bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the shaping factors of the secondary microseismic wavefield
Authors: Gualtieri L. , Stutzmann E. , Capdeville Y. , Farra V. , Mangeney A. , Morelli A.
Published: August 2015

Seismic noise in the period band 3–10 s is known as secondary microseism, and it is generated at the ocean surface by the interaction of ocean gravity waves coming from nearly opposite directions. In this paper, we investigate the seismic content of the wavefield generated by a source at the ocean surface and three of the major wavefield shaping factors using the 2‐D spectral element method: the ocean‐continent boundary, the source site effect, and the thickness of seafloor sediments. The seismic wavefield recorded on the vertical component seismograms below the seafloor is mainly composed of the fundamental mode and the first overtone of Rayleigh waves. A mode conversion from the first overtone to the fundamental mode of Rayleigh waves occurs at the ocean‐continent boundary. The presence of a continental shelf at the ocean‐continent boundary produces a negligible effect on land‐recorded seismograms, whereas the source site effect, i.e., the source location with respect to the local ocean depth and sediment thickness, plays the major role. A source in shallow water mostly enhances the fundamental mode of Rayleigh waves, whereas a source in deep water mainly enhances the first overtone of Rayleigh waves. Land‐recorded long‐period signals (T > 6 s) are mostly due to deep water sources, whereas land‐recorded short‐period signals (T < 6 s) are due to sources in relatively shallow water, located close to the shelf break. Seafloor sediments around the source region trap seismic waves reducing the amplitude of land‐recorded signals, especially at long periods (T > 6 s).
Could the Madagascar bloom be fertilized by Madagascan iron?
Authors: Srokosz M. A. , Robinson J. , McGrain H. , Popova E. E. , Yool A.
Published: August 2015

In the oligotrophic waters to the east of Madagascar, a large phytoplankton bloom is found to occur in late austral summer. This bloom is composed of nitrogen fixers and can cover up to ∼1% of the world's ocean surface area. Satellite observations show that its spatial structure is closely tied to the underlying mesoscale eddy field in the region. The causes of the bloom and its temporal behavior (timing of its initiation and termination) and spatial variability are poorly understood, in part due to a lack of in situ observations. Here an eddy resolving 1/12° resolution ocean general circulation model and Lagrangian particle tracking are used to examine the hypothesis that iron from sediments around Madagascar could be advected east by the mesoscale eddy field to fertilize the bloom, and that variability in advection could explain the significant interannual variability in the spatial extent of the bloom. The model results suggest that this is indeed possible and furthermore imply that the bloom could be triggered by warming of the mixed layer, leading to optimal conditions for nitrogen fixers to grow, while its termination could be due to iron exhaustion. It is found that advection of Madagascan iron could resupply the bloom region with this micronutrient in the period between the termination of one bloom and the initiation of the next in the following year.
Solar influences on spatial patterns of Eurasian winter temperature and atmospheric general circulation anomalies
Authors: Chen Haishan , Ma Hedi , Li Xing , Sun Shanlei
Published: August 2015

Solar influences on spatial patterns of Eurasian winter climate and possible mechanisms are investigated based on a multiple linear regression method and multisource observational and reanalysis data. Robust and significant solar signals are detected in Eurasian surface air temperature (SAT), and strong solar activity evidently warms most area of the continent. The spatial pattern of sea level pressure (SLP) responses to solar activity is similar but not identical to that of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Compared to the NAO, geographic distribution of solar‐induced SLP anomalies shifts eastward, with significantly enhanced influences over northern Eurasia. Relatively weaker solar signals were also found in mid‐to‐upper troposphere. The spatial pattern of 500 hPa geopotential anomalies resembles a negative Scandinavia teleconnection pattern, and the 200 hPa subtropical jet is weakened, while zonal wind at high latitudes is enhanced due to strong solar activity. The anomalous zonal circulations can be attributed to the “top‐down” mechanism. During high solar activity winters, an enhanced stratospheric zonal wind anomaly propagates downward, causing zonal wind anomalies in the troposphere. However, the “bottom‐up” mechanisms may provide more reasonable explanations of the distinct solar influences on Eurasian climate. Solar‐induced strong warm advection in lower atmosphere tends to increase SAT but decrease SLP, resulting in enhanced solar influences over northern Eurasia. Meanwhile, change in the land‐ocean thermal contrast (LOTC) could also amplify the circulation anomaly. Inhomogeneous surface heating caused by anomalous solar activity modifies LOTC, which probably enhances the solar‐induced circulation patterns. Such a positive feedback may potentially strengthen the solar influences.
The ups and downs of North America: Evaluating the role of mantle dynamic topography since the Mesozoic
Authors: Liu Lijun
Published: August 2015

The driving force for transient vertical motions of Earth's surface remains an outstanding question. A main difficulty lies in the uncertain role of the underlying mantle, especially during the geological past. Here I review previous studies on both observational constraints and physical mechanisms of North American topographic evolution since the Mesozoic. I first summarize the North American vertical motion history using proxies from structural geology, geochronology, sedimentary stratigraphy, and geomorphology, based on which I then discuss the published physical models. Overall, there is a progressive consensus on the contribution of mantle dynamic topography due to buoyancy structures associated with the past subduction. At the continental scale, a largely west‐to‐east migrating deformation pattern suggests an eastward translation of mantle dynamic effects, consistent with models involving an eastward subduction and sinking of former Farallon slabs since the Cretaceous. Among the existing models, the inverse model based on an adjoint algorithm and time‐dependent data constraints provides the most extensive explanations for the temporal changes of North American topography since the Mesozoic. At regional scales, debates still exist on the predicted surface subsidence and uplift within both the western and eastern United States, where discrepancies are likely due to differences in model setup (e.g., mantle dynamic properties and boundary conditions) and the amount of time‐dependent observational constraints. Toward the development of the next‐generation predictive geodynamic models, new research directions may include (1) development of enhanced data assimilation capabilities, (2) exploration of multiscale and multiphysics processes, and (3) cross‐disciplinary code coupling.
The Compensatory Role of Implementation Intentions for Young Adults with Low Working Memory Capacity
Authors: Meeks J. Thadeus , Pitães Margarida , Brewer Gene A.
Published: August 2015

Many factors improve prospective memory performance both inside and outside of the laboratory, including the detailed planning of the situational cue and intended action (i.e., implementation intentions). In the current study, we obtained measures of working memory capacity and laboratory event‐based prospective memory performance in college‐aged adults. Half of our participants formed an implementation intention in the prospective memory task. Because of evidence that implementation intentions increase the encoding/retrieval efficiency of the prospective memory, it was predicted that forming an implementation intention would serve as a compensatory strategy for those with low working memory ability. Our results supported this hypothesis in that working memory capacity no longer correlated with prospective memory performance when participants employed an implementation intention encoding strategy. These findings suggest that implementation intentions may be an effective way for individuals with low working memory capacity to improve their performance in an attentionally demanding prospective memory task. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perfluorinated Ionomer‐Modified Hole‐Injection Layers: Ultrahigh‐Workfunction but Nonohmic Contacts
Authors: Belaineh Dagmawi , Tan Jun‐Kai , Png Rui‐Qi , Dee Pei‐Fang , Lee Yi‐Min , Thi Bao‐Nguyen Nguyen , Ridzuan Nur‐Sabrina , Ho Peter K. H.
Published: August 2015

Recently it has been reported that Nafion oligomers, i.e., 2‐(2‐sulfonatotetrafluoroethoxy)‐2‐trifluoromethyltrifluoroethoxyfunctionalized oligotetrafluoroethylenes, also called perfluorinated ionomers (PFIs), can be blended into poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonic acid) (PEDT:PSSH) films to increase their workfunctions beyond 5.2 eV. These PFI‐modified films are useful for energy‐level alignment studies, and have been proposed as hole‐injection layers (HILs). It is shown here however that these HILs do not provide sufficiently fast hole transfer into adjacent polymer semiconductor layers with ionization potentials deeper than ≈5.2 eV. X‐ray and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopies reveal that these HILs exhibit a molecularly‐thin PFI overlayer that sets up a surface dipole that provides the ultrahigh workfunction. This dipolar layer persists even when the subsequent organic semiconductor layer is deposited, as evidenced by measurements of the diode built‐in potentials. As a consequence, the PFI‐modified HILs produce a higher contact resistance, and a lower equilibrium density of holes at the semiconductor contact than might have been expected from simple thermodynamic considerations of the reduction in hole‐injection barrier. Thus the use of insulating dipolar surface layers at the charge‐injection contact to tune its workfunction to match the relevant transport level of the semiconductor is of limited utility to achieve ohmic contact in these devices.
Tuneable Singlet Exciton Fission and Triplet–Triplet Annihilation in an Orthogonal Pentacene Dimer
Authors: Lukman Steven , Musser Andrew J. , Chen Kai , Athanasopoulos Stavros , Yong Chaw K. , Zeng Zebing , Ye Qun , Chi Chunyan , Hodgkiss Justin M. , Wu Jishan , Friend Richard H. , Greenham Neil C.
Published: August 2015

Fast and highly efficient intramolecular singlet exciton fission in a pentacene dimer, consisting of two covalently attached, nearly orthogonal pentacene units is reported. Fission to triplet excitons from this ground state geometry occurs within 1 ps in isolated molecules in solution and dispersed solid matrices. The process exhibits a sensitivity to environmental polarity and competes with geometric relaxation in the singlet state, while subsequent triplet decay is strongly dependent on conformational freedom. The near orthogonal arrangement of the pentacene units is unlike any structure currently proposed for efficient singlet exciton fission and may lead to new molecular design rules.
Rational Construction of a Functionalized V2O5 Nanosphere/MWCNT Layer‐by‐Layer Nanoarchitecture as Cathode for Enhanced Performance of Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Sun Bin , Huang Kai , Qi Xiang , Wei Xiaolin , Zhong Jianxin
Published: August 2015

Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) has received considerable attention owing to its potential application in energy storage with high specific capacity (294 mAh g−1). However, the development of V2O5 cathodes has been limited by the intrinsically low electrical conductivity and slow electrochemical kinetics resulting in a significant capacity decay. In this article, in order to overcome the issues, V2O5 nanospheres and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are used to fabricate layer‐by‐layer composited paper as the cathode, which is prepared via electrostatic interaction and vacuum filtration by alternating the positively charged V2O5 nanospheres and the negatively charged terminated MWCNT solutions. As a result, the V2O5 nanospheres are closely intercalated between the adjacent MWCNT layers leading to minimize the disadvantage voids and enhance the overall conductivity of the composited electrode, which exhibits an enhanced cycling durability as well as improved rate capability.
Self‐Defensive Coating for Antibiotics Degradation—Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition of Functional and Conformal Coatings for the Immobilization of Enzymes
Authors: Bonot Sébastien , Mauchauffé Rodolphe , Boscher Nicolas D. , Moreno‐Couranjou Maryline , Cauchie Henry‐Michel , Choquet Patrick
Published: August 2015

Conformal epoxy‐rich coatings are synthesized by plasma initiated chain‐growth polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate via a newly developed Plasma initiated chemical vapor deposition method at atmospheric pressure to provide a functional platform for the immobilization of enzymes degrading antibiotics (laccase and β‐lactamase). In addition to enhance the enzymes activity duration and intensity, surface immobilization is also leading to enzyme structure rigidification, allowing them to endure mechanical stresses generated by a laminar water flow of 30 km h−1, and this with no reduction of their enzymatic activity. Self‐defensive surface properties against microorganism's adhesion, preventing the enzyme alteration and improving the degradation performances, are obtained via surface saturation with Tween 20. The developed method is scaled up to high specific surface high‐density polyethy­lene biochips commonly used in water treatment, and shows self‐defensive abilities and particularly long lasting efficient degradation properties.
Rare variants in the notch signaling pathway describe a novel type of autosomal recessive Klippel–Feil syndrome
Authors: Karaca Ender , Yuregir Ozge O. , Bozdogan Sevcan T. , Aslan Huseyin , Pehlivan Davut , Jhangiani Shalini N. , Akdemir Zeynep C. , Gambin Tomasz , Bayram Yavuz , Atik Mehmed M. , Erdin Serkan , Muzny Donna , Gibbs Richard A. , Lupski James R. ,   The Baylor‐Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics
Published: August 2015

Klippel–Feil syndrome is a rare disorder represented by a subgroup of segmentation defects of the vertebrae and characterized by fusion of the cervical vertebrae, low posterior hairline, and short neck with limited motion. Both autosomal dominant and recessive inheritance patterns were reported in families with Klippel–Feil. Mutated genes for both dominant (GDF6 and GDF3) and recessive (MEOX1) forms of Klippel–Feil syndrome have been shown to be involved in somite development via transcription regulation and signaling pathways. Heterotaxy arises from defects in proteins that function in the development of left–right asymmetry of the developing embryo. We describe a consanguineous family with a male proband who presents with classical Klippel–Feil syndrome together with heterotaxy (situs inversus totalis). The present patient also had Sprengel's deformity, deformity of the sternum, and a solitary kidney. Using exome sequencing, we identified a homozygous frameshift mutation (c.299delT; p.L100fs) in RIPPLY2, a gene shown to play a crucial role in somitogenesis and participate in the Notch signaling pathway via negatively regulating Tbx6. Our data confirm RIPPLY2 as a novel gene for autosomal recessive Klippel–Feil syndrome, and in addition—from a mechanistic standpoint—suggest the possibility that mutations in RIPPLY2 could also lead to heterotaxy. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome: A review and update
Authors: Battaglia Agatino , Carey John C. , South Sarah T.
Published: August 2015

Since 4p‐ was first described in 1961, significant progress has been made in our understanding of this classic deletion disorder. We have been able to establish a more complete picture of the WHS phenotype associated with distal 4p monosomy, and we are working to delineate the phenotypic effects when each gene on distal 4p is hemizygous. Our aim is to provide genotype‐specific anticipatory guidance and recommendations to families of individuals with a diagnosis of WHS. In addition, establishing the molecular underpinnings of the disorder will potentially suggest targets for molecular treatments. Thus, the next step is to determine the precise effects of specific gene deletions. As we look forward to deepening our understanding of distal 4p deletion, our focus will continue to be on the establishment of robust genotype‐phenotype correlations and the penetrance of these phenotypes. We will continue to follow our WHS cohort closely as they age to determine the presence or absence of some of these comorbidities, including hepatic neoplasms, hematopoietic dysfunction, and recurrence of seizures. We will also continue to refine the critical regions for other phenotypes as we enroll additional (hopefully informative) participants into the research study and as the mechanisms of the genes in these regions are elucidated. New animal models will also be developed to further our understanding of the effects of hemizygosity as well as to serve as models for treatment development. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Developmental energetics, sibling death, and parental instability as predictors of maturational tempo and life history scheduling in males from Cebu, Philippines
Authors: Gettler Lee T. , McDade Thomas W. , Bragg Jared M. , Feranil Alan B. , Kuzawa Christopher W.
Published: August 2015

Objectives

Cross‐species comparisons show that high extrinsic mortality favors the evolution of “faster” life histories. There is interest in applying this principle to human life history plasticity, based on the idea that psychosocial stressors that correlate with extrinsic mortality accelerate reproductive pace. Most prior studies have been conducted in settings in which psychosocial stressors co‐occur with the maturation‐accelerating influence of nutritional abundance.

Materials and Methods

We evaluate cues of local mortality (sibling death) or low parental investment (paternal instability; maternal absence) and energetic measures during development as predictors of life history scheduling among males (n = 754) in a Philippine population with marginal developmental nutritional.

Results

Males who had more favorable nutritional status during childhood, as reflected in linear growth, skinfold thickness, and caloric intake, were more maturationally advanced in adolescence (all P < 0.05). Taller stature and higher caloric intake during childhood also predicted earlier ages at first sex (both P < 0.01), which persisted after controlling for the effect of nutrition on pubertal maturation. While psychosocial stressors did not predict accelerated maturation, males who as children grew up with an unstable paternal presence had sex earlier (P < 0.05) and tended to become fathers sooner than those with a stable fatherly presence. Those who had a sibling die became fathers sooner than those who did not (P < 0.05).

Discussion

Our findings point to important energetic constraints on the onset of reproductive maturity, while psychosocial stressors accelerate entry to parenthood, which may be comparatively more socially, rather than biologically, constrained. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:175–184, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clavicular curvature and locomotion in anthropoid primates: A 3D geometric morphometric analysis
Authors: Squyres Nicole , DeLeon Valerie Burke
Published: August 2015

Objectives:

As a component of the primate shoulder, the clavicle is expected to reflect locomotor adaptations. Whereas previous work has generally focused on clavicular length and torsion, the shape of clavicular curvature may better distinguish taxa and provide additional information about upper limb use in locomotion. This study uses three‐dimensional geometric morphometrics to analyze shape differences in the curvatures of the clavicle in different locomotor groups of anthropoid primates.

Methods:

Sliding semi‐landmarks were placed on clavicles of 10 Anthropoid primate species (total n = 85) that display a range of locomotor behaviors. Landmarks (k = 39) were chosen to capture the overall curvature of the clavicle in three dimensions.

Results:

The degree of ventral curvature in the clavicle represents a gradient from most‐curved in suspensory genera (e.g., Ateles, Hylobates, and Pongo) to least‐curved in genera that are rarely suspensory (e.g., Papio and Gorilla). This curvature may allow an increased range of craniodorsal movement without the clavicle impinging on the thoracic outlet. An inferior curvature of the medial clavicle is found in hominoids and brachiators. This curvature could help stabilize the shoulder and prevent superior dislocation of the clavicle in suspension. Finally, a superior curvature in the lateral part of the clavicle, most pronounced in quadrupedal monkeys, may be related to the relative position of the scapula and sternum.

Conclusions:

Patterns of clavicular curvature in anthropoid primates reflect locomotor behavior and successfully distinguished among taxonomic and locomotor groups. In the future, this method could be used to assess locomotor behavior in fossil primates. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:257–268, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluating the efficiency of different recording protocols for entheseal changes in regards to expressing activity patterns using archival data and cross‐sectional geometric properties
Authors: Michopoulou Efrossyni , Nikita Efthymia , Valakos Efstratios D.
Published: August 2015

Objectives

In the past decade there have been extensive discussions on the potential utility of entheseal changes (EC) as activity markers. Nevertheless, no study to date has compared different EC recording protocols with respect to their correlation to activity patterns.

Materials and Methods

This article records changes on fibrocartilaginous entheses of the upper limbs of 90 male skeletons from the documented Athens Collection using the Hawkey and Merbs (Int J Osteoarchaeol 5 (1995) 324‐338), Mariotti et al. (Collegium Antropol 28 (2004) 145‐159), and Villotte et al. (Am J Phys Anthropol 142 (2010) 224‐234) recording schemes in order to determine which one exhibits the highest correlation with activity. Activity is assessed by means of the recorded profession of each individual, as well as employing cross‐sectional geometric properties. Generalized Linear Models are used to explore the impact of age, body mass, and activity on EC expression.

Results

Our results agree with previous studies that age is the primary factor determining EC, whereas body mass is the second most influential factor. In contrast, activity in the form of profession or cross‐sectional geometry rarely showed a significant correlation to EC expression and no clear pattern could be discerned irrespective of the recording technique. However, bilateral differences in the impact of age and body mass in EC expression were traced and may relate to activity patterns.

Conclusions

The differences found in the bilateral impact of age and body mass highlight the fact that the activity patterns of the individuals under examination must play an underlying role to EC expression, though current recording schemes for EC do not capture this, rendering further work in the direction of developing more elaborate recording standards imperative. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:557–568, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Is honey a fallback food for wild chimpanzees or just a sweet treat?
Authors: McLennan Matthew R.
Published: August 2015

Objectives

Honey is a highly nutritious resource for any primate able to exploit it. Wild chimpanzees exploit nests of honey‐making bees (Apini and Meliponini) for honey and brood, typically using tools to overcome the bees’ defences. The universality of honey‐gathering among modern human foragers in tropical climates and chimpanzees suggests energy‐rich honey, acquired with tools, was likely a regular food for ancestral hominins. However, few studies have assessed its role in seasonal foraging strategies of chimpanzees. This study asks whether honey serves as a high‐quality fallback food for chimpanzees at Bulindi, Uganda.

Materials and Methods

Honey consumption was investigated via fecal analysis over 22 months during two studies (Study 1: 2007–2008; Study 2: 2012–2014). Additionally, flower and fruit phenology was measured during Study 1; peak flowering intensity was expected to facilitate increased honey and/or brood production by bees.

Results

Chimpanzees consumed honey (and/or brood) at low frequencies year‐round, but bees/beeswax appeared in feces at higher frequencies with decreasing fruit availability (Study 1). Honey consumption was unrelated to flowering and chimpanzees did not consume honey more frequently during the “honey season” when local people harvest beehives. Moreover, consumption was inversely related to fruit intake (both study periods).

Discussion

Although honey fits the functional definition of a filler fallback food at Bulindi, the chimpanzees unlikely depend on honey to replace nutrients provided by fruit. Overall, honey best qualifies as an energy‐dense “treat” during low fruiting months. The data lend support to the hypothesis that tools can facilitate chimpanzees’ access to high‐quality fallbacks including insect foods when fruit availability is low. Am J Phys Anthropol 158:685–695, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantifizierung des Umweltnutzens von gebrauchten Batterien aus Elektrofahrzeugen als gebäudeintegrierte 2nd‐Life‐Stromspeichersysteme
Authors: Kim David , Geissler Achim , Menn Claudio , Hengevoss Dirk
Published: August 2015

Aufgrund der Energieperspektiven 2050 des schweizerischen Bundesamtes für Energie (BFE) wird das zukünftige Potenzial von gebrauchten Lithium‐Ionen‐Batterien aus Elektrofahrzeugen als stationäre Stromspeicher in Gebäuden untersucht. In drei Szenarien wird der Umweltnutzen für das Jahr 2035 und 2050 ermittelt. Hierzu wird berechnet, wie viel Kapazität an herkömmlichen Speichern durch eine gewisse Kapazität an wiederverwendbaren gebrauchten Batterien substituiert werden kann. Das Substitutionspotenzial wird mit ausgewählten Wirkindikatoren wie dem Treibhauspotenzial (GWP) und dem kumulierten Energieaufwand (CED) analysiert. Im Jahr 2050 können ca. 760 bis 1170 MWh an herkömmlichen Speichern durch 2nd‐Life‐Speicher substituiert werden. Dabei kann das Treibhauspotenzial pro Jahr um ca. 11.000 bis 16.000 t CO2 Äq gesenkt und der kumulierte Energieaufwand um ca. 207.000 bis 305.000 GJ verringert werden. Die Resultate zeigen, dass der Einsatz von 2nd‐Life‐Batterien in stationären Anwendungen einen signifikanten Beitrag zur Reduktion der Umweltbelastung durch Batterien beitragen kann.

Quantifying environmental benefits of used batteries coming from electric vehicles as stationary energy storage systems. Based on the “Energy Perspectives 2050” scenarios published by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE), used lithium‐ion batteries coming from electric vehicles (EV) are being researched for their future potential to be implemented as stationary energy storage in buildings for. With the help of three investigation scenarios the environmental benefits for the years 2035 and 2050 are evaluated. Calculations are carried out on how much conventional battery storage capacity may be substituted by a certain amount of reusable 2nd‐Life batteries. The substitution potential is analyzed with selected category indicators such as the global warming potential (GWP) and the cumulative energy demand (CED). It is found that between 760 and 1170 MWh conventional energy storage may be substituted by 2nd‐Life by 2050. Thus, the global warming potential may be reduced by between 11,000 to 16,000 t CO2 eq. per year, and the cumulative energy demand between 207,000 to 305,000 GJ. Results show that utilising 2nd‐Life batteries in stationary systems can contribute significantly to reducing the environmental impact of batteries.
Measuring and modelling of linear water vapour transmittance of steel sandwich panels with mineral wool
Authors: Vidmar Gregor , Knez Friderik
Published: August 2015

Nowadays the measurement of water vapour diffusion resistance factor of building components is performed according to EN ISO 12572 or EN 12086. Both these standards use cup methods. However, measuring vapour transmission in this way by means of linear or point water vapour bridges would be difficult because of the limited sample size and shape. Therefore in this study water vapour pressure equipment with twin chambers, according to the old Slovenian standard JUS U.J5.024 standard were used, enhanced with a guard chamber. 15 cm thick sandwich panels composed of 2 steel sheets with a mineral wool core and 5 types of joints were measured. The type of sealant used between the steel sheets (outer and inner pair) and mineral wool differs: without it, with a PUR or with an EPDM sealant. Due to the slow process of water vapour diffusion through such panels, measurements were stopped well before steady state was reached. Experimental results were modelled to obtain linear water vapour transmittance. Our modelling function contains 2 fit‐parameters. Due to the vapour‐guard, final results improve systematically. Modelling procedure works on panels, which are faster than standardised steady‐state ones.

Messung und Simulation der linearen Wasserdampftransmission durch Stahl‐Sandwichpaneele mit Mineralwolledämmung. Die Messung des Wasserdampfdiffusions‐Durchlasskoeffizienten von Baukomponenten erfolgt nach EN ISO 12572 oder EN 12086. Beide Verfahren arbeiten mit Probenschalen. Die Messung der Dampftransmission auf diese Weise mittels linearer oder punktueller Wasserdampfbrücken ist aufgrund der Einschränkungen der Probengröße und ‐form jedoch schwierig. Deshalb wurde in der vorliegenden Studie ein 2‐Kammern‐Wasserdampfdruck‐Versuchsaufbau nach der alten Norm JUS U.J5.024 verwendet und mit einer Abschirmkammer verbessert. Gemessen wurden 15 cm starke Sandwichpaneelen bestehend aus 2 Stahlblechen mit MW‐Kern und 5 Arten von Fugen. Es wurden unterschiedliche Arten von Dichtstoffen zwischen den Stahlblechen (äußeres und inneres Paar) und der Mineralwolle verwendet: ohne Dichtstoff, mit einem PUR‐ oder mit einem EPDM‐Dichtstoff. Aufgrund des langsamen Voranschreitens der Wasserdampfdiffusion durch derartige Paneelen wurden die Messungen lange vor Erreichen des stabilen Zustands beendet. Die Ergebnisse des Experiments wurden simuliert, um die lineare Wasserdampftransmission zu erhalten. Unsere Simulationsfunktion enthält 2 Fit‐Parameter. Die Dampfabschirmung sorgt für eine systematische Verbesserung des Endergebnisses. Das Simulationsverfahren arbeitet mit Paneelen und ist hierdurch schneller als das Normverfahren im stationären Zustand.
A ratiometric fluorescent probe for alkaline phosphatase via regulation of excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer
Authors: Fan Chunlei , Luo Shengxu , Qi Haiping
Published: August 2015

A ratiometric fluorescent probe 2‐(benzimidazol‐2‐yl)phenyl phosphoric acid (1) for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is designed and synthesized. The method employs the modulation of the excited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process of 2‐(2'‐hydroxyphenyl)benzimidazole (HPBI) through the hydroxyl group protection/deprotection reaction. Upon phosphorylated with POCl3, HPBI shows only an emission peak at 363 nm due to the blockage of ESIPT. However, once selective enzymatic hydrolysis with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in Tris–HCl buffer occurs, the probe 1 is returned to HPBI and the ESIPT process is switched on, which results in a decrease in the emission band at 363 nm and an increase in a new fluorescence peak around 430 nm. The fluorescence intensity ratio at 430 and 360 nm (I430/I360) increases linearly with the activity of ALP up to 0.050 U/mL and the detection limit is 0.0013 U/mL. The proposed probe shows excellent specificity toward ALP. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrochemical activation of engineered protein switches
Authors: Choi Jay H. , Zayats Maya , Searson Peter C. , Ostermeier Marc
Published: August 2015

Engineered protein switches have a large dynamic range, high specificity for the activating ligand, and a modular architecture, and have been explored for a wide range of applications including biosensors and therapeutics. The ability to externally control switch function is important in extending applications for protein switches. We recently demonstrated that the on/off state could be controlled by the redox state of disulfide bonds introduced into the switches at select locations. Here, we demonstrate that an electrochemical signal can be used as an exogenous input to control switch function via reduction of the engineered disulfide bonds. This study suggests that disulfide‐containing protein switch is a potentially useful platform for bioelectronic sensors with remote control of the sensing ability. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 453–456. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An update on immunopathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Garg Neeta , Smith Thomas W.
Published: August 2015

Background

Multiple sclerosis is an acquired demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. It is the second most common cause of disability in adults in United States after head trauma.

Discussion

The etiology of MS is probably multifactorial, related to genetic, environmental, and several other factors. The pathogenesis is not fully understood but is believed to involve T‐cell‐mediated inflammation directed against myelin and other related proteins with a possible role for B cells. The McDonald criteria have been proposed and revised over the years to guide the diagnosis of MS and are based on clinical presentation and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and spinal cord to establish dissemination in time and space. The treatment of MS includes disease modification with immunomodulator drugs and symptom management to address the specific symptoms such as fatigue, spasticity, and pain.

Conclusion

An update on etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and immunomodulatory treatment of MS is presented.
A Fluorescent 1,3‐Diaminonaphthalimide Conjugate of Calix[4]arene for Sensitive and Selective Detection of Trinitrophenol: Spectroscopy, Microscopy, and Computational Studies, and Its Applicability using Cellulose Strips
Authors: Bandela Anil Kumar , Bandaru Sateesh , Rao Chebrolu Pulla
Published: August 2015

A new fluorescent 1,3‐diaminonaphthalimide conjugate of calix[4]arene receptor (R) was synthesized and characterized. The receptor displays good selectivity towards trinitrophenol (TNP) over other explosive aromatic‐ and aliphatic‐nitro compounds by exhibiting changes in its fluorescence emission. Receptor‐coated cellulose paper strips are equally effective in terms of their selective detection of TNP over other aromatic‐ and aliphatic‐nitro compounds. When used in solution or on cellulose paper strips, R can detect up to submicromolar concentration of TNP by exhibiting changes in its fluorescence emission and in its supramolecular structure upon interaction. Interestingly, the microscopy features of R, TNP, and {R+TNP} are quite distinct, indicating the interactions present between R and TNP, as studied by using AFM and TEM. Computationally modeled complexes of receptor with TNP and TNT show enormous difference in their interaction energies in the favor of TNP by showing the host–guest interaction of cation⋅⋅⋅anion type in the presence of TNP but not TNT. This is because the receptor adopts an “arms‐open”‐type structure in the case of the TNP complex, whereas it adopts an “arms‐closed”‐type structure in the presence of TNT. Both the experimental and the computational studies reveal that the receptor selectively binds to TNP over TNT. Thus, R‐coated Whatman No.1 filter paper strips provide easy, rapid, and economical detection of trace amounts of TNP both by visual and spectral measurement.
Mono‐ and Dinuclear Heteroleptic Cobalt Complexes with α‐Diimine and Polyarene Ligands
Authors: Wang Xuting , Zhao Yanxia , Gong Shida , Liu Bin , Li Qian‐Shu , Su Ji‐Hu , Wu Biao , Yang Xiao‐Juan
Published: August 2015

Reactions of the dimeric cobalt complex [(L−Co)2] (1, L=[(2,6‐iPr2C6H3)NC(Me)]2) with polyarenes afforded a series of mononuclear and dinuclear complexes: [LCo(η4‐anthracene)] (2), [LCo(μ‐η4:η4‐naphthalene)CoL] (3), and [LCo(μ‐η4:η4‐phenanthrene)CoL] (4). The pyrene complexes [{Na2(Et2O)2}{LCo(μ‐η3:η3‐pyrene)CoL}] (5) and [{Na2(Et2O)3}{LCo(η3‐pyrene)}] (6) were obtained by treating precursor 1 with pyrene followed by reduction with Na metal. These complexes contain three potential redox active centers: the cobalt metal and both α‐diimine and polyarene ligands. Through a combination of X‐ray crystallography, EPR spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility measurement, and DFT computations, the electronic configurations of these complexes were studied. It was determined that complexes 2–4 have a high‐spin CoI center coupled with a radical α‐diimine ligand and a neutral polyarene ligand. Whereas, the ligand L in complexes 5 and 6 has been further reduced to the dianion, the cobalt remains in a formal (I) oxidation state, and the pyrene molecule is either neutral or monoanionic.
Peptide δ‐Turn: Literature Survey and Recent Progress
Authors: Toniolo Claudio , Crisma Marco , Moretto Alessandro , Peggion Cristina , Formaggio Fernando , Alemán Carlos , Cativiela Carlos , Ramakrishnan Chandrasekharan , Balaram Padmanabhan
Published: August 2015

Among the various types of α‐peptide folding motifs, δ‐turn, which requires a central cis‐amide disposition, has been one of the least extensively investigated. In particular, this main‐chain reversal topology has been studied in‐depth neither in linear/cyclic peptides nor in proteins. This Minireview article assembles and critically analyzes relevant data from a literature survey on the δ‐turn conformation in those compounds. Unpublished results from recent conformational energy calculations and a preliminary solution‐state analysis on a small model peptide, currently ongoing in our laboratories, are also briefly outlined.
Utilization of Active Ni to Fabricate Pt–Ni Nanoframe/NiAl Layered Double Hydroxide Multifunctional Catalyst through In Situ Precipitation
Authors: Ren Fumin , Wang Zheng , Luo Liangfeng , Lu Haiyuan , Zhou Gang , Huang Weixin , Hong Xun , Wu Yuen , Li Yadong
Published: August 2015

Integration of different active sites into metallic catalysts, which may impart new properties and functionalities, is desirable yet challenging. Herein, a novel dealloying strategy is demonstrated to decorate nickel–aluminum layered double hydroxide (NiAl–LDH) onto a Pt–Ni alloy surface. The incorporation of chemical etching of Pt–Ni alloy and in situ precipitation of LDH are studied by joint experimental and theoretical efforts. The initial Ni‐rich Pt–Ni octahedra transform by interior erosion into Pt3Ni nanoframes with enlarged surface areas. Furthermore, owing to the basic active sites of the decorated LDH together with the metallic sites of Pt3Ni, the resulting Pt–Ni nanoframe/NiAl–LDH composites exhibit excellent catalytic activity and selectivity in the dehydrogenation of benzylamine and hydrogenation of furfural.
Metal‐Free Oxidative CC Bond Formation through CH Bond Functionalization
Authors: Narayan Rishikesh , Matcha Kiran , Antonchick Andrey P.
Published: August 2015

The formation of CC bonds embodies the core of organic chemistry because of its fundamental application in generation of molecular diversity and complexity. CC bond‐forming reactions are well‐known challenges. To achieve this goal through direct functionalization of CH bonds in both of the coupling partners represents the state‐of‐the‐art in organic synthesis. Oxidative CC bond formation obviates the need for prefunctionalization of both substrates. This Minireview is dedicated to the field of CC bond‐forming reactions through direct CH bond functionalization under completely metal‐free oxidative conditions. Selected important developments in this area have been summarized with representative examples and discussions on their reaction mechanisms.
A Boron Dipyrromethene (BODIPY)‐Based CuII–Bipyridine Complex for Highly Selective NO Detection
Authors: Juárez L. Alberto , Barba‐Bon Andrea , Costero Ana M. , Martínez‐Máñez Ramón , Sancenón Félix , Parra Margarita , Gaviña Pablo , Terencio M. Carmen , Alcaraz M. José
Published: August 2015

A BODIPY‐containing CuII–bipyridine complex for the simple selective fluorogenic detection of NO in air and in live cells is reported. The detection mechanism is based on NO‐promoted CuII to CuI reduction, followed by demetallation of the complex, which results in the clearly enhanced emission of the boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) unit.
Power‐to‐Gas
Authors: Ewald Stefan , Koschany Franz , Schlereth David , Wolf Moritz , Hinrichsen Olaf
Published: August 2015

Das Power‐to‐Gas‐Konzept ist ein praktikabler Ansatz der chemischen Energiespeicherung, um die Herausforderungen der Energiewende zu meistern. Die heterogene Katalyse spielt bei der Umsetzung von CO2 eine entscheidende Rolle, welches beispielsweise bei Einsatz Ni‐basierter Katalysatoren mit Wasserstoff zu Methan umgesetzt wird. Durch eine tiefgehende Charakterisierung ist es möglich, optimierte Katalysatorsysteme herzustellen. Das Bestimmen der Kinetik der Reaktion ermöglicht eine industrienahe Reaktorauslegung.
Impact of industry sector on corporate diversification and firm performance: Evidence from Indian business groups
Authors: Lahiri Somnath , Purkayastha Saptarshi
Published: August 2015

Prior business group (BG) studies implicitly assume that corporate diversification‐firm performance relationships are uniform across industry sectors. This generalization may lead to research implications that are not equally true for BG‐affiliated manufacturing and service firms. Drawing on strategy and marketing literature, this research addresses this scholarly gap. Our empirical analysis of a large sample of BG‐affiliated Indian firms over a five‐year period (2004‐2008) indicates that the influence of corporate diversification on firm performance is greater for affiliated service firms than affiliated manufacturing firms. Results also indicate that the influence of BG size and diversity on diversification‐firm performance relationship varies significantly depending on whether the focal firm belongs to the manufacturing or service sector. Firm's share ownership does not generate similar influence. Copyright © 2015 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PET of EGFR with 64Cu‐cetuximab‐F(ab′)2 in mice with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma xenografts
Authors: van Dijk Laura K. , Yim Cheng‐Bin , Franssen Gerben M. , Kaanders Johannes H. A. M. , Rajander Johan , Solin Olof , Grönroos Tove J. , Boerman Otto C. , Bussink Johan
Published: August 2015

Overexpression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is linked to an adverse outcome in various solid tumors. Cetuximab is an EGFR inhibitor, which in combination with radiotherapy improves locoregional control and survival in a subgroup of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). The aim of this study was to develop and characterize an EGFR‐directed PET tracer, 64Cu‐cetuximab‐F(ab′)2, to determine the systemic accessibility of EGFR. Mice with HNSCC xenografts, UT‐SCC‐8 (n = 6) or UT‐SCC‐45 (n = 6), were imaged 24 h post injection with 64Cu‐NODAGA‐cetuximab‐F(ab′)2 using PET/CT. One mouse for each tumor model was co‐injected with excess unlabeled cetuximab 3 days before radiotracer injection to determine non‐EGFR‐mediated uptake. Ex vivo biodistribution of the tracer was determined and tumors were analyzed by autoradiography and immunohistochemistry. The SUVmax of UT‐SCC‐8 tumors was higher than that of UT‐SCC‐45: 1.5 ± 1.0 and 0.8 ± 0.2 (p < 0.05), respectively. SUVmax after in vivo blocking of EGFR with cetuximab was 0.4. Immunohistochemistry showed that UT‐SCC‐8 had a significantly higher EGFR expression than UT‐SCC‐45: 0.50 ± 0.19 versus 0.12 ± 0.08 (p < 0.005), respectively. Autoradiography indicated that 64Cu‐cetuximab‐F(ab′)2 uptake correlated with EGFR expression in both tumors: r = 0.86 ± 0.06 (UT‐SCC‐8) and 0.90 ± 0.06 (UT‐SCC‐45). 64Cu‐cetuxmab‐F(ab′)2 is a promising PET tracer to determine expression of EGFR in vivo. Clinically, this tracer has the potential to be used to determine cetuximab targeting of tumors and possibly to non‐invasively monitor the response to EGFR‐inhibitor treatment. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel risk stratification score for predicting early distant brain failure and salvage whole‐brain radiotherapy after stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases
Authors: Press Robert H. , Prabhu Roshan S. , Nickleach Dana C. , Liu Yuan , Shu Hui‐Kuo G. , Kandula Shravan , Patel Kirtesh R. , Curran Walter J. , Crocker Ian
Published: August 2015

BACKGROUND

The purpose of this study was to evaluate predictors of early distant brain failure (DBF) and salvage whole‐brain radiotherapy (WBRT) after treatment with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for brain metastases and create a clinically relevant risk score to stratify patients’ risk for these events.

METHODS

The records of 270 patients with brain metastases who were treated with SRS between 2003 and 2012 were reviewed. Pretreatment patient and tumor characteristics were analyzed with univariate and multivariate analyses. The cumulative incidences of first DBF and salvage WBRT were calculated. Significant factors were used to create a score for stratifying early (6‐month) DBF risk.

RESULTS

No prior WBRT, a total lesion volume < 1.3 cm3, primary breast cancer or malignant melanoma histology, and multiple metastases (≥2) were found to be significant predictors of early DBF. Each factor was ascribed 1 point because of similar hazard ratios. Scores of 0 to 1, 2, and 3 to 4 were considered to indicate low, intermediate, and high risk, respectively. This correlated with 6‐month cumulative incidences of DBF of 16.6%, 28.8%, and 54.4%, respectively (P < .001). For patients without prior WBRT, the 6‐month cumulative incidence of salvage WBRT was 2%, 17.7%, and 25.7%, respectively (P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS

Early DBF after SRS requiring salvage WBRT remains a significant clinical problem. Patient stratification for early DBF can better inform the decision for the initial treatment strategy for brain metastases. The provided risk score may help to predict early DBF and subsequent salvage WBRT if SRS is initially used. External validation is needed before clinical implementation. Cancer 2015;121:3836–3843. © 2015 American Cancer Society.