bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of New Foliar Materials to Control Insects on Potatoes, 1997
Authors: Nault Brian A. , Speese John
Published: December 2017

Potatoes were planted on 3 Apr at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of four 20-ft-long rows. Plots were separated across rows by 3 ft and within rows by 6 ft of bare ground. The experiment had 5 treatments plus an untreated check arranged in a RCB design replicated 4 times. Insecticide application timings were targeted for control of CPB, not ECB. Initial applications were made on 29 May when small (LI + L2) and large (L3 + L4) CPB larvae were present and many of the egg masses in the field had hatched. One additional application of each treatment was made on 12 Jun. Insecticides were applied using a propane-powered backpack sprayer equipped with 6 flat-fan nozzles/2 rows calibrated to deliver 46 gpa at 40 psi. On 13 Jun and 1 Jul, potato leafhoppers, Empoascafabae, were controlled with Dimethoate 4EC at 0.25 lb (AI)/acre using a tractor-mounted sprayer that deliv-ered 40 gal. of spray/acre at 100 psi. Data were taken weekly from 3 through 30 Jun from the center 2 rows of each plot and included the following: the number of CPB adults, egg masses, small and large larvae/10 randomly selected stems in each plot, the number of ECB damaged stems/20 randomly chosen stems per plot, and a visual estimation of percent defoliation within each plot. The center 2 rows of each plot were harvested on 10 Jul and tubers were graded and weighed.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetlel on Irish Potato, 1996
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was an RCB with 5 replicates planted 29 May at Presque Isle, ME on land that was in clover in 1995. The 3.0-m space between blocks and the 1.8-m space between the fourrow plots were bare soil. All rows were planted with an assisted-feed planter 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long and the healthy whole seed (ca 75 g) were 30 cm apart. Fertilization and hilling practices were normal for the area. Early and late blight were controlled by 7 foliar applications of mancozeb. Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, 3 nozzles per row at 5.6 kg/cm2 pressure and 0.47 kl/ha. Numbers of larvae and adults were counted weekly on 20 whole plants in the middle rows of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, beetle counts were made prior to application of insecticides. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformations of data using log10(x + 1). Transformed means of the sum of larvae and adult beetles were compared using Fisher’s LSD Test and then applied to the actual means. The soil was classified as Caribou Loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rain-fall for Jun, Jul, and Aug was respectively 8.5, 11.8, and 6.2 cm. The average temperature for each of the same 3 months was 18.3, 19.4, and 20.0 deg. C.
Evaluation of Selected Soil Insecticides and Foliar Insecticides for Control of Banded Cucumber Beetle, White Grub, and Whitefringed Beetle, 1997
Authors: Hammond A. M. , Story R. N. , Murray M. J. , McCown C. R. , Ring D.
Published: December 2017

A test was conducted in St. Landry Parish, LA to determine the efficacy of two soil insecticides and six foliar treatments for control of the insects listed above. Treatments were arranged in a CRB design with four replications. Plots were 4 rows wide (4 ft/row) and 46 ft long. Soil insecticides were applied on 10 Jun. The cultivar ‘Beauregard’ was transplanted 14 Jun. Foliar insecticide applications began three weeks after transplanting and were made at approximately weekly intervals. A CO2-pressurized back pack sprayer was used (30 psi) with a single row boom (20 inches wide) containing three nozzles (Cone Jet SX-10) and calibrated to deliver 15 gpa. Sweet potatoes were harvested on 13 and 14 Oct and field graded into U.S. number 1, 2, or 3. From each plot, in each of the 3 grades, 25 potatoes were randomly selected and evaluated for insect damage. The number of holes present caused by banded cucumber beetle, the number of potatoes with white grub feeding scars, and the number of potatoes damaged by whitefringed beetle were counted.
Control of Potato/Tomato Psyllid on Tomato, 1997
Authors: Demirel Nihat , Cranshaw Whitney
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted at the Colorado State Horticulture Research Farm. Ft. Collins, CO on transplanted ‘Roma’ tomatoes. Plots were single rows, each row consisting of eight plants, arranged in a randomized complete block with four replications. Spray treatments were applied 17 Jul and 2 Aug as a single pass with a flat-fan nozzle from a CO2-compressed air sprayer; FloTox sulfur was applied with a Dustin-Miser crank duster. Evaluations were done on four plants in the center of each plot and counting all psyllids in a 30-second examination.
Indirect Pest Evaluation on Apple, 1997
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: December 2017

Experimental sprays were applied to single-tree plots in a RCB design consisting of 4 replicates of ‘Yorking’. Treated single trees were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. The trees were 9 year old and planted to a spacing of 20 X 30 ft. All treatments were applied with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa, driven at 2.4 mph. Dates of applications are given in the first table. All plots received a regular fungicide maintenance schedule of Benlate 50 DF, Dithane 75 DF, Nova 40 WP and Ziram 76 WP and the insecticide Imidan 70 WP. All maintenance materials were applied using the alternate row middle method of application. The effect of the sprays on WALH was evaluated by counting the number of nymphs/25 injured leaves/tree. Effectiveness on the spirea aphid was evaluated by counting the number of aphidinfested leaves/10 top terminals, and the number of aphids/most infested leaf, where a rating scale (0-4) was used instead of counting live aphids (see table footnotes for scale). The number of natural enemies of aphids was determined by counting the number observed on 10 growing shoots per tree. Effectiveness of the test chemicals on ERM was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 25 random leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. STLM was evaluated by a 5-min count of tissue-feeding mines around the periphery of the trees at the end of the first and second generations. Also, the percentage stage distribution of sap-feeding and tissue-feeding mines of STLM was determined by randomly selecting 44 sap-feeding mines and observing their development every other day until all STLM eclosed as adults or the leafminer larva/pupa died. Pest pressure was moderate throughout the season.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1997
Authors: Shaw J. T. , Roberts S. J. , Armbrust E. J. , Finger J. W.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were evaluated on a 2-year stand during the 1st alfalfa cutting period at the Southern Illinois University, Belleville Research Center. Plots were 40 X 50 ft with 4 replications of treatments in a RCB design. Efficacy of the pyrethroid insecticides Warrior 1 EC, Mustang 1.5 EW, and Baythroid 2 EC was compared with the commonly used insecticide Furadan 4°F and 2 experimental compounds. Treatments were applied 24 Apr with a tractor-mounted sprayer delivering 15.7 gpa at 25 psi and 2.5 mph through a 20-ft boom equipped with flat-fan nozzles (TeeJet 8002 VS) spaced 20 inches apart. Pre-treatment sweeps averaged 0.72, 3rd to 4th instar larvae per sweep.
Alfalfa Weevil and Pea Aphid Control in Alfalfa, 1997
Authors: Stolz Robert L. , Matteson Nancy A.
Published: December 2017

Test plots were established near Kimberly, Idaho. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam and the field was irrigated by surface flow. Three treatments and an untreated check were replicated four times in a RCB design. Each individual test plot was 25 ft by 25 ft. Treatments were applied as a broadcast spray using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer using 30 psi and delivering 20 gpa (4, 10X hollow cone nozzles row). Sampling was accomplished by taking five, 90-degree pendulum sweeps (15 inch diam sweep net) per plot. Counts were made of all alfalfa pest species present as well as all beneficial insects. A pre-treatment count was made and all treatments were applied on 9 Jun. Additional counts were made at 7, 14, 21, and 30 d post treatment. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Neuman-Keuls multiple means comparison (P = .05).
Airblast Concentrate Insecticide Evaluation on Apple, 1997
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Krawcyzk Grzegorz
Published: December 2017

Experimental insecticide sprays were applied to 2-tree plots in a RCB design consisting of 3 replicates of ‘Golden Delicious’ (only 2 replicates for the control plot) and 2 replicates of ‘Yorking’ with a buffer row between plots. Trees were planted to a spacing of 20 X 30 ft and were 22 years old. All samples were taken from one tagged tree in each plot. Experimental sprays were applied with a Friend Airmaster ‘309’ calibrated to deliver 100 gpa at 2.0 mph. Application dates for all materials are given in the table containing data on WALH. The 5 Jun application for all plots corresponded to approximately 250° DD (base 50° F) after the first emergence of coding moth adults during the first brood. All applications were complete sprays. A routine schedule of fungicides (Benlate 50 DF, Dithane 75 DF, Nova 40 WP, and Ziram 76 WP) was maintained throughout the experiment. The effect of the sprays on WALH was evaluated by counting the number of nymphs/25 injured leaves/tree. Effectiveness of the treatments on SA was evaluated by counting the number of aphid-infested leaves/10 top actively growing shoots, and the number of aphids/most infested leaf, where a rating scale (0-4) was used instead of counting live aphids (see table footnotes for scale). The total number of aphid natural enemies was determined by counting the number observed on 10 shoots per tree. Effectiveness of the test chemicals on ERM and AF was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 25 random leaves/tree, 125 leaves/treatment. The predator S. punctum was observed by making 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the trees. STLM was evaluated by counting the number of tissue-feeding mines present during a 5 minute examination around the periphery of one tree/replicate. OFM shoot injury was assessed by determining the number of injured shoots per tree in a 5-min examination. Effectiveness of chemicals on all fruit feeders was assessed by scoring dropped apples for injury on 8 and 21 Jul; 4, 11 and 19 Aug; and 3 Sep, and picked samples of 40 and 100 fruit per replication on 19 Aug and 18 Sep, respectively. Russet evaluations were made on Golden Delicious fruits (30 per replicate). Each replicate (2) was rated as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (>51% russeted surface). The individual ratings were added to calculate a russet rating for each replicate. Possible ranges for the replicate russet ratings (and estimate of range of % of surface russeted) are 0-30 (none to raised lenticels), 31-60 (raised lenticels to 1-10% russeted surface), 61-90 (1-10% to 11-25% russeted surface, 91-120 (11-25% to 26-50% russeted surface), and 121-150 (26-50% to >51% russeted surface). Pest pressure was high throughout the season.
Control of Insect Pestsl On Fall-Seeded Canola, 1997B
Authors: Bragg D. E.
Published: December 2017

Plots were established in a RCBD with 4 replicates of 20 X 30 ft at the USDA-ARS Western Regional Plant Materials Introduction Center at Central Ferry, WA, on 10 Oct. Treatments were made at full bloom with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer at 20 gpa at 20 psi on 21 May except for Gaucho 75 ST applied as a seed treatment at planting. All sprayed insecticides were buffered to pH 5.0. Treatments were evaluated for pre-treatment count 215 DAE, 7 DAT (222 DAE), 12 DAT (227 DAE), and 25 DAT (240 DAE) by counting the number of CA colonies per m2 (6.6 linear ft of row) with mean number of CA per colony. CSPW were counted with per 180° sweeps of a 14-inch sweep net on evaluation dates. Counts of CSPW exit holes per 100 pods per replicate were made at harvest, and yield data was collected.
Cabbage Seedpod Weevil Control on Winter Canola, 1996
Authors: McCaffrey J. P. , Harmon B. L.
Published: December 2017

Plots, 3.5 X 12 ft, arranged in a split-plot design with each chem-ical treatment replicated 3 times, and each of 4 genotypes replicated twice within each treatment strip, were planted at Moscow, ID on 20 Aug, 1995 at 9.5 lb/acre using a small-plot, cone seeder. Capture 2 EC and methyl parathion 4 E were applied 5 Jun with a CO2-pressurized tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with 80° fan nozzles on an 8.3-ft boom that delivered 20 gpa at 30 psi. At the time of treatment, wind conditions were calm (<5 mph), and ambient air tem-perature was above 60°F. Plots were sampled for adult CSW 2 before treatment and 2 d after treatment by dislodging them into a 5-gal plastic bucket with a beat of a hand at each end of a plot. To determine the number of exit holes, 10 pods were removed from 10 racemes from each side of each plot on 17 and 18 Jul. Plots were harvested 15 Aug with a small-plot combine (4.6 ft header). All data were subjected to analysis of variance.
Conventional and Low-Volume Microtube Application of Insecticide Treatments for Management of Corn Rootworm Larvae and Residual Control of First-Generation European Corn Borers, 1997
Authors: Boetel M. A. , Fuller B. W.
Published: December 2017

This study was carried out at sites near Garretson and New Holland, South Dakota to assess the efficacy of preplant-incorporated and planting-time insecticides against com rootworms and to evaluate residual control of first-generation European corn borers (ECB). Treatment plots consisted of single 15.2-m-long rows which were spaced 96.5 cm apart. The study was arranged in a RCBD with four replicates at each site.
Evaluation of Reduced Rates of Insecticides for Control of Larval Corn Rootworm in 15-Inch Row Spacing, 1997
Authors: DeVries Terry A. , Wright Robert J.
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted at Clay Center, NE to evaluate the effectiveness of M. labelled rates of planting time soil insecticides in protecting corn roots from rootworm injury when grown at a 15-inch row spacing. Local population consisted of >95% WCR and <5% NCR. Plots were in trap crop (insecticide free) during 1996. In 1995, multi-class soil insecticide trials were conducted in the study area. Plots were in trap crop during 1994. In 1993, multi-class soil insecticide trials were conducted and all plots were in trap crop during 1992. Experimental design was a RCB with 4 replicates. Plot size was 6 rows X 150 ft long with 15-inch row spacing. Plots were planted with a 4-row 7300 JD Maximerge II vacuum planter on 7 May. Standard planter insecticide boxes were used to direct insecticides into the open seed furrow (IF) or a 7-inch band in front of the press wheel over the open seed furrow (TB). Established plant populations were evaluated on 6 Jun. The avg number of plants in the middle 100 ft of the center two rows in each plot were used to analyze plant populations. On 9 Jun, initial corn rootworm egg hatch was detected. Larval feeding damage was evaluated on 15 Jul. Ten plants were dug from the middle two rows of each plot and rated for root damage using the Iowa 1-6 scale (1, no feeding, to 6, 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Root injury ratings and plant populations were analyzed by ANOVA for RCB with mean separation using DMRT. Plots were hand harvested on 30 Sep. Harvest data was obtained from two locations (subplot size = two center rows X 20 ft long) per plot. Corn was shelled on 6 and 7 Oct. Percent moisture and lb of grain were recorded and converted to 56 lb/bu @ 15.5% moisture. Yields were analyzed by ANOVA for a split-plot design with mean separation using DMRT.
Effect of Sulfonylurea Herbicides on Field Corn Following an Application of Granular Insecticide at Planting, 1997
Authors: Seymour R. C. , Campbell J. B. , Wright R. J.
Published: December 2017

Field corn was ridge planted to a non-tilled seed bed near North Platte, NE, on 1 May. The soil in these plots was a Cozad silt loam. At the time of planting, soil moisture was adequate for germination and the soil temperature at a depth of 5 cm was about 7° C. Granular soil insecticides were applied in a 7-inch T-band at planting to 10 X 40 ft plots with a Nobel box on a bicycle wheel-type applicator. Bicep II herbicide was applied at a rate of 0.375 lb (AI)/acre 14 days after planting. The sulfonylurea herbicides, Basis Gold 90DF and Accent 75 WDG, were applied with a backpack CO2-charged sprayer as separate treatments made over the whorl of V3-stage field corn plants on 23 Jun. The herbicides were applied in a total volume of 10 gpa, at 30 psi, through 11001 VPTT flat-fan nozzles. Crop oil concentrate, at a rate of 1% v/v, was added to all Basis Gold 90DF treatments. Valent X-77 was added, at a rate of 0.25% v/v, to the Accent 75 WDG treatment. Liquid nitrogen fertilizer (28-0-0) was added, at a rate of 0.25 lb/acre, to all herbicide treatments. Four repl ications of each treatment were arranged in a RCB design. The effect of the herbicides on plant survival, plant height, plant condition and leaf greenness was evaluated 7 and 14 DAT. Plant conditions considered to be related to the herbicide application included reduced height, yellowed leaves and/or twisted whorls. The severity of these conditions was evaluated on a 1 to 5 scale where 1 represented little damage and 5 represented severely damaged and stunted plants. The effect of the herbicides on leaf greenness was evaluated with a handheld chlorophyll meter. This meter records depth of green color in a dimension less value. The effect of the herbicides plus insecticide was compared with plots treated with Counter CR insecticide alone. Treatment means for each variable were analyzed with ANOVA and were separated with Fisher’s Protected Test of Least Significant Difference.
The Effectiveness of Beauveria Bassiana for Control of First- and Second-Generation European Corn Borer, 1997
Authors: Shaw J. T. , Steffey K. L. , Gray M. E. , Finger J. W.
Published: December 2017

Each plot consisted of four rows 30-inch wide by 60 ft long with 10-ft-wide alleys between the four replications. A RCB design with four replications was utilized. A plot treated with blank granules was used as the baseline treatment and a Pounce treated plot along with a Bt hybrid corn line (Pioneer 34R06) were included for comparison. Manual infestations were made to 15 consecutive plants in each of the middle two rows of each 4-row plot. Manual ECB infestations to simulate the first generation were made on 2 Jul, at the 7-leaf stage by applying 2 ECB egg masses (on wax paper) to the whorls of corn plants. Manual ECB infestations to simulate the second-generation were made at corn anthesis on 8 Aug, by applying one ECB egg mass (black-head stage) per leaf axil above and below the ear node. On 23 Jun, granular treatments of Beauveria bassiana were applied with a modified John Deere 6000 high-clearance vehicle (HCV). All treatments were metered through Noble units mounted in brackets on the rear of the HCV. The Noble units were driven with electric motors, and the granules were applied over the whorls in a 7-inch band. The banders were similar to banders on conventional row-planters that are used to deliver soil insecticides. On 10 Jul, Pounce 1.5 G at a rate of 10 lb product/acre was metered through the same type of Noble units that were used to apply the Beauveria bassiana treatments. On 18 Aug, Pounce 3.2 EC at a rate of 0.15 lb (AI)/acre was applied with two 8003 TeeJet flat-fan nozzles (one per row), as a broadcast over the row, with a compressed-air system calibrated to deliver 9.7 gpa at 20 psi and a speed of 2.5 mph. The height of the nozzles above the whorls was 10 to 12 inches.
Efficacy of Regent Treatments for Black Cutworm and Rootworm Control on Corn, 1997
Authors: Wilson H. R. , Eisley J. B. , Jasinski J. R. , Young C. E.
Published: December 2017

Ten treatments of Regent (fipronil) using different combinations of formulations, carriers, carrier rates, and application methods were compated with a granular treatment of Counter 20 CR and an untreated check on reduced tillage continuous corn at the O ARDC Western Branch Station near South Charleston, OH. All treatments were applied at planting on 7 May to 4-row plots, 140 ft in length with 30-inch row spacing in a RCBD with four replicates per treatment. Seven liquid treatments were applied in-furrow at planting with micro-tube applicators calibrated to deliver from 2 to 12 qt of water or liquid fertilizer (10-34-0) carrier (LFC) per acre. Liquid treatments were also applied as a band application over the seed furrow, and as a pre-plant incorporated (PPI) broadcast with a broom sprayer and incorporated with roto-tillage prior to planting. Granular formulations were applied at planting with Noble granular applicators on a 2-row John Deere 7000 planter. Stand counts were taken on 100 row ft on 3 Jun and 20 Jun when corn was at the V2 and V5 stages, respectively. Observations on cutworm injury below and above ground were recorded during the initial stand count. Root damage ratings of 5 root systems per plot using the Iowa 1-6 scale were taken on 28 Jul. Plots were machine harvested 24 Oct.
Control of European Corn Borer in Whorl-Stage Corn, 1997
Authors: Witkowski John , Echtenkamp Jerry
Published: December 2017

The experimental design was RCB with 14 insecticide treatments and an untreated check replicated 4 times. Single-row plots were 50 ft in length at 30-inch spacings. Corn was no-till planted into soybean residue on 5 May. All granular insecticides were applied in a 7-inch band over the whorl with a specially designed cone-belt distributor mounted on a Hahn Hi-boy. The distributors were also mounted on the planter for the in-furrow treatment of Regent 3 G applied at planting. Liquid insecticides were applied with a backpack sprayer directing the spray solution into the whorl and calibrated to deliver 18 gpa at 30 psi. The planting time treatment of Regent 4 SC was applied in-furrow with one gpa microtubes. On 3 Jul, six black-headed ECB egg masses were placed in each whorl of 10 marked plants per plot row. Whorl treatments were applied five d later on 8 Jul. On 28 Jul, the 10 marked plants in each replicate were dissected from tassel to ground, examined and the number of corn borer cavities recorded.
Boll Worm Threshold Evaluation in Northeastern North Carolina on Bt Cotton, 1997
Authors: Bacheler J. S. , Mott D. W.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 12 May in 38-inch rows at the Upper Coastal Plain Research Station near Rocky Mount. The fertility and herbicide programs followed extension recommendations for cotton in this region. Temik at 5.0 lb (AI)/acre was used at planting. Plot size was 50 ft X 6 rows with 4 replications arranged in a RCBD. The entire test was oversprayed with 0.75 lb (AI)/acre Orthene 75S to encourage bollworm establishment via destruction of beneficial arthropods. Karate IE at 0.04 lb (AI)/acre was applied to the DP-5415 and NuCOTN-33b 50% terminal bollworm egg threshold plots on 22 Aug. On 26 Aug, Karate at 0.025 lb (AI)/acre was applied as a 2nd application to the above NuCOTN-33b line at the 20% terminal egg threshold, and as the initial, and only, application to the NuCOTN-33b 3% live bollworm threshold. The final NuCOTN-33b plot never reached the 100% terminal or the 20% fruit egg threshold. All insecticide applications were applied with a backpack-type, CO2-pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 8.0 gpa at 50 psi with a single TX-8 Spray Systems nozzle 18 inches over the row. All treatments were evaluated for fruit damage and live larvae on 25 Aug, 4 and 26 Sep by examining 25 squares and bolls per replicate (total 100 per treatment). Plots were harvested from the middle 2 rows with a 2-row John Deere picker on 23 Oct. Seed cotton yields were converted to lb of lint cotton/acre using 40% gin turnout. All data were analyzed by ANOVA and DMRT.
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against Thrips on Cotton, 1997
Authors: Gore J. , Russell J. S. , Adamczyk J. J. , Leonard B. R.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted on 5 May at the Macon Ridge location of the Northeast Research Station in a Gigger Gilbert silt loam. Plots consisted of 2 rows (40 inch centers) X 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCB with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied on 30 May with a tractor-mounted boom calibrated to deliver 10 gpa at 21 psi with 80015 flat-fan noz-zles (2/row). Treatments were evaluated by randomly collecting 10 plants from each plot. Plots were sampled on 2 Jun (3 DAT), 4 Jun (5 DAT), and 6 Jun (7 DAT). Plot samples were processed with a whole plant-washing procedure. Thrips (adult and immature) were counted using a dissecting microscope.Plots received 2.49 inches of rainfall on 30 May and 0.73 inches of rainfall on 4 Jun. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, and means were separated ac-cording to DMRT.
Selected Pyrethroid and Non-Pyrethroid Insecticides for Control of Cotton Bollworm on Cotton, 1997
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: December 2017

Two field trials were conducted to evaluate efficacy of selected pyrethroid (Field Trial 1) and non-pyrethroid (Field Trial 2) insecticides for control of bollworm in Virginia cotton. ‘Delta and Pine Land 51’ cotton was planted 2 May at the Virginia Tech Tidewater Agric. Res. & Ext. Ctr., Suffolk, VA using a 36-inch row spacing. All treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gpa at 39 psi through one TX10 hollow cone nozzle over the top of each of the 2 center rows of each plot. All applications were applied at egg threshold (based on the presence of 10 or more bollworm eggs per 100 plant terminals, or 2 or more per 100 fruit, i.e., squares or bolls) and again in 5 days. A RCB design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. Boll damage was determined by sampling 25 randomly selected bolls per plot. Samples were taken at roughly weekly intervals after the second insecticide treatment until bolls were matured beyond the susceptible stage. Yield was determined by harvesting the 2 center rows of each plot (80 row ft per plot) using a commercial 2-row John Deere cotton combine. Lint values were calculated as 37% of total plot weights, assuming 63% was seed and trash. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD statistical procedures.
Efficacy of Fipronil for Control of Boll Weevil, 1996
Authors: Parajulee M. N. , Slosser J. E. , Idol G. B.
Published: December 2017

Cotton was planted 25 Apr in 40-inch rows (8-row X 75-ft plots) at the Texas Agriculture Experiment Station at Chillicothe. The experimental design was a RCB with 5 insecticide treatments and a check replicated 4 times. Cotton was inspected for boll weevil damage (percentage of boll weevil damaged squares per plot) and abundance of beneficial insects (25 sweeps/plot) on 3 Jul (pre-treatment), 11, 15, and 24 Jul (post-treatments). Insecticide treatments were applied on an approximate 5-day spray schedule on 5, 12, 17, and 22 Jul. The scheduled spray date of 10 Jul had to be postponed until 12 Jul because of a heavy rain on 7 Jul. Treatments were applied with a John Deere High Cycle 6000 sprayer. Spray drops were used to provide three nozzles per row, delivering 9.7 total gallons of spray solution per acre at 40 psi.
Evaluation of Synthetic Pyrethroids, Bidrin, and Fipronil for Control of Tarnished Plant Bug, 1997
Authors: Teague T. G. , Tugwell N. P.
Published: December 2017

Field studies were conducted at the Cotton Branch Experiment Station in Marianna, AR to evaluate the late-season control of TPB. Cotton was planted 12 May in 8-row (38-inch centers) wide by 70-ft-long plots with 10-ft alleys and separated by a 6.5-ft non-planted buffer. The treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. The insecticides were applied 14 Aug using a 8-row CO2-charged hi-boy sprayer calibrated to deliver 9.5 gpa at 30 psi with TJ-60 8002 VS nozzles on 19-inch spacing. The numbers of TPB nymphs and adults per plot were estimated 4 DAT using 24 sweeps with one 18-inch net. Numbers of TPB 4 DAT were significantly reduced in all plots sprayed with insecticides compared with the untreated check. Control with the CS formu-lation of Karate was reduced compared with the EC formulation.
Controlling Fall Armyworm on Peanut, 1997
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Royals B. M.
Published: December 2017

Foliar applications of insecticides were evaluated for FAW control in Brenda County. Each plot was 20 ft by 4 rows (36-inch centers), of NC 10 variety peanuts, and plots were arranged in a RCBD with four replicates. Peanuts were grown under standard production practices in a light sandy soil. Treatments were applied on 29 Aug using a CO2 backpack sprayer operating at 40 psi delivering approx. 30 gpa and using 8003 flat-fan nozzles. Conditions at time of application were sunny and 80°F. Worms were sampled 3 DAT (1 Sep) and 5 DAT (3 Sep) by taking 4 standard 3-ft beat cloth counts per plot. Pre-treatment counts on 29 Aug determined the larval population to be 6 worms per 1 standard 3-ft beat cloth sample. All instars were present at the time of sampling. Only live caterpillars were counted for analysis. All data were transformed (square root ofx + 0.05) prior to ANOVA and DNMRT.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Karate and ICIA0321 in a Dry-Seeded, Delayed Flood Culture, 1997
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G.
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was designed as a RCB with 10 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft X 8 ft and surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of fertilizer and insecticides. On 23 Apr, plots were fertilized with urea at 57 lb nitrogen/acre and hand planted with 100 lb seed/acre. Fertilizer and seed were incorporated into dry League soil with a rake. Immediately after incorporation, plots were flush irrigated (24-48 h temporary flood then drain). Rice emerged through soil on 4 May. From emergence of rice through soil to application of the permanent flood on 25 May (21 d after emergence of rich through soil), plots were flush irrigated as needed. On 19 May. plots were sprayed with Facet 75 DF at 0.5 lb/acre, crop oil concentrate at 2 pt/acre, Prowl 3.3 EC at 2 pt/acre, and Basagran at 1.5 pt/acre. Herbicides were applied by hand with a 20 ft spray rig pressurized with CO2. On the same day (6 d before application of the permanent flood), selected plots were sprayed with Karate at 0.03 lb (AI)/acre. On 22 May (3 d before application of the permanent flood), selected plots were sprayed with Karate at 0.03 lb (Al)/acre. On 23 May, plots were fertilized with urea at 57 lb nitrogen/acre. On 28 May (3 d after application of the permanent flood), selected plots were sprayed with Karate, ICIA0321 1 CS, and ICIA0321 2.09 CS at the rates shown in the table. Before postflood applications, RWW adults were active in the plots. All insecticide sprays were applied with a 4 nozzle (tip size 800067, 50 mesh screens), hand-held spray rig pressurized with CO2. Final spray volume was 16.0 gpa. On 9 Jun, Furadan 3 G was applied with a hand-held shaker jar at 20 lb/acre. On 16 Jun and 10 Jul, plots were fertilized with urea at 50 and 30 lb nitrogen/acre, respectively; thus, total nitrogen applied during the growing season was 194 lb/acre. On each of 21 Jun and 9 Jul (27 and 45 d, respectively, after application of the permanent flood), five 4-inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each containing at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot. Rice plants in cores were washed and immature RWW recovered from the roots. At maturity, plots were harvested (18 Aug = 106 d after emergence of rice through soil) with a small plot combine. Yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using x + 0.5 and all Jata analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and DMRT.
Evaluation of Sorghum Hybrids and Insecticide Application Timings for Management of Sorghum Midge in Grain Sorghum, 1997
Authors: Castro B. A. , Riley T. J. , Leonard B. R.
Published: December 2017

A commercial sorghum midge resistant hybrid (DeKalb DK-60) and a commercial sorghum midge susceptible hybrid (Pioneer 8333) were evaluated in combination with an application of a pyrethroid insecticide at different sorghum development stages to suppress sorghum midge in grain sorghum. Experiments were conducted at the Macon Ridge location of the Northeast Research Station near Winnsboro, LA. Plots consisted of 4 rows (40-inch centers) X 45 ft and were planted in a Gigger-Gilbert silt loam. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. The experiment was repeated three times during the growing season. Sorghum hybrids were planted on 17 Apr, 6 May, and 3 Jun in a conventional tillage system using a John Deere 7300 planter. Karate 1 EC at 0.02 lb (AI)/acre was applied with a high clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 charged system calibrated to deliver 6 gpa at 47 psi through TSX-8 nozzles (2/row) in each test. Application timing for each treatment was determined by selecting and tagging 20 plants per plot from the 2 center rows before spraying. For the 50% panicle emergence treatments, 10 of 20 tagged plants had panicles completely emerged with no open flowers. For the 20% and 50% flowering treatments, 4 of 20 and 10 of 20 tagged plants per plot, respectively, had flowering panicles. A panicle was considered to be flowering when its upper 20% portion had open spikelets. Sorghum midge damage to seed heads was evaluated in the field on 1 Aug, 20 Aug, and 13 Sep for the 17 Apr, 6 May, and 3 Jun plantings, respectively, by visually estimating the percent blasted kernels on each tagged plant. Sorghum seed yields were obtained on 19 Aug, 28 Aug, and 29 Sep, respectively for each planting date, by mechanically harvesting the 2 center rows in each plot. Sorghum midge damage data were transformed [arcsin (x/100)] prior to ANOVA and LSD. Actual means are presented in tables.
Evaluation of Soybean Looper Control Using Bacillus thuringiensis Biocides on Soybean in Louisiana, 1997
Authors: Baur M. E. , Fitzpatrick B. J. , Boethel D. J. , Micinski S. , Rabb J. L.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy of biocides derived from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis against soybean looper was evaluated in a small-plot trial conducted at the Red River Research Station located near Bossier City, LA (Bossier Parish). Treatments were applied on 28 Aug to ‘Hartz 66’ soybeans in the R5 growth stage with a high-clearance, CO2-pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 5.9 gpa at 60 psi through TXVS6 hollow cone nozzles. Plots were 50 ft X 4 rows (40-inch centers) and arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. One 25-sweep sample per plot was taken with a standard 15-inch diam sweep net at 3 and 7 DAT. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and means separated by Duncan’s New MRT (DNMRT).
Tobacco Aphid Control on Burley Tobacco, 1996
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Wilkinson William B.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted at the Southern Piedmont Agric. Res. and Ext. Cntr, Blackstone, VA to evaluate various insecticides applied as foliar, soil, transplant drench (TPD), and transplant water (TPW) treatments for control of TA on burley tobacco. Tobacco ‘NC 129BH’ was transplanted into experimental plots on 31 May. Eleven treatments and an untreated check were established in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plots, 4 X 40 ft (1 row X 24 plants), were separated by single untreated guard rows. The Temik 15 G treatment was applied in a 14-inch band and covered with 6 to 8 inches of soil at bedding on 23 May. TPW treatments were applied in 325 gpa with a Holland plunger transplanter. A CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer with an 8004E tip and operated at 20 psi was used to apply TPD treatments in 41 fl oz water to plants in 338-cell float trays 3 d before transplanting. Plants were watered to wash the Admire residue off into the media. Foliar treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 28 gpa at 60 psi through TX-12 nozzles (3 per row) on 17 Jul and 6 Aug. TA counts were made on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants per plot. Production practices followed recommendations by the Virginia Cooperative Extension Service. Tobacco was harvested and cured, and yield was determined. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by Waller-Duncan K-ratio t-test (K = 100). TA count data were transformed to log 10 (x + 1) before analysis. Actual means are presented in the table.
Control of Tobacco Aphids with Foliar Insecticides, 1997B
Authors: Sorenson C. E. , Stephenson A. S. , Clewis S. B. , Ratz C. E.
Published: December 2017

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the efficacy of foliar applications of Orthene 75 SP, Provado 1.6 FL, Fulfill 50 WP, and Thiodan 3 EC against tobacco aphids in the field. Plots were established at the Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, NC, on 9 May in a field with a Norfolk loamy sand soil. Individual plots were 4 rows (1.14m apart) wide by 22 plants (ca. 13.7 m) long and were arranged in a RCB design with 5 treatments (untreated check included) and 4 blocks. Tobacco was transplanted on 9 May with a 2-row transplanter. Soil moisture was good. Treatments were applied on 16 Jul. Foliar treatments were applied using a 2-row, COz-powered backpack sprayer. Materials were applied through a single nozzle (Spraying Systems D2-33) per row at a pressure of 60 psi and 12.5 gpa. At 5 and 9 days after treatment, aphid abundance in all plots was rated on a 0-7 scale as given in the table. Using this aphid abundance data, the average aphid rating was calculated. Aphid ratings were subjected to ANOVA and WD, K = 100, was used to separate treatment means.
Grasshopper Control in Winter Wheat in Eastern South Dakota, 1997
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Boetel M. A.
Published: December 2017

Efficacy of Lorsban, Malathion, Scout Xtra, Spinosad, and EXP 61096A (experimental compound) to control the Migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes (Say) on winter wheat was tested in a cage (1 x 1 x 1.5 m). Grasshopper mortality at various rates of these compounds was compared with that observed in the untreated check cages. This experiment was replicated four times with the initial application made on 7 Aug. Climatic conditions during insecticide application included 55°C, 86% relative humidity and <2 mph wind speed. All applications were made with 15 gpa using a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with TeeJet 8002 flat fan nozzles. Immediately following the insecticide application, twenty 3rd- or 4th instar grasshoppers were placed in each treatment cage. Survival was assessed after a 72-h exposure period. If an insecticide had favorable efficacy, a subsequent reinfestation was made on 27 Aug. The reinfestation was designed to determine the residual killing action that remained on the treated wheat. On 29 Aug a final assessment of mortality was carried out for those treatments that were reinfested. All data were subjected to ANOVA, and means were compared using LSD.
Evaluation of Spinosad, Bifenthrin, Chlorpyrifos, and Experimental Formulations for Management of Black Cutworm Larvae on Creeping Bentgrass, 1997
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

Treatment plots were 6 X 8 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 4 times. White PVC cylinders (8-inch diam X 6 inch length) were placed in each replicate and secured in place. One cylinder was placed in each replicate per evaluation period (15 Aug, 17 Aug, and 21 Aug). Ten 0.5- to 0.75-inch black cutworm larvae were placed in each cylinder on 12 Aug. Bird netting was placed over the experimental area from 13 Aug through 17 Aug to prevent bird predation. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 compressed-air sprayer with 4 8002VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 363 ml of water/48 ft2 or delivering 2.0 gal/1,000 ft2. At treatment time (14 Aug), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 72° F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 76° F; soil temperature at 2-inch depth, 70° F; RH, 69%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inch; soil textural class, sandy loam; soil particle size analysis: 59.7% sand, 30.5% silt, 9.8% clay; soil percent water weight (percent by weight), 19.9%; organic matter, 4.6%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.9; time of application, early morning; and clear skies. A total of 1.4 inches of rainfall or irrigation was recorded from 12 Aug through 14 Aug; a total of 0.8 inch of rainfall or irrigation was recorded from 14 Aug through 17 Aug; and 1.0 inch of rainfall or irrigation was recorded from 17 Aug through 18 Aug. The area was syringed on an as needed basis from 19 Aug through 21 Aug. Efficacy data was recorded on 15 Aug, 17 Aug, and 21 Aug by counting the number of black cutworm larvae flushed to the surface within each PVC cylinder by using a soap irritant drench.
Efficacy of Five Spinosad Formulations on Early Stages of Black Cutworm, 1997
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Rollins Alan , Lamarche Rachel , Hodgson Meggan
Published: December 2017

This trial was conducted at Amherst Country Club, Amherst, NH on a bentgrass nursery. The trial consisted of 7 treatments, replicated 4 times, with 3 sampling dates, in a RCB design. For each replicate, 20 third-instar larvae were placed in PVC cylinder on 19 Aug and treated on 20 Aug. The insecticides were applied using 32-oz, hand-held pump sprayers. Peak daytime surface temperatures were relatively cool during the treatment period 70-80°F). The volume of water and insecticide mixture per cylinder was 2 gal/1000ft2. Weather conditions were as follows: air temp, 68°F; sky, mostly sunny; wind, 5 mph. Soil conditions were as follows: surface temp, 86°F; at 1-inch depth, 75°F; at 2-inch depth, 70°F; texture, loam; sand, 44%; silt, 38%; clay, 18%; moisture, 21%; organic matter, 4%. The trial was rated 1,3, and 7 DAT by applying a solution of Joy dish soap and water to each cylinder to force live larvae to the surface for counting.
Spring Mole Cricket Control on Golf Courses, 1996
Authors: Harris Joseph P.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted on fairway 18 at the Jackson County Golf Course in Jackson County on the Gulf Coast of Mississippi. Soil type was a sandy clay loam. Mole crickets were adults. Experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Each replication was 2,000 ft2. Treatments were made on 30 Apr. Granular formulations were applied with a Scotts ProTurf, hand-pushed spreader. Irrigation was applied at 0.25 inch on 3, 7, 14, and 21 May during the study. All plots received 0.25 inch water within 1 h after applications. Mole cricket damage ratings were made using a 1-m2 frame divided into nine equal, square-shaped sections. The frame was placed on the ground at 10 locations/rep. The presence of mounds and tunnels was determined visually and by touch. Damage ranged from zero (no damage in any of the nine sections) to nine (nine sections contained mounds and/or tunnels). Pre-treatment counts were made on 29 Apr and post-treatment counts were made on 7, 14, 21, and 28 May.
Broadcast Treatment of Granular Insecticides for Control of the Red Imported Fire Ant in Urban Landscapes, 1996
Authors: Reinert James A.
Published: December 2017

Late summer broadcast applications were applied on 7 Aug. 1996 in Collin Co., TX. Granular formulations of bifenthrin including Talstar, were compared with Dursban, diazinon and an untreated check. Treatments were applied with a walk-behind drop spreader to plots (500-700 ft2), each with 5 to 10 (mean = 8) active colonies. Plots were delineated with white turf marking paint; each colony was identified by numbers painted on the turf near the mound. Pre-treatment foraging activity was assayed by placing three 8-dram shell vial traps, baited with hot dog chips, near the center of each plot and no closer than 3 ft from an active colony. Vials were collected and RIFA foragers counted after 30 min exposure. Plots were divided into 4 reps based upon pre-treatment foraging numbers. RIFA foraging activity was assessed 2 d before treatments, and 1 d, 3 d, and at 1, 2, 4, and 6 wk after treatment. Mound mortality was determined at 1, 2, 4, and 6 wk after treatment by stomping hard (4-5 times) on the soil or turf in a 1 -ft circle around each mound. Upon disturbance, an active mound would yield many active workers. For the ratings at 4 and 6 wk, a hot dog chip was dropped upon the mound and observed 20-30 min later. If the colony was active, workers were foraging the piece of hot dog within this time period.
Preventive Suppression of White Grubs with Grubex and Mach-2 2.5 G, 1997
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The turfgrass area, located in Lancaster County, PA, consisted primarily of Kentucky bluegrass (20%), annual bluegrass (10%), and perennial ryegrass (60%). Treatment plots were 8 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with fine top dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (14 Jul) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 94° F; soil temperature at 1-inch depth, 74° F; soil temperature at 2-inch, 74° F; RH, 86%; amount of thatch, 0.375-0.5 inch; soil textural class, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: % sand, 14.2%, silt, 65.7; % clay, 20.1; organic matter, 5.5%; soil percent water content (percent by weight), 18.0; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.0; application time, mid-morning; and skies partly sunny. Immediately after treatment select treatments were irrigated in with 0.25 inch of water. The entire experimental area was irrigated in 24 hr later with 0.25 inch of water. Post-treatment counts were made on 29 Sep. Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of JB and AGB grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Impact of Halofenozide and Imadacloprid Treatments on an Induced Japanese Beetle Larval Population in Turfgrass, 1997
Authors: Power K. T. , Shetlar D. J. , Niemczyk H. D. , Grewal P.
Published: December 2017

The study was located on the lawns of the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center at Wooster, Ohio. Applications were made 16 May, 19 Jun, and 18 Aug to plots 3 X 5 ft arranged in a RCB design replicated three times. Treatments were applied with a CO2 sprayer and Teejet™ 8015 nozzles at 60 psi pressure that delivered a volume of 3 gal/1000 ft2. The site conditions were: 100% Kentucky bluegrass, 0-M inch loose thatch, level. Environmental conditions at time of the 16 May treatments were as follows: JB larvae-none present; turf-dry, 2H inch ht; soil - moist, 52°F at 1 inch and 51°F at 3 inch; weather-mostly sunny, 51°F, 0-1 mph wind. Environmental conditions at time of the 19 Jun treatments were as follows: JB larvae-none present; turf-dry, 2’A inch ht; soil-moist, 72°F at 1 inch and 70°F at 3 inch; weather-sunny, 51°F, 0-3 mph wind. Environmental conditions at time of the 18 Aug treatments were as follows: JB larvae-none present; turf-dry, 2M inch ht; soil-moist, 72°F at 1 inch and 70°F at 3 inch; weather-mostly cloudy, 78°F, no wind. A caging technique was used to ensure JB oviposition into the plots. Three cylinders (8 inch diam by 6 inch ht) were inserted into the plots. Thirty JB adults, measured volumetrically, were placed and confined in each cylinder twice on 9 Jul (50%) and 15 Jul 54%). Caged adults were fed fresh apple slices coated with brewers yeast every 2 days. Cylinders were removed after 14 days of caging. Efficacy of treatment was evaluated on 1 Oct by recording the number of live larvae in three samples, each being 8 inches in diam, at the cylinder locations of each plot. ANOVA was done on plot totals and means separated by LSD test at P = 0.05.