bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deep Dyspareunia: Review of Pathophysiology and Proposed Future Research Priorities
Authors: Orr Natasha , Wahl Kate , Joannou Angela , Hartmann Dee , Valle Lisa , Yong Paul ,   International Society for the Study of Women’s Sexual Health’s (ISSWSH) Special Interest Group on Sexual Pain, Babb Corey , Kramer Catherine W. , Kellogg-Spadt Susan , Renzelli-Cain Roberta I.
Published: March 2019

Introduction

Dyspareunia has been traditionally divided into superficial (introital) dyspareunia and deep dyspareunia (pain with deep penetration). While deep dyspareunia can coexist with a variety of conditions, recent work in endometriosis has demonstrated that coexistence does not necessarily imply causation. Therefore, a reconsideration of the literature is required to clarify the pathophysiology of deep dyspareunia.

Aims

To review the pathophysiology of deep dyspareunia, and to propose future research priorities.

Methods

A narrative review after appraisal of published frameworks and literature search with the terms (dyspareunia AND endometriosis), (dyspareunia AND deep), (dyspareunia AND (pathophysiology OR etiology)).

Main Outcome Variable

Deep dyspareunia (present/absent or along a pain severity scale).

Results

The narrative review demonstrates potential etiologies for deep dyspareunia, including gynecologic-, urologic-, gastrointestinal-, nervous system-, psychological-, and musculoskeletal system-related disorders. These etiologies can be classified according to anatomic mechanism, such as contact with a tender pouch of Douglas, uterus-cervix, bladder, or pelvic floor, with deep penetration. Etiologies of deep dyspareunia can also be stratified into 4 categories, as previously proposed for endometriosis specifically, to personalize management: type I (primarily gynecologic), type II (nongynecologic comorbid conditions), type III (central sensitization and genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder), and type IV (mixed). We also identified gaps in the literature, such as lack of a validated patient-reported questionnaire or an objective measurement tool for deep dyspareunia and clinical trials not powered for sexual outcomes.

Conclusion

We propose the following research priorities for deep dyspareunia: deep dyspareunia measurement tools, inclusion of the population avoiding intercourse due to deep dyspareunia, nongynecologic conditions in the generation of deep dyspareunia, exploration of sociocultural factors, clinical trials with adequate power for deep dyspareunia outcomes, partner variables, female sexual response, pathways between psychological factors and deep dyspareunia, and personalized approaches to deep dyspareunia.
Re-establishment of ice-surface velocity field and snow surface elevation change around Dome Argus, East Antarctica
Authors: Ke Hao , Yang Yuande , Li Fei , Wang Zemin , Sun Bo , E Dongchen , Jin Bo , Ding Minghu
Published: March 2019

In January 2016, static GPS measurements were carried out in a 30 × 30 km2 area centered around Kunlun station at Dome Argus (Dome A), East Antarctica, to acquire high-precision 3-D geodetic coordinates at 49 sites. By comparing the coordinates with previous GPS measurements in 2008 and 2013 at the same sites, we constructed a detailed and long-term record of the ice-surface velocity field, 2008–2016, around Dome A. During this time span, the estimated ice-surface velocity ranges from 0.8 ± 0.3 to 28.7 ± 1.6 cm a−1, with a mean of 10.4 ± 0.3 cm a−1. From 2013 to 2016, the surface elevation of most Dome A areas exhibits a rising trend, and the maximum increase of snow surface elevation is 84.8 cm. The mean snow surface elevation change rate at Dome A is estimated to be 6.6 ± 0.7 cm a−1. The difference of 1.0 cm a−1 between the snow surface change rate derived from GPS and pole-height change rate from surface mass balance is suspected to be a result of a combination of firn densification and basal melt under Dome A.
CYCLOTOMIC FACTORS OF BORWEIN POLYNOMIALS
Authors: KOLEY BISWAJIT , ARIKATLA SATYANARAYANA REDDY
Published: March 2019

A cyclotomic polynomial $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F7}_{k}(x)$ is an essential cyclotomic factor of $f(x)\in \mathbb{Z}[x]$ if $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6F7}_{k}(x)\mid f(x)$ and every prime divisor of $k$ is less than or equal to the number of terms of $f.$ We show that if a monic polynomial with coefficients from $\{-1,0,1\}$ has a cyclotomic factor, then it has an essential cyclotomic factor. We use this result to prove a conjecture posed by Mercer [‘Newman polynomials, reducibility, and roots on the unit circle’, Integers12(4) (2012), 503–519].
A BOUND FOR THE CHROMATIC NUMBER OF (, GEM)-FREE GRAPHS
Authors: CAMERON KATHIE , HUANG SHENWEI , MERKEL OWEN
Published: March 2019

As usual, $P_{n}$ ($n\geq 1$) denotes the path on $n$ vertices. The gem is the graph consisting of a $P_{4}$ together with an additional vertex adjacent to each vertex of the $P_{4}$. A graph is called ($P_{5}$, gem)-free if it has no induced subgraph isomorphic to a $P_{5}$ or to a gem. For a graph $G$, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}(G)$ denotes its chromatic number and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}(G)$ denotes the maximum size of a clique in $G$. We show that $\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}(G)\leq \lfloor \frac{3}{2}\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}(G)\rfloor$ for every ($P_{5}$, gem)-free graph $G$.
MONOLITHIC BRAUER CHARACTERS
Authors: CHEN XIAOYOU , LEWIS MARK L.
Published: March 2019

Let $G$ be a group, $p$ be a prime and $P\in \text{Syl}_{p}(G)$. We say that a $p$-Brauer character $\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}$ is monolithic if $G/\ker \unicode[STIX]{x1D711}$ is a monolith. We prove that $P$ is normal in $G$ if and only if $p\nmid \unicode[STIX]{x1D711}(1)$ for each monolithic Brauer character $\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}\in \text{IBr}(G)$. When $G$ is $p$-solvable, we also prove that $P$ is normal in $G$ and $G/P$ is nilpotent if and only if $\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}(1)^{2}$ divides $|G:\ker \unicode[STIX]{x1D711}|$ for all monolithic irreducible $p$-Brauer characters $\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}$ of $G$.
A Survey of the Microstructure of Fixed-Income Markets
Authors: Bessembinder Hendrik , Spatt Chester , Venkataraman Kumar
Published: March 2019

In this article, we survey the literature that studies fixed-income trading rules and outcomes, including Treasury securities, corporate and municipal bonds, and structured credit products. We compare and contrast the microstructure and regulation of fixed-income markets with equity markets. We highlight the nature of over-the-counter trading in the face of search costs and the associated slow evolution of electronically facilitated intermediation. We discuss the databases available to study fixed-income microstructure, as well as measures and determinants of trading costs, and the important roles dealer networks and limited transparency play. We also highlight unresolved issues.
Analyst Promotions within Credit Rating Agencies: Accuracy or Bias?
Authors: Kisgen Darren J. , Nickerson Jordan , Osborn Matthew , Reuter Jonathan
Published: March 2019

We estimate Moody’s preference for accurate versus biased ratings using hand-collected data on the internal labor market outcomes of its analysts. We find that accurate analysts are more likely to be promoted and less likely to depart. The opposite is true for analysts who downgrade more frequently, who assign ratings below those predicted by a ratings model, and whose downgrades are associated with large negative market reactions. Downgraded firms are also more likely to be assigned a new analyst. These patterns are consistent with Moody’s balancing its desire for accuracy against its corporate clients’ desire for higher ratings.
Executive dysfunction in depression in adolescence: the role of inflammation and higher body mass
Authors: Mac Giollabhui Naoise , Swistun Dominika , Murray Susan , Moriarity Daniel P. , Kautz Marin M. , Ellman Lauren M. , Olino Thomas M. , Coe Christopher L. , Abramson Lyn Y. , Alloy Lauren B.
Published: March 2019

Background

There is substantial evidence that many depressed individuals experience impaired executive functioning. Understanding the causes of executive dysfunction in depression is clinically important because cognitive impairment is a substantial contributor to functional impairment. This study investigated whether elevated levels of an inflammatory cytokine [interleukin-6 (IL-6)] and/or higher body mass index (BMI) concurrently and/or prospectively accounted for the relationship between depressive symptoms and impaired executive functioning in adolescents.

Methods

A diverse, community sample of adolescents (N = 288; mean age = 16.33; 51.4% female; 59.0% African-American) completed assessments of height and weight, IL-6, depressive symptoms, and self-report/behavioral measures of executive functioning (selective attention, switching attention) and future orientation annually over 3 years. Adolescents experiencing acute illness or medical conditions that affect inflammation were excluded from analyses. Path analysis within a structural equation modeling framework simultaneously examined the concurrent and prospective relationships between BMI, IL-6, depressive symptoms, and the measures of cognitive functioning across three timepoints.

Results

Across all timepoints, higher BMI was prospectively associated with higher levels of IL-6 and depressive symptoms, while higher levels of IL-6 were associated with worse performance on three behavioral and self-report measures of cognitive functioning. Higher depressive symptoms also were prospectively associated with elevated IL-6 and both higher depressive symptoms and a higher BMI predicted worse future executive functioning via increased IL-6.

Conclusions

More severe depressive symptoms and increased BMI may disrupt executive functioning via elevated IL-6.
Shared genetic etiology between anxiety disorders and psychiatric and related intermediate phenotypes
Authors: Ohi Kazutaka , Otowa Takeshi , Shimada Mihoko , Sasaki Tsukasa , Tanii Hisashi
Published: March 2019

Background

Psychiatric disorders and related intermediate phenotypes are highly heritable and have a complex, overlapping polygenic architecture. A large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) of anxiety disorders identified genetic variants that are significant on a genome-wide. The current study investigated the genetic etiological overlaps between anxiety disorders and frequently cooccurring psychiatric disorders and intermediate phenotypes.

Methods

Using case–control and factor score models, we investigated the genetic correlations of anxiety disorders with eight psychiatric disorders and intermediate phenotypes [the volumes of seven subcortical brain regions, childhood cognition, general cognitive ability and personality traits (subjective well-being, loneliness, neuroticism and extraversion)] from large-scale GWASs (n= 7556–298 420) by linkage disequilibrium score regression.

Results

Among psychiatric disorders, the risk of anxiety disorders was positively genetically correlated with the risks of major depressive disorder (MDD) (rg± standard error = 0.83 ± 0.16,p= 1.97 × 10−7), schizophrenia (SCZ) (0.28 ± 0.09,p= 1.10 × 10−3) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (0.34 ± 0.13,p= 8.40 × 10−3). Among intermediate phenotypes, significant genetic correlations existed between the risk of anxiety disorders and neuroticism (0.81 ± 0.17,p= 1.30 × 10−6), subjective well-being (−0.73 ± 0.18,p= 4.89 × 10−5), general cognitive ability (−0.23 ± 0.08,p= 4.70 × 10−3) and putamen volume (−0.50 ± 0.18,p= 5.00 × 10−3). No other significant genetic correlations between anxiety disorders and psychiatric or intermediate phenotypes were observed (p> 0.05). The case–control model yielded stronger genetic effect sizes than the factor score model.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that common genetic variants underlying the risk of anxiety disorders contribute to elevated risks of MDD, SCZ, ADHD and neuroticism and reduced quality of life, putamen volume and cognitive performance. We suggest that the comorbidity of anxiety disorders is partly explained by common genetic variants.
Child Poverty, Child Maintenance and Interactions with Social Assistance Benefits Among Lone Parent Families: a Comparative Analysis
Authors: HAKOVIRTA MIA , SKINNER CHRISTINE , HIILAMO HEIKKI , JOKELA MERITA
Published: March 2019

In many developed countries lone parent families face high rates of child poverty. Among those lone parents who do get child maintenance there is a hidden problem. States may retain all, or a proportion, of the maintenance that is paid in order to offset other fiscal costs. Thus, the potential of child maintenance to alleviate poverty among lone parent families may not be fully realized, especially if the families are also in receipt of social assistance benefits. This paper provides an original comparative analysis exploring the effectiveness of child maintenance to reduce child poverty among lone parent families in receipt of social assistance. It addresses the question of whether effectiveness is compromised once interaction effects (such as the operation of a child maintenance disregard) are taken into account in four countries Australia, Finland, Germany and the UK using the LIS dataset (2013). It raises important policy considerations and provides evidence to show that if policy makers are serious about reducing child poverty, they must understand how hidden mechanisms within interactions between child maintenance and social security systems can work as effective cost recovery tools for the state, but have no poverty reduction impact.
Military refusers and the invocation of conscience: Relational subjectivities and the legitimation of liberal war
Authors: Zehfuss Maja
Published: March 2019

During the Iraq War, some US soldiers refused (re)deployment. While liberal states appear to protect individuals’ right not to fight against their moral convictions by allowing the right to conscientious objection, those whose objections do not align with the regulations have to break the law in order to follow their convictions. This article explores how the legitimation of liberal war is challenged when we listen to the stories such refusers tell. Focusing on the United States, it briefly sets out the normative context such soldiers faced, highlighting the distinction between permissible conscientious objectors and contemptible deserters. Drawing on Judith Butler, it then focuses on two refusers by reading their own accounts of themselves in their memoirs. Despite not being eligible under the regulations, both invoke their conscience to make their refusal intelligible. By listening to their detailed accounts, the article traces the production and disruption of their subjectivities in relation to the prevailing moral order. Although invoking conscience appears to provide the chance to embrace an authentic self in a bid to resist the problematic moral order, subjectivity remains fractured due to relationality. Put differently, the sovereign subjectivity required by liberal war is simultaneously undermined by it.
Effectiveness of cognitive behavioural group therapy for social anxiety disorder: long-term benefits and aftercare
Authors: Fogarty Ciara , Hevey David , McCarthy Odhrán
Published: March 2019

Background:

Empirical research demonstrates the short- to medium-term efficacy and effectiveness of cognitive behavioural group therapy (CBGT) for social anxiety disorder (SAD). Little is known about the durability of gains beyond 1 year following treatment in real-life clinical settings. Literature regarding the impact of aftercare programs as an adjunct to CBGT treatment on SAD is scarce.

Aims:

To evaluate the long-term effectiveness of CBGT for SAD in a community sample and to explore the relationship between long-term treatment outcomes and aftercare support group attendance.

Method:

A longitudinal cohort design evaluated changes in standardized psychological measures assessing aspects of SAD, anxiety and depression. Questionnaires were completed before the program (time 1, N = 457), after the program (time 2, n = 369) and at an average of 4.6 years follow-up (time 3, n = 138).

Results:

Large treatment effect sizes at post-intervention were maintained at long-term follow-up on measures of SAD, anxiety and depression. There was no statistically significant relationship between frequency of attendance at an aftercare support group and degree of improvement from post-treatment severity on any measure.

Conclusions:

CBGT is an effective intervention in the long-term in a routine clinical setting and should be considered a viable treatment option for SAD. Recommendations for future research, treatment implications and study limitations are considered.
Die Effektivität achtsamkeitsbasierter Therapieverfahren bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit ADHS – ein systematisches Review
Authors: Linderkamp Friedrich
Published: March 2019

Zusammenfassung. Kinder und Jugendliche mit Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörungen (ADHS, Falkai & Wittchen, 2015) sind immer häufiger Zielgruppe achtsamkeitsbasierter Verfahren. Aufmerksamkeitsregulierung ist ein zentraler Bestandteil von Achtsamkeitsübungen wie auch Aufmerksamkeitsfokussierung, Aufmerksamkeitswechsel und -flexibilität, Meta-Kognition, Inhibition, Arbeitsgedächtnis, Selbst-Regulation u.a.m., was auf die Überschneidung der Achtsamkeit mit Aufmerksamkeitsprozessen hinweist. Die Wirksamkeit achtsamkeitsbasierter Therapie bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit ADHS wird in einer zuletzt stetig wachsenden Zahl von Therapiestudien dokumentiert, die in Meta-Analysen zusammengefasst wurden. Für den vorliegenden Review wurden aktuelle Metaanalysen in diesem Feld recherchiert, analysiert und interpretiert. Insgesamt konnten auf diesem Weg 4 Metaanalysen gefunden werden, die dezidierten Einschlusskriterien (Publikationszeitraum 2016–2018, Publikationen in englischer oder deutscher Sprache, Publikationen der einbezogenen Einzelstudien in Peer reviewed Journals, keine Einzelfallstudien, zumindest Teilstichproben der Studien müssen aus klinisch diagnostizierten oder per klinischen Ratings klassifizierten Kindern oder Jugendlichen mit ADHS bestehen) genügten. Die einbezogenen Metaanalysen belegen insgesamt gute bis sehr gute Effekte in den Bereichen des Verhaltens und der Aufmerksamkeitsleistungen der Kinder und Jugendlichen. So zeigen sich durchgehend signifikante Reduktionen im Bereich der ADHS-Symptomatik mit hohen Effektstärken (d = 0.8 bis d = 1.23). Ähnliches zeigt sich im Bereich der Reduktion externalisierender und internalisierender komorbider Störungen (d = 0.9 bis d = 1.02) sowie im Bereich der Aufmerksamkeitsleistungen (d = 0.62, bis d = 2.29). Zudem wurden übergreifende positive Effekt auf das Selbstwertgefühl und die Peerbeziehungen ermittelt. Therapeutische und weitere inhaltliche sowie forschungsmethodische Implikationen werden diskutiert.
Fragebogen zur integrativen Führung
Authors: Ingold Pia V.
Published: March 2019

Zusammenfassung. Der vorliegende Artikel rezensiert den Fragebogen zur integrativen Führung. Der Fragebogen zur integrativen Führung ist ein Fragebogen zur Messung transformationaler, transaktionaler, instrumenteller und negativer Führung sowie zur Kommunikation der Führungskraft. Er liegt im Selbstberichtsformat für Führungskräfte und im Fremdberichtsformat für Mitarbeitende von Führungskräften vor.
Storm Time Mesoscale Plasma Flows in the Nightside High‐Latitude Ionosphere: A Statistical Survey of Characteristics
Authors: Gabrielse Christine , Pinto Victor , Nishimura Yukitoshi , Lyons Larry , Gallardo‐Lacourt Bea , Deng Yue
Published: March 2019

Although much work has been done to characterize the global response of Earth's upper atmosphere to geomagnetic storms, much is unknown regarding the response on mesoscales (~30–500 km). In order to understand how the nightside, high‐latitude ionosphere responds on these scales during storms, we have characterized widths, velocities, and occurrence rates of equatorward and poleward mesoscale flows. We characterized them according to main phase versus recovery phase as well as coronal mass ejection (CME) versus high‐speed stream (HSS) storms. Some results include the following: Mesoscale flows are faster during the main phase of the storms. Faster flows >400 m/s are more frequent and probable during CME storms as compared to HSS storms, but more flows occur during HSS storms. Polar cap flows are wider during CMEs than during HSSs. There is a postmidnight preference for polar cap mesoscale flows during storms, especially during recovery phase and during HSSs.
Coseismic and Postseismic Deformation of the 2016 MW 6.2 Lampa Earthquake, Southern Peru, Constrained by Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar
Authors: Xu Guangyu , Xu Caijun , Wen Yangmao , Yin Zhi
Published: March 2019

We use Sentinel‐1 radar imagery to explore the coseismic and postseismic surface displacements associated with the 2016 MW 6.2 Lampa earthquake in southern Peru. Based on coseismic interferograms, the preferred slip model links to a blind south southeast striking, south southwest dipping normal fault with a shallow dip (45.2°) and a peak slip of 0.71 m at depth ~5.3 km, which is consistent with seismic solutions. Postseismic interferograms, derived from two tracks of the Sentinel‐1A/B satellites using a small baseline subset method, show subsidence up to ~3 cm in the first year after the mainshock. The kinematic inversions of interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) observations imply that the postseismic surface displacements observed in 1 year after the earthquake are governed by afterslip occurring along the updip extension of the coseismic slip patches. To further improve the data fitting, we generate a fault with variable strike to refine the kinematic afterslip model. The stress‐driven afterslip forward modeling shows that the postseismic deformation is controlled by afterslip distributed at the edge of the compact coseismic slip area. The surface displacement predictions of the poroelastic rebound show subsidence of the hanging wall, but the magnitude of the displacements is small compared to the observed signal. We as well test a collection of viscoelastic relaxation models and find that the predicted surface displacements are not consistent with the observations. The InSAR results show that the strike of the seismogenic fault is quasi‐parallel to the Vilcanota normal fault system and both the fault associated with earthquake and Vilcanota normal fault dip in the same direction. Therefore, we suspect that the causative fault of this 2016 event may be a normal fault belonging to a “domino” faulting system.
Sea Level Rise in the Samoan Islands Escalated by Viscoelastic Relaxation After the 2009 Samoa‐Tonga Earthquake
Authors: Han Shin‐Chan , Sauber Jeanne , Pollitz Fred , Ray Richard
Published: March 2019

The Samoan islands are an archipelago hosting a quarter million people mostly residing in three major islands, Savai'i and Upolu (Samoa), and Tutuila (American Samoa). The islands have experienced sea level rise by 2–3 mm/year during the last half century. The rate, however, has dramatically increased following the Mw 8.1 Samoa‐Tonga earthquake doublet (megathrust + normal faulting) in September 2009. Since the earthquake, we found large‐scale gravity increase (0.5 μGal/year) around the islands and ongoing subsidence (8–16 mm/year) of the islands from our analysis of Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment gravity and GPS displacement data. The postseismic horizontal displacement is faster in Samoa, while the postseismic subsidence rate is considerably larger in American Samoa. The analysis of local tide gauge records and satellite altimeter data also identified that the relative sea level rise becomes faster by 7–9 mm/year in American Samoa than Samoa. A simple viscoelastic model with a Maxwell viscosity of 2–3×1018 Pa s for the asthenosphere explained postseismic deformation at nearby GPS sites as well as Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment gravity change. It is found that the constructive interference of viscoelastic relaxation from both megathrust and normal faulting has intensified the postseismic subsidence at American Samoa, causing ~5 times faster sea level rise than the global average. Our model indicates that this trend is likely to continue for decades and result in sea level rise of 30–40 cm, which is independent of and in addition to anticipated climate‐related sea level rise. It will worsen coastal flooding on the islands leading to regular nuisance flooding.
Impact of Air Pollution Controls on Radiation Fog Frequency in the Central Valley of California
Authors: Gray Ellyn , Gilardoni S. , Baldocchi Dennis , McDonald Brian C. , Facchini Maria Cristina , Goldstein Allen H.
Published: March 2019

In California's Central Valley, tule fog frequency increased 85% from 1930 to 1970, then declined 76% in the last 36 winters. Throughout these changes, fog frequency exhibited a consistent north‐south trend, with maxima in southern latitudes. We analyzed seven decades of meteorological data and five decades of air pollution data to determine the most likely drivers changing fog, including temperature, dew point depression, precipitation, wind speed, and NOx (oxides of nitrogen) concentration. Climate variables, most critically dew point depression, strongly influence the short‐term (annual) variability in fog frequency; however, the frequency of optimal conditions for fog formation show no observable trend from 1980 to 2016. NOx concentration, which has a decreasing north‐south concentration gradient, declined continuously over this period, consistent with the long‐term temporal and spatial trends in fog. As development in the Central Valley increased direct particle and other pollutant emissions from 1930 to 1970, fog frequency increased. Following the Clean Air Act, particle emissions quickly declined, and NOx emissions declined steadily, reducing the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) available for fog formation. As a precursor of ammonium nitrate aerosols, which are efficient CCN, we used NOx measurements and emission trends as a proxy for the CCN trend. We conclude that while the short‐term fog variability is dominantly driven by climate fluctuations, the longer‐term temporal and spatial changes in fog have been driven by changes in air pollution. For conditions close to the dew point, a decrease in fog of 5 days/year per 10 parts per billion NOx decrease occurred across the Central Valley.
Basin‐Scale Estimate of the Sea‐Air CO2 Flux During the 2010 Warm Event in the Tropical North Atlantic
Authors: Lefèvre Nathalie , Veleda Doris , Tyaquiçã Pedro , Perruche Coralie , Diverrès Denis , Ibánhez J. Severino P.
Published: March 2019

Following the anomalous warming event occurring in the tropical North Atlantic in 2010, higher than usual surface fugacity of CO2 (fCO2) was observed. To evaluate the spatial extent of these anomalies and their drivers, and to quantify the sea‐air CO2 flux at basin scale, the Mercator‐Ocean model is used from 2006 to 2014 within the region 0–30°N, 70–15°W. Model outputs are generally in accordance with underway sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, and surface fCO2 recorded by two merchant ships. The anomalous warming of 2010 is well reproduced by the model and is the main driver of fCO2 anomalies. The first coupled Empirical Orthogonal Function mode, between sea surface temperature and fCO2, captures more than 70% of the total variance and is characterized by a basin‐scale warming associated to positive fCO2 anomalies. The corresponding principal components are correlated to the Tropical North Atlantic Index and identify 2010 as the year with the highest positive anomaly over 2006–2014. Exceptions to this general pattern are located near the African coast, where the weakening of the coastal upwelling causes negative inorganic carbon anomalies, and close to the Amazon River plume, where fCO2 anomalies are primarily associated with sea surface salinity anomalies. Although the fCO2 anomalies of 2010 appear mostly in spring, they affect the annual CO2 budget and lead to an increased CO2 outgassing twice as large (46.2 Tg C per year) as the mean annual flux over the 2006–2014 period (23.3 Tg C per year).
Cortical β-amyloid burden, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and cognitive status: the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging
Authors: Krell-Roesch Janina , Vassilaki Maria , Mielke Michelle M. , Kremers Walter K. , Lowe Val J. , Vemuri Prashanthi , Machulda Mary M. , Christianson Teresa J. , Syrjanen Jeremy A. , Stokin Gorazd B. , Butler Lesley M. , Traber Martin , Jack Clifford R. , Knopman David S. , Roberts Rosebud O. , Petersen Ronald C. , Geda Yonas E.
Published: March 2019

Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are a risk factor for cognitive impairment and are associated with cortical β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition. We conducted a cross-sectional study derived from the ongoing population-based Mayo Clinic Study of Aging to examine the frequency of NPS among cognitively unimpaired (CU) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) participants who either have normal (A−) or abnormal (A+) Aβ deposition. We also investigated whether combined presence of MCI and amyloid positivity (MCI/A+) is associated with greater odds of having NPS as compared to CU/A− (defined as reference group). Participants were 1627 CU and MCI individuals aged ≥ 50 years (54% males; median age 73 years). All participants underwent NPS assessment (Neuropsychiatric Inventory Questionnaire (NPI-Q); Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II); Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI)) and 11C-PiB-PET. Participants with an SUVR > 1.42 were classified as A+. We conducted multivariable logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, education, and APOE ε4 genotype status. The sample included 997 CU/A−, 446 CU/A+, 78 MCI/A−, and 106 MCI/A+ persons. For most NPS, the highest frequency of NPS was found in MCI/A+ and the lowest in CU/A−. The odds ratios of having NPS, depression (BDI ≥ 13), or anxiety (BAI ≥ 8, ≥ 10) were consistently highest for MCI/A+ participants. In conclusion, MCI with Aβ burden of the brain is associated with an increased risk of having NPS as compared to MCI without Aβ burden. This implies that the underlying Alzheimer’s disease biology (i.e., cerebral Aβ amyloidosis) may drive both cognitive and psychiatric symptoms.
Inhibition of USP2 eliminates cancer stem cells and enhances TNBC responsiveness to chemotherapy
Authors: He Jiabei , Lee Hong-Jen , Saha Suchandrima , Ruan Diane , Guo Hua , Chan Chia-Hsin
Published: March 2019

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer that harbors enriched cancer stem cell (CSC) populations in tumors. Conventional chemotherapy is a standard treatment for TNBC, but it spares the CSC populations, which cause tumor recurrence and progression. Therefore, identification of the core molecular pathway that controls CSC activity and expansion is essential for developing effective therapeutics for TNBC. In this study, we identify that USP2 deubiquitinating enzyme is upregulated in CSCs and is a novel regulator of CSCs. Genetic and pharmacological targeting of USP2 substantially inhibits the self-renewal, expansion and chemoresistance of CSCs. We show that USP2 maintains the CSC population by activating self-renewing factor Bmi1 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition through Twist upregulation. Mechanistically, USP2 promotes Twist stabilization by removing β-TrCP-mediated ubiquitination of Twist. Animal studies indicate that pharmacological inhibition of USP2 suppresses tumor progression and sensitizes tumor responses to chemotherapy in TNBC. Furthermore, the histological analyses reveal a positive correlation between USP2 upregulation and lymph node metastasis. Our findings together demonstrate a previously unrecognized role of USP2 in mediating Twist activation and CSC enrichment, suggesting that targeting USP2 is a novel therapeutic strategy to tackle TNBC.
Impact of the secretome of activated pancreatic stellate cells on growth and differentiation of pancreatic tumour cells
Authors: Marzoq Aseel J. , Mustafa Shakhawan A. , Heidrich Luzia , Hoheisel Jörg D. , Alhamdani Mohamed Saiel Saeed
Published: March 2019

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) exists in a complex desmoplastic microenvironment. As part of it, pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) provide a fibrotic niche, stimulated by a dynamic communication between activated PSCs and tumour cells. Investigating how PSCs contribute to tumour development and for identifying proteins that the cells secrete during cancer progression, we studied by means of complex antibody microarrays the secretome of activated PSCs. A large number of secretome proteins were associated with cancer-related functions, such as cell apoptosis, cellular growth, proliferation and metastasis. Their effect on tumour cells could be confirmed by growing tumour cells in medium conditioned with activated PSC secretome. Analyses of the tumour cells’ proteome and mRNA revealed a strong inhibition of tumour cell apoptosis, but promotion of proliferation and migration. Many cellular proteins that exhibited variations were found to be under the regulatory control of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E), whose expression was triggered in tumour cells grown in the secretome of activated PSCs. Inhibition by an eIF4E siRNA blocked the effect, inhibiting tumour cell growth in vitro. Our findings show that activated PSCs acquire a pro-inflammatory phenotype and secret proteins that stimulate pancreatic cancer growth in an eIF4E-dependent manner, providing further insight into the role of stromal cells in pancreatic carcinogenesis and cancer progression.
A switch-on fluorophore using water moleculesviahydrogen bonding and its application for bio-imaging of formaldehyde in living cells
Authors: Wang Yile , Chen Yifan , Huang Yan , Zhang Qi , Zhang Yucang , Li Jianwei , Jia Chunman
Published: March 2019

A switch-on fluorophore using water moleculesviahydrogen bonding has been developed, which is available for the bio-imaging of formaldehyde.
Pyrene-based MOFs as fluorescent sensors for PAHs: an energetic pathway of the backbone structure effect on response
Authors: Ning Di , Liu Qiao , Wang Qian , Du Xiao-Meng , Li Yue , Ruan Wen-Juan
Published: March 2019

Three tetraphenyl-pyrene based MOFs exhibited distinct sensing performances to PAHs due to the difference in the excited state energy.
Phosphine-promoted ring-opening of benzisothiazolinate ligands at a nickel(ii) centre: a convenient synthesis of Ni(ii)-thiolate complexes
Authors: Al-Jibori Subhi A. , Ali Samer Hussein , Al-Janabi Ahmed S. , Wagner Christoph , Hogarth Graeme
Published: March 2019

Phosphines react with the benzisothiazolinate (bit) paddlewheel dimer, [Ni2(μ-bit)4·2H2O], resulting in sulfur–nitrogen bond scission and a series of unexpected transformations leading to novel Ni(ii) complexes containing 2-cyanophenylthiolate and related thiolate ligands.
Characterization of electrophilicity and oxidative potential of atmospheric carbonyls
Authors: Chen Jin Y. , Jiang Huanhuan , Chen Stacy Jy , Cullen Cody , Ahmed C. M. Sabbir , Lin Ying-Hsuan
Published: March 2019

The theoretical electrophilicity index of atmospheric relevant carbonyls correlate well with the chemical reactivity of dithiothreitol.
Best Papers from 2018 in the Environmental Science family of journals: great science with a global reach
Authors: Novak Paige J. , McNeill Kristopher , Vikesland Peter J.
Published: March 2019

The Editors-in-Chief of the Environmental Science journals introduce the Best Papers of 2018.
A radical polymer with efficient deep-red luminescence in the condensed state
Authors: Abdurahman Alim , Peng Qiming , Ablikim Obolda , Ai Xin , Li Feng
Published: March 2019

A paramagnetic radical polymer exhibits efficient deep-red luminescence in the solid state.
An overview of the recent advances in inorganic nanotubes
Authors: Serra Marco , Arenal Raul , Tenne Reshef
Published: March 2019

Advanced nanomaterials and in particular nanotubes play a prominent role in nanoscience and nanotechnology developments, opening new frontiers in these areas.
Synthesis of benzoxazoles via the copper-catalyzed hydroamination of alkynones with 2-aminophenols
Authors: Oshimoto Kohei , Tsuji Hiroaki , Kawatsura Motoi
Published: March 2019

We describe herein the synthetic method to benzoxazole derivatives via the copper-catalyzed hydroamination of alkynones with 2-aminophenols.
Correction: Enantiomeric NMR discrimination of carboxylic acids using actinomycin D as a chiral solvating agent
Authors: Bai Liwen , Chen Pian , Xiang Jiangxia , Sun Jiarui , Lei Xinxiang
Published: March 2019

Correction for ‘Enantiomeric NMR discrimination of carboxylic acids using actinomycin D as a chiral solvating agent’ by Liwen Bai, et al., Org. Biomol. Chem., 2019, 17, 1466–1470.
Selective or living organopolymerization of a six-five bicyclic lactone to produce fully recyclable polyesters
Authors: Cywar Robin M. , Zhu Jian-Bo , Chen Eugene Y.-X.
Published: March 2019

A ring-fused γ-butyrolactone can be selectively ring-open polymerized at room temperature by N-heterocyclic carbenes to cyclic polyester or by bifunctional (thio)urea and base pairs in a living fashion to high molecular weight linear polyester that can be organocatalytically and quantitatively recycled at 120 °C.
Fluorescent thermometer based on a quinolinemalononitrile copolymer with aggregation-induced emission characteristics
Authors: Yang Jinfeng , Gu Kaizhi , Shi Chuanxing , Li Meng , Zhao Ping , Zhu Wei-Hong
Published: March 2019

An AIEgen-grafted copolymer P(NIPAM-co-EM) is successfully constructed with thermo-responsive LCST-featuring matrix PNIPAM for temperature detection.
Visible-light-mediated hydrodehalogenation and Br/D exchange of inactivated aryl and alkyl halides with a palladium complex
Authors: Zhou Zhao-Zhao , Zhao Jia-Hui , Gou Xue-Ya , Chen Xi-Meng , Liang Yong-Min
Published: March 2019

Photo-induced radical reductive dehalogenation of inactivated aryl/alkyl bromides and chlorides with a palladium complex is described. Reductive cyclization, dehalogenative deuteration, and radical addition process can be achieved smoothly.
Breaking the 1,2-HOPO barrier with a cyclen backbone for more efficient sensitization of Eu(iii) luminescence and unprecedented two-photon excitation properties
Authors: Dai Lixiong , Lo Wai-Sum , Gu Yanjuan , Xiong Qingwu , Wong Ka-Leung , Kwok Wai-Ming , Wong Wing-Tak , Law Ga-Lai
Published: March 2019

Breaking the barrier of 1,2 HOPO complexes with extremely emissive Eu-Cy-HOPO (overall quantum yield −30.2%) that displays two photon properties.
Long noncoding RNA UCA1 as a novel biomarker of lymph node metastasis and prognosis in human cancer: a meta-analysis
Authors: Liu Congmin , Jin Jing , Shi Jin , Wang Liqun , Gao Zhaoyu , Guo Tiantian , He Yutong
Published: March 2019

Background: Urothelial carcinoma associated 1 (UCA1), a novel long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) which is first discovered in 2006 in human bladder cancer and has become a hot spot in recent years. UCA1 has been demonstrated correlated with clinical outcomes in various cancers. However, the results from each study are insufficient and not completely consistent. Therefore, we perform a systematic meta-analysis to evaluate the value for a feasible biomarker for metastasis and prognosis of cancer. Methods: Relevant English literatures were searched in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of science, Embase databases and Chinese literatures were searched in Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure Wanfang from inception up to 17 April 2018. The pooled odds ratio (OR) and hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) using random/fixed-effect were used to identify the relationship between UCA1 and lymph node metastasis (LNM) or overall survival (OS) of cancer patients. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were performed. The current meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.3 and Stata 12.0 software. Results: A total of 3411 patients from 38 studies were finally included. Patients who with high UCA1 expression suffered from an increased risk of LNM (OR = 2.50; 95% CI: 1.93–3.25). UCA1 was also significantly associated with OS (HR = 2.05; 95% CI: 1.77–2.38). Subgroup analyses across several different variables also showed the similar results in LNM and OS of cancer patients. Conclusion: High expression of UCA1 was linked with poor clinical outcome. UCA1 can serve as a potential molecular marker for metastasis and prognosis in different types of cancers.
Study on liquids diffusion into and relevant corrosion behaviour of glass fibre reinforced polymer used in high voltage composite insulator
Authors: Gao Yanfeng , Liang Xidong , Bao Weining , Wu Chao , Li Shaohua , Liu Yingyan , Cai Yuanji
Published: March 2019

Long‐term liquids diffusion tests were performed on glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) used in high voltage composite insulator. The plate‐shaped GFRP specimens were immersed in three types of liquids, which high voltage composite insulator would encounter in practice, including deionised water, NaCl solution and nitric acid solution for a period of 4000 h. Chemical reaction and physical dissolution complicated the diffusion processes, which could be divided into three types based on the features of diffusion curves. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and optical interferometry were employed to investigate the chemical property, two‐dimensional (2D) and 3D surface morphologies of GFRP. The results revealed that the surface layer of GFRP was destroyed to some extent depending on the type and concentration of the liquid, the maximum of profile height deviation of GFRP surface was proposed to evaluate the extent of the corrosion of GFRP, the greater the profile height deviation, the more serious the corrosion of GFRP. The present work is helpful for a better understanding of the diffusion behaviour of liquids into GFRP used in high voltage composite insulator as well as in other industry applications.
Robust dissipativity and dissipation of a class of fractional‐order uncertain linear systems
Authors: Chen Liping , Yin Hao , Wu Ranchao , Yin Lisheng , Chen YangQuan
Published: March 2019

This study addresses robust QSR‐dissipativity and feedback dissipation of a class of fractional‐order (FO) uncertain linear systems. Both the state and controlled output matrices are with time‐varying norm‐bounded parameter uncertainties. Firstly, some new notions of QSR‐dissipativity and passivity for FO systems are introduced, the relationship between QSR‐dissipativity and asymptotic stability and input–output stability are discussed, respectively. Then, a sufficient condition in the form of linear matrix inequality (LMI) is proposed to ensure that such system is robustly QSR‐dissipative. According to this condition, a state feedback controller is proposed when the full states can be measured. Secondly, by employing LMI techniques and matrices singular value decomposition, sufficient conditions for the existence and a robust dissipation synthesis method are derived, respectively. Thirdly, a design method of dynamic output feedback controller is developed in order to guarantee that the closed‐loop system is dissipative. Finally, some numerical examples are provided to show the application of the proposed methods.
New approach to vehicle license plate location based on new model YOLO‐L and plate pre‐identification
Authors: Min Weidong , Li Xiangpeng , Wang Qi , Zeng Qingpeng , Liao Yanqiu
Published: March 2019

Currently, the conventional license plate location method fails to detect the license plate under complex road environments such as severe weather conditions and viewpoint changes. Besides, it is difficult for license plate location method based on machine learning to precisely locate the area of license plate. Moreover, license plate location method may incorrectly detect similar objects such as billboards and road signs as license plates. To alleviate these problems, this article proposes a new approach to vehicle license plate location based on new model YOLO‐L and plate pre‐identification. The new model improves in two aspects to precisely locate the area of license plate. First, it uses k‐means++ clustering algorithm to select the best number and size of plate candidate boxes. Second, it modifies the structure and depth of YOLOv2 model. Plate pre‐identification algorithm can effectively distinguish license plates from similar objects. The experimental results show that authors’ proposed method not only achieves a precision of 98.86% and a recall of 98.86%, which outperforms the existing methods, but also has high efficiency in real time.
Higher order VIE method based on non‐conformal discretisation for EM scattering from anisotropic objects
Authors: Zhang Zhipeng , Cai Qiangming , Zhao Yanwen , Gu Li , Wu Lifeng , Huang Weifeng , Nie Zaiping
Published: March 2019

This article presents a higher order method of moments (MoM) solution of the volume electric field integral equation (VEFIE) to model the electromagnetic (EM) scattering from anisotropic dielectric objects with arbitrary shape and inhomogeneity. This higher order solution is based on the higher order current modelling and higher order geometric modelling. Namely, the unknown electric flux density vector is discretised by the higher order hierarchical vector (HOHV) basis functions, and the geometric structure is discretised by the curved tetrahedral elements. Both kinds of higher order discretisation can reduce the number of mesh elements and the associated unknowns significantly. When the solution accuracy is on a comparable level, authors’ higher order VIE demands much less memory and CPU time than the conventional low‐order volume integral (VIE). Moreover, authors’ scheme accommodates the non‐conformal discretisation, because no divergence operator is imposed on the vectorial unknown. Numerical results are provided to demonstrate the accuracy, efficiency, and flexibility of the proposed approach.
Dual‐band reflected beam steering with single‐layered focusing anisotropic metasurface
Authors: Chen Jiaqing , Zhao Yongjiu , Xing Lei , Dai Huijuan , Chen Xiaofeng , Ge Yue
Published: March 2019

Phase gradient metasurface (PGM) is capable of realising anomalous wave deflection, while focusing metasurface is widely adopted in converging electromagnetic (EM) waves through phase compensation. Here, a single‐layered focusing anisotropic metasurface (FAM) for dual‐band reflected beam steering is proposed. The anisotropic metasurface is composed of modified Jerusalem cross‐structures with which reflected waves can be focused and deflected simultaneously. Furthermore, the distributions of reflection phase required in two frequency bands can be controlled independently by adjusting the dimensions of the cells along two orthogonal directions. To verify the proposed structure, a prototype with a size of 260 × 260 mm is fabricated, assembled, and measured. Good performances have been achieved in both simulation and measurement results, which agree with theoretical predictions. The measured results indicate that reflected waves generated by the FAM can be deflected to −42° with a gain of 17.5 dBi and −30° with a gain of 20.5 dBi at 5.7 and 10 GHz, respectively.
Persymmetric generalised adaptive matched filter for range‐spread targets in homogeneous environment
Authors: Jian Tao , He You , Wang Haipeng , Liu Yu
Published: March 2019

This study deals with the problem of adaptively detecting range‐spread targets in Gaussian environment, by assuming a persymmetric structure of covariance matrix. A persymmetric detector based on the two‐step generalised likelihood ratio test design scheme is devised to reduce secondary data requirement, which ensures the constant false alarm rate property. Moreover, the general closed‐form expressions of the probabilities of the false alarm and detection for the proposed detector are derived, in both cases of deterministic and fluctuating scatter models. Furthermore, the compact versions of forenamed expressions are presented in a special case when the joint space‐time dimension of the received signal is odd. Finally, the numerical results of these derived statistical expressions are confirmed with those of Monte Carlo trials.