bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formation and development of innovative ecosystem
Authors: Ainakul N. A. , Nurymova S. K. , Beknazarova A. T.
Published: March 2022

This article says that in the conditions of globalization and increased competition, effective development is not possible without the development and implementation of high-tech industries, which are based on the use of scientific and technological achievements, factors such as innovation, intellectual capital, which, in turn, is largely determined by the level of the innovation ecosystem. The possibilities of the economy that become available as a result of the development of the innovation ecosystem are revealed. This article shows the unity and difference of such categories as entrepreneurial and innovative ecosystems, the need for the integrated development of these ecosystems and the conditions under which their effective development takes place. The role of universities in the formation and development of the innovation ecosystem is also touched upon, and the algorithmic chain of formation of relations in the innovation ecosystem is shown, and five scalable levels of the innovation ecosystem and their expected consequences are proposed. The conclusion is made about the multidimensional nature of the innovation ecosystem and the need to use an integrated approach in solving the problem of the development of the innovation ecosystem.
Electronic marketing and electronic commerce in Kazakhstan: analysis of the state, features and development trends
Authors: Malenko K. V. , Kurmanalina А. А. , Semenikhin V. V.
Published: March 2022

The purpose of the article is to assess the e-commerce market as one of the main methods of maintaining trade in the country. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set: to disclose the very definition of e-commerce and its elements, to study the data of e-commerce statistics and the level of development of e-commerce in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Today, e-commerce is actively developing, which has provided other business development opportunities, namely, significant savings in transactions, remote access to foreign sites. Measures to promote Kazakhstani companies on international electronic platforms are of particular importance for the development of e-commerce in Kazakhstan. This article discusses the features of electronic marketing, trends, analysis of this market in the world and in Kazakhstan. The results of the analysis revealed obstacles to the development of e-commerce in Kazakhstan. The necessary measures and recommendations for improving the mechanism of e-commerce are given. E-commerce at the national level allows many businesses to establish their presence in the marketplace. It also allows you to expand your economic activities and opportunities beyond national borders. With the penetration and convenience of the Internet, many Internet consumers freely turn to online shopping, which in turn easily compete with their physical competitors around the world. Today, e-commerce is perceived as an independent and profitable area of any business and has tremendous growth potential.
Evaluation	of	innovative	development	of	transit	economies:	the	example	of	Kazakhstan
Authors: Aubakirova G. M. , Isataeva F. M.
Published: March 2022

Integration of Kazakhstan into world economic processes presupposes activation of innovation policy. The purpose of the article is to investigate the current problems of the country’s innovative development over the years of new industrialization, with an emphasis on the key role of the state in their regulation. The generalized results of the country’s innovative development made it possible to identify the main reasons that hinder the progressive innovation movement. The article shows that since a feature of the economy of Kazakhstan is a high level of technological heterogeneity, the new industrialization was designed to eliminate the technological backwardness of industries, to create new points of innovative growth. The authors come to the conclusion that for a technological and product breakthrough, for reaching radical innovations, enterprises need to learn how to build cooperative ties and strategic alliances between large entities with the participation of research organizations, small and medium-sized businesses. The role of the state in enhancing innovation policy in the medium term is shown, with an emphasis on mechanisms and tools that stimulate innovation activities of enterprises, promotion of state and corporate innovations.
Development of “applied bachelor” programs as an approach to solving the issue of youth employment (NEET)
Authors: Ibadildin N. А. , Artykbaeva Y. E.
Published: March 2022

The authors in their article aim to consider the development of the educational model of “applied bachelor degree”, which requires further development, as a new approach to solving the issue of youth employment, both in foreign countries and in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Existing concepts and experience of the implementation of the dual education system in different countries were considered. The existing model for training specialists of “applied bachelor” in the Republic of Kazakhstan is considered in detail too. A detailed theoretical analysis was carried out, which showed the strengths and weaknesses of educational programs. In their work, the authors used legal acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of education. In addition, the authors made a quantitative analysis of the register of educational programs of NJSC “Talap”, according to the registered “applied bachelor” programs. During the implementation of the model shortcomings in the interaction between stakeholders, educational structures and enterprises were identified. As a result of the analysis further ways of improving the system of dual education at the level of “applied bachelor” in the Republic of Kazakhstan were identified, systematized and recommended. Further implementation and widespread use of the dual education system can help in the further development of professional and post-secondary education in the framework of training in the specialty “applied bachelor” in various sectors of the country’s economy. The implementation of the proposed concept will make it possible to level the existing unemployment among young people of the NEET generation.
Mechanism for regulation of housing construction in the republic of Kazakhstan
Authors: Zhanbyrbayeva A. N. , Amaniyazova G. D. , Yesturliyeva A. I. , Аzhigueva А.
Published: March 2022

For modern Kazakhstan, the solution of the housing is one of the main socio-economic tasks, since housing construction is one of the sociality significant branches of the national economic complex and contributes to the implementation of the constitutional right of citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan – housing law, and the complexity of solving the problem is characterized by negative consequences of the global economic and financial crisis. The solution to the problem of providing the population with housing largely depends on the solvency of consumers, which, in turn, is determined by the dynamics of the ratio of income and housing prices. The housing market is influenced by many factors – factors of state regulation of the real estate market, the general economic situation, the microeconomic situation, the social situation in the region, the environmental situation in the region. The article considers in detail the issues of housing construction in the Republic of Kazakhstan, the conditions of development, disadvantages and advantages, as well as justifies proposals for regulating this area. In Kazakhstan, all conditions are being created to provide the population with affordable housing that meets the needs of the population, since not every citizen of the country has the opportunity to purchase an expensive place to live. The implementation of a purposeful and consistent social policy of the state is one of the main initiatives of the Republic of Kazakhstan aimed at social modernization
Mutual Causal Effects Between Bank Stability and Profitability in SSA Banking System
Authors: Zheng Changjun , Jean-Petit Sinamenye
Published: March 2022

Abstract

This paper intends to assess the interaction between stability factors and profitability
proxies with macroeconomic factors as controllable variables. The analysis used
bank risk metrics (LLRs, Credit Growth, and NPLs) and bank performance proxies
(NIM, ROE, and ROA) with a dataset from 40 countries with 350 active commercial
banks. The study uses Autoregressive Distributed Lags estimation with Dynamic
Fixed Effect method (ARDL-DFE) to assess both short and long-run interaction
effects. The analysis finds that both are interesting for a better sustainable banking
system: the results evidenced a causal interdependence effect between bank
profitability ratios and bank stability proxies. Furthermore, three causality tests and
cointegration analyses were significant enough, which allowed us to conclude that
caring for bank risk is caring for bank performance. This study recommends
regulators (central banks and the Basel Committee) to enforce the bank profitability
to mitigate related bank risks. The study also suggests (especially Basel Committee)
a regulator tool called Bank Performance/Profit Requirement Ratio (BPRR).

JEL classification numbers: P430, G4, E510.
Keywords: Bank, Risk, Performance, Stability, Profitability, Interdependence,
DFE, SSA, Africa.
PANDEMİ SÜRECİNDE ALTERNATİF MEKÂN ARAYIŞI: KARAVAN VE KULLANICI DENEYİMLERİ
Authors: BULDAÇ Merve
Published: March 2022

Tüm dünyanın mücadele ettiği COVID-19 sebebi ile yaşam, tüm boyutlarıyla olumsuz etkilenmiş ve etkilenmeye devam etmektedir. Küresel bir tehdit olarak görülen bu salgın, bireysel ve toplumsal anlamda beklenmedik etkiler yaratmıştır. Özellikle fiziksel ve ruhsal anlamda bireyler üzerinde bıraktığı olumsuz etkiler oldukça önem taşımaktadır. Bireyler, sosyal mesafeyi koruyabilmek için izole bir yaşantı sürmek zorunda kalmalarından doğan kısıtlı hacimler/alanlar içinde zaman geçirmek durumunda kalmışlardır. Bu kısıtlamadan doğan iletişimsizlik ve en az düzeyde sosyalleşme eylemleri, pandemi sürecinin yarattığı olumsuz etkiler olarak gösterilebilir. Dolayısıyla, fiziksel ve ruhsal anlamda hareket alanları kısıtlanan bireyler, sosyal mesafeyi de göz önünde bulundurarak ev sınırları dışında alternatif mekân arayışı içerisine girmişlerdir. Bu arayışlar içinde kamp yapmak en çok tercih edilen aktiviteler arasında yer almaya başlamıştır. Bu kapsamda, kamp çadırlarının, karavanların vb. en çok tercih edilen alternatif mekânlar oldukları gözlemlenmektedir. Ancak gereksinimleri karşılaması ve daha rahat/konforlu bir ortam sunması açısından özellikle karavanlar, insanlar tarafından çok daha fazla tercih edilmektedir. Bu çalışma da, mobil mekân olan karavanların, pandemi sürecinde ne ölçüde önemli rol oynadığını ve karavan kullanımının kullanıcı için olumlu/olumsuz yönlerini ve memnuniyet düzeylerini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma yöntemi olarak nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden biri olan fenomenolojik yaklaşım kullanılmış ve internet ortamı üzerinden gönderilen anket çalışması ile araştırmaya Türkiye’nin farklı yerlerinde ikamet eden karavan kullanıcılarının katılımı sağlanmıştır. Anket çalışması sonrasında, katılımcı geri bildirimleri ile elde edilen verilerin analizi yapılmış ve kullanıcıların, karavanlara olan bakış açıları belirlenmiştir. Covid-19 ile birlikte güncel bir konu haline gelen pandemi süreci ve beraberinde getirdiği kısıtlamaların, insanları yeni yer arayışına itmesi sebebi ile çokça tercih edilen mobil mekânlardan karavanların, kullanıcısına sunduğu avantaj ve dezavantajları ortaya koyarak, alanda literatüre katkı sağlamak gerekçesiyle bu çalışma yapılmak istenmektedir.
Evaluation of clinicopathological and prognostic significance of RDW in gastric cancer
Authors: ÖZDEMİR Dursun Burak , KARAYİĞİT Ahmet , DİZEN Hayrettin , ÜNAL Bülent
Published: March 2022

Objective: We aimed to reveal possible relationships between pre-operative RDW values and clinicopathological features of gastric cancer (GC) and to evaluate its predictive impact on progression and prognosis of GC.

Material And Method: A total of 92 patients who underwent curative surgery were retrospectively included the study. GC patients were divided into two groups: high-RDW group (>14.5%, n=58) and low-RDW (
Bir eğitim araştırma hastanesinde diyabetik ayak doku biyopsi enfeksiyonlarının dört yıllık değerlendirilmesi
Authors: SAVCI Ünsal , KENDİRCİ Murat
Published: March 2022

Amaç: Bu çalışmada bölgemizde en sık görülen diyabetik ayak enfeksiyonu (DAE) etkenlerinin ve antibiyotik direnç oranlarının belirlenmesi, ayrıca DAE tedavi etkinliğinin artırılması hedeflenmiştir.

Gereç ve Yöntem: Retrospektif olarak yapılan çalışmada 2018-2021 tarihleri arasında Wagner sınıflamasına göre evre 2 ve üzeri, 240 diyabetik ayak enfeksiyonu tanılı hastanın diyabetik ayak biyopsi örneklerinden izole edilen 442 bakteri ve maya dâhil edildi. Örneklerin kültürü için %5 koyun kanlı agar, eosin methylen blue agar, çikolata agar ve saboraund dextroz agar besiyerleri kullanıldı. Etkenlerin konvansiyonel metotlar ve VITEK®-2 (BioMérieux, Fransa) otomatize identifikasyon cihazı kullanılarak identifikasyonları ve antibiyotik duyarlılık testleri yapıldı.

Bulgular: Hastalardan izole edilen 442 mikroorganizma değerlendirildi. Hasta başına ortalama 1,8 patojen düşmekteydi. İzole edilen mikroorganizmalar sırasıyla; 397 Gram-negatif bakteri, 38 izolat Gram-pozitif bakteri, 7 izolat ise maya idi. En sık izole edilen Gram-negatif bakteri; Pseudomonas aeruginosa (%39,6), en sık izole izole edilen Gram-pozitif bakteri ise; Staphylococcus aureus (%3,6) idi. En etkili antibiyotikler ve duyarlılıkları sırasıyla; fosfomisin (%96,2), tigesiklin (%92,3), eritromisin (%77,4), sefotaksim (%74,7), kolistin (%73,8), sefoksitin (%69,4) ve fusidik asit (%68,8) olarak tespit edilmiştir.

Sonuç: Çalışmamız sonucunda DAE’ndan en sık izole edilen P. aeruginosa ve diğer Gram-negatif bakterilerin saptanmış olması ampirik tedavinin belirlenmesine katkı sağlanacaktır. Ülkemizin DAE patojen dağılımlarının ve antibiyotik dirençlerinin belirlenmesine de katkısı olacaktır. Ayrıca kültür ve antibiyogram sonuçları rehberliğinde tedavi protokollerinin daha etkili olması ve antibiyotik direnç gelişimi azaltılacaktır.
Fluoride Facilitates Contraction of Duodenal Smooth Muscle in Rat by Inhibiting the Enzymatic Activity of Acetylcholinesterase and Promoting Oxidative Stress
Authors: Roy Mahua Guha , Pal Sanghamitra , Sarkar Kaushik , Mondal Mukti , Paul Goutam
Published: March 2022

The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of fluoride on the contraction of visceral smooth muscle of duodenum, the initial segment of small intestine, in rat model. We have observed significant potentiation of the movement of the duodenum ex vivo in a dose and duration dependent manner in sodium fluoride exposed rats compared to control group of rats (7.5 mgNaF/KgBW/Day, 15 mgNaF/KgBW/Day, 30 mgNaF/KgBW/Day for 14 and 28 days durations). This result indicates that fluoride potentiates the duodenal movement probably by promoting the contraction of visceral smooth muscle found in the wall structure of duodenum. Further, a significant inhibition of the enzymatic activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in duodenal smooth muscle homogenate in fluoride exposed groups of rats has been observed. This result suggests that fluoride induced potentiation of the contraction of duodenal smooth muscle might be due to inhibition of the enzymatic activity of AChE. To examine the involvement of smooth muscular oxidative stress in fluoride induced potentiation of smooth muscle contraction of duodenum, the effects of fluoride on oxidative stress variables have been studied. We have observed significant inhibition of the enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and increase in the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in smooth muscle homogenate of duodenum in exposed groups of rats. These findings indicate that fluoride might facilitate smooth muscle contraction by inducing oxidative stress. We have also found significant cytoarchitectural changes in stained duodenal wall structure in exposed groups of rats. This result suggests that fluoride may promote structural degeneration of muscle probably by inducing oxidative stress. In conclusion, fluoride potentiates the contraction of duodenal visceral smooth muscle of rat probably by inhibiting the enzymatic activity of AChE and inducing cellular oxidative stress.
An Innovative Review Study on Using Pulmonary Vaccination in Covid 19 Pandemic
Authors: B Rekha. , P Swetha. , G Ramya.
Published: March 2022

The current state of pulmonary vaccine delivery will be discussed in this review. The prospects for lung immunization using dry powder generation technologies and specialized medicinal formulations are discussed. In terms of vaccine durability and antigenicity, dry powder vaccine generation technologies may be advantageous. The non-invasive, reasonably safe, and low-cost nature of pulmonary delivery could help the public health vaccination significantly. The vaccines, which are all given intramuscularly, produce systemic antibodies in the blood but not antibodies in the pulmonary mucosal lining. Inhalation vaccines provide a number of potential benefits over injectable vaccines, including ease of delivery, and even self-administration. To create a dry powder inhalation formulation that is breathable and mediates robust transfection in the lung, a safe and effective mRNA delivery vector as well as a suitable particle engineering approach is needed.
An Investigation of Anticonvulsant Activity of Aqueous Extract of Ficus carica Linn Fruits in Experimental Animal Models
Authors: Bhat Ramdas , Rao Nithyananda , Vegas Grinton , Kumar Ravi
Published: March 2022

The main moto of the present study is to evaluate the anticonvulsant property of Ficus carica fruits in Swiss albino mice using Maximal electroshock seizures (MES) model. Animals were divided into 5 groups of n=6 each using Phenytoin (25 mg/kg i.p) as the standard drug. The Aqueous extract of Ficus carica was given at three doses of 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 750 mg/kg p.o. The test samples had been given one hour prior to the induction of convulsions. The present study reveals that the aqueous extract of Ficus carica at the doses of 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 750 mg/kg p.o significantly reduced the duration of tonic hind limb extension (THLE) in mice (P<0.001, P<0.01, P<0.05) in a dose dependent manner as compared to the vehicle control. The aqueous extract of dose 750 mg/kg body weight was found to have much similar like that of Phenytoin (Standard drug). As a result of the foregoing findings, the aqueous extract of Ficus carica was found to have considerable anticonvulsant activity in the Maximal electroshock seizures (MES) model.
Indonesian Foreign Policy and the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Kadewandana Donie
Published: March 2022

This paper examines Indonesia’s foreign policy regarding the handling of the global COVID-19 pandemic. As the third most populous country in Asia after China and India, Indonesia has taken strategic steps to handle COVID-19, looking after its citizens both within the country and abroad. The study shows that Indonesia’s foreign policy is carried out through the Alliance for Multilateralism. First, Indonesian citizens abroad are protected by the Indonesian government with the help of large-scale repatriation, especially in countries that have been severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Second, the Indonesian government encourages the strengthening of governance within the global health framework by supporting the policies of the World Health Organization (WHO). In addition, Indonesia cooperates with various countries, both regionally and multilaterally, in dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic. The factors that influence Indonesia’s foreign policy regarding the handling of the COVID-19 pandemic include Indonesia’s national interests and the international political situation. These have characterized foreign policy implementation under President Joko Widodo during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Social Distancing? The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Cross-Strait Relations
Authors: Friedmann Viktor
Published: March 2022

Owing to changes in Taiwan’s domestic politics, the PRC’s turn to a more assertive foreign policy, and the rapid deterioration in Sino-US affairs, cross-Strait relations were already at their lowest point in recent history when the Covid-19 pandemic broke out. This article analyses how the interplay between these already existing factors and the pandemic have impacted relations between Beijing and Taipei. The analysis is conducted on three levels: Taiwan’s domestic politics; cross-Strait perceptions and interactions; and changes in the international space available for Taiwan. It is argued that the pandemic has primarily accelerated and amplified trends already in place rather than introduce fundamentally new factors. Taiwan’s successful management of the pandemic has stabilized DPP rule and given the government enlarged policy space. It has further entrenched negative views of the other on both sides of the Strait and decreased crossStrait social contact. The country’s success has also provided a boost to Taiwan’s manoeuvring in the increasingly fragmented international economic and political space that has resulted from intensifying great power competition.
Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in follicular cell-derived lesions of the thyroid: Is NIFTP benign or precancerous?
Authors: Kurtulmuş Neslihan , Tokat Fatma , Düren Mete , Kaya Hakan , Ertaş Burak , İnce Ümit
Published: March 2022

Objective: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an angiogenic factor that plays an important role in physiological and pathological angiogenesis of the thyroid. The aim of the current study was to determine the expression characteristics of VEGF in follicular cell-derived lesions of the thyroid and to assess whether a new entity noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) is precancerous.

Material and Methods: Patients diagnosed with 33 follicular adenomas (FA), 41 invasive follicular variant papillary thyroid cancer (IN-FVPTC), and 40 NIFTP in surgical resection materials were evaluated retrospectively. Immunostaining was performed on 5-μm paraffin tissue sections. The percentages of immunostaing for VEGF were evaluated on pathological materials. We used a percentage of labeled thyrocytes score (0, no labeling; 1, <30%; 2, 31-60%; 3, >60%) and an intensity score (0, no staining; 1, weak; 2, intermediate; 3, strong). The sum of two scores were accepted as the total score.

Results: Mean ages of the FA, IN-FVPTC, and NIFTP groups were 44.7 ± 11.7 years, 46.9 ± 13.6 years, 43.2 ± 15.4 years, respectively and the mean VEGF immunostaining scores were 44.7 ± 29.3, 50.2 ± 32.54, 4 ± 26.3 respectively. Although there was no statistically significant difference (p= 0.347), the total score of the NIFTPs was higher than the scores of the FA (mean= 3.9 ± 1.8) and IN-FVPTC(mean= 4.3 ± 1.9) groups with a mean value of 4.6 ± 1.7. This result was remarkable. There was no statistically significant difference between tumor diameters and staining percentages (p= 0.750).

Conclusion: Even if there were no statistical differences for VEGF immunostaining, it was high in NIFTPs. Since we know the role of VEGF in tumorigenesis, we can hypothesize that NIPTP can be precancerous. Our argue should be corroborated by a large prospective study.
Knowledge survey regarding blast wound education of student doctors at a local academic medical university in Japan
Authors: Kawano Fumiaki , Munakata Shun , Tashiro Kousei , Ikenoue Makoto , Furukawa Koji , Ochiai Hidenobu , Nakamura Kunihide , Nanashima Atsushi
Published: March 2022

Objective: To improve knowledge about blast injury for medical student doctors or surgeons. In the modern uncertain era, education and training programs for blast injuries for medical student doctors or surgeons are recently necessary worldwide.

Material and Methods: To understand primary corresponding ability to treat blast injuries, leading to improvement of the trauma education curriculum, a retrospective study by a knowledge survey was performed between 2018 and 2019. The subject had the title of Student Doctor (SD) at university.

Results: The answers of 183 participants who answered the interview questionnaire with 16 questions were summarized. Although most SDs received basic lectures for trauma medicine and majority of SDs knew about mass casualty incidents and primary treatment, the existence of knowledge on soft targets is limited. One-fourth of the SDs knew the characteristics of blast wounds. Most SDs understood priority triage for a conscious person with massive bleeding from a limb with hemostasis to save lives. The 17% selected cardiopulmonary resuscitation first and 72% of SDs could explain hemorrhagic shock; however, only four could explain adequate hemostatic procedures. Most had no interest regarding necessity of their knowledge in the field of serious blast trauma wounds.

Conclusion: Experience in trauma surgery training from stages in SDs and authorized education are important for raising students’ knowledge of unexpected serious blast incidents.
ERCP licence in the context of medical practices, legal regulations, medical ethics and patient’s rights in our country
Authors: Yılmaz Sezgin
Published: March 2022

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is an invasive endoscopic procedure mainly used for hepatobiliary and pancreatic disorders. Although it was first developed by a surgeon, McCune, there is still debate on who can perform this procedure. This problem, which actually needs to be solved within medical ethics, has been brought to the courts, and lawsuits have been filed against general surgeons to prevent them from performing ERCP. The current situation in our country demonstrates that 50-70% of ERCP procedures are performed by general surgeons. In regions where there are not enough gastroenterology specialists, only general surgeons perform this procedure. Today, general surgeons have hundreds of articles on ERCP procedures and studies accepted as international guideline. ERCP procedure -which is in fact a surgical procedure- is included in hepatobiliary surgical procedures in the general surgery core training schedule. General surgeons receive ERCP education in a 6-month challenging program at centers accredited by the Turkish Surgical Society. The problem of ERCP license cannot be solved by legal authorities but by medical, ethical and deontological discussions. Our recommendation here is that the Ministry of Health should associate this procedure with a specific legislation, just like in endoscopy, and establish a specific ERCP training program accepted for license. In this article, the problem of who should perform ERCP was discussed within the framework of legal legislation, medical doctrine and realities of our country.
Setting up a surgical complex gallstone service in a non-HPB unit
Authors: Mckay Siobhan , Super Jonathan , Marudanayagam Ravi , Daskalakis Markos , Nijjar Rajwinder , Isaac John , Richardson Martin , Singhal Rishi
Published: March 2022

Objective: Complex gallstone disease is associated with a higher risk of complication during laparoscopic cholecystectomy than biliary colic and simple cholecystitis. It is traditionally managed in a hepatopancreaticobiliary (HPB) unit where there is expertise for common bile duct exploration and repair. We developed a mentorship scheme for a busy upper gastro-intestinal (UGI) unit, with support from a specialist HPB unit to treat complex gallstone disease, to reduce the burden on the HPB unit and enable local treatment of patients.

Material and Methods: Through the creation of a service level agreement, the specialist HPB unit were commissioned to provide mentorship for two surgeons at a large UGI unit with an interest in providing a complex gallstone service to their local population. Eight sessions of mentored operating were supported, with the provision for additional support if complications occurred.

Results: There were 14 patients included in the mentorship phase of the programme from November 2015 to May 2017. Cholecystectomies were performed on patients with previously complex histories, which included: previous cholecystostomy; CBD stones and multiple ERCPs; suspected choledochoduodenal fistula; suspected cholecystoduodenal fistula; suspected Mirrizzi’s syndrome; previous significant intra-abdominal operation; and significant medical co-morbidities. There was one post-operative complication requiring a return to theatre, and one minor wound infection associated with the complex gallstone lists.

Conclusion: We demonstrated a method to reduce the burden on specialist HPB unit for the operative management of complex gallstone disease and safely implement such a service at large UGI unit with an interest in providing a complex gallstone service.
Formulation and Evaluation of Ocular in situ gel of Neomycin Sulphate
Authors: Snehal Rawal , Sunita Patidar , Rajat Pawar
Published: March 2022

Conventional dosage forms of Neomycin sulphate suffer from different drawbacks like spillage, poor penetration, low bioavailability, etc. In situ ophthalmic gel can overcome these problems by improving bioavailability, decreasing spillage and diminish the need for recurrent application. Thus, the aim of the present work was to prepare and evaluate in situ ophthalmic gel of Neomycin sulphate for sustained ocular delivery. polymers Carbopol 940 were used in different concentrations for the preparation of Neomycin sulphate insitu gel all formulations were found to be transparent and clear; pH of the formulations was within drug content was found within 94.16% in all optimized in situ gelling systems. Optimized formulations F3 (Carbopol 940), were liquid before instillation to the eye and underwent rapid gelation upon instillation to the eye. Hence, from the above results we can conclude that in situ ophthalmic gels of Neomycin sulphate can be a good option for the treatment of various bacterial eye infections.
Rectourethral Fistula Management Via Urological Prospective
Authors: Khan Mazhar , Iftikhar Muhammad
Published: March 2022

Rectourethral fistula is a rare condition with multiple etiology. The surgical treatment is a challenge as the site is difficult to reach and also there are usually several associated comorbidities from the etiological cause which needs to be dealt with. This pathology involves different speciality i.e., general surgery, colorectal surgery, minimal access surgery, urology and reconstructive surgery etc. This being one of the reasons that several different surgical technique and approaches are devised to treat this condition. Our study is based on 19 patients in whom the etiology was trauma. The surgical approach was transperineal andwe utilizing scrotal fibrofatty vascularized flap for interposition layer. We had 89.5% (n=17) success rate and10.5% (n=2) recurrence. It is therefore concluded that perineal approach is safe and far less complication.It is also important to place vascularize interposition tissue flap for successful outcome.While more radical trans sphincteric approach with defunctional colostomy should only be reserved for more complex and recurrent cases.
Injury Patterns among Adult Football Players in Sudan Premier League
Authors: MH Awadelseid , TB Morkaz , M Mustafa
Published: March 2022

1.1. Background: Football is the most famous and most watched sport in the world. Most of the football players are in high risk of getting injured during their professional careers. To play football demands one to be fit. Football players are constantly training to perform at the highest levels and to have enough strength to overcome the demands from the various coaches, staff and fans. During this process, players are exposed to all sorts of trauma and various types of injuries. During the previous few years, the incidence for football related injuries has increased. 1.2. Purpose: Due to lack of previous studies in Sudan, this study is aimed to determine the injury patterns among adult football players in the Premier League in Sudan. 1.3. Objective: To study the injury pattern(s) among adult football players in Khartoum. Injuries resulting from this sport in the Sudan Premier League in Khartoum is the 4th aim of this study. 1.4. Study design: A cross-sectional study design was conducted. 1.5. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study and was conducted in Khartoum State in 2017 involving Premier League football clubs. The target teams included five clubs: Al-Hilal, Meriakh, Al-Ahli, Triat Elbiga and Khartoum Watani. The total number of study participants (i.e. sample size) included 100 adult male football players, with the exception of one team and their players (due to their refusal to participation in this study). The response rate was 80% in the resulting four teams. Data was collected using a questionnaire. 1.6. Results: The prevalence of previous injuries among the players was 23 (23%) and recent injuries rose to 31 players (31%). 1.7. Conclusion: The most common sites for injuries included: the knee, shoulder, hamstring, foot, leg, and back injuries. Among the recent injuries (n=31), the most common type was ruptured muscles reported in 14 (45.5%); ankle injuries 7 (22.6%) and thigh injuries 6 (19.4%) were among the most sites affected. The IV majority of the injuries 23 (74.2%) were on the right side of the body; most of the injuries 23 (82.1%) were caused by trauma and 8 (25.3%) by overuse. Positions played by the injured players includes: midfielder 10 (32.3%); defender 9 (29%); striker 7 (22.6%) and goalkeeper 5 (16.1%). Regarding mechanism of injury: 24 (77.4%) of injuries occurred during matches, 7 (22.6%) during trainings; 17 (54.8%) in pitches with grass; 14 (45.2%) in artificial turf pitches; most of the players 16 (51.6%) changed their footwear every 6 months; 15 (48.4%) of the injuries occurred during sunny weather; 21 (70%) of the injuries happened after player-to-player collisions; collisions while on the pitch accounted for 9 (29%) of injuries. The overall injury prevalence was found to be high, but with lower severities. The most common type of injury found was ruptured muscles.
Effectiveness of Kinetic Oscillation Stimulation Treatment in Patients with Non-Allergic Rhinitis Refractory to Conventional Medical Therapies
Authors: F Tortorella , LDR Businco , A Gambioli , ADR Businco , P Longo , S Pavaci
Published: March 2022

1.1. Introduction: Kinetic Oscillation Stimulation (KOS) is a new treatment for symptoms of non-allergic rhinitis (NAR). The aim of the study was to investigate effectiveness of KOS treatment in patients affected by NAR. 1.2. Methods: From December 2018 to July 2020, 39 patients, already refractory to conventional medical therapy, were treated with KOS. As control group, we considered a group of 41 patients treated with topical mometasone furoate, observed in the same period and number of days. During the ENT visit, objective examinations were performed to assess respiratory function. In addition, all the subjects filled out quality of life (QoL) questionnaires. All patients were reevaluated after 45 days. 1.3. Results: All the instrumental assessments and QoL questionnaires showed a significant improvement 45 days after KOS treatment. Sixteen patients (43%) reported an improvement across all tests. Active anterior rhinomanometry improved for Inspiratory Resistance in 26 patients (70%) and for Expiratory Resistance for 27 patients (73%). Moreover, we found that KOS group presented a better improvement statistically significant for the QoL questionnaries, respect the control group. 1.4. Conclusion: KOS treatment is a safe and mini-invasive procedure for the treatment of NAR symptoms, well accepted from patients and with a promising improvement of QoL, better than conventional medical therapies.
The Effect of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Number and Pattern of Major Thoracic Surgical Cases in Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar
Authors: Tahir I  , Alizai Q  , Ahmad M  , Ullah F  , Hussain M
Published: March 2022

1.1. Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic affected the activities of every department, but most significantly the health department. It is essential to understand and quantify any such effects on the healthcare for better future planning. 1.2. Objective: We used de-identified retrospective data to 1) quantify the prevalence of common surgeries in the thoracic surgery department, 2) investigate the impact of COVID 19 on the patients’ characteristics, and number and proportion of the thoracic surgeries in our department, and 3) search for the possible causes for any such effects. 1.3. Materials and Methods: We used a HIPPA complaint retrospective data of the patients who had surgery in the Thoracic Surgery division of Hayatabad Medical Complex, between December 2018 to July 2021 to work out the effects of the pandemic on the amount and kinds of surgeries in the thoracic department during the pandemic. 1.4. Results: Our data consisted of a total of 242 cases. During the pandemic, the total number of thoracic surgeries increased by 53%. The top five most common thoracic surgeries during the pandemic identified by prevalence were decortication (34.2%), hydatid cystectomy (10.8%), emergency thoracotomy (7%), esophagectomy (5.7%), and feeding jejunostomy (5.7%). During the pandemic, thoracic surgeries were generally more prevalent among males, and among relatively younger patients (age ≤10 years). We saw a significant drop in the proportion of surgeries for oncologic indications. However, no significant change was seen in the baseline characteristics, complications and mortality of the cases. 1.5. Conclusion: Although the pandemic had no significant effect on the baseline characteristics and the safety and efficacy of our procedures, the unplanned diversion of patients from other hospitals resulted in a sudden increased burden on our unit. We recommend a close communication between the different healthcare facilities, under a strict monitoring body, to prevent over burdening of the departments and smooth delivery of care to patients.
Recent Advance of Neuronal Cell Antigens and Autoimmune Encephalitis
Authors: A Ekladious
Published: March 2022

Patients with autoimmune encephalitis rarely present to neurology clinic before presenting to memory, seizure, movement disorder, and psychiatry clinics, recent discovery of neuronal surface autoantibodies have shifted the balance towards the diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis, patients with autoimmune encephalitis used to receive the diagnosis of infectious encephalitis, with poor response to antiseizure, antibacterial and antiviral therapy, autoimmune encephalitis has a fundamental phenotype which is very specific even if serology was negative, early diagnosis is of paramount importance due to starting immunotherapy and avoid mortality and significant morbidity.
Bütünleşik Pazarlama İletişiminden Bütünleşik Şehir Pazarlaması İletişimine Yönelik Teorik Bir Çerçeve
Authors: ERAVCI Abdullah
Published: March 2022

Pazarlama çalışmalarında, bütünleşik pazarlama iletişiminin (BPİ) kabul görmesi ve öneminin artmasıyla şehir pazarlaması gibi yeni disiplinlere uygulanması mümkün hâle gelmiştir. Şehir pazarlamasında paydaş ve hissedarların çokluğu ile ürün çeşitliliği, tanıtım araçlarının birlikte ve ahenk içerisinde kullanılmasını gerektirmektedir. Son yıllarda pek çok araştırma ve çalışmaya rağmen şehir pazarlaması konusunda istenilen başarıya ulaşılamaması problemi yapılan mevcut çalışmaların gözden geçirilmesine ve yeni yaklaşımların incelenmesine yöneltmektedir. Pazarlamada yeni yaklaşımlardan bir tanesi de bütünleşik pazarlama iletişimidir. Şehir pazarlaması probleminin büyük ölçüde paydaş çeşitliliğine dayanması bütünleşik pazarlama iletişimini içine alan yeni bir çerçevenin oluşturulması gerektiğine işaret etmektedir. “Bütünleşik şehir pazarlaması iletişimi” şeklinde daha önce yapılmış derli toplu bir araştırmaya rastlanmamıştır.

Bu araştırmada, bütünleşik pazarlama iletişimi yaklaşımının şehir pazarlamasına uyarlanması üzerine teorik bir çerçeve oluşturulması ve oluşturulan çerçeveyle şehir pazarlaması çalışmalarına katkı sağlanması amaçlanmaktadır. Bütünleşik şehir pazarlaması iletişimi (BŞPİ) şeklinde adlandırılan bu çalışmayla tanıtım araçlarının birlikte ve uyum içinde kullanılması durumunda hem paydaşların ve hem de hedef kitlelerin zihninde net mesajların uyanacağı tasarlanmaktadır. Yöntem olarak bütünleşik pazarlama iletişimi ve şehir pazarlaması konusu üzerine literatür araştırması yapılmış ve teorik bir çerçeve oluşturulmuştur. Teorik çerçeve oluşturulurken alanda daha önce yapılmış çalışmalardan ve araştırma modellerinden yararlanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler BPİ modelinin şehre uygulanmasının şehir pazarlamasını daha etkin ve verimli kılacağı yönündedir.
Post-Truth Bağlamda Sosyal Medya
Authors: AÇIKALIN Şuay Nilhan , CANBEY Mustafa
Published: March 2022

Bilgi iletişim teknolojilerinde son yıllarda oldukça hızla görülen değişimlerle beraber özellikle internet kullanımının artması sosyal medyayı dünya üzerinde güçlü bir aktör haline getirmiştir. Küreselleşme olgusu ile bu güçlü aktör pek çok kavramın değişime uğramasına sebep olmuştur. Bunlardan biri de “doğruluk” kavramıdır. Doğruluk tamamen göreceli hale gelmiş hatta doğruluk arayışı anlamsızlaştığı bir çağ ortaya çıkmıştır. “Post-truth” kavramı ile açıklanan bu olgunun gün geçtikçe artan etkisi bilim insanlarını bu hususta çalışmalar yapmaya teşvik etmektedir. Konu ile ilgili çeşitli teoriler ve kavramlar vasıtasıyla mantıksal çerçeve oturtulmaya ve açıklanmaya çalışılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada sosyal medyanın post-truth bağlamda incelenmesi ve bu hususta değerlendirmeler yapılması amaçlanmaktadır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda post-truth kavramına değinildikten sonra sosyal medyanın yapısına ve epistemolojisine yer verilmiş ve bu kavram post-truth ışığında tartışılmıştır. Böylelikle post-truth konusunun açıklanması ve kavramsal çerçevesinin oluşmasına katkı sağlanacağı düşünülmektedir.
Yozgat Blues ya da Taşrada Bireyin Kendisini Gerçekleştirmesinin İmkânsızlığı
Authors: OSMANOĞULLARI Fırat
Published: March 2022

Bir mekân ve aynı zamanda bir fikir olarak taşra olgusu, Türk sinemasında birçok filmde, farklı şekillerde yer almıştır. Mahmut Fazıl Coşkun’un yönettiği, 2013 yapımı Yozgat Blues da bu filmlerden bir tanesidir. Taşra, bu çalışmada ilk olarak, ontolojik bir yetersizliğin mekânı ve fikri olarak ele alınmıştır. Bu ontolojik yetersizlik, ‘gerçek ve benzeri’ arasındaki temel karşıtlıkta, taşranın ‘benzeri’ konumunda yer almasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Bu karşıtlık ise, metropol - taşra, merkez - çevre, İslamcılık - sekülerlik gibi, birbiriyle ilişkili başka karşıtlıkları da beraberinde getirmektedir. Çalışmada, filmin bu karşıtlıkları hangi bağlamlarda düşündürdüğü, imajlar, olay örgüsü, diyaloglar ve karakterler gibi temel filmik unsurlar üzerinden analiz edilmektedir. Gerçekleştirilen analiz ile birlikte, taşranın içerisinde barındırdığı karşıtlıklar ve bu karşıtlıklardan doğan kimi çelişkiler arasında yer alan bireyin, kendini gerçekleştirme ihtiyacını karşılayabilme olanakları sorgulanmaktadır.
Recycle Ability of Post-Consumer Recycled Plastic (PCR) from the Chlorine Tank
Authors: Thonglor Thanathip , Charoeythornkhajhornchai Pollawat
Published: March 2022

Plastic waste that used in our daily life is a major problem of environmental contaminate because it produces microplastics after degradation resulting in the harmful of living organisms, including humans. Therefore, this research has an idea to solve this problem by recycling the plastic waste.  High density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic waste from the chlorine tank in fishing industry is considered. This work was designed to blend it with virgin HDPE plastic pellets. The ratio of blended plastics between virgin HDPE pellets and HDPE plastic waste from the chlorine tank which was defined as post-consumer recycled plastic (PCR) was 100:0, 50:50, 40:60, 30:70, 20:80 and 0:100 wt%, respectively. The result shows unchanged thermal properties of plastic blends caused by the same type of polymer, thus the PCR without blending with the virgin HDPE plastic is selected for recycle ability studies. The PCR was rerun in the twin screw extruder in the range of 0 - 80 extruded recycle time to observe the thermal, rheological, mechanical, and physical properties. It was found from our result that 20 recycling time of PCR was appropriate for maximum recycling process due to slightly change rheological characteristics, mechanical properties as well as product’s color.

HIGHLIGHTS

Thermal properties of post-consumer recycled plastic (PCR) after recycling and its blending with virgin HDPE

Rheological change of post-consumer recycled plastic (PCR) after recycling

Mechanical and physical properties of post-consumer recycled plastic (PCR) after recycling to meet a customer need

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Micro Components Detection Using Deep Learning
Authors: Sweta Kumar  , Hasan Phudinawala  , Abhishek Dhakan
Published: March 2022

Industries have to manufacture products in large scale with respect to time in order to compete others but while producing small electronic components goods in bulk where it is automated at some point. Sometimes due to malfunction in automation it produces defects in product which impact negatively in some percentages of production. So, we propose them with our project which will identify the product before getting out of manufacturing unit surveillance camera’s with highly trained model to specific task in detection can opt out defects from it. After placing them in required position they detect the products with defects or for particular detection which will make manufacturer hectic & complex work easy especially detecting micro components in it. In can be also cost reduction as we use raspberry pi. Infact all small industrial markets were facing issues to defects detection in small parts of electronic item like semiconductor with mobility devices. Are article is proposing a defect detection algorithm for micro components that are based on a single short detector network (SSD) and deep learning.
APT Guard- Preventive Measures Against APT Attack
Authors: Prof. (Mrs.) S. S. Shinde  , Saurabh Jadhav  , Rahul Chilampande  , Yogesh Jagtap  , Adesh Jain
Published: March 2022

Many researchers have put their efforts into defence against this Advanced Persistence Threat (APT) attack. The traditional security systems such as web and email protectors and canners are no longer suitable for defending and preventing damages. The proposed system helps to detect ATP attacks from the network traffic data using a convolution Neural network (CNN). The experimentation is performed on the NSL-KDD dataset. Feature engineering is a major part of the system where we can select the 14 most appropriate features among 42 available features. One of the most effective approaches to APT attack detection is to use machine learning to analyse network traffic. The proposed method gives superior results in the detection of APT attacks.
Estrutura de dívida e seus determinantes: uma análise das grandes indústrias brasileiras
Authors: Eça João Paulo Augusto , Gomes Matheus da Costa , Valle Maurício Ribeiro do
Published: March 2022

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar os determinantes das fontes de financiamento das maiores empresas brasileiras do setor industrial, tendo como foco as empresas de capital fechado. A análise foi feita considerando uma amostra única de 153 empresas, sendo 64 de capital aberto e 89 de capital fechado. As dívidas foram classificadas em cinco categorias, a saber: a) dívida bancária; b) dívida subsidiada; c) dívida de mercado de capitais; d) arrendamento mercantil; e e) outros. De acordo com os resultados encontrados, os determinantes das fontes de financiamento variam a depender da fonte analisada e do tipo de empresa analisada (de capital aberto ou capital fechado). Além disso, o estudo também mostra que a maior parte das variáveis apontadas pela literatura como determinantes da estrutura de capital não são capazes de explicar a variação das fontes de financiamento dessas empresas de capital fechado.