bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent Bereavement from Suicide and other Deaths: Can People Imagine it as it Really is?
Authors: Thompson Karin E. , Range Lillian M.
Published: May 2005

To assess whether nonbereaved people could accurately imagine the experience of recent bereavement, especially following different causes of death, ninety-two undergraduates (36 men, 56 women), half of whom were bereaved in the past year, and half of whom were not, in a yoked design reported or imagined the subjective impact of the, death, prognosis for outcome, and perceived social support. Death was by suicide ( n = 10), accident ( n = 11), anticipated natural causes ( n = 12), or unanticipated natural causes ( n = 13). Unexpectedly, there were no significant differences between real and imagined groups. As expected, suicide entailed relatively more avoidance, poorer prognosis, and less quantity and quality of social support. An interaction indicated that participants imagined more contact with others the year before a suicidal death than actually occurred; and they imagined less contact with others the year before a natural unanticipated death than actually occurred. People can accurately imagine most bereavement experiences but cannot picture the long-term social isolation of suicidally bereaved persons.
An International Perspective on Strikes and Strike Threats by Physicians: The Case of Chile
Authors: Belmar Roberto , Sidel Victor W.
Published: May 2005

The program for health services developed by the government of Dr. Salvador Allende Gossens in Chile is outlined, as well as its early effects. A review of this development is necessary to an understanding of the systematic opposition of the organized medical profession to this program in particular, and to the broad socialist goals of the government in general. Three periods of activity by the medical profession are traced, beginning in September 1970 and culminating in September 1973 with the military coup and overthrow of the democratically elected government of Chile and the murder of its president, a physician. While the medical profession was opposed to the government program for community participation in health care and to changes in the models for delivery of care, and feared a changed status for the physician, clearly there were broader political links between the organized medical profession and the political opponents of the government which sought its overthrow.
Urban Health Disorders, Spatial Analysis, and the Economics of Health Facility Location
Authors: Gross P. F.
Published: May 2005

An analysis of a number of contemporary bed planning methodologies, either in use or under development, reveals a number of limitations. In particular, the linkage between the optimal size of health facilities and the optimal size of their service areas has often been ignored; in addition, the determinants of utilization of services have often been ignored. An alternative approach to the size–location problem is proposed. Working from health economics–medical sociology concepts, a behavioral model of health services utilization is proposed on the demand side. The interface to the supply side is through a model of the consumer's perception of the total costs facing him in hospital care.
Influence of Prior Knowledge, Attitudes, Ability, and Activity Structure on Students' Learning and Use of Software
Authors: Tolhurst Denise , Debus Raymond L.
Published: May 2005

Based on evidence from the learner control literature, a study was designed that aimed to identify the conditions and individual characteristics that would best support learners' acceptance of control within hypermedia. The effects of prior domain knowledge, learning activity structure, ability, and attitudes on acceptance of control opportunity, knowledge acquisition, and attitudes were investigated. The study was conducted in two single-gender schools to remove the effects of gender interaction while using computers. Confirmatory analysis of a covariance structure model did not provide support for the hypothesized effects, with the exception of a weak effect for the variable ability on acceptance of control opportunity. Analysis of a substantively-based alternative model identified an effect of the school students attended on students' choices within the software. The effect of the “school” variable was stronger than the hypothesized variables. Qualitative analysis of interview and audit-trail data further supported the quantitative results showing a difference in preferences and navigational strategies for students at the two schools. Qualitative results and existing literature suggest factors that may contribute to the effect of the “school” variable are the epistemological beliefs of students, school culture, and gender. Further research attention to these variables is recommended.
The Computer as Lab Partner: Classroom Experience Gleaned from One Year of Microcomputer-Based Laboratory Use
Authors: Stein Joanne Striley
Published: May 2005

Microcomputer-based labware (MBL) is an emergent class of technology which allows students to use the computer as a tool for collecting, displaying, analyzing, and storing data. The Computer as Lab Partner Project was designed to evaluate the use of MBL in junior high science. A model computer-equipped science lab was set up in a suburban middle school and a semester-length MBL curriculum was developed and evaluated with four eighth-grade physical science classes per semester. The classroom experience of using MBL is discussed: the features of the MBL system used and of the curriculum designed; classroom procedures, processes, and interactions observed; gains and benefits derived from MBL use; and areas of potential difficulty in MBL implementation.
Self-Help Groups for Women Who Have Had Breast Cancer
Authors: Silverman-Dresner Toby
Published: May 2005

Postmastectomy patients gave positive ratings to visits by Reach to Recovery volunteers and attendance at postmastectomy programs. Membership in self-help groups is viewed positively, relieving the sense of isolation common to women after mastectomy. Women in self-help groups tended to have more difficulties but were less distressed by them. The longer women stayed in self-help groups, the less distress they experienced.
National Health Planning in the United States: Prospects and Portents
Authors: Rosenfeld Leonard S. , Rosenfeld Irene
Published: May 2005

The National Health Planning and Resources Development Act of 1974 in the United States demonstrates a growing determination in Congress to motivate the system of health services toward greater efficiency in utilization of resources. The Act was designed to overcome some of the weaknesses in earlier planning legislation. More complete coverage and more functional local jurisdictions for planning should result. The Act provides better financial support, and more effective incentives and inducements to assure adherence to plans. Concern is expressed about aspects of the legislation which the authors feel may deserve consideration. The principle of delegating responsibility to voluntary agencies for disbursement of public funds is questioned, and the authors suggest that local public health authorities apply for designation as planning agencies. Reservation is expressed about the adequacy of regional organization as provided by the Act to accomplish its purposes, and the authors recommend demonstrations of regional administrative agencies to implement plans developed by Health Systems Agencies. Failure to incorporate the provision of the House planning bill to set up a national health policy council in the Act is considered unfortunate. Persistence in pursuing the course outlined in the Act is urged.
The Influence of Culture-Specific Background Knowledge and Captions on Second Language Comprehension
Authors: Markham Paul
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of caption availability on advanced university-level ESL students' comprehension of contrasting, religion-specific video material. Seventy-nine advanced ESL students participated in the study. Fifty-four of these students reported that they were religion-neutral, having very little or no knowledge of Buddhist or Muslim religious rites. Sixteen students self-reported being practicing Muslims, and nine of the students self-reported being practicing Buddhists. The videotaped episodes consisted of two excerpts from a series of public television broadcasts concerning world religions. The first episode (9 min., 25 sec.) presented information about the Muslim religion and the second episode (10 min., 11 sec.) displayed information about Buddhism. The students were enrolled in six different sections of an intensive English course and participated as intact groups. Each group viewed the Muslim episode once with or without captions, and the Buddhist episode once with or without captions. The primary dependent measure consisted of the number of idea units generated by each student in written summaries of the content of each of the two videos. The results revealed that both religious background knowledge and captions contribute substantially to the comprehension of university-level ESL students. Regarding the prior knowledge issue, the Muslim students and the Buddhist students performed at a higher level after viewing videotapes concerning their respective religions. However, the smaller sample of Buddhist students performed somewhat more erratically than the Muslim group. Conversely, the religion-neutral students performed at a higher level after being exposed to captioned versions of the videos concerning either religion.
Televised versus On-Campus Introductory Psychology: A Review and Comparison
Authors: Mount George R. , Walters Sharon R.
Published: May 2005

Thirty students enrolled in an on-campus introductory psychology class and thirty-one students enrolled in the “Understanding Human Behavior” televised course were the subjects of this study. Assessment was accomplished through the administration of three examinations during the semester. The mean total score in the televised class (x̄ = 77) was one point below that of the on-campus class (x̄ = 78). This difference was not statistically significant ( p > .05, df= 59). The data suggest that the “Understanding Human Behavior” television series is an acceptable alternative to on-campus instruction for the introductory course.
Using the World Wide Web for Formative Assessment
Authors: Buchanan Tom
Published: May 2005

It is widely acknowledged that formative assessments and feedback on performance can play an important role in supporting learning. In traditional teaching and learning paradigms, students are constrained by time, place, and resources in the extent to which they may access such support. These problems can be addressed using computer based systems, and the World Wide Web has great potential as a platform for these. This article describes the implementation and use of such a system, which proved popular with students. Patterns of usage are discussed, as is the role of such systems in current and future models of higher education.
Physical Illness, the Individual and the Coping Processes
Authors: Lipowski Z. J.
Published: May 2005

Growing interest in the psychological and social aspects of physical illness and disability has extended to all facets of the behavior of patients. The ways in which people cope with the stress and challenges of disease is the subject of this paper. The writer presents a tentative framework for conceptualization of this aspect of illness behavior. A brief discussion of the major determinants of coping is given. The latter include intrapersonal, disease-related and environmental variables. Coping behavior is a resultant of multiple factors reflecting a patient's specific dispositions as well as characteristics of his total situation during a given episode of illness and its different phases. The way in which the patient copes with his illness spells the difference between optimum recovery or psychological invalidism. It is the doctor's task to recognize his patient's mode of coping and help him employ the most adaptive and effective coping strategies.
Introduction: Social and Cultural Diversity of the Oldest-Old
Authors: Johnson Colleen L.
Published: May 2005

This introduction describes a volume devoted to a much neglected topic and population, the social and cultural diversity among individuals eighty-five years old and older. Four articles come from the San Francisco 85+ Study: 1) comparisons by Colleen Johnson between whites and African Americans in socioeconomic status, health, and other outcomes; 2) Barbara Barer's analysis of gender differences in the stressors faced in late-life; 3) Charlotte Perry and Colleen Johnson's examination of the families of oldest-old African Americans; 4) Lillian Troll's analysis of white families. The fifth article by Gloria Clayton on rural/urban differences comes from the Georgia Centenarian Study. Finally the volume concludes with a commentary by Leonard Pearlin that places these studies into the broader context of aging research.
The Design Elements of Medieval Books of Hours
Authors: Webb Mary , Albers Michael J.
Published: May 2005

The commonsense principles of modern document design are direct descendants of the principles used in the Books of Hours, a hybridized religious instruction manual created in the commercial scriptoria of the 13th century. This article analyzes the design of Books of Hours and discusses how these medieval documents fit within the four design criteria (supertextual, extra-textual, intratextual, and intertextual) put forth by Kostelnick and Roberts [1]. The analysis reveals the early user of good document design features as the medieval scriptoria worked to address the audience and task requirements of the Books of Hours.
Adolescents' Interest in and Views of Destructive Themes in Rock Music
Authors: Wass Hannelore , Raup Jana L. , Cerullo Karen , Martel Linda G. , Mingione Laura A. , Sperring Anna M.
Published: May 2005

In a survey of rock music preferences and views on themes about homicide, satanism, and suicide (HSS), 694 middle and high school students were administered a questionnaire of structured and open-ended questions. Nine percent of the middle school students, 17 percent of the rural and 24 percent of the urban high school students were HSS rock fans. Three-fourths of these fans were males and nearly all were white. HSS fans more often claimed to know all the lyrics of their favorite songs than the non-HSS rock fans. HSS fans more often said young children should be permitted to listen to rock music with destructive themes and fewer of them believed that adolscents might commit murder or suicide after having listened to such songs. A large proportion of the students share the concern of adult citizens and professional groups about destructive lyrics in rock music and their effects.
The Future of Work Environment Reforms: Does the Concept of Work Environment Apply within the New Economy?
Authors: Allvin Michael , Aronsson Gunnar
Published: May 2005

“Work environment,” as a conceptual framework for reforming working life, may not be readily transferable from the tangible conditions of the industrial context in which it was conceived to the more flexible conditions of modern labor. Since the flexible conditions of work generally presuppose an increased responsibility and some sort of personal commitment on the part of the worker, isolating the environmental conditions from the personal abilities of the worker is becoming more difficult. As a consequence, only to a limited extent can the problems of modern labor be interpreted as work environment issues and subjected to work environment measures. With the propagation of flexible working conditions, work environment institutions and their reform ambitions will be passed by. And work environment reforms, rather than being a practical task of coordinating different protective measures at workplaces, will be reduced to an argument within the ideologically motivated rejection of an increasingly polarized labor market.
Attitudes toward Computers: Validation of a Computer Attitudes Scale
Authors: Bear George G. , Richards Herbert C. , Lancaster Paul
Published: May 2005

A preliminary version of a scale to measure attitudes toward computers, the Bath County Computer Attitudes Scale (BCCAS), was developed and piloted on 398 students in grades 4 through 12 who were attending three rural schools in western Virginia. This instrument consisted of thirty-eight Likert items. The scale was judged to be unidimensional and internally consistent. With the aid of an item analysis, the number of items was reduced to twenty-six. The revised BCCAS was administered to 551 students whose demographic make-up was similar to those who participated in the pilot study. The BCCAS scores were found to be predictably related to computer experience and usage, educational and career plans, choice of favorite school subject, and attitudes toward school subjects. In general, the data supported the validity of the BCCAS as a measure of computer attitudes.
CASDAT: An Innovative Approach to More Efficient ISD
Authors: Brecke Fritz , Blaiwes Art
Published: May 2005

The high cost and time demands of applying ISD technology have led to R&D programs investigating the utility of data base and computer technology in training development. CASDAT is the preliminary result of such an R&D effort, sponsored and directed by the Naval Training Equipment Center (NTEC). The paper describes the objectives of this program, its major developmental steps, the current prototype system, future directions, and implications for ISD and training.
Text or Graphic: An Information Processing Perspective on Choosing the More Effective Medium
Authors: Williams Thomas R.
Published: May 2005

While the written word is usually an exceptionally efficient medium of expression, visual media may offer a superior alternative to prose for the communication of some kinds of information. Writers and editors will be best equipped to choose the appropriate medium if their decisions are informed by an understanding of the differences in information processing demands that their choices impose on their readers. The following article examines the kinds of cognitive challenges verbal and visual media present to readers in their efforts to extract meaning from a message.
Factitious Disorder in a Manic Patient: Case Report and Treatment Considerations
Authors: Lazarus Arthur
Published: May 2005

A case of factitious disorder with physical symptoms is described in a patient with manic-depressive illness. The coexistence of factitious disorder and bipolar disorder has not been previously reported. Clinicians should search for an underlying affective disorder in patients who fabricate signs and symptoms of physical illness, since mania may simulate or contribute to the production of factitious behavior.
Evaluation of a Bachelor's Program in Technical Communication: Results of a Questionnaire
Authors: Mc Dowell Earl E. , Schuelke L. David , Chung Chew Wah
Published: May 2005

This is an evaluation of the undergraduate technical communication major in the Department of Rhetoric, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, 1979. Three audiences received the questionnaire: technical communication graduates, potential employers, and members of the Society for Technical Communication.

The questionnaire was designed to determine perceptions of technical communication courses, rank-ordering of competency areas, and listing courses that should be required for all technical communication majors. The results are reported and discussed in this article.
Computer Guided Teaching: The Microcomputer Revolution
Authors: Hativa Nira
Published: May 2005

Recent surveys of school applications of computers show that in contradiction to early expectations, the availability of microcomputers in schools does not have substantial impact on traditional teaching. In this article we identify conditions necessary for teachers to adopt changes in their instruction, and specifically to adopt technological innovations. We argue that the CAI—the use of computers for individualized learning or drill and practice—which is the most common application of computers for teaching and learning, does not satisfy most conditions necessary for teacher adoption. This may explain why the “microcomputer revolution” has not materialized. Finally, we suggest another type of microcomputer applications: Computer-Guided-Teaching, which satisfies most conditions for wide adoption by teachers, and which has potential for substantial teaching improvement.
Predicting the Time-Series Suicide Rate in Japan by Motive: A Brief Note
Authors: Lester David , Saito Yukio
Published: May 2005

In a time series study of suicide rates in Japan from 1978–1997, it was found that the social indicators which predict the suicide rates differ for suicides committed for interpersonal, work-related, and health concerns. While measures of domestic social integration predicted the suicide rate for interpersonal reasons, unemployment, and divorce rates predicted the suicide rate for work-related reasons.
Effects of a Child's Death on the Marital Relationship: A Review
Authors: Oliver Luis E.
Published: May 2005

A review of the clinical and empirical literature suggests that the grief of parents who have lost a child is especially intense, enduring, and taxing on numerous levels. Bereaved parents have been found to suffer multitudinous negative mental and physical health sequelae, as well as secondary losses, The deterioration of the marital relationship may be among these negative outcomes. This review focuses on the effects of a child's death on couple functioning in general, and on specific facets of the marital relationship. Research on variables that may affect the relationship between parental bereavement and marital outcome is explored. Various existing hypotheses for the potentially deleterious impact of a child's death on couples are also reviewed, and a new paradigm for understanding these effects is suggested.
Is Television Viewing Really Bad for Your Imagination?: Content and Process of TV Viewing and Imaginal Styles
Authors: Schallow John R. , McIlwraith Robert D.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to relate daydreaming styles to TV programming viewed (content) and contextual aspects of how television is used (process). Content and process of TV viewing of 476 undergraduates were assessed by self-report inventories constructed for this study. Scales were factorially derived from these inventories which showed good interpretability, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability. Daydreaming patterns were measured by the Short Imaginal Processes Inventory. Contrary to popular notions about the antagonism between TV use and positive fantasizing, certain TV contents (drama/comedy series, “classic” comedies, and music/entertainment) were associated with Positive-Constructive Daydreaming. Process more than content of TV use predicted negative styles of fantasizing: Guilt-Fear of Failure Daydreaming correlated with watching television during negative mood states and scanning channels while Poor Attentional Control involved both of these process dimensions and, in addition, using television to fill time.
The Photographer as Writer
Authors: Kowal John Paul
Published: May 2005

Mr. Kowal, a frequent contributor to this journal, presents his ideas on how the photographer can add writing to his other skills, increase his professional abilities, and enlarge his horizons. The theme is developed in ten steps, including research, scheduling time, using a simple style, and using resources wisely.
Narratives of Three Elderly African-American Women Living in Poverty Who have Lost an Adult Child to Horrendous Death
Authors: Black Helen K. , Rubinstein Robert L.
Published: May 2005

Fifty Elderly African-American Women Living In Poverty Were Interviewed For A Research Project Entitled “Chronic Poverty And The Self In Later Life” Which Studies The Effects Of Long-Term Poverty On Women's Self-Concepts. The Fact That Ten Women Out Of The Forty-Five Women In Our Sample Who Bore Children Lost Them To Murder, drugs, or other forms of violence made the subject of horrendous death (Leviton, 1995) salient during data analysis. Interview transcripts from three women who lost children to horrendous death were examined for reactions to the children's deaths and subsequent thoughts and feelings about their own deaths. Key themes emerging from the women's narratives were: 1) women's experience with poverty and abandonment, their expectation that life includes suffering, and their religious faith assisted them in grief work; 2) currently, women focused on present joys and concerns rather than on past sorrows; 3) women did not articulate thoughts about their own deaths in light of their child(ren)‘s deaths; and 4) women doubted or negated the concept of an afterlife, which contradicts traditional African beliefs and may speak to the loss they endured.
Introduction: The Need for New Directions in Research on Work Organization and Health
Authors: Johnson Jeffrey V. , Johansson Gunn
Published: May 2005

The articles in this issue of the Journal conclude the Special Section on work organization and health, dedicated to the late Beitil Gardell. We review here the earlier articles, which have addressed issues such as: the social epidemiology and psychobiology of work and health, psychosocial prevention and work reform, international developments in health policy, and multidisciplinary theoretical developments. The articles in this issue urge an expansion and redirection of research effort in this field into two new areas. The first article examines the relationship between gender, control, and work stress. It is proposed that because the vast majority of studies have previously been performed on males, there is a growing need to examine the work organization conditions of females. The second article discusses the need for a further expansion of knowledge concerning the underlying pathobiological mechanisms that link work stress exposure to chronic illness, and presents a biologically based model of the impact of exposure to low work control conditions on neuroendocrine response patterns. Finally, concluding comments concerning the Special Section are made.
Adverse Reactions to Antibiotic Drugs: The Present Scope of the Problem in Outpatient Care and Possibilities for Improvement
Authors: Hemminki Elina
Published: May 2005

This study provides estimates of the frequency of adverse reactions due to antibiotic therapy and the effectiveness of two approaches in reducing them. Calculations were made of the extent of decrease in adverse reactions if physicians prescribed the drug of choice, and if antibiotics were prescribed only when necessary. The risks of adverse reactions and the estimates of unnecessary prescribing were obtained from the published medical literature. The number of prescriptions and the diseases treated were obtained from a commercial data source (IMS America).

It was estimated that on average one antibiotic prescription per inhabitant was prescribed in outpatient care, that 7.6 percent of the population had an adverse reaction due to antibiotic therapy, and that 1.4 percent had a serious reaction in 1974 in the United States. If physicians had prescribed the drug of choice, the number of adverse reactions would have been reduced by 37 percent. If antibiotics had been prescribed only when necessary, but the pattern of prescribing different antibiotics had been the same, one third of the adverse reactions would have occurred. If physicians had prescribed the drug of choice and only when necessary, about one fifth of the adverse reactions would have occurred. The actual number of avoidable adverse reactions may be larger or smaller than these estimates, but the magnitude of the effect indicates an area for concern.
Solidarity and AIDS: Introduction
Authors: Krieger Nancy
Published: May 2005

Perhaps more than any other disease in recent history, AIDS has taught a cruel and crucial lesson: the constraints on our response to this epidemic are as deep as our denial, as entrenched as the inequities that permeate our society, as circumscribed as our knowledge, and as unlimited as our compassion and our commitment to human rights. Elaborating on these themes, the final three articles in this Special Section on AIDS consider three widely divergent yet intimately connected topics: AIDS in Cuba, AIDS in Brazil, and global AIDS prevention in the 1990s. Together, they caution that if we persist in treating AIDS as a problem only of “others,” no country will be spared the social and economic devastation that promises to be the cost of our contempt and our folly. Solidarity is not an option; it is a necessity. Without conscious recognition of the worldwide relationship between health, human rights, and social inequalities, our attempts to abate the spread of AIDS—and to ease the suffering that follows in its wake—most surely will fall short of our goals. Finally, as we mourn our dead, we must take to heart the words of Mother Jones, and “fight like hell for living.” This is the politics of survival.
Preparing for Dying: Meaningful Practices in Palliative Care
Authors: Bourgeois Sharon , Johnson Amanda
Published: May 2005

This article describes three exemplars that depict the meaningful practices associated with caring for the dying. The exemplars are illustrative of the way culture shapes our attitudes toward dying and the practices adopted by groups that assist them to make sense of their world. Acknowledging these practices enables health professionals to provide interventions that support the dying and their family within their own cultural network. Acceptance of the cultural practices displayed by the family unit allows for the expression of grieving behaviors and has the potential to contribute to the peaceful death of the individual. The provision of quality palliative care is enhanced when health professionals acknowledge the significance that culture plays in the meaningful practices associated with the dying process.
A Computer Simulation Approach to Teaching Research and Evaluation Skills
Authors: Collet LeVerne S. , Shiffler Nancy L.
Published: May 2005

Three intact groups of graduate education students enrolled in a required two course sequence in research design and data anlaysis were assigned to three levels of experience with a computer simulated program evaluation project: control (no experience), restricted (2 semester hours), and intensive (6 semester hours). At the end of term I performance was compared on four variables: the course final; attitudes toward research; self assessment of research competency; and an objective rating of the students' research products (proposal and final report). The general hypothesis was that scores on each variable would increase monotonically with the amount of experience. Analysis of co-variance confirmed this hypothesis for achievement and product scores, but no significant differences were found for attitudes. Additional experience and tests during the second term confirmed both these findings.
Sociodemographic Predictors of Response to Antidepressant Treatment
Authors: Spillmann Maya , Borus Joseph S. , Davidson Katharine G. , Worthington John J. , Tedlow Joyce R. , Fava Maurizio
Published: May 2005

Objective:

Our goal was to assess whether sociodemographic variables such as gender, marital status, level of education, and employment status are related to the changes in social functioning that have been reported after drug treatment in outpatients with major depressive disorder.

Method:

Eligible subjects were 166 depressed outpatients participating in a study involving open treatment with fluoxetine 20 mg/day for eight weeks. Diagnosis of major depressive disorder was made with the use of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R-Patient Edition (SCID-P), and patients were required to have a seventeen-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D-17) score ⩾ 16 at study entry. All subjects were administered the HAM-D-17 and the Social Adjustment Scale-Self-Report (SAS-SR) before and after treatment with fluoxetine.

Results:

We found that SAS-SR scores decreased significantly following treatment with fluoxetine from a mean score at baseline of 2.6 ± 0.7 to a mean score at endpoint of 2.3 ± 0.6. After adjusting for the degree of change in HAM-D-17 scores, we found a significant relationship between degree of change in SAS-SR and level of education. No statistically significant relationships were observed between SAS-SR change and age, gender, marital status, and employment status.

Conclusion:

The degree of improvement in psychosocial functioning observed in depressed outpatients following antidepressant treatment appears to be related to the level of education at study entry, but not to other sociodemographic variables. Further studies need to investigate the nature of this relationship.
Emplotting the Reader: Motivation and Technical Documentation
Authors: Goodwin David
Published: May 2005

Technical documents implicitly require readers to play out textually constructed roles in order to create meanings. Good technical writers create texts that motivate their readers by emplotting them in an attractive fabula, and, especially, in a role that not only achieves the ostensible purposes of the documentation but also allows the reader to function as the hero in a narrative of progress and improvement. Drawing on reader-response criticism and narratology, this article shows how a particular instructional software manual, the VP-Expert™ guide, instructs and motivates readers by using devices which resemble the conventions of heroic narrative.
A Slippery Slope: Economists and Social Insurance in the United States
Authors: Du Boff Richard B.
Published: May 2005

Since the 1980s welfare state protections have been blamed for a host of economic problems. In the United States, conservatives have always disliked Social Security but could not effectively attack this popular program until the 1980s, when they devised a new tactic—warning young people that they would never get their “money's worth” from Social Security, which is on the brink of “bankruptcy.” The political climate, dominated by a drive to cut back “big government,” also became favorable for attempts to destabilize Social Security politically. Thus, negative images of Social Security have been forced onto the public agenda, and economists who consider themselves “liberal” have uncritically accepted this new set of political “givens.” It is an example of how they address “crises” as separable issues tied to no particular social context.
Psychological Reactions of Emergency Room Staff to Suicide Attempters
Authors: Welu Thomas C.
Published: May 2005

Although many attempted suicides receive their first medical aid in the hospital emergency room, many attending physicians appear unsympathetic with such persons and sometimes provide medical treatment in a punitive fashion. Nurses respond somewhat more appropriately, but education concerning the emotional problems of attempted suicides and other forms of crises would be useful.
Devaluating Death Education through Short-Term Suicide Intervention Programs
Authors: Schmitt Raymond L. , Ellman Tracy D.
Published: May 2005

The wisdom and results of the Shaffer et al. study [1] are challenged regarding: 1) program content, 2) length of student exposure, 3) instructor competence, and, particularly 4) the implicit conceptualization of suicide as a simplistic rather than a complex, interpretive act. Certainly to conclude, or even to imply, that the effectiveness of all educational suicide intervention efforts are doomed, or that suicide is a function of mental illness rather than the stresses and losses experienced through living in mass society, is clearly unwarranted. The value of ongoing death education courses of semester length for the tempering of suicidal behaviors is argued.
The Letter of Query
Authors: Gould Jay R.
Published: May 2005

A further chapter in a projected book on publishing in technical journals and magazines. This particular chapter discusses the reasons for establishing contact between author and editor prior to the submission of the article, and gives some techniques for submitting an effective letter of query.
Fechner in Context: Aesthetics from Below, Inner and Outer Psychophysics: A Reply to Pavel Machotka
Authors: Höge Holger
Published: May 2005

In his recent article Machotka [1] has discussed several difficulties of Fechner's unique approach to look for progress in the field of aesthetics: from below. Machotka proposed a radically different methodology: (a) perception of interrelations, (b) giving form to content, (c) fitting form to content, and (d) bending rules. My basic argument is that his new methodology is still based on Fechner's methods, i.e., from below, however, on a higher level of complexity. Finally, some light is cast on the role Fechner assigned to the two parts of psychophysics: inner and outer psychophysics and their relation to aesthetics.
Income, Social Stratification, Class, and Private Health Insurance: A Study of the Baltimore Metropolitan Area
Authors: Muntaner Caries , Parsons Ellen
Published: May 2005

Most studies of inequalities and access to health care have used income as the sole indicator of social stratification. Despite the significance of social theory in health insurance research, there are no empirical studies comparing the ability of different models of social stratification to predict health insurance coverage. The aim of this study is to provide a comparative analysis using a variety of theory-driven indicators of social stratification and assess the relative strength of the association between these indicators and private health insurance. Data were collected in a 1993 telephone interview of a random digit dialing sample of the white population in the Baltimore Metropolitan Statistical Area. Indicators of social stratification included employment status, full-time work, education, occupation, industry, household income, firm size, and three types of assets: ownership, organizational, and skill/credential. The association between social stratification and private health insurance was strongest for those having higher household incomes, having attained at least a bachelor's degree, and working in a firm with more than 50 employees, followed by being an owner or manager, and by being employed. The addition of education and firm size improved the prediction of the household income model. The authors conclude that studies of inequalities in health insurance coverage can benefit from the inclusion of theory-driven indicators of social stratification such as human capital, labor market segmentation, and control over productive assets.
Analyses of Coffin Hardware from Unmarked Burials Former Wesleyan Methodist Church Cemetery, Weston, Ontario
Authors: Kogon Stephen L. , Mayer Robert G.
Published: May 2005

As part of the municipal and provincial development approvals process, monitoring of construction excavation for the Central King Seniors Complex was conducted at the former Wesleyan Methodist Church cemetery on King Street, City of York (Weston), Ontario. Approximately 135 grave shafts and forty-three isolated findspots were found to contain the skeletal remains of 157 individuals. These remains were subsequently disinterred following the regulations of the Ontario Cemeteries Act RSO 1990. The cast and stamped metal handles, hinges and escutcheons were analyzed for spatial distributions of stylistic and temporal characteristics, and then compared with the few other available contemporary collections. Computer generated distribution maps and charts were prepared, along with a summary list of physical traits, characteristics, associations and temporal indicators which can be used by other studies to determine nineteenth-century Euro-Canadian interment periods.
Accounting for the Public's Health: An Introduction to Selected Papers from a U.S. Conference on “Measuring Social Inequalities in Health”
Authors: Krieger Nancy , Moss Nancy
Published: May 2005

Accounting for, and being accountable to, the public's health requires carefully documenting and analyzing social inequalities in health. Controversies abound over which measures of socioeconomic position to use, at which points in time, and at what level—e.g., individual, household, and neighborhood. Important debates also concern how to analyze these data and relate them to inequalities involving race/ethnicity and gender. Addressing these complex issues is particularly timely in the light of persistent—and even widening—social inequalities in health. To improve tools for evaluating socioeconomic gradients in health, in 1994 the U.S. Public Health Service and National Institutes of Health sponsored a conference on Measuring Social Inequalities in Health. This introduction to the Section on Social Inequalities in Health introduces five articles presented by participants at the conference. Topics include: a historical review of efforts to measure socioeconomic inequalities in health in the U.S. between 1900 and 1950; income dynamics and health; measuring inequalities in health among nonemployed persons; analyzing links between racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in health; and using neighborhood-based socioeconomic data in public health research. Together, these five articles point to a new emphasis on refining methodologies to assess relationships between social position and health and their expression in population patterns of social inequalities in health.
Toward a Photographic Rhetoric of Nineteenth-Century Scientific and Technical Texts
Authors: Wickliff Gregory A.
Published: May 2005

Beginning in the 1850s, authors of American and British scientific and technical publications began to integrate photographs into their texts. These chemical and photo-mechanically reproduced images often functioned as the basis for carefully defined claims for truth. In the natural sciences, in microscopy, in medicine, in the emerging studies of psychology and the social sciences, and in the dissemination and promotion of technological accomplishments, the verity of early published photographs led authors to claim that an image could be equal to its referent in nature, or even exceed its referent when conveying scientific and technical information. This article presents a technological, cultural, and rhetorical history of published photographs based upon twenty-three images selected from a review of forty photographically illustrated texts published between 1854 and 1900.
Coping with Serious Illness: On Integrating Constructs to Enhance Clinical Research, Assessment and Intervention
Authors: Ell Kathleen O.
Published: May 2005

Empirical research suggests that given relatively similar illness contingencies, patients who cope successfully with serious illness have access to and use effectively social network support, believe events are to some extent within their control, perceive themselves to be effective, and employ an array of flexible coping strategies. Based on a selective literature review, the argument is made that more integrative conceptual frameworks are needed to advance theory and to enhance the applied value of research data. Clinical implications for assessment, intervention, and evaluation are set forth.
Teaching Writing to Engineering Students: Toward a Nontechnical Approach
Authors: Piirto John
Published: May 2005

Engineering students, faculty, and administration all agree that instruction in writing is an important component of engineering education. And since engineering students will take up technical matters in their careers, it seems only natural that a writing class will require them to write papers about technology, that is, to practice technical writing. While this approach may indeed be of value, the following article presents an alternative to the teaching of technical writing per se. The author suggests that if students learn how to approach an issue they care about, form an arguable idea from this issue, then logically prove it in subsequent paragraphs, that this deep level of writing and thinking comprehension can then be used to enhance any piece of writing, especially the technical document.
An Economic Perspective on Teaching-Innovation
Authors: Dahlgran Roger A.
Published: May 2005

An economic learning-model is developed and used as an analytical framework for evaluating the costs and benefits of teaching-innovations. The inputs for the economic model are learner study time under both innovative and traditional teaching methods. Two sources of potential benefits from teaching-innovations are identified: time-savings as innovations make learners more productive learners, and learning enhancements as innovations increase learning. One conclusion is that evaluating teaching-innovations by comparing test scores for experimental and control groups ignores the impacts of “labor saving” innovations and may not accurately measure the learning of more advanced reasoning and decision-making skills.
Concepts of Pictures on Display
Authors: Maridaki-Kassotaki Katerina , Freeman Norman H.
Published: May 2005

When do viewers acquire a fully explicit unprompted concept of what is communicatively important about displays of pictures? On two trials, one week apart, 120 Greek informants explained what a kadro is. The Greek term kadro literally means frame, but also means “that which has been framed as a display piece.” Children aged four and eight years represented these important artefacts only as furnishings. Adults and adolescents referred to 1) commemoration of artists' achievement, and 2) public display of taste and judgment.
Depressed Mood, Dream Recall and Contentless Dreams
Authors: Robbins Paul R. , Tanck Roland H.
Published: May 2005

The study examined the relation between depressed mood and dream report. Levels of depressed mood were assessed nightly on a sample of ninety college students over a ten-day period using a structured diary. Dream reports were obtained each morning during the ten-day period. Depressed mood tended to be higher preceding nights for which dreams were recalled and described than for nights in which there was no memory of dreaming. The opposite pattern was found for reports of contentless dreams; depressed mood tended to be lower preceding reports of contentless dreaming than for nights in which there was no memory of dreaming.
Changes in Interpretation in the Archaeology of the Central Mississippi Valley since 1983
Authors: Morse Dan F. , Morse Phyllis A.
Published: May 2005

The status of archaeological research is summarized since the publication of Archaeology of the Central Mississippi Valley in 1983. Extensive research dealing with the Paleoindian period and the Pleistocene-Holocene transition has been completed. Fluted points have been found in association with the remains of megafauna, remains of a Paleolama date the extinction of megafauna in the region, and human bone has been identified from the Dalton cemetery at the Sloan site. Plant domestication is believed to have been initiated between 3000–2000 B.C., although corn agriculture is not seen until the Mississippian developments of the ninth century A.D. The route of the 1541–42 DeSoto expedition through the area and associated archaeology has been refined. Extensive work has also been done with Colonial Period sites, especially those of the seventeenth century. New GIS mapping techniques and microwear analyses are enhancing current interpretations of regional archaeology.
Educational Programs, Competency Development and Instruction
Authors: Poole Richard L.
Published: May 2005

An instructional paradigm is described which starts with the student and then identifies three elements which if specified should unify the instructional process to yield a three-way consistency between what was intended, inaugurated, and achieved. The model is then illustrated with the development and discussion of diet history materials from the viewpoints of objectives, learning experiences, and evaluation. The material includes two diet history forms which shape the student's behavior, and a self scoring criterion reference diagnostic checklist. Although the forms were used by students their effectiveness was unclear because of procedure and sampling limitations, but the data did suggest that these forms aided the students in the acquisition of the desired skill.