bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of combined measures to minimize white efflorescence formation on dry fermented sausages co‐extruded with alginate casings
Authors: Hilbig Jonas , Wenzel Hannes , Herrmann Kurt , Weiss Jochen , Gibis Monika
Published: July 2020

On dry fermented sausages, especially co‐extruded with calcium alginate casings, the formation of white crystals on the surface of the product is a common problem. In this study a hurdle system of combinations of different metal complexing chelators (citric acid and polyphosphate) was investigated. The control and the sample produced with 1.1% citric acid in the alginate gel showed strong white efflorescence formation during the storage (∼60% of the surface was covered), whereas the samples with added 0.3% polyphosphate showed no efflorescence formation. The efflorescence‐causing substances such as lactate, magnesium, and calcium increased significantly in the samples, which showed the strongest white efflorescence formation. In the control, lactate increased by 45.0%, calcium by 23.9%, and magnesium by 150.8%, whereas in the samples without white efflorescence, the magnesium and lactate content increased only slightly, and the calcium content even decreased during the storage of 8 weeks. The best results were observed on the addition of 0.3% polyphosphates and the citric acid surface treatment directly after the co‐extrusion. Moreover, the strong complex formation could be due to the complexation of magnesium and calcium by lactate, whereby they are removed from the diffusion equilibrium leading to an increased diffusion of the efflorescence‐causing substances.

Practical Application

White efflorescence formation on dry fermented sausages is a major problem on dry fermented sausages, which causes food waste and financial loss for the producer. This study investigated different combinations of promising methods and it was possible to inhibit the white efflorescence formation during the storage. The methods are easy to implement during the manufacturing of the products and are therefore quite interesting for the industrial applications.
Factors leading to high morbidity and mortality of COVID‐19 in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Rajpal Aman , Rahimi Leili , Ismail‐Beigi Faramarz
Published: July 2020

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is a recent pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), a novel coronavirus. Diabetes (mostly type 2 diabetes mellitus, T2DM) and hyperglycemia are among the major comorbidities in patients with COVID‐19 leading to poor outcomes. Reports show that patients with diabetes and COVID‐19 are at an increased risk for developing severe complications including acute respiratory distress syndrome, multi‐organ failure, and death. Here we explore potential mechanistic links that could explain the observed higher morbidity and mortality in this patient population. Patients with T2DM have an underlying increased level of inflammation associated with obesity and insulin resistance in addition to other comorbidities including hypertension, obesity, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, and being older. We review evidence that T2DM with hyperglycemia are among factors that lead to elevated expression of angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in lungs and other tissues; ACE2 is the cellular “receptor” and port of viral entry. The preexisting chronic inflammation with augmented inflammatory response to the infection and the increasing viral load leads to extreme systemic immune response (“cytokine storm”) that is strongly associated with increased severity of COVID‐19. Based on the available evidence, it is recommended by a panel of experts that safe but stringent control of blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipids be carried out in patients with T2DM, measures that could potentially serve to decrease the severity of COVID‐19 should these patients contract the viral infection. Once the infection occurs, then attention should be directed to proper glycemic control with use of insulin and frequent monitoring of blood glucose levels.
Clinical and preclinical evidence of somatosensory involvement in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Riancho Javier , Paz‐Fajardo Lucía , López de Munaín Adolfo
Published: July 2020

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common motor neuron neurodegenerative disease. Although it has been classically considered as a disease limited to the motor system, there is increasing evidence for the involvement of other neural and non‐neuronal systems. In this review, we will discuss currently existing literature regarding the involvement of the sensory system in ALS. Human studies have reported intradermic small fibre loss, sensory axonal predominant neuropathy, as well as somatosensory cortex hyperexcitability. In line with this, ALS animal studies have demonstrated the involvement of several sensory components. Specifically, they have highlighted the impairment of sensory–motor networks as a potential mechanism for the disease. The elucidation of these “non‐motor” systems involvement, which might also be part of the degeneration process, should prompt the scientific community to re‐consider ALS as a pure motor neuron disease, which may in turn result in more holistic research approaches.

LINKED ARTICLES

This article is part of a themed issue on Recent advances in ALS pathogenesis and therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.6/issuetoc
Disadvantages of living in a populous neighborhood for sit‐and‐wait predators: Competition for space reduces pit‐trap size in antlion larvae
Authors: Farji‐Brener Alejandro G. , Juncosa‐Polzella Agostina S. , Tejada Daniela Madrigal , Centeno‐Alvarado Diego , Hernández‐Soto Mariana , Soto‐Huaira Mayori , Gutiérrez‐Cruz Sebastián
Published: July 2020

The study of how trap design responds to biotic and abiotic conditions can help to understand the selective forces affecting the foraging of trap‐building organisms. We experimentally tested whether pit design can be modified by intraspecific competition for space in larvae of Myrmeleon crudelis, a common sit‐and‐wait predator that digs conical pit traps in the soil to capture walking arthropods. In a tropical forest in Costa Rica, we measured pit dimensions, larval body size, and the level of competition (i.e., density of neighboring traps) in 40 antlion larvae. These larvae were then taken to the laboratory and allowed to build new traps in individual containers. We measured within‐individual changes in the size of traps in the field and in the laboratory, and related these to the level of competition experienced in the field. Larvae with relatively high levels of competition in the field showed a greater increase in the size of their pits in the laboratory. This change was independent of larval size. Larvae with none or few neighbors in the field showed little change in their pit sizes, whereas those with higher competition levels increased their diameter and depth up to 1,400% and 1,000%, respectively. Our results demonstrate that, at least in high‐density aggregations, pit design is restricted by competition in addition to the constraints imposed by body size. This work suggests that biotic interactions can play a role in the design of extended phenotypes in sit‐and‐wait predators that live in dense aggregations.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) outcomes in HIV/AIDS patients: a systematic review
Authors: Cooper TJ , Woodward BL , Alom S , Harky A
Published: July 2020

Objectives

The aim of the study was to systematically review current studies reporting on clinical outcomes in people living with HIV (PLHIV) infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2).

Methods

We conducted a systematic review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in Global Health, SCOPUS, Medline and EMBASE using pertinent key words and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms relating to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) and HIV. A narrative synthesis was undertaken. Articles are summarized in relevant sections.

Results

Two hundred and eighty‐five articles were identified after duplicates had been removed. After screening, eight studies were analysed, totalling 70 HIV‐infected patients (57 without AIDS and 13 with AIDS). Three themes were identified: (1) controlled HIV infection does not appear to result in poorer COVID‐19 outcomes, (2) more data are needed to determine COVID‐19 outcomes in patients with AIDS and (3) HIV‐infected patients presenting with COVID‐19 symptoms should be investigated for superinfections.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that PLHIV with well‐controlled disease are not at risk of poorer COVID‐19 disease outcomes than the general population. It is not clear whether those with poorly controlled HIV disease and AIDS have poorer outcomes. Superimposed bacterial pneumonia may be a risk factor for more severe COVID‐19 but further research is urgently needed to elucidate whether PLHIV are more at risk than the general population.
International Council for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH) recommendations for laboratory measurement of ADAMTS13
Authors: Mackie Ian , Mancini Ilaria , Muia Joshua , Kremer Hovinga Johanna , Nair Sukesh , Machin Sam , Baker Ross
Published: July 2020

This guidance document was prepared on behalf of the International Council for Standardization in Haematology (ICSH), by the ADAMTS13 Assay Working Group, which comprises an international group of both clinical and laboratory experts. The document provides recommendations on best practice for the performance of ADAMTS13 assays in clinical laboratories. ADAMTS13 assays support the differential diagnosis of thrombotic microangiopathies and have utility in the management of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). There are three types of assay: activity, antigen and autoantibody/inhibitor assays. Methods for activity assays differ in terms of sensitivity, specificity, precision and turnaround time. The most widely used assays involve VWF peptide substrates and either chromogenic ELISA or FRET techniques, although chemiluminescence assays and rapid screening tests have recently become available. Tests for autoantibodies and inhibitors allow confirmation of acquired, immune‐mediated TTP, while antigen assays may be useful in congenital TTP and as prognostic markers. In this document, we have attempted to describe ADAMTS13 assays and the conditions that affect them, as well as: blood collection, sample processing, quality control, standardization and clinical utility; recognizing that laboratories in different parts of the world have varying levels of sophistication. The recommendations are based on expert opinion, published literature and good clinical laboratory practice.
Global vegetation patterns of the past 140,000 years
Authors: Allen Judy R. M. , Forrest Matthew , Hickler Thomas , Singarayer Joy S. , Valdes Paul J. , Huntley Brian
Published: July 2020

Aim

Insight into global biome responses to climatic and other environmental changes is essential to address key questions about past and future impacts of such changes. By simulating global biome patterns 140 ka to present, we aimed to address important questions about biome changes during this interval.

Location

Global.

Taxon

Spermatophyta.

Methods

Using the LPJ‐GUESS dynamic global vegetation model, we made 89 simulations driven using ice‐core atmospheric CO2 concentrations, Earth's obliquity, and outputs from a pre‐industrial and 88 palaeoclimate experiments run using HadCM3. Experiments were run for 81 time slices between 1 and 140 ka, seven ‘hosing’ experiments also being run, using a 1‐Sv freshwater flux to the North Atlantic, for time slices corresponding to Heinrich Events H0–H6. Using a rule‐based approach, based on carbon mass and leaf area index of the LPJ‐GUESS plant functional types, the biome was inferred for each grid cell. Biomes were mapped, and the extent and total vegetation biomass of each biome, and total global vegetation biomass, estimated.

Results

Substantial changes in biome extents and locations were found on all vegetated continents. Although the largest magnitude changes were in Eurasia, important changes were seen in tropical latitudes and the Southern Hemisphere. Total global extent of most biomes varied on multi‐millennial (orbital) time scales, although some (e.g. Tropical Raingreen Forest) responded principally to the c. 100‐kyr glacial–interglacial cycle and others (e.g. Temperate Broad‐leaved Evergreen Forest) mainly to the c. 20‐kyr precession cycle. Many also responded to millennial contrasts between stadial (‘hosing’) and interstadial climates, with some (e.g. Tropical Evergreen Forest) showing stronger responses than to the multi‐millennial changes.

Main conclusions

No two time slices had identical biome patterns. Even equivalent Holocene and last interglacial time slices, and the last and penultimate glacial maxima, showed important differences. Only a small proportion of global land area experienced no biome change since 140 ka; many places experienced multiple biome changes. These modelling experiments provided little evidence for long‐term biome stability.
Cycles of trans‐Arctic dispersal and vicariance, and diversification of the amphi‐boreal marine fauna
Authors: Laakkonen Hanna M. , Hardman Michael , Strelkov Petr , Väinölä Risto
Published: July 2020

The amphi‐boreal faunal element comprises closely related species and conspecific populations with vicarious distributions in the North Atlantic and North Pacific basins. It originated from an initial trans‐Arctic dispersal in the Pliocene after the first opening of the Bering Strait, and subsequent inter‐oceanic vicariance through the Pleistocene when the passage through the Arctic was severed by glaciations and low sea levels. Opportunities for further trans‐Arctic dispersal have risen at times, however, and molecular data now expose more complex patterns of inter‐oceanic affinities and dispersal histories. For a general view on the trans‐Arctic dynamics and of the roles of potential dispersal–vicariance cycles in generating systematic diversity, we produced new phylogeographic data sets for amphi‐boreal taxa in 21 genera of invertebrates and vertebrates, and combined them with similar published data sets of mitochondrial coding gene variation, adding up to 89 inter‐oceanic comparisons involving molluscs, crustaceans, echinoderms, polychaetes, fishes and mammals. Only 39% of the cases correspond to a simple history of Pliocene divergence; in most taxonomical groups, the range of divergence estimates implies connections through the entire Pliocene–Pleistocene–Holocene time frame. Repeated inter‐oceanic exchange was inferred for 23 taxa, and the latest connection was usually post‐glacial. Such repeated invasions have usually led to secondary contacts and occasionally to widespread hybridization between the different invasion waves. Late‐ or post‐glacial exchange was inferred in 46% of the taxa, stressing the importance of the relatively recent invasions to the current diversity in the North Atlantic. Individual taxa also showed complex idiosyncratic patterns and histories, and several instances of cryptic speciation were recognized. In contrast to a simple inter‐oceanic vicariance scenario underlying amphi‐boreal speciation, the data expose complex patterns of reinvasion and reticulation that complicate the interpretation of taxon boundaries in the region.
“The challenge of joining all the pieces together” – Nurses’ experience of palliative care for older people with advanced dementia living in residential aged care units
Authors: Pennbrant Sandra , Hjorton Cecilia , Nilsson Caroline , Karlsson Margareta
Published: July 2020

Aims and objectives

To describe nurses’ experiences of palliative care for older people with advanced dementia living in residential aged care units.

Background

Dementia is a global health problem and the number of older people with dementia who need palliative care is increasing. Previous research has revealed that care for older people with dementia in the final stage of life is usually complex. However, little is known about how nurses experience palliative care for older people with advanced dementia living in residential aged care units.

Method

Nine individual, semi‐structured face‐to‐face interviews with nurses working in residential aged care units for older people with advanced dementia in palliative care in Western Sweden were analysed using qualitative inductive content analysis. The COREQ checklist was followed.

Results

The nurses considered that palliative care for older people with advanced dementia is a complex and challenging form of care. In particular, they identified three challenges that must be met: developing specialised knowledge and skills, developing teamwork as a working method and creating a caring relationship.

Conclusions

The results of our analysis indicate that if nurses are aware of and understand that the challenges are essential for “joining all the pieces together,” the palliative care for older people with advanced dementia may become a positive experience for nurses and may increase their sense of satisfaction and security in their professional role.

Relevance to clinical practice

For the palliative care to be successful, the nurses need to “join all the pieces together,” that is succeed in developing specialised knowledge and skills, developing teamwork as a working method and creating a caring relationship to establish a person‐centred care with the older person with advanced dementia and with his or her relatives.
Supplementation of diets with tannins from Chestnut wood or an extract from Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni and effects on in vitro rumen fermentation, protozoa count and methane production
Authors: Sarnataro Chiara , Spanghero Mauro , Lavrenčič Andrej
Published: July 2020

The aim of the trial was to evaluate the effect of dietary additions of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni extract (SB) and Chestnut wood tannin (CWT) on the in vitro rumen fermentability, protozoal population and methane yield. Both plant products were tested at 3 different levels of inclusion (0.75, 1.50 and 3.00% of incubated dry matter, DM) in a total mixed ration (TMR) for ruminants by using rumen batch culture systems and a rumen inoculum collected from sheep. Total volatile fatty acid concentration, their proportions and gas production were not modified by the plant extracts inclusion, except a significant linear increment of gas production at 24 hr for SB (p = .049). Ammonia concentration decreased (p < .05) of about 17% when 1.50 or 3.00% of CWT were included into TMR. Rumen protozoa population was depressed by the SB inclusion (p = .002) with a maximum reduction of 40% at the highest SB dosage, whereas CWT negatively affected total protozoa counts (−19%) only at the dose of 3.00%. In vitro DM and NDF degradability were not affected by the supplementation of SB and CWT, as well as the methane yield. Thus, the addition of SB and CWT decreases the in vitro protozoa population of the rumen with different intensity and without effects on fermentation parameters, apart from a reduction of nitrogen degradability caused by CWT. Despite the effect on protozoa, no decreasing effect on methane production was detected.
Psychological interventions to improve sleep in college students: A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Saruhanjan Karina , Zarski Anna‐Carlotta , Bauer Tobias , Baumeister Harald , Cuijpers Pim , Spiegelhalder Kai , Auerbach Randy P. , Kessler Ronald C. , Bruffaerts Ronny , Karyotaki Eirini , Berking Matthias , Ebert David Daniel
Published: July 2020

Sleep disturbances and insomnia are common in college students, and reduce their quality of life and academic performance. The aim of this meta‐analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of psychological interventions aimed at improving sleep in college students. A meta‐analysis was conducted with 10 randomized controlled trials with passive control conditions (N = 2,408). The overall mean effect size (Hedges’ g) of all sleep‐related outcomes within each trial was moderate to large (g = 0.61; 95% confidence interval: 0.41−0.81; numbers‐needed‐to‐treat = 3). Effect sizes for global measures of sleep disturbances were g = 0.79; 95% confidence interval: 0.52−1.06; and for sleep‐onset latency g = 0.65; 95% confidence interval: 0.36−0.94. The follow‐up analyses revealed an effect size of g = 0.56; 95% confidence interval: 0.45−0.66 for the combined sleep‐related outcomes based on three studies. No significant covariates were identified. These results should be interpreted cautiously due to an overall substantial risk of bias, and in particular with regard to blinding of participants and personnel. Nevertheless, they provide evidence that psychological interventions for improving sleep are efficacious among college students. Further research should explore long‐term effects and potential moderators of treatment efficacy in college students.
Adaptive divergence across Southern Ocean gradients in the pelagic diatom Fragilariopsis kerguelensis
Authors: Postel Ute , Glemser Barbara , Salazar Alekseyeva Katherine , Eggers Sarah Lena , Groth Marco , Glöckner Gernot , John Uwe , Mock Thomas , Klemm Kerstin , Valentin Klaus , Beszteri Bánk
Published: July 2020

The Southern Ocean is characterized by longitudinal water circulations crossed by strong latitudinal gradients. How this oceanographic background shapes planktonic populations is largely unknown, despite the significance of this region for global biogeochemical cycles. Here, we show, based on genomic, morphometric, ecophysiological and mating compatibility data, an example of ecotypic differentiation and speciation within an endemic pelagic inhabitant, the diatom Fragilariopsis kerguelensis. We discovered three genotypic variants, one present throughout the latitudinal transect sampled, the others restricted to the north and south, respectively. The latter two showed reciprocal monophyly across all three genomes and significant ecophysiological differences consistent with local adaptation, but produced viable offspring in laboratory crosses. The third group was also reproductively isolated from the latter two. We hypothesize that this pattern originated by an adaptive expansion accompanied by ecotypic divergence, followed by sympatric speciation.
Nutrition and depression: Summary of findings from the EU‐funded MooDFOOD depression prevention randomised controlled trial and a critical review of the literature
Authors: Owens M. , Watkins E. , Bot M. , Brouwer I. A. , Roca M. , Kohls E. , Penninx B. W. J. H. , van Grootheest G. , Hegerl U. , Gili M. , Visser M. ,   the MooDFOOD Prevention Trial Investigators
Published: July 2020

This paper discusses the emerging field of nutritional psychology and provides an update on the now completed EU‐fundedMooDFOODdepression prevention randomised controlled trial that assessed the effects of two nutrition‐based interventions for the prevention of depression in overweight or obese adults with at least mild symptoms of depression. We first outline the problem of major depression, the most common form of psychopathology and the largest contributor to global disability, and then give an overview of the connection between nutrition and depression; separating the evidence according to prevention and treatment of depression. The extant literature is reviewed, and we examine the implications for both prevention and treatment. Questions are posed for further research in this emerging and important area.
Regulating Markets with Advice: An Experimental Study*
Authors: Gottschalk Felix
Published: July 2020

We present a newly designed market experiment to study regulatory measures in markets with advice inspired by two recently developed theoretical models. In line with our predictions, our experimental markets create conflicts of interest and unsuitable advice biased towards high‐commission products. We examine whether two frequently discussed regulation measures – disclosure and fines for ex post unsuitable advice – reduce commission payments and improve advice. None of the regulation measures result in lower commissions and more suitable advice, however, and advice is equally biased in all treatments. Furthermore, with disclosure, conflicts of interest are enlarged, offsetting the potentially restraining effects of disclosure. The potential impact of various behavioural factors is discussed to encourage further research.
The Limits of Social Media for Public Administration Research and Practice
Authors: Feeney Mary K. , Porumbescu Gregory
Published: July 2020

Governments around the world increasingly rely on social media to expand civic engagement. While these efforts are motivated by optimism that social media platforms have the potential to mobilize more diverse segments of the public, there is growing concern that the use of these tools by governments can reinforce existing power differentials and create new challenges for inclusion, accountability, and democracy. To understand the potential of social media to expand civic engagement, we call for greater integration of science and technology studies literature into public administration social media research. By drawing from the science and technology studies literature, public administration researchers can better assess the political and social inequalities embedded in social media tools and better inform practitioners on the use of social media to effectively engage the public.
Protein–protein interaction network: an emerging tool for understanding fish disease in aquaculture
Authors: Waiho Khor , Afiqah‐Aleng Nor , Iryani Mat Taib Mimi , Fazhan Hanafiah
Published: July 2020

Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) play integral roles in a wide range of biological processes that regulate the overall growth, development, physiology and disease in living organisms. With the advancement of high‐throughput sequencing technologies, increasing numbers of PPI networks are being predicted and annotated, and these contribute greatly towards the understanding of pathogenesis and the discovery of novel drug targets for the treatment of diseases. The use of this tool is gaining popularity in the identification, understanding and treatment of diseases in humans and plants. Due to the importance of aquaculture in tackling the global food crisis by producing cheap and high‐quality protein source, the maintenance of the overall health status of aquaculture species is essential. With the increasing omics data on aquaculture species, the PPI network is an emerging tool for fish health maintenance. In this review, we first introduce the concept of PPI network, how they are discovered and their general application. Then, the current status of aquaculture and disease in aquaculture are discussed. The different applications of PPI network in aquaculture fish disease management such as biomarker identification, mechanism prediction, understanding of host–pathogen interaction, understanding of pathogen co‐infection interaction, and potential development of vaccines and treatments are subsequently highlighted. It is hoped that this emerging tool – PPI network – would deepen our understanding of the pathogenesis of various diseases and hasten the prevention and treatment processes in aquaculture species.
Identifying Promising Messages to Increase Hurricane Mitigation Among Coastal Homeowners in the United States
Authors: Kranzler Elissa C. , Czajkowski Jeffrey , Chen Lin Jia
Published: July 2020

Hurricanes threaten the physical and financial well‐being of coastal residents throughout the United States. Though hurricane‐related losses are largely avoidable through property mitigation (e.g., structural modifications to existing homes), few homeowners invest in mitigation. Communication campaigns, which have influenced risk‐related behaviors in other domains, hold promise for persuading coastal residents to engage in hurricane mitigation. The development of successful campaign messages relies, in part, on formative research to assess the potential influence of candidate message strategies. We present results from mixed‐methods, theory‐driven research to identify promising beliefs for persuading homeowners in coastal/coastal‐adjacent regions of Alabama and Florida to install a high wind–resistant (HWR) roof. In Study 1, we elicited homeowners’ (n = 74) salient behavioral, normative, and control beliefs about installing an HWR roof. Using established procedures, we content analyzed open‐ended responses and categorized them by thematic content. In Study 2, we surveyed another sample of homeowners (n = 533) to examine the extent to which salient beliefs/themes about installing an HWR roof (elicited in Study 1) are promising targets for a communication campaign, given their associations with homeowners’ intentions to retrofit. Results demonstrate that across elicited beliefs, common themes include the protection and property resilience reroofing affords, and anticipated expenses and financial barriers associated with reroofing. The most promising beliefs include behavioral beliefs that installing an HWR roof will protect oneself and one's family, and normative beliefs about the likelihood that one's family and community will install an HWR roof. We discuss the implications of findings for the development of hurricane mitigation messaging.
Complementary teaching practices: Ignatian pedagogy and Buddhist‐inspired compassion meditation
Authors: Chien Gloria I‐Ling
Published: July 2020

While scholarly discussions on Jesuit education are plentiful, inquiries related to Ignatian pedagogy are rare. This article examines the applications of Ignatian pedagogy by juxtaposing it with the analysis of a Buddhist‐inspired and interdisciplinary contemplation program, Cognitively‐Based Compassion Training® (CBCT®). Drawing from the author's experience in teaching CBCT® at a Jesuit University, this article explores how CBCT® aligns with the Ignatian Pedagogical Paradigm's five elements: context, experience, reflection, action, and evaluation. This study uses psychometrical measurements, such as the Compassionate Love for Humanity Scale, to document how my interdisciplinary approach may enhance participants' emotional well‐being and widen their ethical concerns. As these outcomes are inherently cross‐disciplinary and include intellectual and affective dimensions, they cannot be achieved through a single field. Building a bridge between the Ignatian Pedagogical Paradigm and CBCT® provides a successful strategy for the educational objectives of developing the whole person and forming a compassionate character.
Gender in Educational Communication
Authors: Zormanová Lucie
Published: July 2020

The article deals with gender-stereotyped patterns of behaviour in educational communication at lower secondary schools in the Czech Republic. Theoretical background of the issue of pedagogical communication and gender stereotypes was followed by the presentation of findings of quantitative research based on audio record analysis. Research focuses on observations and evaluation of communication in a class and its aim is to find out whether there exists a relation between the pupil’s gender and his communication in the lesson. Results of the pedagogical survey are further compared to the results of previously realised Czech and foreign surveys.
Simulations of Magnetic Fields Produced by Asteroid Impact: Possible Implications for Planetary Paleomagnetism
Authors: Crawford David A.
Published: July 2020

The origin and evolution of the Moon's magnetic field has been a major question in lunar science ever since Luna 1 made the first magnetic measurements in the vicinity of the Moon in 1959. Orbital measurements show that the magnetic field at the surface of the Moon has local scale lengths on the order of 1-100 km. While this could suggest a correlation with impact craters, most lunar magnetic anomalies don’t appear to correlate with known geologic structures, including impacts [1]. However, the magnetic field produced by impact events are spatially and temporally complex. Add in the complexity of remanence acquisition (localized regions of heating/cooling and/or shock that can produce remanence in the presence of a magnetic field) and we have the potential for a complex pattern to emerge. Wieczorek et al. [1] showed just how such complexity may play out. In their simulations, some lunar magnetic anomalies may be caused by regions of concentrated magnetic materials associated with fragments of the South Pole-Aitken impactor, especially if the impactor was differentiated with an iron core. More recently, Oliveira et al. [2] showed that magnetic anomalies associated with five large lunar basins may be caused by impact melt sheets that cooled in the presence of an early lunar dynamo. In this paper we will look at an alternative explanation for many lunar anomalies that doesn’t require the presence of a lunar dynamo. At least some lunar anomalies may be associated with a deeper, thicker yet more varied region of magnetization acquired by rocks that became hot and cooled rapidly enough during crater formation to have acquired the transient magnetic field produced by the impact itself.
High Strain-rate Shear and Friction Characterization of Fully-Dense Polyurethane and Epoxy
Authors: Sable Peter A. , Neel Christopher H. , Borg John P.
Published: July 2020

The characterization of polymer behavior at high strain-rates is a critical area of research driven by the use of polymers as adhesives, structural components, or as binders for energetic systems. Previous investigations have successfully defined Hugoniot equations-of-state for many relevant polymers such as epoxy, polycarbonate, and polyether ether ketone [1]–[4].Several studies have also explored the ramifications of polymer viscoelasticity at high strain-rates and pressures. This has been observed as nonlinearities in both propagating stress wave structure and Hugoniot state spaces [5]–[7]. The mechanisms driving such behavior is hypothesized as the breakdown and extended time interaction of polymer-chains but is yet to be fully understood.
Evaluation of Critical Ricochet Angles for 25mm APDS-T Projectile on Metallic Targets - Modeling and Verification
Authors: Weiss Alon , Borenstein Asaf , Paris Vitaly , Ravid Moshe , Shapira Nimrod
Published: July 2020

This paper is a study on ricochet characteristics of metal plates hit by 25 mm APDS-T projectile. A series of ballistic tests has been carried out on three different armor steel types chosen to present a range of hardness. Each armor steel target was impacted at varying angles of incidence until ricochet was observed. This investigation is not only expected to help in understanding the phenomenon of projectile ricochet but also to provide some useful data that can be used for calibration and validation of the finite element (FE) models. In general, the ricochet angle was found to decrease with an increase in target hardness due to different failure mechanism.
Investigation on the Impact and Penetration Performance of the Particulated Jet into Concrete Targets
Authors: Zhu Qi-feng , Xiao Qiang-qiang , Huang Zheng-xiang , Zu Xu-dong , Jia Xin
Published: July 2020

In this study, the performance of titanium alloys (TC21, TC1), nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) alloy, and zirconium-niobium (Zr-Nb) alloy lined shaped charge impact and penetration into concrete targets are investigated experimentally. Shaped charge jet radiographs reveal that the resulting jets of titanium alloys and Ni-Ti alloy exhibit particulate, radially dispersed behaviors, whereas that of the Zr-Nb alloy is coherent. Cavity diameters, penetration depths and parameters of the impact craters generated by the jets were analyzed using the depth of penetration (DOP) experiment method. Data indicate that the particulated jet causes more extensive damage to the surface of the concrete targets compared to the coherent jet. The penetration depth decreases to some degree, but the cavity diameter increases significantly. Penetration efficiency varies with degree of dispersion of the particulated jet and, as such, is also sensitive to stand-off distance.
Polymer rheology predictions from first principles using the slip-link model
Authors: Becerra Diego , Córdoba Andrés , Katzarova Maria , Andreev Marat , Venerus David C. , Schieber Jay D.
Published: July 2020

The discrete slip-link theory is a hierarchy of strongly connected models that have great success predicting the linear and nonlinear rheology of high-molecular-weight polymers. Three of the four parameters of the most-detailed model, which can be extracted from primitive-path analysis, give quantitative agreement with experimental data for all examined chemistries (polystyrene, polyisoprene, polybutadiene, and polyethylene). Here, we attempt to extract the remaining friction parameter from atomistic simulations. In particular, an available quantum chemistry-based force field for polyethylene oxide (PEO) was used to perform molecular-dynamics simulations of a 12 kDa melt. The Kuhn friction is obtained from the mean-squared displacement of the center-of-mass of the chains (MSD of COM) in the melt. The result is also corroborated using the relaxation modulus calculated through the Green–Kubo formula. Once the four parameters are determined for any chemistry, all parameters for all members of the slip-link hierarchy are determined. Then, using a coarser member of the hierarchy, the dynamic modulus of a 256 kDa PEO melt was predicted. The predictions are compared to experimental measurements performed at the same temperature. Unfortunately, the extracted friction is about 30% larger than the one observed in the experiment. However, two fundamentally different methods, one utilizing the MSD of COM and the other the relaxation modulus, gave consistent results for the extracted Kuhn friction. Therefore, the discrepancy presumably arises from insufficient accuracy in the force field. Nonetheless, the work demonstrates that theory predictions without adjustable parameters should be possible.
Huntington’s disease alters human neurodevelopment
Authors: Barnat Monia , Capizzi Mariacristina , Aparicio Esther , Boluda Susana , Wennagel Doris , Kacher Radhia , Kassem Rayane , Lenoir Sophie , Agasse Fabienne , Braz Barbara Y. , Liu Jeh-Ping , Ighil Julien , Tessier Aude , Zeitlin Scott O. , Duyckaerts Charles , Dommergues Marc , Durr Alexandra , Humbert Sandrine
Published: July 2020

Neural progenitors disrupted

Symptoms of Huntington's disease (HD) manifest in adulthood despite the aberrant protein being present much earlier in persons carrying the disease-causing mutation. Barnat
et al.
studied the cellular effects of the HD mutation on human and mouse fetal brain development (see the Perspective by DiFiglia). The authors found that neural progenitor cells at the brain's ventricular zone reach out to both the apical and basal surfaces of the neuroepithelial wall, and their cellular nuclei shuttle back and forth as the cell cycle progresses. With the aberrant protein, these epithelial junctions are disrupted, epithelial polarity is disturbed, and the cell cycle favors premature neuronal differentiation.

Science
, this issue p.
787
; see also p.
771
A Stronger Transcription Regulatory Circuit of HIV-1C Drives the Rapid Establishment of Latency with Implications for the Direct Involvement of Tat
Authors: Chakraborty Sutanuka , Kabi Manisha , Ranga Udaykumar
Published: July 2020

Over the past 10 to 15 years, HIV-1 subtype C (HIV-1C) has been evolving rapidly toward gaining stronger transcriptional activity by sequence duplication of major transcription factor binding sites. The duplication of NF-κB motifs is unique and exclusive to HIV-1C, a property not shared with any of the other eight HIV-1 genetic families. What mechanism(s) does HIV-1C employ to establish and maintain transcriptional silence despite the presence of a strong promoter and concomitant strong, positive transcriptional feedback is the primary question that we attempted to address in the present manuscript. The role that Tat plays in latency reversal is well established. Our work with the most common HIV-1 subtype, HIV-1C, offers crucial leads toward Tat possessing a dual role in serving as both a transcriptional activator and repressor at different phases of viral infection of the cell. The leads that we offer through the present work have significant implications for HIV-1 cure research.
Regional Brain Recovery from Acute Synaptic Injury in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques Associates with Heme Oxygenase Isoform Expression
Authors: Garcia-Mesa Yoelvis , Garza Rolando , Diaz Ortiz Maria E. , Gruenewald Analise L. , Bastien Brandon L. , Lobrovich Rebecca , Irwin David J. , Betts Michael R. , Silvestri Guido , Kolson Dennis L.
Published: July 2020

Brain injury induced by acute simian (or human) immunodeficiency virus infection may persist or spontaneously resolve in different brain regions. Identifying the host factor(s) that promotes spontaneous recovery from such injury may reveal targets for therapeutic drug strategies for promoting recovery from acute neuronal injury. The gradual recovery from such injury observed in many, but not all, brain regions in the rhesus macaque model is consistent with the possible existence of a therapeutic window of opportunity for intervening to promote recovery, even in those regions not showing spontaneous recovery. In persons living with human immunodeficiency virus infection, such neuroprotective treatments could ultimately be considered as adjuncts to the initiation of antiretroviral drug therapy.
Invasive conjunctival melanoma mimicking ocular surface squamous neoplasia: a case series
Authors: Gallo Beatrice , Thaung Caroline , Hay Gordon , Arora Amit K , Cohen Victoria ML , Damato Bertil , Sagoo Mandeep S
Published: July 2020

Background

Conjunctival melanoma is the second most common conjunctival malignant tumour after squamous cell carcinoma, usually arising from primary acquired melanosis and less commonly from a conjunctival naevus or de novo. We report four cases of conjunctival melanoma masquerading as ocular surface squamous neoplasia.

Methods

Four patients (2 females and 2 males; mean age 60.7 years; range 41–72 years) were referred for suspicious conjunctival lesions. In all cases, the lesions had a perilimbal location, were non-pigmented (cases 1 and 3) or mildly pigmented (cases 2 and 4), had a fleshy (cases 1, 2 and 4) or papillomatous (case 3) appearance and involved the corneal surface. In each case, our main clinical differential diagnosis included conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasia and squamous cell carcinoma. All four patients underwent an excisional biopsy with double freeze-thaw cryotherapy and alcohol keratoepitheliectomy.

Results

In all four cases, the histopathological diagnosis was of invasive conjunctival melanoma with extension to the deep surgical margins. Adjuvant therapy consisting of strontium-90 β radiotherapy (all 4 patients) and topical Mitomicyn C (patient 2) was administered.

Conclusion

Conjunctival melanoma can clinically resemble ocular surface squamous neoplasia. Clinical impressions therefore need to be confirmed histopathologically.
Association of Circulating Levels of Total and Protein-Bound Sphingosine 1-Phosphate with Osteoporotic Fracture
Authors: Song Ha Eun , Lee Seung Hun , Kim Su Jung , Kim Beom-Jun , Yoo Hyun Ju , Koh Jung-Min
Published: July 2020

The biological activity and effects of circulating sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) might be dependent on the carrier protein. Although S1P is known to be a biomarker for osteoporotic fracture (OF), its role according to its carrier protein (high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), or albumin) has not yet been studied. We measured the protein-bound S1P levels and bone mineral density (BMD) in 58 postmenopausal women with OF and 58 age-matched and body mass index-matched postmenopausal women without OF. Albumin-bound S1P was the most abundant. Before adjustment, women with OF had higher total S1P (p=0.046) and albumin-bound S1P (p=0.026) levels than those without OF, but there was no difference in the levels of HDL-bound or LDL-bound S1P. After adjustment for confounders including BMD, women with OF had only higher levels of total S1P than those without OF (p=0.047). Before adjustment, the OR for OF was higher in subjects in the highest quartile for total S1P (OR 5.36, 95% CI 1.22 to 23.63) or albumin-bound S1P (OR 4.48, 95% CI 1.22 to 16.42). After adjustment for confounders including BMD, statistical significance persisted only for total S1P (OR 2.23, 95% CI 1.12 to 4.81). These findings suggest that the positive association of S1P with OF is mainly due to level of total plasma S1P and not due to the differing contributions from specific carrier protein-bound fractions.
Vitamin K for kidney transplant organ recipients: investigating vessel stiffness (ViKTORIES): study rationale and protocol of a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Lees Jennifer Susan , Mangion Kenneth , Rutherford Elaine , Witham Miles D , Woodward Rosemary , Roditi Giles , Hopkins Tracey , Brooksbank Katriona , Jardine Alan G , Mark Patrick B
Published: July 2020

Background

Renal transplant recipients (RTRs) exhibit increased vascular stiffness and calcification; these parameters are associated with increased cardiovascular risk. Activity of endogenous calcification inhibitors such as matrix gla protein (MGP) is dependent on vitamin K. RTRs commonly have subclinical vitamin K deficiency. The Vitamin K in kidney Transplant Organ Recipients: Investigating vEssel Stiffness (ViKTORIES) study assesses whether vitamin K supplementation reduces vascular stiffness and calcification in a diverse population of RTR.

Methods and analysis

ViKTORIES (ISRCTN22012044) is a single-centre, phase II, parallel-group, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the effect of vitamin K supplementation in 90 prevalent RTR. Participants are eligible if they have a functioning renal transplant for>1 year. Those on warfarin, with atrial fibrillation, estimated glomerular filtration rate <15 mL/min/1.73 m2or contraindications to MRI are excluded. Treatment is with vitamin K (menadiol diphosphate) 5 mg three times per week for 1 year or matching placebo. All participants have primary and secondary endpoint measures at 0 and 12 months. The primary endpoint is ascending aortic distensibility on cardiac MR imaging. Secondary endpoints include vascular calcification (coronary artery calcium score by CT), cardiac structure and function on MR, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, serum uncarboxylated MGP, transplant function, proteinuria and quality of life. The study is powered to detect 1.0×10–3mm Hg-1improvement in ascending aortic distensibility in the vitamin K group relative to placebo at 12 months. Analyses will be conducted as between-group differences at 12 months by intention to treat.

Discussion

This trial may identify a novel, inexpensive and low-risk treatment to improve surrogate markers of cardiovascular risk in RTR.
Operative survival in patients with acute aortic disease in the era of newer oral anticoagulants
Authors: Bjørnstad Johannes Lagethon , Khan Adil Mahboob , Røed-Undlien Henriette , Bendz Bjørn , Nygård Ståle , Hoel Tom Nilsen , Lingaas Per Snorre
Published: July 2020

Aims

The aim of this study was the analysis of the risk associated with direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in patients undergoing non-elective operations on the proximal aorta due to aortic disease.

Methods and results

Data from the department’s register of cardiac surgery was analysed retrospectively with emphasis on operative mortality. 135 non-elective operations for proximal aortic disease (October 2016 to 2018) were identified, of which 19 died during the first 90 days. DOAC use was the top-ranked risk factor in the univariate analysis with a HR of 9.6 (3.1 to 29), p=0.00007. Using a Cox proportional hazards model including the most relevant risk factors, the risk associated with DOAC use remained significant with a HR of 6.1 (1.4 to 26.3), p=0.015. We did not find increased risk associated with warfarin use.

Conclusion

In patients undergoing non-elective operations on the proximal aorta due to aortic disease, the use of DOAC is associated with increased operative mortality.