bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The double high tide at Port Ellen: Doodson's criterion revisited
Authors: Byrne Hannah A. M. , Green J. A. Mattias , Bowers David G.
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Doodson proposed a minimum criterion to predict the occurrence of double high (or double low) waters when a higher-frequency tidal harmonic is added to the semi-diurnal tide. If the phasing of the harmonic is optimal, the condition for a double high water can be written bn2∕a > 1 where b is the amplitude of the higher harmonic, a is the amplitude of the semi-diurnal tide, and n is the ratio of their frequencies. Here we expand this criterion to allow for (i) a phase difference ϕ between the semi-diurnal tide and the harmonic and (ii) the fact that the double high water will disappear in the event that b∕a becomes large enough for the higher harmonic to be the dominant component of the tide. This can happen, for example, at places or times where the semi-diurnal tide is very small. The revised parameter is br2∕a, where r is a number generally less than n, although equal to n when ϕ = 0. The theory predicts that a double high tide will form when this parameter exceeds 1 and then disappear when it exceeds a value of order n2 and the higher harmonic becomes dominant. We test these predictions against observations at Port Ellen in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland. For most of the data set, the largest harmonic of the semi-diurnal tide is the sixth diurnal component, for which n = 3. The principal lunar and solar semi-diurnal tides are about equal at Port Ellen and so the semi-diurnal tide becomes very small twice a month at neap tides (here defined as the smallest fortnightly tidal range). A double high water forms when br2∕a first exceeds a minimum value of about 1.5 as neap tides are approached and then disappears as br2∕a then exceeds a second limiting value of about 10 at neap tides in agreement with the revised criterion.
Structural Disorder of Graphite and Implications for Graphite Thermometry
Authors: Kirilova Martina , Toy Virginia , Rooney Jeremy S. , Giorgetti Carolina , Gordon Keith C. , Collettini Cristiano
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Graphitization, or the progressive maturation of carbonaceous material, is considered an irreversible process. Thus, the degree of graphite crystallinity has been calibrated as an indicator of the peak metamorphic temperatures experienced by the host rocks. However, discrepancies between temperatures indicated by graphite crystallinity versus other thermometers have been documented in deformed rocks. To examine the possibility of mechanical modifications of graphite structure and the potential impacts on graphite thermometry we performed laboratory deformation experiments. We sheared highly crystalline graphite powder at normal stresses of 5 and 25 MPa and aseismic slow sliding velocities of 1 µm/s, 10 µm/s and 100 µm/s. The degree of graphite crystallinity both in the starting and resulting materials was analyzed by Raman microspectroscopy. Our results demonstrate consistent decrease of graphite crystallinity with increasing shear strain. We conclude that the calibrated graphite thermometer is ambiguous in active tectonic settings and we suggest that a calibration that accounts for shear strain is needed.
A reversibilidade da tutela possessória na política pública de reforma agrária
Authors: Cirne Mariana Barbosa
Published: July 2017

O presente artigo pretende realizar uma pesquisa no âmbito do direito processual civil sobre o instituto da posse, e a sua antecipação, no contexto da ação de desapropriação por interesse social para fins de reforma agrária, prevista no artigo 6º, I, da Lei Complementar nº 76/93. Almeja-se tratar da política pública para adentrar na delineação da posse para em seguida tratar sobre a possibilidade de sua imissão antecipada, nas particularidades de um procedimento especial em desapropriação, levando-se em conta o conceito de reversibilidade da medida e o interesse público envolvido. Além disso, busca-se elucidar os entraves encontrados pelo INCRA para desenvolver essa política pública em decorrência da compreensão judicial sobre o instituto. Ao se verificar a existência de um problema (não-efetividade das desapropriações por interesse social para fins de reforma agrária, por limitações à imissão na posse) espera-se propor uma reflexão sobre a antecipação de tutela, no intuito de tornar possível a política pública.
A EXPERIÊNCIA INDÍGENA MEXICANA PLURALISMO JURÍDICO: DIREITO CRÍTICO E A MARGEM DO SISTEMA
Authors: De la Torre Rangel Jésus António
Published: July 2017

Através da análise das manifestações produzidas pelospovos e comunidades indígenas, nos últimos anos, noMéxico, o presente artigo busca entender e valorar estepluralismo jurídico, esta jurisdição alternativa, desdeuma perspectiva crítica. Fará um breve relato quanto adiscussão sobre a existência de uma Crítica do Direitono México, concluindo que o iusnaturalismo históricoanalógico propõem fazer a Crítica Jurídica desde opensamento da filosofia da libertação na AméricaLatina. Analisará,o desenvolvimento do movimentoZapatista e a aplicação dos acordos de San Andrés nopaís pelas comunidades e povos indígenas mexicanos,produção de um Direito à margem do Estado.
Gabriela Mistral y Claudia Lars
Authors: González Huguet Carmen
Published: July 2017

Sin resumenAKADEMOS, Año 9, Vol. 2, No 25, Julio-Diciembre 2015: 91-99
Perfil de amenazas, vulnerabilidad y riesgos ambientales: comunidades de San Luis 1, San Luis 2 y El Milagro del municipio de Talnique
Authors: Vigil Jonnatan A.
Published: July 2017

Los desastres naturales son temas sensibles en materia de desarrollo local, puesto que éstos, dependiendo de la magnitud de los daños que ocasionan, pueden hacer retroceder el crecimiento urbano, máxime en aquellos lugares en los que no existe un plan de prevención y mitigación de riesgos ambientales, como en los lugares donde no se disponga de un presupuesto generoso para la rehabilitación post desastre a sabiendas de las características socioambientales con las que cuenta. El impacto de una amenaza natural dependerá de la vulnerabilidad y del riesgo que estén expuestos los asentamientos humanos. El estudio es exploratorio, de tipo cuantitativo, retrospectivo y transversal. Las técnicas empleadas fueron la observación no participante, la encuesta y la revisión documental.Los instrumentos fueron la guía de observación, el cuestionario y la guía de revisión documental. La población sujeto de estudio estuvo conformada por 146 jefes de hogar de las comunidades de San Luis 1, San Luis 2 y El Milagro del municipio de Talnique, departamento de La Libertad. Se ha demostrado que tanto el municipio como las comunidades se encuentran en riesgo alto de tipo geotécnico, sísmico e hidrológico, debido a las condiciones de pobreza extrema alta de la localidad.AKADEMOS, Año 9, Vol. 2, No 25, Julio-Diciembre 2015: 121-140
Editorial No 27
Authors: Editor El
Published: July 2017

Sin resumen
Política educativa, prevención de la violencia y escuela
Authors: Tobar Luis Antonio
Published: July 2017

El presente artículo busca analizar en un primer momento la política educativa implementada a mediados de los años 90 en El Salvador, pasando por la reforma que conllevó a la elaboración del plan 2021, hasta la nueva reforma llevada a cabo por el primer gobierno de izquierda en el país, cuyo plan fue denominado Vamos a la Escuela. En el segundo apartado se analiza cómo el fenómeno de la violencia está afectando la enseñanza en la escuela. Además, se analiza una serie de medidas que se han implementado anteriormente para reducir la violencia y algunos planes que se están llevando a cabo en la actualidad. Por ultimo analizamos los desafíos de la educación en el país, visualizándolo como una herramienta socializadora entre la escuela, la comunidad y la familia, y examinando si el modelo educativo es capaz de integrar y resolver los problemas de carácter educativo.AKADEMOS, Año 10, Vol. 2, No 27, Julio Diciembre 2016: 45-60
Política de sustitución de importaciones de productos agropecuarios y creación del primer distrito de riego y avenamiento Zapotitán 1960-1971
Authors: Payes Dennis Sevillano
Published: July 2017

Este artículo se centra en la política de sustitución de importaciones agropecuarias de la década de 1960-1971 que conllevó a la creación del primer Distrito de Riego y Avenamiento en Zapotitán. De la misma manera se explican los antecedentes que propiciaron el surgimiento de esta política y el porqué se eligió el valle de Zapotitán como lugar indicado para la construcción del primer distrito de Riego. Al mismo tiempo se hace énfasis en los problemas que generaron el declive de este proyecto.AKADEMOS, Año 10, Vol. 2, No 27, Julio Diciembre 2016: 29-41
Emerging Tourism between Pakistan and China: Tourism Opportunities via China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
Authors: Ali Syed Ahtsham , Haider Jahanzaib , Ali Muhammad , Ali Syed Irfan , Ming Xu
Published: July 2017

Background: The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a mega-project worth more than 54 billion US dollars, as a result of which bilateral relations between Pakistan and China reached new heights. The CPEC is designed to facilitate the establishment of links between Pakistan and the road network, railways and pipelines in conjunction with energy, industrial and other infrastructure projects to ensure the critical energy shortage necessary to enhance the economic growth in Pakistan.Objective: The main purpose of this article is to shed light on promotion of mutual understanding on China's initiative for the revival of the Silk Road and the benefits and challenges for the tourism industry which the CPEC can bring to the neighboring countries, especially Pakistan. A very new project will give us plenty of room to develop a number of innovative points greatly to improve the quality of services and the overall tourist experience in these new tourist destinations.Methodology: Qualitative research and analysis with the help of online research and data collection; the study of excellence in individual scenarios tourist sites, focusing on the aspects of service and policy will be useful to improve tourism on both sides via the Silk Road. Authors also collected data from tourist websites and recommend top rated tourist attractions on Silk Road from Khunjrab pass (border between china and Pakistan) to Gawadar, Pakistan. These tourists’ attraction are hints for tourists, travel agents and new researchers.
Effects of Piliostigma reticulatum on the Vegetation Dynamic in Sudanian Zone of Burkina Faso
Authors: Barthelemy Yelemou , Tyano Abdoulaye , Bationo Babou Andre , Ouattara Bassiaka , Koala Jonas , Rasolodimby Jeanne Millogo
Published: July 2017

This study aims at identifying the effect of P. reticulatum on the vegetation regeneration dynamic in Sudanian fallows of Burkina Faso. Two fallows of about twenty years old have been considered. The point quadrat method was used for herbaceous inventory. Aboveground biomass has been estimated. Moreover, effect of P. reticulatum on the regeneration of others woody species has been studied under, at the limit and out of the shrub canopy. In north Sudanian zone, inventory recorded 39 herbaceous species of which 23 species under the canopy and 16 in open grassland, distributed in 12 families and 22 genera. In south Sudanian zone, species diversity is 41 species from which 23 under the canopy and 18 out of, spread in 16 families and 26 genera. Species higher than 80 cm have been observed only under P. reticulatum canopy in south and north Sudanian zone. In addition, no species of striga met in open sunlight has been observed under the shrub canopy. East and West directions recorded the important proportions of species with individuals belonging to the stratum superior to 100 cm (3.13 and 4.81 % in north direction, 1.47 and 1.73% in south directions).
Transparantie van ziekenhuistarieven: een wazige spiegel of oog in oog?
Authors: Tichem Jan , Sauter Wolf
Published: July 2017

Transparantie van ziekenhuistarieven: een wazige spiegel of oog in oog?

Binnen het Nederlandse zorgstelsel heeft transparantie van ziekenhuistarieven voor- en nadelen. Het belangrijkste voordeel is dat transparantie beneden de eigen risicogrens de consument duidelijkheid kan bieden over zijn zorgkosten. Het belangrijkste nadeel is dat transparantie tot prijspariteit kan leiden: elke verzekeraar betaalt uiteindelijk dezelfde prijs voor zorgproducten. Hierdoor verzwakken de prikkels voor verzekeraars om scherp te onderhandelen. Daarnaast kan transparantie leiden tot uitholling van het eigen risico en te veel concurrentie op prijs ten koste van kwaliteit. Andere effecten van transparantie zoals stilzwijgende afstemming tussen ziekenhuizen en betere kostprijsinschattingen lijken beperkt. Wij concluderen dat transparantie idealiter geboden wordt door verzekeraars aan hun eigen verzekerden, op beveiligde wijze, en uitsluitend voor tarieven onder de eigen risicogrens.
Commissie mag onrechtmatig door onderneming gemaakte audio-opnamen gebruiken als bewijs
Authors: Heijnsbroek Paul
Published: July 2017

Commissie mag onrechtmatig door onderneming gemaakte audio-opnamen gebruiken als bewijs

De kern van dit arrest is de ruime toelaatbaarheid van audio-opnamen als bewijs voor een kartelinbreuk. Tijdens een inspectie trof de Commissie audio-opnamen aan die Kok Seafood heimelijk had gemaakt van telefoongesprekken met Heiploeg. Zelfs als deze opnamen onrechtmatig zijn gemaakt, mocht de Commissie die van het Gerecht gebruiken als bewijs tegen Heiploeg. Van belang daarvoor was dat Heiploeg niet van een eerlijk proces is beroofd en de opnamen niet het enige bewijsmiddel waren. In deze annotatie wordt nader ingegaan op deze toetsingsnorm en de verhouding daarvan tot nationale regels en andere jurisprudentie.
Encoding of numerical information in memory: Magnitude or nominal?
Authors: Eriksson Kimmo , Lindskog Marcus
Published: July 2017

In studies of long-term memory of multi-digit numbers the leading digit tends to be recalled correctly more often than less significant digits, which has been interpreted as evidence for an analog magnitude encoding of the numbers. However, upon closer examination of data from one of these studies we found that the distribution of recall errors does not fit a model based on analog encoding. Rather, the data suggested an alternative hypothesis that each digit of a number is encoded separately in long-term memory, and that encoding of one or more digits sometimes fails due to insufficient attention in which case they are simply guessed when recall is requested, with no regard for the presented value. To test this hypothesis of nominal encoding with value-independent mistakes, we conducted two studies with a total of 1,080 adults who were asked to recall a single piece of numerical information that had been presented in a story they had read earlier. The information was a three-digit number, manipulated between subjects with respect to its value (between 193 and 975), format (Arabic digits or words), and what it counted (baseball caps or grains of sand). Results were consistent with our hypothesis. Further, the leading digit was recalled correctly more often than less significant digits when the number was presented in Arabic digits but not when the number was presented in words; our interpretation of this finding is that the latter format does not focus readers’ attention on the leading digit.
Du Metropolitan Opera à Broadway : Dalí à la conquête de la scène américaine
Authors: Hamel Mathilde
Published: July 2017

En 1940, Salvador Dalí s’exile aux États-Unis où il séjournera pendant huit ans. Il fera alors de la scène son arme pour conquérir un public qu’il souhaite toujours plus nombreux. Pour cela, il propose un surréalisme adapté, nourri de la culture de masse et des images grotesques que réclame le spectateur. C’est également sur les planches qu’il prend ses distances avec le groupe de Breton et qu’il présente sa nouvelle orientation esthétique. Peu à peu, l’Amérique entière devient la scène de seshappeningset il consolide le masque qui fera de lui une nouvelle icône américaine.
Les théories de la criminalisation à l’épreuve de la prostitution
Authors: Robert Marie-Pierre , Bernatchez Stéphane
Published: July 2017

Dans la foulée de l’arrêt Bedford et de l’adoption de la loi modifiant le Code criminel qui a suivi celui-ci, le présent article s’intéresse à la criminalisation des infractions reliées à la prostitution au Canada. Plus précisément, il analyse les théories de la criminalisation qui peuvent être utilisées afin de tenter de justifier la criminalisation de certaines infractions relatives à la prostitution : le moralisme juridique, la théorie du préjudice ainsi que les valeurs de la Charte et le vivre ensemble. Révélant leurs limites, ces théories parviennent difficilement à justifier la criminalisation de la prostitution.
Sur la réforme des mères déviantes : les représentations de la maternité dans la jurisprudence de la Chambre de la jeunesse, entre différenciation et responsabilité
Authors: Bernheim Emmanuelle
Published: July 2017

Au Québec, la direction de la protection de la jeunesse (DPJ) intervient majoritairement auprès de familles survivant dans la pauvreté ou l’extrême pauvreté alors qu’environ 45 % d’entre elles vivent de l’aide sociale et que plus de 50 % déclarent un revenu annuel de moins de 15 000 $. Il apparaît donc pertinent d’étudier la manière dont la Chambre de la jeunesse traite de la question de la pauvreté. Or, l’analyse de la jurisprudence de la Chambre de la jeunesse démontre qu’elle n’est presque jamais développée dans les décisions judiciaires, seulement mentionnée. En revanche, le discours présent dans la jurisprudence dénote de manière évidente une représentation de la famille largement fondée sur la reproduction des rôles sexués, donnant lieu à des traitements parentaux différenciés.

À partir d’un échantillon aléatoire de 100 décisions de la Chambre de la jeunesse, l’auteure analyse le discours jurisprudentiel sur les mères de la DPJ. Il s’avère que, si un ensemble d’enjeux récurrents se retrouvent dans la littérature scientifique sur les compétences parentales, d’autres relèvent plutôt d’une conception traditionnelle de la maternité. Ainsi, la jurisprudence étudiée fait généralement assumer aux mères la responsabilité du bien-être et du développement des enfants, peu importe la présence des pères et la réalité matérielle dans laquelle celles-ci se trouvent. En lien avec cette responsabilité, le tribunal émet des injonctions très claires au changement de comportement ou de mode de vie, dans certains cas au-delà de la compétence de la Chambre de la jeunesse et à l’encontre des connaissances scientifiques.
Accompagnement et injonctions sociales dans les tribunaux de santé mentale
Authors: Dumais Michaud Audrey-Anne
Published: July 2017

Depuis les années 90, les tribunaux spécialisés ont émergé dans le paysage judiciaire. Cet article s’intéresse particulièrement aux tribunaux de santé mentale, conceptualisés comme étant le fruit d’une hybridation entre le droit et la psychiatrie. S’inscrivant dans le cadre d’une thèse, cet article exposera la manière dont les discours concernant la santé mentale et la normativité sociale sont intégrés dans ce type de tribunal et influencent leurs pratiques. Plus précisément, il sera illustré que les injonctions liées au récit biographique, à la responsabilité et à l’activation sont déterminantes dans le parcours des personnes interpellées par ce tribunal. Le regard transversal permettra d’éclairer la tension entre vulnérabilité sociale et régulation pénale des problèmes sociaux complexes.
L’infraction d’attroupement illégal dans la régulation de la manifestation : un embarras pour la théorie pénale
Authors: Villeneuve Ménard Francis
Published: July 2017

La régulation de la manifestation par le droit prend de nombreux visages : injonctions, règlements municipaux relatifs aux troubles de la paix et de l’ordre public, lois sur la circulation routière, infractions criminelles, etc. La multiplication des normes juridiques applicables à la manifestation, jumelée à un durcissement des pratiques policières lors d’événements de ce type, entraîne depuis une vingtaine d’années une judiciarisation accrue des manifestants et des manifestantes au Canada, phénomène auquel cet article s’attarde. L’auteur entend démontrer que, malgré le recours de plus en plus fréquent au droit pénal réglementaire, le droit criminel continue d’occuper une place de choix dans l’arsenal législatif à la disposition des forces de l’ordre. C’est particulièrement le cas de l’infraction d’avoir participé à un attroupement illégal. Or, un examen de la définition contemporaine de cette notion séculaire révèle de nombreuses tensions avec certains principes censés être au coeur du droit criminel moderne, à savoir le principe de légalité, l’idée de faute individuelle et celle d’un droit tourné vers le passé.
Silent Diplomacy: Wendat Boys’ “Adoptions” at the Jesuit Seminary, 1636–1642
Authors: JACKSON VICTORIA
Published: July 2017

In 1636, the Jesuits opened an all-boys seminary school for Wendat children just outside of Quebec. The Jesuits hoped to use the school as a tool of conversion, with the expectation that students would then return home to Wendake to bring others to the Catholic faith. While the Wendat agreed to send a few of their children to the school, their goal was to facilitate a friendly relationship between the Wendat and the French. This diplomacy was conducted through the lens of adoption. While at the seminary, the boys engaged with their French educators: they seemed to convert to Catholicism and they adapted their behaviour to match French expectations, as if they had been adopted by their Jesuit instructors. However, upon leaving the school, many reverted to more traditional Wendat practices, indicating their acculturation was a temporary, but practical, means of affiliating themselves with their Jesuit allies. Individual stories from three students are highlighted to illustrate the significance of the youths’ agency, adaptability, and use of kinship relationships to facilitate a diplomatic bond with some of the early French settlers.
Vertical structure of the axi‐asymmetric temperature disturbance in the Venusian polar atmosphere: Comparison between radio occultation measurements and GCM results
Authors: Ando Hiroki , Imamura Takeshi , Sugimoto Norihiko , Takagi Masahiro , Kashimura Hiroki , Tellmann Silvia , Pätzold Martin , Häusler Bernd , Matsuda Yoshihisa
Published: July 2017

Vertical temperature profiles at 40–75 km around 80°N in the Venus polar vortex are retrieved over 13 Earth days almost continuously from radio occultation measurements (Venus Express radio occultation) in the Venus Express mission. They show periodical variations with a dominant period of ∼3.1 Earth days. These fluctuations are confined in an altitude range of 45–65 km with a local minimum at ∼58 km altitude, where the static stability abruptly increases with height. The phase of the temperature fluctuations is almost reversed at the 58 km level and varies little above and below this altitude. A numerical simulation of a Venusian atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) shows that the axi‐asymmetric temperature disturbance with zonal wave number 1 is predominant at 50–75 km levels in the model atmosphere. The vertical structure of the reproduced disturbance agrees quite well with that retrieved by the radio occultation measurement: amplitude of the temperature fluctuation has a local minimum and its phase is reversed at the altitude (65 km in the model) where the static stability rapidly changes as in the observations. Above and below this altitude, the phase is almost constant in the vertical direction. The relationship among the temperature, horizontal winds, and geopotential height associated with the simulated disturbance suggests that the axi‐asymmetric temperature disturbance observed in the Venus polar region can be interpreted as neutral barotropic Rossby waves related to barotropic instability in the polar region.
Emission factors of health‐ and climate‐relevant pollutants measured in home during a carbon‐finance‐approved cookstove intervention in rural India
Authors: Grieshop Andrew P. , Jain Grishma , Sethuraman Karthik , Marshall Julian D.
Published: July 2017

We present results of an emission characterization effort, completed as part of a larger intervention trial, of a carbon‐finance‐approved program replacing traditional cookstoves with “rocket”‐style natural draft stoves. The 100 emission tests were conducted across 31 households in control and intervention groups, with repeated tests in most households during preintervention and postintervention periods. While mean fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emission factor for intervention stoves was significantly lower than for traditional stoves in baseline measurements, they were only marginally lower than traditional stoves during follow‐up. Intervention stove PM2.5 emissions had a larger contribution from light‐absorbing (elemental) carbon than traditional stoves. Repeated measurements in control households provide evidence for strong seasonality, likely due to differences in fuel moisture/types, in traditional stove emissions, with important implications for study design. Seasonality observed in control household emission factors (baseline > follow‐up) was in the opposite direction as that observed in indoor PM2.5 concentrations (baseline < follow‐up), highlighting that seasonally varying conditions (e.g., ventilation rates) may modify the link between emissions and exposures. Emission factor differences in paired (pre/post) tests from the same households were similar to differences in the medians of entire groups, suggesting variability is dominated by test‐to‐test variation. Emission reductions from intervention stoves were significantly smaller than laboratory performance would suggest or that are required to strongly reduce exposures. Field emissions assessment like that presented here should be prioritized early in technology assessment and development to provide rigorous estimates of the benefits reasonably expected from interventions with the potential for substantial benefits to human health and the environment.
Experimental postseismic recovery of fractured rocks assisted by calcite sealing
Authors: Aben F. M. , Doan M.‐L. , Gratier J.‐P. , Renard F.
Published: July 2017

Postseismic recovery within fault damage zones involves slow healing of coseismic fractures leading to permeability reduction and strength increase with time. To better understand this process, experiments were performed by long‐term fluid percolation with calcite precipitation through predamaged quartz‐monzonite samples subjected to upper crustal conditions of stress and temperature. This resulted in a P wave velocity recovery of 50% of its initial drop after 64 days. In contrast, the permeability remained more or less constant for the duration of the experiment. Microstructures, fluid chemistry, and X‐ray microtomography demonstrate that incipient calcite sealing and asperity dissolution are responsible for the P wave velocity recovery. The permeability is unaffected because calcite precipitates outside of the main flow channels. The highly nonparallel evolution of strength recovery and permeability suggests that fluid conduits within fault damage zones can remain open fluid conduits after an earthquake for much longer durations than suggested by the seismic monitoring of fault healing.
Frequency dependence of susceptibility in magnets with uniaxial and triaxial anisotropy
Authors: Newell A. J.
Published: July 2017

Characterization of minerals in rocks and soils provides a window into environmental processes and improves the interpretation of paleomagnetic measurements. Mineral composition, size, and shape can be constrained using magnetic measurements. For small minerals, a promising measurement is the frequency dependence of magnetic susceptibility. The size and shape dependence of the in‐phase componentand out‐of‐phase componentare derived for arbitrarily oriented superparamagnetic and single‐domain magnets with uniaxial and triaxial anisotropy. In a fluctuating field, a single magnet has a thermal response parallel to the easy axis and instantaneous rotation of the moment perpendicular to it. The size and temperature variations have the same form as in earlier theories in which all the magnets are aligned with the field and can be easily adapted to the methods of Shcherbakov and Fabian (2005) and Egli (2009) for finding size distributions using multiple temperatures and frequencies. These inversions are inherently nonunique and complicated by non‐SD contributions, but some robust constraints can be put on the volume distribution if the commonly used ratioχfdis 10% or greater. The anisotropy of the out‐of‐phase component (opAMS) has the same sense as thermoremanent magnetization (TRM) and can be used to correct the paleofield direction. Along with the anisotropy of the in‐phase component (ipAMS), it can be used to gain quantitative information on the deformation of the host rock. For the line/plane, or March, deformation model, opAMS and ipAMS are calculated and it is shown how they can be used to accurately represent the strain anisotropy.
Winter snow conditions on Arctic sea ice north of Svalbard during the Norwegian young sea ICE (N‐ICE2015) expedition
Authors: Merkouriadi Ioanna , Gallet Jean‐Charles , Graham Robert M. , Liston Glen E. , Polashenski Chris , Rösel Anja , Gerland Sebastian
Published: July 2017

Snow is a crucial component of the Arctic sea ice system. Its thickness and thermal properties control heat conduction and radiative fluxes across the ocean, ice, and atmosphere interfaces. Hence, observations of the evolution of snow depth, density, thermal conductivity, and stratigraphy are crucial for the development of detailed snow numerical models predicting energy transfer through the snow pack. Snow depth is also a major uncertainty in predicting ice thickness using remote sensing algorithms. Here we examine the winter spatial and temporal evolution of snow physical properties on first‐year (FYI) and second‐year ice (SYI) in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic Ocean, during the Norwegian young sea ICE (N‐ICE2015) expedition (January to March 2015). During N‐ICE2015, the snow pack consisted of faceted grains (47%), depth hoar (28%), and wind slab (13%), indicating very different snow stratigraphy compared to what was observed in the Pacific sector of the Arctic Ocean during the SHEBA campaign (1997–1998). Average snow bulk density was 345 kg m−3 and it varied with ice type. Snow depth was 41 ± 19 cm in January and 56 ± 17 cm in February, which is significantly greater than earlier suggestions for this region. The snow water equivalent was 14.5 ± 5.3 cm over first‐year ice and 19 ± 5.4 cm over second‐year ice.
Retrieving near‐global aerosol loading over land and ocean from AVHRR
Authors: Hsu N. C. , Lee J. , Sayer A. M. , Carletta N. , Chen S.‐H. , Tucker C. J. , Holben B. N. , Tsay S.‐C.
Published: July 2017

The spaceborne advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) sensor data record is approaching 40 years, providing a crucial asset for studying long‐term trends of aerosol properties regionally and globally. However, due to limitations of its channels' information content, aerosol optical depth (AOD) data from AVHRR over land are still largely lacking. In this paper, we describe a new physics‐based algorithm to retrieve aerosol loading over both land and ocean from AVHRR for the first time. The over‐land algorithm is an extension of our Sea‐viewing Wide Field‐of‐view Sensor and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Deep Blue algorithm, while a simplified version of our Satellite Ocean Aerosol Retrieval algorithm is used over ocean. We compare retrieved AVHRR AOD with that from MODIS on a daily and seasonal basis and find, in general, good agreement between the two. For the satellites with equatorial crossing times within 2 h of solar noon, the spatial coverage of the AVHRR aerosol product is comparable to that of MODIS, except over very bright arid regions (such as the Sahara), where the underlying surface reflectance at 630 nm reaches the critical surface reflectance. Based upon comparisons of the AVHRR AOD against Aerosol Robotic Network data, preliminary results indicate that the expected error confidence interval envelope is around ±(0.03 + 15%) over ocean and ±(0.05 + 25%) over land for this first version of the AVHRR aerosol products. Consequently, these new AVHRR aerosol products can contribute important building blocks for constructing a consistent long‐term data record for climate studies.
The effect of target properties on transient crater scaling for simple craters
Authors: Prieur N. C. , Rolf T. , Luther R. , Wünnemann K. , Xiao Z. , Werner S. C.
Published: July 2017

The effects of the coefficient of friction and porosity on impact cratering are not sufficiently considered in scaling laws that predict the crater size from a known impactor size, velocity, and mass. We carried out a systematic numerical study employing more than 1000 two‐dimensional models of simple crater formation under lunar conditions in targets with varying properties. A simple numerical setup is used where targets are approximated as granular or brecciated materials, and any compression of porous materials results in permanent compaction. The results are found to be consistent with impact laboratory experiments for water, low‐strength and low‐porosity materials (e.g., wet sand), and sands. Using this assumption, we found that both the friction coefficient and porosity are important for estimating transient crater diameters as is the strength term in crater scaling laws, i.e., the effective strength. The effects of porosity and friction coefficient on impact cratering were parameterized and incorporated into π group scaling laws, and predict transient crater diameters within an accuracy of ±5% for targets with friction coefficients f ≥ 0.4 and porosities Φ = 0–30%. Moreover, 90 crater scaling relationships are made available and can be used to estimate transient crater diameters on various terrains and geological units with different coefficient of friction, porosity, and cohesion. The derived relationships are most robust for targets with Φ > 10–15%, applicable for a lunar environment, and could therefore yield significant insights into the influence of target properties on cratering statistics.
Transferred, Ultrathin Oxide Bilayers as Biofluid Barriers for Flexible Electronic Implants
Authors: Song Enming , Lee Yoon Kyeung , Li Rui , Li Jinghua , Jin Xin , Yu Ki Jun , Xie Zhaoqian , Fang Hui , Zhong Yiding , Du Haina , Zhang Jize , Fang Guanhua , Kim Yerim , Yoon Younghee , Alam Muhammad A. , Mei Yongfeng , Huang Yonggang , Rogers John A.
Published: July 2017

The work presented here introduces a materials strategy that involves physically transferred, ultrathin layers of silicon dioxide (SiO2) thermally grown on silicon wafers and then coated with hafnium oxide (HfO2) by atomic layer deposition, as barriers that satisfy requirements for even the most challenging flexible electronic devices. Materials and physics aspects of hydrolysis and ionic transport associated with such bilayers define their performance and reliability characteristics. Systematic experimental studies and reactive diffusion modeling suggest that the HfO2 film, even with some density of pinholes, slows dissolution of the underlying SiO2 by orders of magnitude, independent of the concentration of ions in the surrounding biofluids. Accelerated tests that involve immersion in phosphate‐buffered saline solution at a pH of 7.4 and under a constant electrical bias demonstrate that this bilayer barrier can also obstruct the transport of ions that would otherwise cause drifts in the operation of the electronics. Theoretical drift–diffusion modeling defines the coupling of dissolution and ion diffusion, including their effects on device lifetime. Demonstrations of such barriers with passive and active components in thin, flexible electronic test structures highlight the potential advantages for wide applications in chronic biointegrated devices.
Enhanced Moisture Stability of Cesium‐Containing Compositional Perovskites by a Feasible Interfacial Engineering
Authors: Li Nan , Zhu Zonglong , Dong Qingshun , Li Jiangwei , Yang Zhanlue , Chueh Chu‐Chen , Jen Alex K.‐Y. , Wang Liduo
Published: July 2017

The compositional perovskites have attracted broad attention due to the improved photovoltaic performance and enhanced stability compared with the single cation perovskite, such as methylammonium lead iodide and formamidinium lead iodide. In this study, the moisture stability of the widely used cesium and bromide‐containing mixed perovskites is carefully studied by characterizing the morphology, crystallization, and device performance before and after the exposure to moisture. Though the mixed perovskites possess strong resistance to moisture in the ambient air, a rapid degradation is observed when the perovskites are exposed to a high relative humidity (RH) up to 70%. The degradation is evidenced by the obvious appearance of CsPbI3 phase along with needle‐like morphology after several hours' storage in 70% RH. Moreover, to suppress the erosion of perovskites by the high‐level moisture, an interfacial engineering is introduced with phenylethylammonium iodide (PEAI). The PEAI passivation not only shows a retarded degradation but also delivers an enhanced photovoltaic performance from 13% to >17% with much improved stability under high‐level moisture. The results imply the efficacy of interfacial engineering in fabricating high‐efficiency and stable perovskite solar cells.
pHstimuli‐responsive poly(acrylamide‐co‐sodium alginate) hydrogels prepared by γ‐radiation for improved compressive strength of concrete
Authors: Ghobashy Mohamed Mohamady , Bassioni Ghada
Published: July 2017

Cross‐linking of superabsorbent hydrogels based on poly(acrylamide‐co‐sodium alginate) is carried out using60Co γ‐radiation. Hydrogels ofPAM/NaAlg with 1.5:0.5 and 1.0:1.0 w/v concentrations showed good gel contents of 87 and 66 (%) and swelling degrees in water of 3.7 and 5 (g/g) after 40 min, respectively. The chemical structure of the hydrogel is confirmed byFTIR,XRD, andESR. The morphology of the hydrogel is observed using scanning electron microscopy. Intramolecular H‐bonding in the hydrogel network is confirmed byTGAandDSC. ThepH‐responsive swelling behavior of (PAM‐co‐NaAlg) hydrogels is tested in differentpHranges showing higher swelling capacities in basic than in acidic media. This property proposes the use of (PAM‐co‐NaAlg) hydrogel as internal curing agent for concrete. The hydrogel is examined with cement weight ratios of (0.1–0.5) wt%. The study shows that cement with (PAM‐co‐NaAlg) hydrogel improves the compressive strength of cement at 0.1 and 0.2 wt%.
Postoperative complications after stapled and hand‐sewn ileal pouch‐anal anastomosis for familial adenomatous polyposis: A multicenter study
Authors: Konishi Tsuyoshi , Ishida Hideyuki , Ueno Hideki , Kobayashi Hirotoshi , Hinoi Takao , Inoue Yasuhiro , Ishida Fumio , Kanemitsu Yukihide , Yamaguchi Tatsuro , Tomita Naohiro , Matsubara Nagahide , Watanabe Toshiaki , Sugihara Kenichi
Published: July 2017

Ileal pouch‐anal anastomosis (IPAA) after total proctocolectomy (TPC) can be conducted with either hand‐sewn or stapled anastomosis for patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Although stapled IPAA without mucosectomy has a higher risk for developing adenomas in the remnant mucosa, it is the simpler procedure with potential benefit in short‐term outcomes. However, it remains controversial as to whether stapled IPAA has any advantages in reducing postoperative complications. The aim of the present study was to compare the postoperative complications and short‐term outcomes of stapled and hand‐sewn IPAA for patients with FAP, using a multicenter cohort sample in Japan. Data of 143 patients with FAP who underwent TPC with stapled IPAA (n=37) and hand‐sewn IPAA (n=106) at 23 institutions between 2000 and 2012 were collected. Postoperative complications, proportion of ostomy, fecal continence and overall survival were compared. Overall rates of the Clavien‐Dindo grade II‐IV complications were not different between the two groups (19% in stapled vs 25% in hand‐sewn, P=.42), with significantly fewer pouch‐related complications including leakage, pelvic abscess, vaginal fistula and anastomotic stricture in stapled IPAA (none in stapled vs 11% in hand‐sewn, P=.036). There was no mortality. Proportion of ostomy at 12 months was similar (2.7% in stapled vs 4.3% in hand‐sewn, P=.26). Mean Wexner score was similar. (0.47 in stapled vs 2.0 in hand‐sewn, P=.12). Five‐year overall survival excluding Stage IV patients was 96% in both groups. Stapled IPAA is a safe option in patients with FAP with a potential benefit in reducing pouch‐related complications.
Oxidation of caffeine by acid‐activated ferrate(VI): Effect of ions and natural organic matter
Authors: Manoli Kyriakos , Nakhla George , Ray Ajay K. , Sharma Virender K.
Published: July 2017

Caffeine (CAF) is the most commonly consumed stimulant and frequently detected emerging pollutant in influents and effluents of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and surface waters. Acid‐activated ferrate(VI) (FeVI
, Fe(VI)) oxidizes CAF in water in seconds to minutes at three times lower molar ratio of Fe(VI) to CAF than oxidative transformation observed in hours by nonactivated Fe(VI) (8.0 vs. 25.0). CAF oxidation by acid‐activated Fe(VI) is not affected by ionic constituents of water. Organic components of natural organic matter (NOM) and secondary effluent wastewater (SE) decrease efficiency of CAF transformation. However, acid‐activated Fe(VI) could mineralize other organics present in both NOM and SE as indicated by the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal. Comparatively, no mineralization was seen without activation of Fe(VI). Four oxidized products of CAF were identified by a liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry technique. The reaction pathways of the oxidation of CAF by activated Fe(VI) have been proposed. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2017
Synthesis of Benzopyrans by Enolate‐Directed Rhodium‐Catalyzed Oxidative C−H Alkenylation of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds
Authors: Bollikolla Hari Babu , Choppakatla Subrahmanyam , Polam Naresh , Thripuram Vijaya Durga , Chidipudi Suresh Reddy
Published: July 2017

A diverse scope of 2‐aryl‐1,3‐dicarbonyl substrates was investigated in an efficient and facile enolate‐directed C−H alkenylation process using readily available electron‐deficient alkenes. The developed domino strategy works under rhodium catalysis, providing a range of benzopyran heterocycles by the formation of two distinct C−C and C−O bonds and one new six‐membered ring. The salient features of the protocol include the broad range of previously unexplored 1,3‐dicarbonyl substrates for C−H alkenylations, good functional group tolerance and rapid assembly of new benzopyrans in generally good to excellent isolated yields.
Stereospecific Decarboxylative Nazarov Cyclization Mediated by Carbon Dioxide for the Preparation of Highly Substituted 2‐Cyclopentenones
Authors: Komatsuki Keiichi , Sadamitsu Yuta , Sekine Kohei , Saito Kodai , Yamada Tohru
Published: July 2017

Highly substituted 2‐cyclopentenones were stereospecifically and regioselectively constructed with high catalytic efficiency through Lewis‐acid catalyzed decarboxylative Nazarov cyclization of the cyclic carbonate derivative, which is prepared by reacting the propargyl alcohol with carbon dioxide in the presence of a silver catalyst. The stereochemistry of the 2‐cyclopentenone is strictly controlled by the geometry of the alkene in the starting material. This method is applicable for various substrates.
Strukturelle und elektronische Flexibilität in Hydriden von Zintl‐Phasen mit Tetrel‐Wasserstoff‐ und Tetrel‐Tetrel‐Bindung
Authors: Auer Henry , Schlegel Robert , Oeckler Oliver , Kohlmann Holger
Published: July 2017

Die Hydrierung von Zintl‐Phasen ermöglicht die Bildung neuer Strukturmotive mit Hauptgruppenelement‐Wasserstoff‐Bindungen im Festkörper. Die Hydrierung von SrSi, BaSi und BaGe führt zu den Hydriden SrSiH5/3‐x, BaSiH5/3‐x und BaGeH5/3‐x. Die Kristallstrukturen wurden durch eine Kombination von Röntgen‐, Neutronen‐ und Elektronenbeugung sowie unter Zuhilfenahme von DFT‐Rechnungen gelöst und zeigen eine sechsfache Überstruktur im Vergleich zur wasserstofffreien Zintl‐Phase. Schichten aus verknüpften HSr4‐(HBa4‐)Tetraedern, die ein Hydridanion enthalten, wechseln sich mit Schichten aus polyanionischen Einfach‐ und Doppelketten ab, in denen Wasserstoff kovalent an Silicium oder Germanium gebunden ist. Die idealisierten chemischen Formeln EaTtH5/3 (Ea=Erdalkalimetall, Tt=Tetrelatom) lassen sich mit dem Zintl‐Klemm‐Konzept als (Ea2+)3(TtH−)(Tt2H2−)(H−)3 beschreiben, wobei alle Tt‐Atome dreibindig sind. Die Nichtstöchiometrie (SrSiH5/3‐x, x=0.17(2); BaGeH5/3‐x, x=0.10(3)) ist durch zusätzliche π‐Bindungsanteile zu erklären.
Colossal Stability of Gas‐Phase Trianions: Super‐Pnictogens
Authors: Zhao Tianshan , Zhou Jian , Wang Qian , Jena Puru
Published: July 2017

Multiply charged negative ions are ubiquitous in nature. They are stable as crystals because of charge compensating cations; while in solutions, solvent molecules protect them. However, they are rarely stable in the gas phase because of strong electrostatic repulsion between the extra electrons. Therefore, understanding their stability without the influence of the environment has been of great interest to scientists for decades. While much of the past work has focused on dianions, work on triply charged negative ions is sparse and the search for the smallest trianion that is stable against spontaneous electron emission or fragmentation continues. Stability of BeB11(X)123− (X=CN, SCN, BO) trianions is demonstrated in the gas phase, with BeB11(CN)123− exhibiting colossal stability against electron emission by 2.65 eV and against its neutral adduct by 15.85 eV. The unusual stability of these trianions opens the door to a new class of super‐pnictogens with potential applications in aluminum‐ion batteries.
Electrophilic Amination with Nitroarenes
Authors: Rauser Marian , Ascheberg Christoph , Niggemann Meike
Published: July 2017

An exceptionally general electrophilic amination, which directly transforms commercially available nitroarenes into alkylated aromatic aminoboranes with zinc organyl compounds was developed. The reaction starts with a two‐step partial reduction of the nitro group to a nitrenoid, which is used in situ as the electrophilic amination reagent. To facilitate isolation, the resulting air‐ and moisture‐sensitive aminoboranes were reacted with a range of electrophiles. The method not only represents a direct transformation of nitro compounds into electrophilic amination reagents but also provides an elegant alternative to dehydrocoupling methods for the generation of aminoboranes.
Recognition and Extraction of Cesium Hydroxide and Carbonate by Using a Neutral Multitopic Ion‐Pair Receptor
Authors: He Qing , Peters Gretchen Marie , Lynch Vincent M. , Sessler Jonathan L.
Published: July 2017

Current approaches to lowering the pH of basic media rely on the addition of a proton source. An alternative approach is described herein that involves the liquid–liquid extraction‐based removal of cesium salts, specifically CsOH and Cs2CO3, from highly basic media. A multitopic ion‐pair receptor (2) is used that can recognize and extract the hydroxide and carbonate anions as their cesium salts, as confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopic titrations, ICP‐MS, single‐crystal structural analyses, and theoretical calculations. A sharp increase in the pH and cesium concentrations in the receiving phase is observed when receptor 2 is employed as a carrier in U‐tube experiments involving the transport of CsOH through an intervening chloroform layer. The pH of the source phase likewise decreases.