bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Risk of Head Injuries Associated With Antipsychotic Use Among Persons With Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Tapiainen Vesa , Lavikainen Piia , Koponen Marjaana , Taipale Heidi , Tanskanen Antti , Tiihonen Jari , Hartikainen Sirpa , Tolppanen Anna‐Maija
Published: January 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Antipsychotic use is associated with risk of falls among older persons, but we are not aware of previous studies investigating risk of head injuries. We studied the association of antipsychotic use and risk of head injuries among community dwellers with Alzheimer's disease (AD).

DESIGN

Nationwide register‐based cohort study.

SETTING

Medication Use and Alzheimer's Disease (MEDALZ) cohort, Finland.

PARTICIPANTS

The MEDALZ cohort includes Finnish community dwellers who received clinically verified AD diagnosis in 2005 to 2011. Incident antipsychotic users were identified from the Prescription Register and matched with nonusers by age, sex, and time since AD diagnosis (21 795 matched pairs). Persons with prior head injury or history of schizophrenia were excluded.

MEASUREMENTS

Outcomes were incident head injuries (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision [ICD‐10] codes S00‐S09) and traumatic brain injuries (TBIs; ICD‐10 codes S06.0‐S06.9) resulting in a hospital admission (Hospital Discharge Register) or death (Causes of Death Register). Inverse probability of treatment (IPT) weighted Cox proportional hazard models were used to assess relative risks.

RESULTS

Antipsychotic use was associated with an increased risk of head injuries (event rate per 100 person‐years = 1.65 [95% confidence interval {CI} = 1.50‐1.81] for users and 1.26 [95% CI = 1.16‐1.37] for nonusers; IPT‐weighted hazard ratio [HR] = 1.29 [95% CI = 1.14‐1.47]) and TBIs (event rate per 100 person‐years = 0.90 [95% CI = 0.79‐1.02] for users and 0.72 [95% CI = 0.65‐0.81] for nonusers; IPT‐weighted HR = 1.22 [95% CI = 1.03‐1.45]). Quetiapine users had higher risk of TBIs (IPT‐weighted HR = 1.60 [95% CI = 1.15‐2.22]) in comparison to risperidone users.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings imply that in addition to previously reported adverse events and effects, antipsychotic use may increase the risk of head injuries and TBIs in persons with AD. Therefore, their use should be restricted to most severe neuropsychiatric symptoms, as recommended by the AGS Beers Criteria®. Additionally, higher relative risk of TBIs in quetiapine users compared to risperidone users should be confirmed in further studies. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:595–602, 2020
Hospital‐diagnosed overweight and obesity related to cancer risk: a 40‐year Danish cohort study
Authors: Gribsholt S. B. , Cronin‐Fenton D. , Veres K. , Thomsen R. W. , Ording A. G. , Richelsen B. , Sørensen H. T.
Published: January 2020

Background

Obesity is associated with metabolic abnormalities that predispose patients to increased cancer risk. Contemporary data on the long‐term risk of specific cancers are sparse among patients with hospital‐diagnosed overweight and obesity.

Objectives

To examine the overall cancer incidence and specific site‐related cancer incidences among patients with overweight and obesity, compared to the general Danish population.

Methods

For this 40‐year (1977–2016), nationwide, Danish cohort study, we reviewed medical databases to identify individuals with hospital‐based overweight and obesity diagnoses. We computed age‐ and gender‐standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) for subsequent cancer compared to the general population.

Results

We observed 20 706 cancers among 313 321 patients diagnosed with overweight and obesity (median age 43 years; median follow‐up 6.7 years, range 1–40 years) compared to the 18 480 cancers expected; thus, the SIR was 1.12 [95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.11–1.14]. The SIR associated with overweight and obesity was increased with concomitant comorbidities, like type 2 diabetes (SIR: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.13–1.23) and alcoholism‐related diseases (SIR: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.45–1.82). The SIR was 1.31 (95% CI: 1.28–1.34) for cancers previously identified as obesity‐related, including pancreatic (SIR: 1.38; 95% CI; 1.27–1.49) and postmenopausal breast cancer (SIR: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.09–1.19). Obesity/overweight status also elevated the SIRs for haematological (SIR: 1.24; 95% CI: 1.18–1.29) and neurological cancers (SIR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.11–1.27]. In contrast, SIRs were 1.01 (95% CI: 0.97–1.05) for immune‐related cancers, 0.88 (95% CI: 0.82–0.95) for malignant melanoma, and 0.88 (95% CI: 0.85–0.92) for hormone‐related cancers, other than postmenopausal breast cancer.

Conclusion

In this large cohort study, overweight and obesity was associated with increased risk of several common cancers.
Investigating space‐time patterns of regional industrial resilience through a micro‐level approach: An application to the Italian wine industry
Authors: Canello Jacopo , Vidoli Francesco
Published: January 2020

This paper introduces a new methodology to identify space‐time patterns of regional resilience using a micro‐level approach. The novel empirical tool combines geographically weighted regression with panel stochastic frontier analysis with endogenous covariates. The analysis is implemented on a panel of farm holdings operating in the Italian wine industry, focusing on the impact of a major institutional change. The results show the effectiveness of the new procedure in identifying geographical clusters of wine producers who reacted to the shock in similar ways. The responses are found to be homogeneous within specific territories and heterogeneous between regions.
Changes in olfactory function after immersive exposure to odorants
Authors: Mahmut Mehmet K. , Uecker Florian C. , Göktas Önder , Georgsdorf Wolfgang , Oleszkiewicz Anna , Hummel Thomas
Published: January 2020

Sniffing four different odorants, bi‐daily, for at least 3 months can improve olfactory function. The aim of the current study was to examine whether a relatively short (2 week) exposure period, an immersive exposure to a large number of diverse odorants can improve olfactory function. Twenty‐five patients with various olfactory dysfunctions were exposed to 72 different odorants dispersed into an air‐controlled space, while in a group. Each odorant was singularly dispersed from one side of the room using a purpose‐built apparatus. The odorant exposure period ran for 14 consecutive days, with daily sessions for approximately 24 min. Olfactory function (odor thresholds, discrimination, and identification) was tested before the odorant exposure sessions (i.e., baseline) and then again approximately 6 weeks and 25 weeks afterward. The results demonstrated a significant improvement in overall olfactory function test score, six, and 25 weeks after the odorant exposure sessions, compared to baseline. Specifically, 28% of participants experienced a clinically significant improvement in olfactory function.

Practical Application

Immersive exposure presents an opportunity to enhance olfactory function in various environments and may be an effective training methodology to increase the olfactory sensitivity of sensory panellists. Moreover, immersive odorant exposure may present a novel experimental approach to consumer testing.
Food characteristics and oropharyngeal dysphagia: What speech therapists say
Authors: Machado Alessandra S. , Vargens Karla L. , Armini Tathyany F. , Pereira Tiago C. , Lenz Dominik , Endringer Denise C.
Published: January 2020

This study aims to investigate the knowledge of speech therapists about characteristics of food used in the management of dysphagia. This was a quantitative descriptive study, performed using an online questionnaire (SurveyMonkey®) about the desirable food and beverages attributes to facilitate deglutition in dysphagia rehabilitation: texture, viscosity, temperature, taste, and moisture. Participants were separated into two groups, experts in dysphagia and no experts in dysphagia. Differences between the two groups were compared using the Freeman–Halton extension of the Fisher exact probability test and chi‐square test. From 1,072 respondents, 752 were included and 572 were experts in dysphagia. The speech therapist expert in dysphagia answered correctly about the texture and viscosity, while no experts answered correctly only about viscosity. The other attributes, temperature, taste, and moisture, were incorrectly answered by both groups. The speech therapists demonstrated reduced knowledge regarding the characteristics of foods most indicated for patients with dysphagia.

Practical applications

The rehabilitation program for patients with dysphagia, established to promote safe and efficient food intake, includes changes in diet offered, since swallowing mechanism is dependent upon bolus characteristics. Speech therapist must select specific characteristics, such as texture, viscosity, temperature, taste, and moisture. The speech therapists participants demonstrated reduced knowledge regarding the characteristics of foods, presenting better results in texture and consistency than in temperature, taste, and moisture. There is a need to deepen the knowledge of speech therapists about the characteristics of foods so that choices in modified diets are more assertive and achieve the goal of ensure a safe and efficient swallowing for these patients.
Role of acidifiers in livestock nutrition and health: A review
Authors: Pearlin Beulah Vermilion , Muthuvel Shanmathy , Govidasamy Prabakar , Villavan Manojkumar , Alagawany Mahmoud , Ragab Farag Mayada , Dhama Kuldeep , Gopi Marappan
Published: January 2020

Ever since the European ban on use of in‐feed antibiotics in food animals, the search for alternate antibiotic‐free growth promoter is undertaken worldwide. There are few alternatives such as probiotics, pre‐biotics, phytochemicals, enzymes and organic acids. Among these alternatives, the organic acids or simply acidifiers play an important role in gut health in animals. The acidifiers could be used to favourably manipulate the intestinal microbial populations and improve the immune response, hence perform an activity similar to antibiotics in food animals in countering pathogenic bacteria. Acidifiers also improve the digestibility of nutrients and increase the absorption of minerals. The incorporation of organic acids also leads to thinning of the intestinal lining which facilitates better absorption of nutrients and its efficient utilization. However, their effect will not be similar among all types of organic acids as their mechanism of activity is based on its pKa value. Moreover, there are claims about the neutralization of acids by the secretion of bicarbonates in the initial part of intestine, reactivity with metallic items in feed mills and reduced palatability due its bitter taste demands non‐reactive and targeted delivery for better performance. Currently, coated salts of acidifiers are available commercially for use in food animals especially pigs and poultry. The present review highlights the role of different acidifiers in livestock nutrition with their potent applications in improving nutrient digestibility, mineral utilization, meat quality, enhancing immunity, antimicrobial effects in countering pathogenic bacteria, boosting performance and production, and thus safeguarding health of livestock animals and poultry.
Refractory neutrophil activation in type 2 diabetics with chronic periodontitis
Authors: Herrmann Jens Martin , Sonnenschein Sarah Kirsten , Groeger Sabine Elisabeth , Ewald Nils , Arneth Borros , Meyle Joerg
Published: January 2020

Background

Inflammation increases diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) progression and severity. T2DM patients are at high risk of the rapid development of chronic periodontitis (CP). Topical presence, high numbers, and bactericidal effects of immune cells are challenged by augmented antigen‐induced inflammation, which promotes both diseases.

Objectives

To investigate gingival cellular inflammatory responses in individuals with previously undiagnosed T2DM with CP or CP alone and in systemically and periodontally healthy controls (H) in vivo and to establish an ex vivo technique permitting quantitative and qualitative assessments of gingival crevicular immune cells.

Materials and Methods

T2DM + CP, CP, and H individuals (n = 10, each) received a 2‐week oral hygiene regimen (OHR). Afterwards, a noninvasive sampling technique was performed to evaluate gingival inflammation induced under standardized conditions in vivo, that is, in the absence of severe periodontal destruction and inflammation at clinically healthy sites. Stimuli (casein/test or phosphate‐buffered saline w/o. Ca2+ or Mg2+, PBS(−/−)/control) were randomly applied contralaterally in the gingival sulci of participants’ upper dentes canini. One day after completion of the OHR, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was kinetically assayed between the time of the baseline (BL) measurement and 55 minutes. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) content (PMNGCF) was quantitated at an optimum time of 35 minutes. PMNGCF counts reflect local inflammation. Ex vivo samples were fluorimetrically labeled, gated according to the donor's peripheral blood polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNPB), and then counted, employing flow cytometry.

Results

PMNGCF counts in unstimulated gingival crevices (at BL) in the T2DM + CP group were higher than those in the CP and H groups. PMNGCF counts were elevated in casein vs PBS(−/−)‐stimulated gingival crevices in all groups. Patients with T2DM + CP showed increased PMNGCF counts compared to those with CP (P = .035) according to scatter plots. CD45+ counts in the stimulated sites in T2DM + CP patients were higher than those in CP and H patients (P = .041). Under stimulation conditions, the CD45+ counts differed from those under placebo conditions (P = .019), indicating augmented, inducible inflammatory leukocyte infiltrate in T2DM + CP patients.

Conclusions

This noninvasive technique permits quantitative assessment of (experimental) gingival inflammation in vivo, revealing an influence of T2DM + CP on the number of primary immune cells in the gingival crevice. Patients who are challenged with (local) leukocytosis are likely at risk of collateral damage to the gingival crevice neighboring tissues, favoring the severity and progression of CP and consequently T2DM (www.clinicaltrials.gov NCT01848379).
Disposition of cyadox in domesticated cats following oral, intramuscular, and intravenous administration
Authors: Sattar Adeel , Hafeez Mian Abdul , Wu Qin , Tahir Adnan Hassan , Shabbir Muhammad Abu Bakr , Chen Dongmei , Huang Lingli , Xie Shuyu , Yuan Zonghui
Published: January 2020

Cyadox (CYX) is a synthetic antibacterial agent of quinoxaline with much lower toxic effects. A safety criterion of CYX for clinical use was established by studying the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of CYX after oral (PO), intramuscular (IM), and intravenous (IV) administration. CYX was administered in six domesticated cats (three males and three females) by PO (40 mg/kg.b.w.), IM (10 mg/kg.b.w.), and IV (10 mg/kg.b.w.) routes in a crossover pattern. Highly sensitive liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC‐UV) method was developed for detection of CYX and its metabolites present in plasma, urine, and feces. The bioavailability of CYX after PO and IM routes was 4.37% and 84.4%. The area under curves (AUC), mean resident time (MRT), and clearance (CL) of CYX and its metabolites revealed that CYX quickly metabolized into its metabolites. The total recovery of CYX and its main metabolites was >60% after each route. PO delivery suggesting first pass effect in cats that might make this route suitable for intestinal infection and IM injection could be better choice for systemic infections. Less ability of glucuronidation did not show any impact on CYX metabolism. The findings of present study provide detailed information for evaluation of CYX.
Fontan protein‐losing enteropathy is associated with advanced liver disease and a proinflammatory intestinal and systemic state
Authors: Rodríguez de Santiago Enrique , Téllez Luis , Garrido-Lestache Rodríguez-Monte Elvira , Garrido-Gómez Elena , Aguilera-Castro Lara , Álvarez-Fuente María , del Cerro María Jesús , Albillos Agustín
Published: January 2020

Background and aims

Protein‐losing enteropathy (PLE) after Fontan surgery carries significant morbimortality. Its pathophysiology and association with other Fontan complications are poorly understood. Our aims were to examine whether Fontan‐PLE is associated with greater liver damage and to assess the presence of systemic and intestinal inflammation.

Methods

Fontan patients with PLE and Fontan controls without PLE matched for age and Fontan surgery procedure were included. Data were prospectively compiled on blood and stool tests, liver imaging, elastography, cardiac‐MRI and cardiac catheterization.

Results

Twenty‐nine Fontan patients were enrolled (14 with PLE and 15 controls without PLE). Patients with PLE had more advanced liver disease estimated by non‐invasive methods: blunt liver margins on ultrasonography (71.4% vs 26.7%, P = .027), greater median liver stiffness (25.4 vs 14.5 kPa, P = .003) and higher FIB‐4 (P = .016). Portal hypertension‐related signs were more common in patients with PLE including ascites (P = .035), larger spleen size (P = .005), oesophageal varices/splanchnic collateral shunts (P = .03), higher liver stiffness‐spleen size‐to‐platelet ratio risk score (P < .001) and lower platelet count (P = .01). Systemic proinflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α, interleukin‐6), biomarkers of intestinal permeability (intestinal fatty‐acid binding protein) and faecal calprotectin concentrations were also significantly increased in Fontan‐PLE (P < .05). Faecal calprotectin directly correlated with alpha‐1 antitrypsin clearance and inversely with cardiac index, total serum proteins and body mass index.

Conclusion

Fontan‐PLE is associated with advanced liver disease and increased markers of systemic inflammation and intestinal permeability. Faecal calprotectin is elevated and correlates with Fontan‐PLE severity. Liver assessment is mandatory in all Fontan patients, and especially in those with PLE.
Pre‐pregnancy iodized salt improved children's cognitive development in randomized trial in Ethiopia
Authors: Mohammed Husein , Marquis Grace S. , Aboud Frances , Bougma Karim , Samuel Aregash
Published: January 2020

The overarching Ethiopia project examined the effects of early market introduction of iodized salt on the growth and mental development of young children. Sixty districts were randomly assigned to intervention (early market access to iodized salt) or control (later access through market forces), and one community per district was randomly chosen as the sampling unit. For this project, 22 of the districts were included. The participants were 1,220 pregnant women who conceived after the intervention began. When their children were 2 to 13 months old, field staff collected information on household sociodemographic status and iodized salt intake, child stimulation, maternal depression symptoms, children's diet, anthropometry, urinary iodine concentration (UIC), hemoglobin, and mental development scores (Bayley III scales). Fewer mothers prepartum (28% vs. 41%,p< .05) and their children (13% vs. 20%,p< .05) were iodine deficient (UIC <50 μg/L) in the intervention compared with the control group. The intervention children had higher cognitive scores (33.3 ± 0.3 vs. 32.6 ± 0.3; Δ = 0.6; 95% CI [0.0, 1.3];d= 0.17;p= .01; 4 IQ points) than their controls. The other Bayley subscale scores did not differ from control children. The intervention group had a higher child stimulation (22.7 ± 0.2 vs. 22.1 ± 0.2; Δ = 0.5; 95% CI [0.02, 0.89];d= 0.17;p= .01) but not growth indicators (weight‐for‐agezscore, length‐for‐agezscore, and weight‐for‐lengthzscore: −1.1 ± 0.1 vs. −1.1 ± 0.1, −1.7 ± 0.1 vs. −1.7 ± 0.1; −0.2 ± 0.1 vs. −0.1 ± 0.1, respectively, allp> .05) compared with their controls. Iodized salt intake improved iodine status of both pregnant women and their children and also child cognitive development.
The regulation of learning in clinical environments: A comment on ‘Beyond the self’
Authors: Nieboer Patrick , Huiskes Mike
Published: January 2020

In this commentary, the authors highlight the importance of analyzing real time social interactions to discover strategies clinical students and residents use to self‐ and co‐regulate their learning.
Setosphaeria turcica ATR turns off appressorium‐mediated maize infection and triggers melanin‐involved self‐protection in response to genotoxic stress
Authors: Zeng Fanli , Meng Yanan , Hao Zhimin , Li Pan , Zhai Weibo , shen Shen , Cao Zhiyan , Dong Jingao
Published: January 2020

Eukaryotic organisms activate conserved signalling networks to maintain genomic stability in response to DNA genotoxic stresses. However, the coordination of this response pathway in fungal pathogens remains largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism by which the northern corn leaf blight pathogen Setosphaeria turcica controls maize infection and activates self‐protection pathways in response to DNA genotoxic insults. Appressorium‐mediated maize infection by S. turcica was blocked by the S‐phase checkpoint. This repression was dependent on the checkpoint central kinase Ataxia Telangiectasia and Rad3 related (ATR), as inhibition of ATR activity or knockdown of the ATR gene recovered appressorium formation in the presence of genotoxic reagents. ATR promoted melanin biosynthesis in S. turcica as a defence response to stress. The melanin biosynthesis genes StPKS and StLac2 were induced by the ATR‐mediated S‐phase checkpoint. The responses to DNA genotoxic stress were conserved in a wide range of phytopathogenic fungi, including Cochliobolus heterostrophus, Cochliobolus carbonum, Alternaria solani, and Alternaria kikuchiana, which are known causal agents for plant diseases. We propose that in response to genotoxic stress, phytopathogenic fungi including S. turcica activate an ATR‐dependent pathway to suppress appressorium‐mediated infection and induce melanin‐related self‐protection in addition to conserved responses in eukaryotes.
Medication adherence and predictive factors in patients with cardiovascular disease: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Al‐Ganmi Ali Hussein Alek , Alotaibi Abdulellah , Gholizadeh Leila , Perry Lin
Published: January 2020

Adherence to cardiac medications makes a significant contribution to avoidance of morbidity and premature mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease. This quantitative study used cross‐sectional survey design to evaluate medication adherence and contributing factors among patients with cardiovascular disease, comparing patients who were admitted to a cardiac ward (n = 89) and those attending outpatient cardiac rehabilitation (n = 31) in Australia. Data collection was completed between October 2016 and December 2017. Descriptive and regression analyses were conducted to identify medication adherence and determine factors independently predictive of medication adherence. Participants from cardiac rehabilitation had significantly lower adherence to cardiac medications than those recruited from the cardiac ward (58.1 vs 64.0%, respectively). Self‐efficacy was significantly associated with participants' medication adherence in both groups. The ability to refill medications and beliefs about cardiac medications were independently significantly predictive of cardiac medication adherence. These findings indicate areas where clinical nurses could expand their role to improve cardiac patients' medication self‐management.
Digging deeper: what the critical zone perspective adds to the study of plant ecophysiology
Authors: Dawson Todd E. , Hahm W. Jesse , Crutchfield‐Peters Kelsey
Published: January 2020

The emergence of critical zone (CZ) science has provided an integrative platform for investigating plant ecophysiology in the context of landscape evolution, weathering and hydrology. The CZ lies between the top of the vegetation canopy and fresh, chemically unaltered bedrock and plays a pivotal role in sustaining life. We consider what the CZ perspective has recently brought to the study of plant ecophysiology. We specifically highlight novel research demonstrating the importance of the deeper subsurface for plant water and nutrient relations. We also point to knowledge gaps and research opportunities, emphasising, in particular, greater focus on the roles of deep, nonsoil resources and how those resources influence and coevolve with plants as a frontier of plant ecophysiological research.
A tetrasomic inheritance model and likelihood‐based method for mapping quantitative trait loci in autotetraploid species
Authors: Chen Jing , Leach Lindsey , Yang Jixuan , Zhang Fengjun , Tao Qin , Dang Zhenyu , Chen Yue , Luo Zewei
Published: January 2020

Dissecting the genetic architecture of quantitative traits in autotetraploid species is a methodologically challenging task, but a pivotally important goal for breeding globally important food crops, including potato and blueberry, and ornamental species such as rose. Mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) is now a routine practice in diploid species but is far less advanced in autotetraploids, largely due to a lack of analytical methods that account for the complexities of tetrasomic inheritance.

We present a novel likelihood‐based method for QTL mapping in outbred segregating populations of autotetraploid species. The method accounts properly for sophisticated features of gene segregation and recombination in an autotetraploid meiosis. It may model and analyse molecular marker data with or without allele dosage information, such as that from microarray or sequencing experiments.

The method developed outperforms existing bivalent‐based methods, which may fail to model and analyse the full spectrum of experimental data, in the statistical power of QTL detection, and accuracy of QTL location, as demonstrated by an intensive simulation study and analysis of data sets collected from a segregating population of potato (Solanum tuberosum).

The study enables QTL mapping analysis to be conducted in autotetraploid species under a rigorous tetrasomic inheritance model.
Empirical Correlates of Cosmopolitan Orientation: Etiology and Functions in a Worldwide Representative Sample
Authors: Liu James H. , Zhang Robert Jiqi , Leung Angela K.‐Y. , Gil de Zúñiga Homero , Gastardo‐Conaco Cecilia , Vasiutynskyi Vadym , Kus‐Harbord Larissa
Published: January 2020

Psychology has begun contributing to social theory by providing empirical measures of actually existing cosmopolitanism that complements more purely theoretical conceptions of the construct common in philosophy and sociology. Drawing from two waves of research on representative adult samples from 19 countries (N = 8740), metric invariance was found for the three factors of cosmopolitan orientation (COS): cultural openness (CO), global prosociality (GP), and respect for cultural diversity (RCD). In terms of etiology, among Wave 1 measures, the personality factor of agreeableness was the best predictor of the cosmopolitan factors of GP and RCD at Wave 2, whereas openness of personality best predicted CO. Wave 1 measures of education, political liberalism, and self‐reported social status independently also explained a small amount of variance in COS. Functionally, COS was shown to predict less prejudice against immigrants, and more support for global civil society, even after controlling for social dominance orientation. All three COS factors independently predicted better attitudes towards immigrants. GP was the best predictor of trust in the United Nations, whereas RCD was the best predictor of support for environmental protection. The three‐factor model of COS appears well‐calibrated for assessing actually existing cosmopolitanism across cultures.
Culture Marker Versus Authority Marker: How Do Language Attitudes Affect Political Trust?
Authors: Hu Yue
Published: January 2020

Is public trust in government representatives (i.e., bureaucrats, police, public servants) affected by the language they use? The conventional theory holds that, in a multilingual society, people favor government representatives who speak the listeners' dialects because it indicates a shared cultural identity, that is, the “culture‐marker” effect. This article offers an alternative mechanism in which people's attitudes can be affected by the government designating the official language as a marker of political authority. Listeners will then project their respect for the political authority to the government representatives who speak this marker language. This mechanism is named an “authority marker” effect. Using a set of adjusted matched‐guise experiments in China, this study examines the culture‐marker and authority‐marker effects. The results support the authority‐marker effect by showing that listeners have significantly more trust in the bureaucrats who speak the official language than in those who speak the dialects of the listeners. The study also finds that this is a unique effect for speakers when they represent the government. Without that political identity, listeners will still respond more positively to speakers of their own dialects.
On Quantifying Expert Opinion about Multinomial Models that Contain Covariates
Authors: Elfadaly Fadlalla G. , Garthwaite Paul H.
Published: January 2020

The paper addresses the task of forming a prior distribution to represent expert opinion about a multinomial model that contains covariates. The task has not previously been addressed. We suppose that the sampling model is a multinomial logistic regression and represent expert opinion about the regression coefficients by a multivariate normal distribution. This logistic–normal model gives a flexible prior distribution that can capture a broad variety of expert opinion. The challenge is to find meaningful assessment tasks that an expert can perform and which should yield appropriate information to determine the values of parameters in the prior distribution, and to develop theory for determining the parameter values from the assessments. A method is proposed that meets this challenge. The method is implemented in interactive easy-to-use software that is freely available. It provides a graphical interface that the expert uses to assess quartiles of sets of proportions and the method determines a mean vector and a positive definite covariance matrix to represent the expert's opinions. The assessment tasks chosen yield parameter values that satisfy the usual laws of probability without the expert being aware of the constraints that this imposes. Special attention is given to feedback that encourages the expert to consider his or her opinions from a different perspective. The method is illustrated in an example that shows its viability and usefulness.
“We Don't Know How to Do This”: Rural Parents' Perspectives on and Roles in Enrollment at a Private, Selective Liberal Arts College
Authors: Tieken Mara Casey
Published: January 2020

Rural youth trail their non‐rural counterparts in college enrollment and attainment, especially for degrees from selective schools; these gaps further spatial inequality in the United States. Much research has focused on rural parents as impediments to rural college‐going: many rural parents did not attend college, and their educational aspirations for their children are lower than those of urban parents. However, every year, thousands of rural students do head to college, even to selective schools, and little is known about their parents' influence on their enrollment. This qualitative study focuses on rural parents without a bachelors degree, investigating the roles they play in their children's aspirations and enrollment at a private, selective liberal arts college and examining their perspectives on this type of school. The results suggest that parents are an important source of social capital, supporting aspirations and enrollment. They also show that these parents see a liberal arts education as a path to a remunerative and rewarding career, and, in supporting their children's college choice, they value factors—financial aid, proximity, and a welcoming school culture—that mitigate the social, cultural, and moral boundaries separating home from college.
Calcium balance in hemodialysis: More uncertainty than certainty
Authors: Kirmizis Dimitrios , Basile Carlo
Published: January 2020

There is controversy about the choice of dialysate calcium concentration (DCa), with strong arguments both in favor of and against the use of a low or high DCa, as they can both be potentially harmful. Evidence suggests that calcium mass balance is positive with a DCa 3.5 mEq/L, negative or neutral with the use of DCa 2.5 mEq/L, whereas both positive and negative balances have been observed with the use of DCa 3.0 mEq/L. Overall, the use of DCa >2.5 mEq/L is usually associated with an increase in serum calcium level and a decrease in serum PTH level and use of lower vitamin D analogue dose, with the opposite effects usually observed with the use of lower DCa. Most of the available evidence is from small‐sized and crossover studies; hence, evidence should be regarded with caution and applied in a patient‐specific manner. As there are a lot of significant unanswered questions regarding calcium balance and the optimal DCa in hemodialysis patients, further high‐quality research is needed to clarify many still unclear aspects of calcium homeostasis and balance in these patients. In conclusion, with the existing evidence the choice of DCa needs to be individualized and contextualized in the setting of each patient's calcium balance needs and homeostatic response, taking also into account oral calcium intake (dietary and medicinal), any other relevant therapy administered, such as vitamin D analogues, the type of renal mineral bone disorder, and associated cardiovascular comorbidity.
Finding the city in sociology: Broadening and deepening the geographic scope of the urban and inequality literatures
Authors: Prener Christopher G.
Published: January 2020

Cities have long been the object of fascination within sociology. Key portions of sociological literatures on inequality and globalization, for instance, have focused on urban spaces as essential sites for the production and reproduction of social life, and urban sociology itself is one of the oldest fields in the discipline. For all of this prominence, however, locating the city itself in these literatures can be difficult. Much of our understanding of urban life and urban social problems is derived from a relatively small number of American cities. Moreover, cities are often relegated to a supporting role as a research site rather than an institution worthy of interrogation. This article reviews the path that has brought a specific set of cities to the fore of American sociological analyses. In response, broadening literatures to cities in the literal and figurative American South and producing deeper literatures of specific cities can give sociology the opportunity to produce more representative and contextually rich analyses of inequalities, urban social life, and urban form. The literature on St. Louis, Missouri is presented as an example of what such a broader and deeper literature could encompass.
Association between treatment with oral third‐generation cephalosporin antibiotics and mortality outcomes in Ebola virus disease: a multinational retrospective cohort study
Authors: Aluisio Adam R. , Perera Shiromi M. , Yam Derrick , Garbern Stephanie , Peters Jillian L. , Abel Logan , Cho Daniel K. , Woldemichael Dayan , Kennedy Stephen B. , Massaquoi Moses , Sahr Foday , Liu Tao , Levine Adam C.
Published: January 2020

Objective

To evaluate the association between oral third‐generation cephalosporin antibiotic treatment and mortality in Ebola virus disease (EVD).

Methods

This retrospective cohort studied EVD‐infected patients admitted to five Ebola Treatment Units in Sierra Leone and Liberia during 2014–15. Empiric treatment with cefixime 400 mg once daily for five days was the clinical protocol; however, due to resource variability, only a subset of patients received treatment. Data on sociodemographics, clinical characteristics, malaria status and Ebola viral loads were collected. The primary outcome was mortality compared between cases treated with cefixime within 48 h of admission to those not treated within 48 h. Propensity scores were derived using clinical covariates. Mortality between treated and untreated cases was compared using propensity‐matched conditional logistic regression and bootstrapped log‐linear regression analyses to calculate an odds ratio (OR) and relative risk (RR), respectively, with associated 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results

Of 424 cases analysed, 360 (84.9%) met the cefixime treatment definition. The mean age was 30.5 years and 40.3% were male. Median cefixime treatment duration was 4 days (IQR: 3, 5). Among cefixime‐treated patients, mortality was 54.7% (95% CI: 49.6–59.8%) vs. 73.4% (95% CI: 61.5–82.7%) in untreated patients. In conditional logistic regression, mortality likelihood was significantly lower among cases receiving cefixime (OR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.32–0.71; P = 0.01). In the bootstrap analysis, a non‐significant risk reduction was found with cefixime treatment (RR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.64–1.16, P = 0.11).

Conclusion

Early oral cefixime may be associated with reduced mortality in EVD and warrants further investigation.
Endocytosis, cadherins and tissue dynamics
Authors: Katsuno‐Kambe Hiroko , Yap Alpha S.
Published: January 2020

By happy chance, the founding of Traffic in 1999 coincided with a clutch of reports that documented the endocytosis and recycling of classical cadherin adhesion receptors. This stimulated a concerted effort to elucidate the molecular regulation of cadherin endocytosis and to identify its functional implications. In particular, endocytosis provided new perspectives to understand how cadherins are modulated during tissue morphogenesis. In this short article, we consider some of what we have learnt about this problem and identify open questions for future research.
Immediate and residual antifungal activity of compounds used for whole body and adjuvant topical therapy against Microsporum canis: an in vitro study
Authors: Moriello Karen A.
Published: January 2020

Background

Topical antifungal therapy is recommended to disinfect hairs of dermatophyte‐infected animals.

Objective

To determine the immediate and residual (24, 48 and 72 h) antifungal activity of commonly used products for focal (n = 11) and whole body application (n = 3).

Animals

Hair samples from naturally infected kittens.

Methods and materials

Immediate antifungal activity was assessed using isolated infected spores. In a more robust challenge, toothbrushes containing whole infected hairs were repeatedly treated with products until culture‐negative. Residual activity was determined by treating 0.04 g of uninfected hair with test products, allowing hairs to dry and then plating hairs onto fungal culture plates inoculated with Microsporum canis. Residual activity was assessed at 24, 48 and 72 h post‐treatment.

Results

All products showed good efficacy against isolated infected spores. Two products required three treatments to disinfect whole infected hairs (miconazole 0.2% and ketoconazole 0.15%); all other products were efficacious after one treatment. For each product residual activity at 24, 48 and 72 h was similar. For the whole body products, lime sulfur and enilconazole showed residual activity, but as expected none was detected for 2% miconazole nitrate/ 2% chlorhexidine shampoo. For focal therapy products, residual activity was detected for clotrimazole 1%, terbinafine 1%, miconazole at 0.2, 1 or 2% (with or without chlorhexidine), climbazole 0.5% with chlorhexidine gluconate, and ketoconazole 1% with chlorhexidine gluconate. A ketoconazole 0.15% with 0.15% chlorhexidine gluconate showed no residual activity.

Conclusions and clinical importance

Findings support twice weekly application of enilconazole and lime sulfur, and application of adjuvant focal topical therapy daily or every other day.
Prevalence and Correlates of Depression, Anxiety, Stress, Healthy Beliefs, and Lifestyle Behaviors in First‐Year Graduate Health Sciences Students
Authors: Hoying Jacqueline , Melnyk Bernadette Mazurek , Hutson Elizabeth , Tan Alai
Published: January 2020

Background

Graduate and professional students are reported to have higher than average rates of depression compared to age‐ and gender‐matched populations. Further, more than half of student health visits are due to anxiety, yet little is known about the relationships among depression, anxiety, and healthy lifestyle behaviors in this population as well as what factors predict depression and anxiety.

Aims

The purposes of this study were as follows: (a) to examine the prevalence of depression, anxiety, stress, physical health, healthy beliefs, and lifestyle behaviors in incoming first‐year health sciences professional students; (b) to describe the relationships among these variables; and (c) to determine predictors of depression and anxiety.

Methods

A descriptive correlational study design was used with baseline data collected from first‐year graduate health sciences students from seven health professions colleges who were participating in a wellness onboarding intervention program, including Dentistry, Medicine, Nursing, Optometry, Pharmacy, Social Work, and Veterinary Medicine.

Results

Seventeen percent of incoming students reported moderate‐to‐severe depressive symptoms with 6% reporting suicidal ideation. In addition, 14% of the participating students reported moderate‐to‐severe anxiety. Factors that predicted depression and anxiety included having less than 7 hr of sleep per night, worse general health, lower healthy lifestyle beliefs, lower healthy lifestyle behaviors, higher stress, and a perceived lack of control.

Linking Evidence to Action

These findings highlight the need to routinely screen incoming health sciences students for depression and anxiety upon entrance into their academic programs so that evidence‐based interventions can be delivered and students who report severe depression or suicidal ideation can be immediately triaged for further evaluation and treatment. Providing cultures of well‐being and emphasizing self‐care throughout academic programs also are essential for students to engage in healthy lifestyles.
Evolution of highly pathogenic H7N3 avian influenza viruses in Mexico
Authors: Trovão Nídia Sequeira , Talavera Guadalupe Ayora , Nelson Martha I. , Perez de la Rosa Juan Diego
Published: January 2020

Highly pathogenic H7N3 influenza A viruses have persisted in poultry in Mexico since 2012, diversifying into multiple lineages that have spread to three Mexican states, as of 2016. The H7N3 viruses segregate into three distinct clades that are geographically structured. All 2016 viruses are resistant to adamantane antiviral drugs and have an extended 24‐nucleotide insertion at the HA cleavage site that was acquired from host 28S ribosomal RNA.
Phylogeny of the superfamily Gelechioidea (Lepidoptera: Obtectomera), with an exploratory application on geometric morphometrics
Authors: Wang Qing‐Yun , Li Hou‐Hun
Published: January 2020

The superfamily Gelechioidea (Lepidoptera: Obtectomera) has a high species diversity. It consists of more than 18,400 described species and has a global distribution. Among it, large numbers of species were reported to be economically important to people's production and life. However, relationships among families or subfamilies in Gelechioidea have been exceptionally difficult to resolve using morphology or single gene genealogies. Multiple gene genealogies had been used in the molecular phylogenetic studies on Gelechioidea during the past years, but their phylogenetic relationships remain to be controversial mainly due to their limited taxa sampling relative to such high species diversity. In this paper, 89 ingroup species representing 55 genera are sequenced and added to the data downloaded from GenBank, and six species representing four closely related superfamilies are chosen as outgroup. The molecular phylogeny of Gelechioidea is reconstructed based on the concatenated data set composed of one mitochondrial marker (COI) and seven nuclear markers (CAD, EF‐1ɑ, GAPDH, IDH, MDH, RpS5, wingless). The phylogenetic results, taking into consideration of the comparative morphological study, show that the clade of Gelechioidea is strongly supported and separated from other superfamilies, which further proves its monophyly. Five families are newly defined: Autostichidae sensu nov., Depressariidae sensu nov., Peleopodidae sensu nov., Ashinagidae sensu nov. and Epimarptidae sensu nov. Meanwhile, a monophyletic “SSABM” clade considered to be closely related is proposed for the first time, consisting of Stathmopodidae, Scythrididae, Ashinagidae, Blastobasidae and Momphidae. Moreover, geometric morphometric analyses using merged landmark data set from fore and hind wings of 118 representative species are conducted. The phenetic tree shows that the monophyly and phylogenetic relationships correspond with the results of molecular phylogeny largely, which well proves its importance and potential application in both phylogenetic reconstruction and species identification.
Evidence for temperature‐mediated regional increases in cerebral blood flow during exercise
Authors: Caldwell Hannah G. , Coombs Geoff B. , Howe Connor A. , Hoiland Ryan L. , Patrician Alexander , Lucas Samuel J.E. , Ainslie Philip N.
Published: January 2020

Key points

Aerobic exercise elicits increases in cerebral blood flow (CBF), as well as core body temperature; however, the isolated influence of temperature on CBF regulation during exercise has not been investigated

The present study assessed CBF regulation and neurovascular coupling during submaximal cycling exercise and temperature‐matched passive heat stress during isocapnia (i.e. end‐tidal was held constant)

Submaximal cycling exercise and temperature‐matched passive heat stress provoked ∼16% increases in vertebral artery blood flow, independent of changes in end‐tidal and blood pressure

External carotid artery blood flow increased by ∼43% during both exercise and passive heat stress, with no change in internal carotid artery blood flow

Neurovascular coupling (i.e. the relationship between local increases in cerebral metabolism and appropriately matched increases in regional cerebral blood flow) is preserved during both exercise and temperature‐matched passive heat stress

Acute moderate‐intensity exercise increases core temperature (Tc; +0.7‐0.8°C); however, such exercise increases cerebral blood flow (CBF; +10‐20%) mediated via small elevations in arterial and metabolism. The present study aimed to isolate the role of Tc from on CBF regulation during submaximal exercise. Healthy adults (n = 11; 10 males/one female; 26 ± 4 years) participated in two interventions each separated by ≥48 h: (i) 60 min of semi‐recumbent cycling (EX; 50% workload max) and (ii) 75 min of passive heat stress (HS; 49°C water‐perfused suit) to match the exercise‐induced increases in Tc (EX: Δ0.75 ± 0.33°C vs. HS: Δ0.77 ± 0.33°C, P = 0.855). Blood flow (Q) in the internal and external carotid arteries (ICA and ECA, respectively) and vertebral artery (VA) (Duplex ultrasound) was measured. End‐tidal and were effectively clamped to resting values within each condition. The QICA was unchanged with EX and HS interventions (P = 0.665), consistent with the unchanged end‐tidal (P = 0.327); whereas, QVA was higher throughout both EX and HS (EX: Δ16 ± 21% vs. HS: Δ16 ± 23%, time effect: P = 0.006) with no between condition differences (P = 0.785). These increases in QVA contributed to higher global CBF throughout both EX and HS (EX: Δ12 ± 20% vs. HS: Δ14 ± 14%, time effect: P = 0.029; condition effect: P = 0.869). The QECA increased throughout both EX and HS (EX: Δ42 ± 58% vs. HS: Δ53 ± 28%, time effect: P < 0.001; condition effect: P = 0.628). Including blood pressure as a covariate did not alter these CBF findings (all P > 0.05). Overall, these data provide new evidence for temperature‐mediated elevations in posterior CBF during exercise that are independent of changes in and blood pressure.