bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Fuzzy-AHP and Fuzzy TOPSIS Approaches to ERP Selection
Authors: Gupta Rekha , Naqvi S. Kazim
Published: October 2016

The proposed chapter aims at explaining theoretical frameworks of the Fuzzy AHP and Fuzzy TOPSIS extension approaches and also summarizes the recent research around these two concepts. To help reader understand the practical usage of the two approaches, it also demonstrates their applications on the significant problem of ERP Selection. The techniques are further illustrated with the help of an organization case study located in NCR, Delhi (India). Further, a comparative analysis will be made between the two techniques by taking into account their time complexities.
Genetic-Based Estimation of Biomass Using Geographical Information System
Authors: Nagarajan Suresh Kumar
Published: October 2016

The utilization of relative shading size of a picture to extricate the vegetation of a study range Vellore, Tamilnadu, India was proposed. This novel hereditary based calculation utilizes the pixel guide of every picture and tries to figure out the ranges using so as to fit the right determination for vegetation Biomass the hereditary based methodology. The simplicity of execution permits any further changes to the calculation in future. Capable picture handling component permitted improved control of picture A Google Programming interface was utilized to concentrate and yield picture. It permitted simple augmentation of the work to any demographic range. The proposed calculation is superior to anything some present day devices as it is taking into account singular pixel values as opposed to layers. All the more vitally, no pre-meaning of the picture or layer is needed. Pixel control permits blending the effectively utilized procedures with other more up to date picture handling strategies that would prompt a more far reaching and multi-useful calculation. The advances utilized are between operable and can be kept as a steady stage for further up degree. The calculation does endure in computational speed and can be upgraded by utilizing better equipment offices. Parallel registering may be another choice to accelerate the handling of free pixels. Certain area methodologies can be utilized to upgrade honing of picture and better limits.
Construction of a Proper Research Report
Authors: H. Sree Krishna Bharadwaj
Published: October 2016

Any study undertaken involves the congruous understanding of the subject matter and presentation of subject matter after the research is very much paramount. It is necessary that the research has to be reported in a proper manner and a systematic way. There are various parts of a research report and each part is equally important to adhere. Effective report writing is also an art as well as science. This paper analyses the importance of the research report and also the parts of the research report.
Citation Essentials in Scholarly Communication
Authors: Rao S. Sudarshan
Published: October 2016

This Chapter defines Citations, Citation Standards/Style Manuals and Scholarly Communication. It explains the importance of Scholarly Communication, and use of Citations in meeting the objectives of Scholarly Communication, especially in avoiding the accidental danger of plagiarism. It also explains how Bibliographic Management Systems (software)—both open / free and proprietary—have been helpful to the academics and researchers in providing standard methods of citations that is, both in-text citations and references list at the end of the text of the document while writing documents. It concludes by emphasizing the need for use of standard citation or style manual for proper dissemination of scholarly communications. There is a need for gaining adequate knowledge on how to cite and provide references in correct form in the publications to make them quality and scholarly works and also to avoid from the accidental danger of plagiarism.
Research Methodology
Authors: Babariya Naresh A. , Gohel Alka V.
Published: October 2016

The most important of research methodology in research study it is necessary for a researcher to design a methodology for the problem chosen and systematically solves the problem. Formulation of the research problem is to decide on a broad subject area on which has thorough knowledge and second important responsibility in research is to compare findings, it is literature review plays an extremely important role. The literature review is part of the research process and makes a valuable contribution to almost every operational step. A good research design provides information concerning with the selection of the sample population treatments and controls to be imposed and research work cannot be undertaken without sampling. Collecting the data and create data structure as a organizing the data, analysing the data help of different statistical method, summarizing the analysis and using these results for making judgements, decisions and predictions.
Changing Face of Scholarly Communication and Its Impact on Library and Information Centres
Authors: Saroja G.
Published: October 2016

Scholarly communication involves publishing the research findings by academics and researchers in order to share and make available the academic or research output to the global community of researchers. Emergence of Internet and World Wide Web has brought revolutionary changes in the process of scholarly communication. Increasing price of serial publications, time lag in the publication and readership and other associated problems were addressed by the electronic journals and open access initiatives. Other models like – Consortia and Institutional Repositories have evolved as a cost saving models and improving communication. The social networking sites on the Internet are also promoting scholarly communication to a great extent. In the light of the changing technological environment this chapter depicts the history of scholarly publishing and reviews the changes that took place in the process of scholarly communication. Further, the impact of the changing models on Library and Information Centres (LICs) is examined.
Search Engines and Meta Search Engines for Effective Information Retrieval and Scholarly Communication
Authors: Vivekavardhan J.
Published: October 2016

Search Engines (SEs) and Meta-Search Engines (MSEs) are the tools that allows people to find information on the World Wide Web. SEs and MSEs on internet have improved continually with application of new methodologies to satisfy their users by providing them with relevant information. Understanding and Utilization of SEs and MSEs are useful for information scientist, knowledge manager, librarians and most importantly for authors and researchers for effective information retrieval and scholarly communication. The paper explores on how Search Engines and Meta-Search Engines discover web pages, indexes content, and provide search results. The paper discusses about the technological evolution of SEs and MSEs, working process and different types of SEs and MSEs. Finally paper presents conclusions and suggestions for further research.
“SPDC a porte aperte”: elaborazione di un processo – utilizzando la metodologia FMEA – riguardante le uscite dal reparto da parte di pazienti affetti da malattia mentale
Authors: Barbera V. , Catarisano M. , Cavarra S. , Crisci L. , Podestà P. , Pomillo G. , Prelati M. , Piantato E.
Published: October 2016

Obiettivi: il progetto si propone di elaborare un processo lavorativo critico “uscita del paziente” al fine di un miglioramento continuo della qualità delle prestazioni offerte dalla Struttura Complessa uniformando, sotto quest’aspetto, il paziente con disturbi mentali a tutti gli altri degenti ospedalieri; Metodologia: gruppo di lavoro formato dall’equipe medica e infermieristica, avvalendosi della metodologia FMEA; Risultati: l’elaborazione di una scheda FMEA con l’analisi del processo “uscita pazienti”; Conclusioni: Il documento prodotto ha suscitato nel gruppo di lavoro notevoli discussioni e riflessioni sull’operato di ciascuno; l’elaborato finale ha visto numerose revisioni ad ogni incontro di lavoro e particolarmente utile sarebbe stato includere nel gruppo un facilitatore esterno con esperienza metodologica in merito.
Clinical Implications High Frequency Chest Wall Oscillation (HFCWO)
Authors: Mantellini E. , Perrero L. , Petrozzino S. , Gatta A. , Bona S.
Published: October 2016

Purpose: patients with neuromuscular diseases presents an high incidence of respiratory infections favoured by stagnation of deep bronchial secretions and deficit of cough. The aim of the study is to evaluate the correct treatment of this condition and the role of High Frequency Chest Wall Oscillation (HFCWO) in helping the removal of bronchial secretions and reduce the incidence of infections in patients with neuromuscular disease. Methods: analysis of the current bibliography related to respiratory infections and neuromuscular disease. PCEF (Peak Cough Expiratory Flow) is used as a standardized indicator of efficiency of cough. Results: the High Frequency Chest Wall Oscillation (HFCWO) is useful, in cases of increased production of mucus and impairment of muco-ciliary clearance, to remove the tracheobronchial secretions and reduce the incidence of infections. Conclusions: the correct approach to patients with neuromuscular disease and frequent respiratory infections is focused on treatment of cough ineffective and management of bronchial secretions. High Frequency Chest Wall Oscillation (HFCWO) (VEST) has a central role in treatment of cough ineffective and management of bronchial secretions reducing respiratory infections.
Il Gel Piastrinico in chirurgia orale
Authors: Sacchi M.C.
Published: October 2016

Obiettivi: L’utilizzo topico di emocomponenti autologhi, il concentrato piastrinico (CP) ed il plasma povero di piastrine, rappresenta una delle strategie più innovative per modulare ed amplificare i processi di guarigione e di rigenerazione tessutale. Con questo studio si è dimostrato che l’applicazione del gel piastrinico, quando viene applicato in chirurgia orale ed in particolare nell’implantologia, è in grado di migliorare ed accelerare i processi osteogenetici; Metodologia: il CP, preparato a partire da un prelievo contenuto di sangue venoso (30-60 ml), viene attivato mediante una miscela di calcio gluconato e batroxobina (un enzima similtrombinico). Nell’arco di 3-5 minuti si ottiene un bioprodotto pronto per rilasciare in situ, verosimilmente, quei GFs fondamentali per la guarigione e la rigenerazione dei tessuti circostanti.; Conclusioni: il gel piastrinico, una biotecnologia efficace, semplice e dai costi contenuti, offre ai clinici l’opportunità di poter disporre di uno strumento innovativo atto a ridurre i tempi di guarigione e le complicanze post-operative, migliorando notevolmente la qualità di vita dei pazienti;
“LIBERTE’, DIGNITE’, FRATERNITE’” DANS LA RELATION PSYCHIATREMALADE MENTAL
Authors: Piantato E.
Published: October 2016

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Verso nuove prospettive di ricerca e di cura: l'ipnosi come psicotecnica per migliorare e rinforzare le difese psicoimmunoendocrinologiche dell'organismo sottoposto a stress
Authors: Bossarelli A.
Published: October 2016

Questa è una breve revisione di alcuni articoli della letteratura scientifica internazionale sugli effetti dell’ipnosi in vari ambiti clinici, alcuni dei quali riguardano anche gli effetti positivi che l’ipnosi può indurre a proposito delle difese immunitarie e del sistema endocrino.
Psychiatrie Italienne et Citoyennete
Authors: Piantato E.
Published: October 2016

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Accessi dei cittadini stranieri al Pronto Soccorso dell'Azienda Ospedaliera SS. Antonio e Bigio e C. Arrigo di Alessandria (anni 2011 - 2012).
Authors: Bongiovanni A. , Canepari F. , Ferraris P. , Negri P. , Pitisano C.
Published: October 2016

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Reazioni avverse da antiaggreganti e antitrombotici in Pronto Soccorso
Authors: Caravaggio E. , Cammarata R. , Guido G.L. , Savi M.L. , Casagranda I.
Published: October 2016

La Farmacovigilanza è una scienza clinica che si pone come obiettivi la sorveglianza, la segnalazione e la valutazione di effetti non desiderabili di prodotti farmaceutici impiegati nelle terapie mediche. Comprendela diffusione di nuove informazioni e misure regolatorie adottate al fine di evitare e prevenire effetti indesiderati che potrebbero potenzialmente verificarsi. In questo modo può essere valutato meglio il profilo di sicurezza dei farmaci e il rapporto rischio/beneficio (18). La segnalazione spontanea di tali effetti costituisce la fonte principale delle informazioni. La Farmacovigilanza si occupa della valutazione del rischio e monitoraggio della incidenza di effetti indesiderati associati al trattamento farmacologico (9-10-11). Le ADR (Adverse Drug Reaction) da farmaci sono un problema sociale ed economico di grande rilevanza, i trial clinici pre-marketing non sono sufficienti per garantire che un farmaco in commercio sia sicuro, inoltre non tutti i rischi possono essere individuati prima che il farmaco venga commercializzato su larga scala. Essi potranno essere noti solo quando il farmaco sarà stato somministrato ad un gran numero di pazienti e per un periodo di tempo prolungato di tempo (12-14) . Per capire le dimensioni del problema basti pensare che su 18 molecole, maggiormente associate ad eventi avversi sono in commercio da più di 20 anni (7- 8-13). L’Autorizzazione all’Immissione in Commercio (AIC) di un nuovo farmaco concessa dall’Autorità regolatoria (Agenzia Italiana del Farmaco , AIFA) non preclude l’eventuale insorgenza di rischi considerati gravi riconducibili a tale specialità medicinale durante la pratica clinica futura (19) . E’ stato stimato che i costi annualmente attribuibili agli eventi avversi da farmaci sono sempre in crescita si stima una spesa tra i 7 e i 18 milioni di euro per milione di abitanti (1).
Caso clinico: tachicardia parossistica sopraventricolare secondaria ad ipertiroidismo in cheto acidosi diabetica all’esordio
Authors: Secco A. , Lera R. , Cattaneo L. , De Benedetti D. , Serraino P. , Pesce F.
Published: October 2016

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Discussion about the notion of ‘intersectionality’ in terms of our changing understanding of gender
Authors: Piantato G. , Piantato E.
Published: October 2016

In this paper we are going to consider the usefulness of Intersectionality as an analytical tool, in order to define gender identity. After a brief explanation of the concept of ‘gender’ and its examination through different feminist approaches before the introduction of the Intersectional Theory, we explore the notion of Intersectionality itself, with reference to the importance that the term has assumed in the Black Feminist Thought. Then, we will discuss an empirical case based on the experience of domestic violence against marginalized women in diverse communities, with the aim of giving a practical example of the contribution of Intersectionality. The purpose of our analysis is to demonstrate the way in which Instersectional approach was fundamental to examine in depth and improve the notion of gender and how it was used by feminist discourse to build arguments to explore the complexity of women’s oppression.
La rilevanza degli indicatori e della dimensione della performance ai fini dell’accountability
Authors: Foddis A.
Published: October 2016

Il processo di aziendalizzazione volto a recuperare la funzionalità del Servizio Sanitario Nazionale (SSN), la conseguente responsabilizzazione legata alla gestione delle risorse assegnate alle articolazioni che lo compongono, il riconoscimento della libertà di scelta all’accesso delle prestazioni sanitarie quale condizione di concorrenza tra erogatori al fine di contrastare l’implosione di modelli statici e incapaci di creare valore, hanno reso necessario un approccio multidimensionale di misurazione della performance, in coerenza con la nuova cornice normativa delineata dalle riforme sanitarie degli anni ’90. Essa infatti è considerata leva determinante per l’accountability, ossia si ritiene che la misurazione dei risultati conseguiti possa tradursi in un processo di responsabilizzazione degli operatori nella misura in cui si lega alla pubblicazione dei dati e quindi ad un ritorno informativo del proprio operato con misurazioni oggettive, chiare e trasparenti. Misurare la performance significa fissare obiettivi quantificabili, definire i risultati attesi, associare agli obiettivi degli indicatori che possano adeguatamente misurare sia il percorso sia il grado di raggiungimento degli stessi, rilevare sistematicamente, ad intervalli di tempo definiti, il valore degli indicatori. La rilevanza della misurazione/valutazione delle prestazioni, e delle sue tecniche, è cresciuta di pari passo con l’espandersi sia di procedure di rendicontazione interne alle singole aziende sanitarie, sia di forme di rendicontazione pubblica aperta, o almeno accessibile, ai cittadini. In riferimento ai destinatari interni, l’impiego di un sistema di indicatori per la misurazione della performance è un valido supporto ai fini del controllo direzionale per indirizzare il management nei processi decisionali; in riferimento ai destinatari esterni, tale sistema costituisce il mezzo per poter dar loro conto dei risultati delle azioni intraprese. Insieme al concetto di responsabilità, il principio dell’accountability presuppone quello di trasparenza inteso come accesso alle informazioni concernenti ogni aspetto dell’organizzazione, fra cui gli indicatori gestionali e gli strumenti di comunicazione volti a rendere visibili decisioni, attività e risultati. Il presente lavoro si compone di una parte introduttiva dedicata a illustrare brevemente il concetto di produzione, di una riferita a delineare la rilevanza di un sistema di indicatori quale supporto imprescindibile nelle scelte decisionali volte al miglioramento continuo della performance, e di una conclusiva in cui si è inteso rimarcare l’importanza di progettare un sistema di controllo di gestione integrato con un sistema di gestione della qualità, quale strumento di controllo direzionale interno all’azienda sanitaria e di rendicontazione esterna del proprio operato, meglio conosciuta con il termine di “accountability”.
Transferrina-Carboidrato carente (CDT): Updating sul marcatore biochimico più studiato ed utilizzato in ambito alcologico
Authors: Bianchi V.
Published: October 2016

Alcohol use and abuse is a important current issue, in addiction it is a social problem leading to isolation, physical consequences and several pathologies. Alcohol intoxication is correlated to accidents, injuries and violence. Developing effective strategies to prevent, diagnose and cure alcohol abuse is a priority as well as to have sure evidences. Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (CDT) is the most specific biomarker of alcohol abuse. In this review biochemistry, metabolism and definition are showed. Pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical phases are discussed In this review several CDT applications in hospital , in rehabilitation and in forensic setting are presented. HPLC, CZE and immunoassay methods are presented. The need of standardization of the measurement of CDT is explained, because defining main target analyte, reference method and materials are important to have the same result with different methods. Some criticisms on the standardization process are showed. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity are discussed and how correctly calculated the cut off and a correct interpretation of data are reported. Guide-lines by SIBioC-GITF are reminded.
Suicide is not exclusively a medical problem
Authors: Pridmore S. , Khan M.A.
Published: October 2016

Background: In the West, beginning in the early 19th Century, the belief was published that suicide was always, or almost always, the result of a mental disorder (a medical problem). This belief became established wisdom when psychological autopsies commenced in mid-20th Century. Should this belief be inaccurate, our response to suicide (medical treatment) will need to be reconsidered. Aim: To argue the case that metal disorder is not always, or almost always, the cause of suicide, and that suicide may occur in the absence of mental disorder. Method: The opinion of non-medical experts were explored, including philosophers, historians, sociologists, economists and ethicists, among others. The scientific basis of psychological autopsies was explored. Epidemiology of rates in different countries and gender differences were explored. Conclusion: Suicide is not exclusively a medical problem. While suicide is more common in people who have a mental disorder than people without a mental disorder, mental disorder is not a necessary condition. Suicide occurs in the absence of mental disorders. Thus, open discussions about the nature and causes of suicide are required, with a view to involving experts from a range of fields, and the general community, in dealing with the issue.
Chemioterapia e terapie alternative per il mesotelioma pleurico maligno
Authors: Crivellari S. , Ugo F. , Trincheri N. , Roveta A. , Randi L. , Libener R. , Ferretti G. , Degiovanni D. , Zai S. , Grosso F.
Published: October 2016

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Sarcoidosi e lavoro: revisione della letteratura
Authors: Nardella R.
Published: October 2016

Introduzione: La sarcoidosi è una malattia granulomatosa cronica multisistemica, caratterizzata da manifestazioni toraciche a livello polmonare e dei linfonodi ileomediastinici e manifestazioni extratoraciche in vari organi e apparati. Obiettivi: Scopo del presente lavoro è di indagare le conoscenze attuali riguardo la possibile correlazione tra malattia sarcoidea ed esposizioni professionali. Metodi: La ricerca è stata condotta attraverso la banca dati bibliografica PUBMED. Si è basata sull’utilizzo di differenti stringhe di ricerca utilizzando parole chiave che potessero ben centrare l’argomento di interesse. Risultati: Lo studio dell’etiologia della sarcoidosi ha interessato gli studiosi già da molti anni. I diversi lavoro hanno evidenziato un eccesso di rischio per lacune professioni (operatori sanitari, pompieri) e lavori più recenti hanno ipotizzato una correlazione con esposizione in ambito lavorativo a nonoparticelle. Conclusioni: Verosimilmente nella genesi della sarcoidosi intervengono una molteplicità di fattori di rischio. Le evidenze finora ottenute suggeriscono un ruolo di fattori genetici e ambientali. Vi è altrettanto evidenza che la sarcoidosi può esser correlata a determinati comparti lavorativi. Pertanto, di fronte ad un caso di sarcoidosi, la storia lavorativa del soggetto dovrebbe esser attentamente ricostruita al fine di identificare potenziali fattori di rischio.
Le nuove tecnologie e la tariffazione delle prestazioni radioterapiche: un problema aperto nelle diverse Regioni. La situazione di Piemonte e Valle D’Aosta
Authors: Franzone P. , Berretta L. , Orecchia A. , Pozzi G. , Todisco L.
Published: October 2016

Introduzione: In questo lavoro sono state analizzate le problematiche relative alla tariffazione in Radioterapia, tenendo presente l’incremento degli ultimi anni di prestazioni di alta tecnologia ed alto costo. Metodologia: Dopo una breve storia dell’evoluzione del nomenclatore tariffario nazionale si è passati a valutare la situazione del Piemonte e Valle D’Aosta, con la relativa legislazione che ha introdotto e modificato nel tempo il nomenclatore ed il tariffario. Risultati: Negli anni, solo alcune Regioni hanno adottato modifiche del proprio nomenclatore, con diverse modalità, recependo nuove tecnologie e nuove pratiche cliniche. In Oncologia è stato affermato che con una gestione per patologia, le risorse potrebbero essere meglio destinate secondo specifiche strategie mirando ad ottenere determinati risultati, sia in termini di salute, sia in termini economici. (Paderni, 2014) Conclusione: Si rileva necessario un giudizio complessivo sulla opportunità clinica di impiegare una specifica modalità radioterapica in quel particolare paziente, che tenga conto della efficacia della cura, del confronto con altre disponibili e anche del costo (clinico ed economico). Una revisione delle modalità di tariffazione potrebbe evitare sprechi e semplificarne la procedura.
New perspectives of professional integration of the obstetric figure
Authors: Miletta M. , Bogliatto F. , Leidi L.
Published: October 2016

Objectives: Analysis of the innovative character of application of the midwife figure in the care of gynecological pathology. Methodology: To present an innovative clinical and organizational model of care of the pathology of the lower ano-urogenital female tract in a multiprofessional network, through the enhancement of the midwife figure, as the focus of care provision. Results: The disorders of the lower female Ano-Uro-Genital tract represent a broad spectrum of diseases. The optimal management is therefore to be configured as a multidisciplinary approach of different specialists, among them, the figure of the midwife, for its transversal knowledge and skills, including the obstetrical-rehabilitative approach to the main pelvic-perineal dysfunctions, is to assume a key role in the integration of different professions, in the service of a synergistic and comprehensive care path for the protection and recovery of women's health. Conclusion: The Network model is configured as a modern field of application of the midwife figure, which enhances the multifaceted professional potential.
The psychological impact of asbestos, an invisible killer of body and mind
Authors: Di Cesare P. , Crivellari S. , Gallizzi G. , Guglielmucci F. , Franzoi I.G. , Pepoli A. , Degiovanni D. , Grosso F. , Granieri A.
Published: October 2016

Introduction: Exposure to asbestos causes the onset of various diseases, including lung plaques, asbestosis and malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM). Living in a Contaminated Site can therefore represent for the entire community a real cumulative trauma that brings into the field disease and death due to a kind of "invisible killer": asbestos. In such circumstances, it is necessary to implement multidisciplinary protocols that can offer an integrated approach to care for both patients and their caregivers. Methodology: There is now a large body of scientific evidence in the literature substantiating the importance of the role that clinical psychology can play in oncology. The objective of this work is to describe specifically the situation in Casale Monferrato, the research carried out in the area and to outline the psychological-clinical intervention proposed there to respond to the quality of needs highlighted in patients suffering from asbestos-related diseases, including mainly MPM, and their caregivers. Results: The results of the research carried out in Casale Monferrato highlight what emerges in the international literature, namely that patients with asbestocorrelated diseases frequently manifest anxiety, depression, somatic disorders and a certain tendency to social withdrawal. The psychological-clinical work within the intervention of short-term group psychotherapy offers them a setting in which they can historicize the disease and process the many facets of pain that an inauspicious diagnosis brings to the field: from the one more related to the body, to the more purely psychic. Conclusion: The role of clinical psychology in oncology is of fundamental importance both for the patient and for his family, as it can facilitate the processing of suffering and anger related to the diagnosis of cancer disease or having to take care of a loved one who has been given an inauspicious diagnosis. Psychological intervention also allows to give name and meaning to the fear related to exposure to asbestos: a silent and invisible killer, which otherwise risks remaining unthought of and unthinkable.
Athletic Trainer Services in US Private Secondary Schools
Authors: Pike Alicia , Pryor Riana R. , Mazerolle Stephanie M. , Stearns Rebecca L. , Casa Douglas J.
Published: October 2016

Context:

Availability of athletic trainer (AT) services in US secondary schools has recently been reported to be as high as 70%, but this only describes the public sector. The extent of AT coverage in private secondary school settings has yet to be investigated and may differ from the public secondary school setting for several reasons, including differences in funding sources.

Objective:

To determine the level of AT services in US private secondary schools and identify the reasons why some schools did not employ ATs.

Design:

Concurrent mixed-methods study.

Setting:

Private secondary schools in the United States.

Patients or Other Participants:

Of 5414 private secondary schools, 2044 (38%) responded to the survey.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

School administrators responded to the survey via telephone or e-mail. This instrument was previously used in a study examining AT services among public secondary schools. Descriptive statistics provided national data. Open-ended questions were evaluated through content analysis.

Results:

Of the 2044 schools that responded, 58% (1176/2044) offered AT services, including 28% (574/2040) full time, 25% (501/2042) part time, 4% (78/1918) per diem, and 20% (409/2042) from a hospital or clinic. A total of 84% (281 285/336 165) of athletes had access to AT services. Larger private secondary schools were more likely to have AT services available. Barriers to providing AT services in the private sector were budgetary constraints, school size and sports, and lack of awareness of the role of an AT.

Conclusions:

More than half of the surveyed private secondary schools in the United States had AT services available; however, only 28% had a full-time AT. This demonstrates the need for increased medical coverage to provide athletes in this setting the appropriate level of care. Budgetary concerns, size of the school and sport offerings, and lack of awareness of the role of the AT continued to be barriers in the secondary school setting.
Quality assurance for point-of-care testing in Zimbabwe
Authors: Zimuto Sibongile , Mtambara Agrippa , Cheng Ben , Cunningham Brad , Taruvinga Rodney , Boeras Debrah I. , Simbi Raiva
Published: October 2016

No abstract available.
Acomparison of non - cyclopegic and cyclopegicautore fraction of African child renaged 5 - 1 5 years in Kwazulu-Natal
Authors: Naidoo K. , Govender P.
Published: October 2016

Anecdotal evidence has revealed much debateabout the use of cycloplegia when screening children.The issue of precision versus practicalityremains an unresolved debate. In the developingworld, with huge disparities in eye care resourcesand services, there is a need to address this issueso as to ensure that access is not compromised inthe search for precision and vice versa. This studytherefore compared autorefraction measurementswith and without cycloplegia.Methods: One hundred and fifty childrenof 5 to 15 years of age were randomly selectedfrom a study population of 4890. Autorefractionwas conducted on the sample using the handheldNikon Retinomax autorefractor and thesereadings are referred to as the dry autorefractionreadings. Thereafter, readings were repeatedonce cycloplegia was reached following theinstillation of cyclopentolate and these arereferred to as the wet autorefraction readings.Of the 150 children, only 118 eyes met thefull cycloplegic criteria, that is, pupil diametergreater than 6 mm and absent light reflex.Results: Data analysis revealed a clinicallysignificant difference of 0.97 D between themean nearest equivalent sphere of the dry andwet readings with the majority of wet readingstending towards more positive values. This differencewas statistically significant to the 99%confidence interval (p = 0.00).Conclusions: Autorefraction with cycloplegiais the more reliable methodology of detectingrefractive error in screening or pre-examapplication. The difference is significant enoughto warrant the use of cycloplegics in children,given the minimal side-effects and despite theextra time and effort.
Linear optics of the pseudophakic eye
Authors: MacKenzie G.E.
Published: October 2016

No Abstract Available
Exploded representation of a refracting surface
Authors: Heath W.H. , Harris W.F.
Published: October 2016

The concept of the exploded refracting sur-face is useful in the optics of contact lenses and vision underwater. The purpose of this paper is to show how to represent a refracting surface as an exploded pair of surfaces separated by a gap of zero width.  The analysis is in terms of linear optics and allows for astigmatic and non-coaxial cases.
Demographic characteristics and inci-dence of ocular disease in patients at Shahid Rahnemoon Hospital (Yazd, Iran)
Authors: Besharati M.R. , Manaviat M.R. , Miratashi S.A.M. , Shoja M.R.
Published: October 2016

The type and frequency of diseases in a com-munity represents genetic structure, nutritional status, social health standards, and the cultural traditions of the community. In addition, the different types of disorders that are common in an area are directly or indirectly under environ-mental effects. The epidemiological information of these disorders is important when developing health services programs and influences the way medical services are offered.The aim of the present study was to determine the epidemiology and frequency of ocular diseas-es in patients referred to the Ophthalmic Clinic of Shahid Rahnemoon Hospital, Yazd, Iran. A cross sectional descriptive study was done by means of a questionnaire and statistical analysis on the data collected. A total number of 994 patients were surveyed and more than 70 types of disorders were diagnosed. The disorders were classified into 15 main groups. The most commonly detect-ed conditions in the patients were refractive errors and conjunctival diseases (16.9% each), followed by disorders of the lens (12.7%), retinal diseases (11.9%), eye traumas (11.9%), eyelid disorders (7.3%) and glaucoma (5.2%). The majority of the patients were more than 40 years old. Regarding their education, most of them were illiterate. Most of the patients were housewives. Our results showed that the majority of the patients were liv-ing in urban areas. An association of diabetes and hypertension was seen more with retinal disease than with other conditions.
Invasive conjunctival squamous cell carcino-ma as a primary manifestation of AIDS: a case report
Authors: Bulbulia A. , Bulbulia N.
Published: October 2016

No Abstract Available
Curves and surfaces in the context of optometry. Part 1: Curves*
Authors: Harris W.F.
Published: October 2016

This paper introduces the differential geom-etry of curves in Euclidean 3-space, the motiva-tion being the writer’s belief that, despite their fundamental importance, curves are inadequate-ly treated in optometric educational programs. Curvature and torsion are defined along a curve. Two  numerical  examples  are  presented.  The fundamental theorem of curves is stated. The relationship of the geometry of varifocal lenses and curves known as involutes are discussed. A brief treatment of the theory of contact is given with  suggestions  of  applications  in  contact between  spectacle  lenses  and  frames,  contact lenses and corneas (including orthokeratology), intra-ocular lenses and structures in the eye, and spectacle frames and the face.
Visual impairment in South Africa: achieve-ments and challenges
Authors: Sacharowitz H.S.
Published: October 2016

Estimates of the prevalence and causes of visual impairment in South Africa are reviewed against the existing services and limitations in the country. The magnitude1 of visual impair-ment  and  the  projected  increase  worldwide over the coming decades have been recognized as having potentially far-reaching social, eco-nomic and quality of life implications for not only the affected individuals but also for their families and communities. Two-thirds or more of all blindness is avoidable, in that the causes are  preventable  or  treatable.2,  3  Early  detec-tion, prevention and management programs are needed to reduce the impact of visual impair-ment. Approximately 80% of the South African population is indigent, relying on public hospi-tals and clinics and the remaining 20% of the population has access to private health care.4 As the majority of eye care professionals are in private practice, access to eye care services are available to only a minority of the population. This paper reviews the current services in South Africa and the challenges that lie ahead.
BOOK REVIEW
Authors: Gillan W.D.H.
Published: October 2016

No Abstract Available
An investigation into diabetic patients knowledge of diabetes and its ocular complications in the Western Cape
Authors: Clarke-Farr P. C.
Published: October 2016

This paper presents the findings of a study which evaluated the knowledge of a sample of diabetic patients about their disease and its ocular complications. A comprehensive questionnaire was provided to diabetic patients in the Cape Town metropolitan district and its surrounds. Specifically, the questionnaire aimed to determine the patient’s knowledge of diabetes, their knowledge of the ocular complications of diabetes, the options for its management and treatment as well as a section considering other general information relating to diabetes and its ocular complications. Their subject knowledge about diabetes and its ocular complications was relatively limited as only 42% of respondents knew about the existence of two types of diabetes. Twenty nine percent of respondents believed that diabetes would not affect their eyes. Although 76% of the patients felt it very important to measure their blood sugar and 80% rated blood sugar control as very important, only 37% of the respondents measured their blood sugar on a daily basis. A particular concern was that although 96% of the respondents felt that it was important to have their eyes checked regularly, only 30% of the respondents stated that they had actually had their eyes checked every year. The results of this investigation support the need for diabetic patients to receive better patient education about diabetes and its ocular complications. Furthermore, attention needs to be paid to expanding patient access to diabetic screenings and ocular examinations in order to manage this condition effectively.
A retrospective analysis of heterophoria values in a clinical population aged 18 to 30 years
Authors: Makgaba N. T.
Published: October 2016

Information on heterophoria values in South Africans is scanty. The purpose of this paper therefore, is to present information on the distribution of heterophoria in a clinical population aged 18 to 30 years, which hitherto is not available. The data presented here was obtained from the record cards of 475 black South African patients examined at the Optometry clinic, University of Limpopo (Turfloop campus) between 2000 and 2005. The patients were examined by final year students under the supervision of qualified optometrists. Heterophoria was measured for each patient using the von Graefe method. The horizontal heterophoria for distance vision (6 m) ranged from 16 prism diopters (pd) esophoria to 12 pd exophoria with a mean of 0.74 pd exophoria (SD = ± 2.84 pd). For distance vision, esophoria ranged from 0.5 to 16 pd with a mean of 3.08 pd (SD = ± 3.09), while exophoria ranged from 0.5 pd to 12 pd with a mean of 2.21 pd (SD = 1.82 pd). For near vision (0.4 m), the horizontal phorias ranged from 17 pd esophoria to 15 pd exopho-ria with a mean of 3.84 pd exophoria (SD = ± 4.80 pd). The near esophorias ranged from 0.5 to 17 pd with a mean 4.88 pd (SD = ± 3.41), while the exophorias ranged from 1.0 to 15 pd with a mean of 6.30 pd (SD = ± 2.58). Vertical heterophoria for distance vision ranged from 5 to 3 pd right hyperphoria with a mean of 0.05 pd right hyperphoria (SD = ± 0.76) whereas at near it ranged from 4 to 6 pd right hyperphoria
Curves and surfaces in the context of optometry. Part 2: Surfaces
Authors: Harris W.F.
Published: October 2016

This paper introduces the differential geom-etry of surfaces in Euclidean 3-space. The first and second fundamental forms of a surface are defined.   The  first  fundamental  form  provides a metric for calculations of length and area on the surface. The second fundamental form deter-mines surface curvature and, hence, concepts of importance in optometry such as surface power and sagitta. The principal curvatures at a point on a surface are obtained as solutions of a qua-dratic equation. The torus is used to illustrate the methods.
Application of statistical contrasts to mean refractive state
Authors: Abelman S
Published: October 2016

Testing  for  differences  between  specific groups  or  combinations  of  groups  is  referred to as comparison or contrast testing. Statistical significance of comparisons can be assessed by first forming contrasts and then testing for their significance. A contrast essentially tests wheth-er or not two means are significantly different, where each mean could be a weighted average of two or more means. Gillan  investigated  whether  the  instillation of a cycloplegic (Mydriacyl 1% (tropicamide)) into the right eye of a 30-year-old female sub-ject would affect the variability of her distance refractive state as measured by an autorefractor.The  purpose  of  this  paper  is  to  introduce mutually orthogonal linear contrasts of sample data  to  optometric  research.  By  constructing particular contrasts, mean refractive states are compared  before  instillation,  before  and  after instillation, and after instillation.
Thirty years of optometric education at Turfloop (1975-2005): A historical and educational overview
Authors: Oduntan A.O.
Published: October 2016

It  is  always  necessary  to  document  his-torical  events  for  the  purpose  of  future  gen-erations.    The  Department  of  Optometry  at Turfloop  had  a  complex  development  which needs  to  be  documented;  hence,  the  purpose of  this  article  is  to  present  a  historical  and educational overview of the optometric educa-tion at Turfloop, thirty years after its inception. This article is timely not only because of the milestone  that  the  department  has  reached,  but also because the institution (University of the North) where it was established 30 years ago has merged with the Medical University of  Southern Africa  (MEDUNSA),  to  form  a new institution called University of Limpopo (UL)  in  January  2005. This  article  discusses the  historical  background  of  the  department, staffing,  facilities,  academic  developments, student enrolment, graduation and curriculum development. Academic, research and commu-nity outreach programmes are also discussed.  Also, the future activities which may further enhance  the  development  of  the  department are described. This article will serve as one of the reference sources for the present and future generations who may be interested in the his-torical development of optometric education at Turfloop.
Refractive behavior changes with six months daily wear of high and low oxygen permeability hydrogel contact lenses
Authors: Gillan W.D.H.
Published: October 2016

Introduction: The investigation of myopia and soft contact lenses is not new. Many reports show  that  the  wearing  of  silicone  hydrogel lenses as opposed to conventional disposable hydrogel lenses results in little progression of myopia in the eyes wearing silicone hydrogels. Method: Six subjects wore a silicone hydro-gel lens on one eye while the other eye wore a habitual disposable hydrogel lens for six months of daily wear. Fifty measurements of refractive state in each eye were taken prior to the subjects wearing a silicone lens in one eye and a conven-tional hydrogel lens in the other eye. After six months of daily wear another fifty measurements of refractive state were taken for each subject. Results:  Although  there  is  no  statisti-cal  support  for  the  findings  of  this  study, comet stereo-pairs are used to show the chang-es in refractive state for each subject. Four of  the  six  subjects  showed  an  increase  in myopia in the eye wearing the silicone lens. Discussion:  The  increase  in  myopia in eyes wearing a silicone hydrogel lens is contrary  to  the  findings  of  other  studies.
Refractive status of primary school children in Mopani district, Limpopo Province, South Africa
Authors: Mabaso R.G. , Oduntan A.O. , Mpolokeng M.B.L.
Published: October 2016

This article reports part of the findings of a study carried out to determine the causes, prevalence,  and  distribution  of  ocular  dis-orders  among  rural  primary  school  children in  Mopani  district  of  Limpopo  Province, South Africa. Three hundred and eighty eight children  aged  8  to  15  years  were  randomly selected from five randomly selected schools. Non-cycloplegic retinoscopy and auto-refrac-tion were performed on each child. The preva-lence of hyperopia, myopia, and astigmatism was  73.1%,  2.5%  and  31.3%  respective-ly.  Hyperopia  (Nearest  spherical  equivalent power (FNSE) ranged from +0.75 to +3.50 D for the right and left eyes with means of +1.05 ±  0.35  D  and  +1.08  ±  0.34  D  respectively. Myopia (FNSE) ranged from –0.50 to –1.75 D for the right eye and –0.50 to –2.25 D for the left eye with means of –0.75 ± 0.55 D and –0.93 ± 0.55 D respectively. Regression model for myopia, shows that age had an odds ratio of  1.94  (1.15  to  3.26),  indicating  a  signifi-cant increased risk of myopia with increasing age.  Correcting  cylinders  for  the  right  eyes ranged from –0.25 to –4.50 D (mean = −0.67 ± 0.47 D) and for the left eyes from –0.25 to –2.50 D (mean = −0.60 ± 0.30 D). With-the-rule  (WTR)  astigmatism  (66.5%)  was  more common, followed by against-the-rule (ATR) astigmatism (28.1%) and oblique (OBL) astig-matism  (5.4%).  With-the-rule  astigmatism was  more  common  in  females  than  males; ATR astigmatism and OBL astigmatism were common in males. Regular vision screening programmes,  appropriate  referral  and  vision correction  in  primary  schools  in  Mopani district  are  recommended  in  order  to  elimi-nate  refractive  errors  among  the  children.
Binocular and Paediatric Vision Association – Congress 11-13 May 2007
Authors: Joubert Leoni
Published: October 2016

No Abstract Available
Ocular effects of acute ingestion of Cola nitida(Linn) on healthy adult volunteers
Authors: Igwe S. A. , Akunyili D. N. , Ikonne E. U.
Published: October 2016

Cola nitida Linn (Sterculiaceae) is an economic plant widely distributed throughout West Africa and possibly other parts of Africa.Members are malvalves because of their lobular nature. Because of its ubiquity, the plant plays an important role in commerce, and in social activities where it is casually eaten without prescription or restriction. The ethnopharmacological effects of bolus ingestion of 30g of Cola nitida was investigated on visually acute and healthy volunteers in order to determine its ocular implications or effects. Results showed that Cola nitida had no effecton the pupil diameter, visual acuity and intraocular pressure but improved the near point of convergence by 43% and increased the amplitude of accommodation by 11% while existing heterophorias are ameliorated. The stimulating effect of Cola nitida might overcome asthenopic symptoms with convergence insufficiency and allows near work to be donewithout stress. Somnolence and ocular muscle imbalance common features of the elderly canbe ameliorated or relieved.
The Jackson Cross-Cylinder. Part 1: Properties
Authors: Harris W. F.
Published: October 2016

The Jackson cross-cylinder is a lens of fundamental importance in optometry with a key role in the refraction routine.  And yet it appears not to be as well understood as perhaps it should be.  The purpose of this paper is to examine the linear optical character of the Jackson cross-cylinder and, in particular, those properties associated with the operations performed on the lens in the refraction routine, namely flipping and turning.  Corresponding to these operations in physical space are steps in an abstract space, symmetric dioptric power space.  The powers of all Jackson cross-cylinders lie in the plane of antistigmatic powers in the abstract space.  In particular the powers of an F Jackson cross-cylinder (for example, a 0.5-D Jackson cross-cylinder has  5 . 0 = F  D) lie on a circle of radius F centred onnull power.  Flipping the lens takes one diametrically across the circle; turning the lens takes one around the circle at twice the rate.  A subsequent paper shows how these operations work in defining the cylinder in the refraction routine.