bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theoretical Directions in European Archaeology
Authors: Bogucki Peter
Published: April 2006

Bogucki's review deals with theoretical directions in current archaeological research in Europe, and Kohl's covers recent fieldwork and analysis in central Asia. It should be emphasized that these reviews are written specifically for the readers of this journal. Their purpose is to provide brief overviews of the topics and to introduce the readers to some of the literature in the field. The authors emphasize issues most likely to be of direct interest to readers working in the Americas and in literature published in English. PSW
Further Light on Carbon Isotopes and Hopewell Agriculture
Authors: Bender Margaret M. , Baerreis David A. , Steventon Raymond L.
Published: April 2006

The 13C/12C ratio in human collagen was determined for 19 individuals from Hopewell sites in Wisconsin, Illinois, and Ohio and compared with 27 new measurements from individuals of Archaic, Mississippian, and Late Woodland affiliation. Additional measurements were made of elements in the food chain and on experimental animals fed on a diet of known composition containing maize. The similarity of the Hopewell measurements to those of nonmaize diets indicates that corn was of little importance in the Hopewell diet for those populations tested.
Medicine Men, Ethnic Significance, and Cultural Resource Management
Authors: Doyel David E.
Published: April 2006

Archaeologists and resource managers have recognized many different forms of site significance. While much recent discussion has focused upon research of scientific significance, other concepts, such as ethnic significance, have received little attention or have been avoided altogether. Here, the concept of ethnic significance is discussed, an example from the Navajo is presented, and some of the broader implications of the concept are considered.
The Origins and Evolution of Usulutan Ceramics
Authors: Demarest Arthur A. , Sharer Robert J.
Published: April 2006

Usulutan pottery is a major characteristic of Preclassic ceramic assemblages in southern Mesoamerica. This distinctive “resist” decorated pottery has long been considered a significant marker of southeastern influence in other areas of Mesoamerica and has been an important element in discussions of external stimuli on the development of Maya civilization. The origin, evolution, and technology of Usulutan have been debated for over 50 years. New archaeological evidence from western El Salvador now provides solutions to several aspects of this debate. The discovery of a complete, well-dated sequence of resist and Usulutan decorated ceramic types demonstrates a western Salvadoran origin and development for this pottery, tracing the tradition back to the Early Preclassic period. This sequence provides a spatial and temporal framework for future studies of Usulutan technology. The new evidence also requires a reassessment of the nature and significance of the Late Preclassic spread of Usulutan pottery in southern Mesoamerica.
Human Behavior, Demography, and Paleoenvironment on the Colorado Plateaus
Authors: Dean Jeffrey S. , Euler Robert C. , Gumerman George J. , Plog Fred , Hevly Richard H. , Karlstrom Thor N. V.
Published: April 2006

Archaeological and paleoenvironmental data are integrated in an investigation of culture change among the Anasazi of the American Southwest by a conceptual model of the interaction among environment, population, and behavior, the major determinants of human adaptive systems. Geological, palynological, and dendrochronological reconstructions of low and high frequency environmental variability coupled with population trends are used to specify periods of regional population-resource stress that should have elicited behavioral responses. Examination of these periods elucidates the range of responses employed and clarifies the adaptive contributions of mobility, shift of settlement location, subsistence mix, exchange, ceremonialism, agricultural intensification, and territoriality. These results help differentiate responses that are triggered by environmental variability from those stimulated primarily by demographic or sociocultural factors. These analyses also demonstrate the adaptive importance of amplitude, frequency, temporal, spatial, and durational aspects of environmental variability compared to the commonly invoked but simplistic contrast between “favorable” and “unfavorable” conditions.
Stable Carbon Isotopic Evidence for Maize Agriculture in Southeast Missouri and Northeast Arkansas
Authors: Lynott Mark J. , Boutton Thomas W. , Price James E. , Nelson Dwight E.
Published: April 2006

Analysis of bone collagen extracted from human skeletal remains from archaeological sites dating from the Archaic period through Euro-American settlement provides evidence for the introduction of maize into regional subsistence patterns. Stable carbon isotope ratios of samples from both the eastern Ozarks and the Mississippi River alluvial valley indicate that human populations living prior to ca. A.D. 1000 consumed little or no C4 plant material. In populations dating after ca. A.D. 1000, stable carbon isotope ratios indicate that maize represented a significant part of the human diet throughout the region. The change in dietary patterns coincides with a shift in settlement patterns from dispersed hamlets and small villages to civic-ceremonial centers with associated villages, hamlets, and farmsteads. This isotopic evidence indicates that Emergent Mississippian diets did not include substantial quantities of maize or other C4 plant material.
Advances in Brazilian Archeology, 1935-1985
Authors: Meggers Betty J.
Published: April 2006

Although Brazil occupies almost half the continent of South America, its archeology attracted little interest until recently from either nationals or foreigners. This is attributable to the characteristics of the remains. There are no buildings of stone, tools and ornaments of metal, or elaborate artifacts of cloth, wood, and bone. Except along the Amazon, pottery is not noted for its aesthetic qualities; even there, complete vessels with well preserved decoration are scarce. Shell middens along the southern coast are spectacular in size but deficient in cultural content. Other sites are predominantly shallow middens containing fragments of pottery, or flakes and minimally shaped tools of stone.
The Development of Prehistory in Canada, 1935-1985
Authors: Wright J. V.
Published: April 2006

Over 50 years ago Diamond Jenness stated “Canadian archaeology is a child of recent years that has not yet reached full stature” (Jenness 1932:71). Forty years later William C. Noble, in referring to the above quote observed, “. . . Canadian archaeology has progressed from a childhood state to young adulthood stature, and all present trends indicate a continuing and more sophisticated development in the future” (Noble 1972:34). In my opinion, the analogy is not completely appropriate, because the growth in question has been anything but normal. Indeed, to stay with the analogy would be to observe a child who exhibits little or no growth over many years and then suddenly explodes into a hulk possessing both Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde characteristics.
Regional Archaeological Conferences
Authors: Woodbury Richard B.
Published: April 2006

For nearly six decades the small, or originally small, conference on the archaeology of a particular region has been of growing importance in the North American archaeological community's system of communication. By 1952, Erik K. Reed could state that,

In addition to national meetings, such as that of the Society [for American Archaeology] . . . regional conferences are continuing to develop and gain in importance. Five such gatherings are mentioned in this issue [of American Antiquity]: the Northwest Conference, Seattle . . . ; the Ninth Plains Conference, Lincoln . . .; the Caddoan Workshop, Norman . . .; the Southeastern Conference, to be at Macon . . . ; the 1952 Pecos Conference . . . to be at Santa Fe . .. . These have become more productive and better attended than Divison meetings of the A.A.A.S., or many of the larger or national conventions [Reed 1952:89].
Notes for a Sequence of Rulers of Machaquilá
Authors: Fahsen Federico
Published: April 2006

This article proposes a sequence of rulers for Machaquilá, as south-central Petén site which flourished in the Late and Terminal Classic periods. A number of articles on this matter about other Maya sites have appeared since Tatiana Proskouriakoff’s publication on Piedras Negras, in which she identified initial and inaugural glyphs. While Machaquilá’s monuments lack such event glyphs, the date patterns involved, as well as the identification of name glyphs and titles, permit the establishment of a sequence of rulers, an explanation for the fall of Machaquilá (usurpation or conquest by a non-Classic Maya ruler), and a possible reason for the collapse of Tikal.
Obsidian Hydration Dating Update
Authors: Friedman Irving , Trembour Fred
Published: April 2006

The obsidian hydration dating technique has been refined since its invention in 1960. The hydration process slows down as it proceeds and appears to follow the relation: hydration thickness is proportional to the square root of time. The variables that influence the hydration rate are mainly the temperature experienced by the object to be dated and its chemical composition.

Methods of estimating effective integrated field temperatures and composition variables of obsidians are discussed.
Improvements in the Permutation Test for the Spatial Analysis of the Distribution of Artifacts into Classes
Authors: Berry Kenneth J. , Kvamme Kenneth L. , Mielke Paul W.
Published: April 2006

Refinements and extensions to the permutation test for assessing the intrasite patterning of artifact distributions in an archaeological space are presented. Specifically, a Pearson type III distribution is employed to approximate the sampling distribution of the test statistic, an improved weighting is introduced to increase the efficiency of the test, and a method is presented to permit the inclusion of unclassified artifacts in the spatial analysis.
Flake Dispersal Experiments: Noncultural Transformation of the Archaeological Record
Authors: Bowers Peter M. , Bonnichsen Robson , Hoch David M.
Published: April 2006

Time lapse studies of frost action effects on arctic and subarctic surficial archaeological sites have been conducted from 1973 to the present. Test plots of experimentally produced flakes were constructed in 1973 in the Tangle Lakes Region of the Central Alaska Range and subsequently remapped and photographed in 1974, 1976, and 1980. Similar test plots were laid out in the arctic foothills province of the Brooks Range. Observations made during the study period include: (1) flake displacements of as much as 20 cm/yr; (2) average minimum movement is 4 cm/yr; and (3) upslope movements were observed, suggesting that slope is not the primary factor in flake displacements. Frost heave, needle ice and, possibly, wind appear to be the dominant forces responsible for dispersals. It is argued that these and other natural processes can restructure the archaeological record into patterns that easily can be mistaken for those produced by human activity.
Paradigms Lost—Paradigms Found?
Authors: Meltzer David J.
Published: April 2006

A brief response is given to Custer's comment on my article, "Paradigms and the nature of change in American archaeology." Custer's position contains errors of fact and interpretation, propounds a questionable view of the history of science in general (and archaeology in particular), and fails to disprove my original arguments.
The “Mayanized” Mexicans
Authors: McVicker Donald
Published: April 2006

After study of the murals recently discovered at Cacaxtla, Tlaxcala, Mexico, I conclude: (1) that the role played by the Late Classic Maya in the central Mexican highlands during the period A.D. 700—900 was much greater than previously assumed; (2) that a post-Teotihuacán art style and mythology was carried into the central Mexican highlands by conquering people from the Gulf Coast lowlands; and (3) that the term “Mexicanized Maya” can be reasonably rendered “Mayanized Mexican,” particularly in the context of later Toltec developments.
Middle Preceramic Public and Residential Sites on the Forested Slope of the Western Andes, Northern Peru
Authors: Dillehay Tom. D. , Netherly Patricia J. , Rossen Jack
Published: April 2006

A decade of intermittent archaeological research in the upper Zaña Valley in northern Peru has documented an intensive Middle Preceramic period (ca. 6000—4200 B.C.) occupation in the tropical-forest and thorn-forest ecotone on the western Andean slopes. This research has revealed one stratified nonresidential site (the Cementerio de Nanchoc), characterized by dual earth mounds, and a complex of small, preceramic residential sites in the Nanchoc branch of the valley. The nonresidential site is associated with the production of lime, probably used as a mineral supplement to the diet or as an extractive agent with coca leaves. Evidence recovered from residential sites shows that incipient horticulturists, documented by the presence of several species of cultigens, and unspecialized hunters and gathers lived in scattered households located along small streams in alluvial fans above the valley floor. A unifacial lithic technology and a diversified ground-stone technology attest to an economy primarily adapted to plant resources. The preceramic culture of the upper Zaña Valley is interpreted as a local manifestation of an early western-slope-forest cultural tradition associated with the development of a specialized public precinct and the adoption and intensification of agriculture.
Anthropogenic Soil Erosion around Lake Patzcuaro, Michoacan, Mexico, during the Preclassic and Late Postclassic-Hispanic Periods
Authors: Street-Perrott F. A. , Perrott R. A. , Harkness D. D.
Published: April 2006

Lake Pátzcuaro (2,035 m asl), situated in the temperate highland-forest region of central Mexico, was the focus of Postclassic Tarascan civilization. Today, the lake is bordered by wide, swampy flats, which can be interpreted as low-angle fans of colluvial material derived from the deeply eroded, lower-valley side slopes. A gully near the northwest shore exposed two colluvial units: The lower one was dated at 2,300 years B.P. (350 B.C.) at the base of the exposure, while the upper one yielded three14C ages ranging from 270 years B.P. (A.D. 1680) to "modern." Both units contained abundant charcoal. Pollen studies by Watts and Bradbury (1982) suggest that the first phase was initiated by the widespread introduction of maize cultivation around 1550 B.C. The second, more intense, phase of forest clearance, although it may have begun during the Late Postclassic period, probably culminated during the great expansion of colonial plough agriculture and livestock rearing in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
Experimental Use of Clovis Weaponry and Tools on African Elephants
Authors: Frison George C.
Published: April 2006

Clovis projectile points and chipped-stone tools have been recovered in a number of archaeological sites in the New World, but these cannot be tested on mammoths, which we know from the archaeological evidence Clovis hunters were able to procure. Extensive culling of elephants in Hwange National Park in Zimbabwe provided the necessary animals to test replicas of Clovis tools and weaponry. The experiments leave little doubt that Clovis projectile points can inflict lethal wounds on African elephants and that simple stone tools will perform the necessary butchering tasks. The physiology of mammoths and elephants is similar enough to make positive statements on the potential of this kind of stone-tool and weaponry assemblage, but we will never be able to compare elephant and mammoth behavior directly.
Parasitology as an Interpretive Tool in Archaeology
Authors: Reinhard Karl J.
Published: April 2006

Parasitological studies of archaeological sites can be used to interpret past behavior and living conditions. During the 1980s problem-oriented research into prehistoric- and historical-period parasitism developed and resulted in the field of archaeoparasitology. Archaeoparasitology attempts to integrate parasite data into archaeological theory and interpretation. Within the last decade, four major archaeoparasitological laboratories emerged. They developed interpretive frameworks that apply parasitological data to a remarkable variety of prehistoric behaviors. Parasite remains can be used to reconstruct aspects of diet, health, and other behaviors such as transhumance and trade. Finally, analysis of the distribution of parasite remains can be used to interpret aspects of site-formation processes.
The Optimal Design of Hunting Weapons: Maintainability or Reliability
Authors: Bleed Peter
Published: April 2006

Design engineers share archaeologists' interest in material culture, but unlike archaeologists, engineers have developed concepts for determining the suitability of technical systems to perform specific tasks. Given the difficulty archaeologists face in developing theories of material culture, I suggest that guiding principles of engineering design offer potentially useful insights.

In this article I discuss two design alternatives for optimizing the availability of any technical system - reliability and maintainability. Reliable systems are made so that they can be counted on to work when needed. Maintainable ones can easily be made to function if they are broken or not appropriate to the task at hand. Because these design alternatives have markedly different optimal applications and observably different physical characteristics, archaeologists can link the design of prehistoric weapons to environmental constraints and to specific hunting strategies. Ethnographic examples indicate that primitive hunters do use both reliable and maintainable systems in optimal situations.
Another Look at Hopewell Obsidian Studies
Authors: Hughes Richard E.
Published: April 2006

Hatch et al. (1990) recently presented the results of research on the sources and ages of obsidian artifacts from four Hopewell sites in Illinois and Ohio. The present comment identifies ambiguities in artifact-to-source attributions that compromise the subsequent source-specific obsidian-hydration objectives of the study. Examination of obsidian-hydration rim-measurement resolution and associated error estimates, disagreements about the validity of laboratory-induced obsidian-hydration rates used in the study, and contradictions between rim measurements on the same specimens lend no support to the authors' conclusion that obsidian was conveyed into these sites throughout the entire temporal duration of Hopewell mound construction.
Bison Hides in Late Prehistoric Exchange in the Southern Plains
Authors: Creel Darrell
Published: April 2006

Widespread exchange networks operative in the early historic period in the southern Plains and adjacent areas were documented by early Spanish explorers. Among the more important trade items they noted were bison hides, including robes. It is suggested here that the occurrence of beveled knives and endscrapers in assemblages dating after about A.D. 1300 reflects the importance of bison hides in late prehistoric exchange. Both of these chippedstone tools probably were used in acquiring and processing the hides of bison. The importance of bison hides continued into the historic period when they were documented items of exchange in southern Plains and adjacent areas.
A Multidimensional Investigation of Biocultural Relationships among Three Late Prehistoric Societies in Tennessee
Authors: Boyd C. Clifford , Boyd Donna C.
Published: April 2006

Interrelations among three roughly contemporaneous late prehistoric Mississippian societies in Middle and East Tennessee are reexamined in terms of currently available biological, archaeological, and ethnohistoric data. Previous researchers have suggested a close relation between two of those cultures—Mouse Creek and Middle Cumberland—to the exclusion of the third, Dallas. However, multivariate analyses of craniofacial and mandibular dimensions of individuals from the three groups suggest a greater biological relation between Dallas and Mouse Creek than between Mouse Creek and Middle Cumberland. In addition, a comparison of intrasite settlement patterning, ceramic and mortuary variability, and ethnohistoric data across the three groups support the skeletal analysis. Relations between Dallas and Mouse Creek may mirror similar processes of sociopolitical reorganization occurring throughout the Southeast in the late prehistoric period.
Ohio Hopewell Trophy-Skull Artifacts as Evidence for Competition in Middle Woodland Societies Circa 50 B.C.. A.D. 350
Authors: Seeman Mark F.
Published: April 2006

During the Middle Woodland period in eastern North America, modified human skulls are interjected into a broader pattern of "trophy"-artifact manufacture. Interpretations of these human trophies have resulted in a polarity of opinion-that they are the remains of (1) revered ancestors, or (2) defeated enemies. Both previous investigations of the problem support exclusively the "revered-ancestor" interpretation. Results of the present study, which makes use of a six-site Ohio Hopewell sample and stylistic and biological analyses, do not support this position, and are seen as reflecting a competitive component in Hopewell society.
There's No Percentage in It: Intersite Spatial Analysis of Bushman (San) Pottery Decorations
Authors: Ridings Rosanna , Sampson C. Garth
Published: April 2006

Grass-tempered bowls made by the forbears of historical Karoo Bushmen between ca. A.D. 1500 and 1800 were decorated with many different stamp-impressed motifs. Five of the seven observed motif groups appear to be distributed randomly across the 2,000 km2 study area in the upper Seacow River valley, South Africa. When their percentage frequencies per site cluster were mapped, however, localized concentrations appeared. The validity of the percentage concentrations is tested here by unconstrained cluster analysis, which is not subject to the closure effect. Also, several other tests, all avoiding the use of percentage frequency maps, are introduced as alternative ways to deal with unevenly distributed sites and scarce artifacts or traits unevenly distributed among the sites themselves. The results demonstrate that percentage-frequency mapping can produce occasionally spurious and misleading patterns. Because stratigraphic evidence is scarce and inconclusive, and direct dating of sherds has not yet been conducted, a test also is proposed for determining contemporaneity of motif groups.
Measurement, Method, and Meaning in Lithic Analysis: Problems with Amick and Mauldin's Middle-Range Approach
Authors: Rozen Kenneth C. , Sullivan Alan P.
Published: April 2006

Amick and Mauldin (1989) claim that our approach to describing debitage assemblage variation is unproductive because our typology is free of interpretation. They suggest that our method for assigning meaning to archaeological data is sterile because it is based solely on observations of the archaeological record. Their views seem to be based on inattention to key analytic concepts, an unfamiliarity with the full range of factors affecting lithic assemblage content, and an empirically unsupported position about how knowledge of the past may be obtained from the archaeological record. Experimental studies are useful for developing generalizations about how technological factors may influence debitage assemblage characteristics, but sound description of those characteristics is an essential prerequisite to reliable interpretations.
Iroquoian Stemware
Authors: Latta Martha A.
Published: April 2006

Ceramic vessels with goblet-like stems have been identified in late sixteenth and early seventeenth century Iroquoian sites in southern Ontario. Material and technology indicate local origin for these wares. It is suggested that they were modeled on the French Catholic chalice and used by the Iroquoians for magical or healing rituals. This constitutes a rare example of European-Indian religious syncretism demonstrable in the archaeological record.
Comment on the Paleoindian Occurrence of Spurred End Scrapers as Reported by Rogers
Authors: Morris Elizabeth Ann , Blakeslee Richard C.
Published: April 2006

A recent article by Rogers (1986) hypothesized that spurred end scrapers were a temporally diagnostic artifact indicating Paleoindian occupation in Kansas. Examination of the distribution of this artifact in northeastern Colorado indicates that, besides being a part of Paleoindian assemblages, it also occurs in Middle Archaic (McKean complex) and Dismal River contexts.
Environmental Variability and Settlement Changes on the Pajarito Plateau, New Mexico
Authors: Orcutt Janet D.
Published: April 2006

Recent studies have shown a relation between low- and high-frequency environmental variability and aspects of culture. This paper uses low-frequency alluvial and hydrological changes on the Colorado Plateaus and high-frequency changes in moisture availability for the northern Rio Grande between A.D. 1150 and A.D. 1600 to derive expectations for changes in settlement organization on the Pajarito Plateau. The expectations are evaluated using data on the distribution of population and field houses in elevation zones. Changes in population size and aggregation also are reviewed. Low-frequency processes especially appear to have played a role in settlement change until A.D. 1450. After this date, settlement does not conform to expectations. Reasons for this are suggested, including a poor understanding of low- frequency processes, conflict, and human-induced environmental degradation.
A Review of Lynch's Descriptions of South American Pleistocene Sites
Authors: Gruhn Ruth , Bryan Alan L.
Published: April 2006

The description of major South American Pleistocene sites by Lynch (1990) contains significant errors and omissions. The artifact assemblage at the Colombian site of Tibitó, dated at 11,740 ± 140 B.P., is much larger than indicated by Lynch and well represents the Abriense industry, which features small unifacially retouched flake tools and core tools, with no stone projectile points. Lynch did not describe the 1976 stratigraphic profile at the Venezuelan site of Taima-Taima, and he failed to refer to the evidence for butchering of the juvenile mastodon with which an El Jobo projectile point fragment and a utilized flake were associated directly. The descriptions of Brazilian sites also feature serious mistakes. For the site of Alice Boër, Lynch overlooked a thick sterile stratigraphic unit (Bed IV) that intervenes between Bed III, with its thermoluminescence dates as early as 10,970 ± 1020 B.P. and radiocarbon dates as early as 14,200 ± 1150 B.P., and the artifact-bearing surface of Bed V. For Lapa Vermelha, Lynch failed to indicate that several artifacts were recovered from an older cemented cave fill that yielded radiocarbon dates of 22,410 B.P. and > 25,000 B.P. Lynch’s description of the site of Toca do Boqueirào da Pedra Furada does not correspond to eyewitness reports, and his description of the nearby Toca do Sitio do Meio was incomplete and confused. Finally, in his description of the stratigraphy of the Patagonian site of Los Toldos, Cueva 3 Lynch misquoted and misconstrued the original reports, which indicate clearly the stratigraphic priority and integrity of the Level 11 industry. For accurate descriptions of early South American archaeological sites, readers are urged to examine the original sources.
The Isthmus and the Valley of Oaxaca: Questions about Zapotec Imperialism in Formative Period Mesoamerica
Authors: Zeitlin Robert N.
Published: April 2006

Recent archaeological and epigraphic research suggests the existence of what could be Mesoamerica's first conquest state, centered at Monte Albán, the major Late Formative period Zapotec site in the Valley of Oaxaca. This paper explores the idea of an early Zapotec empire by examining evidence from one of Monte Albán's outlying regions, the southern Isthmus of Tehuantepec. The study is framed in terms of three hypothetical models of political and economic interaction, any one or combination of which could conceivably account for ancient Zapotec relationships with the southern Isthmus and its other hinterland regions.
The Two-Curvature Method for Reconstructing Ceramic Morphology
Authors: Hagstrum Melissa B. , Hildebrand John A.
Published: April 2006

Prehistoric ceramic containers were tools used in culinary and ceremonial activity. The archaeological record preserves fragmentary remains of these ceramic tools, challenging the archaeologist to interpret their use and function from potsherds rather than from whole pots. We introduce the two-curvature method for reconstructing ceramic vessel shape and volume from assemblages of potsherds. Each point on a ceramic vessel or sherd has two dimensions of curvature, profile and axial. Profile curvature is sensitive to vessel shape, and axial curvature is sensitive to vessel diameter. Since vessel curvature and sherd curvature are the same, measuring profile and axial curvatures of potsherds provides information on parent-vessel shape and size. The two-curvature method is tested with replicated vessels, and its accuracy for measuring vessel parameters from sherd curvatures is assessed. Vessel parameters are estimated accurately from average-sherd-curvature measurements. Data gathered by using this method, on an archaeological assemblage of Kumeyaay ceramics from southern California, show that Kumeyaay pottery consists of 85–90 percent open-mouth hemispherical bowls and 10–15 percent closed-mouth spherical ollas. Through time, Kumeyaay vessel volume increased while vessel shape remained consistent.
A Test of the Relationship between Site Size and Population
Authors: Schreiber Katharina J. , Kintigh Keith W.
Published: April 2006

Archaeologists, especially those doing regional surveys, generally assume that there is a correlation between the areal extent of a habitation site and the number of people living at that site. This paper uses a combination of archaeological and historical data from the Peruvian Andes to examine this assumption. We find that, in this case, only a weak correlation holds between these two factors. However, a consideration of site function and topography may render the apparent ambiguities understandable.
On the Pleistocene Antiquity of Monte Verde, Southern Chile
Authors: Meltzer David J. , Grayson Donald K. , Ardila Gerardo , Barker Alex W. , Dincauze Dena F. , Haynes C. Vance , Mena Francisco , Nunez Lautaro , Stanford Dennis J.
Published: April 2006

The potential importance of the Monte Verde site for the peopling of the New World prompted a detailed examination of the collections from that locality, as well as a site visit in January 1997 by a group of Paleoindian specialists. It is the consensus of that group that the MV-II occupation at the site is both archaeological and 12,500 years old, as T. Dillehay has argued. The status of the potentially even older material at the site (MV-1, ∼ 33,000 B.P.) remains unresolved.
Simulating Success or Failure: Another Look at Small-Population Dynamics
Authors: Gaines Sylvia W. , Gaines Warren M.
Published: April 2006

Simulation can be an effective tool for investigating the demography of small, prehistoric Southwest Pueblo communities. The model presented here incorporates biological and physiological, cultural, and behavioral characteristics and tracks each individual as the simulation of a small population is carried forward through 70 years of annual iterations. Sensitivity analyses are performed for a suite of critical parameter values. Many of parameters and functions are probabilistic, and Monte Carlo techniques are used to obtain statistically significant results. Simulation results are collected on numerous variables that profile the individual and group characteristics such as mortality, immigration to emigration ratio, nuclear family formation, and distribution of population size and mix. Initial success is dependent on the attributes of the founding population and its gender mix. The long-term survival of a small population is extremely sensitive to the mortality schedule, attributes of the founding population, and marriage-residence rules. Small shifts in the age-specific mortality statistics dramatically affect the population growth and the frequency of site collapse. The consequences of inaccuracies in mortality statistics are highlighted.
The Dorset-Thule Succession in Arctic North America: Assessing Claims for Culture Contact
Authors: Park Robert W.
Published: April 2006

Most Arctic archaeologists believe that the people of the Thule culture, who arrived in the eastern Arctic approximately 1,000 years ago, met people of the Dorset culture and acquired important knowledge from them while replacing them in this region. The most convincing indication for technology transfer comes from the Thule adoption of Dorset harpoon-head styles. However, a review of radiocarbon dates, artifact styles, and site data reveals no conclusive evidence for face-to-face contact between the people of these two cultures. Given evidence that the Thule actively salvaged harpoon heads and carvings from abandoned Dorset sites, I contend that salvage was the sole means of contact between these cultures and the means by which harpoon-head technology was transferred. This example points out the importance of salvage as a mode of culture contact and the weakness of studies that interpret changes in material culture solely in a culture-historical context.
More on Migration in Prehistory: Accommodating New Evidence in the Northern Iroquoian Case
Authors: Snow Dean R.
Published: April 2006

Crawford and Smith have developed important new evidence that bears on the hypothesis that the Northern Iroquoians migrated into the lower Great Lakes region sometime after A.D. 900. Clarification of the Princess Point Complex in Ontario forces a revision of the hypothesis. While an Appalachian origin for the Northern Iroquoians and their subsequent migration is not rejected, new evidence strongly suggests that the population shift took place three centuries earlier than I previously proposed. The situation calls for both further refinement of paleodemographic theory and new empirical research into Owasco and other earlier Northern Iroquoian complexes.
“Catlinite” and the Spread of the Calumet Ceremony
Authors: Gundersen James Novotny
Published: April 2006

In his interpretation of the introduction of the calumet ceremony into the southeastern U.S. in this journal, Brown (1989) has perpetuated a common error that the lithic nickname "catlinite" correctly describes any of the red Plains pipestones from the three well-known midwestern localities he cites. In truth, the mineralogy of each of the pipestones from those three geologic sources (provenances) are distinct from one another, and that of catlinite is diagnostic. Although most of the artifacts he evaluates are probably true catlinite, many of them might not be. Unless archaeologists know of what material an object is made, they do not know from where the material originated; thus they cannot know who obtained the material nor how the artifact reached its archaeological location (provenience).
Two Newly Recognized Paleoindian Tool Types: Single- and Double-Scribe Compass Gravers and Coring Gravers
Authors: Tomenchuk John , Storck Peter L.
Published: April 2006

A small collection of gravers from the Fisher site, an Early Paleoindian (Parkhill complex) site in Ontario estimated to date between 10,400 and 11,000 years B.P., produced two previously unrecognized tool types: single- and double-scribe compass and coring gravers. Experimental use-wear studies on replicated tools confirm that the compass and coring gravers were probably used on organic materials for engraving single or concentric circles, cutting thin disks, and boring holes. Although not identified as such, the compass graver occurs widely in North American Paleoindian assemblages and, judging from the presence and context of similar tools in the Eurasian Upper Paleolithic and Siberian Neolithic, may represent a specialized tool designed to express decorative, artistic, or symbolic aspects of Paleoindian culture. Together with other tools in Paleoindian assemblages, the new tool types promise to contribute to comparative studies concerned with the origin, development, and spread of Paleoindian cultures.
Regarding Pendejo Cave: Response to Chrisman et al
Authors: Dincauze Dena F.
Published: April 2006

Personal experience in Pendejo Cave and in the laboratory supporting the investigations there bears directly on claims for stratigraphic integrity forwarded by the authors of a report on ancient friction skin imprints. The published report is seriously incongruent with my notes and recollections. The statement that my work indicated no intrusions directly above the first recovery of imprints contradicts the fact that I spent my excavation time there clearing a large rodent burrow that penetrated to the layer in which the find was made. Abundant cultural remains of Holocene age in the uppermost strata of the cave constitute potential sources for anthropogenic items of all kinds that could have been intruded to great depths by burrowing fauna. Data supporting dismissal of such possibilities must be presented by the investigators on a firmer basis than given in their 1996 report.
The Positioning of Archaeology within Anthropology: A Canadian Historical Perspective
Authors: Kelley Jane H. , Williamson Ronald F.
Published: April 2006

In this paper we argue that archaeologists and anthropologists should be aware of forces that encourage the separation of archaeology from anthropology. Sociological, organizational, and intellectual factors that do not necessarily have disciplinary separation as their logical consequence can nonetheless have a cumulative effect that moves the relationship between the subfields of anthropology in the direction of greater or lesser independence. We compare the relative strength of certain factors that could either encourage or discourage the perpetuation of four-field anthropology in Canada and the United States.
I. Nuer
Authors: Crazzolara J. P.
Published: April 2006

Làjɔɔ̀k myεεló dìe wóòr mà daánó ònëë̀nö̀(1). Ɛεn dooŋ cΐkó daakonε(2)

The Lajɔɔk dances by night when people sleep. He then informs his

ní: ‘eènòbaa, aan abècíʈó myεεl—daánô’. Dòoŋ daákónε dòoŋ

wife ‘look here, I am going to dance—to dance at man‘. His wife now

kwányó túʈù, dòoŋ ryébó dók túʈù piiny; dòoŋ kwányó tɔ̀bì ɔɔ̀nyɔ̀ ΐ

takes a filter-pot(3), then turns it upside down; then she takes leaven corn, and puts it

àgwaʈa megï, mà gïïn tiío gí tíìc dìe wóòr, gïïn ki cwáàrὲ gïïn aryεlóεló.

in their bowl with which they work at night, she and her husband, these two.
The Native Railway Worker in Nigeria
Authors: Oldfield Genevieve Ambrose
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

A Survey of the Nigerian Railway workers would constitute a record of every tribe living in the southern and northern provinces, inasmuch as the government-owned and controlled railway, extending over 1,892½ miles of territory, employs natives of the various tribes in each of its four departments. As these native workers show ability they are gradually permitted to fill posts when they become vacant that were formerly held by Europeans. During the year ending March 31st, 1934, despite drastic measures of economy to meet financial conditions and the lessening of the European staff by twenty-three officials, the number of Africans employed has increased by slightly over 900, mostly in the labouring class.
Freedom of Contract and Restraint of Trade Clauses in Roman and Modern Law
Authors: Wacke Andreas
Published: April 2006

The interplay between the Roman economic and legal orders is one of the most important areas calling for research and analysis. There is no lack of excellent descriptions of the economic life of antiquity. In contrast, legal-historical enquiries into the legal-economic issues of Roman times are still in the initial stages. This dearth of research is mainly the result of the unsatisfactory state of Roman legal sources, which rarely deal with economic issues. It is a stroke of luck to find sufficient documentation on any specific topic. One such fortunate case, that of restraint of trade, exists. There are no fewer than seven Digest texts on the topic. These will be analyzed below, in conjunction with a comparative survey of the development of this aspect in modern law.
Restatement and Reform: A New Perspective on the Origins of the American Law Institute
Authors: Hull N. E. H.
Published: April 2006

At the December, 1945, annual meeting of the Association of American Law Schools, William Draper Lewis, who had directed the American Law Institute since its founding, made a startling confession about the founding of the ALI. Everett Fraser, then president of the AALS, had enticed Lewis to speak by complimenting the former University of Pennsylvania Law School dean: “People [at the AALS] talked of a Juristic Center. In the American Law Institute you made it a reality.” There was some truth to this—Lewis was the driving force behind the creation of the ALI. Fraser nevertheless mischaracterized Lewis's achievement. According to an unpublished, recently discovered typescript of Lewis's informal remarks, Lewis chided Fraser, “you know that there is not a word of truth in what [you] said… [because in] doing what I could to establish the American Law Institute, I did not create but rather for the time being killed any attempt to establish a legal center.” Lewis conceded many members of the AALS in the early 1920s “desired to start a Judicial Center conceived of as a place where law professors could meet, usually in the summer, discuss law, carry on legal researches and write legal books.” Lewis claimed he had torpedoed that plan; he had something very different in mind for the ALI “Elihu Root and [I] used this [AALS Committee on a Juristic Center] to summon a group of prominent lawyers to meet with the members of the Committee, and that by the work of that larger group grew the American Law Institute and its Restatement of the Law… it is not true that the American Law Institute is a Juristic Center. It is what Mr. Root and I intended it to be: an organization to carry out specific legal projects for the constructive improvement of the law and its administration.”
A Mysterious Power: Industrial Accidents and the Legal Construction of Employment Relations in Massachusetts, 1800-1850
Authors: Tomlins Christopher L.
Published: April 2006

On 16 June 1837, at a little after six o'clock in the morning, a train of cars carrying lumber and gravel and crowded with twenty or more Irish track laborers and other workmen left the Boston depot of the Boston & Worcester Railroad Corporation bound for Worcester. About four miles out, just after the train had passed the City Mills and was nearing the Brookline road, a wheel on one of the cars broke. The train was thrown from the tracks. Two men were killed and several others severely injured.

Among the injured was a man named Gilham Barnes, engaged by the Corporation about two weeks before to carry out maintenance work on several bridges between Boston and Worcester. On the previous day, Barnes, his brother Luther, and one of the men who worked with them had ridden the same train (an unscheduled track maintenance train known to the corporation as the “gravel” train) as far as the Arsenal bridge, which carried the railroad over the Watertown road in Brighton, to deliver materials and tools. On the morning of the sixteenth, Barnes sent the others by wagon via the Mill Dam toll road to begin work on the Arsenal bridge while he made arrangements with the conductor of the gravel train for additional materials to be carried to the Worcester bridge. Barnes intended, it would seem, to ride the gravel train as far as the Arsenal bridge where he would jump off and join his workmen. “We saw the train going out just after we paid [the] toll,” Luther Barnes later recounted. “Then near City Mills we saw shingles &c all about. I saw my brother running towards us. He waved his hat twice. And he held up his arm and I saw blood and flesh.”
The Origins of Property in England
Authors: Palmer Robert C.
Published: April 2006

The English common law of real property, as S.F.C. Milsom has argued, took shape between 1153 and 1215. The common law gave royal protection to free tenements, replacing feudal relationships as the primary bond structuring society. The law thus constituted the institutional core of the English state. But no Machiavellian monarch constructed the English state. Henry II was, rather, a king who presumed the morality and necessity of feudal relationships. His innovations, though intentional and carefully planned, were directed at narrower and less far-sighted ends. Other changes were the result of bureaucratic action. The complex interplay between present-oriented political or juridical decisions and bureaucratic rigor generated a legal system.
Bracton, the Year Books, and the “Transformation of Elementary Legal Ideas” in the Early Common Law
Authors: Seipp David J.
Published: April 2006

The language of the common law has a life and a logic of its own, resilient through eight centuries of unceasing talk. Basic terms of the lawyer's specialized vocabulary, elementary conceptual distinctions, and modes of argument, which all go to make “thinking like a lawyer” possible, have proved remarkably durable in the literature of the common law. Two fundamental distinctions—between “real” and “personal” actions and between “possessory” and “proprietary” remedies—can be traced back to their early use in treatises of the first generations of professional common law judges and in reports of courtroom dialogue from the first generations of professional advocates in common law courts. Together these distinctions give the clearest indications that the early common law professions borrowed the vocabulary and techniques of Roman and canon law. Moreover, they play an important role in the ongoing historical debate over English legal concepts of property ownership.
John Lilburne: a Revolutionary Interprets Statutes and Common Law Due Process
Authors: Parkin-Speer Diane
Published: April 2006

In the history of English law and the Puritan Revolution, the Levellers are generally considered opponents of the common law, who increasingly used natural law arguments in their revolutionary propaganda. John Lilburne, one of the foremost Leveller leaders, in the tract The Legall Fundamentall Liberties of the People of England published in June 1649 and at his trial for treason in October 1649 used the common law as presented in Sir Edward Coke's The Institutes of the Laws of England and his report of Dr. Bonham's Case, to support his attack on the Rump Parliament. This was only the second use of Dr. Bonham's Case in public controversy as opposed to in a private law matter. Lilburne's reliance on The Institutes and Dr. Bonham's Case also reveals how Coke's legal thought could be integrated into revolutionary thinking, i.e., the limitation of the powers of parliament, not just through judicial review, but through individual citizens' interpretation of statutory law and their individual judgment of the validity of laws. The tenet of radical Protestantism, the supremacy of individual judgment, finds expression in Lilburne's interpretation of statutes and his belief in the limited powers of Parliament. The idea that radical Protestantism led to democratic theory and shook the foundations of established institutions is given additional support by Lilburne's propaganda and defense of himself.