bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Testing seismic amplitude source location for fast debris-flow detection at Illgraben, Switzerland
Authors: Walter Fabian , Burtin Arnaud , McArdell Brian W. , Hovius Niels , Weder Bianca , Turowski Jens M.
Published: June 2017

Abstract. Heavy precipitation can mobilize tens to hundreds of thousands of cubic meters of sediment in steep Alpine torrents in a short time. The resulting debris flows (mixtures of water, sediment and boulders) move downstream with velocities of several meters per second and have a high destruction potential. Warning protocols for affected communities rely on raising awareness about the debris-flow threat, precipitation monitoring and rapid detection methods. The latter, in particular, is a challenge because debris-flow-prone torrents have their catchments in steep and inaccessible terrain, where instrumentation is difficult to install and maintain. Here we test amplitude source location (ASL) as a processing scheme for seismic network data for early warning purposes. We use debris-flow and noise seismograms from the Illgraben catchment, Switzerland, a torrent system which produces several debris-flow events per year. Automatic in situ detection is currently based on geophones mounted on concrete check dams and radar stage sensors suspended above the channel. The ASL approach has the advantage that it uses seismometers, which can be installed at more accessible locations where a stable connection to mobile phone networks is available for data communication. Our ASL processing uses time-averaged ground vibration amplitudes to estimate the location of the debris-flow front. Applied to continuous data streams, inversion of the seismic amplitude decay throughout the network is robust and efficient, requires no manual identification of seismic phase arrivals and eliminates the need for a local seismic velocity model. We apply the ASL technique to a small debris-flow event on 19 July 2011, which was captured with a temporary seismic monitoring network. The processing rapidly detects the debris-flow event half an hour before arrival at the outlet of the torrent and several minutes before detection by the in situ alarm system. An analysis of continuous seismic records furthermore indicates that detectability of Illgraben debris flows of this size is unaffected by changing environmental and anthropogenic seismic noise and that false detections can be greatly reduced with simple processing steps.
Dynamics and style transition of a moderate, Vulcanian-driven eruption at Tungurahua (Ecuador) in February 2014: pyroclastic deposits and hazard considerations
Authors: Romero Jorge Eduardo , Douillet Guilhem Amin , Vallejo Vargas Silvia , Bustillos Jorge , Troncoso Liliana , Díaz Alvarado Juan , Ramón Patricio
Published: June 2017

Abstract. The ongoing eruptive cycle of Tungurahua volcano (Ecuador) since 1999 has been characterised by over 15 paroxysmal phases interrupted by periods of relative calm. Those phases included one Subplinian as well as several Strombolian and Vulcanian eruptions and they generated tephra fallouts, pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) and lava flows. The 1 February 2014 eruption occurred after 75 days of quiescence and only 2 days of pre-eruptive seismic crisis. Two short-lived Vulcanian explosions marked the onset of the paroxysmal phase, characterised by a 13.4 km eruptive column and the trigger of PDCs. After 40 min of paroxysm, the activity evolved into sporadic Strombolian explosions with discrete ash emissions and continued for several weeks. Both tephra fall and PDCs were studied for their dispersal, sedimentology, volume and eruption source parameters. At large scale, the tephra cloud dispersed toward the SSW. Based on the field data, two dispersal scenarios were developed forming either elliptical isopachs or proximally PDC-influenced isopachs. The minimum bulk tephra volumes are estimated to 4.55 × 106 m3, for an eruption size estimated at volcanic explosivity index (VEI) 2–3. PDCs, although of small volume, descended by nine ravines of the NNW flanks down to the base of the edifice. The 1 February 2014 eruptions show a similar size to the late 1999 and August 2001 events, but with a higher intensity (I 9–10) and shorter duration. The Vulcanian eruptive mechanism is interpreted to be related to a steady magma ascent and the rise in over-pressure in a blocked conduit (plug) and/or a depressurised solidification front. The transition to Strombolian style is well documented from the tephra fall componentry. In any of the interpretative scenarios, the short-lived precursors for such a major event as well as the unusual tephra dispersion pattern urge for renewed hazard considerations at Tungurahua.
Bone char effects on soil: sequential fractionations and XANES spectroscopy
Authors: Morshedizad Mohsen , Panten Kerstin , Klysubun Wantana , Leinweber Peter
Published: June 2017

Abstract. Acceptability of novel bone char fertilizers depends on their P release but reactions at bone char surfaces and impacts to soil P speciation are insufficiently known. By sequential fractionation and synchrotron-based X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy we investigated whether and how the chemical composition of bone char particles has been altered in soil and, consequently, has affected the P speciation of amended soils. Therefore, two different kinds of bone char particles (BC, produced by pyrolysis of degreased animal bone chips at 800 ºC and BCplus, a BC enriched with reduced sulfur compounds) were manually separated from the soil at the end of two different experiments: incubation-leaching and ryegrass cultivation. Sequential P-fractionation of amended soils showed P-enrichment in all fractions as compared to the control. The most P increase between all treatments significantly occurred in the NaOH-P and resin-P fractions in response to BCplus application in both, incubation-leaching and ryegrass cultivation experiments. This increase of the readily available P fraction in BCplus treated soils was confirmed by linear combination fitting (LCF) analysis on P K-edge XANES spectra of BCs particles and amended soils. The proportion of Ca-hydroxyapatite decreased, whereas the proportion of CaHPO4 increased in BCplus particles after amended soils had been incubated and leached and cropped by ryegrass. Based on P-XANES speciation as determined by LCF analysis, the proportion of inorganic Ca(H2PO4)2 increased in amended soils after BCplus application. These results indicated that soil amendment with BCplus particles leads to elevated P concentration and maintains more soluble P species than BC particles even after 230-days of ryegrass cultivation.
Reanalysis of a 10-year record (2004–2013) of seasonal mass balances at Langenferner/Vedretta Lunga, Ortler Alps, Italy
Authors: Galos Stephan Peter , Klug Christoph , Maussion Fabien , Covi Federico , Nicholson Lindsey , Rieg Lorenzo , Gurgiser Wolfgang , Mölg Thomas , Kaser Georg
Published: June 2017

Abstract. Records of glacier mass balance represent important data in climate science and their uncertainties affect calculations of sea level rise and other societally relevant environmental projections. In order to reduce and quantify uncertainties in mass balance series obtained by direct glaciological measurements, we present a detailed reanalysis workflow which was applied to the 10-year record (2004 to 2013) of seasonal mass balance of Langenferner, a small glacier in the European Eastern Alps. The approach involves a methodological homogenization of available point values and the creation of pseudo-observations of point mass balance for years and locations without measurements by the application of a process-based model constrained by snow line observations. We examine the uncertainties related to the extrapolation of point data using a variety of methods and consequently present a more rigorous uncertainty assessment than is usually reported in the literature. Results reveal that the reanalyzed balance record considerably differs from the original one mainly for the first half of the observation period. For annual balances these misfits reach the order of  > 300 kg m−2 and could primarily be attributed to a lack of measurements in the upper glacier part and to the use of outdated glacier outlines. For winter balances respective differences are smaller (up to 233 kg m−2) and they originate primarily from methodological inhomogeneities in the original series. Remaining random uncertainties in the reanalyzed series are mainly determined by the extrapolation of point data to the glacier scale and are on the order of ±79 kg m−2 for annual and ±52 kg m−2 for winter balances with values for single years/seasons reaching ±136 kg m−2. A comparison of the glaciological results to those obtained by the geodetic method for the period 2005 to 2013 based on airborne laser-scanning data reveals that no significant bias of the reanalyzed record is detectable.
Short-Term Outcomes of Open Hip Preservation Surgery for Symptomatic Extraarticular Femoroacetabular Impingement
Authors: Ricciardi Benjamin F. , Fields Kara G. , Wentzel Catherine , Kelly Bryan T. , Sink Ernest L.
Published: June 2017

Introduction

The purposes of this study were to describe: (i) short-term disease-specific patient-reported outcome scores (PROMs); and (ii) factors associated with reoperation or treatment failure in patients undergoing open hip preservation surgery for symptomatic extraarticular FAI.

Methods

Patients undergoing open hip preservation surgery for symptomatic extraarticular FAI were identified from a prospective, single-centre hip preservation registry (n = 51 patients; median clinical follow-up 24 [range 11-49] months). Hip-specific PROMs were assessed preoperatively, 6 months, and each year subsequently. Patients undergoing reoperation or treatment failure (<10 point improvement in iHOT-33 postoperatively) over the study period were identified. Preoperative associated factors were explored on a univariate basis.

Results

International Hip Outcome Tool-33 (iHOT-33) improved from 33 (standard deviation [SD] 18) to 62 (26) at most recent follow-up and 76% of patients improved by minimum clinically important difference (MCID). Harris Hip Score improved from 53 (15) to 75 (17) at most recent follow-up and 79% of patients improved by MCID. Hip Outcome Score (HOS) Sport improved from 45 (26) to 66 (28) at most recent follow-up and 60% of patients improved by MCID. Continued improvements in mean follow-up scores were seen from 1 year to 2 years. Overall, 7 patients underwent reoperation and 9 patients failed to improve by MCID. Preoperative HOS Sport was higher in patients experiencing reoperation or treatment failure (58 [SD 19] vs. 40 [SD 27] respectively; p = 0.03). No other associated demographic, physical examination, or radiographic factors were found.

Conclusions

Open treatment of extraarticular FAI results in short-term improvements in hip-specific PROMs in most patients. Higher HOS Sport scores were associated with reoperation or treatment failure. Longer-term follow-up is necessary to define maximum improvements in this challenging patient population.
Rewired/Remixed: Event for Dismembered Body
Authors: Stelarc
Published: June 2017

Ideas are easy; the difficulty is in actualizing them. Our imagination not only is aided but actually is initiated by our instruments and computational systems. Unexpected information and images irradiate and mutate our desires and necessitate additional external organs. The posthuman and the transhuman are not merely about sci-fi speculation and theorizing possibilities but rather are about physically interrogating the biological status quo and engineering interfaces that short-circuit the body’s present expectations and experiences. Affirming the sensory, cortical, and anatomical architecture of the body in an age of AI-imbued computational systems and precise and powerful instruments and machines is sheer folly. The body at present is a monstrous chimera of biology, technology, and code. But it’s not enough to optimize or enhance bodies that are profoundly obsolete in form and function. It’s not enough to prosthetically patch up bodies. It’s time to redesign. Time for alternate embodiment and distributed agency. Time to surpass circulating, fractal, and phantom flesh. Time for engineering contestable futures. This article is a visual essay with descriptions of a performance expressing these themes and comments on the artist’s experience.
Pragmatic Functions of Ettehkey as a Discourse Marker in Korean Spoken Data
Authors: Chung Hyunsun
Published: June 2017

This study investigates the pragmatic functions of ettehkey, a discourse marker derived from a question word in colloquial Korean. Ettehkey, as an interrogative word that corresponds to how in English, is commonly considered a contracted form of ettehakey, which derives from an interrogative adjective, ettehata. Ettehkey is also used as an indefinite word that refers to a nonspecific referent. Several studies have highlighted discourse-pragmatic aspects of Korean wh-question words as discourse. However, the research on pragmatic features of ettehkey as a discourse marker is scarce. Therefore, the present study examines how ettehkey pragmatically functions in natural conversation, considering this development as a grammaticalization process. The study argues that pragmatic functions of the discourse marker ettehkey can be broadly categorized as a hearer-centered mitigator and a speaker-centered intensifier. As a hearer-centered mitigator, it can be realized as a hedging device in bringing up a new topic, allowing the hearer some freedom in response or mitigating a question's imposition. As a speaker-centered intensifier, ettehkey tends to emphasize the speaker's unexpected or perplexed stance at an interlocutor's (non)verbal action or a topic of conversation. For this study, 50 naturally occurring telephone conversations from the Korean Telephone Conversations Speech Corpus were analyzed.
Los Procesos de Innovación y los Productores Rurales: El Camino Recorrido
Authors: Amaya López Ana Lissette
Published: June 2017

Este artículo presenta una breve aproximación al desarrollo de procesos de innovación dirigidos y aplicados en pequeños y medianos productores rurales (PMPR), enfatizando en los elementos que afectan la generación, apropiación y uso de las innovaciones, teniendo en consideración la forma en que llega y se desarrolla el proceso innovativo, como los espacios con que cuentan para la socialización y generación de conocimientos que soportan el desarrollo de las mismas. El análisis se realiza, considerando los procesos de innovación como aspectos medulares para alcanzar desarrollo. Transitando desde un enfoque central de políticas, hasta el elemento territorial de acción, en un ir y venir de aproximaciones, confirmaciones y apropiaciones, donde el conocimiento, sus espacios, sus vínculos y relaciones constituyen el tejido que soporta, mantiene e impulsa a los participantes a enfrentar y alcanzar nuevos retos. Con esa idea se analiza el quehacer innovativo, centrado en un sector productivo y en dos territorios rurales, tratando de revelar como ha sido la inducción y que resultados se ha alcanzado hasta el momento.
Evaluated the Success of Fractionally Integrated-GARCH Models on Prediction Stock Market Return Volatility in Gulf Arab Stock Markets
Authors: Al-Hajieh Heitham
Published: June 2017

This paper evaluated the different Fractionally Integrated-GARCH Models (FIGARCH BBM's, FIGARCH Chung, FIEGARCH, FIAPARCH BBM's, FIAPARCH Chung, and HYGARCH). This is the first research to use six different Fractionally Integrated-GARCH Models. Most research compares one of Fractionally Integrated-GARCH Models with the traditional GARCH, EGARCH, GJG-GARCH, IGARCH, and APGARCH. To do so, daily returns of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Stock Markets analyzed, covering the period 1995 to 2015. Both the Superior Predictive Ability and the Model Confidence Set tests were used to identify the best fitting models of each country. The results reveal that FIGARCH BBM is the best fitting model for UAE, KSA, and Bahrain. FIEGARCH is the best fitting model for Kuwait. FIGARCH Chung is the best fitting model for Qatar. Only the results for Oman were mixed between FIGARCH BBM and FIAPARCH BBM models.
A GENERALIZED NON-LINEAR METHOD FOR DISTORTION CORRECTION AND TOP-DOWN VIEW CONVERSION OF FISH EYE IMAGES
Authors: Bawa Vivek Singh , Kumar Krishan , Kumar Vinay
Published: June 2017

Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) have been developed to automate and modify vehicles for safety and better driving experience. Among all computer vision modules in ADAS, 360-degree surround view generation of immediate surroundings of the vehicle is very important, due to application in on-road traffic assistance, parking assistance etc. This paper presents a novel algorithm for fast and computationally efficient transformation of input fisheye images into required top down view. This paper also presents a generalized framework for generating top down view of images captured by cameras with fish-eye lenses mounted on vehicles, irrespective of pitch or tilt angle. The proposed approach comprises of two major steps, viz. correcting the fish-eye lens images to rectilinear images, and generating top-view perspective of the corrected images. The images captured by the fish-eye lens possess barrel distortion, for which a nonlinear and non-iterative method is used. Thereafter, homography is used to obtain top-down view of corrected images. This paper also targets to develop surroundings of the vehicle for wider distortion less field of view and camera perspective independent top down view, with minimum computation cost which is essential due to limited computation power on vehicles.
Practice Guideline Summary: Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy Incidence Rates and Risk Factors: Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Epilepsy Society
Authors: Harden Cynthia , Tomson Torbjörn , Gloss David , Buchhalter Jeffrey , Cross J. Helen , Donner Elizabeth , French Jacqueline A. , Gil-Nagel Anthony , Hesdorffer Dale C. , Smithson W. Henry , Spitz Mark C. , Walczak Thaddeus S. , Sander Josemir W. , Ryvlin Philippe
Published: June 2017

Objective: To determine the incidence rates of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) in different epilepsy populations and address the question of whether risk factors for SUDEP have been identified. Methods: Systematic review of evidence; modified Grading Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation process for developing conclusions; recommendations developed by consensus. Results: Findings for incidence rates based on 12 Class I studies include the following: SUDEP risk in children with epilepsy (aged 0–17 years) is 0.22/1,000 patient-years (95% CI 0.16–0.31) (high confidence in evidence). SUDEP risk increases in adults to 1.2/1,000 patient-years (95% CI 0.64–2.32) (low confidence in evidence). The major risk factor for SUDEP is the occurrence of generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS); the SUDEP risk increases in association with increasing frequency of GTCS occurrence (high confidence in evidence). Recommendations: Level B: Clinicians caring for young children with epilepsy should inform parents/guardians that in 1 year, SUDEP typically affects 1 in 4,500 children; therefore, 4,499 of 4,500 children will not be affected. Clinicians should inform adult patients with epilepsy that SUDEP typically affects 1 in 1,000 adults with epilepsy per year; therefore, annually 999 of 1,000 adults will not be affected. For persons with epilepsy who continue to experience GTCS, clinicians should continue to actively manage epilepsy therapies to reduce seizures and SUDEP risk while incorporating patient preferences and weighing the risks and benefits of any new approach. Clinicians should inform persons with epilepsy that seizure freedom, particularly freedom from GTCS, is strongly associated with decreased SUDEP risk.
Prevalência de burnout em médicos residentes de Medicina Geral e Familiar em Portugal
Authors: Dos Santos Sara Cristina Robalo , Viegas Ana Isabel Francisco , Morgado Catarina Isabel de Magalhães Oliveira , Ramos Carla Sofia Varela , Soares Christina Nunes Delgado , Roxo Helena Mafalda da Conceição João , Santos Mafalda Cleto da Silva , Nabais Sara Nunes Pires
Published: June 2017

Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de burnout nos residentes de Medicina Geral e Familiar (MGF) em Portugal e analisar variáveis que possam influenciar os níveis de burnout nas suas três dimensões (Exaustão Emocional - EE; Despersonalização - DP e Realização Pessoal - RP). Métodos: Estudo transversal, observacional; aplicados questionários de novembro a dezembro de 2015 constituídos pelo Maslach Burnout Inventory e por variáveis sociodemográficas e da residência. Tamanho da amostra estimado de 327 residentes (IC 95%; erro amostral de 5%). Resultados: Amostra representativa composta por 431 residentes (média de 28,7 anos, 80,7% do gênero feminino). A prevalência de burnout global (níveis de burnout elevado na dimensão da EE e/ou DP) foi 46,9%; 38,1% dos residentes apresentava burnout elevado na EE, 45,2% na RP e 26,5% na DP. Verificou-se uma associação estatisticamente significativa entre níveis de burnout elevado e residentes medicados com ansiolíticos/hipnóticos – EE (p<0,001); RP (p=0,001) e DP (p<0,001) e também nos residentes medicados com antidepressivos, na EE e RP (p=0,01). Nos residentes com intenção de desistir da residência/carreira médica verificaram-se níveis elevados de burnout na EE (p<0,001 para ambas), na RP (p=0,003 e p=0,01, respectivamente) e na DP (p=0,005 e p<0,001, respectivamente). Nos residentes que não escolheram MGF como primeira opção, verificaram-se níveis de burnout elevados na dimensão da DP (p<0,001) e da RP (p=0,04). Conclusão: Dada a elevada prevalência de burnout nos residentes de MGF em Portugal, torna-se fundamental desenvolver novos estudos a nível internacional e desenvolver estratégias que previnam e minimizem o impacto negativo desta síndrome.
Cutaneous and Superficial Soft Tissue CD34+ Spindle Cell Proliferation
Authors: Yang Hongyu , Yu Limin
Published: June 2017

Context.—

Cutaneous and superficial soft tissue spindle cell proliferations with CD34 expression represent a unique heterogeneous group of lesions. They can pose diagnostic challenges for unaware pathologists in their daily practice.

Objective.—

To review selected entities of CD34+ spindle cell proliferations in the skin and superficial soft tissue. The effective diagnostic approaches using clinical, histopathologic, and immunophenotypical findings are discussed within a broad spectrum of differential diagnosis.

Data Sources.—

All information used in the article is obtained from published literature by PubMed search and Internet-based search engines. The authors' collective experience and real-life examples are also used.

Conclusions.—

Spindle cell proliferations with CD34 positivity can be worked up to a definitive diagnosis by using clinical, histopathologic, and immunophenotypical findings. Familiarity with these entities helps pathologists make the accurate diagnosis.
Viral kinetics in untreated versus treated acute HIV infection in prospective cohort studies in Thailand
Authors: Ananworanich Jintanat , Eller Leigh Anne , Pinyakorn Suteeraporn , Kroon Eugene , Sriplenchan Somchai , Fletcher James LK , Suttichom Duanghathai , Bryant Christopher , Trichavaroj Rapee , Dawson Peter , Michael Nelson , Phanuphak Nittaya , Robb Merlin L ,   RV217 RV254/SEARCH010 study groups
Published: June 2017

Introduction: The extent of viral replication during acute HIV infection (AHI) influences HIV disease progression. However, information comparing viral load (VL) kinetics with and without antiretroviral therapy (ART) in AHI is limited. The knowledge gained could inform preventive strategies aimed at reducing VL during AHI and therapeutic strategies to alter the viral kinetics that may enhance the likelihood of achieving HIV remission.

Methods: The analysis utilized VL data captured during the first year of HIV infection from two studies in Thailand: the RV217 study (untreated AHI, 30 participants and 412 visits) and the RV254 study (treated AHI, 235 participants and 2803 visits). Fiebig stages were I/II (HIV RNA+, HIV IgM−) and Fiebig III/IV (HIV IgM+, Western blot‐/indeterminate). Data were modelled utilizing spline effects within a linear mixed model, with a random intercept and slope to allow for between‐subject variability and adjustment for the differences in variability between studies. The number of knots in the quadratic spline basis functions was determined by comparing models with differing numbers of knots via the Akaike Information Criterion. Models were fit using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS v9.3.

Results: At enrolment, there were 24 Fiebig I/II and 6 Fiebig III/IV individuals in the untreated group and 137 Fiebig I/II and 98 Fiebig III/IV individuals in the treated group. Overall, the median age was 27.5 years old, most were male (89%), and CRF01_AE was the most common HIV clade (76%). By day 12 (4 days after ART in RV254), the untreated group had a 2.7‐fold higher predicted mean VL level compared to those treated (predicted log VL 6.19 for RV217 and 5.76 for RV254, p = 0.05). These differences increased to 135‐fold by day 30 (predicted log VL 4.89 for RV217 and 2.76 for RV254) and 1148‐fold by day 120 (predicted log VL 4.68 for RV217 and 1.63 for RV254) (p < 0.0001 for both) until both curves were similarly flat at about day 150 (p = 0.17 between days 150 and 160). The VL trajectories were significantly different between Fiebig I/II and Fiebig III/IV participants when comparing the two groups and within the treated group (p < 0.001 for both).

Conclusions: Initiating ART in AHI dramatically changed the trajectory of VL very early in the course of infection that could have implications for reducing transmission potential and enhancing responses to future HIV remission strategies. There is an urgency of initiating ART when acute infection is identified. New and inexpensive strategies to engage and test individuals at high risk for HIV as well as immediate treatment access will be needed to improve the treatment of acute infection globally.

Clinical Trial Number: NCT00796146 and NCT00796263
Rapport fra Temamøte om Miljøterapeutisk kompetanse i skolen
Authors: Rustad Marit Ruth
Published: June 2017

UiT Norges arktiske universitet, Campus Harstad, avd. for vernepleie, tidligere Høgskolen i Harstad, har siden 1983 utdannet vernepleiere, en helse- og sosialfaglig profesjonsutdanning som har sitt faglige ståsted innenfor feltet funksjonshemming. Dette betyr at vernepleiere utøver sin yrkesfunksjon i samhandling med personer som har en funksjonsnedsettelse, og i nært samarbeid med andre yrkesutøvere. De nasjonale føringer innenfor funksjonshemma-politikken er «et samfunn for alle» og «alle skal være med». Når det gjelder den norske skole, har vi en opplæringslov som sier noe om retten og kravet som stilles til opplæring, for alle våre barn.Utfordringen den norske skole står overfor med tanke på opplæringsloven og tilpasset opplæring, er mange, men for å nå opplæringsmålene for alle våre barn er det viktig med en supplerende kompetanse til læreren i skolestua. Her kommer miljøterapeuten og vernepleieren inn og kan bidra til å tilrettelegge for motivasjon og mestring hos elever med spesielle behov i skolehverdagen. Visjonen om at «alle hører tell», tilsier fagkunnskap om hvordan vi skal inkludere.På vegne av arrangørene, UiT Campus Harstad, avd. for vernepleie og FO, Fellesorganisasjonen for barnevernspedagoger, sosionomer, velferdsvitere og vernepleiere, takker vi for all gode innspill i panelet og fra tilhørere.Rapporten inneholder alle stemmene fra temamøtet om miljøterapeutisk kompetanse i skolen –  arbeidsoppgave og utfordringer, og er et kunnskapsbidrag inn i skolestua, både på ledernivå, og til planlegging av opplæring og dens gjennomføring.
Four Characteristics of Facebook Activities for English Language Learning: A study of Malaysian University Students’ Needs and Preferences
Authors: Akma Adi Kasuma Shaidatul
Published: June 2017

This paper identifies Malaysian university students’ needs and preferences for online English language activities on a Facebook group that supports their formal learning. Two methods of data collection were employed; content analysis of the Facebook interactions, and semi structured interviews. Four main learning preferences or characteristics of online activities are identified; a) teacher-led activities (tasks and learning content provided by teachers), b) teachers’ presence (one or two authority figures to facilitate learning and keep group lively), c) topics or content (entertainment-oriented, grammar quizzes, opinion-based discussions), d) structure of the group (optional and ungraded). The passive participants found the activity beneficial in improving their online communication ability, while the more active participants felt a boost of confidence to use English in a more public space like Facebook. The findings indicate that the students are in need of technological changes in learning, but are dependent on teachers’ instructions to initiate the process. They exert selective interests in learning topics and content, and demonstrate partial autonomy in negotiating the online group’s structure. The theoretical and practical implications, and recommendation for future research are briefly presented.
The Impact of Smartboard on Preparatory Year EFL Learners’ Motivation at a Saudi University
Authors: Ahmad Waqar , Ali Zuraina , Aslam Sipra Muhammad , Hassan Taj Imtiaz
Published: June 2017

Smartboards, which are now widely used in the teaching and learning process in Saudi Arabia, have turned the traditional environments of the classrooms, especially the EFL classrooms to be more interesting and encouraging. Literature reviews suggest that Saudi students usually lack motivation for studying English as a foreign language. This study tends to investigate the impact of Smartboards on preparatory year EFL learners motivation at a Saudi university. Two intact groups were selected, in which one was termed as experimental and the second as control group. The experimental group was taught using the Smartboard while the control group was taught with the traditional whiteboard, pen and book method. The treatment was given for seven weeks. A questionnaire was administered to both the groups at the beginning and the end of the study. The data was analysed using the SPSS and the results showed that there was significant difference between the experimental and control groups in terms of motivation.
Temperature dependence of plankton community metabolism in the subtropical and tropical oceans
Authors: Garcia‐Corral Lara S. , Holding Johnna M. , Carrillo‐de‐Albornoz Paloma , Steckbauer Alexandra , Pérez‐Lorenzo María , Navarro Nuria , Serret Pablo , Gasol Josep M. , Morán Xosé Anxelu G. , Estrada Marta , Fraile‐Nuez Eugenio , Benítez‐Barrios Verónica , Agusti Susana , Duarte Carlos M.
Published: June 2017

Here we assess the temperature dependence of the metabolic rates (gross primary production (GPP), community respiration (CR), and the ratio GPP/CR) of oceanic plankton communities. We compile data from 133 stations of the Malaspina 2010 Expedition, distributed among the subtropical and tropical Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. We used the in vitro technique to measured metabolic rates during 24 h incubations at three different sampled depths: surface, 20%, and 1% of the photosynthetically active radiation measured at surface. We also measured the % of ultraviolet B radiation (UVB) penetrating at surface waters. GPP and CR rates increased with warming, albeit different responses were observed for each sampled depth. The overall GPP/CR ratio declined with warming. Higher activation energies (Ea) were derived for both processes (GPPChla = 0.97; CRChla = 1.26; CRHPA = 0.95 eV) compared to those previously reported. The Indian Ocean showed the highest Ea (GPPChla = 1.70; CRChla = 1.48; CRHPA = 0.57 eV), while the Atlantic Ocean showed the lowest (GPPChla = 0.86; CRChla = 0.77; CRHPA = −0.13 eV). We believe that the difference between previous assessments and the ones presented here can be explained by the overrepresentation of Atlantic communities in the previous data sets. We found that UVB radiation also affects the temperature dependence of surface GPP, which decreased rather than increased under high levels of UVB. Ocean warming, which causes stratification and oligotrophication of the subtropical and tropical oceans, may lead to reduced surface GPP as a result of increased penetration of UVB radiation.
Breaking of internal solitary waves generated by an estuarine gravity current
Authors: Xie Xiaohui , Li Ming , Boicourt William C.
Published: June 2017

Mooring and ship‐based data collected in a stratified estuary showed the generation of internal solitary waves by a bottom gravity current. Down‐estuary winds drove a counterclockwise lateral circulation over channel‐shoal bathymetry. When the lateral flows became supercritical, the pycnocline was sharply raised at the edge of the deep channel, leading to flow convergences and formation of a bottom gravity current. As the lateral circulation weakened during wind relaxation, the gravity current propagated onto the shoal and excited internal disturbances around its head. These disturbances evolved into a train of large‐amplitude internal solitary waves that subsequently propagated ahead of the gravity current. The waves moving out of the gravity current broke, generating overturning and turbulence with energy dissipation rate reaching ~1 × 10−4 m2 s−3, 3 orders of magnitude larger than the background value. Our observations suggest that breaking internal waves may be an important source of turbulent mixing in stratified estuaries.
The recrystallized grain size piezometer for quartz: An EBSD‐based calibration
Authors: Cross A. J. , Prior D. J. , Stipp M. , Kidder S.
Published: June 2017

We have reanalyzed samples previously used for a quartz recrystallized grain size paleopiezometer, using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Recrystallized and relict grains are separated using their grain orientation spread, which acts as a measure of intragranular lattice distortion and a proxy for dislocation density. For EBSD maps made with a 1 μm step size, the piezometer relationship is D = 103.91 ± 0.41 ∙ σ−1.41 ± 0.21 (for root‐mean‐square mean diameter values). We also present a “sliding resolution” piezometer relationship, D = 104.22 ± 0.51 ∙ σ−1.59 ± 0.26, that combines 1 μm step size data at coarser grain sizes with 200 nm step size data at finer grain sizes. The sliding resolution piezometer more accurately estimates stress in fine‐grained (<10 μm) samples. The two calibrations give results within 10% of each other for recrystallized grain sizes between 10 μm and 100 μm. Both piezometers match the original light optical microscopy quartz piezometer within error.
Explaining the rolling‐pin distribution of suprathermal electrons behind dipolarization fronts
Authors: Liu C. M. , Fu H. S. , Xu Y. , Cao J. B. , Liu W. L.
Published: June 2017

The rolling‐pin distribution of suprathermal electrons (40–200 keV), showing electron pitch angles primarily at 0°, 90°, and 180°, has recently been reported behind dipolarization fronts (DFs) both in observations and simulations. The formation of such type of distribution, however, has been unclear so far. In this study, we present an observation of such type of distribution by Cluster in the magnetotail behind a DF. We interpret the formation of such distribution using the global‐scale Fermi acceleration together with local‐scale betatron acceleration. We quantitatively reproduce these two processes and therefore the rolling‐pin distribution of suprathermal electrons using an analytical model. We further reveal that only at energies higher than 26 keV can such distribution be formed. This study, quantitatively explaining the formation of rolling‐pin distribution, can improve the understanding of electron dynamics behind DFs.
Niche construction by non‐diazotrophs for N2 fixers in the eastern tropical North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Singh Arvind , Bach Lennart T. , Fischer Tim , Hauss Helena , Kiko Rainer , Paul Allanah J. , Stange Paul , Vandromme Pieter , Riebesell Ulf
Published: June 2017

Diazotrophic dinitrogen (N2) fixation contributes ~76% to “new” nitrogen inputs to the sunlit open ocean, but environmental factors determining N2 fixation rates are not well constrained. Excess phosphate (phosphate–nitrate/16 > 0) and iron availability control N2 fixation rates in the eastern tropical North Atlantic (ETNA), but it remains an open question how excess phosphate is generated within or supplied to the phosphate‐depleted sunlit layer. Our observations in the ETNA region (8°N–15°N, 19°W–23°W) suggest that Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus, the two ubiquitous non‐diazotrophic cyanobacteria with cellular N:P ratios higher than the Redfield ratio, create an environment of excess phosphate, which cannot be explained by diapycnal mixing, atmospheric, and riverine inputs. Thus, our results unveil a new biogeochemical niche construction mechanism by non‐diazotrophic cyanobacteria for their diazotrophic phylum group members (N2 fixers). Our observations may help to understand the prevalence of diazotrophy in low‐phosphate, oligotrophic regions.
Upward negative leaders in positive triggered lightning: Stepping and branching in the initial stage
Authors: Pu Yunjiao , Jiang Rubin , Qie Xiushu , Liu Mingyuan , Zhang Hongbo , Fan Yanfeng , Wu Xueke
Published: June 2017

By conducting comprehensive observation on the rarely triggered positive lightning flashes, two cases of upward negative leaders were quantitatively investigated with simultaneous data of current, optical, and electromagnetic field changes at fine time resolution. The impulsive channel current associated with the initial leader stepping involved pulse interval, peak, charge of 19.1 μs, 122.3 Å, 465.9 μC, and 20.3 μs, 58.4 Å, 267.2 μC, for the two cases, respectively. The negative charge of an individual step was nearly an order of magnitude larger than that of the positive leader step in triggered lightning. The upward negative stepped leader branches shortly after initiation, and consequently, the stepping‐caused current pulses became multipeaked, wider, and more frequent in waveforms. The main leader tip propagated at an average speed of 2.10 × 105 m/s, while its partial speed fluctuated a lot as was significantly influenced by the behaviors of subbranches development.
Stress in recrystallized quartz by electron backscatter diffraction mapping
Authors: Llana‐Fúnez S.
Published: June 2017

The long‐term state of stress at middle and lower crustal depths can be estimated through the study of the microstructure of exhumed rocks from active and/or ancient shear zones. Constitutive equations for deformation mechanisms in experimentally deformed rocks relate differential stress to the size of recrystallized grains. Cross et al. (2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073836) take advantage of electron backscatter diffraction mapping to systematically separate new recrystallized grains from host grains on the basis of the measurable lattice distorsion within the grains. They produce the first calibrated piezometer for quartz with this technique, reproducing within error a previous calibration based on optical microscopy.
How the structural architecture of the Eurasian continental margin affects the structure, seismicity, and topography of the south central Taiwan fold‐and‐thrust belt
Authors: Brown Dennis , Alvarez‐Marron Joaquina , Biete Cristina , Kuo‐Chen Hao , Camanni Giovanni , Ho Chun‐Wei
Published: June 2017

Studies of mountain belts worldwide show that along‐strike changes are common in their foreland fold‐and‐thrust belts. These are typically caused by processes related to fault reactivation and/or fault focusing along changes in sedimentary sequences. The study of active orogens, like Taiwan, can also provide insights into how these processes influence transient features such as seismicity and topography. In this paper, we trace regional‐scale features from the Eurasian continental margin in the Taiwan Strait into the south central Taiwan fold‐and‐thrust belt. We then present newly mapped surface geology, P wave velocity maps and sections, seismicity, and topography data to test the hypothesis of whether or not these regional‐scale features of the margin are contributing to along‐strike changes in structural style, and the distribution of seismicity and topography in this part of the Taiwan fold‐and‐thrust belt. These data show that the most important along‐strike change takes place at the eastward prolongation of the upper part of the margin necking zone, where there is a causal link between fault reactivation, involvement of basement in the thrusting, concentration of seismicity, and the formation of high topography. On the area correlated with the necking zone, the strike‐slip reactivation of east northeast striking extensional faults is causing sigmoidal offset of structures and topography along two main zones. Here basement is not involved in the thrusting; there is weak focusing of seismicity and localized development of topography. We also show that there are important differences in structure, seismicity, and topography between the margin shelf and its necking zone.
Seismic anisotropy and mantle dynamics beneath the Malawi Rift Zone, East Africa
Authors: Reed Cory A. , Liu Kelly H. , Yu Youqiang , Gao Stephen S.
Published: June 2017

SKS, SKKS, and PKS splitting parameters measured at 34 seismic stations that we deployed in the vicinity of the Cenozoic Malawi Rift Zone (MRZ) of the East African Rift System demonstrate systematic spatial variations with an average splitting time of 1.0 ± 0.3 s. The overall NE‐SW fast orientations are consistent with absolute plate motion (APM) models of the African Plate constructed under the assumption of no‐net rotation of the global lithosphere and are inconsistent with predicted APM directions from models employing a fixed hot spot reference frame. They also depart considerably from the trend of most of the major tectonic features. These observations, together with the results of anisotropy depth estimation using the spatial coherency of the splitting parameters, suggest a mostly asthenospheric origin of the observed azimuthal anisotropy. The single‐layered anisotropy observed at 30 and two‐layered anisotropy observed at 4 of the 34 stations can be explained by APM‐related simple shear within the rheologically transitional layer between the lithosphere and asthenosphere, as well as by the horizontal deflection of asthenospheric flow along the southern and western edges of a continental block with relatively thick lithosphere revealed by previous seismic tomography and receiver function investigations. This first regional‐scale shear wave splitting investigation of the MRZ suggests the absence of rifting‐related active mantle upwelling or small‐scale mantle convection and supports a passive‐rifting process for the MRZ.
Interactions of Neurons with Physical Environments
Authors: Marcus Michal , Baranes Koby , Park Matthew , Choi Insung S. , Kang Kyungtae , Shefi Orit
Published: June 2017

Nerve growth strongly relies on multiple chemical and physical signals throughout development and regeneration. Currently, a cure for injured neuronal tissue is an unmet need. Recent advances in fabrication technologies and materials led to the development of synthetic interfaces for neurons. Such engineered platforms that come in 2D and 3D forms can mimic the native extracellular environment and create a deeper understanding of neuronal growth mechanisms, and ultimately advance the development of potential therapies for neuronal regeneration. This progress report aims to present a comprehensive discussion of this field, focusing on physical feature design and fabrication with additional information about considerations of chemical modifications. We review studies of platforms generated with a range of topographies, from micro‐scale features down to topographical elements at the nanoscale that demonstrate effective interactions with neuronal cells. Fabrication methods are discussed as well as their biological outcomes. This report highlights the interplay between neuronal systems and the important roles played by topography on neuronal differentiation, outgrowth, and development. The influence of substrate structures on different neuronal cells and parameters including cell fate, outgrowth, intracellular remodeling, gene expression and activity is discussed. Matching these effects to specific needs may lead to the emergence of clinical solutions for patients suffering from neuronal injuries or brain‐machine interface (BMI) applications.
Carbon‐Coated Li3VO4 Spheres as Constituents of an Advanced Anode Material for High‐Rate Long‐Life Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Shen Laifa , Chen Shuangqiang , Maier Joachim , Yu Yan
Published: June 2017

Lithium‐ion batteries are receiving considerable attention for large‐scale energy‐storage systems. However, to date the current cathode/anode system cannot satisfy safety, cost, and performance requirements for such applications. Here, a lithium‐ion full battery based on the combination of a Li3VO4 anode with a LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode is reported, which displays a better performance than existing systems. Carbon‐coated Li3VO4 spheres comprising nanoscale carbon‐coating primary particles are synthesized by a morphology‐inheritance route. The observed high capacity combined with excellent sample stability and high rate capability of carbon‐coated Li3VO4 spheres is superior to other insertion anode materials. A high‐performance full lithium‐ion battery is fabricated by using the carbon‐coated Li3VO4 spheres as the anode and LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 spheres as the cathode; such a cell shows an estimated practical energy density of 205 W h kg−1 with greatly improved properties such as pronounced long‐term cyclability, and rapid charge and discharge.
Bioinspired Microfibers with Embedded Perfusable Helical Channels
Authors: Xu Peidi , Xie Ruoxiao , Liu Yupeng , Luo Guoan , Ding Mingyu , Liang Qionglin
Published: June 2017

Materials with microchannels have attracted increasing attention due to their promising perfusability and biomimetic geometry. However, the fabrication of microfibers with more geometrically complex channels in the micro‐ or nanoscale remains a big challenge. Here, a novel method for generating scalable microfibers with consecutive embedded helical channels is presented using an easily made coaxial microfluidic device. The characteristics of the helical channel can be accurately controlled by simply adjusting the flow rate ratio of the fluids. The mechanism of the helix formation process is theorized with newly proposed heterogenerated rope‐coil effect, which enhances the tunability of helical patterns and promotes the comprehension of this abnormal phenomenon. Based on this effect, microfibers with embedded Janus channels and even double helical channels are generated in situ by changing the design of the device. The uniqueness and potential applications of these tubular microfibers are also demonstrated by biomimetic supercoiling structures as well as the perfusable and permeable spiral vessel.