bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interactions between respiratory tract infections and atopy in the aetiology of asthma: Fig. 1.—
Authors: Holt P.G. , Sly P.D.
Published: July 2002

The prevalence of asthma, in particular atopic asthma, has markedly increased in recent years. Accumulating evidence suggests that environmental factors associated with allergic sensitization and exposure to microbial stimuli during infancy and early childhood, are associated with these changes in prevalence. However, considerable controversy surrounds the role of microbial agents, as evidence has been presented for both positive and negative effects in this context.

The review below focuses upon interactions between immune competence during infancy, the development of T‐helper (Th)1-polarizedversusTh2-polarized memory against inhalant allergens, and susceptibility to virus infection. In particular, recent finding are highlighted which suggest that delayed postnatal maturation of Th1 function is associated with increased risk for early postnatal sensitization to inhalant allergens, and also with risk for viral bronchiolitis during infancy.

Variations in the kinetics of postnatal maturation of T‐helper 1 function may in part be attributable to polymorphisms in the CD14 gene, which influence host responsiveness both to bacterial as well as viral stimuli.
Fluticasone induces apoptosis in peripheral T-lymphocytes: a comparison between asthmatic and normal subjects
Authors: Melis M. , Siena L. , Pace E. , Gjomarkaj M. , Profita M. , Pirazzoli A. , Todaro M. , Stassi G. , Bonsignore G. , Vignola A.M.
Published: July 2002

Apoptosis is an important mechanism allowing inflammation to be limited. Glucocorticoids are the most effective anti-inflammatory agents in asthma therapy and induce cell apoptosis.

Since T-lymphocytes are critically involved in airway inflammation in asthma, the effects of fluticasone propionate (FP) on apoptosis in unstimulated and in interleukin (IL)-2 stimulated peripheral blood T-lymphocytes (PBTs) isolated from 14 normal and 19 mild-to-moderate asthmatic subjects were evaluated. Apoptosis was evaluated by: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragmentation electrophoresis, DNA content, annexin V binding, apoptosis related markers (Fas, B-cell lymphona leukaemia-2 (Bcl-2), Bax, and CD25), and by electron microscopy.

FP induced apoptosis in unstimulated PBTs of normal and asthmatic subjects in a time-dependent fashion. In asthma, this effect was associated with a significant decrease of Bcl-2 expression, and with an increase of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. In PBTs of asthmatics, FP also reduced Fas and CD25 expression. Moreover, in IL-2-stimulated PBTs from both asthmatics and normal subjects, FP was able to induce apoptosis and to reduce Bcl-2, Fas and CD25 expression, whereas negligible effects were detected on Bax expression.

This study shows that the glucocorticosteroid, fluticasone, increases apoptosis and modulates expression of apoptosis-related markers in unstimulated and in interleukin-2 stimulated T-lymphocytes. This points towards a potential mechanism by which fluticasone exerts its anti-inflammatory effects.
Inhibition of granulocyte activation by surfactant in a 2‐yr-old female with meningococcus-induced ARDS
Authors: Tegtmeyer F.K. , Möller J. , Zabel P.
Published: July 2002

Activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) play a crucial role in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)viaextracellular release of reactive cell products such as elastase. Surfactant has proved valuable in restoring lung function in ARDS. The significance of its immunomodulatory properties with respect to this effect has not yet been clarified. The aim of the present study was to determine the anti-inflammatory effects of surfactant administration in an infant with ARDS.

During the acute phase of ARDS in a 2‐yr-old female, levels of PMN-derived elastase complexed with α1‐protease inhibitor (E‐α1PI) were measured in both arterial and central venous blood samples obtained simultaneously. The results were correlated with oxygen demand and plasma concentrations of tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) after endotracheal administration of surfactant (Alveofact® 60 mg·kg·body weight−1).

In the present case, for the first time, a higher E‐α1PI concentration was detected in arterial blood (4.51 mg·L−1) than in central venous blood (2.28 mg·L−1). After administration of surfactant, these concentrations and the arteriovenous difference decreased, indicating that during ARDS, most PMN degranulation takes place in the pulmonary vascular bed and is inhibited by surfactant administration. Simultaneously, TNF‐α and IL‐6 plasma concentrations decreased within hours and lung function was restored.

This local inhibition of polymorphonuclear neutrophil activation by exogenous surfactant may play a key role in the early improvement in lung function after surfactant administration.
Diagnostic imaging of lung cancer
Authors: Hollings N. , Shaw P.
Published: July 2002

Carcinoma of the bronchus is the most common malignancy in the Western world. It is also the leading cause of cancer-related death accounting for 32% of all cancer deaths in males and 25% in females 1. In the USA it causes more deaths than cancers of the colon, breast and prostate combined 2. Disappointingly, in a recent UK survey of improvements in cancer survival 3, carcinoma of the bronchus showed the smallest percentage reduction in the number of deaths avoided between 1981–1990 (0.2%). This compares badly with breast (11% reduction) and melanoma (32%). The overall 5‐yr survival for lung cancer diagnosed between 1986–1990 was only 5.3% (against 66% for breast and 76% for melanoma). It is on this background that the radiologist remains actively employed in the detection, diagnosis, staging and review of this common malignancy.
Noninvasive ventilation for acute respiratory failure
Authors: Brochard L. , Mancebo J. , Elliott M.W.
Published: July 2002

Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) has emerged as a significant advance in the management of respiratory failure. There is now a wide body of prospective randomized-controlled trial data to support its use, particularly in the management of patients with acute or respiratory failure due to exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Its successful application results in a more rapid resolution of the physiological derangements, reduces the need for intubation and, in larger studies, improves survival. A reduction in the number of infectious complications is a particular advantage.

In patients with acute exacerbations of COPD there is evidence of benefit when NIV is introduced earlier in the course of the illness than would be the case for invasive ventilation and it should now be considered even with mild acidosis (pH<7.35) and tachypnoea (respiratory rate >23 breaths·min−1) after initial medical therapy.

There is less clinical-trial data in patients with hypoxaemic respiratory failure, but again as with COPD those with less severe physiological disturbance are more likely to benefit. By contrast noninvasive continuous positive airways pressure, while being widely used has not been shown to reduce the need for intubation or to improve survival in patients with hypoxaemic respiratory failure, with the exception of acute cardiogenic pulmonary oedema.

Noninvasive ventilation has been a real advance in the treatment of the critically ill. Most of the studies published to date, have excluded patients needing immediate intubation and it should be viewed as a complimentary technique rather than an alternative to invasive ventilation. It is best viewed as a means of preventing the need for endotracheal intubation and as a result should be introduced earlier than would be the case for invasive ventilation.
A national study of medical care expenditures for respiratory conditions
Authors: Yelin E. , Trupin L. , Cisternas M. , Eisner M. , Katz P. , Blanc P.
Published: July 2002

This study was undertaken to estimate the magnitude of medical care expenditures among persons with respiratory conditions in the USA in 1996, and the increment in expenditures attributable to these conditions.

The study data were derived from the 1996 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, a national sample of 21,571 persons. Of the 21,571, 1,027 reported one or more respiratory condition. After weighting, the individuals may represent about 12.1 million persons in the USA. All medical care expenditures of these individuals were tabulated, stratified by comorbidity status, and then compared to those among persons with nonrespiratory conditions or with no conditions. Regression techniques were then used to estimate the increment of healthcare expenditures attributable to the respiratory conditions.

From a national total of $45.3 billion, medical care expenditures averaged $3,753 among persons with respiratory conditions. Hospital stays comprised the largest component (45%). The per capita increment in total expenditures attributable to respiratory conditions ranged from $1,003–2,588, from a national total ranging from $12.1–31.3 billion.

The total medical care expenditure of persons with respiratory conditions was estimated to be $45.3 billion, of which $12.1–31.3 billion represents an increment in expenditures associated with the conditions themselves.
Outgrown asthma does not mean no airways inflammation
Authors: Warke T.J. , Fitch P.S. , Brown V. , Taylor R. , Lyons J.D.M. , Ennis M. , Shields M.D.
Published: July 2002

Although some asthmatic children seem to recover from their asthma, 30–80% develop asthma again in later life. The underlying risk factors are unknown. The hypothesis for this study was that children with apparently outgrown asthma would have underlying airway inflammation.

Nonbronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage was performed on normal children (n=35) and children who had wheezed previously (n=35).

Eosinophils were raised in the lavage fluid of atopic children who had apparently outgrown asthma (median (interquartile range) 0.36 (0.05–0.74) compared to controls 0.10 (0–0.18), p=0.002). There was no relationship between length of remission and degree of airways eosinophilia.

Thus, there is persistent airways inflammation in some children with outgrown asthma and this may be a risk factor for future relapse.
Traffic-related air pollution and respiratory health during the first 2 yrs of life
Authors: Gehring U. , Cyrys J. , Sedlmeir G. , Brunekreef B. , Bellander T. , Fischer P. , Bauer C.P. , Reinhardt D. , Wichmann H.E. , Heinrich J.
Published: July 2002

As part of an international collaborative study on the impact of Traffic-Related Air Pollution on Childhood Asthma (TRAPCA), the health effects associated with long-term exposure to particles with a 50% cut-off aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 µm (PM2.5), PM2.5absorbance, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were analysed.

The German part of the TRAPCA study used data from subpopulations of two ongoing birth cohort studies (German Infant Nutrition Intervention Programme (GINI) and Influences of Lifestyle Related Factors on the Human Immune System and Development of Allergies in Children (LISA)) based in the city of Munich. Geographic information systems (GIS)-based exposure modelling was used to estimate traffic-related air pollutants at the birth addresses of 1,756 infants. Logistic regression was used to analyse possible health effects and potential confounding factors were adjusted for.

The ranges in estimated exposures to PM2.5, PM2.5absorbance, and NO2were 11.9–21.9 µg·m−3, 1.38–4.39×10−5 m−1, and 19.5–66.9 µg·m3, respectively. Significant associations between these pollutants and cough without infection (odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)): 1.34 (1.11–1.61), 1.32 (1.10–1.59), and 1.40 (1.12–1.75), respectively) and dry cough at night (OR (95% CI): 1.31 (1.07–1.60), 1.27 (1.04–1.55), and 1.36 (1.07–1.74), respectively) in the first year of life were found. In the second year of life, these effects were attenuated.

There was some indication of an association between traffic-related air pollution and symptoms of cough. Due to the very young age of the infants, it was too early to draw definitive conclusions from this for the development of asthma.
Pulmonary hypertension in collagen vascular disease: Table 1—
Authors: Hoeper M.M.
Published: July 2002

Pulmonary hypertension is a serious but often overlooked complication in collagen vascular disease. The understanding of the development of pulmonary hypertension has increased substantially during the last years.

Abnormal proliferation of pulmonary vascular cells is now being regarded as a predominant process leading to pulmonary vascular obliteration. Medical therapy focuses on prostacyclin treatment, which has been shown to improve exercise capacity and haemodynamic variables in patients with several collagen vascular diseases and pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Continuous intravenous prostacyclin remains the standard treatment of associated pulmonary hypertension but less invasive alternatives such as subcutaneous treprostinil, oral beraprost or aerosolized iloprost, as well as, novel substances such as endothelin receptor antagonists may be appropriate for selected patients.
Primary pulmonary artery sarcoma resembling chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease
Authors: Kaplinsky EJ , Favaloro RR , Pombo G , Perrone SV , Vigliano CA , Schnidt JL , Boughen RP
Published: July 2002

Two cases of primary pulmonary artery sarcoma resembling chronic thromboembolic disease features are presented. Tumour identification was achieved after pulmonarv thromboendarterectomy, which was indicated by documentation of a prothrombotic state in both patients. A doubtful history of pulmonary emboli or deep venous thrombosis should alert medical personnel to the possible presence of a primary pulmonary artery sarcoma. Advanced imaging methods such as gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging could be useful in considering pulmonary thromboendarterectomy. If a tumour is detected, its surgical resection should be considered with caution, taking into account the poor survival results. Invasion of the adventitia or the right ventricle, as documented in the present cases, is unusual. As far as the present authors know, this is the first report of this kind of tumour and its coexistence with an activated protein C resistance state and type II heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
Beyond disability: perceived participation in people with a chronic disabling condition
Authors: Cardol Mieke , de Jong Bareld A , van den Bos Geertrudis AM , Beelen Anita , de Groot Imelda J M , de Haan Rob J
Published: July 2002

Objective: To describe the impact of a chronic disabling condition on participation and to identify variables that may explain perceived restrictions in participation.

Study design: Cross-sectional.

Setting: People were recruited from the outpatient clinics of two rehabilitation centres and the rehabilitation department of an academic hospital.

Subjects: One hundred and twenty-six people from five diagnostic groups (neuromuscular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, spinal cord injury, stroke, fibromyalgia) participated in the study.

Method: The IPA (Impact on Participation and Autonomy) questionnaire was used to describe perceived participation. Explanatory variables were studied in terms of sociodemographic factors and health status variables.

Results: Some restrictions in participation seem comparable among diagnostic groups, others are specific to one or two groups. People with stroke, rheumatoid arthritis or fibromyalgia perceived more restrictions in participation than people with spinal cord injury or neuromuscular disorders. Emotional distress was the most important factor contributing to restrictions in participation.

Conclusions: Perceived participation remains a complex concept in which many factors are involved. To make a contribution to meaningful participation of people with a chronic disabling condition, rehabilitation treatment should address physical, social, emotional and environmental aspects.
Transferring people safely with manual handling equipment
Authors: Allen R , Jackson S , Marsden H , McLellan D L , Gore S
Published: July 2002

Objective: To determine whether transferring equipment designed to assist a carer when moving someone who is able to take some weight through their legs is likely to affect the risk of back problems in the carer.

Design: Twelve pieces of equipment were tested by nurses transferring patients from commode to wheelchair and vice versa, and from wheelchair to bed and vice versa. Video recordings were taken of each transfer and freeze-frame pictures at the moment of greatest load were analysed. Compressive disc force was deduced, using a biomechanical model, from the weights of the patient and nurse and measurements of anatomical distances and angles.

Setting: The Sir Walter Puckey Gait Laboratory, in the Rehabilitation Research Unit, University of Southampton.

Subjects: Six female trained nurses with no recent history of hernia, back pain or pregnancy during the previous six months were recruited to use the equipment. Two female patients were chosen from those volunteering and screened for stroke, confusion and unusual footwear. The patients were able to partially weight-bear and were used to being transferred.

Results: The results indicate that the critical value of 3.4 kN at the L5/S1 disc (specified by the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) was not exceeded when using transferring equipment.

Conclusion: In this study, loading on the spine during transferring tasks with or without equipment was not considered harmful when good technique was employed.
How Useful Are Clinical Features in the Diagnosis of Acute, Undifferentiated Chest Pain?
Authors: Goodacre Steve , Locker Tom , Morris Francis , Campbell Stephen
Published: July 2002

Objectives: To measure the predictive value and diagnostic performance of clinical features used to diagnose coronary syndromes in patients presenting with acute, undifferentiated chest pain. Methods: The clinical features of patients presenting to the authors' chest pain unit with acute, undifferentiated chest pain were prospectively recorded on a standard form. Admitted patients were followed up by case note review. Discharged patients were followed up as outpatients three days later. Six months after the emergency department visit, evidence of adverse events was searched for from the hospital computer database, case notes, and the patient's primary care physician. The authors tested the power of each feature to predict: 1) acute myocardial infarction (AMI) by World Health Organization criteria, and 2) any acute coronary syndrome (ACS), evidenced by cardiac testing, AMI, arrhythmia, death, or revacsularization procedure within six months. Results: Eight hundred ninety‐three patients were assessed, 34 (3.8%) with AMI and 81 (9.1%) with ACS. Features useful in the diagnosis of AMI were exertional pain [likelihood ratio (LR) = 2.35], pain radiating to the shoulder or both arms (LR = 4.07), and chest wall tenderness (LR = 0.3). Features useful in the diagnosis of ACS were exertional pain (LR = 2.06) and pain radiating to the shoulder, the left arm, or both arms (LR = 1.62). The site or nature of pain and the presence of nausea, vomiting, or diaphoresis were not predictive of AMI or ACS. Conclusions: Important differences exist when clinical features are specifically investigated in patients with acute chest pain and a nondiagnostic electrocardiogram. Clinical features have a limited role to play in triage decision making.
High Entropy Induced Local Charge Enhancement Promotes Frank–Van der Merwe Growth for Dendrite‐Free Potassium Metal Batteries
Authors: Chang Che‐Bin , Tseng Yen‐Yang , Lu Ying‐Rui , Yang Yi‐Chun , Tuan Hsing‐Yu
Published: October 2024

Potassium metal batteries (PMBs) are promising for next‐generation energy storage. However, the high reactivity of the anode causes instability in the solid electrolyte interface (SEI), resulting in Volmer‐Weber (V‐W) type deposition. To achieve uniform Frank‐van der Merwe (F‐M) type deposition, high entropy alloy nanoparticles are designed (HEA NPs) with equimolar ratios of Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, and Ni to enhance the substrate‐K metal interface. HEA NPs enhance the K affinity of the N‐doped nanocarbon fiber substrate (N‐PCNF) and maximize ion and electron transport efficiency. The dendrite‐free horizontal growth of K metal confirmed through Operando X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and optical microscopy (OM). Consequently, the asymmetric cell exhibits ultra‐long cycling stability of 2350 hours at a high current density of 8 mA cm−2. The full cell composed of molten K diffusion into HEA NPs decorated N‐PCNF anode with perylene‐3,4,9,10‐tetracarboxylic dianhydride cathode (HEA‐N‐PCNF‐K||PTCDA) delivers an energy density of 331 W h kg−1 and remains stable over 2000 cycles. This study offers a promising pathway for innovative PMBs designs with broad application prospects.
Moisture‐Driven Actuators
Authors: Tang Gangqiang , Zhao Xin , Liu Shilong , Mei Dong , Zhao Chun , Li Lijie , Wang Yanjie
Published: October 2024

Water constitutes a huge circulation network in solid, liquid and gaseous forms that contains inestimable recyclable energy. Obtaining energy from gaseous moisture is challenging but of great significance to promote the energy upgrading. The emergence of moisture‐driven actuator (MDA) provides an effective way in converting moisture energy to mechanical energy. The MDA can combine with water molecules through hygroscopicity and swell to produce macroscopic deformation. Due to the wide distribution of humidity and the wireless driving mode, MDA shows great application potential in the fields of environmental monitoring, remote control and energy harvesting. This paper comprehensively reviews the research progress of MDA from aspects of hydrophilic materials, structures, preparing methods, multi‐response integration and applications, aiming at providing guidance for the design, preparation and application of MDA. Besides, the challenges faced by MDA are analyzed and corresponding solutions are proposed, which points out the next stage developing direction of MDA.
Two‐Step Targeting‐Tunable Semiconducting Nanoswitches Amplify Mitochondrion Damage and PD‐L1 Blockade for Orthotopic Pancreatic Cancer Therapy
Authors: Li Zichao , Zhang Yijing , Li Meng , Li Jingchao
Published: October 2024

Pancreatic cancer is a malignancy tumor with luxuriant extracellular matrix (ECM) and highly immunosuppressive microenvironment and its therapy remains an enormous challenge. A two‐step targeting‐tunable strategy is proposed for orthotopic pancreatic cancer therapy via designing semiconducting nanoswitches (C/SPNT/αP) to amplify the mitochondrion damage and programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) blockade. A mitochondrion‐targeting small nanoparticle (SPNT) consisting of mitochondrial targeting moiety triphenylphosphine (TPP) and semiconducting polymer is embedded with PD‐L1 antibody (αPD‐L1) into sono‐responsive collagen binding peptide (CBP)‐conjugated nanoliposomes to form C/SPNT/αP. In the first targeting step, C/SPNT/αP achieve ECM targeting to observably increase their enrichment into orthotopic pancreatic tumor sites because CBP can effectively  bind to collagen in ECM. Upon ultrasound (US) irradiation, C/SPNT/αP mediate a sono‐responsive structural failure via sonodynamic effect for on‐demand releases of SPNT and αPD‐L1. In the second targeting step, SPNT target to mitochondria to induce mitochondrial damage under US irradiation for triggering amplified cell apoptosis and immunogenic cell death (ICD). Moreover, the released αPD‐L1 blocks the immunosuppressive pathway to further boost immunological effect. Such a novel therapeutic regimen can almost completely eradicate orthotopic pancreatic Panc02 and KPC tumors in mouse models. This study presents the first two‐step targeting‐tunable nanomedicine for treatments of deep‐seated orthotopic tumors.
Targeting Hypoxia and Autophagy Inhibition via Delivering Sonodynamic Nanoparticles With HIF‐2α Inhibitor for Enhancing Immunotherapy in Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Zhu Yihao , Li Yajian , Li Xuwen , Yu Yuan , Zhang Lingpu , Zhang Hanchen , Chen Can , Chen Dong , Wang Mingshuai , Xing Nianzeng , Yang Feiya , Wasilijiang Wahafu , Ye Xiongjun
Published: October 2024

Immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) therapy stands as the first‐line treatment option for advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, its effectiveness is hindered by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) generates tumor cell fragments that can prime the host's antitumor immunity. Nevertheless, the hypoxic microenvironment and upregulated autophagy following SDT often lead to cancer cell resistance. In response to these challenges, a hypoxia‐responsive polymer (Poly(4,4′‐azobisbenzenemethanol‐PMDA)‐mPEG5k, P‐APm) encapsulating both a HIF‐2α inhibitor (belzutifan) and the ultrasonic sensitize (Chlorin e6, Ce6) is designed, to create the nanoparticle APm/Ce6/HIF. APm/Ce6/HIF combined with ultrasound (US) significantly suppresses tumor growth and activates antitumor immunity in vivo. Moreover, this treatment effectively transforms the immunosuppressive microenvironment from “immune‐cold” to “immune‐hot”, thereby enhancing the response to ICBs therapy. The findings indicate that APm/Ce6/HIF offers a synergistic approach combining targeted therapy with immunotherapy, providing new possibilities for treating RCC.
A Novel Super‐Toughness and Self‐Healing Solid Polymer Electrolyte for Solid Sodium Metal Batteries
Authors: Suo Jing , Jia Yaya , Zhu Xinxin , Liu Shan , Tang Xianjian , Liang Feng , Wang Ling , Lu Jun
Published: October 2024

Solid sodium metal batteries (SSMBs) offer an alternative promising power source for electrochemical energy storage due to their high energy density and high safety. However, the inherent sodium dendrite growth and poor mechanical properties of electrolytes seriously limit their application. Herein, a network structure composed of polyethylene oxide‐based composite polymer electrolyte (CPE) is designed with liquid metal nanoparticles (LM) for SSMBs, in which LM can move in the solid electrolyte with the electric field driven. This effect can facilitate the inactivated sodium return to the metal sodium anode, and alloy with dendrites at the same time, which is beneficial for inhibiting the growth of dendrites. The symmetric cell with the CPE containing LM achieves good cyclic stability of more than 1800 and 800 h at 0.1 and 0.2 mA cm−2, respectively. The energy density of the pouch battery can reach 230 Wh kg−1. In sum, LM presents great potential to be employed as a performance reinforcement filler for CPEs, which paves the way for achieving high‐performance SSMBs.
Fine‐Tuning the d‐Band Center Position of Zinc to Increase the Anti‐Tumor Activity of Single‐Atom Nanozymes
Authors: Hao Lin , Liang Xing‐jie , Zhang Yawen , Zhang Zijing , Han Yu , Jin Yi , Li Luwei , Magrini Andrea , Bottini Massimo , Gao Shutao , Zhang Jinchao
Published: October 2024

The exceptional biocompatibility of Zn‐based single‐atom nanozymes (SAzymes) has led to extensive research in their application for disease diagnosis and treatment. However, the fully occupied 3d10 electron configuration has seriously hampered the enzymatic‐like activity of Zn‐based SAzymes. Herein, a B‐doped Zn‐based SAzymes is fabricated by carbonizing zeolite‐like Zn‐based boron imidazolate framework at different temperatures (Zn‐SAs@BNCx, x = 800, 900, 1000, and 1100 °C). The formed B─N bond yielded a local electric field, which changes the position of the d‐band center and improved the oxidation state of Zn by facilitating the electron transfer from Zn to N to B. These changes enhanced the adsorption and activation of H2O2 and O2 by Zn‐SAs@BNC1000, increasing the nanozymes’ multi‐enzyme catalytic activity. B doping led to 24.81‐, 32.37‐, and 13.98‐fold increase in the peroxidase‐, oxidase‐ and catalase‐like, respectively, catalytic efficiency (Kcat/Km) of Zn‐SAs@BNC1000 when compared with no B doping. In addition, Zn‐SAs@BNC1000 showed excellent ability to kill tumor cells both in vitro and in vivo. This study demonstrates that the modulation of the electron configuration of Zn is an effective strategy to develop efficient anti‐tumor approaches by boosting the enzymatic activity of Zn‐based SAzymes.
Marine Amoebae‐Inspired Salting Hydrogels to Reconfigure Anisotropy for Reprogrammable Shape Morphing
Authors: Gao Guorong , Yin Kaiyang , Han Junyi , Hu Yini , Gu Jincui , Wei Junjie , Chen Tao
Published: October 2024

Reprogrammable shape morphing is ubiquitous in living beings and highly crucial for them to move in normal situations, even to survive under dangerous conditions. There is increasing interest in using asymmetric hydrogel structures to understand and mimic living beings’ shape morphing upon an external trigger in a controlled way. However, these asymmetric or heterogeneous configurations cannot be further modified once the polymer hydrogels are prepared. Therefore, it is a great challenge to achieve reprogrammable shape morphing using the existing hydrogels. Inspired by marine amoebae, which transform into several different morphologies according to the various external salt concentrations, a new strategy is developed for salting hydrogels to reconfigure their anisotropy toward reprogrammable shape morphing. Polyampholyte hydrogels with equal stoichiometric COO− and N+(CH3)3 groups were first swollen in HCl/NaCl solution. After being then transferred into water, they first swollen again by water uptake driven by the osmotic pressure, and then were spontaneously deswollen due to increase in internal pH and dialysis of ions leading to deprotonation of COOH to COO− and regeneration of COO−/N+(CH3)3 electrostatic attraction. This work provides a novel strategy to reconfigure anisotropy of hydrogel soft actuators and to open up an avenue for reprogrammable shape morphing.
Cobalt‐Based Ferrite Modified Carbon Nanotubes Fibers for Flexible and Disposable Microelectrode Toward Electrochemical Glucose Sensing
Authors: Ali Abid , Shoukat Rizwan , Ashraf Ahmad Raza , Rasheed Zarqa , Muqaddas Sheza , Iqbal Munawar , Khalid Munira , Mnif Wissem , Mohamed Ismail ElKamil Suliman
Published: October 2024

Glucose detection is critical in clinical health and the food industry, particularly in the diagnosis of blood sugar levels. Carbon‐based fiber materials have recently featured prominently as non‐enzymatic electrochemical glucose detectors. Herein, cobalt‐based ferrite (CoFe2O4) in the form of nanoparticles has been successfully fabricated over the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) fiber via a simple hydrothermal process. Fabricated microelectrode (CoFe2O4@CNTs) was investigated as an electrocatalyst toward the non‐enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors. The structure and morphology of the modified fiber were studied by scanning electron microscopy including energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. The electrochemical capability of the microelectrode was analyzed by using different electrochemical techniques including cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The proposed sensors exhibited a superb sensitivity of 0.21 µAcm−2 mM−1, a good linear range from 1 to 9 mM, and a lower detection limit of 1.7 mM. Further investigation via EIS indicated the low charge transfer resistance as compared to the bare CNTs‐based fiber. Outcomes revealed that the material can potentially prove promising for the disposable microelectrode toward electrochemical glucose sensing.
Competing narratives inhibit a circular economy for bio‐based plastic packaging: Insights from a social innovation lab study in Brazil, Canada, Poland and the UK
Authors: Li Belinda , Lazell Jordon , Beltran Macarena , Kędzia Grażyna , Lima Lais Roncalho , Soma Tammara , Cruz Sandra Andrea , Gutierrez Rafaela Francisconi , Turek Jolanta , Raźniewska Marta , Pluta‐Zaremba Aneta , Tjahjono Benny
Published: October 2024

Businesses are turning to bio‐based, compostable plastic packaging as a circular economy solution to global plastic pollution. However, there is a lack of proper waste management systems for collection and processing. Through an international research initiative, a social innovation lab was undertaken in Brazil, Canada, Poland and the United Kingdom to understand and address key barriers in closing the bio‐based plastic packaging loop. Based upon a qualitative data set of 100 stakeholder interviews and three phases of workshop activities in each country, a grounded model was generated to illustrate how competing views and actions are inhibiting a circular system for bio‐based plastic packaging. Key issues were the lack of end‐of‐life processing infrastructure, contamination in processing facilities and absent or ineffective regulation. A systemic approach that includes shared responsibility for infrastructure, simplified packaging design and materials and equitable regulation to reduce susceptibility to greenwashing can improve collaboration to meet circular goals.
Ruxolitinib for myelofibrosis: The earlier, the better?
Authors: Bose Prithviraj , Vachhani Pankit
Published: October 2024

There is mounting evidence to support the use of ruxolitinib earlier in the disease course of myelofibrosis. Use in intermediate‐1 risk myelofibrosis is generally associated with higher efficacy and lower toxicity.
Metabolic, cardiac, and bone health testing in patients with prostate cancer on androgen‐deprivation therapy: A population‐based assessment of adherence to therapeutic monitoring guidelines
Authors: Mousa Ahmad , Nguyen David‐Dan , Lalani Aly‐Khan , Satkunasivam Raj , Aminoltejari Khatereh , Hird Amanda , Roy Soumyajit , Morgan Scott C. , Malone Shawn , Kokorovic Andrea , Lavallée Luke T. , Huynh Melissa , Shayegan Bobby , Jiang Di Maria , Gotto Geofrey , Breau Rodney H. , Kulkarni Girish S. , Zlotta Alexandre , Wallis Christopher J. D.
Published: October 2024

Background

Androgen‐deprivation therapy (ADT) remains a cornerstone in treatment for patients with advanced prostate cancer. ADT is associated with several adverse effects, including osteoporosis, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular events, leading to guidelines recommending routine testing to monitor for these toxicities. There is a lack of data assessing adherence to these recommendations.

Methods

The authors conducted a retrospective cohort study using administrative data from Ontario, Canada between 2008 and 2021. They identified all older men (aged 65 years and older) who received ADT for prostate cancer using comprehensive provincial health databases. The primary outcomes were the use of testing for lipids, dysglycemia (glucose), bone health serum, and bone density between 6 weeks before and 1 year after the initiation of ADT.

Results

In total, 29,097 patients were examined, of whom 52.8% were prescribed ADT by urologists, 37.9% were prescribed ADT by radiation oncologists, 2.8% were prescribed ADT by medical oncologists, and 2.4% were prescribed ADT by other physicians. Adherence to guidelines was low: only 21.3% of patients received a bone density scan, 41.2% underwent bone health–related serum tests, 51.3% completed a lipid profile, and 65.9% underwent dysglycemia testing within 1 year of diagnosis. Overall, only 11.9% of patients received all of the recommended investigations. Adherence to testing did not appear to improve over time (2008–2021) or with guideline publication. Patient (age) and physician (specialty) factors had important associations with adherence to testing.

Conclusions

Most patients receiving ADT for prostate cancer do not receive recommended testing to monitor for treatment‐related toxicity. Further study is required to address barriers to therapeutic monitoring of men on ADT and to reduce treatment‐associated adverse events.
Performance Analysis of a Reconfigurable Fault‐Tolerant Converter for Renewable Energy–Based Standalone System
Authors: Pedapati Praneeth Kumar , Murugan Kavitha , Hema Chander Allamsetty
Published: October 2024

This paper proposes a reconfigurable fault‐tolerant multiport converter for a renewable energy–based standalone system. The operation of the proposed converter for various single and multiple switch faults is discussed and verified with the help of a laboratory prototype. Experimental findings showcase the converter's ability to seamlessly connect renewable sources with a DC bus and an energy storage device, ensuring a consistent, regulated power supply despite single or multiple switch faults. Furthermore, a thorough examination of performance metrics including stress, loss, cost, sensitivity, and reliability affirms the effectiveness and resilience of the proposed approach. Comparative analysis solidifies the notion of the converter's superiority, emphasizing its fault tolerance, efficiency, and reliability when contrasted with alternative solutions.
Advances in the understanding of selective CO2 reduction catalysis
Authors: Lu Ruihu , Liu Yan , Wang Ziyun
Published: October 2024

The electrochemical synthesis for value‐added chemicals and fuels via carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) offers an effective route to close the anthropogenic carbon cycle and store renewable energy. Currently, the copper‐based catalyst is still the only choice for generating various CO2RR species beyond two electron products. However, the wide range of CO2RR products generated on copper leads to low selectivity, and their low concentrations in electrolytes pose great costs in the downstream purification process and significantly challenge the scalability of this technology. To make this technology economically viable, enhancing product selectivity is crucial. In this review, we identify the primary CO2RR species and discuss the latest insights into the reaction mechanisms controlling CO2RR selectivity. Then, we examined factors that affect CO2RR selectivity. Emphasizing these factors in catalyst design, we highlight the importance of advanced technologies to expand our knowledge and prospects for the future of the CO2RR.
IL‐17A‐producing γδ T cells: A novel target in stroke immunotherapy
Authors: Piepke Marius , Jander Alina , Gagliani Nicola , Gelderblom Mathias
Published: October 2024

The activation of the immune system is crucial for the fate of the ischemic brain tissue and neurological outcome in experimental stroke. Rapidly after stroke γδ (γδ17), T cells release IL‐17A in the ischemic brain and thereby amplify the early detrimental immune response. Notably, IL‐17A levels in γδ17 T cells are modulated by the intestinal microbiota which is, in turn, shaped by the diet. Importantly, besides their proinflammatory effects, meningeal γδ17 T cells have been recently implicated in regulating neuronal signaling, behavior, and cognition under homeostatic and pathological conditions at the brain–meningeal interface. Against this background, we propose that a dietary intervention represents a promising treatment option to improve poststroke outcomes by the modulation of the microbiota composition and IL‐17A levels in γδ T cells.
Advancements in metal oxide bio‐nanocomposites for sustainable food packaging: Fabrication, applications, and future prospectives
Authors: Nandhini Jayaprakash , Bellarmin Michael , Siva Prakash Senthil , Sowmya Sri Devarajan , Karthikeyan Elumalai
Published: October 2024

The research on metal oxide bio‐nanocomposites for sustainable food packaging has witnessed significant advancements, offering a promising alternative to traditional food packaging materials. This review briefly describes their fabrication techniques, applications, superiority over conventional packaging, challenges, limitations, and potential trends. These new materials are derived by incorporating metal oxide nanoparticles into the biopolymers and show better properties, such as better antimicrobial properties, which are vital in food packaging. The advantages of using metal oxide bio‐nanocomposites over typical food packaging films include enhanced mechanical properties, better moisture and oxygen resistance, bacterial resistance, and light protection. These versatile materials not only serve the purpose of properly preserving the quality and possibly even the wholesomeness of packed food products, but they are also environmentally friendly. Moreover, the review presents current developments and areas of use of metal oxide bio‐nanocomposites in food packaging and it also proposes future developments to meet the modern challenge of the food industry in the development of advanced packaging technologies.
Turning the global health and care workforce crisis into action: The pathway to effective evidence‐based policy and implementation
Authors: Correia Tiago , Kuhlmann Ellen , Lotta Gabriela , Beja André , Morais Rita , Zapata Tomas , Campbell James
Published: October 2024

The global health and care workforce (HCWF) is facing an evolving crisis, requiring urgent and sustained action. There is a critical need for enhanced workforce planning, management, and leadership, which are currently at risk of being overshadowed by political inertia, particularly in the post‐COVID‐19 context. A comprehensive approach tailored to the specific needs of different countries is outlined here, offering actionable insights for policymakers and stakeholders to address the HCWF crisis effectively. Key areas for critical analysis and improvement include identifying major challenges, developing policies that effectively address the HCWF crisis, and strengthening the implementation of evidence‐based policies. These areas are detailed based on recent developments in the international debate, with the aim of providing comprehensive guidance for understanding the problems and identifying clear actions for improvement.
Targeting Human Papillomavirus 33 E2 DNA Binding Domain With Polyphenols: Unveiling Interactions Through Biophysical and In Silico Methods
Authors: Bharti  , Nair Maya S.
Published: October 2024

The human papillomavirus (HPV) 33 is a high‐risk strain that causes lesions with potential cancerous outcomes. Its E2 protein regulates the viral protein transcription and life cycle maintenance. The DNA binding domain (DBD) of the E2 protein plays a crucial role in the viral life cycle. The DBD region of the E2 protein is particularly interesting for targeting and finding potential inhibitors to inhibit its function or dimerization. Given the limited research on HPV 33 and its proteins, the present work delved into the interaction of two natural polyphenolic compounds, resveratrol, and baicalein, with the E2 DBD of HPV 33 using biophysical and in silico studies. Fluorescence studies of the E2 DBD‐polyphenol complexes showed fluorescence quenching with a binding constant of the order of 106 M−1. Circular dichroism data reveal conformational changes upon binding with the polyphenols, possibly due to distinct binding sites of the E2 DBD. Differential scanning calorimetry exhibited higher melting temperatures for the two complexes than alone DBD, suggesting the complexes' stability. ITC experiment suggested favorable binding reactions with k

d
values in the micromolar range. Molecular docking and dynamic simulation studies revealed that the resveratrol binds to the helical region and baicalein near the central dimeric interface of E2 DBD with a good binding affinity, forming a stable protein‐ligand complex during the run of 100 ns simulation. Therefore, the current study identifies both polyphenolic compounds as promising candidates for potential antiviral drug development.
Human mesenchymal stem/stromal cell‐derived extracellular vesicle transport in meniscus fibrocartilage
Authors: Schwartz Gabi , Rana Samir , Jackson Alicia R. , Leñero Clarissa , Best Thomas M. , Kouroupis Dimitrios , Travascio Francesco
Published: October 2024

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from endometrial‐derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (eMSC) play a crucial role in tissue repair due to their immunomodulatory and reparative properties. Given these properties, eMSC EVs may offer potential benefits for meniscal repair. The meniscus, being partly vascularized, relies on diffusivity for solute trafficking. This study focuses on EVs transport properties characterization within fibrocartilage that remains unknown. Specifically, EVs were isolated from Crude and CD146+ eMSC populations. Green fluorescence‐labeled EVs transport properties were investigated in three structurally distinct layers (core, femoral, and tibial surfaces) of porcine meniscus. Diffusivity was measured via custom fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) technique. Light spectrometry was used to determine EVs solubility. Both Crude and CD146+ eMSC EVs exhibited high purity (>90% CD63CD9 marker expression) and an average diffusivity of 10.924 (±4.065) µm²/s. Importantly, no significant difference was observed between Crude and CD146+ eMSC EV diffusivity on the meniscal layer (p > 0.05). The mean partitioning coefficient was 0.2118 (±0.1321), with Crude EVs demonstrating significantly higher solubility than CD146+ EVs (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study underscores the potential of both Crude and CD146+ eMSC EVs to traverse all layers of the meniscus, supporting their capacity to enhance delivery of orthobiologics for cartilaginous tissue healing.
Development of a novel rabbit model for femoroacetabular impingement through surgically induced acetabular overcoverage
Authors: Zhang Siqi , Gao Guanying , Zhou Xiang , Du Cancan , Zhu Yichuan , He Tong‐Chuan , Xu Yan
Published: October 2024

There is a lack of validated small animal models for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) that induce intra‐articular lesions and cause osteoarthritis (OA) progression. The gene expression profile of articular cartilage in patients with FAI has not been characterized in animal studies. The purpose of this study is to describe a novel rabbit model for FAI with validated induction of intra‐articular lesions and OA progression and to characterize the gene expression pattern in impinged cartilage using this model. Thirty 6‐month‐old New Zealand White rabbits underwent unilateral endobutton implant placement at the acetabular rim to surgically create overcoverage. Radiological assessment confirmed secure placement of endobutton at the acetabular rim for all operated hips with a mean alteration in lateral center‐edge angle (ΔLCEA) of 16.2 ± 6.6°. Gross inspection revealed secondary cartilage injuries in the anterosuperior region of the femoral head for the operated hips. Cartilage injuries were shown to exacerbate with increased impingement duration, as demonstrated by the modified Outerbridge scores and Mankin scores. Immunostaining and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction revealed elevated expression of inflammatory, anabolic and catabolic genes in impinged cartilage. RNA sequencing analysis of cartilage tissue revealed a distinct transcriptome profile and identified C‐KIT, CD86, and CD68 as central markers. Our study confirmed that the novel rabbit FAI model created acetabular overcoverage and produced articular cartilage injury at the impingement zone. Cartilage from the impingement zone demonstrated a heightened metabolic state, corroborating with the gene expression pattern observed in patients with FAI.