bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Moroccan Hybotinae (Diptera: Hybotidae): first record of the subfamily and rare genera with an emphasis on their distribution
Authors: ZOUHAIR LAILA , KETTANI KAWTAR
Published: October 2022

Entomological surveys in the Moroccan Western Rif have led to record the subfamily Hybotinae for the first time in Morocco, with two species of the genus Hybos Meigen (Hybos culiciformis Fabricius and Hybos striatellus Villeneuve), and one species of Syndyas Loew (Syndyas subsabinios Chvála) recorded for the first time from Africa, and constitutes the first occurrence of the genus Syndyas in North Africa. In addition, Chillcottomyia Saigusa and Lamachella Melander are recorded for the first time from the Mediterranean Region with two undescribed species represented by single females. A key of Moroccan Hybotinae genera is provided.
The Impact of Constrained Data Assimilation on the Forecasts of Three Convection Systems during the ARM MC3E Field Campaign
Authors: Wang Jia , Zhang Minghua
Published: October 2022

A constrained data assimilation (CDA) system based on the ensemble variational (EnVar) method and physical constraints of mass and water conservations is evaluated through three convective cases during the Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E) of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program. Compared to the original data assimilation (ODA), the CDA is shown to perform better in the forecasted state variables and simulated precipitation. The CDA is also shown to greatly mitigate the loss of forecast skills in observation denial experiments when radar radial winds are withheld in the assimilation. Modifications to the algorithm and sensitivities of the CDA to the calculation of the time tendencies in the constraints are described.
Labyrinthine Otosclerosis Studied with a New Computed Tomography Technique
Authors: de Groot J. A. M. , Huizing E. H. , Damsma H. , Zonneveld F. W. , van Waes P. F. G. M.
Published: October 2022

Forty-two patients (84 ears) with surgically confirmed otosclerosis were examined with a computerized tomographic scanner (Philips Tomoscan 310) equipped with a table swivel mechanism. All ears were scanned in the horizontal and a new semilongitudinal plane. In patients with an unimpaired bone conduction threshold, a normal labyrinthine capsule was found in all ears except two. Normal bone conduction does not exclude extensive labyrinthine otospongiosis. In cases with bone conduction impairment, the bony labyrinth appeared normal in about half the ears. In the other half, areas of bone resorption were present and a positive correlation was found between the degree of bone loss and the amount of bone conduction threshold loss.
Clinical Assessment of Flap Perfusion by Fiberoptic Fluorometry
Authors: Pransky Seth M. , Denneny James C. , Weisman Robert A. , Silverman David G. , Vidas Michael C. , Lyons Karen M. , Kimmelman Charles P.
Published: October 2022

Perfusion fluorometry, a method which quantifies tissue fluoresence after intravenous fluorescein injection, has been highly predictive of skin flap survival in animals. It is advantageous because it is objective, simple, noninvasive, repeatable, and can be used to monitor flap perfusion constantly by following both uptake and elimination of dye. We applied this method clinically to a variety of flaps used in head and neck surgery. All flaps with good fluorometric values survived totally. Based on experience with 37 flaps, fluorometric indices have been established that accurately predict necrosis. Serial dye injections have been used to document transient flap ischemia in the early postoperative period. Representative cases illustrating the advantages of fluorometry in flap assessment are presented.
Vocal Function following Carbon Dioxide Laser Surgery for Glottic Carcinoma
Authors: Hirano Minoru , Hirade Yoshio , Kawasaki Hiroshi
Published: October 2022

Vocal function following laser surgery for glottic T1a carcinoma was evaluated in 17 patients and compared to vocal function following radiotherapy in 14 patients. The results are summarized as follows. 1) A slight degree of hoarseness was found more frequently following laser surgery than following radiotherapy. The quality of hoarseness was rough and breathy in most cases. 2) In stroboscopic examination, incomplete glottal closure and diminution or lack of vibration of the operated vocal fold were frequently observed following laser surgery. 3) There was no marked difference in maximum phonation time, mean airflow rate, fundamental frequency range of phonation, intensity range of phonation, and intensity-flow ratio between the laser and the radiotherapy groups. On the basis of these results, we conclude that there is little difference in vocal function between postlaser and postradiotherapy patients as far as conversational voice is concerned.
Auditory Brain Stem Potentials Recorded at Different Scalp Locations in Neonates and Adults
Authors: McPherson David L. , Hirasugi Yoshiaki , Starr Arnold
Published: October 2022

The auditory evoked brain stem potential was recorded in 14 normal full-term infants and nine normal-hearing adults. Silver-silver chloride electrodes were placed at nasion, forehead, vertex, each mastoid over the bony prominence, and the seventh cervical vertebra (noncephalic reference) in order to study the scalp distribution of the auditory brain stem response. Large differences in the scalp distribution between the newborn and adult populations were observed. At the ipsilateral mastoid, an x wave occurring at approximately 2 ms and a y wave occurring at approximately 3.3 ms were identified in the adult; this contrasts to a y wave at approximately 3.7 ms in the neonate. It appears that there are either separate generators for some of the components in the adult versus the neonate, and or as the nervous system matures, myelinization occurs with a concomitant change in the scalp distribution of the auditory brain stem potentials.
Results of a Preliminary Clinical Trial on a Multiple Channel Cochlear Prosthesis
Authors: Dowell R. C. , Clark G. M. , Martin L. F. A. , Brown A. M.
Published: October 2022

Speech discrimination testing was carried out under clinical trial conditions for eight profoundly postlingually deaf adults to assess the efficacy of a newly developed 22-channel cochlear prosthesis and speech processor. Three months postoperatively, these patients showed significantly better results with the cochlear prosthesis than for preoperative testing with a conventional hearing aid or vibrotactile aid (following a 6-month trial with the aid) on each of a series of tests from the Minimal Auditory Capabilities battery. Assessment of lipreading enhancement using standard speech tests, consonant recognition studies, and speech tracking showed significant improvements for each patient when using the cochlear prosthesis. Six patients showed a significant amount of open set speech discrimination without lipreading at levels which have not been reported for single electrode cochlear prostheses. The two patients who performed poorly on these tests both had restricted multiple channel systems due to their disease, one patient being restricted to virtually a single channel system and the other to only ten of the 22 electrodes. These results indicate that this multiple channel cochlear prosthesis has potential as a treatment for profound postlingual deafness over a wide range of etiologies and ages.
Effects of Repeated Stripping on Vocal Fold Mucosa in Cats
Authors: Leonard Rebecca J. , Kiener David , Charpied George , Kelly Andrew
Published: October 2022

Repeated stripping of the vocal folds in patients with recurrent vocal nodules may produce permanent, negative effects on voice quality. Hoarseness can be present with no evidence of structural or functional disease on indirect laryngoscopy. A common assumption is that scar tissue has formed, though the relationship between scarring and voice quality is not clear. In the study reported here, cats were subjected to four strippings of the left vocal fold at 6- to 8-week intervals. Tissues obtained were examined for changes in the composition of the mucosa and its nervous network. Alterations observed over the four strippings included 1) an increasing component of fibrous tissue and 2) apparent changes in both the number and structure of nervous elements. Implications of the findings for voice production, clinical management, and further research are discussed.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Middle Ear
Authors: Kenyon G. S. , Scholtz C. L. , Marks P. V. , Dhillon R.
Published: October 2022

Squamous cell carcinomas of the middle ear cleft are highly unpleasant tumors which pose many problems for the otologist. We have retrospectively reviewed the hospital notes of 21 patients (22 ears) who presented with this disease in order to try to clarify those features which are of prognostic significance. We confirmed that a history of chronic suppuration with or without cholesteatoma predisposes the patient to tumor development and that, in the presence of continuing otorrhea, patients are not protected by mastoid surgery. These patients have been treated with conservative surgery and radiotherapy without en bloc resection of the temporal bone and, in these circumstances, the histological grade of the tumor at presentation appears to bear a direct relationship to survival.
Brain Stem Auditory Evoked Potential Monitoring during Profound Hypothermia and Circulatory Arrest
Authors: Rosenblum Stuart M. , Ruth Roger A. , Gal Thomas J.
Published: October 2022

The effects of decreased temperature on brain stem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) have been previously described in mild to moderate hypothermia. This report describes BAEP monitoring during profound hypothermia (11°C) and circulatory arrest for repair of an aortic arch aneurysm. Recordings of BAEP were interpretable during cooling to 14°C, and demonstrated increasing interpeak (I-V) latency compatible with prolongation of brain stem conduction time. The changes rapidly returned to normal during rewarming from profound hypothermia, in a fashion similar to that seen after mild hypothermia, and therefore appear to be completely reversible.
Preservation of the Human Cochlea
Authors: Bagger-Sjöbäck Dan , Engström Berit
Published: October 2022

Human cochleas processed with a varying interval between death and initial fixation were examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The specimens were fixed by paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde fixatives in buffer. Cochleas fixed less than two hours postmorten showed excellent morphology in general. With increasing time lag between death and fixation the results became more variable. In some specimens fixed up to six hours postmorten, however, the morphology still was well preserved, but as the interval increased, a greater variability was introduced. The conclusion is that specimens fixed up to six hours postmortem can show excellent electron microscopic morphology. Limited information can be obtained up to 12 hours postmortem, after which the results tend to be unreliable.
Unusual Effects of Histamine Antagonists on Canine Nasal Blood Vessels
Authors: Ichimura Keiichi , Jackson Richard T.
Published: October 2022

This paper documents some of the lesser-known effects of antihistamines on nasal blood vessel smooth muscle. An in vitro muscle tension detecting technique was utilized. Three different H1 receptor antagonists (pyrilamine maleate, chlorpheniramine maleate, promethazine hydrochloride), and the H2 antagonist metiamide were used. Besides their basic antihistaminic effect, H1 antagonists (classical antihistamines) induced a contraction, enhanced norepinephrine- and epinephrine-induced contractions, and relaxed the sustained contraction induced by methoxamine hydrochloride or high concentrations of potassium. Although these effects were quite similar to those induced by histamine, the mechanism of each effect was apparently different. Metiamide did not produce these effects except for the relaxation of the sustained contraction. The actions of histamine antagonists seem to be much more complicated than expected.
Effect of Peroral Glycerol Administration on Inner Ear Fluid Electrolytes of Guinea Pigs
Authors: Kanoh Naoyuki , Makimoto Kazuo
Published: October 2022

After the oral administration of 50% glycerol (12 mL/kg), serum, CSF and inner ear fluids from scala tympani perilymph, scala vestibuli perilymph, and scala media endolymph were collected from normal guinea pigs under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia (25–35 mg/kg). The sodium and potassium concentrations were determined by microflame photometry. Increases in sodium concentrations were found in CSF, scala tympani perilymph, scala vestibuli perilymph, and cochlear endolymph. No significant change was observed in the serum. These sodium increases were considered to be due to the dehydration caused by the osmotic action of glycerol. Potassium concentration was increased only in scala tympani perilymph. Oral administration of glycerol was found to be more gradual and effective in dehydration compared to intravenous injection.
Nasogastric Intubation as Sole Treatment of Caustic Esophageal Lesions
Authors: Wijburg Frits A. , Beukers Maarten M. , Bartelsman Joep F. , Heymans Hugo S. , den Hartog Jager Frieda C.
Published: October 2022

In this partly retrospective and partly prospective study, we examined 200 patients with suspected caustic ingestion. No steroids were administered to the patients involved. Lesions in the esophagus were found in 93 patients. Thirty-two patients with deep circular burns had nasogastric tubes inserted immediately. Of these patients, two developed esophageal strictures, but subsequent dilatation was successful. No stricture formation was observed in the group of patients with noncircular lesions. We feel that this low percentage of stricture formation is due to the use of nasogastric tubes. Since neither the presence nor the severity of esophageal burns is predictable, an endoscopy should be performed in all suspected cases. In the absence of severe pharyngeal lesions, the use of a flexible fiberoptic endoscope is preferable because it also allows examination of the stomach and proximal part of the duodenum.
Assessment of Immunocompetent Cells in Patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Dawson Douglas E. , Vetto R. Mark , Everts Edwin C. , Burger Denis R.
Published: October 2022

Patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck have impaired T cell function and poor tumor-specific responsiveness. Disproportionate levels of circulating immunocompetent cells could be one reason for this diminished immunity. In this study, a panel of monoclonal antibodies and flow cytofluorometry were used to define the relative proportions of selected immune cell populations. We detected a deficiency of the interleukin-2-producing subset of T helper-inducer cells (TH 5.2 +) in these patients. Our data showed no significant differences in circulating levels of total T cells, T cell subsets, B cells, monocytes, or natural killer cells when compared to age, alcohol- and tobacco-use matched controls.
Ossicular and Otic Capsular Lesions in LP/J Mice
Authors: Chole Richard A. , Henry Kenneth R.
Published: October 2022

Otosclerosis is an inherited disease in which abnormal bone growth results in ossicular fixation and hearing loss. Although the disease affects up to 10% of humans, it has not been observed in other animals. The LP/J inbred mouse has been found to develop abnormal bony lesions of the middle ear which resemble human otosclerosis. In this study of 113 temporal bones from LP/J mice, we found that the lesions develop after puberty and involve only the ossicles and the otic capsule. The most frequent site of involvement was the incus (46.9%), followed by the anterior crus of the stapes (31.3%), the malleus (14.2%), the otic capsule (14.2%), and the stapes footplate (8%). Cochlear hair cell loss was progressive throughout the lifespan of these animals. Although this disease is not identical in histologic appearance to human otosclerosis, understanding its disease process may shed light upon the pathophysiology of the human disease.
Aspiration in Head and Neck Surgical Patients
Authors: Logemann Jeri A.
Published: October 2022

Aspiration, the entry of material into the airway below the true vocal folds, has been reported in various types of postsurgical head and neck patients. This study was designed to examine radiographically a group of 30 head and neck surgical patients with postoperative swallowing difficulties and to identify the relationship between the physiologic causes of aspiration in each patient and the surgical procedure. The modified barium swallow technique is needed to identify the nature of aspiration in these patients. Aspiration before, during, and after the swallow was caused by a variety of problems including reduced tongue control, delayed triggering of the swallowing reflex, reduced glottic closure, reduced laryngeal elevation, and reduced pharyngeal peristalsis. Eight patients exhibited two causes of aspiration. No one food consistency caused greater aspiration in all patients. The best and worst food consistencies varied with the cause of aspiration.
Efficacy of a Monothermal Warm Water Caloric Screening Test
Authors: Jacobson Gary P. , Means Eugene D.
Published: October 2022

The validity of using monothermal caloric screening tests to shorten bithermal caloric test time has been disputed by several investigators. The purpose of this study was to reexamine the efficacy of a monothermal warm caloric screening test Two retrospective investigations (n = 130) served to generate normative data and provide an estimate of the false-negative rate of the warm monothermal caloric screening test. A prospective investigation (n = 30) was also conducted. Predictions were made regarding bithermal caloric test normality from warm monothermal data, and the bithermal test was completed. The results of this prospective investigation suggested that a warm monothermal screening test can predict normal bithermal caloric responses with >97% accuracy. Criteria for normality include <29.54% warm caloric maximum slow phase eye velocity (SPEV) interaural difference, maximum SPEVs that are > 11°/s for each ear, absence of significant positional or spontaneous nystagmus, and normal ocular motility.
Scala Tympani Measurement
Authors: Walby A. Peter
Published: October 2022

The length and cross-sectional height of the scala tympani are relevant to the design of cochlear implants. The lengths and heights of the scalae tympani in ten pairs of serially sectioned temporal bones were measured by an adaptation of the serial section method of cochlear reconstruction. The study found the middle segments of individual pairs of scalae tympani to be very similar in height, but each pair varied slightly from other pairs. The height decreased overall from the base to the apex, but there was a small expansion at the junction of the basal and middle turns where the interscalar septum originated. The theoretical relationships of different diameter electrodes to the organ of Corti were plotted for one cochlea. The size of the electrode and the path it followed were shown in theory to alter considerably its position in relation to the organ of Corti.
Bacterial and Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Contribution to Middle Ear Inflammation in Chronic Otitis Media with Effusion
Authors: Giebink G. Scott , Hostetter Margaret K. , Carlson Barbara A. , Le Chap T. , Hetherington Seth V. , Juhn S. K.
Published: October 2022

Bacteria can be cultured from approximately one third of chronic middle ear effusions, yet the contribution of these bacteria to the pathogenesis of chronic otitis media with effusion (OME) is not clear due to the absence of signs and symptoms of acute infection in most children with this disease. To explore the role of bacteria in chronic OME, lysozyme, lactoferrin, serum complement factors C3 and C5a, and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) chemotaxin content was measured in 21 chronic middle ear effusion samples. Concentrations of lysozyme, lactoferrin, and chemotaxin were significantly higher in culture-positive than in sterile effusions. Lysozyme appeared to be contributed by both PMNL and non-PMNL sources in the middle ear space. These non-PMNL sources, presumably middle ear epithelial cells, accounted for 50% to 80% of the lysozyme variation in middle ear effusion. Although C3 and C5a were present in effusion, chemotaxin content correlated poorly with the C3 and C5a content, suggesting that chemotaxins were derived from bacterial peptides rather than from complement activation products. These results suggest that bacteria contribute to chronic middle ear inflammation with effusion. The eradication of bacteria from chronic middle ear effusion might disrupt the host responses which maintain chronic OME.
Modifications of Collagens in the Course of Inflammatory Tracheal Stenoses
Authors: Bellon Georges , Moreau Martine , Cam Yves J. , Borel Jacques P. , Randoux Alain , Legros Michel , Caulet Toussaint , Longuebray Alain
Published: October 2022

A comparison was made between the biochemical and histological properties of collagens contained in samples of normal tracheas obtained at autopsy or of stenosed tracheas obtained during surgery. The amounts of total collagen solubilized by pepsin was increased seven times in the pathological samples, and the proportion of cartilage type II collagen decreased by about one half, being replaced by type I collagen, whose ratio was increased five times. Microscopic studies confirmed that cartilage underwent a degenerative process and was progressively infiltrated by fibrils of interstitial collagen.
Enzymes of Acetylcholine Metabolism in the Rat Cochlea
Authors: Godfrey Donald A. , Ross C. David
Published: October 2022

The distributions within the rat cochlea of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities were measured to evaluate the prominence of cholinergic mechanisms in cochlear function. Samples obtained by microdissection of freeze-dried bony labyrinths were assayed radiometrically. Activities of both enzymes were highest in regions containing olivocochlear fibers and terminals, especially the organ of Corti and spiral ganglion. Within the organ of Corti, activities of both enzymes were consistently higher in the vicinity of the inner hair cells than in that of the outer hair cells and were much lower in the apical turn than in middle or basal turns. Surgical cuts in the brain stem transecting the olivocochlear pathway on one side led within seven days to total loss of choline acetyltransferase activity in the ipsilateral organ of Corti. It is concluded that all cholinergic structures in the rat organ of Corti derive from the brain stem and that synapses on or near both inner and outer hair cells are cholinergic.
Hydrolase Activity in Acute Otitis Media with Effusion
Authors: Diven Warren F. , Glew Robert H. , LaMarco Karen L.
Published: October 2022

Biochemical studies of middle ear effusions (MEE) from patients with chronic or recurrent otitis media with effusion (OME) have demonstrated the presence of significant levels of certain hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes. We have examined MEE from patients with acute OME for the content of a number of lysosomal hydrolases and find no significant differences in the mean values for acid phosphatase, α-mannosidase, β-galactosidase, β-glucuronidase, hexosaminidase, and neuraminidase between purulent and serous effusions. In every case, the mean activities of these enzymes were greater in culture-positive than in culture-negative effusions although this difference was significant only in the case of neuraminidase. Neuraminidase activity was detected in 78% of those MEEs from which Streptococcus pneumoniae could be cultured and in only 32% to 64% of all other effusions. No correlation was observed between the level of neuraminidase released into the extracellular growth medium and the infectivity of various strains of S pneumoniae.
Ciliary Activity of the Middle Ear Lining in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Ohashi Yoshihiro , Nakai Yoshiaki , Kihara Shoko
Published: October 2022

Since the middle ear lining is an extension and a modification of the respiratory epithelium, it is conceivable that it has a mucociliary system and plays an important role in clearing the middle ear cavity. It has already been noted in morphological investigations that the middle ear mucosa has ciliated cells. To our knowledge, however, ciliary activity has never been observed directly. In our research, we used the photoelectric method to study ciliary activity of the middle ear mucosa directly and quantitatively. We made special reference to the frequency of ciliary beating at various sites within the middle ear cavity. Ciliary activity was found to exist in the eustachian tube and the middle ear, the same as in other respiratory organs, and this activity was stronger in cells distal to the eustachian tube.
Is Your Organization Prepared to Manage Tsunami Change?
Authors: Warrick D.D. , Cady Steven Herrol
Published: October 2022

The accumulative and accelerated rate of change organizations are dealing with in today's times of non-stop and unpredictable change and the powerful wave of changes brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic have had an overwhelming, Tsunami Change effect on many organizations. The result can be organizational chaos, a lack of plans for how to succeed in changing times, the mismanagement of change, and a culture where employees are frustrated, overworked, and underappreciated or are planning to leave. This article defines Tsunami Change, presents Tsunami Change as different from the permanent white water change so accurately portrayed by Peter Vail that organizations are experiencing, and offers recommendations for managing Tsunami Change and developing organizational expertise in managing change.
Abrogation of Article 370: A State Project of Legibility and Simplification
Authors: Hussain Maqsood
Published: October 2022

Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) occupied a unique place in the Indian federal structure as encoded in Article 370 of the Indian constitution. Incorporating Art. 370 in Indian Constitution reflected the recognition of the unique history and circumstances of J&K’s accession to India. However, the article proved a roadblock in the Indian state’s march to dictate and structure the politics of the state subservient to the perceived national interest, hence the unfailing attempts to gradually dilute it culminating in its total abrogation recently. The paper attempts at deconstructing the Indian state’s preoccupation with weakening Art. 370 by arguing that it represented the project of extending homogenization with the ultimate objective of exercising maximum control in a security-sensitive border state. The paper contends that the efforts at homogenization proved counterproductive; it far from bringing stability has caused more political fragility in the state, thus feeding the very dynamics that it has been seeking to contain. In conclusion, the paper offers deepening federalization as the likely pacifier for the festering conflict.
Too Time-Crunched to Seek Variety: The Influence of Parenting Motivation on Consumer Variety Seeking
Authors: Liang Yitian (Sky) , Huang Zhongqiang (Tak) , Su Lei
Published: October 2022

Parenting motivation, the inspiration and drive to take care of one's children, is a powerful instinct for facilitating human reproduction. In a set of hypotheses, the authors address how, why, and among whom parenting motivation affects a pervasive decision-making tendency, namely, variety seeking. Six studies, including a large-scale panel data study and five online and lab studies, show that, when shopping, parenting motivation spurs feelings of time crunch that result in less variety seeking among consumers. The effect is diminished when time-saving parenting support exists (which reduces feelings of time crunch in parenting), when consumers are led to believe that they have sufficient time available for shopping, and when they do not have much loyalty to any brand offered in the choice set and thus cannot save time by simply choosing the top-of-mind product option. The current research thus contributes to the growing literature on how parenting motivation affects consumer decision making. In addition, it augments the literature on variety seeking by identifying an important factor that can influence it.
Without an army: How ICC indictments reduce atrocities
Authors: Miller Andrew Cesare
Published: October 2022

Do International Criminal Court (ICC) indictments reduce atrocities? The ICC convicting only ten perpetrators since its founding in 2002 has generated skepticism of the court’s ability to prevent attacks against civilians. Drawing on the criminal violence literature, this article applies the concept of assurance to explain how the ICC reduces atrocities despite its limited capacity. As with criminal organizations facing domestic indictments, armed groups affiliated with ICC indictees often (mis)perceive that the indictments come with assurance: that is, inductee-affiliated groups believe that they can alleviate the costs imposed by indictments if they refrain from further attacks. I test the effect of ICC indictments on violence using the weighted regression method generalized synthetic control to mitigate empirical challenges posed by endogeneity and data unreliability. The results indicate that indictments lead to a substantial initial decline in attacks against civilians by armed groups affiliated with indictees, but the attacks return to pre-indictment levels when indictees face sustained punishment from the court. Descriptive cases of ICC indictments against alleged perpetrators in Uganda and Kenya are used to illustrate the role of assurance. These findings imply that the ICC might reduce violence by engaging in plea bargains and other negotiated settlements – tools commonly employed by domestic prosecutors fighting criminal organizations.
Victim and third-party reporting of violent victimization to the police in incidents involving victims with disabilities
Authors: Powers Ráchael A. , Hayes Brittany E.
Published: October 2022

Objectives: Reporting an incident to police is a key event in the criminal legal process. The current study centers types of disability and how this may shape victim and third-party reporting while considering well-known correlates. Methods: Using the National Crime Victimization Survey (2016–2020), the current study examines police reporting in incidents involving victims with disabilities compared to victims without disabilities. This study not only considers whether the victim reported, but also third-party reporting to the police. We also explore the reasons why individuals with disabilities did not report incidents to police. Results: Incidents involving victims with cognitive disabilities were less likely to be reported to the police by the victim. There were no statistical differences in third-party reporting for any of the forms of disability considered. Notably, in incidents involving both Deaf/Blind victims and victims with physical disabilities, victims were more likely to cite perceptions of police ineffectiveness as a reason for not reporting. In incidents with victims with physical or cognitive disabilities, fear of reprisal from the offender was a more salient concern. Conclusions: This study underscores the importance of examining the victimization experiences of marginalized populations and their willingness to engage with the criminal legal system.
Juvenile Justice- and Dual System-Involved Youth: The Role of Primary Caregiver Monitoring Habits on Juvenile Recidivism
Authors: LaBerge Alyssa , Cavanagh Caitlin , Cauffman Elizabeth
Published: October 2022

Objectives: Test whether primary caregivers’ monitoring habits protect against recidivism among juvenile justice and dual system youth and whether dual system contact moderates the relation between monitoring habits and recidivism. Methods: Among a sample of 519 male adolescents, logistic regression analyses were conducted assessing the relation between primary caregiver effort, knowledge, and monitoring on violent, non-violent, and overall self-reported recidivism six months following their first arrest. Results: Primary caregiver knowledge moderately protected against all forms of juvenile recidivism, regardless of whether youth had prior child welfare system contact. Dual system youth were less likely to engage in non-violent and overall recidivism than those without prior child welfare system contact. Dual system contact did not moderate the relation between monitoring habits and recidivism. Conclusions: Results suggest that primary caregiver knowledge is protective against recidivism among male juvenile justice and dual system involved youth, although the present study was limited in providing detailed information regarding child welfare system contact and maltreatment. Results support parental monitoring habit education in child welfare and juvenile justice systems to reduce adolescent recidivism.
From Context to Perception to Behavior: Predicting Delinquency With the Parental Support-Perceived Parental Competence Cross-Lag
Authors: Walters Glenn D.
Published: October 2022

The goal of this study was to determine the significance of variable order when it comes to using child and parent reports of parental support to predict delinquency. It was hypothesized that a social context variable (parental support as rated by the parent) would precede a perceptual variable (perceived parental support competence as rated by the child) in predicting delinquency, but a perceptual variable preceding social context would not. This hypothesis, based, in part, on social cognitive theory, was tested in a sample of 3,490 adolescent Australian youth (1,742 boys, 1,690 girls) using a three-wave path analysis. As predicted, the parental support to perceived parental support competence sequence led to delinquency, but the perceived parental support competence to parental support sequence was non-significant. These results indicate that a social context variable is capable of affecting behavior indirectly, in this case, by shaping the affected child’s perception of the social context.
Quality of Life and Related Outcomes Among Unpaid Caregivers of Older Adults With Visual Impairment
Authors: Beach Pamela , Hazzan Afeez Abiola , Regan Cassidy , Lieberman Lauren
Published: October 2022

Caregivers of older adults with visual impairments are often family members who spend many hours caring for loved ones at the expense of their personal needs. The purpose of this study was to examine the quality of life of unpaid caregivers of older adults with visual impairments and determine the barriers and facilitators for improving their quality of life. To examine this population, 130 unpaid caregivers of older adults with visual impairments were surveyed using the Satisfaction with Life Scale, Living Arrangement and Indicators of Social Interaction Survey, the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Caregiver Quality of Life (EQ-5D), and the Perceived Change Index (PCI). Results revealed that the unpaid caregivers face many challenges, but inexperience/difficulty with tasks and balancing their personal life were the biggest obstacles. Interventions could help improve quality of life and well-being as well as provide support services and access to community resources to reduce the family caregiver burden.
Governing Agricultural Biotechnologies in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany: A Trans-decadal Study of Regulatory Cultures
Authors: Ely Adrian , Friedrich Beate , Glover Dominic , Fischer Klara , Stone Glenn Davis , Kingiri Ann , Schnurr Matthew A.
Published: October 2022

Comparative studies of agricultural biotechnology regulation have highlighted differences in the roles that science and politics play in decision-making. Drawing on documentary and interview evidence in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany, we consider how the “regulatory cultures” that guided national responses to earlier generations of agricultural biotechnology have developed, alongside the emergence of genome editing in food crops. We find that aspects of the “product-based” regulatory approach have largely been maintained in US biosafety frameworks and that the British and German approaches have at different stages combined “process-based” and “programmatic” elements that address the scientific and sociopolitical novelty of genome editing to varying degrees. We seek to explain these patterns of stability and change by exploring how changing opportunity structures in each jurisdiction have enabled or constrained public reasoning around emerging agricultural biotechnologies. By showing how opportunity structures and regulatory cultures interact over the long-term, we provide insights that help us to interpret current and evolving dynamics in the governance of genome editing and the longer-term development of agricultural biotechnology.
Reading the COVID-19 emergency with and beyond Foucault: The liberal subject and everyday practices of mobility
Authors: Puggioni Raffaela
Published: October 2022

Since the COVID-19 outbreak in early 2020, most analyses have used a Foucauldian perspective to investigate the disciplinary and surveillance mechanisms that (il/liberal) states introduced to contain the spread of the virus. Focussing on the Italian context, I suggest that, despite the mobility restrictions, the government retained overall its liberal rationality. Italian institutions did not aim to create a state of police nor to transform subjects into docile bodies. By reading the COVID-19 emergency with Foucault, I suggest approaching COVID-19 restrictions through the concept of governmentality, and propose that Italian institutions, at different levels, structured people’s fields of action by persuading, encouraging, and incentivising certain behaviours during the pandemic. However, I also suggest reading the COVID-19 emergency beyond Foucault by engaging with the work of Michel de Certeau and investigating the many ‘antidisciplinary practices’ through which people ‘metaphorized’ dominant (disciplinary) norms.
The types of physical activities children with visual impairment participate in and the reasons why
Authors: Clements Talitha , Cochrane Wilkie Jodie , Richmond Janet
Published: October 2022

Australian children with visual impairment (VI) are underrepresented in studies exploring engagement in physical activities. Existing research documents that children with VI do not meet recommendations for physical activity guidelines which negatively impacts their physical and mental health. To improve participation, information is needed on what physical activities children with VI participate in and why. The objective of this study was to explore what physical activities children with VI participate in and why how they first got involved in them. A larger study was designed to explore multiple aspects of physical activity participation. This article presents findings relevant to what activities Western Australian children with VI participate in and factors which initiated participation. Findings were collected through a survey returned by 38 families and interviews with 22 families including parents and children with VI. School physical education, swimming, play equipment, and walking were the activities with the highest number of participants. Parent factors which motivated participation were having strong values/beliefs which supported engagement, modelling participation in activities, and seeking specific benefits/outcomes. Child factors which motivated participation included impact of their VI and the child’s choice/interest. External factors included advertisements and accessibility of information. Many Australian children with VI and their parents are motivated to engage in physical activities, with initial participation commonly catalysed by external factors.
Contribution of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT and contrast-enhanced thoracic CT texture analyses to the differentiation of benign and malignant mediastinal lymph nodes
Authors: Bülbül Ogün , Bülbül Hande Melike , Tertemiz Kemal Can , Çapa Kaya Gamze , Gürel Duygu , Ulukuş Emine Çağnur , Gezer Naciye Sinem
Published: October 2022

Background

Texture analysis and machine learning methods are useful in distinguishing between benign and malignant tissues.

Purpose

To discriminate benign from malignant or metastatic mediastinal lymph nodes using F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) texture analyses with machine learning and determine lung cancer subtypes based on the analysis of lymph nodes.

Material and Methods

Suitable texture features were entered into the algorithms. Features that statistically significantly differed between the lymph nodes with small cell lung cancer (SCLC), adenocarcinoma (ADC), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) were determined.

Results

The most successful algorithms were decision tree with the sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) values of 89%, 50%, and 0.692, respectively, and naive Bayes (NB) with the sensitivity, specificity, and AUC values of 50%, 81%, and 0.756, respectively, for PET/CT, and NB with the sensitivity, specificity, and AUC values of 10%, 96%, and 0.515, respectively, and logistic regression with the sensitivity, specificity, and AUC values of 21%, 83%, and 0.631, respectively, for CT. In total, 13 features were able to differentiate SCLC and ADC, two features SCLC and SCC, and 33 features ADC and SCC lymph node metastases in PET/CT. One feature differed between SCLC and ADC metastases in CT.

Conclusion

Texture analysis is beneficial to discriminate between benign and malignant lymph nodes and differentiate lung cancer subtypes based on the analysis of lymph nodes.
Morphological analysis of the posterior elements of associated both-column acetabular fractures
Authors: Ye Kai , Shen Longxiang , Tang Jianfei , An Zhiquan
Published: October 2022

Background

It is still in dispute as to whether a posterior approach is applied to reduce the posterior fractures of associated both-column acetabular fractures (ABC-AFs).

Purpose

To analyze the morphological changes in the posterior elements including the posterior column (PC) and/or associated posterior wall (PW) fragments to provide a reference for surgical planning.

Material and Methods

The 3D computed tomography (CT) data of 100 cases of ABC-AFs were retrospectively analyzed using Mimics and 3-Matic software. The line distribution of the retroacetabular surface (RAS), the acetabular fossa, and the size of the PW fragments were analyzed.

Results

Fracture lines (n = 89) on RAS appeared in three patterns: transverse lines (n = 41) on the cephalic (65.8%) and caudal (29.3%) thirds; oblique lines (n = 34) on the mid-caudal thirds; and multifragmentary lines (n = 14). The lines of the displaced PW fragment (n = 61) were widely distributed in intra- and extra-articular regions. The mean radian of the PW fragments was >90° in 67.2% of cases and involved anteriorly to the vertex in 90.2% of cases. The average fracture span on the RAS was 0.60–1.00 in 63.9% of cases. The mean length of the spike of PW fragments was >20 mm in 80.3% of cases.

Discussion

For PC fractures, transverse lines on the cephalic third of RAS indicated a possibility of the anterior approach, while transverse lines on the distal third or oblique and multifragmentary lines suggest the posterior approach. A displaced PW fragment was involved more extensively both intra-and extra-articularly and may be optimally treated via a posterior approach.
A rare case of pancreatic macrocystic serous cystadenoma in an adolescent: a case report and literature review
Authors: Chang Yu-Jui , Lee Hung-Chang , Yeung Chun-Yan , Chen Wai-Tao , Jiang Chuen-Bin
Published: October 2022

While serous cystadenomas of the pancreas usually consist of small cysts, one rare variant has been reported to be composed of macrocysts. Herein, we present the case of the youngest patient with macrocystic serous cystadenoma (MSC) to be reported in the literature. The patient was a 17-year-old girl who presented with the major symptoms of a palpable abdominal mass accompanied by epigastric pain and vomiting for several months. A potential malignancy could not be excluded on the basis of imaging studies, which showed a large macrocystic pancreatic tumor that was 7 cm in diameter. Owing to the patient’s symptoms, after diagnosing the mass as a pancreatic cystic tumor with potential malignancy and large tumor size, surgical intervention was arranged. Pathological analysis of the biopsy sample suggested MSC. By reviewing the literature, we found several unique characters of MSCs that cause them to be frequently misdiagnosed as potential malignancies. Additionally, the age of MSC occurrence was found to be lower than of general serous cystadenomas. The potential of MSC should be kept in mind by clinicians when diagnosing young people with pancreatic macrocystic lesions.
Independent music-making during Covid-19 and mental health
Authors: Lewis Erin
Published: October 2022

In 2020, when the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic surfaced in the United States, physical distancing and quarantine practices terminated group music rehearsals, such as choirs and bands. This study explores the experiences of individuals who created music independently during the pandemic using a phenomenological approach. Using the qualitative methodology and semi-structured interviews, 14 participants who sang or played instruments independently during Covid-19 shared their experiences on music creation’s impact on their mental health. Two themes emerged from the data: music creation for comfort and mood management. It is important to understand how music creation can affect the mental health of individuals.
Business school doctoral programs and the future of business research
Authors: Taylor Stephen , Wakefield James
Published: October 2022

We apply a neo-institutional theoretical lens to interpret the extent of any significant similarities or differences in doctoral programmes across business schools in Australia and New Zealand (ANZ). Overall, we characterise the state of doctoral education in business as lacking adequate funding, primarily attracting students with limited professional or industrial experience but having diverse approaches to the role of formal training as part of the doctoral programme. Although we view these findings as somewhat inevitable given institutional and isomorphic pressures, they are of concern if ANZ business schools are to produce research that is both rigorous and relevant beyond the academy. Comparisons across institutional groupings and discipline areas largely suggest relatively common approaches to doctoral programme design and administration across and within institutions.

JEL Classification: M00