bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ESPORTE E PERSONALIDADE TEHOS QUE RENUNCIAR A NOSSA TÃO ANTIGA CONVICÇÃO
Authors: Kleine Dietmar
Published: January 2022

: 0 PRESENTE ENSAIO TRATA DO TEMA ESPORTE E PERSONALIDADE DAN DO ENFOQUE Ã EXPOSIÇÃO DAS HIPÓTESES CENTRAIS DESTA AREA DEPESQUIsa da Psicologia do Esporte, assim como aos problemas que aí surgem. As perguntas abordadas em detalhes são, se há diferenças de per sonalidade entre desportistas e nao-desportistas ou também entre desPORTISTAS DE DIFERENTES MODALIDADES, SE DESPORTISTAS DE ALTO NIVEL DIFEREM NA SUA PERSONALIDADE DO DESPORTISTA "COMUM" E SE HA UMA RELA ÇÃO ENTRE PERSONALIDADE E RENDIMENTO ESPORTIVOi ALEM DISSO, A PER­GUNTA VERSARÁ,SE DIFERENÇAS DE PERSONALIDADE SÃO ATRIBUÍVEIS AOS E[1] FEITOS DE SELEÇÃO OU DE SOCIALIZAÇÃO (APRENDIZAGEM). UMA ANÁLISE CRÍTICA DE PESQUISAS E DA LITERATURA MOSTRA QUE, EMBORA SE CONSTATE DIFERENÇAS EM ALGUNS TRAÇOS DA PERSONALIDADE, ESTAS DIFERENÇAS SÃO RELATIVAMENTE PEQUENAS. _ 1'lOSTRA-SE, ALEM DISSO, QUE TRAÇOS GERAIS DA PERSONALIDADE NÃO ESTAO LIGADOS AO RENDIMENTO ESPORTIVO, E POR IS SO TORNA-SE EVIDENTE QUE CABE Â PERSONALIDADE UMA IMPORTANCIA MUITO MENOR PARA O RENDIMENTO ESPORTIVO DO QUE GERALMENTE SE SUPUNHA. [1] Professor da Universidade Livre de Berlim/RFA Professor Visitante na UFSM - 1983/1984
AVALIAÇÃO DA POTÊNCIA MECÂNICA INTERNA EH CRIANÇAS
Authors: Krebs Ruy Jornada
Published: January 2022

0 OBJETIVO DESTA PESQUJSA FOI DESENVOLVER UM ESTUDO-PI LOTO PARA INVESTIGAR A POTÊNCIA MECAN I CA INTERNA EM CRIANÇAS E EM ADOLES CENTES. OS SUJEITOS FORAM DOIS INDIVÍDUOS DO SEXO_MASCULI NO, COM X DADES 9 E 17_ANOS RESPECTIVAMENTE^ A POTÊNCIA MECÂNICA INTERNA FOI MEDIDA ATRAVÉS DO SALTO EM EXTENSÃO CONFORME O "MORRIS PRESCHOOL Test Battery". A performance dos sujeitos foi fotografada usando- se a técnica 2-D-Cronociclografia, e a trajetória do Centro de Gra­vidade dos sujeitos durante o salto, foi calculada conforme estudo realizado por AVILA et Alii, 1977, 0 nível de coordenaçao da des­treza FOI ANALISADA ATRAVÉS DA OBSERVAÇÃO_SISTEMATI CA, USANDO-SE OS padrões descritos por GALLAHUE, 1981. Após a discussão dos resulta DOS CHEGOU-SE AS SEGUINTES CONCLUSOES: (a) OS RESULTADOS PODEM FUN­DAMENTAR A HIPÓTESE DE QUE A POTENCIA_MECANI CA INTERNA EM CRIANÇAS É SIGNIFICATIVAMENTE DIFERENTE DA POTÊNCIA INTERNA EM ADOLESCENTES; (B) PARA MEDIR A EFICIENCIA MECANICA EM UMA DETERMINADA TAREFAÉ PRE CISO UTILIZAR-SE MEDIDAS DO TRABALHO MECÂNICO E DA ENERGIA QUÍMICA ATRAVÉS DE UMA ABORDAGEM INTEGRADA DE BiOMECÃNICA, BIOQUÍMICA, Flisiologia do Exercício e Desenvolvimento Psicomotor.
Secession and Security
Authors: Butt Ahsan I.
Published: January 2022

This book argues that states, rather than separatists, determine whether a secessionist struggle will be peaceful, violent, or genocidal. The book investigates the strategies, ranging from negotiated concessions to large-scale repression, adopted by states in response to separatist movements. Variations in the external security environment, the book argues, influenced the leaders of the Ottoman Empire to use peaceful concessions against Armenians in 1908 but escalated to genocide against the same community in 1915; caused Israel to reject a Palestinian state in the 1990s; and shaped peaceful splits in Czechoslovakia in 1993 and the Norway–Sweden union in 1905. Using more than one hundred interviews and extensive archival data, the book focuses on two main cases — Pakistani reactions to Bengali and Baloch demands for independence in the 1970s and India's responses to secessionist movements in Kashmir, Punjab, and Assam in the 1980s and 1990s. The book's deep historical approach to the subject will appeal to policymakers and observers interested in the last five decades of geopolitics in South Asia, the contemporary Israeli–Palestinian conflict, and ethno-national conflict, separatism, and nationalism more generally.
Conclusion
Authors: Wight David M.
Published: January 2022

This concluding chapter examines how, in many ways, the structures and consequences of the petrodollar era of the long 1970s persisted and have shaped relationships up to the present. At the conclusion of the petrodollar-fueled Iran–Iraq War, the Islamic Republic stood weakened but unbowed. The horrific experience reaffirmed for many Iranians their opposition to US imperialism. Petrodollar legacies likewise weighed heavily on Iraq. The Iran–Iraq War left Baghdad with a large military but an underdeveloped economy and deeply indebted to the Arab monarchies' billions in petrodollar loans. In addition, the rise of al-Qaeda was rooted in petrodollar histories. Ultimately, the costs of the dictatorial US-led petrodollar order in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) are high, as are those of the authoritarian petrodollar systems in the region operating in opposition.
Introduction
Authors: Williams Katherine Schaap
Published: January 2022

This chapter attends both to what the theater demonstrates about disability in early modern culture and to what the performance of disability in the early modern theater makes possible on and beyond the stage. It identifies disability in moments when bodily impairment, incapacity, or variance is fixed as disabling through interaction with an unaccommodating world. In this sense, the chapter draws on the social model of disability in disability studies, which distinguishes between impairment and disability. It then investigates the contingent fixing of bodily difference into disability in an array of contexts as varied as, for example, political libels about a “crookbacked” shape, legal provisions for aid that scrutinize a “crippled” beggar to determine capacity for work, and surgical manuals that highlight prosthetic devices to correct the bodies of “lame” soldiers. The chapter considers moments of discursive pointing at bodily difference within a dramatic fiction. It reveals that the early modern theater's notion of disability is not the settled abstraction of a noun but something like a gerund, a verb that acts like a noun.
Making the Monster
Authors: Williams Katherine Schaap
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses the “monstrous” body, the other term (along with “deformity”) through which critics have most often wanted to historicize early modern disability. It begins by noting that the monster is apparently recognizable at first glance yet unable to be pinned down in any stable description. The chapter works from the insight that this spectacle of freakishness is always produced for spectators. Rather than charting a direct line from the early modern monster to modernity's sideshow exhibitions, the chapter takes up the monster through the practices of theatrical form, which unsettles the very concept of the monster by implicating spectators in the process of making and witnessing monstrosity. After considering how plays such as The City Match and The Birth of Merlin designate the monstrous character through theatrical properties and manage the speech that may challenge a monstrous spectacle, the chapter then turns back to The Tempest, to consider how the monster is made up wholesale. It finds that the early modern theater contests the very concept of monstrosity it evokes, and it argues that theatrical form tacks across the official discourse to scramble the discursive fervor that monstrosity is supposed to incite.
Poetic Mothers in the Photo Frame
Authors: Blasing Molly Thomasy
Published: January 2022

This chapter analyzes the function of photographic motifs in two lyric poems by Bella Akhmadulina, each of which focuses on a description of a photographic image of one of Akhmadulina's “poetic mothers.” The chapter displays a photograph of Marina Tsvetaeva which is described at the opening of her 1968 “I Swear” (Klianus). The other poem is Akhmadulina's 1973 lyric “A Snapshot” (Snimok), which describes an existing photographic portrait of Anna Akhmatova. It argues that the photographic images written into these poems operate as points of departure for Akhmadulina's meditations on the relationship of text and image, and problems of historical memory and poetic lineage. Ultimately, the chapter explores theoretically how poetic writing unfolds when the object of ekphrastic inspiration is not a real photograph but an imagined one.
Prologue
Authors: Park Seo Young
Published: January 2022

Oksun1 was sitting in front of a sewing machine, carefully stitching a woman’s jacket. It was a fashionable design that fused Korean traditional fabric patterns with a Western-style silhouette and was to be used as a sample for students to replicate in an advanced sewing class that Oksun was teaching at a nonprofit organization, MANI....
In Kominato, Yoshizane gathers the righteous; In a bamboo thicket, Takayoshi seeks his revenge
Authors: Bakin Kyokutei
Published: January 2022

This chapter assesses how Kanamari Hachirō Takayoshi guided the Satomi Yoshizane and his men toward Kominato. The first thing Kanamari Takayoshi did, having planned his actions beforehand, was to set fire to a stand of bamboo by the side of the Tanjō Temple in order to bring together the villagers. As might have been foretold, when the Satomi army that night crossed the bridge that formed the boundary between the region of the inlet of Maehara and Hamaogi, it was overtaken by a couple of hundred mounted men, led by grassroots warriors and village samurai, who yearned for Yoshizane's virtue and sought after his ways. They came to submit to him, and thus his forces swelled to a thousand mounted men and this bridge was known to later ages as the Thousand-Knight Bridge. Nor is that all, for long ago when the Noble Lord Yoritomo of the Minamoto pressed his way into this land bound for Kazusa, he caused his rearguard to wait on the banks of this river; thus there came to be a shrine there called Shirahata — “White Banner” — near unto the place known as Matsusaki — “the Cape of Waiting.”
Yoshizane opens the granaries and stirs up two districts; Takayoshi accepts his lord’s command and executes three bandits
Authors: Bakin Kyokutei
Published: January 2022

This chapter describes how the army and inhabitants of Takita Castle pressed their attack, crowding the castle's second gate, intending to strike down Iwakuma Donpei and the others. On the following day, Satomi Yoshizane came to the front chambers, where official business was conducted. After concluding his inspection of Sadakane's head, he called forth those who had yielded, Iwakuma Donpei and Tsumatate Togorō, and set Kanamari Hachirō to interrogate them as to the killing of their lord. Meanwhile, at dawn, a messenger from Sugikura Kisonosuke Ujimoto, one Amasaki Jūrō Terutake, arrived at a gallop from Tōjō. He presented the head of Kogorō Nobutoki of the Maro, taken as a trophy by Ujimoto, and spoke of a battle, giving all the details, great and small, of its form and figure.
At the Ascetic’s Grotto, an old man divines for Princess Fuse;
Authors: Bakin Kyokutei
Published: January 2022

This chapter illustrates how Yoshizane married Isarago, the daughter of the lord of Shiitsu Castle in Kazusa, who bore him a daughter and a son. The elder, his daughter, was born in the second year of Kakitsu, near the end of the summer — during the season of the Three Concealments, in expression of which she was named Princess Fuse. Princess Fuse refused to speak or smile, but merely cried. As such, they visited the Cave of the Ascetic to offer pleas to the Bright God of Susaki on the child's behalf. At the cave, an old man divines for Princess Fuse and sees future hardship for her. For protection, the old man gave her a string of crystal prayer beads upon which were incised the eight characters for Benevolence, Righteousness, Propriety, Wisdom, Loyalty, Fidelity, Filiality, and Fraternity.
[Untitled]
Authors: Bakin Kyokutei
Published: January 2022

• An abbreviated list of new illustrated novels by Kyokutei in the domestic script, published by Sanseidō

The Lady Kesa’s Seventh Avenue Sermon.2

IT WAS PREVIOUSLY ANNOUNCED THAT THIS BOOK WOULD BE PUBLISHED THIS YEAR, BUT AS THE AUTHOR WAS WRITING EIGHT DOGS HE WAS UNABLE TO GET TO IT. WE DO, HOWEVER, HOPE TO PRINT IT SOON. THEREFORE WE LIST IT HERE AGAIN....
In a dream, a hermit marks the way to Mount To;
Authors: Bakin Kyokutei
Published: January 2022

This chapter details how Kurando Sadayuki arrived from Tōjō in response to Yoshizane's summons, which was mysteriously given to him by an old man. Yoshizane explained that the reason Princess Fuse was thus fated, the reason she abandoned herself for her father's sake and her country's, was in order that the eight virtuous acts might not be lost from the world of men. Yoshizane and Sadayuki then decided to go to Mount To. Coming to the side of the river gorge, Yoshizane found everything — the shapes of the rocks and the appearance of the trees — to be precisely as he had seen it in his dream. As an experiment he began searching among the thornbushes for a track, and some hundred yards away to the right he found it, leading into the brush, marked here and there by broken branches and wreaths of grass. From that point, the two of them, master and man, made their way forward along the path as it was marked.
The Problem of Constantine
Authors: Greenwood David Neal
Published: January 2022

This chapter details how Constantine presented Julian with a different problem altogether from his son Constantius. It argues that long-dead emperors are impervious to manipulation or pressure. The chapter also elaborates on the birthplace of Constantine in Naissus and how he had periodically resided at the city as emperor. It notes the significance of Naissus in relation to Julian and Constantine, as such a location likely served as a catalyst for Julian's hatred of Constantine and Constantius II. The chapter then jumps to assess how Constantine's Christianization makes openly pagan rule difficult. It narrates how Julian blamed his cousin Constantius II for the murders, and his uncle Constantine for creating the ruthless and hypocritical conditions that made the murders possible. The chapter examines the conflict between paganism and Christianity, in terms of a titanic struggle for the future of the empire between the divinities of traditional paganism and an upstart apostate named Constantine.
Speculative Producers
Authors: Oh Youjeong
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses how Korean television dramas are produced, covering funding channels, sponsorship practices, and the ways the dramas cater to their export markets. It redirects attention to the industrial arena and analyses “why such stories are told in particular ways.” Rather than accounting for the popularity of Korean dramas, the chapter investigates how Hallyu has reconfigured their industrial dynamics and production practices. It argues that the Korean Wave has turned the Korean drama industry into a speculative field in which the industrial players have vested interests in export. Despite the independent drama producers' sizable numbers and mounting expectations of achieving a megahit in foreign markets, their industrial positions are marginal on account of their being exploited by the broadcasters' monopolistic power. Their suppressed status causes independent producers to engage in even more speculative practices, pushing them to seek more and more sponsors. The chapter then turns to demonstrate how the speculative nature of their business has, in turn, affected the production practices, forms of sponsorship, and storytelling methods typical of Korean television dramas.
Spectacular Places
Authors: Oh Youjeong
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on Korean cities' marketing strategies. It analyses how cities create the sites that are used as settings for dramas and then reuse them to attract tourists. The chapter deciphers the process by which cities have become one of the major sponsors of Korean drama production since the 2000s. Cities became directly involved in the production of television dramas through their provision of space, place, and funding. The chapter then elaborates on how cities are placed in dramas through the practice of city sponsorship. Ultimately, the chapter reviews how urban spaces are inserted into television dramas in a manner similar to product placement; how media representation creates new meanings for these places; how drama-driven tourists reshape those meanings; and how municipalities capitalize on their representation in drama, on media spectacles, and on users' engagement in their promotion.
Conclusion
Authors: Oh Youjeong
Published: January 2022

This chapter looks at the development of Gangnam, and reviews how real estate speculation has become a prominent secondary mode of wealth accumulation for the upper classes. It suggests that the globalization of Korean popular culture has resulted in local impacts that interact with changes in urban governance and the urban political economy. Conversely, the prospects for culture-associated urban policy trends in Korea hinge on the future performance of Korean popular culture in the global market. The chapter then shifts to assess a critical incident that adversely affected the constant overseas demand for Korean entertainment and steady stream of foreign tourists — that is, the U.S. government's deployment of the U.S. Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) missile system. It addresses the aftermath of THAAD, then shows how local policies can be rendered impotent in the face of national disputes and policies. The chapter concludes by illustrating the differences in urban practices between Korean municipalities and those in Japan and China, which are also experiencing decentralization these days.
Policing China
Authors: Scoggins Suzanne E.
Published: January 2022

This chapter begins with examining who are the Chinese police and how does policing in China work. By investigating who oversees the police and how the police are funded, the chapter dives into a deeper investigation of how the police in China excel at managing protest while falling short with regard to almost everything else. To fully understand the Chinese police, the chapter puts together the existing literature with accounts from actual police officers as well as other publicly available data from the Ministry of Public Security, individual stations, social media accounts, and reports in the popular press. From there, the chapter unfolds a more comprehensive picture of who the Chinese police are, to whom they answer, and what they do on a daily basis. It then addresses common misconceptions about issues such as police funding or the command structure.
Requirements
Authors: Barnhart Michael A.
Published: January 2022

This chapter considers the requirements in the classroom simulations. It stresses that classroom simulations are a key reason why students enjoy them so much; however, they are serious academic exercises, too. Simulations have assignments and tasks, preparing and delivering presentations, doing research and writing about roles beyond the background materials offered in the simulation's introductory kit, mastering the historical context of one's character. The chapter provides what should be considered in making these assignments. It discusses what students learn in classroom simulations. As the chapter unfolds, this question has two parts. We first need to know what is wanted to be taught. Then we want to figure out how to judge how successfully it has been taught to each student.
Simulations for an Afternoon
Authors: Barnhart Michael A.
Published: January 2022

This chapter describes simulations that the author had run with great success that last for a single class session (sometimes two). Each such simulation is brief, but that brevity sacrifices none of the important elements or advantages of a classroom simulation. The chapter discusses an afternoon's simulation which allows no time for character study, classroom speeches, or protracted negotiations. To properly simulate the need for speed, the chapter claims that the subject matter should be set in a time of crisis, requiring rapid decisions with immediate consequences. Ultimately, the chapter focuses on three simulations that the author had previously run: Guns of August, simulating the frenzied international deliberations that led to the outbreak of the First World War; Japan: 1941, a look at critical decisions in Tokyo that year that plunged Japan and the United States into the Second World War; and Missiles of October, the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, that could have led to a third world war.
Can You Beat Churchill?
Authors: Barnhart Michael A.
Published: January 2022

This chapter concludes with a brief excursion into a key factor that makes simulations exciting: the students' drives to see if they can “do better” than their historical counterparts. It seeks to understand why students are attracted to simulations in the classroom. The chapter then mentions the author's simulation Rivalries, in which the student representing William Churchill faces truly daunting challenges. The chapter highlights questions like: Can you, as Galileo, persuade the Catholic Church to adopt some of your ideas? Can you, as Marlowe, become more famous than Shakespeare as the best playwright of Elizabethan theater? Can you, as Churchill, save not just Britain but the British Empire? Can you, in short, beat Churchill?
Matter
Authors: Erley Mieka
Published: January 2022

This chapter analyzes the process by which advocacy of practical soil science and agronomy, against the emptiness of pochva (native soil), became an established position in the Russian cultural field of the late nineteenth century, with far-reaching consequences for Russian and Soviet attitudes toward agriculture and soil management as social questions. It examines how the Russian discourse of soil was reterritorialized by debates about philosophical materialism emerging in the 1840s, focusing on the Russian reception of the agricultural chemistry of German chemist Justus Liebig (1803–1873). Liebig was discussed by such cultural figures as Ivan Turgenev, Nikolai Chernyshevsky, and Fedor Dostoevsky, and his model of soil metabolism served as inspiration for Karl Marx's concept of “social metabolism.” This study of the reception of Liebig in Russia traces a genealogy of the Soviet political concept of the smychka (the unification of the city and countryside) from Liebigian soil economy to Soviet political ecology. Finally, the chapter examines how Liebigian agricultural chemistry became a cipher for materialist philosophy and radical politics in an era of political repression.
Wasteland
Authors: Erley Mieka
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines the limits of Soviet efforts to refashion nature, to transform deserts into gardens, and to “socialize” wasteland (pustyr'). It begins with a discussion of the arc of Andrei Platonov's writings on the desert from 1921 to 1927, the final year that he worked for Narkomzem in the provinces of southern Russia and focuses specifically on Platonov's appropriation of the Solovevian discourse of the battle with the “Asian” desert. The chapter studies the literary works of Platonov in the context of his second career as a land reclamation engineer in the People's Commissariat of Agriculture, whose mandate was to make land more productive through a range of chemical, hydrological, and physical interventions collectively known as land reclamation (melioratsiia). It considers new directions in Platonov's writings on the desert following his first trip to Turkmenistan, focusing on two texts from 1934: an environmental manifesto, “On the First Socialist Tragedy” (“O pervoi sotsialisticheskoi tragedii”), and an essay specifically addressing the development of Kara-Kum, “The Hot Arctic” (“Goriachaia Arktika”). Reading these texts alongside Dzhan and situating the novella in its original discursive, historical, and ideological contexts, the chapter seeks to obtain a fuller understanding not only of Platonov's account of the history and future of the desert and its nomadic inhabitants but also of the method by which this tale of socialist development at the periphery comments on the ideological concerns of the center.
Epilogue
Authors: Erley Mieka
Published: January 2022

This chapter follows the story of stolen chernozem, the Eurasian black earth celebrated for its fertility, from Ukrainian farmland. It focuses on the overlapping fears of national decline, territorial invasion, resource mismanagement, and environmental degradation. In this modern tale moral degeneracy is an emergent feature of global neoliberal capitalism and its practices of deterritorialization. The chapter argues that dead landlords and corrupt officials are selling off the national patrimony of the Ukrainian homeland on the global market. It investigates how capitalist penetration of the former Soviet Union has turned both land and soil into commodities on the world market. Ultimately, the chapter looks at how artificial soils may offer a solution to the problems of soil production on Earth, as well as hold the promise of extraterrestrial colonization. It turns to elaborate on the rapid acceleration of the processes of soil formation and the creation of artificial soils.
Sovereignty as Generator of Inconsistent State Desire in Northeastern Central African Republic
Authors: Lombard Louisa
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines sovereignty as generator of inconsistent state desire in northeastern Central African Republic. Northeastern CAR occupies a limbo position: formally part of a state, but effectively mostly ignored by centralized administration. In northeastern CAR, people express a strong desire for an end to their “abandonment” by the state and an associated desire for a Leviathan-like power that can regulate and evict threats. At the same time, when state officials or others acting in the name of the state attempt to control and regulate the actions of people in the area, those targeted often protest vigorously. Indeed, the desire for stateness coexists with a value of liberty, or freedom from molestation in one's projects, which is a local manifestation of a project for sovereign agency. The chapter then considers how sovereign agency can generate or exacerbate states of inconsistency.
Aspirational Sovereignty and Human Rights Advocacy
Authors: Friedman Sara L.
Published: January 2022

This chapter assesses the concept of “aspirational sovereignty” to explore how the Taiwanese state enacts and projects sovereignty claims through everyday governing practices. As a vibrant democracy that enjoys formal diplomatic recognition from a shrinking number of states and informal recognition from many others, Taiwan operates in a contested international domain where any act that suggests official sovereign standing is quickly challenged or blocked by the PRC (People's Republic of China) government, which continues to claim Taiwan as a renegade province. The chapter examines how different political logics and governing practices generate recognizable and recognized sovereignty for Taiwan, with a particular focus on governmental and civil society responses to cross-border migration flows. It focuses not on immigrants themselves, but instead on specific groups, individuals, and institutions that form around immigrants: the bureaucrats and officials charged with managing migration flows and activists and other public figures who organize and speak publicly in support of human rights, especially immigrant rights. In different ways, these groups enact and demand a particular kind of Taiwanese state, one that they argue best serves a specific vision of an international community that includes a sovereign Taiwan in its midst.
Gender, Violence, and Competing Sovereign Claims in Afghanistan
Authors: Wimpelmann Torunn
Published: January 2022

This chapter looks at three recent attempts to construct or shape state interventions into gender violence to demonstrate how sovereign agency operating through the Afghan state apparatus cannot be reduced to that apparatus. Instead, it shows how such agency can be — simultaneously — globally, nationally, and locally constituted, and take different and even contradictory forms. In the case of the Law on Elimination of Violence Against Women (EVAW law), globally constituted sovereign claims worked through the nation-state apparatus. National institutions became part of a globalized sovereign regime in which Afghan women's security was made a global concern and ultimately guaranteed by external funds and pressure. The chapter then considers how state interventions into cases of gender violence such as rape might also serve as a vehicle for factional conflicts. This perspective further adds to the problematization of state sovereignty in Afghanistan, showing that calls for it to be exercised might be less about increasing state power and more about diminishing rivals' access to it.
Sovereign Days
Authors: Achniotis Panos
Published: January 2022

This chapter argues that in the wake of the 2017 referendum on Catalan sovereignty, the imagined community of the nation became concretely manifest in neighborhood communities of solidarity. The referendum, known by its numeronym 1-O (for 1-October), produced a continuing grassroot mobilization that was rooted in the experience of solidarity that so many people went through on that day. Indeed, for the neighborhood of Gavó, many residents claim that the intimacy that they felt on that day and continue to share with their fellow neighbors has no parallel to any previous electoral process. Moreover, that experience of continuing solidarity rooted in the 1-O informs the way they perceive self-determination and imagine the Catalan Republic. The chapter then explores what sense is made of notions such as republic and sovereignty through processes of self-organization during the 1-O and subsequently through the Committee for the Defense of the Republic (CDR) in Gavó. In so doing, it demonstrates how the CDR's understanding of sovereignty and independence seeks to transcend the mere formation of a new state.
The False Promises of Sovereignty
Authors: Dalsheim Joyce
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines the case of Israel, looking at the often ambivalent relationship between popular sovereignty, or the creation of a people who will be the vehicles of nation-state sovereignty, and the ways in which the state disciplines and maintains that “people.” Israel is the self-described Jewish state, a place where Jews should be free to be Jewish. Indeed, the national identity of sovereign citizens of Israel is not “Israeli,” it is “Jewish.” But this means that what will count as Jewishness must be formally defined and regulated. The chapter then considers two cases of observant Jewish Israelis who have come into conflict with state policies over what it means to be Jewish. The conflicts each of these groups — religious Zionists (dati leumi) and ultra-Orthodox (Haredim) — has with the state are nearly mirror opposites: one challenging the state to increase its sovereign power over contested territory and religious sites, the other rejecting such sovereignty. Both cases raise questions about the possibility of emancipation and the meaning of self-determination, which in turn suggests that the “who” of sovereign agency is never obvious, and always contested.
Irish Identities in the British Army during the First World War
Authors: Grayson Richard S.
Published: January 2022

This chapter places the Irish identities in the British Army during the First World War within the context of centuries-long traditions closely related to both national politics and mobilization. It looks at the trope of Irish soldiers, which were considered as brave and valuable as shock troops but lacking in discipline and reliability. It also discusses traditions that created ideas that would inform service in the First World War: one was a Protestant military narrative of service, while the other is a story of service for foreign nations in an “Irish Brigade.” The chapter highlights the Irish involvement in the British Army, which formally manifested itself in the Irish infantry regiments. It refers to the infantry units that went into action in the First World War that were organizationally the product of the 1881 Childers Reforms.
Conserving British Manpower during and after the First World War
Authors: Meyer Jessica
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores how the military priority of manpower conservation affected the nature and wartime work of the Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC) in three areas: recruitment, treatment, and rehabilitation. It considers how matters of manpower conservation shaped RAMC work in terms of general military recruitment and how the policies of recruitment affected the corps itself. It also examines how the work of the RAMC, particularly on manpower conservation, affected how soldiers viewed the corps. The chapter outlines how tensions between the army's medical priorities continued to play out in Britain's postwar policies on pensions and the rehabilitation of disabled ex-servicemen. It argues that the military prioritization of manpower conservation created a complex legacy for the RAMC as a branch of the armed services and for the provision of medical care under the auspices of the state.
Manpower, Training, and the Battlefield Leadership of British Army Officers in the Era of the Two World Wars
Authors: Sheffield Gary
Published: January 2022

This chapter explains the British army officer corps in the two world wars by locating it in the context of the hierarchical, class-based society in which it was rooted. It highlights the widespread belief until 1945, wherein skill in military leadership could be equated to an individual's position in society. It also discusses the class-based nature of the army that militated against obvious solutions: commission talented and experienced other ranks on a large scale and make it easier for poorer men to join the army as officers. The chapter cites the 1907 report that led to the formation of the Officers Training Corps, which is based at universities and elite schools. It mentions General Sir Ian Hamilton, who feared for the reliability of the supply of officers from the customary “limited class” and suggested that junior noncommissioned officers could be commissioned in wartime.
Conclusion
Authors: Carso Kerry Dean
Published: January 2022

This concluding chapter explores the enduring fascination with follies in the years after the nineteenth century. Although early modernism was starting to challenge historicism in American architecture in 1876, historicized follies remained popular for decades after the Centennial, even as metal towers — the architectural cousins of the Eiffel Tower — began to proliferate. Additionally, stone lookout towers were especially popular at the turn of the century, and private gardens in the so-called Country Place Era at the turn of the century continued to feature architectural adornments to provide delight and respite to garden enthusiasts. Even as High Modernism started to eclipse historicism in the mid-twentieth century, follies held interest in some quarters. In the late twentieth century, follies enjoyed a resurgence that continues to this day. Indeed, over the last several decades, follies have continued to fascinate contemporary architects and curators.
Land and the New Commoning
Authors: Rignall Karen E.
Published: January 2022

This chapter investigates the genealogy of collectively owned lands in Mgoun to argue that the division of the commons might represent a new form of communal action. It demonstrates how emergent definitions of the common good worked out through land conflicts in places like Ichihn might produce a new politics of the commons. Land conflicts in and of themselves were certainly nothing new in the Mgoun Valley or anywhere else in Morocco. With such awareness, the chapter describes the colonial transformation of collective sovereignty into collective property under the tutelage of the state. By folding collective lands into the state space of positive law, the French Protectorate simultaneously created the commons and undermined it. The chapter then looks into how the French colonial legacy shaped contemporary struggles around land. The chapter then proposes an alternative possibility: marginalized residents pursued hybrid private-property forms in an attempt to forge new kinds of “common action” that challenge assumptions about the death of the commons in the face of neoliberal encroachment.
Pluralism, Development, and the Nicaraguan Revolution
Authors: Lee David Johnson
Published: January 2022

This chapter follows the successful 1979 revolution to international alliance formation by the Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional (FSLN) and reveals how the Reagan administration reshaped international development policy in reaction. It argues that the revolution took place at a moment when Latin American and European politicians pushed for “ideological pluralism” to recognize the possibility of multiple paths to development worldwide while simultaneously advocating global economic restructuring. The FSLN tried to harness global dissatisfaction with the reactionary order linked to the United States, using diplomacy to transform dependency into revolutionary solidarity. The chapter then turns to discuss the Reagan administration's use of confrontation with Nicaragua to encourage a restructuring of economic and political development in the region. The chapter looks at how the administration harnessed ideas and structures created by the revolution to undermine the alliance between socialists and capitalists while placing Nicaragua at the center of the administration's own response to the challenge of global solidarity.
The Scandal of Opium (and the Colonial Exception)
Authors: Yang Timothy M.
Published: January 2022

This chapter deconstructs Hoshi Pharmaceuticals' opium-trading scandal amid the international antinarcotics movement of the early twentieth century. It looks at the state authorities who prohibited the sale, possession, and use of the substance by private entities within Japan's home islands. In the eyes of Japanese authorities in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, opium's potential dangers seemed to take precedence over its medicinal benefits. The chapter also investigates how Hoshi Pharmaceuticals greatly profited from operating within Japan's colonial empire. Ultimately, the chapter shows how the scandal erupted from questions concerning the legitimacy of colonial opium monopolies, geopolitical and domestic competition in the opium trade, and the socially determined nature of opium as a substance.
Selling the Science of Quinine Self-Sufficiency
Authors: Yang Timothy M.
Published: January 2022

This chapter inspects the nature of scientific legitimacy and quinine self-sufficiency through an examination of Hoshi Pharmaceuticals' cinchona plantations in colonial Taiwan and its coca plantations in Peru. It details the importance of quinine venture for Hoshi Pharmaceutical — arguing that the venture was a way to recover the company's finances and reputation. By returning to Japan's first formal colony with a plan to produce a medicine that stood for everything opium was not, Hoshi wanted to prove to the public that he and his company remained a humanitarian business that put “Kindness First.” The chapter mentions some competing drug firms like Takeda and Shionogi who allied with tropical medicine research centers from Tokyo and Kyoto Universities, respectively, to produce similar investments and plans. Ultimately, the chapter reveals how the production of a lifesaving medicine involved the domination of land and the subjugation of aboriginal people.
Epilogue
Authors: Yang Timothy M.
Published: January 2022

This chapter argues that Hoshi Pharmaceuticals in its heyday was not all that different from other large-scale drug companies of its time. It notes that it was a parable of an earlier era — characterized by collusive connections between state and industry, overheated, debt-financed expansion, and the dangers of peddling potential poisons as medicines. To sell its medicines, Hoshi, like other companies, wove a scientific, humanitarian, and democratic narrative of medicinal consumption that highlighted the allegedly objective and self-evident merits of modern medicine for curing disease and improving people's lives for the benefit of society as a whole. The chapter demonstrates, through the case of Hoshi, how the modern pharmaceutical industry developed outside of the research laboratory, deeply immersed and implicated in politics and society. Ultimately, the chapter displays — through a microhistory of the rise and fall of Hoshi Pharmaceuticals — the making of this industry and how it supported the Japanese state's efforts to mold individuals into healthy and productive citizens.
The Specter of a Color Revolution
Authors: Crowley Stephen
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines the question of how a state as strong as Vladimir Putin's Russia could yet be afraid of its own population. It explores the fear of a Russian color revolution, the importance of stability and economic growth to Putin's legitimacy, and his use of class divisions and nationalist rhetoric to divide real and potential opponents. The increased fear of a color revolution clearly stemmed from the events next door in Ukraine. It was also driven by concerns about the economy, specifically regarding the sudden drop in oil prices, which also occurred in 2014, the same year as the Maidan revolution. However, the potential for a Russian color revolution is fairly low. Many of the color revolutions elsewhere have arisen over charges of widespread fraud in elections, whereas support for President Putin, and even United Russia, has been sufficiently high so that — at least so far — blatant fraud to change election outcomes has not been needed. Moreover, when political protests did break out over charges of electoral fraud in 2011–2012, Putin succeeded in heightening social divisions between “real Russians” in the industrial and rural hinterlands and the cosmopolitan professionals in the major cities.
Setting the Tone
Authors: Weikart Lynne A.
Published: January 2022

This chapter recounts how the citizens of New York elected Michael Bloomberg to the city's highest office, two months after the 9/11 attack. It talks about why New Yorkers voted for a highly successful businessman and well-known philanthropist during that uncertain time. It also mentions Bloomberg's innovative technology business that he has built for the twenty-first century, which brought to the mayor's office years of management and planning experience. The chapter elaborates how Bloomberg's mayoralty would combine his private world of business with the public world of government. It highlights two things that Bloomberg prioritized in the first one hundred days: Setting the correct tone and picking a good team.
Democratizing National Martyrdom
Authors: Vu Linh D.
Published: January 2022

This chapter looks at the martyr hagiographies submitted in response to a 1939 decree. It explains that the decree urged provinces to collect stories of people “who cursed the bandits and died by the sharp edge of the sword” (ma kou bi yu feng ren zhe). By democratizing martyrdom, the 1939 decree sought to transform civilian bodies into weapons, which by no means physically injured Japanese soldiers but managed to offend the invaders' fighting spirit. The chapter then discusses the democratization of martyrdom in the Republican era, and it then reveals two major developments in twentieth-century China: the militarization of civilian life and the civilianization of war. The chapter examines how the Nationalist government's war-dead compensation and commendation regulations advanced the process of militarization. It further explicates the civilianization of war, which is defined as the increasing presence of civilians not only as victims but also as supporters of and participants in conflicts between states.
Medicine in the Boudoir
Authors: Quinlan Sean M.
Published: January 2022

This chapter begins with discussing the Marquis de Sade's La Philosophie dans le boudoir. It argues that Sade used medicine for specific political and ideological reasons rooted in the revolutionary experience. While drawing upon several of Sade's pornographic works, the chapter focuses primarily upon his La Philosophie dans le boudoir. La Philosophie dans le boudoir belonged to his corpus of “clandestine” or pornographic works. Within the book, Sade expressed his moral, philosophical, and even political opinions with a clarity and conciseness rarely encountered in his other writings. The chapter then examines how the La Philosophie dans le boudoir helped usher in a new world of medical writing and subcultures following the Reign of Terror, connecting medicine and culture in the post-revolutionary moment. The chapter analyses how he took medical ideas about individual health and hygiene and used them to defend libertinism, as a form of philosophic freethinking and sexual free-living, in a project that bordered upon a medical apologia.
Epilogue
Authors: Quinlan Sean M.
Published: January 2022

This chapter tracks the decades following the French Revolution, then reviews how the new medicine originating from the Paris schools, hospitals, and asylums captured the imagination of intellectuals and lay readers alike. It endeavours to reconstruct something of this dynamic exchange between medicine and the broader cultural world of the educated and leisured classes. The new medicine, as the chapter argues, gave contemporaries the cultural tools to understand “this overwhelming force” and allow them to navigate better the currents of an ever-shifting cultural landscape. The chapter then shifts to outline how biomedical science attracted contemporaries for several reasons. The chapter documents the variety of stylistic techniques that existed in the post-revolutionary period. It then suggests three factors that contributed to this change between medicine, writing, and readership: greater levels of specialization and disciplinary exactitude among medical professionals; the separation of “social science” from the older “science of man” tradition in medicine and philosophy (above all with how doctors now emphasized quantification and stratification models); and the greater social and professional cohesion among medical practitioners that developed in the decades following the medical revolution.
Assessment, Command, and Training Theory
Authors: Hunzeker Michael A.
Published: January 2022

This chapter explains assessment, command, and training (ACT) theory in detail, describing its predictions and the kinds of evidence that confirm or reject its validity. The chapter covers a detailed discussion of definitions, case selection, and scope conditions. ACT theory seeks to explain why some wartime militaries are better than others at learning so as to correctly update how they fight. With such knowledge, the chapter modifies the definitions of learning and doctrine to understand how a specific subset of organizations (militaries) learn while under extraordinary conditions (warfare). It focuses specifically on one type of learning: how militaries update, revise, and otherwise change their war-fighting doctrines. The chapter then explores how learning helps a military force become more effective on the battlefield. It details how the wartime militaries, assessment mechanisms, and centralized training are particularly relevant to both battlefield effectiveness and doctrinal learning.
Epilogue
Authors: Wood Elisabeth Jean
Published: January 2022

This concluding chapter briefly lays out the book's main contributions to our understanding of political violence and the research agenda it suggests. It then describes a hypothetical dialogue between the author of the chapter and the author of this work regarding the book's argument, method, evidence, and relevance for violence beyond violent display. It also reflects briefly on the author herself, who began as a doctoral student interested in studying political violence. She had asked some penetrating questions about the methodological and ethical challenges of ethnography in such settings. The chapter provides further insights into the life of the book's author and gives a brief eulogy for her untimely death.