bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Domestic Violence Recent Research (2004–2005) Part II: Repercussions for the Victims
Authors: Lowenstein L. F.
Published: December 2005

Recent research has shown that the effect of domestic violence on victims can be catastrophic. Most but not all victims are female; often from minority groups, with children also being affected by scenes of violence. The victims suffer both physical and emotional damage. In many cases they must end the relationship with the perpetrator, when legal and psychological intervention fails. Frequently, it is only in this way that the death of a victim could be prevented but so often the victim forgives the perpetrator and returns to them. Much more effort could and should be made to prevent such tragedies by a combination of more effective legal and psychological interventions.

The article considers the affect on the victims; the children; other cultures and minority populations; the employment opportunities of the victims; the perpetrators of domestic violence; and gender factors.
Structural properties of substrate proteins determine their proteolysis by the mitochondrial AAA+ protease Pim1
Authors: von Janowsky Birgit , Knapp Karin , Major Tamara , Krayl Martin , Guiard Bernard , Voos Wolfgang
Published: December 2005

The protease Pim1/LON, a member of the AAA+ family of homo-oligomeric ATP-dependent proteases, is responsible for the degradation of soluble proteins in the mitochondrial matrix. To establish the molecular parameters required for the specific recognition and proteolysis of substrate proteins by Pim1, we analyzed thein organellodegradation of imported reporter proteins containing different structural properties. The amino acid composition at the amino-terminal end had no major effect on the proteolysis reaction. However, proteins with an amino-terminal extension of less than 60 amino acids in front of a stably folded reporter domain were completely resistant to proteolysis by Pim1. Substrate proteins with a longer amino-terminal extension showed incomplete proteolysis, resulting in the generation of a defined degradation fragment. We conclude that Pim1-mediated protein degradation is processive and is initiated from an unstructured amino-terminal segment. Resistance to degradation and fragment formation was abolished if the folding state of the reporter domain was destabilized, indicating that Pim1 is not able to unravel folded proteins for proteolysis. We propose that the requirement for an exposed, large, non-native protein segment, in combination with a limited unfolding capability, accounts for the selectivity of the protease Pim1 for damaged or misfolded polypeptides.
Extraction of americium and europium by CMPO-substituted adamantylcalixarenes
Authors: Babain V. A. , Alyapyshev M. Yu. , Karavan M. D. , Böhmer V. , Wang L. , Shokova E. A. , Motornaya A. E. , Vatsouro I. M. , Kovalev V. V.
Published: December 2005

Eight p-adamantylcalix[4]arene derivatives, bearing four CMPO-like functions [(CH2)nNHC(O)CH2- P(O)Ph2] at the wide (4a,b, n = 0, 1) or narrow (5a–c and 6a–c, n = 2–4) rims were synthesized for the first time. Studies of the extraction of americium(III) and europium(III) from 3 M HNO3 solutions to organic phases (dichloromethane, m-nitro-trifluoromethylbenzene) showed: (i) The extraction ability for all the adamantylcalixarene ligands is much better than for their monomeric analogues –N-(1-adamantyl)-, N-(1-adamantylmethyl)- and N,N-(dibutyl)carbamoylmethyldiphenylphosphine oxides 7a, 7b, 8; (ii) The extraction percentage increases strongly with increasing length of the spacer for all types of ligands 4–6, and best extraction results were found for 4b (n = 1) and 5c (n = 4); (iii) The separation coefficient D
Am/D
Eu for the investigated compounds did not exceed 2, which is close to the narrow rim CMPO calixarenes, studied earlier; (iv) Variation of the spacer length between CMPO groups attached to the 1,3- and 2,4-positions of the calixarene platform in 6 did not lead to appreciably improved extractants, neither with respect to the extraction abilities (D) nor to the selectivities (D
Am/D
Eu).
Enhanced Acidity, Photophysical Properties and Liposome Binding of Perfluoroalkylated Phthalocyanines Lacking C‐H Bonds
Authors: Minnes Refael , Weitman Hana , Lee Hyun‐Jin , Gorun Sergiu M. , Ehrenberg Benjamin
Published: December 2005

The acid‐base, spectroscopic, photophysical and liposome‐binding properties of the recently synthesized free base, 29H,31H,1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25‐octafluoro‐2,3,9,10,16,17,23, 24‐octakisperfluoro(isopropy1) phthalocyanine, F64PcH2, are reported. The perfluoroalkylation of the phthalocyanine core renders the hydrogen atoms acidic, with a pKa= 6. The F64Pc‐2 dianion is detected already at pH 3, by singular‐value decomposition analysis of electronic spectra. F64Pc‐2 generates 1O2 with quantum yields ΦΔ= 0.252 (in MeOH) and 0.019 in liposomes. Metallation of the Pc macrocycle to yield F64PcZn increases ΦΔ to 0.606 and 0.126 in MeOH and liposomes, respectively. Surprisingly, F64Pc‐2 (but not F64PcH2 or F64PcZn) binds strongly to liposomes, with a binding constant Kb= 25 (mg/mL)‐1. The fully protonated F64PcH2, but not the zwitterionic F64Pc‐2, might favor hydrogen bonding, thus reducing its lipophilicity. Similarly, the Lewis acidity of Zn in F64PcZn, and thus its ability to bind water within a hydrophobic perfluoroalkyl pocket, is significantly enhanced by the fluorinated substituents.
Comparison of Hatchery Performance, Agonistic Behavior, and Poststocking Survival between Diploid and Triploid Rainbow Trout of Three Different Utah Strains
Authors: Wagner Eric J , Arndt Ronney E , Routledge M Douglas , Latremouille David , Mellenthin Roger F
Published: December 2005

The hatchery performance (growth, feed conversion, and survival) of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss was compared between diploid and triploid fish from three Utah strains: Fish Lake-DeSmet (FD), Sand Creek (SC), and Ten Sleep (TS). For FD, specific growth rates were slightly higher for triploids (2.79%/d) than for diploids (2.60%/d), but final mean weight at 108 d did not significantly differ. For SC and TS, there were no significant differences in final mean weight or specific growth rates after 138 or 122 d, respectively. Feed conversion ratios and fish mortality in the raceways did not differ significantly between diploids and triploids, except for SC for which mortality rates were slightly higher for triploids (4.0%) than diploids (2.1%). Possible differences in agonistic behavior between diploids and triploids were assessed by video observation of size-matched pairs (diploid-diploid, diploid-triploid, or triploid-triploid). There were no significant differences between diploid and triploid fish of any strain in the number of chases or counterattacks. To determine whether there were any differences in susceptibility to stocking and handling stressors, each strain was transported at high density for 4 h, then stocked into (1) tanks with ambient hatchery well water (control), (2) tanks with either high pH and high temperature (FD) or high temperature (TS and SC), or (3) the tail end of the raceway from which it came. There were no significant differences in mortality after 96 h between diploid and triploid fish for any of the three strains for any of the treatments. Poststocking survival of FD in a small, spring-fed lake was assessed by gill netting in the spring after fall stocking. No significant difference in overwinter survival was noted between diploid and triploid FD. Overall, the data indicate that triploid SC, FD, and TS rainbow trout perform equally well in the hatchery as diploid fish.
In Vitro–Derived “Neural Stem Cells” Function as Neural Progenitors Without the Capacity for Self-Renewal
Authors: Marshall Gregory P. , Laywell Eric D. , Zheng Tong , Steindler Dennis A. , Scott Edward W.
Published: December 2005

Hematopoietic stem cells have been defined by their ability to self-renew and successfully reconstitute hematopoiesis throughout the life of a transplant recipient. Neural stem cells (NSCs) are believed to exist in the regenerating regions of the brain in adult mice: the subependymal zone (SEZ) of the lateral ventricles (LVs) and the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Cells from the SEZ can be cultured to generate neurospheres or multipotent astrocytic stem cells (MASCs), both of which demonstrate the stem cell qualities of multipotency and self-renewal in vitro. Whether neurospheres and MASCs possess the true stem cell quality of functional self-renewal in vivo is unknown. The definitive tests for this unique capability are long-term engraftment and serial transplantation. Both neurospheres and MASCs transplanted into the LVs of C57BL/6 mice resulted in short-term engraftment into the recipient brain, with donor-derived migratory neuroblasts visible in the rostral migratory stream and olfactory bulb after transplantation. To test in vivo expansion/self-renewal of the transplanted cells, we attempted to reisolate donor-derived neurospheres and MASCs. Even when rigorous drug selection was used to select for rare events, no donor-derived neurospheres or MASCs could be reisolated. Furthermore, donor-derived migratory neuroblasts were not observed in the rostral migratory stream (RMS) for more than 1 month after transplantation, indicating a transient rather than long-term engraftment. Therefore, in vitro-derived neurospheres and MASCs do not function as NSCs with long-term, self-renewal capabilities in vivo but instead represent short-term neural progenitor cells as defined by an in vivo functional assay.
Age‐related cortical bone loss in women from a 3rd–4th century AD population from England
Authors: Mays S.A.
Published: December 2005

Age‐dependent cortical bone loss in adult females from a skeletal assemblage from 3rd–4th century AD England was studied using metacarpal radiogrammetry. Results showed reduced peak cortical bone thickness compared with modern subjects, and the magnitude of cortical bone loss in older females compared with their younger counterparts was greater than that documented for a modern reference population. An elevated prevalence of fractures classically associated with osteoporosis was also observed in the over‐50‐year cohort. The severity of osteoporosis in this group is difficult to explain in terms of extraneous factors relating to 3rd–4th century lifestyles. Given the important genetic component in osteoporosis, the results may indicate some inherent susceptibility in this particular population to the disease, and ways in which this possibility might be further explored are suggested. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Styrene–butadiene–styrene/montmorillonite nanocomposites synthesized by anionic polymerization
Authors: Zhang Zhenjun , Zhang Lina , Li Yang , Xu Hongde
Published: December 2005

We successfully synthesized an exfoliated styrene–butadiene–styrene triblock copolymer (SBS)/montmorillonite nanocomposite by anionic polymerization. Gel permeation chromatography showed that the introduction of organophilic montmorillonite (OMMT) resulted in a small high‐molecular‐weight fraction of SBS in the composites, leading to a slight increase in the weight‐average and number‐average molecular weights as well as the polydispersity index. The results from 1H‐NMR revealed that the introduction of OMMT almost did not affect the microstructure of the copolymer when the OMMT concentration was lower than 4 wt %. Transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction showed a completely exfoliated nanocomposite, in which both polystyrene and polybutadiene blocks entered the OMMT galleries, leading to the dispersion of OMMT layers on a nanoscale. The exfoliated nanocomposite exhibited higher thermal stability, glass‐transition temperature, elongation at break, and storage modulus than pure SBS. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Vinyl ester resin modified with silicone‐based additives. I. Mechanical properties
Authors: Mazali Cristiana A.Ittner , Felisberti Maria Isabel
Published: December 2005

Silicone‐based additives have been used as fire retardants for thermoplastics and present the advantages of improving the processing and impact resistance of the polymers. In this study, we used three different silicone‐based additives as modifiers of a vinyl ester resin. The additives were fine powders made up of about 50 wt % polydimethylsiloxane and 50 wt % silica. The differences among them were the functional groups inserted in the polymer chains and the size and size distribution of the particles. The additives were dispersed in resin containing 35 wt % styrene. To cure the mixture, a conventional catalyst and initiator were used, and the reaction was carried out in three ways, which differed in the curing temperature, postcuring temperature, time, and addition of dimethylaniline (DMA) as a promoter of the polyaddition reaction. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed that the phase behavior of the resulting composites depended strongly on the curing conditions. The flexural modulus of composites containing 5 wt % additive was lower than that for the cured resin. The impact resistance of the composites also depended on the curing conditions but not on the composition or size of the particle of the additive. The fracture morphologies of specimens subjected to impact resistance tests were different for samples cured in the presence or in the absence of DMA, which suggested that it influenced the mechanism of network formation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Developmental changes of nitric oxide synthase expression in the rat hypothalamoneurohypophyseal system
Authors: Yuan Qiuju , Scott David E. , So Kwok‐Fai , Wu Wutian
Published: December 2005

The present study investigated the immunohistochemical localization of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the hypothalamoneurohypophyseal system (HNS) of the developing rats on postnatal day 1 (PN1), 7 (PN7), 14 (PN14), 21 (PN21), and the adult rats. The nNOS‐positive neurons were not discernable in the supraoptic nucleus (SON), the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and the median eminence (ME) at PN1 and PN7. A few neurons positive for nNOS were first detected at PN14. At PN21, the nNOS‐positive cells in SON and PVN rapidly increased in number. The pattern of nNOS expression at this stage approached that of the adult. Moreover, the increase of nNOS expression in the SON and PVN during the postnatal period was accompanied by the maturation of arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) neurons as indicated by the number and size of OT or AVP neurons in the SON and PVN. The patterns of AVP versus OT expression also reached that of the adult by the end of the third postnatal week. The time course of the change in nNOS expression coincided with the maturation of AVP and OT neurons in the HNS and suggested that NO synthesized by conversion of NOS is involved in the modulation of activity of neurons in the SON and PVN of the HNS. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Leading the fundraising effort
Authors: Ryan G. Jeremiah , Palmer James C.
Published: December 2005

Community colleges now depend on fundraising to fill a growing gap between institutional needs and financial support from tuition and government taxes. As a result, fundraising has become a critical component of fiscal leadership. This chapter describes emerging ways in which fundraising is being viewed and organized in the community college.
Sustaining financial support through workforce development grants and contracts
Authors: Brumbach Mary A.
Published: December 2005

Workforce development grants and contracts are important methods for sustaining financial support for community colleges. This chapter details decision factors, college issues, possible pitfalls, and methods for procuring and handling government contracts and grants for workforce training.
The changing role of the president as a fiscal leader
Authors: Phelan Daniel J.
Published: December 2005

This chapter examines challenges and options available to community college presidents as their institutions increasingly rely on unstable revenue streams. Presidents, particularly those at institutions with limited access to strong local tax support, require new and expanded fiscal leadership skills.
Detection of stool DNA mutations before and after treatment of colorectal neoplasia
Authors: Syngal Sapna , Stoffel Elena , Chung Daniel , Willett Christopher , Schoetz David , Schroy Paul , Jagadeesh Deepa , Morel Kathleen , Ross Michael
Published: December 2005

BACKGROUND

Whether stool DNA abnormalities arise solely from colorectal neoplastic lesions or are due to more pervasive field effects is not known. In the current study, the authors conducted a prospective multicenter study to evaluate the performance of stool‐based DNA testing in a large cohort and to examine whether the findings before treatment persist after surgical resection and/or adjuvant therapy.

METHODS

Patients with newly diagnosed colorectal carcinoma or advanced adenomas (AA) provided stool samples before therapy, 1–3 months after surgical resection, and 6–9 months postresection. Stool samples were analyzed using the multitarget DNA assay panel (MTAP) consisting of 23 markers: 21 mutations in the p53, K‐ras, and APC genes, a microsatellite instability marker (BAT‐26), and the DNA integrity assay (DIA), a marker of loss of apoptosis.

RESULTS

Overall, 49 of 91 individuals (54%) tested positive with the MTAP test. The sensitivity of the MTAP test was 63% for invasive tumors compared with 26% for AA. Individuals whose lesions had a more advanced TNM stage or were located distal to the splenic flexure were significantly more likely to have a positive MTAP test. Of the 79 samples collected at 1–3 months after surgical resection of the neoplasm, 14 (18%) had a positive MTAP result, 12 of which were positive for DIA only. Of those collected at 6–9 months of follow‐up, 5 of 72 (7%) tested positive on the MTAP panel.

CONCLUSIONS

Although many samples collected 1–3 months after surgical resection of the colorectal neoplasm tested positive on the MTAP, most were negative by 6–9 months, indicating that stool DNA abnormalities disappear after treatment of the neoplastic lesions. Surgery and chemoradiation appear to induce transient DIA abnormalities that may be independent of the presence of neoplasia. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Identification of relevant prognostic histopathologic features in 69 intracranial ependymomas, excluding myxopapillary ependymomas and subependymomas
Authors: Kurt Erkan , Zheng Ping‐Pin , Hop Wim C. J. , van der Weiden Marcel , Bol Meike , van den Bent Martin J. , Avezaat Cees J. J. , Kros Johan M.
Published: December 2005

BACKGROUND

The results of attempts to identify histopathologic parameters that contribute to the clinical outcome of patients with ependymomas have been controversial. This may be due to the relative rareness of ependymomas. Furthermore, in many investigations, myxopapillary ependymomas and subependymomas were included and may have confounded results, because those tumors should be considered clinicopathologic entities distinct from the other ependymomas.

METHODS

In this retrospective study, the influence of the histologic subtype of ependymoma and of individual histologic features on the outcome of 69 patients with ependymomas was investigated. Myxopapillary ependymomas, subependymomas, and ependymomas with spinal localizations were excluded from the analysis. The ependymomas were subdivided into cellular, papillary, clear cell, and tanycytic subtypes. The study extended over a period of 30 years.

RESULTS

No differences in clinical outcome between the four histologic subtypes of ependymomas were revealed. Neither tumor localization (either infratentorial or supratentorial), patient age, nor gender affected survival. The survival of patients who underwent complete tumor resection differed significantly from that of patients who underwent partial resection. In univariate analysis, the features of nuclear atypia, the mitotic index, and the MIB‐1 labeling index (LI) significantly influenced survival. With regard to survival, the presence of microcysts, blood vessel density, and the feature of vascular hyalinization demonstrated a trend but did not reach significance. In multivariate analysis, only the mitotic index and the MIB‐1 LI were identified as factors with independent prognostic significance (P = 0.027 and P = 0.023, respectively). Both proliferation indices were correlated strongly with each other.

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the univariate analysis indicated that, for patients with intracranial ependymoma, nuclear atypia, the mitotic index, and the MIB‐1 LI significantly influenced survival. In the multivariate analysis, the mitotic index and the MIB‐1 LI were the only features that had independent prognostic significance. Because both showed strong correlations, only one of them should be included in a grading scheme for intracranial ependymomas. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Breast carcinoma during pregnancy
Authors: Loibl Sibylle , von Minckwitz Gunter , Gwyn Karin , Ellis Paul , Blohmer Jens U. , Schlegelberger Brigitte , Keller Monika , Harder Sebastian , Theriault Richard L. , Crivellari Diana , Klingebiel Thomas , Louwen Frank , Kaufmann Manfred
Published: December 2005

BACKGROUND

Breast carcinoma during pregnancy (BCP) is a difficult clinical situation, as it appears to put the health of the mother in conflict with that of the fetus.

METHODS

An international expert meeting was conducted to form guidelines on how to diagnose and treat women with BCP.

RESULTS

The goal for treatment of the pregnant woman with breast carcinoma is the same as that of the nonpregnant breast carcinoma patient: local control of disease and prevention of systemic metastases. However, certain treatment modalities need to be modified because of the potential for adverse effects on the fetus. There is evidence to support the safety of anthracycline‐based chemotherapy during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy (Oxford Level of Evidence [LOE] 2b). Because of the lack of evidence, the expert opinion was not to recommend the routine use of newer cytotoxic drugs like the taxanes during pregnancy (LOE 5).

CONCLUSION

The recommendations provided should help to reach informed decision making by the patient. The ongoing prospective collection of data on BCP, such as that at the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center (UTMDACC) and that of the German Breast Group/Breast International Group (GBG/BIG), is necessary to further our knowledge regarding the treatment of this unique group of breast carcinoma patients. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Combination of paclitaxel and carboplatin as second‐line therapy for patients with metastatic melanoma
Authors: Rao Ravi D. , Holtan Shernan G. , Ingle James N. , Croghan Gary A. , Kottschade Lisa A. , Creagan Edward T. , Kaur Judith S. , Pitot Henry C. , Markovic Svetomir N.
Published: December 2005

BACKGROUND

Patients with metastatic melanoma (MM) have very few therapy options. Based on reports of responses to paclitaxel and carboplatin (PC), 31 patients with MM were treated with PC.

METHODS

Data regarding patients treated with PC were abstracted from medical records. Clinical outcomes as determined by the treating oncologist were used for this analysis. Response determination was retrospectively confirmed using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST).

RESULTS

Thirty‐one patients with MM were treated with PC. Patients had a median of 2 previous therapies, with the majority (29; 94%) having failed prior temozolomide (TMZ) or dacarbazine (DTIC) therapy. The most commonly used regimen was weekly paclitaxel (at a dose of 100 mg/m2) and carboplatin (area under the curve 2) administered on Days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28‐day cycle. An objective partial response was noted in 8 patients (26%) with an additional 6 patients (19%) having stable disease; therefore, a clinical benefit was noted in 45% of those patients treated. The median time to disease progression for the entire group was 3 months (range, 0–7 mos), with a median overall survival of 7.8 months (range, 1–14 mos). The clinical benefit derived by the 14 patients, which lasted for a median of 5.7 months (range, 2.5–7.3 mos), was considered to be clinically significant. At the time of last follow‐up, eight patients continued to receive PC therapy.

CONCLUSIONS

The PC combination appears to have definite and clinically meaningful activity when used as second‐line therapy after TMZ or DTIC. Further evaluation of this regimen, alone or as a ‘backbone’ for other agents, needs to be considered. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Phase I studies of imatinib mesylate combined with cisplatin and irinotecan in patients with small cell lung carcinoma
Authors: Johnson Faye M. , Krug Lee M. , Tran Hai T. , Shoaf Stephanie , Prieto Victor G. , Tamboli Pheroze , Peeples Beverly , Patel Jyoti , Glisson Bonnie S.
Published: December 2005

BACKGROUND

Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) cell lines commonly express KIT and its ligand, stem cell factor, suggesting an autocrine loop promoting cell growth. Imatinib inhibits KIT kinase activity. SCLC cells treated with imatinib in vitro undergo cell cycle arrest. Imatinib reduces resistance to irinotecan in vitro. Common metabolic pathways suggest there may be drug interactions between imatinib and irinotecan or cisplatin. In the current study, the authors investigated the feasibility of combining these drugs in the treatment of patients with SCLC.

METHODS

Two Phase I studies were conducted independently at two institutions. Patients with extensive‐disease SCLC underwent therapy with cisplatin, irinotecan, and imatinib using two similar regimens. In one study, immunohistochemical analysis of the expression of potential imatinib targets was performed on pretreatment biopsy specimens, and blood specimens were collected and analyzed for imatinib, irinotecan, and cisplatin pharmacokinetic parameters.

RESULTS

Nine patients were enrolled and were evaluable for toxicity. A high incidence of neutropenia, diarrhea, and thrombosis was observed that precluded dose escalation. Six patients were evaluable for response after four cycles; five patients experienced a partial response and the other patient had developed progressive disease. Four of six tumor specimens tested expressed platelet‐derived growth factor receptor‐α and two expressed KIT. Irinotecan clearance was found to be significantly decreased by imatinib (P < 0.04). No significant alteration in the disposition of cisplatin was observed.

CONCLUSIONS

The maximum tolerated dose for this combination with granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor support was identified as imatinib at a dose of 300 mg/day with irinotecan (at a dose of 65 mg/m2) and cisplatin (at a dose of 30 mg/m2) given on Days 1 and 8, every 21 days. The decreased irinotecan clearance may explain the high incidence of diarrhea and neutropenia noted in the current study. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Tetra‐ and Decanuclear Iron(II) Complexes of Thiacalixarene Macrocycles: Synthesis, Structure, Mössbauer Spectroscopy and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Desroches Cédric , Pilet Guillaume , Szilágyi Petra Á. , Molnár G. , Borshch Serguei A. , Bousseksou Azzedine , Parola Stéphane , Luneau Dominique
Published: December 2005

Two iron(II) complexes, namely [Fe4(L)2]·H2O (1) and [Fe10(L)4Cl4]·2H2O (2), have been synthesised under solvothermal conditions by treating p‐tert‐butylthiacalix[4]arene (LH4) with FeCl2 in methanol. Compound 1 crystallises in the orthorhombic system (space group Immm) with the unit‐cell parameters a = 17.8308(4), b = 19.1372(3), c = 28.8391(6) Å and V = 9840.8(3) Å3 (Z = 2). Compound 2 crystallises in the triclinic system (space group P$\bar {1}$) with the unit‐cell parameters a = 13.8036(4), b = 18.8373(4), c = 20.1978(6) Å, α = 65.772(2)°, β = 74.120(1)°, γ = 71.922(1)° and V = 4487.6(2) Å3 (Z = 1). Compound 1 is a neutral tetranuclear complex and is best described as an iron(II) square sandwiched between two thiacalixarene macrocycles. Each iron centre is six‐coordinate in a trigonal‐prismatic geometry made up of four phenoxy oxygen atoms plus two sulfur atoms. Compound 2 is a neutral centrosymmetric decanuclear complex and may be viewed as a dimer of double chloro‐bridged pentanuclear complexes. Mössbauer spectra of compounds 1 and 2 have been recorded at different temperatures between 80 and 298 K. Each sub‐spectrum can be characterised by a quadrupolar doublet corresponding to different iron environments where all iron ions are in high‐spin state (S = 2). The hyperfine parameters (quadrupole splitting, isomer shift and line width) as well as the Mössbauer spectra area‐ratios are in good agreement with the crystallographic data. The two compounds exhibit magnetic behaviours indicating that antiferromagnetic interactions occur between the iron(II) centres. The simulation of the magnetic susceptibility was done in the case of compound 1 with a single exchange coupling constant (J = –4 cm–1 and g = 2.02) between the iron(II) ions[H = –J(S1S2 + S2S3 + S3S4 + S1S4)]. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
The threshold effect of image resolution on image‐based automated grain size mapping in fluvial environments
Authors: Carbonneau Patrice E.
Published: December 2005

It has recently been demonstrated that surficial grain sizes in fluvial environments could be derived with automated methods applied to airborne digital imagery having a ground resolution of 3 cm. This letter seeks to further examine the potential of digital imagery for automated grain size mapping. In order to broaden the application of automated grain size mapping from airborne imagery, the effect of image resolution needs further study. Automated grain size mapping was attempted on an airborne digital image with a ground resolution of 10 cm. The results show that meaningful grain size information can be derived from 10 cm imagery. However, the ground resolution of the image acts as a size threshold below which no grain size information is detectable. Therefore, these results strongly suggest that future applications of automated grain size mapping will always be dependent on the ground resolution made available by the technology in use at the time of image acquisition. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using fMRI to dissociate sensory encoding from cognitive evaluation of heat pain intensity
Authors: Kong Jian , White Nathan S. , Kwong Kenneth K. , Vangel Mark G. , Rosman Ilana S. , Gracely Richard H. , Gollub Randy L.
Published: December 2005

Neuroimaging studies of painful stimuli in humans have identified a network of brain regions that is more extensive than identified previously in electrophysiological and anatomical studies of nociceptive pathways. This extensive network has been described as a pain matrix of brain regions that mediate the many interrelated aspects of conscious processing of nociceptive input such as perception, evaluation, affective response, and emotional memory. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging in healthy human subjects to distinguish brain regions required for pain sensory encoding from those required for cognitive evaluation of pain intensity. The results suggest that conscious cognitive evaluation of pain intensity in the absence of any sensory stimulation activates a network that includes bilateral anterior insular cortex/frontal operculum, dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex, bilateral medial prefrontal cortex/anterior cingulate cortex, right superior parietal cortex, inferior parietal lobule, orbital prefrontal cortex, and left occipital cortex. Increased activity common to both encoding and evaluation was observed in bilateral anterior insula/frontal operculum and medial prefrontal cortex/anterior cingulate cortex. We hypothesize that these two regions play a crucial role in bridging the encoding of pain sensation and the cognitive processing of sensory input. Hum Brain Mapp, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alternative splicing in protein associated with Myc (Pam) influences its binding to c‐Myc
Authors: Santos Túlio M. , Han Sangyeul , Bowser Mark , Sazani Karen , Beauchamp Roberta L. , Murthy Vanishree , Bhide Pradeep G. , Ramesh Vijaya
Published: December 2005

We recently identified Pam (for protein associated with c‐Myc), as a binding partner for the tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) protein tuberin in brain. The highly conserved Pam homologs in Drosophila and C. elegans are neuron‐specific proteins that regulate synaptic growth. The Pam gene contains 83 exons and encodes a 4,641‐amino‐acid polypeptide with a predicted molecular weight of ∼510 kDa. In a previous study, we demonstrated that Pam is expressed as two forms, ∼450 kDa in rat embryonic and a ∼350 kDa in rat adult brain. Here we have extended that work to show the ∼450 kDa form is expressed in rat embryonic kidney, heart, and lung and in rat cell lines, and the ∼350 kDa form is expressed in adult rat tissues as well as in human and mouse brain and human and mouse cell lines. To understand the size difference, we investigated alternative splicing of Pam in brain and detected six isoforms in the Myc‐binding region resulting from splicing of exon 53, and three new exons, 52A, 56, and 56A. We also demonstrate that the presence of exon 52A in Pam significantly enhances binding to Myc, suggesting functional importance of this alternative splicing. The presence of Pam in many cellular compartments, its spliced variants, as well as its multiple binding partners, including tuberin, make it a complex, yet intriguing protein in the nervous system. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparative separation of underivatized amino acids for compound‐specific stable isotope analysis and radiocarbon dating of hydrolyzed bone collagen
Authors: Tripp Jennifer A. , McCullagh James S. O. , Hedges Robert E. M.
Published: December 2005

Analysis of stable and radioactive isotopes from bone collagen provides useful information to archaeologists about the origin and age of bone artifacts. Isolation and analysis of single amino acids from the proteins can provide additional and more accurate information by removing contamination and separating a bulk isotope signal into its constituent parts. In this paper, we report a new method for the separation and isolation of underivatized amino acids from bone collagen, and their analysis by isotope ratio MS and accelerator MS. RP chromatography is used to separate the amino acids with nonpolar side chains, followed by an ion pair separation to isolate the remaining amino acids. The method produces single amino acids with little or no contamination from the separation process and allows for the measurement of accurate stable isotope ratios and pure samples for radiocarbon dating.
Economies of scale and market power in policing
Authors: Southwick Lawrence
Published: December 2005

The objective of this paper is to use a simultaneous equations method for estimating police production and demand to determine whether or not there are economies of scale in policing. In addition, the effect of market power on productivity, using the Herfindahl–Hirschmann Index, is to be measured. The estimation yields the result that there are diseconomies of scale with respect to the amount of crime beyond about 22 000 people in the policing jurisdiction and diseconomies of scale in numbers of police beyond about 36 000 people. Efficiency is also reduced where there is greater market power. This is conjectured to be the public sector equivalent of taking market power profits. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multidimensional proteomics of human serum using parallel chromatography of native constituents and microplate technology
Authors: Horn Anton , Kreusch Stefan , Bublitz Renate , Hoppe Horst , Cumme Gerhard A. , Schulze Margarete , Moore Thomas , Ditze Günter , Rhode Heidrun
Published: December 2005

A versatile, multidimensional, and non‐denaturing proteome separation procedure using microplate technology is presented, yielding a digitized image of proteome composition. In the first dimension, the sample under study is separated into 96 fractions by size exclusion chromatography (SEC). In the second dimension, the fractions of the first dimension are transferred by the liquid‐handling device CyBi™‐Well (CyBio AG, Jena, Germany) to 96 parallel anion exchange chromatography columns. In this way the proteins are conserved in their native states and are distributed in 2400 liquid fractions with high recovery rates and sufficient reproducibility. The resulting fractions are subjected to protein quantitation and identification. Spectrophotometrical and immunological methods and enzyme activity measurements are used for quantitation. To identify proteins, the fractions are subjected to MALDI‐MS, and their tryptic digests to both MALDI‐ and LC‐ESI‐MS/MS. All preparation steps except the first are applied in parallel to sets of multiples of 96 samples. The procedure may be refined by adding more separation steps and may be adapted to various protein amounts and to various proteomes. Moreover, the method offers the opportunity to investigate functional protein complexes. The method was applied to separate the normal human serum proteome. Within 255 fractions exhibiting the highest protein concentrations, 742 proteins were identified by LC‐ESI‐MS/MS peptide sequence tags.
FRP pultruded structural shapes
Authors: Zureick A
Published: December 2005

The availability, diversity and utilization of fiberreinforced polymeric (FRP) pultruded structural members in new construction, and also in the rehabilitation and strengthening of existing structures, have increased at a remarkable rate during the past two decades. This trend is expected to continue with increasing requirements for light weight, high stiffness and/or high strength, and non‐corroding materials. Despite the exceptional properties of FRP, design engineers are hesitant about using them mainly due to the absence of design criteria and specifications. This reluctance also comes about because the behavior of structural elements made of FRP materials under loads is very limited.

This articles surveys analytical and experimental investigations pertaining to the behavior and design of pultruded structural members.
Debonding of steel plates glued to RC flexural members
Authors: Oehlers Deric J , Ali M S Mohamed
Published: December 2005

A major design consideration for gluing steel plates to reinforced concrete beams and slabs is the prevention of premature debonding of the plate. Once debonding is prevented, then standard linear elastic theory or rigid plastic analysis techniques can be applied. This review describes the gains in strength and stiffness that have been achieved by plating, the different forms of debonding that have been encountered experimentally, the parameters that affect these debonding mechanisms, and the mathematical models that have been developed in an attempt to prevent premature debonding.
Fatigue reliability
Authors: Wirsching Paul H
Published: December 2005

This review summarizes the state‐of‐the‐art in fatigue reliability. Reliability analysis methods must be tailored to unique characteristics of the fatigue process, eg complicated limit‐state formulations and large‐variance random variables. Methods discussed include the lognormal format, a closed‐form method that has proved to be extremely practical for both reliability assessment and design code development, as well as classical FORM and SORM. The advanced mean value (AMV) method is particularly useful for fracture mechanics and local strain analysis formulations. A general fatigue reliability model that employs the time‐dependent first‐passage concept to capture the synergistic effects of Fatigue and Fracture is presented.
Design of timber structures subjected to extreme loads
Authors: Foliente G C
Published: December 2005

This article reviews the current state of knowledge in the analysis, design and construction of timber buildings to resist wind and earthquake loads. Similarities and differences in design philosophy and method are discussed and a selected list of references and reading materials is provided. Wind and earthquake disaster damage data consistently point to connection failure and inappropriate or poor quality construction as the primary causes of building damage. A complete and continuous load path should be ensured from the point of origin of the force to the point of final resistance. Total quality control at all stages of the design and construction process is essential.
Pre‐ and post‐processor techniques in finite element methods: A bibliography (1996–1997)
Authors: Mackerle J
Published: December 2005

This article gives a bibliographical review of the pre‐ and post‐processor techniques applied to finite element methods (FEMs). The following topics are included: pre‐processors — 2‐D and 3‐D mesh generation techniques, adaptive mesh generation, artificial intelligence (Al) in mesh generation, parallel mesh generation; post‐processors — visualization of computed results, animation. An extensive list of more than 350 references is included in the Survey of current literature which follows this article. It includes papers, conference proceedings and theses/dissertations that were published during 1996 and 1997. Some previously published reviews, key papers and books on the subject are also listed.
A new generation of nonlinear finite element analysis techniques
Authors: Liu Y C , Solecki J S , Underwood E D
Published: December 2005

This article surveys the development of nonlinear contact and solution‐control capabilities in an industrial finite element code, ANSYS 5.4. Various techniques for enhancing the ease‐of‐use and robustness of the capabilities are discussed. Among these are the use of solution feedback and automatic adjustments, consistent tangent, and a combined penalty function and Lagrange multiplier method for contact analysis. It is argued that a future direction for finite element code development should be to provide easy‐to‐use nonlinear capabilities so that inexperienced finite element users can solve nonlinear problems independently without assistance from other sources such as high‐end analysts or experienced users.
Time‐dependent analysis of post‐tensioned concrete structures
Authors: Aalami Bijan O
Published: December 2005

This article explains the time‐dependent parameters critical to the performance of post‐tensioned concrete structures, as treated in the design codes and practiced by design engineers, with an emphasis on recent developments in the field. Following an introduction to the application of time‐dependent analysis in post‐tensioned construction and to the technical requirements for its successful utilization, the treatment of time‐dependent parameters in model codes is presented. The discussion then introduces the basics for the practical implementation of creep, shrinkage, aging of concrete and relaxation in prestressing in the context of code requirements. The application of laboratory‐generated data is also discussed, for materials not adequately covered in the codes such as high performance concrete. Finally, the paper outlines a modern analytical technique for the structural modeling of prestressing tendons and its advantages over previous methods. The method yields an integrated solution, inclusive of all time‐dependent phenomena. The new method eliminates the need for a separate analysis to determine immediate and long‐term losses in prestressing because the losses become an integral part of the overall structural analysis.
Anchorage to concrete
Authors: Eligehausen Rolf , Fuchs Werner , Sippel Thomas M
Published: December 2005

Several types of anchor are available to transfer loads into structural concrete. They all utilize the concrete tensile strength.

Many reinforced concrete structures are designed under the assumption that the concrete is cracked. Research shows that fasteners will attract cracks or even induce cracking. Therefore, the behavior of different types of fasteners in uncracked and cracked reinforced concrete has been studied extensively. Fasteners used in zones with potential concrete cracking must be suitable for this application. Suitable are cast‐in‐situ headed studs, post‐installed anchors like undercut anchors and specially designed torque‐controlled expansion anchors and adhesive anchors with follow‐up expansion. They show a reduction of the concrete failure load of about 25–35% compared with uncracked concrete when located in or close to cracks with a width of 0.3–0.4 mm (0.012–0.016 in). This crack width can be expected in typical concrete members designed with ordinary crack control provisions.

Based on comprehensive studies described in this article fastenings in uncracked and cracked concrete can be designed with sufficient accuracy.
The design of shells and tanks in the aerospace industry: some practical aspects
Authors: Öry H , Reimerdes Hans‐G , García Jesús Gómez
Published: December 2005

This review highlights some practical aspects of the design of thin‐walled shells for aerospace applications. This type of shell must comply with the mission profile. It is therefore necessary to find an optimum structural concept with low weight, high strength, high buckling load and a low imperfection sensitivity. In an optimum design, structural instability occurs slightly below the material strength or yield strength. In general, and by contrast with other structural elements such as beam and plates, a thin‐walled cylindrical shell shows a high imperfection sensitivity. Hence, recommendations are given concerning the design of shells and approximate stability analyses are presented for different mechanical loading conditions.
Snow loading: scientific basis, problems and challenges
Authors: Sanpaolesi L
Published: December 2005

Snow loading, like wind loading and imposed loading, is one of the usual types of loading that needs to be taken into account in building design. In designing certain types of buildings, snow loading may be critical, resulting in the governing action. This article provides background information on snow loading and a general review of the main problems which remain to be resolved. It makes particular reference to establishing a sound common scientific basis for the creation of a code which can be accepted by all European countries involved in drafting the Eurocodes.
Influence of substrates on the dynamical properties of ferromagnetic semiconducting thin films
Authors: Wesselinowa J. M.
Published: December 2005

Based on the s–d model using a Green's function technique it is shown that the influence of the substrate induces strong changing of various statical and dynamical properties due to different exchange interactions between the ferromagnetic thin film and the substrate. The increase of the phase transition temperature and the magnetization is attributed to the tensile stress effect induced by the substrate whereas the reverse is true for the compressive stress effect. The damping in thin films is greater compared to the bulk case taking into account substrate effects. This shows that substrate stress is an important parameter for thin films. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Microscopic theory of magnetic interactions in KCuF3 and LaMnO3 – The role of charge transfer
Authors: Oleś Andrzej M. , Feiner Louis Felix , Horsch Peter , Khaliullin Giniyat
Published: December 2005

We analyze the spin exchange interactions Jab and Jc in the A ‐type antiferromagnetic phase of KCuF3 and LaMnO3. One finds that the quasi one‐dimensional spin interactions in KCuF3 are consistent with the charge‐transfer type of insulating state, while the modifications of Jab and Jc by the charge‐transfer superexchange terms are moderate in the Mott insulator LaMnO3. We point out on the example of LaMnO3 that a reliable determination of the experimental microscopic parameters of spin‐orbital models is possible only when results of magnetic and optical experiments can be combined. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)