bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of antagonistic attributes exopolysaccharide producing halophiles against phytopathogen and post-harvest application
Authors: Upadhyaya Chandni , Patel Hiren , Patel Ishita
Published: February 2024

The presented investigation aimed to screen for exopolysaccharide (EPS) producing halophilic microbes having antagonistic effect against Xanthomonas citri causing canker disease in citrus plants. The produced exopolysaccharide was applied as edible coating on lemon fruits to deduce its effect on onset of citrus canker upon treatment of Xanthomonas citri. The sea water and soil samples of Dummas, Ubhrat and Hajira beaches of Surat districts of Gujarat state of India were screened for the isolation of halophiles revealing antagonistic effects against the preisolated Xanthomonas citri. The obtained result showed that from 7 exopolysaccharide producing halophiles, DUIS04 revealed growth inhibition of Xanthomonas when cocultured. The antagonistic attributes of DUIS04 were qualitatively assessed by standard procedures in which hydrolytic enzyme production viz. cellulase, amylase and chitinase, HCN production, biofilm and EPS production were positive. The produced EPS was recovered in crude form from culture broth by alcohol precipitation, dialyzed, lyophilized and stored at 42 oC for further use. The coating formulation was prepared by taking 2% (w/v) EPS as polymer matrix and mixing it with 0.1% of Tween 80 (w/w) and 1% sorbitol additives and sprayed on fresh lemons taken from botanical garden of Institution. The treated lemons were retreated with Xanthomonas suspension and incubated for 15 to 17 days. The control group of lemons were not treated with EPS and when sprayed with the Xanthomonas citri culture suspension, visible cankers were developed upon 13 to 15 days of incubation. However, the EPS treated group of fruits didn’t reveal canker development during same incubation. Consequently, the halophilic EPS was deduced to possess antagonistic effect on colonization of gram negative Xanthomonas citri bacteria and can inhibit the cancer disease in citric fruits which prolog the post-harvest shelf life.
The Relationship between the Health Belief Model and the Acceptance of the Covid-19 Vaccine in the Community in the Work Area of the Puuwatu Health Center
Authors: Kurnia Tasya , La Ode Liaumin Azim  , Hariati Lestari
Published: February 2024

The coverage of Covid-19 vaccination in Kendari City reached 237.735 (89.66%) in the first dose, 147.430 (55.60%) in the second dose and 3.518 (84.75%) in the third dose. Meanwhile, at the Puuwatu Health Center, the coverage of vaccination doses 2nd was 10.874 (34%). The low-vaccine program is influenced by individual perceptions and desires to vaccinate. This study aims to determine the factors associated with acceptance of the Covid-19 vaccine based on the health belief model theory. The research design used was a cross-sectional study. The population in this study were the people who were in the working area of ​​the Puuwatu Health Center as many as 36.521 people, while the sample was 110 respondents. The sampling technique used was accidental sampling. Research data were analyzed using the chi-square test. The results of the study showed perceived vulnerability (p=0.000), perceived severity (p=0.000), perceived benefits (p=0.001), perceived obstacles (p=0.000), and cues to act (p=0.000). It can be concluded that perception is related to public acceptance of the covid-19 vaccine.
Factors Influencing Student Parents' Acceptance of the COVID-19 Vaccine
Authors: Arianti Diana , Susanti Amelia
Published: February 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused widespread destruction, including in Indonesia. Various efforts have been undertaken to combat the pandemic caused by COVID-19. Among them is immunization. However, the general population's acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccination is questionable. Due to the availability of multiple vaccines against COVID-19, there is confusion regarding the efficacy and safety of individual vaccines, particularly among students. The primary objective of this study was to determine the reception of the COVID-19 vaccine among the parents of students. From March to August 2022, a cross-sectional survey was conducted at Padang Elementary School No. 11. Respondents for the technique of purposive sampling are the parents of 68 students. The survey data were analyzed using SPSS version 25.0. Using the Chi-square test, the relationship between socio-demographics and COVID-19 vaccine acceptance was analyzed. According to the findings of the study, approximately 51.5% of parents reject the COVI-19 vaccine for their offspring. There is a significant correlation between education level (p-value = 0.035), knowledge level (p-value = 0.000), and attitude (p-value = 0.000) and acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine, as determined by a statistical test. The acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine is significantly affected by parents' knowledge of vaccines. The government or authorized organizations must enhance and target the dissemination of accurate information about vaccines.
Determinants of Stigma Toward People Living With HIV/AIDS: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Hidayatul Hidayatul Rahmi , Sari Rebbi Permata
Published: February 2024

HIV/AIDS stigma is a major issue for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) around the world. It is the most significant obstacle to HIV prevention, treatment, care, and support. This study aims to determine the determinants of stigma toward PLHA at the Kuranji Health Center, Padang, Indonesia. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2022 to February 2023. The respondents of the study were people who were domiciled in the working area of the Kuranji Health Center, aged 15–60 years, and were willing to sign an informed consent. We used purposive sampling techniques and questionnaires to collect data. The data were analyzed using descriptive analysis and the chi-square test. Overall, the prevalence of negative stigma was found to be 85.6%. Bivariate analysis showed a significant correlation between knowledge (p = 0.020), perception (p = 0.000), attitude (p = 0.000), and stigma among PLHA. Our findings suggested that providing culturally congruent education and training about HIV and care and promoting policies protecting PLWHA may massively reduce HIV-related stigma toward PLWHA.
Keywords: Stigma, HIV/AIDS, Knowledge, Perception, Attitude
Addressing the Issues and Approaches to Reduce Youth Smoking in Indonesia
Authors: Ilmaskal Radian , Daswito Rinaldi
Published: February 2024

This article examines prominent concerns regarding adolescent smoking in Indonesia and investigates diverse strategies targeted at mitigating this public health issue.   Indonesia is confronted with an escalating epidemic of tobacco consumption among young people, which is worsened by inadequate legislation and assertive marketing strategies employed by tobacco corporations. This article addresses the difficulties associated with the cultural acceptability of smoking, the restricted availability of quitting resources, and the lack of comprehensive anti-smoking programs. The paper emphasizes the significance of enhancing more stringent tobacco control legislation and implementing cross-sector collaboration activities specifically designed for the Indonesian context to address the problem of individuals who start smoking for the first time.   This article emphasizes the importance of protecting the health and future of Indonesia's youth population by tackling these challenges and applying different prevention techniques.
Surprise About News or Just Receiving Information?
Authors: Dix Carolin , Groß Alexandra
Published: February 2024

We focus on the conversational use of raising both eyebrows in response to a new occasion or information. Two fundamental patterns were found to come into play as frequent visual practices of change-of-state marking: the continuous moving of the eyebrows up and down and the holding of both eyebrows raised. The eyebrow move marks the receipt and unproblematic understanding of news, either as part of responses or as the recipient’s activity during turn production. In contrast, the eyebrow hold appears as an essential part of a salient visual news mark practice displaying surprise or astonishment. While the move is embedded in minimal and unobtrusive change-of-state practices allowing the interlocutors to move on, the hold treats the information received as worthy of further elaboration. However, verbal and embodied practices of news receipting and news marking may diverge in such a way that contradicting conversational demands are contextualised.
How is The Theory of Law Possible? The Subject Area of Legal Theory in A. Reinach's Phenomenological Project
Authors: Liu Yi
Published: February 2024

The article discusses Adolf Reinach's legal doctrine project, as presented in his main work 'The Apriori Foundations of Civil Law'. The author explores the subject matter of Reinach's theoretical discipline of law and the apodictic necessity of apriori laws rooted in the essence of legal concepts. The analysis focuses on the nature of apriori laws that are based on the essence of the legal concept and the correlative relation between apriori laws and their corresponding essence. The legal doctrine of Reinach is examined with special attention to its philosophical and methodological consistency, which is conditioned by the phenomenological method during the period of the Munich-Göttingen community. The author examines the differences between the first project of eidetic-phenomenological philosophy of law and the philosophy of positive law. This article demonstrates how the phenomenological theory of cognition, specifically the theory of science, was incorporated into A. Reinach's apriori doctrine of law. To reveal the problem, it is necessary to establish connections between A. Reinach's 'Apriori Foundations of Civil Law' and Edmund Husserl's 'Logical Investigations'. The article concludes that the concept of the apriori doctrine of law represents the realization of Husserl's theory of science as outlined in the 'Logical Investigations'. The article concludes that A. Reinach defined the subject area of the theory of law by attributing it to the intensional being, relying on E. Husserl's understanding of science. It is argued that the oneness of this subject area of legal theory lies in the intensional (essence-correlative) correlation of the essence of legal concepts and their apriori laws. This study's novelty lies in revealing the epistemological aspects of Reinach's eidetic-phenomenological project, which hold methodological value for phenomenological theory of law.
RatInABox, a toolkit for modelling locomotion and neuronal activity in continuous environments
Authors: George Tom M , Rastogi Mehul , de Cothi William , Clopath Claudia , Stachenfeld Kimberly , Barry Caswell
Published: February 2024

Generating synthetic locomotory and neural data is a useful yet cumbersome step commonly required to study theoretical models of the brain’s role in spatial navigation. This process can be time consuming and, without a common framework, makes it difficult to reproduce or compare studies which each generate test data in different ways. In response, we present RatInABox, an open-source Python toolkit designed to model realistic rodent locomotion and generate synthetic neural data from spatially modulated cell types. This software provides users with (i) the ability to construct one- or two-dimensional environments with configurable barriers and visual cues, (ii) a physically realistic random motion model fitted to experimental data, (iii) rapid online calculation of neural data for many of the known self-location or velocity selective cell types in the hippocampal formation (including place cells, grid cells, boundary vector cells, head direction cells) and (iv) a framework for constructing custom cell types, multi-layer network models and data- or policy-controlled motion trajectories. The motion and neural models are spatially and temporally continuous as well as topographically sensitive to boundary conditions and walls. We demonstrate that out-of-the-box parameter settings replicate many aspects of rodent foraging behaviour such as velocity statistics and the tendency of rodents to over-explore walls. Numerous tutorial scripts are provided, including examples where RatInABox is used for decoding position from neural data or to solve a navigational reinforcement learning task. We hope this tool will significantly streamline computational research into the brain’s role in navigation.
O-GlcNAc signaling increases neuron regeneration through one-carbon metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Yadav Dilip Kumar , Chang Andrew C , Grooms Noa WF , Chung Samuel H , Gabel Christopher V
Published: February 2024

Cellular metabolism plays an essential role in the regrowth and regeneration of a neuron following physical injury. Yet, our knowledge of the specific metabolic pathways that are beneficial to neuron regeneration remains sparse. Previously, we have shown that modulation of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) signaling, a ubiquitous post-translational modification that acts as a cellular nutrient sensor, can significantly enhance in vivo neuron regeneration. Here, we define the specific metabolic pathway by which O-GlcNAc transferase (ogt-1) loss of function mediates increased regenerative outgrowth. Performing in vivo laser axotomy and measuring subsequent regeneration of individual neurons in C. elegans, we find that glycolysis, serine synthesis pathway (SSP), one-carbon metabolism (OCM), and the downstream transsulfuration metabolic pathway (TSP) are all essential in this process. The regenerative effects of ogt-1 mutation are abrogated by genetic and/or pharmacological disruption of OCM and the SSP linking OCM to glycolysis. Testing downstream branches of this pathway, we find that enhanced regeneration is dependent only on the vitamin B12 independent shunt pathway. These results are further supported by RNA sequencing that reveals dramatic transcriptional changes by the ogt-1 mutation, in the genes involved in glycolysis, OCM, TSP, and ATP metabolism. Strikingly, the beneficial effects of the ogt-1 mutation can be recapitulated by simple metabolic supplementation of the OCM metabolite methionine in wild-type animals. Taken together, these data unearth the metabolic pathways involved in the increased regenerative capacity of a damaged neuron in ogt-1 animals and highlight the therapeutic possibilities of OCM and its related pathways in the treatment of neuronal injury.
An open-source, high resolution, automated fluorescence microscope
Authors: Zehrer Ando C. , Martin-Villalba Ana , Diederich Benedict , Ewers Helge
Published: February 2024

Fluorescence microscopy is a fundamental tool in the life sciences, but the availability of sophisticated equipment required to yield high-quality, quantitative data is a major bottleneck in data production in many laboratories worldwide. This problem has long been recognized and the abundancy of low-cost electronics and the simplification of fabrication through 3D-printing have led to the emergence of open-source scientific hardware as a research field. Cost effective fluorescence microscopes can be assembled from cheaply mass-produced components, but lag behind commercial solutions in image quality. On the other hand, blueprints of sophisticated microscopes such as light-sheet or super-resolution systems, custom-assembled from high quality parts, are available, but require a high level of expertise from the user. Here we combine the UC2 microscopy toolbox with high-quality components and integrated electronics and software to assemble an automated high-resolution fluorescence microscope. Using this microscope, we demonstrate high resolution fluorescence imaging for fixed and live samples. When operated inside an incubator, long-term live-cell imaging over several days was possible. Our microscope reaches single molecule sensitivity, and we performed single particle tracking and SMLM super-resolution microscopy experiments in cells. Our setup costs a fraction of its commercially available counterparts but still provides a maximum of capabilities and image quality. We thus provide a proof of concept that high quality scientific data can be generated by lay users with a low-budget system and open-source software. Our system can be used for routine imaging in laboratories that do not have the means to acquire commercial systems and through its affordability can serve as teaching material to students.
Reliable protein-protein docking with AlphaFold, Rosetta, and replica-exchange
Authors: Harmalkar Ameya , Lyskov Sergey , Gray Jeffrey J
Published: February 2024

Despite the recent breakthrough of AlphaFold (AF) in the field of protein sequence-to-structure prediction, modeling protein interfaces and predicting protein complex structures remains challenging, especially when there is a significant conformational change in one or both binding partners. Prior studies have demonstrated that AF-multimer (AFm) can predict accurate protein complexes in only up to 43% of cases.
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In this work, we combine AlphaFold as a structural template generator with a physics-based replica exchange docking algorithm to better sample conformational changes. Using a curated collection of 254 available protein targets with both unbound and bound structures, we first demonstrate that AlphaFold confidence measures (pLDDT) can be repurposed for estimating protein flexibility and docking accuracy for multimers. We incorporate these metrics within our ReplicaDock 2.0 protocol
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to complete a robust in-silico pipeline for accurate protein complex structure prediction. AlphaRED (AlphaFold-initiated Replica Exchange Docking) successfully docks failed AF predictions including 97 failure cases in Docking Benchmark Set 5.5. AlphaRED generates CAPRI acceptable-quality or better predictions for 63% of benchmark targets. Further, on a subset of antigen-antibody targets, which is challenging for AFm (20% success rate), AlphaRED demonstrates a success rate of 43%. This new strategy demonstrates the success possible by integrating deep-learning based architectures trained on evolutionary information with physics-based enhanced sampling. The pipeline is available at github.com/Graylab/AlphaRED.
Letting the calcium flow
Authors: Nouvian Régis
Published: February 2024

Two calcium-binding proteins, CaBP1 and CaBP2, cooperate to keep calcium channels in the hair cells of the inner ear open.
Evaluation of Effectiveness of an Online Selfdirected Learning Programme in Biochemistry for First Year Medical Undergraduate Students: A Quasi-experimental Study
Authors: Satyanarayan Maitreyee Doijode , Ramachandrayya Shivashankara Arnadi , Mala Malathi
Published: February 2024

Introduction: Self-directed Learning (SDL) has been suggested as a principle of adult learning to promote lifelong learning abilities among students. Though SDL is not a new concept, there is a lack of uniform implementation across the institutions in India. The Competency-based Medical Education (CBME) proposed by the National Medical Commission in 2019 has emphasised SDL for medical students. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of an online, case-based SDL activity in Biochemistry for the first-year MBBS students. Materials and Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study conducted at Father Muller Medical College, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India from May to July 2021. A purposive sampling technique was used, and 138 first-year MBBS students were enrolled for the research. The topic of lipid metabolism was chosen for SDL. Parallel to the online didactic lectures, a casebased, team-based, online SDL was implemented. Students were provided with case scenarios and were instructed to discuss the case scenarios and find answers to the accompanying questions in allotted groups for 15 days. A three-hour session was held for the presentation of the SDL, followed by a posttest and reflections of students. The data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25.0. The significance of the difference in pretest and post-test scores was assessed by paired t-test, and the level of significance was set at a p-value <0.05. Qualitative data were subjected to descriptive statistics, and thematic analysis of reflections was conducted. Results: The average post-test score of the participants was significantly higher by 99.3% compared to the pretest score (p-value <0.001). On average, 108 out of 138 (78.2%) agreed (agree/strongly agree) that SDL helped them to achieve the learning objectives,115 (83.3%) agreed that SDL helped them to develop as lifelong learners, 115 (83.3%) agreed that SDL helped them to develop as a health professional, and 83 (60.1%) agreed that enjoyed learning in online mode. The inclination of 110 (79.7%) students to have more SDL sessions in the future shows a behavioural change in favour of SDL. Time constraints and internet connectivity were the main challenges. Conclusion: SDL was effective and was received positively by the majority of the students. It is the need of the hour to develop lifelong learning and critical thinking among medical students and to make learning interesting with the use of case scenarios. Future research should assess the intermediate and long-term outcomes of case-based SDL on learning, behavioural changes, and its impact on patient care and the health of society
Knowledge of Mothers on Multisensory Intervention for Preterm Babies: A Hospital-based Cross-sectional Study from Mangaluru, India
Authors: Sequeira Sonya , Kanagavalli Rajgopal , Saldanha Prakash RM
Published: February 2024

Introduction: Multisensory intervention for preterm babies is developmentally appropriate and has the capacity to integrate information from different senses-Auditory, Tactile, Visual, and Vestibular (ATVV). Involving mothers in the intervention may help mimic the preterm babies’ intrauterine environment. Mothers need to be systematically and effectively guided through the ATVV intervention. Before implementing the practice, it is important to ensure that mothers are sensitised with the necessary knowledge about multisensory intervention. Hence, assessing mothers’ knowledge of multisensory intervention is a significant step preceding any intervention. Aim: To assess the knowledge of multisensory intervention among mothers of preterm babies with the intention of preparing an educational package on multisensory intervention. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among mothers of preterm babies admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of a selected hospital in Mangaluru, Karnataka, India. A total of 97 mothers were selected using a simple random sampling technique. Data on mothers’ knowledge were gathered using a proforma on baseline characteristics and a structured knowledge questionnaire on multisensory intervention for preterm babies. The data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The overall knowledge scores of mothers on multisensory intervention showed a mean±SD of 7.42±2.06 with a mean percentage of 24.74%. Most mothers, 91 (93.8%), had inadequate knowledge, and 6 (6.2%) had moderate knowledge. The area-wise knowledge score of mothers revealed that in the concept of multisensory intervention, the mean±SD was 1.93±0.89 with a mean percentage of 38.56%. In the components of multisensory intervention, the mean±SD was 2.20±1.18 with a mean percentage of 24.40%. In understanding preterm babies’ behaviour, the mean±SD was 2.67±1.15 with a mean percentage of 29.67%. In aspects of practice in multisensory intervention, the mean±SD was 0.63±0.69 with a mean percentage of 8.98%. This indicates that most mothers had inadequate knowledge in the areas of multisensory intervention. A significant association between knowledge scores and the sex of the preterm babies was found (p-value=0.03). Conclusion: Most mothers had inadequate knowledge on multisensory intervention. Consequently, an educational package was developed, which included a video on multisensory intervention for preterm neonates and a handout to help mothers acquire knowledge and guide their practice.
Effectiveness of Tactile and Kinaesthetic Stimulation on Hyperbilirubinemia: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Kothiyal Saumya , Chatterjee Subhasish
Published: February 2024

Introduction: Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is common among newborns, often necessitating hospitalisation and posing a risk of neural complications. Phototherapy, commonly used to treat hyperbilirubinemia, also has side effects, including eye and genital harm, dehydration, diarrhoea, and bronze baby syndrome. Therefore, there is a need to find alternatives or reduce treatment duration. Aim: To investigate the efficacy of tactile and kinaesthetic stimulation as adjunctive therapies with phototherapy for reducing bilirubin levels in preterm neonates with hyperbilirubinemia. Materials and Methods: A randomised controlled feasibility study, including 12 preterm neonates with hyperbilirubinemia, was conducted in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of a Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation, Mullana, Ambala, India. The experimental group (n=6) received three sessions of tactile and kinaesthetic stimulation for 15 minutes per session alongside phototherapy, compared to a control group (n=6) receiving phototherapy alone for three days. Results: While no significant differences (p>0.05) in demographics of neonates were observed, both groups experienced significant reductions (p<0.001) in Total Serum Bilirubin (TSB) and Transcutaneous Bilirubin (TCB) levels, with change scores of 7.88±2.29 (TSB experimental), 7.84±2.85 (TSB control), 6.63±2.77 (TCB experimental), and 6.27±1.92 (TCB control). However, the change in mean levels of TSB and TCB was not significantly different when compared between the two groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: There were significant reductions in TSB and TCB levels from Day 1 to Day 3 within each group. Both interventions were equally effective in reducing the bilirubin levels in the neonates.
GIS Interpolation and Mapping of Soil Physicochemical Properties in Deep Medium Black Soils of Established Citrus Orchards
Authors: Bhardwaj Seema , Behera Sanjib Kumar , Sharma S. K. , Trivedi S. K. , Mishra Rahul , Shukla Vimal , Sikaniya Yogesh , Sikarwar Akanksha , Yadav Sashi S
Published: February 2024

Soil properties are an important factor for orchard establishment, precise nutrient management and sustainable production of fruit crops. Therefore, it is important to assess the spatial distribution of fundamental soil properties in well-established orchards. Hence an attempt has been made to assess the extent of soil properties and its spatial distribution in citrus orchards in medium black soils of Madhya Pradesh. The present study was conducted for the assessment of the spatial distribution of physicochemical properties viz. pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and soil organic carbon (SOC) of citrus orchards in medium-deep black soils of India. Results revealed that soil pH ranged from 6.83-8.84 (mean 7.80), soil EC varied from 0.07-0.34dS m-1 (mean 0.18 dS m-1) and soil organic carbon ranged from 0.13-0.89% (mean 0.47%) in 0-20 cm of surface soil layer. Geostatistical analysis showed that the slope of the prediction function of best-fit model (exponential) for soil pH, EC and SOC was 0.31, 0.22 and 0.77, respectively. The corresponding values of root mean square error (RMSE) were 0.35, 0.03, and 0.14. Interpolation of soil properties indicated that 89.2 % area had soil pH between 7.20 to 8.00, 83.4 % area had soil EC between 0.10 to 0.20 dS m-1, while>90 % area had SOC content ranged from 0.25 to 0.75%. Geo-statistical analysis revealed that spatial dependency was moderate for pH and strong spatial dependency was estimated for EC and SOC content. Based on RMSE and slope of prediction function, an exponential model was best-fit model in ordinary kriging for interpolation of measured soil properties.
Echos in der Spektroskopie. Grundlagen und Anwendungen
Authors: Blümich Bernhard
Published: December 2004

Echos werden nicht nur in der Akustik, sondern auch in der Spektroskopie in vielfältigen Situationen beobachtet. Für spektroskopische Echos läuft die Zeit scheinbar rückwärts, und es kommt im Echo zu einem Signalverlust, aus dem auf Bewegungen und Wechselwirkungen im Bereich der Moleküle geschlossen werden kann.
Lithiumbatterien I. Chemische Grundlagen
Authors: Eichinger Günter , Semrau Günter
Published: December 2004

Die stürmische Entwicklung der Mikroelektronik zu immer mehr Speicherkapazität bzw. höherer Integrationsdichte bei immer geringerem Platzbedarf wird zu Recht als neue industrielle Revolution bezeichnet. Diese Entwicklung führt auch zu sehr kleinen tragbaren Geräten mit großer elektrischer Leistungsfähigkeit. Bei ihnen stößt man unweigerlich auf das Problem der netzunabhängigen Energieversorgung mit kleinsten Batterien. Über allgemeine Probleme bei der Batterie‐Entwicklung und ‐Miniaturisierung wird hier am Beispiel der vielversprechenden Lithiumbatterien berichtet. Teil II im nächsten Heft wird sich mit den Lithiumzellen befassen, die heute bereits industriell gefertigt werden.
Chemische Kriegslisten zur Abwehr von Schadinsekten
Authors: Marner Franz‐Josef
Published: December 2004

Viele Eigenschaften, mit deren Hilfe sich Pflanzen dagegen wehren, gefressen zu werden, sind offensichtlich und uns bestens bekannt. Pflanzen mit Stacheln oder Dornen haben eine gute Chance, von größeren Tieren in Ruhe gelassen zu werden. Brennesseln berührt niemand gern, und spätestens die Erfahrung lehrt, daß übel riechende, unangenehm schmeckende oder giftige Pflanzen fü den Verzehr nicht geeignet sind. Trotzdem werden Pflanzen, die solche physikalischen oder chemischen Abwehrstrukturen entwickelt haben, häufig von Insekten befallen und in erheblichem Maß geschädigt. Andere Pflanzen dagegen, die ganz wehrlos aussehen, sind gegen Fraßschädlinge sehr resistent und werden nur äußerst selen in größerem Ausmaß von Insekten heimgesucht. Deshalb stellt sich die Frage: „Wie wehren sich diese scheinbar wehrlosen Pflanzen eigentlich, wenn sie von Insekten gebissen oder gestochen werden?”︁
Photoelektronenbeugung
Authors: Schindler Karl‐Michael
Published: December 2004

Dieser Aufsatz sollte in einführender Weise zeigen, wie mit Hilfe der Photoelektronenbeugung die geometrische Struktur von Adsorbaten bestimmt werden kann. Aus der Vielzahl bekannter Strukturen wurden drei ausgewählt, die für ein Verständnis von Reaktionen in der heterogenen Katalyse wichtig sind, und bei denen gleichzeitig die Vorzüge der Methode deutlich werden. Durch Weiterentwicklung der Photoelektronenbeugung und Anwendung neuer Synchrotronstrahlungsquellen (sog. Wiggler und Undulatoren) wird man in der Zukunft zunehmend mehr Reaktionsmechanismen der heterogenen Katalyse verstehen.
Einfluss der Partikelgeometrie auf die optischen Eigenschaften stark absorbierender Farbstoffteilchen
Authors: Felder B.
Published: December 2004

The extinction coefficients of spherical and ellipsoidal modelparticles of complex index of refraction have been measured. In the case of spherical particles the results are in good agreement with the predictions of the MIE theory. An empirical relationship has been worked out which relates the optical behaviour of needle‐shaped ellipsoidal particles of defined eccentricity and size to an equivalent MIE diameter. The measurements have been performed in the range of size 0,2 < D0 < 1,3 μ and eccentricity 1 ⩽ p < 10.
Stoffwechselprodukte von Mikroorganismen. 66.Mitteilung [1]. Die Struktur des Granaticins und des Granaticins B. 1. Teil: Spektroskopische Eigenschaften und chemischer Abbau
Authors: Keller‐Schierlein W. , Brufani M. , Barcza S.
Published: December 2004

UV.‐, IR.‐ and NMR.‐spectra of the antibiotic granaticin and several of its derivatives and degradation products are discussed. The spectroscopic properties agree with the formula XX for the antibiotic, which was fully elucidated by an X‐ray structural analysis (see following communication).
Photochemische Reaktionen. 47. Mitteilung [1]. Zur photochemischen Umwandlung eines α,β‐ungesättigten γ,δ‐Epoxyketons: 3‐Oxo‐6α, 7α‐oxido‐17β‐acetoxy‐Δ4‐androsten
Authors: Saboz J. A. , Iizuka T. , Wehrli H. , Schaffner K. , Jeger O.
Published: December 2004

The α,β‐unsaturated γ,δ‐epoxyketone 7 is isomerized almost exclusively to the δ‐diketone 9 both upon irradiation in the n → π* absorption band with light of wavelengths above 310 nm (in anhydrous dioxane or benzene solutions) and upon triplet sensitization using acetophenone in benzene. The reaction may be formulated by the cleavage of the CγO oxide bond and the shift of the δ‐hydrogen to the γ‐position, and thus bears a formal “double bond homology” to the photochemical α,β‐epoxyketone rearrangement.

Excitation in the π → π* absorption band of 7 with light of wavelength 253,7 nm (in anhydrous dioxane solution) leads to the formation of product 10 as well as to the triplet rearrangement to 9. With this result a novel partial synthesis of O‐acetyl‐B‐nortestosterone has been accomplished, which has the advantages of fewer steps and higher product yield (7 → 10: ∼30% yield) than previously published syntheses. On the basis of the presently available experiments, the mechanism of the transformation 7 → 10, which constitutes one of the still few examples of enone photoreactions induced selectively from the π,π* excited singlet, remains unknown.
Beiträge zur Chemie der 6‐Methy1‐8‐ergolen‐8‐carbonsäure. 69. Mitteilung über Mutterkornalkaloide [1]
Authors: Troxler F.
Published: December 2004

It is shown that several chemical transformations, well known from the chemistry of lysergic acid, can be applied to derivatives of 6‐methyl‐8‐ergolene. Under suitable conditions no appreciable rearrangement to the corresponding 9‐ergolene derivatives (lysergic acid derivatives) is observed. These transformations include preparation of amides via the acyl‐chloride, alkylation of the free acid and of its amides in position 1, bromination in position 2 and reduction of the aminocarbonyl group by means of LiAlH4. Some investigations about the stability of 8‐ergolene derivatives with regard to rearrangement to 9‐ergolenes are reported.
Die systematisch koinzidierenden RÖNTGEN‐Reflexe bei Pulveraufnahmen
Authors: Bürki Hans
Published: December 2004

On every line of a X‐ray powder‐diagram there is more than one reflection, at least there are hkl and hkl. In the tetragonal, trigonal‐hexagonal and cubic crystalsystems, these systematically coinciding reflections generally have different intensities (2 or 4 kinds), except in the highest‐symmetry LAUE class.

So in structure determination, the conventional reliability quotient R has to be replaced by

where the \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \tilde F^{2,}s $\end{document}2's are the sums of the 2 or 4 (LP‐corrected) intensities coinciding on a line. An IBM‐1620 program was written to calculate \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\tilde R} $\end{document}, starting with the output of ICR‐4 structure factor program. An application is given in the immediately following paper by LUDI,GÜDEL and BÜRKI.
Über Blei (II)‐oxidhydrat der Zusammensetzung 3PbO·H2O
Authors: Oswald H. R. , Günter J. R. , Stählin W.
Published: December 2004

Lead oxide hydrate mentioned in the earlier literature with several formulas between PbO · H2O and PbO · 0.33 H2O has been synthesized and investigated by high resolution X‐ray powder methods, thermogravimetry and infrared spectroscopy. The unit cell was found from 62 powder reflections to be tetragonal with a = 8.009 ± 0.003 Å, c = 9.312 ± 0.005 Å, Z = 12 [PbO · 0.33 H2O]. These data were confirmed by WEISSENBERG and Precession photographs of single crystals grown as a corrosion product on metallic lead. The space group is D–P4/mnc or C–P4 nc. Thermogravimetric measurements, corrected for a slight content of superficially bound carbon dioxide detected by infrared spectroscopy, lead to the most probable formula 3 PbO · H2O or PbO · 0.33 H2O. As infrared spectra show the presence of a HOH deformation vibration, the compound is considered to be an oxide hydrate and not an oxide hydroxide of lead.
Über das alkaloid Eripin aus Hunteria umbellata. 128. Mitteilung über Alkaloide [1]
Authors: Morita Y. , Hesse M. , Schmid H.
Published: December 2004

Eripine, a new indole alkaloid, was isolated from the leaves of Hunteria umbellata. The spectral data of the alkaloid, of eripinic acid and the O‐acetyl and 19, 20‐dihydro derivatives of the alkaloid led to the structure II. Heating of II gave a mixture (ratio 3,5:1) of the known alkaloid erinine (I) and its stereoisomer, isoerinine (VII), which is not found in nature. The same mixture was obtained on heating either erinine or isoerinine.
Structure de la benzo [c]‐naphto [2,1‐f] dithiazépine et obtention d'un dimère
Authors: Gansser Ch. , Rumpf P.
Published: December 2004

Description of the synthesis of benzo [c]‐naphto [f] dithiazepine starting from N‐phenyl β‐naphthylamine and S2Cl2. Studies on its structure by infrared spectroscopy favour an angular shape of the molecule in contrast to earlier formulas in the literature. Comparison with spectra of similar compounds. Discussion of the spectra and tentative assignment of a mechanism to the formation of the compound. Isolation of a dimer and its identification by mass spectroscopy.
Untersuchungen über die Struktur von Formazanen I. 15N‐H‐Kopplung des Chelatwasserstoffatoms
Authors: Fischer P. B. , Kaul B. L. , Zollinger H.
Published: December 2004

15N‐H‐Coupling in 1, 3, 5‐triphenylformazan derivatives demonstrates that these compounds are not resonance hybrids but tautomeric pairs. The position of the tautomeric equilibrium is a function of the substituents present in the phenyl nuclei on N‐1 and N‐5.
Stereochemie des Übergangszustandes aliphatischer CLAISEN‐Umlagerungen. Vorläufige Mitteilung
Authors: Vittorelli P. , Winkler T. , Hansen H.‐J. , Schmid H.
Published: December 2004

The stereochemistry of the transition state in the CLAISEN rearrangement of crotyl propenyl ethers (2) has been established. By heating trans, cis‐, cis, cis‐ and trans, trans‐crotyl propenyl ether at 142,5°, erythro and threo 2, 3‐dimethylpent‐4‐en‐1‐al (3 and 4) were obtained. From the ratio 3/4 it was shown that the rearrangement of the three ethers largely involves (97–98%) a chair‐like transition state.
Reaktion von α‐Chlorpropionyl‐chlorid mit Triäthylamin Bildung eines Säurechlorid‐enolesters
Authors: Giger R. , Rey M. , Dreiding André S.
Published: December 2004

Previous and new data are interpreted to mean that the two isomeric products C6H7Cl3O2 obtained by the selfcondensation of α‐chloropropionyl chloride (I) in the presence of about 0.5 moleequivalent triethyl amine are acid chloride enolesters, namely cis‐ and trans‐1. 2‐dichloropropenyl‐α‐chloropropionate (VIII). Similarly, dichloroacetyl chloride (X) was converted to trichlorovinyl‐dichloroacetate (XI).
Über Pterinchemie. 26. Mitteilung [1]. Synthesen von 6‐substituierten Pterinen: Herstellung von reinem (−)‐L‐Neopterin und (−)‐D‐Monapterin
Authors: Viscontini M. , Provenzale R.
Published: December 2004

Die Synthese von 7‐isomerfreien 6‐(Hydroxypropyl)‐pterinen wird anhand der Darstellung von (−)‐L‐Neopterin und (−)‐D‐Monapterin beschrieben. Die Methode beruht auf der Herstellung von reinen, beständigen Aminoketosen und ihrer Kondensation mit 2,4,5‐Triamino‐6‐hydroxy‐pyrimidin (IV) in wasserfreien Alkoholen. Die Reinigung erfolgt durch Chromatographie auf Dowex 1 X4 und Trennung der entstandenen 6‐substituierten Tetrahydropterine X von den begleitenden Pterinen, insbesondere von den unbeständigeren 7‐substituierten Tetrahydropterinen XVII. Eine anschliessende Oxydation mit O2 der Tetrahydropterine X und eine nochmalige Chromatographie auf Dowex 1 erbringt die gewünschten Pterine in reinem Zustand.
Photochemische Reaktionen. 62. Mitteilung [1]. Die Photofragmentierung von O‐acetyljervin
Authors: Baggiolini E. , Berscheid H. G. , Bozzato G. , Cavalieri E. , Schaffner K. , Jeger O.
Published: December 2004

On ultraviolet irradiation O‐acetyljervine (1) is subjected to several parallel fragmentations. From the complex reaction mixtures obtained in a variety of solvents (dioxan, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, iso‐octane, benzene) the major alicyclic products 6–8 and the heterocyclic compounds 12–16 have been isolated. Products 6–8 undergo further photochemical changes, e.g., decarbonylation of 7 to 9 and hydrolytic cleavage of 8 to 10.

These photofragmentations are initiated almost specifically upon selective π → π* excitation at 2537 Å with a quantum yield of Φ2537 = 0.145 for conversion of starting material. Reaction upon irradiation in the long‐wavelength n → π* absorption band is very much less efficient (Φ3660 = 0.611 · 10−3, both determinations for O‐trimethylsilyl‐jervine (2) in tetrahydrofuran). A high degree of photostability is observed also at 2537 Å on N‐protonation of O‐acetyljervine (1) in acetic acid. Furthermore, reactivity is greatly reduced for the N‐methyl (3) and N‐acetyl (4) derivatives in neutral solvents at 2537 Å. N‐Chloro‐O‐acetyljervine (5) in dioxan at 2537 Å gave preferentially O‐acetyljervine hydrochloride.
Thermische, nichtkatalysierte Cycloadditionen der Acrylverbindungen an Cycloheptatrien
Authors: Belluš D. , Helferich G. , Weis C. D.
Published: December 2004

The cycloaddition reactions of cycloheptatriene with acrylonitrile and methyl acrylate have been investigated in some detail. The exo (1) and endo (2) adducts resulting from the [2+2+2]‐cycloaddition of acrylic components to the 2,5‐positions of cycloheptatriene have been separated and the structures have been elucidated by NMR. The by‐products are 7‐endo‐substitued derivatives of bicyclo[4,2,1]nona‐2,4‐diene (3), resulting from the formal [6+2]‐cycloaddition to the 1,6‐positions of cycloheptatriene. The mechanism of their formation is discussed.

Irradiation (λ = 253,7 nm) of 3 in various solvents gave an almost quantitativ yield of [2+2]‐cyclodimers of the 14 type. No intramolecular photocyclization of 3 to cyclobutenes 13a and/or 13b was observed.
Ursachen der Harnstoffkatalyse einer Dis‐Azokupplung. 23. Mitteilung zur kenntnis der azokupplungsreaktion
Authors: Gloor B. , Zollinger H.
Published: December 2004

The kinetics of the second step in the formation of a dis‐azocompound from 4, 4′‐bis‐diazobiphenyl (bisdiazotized benzidine) with 2‐naphthol‐3, 6‐disulfonic acid have been investigated in the presence of various concentrations of urea up to 6,6 M in aqueous buffers. The catalytic action of urea is due to a disaggregation of the diazonium ion aggregates, a base catalysis and a dielectric medium effect.
Acetylacetonat‐Komplexe des SiIV und TiIV, brenzcatechinat‐komplexe des SbIII, SiIV, TiIV und SnIV in methanolischer Lösung
Authors: Gut R. , Schmid Eduard , Serrallach Jorge
Published: December 2004

The complex formation of acetylacetone with SiIV and TiIV and of pyrocatechol with SbIII, SiIV, TiIV and SnIV have been investigated by pH‐measurements in absolute methanolic solutions containing (CH3)4NCl, LiCl of Litiumtosylate (μ = 1; 20,0°).
Die optische Aktivität von chiralen Dienen, Enonen und α‐Diketonen
Authors: Hug W. , Wagniére G.
Published: December 2004

The ground state and excited states of butadiene, acrolein and glyoxal are calculated by the SCF‐CNDO‐CI method. The gauche conformers of these molecules, obtained by a twist about the formal CC single bond, have served as models for the study of the optical activity of dienes, α,β‐unsaturated ketones and α‐ and β‐diketones. An analysis of the molecular orbitals of the ground state and of excited states leads to the conclusion that the sign of a Cotton effect is determined primarly by the nodal properties and the helicity of the ground and excited state orbitals [20]. In cyclopentenones the longest wavelength Cotton effect does not obey the rule deduced from the twisted acrolein model. This apparent anomaly is explained on the basis of the altered nodal properties of cyclopentenones as compared to cyclohexenones. Concerning diones, the comparison of experimental CD. and UV. spectra with the calculated data allows the assignment of the five lowest Cotton effects of camphor quinone. It is found that α‐diketones have only two singletsinglet transitions in the region from 500 nm to 250 nm. In contrast, the next strong UV. absorption between 220 nm and 190 nm consists of three distinct electronic transitions, the nature of which is discussed. These findings are correlated with the previously calculated [8] symmetry properties and ordering of the energy levels of the ground state and excited states of planar trans and cis glyoxal. From these results the most likely conformations of a number of α‐diketons are derived.
Eine photochemisch ausgelöste Reduktion von N‐Nitrosomorpholin
Authors: Härter H. P. , Neuenschwander M. , Schindler O.
Published: December 2004

N‐Nitroso‐N′‐methyl‐piperazin (I) lagert sich bei der Bestrahlung in alkoholischer Salzsäure in 1‐Methyl‐3‐oximino‐piperazin (II) um. Dagegen entsteht aus N‐Nitrosomorpholin (IIIa) unter gleichen Bedingungen N‐Acetamidomorpholin (IVa). Acethydrazide des Typs IV liegen bei Raumtemperatur als Gemische zweier Rotamerer vor, deren Verhältnis stark lösungsmittelabhängig ist. In (CD3)2SO wurden Koaleszenztemperaturen und freie Aktivierungsthalpien der Rotation um die CONBindung bestimmt.
Neuartige massenspektrometrische Zerfallsreaktionen bei α,ω‐disubstituierten Alkanen. 15. Mitteilung über das massenspektrometrische verhalten von stickstoffverbindungen [1]
Authors: Veith H. J. , Guggisberg A. , Hesse M.
Published: December 2004

The mass spectral behaviour of α,ω‐disubstituted alkanes and, especially, that of different N‐substituted α,ω‐diaminoalkanes has been investigated. It was found that the two amino groups which are separated by CH2‐groups can fragment only to a small extent indepently from each other. Yet those fragmentation reactions are predominant in which both functional groups participate. The main reactions of this type are:

Loss of the N‐substituent (R) from the molecular ion, leading to the [M+—R]‐ions.

Loss of NH3, primary or secondary amines from the [M+—R]‐ion in the case of monodi‐, tri‐ and tetra‐substituted diamino compounds respectively.

α‐Cleavage to the non charged nitrogen atom by forming the ions magnified image

SNi‐type fragmentation.

The mechanisms of these fragmentation patterns were deduced by using D‐labelled derivatives, from metastabile peaks and high resolution mass spectrometry. These reactions seem to be typical for disubstituted alkanes.
Identification de la damascénone et de la β‐damascone dans le tabac Burley
Authors: Demole Edouard , Berthet Dominique
Published: December 2004

The successful identification of damascenone (I)

DORICENONE (trade mark of Firmenich & Cie, Geneva).

and β‐damascone (III)

DORINONE (trade mark of Firmenich & Cia, Geneva)

in Burley tobacco oil was achieved through the use of an efficient vapour phase chromatography/mass spectrometry combination. Thus, the occurrence of β‐damascone in nature and the presence of damascenone in an essential oil not related to rose oil were demonstrated.
Etude par RMN. de polyaminocarboxylates de terres rares, II. Nitrilotriacétates de scandium, yttrium, lanthane et lutécium
Authors: Merbach A. , Gnaegi F.
Published: December 2004

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance has been used to study the chemistry of the diamagnetic nitrilotriacetate complexes of scandium, yttrium, lanthanum and lutecium in aqueous solution. Complexes with ligand‐to‐metal ratios of 1 and 2 are present depending of the solution conditions. The ligand exchanges by spontaneous and by acid catalysed dissociation of the metal‐bis‐nitrilotriacetate, and also by a bimolecular process involving the free ligand and the complex. The ligand exchange rate constants decrease with the ionic radii:lanthanum > yttrium > lutecium > scandium.
Thermische Umlagerung von Enaminen des Pummerer‐Ketons
Authors: Beck D. , Schenker K.
Published: December 2004

The thermal rearrangement of the enamine 2 to the biphenylols 3 and 5 is shown to proceed via [1, 5] and [1, 2] aryl migration respectively.
[2, 3] Sigmatropic Rearrangements on Lithiation of Some Allyl Sulfides. Preliminary communication
Authors: Rautenstrauch V.
Published: December 2004

In five cases, [2,3] sigmatropic rearrangement of the type magnified image has been observed.