bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Déplacements dans Sophie's Choice de William Styron : Du texte de la valeur à la valeur du texte
Authors: Thomières Daniel
Published: December 2011

Résumé :

Le présent article s'interroge sur ce que pourrait être la valeur des textes littéraires. Il part d'une étude du roman de William Styron, Le Choix de Sophie, qui aborde notamment la question d'Auschwitz, ainsi que celle de l'esclavage au XIXe siècle dans le Sud des États-Unis. Le roman de Styron propose explicitement à ce propos plusieurs théories de la valeur. Peut-on passer de définitions de la valeur dans un texte à une conceptualisation de la valeur d'un texte ? Nous proposons un certain nombre d'hypothèses qui tournent autour de la notion de choix. Le problème devient alors : comment procéder à des choix qui soient assumés de la manière la plus consciente possible ? C'est à ce point précis que l'on doit considérer que lire, relire et interpréter un texte littéraire touche aux niveaux le plus profonds de notre identité. Il s'ensuit que la théorie littéraire devrait accorder une place à l'éthique et à la pragmatique de l'acte de lecture.
Running Out of Gas: The Energy Crisis in 1970s Suburban Narratives
Authors: Long Christian
Published: December 2011

Abstract:

In Back to the Future 1 and Part II, The Ice Storm, and The Virgin Suicides the negative effects of suburbanization are written onto the nature it purports to provide its residents. The cultural and economic logic of sprawl generates a built environment that accelerates the energy-crisis apocalypse tasted during the 1973 energy crisis. The paradoxes of suburban ideology generate unsustainable—even fatal—built environments, figuring two apocalypses as competing for space in suburban narratives: the concrete-grey and the green. In the grey, all hell breaks loose when the built environment can no longer deliver on suburban ideology's promises. But suburban ideology so drives American culture that hell must be displaced onto terrorists, weather, and parenting to make the future safe by keeping it recognizably suburban, literally concrete. The potential green apocalypse—what a return to nature would actually entail—critically engages the concrete-grey apocalypse, but at the cost of (suburban) life as we know its obsolescence.
The Goyishe Gaze: Reading Against American Movie Reviews of The Reader
Authors: Relke Diana M.A.
Published: December 2011

Abstract:

The ongoing American obsession with the Holocaust has had a profound effect on the production and reception of Holocaust films in the United States. This article addresses some of the American reviews—several by Jewish Americans—of the 2008 British film The Reader that are critical of the ambiguous characterization of former SS guard Hanna Schmitz, the film's depictions of sexuality, and the absence of images of Holocaust violence. The author offers an alternative reading that provides some historical context and focuses more on protagonist Michael Berg, the theme of Germany's struggle to come to terms with its murderous past, and the conflict between law and morality in post-war Germany.
150th Anniversary of Veterinary Education and the Veterinary Profession in North America: Part 4, US Veterinary Colleges in 2011 and the Distribution of their Graduates
Authors: Smith Donald F. , Fenn Melissa S.
Published: December 2011

This fourth article in an ongoing series of articles published in the Journal of Veterinary Medical Education on veterinary education and the veterinary profession provides information on the colleges and schools that exist in the US in 2011. This article provides a brief description of the educational programs and recent accreditation of the veterinary schools at Western University of the Health Sciences and Ross University on the Island of St. Kitts. Without taking into consideration Caribbean colleges, the number of veterinary student positions in US colleges has increased by approximately 24% in the past decade. The number of students attending veterinary colleges is unevenly distributed across the country with many of the more populous states having fewer students per 100,000 people than less populous states. The percentage of veterinarians who reside in the state of their alma mater also varies widely with alumni from some colleges remaining in the state of the college from which they graduated (e.g., Texas A&M and the University of California at Davis) and the graduates of other colleges (e.g., Cornell University and the University of Pennsylvania) being more widely distributed across the country. The location of veterinarians is also provided by state and adjusted for population and state size.
Followership and Leadership: Promoting Unity in Academia
Authors: Osborne Carl A.
Published: December 2011

As we plan our future in the twenty-first century, many believe that we face more problems than ever before, including the rising cost of sustaining teaching, research, and service programs in a climate in which state support for higher education is declining. Some commonly held opinions blame leaders and thus propose solutions that are based on the premise that leaders who are perceived to be ineffective should be replaced by those who promise to correct the situation. Leadership is a frequently discussed term, whereas the concept of followership is generally ignored. Followership, however, has been an unidentified facet of leadership in veterinary academia. The present article examines the premise that the primary way to solve the expanding list of problems facing academia is by zealously seeking, teaching, and encouraging leadership. Organizations such as universities succeed or fail on the basis of how well followers follow in addition to how well leaders lead. The truth is that without followers there would be no leaders. Yet the train of followers is almost nonexistent in most educational settings. Striving to recruit and entertain the proper balance of followers and leaders should be one of the goals of every college of veterinary medicine.
Teaching Veterinary Professionalism in the Face(book) of Change
Authors: Coe Jason B. , Weijs Cynthia A. , Muise Amy , Christofides Emily , Desmarais Serge
Published: December 2011

Facebook has been identified as the preferred social networking site among postsecondary students. Repeated findings in the social networking literature have suggested that postsecondary students practice high personal self-disclosure on Facebook and tend not to use privacy settings that would limit public access. This study identified and reviewed Facebook profiles for 805 veterinarians-in-training enrolled at four veterinary colleges across Canada. Of these, 265 (32.9%) were categorized as having low exposure, 286 (35.5%) were categorized as having medium exposure, and 254 (31.6%) were categorized as having high exposure of information. Content analysis on a sub-sample (n=80) of the high-exposure profiles revealed publicly available unprofessional content, including indications of substance use and abuse, obscene comments, and breaches of client confidentiality. Regression analysis revealed that an increasing number of years to graduation and having a publicly visible wall were both positively associated with having a high-exposure profile. Given the rapid uptake of social media in recent years, veterinary educators should be aware of and begin to educate students on the associated risks and repercussions of blurring one's private life and one's emerging professional identity through personal online disclosures.
An Instructional Model for Training Competence in Solving Clinical Problems
Authors: Ramaekers Stephan P.J. , van Beukelen Peter , Kremer Wim D.J. , van Keulen Hanno , Pilot Albert
Published: December 2011

We examined the design of a course that aims to ease the transition from pre-clinical learning into clinical work. This course is based on the premise that many of the difficulties with which students are confronted in this transition result from a lack of experience in applying knowledge in real practice situations. It is focused on the development of competence in solving clinical problems; uses an instructional model with alternating clinical practicals, demonstrations, and tutorials; and extends throughout the last pre-clinical year. We used a “proof-of-concept” approach to establish whether the core principles of the course design are feasible with regard to achieving the intended results. With the learning functions and processes as a frame of reference, retrospective analysis of the course's design features shows that this design matches the conditions from theories of the development of competence in solving clinical problems and instructional design. Three areas of uncertainty in the design are identified: the quality of the cases (information, openness), effective teaching (student and teacher roles), and adjustment to the development of competence (progress, coherence).
Influence of a Veterinary Curriculum on the Approaches and Study Skills of Veterinary Medical Students
Authors: Chigerwe Munashe , Ilkiw Jan E. , Boudreaux Karen A.
Published: December 2011

The objectives of the present study were to evaluate first-, second-, third-, and fourth-year veterinary medical students' approaches to studying and learning as well as the factors within the curriculum that may influence these approaches. A questionnaire consisting of the short version of the Approaches and Study Skills Inventory for Students (ASSIST) was completed by 405 students, and it included questions relating to conceptions about learning, approaches to studying, and preferences for different types of courses and teaching. Descriptive statistics, factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha analysis, and log-linear analysis were performed on the data. Deep, strategic, and surface learning approaches emerged. There were a few differences between our findings and those presented in previous studies in terms of the correlation of the subscale monitoring effectiveness, which showed loading with both the deep and strategic learning approaches. In addition, the subscale alertness to assessment demands showed correlation with the surface learning approach. The perception of high workloads, the use of previous test files as a method for studying, and examinations that are based only on material provided in lecture notes were positively associated with the surface learning approach. Focusing on improving specific teaching and assessment methods that enhance deep learning is anticipated to enhance students' positive learning experience. These teaching methods include instructors who encourage students to be critical thinkers, the integration of course material in other disciplines, courses that encourage thinking and reading about the learning material, and books and articles that challenge students while providing explanations beyond lecture material.
Developing an Online Professional Network for Veterinary Education: The NOVICE Project
Authors: Baillie Sarah , Kinnison Tierney , Forrest Neil , Dale Vicki H.M. , Ehlers Jan P. , Koch Michael , Mándoki Mira , Ciobotaru Emilia , de Groot Esther , Boerboom Tobias B.B. , van Beukelen Peter
Published: December 2011

An online professional network for veterinarians, veterinary students, veterinary educationalists, and ICT (Information and Communication Technology) educationalists is being developed under the EU (European Union) Lifelong Learning Programme. The network uses Web 2.0, a term used to describe the new, more interactive version of the Internet, and includes tools such as wikis, blogs, and discussion boards. Focus groups conducted with qualified and student veterinarians within the project's five founding countries (The Netherlands, Germany, United Kingdom, Hungary, Romania) demonstrated that online professional communities can be valuable for accessing information and establishing contacts. Online networks have the potential to overcome common challenges to face-to-face communities—such as distance, cost, and timing—but they have their own drawbacks, such as security and professionalism issues. The Network Of Veterinary ICt in Education (NOVICE) was developed using Elgg, an open-source, free social networking platform, after several software options had been considered. NOVICE aims to promote the understanding of Web 2.0, confidence to use social software tools, and participation in an online community. Therefore, the Web site contains help sections, Frequently Asked Questions, and access to support from ICT experts. Five months after the network's launch (and just over one year into the project) 515 members from 28 countries had registered. Further research will include analysis of a core group's activities, which will inform ongoing support for and development of informal, lifelong learning in a veterinary context.
An Experimental Teaching-Learning Program in Histology
Authors: Li Enzhong , Chen Yanfang
Published: December 2011

This article presents an experimental teaching and learning program used in a histology course with first-year students in the first term of their studies in the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at Huanghuai University, China. Eighty students were divided randomly into two sections (n=40/section). Students in one section were taught using a hybrid case-based and lecture style (experimental section) and the second section was taught using a traditional teaching style (control section). To assess achievement, examinations were administered at the end of every textbook chapter and a final examination was carried out at the end of the course. To determine students' attitude to the teaching styles used, a questionnaire survey was conducted at the end of the term. Results showed that students preferred the experimental style. In the experimental section, students' scores were significantly higher than those of students in the control section both in the chapter and the final examinations (p<.05). Results indicate that the case-based and lecture style is superior to the traditional style of teaching and learning histology.
Differences between soft-disc herniation and spondylosis in cervical arthroplasty: CT-documented heterotopic ossification with minimum 2 years of follow-up
Authors: Wu Jau-Ching , Huang Wen-Cheng , Tu Tsung-Hsi , Tsai Hsiao-Wen , Ko Chin-Chu , Wu Ching-Lan , Cheng Henrich
Published: December 2011

Object

Cervical arthroplasty is a valid option for patients with single-level symptomatic cervical disc diseases causing neural tissue compression, but postoperative heterotopic ossification (HO) can limit the mobility of an artificial disc. In the present study the authors used CT scanning to assess HO formation, and they investigated differences in radiological and clinical outcomes in patients with either a soft-disc herniation or spondylosis who underwent cervical arthroplasty.

Methods

Medical records, radiographs, and clinical evaluations of consecutive patients who underwent single-level cervical arthroplasty were reviewed. Arthroplasty was performed using the Bryan disc. The patients were divided into a soft-disc herniation group and a spondylosis group. Clinical outcomes were measured using the visual analog scale (VAS) for neck and arm pain and the Neck Disability Index (NDI), whereas HO grading was determined by studying CT scans. Radiological and clinical outcomes were analyzed, and the minimum follow-up duration was 24 months.

Results

Forty-seven consecutive patients underwent a single-level cervical arthroplasty. Forty patients (85.1%) had complete radiological evaluations and clinical follow-up of more than 2 years. Patients were divided into 1 of 2 groups: soft-disc herniation (16 cases) and the spondylosis group (24 cases). Their mean age was 45.51 ± 11.12 years. Sixteen patients (40%) were female. Patients in the soft-disc herniation group were younger than those in the spondylosis group, but the difference was not statistically significant (42.88 vs 47.26, p = 0.227). The mean follow-up duration was 38.83 ± 9.74 months. Sex, estimated blood loss, implant size, and perioperative NSAID prescription were not significantly different between the groups (p = 0.792, 0.267, 0.581, and 1.000, respectively). The soft-disc herniation group had significantly less HO formation than the spondylosis group (1 HO [6.25%] vs 14 Hos [58.33%], p = 0.001). Almost all artificial discs in both groups remained mobile (100% and 95.8%, p = 0.408). The clinical outcomes were not significantly different between the groups at all postoperative time points of evaluation, and clinical improvements were also similar.

Conclusions

Clinical outcomes of single-level cervical arthroplasty for soft-disc herniation and spondylosis were similar 3 years after surgery. There was a significantly higher rate of HO formation in patients with spondylosis than in those with a soft-disc herniation. The mobility of the artificial disc is maintained, but the long-term effects of HO and its higher frequency in spondylotic cases warrant further investigation.
Synthesis of Gold Catalysts Supported on Mesoporous Silica Materials: Recent Developments
Authors: Gutiérrez Luis-Felipe , Hamoudi Safia , Belkacemi Khaled
Published: December 2011

Mesoporous silica materials (MSM) with ordered and controllable porous structure, high surface area, pore volume and thermal stability are very suitable catalyst supports, because they provide high dispersion of metal nanoparticles and facilitate the access of the substrates to the active sites. Since the conventional wet-impregnation and deposition-precipitation methods are not appropriate for the incorporation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) into MSM, considerable efforts have been made to develop suitable methods to synthesize Au/MSM catalysts, because the incorporation of AuNPs into the channel system can prevent their agglomeration and leaching. In this review, we summarize the main methods to synthesize active gold catalysts supported on MSM. Examples and details of the preparative methods, as well as selected applications are provided. We expect this article to be interesting to researchers due to the wide variety of chemical reactions that can be catalyzed by gold supported catalysts.
X-Ray Detected Magnetic Resonance: A Unique Probe of the Precession Dynamics of Orbital Magnetization Components
Authors: Goulon José , Rogalev Andrei , Goujon Gérard , Wilhelm Fabrice , Youssef Jamal Ben , Gros Claude , Barbe Jean-Michel , Guilard Roger
Published: December 2011

X-ray Detected Magnetic Resonance (XDMR) is a novel spectroscopy in which X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism (XMCD) is used to probe the resonant precession of local magnetization components in a strong microwave pump field. We review the conceptual bases of XDMR and recast them in the general framework of the linear and nonlinear theories of ferromagnetic resonance (FMR). Emphasis is laid on the information content of XDMR spectra which offer a unique opportunity to disentangle the precession dynamics of spin and orbital magnetization components at given absorbing sites. For the sake of illustration, we focus on selected examples in which marked differences were found between FMR and XDMR spectra simultaneously recorded on ferrimagnetically ordered iron garnets. With pumping capabilities extended up to sub-THz frequencies, high-field XDMR should allow us to probe the precession of orbital magnetization components in paramagnetic organometallic complexes with large zero-field splitting. Even more challenging, we suggest that XDMR spectra might be recorded on selected antiferromagnetic crystals for which orbital magnetism is most often ignored in the absence of any supporting experimental evidence.
Protein Degradation and Protection Observed in the Presence of Novel Wound Dressing Components
Authors: Parnell Laura K.S.
Published: December 2011

Chronic wounds typically have excessive levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and proinflammatory cytokines that impair healing. Reducing these detrimental proteins may be key to healing chronic wounds. Proprietary protease blends were formulated specifically to degrade excessive amounts of proinflammatory factors that could prevent wound healing. Applications of protease-containing wound dressings to acute and chronic wounds have been observed clinically to resolve inflammation and appear to aid healing. The purpose of this study was to test in vitro a deliberate blend of proteases for the ability to deactivate or activate known proteins associated with inflammation or healing. Purified human target proteins were incubated with test and control solutions and samples removed at various time points. Blinded samples were tested using a novel infrared protein multiplex sandwich-ELISA-type array technique. Many proinflammatory proteins such as MMPs, cytokines and chemokines were susceptible to degradation. Many proteins such as growth factors, cytokines and TIMP1 were resistant to degradation. Not all proinflammatory proteins were deactivated. Family protein structure did not appear to affect susceptibility to degradation or deactivation. These results suggest that specific protease containing wound dressings appear to reduce multiple detrimental components which may disrupt their deleterious effects on the wound bed and microenvironment. By improving the wound microenvironment through the use of definitive proteases, these novel wound dressings may help transition wounds into the subsequent phase of healing.
Evaluation of the Antioxidant Potential of Salvia miltiorrhiza Ethanol Extract in a Rat Model of Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Qiao Zengyong , Ma Jiangwei , Liu Huajin
Published: December 2011

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the protection potential of ethanol extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza (SMEE) against oxidative injury in the ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) model of rats in vivo. Rats were divided into six groups of 10 rats each. Group I/R model and sham were fed with a standard rat chow, groups SMEE I and SMEE II were fed with a standard rat chow and 400 or 800 mg/kg b.w. ethanol extract for 12 days before the beginning of I/R studies. Positive control group was fed with a standard rat chow and salvianolic acid B (55 mg/kg b.w.) or tanshinone II-A (55 mg/kg b.w.) for 12 days before the beginning of I/R studies. To produce I/R, the left anterior descending artery (LAD) was occluded in anesthetized rats for 15 min, followed by 120 min reperfusion. Infarct sizes were found significantly decreased in SMEE-treated and positive control groups compared to I/R model group. Serum AST, LDH and CK-MB activities were significantly reduced and myocardium Na+-K+ ATPase, Ca2+-Mg2+ ATPase activities and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GSH-Px) were markedly increased in SMEE-treated and salvianolic acid B or tanshinone II-A positive control groups compared to the I/R model group. Pretreatment of S. miltiorrhiza ethanol extract and salvianolic acid B or tanshinone II-A dose-dependently reduced significantly myocardium MDA level, ROS and NOS activities and enhanced myocardium GSH level in I/R rats compared to I/R rats model. In conclusion, we clearly demonstrated that S. miltiorrhiza ethanol extract pretreatment can decrease oxidative injury in rats subjected to myocardial I/R.
Isolation of C11 Compounds and a Cyclopropane Fatty Acid from an Okinawan Ascidian, Diplosoma sp.
Authors: Rob Tamanna , Ogi Takayuki , Maarisit Wilmar , Taira Junsei , Ueda Katsuhiro
Published: December 2011

Pentylphenols 1 and 2, cyclopropane fatty acid 3, and cyclopentenones 4 and 5, were isolated from an ascidian, Diplosoma sp. The structures of 1-5 were determined by spectroscopic analysis and/or synthesis. Compound 1 inhibited the division of fertilized sea urchin eggs and compound 4 showed mild cytotoxity against HCT116 cells (human colorectal cancer cell).
Proteolytically Derived Endogenous Angioinhibitors Originating from the Extracellular Matrix
Authors: Boosani Chandra Shekhar , Sudhakar Yakkanti A.
Published: December 2011

Angiogenesis, a neovascularization process induced from the existing parent blood vessels, is a prerequisite for many physiological and pathological conditions. Under physiological conditions it is regulated by a balance between endogenous angioinhibitors and angioactivators, and an imbalance between them would lead to pathological conditions such as cancer, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy, cardiovascular diseases, etc. Several proteolytically generated endogenous molecules have been identified which exhibit angioinhibition and/or antitumor activities. These angioinhibitors interact with endothelial and tumor cells by binding to distinct integrins and initiate many of their intracellular signaling mechanisms regulating the cell survival and or apoptotic pathways. The present review will focus on the extracellular matrix derived angioinhibitors, and their mechanisms of actions that point to the clinical significance and therapeutic implications.
The Importance of Accounting for Atmospheric Effects in the Application of NDVI and Interpretation of Satellite Imagery Supporting Archaeological Research: The Case Studies of Palaepaphos and Nea Paphos Sites in Cyprus
Authors: Agapiou Athos , Hadjimitsis Diofantos G. , Papoutsa Christiana , Alexakis Dimitrios D. , Papadavid George
Published: December 2011

This paper presents the findings of the impact of atmospheric effects when applied on satellite images intended for supporting archaeological research. The study used eleven multispectral Landsat TM/ETM+ images from 2009 until 2010, acquired over archaeological and agricultural areas. The modified Darkest Pixel (DP) atmospheric correction algorithm was applied, as it is considered one of the most simple and effective atmospheric corrections algorithm. The NDVI equation was applied and its values were evaluated before and after the application of atmospheric correction to satellite images, to estimate its possible effects. The results highlighted that atmospheric correction has a significant impact on the NDVI values. This was especially true in seasons where the vegetation has grown. Although the absolute impact on NDVI, after applying the DP, was small (0.06), it was considered important if multi-temporal time series images need to be evaluated and cross-compared. The NDVI differences, before and after atmospheric correction, were assessed using student’s t-test and the statistical differences were found to be significant. It was shown that relative NDVI difference can be as much as 50%, if atmosphere effects are ignored. Finally, the results had proven that atmospheric corrections can enhance the interpretation of satellite images (especially in cases where optical thickness of water vapour is minimized ≈ 0). This fact can assist in the detection and identification of archaeological crop marks. Therefore, removal of atmospheric effects, for archaeological purposes, was found to be of great importance in improving the image enhancement and NDVI values.
Ultrasonic Array for Obstacle Detection Based on CDMA with Kasami Codes
Authors: Diego Cristina , Hernández Álvaro , Jiménez Ana , Álvarez Fernando J. , Sanz Rebeca , Aparicio Joaqúın
Published: December 2011

This paper raises the design of an ultrasonic array for obstacle detection based on Phased Array (PA) techniques, which steers the acoustic beam through the environment by electronics rather than mechanical means. The transmission of every element in the array has been encoded, according to Code Division for Multiple Access (CDMA), which allows multiple beams to be transmitted simultaneously. All these features together enable a parallel scanning system which does not only improve the image rate but also achieves longer inspection distances in comparison with conventional PA techniques.
Population et environnement dans le monde aride
Authors: Noin Daniel
Published: December 2011

Cet article est une approche générale du thème population et environnement dans le monde aride. Les régions arides ne sont pas délimitées de façon précise. Elles couvrent approximativement 33 % de la superficie des terres émergées. L'aridité est une sérieuse contrainte environnementale mais dont l'intensité varie considérablement du domaine hyperaride au domaine semi-aride. En dépit des limitations, le monde aride a une population relativement importante. L'estimation globale pour 1994 est de 841 millions de personnes, ce qui représente 15 % de la population mondiale. La croissance est loin d'y avoir cessé. La dégradation de l'environnement dans les zones arides est indéniable mais il y a des désaccords sur l'extension de la désertification. Celle-ci a trois composantes: la dégradation du couvert végétal, la dégradation des sols et le déclin des ressources en eau. Les interrelations entre population et environnement sont très complexes. Elles réclament des études à diverses échelles.
Population et environnement: un essai méthodologique dans le Haut Tell tunisien
Authors: Auclair Laurent
Published: December 2011

Cette contribution présente les résultats d'une recherche pluridisciplinaire conduite par un collectif de recherche dans le Haut Tell tunisien. Prenant pour objet d'étude le système population rurale/ressources naturelles, les auteurs présentent tout d'abord la problématique générale des relations population-environnement en Tunisie; puis sont analysées les caractéristiques du milieu naturel et de la population rurale dans la région étudiée. Dans un second temps, ils décrivent une approche typologique originale, la typologie ménages-environnement qui permet de différencier les ménages ruraux en fonction de leur usage des ressources naturelles et de leur impact sur l'environnement. Les pratiques d'usage sont ensuite mises en relation avec les systèmes de production agro-pastoraux et les stratégies familiales dans lesquelles elles s'intègrent.
L'impact anthropique en matière de désertification: une étude de cas en Tunisie
Authors: Sandron Frédéric
Published: December 2011

Les recherches menées dans les régions arides au cours de ces deux dernières décennies montrent que ce sont d'abord les interactions entre variables sociales et variables écologiques qui sont à l'origine des phénomènes de désertification. On a ainsi progressivement abandonné le simple déterminisme climatique pour considérer le processus de désertification comme un objet complexe. C'est cette idée qui est illustrée dans l'article en partant d'une étude de terrain menée dans la Tunisie aride. L'articulation des politiques foncières, des stratégies familiales et des systèmes d'exploitation agricole avec l'environnement physique est discutée.
Relation population-environnement en Tunisie désertique
Authors: Picouet Michel , Sghaier Mongi , Zaafouri Mohammed S.
Published: December 2011

La croissance démographique, la diffusion de modèles de croissance associés à de nouvelles techniques de production et la fin de l'autarcie culturelle et sociale ont ébranlé les équilibres traditionnels, en particulier dans les sociétés nomades récemment sédentarisées. Dans l'oasis d'El Faouar, en zone saharienne tunisienne, la dégradation des parcours et la raréfaction du couvert végétal ont bouleversé les traditions pastorales des populations locales qui se sont tournées vers l'agriculture irriguée sous l'impulsion de l'Etat. Ces transformations ne touchent pas les ménages de la même manière; des pratiques d'usage du milieu naturel persistent en effet qui aggravent le processus de désertification. L'idée développée dans l'article est que ces processus de transformation et leur impact sur l'environnement sont liés à la capacité des ménages à assurer leur reproduction aussi bien sociale que familiale sur des bases renouvelées. Cette capacité, variable selon le groupe social, peut prendre des caractères antagonistes: de la réponse traditionnelle et identitaire à la réponse entrepreneuriale.
The transition to adulthood in Italy. Evidence from cross-sectional surveys / Le passage à l'âge adulte en Italie
Authors: Billari Francesco , Ongaro Fausta
Published: December 2011

The Transition to adulthood in Italy

The authors use cross-sectional data in order to study the transition to adulthood of young Italians, over the 1983-1993 decade. Leaving the parental home is evidently and increasingly postponed. Nevertheless, a slight rise of non-traditional family/residential states may be observed. The aims of this paper are mainly two. Firstly, we would like to describe the condition of young adults, accounting for changes in some basic characteristics and the position in traditional states. This is done by giving special attention to gender and geographical area differences. Secondly, some theoretical-based hypotheses are tested, putting a special emphasis on residential status. The postponement of the transition to adulthood seems to be a consequence - at least in some areas - of : a) changes in the family/residential and working structure ; b) the virtual absence of non-marital cohabitation in presence of delayed marriages.
Accès des jeunes à l'enseignement supérieur dans le Nord-Pas-de-Calais : entre mobilité et «captivité»
Authors: Dumont Frédéric , Piédanna Vincent
Published: December 2011

Young people and University in the «Nord-Pad-de-Calais» Region: between Mobility and Captivity

In some areas, including the «Nord-Pas-de-Calais» region, to facilitate higher education démocratisation process, new places of formation have been created, first in the form of establishments depending on mother Universities, then new universities have been built. University patterns have been completely modified by these recent establishments for ten years. In the same time, a general growth of the population of students and a progressive compensation between different areas became to be visible. The spatial localisation of the establishments is crucial : the distance between the residence of potential students and universities has a determinant effect on the choice of orientation of the bachelors. But the proximity with the offer of formation often involves relations of captivity too.
Les migrations d'émancipation en Belgique
Authors: Grimmeau Jean-Pierre , Van Criekingen Mathieu , Rœlandts Marcel
Published: December 2011

L'article examine d'abord, par classe d'âge, la proportion de gens vivant chez au moins un de leurs parents, couples non mariés compris, puis le taux par âge de migrations intercommunales. Il en conclut que l'émancipation prend place en Belgique entre 20 et 30 ans et que les migrations d'élargissement du ménage succèdent aux migrations d'émancipation en s'imbriquant étroitement. Une analyse en composantes principales des taux d'accroissement de l'effectif des générations entre 1981 et 1991 montre que les générations ayant 10 à 20 ans en 1981 sont les meilleurs marqueurs des migrations d'émancipation entre 1981 et 1991. Le taux net de migration d'émancipation proposé est calculé dans des découpages infra-communaux. Les taux sont confrontés à une typologie de ces divisions et cartographies. La variation spatiale est étudiée pour la Belgique entière et pour la Région de Bruxelles. Deux études de cas examinent d'une part un quartier en cours de gentrification et d'autre part deux cités-jardin de standings contrastés.
Socialisation et marginalisation des jeunes de la zone défavorisée de Bruxelles, un accès différencié à l'école
Authors: Mistiaen Pascale , Kesteloot Christian
Published: December 2011

L'article analyse les processus socio-spatiaux de marginalisation des jeunes à Bruxelles, en partant de la forte relation entre concentration de jeunes issus de l'immigration et degré de pauvreté des quartiers. Ces quartiers concentrent la future génération de la population urbaine et sont au centre des processus de polarisation et d'exclusion sociale. Les premiers résultats d'une étude sur l'exclusion sociale des jeunes et la délinquance à Bruxelles démontrent que la ségrégation au niveau des écoles, indépendamment d'ailleurs de leur propre implantation, est un puissant levier de marginalisation des jeunes issus de ces quartiers.
La Vie de Georges l’Hagiorite (1009/1010-29 juin 1065). Introduction, traduction du texte géorgien, notes et éclaircissements
Authors: Martin-Hisard Bernadette
Published: December 2011

La traduction du texte géorgien de la Vie de Georges l’Hagiorite sert de fondement à plusieurs développements concernant les relations entre l’Empire byzantin et le royaume bagratide géorgien au 11e siècle, la chronologie de la vie de Georges, notamment durant ses années athonites, l’évolution des relations institutionnelles entre l’Église géorgienne et le patriarcat d’Antioche et des débats religieux mettant en scène des Latins et des Arméniens auxquels Georges prit part à Constantinople en 1065. La question des traductions a été laissée de côté.
Abbots and Monks in Eleventh-Century Stoudios: An Analysis of Rituals of Installation and Their Depictions in Illuminated Manuscripts
Authors: Krausmüller Dirk
Published: December 2011

L’auteur tente de reconstruire le contexte historique des peintures qui représentent l’installation des abbés de Stoudios dans trois manuscrits enluminés de la seconde moitié du 11e siècle : le Psautier de Théodore, le rotulus de Saint-Pétersbourg et les Évangiles de Paris. Une analyse détaillée des miniatures et des poèmes qui les accompagnent, ainsi qu’une parenté évidente avec des typika contemporains amènent à conclure que ces peintures s’inscrivent dans un débat complexe entre les abbés et les communautés monastiques concernant la source de légitimité de la charge d’abbé et dans lequel les deux parties fondaient leurs revendications sur l’interprétation du rituel d’installation.
Gylou, démon et sorcière du monde byzantin au monde néogrec
Authors: Patera Maria
Published: December 2011

Gylou and the Geloudes belong to Byzantine and Post-Byzantine beliefs concerning the dangers of childbirth. These feminine figures endowed with supernatural powers whose principal function is to harm little children alternate between the world of men and demons and are closely related to notions of the evil eye and exotika. Belief in the activity of these figures leads to expressions of faith in the efficacity of Christian practices. Various means are employed, such as specialised exorcisms read by priests but which do not always belong to the official prayers of the Orthodox Church, as well as incantations and domestic healing rituals.
Psellos and the Nazireans
Authors: Lauritzen Frederick
Published: December 2011

Michael Psellos, in his Chronographia, defined a group of monks as Nazireans and associate with them an uncompromising religious zeal. Identifying three Nazireans, allows one to broaden the view concerning these monks. Symeon the New Theologian, Niketas Stethatos and Leo Paraspondylos were Nazireans, but clearly do not form either a heterodox sect, nor do they form a homogeneous group. Their common feature is their strict moral behaviour about which Psellos had doubts, but which does not mean that he was not in contact with them.
Style-switching in the Grottaferrata Text of Digenes Akrites
Authors: Dietrich Richard
Published: December 2011

Bien que les savants aient examiné de nombreux aspects historiques et littéraires du seul poème épique byzantin qui soit conservé, Digénis Akritas, depuis la découverte du premier texte au 19e siècle, on ne l’a pas examiné jusqu’à présent sous l’aspect des emprunts stylistiques. Cet article examine l’utilisation de l’emprunt stylistique, l’emploi de mots et termes étrangers, pour obtenir un effet littéraire, dans la version de Grottaferrata de Digénis Akritas. Il démontre que l’emploi et la distribution de mots d’origine arabe dans le texte ne sont pas faits au hasard, mais sont dus à une technique délibérée de la part de l’écrivain pour créer une «atmosphère» étrangère dans ces passages où les principaux acteurs ou les événements se situent en territoire arabe.
Neighborhood Location, Rurality, Geography, and Outcomes of Peritoneal Dialysis Patients in the United States
Authors: Mehrotra Rajnish , Story Kenneth , Guest Steven , Fedunyszyn Michelle
Published: December 2011

Background

The adjusted 5-year survival for dialysis patients in the United States is 33%–35%, and patients treated with peritoneal dialysis (PD) have a high risk of transfer to hemodialysis (HD). No data are available on the effect of neighborhood characteristics or regional differences on the outcomes of PD patients in the United States.

Methods

We analyzed the relationships of selected patient demographics, socio-economic characteristics of the dialysis unit's neighborhood, “rurality,” and geographic location with transfer to HD and with a composite outcome of transfer to HD or death, for all PD patients in the United States who, between 2004 and 2009, used supplies manufactured by Baxter Healthcare ( n = 58 700).

Results

Over a median follow-up of 18.7 months, 29% of patients transferred to HD (median time to HD transfer: 49 months), and 54% reached the composite outcome. More than 20% of the events occurred within the first 90 days of PD start. The risk for each of the study outcomes was higher for patients who had received any previous treatment with HD, for those treated in units located in areas with a higher proportion of black residents, and for those living in remote rural areas. Furthermore, the risk for reaching either of the study outcomes was consistently lower for patients treated in units located in California, Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, the Mariana Islands, and American Samoa.

Conclusions

We observed significant regional differences in the outcomes of PD patients in the United States that have not previously been reported. Understanding the differences in clinical practice that underlie these regional differences might help to further improve PD outcomes.
Medicinal Chemistry of Nucleoside Phosphonate Prodrugs for Antiviral Therapy
Authors: Pertusat Fabrizio , Serpi Michaela , McGuigan Christopher
Published: December 2011

Considerable attention has been focused on the development of phosphonate-containing drugs for application in many therapeutic areas. However, phosphonate diacids are deprotonated at physiological pH and thus phosphonate-containing drugs are not ideal for oral administration, an extremely desirable requisite for the treatment of chronic diseases. To overcome this limitation several prodrug structures of biologically active phosphonate analogues have been developed. The rationale behind the design of such agents is to achieve temporary blockade of the free phosphonic functional group until their systemic absorption and delivery, allowing the release of the active drug only once at the target. In this paper, an overview of acyclic and cyclic nucleoside phosphonate prodrugs, designed as antiviral agents, is presented.
Clinical Course and Management of a Consecutive Series of Patients with “Healed Temporal Arteritis”
Authors: LEE YVONNE C. , PADERA ROBERT F. , NOSS ERIKA H. , FOSSEL ANNE H. , BIENFANG DON , LIANG MATTHEW H. , DOCKEN WILLIAM P.
Published: December 2011

Objective.

To describe the clinical course and management of patients with a pathologic diagnosis of “healed” giant cell arteritis (GCA), and to determine whether previously published histological descriptions of healed arteritis can identify patients with a greater likelihood of clinically significant arteritis.

Methods.

All temporal artery biopsy reports between 1994 and 2003 were examined for a diagnosis of “healed arteritis.” Two rheumatologists abstracted the medical record for presenting features, physical findings, comorbid conditions, and data on treatment and outcomes. One pathologist, blinded to the clinical data, reviewed all specimens and reinterpreted the biopsies according to published histological descriptions of healed arteritis.

Results.

Forty-seven patients with an initial pathologic diagnosis of healed arteritis were identified. In 54% of these patients, corticosteroid therapy did not change after the diagnosis of healed arteritis was documented in the pathology report. Seventy percent were ultimately treated with no corticosteroids or low-moderate corticosteroid regimens. Only 32% of the initial cases were confirmed upon review of the biopsies using standardized histological criteria. Patients with confirmed healed arteritis were more likely to have a documented history of polymyalgia rheumatica/GCA and a longer duration of corticosteroid treatment before biopsy. These patients were not more likely to have adverse outcomes.

Conclusion.

In this case series, the diagnosis of healed arteritis had little effect on treatment decisions. In most cases, the initial pathologic diagnosis of healed arteritis was not confirmed when biopsies were reviewed by a single pathologist using uniform histological criteria.
Concomitant Septic Arthritis in Crystal Monoarthritis
Authors: PAPANICOLAS LITO ELECTRA , HAKENDORF PAUL , GORDON DAVID LLEWELLYN
Published: December 2011

Objective.

In acute monoarthritis, the presence of crystals in synovial fluid may lead to a diagnosis of crystal arthritis (CA) before septic arthritis (SA) can be excluded by culture. We aimed to identify the frequency of coexistence of CA with SA and to compare these with regard to synovial fluid microscopy, C-reactive protein (CRP), and blood culture.

Methods.

We examined 1612 synovial aspirates from 2004 to 2009 retrospectively. Of these, 104 patients with clinically significant SA were identified. These were compared to 295 patients with isolated CA.

Results.

Five percent of joints with CA had concomitant infection. A high synovial white blood cell (WBC) count and elevated CRP (> 100 mg/l) were predictive of concomitant SA with a sensitivity of 86.4%, specificity of 48.3% and 54.6%, and negative predictive values of 98.5% and 98.7%, respectively. In patients with SA who had a blood culture, 42.5% were positive with a matching organism. SA of the shoulder had a 90% rate of bacteremia.

Conclusion.

Crystals alone in synovial fluid from acute monoarthritis cannot exclude SA, as CA and SA frequently coexist. High WBC counts and elevated CRP are common to both SA and CA. Blood cultures should be collected and septic arthritis considered, even when crystals are present, particularly if the shoulder is affected. The exception is when Gram stain is negative and the CRP is < 100 mg/l and joint WBC count is < 10,000/μl. In these circumstances it is very unlikely that there will be concomitant SA.
Critiques des bases de la psychiatrie actuelle
Authors: Haynal André
Published: December 2011

Résumé Une revue de la littérature sur les bases neurochimiques (synaptiques) des troubles nerveux d’une part, et sur le système diagnostique (DSM et similaires) d’autre part. Deux piliers de la pratique actuelle sont en question.
La motricité dans les rituels obsessionnels
Authors: Gross François
Published: December 2011

Résumé Ce travail démontre à l’aide d’un exemple clinique les changements survenus au cours de l’analyse d’une patiente avec des rituels obsessionnels. Dans une séquence de l’analyse, on voit apparaître un langage corporel support de représentations, clairement distinct des rituels obsessionnels. La motricité se met alors au service d’une réparation symbolique qui confère au vécu émotionnel une dimension plus vivante.
Popularizing Natural Sciences by Means of Scientific Fair
Authors: Cápay Martin , Kapusta Jozef , Magdin Martin , Mesárošová Miroslava , Švec Peter , Valovi Ľubomíra
Published: December 2011

Science popularization is demanding from the financial as well as the time point of view. It is necessary to find the premises that would be easily available to general public. Another important step is to promote the event so that it would attract the audience. The preparation of scientific experiments itself also requires some financial resources. If we want to take advantage of these resources in the most useful and effective way, we have to find answers to the question: â??What, where and how do we want to popularise?