bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spinal tumors in 37 dogs: clinical outcome and long-term survival (1987-1994)
Authors: Levy MS , Kapatkin AS , Patnaik AK , Mauldin GN , Mauldin GE
Published: September 2014

The current management of dogs with spinal canal neoplasia in a large veterinary institution was evaluated. Postoperative survival time and prognostic indicators for survival were examined. Spinal neoplasms in dogs and humans also were compared. Thirty-seven cases with histologically confirmed spinal tumors were included in the study. The cervical region was affected most commonly, and 23 (62%) of 37 cases had extradural tumors. A hemilaminectomy or a dorsal laminectomy was performed in each case; three cases received adjuvant treatment. Twelve (32%) cases were euthanized at the time of surgery, and two died immediately after surgery. One dog was euthanized 20 days after surgery because of persistent clinical signs. Twenty-two cases were followed postoperatively; nine different types of primary tumors were confirmed by histological examination of tissue specimens from these 22 cases, and three cases had metastatic lesions. The median survival time of these 22 cases was 240 days. Twelve (32%) of the 37 cases had nerve-sheath tumors; the median survival time for these 12 cases was 180 days. No prognostic indicators were identified. However, median survival times of cases with benign versus malignant tumor types were 1,410 days and 180 days, respectively (p of 0.07). Four cases each had a myxoma/myxosarcoma, a tumor previously unreported in the spinal canal in dogs.
Radiotherapy of incompletely resected, moderately differentiated mast cell tumors in the dog: 37 cases (1989-1993)
Authors: Frimberger AE , Moore AS , LaRue SM , Gliatto JM , Bengtson AE
Published: September 2014

Thirty-seven dogs with moderately differentiated, cutaneous mast cell tumors had incomplete surgical excisions as determined by histopathology, but no gross evidence of tumor. All dogs were irradiated to a total dose of between 46.2 and 48.0 Gy using either an orthovoltage source (n = 20) or a linear accelerator (megavoltage) (n = 17). Radiation was delivered to an area bordered by margins of 3 cm or greater around the surgical scar. The mast cell tumors had not recurred in 97% of dogs by one year after radiation therapy and had not recurred in 93% of dogs by three years after radiation. Both orthovoltage and megavoltage radiation provide excellent local control of moderately differentiated mast cell tumors in dogs.
Primary adenocarcinoma of the gland of the nictitating membrane in a cat
Authors: Komaromy AM , Ramsey DT , Render JA , Clark P
Published: September 2014

An 11-year-old, neutered, male domestic shorthair was presented with a five-month history of recurrent, unilateral, seromucoid discharge from the right eye. A verrucous mass extended from the posterior aspect of the nictitating membrane. Adenocarcinoma of the gland of the nictitating membrane (GNM) was diagnosed upon biopsy. The cat subsequently developed metastases to the lungs, pleura, mediastinum, liver, and kidneys and died six months after clinical signs first were observed. Little is known about the biological behavior of adenocarcinoma of the GNM in cats. This is the first report that describes the natural progression of this disease.
The effect of wound irrigation with bupivacaine on postoperative analgesia of the feline onychectomy patient
Authors: Winkler KP , Greenfield CL , Benson GJ
Published: September 2014

Eighteen cats that each underwent an elective onychectomy were evaluated using a double-blind study design to determine if wound irrigation with bupivacaine prior to wound closure would decrease postoperative pain. The cats were divided alternately into an experimental group (n = 9) and a control group (n = 9). The experimental patients received bupivacaine in each incision prior to closure. The control patients received saline in each incision prior to closure. The patients were evaluated for postoperative pain using a pain-score system. The bupivacaine-treated patients had a significantly higher mean pain score at two hours following recovery from anesthesia than the saline-treated patients. At three hours following recovery from anesthesia, pain scores were not significantly different.
Predisposition to gastric dilatation-volvulus in relation to genetics of thoracic conformation in Irish setters
Authors: Schaible RH , Ziech J , Glickman NW , Schellenberg D , Yi Q , Glickman LT
Published: September 2014

Thoracic depth/width ratios (TDWRs) were calculated from measurements of the parents (i.e., common dam and two sires) and puppies in two litters of Irish setters. The TDWRs of the parents, distribution of TDWRs in the litters, and comparisons with earlier population studies suggest that an incompletely dominant major gene and a background of minor genes and environmental factors are responsible for the TDWR. A history of gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) (i.e., bloat) was correlated with high TDWRs in this family as it was for Irish setters and certain other breeds studied earlier. It may be possible to reduce the incidence of GDV by selective breeding of dogs with lower TDWRs.
Urethral obstruction in a dog: an unusual presentation of T-cell lymphoma
Authors: Struble AL , Lawson GW , Ling GV
Published: September 2014

A six-year-old, neutered male golden retriever was presented for evaluation of stranguria. Upon physical examination, the dog was thin and actively was straining to urinate. A large, firm bladder was palpated. Urethral pressure profilometry was indicative of a focal, nondistensible lesion in the midurethra which was confirmed with a positive contrast urethrogram. Ultrasonographically, a well-marginated tubular mass was visualized midurethra, and a region of small bowel was noted to have an annular mural thickening with corrugations of the mucosal surface. The abnormal areas were aspirated percutaneously, and lymphoma was diagnosed upon cytological examination of the aspirated material. At necropsy, a diagnosis of diffuse T-cell lymphoma was confirmed.
Arthroscopic examination and treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the femoral condyle of six dogs
Authors: Bertrand SG , Lewis DD , Madison JB , de Haan JH , Stubbs WP , Stallings JT
Published: September 2014

Arthroscopy was used to diagnose and treat osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the femoral condyle in six dogs. Bilateral lesions were seen in two dogs. The medial condyle was affected in five stifles, and the lateral condyle was affected in three stifles. Subchondral bone defects were identified on radiographs in six of eight affected stifles. Resolution of the lameness associated with the arthroscopic procedure occurred one-to-14 days (mean, three days) following arthroscopy. Lameness resolved completely in four cases within two weeks and in one case six weeks following arthroscopy. Mild lameness persisted in one case. Arthroscopy is an effective means of diagnosis and treatment of OCD of the femoral condyle, and it is associated with minimal postoperative morbidity when compared to arthrotomy.
Steroid-responsive, cervical, pyogranulomatous pachymeningitis in a dog
Authors: Hess PR , Sellon RK
Published: September 2014

Syndromes of steroid-responsive meningitis have been described in the dog and typically are characterized by neutrophilic pleocytosis and an elevated protein concentration of the cerebrospinal fluid. In a minority of cases, histopathology has demonstrated suppurative leptomeningeal (i.e., arachnoid and pia) inflammation. A case of compressive, cervical, pyogranulomatous inflammation of undetermined cause affecting the dura mater (i.e., pachymeningitis), accompanied by fever and hyperpathia, is presented. The pachymeningitis ultimately regressed with long-term immunosuppressive therapy. This case shares features with hypertrophic spinal pachymeningitis of humans, an uncommon, frequently idiopathic, chronic inflammatory disorder causing dural hypertrophy, radiculopathy, and spinal cord compression.
The effects of four, commercial ceruminolytic agents on the middle ear
Authors: Mansfield PD , Steiss JE , Boosinger TR , Marshall AE
Published: September 2014

Four, commercially available ceruminolytic agents and physiological saline were screened for ototoxic and inflammatory reactions on the middle ear mucosae of guinea pigs (n = 38) and dogs (n = 24). Each solution was injected transtympanically in anesthetized animals. The effects were assessed by brain stem auditory evoked response (BAER) tests to evaluate hearing function and by histological examination of the middle ear structures. Varying degrees of hearing loss and inflammation were observed in some guinea pigs and dogs treated with solutions A, C, and D, whereas no abnormal finding was associated with solution B or saline.
The use of polymeric liquid enteral diets for nutritional support in seriously ill or injured small animals: clinical results in 200 patients
Authors: DTJr Crowe , Devey J , Palmer DA , Churchill JA
Published: September 2014

This prospective, multicenter study evaluated the use of four polymeric liquid enteral (PLE) diets manufactured for dogs and cats in 200 ill or injured patients. Polymeric liquid enteral diets were administered by free-choice feeding, syringe, or feeding tube for up to 208 days. Overall results indicated a 4.9% incidence of vomiting in dogs and a 7.9% incidence in cats; an 8.9% incidence of diarrhea in dogs and an 18.4% incidence in cats. Patients fed the PLE diets seven days or longer had an average increase in body weight of 1.4% in dogs, an average decrease in body weight of 3.8% in cats, increases in lymphocyte counts, and mild decreases in serum albumin.
Scapular fractures in dogs: epidemiology, classification, and concurrent injuries in 105 cases (1988-1994)
Authors: Cook JL , Cook CR , Tomlinson JL , Millis DL , Starost M , Albrecht MA , Payne JT
Published: September 2014

A retrospective study of canine scapular fractures diagnosed and treated from 1988 through 1994 at four veterinary teaching hospitals was performed. Dogs (n = 105) with 109 scapular fractures were included. Most scapular fractures occurred in young (i.e., less than four years of age), male, medium- to large-breed (i.e., greater than 10 kg) dogs as the result of vehicular trauma. Concurrent injuries (primarily thoracic trauma) occurred in approximately 70% of cases. In-house follow-up evaluations were considered adequate in only 17% of the cases. A classification system that includes biomechanical principles for categorization is described to avoid discrepancies between various traditional classification systems.
Tetracycline and niacinamide for the treatment of sterile pyogranuloma/granuloma syndrome in a dog
Authors: Rothstein E , Scott DW , Riis RC
Published: September 2014

A sterile pyogranuloma/granuloma syndrome in a dog is described. Diagnosis was based on cytological examinations of the skin and lymph nodes and histopathological examinations of the skin and nictitans. Although the condition initially was responsive to large doses of glucocorticoids, it subsequently was treated successfully with tetracycline and niacinamide. The excellent responses of this dog suggest that this drug combination may be a viable therapeutic option for dogs in which glucocorticoids cannot be used.
Cisplatin chemotherapy for treatment of thyroid carcinoma in dogs: 13 cases
Authors: Fineman LS , Hamilton TA , de Gortari A , Bonney P
Published: September 2014

The medical records of 13 dogs (10 spayed females, one intact male, one castrated male, and one dog of unknown gender) with histopathologically diagnosed thyroid carcinoma that were treated with cisplatin chemotherapy were reviewed. The mean age was 10.6 years. Three of the dogs were beagles. One dog had a c-cell medullary carcinoma, while the remaining 12 had follicular thyroid carcinoma. Eight of 13 dogs had tumors greater than 5 cm in diameter. In all 11 tumors for which information was available in the medical record, the masses were attached to underlying tissue. One dog underwent a complete remission, six had partial remissions, three had stable disease, and three had progressive disease. The mean time between initiation of cisplatin chemotherapy and development of progressive disease was 223.7 days (median, 202 days), with a mean survival time of 191.8 days (median, 98 days).
Ophthalmic disease as the presenting complaint in five dogs with multiple myeloma
Authors: Hendrix DV , Gelatt KN , Smith PJ , Brooks DE , Whittaker CJ , Chmielewski NT
Published: September 2014

Five dogs with multiple myeloma were seen initially because of vision loss or abnormal-appearing eyes. Each case had at least one ophthalmic abnormality (i.e., glaucoma, retinal detachment, anterior uveitis, or intraretinal hemorrhages). In each of four cases, the multiple myeloma went into remission with chemotherapy. Cases with retinal detachments without anterior uveitis or with anterior uveitis that was controlled with medication regained vision even when the retinas had been detached for several months.
The canine intervertebral disk. Part Two: Degenerative changes--nonchondrodystrophoid versus chondrodystrophoid disks
Authors: Bray JP , Burbidge HM
Published: September 2014

In the second of a two-part article on the canine intervertebral disk, the morphological changes which occur within the disk during aging and degeneration are described. Degeneration of the intervertebral disk appears to be a self-perpetuating process as a consequence of disruption to the annulus fibrosus, cellular remodeling, altered biomechanical loading, and nutritional deficiencies. In the nonchondrodystrophoid disk, premature acceleration of the aging process can occur following traumatic disruption to the annulus fibrosus. This degeneration usually occurs in isolated disks along the length of the vertebral column. By contrast, disk degeneration in the chondrodystrophoid breeds occurs simultaneously in all disks along the vertebral column and usually is well advanced by two years of age. Ultrastructural differences between the intervertebral disk of the nonchondrodystrophoid dog and that of the chondrodystrophoid dog may explain the rapidity and severity of degenerative changes in the latter breeds.
Triple pelvic osteotomy: effect on limb function and progression of degenerative joint disease
Authors: Johnson AL , Smith CW , Pijanowski GJ , Hungerford LL
Published: September 2014

The objective of this study was to evaluate prospectively the outcome of 21 clinical patients treated with triple pelvic osteotomies during the year following surgery. Specific aims included documenting the time of and extent of improved limb function as measured by force plate analysis, evaluating the progression of degenerative joint disease (DJD) in the treated and untreated coxofemoral joints, and determining whether or not triple pelvic osteotomy resulted in degenerative joint changes in the ipsilateral stifle and hock. Twelve dogs were treated unilaterally and nine dogs were treated bilaterally with triple pelvic osteotomies. There were no differences in mean anteversion angles, angles of inclination, or preoperative DJD between treated hips and untreated hips. Degenerative joint disease progressed significantly in all hips regardless of treatment. Two cases developed hyperextension of their hocks after the triple pelvic osteotomies. However, no radiographic evidence of DJD was observed for any of the stifles or hocks at any observation time. A significant increase in vertical peak force (VPF) scores was noted for treated legs by two-to-three months after surgery, which continued over time. Untreated legs did not show a significant change in VPF scores over time. No differences were found in progression to higher scores when unilaterally treated legs, first-side treated legs, and second-side treated legs were compared.
Endogenous lipid (cholesterol) pneumonia associated with bronchogenic carcinoma in a cat
Authors: Jerram RM , Guyer CL , Braniecki A , Read WK , Hobson HP
Published: September 2014

An 11-year-old, female domestic longhair was presented for dyspnea, vomiting, and left forelimb lameness. A mass in the left caudal lung lobe was seen on thoracic radiographs. The mass was resected during thoracotomy, and histopathology confirmed a diagnosis of endogenous lipid pneumonia. The cat recovered slowly from surgery and was euthanized 11 days following discharge because of persistent respiratory difficulties. Necropsy findings included lipid pneumonia and bronchogenic carcinoma, with probable tumor metastasis to the small intestine, spleen, kidney, and left triceps muscle.
Cutaneous mast cell tumors in cats: 32 cases (1991-1994)
Authors: Molander-McCrary H , Henry CJ , Potter K , Tyler JW , Buss MS
Published: September 2014

Case records of 32 cats with cutaneous mast cell tumors (CMCTs) were reviewed. Using the Patnaik system for grading canine mast cell tumors, the relationships between histopathological grade and patient survival time and tumor recurrence were examined. Tumor histopathological grade had no prognostic significance. One-, two-, and three-year tumor recurrence rates following surgical excision were 16%, 19%, and 13%, respectively. Incomplete excision was not associated with a higher rate of tumor recurrence.
Gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas metastatic to the testes and associated structures in three dogs
Authors: Esplin DG , Wilson SR
Published: September 2014

Primary testicular neoplasms are common in dogs, but metastases to the testes are rare. Three dogs had enlargement of the testes and associated structures. Upon histological examination, the enlargements were due to metastatic adenocarcinomas. Further examination identified the gastrointestinal tract as the primary site of the metastatic neoplasms in all three cases. The testicular metastases reflected widespread metastatic disease. When metastatic adenocarcinoma is found in the testes and associated structures in dogs, the gastrointestinal tract should be examined closely for a primary tumor site.
Uroperitoneum in cats: 26 cases (1986-1995)
Authors: Aumann M , Worth LT , Drobatz KJ
Published: September 2014

Uroperitoneum (UP) was diagnosed in 26 cats. Trauma was the most common cause (84.6%), including blunt abdominal trauma (59.1%), urethral catheterization (31.8%), and bladder expression (9.1%). The bladder was the most frequent site of urine leakage following blunt abdominal trauma (84.6%), while the urethra was the most common site following catheterization (71.4%). Common historical complaints were anuria (53.8%) and vomiting (50%). On physical examination, the bladders were palpable in nine (69%) of 13 cases; four of the nine had ruptured bladders. The ability to urinate did not exclude a diagnosis of UP since four noncatheterized cases reportedly urinated. Twenty-five cases were azotemic on presentation. The creatinine or potassium (K+) concentration in the serum compared to that in the peritoneal effusion (mean ratio, 1:2 and 1:1.9, respectively) was a useful indicator for UP. When performed, positive contrast radiography was diagnostic. Drainage of urine from the peritoneal cavity appeared to improve patient stabilization. Morbidity and mortality depended largely on the severity of associated injuries.
Early detection of canine hip dysplasia: comparison of two palpation and five radiographic methods
Authors: Adams WM , Dueland RT , Meinen J , O'Brien RT , Giuliano E , Nordheim EV
Published: September 2014

Hip joint laxity was evaluated in four breeds (i.e., greyhound, Labrador retriever, Irish setter, hound mixed-breed) of puppies (n=32) by Ortolani's and Bardens' maneuvers, by subjective assessment of radiographs (Orthopedic Foundation for Animals [OFA] method), and by four radiographic measurement indices. Puppies were studied at four, six-to-10, 16-to-18, and 52 weeks of age. The purpose of this study was to compare palpation and radiographic methods of hip laxity detection in puppies for predicting the development of degenerative joint disease (DJD) by one year of age. Twenty-seven (42%) hips developed DJD. Ortolani's method was not a reliable predictor of hip dysplasia at six-to-10 weeks; it was significantly predictive at 16-to-18 weeks but had a high incidence of false negatives. Bardens' and subjective (OFA) assessment methods were not reliable at six-to-10 or 16-to-18 weeks. Radiographic measurements taken with femurs in a neutral position and hips distracted (distraction index [DI] and Norberg angle) and measurements taken with femurs extended in OFA position (Norberg angle) of six- to 10-week-old puppies accurately predicted DJD occurrence by one year of age (p less than 0.01). Distraction index measurement (PennHIP method) was the most accurate in predicting the development of DJD (p less than 0.001). Distraction index radiography in puppies six-to-10 and 16-to-18 weeks of age was the most reliable predictor of hip dysplasia. Norberg angle measurement was more reliable during hip distraction than when hips were measured in the OFA position in 16- to 18-week-old puppies, but had similar reliability in six- to 10-week-old puppies.
Use of a Foley catheter to facilitate anal sac removal in the dog
Authors: Downs MO , Stampley AR
Published: September 2014

Chronic anal sac infection or impaction can be a frustrating problem for both the dog owner and veterinarian. Anal sacculectomy may be used to resolve clinical signs when medical management fails. Four dogs, ranging in size from 6 kg to 34 kg, were treated with closed anal sacculectomies, in which the balloon of a Foley catheter was used to facilitate surgical dissection of the sac. In all four cases, the Foley catheter successfully distended the anal sac during its removal. Clinical signs associated with the diseased anal sac were abated in the four dogs for a follow-up period of one-to-three years.
Reconstruction of a facial defect using the ear pinna as a composite flap
Authors: Swainson SW , Goring RL , deHaan JJ , Priehs DR , Pavletic MM
Published: September 2014

A four-month-old, female pit bull was evaluated for multiple, resolving, second- and third-degree burn wounds. The convex surface of the left pinna was severely burned and distorted. Contraction of a large (6 cm by 4 cm), facial cutaneous defect had resulted in contracture of surrounding normal skin and dorsal displacement of both upper eyelids. Decreased ability to blink predisposed the puppy to exposure keratitis. The cutaneous facial defect was repaired using the left pinna as a composite skin flap. Surgery resulted in a successful repair of the defect and immediate return of normal eyelid function.
Mesenteric vein thrombosis in a dog
Authors: Shahar R , Harrus S , Yakobson B
Published: September 2014

A four-year-old, male cocker spaniel was presented for vomiting and anorexia of two days' duration. An elongated abdominal mass was palpated, and abdominal pain was noted. On exploratory laparotomy, a jejunal segment was found to be infarcted transmurally. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of mesenteric vein thrombosis. The dog recovered uneventfully following resection of the affected bowel.
Choanal atresia and secondary nasopharyngeal stenosis in a dog
Authors: Coolman BR , Marretta SM , McKiernan BC , Zachary JF
Published: September 2014

A 20-month-old, intact male shih tzu was evaluated for chronic upper airway disease. Endoscopic examination established a diagnosis of choanal atresia, a developmental anomaly of the posterior nasal cavity. Although surgical intervention provided temporary relief, stenosis of the nasopharynx by obstructive scar tissue was confirmed within four weeks. A permanent tracheostomy provided long-term relief of the respiratory difficulty. This is the first report of choanal atresia or nasopharyngeal stenosis in a dog.
Cervical spinal cord compression caused by cryptococcosis in a dog: successful treatment with surgery and fluconazole
Authors: Kerwin SC , McCarthy RJ , VanSteenhouse JL , Partington BP , Taboada J
Published: September 2014

A six-year-old, male Doberman pinscher was presented for acute onset of upper motor neuron tetraparesis. An extradural compressive lesion compatible with intervertebral disk rupture at the sixth to seventh cervical (C6-C7) disk space was evident on myelography. A large, gelatinous mass of pure cryptococcal organisms causing spinal cord compression was identified upon exploratory surgery. Removal of the mass caused relief of clinical signs. No evidence of involvement of other organ systems was found; however, serum and cerebrospinal fluid titers were positive for cryptococcal infection. The dog was treated with fluconazole (5.5 mg/kg body weight, per os sid) until serum titers for cryptococcal infection were negative at seven months postsurgery. To the authors' knowledge, this is the only report of a dog with cryptococcosis treated successfully using fluconazole as a sole agent.
Electrocardiographic and radiographic changes in cats with hyperthyroidism: comparison of populations evaluated during 1992-1993 vs. 1979-1982
Authors: Fox PR , Peterson ME , Broussard JD
Published: September 2014

Cardiovascular manifestations of feline hyperthyroidism were compared in two populations of cats diagnosed at The Animal Medical Center from 1992 to 1993 (n=202) and 1979 to 1982 (n = 131). The prevalence of sinus tachycardia and increased R-wave voltage in lead II were both lower in the 1993 population compared with the 1982 population (p less than 0.001). A low frequency of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias and intraventricular conduction abnormalities were recorded in both populations. No significant differences between populations were recorded in the number of cats with mild, moderate, and severe cardiomegaly seen on thoracic radiographs. The percentage of cats in which radiographs were deemed clinically necessary based upon history and clinical examination was 25% of the 1993 population, compared with 63% of the 1982 population. The number of cats with radiographic evidence of congestive heart failure was 8% in 1993 compared with 20% in 1982, although this difference was not statistically significant. In conclusion, the incidence and severity of certain thyrotoxic cardiovascular manifestations were reduced in cats diagnosed between 1992 and 1993 compared with those diagnosed between 1979 and 1982.
Acute paraplegia in a puppy with hemophilia A
Authors: Thompson MS , Kreeger JM
Published: September 2014

A seven-week-old, male chow chow-keeshond cross puppy was presented with acute paraplegia and episcleral hemorrhage. An X-linked, hereditary coagulopathy was suspected and confirmed by clotting factor analysis and necropsy findings of intraspinal hemorrhage. In young, male puppies with acute spinal pain and long-tract signs, intraspinal hematoma secondary to inherited X-linked coagulation factor deficiencies should be considered in the differential diagnosis.
Iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome and steroid hepatopathy in a cat
Authors: Schaer M , Ginn PE
Published: September 2014

The distinguishing clinical features of Cushing's syndrome in the cat include very friable skin, a high incidence of diabetes mellitus, and the general absence of steroid hepatopathy. This case report describes a nine-year-old, spayed female domestic shorthair with triamcinolone-induced Cushing's syndrome. Unique to this cat were markedly elevated liver enzymes which prompted an expanded clinical evaluation. An ultrasonographic-guided liver biopsy demonstrated diffuse hepatocellular vacuolation that stained periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) positive and was removed subsequently with diastase application, indicating glycogen accumulation. These findings are compatible with the rarely seen syndrome of steroid hepatopathy in the cat.
Duodenal perforation in a cat following the administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication
Authors: Runk A , Kyles AE , Downs MO
Published: September 2014

A one-year-old, female domestic shorthair was presented for septic peritonitis 10 days following a routine ovariohysterectomy and subsequent oral administration of carprofen. Exploratory laparotomy revealed a perforated duodenum which was treated with a gastroduodenostomy (Billroth I) and open abdomen management. Etiology of the duodenal perforation was most likely due to the administration of carprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug approved for oral use in dogs only.
Cervical vertebral fractures in 56 dogs: a retrospective study
Authors: Hawthorne JC , Blevins WE , Wallace LJ , Glickman N , Waters DJ
Published: September 2014

The clinicopathological features of cervical fractures in 56 dogs were reviewed. "Hit by car" (HBC) was the most common inciting cause, and the axis and atlas were the vertebrae most frequently affected. Surgical treatment was associated with high (36%) perioperative mortality. However, all dogs that survived the perioperative period achieved functional recovery. Functional recovery was achieved in 25 (89%) of 28 nonsurgically treated dogs with adequate follow-up. Overall, severity of neurological deficits (nonambulatory status) and prolonged interval (five days or longer) from trauma to referral were associated with poorer outcome. Nonsurgical treatment is a viable therapeutic approach for many dogs with cervical fractures. Early neck immobilization and prompt referral are recommended, because delay in referral decreases the likelihood of functional recovery.
Partial colonic obstruction following ovariohysterectomy: a report of three cases
Authors: Coolman BR , Marretta SM , Dudley MB , Averill SM
Published: September 2014

Partial extramural obstruction of the descending colon was diagnosed in two dogs and a cat as a complication of elective ovariohysterectomy. In each case, the obstruction was caused by fibrous tissue that encircled or crossed the descending colon, severely restricting the organ's normal mobility and luminal diameter. Clinical signs secondary to obstipation were observed in two cases, five weeks and 27 months after elective ovariohysterectomy. In one dog without clinical signs, the adhesion was an incidental finding during a laparotomy performed nine years after the ovariohysterectomy. The fibrous adhesions were removed surgically in all three cases without additional complications.
Ultrasonographic characteristics of both adrenal glands in 15 dogs with functional adrenocortical tumors
Authors: Hoerauf A , Reusch C
Published: September 2014

Ultrasonographic examination of both adrenal glands was performed in 15 dogs with functional adrenocortical tumors (FAT). Bilateral adrenal tumors were diagnosed in three of 15 dogs, and unilateral tumors were diagnosed in 12 of 15 dogs. Adrenal tumors were characterized by adrenal gland enlargement with loss of the normal shape and parenchymal structure. The contralateral adrenal gland could be imaged in all dogs with unilateral tumors. Based on size, shape, and parenchymal structure, the contralateral adrenal gland was similar to adrenal glands of normal dogs. The results of this study show that: 1) both adrenal glands should be imaged routinely in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism; 2) bilateral adrenocortical tumors seem to be more frequent than previously assumed; 3) one normal adrenal gland does not exclude the existence of a contralateral FAT; and 4) the functional atrophy of the contralateral adrenal gland in dogs with FAT may not be apparent ultrasonographically.
Bone plate fixation of distal radius and ulna fractures in small- and miniature-breed dogs
Authors: Larsen LJ , Roush JK , McLaughlin RM
Published: September 2014

Bone plate fixation was reviewed in 29 distal radial fractures of small- and miniature-breed dogs. Twenty-two fractures in 18 dogs were available for follow-up. Number of complications and return to function were evaluated. Complications occurred in 54% of the fractures. Catastrophic complications occurred in 18% of fracture repairs with follow-up, while minor complications occurred in 36%. Sixteen (89%) of 18 dogs had a successful return to function. Bone plate fixation is a successful repair method for distal radius and ulna fractures in small-breed dogs, compared to previously reported methods.
Use of echocardiography in the diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy in Irish wolfhounds
Authors: Vollmar AC
Published: September 2014

The purpose of this study was to compare the echocardiographic features of Irish wolfhounds with clinically inapparent dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (n = 33) to dogs with advanced DCM (n = 33) and to normal dogs (n = 262). Significant differences were detected between the three groups. In dogs with DCM, the most sensitive diagnostic measurements were: end-systolic volume index (ESVI), E-point to septal separation (EPSS), fractional shortening (FS), and left ventricular internal dimensions (LVIDd and LVIDs). Left atrial diameter was increased markedly in dogs with DCM and 83.3% of affected Irish wolfhounds had concurrent atrial fibrillation. Compared with early DCM, in advanced DCM there was a significant increase in end-diastolic right ventricular diameter, often combined with extensive pleural effusion, the leading sign of congestive heart failure in Irish wolfhounds.
Clinical considerations on canine visceral leishmaniasis in Greece: a retrospective study of 158 cases (1989-1996)
Authors: Koutinas AF , Polizopoulou ZS , Saridomichelakis MN , Argyriadis D , Fytianou A , Plevraki KG
Published: September 2014

The medical records of 158 dogs with visceral leishmaniasis confirmed cytologically and/or serologically were reviewed. Ages of affected dogs varied from nine months to 15 years, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.3. The most common clinical manifestations of the disease were variable cutaneous lesions such as exfoliative dermatitis and skin ulcerations, chronic renal failure, peripheral lymphadenopathy or lymph node hypoplasia, masticatory muscle atrophy (i.e., chronic myositis), ocular lesions (i.e., conjunctivitis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, blepharitis, and uveitis), and poor body condition. Ascites, nephrotic syndrome, epistaxis, polyarthritis, and ulcerative stomatitis were seen only in a small number of cases. Clinical splenomegaly was not a common finding. The clinicopathological abnormalities were nonregenerative anemia, hyperproteinemia, glomerular proteinuria, and symptomatic or asymptomatic azotemia. In this study, an indirect immunofluorescence assay's diagnostic sensitivity was found to be higher than that of lymph node aspiration cytology.
Cobalamin deficiency associated with erythroblastic anemia and methylmalonic aciduria in a border collie
Authors: Morgan LW , McConnell J
Published: September 2014

Anemia due to cobalamin deficiency is a rare genetic disorder that has been recognized in dogs only recently. This report concerns a 14-month-old border collie that presented for chronic, nonregenerative anemia. Cytological examination of a peripheral blood smear showed the presence of erythroblasts. Serum cobalamin levels were below reference ranges reported for clinically normal dogs. A methylmalonic aciduria was found on urinalysis. These signs are consistent with the anemia in Imerslund-Graesbeck syndrome reported in humans. Anemia due to cobalamin deficiency responds to parenteral vitamin B12 therapy, and affected animals have a good prognosis for recovery.
Primary hyperaldosteronism in two cats
Authors: Flood SM , Randolph JF , Gelzer AR , Refsal K
Published: September 2014

A condition of primary hyperaldosteronism resulting from an adrenal tumor in two cats is presented and was characterized by hypertension, hypokalemia, inappropriate kaliuresis, low normal plasma renin activity, and markedly increased serum aldosterone concentration. One of the two cats underwent a laparotomy, and in this case hypertension and hypokalemia resolved following the removal of an adrenal tumor.
Streptococcal meningoencephalitis in a dog
Authors: Irwin PJ , Parry BW
Published: September 2014

A 5.5-year-old French bulldog was presented with acute neck pain and a short history of central vestibular syndrome. A marked neutrophilic pleocytosis and numerous gram-positive cocci were evident on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology. Streptococcus pneumoniae, a pathogen of humans, was isolated upon CSF microbiological culture. Treatment consisted of intravenous antibiotics, supportive care, and anticonvulsants for the generalized seizures which developed shortly after admission. The dog responded to therapy and two years later exhibited only a mild, residual head tilt. The pathogenesis and treatment of bacterial meningoencephalitis in dogs are reviewed.
Primary hypothyroidism associated with leishmaniasis in a dog
Authors: Cortese L , Oliva G , Ciaramella P , Persechino A , Restucci B
Published: September 2014

A case of primary hypothyroidism associated with leishmaniasis is described in a four-year-old, male Yorkshire terrier. Clinical diagnosis of hypothyroidism was confirmed by a low baseline serum tetraiodothyronine (T4), a reduced response to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulation, an increased serum TSH concentration, and scintigraphic thyroid gland examination. Examination of a thyroid biopsy showed many Leishmania amastigotes, both inside and outside of macrophages, together with signs of follicular atrophy.
Surgical treatment of idiopathic pericardial effusion in the dog: 25 cases (1978-1993)
Authors: Aronsohn MG , Carpenter JL
Published: September 2014

Twenty-five cases of canine idiopathic pericardial effusion are described. All were treated surgically and underwent thoracotomy and pericardectomy, with histopathological evaluation of the resected pericardial sac. No tumor, infection, granulation tissue, or foreign body was found. Thirteen of the 25 dogs were golden retrievers, and all were large or giant breeds. Three (12%) died in the immediate postoperative period, and four (16%) died within one year of signs possibly related to the original condition. Eighteen (72%) survived at least 18 months; seven died or were euthanized for reasons unrelated to pericardial effusion (median, 44 months); and 11 were still alive at last contact (median, 61 months).
The accuracy of intraoperative cytopathological diagnosis compared with conventional histopathological diagnosis
Authors: Eich CS , Whitehair JG , Moroff SD , Heeb LA
Published: September 2014

To determine the accuracy of intraoperative cytopathological diagnosis compared with conventional histopathological diagnosis, the authors obtained 100 specimens from masses of various organ systems chosen randomly from 65 dogs, 30 cats, and five exotic animals. Of the 100 specimens, a specific diagnosis was obtained in 42%, the correct pathological process (i.e., mesenchymal neoplasia, epithelial neoplasia, round cell neoplasia, or inflammation) was identified in 41%, in 1% the diagnosis was deferred, and in 16% an incorrect diagnosis was obtained. The overall accuracy rate of intraoperative cytopathological examination was 83%, which increased to 90% by the exclusion of splenic masses. The accuracy rate of diagnosing neoplasia was 87%, with a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 100%. Intraoperative cytopathological examination is an accurate diagnostic method with good sensitivity and specificity for the identification of neoplasia.
Hypercalcemia in a dog: a challenging case
Authors: Rohrer CR , Phillips LA , Ford SL , Ginn PE
Published: September 2014

An 18-month-old, spayed female, mixed-breed dog was referred for investigation of persistent hypercalcemia. After extensive diagnostic evaluation, a tentative diagnosis of occult lymphosarcoma (LSA) was made and the dog was euthanized. At necropsy, infection with Heterobilharzia americana was diagnosed. In endemic areas, schistosomiasis should be included in the differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia, and a fecal examination should be performed in every dog with a hypercalcemia of unknown origin.
Use of a free cortical ulnar autograft following en bloc resection of a mandibular tumor
Authors: Bracker KE , Trout NJ
Published: September 2014

A dog was presented for the en bloc resection of a previously irradiated mandibular ossifying epulis. A central hemimandibulectomy was performed, and the mandibular defect was stabilized by the use of a free cortical ulnar autograft and rigid internal fixation. The dog had normal mastication and left forelimb function two weeks after surgery. Radiographic evaluation of the surgical site at three and 10 months after surgery showed normal bony healing.
Contrast radiographic findings in canine bacterial discospondylitis: a multicenter, retrospective study of 27 cases
Authors: Davis MJ , Dewey CW , Walker MA , Kerwin SC , Moon ML , Kortz GD , Koblik PD , Mahaffey MB , Budsberg SC , Slater MR
Published: September 2014

A multicenter, retrospective study was undertaken to evaluate contrast radiographic findings in canine bacterial discospondylitis. Records and myelograms or epidurograms of 27 patients were obtained from five colleges of veterinary medicine. Fifteen cases (56%) were evaluated as having some degree of spinal cord compression. The majority (73.3%) of the cases had only soft tissue as the compressive mass. The median compression for all cases was 5% of the vertebral canal. No difference was noted for compression based on anatomical site (i.e., cervical versus thoracolumbar versus lumbosacral). No significant correlation between degree of lesion compression and clinical outcome was noted, but there was a trend toward increased mortality with greater compression. There was no correlation between the ambulatory status and the ultimate outcome. Three of the 15 (20%) cases showed vertebral subluxation. Results of this study indicate that static spinal cord compression is not a significant component of the neurological dysfunction associated with bacterial discospondylitis. Identification of vertebral subluxation in some patients may indicate a dynamic lesion that should be evaluated with stress radiography.
The effects of sodium ampicillin, sodium cefazolin, and sodium cefoxitin on blood pressures and heart rates in healthy, anesthetized dogs
Authors: Morgan MR , Gaynor JS , Monnet E
Published: September 2014

This study determined the effects of intravenous ampicillin, cefazolin, and cefoxitin on blood pressures and heart rates in healthy, anesthetized dogs. Forty dogs were each randomly assigned to a control, ampicillin, cefazolin, or cefoxitin group. Antibiotics or saline was delivered by intravenous bolus prior to surgical stimulation. Heart rate; systolic, mean, and diastolic arterial pressures; oxygen saturation; end-tidal halothane; and end-tidal carbon dioxide (CO2) were recorded before and every minute for 10 minutes after the test drug was administered. No significant differences were recorded between the antibiotic and control groups. The prophylactic use of these antibiotics should be considered safe in healthy, anesthetized dogs.
Pericardial effusion associated with metastatic disease from an unknown primary tumor in a dog
Authors: Kirsch JA , Dhupa S , Cornell KK
Published: September 2014

A 6.5-year-old, spayed female Siberian husky presented with signs of cardiac tamponade and weakness. Pleural, pericardial, and abdominal effusion were identified with radiographs and ultrasound. Pericardiocentesis relieved signs of tamponade, and the dog was clinically improved. Pericardial effusion recurred, and pericardiectomy was performed. Histopathological examination of excised tissues failed to reveal evidence of infectious or neoplastic disease. After pericardiectomy, clinically apparent thoracic effusion persisted. The dog was euthanized, and postmortem histopathological examination revealed emboli of metastatic carcinoma cells in the epicardium. The location of intrathoracic disease in this dog made antemortem diagnosis difficult, if not impossible.
Comparison of needle-core (Trucut) biopsy and surgical biopsy for the diagnosis of cutaneous and subcutaneous masses: a prospective study of 51 cases (November 1997-August 1998)
Authors: Aitken ML , Patnaik AK
Published: September 2014

Cutaneous or subcutaneous masses in 51 dogs and cats were examined by needle-core (i.e., Trucut) biopsy, and results were compared to results of surgical biopsy to assess the accuracy of the former. Needle-core specimens obtained before surgical biopsy were submitted to a single pathologist who evaluated both samples and was blinded to the results of surgical biopsy when evaluating the Trucut specimen. The results indicate that needle-core biopsy can accurately predict surgical biopsy. Thus, needle-core biopsy performed before surgical excision of masses can facilitate planning and reduce the need for numerous surgical procedures. Needle-core biopsy can direct appropriate treatment of nonmalignant masses.
Blastomycosis granuloma involving the cranial vena cava associated with chylothorax and cranial vena caval syndrome in a dog
Authors: Howard J , Arceneaux KA , Paugh-Partington B , Oliver J
Published: September 2014

A four-year-old, sexually intact, male dachshund was diagnosed with pulmonary blastomycosis. Itraconazole was administered for 60 days, and the dog was considered to be disease-free at three- and 12-month reevaluations. Two years following discontinuation of itraconazole, the dog developed a granuloma of the cranial vena cava resulting in chylothorax and cranial vena caval obstruction. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case of a blastomycotic granuloma involving the vena cava reported in the dog. Blastomycosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis for both chylothorax and cranial vena caval syndrome in the dog.
Diffuse annular fusiform adenocarcinoma in a dog
Authors: Prater MR , Flatland B , Newman SJ , Sponenberg DP , Chao J
Published: September 2014

Canine colonic intestinal adenocarcinoma typically presents as rectal polypoid or annular stenotic masses causing clinical signs consistent with large bowel disease. This report discusses an unusual case of intestinal adenocarcinoma in an 11-year-old, neutered male German shepherd dog presented for evaluation of anorexia, profuse watery diarrhea, and weight loss. In this dog, colonic adenocarcinoma diffusely infiltrated the entire large bowel and caused an annular fusiform lesion, as confirmed by endoscopic biopsies and postmortem examination. Other unique features included a paucity of desmoplasia associated with the neoplastic lesion and widespread metastasis to regional lymph nodes, lung, and prostate.
Tubular colonic duplication in a dog
Authors: Shinozaki JK , Sellon RK , Tobias KM , Chamberlain K
Published: September 2014

A diagnosis of tubular colonic duplication was made via contrast radiography and colonoscopy in a six-month-old, intact female Boston terrier. Clinical signs of increased frequency of defecation, tenesmus, and constipation, which had been present since birth, resolved following surgical correction of the duplication. The literature addressing diagnosis and treatment of tubular colonic duplication in dogs is reviewed.