bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Dialogical concept of consciousness in L.S. Vygotsky and G.H. Mead and its relevance for contemporary discussions on consciousness
Authors: Koczanowicz Leszek
Published: February 2012

The Dialogical concept of consciousness in L.S. Vygotsky and G.H. Mead and its relevance for contemporary discussions on consciousness

In my paper I show the relevance of cultural-activity theory for solving the puzzles of the concept of consciousness which encounter contemporary philosophy. I reconstruct the main categories of cultural-activity theory as developed by M.M. Bakhtin, L.S. Vygotsky, G.H. Mead, and J. Dewey. For the concept of consciousness the most important thing is that the phenomenon of human consciousness is consider to be an effect of intersection of language, social relations, and activity. Therefore consciousness cannot be reduced to merely sensual experience but it has to be treated as a complex process in which experience is converted into language expressions which in turn are used for establishing interpersonal relationships. Consciousness thus can be accounted for by its reference to objectivity of social relationships rather than to the world of physical or biological phenomena.
A clone archive of old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) trees in the Augustowska Forest
Authors: Korczyk Adolf , Myszczyńska Izabela
Published: February 2012

Archiwum klonów starych drzew sosny zwyczajnej w Puszczy Augustowskiej
Apport de l'analyse de discours pour renseigner les représentations paysagères et les demandes d'environnement. Exemple des vallées du nord-ouest de la France
Authors: Germaine Marie-Anne
Published: February 2012

Dans le contexte des enjeux méthodologiques posés par les textes récents (Convention Européenne du Paysage, Convention d’Aarhus), cet article propose de montrer l’intérêt des discours produits par les acteurs locaux et de l’analyse de contenu pour renseigner la dimension sensible des paysages et formaliser la demande sociale associée. La démarche est illustrée à travers l’analyse comparée d’entretiens menés auprès des acteurs (habitants, agriculteurs, élus, gestionnaires...) de trois vallées normandes renfermant des paysages qualifiés d’ordinaires. Les motifs et valeurs sur lesquels s’appuient les représentations paysagères sont identifiés. Puis, les attentes exprimées par les individus sont repérées à partir de « cartes du discours ». Au final, l’analyse qualitative des entretiens associée à l’analyse de contenu permet de dépasser l’inventaire d’attentes individuelles et d’identifier une véritable demande collective. Étroitement liée au maintien d’aménités paysagères et environnementales, la demande sociale observée se cristallise plus particulièrement sur les enjeux de patrimonialisation. Elle invite ainsi à s’interroger sur le rôle respectif des discours et du vécu dans l’expression de ces nouvelles demandes de nature.
Néologie et unité lexicale : renouvellement théorique, polylexicalité et emploi
Authors: Mejri Salah
Published: February 2012

Il s’agit de montrer la centralité de la néologie dans le fonctionnement des langues et le renouvellement théorique dont elle devrait faire l’objet. Parmi les points retenus en rapport avec cette perspective, nous en mentionnons essentiellement deux : celui du figement tel qu’il s’exprime à travers la polylexicalité et ce qu’il représente comme potentialités pour l’enrichissement de la langue, et celui de la notion d’emploi qui permet, entre autres, d’éclairer des transferts d’emplois entre les trois fonctions primaires (prédicats, arguments, actualisateurs).
De la « néologie syntaxique » à la néologie combinatoire
Authors: Sablayrolles Jean-François
Published: February 2012

La tripartition courante de la néologie (formelle, sémantique, emprunt) pêche, entre autres faiblesses, par sa méconnaissance des innovations dans la combinatoire d’une lexie, avec ou sans changement de sens. Elle avait pourtant été reconnue sous le nom de « néologie syntaxique » dans Le Grand Dictionnaire Universel de Pierre Larousse et certains chapitres de l’ Histoire de la langue française de Ferdinand Brunot traitent de faits similaires. Nous voudrions montrer comment le modèle des classes d’objets permet d’affiner ce concept en lui donnant une assise scientifique. Parfois, seul un changement dans la rection est en cause (construction transitive directe vs construction transitive indirecte, ou changement de préposition, etc.), parfois, le schéma argumentatif – et les relations syntactico-sémantiques qu’il représente – est bouleversé, avec un changement de fonction primaire de la lexie (prédicat/argument/actualisateur), ou avec des emplois non prévus dans la combinatoire (telle qu’elle est, imparfaitement malheureusement, consignée dans les dictionnaires). Dans ces derniers cas, des mécanismes sémantiques du type emploi figuré peuvent être à l’œuvre.
Vers une méthode de terminologie rétrospective
Authors: Humbley John
Published: February 2012

La néologie est reconnue depuis longtemps comme composante essentielle de la terminologie, mais la prise en compte de sa dimension diachronique est bien plus récente. Le but de cet article est de proposer quelques principes méthodologiques permettant la réalisation d’études de néologie rétrospective dans les domaines scientifiques et techniques. Il ressort de l’analyse de deux projets témoins (l’un récent, portant sur l’émergence de la terminologie du commerce électronique, l’autre plus ancien, les premières expériences de l’enregistrement sonore) que la nouveauté et les expressions linguistiques qui la véhiculent sont fermement ancrées dans le contexte de leur création, c’est-à-dire dans le passé. Il s’ensuit que l’analyse de la néologie rétrospective doit tenir compte des aspects langagiers de l’innovation, mais tout autant de l’état lexical de la science ou de la technologie de l’époque envisagée.
À propos de l'amalgamation lexicale en français
Authors: Léturgie Arnaud
Published: February 2012

Alors que peu d’études concernent le phénomène d’amalgamation lexicale en français, nous proposons de livrer un début de description en recourant à des unités fantaisistes afin de nous doter d’un corpus aussi important que possible. L’utilisation de mots fantaisistes permet d’agréger un corpus de grande ampleur et ainsi de s’affranchir de la difficulté à réunir des données pour observer le phénomène d’amalgamation lexicale. En conduisant une analyse morpho-phonologique et sémantique des 2 983 items retenus, un prototype d’amalgame lexical émerge. Cette analyse et ce prototype sont à mettre en relation avec des amalgames lexicaux attestés afin de rapporter, dans la mesure du possible, les résultats obtenus à la langue.
Âgencement militant ou entre-soi générationnel ?
Authors: Lambelet Alexandre
Published: February 2012

Résumé À travers l’étude de carrières de retraités militants dans des organisations de défense de retraités, cet article montre que cet engagement, moins que le produit d’une volonté de défendre une cause particulière (celle des retraités), est le produit d’une double logique : l’exclusion de ces individus d’autres lieux du militantisme du fait de leur âge et leur volonté de se retrouver avec des militants appartenant à la même génération. Cette analyse questionne alors à nouveaux frais la notion d’offre militante en montrant la nécessité de la repenser en l’articulant à des groupes spécifiques, c’est-à-dire en la rapportant aux rapports de domination – en l’occurrence les âge ncements – qui structurent la société.
Chronique de l'Albanie bicéphale ou les affres d'un État paradoxal
Authors: Dorlhiac Renaud
Published: February 2012

Résumé A l’image de son emblème, l’aigle bicéphale, l’Albanie reste un État paradoxal. Les dynamiques de sa politique extérieure sont en effet exemplaires alors que celles de sa politique intérieure continuent à être marquées par des pratiques souvent handicapantes. Au niveau régional et international, Tirana est parvenue à multiplier les initiatives et à s’intégrer de façon ingénieuse à nombre d’instances multinationales et multilatérales, notamment dans les Balkans au sein desquels l’Albanie est partie à de multiples projets. À contrario ce volontarisme politique a quelque difficulté à s’incarner sur le plan interne. La rivalité exacerbée des deux partis qui structurent le champ politique montre leurs difficultés à raisonner en fonction des intérêts du pays plutôt que de ceux de leur propre appareil organisationnel.
Géopolitique spatiale : vers une course à l'espace multipolaire ?
Authors: Verschuuren Pim
Published: February 2012

Résumé Alors que la fin du programme des navettes spatiales et la crise financière fragilisent la politique spatiale américaine, qui dépendra désormais des fusées russes pour les vols habités, les pays émergents profitent de leur croissance économique pour venir contester la domination des puissances traditionnelles sur l’espace. Les nouveautés de la géopolitique spatiale et les particularités des stratégies nationales américaine, chinoise, indienne, iranienne et brésilienne sont analysées afin de pouvoir en identifier les lignes de fractures, et de s’interroger sur un possible retour de la course à l’espace, un demi-siècle après le premier vol habité de Youri Gagarine et les débuts de la compétition spatiale bipolaire.
ITAM-Coupled Receptors Inhibit IFNAR Signaling and Alter Macrophage Responses to TLR4 and Listeria mono
cytogenes
Authors: Huynh Linda , Wang Lu , Shi Chao , Park-Min Kyung-Hyun , Ivashkiv Lionel B.
Published: February 2012

ITAM-coupled receptors play an essential role in regulating macrophage activation and function by cross-regulating signaling from heterologous receptors. We investigated mechanisms by which ITAM-associated receptors inhibit type I IFN (IFN-α/β) signaling in primary human macrophages and tested the effects of simultaneous ligation of ITAM-associated receptors and TLR4 on TLR4-induced Jak–STAT signaling that is mediated by autocrine IFN-β. Preligation of ITAM-coupled β2 integrins and FcγRs inhibited proximal signaling by the type I IFN receptor IFNAR. Cross-inhibition of IFNAR signaling by β2 integrins resulted in decreased Jak1 activation and was mediated by partial downregulation of the IFNAR1 subunit and MAPK-dependent induction of USP18, which blocks the association of Jak1 with IFNAR2. Simultaneous engagement of ITAM-coupled β2 integrins or Dectin-1 with TLR4 did not affect TLR4-induced direct activation of inflammatory target genes such as TNF or IL6 but abrogated subsequent induction of IFN response genes that is mediated by autocrine IFN-β signaling. Type I IFNs promote macrophage death postinfection by Listeria monocytogenes. Consequently, attenuation of IFN responses by β2 integrins protected primary human macrophages from L. monocytogenes-induced apoptosis. These results provide a mechanism for cross-inhibition of type I IFN signaling by ITAM-coupled β2 integrins and demonstrate that ITAM signaling qualitatively modulates macrophage responses to pathogen-associated molecular patterns and pathogens by selectively suppressing IFN responses.
Activation of the Pyrin Inflammasome by Intracellular Burkholderia cenocepacia
Authors: Gavrilin Mikhail A. , Abdelaziz Dalia H. A. , Mostafa Mahmoud , Abdulrahman Basant A. , Grandhi Jaykumar , Akhter Anwari , Abu Khweek Arwa , Aubert Daniel F. , Valvano Miguel A. , Wewers Mark D. , Amer Amal O.
Published: February 2012

Burkholderia cenocepacia is an opportunistic pathogen that causes chronic infection and induces progressive respiratory inflammation in cystic fibrosis patients. Recognition of bacteria by mononuclear cells generally results in the activation of caspase-1 and processing of IL-1β, a major proinflammatory cytokine. In this study, we report that human pyrin is required to detect intracellular B. cenocepacia leading to IL-1β processing and release. This inflammatory response involves the host adapter molecule ASC and the bacterial type VI secretion system (T6SS). Human monocytes and THP-1 cells stably expressing either small interfering RNA against pyrin or YFP–pyrin and ASC (YFP–ASC) were infected with B. cenocepacia and analyzed for inflammasome activation. B. cenocepacia efficiently activates the inflammasome and IL-1β release in monocytes and THP-1. Suppression of pyrin levels in monocytes and THP-1 cells reduced caspase-1 activation and IL-1β release in response to B. cenocepacia challenge. In contrast, overexpression of pyrin or ASC induced a robust IL-1β response to B. cenocepacia, which correlated with enhanced host cell death. Inflammasome activation was significantly reduced in cells infected with T6SS-defective mutants of B. cenocepacia, suggesting that the inflammatory reaction is likely induced by an as yet uncharacterized effector(s) of the T6SS. Together, we show for the first time, to our knowledge, that in human mononuclear cells infected with B. cenocepacia, pyrin associates with caspase-1 and ASC forming an inflammasome that upregulates mononuclear cell IL-1β processing and release.
Properdin Is Critical for Antibody-Dependent Bactericidal Activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae That Recruit C4b-Binding Protein
Authors: Gulati Sunita , Agarwal Sarika , Vasudhev Shreekant , Rice Peter A. , Ram Sanjay
Published: February 2012

Gonorrhea, a sexually transmitted disease caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, is an important cause of morbidity worldwide. A safe and effective vaccine against gonorrhea is needed because of emerging resistance of gonococci to almost every class of antibiotic. A gonococcal lipooligosaccharide epitope defined by the mAb 2C7 is being evaluated as a candidate for development of an Ab-based vaccine. Immune Abs against N. gonorrhoeae need to overcome several subversive mechanisms whereby gonococcus evades complement, including binding to C4b-binding protein (C4BP; classical pathway inhibitor) and factor H (alternative pathway [AP] inhibitor). The role of AP recruitment and, in particular, properdin in assisting killing of gonococci by specific Abs is the subject of this study. We show that only those gonococcal strains that bind C4BP require properdin for killing by 2C7, whereas strains that do not bind C4BP are efficiently killed by 2C7 even when AP function is blocked. C3 deposition on bacteria mirrored killing. Recruitment of the AP by mAb 2C7, as measured by factor B binding, occurred in a properdin-dependent manner. These findings were confirmed using isogenic mutant strains that differed in their ability to bind to C4BP. Immune human serum that contained bactericidal Abs directed against the 2C7 lipooligosaccharide epitope as well as murine antigonococcal antiserum required functional properdin to kill C4BP-binding strains, but not C4BP-nonbinding strains. Collectively, these data point to an important role for properdin in facilitating immune Ab-mediated complement-dependent killing of gonococcal strains that inhibit the classical pathway by recruiting C4BP.
A Novel IL-10–Independent Regulatory Role for B Cells in Suppressing Autoimmunity by Maintenance of Regulatory T Cells via GITR Ligand
Authors: Ray Avijit , Basu Sreemanti , Williams Calvin B. , Salzman Nita H. , Dittel Bonnie N.
Published: February 2012

B cells are important for the regulation of autoimmune responses. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), B cells are required for spontaneous recovery in acute models. Production of IL-10 by regulatory B cells has been shown to modulate the severity EAE and other autoimmune diseases. Previously, we suggested that B cells regulated the number of CD4+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells (Treg) in the CNS during EAE. Because Treg suppress autoimmune responses, we asked whether B cells control autoimmunity by maintenance of Treg numbers. B cell deficiency achieved either genetically (μMT) or by depletion with anti-CD20 resulted in a significant reduction in the number of peripheral but not thymic Treg. Adoptive transfer of WT B cells into μMT mice restored both Treg numbers and recovery from EAE. When we investigated the mechanism whereby B cells induce the proliferation of Treg and EAE recovery, we found that glucocorticoid-induced TNF ligand, but not IL-10, expression by B cells was required. Of clinical significance is the finding that anti-CD20 depletion of B cells accelerated spontaneous EAE and colitis. Our results demonstrate that B cells play a major role in immune tolerance required for the prevention of autoimmunity by maintenance of Treg via their expression of glucocorticoid-induced TNFR ligand.
An epidemic outbreak of Vibrio Cholerae El Tor 01 serotype ogawa biotype in a Lalpur town, Jamnagar, India
Authors: Shah HD , Shah VP , Desai AN
Published: February 2012

Background:

On December 19, 2010, 57 cases of gastroenteritis were reported in the community health center of Lalpur town. A rapid response team was sent to investigate the outbreak on December 21, 2010.

Aim:

To identify the source, to institute control and prevention measures.

Materials and Methods:

The outbreak was confirmed using the previous Integrated Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) data. Detailed history was taken, line listing of patients and house-to-house investigations were done. Environmental investigation and laboratory investigation of stool samples were also done. As the study was conducted during emergency response to the outbreak and was designed to provide information to orient the public health response, ethical approval was not required. Remedial measures were implemented.

Results:

Three hundred and thirty cases were reported during December 19, 2010 to January 2, 2011 in Lalpur town of Jamnagar district. Nineteen patients were found to be positive for Vibrio Cholerae 01 serotype ogawa biotype out of 117 stool samples. The mean age of patients was 24.23 19.01 years. The outbreak had 1.88% attack rate with no mortality and 59.1% cases had to be admitted. Investigations revealed that the epidemic was waterborne. Ten leakages were found in the pipelines of the affected areas of Lalpur town near two riverbanks.

Conclusion:

Among identified gaps, delays in the initiation of the investigation of the epidemic and repairing of leakages were most important. In India, waterborne epidemics are usual occurrences during the year. In this scenario, the village health and sanitation committee and water board should follow guidelines, and monitoring of water sources, proper sewage disposal and sanitation measures should be undertaken.
Prophylactic use of gabapentin for prevention of succinylcholine-induced fasciculation and myalgia
Authors: Pandey CK , Tripathi M , Joshi G , Karna ST , Singh N , Singh PK
Published: February 2012

Background:

Succinylcholine is used for rapid-sequence induction of anesthesia. Fasciculations and myalgia are adverse effects. The pretreatment modalities prevent or minimize its adverse effects.

Aims:

The present study is designed to evaluate the efficacy of gabapentin on the incidence of fasciculation and succinylcholine-induced myalgia.

Settings and Design:

The study was conducted at a tertiary care teaching hospital in a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled manner.

Materials and Methods:

Patients of both genders undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomly assigned to two groups. Patients in Group I (Gabapentin group) received 600 mg of gabapentin orally 2 h prior to surgery and patients in Group II (placebo group) received matching placebo. Anesthesia was induced with fentanyl 3 μg/kg, thiopentone 3-5 mg/kg and succinylcholine 1.5 mg/kg. All patients were observed and graded for fasciculations by a blinded observer and patients were intubated. Anesthesia was maintained with oxygen in air, sevoflurane and intermittent vecuronium bromide. After completion of surgery, neuromuscular blockade was reversed. A blinded observer recorded myalgia grade at 24 h. Patients were provided patient-controlled analgesia with fentanyl for postoperative pain relief.

Statistical analysis:

Demographic data, fasciculation grade, fentanyl consumption, and myalgia grade were compared using student t test and test of proportions.

Results:

The study included 76 American Society of Anesthesiologists' Grade I or II patients of either gender undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. But only 70 patients completed the study. Results demonstrated that the prophylactic use of gabapentin significantly decreases the incidence and the severity of myalgia (20/35 vs. 11/35) (P<0.05) and decreases fentanyl consumption significantly in the study group (620+164 μg vs. 989+238 μg) (P<0.05) without any effects on the incidence and severity of fasciculations.

Conclusions:

Prophylactic use of gabapentin 600 mg in laparoscopic cholecystectomy decreases the incidence and severity of myalgia and fentanyl consumption.
Aliskiren, the first direct renin inhibitor for treatment of hypertension
Authors: Jadhav M , Yeola C , Zope G , Nabar A
Published: February 2012

Standard treatments available today for treating hypertension is diuretics, β-blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), calcium channel blockers, a-blockers, vasodilators, and centrally acting drugs. It is difficult to achieve the optimized renin angiotensin aldosterone system suppression with currently available antihypertensive agents, because ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and diuretics all activate the compensatory feedback mechanism that increases renin release and increase plasma renin activity. The first orally active direct renin inhibitors (DRIs) were developed in 1980s, including enalkiren, remikiren, and zankiren. However, poor absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, less bioavailability (<2%), short half life, and low potency hindered the development of these compounds. Aliskiren is the first DRI for the treatment of hypertension. Aliskiren is designed through a combination of molecular modeling techniques and crystal structure elucidation. Aliskiren effectively reduces the blood pressure as a mono therapy as well in combination therapy.
Emergence of viral hemorrhagic fevers
Authors: Lahariya C , Goel MK , Kumar A , Puri M , Sodhi A
Published: February 2012

The emerging and re-emerging diseases are posing a great health risk for the last few years. One such category of diseases is viral haemorrhagic fevers (VHFs), which have emerged in the new territories, worldwide. Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) cases, for the first time in India, were reported from Gujarat, in January 2011. The emergence of diseases not reported earlier, pose great economic and social challenge, burden health system, and create panic reaction. Nonetheless, with recent experience in control of epidemic diseases, and advances in basic scientific knowledge; the public health community is better prepared for these unexpected events. This review provides information to physicians on CCHF for managing outbreak, and identifies public health measures to prevent emergence and re-emergence of VHFs (including CCHF) in future. The authors suggest that though, there are a few challenging and unanswered questions, the public health preparedness still remains the key to control emerging and re-emerging diseases. The countries where virus activities have been reported need to be prepared accordingly.
Development of botanical principles for clinical use in cancer
Authors: Poojari RJ , Patil AG , Gota VS
Published: February 2012

Development of drugs from plant sources (botanicals) for the treatment of cancer has not been successful in India, despite a plethora of medicinal plants and an equal number of experiments demonstrating anti-cancer activity of plant principles in vitro. There are several pitfalls in our approach to botanical drug development. Foremost is the lack of industry-academia collaborations in this field. Research goals in Indian academic institutions are generally short-term and mostly aimed at fulfilling the minimum requirements of a doctoral/MD or MPharm thesis. Secondly, quality assurance of herbal formulations is difficult to achieve and good manufacturing practices are expensive to implement. This could introduce bias during the biological evaluation of botanicals. A systematic approach covering a wide range of investigations including but not limited to mechanistic studies, potential herb-drug interactions, pharmacokinetics and bioavailability could help in the optimization of herbal formulations in the preclinical stage of development before they can be considered for clinical trials. Government initiatives such as Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathic have encouraged research in these areas, but are insufficient to promote focused and aggressive evaluation of potential herbs. Particular emphasis should be given to clinical pharmacokinetics, drug interactions and clinical trials in specific cancers for the evaluation of dosage, safety, efficacy and concomitant use with chemotherapy. Only such policies can result in meaningful evaluation of botanicals for cancer therapy.
Adapted Group‐Based Dialectical Behaviour Therapy for Binge Eating in a Practicing Clinic: Clinical Outcomes and Attrition
Authors: Klein Angela S. , Skinner Jeremy B. , Hawley Kristin M.
Published: February 2012

Research evidence has been accumulating for the efficacy of dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) for binge eating. However, support for its effectiveness and transportability beyond efficacy trials is lacking. The current study evaluated the feasibility of group‐based DBT for binge eating within the context of an operating community clinic. Women ages 24–49 (M = 39.60, SD = 9.53) with either subthreshold and full‐threshold binge eating disorder or bulimia nervosa formed the group and comprised the sample (n = 5 treatment completers). Positive outcomes included significant improvement in both binge eating and secondary outcomes with the Eating Disorder Inventory subscales of Bulimia, Ineffectiveness, Perfectionism and Interpersonal Distrust. Attrition was elevated compared with previous efficacy trials, suggesting the need for increased attention to how to improve retention within routine practice settings. Given our limited sample size, these findings are viewed as promising but preliminary. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Characterization of cerium oxide nanoparticles—Part 2: Nonsize measurements
Authors: Baalousha Mohammed , Ju-Nam Yon , Cole Paula A. , Hriljac Joseph A. , Jones Ian P. , Tyler Charles R. , Stone Vicki , Fernandes Teresa F. , Jepson Mark A. , Lead Jamie R.
Published: February 2012

Part 1 (see companion paper) of the present study discussed the application of a multimethod approach in characterizing the size of cerium oxide nanoparticles (NPs). However, other properties less routinely investigated, such as shape and morphology, structure, chemical composition, and surface properties, are likely to play an important role in determining the behavior, reactivity, and potential toxicity of these NPs. The present study describes the measurement of the aforementioned physicochemical properties of NPs (applied also to nanomaterials [NMs]) compared with micrometer particles (MPs). The authors use a wide range of techniques, including high resolution-transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrophoresis, and compare these techniques, their advantages, and their limitations, along with recommendations about how best to approach NM characterization, using an application to commercial cerium oxide NPs and MPs. Results show that both cerium oxide NPs and MPs are formed of single polyhedron or truncated polyhedron crystals. Cerium oxide NPs contain a mixture of Ce3+ and Ce4+ cations, whereas the MPs contain mainly Ce4+, which is potentially important in understanding the toxicity of cerium oxide NPs. The isoelectric point of cerium oxide NPs was approximately pH 8, which explains their propensity to aggregate in aqueous media (see companion paper). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 994–1003. © 2012 SETAC
Iberian ham typification by direct infusion electrospray and photospray ionization mass spectrometry fingerprinting
Authors: González‐Dominguez R. , García‐Barrera T. , Gómez‐Ariza J.‐L.
Published: February 2012

RATIONALE

Iberian ham is a product of high commercial value whose quality mainly depends on breeding and feeding of pigs in an authorized way. Simple, fast, simple, reliable and high‐throughput analytical methods are necessary to assure the quality of ham and for fraud prevention. Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is proposed as an advantageous alternative over other analytical techniques commonly used in this industry for product authentication.

METHODS

The analytical approach is based on direct infusion electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI(+)‐MS) of dichloromethane/methanol (60:40) extracts of ham intramuscular fat. Similarly, atmospheric pressure photoionization ionization mass spectrometry (APPI(+)‐MS) was used with a flow injection analysis system for sample introduction with methanol/water (50%) as the mobile phase and toluene as the dopant. All experiments were performed on an API QSTAR® XL Hybrid system using both ESI and APPI sources.

RESULTS

The ESI(+)‐MS mass spectra present several clusters of peaks attributed to ammonium adducts [M + NH4+] of lipid compounds (mono‐, di‐ and triacylglycerols – MGs, DGs, TGs, and free fatty acids – FFAs), that can be identified by MS/MS spectra. On the other hand, the APPI(+)‐MS spectra present [M + H+] ions and reflect a higher fragmentation of the sample. Five different types of Iberian ham samples were successfully classified using partial least‐squares discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) of data from these samples.

CONCLUSIONS

The application of direct infusion tandem mass spectrometry to dichloromethane/methanol extracts from intramuscular fat ham allows the simple, fast and reliable fingerprinting typification of different Iberian ham samples from pigs with different diets. With the proposed method, sample handling is minimal and chromatographic separation is not necessary, which represents an evident advantage over other analytical procedures usually used for this purpose. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New instability of non-extremal black holes: spitting out supertubes
Authors: Chowdhury Borun D. , Vercnocke Bert
Published: February 2012

Abstract

We search for stable bound states of non-extremal rotating three-charge black holes in five dimensions (Cvetic-Youm black holes) and supertubes. We do this by studying the potential of supertube probes in the non-extremal black hole background and find that generically the marginally bound state of the supersymmetric limit becomes metastable and disappears with non-extremality (higher temperature). However near extremality there is a range of parameters allowing for stable bound states, which have lower energy than the supertube-black hole merger. Angular momentum is crucial for this effect. We use this setup in the D1-D5 decoupling limit to map a thermodynamic instability of the CFT (a new phase which is entropically dominant over the black hole phase) to a tunnelinginstability of the black hole towards the supertube-black hole bound state. This generalizes the results of [1], which mapped an entropy enigma in the bulk to the dual CFT in a supersymmetric setup.
Systematic Review of Interventions for Post‐traumatic Headache
Authors: Watanabe Thomas K. , Bell Kathleen R. , Walker William C. , Schomer Katherine
Published: February 2012

Objective

Headache is one of the most common physical symptoms after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The specific goals of this review include (1) determination of effective interventions for post‐traumatic headache (PTHA), (2) development of treatment recommendations, (3) identification of gaps in the current medical literature regarding PTHA treatment, and (4) suggestions for future directions in research to improve outcome for persons with PTHA.

Data Sources

Peer‐reviewed studies in PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ProQuest, Web of Science, and Google Scholar: (1) including adult and child samples with mild, moderate, or severe TBI, whiplash, and postconcussion syndrome; (2) with clearly described interventions; (3) with headache treatment as a primary or secondary outcome; (4) published since 1985; and (5) written in English.

Study Selection

Abstracts from 812 articles from the above searches were reviewed. All research types that studied the treatment of headache after TBI were included, and 64 of the 812 articles appeared to meet the inclusion criteria.

Data Extraction

The 64 articles were reviewed in full and data were extracted; 36 met all criteria for inclusion. The final 36 articles were rated according to the American Academy of Neurology criteria for classifying therapeutic studies.

Data Synthesis

No class I studies and only one class II study for the management of PTHA were identified. One class I and one class II study for whiplash‐associated disorder with headache as an outcome were identified. Twelve studies met criteria for class III.

Conclusions

No strong evidence from clinical trials is available to direct the treatment of PTHA. Some guidelines are offered for PTHA management based on primary headache categories and treatments. It is essential that well‐designed clinical studies be conducted to inform clinicians on the management and prevention of PTHA chronicity.
Persistent Hiccups After Interventional Pain Procedures: A Case Series and Review
Authors: Abbasi Arjang , Roque‐Dang Christine M. , Malhotra Gautam
Published: February 2012

Interventional spine procedures are nonsurgical interventions that are commonly used to treat acute and chronic pain. These procedures generally are considered to be safe, but patients may experience transient and minor complications. Hiccups previously have been reported in the pain management setting as a complication after lumbar and thoracic epidural steroid injections and an intrathecal morphine pump infusion. In this case series of 8 patients, we describe hiccups after various interventional procedures, including cervical and lumbar epidural steroid injections, facet joint injections, and sacroiliac joint injections. A comprehensive literature review of hiccups associated with interventional pain procedures is provided, along with the known pathophysiology, etiologies, and treatment options for hiccups. The objective of this case series presentation and literature review is to highlight the importance of recognizing hiccups as a potentially under‐reported adverse reaction in the setting of various interventional spine procedures.
Nanotorsional actuator using transition between flattened and tubular states in carbon nanotubes
Authors: Senga Ryosuke , Hirahara Kaori , Nakayama Yoshikazu
Published: February 2012

We experimentally investigated a torsional actuator consisting of a carbon nanotube (CNT). Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the CNT, from its flattened state when energetically stable at room temperature, changes states reversibly to a tubular state depending on the amount of current applied to the CNT. The flattened CNT can be twisted, with its twist angle dependent on its chirality and length. The transition from the flattened state to the tubular state reverses the twist and generates a torsional torque as strong as ca. 5 nN·nm, which is 50 times stronger than that of an artificial bionanorotary device.
Comparison of thermal and atomic-layer-deposited oxides on 4H-SiC after post-oxidation-annealing in nitric oxide
Authors: Kim Changhyun , Hyun Moon Jeong , Hyuk Yim Jeong , Hyun Lee Do , Ho Lee Jong , Hee Lee Hun , Joon Kim Hyeong
Published: February 2012

The electrical properties of thermally grown and atomic-layer-deposition (ALD) oxides, followed by nitridation treatment, on 4H-SiC substrate were compared. The nitridation treatment was performed with post oxidation annealing in NO atmosphere (NO POA). The best electrical characteristics of the thermally grown and ALD oxides were observed at 120 and 180 min NO POA, respectively. The NO POA treated ALD oxide showed extremely low interface trap density (Dit), less than 1011 eV−1 cm−1. A metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistor with the ALD oxide showed high field effect mobility, especially in the high electric field region. The reasons for these superior results were also discussed.
Oncomir miR-125b regulates hematopoiesis by targeting the gene Lin28A
Authors: Chaudhuri Aadel A. , So Alex Yick-Lun , Mehta Arnav , Minisandram Aarathi , Sinha Nikita , Jonsson Vanessa D. , Rao Dinesh S. , O'Connell Ryan M. , Baltimore David
Published: February 2012

MicroRNA-125b (miR-125b) is up-regulated in patients with leukemia. Overexpression of miR-125b alone in mice causes a very aggressive, transplantable myeloid leukemia. Before leukemia, these mice do not display elevation of white blood cells in the spleen or bone marrow; rather, the hematopoietic compartment shows lineage-skewing, with myeloid cell numbers dramatically increased and B-cell numbers severely diminished. miR-125b exerts this effect by up-regulating the number of common myeloid progenitors while inhibiting development of pre-B cells. We applied a miR-125b sponge loss of function system in vivo to show that miR-125b physiologically regulates hematopoietic development. Investigating the mechanism by which miR-125b regulates hematopoiesis, we found that, among a panel of candidate targets, the mRNA for Lin28A, an induced pluripotent stem cell gene, was most repressed by miR-125b in mouse hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Overexpressing Lin28A in the mouse hematopoietic system mimicked the phenotype observed on inhibiting miR-125b function, leading to a decrease in hematopoietic output. Relevant to the miR-125b overexpression phenotype, we also found that knockdown of Lin28A led to hematopoietic lineage-skewing, with increased myeloid and decreased B-cell numbers. Thus, the miR-125b target Lin28A is an important regulator of hematopoiesis and a primary target of miR-125b in the hematopoietic system.
Increased numbers but functional defects of CD56+CD3+ cells in lung cancer
Authors: Al Omar Suliman Y. , Marshall Ernie , Middleton Derek , Christmas Stephen E.
Published: February 2012

CD56+ T cells were studied in samples of peripheral blood from small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients compared with healthy controls. Relative numbers of CD56+CD3+ cells were increased in NSCLC (P = 0.001) and SCLC (P = 0.002) compared with normal subjects but their ability to respond to activation by up-regulating CD25 or producing IFN-γ were both significantly impaired. Expression of the killer-immunoglobulin-like receptor CD158a was significantly lower on CD56+CD3+ cells in SCLC than controls and also in early stage compared with late stage NSCLC patients. Mean levels of CD158e were higher in NSCLC patients than controls. CD158e levels on CD56+CD3+ cells were increased in the presence of its ligand HLA-Bw4 compared with controls. Although the precise role of CD56+CD3+ cells is not clear, they appear to be functionally impaired in lung cancer, which may have implications for a reduction of direct or indirect anti-tumour responses.
Regulatory T cells form stable and long-lasting cell cluster with myeloid dendritic cells (DC)
Authors: Herman Sonja , Krenbek Dagmar , Klimas Michael , Bonelli Michael , Steiner Carl W. , Pietschmann Peter , Smolen Josef S. , Scheinecker Clemens
Published: February 2012

Regulatory T cells (Treg) with the capacity to suppress T-cell proliferation exert various effects on T cell function. In addition, Treg have been shown to modulate the phenotype and function of antigen-presenting cells (APC) including dendritic cells (DC), B cells and monocytes/macrophages. However, the specific mechanism(s) of how Treg affect APC have not been entirely identified so far. In this study, we analyzed the interaction of human Treg and effector T cells (Teff) with peripheral blood myeloid and monocyte-derived dendritic cells in vitro. A strong tendency for cell cluster formation between Treg and DC was observed, which was dependent on the adhesion molecules ICAM-1, LFA-3 and ICAM-3. In addition, Treg were found to express higher levels of LFA-1, LFA-2, LFA-3 and ICAM-3 both before and after activation with anti-CD3 antibodies. Using in vitro live cell imaging, we were further able to show that Treg–DC cell clusters, in contrast to Teff–DC clusters, were stable and long lasting. Co-cultures of DC with Treg diminished the up-regulation of activation induced costimulatory molecule expression on DC, and further reduced the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha and stimulated the production of IL-4. In summary, our data indicate that Treg–DC cluster formation might enable Treg to modulate phenotypic and functional characteristics of DC and help to constrain Teff activation.
Specificity is rarely absolute in coral–algal symbiosis: implications for coral response to climate change
Authors: Silverstein Rachel N. , Correa Adrienne M. S. , Baker Andrew C.
Published: February 2012

Some reef-building corals have been shown to respond to environmental change by shifting the composition of their algal symbiont (genus
Symbiodinium
) communities. These shifts have been proposed as a potential mechanism by which corals might survive climate stressors, such as increased temperatures. Conventional molecular methods suggest this adaptive capacity may not be widespread because few (∼25%) coral species have been found to associate with multiple
Symbiodinium
clades. However, these methods can fail to detect low abundance symbionts (typically less than 10–20% of the total algal symbiont community). To determine whether additional
Symbiodinium
clades are present, but are not detected using conventional techniques, we applied a high-resolution, real-time PCR assay to survey
Symbiodinium
(in clades A–D) from 39 species of phylogenetically and geographically diverse scleractinian corals. This survey included 26 coral species thought to be restricted to hosting a single
Symbiodinium
clade (‘symbiotic specialists’). We detected at least two
Symbiodinium
clades (C and D) in at least one sample of all 39 coral species tested; all four
Symbiodinium
clades were detected in over half (54%) of the 26 symbiotic specialist coral species. Furthermore, on average, 68 per cent of all sampled colonies within a given coral species hosted two or more symbiont clades. We conclude that the ability to associate with multiple symbiont clades is common in scleractinian (stony) corals, and that, in coral–algal symbiosis, ‘specificity’ and ‘flexibility’ are relative terms: specificity is rarely absolute. The potential for reef corals to adapt or acclimatize to environmental change via symbiont community shifts may therefore be more phylogenetically widespread than has previously been assumed.
Arcicella rigui sp. nov., isolated from water of a wetland, and emended descriptions of the genus

Arcicella

,

Arcicella aquatica

,

Arcicella rosea

and

Arcicella aurantiaca
Authors: Chen Wen-Ming , Yang Shwu-Harn , Young Chiu-Chung , Sheu Shih-Yi
Published: February 2012

A bacterial strain, designated NSW-5T, was isolated from a water sample taken from Niao-Song Wetland Park in Taiwan and characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Cells of strain NSW-5T were strictly aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-motile and polymorphic, being straight, vibrioid, curved and spiral-shaped rods surrounded by a thick capsule and forming light pink-coloured colonies. Some rings consisting of several cells were present. Growth occurred at 10–40 °C (optimum, 25 °C), with 0–3.0 % NaCl (optimum, 0 %) and at pH 6.0–8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain NSW-5T belonged to the genus

Arcicella

with sequence similarities of 98.6, 98.0 and 97.3 % with

Arcicella aquatica

NO-502T,

Arcicella rosea

TW5T and

Arcicella aurantiaca

TNR-18T, respectively. The predominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c; 20.8 %), C16 : 0 (14.6 %), iso-C15 : 0 (13.8 %), C16 : 1ω5c (12.5 %) and C18 : 0 (11.4 %), and the only respiratory quinone was MK-7. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine and several uncharacterized glycolipids, aminolipids, phospholipids and aminophospholipids. The DNA G+C content of strain NSW-5T was 44.1 mol%. The DNA–DNA relatedness of strain NSW-5T with respect to recognized species of the genus

Arcicella

was less than 70 %. On the basis of phylogenetic inference and phenotypic data, strain NSW-5T should be classified as a representative of a novel species, for which the name Arcicella rigui sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NSW-5T ( = KCTC 23307T = BCRC 80260T). Emended descriptions of the genus

Arcicella

and of

Arcicella aquatica

,

Arcicella rosea

and

Arcicella aurantiaca

are also proposed.
Pseudorhodoferax aquiterrae sp. nov., isolated from groundwater
Authors: Chen Wen-Ming , Lin Yang-Shun , Young Chiu-Chung , Sheu Shih-Yi
Published: February 2012

A Gram-negative, rod-shaped, motile, non-spore-forming and poly-β-hydroxybutyrate-containing bacterial strain, designated NAFc-7T, was isolated from groundwater in Taiwan and was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Growth occurred at 15–40 °C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH 6.0–9.0 (optimum, pH 6.0–7.0) and with 0–3 % NaCl (optimum, 0–1 %). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain NAFc-7T, together with

Pseudorhodoferax soli

TBEA3T (98.2 % sequence similarity) and

Pseudorhodoferax caeni

SB1T (98.0 %), formed a deep line within the family

Comamonadaceae

. Strain NAFc-7T contained summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0 and C17 : 0 cyclo as the predominant fatty acids. The major 3-hydroxy fatty acid was C10 : 0 3-OH. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-8 and the DNA G+C content was 67.6 mol%. The polar lipid profile consisted of a mixture of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine and an uncharacterized phospholipid. The DNA–DNA relatedness of strain NAFc-7T with respect to recognized species of the genus

Pseudorhodoferax

was less than 70 %. On the basis of the genotypic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, strain NAFc-7T represents a novel member of the genus

Pseudorhodoferax

, for which the name Pseudorhodoferax aquiterrae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NAFc-7T ( = BCRC 80210T = LMG 26333T = KCTC 23314T).
Pullulanibacillus uraniitolerans sp. nov., an acidophilic, U(VI)-resistant species isolated from an acid uranium mill tailing effluent and emended description of the genus Pullulanibacillus
Authors: Pereira Sónia G. , Albuquerque Luciana , Nobre M. Fernanda , Tiago Igor , Veríssimo António , Pereira Alcides , da Costa Milton S.
Published: February 2012

Two Gram-positive-staining, rod-shaped, endospore-forming isolates (UG-2T and UG-3), with an optimum growth temperature of around 37 °C and an optimum pH for growth of about 4, were recovered from an acidic effluent of the uranium mill tailing at Urgeiriça in Central Portugal. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, the strains belonged to the family

Sporolactobacillaceae

and were closely related to

Pullulanibacillus naganoensis

ATCC 53909T (97.9 %). Unlike

P. naganoensis

, strains UG-2T and UG-3 grew in medium containing up to 5000 p.p.m. U(VI) but did not hydrolyse pullulan. Chemotaxonomic data also supported the affiliation of strains UG-2T and UG-3 to the genus

Pullulanibacillus

. Physiological and biochemical tests along with fatty acid composition allowed differentiation of strains UG-2T and UG-3 from

P. naganoensis

. It is suggested that strains UG-2T and UG-3 represent a novel species, for which the name
Pullulanibacillus

uraniitolerans is proposed; the type strain is UG-2T ( = DSM 19429T = LMG 24205T). An emended description of the genus

Pullulanibacillus

is also proposed.