bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On approximation in Weighted Orlicz spaces
Authors: Guven Ali , Israfilov Daniyal
Published: December 2011

An inverse theorem of the trigonometric approximation theory in Weighted Orlicz spaces is proved and the constructive characterization of the generalized Lipschitz classes defined in these spaces is obtained.
On generalized Szász-Mirakyan operators of functions of two variables
Authors: Rempulska Lucyna , Graczyk Szymon
Published: December 2011

We introduce certain generalized Szász-Mirakyan operators in exponential weight spaces of functions of two variables and we give approximation theorems for them.
A note on reduction of the number of parameters in linear statistical models
Authors: Kubáček Lubomír
Published: December 2011

In certain settings the mean response is modeled by a linear model using a large number of parameters. Sometimes it is desirable to reduce the number of parameters prior to conducting the experiment and prior to the actual statistical analysis. Essentially, it means to formulate a simpler approximate model to the original “ideal” one. The goal is to find conditions (on the model matrix and covariance matrix) under which the reduction does not influence essentially the data fit. Here we try to develop such conditions in regular linear model without and with linear restraints. We emphasize that these conditions are independent of observed data.
Utility of intravascular ultrasound in intracranial and extracranial neurointerventions: experience at University at Buffalo Neurosurgery–Millard Fillmore Gates Circle Hospital
Authors: Kan Peter , Mokin Maxim , Abla Adib A. , Eller Jorge L. , Dumont Travis M. , Levy Elad I. , Siddiqui Adnan H.
Published: December 2011

Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) generates high-resolution cross-sectional images and sagittal reconstructions of the vessel wall and lumen. As a result, this imaging modality can provide accurate measurements of the degree of vessel stenosis, allow the detection of intraluminal thrombus, and analyze the plaque composition. The IVUS modality is widely used in interventional cardiology, and its use in neurointerventions has gradually increased. With case examples, the authors illustrate the utility of IVUS as an adjunct to conventional angiography for a wide range of intracranial and extracranial neurointerventions.
Measurement of targeting accuracy in focused ultrasound functional neurosurgery
Authors: Moser David , Zadicario Eyal , Schiff Gilat , Jeanmonod Daniel
Published: December 2011

The object of this study was to describe a method of measuring targeting accuracy in functional neurosurgery using MR imaging and the Stereotactic Atlas of the Human Thalamus and Basal Ganglia. This method should be useful for any functional procedure using these tools or similar ones, and is described here in the specific context of focused ultrasound surgery. The authors describe the atlas coordinate system used, the different relevant targeting and accuracy definitions, the tools used, the intraoperative target determination, the postoperative target reconstructions, and the calculation of the therapeutic lesion volume. The proposed method has been applied to the specific situation of measuring targeting accuracy in focused ultrasound functional neurosurgery. The authors found mean absolute global targeting accuracies between 0.54 and 0.72 mm (SDs between 0.34 and 0.42 mm), with 85% of measured coordinates within 1 mm. The proposed method may be particularly useful in the context of functional neurosurgical procedures implying therapeutic ablations, be they through radiofrequency, focused ultrasound, or any other technique. This method allows an ongoing control of the targeting precision, a basic requirement in any functional neurosurgical procedure.
Sonothrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Bor-Seng-Shu Edson , De Carvalho Nogueira Ricardo , Figueiredo Eberval G. , Evaristo Eli Faria , Conforto Adriana Bastos , Teixeira Manoel Jacobsen
Published: December 2011

Object

Sonothrombolysis has recently been considered an emerging modality for the treatment of stroke. The purpose of the present paper was to review randomized clinical studies concerning the effects of sonothrombolysis associated with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) on acute ischemic stroke.

Methods

Systematic searches for literature published between January 1996 and July 2011 were performed for studies regarding sonothrombolysis combined with tPA for acute ischemic stroke. Only randomized controlled trials were included. Data extraction was based on ultrasound variables, patient characteristics, and outcome variables (rate of intracranial hemorrhages and arterial recanalization).

Results

Four trials were included in this study; 2 trials evaluated the effect of transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography on sonothrombolysis, and 2 addressed transcranial color-coded duplex (TCCD) ultrasonography. The frequency of ultrasound waves varied from 1.8 to 2 MHz. The duration of thrombus exposure to ultrasound energy ranged from 60 to 120 minutes. Sample sizes were small, recanalization was evaluated at different time points (60 and 120 minutes), and inclusion criteria were heterogeneous. Sonothrombolysis combined with tPA did not lead to an increase in symptomatic intracranial hemorrhagic complications. Two studies demonstrated that patients treated with ultrasound combined with tPA had statistically significant higher rates of recanalization than patients treated with tPA alone.

Conclusions

Despite the heterogeneity and the limitations of the reviewed studies, there is evidence that sonothrombolysis associated with tPA is a safe procedure and results in an increased rate of recanalization in the setting of acute ischemic stroke when wave frequencies and energy intensities of diagnostic ultrasound systems are used.
Focused ultrasound disruption of the blood-brain barrier: a new frontier for therapeutic delivery in molecular neurooncology
Authors: Etame Arnold B. , Diaz Roberto J. , Smith Christian A. , Mainprize Todd G. , Hynynen Kullervo , Rutka James T.
Published: December 2011

Recent advances in molecular neurooncology provide unique opportunities for targeted molecular-based therapies. However, the blood-brain barrier (BBB) remains a major limitation to the delivery of tumor-specific therapies directed against aberrant signaling pathways in brain tumors. Given the dismal prognosis of patients with malignant brain tumors, novel strategies that overcome the intrinsic limitations of the BBB are therefore highly desirable. Focused ultrasound BBB disruption is emerging as a novel strategy for enhanced delivery of therapeutic agents into the brain via focal, reversible, and safe BBB disruption. This review examines the potential role and implications of focused ultrasound in molecular neurooncology.
Primary nerve repair following resection of a neurenteric cyst of the oculomotor nerve
Authors: Turner Scott J. , Dexter Mark A. , Smith James E. H. , Ouvrier Robert
Published: December 2011

Neurenteric cysts are rare congenital lesions of endodermal origin occurring in the spinal canal and infrequently in the posterior cranial fossa. The authors report the case of a 3-year-old child who presented with a recurrent third cranial nerve palsy. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a large cystic mass lesion in the ambient cistern on the right side, with compression of the anterolateral aspect of the brainstem. The patient underwent a craniotomy, complete excision, and a primary third cranial nerve repair. While there have been 3 reported cases of neurenteric cysts arising from the oculomotor nerve, this is the first documented case with a primary nerve repair.
Paraspinal subfascial placement of lumbar intrathecal baclofen catheters: short-term outcomes of a novel technique
Authors: Bassani Luigi , Harter David H.
Published: December 2011

Object

Techniques for the placement of intrathecal baclofen (ITB) systems have been described in detail, with special consideration given to complications from hardware placement. Risks including catheter kinking and migration, hardware erosion through the skin, and lumbar CSF leak are elevated given the often-low body mass index and poor nutritional status of this patient population. The bulk of a spinal catheter and fascial connector within the lumbar wound may increase the potential for the aforementioned risks, leading to potential risks for wound infection and breakdown. The authors' experience has led them to develop a novel method of paraspinal subfascial lumbar catheter placement to address these risks. The authors describe a novel lumbar intrathecal catheter placement technique as part of the ITB system.

Methods

All patients undergoing placement of an ITB system by the senior author at New York University Langone Medical Center between July 2010 and March 2011 underwent paraspinal subfascial lumbar catheter placement. Patients were followed-up by the surgeon 2 weeks after implantation and followed up and managed by their physiatrist thereafter, for an average of 5 months (range 0.5–9 months).

Results

Of the 20 patients who underwent this method of intrathecal catheter placement, none developed any hardware erosion, catheter migration, or CSF leak. One patient developed an abdominal wound infection 3 weeks after implantation, necessitating pump removal.

Conclusions

In this initial short-term experience, subfascial placement of the lumbar spine intrathecal catheter may be an improvement over the traditional method of catheter placement. There is reduced risk of catheter migration or kinking, hardware erosion, CSF leak, and decreased operative time, all yielding a decreased reoperation rate in this vulnerable population.
Association of intraventricular hemorrhage secondary to prematurity with cerebrospinal fluid shunt surgery in the first year following initial shunt placement
Authors: Simon Tamara D. , Whitlock Kathryn B. , Riva-Cambrin Jay , Kestle John R. W. , Rosenfeld Margaret , Dean J. Michael , Holubkov Richard , Langley Marcie , Mayer-Hamblett Nicole
Published: December 2011

Object

The neurosurgical literature has conflicting findings regarding the association between indications for CSF shunt placement and subsequent shunt surgery. The object of this study was to identify baseline factors at the time of initial CSF shunt placement that are independently associated with subsequent surgery.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study of children ages 0–18 years who underwent initial CSF shunt placement between January 1, 1997, and October 12, 2006, at a tertiary care children's hospital. The outcome of interest was CSF shunt surgery (either for revision or infection) within 12 months after initial placement. Associations between subsequent CSF shunt surgery and indication for the initial shunt, adjusting for patient age and surgeon factors at the time of initial placement, were estimated using multivariate logistic regression. Medical and surgical decisions, which varied according to surgeon, were examined separately in a univariate analysis.

Results

Of the 554 children in the study cohort, 233 (42%) underwent subsequent CSF shunt surgery, either for revision (167 patients [30%]) or infection (66 patients [12%]). In multivariate logistic regression modeling, significant risk factors for subsequent CSF shunt surgery included (compared with aqueductal stenosis) intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) secondary to prematurity (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.2, 95% CI 1.1–4.5) and other unusual indications (AOR 3.7, 95% CI 1.0–13.6). The patient's age at initial CSF shunt placement was not significantly associated with increased odds of subsequent surgery after adjusting for other associated factors.

Conclusions

The occurrence of IVH is associated with increased odds of subsequent CSF shunt surgery within 12 months after shunt placement. Families of and care providers for children with IVH should be attuned to their increased risk of shunt failure.
Deep brain stimulation for medically refractory life-threatening status dystonicus in children
Authors: Walcott Brian P. , Nahed Brian V. , Kahle Kristopher T. , Duhaime Ann-Christine , Sharma Nutan , Eskandar Emad N.
Published: December 2011

Generalized dystonic syndromes may escalate into persistent episodes of generalized dystonia known as status dystonicus that can be life-threatening due to dystonia-induced rhabdomyolysis and/or respiratory compromise. Treatment of these conditions usually entails parenteral infusion of antispasmodic agents and sedatives and occasionally necessitates a medically induced coma for symptom control. The authors report a series of 3 children who presented with medically intractable, life-threatening status dystonicus and were successfully treated with bilateral pallidal deep brain stimulation. Bilateral globus pallidus internus stimulation appears to be effective in the urgent treatment of medically refractory and life-threatening movement disorders.
Posture-independent piston valve: a novel valve mechanism that actuates based on intracranial pressure alone
Authors: Medow Joshua E. , Luzzio Christopher C.
Published: December 2011

Object

Shunt valves are intended to maintain physiological intracranial pressure (ICP). A variety of mechanisms have been designed to accomplish this goal but have had limited success. Siphoning, in particular, has been a problem not effectively solved by proposed or manufactured valves. Poor control of ICP results in headache, neurological disturbances, decreased cognition, shunt malfunction, slit ventricles, subdural hematomas, decreased cranial volume, and maldevelopment. The authors of this study describe a prototype valve that was machined and tested ex vivo and that actuates based on ICP alone regardless of the presence of a siphon. Their object was to determine if a novel shunt mechanism that actuates perpendicular to the flow of fluid would eliminate the effect of siphoning in a valve for the treatment of hydrocephalus.

Methods

A posture-independent piston valve (PIPV) was anchored to a graduated reservoir. Opening pressure was measured by noting the fluid level in the reservoir when the piston moved. Measurements were made using a 90-cm and a 120-cm water-filled siphon tube (1.3-mm standard distal catheter) to simulate an upright posture. A recumbent posture was simulated by the absence of a siphon.

Results

Opening pressure of the valve did not change regardless of the presence or absence of a water-filled siphon.

Conclusions

The PIPV was triggered only by the pressure head at the inlet and did not actuate in the presence of a siphon, demonstrating proof of principle of the perpendicular actuating mechanism. The PIPV is a purely mechanical device that has practical application in the treatment of hydrocephalus.
Conservative management of ventriculoperitoneal shunts in the setting of abdominal and pelvic infections
Authors: Dalfino John C. , Adamo Matthew A. , Gandhi Ravi H. , Boulos Alan S. , Waldman John B.
Published: December 2011

Object

The optimal management of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt in the setting of acute, non–shunt related abdominal and pelvic infections is unknown. In the literature, distal shunt catheter reimplantation with or without a variable period of externalization has been recommended to prevent ascending ventriculitis. While this strategy is effective, there is little to almost no published data suggesting that it is necessary in all cases. Furthermore, it is not clear that shunt externalization to an external drainage bag during the treatment of non–shunt related peritonitis is any less likely to lead to ventriculitis than leaving the catheter in place. In the authors' experience, shunt externalization or revision during an episode of acute, non–shunt related peritonitis is unnecessary to prevent ventriculitis or chronic peritonitis.

Methods

In the present case series, the authors report on 7 patients whose shunts were left in the abdomen while they were treated for acute peritonitis. The patients were followed clinically for up to 21 months after the diagnosis to assess for evidence of recurrent abdominal infections, shunt infections, or shunt failure.

Results

In a follow-up period ranging from 13 to 22 months, no patient developed ventriculitis, required a shunt revision, or was unable to clear the peritoneal infection.

Conclusions

The results of this small series suggest that leaving the distal end of a shunt catheter in place in a patient with acute peritonitis is a reasonably safe choice in specific patients, provided the source of infection is aggressively treated with systemic antibiotics and local debridement when necessary.
Delayed onset of paresis in rats with experimental intramedullary spinal cord gliosarcoma following intratumoral administration of the paclitaxel delivery system OncoGel
Authors: Tyler Betty M. , Hdeib Alia , Caplan Justin , Legnani Federico G. , Fowers Kirk D. , Brem Henry , Jallo George , Pradilla Gustavo
Published: December 2011

Object

Treatment options for anaplastic or malignant intramedullary spinal cord tumors (IMSCTs) remain limited. Paclitaxel has potent cytotoxicity against experimental intracranial gliomas and could be beneficial in the treatment of IMSCTs, but poor CNS penetration and significant toxicity limit its use. Such limitations could be overcome with local intratumoral delivery. Paclitaxel has been previously incorporated into a biodegradable gel depot delivery system (OncoGel) and in this study the authors evaluated the safety of intramedullary injections of OncoGel in rats and its efficacy against an intramedullary rat gliosarcoma.

Methods

Safety of intramedullary OncoGel was tested in 12 Fischer-344 rats using OncoGel concentrations of 1.5 and 6.0 mg/ml (5 μl); median survival and functional motor scores (Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan [BBB] scale) were compared with those obtained with placebo (ReGel) and medium-only injections. Efficacy of OncoGel was tested in 61 Fischer-344 rats implanted with an intramedullary injection of 9L gliosarcoma containing 100,000 cells in 5 μl of medium, and randomized to receive OncoGel administered on the same day (in 32 rats) or 5 days after tumor implantation (in 29 rats) using either 1.5 mg/ml or 3.0 mg/ml doses of paclitaxel. Median survival and BBB scores were compared with those of ReGel-treated and tumor-only rats. Animals were killed after the onset of deficits for histopathological analysis.

Results

OncoGel was safe for intramedullary injection in rats in doses up to 5 μl of 3.0 mg/ml of paclitaxel; a dose of 5 μl of 6.0 mg/ml caused rapid deterioration in BBB scores. OncoGel at concentrations of 1.5 mg/ml and 3.0 mg/ml paclitaxel given on both Day 0 and Day 5 prolonged median survival and preserved BBB scores compared with controls. OncoGel 1.5 mg/ml produced 62.5% long-term survivors when delivered on Day 0. A comparison between the 1.5 mg/ml and the 3.0 mg/ml doses showed higher median survival with the 1.5 mg/ml dose on Day 0, and no differences in median survival or BBB scores after treatment on Day 5.

Conclusions

OncoGel is safe for intramedullary injection in rats in doses up to 5 μl of 3.0 mg/ml, prolongs median survival, and increases functional motor scores in rats challenged with an intramedullary gliosarcoma at the doses tested. This study suggests that locally delivered chemotherapeutic agents could be of temporary benefit in the treatment of malignant IMSCTs under experimental settings.
Student feedback about The Skeptic Doctor, a module on pharmaceutical promotion
Authors: Shankar P. Ravi , Singh Kundan K. , Piryani Rano M.
Published: December 2011

Pharmaceutical promotion is an integral part of modern medical practice. Surveys show that medical students have a positive attitude towards promotion. Pharmaceutical promotion is not adequately taught in medical schools. A module based on the manual produced by Health Action International was conducted for second year medical students at KIST Medical College, Lalitpur, Nepal. Student feedback on various aspects of the module was obtained using a semi-structured questionnaire. Eighty-six of the 100 students (86%) provided feedback about the module. Forty-five (52.3%) were female and 39 (45.3%) were male. Participant feedback about the module was positive. Small group work and role plays were appreciated, and the ratings of the module and the manual were satisfactory. Respondents felt pharmaceutical promotion will play an important role in their future practice and that the module prepared them to respond appropriately to promotion and select and use medicines properly. The module further developed on issues covered during pharmacology practical and majority felt the module was of relevance to Nepal. Students appreciated the module though there were suggestions for improvement. The module should be considered during the years of clinical training (third and fourth years) and internship and in other medical schools.
Feedback on and knowledge, attitude, and skills at the end of pharmacology practical sessions
Authors: Shankar P. Ravi , Jha Nisha , Bajracharya Omi , Gurung Sukh B , Singh Kundan K.
Published: December 2011

Concern has been raised about inadequate pharmacology teaching in medical schools and the high incidence of prescribing errors by doctors in training. Modifications in pharmacology teaching have been carried out in many countries. The present study was carried out using a semi-structured questionnaire to obtain students??perceptions of their knowledge, attitudes, and skills with regard to different subject areas related to rational prescribing at the end of two-year activity-based pharmacology practical learning sessions in a private medical school in Nepal. The effectiveness of the sessions and strengths and suggestions to further improve the sessions were also obtained. The median total knowledge, attitude, skills and overall scores were calculated and compared among different subgroups of respondents. The median effectiveness score was also calculated. Eighty of the 100 students participated; 37 were male and 43 female. The median knowledge, attitude, and skills scores were 24, 39, and 23, respectively (maximum scores being 27, 45, and 36). The median total score was 86 (maximum score being 108). The effectiveness score for most subject areas was 3 (maximum 4). The strengths were the activity-based nature of the session, use of videos and role-plays, and repeated practice. Students wanted more sessions and practice in certain areas. They also wanted more resources and an internet connection in the practical room. The skills scores were relatively low. The immediate impact of the sessions was positive. Studies may be needed to assess the long term impact. Similar programs should be considered in other medical schools in Nepal and other developing countries.
On the Role of Entropy Generation in Processes Involving Fatigue
Authors: Amiri Mehdi , Khonsari M. M.
Published: December 2011

In this paper we describe the potential of employing the concept of thermodynamic entropy generation to assess degradation in processes involving metal fatigue. It is shown that empirical fatigue models such as Miner’s rule, Coffin-Manson equation, and Paris law can be deduced from thermodynamic consideration.
Is Life Unique?
Authors: Abel David L.
Published: December 2011

Is life physicochemically unique? No. Is life unique? Yes. Life manifests innumerable formalisms that cannot be generated or explained by physicodynamics alone. Life pursues thousands of biofunctional goals, not the least of which is staying alive. Neither physicodynamics, nor evolution, pursue goals. Life is largely directed by linear digital programming and by the Prescriptive Information (PI) instantiated particularly into physicodynamically indeterminate nucleotide sequencing. Epigenomic controls only compound the sophistication of these formalisms. Life employs representationalism through the use of symbol systems. Life manifests autonomy, homeostasis far from equilibrium in the harshest of environments, positive and negative feedback mechanisms, prevention and correction of its own errors, and organization of its components into Sustained Functional Systems (SFS). Chance and necessity—heat agitation and the cause-and-effect determinism of nature’s orderliness—cannot spawn formalisms such as mathematics, language, symbol systems, coding, decoding, logic, organization (not to be confused with mere self-ordering), integration of circuits, computational success, and the pursuit of functionality. All of these characteristics of life are formal, not physical.
Investigations into the Toxicology of Spirolides, a Group of Marine Phycotoxins
Authors: Munday Rex , Quilliam Michael A. , LeBlanc Patricia , Lewis Nancy , Gallant Pamela , Sperker Sandra A. , Ewart H. Stephen , MacKinnon Shawna L.
Published: December 2011

Spirolides are marine phycotoxins produced by the dinoflagellates Alexandrium ostenfeldii and A. peruvianum. Here we report that 13-desmethyl spirolide C shows little cytotoxicity when incubated with various cultured mammalian cell lines. When administered to mice by intraperitoneal (ip) injection, however, this substance was highly toxic, with an LD50 value of 6.9 µg/kg body weight (BW), showing that such in vitro cytotoxicity tests are not appropriate for predicting the in vivo toxicity of this toxin. Four other spirolides, A, B, C, and 20-methyl spirolide G, were also toxic to mice by ip injection, with LD50 values of 37, 99, 8.0 and 8.0 µg/kg BW respectively. However, the acute toxicities of these compounds were lower by at least an order of magnitude when administration by gavage and their toxic effects were further diminished when administered with food. These results have implications for future studies of the toxicology of these marine toxins and the risk assessment of human exposure.
Synthesis of 2-amino-3-arylpropan-1-ols and 1-(2,3-diaminopropyl)-1,2,3-triazoles and evaluation of their antimalarial activity
Authors: D’hooghe Matthias , Vandekerckhove Stéphanie , Mollet Karen , Vervisch Karel , Dekeukeleire Stijn , Lehoucq Liesbeth , Lategan Carmen , Smith Peter J , Chibale Kelly , De Kimpe Norbert
Published: December 2011

A variety of 2-amino-3-arylpropan-1-ols, anti-2-amino-3-aryl-3-methoxypropan-1-ols and anti-2-amino-1-arylpropan-1,3-diols were prepared selectively through elaboration of trans-4-aryl-3-chloro-β-lactams. In addition, a number of 2-(azidomethyl)aziridines was converted into novel 2-[(1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)methyl]aziridines by Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition, followed by microwave-assisted, regioselective ring opening by dialkylamine towards 1-(2,3-diaminopropyl)-1,2,3-triazoles. Although most of these compounds exhibited weak antiplasmodial activity, six representatives showed moderate antiplasmodial activity against both a chloroquine-sensitive and a chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum with IC50-values of ≤25 μM.
Capture and Reproductive Trends in Summer Bat Communities in West Virginia: Assessing the Impact of White-Nose Syndrome
Authors: Francl Karen E. , Ford W. Mark , Sparks Dale W. , Brack Virgil
Published: December 2011

Although it has been widely documented that populations of cave-roosting bats rapidly decline following the arrival of white-nose syndrome (WNS), longer term reproductive effects are less well-known and essentially unexplored at the community scale. In West Virginia, WNS was first detected in the eastern portion of the state in 2009 and winter mortality was documented in 2009 and 2010. However, quantitative impacts on summer bat communities remained unknown. We compared “historical” (pre-WNS) capture records and reproductive rates from 11,734 bats captured during summer (15 May to 15 August) of 1997–2008 and 1,304 captures during 2010. We predicted that capture rates (number of individuals captured/net-night) would decrease in 2010. We also expected the energetic strain of WNS would cause delayed or reduced reproduction, as denoted by a greater proportion of pregnant or lactating females later in the summer and a lower relative proportion of juvenile captures in the mid–late summer. We found a dramatic decline in capture rates of little brown Myotis lucifugus, northern long-eared M. septentrionalis, small-footed M. leibii, Indiana M. sodalis, tri-colored Perimyotis subflavus, and hoary Lasiurus cinereus bats after detection of WNS in 2009. For these six species, 2010 capture rates were 10–37% of pre-WNS rates. Conversely, capture rates of big brown bats Eptesicus fuscus increased by 17% in 2010, whereas capture rates of eastern red bats Lasiurus borealis did not change. Together, big brown and eastern red bats were 58% of all 2010 captures but only 11% of pre-WNS captures. Reproductive data from 12,314 bats showed shifts in pregnancy and lactation dates, and an overall narrowing in the windows of time of each reproductive event, for northern-long-eared and little brown bats. Additionally, the proportion of juvenile captures declined in 2010 for these species. In contrast, lactation and pregnancy rates of big brown and eastern red bats, and the proportion of juveniles, were similar to historical patterns. Our results further elucidate the significance of short-term effects and provide a basis to examine long-term consequences of WNS.
Issue on Research Vessels—Summary and Commentary
Authors: Knox Robert A.
Published: December 2011

The papers in this issue give a valuable set of views across the whole subject of research vessels, extending into considerations of the scientific systems carried on such vessels and of commercial vessels as platforms for research measurements. Some summary comments about the special
nature of research ships as a class are given. These special features are essential factors in the urgently required planning and construction of new ships.
Oceanographic Research Vessel Keifn Marn
Authors: Saiki Masaro , Yano Toshihiko
Published: December 2011

The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) built a new oceanographic research vessel Keifu Maru in order to enhance the monitoring activities related to global environmental issues including climate change and global warming. Particular attention is focused on the role of the ocean
in the climate change. The RIV Keifu Maru is specially equipped with the towed CTD system, which allows making measurements of upper ocean temperature and salinity underway, and the measuring system of carbon dioxide concentrations in the air and the sea surface water.
Planning the Infrastructure for US Academic Ocean Observation and Exploration over the Next Two Decades—An NSF Perspective
Authors: Reeve Michael , Dieter E.R. Dolly , Shor Alexander , Smith Holly
Published: December 2011

NSF has been involved in the design and construction of vessels that support academic oceanographic research as well as in their maintenance and operation since the sixties. As we look to the future, the academic fleet will face new challenges set by the evolving research agendas of
that community. Rapid changes in technology and the drive to make continuous global ocean observations will have a significant impact on the fleet. Developing a long-range fleet plan, taking into account future science and federal budgetary trends, can help keep the community, the government
and the fleet on course for the future.
The Need for Sustained and Integrated High-Resolution Mapping of Dynamic Coastal Environments
Authors: Stockdon Hilary F. , Lillycrop Jeff W. , Howd Peter A. , Wozencraft Jennifer M.
Published: December 2011

The coastal zone of the United States is a dynamic environment evolving in response to both natural processes and human activities. In order to protect coastal populations and resources, a detailed understanding of the physical setting and of the processes responsible for change is
required. A sustained program of mapping coastal areas provides a means to establish baseline conditions, document change, and, in conjunction with models of physical processes, predict future behavior. Recent advances in mapping technology, including airborne lidars and hyperspectral imagers,
allow for the rapid collection of high-resolution elevation data and land use information on a national scale. These rich data sets are critical to evaluating risk associated with coastal hazards, such as flooding during extreme storms. For example, coastal elevation data is a fundamental
parameter in storm surge models that predict where flooding will occur, and land use maps serve as the foundation of assessments that identify the resources and populations that are most vulnerable. A comprehensive, national coastal mapping plan that is designed to collect, manage, and distribute
these data, as well as to take advantage of recent progress in mapping technology, will provide a wealth of information for studying the processes of physical change, for determining areas vulnerable to coastal hazards, and for protecting and managing our coastal communities and resources.
Regional Coastal IOOS Development in the Southeastern United States: Emerging Capabilities to Address Coastal Natural Hazards
Authors: DeVoe Richard M. , Buckley Earle , Dorton Jennifer , Fletcher Madilyn , Leonard Lynn , Lumpkin Parker , Mooers Christopher N. K. , Pietrafesa Leonard J. , Porter Dwayne , Seim Harvey , Sheldon Susannah , Xie Lian
Published: December 2011

The Southeast Coastal Ocean Observing Regional Association (SECOORA) is maturing into an organization that can effectively coordinate the development and evolution of a comprehensive coastal ocean observing program for the Southeast U.S. Strategies are being developed to productively
integrate the existing base of legacy assets (including observation systems and platforms, data analysis and management centers, research efforts, educational initiatives, and personnel) and the wide spectrum of current and potential stakeholders. There are many direct and indirect applications
of the data and information derived from coastal ocean observing systems, and the issues related to coastal natural hazards are of particular interest in the southeastern U.S. Risks to life, property, and natural resources from natural hazard events will increase due to the projected increase
in storm frequency and intensity and growth of the region's coastal population over the next several decades. Unprecedented hurricane damage and human despair that resulted from the 2005 hurricane season has tested government response at all levels, revealing unanswered questions regarding
the level of our preparedness to deal with and respond to disasters of this magnitude. SECOORA provides a regional coordination and planning mechanism by which coastal inundation forecasting and mitigation efforts can be initiated and addressed through collaborative efforts in the Southeast
U.S. among its sub-regional observing systems and their numerical modeling and data management capabilities.
Caffeine: Is it Dangerous to Health?
Authors: Watson Ronald R.
Published: December 2011

Caffeine is a drug that is a common ingredient of popular foods, beverages, and over-the-counter as well as prescription medications. While at least 30% of Americans consume a moderate amount (200 mg. a day, about two cups of coffee), many others function with a much higher intake, 600 mg. or more (six or more cups of coffee). Researchers are discovering that caffeine may not be as safe as many people believe, since the substance has widespread effects on many body systems. It has also been linked to a variety of ailments, among them anxiety and hypertension, although information linking caffeine to cancer and birth defects is still speculative. In light of the expanding body of knowledge on the deleterious effects of caffeine, individuals should moderate or eliminate their intake of major caffeine-containing foods, beverages, and drugs. Health promotion programs can assist in this goal by providing education and support.
Predicting Hazardous Lifestyles among Adolescents Based on Health-Risk Assessment Data
Authors: Scott H. Denman , Cabral Robert M.
Published: December 2011

The Rhode Island Department of Health has developed simple and convenient health risk appraisal (HRA) systems for adults, high-school students and college students. Using HRA data collected on 11,652 high-school students, this paper examines the discriminatory power of two mental health questions as predictors of high risk, unhealthy or dangerous behavior. Both questions, when examined separately, show that students who respond that “life is never worth living” and who report that “they never have emotional support available” take proportionally more and greater risks than their fellow students who have happier outlooks and long-term emotional support. By combining responses from both questions, a typology was developed that might identify a more vulnerable, higher risk-taking subgroup; that is, students who felt life was not worth living and who also had no available emotional support.

Further refinement of this approach could produce a useful predictive tool to identify students who are at serious risk for premature disability and death and who could benefit from early therapeutic help.
Health Promotion for Persons with Disabilities: Moving beyond Rehabilitation
Authors: Marge Michael
Published: December 2011

Persons with disabilities are at significant risk for additional or secondary disabilities. Because of this increased risk, especially for persons suffering from the “disuse syndrome,” it is important that a comprehensive health promotion component is included in the rehabilitation program for disabled individuals. Current concepts of disability are discussed as well as the distinctions between primary and secondary disabilities. Specific types and causes of disabilities are identified and described. Each type of secondary disability is assessed in terms of its “preventability.” Examples and characteristics of quality programs for health promotion for disabled persons are presented. Recommendations for further research and study are discussed to include the need for determining effective components of successful programs and ways to encourage the field of rehabilitation to incorporate health promotion into the rehabilitation process for its disabled clients.
Cholesterol Reduction among Volunteers in a Health Promotion Project
Authors: Singleton Steven P. , Neale Anne Victoria , Scott Richard O. , Hess Joseph W.
Published: December 2011

Behavioral contracting was used with moderate success as a primary intervention strategy in an urban clinic-based health promotion program designed to reduce serum cholesterol. Of the 223 adults screened, 144 had high serum cholesterol. One hundred and eighteen attended an interpretation/education session, and 51 participants agreed to sign a behavioral contract. Among those who signed contracts, adherence to American Heart Association dietary guidelines was significantly related to serum cholesterol changes. Eleven of the 46 adults who returned for the six-month clinical assessment reduced their cholesterol levels to recommended levels.
Assessing the Social and Physical Contexts of Children's Leisure-Time Physical Activity: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study
Authors: Dunton Genevieve Fridlund , Kawabata Keito , Intille Stephen , Wolch Jennifer , Pentz Mary Ann
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

To use Ecological Momentary Assessment with mobile phones to describe where and with whom children's leisure-time physical activity occurs.

Design.

Repeated assessments across 4 days (Friday–Monday) during nonschool time (20 total).

Setting.

Chino, California, and surrounding communities.

Subjects.

Primarily low to middle income children (N = 121; aged 9–13 years; x̄ = 11.0 years, SD = 1.2 years; 52% male, 38% Hispanic/Latino).

Measures.

Electronic surveys measured current activity (e.g., active play/sports/exercise, watching TV/movies), social company (e.g., family, friends, alone), physical location (e.g., home, outdoors, school), and other perceived contextual features (e.g., safety, traffic, vegetation, distance from home).

Analysis.

Multilevel linear and multinomial logistic regression.

Results.

Most of children's physical activity occurred outdoors (away from home) (42%), followed by at home (indoors) (30%), front/backyard (at home) (8%), someone else's house (8%), at a gym/recreation center (3%), and other locations (9%). Children's physical activity took place most often with multiple categories of people together (e.g., friends and family) (39%), followed by family members only (32%), alone (15%), and with friends only (13%). Age, weight status, income, and racial/ethnic differences in physical activity contexts were observed.

Conclusions.

The most frequently reported contexts for children's leisure time physical activity were outdoors and with family members and friends together.
Characteristics of Step-Defined Physical Activity Categories in U.S. Adults
Authors: Sisson Susan B. , Camhi Sarah M. , Tudor-Locke Catrine , Johnson William D. , Katzmarzyk Peter T.
Published: December 2011

Purpose.

Descriptive physical activity epidemiology of the U.S. population is critical for program development and resource allocation. The purpose of this project was to describe step-defined categories (as measured by accelerometer) of U.S. adults and to determine predictors of sedentary classification (<5000 steps/d).

Design.

The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is an annual, nationally representative survey used to determine the health status of the U. S. populace.

Setting.

In-home interviews and physical examination components of NHANES.

Participants.

Overall, 4372 eligible adults wore accelerometers in the 2005–2006 NHANES; 628 were excluded, which yielded 3744 adults (of which 46.8% were men).

Measures.

Steps per day; body mass index (BMI); demographic, household and behavioral variables.

Analysis.

Means and frequencies were calculated. Logistic regression was utilized to determine predictors of sedentary classification.

Results.

Overall, 36.1% were sedentary (i.e., <5000 steps/d); 47.6% were low to somewhat active (5000–9999 steps/d); 16.3% were active to highly active (≥ 10,000 steps/d). Advancing age (odds ratio [OR], 1.95; confidence intervals [CIs], 1.78, 2.13), higher BMI (OR, 1.40; CIs, 1.23, 1.59), female sex (OR, 1.86; CIs, 1.46, 2.36), African-American versus European-American ethnicity (OR, 1.36; CIs, 1.13, 1.65), household income versus ≥ $45,000 (<$25,000: OR, 1.94; CIs, 1.40, 2.69; $25,000–$44,000: OR, 1.51; CIs, 1.23, 1.85), and current versus never smoker (OR, 1.53; CIs, 1.26, 1.86) variables had higher odds of sedentary classification. Usual daily occupational/domestic physical activity categories of standing/walking (OR, .51; CIs, .38, .69); lifting/climbing (OR, .26; CIs, .17, .38); and heavy loads/labor (OR, .16; CIs, .10, .26) had lower odds of sedentary classification than sitting.

Conclusions.

Over one-third of the U.S. population was classified as sedentary by accelerometer-determined steps per day, and several characteristics predicted sedentary classification.
Intelligent design: How to model gambler risk assessment by using loyalty tracking data
Authors: Schellinck Tony , Schrans Tracy
Published: December 2011

The ability to analyse player data collected from customer loyalty programs, smart cards, and on-line systems by risk for problem gambling has the potential to change the gaming industry and how it operates. Gambling providers are coming under increasing pressure to make use of player tracking data to identify and subsequently help at-risk and/or problem gamblers. Although the prospect of successful identification and intervention is vastly improved by the use of such a system, there are still legitimate concerns surrounding how to implement and evaluate the use of player data for these purposes. To inform ongoing debate, this paper will provide an overview of lessons learned through the authors' work in creating gambler risk assessment models by using loyalty data. This paper has particular relevance for social policy, regulatory oversight, and corporate social responsibility applications.
Does one shoe fit all? Impacts of gambling among four ethnic groups in New Zealand
Authors: Lin En-Yi J , Casswell Sally , Huckle Taisia , You Ru Quan , Asiasiga Lanuola
Published: December 2011

The aim of the current study is to examine the impacts of gambling among four different ethnic groups within New Zealand (i.e., Maori, Pakeha, Pacific peoples, and Chinese and Korean peoples). Four thousand and sixty-eight Pakeha, 1,162 Maori, 1,031 Pacific people, and 984 Chinese and Korean people took part in a telephone interview that assessed their gambling participation and their quality of life. Results showed a number of differences between ethnic groups. For the Maori and Pacific samples, there were significant associations between gambling participation (especially time spent on electronic gaming machines) and lower ratings in a number of life domains. In contrast to the findings for the Maori and Pacific peoples, which showed predominantly negative associations between gambling modes and people's self ratings of their domains of life, the findings for Pakeha and for Chinese and Korean peoples were more mixed and the associations predominantly positive.
Tricky business: The nature of integrity violations in Dutch casinos
Authors: De Graaf Gjalt , Kingma Sytze , School John , Zborowska Natalia
Published: December 2011

This article explores the nature of integrity violations in Dutch casinos. In such organizations, risk may be minimized, but it cannot be eliminated. Casinos, therefore, have a clear interest in constantly seeking to improve their safety standards and cultures. This article empirically analyzes the nature of documented integrity violations in Dutch casinos during the period 2001 to 2006. Of the 78 employee contracts that were terminated because of integrity violations, the files of 13 employees of the table games division were researched in depth. Our analysis of the sample led to a set of propositions regarding the nature of integrity violations in Dutch casinos.
Fantasy baseball: A new way to gamble or just another game?
Authors: Weiss Stephen M. , Demski Robert M. , Backen George J.
Published: December 2011

The controversy over whether fantasy sports should be considered a new form of gambling was investigated. The predominance rule was used to operationally define gambling. This rule states that an activity is gambling if outcomes are due more to chance than to skill. Individuals active in a fantasy baseball league (commonly referred to as "owners") and individuals who had never entered any type of fantasy league ("non-owners") participated. Perceptions of skill-to-chance ratios were assessed and a content analysis of the specific skill and chance features involved in fantasy baseball was conducted. The results showed that fantasy baseball owners and non-owners judged outcomes to be more the result of skill. In an attempt to determine whether these results were supported by actual outcomes, a second study analyzed the records of a fantasy baseball league over an extended period. The findings of this additional study also suggest that skill may predominant over chance.