bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The haematozoa of Australian mammals
Authors: Mackerras MJ
Published: June 2005

Seven species of trypanosomes are known, of which Trypanosoma binneyi from
Ornithorhynchus anatinus, T. thylacis from Thylacis obesulus, and T. hipposideri from
Hipposideros bicolor albanensis are new. These are the first trypanosomes to be
described from a monotreme, a marsupial, and an insectivorous bat in Australia.
Six species of haemogregarines are known, of which Hepatozoon dasyuroides
from Dasyuroides byrnei and H. pseudocheiri from Pseudocheirus laniginosus are
new.
One species of Hepatocystis is known from flying foxes, and one species of
Polychromophilus from insectivorous bats.
Four species of Babesia are known, of which B. thylacis from Thylacis obesulus
is new.
Four species of Theileria are known, of which Th. ornithorhynchi from Ornithorhynchus
anatinus and Th. peramelis from bandicoots are new.
The ox is the only domestic mammal harbouring sporozoan blood protozoa,
three species being known, of which two are certainly pathogenic.
Blood parasites, which appear to be related to bacteria or viruses, occur in
cattle, rodents, and bandicoots. These include species of Anaplasma, Haemobartonella,
and Eperythrozoon.
Spirochaetes belonging to the genus Borrelia occur in the blood of cattle,
rodents, kangaroos, and bandicoots.
A revision of the genus Tyrophagus, with a discussion on its Taxonomic position in the Acarina.
Authors: Robertson PL
Published: June 2005

Tyrophagus is considered as a world-wide genus. Its complex history is traced and its position in the Acarina is re-examined against the background of recent classification changes.
Eleven species of Tyrophagus are recognized and keyed.
Neotypes are designated and described for putrescentiae Schrank, 1781, and longior Gervais, 1844, and a case is made for declaring dimidiatus Hermann, 1804, a species name brought into the group by A. C. Oudemans, to be a nomen dubium.
Lectotypes are indicated for australasiae Oudemans, 1916, javensis Oudemans, 1916, vanheurni Oudemans, 1924, deliensis Oudemans, 1923, and muris Oudemans, 1924. Of these, the last two are treated as uncertain species, while vanheurni is judged to have no status.
T. palmarum Oudemans, 1924, and T. perniciosus Zakhvatkin, 1941, are redescribed, and three species are described as new.
The Tabanidae (Diptera) of Australia. 3. Subfamily Pangoniinae, Tribe Scionini and Supplement to Pangoniini.
Authors: Mackerras IM
Published: June 2005

The Australian Scionini belong to five subgenera of the genus Scaptia, namely:
Scaptia, known from South America and Australia, with 28 Australian species;
Pseudoscione, known from South America, Australia, New Guinea, and New Zealand,
with 25 Australian species; Myioscaptia (7 species), Plinthina (7 species), and
Palimmecomyia (2 species), known only from Australia.
Many of the species suck blood, but some appear to feed only on flowers,
chiefly of Leptospermum. Larvae and pupae of one species each of the subgenera
Scaptia, Pseudoscione, and Myioscaptia are known.
The principal concentration of species is in eastern New South Wales, with
radiation north end south, and subsidiary concentrations in north Queensland and
south-western Western Australia. The subgenus Plinthina has developed mainly
in Western Australia. The Pleistocene glacial cycles are believed to have had a
profound effect on speciation in the genus.
The following new species and subspecies are described in the respective
subgenera :
Scaptia: barbara, B @, N.S.W., S. Qld. ; norrisi, B @, N.S.W., N. Qld. ;
aurinotum, @, N.S.W. ; minuscula, B @, W.A. ; auranticula, B @, W.A. ; orba,
@, N.S.W. ; alpina alpina, B @, N.S.W., Vic. ; alpina hardyi, B @, N.S.W. ;
similis, B @, N.S.W., Qld.
Pseudoscione: orientalis, B @, N.S.W., Vic.; guttipennis occidentalis,
B @, W.A.; calabyi, B @, W.A.; neoconcolor, B @, N.Qld.; anomala, B @,
N.S.W., Vic.
Myioscaptia: calliphora, B @, N.S.W.; nigrocincta, @, N. Qld.; nigroapicalis,
B @, N.S.W.
Plinthina: nigerrima, @, N.S.W. ; subcinerea, B @, W.A.
Palimmecomyia: pictipennis, @, S. Aust., ? W.A.
Scaptia (Scaptia) monticola, nom. nov., is proposed for montana Ricardo
nec Hutton.
Two species are added to the Pangoniini: Ectenopsis (Ectenopsis) erratica
(Walk.), B, W.A., previously unrecognized; and Caenoprosopon dycei, sp, nov., B,
N.S.W. Ommia prisca End. is transferred from the synonymy of Ectenopsis (Parasilvius)
victoriensis Ferg. to the synonymy of Mesomyia (Lilaea) lurida (Walk.),
Chrysopinae.
Temperature Determination of sex in a parthenogenetic parasite. Ooencyrtus submetallicus (Howard) (Hymnopera: Encyrtidae)
Authors: Wilson F , Woolcock LT
Published: June 2005

Ooencyrtus submetallicus, an egg parasite of Nezara viridula (L.), reproduces by thelytokous parthenogenesis. The males are functionless. Gynandromorphs occur: these are basically female with male areas of variable extent in the anterior portion of the body. The males and gynandromorphs are usually rare but can be produced at will in considerable numbers under particular conditions.
Development in O. submetallicus occurs within a temperature range of 60-90�F. Reproduction is slow at 70�F or lower and rapid at 8O�F, whilst temperatures above 85�F cause considerable mortality in the immature stages.
Sex is determined by the temperatures to which a parent female is exposed during development and during adult life. 85�F is the critical sex-determining temperature. Lower temperatures produce female progeny, temperatures of 85�F or higher produce male progeny. Gynandromorphs evidently arise when the parent female, at a critical stage of egg development, is exposed successively to female-producing and male-producing temperatures. The degree of maleness of the gynandromorph is apparently dependent on the stage of egg development at which this change of temperature occurs. Ability to reproduce is retained only by weakly male gynandromorphs.
The sex of the eggs deposited during the first few days of adult life is determined by pre-emergence temperatures: the sex of eggs laid subsequently may be largely determined by post-emergence temperatures. High (male-producing) pre-emergence temperatures appear to have a more profound and persistent effect on sex of the progeny produced subsequently than do low (female-producing) pre-emergence temperatures.
The internal anatomy of Typhlops schneider (Reptilia)
Authors: Robb J
Published: June 2005

The internal anatomy of Typhlops shows a number of interesting features which support the hypothesis that the typhlopids are wrongly classified among the Ophidia, and that they should either be given subordinal rank, equivalent to the Sauria and the Serpentes, or be made an infra-order of the Sauria.
The alimentary, vascular, respiratory, and reproductive systems are described in detail for the first time. The most striking peculiarities occur in the respiratory and reproductive systems. Unlike most snakes, Typhlops has two functional lungs, one occupying most of the anterior third of the body cavity, and the other smaller one lying immediately behind it. All the pulmonary blood vessels are well developed.
The male reproductive organs are solid, grooved, protrusible structures, each of which is contained within a connective tissue sheath in the postanal region. These organs are unlike the hemipenes of any snake or lizard of which a description can be found. Both male and female animals possess a large cloaca1 gland in the postanal region.
There are also several uncommon features in the alimentary and vascular systems.
Nematodes belonging to the Trichostrongylidae, Subuluridae, Rhabdiasidae, and Trichuridae from bandicoots.
Authors: Mawson PM
Published: June 2005

Parasites are recorded from Isoodon obesulus (Shaw) (Queensland, Victoria,
South Australia, and Tasmania), I. nauticus Thomas (South Australia), Perameles
nasuta Geoffroy (Queensland), and P. gunni Gray (Tasmania). Nematode species
described are :
Trichostrongy1idae. - Nicollina iota, sp. nov.; Austrostrongylus acinocercus,
sp. nov.; Mackerrastrongylus peramelis (Johnston & Mawson) (syn. Filarinema
peramelis Johnston & Mawson); Peramelistrongylus skedastos, gen. et sp. nov.;
Asymmetracantha tasmaniensis, gen, et sp, nov.
Subuluridae. - Labiobulura peramelis (Baylis); L. peragale (Johnston &
Mawson); L. baylisi, sp. nov.; L. inglisi, sp. nov.
Rhabdiasidae. - Parastrongyloides australis, sp, nov.
Trichuridae. - Trichurus peramelis Baylis.
Unnamed species are Nicollina sp., Austrostrongylus sp., and Capillaria sp.
Notes have been given where possible on the frequency of occurrence of nematodes, and
of each species of nematode, in the bandicoots. Some interesting subspecific variation in
Peramelistrongylus skedastos and a specific variation in the species of Labiobulura are both
linked partly with the geographical range of the host. Further work on a wider range, both
geographical and specific, of bandicoots is projected.
The genera Elatichrosis Hyslop and Lingana, gen.nov. (Coleoptera: Elateridae)
Authors: Neboiss A
Published: June 2005

Species previously referred to the genus Elatichrosis Hyslop were found to
consist of a number of distinct groups, and the genus is now restricted to that
group surrounding the type species exarata (Candeze). 13 species are now recognized
in the genus Elatichrosis s.s., of which nine are described as new, and all
are entirely Australian in distribution. The new genus Lingana is proposed for
the reception of illita (Candeze), and one new species from Western Australia. All
extra-Australian species are now excluded from Elatichrosis.
A revision of the Australian Stem Borers hitherto referred to Schoenobius and Scirpophaga (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae, Schoenobiinae)
Authors: Common IFB
Published: June 2005

The Australian pyralid stem borers of Gramineae, Cyperaceae, and Juncaceae,
previously assigned to Schoenobius Duponchel and Scirpophaga Treitschke, are here
referred to six genera.
Scirpophaga Treit. - Eight species are recognized: S. chrysorrhoa Zeller,
S. phaedima, sp. nov., S. limnochares, sp. nov., S. xantharrenes, sp. nov., S. imparella
(Meyrick), S. helodes, sp. nov., S. percna, sp. nov., and S. ochroleuca (Meyrick).
Though some of these bear a superficial resemblance to the true rice stem borers,
the genus includes species whose larvae attack sedges (Cyperaceae).
Helonastes, gen. nov. - The genus is based on a new species, H. acentrus,
associated with Eleocharis (Cyperaceae) in central Queensland.
Niphadoses, gen. nov.-The genus is erected to include three new Australian
species, N. palleucus, which is associated with cultivated rice in north-western
Australia, N. elachia, and N. hoplites, together with N. chionotus (Meyrick) from
New Guinea and N. gilbiverbis (Zeller) from India.
Catagela Walker. - A new species, C. adoceta, from northern Australia, is
described.
Tryporyza gen. nov. - The genus is established to receive the two important
stem-borer pests of cultivated rice, Tipanaea innotata Walker from south-east Asia
and northern Australia and Chilo incertulas Walker from south-east Asia, previously
referred to Scirpophaga and Schoenobius respectively. Also included are Scirpophaga
butyrota Meyrick from New Guinea and Schoenobius melanostigmus Turner from the
Cape York Peninsula. It is suggested that T. innotata already occurred in northern
Australia before European settlement.
Tipanaea Walker. - The genus is restricted to the single Australian species,
T. patulella Walker, associated with Juncaceae.
Genitalic and other structures used to distinguish these genera are discussed.
The genitalia of both sexes and the wings of the Australian species are figured, and
keys to the genera and species are included.
The ecology of lice on sheep. 1. The influence of skin temperature on populations of Linognathus pedalis (Osborne).
Authors: Murray MD
Published: June 2005

Female Linognathus pedalis (Osborne) were exposed to temperatures of 22, 25,
30, 36, and 40�C. Nost eggs were laid at 36�C but none at 22�C. Eggs were exposed
to 22, 25, 30, 33, 36, 38, and 40�C and hatched only at 33, 36, and 38�C. Most eggs
hatched at 36�C.
At 36�C, however, few eggs were laid at 100 per cent. R.H. and the majority
of eggs exposed to even 92 per cent. R.H. failed to hatch. Thus, high humidities
could reduce the number of eggs which are laid and which hatch on the legs of sheep
even if the temperature near the skin is favourable.
When sheep were exposed to atmospheric temperatures near 28�C the temperatures
near the skin of the body were higher than 38�C, and conditions cool
enough for the maintenance of L. pedalis populations were found only on parts of
the legs. On exposure to cold, the temperature near the skin of the legs fell and
remained too cold for oviposition and egg development during several hours of
exposure. However, it was also found that the resultant temperatures near the skin
of the legs of the same sheep and of the legs of different sheep could differ greatly.
Thus, those legs on which temperatures near the skin are above 30�C for the longest
periods may become most heavily infested.
These findings offer a possible explanation of observed differences in the
numbers of L. pedalis on the legs of sheep.
The ecology of lice on sheep. 2. The influence of temperature and humidity on the development and hatching of the eggs of Damalinia ovis (L)
Authors: Murray MD
Published: June 2005

The temperature and humidity requirements for the development and hatching
of the eggs of Damalinia ovis (L.) were determined.
Morphogenesis of the eggs of D. ovia was completed only within the temperature
range 30-39�C but the most favourable range was 33-39�C. When development was
completed eggs hatched from 22-42.5�C. The majority of embryos within eggs
incubated at 33-39�C and maintained at R.H.'s of 7-92 per cent. completed their
development but those exposed to 92 per cent. R.H. failed to hatch. An exposure
to 92 per cent. R.H. for only the last 24 hr of their development was sufficient to
prevent hatching.
The ecology of the louse Polyplax serrataq (Burn.) on the Mouse Mus musculus L.
Authors: Murray MD
Published: June 2005

The number of Polyplax serrata (Burm.) on the mouse Mus musculus L. is determined by the efficiency with which the mouse grooms itself with its mouth. The efficiency with which the accessible hindpart of the body is groomed is such that normally the majority of all stages of the life cycle are found on the forepart of the mouse with the exception of the stage I nymph which is distributed over the whole body.
The principal requirements for self-grooming to control the number of lice are that the technique is efficient, that sufficient time is spent grooming, that an adequate area of the body is groomed, and that lice move readily into the accessible area. Any factor which influences adversely any one of these requirements causes the efficiency of grooming to decrease, and thus permits lice to increase in numbers and to populate the whole body.
The mitotic chromosomes of Marsupials and their bearing on taxonomy and phylogeny.
Authors: Sharman GB
Published: June 2005

Chromosome numbers of marsupials vary between 2n = 11 B 10 @ and
2n =24. Most species have 14 or 22 chromosomes. There is no evidence that
polyploidy has occurred in marsupial evolution.
The Dasyuridae have 12 metacentric autosomes, a small metacentric
X-chromosome and a very small Y-chromosome (20% of living species have
been studied) and the chromosomes of Myrmecobius fasciatus are typically like
those of other Dasyuridae.
The Peramelidae (30% of species have been studied) have chromosomes
like the Dasyuridae except that X- and Y-chromosomes are much larger. The
occurrence of similar chromosome numbers in Dasyuridae and Peramelidae is
not necessarily evidence of affinity.
The chromosomes of the Phascolomidae are similar in number and
morphology to those of the Peramelidae and the resemblances are, almost
certainly, due to parallel evolution. The chromosomes of Phascolarctos are
unlike those of any of the Phalangeridae and this genus might be just as easily
grouped with the Phascolomidae.
The Phalangeridae have considerable chromosomal heterogeneity but less
than 20% of species have been studied. Two species of Cercaertus have 12
metacentric autosomes and small sex chromosomes like all members of the
Dasyuridae. This suggests that the primitive phalangers may have retained the
chromosome number and morphology of possible dasyurid ancestors but the
resemblances may be due to parallel evolution of similar chromosome number
and morphology in separate groups.
The chromosomes have been studied in more than 50% of Macropodinae.
Cytological evidence suggests that Thylogale (3 species studied), Petrogale
(2 species studied), and probably Lagorchestes (1 species studied), all with 22
chromosomes, are a related group. Onychogalea unguifer, with 20 chromosomes,
may be derived from this group. There is no justification for the placing of
Thylogale billardierii in the genus Protemnodon. Lagostrophus fasciatus has
2n = 24 and its placement in a monotypic genus is justified. Macropus major
and all species of Protentnodon, except P. bicolor, are a related group with 16
chromosomes. M. robustus is possibly included in this group. M. rufus has 20
chromosomes and should perhaps be placed in the separate genus Megaleia.
P. bicolor, with 11 chromosomes in the male and 10 in the female, differs from
all other species of Protemnodon and this genus, as at present constituted, may
be diphyletic. The relationships of P. bicolor are unknown. Setonix brachyurus
has 22, mostly metacentric, chromosomes and its affinities are at present unknown.
Three species of Bettongia (Potoroinae) have 22 chromosomes which are
mostly metacentric. Hypsiprymnodon moschatus has 22 chromosomes which
are mostly acrocentric. Both genera are very different cytologically from
Potorous tridactylus.
The Haematozoa of Australian Frogs and Fish.
Authors: Mackerras MJ , Mackerras IM
Published: June 2005

A trypanosome and a haemogregarine have been described from frogs.
Two species of trypanosomes and 2 of haemogregarines are known from
elasmobranchs; 2 trypanosomes, 1 trypanoplasm, and 4 haemogregarines from
marine teleosteans; and 2 trypanosomes from freshwater teleosteans. Haemogregarina
hemiscyllii from Hemiscyllium ocellatum (Elasmobranchii) and Hg.
tetraodontis from Tetraodon hispidus (Teleostei) are new.
Reproductive Behaviour of the Marsupial Mouse, antechinus flavipes (Waterhouse) (Marsupialia) and the development of the Pouch young.
Authors: Marlow BJ
Published: June 2005

Techniques for the capture and maintenance of Antechinus flavipes in
the laboratory are described.
Reproduction is restricted to early August when protracted copulation of
more than 5 hr occurs.
The young are born early in September after a mean gestation period of
31.5 days. The average litter size is 6.8. The neonatus has a well-developed
head and fore limbs while the posterior end of the body is strongly flexed
ventrally. Only rudiments of the hind limbs are present. The crown-rump length
of a neonatus is 4.9 mm and its weight 0.0164 g. The development and growth
of the pouch young are described. Sex can be determined at an age of 25 days
and the eyes open at about 62 days. Suckling continues for 90 days and sexual
maturity is probably achieved after 320 days in the August following birth.
The neonatus of A. flavipes and features in its development are compared
with other marsupials and a placental, Mus musculus, of comparable dimensions.
The slow reproduction rate and difficulty in handling do not recommend
A. flavipes as a possible laboratory animal.
Trichostrogyles form rodents in Queensland, with comments on the genus Longistriata (Nematoda: Heligmosomatidae).
Authors: Mawson PM
Published: June 2005

Trichostrongyles have been studied from 85 rats belonging to eight species, of which two were from south Queensland and the rest from north Queensland, near Innisfail. Parasites identified from the intestine of the host are: Heligmosomatidae: Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Travassos) from Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus, R. conatus, R. assimilis; Longistriata melomyos, sp. nov., from Melomys cervinipes, M. lutillus, Uromys caudimaculatus; L, uromyos, sp. nov., from Uromys caudimaculatus; L. brachybursa, sp. nov., from M. cervinipes, M. lutillus; L. polyrhabdote, sp. nov., from R. assimilis, M. lutillus; Heligmonoides mackerrasae, sp. nov., from M. cervinipes, M. lutillus, U. caudimaculatus; H. emanuelae, sp. nov., from R. assimilis, R. conatus; Austroheligmonema typicum, gen. et sp. nov., from R. assimilis; A. magnum, gen. et sp. nov., from R. assimilis, R. conatus, R. rattus, R. norvegicus, and M. cervinipes; Trichostrongylidae: Austrostrongylus hydromyos, sp. nov., and Peramelistrongylus skedastos Mawson from Hydromys chrysogaster.
Two species (Trichostrongylidae) are described from the liver and peritoneum of the host: Hepatojarakus fasciatus, sp. nov., from R. assimilis and R. conatus, and H. pycnofasciatus, sp. nov., from R. assimilis and M. lutillus; Mastonema melomyos, gen. et sp. nov. (Heligmosomatidae), is described from the mammary gland of M. lutillus.
A key is given to genera related to Longistriata Schulz and one to Longistriata spp. Notes are made on the definition of the genera Heligmonoides Baylis and Heligmonina Baylis; H. stellenboschius (Ortlepp) and H. vogeli Khalil, both previously attributed to Heligmonoides, are considered to belong to Heligmonina. The genera Nippostrongylus, Trifurcata, Tricholinstowia, Heligmonoides, Heligmospiroides, Heligmonina, and Longistriata are considered to form a natural group, to which belong also Austroheligmonema and Mastonema, and another new genus, Heligmobaylisia, which is proposed for the species Heligmonella jugatispicdum Sadovskaya, H. streptocerca Baylis, and H. vladimiri Sadovskaya. Longistriata cameroni, nom. nov., is proposed for L. cristata Cameron non Gedoelst.
The characteristics and bhaviour of the Saw-Fly Perga affinis affinis (Hymenoptera).
Authors: Carene PB
Published: June 2005

Perga affinis affinis is a member of a complex of saw-flies, widely
distributed in south-eastern Australia, which are responsible for defoliation of
several valuable woodland eucalypts. Reproduction is parthenogenetic, and the
females insert their eggs into the leaf tissues. The larvae are highly gregarious
and are voracious feeders, especially in the last two of their six instars. Individual
colonies readily amalgamate, and enormous aggregations of larvae leave the trees
in spring and form compact cocoon masses in the soil beneath their host trees.
The prepupal stage in the cocoon enters a state of diapause, which may persist
for upwards of 4 years; most individuals complete their life cycle in 12 months,
but a significant proportion spend an additional year in diapause.
Especial attention has been paid to behavioural characteristics of the insect.
Oviposition involves a complex series of operations; the female spends several
hours abrading the leaf surface before inserting her eggs. The larval colonies
form resting clusters on branches during the day and at night move out to the
foliage edge to feed; the reassembly of colonies is ensured by physical contact
between individual larvae as they move, and by communication between the
colonies and stray individuals.
The larvae store oils derived from the leaves on which they feed in a
large oesophageal diverticulum; this liquid is regurgitated in defence display,
and is used, together with silk, to form a cocoon.
In studies of frass production by larvae, individual pellet and total frass
weights were found to be highly correlated, as were also the rate of frass
production and air temperature.
A review of Australian Leptidae (Dipteraf).
Authors: Paramonov SJ
Published: June 2005

The present work is the first attempt to review fully this very poorly studied family.

The Australian Leptidae are represented by 66 species distributed among 5 genera; 45 of the species are new: 20 in Chrysopilus, 1 in Austroleptis, 2 in Spania, 7 in Dasyomma, and 15 in Atherimorpha.

The increase in the number of known species from 21 to 66, in a family known to have been poorly collected, indicates that a considerably greater number of species awaits description.
Changes in the cells of the Sex Cords and Seminiferous Tubules during the development of the Testis of the rat and mouse.
Authors: Sapsford CS
Published: June 2005

The sex cords of the testis of the foetal rat and mouse are made up of two types of cell- the gonocytes and the indifferent cells. During foetal and early postnatal life, the former undergo a process of maturation involving principally an increase in size and in number of cytoplasmic inclusions. Nuclear enlargement is accompanied by a diminution in staining intensity. Gonocytes are more centrally placed within the sex cords than indifferent cells, and in the later stages of foetal development they cease to divide. In the first week of postnatal life, however, they resume mitotic activity and migrate to the basement membrane of the sex cords. Gonocytes as such disappear and are replaced by smaller daughter cells, the immature type A spermatogonia. The appearance of the latter is followed by the onset of spermatogenesis. As the tubules gradually become filled with the layers of cells of the spermatogenic line, the daughter cells of the gonocytes become flattened against the basement membrane, and come to resemble the type A spermatogonia found in the adult.
Indifferent cells, which are always cytologically distinct from gonocytes and spermatogonia, exist as mononucleate units. The pattern of change of these cells during the development of the testis is different from that of the germ cells. Unlike the gonocytes, the indifferent cells continue to divide during foetal and early postnatal life. Little change takes place in these cells until after the onset of spermatogenesis, when they gradually increase in size and become Sertoli cells. The latter are principally mononucleate in form.
A study of the biology of the Wild Rabbt, Oryctolagus cuniculus (L) in confined populations. 3. Reproduction.
Authors: Myers K. , Poole WE
Published: June 2005

Evidence is presented for a reproductive cycle in the confined wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.) ) at Albury. Females become sexually attractive and mate at intervals of 7 days or multiples of 7 days. The cycle appears to continue on into pregnancy, and is not interrupted by resorptions.
With increase in density, fecundity decreases. There is an increase in the rate of resorption and an apparent suppression of oestrous behaviour, resulting in a lower number of young born per female.
Resorption varies seasonally, with the highest litter loss occuring during winter.
There is no apparent relationship between dominance per se and fertility. There is an obvious relationship between age and fertility. Older females have larger and more litters than younger females.
There is no apparent direct relationship between dominance and rate of resorption. Resorption decreases with age. Young dominant females resorb at the same high rate as, and produce similarly to, the rest of their age group.
Litter size increases from approximately 4.0 at the beginning of the season to about 6.0 at the end.
There is no relationship between length of period of gestation and either age or size of litter.
The incidence of seasonal breeding in the wild rabbit is explained by postulating an annual cycle in male fertility correlated with the solar cycle, with a single peak in spring, and a bimodal annual cycle in female fertility with a minor peak in the autumn and a major peak in the spring. These cycles are greatly affected by nutritional changes in pastures under varying rainfall and climatic regimes.
Filarial parasites (Nematoda: Filarioidea) of Australian animals.
Authors: Mackerras MJ
Published: June 2005

Three species of filarial worms are known from bats: an unrecognized
species recorded by Johnston from Pteropus poliocephalus (Pteropodidae);
Litomosa miniopteri, sp. nov., from Miniopterus schreibersii (Vespertilionidae);
and an undescribed species, possibly of Chiropterofilaria, from Tadarida loriae
(Molossidae).
In rodents, Dipetalonema lutreoli, sp. nov., is described from Rattus
lutreolus, and unidentified microfilariae recorded from Melomys cervinipes,
M. lutillus littoralis, and Uromys caudimaculatus, all Muridae.
The species of which adults are known from marsupials are distributed
in four genera, namely, Breinlia (7 species), Dirofilaria (2 species, one
unnamed), Johnstonema (1 species), and Dipetalonema (4 species). The microfilariae
of Dirofilaria roemeri, Dipetalonema capilliforme, Dipetalonema dasyuri,
and Breinlia ?spelaea are described, and additional notes given on those of
Breinlia thylogali and Dipetalonema johnstoni. Unidentified microfilariae are
recorded from Trichosurus vulpecula and Osphranter robustus.
The only species known from a monotreme is an undescribed species of
Dipetalonema in the echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus (Tachyglossidae).
Eleven genera have been found in birds: Aprocta (with 3 species),
Diomedenema (1), Diplotriaena (6), Eulimdana (1), Hamatospiculum (4),
Mawsonfilaria (1), Paralemdana ( 1 ), Pseudaprocta (1), Pseudaproctella ( 2 ),
Serratospiculum (3), Squamofilaria (1). At least 55 species of birds harbour
in their blood microfilariae which have not yet been correlated with adults.
The general bioloy of Cardiaspina albitextura (Psyllidae) and its abundance in relation to weather and Parasitism.
Authors: Clark LR
Published: June 2005

Cardiaspina albitextura Taylor is a test-forming psyllid which inhabits the
foliage of redgums, particularly Eucalyptus blakelyi Maiden, in inland southeastern
Australia. In warmer areas, as on the South-West Slopes of New South
Wales, this psyllid usually completes three generations per year, whereas in the
cooler Southern Tablelands region it normally takes about 18 months to do so.
It is a small insect with limited powers of dispersal. The majority of females
oviposit within 100 yd of where they originated. The average number of eggs
laid per female varies greatly even when individuals are not crowded, the observed
range being 14-289. The reproductive rate appears to be influenced by weather
conditions, especially by temperature.
A few individuals of E. blakelyi are unfavourable to the psyllid and
therefore resistant to attack. The susceptible majority exhibit considerable
differences and variability in favourableness. In general, however, although
there may be marked differences between individuals within stands, average
favourableness does not differ greatly from place to place. When the numbers of
C. albitextura become very high, i.e. when outbreaks occur, susceptible E. blakelyi
suffer severe foliage damage. Where high psyllid numbers occur repeatedly at
intervals of less than 3 years, they cause increasing "die back" and host plants
produce progressively less new foliage. If outbreaks continue for years, trees
are destroyed at an increasing rate.
For the 15-20 years prior to 1950 it appears that localized outbreaks of
C. albitextura were not uncommon, particularly on the Tablelands, but did not
persist for long. Since then extensive outbreaks have occurred in both the
Tablelands and Slopes regions. Some have persisted for 10 years and show no
signs of ending. Others have lasted only for several psyllid generations. They
have been more numerous and persistent in cooler areas than in the Slopes region.
Some haematological data from an experimental colony of rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus (L)
Authors: Dudzinski ML , Hesterman ER , Mykytowycz R
Published: June 2005

An analysis of haematological data collected during a period of 22 months
from a colony of Australian wild rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.), living in a
1.7-acre experimental enclosure, is presented.
Erythrocyte, leucocyte, and reticulocyte counts were made, and the level
of haemoglobin was determined in 815 blood samples taken at regular monthly
intervals.
Differences between sexes, ages, and seasons were examined statistically
for various blood values.
Haemoglobin concentration and red blood cell counts fell when the rabbit
population rose above approximately 50 per acre but there was not a statistically
significant rise in the counts of reticulocytes. White blood cell counts rose during
breeding fights and high population density.
The Australian species of Psyllaephagus (Hymenoptera: Encyridae), parasites of Psyllids (Homoptera).
Authors: Riek EF
Published: June 2005

Fifty-eight species of Psyllaephagus are described and one species
redescribed. Keys, based on both sexes, are presented for their identification. The
species are known only as primary and secondary parasites of psyllids.
A revision of the Australian Cnephasiini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Tortricinae).
Authors: Common IFB
Published: June 2005

A substantial rearrangement of the species and genera of Australian Tortricinae has resulted from a revision employing for the first time the genitalia of both sexes. Six tribes are recognized, the first of which, the Cnephasiini, containing 38 species in 13 genera, is dealt with in the present paper. The Australian Cnephasiini contain two groups of genera. The Arotrophora group is most abundant in the southern half of the continent, where it is associated with Proteaceae, while the Taeniarchis group is found in or near rain-forest in the east and north.
Arotrophora Meyr. is restricted to eight Australian species, two of which are described as new. The larvae tunnel in the flower spikes of Banksia (Proteaceae).
Peraglyphis, gen. nov., contains six species previously referred to Arotrophora and nine new species. Except for one Indian species, P. crustata (Meyr.), all are Australian, and the known larvae feed between joined leaves of Proteaceae.
Parastranga Meyr. is a monotypic genus from south-western Australia also associated with Banksia.
Paraphyas Turn. has a single species recorded from both Tasmania and south-western Australia.
Symphygas, gen. nov., is based on a single species, S. nephaulus (Meyr.), previously referred to Tortrix. Syllomatia, gen. nov., contains three species the larvae of which join leaves of Lomatia (Proteaceae) to form characteristic shelters. They were previously placed in Arotrophora.
Tanychaeta, gen. nov., is monotypic and is based on the rain-forest species T. neanthes (Turn.), previously referred to Arotrophora.
Taeniarchis Meyr. includes three Australian species, one of which is described as new. Two of the species are found in rain-forest, and the third in rain- and wet sclerophyll forest. The larvae of one species feed between joined leaves of Cissus (Vitaceae). Other species occur in New Guinea.
Drachmobola Meyr, contains one Indian and one Australian species.
Mictoneura Meyr. is monotypic, the single species occurring along the central eastern coast.
Paranepsia Turn, is also monotypic and is known only from the unique holotype from southern Queensland. Apwa Turn. was based on a single rain-forest species A. xanthosoma Turn. from Queensland and New Guinea, but the Samoan species Peronea xylodryas Meyr. is here also assigned to it.
Polylopha Low. contains two Australian and the Indian species, P. porpacias (Meyr.), which is here removed from the synonymy of the Australian species P. epidesma Low.
Genitalic and other structures used to distinguish the genera are discussed and figured. The genitalia of both sexes and the wings of the Australian species are figured, and keys to the genera and species are given.
The ecology of Lice on sheep. 5. The influence of heavy rain on populations of Linognathus ovillus
Authors: Murray MD
Published: June 2005

Exposure of nymphal and adult Damalinia ovis (L.) to 100% R.H. at 37�C did
not increase the death rate but immersion for 6 hr in water followed by exposure to
40% R.H. was sufficient to kill all nymphs and adults. Immersion of only 1 hr was
fatal for 50-100% when followed by exposure of 7.5-24 hr to 90% R.H. Eggs continued
to develop under water at 37�C and an appreciable mortality occurred only after 7 days
immersion. Exposure to relative humidities of over 90% killed hatching eggs.
When the fleece of a sheep infested with D. ovis is soaked by rain it may take
many hours to dry and there is a resultant mortality of nymphal and adult lice and
hatching eggs. In the region where the experiments were carried out, sheep were soaked
periodically by thunderstorms in the autumn. The irregular mortalities of lice on
different sheep was reflected 6 months later, when the lousiest sheep were shown to be
those which were not soaked in the previous autumn.
The larval development of Dacus tryoni (Frogg,) (Diptera : Trypetidae) 1. larval instars, Imaginal discs, and haemocytes.
Authors: Anderson DT
Published: June 2005

In D. tryoni three larval instars occur, distinguishable by their mouth hooks and
anterior and posterior spiracles.
In the first two instars, the imaginal discs established during embryonic development
grow slowly, only the cephalic discs showing marked change. Paired labial and
lateral genital discs invaginate during the second half of the 2nd instar.
During the 3rd instar, the imaginal discs increase further in size, first rapidly,
then more slowly. Each shows attenuation of the lateral wall as a peripodial membrane,
thickening and folding of the median wall without histodifferentiation and, in the wing,
haltere, leg, and genital discs, formation of mesoderm from cells in the outer part of the
median wall. Disc morphogenesis is largely completed by 120 hr after hatching.
A single pair of lymph glands and 13-15 pairs of pericardial cells lie along the
heart. Both show cell enlargement during larval life but no proliferation. Haemocytes
in the blood arise directly from embryonic mesoderm as two main types, numerous
spheroids and less numerous hexagons. They circulate freely in the living larva, but
tend to occur in irregular clumps in fixed material, especially after 120 hr.
No epigenetic relationship between haemocytes, imaginal discs, and lymph
glands such as that described for Drosophila melanogaster by el-Shatoury and Waddington
can be discerned in D. tryoni. The haemocytes do not arise from the lymph glands.
The disc mesoderm does not arise from the haemocytes. The larval development of
the discs is largely completed before the haemocytes become numerous.
The cytology and arval morphology of the Victorian representatives of the subgenus Kiefferulus of the genus Chironmus (Diptera: Nematocera)
Authors: Martin J
Published: June 2005

The larvae of C. martini, C. intertinctus, and the Botanic Gardens species can be
distinguished from other Victorian "blood worms" by the structure of the hypostomial
plate and the presence of only one pair of blood gills. It is also the case that the larvae
of any one species differ from those of the other two in the average length of the fullgrown
larva, the length of the blood gills, and the presence of a feeding brush in
C. martini. In the adult form the Botanic Gardens species is taxonomically identical
with C. intertinctus.
All three species possess the usual four salivary gland chromosomes and each
species is quite polymorphic. Twelve inversions are known from C. intertinctus, six
from the Botanic Gardens species, and nine from C. martini, which is unusual in being
polymorphic for three duplications or deficiencies.
It is suggested that the similarity between C. intertinctus and the Botanic Gardens
species is due to convergence because of their similar ecology.
Wintering and spring emergence of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in south eastern Australia.
Authors: Geier PW
Published: June 2005

Codling moth winters as dormant fifth instar larvae which complete their development in spring.
In south-eastern Australia, three temperature regimes contribute to determine the emergence times of spring adults, i.e. a conditioning regime in autumn, a chilling regime in winter, and a dormancy-ending regime in spring. The influences of each regime are examined and discussed.
Short winters and early springs tend to increase the variability of emergence dates. This is thought to represent an important adaptive response of the species to climatic variations.
Comprehensive predictive models of spring brood events cannot be made at present for lack of sufficient knowledge of the various processes involved.
The Musculature and limb plexuses of Trichosurus vulpecula.
Authors: Barbour RA
Published: June 2005

A full account is presented of the anatomy of the skeletal musculature of the
marsupial Trichosurus vulpecula, its innervation is noted, and an outline of the brachial
and lumbo-sacral plexuses is given, the findings reported being the results of a study
involving five separate animals.
All discrepancies between the findings of this investigation and those previously
reported for the species are noted, a comparison is made with the muscles described
for other marsupials, and the relatively few unusual features shown by this species
are pointed out. From this comparison it is concluded that the musculature shows a
fairly generalized pattern and bears a closer resemblance, both in its overall structure
and in the few uncommon features that it presents, to the cuscuses than to any other
marsupials that have been adequately described. The cuscuses, which have been
described in the literature quoted in this paper under the generic names Phalangista,
Cuscus, and Phalanger are the only other members of the Phalangerinae for which
adequate accounts of the muscular system are available.
This work, apart from providing the most comprehensive description yet given
of the musculature of any single marsupial species, furnishes additional evidence for
the view that the vulpine phalanger is a typical phalangerine of a basic generalized
marsupial structure such as probably characterized the original phalangeroid stock.
Anoestrus in the red kangaroo Megaleia rufa (Desmarest).
Authors: Newsome AE
Published: June 2005

The red kangaroo, M. rufa, normally has a post-partum oestrus and a quiescent
period of lactation as do some other macropod marsupials. The term "quiescent
period of lactation" has been defined in this paper as the period of reproductive
stasis between post-partum oestrus and the resumption of ovarian activity which
follows when the female ceases, or almost ceases to suckle the young. This term is
introduced to replace the term "lactation anoestrus".
It has been shown that some females failed to undergo post-partum oestrus
during prolonged drought, each female having entered anoestrus during the previous
pregnancy; such pregnancies were not interrupted, but carried to term, and the
young sometimes suckled for 3-4 months. In some other females, anoestrus set in
during an unfertilized oestrous cycle. It is thought that anoestrus may result from
lack of food because anoestrous females are found only during prolonged drought.
The histology of the uteri of lactating anoestrous females has been described,
and shown to be indistinguishable from that of the uteri of non-lactating anoestrous
females, and very different from that in animals in the quiescent period of lactation.
The anoestrous condition appeared in the uterus after the cessation of the luteal
phase. Pregnancy is therefore independent of the oestrous cycle in Megaleia when the
luteal phase has passed.
The onset of anoestrus in Megaleia is compared with that in Elephantulus
rupestris jamesoni Chubb, Sorex araneus (L.), Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.), Setonix
brachyurus (Quoy & Gaimard), and Potorous tridactjhs (Kerr), all of which usually
undergo post-partum oestrus. In Oryctolagus and Elephantulus, anoestrus may lead
to the death respectively of the young and foetus. It is suggested that the milder
consequences of anoestrus in Megaleia may be of adaptive significance to the species
in a semi-arid environment, since the embryos and pouch-young of anoestrous
females have a chance to survive drought.
Seasonal changes in activity and weight of Minipterus schreibersi blepotis (Chiroptera) in north-eastern NSW.
Authors: Dwyer PD
Published: June 2005

In north-eastern New South Wales M. s. blepotis occupies caves and mines in three distinct climatic regions: the subtropical coastal belt, the tablelands (cold winters), and the inland slopes (intermediate winter temperatures). Conspicuous seasonal differences in level of daytime activity are evident at roosts. In the summer the bats typically disperse rapidly from clusters, but during the winter they are relatively sluggish and may remain clustered for more than half an hour after disturbance. Selection of different roosting sites and a change in the roosting attitude of the bats accompanies the changes in level of activity. During the winter, feeding activity is considerably reduced except perhaps for colonies in the warmest of the coastal areas. Conspicuous regional differences in seasonal weight changes occur so that bats from the tablelands increase in weight before winter but coastal bats do not. "Prehibernation" weights of bats from the inland slopes are intermediate between those from coastal and tableland areas. For the bats from the tablelands, about 22% of prehibernation weight is lost during the winter.
On the assumption that level of activity reflects body temperature, it is suggested that summer M. s. blepotis characteristically regulate their body temperature but that wintering individuals are essentially poikilothermic when roosting. It is concluded that the capacity to lay down fat reserves before winter, and to select appropriate habitats and temperatures, combined with the seasonal change from a maintained high summer metabolism to a poikilothermous winter pattern, are significant factors in the adaptation of M. s. blepotis to the winter conditions of north-eastern New South Wales.
The Crinia laevis complex (Anura : Leptodactylidae) in south-eastern Australia
Authors: Littlejohn MJ , Martin AA
Published: June 2005

On the basis of the presence of a call distinct from that of Crinia laevis (Gunther)
and the absence of hybrids in sympatry, the species C. victoriana Boulenger is reestablished.
A detailed account of the morphology, breeding biology, life history, and
geographical distribution of these species is given. Their zoogeographical position
in relation to the Bassian subregion is considered and a possible pattern of speciation
advanced.
Studies on the ecology of Lymnaea tomentosa, the intermediate host of fasciola hepatica. 2. The sexual behaviour of Lymnaea tomentosa.
Authors: Boray JC
Published: June 2005

Although Lymnaea tomentosa can reproduce by internal self-fertilization, cross-fertilization by copulation is usual when food and aeration of the water is adequate. Individual snails can act as either males or as females. Sexual activity is particularly pronounced when the snails are introduced into new habitats.
Egg production commences earlier if snails are kept in pairs rather than in isolation.
The development, structure, and function of the submandibular cutaneous (chin) glands in the rabbit.
Authors: Lyne AG , Molyneux GS , Mykytowycz R , Parakkal PF
Published: June 2005

Embryological, histological, and histochemical features of the chin glands in the
rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.), are described. The glands are modified sweat glands
which develop as appendages of the first hair follicles of the pelage. All the secretory
cells are of the merocrine type, although some secrete in the typical apocrine manner.
In the adult, the glands are much better developed in males than in females.
Two main types of secretory cells were clearly seen in most animals, particularly
adult males. Cells which stained heavily with osmium tetroxide (dark cells) were also
present. No other mammalian cutaneous gland is so complex.
Histochemical techniques to demonstrate enzymes revealed that particular
glandular components contained large amounts of alkaline phosphatase and the whole
gland was well supplied with nerves containing cholinesterases.
The function of the secretion from these glands in marking territories is outlined.