bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transhistorical Patterns in Alliance Strategy
Authors: Kuo Raymond C.
Published: January 2022

Given the dangers of war, states should carefully tailor their alliances to specific threats and constraints. We expect wide variety in security strategies and pact designs. This expectation is wrong. In any year, 75 percent of states pursue identical alliance strategies. Why do countries ignore their individuated conditions and converge on a single dominant alliance strategy? This chapter presents the book’s puzzle, describing patterns in alliance design from 1715–2003.
Cold War Credibility
Authors: Kuo Raymond C.
Published: January 2022

The second case highlights how Middle East and Southeast Asian countries pushed the United States to create NATO-like security institutions in their regions early in the Cold War. These countries evaluated American reliability based on alliance emulation: only strategies matching NATO’s design signaled commitment. Washington’s refusal to adopt the Atlantic Alliance’s strategy in other alliances undermined efforts to demonstrate resolve and consolidate power against the Soviet Union.
In Science Journals
Authors: Vignieri Sacha , Hurtley Stella M. , Szuromi Phil , Morel Penelope A. , Ash Caroline , Hines Pamela J. , Foley John F. , Vinson Valda , Ray L. Bryan , Suleymanov Yury , Nusinovich Yevgeniya , Jiang Di , Stajic Jelena , Olingy Claire , Maroso Mattia , Alderton Gemma
Published: January 2022

Highlights from the
Science
family of journals
Malignant pleural mesothelioma patients’ experience by gender: findings from a cross-sectional UK-national questionnaire
Authors: Senek Michaela , Robertson Steve , Darlison Liz , Creech Lorraine , Tod Angela
Published: January 2022

Objectives

Malignant mesothelioma is an aggressive malignancy of mesothelial surfaces, most commonly those of the pleura. The aim of this study was to understand, using a national questionnaire, the gendered care experiences of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM).

Patients were asked about their experience of the diagnostic process, about information clarity, health care professionals’ knowledge, general practitioner support and overall satisfaction with care received.

Setting

Recruitment of patients was carried out in three UK countries (England, Wales and Scotland) via mesothelioma clinical nurse specialists.

Participants

In total, 503 patients completed the questionnaire. 460 had MPM, the remainder had other types of mesothelioma. In accord with the study protocol, only the MPM patients were included in this study.

Primary and secondary measures were: (1) time from symptom to diagnosis, (2) satisfaction with the diagnosis and treatment, and (3) quality of life and well-being.

Results

There were gender differences in time from symptom to diagnosis. The time from symptom to diagnosis was significantly longer for women than men (median=152 days vs men=92 days, p=0.01). Lack of a verified source of exposure to asbestos was a hindrance to private treatment access for women (95% of those that access private treatment are men). Patients were five times more likely to be satisfied if they thought that the doctors knew enough about their condition (OR=4.4, p=0.001) and nearly three times more likely to be satisfied if information was presented in a sensitive way (OR=2.8,p=0.01).

Conclusions

This study has several implications for clinical practice. Our findings suggest that the diagnostic time in women might be reduced by reviewing diagnostic processes including occupational history taking, and by revising the occupational risk of mesothelioma categorisation.
Selection of appropriate reference genes in different tissues of Vaccinium dunalianum Wight by quantitative real-time PCR for gene expression studies
Authors: Shao Yalin , Chen Aiyi , Chang Wei , Li Guoze , Yu Jinde , Zhao Ping , Ding Yong
Published: January 2022

Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a powerful tool for investigating relevant changes in gene expression. At present, there are no reports on reference genes for Vaccinium dunalianum Wight (V. dunalianum Wight). Here, the expression profiles of 15 frequently used reference genes were used to screen for appropriate reference genes in different tissues of V. dunalianum Wight collected in Yunnan and Wuding, China. The cycle threshold (Ct) values of genes in different samples were compared and analyzed. Furthermore, BestKeeper, NormFinder, and geNorm software were used to evaluate the stability of each candidate reference gene. Analysis using geNorm showed that the expression levels of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and protein phosphatase 2A-2 (PP2A-2) were the most stable. In turn, the expression level of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (EIF-4A-2) was the most stable as per analysis by NormFinder, while Bestkeeper revealed that actin-related protein-1 (ARP-1) was the most stably expressed. Comprehensive analysis and validation experiments showed that EIF-4A-2 and PP2A-2 were the most suitable reference genes for V. dunalianum Wight.
Activity, heart rate, and energy expenditure of a cold-climate mesocarnivore, the Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis)
Authors: Menzies Allyson K. , Studd Emily K. , Seguin Jacob L. , Derbyshire Rachael E. , Murray Dennis L. , Boutin Stan , Humphries Murray M.
Published: January 2022

The energetic consequences of body size, behaviour, and fine-scale environmental variation remain understudied, particularly among free-ranging carnivores, due to logistical and methodological challenges of studying them in the field. Here, we present novel activity, heart rate, and metabolic data on free-ranging Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis Kerr, 1792) to (i) investigate intraspecific patterns of energy expenditure, particularly how they relate to body size, environmental conditions, and activity variation, and (ii) position lynx — a cold-climate, mesocarnivore — within interspecific allometries of carnivore energetics. Lynx demonstrated limited behavioural and metabolic responses to environmental conditions, despite extreme cold and moderate snow depths during our study, but marked body size patterns with larger lynx having higher activity and lower resting heart rate than smaller lynx. Compared with similar-sized carnivores, lynx were less active and had lower heart rate, likely due to their ambush hunting style, but higher energy expenditure, likely due to their cold-climate existence and access to abundant prey. Overall, lynx were more similar to other ambush hunters than to sympatric cold-climate species and mesocarnivores. Our data provide insight into the relative importance of abiotic and biotic drivers of carnivore energetics and the ways in which predators maintain energy balance in variable environments.
Level-density parameter in natural radioactive nuclei
Authors: Abyar A. , Razavi R.
Published: January 2022

The intrinsic level-density parameters in natural radioactive nuclei, which emit alpha particles, have been extracted within a microscopic formalism based on the BCS model with inclusion of pairing interaction. Then, total level-density parameters considering the collective effects are obtained. In addition, the level-density parameter excess of total level-density parameter compared to the intrinsic level-density parameter as a function of excitation energy has been determined for each nucleus. A cusp in the level-density parameter excess is observed at energies about neutron binding energy for prolate deformed nuclei with [Formula: see text]. However, the level-density parameter excess behavior is quite incremental for the considered nuclei with [Formula: see text].
Exact solutions of the Schrödinger equation with Dunkl derivative for the free-particle spherical waves, the pseudo-harmonic oscillator and the Mie-type potential
Authors: Mota R. D. , Ojeda-Guillén D.
Published: January 2022

In this paper, we solve exactly the Schrödinger equation for the free-particle, the pseudo-harmonic oscillator and the Mie-type potential in three dimensions with the Dunkl derivative. The equations for the radial and angular parts are obtained by using spherical coordinates and separation of variables. The wave functions and the energy spectrum for these potentials are derived in an analytical way and it is shown that our results are adequately reduced to those previously reported when we remove the Dunkl derivative parameters.
Rank estimation for (approximately) low-rank matrices
Authors: Bayat Niloofar , Morrin Cody , Wang Yuheng , Misra Vishal
Published: January 2022

In observational data analysis, e.g., causal inference, one often encounters data sets that are noisy and incomplete, but come from inherently "low rank" (or correlated) systems. Examples include user ratings of movies/products and term frequency matrices for documents amongst others. In such analysis, estimating the approximate rank of the data sets serves an important function of delineating the signal from the noise. In this paper, we propose a technique to estimate the rank of observational data matrices, compare it to previously proposed techniques, and make a specific methodological contribution of improving the algorithmic parameter estimation in the robust synthetic control method in [1].
Bounding Mean Slowdown in Multiserver Systems
Authors: Scully Ziv
Published: January 2022

Recent progress in queueing theory has made it possible to analyze the mean response time of multiserver queueing systems under advanced scheduling policies. However, this progress has so far been limited to the metric of mean response time. In practice, there are a wide variety of other metrics that can be more important. One such metric is mean slowdown, which is the average ratio between a job's response time and its size. While it is known that the "RS" policy minimizes mean slowdown in the single-server M/G/1, the problem is open for multiserver systems, including the M/G/k and load-balancing systems.
Retacrit®, Biosimilar of Epoetin Alfa, in Chemotherapy-Induced Anemia in Routine Practice: Impact of Iron Supplementation
Authors: Laribi Kamel , Spaeth Dominique , Scotte Florian , Ray-Coquard Isabelle
Published: January 2022

Introduction: The aim of the study was to evaluate in real-life conditions the effectiveness and safety of a biosimilar of epoetin alfa (Retacrit®) in chemotherapy-induced anemia and the impact of iron supplementation. Methods: This was a longitudinal, observational, prospective study of 12–16 weeks conducted in 195 French centers. The primary endpoint was the achievement of target Hb (with an increase of Hb ≥1 g/dL) or an increase of Hb ≥2 g/dL, in the absence of transfusion in the previous 3 weeks. Results: 2,076 patients (women, 50.6%; mean age, 67.0 years) with malignant diseases (solid tumors, 79.8%; lymphomas, 12.7%; multiple myeloma, 6.6%) were analyzed. A total of 655 patients received oral iron (40.5%), intravenous iron (58.9%), or both (0.6%). At inclusion, 10.0% and 18.2% of patients without and with iron supplementation had serum ferritin <100 μg/L, respectively. Transferrin saturation (TSAT) ≤20% was more frequent in patients with supplementation (76.6%) than without supplementation (33.9%). The mean weekly doses of epoetin alfa biosimilar and planned duration of treatment were comparable regardless of iron supplementation. The primary endpoint was achieved in 70.5% and 70.2% of patients without and with iron supplementation, respectively. Three (0.1%) serious thromboembolic events related to treatment with epoetin alfa biosimilar were reported. Conclusion: Epoetin alfa biosimilar was effective and well tolerated for treating chemotherapy-induced anemia. Patients in subgroup with iron supplementation had lower TSAT at inclusion compared to subgroup without supplementation. Comparable mean Hb levels were achieved in both subgroups. The rate of patients with iron supplementation through the intravenous route was however insufficient.
financiamento público de pesquisas brasileiras
Authors: Scartassini Verônica Barboza , Moura Ana Maria Mielniczuk de
Published: January 2022

Estudo bibliométrico que analisa a produção científica financiada pela CAPES, CNPq e Fundações de Amparo à Pesquisa das unidades federativas do Brasil a partir do campo FO da Web of Science. O corpus da pesquisa é formado por 248.632 documentos coletados no mês de janeiro de 2019. É uma pesquisa quantitativa, descritiva, utiliza softwares como o Bibexcel, Excel e Vosviewer para a mensuração e análise dos resultados. Há a presença de diversas agências de fomento como a CAPES, o CNPq e FAPESP, sendo estas as instituições que mais apresentam fomento. As instituições que mais recebem financiamento são USP, UNESP e UNICAMP. O idioma predominante das publicações é o inglês, 90% dos documentos são artigos científicos publicados em sua maioria em revistas internacionais como a PlosOne e a Scientific Reports. Os assuntos das publicações seguem os mesmos temas abordados nos periódicos, são em sua maioria representados pelas áreas da Química, Física, Engenharias e subáreas da Biologia. A periodicidade das publicações com financiamento é crescente e oriunda desde os anos de 1987. Pode-se concluir que a produção científica nacional financiada por agências de fomento vem estabelecendo critérios internacionais de publicação e consequentemente elevando o status da ciência brasileira no cenário mundial.
Peter Schlemihl: pacto fáustico em séries culturais
Authors: Sousa Adriano Carvalho Araujo e
Published: January 2022

A partir do conto A história maravilhosa de Peter Schlemihl, de Adelbert von Chamisso, o autor analisa a animação L’Homme sans ombre, de Georges Schwizgebel, e seu processo de tradução de uma linguagem a outra. A perda da sombra figura como imagem arquetípica do pacto fáustico, que leva o animador a problematizar as cores em diálogo com a pintura.
Sobre a fragilidade da democracia brasileira diante da crise do coronavírus
Authors: Moraes Diego , Moisés José Álvaro
Published: January 2022

O presente artigo discute em que medida a experiência da crise do coronavírus tem afetado o apoio à democracia no Brasil. Partimos da abordagem da cultura política afim de examinar se elementos de uma cultura democrática têm sido importantes para evitar a deterioração da legitimidade democrática no país. Verificamos que há um cisma entre Apoio Difuso e Específico no Brasil, sendo que as variáveis de cultura democrática contribuem para a proteção do primeiro, mas não do segundo. Ademais, os efeitos deletérios da crise, sobretudo os econômicos, contribuem para minar o Apoio Difuso, mas não o Específico. Esses achados parecem estar relacionados com o fato de que o atual governo federal brasileiro possui nítidas tendências autoritárias e neopopulistas, de modo que não apenas os dois tipos de apoio não convergem, mas a experiência da crise os afeta de maneira distinta.
Valores morais e de autoexpressão: pós-materialismo em/na crise?
Authors: Castro Henrique Carlos de O. de , Capistrano Daniel , Castillo Sofia Isabel Vizcarra
Published: January 2022

Este artigo visa a veri car o impacto da mudança nas condições de existência material (sanitárias e econômicas) causada pela pandemia de covid-19 na estabilidade dos valores materialistas e pós-materialistas no Brasil. A hipótese, construída a partir da literatura e testada com os dados de duas ondas do projeto “Valores em Crise”, é que tais valores deveriam ser estáveis na vida dos indivíduos e não mudariam no curto prazo. Porém, os resultados indicam o oposto: um aumento dos valores pós- materialistas entre os brasileiros em comparação com os materialistas. Dessa forma, o artigo trata da variação de diferentes tipos de valores e preferências sociopolíticas frente à crise e propõe explicações para as mudanças de curto prazo observadas, bem como as suas potenciais consequências no médio e no longo prazo.
Brasil pós-pandemia. Reconstruindo o capital social e uma cultura política assertiva
Authors: Baquero Marcello , Morais Jennifer
Published: January 2022

A pandemia de covid-19, que há mais de um ano assola o país, onde o governo incumbente tem minimizado o seu impacto devastador, vem afetando os princípios democráticos gerando uma polarização ideológica na sociedade brasileira e produzindo um estado de intolerância exacerbada. A combinação da pandemia com a polarização tem se enraizado e dividido o país, reduzindo os espaços cívicos de envolvimento político cidadão. Este artigo tem por objetivo examinar o impacto da pandemia na construção de capital social institucional negativo (governo- sociedade) e no tipo de cultura política que emergirá no futuro.
The Midlatitude Response to Polar Sea Ice Loss: Idealized Slab-Ocean Aquaplanet Experiments with Thermodynamic Sea Ice
Authors: Shaw Tiffany A. , Smith Zoë
Published: January 2022

Slab-ocean aquaplanet simulations with thermodynamic sea ice are used to study the zonally symmetric mechanisms whereby polar sea ice loss impacts the midlatitude atmosphere. Imposed sea ice loss (difference without and with sea ice with historical CO2 concentration) leads to global warming, polar amplified warming, and a weakening of poleward atmospheric energy transport and the midlatitude storm-track intensity. The simulations confirm an energetic mechanism that predicts a weakening of storm-track intensity in response to sea ice loss, given the change of surface albedo and assuming a passive ocean. Namely, sea ice loss increases the absorption of shortwave radiation by the surface (following the decrease of surface albedo), which increases surface turbulent fluxes into the atmosphere thereby weakening poleward atmospheric energy transport. The storm-track intensity weakens because it dominates poleward energy transport. The quantitative prediction underlying the mechanism captures the weakening but underestimates its amplitude. The weakening is also consistent with weaker mean available potential energy (polar amplified warming) and scales with sea ice extent, which is controlled by the slab-ocean depth. The energetic mechanism also operates in response to sea ice loss due to melting (difference of the response to quadrupled CO2 with and without sea ice). Finally, the midlatitude response to sea ice loss in the aquaplanet agrees qualitatively with the response in more complex climate models. Namely, the storm-track intensity weakens and the energetic mechanism operates, but the method used to impose sea ice loss in coupled models impacts the surface response.
Local Climate Change Reporting: Assessing the Impacts of Climate Journalism Workshops
Authors: Yagatich William A. , Campbell Eryn , Borth Amanda C. , Patzer Shaelyn M. , Timm Kristin M. F. , Hassol Susan Joy , Placky Bernadette Woods , Maibach Edward W.
Published: January 2022

Prior research suggests that climate stories are rarely reported by local news outlets in the United States. As part of the Climate Matters in the Newsroom project—a program for climate-reporting resources designed to help journalists report local climate stories—we conducted a series of local climate-reporting workshops for journalists to support such reporting. Here, we present the impacts of eight workshops conducted in 2018 and 2019—including participant assessments of the workshop, longitudinal changes in their climate-reporting self-efficacy, and the number and proportion of print and digital climate stories reported. We learned that participants found value in the workshops and experienced significant increases in their climate-reporting self-efficacy in response to the workshops, which were largely sustained over the next 6 months. We found only limited evidence that participants reported more frequently on climate change after the workshops—possibly, in part, due to the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the news industry. These findings suggest that local climate-reporting workshops can be a useful but not necessarily sufficient strategy for supporting local climate change reporting. Further research is needed to illuminate how to support local climate reporting most effectively.

Significance Statement

As part of an NSF-funded project to support local climate change news reporting, we conducted a series of eight journalist workshops. Here we evaluate their impacts. Participants gave the workshops strong positive ratings and experienced significant increases in climate-reporting self-efficacy. There was only limited evidence, however, that the workshops led to more frequent reporting on climate change—a conclusion muddied by the impacts of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the news industry. These findings suggest that local climate-reporting workshops may be a useful strategy but that additional research is needed to strengthen the approach.
Stroke in Takayasu arteritis with concomitant tuberculosis: an unusual pediatric case report
Authors: Tian Yao , Chen Yu
Published: January 2022

Background

Stroke is a lethal complication of polyarteritis in children. Takayasu arteritis is a rare disease with an unknown etiology and is known to mainly affect young women. In this report, we present the case of a Chinese boy diagnosed with TA results in stroke, originally presenting in the context of latent tuberculosis infection and then developing active tuberculosis.

Case presentation

The patient was a 14-year-old child who developed a latent tuberculosis infection at age 5 after coming in close contact with his grandfather, who had tuberculosis. However, he did not receive any anti-tuberculosis medications at that time. At age 9, he was hospitalized for symptoms of "dizziness and headache" and was diagnosed with Takayasu arteritis and hypertension; however, tuberculosis was not diagnosed. Only antihypertensive drugs were administered without considering the possible pathogenic factors of tuberculosis infection. At age 14, he was rehospitalized for "fever and cough" and was diagnosed with active pulmonary tuberculosis as an analysis of his fiberoptic bronchoscopy sample using the Gene-Xpert assay was positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, after 2 months of taking oral anti-tuberculosis drugs, his blood pressure continued to rise, and he presented with numbness and weakness of the right limb and a deviation of the right side of his mouth. Computed tomography angiography of his head and neck revealed that the walls of the left subclavian artery and bilateral vertebral arteries were thickened, and the lumen was significantly narrowed. In a recent examination, magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion-weighted imaging of the head showed infarctions in the right basal ganglia area close to the left lateral ventricle. Our patient was treated with methotrexate, tocilizumab and glucocorticoids to control he continued active vasculitis.

Conclusions

The possible association of tuberculosis and Takayasu arteritis complicated by stroke needs to be considered, especially in children who had prior contact with a family member with tuberculosis infection. The temporal relationship between TA and infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in our patient suggests a compelling link that demands further investigation.
What Cato Did: Suicide, Sentimentalism, and the Drama of Emulation
Authors: Taylor David Francis
Published: January 2022

Much recent criticism of Joseph Addison's Cato (1713) regards the tragedy as determinedly resistant to its eponymous protagonist's stoic heroism. Cato, it is argued, critiques Cato. But this wasn't how Addison's immediate contemporaries experienced the play. For many commentators, Addison's Cato was a model not only to be applauded but also imitated. In this essay, I take seriously this disconnection between current interpretation and immediate reception. I first attend to the tragedy's fifth act, where we see a concerted attempt both to flag the protagonist's fallibility and also to place a critical frame around the problematic spectacle of stoic suicide. In the second part of the essay, I then consider how it was that an instrumentalist view of the play nonetheless became canon. Here, I trace Richard Steele's appropriation of Cato to his project to reform the stage, a project that staked its claims for the cultural and moral efficacy of the theater on an avowedly emulative (and sentimental) model of drama. And I argue that Addison's belated insistence on his protagonist's all-too-humanness works to sentimentalize the character and so paradoxically opens up the very possibility of imitation that it seemingly seeks to foreclose.
Form versus Catastrophe in the Old English Christ III
Authors: Thornbury Emily V.
Published: January 2022

Medieval authors of literature on Doomsday faced a structural challenge of their own making: their audiences knew too much about the coming end of days to be as terror-stricken as they should. This difficulty was compounded by the comic structure of the Christian salvation narrative, which looked forward to Christ's return as—technically speaking—its catastrophe, when all the confusion and unhappiness of the universal plot would be unravelled and total clarity would reign. The author of the Old English Doomsday poem called Christ III, however, devised an ingenious strategy to restore its audience to a state of wholesome uncertainty. By destabilizing the predictable flow of Old English meter with an unusually varied and challenging range of hypermetric verses, the poet of Christ III used metrical form to undermine the confidence of audiences in their powers of prediction—and in so doing, restored suspense to the experience of Doomsday.
Ordering Chaos in Old English Wisdom Poetry
Authors: Trilling Renée R.
Published: January 2022

The Old English poem known as The Fortunes of Men offers a catalogue of potential fates, both good and bad, that can befall a person in the early medieval world, from being eaten by a wolf to thriving as a poet. Straining against the limits of human knowledge about the future, the poem contains its existential anxiety within the strict metrical forms of the alliterative long line. Its structure balances assorted visions of death with images of joy, but traditional Old English formulas afford very specific ideas of joy that describe an idealized heroic male world. By reading social context as a variety of form, this article articulates a reciprocal relationship between aesthetics and the social world that reveals the limitations of The Fortunes of Men's attempts at consolation. It attends to the questions of what and who is excluded by the social forms of Old English verse.
The Apocalyptic Aesthetics of the List: Form and Political Economy in Wynnere and Wastoure
Authors: Rhodes William
Published: January 2022

Lists can suggest both a complete written account and the open-ended accumulation of terms. In this, their frequent appearance in apocalyptic texts formally mirrors apocalypticism's combination of divinely created order and the chaotic description of catastrophic events. Medieval and early modern poetic prophecies often list local manifestations of disorder and exclude the cosmic frame of divine order, making poems like Wynnere and Wastoure, which draws heavily on the tradition of poetic prophecy, seem not particularly apocalyptic. But the list-like passages in Wynnere and Wastoure join its focus on economics to the implicit apocalypticism of its prophetic passages. The sense that lists can appear as both an ordered account and a disordered accumulation allows the lists of Wynnere and Wastoure to suggest the comforting bounds of an apocalyptic framework while performing its dissolution by a vision of political economy based on endless cycles of winning and wasting.
Editor’s Preface
Authors: Talviste Katre
Published: January 2022

Editor’s Preface
AUTHORS’ NOTES
Authors: . .
Published: January 2022

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WSPÓŁCZUCIE JAKO UMIEJĘTNOŚĆ INTERPERSONALNA OSÓB POMAGAJĄCYCH PROFESJONALNIE
Authors: Fopka-Kowalczyk Małgorzata
Published: January 2022

Profesjonalne pomaganie drugiemu człowiekowi wymaga nie tylko posiadania wiedzy i narzędzi pomocowych, ale też odpowiednich umiejętności nawiązywania kontaktu czy prowadzenia rozmowy. Jedną z takich umiejętności, coraz częściej docenianych przez osoby poszukujące pomocy i wsparcia, są techniki oparte na współczuciu. Prezentowany tekst odnosi się do koncepcji współczucia, przedstawia sposoby jego definiowania, typologię współczucia oraz korzyści z praktykowania współczucia przez osoby pomagające profesjonalnie. Zagadnienie współczucia omówione jest i scharakteryzowane na przykładzie Terapii Skoncentrowanej na Współczuciu Paula Gilberta, uzupełnione o treści, które wydają się istotne ze względu na podejmowany temat.
Paweł Rzechowski vel Rechowski, pisarz grodzki kijowski – adaptacja Polaka do funkcjonowania w środowisku szlachty ruskiej na Kijowszczyźnie w czasach Zygmunta III
Authors: Litwin Henryk
Published: January 2022

Paweł Rzechowski, zmarły w 1629 r., długoletni pisarz grodzki kijowski, jest przykładem adaptacji na ziemiach ukrainnych przybysza z ziem polskich. Jego kariera zaczęła się od działań o charakterze adwokackim w sądach wołyńskich i doprowadziła Rzechowskiego do pozycji lidera szlacheckiego w województwie kijowskim, wybieranego na posła i deputata do Trybunału. Rzechowski dostosował się do wymogów środowiska – znajomość języka ruskiego, lokalnego systemu prawnego (tzw. Statutu Wołyńskiego), szacunek dla prawosławia. Podobnych przykładów Polaków działających w pierwszej połowie XVII w. na ziemiach ukrainnych Rzeczypospolitej jest wiele.
Chapter 3
Authors: Proust Marcel
Published: January 2022

This chapter begins with Charlus's letter to Aimé: an example of unilateral insanity in an intelligent man addressing an imbecile endowed with sense. Aimé belongs to a race more ancient than that of the prince, therefore more noble. The chapter then highlights Charlus and Morel's automobile excursions which are usually confined to a lunch or dinner along the coast. Morel, who believes himself to be a thousand times more important than Charlus, completely misunderstands the baron's arrogant information about the aristocracy. The one thing that Morel sets above the nobility is his artistic reputation and what others might think of him in the violin class. The chapter then further elaborates on Charlus's and Brichot's debate on the literary worth of Balzac's novels. It concludes with the Narrator's discussion about his friendship with the Comte de Crécy, a gentleman without means but of extreme distinction.
Afa Zā ŋunpaƔ Nyu BuƔli (Any Person Who Allows His Wife to Drink the Potion for Exorcism)
Authors: Ajura Alhaj Yūsuf Ṣāliḥ
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses the poem “Afa ZaŋunpaƔ Nyu BuƔli,” which covers witches, witch hunters, and exorcism that assumed the name of nana. It retells the story of an elderly Ashanti woman who arrived in Tamale claiming to hunt down witches and exorcise them. It also mentions how witch hunters and their supporters would subject the accused elderly women to beatings and claim to exorcise them by giving them a potion to drink and shaving their heads. The chapter details how Afa Ajura objected and mounted spirited attacks on several fronts of the nana business, including on the local chiefs and the clerics. It cites Afa Ajura's passing of a juristic verdict for anyone who drinks the exorcist potion: that two-month fasting becomes obligatory.
Naḥnu Junūdu Ḥ abībinā (We Are the Army of Our Beloved)
Authors: Ajura Alhaj Yūsuf Ṣāliḥ
Published: January 2022

This chapter highlights the poem “Nahnu Junudu Habıbina,” which Afa Ajura wrote for school children to be recited and sung during plays and for entertainment. It epmhasize how Afa Ajura banned his schoolteachers from singing and dancing performances as part of the Prophet Mohammed's birthday celebrations. It also mentions Mallam Basha and Ustadh Issa Bello, Afa Ajura's head teachers that devised creative ways to keep students attracted and entertained without having to celebrate the Prophet Mohammed's birthday. The chapter details the head teachers' material for entertainment that consisted of poems and songs extracted from several books from the Middle East. It explains how the poem was simply meant for children in order to encourage them to praise the Prophet and entertain themselves.
Promises of Transformation
Authors: Galvin Shaila Seshia
Published: January 2022

The epilogue offers an account of the ways in which organic agriculture has unfolded in Uttarakhand in the years since ethnographic fieldwork was undertaken in 2007 and 2008. It reflects on what organic means, and to whom its greatest promise extends, considering the ways in which social and caste position, education, and economic status shape the extent to which different cultivators have engaged with the work of becoming organic. The epilogue places the study of organic agriculture in Uttarakhand in conversation with the rapidly rising interest in sustainable agriculture, the “green economy,” and debates about contemporary agrarian transitions. By showing how organic should be understood as a diffusely produced quality, rather than a material property or essence, it charts a course for expanded understandings of how agricultural commodities come into being.
Eight Hundred Million Notes and but Two Plays Done
Authors: Brietzke Zander
Published: January 2022

Instead of trying to build the Cycle from its many fragments, Magnum Opus examines the center of the Cycle and evaluates not so much how O’Neill started with the project, but how he finished. Staged together for the first time, back to back, A Touch of the Poet and More Stately Mansions could exhaust the subjects of greed and materialism and offer solutions for the times in which people live today. Sara Melody Harford’s trajectory invites an audience to confront her questions as its own: What is enough to survive and be happy? How much is enough? And, most important, when is enough enough? O’Neill repeatedly poses these questions for his audience to consider its position in a capitalist economy.
Rethinking American Constitutional Development
Authors: Woodward-Burns Robinson
Published: January 2022

This chapter proposes that state constitutional reform stabilizes national politics. Specifically, the chapter posits that members of Congress, presidents, and federal judges defer divisive constitutional controversies to the states, which revise their constitutions to address these issues. Reformers rebuffed by the national branches too look to the states. Resulting state constitutional revision pre-empts national reform and stabilizes national politics. The chapter offers preliminary evidence for this theory using original datasets on proposed federal and state constitutional reform. This theory and evidence suggest that to fully understand American constitutional and political development, one needs to study state constitutional change.
Welfare States, 1932–1979
Authors: Woodward-Burns Robinson
Published: January 2022

This chapter recounts New Deal and Great Society constitutional development in three chronological steps. The first section outlines the labor and pension debates that gripped Congress and the Court through the 1930s and 1940s, noting how New Dealers built federal labor and welfare protections atop existing state constitutional wage, hours, and pension protections. The second section recounts a similar pattern of convergence as the NAACP, AFL, CIO, and other reform groups worked to amend state constitutions to repeal poll taxes and legislative malapportionment, affirming and elaborating federal Voting Rights Act (VRA) and federal court voting protections. Finally, as the 1973 Equal Rights Amendment failed, reformers entrenched gender equality through state constitutional reform, stifling further attempts at federal reform. In all three cases, state constitutional reform helped address and resolve national constitutional controversies.
Introduction
Authors: Wills Lawrence M.
Published: January 2022

The introduction provides the background for the discussion of “Apocrypha” and “deuterocanonical” as terms that have been used to describe the Jewish texts that were included in Christian Old Testaments over and above those in the Jewish Bible and the Protestant Old Testaments. The status of the extra texts was not agreed upon in the early church, and the various Christian canons differed as to which of these extra texts to include. Within rabbinic Judaism some awareness of these texts continued, and in the medieval period some texts made their way back into Jewish cultural life. In both Catholic and Protestant contexts, the debates over the extra texts continued into the modern period. Western readers who are somewhat familiar with the idea of “Apocrypha” are still generally unfamiliar with the texts canonized within the eastern canons—the Ethiopic, Syriac (Peshitta), Armenian, and Coptic Bibles. Nevertheless, these texts are interesting and often important, and are introduced in this volume along with the western Apocrypha.
Historical Texts
Authors: Wills Lawrence M.
Published: January 2022

Chapter two treats the Jewish history texts of the Apocrypha. The salient characteristics of history in Greece and Israel are discussed, including the fact that histories tend to begin by establishing their narrative on a timeline, and also conclude with a conscious sense that, although the account is ending, the narrative of history actually continues. There is, therefore, no firm closure. Similarities to novellas and the existence of historical novels are discussed, as is the relation of Jewish histories of the Apocrypha to rewritten scripture. The following Jewish texts are then introduced: 1 and 2 Maccabees, 1 Esdras, Josephus Jewish War Book 6 (in the Syriac Peshitta), and 1, 2, and 3 Meqabyan from the Ethiopic Bible. Josippon is also included even though it is not clear that it was actually part of the Ethiopic or Coptic Bibles. First Esdras 3–5, a court narrative that is a hybrid of novella and history, is treated here rather than with the novellas in chapter one because of its role in 1 Esdras.
Conclusion
Authors: Mazzuca Sebastián
Published: January 2022

This chapter summarizes the main theoretical and empirical findings and identifies the key contributions to state theory and to the study of long-term political trajectories in Latin America. It presents a new agenda of research in the political economy of development and sketches a theory of the potential impact of political geography on the growth capacity of countries. It also considers the nineteenth-century state-formation as a hidden master key to understanding some of the most pressing issues in contemporary Latin America, including low-quality democracies and economic backwardness. The chapter delivers a central message that some paths of state-formation do not lead to state building, and a subset of them create durable obstacles to it. It draws a sharp distinction between outcomes in the modal cases of western Europe and Latin America, which opened the black box of the scope conditions implicit in the canon of state-formation approaches.
The Macrocosmic Mas̱navī
Authors: Pifer Michael
Published: January 2022

This chapter offers a succinct close reading of the first story of Rumi’s Masnavi, which ushers its audience into the hermeneutics of the entire work. Notably, this story depicts a dialogue between Rumi and his foremost student, Husam al-Din Chalabi, a native of Anatolia who was likely of Kurdish descent. Rumi may have dictated the Masnavi, but it was Husam al-Din who copied it, recited it back to his master in a strong voice, and taught others to read his manuscript aloud. This chapter argues that the Masnavi is thus shaped by a form of dialogism, not only between Rumi and Husam al-Din, but also by the text and its audience, who performatively partake in the dynamics of its opening story: a strange encounter between a king, in need of spiritual instruction, and a visitor from another realm. When we read the Masnavi, we are also reading a miniature of Anatolia, the product of a literary field shaped by authors and audiences in different ways.
Cilician Riddles
Authors: Pifer Michael
Published: January 2022

Although Muslim poets accommodated linguistic and cultural heterogeneity in their compositions, they were not alone in this practice. Chapter 6 examines how Armenian poets adapted vocabulary, genres, themes, tropes, and styles from Islamicate literature around medieval Cilicia, the last Armenian kingdom. As it shows, such poets generally instructed their audiences to read their compositions within a distinctly Christian interpretive frame. For example, St. Nerses Shnorhali (d. 1173), the head of the Armenian church, rewrote the Bible as a series of interlocking riddles that train an audience to read scripture in a particular manner. In a complementary manner yet a different literary register, the celebrated poet Frik adapted and rewrote Persian poetry, directing his audience to interpret these poetics within a Christianizing framework. By bringing these poets into dialogue with one another, this chapter reads early Armenian vernacular poetry through the literary practices that shaped it, such as gloss and quotation in particular. As it demonstrates, it is precisely the ways in which these poets did not translate wholesale texts that enabled them to recast different literary cultures within a Christian idiom.
An Education in Erznka
Authors: Pifer Michael
Published: January 2022

Chapter 7 brings together the three major threads of the book thus far: the drive to adapt the poetic styles of ‘others,’ the need to enforce local religious boundaries, and the creation of corresponding (or affinitive) literary cultures across multiple languages, capable of resonating with diverse peoples. By focusing on Kostandin Erznkats‘i, an Armenian poet in Erznka (Erzincan) who adapted Firdawsi’s Shah-nama, it returns to the complex dynamic between author and audience with which this book began. As it shows, this reciprocal relationship, which produced a literary field, reflects an ongoing dialogue that continued long after poems were composed. It was therefore not enough to create a new literary culture: the poets of thirteenth and early fourteenth-century Anatolia were also tasked with creating a reading public, and an interpretive mode, that would generate new meaning long after composition came to an end. In a tangible manner, literary works, and the audiences who consumed them, served to produce one another.
Introduction
Authors: Koenig Sarah
Published: January 2022

This chapter traces the history of conflicts in the Whitman Saved Oregon Story and examines the historical formations that it reflected and generated. It outlines the ways in which religious communities and ideas shaped historical narration, including those that sought to remove religious language and theological interpretations from historical scholarship. It also explores how the divides still present in American historical consciousness grew out of nineteenth-century narratives and twentieth-century shifts in historical influence. The chapter cites Peter Novick's That Noble Dream, which elaborates how various concepts of objectivity informed the American historical profession's development. It reviews the creation, growth, and eventual disproving of the Marcus Whitman story to demonstrate how a single historical narrative could be circulated and transformed through changing historical networks and practice.
Providential History
Authors: Koenig Sarah
Published: January 2022

This chapter follows Marcus Whitman's surviving missionary associate, Henry Harmon Spalding, who sought to redeem his and Whitman's missions in public memory through a twenty-six-year historical crusade. It details how Spalding wrote newspaper articles, lectured regionally and nationally, and testified before the United States Senate in order to argue that the Oregon missionaries were heroes. It talks about Spalding's creation of a providential history of the settling of Oregon in which Whitman served as a God-ordained hero of both Christianity and American expansion. The chapter describes how Spalding's campaign demonstrates that Protestant–Catholic disputes in the Oregon Territory produced conflicting narratives of Whitman's mission. It illuminates the networks by which providential history spread, such as churches, religious periodicals, and state and local governments.
World War Emergency, Cold War Void, and Black Freedom Eruption
Authors: Dorrien Gary
Published: January 2022

The socialists played leading roles in organizing the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) and led the dominant CIO union, the United Auto Workers. They opposed Roosevelt, which hurt them politically, their united-front activism mostly backfired, and they held out too long against World War II, which set off another exodus. They were less active than the communists in racial justice work, but the leaders of the civil rights movement were socialists—A. Philip Randolph, James Farmer, Bayard Rustin, and Martin Luther King Jr.
Trade
Authors: Scanlan Melissa K.
Published: January 2022

This chapter recounts international leaders that emphasized trade as a way to build prosperity and promote peaceful relations during post–World War II. It mentions that the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade has established the framework for trading goods since 1947. It also details how international trade brings greater variety of markets, lower prices, and opportunities for both importing and exporting countries, and global relationships between producers and consumers. The chapter refers to international trade agreements that were not primarily concerned with protecting the environment or broadly sharing wealth generated from trade. It explains how the unsustainable use of the climate, fresh water, forests, and farmland escalated in parallel to trading that soared after the formation of the World Trade Organization.
The Forum and the Method
Authors: Horowitz Donald L.
Published: January 2022

This chapter presents the rationale for privileging reason and argument, rather than deal making, as methods of constitution making. It explains why secrecy of the deliberations is frequently required to achieve a reasoned product and why a reasoned product is likely to be more resistant to reneging and therefore more durable. It discusses the possible utility of having an elected legislature as the forum in which to make the new constitution and the importance of developing mutual understanding and habits of cooperation among participating politicians. The chapter also deals with the need for negotiation and compromise to supplement reasoned argument where consensus proves elusive. The value of habits of compromise for ordinary post-constitutional politics may be an important side-benefit of successful negotiation in a constitutional process. At its best, the chapter suggests, a constitutional process can perform a useful socializing function for democratic politicians who take part in it.
Processes, Good and Not So Good
Authors: Horowitz Donald L.
Published: January 2022

In this chapter, contrasts between several more successful and several less successful processes are drawn and explained. More successful processes have achieved inclusion by representation, utilized deliberation, and made decisions mainly by consensus. Less successful processes have lacked one or more of these characteristics. Countries that used more successful processes are notably more democratic than are those that used less successful processes. Preexisting conditions do not seem to account for these differences in the limited number of cases considered. Rather, leadership and the determination to persist with a scrupulous, time-consuming process appear to be the important determinants of the outcome.