bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on Grain Refinement Process and Microstructure of Ultra-High Purity Copper Used for Integrated Circuit
Authors: Zeng Xiang , He Jin Jiang , Jiang Xuan , Zeng Hao , Wan Xiao Yong , Shang Zai Yan
Published: April 2016

In this paper, the deformation and annealing process of ultra-high purity copper used for Ultra large-scale integration (ULSI) have been investigated. The evolution of grain size and texture during deforming and annealing were analyzed. The results show that the coarse cast structure can be efficiently eliminated by multiple forging and the grain size can be refined initially. Ultra-high purity copper with cold rolling begins to recrystallize at a temperature of 150°C. Especially, when the cold rolling deformation is 80%, the average grain size is about 17.9μm after optimized annealing. The typical rolling textures after deformation are not strong and a large number of low-angle grain boundaries are found. After annealing, the rolling texture and recrystallization texture come to co-existence. The texture distribution is uniform without strong grain orientation and high-angle boundaries demonstrate in the microstructure.
β-Blocker and Calcium Channel Blocker Poisoning: High-Dose Insulin/Glucose Therapy
Authors: Bartlett Dana
Published: April 2016

Overdoses of β-blockers and calcium channel blockers can produce significant morbidity and mortality, and conventional therapies often do not work as treatments for these poisonings. High-dose insulin/glucose therapy has been successful in reversing the cardiotoxic effects of these drugs in cases where the standard therapies have failed, and it appears to be relatively safe. Many successes have been well documented, but the clinical experience consists of case reports, the mechanisms of action are not completely understood, and guidelines for use of the therapy are empirically derived and not standardized. Regardless of these limitations, high-dose insulin/glucose therapy can be effective, it is often recommended by clinical toxicologists and poison control centers, and critical care nurses should be familiar with when and how the therapy is used.
Music as Medicine: The Therapeutic Potential of Music for Acute Stroke Patients
Authors: Supnet Charlene , Crow April , Stutzman Sonja , Olson DaiWai
Published: April 2016

Nurses caring for patients with acute stroke are likely to administer both music and medication with therapeutic intent. The administration of medication is based on accumulated scientific evidence and tailored to the needs of each patient. However, the therapeutic use of music is generally based on good intentions and anecdotal evidence. This review summarizes and examines the current literature regarding the effectiveness of music in the treatment of critically ill patients and the use of music in neurologically injured patients. The rationale for hypothesis-driven research to explore therapeutic music intervention in acute stroke is compelling.
The STOP-BANG questionnaire as a screening tool for obstructive sleep apneainduced hypertension in Asian population
Authors: Pavarangkul Tanut , Jungtrakul Thipphailin , Chaobangprom Pichsinee , Nitiwatthana Luxanawadee , Jongkumchok Wisit , Morrakotkhiew Weerachat , Kachenchart Sitthan , Chindaprasirt Jarin , Limpawattana Panita , Srisaenpang Sompong , Pinitsoontorn Somdej , Sawanyawisuth Kittisak
Published: April 2016

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common public health issue. If left untreated, OSA may cause a large health economic burden from cardiovascular complications particularly stroke. The diagnosis of OSA can be made by polysomnography, but its availability is limited in the developing countries in Asia. STOP-BANG questionnaire is a good screening tool but may need some adjustment for Asian population. STOP-BANG stands for: Snoring history, Tired during the day, Observed stop breathing while sleep, High blood pressure, body mass index (BMI) more than 35 kg/m2, Age more than 50 years, Neck circumference more than 40 cm and male Gender. We compared clinical features in STOP-BANG questionnaire between 42 OSA induced hypertension patients and 82 healthy control subjects in the Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Thailand. The best cutoff point for the BMI and the neck circumference were 24.5 kg/m2 and 36 cm, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of the BMI cutoff point were 97.2% and 91.40, while those of the neck circumference were 94.7% and 82.9%. In conclusion, the appropriate cutoff points of BMI and neck circumference for Thai STOP-BANG questionnaire were 25 kg/m2 and 36 cm.
Awareness of prevention of teenage pregnancy amongst secondary school learners in Makhado municipality
Authors: Maxwell Giliana M. , Radzilani-Makatu Makondelele , Takalani James F.
Published: April 2016

Background: Sexuality plays a very significant role in the lives of both boys and girls. It is, therefore, considered important for schools to recognise and accept sexuality as part of the development process of the child. Professor Kader Asmal (previous South African Minister of Education) suggested that the earlier the school begins to teach learners about sexuality, the better because they can be easily misled by their peers if proper guidance regarding their sexuality is not given.Aim: The current study was conducted to assess the awareness of teenagers on the prevention of teenage pregnancy (TP) in six secondary school learners situated in the Soutpansberg-West circuit, Makhado Municipality in Limpopo province.Setting: The study was conducted at six secondary schools situated in the Soutpansberg-West circuit, Makhado Municipality in Limpopo province in 2014.Methodology: A quantitative descriptive survey study was conducted where data were collected, using self-administered questionnaires, from 381 systematically sampled participants from six secondary schools situated in the Soutpansberg-West circuit, Makhado Municipality in Limpopo province. Data were analysed descriptively using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 22.0. Necessary approval procedures and ethical clearance were obtained prior to data collection.Results: Ninety-four percent of participants agreed that TP can be prevented through abstaining from sex, whilst 65% of participants agreed that TP could be prevented by using contraceptives such as pills and injections. Eighty-three percent of participants agreed that T Pcould be prevented through the use of condoms. Seventy-four percent participants disagreed that bathing after sex prevents teenage pregnancies. Furthermore, 28% participants agreed that TP can be prevented by oral sex.Conclusion: The conclusion drawn was that learners are aware of the measures for preventing TP.Keywords: Effectiveness, Sexuality Education, Teenage Pregnancy, Teenagers.
The role of war trauma survivors in managing their own mental conditions, Syria civil war as an example
Authors: Almoshmosh Nadim
Published: April 2016

War trauma leads to a wide range of psychological consequences and disorders that can be quite disabling to individuals and their families. At times of war, existing resources become strained to cope with all demands of trauma sufferers. The survivors' role of managing their own mental conditions becomes highly important and relevant as a way of reducing the resulted suffering. Unfortunately, this role is often ignored or trivialized by all concerned. The self-efficacy and resilience of people are the factors not to be underestimated and should be built upon. Reaching solutions are generally more satisfying and long-lasting when the affected person has taken a positive active part in finding them. Encouraging the use of own resources and experiences and using own problem-solving skills can be all that is needed for survivors to feel enabled. Engaging survivors and focusing on promoting recovery and social inclusion along with the use of self-help skills make them feel more positive about their own conditions. Being more involved, taking even small steps reduces the development of learned helplessness and reduces the psychiatric morbidities.
Distribution of dental schools in Brazil, 2015
Authors: da Fonseca Emílio Prado , Rocha Carla Martins , Kruger Estie , Tennant Marc , Mialhe Fábio Luiz , Meneghim Marcelo de Castro
Published: April 2016

Introduction: The geographical distribution of dentistry schools has been the object of study in Brazil and in other parts of the world. Aim: To analyze the distribution of dentistry schools in Brazil by states and to correlate with the number of dentists in 2015. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. The analysis of the courses distribution was carried out by states and categorized by public or private schools. All the institutions′ addresses were geocoded and mapped to illustrate the spatial distribution of dental courses. To determine the association between the number of faculties by state and the number of dentists, the Spearman correlation test was applied with the level of decision (alpha = 0.05) for correlating the variables. Results: The distribution of schools and dentists were irregular. In 2015, there were 232 dental courses in operation; being 56 (24%) public and 176 (76%) private in Brazil, and all 26 states and the Federal District have dental courses. The Spearman test showed a strong positive correlation between the number of dental schools and the number of dentists. Conclusion: The distribution of dental schools has reflexes in the distribution of health professionals.
Self-reported smoking cessation interventions among dental practitioners: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Hashim Raghad , Ismail Shamim
Published: April 2016

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the attitudes and practices of dentists toward smoking cessation intervention (SCI); to identify the barriers that prevent them from advising their patients to quit smoking and to determine the level of interest in future training in smoking cessation. Methods: Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to all (122) dentists practicing in private sectors in the Emirate of Ajman, United Arab Emirates. The questionnaire was personally administered, and the dental practitioners were given explanations regarding how to complete it. Only descriptive statistics was calculated. Results: More than half of the respondents (55%) inquired about their patients smoking status, whereas 40% of the dentists documented it. The most common barrier cited by the respondents was the lack of training and preparation in the smoking cessation techniques, followed by lack of availability of educational material. Almost three-quarters of the respondent were interested in further training in SCI; being provided to them through full-day training course. Conclusions: Dentists require more access to appropriate forms of training in the SCI and more support needed to enable the dentist to help their patient to quit the habit. Providing training program to the dental practitioners in the United Arab Emirates to equip them with the required skill to deliver SCI would be highly beneficial.
Utilization of dental services among secondary school students in Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Authors: Eigbobo Joycelyn Odegua , Obiajunwa Chinonso Claude
Published: April 2016

Background: Regular use of dental services has been associated with optimal oral health. Reports in some parts of Nigeria have shown the poor utilization of dental services, but there is a paucity of information relating to oral health care seeking behavior in the South-South region of Nigeria. Aim: To determine the pattern of utilization and identify barriers to utilization of dental services among children. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study done among children aged 12-15 years in secondary schools in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. Information was elicited by means of a self-administered structured questionnaire. These included sociodemographic characteristics, views on dental visits, reported visits during the previous year, pattern of dental visits, and the barriers to utilization. Demographic variables and associations were tested using Chi-squared tests with the level of statistical significance set at P < 0.05 at 95% confidence interval. Results: There were 200 school children; 98 (49%) males and 102 (51%) females with a mean age of 13.3 (±1.1) years. Dental visits were deemed important by 187 (93.5%) children, and 32.0% respondents suggested that visits should be when there are symptoms. Only 42 (21%) pupils had been to the dentist in the last 12 months. The barriers to utilization of dental services majorly included no perceived needs (64.3%). Demographic variables had no significant association with reported visits and pattern of visits. Conclusion: Utilization of dental services among these school children was low and the major barrier was no perceived need. Oral health awareness needs to be improved on the importance of a regular checkup.
Comparing male and female dental students′ perceptions regarding their learning environment at a dental college in Northwest, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al-Samadani Khalid H. , Ahmad Mohammad Sami , Bhayat Ahmed , Bakeer Hala Abdelrahman , Elanbya May Osman Gamar
Published: April 2016

Introduction: Male and female students often have different expectations and requirements regarding learning institutions. Taibah Dental College has separate male and female sections, and it is essential to determine the students′ perceptions regarding the dental college. Methods: All male and female dental students who were in the 3rd, 4th, and 5th year of study during the 2014/2015 academic year were asked to participate. The Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure, which is a self-administered questionnaire, was used to obtain the necessary data. It consists of fifty items categorized into five domains. For each item, students chose one option that best described their perceptions using a Likert-type scale. A higher score indicated higher levels of satisfaction and vice versa. Results: The 4th year female students reported the lowest scores. Overall the scores were relatively low and indicated that students were generally dissatisfied. Common areas of dissatisfaction included poor learning experiences, poor teaching experiences, and type of learning atmosphere. The 3rd year females reported significantly higher scores for their teaching experience compared to their male counterparts. There were significant differences for each domain between the years of study with the 4th year having lowest scores. Conclusion: In general, the student′s perception was low but within the range of other similar studies. The females tended to be much more dissatisfied compared to males and the 4th year seemed to have the most problems.
La Pharmacogénomique, meilleur exemple de médecine personnalisée
Authors: Siest Gérard , Visvikis-Siest Sophie
Published: April 2016

La pharmacogénétique et la pharmacogénomique permettent de connaître la réponse individuelle au médicament. Après un rappel montrant que cette médecine personnalisée était déjà entrevue dans l’Antiquité, ce n’est qu’il y a une soixantaine d’années que cette discipline a vu le jour avec la mise en évidence des toxicités dues à des mutations de gènes comme ceux des acétyltransférases pour l’isoniazide, des cytochromes P450 2D6 pour de nombreux médicaments comme le pexid, des béta-bloquants, des anti-dépresseurs, du cytochrome P450 2C19 pour le clopidogrel. Il est donc nécessaire de connaître les 3 phases de la transformation d’un médicament dans l’organisme (essentiellement le foie) : oxydation, conjugaison et transport. Ce sont donc les médicaments ou leurs métabolites qui atteignent les cibles thérapeutiques comme des protéines (Apolipoprotéine E – ApoE) ou des récepteurs à la surface des cellules (thérapie cancéreuse). L’objectif final est d’adapter la bonne dose de médicament à chaque patient, d’éviter ou diminuer les effets indésirables ou toxiques et de prescrire un médicament de substitution pour les sujets résistants. Des exemples pour les anticoagulants (coumarines) ou les anti-thrombotiques (clopidogrel) sont décrits. L’amélioration de l’utilisation clinique nécessite une stratégie à plusieurs niveaux (formation, information, qualité des méthodes de génotypage, essais cliniques) pour transférer ces connaissances aux cliniciens et aux patients.
L’aromaparfumerie
Authors: Demars Valérie , Béguier Thibaut
Published: April 2016

Le pouvoir de la nature et des plantes est bien connu depuis la nuit des temps. Il est commun à toutes les cultures. Il est utilisé par la phytothérapie pour purifier, guérir, régénérer, et plus spécifiquement par l’aromathérapie pour l’utilisation des huiles essentielles. Plus récemment, les scientifiques se sont penchés sur un sens jusqu’alors peu étudié : l’odorat. Ainsi, il s’est avéré être notre sens le plus primitif, mais certainement le plus complexe. L’aromachologie a pu démontrer que les odeurs influaient directement sur notre psychisme, notre système hormonal et immunitaire, et par conséquent sur notre comportement. Des théories sur le caractère quantique de l’olfaction ont ensuite vu le jour, justifiant que les huiles essentielles apportaient plus que leurs propriétés biochimiques bien connues de l’aromathérapie, en puisant leur énergie dans la nature. L’Aromaparfumerie® est une alliance entre ces bienfaits offerts par la nature, et la belle parfumerie. Le cœur actif présent dans chaque parfum fait que le plaisir des sens s’allie aux soins du corps et de l’esprit.
Inventons la chirurgie du futur
Authors: Marescaux Jacques , Diana Michèle
Published: April 2016

L’innovation chirurgicale repose sur deux critères, la sécurité du patient et la qualité de vie qui imposent tous deux une diminution drastique du trauma chirurgical. Des évolutions parallèles tournées vers des approches moins invasives se sont produites dans les domaines de la chirurgie, de la radiologie interventionnelle et de l’endoscopie. Les chirurgies mini-invasives offrent de véritables bénéfices pour les patients en termes de résultats postopératoires. Un nouveau concept de cyber-thérapie voit le jour à travers le développement des sciences de l’informatique et de la robotique qui visent à intégrer l’homme et la machine. De surcroît, la fusion de la chirurgie, de l’endoscopie et de la radiologie interventionnelle en une modalité de traitement hybride, à savoir la chirurgie mini-invasive guidée par l’image, est chargée de promesses. Dans cet éditorial, les piliers de ces nouveaux développements paradigmatiques sont brièvement exposés à la lumière de notre expérience et de notre vision de l’avenir.
Reconceptualising the Standard of Care in Sport: The Case of Youth Rugby in England and South Africa
Authors: Greenfield Steve , Karstens AJ , Osborn Guy , Rossouw JP
Published: April 2016

Sport is an important area of civil society in both South Africa and England, and this article is broadly concerned with the relationship between sport and personal injury.  More specifically, the article compares how rugby is regulated by the tort of negligence in England and delict in South Africa respectively.  Regarding liability, for sport there are very specific factors that need to be taken into account.  The article is concerned with, firstly, the broader context of sport as an important social and cultural activity, and secondly the specific sporting context that includes the rules of the game as well as the playing culture, with a focus on rugby at junior level.  Through a critical and comparative analysis of how the standards of care in sport have been developed in both jurisdictions, the aim of this article is to consider how sport specific elements can be incorporated into the traditional legal principles.  This comparative analysis contextualises the various discussions in the light of the differences between the English tort of negligence and the South African law of delict.  Our argument is that the context and specificity of rugby should be more explicitly taken into account when evaluating potential liability.  To establish a standard of care for sport is complex, with many factors to be taken into account and balanced against one another. The law of negligence/delict therefore needs to be adaptable and flexible to resolve new situations where injuries have occurred.  Even in established situations where liability has been previously determined, novel events do occur and knowledge develops that requires a reconsideration of the principles that govern liability. In junior rugby, the risk of very serious injuries is relatively small and the law needs to tread a cautious path through liability, ensuring it is a vehicle that promotes sport rather than creating barriers to its enjoyment and practice.  A greater understanding of sport, informed by detailed research, can unearth new areas of potential liability that will need to be considered in the future.
The Right to Freedom of Expression: The Mother of our Democracy
Authors: Van Vollenhoven Willem Johannes
Published: April 2016

This paper explores student-teachers' understanding of the right to freedom of expression in education. Analyses of case law and legal principles affirm that the right to freedom of expression is an essential prerequisite to protect and promote democracy. Based on qualitative research, the empirical evidence indicates that although student-teachers are aware of the fact that the right to freedom of expression is not absolute and may be limited, they have a superficial knowledge of the application of this right. Student-teachers have a sense of the importance of the right to freedom of expression in a democracy, but they have not yet internalised the mechanism or process of balancing the right in praxis. This does not bode well as the school system will fail to be a market place of ideas. In order to enable learners to reach their full potential as critical thinkers and autonomous citizens in a developing democracy, it is imperative that teachers should understand and master the application of the right to freedom of expression in schools.
Realisation of a Child's Right to a Basic Education in the South African School System: Some Lessons from Germany
Authors: Chürr Chrizell
Published: April 2016

It is a greater work to educate a child, in the true and larger sense of the word, than to rule a state.

Education has, since the beginning of time, been regarded as the formal process by which society conveys its accumulated knowledge, skills, customs and values from one generation to another. Today, education is a human right, and the right to education and specifically the right to (a) basic education is acknowledged and emphasised worldwide. In South Africa the right to a basic education is entrenched in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 and is regarded as one of the most crucial constitutional rights, particularly because it promotes economic and social well-being. However, the South African school system is crippled by a myriad of unfavourable challenges, situations and circumstances which will be discussed throughout the article. Many of these challenges, situations and circumstances are frustrating and solutions have been sought diligently – many with success and many without success. The focus in this article falls on the questions of whether the current South African school system sufficiently realises the constitutional rights of learners and whether an alternative school system could lead to the increased fulfilment and realisation of South African children's rights (with a specific focus on the rights to a basic education, equality and dignity). The article therefore deals with the "acceptability" of the South African school system. A comparative analysis with Germany will be done and the German school system will be used as a valuable framework in order to propose an alternative school system for South Africa.
Rethinking Terra Nullius and Property Law in Space
Authors: Erlank Wian
Published: April 2016

With a new era dawning with regard to access to space and an increase in the number of nations capable of reaching and exploiting space, the field of space law as a whole needs to be re-evaluated. One such area where current legal thinking needs to be examined is with regard to the property rights to objects in space. While it was sufficient in the past for governments to frown upon the institutions of ownership in outer space and leave many space-related issues unresolved, one would need to re-examine the current body of space-law and related international instruments in the light of the ability of private enterprises’ and other new players’ ability to partake in and commercially exploit space travel. This paper investigates whether property rights should be available to space-faring nations and individuals, as well as how these rights could be acquired. Also very important is how these rights could be limited or structured in such a way as not to unnecessarily interfere with the aims of current space law. Characteristics such as the impersonality, tangibility, independence, susceptibility to control, and the usefulness and value for mankind of an object in space will once again be of crucial importance when it is necessary to determine if it can be classified as an object with regard to which one can have property rights. This is discussed against the background of objects that are deemed to be res nullius (things belonging to nobody) as well as the theory of terra nullius (land belonging to nobody).
Introduction to Virtual Property: Lex Virtualis Ipsa Loquitur
Authors: Erlank Wian
Published: April 2016

This article serves as an introduction to the concept of virtual property and also to very briefly note the relevance of virtual property in modern society. A universally accepted definition of virtual property is hard to come by, but the paper will aim to provide some clarity on the issue. Virtual property is still property, and it still exists even though it is intangible. It includes (amongst other things) website addresses and email addresses as well as certain other accepted immaterial property objects such as bank accounts, stocks, options and derivatives. Indeed, one can go so far as to include digital goods, such as digital versions of books (e-books), computer or smartphone programmes or apps, television series and movies as well as digital music (albums and tracks) as objects of virtual property. However, the focus in this paper is on the type of virtual property found inside virtual worlds. The discussion of virtual property will be facilitated by reference to some of the ancillary and more complicated areas of the field to serve as a point of reference leading to an understanding of the concept of virtual property in general.
The Universal Jurisdiction of South African Criminal Courts and Immunities of Foreign State Officials
Authors: Kayitana Evode
Published: April 2016

Under the "complementarity" regime of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC), the jurisdiction of the ICC is secondary to the jurisdiction of domestic courts. States Parties, not the ICC, have the primary responsibility of investigating and prosecuting international crimes. The ICC acts only when States are "unable" or "unwilling" to prosecute. As a State Party, in order to give effect to the complementarity principle, South Africa enacted the Implementation of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Act 27 of 2002, which determines the modalities of prosecuting perpetrators of the crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes in South African courts.

The Implementation Act also provides that South African courts will have jurisdiction over these crimes not only when they are committed on the territory of South Africa but also when they are committed outside the Republic. By granting South African courts jurisdiction over a person who commits a crime outside the Republic when that person is later found on South African territory, without regard to that person's nationality or the nationality of the victims, the Implementation Act empowers South African courts with universal jurisdiction over international crimes.

This paper seeks to determine whether and to what extent foreign State officials, such as foreign heads of State, heads of government and ministers of foreign affairs, can plead immunity when they are accused of international crimes before South African courts when exercising their universal jurisdiction in terms of the Implementation Act and in accordance with the complementarity regime of the Rome Statute. In other words, the article endeavours to determine whether international law rules regarding immunities of State officials may or may not limit the ability of South African courts to exercise universal jurisdiction over international crimes committed in foreign States.
The Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act, Species-Based Legal Protection and the Danger of Misidentification
Authors: Knobel Johann C
Published: April 2016

The Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act of 1940 bestows legal protection on two North American eagle species in the United States of America. The Act was originally aimed at the legal protection of only one species: the Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus, the national symbol of the USA. Later the Act was amended to extend protection also to the Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos. The Bald Eagle was an Endangered Species, but the Golden Eagle was not formally listed as Endangered nationwide in the USA. One of the reasons for extending legal protection to the Golden Eagle under the Act was to strengthen the legal protection of the Bald Eagle, because immature Bald Eagles were being misidentified as Golden Eagles and shot. Additional factors relating to Golden Eagle mortality also made legal protection of the Golden Eagle desirable. The danger that a rare and legally protected species can be misidentified and mistaken for a more common and unprotected species can therefore serve as a reason for bestowing legal protection on the more common species as well. Other factors may also indicate that legal protection of the more common species is desirable, making the case more compelling. If this line of reasoning is applied in respect of South African birds of prey, a strong case can be made in favour of extending legal protection under the national biodiversity legislation to more species than the small number of species currently enjoying such protection. Species that are listed as Vulnerable under South African national biodiversity legislation may be misidentified as species that are not subject to such protection. Additional factors are also present that make such an extension of legal protection desirable.
The Viability and Constitutionality of the South African National Register for Sex Offenders: A Comparative Study
Authors: Mollema Nina
Published: April 2016

Section 42 of the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act 32 of 2007 established a National Register for Sex Offenders where the particulars of all offenders guilty of sexual transgressions against children or mentally-ill persons have to be included, regardless of whether they were found guilty before or after the coming into force of the Act. Although the purpose of the Act clearly is to protect and promote the constitutional rights of victims and society in general, it is apparent that the register may infringe on the rights of sexual offenders. The inclusion of the personal details of sex offenders in a register without their permission and sometimes without their knowledge amounts to a violation amongst other rights of the right to privacy stipulated in section 14 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996. In this article the constitutionality of the South African register will be examined by means of a comparative study with the United States and United Kingdom, where similar registers are already in place. This legislative assessment will also provide answers as to the viability of the South African register. It is argued that South Africa's sex offender registration system may not fulfil the function it was designed for because of misconceptions as well as serious implementation and administrative issues; and that alternative solutions may be more suitable in this regard.
RAF v Sweatman (162/2014) [2015] ZASCA 22 (20 March 2015): A Simple Illustration of the SCA's Statutory Misinterpretation of Section 17(4)(C) of the Road Accident Fund Act 56 of 1998
Authors: Fick Sarah , Van der Merwe Paul
Published: April 2016

In Road Accident Fund v Sweatman (162/2014) [2015] ZASCA 22 (20 March 2015) (hereafter Sweatman) the Supreme Court of Appeal was faced with the interpretation of section 17(4)(c) of the Road Accident Fund Act 56 of 1998 (the "cap provision"). The purpose of this note is to assess the court's interpretation of the "cap provision" to determine whether this interpretation is sound. This is achieved by explaining the purpose of the Road Accident Fund and the Amendment Act. Thereafter the general method of calculating loss of income is explored, together with the different interpretations of the "cap provision" and the application thereof. The abovementioned decision of the SCA on the most appropriate interpretation is then critically analysed. It is argued that the court, in Sweatman, misunderstood the implication of its decision and was therefore incapable of interpreting the provision correctly. The effect is that one of the primary purposes of the Amendment Act is circumvented.
Australian Writing and the Contemporary: Are We There Yet?
Authors: Lawrence Annee
Published: April 2016

Australia’s geographical location (within ‘Asia’)—seen as a negative into the twenty-first century when the nation defined itself as culturally and aspirationally linked to the major Euro-American metropolitan cultural centres (the ‘West’)—must now be reevaluated. After two hundred years of white settlement and of turning its back on the region in which it is located, some Australian writers are writing texts that illuminate an aspect of Australian literature that is in transition, becoming, by definition, in, of, and with the region as well as in, of, and with present time. Art historian Terry Smith’s theory of the three currents of contemporary art, particularly the third current, suggests a new paradigm, a potential break from modernism, and a different kind of entanglement and interconnection in a world that is witnessing shifts in world power, voluntary and involuntary mass movements of people, and real time global communication technologies. Adrian Snodgrass and David Coyne’s application of hermeneutical theory to the architectural design studio via the metaphor of excursion and return illuminates some imaginative intersections, understandings and energies in three texts by Australian authors—Michelle De Kretser, Chi Vu and Jennifer Mackenzie. In Smith’s terms too, the texts perform original leaps of the imagination in their diversity, freshness, and ability to surprise and invite questions about literature’s potential to stir up prior understandings and invite new ways of being in the present. In terms of Giorgio Agamben’s definition of the contemporary, the three texts bring the reader to a plurality and intercultural connectedness that we have yet to fully recognise and live. They represent a line of flight towards a literary imaginary in Australian writing that is contemporary, locally grounded, but also regionally and globally entangled.
Do Fish Resist?
Authors: Wadiwel Dinesh Joseph
Published: April 2016

There have been a number of scientific studies on the question of whether fish feel pain. Some have suggested that some fish indeed do feel pain and that this has significant welfare implications (2003). Others have argued that fish do not have the brain development necessary to feel pain. In terms of number of animals killed, the slaughter of sea animals for human consumption significantly exceeds that of any land animals that we use for food, and sea animal slaughter practices frequently lack any basic welfare protections. If fish can be shown to feel pain—or more importantly, if humans can agree that fish feel pain—then this would place a significant question mark over many contemporary fishing practices. This article substitutes the question 'Do Fish Feel Pain?' with an alternative: 'Do Fish Resist?' It explores the conceptual problems of understanding fish resistance, and the politics of epistemology that surrounds and seeks to develop a conceptual framework for understanding fish resistance to human capture by exploring the development of fishing technologies - the hook, the net and contemporary aquaculture.
Formations of Feeling, Constellation of Things
Authors: Highmore Ben
Published: April 2016

This essay revisits Raymond Williams’s notion of ‘structures of feeling’ with the intention of clarifying what Williams meant by ‘feelings’, and of exploring the concept’s possible range and reach within the study of culture. It recovers the initial anthropological context for the phrase by reconnecting it to the work of Ruth Benedict and Gregory Bateson. It goes on to suggest that while the analysis of ‘structures of feeling’ has been deployed primarily in studies of literary and filmic culture it might be usefully extended towards the study of more ubiquitous forms of material culture such as clothing, housing, food, furnishings and other material practices of daily living. Indeed it might be one way of explaining how formations of feeling are disseminated, how they suture us to the social world and how feelings are embedded in the accoutrements of domestic, habitual life. The essay argues that by joining together a socially phenomenological interest in the world of things, accompanied by an attention to historically specific moods and atmospheres, ‘structures of feelings’ can direct analyses towards important mundane cultural phenomena.
Teaching Cultural Studies; Teaching Stuart Hall
Authors: Driscoll Catherine
Published: April 2016

I belong to a generation of cultural studies researchers for whom Stuart Hall was not the primary voice defining the field as I first encountered it. He was not even among the first wave of writers that I read or heard discussed as doing ‘cultural studies’. Instead, I came to Hall’s work from a distance defined by the history of cultural studies as a discipline; first by the diffusion of some of its most important interventions through other fields, so that it was not only people who said they were doing cultural studies who were taken up as key to the field, and second by the institutionalisation of a cultural studies canon in which Hall became only one voice, however influential. Nevertheless, by the time Hall died I had come not only to an enthusiastic appreciation of his work but to strongly feel my own indebtedness to it. I want to reflect here on how teaching cultural studies brought me to a close engagement with Hall’s work, and how teaching keeps Hall’s work and ideas alive when the exigencies of academic publishing might relegate him to citational history.
Out of Time
Authors: Barcan Ruth
Published: April 2016

A review of Sarah Sharma, In the Meantime: Temporality and Cultural Politics (Duke University Press, 2014).
Bright Lights, Big Dreams: Global Gayness and Privilege in Manila
Authors: Welker James
Published: April 2016

A review of Bobby Benedicto, Under Bright Lights: Gay Manila and the Global Scene (University of Minnesota Press, 2014).
Observations of water vapor mixing ratio profile and flux in the Tibetan Plateau based on the lidar technique
Authors: Wu Songhua , Dai Guangyao , Song Xiaoquan , Liu Bingyi , Liu Liping
Published: April 2016

Abstract. As a part of the third Tibetan Plateau Experiment of Atmospheric Sciences (TIPEX III) in China, a Raman water vapor, cloud and aerosol lidar and a coherent wind lidar were operated in Naqu (31.48° N, 92.06° E) with a mean elevation of more than 4500 m a.m.s.l. in summer of 2014. During the field campaign, the water vapor mixing ratio profiles were obtained and validated by radiosonde observations. The mean water vapor mixing ratio in Naqu in July and August was about 9.4 g kg−1 and the values vary from 6.0 to 11.7 g kg−1 near the ground according to the lidar measurements, from which a diurnal variation of water vapor mixing ratio in the planetary boundary layer was also illustrated in this high-elevation area. Furthermore, using concurrent measurements of vertical wind speed profiles from the coherent wind lidar, we calculated the vertical flux of water vapor that indicates the water vapor transport through updraft and downdraft. The fluxes were for a case at night with large-scale non-turbulent upward transport of moisture. It is the first application, to our knowledge, to operate continuously atmospheric observations by utilizing multi-disciplinary lidars at the altitude higher than 4000 m, which is significant for research on the hydrologic cycle in the atmospheric boundary layer and lower troposphere in the Tibetan Plateau.
Forging a Balanced Presumption in Favor of Metadata Disclosure Under the Freedom of Information Act
Authors: Minegar Ben
Published: April 2016

Law Clerk to Chief Judge Joy Flowers Conti, United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania; J.D. magna cum laude 2015, University of Pittsburgh (Lead Executive Editor, University of Pittsburgh Law Review); B.A. 2009, University of North Florida. Thank you Professor Rhonda Wasserman for your advice and assistance on this paper and for an enlightening class on electronic discovery. Faculty for the University of Pittsburgh School of Law awarded this paper the William H. Eckert Prize.
Police Body Cameras: Mending Fences and How Pittsburgh is a Leading Example
Authors: Evans Danielle
Published: April 2016

After the police brutality deaths of Michael Brown, Eric Garner, and Freddie Gray, amongst others, many call for increased accountability through police officer body-worn cameras. The following Note discusses the potential benefits of body camera use, the concerns that body cameras raise, relevant current and pending legislation in Pennsylvania, and whether police body cameras can be used to address race relations in connection with police officer brutality.
Spectrum Sharing in the Context of Vehicle-to-Vehicle Technology: Bureaucratic Hoops, Fierce Competition, Political Maneuverings, and the Larger Policy Issue
Authors: Mallick Colleen A.
Published: April 2016

This article addresses the political and regulatory issues facing V2V implementation while promoting the larger policy question of greater wireless access. Opening the heavily regulated electromagnetic spectrum to greater commercial use benefits American consumers, advances technological innovations, and could create hundreds of thousands of jobs. V2V technology holds tremendous promise for improving vehicle safety and reducing fatalities, and deploying V2V as soon as possible could save thousands of lives.
Foreword
Authors: Brean Daniel Harris
Published: April 2016

Privacy and technology issues tend to implicate one another.  Sometimes they reinforce each other, such as when improved data security thwarts hackers.  But often the use of technology diminishes privacy because, in order to benefit from the technology, users must surrender some personal, otherwise private information.  In such cases the technology may be powerful, profitable, fun, or convenient, but the privacy consequences of its use can be quite profound.
Cooperativismo, factor empresarial y desarrollo económico: un modelo teórico de enlace
Authors: Guzmán Alfonso Carmen , Barroso González María de la O , Santos Cumplido Francisco J.
Published: April 2016

Dados sus principios de funcionamiento, las cooperativas son consideradas por diversos estudios como una fórmula empresarial que puede contribuir de forma destacada a superar la crisis económica iniciada en 2008. Asimismo, existen numerosas investigaciones que señalan que estas entidades juegan además un papel muy relevante en el desarrollo económico de cualquier territorio. No obstante, cuando se examina el conjunto de la literatura económica sobre cooperativas se observa que éstas son estudiadas en la mayoría de los casos a partir de sus propias particularidades y características de participación y solidaridad. En este sentido, siguiendo un marco de análisis diferente, este trabajo se basa en la teoría del entrepreneurship o factor empresarial para proponer un modelo teórico que explique el comportamiento de este tipo de organización empresarial y, más concretamente, como ese comportamiento puede contribuir al desarrollo económico de los territorios.
الافتتاحية
Authors: Laude Patrick
Published: April 2016

يفتتح رئيس التحرير هذا العدد من المجلة ليناقش أهمية العدل وأن جوهر الدين “ليس أكثر من تحقيق العدل”، ولكنه يجد أن العدل أصبح منحصر?? في “العدل الإجتماعي”. وإنحصار العدل في منظومة يشتت المرء من العمل على أن يدرك أن العدل “يبدأ من الداخل” بالإضاففة إلى “الاعتراف بحقوق الآخرين”.
Poverty, Wealth and Social Justice in Africa
Authors: Asamoah-Gyadu Rev. J. Kwabena
Published: April 2016

This article examines from an African Christian viewpoint, the interface between wealth and poverty on one hand and issues of the church and social justice on the other. The essay looks at the meanings of wealth and poverty, select significant causes of poverty, and the responses of the church in Africa to life-negating situations arising from the unfair distribution of wealth.
لقاء مع طارق رمضان
Authors: Ramadan Tariq
Published: April 2016

في هذا اللقاء يتحدث طارق رمضان عن العدل في الإسلام، ويتطرق إلى ثلاثة مصادر التي شكلت مفهوم العدل في الإسلام، مثل القرآن والسنة والإجتهاد. ويتطرق رمضان إلى أن العدل والمساواة يستخدمان بشكل متفاوت إلا أن المساواة لا تضمن العدل، ولكن العدل هو “شرط من شروط السلام”. وبالرغم من أهمية تطبيق مفهوم العدل إلا أن رمضان يحذر القارئ أنه لا يمكننا “أن نعبد العدل”، حيث أنه سوف “ينتابنا على الفور هاجس الإحساس بأننا ضحايا”. ويضيف أن العدل في “هذه الدنيا عدل ناقص” حيث أن “العدل الكامل هو عدل الله”، مما يجعل رمضان يشير إلى أهمية معرفة أنواع العدل المتواجدة ومعنى العدل في الإسلام. ويتحدث طارق رمضان عن مفهوم العدل في الإسلام من حيث العبادات والمعاملات، مثل الصلاة والزكاة. ومن هنا يتطرق رمضان إلى العلاقة ما بين العدل والحوار بين الأديان، حيث أن رمضان يضيف أن الحوار ما بين الأديان هو نوع من أنواع العدل الإجتماعي، ويضيف رمضان إلى أن مقاومة الأموار السيئة في المجتمع يعتبر كجهاد حيث أن المرء يقاوم السيئ ويسعى من أجل الإصلاح في المجتمع من أجل الوصول للسلام في المجتمع. ويضيف رمضان إلى أن المرء الظالم يمكن أن يتهرب من العدل في هذه الدنيا ولكنه لن يستطيع الفرار من عقاب يوم القيامة، و لذلك “من الأفضل أن تتحمل العقاب اليوم”.
موقع العدل بين الشرع و العقل
Authors: Meftah Abdel Baki
Published: April 2016

يبدأ الكاتب يتعريف العدل من عدة سياقات من حيث الثقافات والأديان من أجل أن يبرهن أن مفهوم العدل متواجد في كل الأديان وأنه ليس حكر?? على مجموعة دون الآخرى. ويركز الكاتب على مفهوم العدل من سياق الدين الإسلامي، حيث أنه يجد أن القرآن يحث المسلم على أن يطبق العدل في حياته بالإضافة إلى أن “هدف بعثة الرسل هو العدل”، حيث أن العدل مرتبط بالنظم السياسية والفردية. ومن هذا المنطلق يتطرق الكاتب إلى العدل في الحكم، وواجبات الحاكم، حيث أن الكاتب يشير إلى أن غياب العدل يؤدي إلى هلاك ودمار المجتمع. ومن ثم ينتقل الكاتب ليناقش أهمية العقل ودور العقل في تحقيق العدل حيث أن العقل يساعد على تعزيز “معرفة العلوم وكمال وصلاح الأعمال”، بالإضافة إلى معرفة دور العقل في الدين. ومن هنا يتحدث الكاتب عن دور نشأة الكلام وظهور المعتزلة والأشعرية، بالإضافة إلى المدرسة السلفية والمدرسة الظاهرية، ويستدل الكاتب بهذه المجموعات الفكرية من أجل أن يناقش مفاهيم العدل عند كل مجموعة، حتى أن الكاتب يقارن بإشكالية العدل ما بين المعتزلة والإمامية والأشعرية، حيث أنه وجد أنهم “يسمون أنفسهم أهل العدل والتوحيد”. ومن ثم ينتقل الكاتب ليناقش مفهوم العدل المتواجد في الدول العظماء والمعايير المزدوجة التي تستخدمها تلك الدول حيال الدول الضعيفة. بالإضافة إلى التطرق لمفهوم العدل عند العلمانيين والحداثيين، ويناقش الكاتب أنه بالرغم من عدم الرجوع إلى نص أو تشريع مقدس إستطاعت بعض من المجتمعات أن تطبق مفهوم العدل من دون الرجوع إلى الدين، مما يجعل القارى يتسأل ما إذا كان العدل منبعه الدين أم أن عقل الإنسان يستطيع أن يصل للعدل. ويضيف الكاتب مواقف التيارات الإسلامية المعاصرة لمسألة العدل.