bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lithospermum erythrorhizon Root and its Naphthoquinones Repress SREBP1c and Activate PGC1α Through AMPKα
Authors: Velliquette Rodney A. , Rajgopal Arun , Rebhun John , Glynn Kelly
Published: November 2017

Objective

To examine specific molecular mechanisms involved in modulating hepatic lipogenesis and mitochondria biogenesis signals by Lithospermum erythrorhizon (gromwell) root extract.

Methods

Stable cell lines with luciferase reporter constructs were generated to examine sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 (PGC1) α promoter activity and estrogen‐related receptor (ERR) α response element activity. Gene expression of SREBP1c, stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase 1, and PGC1α was measured by using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Lipogenesis was measured in human hepatoma cells with Nile red staining and flow cytometry. Phosphorylation of AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) α was determined by using ELISA and Western blot.

Results

Gromwell root extract and its naphthoquinones dose‐dependently repressed high glucose and liver X receptor α induction of SREBP1c promoter activity and gene expression. Hepatic lipogenesis was repressed, and PGC1α promoter and gene expression and ERRα response element activity were increased by gromwell root extract. Gromwell root extract, shikonin, and α‐methyl‐n‐butyrylshikonin increased AMPKα phosphorylation, and inhibition of AMPK blunted the repression in SREBP1c promoter activity by gromwell root extract and its naphthoquinones.

Conclusions

Data suggest that gromwell root extract and its naphthoquinones repress lipogenesis by increasing the phosphorylated state of AMPKα and stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis signals.
The Effects of Federal Adoption Incentive Awards for Older Children on Adoptions From U.S. Foster Care
Authors: Brehm Margaret E.
Published: November 2017

This paper analyzes state responses to the 2003 and 2008 changes in the federal Adoption Incentives program to increase adoptions from the U.S. foster care system. The 2003 change introduced a $4,000 payment to states for every adoption of a child aged 9 and older above a state‐specific baseline. In 2008, the payment was doubled to $8,000. Using a discrete hazard model cast in a difference‐in‐differences framework, I do not find robust evidence that the incentives increased the probability of adoption for older children relative to younger children following the policy changes. I also do not find that the incentives affected the timing of adoption, likelihood of termination of parental rights, or the amounts of adoption assistance for older children relative to younger children. The findings illustrate the incentives are unable to help states overcome many of the challenges associated with achieving adoption for older children.
Crosslinking mechanisms, structure and glass transition in phthalonitrile resins: Insight from computer multiscale simulations and experiments
Authors: Guseva Daria Victorovna , Rudyak Vladimir Yurievich , Komarov Pavel Vyacheslavovich , Sulimov Artem Vitalievich , Bulgakov Boris Anatolievich , Chertovich Alexander Victorovich
Published: November 2017

The influence of crosslinking process on the resulting structural properties of phthalonitrile matrices is studied through theoretical and experimental investigations. Multiscale procedure for generating fully atomistic phthalonitrile networks with simulation of radical polymerization reactions and specific reactions of triazine formation at the mesoscale level is presented and applied to the case of phthalonitrile resin based on low‐melting monomer bis(3‐(3,4‐dicyanophenoxy)phenyl)phenyl phosphate. The structural properties of the generated networks of various conversions and with various amount of triazine are analyzed using the dissipative particle dynamics and atomistic molecular dynamics. Triazine‐containing networks are much sparser in comparison with triazine‐free ones in terms of simple cycle size. The values of density, coefficients of linear thermal expansion and glass transition temperatures (Tgs) agree with obtained experimental data, and are very similar for different crosslinking mechanisms. The dependence of Tg on conversion correlates well with the sol–gel transition in network structure. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2018, 56, 362–374
Towards High‐Mobility Heteroepitaxial β‐Ga2O3 on Sapphire − Dependence on The Substrate Off‐Axis Angle
Authors: Rafique Subrina , Han Lu , Neal Adam T. , Mou Shin , Boeckl John , Zhao Hongping
Published: November 2017

This paper presents the heteroepitaxial growth of β‐Ga2O3 thin films on off‐axis (0001) c‐sapphire substrates by low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD). (−201) oriented β‐Ga2O3 thin films are grown using high purity metallic gallium (Ga) and oxygen (O2) as the precursors. N‐type conductivity in silicon doped β‐Ga2O3 thin films is demonstrated. It is found that the film crystalline quality, surface morphology, and electrical conductivity are remarkably sensitive to the off‐axis angles. X‐ray phi‐scan measurements of the β‐Ga2O3 film grown on on‐axis c‐sapphire indicate the presence of six in‐plane rotational domains due to the substrate symmetry. With the increase of off‐axis angle toward <11–20> of sapphire, one of the in‐plane orientations is strongly favored. The use of off‐axis substrate also reduced the X‐ray rocking curve full width at half maximum and increased the intensities of the Raman peaks. The best electrical properties of the β‐Ga2O3 film are exhibited by the film grown on 6° off‐axis c‐sapphire. The room temperature electron Hall mobility was 106.6 cm2 V−1 s−1 with an n‐type carrier concentration of 4.83 × 1017 cm−3. The results from this study demonstrate high electrical quality β‐Ga2O3 thin films grown on off‐axis c‐sapphire substrates, which are promising for high power electronic and short wavelength optoelectronic device applications.
Synthesis of Freestanding WS2 Trees and Fibers on Au by Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
Authors: Sharma Subash , Jaisi Balaram Paudel , Sharma Kamal Prasad , Araby Mona Ibrahim , Kalita Golap , Tanemura Masaki
Published: November 2017

In this work, we report the synthesis of two new forms of WS2 nanostructures – freestanding WS2 trees and fibers on Au by chemical vapor deposition. It is observed that dislocation‐driven growth causes WS2 crystals to grow and merge in both vertical and horizontal directions to form the pyramidal tree. During the formation of WS2 fibers, the presence of two‐step growth was demonstrated. It is observed that sulphurization of WO3 nanoparticle leads to formation of WS2 rod in the first stage, followed by second stage in which selective growth causes some WS2 layers grow faster compared to other ones leading to the formation of fibrous WS2 structure. Fibers synthesized by our reported method have highly exposed WS2 layers which can demonstrate interesting catalytic and edge related properties or can be functionalized for future applications.
Event‐based asynchronous communication and sampled control for synchronization of multiagent networks with input saturation
Authors: Zhang Liangyin , Chen Michael Z.Q. , Su Housheng , Chen Guanrong
Published: November 2017

This paper investigates the problem of event‐based synchronization of linear dynamical networks subject to input saturation. The asynchronous neighboring information transmission is triggered by distributed events. The sampled control technique is utilized to exclude both the internal Zeno behavior of each agent and the network Zeno behavior attributed to neighboring agents. Allowing the input saturation to be attained, an event‐based global synchronization algorithm is proposed for multiagent networks with neutrally stable dynamics. For general linear networks, an event‐triggered control protocol is designed using the modified algebraic Riccati equation, with a low‐gain cooperative control law proposed to achieve semiglobal synchronization. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the theoretical results.
Fe3O4‐MWCNT Magnetic Nanocomposites as Efficient Fenton‐Like Catalysts for Degradation of Sulfamethazine in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Tang Juntao , Wang Jianlong
Published: November 2017

Sulfamethazine (SMT) is a ubiquitous pollutant due to its extensive application, and it cannot be effectively removed by conventional wastewater treatment processes. In this study, a magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles immobilized on multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (Fe3O4/MWCNTs) composites were synthesized, characterized and used as heterogeneous Fenton‐like catalysts for SMT degradation. The MWCNTs scaffold with large surface area and good adsorption capacity can improve Fe3O4 dispersibility and facilitate pollutant adsorption. The Fe3O4/MWCNTs exhibited enhanced catalytic activity for SMT degradation. The effects of initial pH, H2O2 dosage, catalyst dosage, initial SMT concentrations and temperature on SMT degradation were investigated. The results showed that the removal efficiency of SMT and total organic carbon was 98.3% and 59.7%, respectively, under optimal reaction conditions. The Fe3O4/MWCNTs also showed stable catalytic activity, reusability and easy recycling. Furthermore, the main oxidation products of SMT degradation and the primary active radical were identified, and the possible catalytic mechanism was tentatively proposed.
Andrographolide inhibits hypoxia‐induced hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α and endothelin 1 expression through the heme oxygenase 1/CO/cGMP/MKP‐5 pathways in EA.hy926 cells
Authors: Lin Hung‐Chih , Su Shih‐Li , Lin Wan‐Chun , Lin Ai‐Hsuan , Yang Ya‐Chen , Lii Chong‐Kuei , Chen Haw‐Wen
Published: November 2017

Andrographolide is a potent anti‐inflammatory agent found in Andrographis paniculata. Endothelin 1 (ET‐1) is an endothelium‐derived vasoconstrictor with pro‐inflammatory properties secreted in response to hypoxia. Mitogen‐activated protein kinase phosphatase 5 (MKP‐5) is a dual‐specificity phosphatase that dephosphorylates threonine and tyrosine residues of MAPKs. We showed previously that hypoxia‐induced HIF‐1α expression and ET‐1 secretion are dependent on p38 MAPK in EA.hy926 cells. Here, we investigate what role MKP‐5 plays in andrographolide's inhibition of hypoxia‐induced expression of HIF‐1α and ET‐1. Hypoxic conditions were created using the hypoxia‐mimetic agent CoCl2. Andrographolide enhanced HO‐1 and MKP‐5 expression and cellular cGMP content in addition to inhibiting hypoxia‐induced ROS generation. Concomitantly, the HO‐1 byproduct CO and the cGMP analogue 8‐bromoguanosine 3′,5′‐cyclic monophosphate (8‐Br‐cGMP) increased MKP‐5 expression, and pretreatment with CO and 8‐Br‐cGMP inhibited hypoxia‐induced HIF‐1α and ET‐1 expression. Transfection of HO‐1 siRNA or pretreatment with the HO‐1 inhibitor ZnPP‐9 or 1H‐[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3‐a]quinoxalin‐1‐one, a specific inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase, reduced andrographolide‐induced MKP‐5 expression. Moreover, silencing MKP‐5 or treatment with the phosphatase inhibitor vanadate abrogated andrographolide's suppressing hypoxia‐induced p38 MAPK activation and HIF‐1α expression. The inhibition of hypoxia‐induced HIF‐1α and ET‐1 expression by andrographolide is likely associated with HO‐1/CO/cGMP/MKP‐5 pathways, which is involved in inhibiting hypoxia‐induced p38 MAPK activation.
How landscape organization and scale shape catchment hydrology and biogeochemistry: insights from a long‐term catchment study
Authors: Laudon Hjalmar , Sponseller Ryan A.
Published: November 2017

Catchment science plays a critical role in the protection of water resources in the face of ongoing changes in climate, long‐range transport of air pollutants, and land use. Addressing these challenges, however, requires improved understanding of how, when, and where changes in water quantity and quality occur within river networks. To reach these goals, we must recognize how different catchment features are organized to regulate surface chemistry at multiple scales, from processes controlling headwaters, to the downstream mixing of water from multiple landscape sources and deep aquifers. Here we synthesize 30‐years of hydrological and biogeochemical research from the Krycklan catchment study (KCS) in northern Sweden to demonstrate the benefits of coupling long‐term monitoring with multi‐scale research to advance our understanding of catchment functioning across space and time. We show that the regulation of hydrological and biogeochemical patterns in the KCS can be decomposed into four, hierarchically structured landscape features that include: (1) transmissivity and reactivity of dominant source layers within riparian soils, (2) spatial arrangement of groundwater input zones that govern water and solute fluxes at reach‐ to segment‐scales, (3) landscape scale heterogeneity (forests, mires, and lakes) that generates unique biogeochemical signals downstream, and (4) broad‐scale mixing of surface streams with deep groundwater contributions. While this set of features are perhaps specific to the study region, analogous hierarchical controls are likely to be widespread. Resolving these scale dependent processes is important for predicting how, when, and where different environmental changes may influence patterns of surface water chemistry within river networks. WIREs Water 2018, 5:e1265. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1265

This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Hydrological Processes

Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change

Science of Water > Methods
Superposition induced topology changes in quantum gravity
Authors: Berenstein David , Miller Alexandra
Published: November 2017

Abstract

We show that superpositions of classical states in quantum gravity with fixed topology can lead to new classical states with a different topology. We study this phenomenon in a particular limit of the LLM geometries. In this limit, the UV complete minisuperspace of allowed quantum states is exactly given by the Hilbert space of a free chiral boson in two dimensions. We construct this chiral boson purely in terms of combinatorial objects associated with the permutation group. As a byproduct of this analysis, we rederive the Murnaghan-Nakayama rule for characters of the permutation group. We are able to express this rule in terms of operator relations for raising and lowering operators on the Hilbert space of states in a free fermion basis. Our construction provides a preferred notion of bulk locality by studying an appropriate notion of D-brane state generating functions. We describe how multi-droplet LLM geometries with different topologies give new classical limits of the free chiral boson, even though they can be written as superpositions of coherent states with trivial topology. As a consequence, topology cannot be accessed by a single operator measurement in this quantum system. We study other non-linear measurements in the quantum wave-function, based on uncertainty and entanglement between modes of the chiral boson, that can be used as order parameters to measure the topology of such states.
Mass dependence of Higgs production at large transverse momentum
Authors: Braaten Eric , Zhang Hong , Zhang Jia-Wei
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The transverse momentum distribution of the Higgs at large P

T
is complicated by its dependence on three important energy scales: P

T
, the top quark mass m

t
, and the Higgs mass m

H
. A strategy for simplifying the calculation of the cross section at large P

T
is to calculate only the leading terms in its expansion in m

t

2
/P

T

2
and/or m

H

2
/P

T

2
. The expansion of the cross section in inverse powers of P

T
is complicated by logarithms of P

T
and by mass singularities. In this paper, we consider the top-quark loop contribution to the subprocess

$$ q\overline{q}\to H+g $$

q

q
¯

→
H
+
g

at leading order in α

s
. We show that the leading power of 1/P

T

2
can be expressed in the form of a factorization formula that separates the large scale P

T
from the scale of the masses. All the dependence on m

t
and m

H
can be factorized into a distribution amplitude for

$$ t\overline{t} $$

t

t
¯

in the Higgs, a distribution amplitude for

$$ t\overline{t} $$

t

t
¯

in a real gluon, and an endpoint contribution. The factorization formula can be used to simplify calculations of the P

T
distribution at large P

T
to next-to-leading order in α

s
. The results are readily applied to the qg process via a straightforward analytical continuation.
The S-matrix bootstrap. Part I: QFT in AdS
Authors: Paulos Miguel F. , Penedones Joao , Toledo Jonathan , van Rees Balt C. , Vieira Pedro
Published: November 2017

Abstract

We propose a strategy to study massive Quantum Field Theory (QFT) using conformal bootstrap methods. The idea is to consider QFT in hyperbolic space and study correlation functions of its boundary operators. We show that these are solutions of the crossing equations in one lower dimension. By sending the curvature radius of the background hyperbolic space to infinity we expect to recover flat-space physics. We explain that this regime corresponds to large scaling dimensions of the boundary operators, and discuss how to obtain the flat-space scattering amplitudes from the corresponding limit of the boundary correlators. We implement this strategy to obtain universal bounds on the strength of cubic couplings in 2D flat-space QFTs using 1D conformal bootstrap techniques. Our numerical results match precisely the analytic bounds obtained in our companion paper using S-matrix bootstrap techniques.
Neural cells generated from human induced pluripotent stem cells as a model of CNS involvement in mucopolysaccharidosis type II
Authors: Rybová Jitka , Ledvinová Jana , Sikora Jakub , Kuchař Ladislav , Dobrovolný Robert
Published: November 2017

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPSII) is a rare X‐linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the iduronate‐2‐sulfatase (IDS) gene (IDS, Xq28). MPSII is characterized by skeletal deformities, hearing loss, airway obstruction, hepatosplenomegaly, cardiac valvular disease, and progressive neurological impairment. At the cellular level, IDS deficiency leads to lysosomal storage of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), dominated by accumulation of dermatan and heparan sulfates. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) represent an alternative system that complements the available MPSII murine model. Herein we report on the reprogramming of peripheral white blood cells from male and female MPSII patients into iPSC using a non‐integrating protocol based on the Sendai virus vector system. We differentiated the iPSC lines into IDS deficient and GAG accumulating β‐Tubulin III+ neurons, GFAP+ astrocytes, and CNPase+ oligodendrocytes. The lysosomal system in these cells displayed structural abnormalities reminiscent of those previously found in patient tissues and murine IDS deficient neuronal stem cells. Furthermore, quantitative determination of GAGs revealed a moderate increase in GAG levels in IDS deficient neurons and glia. We also tested the effects of recombinant IDS and found that the exogenous enzyme was internalized from the culture media and partially decreased the intracellular GAG levels in iPSC‐derived neural cells; however, it failed to completely prevent accumulation of GAGs. In summary, we demonstrate that this human iPSC based model expresses the cellular and biochemical features of MPSII, and thus represents a useful experimental tool for further pathogenesis studies as well as therapy development and testing.
A Regular Integral Equation Formalism for Solving the Standard Boussinesq’s Equations for Variable Water Depth
Authors: Jang T. S.
Published: November 2017

This paper begins with a question of existence of a regular integral equation formalism, but different from the existing usual ones, for solving the standard Boussinesq’s equations for variable water depth (or Peregrine’s model). For the question, a pseudo-water depth parameter, suggested by Jang (Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simul 43:118–138, 2017), is introduced to alter the standard Boussinesq’s equations into an integral formalism. This enables us to construct a regular (nonlinear) integral equations of second kind (as required), being equivalent to the standard Boussinesq’s equations (of Peregrine’s model). The (constructed) integral equations are, of course, inherently different from the usual integral equation formalisms. For solving them, the successive approximation (or the fixed point iteration) is applied (Jang 2017), whereby a new iterative formula is immediately derived, in this paper, for numerical solutions of the standard Boussinesq’s equations for variable water depth. The formula, semi-analytic and derivative-free, is shown to be useful to observe especially the nonlinear wave phenomena of shallow water waves on a beach. In fact, a numerical experiment is performed on a solitary wave approaching a sloping beach. It shows clearly the main feature of nonlinear wave characteristics, which has reached good agreement with the known (numerical) solutions. Hence, while being theoretical but fundamental in nonlinear computational partial differential equations, the question raised in the study may be solved.
Body mass index and risk of dementia: Analysis of individual‐level data from 1.3 million individuals
Authors: Kivimäki Mika , Luukkonen Ritva , Batty G. David , Ferrie Jane E. , Pentti Jaana , Nyberg Solja T. , Shipley Martin J. , Alfredsson Lars , Fransson Eleonor I. , Goldberg Marcel , Knutsson Anders , Koskenvuo Markku , Kuosma Eeva , Nordin Maria , Suominen Sakari B. , Theorell Töres , Vuoksimaa Eero , Westerholm Peter , Westerlund Hugo , Zins Marie , Kivipelto Miia , Vahtera Jussi , Kaprio Jaakko , Singh‐Manoux Archana , Jokela Markus
Published: November 2017

Introduction

Higher midlife body mass index (BMI) is suggested to increase the risk of dementia, but weight loss during the preclinical dementia phase may mask such effects.

Methods

We examined this hypothesis in 1,349,857 dementia‐free participants from 39 cohort studies. BMI was assessed at baseline. Dementia was ascertained at follow‐up using linkage to electronic health records (N = 6894). We assumed BMI is little affected by preclinical dementia when assessed decades before dementia onset and much affected when assessed nearer diagnosis.

Results

Hazard ratios per 5‐kg/m2 increase in BMI for dementia were 0.71 (95% confidence interval = 0.66–0.77), 0.94 (0.89–0.99), and 1.16 (1.05–1.27) when BMI was assessed 10 years, 10‐20 years, and >20 years before dementia diagnosis.

Conclusions

The association between BMI and dementia is likely to be attributable to two different processes: a harmful effect of higher BMI, which is observable in long follow‐up, and a reverse‐causation effect that makes a higher BMI to appear protective when the follow‐up is short.
LOVE, MONEY, LOCATION: THE INTERCONNECTEDNESS OF MARITAL STATUS, INCOME, AND LOCATION CHOICE OF IMMIGRANTS TO BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA
Authors: Voia Marcel , Ci Wen , Haan Michael
Published: November 2017

The objectives of this study are twofold: first, we assess what factors “anchors” are keeping immigrants in their current place of residence, and what variables drive immigrants to move out of their community. Second, we also look at how the effects of these factors on migration differ by whether or not immigrants are living in ethnic enclaves and by the macro-level economic environment. We find that the conventional “anchors” of mobility are less powerful for immigrants living in co-ethnic regions. Results also show that under depressed economic conditions, migration decisions are largely driven by economic factors, and that socio-demographic factors like marital status are less consequential. Conversely, when general economic conditions are better for immigrants, marital status will weigh more heavily on migration decisions.
Traditional Science–Practice Research in I-O: Are We Missing the Trees for the Forest?
Authors: Kurtessis James N. , Waters Shonna D. , Alonso Alexander , Jones Joseph A. , Oppler Scott H.
Published: November 2017

Abraham Lincoln was fond of saying “killing the dog does not cure the bite” when referring to problems and their persnickety pervasiveness. When thinking about the problems facing the industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology profession, there is no greater source of frustration than the gap between a scientist's findings and the application of those findings to practice. In recent years, organizations such as the White House Behavioral Sciences unit, the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) Foundation in partnership with The Economist Intelligence Unit, and many others have explored the gap between research and practice and have highlighted every major derailer, from delays associated with peer-reviewed publication cycles to a lacking infrastructure for bringing science to practitioners. In 2014, the SHRM Foundation even went so far as to implement a strategy based on driving research directly to practitioners through executive round table forums. Despite the best efforts to identify strategies for closing the gap, many organizations have failed to find the optimal means for bringing I-O psychology research to the masses of human resource (HR) practitioners and, in many cases, even I-O psychology practitioners dealing with significant organizational issues.
Not Another “Researcher-Centric” Index: A Cautionary Note
Authors: Yuan Zhenyu , Brown Kenneth G.
Published: November 2017

In their focal article, Aguinis et al. (2017) conducted an empirical analysis of the most frequently cited sources, articles, and authors in industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology textbooks. The authors conclude that their “results are encouraging regarding the scientist–practitioner model” (p. 545). We disagree. Although we applaud the effort that went into this research, we are concerned that the method used in the article, focusing on textbook citations, creates yet another “researcher-centric” index that will do nothing to address the research–practice gap. The problematic “researcher-centric” perspective manifests itself in several ways in the focal article, which we elaborate below.
A Review of the Field or an Articulation of Identity Concerns? Interrogating the Unconscious Biases That Permeate I-O Scholarship
Authors: Hodgkinson Gerard P. , Haslam S. Alexander
Published: November 2017

Aguinis et al.’s (2017) analysis of the “most frequently cited sources, articles, and authors in industrial-organizational psychology textbooks” is a commendable piece of scholarship. Certainly, they have applied themselves to an important question and articulated a meaningful set of answers. We have no doubt too that for many readers the insights and answers they provide will be informative, compelling, and even reassuring—if only because they reinforce a view of the world with which they are familiar and by which they are comforted, even if that familiarity and comfort are framed in terms of a set of knotty professional concerns (Morton, Haslam, Postmes, & Ryan, 2006).
Effects of pre- and postnatal maternal stress on infant temperament and autonomic nervous system reactivity and regulation in a diverse, low-income population
Authors: Bush Nicole R. , Jones-Mason Karen , Coccia Michael , Caron Zoe , Alkon Abbey , Thomas Melanie , Coleman-Phox Kim , Wadhwa Pathik D. , Laraia Barbara A. , Adler Nancy E. , Epel Elissa S.
Published: November 2017

We examined the prospective associations of objective and subjective measures of stress during pregnancy with infant stress reactivity and regulation, an early-life predictor of psychopathology. In a racially and ethnically diverse low-income sample of 151 mother–infant dyads, maternal reports of stressful life events (SLE) and perceived stress (PS) were collected serially over gestation and the early postpartum period. Infant reactivity and regulation at 6 months of age was assessed via maternal report of temperament (negativity, surgency, and regulation) and infant parasympathetic nervous system physiology (respiratory sinus arrhythmia [RSA]) during the Still Face Paradigm. Regression models predicting infant temperament showed higher maternal prenatal PS predicted lower surgency and self-regulation but not negativity. Regression models predicting infant physiology showed higher numbers of SLE during gestation predicted greater RSA reactivity and weaker recovery. Tests of interactions revealed SLE predicted RSA reactivity only at moderate to high levels of PS. Thus, findings suggest objective and subjective measures of maternal prenatal stress uniquely predict infant behavior and physiology, adjusting for key pre- and postnatal covariates, and advance the limited evidence for such prenatal programming within high-risk populations. Assessing multiple levels of maternal stress and offspring stress reactivity and regulation provides a richer picture of intergenerational transmission of adversity.
Reward sensitivity, impulse control, and social cognition as mediators of the link between childhood family adversity and externalizing behavior in eight countries
Authors: Lansford Jennifer E. , Godwin Jennifer , Bornstein Marc H. , Chang Lei , Deater-Deckard Kirby , Di Giunta Laura , Dodge Kenneth A. , Malone Patrick S. , Oburu Paul , Pastorelli Concetta , Skinner Ann T. , Sorbring Emma , Steinberg Laurence , Tapanya Sombat , Alampay Liane Peña , Uribe Tirado Liliana Maria , Al-Hassan Suha M. , Bacchini Dario
Published: November 2017

Using data from 1,177 families in eight countries (Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States), we tested a conceptual model of direct effects of childhood family adversity on subsequent externalizing behaviors as well as indirect effects through psychological mediators. When children were 9 years old, mothers and fathers reported on financial difficulties and their use of corporal punishment, and children reported perceptions of their parents’ rejection. When children were 10 years old, they completed a computerized battery of tasks assessing reward sensitivity and impulse control and responded to questions about hypothetical social provocations to assess their hostile attributions and proclivity for aggressive responding. When children were 12 years old, they reported on their externalizing behavior. Multigroup structural equation models revealed that across all eight countries, childhood family adversity had direct effects on externalizing behaviors 3 years later, and childhood family adversity had indirect effects on externalizing behavior through psychological mediators. The findings suggest ways in which family-level adversity poses risk for children's subsequent development of problems at psychological and behavioral levels, situated within diverse cultural contexts.
Dimensions of childhood adversity have distinct associations with neural systems underlying executive functioning
Authors: Sheridan Margaret A. , Peverill Matthew , Finn Amy S. , McLaughlin Katie A.
Published: November 2017

Childhood adversity is associated with increased risk for psychopathology. Neurodevelopmental pathways underlying this risk remain poorly understood. A recent conceptual model posits that childhood adversity can be deconstructed into at least two underlying dimensions, deprivation and threat, that are associated with distinct neurocognitive consequences. This model argues that deprivation (i.e., a lack of cognitive stimulation and learning opportunities) is associated with poor executive function (EF), whereas threat is not. We examine this hypothesis in two studies measuring EF at multiple levels: performance on EF tasks, neural recruitment during EF, and problems with EF in daily life. In Study 1, deprivation (low parental education and child neglect) was associated with greater parent-reported problems with EF in adolescents (N= 169; 13–17 years) after adjustment for levels of threat (community violence and abuse), which were unrelated to EF. In Study 2, low parental education was associated with poor working memory (WM) performance and inefficient neural recruitment in the parietal and prefrontal cortex during high WM load among adolescents (N= 51, 13–20 years) after adjusting for abuse, which was unrelated to WM task performance and neural recruitment during WM. These findings constitute strong preliminary evidence for a novel model of the neurodevelopmental consequences of childhood adversity.
Does striving to succeed come at a physiological or psychosocial cost for adults who experienced child maltreatment?
Authors: Doom Jenalee R. , Hazzard Vivienne M. , Bauer Katherine W. , Clark Cari Jo , Miller Alison L.
Published: November 2017

While striving to succeed in the face of adversity may provide individuals with outward benefits, it may come at a cost to individuals’ physical health. The current study examines whether striving predicts greater physiological or psychosocial costs among those who experienced child maltreatment, a stressor that disrupts the caregiving environment and threatens relationship security. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we tested whether greater striving after childhood maltreatment would come at a cost, increasing underlying cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and depressive symptoms despite showing outward success via income and college degree attainment. The study included 13,341 Black, Hispanic, and White adolescents who self-reported striving and their experiences of childhood neglect, physical abuse, and sexual abuse. As young adults, participants reported depressive symptoms, income, and college degree attainment and completed a health assessment from which a 30-year Framingham-based CVD risk score was calculated. Higher striving was associated with lower CVD risk and depressive symptoms, and higher income and college degree attainment, regardless of maltreatment history. These findings highlight the potential for striving as a target for interventions and support the need to examine multiple biological and behavioral outcomes to understand the multifaceted nature of resilience.
PUBLIC DEBT AND AGGREGATE RISK
Authors: Desbonnet Audrey , Kankanamge Sumudu
Published: November 2017

In this paper, we investigate the importance of aggregate fluctuations for the assessment of the optimal level of public debt in an incomplete-markets economy. We start by building a steady state model in which households are only subject to uninsurable idiosyncratic risk and evaluate the optimal level of public debt. We then augment the model to allow for aggregate risk and measure the impact on the optimal level. We show that the cyclical behavior of the economy has a quantitative impact on this level that can be decomposed into the effects of the aggregate productivity shock and the cyclicality of unemployment. Moreover, we find that matching wealth distribution statistics substantially changes the optimal level of public debt.
UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS AND MATCHING EFFICIENCY IN AN ESTIMATED DSGE MODEL WITH LABOR MARKET SEARCH FRICTIONS
Authors: Zhang Ji
Published: November 2017

To explain the high and persistent unemployment rate in the United States during and after the Great Recession, this effort develops and estimates a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with search and matching frictions and shocks to unemployment benefits and matching efficiency. It finds that unemployment benefits play an important role in the cyclical movement of unemployment through their effects on labor demand, a channel overlooked in previous studies. From the second half of 2008 to 2011, extended unemployment benefits may have increased the overall unemployment rate by one percentage point. In contrast, matching efficiency changes had less effect on the cyclical movement of unemployment for the same period, but significantly slowed down the recovery after 2012.
Publisher Correction: Orbital bistatic radar observations of asteroid Vesta by the Dawn mission
Authors: Palmer Elizabeth M. , Heggy Essam , Kofman Wlodek
Published: November 2017

An incorrect version of the Supplementary Information was inadvertently published with this Article. The HTML has now been updated to include the correct version of the Supplementary Information.
Parkin targets HIF-1α for ubiquitination and degradation to inhibit breast tumor progression
Authors: Liu Juan , Zhang Cen , Zhao Yuhan , Yue Xuetian , Wu Hao , Huang Shan , Chen James , Tomsky Kyle , Xie Haiyang , Khella Christen A. , Gatza Michael L. , Xia Dajing , Gao Jimin , White Eileen , Haffty Bruce G. , Hu Wenwei , Feng Zhaohui
Published: November 2017

Mutations in E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin have been linked to familial Parkinson’s disease. Accumulating evidence suggests that Parkin is a tumor suppressor, but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Here we show that Parkin is an E3 ubiquitin ligase for hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). Parkin interacts with HIF-1α and promotes HIF-1α degradation through ubiquitination, which in turn inhibits metastasis of breast cancer cells. Parkin downregulation in breast cancer cells promotes metastasis, which can be inhibited by targeting HIF-1α with RNA interference or the small-molecule inhibitor YC-1. We further identify lysine 477 (K477) of HIF-1α as a major ubiquitination site for Parkin. K477R HIF-1α mutation and specific cancer-associated Parkin mutations largely abolish the functions of Parkin to ubiquitinate HIF-1α and inhibit cancer metastasis. Importantly, Parkin expression is inversely correlated with HIF-1α expression and metastasis in breast cancer. Our results reveal an important mechanism for Parkin in tumor suppression and HIF-1α regulation.
Publisher Correction: Multiobjective differential evolution-based multifactor dimensionality reduction for detecting gene–gene interactions
Authors: Yang Cheng-Hong , Chuang Li-Yeh , Lin Yu-Da
Published: November 2017

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML version of this paper. The error has been fixed in the paper.
Allosteric inhibitor remotely modulates the conformation of the orthestric pockets in mutant IDH2/R140Q
Authors: Chen Jiao , Yang Jie , Sun Xianqiang , Wang Zhongming , Cheng Xiaolan , Lu Wuguang , Cai Xueting , Hu Chunping , Shen Xu , Cao Peng
Published: November 2017

Neomorphic mutation R140Q in the metabolic enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) is found to be a driver mutation in cancers. Recent studies revealed that allosteric inhibitors could selectively inhibit IDH2/R140Q and induce differentiation of TF-1 erythroleukemia and primary human AML cells. However, the allosteric inhibition mechanism is not very clear. Here, we report the results from computational studies that AGI-6780 binds tightly with the divalent cation binding helices at the homodimer interface and prevents the transition of IDH2/R140Q homodimer to a closed conformation that is required for catalysis, resulting in the decrease of the binding free energy of NADPHs. If the allosteric inhibitor is removed, the original open catalytic center of IDH2/R140Q will gradually reorganize to a quasi-closed conformation and the enzymatic activity might recover. Unlike IDH2/R140Q, AGI-6780 locks one monomer of the wild-type IDH2 in an inactive open conformation and the other in a half-closed conformation, which can be used to explain the selectivity of AGI-6780. Our results suggest that conformational changes are the primary contributors to the inhibitory potency of the allosteric inhibitor. Our study will also facilitate the understanding of the inhibitory and selective mechanisms of AG-221 (a promising allosteric inhibitor that has been approved by FDA) for mutant IDH2.
Robust generation of entangled state via ground-state antiblockade of Rydberg atoms
Authors: Zhao Y. J. , Liu B. , Ji Y. Q. , Tang S. Q. , Shao X. Q.
Published: November 2017

We propose a mechanism of ground-state antiblockade of Rydberg atoms, which is then exploited to prepare two-atom entangled state via three different kinds of pulses. First we use the pulses in the form of sin2 and cos2 functions and obtain a maximally entangled state at an accurate interaction time. Then the method of stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) is adopted for the entanglement generation, which is immune to the fluctuations of revelent parameters but requires a long time. Finally we capitalize the advantages of the former two methods and employ shortcuts to adiabatic passage (STAP) to generate the maximal entanglement. The strictly numerical simulation reveals that the current scheme is robust against spontaneous emission of atoms due to the virtual excitation of Rydberg states, and all of the above methods favor a high fidelity with the present experimental technology.
Characteristic of entire corneal topography and tomography for the detection of sub-clinical keratoconus with Zernike polynomials using Pentacam
Authors: Xu Zhe , Li Weibo , Jiang Jun , Zhuang Xiran , Chen Wei , Peng Mei , Wang Jianhua , Lu Fan , Shen Meixiao , Wang Yuanyuan
Published: November 2017

The study aimed to characterize the entire corneal topography and tomography for the detection of sub-clinical keratoconus (KC) with a Zernike application method. Normal subjects (n = 147; 147 eyes), sub-clinical KC patients (n = 77; 77 eyes), and KC patients (n = 139; 139 eyes) were imaged with the Pentacam HR system. The entire corneal data of pachymetry and elevation of both the anterior and posterior surfaces were exported from the Pentacam HR software. Zernike polynomials fitting was used to quantify the 3D distribution of the corneal thickness and surface elevation. The root mean square (RMS) values for each order and the total high-order irregularity were calculated. Multimeric discriminant functions combined with individual indices were built using linear step discriminant analysis. Receiver operating characteristic curves determined the diagnostic accuracy (area under the curve, AUC). The 3rd-order RMS of the posterior surface (AUC: 0.928) obtained the highest discriminating capability in sub-clinical KC eyes. The multimeric function, which consisted of the Zernike fitting indices of corneal posterior elevation, showed the highest discriminant ability (AUC: 0.951). Indices generated from the elevation of posterior surface and thickness measurements over the entire cornea using the Zernike method based on the Pentacam HR system were able to identify very early KC.
Exteroceptive expectations modulate interoceptive processing: repetition-suppression effects for visual and heartbeat evoked potentials
Authors: Marshall Amanda C. , Gentsch Antje , Jelinčić Valentina , Schütz-Bosbach Simone
Published: November 2017

Interoception refers to the signaling of internal bodily commands. Here, we explore repetition suppression of intero- and exteroceptive neural markers to test whether the perception and predictability of exteroceptive stimulus material affects their expression. Participants completed a repetition suppression paradigm in which angry or neutral facial expressions repeated or alternated. Participants received either an implicit (experiment 1) or explicit (experiment 2) cue enabling the formation of expectations regarding the upcoming facial expression. We measured the heartbeat-evoked potential (HEP) indexing cardiac processing and visual evoked potentials (VEP) in response to viewing the second (repeated or alternated) face. Repeating angry facial expressions produced repetition suppression of both HEP and VEP amplitude while repeating neutral expressions led to repetition enhancement of HEP amplitude. This effect was magnified when participants were explicitly aware of predictive cues. Furthermore, repetition suppression of HEP amplitude correlated with neural attenuation of VEP activity. Results highlight repetition effects for interoceptive as well as exteroceptive neural markers and support top-down, expectation-based accounts of the phenomenon. Furthermore, results demonstrate that the perception of exteroceptive stimulus information has an effect on the processing of interoceptive signals and suggest a direct neural connection between the processing of external and internal sensory information.
Subdiffusion via dynamical localization induced by thermal equilibrium fluctuations
Authors: Spiechowicz Jakub , Łuczka Jerzy
Published: November 2017

We reveal the mechanism of subdiffusion which emerges in a straightforward, one dimensional classical nonequilibrium dynamics of a Brownian ratchet driven by both a time-periodic force and Gaussian white noise. In a tailored parameter set for which the deterministic counterpart is in a non-chaotic regime, subdiffusion is a long-living transient whose lifetime can be many, many orders of magnitude larger than characteristic time scales of the setup thus being amenable to experimental observations. As a reason for this subdiffusive behaviour in the coordinate space we identify thermal noise induced dynamical localization in the velocity (momentum) space. This novel idea is distinct from existing knowledge and has never been reported for any classical or quantum system. It suggests reconsideration of generally accepted opinion that subdiffusion is due to broad distributions or strong correlations which reflect disorder, trapping, viscoelasticity of the medium or geometrical constraints.
Evaluation of radionuclides and decay simulation in a terrestrial environment for health risk assessment
Authors: Doyi I. N. , Essumang D. K. , Dampare S. B. , Duah D. , Ahwireng A. F.
Published: November 2017

This study is to assess the natural radioactivity level in soil samples in communities bordering the Tano Basin in Ghana. The radioactivity concentration of 238U, 232Th and 40K have been determined using γ-ray spectrometry, moreover, the absorbed dose rates and annual effective dose were calculated. MATLAB R2013 script was written to simulate the decay of the radionuclides 238U, 232Th and 40K using their respective half-lives. This is to determine the future impact of natural radionuclides and estimate future anthropogenic inputs. The level 238U, 232Th, and 40K ranged from (1.60 to 21.3), (2.78 to 32.2) and (111 to 528) with average values of be 8.65 Bqkg−1, 12.5 Bqkg−1 and 214 Bqkg−1 respectively in soil. The activity concentrations were lower than United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation guidelines for 238U, 232Th and 40K. The absorbed dose rates and annual effective dose were found to be in range of 7.79 to 37.8 nGy h−1 and 9.56E + 00 to 4.64E + 01 µSvy−1 respectively. The overall annual effective dose was lower than the allowable limit of 1mSvy−1 set by International Commission on Radiological Protection. Hex, Hin and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) were calculated and found to be within internationally recommended values.
AKT-mTOR signaling modulates the dynamics of IRE1 RNAse activity by regulating ER-mitochondria contacts
Authors: Sanchez-Alvarez Miguel , del Pozo Miguel Angel , Bakal Chris
Published: November 2017

Inositol Requiring Enzyme-1 (IRE1) is the most conserved transducer of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), a surveillance mechanism that ensures homeostasis of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in eukaryotes. IRE1 activation orchestrates adaptive responses, including lipid anabolism, metabolic reprogramming, increases in protein folding competency, and ER expansion/remodeling. However, we still know surprisingly little regarding the principles by which this ER transducer is deactivated upon ER stress clearance. Here we show that Protein Kinase B-mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (PKB/AKT-mTOR) signaling controls the dynamics of IRE1 deactivation by regulating ER-mitochondria physical contacts and the autophosphorylation state of IRE1. AKT-mTOR-mediated attenuation of IRE1 activity is important for ER remodelling dynamics and cell survival in the face of recursive, transient ER stress. Our observations suggest that IRE1 attenuation is an integral component of anabolic programmes regulated by AKT-mTOR. We suggest that AKT-mTOR activity is part of a ‘timing mechanism’ to deactivate IRE1 immediately following engagement of the UPR, in order to limit prolonged IRE1 RNAse activity that could lead to damaging inflammation or apoptosis.