bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The elderly care and domestic services sector during the recent economic crisis. The case of Italy, Spain and France.
Authors: Picchi Sara
Published: June 2016

Over the past ten years in Italy, Spain and France, the demographic pressure and the increasing women’s participation in labour market have fuelled the expansion of the private provision of domestic and care services. In order to ensure the difficult balance between affordability, quality and job creation, each countries’ response has been different. France has developed policies to sustain the demand side introducing instruments such as vouchers and fiscal schemes, since the mid of the 2000s. Massive public funding has contributed to foster a regular market of domestic and care services and France is often presented as a “best practices” of those policies aimed at encouraging a regular private sector. Conversely in Italy and Spain, the development of a private domestic and care market has been mostly uncontrolled and without a coherent institutional design: the osmosis between a large informal market and the regular private care sector has been ensured on the supply side by migrant workers’ regularizations or the introduction of new employment regulations . The analysis presented in this paper aims to describe the response of these different policies to the challenges imposed by the current economic crisis. In dealing with the retrenchment of public expenditure and the reduced households’ purchasing power, Italy, Spain and France are experiencing greater difficulties in ensuring a regular private sector of domestic and care services. In light of that, the paper analyses the recent economic conjuncture presenting some assumptions about the future risk of deeper inequalities rising along with the increase of the process of marketization of domestic and care services in all the countries under analysis.
Tramando futuros. Transnacionalismo familiar en la migración desde República Dominicana y Brasil hacia España
Authors: Pedone Claudia , Gil Araujo Sandra
Published: June 2016

En este artículo exploramos las formas de re-organización familiar desplegadas por los y las migrantes en el marco de una (nueva) crisis económica global y de endurecimiento del control migratorio en Europa, tomando como casos de estudio las migraciones de Brasil y República Dominicana hacia España.Nuestra finalidad no es caracterizar la totalidad de estrategias de estos colectivos, sino visibilizar su heterogeneidad. Los desplazamientos de población dominicana y brasileña hacia España tienen en común el rol de las mujeres como primer eslabón de las cadenas migratorias. En ambos casos las mujeres son el sostén económico de las familias transnacionales y lideran los procesos de reagrupación. Sin embargo, las diferencias en el tiempo transcurrido en el país de destino, el estatus jurídico, la procedencia (urbana-rural), el nivel formativo, la pertenencia de clase y la inserción laboral en destino, inciden de modo diferencial en el diseño y puesta en marcha de los proyectos migratorios, en la organización del cuidado y en las estrategias de reunificación familiar. Estos hallazgos cuestionan el lugar preponderante que se le suele otorgar al origen nacional en el estudio de los procesos migratorios internacionales.
Respuestas frente a la crisis en clave de género: migración circular y retorno entre familias ecuatorianas en España y Ecuador
Authors: Herrera Mosquera Gioconda
Published: June 2016

Este artículo analiza el impacto de la crisis en las estrategias de cuidado y reproducción social de familias migrantes ecuatorianas en Madrid y Quito. El artículo analiza las experiencias de migración circular y los retornos más permanentes de hombres y mujeres en los últimos cinco años. Se argumenta que estas estrategias y la mayor o menor capacidad de movilidad entre distintos destinos migratorios presentan importantes diferencias entre los géneros.  Por un lado, existe un uso diferenciado entre hombres y mujeres de su condición migratoria para desplegar estrategias transnacionales y potenciar su capacidad de movilidad. Por otro lado, el grado de movilidad y flexibilidad frente al mercado laboral y la reproducción social transnacionalizada responde a un determinado orden de género y división sexual del trabajo.
Fútbol en femenino. Notas para la construcción de una historia social del deporte femenino en España, 1900-1936
Authors: Torrebadella-Flix Xavier
Published: June 2016

En el contexto de las demandas del movimiento feminista europeo del primer tercio del siglo XX, en España el deporte femenino puso en escena las aspiraciones de prácticas consideradas del dominio masculino. Las primeras incursiones de las mujeres en el fútbol se destacaron por su utilización mediática como símbolo de una transformación social hacia la modernidad del siglo XX. No en balde, el fútbol femenino puso de relieve las reivindicaciones del movimiento feminista, aunque encontró la desaprobación masculina de un movimiento adversario. La investigación ha partido de la revisión bibliográfica y hemerográfica de la prensa especializada y de las noticias deportivas de la época. Asimismo se han tenido en cuenta otros estudios actuales para centrar una posición desde la historia social del deporte. Ello ha permitido destacar que el fútbol en España se estableció como un inequívoco espacio (re)productor del modelo hegemónico del poder de la masculinidad, en donde las mujeres fueron relegadas a representar un ritual simbólico en un escenario accesorio y de condescendencia.
Perspectivas sobre género, migraciones transnacionales y trabajo: rearticulaciones del trabajo de reproducción social y de cuidados en la Europa del Sur
Authors: Barañano Cid Margarita , Marchetti Sabrina
Published: June 2016

El presente trabajo trata de dar cuenta del “estado del arte” y de algunas de las principales cuestiones a debate en relación con la temática de las migraciones trasnacionales y el trabajo reproductivo en el sur de Europa. Se comienza realizando una genealogía del complejo desarrollo teórico que conduce a la consolidación del programa de investigación que vincula la consideración del género con las migraciones transnacionales y las transformaciones del trabajo y de las formas de supervivencia, tanto por lo que hace a los aspectos productivos como reproductivos, en un contexto de globalización. Se presenta el análisis del proceso de reconfiguración multiescalar de la reproducción social y los cuidados, con especial atención a su dimensión global actual, apuntando a que el turning point de esta línea de investigación habría tenido lugar con el inicio de este siglo, con el surgimiento de nociones como las de “cadenas globales de cuidados” (Hochschild, 2001), o “fuga de cuidados” (Ehrenreich y Hochschild, 2013). Asimismo, se reconoce el protagonismo de esta nueva agencia, compuesta ahora en muchos casos por mujeres, que migran a otros países o continentes, precisamente para ocuparse de estas actividades reproductivas. Por último, se alude a algunos de los nuevos desarrollos conceptuales y teóricos en esta materia.
Performatividad y arte computacional. Hacia una “DIY society”
Authors: Sastre Domínguez Paz
Published: June 2016

El artículo analiza la figura del prosumidor desde los estudios visuales a partir de la combinación de la teoría de los actos de habla y los nuevos medios. El objetivo es evaluar si la distinción entre productores y consumidores, estrategias y tácticas de Michel de Certeau continúa siendo operativa en las interfaces gráficas de la cultura global de la información de Scott Lash. Para ello distingue dos tipos de performatividad de los actos de habla: la performatividad top-down del software, y la bottom-up de los juegos del lenguaje y las formas de vida. Estos tipos se aplican al análisis del discurso de los eslóganes que aparecen en los sitios web de las iniciativas “open” y de economía colaborativa, ya que las primeras están dedicadas a la producción de bienes inmateriales y las segundas a la producción de bienes materiales. El desarrollo muestra cómo los dos tipos de performatividad transforman el análisis textual de los estudios literarios y cinematográficos en una metodología capaz de investigar acciones materiales, humanas y no humanas. Las conclusiones describen el surgimiento de nuevas convenciones narrativas de poder y control ajenas a la ficción que apuntan a una “DIY society”.
Editorial
Authors: Figueroa Sarriera Heidi , Gray Chris H.
Published: June 2016

Este editorial establece las coordenadas de contenido del presente monográfico donde se sugieren dos rutas de lectura y formas posibles de desplazamiento. Una de éstas rutas  muestra las asimetrías, las formas de exclusión y al mismo tiempo las formas de apropiación de las tecnologías desde América Latina y España. La segunda opta por trabajos provocadores  que sugieren nuevas metáforas y aproximaciones conceptuales para repensar la contemporaneidad.
Comparative Efficacy of Insecticidal Plants on the Management of Groundnut Bruchid (Caryedon Serratus)
Authors: Okweche Simon Idoko , Umoetok Sylvia Bassey , Odey Ukatu Patrick
Published: June 2016

Laboratory study was conducted to determine the efficacy of insecticidal plant extracts Azadirachta indica A. (Juss), Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae), Eupatorium odoratum L. (Asteraceae), Tephrosia vogelii Hook, Afromomum melegueta K.M. (Schumann) and Ocimum gratissimum (L) leaves against groundnut bruchid beetle (Caryedon serratus), and a synthetic insecticide (Cypermethrin) (10EC)) under ambient condition of temperature and relative humidity (30°C and 72%). One hundred grams of shelled groundnut was weighed into jute bags and treated with powders of the insecticidal plants. Both treated and untreated bags of groundnut were then infested with newly emerged adult of C. serratus (20 per bag) and covered. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and replicated four times. Parameters assessed included number of egg oviposited, number of eggs hatched (eclosion) and number of adults that emerged from each treatment, total developmental period (egg – adult), sex ratio of the emerged adults and finally percentage germination of the treated seeds. Data collected were analyzed using analysis of variance and treatment means were separated using Duncan multiple range tests at P ≤ 0.05 level of significance. Results showed that A. indica, L. camara, T. vogelli, A. melegueta and O. gratissimum treated seeds significantly recorded lowest mean number of eggs, reduced damage by C. serratus and increased germination percentage compared with E. odoratum and control. In conclusion, A. indica, L. camara, T. vogelli, A. melegueta and O. gratissimum have the potentials as alternatives to synthetic insecticides in the management of C. serratus by resource poor farmers.
Detecting a Feminist Reading Model:
Authors: Kuhlemann Alma
Published: June 2016

This article demonstrates how Chilean Marcela Serrano's fiction posits a political value for women readers in bonding through texts. It argues there is clear evidence of a project to model text-mediated relationships with and among her readers that can encourage women to construct more rewarding self-definitions. This project's logistical hub resides in Serrano's Nuestra Señora de la Soledad (1999), a novel that features a female detective and exhibits for women readers a step-by-step approach toward establishing empowering connections. This article examines this process of reading-to-connect as instantiating the feminist model of reading based on intersubjective encounters among woman reader, text, and woman writer discussed in Schweickart (1986), drawing on Adrienne Rich's search for connection with Emily Dickinson. To provide insight into the dynamics of cultivating reading-based bonds, both within and beyond Serrano's text, this articles uses conceptual tools from Italian feminism's practice of relations. To assess Serrano's putative project of connecting women through the writing and reading of female characters' life stories, it adduces results from a reader response questionnaire conducted with a sample of Serrano's readers. Their responses indicate that reading Serrano's fiction can open up for women readers a space of female sociality that validates and encourages female desires.
How Much?: Understanding Money in Major Barbara
Authors: Dukore Bernard F.
Published: June 2016

From the nineteenth century to World War I, Thomas Piketty demonstrates in Capital in the Twenty-First Century, inflation was virtually zero. Reflecting the fiscal stability of that era, money in earlier novels and plays had a concrete, specific meaning. Income and wealth established a character's social status that readers understood. Following the drums of August 1914 markers of money became unstable, even volatile, and currency rates fluctuated, sometimes greatly. Twenty-first-century audiences no longer understand, as nineteenth- and early twentieth-century audiences did, these monetary markers, which bear no relationship to today's quantities. For today's readers, teachers, directors, and actors, it is important to know more precisely, in today's terms, the wealth or poverty—reflective of the standard of living—of Shaw's characters. This essay focuses on Major Barbara, written more than a century ago, in which money is a significant factor. It aims to formulate the monetary allusions and the present-day incomes of the play's onstage and offstage characters in the lower classes and upper classes, even in the topmost classes, including what is now called “the 1 percent.” It does so in both British pounds sterling and U.S. dollars.
Landlord–Tenant (Non)Relations in the Work of Bernard Shaw
Authors: Clare David
Published: June 2016

As a child, Shaw was horrified by the appalling poverty of the Dublin slums, and, while working in a Dublin estate office as a teenager, he actually had to collect slum rents. On a more personal level, both sides of Shaw's family were tied to the Protestant Ascendancy, possessing land throughout Leinster and Munster. Although Shaw himself was raised in “shabby genteel poverty,” he was taught to take pride in his family's exalted social connections. He gradually came to realize, however, that his revered relations were complicit in the unjust land distribution prevalent in Ireland prior to the Land War. The unjust relations between landlords and tenants that Shaw witnessed in Ireland cast a shadow over not only his politics (leading him to embrace socialism as a young man) but also his drama. As this article demonstrates, Shaw deals with Irish landlord-tenant relations directly in his three plays set in Ireland: John Bull's Other Island, O'Flaherty, V.C., and Tragedy of an Elderly Gentleman. In addition, his exposure to Dublin slums as a child and teenager informs Widowers' Houses, and his numerous visits to Irish (and not simply English) Big Houses were a clear influence on Heartbreak House.
El control social y territorial de una fuerza insurgente. El caso de la Resistencia Nacional (RN) durante el conflicto armado
Authors: Sancho Castañeda Eduardo
Published: June 2016

Trabajo de investigación histórica con un enfoque narrativo basado en la experiencia del autor en la conducción de una fuerza insurgente. Analiza las dimensiones implícitas del control social y territorial de fuerzas de ocupación en un conflicto interno, entre ellas: delimitación de fronteras, flexibilidad de fronteras, equilibrio de fuerzas, corredores logísticos, establecimiento de bases sociales de apoyo. Se abordan tres aspectos principales: 1) Cómo el Estado salvadoreño perdió hegemonía en el territorio abriendo paso a las fuerzas insurgentes; 2) Cómo alcanzaron control social y territorial las fuerzas insurgentes; 3) Los factores clave que permitieron un equilibrio inestable de fuerzas durante el conflicto armado.
Estrategias de recuperación de territorios con presencia pandilleril y sus efectos en la convivencia de los habitantes de la residencial Los Chorros, cantón Las Angosturas, municipio de Colón, departamento de La Libertad, año 2015
Authors: Cabrera Soriano José Jaime , Vega Palacios Miguel Felipe , Delgado Juárez Miguel Ángel
Published: June 2016

Revista Policía y Seguridad Pública 6(1) 2016: 341-386
Libros: Infiltrados. Crónica de la corrupción en la PNC
Authors: Padilla Mirón William Riquelmi
Published: June 2016

Revista Policía y Seguridad Pública 6(1) 2016: 389-391
Cine: Barrios en guerra. Medellín
Authors: Sánchez Sierra Ribelino
Published: June 2016

Revista Policía y Seguridad Pública 6(1) 2016: 402-403
An Investigation on EFL Teachers’ Attitude toward Teaching Profession
Authors: Agcam Reyhan , Babanoglu Muzaffer Pinar
Published: June 2016

Teaching is described as a demanding job that requires in-depth knowledge of subject content, age-specific pedagogy, and many varied skills such as patience, leadership, and creativity. Teaching a foreign language constitutes another challenge for the teachers who are already attached the primary liability in raising generations for contributing to the development of their country. Considering that foreign language teachers’ attitudes toward their job largely influence their professional performance, this study aims to scrutinize whether attitude of EFL teachers toward teaching profession significantly differ across level of educational institutions where they are working. Accordingly, an attitude scale was administered to EFL teachers working at state primary schools, secondary schools, and institutions of higher education in Turkey. The results indicated that the majority of the participants have positive attitudes toward their job despite problems they encounter while performing it. The study reported and discussed research findings in comprehensively, and offered a few pedagogical implications, and suggestions for further directions.
Measuring the Hedge Ratio: A GCC Perspective
Authors: Bash Ahmad , Al-Awadhi Abdullah M. , Jamaani Fouad
Published: June 2016

In this paper, we examine the effectiveness of minimising the variance of the hedge ratio using different econometric models for the GCC currencies under money-market hedging and cross-currency hedging. Specifically, we determine whether different model specifications and estimation methods yield different hedge-effectiveness results. In other words, does the sophistication of the model improve the effectiveness of the hedge? Our results show that these econometric models fail either to add value or to improve the effectiveness of the hedge.
FDI-Local Investment Nexus: Evidence from MENA Region
Authors: Selmi Nadia
Published: June 2016

The aim of this article is to measure the interactions likely to occur between Foreign Direct Investment and the local investment in the MENA region. This interaction could take the shape of either a substitution or a complementarity relationship. We have adopted an empirical analysis based on panel data using a sample of 7 countries (Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria). We have concluded that the most probable assumption for these countries is the eviction of the local investment projects following the entry of FDI.
Relationship between Foreign Exchange Rate and Stock Price of Commercial Joint Stock Banks: Evidence from Vietnam
Authors: Uyen Ngan Tran Mong
Published: June 2016

The relationship between foreign exchange rate and stock price is one popular topic that is interested by not only board managers of banks but also stock investors. By using data about foreign exchange rate between Vietnam Dong (VND) and United State Dollar (USD), stock prices data of nine commercial joint stock banks in Vietnam from the first day of 2013 to the last day of 2015, this paper try to answer the question “Does foreign exchange rate impact on stock price and vice verse?”. Applying Dickey Fuller test and Var Granger Causality test for the time series data, the results show that there is an impact of foreign exchange rate on stock price. Although the fluctuation in foreign exchange rate VND/USD causes the change in stock prices of commercial joint stock banks in Vietnam, however, the vector of this impact is not clearly. On the opposite way, the change in stock price does not cause the change in foreign exchange rate, this relation is one-way relation.
Dividend Announcement and Ex-Dividend Effects on Stock Return
Authors: Ngoc Dinh Bao , Cuong Nguyen Chi
Published: June 2016

We study the impact of dividend policy on the stock return by investigating reaction of the stock price on the dividend announcement date and the ex-dividend date. In order to achieve this goal, a sample comprising 1962 observations of dividend-related events from 432 listed companies in Vietnam during the period 2008 to 2015 is chosen to analyze and the event study methodology is used to estimate abnormal returns to the shares around the announcement date and the ex-dividend date. Our results clearly show that the effect of dividend announcement on the stock return is positive around the announcement date. In addition, the stock price moves up as long as the ex-dividend date approaches and then starts decreasing from this date onwards.
Are Family Firms Different in Choosing and Adjusting Their Capital Structure? An Empirical Analysis through the Lens of Agency Theory
Authors: Morresi Ottorino , Naccarato Alessia
Published: June 2016

How do family firms choose and adjust their capital structure? A significant number of contributions have examined the problem from several angles but many issues remain a puzzle. We examine capital structure choices of family firms in Italy, a context characterized by high private benefits of control, separation between ownership and control, and diffusion of family-controlled pyramidal groups. Consistent with the agency-based models, family firms are found to be more leveraged than non-family counterparts as a result of their desire to hold control. We also find higher debt ratios in firms with a higher separation between ownership and control if and only if the firm is controlled by a family. This lends support to the fact that controlling families may want to allocate more debt to subsidiaries, where the separation is higher, in order to inflate assets under domination at the expense of minority shareholders, while controlling negative effects in case of bankruptcy of an affiliate. Finally, family firms are also found to behave differently when they adjust their debt ratio. We show that leverage persistence is higher in family firms because they bear higher adjustment costs as a result of higher agency costs of equity, but lower costs of deviating from the optimal debt level, because the tight links between controlling families and banks may allow family owners to negotiate deviations with banks more easily.
Grassland communities in the USA and expected trends associated with climate change
Authors: Belesky David Paul , Malinowski Dariusz Piotr
Published: June 2016

Grasslands, including managed grazinglands, represent one of the largest ecosystems on the planet. Managed grazinglands in particular tend to occupy marginal climatic and edaphic resource zones, thus exacerbating responses in net primary productivity relative to changes in system resources, including anthropogenic factors. Climate dynamism, as evident from the fossil record, appears to be a putative feature of our planet. Recent global trends in temperature and precipitation patterns seem to differ from long-term patterns and have been associated with human activities linked with increased greenhouse gas emissions; specifically CO2. Thus grasslands, with their diverse floristic components, and interaction with and dependence upon herbivores, have a remarkable ability to persist and sustain productivity in response to changing resource conditions. This resistance and resilience to change, including uncertain long-term weather conditions, establishes managed grasslands as an important means of protecting food security. We review responses of grassland communities across regions of the USA and consider the responses in productivity and system function with respect to climatic variation. Research is needed to identify plant resources and management technologies that strengthen our ability to capitalize upon physiological and anatomical features prevalent in grassland communities associated with varying growing conditions.
How alpine heathlands response to the snow cover change on the ski slope? Long-lasting ski slope impact case study from the Hrubý Jeseník Mts (Central Europe)
Authors: Zeidler Miroslav , Duchoslav Martin , Banaš Marek
Published: June 2016

The distribution and duration of snow cover are important variables that affect ecosystem processes in the alpine zone. The establishment of ski resorts dramatically change their surrounding environment and ski slopes represent significant anthropogenic impact in the mountains. We assessed the changes in environmental factors, phenology, growth, and reproductive performance of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), a dominant species of alpine heathlands, caused by a “nature-friendly” managed ski slope (i.e., without artificial snow and machine grading) at permanent plots established on the ski slope under operations (inside the ski slope) and on an unaffected control area (outside the ski slope). A lower mean temperature and a shorter time of great temperature fluctuation during snow melting, a longer time span of snow cover, and a higher snow water equivalent were observed inside the ski slope compared to outside it. Due to changed environmental conditions, the beginning of growth was postponed, and a delay in phenological development was observed in the bilberry at the ski slope. However, bilberry ripened both inside and outside the ski slope in a similar period and showed similar cover and even higher flower and fruit densities inside the ski slope compared with natural surroundings. The persistence of bilberry was not deteriorated and its performance was even better inside the ski slope. On the ski slope, managed snow cover can reduce the potential vegetation shifts due to expected impact of the climate warming. That should be taken into account in conservation and management planning.
Clinical Frailty Scale in an Acute Medicine Unit: a Simple Tool That Predicts Length of Stay
Authors: Juma Salina , Taabazuing Mary-Margaret , Montero-Odasso Manuel
Published: June 2016

BackgroundFrailty is characterized by increased vulnerability to external stressors. When frail older adults are admitted to hospital, they are at increased risk of adverse events including falls, delirium, and disability. The Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) is a practical and efficient tool for assessing frailty; however, its ability to predict outcomes has not been well studied within the acute medical service.ObjectiveTo examine the CFS in elderly patients admitted to the acute medical ward and its association with length of stay.DesignProspective cohort study in an acute care university hospital in London, Ontario, Canada, involving 75 patients over age 65, admitted to the general internal medicine clinical teaching units (CTU).MeasurementsPatient demographics were collected through chart review, and CFS score was assigned to each patient after brief clinician assessment. The CFS ranges from 1 (very fit) to 9 (terminally ill) based on descriptors and pictographs of activity and functional status. The CFS was collapsed into three categories: non-frail (CFS 1–4), mild-to-moderately frail (CFS 5–6), and severely frail (CFS 7–8). Outcomes of length of stay and 90- day readmission were gathered through the LHSC electronic patient record.ResultsSevere frailty was associated with longer lengths of stay (Mean = 12.6 ± 12.7 days) compared to mild-to-moderate frailty (mean = 11.2 ± 10.8 days), and non-frailty (mean = 4.1 ± 2.1 days, p = .014). This finding was significant after adjusting for age, sex, and number of medications. Participants with higher frailty scores showed higher readmission rates when compared with those with no frailty (31.2% for severely frail, vs. 34.2% for mild-to-moderately frail vs. 19% for non-frail) although there was no significant difference in the adjusted analysis.ConclusionThe CFS helped identify patients that are more likely to have prolonged hospital stays on the acute medical ward. The CFS is an easy to use tool which can detect older adults at high risk of complicated course and longer stay. Objective early identification of seniors with frailty in acute care units can help to target interventions to prevent complications and to implement effective discharge planning in high risk older adults.
METODOLOGIA PARA INTEGRAÇÃO DE UMA REDE DE RADARES METEOROLÓGICOS: APLICAÇÃO PARA O ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO
Authors: Morales Carlos Augusto , Amorim Wando Celso
Published: June 2016

This study presents two procedures to integrate three weather radars in the State of São Paulo that can be extended to any other radar network. The methology consists of a radar calibration procedure followed by the integratio. The radar calibration is based on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) coincident measurements. In this procedure, it was found that both Salesópolis and Presidente Prudent weather radars were over-estimating the radar refletivity fator (Z) by +6.0 and +4.4 dBZ respectively, while Bauru radar was under-estimating by -4.3 dBZ. Upon the calibration, the 3 weather radars were integrated by employing the constant altitude plan position indicator (CAPPIs) and the iluminated volume projected in a 3D space. In the CAPPI procedure, only the distance from the radar was used to weight the measurements, while for the volumetric methodology we employed the contribution of the ilumilated volume fraction that intercepted the integrated volume. Based on these two approaches it was found that the CAPPI integration presented under estimation for Z < 29 dBZ and super-estimation above, while the Volumetric method understimate almost constant at 0,5 dBZ.
ANÁLISE DOS EFEITOS DO DÉFICIT HÍDRICO NA RESPOSTA TEMPORAL DO ÍNDICE DE VEGETAÇÃO POR DIFERENÇA NORMALIZADA (NDVI) NO ESTADO DO AMAZONAS
Authors: Paiva Célia Maria , Jesus Alice Da Silva Gonçalves de
Published: June 2016

Vegetation indices derived by remote sensing can help identify occurrence of drought on a regional scale. The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) has been widely used in vegetation monitoring, with promising results. This study aims to identify the patterns of temporal response of NDVI in relation to occurrence of deficit/surplus water to different regions of the Amazon biome, as well as understand its seasonal and inter-annual cycles. Therefore, data from five weather stations of the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) and a set of orbital data of  EFAI-NDVI were used. The study period covers the years 1982 to 1990. The results indicate that the response of NDVI to the occurrence of drought is one month in all regions. In the case of water surplus, that response varies from one to four months. Seasonally, the highest NDVI values occur after the rainy season in the region and the lowest values occurring after the dry season. On inter-annual behavior, the NDVI decreases in El Niño years and rises in La Niña years.
A INFLUÊNCIA DOS RECURSOS NATURAIS E DOS ASPECTOS FÍSICO-GEOGRÁFICOS NA CONFIGURAÇÃO TERRITORIAL DA AMÉRICA DO SUL
Authors: Venturi Luis Antonio Bittar
Published: June 2016

South America’s territorial arrangement – a big country surrounded by smaller ones – is clarified by historical factors, as due to the fact that Brazil has become a viceroyalty. The Royal family’s presence in the colony would have favoured its integrity. Normally, the geographic factors are neglected in this explanation, especially those related to natural resources as physical aspects of the landscape. Here we intend to fill this thematic gap applying the geographic facts to the explanatory analysis of the South-American territory. Methodologically, the comparative analysis between The Spanish America and the Portuguese was conducted by two variables: the nature of the explored natural resources and the physical features of the territory. Our main idea is founded on four premises: 1 –Moving through the territory as a condition to assure domination. 2 - Biomass natural resources lead to farther moving. 3 - Considering that mining activities are local they beget urban development and consequently became a fertile ground for revolutionary movements.  4 – Flat relief, large rivers and mild temperatures encourage the development of farming activities and therefore the occupation of territory. We conclude that the combination of these variables and premises may throw new light on comprehending South America’s territorial arrangement
SIMPLE AND ROBUST REGRESSIONS IN FLOWS REGIONALIZATION OF Q95 IN TAQUARI-ANTAS RIVER BASIN
Authors: Melati Mauricio Dambros
Published: June 2016

Multiple use of water during the process of economic development, along with population growth, have impacted the qualitative and quantitative aspects of water thus flows regionalization jobs are widely used to obtain quantitative data in places where there is no records with historical streamflow series. This study aimed to obtain regionalization equations of the reference flow Q95% regression testing different programs and tools. To develop this study performed a series of previous studies, such as the water regime of the basin, consistency localization data, regional flow indicators. Finally identified the regions that showed deficit gauged stations and recommended the installation of new stations. In addition to testing with the spreadsheet manager office package and MATLAB, applied Q95 flow of regression simulations for stations clusters using the explanatory variables drainage area and mean annual precipitation (together and apart) for one two homogeneous regions tested. Was obtained regionalization equations with one and two explanatory variables (drainage area and mean annual precipitation) for Q95% flow using one two homogeneous regions. Finally it was found that the use of explanatory variable annual average rainfall did not show satisfactory results.
ANÁLISE DE FORNECIMENTO DE PRODUTOS DA AGRICULTURA FAMILIAR PARA O PROGRAMA NACIONAL DE ALIMENTAÇÃO ESCOLAR (PNAE) NO MUNICÍPIO DE SÃO GABRIEL-RS
Authors: Marques Alex Cesar Cavalheiro , Barata Ana Júlia Senna Sarmento , Alves Ricardo Ribeiro
Published: June 2016

Through the National School Food Program (PNAE) and the Food Acquisition Program (PAA) the State seeks to deploy a Public Policy in order to promote family farming providing distribution opportunities for farmers meeting the food needs of public school students. The work aims to analyze the supply of products from family farms in San Gabriel / RS for the PNAE and verify the effectiveness of this policy at the municipal level. The research was exploratory and had a qualitative approach, development of theoretical framework, site visits and construction and application of semistructured interviews with public officials and family farmers. The results revealed that the supply process includes few farmers and does not reach the goal set forth by law.
Naive realism in the unmarried cohabitation controversy in the United States
Authors: McCracken Andrea A. , McGlone Matthew S.
Published: June 2016

We explored the role of “naïve realism” in perceptions of attitudinal differences between proponents and opponents of unmarried cohabitation (UC) in the United States. Participants were presented with UC vignettes, asked to describe their own impressions of the couple in each scenario, and then to speculate about the impressions of the typical UC proponent and opponent. A comparison of these impressions yielded a pattern of false polarization in their perceptions, such that partisans’ self-reported sympathy was reliably more similar than the degree of sympathy either side attributed to the other. Partisans also exhibited egocentric bias regarding the basis for each side’s stances on UC. The relevance of this misperception and faulty assumptions toward the resolution of the debate over unmarried cohabitation is discussed.
[A case of foodborne botulism in the province of Viterbo]
Authors: Verginelli Flavia , Dari Silvia , Aquilani Silvia
Published: June 2016

A 57 years-old woman with gastrointestinal pain, dysphagia, diplopia, dry mouth, was diagnosed with foodborne botulism caused by Clostridium Botulinum toxin. In this case, a jar of vegetables preserved in oil was identified as the source of the intoxication. Canned peppers were produced at home by the patient according to traditional techniques, deemed appropriate as established use. Despite this, the procedure proved to be a health hazard.The present article follows the diagnostic therapeutic pathway of the patient, highlighting the critical points not only related to the clinic but also to the ministerial procedures for reporting a case of botulism. This case provides an opportunity to emphasize the need for greater awareness about how to prevent and correctly manage the cases of botulism, both by the general population and by physicians who faced a patient with suspected poisoning by Botulinum toxin.[Article in Italian]
The 90 90 90 strategy to end the HIV Pandemic by 2030: Can the supply chain handle it?
Authors: Jamieson David , Kellerman Scott E
Published: June 2016

Introduction

UNAIDS “90‐90‐90” strategy calls for 90% of HIV‐infected individuals to be diagnosed by 2020, 90% of whom will be on anti‐retroviral therapy (ART) and 90% of whom will achieve sustained virologic suppression. Reaching these targets by 2020 will reduce the HIV epidemic to a low‐level endemic disease by 2030. However, moving the global response towards this universal test and treat model will pose huge challenges to public health systems in resource‐limited settings, including global and local supply chain systems. These challenges are especially acute in Africa, which accounts for over 70% of the persons affected by HIV.

Discussion

From a supply chain perspective, each of the “90's” has possible complications and roadblocks towards realizing the promise envisioned by 90‐90‐90. For instance, ensuring that 90% of HIV‐infected persons know their status will require a large increase in access to HIV tests compared with what is currently available. To ensure that there are enough anti‐retrovirals available to treat the nearly 25 million people that will require them by 2020 represents a near doubling of the ARV supplied to treat the 13 million currently on treatment. Similarly, to monitor those on treatment means an unprecedented scale‐up of viral load testing throughout Africa.

Conclusions

Larger issues include whether the capacity exists at the local level to handle these commodities when they arrive in the most severely affected countries, including considerations of the human resources and costs needed to make this strategy effective. We believe that such “real world” analysis of proposed strategies and policies is essential to ensure their most effective implementation.
Direct growth of densely aligned ZnO nanorods on graphene
Authors: Honda Mitsuhiro , Okumura Ryuji , Ichikawa Yo
Published: June 2016

Densely aligned ZnO nanorods were directly grown on graphene sheets. On graphene prepared via a chemical vapor deposition technique, ZnO nanorods were synthesized by a hydrothermal method. The rod density was ∼1.4 × 109/cm2 and the nanorods were observed to be well aligned on graphene by scanning electron microscopy. The formation of such ZnO structures is considered to be induced by carbon vacancies in graphene in accordance with Raman spectroscopic results.
Silicon waveguide polarization rotation Bragg grating with phase shift section and sampled grating scheme
Authors: Okayama Hideaki , Onawa Yosuke , Shimura Daisuke , Yaegashi Hiroki , Sasaki Hironori
Published: June 2016

We describe a Bragg grating with a phase shift section and a sampled grating scheme that converts input polarization to orthogonal polarization. A very narrow polarization-independent wavelength peak can be generated by phase shift structures and polarization-independent multiple diffraction peaks by sampled gratings. The characteristics of the device were examined by transfer matrix and finite-difference time-domain methods.
Effect of GeO2 deposition temperature in atomic layer deposition on electrical properties of Ge gate stack
Authors: Kanematsu Masayuki , Shibayama Shigehisa , Sakashita Mitsuo , Takeuchi Wakana , Nakatsuka Osamu , Zaima Shigeaki
Published: June 2016

We investigated the effect of GeO2 deposition temperature (T
depo) on electronic properties of Al/Al2O3/GeO2/Ge MOS capacitors. Capacitance–voltage characteristics show frequency dispersions under depletion and strong inversion conditions, which can be attributed from the interface states at the atomic layer deposition (ALD)-GeO2/Ge interface and from the defect states in the quasi-neutral region in the Ge substrate, respectively. We found that the interface state density (D
it) shows similar values and energy distributions as T
depo decreases to 200 from 300 °C, while a higher D
it is observed at a T
depo of 150 °C. Also, from the temperature dependence of conductance, the frequency dispersion under the strong inversion condition can be related to the minority carrier diffusion to the quasi-neutral region of the Ge substrate. The frequency dependence of conductance reveals that the undesirable increment of the bulk defect density can be suppressed by decreasing T
depo. In this study, the bulk defect density in a MOS capacitor prepared at a T
depo of 200 °C decreases one tenth compared with that at a T
depo of 300 °C. The ALD of GeO2 at a low temperature of around 200 °C is effective for both obtaining a low D
it and preventing the undesirable introduction of bulk defect density.
Cost-benefit trade-offs of bird activity in apple orchards
Authors: Peisley Rebecca K. , Saunders Manu E. , Luck Gary W.
Published: June 2016

Birds active in apple orchards in south–eastern Australia can contribute positively (e.g., control crop pests) or negatively (e.g., crop damage) to crop yields. Our study is the first to identify net outcomes of these activities, using six apple orchards, varying in management intensity, in south–eastern Australia as a study system. We also conducted a predation experiment using real and artificial codling moth (Cydia pomonella) larvae (a major pest in apple crops). We found that: (1) excluding birds from branches of apple trees resulted in an average of 12.8% more apples damaged by insects; (2) bird damage to apples was low (1.9% of apples); and (3) when trading off the potential benefits (biological control) with costs (bird damage to apples), birds provided an overall net benefit to orchard growers. We found that predation of real codling moth larvae was higher than for plasticine larvae, suggesting that plasticine prey models are not useful for inferring actual predation levels. Our study shows how complex ecological interactions between birds and invertebrates affect crop yield in apples, and provides practical strategies for improving the sustainability of orchard systems.
Protogyny in a tropical damselfish: females queue for future benefit
Authors: McCormick Mark I.
Published: June 2016

Membership of the group is a balance between the benefits associated with group living and the cost of socially constrained growth and breeding opportunities, but the costs and benefits are seldom examined. The goal of the present study was to explore the trade-offs associated with group living for a sex-changing, potentially protogynous coral reef fish, the Ambon damselfish,Pomacentrus amboinensis. Extensive sampling showed that the species exhibits resource defence polygyny, where dominant males guard a nest site that is visited by females.P. amboinensishave a longevity of about 6.5 years on the northern Great Barrier Reef. While the species can change sex consistent with being a protogynous hermaphrodite, it is unclear the extent to which the species uses this capability. Social groups are comprised of one reproductive male, 1–7 females and a number of juveniles. Females live in a linear dominance hierarchy, with the male being more aggressive to the beta-female than the alpha-female, who exhibits lower levels of ovarian cortisol. Surveys and a tagging study indicated that groups were stable for at least three months. A passive integrated transponder tag study showed that males spawn with females from their own group, but also females from neighbouring groups.In situbehavioural observations found that alpha-females have priority of access to the nest site that the male guarded, and access to higher quality foraging areas. Male removal studies suggest that the alpha-females can change sex to take over from the male when the position becomes available. Examination of otolith microstructure showed that those individuals which change sex to males have different embryonic characteristics at hatching, suggesting that success may involve a component that is parentally endowed. The relative importance of parental effects and social organisation in affecting the importance of female queuing is yet to be studied, but will likely depend on the strength of social control by the dominant members of the group.
A theory of scintillation for two‐component power law irregularity spectra: Overview and numerical results
Authors: Carrano Charles S. , Rino Charles L.
Published: June 2016

We extend the power law phase screen theory for ionospheric scintillation to account for the case where the refractive index irregularities follow a two‐component inverse power law spectrum. The two‐component model includes, as special cases, an unmodified power law and a modified power law with spectral break that may assume the role of an outer scale, intermediate break scale, or inner scale. As such, it provides a framework for investigating the effects of a spectral break on the scintillation statistics. Using this spectral model, we solve the fourth moment equation governing intensity variations following propagation through two‐dimensional field‐aligned irregularities in the ionosphere. A specific normalization is invoked that exploits self‐similar properties of the structure to achieve a universal scaling, such that different combinations of perturbation strength, propagation distance, and frequency produce the same results. The numerical algorithm is validated using new theoretical predictions for the behavior of the scintillation index and intensity correlation length under strong scatter conditions. A series of numerical experiments are conducted to investigate the morphologies of the intensity spectrum, scintillation index, and intensity correlation length as functions of the spectral indices and strength of scatter; retrieve phase screen parameters from intensity scintillation observations; explore the relative contributions to the scintillation due to large‐ and small‐scale ionospheric structures; and quantify the conditions under which a general spectral break will influence the scintillation statistics.
Reforestation in a high‐CO2 world—Higher mitigation potential than expected, lower adaptation potential than hoped for
Authors: Sonntag Sebastian , Pongratz Julia , Reick Christian H. , Schmidt Hauke
Published: June 2016

We assess the potential and possible consequences for the global climate of a strong reforestation scenario for this century. We perform model experiments using the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI‐ESM), forced by fossil‐fuel CO2 emissions according to the high‐emission scenario Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5, but using land use transitions according to RCP4.5, which assumes strong reforestation. Thereby, we isolate the land use change effects of the RCPs from those of other anthropogenic forcings. We find that by 2100 atmospheric CO2 is reduced by 85 ppm in the reforestation model experiment compared to the reference RCP8.5 model experiment. This reduction is higher than previous estimates and is due to increased forest cover in combination with climate and CO2 feedbacks. We find that reforestation leads to global annual mean temperatures being lower by 0.27 K in 2100. We find large annual mean warming reductions in sparsely populated areas, whereas reductions in temperature extremes are also large in densely populated areas.