bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acute consumption of fish oil improves postprandial VLDL profiles in healthy men aged 50–65 years
Authors: Burdge Graham C. , Powell Jonathan , Dadd Tony , Talbot Duncan , Civil Jacqueline , Calder Philip C.
Published: January 2009

Dietary supplementation with fish oil induces beneficial changes in the size and concentration of plasma lipoproteins, although the underlying mechanism is unclear. We have investigated the effect of increasing the amount of fish oil in a single meal on the size and concentration of VLDL, LDL and HDL particles during the postprandial period. Healthy men aged 58 (sd5) years (n11) consumed isoenergetic, mixed macronutrient test meals containing either 0·3 g (reference, REF) or 2·2 g (high fish oil, HFO) fish oil in a randomised order, and blood samples were collected over the following 6 h. Plasma lipoprotein size and concentration were measured by NMR spectroscopy. There was a significant interaction effect of time and meal composition on the VLDL, but not on the LDL or HDL, concentration (P = 0·036) and particle size (P = 0·005). Consuming the HFO meal significantly increased the VLDL concentration (P < 0·05) and reduced VLDL particle size (P < 0·05) when compared with the REF meal and baseline. LDL particle size decreased slightly during the postprandial period, but there was no difference between the meals. There was no effect of time or meal composition in the LDL concentration. The HDL concentration decreased and size increased slightly during the postprandial period, but there were no significant differences between the meals. Increased consumption of fish oil induces acute changes in the VLDL, but not in the LDL or HDL, metabolism.
Fruit, vegetable and bean intake and mortality from cardiovascular disease among Japanese men and women: the JACC Study
Authors: Nagura Junko , Iso Hiroyasu , Watanabe Yoshiyuki , Maruyama Koutatsu , Date Chigusa , Toyoshima Hideaki , Yamamoto Akio , Kikuchi Shogo , Koizumi Akio , Kondo Takaaki , Wada Yasuhiko , Inaba Yutaka , Tamakoshi Akiko ,   the JACC Study group
Published: January 2009

To examine the association of plant-based food intakes with CVD and total mortality among Japanese. In the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk, 25 206 men and 34 279 women aged 40–79 years, whose fruit, vegetable and bean intakes were assessed by questionnaire at baseline in 1988–90, were followed for 13 years. Deaths from total stroke, stroke subtypes, CHD and total CVD, according to the International Classification for Diseases 10th Revision, were registered. During 756 054 person-years of follow-up, there were 559 deaths from total stroke, 258 from CHD, 1207 from total CVD and 4514 from total mortality for men, and for women, 494, 194, 1036 and 3092, respectively. Fruit intake was inversely associated with mortality from total stroke (the multivariable hazard ratio (HR (95 % CI)) in the highest v. lowest quartiles = 0·67 (0·55, 0·81)), total CVD (HR = 0·75 (0·66, 0·85)) and total mortality (HR = 0·86 (0·80, 0·92)). Vegetable intake was inversely associated with total CVD (HR = 0·88 (0·78, 0·99)). Bean intake was inversely associated with other CVD (HR = 0·79 (0·64, 0·98)), total CVD (HR = 0·84 (0·74, 0·95)) and total mortality (HR = 0·90 (0·84, 0·96)). Further adjustment for other plant-based foods did not alter the association of fruit intake with mortality from total stroke, total CVD and total mortality, but attenuated the associations of vegetables and beans with mortality risk. In conclusion, intakes of plant-based foods, particularly fruit intake, were associated with reduced mortality from CVD and all causes among Japanese men and women.
Impact of a lignan-rich diet on adiposity and insulin sensitivity in post-menopausal women
Authors: Morisset Anne-Sophie , Lemieux Simone , Veilleux Alain , Bergeron Jean , John Weisnagel S. , Tchernof André
Published: January 2009

There has been a growing interest in lignans, a class of phyto-oestrogens, because of their potentially favourable effects on human health. The aim of the present study was to compare the metabolic profile of post-menopausal women consuming various amounts of dietary lignans. Phyto-oestrogen intake was assessed using a 3-d dietary record analysed with a Canadian food phyto-oestrogen content data table in 115 post-menopausal women (age 56·8 (sd 4·4) years and BMI 28·5 (sd 5·9) kg/m2). Plasma enterolactone (ENL), the major biologically active metabolite of dietary lignans, was determined by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. Anthropometrics, abdominal adipose tissue areas (computed tomography), body composition (hydrostatic weighing) and insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinaemic–euglycaemic clamp) were measured in all women. Women in the high dietary lignan intake subgroup (n 29) had a significantly lower BMI and total body fat mass, as well as a better glucose disposal rate (GDR; P < 0·05), compared with women in the low lignan intake subgroup (n 28). The majority of women with the highest dietary lignan intake were also in the highest quartile of plasma ENL (59 %). Women in the highest ENL quartile had a significantly lower BMI (26·1 (sd 4·4) v. 30·4 (sd 6·9) kg/m2, P < 0·05), total body fat mass (24·8 (sd 9·8) v. 33·3 (sd 13·3) kg, P < 0·05), 2 h postload glycaemia (5·5 (sd 0·9) v. 5·7 (sd 0·8) nmol/l, P < 0·05) and a higher GDR (8·3 (sd 2·7) v. 5·5 (sd 2·8), P < 0·01) compared with women in the lowest ENL quartile. In conclusion, women with the highest ENL concentrations had a better metabolic profile including higher insulin sensitivity and lower adiposity measures.
Genetic lactase non-persistence, consumption of milk products and intakes of milk nutrients in Finns from childhood to young adulthood
Authors: Laaksonen Marika M. L. , Mikkilä Vera , Räsänen Leena , Rontu Riikka , Lehtimäki Terho J. , Viikari Jorma S. A. , Raitakari Olli T. ,   the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study Group
Published: January 2009

Previous evidence suggests that the lactase gene C/T− 13910 polymorphism (rs4988235) is associated with avoidance of milk products and lower Ca intake. We examined whether the consumption of milk and milk products and the intakes of milk nutrients differ between the lactase genotypes from childhood to young adulthood. Subjects belong to the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study where the first cross-sectional surveys were conducted in 1980 (n 3596), with follow-up studies in 1983, 1986, 1989, 1992 and 2001 (n 2620). The same dietary questionnaire was used throughout the follow-up to collect data on habitual consumption of milk and milk products in all subjects, and daily nutrient intakes were assessed with 48 h dietary recalls in 50 % of the subjects. Subjects with the lactase non-persistence (C/C− 13910) genotype consumed less milk since childhood, but the consumption of other milk products did not differ between the genotypes. In adult females, the lactose content of milk products consumed was lower (P = 0·003), and in both sexes low-lactose and milk-free diets were more common in the C/C− 13910 genotype than in the other genotypes. Inadequate Ca intake was most common in females with the C/C− 13910 genotype as early as in childhood (15–63 %), but in males only in adulthood (24 %). In adult females, preference for low-lactose milk and milk products equalised the differences in Ca intake between the genotypes. Thus, in those with the C/C− 13910 genotype, preference for low-lactose milk and milk products may decrease the risk for inadequate Ca intake.
Iron supplementation by intraperitoneal injection eliminates the accumulation of hepatic copper induced by excess calcium in rats
Authors: Takasugi Satoshi , Matsui Tohru , Yano Hideo
Published: January 2009

Excess calcium is well known to induce iron deficiency. Furthermore, excess calcium increases hepatic copper concentration and decreases renal copper concentration. We investigated the effect of iron supplementation on the tissue distribution of copper in rats given a high-calcium diet. Male rats (5 weeks old) were divided into four groups; a control group, and three groups given a diet containing 5-fold higher calcium than its requirement and an intraperitoneal iron supplementation of 0, 1 or 2 mg/week as iron dextran. The animals were fed their respective experimental diets with or without iron supplementation for 4 weeks. Although the high-calcium diet had no effect on calcium concentrations in the liver, kidney, testis, spleen and plasma, it reduced haematocrit and iron concentrations in the liver, kidney and testis and the rats had a moderate iron deficiency. The iron supplementation restored to normal these signs of iron deficiency. The high-calcium diet increased hepatic copper concentration but decreased plasma copper concentration and ceruloplasmin activity, which was restored by the iron supplementation. The copper concentration in bile was neither affected by the high-calcium diet nor the iron supplementation. The high-calcium diet decreased the copper concentration in the kidney, which was not restored by the iron supplementation. These results suggest that secondary iron deficiency stimulates hepatic accumulation of copper in rats given excess calcium by suppressing copper efflux into the circulation. The reduced renal copper concentration by excess calcium is independent of the iron deficiency.
Cassava with enhanced β-carotene maintains adequate vitamin A status in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) despite substantial cis-isomer content
Authors: Howe Julie A. , Maziya-Dixon Bussie , Tanumihardjo Sherry A.
Published: January 2009

Efforts to increase β-carotene in cassava have been successful, but the ability of high-β-carotene cassava to prevent vitamin A deficiency has not been determined. Two studies investigated the bioefficacy of provitamin A in cassava and compared the effects of carotenoid content and variety on vitamin A status in vitamin A-depleted Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). Gerbils were fed a vitamin A-free diet 4 weeks prior to treatment. In Expt 1, treatments (ten gerbils per group) included 45 % high-β-carotene cassava, β-carotene and vitamin A supplements (intake matched to high-β-carotene cassava group), and oil control. In Expt 2, gerbils were fed cassava feeds with 1·8 or 4·3 nmol provitamin A/g prepared with two varieties. Gerbils were killed after 4 weeks. For Expt 1, liver vitamin A was higher (P < 0·05) in the vitamin A (1·45 (sd 0·23) μmol/liver), lower in the control (0·43 (sd 0·10) μmol/liver), but did not differ from the β-carotene group (0·77 (sd 0·12) μmol/liver) when compared with the high-β-carotene cassava group (0·69 (sd 0·20) μmol/liver). The bioconversion factor was 3·7 μg β-carotene to 1 μg retinol (2 mol:1 mol), despite 48 % cis-β-carotene [(Z)-β-carotene] composition in cassava. In Expt 2, cassava feed with 4·3 nmol provitamin A/g maintained vitamin A status. No effect of cassava variety was observed. Serum retinol concentrations did not differ. β-Carotene was detected in livers of gerbils receiving cassava and supplements, but the cis-to-trans ratio in liver differed from intake. Biofortified cassava adequately maintained vitamin A status and was as efficacious as β-carotene supplementation in the gerbil model.
Geographic variation in the prevalence of overweight and economic status in Chinese adults
Authors: Zhuo Qin , Wang Zhiqiang , Piao Jianhua , Ma Guansheng , Zhai Fengying , He Yuna , Yang Xiaoguang
Published: January 2009

China is experiencing a rapid increase in overweight and related conditions. This study describes the geographic variation in BMI levels and the prevalence of overweight and underweight in Chinese adults, and assesses their relations with regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita levels. BMI values and the prevalence of overweight and underweight in 143 522 adults from the Chinese National Nutrition and Health Survey (2002) were calculated according to geographic regions in China. Their correlations with GDP were assessed. Linear and logistic regressions were used to adjust for age, sex and city–country composition. BMI and the prevalence of overweight were highest in the Bohai coastal regions while lowest in southern provinces such as Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Hunan and Fujian. Mean BMI values ranged from 20·72 to 25·48 kg/m2, and the prevalence of overweight ranged from 6·6 to 53·9 %. BMI and the prevalence of overweight were positively correlated with economic development, particularly in the northern regions. However, for regions with similar GDP per capita levels, those in the south had substantially lower BMI and lower prevalence of overweight than those in the north. Interestingly, some southern regions with high GDP per capita had low BMI and low prevalence of overweight. The prevalence of underweight was highest in the south. Substantial geographic variations in the prevalence of overweight and underweight exist in China. Such variations cannot be fully explained by the differences in economic status. China is currently facing challenges of both overweight and underweight but priorities vary in different regions.
Coleridge's Theory of the Church in the Social Order
Authors: Gloyn Cyril K.
Published: January 2009

The era of the English Reform Bill of 1832 presented difficulties and dangers to both state and church. For the state it set the task of achieving a social order—of forming a new social mind—in a period when social change had destroyed the basis of custom in English life and thought. The rise and growth of mechanized industry had produced both a new working class separated from the land and the processes of production and with only its labor to sell in return for a meager livelihood, and a new industrial middle class which, finding itself excluded from the rights and privileges of the state, had set about the task of acquiring a political position comparable to its new economic status. Though the latter group secured the passage of the Reform Bill, to secure social stability was a much more difficult task. The industrial society showed itself as a divided society, described by Disraeli as “two nations between whom there is no intercourse and no sympathy … as if they were dwellers in different zones, or inhabitants of different planets,” a society in whose towns a French writer of the period could discover “nothing but masters and operatives.”
Joshua L. Wilson, Frontier Controversialist
Authors: Hightower Raymond Lee
Published: January 2009

Among the frontier ministers who contended “earnestly for the faith once delivered,” Joshua L. Wilson stands well to the front. He was born in Bedford County, Virginia, Sept. 22, 1774; and died in Cincinnati, Ohio, August 14, 1846. His father was Henry Wright Wilson, a grandson of Major Josiah Wilson of Maryland. His mother was an elder sister of Drury Lacy, a well-known Presbyterian minister of Virginia. Wilson's father married Agnes Lacy in Chesterfield County, Virginia, on April 7, 1765. Joshua was the third child and second son. At the time of his birth the family had moved to Bedford County, where Henry Wright Wilson practiced his profession of physician. His career was cut off by death when Joshua was about four years old, and the family was left in needy circumstances. Wilson tells us in his Memoirs that his mother soon married again “with a hope of obtaining a better home.” Her second husband was John Templin, an elderly Presbyterian farmer of the neighborhood. He was living with his only son by a former marriage, Terah. The latter was probably the first Presbyterian to preach the Gospel in Kentucky. After he lost his fiancée by an early death, his father and David Rice, his minister in Bedford County, persuaded him to study for the ministry. At the time of Wilson's birth David Rice was preaching near his home, and Terah Templin was preparing to become a minister. Although his mother was a Baptist, the religious atmosphere thrown about Wilson was Presbyterian.
Church and State in Spain
Authors: Braden Charles S.
Published: January 2009

With no other country save possibly Italy has the Roman Catholic Church been more closely linked than with Spain. To think Spain was to think Roman Catholicism. Ferdinand and Isabella whom the world remembers best in relation to the discovery of the western world were known as the Catholic kings and their oft expressed motive in the conquest of the new continent was that of extending the holy faith. Mohammedanism with its resistless armies had made heavy inroads upon the Christian world; Luther and his fellow reformers in Germany, France, and Switzerland had wrought still further havoc, separating vast numbers of the faithful from their allegiance to Rome. To Spain and the Spanish monarchs was to belong the glory of restoring, by their zealous conversion of the western peoples, the power and prestige of Rome. In a few short years Spanish conquerors followed by Spanish priests and nuns had planted the cross from Mexico to the southern end of South America.
Was Frederick Denison Maurice A Broad-Churchman?
Authors: Sanders Charles Richard
Published: January 2009

Although Frederick Denison Maurice, from about 1853 until his death in 1872, was frequently spoken of as a member of the Broad-Church school in the Church of England, and was considered by some of his contemporaries both the founder of that school and the greatest of the Broad-Churchmen, and although he is today usually referred to as a leader of the Broad-Church movement, his relation to it was not simple. He himself steadfastly refused to accept the label of “Broad-Churchman” for himself and to admit the need for a Broad-Church party. What the school stood for is as elusive of definition, furthermore, as his own thought was complex. Yet the question, in spite of its difficulty, is well worth going into, since its exploration serves to illustrate not only the difference between conservatism and liberalism, but also the differences between some of the forms of liberalism within itself. A satisfactory answer to the question would also do much to make clear the meaning and the nature of the Broad-Church movement.
John T. McNeill Memorial Lecture
Authors: Nichols James Hastings
Published: January 2009

John McNeill was a warm and gracious man who was bound to friends, relatives, students in human ways which cannot be easily summarized. We do well to remember thankfully what he meant and means for us and the scholarly world in his achievement as a church historian.
To Honor Jerald C. Brauer
Authors: Marty Martin E.
Published: January 2009

It is not easy to edit an issue of a journal without the knowledge or participation of one of the two coeditors. But the editorial assistants, special editor, and I have done just that in the case of Jerald C. Brauer. He turns seventy late this summer, and in the name of the American Society of Church History, its Council, and the editorial advisory council of Church History and its staff, we dedicate this issue to him. Members of the Society and readers of this journal will be glad to hear that the Council asked him to remain in his coediting post and named him to another term.
A Tribute to the Professor
Authors: Corrigan John
Published: January 2009

At the recent meeting of the American Society of Church History in New York I was recollecting with a friend our common experience in a graduate seminar at the University of Chicago. In the course of that conversation we came to realize that the majority of the papers from the seminar eventually had found their way into print, in one form or another. We noted with satisfaction how seeds planted years ago had borne some fruit, but with that curious admixture of emotions that men and women reserve for their academic mentors, we also understood that finally the seminar was another page of testimony to the energetic intellectual leadership of the professor who had conducted it, Jerald C. Brauer.
Theodosius' Horse: Reflections on the Predicament of the Church Historian
Authors: Outler Albert C.
Published: January 2009

The second general council of Ephesus was convened on August 8, 449, and adjourned some fourteen days later by the legates of Theodosius II, who promptly confirmed the council's canons and decrees. It had been as regular, or irregular, as Nicea I or Ephesus I had been, and far more general than the Constantinopolitan synod of 381. Its chief importance lay in registering another splendid victory for the Alexandrines. The “school” of Antioch was shattered beyond repair; Pope Leo and the Westerners were walled off and weakened; the bare notion of “two natures” was branded as Nestorian; every principal see in the East was manned by a henchman of Dioscoros. Moreover, the emperor and his grand chamberlain (the eunuch Chrysaphius, godson to Eutyches) were prepared to support Alexandrine policy with police power.
The Development of the Appellate Jurisdiction of the Roman See
Authors: Ayer Joseph Cullen
Published: January 2009

The jurisdiction of the Roman see is, and always has been, a point of controversy, not merely between the adherents of that see and all other Christians, but even among those who look with reverence akin to devotion to the successor of St. Peter. It is not merely a legal question, it is essentially a theological question, and as a doctrine it must be dejure divino. Accordingly, it has been discussed with that acrimony which as from a psychological necessity is characteristic of so many theological disputes. But discussion of the development of the doctrine and practice does not necessarily involve polemics. For a doctrine may be true or false, and to show this is a matter of exegesis and systematic theology, but to show that as finally stated it was the result of a long development is not to touch upon the question of its truth at all. Thus one may ask as to a doctrine closely connected with that we are to discuss, does the teaching of the Church as stated in the Bull, Unam Sanctam, appear in the second or third century as an article of belief required to be held by all Christians as a condition for receiving the sacraments? To show that it does not so appear, is merely to show what nearly every one acknowledges as to almost any doctrine not involved in modern polemics, that in the earliest ages they were not formulated with any great precision, in fact were expressed in forms sometimes afterward regarded as even heretical. Such a doctrine as the appellate jurisdiction may be studied in the same historical and non-polemical spirit as the doctrines of the atonement, incarnation, grace, or the sacraments.
Religious Diversity and Everyday Ethics in the Seventeenth-Century Dutch City Kampen
Authors: van der Pol Frank
Published: January 2009

In the century when heretics in the Netherlands were persecuted, the Dutch Revolt occurred, and events took place that ultimately led to the National Synod of Dordrecht (1618–19), religion and society were clearly interwoven. Research on this period is characterized by an interdisciplinary approach, such as the one used, to remarkable effect, in the recent studies on the cities of the Reformation (Städteforschung). In the Netherlands, the study of the Reformation in urban settings has also become an important field, one in which both church and “secular” historians have made valuable contributions. Historical work on the period after the Synod of Dordrecht displays, however, far less interest in the relationship between religion and society. Despite this shift in historical focus, religion remained a formative factor in the public life of the Dutch Republic long after 1620. The established church retained its central position in society and continued to influence the design and the development of Dutch culture. The religious community regarded its norms as the basis of civil society. The church wanted to create a social practice in which religion played an influential role in urban life and in the ethics of everyday living.
“She offered herself up”: The Victim Soul and Victim Spirituality in Catholicism
Authors: Kane Paula M.
Published: January 2009

A teenage Catholic girl lies immobilized in her bed in Worcester, Massachusetts, her dark hair gathered in pink satin ribbons, her lacy nightgown spread neatly around her. The pleasing effect of a damsel in a pre-Raphaelite painting is broken by the sight of a tracheotomy tube in her neck attached to a ventilator, and a feeding tube in her stomach. For the last six years the American media has provided glimpses into the curious vegetative existence of Audrey Santo (1984–), who has lain in a coma-like state since a swimming pool accident at the age of three. Despite the girl's lack of consciousness and brain function, she has been credited as the conduit for extraordinary events in her home which have included bleeding hosts, stigmata, weeping statues, exuding walls, and physical healings. Audrey's popularity is largely a media creation, stemming from a 1996 televised documentary film about her on EWTN, a Christian broadcasting network in Alabama, which spawned a deluge of requests to the Santo family from people wanting to make a pilgrimage to see their daughter.
Healing in the History of Christianity Presidential Address, January 2002 American Society of Church History
Authors: Porterfield Amanda
Published: January 2009

In 1866, after a fall on the ice left her in despair of ever being able to walk again, Mary Baker Patterson (later Mary Baker Eddy) picked up her Bible and began reading stories of the healings performed by Jesus. As she lay in bed, picturing Jesus commanding the lame to rise and demons to be gone, her own sense of the power of Divine Love became so strong that she stood up and walked, knowing that she was completely healed. Free from the weakness, pain, and fear that had plagued her life for decades, Eddy became a forceful and successful leader, the founder of the Church of Christ, Scientist who devoted the rest of her life to teaching others to know the healing power of Divine Love.
The Word “Homoousios” from Hellenism to Christianity
Authors: Beatrice Pier Franco
Published: January 2009

Homoousiosis one of the most important words in the Christian theological vocabulary, since it was used at the Council of Nicaea to express the divine consubstantiality of the Son with the Father. However, long and complicated debates have not yet produced any significant agreement among scholars concerning its origin and meaning.
Hymnody as History: Early Evangelical Hymns and the Recovery of American Popular Religion
Authors: Marini Stephen
Published: January 2009

The hymns of evangelical Protestantism are the most widely used spiritual texts in American history. Sacred lyrics like “All hail the power of Jesus' name,” “Jesus, lover of my soul,” “How firm a foundation,” and “When I survey the wondrous cross” have been sung, preached, and prayed by millions of Americans since the eighteenth century. At worship, revivals, youth services, conferences, conventions, and colleges, and in the family circle, these hymns have been ceaselessly repeated in an unending round of living oral tradition. Since the Great Awakening two and a half centuries ago, the churches of the evangelical tradition have published tens of thousands of hymn texts and tunes. This continuous popularity since colonial times establishes hymnody as a crucial expression of American evangelical religiousness.
“The same cause and like quarell”: Eusebius, John Foxe, and the Evolution of Ecclesiastical History
Authors: Minton Gretchen E.
Published: January 2009

In 1563, just five years after Elizabeth ascended to the throne, John Foxe published the first edition of hisActs and Monuments. Part ecclesiastical history, part martyrology, part English chronicle, and entirely Protestant, this enormously popular work had a significant impact upon its age. The dedicatory letter to the Queen in this first edition begins with an elaborate woodcut of the letter C, in which Elizabeth sits enthroned. [See Figure 1.] This C is the beginning of the word “Constantine.” Foxe writes: “Constantine the greate and mightie Emperour, the sonne of Helene an Englyshe woman of this youre Realme and countrie (moste Christian and renowned Pryncesse Queene Elizabeth) … pacified and established the churche of Christ, being long before under persecution almost … 400 years” (1563 Pref. vi). Thus Foxe immediately emphasizes the supposed Englishness of Constantine and builds upon this link between Rome and Britain by implying that, just as Constantine had delivered the Christians from an age of persecution, so had Elizabeth. But there is another parallel that Foxe is interested in establishing, at which he hints as the letter continues. Foxe tells the story of how Constantine once traveled to Caesaria, where he promised to grant Eusebius, the Bishop, whatever he wanted for the good of the church: “The good and godly Byshop … made this petition, onely to obtaine at his maiesties hand under his seale and letters autentique, free leave and license through al the monarchie of Rome … to searche out the names, sufferinges and actes, of all such as suffered in al that time of persecution before, for the testimonie and faith of Christ Jesus” (1563 Pref., vi).
The Imagined Crusade: The Church of England and the Mythology of Nationalism and Christianity during the Great War
Authors: Bontrager Shannon Ty
Published: January 2009

The Church of England, being the state church of an imperial nation of diverse peoples and creeds, had to contend with provocative controversies in the early twentieth century leading up to the First World War. Perhaps the greatest was secularization, which gained momenturn in the previous century.2 The last fifty years of the nineteenth century proved threatening for church leaders. Horace Mann's 1851 religious census in England and Wales, although controversial, insinuated church attendance was much lower in Great Britain than previously perceived. Causing more anxiety, the State Church consistently lost authority over many of its traditions, including administering burial grounds and the last rights ceremony.3 Additionally Ecclesiastical courts gave up authority to the civic courts of British society.
Conservative Social Christianity, the Law, and Personal Morality: Wilbur F. Crafts in Washington
Authors: Foster Gaines M.
Published: January 2009

In 1895, Wilbur F. Crafts opened on office in Washington, D.C. and proclaimed himself a Christian lobbyist. Over the next quarter century, until his death in 1922, he mobilized churches and individual Christians to pressure Congress on behalf of bills, some he had written, to limit divorce, to control sexuality, and to restrict or prohibit the use of narcotics and alcohol. He also led an unsuccessful campaign for federal censorship of the movies. Crafts deserves more attention than historians of American religion have paid him. His legislative accomplishments render his career important in itself, but an analysis of his theology and lobbying efforts also helps historians better conceptualize social Christianity and the social gospel.
Pilgrims and Progress: How Magazines Made Thanksgiving
Authors: Wills Anne Blue
Published: January 2009

William Bradford wrote, at the beginning of his history Of Plymouth Plantation, “I must begin at the very root and rise” of the story, setting events down “in a plain style, with singular regard unto the simple truth in all things.” He intended to produce an accurate and clear account of the way the Plymouth settlers' lives unfolded. Readers after postmodernism may note with skepticism the governor's claim that his portrayal set down only the perfectly discoverable truth of the matter. Yet certain sparely depicted moments in his history lead us to accept the description “the simple truth” as the only one appropriate to his work.
“Cameras ‘never lie’”: The Role of Photography in Telling the Story of American Evangelical Missions
Authors: Long Kathryn T.
Published: January 2009

In her controversial novel,No Graven Image(1966), former missionary and best-selling evangelical author Elisabeth Elliot described the visit of a zealous missions executive, Mr. Harvey, to observe her main character, missionary Margaret Sparhawk, working among the mountain Quichua Indians in Ecuador. Harvey, a pompous sort, arrived with two cameras slung around his neck and spent most of his visit snapping photographs. When Margaret suggested it was time to leave the home of Pedro, her Quichua language informant, Harvey demurred, not yet finished with his picture taking.
Episcopal Election in Novgorod, Russia 1156–1478
Authors: Paul Michael C.
Published: January 2009

Episcopal election in Western Christianity evolved considerably over the course of the fifth to the twelfth centuries. In the early part of this period, an open electorate consisting of the clergy and the people (clerus et populus), as well as the diocesan clergy and the metropolitan archbishop, all took part in the election and consecration of a new bishop. Over the course of several centuries, the local prince came increasingly to dominate the process due both to Germanic and Roman traditions of the role of the prince and to the growth in power of the local rulers over the course of the Middle Ages. Efforts to harmonize the discordant views of a “democratic” versus an elite (either princely or clerical) electorate with the ideals of canon law, which forbade lay participation in episcopal election, led to assertions that the clergy were to elect the bishop with the people and the prince giving their assent to the bishop-elect. However, with the Gregorian reforms of the twelfth century, the right of the clergy in episcopal elections became preeminent as the reformers sought to enforce the canon laws and exclude the laity from episcopal election, especially in light of past princely abuse. Despite the apparent victory of the reformers in the Investiture Controversy, the local ruler continued to play a preeminent role in episcopal appointments (or elections) into modern times, though the principle of election “by the clergy and the people” fell into disuse.
Religious Poverty, Mendicancy, and Reform in the Late Middle Ages
Authors: Bailey Michael D.
Published: January 2009

The idea and the ideal of religious poverty exerted a powerful force throughout the Middle Ages. “Take no gold, or silver, or copper in your belts, no bag for your journey, or two tunics, or sandals, or a staff,” Christ had commanded his apostles. He had sternly warned, “it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle, than for someone who is rich to enter into the kingdom of God.” And he had instructed one of the faithful, who had asked what he needed to do to live the most holy sort of life, “if you wish to be perfect, go, sell your possessions and give your money to the poor, and you will have treasure in heaven.” Beginning with these biblical injunctions, voluntary poverty, the casting off of wealth and worldly goods for the sake of Christ, dominated much of medieval religious thought. The desire for a more perfect poverty impelled devout men and women to new heights of piety, while disgust with the material wealth of the church fueled reform movements and more radical heresies alike. Often, as so clearly illustrated by the case of the Spiritual Franciscans andfraticelliin the later thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the lines separating devout believer from condemned heretic shifted and even reversed themselves entirely depending on how one understood the religious call to poverty. Moreover, the Christian ideal of poverty interacted powerfully with and helped to shape many major economic, social, and cultural trends in medieval Europe. As Lester Little demonstrated over two decades ago, for example, developing ideals of religious poverty were deeply intermeshed with the revitalizing European economy of the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries and did much to shape the emerging urban spirituality of that period.
The Colonization of British North America as an Episode in the History of Christianity
Authors: Cohen Charles L.
Published: January 2009

The proposition that, to paraphrase Carl Degler, Christianity came to British North America in the first ships, has long enjoyed popular and scholarly currency. The popular account, sometimes found today in evangelical Christian circles, holds that in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries colonists erected a mighty kingdom of God whose gates the humanist barbarians have unfortunately breached. The scholarly variation derives from Perry Miller's eloquent melodrama about Puritanism's rise and fall. Miller anatomized Puritanism as a carapace of Ramist logic, covenant theology, and faculty psychology surrounding the visceral vitality of Augustinian piety, an intellectual body that grew in health and cogency in Tudor-Stuart England and then suppurated on the American strand, corrupted by internal contradictions, creeping secularism, and periwigs. Miller understood that he was describing one single Christian tradition—Reformed Protestantism of a particularly perfervid variety—but such was his narrative's majesty that his tale of New England Puritanism ramified into the story of Christianity in the colonies; in the beginning, all the world was New England, and, at the end, the extent to which the colonists had created a common Christian identity owed mightily to Puritan conceptions of the national covenant. Miller was too good a scholar to miss the pettiness of Puritan religious politics and the myriad ways in which even the founding generation of Saints failed to live up to their own best values, but his chronicle of Puritan decline parallels the popular vision that the colonial period represented the “Golden Age” of Christianity in America: the faith began on a fortissimo chord but has decrescendoed ever since. The logic of this declension scheme spotlights some historical issues while ignoring others. The central problem for declension theory is to explain how and why Christianity's vigor ebbed, whereas the creation of a Christian culture in the colonies—the erection of churches, the elaboration of governing apparatuses, the routinization of personal devotion and moral order—is made unproblematic: it just spilled out of theMayflowerand theArbellaonto Plymouth Rock and Shawmut.
Preparing the Soil for Global Revival: Station HCJB's Radio Circle, 1949–59
Authors: Stoneman Timothy H. B.
Published: January 2009

The second half of the twentieth century witnessed a fundamental shift in the character of the Christian religion—namely, a massive expansion and shift of its center of gravity southward. During this period, Christianity experienced a transformation from a predominantly Western religion to a world religion largely defined by non-Western adherents in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. From 1970 to 2005, the size of the Southern Church increased two and a half times to over 1.25 billion members. By the early twenty-first century, 60 percent of all professing Christians lived in the global South and East. The most dynamic source of church growth during this period was Independent (evangelical or Pentecostal) Protestant groups, which increased at nearly twice the rate of other Christian affiliations. The spread of evangelical Protestantism represents a truly global phenomenon and has included large populations in East and Southeast Asia, the South Pacific, sub-Saharan Africa, and the Americas.
Agnes of Harcourt, Felipa of Porcelet, and Marguerite of Oingt: Women Writing about Women at the End of the Thirteenth Century
Authors: Field Sean L.
Published: January 2009

Three vernacular religious biographies were written by women about other women around the year 1300: Agnes of Harcourt's FrancienVie d'Isabelle de France(ca. 1283), Felipa of Porcelet's ProvençalVida de la benaurada sancta Doucelina(begun ca. 1297), and Marguerite of Oingt's Franco-ProvençalVia seiti Biatrix virgina de Ornaciu(between 1303 and 1310). Although a limited number of similar texts had been composed in Latin dating back to the early Middle Ages, and a few twelfth-century women such as Clemence of Barking had refashioned existing Latin lives of early female martyr-saints into Anglo-Norman verse, the works of Agnes, Felipa, and Marguerite are the first extant vernacular biographies to have been written by European women about other contemporary women. Just as strikingly, after the three examples studied here, few if any analogous works appeared until the later fifteenth century, with most writing by women about other religious women in the intervening period instead being found in “Sister Books” and convent chronicles.
“Bad Things” and “Good Hearts”: Mediation, Meaning, and the Language of Illinois Christianity
Authors: Leavelle Tracy Neal
Published: January 2009

A delegation of Illinois Indians on a diplomatic mission astonished the residents of New Orleans in 1730 with their ardent participation in the Catholic ritual life of the colonial capital. The Jesuit Mathurin le Petit observed that during their three–week stay “[the Illinois] charmed us by their piety, and by their edifying life. Every evening they recited the rosary … and every morning they heard me say Mass.” People crowded into the church to witness the spectacle of “savage” Indians worshiping and singing before the altar. The highlight for the audience was a responsive Gregorian chant in which Ursuline nuns “chanted the first Latin couplet, … and the Illinois continued the other couplets in their language in the same tone.” The Illinois appeared to be very well educated in Catholic practice, pausing during their daily activities to recite a variety of prayers. “To listen to them,” concluded the missionary, “you would easily perceive that they took more delight and pleasure in chanting these holy Canticles, than the generality of the Savages.” Le Petit was correct in a sense. The performance that so delighted the people of New Orleans represented the results of more than a generation of intercultural and linguistic exchange between the Illinois and the French.
Helminth parasites of the wolfCanis lupusfrom Latvia
Authors: Bagrade G. , Kirjušina M. , Vismanis K. , Ozoliņš J.
Published: January 2009

Thirty-four wolves were collected between 2003 and 2008 from throughout Latvia and examined for helminths. A total of 17 helminth species were recorded: the trematodeAlaria alata(85.3%); the cestodesDiphyllobothrium latum(2.9%),Echinococcus granulosus(2.9%),Echinococcus multilocularis(5.9%),Mesocestoides lineatus(5.9%),Taenia crassiceps(8.8%),Taenia hydatigena(41.2%),Taenia (ovis) krabbei(8.8%),Taenia multiceps(47.1%),Taenia pisiformis(20.6%),Taenia polyacantha(11.8%),Taeniaspp. (8.8%); and the nematodesAncylostoma caninum(2.9%),Crenosoma vulpis(9.1%),Eucoleus aerophilus(36.4%),Pearsonema plica(41.4%),Trichinellaspp. (69.7%),Toxocara canis(5.8%), andUncinaria stenocephala(41.2%).Alaria alatapresented the highest mean intensity (403.8). All animals were infected with at least one species of parasite, while the maximum recorded in one specimen was eight. No differences in the intensity or prevalence of any helminth species were found among the host based on age and gender, except forT. multicepswhich was more prevalent in adults than in juveniles.
Effect of cochlear implant electrode insertion on middle-ear function as measured by intra-operative laser Doppler vibrometry
Authors: Donnelly N , Bibas A , Jiang D , Bamiou D-E , Santulli C , Jeronimidis G , Fitzgerald O'Connor A
Published: January 2009

Hypothesis:

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of cochlear implant electrode insertion on middle-ear low frequency function in humans.

Background:

Preservation of residual low frequency hearing with addition of electrical speech processing can improve the speech perception abilities and hearing in noise of cochlear implant users. Preservation of low frequency hearing requires an intact middle-ear conductive mechanism in addition to intact inner-ear mechanisms. Little is known about the effect of a cochlear implant electrode on middle-ear function.

Methods:

Stapes displacement was measured in seven patients undergoing cochlear implantation. Measurements were carried out intra-operatively before and after electrode insertion. Each patient acted as his or her own control. Sound was delivered into the external auditory canal via a speaker and calibrated via a probe microphone. The speaker and probe microphone were integrated into an individually custom-made ear mould. Ossicular displacement in response to a multisine stimulus at 80 dB SPL was measured at the incudostapedial joint via the posterior tympanotomy, using an operating microscope mounted laser Doppler vibrometry system.

Results:

Insertion of a cochlear implant electrode into the scala tympani had a variable effect on stapes displacement. In three patients, there was little change in stapes displacement following electrode insertion. In two patients, there was a significant increase, while in a further two there was a significant reduction in stapes displacement. This variability may reflect alteration of cochlear impedance, possibly due to differing loss of perilymph associated with the electrode insertion.

Conclusion:

Insertion of a cochlear implant electrode produces a change in stapes displacement at low frequencies, which may have an effect on residual low frequency hearing thresholds.
Optical coherence tomography of the oval window niche
Authors: Just T , Lankenau E , Hüttmann G , Pau H W
Published: January 2009

Objective:

Optical coherence tomography was used to study the stapes footplate, both in cadaveric temporal bones and during middle-ear surgery.

Materials and methods:

Optical coherence tomography was conducted on five temporal bone preparations (from two children and three adults) and in eight patients during middle-ear surgery. A specially equipped operating microscope with integrated spectral domain optical coherence tomography apparatus was used for standard middle-ear surgical procedures.

Results:

This optical coherence tomography investigation enabled in vivo visualisation and documentation of the annular ligament, the different layers of the footplate and the inner-ear structures, both in non-fixed and fixed stapes footplates. In cases of otosclerosis and tympanosclerosis, an inhomogeneous and irregularly thickened footplate was found, in contrast to the appearance of non-fixed footplates. In both fixed and non-fixed footplates, there was a lack of visualisation of the border between the footplate and the otic capsule.

Conclusions:

Investigation of the relatively new technology of optical coherence tomography indicated that this imaging modality may assist the ear surgeon to assess the oval window niche intra-operatively.
Characteristics of the runaway electron beam instability in the HT-7 tokamak
Authors: CHEN Z. Y. , ZHU J. X. , JU H. J. , DU Q. , SHI Y. J. , LIANG H. F. , LI M. , CAI W. D. ,   HT-7 TEAM
Published: January 2009

Runaway electron ream instabilities have been observed in Ohmic plasmas in the HT-7 tokamak. The instability regime is characterized by relaxations in the electron cyclotron emission due to the relativistic anomalous Doppler resonance effect which transfers energy from parallel to perpendicular motion. Two types of instabilities in the slide-away regime have been observed in the HT-7 tokamak. The scaling of the threshold value for the instabilities to occur has been derived. It is found that the threshold value is linearly dependent on the plasma current and independent of the toroidal magnetic field strength.
Vertices of Mather’s beta function, II
Authors: MASSART DANIEL
Published: January 2009

If theβ-function of a time-periodic Lagrangian on a manifoldMhas a vertex at ak-irrational homology classh, then 2k<dimM, so if dimM=2, thenhis rational.
Bargaining, Justice, and Justification: Towards Reconstruction
Authors: Fishkin James S.
Published: January 2009

Part I of this essay will be devoted to Gauthier's principle of minimax relative concession. Part II will focus, more generally, on the variety of possible strategies available to liberal theory. In Part I, I will argue that the principle of minimax relative concession does not define “essential justice” as Gauthier claims. In Part II, I will argue that the difficulties facing Gauthier's strategy are common to other strategies of die same general kind. I will close by suggesting what I think may prove to be a more promising approach.