bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tympanomastoid reconstruction: An operative procedure for anatomical and functional restoration of the radicalized ear
Authors: Perkins Rodney
Published: September 2006

A new operative procedure for the anatomical and functional restoration of both the middle ear and mastoid is described. The technique employs homograft tympanic membrane with ossicles en bloc for the middle ear reconstruction and a homograft dura form and autogenous bone paté is used to recreate the bony posterior ear canal wall. The reconstructed wall becomes hard viable bone in about one year. Results in terms of wall integrity, tympanic membrane survival and hearing are discussed. The mechanism of new bone formation is discussed with presentation of histologic findings.
Thin rubber sheeting in frontal sinus surgery: Animal and clinical studies
Authors: Neel H. Bryan , Whicker James H. , Lake Clifford F.
Published: September 2006

Closure of the nasofrontal communication is the most common cause of failure of nonobliterative external frontal sinus operations for chronic sinus disease. To determine whether silicone rubber sheeting or tubing might prevent closure, we designed animal experiments and conducted a clinical study. We enlarged the nasofrontal duct in dogs, inserted silicone rubber tubing or sheeting and assessed ductal patency grossly and microscopically. The tubes prevented epithelization and failed to prevent local osteoblastic reaction, fibroplasia, and scar formation. In contrast, sheeting permitted rapid mucosal regeneration, less osteoblastic activity, and less fibrosis. Our 16 patients with chronic sinus disease underwent a modified Lynch operation, with enlargement of the nasofrontal duct and stenting with rubber tubes or sheeting. The sheeting provided the best long‐term result. In our experience, it raised the success rate of the classic Lynch external operation.
Surgical management of bilateral vocal cord paralysis
Authors: Sessions Donald G. , Ogura Joseph H. , Heeneman Hans
Published: September 2006

Fifty‐five patients with bilateral abductor paralysis of the vocal cords were managed surgically from 1957 to 1973. Initially, unilateral arytenoidectomy or arytenoidopexy was employed. If this was not satisfactory, a contralateral arytenoidectomy was performed 6 to 12 months later. If the patient's airway was still inadequate, then open unilateral submucous resection of the vocal cord was accomplished.

Initial management was successful in 62 percent (34/55) of patients, and 50 of 55 patients (91 percent) were eventually decannulated. Failure of the arytenoidectomy appeared to be related to traumatic etiology of the bilateral paralysis, presence of previous treatment, and technical problems of the procedure itself.
Intracranial carotid catastrophies encountered by the otolaryngologist
Authors: Robbins Jeffrey B. , Fitz‐Hugh G. Slaughter , Jane John A.
Published: September 2006

Arteriographic studies are utilized to illustrate the presence and document the results of arterial ligation on three intracranial carotid aneurysms. All three aneurysms resulted from trauma, surgical and otherwise, and all presented as otolaryngologic dilemmas. All were successfully controlled by a combined Otolaryngological and Neurosurgical Team employing varying combinations of intra and extra cranial arterial ligations. None developed significant neurological impairments.

The two major indications for common or internal carotid ligation are the resection of neoplasm and the control or prevention of hemorrhage. Sixty percent of patients undergoing elective carotid ligation survive these procedures without evidence of neurological sequelae. This uncompromised survival is based upon the presence or rapid development of collateral circulation to the cerebrovascular bed.

Further arteriographic studies are employed to illustrate the development of intra and extra cranial collateralization to the internal carotid artery after surgical interruption of the ipsilateral common carotid. The major collateral circuits demonstrated via a case report are as follows: a. from the vertebral artery to the external carotid and hence to the internal carotid; b. from the posterior communicating artery to the internal carotid; and c. from the ophthalmic artery to the internal carotid.
Dmso in otology
Authors: Freeman Gordon R.
Published: September 2006

The most controversial therapeutic agent in the past decade has been dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO), an industrial solvent to which great healing‐powers have been attributed. After initial laboratory testing, DMSO was rapidly introduced into veterinarian medicine and clinical medicine as an experimental agent with the ability to relieve pain, reduce swelling and edema in trauma, to show anesthetic, antibacterial and anti‐inflammatory properties when applied topically to the skin. Ninety percent DMSO§ was used alone and in conjunction with alkaloids and antibiotics to test the clinical properties attributed to this drug. Although DMSO was found not to be ototoxic, laboratory and clinical testing which included double blind studies on patients with otological infections demonstrated that DMSO had no antibacterial, anesthetic or anti‐inflammatory properties when applied within the external auditory canal. There was no indication that 90% DMSO, when combined with these various preparations, potentiated or acted synergistically to enhance their penetration through the dermal barrier.
Geniculate neuralgia: Diagnosis and surgical management
Authors: Pulec Jack L.
Published: September 2006

Pain in the ear is a common complaint for which patients consult their otolaryngologist. A rare cause is geniculate neuralgia, which has also been called tic douloureux of the nervus intermedius. In its most typical form, it is characterized by severe paroxysmal neuralgic pain centered directly in the ear. The pain may also be of gradual onset and of a dull, persistent nature, with occasional sharp, stabbing pain. The diagnostic features and two new surgical techniques for its treatment are described. Afferent sensory facial nerve fibers are shown to pass not only through the nervus intermedius, but also through the main motor trunk of the facial nerve.

Excision of the nervus intermedius and/or of the geniculate ganglion by the middle cranial fossa approach without the production of facial paralysis, in any of 15 cases with geniculate neuralgia is reported. Use of these new techniques, sometimes in combination with selective section of the Vth cranial nerve, has been successful in relieving the pain of geniculate neuralgia.
Effects of head blow on the development of hearing loss
Authors: Makishima Kazumi , Snow James B.
Published: September 2006

The effects of the direction and intensity of the head blow and the effects of the lapse of time after a head blow on the development of hearing‐loss were studied in guinea pigs. The electrical responses from the right inferior colliculus (ER) and from the left round window (CP) to acoustic stimuli were measured. The elevation in threshold of the ER in the presence of normal CP in guinea pigs after a head blow suggests that the site of the lesion is central to the cochlea.
Human stapes crura: Surface bone architecture: Scanning electron microscopic findings
Authors: Graham Malcolm D. , House Howard P.
Published: September 2006

Human stapes crura obtained at the time of stapedectomy for clinical otosclerosis have been studied after removal of the mucosal and periosteal layers by treatment with hydrogen peroxide and ultrasonification. With the scanning electron microscope, four basic architectural patterns are evident: honeycomb, fibrillar, compact and pitted.

The significance of these patterns is as yet unclear, but they do appear to be in intimate relationship one to another and perhaps are varying stages in a single process.
The ototoxic effects of ethacrynic acid in man and animals
Authors: Mat Gregory J.
Published: September 2006

A review of the literature was carried out to summarize the ototoxic effects of ethacrynic acid on man and animal. The effects of this drug on the electrolytes of the endolymphatic and perilymphatic systems, on the cochlear potentials and the auditory cortical‐evoked responses, were reviewed. Histological animal studies determined by light and electron microscopy were described. Potentiation of this drug with previous aminoglycoside therapy was discussed. In this paper, a human case report with temporal bone findings was presented in addition to the histopathological effects of this drug which were shown in a series of animals receiving this drug over a period of time. Edematous and cellular changes in the stria vascularis, especially with animals receiving large doses of the drug, were described. No permanent alterations in the cochlear potentials resulted from the long‐term therapy with ethacrynic acid.
The use of steroids in bell's palsy: A prospective controlled study
Authors: May Mark , Wette Reimut , Hardin William B. , Sullivan John
Published: September 2006

A prospective, controlled, double‐blind study was designed to evaluate the effect of steroid treatment on the natural history of Bell's palsy. Fifty‐one patients were included in the study between 1972 and 1974. The patients were evaluated and started on treatment within two days of onset of Bell's palsy and followed for six months. Treatment was given in randomized double‐blind fashion and consisted of either vitamins or a total of 410 mg of prednisone plus vitamins in descending doses over 10 days.

The recovery of facial motor function was determined by three physicians who had no knowledge of the treatment received by the patients. They examined photographs of the patients taken six months after onset of paralysis in eight positions of facial function and categorized them as to complete, fair, or poor recovery of facial function. The results of this evaluation were submitted to the biostatistician who broke the treatment code.

The results of this study demonstrate no statistically significant beneficial effect of steroid therapy upon recovery from Bell's palsy. Factors considered included the patients' age, sex, the presence of pain, ageusia, hyperacusis, diabetes, hypertension, the progression and degree of palsy, the results of nerve excitability and salivary flow tests, and the time at which recovery was first noted or became complete.
Adenomatous tumors of the middle ear and mastoid
Authors: Derlacki Eugene L. , Barney Philip L.
Published: September 2006

Three cases of middle ear and mastoid neoplasms are reported as “adenomatous tumors” since in their search of the literature the authors did not find any previously described lesions with a similar histologic appearance and benign biologic behavior.

Microscopically, all three tumors are similarly composed of solid cords and nests of closely‐packed small cells having an epithelial appearance. Two distinct cell types are present: cuboidal cells, arranged in a rudimentary gland‐like pattern, and angular cells forming irregular nests with no distinct pattern. All three tumors developed in patients in their 20′s, over a period of months with minimal symptoms; yet in all of the lesions the tympanic membrane was intact at the time of initial examination.

None of the neoplasms was diagnosed preoperatively, and, once removed, all three tumors were pathologic enigmas and therapeutic problems in view of the initial and subsequent consultant pathologic opinions; nevertheless, total local excision with preservation of the tympanic membrane would appear to be safe treatment in these cases.

The term “adenomatous tumor” is applied to these three neoplasms because: 1. a true glandular epithelial origin warranting the term adenoma or adenocarcinoma cannot be proven; and 2. the biologic behavior and prognosis is not necessarily reflected by the histologic appearance. A more specific term reflecting the origin and behavior of these tumors does not appear possible without the study of further cases.
Meningiomas of the temporal bone
Authors: Guzowski Jacobo , Paparella Michael M. , Rao Kommareddi Nageswara , Hoshino Tomoyuki
Published: September 2006

Meningiomas should be considered in the differential diagnosis of otologic tumors arising from the middle ear and mastoid. It is generally recognized that meningiomas may invade the temporal bone via direct extension from the intracranial space (secondary). It is not generally recognized that meningiomas can develop initially in the middle ear cleft (primary).

Representative cases of primary and secondary meningiomas of the temporal bone are described, and clinical aspects of diagnosis and surgical management are discussed.

In order to assess the pathogenesis of meningiomas of the temporal bone, histological studies were done on 200 temporal bone specimens. In certain specimens, ectopic arachnoid granulations, from which primary meningiomas may originate, were identified and described, according to location. One specimen was most unusual in that it contained ectopic glial as well as arachnoidal tissue.
A critical analysis of current trends in the management of bell's palsy
Authors: Lathrop Frank D.
Published: September 2006

The treatment of Bell's palsy has been a controversial subject for many years. During the past 10 years 152 papers pertaining to this affection of the facial nerve have appeared in the American literature. Ninety‐seven of these were general discussions of the etiology, pathology, prognosis and treatment of this condition; 20 were concerned with ascertaining the status of the facial nerve by electrical tests and four with the activity of the chorda tympani nerve in patients with Bell's palsy. The remaining 31 articles specifically discussed the treatment of Bell's palsy.

As a result of this obvious interest in Bell's palsy, one would expect that the treatment of this affection of the facial nerve would be more or less uniform at this time. This is not the case, however, for the literature demonstrates it to be in a state of flux. Although steroid therapy has replaced other regimens of medical therapy to a large extent, surgical intervention still has its proponents. It is interesting to note that at the time of this review of the literature, no report of a controlled, double‐blind study of the efficacy of steroid therapy for Bell's palsy has appeared in the American literature.
The simultaneous binaural bithermal: A caloric test utilizing electronystagmography
Authors: Brookler Kenneth H.
Published: September 2006

The simultaneous irrigation of both external auditory canals with the bithermal stimulus of Fitzgerald and Hallpike yields responses which demonstrate a greater sensitivity than the alternate irrigation of each ear. The responses were recorded utilizing electronystagmography and were compared to the alternate or regular bithermal performed on the same patient.
The knotted wire in stapes surgery: One possible factor in postoperative sensori‐neural hearing loss
Authors: Gorun George , Brookler Kenneth H.
Published: September 2006

In four instances of revision stapedectomy in patients with sensori‐neural hearing loss, with or without dizziness, a wire prosthesis was found with an extention beyond the knot which could impinge on the contents of the vestibule. Four commercially manufactured knotted wire prostheses were examined, and the end of three was found projecting beyond the knot. The wire piercing the membranous labyrinth appears to be one of the factors in causing further sensori‐neural hearing loss after stapedectomy. A wire loop or piston prosthesis should be considered to eliminate the hazard of a trailing end of a knotted wire in stapes surgery.
Cochlear implants: Technical and clinical implications
Authors: Glattke Theodore J.
Published: September 2006

Recent investigations using animal models and human subjects have helped to define the limits which are achievable in terms of information transfer with single‐channel electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve. These studies are reviewed, and presented as a context for a description of the development of an implantable multiple‐electrode multiplexing system which may provide control for several stimulus channels. While such a device may enable the stimulation of small segments of the auditory nerve independently, it does not contain any means of complex stimulus analysis and recording. This latter aspect of prosthesis development remains as the most formidable problem, from a technical viewpoint, that stands in the way of any significant progress.
Cardiac and pulmonary failure secondary to adenotonsillar hypertrophy
Authors: Goodman Roy S. , Goodman Merrill , Gootman Norman , Cohen Herrick
Published: September 2006

For over 15 years, upper respiratory tract obstruction due to adenoton‐sillar hypertrophy has been known to cause hypoxia, hypercapnia, increased pulmonary vascular resistance and thereby cor pulmonale and congestive heart failure. This is now an uncommon but not rare entity and three recent cases prompted this report. The typical patient is dyspneic with retractions, cyanosis, occasional periods of apnea and somnolence. Edema and hepatomegaly and at times splenomegaly are common. X‐rays show cardiomegaly, which on electrocardiogram is found to involved mainly the right ventricle.

The strict definition of cor pulmonale is right ventricular hypertrophy secondary to lung disease or abnormal pulmonary function, a definition that may logically be stretched to include abnormal respiratory function secondary to upper airway pathology. The mechanisms by which this occurs are generally agreed upon. Hypoxia has been demonstrated to cause pulmonary vasoconstriction. Acidosis and hypercapnia are thought by some to have the same effect. Pressure across the pulmonary vascular bed is also increased, as predicted by Poiseuille's law, by the high rate of blood flow required to maintain tissue oxygenation with poorly oxygenated blood.

Conditions producing hypoxia of hypercapnia or both lead to hypertrophy and eventually to dilatation of the right ventricle.

Three cases of children who underwent cardiac catheterization while suffering from cor pulmonale due to adenotonsillar hypertrophy are reported. Right ventricular pressure averaged 44/5, PAO2 72, pH 7.32, and PACO2 52. All were clinically improved following adenotonsillectomy. Cardiac catheterization was repeated in one case, with right ventricular pressure dropping from 44/5 to 21/2, pulmonary vascular resistance from eight units to three, and PACO2 from 62 to 44.
Acute acromegalic dyspnea
Authors: Dujovny Manuel , Osgood Carroll P. , Segal Ricardo
Published: September 2006

A case of acute “acromegalic dyspnea” due to vocal cord fixation and subg'lottic mucosal hypertrophy is reported. The patient was treated by intubation, tracheostomy, stereotactic implantation of radioisotopes 192Ir and 198Au via the transsphenoidal route.
Diagnostic value of tomography in unilateral vocal cord paralysis
Authors: Isshiki Nobuhiko , Ishikawa Tomoko
Published: September 2006

Tomographie studies were made on 56 patients with unilateral paralysis of the vocal cord. The findings were examined in relation to etiology, course, and laryngoscopic findings. In 74.1 percent of the cases, marked enlargement of the ventricle was noticed on the side of the paralysis, especially during inhalation.

The paralyzed vocal cord was higher than the intact cord during phona‐tion in 46.4 percent of the cases. The rest of the cases (53.6 percent) demonstrated no level difference between the vocal cords. The position of the paralyzed vocal cord, unilateral involvement of the cricothyroid muscle and other neck muscles were suggested as possible contributors to the findings.
Augmentation mentoplasty using polyamide mesh
Authors: Beekhuis G. Jan
Published: September 2006

Augmentation mentoplasty, a cosmetic surgical procedure to reshape the contour of the mental area, usually is accomplished with the insertion of autogenous graft or alloplastic implant material. Obtaining autogenous graft material has been the major disadvantage of requiring an additional surgical procedure. Alloplastic implant material is widely preferred because of its ready availability, ease of sterilization, capability of being cut, carved, and shaped as desired, and the relatively few postoperative complications that ensue from its use. The possible complications are infection, rejection by the host, displacement (even many years later), and underlying mandibular bone resorption.

The author's four‐year experience using polyamide mesh placed supra‐periosteally in 100 patients is reported and the technique is described. Results have been consistently good; no implant has had to be removed or replaced. Other advantages are ease of inserting the polyamide mesh, thus facilitating the surgical procedure, minimal postoperative morbidity or reaction, flexibility in conforming exactly to the shape of the mandible, ingrowth of fibrous tissue thus avoiding late displacement, and providing a natural feel to the reconstructed area. There has been no roentgeno‐graphically demonstrable evidence that suggests bone resorption.
Efficacy and Safety of a Furosemide Continuous Infusion Following Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Gulbis Brian E , Spencer Anne P
Published: September 2006

Objective:

To review the literature regarding the efficacy and safety of continuous intravenous infusion of loop diuretics following cardiac surgery.

Data Sources:

Articles were identified through a MEDLINE search (1966–March 2006) using the key words furosemide, bumetanide, torsemide, ethacrynic acid, loop diuretics, continuous infusions, intravenous infusions, surgery, cardiac surgery, cardiovascular surgery, and thoracic surgery. Search results were limited to studies in human subjects published in English. Additional references were identified through review of the bibliographies of the articles cited.

Study Selection and Data Extraction:

All clinical trials and observational reports identified that evaluated or described the efficacy and/or safety of a continuous infusion of a loop diuretic in adult or pediatric patients who had undergone cardiac surgery were included in this review.

Data Synthesis:

Loop diuretics are often used to promote diuresis following cardiac surgery. Studies in patients who have undergone cardiac surgery have demonstrated that a more consistent and sustained diuresis is produced by a continuous infusion of furosemide compared with intermittent bolus doses of furosemide. However, there does not appear to be a significant difference in total urine output or change in serum electrolyte levels when furosemide is administered as a continuous infusion compared with intermittent bolus doses.

Conclusions:

A continuous infusion of furosemide is an effective and safe method of diuresis in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.
The Extent and Quality of Evidence in Neurological Physiotherapy: An Analysis of the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro)
Authors: Moseley Anne , Sherrington Catherine , Herbert Robert , Maher Christopher
Published: September 2006

Evidence-based practice involves the use of evidence from systematic reviews and randomised controlled trials. The extent of this evidence in neurological physiotherapy has not previously been surveyed. The aim of this study was to describe the quantity and quality of randomised controlled trials, and the quantity and scope of systematic reviews relevant to neurological physiotherapy. PEDro (the Physiotherapy Evidence Database) was searched for trials and reviews relevant to neurological physiotherapy (adult and paediatric). The quality and quantity of trials were analysed, and the topics and conclusions of reviews were synthesised. The search revealed a total of 265 records, consisting of 238 randomised controlled trials and 27 systematic reviews. Since the first trial was published in 1958, the number of trials has expanded exponentially. Fifty-four percent of trials were categorised as being of moderate to high quality, rating five or more out of ten. The first review was published in 1991. Many of the reviews have been unable to reach firm conclusions due to the paucity of available trials. The results show that there is a substantial body of evidence relevant to neurological physiotherapy. However, there remains scope for improvements in the quality of the conduct and reporting of clinical trials. There is an urgent need for more randomised controlled trials and systematic reviews.
Boston Naming Test:: Normative data for older Australians
Authors: Piguet Olivier , Millar Joanne L. , Bennett Hayley P. , Lye Tanya C. , Creasey Helen , Broe G. Anthony
Published: September 2006

Individuals aged over 80 years represent the fastest growing segment of the population. It is becoming increasingly important to investigate the effect of age on cognitive functions such as language, in order to document “normal” and “abnormal” functioning. A task commonly used to test naming ability in clinical practice is the Boston Naming Test (BNT). Although norms exist for this age group, they may have limited applications because of small sample sizes on which they were derived. In addition, this test uses stimulus items that have been shown to be culturally specific. This study presents normative data for the BNT for two levels of education and two age bands based on a randomly selected Australian sample of older adults between the age of 81 and 94 years. Frequencies of the most common error types made in this group of nondemented individuals are also reported.
Coping Following Traumatic Brain Injury:The Need for Contextually Sensitive Assessment
Authors: Kendall Elizabeth , Shum David , Lack Brenda , Bull Susan , Fee Cameron
Published: September 2006

Psychosocial adjustment problems following traumatic brain injury (TBI) frequently present a major barrier for rehabilitation. The ability to cope has been linked with psychological well-being following stressful and traumatic events, but has been poorly examined in the area of TBI. In terms of conceptualisation, most coping research has adopted the Lazarus and Folkman (1984) dichotomy of coping, namely problem-focused and emotion-focused. Despite the popularity of this theory, recent conceptualisations of coping have suggested that other dimensions are equally important and require investigation in the TBI area. However, measurement of coping continues to provide a major barrier for research in this area, particularly given the potential difficulties associated with self-report data in people with TBI. The current study used a contextually sensitive assessment technique to test current conceptualisations of coping in the TBI population. Specifically, the study examined coping strategies and styles in response to four stressful video-based scenarios. Rather than using a self-report questionnaire to assess predetermined coping strategies, participants spontaneously provided their own coping strategies, which were then coded into distinct coping strategies. The strategies were categorised into four groups according to their focus (emotion or problem) and approach (active or passive). Both the number and type of coping strategies differed across situations, providing support for the use of a contextually sensitive measurement technique. Further, the theoretically expected pattern of relationships was found between coping types and outcomes. However, these relationships differed across situations and over time, confirming suggestions that coping efficacy may differ depending on the demands of the situation and that chronic situations such as TBI may have an impact on coping style over time.
Is Aphasia Therapy Effective? Exploring the Evidence in Systematic Reviews
Authors: Douglas Jacinta , Brown Louise , Barry Sandra
Published: September 2006

In December 1999, Greener, Enderby and Whurr reported the findings of their Cochrane review to assess the effects of formal speech and language therapy for people with aphasia following stroke. They concluded that aphasia therapy had not been shown to be “clearly effective or clearly ineffective within a randomised controlled trial (RCT)” (p. 1). Their conclusion led to much discussion among speech pathologists with some expressing grave concern that the outcome of the review would undermine the provision of services for people with aphasia and their carers. In this paper, evidence for the effectiveness of aphasia therapy that has been provided by published systematic reviews is critically explored. Clearly, challenges remain with respect to provision of evidence-based aphasia therapy. However, the weight of evidence accumulated over the years and synthesised in systematic reviews supports the broad conclusion that aphasia therapy is effective.
Hereditary hyper-ACE-emia due to the Pro1199Leu mutation of somatic ACE as a potential pitfall in diagnosis: a first family outside Europe
Authors: Semmler Alexander , Stein Robert W. , Caplan Luis , Danilov Sergei M. , Klockgether Thomas , Linnebank Michael
Published: September 2006

Elevated plasma levels of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) are associated with granulomatous diseases. However, several families of autosomal dominant hyper-ACE-emia without disease association have already been reported. Recently, the

Clin Chem Lab Med 2006;44:1088–9.
Unipolar Brush Cells of the Cerebellum Are Produced in the Rhombic Lip and Migrate through Developing White Matter
Authors: Englund Chris , Kowalczyk Tom , Daza Ray A. M. , Dagan Avner , Lau Charmaine , Rose Matthew F. , Hevner Robert F.
Published: September 2006

Unipolar brush cells (UBCs) are glutamatergic interneurons in the cerebellar cortex and dorsal cochlear nucleus. We studied the development of UBCs, using transcription factor Tbr2/Eomes as a marker for UBCs and their progenitors in embryonic and postnatal mouse cerebellum. Tbr2+UBCs appeared to migrate out of the upper rhombic lip via two cellular streams: a dorsal pathway into developing cerebellar white matter, where the migrating cells dispersed widely before entering the internal granular layer, and a rostral pathway along the cerebellar ventricular zone toward the brainstem. Ablation of the rhombic lip in organotypic slice cultures substantially reduced the production of Tbr2+UBCs. In coculture experiments, Tbr2+UBCs migrated from rhombic lip explants directly into the developing white matter of adjacent cerebellar slices. The origin of Tbr2+UBCs was confirmed by colocalization with β-galactosidase expressed from theMath1locus, a molecular marker of rhombic lip lineages. Moreover, the production of Tbr2+UBCs wasMath1dependent, as Tbr2+UBCs were severely reduced inMath1-null cerebellum. Inreelermutant mice, Tbr2+UBCs accumulated near the rhombic lip, consistent with impaired migration through developing white matter. Our results suggest that UBCs arise from the rhombic lip and migrate via novel pathways to their final destinations in the cerebellum and dorsal cochlear nucleus. Our findings support a model of cerebellar neurogenesis, in which glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons are produced from separate progenitor pools located mainly in the rhombic lip and the cerebellar ventricular zone, respectively.
Distribution of Spawning Activity by Anadromous Fishes in an Atlantic Slope Drainage after Removal of a Low‐Head Dam
Authors: Burdick Summer M. , Hightower Joseph E.
Published: September 2006

In 1998, the Quaker Neck Dam was removed from the Neuse River near Goldsboro, North Carolina, restoring access to more than 120 km of potential main‐stem spawning habitat and 1,488 km of potential tributary spawning habitat to anadromous fishes. We used plankton sampling and standardized electrofishing to examine the extent to which anadromous fishes utilized this restored spawning habitat in 2003 and 2004. Evidence of spawning activity was detected upstream of the former dam site for three anadromous species: American shad Alosa sapidissima, hickory shad A. mediocris, and striped bass Morone saxatilis. The percentages of eggs and larvae collected in the restored upstream habitat were greater in 2003, when spring flows were high, than in 2004. River reaches where spawning occurred were estimated from egg stage and water velocity data. Spawning of American shad and striped bass occurred primarily in main‐stem river reaches that were further upstream during the year of higher spring flows. Hickory shad generally spawned in downstream reaches and in tributaries above and below the former dam site. These results demonstrate that anadromous fishes will take advantage of upper basin spawning habitat restored through dam removal as long as instream flows are adequate to facilitate upstream migration.
Nitric Oxide Decreases Subventricular Zone Stem Cell Proliferation by Inhibition of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase/Akt Pathway
Authors: Torroglosa Ana , Murillo-Carretero Maribel , Romero-Grimaldi Carmen , Matarredona Esperanza R. , Campos-Caro Antonio , Estrada Carmen
Published: September 2006

Nitric oxide (NO) inhibits proliferation of subventricular zone (SVZ) neural precursor cells in adult mice in vivo under physiological conditions. The mechanisms underlying this NO effect have now been investigated using SVZ-derived neural stem cells, which generate neurospheres in vitro when stimulated by epidermal growth factor (EGF). In these cultures, NO donors decreased the number of newly formed neurospheres as well as their size, which indicates that NO was acting on the neurosphere-forming neural stem cells and the daughter neural progenitors. The effect of NO was cytostatic, not proapoptotic, and did not involve cGMP synthesis. Neurosphere cells expressed the neuronal and endothelial isoforms of NO synthase (NOS) and produced NO in culture. Inhibition of NOS activity by Nω-nitro-l-arginine methylester (l-NAME) promoted neurosphere formation and growth, thus revealing an autocrine/paracrine action of NO on the neural precursor cells. Both exogenous and endogenous NO impaired the EGF-induced activation of the EGF receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase and prevented the EGF-induced Akt phosphorylation in neurosphere cells. Inhibition of the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3-K)/Akt pathway by LY294002 significantly reduced the number of newly formed neurospheres, which indicates that this is an essential pathway for neural stem cell self-renewal. Chronic administration of l-NAME to adult mice enhanced phospho-Akt staining in the SVZ and reduced nuclear p27Kip1 in the SVZ and olfactory bulb. The inhibition of EGFR and PI3-K pathway by NO explains, at least in part, its antimitotic effect on neurosphere cells and may be a mechanism involved in the physiological role of NO as a negative regulator of SVZ neurogenesis in adult mice.
Crop Performance and Soil Properties in Two Artificially Eroded Soils in North‐Central Alberta
Authors: Izaurralde R. C. , Malhi S. S. , Nyborg M. , Solberg E. D. , Quiroga Jakas M. C.
Published: September 2006

Field experiments were conducted from 1991 to 1995 at Josephburg (Orthic Black Chernozem, Typic Cryoboroll) and Cooking Lake (Orthic Gray Luvisol, Typic Cryoboralf), Alberta, to determine the impact of topsoil removal on selected soil properties, N‐mineralization potential, and crop yield, and the effectiveness of various amendments for restoring the productivity of eroded soils. The simulated‐erosion levels were established in the autumn of 1990 by removing 20 cm of topsoil in 5‐cm depth increments. The four amendments were: control, addition of 5 cm of topsoil, fertilizers to supply 100 kg N ha−1 and 20 kg P ha−1, and cattle manure at 75 Mg ha−1. Topsoil and manure were applied once in the autumn of 1990, while fertilizers were applied annually from 1991 to 1995. Available N and P; total C, N, and P; and N‐mineralization potential decreased, while bulk density increased with increasing depth of topsoil removal. Tiller number, plant height, spike density, thousand‐kernel weight, and leaf area index decreased with simulated erosion. Grain yield reductions due to simulated soil erosion were either linear or curvilinear functions of nutrient removal. Application of N and P fertilizers and manure improved grain yield and reduced the impact of yield loss due to erosion. Return of 5 cm of topsoil also increased grain yield, but to a lesser extent than manure or fertilizers. Grain yields were maximized when fertilizers were also applied to organic amendment treatments. Our findings suggest the importance of integrated use of organic amendments and chemical fertilizers for best crop yields on severely eroded soils.
Forage Nutritive Value in an Emulated Silvopasture
Authors: Buergler Alicia L. , Fike John H. , Burger James A. , Feldhake Charles M. , McKenna James R. , Teutsch Chris D.
Published: September 2006

Incorporating trees into pastures may alter forage nutritive value. The objective of this study was to determine nutritive value in response to trees and slope position in an emulated (no animals) silvopasture. In 1995, black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) and honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos L.) trees were planted within three block plots of predominantly tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.) pasture. Soils on the site, (Unison and Braddock) are fine, mixed mesic Typic Hapludults, well drained, with moderately steep slopes (10–25%). Trees were planted down slopes in rows to create low‐, medium‐, and high‐tree densities at shoulder‐, mid‐, and toe‐slope positions. Forage from sampling sites (n = 54) under field treatment combinations was harvested May, June, and July in 2002 and 2003. Concentrations of neutral and acid detergent fiber (NDF, ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), crude protein (CP), total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) and Ca, P, Mg, and K were determined. Few differences due to treatment were observed for NDF and ADF concentrations. Concentrations of TNC decreased with greater tree density and appeared to follow tree leaf growth. Crude protein concentrations were typically greater under honey locust trees. Forage mineral concentrations frequently were greater with increased tree density. Trees appear to have both positive and negative effects on forage nutritive value, and their effects on animal performance warrants further research.
Yield–Water Supply Relationships of Grain Sorghum and Winter Wheat
Authors: Stone Loyd R. , Schlegel Alan J.
Published: September 2006

Agricultural sustainability in the USA's west‐central Great Plains depends on efficient use of water—the primary yield‐limiting factor in the region. With perennially water‐short status, the efficient capture and storage of precipitation in soil, and the yield responsiveness of crops to water, are emphasized. Our objective was to quantify grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield responses to stored soil water and precipitation by using data gleaned from research conducted from 1973 to 2004 near Tribune, KS on Ulysses silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Aridic Haplustolls) and Richfield silt loam (fine, smectitic, mesic Aridic Argiustolls) soils. Soil water content was measured gravimetrically to the 183‐cm depth at crop emergence. Grain yield was related to available soil water at emergence (ASWe) (increased 221 kg ha−1 cm−1 in sorghum and 98 kg ha−1 cm−1 in wheat). Grain yield was also related to in‐season precipitation (ISP) (increased 164 kg ha−1 cm−1 in sorghum and 83 kg ha−1 cm−1 in wheat). From response‐surface analyses, 63% (sorghum) and 70% (wheat) of variations in grain yield were explained by variations in ASWe and ISP. In data sorted by tillage, yield response to water supply (WS) was greater with no‐till than with conventional tillage in both crops (184 vs. 129 kg ha−1 cm−1 in sorghum; 138 vs. 86 kg ha−1 cm−1 in wheat). This finding supports the concept that less tillage and more residue lead to more efficient use during the growing season of ASWe and ISP.
How many idioms are there in English?
Authors: Grant Lynn E. , Nation Paul
Published: September 2006

The word idiom and its derivatives idiomatic, idiomatically and idiomaticity are used with a wide range of meanings. Idiomatic English is used to refer to fluent language use that sounds like that of a native speaker. Items loosely classed as idioms include colloquial expressions, collocations, acceptable but unusual expressions, and opaque multi-word units. If linguists are pressed to define what an idiom is, they usually say that an idiom is a multi-word unit where the meaning of the whole unit is not clear from the meaning of its parts. The purpose of this paper is to report on a study where one particular use of the term idiom was very carefully defined and to show what the effects of the application of this careful definition were on coming up with a definitive list of idioms. It is argued that carefully distinguishing idioms from other multiword units makes sense for the teaching and leaming of multi-word units because different approaches are needed for the different types of multi-word units. Phrasal verbs were not included in the study.
Influence of calcium-NOM complexes on fouling of nanofiltration membranes in drinking water production
Authors: Cornelissen E.R. , Siegers W.G. , Ogier J. , Beerendonk E.F.
Published: September 2006

The application of nanofiltration is growing rapidly in drinking water and wastewater treatment. The main problem during the operation of nanofiltration membranes is membrane fouling, part of which is due to the presence of Natural Organic Matter (NOM) in sources for drinking water. In this work the effect of calcium was investigated on the nanofiltration fouling behavior in relation to NOM. From Li and Elimelech (2004) it is known that calcium enhanced membrane fouling significantly due to the formation of calcium-NOM complexes. Two techniques were used in our research to determine the part of calcium which is complexated by NOM and the free calcium ion in solution. Results showed that a minimum calcium concentration and a minimum NOM concentration were required for calcium-NOM complex formation. Furthermore, the influence of the calcium concentration on the flux decline during nanofiltration experiments was investigated for different types of feed water. The observed flux decline was proven to be only caused by NOM fouling rather than other membrane fouling types, such as biofouling, scaling or particulate fouling. Fouling of nanofiltration membranes was related to the calcium content in the feed water, and more specifically to the calcium-NOM complex concentration. Membrane cleaning with SDS was found to be very effective.
Evaluating the drinking water quality through an efficient chlorine decay model
Authors: Jegatheesan V. , Kim S.H. , Joo C.K.
Published: September 2006

The performance of a treatment plant in reducing chlorine consuming substances as well as total trihalomethane formation (TTHM) could be evaluated rapidly using an accurate chlorine decay model as used in this study. The model could estimate the concentrations of fast and slow reacting agents (FRA and SRA–including organic and inorganic substances) and fast and slow reacting nitrogenous compounds (FRN and SRN) that are present in test waters. By estimating those concentrations in source and treated waters one could evaluate the performance of the treatment plant as well as provide options such as better catchment management for source water protection or treatment upgrades (e.g. enhanced coagulation) to remove chlorine consuming compounds which also have the potential to form THMs.
Biological drinking water treatment for nitrate and pesticide (endosulfan) elimination
Authors: Boley A. , Unger B. , Müller W.-R. , Kuch B. , Deger A.
Published: September 2006

This study shows how a combination of denitrification and pesticide removal is possible. A reactor with granulated poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) was operated in an upflow-mode with nitrate and α-endosulfan containing water. The polymer was used as a substrate for denitrification and simultaneously as sorbent for the pesticide α-endosulfan. The experiments showed that nitrate was removed at high denitrification rates and without accumulation of nitrite. α-endosulfan, which was added to the influent, was not found in the effluent. Doubts that the pesticide could interfere with the biological process were not justified here.
State of the art analytical methods for solving taste and odour episodes
Authors: Bruchet A.
Published: September 2006

This paper summarizes the main types of tastes and odors encountered in drinking waters and describes the best analytical tools available to find the origins of these phenomena. The main complementary extraction-concentration techniques based on stripping and liquid-liquid or liquid-solid principles are discussed. Analysis at pg/L levels using a large volume on-column injection method in GC/MS is described. A sensory-GC/MS device is also presented in detail.
Research on design parameters of rapid mixing in turbulence
Authors: Wu D. , Tan F. , Ma Y. , Shi F.
Published: September 2006

Turbid waters, containing suspended and colloidal particles, are normally treated by coagulation–flocculation followed by clarification. The process usually consists of the rapid dispersal of a coagulant into the raw water followed by an intense agitation commonly defined as rapid mixing. Mixing is influenced by chemical and physical parameters, and the result of the whole treatment depends on these steps. It is concluded that the proper process of mixing is able to not only improve outlet water quality, but also helps reduce energy dissipation, coagulant dosage and operating cost. It is evidenced, however, that the traditional theory of mixing should be modified. Based on hydrodynamics analysis and experimental results, a mixing model for turbulent flow is presented for the first time. The speed of macroscopic mixing is governed by turbulent diffusion, and the speed of microcosmic mixing is governed by molecule diffusion. The mixing process is dominated by macroscopic mixing. The Euler number Eu can be used as the design parameter that determines the mixing efficiency.
Nitrogen removal from the saline sludge liquor by electrochemical denitrification
Authors: Xie Z.M. , Li X.Y. , Chan K.Y.
Published: September 2006

Sludge liquor from the sludge dewatering process has a high ammonia content. In the present study, a lab-scale electrochemical (EC) system with a pair of Ti electrode plates was used for treating the sludge centrate liquor of digested wastewater sludge with a NH+4−N content of around 500 mg/L. The sludge liquor had a high salinity due to seawater being used for toilet flushing in Hong Kong. The results show that the EC process is highly effective for denitrification of the saline sludge liquor. Complete nitrogen removal could be achieved within 1 hr or so. The rate of EC denitrification increased with the current intensity applied. The best current efficiency for nitrogen removal was obtained for a gap distance between the electrodes at 8 mm. Electro-chlorination was considered to be the major mechanism of EC denitrification. The formation of chlorination by-products (CBPs) appeared to be minimal with the total trihalomethanes (THM) detected at a level of 300 μg/L or lower. The power consumption for EC denitrification was around 23 kWh/kg N. Additional electro-flocculation with a pair of iron needle electrodes could enhance the flocculation and subsequent sedimentation of colloidal organics in the sludge liquor, increasing the organic removal from less than 30% to more than 70%. Therefore, the EC process including both electro-denitrification and electro-flocculation can be developed as the most cost-effective method for treatment of the saline sludge liquor.