bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transforming Portable Seismic Data Acquisition: From Experiment Design to Publishing, an Ecosystem Approach
Authors: Easton David
Published: March 2022

An important consideration in selecting instrumentation to support the undertaking of portable seismic campaigns has been the costs associated with physical attributes, namely Size, Weight, and Power.  A more holistic approach would be to examine the overall campaign lifecycle and the phases which have the greatest impact on science outcomes. In this regard, some of the key success factors are the decisions made during the deployment planning phase that includes network size, station geolocation, instrumentation and sensor choices. Often overlooked is the data management problem associated with ensuring that the most up-to-date information associated with the plan is communicated to everyone who needs it. Further, another often overlooked aspect is the accurate tracking and reporting of what actually is deployed in the field relative to the plan, since such deviations inevitably occur.

The Pegasus Data Acquisition System is an ecosystem of hardware and software components for portable seismic monitoring that fundamentally transforms how seismic campaigns are conducted. This integrated ecosystem-based approach to seismic data acquisition ensures that campaigns are easy to plan, execute and achieve superb outcome certainty and cost-efficiency. A range of Pegasus models have been designed specifically to support Portable, Polar and OBS campaigns. Seamlessly integrated workflows address all aspects of the campaign lifecycle from pre-planning to pre-configured deployments, harvesting ready-to-use complete data sets, configuration distribution to field technicians and automatically generated metadata.

Authors: David Easton, Michael Perlin, Sylvain Pigeon, Tim Parker, Valarie Hamilton
High-resolution water temperature impact assessment on thermal power plants operations in Europe and riverine ecosystems 
Authors: Adamovic Marko , de Roo Ad , Bisselink Berny , Grizzetti Bruna
Published: March 2022

Thermal power plants consume large amounts of water for electricity generation, mainly for cooling purposes that is later discharged back to riverine eco-systems. Increase in water temperature of the river systems and oceans is becoming the real environmental challenge to tackle, posed by the accelerated changes in climate change.  

In this study, new high-resolution data set of the water temperature projections of the main rivers in Europe due to climate change has been created using the new LISTEMP water resources model. We developed the new model called LISTEMP as a result of online coupling between the LISFLOOD open source hydrological model and newly developed water temperature module that runs on a 5 km grid and solved using a semi-Lagrangian numerical scheme. The results are based on 11 climate models which project current and future climate under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs): RCP4.5 and RCP 8.5 emission scenario. We assess thermal plant's vulnerability to water temperature changes as climate change continues.  

We conclude that operations and maintenance of many thermal power plants could be at risk due to the water temperature change since their efficiency and performance depend mostly on a possibility to intake huge quantities of cooling water. Furthermore, we identified the hot spots in Europe where current power plants urge for technological change in order to be more resilient to climate. We also detect spots where plants are returning water at a temperature above the ecologically desirable ranges due to climate change. Knowledge acquired in this study and dataset contribute to multi-scale water-energy-food nexus and Common Fisheries Policy for conserving fish stocks with future climate.

 
Wintertime biases in the EC-EARTH stratosphere: CMIP6 version
Authors: Palmeiro Froila M. , García-Serrano Javier , Rodrigo Mario , Abalos Marta , Christiansen Bo , Yang Shuting
Published: March 2022

The aim of this study is to comprehensively assess the boreal winter climatology of the European Consortium Earth-system model (EC-EARTH), specifically the contributing version to CMIP6, v3.3. To identify model biases, the climatological stratospheric circulation of a 100-year long simulation with prescribed climatological boundary conditions and fixed radiative forcing, representative of present-day climate, is compared to reanalysis data. An important issue is found in the vertical distribution of stratospheric temperature from the tropics to mid-latitudes in EC-EARTH, which is seemingly linked to radiative processes of ozone, leading to a biased warm middle-upper stratosphere. Consistent with this bias, the Brewer-Dobson circulation at middle/lower levels is weaker than reanalysis while the polar vortex in EC-EARTH is stronger at the upper-stratosphere. The amplitude of Planetary waves is overall underestimated, but the magnitude of the background wave injection from the troposphere into the stratosphere is overestimated in relation to a weaker polar vortex at lower-stratospheric levels and thus less effective wave filtering. The overestimation of the background wave driving is maximum in early-winter and consistent with an increase of sudden stratospheric warmings at this time, as compared to reanalysis. When the wave injection climatology is decomposed spatially, a distinctive role of the planetary waves is revealed: while large-scale waves (wavenumbers 1-2) dominate the eddy heat flux over the North Pacific, small-scale waves (wavenumbers 3-4) are responsible for the doubled-lobe structure of the eddy heat flux over Eurasia. EC-EARTH properly simulates this climatological feature, although overestimates its amplitude over central Eurasia.
Hyper-resolution modeling of crop evaporation in a semi-arid region using GLEAM and METRIC
Authors: Naghdyzadegan Jahromi Mojtaba , Zand-Parsa Shahrokh , Nouri Hamideh , Koppa Akash , Rains Dominik , G. Miralles Diego
Published: March 2022

Water scarcity is a major challenge for effective agricultural water management in semi-arid regions. The lack of water resources often requires irrigation (e.g., surface and sprinkler irrigation), providing crops with sufficient soil moisture to maintain photosynthesis and transpiration. To improve crop yields and simultaneously minimise water usage, accurate monitoring of crop evaporation, the primary indicator of plant water consumption, is essential. Given the heterogeneity inherent to semi-arid croplands, hyper-resolution images can enhance the quality and accuracy of monitoring(<30m). Such monitoring systems necessitate the development of remote sensing-based models capable of resolving processes at hyper-resolution and providing spatio-temporally consistent estimates of evaporation.
In this study, we estimate daily crop evaporation of wheat in the experimental site of the Agriculture College of Shiraz University (Shiraz, Iran) over four years (2016–2020). As a first step, we drive the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) with Landsat 8 data to generate evaporation at hyper-resolution (30 m). The GLEAM model, originally designed to estimate evaporation at ecosystem-to-global scales, is adapted to consider both surface and sprinkler irrigation in water balance calculation, a common feature in irrigated agriculture. The additional water through surface irrigation is introduced into the system via the soil water balance module, whereas the sprinkler irrigation is introduced as additional precipitation into the interception module. In a second step, we execute an energy balance model, the Mapping EvapoTranspiration at high Resolution with Internalized Calibration (METRIC), using Landsat 8 data. When appropriate extreme pixels (hot and cold pixels) are specified, METRIC can calculate advection, and also METRIC performance is accurate under heterogeneous land use. The results of these two distinct approaches are intercompared and validated against in situ data.
Large-scale forcing of extreme African dust storms by double Rossby wave breaking
Authors: G. Orza Jose A. , Dhital Saroj , Fiedler Stephanie , Kaplan Michael L.
Published: March 2022

Dust storm genesis is one of several high-impact weather phenomena that may result from Rossby wave breaking (RWB). The wave propagation into low latitudes over North Africa facilitates instability through upper-level divergence and the reduction of the static stability ahead of the cyclonic side of the wave train, and therefore modulates the low-level tropospheric conditions in dust source areas.

The analysis of three dust storm case studies that strongly impacted the Iberian Peninsula and another one impacting the Cape Verde Islands indicates that a double RWB process within the Polar Jet (PJ) stream over the eastern North Atlantic and western Europe is a common large-scale upper-level precursor to the formation of the large North African dust storms and subsequent transport of dust (Orza et al, 2020; Dhital et al, 2020).

The synoptic and larger subsynoptic scale features were analyzed using ERA-Interim reanalysis while mesoscale features were studied by high-resolution WRF-CHEM simulations. There are substantial differences between the case studies in the location and geometry of upper- and low-level features following the first break (Dhital et al, 2020; 2021). However, in all case studies (1) RWB within the PJ stream is observed; (2) there is a substantial poleward expansion of the upper-level subtropical ridge; and (3) the secondary RWB is amplified by nonlinear wave reflection from the first break.

Preliminary results from a larger number of cases study indicate the relevance of secondary RWB in the PJ stream. The dynamics may also result in cutoff lows and amplified low-PV ridging accompanying cyclogenesis and heatwaves, respectively, which emphasizes the need to improve our understanding of the involved processes.

- Dhital S, ML Kaplan, JAG Orza, S Fiedler (2020). Atmospheric dynamics of a Saharan dust outbreak over Mindelo, Cape Verde Islands, preceded by Rossby wave breaking: Multiscale observational analyses and simulations. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 125, e2020JD032975.

- Dhital S, ML Kaplan, JAG Orza, S Fiedler (2021). Poleward Transport of African Dust to the Iberian Peninsula Organized by a Barrier Jet and Hydraulic Jumps: Observations and High-Resolution Simulation Analyses. Atmos. Environ. 261, 118574.

- Orza JAG, S Dhital, S Fiedler, ML Kaplan (2020). Large Scale Upper-level Precursors for Dust Storm Formation over North Africa and Poleward Transport to the Iberian Peninsula. Part I: An Observational Analysis. Atmos. Environ. 237, 117688.

 
Quantifying the effects of injection parameters on fault response under spatially homogenous and heterogenous pore-fluid conditions
Authors: Mandal Riddhi , Lui Semechah
Published: March 2022

Heightened seismic activity due to human activities, such as wastewater injection, carbon storage and geothermal energy production, has been a rising problem in recent years. Various injection parameters and geological conditions have been shown to affect fault behaviour differently when fluid is injected on the faults, although existing observational studies about their effects often show contradictory results. Aseismic slip is also known to affect seismicity, but its exact contribution remains elusive.

To address these, we perform numerical modelling to study the effects of various injection parameters on fault slip behaviour. Our fully dynamic fault model is governed by the rate-and-state friction laws and spontaneously resolves all stages of an earthquake cycle and long-term fault slip. Our results show several interesting observations on the role of injection volume and rate: First, the injected volume can advance or delay the next earthquake if no earthquakes are directly triggered during perturbation. Second, if earthquakes are triggered, the number of triggered earthquakes is controlled by the rate at which fluid is injected, while the timings of the triggered earthquakes are controlled by the injected volume. Large triggered earthquakes are usually preceded by smaller precursors. Third, the pore-pressure threshold at which earthquakes are triggered changes depending on the injection parameters. In most cases, it increases with the volume of injected fluid, but in some cases when the injection is slow, it can also depend on the rate of injection. The change with respect to injection rate is not a smooth positive trend, however, as increasing the rate causes aseismic transients to grow stronger and transition into seismic events, thus advancing the triggering time and causing decrease in the threshold pore pressure in the process. Overall, the effects of perturbation do not end as soon as injection stops. Instead, heightened aseismic activities, as well as oscillating earthquake timings and magnitudes occur for multiple seismic cycles after the end of pore-pressure perturbation. We also see large variations in aseismic moment release under different perturbation scenarios and its intricate relationship with the resulted seismicity pattern, which confirms the vital role of aseismic slip in earthquake triggering. Similar to previous studies, we find that energy on the fault is primarily released aseismically.

Our results thus far are based on spatially uniform pore-pressure evolution, and we are currently developing models that resemble environments with temporally and spatially heterogeneous pore pressure by coupling the temporal evolution of pore pressure with spatial diffusion. We are also incorporating geologic information of the crustal medium, which will be more fitting for modelling realistic scenarios such as the injection-induced earthquakes in Oklahoma.  
Neogene to recent geodynamic evolution of Northern Tunisia foreland thrust belt.
Authors: Gaidi Seifeddine , Melki Fetheddine , Booth-Rea Guillermo , Marzougui Wissem , Pérez-Peña Jose Vicente , Ruano Patricia , Galve Jorge Pedro , Chouaieb Haifa , Azañón Jose Miguel , Zargouni Fouad
Published: March 2022

This work analyses the tectonic evolution of Northern Tunisia from the Late Miocene to Present. Two orthogonal extensional systems with ENE- and SE-directed transport produced the extensional collapse of the Tell and Atlas Foreland Thrust Belts (FTBs) in northern Tunisia during the Late Miocene to Pliocene in a context of NW-SE plate convergence between Africa and Eurasia. These systems produced the extensional denudation of the Tunisian Atlas and Tell foreland thrust belts, which we related to deep mantle tectonic mechanisms, known as a common feature in other FTB´s in the western Mediterranean, i.e. Betics, Rif, Calabria and Apennines. Low-angle normal faults have extended and reworked the Tunisian Tell external foreland thrust belt, exhuming midcrustal lower-greenschist metapelites and marbles with Triassic protholiths, and forming Late Miocene basins. This extension was followed by later Pliocene to Present tectonic inversion, developing the active shortening structures in Northern Tunisia. The main shortening structure is formed by different reverse and strike-slip fault segments, linked forming the 130 km long Alia-Thibar fault zone. Restored Plio-Quaternary deformation observed on reflection seismic lines indicates deformation rates around 0.6-0.8 mm/yr in the studied segments and larger amounts of shortening to the West of Northern Tunisia (16%) than to the East (7%), which suggests that tectonic inversion started earlier to the West and later propagated eastwards, reaching Northeastern Tunisia in the Late Pliocene. Due to the young age of this tectonic inversion, the present relief of Northern Tunisia is characteristic of a young thrust and fold belt, with dominating axial valleys along synforms and an incipient transverse drainage development propagating from West to East.
Combining nutrient competition, dynamic vegetation, and parameter calibration to improve boreal forest predictions to changing climate
Authors: Holm Jennifer A. , Knox Ryan , Zhu Qing , Ricciuto Daniel
Published: March 2022

While climate change is impacting all parts of the globe, boreal forests are experiencing disproportionally higher rates of temperature increase, thus drastically impacting one of the largest biomes in the world. Changes in high-latitude forests have strong implications to the regional water and carbon cycling, and shifts in canopy cover (i.e., abundance and shifts between evergreen and deciduous species) will alter albedo, ecosystem productivity, and surface and canopy water fluxes. For example, high latitude warming may increase nutrient availability via a deepening of the soil active layer. Warming also induces permafrost degradation and loss, leading to strong interactions that alter the hydrology, and soil biological and physical processes. These climate-related interactions will affect plant competitive interactions, survival, and ultimately community distribution and carbon storage. In this study we explore how vegetation dynamics will be affected by changes in plant and microbial N competition, differences in nutrient demand due to shifts in PFTs (e.g., faster resource acquisition in deciduous plants), and ultimately carbon allocation. To be able to accurately predict and model these complex ecological processes we are using a new demographic vegetation model (FATES; Functionally-Assembled Terrestrial Ecosystem Simulator) that is coupled to ELMv1, the land surface model in the global Earth System Model - E3SM. We present here the newly implemented representation of nutrient competition, acquisition, and extensible approach of nutrient and carbon allocation within plants in the ELM-FATES model. This work has successfully coupled the interactions of nutrients between soil biogeochemistry (BGC) in ELM and plant productivity and carbon in FATES, with improved model hypothesis testing for plant’s nutrient storage capacity. With the inclusion of nutrient cycling in the previously ‘carbon-only’ ELM-FATES where the largest competition was light driven, the productivity and biomass storage was significantly reduced for the simulated boreal forests. After conducting an uncertainty quantification experiment (i.e., using large ensembles to generate surrogate models) in order to test the model parameter sensitivity, we found that model parameters related to carbon storage and leaf economics had the largest sensitivity on plant processes. We then applied a Bayesian inference approach using neural networks to calibrate the model parameters against observational datasets, and greatly improved model predicts to match field inventory data.  These newly represented ecological-based processes have helped to improve the representation of these vulnerable forests in an Earth System Model. 
I-CISK: Towards a social and behaviourally informed approach to co-producing climate services
Authors: Werner Micha , Masih Ilyas , Emerton Rebecca , Pechlivanidis Ilias , Schaafsma Marije , Pesquer Lluís , di Baldassare Giuliano , van den Homberg Marc , Bagli Stefano , Gamtkitsulashvili Megi , De Stefano Lucia , Gräler Benedikt , Bela Györgyi , Tzimas Apostolis
Published: March 2022

Climate Services (CS) are crucial in empowering citizens, stakeholders and decision-makers in defining resilient pathways to adapt to climate change and extreme events. Whilst recent decades have seen significant advances in the science that underpins CS; from sub-seasonal, seasonal through to climate scale predictions; there are several barriers to the uptake of CS and realising of the full opportunity of their value-proposition. Challenges include incorporating the social and behavioural factors, and the local knowledge and customs of climate services users; the poorly developed understanding of the multi-temporal and multi-scalar dimension of climate-related impacts and actions; the translation of CS-provided data into actionable information; and, the consideration of reinforcing or balancing feedback loops associated to users’ decisions.

The ambition of the recently initiated EU-H2020 I-CISK research & innovation project in addressing these challenges, is to instigate a step-change to co-producing CS through a social and behaviourally informed approach. The trans-disciplinary framework the research sets out to develop recognises that climate relevant decisions consider multiple knowledges; innovating CS through integrating local knowledge, perceptions and preferences of users with scientific climate data and predictions.

In this contribution we reflect on initial steps in setting up seven living labs in climate hotspots in Europe and Africa. Instrumental to the research, we will work from these living labs with multi-actor platforms that span multiple sectors to co-design, co-create, co-implement, and co-evaluate pre-operational CS to address climate change and extremes (droughts, floods and heatwaves). We present the vision and plans of the I-CISK project, and explore links, contributions and collaborations with existing projects and networks within the community of CS research and practice. 
Monsoon Onset Response to Warming in Idealized GCM and CMIP6 Simulations
Authors: Bordoni Simona , Hui Katrina
Published: March 2022

GCMs robustly project a delay in the timing of the global monsoon onset and tropical precipitation intensification with warming. However, a closer look at the response of different monsoon regions shows less consistency. To better understand how monsoons will respond to a warming climate, with a particular focus on the timing of monsoon onset, we use a hierarchy of climate models, starting from idealized aquaplanet simulations all the way to CMIP6 projections, to identify the robust and uncertain changes and investigate the underlying mechanisms. Our idealized work covers two sets of simulations: 1) aquaplanet runs with a uniform mixed layer depth (MLD) in a wide range of climates, from colder to warmer than the current climate, and 2) simulations with an idealized saturated zonally symmetric continent extending from 10oN to the North Pole in a similar range of colder to warmer climates. Monsoon onset is determined using a change point detection method on the cumulative moisture flux convergence (MFC) (or net precipitation), which robustly links monsoon onset to changes in the large-scale monsoonal circulation. The idealized uniform MLD aquaplanet simulations show a robust progressive delay of monsoon onset, consistent with results reported in the literature. Analyses of the atmospheric energy budget suggest this delay is due to the increased atmospheric latent heat capacity with warming. Interestingly, this delay is not evident in the simulations with the idealized saturated continent. Mechanisms are explored by analyzing changes in the energetics and dynamics of the tropical circulation and related monsoonal precipitation. CMIP6 projections in different monsoon regions are investigated to determine if mechanisms exposed in the idealized simulations can shed some light on the differing monsoon onset responses in more complex climate models.
Alabaster, a millenary stone of European cultural heritage
Authors: Kloppmann Wolfram , Leroux Lise , Bromblet Philippe , Jugie Sophie , Le Pogam Pierre-Yves , Lipinksa Aleksandra
Published: March 2022

Because of its ease of working in minute detail and its whiteness, gypsum alabaster was one of the preferred materials for European sculpture rivalling marble in the late Middle Ages and early modern period.  Its natural deposits are spread all over Europe, from the English Midlands to the Ukraine, from the Ebro basin to Tuscany, from the Alps and the Jurassic to central Germany (Fig. 1).  The close connection between natural alabaster deposits and artistic centres, which has emerged in recent work, is related to the ecological perspective currently much discussed in art history, which emphasises the convergence of nature and culture. This new approach is based on a combination of art historical, historical and natural scientific methods and has been employed in several research projects over the last decade, involving geologists, geochemists, art historians, and conservators in a network of heritage research institutions, geological surveys, and museums. Progressively, the links established by this transdisciplinary work between historical alabaster deposits and artworks outline the evolution of the networks of European “alabaster routes”, of transfer of unworked stone, art, artists and technical and artistic knowledge which confers to this heritage stone a unique role in European integration.

Here we present the current state of the art on prominent historical alabaster quarries, notably in France and Germany, and research perspectives in the framework of the upcoming Franco-German Materi-A-Net project co-funded by ANR and DFG.

<img src="https://contentmanager.copernicus.org/fileStorageProxy.php?f=gepj.9b3946a6c0e160780212461/sdaolpUECMynit/22UGE&app=m&a=0&c=a42c67db6991d9f1ddc6723029648b28&ct=x&pn=gepj.elif&d=1" alt="" width="747" height="459">

Fig. 1 Principal alabaster deposits used for sculpture in Late Medieval and Early Modern times. Transdisciplinary network of the Materi-A-Net project.
Polarimetric radar observations, NWP output and crowd-sourced information for precipitation type identification in Belgium
Authors: Watelet Sylvain , Delobbe Laurent , Reyniers Maarten
Published: March 2022

The precipitation type (e.g. rain, snow, hail) is of great importance in many areas such as road and aviation safety, severe weather warnings, hydrology, and agriculture. The purpose of the present research at the Royal Meteorological Institute of Belgium (RMI) is to combine the weather information from several sources in order to provide a comprehensive real-time product of the precipitation type at ground in Belgium. The preliminary results, based on observations from dual-polarization weather radars as well as on NWP model outputs, will be discussed. A comparison of these results with the crowd-sourced observations gathered through the RMI smartphone application will be shown and the perspectives for further developments will be presented.
Using Matlab´s Supervised Machine-Learning Tools to Retrieve Surface Soil Moisture from Sentinel-1 SAR Data Over the Valencia Anchor Station (Spain)
Authors: Ferreira do Prado Pierre , Silveira Duarte Iolanda Cristina , Lopez-Baeza Ernesto
Published: March 2022

The urgency on detailing surface soil moisture content worldwide, especially in agricultural soils, is well established. The efforts of the European Space Agency (ESA), regarding the Sentinel-1 mission, facilitated a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sensor that, in conjunction with machine-learning-based methods, can be useful  and fruitful responding to this technological demand. This paper aims at  exploring the possibility of the Valencia Anchor Station, near the city of Valencia, Eastern Spain, to provide 1 km x 1 km soil moisture products using its ground-based reference meassurements. The results suggest that, among several options, an artificial neural network using the Levenberg-Maquardt learning algorithm, based on soil moisture recovery from Sentinel-1 SAR radar data should be preferred for this site. Among other options, the so called fine-tree regression also presented relevant results. All of this allows us to gain insights into the complexity of the relation SAR´s backscatter – surface soil moisture relation for this site, also aiming at the potential extension of this knowledge to other sites where Sentinel-1 data is available, for example, in framework of the Joint Research Center "Ground-Based Observations for Validation (GBOV) of Copernicus Global Land Products" Project.
Six years of continuous observations of the Deep Western Boundary Current from Cape Farewell
Authors: Koman Greg , Bower Amy , Furey Heather , Holliday Penny
Published: March 2022

Since 2014, the Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program (OSNAP) has maintained the first continuous Eulerian array across the North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre to monitor changes in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC).  The deep limb of the AMOC – the Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC) – forms in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre from the combination of cold, dense waters of Norwegian Sea origin with the ambient waters within the gyre.  Norwegian Sea Water enters the gyre by crossing southward over the Greenland Scotland Ridge as Denmark Strait Overflow Water to the west of Iceland and Iceland Scotland Overflow Water to the east.  As these waters descend into the Irminger and Iceland Basins (respectively), they entrain the surrounding waters, which are primarily comprised of Labrador Sea Water and Subpolar Mode Water, to increase their transport.  These waters mostly flow cyclonically along the bathymetry of the gyre before merging along the eastern flank of Greenland.  At the eastern tip of Greenland, near Cape Farewell, OSNAP maintains moorings consisting of current meters, acoustic doppler current profilers and temperature-salinity recorders to capture the transport of the DWBC.  This presentation will give new estimates of the DWBC from 6 years of OSNAP observations and shed new light into the current’s variability and long-term trend.  Previous observations at this location found 9-13 Sv of transport, including 10.8 Sv from the first two years of OSNAP data. 
Long term characterization of heat waves in Brazil and their impacts on mortality rates
Authors: Monteiro dos Santos Djacinto , N. Garcia Beatriz , L. Geirinhas João , Russo Ana , F. Peres Leonardo , Libonati Renata
Published: March 2022

Climate Change has increased the intensity, duration, and frequency of extreme weather events such as heatwaves (HW), which have impacts on ecosystems, economics, and human populations, including adverse health effects and the increase in the number of deaths due to the heat stress. However, there are still few studies evaluating the occurrence of adverse health due to HW in South America. Particularly in Brazil, regional differences in the effects of heatwaves are expected due to their continental dimensions, which makes it necessary to carry out local studies. This work presents a long term analysis of the occurrence of HW in the 14 major metropolitan regions (MRs) in Brazil, namely: Manaus, Belém, Salvador, Recife, Fortaleza, Goiânia, Brasília, Cuiabá, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte, Porto Alegre, Curitiba and Florianópolis. Observational temperature data (1970-2020) provided by the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) were used to compute the Extreme Heat Factor (EHF) index, which was used to identify and classify HW in terms of severity.  Significant and positive trends in the frequency of HW were observed over decades in all MRs, particularly in the north (Manaus and Belém) and central west region (Goiania and Brasilia). Particularly, from 2014 to 2019, all the MRs presented HW regime every year, including severe and/or extreme events. In general, the longest and the most intense HW in Brazilian MRs occurred in the last decade (2010-2020), with the exception of the 1997–1998 El Niño-related events. Daily mortality and hospital admission data from the Brazilian Public Health System (SUS) were used to assess the relationships between HW and health. Results indicate excess mortality (observed to expected ratio) during HW events in the MRs studied, with the elderly being the most vulnerable age group, in agreement with previous studies. The cause of death and the gender susceptibility to HW were also analyzed, and the results vary among the different MRs. This work provides an extensive characterization of the occurrence of HW in Brazil and valuable insights for the implementation of public mitigation and adaptation strategies in some of the most populated regions of South America.

This work was supported by FIOCRUZ [grant VPPCB-003-FIO-19] and FAPERJ [grant E26/202.714/2019]. D.M.S. was supported by FIOCRUZ [grant VPPCB-003-FIO-19].
Global Data Standards for Geochemistry: Not the ‘One Ring to Rule Them All’, but a set of ‘Olympic Rings’ that Link and Integrate across Continents
Authors: Lehnert Kerstin , Wyborn Lesley
Published: March 2022

As volumes of geoanalytical data grow, research in geochemistry, volcanology, petrology, and other disciplines working with geoanalytical data is evolving to data-driven and computational approaches that have enormous potential to lead to new scientific discoveries. Application of advanced methods for data mining and analysis including Machine Learning, and Artificial Intelligence, as well as the generation of models for simulating natural processes all require seamless machine-readable access to large interoperable stores of consistently structured and documented geochemical data. Standard protocols, formats, and vocabularies are also critical in order to process, manage, and publish these growing data volumes efficiently with seamless workflows that are supported by interoperable tools.

Today, easy integration of data into Analysis Ready Data stores and the successful and efficient application of new research methodologies to these data stores is hindered by the fragmentation of the international geochemical data landscape that lacks the technical and semantic standards for interoperability; organizational structures to guide and govern these standards; and a scientific culture that supports and prioritizes a global sustainable data infrastructure. In order to harness the scientific treasures hidden in BIG volumes of geochemical data, the science community, geochemistry data providers, publishers, funders, and other stakeholders need to come together to develop, implement, and maintain standards and best practices for geochemical data, and commit to changing the current data culture in geochemistry. The benefits will be wide-ranging and increase the relevance of the discipline. 

Although many research data initiatives today focus on the implementation of the FAIR principles for Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable data, most data is only human-readable, even though the original purpose of the FAIR principles has been to make data machine-actionable. The development of standards today should not focus on spreadsheet templates used to format and compile project-centric databases that are hard to re-purpose. These methods are not scalable. The focus should be on global solutions where any digital data are born connected to agreed machine readable standards so that researchers can utilize the latest AI and ML techniques.

Global standards for geochemical data should not be perceived as ‘one ring to rule them all’, but rather as a series of interoperable ‘rings’ of data, which like the Olympic rings will integrate data from the all continents and nations.
Using garnet to the fullest: The tectono-metamorphic evolution of the Eoarchean Isua supracrustal belt
Authors: Ramírez-Salazar Anthony , Müller Thomas , Piazolo Sandra , Sorger Dominik , Zuo Jiawei , Webb A. Alexander G. , Dey Joyjit , Haproff Peter J.
Published: March 2022

The Eoarchean Isua supracrustal belt (ISB) represents a key supracrustal portion of one of the oldest km-scale regions of Archean crust exposed today. Microstructures and compositional zoning of garnets from the ISB have previously been interpreted to reflect either three or two main metamorphic events. The former interpretation supports the operation of plate tectonics in the early Archean, while the latter suggests Eoarchean non-uniformitarian tectonics. Thus, an in-depth understanding of the evolution of garnet through time is necessary to evaluate these tectonic models.    

A quantitative microstructural and chemical analysis of the garnet porphyroblasts in the ISB and their host rocks shows that variability in garnet characteristics is largely a product of differing degrees of transport-controlled growth mechanisms operating in medium-grade rocks. Sluggish elemental transport is common in samples with low contents of garnet-forming phases and elements, and high abundance of quartz and/or carbonates. Such rocks will develop garnets with high proportions of inclusions, irregular internal morphologies, and localized equilibrium features like patchy zoning. Faster elemental transport in rocks with higher concentration of garnet-forming materials and lower content of non-reactant phases are characterized by higher garnet-to-inclusion ratios and the development of concentric zoning patterns.

The observed diversity of the porphyroblast characteristics across the ISB is thus readily interpreted as a consequence of changes in local bulk compositions, whereas the rocks experienced the same tectonometamorphic evolution. We use garnets showing larger-equilibrium features from two metapelitic rocks from the centre of the belt to decipher the metamorphic evolution of the belt. Here, petrographic observations, garnet trace element compositions, quartz-in-garnet barometry, and geologically-based timing constraints are used to model different P-T-t paths and test the competing models proposed for the belt. Preliminary results suggest that a two-stage garnet growth history can successfully reproduce the observed garnet record. These results highlight that a plate tectonic interpretation of the ISB is not unique and that simple non-uniformitarianism interpretations are viable.
High-resolution wood surface imaging for dendrochronology: towards the development of unbiased reflected light timeseries
Authors: Rydval Miloš , Björklund Jesper , von Arx Georg , Begović Krešimir , Lexa Martin , Nogueira Juliana , Schurman Jonathan , Jiang Yumei
Published: March 2022

Climate change is a global-scale issue of societal, economic, and political importance and so understanding the climate of the present within the context of past climate variability is of vital importance. Dendroclimatic reconstructions play a key role in contextualizing recent climate change by improving our understanding of historical climate conditions. The climatically-sensitive blue intensity (BI) tree-ring parameter is gaining prominence as a more affordable and accessible alternative to traditional X-ray densitometry. Yet the accurate representation of low-frequency trends and high-frequency extremes using scanner-based BI remains a challenge due to color-related biases and resolution limitations. As part of the REPLICATE project, which aims to develop a set of robust multi-parameter temperature reconstructions from Carpathian Norway spruce (Picea abies) tree rings, methodological advances in sample surface preparation, imaging and measurement techniques have produced series analogous to BI from ultra-high resolution (~74 700 true dpi) images. Series from these microscope-based reflected light images of the tree-ring sample surface, termed surface intensity (SI), represent the binary (black-white) segmentation of wood anatomical structure, which approximates anatomical density. By eliminating color altogether and using a high-resolution system, the most substantial drawbacks of scanner BI (i.e., discoloration and resolution biases) are bypassed and hence climate signal optimization is achieved by more accurately representing low-frequency climatic trends and high-frequency extremes. A comparison of SI chronologies with a multi-parameter tree-ring dataset from a large-scale parameter assessment study by Björklund et al. (2019) showed that this novel SI parameter can outperform its BI couterpart in terms of common signal (interseries correlation) and climate signal strength, and that it is on par with the best-performing X-ray densitometric chronologies. However, existing programs are not currently designed to effectively capture SI measurements and so additional development of measurement software is required to unlock the full potential of this new parameter. Continued improvement of high-resolution imaging techniques will aid the attainment of unbiased long tree-ring chronologies by overcoming color biases and resolution issues, but also holds promise for the development of surface quantitative wood anatomy (sQWA) datasets from reflected light images of samples. These improvements will therefore not only lead to more accurate dendrochronological paleoclimatic records and climate reconstructions but will also find future application in a broad range of dendrochronological contexts.
Scalable Feature Extraction and Tracking (SCAFET): A general framework for feature extraction from large climate datasets
Authors: Nellikkattil Arjun , Lee June-Yi , Timmermann Axel
Published: March 2022

The study describes a generalized framework to extract and track features from large climate datasets. Unlike other feature extraction algorithms, Scalable Feature Extraction and Tracking (SCAFET) is independent of any physical thresholds making it more suitable for comparing features from different datasets. Features of interest are extracted by segmenting the data on the basis of a scale-independent bounded variable called shape index (Si). Si gives a quantitative measurement of the local shape of the field with respect to its surroundings. To illustrate the capabilities of the method, we have employed it in the extraction of different types of features. Cyclones and atmospheric rivers are extracted from the ERA5 reanalysis dataset to show how the algorithm extracts points as well as surfaces from climate datasets. Extraction of sea surface temperature fronts depicts how SCAFET handles unstructured grids. Lastly, the 3D structures of jetstreams is extracted to demonstrate that the algorithm can extract 3D features too. The detection algorithm is implemented as a jupyter notebook[https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1D0rWNQZrIfLEmeUYshzqyqiR7QNS0Hm-?usp=sharing] accessible to anyone to test out the algorithm.
A weak role for Southern Ocean nutrient drawdown in low latitude marine export production
Authors: Rodgers Keith , Aumont Olivier , Toyama Katsuya , Resplandy Laure , Ishii Masao , Lindsay Keith , Yamaguchi Ryohei , Sasano Daisuke , Nakano Tohiya
Published: March 2022

The low-latitude ocean regions spanning 30°S-30°N are thought to account for more than 50% of the global export production. However, previous analyses of paleo-proxy records and modeling studies strongly suggest contradictory evidence as to whether low latitude nutrient cycling and export production is locally or non-locally controlled. Here we address this question through the new application of observational (PACIFICA) and modeling (NEMO-PISCES) tools and show that low latitude recycling of nutrients within the thermocline overturning structures is largely responsible for sustaining low latitude export production (60%) for the mean state, with only second-order controls from the injection of new (preformed) nutrients from the Southern (16%) and northern (9%) oceans.  The implications for understanding controls on long-term changes under sustained anthropogenic climate perturbations is investigated using CMIP6 Earth system models under idealized 4xCO2 forcing, where significant reductions in low-latitude export production and net primary production over 30°S-30°N are investigated.
A new photo-sieving approach: quick and effective semi-automated method for gran size counting for gravel beds, and application to a Chilean Patagonia river
Authors: Jullian Amantu , Fortini Franco , Quezada Paulo , Dussaillant Alejandro , Gonzales Cristian , Chavez Pedro
Published: March 2022

Many rivers in Chilean Patagonia are difficult to access, experience high flow variability and frequent sudden floods, which make traditional grain size distribution sampling and analysis extremely challenging. There are several diverse methods and software that attempt to determine grain size using analysis of photographs. Manual methods, although of high precision, are extremely labour and time intensive as they process particle by particle by hand. On the other hand, automated methods although fast, still produce low precision in particle identification and size determination, This motivated us on developing a field and desktop method that is fast, precise and requires light equipment. It includes good natural light management with a light and inexpensive kit, considering a good representative selection of the study site. Preliminary to the automated method, the photographic sample is calibrated regarding tones, colours and brightness, with the aim of generating high contrast between clasts and therefore an easier recognition by the software ImageJ. We tested the method with 50 photographs analysed with manual and other (semi)automated methods, characterizing the surface depoosits of río Simpson between the towns of El Blanco and Coyhaique, in Chilean Patagonia. We identified and mapped sediment patches using an UAV. Results show that our method has a lower error and processing time. Ongoing challenges include the underestimation in size and number of some clasts, and overestimation of sand, with respect to the manual method, but it still outperforms other (semi)automatic methods.
Understanding future changes in ocean eddy kinetic energy
Authors: Yun Junghee , Ha Kyung-Ja , Lee Sun-Seon
Published: March 2022

Ocean eddies, which present different properties to their surroundings, play pivotal roles in transporting heat, salt, organic carbon, and nutrients around the ocean, ending up controlling regional and global climate. Eddy kinetic energy (EKE), defined as the kinetic energy of the time-varying component, is one of the most crucial indicators for observing the upwelling and downwelling induced by ocean eddies. We aim to understand the future changes in ocean eddy activities and find the possible cause of them using an ultra-high-resolution climate simulation of CESM 1.2.2, with about 25 km horizontal resolution and 30 vertical levels in the atmosphere, and about 10 km horizontal resolution and 62 levels in the ocean, under different levels of greenhouse gas conditions: Present-day run (PD, fixed CO2 concentration of 367 ppm), Doubling CO2 run (2xCO2, 734 ppm), Quadrupling CO2 run (4xCO2, 1468 ppm). Model simulation shows that compared to PD, the global EKE will increase about 6.7 % and 14.7 % in 2xCO2 and 4xCO2, respectively, but with the nonuniformed spatial distributions. The results show that the EKE  increases about 12.5 % in 2xCO2 and decreases about 0.5 % in 4xCO2 in the Kuroshio Current region. In contrast, it decreases about 4.8 % (22.5 %) in 2xCO2 (4xCO2) in the Gulf Stream region. To find the underlying processes for the EKE change, we focus on identifying future changes in the energetics of eddy-mean flow interactions. Based on the energetics of eddy-mean flow interaction, the strengthened barotropic conversion will enhance the EKE in 2xCO2 over the Kuroshio Current region. Otherwise, the suppression of buoyancy flux will weaken the EKE in 2xCO2 and 4xCO2 over the Gulf Stream region.
Impacts of climate change in Pacific Islands catchments: sediment contribution due to tropical cyclones and depressions
Authors: Jorquera Eliana , Rodriguez Jose F. , Saco Patricia M. , Verdon-Kidd Danielle
Published: March 2022

Pacific Islands Countries are among the most vulnerable to climate change impacts, mainly due to the effects of sea-level rise and tropical cyclones. The Republic of Fiji has an extended history of flooding linked to tropical cyclones and depressions, and those floods export a considerable amount of sediment to coastal wetlands. Because long-term measurements of sediments are not available in most cases, hydro-sedimentological models became a valuable tool to quantify and predict the impacts on critical natural resources.

This contribution presents a hydro-sedimentological model for the Dreketi catchment, which  has been calibrated based on ground and satellite information for current conditions. The model is used to set up four scenarios based on climate change projections and considering changes in vegetation cover due to changes in land use. We analysed the sediment export from the catchment and the changes in the storage of sediment within the catchment.

On average, we observed that the daily sediment export increases up to 5% in a warmer world. The contribution of tropical cyclones and depressions to the annual sediment budget rises by a similar amount. The wet or cyclone season (Nov – April) presents a higher increasing trend on sediment export than the dry season (May-Oct).