bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular analysis of the interspousal transmission of hepatitis B virus in two Japanese patients who acquired fulminant hepatitis B after 50 and 49 years of marriage
Authors: Okamoto Daisuke , Nakayama Haruo , Ikeda Tomoyuki , Ikeya Shinichi , Nagashima Shigeo , Takahashi Masaharu , Sugai Yoshiki , Okamoto Hiroaki
Published: August 2014

A 71‐year‐old (C1I) and 69‐year‐old (C2I) Japanese female contracted fulminant hepatitis B after 50 and 49 years of marriage, respectively. Both index cases exhibited high levels of anti‐HBc IgM antibodies (24.2 and 31.5 S/CO, respectively), suggestive of acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, although they had no discernible risk factors for HBV infection, except for chronically HBV‐infected spouses with detectable HBV DNA (3.3 log copies/ml [C1S: 72‐year‐old] and 7.2 log copies/ml [C2S: 71‐year‐old]). The HBV genotype/subgenotype was identical in each couple (B/B1 or C/C2). The HBV isolates from the index cases and spouses shared a nucleotide sequence identity of 99.5% and 99.7%, respectively, over the entire genome, and these four isolates had the highest nucleotide sequence identity of only 97% to HBV isolates deposited in DNA databases. Phylogenetic trees confirmed a close relationship of the HBV isolates between C1I and C1S and between C2I and C2S, supported by a high bootstrap value of 100% within each couple, indicating the transfer of HBV infection between spouses. These four isolates shared a precore mutation of G1896A known to be associated with fulminant hepatitis B. Although the history of sexual contact within a reasonable incubation period was obscure for one stable, monogamous couple (C1I and C1S), the other couple had a monogamous sexual relationship within six months prior to disease onset. This study indicates that two elderly Japanese patients with fulminant hepatitis B acquired HBV infection via interspousal (most likely sexual) transmission during long‐lasting marriages. J. Med. Virol. 86:1851–1860, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The growth of human scalp hair in females using visible red light laser and LED sources
Authors: Lanzafame Raymond J. , Blanche Raymond R. , Chiacchierini Richard P. , Kazmirek Eric R. , Sklar Jeffrey A.
Published: August 2014

Background and Objectives

Low level laser (light) therapy (LLLT) has been demonstrated to promote hair growth in males. A double‐blind randomized controlled trial was undertaken to define the safety and physiologic effects of LLLT on females with androgenic alopecia.

Methods

Forty‐seven females (18–60 years old, Fitzpatrick I–IV, and Ludwig–Savin Baldness Scale I‐2, I‐3, I‐4, II‐1, II‐2 baldness patterns) were recruited. A transition zone scalp site was selected; hairs were trimmed to 3 mm height; the area was tattooed and photographed. The active group received a “TOPHAT655” unit containing 21, 5 mW diode lasers (655 ± 5 nm) and 30 LEDS (655 ± 20 nm), in a bicycle‐helmet like apparatus. The placebo group unit appeared identical, containing incandescent red lights. Patients treated at home every other day × 16 weeks (60 treatments, 67 J/cm2 irradiance/25 minute treatment, 2.9 J dose), with follow up and photography at 16 weeks. A masked 2.85 cm2 photographic area was evaluated by another blinded investigator. The primary endpoint was the percent increase in hair counts from baseline.

Results

Forty‐two patients completed the study (24 active, 18 sham). No adverse events or side effects were reported. Baseline hair counts were 228.2 ± 133.4 (N = 18) in the sham and 209.6 ± 118.5 (N = 24) in the active group (P = 0.642). Post Treatment hair counts were 252.1 ± 143.3 (N = 18) in the sham group and 309.9 ± 166.6 (N = 24) in the active group (P = 0.235). The change in hair counts over baseline was 23.9 ± 30.1 (N = 18) in the sham group and 100.3 ± 53.4 (N = 24) in the active group (P < 0.0001). The percent hair increase over the duration of the study was 11.05 ± 48.30 (N = 18) for the sham group and 48.07 ± 17.61 (N = 24) for the active group (P < 0.001). This demonstrates a 37% increase in hair growth in the active treatment group as compared to the placebo group.

Conclusions

LLLT of the scalp at 655 nm significantly improved hair counts in women with androgenetic alopecia at a rate similar to that observed in males using the same parameters. Lasers Surg. Med. 46:601–607, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Laser all‐ceramic crown removal—a laboratory proof‐of‐principle study—Phase 2 crown debonding time
Authors: Rechmann Peter , Buu Natalie C.H. , Rechmann Beate M.T. , Finzen Frederick C.
Published: August 2014

Background and Objectives

The removal of all‐ceramic crowns is a time consuming procedure in the dental office. Little research has been done in alternative removal techniques for all‐ceramic crowns. The objective of the second phase of this proof‐of‐principle laboratory pilot study was to evaluate whether Ivoclar Vivadent all‐ceramic crowns can be efficiently removed from natural teeth without damage to the underlying tooth structure using an Erbium laser.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

The ceramic materials used were IPS E.max CAD Lithium‐disilicate (LS2) (E.max CAD) and IPS E.max ZirCAD Zirconium‐oxide (ZrO2) (ZirCAD) (Ivoclar, Vivadent, Liechtenstein).

Molars, either as stand‐alone teeth or placed in an artificial row of teeth, were prepared to receive all‐ceramic crowns. Copings and full contour crowns with either featheredge or regular margins were produced. The all‐ceramic crowns were bonded to the teeth with Ivoclar Multilink Automix. The time for Er:YAG laser debonding of each crown was then measured. The Er:YAG (LiteTouch, Syneron, Yokneam, Israel) was used with an 1,100 µm diameter fiber tip with energies up to 600 mJ per pulse (wavelength 2,940 nm, 10 Hz repetition rate, pulse duration 100 µs at 126 mJ/pulse, and 400 µs at 590 mJ/pulse). The irradiation was applied at a distance of 10 mm from the crown surface following a defined pattern. Air‐water spray was applied to the crowns at a rate of 67 ml/minute.

Results

All of the all‐ceramic crowns were successfully debonded with the laser. On average, an all‐ceramic E.max CAD crown was debonded in 190 ± 92 seconds (average ± SD). The debonding time for ZirCAD featheredge crowns was 226 ± 105 seconds and for ZirCAD crowns with regular margins it was 312 ± 102 seconds. No crowns fractured and no damage to the underlying dentin was detected. The bonding cement deteriorated due to the Er:YAG irradiation. Additionally, no carbonization at the dentin/cement interface was observed.

Conclusion

Er:YAG laser energy can successfully be used to efficiently debond all‐ceramic full contour crowns from natural teeth without damage to the underlying tooth structure. Lasers Surg. Med. 46:636–643, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cerebellar abnormalities in Huntington's disease: A role in motor and psychiatric impairment?
Authors: Rees Elin M. , Farmer Ruth , Cole James H. , Haider Salman , Durr Alexandra , Landwehrmeyer Bernhard , Scahill Rachael I. , Tabrizi Sarah J. , Hobbs Nicola Z.
Published: August 2014

The cerebellum has received limited attention in Huntington's disease (HD), despite signs of possible cerebellar dysfunction, including motor incoordination and impaired gait, which are currently attributed to basal ganglia atrophy and disrupted fronto‐striatal circuits. This study is the first to investigate a potential contribution of macro‐ and microstructural cerebellar damage to clinical manifestations of HD. T1‐ and diffusion‐weighted 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were obtained from 12 controls and 22 early‐stage HD participants. Manual delineation and voxel‐based morphometry were used to assess between‐group differences in cerebellar volume, and diffusion metrics were compared between groups within the cerebellar gray and white matter. Associations between these imaging measures and clinical scores were examined within the HD group. Reduced paravermal volume was detected in HD compared with controls using voxel‐based morphometry (P < 0.05), but no significant volumetric differences were found using manual delineation. Diffusion abnormalities were detected in both cerebellar gray matter and white matter. Smaller cerebellar volumes, although not significantly reduced, were significantly associated with impaired gait and psychiatric morbidity and of borderline significance with pronate/supinate‐hand task performance. Abnormal cerebellar diffusion was associated with increased total motor score, impaired saccade initiation, tandem walking, and timed finger tapping. In conclusion, atrophy of the paravermis, possibly encompassing the cerebellar nuclei, and microstructural abnormalities within the cerebellum may contribute to HD neuropathology. Aberrant cerebellar diffusion and reduced cerebellar volume together associate with impaired motor function and increased psychiatric symptoms in stage I HD, potentially implicating the cerebellum more centrally in HD presentation than previously recognized. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Evidence for a novel, local acute‐phase response in the bovine oviduct: Progesterone and lipopolysaccharide up‐regulate alpha 1‐acid‐glycoprotein expression in epithelial cells in vitro
Authors: Kowsar R. , Hambruch N. , Marey M.A. , Liu J. , Shimizu T. , Pfarrer C. , Miyamoto A.
Published: August 2014

Little is known about the local production and function of alpha 1‐acid glycoprotein (AGP), an acute‐phase protein, in the female reproductive tract. This study aimed to investigate the regulation and immune function of AGP in cultured bovine oviduct epithelial cells. Analysis by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry revealed that bovine oviduct tissue expresses AGP protein in epithelial cells and the smooth muscle layer. Stimulation of bovine oviduct epithelial cells in culture with either progesterone (1 ng/ml) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 ng/ml) induced both mRNA expression and secretion of AGP. Estradiol (1 ng/ml), progesterone (1 ng/ml), and luteinizing hormone (10 ng/ml), which are observed during the peri‐ovulatory period in oviduct tissues (steroids) or in circulation (luteinizing hormone), suppressed LPS‐induced expression and secretion of AGP, which in turn induced the expression of Toll‐like receptor‐4 (TLR‐4) and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1B), but suppressed TLR‐2 and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNFA) expression. AGP also inhibited LPS‐induced TLR‐2 and TNFA expression, but had no effect on LPS‐induced TLR‐4 and IL‐1B expression. These findings suggest that oviductal epithelial cells can participate in antimicrobial processes through the secretion of AGP, which is partly regulated by ovarian steroids. Moreover, oviductal AGP may regulate the response of epithelial cells, thereby reducing the expression of the acute pro‐inflammatory cytokine TNFA, which could contribute to the local homeostasis during the acute response to endotoxin release in the oviduct's anti‐infection process. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 81: 861–870, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quality‐based charging solutions for wireless multimedia services
Authors: Jursonovics Tamás , Imre Sándor
Published: August 2014

The evolution of mobile telecommunication networks and access bandwidth has enabled operators to deliver IPTV services for mobile customers; however, the existing mobile charging solutions are not effectively addressing the billing requirements of multimedia streams. This paper develops a quality‐based charging solution for 3GPP wireless networks with the aim of providing a fair pricing solution for multimedia services. An appropriate business model is selected and a streaming proxy‐based charging architecture is developed based on the quality of the multimedia service. The proposed algorithms are theoretically evaluated by the derivation of the formulas of the distribution and the expected value of the price discount. A testbed is built and the findings are evaluated and compared with traditional charging functions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DO GROUP DYNAMICS INFLUENCE SOCIAL CAPITAL GAINS AMONG MICROFINANCE CLIENTS? EVIDENCE FROM A RANDOMIZED EXPERIMENT IN URBAN INDIA
Authors: Feigenberg Benjamin , Field Erica , Pande Rohini , Rigol Natalia , Sarkar Shayak
Published: August 2014

As an intrinsic part of the classic microfinance model, group meetings are intended to employ social capital to ensure timely repayment. Recent research suggests that more frequent meetings can increase social capital among first‐time clients. Using randomized variation in group meeting frequency for 174 microfinance groups in India, we demonstrate that social capital gains associated with more frequent meetings continue to accrue across multiple lending cycles. However, these effects are reduced when group members differ in their borrowing history. In addition, clients who start with low levels of empowerment report higher social capital gains when matched with similar clients. We discuss how current microfinance policy debates overlook the creation of social capital, including through repayment meeting frequency, and we encourage regulators to undertake a holistic understanding of microfinance's impacts.
Macrophage‐specific NOX2 contributes to the development of lung emphysema through modulation of SIRT1/MMP‐9 pathways
Authors: Trocme Candice , Deffert Christine , Cachat Julien , Donati Yves , Tissot Christelle , Papacatzis Sylvie , Braunersreuther Vincent , Pache Jean‐Claude , Krause Karl‐Heinz , Holmdahl Rikard , Barazzone‐Argiroffo Constance , Carnesecchi Stéphanie
Published: August 2014

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) participate in the pathogenesis of emphysema. Among ROS‐producing enzymes, NOX NADPH oxidases are thought to be responsible for tissue injury associated with several lung pathologies. To determine whether NOX2 and/or NOX1 participate in the development of emphysema, their expression patterns were first studied by immunohistochemistry in the lungs of emphysematous patients. Subsequently, we investigated their contribution to elastase‐induced emphysema using NOX2‐ and NOX1‐deficient mice. In human lung, NOX2 was mainly detected in macrophages of control and emphysematous lungs, while NOX1 was expressed in alveolar epithelium and bronchial cells. We observed an elevated number of NOX2‐positive cells in human emphysematous lungs, as well as increased NOX2 and NOX1 mRNA expression in mouse lungs following elastase exposure. Elastase‐induced alveolar airspace enlargement and elastin degradation were prevented in NOX2‐deficient mice, but not in NOX1‐deficient mice. This protection was independent of inflammation and correlated with reduced ROS production. Concomitantly, an elevation of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) level and a decrease of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) expression and activity were observed in alveolar macrophages and neutrophils. We addressed the specific role of macrophage‐restricted functional NOX2 in elastase‐induced lung emphysema using Ncf1 mutant mice and Ncf1 macrophage rescue mice (Ncf1 mutant mice with transgenic expression of Ncf1 only in CD68‐positive mononuclear phagocytes; the MN mouse). Compared to WT mice, the lack of functional NOX2 led to decreased elastase‐induced ROS production and protected against emphysema. In contrast, ROS production was restored specifically in macrophages from Ncf1 rescue mice and contributes to emphysema. Taken together, our results demonstrate that NOX2 is involved in the pathogenesis of human emphysema and macrophage‐specific NOX2 participates in elastase‐induced emphysema through the involvement of SIRT1/MMP‐9 pathways in mice. © 2014 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Mass‐productions of porous polyethylene template with controlled array structure
Authors: Yang Bo , Niu Gao , Zhou Xiu‐Wen , Liu Xu‐Dong , He Wei , Yu Bin , Zhu Ye , Wu Wei‐dong
Published: August 2014

Well‐ordered, globally oriented composite fibers with micro/nanowire arrays of polystyrene (PS) fibers embedded in polyethylene (PE) were prepared by an iterative melt co‐drawing and the bundling technique. With section‐cutting of the PE/PS fiber and the dissolution of inner PS, porous PE fibers were obtained. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the distribution of pores were regular hexagonal, the diameters of the pores after the third drawing step were about 175 nm, and the spacings of pores were 1–2 micron. There was good agreement between calculated and experimental values for the pore diameters and spacings. The obtained porous template was used to prepare Cu nanowires by electrochemical deposition. SEM in combination with the energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX) indicated that Cu nanowires were successfully deposited in the pores of the template. Potential applications of this simple and inexpensive fabrication technology were discussed for preparing micro/nanowire arrays with highly controllable geometric parameters. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 55:1211–1218, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Personality and Psychopathology: A Stagnant Field in Need of Development
Authors: Durbin C. Emily , Hicks Brian M.
Published: August 2014

A dominant paradigm in psychopathology research proposes that individual differences in personality are centrally involved in the origins and manifestations of psychopathology, and structural models of personality and psychopathology have been extremely useful in helping to organize associations among many traits and disorders. However, these models merely describe patterns of covariation; they do not explain the processes by which these patterns emerge. We argue that the field is stagnated, as it is overly focused on the demonstration of concurrent associations and on confirming a spectrum model that proposes traits and disorders are manifestations of the same underlying constructs. We contend that if the field is to move towards an understanding of causal processes, it must integrate knowledge and principles of personality development and developmental psychopathology. To begin this integration, we review (i) normative trends in personality change, (ii) age–related changes in the prevalence of disorders, and (iii) the impact of onset and chronicity on the severity of disorders. We propose several developmental processes that may contribute to the co–development of personality and psychopathology. We then present novel empirical findings to illustrate how a developmental perspective on traits and disorders can inform new hypotheses and propose principles and hypotheses that should guide future research. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology
Post–traumatic Growth as Positive Personality Change: Evidence, Controversies and Future Directions
Authors: Jayawickreme Eranda , Blackie Laura E. R.
Published: August 2014

This target article focuses on the construct of post–traumatic growth—positive psychological change experienced as a result of the struggle with highly challenging life circumstances. Prominent theories of post–traumatic growth define it in terms of personality change, and as a result, this area of research should be of great interest to personality psychologists. Despite this fact, most of the research on this topic has not been sufficiently informed by relevant research in personality psychology, and much of the extant research suffers from significant methodological limitations. We review the literature on post–traumatic growth, with a particular focus on how researchers have conceptualized it and the specific methodological issues associated with these conceptualizations. We outline some ways in which personality science can both be enriched by the study of this phenomenon and inform rigorous research on post–traumatic growth and provide a series of guidelines for future research of post–traumatic growth as positive personality change. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology
An investigation of the support needs of men and partners throughout the prostate cancer journey
Authors: Bobridge A. , Bond M. J. , Marshall V. , Paterson J.
Published: August 2014

Objective

Prostate cancer is one of the mostly commonly diagnosed cancers in men. Unfortunately, the treatment for this cancer can have a number of negative side effects, both for the man himself and his partner. This study investigated the support needs of both men and partners throughout the prostate cancer journey and how this journey may be optimally managed.

Methods

Thirty‐one men who had undergone prostate cancer treatment within the last 6 years and 31 partners answered a questionnaire, which explored support care issues as identified in the literature and from focus groups.

Results

Men and partners were moderately satisfied with information given regarding diagnosis, treatment and side effects, but partners were more satisfied with information relating to the particular chosen treatment. Men's understanding of their chosen treatment's potential side effects was significantly different from their understanding of diagnosis, cancer outcome, treatment options and selected treatment. Timing of information delivery was preferred by men at diagnosis, whereas partners preferred after the diagnosis. Men wanted more time to think about the diagnosis and treatment, whereas partners wanted an opportunity to discuss the diagnosis. The management of common side effects such as emotional changes, incontinence and erectile dysfunction was rated as ‘somewhat’ satisfactory.

Conclusion

Men and partners may have different educational and supportive needs throughout the prostate cancer journey that require attention and tailored management. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystal structures of designed armadillo repeat proteins: Implications of construct design and crystallization conditions on overall structure
Authors: Reichen Christian , Madhurantakam Chaithanya , Plückthun Andreas , Mittl Peer R. E.
Published: August 2014

Designed armadillo repeat proteins (dArmRP) are promising modular proteins for the engineering of binding molecules that recognize extended polypeptide chains. We determined the structure of a dArmRP containing five internal repeats and 3rd generation capping repeats in three different states by X‐ray crystallography: without N‐terminal His6‐tag and in the presence of calcium (YM5A/Ca2+), without N‐terminal His6‐tag and in the absence of calcium (YM5A), and with N‐terminal His6‐tag and in the presence of calcium (His‐YM5A/Ca2+). All structures show different quaternary structures and superhelical parameters. His‐YM5A/Ca2+ forms a crystallographic dimer, which is bridged by the His6‐tag, YM5A/Ca2+ forms a domain‐swapped tetramer, and only in the absence of calcium and the His6‐tag, YM5A forms a monomer. The changes of superhelical parameters are a consequence of calcium binding, because calcium ions interact with negatively charged residues, which can also participate in the modulation of helix dipole moments between adjacent repeats. These observations are important for further optimizations of dArmRPs and provide a general illustration of how construct design and crystallization conditions can influence the exact structure of the investigated protein.
Effect of Kuwanon G Isolated from the Root Bark of Morus alba on Ovalbumin‐induced Allergic Response in a Mouse Model of Asthma
Authors: Jung Hyo Won , Kang Seok Yong , Kang Jong Seong , Kim A Ryun , Woo Eun‐Rhan , Park Yong‐Ki
Published: August 2014

The root bark of Morus alba L. (Mori Cortex Radicis; MCR) is traditionally used in Korean medicine for upper respiratory diseases. In this study, we investigated the antiasthmatic effect of kuwanon G isolated from MCR on ovalbumin (OVA)‐induced allergic asthma in mice. Kuwanon G (1 and 10 mg/kg) was administered orally in mice once a day for 7 days during OVA airway challenge. We measured the levels of OVA‐specific IgE and Th2 cytokines (IL‐4, IL‐5, and IL‐13) in the sera or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids and also counted the immune cells in BAL fluids. Histopathological changes in the lung tissues were analyzed. Kuwanon G significantly decreased the levels of OVA‐specific IgE and IL‐4, IL‐5, and IL‐13 in the sera and BAL fluids of asthma mice. Kuwanon G reduced the numbers of inflammatory cells in the BAL fluids of asthma mice. Furthermore, the pathological feature of lungs including infiltration of inflammatory cells, thickened epithelium of bronchioles, mucus, and collagen accumulation was inhibited by kuwanon G. These results indicate that kuwanon G prevents the pathological progression of allergic asthma through the inhibition of lung destruction by inflammation and immune stimulation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electronic Property Modification of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Encapsulation of Sulfur‐Terminated Graphene Nanoribbons
Authors: Pollack Andrew , Alnemrat Sufian , Chamberlain Thomas W. , Khlobystov Andrei N. , Hooper Joseph P. , Osswald Sebastian
Published: August 2014

The use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as cylindrical reactor vessels has become a viable means for synthesizing graphene nanoribbons (GNRs). While previous studies demonstrated that the size and edge structure of the as‐produced GNRs are strongly dependent on the diameter of the tubes and the nature of the precursor, the atomic interactions between GNRs and surrounding CNTs and their effect on the electronic properties of the overall system are not well understood. Here, it is shown that the functional terminations of the GNR edges can have a strong influence on the electronic structure of the system. Analysis of SWCNTs before and after the insertion of sulfur‐terminated GNRs suggests a metallization of the majority of semiconducting SWCNTs. This is indicated by changes in the radial breathing modes and the D and G band Raman features, as well as UV–vis–NIR absorption spectra. The variation in resonance conditions of the nanotubes following GNR insertion make direct (n,m) assignment by Raman spectroscopy difficult. Thus, density functional theory calculations of representative GNR/SWCNT systems are performed. The results confirm significant changes in the band structure, including the development of a metallic state in the semiconducting SWCNTs due to sulfur/tube interactions. The GNR‐induced metallization of semiconducting SWCNTs may offer a means of controlling the electronic properties of bulk CNT samples and eliminate the need for a physical separation of semiconducting and metallic tubes.
Dry‐Processable Carbon Nanotubes for Functional Devices and Composites
Authors: Di Jiangtao , Wang Xin , Xing Yajuan , Zhang Yongyi , Zhang Xiaohua , Lu Weibang , Li Qingwen , Zhu Yuntian T.
Published: August 2014

Assembly of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in effective and productive ways is of vital importance to their application. Recent progress in synthesis of CNTs has inspired new strategies for utilizing the unique physiochemical properties of CNTs in macroscale materials and devices. Assembling CNTs by dry processes (e.g., directly collecting CNTs in the form of freestanding films followed by pressing, stretching, and multilayer stacking instead of dispersing them in solution) not only considerably simplifies the processes but also avoids structural damage to the CNTs. Various dry‐processable CNTs are reviewed, focusing on their synthesis, properties, and applications. The synthesis techniques are organized in terms of aggregative morphologies and microstructure control of CNTs. Important applications such as functional thin‐film devices, strong CNT films, and composites are included. The opportunities and challenges in the synthesis techniques and fabrication of advanced composites and devices are discussed.
On‐line SERS Detection of Single Bacterium Using Novel SERS Nanoprobes and A Microfluidic Dielectrophoresis Device
Authors: Lin Hsing‐Ying , Huang Chen‐Han , Hsieh Wen‐Hsin , Liu Ling‐Hsuan , Lin Yuan‐Chuen , Chu Chia‐Chun , Wang Shi‐Ting , Kuo I‐Ting , Chau Lai‐Kwan , Yang Chiou‐Ying
Published: August 2014

The integration of novel surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanoprobes and a microfluidic dielectrophoresis (DEP) device is developed for rapid on‐line SERS detection of Salmonella enterica serotype Choleraesuis and Neisseria lactamica. The SERS nanoprobes are prepared by immobilization of specific antibody onto the surface of nanoaggregate‐embedded beads (NAEBs), which are silica‐coated, dye‐induced aggregates of a small number of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Each NAEB gives highly enhanced Raman signals owing to the presence of well‐defined plasmonic hot spots at junctions between AuNPs. Herein, the on‐line SERS detection and accurate identification of suspended bacteria with a detection capability down to a single bacterium has been realized by the NAEB−DEP−Raman spectroscopy biosensing strategy. The practical detection limit with a measurement time of 10 min is estimated to be 70 CFU mL−1. In comparison with whole‐cell enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the SERS‐nanoprobe‐based biosensing method provides advantages of higher sensitivity and requiring lower amount of antibody in the assay (100‐fold less). The total assay time including sample pretreatment is less than 2 h. Hence, this sensing strategy is promising for faster and effective on‐line multiplex detection of single pathogenic bacterium by using different bioconjugated SERS nanoprobes.
Empirical evidence and state of practice of software agile teams
Authors: Papatheocharous Efi , Andreou Andreas S.
Published: August 2014

The paper provides an in depth analysis of empirical evidence on the state of practice within the agile domain obtained through a survey conducted in 2012. The context of focus is agile software processes and teams and the particular topics of interest revolve around three axes: (i) communication; (ii) project management; and (iii) quality assurance and validation. The aim of the survey is to deliver the current levels of agile adoption and practices as these are recorded in the responses of professionals in IT services and the software industry. The goal of the survey is to provide evidence‐based assessment of the level of agile adoption by software development organizations, in relation to the general profile of the respondents (country of origin, business sectors, roles, etc.) and compared with different types of practices followed, such as agile techniques adopted, team organization and communication techniques, and project management. Particular patterns and trends are identified in the survey connecting the use of the agile paradigm with the aforementioned practices and investigating its relation with the roles of the respondents and the business strategies of their organizations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental investigations on mechanical properties and column buckling behavior of structural bamboo
Authors: He Minjuan , Li Zheng , Sun Yongliang , Ma Renle
Published: August 2014

Bamboo, a fast‐growing natural material with a high strength‐to‐weight ratio, provides an environmentally friendly alternative for building construction. This paper presents experimental studies on natural bamboo and glued laminated bamboo (GLB) products in order to provide fundamental knowledge for the structural design of bamboo buildings. Tensile coupon tests and compressive tests were conducted on small clear specimens, and bending tests were conducted to evaluate the bending strength and modulus of elasticity for GLB beams. It was found that tensile strength in the transverse direction was very low. Therefore, in practical applications, it is recommended that the transverse loading in GLB should be addressed very carefully. Compressive axial tests were conducted to investigate the buckling behavior of natural Julong bamboo (Dendrocalamus giganteus). A sample design procedure against buckling was proposed on the basis of the test results. The mechanical properties and buckling analysis presented in this paper may provide guidance for more structural applications of bamboo in building constructions with enhanced structural performance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the coexistence of a primary user with an energy harvesting secondary user: a case of cognitive cooperation
Authors: Shafie Ahmed El , Khattab Tamer , El‐Keyi Amr , Nafie Mohamed
Published: August 2014

In this paper, we consider a cognitive scenario where an energy harvesting secondary user shares the spectrum with a primary user. The secondary source helps the primary source in delivering its undelivered packets during periods of silence of the primary source. The primary source has a queue for storing its data packets, whereas the secondary source has two data queues: a queue for storing its own packets and the other for storing the fraction of the undelivered primary packets accepted for relaying. The secondary source is assumed to be a battery‐based node, which harvests energy packets from the environment. In addition to its data queues, the secondary user has an energy queue to store the harvested energy packets. The secondary energy packets are used for primary packets decoding and data packets transmission. More specifically, if the secondary energy queue is empty, the secondary source can neither help the primary source nor transmit a packet from the data queues. The energy queue is modeled as a discrete‐time queue with Markov arrival and service processes. Because of the interaction of the queues, we provide inner and outer bounds on the stability region of the proposed system. We investigate the impact of the energy arrival rate on the stability region. Numerical results show the significant gain of cooperation.Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Power smoothing in large wind farms using optimal control of rotating kinetic energy reserves
Authors: De Rijcke Simon , Driesen Johan , Meyers Johan
Published: August 2014

In large wind farms, self‐induced turbulence levels significantly increase the variability of generated power in a range of time scales from a few seconds to several minutes. In the current study, we investigate the potential for reducing this type of variability by dynamically controlling the rotating kinetic energy reserves that are present in the farm's wind turbines. To this end, we reduce the burden of frequency regulation on remaining conventional units when they are displaced in favor of wind turbines. We focus on the development of a theoretical benchmark framework in which we explore the trade‐off between high energy extraction and low variability using optimal coordinated control of multiple turbines subject to a turbulent wind field. This wind field is obtained from a large‐eddy simulation of a fully developed wind farm boundary layer. The controls that are optimized are the electric torque and the pitch angles of the individual turbines as function of time so that turbines are accelerated or decelerated to optimally extract or store energy in the turbines' rotating inertia. Results are presented in terms of Pareto fronts (i.e., curves with optimal trade‐offs), and we find that power variations can be significantly reduced with limited loss of extracted energy. For a one‐turbine case, such an optimal control leads to large potential reductions of variability but mainly for time scales below 10 s if we limit power losses to a few percent. Variability over longer time scales (10–100 s) is reduced considerably more for coordinated control. For instance, restricting the energy‐loss incurred with smoothing to 1%, and looking at time scales of 50 s, we manage to reduce variability with a factor of 6 for a coordinated case with 24 turbines, compared with a factor of 1.4 for an uncoordinated case. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MgSrP3N5O2 – A Novel Oxonitridophosphate
Authors: Pucher Florian J. , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: August 2014

MgSrP3N5O2 was synthesized at 6 GPa and 1000 °C starting from Mg3N2, Sr(N3)2, PON, and P3N5 utilizing the multianvil technique. By applying NH4Cl as mineralizer, single crystals were obtained. MgSrP3N5O2 exhibits a novel structure type [P21/c (no. 14), a = 6.9404(8), b = 6.6103(7), c = 13.9317(12) Å, β = 118.433(4)°, V = 562.06(10) Å3, R1 = 0.0289, wR2 = 0.0468]. It is built up of a three‐dimensional P(O, N)4 tetrahedra network and exhibits an uncommon distribution of ring sizes. Besides 4‐ and 6‐rings, the structure contains 10‐rings as well. PXRD confirms phase purity. MAPLE calculations prove electrostatic plausibility of the crystal structure.
Unique Odd‐Chain Polyenoic Phospholipid Fatty Acids Present in Chytrid Fungi
Authors: Akinwole Philips O. , Lefevre Emilie , Powell Martha J. , Findlay Robert H.
Published: August 2014

Chytrid fungi are ubiquitous components of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems yet they remain understudied. To investigate the use of phospholipid fatty acids as phenotypic characteristics in taxonomic studies and biomarkers for ecological studies, 18 chytrid fungi isolated from soil to freshwater samples were grown in defined media and their phospholipid fatty acid profile determined. Gas chromatographic/mass spectral analysis indicated the presence of fatty acids typically associated with fungi, such as 16:1(n‐7), 16:0, 18:2(n‐6), 18:3(n‐3) 18:1(n‐9), and 18:0, as well as, a number of odd‐chain length fatty acids, including two polyunsaturated C‐17 fatty acids. Conversion to their 3‐pyridylcarbinol ester facilitated GC–MS determination of double‐bond positions and these fatty acid were identified as 6,9‐17:2 [17:2(n‐8)] and 6,9,12‐17:3 [17:3(n‐5)]. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of polyunsaturated C‐17 fatty acids isolated from the phospholipids of chytrid fungi. Cluster analysis of PLFA profiles showed sufficient correlation with chytrid phylogeny to warrant inclusion of lipid analysis in species descriptions and the presence of several phospholipid fatty acids of restricted phylogenetic distributions suggests their usefulness as biomarkers for ecological studies.
Dietary Lipid Intake only Partially Influences Variance in Serum Phospholipid Fatty Acid Composition in Adolescents: Impact of Other Dietary Factors
Authors: Vyncke Krishna , Huybrechts Inge , Van Winckel Myriam , Cuenca Garcia Magdalena , Labayen Idoia , Gottrand Frederic , Widhalm Kurt , Leclercq Catherine , Libuda Lars , Manios Yannis , Sjostrom Michael , Molnar Denes , Moreno Luis A. , Gonzalez‐Gross Marcela , Spinneker André , Perez de Heredia Fatima , Plada Maria , De Henauw Stefaan
Published: August 2014

The present study aimed to assess the correlation between food and fatty acid (FA) intake and the serum phospholipid (PL) FA status in European adolescents and explored the percentage of variation in serum PL FA that could be attributed to dietary habits. Participants included 528 adolescents recruited in the HELENA Study. Dietary intake was assessed by two, self‐administered, non‐consecutive 24‐h recalls. PL FA concentrations were measured in fasting venous serum samples. Reduced rank regressions were applied to examine the combined effect of food intakes. Results indicated that the variance in serum PL FA in adolescents, that could be explained by diet varied from 7.0 % for MUFA to 14.2 % for n‐3FA. The variance in the long‐chain n‐3FA was mainly explained by fish intake but also by coffee and tea consumption. In conclusion this study indicated that dietary intake influences the serum PL FA status to a limited amount but that also other factors interfere. However, dietary intake is important as it is among those factors that could be modified. Furthermore, the results suggest that the overall dietary habits should be considered instead of only the consumption of single foods or nutrients, as the medium of the food or concomitant intake of foods and nutrients might interact and as such influence absorption or metabolism.
Expression of Genes Controlling Unsaturated Fatty Acids Biosynthesis and Oil Deposition in Developing Seeds of Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.)
Authors: Wang Xiaojuan , Liu Aizhong
Published: August 2014

Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L., Euphorbiaceae) seed oil is rich in α‐linolenic acid, a kind of n‐3 fatty acids with many health benefits. To discover the mechanism underlying α‐linolenic acid accumulation in sacha inchi seeds, preliminary research on sacha inchi seed development was carried out from one week after fertilization until maturity, focusing on phenology, oil content, and lipid profiles. The results suggested that the development of sacha inchi seeds from pollination to mature seed could be divided into three periods. In addition, investigations on the effect of temperature on sacha inchi seeds showed that total oil content decreased in the cool season, while unsaturated fatty acid and linolenic acid concentrations increased. In parallel, expression profiles of 17 unsaturated fatty acid related genes were characterized during seed development and the relationships between gene expression and lipid/unsaturated fatty acid accumulation were discussed.
Probabilistic Neural Network Algorithm for using Radon Emanations as an Earthquake Precursor
Authors: Gupta Dhawal , Shahani D. T.
Published: August 2014

The investigation throughout the world in past two decades provides evidence which indicate that significance variation of radon and other soil gases occur in association with major geophysical events such as earthquake. The traditional statistical algorithm includes regression to remove the effect of the meteorological parameters from the raw radon and anomalies are calculated either taking the periodicity in seasonal variations or periodicity computed using Fast Fourier Transform. In case of neural networks the regression step is avoided. A neural network model can be found which can learn the behavior of radon with respect to meteorological parameter in order that changing emission patterns may be adapted to by the model on its own. The output of this neural model is the estimated radon values. This estimated radon value is used to decide whether anomalous behavior of radon has occurred and a valid precursor may be identified. The neural network model developed using Radial Basis function network gave a prediction rate of 87.7%. The same was accompanied by huge false alarms. The present paper deals with improved neural network algorithm using Probabilistic Neural Networks that requires neither an explicit step of regression nor use of any specific period. This neural network model reduces the false alarms to zero and gave same prediction rate as RBF networks.
A New Fossil Leaf of Kleinhovia L. from the Early Eocene of India and its Palaeoclimatic and Phytogeographical Significance
Authors: Shukla Anumeha , Mehrotra R. C. , Guleria J. S.
Published: August 2014

This study reports a new fossil leaf of Kleinhovia L., Kleinhovia bikanerensis sp. nov., from the Eocene clay mine of the Marh Formation of Bikaner, Rajasthan. The leaf resembling Kleinhovia hospita L. of the family Malvaceae is described for the first time from India. The leaf is characterized by very wide ovate shape, basal actinodromous venation with seven primary veins and cordate base. The presence of this leaf fossil indicates tropical warm and humid climatic conditions prevailing in the area during the Eocene and throws light on its past and present distribution.
Velocity-Porosity and Velocity-Density Relationship for Shallow Sediments in the Kerala-Konkan Basin of Western Indian Margin
Authors: Ojha Maheswar , Sain Kalachand
Published: August 2014

During the expedition 01 of the National Gas Hydrate Program (NGHP), drilling and coring were carried out at one site in the Kerala-Konkan basin on the west cost of India to validate gas hydrate. Drilling/coring results show a homogenous sequence of oozes and explains that the reflector, which was identified as a bottom-simulating reflector (BSR) on seismic section, is mainly due to changes in formation density because of less clay content in carbonate-rich sediment. Downhole logs collected at this site are of good quality and have been used to establish empirical relationship between the P-wave velocity (VP), S-wave velocity (VS), density (ρ) and porosity (ϕ). The established relations show very good fit with high R2 value (>0.73), and can be used for further studies in this region. Well known existing empirical formulas between VP, VS, ρ and ϕ deviate significantly from our established relations.
Hypsometric Analysis of Shakkar River Catchment through Geographical Information System
Authors: Gajbhiye Sarita , Mishra S. K. , Pandey Ashish
Published: August 2014

Hypsometric analysis of watershed (area-elevation analysis) has generally been used to reveal the stages of geomorphic development (stabilized, mature and young). The geologic stages of development and proneness of the watersheds for erosion are quantified by hypsometric integral. The estimation of hypsometric integral is carried out from the graphical plot of the measured contour elevation and encompassed area by using empirical formulae. In this study, efforts were made to estimate the hypsometric integral values of Shakkar river watershed which is a tributary of Narmada river located in Madhya Pradesh. The watershed was delineated into eight sub-watersheds and hypsometric analysis was carried out for all of them using digital contour maps, which was generated using Arc/Info GIS. The hypsometric integral values for all the sub-watersheds of Shakkar river ranges between 0.47 and 0.51. In the study area, only mature stage of erosion cycle is identified.
Petrogenesis of Fractionated Basaltic Lava Flows of Poladpur-Mahabaleshwar Formation around Mahabaleshwar, Western Ghats, India
Authors: Choudhary Babita R. , Jadhav Gajananrao N.
Published: August 2014

Geochemical investigations of Wai sub-group volcanic flows (in and around Mahabaleshwar) have been undertaken to determine the petrogenetic processes involved in the formation of volcanic flows. In comparison to the Ambenali Formation, Mahabaleshwar Formation flows were affected more by crustal materials, which left a signature consisting of enriched levels of K, Rb, Ba, Ti and P. Ratios of Nb/Zr and Ba/Y were sensitive to fractional crystallization; Mahabaleshwar formation flows showed the highest Nb/Zr ratios. Ba was noted as a boundary marker element between the Ambenali (47.3 to 63.9 ppm Ba) and Mahabaleshwar (83.1 to 180 ppm) formations. The general trend of incompatible element concentrations increasing from lower Poladpur to upper Mahabaleshwar flows with increasing Zr and the linear array on the plot are consistent with the fractionation of olivine and clinopyroxene. MgO ranged from 4.8 to 7.1 wt%, TiO2 from 1.8 to 4.6 wt%, SiO2 from 47 to 52 wt% and Al2O3 from 12 to15.5 wt%. The Mg number (Mg#) was much lower, ranging from 36 to 50. The K2O/ P2O5 ratio showed the role of assimilation in the basaltic flows. TiO2, Y, Zr, Nb and Mg# were used to determine fractional crystallization, whereas Ba, Rb, K2O and SiO2 were used for monitoring the fractional crystallization effects of crustal contamination. The range of Zr/Y and TiO2 > 1.8 wt% appears to have been generated by fractional crystallization starting from enriched mafic precursors.