bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DNA‐Damage‐Response‐Targeting Mitochondria‐Activated Multifunctional Prodrug Strategy for Self‐Defensive Tumor Therapy
Authors: Jangili Paramesh , Kong Na , Kim Ji Hyeon , Zhou Jun , Liu Haijun , Zhang Xingcai , Tao Wei , Kim Jong Seung
Published: February 2022

We report a novel multifunctional construct, M1, designed explicitly to target the DNA damage response in cancer cells. M1 contains both a floxuridine (FUDR) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibitor combined with a GSH‐sensitive linker. Further conjugation of the triphenylphosphonium moiety allows M1 to undergo specific activation in the mitochondria, where mitochondria‐mediated apoptosis is observed. Moreover, M1 has enormous effects on genomic DNA ascribed to FUDR's primary function of impeding DNA/RNA synthesis combined with diminishing PP2A‐activated DNA repair pathways. Importantly, mechanistic studies highlight the PP2A obtrusion in FUDR/5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) therapy and underscore the importance of its inhibition to harbor therapeutic potential. HCT116 cell xenograft‐bearing mice that have a low response rate to 5‐FU show a prominent effect with M1, emphasizing the importance of DNA damage response targeting strategies using tumor‐specific microenvironment‐activatable systems.
Synthesis and Reactivity of N‐Heterocyclic Silylene Stabilized Disilicon(0) Complexes
Authors: Du Shaozhi , Jia Hongwei , Rong Hua , Song Haibin , Cui Chunming , Mo Zhenbo
Published: February 2022

Synthesis and reactivity of disilicon(0) complexes are of fundamental and application importance. Herein, we report the development of an N‐heterocyclic imino‐substituted silylene (1), which has strong σ‐donating ability and is significantly sterically hindered. The one‐pot reaction of this silylene with [IPr→SiCl2] (IPr=1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)‐imidazol‐2‐ylidene) and KC8 (2 equiv) in THF at −30 °C leads to a silylene‐ligated disilicon(0) complex (2), isolated as red crystals in 60 % yield. Characterization data and DFT calculations show that the trans‐bent Si4 skeleton in 2 features a Si0=Si0 double bond with significant π–π bonding and one lone pair of electrons on each of these two Si0 atoms. Complex 2 reacts readily with phenylacetylene, producing a structurally intriguing silatricyclic complex 6,8‐diaza‐1,2,5‐trisilatricyclo‐[3.2.1.02,7]‐oct‐3‐ene (3), and revealing new aspects of low‐valent silicon chemistry.
Mechanism of Spatial and Temporal Control in Precision Cyclic Vinyl Polymer Synthesis by Lewis Pair Polymerization
Authors: McGraw Michael L. , Reilly Liam T. , Clarke Ryan W. , Cavallo Luigi , Falivene Laura , Chen Eugene Y.‐X.
Published: February 2022

In typical cyclic polymer synthesis via ring‐closure, chain growth and cyclization events are competing with each other, thus affording cyclic polymers with uncontrolled molecular weight or ring size and high dispersity. Here we uncover a mechanism by which Lewis pair polymerization (LPP) operates on polar vinyl monomers that allows the control of where and when cyclization takes place, thereby achieving spatial and temporal control to afford precision cyclic vinyl polymers or block copolymers with predictable molecular weight and low dispersity (≈1.03). A combined experimental and theoretical study demonstrates that cyclization occurs only after all monomers have been consumed (when) via conjugate addition of the propagating chain end to the specific site of the initiating chain end (where), allowing the cyclic polymer formation steps to be regulated and executed with precision in space and time.
Development of novel alginate‐polyethyleneimine cell‐laden bioink designed for 3D bioprinting of cutaneous wound healing scaffolds
Authors: Khoshnood Negin , Zamanian Ali
Published: February 2022

In this work, the novel bioink composed of alginate and polyethyleneimine were prepared with different concentrations of alginate and polyethyleneimine (PEI) and used to measure printability, rheological behavior, and cellular functions. The results indicated that viscosity tends to increase about 1.3 times with increasing the alginate and PEI content, which gradually affected structural fidelity. The presence of PEI can create a bioink that is partially gelled with higher storage modulus, high shape fidelity, and printability than alginate. Increasing in the mechanical strength and decreasing in the swelling rate for alginate/PEI bioink demonstrated the strong effect of PEI on the enhancing of structure rigidity in the alginate‐based bioinks. Finally, the cell viability and cell proliferation of the 3D alginate/PEI scaffolds were examined using live/dead and 40,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole staining to select the best bioink formulation. Fibroblast‐laden bioink of 6% alginate and 7% PEI indicated the high proliferation of the printed cells via increasing in hydrophilicity of the surface. The in‐vivo evaluations on the wound rat model indicated that the 3D scaffold effectively accelerated the wound healing process and promoted tissue regeneration by activation of vimentin along with cytokeratin as well as collagen synthesis. Hair follicles started to form at Day 7 in alginate/PEI scaffold.
Identifying interesting planetary systems for future X‐ray observations
Authors: Foster Grace , Poppenhaeger Katja
Published: February 2022

X‐ray observations of star–planet systems are important to grow our understanding of exoplanets; these observations allow for studies of photoevaporation of the exoplanetary atmosphere, and in some cases even estimations of the size of the outer planetary atmosphere. The German–Russian eROSITA instrument onboard the SRG (Spectrum Roentgen Gamma) mission is performing the first all‐sky X‐ray survey since the 1990s, and provides X‐ray fluxes and spectra of exoplanet host stars over a much larger volume than was accessible before. Using new eROSITA data as well as archival data from XMM‐Newton, Chandra, and ROSAT, we estimate mass‐loss rates of exoplanets under an energy‐limited escape scenario and identify several exoplanets with strong X‐ray irradiation and expected mass loss that are amenable to follow‐up observations at other wavelengths. We model sample spectra using a toy model of an exoplanetary atmosphere to predict what exoplanet transit observations with future X‐ray missions such as Athena will look like and estimate the observable X‐ray transmission spectrum for a typical hot Jupiter‐type exoplanet.
Techno‐economic analysis of cellulosic ethanol conversion to fuel and chemicals
Authors: Phillips Steven D. , Jones Susanne B. , Meyer Pimphan A. , Snowden‐Swan Lesley J.
Published: February 2022

In this paper, we describe multiple scenarios to assess the techno‐economic results of producing hydrocarbon fuels from corn stover‐derived ethanol and the impact of co‐producing higher‐value, ethanol‐derived n‐butanol and 1,3‐butadiene to improve economic feasibility. In our baseline process, the stover‐derived lignin is burned for its energy content to raise process steam and electricity. We evaluated an alternative approach based on the same stover‐to‐ethanol process, but instead of burning residual lignin to produce heat and electricity, it was fed to a hydrothermal liquefaction process and converted into hydrocarbon fuel, while the ethanol from fermentation is used to make only butanol or butadiene. Our results indicate that the hydrothermal liquefaction pathways have significant cost advantages over the pathways that burn the lignin. For comparison purposes, two more scenarios were evaluated based on the assumption that ethanol was purchased at market prices and converted to butanol or butadiene exclusively. This comparison evaluates the economics for making higher‐valued chemicals which, in the absence of incentives, would be the most profitable approaches in our study. The results for these evaluations indicated that the ethanol‐to‐butanol economics were generally favorable and achieved or exceeded the 10% internal rate of return target. The butadiene process had less favorable economic performance in some years when the market price for butadiene was less than the selling price needed to achieve the internal rate of return. Economic incentives for low‐carbon chemicals and fuels were not considered in our analysis. © 2022 Battelle Memorial Institute. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Industrial Chemistry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Überführbarkeit der Eingangsgrößen von Lebenszykluskostenanalysen bei Massivbrücken
Authors: Proske Dirk
Published: February 2022

Lebenszykluskostenanalysen sind ein Verfahren zur Priorisierung von Bauwerken und Maßnahmen im Rahmen des Erhaltungsmanagements von Infrastruktursystemen. Lebenszykluskostenanalysen berücksichtigen eine Vielzahl verschiedener Eingangsgrößen, die wiederum selbst auf unterschiedlichen Parametern basieren, denn oft liegen bei Infrastruktur‐ und Immobilienbetreibern nicht alle Eingangsgrößen in einer einheitlichen Form vor. Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit der Überführbarkeit der verschiedenen Eingangsgrößen bzw. Parameter, um eine homogene Lebenszykluskostenanalyse durchführen zu können. Dazu erfolgten eine Literatursichtung und eine subjektive Abschätzung von Kreuz‐Korrelationen.
The pattern of neurocritical disorders in multicenter in Khartoum State November 2020 to January 2021
Authors: Ali Khalid Mohamed , Salih Mahmoud Hussien , AbuGabal Hiba Hassan , Omer Mohammed Eltahier Abdalla , Yagoub Fatima Elbasri Abuelgasim Mohammed , Ahmed Ammar ElTahir
Published: February 2022

Background

Neurocritical care is a growing subspecialty. It concerns with the management of life‐threatening neurological disorders. There is limited information regarding epidemiological data, disease characteristics, variability of clinical care, and in‐hospital mortality of neurocritical patients worldwide.

Objectives

To study the pattern of neurocritical disorders in intensive care units.

Methodology

This prospective observational study was conducted on neurocritical patients who were admitted to four intensive care units of major hospitals in Khartoum state during the period from November 2020 to January 2021.

Results

Seventy‐two neurocritical patients were included in this study, 40 (55.6%) were males and 32(44.4%) were females. Twenty‐three (31.9%) patients were with stroke, 12 (16.7%) with encephalitis, 9 (12.5%) with status epilepticus, 6 (8.3%) with Guillain Barre syndrome, and 4(5.6%) with Myasthenia Gravis (MG). Twenty‐three patients (39.9%) needed mechanical ventilation (MV), which was the major indication for intensive care unit admission.

Conclusion

Stroke was the dominant diagnostic pattern requiring intensive care unit admission. Mechanical ventilation was the major indication for admission. Establishing specialized neurocritical intensive care units is highly recommended.
Development and evaluation of safety and effectiveness of novel cancer screening tests for routine clinical use with applications to multicancer detection technologies
Authors: Doubeni Chyke A. , Lau Yan Kwan , Lin Jennifer S. , Pennello Gene A. , Carlson Robert W.
Published: February 2022

Multicancer screening is a promising approach to improving the detection of preclinical disease, but current technologies have limited ability to identify precursor or early stage lesions, and approaches for developing the evidentiary chain are unclear. Frameworks to enable development and evaluation from discovery through evidence of clinical effectiveness are discussed.
Detection of clenbuterol residues in beef sausages and its enantiomeric analysis using UHPLC–MS/MS: A risk of unintentional doping in sport field
Authors: Velasco‐Bejarano Benjamín , Velasco‐Carrillo Ricardo , Camacho‐Frias Evangelina , Bautista Jahir , López‐Arellano Raquel , Rodríguez Leonardo
Published: February 2022

Clenbuterol (Clb) can be present in Mexico often but not all over the world in animal tissues and organs, therefore, potentially is derived from animal sources as well. The aims of this study were to develop and validate a method for detecting traces of clenbuterol in beef sausages. A calibration curve showed linearity in the range of 20–500 pg ml−1. The limit of detection (LOD) and lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) were 5 and 10 pg g−1, respectively. The analyte recovery was from 95.70% to 100.40% with an intraday relative standard deviation (RSD%) of 0.99%–2.10% and an interday RSD% of 0.54%–2.34%, R2 = 0.9998. The methodology developed was applied successfully in 15 samples of beef sausage, and 73.3% of the samples tested contained racemic clenbuterol in concentrations between 30 and 471 pg g−1. The UHPLC–MS/MS method developed combines high sensitivity with good selectivity and short chromatographic run time. Additionally, the enantiomeric analysis of clenbuterol performed in beef sausages showed a 59% for R‐(−)‐Clb and 41% for S‐(+)‐Clb. The presence of clenbuterol in beef sausages could represent a risk of unintentional doping in sport field, because the clenbuterol is a banned substance included in the World Anti‐Doping Agency's (WADA) list of prohibited substances.
Disease‐mediated nutrient dynamics: Coupling host–pathogen interactions with ecosystem elements and energy
Authors: Borer Elizabeth T. , Paseka Rachel E. , Peace Angela , Asik Lale , Everett Rebecca , Frenken Thijs , González Angélica L. , Strauss Alexander T. , Van de Waal Dedmer B. , White Lauren A. , Seabloom Eric W.
Published: February 2022

Autotrophs play an essential role in the cycling of carbon and nutrients, yet disease‐ecosystem relationships are often overlooked in these dynamics. Importantly, the availability of elemental nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus impacts infectious disease in autotrophs, and disease can induce reciprocal effects on ecosystem nutrient dynamics. Relationships linking infectious disease with ecosystem nutrient dynamics are bidirectional, though the interdependence of these processes has received little attention. We introduce disease‐mediated nutrient dynamics (DND) as a framework to describe the multiple, concurrent pathways linking elemental cycles with infectious disease. We illustrate the impact of disease–ecosystem feedback loops on both disease and ecosystem nutrient dynamics using a simple mathematical model, combining approaches from classical ecological (logistic and Droop growth) and epidemiological (susceptible and infected compartments) theory. Our model incorporates the effects of nutrient availability on the growth rates of susceptible and infected autotroph hosts and tracks the return of nutrients to the environment following host death. While focused on autotroph hosts here, the DND framework is generalizable to higher trophic levels. Our results illustrate the surprisingly complex dynamics of host populations, infection patterns, and ecosystem nutrient cycling that can arise from even a relatively simple feedback between disease and nutrients. Feedback loops in disease‐mediated nutrient dynamics arise via effects of infection and nutrient supply on host stoichiometry and population size. Our model illustrates how host growth rate, defense, and tissue chemistry can impact the dynamics of disease–ecosystem relationships. We use the model to motivate a review of empirical examples from autotroph–pathogen systems in aquatic and terrestrial environments, demonstrating the key role of nutrient–disease and disease–nutrient relationships in real systems. By assessing existing evidence and uncovering data gaps and apparent mismatches between model predictions and the dynamics of empirical systems, we highlight priorities for future research intended to narrow the persistent disciplinary gap between disease and ecosystem ecology. Future empirical and theoretical work explicitly examining the dynamic linkages between disease and ecosystem ecology will inform fundamental understanding for each discipline and will better position the field of ecology to predict the dynamics of disease and elemental cycles in the context of global change.
Prognostic differences in long‐standing vs. recent‐onset dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Silverdal Jonas , Sjöland Helen , Pivodic Aldina , Dahlström Ulf , Fu Michael , Bollano Entela
Published: February 2022

Aims

This study aimed to evaluate the outcome and prognostic factors in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and long‐standing heart failure (LDCM) vs. recent‐onset heart failure (RODCM).

Methods and results

We compared 2019 patients with RODCM (duration <6 months, mean age 58.6 years, 70.7% male) with 1714 patients with LDCM (duration ≥6 months, median duration 3.5 years, mean age 62.5 years, 73.7% male) included in the Swedish Heart Failure Registry in the years 2003–16. Outcome measures were all‐cause, cardiovascular (CV), and non‐CV death and hospitalizations; heart transplantation; and a combined outcome of all‐cause death, heart transplantation, or heart failure (HF) hospitalization. Multivariable risk factor analyses were performed for the combined endpoint. All outcomes were more frequent in LDCM than in RODCM. The multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) (95% confidence interval) for LDCM vs. RODCM were 1.56 (1.34–1.82), P < 0.0001, for all‐cause death over a median follow‐up of 4.2 and 5.0 years, respectively; 1.67 (1.36–2.05), P < 0.0001, for CV death; 2.12 (1.14–3.91), P < 0.0001, for heart transplantation; 1.36 (1.21–1.53), P < 0.0001, for HF hospitalization; and 1.37 (1.24–1.52), P < 0.0001, for the combined outcome. A propensity score‐matched analysis yielded similar results. CV death was the main cause of mortality in LDCM and was higher in LDCM than in RODCM (P < 0.0001). Almost all co‐morbidities were significantly more frequent in LDCM than in RODCM, and the mean number of co‐morbidities increased significantly with increased duration of disease, also after age adjustment. Age, New York Heart Association functional class, ejection fraction, and left bundle branch block were prognostically adverse. The only co‐morbidity associated with the combined outcome regardless of HF duration was diabetes, in LDCM [HR 1.34 (1.15–1.56), P = 0.0002] and in RODCM [HR 1.29 (1.04–1.59), P = 0.018]. Male sex [HR 1.38 (1.18–1.63), P < 0.0001] and aspirin use [HR 1.33 (1.14–1.55), P = 0.0004] carried increased risk only in RODCM. Heart rate ≥75 b.p.m. [HR 1.20 (1.04–1.37), P = 0.01], atrial fibrillation [HR 1.24 (1.08–1.42), P = 0.0024], musculoskeletal or connective tissue disorder [HR 1.36 (1.13–1.63), P = 0.0014], and diuretic therapy [HR 1.40 (1.17–1.67), P = 0.0002] were prognostically adverse only in LDCM.

Conclusions

This nationwide study of patients with DCM demonstrates that longer disease duration is associated with worse prognosis. Co‐morbidities are more common in long‐standing HF than in recent‐onset HF and are associated with worse outcome. With the increased survival seen in the last decades, our results highlight the importance of careful attention to co‐morbid conditions in patients with DCM.
Aerodynamic performance analysis and power generation characteristics experiment of vertical axis wind turbine
Authors: Li Zheng , Liu Mengjie , Cao Xin , Gao Menghai , Cheng Liyuan , Sun Hexu
Published: February 2022

With the wide application of clean energy, the requirements of this vertical axis wind turbine are higher and higher. A new diagonal spiral blade vertical axis wind turbine is designed and studied. The shape of the new type of wind turbine blade is designed based on the diagonal spiral structure that is common in life, considering the situation of different pitch angles and constructing 11 kinds of prototype machine. In‐depth analysis of the aerodynamic performance of these new wind turbines through simulation calculations shows that the prototype with a pitch angle of 110° has the best aerodynamic performance. When the tip speed ratio is 0.4, the maximum wind energy utilization rate can reach 0.29. Besides, the model of this wind turbine is constructed by 3D printing, which is tested, and the performance of the models is compared with that of the traditional S‐type wind turbine in a real environment. There rationality and superiority of the design of the new diagonal spiral blade vertical axis wind turbine are proved, and this apply background of this new diagonal spiral blade wind turbine is demonstrated by comparison. This article also analyzes the wake of the wind turbine and makes reasonable planning of the arrangement spacing that the wake effect has the least effect on the downstream wind turbine, which can increase the power generation efficiency of the group arrangement of turbines.
Potential Co‐benefits and trade‐offs between improved soil management, climate change mitigation and agri‐food productivity
Authors: McGuire Ryan , Williams Paul N. , Smith Pete , McGrath Steve P. , Curry Donald , Donnison Iain , Emmet Bridget , Scollan Nigel
Published: February 2022

Maximising resource‐use efficiency, productivity and environmental sustainability are all fundamental requirements to raise global food production by ~70 per cent in order to feed a world population of ~9.7 billion people by 2050. Perhaps the most vital resource within our capacity to achieve this goal is our soil. Broadly, the fundamental question concerns whether or not satisfying this production demand will accelerate soil degradation, climate change, and the loss of soil carbon stocks. This paper builds upon the outputs of the UK Charity ‘Food & Farming Futures’ (chaired by Lord Curry of Kirkharle) virtual workshop held on 23 March 2021, entitled ‘Capturing the Potential of Soil’. The event focussed on the link between soil health, primarily soil organic carbon (SOC), and agricultural productivity. Supported with commentaries by Professor Pete Smith (University of Aberdeen and Science Director of the Scottish Climate Change Centre of Expertise) and Professor Steve McGrath (Head of Sustainable Agricultural Sciences at Rothamsted Research), specific focus will be given to the research challenges within the UK’s ability to improve soil health and functionality, the implementation priorities that must be held in order to improve soil management by 2050 and what the potential co‐benefits could be. These co‐benefits were scattered across environmental, economic, social and political issues, yet they may be summarised into six primary co‐benefits: developing natural capital, climate change mitigation, carbon trading, improvements in crop yield, animal performance and human health (nutrition). Additionally, the main barriers to improved soil management practices are centred on knowledge exchange‐regarding agri‐environmental techniques—whilst the most impactful solutions rely on soil monitoring, reporting and verification.
The association between acne care provision and quality of life: A cross‐sectional survey
Authors: de Vries Femke , Driessen Rieke , Tjin Esther , Westenberg Anissa , Vehof Hans , van de Kerkhof Peter
Published: February 2022

Background and Aims

It has been suggested that professional acne care can be effective not only in reducing clinical signs but also in improving quality of life (QOL). This study aims to reach a better understanding of the association between QOL and professional acne care. The study also investigates other factors that might influence QOL such as age, gender, and acne severity.

Methods

Between 2019 and 2020, a cross‐sectional survey‐based study was conducted among 362 acne patients. Data were collected by the Cardiff Acne Disability Index (CADI) and a Global QOL scale. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and post hoc comparisons were conducted to analyze the association between professional acne care and health‐related QOL.

Results

No statistically significant differences were found in QOL measured by CADI among patients visiting the four investigated acne caregivers (mean CADI score: dermatologist, 4.49; GPs, 4.42; dermal therapist, 4.07; beautician, 4.20, P = .24). However, the impact of the treatment on the QOL, which was measured by the level of Global QOL improvement before and after care, demonstrated a statistically significant improvement when attending a dermatologist, compared to the care provided by beauticians (Global QOL improvement: dermatologist, 1.50; GP, 1.01; dermal therapist, 1.10; beautician, 0.54, P = .05). Females experienced a more impaired acne‐related QOL than males (P = .05), and increased acne severity was associated with a more impaired QOL (P < .05).

Conclusions

This study delineated factors that influence QOL in acne patients. As the QOL was not associated with the type of caregiver, the greatest QOL improvement before and after care was achieved after medical treatment by the dermatologist. Females and individuals dealing with more severe types of acne experienced a more impaired acne‐related QOL. It is recommended to take these factors into account in acne management to optimize professional treatment in line with patient needs.
Associations of device‐measured sleep, sedentariness and physical activity with growth differentiation factor 15 in older adults
Authors: Ortolá Rosario , García‐Esquinas Esther , Buño‐Soto Antonio , Cabanas‐Sánchez Verónica , Martínez‐Gómez David , Sotos‐Prieto Mercedes , Struijk Ellen A. , Caballero Francisco Félix , Lopez‐Garcia Esther , Banegas José R. , Rodríguez‐Artalejo Fernando
Published: February 2022

Background

Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF‐15) is a biomarker for chronic disease burden that might explain the health effects of sedentary behaviours (SBs) and physical activity (PA). We examined associations of device‐measured sleep, SB and PA, and time reallocations among them, with GDF‐15 in older adults.

Methods

We used data from 2245 older adults participating in the Seniors‐ENRICA‐2 study. Wrist‐worn accelerometers were employed to ascertain total time in sleep, SB, light PA (LPA) and moderate‐to vigorous PA (MVPA). Associations between these activities and serum GDF‐15 levels were analysed using linear regression, including isotemporal substitution models for time reallocations among activities, and adjusted for potential confounders. Analyses were conducted separately in two groups (less active and more active individuals) according to the median total PA time.

Results

In the less active participants, 30 min/day more of MVPA were related to lower levels of GDF‐15 when replacing sleep (fully adjusted mean percentage differences [95% confidence interval] in GDF‐15 of −9.2% [−13.2, −5.0]), SB (−9.8% [−13.6, −5.8]) and LPA (−5.8% [−11.1, −0.3]), whereas 30 min/day more of LPA were related to lower GDF‐15 when replacing both sleep (−3.6% [−6.1, −1.0]) and SB (−4.2% [−6.7, −1.7]). In the more active participants, 30 min/day more of MVPA were also associated with lower GDF‐15 when replacing sleep (−2.9% [−5.3, −0.3]), SB (−2.4% [−4.6, −0.2]) and LPA (−3.5% [−6.6, −0.3]), but no associations were found for more time in LPA. Spending more time in SB was associated with higher GDF‐15 levels only among those less active (1.9% [0.9, 2.9] per 30 min/day increment). Sleep time did not appear to be associated with GDF‐15.

Conclusions

The MVPA was inversely associated with GDF‐15, with stronger associations at lower PA volumes. Also, more LPA and less SB time were linked to lower GDF‐15 in the less active individuals. This suggests that simply moving more and sitting less may reduce chronic disease burden in older adults.
Predictive impact of soluble interleukin‐2 receptor and number of extranodal sites for identification of patients at very high risk of CNS relapse in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Shichijo Takafumi , Tatetsu Hiro , Nosaka Kisato , Higuchi Yusuke , Kikukawa Yoshitaka , Inoue Yoshitaka , Toyoda Kosuke , Yasunaga Jun‐ichirou , Matsuoka Masao
Published: February 2022

There remains an unmet clinical need to identify which patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) would benefit from central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis, due to the low positive predictive value (PPV; 10%–15%) of the currently available predictive models. To stratify patients at high risk of developing CNS relapse, we retrospectively analyzed 182 patients with DLBCL initially treated with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R‐CHOP), or a R‐CHOP‐like regimen. Among them, 17 patients relapsed with CNS involvement, and the 2‐year rate of CNS relapse was 7.9%. Upon carrying out multivariate analysis, ≥3 extranodal sites and elevated soluble interleukin‐2 receptor (sIL‐2R) levels at diagnosis were identified as independent risk factors for CNS relapse. The 2‐year and 3.5‐year rates of CNS relapse were 57.1% and 78.6%, respectively, in patients with both elevated sIL‐2R and ≥3 extranodal sites. Furthermore, combined use of these risk factors of both elevated sIL‐2R and ≥3 extranodal sites resulted in a high PPV (71.4%), negative predictive value (93.1%), and overall accuracy (92.3%) for undergoing CNS relapse. In conclusion, we propose a simple and valuable tool to predict patients with DLBCL at very high risk of CNS relapse.
Left–Right Intensity Asymmetries Vary Depending on Scanner Model for FLAIR and T1 Weighted MRI Images
Authors: Arani Arvin , Schwarz Christopher G. , Wiste Heather J. , Weigand Stephen D. , Cogswell Petrice M. , Murphy Matthew C. , Trzasko Joshua D. , Gunter Jeffrey L. , Senjem Matthew L. , McGee Kiaran P. , Shu Yunhong , Bernstein Matt A. , Huston John , Jack Clifford R. ,   the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: February 2022

Background

Localized regions of left–right image intensity asymmetry (LRIA) were incidentally observed on T2‐weighted (T2‐w) and T1‐weighted (T1‐w) diagnostic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images. Suspicion of herpes encephalitis resulted in unnecessary follow‐up imaging. A nonbiological imaging artifact that can lead to diagnostic uncertainty was identified.

Purpose

To investigate whether systematic LRIA exist for a range of scanner models and to determine if LRIA can introduce diagnostic uncertainty.

Study Type

A retrospective study using the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) data base.

Subjects

One thousand seven hundred fifty‐three (median age: 72, males/females: 878/875) unique participants with longitudinal data were included.

Field Strength

3T.

Sequences

T1‐w three‐dimensional inversion‐recovery spoiled gradient‐echo (IR‐SPGR) or magnetization‐prepared rapid gradient‐echo (MP‐RAGE) and T2‐w fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) long tau fast spin echo inversion recovery (LT‐FSE‐IR). Only General Electric, Philips, and Siemens' product sequences were used.

Assessment

LRIA was calculated as the left–right percent difference with respect to the mean intensity from automated anatomical atlas segmented regions. Three neuroradiologists with 37 (**), 32 (**), and 3 (**) years of experience rated the clinical impact of 30 T2‐w three‐dimensional FLAIR exams with LRIA to determine the diagnostic uncertainty. Statistical comparisons between retrospective intensity normalized T1m and original T1‐w images were made.

Statistical Tests

For each image type, a linear mixed effects model was fit using LRIA scores from all scanners, regions, and participants as the outcome and age and sex as predictors. Statistical significance was defined as having a P‐value <0.05.

Results

LRIA scores were significantly different from zero on most scanners. All clinicians were uncertain or recommended definite diagnostic follow‐up in 62.5% of cases with LRIA >10%. Individuals with acute brain pathology or focal neurologic deficits are not enrolled in ADNI; therefore, focal signal abnormalities were considered false positives.

Data Conclusion

LRIA is system specific, systematic, creates diagnostic uncertainty, and impacts IR‐SPGR, MP‐RAGE, and LT‐FSE‐IR product sequences.

Level of Evidence: 2

Technical Efficacy Stage: 3
Validation of Maslach Burnout Inventory–Job‐Seekers Survey
Authors: Lee Taerim , Ko Hyeyun , Lee Sangeun , Lee Sang Min
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this study was to modify a burnout scale (Maslach Burnout Inventory‐Student Survey [MBI‐SS]) for Korean job‐seekers (Maslach Burnout Inventory ‐Job‐Seekers Survey [MBI‐JS]). By collecting the data from college students in school‐to‐work transition, academic burnout and job‐seeking burnout were measured longitudinally at 6‐month intervals in the same sample. By carrying out a multi‐trait multi‐method analysis with the MBI‐SS, the construct validity of the MBI‐JS was confirmed. The convergent and discriminant validity of MBI‐JS was proved by comparing MBI‐JS with the MBI‐SS and The Center for Epidemiologic Studies‐Depression Scale (CES‐D). This validation study of the job‐seeking burnout scale (MBI‐JS) can be the cornerstone for investigating job‐seeking burnout. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Interface and Charge Induced Molecular Self‐Assembly Strategy for the Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide Coated with Mesoporous Platinum Sheets
Authors: Han Gengxu , Yang Yan , Feng Danyang , Liu Jingwei , Zhang Ling , Wei Feng , Qiao Zhen‐An
Published: February 2022

The design of porous noble metal catalysts holds great promise in various electrocatalytic applications. However, it is still a challenge to improve the durability performance through constructing stable framework. Here, an interface and charge induced strategy is developed to synthesize large‐sized continuous reduced graphene oxide@mesoporous platinum (denoted as rGO@mPt) sheets under kinetic control by molecular self‐assembly design. Graphene oxide (GO) is a promising large‐sized growth interface for platinum. Cationic surfactant dioctadecyldimethylammonium chloride bridges the negatively charged GO and platinum precursors, while creating interconnected mesopores. The successful synthesis of rGO@mPt sheets relies on proper kinetic control, which is achieved by controlling pH, temperature, and the complexation of bromide ions. rGO@mPt sheets present strong crystallinity with a pure face‐centered cubic Pt phase. Worm‐like mesostructures with an average pore size of 2.2 nm exist throughout the sheets. rGO@mPt sheets possess both stable framework and abundant active sites, which markedly improve the durability on methanol oxidation reaction while maintaining relatively good catalytic activity. Long‐term stability test shows a slight loss of 1.2% activity after 250 cycles. Amperometric i–t curves reveal the mass current three times higher compared to commercial Pt/C at 3000 s.
Ion Implantation Caused Defects and Their Effects on LiTaO3 Crystal Exfoliation
Authors: Zhang Kaisheng , Luo Wenbo , Zeng Xiaohan , Huang Shitian , Wan Limin , Shuai Yao , Wu Chuangui , Zhang Wanli
Published: February 2022

Counting on its remarkable electro‐optical, pyroelectric, and piezoelectric properties, lithium tantalate (LT) has been applied in optical modulator, infrared sensors, and other devices. LT thin film with different crystal orientation is necessary for different applications and crystal ion slicing technology has fabricated single‐crystalline LT film successfully. During crystal ion slicing, the relation of defects and implantation ions is crucial for film fabrication. Comprehensive and nondestructive method is a good choice to figure out the relation and have a guide in crafting process. Z‐cut LT crystal wafers implanted with different H‐ion fluences are investigated in this research. Optical spectra, Raman spectra, and X‐ray diffraction spectra are measured, corresponding to the thermal annealing exfoliation experiment, to analyze the interactive of implantation, defects, and exfoliation. Based on the results and analysis, oxygen vacancies and H‐ion interstitials affect the crystal lattice and behave as strain increase in lattice. Strain increase contributes to the activation energy decrease and once the decreases to a limit value, exfoliation is able to happen. Depending on this analysis method, a direction to optimize exfoliation of H‐ion implanted LT has been found. Moreover, this method can also be used by optimizing crystal ion slicing technology in other materials.
Chlorogenic acid improves diabetic retinopathy by alleviating blood‐retinal‐barrier dysfunction via inducing Nrf2 activation
Authors: Ouyang Hao , Du Ao , Zhou Lingyu , Zhang Tianyu , Lu Bin , Wang Zhengtao , Ji Lili
Published: February 2022

As one of the major diabetic microvascular complications, diabetic retinopathy (DR) is mainly initiated by the blood‐retinal barrier (BRB) dysfunction. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a natural polyphenolic compound in Lonicerae Japonicae Flos, which traditionally has the beneficial function for eyes and is commonly included in many anti‐diabetic formulas. In this study, the potential protective mechanism of CGA against DR was investigated. Streptozotocin (STZ) was used to induce diabetes in mice. CGA attenuated BRB dysfunction and reversed endothelial‐mesenchymal transition (EndoMT) and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) in retinas in vivo. CGA inhibited microglia activation and reduced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α release both in vivo and in vitro. CGA promoted nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation and prevented EndoMT/EMT in TNFα‐treated human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) or retinal pigment epithelial APRE19 cells. CGA alleviated endothelial/epithelial barrier oxidative injury in HRECs or APRE19 cells stimulated with TNFα, but this effect was disappeared in cells co‐incubated with Nrf2 inhibitor. Additionally, the CGA‐supplied alleviation on BRB damage and EndoMT/EMT was markedly weakened in retinas from STZ‐treated Nrf2 knock‐out mice. All results suggest that CGA improves DR through attenuating BRB injury by reducing microglia‐initiated inflammation and preventing TNFα‐induced EndoMT/EMT and oxidative injury via inducing Nrf2 activation.
Discrete‐time extended state observer‐based model‐free adaptive sliding mode control with prescribed performance
Authors: Huang Xiuwei , Dong Zhiyan , Zhang Feng , Zhang Lihua
Published: February 2022

To tackle the trajectory tracking problem and achieve high control accuracy in many actual nonlinear systems with unknown disturbance, a novel discrete‐time extended state observer‐ (DESO) based model‐free adaptive sliding mode control strategy with prescribed tracking performance is studied, which only relies on the input/output data of the system rather than explicit model information. Firstly, a compact‐form dynamic linearization method is used to reconstruct the discrete‐time nonlinear process, where the time‐varying parameter linearly connected with the control input is obtained by an adaptive method and the unknown nonlinear term is estimated by a DESO. Then, by considering the prescribed performance and using an unconstrained vector transformed from the constrained tracking error, one model‐free sliding mode controller is designed. In addition, a rigorous stability analysis is presented to show the boundedness of the sliding mode function and the prescribed transient‐state and steady‐state performance of the output tracking error. Finally, the simulations with comparing results verify the effectiveness and superiority of the developed control scheme.
Observer‐based event‐triggered secure synchronization control for multi‐agent systems under false data injection attacks
Authors: Zhang Shuo‐Qiu , Che Wei‐Wei , Deng Chao
Published: February 2022

In this article, the observer‐based event‐triggered robust secure synchronization control problem is studied for multi‐agent systems (MASs) under a directed graph and false data injection (FDI) attacks. During the information transmission, both control signals and measurement signals may be changed by false data, and the Bernoulli processes are used to describe FDI attacks that occur randomly on the sensor‐to‐controller and the controller‐to‐actuator transmission channels. A new event‐triggered mechanism with the state estimation threshold is introduced to reduce the waste of network resources. Based on which, a resilient observer‐based control scheme is proposed to solve the secure mean‐square bounded synchronization problem of MASs caused by FDI attacks. The controller gain and observer gain are designed by utilizing the linear matrix inequality technique. Furthermore, the Zeno behavior is effectively eliminated and proved by using a contradiction method. Finally, a simulation result is presented to illustrate the effectiveness and applicability of the theoretical results by comparisons.
All‐in‐One Theranostic Platform Based on Hollow Microcapsules for Intragastric‐Targeting Antiulcer Drug Delivery, CT Imaging, and Synergistically Healing Gastric Ulcer
Authors: Wang Qi , Xu Yu , Xue Rui , Fan Jingmin , Yu Hang , Guan Jiawei , Wang Hongzheng , Li Min , Yu Wei , Xie Zhiyong , Qi Rong , Jia Xin , Han Bo
Published: February 2022

Bismuth‐containing therapies are suggested as first‐line and rescue alternatives for gastric ulcer (GU) treatment and Helicobacter pylori eradication. The current treatment strategy is called quadruple therapy and includes proton pump inhibitors, bismuth, and two broad‐band antibiotics. This fact may affect medication compliance, leading to a resistance rate of more than 25% to clarithromycin or metronidazole. To counter this, from the perspective of natural products, an intragastric‐targeting all‐in‐one theranostic platform is established: a drug carrier microcapsule composed of multiple synergistic antiulcer drugs, including bismuth, gallotannin, and antibiotics is obtained (BiG@MCs), and the therapeutic effects of BiG@MCs in rodent models are further evaluated. The results show that the BiG@MCs are spherical with homogeneous particle size (3 ± 0.5 µm) and can be response‐released to the acidic environment of the stomach (pH 2.0–3.0), preventing the premature release of the BiG@MCs in physiological conditions. It is worth noting that the bismuth component can be easily identified by computed tomography and other detection instruments, which provide the possibility for drug tracing. In summary, these results indicate that BiG@MCs provide a versatile intragastric‐targeting drug delivery platform for GU therapeutics.
Achieving 12.6% Efficiency in Single‐Component Organic Solar Cells Processed from Nonhalogenated Solvents
Authors: Guo Jing , Wu Yao , Wang Wei , Wang Tao , Min Jie
Published: February 2022

Single‐component organic solar cells (SCOSCs), which contain only one photoactive material in their active layers, promise many advantages with respect to the excellent device and morphological stabilities and a simplified film fabrication process. However, most of the high‐efficiency SCOSCs are fabricated by halogenated solvents. Herein, the eco‐friendly and highly efficient SCOSCs based on a conjugated block copolymer PBDB‐T‐b‐PYT with power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of over 12% are developed by utilizing a series of halogen‐free processing solvents (including tetrahydrofuran, toluene, o‐xylene), being higher than those of the devices cast from halogenated solvents (including chloroform, chlorobenzene, 1,2‐dichlorobenzene). Impressively, by using o‐xylene as processing solvent for the PBDB‐T‐b‐PYT active layer, high and balanced charge transport properties, and well‐developed morphological features are observed, leading to a high PCE of 12.60%, which is the highest value among SCOSCs to date. Importantly, the non‐halogenated solvents‐processed devices exhibited better storage and operational stabilities as compared to the chloroform (CF)‐processed SCOSCs. More importantly, higher photovoltaic performance (over 12% PCEs) of the green‐solvent‐processed devices as compared with the CF‐processed devices fabricated by blade coating in ambient conditions are achieved, suggesting the promising prospects of SCOSCs toward industrial production, particularly being relevant for environmentally benign solvents.
Effect of Ordered Phases and Microstructures on the Iron Loss of 6.5 wt% Si Electrical Steel Quenched at Various Cooling Rates
Authors: Cheng Zhaoyang , Lu Hailong , Liu Jing , Wendler Marco , Volkova Olena
Published: February 2022

Herein, the effect of the ordered phases and microstructure of 6.5 wt% Si electrical steel recrystallized and quenched at different cooling rates on its iron loss is investigated. The varied cooling rate barely influences the grain size and the precipitation of Cu but affects the magnetic domain significantly. A higher cooling rate is associated with greater residual stress and hence, leads to an increase in the width of the magnetic domain. In terms of the ordered phases, the quantity of B2 first decreases and then increases with a rising cooling rate while the quantity of D03 decreases. Meanwhile, the size of B2 antiphase domains reduces, while the D03 antiphase domains are either too fine to be observed or absent at higher cooling rates. The increased residual stress, the refinement of B2 antiphase domains, and the associated larger pinning effect on the migration of magnetic domain walls jointly lead to higher hysteresis loss. In addition, the increased width of the magnetic domain results in a larger anomalous loss. Both effects give rise to an overall increase in the iron loss P10/50.
Solve problems with systems thinking to bring positive change
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: February 2022

Using systems thinking to solve problems is Michael Santarosa's favorite part of being a registrar. “We right in the middle of everything — sort of behind the scenes, but central,” said Santarosa, Ed.D., Registrar at Westminster College in Utah.
Diagnosis and treatment of congenital hydrocephalus in a red fox (Vulpes vulpes) with seizures
Authors: Raposo Marcos , Añor Sònia , Verdés Judit , Soler Vicente , Martorell Jaume
Published: February 2022

A 2‐year‐old male red fox (Vulpes vulpes) was presented for generalised tonic‐clonic seizures, blindness, compulsive circling and behavioural changes that occurred since the animal was 2 months old. Neurological examination indicated a diffuse forebrain lesion. On magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, a severe dilation of both lateral ventricles was identified. Congenital hydrocephalus was suspected and the fox was treated with methylprednisolone, omeprazole and phenobarbital. Sixteen months later, the neurological signs had improved: the frequency of seizures had decreased to one seizure every 3 months and compulsive circling was less pronounced.
Observer-Based Robustness Improvement for FCS-MPCC Used in IMs
Authors: Han Yaofei , Gong Chao , Gao Jinqiu
Published: February 2022

This Chapter proposes a sliding mode (SM) disturbance observer based finite control set model predictive current control (FCS-MPCC) strategy to improve the control performance of induction motors. FCS-MPCC method is achieved based on the machine model, leading to the fact that the parameters have great impacts on the control performance, especially the steady-state characteristics.
Design of cellular materials for multiscale topology optimization: application to patient-specific orthopedic devices
Authors: Ferro Nicola , Perotto Simona , Bianchi Daniele , Ferrante Raffaele , Mannisi Marco
Published: February 2022

A flexible problem-specific multiscale topology optimization is introduced to associate different areas of the design domain with diverse microstructures extracted from a dictionary of optimized unit cells. The generation of the dictionary is carried out by exploiting micro-SIMP with AnisoTropic mesh adaptivitY (microSIMPATY) algorithm, which promotes the design of free-form layouts. The proposed methodology is particularized in a proof-of-concept setting for the design of orthotic devices for the treatment of foot diseases. Different patient-specific settings drive the prototyping of customized insoles, which are numerically verified and successively validated in terms of mechanical performances and manufacturability.