bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bananas
Authors: Young Alasdair R.
Published: October 2021

This chapter analyzes one of the two instances in which enforcement tariffs were imposed: the EU’s banana trade regime (BTR). The analysis charts the origins of the policy through the EU’s efforts to protect it under multilateral trade rules before focusing on how the EU responded once it lost the complaint brought by the United States and Latin American banana producers. The EU responded in three acts. Only the second act has attracted much scholarly attention, which has led to some questionable conclusions about the impact of tariffs. The chapter exploits variation in conditions and outcomes over the three acts. Although adversely affected exporters lobbied for policy change during the second act, they were absent in the other two when changes were also adopted. In addition, there is no indication that their efforts affected the preferences of policy makers during the second act. Policy makers struggled to balance advancing the EU’s ambitious agenda in the Doha Round of multilateral trade talks with its obligations to domestic and African and Caribbean banana producers. The chapter argues that the EU’s policy reforms became more radical as the preferences of EU policy makers regarding the treatment of African and Caribbean producers changed for reasons unrelated to the dispute.
Conclusion
Authors: Young Alasdair R.
Published: October 2021

This chapter draws together the findings from the qualitative comparative analysis and the case studies (cross-case comparison) to debunk the demand-side account of compliance and qualify the impact of the number of veto players. It makes the case that the EU’s response to adverse WTO rulings is best explained by supply-side factors and that policy makers are motivated primarily by the rationalist considerations of reciprocity and reputation. The chapter considers how generalizable these conclusions are beyond the EU. It also reflects on the implications of the analysis for the effectiveness of the WTO and the character of the EU as an international actor. It concludes by reflecting on the utility of the concept of compliance.
The Intelligibility of Emotional Experience
Authors: Mitchell Jonathan
Published: October 2021

The final chapter addresses a central issue in contemporary theorizing about emotional experience, namely the sense in which emotions are intelligible. The chapter focuses on an experiential and first-person sense of emotional intelligibility. This notion of emotional intelligibility is developed in terms of the intrinsic rational intelligibility of emotional experience. It is argued that we sometimes experience the felt valenced attitude component of an emotion as an appropriate response to the ‘demand’ of the value to be recognized, as a response to the ‘power’ the value is experienced as possessing (resulting in the values as affective powers view, or VAP). Cases of emotional recalcitrance, and their phenomenology of affective persistence, are then discussed. Finally, pathological cases are considered in which such intelligibility goes missing, and it is suggested that the combination of the feeling-towards-value view and the VAP can account for such cases.
Demonic Phenomena
Authors: Wiebe Gregory D.
Published: October 2021

This chapter considers a variety of phenomena by which demons are perceived, focusing upon the more wondrous or miraculous. For Augustine, demons have power only over bodies and appearances, not human understanding and will. This restricts demonic power to the natural, causal limitations of corporeal things, which they only know externally—scientifically, as it were—and not contemplatively in God as the angels do. It also makes it possible for the saints to resist them with virtue, by which demons are made the ‘sport of angels’. This is demonstrated by a review of a variety of demonic phenomena that appear in Augustine’s writings including divination, prodigies, signs, temptation, and possession, which are analysed according to the two basic categories of deception and affliction. The chapter ends with a comparison of angelic and demonic miracles. Occasionally Augustine claims that angelic miracles have greater power than those of demons, but it is more essential in his work to differentiate them not according to their perceived power but by their meaning. The self-love in which they fell is the self-love to which all the works of demons ultimately refer and by which they are identifiable in those works.
The Devil and His Body
Authors: Wiebe Gregory D.
Published: October 2021

This chapter begins to consider Augustine’s perception of the history of Rome and its false gods as the history of the demons themselves, as the most profound works of demons are not individual miracles but the religious institutions of the earthly city. The demons’ fall away from God produces a rival symbolic order to Christ’s angelic ministers, one which manifests in a corporate opposition to Christ’s body. The contrary referents of the work of angels and demons correspond to contrary sacraments, which constitute contrary historical bodies: the body of Christ, which is identified with the church in Augustine’s doctrine of totus Christus, and the body of the devil, the exemplar of which, for Augustine, is pagan Rome. Augustine’s understanding of the earthly city is informed by a concept of disordered, demonic sacraments, and the paradigm for this is his discussion of Hermetic ‘god-making’. In this paradigm, human myths and artefacts manifest a demonic sacramental regime when they are elevated to divine status and given cult, a euhemeristic movement that demons both receive as worship and confirm with wonders.
Conclusion
Authors: Wiebe Gregory D.
Published: October 2021

The concluding chapter considers the import of Augustine’s religious or sacramental understanding of demons presented in the work as a whole, against the backdrop of the suspicion that Augustine’s demonology is an obsolete aspect of his thought, remote in one way or another from present-day concerns. This import is articulated first in terms of the theology of atonement and the specific question of ransoming the devil, which suggests that restoration of humanity’s relationship with God simultaneously requires freedom from the fallen social, political, and religious powers that enslave them. The risk of missing this is then explored briefly in an assessment of Charles Mathewes’ rejection of demons in his Augustinian and Arendtian ‘political ontology.’ This assessment makes it clear that dismissing demons as irrelevant to or undermining the socio-political order threatens to construct exactly the demonic idols, the gods of the nations, about which Augustine is most concerned.
Prologue: Open House in New York
Authors: Klimasmith Betsy
Published: October 2021

The prologue, “Open House in New York,” connects Samuel Richardson’s Pamela, the first novel printed in the American colonies, to the most widely known literary representation of the eighteenth-century US city, Royall Tyler’s 1787 play The Contrast. Though printing Pamela was not a successful venture for Benjamin Franklin, abridged versions of Pamela that eliminated Richardson’s use of dialogue would become popular with US readers later on. But Americans could find snappy repartée on stage in English comedies both before and after independence. The Contrast borrows from these forms to theatrically open an imagined New York home to a local audience largely for comic effect; novels would take up the play’s use of dialogue and direct address as they began to draw the curtain on the urban home.
Getting Around the Protocity
Authors: Klimasmith Betsy
Published: October 2021

Chapter 3, “Getting Around the Protocity,” tracks the emerging city’s local and associative networks through the practices of urban visiting and letter writing that structure Hannah Webster Foster’s epistolary texts The Coquette (1797) and The Boarding School (1798). I highlight gendered models of urban mobility and education by contrasting Foster’s texts to the first Franklinian formulations of city- and self-making that had become available to American readers in 1794. Uniquely among the texts in Urban Rehearsals, Foster’s books are set in the present and contain letters written by young white urban characters that describe the particular places within and among which they move. Most readers of early American novels are familiar with The Coquette, in which seduction turns Eliza Wharton’s spirited mobility into tragic stasis, just as it did for the real Elizabeth Whitman and the fictional Charlotte Temple. Foster’s second book, The Boarding School, features an all-female cast of characters who teach one another how to navigate new urban spaces more successfully than their seduced sisters. By avoiding specific events like the scandal that anchors The Coquette, in The Boarding School Foster offers a networked, open-ended theory of urbanity that parallels but also challenges the individuated, progressive view of urban development presented in the just-published book version of Benjamin Franklin’s Memoirs (1794). Foster’s city, like Franklin’s city, is a white city, but her female urbanites are alive and well—and determined to put their own intellectual stamp on the cities they inhabit.
Entr’acte
Authors: Klimasmith Betsy
Published: October 2021

The entr’acte, “Framing Urban Spaces,” focuses on two images by William and Thomas Birch that depict different aspects of the same Philadelphia streetscape, conveying the necessity of imaginative perspective to construct Philadelphia as a city. To use Birch’s words, these images, and the literary texts I read in Part II, meditate on Philadelphia as a city “raised, as it were, by magic power.”
Finale
Authors: Klimasmith Betsy
Published: October 2021

In “The Future City and The Female Marine,” I set Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography against The Female Marine, a pamphlet narrative written in three overlapping installments and published in nineteen different editions between 1815 and 1818 by Boston publisher Nathaniel Coverly. I contrast the Autobiography’s version of US urban space as a replicable franchise city to the transgressive city constructed in The Female Marine. The Female Marine’s protagonist, Lucy Brewer, seduced, abandoned, and working as a prostitute in Boston, disguises herself as a young male sailor to serve on the USS Constitution during the War of 1812. Easily read as political allegory for Boston’s shifting wartime loyalties, The Female Marine also marks a critical transition in US urban literature. Coverly rewrites the seduction tale to allow for female urban success, foreshadowing the racy female libertines of the 1840s sporting press. Virtually untouched by literary critics, The Female Marine is a remarkably rich text. Coverly quotes from and revises Charlotte, offers us a newly graphic version of the city’s geography that evokes the phantasmic cities of Edgar Allen Poe and George Lippard, previews the rise of urban serials in the penny press, and delivers a more triumphant outcome than the equivocal endings of Kelroy or Ormond. As it picks up on earlier urban forms, The Female Marine operates as a fantastic, subversive, and funny precursor to the urban genre fiction that would become immensely popular in the second half of the century.
25 April 1616
Authors: Cowen Orlin Lena
Published: October 2021

William Shakespeare’s monument shows him as a writer, quill in hand. Sceptics have suggested that the effigy was extensively remodelled, having originally been designed to show either Shakespeare or his father as a wool merchant. What we now see as a cushion, it has been said, was once a woolsack. This chapter establishes that the Shakespeare memorial is an authentic example of a short-lived genre of monuments used by men of education (mainly clergymen and lawyers) between about 1610 and 1640. The chapter also analyses the monument’s placement in Stratford-upon-Avon’s Holy Trinity Church, its inscription, Shakespeare’s grave, Anne Shakespeare’s burial by his side, and other Shakespeare family graves nearby. It suggests that the longer living daughter Judith Quiney may have been the keeper of the memorial flame. The sculptor of the monument, long believed to have been Gerard Johnson, is here named as Nicholas Johnson. Material evidence suggests that the monument was installed before Shakespeare’s death, and if Johnson followed his accustomed procedure the bust would have been sculpted from the life. The falsely disputed cushion is key to another meaning of the monument: at the time of Shakespeare’s death, similar monuments with similar cushions were all connected to Oxford University. Shakespeare is believed to have broken his regular trips between London and Stratford-upon-Avon by overnighting in Oxford, and the monument suggests that he also extended his education by participating in university culture. The chapter concludes with suggestions for what the monument tells us about how Shakespeare wanted to be remembered.
The Evolution of EU Administrative Law
Authors: Chiti Edoardo , Mendes Joana
Published: October 2021

The chapter discusses the emergence of EU administrative law and its change over time. It maps its evolution along three main axes, concerning the internal dynamics between EU and national components, its functional objectives, and legitimacy foundations. The chapter, therefore, tells a story of EU administrative law as one of advances and unresolved issues, of achievements and failures in the clarification of its function and normative purpose. In particular, the systemic effects of administrative convergence brought about over the years remain unstable, while the constant evolution of the forms of administrative action challenges the functions of EU administrative law of power-establishing and power-checking, and the tension between the legitimacy foundations of EU administrative law continues to cause unease.
Free Movement of Capital: Evolution as a Non-Linear Process
Authors: Snell Jukka
Published: October 2021

The chapter examines the evolution of free movement of capital in the EU. It begins by offering a broad overview, focusing in particular on the interplay between the various actors in the political and legal system of the Union. It then moves to investigating how the Court’s approach to restrictions has developed and notes the tension between regulatory and tax matters. Finally, it seeks to analyse the application of the freedom to capital movements between the EU and third countries. The argument is that in the early years the Member States acted as the driving force. Since the mid-1990s, the Court has come to play a more prominent part, following the rewriting of the free movement of capital rules. However, more recently it has shown a willingness to moderate its jurisprudence. Currently, both the euro crisis and the return of intense great power rivalry at the global stage are shaping the regulatory environment.
Economic and Monetary Union: Evolution and Conflict
Authors: Hinarejos Alicia
Published: October 2021

‘Economic and Monetary Union: Evolution and Conflict’ provides a critical account of the evolution of the European Union’s Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), with a special focus on changes and reforms adopted since the euro area crisis. The chapter provides an overview and analysis of, first, the history and principles underlying the original EMU; second, the most important reforms adopted in order to address the euro area sovereign debt crisis; and third, the ongoing questions in the debate. The chapter will conclude by discussing the ways in which the basic principles and assumptions underlying the original EMU have had to evolve, and the fundamental disagreements that underpin the current debate on the future of EMU.
Competition Law: Convergence Through Law and Networks
Authors: Maher Imelda
Published: October 2021

Competition Law: Convergence through Law and Networks uses an evolutionary lens to explore how the EU competition law regime is undergoing change again with the introduction of the ECN+ Directive (2019/1) and the Damages Directive (2014/104). Modernization through Regulation 1/2003 was revolutionary. Alongside the move to a more economics-based approach by the Commission, enforcement was delegated to National Competition Authorities, releasing Commission time and resources to focus on much bigger and economically significant cases. This chapter examines how the European Competition Network is an important governance tool in developing coherence, convergence, and mutual cooperation and how the limitations of minimal procedural convergence led to the pendulum of evolution swinging back again towards the EU with the Damages and ECN+ Directive.
EU Environmental Law and Legal Imagination
Authors: Fisher Elizabeth
Published: October 2021

European Union (EU) environmental law is a complex legal enterprise that has expanded EU legal imagination in three areas. First, there has been an evolution of legal thinking in relation to both positive and negative harmonization of the internal market as environmental problems have required the reconfiguring and restructuring of markets. Second in the implementation of EU environmental law in Member States, courts have had to interpret novel legal obligations in directives such as the Environmental Impact Assessment Directive and the Habitats Directive, as well as evolving thinking about direct effect and national procedural autonomy. Finally. EU environmental law has evolved legal thinking in relation to governance and in particular the framing of regulatory objects and the accountability of institutions.
The uncertainty of Intention
Authors: Hanning Robert W.
Published: October 2021

The general difficulty of identifying true intentions specifically haunts the sacrament of Penance, where the intention to repent can be feigned. The lure of hidden intentions animates Decameron 3.3: a wife converts her confessor into her pimp by hiding from him her true intention to use him as a go-between in arranging an affair with his friend. The danger of hidden intentions is exemplified in Decameron 8.7: Rinieri, infatuated with Elena, fails to discover her intention only to make a fool of him until he stands frozen at her door at Christmas. He in turn hides his intention to enact vengeance until he succeeds in stranding her, naked, on a rooftop in the blazing summer sun. “The Wife of Bath’s Prologue” challenges her audience/reader to discover the intention(s) behind her account of “experience” as a “Pauline nightmare” of multiple marriages, sexual excess, and apparent conformity to misogynist and misogamous traditions.
Axiomatic calculi
Authors: Mancosu Paolo , Galvan Sergio , Zach Richard
Published: October 2021

The first results in proof theory were obtained using axiomatic systems of logical deduction. The chapter develops propositional and predicate logic in such an axiomatic system. It shows how reasoning under assumption can be regained in an axiomatic system by proving the so-called “deduction theorem” propositional logic (and later, predicate logic as well). The deduction theorem provides the opportunity to introduce one of the main tools needed for proving properties of formal systems, namely, proof by induction on the natural numbers. The differences between minimal, intuitionistic, and classical systems of logic according to the properties of negation characterizing each of the systems are outlined. Independence of theorems such as the law of excluded middle are here given model-theoretically (in later chapters, these are also presented proof-theoretically). After presenting classical predicate logic, the systems of classical and intuitionistic arithmetic are presented. Gentzen’s first substantial result, the so-called Gödel-Gentzen translation, is discussed in the final section where it is proved that if intuitionistic arithmetic is consistent, so is classical arithmetic.
Natural deduction
Authors: Mancosu Paolo , Galvan Sergio , Zach Richard
Published: October 2021

Natural deduction is a philosophically as well as pedagogically important logical proof system. This chapter introduces Gerhard Gentzen’s original system of natural deduction for minimal, intuitionistic, and classical predicate logic. Natural deduction reflects the ways we reason under assumption in mathematics and ordinary life. Its rules display a pleasing symmetry, in that connectives and quantifiers are each governed by a pair of introduction and elimination rules. After providing several examples of how to find proofs in natural deduction, it is shown how deductions in such systems can be manipulated and measured according to various notions of complexity, such as size and height. The final section shows that the axiomatic system of classical logic presented in Chapter 2 and the system of natural deduction for classical logic introduced in this chapter are equivalent.
Regime Personalization in Russia
Authors: Baturo Alexander , Elkink Johan A.
Published: October 2021

This chapter proposes that from 1999 Russia is best understood as a personalist regime in the making. It argues that important features of the regime, in terms of its development, elite management, and internal power relations, are obscured if we look at Russia only from the perspective of failed democratisation or authoritarian reversal. Instead, it proposes to study the personal power acquisition by a political leader during, and as a result of, which the regime itself may acquire different, personalistic characteristics. Personalisation can be a feature of any political regime and is complex and multifaceted. It includes the more opaque and informal aspects of the regime, as well as shared elite norms and behaviours that exhibit personalistic tendencies. Because personal power per se is unobservable, this chapter proposes to study how it reveals itself through different observable manifestations. Specifically, through four pillars: patronage networks, deinstitutionalisation, media personalisation, and the establishment of permanency in office. Russia is placed in context by comparing it with strong personalisation in Libya and weak personalisation in China. Centering Russian politics on the problem of regime personalisation has consequences for expectations regarding Russia's future trajectory and this chapter reviews the negative outcomes typically encountered under personalism. Finally, this chapter establishes the main research questions and outlines the book’s structure.
Encyclopedic Verse and Vernacular Science
Authors: Steiner Emily
Published: October 2021

Le Livre de Sydrac, originally composed in French for the French court in the last decades of the thirteenth century, was translated into English before 1400 and survives in eight medieval copies. The most complete versions of the English translation, a versified redaction of the French prose, add up to approximately 11,000 lines of verse. This chapter argues that the English Sydrac, which addresses topics ranging from the best body parts to the roundness of the globe, tried to achieve for English verse what Trevisa’s De proprietatibus rerum achieved for English prose, that is, to create an encyclopedic style in which literary and scientific properties were mutually informative. At the same time, Sydrac helped shape a discourse of general lay science the rhetorical strategies of which continue to be used on popular science sites today. Read alongside the better-known armchair travel guide, Mandeville’s Travels, the English Sydrac also queries the insularity of English encyclopedism, showing how compendious genres both close off and express longing for contact with a wider world
The Church of England in Victorian London c.1837–1856
Authors: Jacob W. M.
Published: October 2021

Recent constitutional changes had had a significant impact on the established Church’s self- identity and self-confidence. The recently appointed reforming bishops of London and Winchester, responsible for the metropolis, and leading laypeople set out to develop mission strategies to respond to this unprecedented situation in the face of London’s immense population growth and the confidence and challenge of Nonconformist churches. Anglicans adopted a strategy of subdividing densely populated historic parishes in poor districts and recruiting clergy to establish schools, gather congregations, and build churches as centres of spiritual, pastoral, and philanthropic care, with the associated need to secure voluntary funding and pastoral assistance, including women, for these initiatives. Contemporary evidence suggests that contemporary and subsequent criticisms of this strategy were overstated in claiming that the Church of England lost the allegiance of people in multiply deprived inner-urban parishes. Close examination discloses a more nuanced picture.
Religion and Education in Victorian London: Secondary, Adult, and Higher Education
Authors: Jacob W. M.
Published: October 2021

hristianly motivated people transformed secondary education in London, which until 1870 was largely provided through ancient endowed foundations teaching the classics, and private schools teaching modern and commercial subjects, all of which were small-scale. Clergy and laypeople promoted the reform of ancient endowments to increase the provision of modern education, including for girls to be educated to the same level as boys, and established numerous new schools on sound financial educational bases. Similarly motivated groups also provided opportunities for adult education for working people. The initiative to provide higher education in London in the 1820s, on a different model from the ancient universities, came from religiously motivated groups, as did pioneering initiatives to provide higher education for women. These initiatives fed the expanding need for secondary school teachers and the growing newer professions.
The Catenae and the Septuagint
Authors: Dorival Gilles
Published: October 2021

During the time of Procopius (sixth century), the catenae arranged the sacred text in the same way as the Christian commentaries before them: the Septuagint is quoted verse by verse and occupies the first position; the commentary then comes below it. This layout can be called a full-page disposition. Sometime during the second half of the seventh century the full-page model began to be replaced by a marginal layout. The reference unit is not the single folio, but the whole surface constituted by two following folios facing one other: first a given even folio, second the corresponding odd folio. The biblical text is written in the centre of each of these two folios; and the fragments of the catenae are written around it, in the upper margin, the lateral margin, and the lower margin. This marginal layout developed out of the two-column layout, in which the left column gives the biblical text and the right one, the fragments. This layout comes from the scholia. It is preserved in a few manuscripts, such as the Coislinianus 360 and the Vaticanus Barberinianus gr. 455. Witnesses of the marginal layout are numerous in the ninth, tenth, and eleventh centuries. From the twelfth century to the end of Byzantium in the fifteenth, there was a return to the full-page layout. Besides the layout, the writing system emphasized the biblical text. Several arrangements are found, for instance the biblical text can be written with uppercase letters, whereas the catena uses lowercase. A most important aspect of these catenae is the form of the text of the Septuagint that is given in the catenae. As a rule, the compilers gave the text of the Septuagint in use in their monasteries or churches at the time of the compilation. But, in the extracts of the patristic authors, the quotations of the Scriptures are not aligned with this reference text. All in all, there are very few studies of the biblical text of the catenae. Much work remains to be done. Some of the compilers had a great interest in Biblical glosses, as well as in Jewish revisions. It is time for a new publication of Lexeis of the 150 Psalms, the first edition of Joseph Pasini is now dated (1749). And the catenae offer many unpublished readings coming from Origen’s Hexapla.
Conclusions
Authors: Dorival Gilles
Published: October 2021

The title of Part I was ‘Before Christianity: The Septuagint and the Biblical Canon’.

Chapter 1 (‘The Formation of the Jewish Canon’) established the meaning of the word canon: a list of biblical books understood as being inspired by God, and therefore normative, enumerated according to a given order (...
Finding Calm
Authors: Sherman Nancy
Published: October 2021

The Stoics teach individuals to be prepared for worst-case scenarios: rehearse disaster and tragedy in order to reduce fear. A pandemic is a time to be Stoic. What are basic Stoic techniques for mitigating anxiety? The Stoics argue that people are interpreters of experience at the most basic level of perception: control begins by monitoring attention to the impressions to which one gives assent. They also teach that one should “pre-rehearse” what they call the “bads” in life, so one is not caught off guard by misfortune or accident. They also counsel “mental reservation,” a kind of hedging of bets, so that, again, one is mentally prepared if things don’t work out. Finally, they offer techniques for focusing on process, and not just outcomes. These techniques have application today—for a hospital worker fighting a novel disease with scarce resources and inadequate protection, or a firefighter unable to rescue children trapped in a burning home.
Lifehacks
Authors: Sherman Nancy
Published: October 2021

Through Ryan Holiday and Tim Ferriss, the idea of Stoicism as a lifehack has gone viral, with entrepreneurs and billionaires, personal trainers and coaches, programmers and educators all turning to Stoicism for lifehacks for resetting values and quieting stress. But lifehacks are often about the individual—the individual’s fears and anxieties, shortcuts for managing his or her life better. Yet from Socrates onward, ancient virtue was never just about the individual and her equanimity, but about others and one’s generous and just treatment of them. This lesson shows that Stoic lifehacks include proactive techniques for taking stock of blind habits and impulsive reactions that feed implicit bias and wrongheaded values. Stoicism offers techniques for mobilizing attention when cognitive errors and biases, products of “thinking fast,” to use psychologist Daniel Kahneman’s term, put individuals at risk of being manipulated by irrational fears and bias that undermine their ability to think beyond the self.
A Healthy Modern Stoicism
Authors: Sherman Nancy
Published: October 2021

If the Stoics teach that real freedom is inner, do they then condone enslavement? The Stoics never challenge the institution of slavery. In the current “cancel culture” with monuments of oppression toppling, why consort with ancient philosophers who not only condoned enslavement, but celebrated inner freedom as the most noble kind of liberation? Seneca grapples with the issue, but his principle of humane treatment of enslaved persons is driven more by expediency than social conscience. Stoicism is a way to endure and cultivate inner virtue when tight control from outside threatens your very being. It was a philosophy suited for the times. It again feels like a philosophy for the times. There is much to learn from the ancients. But there are also mistakes to avoid, including a retreat inward that runs from the full promise of humanity and true moral and social progress.
Introduction
Authors: Rohling Eelco J.
Published: October 2021

This chapter outlines the challenge facing us. The Paris Agreement sets a target maximum of 2°C global warming and a preferred limit of 1.5°C. Yet, the subsequent combined national pledges for emission reduction suffice only for limiting warming to roughly 3°C. And because most nations are falling considerably short of meeting their pledges, even greater warming may become locked in. Something more drastic and wide-ranging is needed: a multi-pronged strategy. These different prongs to the climate-change solution are introduced in this chapter and explored one by one in the following chapters. First is rapid, massive reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Second is implementation of ways to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere. Third may be increasing the reflectivity of Earth to incoming sunlight, to cool certain places down more rapidly. In addition, we need to protect ourselves from climate-change impacts that have already become inevitable.
The Inevitable One
Authors: Rohling Eelco J.
Published: October 2021

This chapter considers processes we cannot reverse, at least in the short term: it is already too late. These are processes related to slow responses or feedbacks in the climate system, including ocean warming and sea-level rise, and they will continue to drive change whatever we do. As explained in the chapter, ocean warming operates on timescales of centuries and resulting changes in Earth’s major ice sheets take many centuries to millennia. Sea-level rise is caused by thermal expansion due to ocean warming and by reduction in the volume of land-based ice, due to global warming. Because of the timescales involved, the oceans will keep warming for centuries, dragging global mean temperature along with them, and sea level will also rise for many centuries to come. The chapter reviews the impacts of these processes, whose inevitability means that humanity has no choice but to adapt to them.
The Future
Authors: Rohling Eelco J.
Published: October 2021

This chapter draws together information to discuss a vision for the future, including emissions reduction and avoidance, implementation of negative emissions technologies, solar radiation management, adaptation, and the human dimension of how to drive change. Previous chapters have shown that the current trajectory, if unchanged, will result in global temperatures far exceeding the recommended 1.5–2°C maximum increase recommended in the Paris Agreement and that current emission levels are more likely to continue than not. This chapter summarizes this information, linking it to the important role of NETs in managing future climate change and the need for investment in new technologies. The chapter then introduces Integrated Assessment Models, which are helpful in assessing the various approaches to meeting emissions targets. Finally, the chapter considers the importance of slow response and feedback processes and tipping points.
Conclusions
Authors: Rohling Eelco J.
Published: October 2021

This chapter reviews the broad portfolio of measures available to meet humanity’s Gigatons challenge. It notes that since the window of time left to allow us to stay within 1.5–2°C warming is closing rapidly, prioritization is essential at all levels: emissions reduction, new emissions avoidance, negative emissions technologies; and solar radiation management. At the same time, we need to develop appropriate legal, social, and governance frameworks to ensure rapid but responsible implementations, as well as monitoring and regulation. The chapter also notes that the implementation of such a broad and diverse portfolio of measures requires visionary leadership. Finally, while the changes needed are great, the response to the recent coronavirus pandemic shows that great, rapid changes across all sectors of society are possible.
Genetics
Authors: Ben Zaken Sigal
Published: October 2021

During the last decades, genetic knowledge and technologies have been vastly developed. Yet, many questions regarding the genetic basis of sport, exercise, and performance remain unanswered. Most human traits, including psychological and behavioral traits, are heritable and lie in biological mechanisms. Therefore, variation in these traits results at least partially from genetic variation. The molecular genetic study of the physiological domain of sport has made large progress, with no parallel study in the psychological domain. Moreover, studies in behavioral genetics, investigating the nature of individual differences in behavior by using twin and family models in sport, also scarce. It is only natural to assume that behavioral genetics and molecular genetics will meet at the exercise, sport, and performance domain, which combines both psychological and physiological traits. However, this integration has not happened, leaving many research questions open.
Mental Health
Authors: Donohue Brad , Breslin Gavin , Murphy Shane
Published: October 2021

This chapter examines contemporaneous theories, methodologies, and applied interventions specific to mental health in sport. First, contributions in the field are summarized, including mental health awareness programs designed to destigmatize mental health disorders in athletes, screening instruments experimentally developed to identify athletes who are likely to benefit from mental health services, assessment methods that have been psychometrically validated to assist intervention planning, interventions that have been indicated to assist engagement of athletes into mental health interventions, and prevention and intervention programs that have been shown to prevent or decrease the severity of mental health symptomology. Five seminal readings that are specific to advancing mental health in athletes are offered. These readings complement five questions that are presented to stimulate clinical and experimental growth in the mental health of athletes, including the scientific development of cost-effective methods of addressing mental health in sport organizations and disseminating evidence-supported mental health interventions in athletes.
Cross-Cultural, Multi-Cultural, and Intercultural Issues
Authors: Middleton Thierry R. F. , Schinke Robert J. , Petersen Brennan , Giffin Cole E.
Published: October 2021

Our aim in this chapter is to demonstrate how, and why, researchers and practitioners may benefit through embracing and learning from the diverse approaches taken to studying cross-cultural, multicultural, and intercultural issues. We do so by examining the study of integration, a process in which individuals maintain their cultural heritage while also engaging in a shared process of learning the dominant cultural norms of their community. Integration has been widely promoted as the most conducive form of acculturation for newcomers to a community. The chapter begins with a brief overview of how researchers have used cross-cultural and cultural sport psychology (CSP) approaches to examine how sport and physical activity contexts may foster integration and what their findings have revealed. The unknown is then explored through five major questions that can guide future researchers in their work alongside those with whom they wish to learn from.
Talking
Authors: Kwan SanSan
Published: October 2021

This first chapter of Love Dances explores the ethics and politics of intercultural dance via a piece that draws on the modality of speech over that of movement. The chapter sets the stage for the other works examined in the book, all of which combine talking and dancing. It also places Pichet Klunchun and Myself within a longer history of intercultural dance and theater, reminding readers of the continuing context of Orientalism. As a duet between a white, European, heterosexual, cis-male, avant-garde choreographer and a Thai, heterosexual, cis-male, khon dancer, the work reproduces some of the more hackneyed patterns of Orientalist encounter, in contrast to the more complex not-exactly-East-not-exactly-West collaborations studied later in the book. As such, the piece provides a backdrop against which the other pieces may be understood. Finally, this chapter notes the ways that the cross-cultural and the aesthetic dynamics of this particular partnership tell us something about the pitfalls of intercultural collaboration, as well as the pedagogical potentials.
Current Research on the Acquisition of Language in Children Who Are Deaf and Hard of Hearing
Authors: Easterbrooks Susan R.
Published: October 2021

This chapter covers current research to support several basic contentions. First, better language leads to better outcomes in all domains; second, limited language has consequences for school readiness; and third, early language sets the trajectory for later language and literacy acquisition. It also examines research on alingualism, semilingualism, and language deprivation, bilingual-bimodal instruction, and the challenges of the multilingual classroom. Next, it provides research evidence surrounding arguments over the type of classroom deaf and hard-of-hearing children should attend and which language they should use. Finally, it describes purposes for language that the teacher needs to keep in mind: Language is a tool; it is representational; it has rules for form, content, and use; it follows developmental stages, some of which are subject to a critical time window. The chapter also provides evidence of the relationship between language and self-image or self-esteem.
Teaching Vocabulary and Morphosyntax
Authors: Easterbrooks Susan R.
Published: October 2021

This chapter takes a deep dive into the intricacies of vocabulary and grammar that DHH children must understand and use. The chapter explores the depth and breadth of vocabulary, its abstract and concrete nature, content and function words, Theory of Mind language, super verbs, academic language, and decontextualized language, and provides a review of vocabulary programs. It describes how to teach grammatical structures, including grammatical morphemes and syntax, from exposure through production, focusing on supralexical chunks or word bundles. Finally, it explores such strategies as bootstrapping and syntactic priming. As with other chapters, it ends with discussion questions focusing on application of the strategies described with the students on the caseloads provided.
Motivational Processes in Emotional Aging
Authors: Wolfe Hannah , Isaacowitz Derek
Published: October 2021

This chapter considers the role of motivation in emotion-cognition links and how goals may relate to age differences (and similarities) in emotion regulation. Socioemotional selectivity theory (SST) posits that, as their future time perspective shrinks, older adults become more motivated to prioritize their emotional well-being and exhibit “positivity effects” in attention and memory. After reviewing basic evidence on age-related positivity effects, the chapter turns to studies that have attempted to highlight the role of goals specifically in contributing to age-related positivity effects. While some studies suggest that goals are important in producing age differences in emotion-cognition links, others have not found support for clear links to goals. The chapter considers these mixed findings in the context of recent work suggesting fewer age differences in emotion regulation than might be expected, as well as presents goals other than emotion regulation that may drive age differences in cognition.
Legal Contention and Minorities in Turkey
Authors: Aslan Senem
Published: October 2021

This chapter analyzes state-minority relations in Turkey as the state sought closer relations with the European Union over the last three decades. It examines the implementation of decisions by the European Court of Human Rights and the domestic courts as well as of legal reforms passed by the Turkish parliament that relate to the cultural demands of two largest minorities in Turkey, the Kurds and the Alevis. It underlines that in Turkey legislative reforms and progressive court judgments in favor of minority rights do not have much effect on shifting state policy on the ground. This is because state officials can act with impunity, enjoying wide discretionary authority and allowing extralegal and informal forms of official discrimination. Official discrimination can be best examined by focusing on administrative implementation rather than legal texts. This study also shows that the implementation of minority rights reforms is a contentious process that largely depends on bottom-up pressures through persistent social and political mobilization. In the absence of a strong movement, neither international pressure nor legal contention is adequate to change state policy on the ground.
The BRICS in Global Governance
Authors: Henry Laura A. , Sundstrom Lisa McIntosh
Published: October 2021

This chapter reviews our selection of cases and presents quantitative data related to NGO participation in global governance. First, it justifies our selection of the BRICS countries of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa as the focus of our research based on their shared status as emerging regional powers and their diversity in domestic characteristics. Next, it examines the growing number and type of global governance institutions (GGIs), highlighting variation in NGOs’ ability to access and gain authority through engagement with GGIs. The chapter then uses an original data set to map NGO participation patterns across a large number of GGIs. Finally, we examine how domestic conditions may shape collective patterns of participation in global governance by NGOs from the BRICS countries by conducting linear regression analyses using annual data from the UNFCCC and the UNGC.
Love, Trust, and Betrayal
Authors: Matthes Erich Hatala
Published: October 2021

When artists commit morally egregious acts, it often generates emotional conflict in their fans. For art lovers, a defining aspect of revelations about artists’ immoral behavior is how it makes them feel. They love the art but feel disgusted and betrayed by the artist’s actions. This chapter argues that feelings of betrayal can be appropriate given the love that fans bear toward artists, but this doesn’t necessarily require giving up the work that they love. In particular, it argues that the artwork of immoral artists has a special role to play in helping us reconcile the conflicting attitudes that can be generated when artists act immorally.
The Coming Philosophers
Authors: Lipscomb Benjamin J.B.
Published: October 2021

This chapter traces the early development of Oxford philosophy—and the book’s four subjects—from the middle of World War II through the late 1940s. During this period, Murdoch, Foot, and Midgley all left Oxford briefly, only to gradually return for ongoing scholarship or to teach; Anscombe never entirely left. Together, the four would begin the conversations that would enable them to break out of the dominant world-picture of their age. Also returning to Oxford was R.M. Hare, whose grueling experiences as a prisoner of war on the Burma-Thailand railroad impacted him deeply. For the women, Hare would become both a colleague and a fierce opponent. At the same time, Oxford was developing a distinctive philosophical culture in which ethics had little place. The emotivism popularized by A.J. Ayer and C.L. Stevenson had undermined the possibility of serious work on ethics in the eyes of Oxford philosophers.
Partial Hegemony
Authors: Colgan Jeff D.
Published: October 2021

When and why does international order change? Easy to take for granted, international governing arrangements shape our world. They allow us to eat food imported from other countries, live safely from nuclear war, travel to foreign cities, profit from our savings, and much else. New threats, including climate change and simmering US-China hostility, lead many to worry that the “liberal order,” or the US position within it, is at risk. Theorists often try to understand that situation by looking at other cases of great power decline, like the British Empire or even ancient Athens. Yet so much is different about those cases that we can draw only imperfect lessons from them. A better approach is to look at how the United States itself already lost much of its international dominance, in the 1970s, in the realm of oil. Only now, with several decades of hindsight, can we fully appreciate it. The experiences of that partial decline in American hegemony, and the associated shifts in oil politics, can teach us a lot about general patterns of international order. Leaders and analysts can apply those lessons when seeking to understand or design new international governing arrangements on topics ranging from climate change to peacekeeping, and nuclear proliferation to the global energy transition.