bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SNPs in FAM13A and IL2RB genes are associated with FeNO in adult subjects with asthma
Authors: Accordini Simone , Lando Valentina , Calciano Lucia , Bombieri Cristina , Malerba Giovanni , Margagliotti Antonino , Minelli Cosetta , Potts James , van der Plaat Diana A , Olivieri Mario
Published: September 2023

Nitric oxide has different roles in asthma as both an endogenous modulator of airway function and a pro-inflammatory mediator. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is a reliable, quantitative, non-invasive, simple, and safe biomarker for assessing airways inflammation in asthma. Previous genome-wide and genetic association studies have shown that different genes and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are linked to FeNO. We aimed at identifying SNPs in candidate genes or gene regions that are associated with FeNO in asthma. We evaluated 264 asthma cases (median age 42.8 years, female 47.7%) who had been identified in the general adult population within the Gene Environment Interactions in Respiratory Diseases survey in Verona (Italy; 2008–2010). Two hundred and twenty-one tag-SNPs, which are representative of 50 candidate genes, were genotyped by a custom GoldenGate Genotyping Assay. A two-step association analysis was performed without assuming an a priori genetic model: step (1) a machine learning technique [gradient boosting machine (GBM)] was used to select the 15 SNPs with the highest variable importance measure; step (2) the GBM-selected SNPs were jointly tested in a linear regression model with natural log-transformed FeNO as the normally distributed outcome and with age, sex, and the SNPs as covariates. We replicated our results within an independent sample of 296 patients from the European Community Respiratory Health Survey III. We found that SNP rs987314 in family with sequence similarity 13 member A (FAM13A) and SNP rs3218258 in interleukin 2 receptor subunit beta (IL2RB) gene regions are significantly associated with FeNO in adult subjects with asthma. These genes are involved in different mechanisms that affect smooth muscle constriction and endothelial barrier function responses (FAM13A), or in immune response processes (IL2RB). Our findings contribute to the current knowledge on FeNO in asthma by identifying two novel SNPs associated with this biomarker of airways inflammation.
Impact crushing response of additively manufactured hybrid metal-composite structures—a state of the art review
Authors: Kumar A Praveen , Kumar A Keshav
Published: September 2023

Thin-walled energy absorbing structures based on hybrid structural concepts have a lightweight benefit along with great potential of enhancing the crashworthiness characteristics. Inspired by the huge number of research investigations performed on novel additively manufactured hybrid metal-composite configurations and their latest developments, the current review article extensively reports the latest advances along with promising outcomes of the impact response of various additively manufactured hybrid metal-composite structures for crashworthiness applications. Specific consideration is given to the crushing performance of the hybrid structures fabricated from fused deposition modelling technique. The significant additive manufacturing techniques, their material selections and exceptional customized structural designs explored in recent times are discussed elaborately. Crushing patterns obtained by hybrid energy absorbing structures under various loading conditions are recognized. Furthermore, comparison of various hybrid structures and their latest advances revealed the efficiency of the thin-walled hybrid configuration based on 3D printing techniques in terms of weight reduction, crashworthiness and energy absorption behaviour. This review article will serve as a catalyst to boost the scientific improvement of hybrid energy absorbing structures utilized as passive safety protective devices in modern vehicles.
A perfect pairing for monoidal adjunctions
Authors: Torii Takeshi
Published: September 2023

We give another proof of the fact that there is a dual equivalence between the

∞
\infty

-category of monoidal

∞
\infty

-categories with left adjoint oplax monoidal functors and that with right adjoint lax monoidal functors by constructing a perfect pairing between them.
Density-constrained Chemotaxis and Hele-Shaw flow
Authors: Kim Inwon , Mellet Antoine , Wu Yijing
Published: September 2023

We consider a model of congestion dynamics with chemotaxis, where the density of cells follows the chemical signal it generates, while observing an incompressibility constraint (incompressible parabolic-elliptic Patlak-Keller-Segel model). We show that when the chemical diffuses slowly and attracts the cells strongly, then the dynamics of the congested cells is well approximated by a surface-tension driven free boundary problem. More precisely, we rigorously establish the convergence of the solution to the characteristic function of a set whose evolution is determined by the classical Hele-Shaw free boundary problem with surface tension.

The problem is set in a bounded domain, which leads to an interesting analysis on the limiting boundary conditions. Namely, we prove that the assumption of Robin boundary conditions for the chemical potential leads to a contact angle condition for the free interface (in particular Neumann boundary conditions lead to an orthogonal contact angle condition, while Dirichlet boundary conditions lead to a tangential contact angle condition).
A Dictionary of Geography
Authors: Mayhew Susan
Published: September 2023

Over 3,000 entries

This bestselling dictionary contains entries on both physical and human geography, covering topics such as cartography, surveying, meteorology, climatology, ecology, population, industry, and development. Over 70 diagrams complement the text, and many entries include worked examples. This edition has been fully revised and updated, and includes useful web links which can be accessed on the dedicated companion website.

This A–Z reference is clear, concise, and authoritative, and is an essential companion for all students and teachers of geography.
Words of change: The increase of gender-inclusive language in German media
Authors: Waldendorf Anica
Published: September 2023

Everyday observations seem to indicate an increase in gender-inclusive language (GIL) in Germany; however, previous research on the prevalence of GIL suggests that it is a marginal phenomenon. Moreover, from a theoretical side, an increase in GIL seems unlikely because of the cognitive challenge language change holds, the existence of multiple GIL variants, and the antagonistic environment that Germany poses for language change. This study empirically measures the use of GIL in five media sources in Germany. Over four million articles from 2000 to 2021 are analysed using the IDS Deutscher Referenzkorpus (DeReKo), supplemented by an in-depth analysis of 500 newspaper articles scraped in 2021. A fine-grained analysis along the dimensions of political orientation of the outlet, type of GIL, and author’s gender is conducted. In addition to observing an unexpectedly rapid increase in GIL, two different trends are identified: whilst non-binary inclusive forms of GIL are increasingly used in the left-leaning newspaper, GIL that adheres to a binary notion of gender is favoured in the mainstream and right-leaning media. This sheds light on how difficult behavioural change can occur.
Why we fight: investigating the moral appeals in terrorist propaganda, their predictors, and their association with attack severity
Authors: Hahn Lindsay , Schibler Katherine , Lattimer Tahleen A , Toh Zena , Vuich Alexandra , Velho Raphaela , Kryston Kevin , O’Leary John , Chen Sihan
Published: September 2023

How do terrorists persuade otherwise decent citizens to join their violent causes? Guided by early mass communication research investigating propaganda’s efficacy and the model of intuitive morality and exemplars, we investigated the persuasive moral appeals employed by terrorist organizations known to be successful at recruiting others to their causes. We compiled a database of N = 873 propaganda items created by N = 73 violent terrorist organizations and content analyzed the moral appeals emphasized in each. Results revealed that terrorist groups’ ideologies and motivations predicted the moral values they emphasized in their propaganda, and that ingroup loyalty and fairness appeals featured prominently across all propaganda. Terrorist groups’ emphasis on purity in their propaganda was positively correlated with their attack frequency and with the number of human casualties they caused worldwide and in the USA. Terrorists’ emphasis on ingroup loyalty in propaganda was also positively correlated with the number of US human casualties they caused. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Proposal of recommended experimental protocols for in vitro and in vivo evaluation methods of boron agents for neutron capture therapy
Authors: Hattori Yoshihide , Andoh Tooru , Kawabata Shinji , Hu Naonori , Michiue Hiroyuki , Nakamura Hiroyuki , Nomoto Takahiro , Suzuki Minoru , Takata Takushi , Tanaka Hiroki , Watanabe Tsubasa , Ono Koji
Published: September 2023

Recently, boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) has been attracting attention as a minimally invasive cancer treatment. In 2020, the accelerator-based BNCT with L-BPA (Borofalan) as its D-sorbitol complex (Steboronine®) for head and neck cancers was approved by Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices Agency for the first time in the world. As accelerator-based neutron generation techniques are being developed in various countries, the development of novel tumor-selective boron agents is becoming increasingly important and desired. The Japanese Society of Neutron Capture Therapy believes it is necessary to propose standard evaluation protocols at each stage in the development of boron agents for BNCT. This review summarizes recommended experimental protocols for in vitro and in vivo evaluation methods of boron agents for BNCT based on our experience with L-BPA approval.
A rare cause of colonic pseudo-obstruction due to light chain amyloidosis
Authors: Deng Yunpeng (Jack) , Othman Bushra
Published: September 2023

In this case report, we discuss the rare presentation of a 56-year-old-gentleman with a history of light chain amyloidosis (AL), causing colonic pseudo-obstruction and requiring open subtotal colectomy and end ileostomy. This should remain a differential diagnosis in patients with known light chain AL presenting with nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms such as constipation and abdominal pain. This prompts early investigation, such as endoscopy and tissue biopsy, and surgical intervention may be warranted.
The Globodera rostochiensis Gr29D09 Effector with a Role in Defense Suppression Targets the Potato Hexokinase 1 Protein
Authors: Chen Shiyan , Tran Tien Thi Thuy , Yeh Athena Yi-Chun , Yang Huijun , Chen Jiansong , Yang Yong , Wang Xiaohong
Published: September 2023

The potato cyst nematode ( Globodera rostochiensis) is an obligate root pathogen of potatoes. G. rostochiensis encodes several highly expanded effector gene families, including the Gr4D06 family; however, little is known about the function of this effector family. We cloned four 29D09 genes from G. rostochiensis (named Gr29D09v1/v2/v3/v4) that share high sequence similarity and are homologous to the Hg29D09 and Hg4D06 effector genes from the soybean cyst nematode ( Heterodera glycines). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Gr29D09 genes belong to a subgroup of the Gr4D06 family. We showed that Gr29D09 genes are expressed exclusively within the nematode's dorsal gland cell and are dramatically upregulated in parasitic stages, indicating involvement of Gr29D09 effectors in nematode parasitism. Transgenic potato lines overexpressing Gr29D09 variants showed increased susceptibility to G. rostochiensis. Transient expression assays in Nicotiana benthamiana demonstrated that Gr29D09v3 could suppress reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and defense gene expression induced by flg22 and cell death mediated by immune receptors. These results suggest a critical role of Gr29D09 effectors in defense suppression. The use of affinity purification coupled with nanoliquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry identified potato hexokinase 1 (StHXK1) as a candidate target of Gr29D09. The Gr29D09–StHXK1 interaction was further confirmed using in planta protein–protein interaction assays. Plant HXKs have been implicated in defense regulation against pathogen infection. Interestingly, we found that StHXK1 could enhance flg22-induced ROS production, consistent with a positive role of plant HXKs in defense. Altogether, our results suggest that targeting StHXK1 by Gr29D09 effectors may impair the positive function of StHXK1 in plant immunity, thereby aiding nematode parasitism.

[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .
Prostaglandin E2 attenuates lung fibroblast differentiation via inactivation of yes‐associated protein signaling
Authors: Teegala Lakshminarayan Reddy , Gudneppanavar Ravindra , Sabu Kattuman Emma Elizabeth , Snyderman Matthew , Thanusha Arani Varamuniprasad , Katari Venkatesh , Thodeti Charles K. , Paruchuri Sailaja
Published: September 2023

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has been implicated in counteracting fibroblast differentiation by TGFβ1 during pulmonary fibrosis. However, the precise mechanism is not well understood. We show here that PGE2 via EP2R and EP4R inhibits the expression of mechanosensory molecules Lysyl Oxidase Like 2 (LOXL2), myocardin‐related transcription factor A (MRTF‐A), ECM proteins, plasminogen activation inhibitor 1 (PAI‐1), fibronectin (FN), α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), and redox sensor (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 4 (NOX4)) required for TGFβ1‐mediated fibroblast differentiation. We further demonstrate that PGE2 inhibits fibrotic signaling via Yes‐associated protein (YAP) but does so independently from its actions on SMAD phosphorylation and conserved cylindromatosis (CYLD; deubiquitinase) expression. Mechanistically, PGE2 phosphorylates/inactivates YAP downstream of EP2R/Gαs and restrains its translocation to the nucleus, thus inhibiting its interaction with TEA domain family members (TEADs) and transcription of fibrotic genes. Importantly, pharmacological or siRNA‐mediated inhibition of YAP significantly downregulates TGFβ1‐mediated fibrotic gene expression and myofibroblast formation. Notably, YAP expression is upregulated in the lungs of D. farinae‐treated wild type (WT) mice relative to saline‐treated WT mice. Our results unravel a unique role for PGE2‐YAP interactions in fibroblast differentiation, and that PGE2/YAP inhibition can be used as a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of pathological conditions associated with myofibroblasts like asthma.
The Invisibility of Women
Authors: Brown Theresa
Published: September 2023

Why the gender data gap matters
Wearable Activity Trackers May Be Useful Tools for Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Rosenberg Karen
Published: September 2023

According to this study:
Patient Engagement in Medical Trainee Selection: A Scoping Review
Authors: Hanson Mark D. , Pang Celeste , Springall Elena , Kulasegaram Kulamakan , Eva Kevin W.
Published: September 2023

Purpose

The stakes of medical trainee selection are high, making it ironic and somewhat paradoxical that patients and the public often get little say in selection practices. The authors sought to undertake a knowledge synthesis to uncover what is known about patient engagement across the medical trainee selection continuum.

Method

The authors conducted a scoping review aimed at exploring the current state of practice and research on patient engagement in medical trainee selection in 2017–2021. MeSH headings and keywords were used to capture patient, community, and standardized patient engagement in selection processes across multiple health professions. The authors employed broad inclusion criteria and iteratively refined the corpus, ultimately, limiting study selection to those reporting engagement of actual patients in selection within medicine, but maintaining a broad focus on any patient contributions across the entire selection continuum. The Cambridge Framework was adapted and used to organize the included studies.

Results

In total, 2,858 abstracts were reviewed, and ultimately, 28 papers were included in the final corpus. The included studies were global but nascent. Most of the literature on this topic appears in the form of individual projects advocating for patient engagement in selection rather than cohesive programs with empirical exploration of patient engagement in selection. Job analysis methodology was particularly prominent for incorporating the patient voice into identifying competencies of relevance to selection. Direct patient engagement in early selection activities allowed the patient voice to assist candidates in determining their fit for medicine.

Conclusions

Patient engagement has not been made a specific focus of study in its own right, leading the authors to encourage researchers to turn their lens more directly on patient engagement to explore how it complements the professional voice in medical trainee selection.
Remote Monitoring Compared With In-Office Surveillance of Blood Pressure in Patients With Pregnancy-Related Hypertension
Authors: Arkerson Brittany J. , Finneran Matthew M. , Harris Solita R. , Schnorr Jessica , McElwee Eliza R. , Demosthenes Lauren , Sawyer Renata
Published: September 2023

OBJECTIVE:

To compare the rate of blood pressure ascertainment within 10 days of postpartum discharge among individuals with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy randomized either to in-office blood pressure assessment or at-home monitoring.

METHODS:

This was a multisite randomized controlled trial of postpartum patients diagnosed with a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy before discharge between April 2021 and September 2021 and was performed at two academic training institutions. Patients were randomized to either an in-office blood pressure check or remote monitoring through a web-enabled smartphone platform. The primary outcome was the rate of any blood pressure ascertainment within 10 days of discharge. Secondary outcomes include rates of initiation of antihypertensive medication, readmission, and additional office or triage visits for hypertension. Assuming a 10-day postdischarge blood pressure ascertainment rate of 50% in the in-office arm, we estimated that 186 participants would provide 80% power to detect a 20% difference in the primary outcome between groups.

RESULTS:

One hundred ninety-seven patients were randomized (96 remote, 101 in-office). Patients with remote monitoring had higher rates of postpartum blood pressure ascertainment compared with in-office surveillance (91.7% [n=88] vs 58.4% [n=59]; P<.001). There were 11 (11.5%) patients in the intervention arm whose only qualifying blood pressure was a postdischarge in-person ascertainment, yielding a true remote monitoring uptake rate of 80.2%. In those with remote blood pressure uptake (n=77), the median number of blood pressure checks was 15 (interquartile range 6–26) and the median duration of remote monitoring use was 14 days (interquartile range 9–16). There were no differences in rates of readmission for hypertension (5.0% [n=5] vs 4.2% [n=4], P=.792) or initiation of antihypertensive medications after discharge (9.4% [n=9] vs 6.9% [n=7], P=.530). Rates of unscheduled visits were increased in the remote monitoring arm, but this did not reach statistical significance (5.0% [n=5] vs 12.5% [n=12], P=.059). When stratifying the primary outcome by race and randomization group, Black patients had lower rates of blood pressure ascertainment than White patients when assigned to in-office surveillance (41.2% [n=14] vs 69.5% [n=41], P=.007), but there was no difference in the remote management group (92.9% [n=26] vs 92.9% [n=52], P>.99).

CONCLUSION:

Remote monitoring can increase postpartum blood pressure ascertainment within 10 days of discharge for women with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and has the potential to promote health equity.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04823949.
Identifying Optimal Methods for Addressing Confounding Bias When Estimating the Effects of State-level Policies
Authors: Griffin Beth Ann , Schuler Megan S. , Stone Elizabeth M. , Patrick Stephen W. , Stein Bradley D. , Nascimento de Lima Pedro , Griswold Max , Scherling Adam , Stuart Elizabeth A.
Published: September 2023

Background:

Policy evaluation studies that assess how state-level policies affect health-related outcomes are foundational to health and social policy research. The relative ability of newer analytic methods to address confounding, a key source of bias in observational studies, has not been closely examined.

Methods:

We conducted a simulation study to examine how differing magnitudes of confounding affected the performance of 4 methods used for policy evaluations: (1) the two-way fixed effects difference-in-differences model; (2) a 1-period lagged autoregressive model; (3) augmented synthetic control method; and (4) the doubly robust difference-in-differences approach with multiple time periods from Callaway–Sant’Anna. We simulated our data to have staggered policy adoption and multiple confounding scenarios (i.e., varying the magnitude and nature of confounding relationships).

Results:

Bias increased for each method: (1) as confounding magnitude increases; (2) when confounding is generated with respect to prior outcome trends (rather than levels), and (3) when confounding associations are nonlinear (rather than linear). The autoregressive model and augmented synthetic control method had notably lower root mean squared error than the two-way fixed effects and Callaway–Sant’Anna approaches for all scenarios; the exception is nonlinear confounding by prior trends, where Callaway–Sant’Anna excels. Coverage rates were unreasonably high for the augmented synthetic control method (e.g., 100%), reflecting large model-based standard errors and wide confidence intervals in practice.

Conclusions:

In our simulation study, no single method consistently outperformed the others, but a researcher’s toolkit should include all methodologic options. Our simulations and associated R package can help researchers choose the most appropriate approach for their data.
National Trends in Cochlear Implantation Across the Department of the Defense: A Case for Inclusion as a General Otolaryngology Core Competency
Authors: Adams Jason K. , Marinelli John P. , DeJong Russell W. , Spear Samuel A. , Erbele Isaac D.
Published: September 2023

Objective

With ongoing national expansions in cochlear implantation (CI) candidacy criteria, more patients qualify for CI today than ever before. Among US veterans and military service members, the prevalence of qualifying degrees of hearing loss secondary to occupational noise exposure exceeds the general population. The primary aim of the current work was to evaluate CI trends across the military health system.

Study Design

Database review.

Setting

Military and civilian practices.

Patients

Department of Defense (DoD) beneficiaries who underwent CI.

Main Outcome Measures

CI rates between 2010 and 2019.

Results

A total of 3,573 cochlear implant operations were performed among DoD beneficiaries from 2010 to 2019. A majority of patients (55%) were older than 64 years, with the next most commonly implanted age group being 0 to 4 years of age (14%). From 2010 to 2019, annual CI increased at a rate of 7.9% per year for all implantation over the study period (r = 0.97, p < 0.0001); there was a statistically significant difference of this rate compared with tympanoplasty, which was used as a reference procedure (rate, −1.9%; p = 0.03). This trend was similar for beneficiaries implanted both in military (11.9% per year, r = 0.77, p = 0.009) and civilian facilities (7.7% per year, r = 0.96, p < 0.0001); there was no statistically significant difference between the annual growth rates of these groups (p = 0.68).

Conclusions

Although the number of devices implanted is rapidly increasing among DoD beneficiaries, reported national utilization rates remain low. This disparity likely exists in the general public, considering the aging demographic in the West and continual expansions in US Federal Drug Administration labeling. These data suggest that widespread expansion of the procedure to general otolaryngology practices will be required to meet current and future demands for CI. For this reason, CI should be considered for “key indicator” designation among residency training programs.
Two Discrete Types of Tip Fold-Over in Cochlear Implantation Using Slim Modiolar Electrodes: Influence of Cochlear Duct Length on Tip Fold-Over
Authors: Oh Heonjeong , Kim Yehree , Lee Seung Jae , Carandang Marge , Song Jae-Jin , Choi Byung Yoon
Published: September 2023

Objective

Precise electrode positioning is crucial for achieving optimal audiological outcomes in cochlear implantation. The slim modiolar electrode (SME), a thin, flexible, and precurved electrode, exhibits favorable modiolar proximity. However, tip fold-over can affect optimal electrode placement. Herein, we share our experiences with tip fold-over in SMEs and present an analysis of conditions that may predispose to tip fold-over.

Study Design

Retrospective medical record review.

Patients

In total, 475 patients (671 ears) underwent cochlear implantation using SMEs (Nucleus CI532 or CI632 from Cochlear) performed by a single surgeon at a tertiary center between June 14, 2018, and December 1, 2022.

Interventions

Intraoperative x-ray scans (cochlear view), operative records, and cochlear duct length (CDL) were reviewed.

Main Outcome Measures

Tip fold-over patterns on plain x-ray images (proximal versus distal).

Results

Electrode tip fold-over was observed in 18 (2.7%) of the 671 ears with SMEs. This fold-over occurred more frequently in cases with long CDL (>36 mm). Among the 14 cases with available initial x-rays before correction of the tip fold-over, half were classified as proximal and the other half as distal. A predilection for proximal tip fold-over was found in those with a CDL of 36 mm or longer, and longer CDLs were observed for proximal cases than for distal cases. Our pilot data suggest that identifying the type of tip fold-over can aid in correcting it more efficiently.

Conclusions

Tip fold-over of SME does not occur uniformly and is more common in ears with long CDL. This tendency is particularly pronounced for the proximal type of tip fold-over. Therefore, preoperative measurement of the CDL and meticulous examination of intraoperative imaging are essential for customized correction.
Incidence of Hearing Loss in Corpus Callosum Agenesis
Authors: Kim Jayoon , Jeong Mincheol , Yang Seungjoon , Han Jung Ho , Bae Seong Hoon
Published: September 2023

Objectives

Congenital corpus callosum agenesis (CCA) is one of the congenital anomalies in newborns, which usually presents with syndromic features. It can be asymptomatic or have variable neurological deficits. Some studies demonstrated that hearing loss can occur in patients with CCA; however, the exact prevalence remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of hearing loss in CCA using data from newborn hearing screening in a single tertiary referral center.

Methods

A total of 126 patients with CCA combined with hearing loss diagnosed at our hospital from November 2005 to November 2022 were retrospectively included in our study. All patients had at least one screening or diagnostic auditory brainstem response result. Brain ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging were used to diagnose CCA.

Results

Among 126 patients, 93 had automated auditory brainstem response within a month from birth. Of the 93 patients, 20 (21.5%) had a “refer” result in the screening tests in at least one ear. The final incidence of hearing loss in patients with CCA was 16.1%. We observed no hearing loss in 22 patients with isolated CCA.

Conclusions

Patients with CCA have a higher incidence of hearing loss. However, this is likely related to the concurrent condition of patients. CCA seems not to be a risk factor for hearing loss.
The pathophysiology of excess plasma-free cholesterol
Authors: Gillard Baiba K. , Rosales Corina , Gotto Antonio M. , Pownall Henry J.
Published: September 2023

Purpose of review

Several large studies have shown increased mortality due to all-causes and to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In most clinical settings, plasma HDL-cholesterol is determined as a sum of free cholesterol and cholesteryl ester, two molecules with vastly different metabolic itineraries. We examine the evidence supporting the concept that the pathological effects of elevations of plasma HDL-cholesterol are due to high levels of the free cholesterol component of HDL-C.

Recent findings

In a small population of humans, a high plasma HDL-cholesterol is associated with increased mortality. Similar observations in the HDL-receptor deficient mouse (Scarb1-/-), a preclinical model of elevated HDL-C, suggests that the pathological component of HDL in these patients is an elevated plasma HDL-FC.

Collective consideration of the human and mouse data suggests that clinical trials, especially in the setting of high plasma HDL, should measure free cholesterol and cholesteryl esters and not just total cholesterol.
Dissociative Dimensions and Their Implications for Emotional Dysregulation Underlying Borderline Personality Disorder Features
Authors: Cavicchioli Marco , Ogliari Anna , Maffei Cesare , Mucci Clara , Scalabrini Andrea
Published: September 2023

Emotion dysregulation is considered a core feature of borderline personality disorder (BPD). The role of dissociation in BPD has been discussed from different perspectives. Nevertheless, implications of dissociation for BPD features are not clear. The current study estimated mediation effects of dissociative dimensions on the relationships between several emotion regulation strategies (ERSs) and BPD features among 281 adults recruited from the general population. The online survey administered a comprehensive self-report battery for the assessment of maladaptive and adaptive ERSs together with dissociative dimensions. Borderline personality disorder features were also self-report screened. Results showed significant indirect effects of dissociation on the relationships between ERSs and BPD features. Dissociation was a full mediator of the relationship between deficits with problem-solving skills and BPD criteria. The study confirmed that emotion dysregulation is a core feature of BPD and that the dissociative dimensions should be included as relevant maladaptive mechanisms sustaining BPD emotional difficulties.
The Efficacy of Cognitive-Behavioral Group Therapy on Depression, Anxiety, and Pain-Coping Strategies in Women With Breast Cancer
Authors: Mansouri Aylar , Javedani Mohammadreza , Rezazadeh Yazd Seyedeh Arefeh , Nikandish Mohadeseh , Khataei Alireza , Atrian Alireza , Moradi Fateme , Moghbeli Nina , Seifi Zahra
Published: September 2023

Cognitive-behavioral group therapy is one of the most effective forms of intervention in therapy for women with breast cancer. The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on depression, anxiety, and pain-coping strategies in women with breast cancer. The present study is a semiexperimental research with a pretest-posttest with the control group. For this purpose, 50 people of women with breast cancer were admitted to the medical university hospitals of Tehran to method purposive sampling and were randomly selected as experimental (n = 25) and control (n = 25) groups. The results showed that cognitive-behavioral group therapy significantly reduces depression and anxiety and increases the use of pain-coping strategies in women with breast cancer. Also in the field of pain-coping strategies between the experimental and control groups, there is a significant difference.
The Tripartite Model of Depression in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Parrish Emma M. , Harvey Philip D. , Ackerman Robert A. , Moore Raeanne C. , Depp Colin A. , Gagnier Marc , Pinkham Amy E.
Published: September 2023

Models of affect, like the tripartite model, suggest that positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) are independent between subjects and negatively correlated within. Correlations may differ in bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia. Using ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and clinical ratings, this secondary analysis evaluated the tripartite model by examining PA and NA. Two hundred eighty-one participants with BD or a psychotic disorder completed 30 days of EMA of PA and NA, and clinical raters assessed depression. PA and NA were more related between subjects and less related within subjects among participants with schizophrenia. In BD, lower momentary PA was positively associated with clinical ratings of depression, although greater momentary NA was not significantly associated with clinical ratings. In schizophrenia, the inverse was found. These results suggest that the tripartite model was not confirmed in people with schizophrenia or BD. However, PA and NA manifested associations in BD that were more congruent with population studies than in schizophrenia. These findings may have implications for clinical interventions targeting depression, PA, and NA in these populations.
Changes in Oral and Anal Sex with Opposite-Sex Partners among Sexually Active Females and Males Ages 15-44 in the United States: National Survey of Family Growth, 2011-2019
Authors: Katz David A. , Copen Casey E. , Haderxhanaj Laura T. , Hogben Matthew , Goodreau Steven M. , Spicknall Ian H. , Hamilton Deven T.
Published: September 2023

Background

Oral and anal sex with opposite-sex partners are common and associated with STI transmission. Trends in these behaviors over the last decade, during which bacterial STI diagnoses have reached historic highs while HIV diagnoses have decreased, are not well understood. We examined recent trends in oral and anal sex and associated condom use with opposite-sex partners among females and males.

Methods

We analyzed data from 16,926 female and 13,533 male respondents ages 15-44 who reported sex with an opposite-sex partner in the past 12 months from the National Survey of Family Growth, 2011-2019. We used survey-weighted linear or logistic regression to evaluate linear temporal trends in oral and anal sex behaviors.

Results

From 2011-13 to 2017-19, reports of oral sex and number of oral sex partners in the past 12 months increased among females (85.4% in 2011-13 to 89.4% in 2017-19, OR = 1.05, 95%CI = 1.02-1.09; and β = 0.014, 95%CI = 0.005-0.023; respectively) but not males (ranges = 87.9-89.1%; 1.27-1.31). Condom use at last oral sex decreased among both females and males (6.3% to 4.3%, OR = 0.93, 95%CI = 0.88-0.99; 5.9% to 4.4%, OR = 0.95, 95%CI = 0.91-1.00). Anal sex (female range = 21.0-23.3%, male = 23.3-24.6%), number of anal sex partners (females = 0.22-0.25; males = 0.26-0.30), and condom use at last anal sex (females = 15.3-18.2%; males = 27.0-28.7%) remained stable.

Conclusions

The frequency of oral and anal sex with opposite-sex partners among U.S. 15-44-year-olds, paired with limited and – for oral sex – decreasing condom use, demonstrates the need to understand the role of these behaviors in increasing STI diagnosis rates and the potential role of extragenital screening and condoms in reducing STI transmission.
Physical, psychological, and cognitive outcomes after coronavirus disease 2019 hospitalization: a prospective study with 3-month follow-up of a Brazilian cohort
Authors: Leite Victor Figueiredo , Cezarino Leandro Gonçalves , Jorge Valéria Conceição , Lima Maria do Carmo Correia de , Rocha Cleber Nunes da , Scontre Silmara , Rampim Danielle Bianchini
Published: September 2023

Context:

Post–coronavirus disease (COVID) is associated with multiple impairments.

Aims:

To identify consequences of COVID 2019 (COVID-19) hospitalization, and risk factors for functional dependence 3 months after discharge.

Settings and design:

Prospective cohort in a verticalized health care network.

Material and methods:

Individuals hospitalized from June to November 2020 due to COVID-19 were investigated assessing outcomes pertaining to physical and respiratory symptoms, mental health, and physical, swallow and vocal, and cognitive function at baseline, and after 1 and 3 months. Those admitted to the intensive care unit were compared with those in the ward.

Statistical analysis used:

Within and between-group comparison and across time points using T test paired samples, Wilcoxon test, 1-way analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis, Pearson χ2 and Fisher exact test, with a statistical power of 80% and α = 5%, and a post hoc univariable and multivariable logistic regression.

Results:

Participants (n = 326) had a mean of 70.3 (9.2) years and were hospitalized for a median (interquartile range) of 5 (3–8) days. In the 3-month follow-up, participants persisted with fatigue (64.7%), breathlessness (44.5%), aches, and pains (18.5%). Dyspnea and fatigue rates worsened during the same time period. Multivariable regression showed Timed Up and Go (test) ≥20 seconds at discharge as a predictor of functional dependence for IADL at the 3-month follow-up [odds ratio =3.12 (95% CI: 1.25–7.84)].

Conclusions:

The impact of COVID-19 persisted for at least 3 months, with improvement of only some outcomes in the period. A poor performance at the Timed Up and Go test at baseline was a predictor of functional dependence at 3 months.
Dry needling versus corticosteroid injections to treat tendinopathy: a systematic review
Authors: Aman Ifra , Zutshi Kalpana , Singla D.
Published: September 2023

Background:

During physical activity and exercises, there is more stress and forces are exerted on the tendon, which increases the risk of injury. There are several studies that suggest dry needling has a positive effect in treating tendinopathy. Corticosteroid injections are the most commonly used treatment for acute and chronic tendon lesions. In this review, we will compare different lines of treatment; dry needling and corticosteroid injections for tendinopathy and their efficacy in reducing symptoms. The aim of this systematic review is to critically analyze the literature to find the effect of dry needling when compared with corticosteroid injection in treating tendinopathy.

Method:

This systematic review was directed according to “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis” guidelines. The principal research question that was studied “Is dry needling better than corticosteroid injections in treating tendinopathy?” Various different electronic databases were used to search relevant articles using different keywords. Articles were collected altogether and selected on the basis of eligibility criteria. The closing sets of articles were selected after complete screening.

Result:

Both dry needling and corticosteroid injections are effective in treating tendinopathy for both short term whereas dry needling is more significantly effective in long-term use.

Conclusion:

Dry needling is superior to corticosteroid injection in treating tendinopathy.
The microbiology and pathogenesis of nonfermenting Gram-negative infections
Authors: Di Pilato Vincenzo , Willison Edward , Marchese Anna
Published: September 2023

Purpose of review

This review provides an overview of most recent evidence about pathogenesis traits and virulence factors contributing to successful colonization or infection by P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, S. maltophilia and B. cepacia complex, among the most clinically relevant nonfermenting Gram-negative bacteria (NFGNB).

Recent findings

The growing clinical importance of NFGNB as important opportunistic pathogens causing difficult-to-treat infections in a fragile patients’ population in stressed by numerous studies. Identification of novel virulence factors and deciphering of their mechanisms of action have greatly furthered our understanding of NFGNB pathogenesis, revealing that each pathogen-specific armamentarium of virulence factors (adhesins, motility, capsule, biofilm, lipopolysaccharide, exotoxins, exoenzymes, secretion systems, siderophores) can be likely responsible for the difference in the pathophysiology even in the context of a similar infection site. Emerging evidence of the immunomodulatory effect of some virulence factors is also acknowledged.

NFGNB continue to be a serious global problem as cause of life-threatening opportunistic infections, owing to a highly heterogeneous content of virulence factors and their extensive number of intrinsic resistance mechanisms. Further efforts in development of novel effective antimicrobials and of alternative strategies targeting key virulence factors are warranted.
Differentiating Imaging Features of Post-lobectomy Right Middle Lobe Torsion
Authors: Tamizuddin Farah , Ocal Selin , Toussie Danielle , Azour Lea , Wickstrom Maj , Moore William H. , Kent Amie , Babb James , Fansiwala Kush , Flagg Eric , Ko Jane P.
Published: September 2023

Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to identify differences in imaging features between patients with confirmed right middle lobe (RML) torsion compared to those suspected yet without torsion.

Materials and Methods:

This retrospective study entailing a search of radiology reports from April 1, 2014, to April 15, 2021, resulted in 52 patients with suspected yet without lobar torsion and 4 with confirmed torsion, supplemented by 2 additional cases before the search period for a total of 6 confirmed cases. Four thoracic radiologists (1 an adjudicator) evaluated chest radiographs and computed tomography (CT) examinations, and Fisher exact and Mann-Whitney tests were used to identify any significant differences in imaging features (P<0.05).

Results:

A reversed halo sign was more frequent for all readers (P=0.001) in confirmed RML torsion than patients without torsion (83.3% vs. 0% for 3 readers, one the adjudicator). The CT coronal bronchial angle between RML bronchus and bronchus intermedius was larger (P=0.035) in torsion (121.28 degrees) than nontorsion cases (98.26 degrees). Patients with torsion had a higher percentage of ground-glass opacity in the affected lobe (P=0.031). A convex fissure towards the adjacent lobe on CT (P=0.009) and increased lobe volume on CT (P=0.001) occurred more often in confirmed torsion.

Conclusion:

A reversed halo sign, larger CT coronal bronchial angle, greater proportion of ground-glass opacity, fissural convexity, and larger lobe volume on CT may aid in early recognition of the rare yet highly significant diagnosis of lobar torsion.
Level of Education Matters in Regard to Participants’ Compliance With Screening in the National Lung Screening Trial
Authors: Alali Akeel A.
Published: September 2023

Purpose:

The success of cancer screening depends on patient adherence to the screening program. The purpose of this study is to assess how the level of education might affect participants' compliance with screening in the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST).

Materials and Methods:

Secondary data analyses of the participants in the NLST were performed. A total of 50,104 participants were included in this study. Participants who enrolled in the trial but refused the initial screening were compared with those who completed the screening. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to assess the association between participant noncompliance and education level.

Results:

A total of 3712 (7.41%) participants refused lung cancer screening in the NLST. Compared with the reference group, participants with an education level of eighth grade or less (odds ratio [OR]: 2.1, CI: 1.68-2.76), ninth-11th grade (OR: 1.9, CI: 1.7-2.34), high school graduates (OR: 1.3, CI: 1.22-1.54), after high school training (OR: 1.1, CI: 1-1.31), or an associate’s degree (OR: 1.2, CI: 1.07-1.36) had significantly higher odds of refusing lung cancer screening. Participants with a bachelor’s degree showed no significant association with compliance with screening (OR: 0.9, P = 0.86). Multivariate regression analysis also showed that younger, single, male participants with a longer duration of smoking history had significantly higher odds of refusing the screening.

Conclusion:

A lower level of education was significantly associated with refusing lung cancer screening. A strategic targeted approach for this group might be necessary to promote their compliance rate.
Correcting Posterior Paraspinal Muscle Computed Tomography Density for Intravenous Contrast Material Independent of Sex and Vascular Phase
Authors: Lortie Jevin , Rush Benjamin , Gage Grace , Dhingra Ravi , Hetzel Scott , Pickhardt Perry J. , Szczykutowicz Timothy P. , Kuchnia Adam J.
Published: September 2023

Purpose:

Intravenous contrast poses challenges to computed tomography (CT) muscle density analysis. We developed and tested corrections for contrast-enhanced CT muscle density to improve muscle analysis and the utility of CT scans for the assessment of myosteatosis.

Materials and Methods:

Using retrospective images from 240 adults who received routine abdominal CT imaging from March to November 2020 with weight-based iodine contrast, we obtained paraspinal muscle density measurements from noncontrast (NC), arterial, and venous-phase images. We used a calibration sample to develop 9 different mean and regression–based corrections for the effect of contrast. We applied the corrections in a validation sample and conducted equivalence testing.

Results:

We evaluated 140 patients (mean age 52.0 y [SD: 18.3]; 60% female) in the calibration sample and 100 patients (mean age 54.8 y [SD: 18.9]; 60% female) in the validation sample. Contrast-enhanced muscle density was higher than NC by 8.6 HU (SD: 6.2) for the arterial phase (female, 10.4 HU [SD: 5.7]; male, 6.0 HU [SD:6.0]) and by 6.4 HU [SD:8.1] for the venous phase (female, 8.0 HU [SD: 8.6]; male, 4.0 HU [SD: 6.6]). Corrected contrast-enhanced and NC muscle density was equivalent within 3 HU for all correctionns. The −7.5 HU correction, independent of sex and phase, performed well for arterial (95% CI: −0.18, 1.80 HU) and venous-phase data (95% CI: −0.88, 1.41 HU).

Conclusions:

Our validated correction factor of −7.5 HU renders contrast-enhanced muscle density statistically similar to NC density and is a feasible rule-of-thumb for clinicians to implement.
Preoperative Activity Level and Postoperative Pain After Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery
Authors: Sakai Nozomi , Wu Jennifer M. , Willis-Gray Marcella
Published: September 2023

Importance

Higher preoperative activity level is associated with improved postoperative outcomes, but its impact on postoperative pain after urogynecologic surgery is unknown.

Objective

The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between preoperative activity level and postoperative pain.

Study Design

In this prospective cohort study, we evaluated women undergoing pelvic reconstructive surgery from April 2019 through September 2021. We used the Activity Assessment Survey (AAS) to create cohorts of high (AAS = 100) and low (AAS < 100) baseline activity (BA). Our primary outcome was postoperative pain scores. Our secondary outcome was postoperative opioid use.

Results

Of 132 patients, 90 (68%) were in the low BA group and 42 (32%) were in the high BA group. The groups were similar in age (mean 59 ± 12 years for high BA vs 60 ± 12 for low BA, P = 0.70), body mass index, and surgical procedures performed; however, the high BA group had lower preoperative pain scores (2 ± 6 vs 11 ± 9, P ≤ 0.01). For the primary outcome, the high BA group reported lower postoperative pain scores (16 ± 8 vs 20 ± 9, P = 0.02) and less opioid use (19 ± 32 vs 52 ± 70 morphine milliequivalents, P = 0.01) than the low BA group. However, when adjusting for age, baseline pain, hysterectomy, baseline opioid use, and Charlson Comorbidity Index, high BA did not remain associated with lower postoperative pain scores and less opioid use.

Conclusion

A higher preoperative activity level among patients undergoing urogynecologic surgery was not associated with lower pain scores nor decreased opioid use.