bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the influence of printing parameters on the compression resistance of PLA in the FDM process
Authors: Passari Émerson dos Santos , Lauermann Carlos Henrique , Souza André J. , Silva Fabio Pinto , Barros Rodrigo Rodrigues de
Published: September 2024

Purpose

The rapid growth of 3D printing has transformed the cost-effective production of prototypes and functional items, primarily using extrusion technology with thermoplastics. This study aims to focus on optimizing mechanical properties, precisely highlighting the crucial role of mechanical compressive strength in ensuring the functionality and durability of 3D-printed components, especially in industrial and engineering applications.

Design/methodology/approach

Using the Box−Behnken experimental design, the research investigated the influence of layer thickness, wall perimeter and infill level on mechanical resistance through compression. Parameters such as maximum force, printing time and mass utilization are considered for assessing and enhancing mechanical properties.

Findings

The layer thickness was identified as the most influential parameter over the compression time, followed by the degree of infill. The number of surface layers significantly influences both maximum strength and total mass. Optimization strategies suggest reducing infill percentage while maintaining moderate to high values for surface layers and layer thickness, enabling the production of lightweight components with adequate mechanical strength and reduced printing time. Experimental validation confirms the effectiveness of these strategies, with generated regression equations serving as a valuable predictive tool for similar parameters.

Practical implications

This research offers valuable insights for industries using 3D printing in creating prototypes and functional parts. By identifying optimal parameters such as layer thickness, surface layers and infill levels, the study helps manufacturers achieve stronger, lighter and more cost-efficient components. For industrial and engineering applications, adopting the outlined optimization strategies can result in components with enhanced mechanical strength and durability, while also reducing material costs and printing times. Practitioners can use the developed regression equations as predictive tools to fine-tune their production processes and achieve desired mechanical properties more effectively.

Originality/value

This research contributes to the ongoing evolution of additive manufacturing, providing insights into optimizing structural rigidity through polylactic acid (PLA) selection, Box−Behnken design and overall process optimization. These findings advance the understanding of fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology and offer practical implications for more efficient and economical 3D printing processes in industrial and engineering applications.
Estimation of rock mass permeability using relaxation time and P‐wave velocity
Authors: Song Zhicheng , Nie Lichao , Li Zhiqiang , Zhang Shilei , Deng Zhaoyang , Li Yuancheng
Published: September 2024

Due to the inherent unpredictability of geological conditions, tunnelling operations are often at risk of encountering water inrushes. Such incidents can lead to construction delays, impose financial strains and pose significant safety threats to the workers involved. Water‐bearing geological formations are the main triggers for such incidents, with factors such as the positioning, water quantity and permeability distribution of these formations being key to predicting the occurrence and severity of water inrush disasters. By leveraging the complex interplay among relaxation time, P‐wave velocity and permeability within the rock's physical properties, a series of indoor tests were conducted on 40 artificial reef limestone cores to extract the necessary parameters. Through the analysis of the data, the comprehensive permeability prediction model was established, and the correlation coefficient was 0.9420 between the model's predictions and actual measurements. At the same time, through theoretical and mechanism analysis, the relationship between permeability and relaxation time and the relationship between permeability and P‐wave velocity were analysed. Finally, 10 natural reef limestone samples were used to verify the accuracy of the model. The prediction model enables an accurate evaluation of tunnel permeability, thus providing a scientific basis for the mitigation of tunnel water inrush hazards.
Temperature effects on the electrical conductivity of K‐feldspar
Authors: Sadhukhan Supti , Dutta Tapati
Published: September 2024

K‐feldspar, which constitutes about 60 of the Earth's crust, is crucial for understanding electrical conductivity in porous rocks. Its electrical properties are vital for applications in ceramics, electrical insulation and conductive polymers. In this work, we study the time evolution of electrical conductivity of K‐feldspar‐rich rocks with varying temperatures, at high and low pH, which has been studied through simulation using time domain random walk. Random walkers, mimicking ions in transport, move in accordance with appropriate hydrodynamic equations, dissolution and precipitation kinetics. Electrical conductivity has been calculated considering variations in the parameters of temperature, fluid pH and the abundance of K‐feldspar in rocks. Electrical conductivity is found to increase with temperature up to a critical value, after which it decreases. The sharpness of the rise and fall in electrical conductivity is quantified through a measure defined as the conductivity quality factor . We find that increases with a decrease in the availability of K‐feldspar mineral. Our simulated results of electrical conductivity show a good match with the experimental trends reported.
The role of wild red deer on soil physical properties in a Mediterranean ecosystem: insights from a Portuguese mountain
Authors: GARCIA Fernanda , ALVES DA SILVA António , SOUSA José Paulo , ALVES Joana
Published: September 2024

In this study we aimed to assess the role of wild red deer, along with other ungulates such as roe deer and wild boar, in the soil's physical properties, namely soil penetration resistance and depth (used as a proxy for soil compaction), hydraulic conductivity (a proxy for water infiltration), and the proportion of soil stable aggregates. Results showed that, at the density level found in our study area, red deer have a neutral effect at the soil level, not causing significant soil compaction or significantly influencing measured soil functions.
sabinaNSDM: An R package for spatially nested hierarchical species distribution modelling
Authors: Mateo Rubén G. , Morales‐Barbero Jennifer , Zarzo‐Arias Alejandra , Lima Herlander , Gómez‐Rubio Virgilio , Goicolea Teresa
Published: September 2024

Species distribution models have evolved to combine species‐environment interactions across multiple scales. Spatially nested hierarchical models (NSDMs) offer a promising avenue by integrating datasets and predictive models from broad to fine scales. But a user‐friendly tool to execute these models remains an important ongoing challenge.

To address this gap, we introduce the sabinaNSDM R package that provides a straightforward approach to develop NSDMs. This package merges global scale models, capturing extensive ecological niches, with regional scale models featuring high‐resolution covariates, to form a unified hierarchical modelling framework. This toolkit is designed to facilitate the implementation of NSDMs for ecologists, conservationists and researchers aiming to produce more reliable species distribution predictions.

sabinaNSDM streamlines the data preparation, calibration, integration and projection of models across two scales. It automates (if necessary) the generation of background points, spatial thinning of species occurrence and absence (if available) data, covariate selection and the generation of NSDMs.

This paper outlines the workflow and functions integrated into the sabinaNSDM package, complemented by an applied case study involving a pool of 76 tree species. Consistent with previous publications, the generated NSDMs facilitated precise predictions (mean AUC value through independent evaluation higher than 0.88) of species distributions under current and future environmental scenarios.
Comparison of strength and adulteration between illicit drugs obtained from cryptomarkets versus off‐line
Authors: Coney Leigh , Peacock Amy , van der Gouwe Daan , Smit‐Rigter Laura , Hutten Nadia , Ventura Mireia , Quesada Adrià , Barratt Monica J.
Published: September 2024

Background and aims

Drugs sold on cryptomarkets are thought to have lower levels of adulteration and higher strength compared with those sourced off‐line. The present study aimed to determine whether cryptomarket and off‐line‐sourced 3,4‐methylenedioxy‐N‐methamphetamine (MDMA), cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) differed in adulteration and strength.

Design and setting

A between‐groups design was used to compare cryptomarket versus off‐line‐sourced drugs. Regression analyses controlling for year and service were conducted. Drug‐checking services were conducted in Spain (Energy Control) and the Netherlands (Drugs Information and Monitoring System).

Cases

The cases comprised drug samples that underwent drug checking between 2016 and 2021 and were expected to contain MDMA (tablets; n = 36 065; powder: n = 6179), cocaine (n = 11 419), amphetamine (n = 6823), methamphetamine (n = 293) and LSD (n = 1817).

Measurements

Drugs were measured for (1) matching the advertised substance (i.e. containing any amount of the expected substance); (2) strength; (3) presence of adulteration; and (4) number of adulterants.

Findings

The expected drug was more likely to be identified when sourced from cryptomarkets versus off‐line for MDMA tablets [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 2.10, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.28–3.43], MDMA powder (AOR = 2.64, CI = 1.55–4.51), cocaine (AOR = 3.65, CI = 1.98–6.71) and LSD (AOR = 1.75, CI = 1.13–2.72). Cryptomarket‐sourced MDMA powder (β = 0.03, P = 0.012), cocaine (β = 0.08, P < 0.001) and methamphetamine (β = 0.15, P = 0.028) were statistically significantly higher in strength than substances from off‐line sources. Conversely, MDMA tablets (β = −0.01, P = 0.043) and amphetamine (β = −0.07, P < 0.001) from cryptomarkets were statistically significantly lower in strength than from off‐line sources. MDMA powder (AOR = 0.53, CI = 0.33–0.86) and cocaine (AOR = 0.66, CI = 0.55–0.79) were statistically significantly less likely to be adulterated if sourced from cryptomarkets. However, amphetamine (AOR = 1.54, CI = 1.25–1.90) and LSD (AOR = 1.31, CI = 1.00–1.71) were found to be more likely to be adulterated when purchased from cryptomarkets. Cocaine from cryptomarkets exhibited fewer adulterants (incidence rate ratio = 0.71, CI = 0.60–0.85).

Conclusion

The relationship between on‐line drug market‐places and substance quality varies depending on both the specific substance and the dynamics of the cryptomarket.
Microvascular flow imaging of fibroids: A prospective pilot study
Authors: Frijlingh Marissa , Stoelinga Barbara , de Leeuw Robert A. , Hehenkamp Wouter J. K. , Twisk Jos W. R. , van den Bosch Thierry , Juffermans Lynda J. M. , Huirne Judith A. F.
Published: September 2024

Introduction

Imaging fibroid vascularity may predict fibroid growth and aid to determine most appropriate therapy. Microvascular (MV) flow imaging is relatively new and is able to detect slow flow in small vessels. Data on feasibility, reproducibility, and reliability of MV‐flow imaging in fibroids is lacking. The purpose of our study was to determine the reproducibility of MV‐flow imaging and to explore this technique for clinical practice for assessing blood flow in fibroids.

Material and Methods

Thirty patients with one or multiple fibroids (diameter 1.5–12.0 cm) were prospectively included. Transvaginal ultrasound scanning was performed in B‐mode, 2D MV‐Flow™, 2D and 3D power Doppler mode (HERA W10, Samsung) by two experienced gynecologists at a tertiary care clinic from February to December 2021. The primary outcome was intra‐ and interobserver agreement of the vascular index (VI) and color score (CS). The following parameters: ‘2D MV‐flow VI’, ‘3DPD VI’, ‘2D MV‐flow CS’ and ‘2DPD CS’ were measured offline in the center, pseudocapsule, and entire fibroid. Secondary offline outcomes for exploring 2D MV‐flow for clinical practice, included (1) ability to discern vascular structures, (2) assessing the degree of vascularity via CS and calculating a VI, and (3) determining penetration depth of the ultrasound signal in both power Doppler and MV‐flow imaging.

Results

All scans of the 30 included patients were of sufficient quality to analyze. Inter‐ and intra‐observer correlations of all studied parameters were good to excellent, both for 2D MV‐flow and 2D power Doppler (intercorrelation coefficient 0.992–0.996). Using 2D MV‐flow different vascular structures were visible in detail, in contrary to using 2D and 3D power Doppler. In significantly more fibroids central flow could be visualized using 2D MV‐flow (63%) than with 2D power Doppler (13%, p = 0.001). Finally, penetration of the ultrasound signal was deeper using 2D MV‐flow (3.92 cm) than with 2D power Doppler (2.95 cm, p = 0.001).

Conclusions

Using 2D MV‐flow imaging for determining vascularity is highly reproducible. It has potential added value for clinical practice as it depicts detailed vascular structures and the degree of vascularity, especially in the center of the fibroid.
Parenting stress in infancy was associated with neurodevelopment in 24‐month‐old children with congenital heart disease
Authors: Lepage Charles , Bayard Jade , Gaudet Isabelle , Paquette Natacha , Simard Marie‐Noëlle , Gallagher Anne
Published: September 2024

Aim

Having a child with congenital heart disease (CHD) is stressful for parents, but research on the impact this stress can have on child development has been lacking. We investigated the associations between parenting stress when children were infants and neurodevelopmental outcomes in toddlers with CHD.

Methods

This study was carried out at the Neurocardiac Clinic at the Sainte‐Justine University Hospital in Montréal, Canada. Patients born from 2012 to 2019 and followed up to 24 months of age were recruited. Parenting stress levels were measured when the child was 4–6 months and 24 months and the child's neurodevelopment was assessed at 24 months. Multiple linear regressions analyses were carried out.

Results

We studied 100 children (56% boys) with CHD. Most of the parenting stress scores were below the clinical threshold. However, they accounted for a significant part of the variance in the children's cognitive (15%–16%), receptive language (14%–15%) and gross motor outcomes (15%–18%). They had no impact on the children's expressive language or fine motor outcomes.

Conclusion

Higher parenting stress was associated with poorer neurodevelopmental outcomes in toddlers with CHD. Early screening of parenting stress in CHD clinics is necessary to provide individualised intervention for parents and optimise neurodevelopmental outcomes in children.
A gender perspective on diet, microbiome, and sex hormone interplay in cardiovascular disease
Authors: Jovanovic Nina , Zach Veronika , Crocini Claudia , Bahr Lina Samira , Forslund‐Startceva Sofia Kirke , Franz Kristina
Published: September 2024

A unique interplay between body and environment embeds and reflects host–microbiome interactions that contribute to sex‐differential disease susceptibility, symptomatology, and treatment outcomes. These differences derive from individual biological factors, such as sex hormone action, sex‐divergent immune processes, X‐linked gene dosage effects, and epigenetics, as well as from their interaction across the lifespan. The gut microbiome is increasingly recognized as a moderator of several body systems that are thus impacted by its function and composition. In humans, biological sex components further interact with gender‐specific exposures such as dietary preferences, stressors, and life experiences to form a complex whole, requiring innovative methodologies to disentangle. Here, we summarize current knowledge of the interactions among sex hormones, gut microbiota, immune system, and vascular health and their relevance for sex‐differential epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases. We outline clinical implications, identify knowledge gaps, and place emphasis on required future studies to address these gaps. In addition, we provide an overview of the caveats associated with conducting cardiovascular research that require consideration of sex/gender differences. While previous work has inspected several of these components separately, here we call attention to further translational utility of a combined perspective from cardiovascular translational research, gender medicine, and microbiome systems biology.
Chronic intermittent hypoxia triggers cardiac fibrosis: Role of epididymal white adipose tissue senescent remodeling?
Authors: Naushad Suzain , Gaucher Jonathan , Mezdari Zaineb , Détrait Maximin , Belaidi Elise , Zhang Yanyan , Vial Guillaume , Bouyon Sophie , Czibik Gabor , Pini Maria , Aldekwer Sahar , Liang Hao , Pelloux Véronique , Aron‐Wisnewsky Judith , Tamisier Renaud , Pépin Jean‐Louis , Derumeaux Geneviève , Sawaki Daigo , Arnaud Claire
Published: September 2024

Aim

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a growing health problem affecting nearly 1 billion people worldwide. The landmark feature of OSA is chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH), accounting for multiple organ damage, including heart disease. CIH profoundly alters both visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) and heart structure and function, but little is known regarding inter‐organ interaction in the context of CIH. We recently showed that visceral WAT senescence drives myocardial alterations in aged mice without CIH. Here, we aimed at investigating whether CIH induces a premature visceral WAT senescent phenotype, triggering subsequent cardiac remodeling.

Methods

In a first experiment, 10‐week‐old C57bl6J male mice (n = 10/group) were exposed to 14 days of CIH (8 h daily, 5%–21% cyclic inspired oxygen fraction, 60 s per cycle). In a second series, mice were submitted to either epididymal WAT surgical lipectomy or sham surgery before CIH exposure. Finally, we used p53 deficient mice or Wild‐type (WT) littermates, also exposed to the same CIH protocol. Epididymal WAT was assessed for fibrosis, DNA damages, oxidative stress, markers of senescence (p16, p21, and p53), and inflammation by RT‐qPCR and histology, and myocardium was assessed for fibrosis and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.

Results

CIH‐induced epididymal WAT remodeling characterized by increased fibrosis, oxidative stress, DNA damage response, inflammation, and increased expression of senescent markers. CIH‐induced epididymal WAT remodeling was associated with subtle and early myocardial interstitial fibrosis. Both epididymal WAT surgical lipectomy and p53 deletion prevented CIH‐induced myocardial fibrosis.

Conclusion

Short‐term exposure to CIH induces epididymal WAT senescent remodeling and cardiac interstitial fibrosis, the latter being prevented by lipectomy. This finding strongly suggests visceral WAT senescence as a new target to mitigate OSA‐related cardiac disorders.
ESG pay and corporate social irresponsibility: Does culture matter?
Authors: Roszkowska‐Menkes Maria
Published: September 2024

Despite the detrimental consequences of corporate social irresponsibility (CSiR), the role of monitoring and incentive‐based corporate governance (CG) mechanisms in mitigating stakeholder mismanagement has been largely neglected in the literature. At the same time, there has been growing interest in holding executives accountable for environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance by linking their compensation to related targets. However, prior research provides scant and inconclusive evidence on the effectiveness of ESG pay in curbing CSiR. This study addresses these shortcomings and contributes to the emerging CSiR/CG literature by harnessing an institution‐based view on executive compensation. Specifically, it recognizes national culture as the “missing determinant” in comparative CG studies and investigates the culturally‐driven boundary conditions for the relationship between ESG pay and CSiR. The hypotheses were tested on a data set of 4066 firms from 56 countries during 2010–2020. The analysis supports a negative, though modest, effect of ESG pay on CSiR. Furthermore, the study shows that this relationship varies in statistical and economic significance across cultural contexts. Particularly, incentives prove effective for firms headquartered in nations characterized by low power distance, individualism, low uncertainty avoidance, and masculinity. Conversely, in other settings, compensation linked to ESG may either lack motivational impact or even yield counterproductive outcomes. These findings have implications for both the CSiR and CG literature, as well as for practice.
War without Pain? Representing Death and Injury in the War of the Pacific (1879–1884) in Chilean Museums
Authors: Aguirre Quiroga Stefan
Published: September 2024

This article examines how Chilean museums that exhibit war handles the bodily consequences of war and weapons upon the human body through an investigation of how death and injury in the War of the Pacific (1879–1884) is represented in a museal context. Are Chilean museums able to defetishise historical weapons and other forms of voyeurism? By analysing two permanent galleries and one temporary exhibit, this article argues that Chilean museums are unable to fully abandon traditional representations that treat the war as a romantic and heroic conflict. Death and injury are present in the museums but lack a reflexive and critical perspective.
Progress on the development of Class A GPCR‐biased ligands
Authors: Morales Paula , Scharf Magdalena M. , Bermudez Marcel , Egyed Attila , Franco Rafael , Hansen Olivia K. , Jagerovic Nadine , Jakubík Jan , Keserű György M. , Kiss Dóra Judit , Kozielewicz Pawel , Larsen Olav , Majellaro Maria , Mallo‐Abreu Ana , Navarro Gemma , Prieto‐Díaz Rubén , Rosenkilde Mette M. , Sotelo Eddy , Stark Holger , Werner Tobias , Wingler Laura M.
Published: September 2024

Class A G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) continue to garner interest for their essential roles in cell signalling and their importance as drug targets. Although numerous drugs in the clinic target these receptors, over 60% GPCRs remain unexploited. Moreover, the adverse effects triggered by the available unbiased GPCR modulators, limit their use and therapeutic value. In this context, the elucidation of biased signalling has opened up new pharmacological avenues holding promise for safer therapeutics. Functionally selective ligands favour receptor conformations facilitating the recruitment of specific effectors and the modulation of the associated pathways. This review surveys the current drug discovery landscape of GPCR‐biased modulators with a focus on recent advances. Understanding the biological effects of this preferential coupling is at different stages depending on the Class A GPCR family. Therefore, with a focus on individual GPCR families, we present a compilation of the functionally selective modulators reported over the past few years. In doing so, we dissect their therapeutic relevance, molecular determinants and potential clinical applications.
Domestic dogs and vultures feed on the same carcasses in Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala, India
Authors: Vishnu O. , Pandiyan J. , Balan Aswathy , Jose Clince P. , Roshnath R.
Published: September 2024

Vultures are essentially scavengers but their population decline is exacerbated by competition with stray dogs for carcasses. Our study, using camera traps to monitor carcass visitation, revealed dietary overlap and competition intensity are linked more to carcass size than habitat type. Addressing dog presence is critical for vulture survival.
Prevalence of actionable pharmacogenetic variants and high‐risk drug prescriptions: A Swiss hospital‐based cohort study
Authors: Hodel Flavia , De Min Maria B. , Thorball Christian Wandall , Redin Claire , Vollenweider Peter , Girardin François , Fellay Jacques
Published: September 2024

Drug type and dosing recommendation have been designed and optimized based on average response in the general population. Yet, there is significant inter‐individual variability in drug response, which results in treatment inefficacy or adverse drug reactions in a subset of patients. This is partly due to genetic factors that typically affect drug metabolism or clearance. To verify the relevance and applicability of international pharmacogenetic guidelines in the Swiss population, we genotyped 1533 patients from a hospital‐based biobank who received at least 30 different drugs, as documented in their electronic health record. We then assessed the prevalence of clinically actionable variants in 13 high‐risk pharmacogenes. We compared the allele frequencies obtained in the hospital‐based cohort with those of a Swiss population‐based cohort of 4791 individuals. The prevalence of clinically actionable variants was comparable between the two cohorts, with most study participants (97.3%) carrying at least one actionable pharmacogenetic variant. We then assessed the frequency of high‐risk prescriptions due to actionable gene–drug interactions and observed that 31% of patients in the hospital‐based cohort were prescribed at least one drug for which they carried a high‐risk variant, and for which international guidelines recommend a change of drug or dosage. Our analysis confirms the high prevalence of actionable pharmacogenetic variants in the Swiss population. It also shows that a substantial minority of patients are exposed to drugs for which they carry potentially problematic variants. Implementing a genetically informed approach to drug prescribing could have a positive impact on the quality of healthcare delivery.
Global Reparations within Capitalism: Aspirations and Tensions in Contemporary Movements for Reparatory Justice
Authors: Sylla Ndongo Samba , Fischer Andrew M. , Kaltenbrunner Annina , Sathi Sreerekha
Published: September 2024

The idea of global reparations has received increasing attention in recent years, not only with respect to legacies of slavery and colonialism, but also to interrelated issues such as climate change, debt crisis, or ongoing financial transfers from the Global South to the Global North. This article, which introduces and sets the Debate for the 2024 Forum issue on the political economy of 21st century global reparations, offers a critical perspective on contemporary global reparations agendas, including their macroeconomic and development implications for the Global South. It highlights the contentious, unresolved questions about how reparations movements should interact with the highly unequal structures of global capitalism. To what degree should they seek large redistributive gains within these structures, or else aim for more revolutionary standpoints which reject these structures? If the former, would this compromise any hope for reparations to be truly transformative and able to address the challenges presented by global white supremacy? The hope of reparations movements is to make progressive gains that could become the catalyst for more transformative changes on a global scale. At the same time, sympathetic critics question whether reparations are feasible or should be a primary focus of advocacy for achieving racial and climate justice on national as well as global levels. In outlining these points of debate, the article also considers the questions of how to make global reparations work for recipients, and how to finance them. It concludes by elaborating on the challenge of moving towards a more developmentalist emphasis of ‘systemic reparations’.
The impact of overweight and obesity on health outcomes in the United States from 1990 to 2021
Authors: Al Ta'ani Omar , Al‐Ajlouni Yazan A. , Aleyadeh Wesam , Al‐Bitar Farah , Alsakarneh Saqr , Saadeh Aseel , Alhuneafat Laith , Njei Basile
Published: September 2024

Aim

Elevated body mass index (BMI) presents a significant public health challenge in the United States, contributing to considerable morbidity, mortality and economic burden. This study investigates the health burden of overweight and obesity in the United States from 1990 to 2021, leveraging the Global Burden of Disease data set to analyse trends, disparities and potential determinants of high BMI‐related health outcomes.

Materials and Methods

Our study focused on the United States, analysing trends in disability‐adjusted life years (DALY) and deaths attributable to high BMI, defined as a BMI of 25 kg/m2 or higher for adults. Statistical analyses included estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) in age‐standardized DALY rates and age‐standardized death rates. Pearson correlation was performed between EAPCs and the socio‐demographic index (SDI), with significance set at p < 0.05.

Results

From 1990 to 2021, age‐standardized DALY rates attributable to high BMI increased by 24.9%, whereas the age‐standardized death rates increased by 5.2%. Age disparities showed DALYs peaking at 60–64 years for males and 65–69 years for females, with deaths peaking at 65–69 years for males and 90–94 years for females. A strong negative correlation was found between the EAPC in age‐standardized DALY and death rates and the SDI.

Conclusions

Overweight and obesity significantly impact public health in the United States, especially among older adults and lower socio‐demographic regions. Comprehensive public health strategies integrating behavioural, technological and environmental interventions are crucial. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies, personalized interventions and policy‐driven approaches to address the multifaceted influences on high BMI.
The effects of non‐trade non‐rent barriers on intra‐Africa trade
Authors: Asteriou Dimitrios , Kadzutu Reginald
Published: September 2024

This article evaluates the effects of non‐trade non‐rent barriers to intra‐Africa trade. Specifically, the effects of improved productivity, improved capital inflows, share of employment in non‐agricultural sectors, and ratio of rural population. We seek to investigate the impact of institutional strength measured by property rights, rule of law and control of corruption, different exchange rate regimes on the impact of the non‐trade non‐rent variables on intra‐Africa trade. We use an extensive dataset of 25 countries, by picking the most diverse and high‐income economies in each region, for the period 2000–2020 using annual data. The empirical analysis involves a linear panel analysis with a fixed effects estimator. The study provides evidence that level of labor productivity is a key factor in the growth of intra‐Africa imports and exports, the share of employment in the wholesale and services sector also has a significantly positive impact, exchange rate regimes play a magnifying role, and strong institutions (regulatory quality, rule of law and low corruption) will enhance the benefits to be drawn for increased income flows.
Child custody cases now & then: From Kramer versus Kramer to Marriage Story
Authors: Crampton Alexandra
Published: September 2024

In the 1970s, the movie Kramer versus Kramer dramatized the destructiveness of child custody disputes. It helped inspire family law reform and careers. The central problem identified was an adversarial system and hostile litigation. The proposed solution was alternative dispute resolution (ADR). Over time, these alternatives became an integral part of the family law response to child custody cases, except in cases of vulnerable parties. Today's parents are under greater legal and social pressure to resolve disputes without resorting to court. This can be welcomed and resisted by parents. This article focuses on parental resistance to dispute resolution over litigation through a return to Hollywood. The movie Marriage Story is used to show how parents might feel alienated rather than relieved by opportunity to cooperatively problem‐solve differences. Implications are explored in part through drawing from ethnographic research on parents who engaged in mediation through a U.S. family court program and through two Australian Family Relationship Centres (FRC).
How do drought and heat affect the response of soybean seed yield to elevated O3? An analysis of 15 seasons of free‐air O3 concentration enrichment studies
Authors: Li Shuai , Montes Christopher M. , Aspray Elise K. , Ainsworth Elizabeth A.
Published: September 2024

The coincidence of rising ozone concentrations ([O3]), increasing global temperatures, and drought episodes is expected to become more intense and frequent in the future. A better understanding of the responses of crop yield to elevated [O3] under different levels of drought and high temperature stress is, therefore, critical for projecting future food production potential. Using a 15‐year open‐air field experiment in central Illinois, we assessed the impacts of elevated [O3] coupled with variation in growing season temperature and water availability on soybean seed yield. Thirteen soybean cultivars were exposed to a wide range of season‐long elevated [O3] in the field using free‐air O3 concentration enrichment. Elevated [O3] treatments reduced soybean seed yield from as little as 5.3% in 2005 to 35.2% in 2010. Although cultivars differed in yield response to elevated [O3] (R), ranging from 17.5% to −76.4%, there was a significant negative correlation between R and O3 dosage. Soybean cultivars showed greater seed yield losses to elevated [O3] when grown at drier or hotter conditions compared to wetter or cooler years, because the hotter and drier conditions were associated with greater O3 treatment. However, year‐to‐year variation in weather conditions did not influence the sensitivity of soybean seed yield to a given increase in [O3]. Collectively, this study quantitatively demonstrates that, although drought conditions or warmer temperatures led to greater O3 treatment concentrations and O3‐induced seed yield reduction, drought and temperature stress did not alter soybean's sensitivity to O3. Our results have important implications for modeling the effects of rising O3 pollution on crops and suggest that altering irrigation practices to mitigate O3 stress may not be effective in reducing crop sensitivity to O3.
Understanding EFL teacher identity and identity tensions in a Chinese university context
Authors: Ren Beibei , Pan Xiaodi
Published: September 2024

In the past few decades, teacher identity has been a popular topic in the field of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teaching. As a construct that is socially constructed, teacher identity is influenced by situational contexts and is not fixed but multifaceted. While many studies have examined pre‐service and novice teachers’ identities, relatively fewer paid attention to experienced language teachers’ identities and the conflicts they may encounter. This study investigates one seasoned EFL teacher's multiple identities and the tensions that existed in her identity in a Chinese university setting. Data included a semi‐structured interview, class recordings, a stimulated recall, and artifacts such as the teacher's materials for classroom teaching. Findings demonstrated that the teacher practiced three sub‐identities in her teaching, namely, an English language teacher, a guide, and an academic advisor. Additionally, tensions within her identity as an English educator were identified, consisting of the popularity of technology‐driven tools in students’ English learning activities and the need to conduct research while not possessing sufficient research skills. The pedagogical insights generated underscored the importance of teachers’ agency and institutional support in resolving the tensions to facilitate experienced language teachers’ ongoing professional development and identity construction.
The persistence of informality in paid domestic work in Argentina
Authors: PEREYRA Francisca , POBLETE Lorena
Published: September 2024

Informality is a historical feature of paid domestic labour in Latin America. The case of Argentina is of particular interest, as it showcases a substantial reform of the regulatory framework in combination with innovative mechanisms for its implementation. Using mixed‐methods analysis, this article examines some of the reasons that may explain the apparent stagnation in the rate of formalization in recent years (at around 25 per cent) and the persistent arbitrariness with which labour rights that are theoretically guaranteed by formality are granted in practice.
CLEAVAGE RATE AND MORPHOLOGY OF EARLY HUMAN EMBRYOS OBTAINED AFTER ARTIFICIAL FERTILIZATION AND CULTURE
Authors: Sundström Per , Nilsson Ove , Liedholm Percy
Published: September 2024

Ovarian follicles were aspirated at midcycle from 193 women admitted to the hospital because of infertility or for legal sterilization. Eighteen women had not received prior hormone stimulation and 175 had been stimulated either with Clomiphene citrate and hCG or with hCG alone.

Preovulatory oocytes could not be obtained from any of the women in the non‐stimulated group, but were obtained from 86 (49%) in the stimulated group. Of these 86, oocytes from 63 women were cultured successfully and from 47 (75%) cleavage occurred. The most advanced stages observed were about 10‐cell embryos, but no attempts were made to culture them further. Almost all the oocytes which cleaved were obtained from women in whom the progesterone level started to rise from the basal level within 24 hours of the operation.

Eight cleaved oocytes were taken for transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Early cleavage stages showed spheroidal mitochondria with a few peripheral cristae, while the number of elongated mitochondria with transverse cristae increased in later stages. Mitochondria—vesicle complexes, consisting of a vesicle filled with a dense substance and surrounded by 5–15 mitochondria, were observed in early (but not in more advanced) embryos. The complex is probably part of a transport system from the nucleus to the mitochondria. In the later stages, a type of granulated vesicle appeared. Thus, some changes occurred in tact with the degree of development, while no differences could be seen between oocytes with differing cleavage rates.
EFFECT OF INSTRUMENTAL DELIVERY ON THE FREQUENCY AND SEVERITY OF RETINAL HEMORRHAGES IN THE NEWBORN
Authors: Egge K. , Lyng G. , Maltau J. M.
Published: September 2024

The frequency and severity of retinal hemorrhages were studied in 200 newborns within the first 72 hours of life. One hundred of the neonates were delivered instrumentally by either forceps (49 cases) or vacuum extraction (51 cases). Another hundred neonates were delivered spontaneously and served as controls. Both the highest and the lowest frequency of retinal hemorrhages were found among the babies delivered by instrumentation. The actual values were 50 per cent in the vacuum group and only 16 per cent in the forceps group (p<0.01). The spontaneously delivered babies, who served as controls, showed retinal hemorrhages in 41 per cent of the cases. The frequency of severe retinal hemorrhages was five times higher in the vacuum group compared to both the forceps group and the control group (p<0.01, p<0.001).
EARLY PREDICTION OF INDIVIDUAL SERUM TOTAL ESTRIOL CURVES IN PREGNANCY
Authors: Bagger P. V. , Jacobsson K. , Gullberg B.
Published: September 2024

Investigating 60 individual serum total estriol (S‐E3) courses from normal pregnancies, we found individual S‐E3 courses parallel with the general mean, but with half the standard deviation. Thus one can predict the individual S‐E3 course, which may function as a reference for every S‐E3 estimation later on. A S‐E3 decrease of more than 33 per cent from the individual mean is statistically significant at the 2.5 per cent level.
STIMULATION OF LABOR IN CASES OF PREMATURE RUPTURE OF THE MEMBRANES AT OR NEAR TERM
Authors: Lange Aksel P. , Secher Niels J. , Nielsen Folmer Hassing , Pedersen Gunnar Thomsen
Published: September 2024

Prostaglandin E2‐tablets were compared to in‐ravenous oxytocin for the stimulation of labor in 201 patients at or near term, with premature spontaneous rupture of the membranes without labor activity for 6 hours after the escape of fluid. The patients were randomly allocated; 99 were treated with PGE2‐tablets (0.5–1.5 mg/hour) and 102 with intravenous oxytocin (7.5–45 mIU/min).

The treatment was ineffective in the PGE2 group in 3 cases; these were treated successfully with intravenous oxytocin. In the oxytocin group, 3 patients were delivered by cesarean section for reasons not associated with the drug. A significant difference was found in the stimulation‐delivery time, in favor of intravenous oxytocin.

Although PGE2 tablets are a safe and convenient alternative to intravenous oxytocin, the investigation showed that intravenous oxytocin is preferable in cases of premature rupture of the membranes with more than 6 hours without labor activity.
PREGNANCY IN HETEROTOPIC FALLOPIAN TUBE AND UNILATERAL OVARIAN HYPERSTIMULATION
Authors: Granat Menachem , Evron Shmuel , Navot Danny
Published: September 2024

A rare genital anomaly is described, consisting of a right hemiulerus with a rudimentary horn and a remotely located left fallopian tube, totally disconnected from the pelvic genitalia, and ruptured by an ectopic pregnancy. An associated finding was a unilateral hyperstimulated ovary (post HMO‐HCG therapy), confined to an acessory ovary on the left. The case is presented in detail, and the unusual anatomical and functional features are discussed.
Causal association between B cell count and psoriasis using two‐sample Mendelian randomization
Authors: Zhao Zongfeng , Cheng Jie , Zhu Jian , Lu Sheng , Lv Hongli , Wu Xiujuan
Published: September 2024

To investigate the causality between B cell count and psoriasis by Mendelian randomization (MR). Collected B cell count and psoriasis data from IEU Open GWAS Project. Employed inverse variance weighting (IVW), MR‐Egger, WM, weighted mode for analysis, ensuring result robustness. Assessed horizontal pleiotropy with MR‐Egger, detected outliers using MR‐PRESSO and examined instrumental variables heterogeneity with Cochran's Q‐test. The IVW method suggested an association between a genetically predicted memory B cell count and the risk of psoriasis vulgaris. IVW results also showed no causality between other exposure factors and the corresponding outcomes. Also, the global test of MR‐PRESSO analysis showed a significant association between a genetically predicted transitional absolute B cell count and the lower risk of psoriasis vulgaris. MR‐Egger regression showed that horizontal pleiotropy did not influence the analysis results. We found that memory B cell absolute counts are associated with a lower risk of psoriasis. These data further elucidate the role of memory B cells in psoriasis and provide new options for psoriasis treatment.
Import competition, credit reallocation, and small business lending
Authors: Deng Saiying , Pu Xiaoling
Published: September 2024

Using import competition from China as a funding shock, we find that banks curtail small business loans in non‐exposed counties, while preserving their core markets with branch presence. The results are robust to alternative measures of bank exposure to import competition, alternative classifications of exposed counties, placebo tests, reverse causality, and others. Bank capital mitigates the propagation of trade shocks to non‐exposed counties, and banks increase small business lending in non‐exposed counties with less social capital. We also document the effects of import competition on local establishments and private sector wages of non‐exposed counties via the bank lending channel.
The effects of applying artificial intelligence to triage in the emergency department: A systematic review of prospective studies
Authors: Yi Nayeon , Baik Dain , Baek Gumhee
Published: September 2024

Introduction

Accurate and rapid triage can reduce undertriage and overtriage, which may improve emergency department flow. This study aimed to identify the effects of a prospective study applying artificial intelligence‐based triage in the clinical field.

Design

Systematic review of prospective studies.

Methods

CINAHL, Cochrane, Embase, PubMed, ProQuest, KISS, and RISS were searched from March 9 to April 18, 2023. All the data were screened independently by three researchers. The review included prospective studies that measured outcomes related to AI‐based triage. Three researchers extracted data and independently assessed the study's quality using the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) protocol.

Results

Of 1633 studies, seven met the inclusion criteria for this review. Most studies applied machine learning to triage, and only one was based on fuzzy logic. All studies, except one, utilized a five‐level triage classification system. Regarding model performance, the feed‐forward neural network achieved a precision of 33% in the level 1 classification, whereas the fuzzy clip model achieved a specificity and sensitivity of 99%. The accuracy of the model's triage prediction ranged from 80.5% to 99.1%. Other outcomes included time reduction, overtriage and undertriage checks, mistriage factors, and patient care and prognosis outcomes.

Conclusion

Triage nurses in the emergency department can use artificial intelligence as a supportive means for triage. Ultimately, we hope to be a resource that can reduce undertriage and positively affect patient health.

Protocol Registration

We have registered our review in PROSPERO (registration number: CRD 42023415232).
Beyond fads and magic bullets: The promise of behavioral approaches in development economics
Authors: Flechtner Svenja
Published: September 2024

The history of development economics has been portrayed as a succession of fads and magic bullets. This study inquires whether behavioral approaches to economic development are destined to become such a fad or whether they have long‐lasting contributions to offer. I first show that behavioral development economics is not a cohesive field with a consensual definition and propose to distinguish three different views of behavioral development economics: the scarcity view, the non‐optimal behavior view, and the psycho‐social‐cultural view. I provide a systematic review of publications in the field of behavioral development economics from 2000 to 2021, distinguishing these three fields. The nonoptimal view has been, by far, the dominant view, and risk and time preferences stand out as the single‐most studied behavioral mechanisms. Finally, I argue that the sub‐field's ability to advance the understanding of behavior relevant to the persistence or alleviation of poverty depends crucially on the inclusion of the psycho‐social‐cultural view. This view has important contributions to offer in terms of (1) the understanding of seemingly nonrational behavior, (2) the identification and measurement of behavioral mechanisms, and (3) the understanding of conditions of external validity, and should be embraced more enthusiastically.