bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An international systematic mapping review of fieldwork education in occupational therapy
Authors: Roberts Michael E. , Hooper Barbara R. , Wood Wendy H. , King Robin M.
Published: November 2014

Background.

Owing to its importance in preparing occupational therapists, fieldwork education has generated numerous studies. These have not been collected and reviewed, leaving researchers without a map for growing a science of fieldwork education.

Purpose.

This study aimed to systematically categorize the topics, research designs, methods, levels of impact, and themes that have and have not been addressed in fieldwork education scholarship.

Method.

Guided by a systematic mapping review design, 124 articles, identified through database searches and inclusion coding, were studied. Data were collected using a data extraction instrument and analyzed using Microsoft Access queries.

Findings.

Papers primarily addressed curriculum ( n = 51) and students ( n = 32). Conceptual/descriptive inquiry methods ( n = 57) were predominant. Qualitative ( n = 48) and quantitative methods ( n = 49) were used equally. Research outcomes mainly targeted perceived participation in fieldwork. Recurring themes included student perceptions, external influences, and transition to practice.

Implications.

Three recommendations were identified: strengthen procedures for studying singular fieldwork experiences, broaden rationales for studying fieldwork, and translate educational concepts for occupational therapy.
Becoming and Being a Middle Power
Authors: John Jojin V.
Published: November 2014

The article documents the evolution of the structural dimension in South Korean foreign policy through a study of middle-power diplomacy in the post-2008 financial crisis period. This article argues that middle-power diplomacy, which propounds a global role for South Korea assuming leadership and substantially increasing international contribution is a paradigm shift in South Korean foreign policy posture, which until recently was limited to issues of the Korean peninsula. Through the middle power discourse South Korea projects its role in international affairs as a facilitator, interlocutor and norm entrepreneur focusing on international security, development and environment and is aims to create a space for Korean diplomatic entrepreneurism in the emerging international order.
Developing a cancer prevention programme for African-American daughters and mothers
Authors: Annang Lucy , Spencer S Melinda , Jackson Dawnyéa , Rosemond Tiara N , Best Alicia L , Williams Leah R , Carlos Bethany
Published: November 2014

Objective:

To describe how nominal group technique was used to inform the development of a breast and cervical cancer awareness programme for African-American adult daughters and mothers.

Design:

A qualitative approach using nominal group technique.

Setting:

A mid-sized city in the Southern USA.

Method:

Nominal group technique was used with 30 African-American daughters (ages 18–35 years) and 19 mothers (mothers of women aged 18–35 years). Daughter groups and mother groups were conducted separately. Responses were tallied and audio recordings were reviewed to provide context and/or clarity to participant responses.

Results:

In many cases, daughters and mothers had similar thoughts about what African-American women should be aware of, challenges of sharing breast/cervical cancer information between daughter and mother, and thoughts on what would make it easier to share such information. Many responses centred on elements of the communication dynamic between daughters and mothers, rather than specific content messaging about cancer. Recommendations are offered to inform the development of future programmes.

Conclusion:

Findings illustrate the potential to use upstream intergenerational communication effectively to relay health information between African-American daughters and mothers. Given that breast and cervical cancers have better survival rates when detected and treated early, and that late detection is associated with higher mortality among African-American women, conveying important health-related information from a trusted source (such as an adult daughter) is an important consideration for addressing the cancer prevention and control needs of African-American women.
Urban Development and the Poor
Authors: Hashim S.R.
Published: November 2014

With economic growth and increasing diversification of economic activities away from primary sector, urbanisation has been constantly expanding all over the world. This process in India has been slow, and India today is one of the least urbanised countries of the world. Dependence on agriculture for work is still very high. A typical worker in India, by tradition and habit, is a reluctant migrant. He/she moves to the city only when city needs him/her. GDP growth in India has not contributed much to growth in job opportunities. India jumped from primary to tertiary sector bypassing the growth of manufacturing against the historical experience of developed countries and of China in recent years. This has to change. With reasonable assumption about economic growth with industrial development it would be reasonable to expect an urban population of nearly 50 per cent by 2031. Across the states, India has varied experience in urbanisation, ranging from 10 per cent to nearly 60 per cent and above. Levels of urbanisation and levels of economic development of states are highly correlated. More urbanised states also show better urban governance. Situation in small towns in less developed states in most cases is quite dehumanising. Urban planning has been almost non-existent. When asked to propose city development plans (CDPs) for assistance under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM), most of bigger cities propose to move from secondary sector to tertiary sector without showing much concern for implications of such movement for the urban poor. Poverty is not comparable over time with a fixed measuring rod. The urban poor suffer from a large number of vulnerabilities: residential, occupational and social. Residential vulnerabilities are the most acute. Urban poor need to be identified on the basis of these vulnerabilities. If this is done, the magnitude of urban poverty may turn out to be much larger than what the official estimates indicate.
Exclusionary Growth, Poverty and India’s Emerging Urban Structure
Authors: Kundu Amitabh
Published: November 2014

This study argues that India’s urban growth is more sluggish than most observers believe and that the developed states and large cities are receiving most of that growth, while backward areas and smaller towns are tending to stagnate. Although adult male migration is considered as an effective mechanism for improving economic well-being and escaping poverty, their net migration into urban areas has not gone up over the past five decades. A slow and top-heavy pattern of Indian urbanisation is contributing to persistent inequalities. More importantly, the recent moves for empowerment of local bodies through a new system of urban governance have also contributed to increased spatial inequality. Obvious responses would be more inclusive population policies in the successful and large urban centres or, alternatively, more support for economic growth in smaller urban centres. The first is likely to face political obstacles, as urban elites and the middle class do not want to accommodate a large influx of low-income migrants. The second is also likely to face economic obstacles, as it can be difficult to find good public investment opportunities in smaller urban centres. However, without urban growth, the pursuit of both economic growth and equality will eventually be compromised.
Urbanisation: A Solution to Poverty?
Authors: Ramachandran H.
Published: November 2014

Noted scholars have argued that urbanisation in India is dysfunctional, sans industrialisation, dependent on a largely informal tertiary sector and totally unsustainable ( Bhalla, 2004 ). I posit in this article that whatever the nature of urbanisation—'top heavy', tertiarised and sans industrialisation—India needs to promote urbanisation since we can demonstrate that poverty is better fought through urbanisation than by only focussing on rural development programmes and the population living in 600,000 small and scattered villages and hamlets which are unlikely to attract substantial private investment in public infrastructure. I argue in this article that there is a need to shift the policy focus to promoting urban growth, albeit the segment of the academia that discourses on over-urbanisation in India. The situation wherein the agricultural sector which has a share of 60 per cent employment and 25 per cent share in GDP (1999–2000) is not sustainable. However, the current approach to urban residential planning that merely carves out areas required for high, middle and low income as well as economically weaker sections that leaves out perhaps more than 50 per cent of people living in urban areas must drastically change. At present, this segment of the city population occupies areas with very poor basic services.
Urban Development Programmes in India: A Critique of JnNURM
Authors: Kundu Debolina
Published: November 2014

This article analyses the present urban development policies with a focus on the extent of equity in the delivery of basic services especially in the context of effectiveness of the programme of Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM). The programme was designed as a reform-linked investment mission to ensure financially sustainable development of the cities through efficient governance, better infrastructure and improved service delivery. Further, the article analyses the infrastructural investment and geographical coverage of this programme and summarises the lessons learnt and attempts to delineate a policy perspective for inclusive urban development across the country.

The big city bias of the mission is very evident from the analysis. Also, the developed states and big cities could take advantage of the mission and improve their infrastructural requirements of water supply, sewerage and transportation. The spending for the urban poor declined over the years and they became partners in this programme in a very cosmetic sense. The small towns and poorer states could take little advantage of this programme because of their limited capacity to understand and implement reforms and prepare city development plans and detailed project reports which were contingent for qualifying for funds.
Book Review: Marie-Caroline Saglio-Yatzimirsky, Dharavi: From Mega-Slum to Urban Paradigm
Authors: Srivastava Vinay Kumar
Published: November 2014

Marie-Caroline Saglio-Yatzimirsky, Dharavi: From Mega-Slum to Urban Paradigm, New Delhi, Routledge, 2013, 379 pp., ₹995.
Trajectories of Exposure to Community Violence and Mental Health Symptoms Among Serious Adolescent Offenders
Authors: Baskin Deborah , Sommers Ira
Published: November 2014

The present study uses longitudinal data to investigate whether differences in exposure to community violence discriminate among serious juvenile offenders in terms of mental health symptomatology for depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress, and hostility. Group-based modeling and moderation analyses are used to assess the influence of exposure to violence on mental health outcomes. The results demonstrate a moderating effect of psychosocial maturity and social support between exposure to community violence and adverse mental health consequences for youth on the stable low exposure trajectory. In addition, youth who experience stable high exposure to violence consistently suffer worse outcomes. The study contributes to the development of empirically derived profiles of serious youth offenders. While all of the youth in this study may face the stigma of being labeled as dangerous, some (particularly those on the chronic exposure trajectory) might find themselves in a situation where their psychological status exacerbates an already tenuous situation: reentry. Therefore, reentry services should better target the specific needs of this returning subgroup of serious youth offenders.
Where and How You Sit
Authors: Pedersen Karin Hilmer , Johannsen Lars
Published: November 2014

Citizen participation is disputed; some see it as enhancing democracy while others see it as undermining representative government. Some find it increases administrative efficiency, and others find it creates additional costs. Studies argue that the outcome depends on the value which civil servants place on inclusion. Echoing Miles’s law, “where you stand depends on where you sit,” we discuss how administrative structures and processes—“how you sit”—shape civil servants’ values on citizens’ participation. Using survey data from more than 1,700 civil servants in the Baltic countries, the article contributes by placing the discussion in the context of extreme social change.
Enduring Temptation: The Structure and Coherence of the Letter of James
Authors: Jackson-McCabe Matt
Published: November 2014

The extent to which there is a deliberate compositional structure governing the letter of James is an open question among contemporary interpreters. This article argues that a complementary consideration of formal textual features, thematic content and rhetorical function shows that the letter was composed as a uniﬁed, coherent treatment of the ethical implications of its underlying logos/desire dichotomy. Framed generally as a matter of enduring temptation in humble dependence on a provident deity, the letter presents the practical consequences of birth with logos under three headings: doing the works of the ‘law of freedom’, bridling the tongue, and manifesting a gentle disposition.
Beyond the Fourfold Gospel: A Critical Reading of Francis Watson’s Gospel Writing: A Canonical Perspective
Authors: Omerzu Heike
Published: November 2014

This article discusses Francis Watson’s fresh approach to the origins of gospel writing. In general, Watson’s attempt to revisit the history of the Synoptic Problem by questioning Q and integrating non-canonical writings is greatly appreciated. Some questions are, however, raised regarding, for instance, the extent to which Luke made use of Matthew or the existence of a Christian ‘Sayings Collection’ genre. It is argued that an explanation of the Synoptic Problem demands a more complex theory than the one sketched by Watson and that the question of manuscript transmission also needs to be integrated into that theory.
A Response to Richard Bauckham and Heike Omerzu
Authors: Watson Francis
Published: November 2014

My two reviewers choose to focus on the central section of my book and to pass over its wider argument, which is an attempt to rehabilitate the canonical form of the fourfold gospel as an object of study in its own right. Both reviewers are understandably preoccupied with my critique of the Q hypothesis and with the ‘L/M’ and ‘SC’ hypotheses with which I propose to replace it, and much of my response is therefore concerned with these issues. I also engage with Bauckham’s attempt to distance non-canonical gospel texts from the canonical ones, and with Omerzu’s proposed ‘complexity theory’ of gospel origins.
Effect of a Community Pharmacist–Delivered Diabetes Support Program for Patients Receiving Specialty Medical Care
Authors: Jahangard-Rafsanjani Zahra , Sarayani Amir , Nosrati Marzieh , Saadat Navid , Rashidian Arash , Hadjibabaie Molouk , Ashouri Asieh , Radfar Mania , Javadi Mohammadreza , Gholami Kheirollah
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The purpose of the study was to investigate the efficacy of a community pharmacist–delivered diabetes support program for patients receiving specialty medical care in a middle-income country (Iran).

Methods

A randomized controlled trial was conducted on 101 patients who received diabetes care from an endocrinologist. A qualified community pharmacist educated patients about medications, clinical goals, self-care activities, and self-monitoring of blood glucose. The pharmacist trained patients in the intervention group for 5 months (5 follow-up visits and 5 phone calls) and recommended physician visits when necessary. The primary outcome was A1C, and the secondary outcomes included self-care activities, medication adherence, blood pressure, and body mass index. Satisfaction and willingness to pay was assessed in the intervention group.

Results

Eighty-five patients completed the study, and baseline A1C was similar between groups (intervention: 7.6 ± 1.6 [59 mmol/mol] vs control: 7.5 ± 1.9 [58 mmol/mol]). No significant difference was observed between study groups at the end of the trial period; however, the amount of A1C reduction was higher in the intervention group (1.0% ± 1.5% vs 0.5% ± 1.5%). Self-care activity was improved in general diet, blood glucose monitoring, and foot care subcategories in the intervention group. Medication adherence and body mass index were significantly improved in the intervention group at the end of study.

Conclusions

A community pharmacist intervention improved self-care activity, medication adherence, and body mass index in patients receiving specialty medical care. Baseline A1C values and the presence of specialty medical care should be considered in the interpretation of clinical findings.
Declining Loneliness Over Time
Authors: Clark D. Matthew T. , Loxton Natalie J. , Tobin Stephanie J.
Published: November 2014

We examined changes in loneliness over time. Study 1 was a cross-temporal meta-analysis of 48 samples of American college students who completed the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (total N = 13,041). In Study 1, loneliness declined from 1978 to 2009 ( d = −0.26). Study 2 used a representative sample of high school students from the Monitoring the Future project (total N = 385,153). In Study 2, loneliness declined from 1991 to 2012. Declines were similar among White students ( d = −0.14), Black students ( d = −0.17), male students ( d = −0.11), and female students ( d = −0.11). Different loneliness factors showed diverging trends. Subjective isolation declined ( d = −0.20), whereas social network isolation increased ( d = 0.06). We discuss the declines in loneliness within the context of other cultural changes, including changes to group membership and personality.
Who Owns Implicit Attitudes? Testing a Metacognitive Perspective
Authors: Cooley Erin , Payne B. Keith , Loersch Chris , Lei Ryan
Published: November 2014

Metacognitive inferences about ownership for one’s implicit attitudes have the power to turn implicit bias into explicit prejudice. In Study 1, participants were assigned to construe their implicit attitudes toward gay men as belonging to themselves (owned) or as unrelated to the self (disowned). Construing one’s implicit responses as owned led to greater implicit-explicit attitude correspondence. In Study 2, we measured ownership for implicit attitudes as well as self-esteem. We predicted that ownership inferences would dictate explicit attitudes to the degree that people had positive views of the self. Indeed, higher ownership for implicit bias was associated with greater implicit-explicit attitude correspondence, and this effect was driven by participants high in self-esteem. Finally, in Study 3, we manipulated inferences of ownership and measured self-esteem. Metacognitions of ownership affected implicit-explicit attitude correspondence but only among those with relatively high self-esteem. We conclude that subjective inferences about implicit bias affect explicit prejudice.
Virtual Teams Research
Authors: Gilson Lucy L. , Maynard M. Travis , Jones Young Nicole C. , Vartiainen Matti , Hakonen Marko
Published: November 2014

Ten years ago, Martins, Gilson, and Maynard reviewed the emerging virtual team (VT) literature. Given the proliferation of new communication technologies and the increased usage of work teams, it is hardly surprising that the last decade has seen an influx of VT research. In this review, we organize the last 10 years of empirical work around 10 main themes: research design, team inputs, team virtuality, technology, globalization, leadership, mediators and moderators, trust, outcomes, and ways to enhance VT success. These themes emerged inductively because they either represent areas with consistent results, a large proliferation of studies, or a grouping of studies and results that differed from where the literature stood a decade ago. Following the review section, we turn our attention toward 10 opportunities for future research: study setting, generational impacts, methodological considerations, new and emerging technologies, member mobility, subgroups, team adaptation, transition processes and planning, creativity, and team member well-being. Some of these opportunities emerged from our review of the extant VT literature; others are grounded in the broader team literature, are unresolved theoretical issues, or were linked to insights discussed within the VT practitioner literature. Within the domain of VTs, technological innovation continues to advance the way team members interact and enable individuals who previously could not be connected to work together as a team. Accordingly, VTs provide great promise to organizations, and the field continues to be rich with research opportunities for the coming decade(s).
A Study of How Secondary School Principals in Minnesota Perceive the Evaluation of Their Performance
Authors: Muenich John Andrew
Published: November 2014

The purpose for this study was to ascertain the perceptions principals of public secondary schools in Minnesota have in relation to the evaluation of their job performance. Responding principals reported that past evaluations have been fair and consistent but have questioned their value with regard to professional growth. When asked if student achievement data should be included in the evaluation process, 88.7% of respondents agreed. However, when asked if the inclusion of student achievement data should make up 35% of their performance rating as mandated by state statute, 75.8% of respondents supported a lower percentage.
Clinical Characteristics of Keratosis Obturans and External Auditory Canal Cholesteatoma
Authors: Park So Young , Jung Young Hoon , Oh Jeong‐Hoon
Published: November 2014

Objective

Keratosis obturans (KO) and external auditory canal cholesteatoma (EACC) have been considered separate entities. While the disorders are distinct, they share many overlapping characteristics, making a correct diagnosis difficult. In the present study, we compared their clinical characteristics and radiological features to clarify the diagnostic criteria.

Study Design

Retrospective case series.

Setting

Academic medical center.

Subjects and Methods

The clinical data of 23 cases of EACC and KO were retrospectively reviewed. The following clinical characteristics were compared between the 2 groups: sex, age, onset of symptoms, follow‐up period, audiometric results, and imaging findings on temporal bone computed tomography including bilaterality, location, and the presence of extension to adjacent tissue.

Results

The mean age of the EACC group was significantly older than that of the KO group. All of the cases of EACC occurred unilaterally, and bilateral occurrences of KO were observed in 4 of 9 cases. All of the lesions in the KO group were circumferential, and no lesion in the EACC group invaded the superior canal wall. No significant differences in symptoms, such as acute otalgia, otorrhea, and hearing loss, were noted between the 2 groups. The incidence of conductive hearing impairment more than 10 dB was higher in the KO group than in the EACC group.

Conclusion

Thus, KO and EACC are 2 distinct disease entities that share common features in clinical characteristics except for predominant age and bilaterality. Conservative treatment with meticulous cleaning of the lesion was successful in most cases with a long‐term follow‐up.
Patency of the Aditus Ad Antrum in Tubotympanic Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media
Authors: Bahgat Mohammed
Published: November 2014

Objectives

To evaluate the patency of the aditus ad antrum in cases of tubotympanic chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) and to measure its dimensions. Also, to examine its mucosa histologically for the presence of granulation tissue or occult cholesteatoma.

Study Design

Prospective case series.

Setting

Main Alexandria University Hospital (tertiary referral center).

Subjects and Methods

Fifty adult patients with tubotympanic CSOM without evidence of cholesteatoma, after adequate medical control of otorrhea, presented with mild or moderate conductive hearing loss. In all patients, tympanoplasty with cortical mastoidectomy was performed. The patency and dimensions of the aditus ad antrum were assessed using a 30° endoscope. Biopsies were obtained from unhealthy mucosa to detect the presence of granulation tissue or occult cholesteatoma.

Results

Ten cases (20%) had a blocked aditus ad antrum by unhealthy and edematous mucosa. Biopsies revealed granulation tissue in all cases. No occult cholesteatoma was detected. The results were further analyzed in relation to multiple variables to detect any clinical clues of a blocked aditus.

Conclusion

Of the studied cases, 20% had a blocked aditus. The prevalence of an obstructed aditus was higher among older patients with a long history (>1 year) of ear discharge. Marginal and subtotal central perforations and the presence of myringosclerosis increase the probability of an obstructed aditus ad antrum.
Evidence of Oxidative Injury in Pigs With Melanosis Coli
Authors: Wilberts B. L. , Schwartz K. J. , Gauger P. C. , Wang C. , Burrough E. R.
Published: November 2014

Melanosis coli is a dark discoloration of the colon due to accumulation of pigment-laden macrophages in the lamina propria. Three case submissions were received where rectal discoloration was reported at slaughter in pigs from separate production systems and melanosis coli was confirmed microscopically. Tissues from affected and unaffected cohort pigs were evaluated for evidence of oxidative damage using immunohistochemical staining for 3-nitrotyrosine, 4-hyroxynonenol, and malondialdehyde. Affected colons had significantly greater immunolabeling for all 3 target compounds than unaffected colons ( P ≤ .001, all analyses). Hepatic vitamin E levels were low in both affected and unaffected pigs, and there was a trend toward lower values in affected pigs. Given the limited number of slaughter-collected samples available for this investigation, further study is warranted to elucidate the possible association between low vitamin E concentrations and oxidative damage in cases of melanosis coli in pigs.
Well-Being With Objects
Authors: Thomson Linda J. M. , Chatterjee Helen J.
Published: November 2014

The extent to which a museum object-handling intervention enhanced older adult well-being across three health care settings was examined. The program aimed to determine whether therapeutic benefits could be measured objectively using clinical scales. Facilitator-led, 30 to 40 min sessions handling and discussing museum objects were conducted in acute and elderly care (11 one-to-ones), residential (4 one-to-ones and 1 group of five), and psychiatric (4 groups of five) settings. Pre–post measures of psychological well-being (Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule) and subjective wellness and happiness (Visual Analogue Scales) were compared. Positive affect and wellness increased significantly in acute and elderly and residential care though not psychiatric care whereas negative affect decreased and happiness increased in all settings. Examination of audio recordings revealed enhanced confidence, social interaction, and learning. The program allowed adults access to a museum activity who by virtue of age and ill health would not otherwise have engaged with museum objects.
Development and Initial Validation of the Self-Directed Learning Inventory With Korean College Students
Authors: Suh Han Na , Wang Kenneth T. , Arterberry Brooke J.
Published: November 2014

This article describes the development and psychometric evaluation of the Self-Directed Learning Inventory (SDLI) tailored to Korean college students, based on study evidences of differences in learning behavior across culture and educational level. With a sample of 605 female college students in Korea, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) results suggested a 28-item, eight-factor solution: (a) Learning Needs, (b) Utilizing Skills, (c) Enduring Challenges, (d) Self-efficacy in Learning, (e) Planning Skills, (f) Evaluating Skills, (g) Completing Tasks, and (h) Internal Attribution; confirmatory factor analysis cross-validated the EFA solutions. The SDLI demonstrated adequate internal consistency, as well as evidences that support construct validity.
Understanding the Role of Cross-Sector Collaborations on the Success of Florida’s Drug Courts
Authors: Christie Natasha V.
Published: November 2014

Many have lauded the success of the Florida Adult Drug Court Model in terms of recidivism, sobriety, and court processes. Yet, none seems to focus on the cross-sector collaborations. Most studies on the evaluation of drug courts underplay the role of this relationship; however, those relationships are a key component to the success of drug courts. Using Bryson, Crosby, and Stone’s theoretical framework for understanding cross-sector collaborations, this work examines what factors and mechanisms are in place within the Florida Drug Court Model that give us insight into how these cross-sector partnerships are able to be successful. In addition, the framework also allows us to examine any necessary factors and mechanisms not currently present, which may further strengthen the role of these partnerships in the success of the current drug court model. Ultimately, the broader goal of this research is to shed light on the role that cross-sector collaborations play in the success of drug courts in the Florida Drug Court Model. Given the lack of emphasis afforded to these relationships in the academic literature, our understanding of the success of the drug court model may be incomplete.
Inequities in Milk-Based Prelacteal Feedings in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Boccolini Cristiano Siqueira , Pérez-Escamilla Rafael , Giugliani Elsa Regina Justo , Boccolini Patricia de Moraes Mello
Published: November 2014

Background:

Prelacteal feeds (ie, foods other than breast milk offered before the milk comes in) have been identified as a risk factor for shorter breastfeeding duration and neonatal mortality.

Objective:

This study aimed to test for socioeconomic inequities on the risk of milk-based prelacteal feeding associated with cesarean section delivery.

Methods:

We conducted secondary cross-sectional data analyses of 7 Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in Latin American and Caribbean countries between 2005 and 2010 (N = 49 253 women with children younger than 3 years of age). Multivariate logistic regression was used to test the association between cesarean section delivery and the risk of milk-based prelacteal feeding in the total samples as well as within the lowest and highest wealth quintile subsamples by country and in the pooled sample.

Results:

Almost one-third of newborns received milk-based (22.9%) prelacteal feeds. Prelacteal feeding prevalence varied from 17.6% in Guiana to 55% in Dominican Republic. Cesarean section delivery was associated with significantly higher odds of introduction of milk-based prelacteals in all countries (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] range, 2.34 in Bolivia to 4.50 in Peru). The association between cesarean section delivery and risk of milk-based prelacteal feeds was stronger among the poorest than wealthiest women (AOR [95% confidence interval], 2.94 [2.58-3.67] vs 2.17 [1.85-2.54]).

Conclusion:

Women of lower socioeconomic status may need additional breastfeeding support after cesarean section delivery to prevent the introduction of milk-based prelacteals. Reducing the rates of cesarean section deliveries is likely to reduce the prevalence of prelacteal feeding.
Health for All
Authors: Binns Colin , Lee Mi Kyung
Published: November 2014

Since its foundation 30 years ago, the mission of the Asia-Pacific Academic Consortium for Public Health has been promoting “health for all” through public health. “Health for all” became the theme of Walter Patrick’s public health career and inspired his contribution to APACPH. However, the universality of health care is now under threat, more from economists and politicians than public health workers. Health for all remains a continuing challenge for all public health workers in our region. Progress is being made toward this goal as life expectancy in the Western Pacific has increased from 64 to 78 in the past 3 decades. Prof Walter Patrick was strong public health advocate, and this review was written as a tribute to good friend and inspiring colleague who believed in, and worked for “health for all.”
Conversion to bodybuilding
Authors: Coquet Ronan , Ohl Fabien , Roussel Peggy
Published: November 2014

This article aims to study the process of conversion to bodybuilding in order to understand how some gym enthusiasts progressively organise their lives around this activity. Our observations, drawn from an ethnography of a gym and 30 semi-structured interviews with different profiles of gym-goers in French-speaking Switzerland, suggest that the grip that bodybuilding takes on individuals results from processes akin to conversions. Two paths to conversion – consonant and introspective – are identified. They correspond to distinct uses of bodybuilding, which do not have the same consequences in the practitioners’ life courses. While consonant conversions stabilise life courses by reinforcing an occupational status, introspective conversions inflect them significantly.
Motivations of German Hospice Volunteers
Authors: Stelzer Eva-Maria , Lang Frieder R.
Published: November 2014

We examined reasons of volunteering for hospice and nonhospice organizations in a study with 125 volunteers (22-93 years) from the United States and Germany. Motives of US and German hospice volunteers revealed similarities and few differences. Hospice volunteers are involved because they seek to help others, seek new learning experiences, seek social contacts, or seek personal growth. The US hospice volunteers reported motives related to altruistic concerns, enhancement, and social influence as more influential, while German hospice volunteers rated career expectations as being more important. Comparison of German hospice with nonhospice volunteers revealed stronger differences: German hospice volunteers scored higher on altruistic motives, while German nonhospice volunteers yielded higher scores on self-serving motives. Findings contribute to improved understanding of volunteering motivation and of activating or retaining hospice volunteers.
Concomitant Pseudomembranous Colitis in Colonic Resection for Acute Diverticulitis
Authors: Byrns Simon , Canterbury Laura A.
Published: November 2014

Diverticulitis and Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) are common conditions in the surgical population. However, they are usually 2 distinct clinical entities. Here, we report the case of acute diverticulitis with concomitant pseudomembranous colitis, presumably due to CDI. The clinical course as well as gross and microscopic pathology findings are discussed. A literature search revealed a single previous report of these findings concomitant in a surgical specimen. A brief discussion of the pathophysiology of CDI and acute diverticulitis is included.
A new generic exact solution for free vibration of functionally graded moderately thick doubly curved shallow shell panel
Authors: Fadaee Mohammad , Ilkhani Mohammad Reza , Hosseini-Hashemi Shahrokh
Published: November 2014

Plates, cylindrical and spherical shells, and in general, doubly curved shell panels are the main parts of each new structural design because their geometrical characteristics give them high strength to weight ratio. Moreover, requiring high mechanical and heat resistant materials leads engineers to use functionally graded material to achieve both of these characteristics. Hence, having a reliable high precision method for free vibration analysis of such shell panels is the first step of each dynamical analysis. This paper used a set of potential functions and auxiliary variables to present an exact Levy-type closed-form solution for free vibration of a doubly curved FG shell panel. The first-order shear deformation theory beside both the Donnell and Sanders strain-displacement relations are considered for mathematical modeling. The results of the present method are checked with the literature and a finite element analysis in which good agreement is observed. Also, a benchmark study is presented that will be useful for future researches.
Nonlinear stability analysis of a flexible rotor-bearing system by numerical continuation
Authors: Sghir Radhouane , Chouchane Mnaouar
Published: November 2014

A rotor supported by hydrodynamic bearings may undergo unstable motion and may exhibit several nonlinear phenomena in the vicinity of the critical stability speed. This paper presents a stability analysis of a flexible rotor supported by journal bearings using a nonlinear dynamic model and a short bearing approximation. Numerical continuation is applied to determine the boundaries of stability and the bifurcations of the limit cycles. Nonlinear phenomena such as jumping motion and bi-stability domain are predicted. An extended stability chart has also been determined including the domains of stable oscillatory motion. The investigation also includes the effect of rotor flexibility and bearing characteristics on the stability boundaries and on the safe operating speed range. For a selected range of bearing parameters, two Hopf bifurcation regions are found for high rotor stiffness, three regions for low stiffness and four bifurcation regions in transition between high and low stiffness. It has also been found that the stable operating speed range decreases with rotor flexibility and bearing parameter.
Toward Defining Basic Emotions
Authors: Scheff Thomas
Published: November 2014

This essay proposes a group of six basic emotions defined as concepts for scholarly use. Such a step seems to be needed because of the present chaos of emotion terminology. The public and most scientific studies use vernacular terms, even though they are extremely ambiguous and misleading. Both the public and scholars also seem to be caught up in a mass of assumptions and avoidances. To illustrate steps toward clarity, four forward-looking studies of shame, the least understood emotion, are described (Norbert Elias, Helen Lewis, Michael Billig, and my Ngram study). The last step is autobiographical, describing how my personal experiences introduced me to my own hidden emotions and, after many years of study, to my interest in shame and a preliminary set of emotion definitions. Perhaps one reason the field is still chaotic is that researchers need more contact with their own emotions.
Telephone-Delivered Physical Activity Intervention for Individuals With Serious Mental Illness
Authors: Lee Heeyoung , Kane Irene , Brar Jaspreet , Sereika Susan
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND: Obesity is prevalent in individuals with serious mental illness (SMI). OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to examine the feasibility of a telephone-delivered physical activity (PA) intervention for outpatients with serious mental illness to maintain PA and to explore the preliminary efficacy of the intervention on health status. DESIGN: This study used a randomized experimental design. The treatment group received pedometers and eight weekly phone calls; the control group received written information regarding PA. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze data collected at baseline and 8 weeks. RESULTS: Twenty-two subjects with SMI (mean age = 44.09 ± 7.6 years; 54.5% were male) were recruited and 16 subjects completed the study in 8 weeks. PA ( z = −2.37, p = .02) increased in the treatment group ( n = 8) whereas the control group ( n = 8) maintained baseline PA level ( z = −1.61, p = .11). Health outcomes were not changed ( ps > .05). CONCLUSION: Telephone-delivered intervention is feasible and has the potential to improve PA in individuals with SMI.
“Identifying and Describing Emotions”
Authors: Byrne Gary , Bogue John , Egan Rachel , Lonergan Esther
Published: November 2014

Certain individuals who sexually offend may have difficulty differentiating, identifying, and articulating emotions. These clients may prove challenging for therapists when engaging with them in treatment. Such clients may suffer from alexithymia. There has been a dearth of research regarding specific psychotherapeutic interventions for alexithymia in both the clinical and forensic fields. The present study provides results from a pilot study on the efficacy of a brief, four-session, alexithymia-specific intervention with adults who have sexually offended. The intervention also aimed to increase emotional awareness and psychological mindedness. The intervention was comprised of both mindfulness and mentalization treatment components. Thirty-two men ( Mage = 41.8 years, SD = 11.9) convicted of sexual offences completed the intervention group. When compared with a matched control condition ( n = 27; Mage = 39, SD = 10.8), the intervention was effective in decreasing alexithymia characteristics and increasing psychological mindedness. Results suggest that the intervention was an effective means of increasing emotional awareness in this population. These provisional results must be tempered by the limitations of the study. However, the positive findings warrant future investigation. Clinical implications and ideas for future work are also discussed.
Alternative Techniques for Assessing Common Method Variance
Authors: Schaller Tracey King , Patil Ashutosh , Malhotra Naresh K.
Published: November 2014

Each research domain carries the burden of examining the effects of common method variance (CMV) on published research within the domain. To focus on this concern in the context of the theory of planned behavior (TPB), this research empirically compares several methods of detecting the presence of and estimating the level of CMV in the TPB domain. These methods include various implementations of the marker variable technique and versions of the multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) technique. The results show that the marker variable technique provides estimates of CMV and CMV-corrected correlations and paths that are consistent with those produced using the other methods. Next, one implementation of the marker variable technique method is implemented post hoc on a large data set of published TPB studies. This analysis provides strong confirmatory evidence that the effects of CMV do not alter the substantive inferences of study results in prior research. Overall, these findings support putting to rest concerns about the adverse influence of CMV in the TPB domain.
The moral economy of crowdfunding and the transformative capacity of fan-ancing
Authors: Scott Suzanne
Published: November 2014

Fandom and crowdfunding have both been discursively constructed as spaces in which marginalized voices can make a transformative intervention into popular culture and speak back to the media industries that produce it. Keeping this parallel in mind, this article will examine two successful moments of Kickstarter “fan-ancing,” the comic anthology Womanthology: Heroic and the Veronica Mars movie, to consider their impact on the producer/consumer relationship. Although fan-financed endeavors have the potential to be industrially and culturally transformative works, striving to effect the same change on media industries and fan cultures that a fan work might have on a media property, we need to interrogate the limits of this “transformative” intervention. Examining how these respective campaigns frame fans’ financial, emotional and creative investments, this article argues that though fan-anced projects have the potential to recalibrate the moral economy between producers and fans within media culture, their transformative capacity is ultimately connected to their embrace or rejection of industrial conceptions of “fan participation.”
Civic crowdfunding research: Challenges, opportunities, and future agenda
Authors: Stiver Alexandra , Barroca Leonor , Minocha Shailey , Richards Mike , Roberts Dave
Published: November 2014

Civic crowdfunding is a sub-type of crowdfunding through which citizens, in collaboration with government, fund projects providing a community service. Although in the early stages of development, civic crowdfunding is a promising area for both research and application due to its potential impact on citizen engagement, as well as its influence on the success of a wide range of civic projects ranging from physical structures to amenities and local services. However, the field remains under-addressed in academic research and underdeveloped in terms of the number of civic projects posted to crowdfunding platforms. Acknowledging these issues, we outline the history of civic crowdfunding and describe the current landscape, focusing on online crowdfunding platforms established specifically for the funding of civic projects (Citizinvestor, ioby, Neighbor.ly, Spacehive). The challenges and the opportunities of civic crowdfunding are examined, and its distinguishing characteristics are outlined, including a consideration of the impact of social media and platform features. We then propose a research agenda to help shape the future of this emergent field.
The barriers facing artists’ use of crowdfunding platforms: Personality, emotional labor, and going to the well one too many times
Authors: Davidson Roei , Poor Nathaniel
Published: November 2014

Popular discourse frames crowdfunding as a way for those traditionally locked out of financing opportunities to leverage the connectivity of the Internet to widen their reach beyond their immediately accessible networks and secure funds for a wide variety of projects. Using a survey of crowdfunding project founders in the culture industries, we explored the relationship between certain social and psychological characteristics and attitudes toward crowdfunding. We examined how extraversion, surface acting, emotional labor, the social composition of project backers, and project success all relate to enjoyment and future intentions of using crowdfunding in the culture industries. Crowdfunding appears to advantage culture producers with particular personality structures while disadvantaging others. In sum, crowdfunding seems beneficial but might be useful only for particular types of artists and therefore should not supplant other traditional financing modes.
The unconscious processing information
Authors: Albanese Paul J.
Published: November 2014

The unconscious processing of information is explored by drawing on contributions from psychoanalysis, clinical and cognitive psychology, and neuroscience. A theory is constructed to explain why a hidden negative image embedded in a print advertisement can increase brand-name recall. An experimental design using actual advertisements in a mock magazine with and without the embedded images is used to test the theory. The results show that unaided brand-name recall is significantly higher for the print advertisements with hidden negative images embedded in them.