bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feline Injection-Site Sarcoma
Authors: Porcellato I. , Menchetti L. , Brachelente C. , Sforna M. , Reginato A. , Lepri E. , Mechelli L.
Published: February 2017

Feline injection-site sarcoma (FISS) is an aggressive tumor believed to arise from the proliferation of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts in areas of chronic inflammation, particularly at sites of injection. Local recurrence is frequent after surgical excision. Gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) and their inhibitor (TIMP-2) are endopeptidases pivotal in extracellular matrix remodeling and therefore in tumor invasiveness. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-2 in FISS to assess their usefulness as prognostic factors. Size, soft tissue sarcoma (STS) grading system, depth of infiltration, surgical margins, and Ki-67 index were evaluated as additional prognostic markers. Twenty-four cases of primary FISS were classified according to clinical follow-up as nonrecurrent (NR, n = 14; 58.3%) and recurrent (R, n = 10; 41.7%). MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-2 were variably expressed in the FISS examined, confirming their role in tumor invasiveness, yet they did not show significant differences between the R and NR groups. These results could be due to different tumor stages or to the multiple activities of these enzymes, not limited to ECM remodeling. The immunohistochemical expression of these enzymes considered alone does not seem to be useful as a prognostic marker. STS grading system, depth of infiltration, surgical margins, and Ki-67 index did not relate to recurrence. Instead, the size of the tumor, measured after formalin fixation, with an optimal cutoff of 3.75 cm (accuracy = 86%; P < .05), and the mitotic count, with an optimal cutoff of 20 mitoses/10 HPF (accuracy = 80%; P < .05), could be evaluated as useful prognostic markers.
Hookworm Infection in South American Fur Seal (Arctocephalus australis) Pups
Authors: Seguel M. , Muñoz F. , Navarrete M. J. , Paredes E. , Howerth E. , Gottdenker N.
Published: February 2017

Tissues of South American fur seal pups naturally infected with hookworms ( Uncinaria sp) were examined. Hookworm infection was found in nearly all pups examined (132/140, 94%), and hookworm enteritis with secondary bacteremia was considered the cause of death in 46 (35%) pups. Common findings in these pups included severe hemorrhagic enteritis and numerous (mean intensity = 761.8) hookworms in the jejunum. Hookworms were recovered from the abdominal cavity in 12 of 55 pups (22%) examined through peritoneal wash; these pups had an average of 1343.3 intestinal hookworms and marked fibrinohemorrhagic peritonitis. In all pups that died as a consequence of hookworm infection, the intestinal villi were short, blunt, and fused, and there were variable numbers of free and intrahistiocytic gram-negative bacteria in submucosal hookworm feeding tracks, mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, blood vessels, and liver sinusoids. Pups that died of causes unrelated to the hookworm infection (trauma) had hookworm feeding tracks confined to the apical portions of the mucosa, and moderate to marked catarrhal eosinophilic enteritis. The number of hookworms was negatively correlated with intestinal villous length and number of leukocytes in the intestine. Pups with hookworm peritoneal penetration had nematodes with little or no blood in the hookworm intestine, suggesting that lack of food for the nematode could be associated with peritoneal penetration. Findings suggest that the initial burden of larval infection, the level of the host tissue response, or a combination determine the number of nematodes in the intestine, the severity of hookworm tissue damage, and pup mortality.
Elemental approximate analytic procedure for the annular fin of hyperbolic profile amenable to a heat transfer course
Authors: Campo Antonio
Published: February 2017

Straight or longitudinal fins of variable profile are explained in most textbooks on heat transfer, but unfortunately annular or circular fins of variable profile are not. Owing to this limitation, the present article addresses an elemental approximate analytic solution for treating the governing quasi 1-D heat equation descriptive of an annular fin of hyperbolic profile. To solve this equation approximately, usage of the mean radius of the annular fin is made. The transformed ordinary differential equation with constant coefficients is equivalent to the quasi 1-D heat equation for the straight fin of uniform profile that appears in all heat transfer textbooks. Within the framework of engineering analysis and design, the estimates of approximate temperatures and companion heat transfer rates for the annular fin of hyperbolic profile owing realistic values of the parameters give evidence of good quality and minimal errors. The transformation procedure is carried out in a step-by-step manner and can be readily comprehended by undergraduate students in mechanical engineering programs.
Movie Piracy Networks at Alaba International Market, Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Tade Oludayo , Mmahi Okoro Paul
Published: February 2017

This study examined the veiled chain of film piracy, a major crime in the Nigeria entertainment industry. Studies on film piracy in Nigeria have focused on its economic implications, both on the copyright owners and on the Nigerian economy. The organization of the activities of the film pirates has, however, been neglected. Narratives were extracted through in-depth interviews with pirates, “marketers,” and “producers.” Data indicated that pirates were insiders in the film marketing industry and included importers of foreign movies, registered and nonregistered retailers of Nigerian films, as well as marketers appointed by copyright owners to distribute their films. With the connivance of sales girls working with the copyright owners and dubbing companies, original copies of films (white face) are “procured.” Pirates distributed pirated copies, also secretly known as “green face,” without issuing receipts or putting the logo of the company on it. For security reasons, pirated films are sold only to buyers introduced by a member in the piracy network. Efforts aimed at fighting piracy must take into account this veiled network to effectively combat intellectual theft via aggressive ban on the public sale of such products.
Passive revolution revisited: From the Prison Notebooks to our ‘great and terrible world’
Authors: Roccu Roberto
Published: February 2017

Building on the recent fertile season of studies on passive revolution, this article argues for the (re-)increasing relevance of the concept in these times of capitalist crisis. However, it is also argued that this renewed relevance should be predicated on a narrower definition of passive revolution than the one generally used in recent debates in critical International Political Economy. Returning to the Prison Notebooks, four elements are identified here as the conceptual core of passive revolution, to which Gramsci’s admittedly varying uses of the phrase are implicitly anchored: an international precondition determining the necessity of restructuring on the national scale, a domestic precondition determining the specific form of this restructuring, a specific method through which passive revolution is effected and a specific outcome which entails achieving the passivity of subaltern classes through the partial fulfilment and simultaneous displacement of their demands. Thus redefined, passive revolution becomes a valuable instrument for grasping the challenges facing the emergence of a subaltern bloc in the current organic crisis of capitalism.
The Hotel Study—Clinical and Health Service Effectiveness in a Cohort of Homeless or Marginally Housed Persons
Authors: Honer William G. , Cervantes-Larios Alejandro , Jones Andrea A. , Vila-Rodriguez Fidel , Montaner Julio S. , Tran Howard , Nham Jimmy , Panenka William J. , Lang Donna J. , Thornton Allen E. , Vertinsky Talia , Barr Alasdair M. , Procyshyn Ric M. , Smith Geoffrey N. , Buchanan Tari , Krajden Mel , Krausz Michael , MacEwan G. William , Gicas Kristina M. , Leonova Olga , Langheimer Verena , Rauscher Alexander , Schultz Krista
Published: February 2017

Objective:

The Hotel Study was initiated in Vancouver’s Downtown East Side (DTES) neighborhood to investigate multimorbidity in homeless or marginally housed people. We evaluated the clinical effectiveness of existing, illness-specific treatment strategies and assessed the effectiveness of health care delivery for multimorbid illnesses.

Method:

For context, we mapped the housing locations of patients presenting for 552,062 visits to the catchment hospital emergency department (2005-2013). Aggregate data on 22,519 apprehensions of mentally ill people were provided by the Vancouver Police Department (2009-2015). The primary strategy was a longitudinal cohort study of 375 people living in the DTES (2008-2015). We analysed mortality and evaluated the clinical and health service delivery effectiveness for infection with human immunodeficiency virus or hepatitis C virus, opioid dependence, and psychosis.

Results:

Mapping confirmed the association between poverty and greater number of emergency visits related to substance use and mental illness. The annual change in police apprehensions did not differ between the DTES and other policing districts. During 1581 person-years of cohort observation, the standardized mortality ratio was 8.43 (95% confidence interval, 6.19 to 11.50). Physician visits were common (84.3% of participants over 6 months). Clinical treatment effectiveness was highest for HIV/AIDS, intermediate for opioid dependence, and lowest for psychosis. Health service delivery mechanisms provided examples of poor access, poor treatment adherence, and little effect on multimorbid illnesses.

Conclusions:

Clinical effectiveness was variable, and illness-specific service delivery appeared to have little effect on multimorbidity. New models of care may need to be implemented.
Failure analysis of three-dimensional braided composite tubes under torsional load: Experimental study
Authors: Wang Xiaopei , Cai Deng’an , Li Chao , Lu Fangzhou , Wang Yu , Zhou Guangming
Published: February 2017

An experimental study on the effects of braided processes on the torsional strength, torsional modulus and failure modes of the three-dimensional braided composite tubes are presented. Based on the movement of carries, the yarn traces of three-dimensional braided composite tubes are analyzed systematically. Four different three-dimensional braided composite tubes are formed by resin transfer molding, and a number of torsional tests are performed respectively using a special test device. It is found that the torsional strength of three-dimensional five-directional braided composite tubes is higher than others, while the torsional modulus of three-dimensional multi-layer wrapping braided composite tubes is the highest. Furthermore, the damage behaviors of 3D braided composite tubes are significantly influenced by braiding process. One focus is to evaluate the damage mechanism of three-dimensional braided composite tubes by cutting the specimens and using scanning electron microscopy. Under torsional load, three-dimensional five-directional braided composite tubes and three-dimensional surface-core five-directional braided composite tubes are fractured in compression and shear failure, while three-dimensional multi-layer wrapping braided composite tubes and three-dimensional seven-directional braided composite tubes are split open in tensile and shear failure.
Democratic values and the microfoundations of Arab support for peace with Israel
Authors: Berger Lars
Published: February 2017

The Arab Spring and the short-lived political ascendancy of Islamist movements reignited the debate about what greater popular participation in foreign policy decision-making would entail for the prospects of peace between Israel and its Arab neighbors. Building on the developing body of individual-level investigations into the Democratic Peace thesis and contributing to the wider debate about the relationship between peace and democracy in the Middle East, this paper utilizes 2010–2011 Arab Barometer data to establish the determinants of public support for a two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict across the Arab world. The results reveal that emancipative political values such as support for gender equality and secularism help predict greater support for peace with Israel. These findings demonstrate that contrary to the claims of skeptics, democratization and peace can reinforce each other in the Arab world.
Mental illness-related stigma in healthcare
Authors: Knaak Stephanie , Mantler Ed , Szeto Andrew
Published: February 2017

Mental illness-related stigma, including that which exists in the healthcare system and among healthcare providers, creates serious barriers to access and quality care. It is also a major concern for healthcare practitioners themselves, both as a workplace culture issue and as a barrier for help seeking. This article provides an overview of the main barriers to access and quality care created by stigmatization in healthcare, a consideration of contributing factors, and a summary of Canadian-based research into promising practices and approaches to combatting stigma in healthcare environments.
Effects of a Sedentary Intervention on Cognitive Function
Authors: Edwards Meghan K. , Loprinzi Paul D.
Published: February 2017

Purpose:

To examine the effects of a free-living, sedentary-inducing intervention on cognitive function.

Design:

Randomized controlled, parallel group intervention.

Setting:

University campus.

Participants:

Thirty-three young adults (n = 23 intervention; n = 10 control).

Measures:

The intervention group was asked to eliminate all exercise and minimize steps to ≤5000 steps/day for 1 week, whereas the control group was asked to continue normal physical activity (PA) levels for 1 week. Both groups completed a series of 8 cognitive function assessments (assessing multiple parameters of cognition) preintervention and immediately postintervention. The intervention group was asked to resume normal PA levels for 1 week postintervention and completed the cognitive assessments for a third time at 2 weeks postintervention.

Analysis:

Split-plot repeated-measures analysis of variance.

Results:

The results of our statistical analyses showed that the group × time interaction effect was not significant ( P > .05) for any of the evaluated cognitive parameters.

Conclusion:

These findings demonstrate the need for future experimental investigations of sedentary behavior to better understand its effects on cognitive function. However, although previous work has demonstrated favorable effects of acute and chronic PA on cognitive function, our findings suggest that a 1-week period of reduced PA does not detrimentally affect cognitive function, which may have encouraging implications for individuals going through a temporary relapse in PA.
Makerspaces and Local Economic Development
Authors: van Holm Eric Joseph
Published: February 2017

The maker movement has risen from a fringe hobby to a prominent lifestyle with important implications for economic development. In the past, tools have been available only to those working in firms and industry or those willing to pay for their procurement. The maker movement increases access to tools and training, potentially altering the capability of the general public to participate in product development. This study explores makerspaces and how they contribute to economic development through business generation and sustainment. Based on interviews with members and the management of makerspaces, along with local government officials in Georgia, the author finds four principal contributions to economic development: (a) creating a cultural change by encouraging entrepreneurship in the community, (b) supporting small business growth through the provision of services, (c) providing workforce training, and (d) increasing workforce retention. However, in part because of their recent development and small memberships, makerspaces are unlikely to launch many entrepreneurs into their communities anytime soon. As such, governments should avoid making excessive commitments to makerspaces before they provide greater evidence of tangible contributions, but allowing them an expanded role in formal education can enhance their ability to incubate a “maker” mind-set.
Intramuscular Ziprasidone Dosing for Acute Agitation in the Pediatric Emergency Department: An Observational Study
Authors: Nguyen Tammy , Stanton Jillian , Foster Robin
Published: February 2017

Background:

Intramuscular (IM) ziprasidone is often used to manage acute agitation. Limited data exist on the pediatric dosing of ziprasidone in the emergency department (ED).

Objective:

To characterize the mg/kg dosing differences between pediatric ED patients who respond to an initial dose of ziprasidone versus patients who do not.

Methods:

This was a retrospective, observational study of 5- to 18-year-old patients who were treated with IM ziprasidone in the pediatric ED from 2007 to 2015. Medical records were reviewed to determine demographic and clinical information. Patients were deemed responders to ziprasidone if they required no additional rescue medication for acute agitation within 30 minutes of the initial dose.

Results:

Forty children received 50 doses of IM ziprasidone. Twenty-seven (68%) patients responded to the initial ziprasidone dose, requiring no further medication intervention for their acute agitation. Responders were given a mean initial dose of 0.19 ± 0.1 mg/kg, while nonresponders were given an initial mean dose of 0.13 ± 0.06 mg/kg ( P = .03).

Conclusion:

A significant dose difference exists between patients who required only one initial dose of ziprasidone compared to those who required additional medication. As a result, an initial dose of 0.2 mg/kg of IM ziprasidone may be considered when managing acutely agitated pediatric patients in the ED.
Acute HIV-1 infection presenting with fulminant encephalopathy
Authors: Lee Eun J , Kim Young H , Lee Jeong Y , Sunwoo Jun-Sang , Park Se Y , Kim Tae H
Published: February 2017

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 directly affects the nervous system, causes distinct neurological symptoms, and indirectly results in opportunistic infections, which include herpes virus simplex (HSV)-1, HSV-2, varicella zoster virus, and cytomegalovirus encephalitis caused by immunodeficiency. Early HIV-1 invasion of the central nervous system is also possible, and acute encephalopathy is a potentially lethal complication. We encountered a case of fulminant encephalopathy as a primary presentation of acute HIV-1 infection, in which highly active antiretroviral treatment resulted in a full clinical recovery. This case highlights the importance of considering acute HIV-1 infection in the differential diagnosis of reversible encephalopathy.
Holocene climatic events linked to environmental changes at Lake Komořany Basin, Czech Republic
Authors: Houfková Petra , Bešta Tomáš , Bernardová Alexandra , Vondrák Daniel , Pokorný Petr , Novák Jan
Published: February 2017

Former Lake Komořany, located in Northwest Bohemia in Central Europe, provides multiple proxies (pollen, plant macrofossils, diatoms, chironomids and sediment chemistry) that allowed reconstruction of the development of its aquatic environment and catchment, throughout the Holocene. In order to reconstruct the climatic forcing of this development, we performed a pollen-based reconstruction of climate changes using the best modern analogue method. The climate reconstruction was successful for the interval of 10.0–3.2 ka BP. We demonstrate that shifts in climate were coupled with biotic changes within the lacustrine environment. Both processes were interconnected mainly through changes in the water level status of the lake. The most significant climatic and environmental changes were recorded at 9.1, 6.3, 4.8/4.7, 3.8 and 3.5 ka BP.
Exposure dating of a pronounced glacier advance at the onset of the late-Holocene in the central Tyrolean Alps
Authors: Moran Andrew P , Ivy Ochs Susan , Christl Marcus , Kerschner Hanns
Published: February 2017

A two-phased moraine system in the high Alpine valley of Lisenser Längental in the Stubai Alps of western Austria is located in an intermediate morphostratigraphic position constrained by ‘Egesen Stadial’ (Younger Dryas) moraines down valley and ‘Little Ice Age’ (‘LIA’) positions (modern times) up valley. The equilibrium line altitude (ELA) was about 50 m lower than during the ‘LIA’ when applying an accumulation area ratio of 0.67. Exposure dating of boulders with 10Be yields a mean age of 3750 ± 330 years for the more extensive outer moraine system and a single age of 3140 ± 280 years for the inner one. The ages correspond well to the ‘Loebben oscillation’, a sequence of multi-decadal to multi-centennial cooling phases at the onset of the late-Holocene, also recognized in other Alpine records. The climatic downturn was severe enough to cause small to medium-sized Alpine glaciers in the central Alps to advance significantly beyond their ‘LIA’ extent, but too short to trigger a similar reaction with large glaciers.
Evaluating efficacy of current lung cancer screening guidelines
Authors: Nemesure Barbara , Plank April , Reagan Lisa , Albano Denise , Reiter Michael , Bilfinger Thomas V
Published: February 2017

Objective

Current lung cancer screening criteria based primarily on outcomes from the National Lung Screening Trial may not adequately capture all subgroups of the population at risk. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of lung cancer screening criteria recommended by the United States Preventive Services Task Force, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network in identifying known cases of lung cancer.

Methods

An investigation of the Stony Brook Cancer Center Lung Cancer Evaluation Center's database identified 1207 eligible, biopsy-proven lung cancer cases diagnosed between January 1996 and March 2016. Age at diagnosis, smoking history, and other known risk factors for lung cancer were used to determine the proportion of cases that would have met current United States Preventive Services Task Force, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, and National Comprehensive Cancer Network eligibility requirements for lung cancer screening.

Results

Of the 1046 ever smokers in the study, 40% did not meet the National Lung Screening Trial age requirements, 20% did not have a ≥30 pack year smoking history, and approximately one-third quit smoking >15 years before diagnosis, thus deeming them ineligible for screening. Applying the United States Preventive Services Task Force, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, and National Comprehensive Cancer Network eligibility criteria to the Stony Brook Cancer Center's Lung Cancer Evaluation Center cases, 49.2, 46.3, and 69.8%, respectively, would have met the current lung cancer screening guidelines.

Conclusions

The United States Preventive Services Task Force and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services eligibility criteria for lung cancer screening captured less than 50% of lung cancer cases in this investigation. These findings highlight the need to reevaluate the efficacy of current guidelines and may have major public health implications.
A New Functional Health Literacy Scale for Japanese Young Adults Based on Item Response Theory
Authors: Tsubakita Takashi , Kawazoe Nobuo , Kasano Eri
Published: February 2017

Health literacy predicts health outcomes. Despite concerns surrounding the health of Japanese young adults, to date there has been no objective assessment of health literacy in this population. This study aimed to develop a Functional Health Literacy Scale for Young Adults (funHLS-YA) based on item response theory. Each item in the scale requires participants to choose the most relevant term from 3 choices in relation to a target item, thus assessing objective rather than perceived health literacy. The 20-item scale was administered to 1816 university students and 1751 responded. Cronbach’s α coefficient was .73. Difficulty and discrimination parameters of each item were estimated, resulting in the exclusion of 1 item. Some items showed different difficulty parameters for male and female participants, reflecting that some aspects of health literacy may differ by gender. The current 19-item version of funHLS-YA can reliably assess the objective health literacy of Japanese young adults.
Different Psychosocial Factors Are Associated With Different Intention and Self-Efficacy Toward Eating Breakfast Among Japanese Breakfast Skippers
Authors: Nakade Makiko , Tsubota-Utsugi Megumi , Imai Eri , Tsuboyama-Kasaoka Nobuyo , Nishi Nobuo , Takimoto Hidemi
Published: February 2017

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 7593 adults to clarify lifestyle and psychosocial characteristics of breakfast skippers with different intention and self-efficacy toward eating breakfast. Data were obtained from Japan’s national survey in 2009. Multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the characteristics of each breakfast skipper (having intention and self-efficacy toward eating breakfast [IS], having intention but not self-efficacy [INS], and not having intention to eat breakfast [NI]) compared with breakfast eaters. IS men were less likely to demonstrate understanding of healthy eating. INS and NI men were more likely to eat alone. INS and NI women were less likely to demonstrate understanding of healthy eating. NI men and women were less likely to report weight management behavior. Current smoking and being sleep-deprived were commonly associated with breakfast skipping in both sexes. Our results suggested the need for approaches considering type of breakfast skippers (eg, different intention and self-efficacy).
Diagnosing feline infectious peritonitis using the Sysmex XT-2000iV based on frozen supernatants from cavitary effusions
Authors: Stranieri Angelica , Paltrinieri Saverio , Giordano Alessia
Published: February 2017

The delta total nucleated cells (ΔTNC) measurement with the Sysmex XT-2000iV (Sysmex Europe, Norderstedt, Germany) has high diagnostic accuracy on effusions in feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) cases, but the test can be performed only on fresh samples. We evaluated whether supernatants from effusions retain the ability to induce cell clumping and assessed the diagnostic accuracy of this modified ΔTNC method. Effusions were collected from FIP cats ( n = 19) and from cats with other diseases ( n = 15). ΔTNC was measured on fresh samples and on frozen–thawed supernatants after the addition of feline blood at 1:10 dilution. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed at the cutoffs of suggestive of FIP (ΔTNC = 1.7) and consistent with FIP (ΔTNC = 3.4). The influence of the protein content, number of added cells, and magnitude of dilution were also investigated. Specificity and positive predictive value were 100% for both the methods. Sensitivity and negative predictive value were higher for the modified ΔTNC (84.2% and 83.3%, respectively, at the cutoff of 1.7; 78.9% and 78.9%, respectively, at the cutoff of 3.4) than for the ΔTNC on fresh samples (78.6% and 81.3%, respectively, at the cutoff of 1.7; 57.1% and 68.4%, respectively, at the cutoff of 3.4). Protein content, total cell count of the added blood, and magnitude of dilutions did not influence the results. Supernatants of frozen effusions from FIP cats retain the ability to induce cell clumping, thus the modified ΔTNC measurement is a reliable tool to diagnose FIP on samples that cannot be analyzed immediately.
Using Transactivity to Understand Emergence of Team Learning
Authors: Zoethout Hildert , Wesselink Renate , Runhaar Piety , Mulder Martin
Published: February 2017

Team learning is a recurrent topic in research on effective teamwork. However, research about the fact that team learning processes emerge from conversations and the different forms this emergence can take is limited. The aim of this study is to determine whether the extent to which team members act on each other’s reasoning (transactivity) can be used to understand how team learning processes emerge. Research on teacher teams was used as the case study: Video recordings of three different teacher teams were used as primary data, and the data were analyzed using qualitative interaction analysis. The analysis shows that the content of team learning processes changes when team members act more closely on each other’s reasoning. In particular, team learning processes related to the storage and retrieval of information took place only in sequences in which team members acted closely on each other’s reasoning.
Impact of Norepinephrine Weight-Based Dosing Compared With Non–Weight-Based Dosing in Achieving Time to Goal Mean Arterial Pressure in Obese Patients With Septic Shock
Authors: Droege Christopher A. , Ernst Neil E.
Published: February 2017

Obesity presents a growing challenge in critically ill patients because of variable medication pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Vasopressors used in the treatment of septic shock, including norepinephrine, are dosed using weight-based (WB) or non–weight-based (NWB) strategies. Retrospective research has evaluated the effect of total body weight and body mass index on vasopressor requirements, consequently finding that obese patients require less total vasopressor per kilogram to obtain clinical end points such as mean arterial pressure. Although this effect is not completely understood, this may suggest that a NWB dosing strategy is preferred over a WB strategy in obese patients to minimize potential for error.
Wireless’s “Critical Flaw”: The Marconi Company, Corporation Mentalities, and the Broadcasting Option
Authors: Balbi Gabriele
Published: February 2017

This article has a double aim: one empirical–historical and one theoretical. First, it analyzes how the idea of an “alternative” use of wireless (namely, broadcasting) emerged and was debated inside the British Marconi Company in the first two decades of the 20th century. This historical part, based on unpublished sources preserved in the Marconi Archives, shows that this idea was (rationally) opposed by the majority of company’s management. Second, this article aims to place private companies at the center of media historiography, and more in general media studies, through a multifocal approach.
Peer Perceptions of Media Elites and Hierarchical Differentiation Among Financial Journalists
Authors: Tran Hai L. , Ragas Matthew W.
Published: February 2017

Existing research has demonstrated how media elites influence journalistic practices, but much less has been done to help explain why journalists grant such a high status to select peers in the first place. This study explores rank allocation within a news ecosystem through the theoretical framework of social hierarchy. Survey data from a representative sample of U.S.-based financial journalists indicate that peer perceptions of prestige (i.e., deference earned by expertise, knowledge, or success) significantly and consistently drive group consensus on the most influential members within a news beat. The theoretical, methodological, and practical implications of the study findings are discussed.
Validity of the Symbol Digit Modalities Test as a cognition performance outcome measure for multiple sclerosis
Authors: Benedict Ralph HB , DeLuca John , Phillips Glenn , LaRocca Nicholas , Hudson Lynn D , Rudick Richard ,   Multiple Sclerosis Outcome Assessments Consortium
Published: February 2017

Cognitive and motor performance measures are commonly employed in multiple sclerosis (MS) research, particularly when the purpose is to determine the efficacy of treatment. The increasing focus of new therapies on slowing progression or reversing neurological disability makes the utilization of sensitive, reproducible, and valid measures essential. Processing speed is a basic elemental cognitive function that likely influences downstream processes such as memory. The Multiple Sclerosis Outcome Assessments Consortium (MSOAC) includes representatives from advocacy organizations, Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European Medicines Agency (EMA), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), academic institutions, and industry partners along with persons living with MS. Among the MSOAC goals is acceptance and qualification by regulators of performance outcomes that are highly reliable and valid, practical, cost-effective, and meaningful to persons with MS. A critical step for these neuroperformance metrics is elucidation of clinically relevant benchmarks, well-defined degrees of disability, and gradients of change that are deemed clinically meaningful. This topical review provides an overview of research on one particular cognitive measure, the Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), recognized as being particularly sensitive to slowed processing of information that is commonly seen in MS. The research in MS clearly supports the reliability and validity of this test and recently has supported a responder definition of SDMT change approximating 4 points or 10% in magnitude.
Intrasexual competition as a potential influence on anabolic-androgenic steroid use initiation
Authors: Harris Marc , Dunn Michael , Alwyn Tina
Published: February 2017

An estimated 293,000 people living in the United Kingdom have used anabolic-androgenic steroids. However, there is currently no intervention to reduce usage available in practice or academic circulation throughout the United Kingdom. This study aimed to test a novel hypothesis that increased levels of intrasexual competition may play an important influential role in the use of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Significantly higher levels of intrasexual competition were evident in users compared to non-users but only in the novice group (0–2 years of experience). The research provides evidence for intrasexual competition potentially influencing anabolic-androgenic steroid use but only during the initial stages of usage.
How Taiwanese parents of children with autism spectrum disorder experience the process of obtaining a diagnosis: A descriptive phenomenological analysis
Authors: Chao Kuo-Yu , Chang Hsueh-Ling , Chin Wei-Chih , Li Hsin-Mei , Chen Sue-Hsien
Published: February 2017

An autism spectrum disorder can result in considerable stress and confusion for parents as they attempt to understand their child’s problems and obtain a diagnosis. Few studies have explored the parental experience in the context of Chinese culture. The purpose of this study was to understand the experiences of parents in Taiwan of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. In total, 15 parents, 1 father and 14 mothers, were recruited by purposive sampling. This qualitative study used semi-structured interviews and descriptive phenomenological analysis. The findings indicated that parents of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder underwent five coping experiences during the diagnostic process: (1) uncertainty and difficulty understanding their child’s behaviour, which occurred during the pre-diagnosis phase; (2) obligation to obtain professional services; (3) anxious searching for a second opinion, which occurred during the diagnosis phase; (4) acceptance and fortitude and (5) further adjustment during the post-diagnosis phase. Our findings add to our understanding of how parents experience the diagnostic process, which could improve medical professionals’ counselling and support for parents at the stage of obtaining a diagnosis for their children.
Lampedusa, 3 October 2013: Anatomy of a social representation
Authors: Nicolosi Guido
Published: February 2017

This article discusses the tragic events that took place in Lampedusa on 3 October 2013, by comparing two opposing yet intertwining cultural processes. The first one ( dematerializing) involves actors and social agencies in concealing and rarefying the material aspects connected to death. The second ( materializing) is based on the recognition of death in ‘corporeal’ terms. Both of these processes mobilize physical and cognitive resources and are deployed on both a symbolic and real level.
Is big brother more at risk than little sister? The sibling factor in online risk and opportunity
Authors: Ólafsson Kjartan , Green Lelia , Staksrud Elisabeth
Published: February 2017

This article uses data from the 25,142-child study EU Kids Online to investigate the impact of sibling status on a child’s experience of online risk and opportunities. In general, the effects associated with having a sibling appear to be comparatively small. The presence of older siblings slightly increases use and skills, while younger siblings are associated with slight reductions. These dynamics are particularly visible in the use of social networking sites. Older siblings have the effect of increasing the range and number of online activities pursued by their younger siblings. Patterns around concerning exposure to risk and possible harm are not straightforward but younger children with an older sibling are not at an increased risk. Where younger aged children have even younger siblings, this is associated with a slight reduction in risk, whereas older-aged children with a younger sibling, and only children, appear to experience slight increases in risk.
Narratives of infants’ encounters with curriculum: Beyond the curriculum of care
Authors: Cheeseman Sandra
Published: February 2017

Australia’s National Quality Framework identifies responsibilities for early childhood educators who work with infants to plan for and assess their learning. Educators are urged to be ‘responsive to children’s ideas and play’ and to ‘assess, anticipate and extend children’s learning’. Responsiveness in relation to infants is often couched in terms of emotional support and attention to the attachment relationship, or in detailed guidance about supporting the infant in care routines. Drawing on Levinas’s ideas of ethical encounter to frame a consideration of infants’ learning more broadly, this article suggests the possibility to see beyond traditional perceptions of infants as objects of the attachment relationship, and identifies the potential for infants to be viewed as ‘initiators’ who guide educators’ responses. Working with Levinas’s ideas of absolute responsibility in the face-to-face encounter, the notion of ‘response-ableness’ is used to examine educators’ decisions and actions as they share in learning encounters with infants. Using video footage captured during an infant’s encounter with learning, the decisions of the educator prove influential. Creating a narrative of this experience illuminates the educator’s response-ableness, and shows how an infant’s ideas and investigations might form the basis of the learning encounter. Close examination of educator response-ableness may lead to richer possibilities for infants’ encounters with learning, beyond the curriculum of care.
An archeology of moments: Christian conversion and practice in a medieval household cemetery
Authors: Zoëga Guðný , Bolender Douglas
Published: February 2017

The Christian conversion of Iceland in A.D. 1000 was accompanied by distinct changes in religious practice and ritual places. In the following century, household cemeteries were established at many farms. Examining the early Christian household cemetery at Seyla in northern Iceland, we explore how the establishment, usage, and closure of these cemeteries provide an opportunity to examine how the new religion was realized in Icelandic society. At the same time Seyla represents cemetery management at a household level, which provides rarely witnessed household level social actions. The individual moments discussed can be used to enlighten the agency of family as well as its realization of the social and religious changes of the 11th century. Here, we argue that the isolation and discussion of these specific archeological moments at Seyla add to our understanding of the experiences and actions of early Christian households during a time of religious transformation.
On decentring ethnicity in buildings research: The settler homestead as assemblage
Authors: Maxwell Ágústa Edwald , Oliver Jeff
Published: February 2017

The concept of ethnicity is a prevailing explanatory device in studies of colonial architecture. This paper argues for decentring ethnicity in buildings research through treating buildings as ‘assemblages’ of both material and social ‘things’. Drawing on a case study from the late 19th-century settler landscape of Manitoba, Canada, we illustrate how settler architecture – conceived of as an ‘assemblage’ – can shed light on the events, processes and material consequences of homesteading in a new land. Through decentring ethnicity as a determining factor in building projects, the role of settler architecture as a material indicator of resistance or assimilation becomes more easily questioned. An archaeological interpretation of buildings as assemblages draws attention towards their materiality and the embodied experiences of building by highlighting the historical and geographical contingencies of the settlement landscape.
Comparison and contrast of two general functional regression modelling frameworks
Authors: Morris Jeffrey S.
Published: February 2017

Abstract:

In their article, Greven and Scheipl describe an impressively general framework for performing functional regression that builds upon the generalized additive modelling framework. Over the past number of years, my collaborators and I have also been developing a general framework for functional regression, functional mixed models, which shares many similarities with this framework, but has many differences as well. In this discussion, I compare and contrast these two frameworks, to hopefully illuminate characteristics of each, highlighting their respective strengths and weaknesses, and providing recommendations regarding the settings in which each approach might be preferable.
The approach and management of bruxism in Alzheimer’s disease: An under-recognized habit that concerns caregivers (innovative practice)
Authors: Mathew Thomas , Venkatesh Shruthi , Srinivas Meghana
Published: February 2017

Bruxism (teeth grinding) is an under-recognized cause of caregiver concern in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. We report two cases of Alzheimer’s disease with bruxism that caused significant distress to the caregivers. Patient data were collected from the case records of our hospital. One patient presented with early Alzheimer’s disease and another with advanced Alzheimer’s disease had bruxism causing significant caregiver distress. One patient was treated with botulinum toxin type A with complete relief of the symptom. Bruxism in Alzheimer’s disease patients can be a cause of caregiver distress. It can be successfully treated with botulinum toxin. Whether bruxism is rare in Alzheimer’s disease or is under-reported is to be evaluated in future studies.
Are There Differences Depending on the Device Used to Complete a Web Survey (PC or Smartphone) for Order-by-click Questions?
Authors: Revilla Melanie
Published: February 2017

The development of web surveys has been accompanied by the emergence of new scales, taking advantages of the visual and interactive features provided by the Internet like drop-down menus, sliders, drag-and-drop, or order-by-click scales. This article focuses on the order-by-click scales, studying the comparability of the data obtained for this scale when answered through PCs versus smartphones. I used data from an experiment where panelists from the Netquest opt-in panel in Spain were randomly assigned to a PC, smartphone optimized, or smartphone not-optimized version of the same questionnaire in two waves. I found significant differences due to the device and optimization at least for some indicators and questions.
Association between red meat consumption and colon cancer: A systematic review of experimental results
Authors: Turner Nancy D , Lloyd Shannon K
Published: February 2017

A role for red and processed meat in the development of colorectal cancer has been proposed based largely on evidence from observational studies in humans, especially in those populations consuming a westernized diet. Determination of causation specifically by red or processed meat is contingent upon identification of plausible mechanisms that lead to colorectal cancer. We conducted a systematic review of the available evidence to determine the availability of plausible mechanistic data linking red and processed meat consumption to colorectal cancer risk. Forty studies using animal models or cell cultures met specified inclusion criteria, most of which were designed to examine the role of heme iron or heterocyclic amines in relation to colon carcinogenesis. Most studies used levels of meat or meat components well in excess of those found in human diets. Although many of the experiments used semi-purified diets designed to mimic the nutrient loads in current westernized diets, most did not include potential biologically active protective compounds present in whole foods. Because of these limitations in the existing literature, there is currently insufficient evidence to confirm a mechanistic link between the intake of red meat as part of a healthy dietary pattern and colorectal cancer risk.

Impact statement

Current recommendations to reduce colon cancer include the reduction or elimination of red or processed meats. These recommendations are based on data from epidemiological studies conducted among cultures where meat consumption is elevated and consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains are reduced. This review evaluated experimental data exploring the putative mechanisms whereby red or processed meats may contribute to colon cancer. Most studies used levels of meat or meat-derived compounds that were in excess of those in human diets, even in cultures where meat intake is elevated. Experiments where protective dietary compounds were used to mitigate the extreme levels of meat and meat-derived compounds showed protection against colon cancer, with some essentially negating the impact of meat in the diet. It is essential that better-designed studies be conducted that use relevant concentrations of meat or meat-derived compounds in complex diets representative of the foods consumed by humans.
“We Need Help in the Delta”
Authors: Wang Sherry C. , Crook LaShaundrea , Connell Carol , Yadrick Kathy
Published: February 2017

The purpose of this study was to better understand the barriers to health promotion among African American older men living in the rural Mississippi Delta. A qualitative, intrinsic case study approach was used to explore the phenomenon of health and the barriers to promoting men’s health within the unique context of the Delta. Data included one key informant interview and two focus group interviews with 14 men, with the majority between the ages of 41 and 55 years. Focus group participants were lay community members as well as members of a volunteer community health advisors men’s group. Findings underscore the extensiveness of the term “health” and the importance of attending to structural barriers in addressing men’s health. Three overarching themes emerged: “men don’t talk about health,” “health care is not just the issue, everything is,” and “we need a strong male to lead.” Implications for future research and health promotion efforts are provided.