bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Receding horizon navigation and target tracking for aerial detection of transient radioactivity
Authors: Yadav Indrajeet , Sebok Michael , Tanner Herbert G.
Published: May 2023

The paper presents a receding horizon planning and control strategy for quadrotor-type micro aerial vehicle (mav)s to navigate reactively and intercept a moving target in a cluttered unknown and dynamic environment. Leveraging a lightweight short-range sensor that generates a point-cloud within a relatively narrow and short field of view (fov), and an ssd-MobileNet based Deep neural network running on board the mav, the proposed motion planning and control strategy produces safe and dynamically feasible mav trajectories within the sensor fov, which the vehicle uses to autonomously navigate, pursue, and intercept its moving target. This task is completed without reliance on a global planner or prior information about the environment or the moving target. The effectiveness of the reported planner is demonstrated numerically and experimentally in cluttered indoor and outdoor environments featuring maximum speeds of up to 4.5–5 m/s.
Coronary artery perforation successfully treated with a second drug-eluting stent
Authors: Strycek Matej , Jaworski Lukas , Polasek Rostislav , Tomasov Pavol
Published: May 2023

A coronary artery perforation is a rare, but potentially lethal, complication of percutaneous coronary intervention. We present a case of massive main vessel coronary perforation of the right coronary artery in a patient with acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction, which was successfully treated with a second drug-eluting stent. This uncommon therapeutic approach was used to preserve flow to the large side branch. Early recognition, rapid balloon re-inflation at the perforation site and a “ping-pong” guiding technique allowed us to prepare the optimal strategy and to treat the perforation without developing cardiac tamponade.
Clinical Relevance and Function of Anterior Talofibular Ligament Superior and Inferior Fascicles: A Robotic Study
Authors: Dalmau-Pastor Miki , El-Daou Hadi , Stephen Joanna M. , Vega Jordi , Malagelada Francesc , Calder James
Published: May 2023

Background:

Ankle lateral ligament sprains are common injuries in sports, and some may result in persistent ankle pain and a feeling of instability without clinical evidence of instability. The anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) has 2 distinct fascicles, and recent publications have suggested that injury isolated to the superior fascicle might be the cause of these chronic symptoms. This study aimed to identify the biomechanical properties conferred by the fascicles in stabilizing the ankle in order to understand potential clinical problems that may follow when the fascicles are injured.

Purpose/Hypothesis:

The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of superior and inferior fascicles of the ATFL in restraining anteroposterior tibiotalar resistance, internal external tibial rotation resistance, and inversion eversion talar rotation resistance. It was hypothesized that an isolated injury of the ATFL superior fascicle would have a measurable effect on ankle stability and that the superior and inferior fascicles would restrain different motions of the ankle.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods:

A robotic system with 6 degrees of freedom was used to test ankle instability in 10 cadavers. Serial sectioning following the most common injury pattern (from superior to inferior fascicles) was performed on the ATFL while the robot ensured reproducible movement through a physiological range of dorsiflexion and plantarflexion.

Results:

Sectioning of only the ATFL superior fascicle had a significant and measurable effect on ankle stability, resulting in increased internal rotation and anterior translation of the talus, especially in plantarflexion. Sectioning of the entire ATFL resulted in significantly decreased resistance in anterior translation, internal rotation, and inversion of the talus.

Conclusion:

Rupture of only the superior fascicle of the ATFL may lead to minor instability or microinstability of the ankle joint, without objective clinical findings of gross clinical laxity.

Clinical Relevance:

Some patients develop chronic symptoms after an ankle sprain without overt signs of instability. This may be explained by an isolated injury to the ATFL superior fascicle, and diagnosis may require careful clinical evaluation and magnetic resonance imaging examination looking at the individual fascicles. It is possible that such patients may benefit from lateral ligament repair despite having no gross clinical instability.
Predictors of surgical intervention for antenatally detected ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO): A prospective multivariate analysis
Authors: Mahmoud Tarek Ahmed , Morsy Esam El din Salem , Morsy Hany Abd Elraoof Ali , Abouzeid Abdelmoneim Mohammed , Elmoghazy Hazem Mohamed
Published: May 2023

Objective:

We aimed to identify clinical and radiological predictors of the need for surgical intervention in infants with antenatally detected UPJO.

Material and methods:

We prospectively followed infants born with antenatally diagnosed ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) presented at our outpatient clinics for evidence of obstructive injury with a standard protocol with ultrasonography and renal scintigraphy. Indications for surgery included progression of hydronephrosis on serial examinations, initial differential renal function (DFR) ⩽35% or >5% loss in sequential studies, and febrile urinary tract infection (UTI). Univariate and multivariate analyses were utilized to define the predictors for surgical intervention, while the appropriate cut-off value of the initial Anteroposterior diameter (APD) was determined using the receiver operator curve analysis.

Results:

Univariate analysis revealed a significant association between surgery, the initial APD, cortical thickness, Society for Fetal Urology grade, UTD risk group, initial DRF, and febrile UTI ( p-value < 0.05). No significant association between surgery and sex or side of the affected kidney ( p-value 0.91 and 0.38, respectively). On multivariate analysis, the initial APD, initial DRF, obstructed renographic curve, and febrile UTI ( p-value < 0.05) were the only independent predictors for surgical intervention. An initial APD of 23 mm can predict surgical requirement, with a specificity of 95% and sensitivity of 70%.

Conclusion:

For antenatally diagnosed UPJO, the APD value (at the age of 1 week), DFR value (at the age of 6–8 weeks), and febrile UTI during follow-up are significant and independent predictors of the need for surgical intervention. APD, when used with a cut-off value of 23 mm, is associated with high specificity and sensitivity for predicting surgical need.
Caregiving for Older Adults With Dementia During the Time of COVID-19: A Multi-State Exploratory Qualitative Study
Authors: Yan Kevin , Sadler Tonie , Brauner Daniel , Pollack Harold A. , Konetzka R. Tamara
Published: May 2023

This qualitative semi-structured interview study explores how 64 family caregivers for older adults with Alzheimer’s Disease and related dementias across eight states experienced and executed caregiving decisions before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. First, caregivers experienced challenges communicating with loved ones and healthcare workers in all care settings. Second, caregivers displayed resilient coping strategies in adapting to pandemic restrictions, finding novel strategies to balance risks while preserving communication, oversight, and safety. Third, many caregivers modified care arrangements, with some avoiding and others embracing institutional care. Finally, caregivers reflected on the benefits and challenges of pandemic-related innovations. Certain policy changes reduced caregiver burden and could improve care access if made permanent. Telemedicine’s increasing use highlights the need for reliable internet access and accommodations for individuals with cognitive deficits. Public policies must pay greater attention to challenges faced by family caregivers, whose labor is both essential and undervalued.
Equal Opportunities in Aging: Income Level Moderates the Relationship Between Infrequent Participation in Formal Social Activities and Loneliness Among Older Adults
Authors: Nissanholtz-Gannot Rachel , Peretz-Dayan Hagar
Published: May 2023

Infrequent participation in formal social activities among older adults increases the risk of loneliness. We examined whether a higher income level moderates the relationship between infrequent participation and loneliness. Utilizing data from wave #6 of the European Health, Aging, and Retirement Survey, we included participants aged 65+ (i.e., older adults), non-participants in the labor force ( N = 24 819). Loneliness was measured by the R-UCLA loneliness questionnaire, formal social activity by participation frequency in volunteer/charity activities, educational course/training, sports/social/other clubs, and political/community organizations. Hierarchical multiple regression models examined relationships between variables, controlled by country. Infrequent participation in formal social activity associated with higher risk of loneliness. However, income moderated the association between participation and loneliness; infrequently participating older adults with low-to-moderate income were more vulnerable to loneliness than higher income older adults, for whom infrequent participation did not increase loneliness. This reinforces the need to encourage formal social activity with subsidy for low-to-moderate income older adults.
Male Sex Workers’ Strategies to Manage Client-Related Risks of Violence
Authors: Siegel Karolynn , Cabán María , Brown-Bradley Courtney J. , Schrimshaw Eric W.
Published: May 2023

A substantial minority of men who have sex with men (MSM) engage in the exchange of sex for money, drugs, shelter, or material goods. This work carries risks for violence, sexual assault, and other kinds of harm such as robbery and threatening behavior by clients. Yet limited research has focused on the strategies that male sex workers (MSWs) use to prevent or manage these risks. To gain more insights into this matter, we analyzed qualitative interview data from 180 MSM recruited from eight U.S. cities who engaged in sex work with clients they had primarily met through dating/hookup websites and apps. Participants described the strategies they used to manage risks of interpersonal violence, both prior to meeting their clients and at the time of their encounters. Many of the strategies used ahead of the encounter relied upon information and communication technologies, such as negotiating the parameters of the exchange encounter, screening clients, sharing information about the client and meeting place with others, identifying safe meeting locations, and gathering information from social networks about problematic clients. Strategies employed during the encounter included: receiving payment up front; being prepared to protect oneself with a weapon or self-defense techniques; staying alert and sober; and planning an exit route from the location. Technology-based interventions through dating/hookup apps could play an important role in providing resources and skill building for MSWs to help them protect themselves during sex work.
Hospital workforce engagement, satisfaction, burnout and effects on patient mortality: Findings from the English national health service staff surveys
Authors: Boyle Robert E , Jonker Leon , Xirasagar Sudha , Okut Hayrettin , Badgett Robert G
Published: May 2023

Previous studies of healthcare organizations’ workforces and their performance have focused on burnout and its impact on care. The aim of this research is to expand on this and examine the association of positive organizational states, engagement and recommendation of employer as a place to work, in comparison to burnout on Hospital performance. Methods: This was a panel study of the respondents to the 2012–2019 yearly Staff Surveys of the English National Health Service (NHS) hospital Trusts with hospital performance measured by the adjusted inpatient Summary Hospital-level Mortality Indicator (SHMI). Results: In univariable regression, all three organizational states significantly and negatively correlated with SHMI, with recommendation and engagement showing a nonlinear effect. In multivariable analysis, all three states remained significant predictors of SHMI. Engagement and recommendation showed mutual correlation, with engagement being a more prevalent state than recommendation. Conclusion: Our study indicates that organizations could benefit from monitoring multiple workforce variables to preserve or enhance workforce well-being, while optimizing organizational performance. The surprising finding that higher burnout was associated with improved short-term performance requires further investigation, as does the finding of less frequent staff recommendation of work compared to staff engagement with their work.
Exploring the potential of benzoxazine-based nanocomposites for lightweight neutron shielding applications
Authors: Abdous Slimane , Derradji Mehdi , Mekhalif Zineb , Khiari Karim , Mehelli Oussama , Bourenane Cherif Younes
Published: May 2023

Given their substantial neutron capture cross-section, extreme hardness, and high chemical and thermal stability, boron-based materials are widely used as building blocks to protect against highly ionizing radiations such as gamma rays and neutrons. Indeed, uncontrolled nuclear radiation exposure can be highly hazardous to radiation workers and the general public. In this sense, this work presents an extensive study and experimental evaluation of the nuclear shielding features of boron carbide (B4C) based nanocomposite, where bisphenol-A based polybenzoxazine (BA-PBz) was used as matrix. The latter was used for its wide range of interesting properties that overcome some of the shortcomings of conventional phenolic resins. A two-pot synthesis process was adopted for the synthesis of (BA-Bz) monomer. Moreover, the boron carbide nanoparticles were treated with a silane (KH-560) coupling agent in order to improve the intramolecular interactions with the polymeric matrix. The neutron shielding studies were carried out at the Nuclear Research reactor of Algeria NUR. The results showed that the developed boron carbide-based nanocomposite exhibits intriguing shielding performances and good thermal stability. The highest performances were obtained at a B4C concentration of 5. wt %, where the macroscopic cross section was found to be (Σ = 3.3878 cm−1) with a screening ratio of (S = 97.78%).
Optimized neural network with self-adaptive MHBO algorithm for fault diagnosis
Authors: Merneedi AnjiBabu
Published: May 2023

Bearing operation affects the usual operations of mechanical equipment. It is of much practical and theoretical concern to perform faults diagnosis in bearing. Accordingly, the extraction and election of faulty features aid in enhancing the accuracy of fault diagnosis. Nevertheless, the analysis endures from “(1) High dimension of the selected features, (2) Uncertainty of single sensor for data sampling.” Thereby, this work develops a fault diagnosis approach that contains two main phases “(1) Feature extraction and (2) Diagnosis.” At first, it extracts the “empirical wavelet transform, empirical mode decomposition, and wavelet transform” based features. Following this, the derived features are given to optimized neural network (NN) for diagnosis. Further, for progressing the diagnosis accuracy of the established scheme, the weights of NN are fine-tuned through self-adaptive marriage in honey bee optimization. At last, the supremacy of the presented approach is proved with respect to varied measures.
Cooling characteristics of dilution holes in can-type combustor of micro gas turbine
Authors: Wang Luyu , Liu Jiang , Wang Yunyun , Fu Zaiguo , Weng Peifen
Published: May 2023

For the purpose of studying the effect of structural changes in the dilution zone on the main performance evaluation parameters of the combustor, a can-type combustor of a micro gas turbine containing 16 dilution holes was used as the original structure. Seven optimization cases were designed by adjusting the number of dilution holes and the area of single hole in the range of hole numbers from 8 to 28 while keeping the total area of dilution holes. The main conclusions obtained by the numerical simulation study are as follows. The total flow of the dilution zone decreases with the number of holes reduce but due to the increase of single hole flow with the area, the airflow rigidity is significantly enhanced, so the entire airflow is disturbed more strongly and the dilution effect is strengthened. In general, the total pressure loss of the combustor presented an increasing trend with the decrease in the number of holes, and the pressure loss reaches a minimum value of 3400 Pa when the number of holes is 14. The combustion efficiency decreased as the number of holes increased, when the hole numbers increased to 20, the combustion efficiency dropped abruptly below 95%. The variation tendency of outlet temperature distribution factor (OTDF) is generally consistent with the combustion efficiency, and the minimum OTDF is 0.29 for the number of holes of 28. In summary, compared with the original structure with 16 holes, the OTDF decreases by 7.69%, the NOx concentration decreases by 16.67%, and the combustion efficiency increases by 3.1% when the number of holes is 8. Although the total pressure loss is increased by 8%, it is still within a reasonable range. Therefore the combustor with 8 holes can be considered a better optimized case.
Numerical study on the effect of different internal angled ribs on the external film cooling performance
Authors: Cheng Xiang , Yu Qiu-Nan , Ji Wen-Tao , Wu Jun-Mei , He Ya-Ling , Tao Wen-Quan
Published: May 2023

For the blades of gas turbine, the traditional internal ribs have a great impact on the film cooling heat transfer of blade external surface. In this study, SST k-ω turbulence coupled with transition model is adopted to study the effects of angled ribbed passages on external flow and heat transfer characteristics. The detailed flow characteristics were analyzed for two vertically placed flat-plate channels with the blowing ratios of 0.5∼2. The computational model includes a single film hole ( D = 20 mm) with a jet angle of 35°. Four different rib orientations in the secondary flow channels are designed. They are no rib, oblique rib 1 (30° angle from the horizontal line), oblique rib 2 (symmetrical to oblique rib 1), and straight rib. Compared with ribless channel, the average adiabatic film cooling effectiveness of straight rib, Oblique rib 1, Oblique rib 2 are 2.3, 2.2, and 1.9 times higher at different Reynolds numbers, respectively. Taking the film hole as the origin, Oblique rib 2 can greatly improve the overall cooling effectiveness. Oblique rib 1 can improve the cooling effectiveness of the farther downstream wall surface. The comparison of film cooling efficiency, coolant coverage area, flow behavior inside the film hole and that in the downstream, heat transfer and transition behavior for different channels are also analyzed separately. Through the investigations, it helps to understand the effects of internal rib angle on the flow, friction factor and heat transfer outside the film holes.
Jean Baptiste Lucien Baudens: The father of trauma laparotomy
Authors: Velez David Ray
Published: May 2023

Jean Baptiste Lucien Baudens (1804–1857) was a French military surgeon. He served in numerous military conflicts throughout his career. Baudens was an innovator and a leader. Going against traditional dogma, he was the first to attempt laparotomy in the setting of trauma. Although the first patient died, his second survived without further complication. Despite this historical landmark, little is known or written about him within the English literature. Jean Baptiste Lucien Baudens was a pioneer of surgery and the father of trauma laparotomy. He was a passionate educator and dedicated to the training of future surgeons. His contributions to the field of surgery deserve recognition and appreciation.
Ethics education: Nurse educators’ main concern and their teaching strategies
Authors: Jahangasht Ghoozlu Khadije , Vanaki Zohreh , Mohammad Khan Kermanshahi Sima
Published: May 2023

Background

To practice nursing ethics, students must first understand the ethical concepts and principles of their profession, but despite this knowledge, students face challenges in implementing ethical principles in clinical settings. The educational performance of nurse educators is critical in resolving these challenges. This study focused on the lived experiences of nurse educators.

Objective

To address the main concern of educators when teaching ethics to undergraduate nursing students and how they deal with it.

Research Design

We conducted this qualitative content analysis in Iran in 2020. We used individual semi-structured interviews to collect, record, and transcribe data, as well as Graneheim and Lundman method to analyze them.

Participants

and research context: We used purposive sampling to select 11 nurse educators who either were currently in the position of ethics educators or had taught ethics from Iranian universities of medical sciences.

Ethical considerations

The present study received the code of ethics No. IR.MODARES.REC.1399.036. Participants were aware of the study’s purpose and signed a consent form to participate in the study. We considered data confidentiality and the voluntary principle in data collection.

Findings

Nurse educators’ main concern was how to sensitize students to ethical principles in clinical settings, so they tried to involve students in the teaching process, to repeat and practice ethical principles and concepts, simplify and simulate ethical principles and concepts, and provide opportunities for students to gain clinical experiences.

Discussion

To sensitize students to ethical nursing care, nurse educators try to institutionalize ethical principles using different teaching methods, including students' involvement in teaching, experiential learning through simulated situations, practice, repetition, and provision of opportunities for practice and experience.

Conclusion

Improving students’ cognitive ability and objectifying moral concepts and principles for students will institutionalize moral values in them that are fundamental for their moral sensitization.
Risk Perception and Behavioural Intention of Tourists Towards Risk-Prone Destinations: The Mediating Role of Place Attachment
Authors: Rather Ab Hamid , Bhat Asif Ahmad
Published: May 2023

The aim of this study is to explore and analyze tourists’ behaviour towards Kashmir Valley, India, specifically in terms of their place attachment and intended future behaviour in response to perceived political risk. The study also examines the mediating role of two facets of place attachment (place dependence and place identity) in therelationship between perceived political risk and tourists’ behavioural intentions. The study employed a self-administered questionnaire to gather data from 286 respondents using convenience sampling. Additionally, the structural equation modelling (SEM) approach was employed to analyze the data. The findings showed that perceived political risk does not directly affect behavioural intention; however, political risk perception negatively impacts both place dependence and place identity. Moreover, the results suggest that place dependence and place identity are positively related to behavioural intention. Finally, place dependence and place identity have a fully mediating role in the relationship between perceived political risk and behavioural intention. The results of this study are anticipated to aid destination marketers in understanding how perceived political risk affects the formation of tourists’ place attachment and their future travel behaviour.
Comparison of Intermediate-Term Clinical Outcomes Between Medial and Lateral Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus Treated With Autologous Osteochondral Transplantation
Authors: Choi Seung-Myung , Cho Byung-Ki , Kang Chan , Min Chan-Hong
Published: May 2023

Background:

The conventional operative method to treat an osteochondral lesion of the talus (OLT) is through bone marrow stimulation (BMS). Autologous osteochondral transplantation (AOT) is being used as an alternative option in cases with a large OLT, accompanying subchondral cyst, and/or failed BMS. We aimed to compare the intermediate-term clinical and radiologic results between medial and lateral OLTs after an AOT procedure.

Methods:

Among the patients who underwent AOT, 45 cases with at least 3 years’ follow-up were included in this retrospective study. We had 15 cases of lateral lesions and selected 30 cases of medial lesions matched for age and gender. Lateral lesions were resurfaced without an osteotomy; medial lesion resurfacing was combined with a medial malleolar osteotomy. Clinical assessment was performed using the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) and Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM). Radiographic assessment included the irregularity of articular surface (subchondral plate), the progression of degenerative arthritis, and the change of the talar tilt.

Results:

The mean FAOS and FAAM scores significantly improved after surgery in both groups. Up to 1 year postoperatively, there was significant difference in FAAM scores between the both groups (mean 75.3 points in medial group and 87.2 points in lateral group, P < .001). Delayed union or malunion of the malleolar osteotomy was found in 4 cases (13%) in the medial group. In addition, the progression of joint degeneration was observed in 3 cases (10%) in the medial group. There were no significant differences in the irregularity of articular surface and the change of talar tilt between both groups.

Conclusion:

A comparison between medial and lateral OLTs treated with AOT demonstrated comparable intermediate-term clinical outcomes. However, patients with medial OLT required a longer period to restore ability for daily and sport activities. In addition, we found more complications and higher rate of progression in the radiologic arthritis grade after medial malleolar osteotomy.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV, retrospective comparative study.
FOLFIRI-bevacizumab-induced acute toxic leukoencephalopathy
Authors: Sertesen Elif , Öztaş Ali , Karaçin Cengiz , Yoloğlu Zeynel
Published: May 2023

Introduction

Acute toxic leukoencephalopathy (ATL) is a rare complication of cancer treatment, with symptoms varying from mild cognitive impairment to coma. Recognition and management of ATL are important because in most cases, the cessation of the responsible agent is essential.

Case report

We report a case of a 57-year-old male with relapsed right colon cancer who had multiple steps of chemotherapy, admitted to the emergency department (ED) with confusion and inability to talk, 4 days after FOLFIRI and bevacizumab treatment. To exclude cerebrovascular events cranial computed tomography and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging were evaluated. There was bilateral and symmetric diffusion restriction on white matter, which was consistent with ATL.

Management and outcome

Supportive treatment such as optimization of blood pressure and metabolic control was applied since there is no specific treatment for ATL other than cessation of the responsible agents. 12 days after the admission to the ED his neurologic symptoms were normalized and there was no diffusion restriction on control imaging.

Discussion

ATL is a rare complication of cancer treatment and responsible agents are increasing in number due to the development of cancer treatment. ATL is associated with drugs that are used frequently such as 5-fluorouracil. ATL is mostly reversible, but the progression of neurologic symptoms was also reported. The diagnosis and cessation of the responsible agent are important in management.
On the plane strain problem of dynamical flexoelectric effect in dielectrics subject to Sinc-shaped surface loading
Authors: Fayik Mohsen , El-Dhaba Amr R , Awad Emad
Published: May 2023

Flexoelectricity is a nanoscale phenomenon in dielectric crystals, where the mechanical loads resulting from the first strain gradient shares producing electricity. In this work, we present a numerical investigation for the plane strain problem of the dynamical flexoelectric effect in isotropic dielectrics. A surface loading based on the Sinc function, that is, sincπ(x), with a temporal exponentially decay, is applied to the upper surface of a semi-infinite dielectric crystal. Two cases for the electric potential are considered: (1) Open circuit, in which there is zero charge on the terminals; and (2) Short-circuit, where there is a given value for the potential of the terminals. This type of surface loading is often used in applications such as seismic analysis and electrical engineering, especially signal processing and digital signal processing. Also, it can be used to model other types of dynamic loads, such as wind or wave loads. Furthermore, this setting generates a two-dimensional formulation, known as the plane strain problem. Laplace and Fourier transform techniques are employed for solving the field equations. Suitable numerical techniques are implemented to present the solution to the physical domain. We choose the Strontium Titanate material (SrTiO3) for the two-dimensional simulation. Discussion for the behavior of the dynamical polarization, electric field, electric potential, and stresses is provided in the two-dimensional setting. Effects of the model parameters on electricity generation and behavior are studied.
Pediatric Gnathic Bony and Mesenchymal Tumors
Authors: Liu Yingci , Housley Smith Molly , Patel Paras B. , Bilodeau Elizabeth Ann
Published: May 2023

Evaluation of bone pathology within the head and neck region, particularly the gnathic bonesis is complex, demonstrating unique pathologic processes. In part, this variation is due to odontogenesis and the embryological cells that may be involved, which can contribute to disease development and histologic variability. As with any boney pathosis, the key is to have clinical correlation, particularly with radiographic imaging prior to establishing a definitive diagnosis. This review will cover those entities that have a predilection for the pediatric population, and while it is not all inclusive, it should serve as a foundation for the pathologist who is evaluating bony lesions involving the craniofacial skeleton.
MS becomes a treatable disease: 30 years later
Authors: Lublin Fred D , Krieger Stephen C
Published: May 2023

30 years ago the first disease-modifying therapy for relapsing multiple sclerosis was approved for use in the United States and soon thereafter across the globe. Since then the field of MS therapeutics, and studies of immunopathogenesis and genetics, have advanced our understanding of the disease and raised the hope of better addressing the next challenges of treating progressive disease, enhancing repair of the damaged nervous system and, hopefully, of a cure. Thirty years into the MS treatment era, the field continues to debate fundamental aspects of MS, and there exists a widening chasm between the triumphs in relapsing disease and the desolation of MS progression, which remains the principal unmet need. In this Personal Viewpoint, we outline lessons learned from the first era of great therapeutic development, as we look to the future of MS research and therapeutics.
The police and those policed as intergroup par excellence: Current trends and future prospects
Authors: Giles Howard , Maguire Edward R. , Hill Shawn L.
Published: May 2023

In many communities, certain segments of the population do not have trust and confidence in the police. These issues are particularly intense in some impoverished minority communities in which people are more likely to fear the police than to trust them. Much can be learned about the patterned dynamics between police and communities from the study of intergroup relations generally, and intergroup communication more specifically. Unfortunately, these phenomena have not yet been well studied from an intergroup perspective. In this prologue to the special issue, “The Police and the Policed,” we introduce contemporary trends in police–community relations from an intergroup perspective, and we provide a brief overview of the articles appearing in the special issue. We close by highlighting key take-aways from this collection, articulating a vision for future research on police–community relations from an intergroup perspective.
The social media audience of diplomatic crisis
Authors: Matsuo Akitaka , Han Oul , Matsumura Naoko
Published: May 2023

Social media communication makes visible the linkages between governments’ actions to diplomatic events and domestic audiences’ reactions. This study analyses tweets that discuss the recent diplomatic crisis between Japan and Korea. Through the detection of clusters of Twitter users and the content analysis of the tweets in the two countries, this study shows the public’s interpretation of a crisis widely differs by their stances towards their country’s government. The analysis finds that the clusters are aligned with their pro- and anti-stances towards the current government and that pro-government clusters tend to interpret the diplomatic crisis through a historical perspective, while anti-government clusters interpret it as a matter of present-day politics. Furthermore, we find strong negativity in the tweets discussing the opponent online groups, especially by the anti-government cluster against the pro-government online camp. These findings suggest that a diplomatic crisis may create or deepen domestic polarisation.
Airflow distribution in hospital isolation rooms with different ventilation and exhaust vent configurations
Authors: Almhafdy Abdulbasit , Korany Hussein Z , AlSaleem Saleem S , Cao Shi-Jie
Published: May 2023

Negative pressure isolation rooms can accommodate and treat patients with highly infectious diseases (such as COVID-19). Airtight conditions in the isolation room protect against infectious diseases. To control airflow and minimize infection risk within the isolation room, this study proposes three exhaust outlet vents with three air change per hour (ACH) conditions, 12, 24 and 48 ACH, in a single-bed hospital room using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach. Results show that using the same ACH air velocity is relatively unaffected by the type and location of the exhaust air vent. The current case, case 1 and case 2 had average velocities of 0.121, 0.130 and 0.116, respectively. When the ACH was increased to 48, the average velocity was decreased to 0.663 m/s in case 1 and 0.589 m/s in case 2, compared to 0.711 m/s in the current case. In terms of infection probability, the study found that in the scenario of 12 ACH, the infection probability for case 1 and case 2 was increased by 11.85% and 3.96%, respectively, compared to the current case. The exhaust air vent in case 2 could effectively prevent the spread of pollutants when it was set to 48 air changes per hour and had the lowest risk level at 10.11%.
Design, properties, and applications of non-pneumatic tires: A review
Authors: Sardinha Manuel , Fátima Vaz M , Ramos Tânia RP , Reis Luís
Published: May 2023

The interest in airless or non-pneumatic tire (NPT) structures emerges due to potential performance and environmental advantages, such as reduced rolling resistance and improved recyclability, when compared with traditional rubber-based pneumatic tires. NPTs can already be found in commercial applications such as forklifts, electric scooters, and wheelchairs. Even so, up to the knowledge of authors, there is no known established large-scale production of NPTs for most applications. This work presents a systematic literature review regarding the mechanical design and development of NPTs. A summary of structural characteristics and mechanical behaviour analysis is provided. Relevant standards, analysis strategies, materials, production techniques, and the end-of-life of tires are addressed. In the end, the authors debate the current challenges and prospects of these emergent products. Furthermore, this research aims at being used as a tool, potentiating the development of innovative and efficient, airless tire solutions. The review presented clarifies that many academic efforts are focused on finding optimal functional designs, which are frequently complex and physically demanding. These geometrically complex design proposals are, in most cases, composed of intricate cellular structures and spokes arrangements. Based on the current lack of knowledge, authors identify key research areas to be further developed such as the production, performance, and reliability of NPTs. It is debatable whether there will ever be a shortcoming of the rubber tire, or a time when fully recyclable tires are a societal obligation. Nevertheless, the number of reasons to promote the development of a reliable replacement to the traditional tire is far from scarce.
Emission behaviour and aftertreatment of stationary and transient operated hydrogen engines
Authors: Roiser Sebastian , Christoforetti Paul , Schutting Eberhard , Eichlseder Helmut
Published: May 2023

As society moves towards climate neutrality, hydrogen fuelled internal combustion engines (H2 ICEs) should be considered as a prime technology. These engines are valued for their robustness, superior lifetimes, manufacturing techniques and characteristics, which are already known from diesel or gasoline engines. Since an H2 ICE is run on hydrogen (H2), carbon-based emissions are only released on a very low level from the lube oil. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions are de facto the only gaseous pollutant that must be processed by the exhaust aftertreatment system (EAS) of such engines. This paper provides an overview of the raw exhaust gas emission behaviour of a 2 l four-cylinder passenger car engine that is run solely on hydrogen. As already mentioned, the main challenge faced by the EAS is to reduce NOx. Thus, the inspected EAS includes a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst with ammonia (NH3) as a reductant. The species of NOx was reduced under stationary operation conditions at all of the considered engine load points at an efficiency of at least 98%. Strategies that could be applied to conduct a load change of an H2 ICE were experimentally investigated. To perform a load change under high performance conditions, H2 ICEs needed to be run on a richer air-fuel mixture than under stationary operation conditions in order to provide enough exhaust enthalpy for the turbocharger. If a richer air-fuel mixture was used, higher NOx emissions were detected, increasing the necessity of an EAS containing an SCR catalyst for H2 ICEs. A WLTC and two RDE cycles were investigated to determine their raw and tailpipe exhaust gas emissions. By applying a simple AdBlue® dosing strategy, the raw NOx exhaust gas emissions from the WLTC could be reduced from 79.9 mg/km to as low as 7.3 mg/km. Carbon-based and secondary emissions such as NH3 and nitrous oxides (N2O) were measured at levels well below 5 mg/km.
Displaying the teacher’s slideshow on students’ devices prevents multitasking and promotes engagement during lectures
Authors: Michinov Nicolas , Hutain Jérôme
Published: May 2023

Multitasking activities among students using various technological devices is common during lectures, and many studies have demonstrated their deleterious effects on various learning outcomes. In contrast, fewer studies have examined ways to reduce multitasking and stimulate engagement in learning. The present study provides an educational strategy to reduce student multitasking during lectures by displaying the teacher’s slideshow on the students’ devices. In the control condition, students visualized the teacher’s slideshow only on the lecture hall screen by means of a video projector. In the experimental condition they also had the possibility to visualize the teacher’s slideshow on their own device in real time. Independently of the students’ level of knowledge and their location in the lecture hall, results revealed that fewer multitasking activities were performed and affective engagement was higher in the experimental than in the control condition. Furthermore, the relationship between slideshow display and affective engagement was mediated by the number of multitasking activities. These findings demonstrate a useful strategy to prevent multitasking during lectures and to promote engagement in learning among students using a digital environment in which the teacher’s slideshow is synchronized on the students’ devices.
Shifting school environment policies: A Deleuzian problematisation of universal rights in Norwegian education
Authors: Hall Jeffrey B , Johansson Lotta
Published: May 2023

The learning environment of students is a fundamental part of school life, both socially and academically. The ambition to create a school serving the best interests of all children is explored by analysing key concepts encompassing students’ right to a healthy school environment, and examining how this discourse has unfolded over five decades in Norway. A conceptual analysis concerning the school environment, inspired by Deleuze and Guattari, is proposed and introduced as ‘regulative vector concepts’. The article examines key changes regarding students’ school environment, shifting from work environment to learning environment. As one consequence of the conceptual shifts, the individual rights of students have been ensured, such as through recent amendments in regulation. These concepts are understood as potential answers to already existing problems that policy and regulation attempt to encompass by producing new concepts, new policy and regulation.
Beliefs About Secondary-Age Students with Extensive Support Needs Participating in Their Health Care at School
Authors: Ballard Sarah L. , Dymond Stacy K.
Published: May 2023

The purpose of this qualitative investigation was to understand the beliefs of parents and school personnel about involving secondary-age students with extensive support needs in their specialized health care procedures at school. Participants included parents, special education teachers, school nurses, one-to-one nurses, and paraprofessionals reporting on nine middle school, high school, and post-high school students for a total of 32 participants. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and then analyzed by case using an inductive coding approach. A synthesis of salient findings across groups generated four themes that describe beliefs about involving students in their specialized health care procedures. These were: (a) student characteristics make it challenging, (b) must be safe, (c) working together is essential but difficult, and (d) involvement promotes well-being. Families and school personnel predominately valued student involvement in health care at school for perceived social-emotional benefits and potential positive adult outcomes but were unsure how to mitigate barriers to teaching students skills needed to participate in their health care. Implications discussed offer guidelines to enhance scientific and practitioner knowledge that promotes student involvement in health care at school for secondary-age students with extensive support needs.
Protective effect of dexmedetomidine on Tourniquet induced lung injury in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty: A randomized trial
Authors: Cheng Wenjie , Zhang Jizheng , Wu Zhe , Sun Xiaohua , Ren Wanlu
Published: May 2023

Objective

To investigate whether dexmedetomidine (Dex) can reduce the severity of tourniquet-induced lung injury.

Methods

36 patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty with a tourniquet were randomly assigned to the control (ischemia/reperfusion [I/R]) group and Dex group. Patients in the Dex group received a loading dose of Dex (0.8 μg/kg over 10 min intravenously) followed by continuous infusion of Dex (0.5 μg/kg/h intravenously) until the end of the surgery. The I/R group received an equal amount of 0.9% saline instead of Dex. The serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Clara cell protein (CC-16), soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were measured and arterial blood gas analysis was performed before anesthesia and 30 min, 6 h, and 24 h after tourniquet release.

Results

In the I/R group, compared with baseline, the TNF-α, CC-16, and sRAGE concentrations were higher ( p < 0.05) and the BDNF concentration was lower ( p < 0.05) at most time points. In the Dex group, the TNF-α, CC-16, and sRAGE concentrations were lower than those in the I/R group ( p < 0.05), whereas the concentration of BDNF was higher ( p < 0.05). In the arterial blood gas analysis, the Dex group showed a significantly higher partial pressure of oxygen and arterial/alveolar oxygen tension ratio ( p < 0.05) and a significantly lower alveolar/arterial oxygen tension difference than the I/R group ( p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Dex administration partly inhibits the release of proinflammatory cytokines, affording protection against tourniquet-induced lung injury.
Barriers and facilitators to practitioners’ implementation of positive behavior support practice in social care organizations in Ireland
Authors: Dunworth Cayleigh , Mahon Dearbhaile , McSharry Jenny , Holloway Jennifer , Lydon Helena
Published: May 2023

In Ireland, the provision of behavior support services has developed following the introduction of Health Information and Quality Authority (2013) standards and the regulation of Positive Behavior Support (PBS) under the Health Act (2007). The purpose of this study was to explore what factors facilitate and act as barriers to implementation of behavioral recommendations in Intellectual Disability organizations from the practitioner’s perspective. Twelve interviews were carried out, audio recorded, transcribed and analysed using Braun and Clarke’s (2006) Thematic Analysis. One superordinate theme (administrator support), four themes (values, resources, relationships and implementation of consequences) and five sub-themes (staff turnover and burnout, training and knowledge, time and physical contact, relationships between practitioners and staff and staff and service users) were identified, all interconnected in the implementation process. A common thread reflected throughout the themes, was the practitioner’s acknowledgment of barriers overpowering facilitation which resulted in a less than optimum implementation of PBS.
Therapeutic improvisation in Cambodia: Moderated exposure, the Tuol Sleng Museum of Genocidal Crimes, and the quest to weave the “world’s longest krama”
Authors: Lesley Elena
Published: May 2023

This piece examines efforts by Cambodian mental health workers to incorporate two sites of cultural significance into narrative psychotherapy among Khmer Rouge survivors. As part of the “exposure” element of an imported form of Testimonial Therapy (TT)—in which patients retrieve traumatic memories from the past—a subset of patients was taken to the Tuol Sleng Museum of Genocidal Crimes. While embodied engagement with the memorial site served as an effective mnemonic device for participants, it also proved more emotionally overwhelming than counselors initially anticipated. As an antidote, counselors then decided to add another site to the patients’ therapeutic itinerary—an exposition where they could participate in efforts to weave the world’s longest krama. In examining this case of “therapeutic improvisation,” I explore the dynamic social life of memory sites and how they may assist people in renegotiating cultural memory (and identity) in the wake of traumatic social rupture.