bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Początki syjonizmu w Tarnowie. Współpraca i konflikt z Teodorem Herzlem
Authors: Hońdo Leszek
Published: October 2020

Od 1896 r. rozpoczęła się współpraca tarnowskich syjonistów z Teodorem Herzlem, choć zdania na temat książki Judenstaat były wśród nich podzielone. Na zjeździe galicyjskich syjonistów w październiku 1896 r. podjęto rezolucję o poparciu idei przedstawionych w książce. W styczniu 1897 r. odbyło się pierwsze spotkanie Abrahama Salza (lidera syjonistów w Tarnowie i całej Galicji) z T. Herzlem, podczas którego został przedstawiony stan ruchu na terenie Galicji. Odbyły się następne spotkania, podczas których przygotowywano się do zwołania światowej konferencji. Ustalono między innymi, że galicyjscy syjoniści przywiozą na kongres podpisy galicyjskich Żydów z oświadczeniami o gotowości przesiedlenia się do Palestyny w akcji zapoczątkowanej przez Herzla. W czasie I kongresu syjonistów w Bazylei A. Salz został wybrany II wiceprzewodniczącym tego kongresu. Wygłosił o referat o położeniu Żydów w Galicji. W trakcie kongresu ścierały się dwie frakcje. Zwolennicy Herzla stanowczo sprzeciwiali się drobnej i skrytej kolonizacji Palestyny, zanim nie uzyska się gwarancji politycznych. Druga opcja opowiadała się za dalszą kolonizacją, za którą optowała większość syjonistów z Galicji. Pomimo przyjętego programu bazylejskiego, zgodnego z poglądami Herzla, syjoniści z Tarnowa pojechali zaraz po kongresie
do Paryża i zakupili grunt pod kolonię nazywaną Machnajim. Na tym tle doszło do konfliktu Salza z Herzlem, który sprzeciwiał się doraźnej kolonizacji. Konflikt został załagodzony uznaniem osiedla w Palestynie za „stację próbną”. Jednak nastąpiło oziębienie stosunków, gdyż każda ze stron broniła swoich racji.
Global Citizenship and Cosmopolitan Governance in the Legal Philosophy of K.C.F. Krause
Authors: Dierksmeier Claus
Published: October 2020

In the early 1800s, K.C.F. Krause penned a legal philosophy of an unreservedly cosmopolitan bent. In bold strokes, Krause transcended the methodological nationalism of the philosophy of his era, drafting constitutional designs for supranational institutions on the European as well as on the global level. Finding that human rights have their ultimate foundation in the freedom of each and all persons, Krause demanded these rights to be universalized strictly in terms of both their protection and promotion. He called therefore for reparations for colonial injustices, for the empowerment of hitherto marginalized or disenfranchised groups just as much as, going forward, a genuine respect for the rights and interests of future generations. This article tries to reconstruct core arguments of Krause’s cosmopolitan position so as to elucidate their current relevance and systematic validity.
Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Substance Use Disorder: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Plemenitaš Ilješ Anja
Published: October 2020

Attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often presents with comorbid substance use disorder (SUD). The extant literature on the comorbidity of adult ADHD and SUD was summarized on the etiology, prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment. ADHD is diagnosed in 15–20% of SUD patients, mostly as ADHD with a combined presentation. ADHD and SUD are believed to have shared pathophysiology. ADHD is associated with the majority of dependence diagnoses. A most used screening questionnaire for screening ADHD patients presenting with SUD is the Adult ADHD Self-report Scale (ARSR). Evidence on pharmacological treatment is limited, but new trials support the use of long-acting stimulants as also recommended with a combination of psychotherapy by expert opinion. Given the prevalence of both ADHD and SUD, more research is needed to understand the theoretical and clinical implications of this comorbidity.
On A Regularity Of The Intellectual Evolution Of Mankind
Authors: Hajiyev Rovshan Sabir ,   Bulgarian Academy of Sciences
Published: October 2020

The article explores yet another view of the history of mankind, and examines global problems related to historical processes, which are still far from receiving an unequivocal explanation. As an alternative to Marxism and other theories of social development that shed light on key historical events and global processes, I propose an account based on the hypothesis of the age periodization of the intellectual evolution of mankind. The main provisions of the hypothesis are set out in the content of the article. The methodological basis of the hypothesis is a comparative analysis of ontogenesis and phylogenesis. In other words, on the basis of known laws of intellectual development in ontogeny, I examine historical processes occurring in phylogeny, paying special attention to the substantiation of the main provisions of the hypothesis of the age periodization of the intellectual evolution of mankind.
Modernizing Proof Teaching through Viviani's Theorem
Authors: Armstrong Addie , McQuillan Dan
Published: October 2020

Valid proofs need not be in the traditional two‐column format. This classroom activity allows students to explore, discuss, and use specialized facts to create a general statement of truth.
Developing Norms with Silent Discussions
Authors: Bennett Cory A. , Morgan Mick J.
Published: October 2020

Chalk Talks, a silent discussion protocol, can be used to begin developing cocreated norms. The insights gained shaped the support provided by both the teacher and students throughout the year.
GPS: Modeling with Mathematics in the Moment
Authors: Roberts Thomas , Bostic, Jonathan D. , Matney Gabriel T.
Published: October 2020

Growing Problem Solvers provides four original, related, classroom-ready mathematical tasks, one for each grade band. Together, these tasks illustrate the trajectory of learners’ growth as problem solvers across their years of school mathematics.
Then: NCTM Conferences Open New Doorways
Authors: Speer William R.
Published: October 2020

This article describes the nature and benefits of involvement with NCTM Conferences as a contributor to individual and collegial professional growth.
Patterns in Poetry
Authors: Radakovic Nenad , Dan, Xiaotong (Chloe) , Khalil Nesma
Published: October 2020

There are many ways to combine mathematics and poetry. In these two poems, the first in Arabic and the second in Chinese, the number of syllables is a function of the line number. What do you notice? What do you wonder?
Anais do 45º COMUABC
Authors: COMUABC
Published: October 2020

Not applicable
Lack of airway submucosal glands impairs respiratory host defenses
Authors: Ostedgaard Lynda S , Price Margaret P , Whitworth Kristin M , Abou Alaiwa Mahmoud H , Fischer Anthony J , Warrier Akshaya , Samuel Melissa , Spate Lee D , Allen Patrick D , Hilkin Brieanna M , Romano Ibarra Guillermo S , Ortiz Bezara Miguel E , Goodell Brian J , Mather Steven E , Powers Linda S , Stroik Mallory R , Gansemer Nicholas D , Hippee Camilla E , Zarei Keyan , Goeken J Adam , Businga Thomas R , Hoffman Eric A , Meyerholz David K , Prather Randall S , Stoltz David A , Welsh Michael J
Published: October 2020

Submucosal glands (SMGs) are a prominent structure that lines human cartilaginous airways. Although it has been assumed that SMGs contribute to respiratory defense, that hypothesis has gone without a direct test. Therefore, we studied pigs, which have lungs like humans, and disrupted the gene for ectodysplasin (EDA-KO), which initiates SMG development.EDA-KOpigs lacked SMGs throughout the airways. Their airway surface liquid had a reduced ability to kill bacteria, consistent with SMG production of antimicrobials. In wild-type pigs, SMGs secrete mucus that emerges onto the airway surface as strands. Lack of SMGs and mucus strands disrupted mucociliary transport inEDA-KOpigs. Consequently,EDA-KOpigs failed to eradicate a bacterial challenge in lung regions normally populated by SMGs. These in vivo and ex vivo results indicate that SMGs are required for normal antimicrobial activity and mucociliary transport, two key host defenses that protect the lung.
Feedback control of Wnt signaling based on ultrastable histidine cluster co-aggregation between Naked/NKD and Axin
Authors: Gammons Melissa V , Renko Miha , Flack Joshua E , Mieszczanek Juliusz , Bienz Mariann
Published: October 2020

Feedback control is a universal feature of cell signaling pathways. Naked/NKD is a widely conserved feedback regulator of Wnt signaling which controls animal development and tissue homeostasis. Naked/NKD destabilizes Dishevelled, which assembles Wnt signalosomes to inhibit the β-catenin destruction complex via recruitment of Axin. Here, we discover that the molecular mechanism underlying Naked/NKD function relies on its assembly into ultra-stable decameric core aggregates via its conserved C-terminal histidine cluster (HisC). HisC aggregation is facilitated by Dishevelled and depends on accumulation of Naked/NKD during prolonged Wnt stimulation. Naked/NKD HisC cores co-aggregate with a conserved histidine cluster within Axin, to destabilize it along with Dishevelled, possibly via the autophagy receptor p62, which binds to HisC aggregates. Consistent with this, attenuated Wnt responses are observed in CRISPR-engineered flies and human epithelial cells whose Naked/NKD HisC has been deleted. Thus, HisC aggregation by Naked/NKD provides context-dependent feedback control of prolonged Wnt responses.
RUNX1 marks a luminal castration-resistant lineage established at the onset of prostate development
Authors: Mevel Renaud , Steiner Ivana , Mason Susan , Galbraith Laura CA , Patel Rahima , Fadlullah Muhammad ZH , Ahmad Imran , Leung Hing Y , Oliveira Pedro , Blyth Karen , Baena Esther , Lacaud Georges
Published: October 2020

The characterization of prostate epithelial hierarchy and lineage heterogeneity is critical to understand its regenerative properties and malignancies. Here, we report that the transcription factor RUNX1 marks a specific subpopulation of proximal luminal cells (PLCs), enriched in the periurethral region of the developing and adult mouse prostate, and distinct from the previously identified NKX3.1+ luminal castration-resistant cells. Using scRNA-seq profiling and genetic lineage tracing, we show that RUNX1+ PLCs are unaffected by androgen deprivation, and do not contribute to the regeneration of the distal luminal compartments. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a transcriptionally similar RUNX1+ population emerges at the onset of embryonic prostate specification to populate the proximal region of the ducts. Collectively, our results reveal that RUNX1+ PLCs is an intrinsic castration-resistant and self-sustained lineage that emerges early during prostate development and provide new insights into the lineage relationships of the prostate epithelium.
A versatile system to record cell-cell interactions
Authors: Tang Rui , Murray Christopher W , Linde Ian L , Kramer Nicholas J , Lyu Zhonglin , Tsai Min K , Chen Leo C , Cai Hongchen , Gitler Aaron D , Engleman Edgar , Lee Wonjae , Winslow Monte M
Published: October 2020

Cell-cell interactions influence all aspects of development, homeostasis, and disease. In cancer, interactions between cancer cells and stromal cells play a major role in nearly every step of carcinogenesis. Thus, the ability to record cell-cell interactions would facilitate mechanistic delineation of the role of the cancer microenvironment. Here, we describe GFP-based Touching Nexus (G-baToN) which relies upon nanobody-directed fluorescent protein transfer to enable sensitive and specific labeling of cells after cell-cell interactions. G-baToN is a generalizable system that enables physical contact-based labeling between various human and mouse cell types, including endothelial cell-pericyte, neuron-astrocyte, and diverse cancer-stromal cell pairs. A suite of orthogonal baToN tools enables reciprocal cell-cell labeling, interaction-dependent cargo transfer, and the identification of higher order cell-cell interactions across a wide range of cell types. The ability to track physically interacting cells with these simple and sensitive systems will greatly accelerate our understanding of the outputs of cell-cell interactions in cancer as well as across many biological processes.
Giant River Shrimps of the Genus Macrobrachium (Decapoda: Palaemonidae) in North and South Carolina
Authors: COOPER JOHN E.
Published: October 2020

Of the six species of giant river shrimps of the genus Macrobrachium that occur in the United States, three have been found in North and South Carolina – M. acanthurus, M. ohione and M. olfersii. Very few specific localities, especially those verified by voucher specimens, have previously been reported for the Carolinas. This note reports >153 specimens of these species from 42 localities in the two states.
How Quickly are Road-killed Snakes Scavenged? Implications for Underestimates of Road Mortality
Authors: DEGREGORIO BRETT A. , HANCOCK THOMAS E. , KURZ DAVID J. , YUE SAM
Published: October 2020

Annually, millions of snakes are killed on roads in the United States. Because of their potential abundance and ease of collection, many researchers have used road-killed snakes to examine community composition, movement patterns, and population dynamics. However, few previous studies have accounted for snake carcasses that are removed from roads by scavengers. Snake carcasses were placed at randomly selected locations along 2 km of road, one traversing maritime forest and the other surrounded by dune habitat. Carcasses in forested habitat were removed more often (100% vs 40%) and more quickly (8 hr vs 11 hr) than those placed in dune habitat. Half of the carcasses (50%) were removed within eight hours of placement and all carcasses were removed at night. Species and size of carcasses did not affect removal time. Removal time and scavenging intensity of snake carcasses most likely varies across regions and habitats. Furthermore, because scavenging appears to occur quickly and to such a significant extent, it may confound results of studies examining patterns of road-mortality. Thus, investigators that use data from road-killed snakes would benefit from a concurrent investigation of scavenging and application of appropriate correction factors to avoid underestimation of snake mortality.
Avian Influenza Testing of American Woodcock in an Agricultural Landscape
Authors: BLACKMAN EMILY B. , DEPERNO CHRISTOPHER S. , MOORMAN CHRISTOPHER E. , PETERSON M. NILS
Published: October 2020

The potential for migratory bird species to transfer pathogenic Eurasian strains of avian influenza to the Americas has created international concern over monitoring efforts. Avian influenza has been isolated in multiple migratory shorebird species, and those that spend time in agricultural areas are more likely to share the virus with poultry. Scolopax minor (American Woodcock) are migratory and winter in agricultural landscapes throughout coastal North Carolina. Thirty nine woodcock were tested during February 2009 and December–March 2009–2010 for Type A avian influenza virus; all tests were negative. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate woodcock for avian influenza. Wildlife disease surveillance, especially testing of novel species, is critical to monitor and control virus emergence and spread between wild and domestic populations.
Effects of “Shellbond” on Water Quality: II. Effects on Phytoplankton Growth
Authors: CAHOON L. B. , ANTONINI M. T. , BLACKMON P. J. , DEVITO D. J. , EARP R. K. , MARSHBURN K. D. , ROBBINS J. D. , SAWYER D. A. , THOMPSON W. D. , WALCH M. L.
Published: October 2020

ShellBond is a patented material derived from high temperature treatment of calcareous materials, including oyster shells, yielding a unique form of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2. Previous work with ShellBond showed effects on ammonium and phosphate concentrations in natural waters as well as significant effects on phytoplankton biomass measured as chlorophyll a. The ability of oyster ShellBond to regulate phytoplankton growth in natural waters was investigated in laboratory experiments in order to determine the likely mechanism of action. Experimental investigation of indirect ShellBond effects on phytoplankton growth mediated by effects on nutrient availability (as ammonium and phosphate) revealed no evidence for a plausible mechanism. The direct effect of ShellBond on the pH of the medium was sufficient, however, to suggest that ShellBond acted to limit availability of dissolved CO2 to primary producers; ShellBond amendments at 200 mg L−1 were sufficient to raise pH to >10.5. Dose-response experiments demonstrated an effect of ShellBond concentration on pH and phytoplankton growth, but without complete mortality. These results suggest that ShellBond dosing may have promise for algal bloom remediation, justifying field scale investigations.
Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) Off the North Carolina Coast 1709–2011
Authors: Hairr John
Published: October 2020

Killer whales, Orcinus orca, were first reported off North Carolina by naturalist John Lawson in 1709, and during the 20th century were documented from North Carolina eight times in the scientific and popular literature. The most recent confirmed sighting of killer whales off North Carolina was in the spring of 2011. There have been no reports of killer whale deaths from North Carolina. There has been only one killer whale stranded along the North Carolina coast, with the animal being alive when it was returned to the sea. All sightings have been in the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, none on the west side of the Outer Banks in the waters of Pamlico or Currituck sounds. Only three confirmed reports are from nearshore waters, while the rest were spotted more than 20 km offshore. Orcas are most frequently reported from the waters off the Outer Banks from Cape Lookout north to the Virginia border. A 200 yr gap exists in the historical record of killer whales from North Carolina.
Response of Wistar Rats to Low Doses of Bisphenol A
Authors: Hammad Almoeiz Y. , Adam Shama I. Y. , Abdelgadir Warda S.
Published: October 2020

Bisphenol A is an industrial chemical widely used in the manufacture of polycarbonates (PCs), epoxy resins, and other polymeric materials. In this study the toxicity of different doses of oral bisphenol A to wistar rats was investigated. bisphenol A was given to rats at 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 µg/kg body weight /day for 12 weeks. All the treated rats had a significantly increased body weight, but none of the rats died during the 6 and 12 weeks’ period. Haematological and biochemical parameters were measured after six and twelve weeks of the experimental period. Behavioral changes and dosing resistance were observed in all the tested groups. After 12 weeks, different types of anemia (microcytic hypochromic, microcytic normochromic and normocytic normochromic) were observed in the different treated groups. The toxicity on the liver, toxicity on kidney and spleen was correlated with changes in the concentrations of AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALT (alanine aminotransferase) and ALP (alkaline phosphatase) and the concentrations of globulins, glucose, cholesterol and urea. The toxic effect of bisphenol A was evident on the Haematological and Serobiochemical parameters.
Paediatric Tuberculosis at the Directly Observed Treatment Short-Course Clinic of Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital, Sokoto, Nigeria
Authors: Garba B. I. , Yusuf T. , Coker L. K. , Isezuo K. O. , Ugege M. O. , Adamu A.
Published: October 2020

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading infectious disease killer worldwide, despite significant progress against the disease in recent years. Most cases of TB in children occur in the TB endemic countries but the actual burden of paediatric TB is unknown. With early diagnosis and treatment using the first-line anti-tuberculous drugs, most people who develop the disease can be cured and onward transmission of infection curtailed.

Objective: To determine the pattern and outcome of paediatric tuberculosis managed at a tertiary facility in Sokoto, Nigeria.

Materials and Methods: Records of children managed for TB at the Directly observed treatment short-course (DOTS) clinic over a three-and-a-half-year period were reviewed retrospectively. All children (≤ 15 years) treated for TB over the study period was included. Relevant information was retrieved from the register and analysed accordingly.

Results: 74 children were treated with 33(44.6%) being males, giving a M: F ratio of 1:1.2. Mean (±SD) age was 85.78 (±55.40) months and 34 (45.9%) belonged to the 0.0-5.0-year age group. Seventy-one (95.9%) were new cases and three (4.1%) were relapse. Pulmonary TB (PTB) was seen in 50 (67.6%), more females had PTB than males, which was not significant (χ2=0.4, p=0.52).

Acid fast bacilli (AFB) were positive in only 8 (10.8%) while GeneXpert MTB/RIF sensitivity was detected in 7 (9.2%). Majority 36 (48.6%) were lost to follow up, 30 (40.5%) completed treatment, only 4(5.4%) were cured with no recorded mortality. Successful treatment outcome was low (45.9%).

Conclusion: Treatment outcome using DOTS strategy was poor, far below the WHO benchmark. There is need to improve adherence to DOTs therapy to prevent development of multi drug resistant TB.
Ideally Statistical Convergence in n-normed Space
Authors: Khan Nazneen , Shatarah Amani
Published: October 2020

The aim of the article is to extend the concept of Ideally statistical convergence from 2 normed spaces to n-normed space. We have also study and prove some important algebraic and topological properties of Ideally-statistical convergence of real sequences in n-normed space. In the last part of this article we obtain a criterion for I-statistically Cauchy sequence in n-normed space to be I-statistically Cauchy with respect to ∥.∥∞.
TRAP1 enhances Warburg metabolism through modulation of PFK1 expression/activity and favors resistance to EGFR inhibitors in human colorectal carcinomas
Authors: Maddalena Francesca , Condelli Valentina , Matassa Danilo Swann , Pacelli Consiglia , Scrima Rosella , Lettini Giacomo , Li Bergolis Valeria , Pietrafesa Michele , Crispo Fabiana , Piscazzi Annamaria , Storto Giovanni , Capitanio Nazzareno , Esposito Franca , Landriscina Matteo
Published: October 2020

Metabolic rewiring is a mechanism of adaptation to unfavorable environmental conditions and tumor progression. TRAP1 is an HSP90 molecular chaperone upregulated in human colorectal carcinomas (CRCs) and responsible for downregulation of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and adaptation to metabolic stress. The mechanism by which TRAP1 regulates glycolytic metabolism and the relevance of this regulation in resistance to EGFR inhibitors were investigated in patient‐derived CRC spheres, human CRC cells, samples, and patients. A linear correlation was observed between TRAP1 levels and 18F‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐glucose (18F‐FDG) uptake upon PET scan or GLUT1 expression in human CRCs. Consistently, TRAP1 enhances GLUT1 expression, glucose uptake, and lactate production and downregulates OXPHOS in CRC patient‐derived spheroids and cell lines. Mechanistically, TRAP1 maximizes lactate production to balance low OXPHOS through the regulation of the glycolytic enzyme phosphofructokinase‐1 (PFK1); this depends on the interaction between TRAP1 and PFK1, which favors PFK1 glycolytic activity and prevents its ubiquitination/degradation. By contrast, TRAP1/PFK1 interaction is lost in conditions of enhanced OXPHOS, which results in loss of TRAP1 regulation of PFK1 activity and lactate production. Notably, TRAP1 regulation of glycolysis is involved in resistance of RAS‐wild‐type CRCs to EGFR monoclonals. Indeed, either TRAP1 upregulation or high glycolytic metabolism impairs cetuximab activity in vitro, whereas TRAP1 targeting and/or inhibition of glycolytic pathway enhances cell response to cetuximab. Finally, a linear correlation between 18F‐FDG PET uptake and poor response to cetuximab in first‐line therapy in human metastatic CRCs was observed. These results suggest that TRAP1 is a key determinant of CRC metabolic rewiring and favors resistance to EGFR inhibitors through regulation of glycolytic metabolism.
Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Health State Utility Values for Osteoarthritis‐Related Conditions
Authors: Zhao Ting , Winzenberg Tania , de Graaff Barbara , Aitken Dawn , Ahmad Hasnat , Palmer Andrew J.
Published: October 2020

Objective

Health state utility values (HSUVs) are a key input in health economic modeling, but HSUVs of people with osteoarthritis (OA)–related conditions have not been systematically reviewed and meta‐analyzed. Our objective was to systematically review and meta‐analyze the HSUVs for people with OA.

Methods

Searches within health economic/biomedical databases were performed to identify eligible studies reporting OA‐related HSUVs. Data on study design, participant characteristics, affected OA joint sites, treatment type, HSUV elicitation method, considered health states, and the reported HSUVs were extracted. HSUVs for people with knee, hip, and mixed OA in pre‐ and posttreatment populations were meta‐analyzed using random effects models.

Results

A total of 151 studies were included in the systematic review, and 88 in meta‐analyses. Of 151 studies, 56% were conducted in Europe, 75% were in people with knee and/or hip OA, and 79% were based on the EuroQoL 5‐dimension instrument. The pooled mean baseline HSUVs for knee OA core interventions, medication, injection, and primary surgery treatments were 0.64 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.61–0.66), 0.56 (95% CI 0.45−0.68), 0.58 (95% CI 0.50–0.66), and 0.52 (95% CI 0.49–0.55), respectively. These were 0.71 (95% CI 0.59–0.84) for hip OA core interventions and 0.52 (95% CI 0.49–0.56) for hip OA primary surgery. For all knee OA treatments and hip OA primary surgery, pooled HSUVs were significantly higher in the post‐ than the pretreatment populations.

Conclusion

This study provides a comprehensive summary of OA‐related HSUVs and generates an HSUV database for people with different affected OA joint sites undergoing different treatments to guide HSUV choices in future health economic modeling of OA interventions.
Significantly Reducing Friction and Wear of Water‐Based Fluids with Shear Thinning Bicomponent Supramolecular Hydrogels
Authors: Wang Yurong , Wu Yang , Yu Qiangliang , Zhang Jiaying , Ma Zhengfeng , Zhang Ming , Zhang Liqiang , Bai Yanyan , Cai Meirong , Zhou Feng , Liu Weimin
Published: October 2020

The development of low‐cost water‐based products with environmentally friendly, flame‐retardant, and excellent cooling performance is of immense scientific interest in lubrication. For this purpose, a series of water‐based lubricant additives have been developed, but most of them lack practical application due to the problems of volatility and viscosity. Herein, a novel semisolid supramolecular hydrogel lubricating material of 2,4,6‐triamino‐1,3,5‐triazin‐1‐ium diisopentyl phosphate is reported. The functionalized two‐component gelator molecule can self‐assemble through intermolecular interaction to form 3D network structure effectively traps the diethylene glycol or water‐glycol, thereby improving its viscosity and reducing water's volatile. The hydrogel forms an effective protective film on the steel surface during the running‐in process that endows unique characters of extreme‐pressure and abrasion resistance behaviors. Therefore, the hydrogel always maintains a low coefficient of friction in the load (from 100 to 1200 N) and frequency (from 10 to 40 Hz, at 400 N) conversion tests. This allows to generate potential applications in the field of lubrication, especially as a high water‐based lubricant applied in high load.
Interplanar Growth of 2D Non‐Van der Waals Co2N‐Based Heterostructures for Efficient Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Jiang Jingyun , Yan Pengfei , Zhou Yannan , Cheng Zhenfeng , Cui Xinwei , Ge Yifei , Xu Qun
Published: October 2020

The design and synthesis of 2D heterostructured materials for water splitting are normally based on van der Waals (vdW) nanosheets, but this approach is gradually approaching a performance ceiling in terms of activity and stability. Herein, a novel heterostructured system is explored based on 2D non‐vdW and conductive nanosheets. Notably, the interplanar growth of 2D non‐vdW Co2N nanosheets is realized between graphene layers in the current collector of carbon fiber papers (CPs), generating an interlocking structure within CPs. The exposed surface of Co2N nanosheets possesses a high surface energy that anchors highly active CoNC, forming 2D CoNC@Co2N heterostructures outside CPs. This integrated electrocatalytic system bridged by non‐vdW Co2N nanosheets presents a low overpotential of 1.52 V and an excellent stability of 280 h, which outperform most bifunctional and nonprecious‐metal‐based electrocatalysts in alkaline media, owing to the nature of 2D non‐vdW nanosheets and the formation of strong and conductive connections among CoNC, nanosheets, and CPs.
Factors affecting heterotic grouping with cross‐pollinating crops
Authors: Viana José Marcelo Soriano , Risso Leonardo Alves , Oliveira deLima Rodrigo , Fonseca e Silva Fabyano
Published: October 2020

Heterotic grouping based on the analyses of heterosis or combining ability and molecular diversity has not been consistent. The objectives of this study were to investigate the factors affecting heterotic grouping and the significance of the phenotypic and molecular data. We simulated grain yield and molecular data for nine populations, the nine selfed populations, the 36 interpopulation crosses, 225 doubled haploid (DH) lines (25/population), and their 25,200 single crosses. We assumed genetic control by 400 genes and genotyping for 50 and 192 simple sequence repeats (SSR)/single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). We assessed heterosis, combining ability, and genetic diversity using a cluster and population structure analyses. We also performed a genetic diversity analysis based on gene frequencies. This analysis revealed seven (clustering) and four (population structure) heterotic groups. Concerning the phenotypic data, there was a consistent result indicating high heterosis between populations with average frequency of the favorable genes of 0.7 and 0.9 and populations with average frequency of the favorable genes of 0.1 and 0.3, and low average intragroup heterosis. This is in agreement with the analysis based on genes. Concerning the molecular data, the correlations between genetic distance with heterosis and specific heterosis were in the range 0.15–0.35 for SSR and in the range −0.14 to 0.01 for SNP. Heterotic grouping is affected by the degree of linkage disequilibrium between genes and molecular markers, the genetic structure of the sample, molecular marker type, measure of genetic divergence, method applied, and criterion for defining the best number of clusters.
De novo variant in AMOTL1 in infant with cleft lip and palate, imperforate anus and dysmorphic features
Authors: Rips Jonathan , Mor‐Shaked Hagar , Erdin Serkan , Yanovsky‐Dagan Shira , Eventov‐Friedman Smadar , Harel Tamar
Published: October 2020

AMOTL1 belongs to the Motin family of proteins that are involved in organogenesis and tumorigenesis through regulation of cellular migration, tube formation, and angiogenesis. While involvement of all AMOTs in development or suppression of cancers is relatively well described, little is known about the congenital phenotype of pathogenic variants in these genes in humans. Recently, a heterozygous variant in AMOTL1 was published in association with orofacial clefts and cardiac abnormalities in an affected father and his daughter. However, studies in mice did not recapitulate the human phenotype and the case was summarized as inconclusive. We present a female infant with cleft lip and palate, imperforate anus and dysmorphic features, in whom trio exome sequencing revealed a de novo variant in AMOTL1 affecting a highly conserved amino acid (c.479C>T; p.[Pro160Leu]). Bioinformatic predictions and in silico modeling supported pathogenicity. This case reinforces the conjecture regarding the disruptive effect of pathogenic variants in AMOTL1 on organ formation in humans. Studies of additional families will reveal the full phenotypic spectrum associated with this multiple malformation syndrome.
Outcome of 45,X fetuses with cystic hygroma: A systematic review
Authors: Levy Ariel T. , Berghella Vincenzo , Al‐Kouatly Huda B.
Published: October 2020

This objective of this systematic review was to estimate live birth rate and explore prognostic indicators in fetuses with 45,X karyotype and a posterior cystic hygroma (CH). Electronic databases were searched and studies reporting pregnancy outcomes (termination, spontaneous abortion, demise, or live birth) for fetuses with 45,X karyotype and a CH diagnosed on ultrasound were included. For cases of survival, CH characteristics, presence of hydrops fetalis, or concomitant anomalies, delivery details, and postnatal outcomes were summarized. A total of 95 studies, including 535 cases, met inclusion criteria: 285 (53.3%) pregnancies were terminated, 72 (13.5%) had spontaneous abortion or demise, 164 (30.7%) had unspecified pregnancy failure, and 14 (2.6%) were live births. Among live births with data available, all CH measured 2–7 cm, more than half were septate, and almost all regressed in size or eventually disappeared. Hydrops fetalis was noted in five cases. Of the eight live births with neonatal outcomes available, three neonates died shortly after birth and five survived past the neonatal period. This review suggests that diagnosis of CH in a 45,X fetus is associated with an estimated live birth rate of 2.6%, but only 1% survive to infancy. Prognosis appears to improve with CH regression.
Inflammatory features and predictors for postsurgical outcomes in patients with nasal polyps stratified by local and systemic eosinophilia
Authors: Pan Li , Liao Bo , Guo Cui‐Lian , Liu Jin‐Xin , Wang Heng , Long Xiao‐Bo , Liu Zheng
Published: October 2020

Background

In this study we aimed to identify inflammatory patterns and predictors associated with clinical outcomes in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) patients with different blood and tissue eosinophilia.

Methods

A total of 535 CRSwNP patients were enrolled, and the expression of 35 biomarkers, together with eosinophil and neutrophil counts in nasal polyps, were analyzed in a subset of 249 patients. Patients were stratified on the basis of blood (≥0.5 × 109/L) and tissue (>10%) eosinophilia. Logistic regression models were applied to identify predictors of uncontrolled disease at least 1 year after surgery. Uncontrolled disease was defined according to the European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020.

Results

Among 535 patients, 38.5% showed inconsistent blood and tissue eosinophilia. In 249 CRSwNP patients, subjects with concomitant blood and tissue eosinophilia (group 1) showed marked mucosal type 2 inflammation, characterized by high levels of interleukin (IL)‐5, IL‐13, and eotaxin‐1, whereas subjects with normal blood and tissue eosinophil levels (group 4) demonstrated significant local neutrophilic inflammation with high expression of granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor and subjects with selective tissue eosinophilia (group 2) showed intermediate and mixed eosinophilic and neutrophilic inflammation. Subjects with isolated blood eosinophilia (group 3) showed low expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and IL‐10. Asthma, prior sinus surgery, and blood eosinophilia were the top 3 predictors for postsurgical uncontrolled disease. For subgroup analysis, sex in group 1, asthma in group 2, tissue IL‐10 and immunoglobulin E in group 3, and prior sinus surgery in group 4 were the strongest predictors of uncontrolled disease, respectively.

Conclusion

Different blood and tissue eosinophilia revealed distinct tissue inflammatory patterns in CRSwNP patients.
On the Eigen‐Mode Excitation of Linear Oscillators and the Earth's Polar Motion
Authors: Fang Ming , Liao Xinhao , Xu Xueqing
Published: October 2020

By transforming a 1D second‐order linear oscillator into a 2D first‐order polar motion differential equation, it can be shown that the finite smoothness (i.e., the presence of jump in finite order derivatives) of the applied Newtonian forcing constitutes the sufficient and necessary condition for instantaneous excitation of free eigen‐mode. This condition can be met by forcing functions originated from turbulent and multiphase fluid motions. Sub‐macroscopic transition time associated with astatic elastic deformation limits the physical smoothness of the applied forcing for the Earth's polar motion. Eigen‐modes can also be excited by an infinitely smooth forcing that has a finite domain of non‐zero values. The eigen‐period serves as a macroscopic timescale to characterize the inertia of a linear oscillator. If a zero mean irregular forcing of finite smoothness exhibits a high degree of randomness and the timescale is much shorter than the eigen‐period, then for negligible damping the eigen‐waveform will increase in proportion to the squareroot of time, while the waveform distortion is statistically a constant. As a result, the pattern of distinctive eigen‐oscillation will dominate the forced solution for longer enough duration.
Active sites and coke on aluminum sulfate for the rearrangement of propylene oxide
Authors: Zhang Baoqiang , Liang Mengnan , Zhu Yingluo , Ma Weihua
Published: October 2020

A solid acid catalyst aluminum sulfate was prepared and showed good performance for the propylene oxide rearrangement reaction. The selective adsorption of propylene oxide at different acid sites and the amount of acid sites on the catalyst was studied by the pyridine infrared. The results indicated that the rearrangement of propylene oxide on aluminum sulfate is catalyzed by Lewis acid sites. The rearrangement behavior of propylene oxide on the Lewis acid sites was then studied by in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), and a mechanism was proposed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results showed that the catalyst deactivation is mainly due to the decrease of active sites caused by the coverage of coke, so the coke decomposition was studied in order to regenerate the catalyst. The coke decomposition at different temperatures and atmospheres was studied by thermogravimetry–derivative thermogravimetry and in situ DRIFTS, and the results showed that some of the coke on the catalyst is hydrocarbon such as alkanes and olefins that decomposes at lower temperature and the other is aged coke or the graphite‐like carbon that decomposes at higher temperature, and the higher the oxygen content and temperature, the easier to remove the coke.
Locking the Dynamic Axial Chirality of Biphenyl Crown Ethers through Threading
Authors: Kimura Tomoya , Miyagawa Shinobu , Takaya Hikaru , Naito Masaya , Tokunaga Yuji
Published: October 2020

This paper describes the syntheses of [2]rotaxanes comprising 23‐ and 26‐membered biphenyl crown ethers as the macrocyclic components and secondary ammonium ions as the dumbbell‐shaped components, and the locking of the dynamic axial chirality of the biphenyl moieties in these structures. Chiral high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed that our [2]rotaxane featuring the 26‐membered crown ether racemized at room temperature, but the racemization of the [2]rotaxane featuring the 23‐membered crown ether did not proceed at room temperature over a period of three days. After separation of the enantiomers of the [2]rotaxane incorporating the 23‐membered crown ether through chiral HPLC, we studied its racemization at elevated temperature. The rate of stereoinversion in dimethylsulfoxide (a polar solvent) was faster than that in o‐dichlorobenzene (a nonpolar solvent), and herein we discuss these kinetic parameters.
Ethical and regulatory issues in human gene editing: Chinese perspective
Authors: Lei Ruipeng , Qiu Renzong
Published: October 2020

This paper focuses on the ethical and regulatory issues raised by gene editing. In the introduction of this paper, authors provide the background where the ethical and regulatory issues by gene editing have been raised including the scientific dimension of gene‐editing techniques. In the second part of the paper, the authors focus on ethical issues in human gene editing with the start of Huang Junjiu case and He Jiankui case. Here, the authors discuss the criteria for evaluating action, general ethical issues in gene editing, and try to answer two crucial questions: is it ethically justifiable to use human embryo in ex vivo genome editing study and is it ethically justifiable to perform heritable human genome editing? In answering the second question, the authors discuss the arguments against and for heritable human genome editing, methodological problem, and the building of an ethical framework for heritable human genome editing. In the third part of the paper, the authors focus on regulatory issues in gene editing including proactionary approach versus ethically thinking ahead approach, self‐regulation versus top‐down regulation, transparency versus confidentiality, and education versus punishment.
Characterization of a novel styrylbenzimidazolium‐based dye and its application in the detection of biothiols
Authors: Kolińska Jolanta , Grzelakowska Aleksandra
Published: October 2020

A novel styrylbenzimidazolium dye containing a maleimide group 5 was synthesized and characterized using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The photophysical properties [ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) light absorption and fluorescence spectra, fluorescence quantum yield, and fluorescence lifetime] were investigated. Spectroscopic characterization of the novel styrylbenzimidazolium‐based dye under various conditions is presented and its usefulness to detect biothiols proved. The addition of biothiols [l‐cysteine (l‐Cys), l‐homocysteine (l‐Hcy), l‐glutathione (l‐GSH)] to compound 5 in phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.4) containing 10% CH3CN induced a 15–28‐fold enhancement in fluorescence intensity at 410 nm. The limits of detection of compound 5 for l‐Cys, l‐Hcy, and l‐GSH were estimated as 0.114, 0.118, and 0.059 μM, respectively. Evaluation of the cytotoxicity of 5 using the PrestoBlue assay for HeLa cells was also determined. The examined compound revealed a slight cytotoxicity against HeLa cells under experimental conditions.
Rückkehr der Finnwale in die Antarktis
Authors: Herr Helena
Published: October 2020

An der Westantarktischen Halbinsel kommt es seit einigen Jahren wieder vermehrt zu großen Finnwalvorkommen, nachdem die Art durch den kommerziellen Walfang fast ausgerottet wurde. Ein multidisziplinäres Forschungsprogramm widmet sich jetzt speziell der Untersuchung dieser Tiervorkommen. Mittels visueller Surveys, Satellitentelemetrie, Biopsiebeprobung und Fotoidentifikation soll erforscht werden, wo die Tiere, die sich an der Westantarktischen Halbinsel zur Nahrungssaison im antarktischen Sommer versammeln, herkommen, welche Habitateigenschaften zu den großen Ansammlungen führen und wie viele Tiere sich hier jährlich versammeln. Zusammen werden diese Erkenntnisse dazu beitragen, den aktuellen Populationsstatus der Tiere zu verstehen.
Die Pute
Authors: Olschewsky Anna
Published: October 2020

Putenfleisch findet sich heute auf vielen Speisekarten und steht für besonders leichte und gesunde Kost. Dementgegen haben viele Skandalmeldungen aus den letzten Jahren ungünstige Bedingungen in der Putenhaltung angeprangert. Von der Pute selber haben darüber hinaus nur wenige Menschen ein konkretes Bild. Schnell wird das Tier als hässlich bezeichnet, aber zu sehen bekommen wir es nur sehr selten. Was ist die Pute also für ein Tier, wie wird sie gehalten und ist Fleisch von Bio‐Puten wirklich besser?
Rapid determination of rosmarinic acid and its two bioactive metabolites in the plasma of rats by LC–MS/MS and application to a pharmacokinetics study
Authors: Wang Xiangyang , Qian Yuexin , Li Xue , Jia Xue , Yan Zhexuan , Han Min , Qiao Miao , Ma Xiaohui , Chu Yang , Zhou Shuiping , Yang Wenzhi
Published: October 2020

Rosmarinic acid (RA), an ester compound of caffeic acid (CA) and 3,4‐dihydroxyphenyllacic acid, is widely distributed in the herbs of the Lamiaceae family and has shown a wide spectrum of pharmacological properties. CA and FA (ferulic acid) are two bioactive metabolites in vivo after oral administration of RA; however, a rapid and robust analytical approach that can enable the quantitative assay of RA and two bioactive metabolites is still lacking. A liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method was established that was capable of the quantitative determination of RA, CA and FA by negative‐mode multiple reaction monitoring within 7 min using a Zorbax SB‐C18 column and an isocratic elution. This assay method was validated as linear over the investigated ranges with correlation coefficients (r) > 0.9950. The intra‐ and inter‐day precision was <10.65%, and the accuracies (relative error, %) <−6.41%. The validated approach was applied to a pharmacokinetics study of RA and its two metabolites in rats after oral and intravenous administration. RA was rapidly metabolized in both administration modes, whilst the metabolites CA and FA were only detectable by oral administration. The absolute availability of RA was calculated to be 4.13%.
Comparison of breast cancer prognostic tests CanAssist Breast and Oncotype DX
Authors: Sengupta Aditya K. , Gunda Aparna , Malpani Sukriti , Serkad Chandra Prakash V. , Basavaraj Chetana , Bapat Ashok , Bakre Manjiri M.
Published: October 2020

Background

CanAssist Breast (CAB) is a prognostic test for early stage hormone receptor‐positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative (HER2−) breast cancer patients, validated on Indian and Caucasian patients. The 21‐gene signature Oncotype DX (ODX) is the most widely used commercially available breast cancer prognostic test. In the current study, risk stratification of CAB is compared with that done with ODX along with the respective outcomes of these patients.

Methods

A cohort of 109 early stage breast cancer patients who had previously taken the ODX test were retested with CAB, and the results respectively compared with old cut‐offs of ODX as well as cut‐offs suggested by TAILORx, a prospective randomized trial of ODX. Distant metastasis‐free survival after 5 years was taken as the end point.

Results

CanAssist Breast stratified 83.5% of the cohort into low‐risk and 16.5% into high‐risk. With the TAILORx cut‐offs, ODX stratified the cohort into 89.9% low‐risk and 10.1% into high‐risk. The low, intermediate, and high‐risk groups with ODX old cut‐offs were 62.4%, 31.2%, and 6.4%, respectively. The overall concordance of CAB with ODX using both cut‐offs is 75%‐76%, with ~82%‐83% concordance in the low‐risk category of these tests. The NPV of the low‐risk category of CAB was 93.4%, and of ODX with TAILORx cut‐offs was 91.8% and 89.7% with old cut‐offs.

Conclusions

Compared to the concordance reported for other tests, CAB shows high concordance with ODX, and in addition shows comparable performance in the patient outcomes in this cohort. CAB is thus an excellent and cost‐effective alternative to ODX.