bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Morphology and Behaviour of Buxtonella sulcata from Cattle and of Balantidium coli from the Pig
Authors: Rees Charles William
Published: June 2009

1. A ciliate occurring in the caecum of about 25 per cent, of the cattle that were examined at Jeanerette, Louisiana, is herein classified as Buxtonella sulcata Jameson (1926) and it is proposed that it be removed from the Class Aspirigera, Family Isotrichidae, and included in the Class Spirigera, Order Heterotrichida.

2. The ciliate is characterised by the position of the cytostome near the permanently open cytopyge and within the peristome which continues from the cytostome around the oral end of the body to the extreme aboral end which during locomotion is anterior.

3. The infections were detected in slaughtered animals by examining faecal material in Syracuse watch glasses under the binocular microscope, this method of faecal diagnosis having advantages over the smear method.

4. By the administration of Epsom salts the ciliates may be obtained from living cattle.

5. A pipette is described and figured for the isolation of Protozoa.

6. Death of Buxtonella sulcata in an unfavourable environment occurred by disruption of the endoplasm through the cytostome.

7. Buxtonella sulcata disappeared from faecal material at room temperature more quickly than balantidia from the pig, but withstood manipulation under the microscope better than the balantidia.

8. The passage of an individual between two obstructions suggested a means of intercellular tissue penetration by ciliates.

9. The oral plug and the centralised neuromotor system described and figured by McDonald in Balantidium coli could not be differentiated by the writer, but McDonald's other morphological observations on the above ciliates were confirmed.
Bairamlia fuscipesWaterston, a Chalcidoid Parasite onCeratophyllus wickhamiBaker (Siphonaptera)
Authors: Sikes Enid K.
Published: June 2009

The Chalcidoid wasp,Bairamlia fuscipes, was found parasitising the fleaCeratophyllus wickhamiin the nest of the North American Grey Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) from Gerrard's Cross.

The larval and pupal stages ofB. fuscipeswere found in the cocoons ofC. wickhami, and the adults were crawling about in the squirrel's nest.

The parasites were scarce, only 7 per cent, of the cocoons dissected at intervals during fifteen months were parasitised.

The parasite has not been reared in the laboratory beyond the second instar larva, though full grown larvae have successfully reached maturity under experimental conditions.

B. fuscipesoviposits through the flea cocoon and fixes the egg on the abdomen of a resting larva or pupa. Only one egg has been found in each parasitised cocoon. The larva feeds externally on the flea, fixing itself to the fourth abdominal segment or thereabouts.

Attempts were made to parasitise larvae ofXenopsylla astia, but without success.

The external anatomy of the full grown larva ofB. fuscipesis described.
On the Occurrence in Man of Strains of T. gambiense non-transmissible cyclically by G. palpalis
Authors: Duke H. Lyndhurst
Published: June 2009

In the Final Report of the League of Nations International Commission on Human Trypanosomiasis, published in 1928, an account was given of experiments on the transmissibility of T. gambiense by G. palpalis. These experiments, though admittedly incomplete, suggested certain conclusions, the chief of these being that prolonged sojourn of T. gambiense in an individual, whether man or animal, in which the trypanosome produces a slowly progressive illness, tends to reduce and eventually to abolish the transmissibility of the strain by tsetse.
A Contribution to the Study of Biological Control and Parasite Introduction in Continental Areas
Authors: Thompson W. R.
Published: June 2009

1. The most striking successes with the method of biological control by the introduction of the parasitic and predaceous enemies of foreign pests, appear to have been obtained mainly in island areas; some doubt exists concerning the utility of the method in continental areas.

2. Three main objections may be raised to the use of the method of parasitic introduction in continental areas. The first is based on the similarity between the faunas and floras of such continental areas as Europe and North America, the second on the polyphagous habit of many parasites, the third on the behaviour of hyperparasites in relation to introduced primaries.

3. The studies made on the natural control of indigenous species in continental areas show that control is effected by complexes of many factors differing both quantitatively and qualitatively in the different parts of the habitat.

4. This fact appears at first sight to indicate the inutility of many of the factors involved, as, for example, the parasitic enemies.

5. The answer to this difficulty is to be found principally in the fact that the quantitative and qualitative fluctuations in the composition of the controlling complexes are much less important than they appear.

6. The effect of the disappearance of controlling factors of the two main types from controlling complexes of various kinds, is studied in detail in order to make this clear.

7. The action of many factors is thus shown to be much less important than it appears at first sight. Nevertheless, this action is real and to a certain degree indispensable in a given environment. The disappearance of a factor from a system in equilibrium will thus permit the increase and spread of the host.

8. The effects which follow the introduction of foreign pests in continental areas constitute a clear demonstration of their escape from control.

9. The evidence indicates that the factor whose absence has permitted increase and spread is the parasitic factor.

10. Equilibrium can be re-established in several ways. Mechanical methods must not be neglected and will normally interfere very little with the biological method; but it is to the latter method that we must turn for a hope of permanent and inexpensive control.

11. The practical results obtained by parasite introduction in continental areas tend in general to support the ideas defended in this paper, and justify the introduction of the native parasites and predators of foreign pests even in the case of exchanges between continental areas.
Note on the Locomotion of the Redia of Fasciola hepatica
Authors: Wright W. Rees
Published: June 2009

Whilst studying the development of Fasciola hepatica, I observed that the “collar” of the redia was rarely so prominent as it was figured and described by Thomas (1883). This observation, and a consideration of the mechanical requirements of the case, led me to suggest (1927) that Thomas was incorrect when he attributed to this structure the function of maintaining the circular section of the redia.
Further Experiments on the Action of Emetine in Cultures of Entamoeba histolytica
Authors: Laidlaw P. P. , Dobell Clifford , Bishop Ann
Published: June 2009

In 1926 two of us published the results of a long series of experiments on the toxic action of the alkaloids of ipecacuanha in cultures of several species of entozoic amoebae. These experiments led us to definite conclusions regarding the differential susceptibility of the various species of amoebae studied, and the relative potency of several alkaloids employed. They also showed clearly that the full specific action of emetine, on susceptible amoebae, is only disclosed if the alkaloid is allowed to act for a sufficient time (two or three days.)
The Structure of the Head and Mouth-parts in the Nycteribiidae (Diptera Pupipara)
Authors: Jobling B.
Published: June 2009

The investigation deals in detail with the structure of the immovable and movable parts of the head of the Nycteribiidae. The muscles of the head are also studied.

The head capsule is modified from that of the Hippoboscidae. The vertex is not subdivided into several anatomically differing subregions. The occiput is represented by the border of the occipital foramen only. The postgenae are separated by the median membranous region of the head, as in the Hippoboscidae. The ptilinum serves as a flexible joint connecting the fronto-clypeus with the vertex and the genae. The fronto-clypeus is much more modified than that of the Hippoboscidae and is movable. The eyes are reduced to one or two facets, or are entirely absent. The greatly modified ocular sclerites are present in Cyclopodia only.

The antennae consist of the pedicle and the flagellum, the latter being concealed in the cavity of the former. They have the same structure as those of the Hippoboscidae parasitising birds.

The proboscis has much in common with that of the Hippoboscidae though it differs greatly in detail. It is composed of the rostrum, the haustellum and the labella.

The rostrum belongs morphologically to the head and is formed of the same parts as in the Hippoboscidae. All the parts of the rostrum, with the exception of the tormae, have the same arrangement as in that family. The tormae are separate and are attached at the lateral borders of the fronto-clypeus.

The haustellum is composed of the theca, the labial gutter, the labrumepipharynx and the hypopharynx. The two former parts belong morphologically to the labium, but differ in detail from those of the Hippoboscidae. The very short labrum-epipharynx is enclosed in the posterior part of the labial gutter.

The hypopharynx is very slender and as long as the theca; it is enclosed in the cavity formed by the dorso-lateral parts of the labial gutter.

Labial glands are present in the bulbous part of the theca; their ducts open into the food canal. All the muscles of the bulbous part of the haustellum are homologous with those of the same part of the proboscis of the Hippoboscidae.

The labella are entirely membranous, are armed with two inner and six prestomal teeth and their surfaces have serrated ridges. There are six gustatory sensillae on the membrane of each labellum, which are connected by the intralabial canaliculi with the sense cells of the bulbous part of the theca.

The cutting action of the teeth of the labella depends upon the protractions and retractions of the narrow part of the theca. When this part retracts it everts the inner membranous walls of the labella, and the teeth, being attached to these walls, perform protrusible divergent movements.
On a Collection of Nematodes from Nigerian Mammals (chiefly Rodents)
Authors: Baylis H. A.
Published: June 2009

The following report deals with a considerable collection of Nematodes made by Prof. A. S. Pearse, of Duke University, Durham, N.C., U.S.A., in various parts of Nigeria, and very kindly sent by him to the writer for study and determination.
On some New Avian Cestodes from the Sudan
Authors: Woodland W. N. F.
Published: June 2009

Among Helminth material collected in the Sudan by the late Dr A. J. Chalmers, I have found some eight or nine mounted specimens of a Cestode, from the intestine of Gyps rüppelli, which has not, so far as I am aware, yet been described, and which apparently belongs to a new genus.
Immunological Studies of Trypanosoma gambiense and T. rhodesiense
Authors: Duke H. Lyndhurst
Published: June 2009

During the eighteen months spent with the League of Nations International Commission on Human Trypanosomiasis, I had a unique opportunity for studying the transmissibility of the human trypanosomes by Glossina palpalis.
The genus Kuhnia n.g. (Trematoda: Monogenea) An examination of the value of some specific characters, including factors of relative growth
Authors: Sproston Nora G.
Published: June 2009

A new genus, Kuhnia n.g., is created for the mazocraeidid monogenetic trematodes from the gills of mackerel. The type species, K. scombri (Kuhn), is redescribed (also K. minor (Goto), from the first specimens to be found outside Japanese waters), special attention being paid to the cuticularized parts, and the clamp skeleton is newly interpreted.

An alternation of sex phases has been found in Monogenea, which is well marked in K. scombri, resulting in changes in appearance which are described.

The comparison of heterauxesis curves constructed from the summarized data from six sets of dimensions shows that retardations in the rates of growth may be correlated with the onset of maximal reproductive activity, and accelerations with the relief from reproductive drain. Localized growth influence (similar shaped curves, with low post-larval coefficients of growth) has been found in the haptoral region, which is in marked contrast to the growth picture of the cuticularized oral suckers and the width of the body—the latter having both the highest and most variable growth coefficients between the six arbitrary length groups compared. Thus, neither absolute measurements nor ratios are, by themselves, of any value in specific diagnosis.

Graphical representation of allomorphosis for the genus Kuhnia affords a synoptic view of the changes brought about by the different types of differential growth of similar organs in each species throughout post-larval life. The dissimilar growth coefficients for certain dimensions are utilized in specific diagnosis. The relative diagnostic value of different entities is examined: the eggs of K. scombri are shown to be highly variable in size and shape.

The new facts obtained from the application of this metrical treatment, and its further application as a test for conspecificity of specimens outside the known size range, are discussed.

The systematics of the family Mazocraeidae are reviewed, and emended diagnoses of three species of Kuhnia are given in tabular form.
A further note on the viruses affecting Atropa belladonna and a description of a virus complex attacking Hyoscyamus niger
Authors: Smith Kenneth M.
Published: June 2009

It has been shown that Atropa belladonna acts as a symptomless carrier of Hyosoyamus Virus I. Some symptoms caused by this virus on other solanaceous plants are described.

A naturally occurring virus complex in Hyoscyamus niger was found to consist of Solanum Virus I (potato virus X) and Brassica Virus I. During the course of the investigation it was found that potato virus X forms local lesions on the cotyledons of ridge cucumber without systemic infection and that Brassica Virus I behaves similarly on the inoculated leaves of Nicotiana sylvestris.
On the Zoological Status of the Polymorphic Mammalian Trypanosomes of Africa and their relation to Man
Authors: Duke H. Lyndhurst
Published: June 2009

A consideration of the above experiments, and of the available literature dealing with the distribution of trypanosomes and tsetse flies in nature, has suggested certain general conclusions which will now be put forward.
Some Myxosporidia found in certain freshwater fishes water fishes in Quebec province, Canada
Authors: Fantham H. B. , Porter Annie , Richardson L. R.
Published: June 2009

The Province of Quebec provides a magnificent field for fresh-water faunistic and ecological research on account of its numerous rivers and lakes. Investigations in ecology and ecological parasitology by the authors have revealed a rich fauna in the areas described herein.

Examinations of fourteen species of fresh-water fish have produced twenty-eight species of Myxosporidia, of which twenty-five are new and three have been already described. The existence of races or strains or varieties of some of the forms is demonstrated.

Descriptions and illustrations are given of twenty-eight Myxosporidia found by the authors in fresh-water fishes of Quebec Province. The new species include: Sphaerospora notropis, Myxidium percae, Zschokkella salvelini, Myxosoma notropis, M. commersonii, M. orbitalis, M. pfrille, M. media, M. ellipticoides, M. parellipticoides, Myxobolus poecilichthidis, M. dentium, M. percae, M. rhinichthidis, M. notropis, M. catostomi, M. couesii, M. hybo-rhynchi, M. subcircularis, M. transversalis, M. grandis, Henneguya fontinalis, H. fontinalis var. notropis, H. percae, H. salmonis and H. esocis. Myxosoma catostomi Kudo, Myxobolus conspicuus Kudo and M. ovoidalis Fantham are described from Canadian fishes. Details are given of a series of races, strains or varieties of Thelohanellus notatus Mavor, of Myxobolus catostomi, of M. notropis and of Henneguya fontinalis from other than the original host fish.

The pathology of the myxosporidian infections from the many different situations in the hosts is discussed. Unusual sites of infection are the palatine teeth of Esox maskinongy with Myxobolus dentium and the iris of the eye of Couesius plumbeus with Myxobolus couesii.

In connexion with the economic importance of the Myxosporidia found in Quebec fishes, the destruction of young fish, alteration of the character of the fauna dependent on the same, human food supply, possible epizootics in hatcheries and possible cross-infection of game fishes and other fishes of economic importance are considered. The immediate danger is not great; it is the future that may be imperilled.
A case of human myiasis due to Hypoderma
Authors: Smart John
Published: June 2009

Cases of myiasis by Hypoderma in a human subject in Great Britain are of sufficient rarity to warrant the recording of the following case.

A larva taken from a “small abscess on the neck of a boy aged 10”, was sent to the British Museum (Natural History) by Mr Colin Matheson of the National Museum of Wales, with a request that it be identified. The specimen was not in particularly good condition but after examination it was determined as a fully grown first stage larva of Hypoderma bovis de G. (the “second stage” larva of MacDougall (1930), “third stage” of Laake (1921), “first stage” of Knipling (1935)).
The physiology and activity of the bed-bug (Cimex lectulariusL.) in a natural infestation
Authors: Mellanby Kenneth
Published: June 2009

A natural infestation of bed-bugs which has existed for several years in an animal room has been studied. The bugs feed on the rats kept in cages in the room.

Methods are described by which the bugs were trapped during their periods of normal activity.

Adult bugs appear to feed on an average once every 5 or 6 days when the temperature is in the region of 20–27° C. (68–80·6° F.). Most of the female bugs lay a continuous series of eggs at the rate of nearly three per day.

Female bugs are not usually fertilized more than once a week in this wild population. In laboratory cultures copulation is much more frequent.

In the animal house the bugs were most active between 3 a.m. and 6 a.m. This activity seems to be controlled by some inherent rhythm.

Some marked bugs were released and the proportion of recaptures to others in the total catch was noted. From this a rough estimate of the population was made. It appears that few adults live more than 29 days as they are probably killed by the rats when trying to feed.
Experiments upon the feeding of Aëdes aegypti through animal membranes with a view to applying this method to the chemotherapy of malaria
Authors: Bishop Ann , Gilchrist Barbara M.
Published: June 2009

1. Membranes prepared from chicken skin provide a suitable medium through which Aëdes aegypti females may be induced to gorge.

2. Under suitable conditions the proportion of female A. aegypti which will gorge through membranes, though more variable than when a living chick is offered, is great enough for experimental purposes.

3. It is shown that the gorging reaction in A. aegypti is provoked by a heat gradient between the environment and the food-limiting membrane.

4. The feeding reactions of A. aegypti towards whole blood, fractions of blood, and other sub-stances have been studied. It was found that (a) whole blood, and red corpuscles in saline when ingested through membranes go directly into the stomach which becomes fully distended; (b) haemoglobin in plasma or distilled water is ingested to a lesser degree than whole blood or red corpuscles in saline, and plasma alone is rarely ingested, but all these pass to the stomach; (c) sweet solutions containing glucose or honey are seldom imbibed through membranes and pass to the stomach or diverticula, but only the diverticula are fully distended.

When offered as open drops (a) blood is seldom ingested, but if ingested passes to the stomach; (b) haemoglobin in plasma or water, or plasma alone, are very rarely ingested, but pass mainly to the stomach; (c) sweet solutions containing honey or glucose, or mixtures of blood and honey are readily ingested and pass mainly to the diverticula which become fully distended, though traces may be found in the stomach.

5. Aëdes aegypti may be infected with Plasmodium gallinaceum by allowing them to gorge on drawn infected chicken blood through a membrane. Infection rates comparable to those obtained when the mosquitoes are fed directly on living chickens may be obtained by this method.

6. If infected mosquitoes are allowed to gorge upon uninfected blood through membranes they eject viable sporozoites into the blood. When young chicks are injected intravenously with blood so infected, infections are produced which in period of incubation and intensity are comparable with those resulting from the bites of infected mosquitoes.

7. The ejection of sporozoites through membranes in this manner provides a ready means of obtaining sporozoites free from glandular tissue.

8. Sporozoites collected by this method will be suitable for in vitro experiments upon the action of drugs on sporozoites, and also as a source of material for studying in tissue cultures the developmental stages of the malaria parasite arising directly from the sporozoite.

We wish to thank Prof. D. Keilin, F.R.S., and Dr P. Tate for helpful criticism and advice during the course of the work.
Studies on the life-history of Bunostomum phlebotomum (Railliet, 1900), a hookworm parasite of cattle
Authors: Sprent J. F. A.
Published: June 2009

A description is given of the processes of copulation, formation of the egg and spermatozoon, cleavage, embryogeny and hatching in B. phlebotomum. These processes were found to be essentially similar to those in other strongyle nematodes.

The anatomy of the first three larval stages is described and the observations of Conradi & Barnette (1908) and Schwartz (1924) were largely confirmed.

Penetration of the skin of calves by the infective larva was observed histologically. The larvae were found to have reached the dermis within 30 min. and to have penetrated the cutaneous blood vessels within 60 min. of application to the skin. The larvae were found in the lung where the third ecdysis was in progress 10 days after penetration of the skin. A description is given of the growth of the third-stage larva in the lung, the changes which take place during the third ecdysis, and the anatomy of the fourth-stage larva.

The fourth-stage larvae exsheath in the lungs and travel to the intestine. After a period of growth in which sexual differentiation takes place, the fourth ecdysis occurs and the adult parasite emerges. The time required for the attainment of maturity was found to be somewhere between 30 and 56 days after penetration of the skin.

This paper was written at the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Veterinary Laboratories, Wey-bridge, and the writer would like to express his gratitude to the Director, Prof. T. Dalling, also to Dr W. R. Wooldridge, chairman of the Council of the Veterinary Educational Trust for their help and encouragement. The writer's thanks are also due to Dr H. A. Baylis, Prof. R. T. Leiper and Dr E. L. Taylor for their advice and help on technical points, and to Mr R. A. O. Shonekan, African laboratory assistant, for his able co-operation.
Researches on the Intestinal Protozoa of Monkeys and Man. IV. An experimental study of theHistolytica-like species ofEntamoebaliving naturally in Macaques
Authors: Dobell Clifford
Published: June 2009

Nine attempts to infect kittens directly withE. histolytica macacorurnby means of amoebae (per anum) or cysts (per os) in the faeces of 2M. sinicus(Polo and Susanna) and 1M. rhesus(Jacko), were wholly unsuccessful. Four similar experiments with cysts (per os) from anotherM. sinicus(Bonar) gave 2 positive (Kittens 28 and 31) and 2 negative results.

Attempts to transmit strains ofE. histolytica macacorumfrom one species ofMacacusto another have been uniformly successful.

A strain (D.) ofE. histolytica, derived from a man suffering from acute amoebic dysentery, has been cultivatedin vitrocontinuously for 5½ years.

(i) The fact has been confirmed that strains ofE. histolyticawhich, when newly isolated, are infective for kittens, may lose this infectivity after continued cultivationin vitro.
A New Species of the Genus Raymondia Frauenfeld (Diptera Pupipara, Streblidae) with a note on Raymondia quadriceps Jobling and R. bedfordi Ferris
Authors: Jobling B.
Published: June 2009

The description of the species is made from specimens mounted on slides, which were given to me by the late Dr J. Waterston for examination. As all the specimens were flattened and very much distorted by the pressure of the coverslips, it was impossible to determine whether they belonged to one of the known species. Permission having been received for their remounting, the following method was adopted. The slide was placed in xylol and, after the Canada balsam had dissolved, the specimen was transferred to fresh xylol and then to absolute alcohol. In this medium the wings were detached and, after being cleared in oil of cloves, mounted on a slide. The wingless body was passed through spirits of diminishing strengths to water, and then to caustic potash, and boiled. During boiling the specimens become soft and acquire their natural form. If any parts of the body are still distorted after the boiling they may be restored to their natural position with two dissecting needles. This method of remounting gave a very satisfactory result, although the specimens had been mounted more than 10 years. The further manipulation, together with the morphology of the genus, have been described elsewhere (Jobling, 1930).
A Supplementary Description ofLytocestus indicusMoghe (Syn.Caryophyllaeus indicusMoghe 1925. Cestoda)
Authors: Moghe M. A.
Published: June 2009

Since I published (1925) a description of this interesting new species of a Caryophyllaeid, Woodland (1926) has suggested that the bodies which I described as post-ovarian vitellaria (1925, p. 233, fig. 2,p.ov.vit.) are in reality ovarian follicles, and that, therefore, the worm is aLytocestusand notCaryophyllaeus. Southwell in his papers (1928 and 1930) has embodied my original description of this worm and has concluded the description by referring to Woodland's remark regarding the post-ovarian vitellaria, without definitely assigning the species to the genusLytocestus. With additional material at my disposal, it was possible to re-examine its anatomy, and I have found that the bodies described and figured by me as post-ovarian vitellaria are in reality ovarian follicles. I also take this opportunity of publishing a more complete and, I hope, a more accurate description of its general anatomy.
Some Fresh-water Larval Trematodes from Cheshire
Authors: Brown F. J.
Published: June 2009

The larval trematodes described in this paper were obtained from fresh-water molluscs collected from Rostherne Mere and a pond near Ashley, both in Cheshire. Rostherne Mere is a large sheet of water and carries an extensive fauna, vertebrate and invertebrate. The molluscs were collected from various fixed positions in the littoral region, and this method has confirmed previous observations (unpublished) in other stretches of fresh-water on the variation in the distribution and localisation of infected molluscs. How far this may be related to movements of the final host or to physical factors affecting the migration of the molluscs is at present uncertain; further observations are being made in an attempt to elucidate this problem. The molluscs were isolated in the laboratory in 3 × 1 glass specimen tubes, when the infected specimens were easily seen by the swarming of the cercariae, and all observations (including measurements) were made on these living, fully developed cercariae. Infected snails were later crushed in physiologically normal saline in order to obtain living sporocysts or rediae for examination. Measurements are, of necessity, only approximate owing to the slight pressure exerted by the weight of the cover-glass and the great powers of contraction and extension of these larval forms. Neutral red was used as an intra vitam stain; it also inhibits movement. Of the five species described four are new, the fifth, for which a further stage in the life history is described, being little known and not previously recorded for this country.
On the Classification of the Ascabidae. I.— The Systematic value of certain characters of the alimentary canal
Authors: Baylis H. A.
Published: June 2009

The great French helminthologist, Dujardin, appears to have been the first to suggest a grouping of the genus “Ascaris” according to the structure of the alimentary canal. As is, unhappily, only too well known to modern helminthologists, little attention was paid to internal structures by the earlier workers, whose numerous descriptions and classifications were based almost entirely upon external characters. It is now recognized that a natural system must be based on a survey of the whole structure of the animal, both external and internal, and a re-examination of many of the older species becomes extremely important.
On some New Haemogregarines from British East Africa
Authors: Hoare Cecil A.
Published: June 2009

At the beginning of 1917 Professor V. Dogiel kindly handed over to me, for scientific treatment, a series of blood-films taken from different Amphibia, Reptilia, and Mammalia by the Expedition of Professors V. Dogiel and I. Sokolov to British East Africa in 1914. The films were examined by me for blood parasites, with the result that, of 27 animals, two different species of Bufo and two snakes proved to be infected. The blood parasites were represented by haemogregarines exclusively. The blood-films had been fixed on cover-slips by the dry method, and preserved in that condition for nearly three years. Altogether, I had at my disposal only 24 slips with blood-films taken from the peripheral blood of the infected animals.
Report on a Collection of Parasitic Nematodes, mainly from Egypt. Part III. Camallanidae, etc. With a Note onProbstmatriaand an Appendix on Acanthocephala
Authors: Baylis H. A.
Published: June 2009

As in Parts I and II of this Report (Parasitology, xv, pp. 1–23) the numbers are those given to the original tubes at Cambridge.
On Ilisha parthenogenetica, Southwell and Baini Prashad, 1918, from the Pyloric Caeca of a Fish, Hilsa ilisha (Ham. Buch.), and a Comparison with other Plerocercoid Larvae of Cestodes
Authors: Woodland W. N. F.
Published: June 2009

In 1918 Southwell and Baini Prashad1 published a description of an unsegmented Cestode parasite—Ilisha parthenogenetica—which they discovered in the “mesentery” of the common edible Indian Shad, Hilsa ilisha. This minute parasite, according to these authors, “appears to be of very great systematic importance, and…further reproduces itself in a manner not before known amongst the Cestoda.” In justification of these general remarks, they make, among others, the following statements: (1) the parasite, though of the well-known Piestocystis larva type, becomes sexually mature and resides in a cyst formed from the tissues of the mesentery; (2) these cysts are so numerous in every individual fish examined that the mesentery becomes transformed into “a massive liver-like organ in which the various coils of the intestine appeared merely as tubes embedded therein”; (3) though two lateral main excretory canals are described, yet there is no terminal excretory aperture: the excretory system “is closed in all stages of [the parasite's] life-history”; (4) the whole of the parenchyma is “filled up with enormous numbers of minute egg-cells. Besides the eggs, morulae and other higher stages in the development of the young were also present in the intima.” In other words, the egg-cells “develop in the body of the parent to form young worms identical in structure and appearance with the parent”; (5) the young worms “escape through a temporary aperture which is formed in the middle of the rostellum, anteriorly,” and, when the old cyst has been ruptured, they become “scattered in the mesentery, the [new] cyst not having been secreted at this stage.”
Note on Procamallanus spiralis Baylis, 1923 [Nematoda]
Authors: Baylis H. A.
Published: June 2009

In a recent contribution to Parasitology (present volume, p. 26) a short description of the male of this species was given. The type-material consisted of a single male from the Silurid fish, Heterobranchus anguillaris, from Cairo. Through the kindness of Dr W. N. F. Woodland, of the Wellcome Bureau of Scientific Research, the writer has recently had the opportunity of examining further material belonging evidently to the same species, the host being Synodontis eupterus and the locality Khartoum. This material consists of several males, one mature and two immature females, all mounted as microscopic preparations in glycerine-jelly. A few further details may now be added to the description of the species.
C. G. Ehrenberg (1795–1876). A Biographical Note. (Portrait-Plate XXV.)
Authors: Dobell Clifford
Published: June 2009

Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg, one of the outstanding scientific figures of last century, was born on Easter Sunday, 19 April 1795, at Delitzsch. In this town—then in Saxony, but now in Prussia—his father, Johann Gottfried Ehrenberg, was a municipal official, who was thrice married; his second wife being the mother of Christian Gottfried, who was the eldest son. His mother's maiden name was Christiane Dorothea Becker, and she was the daughter of the innkeeper of “The Red Lion” in Delitzsch. The forefathers of these Saxon Ehrenbergs were mostly millers, and they appear to have been unrelated to the noble family of the same name.
Ixodes ricinusin Relation to its Physical Environment
Authors: MacLeod John
Published: June 2009

In a previous paper (MacLeod, 1934) the different physical factors in the environmental complex of the sheep tick were discussed in their relation to the development of the gorged tick, and an experimental analysis was made of the effects produced, under laboratory conditions, by their action and interaction. The present paper deals with the active unfed ticks. These present rather a different problem from the gorged ticks, for, whereas in their case the climatic optimum resolved itself into that combination of conditions under which development proceeded favourably and with a low attendant mortality, the unfed tick, on the other hand, is faced with two desiderata, survival and hostparasitisation, the physical optima for which may not be coincident. It is necessary, therefore, to consider not only the climatic optimum for survival and activity, but also the factor or factors which influence parasitisation, and those conditions under which host-parasitisation is facilitated.
A New Ciliate, Entodinium bovis n.sp., from the Stomach of Bos taurus L., with the Revision of Entodinium exiguum, E. nanellum, E. simplex, E. dubardi dubardi and E. parvum
Authors: Wertheim P.
Published: June 2009

Large populations of the new species of Entodinium were found in 27 out of 120 stomachs (from the paunch to reticulum) of Bos taurus from various regions of Yugoslavia. The stomach content was fixed in 4 per cent. formaldehyde. Unstained glycerine mounts and material stained in iron haematoxylin and Mallory's phosphor-molybden haematoxylin were used. Twenty individuals from each population, i.e. 540 individuals in all, were measured. The length was found to vary from 26·25 to 38·5μ, and the width from 24·5 to 31·5μ. The relation between the length and the width was 1·16, which indicates the average degree of rotundity. This rotundity, especially noticeable in individuals in which the adoral membranelle zone is retracted, may sometimes be less pronounced at the anterior end. Entodinium bovis is considerably flattened, so that its thickness does not exceed 6–10μ. The pharynx is curved dorsally. The cuticle is longitudinally striated. The ectoplasm is more developed in the anal region than laterally. The macronucleus is elongated, 10·5–21 × 3·5–5×25μ, and is thicker at its anterior end. The micronucleus is round and lies ventral to the macronucleus at a point about the middle of its length. The contractile vacuole lies ventral to the macronucleus, near to its anterior end. The anus is usually situated in the middle of the posterior end of the ciliate, though sometimes it lies slightly ventral.
The Structure and Function of the Spiracles of the Tick, Ornithodoros moubata Murray
Authors: Mellanby Kenneth
Published: June 2009

Cunliffe (1921) has shown that the various stages of Ornithodoros moubata may be distinguished by slight differences in the shape of the spiracles. Nuttall, Cooper and Robinson (1908) have described in detail the structure of the spiracles of another tick, Haemaphysalis punctata. Otherwise the spiracles of ticks have received little attention except from systematists, and though Nuttall and his collaborators described a closing mechanism in Haemaphysalis, no study of its function was made. In this paper I propose to describe the structure of the spiracle of Ornithodoros moubata, and show how its function may be investigated by experiments.
Parasitic Copepods of Fish from Ceylon
Authors: Kirtisinghe P.
Published: June 2009

The descriptions by Bassett-Smith (1898–9), Thompson and Scott (1903) and Wilson (1906) constitute practically all the work which has been done on the interesting group of Copepoda parasitic on fishes along the Ceylonese coast. To this short recorded list the present author has added five new species (1932–4). In a short series of papers, of which this is the first, it is proposed to describe a number of species, some of which are new forms, collected since those dates.
On Cestodes from Burma
Authors: Johri L. N.
Published: June 2009

The author wishes to express his sincere thanks to Dr Shen Tseng of Shantung, Tsingtao, China, for supplying diagnostic characters of three species of Aploparaksis Clerc 1903. All measurements are given in mm.
The Larva of Phaonia mirabilis Ringdahl, Predatory on Mosquito Larvae (Diptera, Anthomyidae)
Authors: Tate P.
Published: June 2009

1. Phaonia mirabilis eggs are laid on the surface of water in tree holes. The eggs are white and have lateral flanges and a ventral keel.

2. Trimorphism is absent during larval life, and, except for size, the newly hatched larva resembles the mature larva, having anterior spiracles, triforous posterior spiracles and complete buccal armature.

3. The larvae are carnivorous and capture and devour mosquito larvae.

4. Eggs hatch in 3–4 days. The duration of larval life is about 4 weeks and that of the pupal stage about 2 weeks.
Notes on some new species of parasitic mites Part 3
Authors: Radford Charles D.
Published: June 2009

In the present paper I have pleasure in describing three new species of mites of the genusMyobia, three new species ofListrophoroides, a new species ofListrophorus, and a new genus of Laelaptinae. Also there is the description of the female of Stanley Hirst's speciesListrophorus bothae.
On an Entamoeba occurring in English goats
Authors: Hoare Cecil A.
Published: June 2009

An amoeba was found in the faeces of ten out of fourteen English goats from three different localities.

The amoeba, of which a detailed description is given, is morphologically identical with Entamoeba debliecki of the pig and is therefore included in the same species.

A statistical analysis shows that the caprine strains of E. debliecki comprise two races distinguishable from one another by the size of their cysts but identical in all other features.

The caprine amoeba appears to be non-pathogenic.

In view of their bearing upon the systematic position of the parasite of the goat, a critical review is given of the data concerning the various amoebae previously recorded from the pig, goat and some other ruminants.
The longevity of the fasting bed-bug (C. lectulariusL.) under experimental conditions and particularly in relation to the saturation deficiency law of water-loss
Authors: Johnson C. G.
Published: June 2009

1. With unfed 1st instars the relation between mean length of life and saturation deficit at constant temperatures between 7 and 15° C. at relative humidities between 7 and 90% is hyperbolic. The relationship becomes more linear at higher temperatures.

At constant saturation deficits insects live longer at 15° C. than at lower temperatures. Longevity also decreases with rise of temperature above approximately 15° C.

2. In general, the longevity curves, except for those at temperatures below 15° C., bear a very similar relation to saturation deficit and to each other as the reciprocal curves for rate of water-loss at the different temperatures.

The influence of climatic factors on longevity at constant temperatures is discussed at length and it is concluded that over much of the temperature and humidity range survival time is limited by water-loss. At the higher humidities it is thought that either food, or perhaps an excessive accumulation of water within the insect, limits survival and causes a departure from the hyperbolic relation of longevity to saturation deficit.

3. The effects on longevity of a single meal are discussed. The principal effect of a blood meal is to increase the time of survival. But the factors which limit survival at different humidities appear to be the same as with unfed bugs, except at high humidities below about 15° C.

4.Mellanby's data on the rate of water-loss from fasting adult bed-bugs is analysed. It is found that the rate of water-loss is directly proportional to saturation deficit at constant temperatures between 8 and 37° C. and between 0 and 90%r.h. Although the rate may always be directly proportional to saturation deficit, the expressionis not always constant.

Rate =K+b(saturation deficit), whereKvaries with temperature andbremains constant.

5. Longevity in relation to host blood is discussed. Rabbit blood appears to be slightly less favourable to survival than human blood.

6. If bugs are allowed to feed to repletion, longevity is not correlated with the size of the meal, nor with the weight of the unfed insect.

Virgin females live longer than mated ones, but no effects of mating on survival were noticed with males. Mated males tend to outlive mated females except at very low temperatures: virgin females live longer than unmated males.

7. The results of other workers and the possible causes of some discrepancies are discussed.

8. The maximum survival times of bugs are listed. Adults and 5th instars live longer than other stages. In a house which has remained empty for a long time it is probable that 5th instars and adults, particularly unmated female adults, would predominate in the population.

The longest observed survival was between 562 and 572 days.
Studies on populations of head-lice (Pediculus humanus capitis: Anoplura)
Authors: Buxton P. A.
Published: June 2009

The author has examined 1437 crops of hair, removed from adult or adolescent males on admission to jail, at Cannanore, South India. There is a high positive correlation between weight of hair and rate of infestation with head-lice, men with less than 10 g. of hair being 14·6% infested, those with 10–19·9 g. 39·9%, and those with over 20 g. 56–59%.

There appears to be a negative correlation with age, but this seems to be due to the older men having less hair: if one standardizes hair weight there is no tendency for older men to be less infested than younger. In a similar way, the large differences in rate of infestation between different religious groups appear to be due to a great extent (but not entirely) to differences in hair weight.

No evidence was found that rate of infestation is different at different times of year. The rates in the rainy and dry seasons scarcely differ, in spite of the intensity of the rain, and of the fact that the rainless period lasts for six months. It is possible that there is a long-period, secular change in rate of infestation.
The feeding of the tick, Ixodes ricinus L., in relation to the reproductive condition of the host
Authors: Carrick Robert , Bullough W. S.
Published: June 2009

1. The feeding of the tick Ixodes ricinus was studied in relation to the reproductive condition of the host, in this case the hedgehog Erinaceus europaeus.

2. Hedgehogs in hibernation, in full breeding condition, and injected with male and female sex hormones, were parasitized with unfed nymphs and female ticks in midwinter.

3. Attachment and engorgement of the ticks was successfully accomplished on both sexually active and inactive hosts. The longer time required to complete engorgement on the hibernating hedgehogs may be explained by their lower blood temperature.

4. Parasitization by this tick does not appear to be related to the reproductive condition of the host animal, and the amount of sex hormone in the host's blood has no apparent immediate effect on the fecundity of the tick.
Dipetalonema evansi (Lewis, 1882) and its microfilaria from Camelus dromedarius
Authors: Nagaty H. F.
Published: June 2009

The two filarial Nematodes known to parasitize dromedaries in Egypt are Dipetalonema evansi and Onchocerca fasciata, of which the first is the more common. Representatives of these genera also infect man and other animals and are known to be very common in endemic areas. Doubt has always arisen in the researches of those few who worked on this subject, as to the connexion of the adult Dipetalonema evansi with the microfilariae found in the blood of Camelus dromedarius and C. bactrianus.
Andrepigynotaenia haematopodis, n.g., n.sp., a new protogynous tapeworm from the oystercatcher Haematogus ostralegus occidentalis Neumann
Authors: Davies T. I. , Rees Gwendolen
Published: June 2009

The material used for the following description consisted of three worms obtained from the intestine of the oystercatcher, Haematopus ostralegus occidentalis Neumann, shot near Aberystwyth. This is the first record of a protogynous tapeworm from Britain. In the whole of the Cestoda the protogynous condition is known only in four other genera, namely, Progynotaenia Fuhrmann (1909), with six species, and Proterogynotaenia Fuhrmann (1911), Leptotaenia Cohn (1901) and Gynandrotaenia Fuhrmann (1936, 1936a), each with a single species. The six known species of the genus Progynotaenia have been recorded from Egypt and the White Nile, Proterogynotaenia rouxi Fuhrmann from the Aru Islands off the coast of New Guinea, Leptotaenia ischnorhyncha (Lühe) from the Mediterranean and Gynandrotaenia stammeri Fuhrmann from Germany.