bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A comparison of least squares and conditional maximum likelihood estimators under volume endpoint censoring in tumor growth experiments
Authors: Choudhury Kingshuk Roy , O'Sullivan Finbarr , Kasman Ian , Plowman Greg D.
Published: July 2012

Measurements in tumor growth experiments are stopped once the tumor volume exceeds a preset threshold: a mechanism we term volume endpoint censoring. We argue that this type of censoring is informative. Further, least squares (LS) parameter estimates are shown to suffer a bias in a general parametric model for tumor growth with an independent and identically distributed measurement error, both theoretically and in simulation experiments. In a linear growth model, the magnitude of bias in the LS growth rate estimate increases with the growth rate and the standard deviation of measurement error. We propose a conditional maximum likelihood estimation procedure, which is shown both theoretically and in simulation experiments to yield approximately unbiased parameter estimates in linear and quadratic growth models. Both LS and maximum likelihood estimators have similar variance characteristics. In simulation studies, these properties appear to extend to the case of moderately dependent measurement error. The methodology is illustrated by application to a tumor growth study for an ovarian cancer cell line. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statistical models for longitudinal zero‐inflated count data with applications to the substance abuse field
Authors: Buu Anne , Li Runze , Tan Xianming , Zucker Robert A.
Published: July 2012

This study fills in the current knowledge gaps in statistical analysis of longitudinal zero‐inflated count data by providing a comprehensive review and comparison of the hurdle and zero‐inflated Poisson models in terms of the conceptual framework, computational advantage, and performance under different real data situations. The design of simulations represents the special features of a well‐known longitudinal study of alcoholism so that the results can be generalizable to the substance abuse field. When the hurdle model is more natural under the conceptual framework of the data, the zero‐inflated Poisson model tends to produce inaccurate estimates. Model performance improves with larger sample sizes, lower proportions of missing data, and lower correlations between covariates. The simulation also shows that the computational strength of the hurdle model disappears when random effects are included. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two‐stage meta‐analysis of survival data from individual participants using percentile ratios
Authors: Barrett Jessica K. , Farewell Vern T. , Siannis Fotios , Tierney Jayne , Higgins Julian P. T.
Published: July 2012

Methods for individual participant data meta‐analysis of survival outcomes commonly focus on the hazard ratio as a measure of treatment effect. Recently, Siannis et al. (2010, Statistics in Medicine 29:3030–3045) proposed the use of percentile ratios as an alternative to hazard ratios. We describe a novel two‐stage method for the meta‐analysis of percentile ratios that avoids distributional assumptions at the study level. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protein‐Directed Synthesis of NIR‐Emitting, Tunable HgS Quantum Dots and their Applications in Metal‐Ion Sensing
Authors: Goswami Nirmal , Giri Anupam , Kar Shantimoy , Bootharaju Megalamane Siddaramappa , John Robin , Xavier Paulrajpillai Lourdu , Pradeep Thalappil , Pal Samir Kumar
Published: July 2012

The development of luminescent mercury sulfide quantum dots (HgS QDs) through the bio‐mineralization process has remained unexplored. Herein, a simple, two‐step route for the synthesis of HgS quantum dots in bovine serum albumin (BSA) is reported. The QDs are characterized by UV–vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, luminescence, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), circular dichroism (CD), energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX), and picosecond‐resolved optical spectroscopy. Formation of various sizes of QDs is observed by modifying the conditions suitably. The QDs also show tunable luminescence over the 680–800 nm spectral regions, with a quantum yield of 4–5%. The as‐prepared QDs can serve as selective sensor materials for Hg(II) and Cu(II), based on selective luminescence quenching. The quenching mechanism is found to be based on Dexter energy transfer and photoinduced electron transfer for Hg(II) and Cu(II), respectively. The simple synthesis route of protein‐capped HgS QDs would provide additional impetus to explore applications for these materials.
Superior Functionality by Design: Selective Ozone Sensing Realized by Rationally Constructed High‐Index ZnO Surfaces
Authors: Güder Firat , Yang Yang , Menzel Andreas , Wang Chunyu , Danhof Julia , Subannajui Kittitat , Hartel Andreas , Hiller Daniel , Kozhummal Rajeevan , Ramgir Niranjan S. , Cimalla Volker , Schwarz Ulrich T. , Zacharias Margit
Published: July 2012

A new technique is reported for the transformation of smooth nonpolar ZnO nanowire surfaces to zigzagged high‐index polar surfaces using polycrystalline ZnO thin films deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD). The c‐axis‐oriented ZnO nanowires with smooth nonpolar surfaces are fabricated using vapor deposition method and subsequently coated by ALD with a ZnO particulate thin film. The synthesized ZnO–ZnO core–shell nanostructures are annealed at 800 °C to transform the smooth ZnO nanowires to zigzagged nanowires with high‐index polar surfaces. Ozone sensing response is compared for all three types of fabricated nanowire morphologies, namely nanowires with smooth surfaces, ZnO–ZnO core–shell nanowires, and zigzagged ZnO nanowires to determine the role of crystallographic surface planes on gas response. While the smooth and core–shell nanowires are largely non‐responsive to varying O3 concentrations in the experiments, zigzagged nanowires show a significantly higher sensitivity (ppb level) owing to inherent defect‐rich high‐index polar surfaces.
A performance evaluation framework for Web applications
Authors: Litoiu Marin , Barna Cornel
Published: July 2012

Performance engineering for Web applications must take into account both the development and runtime information about the target system and its environment. At development time, the architects have to choose from many architecture styles and consider all performance requirements across a multitude of workloads. At runtime, an Autonomic Manager has to compensate for the changing operating and environment conditions not accounted for at the design time and make decisions about changes in the architecture so the performance requirements are met. This paper proposes a formal framework called Software Performance for Autonomic Computing for making decisions with regard to a possible set of candidate architectures: usage scenarios are criteria according to which architectures are evaluated; actual performance metrics, such as response time or throughput, are obtained by solving performance models and then matched against the performance requirements; performance requirements are defined by modeling user satisfaction with a utility function. Criteria can be weighted to reflect their importance. The framework can be used both at design and run time. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular genetic control of cell patterning and fate determination in the developing ventral spinal cord
Authors: Matise Michael P.
Published: July 2012

The generation of neuronal diversity in the ventral spinal cord during development is a multistep process that occurs with precise and reproducible spatiotemporal order. The proper functioning of the central nervous system requires that this be carried out with extraordinary precision from the outset. Extrinsic influences such as the secreted Sonic hedgehog (SHH) protein provide positional cues that are read out genetically as specific patterns of gene expression in subsets of dividing progenitors, which is the first overt indication that they have begun to embark upon cell‐type‐specific differentiation programs. Cells generated from these segregated domains will ultimately share similar properties and functions. Recent work illustrates that SHH, which regulates target genes via the GLI transcription factors, directly controls a subset of progenitor fate determinant genes and that both derepression and activation play a role in shaping the differential response to this morphogen. WIREs Dev Biol 2013, 2:419–425. doi: 10.1002/wdev.83

For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Using platelet‐rich plasma for the treatment of symptomatic cervical ectopy
Authors: Hua Xiaolin , Zeng Yan , Zhang Rongrong , Wang Hong , Diao Jing , Zhang Ping
Published: July 2012

Objective

To evaluate the effectiveness of autologous platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) applications in the treatment of benign cervical ectopy.

Methods

Symptomatic women with benign cervical ectopy (n = 120) were randomized to a PRP or a laser group. In the PRP group, PRP was applied twice on the cervical erosion with a 1‐week interval. In the laser group, an Nd‐YAG laser was used once for tissue vaporization.

Results

The complete cure rates were 93.7% for the PRP and 92.4% for the laser group (P > 0.05). The mean time to re‐epithelialization was significantly shorter in the PRP (6.41 ± 2.05 weeks) than in the laser group (8.28 ± 1.72 weeks) (P < 0.01). The rate of adverse treatment effects (i.e. vaginal discharge or vaginal bleeding) was much lower in the PRP than that in the laser group (P < 0.01) and the effects were milder. Eleven patients in the PRP group had mild or moderate vaginal bleeding after treatment but none had heavy bleeding. Of 25 patients with vaginal bleeding in the laser group, 2 had heavy bleeding necessitating tamponade.

Conclusion

Autologous PRP applications appear promising for the treatment of cervical ectopy in symptomatic women, as they generate a shorter tissue healing time and milder adverse effects than laser treatment.
Multiple calcifications within the parotid gland of patients with Sjögren’s syndrome
Authors: Izumi Masahiro , Kise Yoshiaki , Murata Keiko , Murata Atsushi , Nakayama Miwa , Ariji Yoshiko , Naitoh Munetaka , Ariji Eiichiro
Published: July 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate computed tomography (CT) and clinical features relating to calcifications within the parotid gland of patients with Sjögren’s syndrome (SS).

Methods: Data from 30 patients with SS who had been examined by CT were extracted from our radiological information database accumulated from 2001 to 2011, and their CT images were reread carefully. Of these patients, 14 (all female; age range 20–95 years; mean age 61.4 years) with calcifications within the parotid gland were retrospectively investigated with CT findings. The relationship between calcification occurrence and clinical symptoms including parotid swelling and/or saliva colic was investigated. The degree of destruction of the parotid gland on CT images was also evaluated.

Results: All calcifications of 14 patients were located within the parotid gland, not in the parotid duct. CT images of all calcifications showed small and regular round shapes. Multiple occurrences of calcifications were recognized in 10 patients, and a solitary occurrence was seen in 4 patients. Seven patients had bilateral calcifications. There was little relationship between the occurrence of calcifications and clinical symptoms, and the severity of destruction of the parotid gland.

Conclusion: The presented CT and clinical features would be peculiar to SS because too many patients lacked the typical features of sialoliths within the parotid gland.
On the competition between lateral convection and upward displacement in a multi-zone naturally ventilated space
Authors: Kuesters Andrea S. , Woods Andrew W.
Published: July 2012

We consider the flow which develops when two separate spaces maintained at different temperatures, both in excess of the exterior temperature, are connected through high and low level openings to a central atrium in which there is negligible heat load but which can naturally ventilate through high and low level openings to the exterior. We show that with a small temperature contrast between the spaces or large openings from the atrium to the exterior, upflow displacement ventilation develops in each of the spaces, with air entering from the atrium at low level and exiting at high level. However, with a larger temperature contrast between the spaces or small openings between the atrium and the exterior, a convective circulation develops between the spaces, with upflow in the warmer space and downflow in the colder space. Exterior air, which may enter the atrium at low level, flows into the warmer space along with the air from the colder space. At high level, air flows back into the atrium from the warmer space, and then either vents from the building or flows into the colder space. In this convection dominated flow regime, the colder space is a net heat sink, whereas with the upward displacement ventilation, this space acts as a net heat source. This can have significant implications for energy usage and on the build up of contaminants in each of the spaces. We also show that in both steady flow regimes, the air at mid-level in the atrium is unventilated and stagnant. We discuss the relevance of our model for controlled natural ventilation in large public buildings such as shopping malls where individual shops often maintain temperatures independently of the central atrium-space.
Fully nonlinear local induction equation describing the motion of a vortex filament in superfluid 4He
Authors: Van Gorder Robert A.
Published: July 2012

We obtain the fully nonlinear local induction equation describing the motion of a vortex filament in superfluid 4He. As the relevant friction parameters are small, we linearize terms involving such parameters, while keeping the remaining nonlinearities, which accurately describe the curvature of the vortex filament, intact. The resulting equation is a type of nonlinear Schrödinger equation, and, under an appropriate change of variables, this equation is shown to have a first integral. This is in direct analogy with the simpler equation studied previously in the literature; indeed, in the limit where the superfluid parameters are taken to zero, we recover the results of Van Gorder. While this first integral is mathematically interesting, it is not particularly useful for computing solutions to the nonlinear partial differential equation which governs the vortex filament. As such, we introduce a new change of dependent variable, which results in a nonlinear four-dimensional system that can be numerically integrated. Integrating this system, we recover solutions to the fully nonlinear local induction equation describing the motion of a vortex filament in superfluid 4He. We find that the qualitative features of the solutions depend not only on the superfluid friction parameters, but also strongly on the initial conditions taken, the curvature and the normal fluid velocity.
An Asian Perspective of Occupational Stress Coping Model: A Case Study of Sri Lankan Employees
Authors: Goh Yong Wah , Sawang Sukanlaya , Oei Tian P.S. , Ranawake Don S.
Published: July 2012

Sri Lanka has one of the highest rates of natural disasters and violent conflicts in the world. Yet there is a lack of research on its unique socio-cultural characteristics that determine an individual's cognitive and behavioural responses to distressing encounters. This study extends Goh, Sawang and Oei's (2010) revised transactional model to examine the cognitive and behavioural processes of occupational stress experience in the collectivistic society of Sri Lanka. A time series survey was used to measure the participant's stress-coping process. Using the revised transactional model and path analysis, a unique Sri Lankan model is identified that provides theoretical insights on the revised transactional model, and sheds light on socio-cultural dimensions of occupational stress and coping, thus equipping practitioners with a sound theoretical basis for the development of stress management programs in the workplace.
Cyrus Hall McCormick: American Business Leader
Authors: Hower Ralph M.
Published: July 2012

If a man's ability is to be rated according to the amount of money he makes, Cyrus H. McCormick was one of America's ablest business leaders in the nineteenth century. A more discriminating view of his career would necessitate some important qualifications in such an estimate. McCormick's personal achievements—both as inventor and as a business man—were truly remarkable in the period before about 1860, and during the whole course of his life he demonstrated rare talents and performed prodigious deeds. But in his later years he made serious errors in judgment, failed to adopt well-rounded policies, and pursued business methods which were fundamentally poor. While his managerial successes and financial profits were very notable, his record as a whole does not reflect the sober and well-balanced judgment which is essential to the first-class business mind.
Records of Little Businesses as Sources of Social and Economic History
Authors: Clark T. D.
Published: July 2012

Business records have a wide usefulness. First and foremost they tell the story of business itself, but they also record much that is of value to other fields of historical study.

One of the best single sources for American social and economic history is the records of small-town or rural businesses. These institutions have had a vital place in the growth and expansion of the nation. Until recent years little systematic attention has been given to this aspect of American history. Historians have generalized about this subject, and time after time they have been content to quote as their sources material which long ago became trite.
Sir Andrew Freeport, a Merchant of London
Authors: Gras N. S. B.
Published: July 2012

Sir Andrew Freeport belonged to the same club as the better-known Sir Roger de Coverley. Sir Andrew was of the moneyed interest and a great sedentary merchant, while Sir Roger was the typical landed gentleman. Probably a hundred persons have heard of the gentleman to one person who knows about the merchant. But the two were alike in being the creation of Joseph Addison's imagination and in coming to light in the show-case window of The Spectator. Moreover, each was intended to be representative of his type and therefore worthy of unusual attention.
Venture Accounting in Medieval Business Management
Authors: Lane Frederic C.
Published: July 2012

From its beginning, accounting has been shaped by the needs of the business man and has in turn affected the handling of business problems. A clear illustration of this is the contrast between the system of accounts found in the ledgers of Florentine cloth manufacturers and the system of accounts found in the ledgers of Venetian merchants of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Cloth manufacturers such as the younger branch of the Medici arranged their entries under a Wage account, a Wool account, a Cloth Sales account, and so on, because their main concern was to keep track of these materials or obligations. The Venetians, being mainly exporters and importers, were concerned chiefly with keeping track of wares shipped, wares received, and amounts owed by or to agents. Accordingly, the distinctive, key accounts in Venetian books are (a) the accounts opened for each kind or lot of merchandise received, and (b) the accounts debited when wares were shipped. The latter are best called shipment, or venture, accounts. For example, when a Venetian merchant bought Florentine cloth to ship it to Constantinople, he opened a Florentine Cloth account in which he entered as debits all the costs of the cloth including the cost of packing it for shipment.
Samuel Snow, Tanner and Cordwainer
Authors: Perry Josepha M.
Published: July 2012

The village shoemaker has become merely a tradition. His little shop, if it remains standing, has been put to other uses, and his cobbler's bench, or a reasonable facsimile thereof, has found its way into present-day living-rooms in the guise of a coffee table or smoking stand. Of the product of his skill, little remains because, unlike the cabinet maker and metal worker, he worked in goods that served their purpose and were gone, but he was as true a craftsman as they, and perhaps a more important figure in the life of a town. From, him young and old obtained their footwear, and to him they brought it back to be mended. Farm horses and saddle horses wore the harnesses he made; ploughs and carriages alike depended on the strength and stitching of his traces. And, in return, he got from his fellow townsmen sometimes cash but more frequently the necessities of his family's existence. In his ledger, debits and credits reflected the whole business of give-and-take in the life of the community.
The Society Presents a History of the Waltham Watch Company
Authors: Gibb George S.
Published: July 2012

The Waltham history, edited by Professor N. S. B. Gras, is eleventh in the Harvard Studies in Business History series. It is a story which has required a deft and delicate touch in the recording, and the reader will early come to appreciate Dr. Moore's handling of complicated factual material, as well as to respect the conclusions he has pointed up. Dr. Moore's history of the Waltham Watch Company is a study of business policy—a detailed analysis of the business methods of the top men at Waltham. Were there such a thing as a “normal” American business, the chapters of its history would fall neatly and evenly into order—management, labor, plant and technological processes, finance, distribution, and external influences. Happy the historian to whose lot such a tidy assignment falls! It seems reasonably certain, however, that no recorder will ever face a perfect balance of the forces involved in producing and selling merchandise.
A Rising Industry's Battle for the Morrill Tariff
Authors: Smith George Winston
Published: July 2012

The number of historians who have touched upon the Morrill Tariff in 1861 is equaled only by the variety of ways in which they have interpreted it. Such a complex subject obviously cannot be treated definitively in the two documents that are presented in this note. On the other hand, it does seem reasonable that these two documents may prove of interest to every student of tariff history and hold a warning for all historians: that the simplified interpretation of our economic development in terms of sections or large economic groups frequently is not borne out by factual evidence. Indeed, most careful historians will agree that it is impossible to dismiss a major tariff law with a generalization like “this section was for it, and that section was against it.”
An Experiment in the Retention and Preservation of Corporate Records
Authors: McKenzie Carl H.
Published: July 2012

The growth and development of modern private business enterprise has been accompanied with a slowly maturing realization of the value and importance of both current and historical records. The ever-increasing accumulation of records and, in most instances, the entirely inadequate methods of retention, preservation, and storage have drawn attention to the growing need for the establishment of a methodical retention procedure. Such a costly solution as a program for new construction offers a sad commentary on management; the question of available space resolves itself into a problem of management.
The First Chamber of Commerce in the United States
Authors: Friedman Lee M.
Published: July 2012

The chamber of commerce, which today varies widely in the range of its activities and functions, has had a long and important history. As an association of business men, its history goes back at least to Roman times; the first such association to bear the name “chamber of commerce” was that of Marseilles, established in 1599. The organization we know as the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York was not only the first association of business men for the purpose of furthering their interests to be launched in America; it also ranks among the world's oldest of such institutions, established and conducted independently of government, which exist today.
The Wellman-Woodman Patent Controversy in the Cotton Textile Machinery Industry
Authors: Navin Thomas R.
Published: July 2012

When the Constitutional Fathers decided, during that hot summer of 1787, “to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Time to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries,” they sought to establish a means of rewarding men for the products of their talent and ingenuity. But, in so doing, they also laid the groundwork for many a subsequent lawsuit. Not infrequently the true originator of an idea or device could not be easily determined. Often several inventors, though starting from different points, arrived almost simultaneously at similar discoveries.
The An Lo Szu Market of Chengtu: A Field Study
Authors: Liao T'ai-ch'u
Published: July 2012

Editor's Note: For the student of business history China has had a peculiar interest. It has illustrated forms and stages of business policy, organization, and technique which have nearly disappeared in the western world but which flourished there in medieval and early modern times. China, in a sense, has been somewhat in the nature of a contemporary ancestor of modern business as we know it. China's town economy, still generally prevailing in the great interior, is reminiscent of the town of medieval and early modern Europe with its small artisans and tradesmen and its market places which characterize the town and petty capitalist system of business; while China's commercial cities have marked the survival of the sedentary merchant and mercantile capitalism, long the great and coordinating business of the East as indeed it was of the West until about a century ago.
Business History: Retrospect and Prospect
Authors: Larson Henrietta M.
Published: July 2012

Business history as a separate field of academic study and research came into being twenty years ago this autumn. At its beginning it was little more than a name, but in those twenty years notable progress has been made in the development of research and teaching in the history of business. Basic research in business records has created a considerable fund of information. Wide preliminary explorations of the field have been made and a systematic concept of business genesis and evolution has been formulated. Courses of instruction in business history, whether nominal or real, have been established in several American universities. And increasingly over the years business men have been taking an interest in the subject.
War and Business: Four Century-Long Struggles
Authors: Gras N. S. B.
Published: July 2012

In the history of man there have been many occupations but none more important than war, business, and religion. We shall consider at length the course of the first two, without neglecting the third, during the period of the last 600 years.
“Translating” Economic Policy into Business Policy: An Illustration from the Resumption of Specie Payments in 1879
Authors: Redlich Fritz
Published: July 2012

The way in which business men “translate” economic policy into business policy has never been studied systematically, but the subject is worth investigating. This problem first came to my attention in connection with some research in the field of economic history, and I have recently run across a case which merits description though broader conclusions cannot be drawn at this time.
The Wedgwood Papers
Authors: Bladen V. W.
Published: July 2012

In the museum of the Wedgwood firm at Etruria, Stoke-on-Trent, is a collection of more than a million manuscripts, the business papers of Josiah Wedgwood, founder of the firm (b. 1730, d. 1795). Invoices, ledgers, oven books, letters to his customers and his bankers, memoranda on the organization of his business and of the industry as a whole — there is a mass of material, incomplete and only gradually being got into order by the devoted labours of the Curator, Mr. Cook. Unfortunately no effort had been made at the time to preserve these records, which were therefore destroyed or dispersed.
Transportation: A Special Issue
Authors: Overton Richard C.
Published: July 2012

The role of the historian dealing with transportation is a curious one in that it has rarely, if ever, been defined. Part of the difficulty, perhaps, is inherent in the subject itself and in mankind's (not too broad a term) conception of it.
The American Antiquarian Society
Authors: Vail R. W. G.
Published: July 2012

Founded in 1812 by Isaiah Thomas, Worcester's first printer and the first historian of American printing, the American Antiquarian Society of Worcester has grown steadily until it is today one of the greatest of all American history libraries. When the present beautiful and modern library building was erected, the museum feature of the Society's collections was discontinued and all efforts were concentrated on the building of a great library for the free use of scholars. Today historians, professors, graduate students, biographers, and bibliographers come from all parts of the country, many of them spending happy weeks or months in our quiet reading room. Hundreds of others write to us each year and are supplied through correspondence with the information they cannot come to Worcester to search out for themselves.
William Sturgis, Merchant and Investor
Authors: Larson Henrietta M.
Published: July 2012

It is a curious fact that many American business men of the past are known more for their charities or philanthropies or for their cultural or political interests and activities than for the very significant work they may have done in business. The biographers of business men, with the exception of those who have deliberately set out to berate the man about whom they were writing, have generally had very little to say about their subject's business. It is as if business were something not worthy of record. It is well to remember that business is important not only because it makes profits for the individual or builds fortunes; it also has a wide social importance. As we have lately experienced, an active, successful business system very likely means greater social well-being; and a depressed business, widespread misery. In so far as the business man is responsible for one or the other, the responsibility should be recognized in studies of his life. Thus through the experience of others would be widened immeasurably our knowledge of how business functions.
Wanted: Material on the History of Marketing
Authors: Hower Ralph M.
Published: July 2012

Several officers of the Society recently interviewed members of the Faculty of the Harvard Business School in order to ascertain to what extent historical material would be of special value in the course work of the School. This inquiry had a two-fold purpose: (1) to discover wherein those working in the field of Business History might be of greatest immediate service to current teaching and research in business subjects; and (2) to obtain guidance in the collection and preservation of documentary material pertaining to Business History. It was, in short, an attempt to survey some of the current needs of Business History.
Auctions as a Threat to American Business in the Eighteen Twenties and Thirties
Authors: Atherton Lewis E.
Published: July 2012

In the history of business one finds a universal inclination to oppose new techniques which threaten to undermine established enterprise. Today this tendency is seen in the United States in the fight against chain stores and mail-order houses; a hundred years ago the new auction system of wholesaling was under fire.
The Records of a Flour Milling Firm of Rochester, New York
Authors: Larson Henrietta M.
Published: July 2012

Through the courtesy of Mr. W. M. Angle, of Rochester, New York, the Business Historical Society has acquired the papers of the recently liquidated Moseley & Motley Milling Co., of Rochester, which had ground wheat on the Genesee for almost a hundred years. The federal processing tax hastened the demise of this concern, but its end would no doubt soon have come for other reasons, for both capital and management could find more profitable employment in other industries in Rochester.
Dutilh Papers
Authors: Rau Louise
Published: July 2012

Sometime in the eighteenth century, Marie, sister of Jacobus Perier of Batavia, East Indies, married Pierre Dutilh, son of Abel. In the Burton Historical Collection of the Detroit Public Library are 12,000 to 15,000 items of Dutilh business correspondence, written in French, Spanish, Hollandish, German, and English during the years 1755-1874, the bulk being from 1755-1803. These are arranged chronologically, but have not been indexed.
The Collection of Business Records at the University of Illinois
Authors: Jones Fred M.
Published: July 2012

The organized collection of business records at the University of Illinois was begun in November, 1936, when Dean C. M. Thompson and a colleague approached several business houses in the southern part of the State.
Notes on Joseph Hertzog, an Early Philadelphia Merchant
Authors: Jennings Marietta
Published: July 2012

Joseph Hertzog was born at a time when the spirit of romanticism was displacing the cold, calculating aura of the eighteenth century; when Schiller and Goethe, Wordsworth and Coleridge, Poe and Whittier, impelled by their love for the homelier things of life, wrote eloquently to the heart of man; when the Ohio yielded place to the Mississippi as a western boundary; when the pioneers were pushing the frontiers farther and farther westward and giving our country that dauntless courage, that sturdy honesty, and that democratic spirit which we should like to consider synonymous with “Americanism” today. With his poetic soul, clear vision, and faith in his country, Hertzog contributed to the progress that marked his epoch and gave to posterity an example of sterling qualities that never wavered in the face of disappointment, ill treatment, and even failure to realize the ambitions he hoped to reach.
The Business Papers of Emerson Cole
Authors: McCann Helen
Published: July 2012

Some years ago the Minnesota Historical Society received from Miss Vera Cole a collection of volumes and papers which had been the property of her father, a Minneapolis business man.
James J. Hill's Philosophy of Railroad Management
Authors: Cunningham William J.
Published: July 2012

In May, 1914, a small group of friends of the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration and admirers of James J. Hill took the initiative in founding a Professorship of Transportation in his honor and to bear his name. The group consisted of Robert Bacon. George F. Baker, Howard Elliott, Arthur Curtis James, Thomas W. Lamont, Robert T. Lincoln, and J. P. Morgan. Seventy-four persons contributed an aggregate of $125,000, and the endowment of the professorship was announced by President Lowell at the 1915 Commencement exercises with the statement that “the Chair marks an epoch in the life of the School, and by its recognition of transportation as a permanent object of systematic instruction, in the life of the nation also.”
Partnership Accounts in Twelfth Century Genoa
Authors: de Roover Florence Edler
Published: July 2012

In a sketch of the activities of a Genoese public notary of the late twelfth century, which appeared in this Bulletin some time ago, it was pointed out that his records included a considerable number of partnership contracts. Such contracts were almost always concluded for the purpose of trading overseas. As we know, the Genoese merchants of the twelfth century were chiefly engaged in the trade with North Africa, Romania (the Byzantine Empire), the Levant, and also Spain, southern France, Sicily, and Sardinia.
Jacques Laffitte and the Beginnings of Investment Banking in France
Authors: Redlich Fritz
Published: July 2012

At the close of the Napoleonic era, the banking business of France except in one respect had not advanced much over what it had been in 1789. At that time it had been dominated by Protestant Swiss, the best known of whom was Necker. Some of them like the Mallets, Delesserts, and Thélussons, descended from French Huguenots who had fled to Geneva and other places and in a later generation returned to France as Swiss. The business of these bankers consisted in lending their own funds and those entrusted to their care to worthy applicants for loans, probably merchants as well as noblemen. They administered fortunes for their owners, which is especially true of the court bankers who were charged with the financial affairs of the king and his family. In addition, like all eighteenth-century bankers they had a flourishing business in bills of exchange, including the accepting of drafts of bankers and merchants in other cities and countries. Necker is said to have organized these bankers and their foreign correspondents so as to provide by a system of short-term drafts the funds for French participation in our Revolutionary War.
Studies in Enterprise, 1960 A Selected Bibliography
Authors: Daniells Lorna M.
Published: July 2012

This third annual bibliography has essentially the same coverage as that of last year. It includes selected histories of industries, histories of specific corporate functions, episodes in the history of companies, and histories of trade associations, as well as over-all histories of companies and biographies of businessmen. Although still limited geographically to the United States and Canada, several bibliographies of British, German, and Japanese company histories are included under the heading “Business History, Foreign — Bibliography.”
Studies In Enterprise, 1959: A Selected Bibliography
Authors: Daniells Lorna M.
Published: July 2012

The scope of our annual bibliography has been enlarged this year to provide more comprehensive coverage than was attempted in the original “Studies in Enterprise” and its 1958 Supplement. Although still limited geographically to America and Canada, this list now covers histories of industries, histories of specific corporate functions, episodes in the history of companies, and histories of trade associations and trade unions, as well as over-all histories of companies and biographies of businessmen.
Government-Business Relations: An International Approach
Authors: Johnson Arthur M.
Published: July 2012

Some two years ago, the Editors of the Business History Review adopted a policy of preparing one special issue per year devoted to a significant topic or area in business history. The first such issue, covering fashion, appeared last year and met an enthusiastic reception. The present issue represents our second major effort to highlight problems and approaches to important areas of business history. In this instance the subject is government-business relations.
Molecular characterization of the horse isolate of Echinococcus granulosus in Turkey
Authors: Utuk A.E. , Simsek S.
Published: July 2012

Cystic echinococcosis is one of the most important helminthozoonoses, affecting various species of intermediate hosts and humans. In this report, we present Echinococcus granulosus infection in a horse and its molecular characterization. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of mitochondrial 12S rRNA (mt-12S rRNA) and partial sequencing of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (mt-CO1) genes were performed. According to the mt-12S rRNA-PCR result, the horse isolate was grouped with E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1–G3) and the partial mt-CO1 sequence corresponded to the G1 strain. This is the first study of the molecular characterization of the horse isolate of E. granulosus in Turkey.
Some remarks on topological full groups of Cantor minimal systems II
Authors: MATUI HIROKI
Published: July 2012

We prove that commutator subgroups of topological full groups arising from minimal subshifts have exponential growth. We also prove that the measurable full group associated to the countable, measure-preserving, ergodic and hyperfinite equivalence relation is topologically generated by two elements.
Introduction: Emotion and the Sciences: Varieties of Empathy in Science, Art, and History
Authors: Lanzoni Susan
Published: July 2012

Emotion and feeling have only in the last decade become analytic concepts in the humanities, reflected in what some have called an “affective turn” in the academy at large. The study of emotion has also found a place in science studies and the history and philosophy of science, accompanied by the recognition that even the history of objectivity depends in a dialectical fashion on a history of subjectivity (Daston and Galison 2010, esp. chap. 4). This topical issue is a contribution to this larger trend across the humanities and the history of science, and yet is circumscribed by attention to a particular kind of emotion or condition for feeling: one centered not in an individual body, but in the interstices between bodies and things, between selves and others – what we call empathy.
The Strength of Weak Empathy
Authors: Turner Stephen
Published: July 2012

Argument

This paper builds on a neglected philosophical idea,Evidenz. Max Weber used it in his discussion ofVerstehen, as the goal of understanding either action or such things as logic. It was formulated differently by Franz Brentano, but with a novel twist: thatanyonewho understood something would see the thing to be understood as self-evident, not something dependent on inference, argument, or reasoning. The only way one could take something as evident in this sense is by being able to treat other people as having the same responses – by empathy with them, in the weak sense of following their thought. Brentano's philosophical claim is that without some stopping point at what is self-evident, justifications fall into infinite regress. This is radically opposed to much of conventional philosophy. The usual solutions to the regress problem rely on problematic claims about the supposed hidden transcendental structure behind reasoning. In contrast, empathy is a genuine natural phenomenon and a better explanation for the actual phenomenon of making sense of the reasoning of others. What is evident to all who are capable of understanding is an empirically-defined subset of this class.
Loose Coordinations: Theater and Thinking in Gertrude Stein
Authors: Frank Adam
Published: July 2012

Argument

This essay offers a reading of Gertrude Stein's lecture “Plays” (1934) alongside the work of several thinkers on emotion, William James, Silvan Tomkins, and Wilfred Bion. The problem of what Stein calls “emotional syncopation” at the theater is understood in the context of James’ theory of emotion. The essay proceeds to unfold Stein's emphasis on varieties of excitement by way of Silvan Tomkins’ writing. It then turns to Wilfred Bion's theory of thinking to argue that the main problem with theater, for Stein, is the difficulty it poses to learning or arriving at genuinely new knowledge. The essay concludes with the suggestion that Stein's plays address the further difficulties of analyzing group dynamics or numbers of individuals, especially in the context of modernist mass media.
Self-Projection: Hugo Münsterberg on Empathy and Oscillation in Cinema Spectatorship
Authors: Brain Robert Michael
Published: July 2012

Argument

This essay considers the metaphors of projection in Hugo Münsterberg's theory of cinema spectatorship. Münsterberg (1863–1916), a German born and educated professor of psychology at Harvard University, turned his attention to cinema only a few years before his untimely death at the age of fifty-three. But he brought to the new medium certain lasting preoccupations. This account begins with the contention that Münsterberg's intervention in the cinema discussion pursued his well-established strategy of pitting a laboratory model against a clinical one, in this case the “master-trope” of early cinema a spectatorship drawn from hysteria, hypnosis, and related phenomena like double-consciousness. Münsterberg's laboratory-oriented account also flowed from his account of cinema technology as an outgrowth of the apparatus of his own discipline of experimental psycho-physiology, which entailed a model of cinema spectatorship continuous with the epistemological setting of laboratory relations. I argue that inThe Photoplayand related writings projection functioned in three registers: material, psychological, and philosophical. Münsterberg's primary concern was with psychological projection, where he drew upon his own work in experimental aesthetics to articulate an account of how the basic automatisms of cinema produce a state of oscillation between immersion and distraction. I show how Münsterberg's experimental aesthetics drew upon German doctrines of aesthetic empathy, orEinfühlung, which Münsterberg sought to modify in accordance with the dynamic and temporal characteristics of psycho-physiological experiment. Finally, I argue that Münsterberg's cinema theory was enfolded in his action or double-standpoint theory, in which the transcendental self posits the material, objective conditions of laboratory experience as a means to know itself. This philosophical projection explained cinema's uncanny ability to suspend ordinary perceptions of space, time, and causality. It also made cinema uniquely suited for the philosophical emancipation of a popular mass audience.
Differential changes in impulsivity and sensation seeking and the escalation of substance use from adolescence to early adulthood
Authors: Quinn Patrick D. , Harden K. Paige
Published: July 2012

Recent evidence suggests that impulsivity and sensation seeking are not stable risk factors for substance use among adolescents and early adults but rather that they undergo significant developmental maturation and change. Further, developmental trends of both personality facets may vary across individuals. In the current investigation, we used longitudinal data from ages 15 to 26 on 5,632 individuals drawn from the offspring generation of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth to examine whether interindividual differences in intraindividual change in impulsivity and sensation seeking predicted the escalation of alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette use in adolescence and early adulthood. Latent growth curve models revealed significant individual differences in rates of change in both personality and substance use. Age-related changes in personality were positively associated with individual differences in substance-use change. Individuals who declined more slowly in impulsivity increased in alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette more rapidly, whereas individuals who declined more slowly in sensation seeking increased more rapidly in alcohol use only. Although risk for substance use across the population may peak during adolescence and early adulthood, this risk may be highest among those who decline more gradually in impulsivity.