bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficiency droop suppression of distance-engineered surface plasmon-coupled photoluminescence in GaN-based quantum well LEDs
Authors: Li Yufeng , Wang Shuai , Su Xilin , Tang Weihan , Li Qiang , Guo Maofeng , Zhang Ye , Zhang Minyan , Yun Feng , Hou Xun
Published: November 2017

Ag coated microgroove with extreme large aspect-ratio of 500:1 was fabricated on p-GaN capping layer to investigate the coupling behavior between quantum wells and surface plasmon in highly spatial resolution. Significant photoluminescence enhancement was observed when the distance between Ag film and QWs was reduced from 220 nm to about 20 nm. A maximum enhancement ratio of 18-fold was achieved at the groove bottom where the surface plasmonic coupling was considered the strongest. Such enhancement ratio was found highly affected by the excitation power density. It also shows high correlation to the internal quantum efficiency as a function of coupling effect and a maximum Purcell Factor of 1.75 was estimated at maximum coupling effect, which matches number calculated independently from the time-resolved photoluminescence measurement. With such Purcell Factor, the efficiency was greatly enhanced and the droop was significantly suppressed.
Raman and Infrared Spectra for All-trans-astaxanthin in Dimethyl Sulfoxide Solvent
Authors: Jiang Li-lin , Liu Wei-long , Yang Yan-qiang
Published: November 2017

The Raman and infrared spectra of all-trans-astaxanthin (AXT) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solvent were investigated experimentally and theoretically. Density functional calculations of the Raman spectra predict the splitting of the ν1 band into ν1-1 and ν1-2 components. The absence of splitting in Raman experimental spectra is ascribed to the competition between the two symmetric C=C stretching vibrations of the backbone chain. The ν1 band is very sensitive to the excitation wavelength: resonance excitation stimulates the higher-frequency ν1-2 mode, and off-resonance excitation corresponds to the lower-frequency ν1-1 mode. Analyses of the intramolecular hydrogen bonding between C=O and O−H in the AXT/DMSO system reveal that the C4=O1⋯ H1−O3 and C4′=O2⋯ H2−O4 bonds are strengthened and weakened, respectively, in the electronically excited state compared with those in the ground state. This result reveals significant variations of the AXT molecular structure in different electronic states.
Field Measurement of NO2 and RNO2 by Two-Channel Thermal Dissociation Cavity Ring Down Spectrometer
Authors: Chen Jian , Wu Hao , Liu An-wen , Hu Shui-ming , Zhang Jingsong
Published: November 2017

A two-channel thermal dissociation cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS) instrument has been built for in situ, real-time measurement of NO2 and total RNO2 (peroxy nitrates and alkyl nitrates) in ambient air, with a NO2 detection limit of 0.10 ppbv at 1 s. A 6-day long measurement was conducted at urban site of Hefei by using the CRDS instrument with a time resolution of 3 s. A commercial molybdenum converted chemiluminescence (Mo-CL) instrument was also used for comparison. The average RNO2 concentration in the 6 days was measured to be 1.94 ppbv. The Mo-CL instrument overestimated the NO2 concentration by a bias of +1.69 ppbv in average, for the reason that it cannot distinguish RNO2 from NO2. The relative bias could be over 100% during the afternoon hours when NO2 was low but RNO2 was high.
Disiloxane-Bridged Cyclopolymer as Polymer Dielectrics
Authors: Deng Chang , Liu He-wen
Published: November 2017

We studied the dielectric properties of organosilicon-containing helical cyclopolymer PbMA which consists of PMMA main chains and tetramethyldisiloxane side rings. PbMA formed films with excellent uniformity through spin-coating onto highly n-doped silicon (n-Si) wafers for constructing devices of dielectric measurements, on which the dielectric properties and I-V characteristics of PbMA were studied. PbMA has a much lower dielectric constant (lower than 2.6) in the frequency range of 10–105 Hz, and better thermal stability than PMMA does. I-V data showed that the metal/PbMA/n-Si devices have different conducting directions, depending on whether Au or Al deposited over PbMA layers.
In situ Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Diagnostic for Characterization and Performance Test of Catalysts
Authors: Kouotou Patrick Mountapmbeme , Tian Zhen-yu
Published: November 2017

The present work establishes a systematic approach based on the application of in-situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for the investigation of the crystal structure, thermal stability, redox behavior (temperature-programmed reduction/temperature-programmed re-oxidation) as well as the catalytic properties of Co3O4 thin films. The syntheses of Co3O4 were achieved by chemical vapor deposition in the temperature range of 400–500 °C. The structure analysis of the as-prepared material revealed the presence of two prominent IR bands peaking at 544 cm−1 (v1) and 650 cm−1 (v2) respectively, which originate from the stretching vibrations of the Co−O bond, characteristic of the Co3O4 spinel. The lattice stability limit of Co3O4 was estimated to be above 650 °C. The redox properties of the spinel structure were determined by integrating the area under the emission bands v1 and v2 as a function of the temperature. Moreover, Co3O4 has been successfully tested as a catalyst towards complete oxidation of dimethyl ether below 340 °C. The exhaust gas analysis during the catalytic process by in situ absorption FTIR revealed that only CO2 and H2O were detected as the final products in the catalytic reaction. The redox behavior suggests that the oxidation of dimethyl ether over Co3O4 follows a Mars-van Krevelen type mechanism. The comprehensive application of in situ FTIR provides a novel diagnostic tool in characterization and performance test of catalysts.
Purification and structural analysis of volatile sesquiterpenes produced by Escherichia coli carrying unidentified terpene synthase genes from edible plants of the family Araliaceae
Authors: Shindo Kazutoshi , Hattan Jun-ichiro , Kato Mariko , Sato Miho , Ito Tomoko , Shibuya Yurika , Watanabe Arisa , Sugiyama Maki , Nakamura Yuri , Misawa Norihiko
Published: November 2017

A simple method to purify volatile sesquiterpenes from recombinant Escherichia coli was developed using the cells that carried known sesquiterpene synthase (Tps) genes ZzZss2 (ZSS2) and ZoTps1. This method was applied for the purification and structural analyses of volatile sesquiterpenes produced by E. coli cells that carried unidentified Tps genes, which were isolated from the Aralia-genus edible plants belonging to the family Araliaceae. Recombinant cells carrying each Tps gene were cultured in the two-layer medium (n-octane/TB medium), and volatile sesquiterpenes trapped in n-octane were purified through two-phase partition, silica gel column chromatography, and reversed-phase preparative high-performance liquid chromatography, if necessary. Further, their structures were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance, [α]D, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analyses. Herein, the products of E. coli cells that carried two Tps gene (named AcTps1 and AcTps2) in Araria cordata “Udo” and a Tps gene (named AeTps1) in Aralia elata “Taranoki” were studied resulting in identifying functionalities of these cryptic Tps genes.
CytoCtrlAnalyser: a Cytoscape app for biomolecular network controllability analysis
Authors: Wu Lin , Li Min , Wang Jianxin , Wu Fang-Xiang
Published: November 2017

Studying the controllability of biomolecular networks can result in profound knowledge about molecular biological systems. However, there is no comprehensive and easy-to-use platform for analyzing controllability of biomolecular networks although various algorithms for analyzing complex network controllability have been proposed recently. In this application note, we develop the CytoCtrlAnalyser which is a Cytoscape app to provide a comprehensive platform for analyzing controllability of biomolecular networks. Nine algorithms have been integrated in CytoCtrlAnalyser. With network topologies and customized control settings imported into CytoCtrlAnalyser, users can identify the steering nodes which should be actuated by input control signals for achieving different control objectives as well as investigate the importance of nodes from different perspectives in the controllability of networks. CytoCtrlAnalyser offers a tool for many promising applications, such as identification of potential drug targets or biologically important nodes in biomolecular networks.

Availability and implementation

Freely available for downloading at http://apps.cytoscape.org/apps/cytoctrlanalyser.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
On a Judgment of One’s Own: Heideggerian Authenticity, Standpoints, and All Things Considered
Authors: McManus Denis
Published: November 2017

This paper explores two models using which we might understand Heidegger's notion of ‘Eigentlichkeit’. Although typically translated as ‘authenticity’, a more literal construal of this term would be ‘ownness’ or ‘ownedness’; and in addition to the paper's exegetical value, it also develops two interestingly different understandings of what it is to have a judgment of one's own. The first model understands Heideggerian authenticity as the owning of what I call a ‘standpoint’. Although this model provides an understanding of a number of key features of authenticity, it also invites an important objection—which I call ‘the closure objection’—that can be found in, for example, the work of Steven Galt Crowell and Tony Fisher. Although I argue that this objection can be met, the response for which it calls reveals that the feat of authenticity as understood through the standpoint model rests upon a further feat, and one which may itself have a stronger claim to be identified with Heideggerian authenticity. I develop this thought, introducing what I call the ‘all-things-considered judgment model’ of authenticity, the basis of which lies in, among other sources, Heidegger's appropriation of themes from Aristotle's discussion of phronesis. I explain the exegetical benefits of adopting this model and consider some objections that it invites, before closing with a discussion of how the two models understand the notion of ‘a judgment of one's own’.
Humans and the Natural World
Authors: Boyle Deborah
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines Cavendish’s views about the relationships between humans and the natural environment, arguing that Cavendish thought it appropriate and natural for humans to use animals and other natural resources in certain ways and that following these norms of behavior results in an orderly relationship between humans and the rest of nature. The chapter begins with a discussion of Cavendish’s egalitarian claim that non-human animals (and indeed all parts of Nature) are perceptive and knowing, just as humans are, and examines her claims about how non-human animals differ from humans. Cavendish’s attitudes toward vegetarianism, animal experimentation, and hunting are examined. The chapter ends with an account of Cavendish’s beliefs regarding the use of other natural resources such as trees and minerals, particularly as used by alchemists.
Health and Order in the Human Body
Authors: Boyle Deborah
Published: November 2017

While Cavendish wrote a great deal about medicine, surprisingly little attention has been paid to this aspect of Cavendish’s thought. This chapter shows how focusing on the themes of peace and order illuminates Cavendish’s medical thinking. The chapter begins by locating Cavendish’s views in historical context, showing that she sided with Galenists rather than iatrochemists such as Paracelsus and van Helmont. Her objections to iatrochemistry are shown to be part of a broader rejection of alchemy. The chapter argues that Cavendish’s views on health, disease, causes of disease, and cures for diseases are firmly grounded in her natural-philosophical thinking, especially her theory of occasional causation and “imitation.”
How to Litigate a Case Against a White Southerner
Authors: Milewski Melissa
Published: November 2017

Chapter 2 traces the legal journey of African Americans who succeeded in litigating cases against white southerners in the 35 years after the Civil War. In many cases, they litigated suits against the very whites who had enslaved them. The chapter discusses why black southerners turned to the courts and the obstacles they met in attempting to litigate suits against whites. It follows black southerners as they hired lawyers, testified before crowded courtrooms, and appealed their suits to their state’s highest courts. It discusses as well why white lawyers represented black litigants, the motivations of white and black witnesses in such suits, and the considerations of juries and judges deciding civil cases between black and white southerners.
Confronting Fraud Through the Courts
Authors: Milewski Melissa
Published: November 2017

Chapter 6 examines the fraud cases that black southerners litigated against whites in the first two decades of the twentieth century, in which they accused whites of deception in property dealings. Such cases formed an unusually large proportion of civil cases involving black and white litigants in the state supreme courts examined during the first two decades of the twentieth century. In case after case, black litigants testified about their diligence in attempting to understand contracts, their own ignorance and vulnerability to deception, and their trust in the defendant. As such testimony appealed to white judges’ and jury members’ ideas of racial superiority and paternalism, as well as the legal claims needed to prove fraud, their cases often proved successful despite the widespread loss of rights and fraud occurring around them.
Bilingual corpora
Authors: Poplack Shana
Published: November 2017

This chapter details the difficulties inherent in building corpora pertinent to the process of lexical borrowing, reviews methods for gathering data capable of identifying the grammars giving rise to the various language mixing types, and emphasizes the importance of distinguishing occasional uses from bilingual community trends. It describes the constitution of the bilingual “mega-corpus” which provides the data on which the analyses of many of the ensuing chapters are based, and introduces two other geographically and diachronically related corpora that allow us to track the trajectory of borrowings over time. It presents 11 additional corpora of typologically distinct language pairs whose analysis provides corroborating evidence of many of the claims made on the basis of the larger and more representative corpora.
Dealing with variability in loanword integration
Authors: Poplack Shana
Published: November 2017

This chapter tests a strong loanword integration hypothesis: that donor-language material that has been borrowed will display variability in morphosyntactic integration paralleling that of the recipient language. This requires explicitly marshalling the recipient language as the benchmark for comparison, an innovation implemented here for the first time. Illustrating with the typologically different Tamil-English language pair, word order and case-marking of English-origin objects of Tamil verbs are analyzed. English indirect objects are overwhelmingly inflected with Tamil dative markers, but direct objects tend not to be marked for the accusative. Comparison reveals that this patterning reflects the case-marking variability inherent in the recipient-language benchmark, compelling us to recognize even these apparently bare forms as borrowed, and supporting the Nonce Borrowing Hypothesis. This demonstrates that the facts of variability must be taken into account to identify which forms have been borrowed and which have been code-switched.
How nonce borrowings become loanwords
Authors: Poplack Shana
Published: November 2017

Making use of a unique series of speech corpora collected between the 1940s and 2007, this chapter traces for the first time the diachronic trajectory of nonce forms in bilingual production over a real-time period of 61 years and nearly a century and a half in apparent time. It tests and refutes two standard assumptions about nonce borrowings: (1) they increase in frequency and diffusion, and (2) they originate as code-switches and are gradually converted to loanwords. Results show that nonce forms generally do not go on to become established loanwords: few persist, let alone increase over time. Based on several diagnostics, analysis of the linguistic trajectory of those that diffuse and increase in frequency shows that they are not integrated gradually; instead they assume recipient-language grammatical structure abruptly. Code-switches are not converted into borrowings; the decision to code-switch or borrow is made at the moment the other-language item is accessed.
Neighbor-Love and Justice
Authors: Beste Jennifer
Published: November 2017

According to the author’s reading of Metz, a third aspect of becoming fully human is a form of neighbor-love exemplified by Christ with three interrelated commitments: (1) letting go of one’s false, ego-driven self; (2) becoming vulnerable and authentic in our relationships; and (3) pursuing justice and solidarity for and among our neighbors both near and far. For Metz, an intrinsic unity exists among love of God, love of neighbor, and love of self. When we love others, we open ourselves to the mystery of God’s presence and love. The author explores students’ analyses of the barriers to neighbor-love in college culture—specifically egoism and fear of vulnerability—and the experiences of joy that can emerge when one does risk neighbor-love.
Introduction—Music and Identity
Authors: Gentry Philip M.
Published: November 2017

This first chapter of the book introduces its key concepts. The term “identity” became popularized after World War II, thanks to social scientists attempting to describe new modes of self-fashioning. At the same time, large social movements began to coalesce around the concert, and simultaneously, there was a large growth in new musical styles and institutions. Rather than impose larger abstract theories, the book’s methodology is to examine individual scenes of music-making, asking how individuals made use of the concept of identity, especially in political terms. A more holistic notion of music, drawn from the discipline of performance studies, allows the book to make connections between often disparate strategies.
The Death and Legacy of a Renaissance Man
Authors: Pollack Howard
Published: November 2017

This final chapter discusses Latouche’s sudden death at age forty-one of a heart attack, and the suspicions of foul play surrounding his death. This chapter includes an overview of tributes made at the time of his death, including Carson McCullers’s eulogy, and considers the fate of his effects. Some consideration is given to the general reception of his work, both among musicians and academics, as well as to his legacy with regard to musical theater.
Rational Superiority, Crises, and Arms Control, 1961–1963
Authors: Cameron James
Published: November 2017

Chapter 1 describes how John F. Kennedy rose to power by articulating his own new nuclear strategy, which would use the latest advances in social and organizational sciences, combined with US superiority in nuclear weapons, to defend the United States’ national security interests. The foremost exponent of this strategy of “rational superiority” was Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara. The chapter then explains how this scheme was dealt a series of blows by Kennedy’s experiences during the Berlin and Cuban missile crises, which disabused him of the idea that nuclear superiority could be used to coerce the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, the Kennedy administration used the rhetoric of rational superiority to advance the Limited Test Ban Treaty and was planning to employ it as part of the president’s reelection campaign in 1964. Kennedy had not reconciled this gap between his public rhetoric and personal doubts at the time of his death.
The Ethical Bind of Sentimentalism
Authors: Greyser Naomi
Published: November 2017

This chapter maps intimacy in the public sphere and the alternately ethical and exploitative cross-racial bonds sentimentalists have cultivated. The chapter focuses on the challenges Sojourner Truth faced as an African American woman to occupy the position of a civic emoter who channels the nation’s feelings. The chapter examines the writing and editing of the Narrative of Sojourner Truth (1850, 1875, 1884), a process that involved deeply felt and vexed relations between Truth and her white editors that continued through the text’s publication, as well as white women’s sympathy and emotional impositions in the text’s reception into the twenty-first century. Truth models sentimentalism’s ethical capacities, refusing victimization as she expresses compassion toward her former master. Much of her white audience failed to recognize her rhetorical power, yet Truth insisted on taking up space without apology, living out much of her life in her home in Northampton, Massachusetts.
Between Intimacy and Distance, a “Neutral Territory”
Authors: Greyser Naomi
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines masculine individualism’s push–pull relationship with sympathy, beginning in The Scarlet Letter’s Custom-House. There, Hawthorne’s narrator sympathetically presses Hester Prynne’s dusty, scarlet A against his heart, feeling a burning tingle as he places himself in her position. Sections read touch and untouchability in The Scarlet Letter, exploring what encouraged male readers to overcome what Henry Thoreau referred to as masculinity’s “gulf of feeling” to experience sentimental connection. Writing through alienation and writer’s block, Hawthorne’s tingling connection with Hester in the Custom-House propelled him to complete the novel in just five weeks, after being fired from his position as surveyor. His imagined intimacy with Prynne emerges against myths of the self-made man and the untouchable citizen-subject. Readings of tactility reveal alphabetic print and textual space as sites of flux and flow, intimacy and distance, as writers and readers sympathetically lean into and recoil from page and print.
The Ethics of Understanding
Authors: Grimm Stephen R.
Published: November 2017

According to a memorable French proverb, “To understand all is to forgive all.” It is puzzling, however, why this claim should have even a ring of truth. After all, most of us—probably all of us—are less than admirable in various ways. We are shot through with vices such as vanity, cowardice, jealousy, and pride. But then why should coming to understand these elements of someone else lead to anything other than disapproval? This chapter reviews several different ways of thinking about understanding and argues that no one specific form of understanding addresses all the relevant cases neatly. If there is a legitimate connection between understanding and goods such as forgiveness or compassion, it seems to be a multifaceted one—sometimes involving an understanding of the conditions that give rise to someone’s behavior, sometimes understanding the complexity of another’s situation, and sometimes involving an understanding of our common frailty.
The Nature of Indian Words in the Rise of Anglo-American Nativism
Authors: Rivett Sarah
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the fate of missionary linguistics during the Great Awakening through Protestant missionaries to the Mohican and Mohawk. Jonathan Edwards, David Brainerd, John Sergeant, Samuel Hopkins, and Gideon Hawley espoused a conversion theology that for the first time in Anglo colonial history did not depend on hearing proselytes speak Christian truths in their own native tongue. Increasingly, American Indian children were instructed in English and their faith became evidence of a firmly rooted New World Protestant-millennial identity. Through this millennial frame of an emergent Anglo-American exceptionalism, indigenous words were reconfigured as artifacts of a long-forgotten, biblical past and prophetic types of the ascent of Protestant Christendom.
Indigenous Metaphors and the Philosophy of History in Cooper’s Leatherstocking Tales
Authors: Rivett Sarah
Published: November 2017

Chapter 8 explores how a fascination with a “native language” emerged in literary circles through a simultaneous indebtedness to traditional British prose and verse forms, and Anglo-American linguistic affiliation with indigenous-language roots. By 1815, the “Historical and Literary Committee of the American Philosophical Society” would declare this “native language” a uniquely “American idiom” to be discovered on the American continent through the “numerous novel forms” of Indian languages. In his early novels, James Fenimore Cooper seized upon the aesthetic value that could be constructed from Indian languages and from the figure of the noble savage. I show how Cooper’s novels build upon beliefs in the prelapsarian quality of indigenous languages. I argue that the regenerative potential that Cooper’s novels portray as arising from Indian words functions as aesthetic compensation for the violence and repeated violation of treaty agreements that characterized US and Indian relations in the early nineteenth century.
{ Coda } remembered forms of a literary nation
Authors: Rivett Sarah
Published: November 2017

The final chapter of this book explores Cooper’s transformations of colonial approaches to indigenous languages as repositories of knowledge into fiction. In his Leatherstocking Tales, Lenni Lenape appears as the ancient ur language of America, forecasting grand narratives of national rebirth with prophetic certainty. The Lenni Lenape word, unintelligible to characters other than those of Lenape descent and the singular Natty Bumppo, is the sign that makes the world of nature flesh for future generations of Anglo-Americans. Cast at once as prophetic and primitive, the rhetorical rendering of the Indian in Cooper’s novels also strives to efface a Native American present. Cooper was not unique in his effort to fictionalize the Anglo-American language encounter, or in his attempt to reconcile the expansionist ethos of the new nation-state with an indelible indigenous past. For other antebellum writers, the American Indian presence haunts or lingers more emphatically, refusing to leave a landscape that is itself infused with Indian words. As Lydia Sigourney asks at the beginning of her poem “Indian Names” (1838), “How can the red men be forgotten, while so many of our states and territories, bays, lakes, and rivers, are indelibly stamped by names of their giving?” The question is, of course, rhetorical. As Sigourney goes on to explain:...
Editors’ Introduction
Authors: Jenkins Ryan , Robillard Michael , Strawser Bradley Jay
Published: November 2017

In recent years, the military ethics community has been rent by controversy over the concept of liability to harm. Analysis and application of this concept are necessary to inform our positions about whom it is permissible to target during war. The “traditional” just war understanding holds that war is a special moral context where large-scale, impersonal, intentional killing can be justified and that all and only soldiers are equally liable to be killed. “Revisionist” scholars have scrutinized the conditions for a soldier’s liability and the relationship between it and the justice of her cause. These scholars have offered compelling arguments that some soldiers are more liable to harm than others, that some civilians could be liable to harm, and that some soldiers are not liable to harm at all. This introduction summarizes recent work on liability to harm and how it relates to the chapters in this volume.
Fighting for One’s Self
Authors: Robillard Michael
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores a dilemma arising from interveners’ competing duties to respect authorization and to enforce necessity. Even in cases where an intervener could defend an agent more effectively and less harmfully, there is still good reason (within limits) for interveners to refrain from enforcing necessity and to allow or encourage agents to fight for themselves. Borrowing from the works of Statman and Frowe, the chapter argues that “defense of one’s honor” can serve as an independent moral reason justifying one’s use of defensive force, even in cases where necessity appears not to be met. It then considers what implications such analysis holds for interventions at the international level, arguing that political communities may gain extra moral permissions when fighting on behalf of an emergent impersonal good over and above the community’s individual members. Despite this claim, it does not commit one to collectivism.
Introduction
Authors: Müller Anna
Published: November 2017

The introduction introduces the main argument of the book as well as the sources used while to write it. Towards the end, the chapter provides short synopsis of all the chapters of the book. The main theme of the book are the lives of women prisoners who were confined from the end of the Second World War through the first, most brutal and intense phase of the building of Communism in Poland. The book accompanies the prisoners from the moment of their arrests, through their interrogations and years of cell life, to their eventual release. In other words, the book examines the postwar world in Poland from a very particular place: namely, inside the walls of a women’s prison cell, while arguing that prison not only crushed but also created identities.
War and the Penitentiary System
Authors: Müller Anna
Published: November 2017

The first chapter contextualizes the war and women’s postwar engagement. Most women were imprisoned in the first years after the war ended. The chapter begins with the nature of the women’s military involvement and leads to a short discussion of factors that contributed to their continuous engagement in the war and postwar conspiracy. The second part of this chapter focuses on the emergence of the penitentiary system in the first years after the war ended, along with changes the system underwent at the end of the 1940s and the beginning of the 1950s. Topics covered include the Soviet occupation, the Home Army, insurgency, Communism, conspiracies, and political and anti-state prisoners.
Prison Relationships
Authors: Müller Anna
Published: November 2017

This chapter concentrates on prison friendships. It begins with an exploration of possibilities for creating new relationships as well as maintaining contact through a wall. Wall relationships helped prisoners extend beyond their own cell and gave them a chance to recreate themselves and some of the social roles that they lost when they entered prison. This chapter tells the story of life in both interrogation cells and cells where women were to spend their sentences. It then zooms in on a particular cell where imprisoned Communists, two Home Army women, and a Ukrainian Insurgent Army member were able to create an atmosphere of mutual support and understanding. Looking at the relationships between women of different ideological commitments and the trust and familiarity they forged also leads to an opportunity to probe the relationships between prisoner spies and their cellmates.
Boredom and Emptiness, or the Flow of Life in Confinement
Authors: Müller Anna
Published: November 2017

The last chapter focuses on daily prison life. It starts in interrogation rooms and moves to prison cells. Women prisoners undertook various activities to distract themselves from the idleness of their world. They spent their days learning, reading, and engaging in their own cultural activities. As they recreated their lives in prison, they chose traditionally female roles of sharing, providing for, and taking care of their cellmates. These new cell roles appeared to be stable. When they laughed at and ridiculed each other, they challenged this supportive model. Close attention is paid to the importance of religion. For Poles, religion is closely linked to nationalism, but religion and nationalism were not as important as expected. The role of religion became more prominent in the meaning of imprisonment for these women’s post-prison lives. This chapter takes place predominantly in the post-trial cells, in such prisons as Fordon and Inowrocław.
Conclusion
Authors: Müller Anna
Published: November 2017

The conclusion returns to some of the questions asked throughout the book while highlighting the major points of the book. In addition, it also focuses on women’s attitudes toward Communism and their post-prison evaluation of their imprisonment. Did the years in prison contribute to sentiments of anti-Communism or did they make them into Communists? In other words, was political imprisonment a school of political resistance? Or was it a school of political opportunism that broke them into docile followers of Communism? What stands out is their ambivalent attitude toward the regime—neither enthusiasm nor outward rejection. The end of the conclusion discuss the concept of postawa as something the women used to describe their behavior in prisons.
Epilogue
Authors: Müller Anna
Published: November 2017

The book ends by following the lives of some of the women after they were released from prison as they rebuilt a sense of security and their new lives. Most women stayed as much as possible inside their private worlds—among friends, family, and memories—and tried to come to terms with their experiences. As they reconstructed their private worlds, many former prisoners strove to remain invisible to state authorities, while maintaining visibility as former prisoners among their former cellmates. By the time this book is published many of the women and men will have passed away. This is a book for them and about them.
Touching on Science
Authors: Kleege Georgina
Published: November 2017

While the Hypothetical Blind man is a useful prop for philosophical theories of mind, he also influences the research of many contemporary neuroscientists. This chapter will survey cases of “restored sight” from the eighteenth century to the present. These cases follow such a predictable script that they have supplied the plots of such literary texts as Wilke Collins’s Poor Miss Finch and Brian Friel’s Molly Sweeney. The chapter will go on to describe research on brain plasticity that employs blind subjects to investigate various aspects of tactile perception and mental imaging, without any direct applications for blind people themselves.
Dialogues with the Blind
Authors: Kleege Georgina
Published: November 2017

This chapter surveys literary and theoretical representations pairing blindness and visual art. Jacques Derrida observes that when visual artists depict blindness they are in fact making reference to their own artistic process. The chapter examines fiction by Rudyard Kipling, Wilkie Collins, Raymond Carver, Lorrie Moore, Hilary Norman, Paul Auster, Tracy Chevalier, and others. While many of these representations follow the contours of the Hypothetical Blind Man, some authors use depictions of blindness to posit the power of language to capture the ephemeral nature of the visual. Authors update the stock character of the blind seer to offer readers a mirror image of themselves.
What They Talk About When They Talk About Art
Authors: Kleege Georgina
Published: November 2017

This chapter will explore the possibilities and pitfalls involved in verbal description of art for a blind audience. Since the vast majority of any museum’s holdings cannot be touched, access programs for the blind rely on verbal description of painting, drawing, prints, photography, and the majority of sculpture. But is it possible to put a picture into words, and will those words be meaningful to someone who cannot see? This chapter provides a close reading of the audio tours at New York’s Museum of Modern Art, comparing tracks for mainstream auditors to those created for blind people and children. I include recommendations from blind artists on how best to describe art.
Exonerating Men
Authors: Manne Kate
Published: November 2017

The flipside of misogyny’s punishment of women is exonerating the privileged men who engage in misogyny. This chapter canvasses this phenomenon, along with the flow of sympathy up the social hierarchy, away from the female victims of misogyny toward its (again, privileged) male perpetrators. This is dubbed “himpathy.” These phenomena are connected to epistemic injustice and epistemic oppression, theorized by Miranda Fricker and Kristie Dotson, among others. As a contrast with the much-discussed Isla Vista killings, the chapter considers the far less publicized case of the serial rapist police officer in Oklahoma City, who preyed on black women who had criminal records, in the belief that these women would have no legal recourse. This is an instance of systemic “misogynoir”—Moya Bailey’s term for the distinctive, in some ways sui generis form of misogyny to which black women in the United States are subject, given misogyny’s interaction with racism and white supremacy.
Conclusion
Authors: Manne Kate
Published: November 2017

Concludes by considering the future of the struggle against misogyny, and the grounds for, if not pessimism, then a certain kind of self-protective, world-weary, and for all that, rational, anger. In the end, we may have to give up on achieving a rational consensus about the moral seriousness of the phenomenon, and convincing those more or less in its grip to make addressing misogyny a priority. The very phenomenon makes insisting that misogyny is a moral priority verboten even when justified, since women are often tasked with giving moral attention to designated others, rather than asking for it for their own sake. So those trying to combat misogyny should be prepared to keep struggling, in the sense of asserting girls’ and women’s entitlement to certain moral as well as material and social benefits.
Epilogue
Authors: Galvin Rachel
Published: November 2017

Writing about the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, contemporary United States–based poets Mónica de la Torre, Ben Lerner, Philip Metres, Claudia Rankine, Juliana Spahr, and C. D. Wright have repurposed the news media’s logic of juxtaposition and simultaneity and civilian poets’ meta-rhetorical strategies from the 1930s and 1940s. Recent scholarship has not yet attended to how U.S. civilian poets use these strategies to critique war culture in the twenty-first century. This chapter argues that an ethically motivated self-distrust that sees itself seeing has become the prima materia of an important strand of civilian war poetry today. Some contemporary poets use rhetoric to craft texts that cultivate connectivity rather than expressing oratorical postures of authority, while others aim to bring together the experiences of soldier and civilian through collaborative projects. Both modes reinforce the notion that witnessing war in the flesh affords special knowledge.
The United Kingdom
Authors: Psygkas Athanasios
Published: November 2017

The influence of EU law on the United Kingdom was different from that in France and Greece. The United Kingdom had been at the forefront of the privatization revolution, and the British regulators had engaged in public consultations before the advent of the EU participatory mandates. However, this chapter puts forward a narrative that spans the last two centuries and demonstrates that EU law did indeed lead to consequential changes in institutional structures and practices in the United Kingdom. Public participation in administrative policymaking had been inconsistent with the prevailing perception of the British state in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The New Right and New Labour governments introduced important regulatory reforms but it was EU mandates that pushed significantly in the direction of formalized and institutionalized open public participation, adding impetus to and consolidating previous domestic initiatives. This chapter concludes by looking beyond the telecommunications sector and beyond national borders.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Matthew Wilson
Published: November 2017

How did we come to think of ourselves not as souls and minds but as nerves and brains? The answer this book gives is a history of the neural subject—that is, a history of a subject understood as primarily and essentially a nervous system. The earliest formation of the neural subject lies at least as far back as Thomas Willis’s Pathology of the Brain, published in 1667, but it is above all during the nineteenth century that the discourse of nerves became foundational for myriad and not always compatible institutions and practices. One of the central institutions in the nineteenth-century rise of the neural subject was the theater, which, because of its peculiarly embodied and social nature, was one of the central sites for the staging and the formation of this subject.
The Inner Drama of the Body
Authors: Smith Matthew Wilson
Published: November 2017

Wagnerites and anti-Wagnerites frequently agreed at least in this: that the novelty of Wagner’s art was that it was directed first and foremost at the nerves. And it was not simply audience members who understood Wagner’s music dramas as essentially neural; it was also Wagner himself. Critics have long appreciated the importance of Wagner’s Beethoven essay of 1870, an essay that theorizes Wagner’s late movement toward “inner drama” and toward the dominance of music over text. Largely unappreciated, however, is the central importance of the neurological sciences in this transition; what Wagner aimed at in this essay was not simply the inner drama of the psyche but also—and inextricably—the inner drama of the body: that is, the drama of the brain and the nervous system. It is this profoundly neuropsychological understanding of art that drives Wagner’s late work—above all his final music drama, Parsifal.
Conclusion
Authors: Smith Matthew Wilson
Published: November 2017

The Conclusion begins with a consideration of parallels between two works written around 1900: Freud’s The Interpretation of Dreams (1955) and Strindberg’s A Dream Play (1901). These works, which were reactions to failure to unify natural science and psychology, correspond with the return to interpretation at the end of a nervous century. This neurologically informed turn to hermeneutics at century’s end ultimately sets the stage for Artaud’s Theater of Cruelty, a new and more virulent theater of sensation. Artaud’s insistence that all thought and feeling must be communicable and yet that words are fundamentally inadequate to this task leads inexorably to the conclusion that language must be concretized—must become pure corporeal sensation—and that this force of sensation must be as all-inclusive as thought itself is to the thinker..
Soviet and Muslim
Authors: Tasar Eren
Published: November 2017

Long associated with its aggressive promotion of atheism, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union adopted a nuanced, flexible, and often contradictory approach toward Islam in the USSR’s largest Muslim region, Central Asia. “Soviet and Muslim” demonstrates how the Soviet state unwittingly set in motion a process of institutionalization during World War II that culminated in a permanent space for Islam in a society ruled by atheists. Central Asia was the sole Muslim region of the former Russian empire to lack a centralized Islamic organization, or muftiate. When the Soviet leader Stalin created such a body for the region as part of his religious reforms during World War II, he acknowledged that the Muslim faith could enjoy some legal protection under Communist rule. From a skeletal and disorganized body run by one family of Islamic scholars out of a modest house in Tashkent’s old city, this muftiate acquired great political importance in the eyes of Soviet policymakers, and equally significant symbolic significance for many Muslims. This book argues that Islam did not merely “survive” the decades from World War II until the Soviet collapse in 1991, but actively shaped the political and social context of Soviet Central Asia. Muslim figures, institutions, and practices evolved in response to the social and political reality of Communist rule. Through an analysis that spans all aspects of Islam under Soviet rule—from debates about religion inside the Communist Party, to the muftiate’s efforts to acquire control over mosques across Central Asia, changes in Islamic practices and dogma, and overseas propaganda targeting the Islamic World—Soviet and Muslim offers a radical new reading of Islam’s resilience and evolution under atheist rule.
Walking in the Resurrection
Authors: Lambert Erin
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores the ways in which resurrection was transformed in the songs and martyr stories of Dutch Anabaptism, with a particular focus on the trial of a clandestine community in which songs circulated in Amsterdam. Drawing on the theology of Menno Simons, Dirk Philips, and David Joris, Anabaptists sang not of the raising of the body but of a spiritual resurrection that took place with the acceptance of baptism. In turn, they redefined the Christian life as a “walk in resurrection.” A shared walk through the world, comprised of ordinary actions such as breaking bread and singing together, also defined the Christian community. Anabaptists’ songs, this chapter thus suggests, reveal the complexity of the relationship between belief and its enactment, and they reshape our understanding of the community of faith, casting it as the product of shared experience.
Everywhere in Our Sight
Authors: Lambert Erin
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the liturgy and psalm singing of a group of Dutch Reformed exiles known as the Stranger church, who found safe harbor under the leadership of Johannes a Lasco in London in the 1550s only to face expulsion after the accession of Mary I. By singing the metrical psalms of Jan Utenhove, the exiles envisioned a community that could be enacted in any place and redefined their relationship to a world in which they had no sanctioned place. Thus the Stranger church reimagined the entire earth as a place of exile and looked to heaven as their home when their bodies rose from the earth. The story of the Dutch Strangers thus separates belief from the political geography of sixteenth-century Europe, and it reveals how the turmoil of the era transformed the relationship between belief and the physical world.
Recognizing and Preventing Occupational and Environmental Disease and Injury
Authors: Sokas Rosemary K. , Levy Barry S. , Wegman David H. , Baron Sherry L.
Published: November 2017

This chapter describes various approaches to recognizing and preventing occupational and environmental disease and injury from primarily a clinical perspective. It describes in detail the occupational and environmental health history, including what questions to ask and when to ask them. It also describes recognizing occupational or environmental disease clusters or outbreaks. The chapter describes in detail the options that health and safety professionals have for implementing and facilitating preventive measures, including substitution of hazardous substances, installation of engineering controls, changes in job design and work practices and organization, education and training, use of personal protective equipment, and screening surveillance. Prevention options are discussed both at the individual and organizational levels.