bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonography guided rectus sheath catheters versus epidural analgesia for open colorectal cancer surgery in a single centre
Authors: Godden AR , Marshall MJ , Grice AS , Daniels IR
Published: July 2015

Introduction

Epidural anaesthesia (EA) has been the accepted standard for postoperative analgesia in open abdominal surgery. However, it is not without significant risk. This study aimed to audit the effect of EA and ultrasonography placed rectus sheath catheters (RSCs) on analgesia as well as the incidence of postoperative complications following open colorectal cancer surgery.

Methods

A three-year retrospective case note review was undertaken of all patients undergoing open colorectal cancer surgery at the Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital NHS Foundation Trust who received either EA or RSC for postoperative analgesia under the care of the senior authors. A single surgeon and single anaesthetist were practitioners.

Results

The case notes of 120 patients were reviewed retrospectively: 85 patients had EA and 24 RSC while 11 patients were excluded from the study. The EA group experienced a significantly higher incidence of hypotension (systolic blood pressure <130mmHg) than the RSC group on the first postoperative day (p=0.0001). There was no significant difference in pain score or opiate sparing properties between the groups (p=0.92). There was no significant difference in postoperative respiratory tract infection, anastomotic leak or wound complications between the groups (p=0.2, p=1.0 and p=0.5 respectively). The RSC group had a higher incidence of ileus than the EA group (4/24 vs 2/85, p=0.026). However, the numbers were too small to draw a reliable conclusion.

Conclusions

The use of ultrasonography guided RSCs has demonstrated effective postoperative analgesia equivalent to EA with the potential benefits of a reduced incidence of hypotension. A prospective randomised trial is now underway to compare RSC and EA in open abdominal and pelvic surgery.
War Surgery: Working With Limited Resources in Armed Conflict and Other Situations of Violence (Volume 2)
Authors: Giannou Christos , Balden Marco , Molde Åsa
Published: July 2015

If you would like to submit a book to the Annals for review, please send two copies to: Publications Department, The Royal College of Surgeons of England, 35–43 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PE. Book reviews are published at the discretion of the editor.
How to interpret computed tomography of the lumbar spine
Authors: Ahmad Z , Mobasheri R , Das T , Vaidya S , Mallik S , El-Hussainy M , Casey A
Published: July 2015

Computed tomography (CT) of the spine has remained an important tool in the investigation of spinal pathology. This article helps to explain the basics of CT of the lumbar spine to allow the clinician better use of this diagnostic tool.
A new ex vivo animal simulation model for skills training in laparoscopic colorectal surgery
Authors: Ansell J , Goddard S , Gupta V , Warren N , Williams G , Haray P , Appleton B , Phillips S , Torkington J
Published: July 2015

The opportunity for using simulation in medical training has expanded in recent years. 1–3 Laparoscopic surgery is an area that is ideally suited to the use of simulators for the acquisition of clinical skills. 4 Simulation allows educators to have control over pre-selected scenarios, without distressing patients or encountering complications. 5
A national survey of reasons why students and junior doctors choose not to pursue a career in surgery
Authors: Jaunoo SS , King TR , Baker RF , Adams HL
Published: July 2015

A career in surgery has always been a highly desired pathway for trainee doctors. However, cutbacks in training posts and limitations imposed on junior doctors as a result of the European Working Time Regulations mean that a surgical career is quickly becoming an even more intensely competitive (and somewhat daunting) pathway to embark upon. Are these factors discouraging medical graduates before they even embark on their foundation training?
The real world of cosmetic practice
Authors: Equizi Fab
Published: July 2015

Non-surgical cosmetics is a booming, lucrative industry. Demand is higher than ever, with the market expected to double in the next five years, and an increasing amount of doctors, dentists, nurses and other healthcare professionals getting involved in cosmetic practice. It’s easy to see why. But there should be more to it than money, and more to being a cosmetic practitioner than a one-day training course… a full-time cosmetic doctor speaks candidly about this thriving yet troubled industry.
Application of the New Index of Orthognathic Functional Treatment Need in Four District General Hospitals
Authors: James L , Atack NE , Ellis P , Bellis H , Sherriff M , Hunt NP , Sandy JR , Ireland AJ
Published: July 2015

Indices provide a method of measuring variables. They are used in many aspects of healthcare and dentistry is no exception. For example, plaque indices in periodontology are used to classify plaque levels and to record progress with plaque control measures. In paediatric dentistry, indices can be used to record the incidence and prevalence of hard tissue disease (decayed, missing and filled teeth index). For an index to be useful, it has to be both valid and reliable. 1 Validity implies the index measures what it is designed to measure, while reliability means it should be able to produce the same outcome over different time periods and with different operators. Although validity and reliability are important, for an index to gain widespread acceptance, it must also be easy to use.
Validating the Learning Disability Screening Questionnaire Against the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition
Authors: McKenzie Karen , Sharples Phil , Murray Aja L.
Published: July 2015

The Learning Disability Screening Questionnaire (LDSQ), a brief screening tool for intellectual disability, was originally validated against the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale, Third Edition (WAIS-III), which was superseded by the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) in the United Kingdom in 2010. This study examines the performance of the LDSQ using the WAIS-IV as the diagnostic intellectual assessment. Based on the original optimal cut-off score, the LDSQ sensitivity value was equivalent (91%) to that obtained in the original validation study, and the specificity value was higher at 92%. This suggests that the LDSQ remains valid when using the WAIS-IV as the comparative intellectual assessment.
Antioxidant activity of some coumarins / Antioxidačná activita niektorých kumarínov
Authors: Šeršeň F. , Lácová M.
Published: July 2015

Nineteen derivatives of coumarin were tested on the scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl and superoxide anion radicals. It was found that antioxidant activity exhibits only such coumarins that contain hydroxyl groups. The derivatives without hydroxyl group showed very low antioxidant effectiveness or they were ineffective. On the other hand, the greatest antioxidant effectiveness was exhibited by coumarin derivatives that contained hydroxyl groups in 6 or 8 position, whereas the effectiveness of derivatives with one hydroxyl group in 4, 5 or 7 position was very low. Based on scavenging of the above-mentioned radicals, it was found that the most effective scavengers were 7,8-dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin (i.e. compound that contains two hydroxyl groups in 7 and 8 positions), (7,8-dihydroxy-2-oxo-2H-chromen-4-yl)acetic acid (this compound contains in addition to two hydroxyl groups in 7 and 8 positions also one hydroxyl group in the acidic residue), esculetin (6,7-dihydroxycoumarin) and 6,7-dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin.
Determination Of Plant Available Soil Water Storage In Agricultural Land Of The Nitra River Catchment
Authors: Tárník Andrej , Igaz Dušan
Published: July 2015

Soil water storage and its spatial pattern is one of the biggest tasks in agricultural field of study. Correct spatial interpretation and quantification of soil water storage are considered crucial for correct hydrological zonation of agricultural lands. This paper is focused on determination of amount of plants available soil water in the Nitra River Catchment in 2013. Available soil water storage was computed for each quarter of the year (I.–IV.; V.–VIII.; IX.–XII.) for 60 cm soil horizon. Amount of available water was determined as a difference between actual soil moisture and hydrolimits of water availability. Actual soil moisture was interpolated from point’s values from net of hydrological stations in the Nitra River Catchment. Limited water availability was calculated by retention curves from soil samples taken in the Catchment. Available soil water storage was the highest in the first quarter (36.74 mm). In the second quarter, it decreased to 26.93 mm and in the third quarter it was only 4.11 mm. In the fourth quarter, it increased to 30.13 mm.
Sandwich osteotomy of the atrophic posterior mandible prior to implant placement: A case report
Authors: Mavriqi Luan
Published: July 2015

The aim of this report was to present a patient with atrophic posterior mandible, rehabilitated with endosteal dental implants after a sandwich osteotomy of the mandible. Some aspects of the procedure are discussed as well as its outcome.
Relationship among lower arch length, arch width and arch perimeter in crowding and non-crowding groups
Authors: Selmani Mimoza , Gjorgova Julijana
Published: July 2015

Crowding is one of the causes of class I malocclusion. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between arch length, arch width and arch perimeter in crowded and non-crowded arches, as well as to made comparison of the right and left sides between them and to find out the contributing factor in lower arch crowding. The study groups consisted of 60 subjects aged 16 to 21 years. First group consisted of 30 pairs of dental study models with class I normal occlusion. The second group consisted of 30 pairs of study models with class I crowding. Measurements of arch length and width were made as defined by Lavelle and Foster, using Korkhaus callipers. Arch perimeter was measured by Lundstrom method's using manual calliper with sharp points. Differences between these measurements were made by Mann-Whitney Utest (Z/U). According to our study, the arch length and arch perimeter were not associated factors in contribution to lower arch crowding. In association of contributed factors on the lower arch crowding, we could mention the width of the arch, because the differences between the two groups was significantly different.
Computerized reconstruction of pulpal blood vessels examined under confocal microscope
Authors: Digka Anna , Lyroudia Kleoniki , Kubinova Lucie , Karayannopoulou Georgia , Marras Ioannis , Pitas Ioannis
Published: July 2015

The purpose of this study was the evaluation of 3 different histological methods for studying pulpal blood vessels in combination with 2 types of confocal microscope and computer assisted 3-dimensional reconstruction. 10 human, healthy, free of restorations or caries teeth that were extracted for orthodontic reasons were used. From these teeth, the pulp tissues of 5 were removed, fixed in formalin solution, dehydrated and embedded in paraffin. Serial cross sections 5ym thick were taken from 3 of the above mentioned pulpal tissues and stained with CD34 according to the immunohistochemical ABC technique, while the rest 2 were stained with CD34 and Cy5 by means of immunofluorescence after serial cross sectioning of 10 μm. 5 of the 10 teeth were fixed, decalcified, serial cross sectioned (30 μm thickness) and stained with eosin. The physical sections were examined under 2 types of confocal laser microscope. Serial images were taken for each section, alignment of the images was followed and finally 3-dimensional reconstructions of the pulpal vessels were achieved. The combined use of immunofluorescence, confocal microscope and automatic segmentation proved to be a useful method for the detailed study of pulpal vasculature. The above method provides deep knowledge of the form and spatial relationship even of the smallest pulpal blood vessels with neighbouring structures like odontoblasts, which are essential for the fully understanding of their role and function within the dental pulp.
Development of periphytic diatoms on different artificial substrates in the Eastern Adriatic Sea
Authors: Nenadović Tina , Šarčević Tena , Čižmek Hrvoje , Godrijan Jelena , Pfannkuchen Daniela Marić , Pfannkuchen Martin , Ljubešić Zrinka
Published: July 2015

The settling of diatoms as fouling organisms on a certain substrate is greatly influenced by substrate characteristics and the preferences of a diatom community and diatom species. A distinction among substrates can be made by analysing the specific abundance and composition of diatoms on different substrates. In this study, 11 different artificial substrates were exposed to a marine environment for a period of 30 days. Abundance and taxonomic composition of periphytic diatoms was determined on each of the substrates and on shoots of the marine seagrass Posidonia oceanica. The aim was to compare diatom community structure on different newly colonized surfaces. On all surfaces examined, periphytic diatoms were the pioneering organisms with differences in quantitative and qualitative composition on the different substrates. Taxonomic analysis of diatom communities on the substrates examined revealed 41 diatom taxa, with the dominant genera Cylindrotheca, Amphora, Nitzschia, Cocconeis and Navicula. Given that all the examined artificial substrates were solid materials, differences in the abundance and species composition of diatoms found between the materials point to the substrates’ physical and chemical characteristics as a major influence on the final settling of diatoms. Knowledge from investigating the settlement of fouling organisms on anthropogenic substrates can have future use in management of waste materials that end up in the marine environment.
Ochrana duševního vlastnictví v českých technologických firmách – její prostředky, strategie a význam pro firemní rozvoj
Authors: Suchý Václav
Published: July 2015

Průzkum 150 českých převážně malých a středních inovačních firem z pěti průmyslových sektorů (strojírenství; elektrotechnika; automobilový, letecký a železniční průmysl; tzv. nové technologie; ICT) ukázal, že firmy k ochraně svých inovací využívají hlavně užitných vzorů, patentů a ochranných známek spolu se strategií neustálých inovací, udržováním náskoku před konkurencí a utajováním. Nejintenzivnější ochrana patenty a užitnými vzory, ale současně i utajováním, byla zjištěna u firem v sektoru nových technologií, kde patentuje více než 80 % firem. ICT firmy naopak patentují jenom zřídka a své inovace (software) si chrání především autorskými právy. V celém zkoumaném souboru firem existuje jasná souvislost mezi intenzitou patentování a velikostí firem; menší firmy využívají patentů výrazně méně často než firmy větší. Důvody, proč firmy patenty přihlašují, souvisejí hlavně s obranou proti konkurenčním imitacím, nicméně častým důvodem jsou i strategické úvahy s ochranou inovací přímo nesouvisející (např. blokování konkurence patenty, prevence soudních sporů a hlavně vylepšení firemní pověsti). Dominantním faktorem, který firmy od patentování naopak odrazuje, jsou vysoké finanční náklady nutné k registraci a udržení patentu i k vedení případných soudních sporů. Celkově však bez ohledu na průmyslové sektory, velikost podniku i intenzitu patentování považují firmy za výrazně významnější položku než patenty utajované postupy a utajované know-how. Porovnání s výsledky analogických zahraničních průzkumů ukazuje, že tyto rysy a motivace IP strategií českých firem jsou v zásadě podobné jako u firem v EU a v Severní Americe.

Získané výsledky celkově posilují podezření, známé i z dřívějších zahraničních studií, že současné přespřílišné zaujetí počtem patentů jako indikátorem inovativnosti může být z řady příčin nebezpečně zjednodušující (vlivy specifik různých průmyslových sektorů, velikosti firem aj.). Spíše se zdá, že racionální inovační politika, zejména ve vztahu k MSP, by měla vycházet z podpory využití všech IP nástrojů v celé jejich šíři.
Influence of water addition on mechanical properties of thermoplastic starch foils
Authors: Chocyk Dariusz , Gładyszewska Bożena , Ciupak Anna , Oniszczuk Tomasz , Mościcki Leszek , Rejak Andrzej
Published: July 2015

The aim of this paper is to study the influence of water on the mechanical properties of thermoplastic starch films. Experimental observations of Young modulus and the breaking force of thermoplastic starch foils with different percentages of polyvinyl alcohol and keratin additives and screw rotation speeds are reported. Thermoplastic starch foils are prepared by the extrusion method with the bowling from potato starch and glycerol as a plasticizer. Young modulus and the breaking force were determined by the random marker method. Measurements of Young modulus and the breaking force of the films were performed after their production and after dosing with water. It was observed that in all cases Young modulus decreases after dosing with water, but the breaking force lied in the same range. Thermoplastic starch foils produced at the screw rotation speed equal to 60 r.p.m. have the best mechanical properties. The highest value of Young modulus and the breaking force were obtained for samples with a 1% keratin additive.
Magnetic field as a method of improving the quality of sowing material: a review
Authors: Pietruszewski Stanisław , Martínez Elvira
Published: July 2015

The effect of magnetic field on the growth and yield of crop plants is presented based on 80 references on the studies of many authors. The introduction gives an outline of the history of the effect of magnetic field on biological organisms including plants since the second half of the 19th century. Then the role of static and alternating magnetic fields is discussed in relation to seed germination, root and stem growth, yield, protein and chlorophyll content, rhizosphere community.
Agglomeration externalities, market structure and employment growth in high-tech industries: Revisiting the evidence
Authors: Cieślik Andrzej , Ghodsi Mahdi
Published: July 2015

In this paper we revisit the existing empirical evidence on the effects of various agglomeration externalities and the market structure on employment growth in the high-tech industries of the European Economic Area (EEA). Our study is based on the dynamic panel dataset of two-digit NACE rev 1.1. industries in 285 regions of the European Economic Area for the period 1995-2007. We find that employment growth is negatively related to competition, while localization and urbanization externalities do not seem to affect growth.
Evaporative edge lithography of a liposomal drug microarray for cell migration assays
Authors: Vafai Nicholas , Lowry Troy W. , Wilson Korey A. , Davidson Michael W. , Lenhert Steven
Published: July 2015

Lipid multilayer microarrays are a promising approach to miniaturize laboratory procedures by taking advantage of the microscopic compartmentalization capabilities of lipids. Here, we demonstrate a new method to pattern lipid multilayers on surfaces based on solvent evaporation along the edge where a stencil contacts a surface called evaporative edge lithography (EEL). As an example of an application of this process, we use EEL to make microarrays suitable for a cell-based migration assay. Currently existing cell migration assays require a separate compartment for each drug which is dissolved at a single concentration in solution. An advantage of the lipid multilayer microarray assay is that multiple compounds can be tested on the same surface. We demonstrate this by testing the effect of two different lipophilic drugs, Taxol and Brefeldin A, on collective cell migration into an unpopulated area. This particular assay should be scalable to test of 2000 different lipophilic compounds or dosages on a standard microtiter plate area, or if adapted for individual cell migration, it would allow for high-throughput screening of more than 50,000 compounds per plate.
Separation Of Methionine Enantiomers By Using Teicoplanin And Cyclofructan Columns
Authors: Hroboňová Katarína , Deáková Zuzana , Moravčík Jakub , Lehotay Jozef , Armstrong Daniel W. , Lomenová Anna
Published: July 2015

Methionine is a naturally occurring amino acid. Its enantiomeric separation by using high performance liquid chromatography on various types of chiral stationary phases was studied. The effect of mobile phase composition on enantioselectivity and retention was considered. The separation of the enantiomers was attained in different separation modes – reversed phase mode for the macrocyclic antibiotic chiral stationary phases (teicoplanin, teicoplanin aglycone), normal phase and polar organic phase modes for the isopropyl carbamate cyclofructan 6 chiral stationary phase. It was shown that the hydrogen bonding, dipole interactions, steric effects between methionine molecules and stationary phases play an important role in the separation of enantiomers.
Hydrodynamic Study Of Column Bioleaching Processes
Authors: Sadowski Zygmunt , Baranska Joanna A.
Published: July 2015

The modelling of flow leaching solution through the porous media has been considered. The heap bioleaching process can be tested using the column experimental equipment. This equipment was employed to the hydrodynamic studies of copper ore bioleaching. The copper ore (black shale ore) with the support, inertial materials (glass small balls and polyethylene beads) was used to the bioleaching tests. The packed beds were various composition, the ore/support ratio was changed. The correlation between the bed porosity and bioleaching kinetics, and copper recovery was investigated.
Nothing is more open than a closed text: The case of Oedipus
Authors: Pezzini Isabella
Published: July 2015

This essay develops the multiple “passional” implications implied within every act of reading. Texts have the potential power to elicit the passions of the reader through various textual strategies that, in turn, enable the reader to become emotionally or passionally involved in the narration and, furthermore, to share in the emotions of the characters. The second part of this essay presents a reading of a story by Friedrich Durrenmatt, “The Dying of the Pythia,” which appeared not long before Eco’s work, Lector in Fabula, 1979.
Spherical Coordinates for Plotting the Positions of Powder Residues
Authors: Smith C
Published: July 2015

The idea of the “Reconstruction of the Crime” as an aid to its solution was first succintly expressed and practiced by Alphonse Bertillon [1] toward the latter part of the nineteenth century. Since that time investigators have aimed at ever more detailed descriptions and reconstructions. The phases of description and reconstruction employ procedures very similar to those employed in the compilation of maps. The mapping quality is the basis for the experiments to be described in this paper.
A Baccalaureate Program in Toxicology
Authors: Lynch VdeP
Published: July 2015

In June 1968 the Bureau of Health Manpower of the United States Public Health Service awarded a grant to the College of Pharmacy of St. John's University, Jamaica, N.Y., for the purpose of establishing a four-year undergraduate training program leading to the B.S. degree with a major in toxicology. The purpose of this article is to provide a summary of the rationale and curriculum for this program, as well as to discuss experiences with the program over that period.
Dangerous Drugs: Adulterants, Diluents, and Deception in Street Samples
Authors: Johnson DW , Gunn JW
Published: July 2015

Caveat emptor is not just an old proverb. “Let the buyer beware” is sound advice that the user of illicit drugs would be wise to heed. The buyer of these drugs—most of them clandestinely made—does not know what he is getting.
Computer Related Crime
Authors: Parker DB
Published: July 2015

Computer crimes are acts resulting in losses, injuries, or damages that involve the use of information processing systems and come to the attention of law enforcement agencies. An information processing system includes at least one internally programmed digital computer as its chief component. The system may include input/output equipment such as punch-card readers, memory or storage devices, a communications network connecting other computers and devices, computer programs and data, materials, supplies, and human operators. Such systems are highly sophisticated, automated tools and repositories of information and data.
An Empirical Study of Gunpowder Residue Patterns
Authors: Barnes FC , Helson RA
Published: July 2015

The muzzle-to-target distance is often a factor of critical importance in incidents involving gunshot wounds. The degree of concern is dependent on the wound severity and the facts of the event, those facts being of greatest moment in a possible homicide/suicide without witnesses and diminishing in importance in a nonfatal accidental shooting with witnesses. The testimony of an expert witness will attempt, through his experimentation, to establish the minimum distance from muzzle to projectile contact point based on the presence or absence of powder residue patterns on the victim or his garments. It should be understood that in casework, the powder residue examined by the laboratory is seldom the total pattern originally blown into the skin or clothing of the victim, but rather that surviving the victim's fall, first aid ministrations, the physician's examination, and, finally, the investigative and packaging efforts of law enforcement. In some instances, portions of the latent elements can be reconstructed by chemical or infrared techniques. To avoid errors of interpretation the investigator must be aware of the variations in pattern imprints, the causative factors, and their significance as related to distance.
A Review of “The Use of X-Ray Techniques in Forensic Investigation”
Authors: Hilton O
Published: July 2015

In his preface the author states that this is the first attempt to collate applications o X-ray techniques in forensic investigations. Besides methods of others, a number of the procedures presented have been developed by the author himself. Thus, he has compiled a survey of what he considers to be the state of the art as applied to forensic science.
A Review of “Drugs: Annotated Bibliography and Guide”
Authors: Phillips RN
Published: July 2015

This book will prove to be a useful addition to the libraries of those who are very interested, but not formally trained, in the area of drugs and their effects, uses, and misuses.
Issues of Community Control in the Administration of Justice
Authors: Johnson TA
Published: July 2015

The degree of community concern, involvement, and participation in issues which cause citizens to interact with its police, courts, or correctional agencies will reflect upon the sentiments of that community as to just how much control should be exercised over its Administration of Justice System.
Identification of Work from a Selectric II Typewriter
Authors: Hilton O
Published: July 2015

On July 31, 1961 IBM introduced the Selectric or Model 72 typewriter. This machine constituted a radical departure from the conventional typewriter. It was designed as a high speed printer and was developed in part as a print out unit for IBM computers. The conventional type bars wers completely eliminated, and in their place a type element consisting of a removable type ball was substituted. The machine has proven to be a high quality typewriter giving excellent service and producing unusually uniform work. In September 1971 IBM introduced the Selectric II, an advanced model of their Selectric machine.
Duplicate Analysis of Blood Ethanol by Injection onto Two Parallel Gas Chromotographic Columns in Rapid Succession
Authors: Siek TJ
Published: July 2015

Methods for analyzing blood ethanol prior to 1967 have been reviewed by Anders and Mannering [1]. Gas chromatographic approaches involving injection of vapors trapped above blood samples in sealed bottles have been presented recently by Biasotti and Bradford [2], Glendening and Harvey [3], and by Van Stekelenburg and De Bruyn [4]. More recently, the Perkin-Elmer Company marketed an automated vapor phase injector to chromatograph large numbers of samples daily.
"On Time and Discipline in Islam" (Analysis Towards Purpose of Islamic Education)
Authors: Amir Dinasril
Published: July 2015

This article contains elucidation about punctuality issues and discipline in educational perspective. From the discussion that has been done it can be said that punctuality problems and discipline are very important and vital in building good and advanced of human life, because it is related to the basic, function and purpose of education as well as the teachings of Islam. Punctuality and discipline are a fundamental goal of the educational efforts and Islamic Shari'ah. In Islam, there are many concepts related to punctuality and discipline. They are obedience, self-control and behavior, submission and obedience, as well as support for the values and rules of the understanding, comprehension, awareness and responsibility. Being punctuality and discipline have to be owned and improved in education and life, and in turn, the family, society and the environment should support it in order to achieve the progress. Copyright © 2014 by Al-Ta'lim All right reserved
Evidence for climate-induced range shift in Brachystegia (miombo) woodland
Authors: Pienaar Brenden , Thompson Dave I. , Erasmus Barend F.N , Hill Trevor R. , Witkowsk Ed T.F.
Published: July 2015

Brachystegia spiciformis Benth. is the dominant component of miombo, the sub-tropical woodlands which cover 2.7 million km2 of south-central Africa and which is coincident with the largest regional centre of endemism in Africa. However, pollen records from the genus Brachystegia suggest that miombo has experienced rapid range retraction (~450 km) from its southernmost distributional limit over the past 6000 years. This abrupt biological response created an isolated (by ~200 km) and incomparable relict at the trailing population edge in northeast South Africa. These changes in miombo population dynamics may have been triggered by minor natural shifts in temperature and moisture regimes. If so, B. spiciformis is likely to be especially responsive to present and future anthropogenic climate change. This rare situation offers a unique opportunity to investigate climatic determinants of range shift at the trailing edge of a savannah species. A niche modelling approach was used to produce present-day and select future B. spiciformis woodland ecological niche models. In keeping with recent historical range shifts, further ecological niche retraction of between 30.6% and 47.3% of the continuous miombo woodland in Zimbabwe and southern Mozambique is predicted by 2050. Persistence of the existing relict under future climate change is plausible, but range expansion to fragmented refugia in northeast South Africa is unlikely. As Brachystegia woodland and associated biota form crucial socio-economic and biodiversity components of savannas in southern Africa, their predicted further range retraction is of concern.
Linear vs. Radial Boundary-Dominated Flow: Implications for Gas-Well-Decline Analysis
Authors: Vardcharragosad Pichit , Ayala Luis F. , Zhang Miao
Published: July 2015

Linear flow is a fundamental reservoir-flow geometry typically associated with production from unconventional resources stimulated by means of hydraulic fracturing. Recently, linear flow has been intensively studied following the fast pace of development of unconventional resources. Previous studies have mainly focused on early transient behavior and behavior of composite linear-flow systems. In this work, a density-based analysis method is extended to study decline behavior of the linear-flow system in boundary-dominated flow (BDF). In this study, we first discuss traditional approaches used to model linear flow in gas reservoirs. Second, we show the applicability of the density-based method for gas linear flow both analytically and numerically. Next, late-time solutions are discussed, and the analytical forecasting solution that best describes the BDF behavior is selected for long-term decline-behavior studies. Previously reported results on radial flow as well as early transient-flow effect are also incorporated to provide a more complete understanding of decline behavior and the impact of flow geometry. We show that boundary-dominated responses in linear-flow scenarios fully develop at much later stages of reservoir depletion compared with radial-flow scenarios. As a result, and in marked contrast with radial flow, purely hyperbolic decline behavior may be completely lost in linear-flow scenarios during boundary-dominated conditions. It is demonstrated that most of the recoverable hydrocarbons are produced during the early transient period for linear-flow conditions, whereas most of them are recovered during the BDF period for radial flow. These results suggest that the availability of accurate early transient models is much more critical for the formulation of linear-flow-decline models than had been traditionally necessary for radial-flow-decline models.
Liquid-liquid separation using steady-state bed coalescer
Authors: Secerov-Sokolovic Radmila , Sokolovic Dunja , Govedarica Dragan
Published: July 2015

This paper presents a literature review on the current understanding of
liquid-liquid separation that is immensely widespread in practice,
highlighting the steady-state bed coalescer being a good solution in various
engineering application. Generally, the fibre bed coalescence has proven to
be very effective separation method in the industry. Due to the complexity of
bed coalescence phenomenon coalescer design and sizing procedure relies on
experimental test. This review provides a research overview of the key
phenomena essential for the efficient bed coalescence, such as mechanisms of
droplet coalescence and emulsion flow through the fibre bed. In addition to
this provides an overview of the current knowledge about coalescer?s design
properties and variables such as: fluid velocity, fluid flow orientation/flow
mode, fibre bed geometry, and bed length.
Exploration of Structural Performance of Stiffened Steel-Concrete Composite Beams with Perforated Stiffening Rib Plates
Authors: Zhou Zhixiang , Xu Yong
Published: July 2015

A ribbed steel plate-concrete composite section (PSRP) was proposed to prevent or limit flexural cracking in the negative moment region normally with a spiky rise and rapid reversal. The proposed section was composed of concrete and steel plate with perforated stiffening rib plate to reduce the dependency of shear transfer on interfacial bond. The objective of this study was to obtain experimental and analytical data essential to investigate, and establish, a design method for the steel plate reinforced concrete against flexural cracking under the service load condition. This paper presents the results of a total of eight scale specimens prepared for the comparison test. Six specimens were reinforced using steel plate with perforated stiffening rib plates, one specimen was reinforced using conventional reinforcing bars and one specimen was reinforced using epoxy-bonded steel plate for comparison. All beam specimens were tested to failure. The test results indicated the steel plate with rib stiffeners can offer a pronounced improvement to the cracking resistance of the concrete. The cracking load for the PSRP specimen with stiffening rib plate is three times higher than the specimen reinforced with conventional steel, and two and half times higher than specimen reinforced with epoxy-bonded steel plate. The perforated stiffening rib plate appears to have not only increased interfacial bond area and but also provide a volumetric restraint and confinement to adjoining concrete that improves ist material uniformity, in comparison to the discrete and localized line bonding provided by the reinforcing bars. This improvement of the material uniformity may have led to a significant rise of tensile stress limit of the confined concrete.
Responses of a High-Rise Building during the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake and Simulation Analysis for Future Mega-Thrust Earthquakes
Authors: Kawase Hiroshi , Matsushima Shinichi , Hatakeyama Naoki
Published: July 2015

In this study, we investigate one of the high-rise buildings along the shoreline of the Osaka Bay, which was encountered to pretty large shaking during the Tohoku earthquake of 2011. The maximum displacement at the top reached over 1.3 m and we have several instrumental and non- structural damages. To study the seismic safety margin of the building for future mega-thrust earthquakes in the Philippine Sea Plate subduction zone, we constructed a multi-degrees-of- freedom model and reproduced maximum story drifts during the main shock. Then we performed the response prediction for the Nankai earthquake using the multi-degrees-of-freedom system and newly developed seismic dampers.
Newly Developed Bridge High-performance Steel and its Application to Tokyo Gate Bridge
Authors: Homma Koji
Published: July 2015

This paper describes the proposed properties of "SBHS" (Steel for Bridge High-performance Structures) based on the required performance for bridges and the advantages of SBHS in design and fabrication of steel bridges. New structural designs of all welded superstructure became possible by using SBHS, also resulting in the creation of esthetic values for Tokyo Gate Bridge. Through the large scale application of SBHS to the Tokyo Gate Bridge project, the advantages have been confirmed, such as cost saving of construction, reduced weight of superstructures. The SBHS is expected to contribute to the more economical and higher quality of steel bridges in the future
Tnnovative roadway transition structure for a long integral abutment bridge in Austria
Authors: Eichwalder Bernhard , Kleiser Michael , Pilch Erwin , Fritsch Michael , Kollegger Johann , Blab Ronald
Published: July 2015

A new roadway transition structure for long integral abutment bridges has been invented at the Institute of Structural Engineering at Vienna University of Technology. It consists of prefabricated prismatic concrete elements which are positioned on a sliding plane and connected by flexible corrosion resistant tension members. At one end, these tension members are connected to the bridge structure and at the other end to an abutment block. The total horizontal displacement of the bridge is evenly distributed among small joints between the elements. As part of the extension of the A5 highway in Austria, a 112 meter long integral abutment bridge has been designed. It was decided to incorporate the new flexible expansion joint in this bridge project, in order to gain experience with the design, the installation and the durability of this new type of transition structure.
Modal Parameter Statistical Tdentification Based on Tmproved Random Decrement Technique and Wavelet Transform
Authors: Liu Jianfeng , Zhang Qiwei
Published: July 2015

This paper presents a new statistical identification method for modal parameter based on improved random decrement technique and wavelet transform. Improved random decrement technique can make a direct deal with zero mean non-stationary signals for free decay responses. The time- frequency characteristics of the wavelet transform can decouple dense frequency and low damping system. The bootstrap procedure is employed to evaluate and decrease the uncertainty of identification results. A complete theoretical derivation is proposed and a numerical example which is a four-degree-of-freedom system is used to illustrate the reliability of the proposed method. Compared with the traditional time-domain method and the wavelet transform only method, the presented method has higher recognition accuracy, especially for damping ratio coefficients.
Development of Non-Metal Bridge Contributed High Durability
Authors: Fukunaga Yasuo , Ohshiro Takeshi , Matsui Takayuki , Kasuga Akio , Asai Hiroshi , Nagamoto Naoki
Published: July 2015

Maintenance becomes increasingly important as infrastructure plays a growing role in society, and there is consequently a need to enhance the durability of concrete bridges in order to reduce future maintenance costs. Considering these circumstances, the authors developed a Non-metal bridge that completely eliminates the use of steel members such as steel reinforcements and prestressing steel. We began by using aramid FRP rods as prestressing tendons to provide tensile force reinforcement. To eliminate the need for shear reinforcement, we also developed a high strength fiber reinforced concrete with high shear strength. That structure was conducted by wheel load running tests to verify the fatigue durability. After that, a half scale butterfly girder structure was built by using segmental method and tested to confirm that the structure of the joints between segments was sufficiently durable.
Mid Facial Degloving Procedure: Managing A Case of Multiple Mid Face Fractures with Significant External Deformity
Authors: Biswas Akhil Chndra , Ahmed Feroz , Rahman ASM Lutfar , Karmakar Rajan , Milki Farid Uddin , Taous Ahmmad
Published: July 2015

Purpose: The midfacial degloving approach (MFDA) is the primary option for surgical treatment of midface lesion. Usually most benign and malignant paranasal sinus (PNS) tumours are unilateral. So the classic MFDA does not fit for every case. Modifications of the classical MFDA are then tailored accordingly for surgical field exposure to achieve the goal. MFDA was first suggested by Portmann in 1927, but the modern technique had its origin in 1974 with the report by Casson and colleagues. It was not until Conley and Price first suggested that the technique be used for the excision of neoplastic disease in 1979 that its use was fully realized. It can be of great benefit for the management of various lesions, mainly tumors, of the facial cavities, paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, orbits, and central compartment of the anterior and middle cranial fossae, allowing adequate bilateral maxillary and lower nasal cavity exposure without cosmetic dysfunction.Patients: A male patient of 20 years was admitted with history of faciomaxillary trauma having significant external deformity. Under GA open rhinoplasty and reduction & immobilization of fractured segments were done with adequate exposure of midface using midfacial degloving procedure.Result: We have performed MFDA in one case only for the first time. Utilizing sublabial gingivobuccal incision, a complete transfixion incision, intercartilaginous incision with mucosal detachment of the pyriform aperture nasomaxillary skeleton along with zygoma were exposed adequately. No technical problems and no intraoperative complications related to the surgical procedure were encountered. Cosmetic outcome was also satisfactory.Conclusion: Midfacial degloving can be considered as an excellent, useful, and safe approach for many lesions of the midface that has a low complication rate with excellent cosmetic outcomes. It provides excellent exposure to the midportion of the craniofacial skeleton, yet avoids external incisions and should be in every head and neck surgeons armamentarium.Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol; April 2015; 21(1): 51-56
THE INFLUENCE OF THE FUEL SPRAY STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS OF ITS FORMATION ON SURFACE COMBUSTION OF BIOFUELS IN DIESEL ENGINES
Authors: Kulmankov Sergey P. , Lebedevas Sergejus , Sinitsyn Vladimir , Lebedeva Galina , Kulmankov Sergey S. , Yakovlev Sergey
Published: July 2015

The paper presents the results of the experimental investigation of the structure of the fuel, rapeseed oil and diesel fuel sprays obtained by analysing their optical density. The results are obtained by investigating a conventionally designed fuel supply system and a high-pressure common rail system. The experimental data on the velocity and length of fuel sprays are given. The study has shown that when high pressure fuel supply systems are used, the fuel spray is increased by about three times, while its area is increased up to 50% and homogeneity is also higher. As a result, selfignition delay time is reduced and the combustion process is intensified. The methods, taking into consideration the specific character of using the alternative types of fuel and high pressure systems, which have been tested in the experimental conditions, are suggested for calculating the time of self-ignition delay. The applied methods allow us to reduce the error of determining self-ignition delay time up to five percent. Based on the calculated data, the factors limiting the ignition of the sprayed fuel have been defined.
La ciencia del tabaco en Puerto Rico, 1900-1940
Authors: Levy Teresita
Published: July 2015

El tabaco se convirtió en un importante producto de exportación para Puerto Rico después de la ocupación norteamericana de 1898, debido a las inversiones en su estudio científico: el cultivo eficiente, la estructura económica y el mercadeo. La experimentación científica y la aplicación práctica de los descubrimientos en las fincas tabacaleras ofrecieron un campo de saber para establecer relaciones cooperativas significativas entre los cultivadores, los científicos en Puerto Rico y EEUU, y el gobierno insular y federal. El compromiso de los puertorriqueños en la ciencia del tabaco, incluyendo su apoyo por la investigación, las demandas continuas para fondos y una legislación agrícola beneficiosa, así como la adopción de la tecnología agrícola moderna, demuestra que éstos no eran pasivos frente a los rápidos cambios económicos de entonces. Por el contrario, ellos eran activistas políticos, usando las garantías democráticas disponibles dentro de la estructura colonial de los EEUU para mejorar su situación económica.
Ciencia y saberes locales en la posguerra: la Asociación Internacional Americana para el Desarrollo Económico y Social (AIA) y los programas de modernización de la agricultura en Brasil (1945-1961)
Authors: Marcio da Silva Claiton
Published: July 2015

Este artículo discute la actuación de la Asociación Internacional Americana para el Desarrollo Social y Económico (AIA) en Brasil. La acción de la AIA se caracterizó por un intenso proceso de negociación entre 1946 y 1961. Contemporánea de la emergente ideología de la modernización, la AIA estudió los posibles proyectos adecuados para la América Latina, en especial Brasil y Venezuela. Inspirada en las experiencias norteamericanas del crédito rural, el extensionismo, entre otras estrategias de desarrollo, la agencia procuró adaptar estos modelos a las condiciones locales, partiendo de la base de que, desde el punto de vista de la AIA, los proyectos exitosos en Estados Unidos, si fueran adaptados, tendrían también éxito en los países en desarrollo. Sin embargo, las experiencias en la provincia brasileña de Minas Gerais demostraron grandes dificultades de ejecución.
A assistência à doença no Alto Minho oitocentista: o caso do hospital de Nossa Senhora da Visitação de Caminha
Authors: Esteves Alexandra
Published: July 2015

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o papel desempenhado pelo hospital da Misericórdia de Caminha na assistência à doença, durante o século XIX. Nesse sentido, através da atividade desenvolvida por esta instituição e pelos profissionais que nela trabalhavam, procuraremos conhecer as respostas que então eram proporcionadas no âmbito da prestação de cuidados de saúde à população. Temos ainda como objetivo evidenciar as particularidades que caracterizavam o quotidiano daquela unidade hospitalar, considerando os doentes que a procuravam e as enfermidades de que padeciam e tendo ainda presente o contexto económico e social que, na centúria de oitocentos, marcava a vila alto minhota de Caminha.