bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Realism’s American Readers, 1860–1914
Authors: Johanningsmeier Charles
Published: August 2019

This chapter demonstrates that the readership for American literary realism during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was much more heterogeneous and extensive than previously believed. Works of realism were not read only in high-priced magazines and books by genteel audiences living in urban areas, but they were also available in a wide variety of lower-priced books and periodicals—including newspapers—that reached people from various socioeconomic classes in small towns and rural areas as well as in cities. This chapter also provides an analysis of the limitations of previous research on readers’ reception of realist fiction, as well as a detailed explanation of the new approaches that literary scholars need to adopt in order to understand the cultural labor that realist texts performed among its various audiences.
Realism and the Uses of Humor
Authors: Bird John
Published: August 2019

This chapter examines the ways in which nineteenth-century American humor influenced realist writers. Down East humor and Southwestern humor in the first half of the century and literary comedians and local colorists in the second half provided models for ways to use humor to establish a sense of life, setting, characterization, satire, and social comment. An analysis of key comic scenes and techniques in Henry James’s The American, Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, William Dean Howells’s The Rise of Silas Lapham, Charles Chesnutt’s “The Goophered Grapevine,” and Edith Wharton’s The Custom of the Country shows how these writers used humor as a device in their development of realism.
Dwelling in American Realism
Authors: Armbruster Elif S.
Published: August 2019

This chapter examines the role of houses and interiors in American realist fiction and argues that realist authors were preoccupied with settings and houses in a way unique to their period, the late nineteenth century, when numerous technological and aesthetic developments coincided with the reproduction of “real life” in writing. Offering the lives and literature of Harriet Beecher Stowe and Edith Wharton as useful brackets around the realist genre, the chapter illustrates the degree to which these two authors made the motif of the home central to their fiction and nonfiction. It provides detailed readings of Stowe’s Pink and White Tyranny (1871), Wharton’s The House of Mirth (1905), and Wharton’s rural novel, Summer (1917) in order to showcase how houses personify and encapsulate their characters. In realist fiction, the chapter argues, houses can be read in order to understand the characters who move within them, just as characters can be read by their homes. Finally, the chapter reveals the degree to which Gilded Age excess was replaced by early twentieth-century simplicity, which, in turn, became the linchpin for the era of modernism that evolved in literature and architecture at this time.
Racial Realism
Authors: Sheffer Jolie A.
Published: August 2019

Realism as it has been articulated by white, middle-class literary gatekeepers since its heyday in the early twentieth century (and frequently into the present) has failed to address racism and imperialism of the era. Gene Jarrett describes black authors developing new literary forms in order “to re-create a lived or living world according to prevailing ideologies of race or racial difference.” This chapter expands Jarrett’s definition of “racial realism” beyond the black-white binary in order to show how writers of color from a variety of backgrounds crafted their own versions of realism, deploying allegory and making strategic use of stock genres such as the oriental romance and the western. For white readers in particular, these seemingly “nonrealist” plot elements provided intellectual distance from the contemporary injustices of racism in the age of US imperialism. However, for in-group readers, racial realism functioned both literally and figuratively to highlight experiences of racism and to legitimize histories too often ignored, misunderstood, or misrepresented in mainstream literary realism. Writers such as Winnifred Eaton and Mourning Dove created their own texts that were shaped by multiple literary ancestors and spoke simultaneously, though distinctly, to white readers and to their own communities of color.
Realism and the Middle-Class Balancing Act
Authors: Chura Patrick
Published: August 2019

This chapter looks at the effects of capitalism and social stratification on notions of class identity in two groups of American realist novels. First, it analyzes a pair of literary responses by William Dean Howells to the 1886 Chicago Haymarket bombing as the lead-in to a discussion of realist works about voluntary downward class mobility or “vital contact.” With Howells’s A Hazard of New Fortunes as a reference point and paradigm, the chapter also explores the ideologies implicit in several novels about upward social mobility, noting how both groups of texts are ultimately guided by a genteel perspective positioned between dominant and subordinate classes. In similar ways, the novels treated in the chapter balance middle-class loyalties against identities from higher and lower on the social scale while sending messages of both complicity and subversion on the subject of capitalist class relations.
The Evolution of American Dramatic Realism
Authors: Herrmann Eileen J.
Published: August 2019

Realism in American drama has proved its resiliency from its inception at the end of the nineteenth century to its transformation into modern theater in the twentieth century. This chapter delineates the evolution of American realistic drama from the influence of European theater and its adaptation by American artists such as James A. Herne and Rachel Crothers. Flexible enough to admit the expressionistic techniques crafted by Susan Glaspell and Eugene O’Neill and leading to the “subjective realism” of Tennessee Williams and Arthur Miller, realism has provided a wide foundation for subsequent playwrights such as David Mamet, August Wilson, and Sam Shepard to experiment with its form and language.
Visual Art, Intertextuality, and Authorship in the Golden Age of Illustration
Authors: Sonstegard Adam
Published: August 2019

This chapter sketches the scope of the golden age of illustration, surveys major publishing houses’ attitudes toward visuality, the yearly incomes of prominent artists and realist authors, and the spatial proportions that leading magazines devoted to visual, as opposed to verbal, fare. It documents many readers’ experiences with illustrations that spoiled installments’ surprises, compromised a work’s narrative authority, or comically caricatured a work’s serious characterizations. Examples from A. B. Wenzell’s frontispieces for the Scribner’s serialized House of Mirth, Joseph Hatfield’s images for “The Yellow Wallpaper,” Albert Herter’s Bras Coupé in an 1899 edition of The Grandissimes, and a Puck cartoon of African Americans interacting with an advertisement for an Uncle Tom’s Cabin stage adaptation suggest that research into realism’s graphic dimensions combines innovative scholarship and rewarding archival recuperation.
Aesthetic Slippage in Realism and Naturalism
Authors: Duneer Anita
Published: August 2019

This chapter considers slippages in realist and naturalist aesthetics that transcend traditionally defined genres, terrains, and time periods. It examines realism’s and naturalism’s fluctuating acceptances and critiques of the “natural” order, bringing nineteenth-century imperialist discourse into dialogue with Darwinian themes typical of literary naturalism. The chapter proposes better understanding of the relation between realistic and naturalistic modes by examining inclusion and exclusion based on assumptions about the “natural” in analysis of slippages between representations of civilization and savagery in Jack London and Zitkala-Ša; restraint, compulsion, and the beast within the divided self in Frank Norris, Henry James, and Theodore Dreiser; and evolutionary discourse and environmental determinism in Angelina Weld Grimké, Nella Larsen, and Ann Petry. Finally, TV’s Breaking Bad and The Wire suggest that we are still grappling with the intersectional forces of race, class, and gender that define territories of privilege and limitations of the American dream.
Goal Attainment
Authors: Gollwitzer Peter M. , Oettingen Gabriele
Published: August 2019

This chapter begins with a description of how the goal concept emerged in the history of the psychology of motivation to better understand the important role it plays in current research on motivation. The chapter then turns to the self-regulation of goal pursuit. The effects and underlying processes of two different self-regulation strategies will be discussed in detail: mental contrasting and forming implementation intentions. The chapter concludes with a report of the results of recent intervention studies that combine the self-regulation strategies of mental contrasting and forming implementation intentions to help people enhance goal attainment in the health, academic, and interpersonal domains.
On Gains and Losses, Means and Ends
Authors: Freund Alexandra M. , Hennecke Marie , Mustafić Maida
Published: August 2019

Personal goals guide behavior toward a desired outcome, motivate behavior over time and across situations, provide direction and meaning, and contribute to the acquisition of skills and subjective well-being. The adaptiveness of goals, however, might vary with dimensions such as their orientation toward the achievement of gains, maintenance of functioning, or the avoidance of losses. We argue that goal orientation is most adaptive when it corresponds to the availability of resources and the ubiquity of losses. In line with this argument, younger adults show a predominant orientation toward gains, whereas goal orientation shifts toward maintenance and avoidance of loss across adulthood. This shift in goal orientation seems adaptive both regarding subjective well-being and engagement in goal pursuit. A second goal dimension that has been largely overlooked in the literature is the cognitive representation of goal pursuit primarily in terms of its means (i.e., process focus) or its ends (i.e., outcome focus). This chapter also investigates the antecedents and consequences of goal focus. In particular, it highlights the importance of factors related to chronological age (i.e., the availability of resources, future time perspective, goal orientation, motivational phase) for the preference for and adaptiveness of adopting an outcome or process focus.
Motivational Neuroscience
Authors: Reeve Johnmarshall , Lee Woogul
Published: August 2019

The goal of the present chapter is to show the relevance of neuroscience research to human motivation researchers. The first part of the chapter discusses the current status of the possible integration of motivational psychology and neuroscience into the new emerging field of motivational neuroscience. The second part identifies 15 brain structures and 5 neural pathways that underlie most of the neural basis of human motivational states. The third part examines how recent findings in neuroscience have advanced the understanding of 14 widely studied motivational concepts, including those automatically activated by environmental stimuli (hunger, thirst), those learned from the rewarding properties of environmental stimuli (incentives, rewards, expectancy, value), and those proactively generated by the individual (agency, volition, self-regulation, goals, curiosity, intrinsic motivation, psychological needs, and autonomous self-regulation). The chapter concludes with suggestions for future research.
Advances in Motivation in Exercise and Physical Activity
Authors: Hagger Martin S.
Published: August 2019

Given the considerable epidemiological evidence linking regular physical activity with good health and reduced risk of chronic disease, health psychologists have adopted theories and models of motivation to understand the antecedents and processes that give rise to health-related physical activity. These theories are important because they provide the basis for the development and evaluation of interventions aimed at promoting increased physical activity in a largely sedentary population. This chapter reviews three of the leading theories that have been applied in physical activity contexts: the theory of planned behavior, self-determination theory, and achievement goal theory. Advances in research that have aimed to promote better understanding of the factors that underpin motivation in physical activity and the relevant processes are also reviewed, including implementation intentions, the increasing importance of psychological needs, and theoretical integration. In addition, the role of methodological improvements such as the measurement of implicit motivational processes and the need for gold standard designs when evaluating physical activity interventions based on these theories are highlighted. Future research must develop hybrid interventions adopting both motivational and implemental strategies to change physical activity behavior, research should extend knowledge of the relative contribution of implicit and explicit motivational processes on physical activity behavior, and investigations to evaluate physical activity interventions should pay careful attention to design and evaluation.
Motivational Processes in Youth Sport and Physical Activity
Authors: Weiss Maureen R. , Kipp Lindsay E. , Espinoza Sarah M.
Published: August 2019

Millions of children and adolescents participate in organized sports and physical activities worldwide. Many in the general public, including parents, coaches, and policymakers, believe that participating in sport enables opportunities for youth to gain confidence, learn teamwork, and attain life lessons. However, positive outcomes are not an automatic consequence of participating in sport, illuminated by reports of negative coaching behaviors, overinvolved parents, and competitive rivalries with teammates and opponents. The potential for sport to improve youth participants’ perceptions of competence, relatedness, enjoyment, and self-determined motivation is highly dependent on the quality of interactions and relationships with important adults and peers. This chapter reviews the literature on motivational processes in youth sport and physical activity with a specific focus on beliefs and behaviors by parents, siblings, peers, and coaches that promote and sustain positive psychosocial and behavioral outcomes for youth participants. Robust findings are translated to evidence-based best practices for stakeholders in youth sport, and future research directions are offered to delve further into the conditions that undergird positive motivational outcomes in youth sport and physical activity.
Regulatory Focus Theory and Research
Authors: Scholer Abigail A. , Cornwell James F. M. , Higgins E. Tory
Published: August 2019

This chapter explores the motivational dynamics of the promotion and prevention systems outlined in regulatory focus theory (Higgins, 1997). It includes a review of the core tenets of the theory—identifying and responding to important and frequently asked questions—in discussing significant research of the past two decades since the theory made its debut. In particular, the chapter includes a discussion of what defines each system, how regulatory focus orientations are commonly measured and manipulated, what differentiates promotion and prevention motivation from approach and avoidance motivation, what characterizes the trade-offs of each system, and newer developments in research on regulatory fit, group dynamics, and motivational flexibility. Throughout, avenues for future research are suggested.
The Nature and the Conditions of Human Autonomy and Flourishing
Authors: Ryan Richard M. , Ryan William S. , Di Domenico Stefano I. , Deci Edward L.
Published: August 2019

Human beings have fundamental psychological propensities toward growth, integrity, and wellness. Yet, historically, many approaches to motivation have ignored these inner propensities, focusing instead on how external contingencies shape expectancies and behaviors. This chapter reviews recent work in self-determination theory, an organismic approach in which people’s intrinsic, growth-oriented propensities are a central focus. Self-determination theory argues that people have basic psychological needs to experience competence, autonomy, and relatedness to others. Satisfaction of these basic needs facilitates autonomous motivation and wellness, whereas the frustration of these needs contributes to ill-being and is associated with lower quality, and often highly controlled, forms of motivation. Autonomous and controlled forms of motivation differ in their antecedents, neurological underpinnings, and outcomes. Although most of the experimentation and evidence base of self-determination theory has focused on proximal relationships (e.g., families, dyads, classrooms, teams, or workgroups), recent research is extending self-determination theory to address pervasive contexts (e.g., cultural or economic systems) and how they both directly and indirectly affect need satisfaction and motivation, thereby impacting people’s development and wellness. Pervasive contexts also influence people’s aspirational horizons and the life goals they pursue, further influencing both individual and community wellness. More need-supportive contexts conduce to more authentic living and intrinsic aspirations, which in turn promote more prosocial attitudes and actions and greater personal and societal wellness.
The Changing Landscape of Funding Public Elementary and Secondary Education in the United States
Authors: Wood R. Craig
Published: August 2019

Funding of elementary and secondary education in the United States reflects a complex assortment of state constitutional mandates, federal laws, state statutes, and federal and state rules and regulations. The United States does not have a monolithic model of funding public schooling. In fact, in the past twenty years state legislatures have moved from the traditional public-school system to a model of funding three separate and distinct systems. These systems include the traditional system, a charter system, and a voucher system. The traditional system’s values are largely based on equity, fairness, and attempting to have a common set of educational experiences provided to all children on an equal footing. The charter system values innovation, experimentation, parental choice, and reduction of educational bureaucracy. The voucher system reflects values encompassing maximum parental choice, freedom of regulations, and individualism. Each system has its strengths and its weaknesses.
The Role of Normative Information in Judgments of Others
Authors: Rogers Katherine H.
Published: August 2019

When forming impressions of an other’s personality, people often rely on information not directly related to the individual at hand. One source of information that can influence people’s impressions of others is the personality of the average person (i.e., normative profile). This relationship between the normative profile and an impression is called normative accuracy or normativity. In this chapter, you will learn about the average personality, why it is important, the relationship to social desirability and what it means to have a normative impression, as well as correlates and moderators of normativity. More broadly, you will learn about current research and views regarding the normative profile and normative impressions as well as concrete steps for incorporating this approach into your future research on interpersonal perception.
Phonetic Drift
Authors: Chang Charles B.
Published: August 2019

This chapter provides an overview of research on the phonetic changes that occur in one’s native language (L1) due to recent experience in another language (L2), a phenomenon known as phonetic drift. Through a survey of empirical findings on segmental and suprasegmental acoustic properties, the chapter examines the features of the L1 that are subject to phonetic drift, the cognitive mechanism(s) behind phonetic drift, and the various factors that influence the likelihood of phonetic drift. In short, virtually all aspects of L1 speech are subject to drift, but different aspects do not drift in the same manner, possibly due to multiple routes of L2 influence coexisting at different levels of L1 phonological structure. In addition to the timescale of these changes, the chapter discusses the relationship between phonetic drift and attrition as well as some of the enduring questions in this area.
L1 Attrition, L2 Development, and Integration
Authors: Yılmaz Gülsen
Published: August 2019

This chapter provides an overview of the research on the attrition of native language (L1) in late bilinguals in relation to their second language (L2) development and integration into the L2 society. Despite lack of empirical evidence, it is often implicitly assumed that maintaining L1 knowledge impedes L2 learning. Furthermore, individuals whose L1 skills decline as a result of immersion in an L2 environment and become highly competent in the L2 are expected to achieve better cultural integration as opposed to those who prefer to preserve their mother tongue. We point to the fact that bilingualism and biculturalism have often been investigated independently and hence the lack of evidence for a straightforward association between the development of languages and cultural affiliation; and we call for in-depth studies that integrate language and culture in order to reveal their consequences for L1 development.
Introduction to L2 attrition
Authors: Mehotcheva Teodora H. , Köpke Barbara
Published: August 2019

As the introduction to the section on second language (L2) attrition, this chapter provides a broad presentation to research on attrition of L2 and foreign languages (FL). We will first discuss the terminology used in the field, focusing on some important differences in the terminology used in first language (L1) attrition studies. It provides a short overview of the development of the field, outlining major challenges and obstacles that research on the topic has to deal with. Next, it briefly describes the major findings and knowledge amassed on the subject before reviewing in more detail the findings of some of the most significant and large-scale projects carried out on L2/FL attrition. A final presentation of several theoretical frameworks of interest for L2/FL attrition research will allow us to show how L2/FL attrition is commonly explained but also to provide some ideas for future research directions.
Exploring the Impact of Extralinguistic Factors on L2/FL Attrition
Authors: Mehotcheva Teodora H. , Mytara Kleopatra
Published: August 2019

This chapter attempts an overview of the most important extralinguistic variables involved to the study of second language (L2) / foreign language (FL) attrition by considering them under a Dynamic Systems Theory approach. First the role of attained proficiency is examined, followed by some of the most debated factors such as age, attitude, and motivation and language contact and use. The chapter continues with an investigation of two rather neglected factors: context and length of exposure/residence, before presenting aptitude, level of education, and literacy, for which empirical evidence is lacking. Finally, incubation is briefly mentioned. Existing research findings as well as the implication of cluster factors for the understanding of the L2/FL attrition are pointed out. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the major problems encountered while attempting to evaluate the influence of the variables discussed and some suggestions for future research.
Language Attrition and the Feature Reassembly Hypothesis
Authors: Putnam Michael T. , Perez-Cortes Silvia , Sánchez Liliana
Published: August 2019

The Feature Reassembly Hypothesis (FRH) is a theoretical approach according to which linguistic information is associated with atomic feature bundles and functional heads. Successful reassembly involves the reassignment of feature bundles to different functional heads. Here we discuss the benefits and challenges of modelling instances of language attrition through the lens of the FRH. Adopting Putnam & Sánchez’s (2013) position which associates incomplete acquisition and language attrition with the increased lack of activation of the recessive first language (L1) over the course of the lifespan, we demonstrate here the potential to integrate these ideas with the FRH into a unified model. This chapter concludes with a discussion of how the core ideas can be extended to research beyond the traditional generative paradigm, including an extension to probabilistic models of linguistic analysis.
Implications of the Bottleneck Hypothesis for Language Attrition
Authors: Slabakova Roumyana
Published: August 2019

This chapter explores the predictions of the Bottleneck Hypothesis for language attrition. The hypothesis compares different degrees of success/difficulty in the acquisition of syntax, semantics, and morphology. Its main tenets are that functional morphology presents the biggest challenge to acquisition, while syntax and semantics are relatively easier to acquire because they employ universal operations. The grammars of early and late attriters are examined to check these expectations. An overview of the literature suggests that early attriters are indeed challenged by inflectional morphology, especially when expressed by large paradigms and when lexical learning of affixes is involved. However, early attriters rarely have issues with basic syntax. Essentially the same picture emerges for late attriters, modulated by linguistic complexity, redundancy of the marker, opaqueness of form–meaning mapping, and usage frequency. While the Bottleneck Hypothesis is too large-grained to explain all findings, its predictions appear to be largely borne out.
Memory Retrieval and Language Attrition
Authors: Linck Jared A. , Kroll Judith F.
Published: August 2019

Being bilingual has consequences for lexical retrieval in either language, in some situations leading to reduced access to one of a bilingual’s languages—suggesting the possibility of language attrition. In this chapter, we consider how a general memory mechanism behind forgetting can inform the discussion of bilingual language control. In particular, we focus on retrieval induced forgetting (RIF), which is believed to be driven by inhibition. Research into the psycholinguistic mechanisms supporting bilingual language processing has similarly accumulated a growing body of evidence that inhibitory mechanisms play an important role in developing and maintaining proficiency in multiple languages. We consider whether the phenomenon of native language attrition in fact reflects language loss per se or instead reflects the dynamics of a highly-interactive language system that is constantly in flux.
The Link between Empirical Aesthetics and Philosophy
Authors: Seeley William P.
Published: August 2019

This chapter explores the complementary roles that philosophers and psychologists play in the study of art. Psychology provides a natural lens through which to interpret the history of art. Artworks are communicative events. They are cognitive, perceptual, and affective stimuli intentionally designed to express a point or purpose, articulate an idea, or convey some socially embedded meaning. Methodological progress in art is progress in a collective capacity to shape psychological responses in consumers germane to recovering this content. Understanding art in all of its variance is simply a process of tracking how artworks have been used as communicative devices within different social contexts. Philosophers and psychologists study complementary aspects of these communicative exchanges. Despite entrenched philosophical skepticism, the rich, longstanding, albeit often tacit, rapprochement between these two fields should therefore come as no surprise.
Psychotherapy, Counseling, and Coaching
Authors: Ruini Chiara , Marques Susana C.
Published: August 2019

This chapter analyzes three dominant approaches to mental health interventions: psychotherapy, counseling, and coaching. Their commonalities, as well as their main differences, are emphasized by using a continuum model encompassing time perspective; recipients of these interventions (ranging from patients with severe psychopathology, to distressed individuals, to normal populations); and types of therapeutic strategies that are applied. Psychotherapy, counseling, and coaching are differentiated in some ways because the first mainly refers to a medical model, whereas counseling and coaching rely on communication strategies. However, in current practice the distinctions are not as clear. Furthermore, they all share common ingredients, such as the working alliance, positive expectations, and the promotion of well-being.
Introduction
Authors: McKnight Charles , Fitzsimmons Lorna
Published: August 2019

The Introduction to The Oxford Handbook of Faust in Music overviews the theme of the magician Faust and the history of the theme’s musical adaptation. The publication of the Spies Faust Book in 1587, a turning point in early modern culture, lay the ground for generations of adaptations of the Faust theme, including Christopher Marlowe’s tragedy, Doctor Faustus, and the Faust puppet plays that would prove inspirational to the work of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe but also composers such as Richard Wagner, Ferruccio Busoni, Hanns Eisler, Josef Berg, and Henri Pousseur. At the center of most of the compositions discussed in this book is Goethe’s Faust, a masterwork at once comic and tragic that has inspired a wide range of music. The music discussed here falls into three categories: symphonic, choral, chamber, and solo Faust works; Faust in opera; and Faust in ballet and musical theater.
Helen Gifford’s Marlovian Regarding Faustus
Authors: Carroll Mark
Published: August 2019

Australian composer Helen Gifford’s Regarding Faustus (1983) is an innovative musical theater setting of Christopher Marlowe’s tragedy Doctor Faustus, with additional adaptation from Marlowe’s Tamburlaine the Great, verse by Marston and Shakespeare, Greene’s Historie of Frier Bacon, and Frier Bongay, and Australian indigenous ceremonial practices. Developing the piece for performance by tenor Robert Gard, Gifford makes effective use of dissonance, with pitched and non-pitched percussion, and pre-recorded chorus, oscillating between diegetic and non-diegetic sounds. Her libretto underplays the visceral aspects of the Faustus character, who damns himself yet still invites our pity. The work is distinctive in its intercultural scope and creative synthesis.
Ideas of Redemption and the Total Artwork in Wagner’s Encounters with Faust
Authors: Grey Thomas S.
Published: August 2019

Richard Wagner’s explicit attempts at composing music for (or inspired by) Faust are a minor byproduct of his lifelong fascination with Goethe. More generally, the example of Faust provoked Wagner to continue thinking about the nature of theater, drama, and the possibilities of a “total dramatic artwork,” even after he had first formulated his ideas about a new musical-dramatic Gesamtkunstwerk in the essay Oper und Drama (1851). After reviewing Wagner’s critical engagement with Faust and his early compositional responses to it (the Sieben Kompositionen zu Goethes Faust [Seven Compositions on Goethe’s Faust] of 1830–31 and Eine Faust-Ouvertüre [A Faust Overture] of 1840, revised 1854–55), this chapter proposes some ways in which the endings of Wagner’s mature music dramas might be read as attempts to realize in operatic form the transfiguration through the agency of the “Eternal Feminine” that forms the apotheosis of part 2 of Goethe’s Faust.
Heinrich Heine’s Faust Ballet Scenario, 1846–1948
Authors: Conway David
Published: August 2019

Heinrich Heine’s 1846–47 scenario for a Faust ballet, Der Doktor Faust: ein Tanzpoem (Doctor Faust: A Ballet Poem), languished for eighty years before finding a musical setting by František Škvor and a production in Prague in 1926 that was true to its spirit. Another setting was made by a Viennese emigré, Henry Krips, in Australia during World War II. But it was only with the production of Abraxas, the version by Werner Egk, in postwar Germany, that the scenario fulfilled Heine’s prediction that it would “excite a furore beyond all our expectation, and even take a place in the annals of the drama.”
Community Policing in Schools: Relationship-Building and the Responsibilities of School Resource Officers
Authors: Broll Ryan , Howells Stephanie
Published: August 2019

School resource officers (SROs) have become nearly ubiquitous in North American schools in the last three decades. Most research on SROs has examined their impact on violence and disorder at school, yielding mixed results; however, it is widely accepted that traditional law enforcement responsibilities comprise only one element of SROs’ triad of responsibilities, which also includes teaching and counselling. Although their responsibilities are based in community policing models, little research has explored the place of community policing principles within the work of SROs. Drawing upon mixed methods data collected from school administrators and SROs in a large Canadian city, this study examines relationship-building within the context of SROs’ triad of responsibilities. The results suggest that SROs follow a community policing approach and strategically foster mutually beneficial relationships to support their law enforcement, teaching, and counselling objectives. Further, as a result of their established relationships, SROs are positioned as key sources of support for school administrators.
Gait in People With Nonhealing Diabetes-Related Plantar Ulcers
Authors: Fernando Malindu E , Crowther Robert G , Lazzarini Peter A , Sangla Kunwarjit S , Wearing Scott , Buttner Petra , Golledge Jonathan
Published: August 2019

Background

Abnormalities in gait have been associated with high plantar pressures and diabetes-related plantar foot ulcers. Whether these are a transient response to the ulcer or are representative of long-term lower limb biomechanical abnormalities is currently unknown.

Objective

The aim of this study was to examine whether 12 gait parameters identified as being associated with nonhealing diabetes-related plantar foot ulcers at baseline remained associated during a 6-month follow-up period.

Design

This was a longitudinal observational case-control study.

Methods

Gait assessments were performed at entry and twice during follow-up over a 6-month period in 12 participants with nonhealing diabetes-related plantar foot ulcers (case participants) and 62 people with diabetes and no history of foot ulcers (control participants) using a standardized protocol. Linear mixed-effects random-intercept models were used to identify gait parameters that consistently differed between case participants and control participants at all assessments after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, presence of peripheral neuropathy, and follow-up time. Standardized mean differences (SMD) were used to measure effect sizes.

Results

Five of the 12 gait parameters were significantly different between case participants and control participants at all 3 time points. Case participants had a more abducted foot progression angle (SMD = 0.37), a higher pelvic obliquity at toe-off (SMD = −0.46), a greater minimum pelvic obliquity (SMD = −0.52), a lower walking speed (SMD = −0.46), and a smaller step length (SMD = −0.46) than control participants.

Limitations

The limitations included a small sample size, the observational nature of the study, and the inability to evaluate the impact of gait on wound healing.

Conclusions

This study identified abnormal gait parameters consistently associated with nonhealing diabetes-related plantar foot ulcers. Further research is needed to test the clinical importance of these gait characteristics.
Management of rheumatic complications of ICI therapy: a rheumatology viewpoint
Authors: Leipe Jan , Mariette Xavier
Published: August 2019

Since immune checkpoint inhibitors became the standard of care for an increasing number of indications, more patients have been exposed to these drugs and physicians are more challenged with the management of a unique spectrum of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Those irAEs of autoimmune or autoinflammatory origin, or both, can involve any organ or tissue, but most commonly affect the dermatological, gastrointestinal and endocrine systems. Rheumatic/systemic irAEs seem to be less frequent (although underreporting in clinical trials is probable), but information on their management is highly relevant given that they can persist longer than other irAEs. Their management consists of anti-inflammatory treatment including glucocorticoids, synthetic and biologic immunomodulatory/immunosuppressive drugs, symptomatic therapies as well as holding or, rarely, discontinuation of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Here, we summarize the management of rheumatic/systemic irAEs based on data from clinical trials but mainly from published case reports and series, contextualize them and propose perspectives for their treatment.
Neuropeptide S promotes wakefulness through the inhibition of sleep-promoting ventrolateral preoptic nucleus neurons
Authors: Chauveau Frédéric , Claverie Damien , Lardant Emma , Varin Christophe , Hardy Eléonore , Walter Augustin , Canini Frédéric , Rouach Nathalie , Rancillac Armelle
Published: August 2019

Study Objectives

The regulation of sleep-wake cycles is crucial for the brain’s health and cognitive skills. Among the various substances known to control behavioral states, intraventricular injection of neuropeptide S (NPS) has already been shown to promote wakefulness. However, the NPS signaling pathway remains elusive. In this study, we characterized the effects of NPS in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) of the hypothalamus, one of the major brain structures regulating non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep.

Methods

We combined polysomnographic recordings, vascular reactivity, and patch-clamp recordings in mice VLPO to determine the NPS mode of action.

Results

We demonstrated that a local infusion of NPS bilaterally into the anterior hypothalamus (which includes the VLPO) significantly increases awakening and specifically decreases NREM sleep. Furthermore, we established that NPS application on acute brain slices induces strong and reversible tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive constriction of blood vessels in the VLPO. This effect strongly suggests that the local neuronal network is downregulated in the presence of NPS. At the cellular level, we revealed by electrophysiological recordings and in situ hybridization that NPSR mRNAs are only expressed by non-Gal local GABAergic neurons, which are depolarized by the application of NPS. Simultaneously, we showed that NPS hyperpolarizes sleep-promoting neurons, which is associated with an increased frequency in their spontaneous IPSC inputs.

Conclusion

Altogether, our data reveal that NPS controls local neuronal activity in the VLPO. Following the depolarization of local GABAergic neurons, NPS indirectly provokes feed-forward inhibition onto sleep-promoting neurons, which translates into a decrease in NREM sleep to favor arousal.
The Politics of Labeling Refugee Men as “Vulnerable”
Authors: Turner Lewis
Published: August 2019

Critiques of humanitarian work with refugees have increasingly called for refugee men’s “vulnerabilities” to be recognized. The deployment of “vulnerability” reflects the term’s centrality within contemporary humanitarianism, and its rapidly expanding use in feminist analysis. This article argues that calls to see refugee men as “vulnerable” fail to critique, and even seek to expand, “vulnerability” as a mechanism of humanitarian governance. This approach is likely to lead to more humanitarian control over, and racialized violence toward, refugee men themselves. In an era of calls for decolonial approaches, more radical critiques are required, which center the concepts, understandings, and resistance of refugees.
Effect of metabolizable protein intake on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and feeding behavior in finishing steers
Authors: Sitorski Leonardo G , Bauer Marc L , Swanson Kendall C
Published: August 2019

One-hundred thirty-two finishing steers (300 ± 2.7 kg body weight [BW]) predominately of Angus, Simmental, and Shorthorn breeding were used to study the effect of metabolizable protein (MP) intake on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and feeding behavior. Steers were stratified by initial BW across five pens and randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments to supply an average of 626, 906, 1,209, and 1,444 g MP/d (n = 33 per treatment). Feed intake and feeding behavior were measured using radio frequency identification tags and the Insentec feeding system. For feeding behavior, a visit was defined as each time the Insentec system detected a steer at the feed bunk. A meal was defined as eating periods by intervals no longer than 7 min. Steers were fed until they reached an average BW of 598 ± 3.1 kg. Average daily gain (ADG) responded quadratically (P < 0.01) with ADG increasing in steers fed 906 g MP/d and plateauing thereafter. Dry-matter intake (DMI; kg) responded quadratically (P = 0.009) with DMI increasing with MP intake up to 1,209 g/d MP and decreasing thereafter. Gain to feed ratio (G:F) increased linearly (P = 0.04) and tended (P = 0.10) to respond quadratically, as G:F increased up to 906 g MP/d and plateaued thereafter. A quadratic response (P = 0.04 and P = 0.02, respectively) was observed for marbling score and 12th rib subcutaneous fat thickness with steers fed 1,209 g MP/d having the greatest marbling score and back fat thickness. A quadratic effect for visits and meals per day was observed (P < 0.01) with steers fed the 1,209 g MP/d treatment having the least visits and meals per day. In addition, time eating per visit responded quadratically (P = 0.05) with time increasing from 626 to 906 g MP/d. There was a linear increase (P ≤ 0.02) in time eating per meal and per day with increasing MP intake. A quadratic effect (P < 0.03) was observed for DMI per visit, meal, and minute with steers fed 1,209 g MP/d having the greatest DMI. In summary, steers fed 626 g MP/d had increased visits and meals per day. However, DMI per visit, meal, and minute were greater in steers fed 1,209 g MP/d. A day × treatment interaction (P < 0.001) was observed for plasma urea N as concentrations increased to a greater extent over time in the higher MP treatments than in the lower MP treatments. These data indicate that MP supply (from deficient to excess) influences growth performance, carcass characteristics, and feeding behavior of finishing steers.
Osteology of the archosauromorph Teyujagua paradoxa and the early evolution of the archosauriform skull
Authors: Pinheiro Felipe L , De Simão-Oliveira Daniel , Butler Richard J
Published: August 2019

Archosauriformes are a major group of fossil and living reptiles that include the crown group Archosauria (birds, crocodilians and their extinct relatives) and closely related taxa. Archosauriformes are characterized by a highly diagnostic skull architecture, which is linked to the predatory habits of their early representatives, and the development of extensive cranial pneumaticity associated with the nasal capsule. The evolution of the archosauriform skull from the more plesiomorphic configuration present ancestrally in the broader clade Archosauromorpha was, until recently, elusive. This began to change with the discovery and description of Teyujagua paradoxa, an early archosauromorph from the Lower Triassic Sanga do Cabral Formation of Brazil. Here, we provide a detailed osteological description of the holotype and, thus far, only known specimen of T. paradoxa. In addition to providing new details of the anatomy of T. paradoxa, our study also reveals an early development of skull pneumaticity prior to the emergence of the antorbital fenestra. We use these new data to discuss the evolution of antorbital openings within Archosauriformes. Reappraisal of the phylogenetic position of T. paradoxa supports previous hypotheses of a close relationship with Archosauriformes. The data presented here provide new insights into character evolution during the origin of the archosauriform skull.
Novel Sources of Wheat Head Blast Resistance in Modern Breeding Lines and Wheat Wild Relatives
Authors: Cruppe Giovana , Cruz Christian D. , Peterson Gary , Pedley Kerry , Asif Mohammad , Fritz Allan , Calderon Lidia , Lemes da Silva Cristiano , Todd Tim , Kuhnem Paulo , Singh Pawan K. , Singh Ravi P. , Braun Hans-Joachim , Barma Naresh C. D. , Valent Barbara
Published: August 2019

Wheat head blast (WHB), caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae pathotype triticum, is a devastating disease affecting South America and South Asia. Despite 30 years of intensive effort, the 2NVS translocation from Aegilops ventricosa contains the only useful source of resistance to WHB effective against M. oryzae triticum isolates. The objective of this study was to identify non-2NVS sources of resistance to WHB among elite cultivars, breeding lines, landraces, and wild-relative accessions. Over 780 accessions were evaluated under field and greenhouse conditions in Bolivia, greenhouse conditions in Brazil, and at two biosafety level-3 laboratories in the United States. The M. oryzae triticum isolates B-71 (2012), 008 (2015), and 16MoT001 (2016) were used for controlled experiments, while isolate 008 was used for field experiments. Resistant and susceptible checks were included in all experiments. Under field conditions, susceptible spreaders were inoculated at the tillering stage to guarantee sufficient inoculum. Disease incidence and severity were evaluated as the average rating for each 1-m-row plot. Under controlled conditions, heads were inoculated after full emergence and individually rated for percentage of diseased spikelets. The diagnostic marker Ventriup-LN2 was used to test for the presence of the 2NVS translocation. Four non-2NVS spring wheat International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center breeding lines (CM22, CM49, CM52, and CM61) and four wheat wild-relatives (A. tauschii TA10142, TA1624, TA1667, and TA10140) were identified as resistant (<5% of severity) or moderately resistant (5 to <25% severity) to WHB. Experiments conducted at the seedling stage showed little correlation with disease severity at the head stage. M. oryzae triticum isolate 16MoT001 was significantly more aggressive against 2NVS-based varieties. The low frequency of WHB resistance and the increase in aggressiveness of newer M. oryzae triticum isolates highlight the threat that the disease poses to wheat production worldwide and the urgent need to identify and characterize new resistance genes that can be used in breeding for durably resistant varieties.