were generally high even when the source water was of good quality. Under conditions such as this, it is questionable whether public water treatment will have a significant impact on the incidence of endemic childhood diarrhoea.
Accumulation and release of nitrogen and phosphorus in relation to lignin decomposition in leaf litter of 14 tree species
Authors: OSONO Takashi , TAKEDA Hiroshi
Published: November 2004

Immobilization and mobilization of nitrogen and phosphorus were investigated in relation to the nitrogen (L/N) ratio and lignin to the phosphorus (L/P) ratio as indicators of the nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics. The present study was carried out on upper and lower parts of a forest slope in a cool temperate forest in Japan. Net immobilization and net mobilization characterized the dynamics of nitrogen and phosphorus in 14 litter types and were related to the changes in the L/N and L/P ratio. The critical values of the L/N and L/P ratio at which the mobilization began were 23–25 and 500–620, respectively. In litter types with the L/N and L/P ratio higher than critical values, nitrogen and phosphorus were immobilized until the ratios reached at the critical values and then nitrogen and phosphorus began decreasing. In litter types with initial L/N and L/P ratios lower than or equal to the critical values, nitrogen and phosphorus were released from litter. The critical values of the L/N and L/P ratios showed convergent trends among litter types as compared to their initial values, and were approached to those of underlying humus layers. These results indicated the usefulness of L/N and L/P ratios as indicators of the nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in the study site. The general validity of the L/N ratio as an indicator of nitrogen dynamics and the convergent trend of critical L/N ratio at 25–30 were demonstrated by a review of literature on lignin and nitrogen dynamics in 47 litter types in temperate and boreal forests.
Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis associated with psoriasis and complicated by mycobacterial infection: Successful treatment with granulocyte‐macrophage colony stimulating factor after a partial response to whole lung lavage
Authors: ABDUL RAHMAN Jamalul Azizi , MOODLEY Yuben P. , PHILLIPS Martin J.
Published: November 2004

Abstract:   Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare lung disease. Although whole lung lavage is considered the most effective treatment, not every patient shows a complete response. The case of a young man with PAP in association with psoriasis who underwent frequent whole lung lavage but only achieved remission following treatment with granulocyte‐macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) is reported. His lung problem was complicated by atypical mycobacterial infection, which resolved with treatment. The role of GM‐CSF is discussed.
Review of experience over four decades in the management of carotid body tumours
Authors: Lin Yongjie , Li Songqi , Poon Jensen Tung‐Chung , Hu Zuojun , Ye Caisheng , Lu Weiming , Chen Guorui , Wang Shenming
Published: November 2004

Objective:  To review the experience of the management of carotid body tumours in a major vascular centre in mainland China.

Patients and methods:  This was a retrospective review of 52 cases of carotid body tumour. There were 24 male and 28 female patients with an age range of 18–67 years; and 23 right‐sided, 24 left‐sided and five bilateral lesions. The modality of preoperative imaging was as follows: duplex scan and computed tomography in 40 cases, magnetic resonance imaging in 10 cases, carotid artery angiogram in 32 cases with selective embolization of the feeding vessel in 19. Operative treatment was carried out for 55 lesions and was summarized as follows: simple tumour excision for 44 lesions and en bloc tumour excision together with carotid bifurcation for 11 lesions; ICA reconstruction with interposition graft in three cases; and external to ICA anastomosis in two cases.

Results:  There were no operative mortalities. Postoperative complications included two ischaemic strokes, one case of vagus nerve damage and one case of hypoglossal nerve damage.

Conclusion:  Carotid body tumour is a rare neoplasm. Its special anatomical position imposes great difficulty during surgery. Adequate preoperative preparation and embolization of feeding arteries could reduce operative blood loss, improve tumour excision and preserve the ICA flow.
Feasibility of laparoscopic common bile duct exploration in a rural centre
Authors: Hemli Jonathan M. , Arnot Richard S. , Ashworth Jack J. , Curtin Austin M. , Simon Robert A. , Townend David M.
Published: November 2004

Background:  Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration has emerged as a preferred option for the management of choledocholithiasis. The present study sought to review the feasibility of this technique in a rural centre.

Methods:  A comprehensive retrospective review was undertaken of all patients who underwent surgical treatment of biliary calculi in Lismore, NSW (Australia), between January 1996 and December 2002.

Results:  During the study period, 1567 consecutive patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy, of whom 82 (5.2%) had choledocholithiasis identified at intraoperative cholangiography. A total of 86 laparoscopic common bile duct explorations were undertaken in these patients, 37 (43%) via a transcystic approach, and 49 (57%) via a laparoscopic choledochotomy. All common bile duct calculi were successfully removed in 78 cases, representing an overall duct clearance rate of 90.7%. Complications were noted in seven patients, a morbidity rate of 8.5%. Median operative time for the procedure over the study period was 173 min. Median hospital stay was 6 days for all patients.

Conclusions:  Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration can be successfully undertaken in a rural setting by general surgeons who have appropriate laparoscopic experience, and should be the procedure of choice for the management of choledocholithiasis in these patients. It should not be restricted to specialized surgical departments in major referral centres.
Choledochal cyst in adults: aetiological considerations to intrahepatic involvement
Authors: Cheng Shih‐Ping , Yang Tsen‐Long , Jeng Kuo‐Shyang , Liu Chien‐Liang , Lee Jie‐Jen , Liu Tsang‐Pai
Published: November 2004

Background:  Choledochal cysts are rare anomalies of the biliary tree and their presentation in adults is infrequent. The high incidence of associated anomalous pancreaticobiliary duct junction (APBDJ) has been well documented. However, the prevalence of APBDJ in different anatomic distribution of cysts has yet to be clarified.

Methods:  A total 39 adult patients with choledochal cysts were consecutively enrolled: 22 patients had Todani type I cysts, 16 patients had type IVa cysts, and one patient had a type IVb cyst.

Results:  No statistical differences were found in age, sex or manifestations. A higher frequency of associated APBDJ was identified in patients with type IVa cyst (100%) than those with type I cyst (P < 0.05). With a mean follow‐up of 7.2 years after cyst excision, three patients with type I choledochal cyst and four with type IVa cyst have had episodes of recurrent cholangitis, all accompanied with preoperatively diagnosed APBDJ.

Conclusion:  Anomalous pancreaticobiliary duct junction has a close relationship with adult choledochal cysts, particularly type IVa. We propose the hypothesis that intrahepatic involvement results from progressive enzymatic destruction. Adult choledochal cysts in association with APBDJ, with or without intrahepatic component, should be carefully monitored.
Positivism and Nationalism in 19th Century France and Mexico
Authors: Eastwood Jonathan
Published: November 2004

Abstract This article explores the relationship between positivism and nationalism in 19th century France and Mexico, arguing that positivism cannot be understood without considering it in close relation to the rise of collectivistic and civic nationalism in each society. To elite intellectuals in both France and Mexico, positivism seemed to resolve the apparent chaos generated by the political‐conceptual revolution that nationalism had given rise to, and to provide the background to an historical narrative that served nationalist aims, by seeming to assure the ultimate triumph of the nation.
Locating Masterframes in History: An Analysis of the Religious Masterframe of the Abolition Movement and its Influence on Movement Trajectory
Authors: Whooley Owen
Published: November 2004

Abstract Critiqued as being a‐historical, current social movement theorists argue for a more dynamic, theoretical model that focuses on processes within historical contexts (McAdam, Tarrow, Tilly, 2001). This paper seeks to apply existing social movement theory on framing to the historically, embedded case of the American abolitionist movement. Specifically, this paper analyzes the influence of the adopted religious masterframe of the abolitionist movement on the trajectory of the movement through a case study of the American Anti‐Slavery Society (AAS). Prior to the Civil War, the good versus evil framework encouraged by the religious masterframe effectively mobilized movement followers against slavery. However, with Emancipation and the onset of the muddled political environment of Reconstruction, the religious masterframe no longer resonated well with the changed context or mustered the same degree of support. Attempts to alter the masterframe to a rights‐based masterframe compromised the integrity of the movement’s framing process. Ultimately, the movement dissolved, unable to remedy their collective action frame with the new political reality.
Self‐Expression and Self‐Control
Authors: Schechtman Marya
Published: November 2004

It is often said that people are ‘not themselves’ when they are in situations which rob them of their self‐control. Strangely, these are also circumstances in which people are often said to be most fully themselves. This paper investigates the pictures of the self behind these two truisms, and the relation between them. Harry Frankfurt’s work represents the first truism, and standard objections to his work the second. Each of these approaches is found to capture one independent and widely employed picture of the self. The connection each draws between being oneself and flourishing, however, suggests a point of contact between them. This point of contact is used to develop a third view of being oneself which integrates the insights of the other two.
Carvedilol attenuates ischemia–reperfusion‐induced oxidative renal injury in rats
Authors: Singh Devinder , Chander Vikas , Chopra Kanwaljit
Published: November 2004

There is increasing evidence to suggest that toxic oxygen radicals play a role in the pathogenesis of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in the kidney. This study was designed to investigate the effects of carvedilol (CVD), an antihypertensive drug in I/R‐induced renal failure in rats. The protective effect of CVD against the damage inflicted by reactive oxygen species (ROS) during renal I/R was investigated in Sprague–Dawley rats using histopathological and biochemical parameters. In one set of experiments, animals were unilaterally nephrectomized, and subjected to 45 min of left renal pedicle occlusion and in another set both the renal pedicles were occluded for 45 min followed by 24 h of reperfusion. Carvedilol (2 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered twice, 30 min prior to ischemia and 12 h after the reperfusion period. At the end of the reperfusion period, rats were killed. Thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS), reduced glutathione (GSH) levels, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were determined in renal tissue. Serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations were measured for the evaluation of renal function. Ischemic control animals demonstrated severe deterioration of renal function, renal morphology and a significant renal oxidative stress. Pretreatment of animals with CVD markedly attenuated renal dysfunction, morphological alterations, reduced elevated TBARS levels and restored the depleted renal antioxidant enzymes. The findings imply that ROS play a causal role in I/R‐induced renal injury and CVD exerts renoprotective effects probably by the radical scavenging and antioxidant activities.
Cardiovascular and survival effects of sympatho‐inhibitors in adriamycin‐induced cardiomyopathy in rats
Authors: Thomas Lionel , Bellmont Sandrine , Christen Marie‐Odile , Roche Benoît La , Monassier Laurent
Published: November 2004

Adriamycin (ADR) is a widely used drug for the treatments of cancers. This study evaluates the effects of moxonidine and metoprolol on cardiac hemodynamics and survival in ADR‐induced left ventricular dysfunction (total dose of 20 mg/kg in a 4‐week regimen). Rats were treated with the centrally acting I1R agonist sympatho‐inhibitor, moxonidine, or with the non‐selective β‐adrenergic antagonist, metoprolol, during 1 month or until death. Treatments began 1 week after the onset of the ADR administration. Low doses (0.5 and 1 mg/kg/day) of moxonidine and metoprolol (10 mg/kg/day) improved cardiovascular function. High doses of moxonidine (3 mg/kg/day) and metoprolol (150 mg/kg/day) were cardiodepressive. Moxonidine and metoprolol both failed to improve survival. These data indicate that a treatment with these sympatho‐inhibitors can reduce the left ventricular dysfunction induced by ADR. Moreover, these cardioprotective effects where obtained even when ADR was used at a dose regimen usually employed for its antineoplastic effects in rodents. Nevertheless, in this particular cardiomyopathy, we did not find any association between improvements of functional parameters and survival whatever the drug and the dose used. This problem points out the difficulty to prevent, at least with sympatho‐inhibitory drugs alone, the mortality linked to the chronic cardiotoxicity of ADR.
Dopamine, depression and antidepressants
Authors: Dailly Eric , Chenu Franck , Renard Caroline E. , Bourin Michel
Published: November 2004

The relationship between depression and dopamine deficiency in the mesolimbic pathway has been hypothesized for many years. The experimental studies with animal models of depression and the human studies implicate the role of the dopamine system in depression. Not only do dopaminergic receptor agonists, but also antagonists such as olanzapine exhibit antidepressant effects associated with standard antidepressants in patients with treatment‐resistant depression. This paradoxical result suggests that further investigations are necessary to understand the role played by dopamine in depression.
Pharmacogenomics in cardiovascular clinical trials
Authors: Shah R. , Darne B. , Atar D. , Abadie E. , Adams K.F. , Zannad F. ,   on behalf of the participants in the 5th Cardiovascular Clinical Trialists Workshop
Published: November 2004

Genomics – having quickly emerged as the central discipline in basic science and biomedical research – is poised to take the center stage in clinical medicine as well over the next few decades. Although there is no specific regulatory guideline on the application of pharmacogenetics to drug development, some recommendations are already included in several published guidelines on drug development. The patients more likely to provide the most valuable information on the specific contribution of a given gene or its variant are those who fail to respond to a drug (‘therapeutic failures’) and those who develop toxicity to the drug. However, before drawing definite conclusions on subgroups following pharmacogenomic analyses, one must be aware of disease classification, data collection, and how much is known about the disease process. It seems reasonable to collect genomic DNA from all patients enrolled in clinical drug trials (along with appropriate consent to permit pharmacogenetic studies) for the purpose of post hoc analyses. One exception to post hoc genomic analysis is when patients with a specific genotype are excluded from randomization into a clinical trial. Physicians will need to understand the concept of genetic variability, its interactions with the environment (e.g. drug–drug or drug–disease interactions), and its implication for patient care.
Impairment of smooth muscle function of rat thoracic aorta in an endothelium‐independent manner by long‐term administration of NG‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester
Authors: López Ruth M. , Ortíz Cindy S. , Ruíz Antonio , Vélez Juan M. , Castillo Carlos , Castillo Enrique F.
Published: November 2004

In this study, we aimed to elucidate whether the daily hypertensive dose of long‐term NG‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME) treatment, could make a difference between endothelial and smooth muscle functions in rat thoracic aorta. We test the hypothesis that high‐dose, long‐term l‐NAME treatment has a depressive effect on vascular smooth muscle contractile activity which is not related with nitric oxide (NO) synthesis inhibition. After 14 days of treatment, isometric tension and 45Ca2+ influx were measured in aortic tissues isolated from l‐NAME10 and l‐NAME100 hypertensive (10 and 100 mg/kg/day, systolic blood pressures 167 ± 7 and 172 ± 10 mmHg, respectively) and control normotensive rats (132 ± 7 mmHg). In l‐NAME10‐ and l‐NAME100‐treated rats, acetylcholine‐induced relaxation in aortic rings was suppressed with no significant difference between the treatments. l‐NAME100 (but not l‐NAME10) treatment, significantly inhibited contractile responses to phenylephrine, angiotensin II, and K+ (80 mm) in endothelium‐intact tissues. The effect of l‐NAME100 on phenylephrine‐induced contractile responses was not observed after 3 days of treatment. In endothelium‐denuded aortic tissues of l‐NAME100 (but not l‐NAME10)‐treated rats, phenylephrine (1 × 10−6 m)‐ and K+ (80 mm)‐induced contractions and 45Ca2+ influxes were significantly reduced. In Ca2+‐free medium (0.1 mm EDTA), on the contrary, the transient contractions obtained by either phenylephrine (1 × 10−6 m) or caffeine (1 × 10−2 m), or the sustained contractions induced by 12‐o‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (1 × 10−6 m; a protein kinase C activator) in endothelium‐denuded aortic rings, were not modified by both l‐NAME treatments. These results indicate that in aortic rings from l‐NAME hypertensive rats, low and high doses, long‐term l‐NAME administration may be associated with equivalent inhibition in NO‐dependent vasodilator tone (corresponding to equivalent hypertension values); whereas only high‐dose, long‐term l‐NAME administration produces an endothelium‐independent decrease in vasocontrictor activity, at least partly explained by a reduction in extracellular Ca2+ influx.
Efficacy of IDET for Relief of Leg Pain Associated with Discogenic Low Back Pain
Authors: Derby Richard , Lee Sang‐Heon , Seo Kwan Sik , Kazala Kerri , Kim Byung‐Jo , Kim Mi Jung
Published: November 2004

Abstract:  Intradiscal electrothermal annuloplasty (IDET) is an effective treatment for chronic discogenic low back pain (LBP). However, efficacy of IDET for the treatment of referred leg pain has not been examined. This study was performed to assess the long‐term efficacy of IDET for the treatment of referred leg pain in chronic discogenic LBP patients. Data were retrospectively analyzed as an IDET case series from January 1999 to December 2000. The IDET procedure was performed at 1–3 symptomatic levels confirmed by pressure‐controlled discography. General pain outcome was evaluated by Visual Analog Scale (VAS). LBP and leg pain were assessed separately using five‐point pain scales (subsets of the North American Spine Society [NASS] LBP outcome assessment instrument: 0 = no pain, 4 = worst pain) at the 18‐month follow‐up. Among 129 patients who underwent IDET, 30 patients underwent subsequent back surgery and were excluded from the study, giving a total of 99 patients. Eighty‐three patients (83.8%) had leg pain without sciatica. Fifty‐two (52.5%), 21 (21.2%), and 8 (8.0%) patients showed LBP > leg pain, LBP = leg pain and LBP < leg pain, respectively. Fifty‐three out of 83 patients (63.9%) showed post‐IDET improvement in pain, with a mean VAS score of 3.28 ± 2.31. Thirty patients (36.1%) showed no improvement. A statistically significant (P < 0.05) improvement in subjective back and referred leg pain was observed. Improvements in back and referred leg pain were well‐correlated (r = 0.721, P < 0.01). A relatively large number of LBP patients who underwent IDET (84%) presented with referred leg pain without sciatica. The IDET procedure afforded improvements in leg pain that correlated well with improvements in back pain (0.75/4 and 0.88/4, respectively). These data suggest that IDET may relieve associated limb pain in chronic discogenic LBP patients.
Treatment Outcomes in Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension: Do Epidural Blood Patches Stop the Leaks?
Authors: Diaz James H.
Published: November 2004

Abstract: Spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is a postural headache syndrome unrelated to dural puncture. Because of the increasing failure of epidural blood patch (EBP) to relieve headache in SIH, we retrospectively investigated the epidemiological features and treatment outcomes in 55 cases of SIH. The study population was stratified by age and sex; continuous variables were compared for differences byt‐tests; categorical variables were compared by Chi‐squared analysis or Fisher exact tests. Significant differences were identified byPvalues of 0.05 or less. The mean age of the study population was 44 ± 12 years with a female to male ratio of 1.3:1.0. Men presented with subdural hematomas (P = 0.001) more often than women. Meningeal enhancement on contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was the most consistent radiographic finding. Radionuclide cisternography (RC) demonstrated thoracolumbar dural leaks in 16 of 22 patients. EBP failures were more common in patients aged 40 and younger than in older patients (P = 0.003). Postural headache from SIH was not uniformly responsive to EBP, and had significant comorbidities, especially in men. The management of postural headache in SIH by other techniques to restore brain position and cerebrospinal fluid dynamics should be investigated.
A Management of Early CRPS I Caused by Ankle Sprain: A Case Report
Authors: Walia Kulbir S. , Muser Daniel E. , Raza Shariq S. , Griech Tricia , Khan Yasin N.
Published: November 2004

Abstract:  We present a case of a 13‐year‐old boy who developed signs and symptoms of neuropathic pain/early Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) Type I, formerly known as Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy (RSD), after spraining his ankle while wrestling. Aggressive pain control, using medications and sympatholytic blocks, with physical therapy and rehabilitation, led to the resolution of his painful condition. This prevented the disease from possibly progressing to a full‐blown case of CRPS I (RSD) that is very challenging to treat.
Evidence for exercise therapy in the treatment of chronic disease based on at least three randomized controlled trials – summary of published systematic reviews
Authors: Kujala Urho M.
Published: November 2004

Final evidence for the overall benefits of exercise therapy in the treatment/rehabilitation of specific chronic disease comes from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). This paper summarizes current evidence that is based on a systematic review including data from at least three RCTs with contrast for exercise only. The quality of specific RCTs as well as the quality of systematic reviews varies, the newest ones usually being of higher quality than the older ones. The most consistent finding of the studies is that aerobic capacity and muscular strength of patients can be improved without causing detrimental effects on disease progression. Severe complications during these carefully tailored programs were rare. The treatment periods and follow‐up times of the majority of the RCTs are of a too short duration to document group differences in disease progression. However, exercise reduces disease‐related symptoms in many diseases, such as osteoarthritis, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder. Also, RCTs studying patients with coronary heart disease as well as patients with heart failure show that all‐cause mortality is lower in exercisers than in controls.
Effect of Yucca schidigera with or without nisin on ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis in sheep fed silage‐ and hay‐based diets
Authors: SANTOSO Budi , MWENYA Benson , SAR Chetra , GAMO Yuko , KOBAYASHI Takeo , MORIKAWA Reina , TAKAHASHI Junichi
Published: November 2004

A 4 × 6 Youden square design was used to study manipulating effect of Yucca schidigera with or without nisin on rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial protein synthesis in sheep fed silage‐ and hay‐based diets. Four ruminally canulated wethers were given isonitrogenous diets of timothy silage and concentrate (85:15) (S), and timothy hay and concentrate (60:40) (H), on DM basis. The six experimental diets were: (i) S; (ii) S + 240 ppm of Yucca schidigera (SY); (iii) S + 240 ppm of Yucca schidigera + 6 mg/kg bodyweight (BW)0.75 of nisin (SYN); (iv) H; (v) H + 240 ppm of Yucca schidigera (HY); and (vi) H + 240 ppm of Yucca schidigera + 6 mg/kg BW0.75 of nisin (HYN). Rumen pH was higher (P < 0.01) in sheep fed SYN diet than those fed S diet. Concentration of ammonia‐N (NH3‐N) was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in sheep fed SY, SYN, HY, HYN than those of S and H. Total volatile fatty acids concentration was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in HYN than in H diet and tended to be higher in sheep fed H diets than those fed S diets. There was a significantly higher (P < 0.01) efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis in the rumen of sheep fed on HY diet than those fed on H diet.
ENERGY REPRESENTATIONS OF INFINITE DIMENSIONAL GAUGE GROUPS IN NONCOMMUTATIVE GEOMETRY
Authors: MARION JEAN
Published: November 2004

Let M be a compact smooth manifold, let [Formula: see text] be a unital involutive subalgebra of the von Neumann algebra £ (H) of bounded linear operators of some Hilbert space H, let [Formula: see text] be the unital involutive algebra [Formula: see text], let [Formula: see text] be an hermitian projective right [Formula: see text]-module of finite type, and let [Formula: see text] be the gauge group of unitary elements of the unital involutive algebra [Formula: see text] of right [Formula: see text]-linear endomorphisms of [Formula: see text]. We first prove that noncommutative geometry provides the suitable setting upon which a consistent theory of energy representations [Formula: see text] can be built. Three series of energy representations are constructed. The first consists of energy representations of the gauge group [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] being the group of unitary elements of [Formula: see text], associated with integrable Riemannian structures of M, and the second series consists of energy representations associated with (d, ∞)-summable K-cycles over [Formula: see text]. In the case where [Formula: see text] is a von Neumann algebra of type II 1 a third series is given: we introduce the notion of regular quasi K-cycle, we prove that regular quasi K-cycles over [Formula: see text] always exist, and that each of them induces an energy representation.