bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maternal education and the multidimensionality of child health outcomes in India
Authors: Vikram Kriti , Vanneman Reeve
Published: May 2019

Maternal education plays a central role in children’s health, but there has been little research comparing the role of maternal education across health outcomes. It is important to distinguish child health outcomes from medical care outcomes. Health outcomes such as short-term morbidity and stunting are multifactorial in origin and determined by a range of factors not necessarily under a mother’s control. Mother’s education, given the necessary structural factors such as medical centres, is likely to lead to increased access to, and uptake of, medical services. Using data from the 2004–05 India Human Development Survey, eight separate logistic regressions were carried out on 11,026 women of reproductive age and their last-born child under five years of age. The results showed that maternal education had the strongest association with medical care, immunization (except polio) and iron supplementation for pregnant mothers, moderate association with underweight and weak association with short-term diseases and stunting. In addition, the study investigated whether maternal education impacts child health and medical care outcomes through the intervening roles of empowerment and human, social and cultural capital. These intervening linkages were found to be missing for short-term diseases and stunting, bolstering the argument that the influence of maternal education is limited for these outcomes.
Effect of Prior Pesticide use on Thiocarbamate Herbicide Persistence and Giant Foxtail (Setaria faberi) Control
Authors: Rudyanski Wade J. , Fawcett Richard S. , McAllister Ray S.
Published: May 2019

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to investigate degradation rates and efficacy of EPTC (S-ethyl dipropyl carbamothioate), butylate [S-ethyl bis(2-methylpropyl)carbamothioate], vernolate (S-propyl dipropylcarbamothioate), and cycloate (S-ethyl cyclohexylethylcarbamothioate) in soils with and without prior history of thiocarbamate use. Herbicide persistence was measured by an oat (Avena sativaL.) bioassay, and giant foxtail (Setaria faberiHerrm. # SETFA) control was visually estimated in field studies. Both greenhouse and field studies indicated that enhanced thiocarbamate degradation occurred when the same herbicide (EPTC, butylate, or vernolate) was applied over successive years. Addition of dietholate (O,O-diethylO-phenyl phosphorothioate) or fonofos (O-ethyl-S-phenylethylphosphonodithioate) increased thiocarbamate persistence and giant foxtail control in soils with prior thiocarbamate exposure. Use of dietholate or fonofos two or three consecutive years with EPTC or butylate again resulted in enhanced degradation. EPTC persistence and giant foxtail control were not affected by prior treatments or tank mixes with carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate). Rotation away from successive applications of the same thiocarbamate herbicide (EPTC, butylate, or vernolate) improved herbicide efficacy.
Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) Control and Soil Moisture Relationships in No-Tillage, Doublecropped Soybeans (Glycine max)
Authors: Defelice Michael S. , Witt William W. , Martin James R.
Published: May 2019

Field experiments were conducted in Princeton, KY, in 1982, 1983, and 1984 to evaluate johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers. # SORHA] control programs in no-tillage, doublecropped soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Essex′]. Sequential applications of sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} or fluazifop {(±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} at 0.2 kg ai/ha provided 36 to 94% johnsongrass control. The lower control values from these treatments were obtained in the droughty 1983 growing season while the higher and acceptable control ratings were obtained in 1982 and 1984 when rainfall was more plentiful. Preplant applications that contained glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] provided johnsongrass control greater than those containing paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bypyridinium ion). Soybean yields and soil moisture were greater with preplant applications of glyphosate than with preplant applications of paraquat or foliar applications of sethoxydim, fluazifop, or glyphosate. Greatest yields were obtained with a combination of a preplant application of glyphosate and a postemergence application of sethoxydim.
Effects of Rainfall on Foliar Herbicides Applied to Rhizome Johnsongrass
Authors: Bryson Charles T.
Published: May 2019

A rainfall simulator was used to evaluate the effects of washoff on 10 foliar-applied herbicides on johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers. # SORHA] in greenhouse experiments during 1983 and 1984 at Stoneville, MS. Time intervals between herbicide application and rainfall ranged from 20 to 240 min. Johnsongrass topgrowth control was equivalent to rain-free treatments using DPX-Y6202 {ethyl [2-[4-(6-chloro-2-quinozalinyl)oxy] phenoxy] propionate} at 0.03 and 0.06 kg/ha at time periods of 90 and 40 min between herbicide application and rainfall, respectively, at 28 days after treatment (DAT). A period of 120 min was required for johnsongrass control equivalent to rain-free treatments using sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} at 0.06 kg/ha, haloxyfop {2-[4-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} at 0.03 and 0.06 kg/ha, and cloproxydim {(E,E-2-[1-[[(3-chloro-2-propenyl)oxy] imino] butyl]-5-[2-ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} at 28 DAT. Neither glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] and SC-0224 (trimethylsulfoniumcarboxy methylaminomethylphosphonate) at 0.45 and 0.99 kg/ha nor other selective herbicides at 0.03 and 0.06 kg/ha gave equivalent johnsongrass topgrowth control to rain-free treatments when rainfall occurred within 240 and 120 min, respectively.
Silver Beardgrass (Andropogon saccharoides) Control on Highway Rights-of-Way
Authors: Samples Thomas J. , Cargill Lonnie M. , Brede A. Douglas
Published: May 2019

Foliar-applied herbicides were evaluated in one greenhouse and five field studies for control of silver beardgrass (Andropogon saccharoidesSwartz. # ANOSA). In the greenhouse, terbutryn [N-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-N′-ethyl-6-(methylthio)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] and the isopropylamine salt of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] at 3.4 kg ai/ha each consistently controlled silver beardgrass from 7 to 75 days after treatment. Field studies were conducted to investigate silver beardgrass control as influenced by herbicides and timing of herbicide application. Generally, glyphosate at 1.1 and 1.7 kg/ha satisfactorily controlled silver beardgrass with little or no permanent damage to the existing bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers. # CYNDA] turf. Decreasing water carrier volume from 374 to 187 L/ha did not affect phytoactivity of terbutryn at 3.4 kg/ha or glyphosate at 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, or 1.1 kg/ha.
Possible Role of Glandular Trichome Exudates in Interference by Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)
Authors: Sterling Tracy M. , Putnam Alan R.
Published: May 2019

The glandular trichomes on velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic. # ABUTH) stems and petioles exude liquid globules which are phytotoxic in petri plate bioassays. Because the exudate is easily removed with water, it was hypothesized that it may be washed from velvetleaf stems and petioles into the surrounding soil environment where it may exert allelopathic influences. Field and greenhouse studies attempted to separate the influence of exudates from other mechanisms of interference by removing exudates from some velvetleaf plants and not from others. Velvetleaf trichome exudates did not increase interference by velvetleaf in either field or greenhouse studies. A velvetleaf accession from Rosemount, MN, produced 1.4 times more exudate/stem dry weight than another accession from Stoneville, MS. However, the MS exudate was about 1.4 times more toxic in petri plate assays when compared to the MN exudate. Although greenhouse-grown plants had approximately 3.3 times more exudate/stem dry weight than field-grown plants, the field exudate was 1.6 times more toxic. The activity of velvetleaf exudates was also assayed in autoclaved and nonautoclaved soil. Although active in autoclaved soil, extract activity was lost at all but the highest dosage when the soil was not autoclaved. Microorganisms appear to rapidly detoxify the velvetleaf toxin(s) and may reduce or eliminate its impact in the field.
Weed Seed Population Dynamics During Six Years of Weed Management Systems in Crop Rotations on Irrigated Soil
Authors: Menges Robert M.
Published: May 2019

The influence of two weed management systems was determined on weed seed and seedling populations and on yields of cantaloupe (Cucumis meloL. var.reticulatusNaudin ‘Perlita′), bell pepper (Capsicum annuumL. var.grossum‘Grande Rio 66′), cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘CP 3374′), onion (Allium cepaL. ‘1015Y′), and cabbage (Brassica oleracea, var.capitataL. 'Sanibel′) sequentially grown in two 3-yr cycles. Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeriS. Wats. # AMAPA) did not exist initially, but hurricane-introduced seed populations increased to 1.1 billion/ha as seed populations of common purslane (Portulaca oleraceaL. # POROL) decreased from 786 million/ha to 124 million/ha in the 6-yr period, without weeding or herbicide. Use of herbicides and handweeding reduced Palmer amaranth seed populations 98%, but 18 million/ha still remained after 6 yr. The use of herbicides and Palmer amaranth interference decreased the seed populations of common purslane by 84%, but handweeding was inefficient. Yields of all but the first crop of cantalouple were almost totally eliminated by season-long interference of Palmer amaranth. Savings with the utilization of herbicides rather than handweeding ranged from $62/ha for cotton to $4703/ha for bell pepper.
Weed Control in Annual Statice
Authors: Hatterman Harlene M. , Shea Patrick J. , Paparozzi Ellen T.
Published: May 2019

Experiments were conducted in 1982, 1983, and 1984 to determine whether herbicides can effectively control weeds in annual statice (Limonium sinuatumMill.) without reducing the marketability of the crop. A greenhouse evaluation of chlorpropham (1-methylethyl 3-chlorophenylcarbamate), napropamide [N,N-diethyl-2-(1-naphthalenyloxy)propanamide], EPTC (S-ethyl dipropyl carbamothioate), oxadiazon {3-[2,4-dichloro-5-(1-methylethoxy)phenyl]-5-(1,1-dimethylethyi)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-(3H)-one}, and trifluralin [2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine] indicated that preemergence applications of the latter three herbicides resulted in the most effective weed control and least statice injury. Oxadiazon was the most effective for broadleaf and grass ed control in field-grown statice. Yield and quality were greatest in oxadiazon-treated plots and exceeded those of the handweeded controls. Annual statice was most sensitive to trifluralin.
Crop Residues and Management of Annual Grass Weeds in Continuous No-Till Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Dao Thanh H.
Published: May 2019

Field and growth chamber experiments were conducted from 1983 to 1985 to determine the relationships between loss in plant productivity and plant residue-crop-weed density in no-till wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) and to document chemical management and cultivar options for such a cropping system. Untilled stubble left on the soil at rates of 0.5 and 3 t/ha reduced wheat density and grain yield in continuous winter wheat. Stem densities of cheat (Bromus secalinusL. # BROSE) and downy brome (B. tectorumL. # BROTE) in mulched treatments averaged about 682, 679, and 38 stems/m2in 1983, 1984, and 1985, respectively. In the nonmulched treatment, weed density and standing dry matter ranged from 5 to 30 stems/m2and 2 to 6 g/m2, respectively. Removal of residues eliminated key habitat characteristics required for the establishment ofBromusspp. Preemergence and early postemergence applications of BAY SMY 1500 [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(ethylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one] at 2 kg/ha controlled both species ofBromusin no-till wheat. The herbicide treatment slightly delayed maturity of 10 wheat cultivars, but control of cheat and downy brome allowed nine cultivars to attain their yield potential, improving grain yield over that of untreated plots. ‘Vona’ wheat did not tolerate the herbicide and was susceptible after emergence. BAY SMY 1500 widens the spectrum of weed management and wheat cultivar options for an annual conservation production system of winter wheat.
Influence of Application Method on the Activity of Butylate and EPTC in Reduced-Tillage Corn (Zea mays)
Authors: Buhler Douglas D.
Published: May 2019

Weed control in reduced-tillage corn (Zea maysL. ‘Pioneer 3732′) with butylate [S-ethyl bis(2-methylpropyl) carbamothioate] and EPTC (S-ethyl dipropyl carbarnothioate) was not reduced when these herbicides were applied jointly with dry or liquid fertilizer. In most cases, application with fertilizer resulted in weed control similar to that observed when the herbicide was applied in water at 285 L/ha. Butylate applied as a granular formulation also gave weed control similar to the spray at 285 L/ha. Application in 95 L/ha of water consistently resulted in reduced weed control. Corn injury was not greatly influenced by application method, and differences in corn yield appeared to be due to differences in weed control. Growth chamber bioassays indicated that both butylate and EPTC dissipated more rapidly when applied in 95 L/ha of water than the other application methods, which may explain differences in weed control observed in the field.
Economic Assessment of Weed Control Systems for Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea)
Authors: Wilcut John W. , Wehtje Glenn R. , Patterson Michael G.
Published: May 2019

Traditional weed control systems based on soil-applied herbicides and cultivations were compared with systems utilizing postemergence grass herbicides for Texas panicum (Panicum texanumBuckle. # PANTE) control in peanut (Arachis hypogaeaL. ‘Florunner′) production. Maximum net returns ($150/ha) and peanut yield were achieved with traditional systems utilizing benefin [N-butyl-N-ethyl-2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine] applied preplant incorporated plus alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide] and dinoseb [2-(1-methylpropyl)-4,6-dinitrophenol] applied at ground cracking and two cultivations. The postemergence system using alachlor plus dinoseb applied at ground cracking and sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio) propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} applied postemergence also provided maximum net returns ($146/ha) and peanut yield.
Effect of Somes-Triazine Herbicides on Phosphatases from Corn (Zea mays) Roots
Authors: Scarponi Luciano , Perucci Piero
Published: May 2019

The influence of somes-triazine herbicides on acid phosphatase (acid Pase) and phosphodiesterase (PDase) from corn (Zea maysL. var. ‘Orfeo’) roots was investigated. Terbutryn [N-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-N′-ethyl-6-(methylthio)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] stimulated both phosphatases, whereas prometryn [N,N′-bis(1-methylethyl)-6-(methylthio)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] stimulated only the PDase. Atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] and desmetryn [N-methyl-N′-(1-methylethyl)-6-(methylthio)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] inhibited both phosphatases to varying degrees. Atraton [N-ethyl-6-methoxy-N′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine], prometon [6-methoxy-N,N′-bis(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine], and simazine (6-chloro-N,N′-diethyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine) inhibited acid Pase. No effect was exerted by ametryn [N-ethyl-N′-(1-methylethyl)-6-(methylthio)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine]. The enzyme assays and the kinetic parameters demonstrated that the interferences observed were due to an action on the synthesis of one or both enzymes rather than on the enzyme reactions. The types of theN-alkyl and the C1-substituent groups in the structures of thes-triazines tested appear important in determining the degree of the interference.
Sensitivity of Fieldbeans (Phaseolus vulgaris) to Reduced Rates of 2,4-D and Dicamba
Authors: Lyon Drew J. , Wilson Robert G.
Published: May 2019

The effects of the dimethylamine salt of dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) and the dimethylamine salt of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] on fieldbeans (Phaseolus vulgarisL. ‘Great Northern Valley’) were studied in order to assess the potential hazards of using these herbicides in areas adjoining fieldbean production. Dicamba and 2,4-D were applied to fieldbeans at three different rates (1.1, 11.2, and 112.5 g ai/ha) and four different growth stages (preemergence, second trifoliolate leaf, early bloom, and early pod). Application of 2,4-D preemergence or in the second trifoliolate leaf stage of growth did not reduce seed yield, delay maturity, or reduce germination of seed obtained from treated plants. Dicamba or 2,4-D applied at 112.5 g/ha to fieldbeans in the early bloom or early pod stages of growth consistently reduced seed yield, delayed maturity, and reduced germination percentage. Fieldbeans exhibited a greater overall sensitivity to dicamba than to 2,4-D.
Impact of Tall Fescue Grass andCarduusThistle Weevils on the Growth and Development of Musk Thistle (Carduus nutans)
Authors: Kok Loke T. , McAvoy Thomas J. , Mays Warren T.
Published: May 2019

Field plot experiments were conducted to examine the interactions between tall fescue grass (Festuca arundinaceaSchreb.), musk thistle (Carduus nutansL. =thoermeriWeinmann # CRUNU), and two thistle weevilsTrichosirocalus horridus(Panzer) andRhinocyllus conicusFroelich. Restriction of musk thistle growth was greatest when the weevils were allowed to feed on the musk thistles competing with tall fescue. Significant reductions were found in total musk thistle seeds per plant, root weight, flower buds per plant, stem dry weight, seeds per head, root crown diameter, stem height, rosette diameter, and head diameter. Seed weight and viability were not reduced. Of the three stress factors (tall fescue and the twoCarduusthistle weevils), tall fescue had the greatest impact. When musk thistle seeds were planted in 1-yr-old tall fescue, germination was low. Seeds that germinated did not grow more than four Leaves and none of the thistles developed to the reproductive stage. A 1-year-old tall fescue stand effectively prevented musk thistle reproduction. Thus, tall fescue helped suppress musk thistle growth more quickly than the use ofCarduusthistle weevils alone without competitive vegetation. Dry weight of tall fescue grass was lower in musk thistle-infested plots than in the thistle-free plots.
Persistence, Germinability, and Distribution of Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) Seed in Soil
Authors: Donald William W. , Zimdahl Robert L.
Published: May 2019

The persistence and germinability of jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindricaHost. # AEGCY) seed (caryopses) were studied over a five-year period between 1979 and 1984 at five locations in Colorado, Kansas, and Nebraska. Seed were buried in open-mesh packets and the sites were not disturbed for the duration of the study. Seed survival at burial depths of 5, 15, or 30 cm decreased rapidly over the first three years at all locations. By the third year, less than 7.4 ± 6.5% (mean ± SD) of the seed remained at 5 cm in the soil at all locations. By the third, fourth, and fifth year there was total loss of seed at one, two, and four sites at the 5-cm burial depth. Only three of five sites had total loss of seed at 30 cm after five years. The proportion of surviving seed that were germinable increased with time and was almost 100% after three years of burial. Because jointed goatgrass seed were relatively transient in the soil profile, fallowing of infested areas for a three-year period may significantly reduce populations of this weed or eradicate it, depending upon location.
Calculating the Threshold Temperature of Development for Weeds
Authors: Wiese Ann M. , Binning Larry K.
Published: May 2019

Weed seeds were germinated in incubators at constant temperatures ranging from 4 to 32 C increments. Percent germination per day was regressed against temperature with the x-intercept representing the low threshold temperature for development. Low threshold temperatures for development (low TTD's) calculated for wild proso millet (Panicum miliaceumL. # PANMI), barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv. # ECHCG], common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL. # CHEAL), and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL. # AMARE) were 6.9, 9.7, 6.0, and 10.0 C, respectively.
Influence of Soybean (Glycine max) Row Spacing on Pitted Morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosa) Interference
Authors: Howe Otis W. , Oliver Lawrence R.
Published: May 2019

The interference and seed production potential of pitted morningglory (Ipomoea lacunosaL. # IPOLA) with conventional-row (1 m) and narrow-row (20 cm) ‘Hill’ soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] was studied for 2 yr. Pitted morningglory densities were 3.3, 10, 20, and 40 plants/m2while soybean densities were 23 and 50 plants/m2in conventional and narrow rows, respectively. Pitted morningglory interfered with soybean growth earlier in conventional-row soybeans than in narrow-row soybeans due to its rapid increase in leaf area index (LAI) and biomass from 4 to 8 weeks after emergence. Soybeans were competitive with pitted morningglory until the soybean reproductive stage began at 7 weeks after emergence. Pitted morningglory reduced soybean yields 17% more in a dry year than in a wet year. Yield of narrow-row soybeans was equal or greater than yield of conventional-row soybeans at all pitted morningglory densities. Conventional-row soybean yields were reduced an average of 42 and 81% at pitted morningglory densities of 3.3 and 40/m2, respectively, but yield of narrow-row soybeans was reduced only 6 and 62% at equivalent densities. Pitted morningglory grown without soybean interference produced an average of 52.3 million seeds/ha. Total seed production of pitted morningglory growing in soybeans increased as pitted morningglory density increased and was greater in conventional rows than in narrow rows. Narrow rows reduced total seed production an average of 90 and 68% at pitted morningglory densities of 3.3 and 40/m2, respectively.
The Population Age Structure of Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea maculosa) in Montana
Authors: Boggs Keith W. , Story Jim M.
Published: May 2019

Spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa Lam. # CENMA) communities were sampled to determine the relationship between age and the number of root rings, and the population age structure. Spotted knapweed taproots add one ring of secondary xylem annually. In 1984, populations were expanding with high densities of individuals in the early age classes, followed by a steady decline in the older classes. In 1985, the majority of the individuals in knapweed populations were in the older age classes. This change in the population age structure was attributed to high mortality among the young age classes due to a drought in 1985. The maximum age class at the sites ranged from 5 to 9 yr. The percentage of plants with floral stalks increased with age to a peak of 75% in the fifth year in 1984 and in the seventh year in 1985.
Responses of Monoecious and Dioecious Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) to Various Concentrations and Exposures of Diquat
Authors: Van Thai K. , Steward Kerry K. , Conant Richard D.
Published: May 2019

Control of monoecious and dioecious hydrilla [Hydrilla verticillata(L.f.) Royle # HYLLI] biotypes required a minimum 2 days of exposure to diquat (6,7-dihydrodipyrido [1,2-α:2′,1′-c] pyrazinediium ion) at a concentration of 0.25 mg/L under laboratory conditions. When treatment concentration was increased to 2.0 mg/L diquat, the minimum required contact time was reduced to 6 or 12 h depending on plant growth stage. Early growth emerging from sprouting tubers appeared to be more susceptible to diquat treatments. Herbicide uptake was linear during a 4-day exposure to14C-diquat up to 1.0 mg/L, and the amounts of radioactivity in plant tissue varied proportionally with ambient levels of14C-diquat in water. The lethal concentration of diquat in hydrilla tissue was estimated to be 81 μg/g plant dry weight when hydrilla was exposed to diquat at 0.25 mg/L for 2 days.
Interaction of Fluometuron and MSMA with Sethoxydim and Fluazifop
Authors: Byrd John D. , York Alan C.
Published: May 2019

Field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of tank-mixing fluometuron {N,N-dimethyl-N′-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] urea} or MSMA (monosodium salt of methylarsonic acid) with sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} or the butyl ester of fluazifop {(±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy] phenoxy] propanic acid} on cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) tolerance and large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop. # DIGSA] control. Postemergence (over-the-top) application of 1.7 kg ai/ha of fluometuron reduced cotton lint yield 17 to 23% in three of four tests. No yield reduction resulted from postemergence application of 1.1 kg ae/ha of MSMA. Tank-mixing 0.1 or 0.2 kg ai/ha of sethoxydim or 0.1 or 0.2 kg ae/ha of fluazifop with fluometuron or MSMA did not alter the effect of fluometuron or MSMA on cotton yield. Tank mixtures of 1.1 to 2.2 kg/ha of fluometuron plus sethoxydim or fluazifop were antagonistic. No antagonism was observed when fluometuron was applied 3 days before or 6 h following sethoxydim or fluazifop application. Tank-mixing 1.1 or 2.2 kg/ha of MSMA with sethoxydim or fluazifop initially reduced control of large crabgrass. Antagonism was not observed at 4 weeks after tank-mix application of MSMA plus sethoxydim, and was observed in only one of three experiments 4 weeks following tank-mix application of MSMA plus fluazifop. When antagonism was observed with tank mixtures of fluazifop plus MSMA, sequential application of MSMA 1 to 7 days before application of fluazifop did not overcome the antagonism. No antagonism occurred when MSMA was applied 6 or more hours after fluazifop application.
Preventing Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) Seed Production with DPX-Y6202 and Fluazifop
Authors: Richardson Jesse M. , Gealy David R. , Morrow Larry A.
Published: May 2019

Ethyl ester of DPX-Y6202 {2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} and butyl ester of fluazifop {(±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} applied during the reproductive phase of development at 0.07 and 0.28 kg ai/ha prevented seed formation in downy brome (Bromus tectorumL. # BROTE). Fluazifop prevented seed formation over a wider range of application rates and growth stages than did DPX-Y6202. Seed production was prevented most readily by herbicide applications made early in the reproductive phase. Environmental factors during reproduction affected herbicide performance. Foliar absorption and translocation of14C-fluazifop into the developing spikelets was greater than that of14C-DPX-Y6202 in downy brome.
Adsorption of Selective Grass Herbicides by Soils and Sediments
Authors: Rick Susan K. , Slife Fred W. , Banwart Wayne L.
Published: May 2019

Soil factors that may affect activity of the propynyl ester of CGA-82725 {2-[(3,5-dichloro-2-pyridinyl) oxy] phenoxy] propanic acid}, methyl ester of haloxyfop {2-[4-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid}, and butyl ester of fluazifop {(±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy] phenoxy] propanoic acid} were examined. Adsorption of the three herbicides on three Illinois soils was similar but very low. Linear partion coefficients (Kd) ranged from 0 to 1.75 for CGA-82725 and haloxyfop, while no adsorption was detected for fluazifop on Drummer silty clay loam, Cisne silt loam, or Bloomfield sand. Conversion to the parent acid (active form) following application to the soil was rapid. The acid form was predominant for 2 months. Two metabolites were recovered; one was common to all three herbicides and intermediate in polarity to the acid and ester forms, and the other, unique to CGA-82725, was slightly more polar than the acid form. Extractability of the herbicides decreased dramatically over time. Haloxyfop and CGA-82725 leached to similar depths in soil column studies. Fluazifop tended to move more readily in the silty clay loam but less rapidly in the sand. Adsorption studies with 15 additional soil or sediment samples with widely varying physiochemical properties yielded adsorption (Kd) values of 0.79, 1.09, and 1.15 for fluazifop, haloxyfop, and CGA-82725, respectively, when averaged over all samples studied. Adsorption did not appear to be significantly influenced by organic carbon content, clay content, or pH.
Unsettling the Anti-Welfare Commonsense: The Potential in Participatory Research with People Living in Poverty
Authors: PATRICK RUTH
Published: May 2019

Drawing on participatory research with people living in poverty, this article details the possibilities inherent in this research tradition and its particular applicability and as yet often unrealised potential for poverty and social security research. The dominant framing of ‘welfare’ and poverty foregrounds elite political and politicised accounts, which place emphasis on individual and behavioural drivers of poverty, and imply that the receipt of ‘welfare’ is necessarily and inevitably problematic. A large body of academic evidence counters this framing, illustrating the extent to which popular characterisations are out of step with lived realities. What is often missing, however, are the voices and expertise of those directly affected by poverty and welfare reform. This article argues that placing experts by experience on poverty at the centre of research efforts is best understood as constituting a direct challenge to the marginalising and silencing of the voices and perspectives of people living in poverty. While this hints at participatory research’s great potential, it is vital also to recognise the inherent challenges of taking a participatory approach. Significantly, though, participatory research can undermine popular characterisations of poverty and welfare and provide opportunities for alternative narratives to emerge, narratives which could contribute to the building of a pro-welfare imaginary over time.
Fathers’ Uptake of Parental Leave: Forerunners and Laggards in Sweden, 1993–2010
Authors: MA LI , ANDERSSON GUNNAR , DUVANDER ANN-ZOFIE , EVERTSSON MARIE
Published: May 2019

Sweden is often considered a forerunner in family change and developments towards less gendered family production patterns. In this study, we focus on recent developments towards more gender-equal sharing of parental leave in Sweden. We explore how fathers’ use of parental leave has changed over time before and since the turn of the century. As the parental leave benefit is individual and earnings-based, we examine how fathers’ individual socio-economic and demographic characteristics are associated with their parental leave uptake over time, to determine whether there are forerunners and laggards in recent family change. Multinomial logistic regression models were applied to data from national registers. Our study demonstrates a bifurcation in trends in recent decades. This is associated with the extension of reforms that reserve part of the leave for fathers, the so-called “daddy months”, but stretches beyond the impact of any such reforms. Taking a long leave of over two months was pioneered by better-educated residents of metropolitan areas and surrounding suburbs, as well as Swedish-born fathers. Young fathers, low-income earners and foreign-born fathers lagged behind in these developments. We regard the unstable labour market situation of the latter as a contributing factor in widening social inequalities in family-related behaviour.
I MILITANTI DELLE ORGANIZZAZIONI TERRORISTE DI SINISTRA IN ITALIA
Authors: della Porta Donatella
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Fra i fenomeni che caratterizzarono la storia italiana degli anni Settanta, il terrorismo è certamente quello piò drammaticamente presente nella memoria collettiva. Vari interrogativi vennero posti nel dibattito di quegli anni sulle cause di una violenza politica di tale intensità e durata. Le condizioni ambientali per il suo emergere vennero individuate ora nelle peculiarità della cultura politica, ora nella gravità che alcuni problemi sociali assunsero nel corso della lunga crisi economica. Alcune organizzazioni legali vennero accusate di avere offerto strutture o legittimazione alle formazioni clandestine. La percezione dell'estensione raggiunta dal fenomeno accrebbe il bisogno di capire le motivazioni che avevano spinto tanti individui, appartenenti ad una generazione socializzata alla politica in un regime democratico ormai consolidato, verso comportamenti di un tale livello di violenza.
LE DIMENSIONI DELL'EFFICACIA POLITICA: ASPETTI METODOLOGICI
Authors: Mattei Franco
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Il senso di efficacia politica definito inizialmente come «la percezione che l'azione politica individuale ha, o può avere, un peso nel processo politico » ovvero come « la percezione che il mutamento politico e sociale è possibile e che i cittadini possono avere una parte nella determinazione di questo mutamento », ha rappresentato una variabile-chiave in numerose ricerche su cultura e comportamenti politici di massa nei sistemi democratici.
LINGUAGGIO SCIENTIFICO O TORRE DI BABELE?
Authors: Marradi Alberto
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Per fermare gli orgogliosi babilonesi che scalavano il cielo, Jahvé non fece ricorso al fulmine, ai Titani o a una cavalcata delle Walkirie. Si limitò, dice la Bibbia, a « confondere le loro favelle ». Lo sterminato cantiere attorno alla ziqqurat piombò nel caos, e nemmeno un mattone fu piò trasportato fino alla cima della costruzione. Gli estensori del testo sacro erano già consapevoli del ruolo essenziale di un linguaggio comune in un'impresa comune.
Design and Experimental Evaluation of Wearable Lower Extremity Exoskeleton with Gait Self-adaptivity
Authors: Wang Wenkang , Zhang Liancun , Cai Kangjian , Wang Zhiheng , Zhang Bainan , Huang Qiang
Published: May 2019

In this paper, we present a passive lower extremity exoskeleton with a simple structure and a light weight. The exoskeleton does not require any external energy source and can achieve energy transfer only by human body’s own gravity. The exoskeleton is self-adaptive to human gait to achieve basic matching therewith. During walking, pulling forces are generated through Bowden cables by pressing plantar power output devices by feet, and the forces are transmitted to the exoskeleton through a crank-slider mechanism to enable the exoskeleton to provide torques for the ankle and knee joints as required by the human body during the stance phase and the swing phase. Our self-developed gait detection system is used to perform experiments on kinematics, dynamics and metabolic cost during walking of the human body wearing the exoskeleton in different states. The experimental results show that the exoskeleton has the greatest influence on motion of the ankle joint and has the least influence on hip joint. With the increase in elastic coefficient of the spring, the torques generated at the joints by the exoskeleton increase. When walking with wearing k3EF exoskeleton at a speed of 0.5 m/s, it can save the most metabolic cost, reaching 13.63%.
The ecology and reproductive cycle of a population of Marenzelleria viridis (Annelida: Polychaeta: Spionidae) in the Tay Estuary
Authors: Atkins S. M. , Jones A. M. , Garwood P. R.
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

The occurrence of a population of the spionid polychaete Marenzelleria viridis (Verrill 1873) in the middle reaches of the Tay Estuary is reported. This is a new British and European record of a North American species, and its principal characteristics are described and compared with earlier accounts. Size frequency analysis of the population showed it to be dominated by large animals from July 1984 to May 1986. The population matured coelomic gametes during winter 1985–86 and spawned in March 1986 to produce a heavy settlement in May, which subsequently grew rapidly. The distribution of M. viridis in relation to other species, sediment and other ecological parameters is described from a single survey of the Invergowrie Bay mudflats. Marenzelleria population densities of up to 1500 m 2 were negatively correlated with all other species of a low diversity macrofaunal community dominated by predatory polychaetes and filter feeding bivalves. Marenzelleria was abundant down to sediment depths of 20–30 cm. The significance and origin of this population is discussed.
The public perception of risk
Authors: Lenihan J.
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

If technology aims to direct natural forces for the use and convenience of man, the inconvenience or worse arising from the concomitant hazards requires attention. The quantitative assessment of risk practised by the actuary and engineer differs substantially from the public perception of the same risks. In several longestablished activities there is a remarkably stable, and presumably socially tolerated, accident rate. In newer and more extensively hazardous activities political control, social toleration and public perception of risk interdepend in ways which require further exploration.
Technical Efficiency of New York Dairy Farms
Authors: Tauer Loren W. , Belbase Krishna P.
Published: May 2019

The technical efficiencies of New York dairy farms were estimated using a frontier production function. The average farm was 69 percent efficient. Individual farm efficiency was regressed on variables not considered inputs to explain why a farm was not on the frontier. Favorable location in the state and larger size (cows) as proxies for technology lead to greater efficiency. Participation in the Dairy Herd Improvement Cooperative and use of mail-in computerized records as proxies for management result in a reduction in efficiency. However, only 9 percent of variation in farm efficiency could be explained.
Visual Object Discrimination Impairment as an Early Predictor of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Gaynor Leslie S. , Curiel Cid Rosie E. , Penate Ailyn , Rosselli Mónica , Burke Sara N. , Wicklund Meredith , Loewenstein David A. , Bauer Russell M.
Published: May 2019

Objective:Detection of cognitive impairment suggestive of risk for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) progression is crucial to the prevention of incipient dementia. This study was performed to determine if performance on a novel object discrimination task improved identification of earlier deficits in older adults at risk for AD.Method:In total, 135 participants from the 1Florida Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center [cognitively normal (CN), Pre-mild cognitive impairment (PreMCI), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and dementia] completed a test of object discrimination and traditional memory measures in the context of a larger neuropsychological and clinical evaluation.Results:The Object Recognition and Discrimination Task (ORDT) revealed significant differences between the PreMCI, aMCI, and dementia groups versus CN individuals. Moreover, relative risk of being classified as PreMCI rather than CN increased as an inverse function of ORDT score.Discussion:Overall, the obtained results suggest that a novel object discrimination task improves the detection of very early AD-related cognitive impairment, increasing the window for therapeutic intervention. (JINS, 2019,25, 688–698)
Feasibility and acceptability of a Takeaway Masterclass aimed at encouraging healthier cooking practices and menu options in takeaway food outlets
Authors: Hillier-Brown Frances , Lloyd Scott , Muhammad Louise , Summerbell Carolyn , Goffe Louis , Hildred Natalie , Adams Jean , Penn Linda , Wrieden Wendy , White Martin , Lake Amelia , Moore Helen , Abraham Charles , Adamson Ashley , Araújo-Soares Vera
Published: May 2019

Objective:

To evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of the Takeaway Masterclass, a three-hour training session delivered to staff of independent takeaway food outlets that promoted healthy cooking practices and menu options.

Design:

A mixed-methods study design. All participating food outlets provided progress feedback at 6 weeks post-intervention. Baseline and 6-week post-intervention observational and self-reported data were collected in half of participating takeaway food outlets.

Setting:

North East England.

Participants:

Independent takeaway food outlet owners and managers.

Results:

Staff from eighteen (10 % of invited) takeaway food outlets attended the training; attendance did not appear to be associated with the level of deprivation of food outlet location. Changes made by staff that required minimal effort or cost to the business were the most likely to be implemented and sustained. Less popular changes included using products that are difficult (or expensive) to source from suppliers, or changes perceived to be unpopular with customers.

Conclusion:

The Takeaway Masterclass appears to be a feasible and acceptable intervention for improving cooking practices and menu options in takeaway food outlets for those who attended the training. Further work is required to increase participation and retention and explore effectiveness, paying particular attention to minimising adverse inequality effects.
Snacking characteristics and patterns and their associations with diet quality and BMI in the Childhood Obesity Prevention and Treatment Research Consortium
Authors: LeCroy Madison N , Truesdale Kimberly P , Matheson Donna M , Karp Sharon M , Moore Shirley M , Robinson Thomas N , Berge Jerica M , Nicastro Holly L , Thomas Alicia J
Published: May 2019

Objective:

To describe snacking characteristics and patterns in children and examine associations with diet quality and BMI.

Design:

Children’s weight and height were measured. Participants/adult proxies completed multiple 24 h dietary recalls. Snack occasions were self-identified. Snack patterns were derived for each sample using exploratory factor analysis. Associations of snacking characteristics and patterns with Healthy Eating Index-2010 (HEI-2010) score and BMI were examined using multivariable linear regression models.

Setting:

Childhood Obesity Prevention and Treatment Research (COPTR) Consortium, USA: NET-Works, GROW, GOALS and IMPACT studies.

Participants:

Predominantly low-income, racial/ethnic minorities: NET-Works (n534, 2–4-year-olds); GROW (n610, 3–5-year-olds); GOALS (n241, 7–11-year-olds); IMPACT (n360, 10–13-year-olds).

Results:

Two snack patterns were derived for three studies: a meal-like pattern and a beverage pattern. The IMPACT study had a similar meal-like pattern and a dairy/grains pattern. A positive association was observed between meal-like pattern adherence and HEI-2010 score (Pfor trend < 0⋅01) and snack occasion frequency and HEI-2010 score (βcoefficient (95 % CI): NET-Works, 0⋅14 (0⋅04, 0⋅23); GROW, 0⋅12 (0⋅02, 0⋅21)) among younger children. A preference for snacking while using a screen was inversely associated with HEI-2010 score in all studies except IMPACT (βcoefficient (95 % CI): NET-Works, −3⋅15 (−5⋅37, −0⋅92); GROW, −2⋅44 (−4⋅27, −0⋅61); GOALS, −5⋅80 (−8⋅74, −2⋅86)). Associations with BMI were almost all null.

Conclusions:

Meal-like and beverage patterns described most children’s snack intake, although patterns for non-Hispanic Blacks or adolescents may differ. Diets of 2–5-year-olds may benefit from frequent meal-like pattern snack consumption and diets of all children may benefit from decreasing screen use during eating occasions.
Characteristics of the school food environment associated with hypertension and obesity in Brazilian adolescents: a multilevel analysis of the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA)
Authors: Gonçalves Vivian SS , Duarte Elisabeth C , Dutra Eliane S , Barufaldi Laura A , Carvalho Kênia MB
Published: May 2019

Objective:

To characterize the food environment in schools that participated in the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA) and to identify individual and contextual factors associated with hypertension and obesity.

Design:

National school-based survey.

Setting:

Blood pressure, weight and height were measured, and characteristics of the schools were obtained in interviews with the principals. For each outcome, multilevel models of mixed effects were applied by logistic regression.

Participants:

School-going adolescents aged 12–17 years.

Results:

A total of 73 399 adolescents were evaluated. The prevalence of hypertension was 9·6 (95 % CI 9·0, 10·3) % and that of obesity was 8·4 (95 % CI 7·9, 8·9) %. Approximately 50 % of the adolescents were able to purchase food at school and in its immediate vicinity and 82 % had access to no-charge meals through Brazil’s National School Feeding Program. In the adjusted analysis, hypertension was associated (OR; 95 % CI) with the consumption of meals prepared on the school premises (0·79; 0·69, 0·92), the sale of food in the school’s immediate vicinity (0·67; 0·48, 0·95) and the purchase of food in the school cafeteria (1·29; 1·11, 1·49). It was observed that there were lower odds of obesity among students who were offered meals prepared on the school premises (0·68; 0·54, 0·87).

Conclusions:

High frequency of sales of ultra-processed foods in schools was identified. Contextual and individual characteristics in the school food environment were associated with hypertension and obesity, pointing to the need for regulation and supervision of these spaces.
The importance of communication skills required to reduce set-up errors in the radiotherapy planning phase
Authors: Merlotti A. , Reali A. , Russi E.
Published: May 2019

During the planning computed tomography (CT) scan, patients experience the position and any immobilisation technique required for radiotherapy.

Patient’s stress and anxiety can cause muscle tension that can introduce systematic set-up errors if not recognised and corrected.

We discuss two clinical cases that highlight the importance of time dedicated to communication and revision of the first CT acquisition during a virtual simulation procedure.
Cross Calibration of >16 MeV Proton Measurements From NOAA POES and EUMETSAT MetOp Satellites
Authors: Lin Ruilin , Zhang Jichun , Redmon Robert J. , Ni Binbin , Liu Siqing , Zhang Xiaoxin , Shi Liqin , Gong Jiancun , Chen Dong , Cheng Yonghong , Wang Hong , Cao Yong
Published: May 2019

A long‐term data set of energetic proton omnidirectional integral fluxes with an 8‐s resolution from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Polar Operational Environmental Satellites (POES) and EUMETSAT MetOp satellites from 1978 to 2014 has been investigated comprehensively to capture the data bifurcations, calibration inconsistency, and some erroneous data. There are two categories of the data bifurcations. The upper and lower branches of both bifurcations can be clearly separated by magnetic local time or by magnetic latitude. The calibration inconsistency of POES and MetOp proton omnidirectional integral fluxes (>16 MeV) is solved by fitting the data from each pair of two satellites using a third‐degree polynomial function. The fitted curve is almost independent of Lm, B/B0, and time in the valid range. By these fitted functions, the >16 MeV proton omnidirectional integral fluxes from other POES and MetOp satellites are recalibrated to the NOAA‐15 measurements that are adopted as the reference standard. Analyses of the recalibrated data at the geomagnetic equator for about 3.5 solar cycles indicate that the maximal and minimal yearly values of >16 MeV proton omnidirectional integral fluxes are in 1987 and in 2002, respectively. By comparisons with the AP8 model predictions, the ratios of the observations in 1987 (in 2002) to the AP8 MIN (AP8 MAX) predictions are mainly within 0.5‐3 (0.1‐2), showing a dependence on Lm and B/B0.