bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The root and root canal anatomy of maxillary molars in a Chinese population
Authors: Yang Zu‐Pyn , Yang Shu‐Fen , Lee Golgi
Published: April 2006

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to study the prevalence of fused roots, C‐shaped roots, C‐shaped root canal orifices and C‐shaped root canals in the maxillary molars of a Chinese population. A total of 305 first molars and 309 second molars were collected in Taiwan. The teeth were demineralized and placed in methyl salicylate to make them transparent. Root fusion was examined and the pulp chamber floor was checked for C‐shaped orifices. Chinese ink was then injected into the root canal system to demonstrate possible C‐shaped canals. The maxillary first molars had the palatal root fused with the mesiobuccal root in 0.3% of the cases, and with the distobuccal root in 2.0%. Teeth with C‐shaped roots existed in only 0.3% of maxillary first molars, while 6.2% of the maxillary first molars and 40.1% of the maxillary second molars had fused roots. The maxillary second molars had the palatal root fused with the mesiobuccal root in 18.1% and with the distobuccal root in 2.6%; the palatal root was fused with the mesiobuccal and distobuccal root in 8.1% of the material. The maxillary second molars had a C‐shaped root in 4.5% and C‐shaped root canal orifices with C‐shaped root canals in 4.9% of the cases. Fused roots or incompletely separated roots are common in the maxillary second molars amongst Chinese people, while C‐shaped roots and root canals in maxillary molars are not frequently seen.
Periodontal fiber attachment and apical root resorption
Authors: Auyeung Ling , Bouwsma Otis J. , Polson Alan M.
Published: April 2006

Abstract Apical root resorption is frequent after physiological and orthodontic tooth movement. Current resorption concepts emphasize a protective effect due to cell and fiber attachment to surfaces at risk. The present study investigated relationships between fiber attachment to the root surface and susceptibility to root resorption. The material comprised 10 normal mandibular second and third bicuspids with surrounding periodontia from 4 squirrel monkeys. On step‐serial histological sections, defined coronal, middle and apical root surface regions were examined, and attached fiber density and diameter were quantified using computerized digitization methods. For each root surface region, the density and diameter value was used to calculate the fiber occupancy per unit root length. Analysis of variance testing between animal, tooth surface, and defined root surface region showed a significant effect for root surface region only. In the apical region of the root surface, the fiber density was significantly less and the fiber diameter was significantly greater than in the coronal and middle regions. The product of density and diameter showed that attached fiber occupancy was significantly less in the apical region (58%) than in coronal (70%) and middle (74%) regions. It was concluded that differences in attached fiber occupancy may contribute to the greater susceptibility of the root apex to resorption.
Metastatic carcinoma of the mandible mimicking periapical lesion of endodontic origin
Authors: Nevins Alan , Ruden Steven , Pruden Peter , Kerpel Stanley
Published: April 2006

Abstract A case report describes a metastatic lesion of the mandible that was originally referred to the endodontist as possible periapical pathosis of endodontic origin. The symptoms and radiograpic findings were similar to that of a periapical abscess. However, a history of breast cancer aroused suspicion of this rare entity and a biopsy was taken. A diagnosis of poorly differentiated carcinoma, probably metastatic, was made by the pathologist.
Pulp capping with calcium hydroxide: diagnostic value of radiographic findings
Authors: Tziaias Dimitrios , Beltes Panagiotis
Published: April 2006

Abstract We compared the radiographic and histologic findings 2, 4 and 13 weeks after pulp‐capping dog teeth with 2 hard‐setting calcium hydroxide‐containing agents and with calcium hydroxide powder mixed with physiologic saline. Radiopacity of the treated pulp regions was observed in all teeth showing dentin bridge formation. In most teeth that histologically exhibited a zone of pulp necrosis subjacent to the capping material, a radiopaque zone beneath the exposure site was also observed.
Preliminary evaluation of the apical seal of root canals filled with a Teflon‐base material
Authors: Love Larry D. , Burke Jonathan E.
Published: April 2006

Abstract Root canals in extracted maxillary anterior teeth were filled with an experimental Teflon®‐base material and then stored in a dye solution. Penetration of the dye into the canal space was measured and compared with the penetration of dye in control teeth that were filled with laterally condensed gutta‐percha and a sealer. The sealing ability of the experimental material was found to be statistically significantly better than that of the control.
Antibiotics in exudate from periapical lesions in dogs
Authors: Allard Urban
Published: April 2006

Abstract Forty‐eight periapical lesions were induced in the mandible of dogs. Subsequently, the dogs were given a single intramuscular injection of either benzylpenicillin, erythromycin, lincomycin or clindamycin. The antibiotic concentration in serum and exudate from the periapical lesions was measured. The highest concentration of benzylpenicillin in serum (4.3 μg/ml) was obtained 30 min after the injection and in exudate (1.8 μg/ml) 60 min after injection. The highest concentration of erythromycin in serum (0.8 μg/ml) was reached after 120 min and in exudate (0.6 μ/ml) 240 min after the injection. The highest concentration of clindamycin in serum (2.3 μg/ml) was obtained 120 min after the injection and in the exudate (2.2 μg/ml) after 240 min. The highest concentration of lincomycin in serum (4.2 μg/ml) was noted 120 min after the injection and in exudate (4.5 μg/ml) 240 min after the injection. The results of this study indicated that the sampling method used might be suitable for analyzing the concentration of antibiotics in a clinical situation.
A case of mistaken identity: periapical cemental dysplasia in an endodontically treated tooth
Authors: Wilcox Lisa R. , Walton Richard E.
Published: April 2006

Abstract A case of a patient with a history of root canal treatment and re‐treatment and a persistent periapical radiolucency is reviewed. Following surgery, biopsy material was submitted and diagnosed as periapical cemental dysplasia (PCD). With careful diagnosis, PCD should be readily differentiated from endodontic pathosis, thus avoiding unnecessary root canal treatment. In this case, surgery was necessary to rule out other inflammatory disease or benign odontogenic entities.
Antimicrobial effect of chlorhexidine in a controlled release delivery system
Authors: Cervone F. , Tronstad L. , Hammond B.
Published: April 2006

Abstract Chlorhexidine is widely used as a mouth rinse in the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases and dental caries. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial effect of chlorhexidine in a controlled release delivery system. The controlled release dispenser comprised a polymeric inner core matrix containing the medicament with an outer vinyl membrane controlling the drug release. The effect on the following bacteria was studied: Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Actinomyces viscosus, Streptococcus mutans, Wolinella recta, Bacteroides gingivalis, Bacteroides intermedius, Eikenella corrodens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Enterobacter cloacae. Chlorhexidine‐containing vinyl patches with a diameter of 5.5 mm were placed on blood agar plates containing the various bacteria. The plates were incubated aerobically or anaerobically at 37°C for 24 h or longer, when appropriate, and examined for inhibition of bacterial growth. Distinct zones of inhibition were seen surrounding all vinyl patches on all plates with all bacteria. Thus, the vinyl dispenser appeared to be an effective vehicle for releasing chlorhexidine to a localized area such as the surface of a tooth, a periodontal pocket, or a root canal.
Thermoplasticized gutta‐percha in endodontic surgical procedures
Authors: Goldberg Fernando , Torres Mario Daniel , Bottero Carmelo
Published: April 2006

Abstract Four endodontic surgical cases are presented in which low‐temperature thermoplasticized gutta‐percha was used for obturation. In 3 of them, after the retrograde instrumentation of the root canals, thermoplasticized gutta‐percha was employed as a retrofilling material; in the fourth tooth, the material was used for retrofilling of an external resorption lacuna. The possibility for using this filling technique in different endodontic surgical procedures is suggested, based on the clinical success obtained in these cases.
Effect of topical application of doxycycline on pulp revascularization and periodontal healing in reimplanted monkey incisors
Authors: Cvek Miomir , Cleaton‐Jones Peter , Austin John , Lownie John , Kling Margareta , Fatti Paul
Published: April 2006

Abstract Maxillary incisors in 47 monkeys, 54 in the experimental group (I) and 117 in the control group (II), were extracted and reimplanted, either immediately or after 30 or 60 min wet or dry storage. Incisors in the experimental group I were additionally kept 5 min in a suspension of 1 mg doxycycline in 20 ml physiologic saline, freshly prepared for each of the 15 animals before reimplantation. The observation time varied from 6 to 8 weeks. The teeth were removed in tissue blocks, histologically processed and evaluated for occurrence of complete pulp revascularization (CPR), presence of the micro‐organisms in the pulpal lumen and ankylosis or inflammatory root resorption. Then the results were statistically evaluated, using log‐linear analyses and chi‐square tests (SAS, 1985) for the comparisons between group I and group II. These analyses revealed that topical application of doxycycline increased the frequency of complete pulp revascularization (P < 0.002) and decreased the frequency of micro‐organisms in the pulpal lumen (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the frequencies of ankylosis (P < 0.05) and inflammatory root resorption (P < 0.001) were also decreased compared with the control group of teeth. It was concluded that the effect of topical treatment with doxycycline was most probably exerted on the micro‐organisms that contaminated root surface during the extra‐alveolar time; contamination of necrotic pulp tissue from the mechanical damage in the cervical part of the root surface was not affected.
Polyamine analysis of infected root canal contents related to clinical symptoms
Authors: Malta Eikichi , Horiuchi Hiroshi
Published: April 2006

Abstract The contents of infected root canals were collected by mechanical and chemical debridement. Intracanal polyamines were identified and quantified by HPLC in all canals examined, however, no histamine was detected in any canal. The relationship between the amount of each polyamine and clinical signs of the teeth was analyzed statistically. The teeth without clinical signs tended to have limited varieties and smaller amounts of polyamines. Using %2, the amounts were significantly greater in teeth with spontaneous pain, swelling and putrescent odor (p<0.01), with exudate (p<0.025) and with percussion pain (p<0.1) than in teeth without. Amounts of putrescine (p<0.05) and total polyamines (p<0.01) were greater in teeth with spontaneous pain and percussion pain than in teeth without clinical sign, and those with root canal exudate also had greater amounts of total polyamines than those without (p<0.01). The amounts of cadaverine, however, from the teeth with gingival fistulae, was greater than from those without (p<0.05). No significant relationship was established between the amount of each polyamine and the presence of putrescent odor or gingival swelling. Intracanal polyamines, especially putrescine may leak out through apical foramen and may be implicated in pain production by eliciting acute inflammatory response in the periapical tissues.
Traumatic injury to maxillary incisor teeth in a group of South Wales school children
Authors: Hunter M. L. , Hunter B. , Kingdon A. , Addy M. , Dummer P. M. H. , Shaw W. C.
Published: April 2006

Abstract This study examines, from photographic records, the prevalence of accidental damage to maxillary incisor teeth in a group of 968 11/12‐year‐old South Wales school‐children; 15.3% showed evidence of trauma ranging from enamel fractures or discolouration to actual loss of a tooth. Boys (19.4%) showed a higher prevalence of trauma than girls (11%). Maxillary central incisors were the most at risk from trauma, with coronal fractures being the most commonly sustained injury. Those subjects who showed evidence of trauma had an statistically (p< 0.001) but not clinically significantly greater overjet than did those who had none. The percentage of subjects suffering trauma increased significantly with increasing overjet, but lip incompetence did not affect the prevalence of accidental damage. Though statistically unsupported due to the small numbers involved in this cohort, it appeared that the rougher nature of boys activities and their more active participation in sports were of greater importance than the magnitude of their overjet in determining whether their teeth were at risk from trauma. In contrast, it was the magnitude of the overjet which was the dominant factor in girls. Despite the wide availability of relatively simple means of restoration and, in the majority of cases, regular dental examinations, only 14.8% of traumatised teeth had received treatment at this age.
Trauma of treatment failure: a case report
Authors: Mackie I. C. , Richmond S. , Blinkhorn A. S.
Published: April 2006

Abstract A large overjet is a well‐recognised predisposing factor to traumatic injuries of upper incisor teeth. In order to reduce this risk factor, early reduction of an increased overjet has been recommended. This was attempted, but unfortunately was unsuccessful and further trauma resulted in loss of the upper central incisor teeth.
Pulpal and radicular changes following maxillary subapical corticotomy
Authors: Yoshikawa Yoshiyasu , Deguchi Toshio , Eda Shigeo
Published: April 2006

Abstract Pulpal and radicular changes after subapical corticotomy in combination with posterior transfer of the maxilla were studied histopathologically using monkey jaws. When the surgical procedures were successful, the pulp tissues were kept alive, even though some slight atrophy and degeneration appeared. In some cases, however, severe reticular atrophy occurred which might be due to anaemia during operations.
Dens invaginatus: a histological study of undemineralized material
Authors: Piattelli Adriano , Tris Paolo
Published: April 2006

Abstract The aim of the present study was a microscopic analysis of dens invaginatus with a cutting grinding system that allowed to obtain thin ground sections of undemineralized material. Cavities of about 1 mm were present in the bulk of the inner enamel and these cavities were lined by aprismatic enamel, by a basophilic lamellar material and by cuboidal cells of probable epithelial origin. Enamel in a more external location had an amorphous aprismatic appearance with the presence of basophilic rounded or lamellar calcifications with the appearance of Liesegang's rings. In one case the interradicular space was occupied by a large amount of a highly calcified bone tissue.
Fracture of tooth by internal resorption: case report
Authors: Anil S. , Raji M. A. , Beena V. T. , Vijayakumar T.
Published: April 2006

Abstract A case of extensive internal resorption of the left mandibular first premolar in a 24 year old man is reported. The case presented with slight discolouration and mobility of the tooth. On radiological examination extensive internal resorption and a fracture line at the cemento enamel region was observed, separating the crown and root. The case was treated endodontically after surgical removal of the fractured fragment of the crown.
Relationship between file size and stiffness of stainless steel instruments
Authors: Camps J. J. , Pertol W. J.
Published: April 2006

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship existing between file size and stiffness for three endodontic files of different cross‐sections. Three groups of instruments were tested: Flexofiles from the Maillefer company. K Files and K‐Flex from the Kerr company. Flexofiles have a triangular cross‐section, K Files a square cross‐section, and K‐Flex instruments a rhombus cross‐section from size 15 to size 40. For each group, 10 files from size 15 to size 40 were compared according to ANSI/ADA specification N° 28 for bending moment evaluation. There was a statistical difference between the three groups: the square cross‐section K files presented a larger bending moment than the rhombus cross‐section K Flex, which presented a higher bending moment than the triangular cross‐section Flexofiles. There was an exponential relationship between file size and bending moment.
In vitro endotoxin penetration of coronally unsealed endodontically treated teeth
Authors: Trope M. , Chow E. , Nissan R.
Published: April 2006

Abstract The purpose of the study was to evaluate the penetration of bacterial endotoxin (L.P.S.) through obturated root canals. Twenty‐four single‐rooted teeth were instrumented in a uniform manner. The root canals of 16 teeth were obturated with gutta‐percha and Roth's sealer and 8 teeth were similarly obturated but without sealer. The teeth were then divided into three groups. Group 1 – Positive control (4 teeth). Teeth obturated without sealer were used. Sticky wax was softened in an open flame and painted over the external root surface except the apical 2 mm and coronal canal orifice which were left free of the sticky wax. Group 2 – Negative control (4 teeth). Again teeth without sealer comprised the teeth in this group. However, in this group the sticky wax covered the apical area of the root and the canal orifice coronally, in addition to the rest of the root. Group 3 – Experimental (16 teeth). The teeth obturated in conjunction with sealer were used. Otherwise the teeth were treated as in group 1. The coronal root half was then hermetically sealed from the apical root half so that LPS placed coronally could move only through the obturated canal space to the apical segment. One ml of water containing 100 μg/ml endotoxin was placed in the upper chambers and pyrogen‐free water in the lower chambers. The upper and lower chambers were then tested for endotoxin at different time periods up to 21 days. The upper chambers tested positive for endotoxin at all test times for all teeth. All 4 positive control teeth showed endotoxin in the lower chambers by 24 hrs. None of the 4 negative control teeth showed endotoxin in the lower chambers for the duration of the study. Five of the 16 (31.5%) experimental teeth had demonstrable L.P.S. in the lower chambers by the end of the 21 day test period. According to the results of this study, endotoxin may move through obturated root canals.
Treatment of extraoral sinus tracts from traumatized teeth with apical periodontitis
Authors: Çalişkan M. K. , Şen B. H. , Ozinel M. A.
Published: April 2006

Abstract When a draining lesion is encountered on the skin of the face, an endodontic origin should always be considered in differential diagnosis. Non‐surgical endodontic therapy, sometimes complimented by surgery, or extraction are the choices for the treatment of these cases. Three cases of extraoral sinus tract on the chin caused by necrotic pulp of traumatized lowrer anterior teeth are presented. A paste consisting of calcium hydroxide and barium sulfate powder mixed with glycerin was used. Usage of calcium hydroxide paste was advocated for rapid and successful treatment of extraoral lesions communicating with necrotic teeth.
Cutting ability of an ultrasonic retrograde cavity preparation instrument
Authors: Waplington M. , Lumley P. J. , Walmsley A. D. , Blunt L.
Published: April 2006

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the cutting ability of a working ultrasonic instrument designed for surgical endodontic use (Neosonic, Amadent Corp, Cherry Hill, NJ, USA). Three designs of tip, designated CT 1 to CT 3 were calibrated by measuring their displacement amplitudes in air using light microscopy over a range of power settings. Extracted teeth were sectioned longitudinally and polished to produce a smooth dentine surface onto which the tips were applied for 1 minute over the above range of power settings at a load of approximately 20 g. The depth of cut in the dentine surface was measured using a two dimensional surface profilometry technique. Results showed that a raising of the power setting produced an increase in displacement amplitude and cutting ability for all tip designs. This increase was linear, with minimal cutting occurring at lower power settings. In conclusion the ultrasonic tips could be successfully used to remove dentine, and medium to high power settings optimised their efficiency.
Apical leakage following root canal dressing with calcium hydroxide
Authors: Holland R. , Alexandre A. C. , Murata S. S. , dos Santos C. A. , Júnior E. D.
Published: April 2006

Abstract The purpose of this study was to analyse the apical leakage in teeth filled by the lateral condensation technique following medication with calcium hydroxide. One hundred and twenty extracted human teeth were biomechanically prepared by using exclusively reaming motion with files up to #40. Half of the teeth received a calcium hydroxide dressing for 3 days. The medication was removed by irrigation and reaming motion with files #40 up to #70. The teeth were divided in 6 experimental groups, according to the dimension of the utilized instrument. The root canals were filled and posteriorly the teeth were placed into a 2% methylene blue dye solution inside a flask, which was attached to a vacuum pump. Leakage was measured linearly, and the results showed significantly (p<0.01) less leakage in the experimental groups that received calcium hydroxide dressings than in the control groups. The results persisted even after the removal of 300 of dentin from the root canal dentinal walls.
Effect of wavelength and bandwidth on the clinical reliability of laser Doppler recordings
Authors: Odor T. M. , Pitt Ford T. R. , McDonald F.
Published: April 2006

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of wavelength and bandwidth on laser Doppler flower meter signals from vital and root‐filled teeth. and to establish their sensitivity and specificity. Twenty human subjects were recruited, each with a vital root and the contralateral tooth root filled but not restored apart from the palatal access cavity. Readings were taken these teeth for 3 min at 20 HZ, For each of 3.I kHZ, 14.9 kHZ and 22.1 kHZ Bandwidth using a modified laser Doppler Mood flow monitor which permitted simultaneous recording using 810 nm and 633 nm light sources with a probe of four optical libres with 0.25 mm separation. Ten traces from each combination of variables was examined by 10 trained observers who indicated if the traces came from vital or root‐filled teeth judged by the amplitude and regularity of pulsatility of the trace. From die accuracy of their replies, sensitivity and specificity were calculated. Median flux values were higher for vital teeth than for root‐filled teeth and for the 810 nm wavelength than for die 633 nm wavelength. Flux values increased with wider bandwidth using the 810 nm light source. with the 633 nm light source, the highest flux values were recorded using the 3.1 kHz bandwidth. using the Mann‐Whitney U test. there was a highly significant difference between readings from vital and root‐filled teeth for the 3.1 kHz/810 nm wave‐length combination (p<0.003) and significant difference for the 3.KHZ/810 nm length group (p<0.02). Comparison Of other groups showed no significant difference (p<0.05)).The 810 nm wavelenght showed good sensitivity but poor specificity at 14.9 and 22.KHZ bandwidth. The 3.1 KHZ wavelength showed good specificity, but poor sensitivity, at 14 9 and 22.1 kHZ bandwidth. The 3.1 kHz bandwidth showed the best sensitivity and specificity for both wavelengths. Sensitivity and specificity were increased if die results of last Fourier analyses were considered in addition to observations of flux values and pulsatility of traces. The 810 nm/3.1 kHZ combination offered die greatest sensitivity and specificity as a test to distinguish between root‐filled and vital teeth. This combination was best when the results of Fourier analysis were considered in addition to visual observations.
Management of intrusive luxation injuries
Authors: Oulis C. , Vadiakas G. , Siskos G.
Published: April 2006

Abstract Traumatic intrusion of permanent teeth is a relatively infrequent but serious type of dental injury, cine to the complicated picture it involves. Various treatment approaches have been suggested, so far, regarding management of intrusive luxation. Techniques aiming to reposition the intruded tooth include observation for spontaneous reeruption, surgical as well as orthodontic repositioning. However, development of complications such as pulp necrosis, inflammatory root resorption, replacement resolution and ankylosis and loss of marginal bone support makes selection of the most favorable technique controversial. In this paper, a critical review of the existing treatment modalities is attempted and treatment approaches based on diagnostic parameters that are indicative of the severity of an intrusive injury are presented. Recommendations are made after taking into consideration experimental and clinical study findings and observations from other author's and our own clinical experience. Two cases of intrusive luxation in children are presented and management of the dental injuries as well as the complications which occured are being discussed.
Analysis of the surface cut by sonic files
Authors: Lumley P. J. , Blunt L. , Walmsley A. D. , Marquis P. M.
Published: April 2006

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to compare 3D profilometry and SEM analysis of a polished surface of bovine bone instrumented by sonic files. Two situations where investigated, i) no operator assisted movement, ii) operator assisted movement. Heliosonic, Rispisonic and Shaper files were investigated at full power setting and an interfacial load of 100 grams. The specimens were subjected to analysis using a 3D Form Taly‐surf prior to being sputter coated with gold and viewed under an SEM. The 3D surface analysis was found to be complimentary to SEM evaluation in that each provided additional information to the other. 3D analysis proved to be excellent for showing the topographical nature of the cut surface and gave a better indication of depth than the SEM. Debris was however more apparent on SEM evaluation. Each file showed distinctive characteristics in the shape that was cut. The cutting appeared to be as a result of abrasion with no operator assisted movement and was as a result of the longitudinal file action. However when movement was superimposed on this action continuous chip formation was apparent especially for the Rispisonic and Shaper files.
Cutting efficiency of K‐files manufactured with different metallic alloys
Authors: Brau‐Aguadé E. , Canalda‐Sahli C. , Berástegui‐Jimeno E.
Published: April 2006

Abstract The aim of this study was In compare, in vitro, the machining efficiency of different triangular cross‐section K‐files made of nickel titanium (Nitiflex, Naviflex), titanium (Microtitane), and stainless sleel (Flexofile, Flex‐R). Ten instruments of each K‐file From size 25 to 40 were tested. The cutting efficiency was assessed in a linear motion using an indentation caliper lo measure the depth of grooves. The load applied (in grams) was equal to the ISO file size. Each file was allowed lo do 100 back‐and‐forward movements. Files made of stainless steel were the most effective, in particular Flexofile. There were statistically significant differences between Flexofilc and Flex‐R in all sizes. In the group of nickel titanium instruments, Niliflex was significantly more efficient than Naviflex in all sizes. The machining ability of titanium files was higher than thai of Naviflex but lower than that of Nitiflcx and stainless sleel files.
Possible application of transmitted laser light for the assessment of human pulpal vitality
Authors: Sasano T. , Nakajima I. , Shoji N. , Kuriwada S. , Sanjo D. , Ogino H. , Miyahara T.
Published: April 2006

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether use of transmitted laser light would enable a better assessment of human pulpal vitality than back‐scattered light does (LDF: laser Doppler flowmetry). The experiments were carried out on ten upper central incisors in six subjects aged 23–28 years; five of the teeth were vital with no restoration, and five were non‐vital. For use with transmitted laser light, the fibers within the probe of a conventional LDF apparatus were used, one for transmitting light onto the buccal surface, the other for receiving it at the palatal surface of the same tooth. For LDF, the probe was fixed at the buccal surface. Blood flow was measured at three different locations on each experimental tooth: the incisal third, the center and the cervical third of the tooth crown. In non‐vital teeth, 1) output signals with transmitted laser light all registered zero, and no oscillation could be seen in recordings from any location on the tooth, but 2) LDF signals were above zero, there were regular oscillations related to heart rate, and passive increases in blood flow (corresponding to blood pressure increases) were recorded from both the center and the cervical third of the tooth, indicating that LDF registered blood flow of non‐pulpal origin. In vital teeth, LDF signals were significantly higher than in non‐vital teeth at each location on the tooth. At the central site on vital teeth, the output signals for transmitted laser light were about twice those seen with LDF, and passive blood flow changes corresponding to blood pressure increases were more clearly observed. These results indicated that transmitted laser light would be useful for the assessment of tooth pulp vitality both because the blood flow signals did not include flow of non‐pulpal origin, and because its output signals and response to blood flow changes were clear and could easily be monitored.
Concomitant intrusive luxation and root fracture of a central incisor ‐ report of a case
Authors: Seddon R. P.
Published: April 2006

Abstract A case of a 9‐year‐old boy who presented with intruded maxillary central incisors, one of which had also sustained a middle third root fracture, is reported. The root fracture was diagnosed after orthodontic extrusion was started, which resulted in separation of the apical and coronal fragments. The hypermobile coronal fragment was stabilised by passing a K file through a palatal access cavity into the root canal of the apical fragment. Orthodontic alignment was completed and the fractured incisors were restored with the file left in situ. At a 10‐year follow‐up, the incisors were clinically healthy and continued to satisfy aesthetic and functional demands.
Effect of laser treatment on the root canal of human teeth
Authors: Khan M. Azam , Khan M. Fazlur Rahman , Khan M. Wahiduzzaman , Wakabayashi H. , Matsumoto K.
Published: April 2006

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the morphological and temperature changes of the apical portion of human extracted teeth treated by Nd: YAG, CO2 and Argon‐lasers. Seventy‐two single‐rooted human teeth were studied. The root canals were prepared conventionally. Laser treatment of the apical portion of the canal was carried out by means of an optic fiber or metal tip. Temperatures were recorded thermographically. Two‐thirds of the specimens were stained with black India ink and 36% silver ammonium fluoride solution. All specimens were irradiated by the three types of lasers at several intensities and the temperatures were recorded. Half of the specimens were prepared for the telescopic light microscope and for scanning electron microscopic observation, and the rest for histopathological examination by light microscope. The scanning electron microscopic evaluation showed that the laser energy vaporized the deposited debris, producing a glaze‐like surface. The histopathological investigation revealed a tapered, enlarged apical lased area. All three laser devices were capable of vaporizing the debris in this way, but the degree of morphological change was highly dependent on energy level and duration. The Argon‐laser produced the highest temperatures.
Endodontic hand instruments: cutting efficiency, instrumentation of curved canals, bending and torsional properties
Authors: Tepel J. , Schäfer E.
Published: April 2006

Abstract In an assessment of the usefulness of different root canal instruments, two aspects are of particular interest for the endodontist: the cutting efficiency of the instruments and their ability id enlarge curved canals without undesirable changes of the canal shape such as the formation of zips and elbows. This review paper is based on own investigations on the cutting efficiency and instrumentation of curved canals. Additionally, two parameters which are described in ISO 3630‐1, resistance to bending and resistance to fracture, are discussed. With regard to cutting efficiency in rotary motion, flexible stainless steel reamers and K‐files clearly display the best results and are superior to conventional stainless steel as well as titanium‐based reamers and K‐files. Regarding cutting efficiency in linear motion, stainless steel Hedström files made by certain manufacturers are significantly superior to stainless steel and titanium‐based Hedström files of other brands. Flexible stainless steel instruments with modified noncutting lips clearly produce the best canal shape in curved canals. With only rare exceptions, all the instruments tested fulfilled the requirements of the ISO standard concerning resistance to fracture and resistance to bending.
Cyst‐like lesion of a developing tooth induced by mandibular fracture
Authors: Higuchi Y. , Inui M. , Matsumura Y. , Sanada K. , Tagawa T.
Published: April 2006

Abstract A dentigerous cyst‐like formation in the lower canine region caused by mandibular fracture in a 10‐year‐old boy is reported. His medical history revealed that he had been unconscious for about 2 weeks after traumatic head injuries sustained in a traffic accident, and a complicated mandibular fracture had been left untreated until his dentist diagnosed the lesion. Eleven months after trauma, a dentigerous cyst measuring 20 mm in diameter was found in the fracture area. The lesion was enucleated and the boy's postoperative recovery was uneventful. The mass completely enveloped the developing canine, and epithelial cells proliferated into the connective tissue. However, there was no distinct epithelial lining. Small round cell infiltrations and several vessels with thrombosis were noted in the cyst wall. The cause of cyst formation was considered to be infection of the canine tooth bud and the surrounding soft tissue.
Association study between kynurenine 3‐monooxygenase gene and schizophrenia in the Japanese population
Authors: Aoyama N. , Takahashi N. , Saito S. , Maeno N. , Ishihara R. , Ji X. , Miura H. , Ikeda M. , Suzuki T. , Kitajima T. , Yamanouchi Y. , Kinoshita Y. , Yoshida K. , Iwata N. , Inada T. , Ozaki N.
Published: April 2006

Several lines of evidence suggest that metabolic changes in the kynurenic acid (KYNA) pathway are related to the etiology of schizophrenia. The inhibitor of kynurenine 3‐monooxygenase (KMO) is known to increase KYNA levels, and the KMO gene is located in the chromosome region associated with schizophrenia, 1q42‐q44. Single‐marker and haplotype analyses for 6‐tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of KMO were performed (cases = 465, controls = 440). Significant association of rs2275163 with schizophrenia was observed by single‐marker comparisons (P = 0.032) and haplotype analysis including this SNP (P = 0.0049). Significant association of rs2275163 and haplotype was not replicated using a second, independent set of samples (cases = 480, controls = 448) (P = 0.706 and P = 0.689, respectively). These results suggest that the KMO is unlikely to be related to the development of schizophrenia in Japanese.
Migraine and Vertigo: Classification, Clinical Features, and Special Treatment Considerations
Authors: Brandt Thomas , Strupp Michael
Published: April 2006

Vestibular migraine is a recognized medical entity in most dizziness units. It accounts for approximately 10% of these ‘dizzy’ patients and is the most common cause of spontaneous episodic vestibular vertigo. In about one third of the patients it is not associated with headache. Vestibular migraine is characterized by an extremely varied manifestation; its attacks last from seconds to days; it can occur at any time in life; and its diagnosis is difficult, especially since it must be differentiated from Meniere's disease, vestibular paroxysmia, and transient ischemic attacks. During the attack pathological spontaneous or positional nystagmus and postural imbalance are found in 70–90%; during the attack‐free interval less severe ocular motor signs are found in about 60%. This review delineates the clinical features of vestibular migraine and distinguishes it from motion sickness‐like symptoms and nonvestibular dizziness in migraine. Finally, the case is made for including the term ‘vestibular migraine’ in the International Headache Classification as a subcategory of migraine which is distinct from ‘basilar‐type migraine’ and ‘benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood.’
UNDER SURVEILLANCE: AN EMPIRICAL TEST OF THE EFFECTIVENESS AND CONSEQUENCES OF ELECTRONIC MONITORING
Authors: PADGETT KATHY G. , BALES WILLIAM D. , BLOMBERG THOMAS G.
Published: April 2006

Research Summary:

This study addresses the effectiveness of electronic monitoring (EM) for serious offenders supervised in the community. Using data on 75,661 offenders placed on home confinement in Florida from 1998 to 2002, we find that both radio‐frequency and global positioning system monitoring significantly reduce the likelihood of technical violations, reoffending, and absconding for this population of offenders. Additionally, we find that offenders placed on home confinement with EM are significantly more serious than those placed on home confinement without EM, which casts doubt on the anticipated net‐widening effect of this particular intermediate sanction.

Policy Implications:

Given the anticipated increase in the use of EM in the immediate future, policy makers will surely be faced with questions about its effectiveness in preventing or deterring further criminal activity among offenders in the community, as well as concerns about the intensity of surveillance it affords and a subsequent increase in the likelihood of a prison sentence or return to prison for technical violations. The results presented here suggest that such concerns may be overblown and that EM of offenders in the community may prove an effective public safety alternative to prison. Additional implications of this research include decision making regarding which offenders should be placed on EM, which type of monitoring device will be the most cost‐effective and efficient, and the potential for front‐end net‐widening if states adopt the practice of “Got ‘em?’ Use ‘em.’”
Prognosis and Management in the First Few Days after a Transient Ischemic Attack or Minor Ischaemic Stroke
Authors: Giles Matthew F. , Rothwell Peter M.
Published: April 2006

The risk of recurrent stroke during the first few days after a transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or minor stroke is very much higher than previously estimated. However, there is considerable international variation in how patients with suspected TIA or minor stroke are managed in the acute phase, some healthcare systems providing immediate emergency inpatient care and others providing non-emergency outpatient clinic assessment. This review considers what is known about the early prognosis after TIA and minor ischaemic stroke, what factors identify individuals at particularly high early risk of stroke, and what evidence there is that urgent preventive treatment is likely to be effective in reducing the early risk of stroke.
Götterdämmerung: gods of the law in decline
Authors: Dias R. W. M.
Published: April 2006

Law is a social institution. Indeed, it is more: it is one of Man's better inventions in that it has made co-existence possible between large numbers of people and has enabled them to achieve within a framework of control and co-ordination more than individuals could achieve on their own. Law is not by any means the only mode of social regulation, nor may it even be thought paramount; but it is important and pervasive and, as such, deserves to be respected by every society. If a society falters in respect of its law, that could be heralding its undoing. Is that an extravagant statement? Let us see what has been taking place of late in the industrial sphere, which is vital enough to national existence.
Precedent and the Court of Appeal: Lord Denning’s views explored
Authors: Carty Hazel
Published: April 2006

Stare decisis provides the framework of certainty in the codeless English legal system. Even since 1966, when the House of Lords announced its power to depart from earlier authority, it has shown great reluctance to do so and has underlined this need for certainty. Given the small number of cases that filter through to the House of Lords, it is, however, the Court of Appeal that plays the vital role in the supervision of the lower courts and in the maintenance of support for the strict theory of binding precedent. Situated at the focal point of our legal system it is responsible, according to Lord Scarman, for its ‘stability, its consistency and its predictability’. Orthodox theory demands that the Court of Appeal, at least in its Civil Division, be bound by its own decisions and look to the House of Lords or Parliament to deal with unsatisfactory law. Yet recently, the Master of the Rolls held that an earlier Court of Appeal decision should, in part, be ignored. It would appear, therefore, that Lord Denning's ‘one man crusade’ (to quote Lord Diplock in Davis v Johnson) against the strict application of stare decisis in the Court of Appeal continues. This article will consider Lord Denning's various pronouncements throughout his career on precedent as it affects the Court of Appeal and will attempt to assess the theoretical justifications of his unorthodox views.
Rights and the Red Book
Authors: Brownsword Roger , Harden Ian J.
Published: April 2006

This paper has two starting points, one theoretical the other practical. The theoretical starting point is Ronald Dworkin's rights thesis; the practical starting point is the controversial case of Bushell v Secretary of State for the Environment. Our concern is to examine the relationship between the rights thesis and public law disputes such as Bushell. We suggest that this examination throws up some important leads as regards the development of a normative theory of adjudication for public law cases.
Trade union recognition legislation – Britain and America compared
Authors: Townshend-Smith Richard
Published: April 2006

It is well known that the United States of America has had a mechanism designed to secure the compulsory recognition of trade unions by law since the mid-thirties. Such procedure is part of the bedrock of American labour law. In Great Britain, however, no attempt at compulsion was made until 1971, when the Industrial Relations Act was passed. This Act was repealed three years later, although the operation of the recognition provisions hardly contributed to the factors leading to repeal. Another attempt at compulsion was made by the 1975 Employment Protection Act. However, the relevant sections have now been repealed by the 1980 Employment Act. Furthermore this repeal had at least some support both from the Labour opposition and from the Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service, the statutory body charged with operating the procedure.
Wilfulness, a lesson in ambiguity
Authors: Andrews J.A.
Published: April 2006

Others, I am not the first,

Have willed more mischief than they durst.

Many words do not have a single meaning. There is rarely a problem where two different words of the same spelling have a different meaning as the context usually will clarify which of the alternative words is intended. The difficulty arises where the same word has more than one meaning and the different meanings are not unrelated to each other. The word wilful is such a word and much would have been gained if it had been struck out of the Parliamentary draftsman's dictionary many years ago. Very popular in Victorian legislation, its use in modern drafting is less common, but it still haunts the statute book providing problems of interpretation and illustrating the underlying conceptual weakness of much of English law.
The transmission of restrictive covenants
Authors: Hurst D. J.
Published: April 2006

There has grown up over the years in the textbooks a considerable body of rules to determine when the benefit of a covenant undertaken by one landowner in favour of another can be passed on to the latter's successor in title. However, no one is now quite sure how these rules are to be reconciled with the widely-drafted but little-litigated section 78 of the Law of Property Act 1925. Although intended, no doubt, to resolve the difficulties over this section, judgments in the Court of Appeal in Federated Homes Ltd v Mill Lodge Properties Ltd have been severely criticised by at least three writers. What I hope to show in this article is firstly that the decision in the case was correct although the authority given for it, partly in the writings of academics and partly in two earlier Court of Appeal cases, is unsatisfactory, since the academics have adopted a false premise and the judgments support the opposite conclusion; and secondly that the body of rules now in the books is not part of the law and ought to be removed from them.
Conditional intention
Authors: Campbell Kenneth
Published: April 2006

In this article I wish to deal with a problem about the analysis of intention in criminal law. The issue I want to take up has arisen primarily in the context of theft and theft-related offences. However, there is no reason to suppose that it is a problem confined to theft. It could arise in any area of the criminal law which involves intention as constitutive of mens rea.

The general problem can be stated very briefly. How is the law to deal with an accused who intended to perform some act which, if performed with simple intention, would be an offence, when he intended to perform that act only if some contingency occurred? The case law on theft demonstrates that, far from being an arcane question, this is a live issue. This is for the simple reason that a great many intentions are intentions of this conditional nature.
Litigation and the consumer interest; the class action and beyond
Authors: Tur Richard H. S.
Published: April 2006

The enjoyment of traditional as well as new social rights presupposes mechanisms for their effective protection. Such protection, moreover, is best assured by a workable remedy within the framework of the judicial system.

[M. Cappelletti]

Acts and regulations are of little value unless they are observed. A major cause of consumer weakness in the past has lain in the inadequate enforcement of the many laws in his favour.

[Molony Report, 1962, para. 869]

The statute book bears eloquent testimony that the law has been regarded as an appropriate vehicle for protecting the consuming public. The Molony Report, 1962, has borne much legislative fruit and, 20 years later, enthusiasm for legislation in the consumer interest does not appear to be waning.