bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Denosumab Therapy Obscures Histological Features of Giant Cell Tumor of Bone
Authors: Gilani Ahmed , Kleinschmidt-DeMasters Bette K
Published: October 2019

Giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone is a locally aggressive tumor with low metastatic potential, usually originating in long bones. Numerous spinal examples have been reported and thus GCTs can be encountered by neuropathologists. We describe a 69-year-old man with more than a 10-year history of GCT primary to the femur that had recently metastasized to the occipital skull bone. The patient had been receiving denosumab, an adjuvant therapy for GCT, prior to the metastasis. Review of the histological features of the original primary tumor in the femur showed archetypal features of GCT, but the posttreatment occipital skull metastasis showed a predominantly low-to-medium cell density spindle cell tumor with complete depletion of osteoclastic giant cells. Although this effect of the drug is increasingly being recognized by soft tissue pathologists, the current case illustrates the potentially confusing histology of postdenosumab-treated GCT for neuropathologists. The absence of giant cells leads the posttherapy primary or metastatic lesion to show histologic similarity to a multitude of benign and malignant fibro-osseous lesions or spindle cell sarcoma and highlights the importance of eliciting appropriate clinical history.
The use of a centrifuge-free RABiT-II system for high-throughput micronucleus analysis
Authors: Repin Mikhail , Pampou Sergey , Brenner David J , Garty Guy
Published: October 2019

The cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay is considered to be the most suitable biodosimetry method for automation. Previously, we automated this assay on a commercial robotic biotech high-throughput system (RABiT-II) adopting both a traditional and an accelerated micronucleus protocol, using centrifugation steps for both lymphocyte harvesting and washing, after whole blood culturing. Here we describe further development of our accelerated CBMN assay protocol for use on high-throughput/high content screening (HTS/HCS) robotic systems without a centrifuge. This opens the way for implementation of the CBMN assay on a wider range of commercial automated HTS/HCS systems and thus increases the potential capacity for dose estimates following a mass-casualty radiological event.
Interfaces, ephemera, and identity: A study of the historical presentation of digital humanities resources
Authors: Warwick Claire
Published: October 2019

This article reports on a study of interfaces to long-lived digital humanities (DH) resources using an innovative combination of research methods from book history, interface design, and digital preservation and curation to investigate how interfaces to DH resources have changed over time. To do this, we used the Internet Archive’s Wayback machine to investigate the original presentation and all subsequent changes to the interfaces of a small sample of projects. The study addresses the following questions: What can we learn from a study of interfaces to DH material? How have interfaces to DH materials changed over the course of their existence? Do these changes affect the way the resource is used, and the way it conveys meaning? Should we preserve interfaces for future scholarship? We show that a valuable information may be derived from the interfaces of long-lived projects. Visual design can communicate subtle messages about the way the resource was originally conceived by its creators and subsequent changes show how knowledge of user behaviour developed in the DH community. Interfaces provide information about the intellectual context of early digital projects. They can also provide information about the changing place of DH projects in local and national infrastructures, and the way that projects have sought to survive in challenging funding environments.
Enhancing the Capacity of the Australian Health Care Workforce to Support Veterans’ Mental Health: A Collaborative Interdisciplinary Approach
Authors: Gibbs Chris , Murphy Barbara , Hoppe Kate , Clarke Patricia , Ratnaike Deepika , Lovelock Harry
Published: October 2019

Introduction

Military personnel and veterans can have higher rates of mental health problems than the general population, but are no more likely to receive appropriate mental health care. A lack of experience among Australia’s mental health workforce in treating veteran-specific issues has been identified, pointing to a need for strategies to strengthen the workforce capacity. To this end, the Department of Veteran’s Affairs joined with the Mental Health Professionals Network (MHPN) to produce and deliver a series of veteran-specific webinars for health professionals working with military personnel, veterans and their families.

Materials and Method

Five webinars were produced and delivered between August 2016 and July 2017. Each involved a panel of health professionals with content expertise and was facilitated by a nationally recognized expert in veteran mental health. Each webinar was evaluated using an online survey to address whether learning needs were achieved, likely improvements to work practice, and improvements in knowledge of and confidence in treating veteran mental health issues.

Results

Of the 5,127 attendees across the five webinars, registration data was collected for 4,809 (94%) and post-webinar data for 3,334 (70%) of registrants. Of these, over 90% indicated that their learning objectives were achieved, that the content was relevant to their practice, and that their work practices would be improved as a result of their participation. Further, almost three quarters reported increased knowledge and skills, and two-thirds increased confidence in treating veterans’ mental health needs.

Conclusions

The Veterans’ webinar series was effective in engaging a large number and a wide range of professionals working in mental health care in Australia, underscoring the strength of MHPN’s initiatives in terms of scale and reach. With its emphasis on interdisciplinary practice and collaborative care, MHPN is well-placed to continue to support Australia’s mental health workforce.
Evaluation of Systematic Blood Testing at the Time of Recruitment to the Armed Forces: Retrospective Monocentric Study Among 726 French Army Soldiers
Authors: Caré Weniko , Hénard Jessica , Gillard Jonathan , Cremades Serge , Ceppa Franck , Vest Philippe , Foissaud Vincent , Hejl Carine
Published: October 2019

Introduction

In the French armed forces, the biological checkup required during the recruitment process comprises a urinalysis (urinary dipstick), a complete blood count (CBC), and measurement of serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, fasting blood glucose, and creatinine. This study aimed to evaluate the benefits of this biological checkup and to determine the most relevant parameters.

Materials and Methods

We conducted a monocentric retrospective study of all standardized and systematically conducted blood tests (CBC and measurement of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, fasting blood glucose, and creatinine) over a 15-month period among 726 French Army recruits.

Results

The population included mainly young males (85.4%, mean age 21.6 years). More than half (54.1%) of the blood tests had at least one abnormal parameter, most often concerning the CBC. Anemia occurred in 5.3% of the population and was mostly normocytic. Microcytosis was mostly not associated with anemia (72.3% of cases). Lymphopenia occurred in 20.1% of the population and was mostly mild. Eosinophilia was present in 5.1% of the population and was never severe. Thrombocytopenia occurred in 0.7% of the population and was never severe. Serum levels of aminotransferases were elevated in 8.1% of the population. Fasting plasma glucose averaged 84 mg/dL (SD: 0.07) ranging from 64 to 123 mg/dL, was abnormal in 0.4% of the population, and one case of diabetes was diagnosed. Serum creatinine concentration was elevated in 0.7% of the population.

Conclusion

CBCs gave useful information but iron deficiency was common and insufficiently detected by this single analysis. Assessing aminotransferase levels without screening for viral hepatitis and systematic measurement of fasting plasma glucose levels did not appear to be efficient. In addition, the only interest in systematic measurement of creatinine serum levels was to obtain a reference level for long-term follow-up. In addition to the urinary dipstick, the systematic biological checkup at recruitment could be limited to a CBC with measurement of plasma ferritin levels and Hepatitis B virus serology, providing that any CBC abnormalities, in particular cytopenia, eosinophilia, and microcytosis, are systematically investigated. For a public health approach, systematic screening for other sexually transmitted infections could be proposed.
The lensing properties of subhaloes in massive elliptical galaxies in sterile neutrino cosmologies
Authors: Despali Giulia , Lovell Mark , Vegetti Simona , Crain Robert A , Oppenheimer Benjamin D
Published: October 2019

We use high-resolution hydrodynamical simulations run with the EAGLE model of galaxy formation to study the differences between the properties of – and subsequently the lensing signal from – subhaloes of massive elliptical galaxies at redshift 0.2, in Cold and Sterile Neutrino (SN) Dark Matter models. We focus on the two 7 keV SN models that bracket the range of matter power spectra compatible with resonantly produced SN as the source of the observed 3.5 keV line. We derive an accurate parametrization for the subhalo mass function in these two SN models relative to cold dark matter (CDM), as well as the subhalo spatial distribution, density profile, and projected number density and the dark matter fraction in subhaloes. We create mock lensing maps from the simulated haloes to study the differences in the lensing signal in the framework of subhalo detection. We find that subhalo convergence is well described by a lognormal distribution and that signal of subhaloes in the power spectrum is lower in SN models with respect to CDM, at a level of 10–80 per cent, depending on the scale. However, the scatter between different projections is large and might make the use of power spectrum studies on the typical scales of current lensing images very difficult. Moreover, in the framework of individual detections through gravitational imaging a sample of ≃30 lenses with an average sensitivity of $M_{\rm {sub}} = 5 \times 10^{7}\, {\rm M}_{\odot}$ would be required to discriminate between CDM and the considered sterile neutrino models.
Løgstrup, Levinas and the Mother: Ethics, Love, and the Relationship to the Other
Authors: Christensen Anne-Marie Søndergaard
Published: October 2019

In this article, I investigate the similarities and differences between the ways we relate to the other in ethics and in love through an engagement with the thinking of K.E. Løgstrup and Emmanuel Levinas. My point of departure will be a reading of a novel by Maja Lucas, Mother (2016), which brings out the important and complicated nature of the relation between ethics and love. My main concern, however, is to investigate how Løgstrup’s and Levinas’s different conceptions of natural love point to differences in their understanding of the ethical relationship to the other.
The changing paradigm of intron retention: regulation, ramifications and recipes
Authors: Monteuuis Geoffray , Wong Justin J L , Bailey Charles G , Schmitz Ulf , Rasko John E J
Published: October 2019

Intron retention (IR) is a form of alternative splicing that has long been neglected in mammalian systems although it has been studied for decades in non-mammalian species such as plants, fungi, insects and viruses. It was generally assumed that mis-splicing, leading to the retention of introns, would have no physiological consequence other than reducing gene expression by nonsense-mediated decay. Relatively recent landmark discoveries have highlighted the pivotal role that IR serves in normal and disease-related human biology. Significant technical hurdles have been overcome, thereby enabling the robust detection and quantification of IR. Still, relatively little is known about the cis- and trans-acting modulators controlling this phenomenon. The fate of an intron to be, or not to be, retained in the mature transcript is the direct result of the influence exerted by numerous intrinsic and extrinsic factors at multiple levels of regulation. These factors have altered current biological paradigms and provided unexpected insights into the transcriptional landscape. In this review, we discuss the regulators of IR and methods to identify them. Our focus is primarily on mammals, however, we broaden the scope to non-mammalian organisms in which IR has been shown to be biologically relevant.
‘Multi-SpaM’: a maximum-likelihood approach to phylogeny reconstruction using multiple spaced-word matches and quartet trees
Authors: Dencker Thomas , Leimeister Chris-André , Gerth Michael , Bleidorn Christoph , Snir Sagi , Morgenstern Burkhard
Published: October 2019

Word-based or ‘alignment-free’ methods for phylogeny inference have become popular in recent years. These methods are much faster than traditional, alignment-based approaches, but they are generally less accurate. Most alignment-free methods calculate ‘pairwise’ distances between nucleic-acid or protein sequences; these distance values can then be used as input for tree-reconstruction programs such as neighbor-joining. In this paper, we propose the first word-based phylogeny approach that is based on ‘multiple’ sequence comparison and ‘maximum likelihood’. Our algorithm first samples small, gap-free alignments involving four taxa each. For each of these alignments, it then calculates a quartet tree and, finally, the program ‘Quartet MaxCut’ is used to infer a super tree for the full set of input taxa from the calculated quartet trees. Experimental results show that trees produced with our approach are of high quality.
Gloria E. Anzaldúa
Authors: Rodríguez-Rocha Vivian , González-López Gloria
Published: October 2019

Gloria Evangelina Anzaldúa was born in Raymondville, Texas in 1942. A self-described Chicana feminist lesbian writer and cultural theorist, her work has been pivotal for the development of Chicana and Chicano Studies (also Chicana/o Studies) and has had a significant impact in the fields of queer studies, disability studies, women’s and gender studies, Chicana feminism, and critical race theory. Anzaldúa’s works are as multifaceted as she was. They comprise a wide range of genres, from the more traditional essay to the self-developed autohistoria, along with drawings, children’s books, fiction, and poetry. Her writings engage in complex theorizations regarding identity, subjectivity, epistemology, embodiment, politics, spirituality, and social transformation—all written in an approachable style. Borderlands theory, arguably her most notable contribution across different fields and disciplines, is developed at length in Borderlands/La Frontera and based on her own experiences growing up in the U.S.–Mexico border as a sixth generation Chicana. This acclaimed book has been consistently engaged with across the disciplinary board in Western academia and beyond. Her series of edited collections of writings by women of color and, in particular, This Bridge Called My Back have also become canonical texts for literary studies. A devoted student and educator, Anzaldúa graduated college with a bachelor of arts in English and Education, taught in the Texas school system, earned a master’s degree, and later made most of her income as a lecturer in universities all over the country. At the time of her death, she had attained all but dissertation status in a doctoral program at UC Santa Cruz and was working on her dissertation. A doctoral degree was awarded to her posthumously on the basis of previous merits. However, her relationship with academia was always tense, marked by a constant struggle to legitimize her chosen topics of study, methods, and writing style—famously unwilling to conform to Western academic standards through her signature use of code-switching, the resignification of indigenous symbolism, and her engagement with spirituality in serious theoretical terms. She died in May 2004 from diabetes complications. Upon her death a wealth of materials from her life and work were collected in a dedicated archive housed at the University of Texas at Austin. In 2007, Chicana writer and professor Norma Elia Cantú founded the Society for the Study of Gloria Anzaldúa (SSGA) to establish a space for academic communities and beyond for the development of Gloria E. Anzaldúa’s inspirational intellectual contributions.
Impact of Emerging Technology in Social Work Practice
Authors: Freddolino Paul
Published: October 2019

There is little doubt that social work practice has been, is, and will continue to be impacted by emerging technologies, generally defined in terms of information and communication technologies (ICT), in the United States and around the globe. However, while it is relatively easy to locate descriptions of innovative technologies and social work services utilizing these technologies, it is somewhat more difficult to locate concrete evidence to illustrate actual widely-adopted changes in the practice arena brought about as a result of ICTs. It is harder still to identify concrete, data-based evidence concerning the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of these technologies and services, the “real impact” that changes clients’ lives. Furthermore, there is little discussion concerning the concurrent impact of other significant ongoing transformations in social work practice that in some ways support increased impact of emerging technologies and in other ways limit their potential impact. Such trends as the following: the increasing prevalence of integrated mental health and substance abuse services into “behavioral health”; the promotion of inter-professional and multidisciplinary approaches; greater awareness of, and in some venues now required, focus on patient/client-centered care; heightened acknowledgement of the role of caregivers and their enhanced influence and power as advocates; heightened prevalence of universal design principles; increased attention to mindfulness; and greater sensitivity to the short- and long-term impact of trauma are all relevant. These trends create an environment in which emerging ICTs can have greater potential impact. They interact with both the development of new technologies and the escalating awareness of the potential of these technologies by practitioners, the agencies that employ them, and the clients and caregivers who utilize their services. Also involved are for-profit enterprises that see in this technology-enhanced arena a potential to earn substantial profits. The available sources make clear that little is indeed clear, and that there are both challenges and opportunities confronting the use of emerging technologies, with critical trade-offs between access and privacy, and between enhanced services and technology-related barriers to these services. Throughout this review social work’s commitment to social justice provides a lens that cannot be ignored, demanding recognition of sources whose description of impact may be less optimistic than that of ICT cheerleaders. The current state of affairs should serve as a call to action for all stakeholders in the human services to share information and data about these emerging trends, and to play an active role in their further development to ensure that the demands of social justice are addressed.
History of Astronomy and Space Science in the Islamic World
Authors: Determann Jörg Matthias
Published: October 2019

Throughout Islamic history, important rituals have been tightly connected to the movement of celestial bodies. Daily prayers have been aligned with the place of the sun in the sky. Finding the direction of Mecca has required many believers to look at the stars or, more recently, connect to a satellite. The beginnings of months, including Ramadan, have depended on the visibility of the moon. Astronomy has thus had a central place in Islamic culture. Astronomers have contributed to the construction and running of mosques, taught in madrasas, and advised rulers. In addition, they have also contributed to global science through planetary models and calculation. In the centuries after the Arab conquests, Muslim scholars translated and built on earlier learning in the areas that Islam reached. They thus also served as a bridge between the geocentric model of Ptolemy and the heliocentrism of Nicolaus Copernicus in Europe. In modern and contemporary times, the legacy of such medieval achievements has formed a valuable resource for countering racism and Islamophobia. For all of these reasons, the history of astronomy in the Muslim world has attracted much attention, arguably even more than botany or zoology, for instance. With few exceptions, most historians have specialized either in the medieval or the modern period. This has to do in part with the huge differences in cosmologies and technologies between the 12th and the 20th centuries. Another reason for this temporal specialization has been differences in source material: manuscripts versus typed and printed materials. The study of modern astroculture, including science fiction, also requires methods of analysis from outside of the history of mathematical astronomy, such as art and literary criticism. However, some scholars arguably neglected the modern period due to the belief that the greatest flourishing of Islam and its science occurred during the Middle Ages. Nevertheless, we also have some works that cover scientific developments over different periods.
Medieval Latin Arts of Poetry and Prose
Authors: Kelly Douglas
Published: October 2019

Modern scholarship on the medieval Latin arts of poetry and prose has focused on a number of treatises written in the 12th and 13th centuries: Matthew of Vendôme’s Ars versificatoria; Geoffrey of Vinsauf’s Poetria nova, Documentum, and Summa de coloribus; Gervase of Melkley’s Ars versificaria or poetica; John of Garland’s Parisiana Poetria; and Eberhard the German’s Laborintus. Other documents have received attention as well, notably commentaries and glosses. The art of composition in both verse and prose also evolved as new conceptions of the art emerged. In the 13th century, Latin translations and commentaries on Aristotle’s Poetics led to revisions of the Horatian art in the 14th century; treatises that reflect this development begin with the anonymous Long Documentum, renamed Tria sunt, and Mathias of Linköping’s Poetria, based on instruction Mathias received while studying at the University of Paris. The traditional conception of the art of poetry was derived from rhetorical treatises attributed to Cicero, notably the De inventione and the Rhetorica ad Herennium. The medieval treatises adapted a traditional order of parts in rhetoric: topical invention, disposition based on natural chronological order or artificial rearrangement of the chronological order, amplification and abbreviation using figures and tropes common in ornamentation, and eventually Aristotelian notions of imagination as a poetic faculty. Inclusion of these parts indicates the scope and level of instruction in the treatises. Accordingly, the study and practice of poetic composition in classrooms progressed from elementary composition and study to imitation of exemplary masterpieces. Such instruction fit well into the stages in medieval pedagogy from grammar, rhetoric, and logic on to arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music, and beyond to philosophy and theology. The scope of the art on these virtually graded levels of instruction led to study, interpretation, imitation, and, ultimately, emulation of perceived ancient and medieval masterpieces like Virgil’s Aeneid, Horace’s lyrics, Bernardus Silvestris’s Cosmographia, and Alan of Lille’s Anticlaudianus and De planctu Naturae, among others. Introductions to specific works (accessus ad auctores) include model works that exemplify the art’s evolution from Antiquity to the Late Middle Ages. Classbooks and other anthologies collected poems and passages for study and imitation on the student level. Finally, the Latin art found its way into some treatises written for vernacular languages. These diverse documents—commentaries, model works, accessus, classbooks and anthologies, authorial statements inserted into their own writings, vernacular treatises, and other documents—enhance our understanding of medieval poetics.
William of Ockham
Authors: Pelletier Jenny , Roques Magali
Published: October 2019

William of Ockham (b. c. 1287–d. 1347) is one of the giants of medieval philosophy. He was an innovative and controversial thinker who lived an extraordinarily eventful life. He entered the Franciscan order as a young boy and then studied in Oxford and London, where he composed an extensive body of work on logic, natural philosophy, and theology in accordance with the academic requirements of the time. While waiting to incept as a magister with the right to teach in the faculty of theology at Oxford, he was summoned to the papal court at Avignon in 1324, where some of his doctrines were suspected of being heretical. There, he was drawn into the current political crisis of the day between Pope John XXII and the Franciscan order on the question of who owned the property that the Franciscan order used (buildings, clothing, food, etc.). John XXII argued that use entailed ownership; the Franciscans argued that it did not. Ockham waded into the debate, inaugurating an interest in politics and political philosophy that would occupy him exclusively until his death. Eventually convinced that John XXII was a heretic, Ockham fled Avignon in 1328 in the company of Michael of Cesena and other Franciscan leaders, finding protection at the court of Ludwig of Bavaria, the Holy Roman Emperor. He composed a second body of work on property and property rights, heresy, and the nature, origin, and relationship of temporal and spiritual power. Ockham was excommunicated in 1328 but never officially charged with heresy. Ockham’s body of work is remarkable, and not only because of the abrupt shift in his intellectual and political pursuits. Despite the risk of oversimplification, we can identify certain pervasive tendencies in his thought. He exhibits a general preference for parsimony and privileges minimalism in metaphysics while developing a highly sophisticated analysis of language and logic. He insists on a firm foundation for knowledge in our direct experience of individual and contingent objects. He emphasizes divine omnipotence, simplicity, and freedom, and places human freedom and rationality at the heart of his ethics and politics. Ockham’s reputation as an enfant terrible of the late Middle Ages, whose doctrines were commonly represented as either calamitous or revolutionary, depending on the interpreter, has been substantially revised in the past three decades. A balanced and critical assessment of his thought and position in the history of medieval philosophy nevertheless remains an ongoing project.
Mental Health Courts
Authors: Matejkowski Jason
Published: October 2019

Mental health courts (MHCs) are specialized dockets for defendants with mental illnesses that seek the adjudication of criminal charges and municipal code violations by using a problem-solving model. Modeled after drug treatment courts, MHCs provide an alternative to incarceration for individuals with mental illness charged with criminal offenses. Mental health courts are but one of an array of problem-solving courts (PSCs) that have proliferated over the past three decades (e.g., drug courts, veterans courts, co-occurring disorder courts) and, as such, share come commonalities with these other PSCs. The populations served by these PSCs often overlap with MHCs as do many of the courts’ approaches (e.g., the use of incentives and sanctions to motivate clients to engage in treatment and support services). This entry will focus on MHCs but, when necessary, also include references pertaining to PSCs. Although MHCs may differ somewhat in structure and function by jurisdiction, this entry begins with resources (including reports, theoretical manuscripts, and empirical studies) identifying counts, structural components, and operational approaches common to MHCs. The entry then highlights the peer-reviewed literature on MHC outcomes, including program completion, recidivism, cost analysis, as well as alternative outcomes. Given the relative paucity of literature on juvenile MHCs, this entry focuses primarily on adult MHCs. Literature on juvenile MHCs is covered near the end of this entry. Similarly, the overwhelming majority of published research and commentary on MHCs pertains to MHCs that operate in the United States. This entry reflects that current state of the research. Finally, the entry concludes with published critiques of the MHC model.
Victimless Crime
Authors: Fletcher Robin
Published: October 2019

There is no real definition of a “victimless crime” because crimes of this nature do not really exist. There are however a number of statutory offenses that if engaged in, may not have an obvious victim. The dichotomy of these statements is that the word “victimless” can be interpreted as widely or as narrowly as one wishes. The traditional view is that laws are created to protect social standards and are derived from moral and ethical values. Some of these offenses are of a minor nature and impact individuals rather than society in general and include illegal drug taking; prostitution; drunkenness; pornography; gambling; and various sexual acts. There is a debate that argues offenses of this nature are invariably committed by consenting actors; there are no injuries to non-participants; the offense is against the state rather than society; and only police officers make the complaint. While the act may be illegal, there is no obvious victim. In these circumstances it is easy to see how a crime could be considered “victimless.” There are however other circumstances where victims of crime are not aware of their victimhood and their ignorance of the fact is perceived to be an acceptance of their victimhood. The victimlessness in these circumstances therefore lies on the perception of the perpetrator who ignores culpability because of a lack of complaint or where there is a complaint, a denial of the facts. Because the victim is oblivious of these circumstances it is easy to see how such deviant business practices can be accepted as victimless. To counter this perception there is an assumption that corporations act with integrity and do not knowingly provide flawed goods or services, or at the very least will rectify the situation without fuss. However, in the competitive world of business, organizations continually seek ways to maximize profit sometimes at the expense of the oblivious customer. Within the business world, entrepreneurs seek innovative ways to improve their business and increase profit by bending or even breaking rules in a manner that could be considered reckless or even bordering on illegal. A third form of “victimlessness” is the non-payment of taxes, required by the state to support the infrastructures necessary for social welfare, whose lack will negatively impact sections of society.
Anne Bradstreet
Authors: Thickstun Margaret
Published: October 2019

Anne Dudley Bradstreet (b. c. 1612–d. 1672) emigrated from England to Massachusetts Bay Colony with her extended family in 1630 and remained there until her death. In 1650 a volume of her poems appeared in England under the title The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America and attributed to “a Gentlewoman of those parts.” An expanded edition, Several Poems, was published in Boston, Massachusetts, six years after her death. Because she was the first published “American” poet, Bradstreet’s work has always been in the public eye, although assessments of its quality and ideas about which pieces merit attention have fluctuated over time.
Piero della Francesca
Authors: Banker James R.
Published: October 2019

The reputation of the Italian Renaissance painter and mathematician Piero della Francesca (b. c. 1412–d. 1492) (hereafter Piero) has risen dramatically from near oblivion in the Early Modern period to the present when he is judged as nearly equal to Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo Buonarroti, especially in regard to technical excellence and writing. In his paintings and his treatises Piero achieved the fullest expression of Quattrocento perspective, which he had derived from his capacious understanding of Greek geometry. Born into a family of artisans-shopkeepers of leather in the Tuscan town of Borgo San Sepolcro (today Sansepolcro) c. 1412, Piero began with several small projects in his native town in the 1430s. He served in Florence as an assistant to Domenico Veneziano in 1439 where he came in contact with the achievements of Masaccio, Donatello, Brunelleschi, and other artists in Florence, though he never became strictly a Florentine painter. He sojourned throughout central Italy in the 1440s and 1450s, receiving commissions in Ferrara, Ancona, Rimini, Arezzo, Rome, and Sansepolcro. After his two sojourns in Rome in the 1450s, Piero became increasingly interested in the representation of classical values and especially Roman architecture and in learning Greek geometry. In the decade of the 1470s he was often in the court of Federico da Montefeltro in Urbino, accepting commissions from the ruler and consulting manuscripts in his library. In the history of mathematics, he is now recognized as an indispensable participant in the revival of Greek geometry and as one of the few individuals in 15th-century Europe with extensive knowledge of both Euclid and Archimedes. In the last three decades of his life (d. 1492) Piero wrote treatises on commercial mathematics and geometry (Trattato d’abaco), perspective in painting (De prospectiva pingendi), and a reflection on several classical procedures and problems in Greek geometry (Libellus de quinque corporibus regularibus), as well as copying the Opera of Archimedes.
Marine Protected Areas
Authors: De Santo Elizabeth
Published: October 2019

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are a key tool in ecosystem-based management, implementing a spatial approach to biodiversity conservation in the oceans. While the use of protected areas to conserve and/or protect resources has a long history, including centuries of royal hunting areas and traditionally managed areas, the modern conceptualization of protected areas dates to the late 19th century, with the designation of Yellowstone National Park in the United States in 1872. The first similar formally protected area with a marine component was the Royal National Park MPA in New South Wales, Australia, in 1879, although it also included a terrestrial component, as do many MPAs in coastal areas. The land/sea interface poses a challenge to delineating between terrestrial and marine parks, adding to a complex jurisdictional and legal landscape. Consequently, it is helpful to categorize MPAs based on the broad definition for protected areas offered by the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature): a clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. As evidenced in this definition, discussions surrounding MPAs have become more amenable to soft-law approaches and/or less formal legal designations, and they are also increasingly tied to the concept of ecosystem services (i.e., protecting systems that in turn provide people with services that would be costly to otherwise reproduce, such as the coastal protection provided by mangroves and coral reefs). Of course, there are also strong arguments for protecting nature for its own intrinsic value, as well as the value it holds for non-human species. In order to fully understand the promise and efficacy of MPAs, it is necessary to examine their legal basis, their effectiveness as tools, how they can work together as networks to achieve ecological objectives, and how the global community is using protected area targets and large-scale MPAs to maximize coverage. However, it is also important to consider the socioeconomic dimensions of MPAs, as these often lead to problems with their success, including concerns with equity and justice and how well they are governed. Looking forward, future work in the field of MPAs includes ensuring they are achieving their ecological objectives, by ensuring enough areas are closed to all extractive uses, and developing a regime for designating them in areas beyond national jurisdiction, on the high seas.
Saint-Louis, Senegal
Authors: Everill Bronwen
Published: October 2019

Saint-Louis is an island at the mouth of the Senegal River. Called Ndar by local Wolof speakers, the island became the focal point of French (and for a time, British) commercial and political activities in the region. The French established a fort on the north side of the island in 1659. The island passed back and forth between French and British authority throughout the 18th century, with France regaining the colony finally in 1817, at which point it became the administrative center of the colony of Senegal. Men and women from the mainland also moved to the island, and by the late 18th century it had grown into an important commercial hub of the trade in enslaved captives, as well as, increasingly, gum. Crucial to the conduct of trade and the running of the island were the group of women called signares, many of whom were married to French or British traders, and their descendants, who came to be called habitants. As the slave trade was replaced by gum trading and, later, groundnuts, the habitants managed their position as middlemen and women between the hinterland production and French traders. Senegal’s commerce, and the role of Saint-Louis in mediating it, make up a large part of the literature on Saint-Louis’s place in the Atlantic world. By 1848, with the abolition of enslaved labor in the French empire, new debates about Senegalese participation in the governance of Saint-Louis were emerging. Habitants had participated in partial governance of the colony, with the first habitant mayor of Saint-Louis elected in 1778. As the capital of the expanding French empire in West Africa it became an important site of political activity, in addition to its military and (declining) commercial roles. The result of these debates was the partial enfranchisement of newly created French citizens in the quatre communes of Saint-Louis, Gorée, Dakar, and Rufisque in 1848. Senegal first sent an elected representative to the French parliament from 1848 to 1852, again from 1871 to 1875, and then from 1879 to 1940. In 1916, citizenship rights were extended beyond the évolué populations to the wider group of originaires who maintained legal protections under Islamic or African law. Participation and resistance in the imperial project thus emerge as major themes of the literature on later-19th- and 20th-century Saint-Louis. Throughout the whole period of Atlantic engagement, the existence of Islamic reform movements in the wider Senegambian region played an important role in the politics and social movements of Saint-Louis’s hinterland in ways that shaped the city’s relationship with both the French and the Islamic reformers.
The Contemporary Middle East
Authors: Silverburg Sanford R.
Published: October 2019

As historic issues continue to fester, historical controversies resurface with renewed intensity, and new threats to global security arise, the contemporary Middle East remains a hotbed of activity and the epicenter of international attention. Even as the “Arab Spring” has transformed the complexion of the region, reoccurring issues such as the Arab-Israeli conflict and the Sunni-Shia divide still languish. Civil wars in Syria and Yemen convulse the area, Iraq struggles to reconstitute itself, and Iran moves ominously into the nuclear age. Islamic fundamentalism, terrorism, internecine conflict, and civil war have made the area a veritable crucible that has jeopardized regional stability and resurrected superpower rivalries.
Education of Native Hawaiian Students
Authors: Ah Nee-Benham Maenette K.P. , Kana'iaupuni Shawn M.
Published: October 2019

The purpose of this literature review is to provide an overview of Hawaiian education, its history, sources, and players. A certain narrative emerges through this review about what happens when conventional Western education systems are confronted by educational leadership powered by a distinctly indigenous culture, language, and knowledge system with its own epistemologies, reasoning, and logic. The narrative highlights the champions that have advocated for seeing Native Hawaiian knowledge systems as a pathway to educational transformation. Through this struggle, the relationships built over time have begun to produce systemic change. Thinking and learning in Native Hawaiian ways and in ʻōlelo Hawaiʻi (Hawaiian language) are slowly being integrated into the fabric of Hawaii’s pre-Kindergarten to Grade 12 schools and post-secondary institutions. Yet, as the millennium progresses, Native Hawaiians continue to be among the most marginalized populations in Hawaiʻi, indicating there is still much work ahead. The scholarship presented in this review traces a path of progress rooted in the great body and depth of Native Hawaiian knowledge. Admittedly, as collector-authors of this review, it was not possible to include a complete inventory of research and scholarship. Instead, we offer a select overview of an expanding field of knowledge generated by Native Hawaiian scholars and their allies, positioned here as a critical foundation upon which we continue to build. We begin with a set of references from a Native Hawaiian worldview that anchor educational approaches in our communities in the 21st century. Several sections on education in historical and social context follow, in addition to resources exploring pedagogy, praxis, culture-based education, research methodologies, and assessment. Also included are online sources and several university and legacy publishing organizations that produce resources in Hawaiian education.
Higher Education in Latin America
Authors: Jerez Emeline
Published: October 2019

Higher education in Latin America is diverse, but the national systems share several historical, sociopolitical, and cultural factors. The origins of Latin American higher education can be traced back to the 16th century, when the Spanish Empire established the first universities. Based on the colony tradition, the university institution evolved for many years and was reserved for an elite. During the 20th century, student movements forced the democratization of the institutions. However, the most significant transformation has occurred since the 1990s through processes of expansion, massification, and privatization. Led by a predominantly neoliberal higher education agenda, these processes have had different levels of impact that are contingent on the governing ideologies in the various countries. Since the expansion, several issues have drawn the attention of policymakers and scholars, including equity, access, quality, and funding. Some of these issues remain a policy priority, but the future demands more attention to a new generation of tasks. Among them are internationalization, regional and intraregional integration, and knowledge production and its dissemination in the context of the social needs of the region.
Aging and Organizational Communication
Authors: McCann Robert
Published: October 2019

Between 2000 and 2050, the proportion of the world’s population over sixty years will double from about 11 percent to 22 percent, with the number of people aged 60 years and above expected to reach two billion by 2050. Said differently, it is projected that approximately one in five people around the world will be over 60 years old by the middle of the 21st century. For workers of all ages, it is safe to assume that tomorrow’s workplace will continue to be a focal point for intergenerational interaction. Communication, whether mediated, interpersonal, or other, will remain at the heart of how we relate to and interact with those of different ages. The study of aging as it intersects with organizational communication is addressed in a variety of literatures including management, marketing, law, policy, health, media, contact, culture, social psychology, stereotypes, gerontology, and communication. The more specific field of intergenerational communication, particularly as seen from an intergroup perspective, is also characterized by a rich literature. An intergroup perspective on social interaction in organizations is highlighted (though not exclusively) throughout this bibliography as it reflects a core research paradigm in the study of communication between members of different age groups. Several themes emerge in the age and communication literature in organizations, many of which focus on problematic interaction between those of different ages in organizations. For example, ageist stereotypes are prevalent in organizations, as are behavioral outcomes such as ageist language and age discrimination. The growth of age diversity awareness and interventions in organizations can carry with it both communication problems and opportunities. For example, greater age diversity may hasten communication difficulties and conflict in companies, just as it could lead to more diverse team decisions, better use of worker talent, smoother intraorganizational communication, and a greater ability to understand the needs of customers of varied ages. Technology also plays a role in distancing people of different ages at work, and the lack of opportunity for appropriate technology training for older workers stands out as a key reminder of age-biased decisions in organizations. Still, age-tailored interventions such as training in new technology, intergenerational team formation, and cross-generational mentoring represent exciting age diversity interventions that are garnering increasing research and industry attention.