bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Trouble with Compliance
Authors: HEY JEANNE A. K.
Published: March 2007

The compliance model of dependent foreign policy argues that dependent states will implement the foreign policy preferences of their dominant economic partners. Despite its failure to deliver strong empirical results, compliance remains dominant within the study of dependent foreign policy. This article examines compliance's problems and explains its endurance within the subfield of international relations. Six cases drawn from the Hurtado and Febres Cordero administrations in Ecuador during the 1980s are analyzed to evaluate compliance's three critical assumptions about the dependent foreign policy process: the unitary actor, core-periphery bargaining, and divergent preferences between core and periphery. In only one of the cases do compliance's assumptions hold true and does compliance account for Ecuador's foreign policy. Flaws in the bargaining assumption and the divergent preferences assumption account for the model's poor description of the process behind many dependent states' foreign policies.
Eastern Europe at the Crossroads of Democratic Transition
Authors: WALDRON-MOORE PAMELA
Published: March 2007

Research on Eastern European attitudes toward democracy has not comprehensively examined the economic, social, and political origins of support for and satisfaction with democracy and what these portend for democratic consolidation in Eastern Europe. Differentiating origins of mass support and satisfaction clarify whether ordinary citizens perceive democracy as a normatively correct, legitimate process of making collective and binding decisions or merely as a means to achieving efficiency and distributive justice. Multivariate analysis revealed that whereas social, economic, and psychological factors influence support, only economic evaluations predict satisfaction. This identifies support for democracy in Eastern Europe as emanating more from a recognition of the moral worth of the process than from a calculus about its benefits. However, the study reveals that dissatisfaction with democratic government abounds and may affect support. This challenges optimism for speedy consolidation, showing Eastern Europe poised to linger at the crossroads of transition for a while.
Duverger's Law and the Meaning of Canadian Exceptionalism
Authors: GAINES BRIAN J.
Published: March 2007

Duverger's law is an unusually simple and specific elaboration on exactly how political institutions “matter”: It proposes that plurality rule elections result in two-party competition. Canada is commonly thought to violate the law at the national level, but to match its predictions at the district level, and thus not to constitute a genuine counterexample. In fact, analysis of a vast data set of Canadian election returns reveals that these elections are multicandidate events, district by district, year after year. An explanation for this multipartyism may lie in the complicating factor of federalism, because Canadian provinces often feature strikingly different national and provincial party systems. Generally, the Canadian case illustrates that theories relating party systems to electoral law but not to other institutions are unrealistically parsimonious.
Customer-Focused Menu Markeing
Authors: Miner Tom
Published: March 2007

Food-service chains are increasingly relying on direct research of consumer preferences to guide their menu-development efforts. This consumer-based approach is an adaptation of the traditional relationship between a chef-proprietor and the guest. In fact, some chefs have become consultants for food-service chains. Rather than use an entirely internal approach to menu development, some chains are broadening their definition of what is possible and allowing prospective items to be tested in individual restaurants as specials. The most successful are added to the menu. Applebee's is an example of a chain that tests dozens of potential menu items each year in this manner. Even chains that base their success on menu standardization have diversified their menus to accommodate regional preferences.
Professional Issues in Counseling Psychology
Authors: Pipes Randolph B. , Westefeld John S.
Published: March 2007

A brief description is provided of how a list of questions about professional issues in counseling psychology is used as an adjunct to a seminar taught at Auburn University. Rationale for a seminar in professional issues is given. Four representative questions for each of several topical areas are listed.
In Search of a Professional Identity
Authors: Schoen Linda G.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the professional identity of counseling psychologists in Australia. Subjects were 114 members of the Board of Counselling Psychologists within the Australian Psychological Society who responded to a survey questionnaire that tapped demographic and professional activity information. Respondents rated the importance of activities to their present and ideal positions as counseling psychologists. Factor analysis of ratings showed a structure of activities of which consultation and education, goal-directed counseling, depth psychotherapy, and program development and evaluation were most important. Research and assessment activities were seen as least important. Differences in importance ratings were found as a function of respondent employment setting. Results show similarities to earlier studies and suggest that the professional identity of counseling psychologists based on activities extends across national boundaries.
Counseling Intervention and American Indian Tradition
Authors: LaFromboise Teresa D. , Trimble Joseph E. , Mohatt Gerald V.
Published: March 2007

The training of American Indian counseling and community psychologists should move away from conventional counseling tenets toward the use of culturally sensitive mental health approaches that maintain American Indian values. In this article, unique American Indian social and psychological perspectives concerning the process and theory of counseling are contrasted with the individualistic focus, style, and outcomes of therapy as practiced in America today. Empirical studies are reviewed concerning the role of social influences in the counseling process as perceived by American Indians and the types of problems Indians present in counseling. The under use of mental health services by American Indian is is associated with the tension surrounding power differentials in counseling relationships and perceived conflicting goals for acculturation between counselors and Indian clients. In addition, three types of psychological intervention-social learning, behavioral, and network -are reviewed and summarized for their contributions and implications for training counselors in effective mental health service delivery with American Indians.
Affirmative Psychotherapy for Gay Men
Authors: Shannon Joseph W. , Woods William J.
Published: March 2007

This article explores unique issues that confront gay male clients These issues include identity development and management, interpersonal issues, and special issues, such as the impact of aging, antigay violence, and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Diversity within the male gay community is also addressed throughout the article, and case examples are used to illustrate issues more fully. The article concludes with recommendations for treatment and research
Charting a Course for Research in Multicultural Counseling Training
Authors: Ponterotto Joseph G.
Published: March 2007

This article presents an integrative reaction to the lead contributions by Kiselica, Lark and Paul, and Rooney, Flores, and Mercier. Following the narrative path set by these contributors, the author begins with some personal reflections regarding his own multicultural development. A theme analysis of the lead contributions, along with the author's own experiences, leads to the delineation of 31 characteristics of effective multicultural training organized in three sections: characteristics of effective trainers and mentors, characteristics of promising trainees, and characteristics of facilitative training environments. The second half of this article presents both a general and specific research agenda for multicultural counseling training in the coming decade. Building from the identified themes, research recommendations are presented in five areas: racial identity development, multicultural competency assessment, mentoring, model programs, and the role of program diversity in training effectiveness. The article closes with a general discussion of the current and evolving status of multicultural counseling research. Embedded in the proposed research agenda is a strong call for qualitative research methods.
Assessing the Qualities of Social Relationships in Clinical and Nonclinical Individuals
Authors: Downie Michele Sebastian , Robbins Steven B.
Published: March 2007

This study highlights the use of a semistructured interview to explore essential positive and negative qualities of current and historic significant relationships. This approach allows for identifying who (or what) comprises each respondent's significant social network and for conducting a qualitative analysis of those positive and negative qualities that affect participant's lives. Using a self-psychology perspective, it was hypothesized that four bipolar qualities-availability, reliability, empathy, and non-intrusiveness-would emerge, with clinical individuals emphasizing the negative pole and nonclinical individuals emphasizing the positive. Both clinical and nonclinical individuals identified friends and family, with clinical individuals incorporating therapists, mentors, and organized groups into their significant social influences. As expected, empathy, reliability, and availability emerged, and clinical individuals had overall fewer positive themes and greater negative themes, including lack of reciprocity and feeling devalued by others. Future research must begin understanding the determinants of perceptual and relational response styles and the ways in which formal and informal sup-port influences the life adaptation process.
Do Status Offenders Get Worse? Some Clarifications on the Question of Escalation
Authors: Shelden Randall G. , Horvath John A. , Tracy Sharon
Published: March 2007

Data from a longitudinal study of juvenile court referrals reveal that whether or not status offenders “escalate” is dependent upon gender and the specific type of status offense committed. Specifically, male status offenders were found to be more likely than females to escalate. Also, runaways and unmanageables were far less likely to escalate than those who were first referred for truancy, curfew, and liquor law violations. Status offenders are also compared with other offenders in terms of the total number of subsequent referrals and whether or not a youth had an arrest record as an adult. Some of the problems associated with the study of status offenders are discussed.
On the Backs of Working Prostitutes: Feminist Theory and Prostitution Policy
Authors: Jolin Annette
Published: March 2007

This article explores answers to three questions: Why is prostitution as controversial today as it was 4,000 years ago? Why are feminists embroiled in the prostitution controversy? And, what are the effects of this controversy on the working prostitute? The author suggests that the answers rest historically in a fundamental contradiction in Western culture that arises from the institutionalization of a sexual double standard in patriarchal societies, wherein prostitution owes its existence to an interplay of social and economic arrangements that involve promiscuity, chastity, and inequality. The article looks beyond theoretical issues and examines social policy and its impact on the women who work as prostitutes.
The Interdisciplinary Ideology in Educational Administration: Some Preliminary Notes on the Sociology of Knowledge
Authors: Hailer Emil J.
Published: March 2007

A citation analysis of Educational Administration Quarterly is used to determine usage patterns of social science knowledge among researchers in educational administration. Several hypotheses are advanced regarding these patterns.
Neo-Taylorism in Educational Administration?
Authors: Gronn Peter C.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses a number of recent observational studies of school administrators' work patterns. These studies are criticized for the inadequacy of the Tayloristic "time and motion" assumptions exhibited in their discourse. An alternate approach is outlined for analyzing the administrative life-world. It is derivedfrom Boswell's "intimate acquaintance" with Dr. Johnson.
Using Bureaucratic and Cultural Linkages to Improve Instruction: The Principal's Contribution
Authors: Firestone William A. , Wilson Bruce L.
Published: March 2007

Principals can influence instruction by working through the linkages that govern teacher behavior. What these linkages are, how they affect instruction, and the impact of the principal on them are the focus of this article. Two kinds of linkages are distinguished: bureaucratic and cultural. Past research has attended extensively to bureaucratic linkages without analyzing cultural linkages. It is argued that the principals have access to weak linkages of both kinds. The task for the principal is to consistently employ the full range of linkages through a multitude of major and minoractions to generate a common purpose and effect in the school.
Administrative Control in Large-City School Systems: An Investigation in Chicago
Authors: Crowson Robert L. , Morris van Cleve
Published: March 2007

Big-city school systems have been described as rigid, ponderous, hierarchical bureaucracies. They have also been called loosely coupled systems virtually out of control. Which are they-tight or loose? A study of Chicago principals reveals that the system does indeed exert powerful hierarchical control, but it does so not through a muscular apparatus of directives but rather through a not-so-subtle enforcement of loyalties, values, and unspoken expectations.
An Analysis of Influence-Gaining Behaviors of Principals in Schools of Varying Levels of Instructional Effectiveness
Authors: High Reginald , Achilles Charles M.
Published: March 2007

To exert leadership in schools, principals need to understand how to influence teachers. Using established bases of social power, this study examined how principals in "effective" and in other schools gained influence over their teachers. Principal-as-expert emerged as the most important influence-gaining behavior.
Excellence in Education: The Opportunity for School Superintendents to become Ambitious?
Authors: DeYoung Alan J.
Published: March 2007

This article briefly discusses the nature of the recent calls for educational reform and highlights difficulties researchers have had in explaining why earlier educational innovation strategies have not gone as expected. Subsequently, the argument is made that a crucial understanding of the historical development of the public school movement and its current situation is needed to better understand educational functioning and school reform in the United States. In particular, it is suggested that the historical role of the school superintendent is pivotal in predicting the direction of schoolpolicy in the "era of excellence. "A case study is provided in an attempt to show how current calls for school reform have been utilized by one metropolitan school superintendent tofacilitate educational innovation and to solidify his own organizational power within his district. The argument is made that the current context for educational reform provides a historical setting both to significantly alter school policy in the coming decade and as a renewed opportunity for many local school superintendents to become ambitious.
Secondary School Climate: A Revision of the OCDQ
Authors: Kottkamp Robert B. , Mulhern John A. , Hoy Wayne K.
Published: March 2007

A new school climate measure, the Organizational Climate Description Questionnaire-Rutgers Secondary (OCDQ-RS), based on the concept of open to closed climate (Halpin & Croft, 1963), was developed expressly for secondary schools. A sample of teacher respondents from 78 New Jersey high schools was used. Exploratory and replicatory factor analyses of items aggregated to the school level were conducted using independent samples in order to assess factor stability and construct validity. Five stable and reliable first-order factors emerged: Principal Supportive Behavior, Principal Directive Behavior, Teacher Engaged Behavior, Teacher Frustrated Behavior, and Teacher Intimate Behavior. Second-order factor analysis showed that the first four factors may be used as an index of climate along a continuum of open to closed.
Faculty Consulting and Scientific Knowledge: A Traditional University-Industry Linkage
Authors: Rebne Douglas
Published: March 2007

In this article, faculty consulting activity is examined in the context of literature on university industry linkage mechanisms. Alternative hypotheses concerning the relationship between consulting and research productivity are developed around zero sum (time scarcity) and nonzero sum (complementary role) assumptions. Bivariate analysis on the basis of occupational groups indicates a positive relationship with productivity at low to moderate levels of consulting activity. The pattern is consistent with the complementary role thesis for all disciplinary groups except the Humanities. The general form of the relationship is sustained by an exploratory regression analysis involving selected controls for alternative sources of productivity variance. While additional research concerning casual relationships and effects on long-term knowledge production is needed, the evidence suggests that individual faculty consulting implies much more than income supplementation and should be the object of proactive human resource policies and practices.
Windows/Ventanas: A Postmodern Re-Presentation of Children in Migrancy
Authors: Lopez Gerardo R. , Guajardo Miguel A. , Scheurich James Joseph
Published: March 2007

Living among us-citizens like ourselves-are migrant families who are dedicated to hard work, a strong commitment to the family, deep spirituality, and the critical importance of education for their niños (children). Through hard work these families, in a real sense, sit at our dinner tables as those whose toil brought us the affordable food we eat. However, these fellow human beings are paid unbelievably low wages, especially given that even the children have to work for the family to barely get by. Families are housed in substandard structures, often treated as slightly above slaves (sometimes patrolled by supervisors carrying guns), callously exposed to poisonous farm chemicals, and commonly mistreated by the educational system. Because the authors do not believe it is possible to accurately represent the complexity of these people, they offer a multivocal montage, a Bakhtinian carnival, of words and images focused on migrants and migrancy
Concurrent Validity of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and the Welsh Figural Preference Test
Authors: Goolsby Thomas M. , Helwig Loren D.
Published: March 2007

For a sample of 79 fifth grade pupils from a semi-rural farming area in the Southeastern United States intercorrelations among subtest scores and total scores of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT) and the Welsh Figural Preference Test (WFPT) revealed little if any relationship either between subtests from the TTCT and those from the WFPT or between the two total tests themselves. It would appear that the two scales which were designed to measure constructs related to creativity share little common variance.
Paired Comparisons Intransitivity: Trends Across Domains of Content and Across Groups of Subjects
Authors: Hendel Darwin D.
Published: March 2007

The present study investigated the extent to which intransitivity, as measured by the total circular triad (TCT) score in the method of paired comparisons, varies across different domains of content and across different groups of subjects. Three paired comparisons instruments were administered to 276 high school students and to 358 college students. Results indicated statistically significant ( p ≤ .001) correlations among the three TCT indices for both groups of subjects.
On Validating a Relationship Between Constructs
Authors: Tesser Abraham , Krauss Herbert
Published: March 2007

An obtained relationship between two empirical variables may mean that (a) they both reflect the same theoretical construct or that (b) they reflect different constructs which are related. It is suggested that the demonstration of shifting, nonmonotonic, and/or asymmetric relationships provides evidence for rejecting hypothesis (a). Demonstrating that the variables are differentially related to a third variable, factor analysis, corrections for attenuation, and a multitrait-multimethod approach appear to be limited ways of generating information useful for choosing between hypotheses (a) and (b).
Polari, a Fortran IV Program for Measures of Attitudinal Polarization
Authors: Vegelius Jan , Edvardsson Bo
Published: March 2007

The computer program described contains various measures of attitudinal polarizations, vis. K, introduced by McCall and Simmons (1966), and V1, V2 and V3, suggested by Edvardsson and Vegelius (1974, 1975). In the latter three measures, two parameters, C and D, may be chosen by the user. The choice C= D= 0.5 is recommended.

The two major purposes of this paper were: (1) to describe the theoretical background underlying the mathematical development of different measures of the degree of attitudinal polarization applicable to bipolar questions and (2) to outline a small FORTRAN IV program POLARI that provides a rapid means for calculation of four of these measures.
Criteria Measures of Drug-Using Behavior: Multivariate Analyses
Authors: Forsyth R. , Sadava S.W.
Published: March 2007

Four measures of college student drug use are investigated: frequency of cannabis use, time as a user, range of polydrug experimentation and self-reported adverse consequences of use. Distributed properties of the measures are presented, with particular problems in the frequency of use criterion. Intercorrelations and factor analyses support the relative independence of the criteria, with substantial overlap only between range and time. Multiple regression analyses show that discrete sets of social psychological variables constituted relatively high and stable prediction of all criteria except frequency. Canonical correlation analyses suggest patterns of criteria interpreted as "normal" and "abusive" drug-using behavior. Implications for measurement development and for a multi-dimensional conception of drug use are discussed.
Computer Controlled Oral Test Administration: a Method and Example
Authors: Milligan W. Lloyd
Published: March 2007

A computer tape recorder interface was designed, which permits automatic oral administration of "true-false" or "multiple-choice" type tests. This paper describes the hardware and control program software which were developed to implement the method on a DEC PDP 11 computer. The method is illustrated by an extended example that describes automatic oral administration of the Minnesota M ultiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Similar concepts may be applied to implement the idea for other computer systems or other tests. The principal advantage of this method is that it does not require an expensive computer terminal. Auxiliary programs may be used for subsequent batch mode test scoring and analysis.
The Development and Validation of a Preliminary Measure for Student Evaluation of Group Counseling Experiences
Authors: Murillo Nathan , Shaffer Phyllis , Michael William B.
Published: March 2007

For a sample of 99 university students who participated in group counseling sessions at a campus counseling center, an effort was made to determine the factorial validity of a preliminary scale for student evaluation of group counseling. A factor analysis of the intercorrelations associated with the 11 subscales of the instrument entitled Scale for the Evaluation of Group Counseling Experiences (SEGCE) yielded three dimensions, two of which were easily intepreted. In this self-report instrument, the three factor dimensions reflecting student perceptions of the group experience were identified as (a) Satisfying Experience, (b) Interpersonal Learning, and (c) Increasing Self-Confidence. The results of this factor analysis and those of a detailed item analysis were used to develop a new form of the SEGCE which reduced the number of items from 118 to 79. This new form will soon be undergoing psychometric analysis, the results of which will be subsequently reported.
A Note on Triangular Decomposition and Measures of Ill-Conditioned Matrices
Authors: Dong Hei-Ki , Thomasson Gary L.
Published: March 2007

In most multivariate statistical procedures used in the field of Education and Psychology, the n by n matrix of intercorrelations among the n attributes or variables is required to be a symmetric positive definite matrix, i.e., an non-singular matrix. When a matrix is close to being singular it is said to be "ill-conditioned." In the present note, the triangular decomposition method is suggested as a general technique for obtaining the various measures of an ill-conditioned matrix.
The Predictive Validity of Cognitive and Affective Measures in a Small Religiously Oriented Liberal Arts College
Authors: Hess Jonathan H. , Grafton Clive L. , Michael William B.
Published: March 2007

For a total sample of 224 freshman students entering Westmont College in the fall of 1981 as well as for each of two subsamples differentiated by sex (144 females and 80 males), the degree of relationship was sought between each of two criterion measures-freshman grade point average (GPA) and number of units satisfactorily completed during the freshman year-and each of four cognitive and eleven affective variables. In addition, the amount of association was obtained between each criterion measure and optimally weighted composites of the cognitive variables alone, the affective measures themselves, and a mixture of both cognitive and affective predictors. The statistical data revealed that (1) the criterion measure represented by freshman year college GPA could be predicted far more accurately than could one indicating the number of units satisfactorily completed, (2) high school GPA was overwhelmingly the most valid predictor of college achievement despite the presence of modest validities for standardized scholastic aptitude and achievement tests, (3) optimally weighted composites of affective variables served to explain only 40 to 60% as much of the variance in the college GPA criterion measure as did the high school GPA variable itself, (4) the most promising single affective variable for the total sample as well as for the subsamples differentiated by sex would appear to be a self-report measure indicating the perceived level of preparedness in mathematics and natural sciences held by students, and (5) the addition of one or two affective measures to a regression equation already containing high school GPA as its first-entered independent variable could not be anticipated to augment the precentage of variance accounted for in the college GPA criterion measure by more than three to five percent.
A Monte Carlo Study of Using the First Eigenvalue for Averaging Intercorrelations
Authors: Dunlap William P. , Silver N. Clayton , Phelps Glenn R.
Published: March 2007

A procedure proposed by Kaiser (1968) for averaging correlation coefficients using the first eigenvalue of an intercorrelation matrix was studied via Monte Carlo methods. The Kaiser average if applied to sample intercorrelations was found to be markedly biased toward overestimation of the population correlation when the population correlation was small, and to show a slight negative bias similar to average r when the population correlation was large. A modification of the Kaiser average substantially reduced the bias for correlations near zero and showed slightly smaller standard errors (greater efficiency) than the other averages for small correlations. The least biased averaging procedure still appears to be the backtransformed average Fisher's z, particularly when sample size is small.
Relative Sensitivity to Performance Cue Effects as a Criterion for Comparing Rating Scale Formats
Authors: Doverspike Dennis , Cellar Douglas F. , Hajek Michael
Published: March 2007

The present study was conducted to assess the relative sensitivity of three rating scale formats (graphic, BES, & BOS) to behavior and performance cue primes. Subjects were 72 college students who rated video-taped instructor performance on the three types of rating scales. The experimental design was a 2 (Low vs. High Behavior) × 2 (Negative vs. Positive Performance Cue). The relative sensitivity of each scale was defined as the proportion of variance explained by behavior divided by the proportion of variance explained by behavior plus performance cue variance. The results indicated that in terms of sensitivity to behavioral variance the Graphic was most sensitive followed by the BES and then BOS scales.
The Validity of the Inverse Scree Test for Cluster Analysis
Authors: Lathrop Richard G. , Williams Janice E.
Published: March 2007

A Monte Carlo study of the validity of the Inverse Scree test under conditions where true group membership is known was presented. Four distributions involving 2, 3, 4, and 5 true groups of 3,000 computer "subjects" were generated using nonredundant measurement on four orthogonal variables. A fifth Low-N distribution for 3 true groups was also generated. Fifty cluster analyses of each distribution were analyzed both by the JE(2)/JE(l) mathematical criterion and by four raters using the Inverse Scree technique. The results indicated that JE(2)/JE(l) is markedly N-dependent and that Inverse Scree tests are affected by large numbers of true groups. Implications for the data analyst are discussed.
Teacher Efficacy in Classroom Management and Discipline
Authors: Emmer Edmund T. , Hickman Julia
Published: March 2007

A scale for measuring teacher efficacy in classroom management and discipline is presented, along with results from a factor analysis of intercorrelations of items from the scale and items from two other teacher efficacy scales. Data sources included 119 preservice teacher education students and 42 student teachers. Results are presented indicating that classroom management/discipline efficacy is distinct from other types of teacher efficacy, and that the subscales have acceptable internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The data also indicate that efficacy beliefs predict preferences for certain strategies to deal with problems presented in vignettes; however, no relationships were found between self efficacy scores of student teachers and ratings of teaching performance made by university supervisors.
Assessing the Validity of the Gre for Students in Psychology: A Validity Generalization Approach
Authors: Goldberg Edith L. , Alliger George M.
Published: March 2007

Meta-analysis was used to examine the validity of the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) in predicting "success" in graduate school. Results are presented for studies conducted in Psychology/Counseling departments. Validity coefficients were demonstrated to come from a homogeneous population (variance across studies was due mostly to sampling error). Mean validity coefficients ranged from .03 to .37, with an average of .18. Most of the squared population validity coefficients indicate that less than 9% of the variance in the criterion was accounted for. When employing graduate grade point average (GGPA) as the criterion, the GRE did not demonstrate adequate predictive validity. The problem of criteria is discussed, and alternatives to GGPA are presented as potentially superior indicators of graduate school success. Recommendations are suggested for developing a criterion which better reflects what is meant by "success" in graduate school.
A Fortran Solution for Evaluating the Coefficients of the Power Method for Nonnormal Transformation
Authors: Rhee Kijong
Published: March 2007

With the aid of the IMSL, a FORTRAN program has been written for identifying coefficients derived from the power method developed by Fleishman for nonnormal transformations of a standard normal variable. With this program researchers can discern whether or not specific nonnormal conditions are attainable. After identifying the appropriate coefficients, researchers can now easily obtain nonnormal variables that have the prespecified skewness and kurtosis from a standard normal variable.
A Brief Report on a Comparison of Six Scoring Methods for Multiple True-False Items
Authors: Tsai Fu-Ju , Suen Hoi K.
Published: March 2007

Six methods of scoring multiple true-false items were compared in terms of the reliabilities, difficulties, and discrimination. It was found that the differences in reliabilities and discrimination values were not statistically significant. After adjustments for scoring metrics were made, the multiple true-false, the correction-for-guessing, and the let-omit method were found to yield higher item means (i.e., easier), whereas the multiple response method yielded the lowest item mean. Results of this study suggest that, for norm-referenced score interpretations, there is insufficient evidence to support any one of the six methods as superior to others psychometrically. For criterion-referenced score interpretations, however, the effects of the scoring method on score interpretation and the determination of passing scores need to be taken into consideration.
Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test: Evidence Supporting General as Well as Specific Factors
Authors: Parsons Kathleen J. , Wallbrown Fred H. , Myers Rita W.
Published: March 2007

A SECONDOR factor analysis was performed on the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) items endorsed by 200 repeat driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) offenders and nonviolent felony offenders. The result of the factor analysis showed a higher-order general factor measuring general alcohol dependence as well as several more primary dimensions of alcohol abuse and/or alcoholism such as (a) psychoactive substance dependence, (b) denial, (c) antisocial drinker, (d) discord, and (e) vocational impairment. Thompson's SECONDOR factor solution provides empirical support for the literary controversy that the MAST measures both unidimensional and multidimensional signs and symptoms of alcoholism.
The French Self-Perception Profile for Children: Score Validity and Reliability
Authors: Gavin Darlene A. Worth , Herry Yves
Published: March 2007

Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to evaluate the factorial structure underlying the French Self-Perception Profile for Children (SPPC). The factorial validity of the five domain-specific subscales-scholastic competence, social acceptance, athletic competence, physical appearance, and behavioral conduct-was tested for 225 4th-grade, 272 5th-grade, and 282 6th-grade children in Ottawa. That the initially hypothesized CFA models were not validated led to post hoc model fitting to establish a final and a baseline model for each grade-level cohort. Final models were rejected in favor of more parsimonious baseline models for the 4th-, 5th-, and 6th-grade cohorts. Internal consistency and item reliability values raised some questions about the reliability of scores on the measure across grade levels. Overall, considering the stringency of the LISREL 7 program, the French SPPC demonstrated reasonably sound psychometric properties.
Violence in Prison
Authors: Atlas Randy
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between environmental factors and incidents of inmate violence within four correctional institutions in the southeastern United States: Dade (DCI) and Union Correctional Institutions (UCI), Florida State Prison (FSP), and Tallahassee Federal Correctional I nstitution (FCI). The prisons differ in that two are medium (DCI, FCI) and two are close custody (maximum; FSP, UCI) security prisons. The study investigated seasonal and environmental influences in relation to the propensity for and frequency of noncollective (inmate-to-inmate or inmate-to-staff) violent incidents at the two types of institutions. The results indicated that there may be some environmental influence trends, but that they vary from prison to prison and are not supportive of theories that rainfall, temperature, seasons, or moonphase have direct influences on prison violence.
Transactional Qualities of Neighborhood Social Networks
Authors: Oxley Diana , Haggard Lois M. , Werner Carol M. , Altman Irwin
Published: March 2007

A transactional approach to research was illustrated through an analysis of social networks on a street. Patterns of interrelationships among multiple dimensions of networks were identified in summer and at Christmas. The assessment revealed relative continuity in social relationships, but change in the way in which social, affective, and environmental aspects of behavior were linked at the two times. The socially and psychologically bonded networks did not exhibit more home upkeep/landscaping in summer, but did decorate their homes more extensively at Christmas, supporting the view that the relationship/attachment/environmental aspects would fit together differently at the two times. The study suggests that neighborhood networks can be fruitfully understood as dynamic, multifaceted unities and that a transactional strategy can be a useful part of a total research program.
Cognitive Mapping in a Complex Building
Authors: Moeser Shannon Dawn
Published: March 2007

The Health Sciences Centre is a five-story hospital in which each floor is designed with a unique configuration. There are no main corridors in the hospital, nor any corridors that run the complete length of the hospital. Rooms are not rectangular and fail to follow any set pattern. Consequently it is easy to become disoriented in this building. The series of studies reported in this article examined the cognitive mapping systems of student nurses who had worked in the hospital for various periods of time. After inspecting several different measures, it was concluded that the student nurses had failed to form "survy"- type cognitive maps of the building even after traversing it for two years. A control experiment was tested, using naive subjects who were first asked to memorize floor plans of the building. These naive subjects performed significantly better on objective measures of cognitive mapping than did the nurses with two years' experience working at the hospital. It was concluded that mental representations of survey maps do not develop automatically in the complex spatial environment.
Understanding Normative Theories of Architecture
Authors: Lang Jon
Published: March 2007

Architectural theory is generally understood to consist of the ideologies, or normative positions, of individual architects or schools of architectural thought. Most analyses of these positions remain at a descriptive level. The models provided by behavioral science research can help clarify normative theories of design by enhancing our understanding of how the attitudes of designers are formulated and become accepted.
Social Dimensions of Neighborhoods and the Effectiveness of Information Programs
Authors: Weenig Mieneke W. H. , Schmidt Taco , Midden Cees J. H.
Published: March 2007

In this article, concepts from research on social networks, neighboring, and sense of community were combined in order to find empirical foundation for dimensions in neighborhood cohesion. Eight neighborhoods in the Netherlands were investigated by interviewing representative samples of residents. The results reveal two dimensions in the social characteristics of neighborhoods, the first reflecting neighboring, the second, sense of community. In combination, these dimensions define the cohesion of a neighborhood. Neighborhoods that consisted mainly of multi-story apartment blocks were found to be less cohesive than neighborhoods consisting of single-family dwellings, not because of lower levels of neighboring activities, but mainly due to a weaker sense of community. Finally, a typology of neighborhoods based on the two observed dimensions is proposed.
The Narrative of Exposés in South American Journalism
Authors: Waisbord Silvio
Published: March 2007

Studies have examined how reporters use narratives to deal with moral issues within the limits imposed by the rules of objectivity. This article analyzes the uses of narratives and the construction of a moral order by considering a journalistic culture that differs from the best studied cases in developed democracies. The focus is on the discursive frameworks used by two Brazilian newsweeklies during the coverage of Collorgate, the scandal that brought down former president Fernando Collor de Mello. The principle of dispassionate, impartial reporting carries less weight in Latin America than in Western journalism. The analysis shows that narratives have formulaic analytical frameworks and put forth moral judgments. Disregarding objectivity, exposés weave facts and opinions and combine universal and local cultural themes to express editorial positions. By relying on stock narratives that neatly cast characters in morality plays, journalism provides superficial portrayals of the moral order.
The Context of the Regulation of Television Broadcasting in East Asia
Authors: Kwak Ki-Sung
Published: March 2007

Based on a comparison of the contexts in which the regulatory structure of television broadcasting has been shaped and developed in Hong Kong, Japan and South Korea, this article explains the way in which each state, implicitly or explicitly, justifies the shape and development of its regulation of television broadcasting. It argues that despite the different perceptions and principles of television broadcasting held by each of the three countries, the context of regulatory structure and change in all three has been more influenced by political, rather than other factors, such as economic or technological changes.
Effect of Fiber Geometry and Partial Debonding on Fiber-Matrix Bond Stresses
Authors: Schneider G.J. , Conway H.D.
Published: March 2007

Plane stress elasticity solutions are presented for the bond stress distributions around a single, rigid fiber in an infinite elastic plate subjected to uniform tensile stress at infinity. The first problems are concerned with perfectly-bonded fibers, and solutions are presented for several fiber geometries. The second problems are concerned with partially-debonded fibers, and some typical debond situations are presented.

The perfectly-bonded rigid fiber problems give rise to zero- displacement boundary-value problems, for which exact solutions may be obtained by Muskhelishvili's complex variable method. The partially-debonded rigid fiber problems give rise to very complicated mixed boundary-value problems. These problems were solved using the approximate method of point-matching in conjunction with the complex variable method.
Viscoelastic Characterization of a Nonlinear Fiber-Reinforced Plastic
Authors: Lou Y.C. , Schapery R.A.
Published: March 2007

The nonlinear, viscoelastic behavior of a unidirectional, glass fiber-epoxy composite material is characterized by using isothermal, uniaxial creep and recovery tests together with a constitutive equation based on thermodynamic theory. The nonlinear constitutive equation for uniaxial loading is described first, and then fourth-order tensor transformations relating principal linear viscoelastic creep compli ances, uniaxial creep compliance, and fiber angle are summarized. Following a discussion of experimental aspects, creep and recovery data obtained from several different specimens (each having a differ ent fiber orientation relative to the loading axis) are reduced using a graphical shifting procedure and tensor transformations to evaluate all material properties, including the principal creep compliances. As a check on the constitutive theory, the data are shown to be in ternally consistent. Some simplicity in the analytical representation of the data is found; viz. the nonlinear, uniaxial creep compliance obeys a power law in time with the exponent being independent of fiber orientation and stress level, and the nonlinear material proper ties depend mainly on the average octahedral shear stress in the matrix.
Directional Solidification of an Off-Eutectic Aluminum-Beryllium Alloy
Authors: Pepper R.T. , Wilcox W.R.
Published: March 2007

Aligned fibers of beryllium in aluminum were obtained by zone melting of an aluminum-20 wt% beryllium alloy. Unfortunately, the fiber length was limited by banding caused by freezing rate fluctuations. Thus, the ultimate strength was only about 11 × 10 3 psi and elastic modulus 15 x 106 psi. Analytical expressions were found for the concentration perturbation caused by changes in freezing rate, both for progressive freezing with no convection and for zone melting with much liquid mixing
Evaluation of the Tensor Polynomial and Hoffman Strength Theories for Composite Materials
Authors: Narayanaswami R. , Adelman Howard M.
Published: March 2007

The Hoffman theory and the Tensor Polynomial (Tsai-Wu) theory with F12 set equal to zero have been found to be preferred alternatives to the general Tensor Polynomial theory for predicting strength of filamentary composite laminae. These theories were used to predict failure of off-axis boron/epoxy and E-glass/epoxy test specimens and gave excellent agree ment with available experimental results. In lieu of additional experimental data on other materials and loading conditions, a numerical experiment was performed to estimate the errors for ten different composite systems under six different loadings. The maximum error in predicted failure loads among all cases was below 10 percent. These results suggest that the Hoff man failure theory and the Tensor Polynomial theory with F12 = 0 can predict failure of practical filamentary composite materials under general biaxial loading with sufficient accuracy for engineering applications. Thus, use of either theory is recommended as a preferred alternative to the experimental determination of F12 in the general Tensor Polynomial theory for orthotropic laminae.
Fracture Time of Composites Under Tensile Loading
Authors: Akay Adnan , Saibel Edward
Published: March 2007

Reaction-rate theory is employed to model the fracture problem of composite materials under external stress. Effect of change of parameters and the composite ratios are studied by numerical solution of reaction-rate equations. Combinations of elastic and viscoelastic materials are consid ered. Fracture times are tabulated and the changes in the number of bonds per unit area of the material as a function of time have been plotted under various initial conditions to demonstrate the fracture process of com posites.
The Influence of the In-Plane Boundary Condition on the Initial Flexural Failure of Laminated Strips
Authors: Turvey G.J.
Published: March 2007

Uniformly loaded, simply supported and clamped, antisymmetric cross- and angle-ply strips fabricated from GFRP and CFRP materials are analysed in order to quantify the influence of the in-plane fixity on the initial flexural failure loads and associated strip deflections. The initial failure response is found to be independent of the in-plane fixity for clamped cross-ply, and simply supported and clamped angle-ply strips. In the case of simply supported cross-ply strips it is shown that the in-plane boundary condition has a substantial effect on the initial failure response.