bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
APPLICATION OF CASE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE TEACHING FUNDAMENTAL DISCIPLINES IN MEDICAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER EDUCATION
Authors:   PhD in Biology, Senior Lecturer, Cherkasy Medical Academy, STEPANOVA Halyna
Published: November 2020

Introduction. The application of the im-portant interactive educational technology as case tech-nology during the teaching fundamental disciplines, that is, consideration of real clinical situations, solution of situational problems, etc. is one of the areas of develop-ment of continuity of fundamental and clinical education in modern medical institution of higher education. The purpose of the article is to analyze the available literature on the topic and experience of case technologies in Cherkasy Medical Academy, to demonstrate how mod-ern achievements of the world postclassical education system are applied in practice in teaching fundamental disciplines in medical school. Results. The article describes the advantages of case technologies (supplementing the theoretical aspects of the problem with practical ones, creating an emotionally fa-vorable atmosphere, developing communication skills, critical and professional thinking, etc.) and difficulties in the application (the need for significant preparatory work). It is shown that the application of case technologies in modern pedagogical practice is also relevant because representatives of the so-called “GenerationZ” are cur-rently studying at universities, one of the characteristics of which is the rejection of dry, detached knowledge set forth in long texts, instead of interest in solving real prob-lem situations. It is shown that the technology of working with a case in the educational process includes individual work of students with a case, work in small groups, presentation and examination of the results of the work during the general discussion. Originality. The experience of applying case technolo-gies in Cherkasy Medical Academy in teaching normal physiology and biochemistry is analyzed. The most active-ly case technologies are described: situational problem and case method. An example of a case is given, which is considered in the study of the physiology of the cardio-vascular system. Conclusion. It is concluded that it is important and convenient to apply case technologies in higher school, in particular when teaching fundamental disciplines in med-ical institution of higher education. Among promising areas of modern pedagogy - various information and communication, interactive technologies, web quests, group learning methods, problem-based, health-preserving educational technologies.
"Coniugalia praecepta" Plutarcha o życiu żon
Authors: Budzanowska-Weglenda Dominika
Published: November 2020

The good wife, as Plutrach taught, ought to have no feeling of her own, but she should join with her husband in seriousness and sportiveness, in soberness and laughter. The husband has to be pure and clean from all connexion with others when he approach his wife and her virtue, her exclusive devotion to her husband, her constancy, and her affection, ought to be most in evidence. The man ought to exercise control over the woman, not as the owner has control over a piece of property, but, as the soul colonists the body, by entering into her feelings and being knit to her through goodwill. He is teacher of philosophy, she is his disciple: for his wife husband must collect from every source what is useful and carrying it within his own self impart it to her, and then discusses it with her, and makes the best of these doctrines her favourite and familiar themes.
Patrystyczna interpretacja Rdz 2, 7: „Pan Bóg ulepił człowieka z prochu ziemi i tchnął w jego nozdrza tchnienie życia”
Authors: Czyżewski Bogdan
Published: November 2020

The article aims at the presentation of the exegesis of Gen 2:7 made by some early Christian writers. Their interpretation contains three essential elements. Fathers start with pointing out the matter as a material from which God created man. Although the human body undergoes natural decomposition, it is not be­cause of the material from which it is built, but because of its frailty due to sin. Fathers also pay attention to the soul, which has its source in what Genesis calls the breath of God. However, it did not exist before the creation of the material body, as proclaimed by Origen, but was created along with the body. The soul animates the body putting it in motion. Although man was formed from the dust of the earth by the hands of God, he should be seen as a spiritual being. Whereas the soul is created, the body has been formed and this clearly differentiates the two. Due to the greatness and grandeur of man, he cannot be reduced to animal being, as it has a rational soul that animates his body. Finally, the third thread in connec­tion with the exegesis of the Gen 2:7 indicates the union of the body and the soul at the moment of creation. It occurred at the time when God breathed into man’s nostrils and put in some part of his grace. This does not mean, however, that the nature of God has changed into the soul of man. Not only did the first man receive the breath of God – everyone gets a second breath, the Holy Spirit, which leads to the creation of a new humanity.
Il primo Concilio di Costantinopoli (381). Uno schizzo storico e teologico
Authors: Degórski Bazyli
Published: November 2020

Artykuł krótko omawia dzieje, czy raczej „prehistorię”, pierwszego soboru powszechnego w Konstantynopolu z 381 r., uwypuklając te wszystkie postacie, które w sposób szczególny przyczyniły się do jego zwołania i miały wpływ na przebieg jego obrad, a zatem także na wypracowanie i uroczyste ogłoszenie do­gmatu dotyczącego bóstwa Ducha Świętego. Tak więc, artykuł skupia się na dzia­łalności dyplomatyczno-teologicznej Ojców Kapadockich, a wśród nich przede wszystkim na osobie biskupa Cezarei Kapadockiej – św. Bazylego Wielkiego.
L’égalité de l’Esprit Saint au Fils et au Père d’après Didyme l’Aveugle
Authors: Grzywaczewski Joseph
Published: November 2020

Artykuł przedstawia nauczanie Dydyma Ślepego o Duchu Świętym. Daje się zauważyć, że kontynuuje on i rozwija główne punkty pneumatologii św. Atanazego. Dydym odrzuca opinie tropików jakoby Duch Święty należał do stwo­rzenia i podkreśla, że jest On równy Ojcu i Synowi, i dlatego należy do Trójcy Świętej. Duch jest święty, ale nie otrzymał on świętości; posiada On wiedzę, ale jej nie otrzymał od nikogo, On wszystko wie, ale nie musiał niczego się uczyć. W naturze Ducha Świętego nie ma zmian. Świętość, wiedza i inne przymioty na­leżą do Jego natury; On posiada je odwiecznie i nie może ich utracić. Ojciec, Syn i Duch Święty posiadają tę samą substancję w Trójcy Świętej, ale każda z Osób ma inną misję do spełnienia. Trzy Osoby Boskie działają wspólnie ad extra, czyli na zewnątrz Trójcy Świętej dla zbawienia ludzi.
Princeps exegetarum a język hebrajski na podstawie "Quaestiones hebraicae in Genesim"
Authors: Jóźwiak Magdalena
Published: November 2020

In this article we have tried to show St. Jerome’s knowledge of Hebrew lan­guage basing on selected fragments of Quaestiones Hebraicae in Genesim (PL 23, 935A - 1010A). First of all, we tried to show how St. Jerome deals with text during translation of the Bible from Hebrew into Latin. In his work, St. Jerome tries to give the etymology of almost every proper name that appears in a given verse commented by him. St. Jerome’s effort and merit in this field are of course enormous, but sometimes even he put wrong etymology. We have shown how the author of Vulgate explains the most common Hebrew expressions and how he attempts to improve the Septuagint, and we also put forward purely grammat­ical considerations that the commentator included in Quaestiones Hebraicae. St. Jerome’s knowledge of the sacred language – perfect for those times – is a reason that in case of any doubts he is in favor of the superiority of hebraica veritas over translations of the Bible.
Augustyn z Hippony: „urząd miłości”
Authors: Kaczmarek Tomasz
Published: November 2020

The expression found in the paper’s title that originates from the Treatise on the Gospel of John is an illustration of the program of Augustine’s pastoral service, focusing on his great love of the Church. Indeed, whenever the bishop of Hippo was undertaking any ecclesiological issue, the theme of his love of the Church was always evident too. The Church, although tainted by human weakness, is for any Christian, a unique boat that heads safely towards the „fatherland”. It is a love of the Church where a man’s answer to the love of God is both clearly audible and visible. The paper aims to show some parts of that love. Firstly by referring to the process of Augustine’s personal discovery of the Church, and secondly to mention some significant events from his heroic seeking for the good of the Lord’s flock in the light of his fidelity to the entrusted to him amoris officium.
Klauzura północno-wschodniej Azji na mapach średniowiecznych i wczesnonowożytnych
Authors: Kochanek Piotr
Published: November 2020

The present article explores 44 medieval and early modern world maps. The subject of research are three graphic topoi, that evoke the image of the biblical and historical enemy from the north: Gog and Magog, Caspian Gates (Portae Caspiae) and the inclosed nations (inclusae nationes). These topoi were localized in north-east Asia. For this reason the title of the article includes the concept of the enclosed area of north-east Asia. There are also analyzed vignettes of the cities, which are located on the territory of the enclosed area. The aim of the article is to show the changes which over several centuries have occurred within the in­terpretation of these three topoi. This evolution has been closely associated with the expansion of geographical horizon of Europeans. Geopolitical and historical changes were also an important factor of this evolution. All these elements have an impact on the way of looking at the enclosed area of north-east Asia. Important factor was also philosophy and theology. Slows fear of the enemy from the north gave way to curiosity, and curiosity prompted the Europeans to get to know this part of Asia. Graphical topos has been replaced by geographical knowledge, that has been transferred to the maps.
Jeszcze raz o funkcji aojdy na dworze Agamemnona (Odyseja III 263-272)
Authors: Korus Kazimierz
Published: November 2020

This paper looks at two accounts of scholars’ views on the bard as the custo­dian of Homeric Society (Odyssea III 263-272). The first traditional, defended by Stephen P. Scully, sees a singer, an unnamed singer, as a moral guard of Clytaem­nestra. The second, defended by Stephanie West, suggests that it is worth an alter­native explanation, rejected in the scholia but perhaps reflected (or corroborated?) in Hesychius’ Lexicon where ¢oidÒj is glossed with eÙnoàcoj, sp£dwn. She says that the word e„rÚsqai (Odyssea III 268) suggests rather physical protection though a bard sufficiently able-bodied is an effective guardian might himself be tempted to rape or seduction. The Author of the article defends traditional understanding of the role of bard with many other arguments. He is convinced that the singer was removed from the palace because his presence reminded Aegisthus and Clytaemnestra of their wrong to society.
Wczesna korespondencja Auzoniusza z Paulinem z Noli
Authors: Krynicka Tatiana
Published: November 2020

The article is devoted to the four letters written by Ausonius to Paulinus of Nola before the latter left Aquitania in 389 changing his style of life and provo­king the deep crisis of their intimate friendship (Epist. 17-20, ed. R.P.H. Green). Ausonius writes to his pupil, admirer and friend about literary theory and practice, thanks for the gifts and favours, asks for help in an hour of need, sends him new year’s wishes. The exchange of letters provided to the famous befriended poets an opportunity to participate in the jolly literary games and to share mutual respect, admiration and love.
Przyjmowanie do klasztorów żołnierzy i małżonków w czasach Grzegorza Wielkiego na podstawie jego "Registrum epistularum" oraz norm prawa rzymskiego
Authors: Lewandowicz Janusz
Published: November 2020

The paper discusses the obstacles existing in both secular law and practice of the Church, in the time of St. Gregory the Great, for joining the monastery by people performing the military service or bound in marriage. Subsequently, the paper indicates higher requirements, compared with secular law, imposed by the pope on people wanting to join the monastery but bound by marriage.
Świętość w czasach podbojów islamskich. Męczennicy chrześcijańscy z Gazy z VII wieku
Authors: Paczkowski Mieczysław Celestyn
Published: November 2020

The article focuses the story of the martyrdom of 60 Christian soldiers in Gaza who were executed for their refusal to convert to Islam during the Muslim inva­sion of Palestine. It is a final episode of varied Christian history of that region. Christian history of Gaza appears as complex and fascinating. In this region in the 4th century paganism was still strong but the monastic life developed in the vicinity of Gaza. Literary sources annotated the anti-Chalcedonian resistance of monastic circles in the wake of the council of Chalcedon. Christian history of the Gaza region ended dramatically with the Arab conquest in the 7th century. Just at that time a group of Christian soldiers refused the offer of the commander of the winners Muslims. The narrative of their martyrdom was preserved in a Latin translation of a Greek original. According to the text of the Passio, the Christian soldiers were executed in two groups: at Jerusalem and at Eleutheropolis. Bi­shop Sophronius of Jerusalem intervened in favor of these Martyrs and comforted them. He also gained the palm of martyrdom. The Passio in two different Latin recensions reveals a relatively neglected aspect in the history of the Holy Land during the period of heightened religious tension.
Formowanie się chrześcijańskich obrzędów małżeńskich na podstawie Carmen XXV Paulina z Noli
Authors: Pałucki Jerzy
Published: November 2020

Church Fathers tried to combat the legacy of paganism and made tireless ef­forts towards Christianising family events, recalling the teaching of the Bible. Tertullian, for example, complained that the Christians of Carthage didn’t marry in the church. The article discusses Carmen XXV of Paulinus of Nola († 431), written for the occasion of marriage of Julian and Tysia. The poem contains one of the oldest descriptions of the ceremony of Christian marriage. Bishop of Nola pays attention to the spiritual dimension of the sacrament – specifically to its rich, full of symbols rite as well as to fact that the Christian meaning of the marriage ceremony should become the main focus for wedding preparations.
Baśń o Erosie i Psyche Apulejusza z Madaury. Duchowe aspekty baśni
Authors: Pawłowski Kazimierz
Published: November 2020

This work will discuss the eponymous tale of „Cupid and Psyche”, originally written as a part of Lucius Apuleius Madaurensis’ „Metamorphoses”. The tale’s main thread, the motif of Psyche making an effort to reclaim Cupid’s lost affec­tion, is depicted through the means of mysteriosophic context of Apuleius’ phi­losophy, as well as his theory on love. The work will draw upon the characteristic motifs of the ancient sacred mysteries, thus suggesting that the story of Psyche’s trials and tribulations is somewhat an allegory of the spiritual development of man, who searches for love to find the meaning of his life and the fulfillment of his spiritual yearning for the eternal and the divine.
Kościół Surb Sargis w Tekor w Armenii. Między Persją a Bizancjum
Authors: Próchniak Daniel
Published: November 2020

The Surb Sargis (St. Sergei’s) church in Tekor, in the Shirak region of the present-day Turkey, is nowadays in total ruin. Fortunately, before its destruction by the 1911 earthquake, it had been extensively studied (e.g. by T. Toramanian and J. Strzygowski) and the documentation preserved allows us to treat it as one of the most important early-Christian buildings in both Armenia and the whole Orbis Christianus (Fig. 1-3). It is highly probable that the church was built at the site of an earlier pa­gan temple, utilising the former building’s tall 9-step crepidoma. Between the beginning of the 4th and the ending of the 5th century a three-nave basilica with­out a dome was built on the earlier base, only to be thoroughly rebuilt in the years 478-504 (dating based on the inscription at the lintel of the western portal; Fig. 4). After the rebuilding, the church acquired its 9-square structure designed by 3 naves and 3 bays. The central bay was covered with a small cupola, or rather, a cupola-structure (Fig. 5 and 7). Taking into account the contemporary state of research one may suppose that this innovative construction is the earliest known link in the process of emerging of the cross-cupola plan of churches, dominating till today in the church architecture of Eastern Christianity. The reduction of the corners of the central bay – in order to adjust its square shape to the circular base of the dome – was achieved by the construction of four small squinches (Fig. 8). This solution was most probably taken over from the 2nd – 3rd-century architecture of Persia, with which the pre-Christian Armenia had long maintained strong and varied contacts. Apart from the Tekor basilica, squinches were also used in two other buildings on the Ararat Upland near Erevan: in the small grave chapel at the Voghjaberd cemetery (5th – 6th century; Fig. 9-12) and in the one-nave church Surb Poghos- Petros (St. Paul and Peter’s) in Zovuni (between the ending of the 5th and the turning of the 6th and 7th centuries). These examples allow one to treat Armenia as a bridge between the architecture of Persia and Byzantium, where similar con­structions appeared and spread widely in later periods.
Beda Czcigodny i bohaterowie "Historii kościelnej narodu angielskiego" w "Żywotach świętych" Piotra Skargi
Authors: Puchalska-Dąbrowska Bernadetta
Published: November 2020

The aim of the article is the analysis of the heroes, themes and motives of Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People present in Lives of Saints by Piotr Skarga. The Polish author of the 16th-17th centuries refers to selected characters, stories and themes as sources of role models and for polemical pur­poses. Bede’s heroes: bishops, missionaries, the religious, secular rulers, serve as examples for the implementation of the specific virtues. Selected motives of the chronicle treated by Skarga – in most cases – with fidelity to the original, are in­tended to show not only the distant reality unknown to the Polish reader, but also the characters and events meaningful in the post-Trent period.
Inter perfectos christi – inter praefectos valentiniani. Służba publiczna i posługa biskupia Sydoniusza Apolinarego w świetle kolekcji listów
Authors: Skibiński Tomasz
Published: November 2020

Sidonius Apollinaris was a member of the Gallo-Roman aristocracy in the 5th century. His letters are a valuable source of information about many aspects of life in Gaul in the final period of the Roman Empire. The article presents the public service performed by Sidonius for nearly 20 years, which he then abandoned in fa­vour of pastoral and Episcopal service, for a similar period of time. It aims to answer the question: what place did public service occupy in Sidonius’ life as a member of the Gallic aristocracy and what motivated him to take up an Episcopal ministry.
Geneza herezji wczesnochrześcijańskich w ujęciu Filastriusza z Brescii
Authors: Szram Mariusz
Published: November 2020

The original Latin catalogue of heresies, produced by Saint Philastrius of Brescia in the second half of IVth century, encompasses several observations re­garding the source of early Christian heterodox movements. These views are dis­persed and interwoven into the analysis of particular heresies, and as such do not constitute an integral and standalone teaching on the nature of unorthodoxy and its genesis. The present work attempts at enucleating this standpoint and summari­sing it in a comprehensive and complementary manner. Regarding the issue of the foundation of heresy, Philastrius proposed his own point of view based on the following threefold argumentation: the theological (Satan is the father of all the world’s heterodoxy – comprehended as a lapse form God’s truth), the moral (heresies rise due to one’s pride), and historical and cul­tural (errors in early Christian doctrine derive from the Judaic sects or else from the counterfactual views of the ancient Greek philosophers). Philastrius’ perspective refers back to an extensive and modestly younger work Panarion by Epiphanius of Salamis, in which the topic of Jewish-deriving deviations from the doctrine was treated even more at length. The Bishop of Brescia’s index has been the inspiration for the later catalogues of unorthodoxy by St. Augustine (narrow in the topic of Judaic origins of heretical movements and rather focused on influences from the ancient philosophical schools) and Isidore of Seville (intermingling both sources of early heretical movements – i.e. Judaic and Greek – withholding the determination which of them has in fact more influ­enced the uprising of heterodoxy and the doctrine itself).
Potestas nocendi w świetle komentarzy św. Augustyna do Księgi Hioba 1-2
Authors: Terka Mariusz
Published: November 2020

St. Augustine interprets the tragedy of Job presented in the Bible by two co­incidental and connected with each other scenes: the first describes the history of man depressed with suffering, who lost his property, family and health, where the second one shows the dialog on the spiritual level between God and Satan, in con­sequence of which Satan receives the power of doing damage (potestas nocendi) to Job. The matter of this power, its range and goal are examined by The Bishop of Hippo by means of the relationship analysis between God, deviland Job. The power of harming comes from God and He is definitely responsible for Job’s suffering. He gives this power for devil but only for making man more pre­fect and revealing His justice. Where the action of devil is the charge of insincere devotion, jealousy, suspecting of hidden sin and temptation of Job in order to make him turn around from God. But for Job the experience of suffering is the trial which is given from God and by it God demands from Job taking a decision. His reply to God is described by St. Augustine as trust and agreement his will with God’s will. The power of harming is limited first by God’s will and permission given by Him, next by devil’s nature as a creature which has to ask for harm­ing permission and hasn’t got any access to human heart, and later by Job’s will and a choice made by him. So potestas nocendi is not license of devil, but first of all the power of God and devil’s desire of harming.
Oryginalność Hieroklesowego porównania Apoloniusza z Tiany z Chrystusem
Authors: Tondera Adam
Published: November 2020

Sossianus Hierocles, governor of Bithynia and adviser of the emperor Dio­cletian, at the beginning of the “great persecution” of the Christians published his propagandistic writing under the title The Lover of Truth, in which he drew a comparison between Apollonius of Tyana and Christ. In the apologetic treatise of Eusebius of Caesarea Against Hierocles we find a statement, that this compari­son was something new in the hitherto existing attacks of the pagan intellectuals on Christianity and demanded a polemic response from the Christian part. Mod­ern studies regarding the works of Porphyry, famous enemy of the Christians and exponent of the Neo-Platonic philosophy, seem to indicate that even before Hie­rocles the personage of Apollonius was used in the anti-Christian polemics and was confronted with Christ. The present article try to explain, what the originality of Hierocles’ comparison, testified by Eusebius, consisted in.
Troska o sprawy Kościoła w korespondencji ostatniej dekady życia Grzegorza z Nazjanzu
Authors: Widok Norbert
Published: November 2020

Analysis of approximately 165 letters of Gregory Nazianzen written by him in the last decade of his life revealed a large part of them devoted to his involvement in the current affairs of the ecclesial community. His departure from the position of the bishop of Constantinople, marked by a kind of failure, did not prompt him to react against the Church, but developed just an opposite attitude – increased mobilization of his strenght for the constant concern about the situation of the local Churches. This concern referred to the activities of the pastors of particular ecclesial communities, experiencing a variety of problems, deacons and presby­ters, coming from his surroundings, as well as synods, which were to successfully resolve contentious issues. It should be remembered that Capadocian did not en­joy at that time good health. Despite suffering form various diseases, Gregory did not only focused on the treatment of poor health, but also continuesely appeared as an active member of the Church, especially that having still the bishops ordina­tion, he could not completely withdraw from the pastoral obligations.
Znaczenie klauzury w życiu duchowym mniszek. Nauczanie św. Cezarego z Arles
Authors: Wygralak Paweł
Published: November 2020

The paper presents the teaching of St. Caesarius of Arles on the subject of the cloister in the life of a nun. It was based on The Letter to Nuns and Rule for Virgins. Caesarian indications are redolent with severity. Under no circumstances were nuns allowed to leave the monastery. They were also very limited in their contacts with the guests, especially with men. All of this was to protect them against the danger coming from such meetings, among which above all the bishop of Arles mentions the temptations against the virtue of chastity. At the same time the monastery is presented as a place safe for the development of all virtues. It is here that every nun finds everything that leads her to the unity with Jesus Christ. That is why her heart should be filled with joy and gratitude towards God.
Po tropach średniowiecznej kancelarii Zakonu Paulinów
Authors: Zbudniewek Janusz
Published: November 2020

The keeping of the scriptorium and chancery by the first Polish Paulines dates back to the first half of the 15th century. It was mainly focused on copying liturgi­cal and related books used for pastoral purposes, legal documentation and history, which included among others the history of the image of Our Lady (Translacio tabule) and the Chronicle of Wincenty Kadłubek. In the 16th century the scripto­rium of Jasna Góra undertook the documentation of religious life in the sanctuary, including the first reports of pilgrims and records of confreres, as a response to the attacks of the Reformation. At the same time the scriptorium created the first car­tularies and other books containing legal processes, inventories, as well as library and account records. The development process of the chancery has reached its peak in the early 17th century, when Fr. Mikołaj Staszewski (1595-1658), a former employee of the Curia of Poznań, later Provincial and General of the Pauline Or­der, entered the Board of the Order and introduced a new style of copying files. He also initiated the process of writing Pauline chronicles – first of the Polish Pro­vince and then of the whole Order, and introduced relevant secretarial standards to the religious constitution, of which he was the main inspirer and contractor. Currently the Polish Pauline Archives store 71 medieval manuscripts from Polish scriptoria, and more than 40 cartulary books from the modern era, among which only one Formulare obedientiarum salutationum et epistolarum variarum of Dionizy Klękowski (1599-1675) contains 1053 copies of various documents and correspondence from the period 1367-1673.
Arka Noego obrazem Kościoła w "Enarrationes in psalmos" św. Augustyna
Authors: Zgraja Brunon
Published: November 2020

St. Augustine is regarded as master of the an allegorical interpretation of the Holy Scriptures. It consists in drawing out from the biblical text the deepest meaning. Using such kind of interpretation, he tried in one of his greatest exegeti­cal works – Enarrationes in Psalmos, to explain for his faithful the mystery of the Church by means of a number of motives from the parables, biblical topographic and cosmic subjects, as well as from many biblical events and personages, in­terpreted in an allegorical spirit. So, in this article an effort has been made to show only some ideas of Augustine’s ecclesiological reflections that look as fruit of his allegorical interpretation of Noah’s Arc and the happenings related to it. The carried out analyses show that the figure of Noah’s Arc and the happenings related to it, served the bishop of Hippona to present the Church as a community composed of all nations of the world which are being incorporated in its organism after a previous conversion and receiving baptism as a result of proclamation the Gospel which should perform a priority role in the saving service of the Church. In Augustine’s opinion, the Church should be the place of proclamation the Truth, the teaching of which in the Church should be characterized by absolute fidelity to the Christian doctrine. What’s more, the Church is a community of saint and sin­ful people. It unceasingly undertakes strenuous efforts of moral cleaning, striving thereby for a growing moral perfection. That community is also characterized by awareness of a shared responsibility for the salvation of others, as well as by a conviction of the value of testifying to the holiness of life and the need of pro­claiming the Word of God. These constitute an essential factor which mobilizes to a growing fidelity in fulfilling the will of God expressed in the commandments, and to undertaking a strenuous effort to proclaim the Gospel. The carried out anal­yses also allow to ascertain that the moral renewal undertaken by the members of the Church, should take place in accordance with the recommendations of Christ, and their progress in acquiring moral perfection does not remain without influence on perceiving the institution of the Church. Also obdurate sinners are members of the Church, those who, in spite of the words of encouragement addressed to them that they might start a way of fidelity to God, they put off the final decision of con­version, resigning in this way from the possibility of salvation, offered to them by God. The Church shown by means of an arc, is a Church unceasingly persecuted because it does not give consent to moral violations by the sinners, having a tole­rating attitude toward them, in hope of their conversion. To Augustine’s vision of the Church belongs also his faithful safeguard of the Christian morality, as well as his fidelity in the service of proclaiming the Gospel. Both flow from the convic­tion of impossibility of one’s salvation outside the Church.
Неосяжність Бога та його іманентність у богомисленні Макарія Єгипетського
Authors: Zhukovskyy Viktor
Published: November 2020

In the article the author reflects on the problem of the ontological distinction between the transcendence and immanence of God in the theological thought of Macarius of Egypt. The focus of his analysis is on the apophatic approach to the interpretation of the unutterable, inaccessible and unknowable nature of God and the conceptual and terminological ways in which God’s presence is expressed in created being. The main terms by which Macarius expresses God’s absolute remoteness from the world, on one hand, and His presence in the world on the an­other, are analyzed. The researcher considers the spiritual and ascetic dimension of the anthropological and soteriological views of Macarius’ theology through the prism of the pneumatology and christology.
Święty Grzegorz z Nyssy, Na psalm szósty o ósmym dniu (In sextum psalmum, CPG 3156)
Authors: Przyszychowska Marta
Published: November 2020

nie dotyczy
Św. Izydor z Sewilli, O naturze rzeczy (rozdz. IX-XXVIII) (De natura rerum, CPL 1188)
Authors: Skowroński Piotr
Published: November 2020

nie dotyczy
Raban Maur, Homilie o najważniejszych świętach oraz o cnotach (wybór) (Homiliae de festis praecipuis, item de virtutibus)
Authors: Gacia Tadeusz , Adamiak Jarosław , Strycharczuk Agnieszka , Turkiewicz Natalia
Published: November 2020

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Kontynuacja przymusu państwowego w sprawach religijnych w Afryce Północnej
Authors: Adamiak Stanisław
Published: November 2020

The paper aims at showing the continuity of the methods and motivations of the religious persecutions in Roman North Africa between IV and VII century. Different examples are briefly analysed: anti-Christian persecutions of the first centuries, the struggle between the Catholics and the Donatists, the persecution of the Catholics by the Vandals and the religious coercion exercised against Jews and dissidents under Byzantine dominion. The continuity can be found not only in the means employed by the oppressors and their justification, but also in the descrip­tion of the situation produced by the victims.
Athanasius of Alexandria and “the Kingdom of the desert” in his works
Authors: Artemi Eirini
Published: November 2020

Prezentowany artykuł ma na celu ukazanie roli św. Atanazego Wielkiego w pro­pagowaniu życia monastycznego w jego dziełach: Żywocie świętego Antoniego, Listach do mnichów i Listach paschalnych. Na przykładzie św. Antoniego Atanazy ukazywał rolę, ważność i zalety życia poświęconego Bogu, z dala od świata. Atana­zy ukazuje się poprzez swe dzieła jako propagator monastycyzmu i życia ascetycz­nego, a jednocześnie obrońca ortodoksji. Dzięki jego pismom, monastycyzm, który wyrósł na egipskiej pustyni, stał się znany daleko poza Egiptem i stał się podstawą do tworzenia grup monastycznych w całym ówczesnym Imperium Rzymskim.
Palestyńskie ampułki ze zbiorów Monza – bobbio. Program ikonograficzny
Authors: Bulas Ryszarda M.
Published: November 2020

The article presents iconographic types of Palestinian ampoules from the col­lection Monza – Bobbio. The author propos two types of iconography and compo­sitions of ampoules, Christological (Monza 11, 9) and Mariological (Monza 1, 2). The style carved scenes presents eastern style and iconography VI-VII century, especially Syrian and Palestinian.
Grzech Kaina w ocenie Ojców Kościoła
Authors: Czyżewski Bogdan
Published: November 2020

Fathers of the Church have left comments on Genesis as well as other works, which explain not only the biblical descriptions of the origins of the world and man, but also Gen 4: 1-16, where it speaks of the sin of Cain. In this paper we pre­sent an assessment of the sin of Cain made by some of the Fathers of the Church. It should be noted that they do not stop only on the sin of fratricide, although condemn it the most, but focus their attention also on other sins of Cain, which preceded and led to the killing of Abel by his jealousy, anger, evil thoughts, insin­cerity. Fathers of the Church recognize the individual and social character of the sins of Cain, which manifests itself in leaving his from God and separation from relatives. This resulted in a permanent division of the family. Fathers also point to the mercy of God and a willingness to forgive. Commentators of Gen 4:1-16 biblical text, however, do not see in Cain repent for any sin committed by him.
Spolia w budowlach konstantyńskich. Dekadencja, innowacja czy kontynuacja tradycji?
Authors: Głowa Anna
Published: November 2020

“Spolia” is a term applied to earlier architectural elements re-used in new buil­dings. This practice was born in 3rd century and became very common in the times of Constantine. For a long time spolia were perceived as a sign of decline in late antique art. Nowadays interpretations of spolia alternate between the “pragmatic”, the “aesthetic” and the “ideological”. The aim of this article is to investigate these theories in context of changing tradition in ancient art, and try to see spolia as the reflection of the tension between “Past” and “Present” in the times of transforma­tion of the Roman world.
Biograf Aelreda z Rievaulx i jego źródła
Authors: Groń Ryszard
Published: November 2020

The article was written to illustrate the difficulties we encounter when at­tempting to convey the biography of Aelred, a famous 12th century English abbot of Rievaulx. The difficulties are linked with the fact that Aelred lived in medieval times and his biography was written in the form of a hagiography. This style of writing was very popular in the middle ages and usually served to emphasize the holiness of a person’s life, i.e. to demonstrate an exemplary life of Christian vir­tues rather than as an attempt to concentrate on biographical details. The latter ra­ther served as points of reference to the person in question and were expressed in hagiographic style, i.e. with focus on models of behavior, achievements and mira­cles that fit the style, based on examples taken from the Bible and the lives of other popular saints. Written in monastic circles, such works took on the form of biogra­phies of saints and were often written to satisfy a specific cause (T.J. Heffernan). This is the type of biography we are dealing with here. When attempting to con­vey Aelred’s biography in the contemporary meaning of the term, we must first sift through its hagiographic form and supplement information contained therein with other historical and literary sources. In our case, the attempt was carried out in six points, with focus on: the primary source of Aelred of Rievaulx’s biography, Vita Aelredi (1); its author, Walter Daniel (2); the reasons why this work was writ­ten (3); its hagiographic form (4); the work’s internal sources, i.e. sources linked with the author’s own circles (5); as well as outside historical and literary sources of information concerning Aelred (6).
Postawa św. Atanazego i św. Hilarego wobec decyzji synodu w Ancyrze (358)
Authors: Grzywaczewski Józef
Published: November 2020

The Synod of Ancyra was organized at 358 by Basil, bishop of this city. The bishops who took part in this Synod published a Synodical Letter, called in English Manifesto. They presented in this letter the essence of the Homoiousian theology (it also written Homoeousians). They did not accept the Nicaean concept of equa­lity of the Son to the Father, expressed by the term homoousios (consubstantial). They proposed other idioms, especially homoios kat ousian (similar to the Father according the essence); sometimes they used the term homoiousios (similar to the Father in all things). According to the teaching of the Homoiousians, the Son pos­sessed the Divinity not in himself, but by the participation in Father’s Divinity. Athanasius of Alexandria expressed quite positive opinion about the theology of the Synod of Ancyra. Maybe he did know it very well; maybe he tried to see positive elements in it, because the Homoiousians were in opposition to the ex­treme Arianism. Hilary of Poitiers expressed also a positive opinion about the Manifesto of Ancyra. He appreciated its moderate position in Christology in com­parison to the extreme Arians. He supposed that the above mentioned terms used by the bishops of Ancyra had the same meaning as the Nicaean term homoousios. Both Athanasius and Hilary did not pay much attention on terms but espe­cially on the relation of the Son to the Father; he distinguished the identity of each Person; he was conscious of the difference of their mission, and he underlined the equality of their Divine nature and dignity.
Chrześcijańska bazylika rzymska – kontynuacja czy innowacja?
Authors: Kalinowski Zygmunt
Published: November 2020

The article is an attempt to arouse a discussion about the originality of the de­sign of Roman Christian basilica. The author deals with the form of basilica Con­stantiniana and strives to reconstruct its architectonic and functional programme. Formal borrowings from forum basilicas and imperial audience halls have been indicated. The formal adoption from those objects has been justified in two ways. The idea of acquiring the scale and inside arrangement from forum basilicas stemmed from the similarity of function. In turn, hierarchical order of the interior was achieved due to an apse moved to the shorter side with the entrances on the opposite one; such a compositional solution was taken from imperial basilicas. It was aimed to focus an attention of the faithful at actions which were taking place against the apse as well as at the bishop himself. The apse’s symbolic significance raised the rank of a building, thus granting a bishop the emperor’s authority. The development of Roman Christian basilica – understood as such process – turned this object into original architectonic creation. It joined ingeniously the function of gathering the faithful (procedure unknown to the prior Roman cult architec­ture) with the visualisation of the symbolism of power – of a bishop, in this case – emanating from the form of the apse and from the structure of the building, both derived from imperial basilicas.
Chleb nieodpowiedni dla chrześcijan: moralne zalecenia Klemensa Aleksandryjskiego w konfrontacji z naukowymi ustaleniami Galena
Authors: Kokoszko Maciej , Dybała Jolanta , Jagusiak Krzysztof , Rzeźnicka Zofia
Published: November 2020

The goal of the present discussion is to determine what kind of bread Clement of Alexandria had in mind, when, in his Paedagogus, castigated some of Alexandria inhabitants for the consumption of a kind produced form excessively purified (by sieving) flour (which due to the process was becoming devoid of any nutritional values), which, as an item of luxury, would ultimately lead its consu­mers to effeminacy. In order to identify the food and link it to the varieties produced in those times, the authors of the study have analyzed select treatises of Galen, who, being a con­temporary of Clemens, is acclaimed to have been the most eminent physician of the period between the IInd and the IIIrd centuries after Christ, and an authority in the area of bread nutritional values. Having outlined the scope of Clement’s activities and knowledge as well as having presented the corpus of data in the line left by Galen, the authors of the present study conclude, that the Christian wrote about a kind of bread baked with a generous amount of leaven (since it was the additive that made the dough rise), and consequently they identify the variety artos zymites. As for the technology of baking, they opine that the bread described by the Christin writer belonged to bread types obtained from kribanon or ipnos. The authors also opine that the crucial piece of information given by Clement allowing to identify the variety is the one concerning flour used for the purpose. They claim that, since it was presented as very well-sieved, contributing to the whiteness of the bread and consequently to its classification as luxurious, the choice is limited to two kinds of the food, namely artos katharos or plytos artos. Out of the two only the latter’s characteristics given by Galen matche Clement’s description of the bread as a foodstuff of low nu­tritional value. Consequently, the authors of the article conclude that it was plytos artos that was the bread variety alluded to in Paedagogus. Moreover, they come to the opinion that the discussion on bread show that Clement’s words included in Paedagogus show consistency with contempo­rary dietetic doctrines. Accordingly, the latter were either not absent from the Christian’s general knowledge or constructed on popular lore he shared.
Herakles w bizantyńskiej refleksji poetyckiej. Studium przypadku
Authors: Kotłowska Anna
Published: November 2020

The article presents the first Polish translation and commentary of so far in­edited literary epistle written by Niketas Eugeneianos, famous Byzantine novelist and poet of the twelfth century.
Zagadnienie personalizmu w "Protreptyku" Klemensa Aleksandryjskiego
Authors: Kowalski Aleksy
Published: November 2020

The article presents the outline of the pagan and Christian ancient anthropo­logy that is interested in its relations to the cosmology. The antique philosophers describe a man as the microcosmos which belongs to the macrocosmos. Accor­ding to Aristotle’s metaphysics and the henological metaphysics, the human being occupies the lower place in the hierarchy of the universe. The Christian thinkers, based on the Bible and the Tradition, show the human being as God’s creature made according to the image and similitude of his Creator. The Church Fathers know the Jewish and gnostic anthropologies and they make a polemic on their doctrinal issues. Investigating the patristic anthropology is possible to apply the prosopography exegesis that underlines the interpersonal dialogue. That method indicates three levels of mutual relationships: the analogical and iconic one, the dyadic and dialogical level and the triadic one. The Church Fathers creating the metaphysics of person change their research from the cosmology to the theology and the anthropology. Justin investigates the personalist logos-anthropology. Ire­naeus of Lyon and Tertullian of Carthage show the personalist soma-anthropology. Clement of Alexandria elaborates the very interesting concept of the personalist eikon-anthropology that describes the human person as the divine Logos’ image, the living statue, in which dwells the divine Logos and the beautiful instrument fulfilled by God with the spirit. Origen of Alexandria, the Cappadocian Fathers and other Christian thinkers who examine that issue, will use Clément’s personal­ist eikon-anthropology in their future investigations. That concept helps to define the solemn Christological doctrine of Council of Chalcedon.
Ograniczenia stanu jako przeszkoda w przyjmowaniu do klasztorów w czasach Grzegorza Wielkiego na podstawie jego "Registrum epistularum" oraz norm prawa rzymskiego
Authors: Lewandowicz Janusz
Published: November 2020

Monastic life, which development has been significantly contributed by St. Gregory the Great, has an important place in the history of Europe. This paper attempts to go back to the period of monasticism in the Late Antiquity, of which there are numerous testimonies in the epistles of St. Gregory the Great. Based on Registrum epistularum, the paper presents the practice of admitting to the monas­teries candidates from different social backgrounds. Simultaneously, it discusses the evolution of the imperial law, from the reign of Constantine to the end of the sixth century, by concerning restrictions on the admission to the monasteries ari­sing from the fact of belonging to the specific state (obnoxii): decurions, tax col­lectors, colonate, slaves assigned to the land. The paper highlights the concern of Pope Gregory I for those who join the monasteries as well as draw attention to the motives, which guided the emperors to make laws concerning the admission to the monasteries and the Gregory’s attitude towards the secular law. The paper also draws attention to the efforts of the pope aiming at promoting the monastic life as the highest form of Christian life.