bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Moral Ideals
Authors: Deigh John
Published: July 2018

This essay is a critical study of Bernard Gert’s theory of morality. The thrust of the criticism of Gert’s theory is that it represents an impoverished conception of morality because it takes morality as exclusively a system of precepts for regulating behavior and ignores morality’s concern with our inner life. The criticism focuses on Gert’s denial that morality includes a duty of benevolence and offers arguments to show that his reasons for this denial are faulty. The second part of the essay offers as an alternative to Gert’s account of moral ideals as precepts. On the alternative account the essay offers, moral ideals are understood as exemplars or models of human excellence that give meaning to one’s moral behavior.
What Can We Know?
Authors: Onuf Nicholas Greenwood
Published: July 2018

To cast the story of modernity and its epochs as a story about conditions of thought in relation to conditions of rule, this book offers a philosophical memoir in place of a theoretical framework, and begins with Foucault’s question: “But what is it impossible to think . . .?” Drawing on Aristotle, Immanuel Kant, Wilhelm Dilthey, and Martin Heidegger leads to an idealist, or antirealist, stance. Heidegger would have us thrown into the world, which is thereupon present-at-hand for each of us. We might say instead that we throw ourselves at the world, which pushes back, or gives way, in degrees and ways to which we assign the properties and relations of things. There is only a world-at-hand for each of us, and its things must be of our making. The world shows itself in the resistance it puts up when we act.
State-Nations
Authors: Onuf Nicholas Greenwood
Published: July 2018

In The Order of Things, Foucault failed to distinguish between modern and modernist moments in the epoch beginning around 1800 because he attributed interiority as an epistemic principle to the modern age when this is modernism’s defining feature. Instead, the scalar effects of demographic, scientific, and industrial revolutions define modernity as people came to experience it in their daily lives. Transformations in scale provoked the institutional development of lateral frames or levels. Modern states as nations occupy one level. Hegel took the revolutionary step of merging people as a collective singular with state as an apparatus, thereby granting the state-nation the agency of an “actual individual.” The society of state-nations stands a level above, people as individuals in various arrangements fill the level below. The central mechanism in making the modern epoch an age of levels is recognition of states by states.
Epochal Destruction
Authors: Onuf Nicholas Greenwood
Published: July 2018

Often we hear that modernism is all about speed. Better to say that modernism marked the age of acceleration, an explosion in rates of change. Today we routinely link capitalism and the metaphor of explosive growth. Capitalism threatens to consume everything in its path, producing great destruction along the way. This is conspicuously so with the advent of modern war epochally transformed by the modernist acceleration of technical innovation. Appalling loss of human life and systematic destruction of productive capacity inspired a world order movement obdurately modern in its conceptual underpinnings. It counted the League of Nations and then the United Nations among its institutional successes, while imagining that a world federal republic would duly emerge. Precipitous decolonization preserved the colonial legacy of accidental borders and divided peoples, thereby accommodating the global expansion of international society with surprising ease; dreams of a world federal republic faded away.
Authoritarianism, Gender, and Sociopolitics in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Okruhlik Gwenn
Published: July 2018

Chapter 4 provides a firsthand account of the author’s field research experiences in Saudi Arabia. It focuses on the centrality of building trust with interviewees. The author suggests that the use of creative and fluid methodologies allows political science researchers to talk about the hard questions of power and politics. Even in an authoritarian setting, one can achieve theoretical vibrancy and empirical richness. The chapter focuses on five subjects: getting in; how to interview and record notes; specific challenges for women researchers; field research under authoritarianism; field research during war and jihad, and also, practical matters in the field. Saudi Arabia is not exceptional; rather, it is different in degree and in kind. It is the conflation of political repression, religious authority and social norms—though being challenged—that complicates field research and mandates the constant navigation and negotiation of decorum and boundaries to elicit meaningful knowledge.
Interviewing and Gender
Authors: Dalmasso Emanuela
Published: July 2018

In this chapter, Emanuela Dalmasso examines the self-discovery and challenges that Western women face when conducting interviews in the MENA region. She looks at three main processes. First, how to cope with only being recognized as a woman and not as a scholar. In practice how to reset, kindly but firmly, the boundaries of the interaction when research participants focus on gender identity instead of the professional one. Second, how to recognize respondents’ various misperceptions of researcher’s identity and how to react to them. Finally, how to understand respondents’ intersectionality by inquiring into practices, not just discourses.
Ethnography Is an Option
Authors: Yadav Stacey Philbrick
Published: July 2018

Reflecting on her own uneven experience carrying out fieldwork in Yemen, Stacey Philbrick Yadav highlights the advantages of ethnography and interpretative methods when working in settings or on questions related to meaning-making. The chapter argues that the tools of ethnographic research can help to reframe what positivists might regard as mistakes into opportunities for learning and reassessment.
Coding in Qualitative Research
Authors: Yaghi Mohammad
Published: July 2018

In this chapter, Yaghi offers detailed suggestions on how to code qualitative data after they have been gathered. Based on his doctoral dissertation, this chapter explains that the logic behind coding qualitative data is to turn a significant amount of information into categories that can be used to explain a phenomenon, reveal a concept, or render the data comparable across different case studies. It also elaborates through examples from author’s fieldwork in Tunisia, Egypt, and Jordan on four potential problems that may face researchers in coding qualitative data. These are the questions of preparation, categorization, consistency, and saturation. The chapter concludes by asking researchers to be flexible, and open to the process of trial and error in coding, to confront the data with questions before categorization, and to gather sufficient data on their topics before running their qualitative surveys.
Playing with Positionality?
Authors: Kingston Paul
Published: July 2018

The chapter outlines how researchers take on different roles and positionalities as they adapt to the field, moving, for instance, from that of an “outsider” laden with externalized theoretical assumptions and having few contacts with and knowledge of the research site to one approaching, to varying degrees, that of a “pseudo-insider.” Indeed, the argument here is that researchers make choices when moving from outsider to insider roles (and between them), contingently adapting their positionality in the hope to better understand the political dynamics that underlie research projects. The setting is post-civil war Lebanon and the research project revolves around an examination of the micropolitics of civil society and associational life in this re-emerging but fragmented polity.
The (Ambiguous) Fieldwork Experiences of a German Moroccan in Jordan
Authors: Bouziane Malika
Published: July 2018

The chapter explores how different facets of a researcher’s identity structure access to the field and the process of data generation. Using the insider/outsider debate as a starting point, the chapter examines the position of being in-between the insider and the outsider, the partial insider. It also examines how the researcher can have a multiple subjectivity incorporating diverse identifications. The author, a Sunni Muslim female German of Moroccan origin, reflects on the implications of these statuses for doing field research in a context that is culturally familiar but is not her own society or culture, Jordan. The chapter concludes with a discussion of some of the ethical considerations that occurred during the author’s field research.
In the Orbit of Love
Authors: Konstan David
Published: July 2018

This book is about love in the classical world – not erotic passion but the kind of love that binds together intimate members of a family and very close friends, but which may also be extended to include a wider range of individuals for whom we care deeply. The book includes chapters on friendship, especially the idea that a friend is another self; loyalty, and why loyalty was not a prominent virtue in classical thought; generosity and gratitude; grief in response to the loss of a loved one; and, finally, civic solidarity. Love, it is argued, underpins all these relations. Thus, rather than describing these affective ties in terms of reciprocity, which involves an expectation of return and a kind of selfishness or egoism, the book argues that these are truly other-regarding sentiments. It is acknowledged that the ancient sources sometimes describe these relations, including friendship, as forms of mutual obligation, but this book focuses on the counter strand in the literature that emphasizes genuine altruism. The study of how love drew into its orbit the various relations examined in this book sheds light on some central features not only of ancient habits of thought but also our own.
Presbyterians
Authors: Raffe Alasdair
Published: July 2018

Older accounts of English Presbyterianism in the long eighteenth century tended to paint a picture of numerical decline and an inevitable drift away from Calvinist orthodoxy towards Unitarianism. This chapter qualifies this picture in several ways. It suggests that, despite a reduction in numbers, Presbyterians remained politically and intellectually influential. Furthermore, while there was undoubtedly some theological drift, others remained orthodox and the disputes within congregations about theological direction are testament to the diversity of views held. The chapter also highlights the need for care with labels—local cooperation between different strands of Dissent was common. The rigidity of denominational division was more apparent in retrospect and could, itself, be used as a tool to create separate denominational identities.
Baptists
Authors: Smith Karen E.
Published: July 2018

Like other Dissenting denominations, Baptists were on a quest to attain respectability. Both the General and Particular Baptists were keen, in some ways, to disassociate themselves from their radical seventeenth-century origins. Like Congregationalists, by the early nineteenth century there were moves towards more organizational infrastructure and a greater degree of denominational unity. Baptists also stressed the importance of the ‘gathered’ church as being at the heart of the Christian experience, with a local covenant often being the visible manifestation of their faith. Tensions between the importance of the independence of the local church and broader structures remained. Theological disagreements were also discernible, although Baptists were often just as concerned about the interpretation of Calvinism as about disputes between Calvinists and Arminians.
Methodists
Authors: Heitzenrater Richard P.
Published: July 2018

While the Wesleys themselves might have been sceptical about the connections between Methodists and Dissenters, there were several ways in which their stories were interlinked. John Wesley’s parents had both been brought up within the Dissenting fold and reading seventeenth-century puritan authors, as well as Pietists, was central to Wesley’s theological development. Many Methodists formally separated from the Church of England after Wesley’s death but their earlier habits of lay preaching and separate societies, alongside an extensive publication programme, meant that there was already a sense of Methodist self-consciousness and identity long before that. While Wesley and many of his followers did not share the Calvinism characteristic of other branches of Dissent, George Whitefield and his Calvinistic Methodist followers did. Moreover, as the political climate changed in the second half of the eighteenth century, field preaching became more suspect and Methodists were increasingly lumped, by their detractors at least, with other Dissenters.
Dissent in the Atlantic World, 1787–1830
Authors: Engel Katherine Carté
Published: July 2018

The very term ‘Dissenter’ became problematic in the United States, following the passing of the First Amendment. The formal separation of Church and state embodied in the First Amendment was followed by the ending of state-level tax support for churches. None of the states established after 1792 had formal religious establishments. Baptists, Congregationalists, Presbyterians, and Methodists accounted for the majority of the American population both at the beginning and end of this period, but this simple fact masks an important compositional shift. While the denominations of Old Dissent declined relatively, Methodism grew quickly, representing a third of the population by 1850. Dissenters thus faced several different challenges. Primary among these were how to understand the idea of ‘denomination’ and also the more general role of institutional religion in a post-establishment society. Concerns about missions, and the positions of women and African Americans are best understood within this context.
Toleration, Dissent, and the State in Britain
Authors: Thompson Andrew C.
Published: July 2018

Dissenters within Britain had to face a range of challenges when it came to their relationship with the state. While the Toleration Act (1689) allowed Dissenters in England willing to subscribe to the doctrinal components of the Thirty-Nine Articles and swear allegiance to the monarch freedom of worship, they, like their counterparts elsewhere, still laboured under a series of legal restrictions that rendered them second-class citizens. Attempts were made throughout the period to remove these legal restrictions and organizations, such as the London-based Dissenting Deputies, were eventually successful in repealing the Test and Corporation Acts. The length of time that this took reflects the uncertainty about how easily the state could combine a desire for order with a divergence of opinions, religious or otherwise, within it.
The Material Culture of Dissent
Authors: Lounsbury Carl
Published: July 2018

The long eighteenth century was the period in which Dissenting meeting houses moved out of the backstreets into positions of public prominence. Initially, hard to distinguish from the domestic dwellings that surrounded them, Dissenting meeting houses developed a distinctive style of their own. Often lacking the towers of their Anglican counterparts, they were designed as venues for preaching, rather than elaborate ceremony and ritual, and their internal configuration and decoration reflected these priorities. While drawing inspiration from earlier Puritan and European models, concerns about visibility and status made a significant impact on meeting-house design. As concerns about Dissenters’ social and political positions diminished, structures became more permanent and ornate, while retaining the central emphasis on the pulpit.
Dispositional Pluralism
Authors: McKitrick Jennifer
Published: July 2018

Dispositional Pluralism is the view that dispositional properties are abundant and diverse. When something has a disposition, it is such that, if it were in a certain kind of circumstance, a certain kind of effect would occur. Dispositions include such varied properties as character traits like a hero’s courage, characteristics of physical objects like a wine glass’s fragility, and characteristics of microphysical entities like an electron’s charge. Some dispositions are natural while others are non-natural. Some dispositions called “powers” are ungrounded while non-fundamental dispositions are grounded in other properties. Some dispositions manifest constantly, some of them manifest spontaneously, while others manifest only when they are triggered to do so. Some dispositions manifest by causing another dispositional property to be instantiated, while others have manifestations that involve non-dispositional properties and relations. Some dispositions are intrinsic to their bearers while others are extrinsic. Some of them are causally relevant to their manifestations while others are not. Some dispositions manifest in some particular way in particular circumstances, while other dispositions manifest in various ways in various circumstances. What makes all of these diverse properties dispositions is their connection to a certain kind of counterfactual fact. Nevertheless, disposition ascriptions are not semantically reducible to counterfactual claims.
The Metaphysics of Dispositional Pluralism
Authors: McKitrick Jennifer
Published: July 2018

Properties correspond to sets of objects. Facts are mind-independent entities that are constituted by objects and properties and are occasionally expressed by true claims. Counterfactual facts are occasionally expressed by true counterfactual claims, and like other facts, they have properties and objects as constituents. A disposition is a property that corresponds to a set of objects which are constituents of certain kinds of counterfactual facts; in other words, a disposition corresponds to a set of objects of which a certain kind of counterfactual holds. To attribute a dispositional predicate to something is to roughly indicate the kind of counterfactuals that one believes to hold of it. Counterfactuals hold of things for a variety of reasons, one of those reasons being because the thing has a power, where a power is a kind of disposition.
Triggers
Authors: McKitrick Jennifer
Published: July 2018

A disposition’s trigger is its circumstances of manifestation or stimulus condition. Examples of triggers include striking, stretching, and submerging in water. Some argue that no dispositions have triggers. However, such a view leaves it unclear how dispositions can be testable or action guiding. Furthermore, triggers are events, and events involve an object acquiring a property. This leads to a regress problem for pandispositionalism, the view that all properties are dispositions. Some dispositions need a stimulus in order to manifest, and some do not. Dispositions that manifest spontaneously and those that are constantly manifesting do not have triggers. However, some dispositions have a latent or dormant state, and only manifest in certain circumstances.
Ephemeral Vision
Authors: Matthen Mohan
Published: July 2018

Vision is organized around material objects; they are most of what we see. But we also see beams of light, depictions, shadows, reflections, etc. These things look like material objects in many ways, but it is still visually obvious that they are not material objects. This chapter articulates some principles that allow us to understand how we see these ‘ephemera’. H.P. Grice’s definition of seeing is standard in many discussions; here I clarify and augment it with a criterion drawn from Fred Dretske. This enables me to re-analyse certain ephemera that have received counter-intuitive treatments in the work of Kendall Walton (photographs), Brian O’Shaughnessy (light), and Roy Sorenson (occlusions).
Rhodes
Authors: Hornblower Simon
Published: July 2018

Rhodes in Lykophron is a puzzle. The poet believes that Rhodians from the east Aegean tried to settle in the Croton region of south Italy after the Trojan war, and implies that they failed. But there is little or no evidence from archaeology, inscriptions or coins for a Rhodian presence in Italy as opposed to Sicily. An explanation is offered for this anomalous tradition. The Romans did successfully colonize Croton in 194 BC, at a time when they were friends of the Rhodians. They were symbolically retrieving a mythical Rhodian failure.
Sibylline Oracles and Other Apocalyptic Literature
Authors: Hornblower Simon
Published: July 2018

The pseudo-prophetic Alexandra is one of many such productions of the period. There are similarities with the Third Sibylline Oracle in particular. Also with stories in Phlegon of Tralles, the Book of Daniel, and the Oracle of the Potter. But these are merely stylistic and superficial parallels. Messianism and anti-Roman venom are absent from Lykophron. Polybius (not a Rome-hater) is the best analogy.
Genesis
Authors: Williams Paul D.
Published: July 2018

This chapter analyses AMISOM’s genesis with reference to four important developments in Somalia and the Horn of Africa in the aftermath of al-Qa’ida’s attack on the United States on 11 September 2001. First, was the establishment of a Transitional Federal Government (TFG) for Somalia in 2004, after more than a dozen failed attempts. Second, the African Union and Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) responded to the subsequent call by the new TFG president for a peacebuilding mission to help his regime establish itself inside Somalia. The third development came in June 2006 with the decisive victory of the Union of Islamic Courts over the various warlords that had previously run Mogadishu and much of south-central Somalia. Finally, AMISOM emerged as an exit strategy for Ethiopia’s troops after Prime Minister Meles Zenawi decided to intervene militarily to install the TFG in Mogadishu in December 2006.
Entry
Authors: Williams Paul D.
Published: July 2018

This chapter analyses the major developments during AMISOM’s first two years before the withdrawal of the Ethiopian troops from Mogadishu. The first section discusses the initial deployment challenges facing AMISOM and the problems presented by operating in Ethiopia’s shadow. The second section explains Burundi’s arrival as AMISOM’s second troop-contributing country, while the third analyses some of the ways in which AMISOM came to be seen by many local Somalis as a proxy force for nefarious foreign agendas. The fourth section then discusses the 2008 Djibouti peace process as the route by which Ethiopia managed to withdraw its forces. The fifth section discusses the opportunities and challenges presented by the withdrawal of Ethiopian forces in January 2009, while the final section examines what this meant for AMISOM being left alone to take on the leading role of protecting Somalia’s transitional government from al-Shabaab.
Protecting Civilians
Authors: Williams Paul D.
Published: July 2018

Particularly during its first four years, AMISOM had a distinctly ambiguous relationship with civilian protection issues. It was not until late May 2013, for example, that AMISOM adopted a more explicit and proactive approach to civilian protection involving the deliberate application of its resources to reduce civilian harm. The chapter therefore begins by illustrating how the AU and AMISOM disseminated mixed messages on civilian protection issues. The second section then highlights the AU’s lack of experience in this area. The third section then analyses how AMISOM sometimes became a source of civilian harm in Mogadishu, and later beyond the city, while the fourth section summarizes the remedial policies AMISOM adopted to try and alleviate this problem. The conclusion reflects on the main lessons that emerge from AMISOM’s experiences with civilian protection issues.
Brain Islands
Authors: Massimini Marcello , Tononi Giulio
Published: July 2018

This chapter examines the clinical problem of detecting consciousness in brain-injured patients who emerge from coma in a state of behavioral unresponsiveness. Intensive care medicine is artificially producing, as a by-product of saving many lives, brains that may remain isolated, split, or fragmented. In extreme cases, large cortical islands or an archipelago of islands may survive totally dissociated from the world outside. Can these islands sustain consciousness? Does it feel like anything to be a big chunk of isolated human cortex? Scientific and philosophical doubts aside, we need to urgently address this question. The text underscores the necessity and difficulty of developing brain-based objective measures of consciousness, which are independent of sensory processing and motor behavior.
A Theoretical Principle
Authors: Massimini Marcello , Tononi Giulio
Published: July 2018

This central chapter presents a general principle that will be used as a guide throughout the second part of the book. Specifically, the text introduces the reader to the information integration theory (IIT) of consciousness in a rather light and accessible way. First, simple thought experiments highlight that consciousness, as we all experience it, is at once highly informative and highly integrated. Then, these basic phenomenological axioms are translated into postulates about the physical world: a system is conscious to the extent that it can integrate information. Finally, the general principles and methodologies to compute a metric (Φ‎) that quantifies a system’s capacity for information integration are briefly illustrated.
Nations and Goyim, Hellēnes and Others
Authors: Ophir Adi , Rosen-Zvi Ishay
Published: July 2018

Chapter 4 concentrates on terminology, examining the changes in the meanings of both ethnē and goyim. After discussing the Dead Sea Scrolls and the First and Second Maccabees, it moves to Philo and Josephus, discussing the different terms they use for foreigners, collective and individual, and their discursive meanings. For both authors, Israel is conceived as an exception that does not define the rule. Instead, it was understood on the terms of Israel’s constitution, which Philo interpreted theologically, and Josephus read politically and historically. The chapter ends with an analysis of the Greek warning inscription found in the Temple court, which forbade strangers from entering the Temple on pain of death.
Word order change from a diachronic generative syntax perspective
Authors: Martins Ana Maria , Cardoso Adriana
Published: July 2018

This introductory overview chapter focuses on the relation between movement operations and word order by assembling the pieces of information offered by the book’s authors. It shows how the essays published in the book indicate, when considered together, that word order change is mainly the effect of the interaction between clause structure and syntactic movement, thus identifying these two components of grammar as the main factors behind word order variation. It also demonstrates that the study of word order change (set within the framework of diachronic generative syntax) is a means to test the descriptive adequacy and explanatory potential of competing analyses of word order phenomena not restricted to historical change, and identifies (theoretical and empirical) research issues that emerge from the type of approach to word order change envisaged in the book.
Discontinuous noun phrases and remnant-internal relativization in the diachrony of Portuguese
Authors: Cardoso Adriana
Published: July 2018

This chapter investigates syntactic change regarding the availability of split noun phrases in relative clauses in the diachrony of Portuguese. In earlier stages of the language an element that is thematically dependent on the head noun (either as a complement or as a modifier) may not appear adjacent to it but in a relative clause internal position. In Contemporary European Portuguese, noun phrase discontinuity also arises in relative clauses, but only with the modifier/complement in the rightmost position. The word order with the modifier/complement at the left periphery of the relative clause is not allowed. The change is explained as being due to the loss of a left-peripheral position for contrastive focus within relative clauses (and possibly other types of subordinate clauses). Hence, the contraction of clause structure and the concomitant loss of movement are taken to constrain the possibilities of phrasal discontinuity found in earlier periods.
Word order change at the left periphery of the Hungarian noun phrase
Authors: Egedi Barbara
Published: July 2018

This chapter studies the determination and the distribution of possessive constructions from Old to Modern Hungarian. The grammaticalization of the definite article in well-defined contexts had structural consequences, the most salient of which is the emergence of a new strategy for demonstrative modification, which is called determiner doubling throughout the paper. Word order variation arises due to the determiners’ interference with the possessor expressions at the left periphery of the noun phrase. The newly added demonstratives first adjoined to the noun phrase in a somewhat looser fashion: their combination with the dative-marked possessors resulted in a word order specific only to the Middle Hungarian period (Demonstrative-Possessor). At a later stage, demonstratives got incorporated into the specifier of the DP, giving rise to the fixed word order Possessor-Demonstrative, with the Possessor undergoing noun phrase internal topicalization, thus landing in a phrase-initial specifier position.
An effect of residual T-to-C movement in varieties of English
Authors: Bernstein Judy B.
Published: July 2018

This chapter examines verb-second (V2) cross-linguistically in closely related varieties of English: Older Scots, displaying general V2; present-day Appalachian English and African American English, displaying residual V2. Discontinuous subjects (analysed as instances of transitive expletives) and negative auxiliary inversion are shown to involve verb-movement to Focus in the two present-day varieties of English, unlike the general V2 found across Germanic languages, which involves TopicP. The area of overlap among V2 phenomena in the varieties of English studied is FocusP, which encodes the V2 associated with wh-elements in all three varieties (Older Scots distinguishes between Topic, for regular V2 and transitive expletives, and Focus, for wh-elements). It is suggested that perhaps the loss of generalized V2 is tied to a shift in the inventory of triggering features. In some varieties of English, such as Appalachian English and African American English, Topic triggers may have given way to Focus triggers.
Word order and information structure in the Würzburg Glosses
Authors: DiGirolamo Cara M.
Published: July 2018

This chapter deals with the interface between Syntax and Pragmatics by examining argument fronting in Old Irish non-poetic Glosses. Relying on lexical and contextual indicators of discourse function, three Information Structure patterns can be identified: aboutness topic; contrastive topic; and focus. Aboutness and contrastive topic are often resumed and do not mark relativization on the verb, suggesting that they are left dislocation structures. Focus is most commonly expressed through clefts, although clefts in Old Irish can be morphologically opaque. Modern Irish has all these structures besides a non-clefted focus structure, which is likely derived from interpreting morphologically opaque clefts as topicalization. In sum, this paper argues that Old Irish has a set of productive argument fronting positions with distinct and conventional information structural properties that can be analysed in terms of an articulated left periphery, and that these fronting positions are the direct ancestors of fronting positions in Modern Irish.
Analyticization and the syntax of the synthetic residue
Authors: Reintges Chris H. , Cyrino Sonia
Published: July 2018

Current understanding of syntactic variation and change relies on the notion of parameters of varying magnitude (micro- and macroparameters). This chapter focuses on the flipside of parameter change, namely the retention and survival of synthetic morphological structure in a context of widespread analyticization. The global effects of synthetic-to-analytic drift are examined in two diachronic scenarios: one in which the process has almost, though not entirely been completed (Coptic Egyptian), and another one in which the process is still under way (Brazilian Portuguese). Coptic has gone very far in abandoning its former synthetic features and thus exhibits a high degree of analyticity. In Brazilian Portuguese, the analyticization process is an advanced state, with synthetically inflected tenses exhibiting a decreasing productivity and gradually being replaced by the corresponding auxiliary verb constructions in the spoken language. The restriction on verb movement is a side effect of ongoing analyticization that affects language’s word order.
All His Father’s Sins
Authors: Larsen Timothy
Published: July 2018

This chapter explores the life and thought of John Stuart Mill’s father, James Mill. It seeks to unravel his journey from pursuing the calling of an ordained Christian minister in the Church of Scotland to parting ways with the Christian faith altogether. It will also seek to understand James Mill’s mature critique of religion, as well as that of his friend the Utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham, the author of several works critical of traditional Christianity. The unhappy marriage of John Stuart Mill’s parents is presented as a vital background for understanding his future choices and convictions. The Christian identity of his mother and siblings are also presented.
More Exceedingly Zealous
Authors: Larsen Timothy
Published: July 2018

This chapter tells the story of Mill as a young, polemical Benthamite and Utilitarian filled with zeal to reform the world. It follows him as he made friends (especially George John Graham and John Arthur Roebuck), founded societies and clubs, and felt the thrill of being the uncompromising champion of a radical ideology. It discusses his defence of, and interest in, the controversial plebeian freethinker Richard Carlile. Later, Mill himself would view this as a period of his life when he was a fanatic ‘sectarian’ with a ‘narrow creed’. If John Stuart Mill ever was an atheist, it was at this time in his life.
The Lion Shall Lie Down With the Lamb
Authors: Larsen Timothy
Published: July 2018

As his time of crisis abated, Mill found himself attracted to voices beyond the confines of—even antithetical to—the ‘sect’ in which he had been raised: notably, S. T. Coleridge, the Saint-Simonians, Auguste Comte, and Thomas Carlyle, the author of Sartor Resartus. From Comte, Mill gained a theory of history that allowed him to appreciate the contribution that traditional institutions had made. Mill also made his best male friend, the Anglican clergyman John Sterling. Out of this period would emerge a lifelong instinct to try to create a via media between two ostensibly opposing ideologies or viewpoints. This mediating approach found expression in his articles, ‘Bentham’ and ‘Coleridge’. Mill added Romanticism to his Enlightenment birthright.
And They Shall be One Flesh
Authors: Larsen Timothy
Published: July 2018

This chapter tells the story of the death of Harriet’s first husband, John Taylor, and her second marriage to Mill. For decades, Mill was deeply frustrated that his relationship with Harriet could not have a public, social existence. This chapter chronicles Mill’s delight in the married state and in finally being able to say that Harriet was his wife. Mill even saw this relationship in Christian and biblical terms, declaring: ‘My wife and I are one’. Finally, this chapter explores Mill’s attempts to find language for Harriet’s greatness and to convince the world of her high worth. Ironically, the author of A System of Logic discovered that one of the most important things which he wanted to convince the world of was something that he could not prove.
Multilayer Networks
Authors: Bianconi Ginestra
Published: July 2018

Multilayer networks are formed by several networks that interact with each other and co-evolve. Multilayer networks include social networks, financial markets, transportation systems, infrastructures and molecular networks and the brain. The multilayer structure of these networks strongly affects the properties of dynamical and stochastic processes defined on them, which can display unexpected characteristics. For example, interdependencies between different networks of a multilayer structure can cause cascades of failure events that can dramatically increase the fragility of these systems; spreading of diseases, opinions and ideas might take advantage of multilayer network topology and spread even when its single layers cannot sustain an epidemic when taken in isolation; diffusion on multilayer transportation networks can significantly speed up with respect to diffusion on single layers; finally, the interplay between multiplexity and controllability of multilayer networks is a problem with major consequences in financial, transportation, molecular biology and brain networks. This field is one of the most prosperous recent developments of Network Science and Data Science. Multilayer networks include multiplex networks, multi-slice temporal networks, networks of networks, interdependent networks. Multilayer networks are characterized by having a highly correlated multilayer network structure, providing a significant advantage for extracting information from them using multilayer network measures and centralities and community detection methods. The multilayer network dynamics (including percolation, epidemic spreading, diffusion, synchronization, game theory and control) is strongly affected by the multilayer network topology. This book will present a comprehensive account of this emerging field.
The Dynamics on Single Networks
Authors: Bianconi Ginestra
Published: July 2018

This chapter provides the relevant background on the network dynamics of complex networks formed by just one layer (single networks). Emergent properties of network dynamics are characterized using the framework of phase transitions. The major results on robustness of complex networks, percolation theory and epidemic spreading are presented, revealing the rich interplay between network structure and function. In this context particular emphasis is given to the implications of the scale-free network topology on these dynamical processes. Diffusion processes and synchronization and controllability are characterized on networks, revealing the relevance of spectral properties and peripheral nodes for determining their dynamical behaviour.
The Mathematical Definition
Authors: Bianconi Ginestra
Published: July 2018

This chapter provides the mathematical definition of multilayer networks and it is of fundamental importance for the rest of the book. The mathematical definition of multilayer networks is given in full generality and subsequently applied to specific types of multilayer networks including multiplex networks, multi-slice networks and networks of networks, motivating the discussion with examples and applications. The fundamental terminology used in multilayer networks is here introduced, including replica nodes, supernetworks and the supra-adjacency matrix. Additionally, this chapter describes the most efficient way to store a multilayer network dataset using a Multilayer Network Edgelist. Although this chapter focuses mostly on a matrix formalism to describe multilayer networks, a paragraph is devoted to the tensorial formalism for studying multilayer networks.
The Alternatives to War
Authors: Pattison James
Published: July 2018

This chapter sets the scope for the ensuing analysis. It first introduces the measures, before highlighting the political and theoretical significance of considering the alternatives and delineating the problems caused by the lack of clarity surrounding them. It highlights the need to develop the responsibility to protect (R2P) doctrine, to have a fuller understanding of Just War Theory and the requirements of last resort, and to offer appropriate guidance as geopolitical shifts render the alternatives to war increasingly significant. It also makes clear the scope of the analysis and outlines the measures that the book will focus on. These are the central international alternatives to war that are used to address ongoing or imminent mass atrocities and serious external aggression.
Diplomacy
Authors: Pattison James
Published: July 2018

This chapter considers diplomatic measures, including diplomatic criticism (naming and shaming), dialogue and mediation, the cutting of diplomatic ties, and the denial of membership of an international body. The first part of the chapter focuses on diplomatic criticism, arguing that it can help to address the situation, contribute to morally valuable international norms, and even punish offenders. In doing so, it considers the objection that diplomatic criticism is too demanding and that states are not entitled to criticize others when they are being hypocritical. More broadly, the chapter establishes the moral importance of expressing condemnation and upholding morally valuable international norms. The chapter also generally defends the case for mediation, negotiation, and denial of membership, but rejects the utility of the cutting of diplomatic ties.
The Metaphysics of Truth
Authors: Edwards Douglas
Published: July 2018

What is truth? What role does truth play in the connections between language and the world? What is the relationship between truth and being? The Metaphysics of Truth tackles these fundamental philosophical questions and develops a distinctive metaphysical worldview. Moreover, it does so in a climate where the traditionally central issue of the nature of truth has diminished in significance due to the rise of deflationary and primitivist views, which deny that there are interesting and informative things to say about truth. This book responds to these views, and demonstrates the importance of the metaphysics of truth with regard to both the study of truth itself, and metaphysical debates more generally. It also develops a detailed pluralist metaphysical approach, which starts with the diversity of different subject areas, and holds that there are different relationships between language and the world in different areas, or ‘domains’. A pluralist approach is constructed that explains what domains are; how different domains are individuated; which metaphysical frameworks apply in different domains; and how truth plays a key role in the picture. The picture is extended to incorporate ontological pluralism—the idea that there are different ways of being—which increases the explanatory power of the view. Particular focus is given to important domains that have not yet received a great deal of attention in debates about truth, namely the institutional and social domains, which connects work on the metaphysics of truth and being to key issues in social construction.
Truth as a Property
Authors: Edwards Douglas
Published: July 2018

Chapter 1 explores what a metaphysical investigation into truth involves, with particular focus on the idea that truth is a property. It discusses the two main arguments for the claim that truth is a property: the linguistic argument, and the metaphysical argument. In the course of the discussion of the linguistic argument, three ‘ultra deflationary views’ about truth are examined: redundancy theory, performative theory, and prosententialism. In the course of the metaphysical argument the view that truth is a property is compared to the views that truth is an object, and truth is an event. The chapter closes with some clarificatory remarks about concepts and truth-bearers.
Substantivity and Sparseness
Authors: Edwards Douglas
Published: July 2018

In Chapter 1 we discussed the reasons to take truth to be a property. This presents a challenge for deflationary approaches to truth, as, with the ultra deflationary proposals off the table, they now need to both hold that truth is a property and deny that there are interesting metaphysical things to say about truth. This is where the notion of a ‘substantive’ property comes in, as instead of denying that truth is a property, deflationists typically deny that it is a ‘substantive’ property. The main aim of this chapter is to discern the best way to distinguish between substantive and insubstantive properties, and thus to provide the best possible terms in which to conduct the debate between deflationists and their ‘inflationist’ opponents. This chapter argues that three influential accounts fail, and offers a more promising view of property substantiveness in terms of a distinction between abundant and sparse properties.
Truth Re-Emerges
Authors: Edwards Douglas
Published: July 2018

This chapter begins by discussing in more detail the connections between predicates and properties, and shows that truth is heavily involved in understanding these relationships. As a consequence, behind the picture outlined in Chapter 4 are substantial commitments to views about truth. In particular, different understandings of truth are involved in the distinction between abundant and sparse properties, and, as a result, that distinction entails there being at least two different approaches to truth: a representational and a non-representational approach. This is an initial commitment to truth pluralism, and options in both the representational and non-representational approaches are developed and applied to the examples discussed in Chapter 4. The chapter closes by considering and critiquing in more detail the monist alternatives to pluralism, namely the ideas that all domains are understood on the abundant model, or all domains are understood on the sparse model.
Becoming a Living Goddess
Authors: Beck Brenda
Published: July 2018

According to South Asian Hindu tradition, what traits or actions lead to a woman becoming “a living goddess”? To answer that question, this chapter considers an ancient Tamil legend known as The Legend of Ponnivala. In that epic story, a mother and daughter are described as living goddesses. Present-day parallels for these two legendary females are then considered. The Ponnivala mother is compared to a living woman known as “Amma” or the “hugging” goddess, who now lives (primarily) in North America. The Ponnivala daughter, by contrast, is compared to a widely known, young virgin kumārī goddess, a tradition practiced for centuries in Kathmandu. A biography of a still-living kumārī is referenced for discussion purposes. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how all “living goddesses” earn their status through personal trials, a perceived development of visionary (sometimes violent) powers, plus an expression of exceptional empathy for the suffering of others.
Afterword
Authors: Bose Mandakranta
Published: July 2018

The idea of the goddess in Hinduism is as ancient as it is abstruse and complex. Imagined as manifest forms of the Creatrix, the essential creative principle within all existence who is at once one and many, feminine divinities have continued to invite ceaseless interrogation and exposition by philosophers, poets, and sociologists. Both benevolent and fierce, Hindu goddesses defy definition and yet command the certitude of devotion, often ecstatic. Never solely the subject of abstract thought, they are viewed as occupying locations in the human world as they hold intimate and personal connections with humankind. Standing as models for women and sometimes modeled after women, goddesses are omnipresent in Hindu life and influence both spiritual and everyday life, substantially determining social roles, individual action, and personal belief.