bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Raumstrukturelle Aspekte des Fernstraßenbaus in der Ostregion, Österreich
Authors: Kranabether Matthias , Helbich Marco , Knoflacher Hermann
Published: December 2011

This paper analyzes the functional relationships between the level of service of motorways and dual carriageways, respectively, and the growth of nonagricultural workplaces. The Austrian Eastern Region represents the study site and consists of the federal states of Burgenland, Lower Austria, and Vienna. A local autocorrelation statistic is applied to detect local spatial clusters of rates of workplace changes. Spatial regression models are used to investigate the relationships between workplaces and socio-economic determinants. The results show that municipalities located next to Vienna have a conspicuous growth of nonagricultural workplaces, even if they are not directly situated at junctions of motorways or dual carriageways. Furthermore, spatial proximity to motorways and dual carriageways have a decreasing effect on the rates of workplace changes since the 1960s.
Air-induced inverse Chladni patterns
Authors: van Gerner Henk Jan , van der Weele Ko , van der Hoef Martin A. , van der Meer Devaraj
Published: December 2011

When very light particles are sprinkled on a resonating horizontal plate, inverse Chladni patterns are formed. Instead of going to the nodal lines of the plate, where they would form a standard Chladni pattern, the particles are dragged to the antinodes by the air currents induced by the vibration of the plate. Here we present a detailed picture of the mechanism using numerical simulations involving both the particles and the air. Surprisingly, the time-averaged Eulerian velocity, commonly used in these type of problems, does not explain the motion of the particles: it even has the opposite direction, towards the nodal lines. The key to the inverse Chladni patterning is found in the averaged velocity of a tracer particle moving along with the air: this Lagrangian velocity, averaged over a vibration cycle, is directed toward the antinodes. The Chladni plate thus provides a unique example of a system in which the Eulerian and Lagrangian velocities point in opposite directions.
On the theory of a shock wave driven by a corrugated piston in a non-ideal fluid
Authors: Bates J. W.
Published: December 2011

In the context of an Eulerian fluid description, we investigate the dynamics of a shock wave that is driven by the steady impulsively initiated motion of a two-dimensional planar piston with small corrugations superimposed on its surface. This problem was originally solved by Freeman (Proc. Royal Soc. A, vol. 228, 1955, pp. 341–362), who showed that piston-driven shocks are unconditionally stable when the fluid medium through which they propagate is an ideal gas. Here, we generalize Freeman’s mathematical framework to account for a fluid characterized by an arbitrary equation of state. We find that a sufficient condition for shock stability is $\ensuremath{-} 1\lt h\lt {h}_{c} $, where $h$ is the D’yakov parameter and ${h}_{c} $ is a critical value less than unity. For values of $h$ within this range, linear perturbations imparted to the front by the piston at time $t= 0$ attenuate asymptotically as ${t}^{\ensuremath{-} 3/ 2} $. Outside of this range, the temporal behaviour of perturbations is more difficult to determine and further analysis is required to assess the stability of a shock front under such circumstances. As a benchmark of the main conclusions of this paper, we compare our generalized expression for the linearized shock-ripple amplitude with an independent Bessel-series solution derived by Zaidel’ (J. Appl. Math. Mech., vol. 24, 1960, pp. 316–327) and find excellent agreement.
On the relationship between efficiency and wake structure of a batoid-inspired oscillating fin
Authors: Dewey Peter A. , Carriou Antoine , Smits Alexander J.
Published: December 2011

A mechanical representation of batoid-like propulsion using a flexible fin with an elliptical planform shape is used to study the hydrodynamics of undulatory propulsion. The wake is found to consist of a series of interconnected vortex rings, whereby leading and trailing edge vortices of subsequent cycles become entangled with one another. Efficient propulsion is achieved when leading and trailing edge vortices coalesce at the spanwise location where most of the streamwise fluid momentum is concentrated in the wake of the fin. Both the Strouhal number and the wavelength are found to have a significant effect on the wake structure. In general, a decrease in wavelength promotes a wake transition from shedding a single vortex per half-oscillation period to shedding a pair of vortices per half-oscillation period. An increase in Strouhal number causes the wake to bifurcate a finite distance downstream of the trailing edge of the fin into a pair of jets oriented at an acute angle to the line of symmetry. The bifurcation distance decreases with increasing Strouhal number and wavelength, and it is shown to obey a simple scaling law.
Sediment-laden fresh water above salt water: linear stability analysis
Authors: Burns P. , Meiburg E.
Published: December 2011

When a layer of particle-laden fresh water is placed above clear, saline water, both Rayleigh–Taylor and double diffusive fingering instabilities may arise. For quasi-steady base profiles, we obtain linear stability results for such situations by means of a rational spectral approximation method with adaptively chosen grid points, which is able to resolve multiple steep gradients in the base state density profile. In the absence of salinity and for a step-like concentration profile, the dominant parameter is the ratio of the particle settling velocity to the viscous velocity scale. As long as this ratio is small, particle settling has a negligible influence on the instability growth. However, when the particles settle more rapidly than the instability grows, the growth rate decreases inversely proportional to the settling velocity. This damping effect is a result of the smearing of the vorticity field, which in turn is caused by the deposition of vorticity onto the fluid elements passing through the interface between clear and particle-laden fluid. In the presence of a stably stratified salinity field, this picture changes dramatically. An important new parameter is the ratio of the particle settling velocity to the diffusive spreading velocity of the salinity, or alternatively the ratio of the unstable layer thickness to the diffusive interface thickness of the salinity profile. As long as this quantity does not exceed unity, the instability of the system and the most amplified wavenumber are primarily determined by double diffusive effects. In contrast to situations without salinity, particle settling can have a destabilizing effect and significantly increase the growth rate. Scaling laws obtained from the linear stability results are seen to be largely consistent with earlier experimental observations and theoretical arguments put forward by other authors. For unstable layer thicknesses much larger than the salinity interface thickness, the particle and salinity interfaces become increasingly decoupled, and the dominant instability mode becomes Rayleigh–Taylor-like, centred at the lower boundary of the particle-laden flow region.
Characterization of the flow past a truncated square cylinder in a duct under a spanwise magnetic field
Authors: Dousset Vincent , Pothérat Alban
Published: December 2011

We study the flow of an electrically conducting fluid past a truncated square cylinder in a rectangular duct under the influence of an externally applied homogeneous magnetic field oriented along the cylinder axis. Our aim is to bridge the gap between the non-magnetic regime, where we previously found a complex set of three-dimensional recirculations behind the cylinder (Dousset & Pothérat,J. Fluid Mech., vol. 653, 2010, pp. 519–536) and the asymptotic regime of dominating Lorentz force analysed by Hunt & Ludford (J. Fluid. Mech., vol. 33, 1968, pp. 693–714). The latter regime is characterized by a remarkable structure known asHunt’s wakein the magnetohydrodynamics community, where the flow is deflected on either side of a stagnant zone, right above the truncated cylinder as if the latter would span the full height of the duct. In steady flows dominated by the Lorentz force, with negligible inertia, we provide the first numerical flow visualization of Hunt’s wake. In regimes of finite inertia, a thorough topological analysis of the steady flow regimes reveals how the Lorentz force gradually reorganizes the flow structures in the hydrodynamic wake of the cylinder as the Hartmann number$\mathit{Ha}$(which gives a non-dimensional measure of the magnetic field) is increased. The nature of the vortex shedding follows from this rearrangement of the steady structures by the magnetic field. As$\mathit{Ha}$is increased, we observe that the vortex street changes from a strongly symmetric one to the alternate procession of counter-rotating vortices typical of the non-truncated cylinder wakes.
Design of viscometers corresponding to a universal molecular simulation method
Authors: Dayal Kaushik , James Richard D.
Published: December 2011

We present conceptual designs of viscometers corresponding to our new exact molecular simulation method (Dayal & James, J. Mech. Phys. Solids, vol. 58 (2), 2010, pp. 145–163). The molecular simulation method is a generalization of the method of Lees & Edwards (J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys., vol. 5, 1972, p. 1921), and includes a three-parameter family of incompressible flows, as well as compressible flows and unsteady flows exhibiting vortex stretching. All fluids are allowed. The method gives a way to simulate these flows using relatively few molecules, in the absence of a constitutive relation describing the fluid. This paper presents conceptual designs for viscometers that produce large families of these flows. The basic theme of this paper is that the flows discussed here are a better way to characterize the properties of complex fluids than the currently available methods, such as those based on viscometric flows.
Oxidised fish oil does not influence established markers of oxidative stress in healthy human subjects: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Ottestad Inger , Vogt Gjermund , Retterstøl Kjetil , Myhrstad Mari C. , Haugen John-Erik , Nilsson Astrid , Ravn-Haren Gitte , Nordvi Berit , Brønner Kirsti W. , Andersen Lene F. , Holven Kirsten B. , Ulven Stine M.
Published: December 2011

Intake of fish oil reduces the risk of CHD and CHD deaths. Marine n-3 fatty acids (FA) are susceptible to oxidation, but to our knowledge, the health effects of intake of oxidised fish oil have not previously been investigated in human subjects. The aim of the present study was to investigate markers of oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation and inflammation, and the level of plasma n-3 FA after intake of oxidised fish oil. In a double-blinded randomised controlled study, healthy subjects (aged 18–50 years, n 54) were assigned into one of three groups receiving capsules containing either 8 g/d of fish oil (1·6 g/d EPA+DHA; n 17), 8 g/d of oxidised fish oil (1·6 g/d EPA+DHA; n 18) or 8 g/d of high-oleic sunflower oil (n 19). Fasting blood and morning spot urine samples were collected at weeks 0, 3 and 7. No significant changes between the different groups were observed with regard to urinary 8-iso-PGF2α; plasma levels of 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and α-tocopherol; serum high sensitive C-reactive protein; or activity of antioxidant enzymes in erythrocytes. A significant increase in plasma level of EPA+DHA was observed in both fish oil groups, but no significant difference was observed between the fish oil groups. No changes in a variety of in vivo markers of oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation or inflammation were observed after daily intake of oxidised fish oil for 3 or 7 weeks, indicating that intake of oxidised fish oil may not have unfavourable short-term effects in healthy human subjects.
Increasing the folic acid content of maternal or post-weaning diets induces differential changes in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase mRNA expression and promoter methylation in rats
Authors: Hoile Samuel P. , Lillycrop Karen A. , Grenfell Leonie R. , Hanson Mark A. , Burdge Graham C.
Published: December 2011

Environmental exposures throughout the life course, including nutrition, may induce phenotypic and epigenetic changes. There is limited information about how timing affects the nature of such effects induced by a specific nutritional exposure. We investigated the effect of increased exposure to folic acid before birth or during the juvenile–pubertal period in rats on the epigenetic regulation of glucose homeostasis. Rats were fed either a folic acid-adequate (AF; 1 mg/kg feed) or a folic acid-supplemented (FS; 5 mg/kg feed) diet from conception until delivery and then an AF diet during lactation. Juvenile rats were fed either the AF or the FS diet from weaning for 28 d and then an AF diet. Liver and blood were collected after a 12 h fast between postnatal days 84 and 90. Maternal FS diet increased plasma glucose concentration significantly (P < 0·05) in females, but not in males. Post-weaning FS diet decreased glucose concentration significantly in females, but increased glucose concentration in males. There were no effects of the FS diet on phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) mRNA expression in males, while the pattern of expression was related to plasma glucose concentration in females. The FS diet induced specific changes in the methylation of individual CpG in females, but not in males, which were related to the time of exposure. Methylation of CpG − 248 increased the binding of CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein β to the PEPCK promoter. Together, these findings show that both the period during the life course and sex influence the effect of increased exposure to folic acid on the epigenetic regulation of PEPCK and glucose homeostasis.
Predicting urinary creatinine excretion and its usefulness to identify incomplete 24 h urine collections
Authors: De Keyzer Willem , Huybrechts Inge , Dekkers Arnold L. M. , Geelen Anouk , Crispim Sandra , Hulshof Paul J. M. , Andersen Lene F. , Řehůřková Irena , Ruprich Jiří , Volatier Jean-Luc , Van Maele Georges , Slimani Nadia , van't Veer Pieter , de Boer Evelien , De Henauw Stefaan
Published: December 2011

Studies using 24 h urine collections need to incorporate ways to validate the completeness of the urine samples. Models to predict urinary creatinine excretion (UCE) have been developed for this purpose; however, information on their usefulness to identify incomplete urine collections is limited. We aimed to develop a model for predicting UCE and to assess the performance of a creatinine index usingpara-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) as a reference. Data were taken from the European Food Consumption Validation study comprising two non-consecutive 24 h urine collections from 600 subjects in five European countries. Data from one collection were used to build a multiple linear regression model to predict UCE, and data from the other collection were used for performance testing of a creatinine index-based strategy to identify incomplete collections. Multiple linear regression (n458) of UCE showed a significant positive association for body weight (β = 0·07), the interaction term sex × weight (β = 0·09, reference women) and protein intake (β = 0·02). A significant negative association was found for age (β = − 0·09) and sex (β = − 3·14, reference women). An index of observed-to-predicted creatinine resulted in a sensitivity to identify incomplete collections of 0·06 (95 % CI 0·01, 0·20) and 0·11 (95 % CI 0·03, 0·22) in men and women, respectively. Specificity was 0·97 (95 % CI 0·97, 0·98) in men and 0·98 (95 % CI 0·98, 0·99) in women. The present study shows that UCE can be predicted from weight, age and sex. However, the results revealed that a creatinine index based on these predictions is not sufficiently sensitive to exclude incomplete 24 h urine collections.
An Information War Waged by Merchants and Missionaries at Canton: The Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge in China, 1834–1839
Authors: CHEN SONGCHUAN
Published: December 2011

This paper explores the efforts and impact of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge in China (1834–1839), which existed during the five years before the First Opium War. It contends that the Society represented a third form of British engagement with the Chinese, alongside the diplomatic attempts of 1793 and 1816, and the military conflict of 1839–1842. The Society waged an ‘information war’ to penetrate the information barrier that the Qing had established to contain European trade and missions. The foreigners in Canton believed they were barred from further access to China because the Chinese had no information on the true character of the Europeans. Thus, they prepared ‘intellectual artillery’ in the form of Chinese language publications, especially on world geography, to distribute among the Chinese, in the hope that this effort would familiarize the Chinese with the science and art of Westerners and thereby cultivate respect and a welcoming atmosphere. The war metaphor was conceived, and the information war was waged, in the periphery of the British informal empire in Canton, but it contributed to the conceptualization of war against China, both in Canton and in Britain, in the years before actual military action. Behind the rhetoric of war and knowledge diffusion in Canton, lay a convergence of interests between merchants and missionaries, which drove both to employ information and military power to further their shared aim of opening China up for trade and proselytizing.
Musculoskeletal phenotype through the life course: the role of nutrition
Authors: Ward Kate
Published: December 2011

This review considers the definition of a healthy bone phenotype through the life course and the modulating effects of muscle function and nutrition. In particular, it will emphasise that optimal bone strength (and how that is regulated) is more important than simple measures of bone mass. The forces imposed on bone by muscle loading are the primary determinants of musculoskeletal health. Any factor that changes muscle loading on the bone, or the response of bone to loading results in alterations of bone strength. Advances in technology have enhanced the understanding of a healthy bone phenotype in different skeletal compartments. Multiple components of muscle strength can also be quantified. The critical evaluation of emerging technologies for assessment of bone and muscle phenotype is vital. Populations with low and moderate/high daily Ca intakes and/or different vitamin D status illustrate the importance of nutrition in determining musculoskeletal phenotype. Changes in mass and architecture maintain strength despite low Ca intake or vitamin D status. There is a complex interaction between body fat and bone which, in addition to protein intake, is emerging as a key area of research. Muscle and bone should be considered as an integrative unit; the role of body fat requires definition. There remains a lack of longitudinal evidence to understand how nutrition and lifestyle define musculoskeletal health. In conclusion, a life-course approach is required to understand the definition of healthy skeletal phenotype in different populations and at different stages of life.
3.—Pioneering in Large-scale Scientific Organisation: The Challenger Expedition and its Report. I. Launching the Expedition.
Authors: Burstyn Harold L.
Published: December 2011

Like the world's oceans themselves, the Challenger Expedition overwhelms us by its vastness. In whatever direction one turns, the statistics speak of a copiousness, a completeness comparable to the other monuments to Victorian self-confidence. Challenger's cruise lasted 41 months; in 710 days at sea the ship travelled 69 000 miles around the globe on 4600 tons of coal. The ocean bottom was sounded 370 times, 255 serial temperatures were taken, and from the hauls of trawl and dredge at 240 stations came 600 cases of specimens animal, vegetable and mineral [2]. The 50 royal quarto volumes published over 16 years make the Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage probably the major single research project of all time, with their nearly 30 000 pages of letterpress and more than 3000 lithographic plates, 200 maps and copious woodcuts. For more than two decades, from its announcement at the British Association meeting of 1871 to the banquet held to commemorate the publication of the final volume in 1895, the Challenger Expedition and its Report occupied the entire lives of some dozen men and substantial portions of the lives of many hundreds more.
5.—T. R. R. Stebbing, the Challenger and Knowledge of Deep-sea Amphipoda
Authors: Mills Eric L.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

The Reverend T. R. R. Stebbing (1835–1926), who monographed the Challenger Amphipoda, was brought up in a literary and historical tradition, but became a convert to Darwinism and a naturalist about 1860. Canon A. M. Norman was responsible for the Challenger Amphipoda being offered to Stebbing in 1882. Stebbing's monograph, in 1888, describes the collections and contains a lengthy and definitive annotated bibliography of the Order. It also contains the first indication that the Amphipoda have evolved by adaptive radiation governed by Darwinian selection. Stebbing's later work on amphipod taxonomy contains no evolutionary speculation, although his scientific essays were uniformly and sometimes acrimoniously pro-Darwinian.

Stebbing treated 63 species of presumed deep-sea benthic gammaridean amphipods. Only 44 of these are now believed to be benthic. The Challenger's gear was inadequate for collection of small abyssal animals, and pelagic species make up an increasingly larger fraction of successively deeper ‘benthic’ samples. Consequently most knowledge of deep-sea benthic Amphipoda comes from work in the last 20 years. A deep-sea transect between Massachusetts and Bermuda has at least 108 species, with a maximum of 85 benthic. Distribution is similar to that of a transect off Oregon. Most of the species are in the families Ampeliscidae, Eusiridae, Lysianassidae, Oedicerotidae, Pardaliscidae, Phoxocephalidae and Synopiidae. There is a marked change of species with depth, categorised in six faunal groupings. Endemism is high in the North American basin and there is little affinity to high latitude faunas. Size and biomass decrease with depth.

Diversity of deep-sea Amphipoda is high and comparable to that of Polychaeta and Bivalvia. Present explanations for the high diversity (number of species) are all inadequate in the absence of accurate knowledge of the rate of food supply, diversity of selectively important resources, and rate of food supply, and there is little knowledge of reasons for the high genetic variability in deep-sea animals.
21.—The History of the North Water
Authors: Dunbar Moira , Dunbar M. J.
Published: December 2011

In 1616 William Baffin, coasting up the icebound west coast of Greenland, reported: ‘The first of July we were come into an open sea, in the latitude of 75 degrees 40 minutes, which a new revived our hope of a passage…’ (Purchas 1625). From this point, at an unspecified longitude in the north part of Melville Bay, he cruised for 12 days in open water, up the Greenland coast to 77°30'N and down the west side of Baffin Bay to Bylot Island, seeing and naming on the way Smith, Jones, and Lancaster sounds. From Bylot Island south he found ‘a ledge of ice between the shoare and us’ as he continued past Pond Inlet and down the coast of Baffin Island. This is the first mention in written records, and the first known navigation, of an area that became well known two centuries later as the ‘North Water’.
22.—Jules Verne, Maury and the Ocean.
Authors: Kylstra Peter H. , Meerburg Arend
Published: December 2011

Where the ever-rolling waves of the ocean throw their white foam on to the coast of France and change colour as the weather changes, Jules Verne was born. Where sailors and fishermen returned with their merchandise and strange creatures of the sea, the boy grew up. Dreaming of strange and far-away countries, he spent his free hours at the harbour in his birthplace Nantes. Perhaps it was in these early days in the second quarter of the nineteenth century that the foundation was laid for the ideas realised in the numerous books he wrote later. Books which were called by many a biographist fantastic, or, what is more, prophetic. See, wrote some biographers, how Jules Verne saw things which did not exist in his day. The tendency to exaggerate the prophetic qualities of the well-known author is increasing in this day of spaceflight and atomic submarines.
28.—Textbooks in the Wake of theChallenger.
Authors: Gordon Bernard L.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

The evolution of oceanographic textbooks received tremendous impetus from theChallengerExpedition both directly and indirectly. Direct contributions resulted from the writings of the scientific staff that served on board the epic three and a half year voyage of H.M.S.Challenger. Textbooks resulted indirectly from the writings of numerous marine scientists, ashore, who studied and worked on the data, samples and specimens from the 362 stations in three oceans collected by the Expedition. The immense mass of new facts revealed by theChallengerExpedition stimulated the development of new facets of marine science research found in all oceanography texts of the twentieth century.
37.—The Thermodynamic Description of the CO2System in Sea Water: Development and Current Status.
Authors: Edmond John M.
Published: December 2011

Two thermodynamic schemes have been developed to describe the CO2system in sea water. The ‘pure’ treatment is based on the theory of dilute solutions and is general. The ‘pseudo’ treatment uses ‘stoichiometric’ constants related to the acidity constants of Bronsted (1928). It is empirical and specific to the medium in which the measurements are made. The pure thermodynamic treatment developed from the early attempts to characterise the various equilibria involving CO2, carbonic acid and its anions and was much influenced by the work of biochemists and physiologists on the blood plasma system. These attempts were initiated before the concepts of complete dissociation or of activities were developed. The subsequent application of these concepts was immediate and fruitful. By 1927, especially as a result of the work of Warburg and of Hastings and Sendroy, a consistent scheme had been developed for the NaCl—NaHCO3—Na2CO3system. This work had also been extended to phosphate, citrate and blood plasma solutions and the discrepancies between the apparent activity coefficients discussed and tentatively ascribed to complex formation.

Johnston and co-workers developed the thermodynamic treatment of the carbonate system in natural waters and by 1920 understood the relation between ΣCO2, alkalinity and carbonate solubility and had identified and solved the major analytical difficulties.

The discovery of the interference due to complexing prompted various workers to determine empirical 'apparent' or stoichiometric constants. These are derived from the experimental data by assuming that a function analogous to the pure constant, but defined in terms of total species concentrations rather than activities, will behave like the pure constant over the temperature, salinity and pressure range of interest and will not vary with the concentration of any of the species it describes. Starting with the work of Moberg and Buch in the early 1930s, a complete scheme has been developed based on this treatment. The apparent constants for carbonic and boric acids in sea water are now known with sufficient accuracy to allow detailed study of the effect of water chemistry on the formation and dissolution of carbonates under any oceanic conditions.
38.—Development of Ideas concerning the Carbon Dioxide System in Sea Water up to 1940.
Authors: Lyman John
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

Marcet reported in 1822 that sea salt contained lime, and several investigators confirmed its presence in sea water in the 1830s. Darondeau found dissolved CO2in sea water in 1838, and von Bibra in 1851 considered sea water to be slightly alkaline. Tornöe in 1880 pointed out that this condition required part of the CO2to be bound chemically, and Hamberg applied the mass action law to the CO2-system in sea water in 1885. For nearly 50 years, however, despite the development of the concepts of pH and activity, attempts to apply the law in detail failed, first because the behaviour of H2CO3and HCO3−as weak acids is strikingly different in pure water, sea water or NaCl solutions, and secondly because the presence and role of another weak acid, boric acid, was not recognised fully until 1933. Investigators often attributed their failures to some mysterious ability of the sea to disregard or evade the laws of physical chemistry. Buch in 1933 and 1938 finally laid this hobgoblin to rest, and his results are still accepted with only minor modifications.
39.—Progress towards a Chemical Model for Sea Water.
Authors: Whitfield Michael
Published: December 2011

Chemical oceanography is fundamentally concerned with the chemical properties of sea water. In order to study these properties, and the interactions of sea waterkwith other phases, we must first have some concept of what sea water.
40.—The Theories of August Putter.
Authors: Johnston R.
Published: December 2011

The German professor of physiology, August Pütter, is remembered especially for his theories on the nutrition of marine animals. His major papers, ‘The nutrition of aquatic animals’ and ‘Organic matter in the sea’, appeared in 1907, followed by numerous other papers until 1925. He died about 1935. Ranson (1935,1936), Assistant at the Paris Museum of Natural History, gives the essence of the works of Pütter as follows (translated from the French):

1. Aquatic animals are not able to capture by the means which they possess enough organisms or planktonic materials to cover their nutritional requirements.

2. There is a very large amount of dissolved organic matter in sea water which, alone, is broadly sufficient to sustain the needs of the animals.

3. This soluble organic matter has as its source the activity of algae and bacteria.

4. The fundamental part of the nutritional requirements of aquatic animals is derived from dissolved organic matter; plankton plays only a secondary role.

5. Aquatic animals absorb this organic matter not only by their digestive apparatus which is often rudimentary, but by the whole exterior surface of their bodies and especially by simple epithelial tissues such as the gills.
Navigation and Hydrography, Oceanography's Eyes
Authors: Waters D. W.
Published: December 2011

Writing in 1623, Samuel Purchas declaimed, in Purchas his Pilgrimes, ‘The Sea yields the world to the world, by this art of arts Navigation’. In those days navigation and its handmaid hydrography were, indeed, each more of an art than a science, though the British had made great progress in the preceding 50 years towards making them scientific. I have taken as my thesis today that it was not until these two positionfinding ‘arts’ had become thoroughly scientific that there could be a science of oceanography. So I have called navigation and hydrography oceanography's eyes, for they enable the oceanographer to know where he is in the ocean and where phenomena occur in the ocean, both prerequisites to the observation, collection and organisation of positive knowledge about the seas and the oceans, which I take to be the basis of scientific oceanography.
The Challenger Expedition and Australian Science
Authors: Branagan D. F.
Published: December 2011

When the Challenger Expedition reached Sydney in 1874 this first European settlement in Eastern Australia was not yet a hundred years old.

Sydney was then a settlement of 140,000, among whom were several established scientists of distinction, as well as others who were to make their mark in future years.
Thermal Balance in Divers
Authors: Rawlins J. S. P.
Published: December 2011

It may be presumed that man began to dive almost as soon as he learned to swim, and to harvest corals, sponges and pearls from the seabed. These early divers employed the same breath-holding technique that is practised today by Indian and Arab pearl-divers, and by the diving Ama of Japan.
Habitat Selection and Animal Distribution in the Sea: the Evolution of a Concept
Authors: Meadows P. S. , Campbell J. I.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

This paper considers the evolution of the concept that the local distribution of animals in the sea is largely determined by the habitat preferences and behaviour of the animals themselves. Examples are mainly taken from studies on invertebrate animals. Nineteenth-century investigations on the behavioural responses of micro-organisms to such variables as light, salinity and oxygen, stimulated analogus investigations on the behaviour of marine invertebrates. From 1920 onwards, various lines of research have developed, notably on the settlement of marine larvae, but also on habitat selection by adult planktonic and benthic invertebrates, and on host finding by parasites and commensals.

Attention has been drawn to the relevance of genetic studies on behaviour, and to the significance of investigations on terrestrial animals. A synoptic view of habitat selection has been advanced in which animals respond to a complex of interacting stimuli from their physical, chemical and biological environment.

Simple models have been presented which consider the influence of dilution of the preferred habitat by less preferred alternatives, alteration of the rate of change of a habitat, the relation between habitat preferences and lethal limits, and the colonisation of new habitats.
The History and State of the Study of Medusae and Hydroids
Authors: Edwards C.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

The growth of knowledge of medusae and hydroids is attributable to the labours, from the beginning of the eighteenth century onwards, of numerous naturalists and zoologists, amateur and professional, to whom we are indebted for studies of the structure, biology and systematics of these animals, and to the many investigations at sea, by geographical and oceanographic expeditions and by fisheries and other institutions, from which we have derived knowledge of the occurrence and distribution of the species in the seas and oceans. The study of invertebrates gained great impetus in the latter part of the eighteenth century and in the nineteenth century with the accumulating observations and material collected, but only gradually were the true affinities and proper classification of the invertebrate groups recognised. The major advances in the systematic study of medusae and hydroids were the recognition of the true relationships between them and of their distinction from other coelenterates and the full understanding of their reproductive and other structures. Knowledge of the rich variety of species and their world distribution has been gained especially by oceanic expeditions and fisheries investigations. The importance of medusae as ‘indicators’ of hydrographic conditions is well recognised.
Science and Sea Fisheries
Authors: Kesteven G. L.
Published: December 2011

Only a relatively small part of the vast and varied terrain of human experience is mapped in the record we know as history; and over the charted area the paths along which human industries and institutions have developed are not always well marked. Looking back along these paths our view has the advantages and defects of hindsight. Of some of these paths we have only a limited view; some seem to have started from nothing, in the foreground of that terrain, although it is certain that that cannot have been. Other paths we can see clearly, stretching far back, and few so clearly as the fisheries path; this path goes back past Christ on the shores of Galilee, past the pharaohs on the Nile and Chinese sages by their ponds, past Indians on the American north-west coast, Eskimoes in the Arctic, and the Scandinavians, to man in his most primitive condition.
The History of the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea
Authors: Went Arthur E. J.
Published: December 2011

In the middle of the last century many people believed that the living resources of the sea were inexhaustible and that Man by his puny efforts could not influence them to any material extent. At that time fishing was ill-developed. Trawling was limited to the use of the beam trawl, but with the introduction of steam for propulsion of fishing vessels and the hauling of nets, as well as the otter trawl, the intensity of fishing increased to such an extent that many scientists began seriously to doubt the idea of the inexhaustibility of the seas.
Accidents and travel
Authors: Mason J. K.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

This paper considers the hazards of getting to and from one's destination; the subject of accidents occurring as part of a holiday is too broad for present consideration.

The symposium is mainh concerned with travel abroad but, since one has to reach the definitive means of travel, the epidemiology of road traffic accidents is first considered. An unusually optimistic view is taken of the current position as regards fatalities. Emphasis is placed on the importance of recent legislation in the prevention of injury. Overall, the chances of being killed on the roads are now not much greater than those of suffering an accidental death in the home. The effect of alcohol and common drugs on the holiday motorist are discussed and mention is made of the hazards of carbon monoxide poisoning.

Death and injury due to travel by boat or train is so unusual as to eliminate them from useful discussion and most interest probably centres on the accidental hazards of air travel.

The major anomaly here is that, on a passenger-mile basis, the worldwide chances of being killed in an accident involving a scheduled air carrier are about the same as for travelling on British Rail. The relationship of aircraft accidents to fatalities is discussed and reasons advanced for the remarkable improvement in both. Potentially survivable accidents are commonest at take off and landing. It is in such accidents that the hazard of fire is of maximal importance though adequate restraint is also highly significant. Suggestions are made for increased safety.

The wholly fatal accident is commonly associated with a catastrope in flight and some of the dangers of exposure to high altitude are considered. There is considerable public interest in sabotage as a cause of aircraft accident and its incidence is briefly considered. The overall message is that air travel is quite remarkably safe and that the unduly widespread fear of flying is related, in the main, to the publicity which inevitably surrounds the occasional disaster.
Antlers and their regeneration—a study using hummels, hinds and haviers
Authors: Lincoln G. A.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

The mechanism involved in the control of antler growth was studied in three experiments using red deer living at Reedie Hill Deer Farm in Fife. Scotland. Observations were made on three congenitally polled stags (hummels) captured from the wild, one female red deer (hind) induced to grow antlers by treatment with testosterone, and four castrated stags (havicrs). The overall results support the view that in the stag it is the increase in secretion of testosterone by the testes at puberty which stimulates the initial development of the antler pedicles, and it is the subsequent seasonal cycle in the secretion of testosterone which dictates the seasonal casting and regeneration of the antlers. The high blood levels of testosterone in the autumn cause the calcification and death of the antler tissue, and also prevent the process of rejection of this tissue for the remainder of the breeding season. The dead antlers can thus act as an insensitive fighting weapon when rival stags compete for access to females during the rut. When the testes become fully regressed in spring, it is the withdrawal of testosterone which allows the old antlers to be cast off. and the wound on the surface of the antler pedicles triggers the regeneration of new antlers. In hummel stags which have failed to complete the initial growth of the antler pedicles, it is possible to trigger the development of antler tissue by wounding the rudimentary pedicle, and once this tisue has formed it is cast and regrown annually due to the seasonal evele in the activity of the testes.
Habitat selection and impact of red (Cervus elaphus L.) and roe (Capreolus capreolus L.) deer in a Sitka spruce plantation
Authors: Staines Brian W. , Welch David
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

The study began in 1978 at Glenbranter Forest, Argyll. Use of habitat by red and roe deer was measured from the accumulation of pellet groups and from observations. Approximately 2000 trees less than 9 years old and 6000 older ones were monitored for damage and response.

Habitats in areas dominated by heather in or close to the forest were the most occupied by both species and pole-stage crops the least. However, most dung was found on the extensive areas of recently planted ground. Roe deer were relatively more abundant than red deer in stands of 9 to 15 year-old trees.

In summer, red deer ate mainly grasses and roe mainly forbs. In winter, these preferences remained, but Calluna became more important to both.

Browsing on leaders was heaviest in winter and May–June. Approximately 50% of leaders on trees less than 6 years old were browsed annually. Most trees regained leaders within 12 months, many becoming multi-stemmed. Of the trees. 1% were bark-stripped per annum. In older stands the smaller trees were most damaged, in younger stands the larger trees.
Tidal and Freshwater induced Circulation in the Tay Estuary.
Authors: Charlton J. A. , McNicoll W. , West J. R.
Published: December 2011

An understanding of the movement of a body of water can be considered a prerequisite to any other study whether it be physical or biological. This is particularly so in the case of an estuary where the water movements are complex. The movement of water in an estuary is primarily governed by the tidal and freshwater inputs, the resulting flow being modified by bed and channel configurations, salinity, and siltload variations. The tidal and freshwater inputs are themselves variables, the tidal range varying with the lunar cycle, and the freshwater input varying with the season or rainfall. The salinity variations within an estuary are interlinked with the tidal and freshwater fluctuating inputs. In addition the local and regional weather can modify the tidal response.
Rumen Micro-organisms in Red Deer, Hill Sheep and Reindeer in the Scottish Highlands
Authors: Hobson P. N. , Mann S. O. , Summers R.
Published: December 2011

Synopsis

The micro-organisms in rumen samples from Red deer, hill sheep and reindeer grazing their natural pastures in the Scottish Highlands were examined at different seasons over a number of years. The total counts of bacteria and protozoa varied with the season, and were lowest in winter when fermentative activity was also at its lowest.

As is usual in roughage-fed ruminants, viable counts were only a very small proportion of the total counts. The reindeer rumens had the highest concentrations of bacteria.

There were no consistent differences in the types of bacteria between seasons, but although there were no bacteria peculiar to any animal species the balance of predominant types varied between the species. The principal types of bacteria were similar to those found in domesticated ruminants. The numbers of protozoa in the Red deer were higher than those in the sheep, and the concentrations in reindeer were higher than those generally reported for domesticated cattle or sheep. A number of species of protozoa were found in each animal and the predominant species differed in the different animals.
The Distribution and Prevalence of Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus in Wild Fish in Loch Awe
Authors: Munro A. L. S. , Liversidge J. , Elson K. G. R.
Published: December 2011

SYNOPSIS

A 3-year survey of wild fish in Loch Awe and the surrounding watershed has shown a restricted distribution and low prevalence of infection with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus. No signs of clinical disease were observed in infected fish. The restricted distribution close to a rainbow trout farm is consistent with the virus originating from this farm, where virus infected stocks have been found each year since 1971. The continuing low prevalence is also consistent with virus in wild fish resulting from the spread of infection from the farm. If infection is spreading between wild fish, it is slow within the time scale of the survey. The possible mechanisms of transmission of infection from the farm to wild fish are discussed.
Genetic Improvement in Salmonids
Authors: Gjedrem Trygve
Published: December 2011

There is considerable interest in the cultivation of salmonids in several countries. In Norway it is now a question of rate of expansion rather than a question of whether this industry will develop or not. Interest is turning more and more towards sea farming based on Atlantic salmon rather than on rainbow trout.

One of the most important economic factors in fish fanning is the producing ability of the fish. It is essential for the future expansion of fish farming that one develops a more productive animal which is better adapted to captivity.
General Synod of the Scottish Episcopal Church
Authors: Guild Ivor
Published: December 2011

The agenda seemed slight and uncontroversial. The General Assembly of the Church of Scotland had been stimulated by the debate on homosexual ministers but nothing in the programme of discussion for Synod seemed likely to spark such feeling and argument. The Anglican Covenant could excite members to threaten schism or lead to a divided Church but it did not look likely.
International importance of Extremadura, Spain, for overwintering migratory dabbling ducks: a role for reservoirs
Authors: NAVEDO JUAN G. , MASERO JOSÉ A. , SÁNCHEZ-GUZMÁN JUAN M. , ABAD-GÓMEZ JOSÉ M. , GUTIÉRREZ JORGE S. , SANSÓN ESTHER G. , VILLEGAS AUXILIADORA , COSTILLO EMILIO , CORBACHO CASIMIRO , MORÁN RICARDO
Published: December 2011

Many migratory waterbird populations are in decline and loss of natural wetlands is one of the main causes. However, some species may respond positively to artificial wetland recreation. In Extremadura (south-west Europe), several large reservoirs were created for irrigation since the 1960s and some comparatively small reservoirs were built from the late 1990s onwards close to rice fields. Here we analyse the abundance of wintering dabbling ducks (Anasspp.) in Extremadura before (1991–1994) and after (2007–2010) the creation of these new reservoirs in order to address the current importance of the area for this guild within the East Atlantic Flyway (EAF). A mean of 25,277 dabbling ducks wintered in the study area during 1991–1994, increasing to 46,163 individuals during 2007–2010. After controlling for environmental variables, Northern PintailAnas acuta, Common TealA. creccaand Northern ShovelerA. clypeataexperienced significant increases in the area between both periods, and only Eurasian WigeonA. penelopesuffered a significant decrease. MallardA. platyrhynchosand GadwallA. streperapopulations did not show any significant trend. The large older reservoirs experienced overall population decreases between the two periods, with four new reservoirs holding more than 35,000 wintering dabbling ducks. Our results reflect an overall improvement in habitat conditions, driven by the creation of reservoirs near to rice fields that could have resulted in a partial redistribution of wintering dabbling ducks in the EAF. The area emerges as one of the most important wintering sites for dabbling ducks in southern Europe, regularly exceeding two of the Ramsar Convention criteria for the conservation of several populations. The protection of these new reservoirs by legal mechanisms would guarantee the existence of a large functional wetland area, which could also mitigate the loss of natural wetlands for populations using the EAF.