bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Political formations
Authors: Livesey Ruth
Published: December 2016

The period 1880‒1920 witnessed the emergence of a socialist movement and the Labour Party in Britain, anarchist attacks, and a re-energized women’s suffrage campaign: political formations shaped the twentieth-century British state. In the 1880s, literature and the arts were knitted into the texture of such politics, but by 1920 it was common for left-wing thinkers of the Fabian Society to distance themselves from the arty utopianism of the fin de siècle. Writers including Edward Carpenter, William Morris, and Olive Schreiner show how late nineteenth-century literature was a means to explore possible alternative futures for sexual relations, for social equality, and for the individual’s rejection of capitalist modernity. The chapter traces relations between anti-capitalist politics and literary experiment in the era of mass culture. It suggests Henry James’s Princess Casamassima and Joseph Conrad’s The Secret Agent foreshadow the realignment of politics and aesthetics in the early twentieth century.
Mythology, Empire, and Narrative
Authors: Zimbler Jarad
Published: December 2016

What would it mean to think of empire as a challenge and an opportunity for narrative, rather than as the inevitable subtext of literary works of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? Might ‘mythology’ be used to describe a condition and aim of the novel’s development, rather than self-serving accounts of imperial purpose? These are questions posed in the present chapter, which considers Olive Schreiner’s The Story of an African Farm (1883); Rudyard Kipling’s Kim (1901); and Joseph Conrad’s Almayer’s Folly (1895) and An Outcast of the Islands (1896). These novels are read in relation to a range of texts of the period, including reviews published in the periodical press; research in comparative mythology; and debates about the relative merits of novels of romance and realism.
Representing Work
Authors: Eltis Sos
Published: December 2016

The arts of the late Victorian and Edwardian period were concerned not to show work as a problem to be solved but as an experience, a key element of life in the mechanized industrial society, as captured cheerfully in the burgeoning subgenre of the ‘shop-girl musical’. But equally, novels and plays focused on the plight of the white-collar worker caught up in and oppressed by larger systems and institutions and the alienating conditions of modern labour. A range of writers like Hardy, Shaw, Wells, and Galsworthy remained unconvinced that modern industry and commerce had necessarily improved social mobility or eroded the traditional power of the property owning classes, while a more ambivalent response to new employment opportunities can be found in the feminist writings of Cicely Hamilton and Elizabeth Baker.
Journalism and Periodical Culture
Authors: Binckes Faith
Published: December 2016

This chapter probes the centrality of periodicals and ‘little magazines’ to modernism. ‘In the years between 1880 and 1920’, it is argued, ‘periodicals both told the story and were the story’. The chapter extends to the twenty-first century, when digitization projects have reconfigured the way that we engage with periodicals as media. By examining a number of creative bibliographic interventions, it considers how interpretations of these media function as proto-modernist or, alternatively, as eccentric to the principal modernist narratives. Throughout, this chapter attends to the ‘inter-related modernities, sharing the same temporal and textual space’ that emerged within the period’s print culture and which carry on in contemporary research.
The Illustrated Book
Authors: Elliott Kamilla
Published: December 2016

The illustrated book between 1880 and 1920 was a prime locus for contesting the relative roles of literature and art, authors and artists, and their representational abilities. Debates over book illustration extended beyond aesthetic, semiotic, and hermeneutic issues to engage philosophical, political, psychological, historical, technological, and scientific subjects. As new photomechanical technologies produced new aesthetic styles, extended the consumption of illustrated books, and reshaped their interpretations, older illustration technologies were revived to resist them in both progressive and nostalgic ways. In spite of (or rather because of) the power and popularity of illustrated books, their discourses contained the seeds of illustration’s subsequent neglect in literary studies, as critics worked assiduously to displace pictorial illustration with verbal commentary—another sense of ‘illustration’. Yet discourses of illustrated books segued into debates over literary film adaptation, where they have continued to the present day.
Actors and Puppets From Henry Irving’s Lyceum To Edward Gordon Craig’s Arena Goldoni
Authors: Taxidou Olga
Published: December 2016

This chapter explores the ‘aesthetics of catastrophe’ that informs the stage experiments of the period, epitomized by Edward Gordon Craig’s essay-manifesto of 1909, ‘The Actor and the Übermarionette’, one of many anti-theatrical tracts of early modernist theatre whose aim, paradoxically, was to ‘retheatricalize’ an art form that many felt had been dulled by realism. Anti-theatrical stage experiments, frequently located within the physical, semantic/representational, and ideological contours of the performing body, were deeply influenced by puppets, masks, robots, and automata. These are the focus of Taxidou’s discussion as writing on puppets by Arthur Symons, Walter Pater, and Oscar Wilde are charted, in conjunction with the work of Heinrich von Kleist, Charles Baudelaire (on dolls), and the actual puppet theatres of France and Italy that were so influential at the end of the nineteenth century.
Celticism
Authors: Williams Daniel G.
Published: December 2016

This chapter argues that any convincing account of late Victorian Celticism must register its diversity. From one perspective Celticism is a product of English epistemological mastery and political domination, an internal form of Orientalism in which the feminine, superstitious, and poetic Celt could be easily accommodated as a junior partner in the British Imperial adventure. From another, Celticism offers a radical reconceptualization of national identities within the British Isles, fostering new avenues of dialogue and artistic and political collaboration. Adopting a ‘four-nations’ approach to cultural history and drawing on a range of writers from Matthew Arnold to W. B. Yeats, Fiona McLeod to Edward Thomas, this chapter explores these tensions. It concludes by considering the implications of thinking about identity in linguistic as opposed to racial terms.
Whatwasthe ‘New Drama’?
Authors: Eltis Sos , Shepherd-Barr Kirsten E.
Published: December 2016

The much-touted ‘New Drama’ defies easy categorization as it straddled—and indeed obliterated—the line between popular and avant-garde theatre, encompassing ‘a huge range of theatrical activity’. Through examples from such as George Bernard Shaw, John Galsworthy, Elizabeth Robins, and Susan Glaspell, this chapter shows that social reform and aesthetic innovation were not mutually exclusive but could go hand in hand. This in turn has profound implications for definitions of modernism that have tended to privilege exclusivity and rupture as the prime requirements for inclusion in the modernist canon. A deeper exploration of the theatre of this period breaks down the binaries of ‘new’ and ‘old’, high and low, ‘mainstream and coterie’ and reveals that ‘bold stylistic experimentation coexisted with active social engagement’.
Carole Pateman,The Sexual Contract
Authors: Dietz Mary G.
Published: December 2016

This chapter reviews The Sexual Contract, a work by Carole Pateman that identifies masculinized forms of domination and assumptions of male sex-right (the “sexual contract”) embodied in the concept of “contract” generally and specific to the classic social contract theories of Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau. Beginning with the “patriarchal confusions” that Pateman exposes in contemporary political and feminist theoretic interpretations of contract theory, the chapter then turns to Pateman’s alternative feminist “storytelling” approach to social contract theory. In particular it examines the merits of Pateman’s subversive critique of contractual relations, political right, and the subjection of women as presented through her threefold story of the “original,” “social,” and “sexual” contracts. Following an assessment of feminist receptions of Pateman’s critique of contract theory, the chapter also explores the interpretive implications of her search for a “logic” embedded in these stories and within the classic social contract texts generally. Finally, it considers the book’s fortunes in relation to new modes and disciplines of identity knowledges, along with some criticisms of the work from contemporary gender, sexuality, and queer studies.
Comparative Corporate Insolvency Law
Authors: Eidenmüller Horst
Published: December 2016

This chapter deals with fundamental issues of corporate insolvency (bankruptcy) law. Particular attention is paid to the agency problems related to “insolvency (bankruptcy) governance” of corporations and how these problems are addressed in various jurisdictions. Methodologically, the chapter is based on a functional approach that compares different legal regimes against the yardstick of economic efficiency. The structure of the chapter follows the issues as they arise in time in a corporate insolvency proceeding: objectives of insolvency laws, opening and governance of proceedings, ranking of claims and the position of secured creditors and shareholders, and rescue proceedings. The chapter also covers the contractual resolution of financial distress. It concludes with thoughts on the reasons for the identified jurisdictional divergences and an outlook on the worldwide efforts toward harmonization of (corporate) insolvency laws. In terms of jurisdictions, the chapter mainly draws on the corporate insolvency laws in the US, England, France, and Germany.
The Business of Water
Authors: Bakker Karen
Published: December 2016

Over the past three decades, water supply has become big business, and fierce debates have emerged in many countries over water privatization and water markets. This chapter reviews five dimensions of this debate: (1) the privatization of ownership and management; (2) the commercialization of water management organizations; (3) the environmental valuation and pricing of water; (4) the marketization of exchange mechanisms (“water trading” and “water markets”); and (5) the neoliberalization of governance. The analysis offers an analytical framework within which more structured, comprehensive assessments of market environmentalism—which is multifaceted and highly varied, difficult to implement in practice, and by no means hegemonic—in the water sector might be conducted. The chapter concludes with some reflections on the future of this debate.
Climate Information and Water Management
Authors: Lemos Maria Carmen , Kirchhoff Christine
Published: December 2016

Climate-change projections suggest water managers, policymakers, and planners will need to grapple both with increased stress on water supplies and more climate variability and extremes. In the context of water governance, climate information can play a critical role in informing planning preparedness and response options; however, research shows that the level of use of climate information among water managers is still relatively low. This review examines three different disconnects at the intersection of scientific knowledge and water management. First, it tackles the disconnect between the production of knowledge and that knowledge’s application in specific water-management decision contexts. Second, it explores the disconnect between what different water management models, such as integrated water resource management, should in principle do to foster the use of climate information and how well they accomplish this goal in practice. Third, it examines the potential disconnect between adoption of climate information and adaptive capacity building.
Economics of Water
Authors: Peterson Jeffrey M. , Hendricks Nathan
Published: December 2016

Water resources provide services of economic value to different sectors through consumptive uses, non-consumptive uses, nonuse, and as a waste receptor. The diverse array of goods and services provided by water create a challenge for efficiently allocating the resource. Furthermore, water resources are often subject to market failures because they lack the conditions of excludability and rivalry. These market failures result in depleted water supplies and degraded water quality. This chapter discusses various policy approaches that have attempted to address these market failures, many of which have created additional economic inefficiencies. It also discusses some of the scale and jurisdiction issues in water management—such as local self-governing institutions and transboundary policy formation—from an economics perspective. It primarily analyzes policies affecting agricultural water use and the impacts of agriculture on water quality because agriculture is the largest user of water and is a major contributor to water quality problems.
Contemporary Chinese Buddhist Traditions
Authors: Poceski Mario
Published: December 2016

The chapter presents an overview of contemporary Chinese Buddhism, broadly conceived, along with a survey of the major historical developments and defining responses to modernity articulated in the course of the turbulent twentieth century. After situating the growth and adaptation of Buddhism within the broad sweep of Chinese history, it highlights the ways in which the Buddhist community tried to revive and to reform its tradition during the Republican era. The central part of the chapter describes the institutional revival and renewed interest in Buddhism during the post-Mao era, along with a discussion of the mechanisms of governmental control over Buddhism. Also covered are the remarkable Buddhist resurgence that over the last several decades has been taking place in Taiwan, the scope of female participation in the development of contemporary Buddhism, and the ongoing globalization of Buddhist organizations and practices.
Contemporary Tibetan Buddhism
Authors: Zablocki Abraham
Published: December 2016

This chapter examines contemporary Tibetan Buddhism through an exploration of its transformation from a pre-modern form of Vajrayana Buddhism that was localized in Tibet and the wider Himalayan region, to its modern paradigm within the framework of Global Buddhism. In the contemporary period, Tibetan Buddhism inside Tibet is examined in relation to the imposition of Chinese political authority, while Tibetan Buddhism outside Tibet is examined in relation to the activities of the fourteenth Dalai Lama and the participation of Western, Chinese, and South Asian converts to Tibetan Buddhism in the efforts of Tibetan exiles to rebuild their religious institutions in diaspora.
Buddhism in Latin America
Authors: Rocha Cristina
Published: December 2016

This chapter presents an overview of developments of Buddhism in Latin America. Although not a major religion in the region, Buddhism has thrived among the tertiary-educated, white middle classes. Nevertheless, there has been a paucity of research on the topic, and the region seldom features in the scholarship on global Buddhism. Drawing on the extant scholarly work, government statistics, and Internet sites of Buddhist institutions, this chapter shows that the ways in which Buddhism arrived and is taking root in the region is similar to other parts of the Western world: with the arrival of Asian migrants, the flourishing of the counterculture and New Age spirituality, and globalization. This chapter argues that although Latin America may take a peripheral place in a network of global flows of Buddhism, it has never been isolated from flows of Buddhist ideas, beliefs, practices, material culture, and people circulating around the world.
Contemporary Thai Buddhism
Authors: Scott Rachelle M.
Published: December 2016

This chapter examines the diversity of Buddhist thought and practice in the modern nation of Thailand. The national boundaries that mark the separation between Thailand and the countries of Burma, Malaysia, Laos, and Cambodia are products of the modern era and European colonialism. Contemporary Thai Buddhist traditions reflect the fluid borders of the past, while also demonstrating the impact of modern processes of religious centralization and globalization. Part of the centralization and nation-building project of the modern Thai state involved a process of homogenization—or, to be more precise, Siamification (asserting the power of Bangkok culture and authority over other regions and traditions), but the diversity that typified the pre-modern era continues to exist in the contemporary age, albeit in different ways. This chapter begins with an examination of pre-modern diversity in order to demonstrate how contemporary Thai traditions both reflect and diverge from its varied past.
Contemporary Buddhism and Magic
Authors: White Erick
Published: December 2016

This chapter provides an overview of the general substantive, formal, and social characteristics of that diverse assemblage of practices, objects, and actors identified as magical within contemporary Buddhist religious cultures. After critically reflecting on the concept of “magic,” the chapter first rethinks and re-describes the substantive character, social uses, and cultural idioms of Buddhist magic against the grain of scholarly discourses about religion and magic. The chapter then reviews changing academic approaches to the study of magic by Buddhist scholars. Finally, it explores some of the debates about magic in contemporary Asian societies and how these are embedded in social, economic, and political developments, which have transformed not only understandings of Buddhism but also the organization, practice, and consumption of activities defined as magical in the modern era.
Contemporary Tantric Buddhist Traditions
Authors: Gray David B.
Published: December 2016

Tantric Buddhist traditions emerged in South Asia during the seventh century c.e., and rapidly spread into Central, East, and Southeast Asia. One of the most notable features of these traditions was the presence of antinomian elements. Many tantric scriptures contain descriptions of rituals involving violence as well as sexual practices. These works led to resistance to tantric traditions in some cultural contexts. They became well established in Tibet, and have spread throughout the world with the Tibetan diaspora from 1959 onward. The dissemination of tantric traditions in the contemporary world, however, has arguably been hindered by problems relating to the transgressive texts and rituals preserved by these traditions. These include controversies concerning the continued practice of violent rituals, as well as the sexual abuse of students by tantric masters who evidently secretly maintain the practice of tantric sexual rituals.
Buddhism, Nationalism, and Governance
Authors: Walton Matthew J.
Published: December 2016

Far from the detached, world-renouncing religion it is often portrayed as, Buddhism has long been a source for theorizing about politics. This chapter examines the ways in which Buddhists have drawn from texts, doctrine, history, symbolism, and culture to argue for a wide range of political systems and ideologies, from monarchy to democracy and Marxism to imperialism. Buddhists have also invoked religious values in defense of the nation, although a critical look at Buddhist nationalism reveals that Buddhists are often directing their zeal toward other aspects of identity rather than the nation.
Contemporary Japanese Buddhist Traditions
Authors: Porcu Elisabetta
Published: December 2016

Based on the premise that there is no single and homogeneous Japanese Buddhism but a multifaceted religious tradition resulting from a long history of adaptations and cross-cultural interactions, this chapter explores some aspects of Buddhism in Japan, including Buddhism-based new religious movements, in connection to the challenges of contemporary society. These include the structure of today’s temples in terms of membership and activities, issues of politics and social engagement closely linked to the role of Buddhism in the public sphere, the innovative ways through which Buddhist institutions are reacting to a deeply mediatized society, and overseas developments. Before proceeding to the contemporary period, the chapter provides a brief overview of the historical developments of Buddhism from its inception to the postwar period.
US Buddhist Traditions
Authors: Cheah Joseph
Published: December 2016

This chapter highlights some of the major events in the developments of US Buddhist traditions. It is divided into three main sections that examine the Orientalist construction of Buddhism, the adaptation of Buddhist practices in the United States, and the experiences of Asian immigrant Buddhists. The first section is an important reminder that the antecedent of US Buddhism traces back not to the 1897 World Parliament of Religions, but to an Orientalist conception of “Buddhism” promoted by Eugene Burnouf and other founding members of Western Buddhism. The second section briefly looks at the adaptation of Buddhist practices primarily in the following communities: Zen, Tibetan Buddhism, Soka Gakkai International, and Theravada Buddhism-inspired Vipassana meditation. The last section explores the experiences and practices of Asian American Buddhists beginning with the Chinese contract workers of the nineteenth century to the immigration of new Asian immigrant Buddhists since the Immigration Act of 1965.
Contemporary Buddhism and Education
Authors: Tikhonov Vladimir
Published: December 2016

Modern Buddhist education in Asia is an organic part of the project of Buddhist modernization pursued by a number of Buddhist reformers, often as a response to the challenges of imperialism, capitalism, and Christian proselytism. While in some cases (notably in colonial Burma) the resistance to colonialism could translate into the resistance of the monastery schools to the introduction of “modern” subjects, in most cases Buddhist educational systems attempted to reinvent themselves, using modern techniques of teaching and evaluation as well as modern institutional forms—for example, that of a sectarian Buddhist university. Such a reinvention brought considerable successes in many places, notably Japan and South Korea, but modernization success is rife with inherent pitfalls. Once integrated into standardized modern educational marketplace, Buddhist educational institutions risk quickly losing their specifically religious character, with religion remaining as simply one compartmentalized and professionalized subject. In the countries where modernization has been state-driven (typically, People’s Republic of China), Buddhist educational modernization often implies close cooperation with—and ultimately co-optation by—the state institutions.
A Historiography of Islamic Family Law
Authors: Welchman Lynn
Published: December 2016

This chapter begins by reviewing two earlier historiographies of Islamic family law to illustrate the breadth and depth of the field and proceeds to examine the literature. The first section focuses on doctrinal scholarship on different substantive areas of law. The second considers the literature that deals with the different loci of authority to interpret, legislate, and enforce Islamic family law, or parts of it. The third section considers literature that engages with the implications of the increasingly unsettled authority of apparently agreed upon substance of Islamic family law, and the authority to say what it is. This growing body of scholarship engages with what Islamic family law could/should/might be and includes purposively engaged scholarship as well as examinations of activist alliances and the views of wider publics questioned about what they expect it to be—that is, what problems they expect this law to resolve.
The Legal Institutionalization of Public Participation in the EU Governance of Technology
Authors: Lee Maria
Published: December 2016

This chapter explores the tension between the expectation of ‘public participation’ in areas of high technological complexity, and sometimes limited engagement with the results of participatory exercises by decision makers. The chapter examines in particular the ways in which legal contexts (eg narrowly drawn legislative objectives, judicial preference for certain types of evidence, free trade rules) can tend to incentivize a decision explained on the basis of ‘facts’, as determined by expert processes. Broader public contributions may find it difficult to be heard in this context. This chapter argues that an expansion to the legal framework, so that a broader range of public comments can be heard by decision makers, is both desirable and, importantly, plausible—albeit extraordinarily difficult.
Organizational Identity
Authors: Kenny Kate , Whittle Andrea , Willmott Hugh
Published: December 2016

What is the role of power and politics in the construction of organizational identity? In this chapter we depart from existing approaches that tend to focus on overt displays of power, including observable conflicts and attempts to influence. We propose instead that yet more subtle and insidious exercises of power can impact upon the enactment of organizational identity, shaping answers to questions such as “who are we?” In making our claims, we draw on ideas from Lukes, Foucault, and Laclau and Mouffe, influential social and political theorists who have to date remained under-utilized in the study of organizational identity. Developing this approach, we present a framework for examining how relations of domination and exploitation can become naturalized through constructions of organizational identity, and we conclude by discussing the contribution of this approach for the field of organization identity.
Organizational Identity
Authors: Alvesson Mats , Robertson Maxine
Published: December 2016

The chapter offers a critique of the concept of organizational identity (OI), challenging some basic assumptions and knowledge claims surrounding OI from a Critical Management Studies (CMS) perspective. We start by considering the taken-for-granted idea that OI is pre-given. We then consider the assumptions surrounding the inter-relationship between OI, employee identification, and organizational image, and suggest alternative ideas. We then challenge what we see as the reification in OI thinking, and point at the neglect of power in the field. We further discuss the remarkable similarities between aspects of OI research and studies of organizational culture, and argue that OI should take this work more seriously. Throughout, we advocate adopting a process perspective on OI in order to acknowledge the complexity of contemporary organizational life, and we conclude by offering suggestions regarding further developments in this area.
Organizational Identity and the Undesired Self
Authors: Elsbach Kimberly D. , Dukerich Janet
Published: December 2016

The undesired self has been defined as “how I hope never to be” (Ogilvie, 1987). Through an examination of extant case study research, we explore the relationship between organizational identity and the undesired self. In particular, we examine how, in attempts to affirm desired organizational identities (e.g., legitimate or distinctive organizational identities), organizations may impose undesired selves on their members by compelling them to assume roles or identities that are antithetical to their self-conceptions. We then explore how organizational members may respond to the enactment of such undesired selves. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of our insights about organizational identity and the undesired self, and explore directions for future research.
Planned Organizational Identity Change
Authors: van Riel Cees B. M. , Bhatt Mamta , Baumann Marijke
Published: December 2016

In this chapter, drawing from past research on organizational identity change and our observations at several companies that have engaged in such an effort, we develop a framework of planned organizational identity change. In particular, we shed light on how organizations use new identity claims to bring about a deliberate change in their identity. Our framework suggests that such initiatives focus on communicating identity to both internal and external stakeholders. Further, while these initiatives aim at ensuring employee alignment in the internal audience (i.e., organizational members), the goal in the case of external audience is managing reputation. We illustrate the framework with an example of a Dutch funeral insurance and care organization—DELA—that brought about identity change in this manner. Finally, we discuss several research and practice implications based on the framework.
Bridging and Integrating Theories on Organizational Identity
Authors: Cornelissen Joep , Werner Mirjam , Haslam S. Alexander
Published: December 2016

We review the existing literature on organizational identity and compare and contrast different theoretical perspectives, including social constructionist, social actor, and social identity theories. We argue that these perspectives can be usefully compared, and in turn integrated, by identifying the root metaphors, or images, of identity that form their theoretical base. By taking this approach, we are able to connect strands of organizational identity scholarship and identify possibilities for a greater cross-fertilization and integration between them. We in turn propose an integrative process model that describes key processes and outcomes of organizational identity formation and change, from a social interactionist perspective, and which provides a viable theoretical framework for further research.
Making Sense of Who We Are
Authors: van Knippenberg Daan
Published: December 2016

Organizational identity—those aspects of the organization that its members perceive to be central, enduring, and distinctive—is not only an important influence on organizational behavior: it is also a social construction, and thus potentially subject to leadership to shape or change perceptions of organizational identity. This chapter presents an analysis of these leadership influences informed by social identity analyses of leadership and identity change. This analysis points to a core role of leader sensegiving—communicating the desired understanding of organizational identity—supported by other acts of leadership such as role modeling, symbolic changes, and building a coalition to advocate the envisioned identity. This analysis also highlights the role of leader group prototypicality in terms of perceived representativeness of the currently perceived as well as of the envisioned identity, both to give the leader’s identity claims the necessary credibility and to establish continuity between current and envisioned understandings of identity.
Organizational Identity Change and Temporality
Authors: Schultz Majken
Published: December 2016

Discussions of what changes and what remains stable about organizational identity have been central to the field since organizational identity was defined as “enduring” by Albert and Whetten in 1985. This chapter provides an overview of these discussions by presenting three different views on organizational identity change: 1) Identity as enduring stability; 2) Identity as periodic change and 3) Identity as ongoing change. The chapter shows how each view includes different interpretations and elaborates the various mechanisms underpinning identity stability or change based in empirical studies. The chapter argues how the view on organizational identity change itself has changed in the 30-year history of the field, and suggests how the recent development towards temporal and process-based views returns to a focus on the continuity provided by organizational identity, albeit from a different theoretical and empirical foundation than that suggested by Albert and Whetten.
Measuring Organizational Identity
Authors: Foreman Peter O. , Whetten David A.
Published: December 2016

Although the concept of organizational identity has gained currency in the organizational studies literature, and many conceptual issues have been addressed, there is an overall lack of attention to methodological concerns. Specifically, the field lacks a comprehensive and systematic review of how organizational identity is operationalized and measured. Given the disparate uses of the concept and the range of theories employing it, the means of measurement span the gamut of qualitative and quantitative methodologies. In this chapter, we review over 80 studies where organizational identity was operationalized and/or measured. We develop a descriptive classification framework of measurement approaches, noting the distinctive elements of the five major types that result. We then identify key patterns that emerge from the data, leading to insights and observations about the landscape of organizational identity research. We conclude with a discussion of critical implications and directions for future research.
Identity Construction in Mergers and Acquisitions
Authors: Tienari Janne , Vaara Eero
Published: December 2016

This chapter conceptualizes identity construction in mergers and acquisitions (M and As) as sensemaking where discursive resources are mobilized to construct, transform, and at times destruct senses of organizational identity. M and As are offered as specific contexts where resources such as stereotypes, tropes, narratives, and antenarratives are drawn on to make sense of self (and others) in the transition from legacy organizations to new combined organizational entities. The chapter proposes a theoretical framing based on discursive sensemaking and offers examples from extant research to specify and illustrate it. As a case in point it highlights dynamics of discursive sensemaking with regard to national identity in international M and As. Finally, the chapter outlines avenues for future research.
How Do We Communicate Who We Are?
Authors: Schinoff Beth , Rogers Kristie , Corley Kevin G.
Published: December 2016

How do individuals develop a shared understanding of organizational identity? In this chapter, we focus on the top-down part of this process, examining how individuals, on behalf of organizations, communicate “who we are.” We present a framework of how these “identity custodians” convey organizational identity by saying (i.e., telling members who we are), showing (i.e., modeling behaviors that communicate who we are), and/or staging (i.e., providing opportunities for members to enact who we are) identity content. Building on this framework, we develop a typology based on the clarity of custodians’ perceptions of organizational identity content and the extent to which these custodians intentionally communicate identity content to organizational members. We describe four archetypal scenarios within this typology to articulate when and why identity custodians engage in saying, showing, and staging, and bring our theorizing to life through anecdotes from extant literature and the popular business press.
Institutional Pluralism, Inhabitants, and the Construction of Organizational and Personal Identities
Authors: Dejordy Rich , Creed W. E. Douglas
Published: December 2016

In this chapter we propose that organizational identities—particularly organizational selves (Pratt and Kraatz, 2011)—are socially constructed in the service of personal identity projects. Building on institutional theory, we propose institutional inhabitants facing the myriad pressures associated with institutional pluralism respond with agency, socially constructing selves for organizations and appropriating them, through affiliation, as a resource in resolving those pressures in their personal identity projects. We then interrogate how and when this perspective may effect change in organizational identities and selves. We close the chapter by showing how this perspective applies in the comparison of three organizations existing in the same institutional environment and discussing implications of this perspective for future research on organizational identity.
North American Approaches— New York
Authors: Goldstein Gerald
Published: December 2016

This chapter provides an overview of the history of the development of neuropsychology in the New York City area. It contains sections on the major figures in the field, their academic and clinical settings, and a review of their major contributions. Many of the founders of neuropsychology lived and worked in New York City, including Hans-Lukas Teuber, Kurt Goldstein, Martin Scheerer, David Wechsler, Joseph Zubin, Leonard Diller, Yehuda Ben-Yishay, and Herbert Birch. The first neuropsychology research laboratory was founded at New York University by Hans-Lukas Teuber and the beginnings of several aspects of clinical neuropsychology began in New York City including the development of sorting tests, the use of intelligence tests in neuropsychological assessment, and scientific study of cognitive rehabilitation.
The Future of Social Influence in Social Psychology
Authors: Harkins Stephen G. , Williams Kipling D.
Published: December 2016

With notable exceptions, social influence has not played a major role in social psychology since the mid-1980s. The chapters in this volume, along with other developments, set the stage for a return of social influence to its once preeminent position. The chapters contribute to the renaissance of interest in social influence in a variety of ways. Some chapters show us that it is time to re-examine classic topics in the context of what has been learned since the original research was conducted. Others show how integrations/elaborations that advance our understanding of social influence processes are now possible. The chapters also reveal lacunae in the social influence literature, and suggest future lines of research. Perhaps the most important of these will take into account the change from traditional social influence that occurs face-to-face to social media-mediated influence that is likely to characterize many of our interactions in the future.
A Method for Determining the Size of the Underground Cash Economy for Commercial Sex in Seven US Cities
Authors: Khan Bilal , Downey Mitch , Dank Meredith , Dombrowski Kirk
Published: December 2016

This chapter describes a new method for determining the size of the underground cash economy for commercial sex in seven major US cities: Atlanta, Dallas, Denver, Miami, San Diego, Seattle, and Washington, DC. In this innovative methodology, the operating assumption of the process is that estimates of the size of various domains of the underground economy are more accurate when comparative data across time and different locations are taken into account and when estimates of the size of one domain of the underground economy are forced to balance estimates of other domains in the underground economy with which they coincide. This method is used to derive a more rigorous estimate of the underground commercial sex economy and shed more light on its structure. To estimate its size accurately, simultaneous estimates are obtained for the size of the cash-based trade in illegal drugs and illegal firearms in each city.
Sidewalk Queens
Authors: Frondizi Alexandre , Porcher Simon
Published: December 2016

This chapter provides an in-depth historical analysis of prostitution markets in Paris during the 19th century. More specifically, it explores the economic rationalities of the different actors in the informal public prostitution network and how their behavior affects the financial considerations of the other actors in the urban economy. Before discussing the economics of popular prostitutions in fin-de-siècle Paris, the chapter takes a look at streetwalkers and their role in the local economy. It then considers the supply and demand for street prostitutes in Paris, along with the negative externalities of public prostitution in the city. In particular, it examines the impact of street prostitution on regulated brothels, shopkeepers, and annuitants. It also takes into account the positive externalities of street prostitution in relation to wine merchants and slumlords and concludes with an assessment of the red-light district of fin-de-siècle Paris.
HIV/AIDS and Commercial Sex Work in the Developing World
Authors: de Araujo Pedro
Published: December 2016

This article explores the relationship between HIV/AIDS and commercial sex work (csw) in the developing world.. It also considers the role of csw in economic growth in developing countries and how the law can help reduce the harm associated with csw. The article begins by contextualizing HIV infection in poor countries and its potential to ruin economic growth and proceeds to discuss how epidemics usually start at concentrated population sub-groups and spread from these sub-groups to the general population through conduits consisting of certain segments of the population itself. It also examines the risks of infection for both commercial sex workers and clients associated with promiscuous behaviors; issues such as the inadequate HIV-related knowledge and public policy and campaigns. Finally, it outlines the reasons why women still choose to engage in prostitution despite the risks of HIV/AIDS and presents examples of successful interventions in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Eastern Europe.
Examining the Role of Client Reviews and Reputation within Online Prostitution
Authors: Cunningham Scott , Kendall Todd D.
Published: December 2016

Seller reputation can incentivize the fulfillment of contractual obligations and the provision of noncontractible services if buyers have lower willingness to pay for products offered by sellers with poor reputations. For this reason, reputational mechanisms can substitute for court enforcement of contracts, when court enforcement is costly or unavailable, and more generally can improve sellers’ behavior toward buyers. This Chapter examines the market for professional escorts, a high-quality segment of the market for prostitution. Since prostitution is illegal in most US locations, court enforcement of contracts between buyers and sellers is problematic. We examine how the diffusion of websites that allow escort customers to share information with each other has created an important reputational mechanism where only weak measures of reputation were previously available. We show that the diffusion of one well-known website appears to correlate with a trend toward better escort behavior toward buyers. Welfare implications of this reputational mechanism are, however, ambiguous, since it likely expands the market for prostitution, potentially generating negative externalities.
Prostitution Policy
Authors: Immordino G. , Russo F. F.
Published: December 2016

The goal of this chapter is to propose a simple mathematical framework to study the effects of different prostitution policies on the total quantity of prostitution exchanged in a market equilibrium and on its price. We consider policies both within legal regimes that make prostitution illegal, focusing on enforcement and fines, and within regimes that make prostitution legal, focusing on taxation, entry restrictions and harm reduction. We also provide several historical and actual examples of such policies.
Social Media and Law Enforcement Investigations
Authors: Rice Stephen K. , Parkin William S.
Published: December 2016

The use of social media applications and services have become ubiquitous in the United States, even more so among teenagers and young adults within their prime offending years. At the same time, law enforcement agencies have been challenged to keep abreast of these technological changes, both from a procedural and legal perspective. This article outlines the use of social media in law enforcement investigations focusing specifically on investigations regarding “routine” crimes, counter-terrorism or extremism, police use of force, and misconduct allegations. Although the empirical research in this area is severely limited, we present current agency practices and examples for “routine,” internal, and ideological investigations. We conclude with suggestions for future research agendas that can provide more insight and understanding into law enforcement’s use of social media as an investigatory tool.
The Impartial Spectator and the Moral Teachings of Markets
Authors: Storr Virgil Henry
Published: December 2016

Market skeptics have persuasively argued that the market is a social arena that is not simply amoral but that has negative moral consequences. Market apologists have offered two basic responses to this kind of charge: that the market is amoral, and that it transforms private vice into public virtue. This chapter discusses the moral teachings of the market—that is, the moral sentiments individuals are likely to acquire and develop as they engage in the market. Relying on Adam Smith’s discussions of the “impartial spectator,” that imaginary figure that each of us constructs to offer us moral guidance as we negotiate our lives, it is argued that there are good reasons to believe that our impartial spectators might be changed by our dealings in the market. Rather than celebrating selfishness and greed, the market tends to punish both vices. While the market is unlikely to promote the traditional virtues in the form that they are promoted in other contexts, the market is a moral teacher that rewards and so encourages virtuous behavior.
Wet Processing of Barley Grains into Concentrates of Proteins, β‐Glucan, and Starch
Authors: Liu Keshun , Barrows Frederic T.
Published: December 2016

An improved wet method was developed to process barley into fractions concentrated in protein, (1‐3)(1‐4)‐β‐d‐glucan (BG), starch, or other carbohydrates (CHO). Alkaline concentration, solvent to barley flour ratio (SFR), and extraction temperature were evaluated for their effects on concentration and recovery of protein, BG, starch, oil, ash, and other CHO in each fraction type. Results show that the three parameters and their interactions all had significant effects, resulting in varying nutrient concentrations and recovery rates in each type of fractions. For protein fractions, protein content varied from 37.7 to 75.2%, protein recovery from 8.5 to 75.7%, and increasing alkaline concentration and SFR improved nutrient recovery. For BG fractions, BG content ranged from 21.5 to 87.0%, BG recovery from 28.6 to 78.0%, and increasing alkaline concentration decreased BG content but increased its recovery significantly. For starch fractions, starch content varied from 76.9 to 93.9%, starch recovery from 33.6 to 63.9%, and all parameters had little effect on the nutrient concentrations, but alkaline concentration and SFR improved recovery of starch, other CHO, and mass. Overall, the improved wet method was effective in concentrating the major nutrients from barley into their respective fractions, but process optimization through manipulating the three parameters is necessary to achieve a maximum concentration or recovery rate of a nutrient of interest in a specific fraction.