bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Left-to-Right Bias in Inhibition of Return Is Due to the Direction of Reading
Authors: Spalek Thomas M. , Hammad Sherief
Published: January 2005

Previous research has shown a left-to-right bias in the inhibition-of-return effect. This bias was found in a sample of English-speaking participants who read in a predominantly left-to-right manner. The goal of the current study was to examine the role that the direction of text reading plays in this bias. The findings replicated the left-to-right bias with an English sample, but showed the opposite bias in an Arabic sample, who read text from right to left. Thus, the regularity of shifting attention in a particular way during text reading seems to be the cause of the bias observed.
Emotion, Memory, and Attention in the Taboo Stroop Paradigm
Authors: MacKay Donald G. , Ahmetzanov Marat V.
Published: January 2005

This study tested the binding hypothesis: that emotional reactions trigger binding mechanisms that link an emotional event to salient contextual features such as event location, a frequently recalled aspect of naturally occurring flashbulb memories. Our emotional events were taboo words in a Stroop color-naming task, and event location was manipulated by presenting the words in different task-irrelevant screen locations. Seventy-two participants named the font color of taboo and neutral words, with instructions to ignore word meaning; in one condition, several words were location consistent (i.e., always occupied the same screen location), whereas in another condition, several colors were location consistent. Then, in a surprise recognition memory test, participants recalled the locations of location-consistent words or colors. Although attention enhanced overall location memory for colors (the attended dimension during color naming), emotion (taboo vs. neutral words) enhanced location memory for words but not colors. These results support the binding hypothesis but contradict the hypothesis that emotional events induce imagelike memories more often than nonemotional events.
Traumatic Impact Predicts Long-Term Memory for Documented Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: Alexander Kristen Weede , Quas Jodi A. , Goodman Gail S. , Ghetti Simona , Edelstein Robin S. , Redlich Allison D. , Cordon Ingrid M. , Jones David P.H.
Published: January 2005

Prospective studies of adults' memories of documented child sexual abuse (CSA) reveal that the majority of individuals remember their victimization. However, the accuracy of these memories has rarely been investigated scientifically. The present study examined predictors of memory accuracy and errors 12 to 21 years after abuse ended for individuals with legal experiences resulting from documented CSA. Severity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology was positively associated with memory accuracy. However, individuals nominating CSA as their most traumatic life event exhibited relatively accurate memory regardless of indicators of PTSD. Predictors of memory errors were also identified (e.g., less maternal support). These results indicate that, in addition to understanding the role of traditional cognitive factors, understanding an event's traumatic impact is important for predicting the accuracy of long-term memory for reported CSA.
Developments in Declarative Memory
Authors: Bauer Patricia J.
Published: January 2005

The second year of life is marked by changes in the robustness of recall memory. Both retrieval and storage processes have been implicated as the major source of age-related improvements in recall. Children 13 to 20 months of age were matched for levels of learning of laboratory events (thereby eliminating encoding as a source of developmental difference) and tested for recall after delays as long as 6 months. In Experiment 1, 16-month-olds evidenced less loss of information and more relearning than 13-month-olds. In Experiment 2, 20-month-olds evidenced less loss of information and more relearning than 16-month-olds. Patterns of performance across test trials and in relearning implicate a decline in susceptibility to storage failure as the primary source of the observed developmental trend.
Metrical Categories in Infancy and Adulthood
Authors: Hannon Erin E. , Trehub Sandra E.
Published: January 2005

Intrinsic perceptual biases for simple duration ratios are thought to constrain the organization of rhythmic patterns in music. We tested that hypothesis by exposing listeners to folk melodies differing in metrical structure (simple or complex duration ratios), then testing them on alterations that preserved or violated the original metrical structure. Simple meters predominate in North American music, but complex meters are common in many other musical cultures. In Experiment 1, North American adults rated structure-violating alterations as less similar to the original version than structure-preserving alterations for simple-meter patterns but not for complex-meter patterns. In Experiment 2, adults of Bulgarian or Macedonian origin provided differential ratings to structure-violating and structure-preserving alterations in complex- as well as simple-meter contexts. In Experiment 3, 6-month-old infants responded differentially to structure-violating and structure-preserving alterations in both metrical contexts. These findings imply that the metrical biases of North American adults reflect enculturation processes rather than processing predispositions for simple meters.
Controlling Racial Prejudice
Authors: Wheeler Mary E. , Fiske Susan T.
Published: January 2005

The malleability of stereotyping matters in social psychology and in society. Previous work indicates rapid amygdala and cognitive responses to racial out-groups, leading some researchers to view these responses as inevitable. In this study, the methods of social-cognitive neuroscience were used to investigate how social goals control prejudiced responses. Participants viewed photographs of unfamiliar Black and White faces, under each of three social goals: social categorization (by age), social individuation (vegetable preference), and simple visual inspection (detecting a dot). One study recorded brain activity in the amygdala using functional magnetic resonance imaging, and another measured cognitive activation of stereotypes by lexical priming. Neither response to photos of the racial out-group was inevitable; instead, both responses depended on perceivers' current social-cognitive goal.
Arrested succession in logging gaps: is tree seedling growth and survival limiting?
Authors: Paul John R. , Randle April M. , Chapman Colin A. , Chapman Lauren J.
Published: January 2005

Thirty years after selective timber harvest in the Kibale National Park, Uganda, many abandoned logging gaps are dominated by Acanthus pubescens, and show little forest recovery. To examine if this arrested successional state was caused by limited tree seedling growth and survival, we planted seedlings of four forest tree species (Albizia grandibracteata, Mimusops bagshawei, Prunus africana and Uvariopsis congensis) in A. pubescens‐dominated logging gaps and in control areas of adjacent forest. To assess if clearing A. pubescens facilitates forest regeneration, we planted seedlings of two species (A. grandibracteata and U. congensis) in small clearings cut within the logging gaps. We examined mortality, growth, herbivory and site characteristics among the treatments. Finally, we described the physical attributes of the A. pubescens‐dominated gaps. Seedlings of all the four species survived and grew equally well in A. pubescens and forest treatments, and most site characteristics were also similar. Seedlings planted in clearings grew more than in either forest or A. pubescens sites. Very few established trees were found in A. pubescens sites, and most of these were near the forest edges. We also discussed the role of elephants (Loxodonta africana) and collapsing A. pubescens canopies in the maintenance of an arrested successional state in these logging gaps.
The use of structural species size classes in the description of the woody vegetation of a nature reserve
Authors: Brown L. R. , Bredenkamp G. J.
Published: January 2005

The need for a scientifically based wildlife management plan and more knowledge on the vegetation ecology of the Borakalalo Nature Reserve prompted an ecological investigation of the Reserve. One of the aims was to develop a structural classification of the woody component using species size (SPIZE) classes. A further aim was to compare the various structural classes identified with the recognized floristically derived plant communities of the Reserve. The frequency, density, percentage crown cover and importance value for each woody species were calculated. A classification of the woody component was done using a TWINSPAN classification algorithm on this structural density data. Fifteen structural SPIZE classes were identified, described and compared with the described plant communities. The results of this study indicate that structural SPIZE classes could also be used to explain the spatial distribution of woody species within and between various plant communities.
Influence of anthropogenic activities on water quality of a tropical stream ecosystem
Authors: Mokaya Sophia K. , Mathooko Jude M. , Leichtfried Maria
Published: January 2005

Water samples were collected from three sites located in the middle reach of the Njoro River, Kenya, and analysed for total phosphorus (TP), orthophosphate, ammonia‐nitrogen, and nitrate‐nitrogen to evaluate stressor sources (e.g. factories and wastewater ponds) and the general stream water quality. The stream surface water was also analysed for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) to provide an overview of organic matter loading. Mugo, Egerton Bridge and the canning factory sites of the Njoro River had low water quality which is likely to be due to poor farming, partially treated effluents and poor provision of sanitation facilities to the riparian communities. The concentrations of the selected nutrients did not differ significantly among the three sites, presumably due to pollution of the whole stream reach by the catchment nutrient sources. High phosphate concentrations (i.e. ∼0.76 mgPO4 l−1 and ∼0.87 mgTP l−1) at Canning Factory were recorded during the low flow dry season. Nitrate‐nitrogen concentrations varied significantly with water discharge which explained between 63 and 87% of the nutrient variability in the three sites. BOD5 differed significantly among the three sites, with historical effects of wastewater and factory effluent discharge being reflected in the results of Egerton Bridge and Canning Factory. The concentrations of ammonia‐nitrogen, TP and orthophosphate were higher in the wastewater than in the river water whereas nitrate‐nitrogen was lower. This study indicates that the Njoro River is stressed by nutrients from the activities within its catchment. With the increasing population, the nutrient load to the river will continue to increase and the water quality will continue to deteriorate. Reductions of nutrient loads into the river as well as provision of sanitation facilities to the riparian communities are needed to control further water degradation.
Management of the Nile perch, Lates niloticus fishery in Lake Victoria in light of the changes in its life history characteristics
Authors: Ogutu‐Ohwayo Richard
Published: January 2005

Nile perch was introduced into lakes Victoria and Kyoga in the 1950s and 1960s from Lake Albert. The changes in prey eaten and the life history characteristics of Nile perch in lakes Victoria and Kyoga from the 1960s to 1990s were examined and compared with Lake Albert. The dominant prey eaten changed from haplochromines, Caridina nilotica, Rastrineobola argentea, and Nile perch juveniles. The condition factor deteriorated from 1.4 in 1960s to 1.2 in 1990s, compared with 1.3 in Lake Albert suggesting a reduction in food supply. Therefore, exploitation of Nile perch prey should be controlled. The size at first maturity increased from 30–40 to 40–50 cm and 50–59 to 80–100 cm for males and females, which is similar to Lake Albert. Sex ratios decreased from 85–100 to 20–65 females for every 100 males suggesting that Nile perch had less capacity to replenish its stocks such that breeding females should be protected. As males mature at 50–55 cm and females at 80–100 cm, immature males of <50 cm and breeding females of >100 cm could be protected through size selective exploitation of fish of 50–100 cm using gillnets of 127–254 mm.
Microhabitat choice and diet of rodents in Maynugus irrigation field, northern Ethiopia
Authors: Gebresilassie Workneh , Bekele Afework , Belay Gurja , Balakrishnan M.
Published: January 2005

An ecological study on the choice of microhabitat and diet of small mammals was carried out in Maynugus irrigation field of the Tigray region in northern Ethiopia. Abundance of rodents was high during the reproductive phase of the agricultural plants. Mastomys erythroleucus occurred more frequently in vegetable fields, whereas Arvicanthis dembeensis was more frequent in habitats with monocot plants. Scrotal males and reproductive females consumed more food by weight than abdominal males and quiescent females. Arvicanthis dembeensis consumed more food than M. erythroleucus. Both the species consumed more food during the main rainy season. All the cultivated plants were attacked by these rodents with a degree of difference in relation to season, species, sex, age and sexual condition. As rodent attack was more intense during the fruiting phase of the plants, rodent control management should be carried out during the flowering phase.
Seasonal variation of feeding patterns and food selection by crop‐raiding elephants in Zimbabwe
Authors: Osborn F. V.
Published: January 2005

Elephants and humans are increasingly coming into conflict because of the conversion of elephant habitat into agricultural areas. In order to identify trends that influence raiding behaviour, the nutritional makeup of food items consumed by crop‐raiding elephants over a 2‐year period were analysed and a trigger for crop raiding was identified. The point at which the quality of wild grasses declines below the quality of crop species corresponded to the movement of bull elephants out of a protected area and into fields. This finding may have wider implications for developing predictive models of elephant/human interactions.
Fire effects on mycorrhizal symbiosis and root system architecture in southern African savanna grasses
Authors: Hartnett David C. , Potgieter Andre F. , Wilson Gail W. T.
Published: January 2005

Mycorrhizal symbiosis is a key factor influencing aspects of grassland and savanna structure and functioning including plant growth, competition, population and community dynamics, and responses to fire and herbivory. This study assessed the effects of fire on mycorrhizal symbiosis and root system architecture (RSA) in South African savanna grasses. Eighteen grass species were sampled across contrasting fire frequency treatments in the Kruger National Park experimental burn plots. All eighteen species studied were highly colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Both mycorrhizal symbiosis and RSA were strongly affected by fire, with an increase in AMF colonization and a decrease in root branching and fine root development with decreasing fire frequency. Greater water limitation in frequently burned savanna may result in greater fine root development, thus reducing plant dependency on AMF for acquisition of soil resources. Reduced mycorrhizal colonization in frequently burned savanna may also be driven by higher phosphorus : nitrogen ratios, or indirect effects related to higher grazing intensities in frequently burned sites.
Biology of the marbled lungfish, Protopterus aethiopicus Heckel, in Lake Baringo, Kenya
Authors: Mlewa Chrisestom Mwatete , Green John M.
Published: January 2005

In this paper we provide life history characteristics for an introduced marbled lungfish (Protopterus aethiopicus) population in Lake Baringo, Kenya, including their length–weight relationship, body condition, fecundity, sex ratio, reproduction and food. These data are compared with those of other populations. Samples were obtained from the commercial fishery between January and October 2001. The lungfish exhibited positive allometric growth, with the length–weight relationship described by the equation: logW = −6.41 + 3.52 logTL. The mean relative condition factor was close to unity, did not vary much between months and was not significantly different between sexes. The overall sex ratio was skewed in favour of females. The size of fish at first maturity was 70–76 cm total length (TL) for females and 82–88 cm TL for males. Fish in maturity stages III–IV occurred in all monthly samples suggesting year round spawning. The marbled lungfish in Lake Baringo is largely piscivorous and its impact on other fishes certainly warrants further research.
The regeneration of soil micro‐arthropod assemblages in a rehabilitating coastal dune forest at Richards Bay, South Africa
Authors: Kumssa Diriba B. , van Aarde Rudi J. , Wassenaar Theo D.
Published: January 2005

The structure and composition of the soil micro‐arthropod communities of five postmining rehabilitating sites (between 1 and 24 years after rehabilitation) are compared with that of an undisturbed dune forest benchmark. We extracted soil micro‐arthropods (Acari and insects) with a modified Berlese–Tullgren funnel and used soil carbon, calcium, potassium, magnesium, nitrogen, sodium, phosphorous and acidity (pH) as explanatory variables of micro‐arthropod community composition.

Acari accounted for the majority of all the micro‐arthropods (between 65 and 97% of the sample) at the different sites. Density, richness, diversity and composition showed significant differences between the unmined benchmark site and the rehabilitating sites for both insects and Acari, with weak habitat‐age related patterns. Canonical Correspondence Analysis suggests that differences between samples from regenerating sites and those from the benchmark sites slowly decrease with increasing regeneration age, but that community composition is only weakly related to soil properties. Our results suggest that coastal dune forest rehabilitation could give rise to the regeneration of micro‐arthropod assemblages, but it may take a long time. Therefore, potential limiting factors for community regeneration need to be identified to improve the chances for successful restoration.
A comparative study between intermittent microwave and infrared drying of bioproducts
Authors: Chua Kian Jon , Chou Siaw Kiang
Published: January 2005

A systematic experimental study of both intermittent microwave (MW) and infrared (IR) drying was used to compare the efficacy of the two methods when batch drying two bioproducts, namely potato and carrot. The controllable parameters examined in this study were MW power and IR intensity level, MW and IR intermittencies and the transition period from convective to MW drying. A comparison of the drying kinetics showed intermittent MW drying to be an effective method for shortening the drying time that was required to reach a certain moisture content when it was compared with intermittent IR drying and convective‐MW drying. A comparison of the colour degradation of the product showed that step variation of the IR intensity during intermittent drying reduced the colour change of the product less than constant radiative intermittent IR drying.
Power and temperature distribution during microwave thawing, simulated by using Maxwell's equations and Lambert's law
Authors: Liu Chang Min , Wang Qi Zhi , Sakai Noboru
Published: January 2005

The microwave thawing of frozen food was simulated by using an equation to describe heat conduction. This was based on the fact that the thermal and dielectric properties of food vary with temperature. The microwave power absorbed was modelled by using Maxwell's equations and Lambert's law. The power and temperature distributions calculated using both models were compared. Although Lambert's law is theoretically less applicable for simulating the transmitted microwave power, it provided an effective numerical approach for calculating temperature distribution during microwave thawing, which proved compatible with experimental results.
The effects of 1‐methylcyclopropene on peach fruit (Prunus persica L. cv. Jiubao) ripening and disease resistance
Authors: Liu Hongxia , Jiang Weibo , Zhou Ligang , Wang Baogang , Luo Yunbo
Published: January 2005

In order to learn how 1‐methylcyclopropene (1‐MCP) affects ripening and disease‐resistance of peach fruit (Prunus persica L. cv. Jiubao) after harvest, they were treated with 1‐MCP and some were inoculated with Penicillium expansum. Treating peach fruit with 0.2 μL L−1 of 1‐MCP at 22 °C for 24 h effectively slowed the decline in fruit firmness. The minimal concentration of 1‐MCP able to inhibit fruit softening was 0.6 μL L−1. Changes in other parameters related to peach ripening, such as content of soluble solids, total soluble sugar, titratable acidity, soluble pectin and ethylene production were also significantly reduced or delayed by 1‐MCP. Repeated treatment of peach with 1‐MCP resulted in more effective inhibition of ripening. Post‐harvest decay of peach fruit was reduced by treatment with 1‐MCP and disease progress in fruit inoculated with P. expansum was reduced. The activities of phenylalanine ammonialyase, polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase in the inoculated fruit were also enhanced by 1‐MCP.
An absorption model for the thickness effect in hydrophilic films
Authors: Yoshida Cristiana M. P. , Antunes Antonio C. B. , Alvear Celso , Antunes Aloísio J.
Published: January 2005

The permeability parameters for moisture transmission through hydrophilic films are well known to be thickness dependent, this effect appearing in permeability studies based on diffusion models. In our model we assume that, besides diffusion, some of the water vapour of the diffusion flux is removed by the hydrophilic components of the films. This water is immobilized and becomes hydration water of the hydrophilic molecules. This paper describes a diffusion–adsorption model, with thickness‐independent parameters, which explains this phenomenon.
The comparison of physico‐chemical and textural properties, as well as volatile compounds, from low‐fat and regular‐fat sausages
Authors: Yoo Seung S. , Kook Sung H. , Chin Koo B. , Shim Jae H.
Published: January 2005

In order to determine the optimum method for extraction of the entire flavour profile of sausages, three extraction techniques, solvent extraction (SE), purge and trap (PT), and simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE), were compared. Similarly, to effectively analyse the volatile compounds of low‐fat (<3%) and regular‐fat (approximately 15%) sausages, three isolation techniques were investigated and gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) were used for final identification of compounds. A total of thirty‐three volatile compounds were identified in the sausages by SDE, twelve by SE, and nine by PT. In the SE method, fats interfered in the extraction of some volatile components, resulting in lower recovery and longer isolation time when compared with the other two methods. The PT method might not be a good extraction method because of the loss of heterocyclic compounds. However, the SDE method showed greater yields and recognized more volatiles when compared with SE. Furfural, trans‐caryophyllene, and myristicine were the predominant volatile compounds extracted by SDE. These results suggest that the SDE method is the most efficient method in isolating volatile compounds in both regular‐ and low‐fat sausages. The amounts of volatile compounds, such as, 4‐acethyl‐3‐methyl pyrazole, 1,4‐dimethyl benzene, p‐ethylguaiacol and β‐caryophyllene were higher in regular‐fat sausages; however, the amounts of myristicine and hexadecanoic acid were higher in low‐fat sausages.
An integrated strategy to control post‐harvest decay of Embul banana by combining essential oils with modified atmosphere packaging
Authors: Ranasinghe Lakshmie , Jayawardena Bimali , Abeywickrama Krishanthi
Published: January 2005

Mature Embul (Musa, AAB) bananas were treated with emulsions of either cinnamon bark or leaf (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) or clove (Syzygium aromaticum) oils to control post‐harvest diseases, packed under modified atmosphere (MA) using low‐density polyethylene (0.075 mm, LDPE) bags, and stored in a cold room (14 ± 1 °C, 90% RH) or at ambient temperature (28 ± 2 °C). The effects of the essential oils on post‐harvest diseases; physico‐chemical properties and organoleptic properties were determined and compared with controls and bananas treated with benomyl. Treatments with cinnamon bark and leaf oils controlled crown rot, whereas clove oil treatment did not affect crown rot development. Treatment with emulsions of cinnamon oils combined with MA packaging can be recommended as a safe, cost‐effective method for extending the storage life of Embul bananas up to 21 days in a cold room and 14 days at 28 ± 2 °C without affecting the organoleptic and physico‐chemical properties.
The quality of orange juice processed by coupling crossflow microfiltration and osmotic evaporation
Authors: Cisse Mady , Vaillant Fabrice , Perez Ana , Dornier Manuel , Reynes Max
Published: January 2005

Crossflow microfiltration (CFM) and osmotic evaporation (OE) were implemented on a semi‐industrial pilot scale to obtain clarified orange juice concentrates at 450 and 620 g kg−1 of total soluble solids. The characteristics of the juice were then assessed and compared with fresh juice and commercial concentrates. With CFM, most aroma compounds and vitamin C remained in the permeate while the more apolar compounds such as terpenic hydrocarbons and carotenoids were strongly retained by the membrane. With OE, significant losses of vitamin C and aroma compounds occurred at first, with losses progressively decreasing during treatment. Pre‐conditioning the membrane and cold regeneration of the brine reduced losses drastically, with the aroma composition tending towards that of the initial juice. The quality of pulp, a blend of the CFM retentate and OE concentrate, was high and much closer to that of the initial fresh juice than to the commercial thermal concentrate.
Fracture resistance of class II packable composite restorations with and without flowable liners
Authors: ÖZGÜNALTAY G. , GÖRÜCÜ J.
Published: January 2005

summary  This study evaluated fracture resistance in class II slot packable composite restorations with and without the use of a flowable composite liner. A conventional microhybrid composite was used as a control.

Thirty‐six sound, caries‐free human mandibulary molar teeth were used. Separate mesio‐occlusal and disto‐occlusal class II slot cavity preparations were made in each tooth. The prepared teeth were randomly divided into three groups of 12 teeth. Two packable composites (Surefil, Filtek P60) and one microhybrid composite (Filtek Z250) with their respective manufacturer's bonding agents were used to restore the cavities. One side of each tooth was restored with composite alone, while the other side was restored with the composite lined with that manufacturer's flowable liner. The marginal ridges of the restorations were loaded at an angle of 13·5° to the long‐axis of the tooth in an Instron Testing Machine until failure. The data were analysed using a one‐way anova. There was no significant difference in fracture resistance between composite restorations with and without flowable liners.
Abrasion resistance of titanium nitride coatings formed on titanium by ion‐beam‐assisted deposition
Authors: SAWASE T. , YOSHIDA K. , TAIRA Y. , KAMADA K. , ATSUTA M. , BABA K.
Published: January 2005

summary  To improve the physical properties of the pure titanium surface, thin titanium nitride (TiN) films were deposited by means of ion‐beam‐assisted deposition. Film structure was confirmed as TiN by X‐ray diffraction analysis. Surface hardness and abrasion resistance were significantly improved on TiN‐coated specimens. Five combinations of oral hygiene instruments and materials were applied to the specimens as simulations of the oral environment. Treatment with the metal scaler and ultrasonic scaler severely changed the surface features and significantly increased the surface roughness parameters on pure titanium controls, whereas only small scratches and dull undulations were seen on the TiN‐coated specimens. Profilometric tracings and scanning electron micrographs demonstrated the improved abrasion resistance of the TiN‐coated specimens.
Body posture during sleep and disc displacement in the temporomandibular joint: a pilot study
Authors: HIBI H. , UEDA M.
Published: January 2005

summary   Many possible factors associated with internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) have been discussed, but the causal factors remain unproven. The present study aimed to investigate habitual body posture during sleep (HBP) of patients with anterior disc displacement (ADD) in the TMJ. The sample comprised 87 patients (12 males, 75 females) aged 13–68 years (mean 25 years) and diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging as having unilateral or bilateral ADD in the TMJ. The HBPs were classified into five categories: supine, prone, right lateral, left lateral, and no‐dominant positions. Of the 50 patients with the unilateral ADD, 33 (66%) had the ipsilateral HBP to the affected joint while none (0%) had the contralateral HBP. This contrast showed that the HBP was a possible contributing factor to the ADD. It was suggested that HBP allows the ipsilateral condyle to displace posteriorly and this posterior position causes relative ADD.
Microradiographic study on the effects of salivary proteins on in vitro demineralization of bovine enamel
Authors: KIELBASSA A. M. , OESCHGER U. , SCHULTE‐MONTING J. , MEYER‐LUECKEL H.
Published: January 2005

summary  The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the effects of various proteins on in vitro demineralization of bovine enamel. From each of 100 bovine incisors two samples were prepared. The specimens were embedded in epoxy resin and polished up to 4000 grit. Subsequently, the specimens’ surfaces were partly covered with nail varnish, thus serving as control of sound enamel. The specimens were divided randomly into five groups (n = 40) and demineralized in a solution of constant composition (pH 5·0; 10 days). For each subgroup of specimens (n = 10) 4 L were taken and either low (50% of medium conc.), medium, or high (150%) concentrations of the proteins [human albumin (100% conc. = 7 mg L−1), mucin (577·5 mg L−1), immunoglobulin G (IgG) (46 mg L−1), casein isolated from bovine milk (1·2 g L−1)] or amino acid [l‐Proline (7 mg L−1)] were added to 1 L of the demineralizing solution, whereas 1 L served as control. Mineral loss and lesion depth (LD) were evaluated from microradiographs of thin sections (110 μm) by a dedicated software package (TMR 1.24). No differences were found between the five control groups (P > 0·05; anova). Albumin, l‐Proline, and IgG did not affect enamel demineralization, whereas the addition of both casein and mucin resulted in significant reductions of both mineral loss and LDs (P < 0·01; Tukey's test). Within the limitations of an in vitro study, the present investigation indicates that casein and mucin seem to affect enamel demineralization significantly. Thus, these proteins might be helpful as an additive to saliva substitutes or mouthwashes if the quality of saliva is altered.
Effect of resin‐based material combination on the compressive and the flexural strength
Authors: GÖMEÇ Y. , DÖRTER C. , DABANOGLU A. , KORAY F.
Published: January 2005

summary  The mechanical properties, elasticity and compressive strength, of restorative materials play a crucial role during mastication for clinical performance of materials in particular stress bearing areas at posterior regions. This in vitro study was objected to evaluate the changes in the compressive and flexural strength of tooth‐coloured resin‐based dental restorations placed on flowable composites. Specimens in the control group were produced in cylindrical form for testing compressive strength and in quadrangular prism form for flexural strength test. Tetric Ceram, Charisma, Surefil, Admira and two compomers; Dyract AP and Compoglass F in test group specimens were fabricated by placing the control materials on different flowables. The material combinations were as follows: Tetric Ceram/Tetric Flow Charisma/Flowline, Surefil/Dyract Flow, Admira/Admira Flow, Dyract AP/Dyract Flow, Compoglass F/Compoglass Flow. Compressive strength values were measured at the Instron Testing Machine with a cross‐head speed of 10 mm min−1 while flexural strength were determined in three‐point bending with a cross‐head speed of 1 mm min−1. One‐way anova and Tukey's multiple comparison tests were performed for the statistical analysis. The flexural strength values of Tetric Ceram/Tetric Flow (135·9 ± 3·2), Charisma/Flowline (120·4 ± 5·6) and Compoglass F/Compoglass Flow (108·2 ± 5·2) combinations were statistically greater than Tetric Ceram (110·8 ± 10·5), Charisma (95·3 ± 5·3) and Compoglass F (86·9 ± 4·9). The results of the present study support the idea that the placement of flowable composite as a liner under the resin‐based composite restoratives increase the flexural strength.
Effect of LED and halogen light curing on polymerization of resin‐based composites
Authors: BALA O. , ÖLMEZ A. , KALAYCI Ş.
Published: January 2005

summary  The clinical performance of light polymerized resin‐based composites (RBCs) is greatly influenced by the quality of the light curing unit (LCU). A commonly used unit for polymerization of RBC material is the halogen LCUs. However, they have some drawbacks. Development of new blue superbright light emitting diodes (LED LCU) of 470 nm wavelengths with high light irradiance offers an alternative to standard halogen LCU. The aim of this study is compared the effectiveness of LED LCU and halogen LCU on the degree of conversion (DC) of different resin composites [two hybrid (Esthet‐X, Filtek Z 250), four packable (Filtek P60, Prodigy Condensable, Surefil, Solitaire), one ormocer‐based resin composite (Admira)]. The DC values of RBCs polymerized by LED LCU and halogen LCU ranged approximately from 61·1 ± 0·4 to 50·6 ± 0·6% and from 55·6 ± 0·7 to 47·4 ± 0·5%, respectively. Significantly higher DC of RBCs except Surefil and Filtek Z 250 was obtained for LED LCU compared with halogen LCU (P < 0·05). Surefil and Filtek Z 250 exhibited no statistically significant difference values between LED LCU and halogen LCU (P > 0·05). As a result, it was observed that the performance of LED LCU used in the study was satisfactory clinically and had sufficient irradiance to polymerize RBCs (hybrid, packable and ormocer based) at 2 mm depth with a curing time of 40 s.
Evaluation of residual monomer elimination methods in three different fissure sealants in vitro
Authors: KOMURCUOGLU E. , OLMEZ S. , VURAL N.
Published: January 2005

summary  The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of residual monomers and to evaluate the effectiveness of elimination methods of residual monomers in three different fissure sealant materials (Helioseal F, Filtek Flow and EXM‐510). The sealant materials were divided into four subgroups because of the treatment methods used; one control group and three experimental groups (cotton roll, rubber cup and prophylaxis paste in cup). High performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the concentrations of residual monomers. Results of the study showed that residual Bis‐glycidyl dimethacrylate elution was the highest in Helioseal F and the lowest in Filtek Flow with the three methods tested. For triethleneglycol dimethacrylate, EXM‐510 eluted the highest residual monomer. It was also found that although the three tested methods were insufficient for removing all of the residual monomers and rubbing with cotton rolls was more effective than other two methods.
Phylogeny of the tachyporine group subfamilies and ‘basal’ lineages of the Aleocharinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) based on larval and adult characteristics
Authors: Ashe James S.
Published: January 2005

Abstract.  This paper reports the conclusions of studies into the phylogeny of tachyporine group subfamilies and the ‘basal’ lineages of the subfamily Aleocharinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) based on both larval and adult morphological data (133 adult characters, twenty‐seven larval characters). Representatives of forty species of the tachyporine group were used in the analysis, including representatives of the Aleocharinae, Trichophyinae, Habrocerinae, Phloeocharinae, Olisthaerinae, and Tachyporinae. The Aleocharinae included representatives of the tribes Gymnusini, Deinopsini, Mesoporini, the ‘subfamily’ Trichopseniinae, and representatives of nine major tribes in the ‘higher’ Aleocharinae (Athetini, Hoplandriini, Falagriini, Lomechisini, Oxypodini, Aleocharini, Myllaenini, Homalotini, and Hypocyphtini). Analyses were performed first with adult characters alone and then with both larval and adult characters in a simultaneous analysis. The analysis based on adult characters produced eighty‐five equally parsimonious trees (length = 499, consistency index = 42; retention index = 69). In the consensus tree, the Tachyporinae are not monophyletic, and the sister‐group relationship between the Trichophyinae + Habrocerinae and the Aleocharinae is not resolved. The Aleocharinae are monophyletic, but, among the ‘basal’ Aleocharinae, the relationships of Gymnusini + Deinopsini, the Mesoporini, and the Trichopseniinae are unresolved. The combined adult and larval data, using Tachinus as the outgroup, produced six equally parsimonious trees (tree length = 588; consistency index = 43; retention index = 69). The strict consensus tree of the combined larval and adult data supports the following conclusions: (1) larval characters substantially stabilize the tree; (2) the subfamily Tachyporinae is not supported to be monophyletic; (3) the subfamilies Trichophyinae and Habrocerinae are sister groups, and together they are sister to the Aleocharinae; (4) the ‘basal’ Aleocharinae are not a monophyletic group, but the ‘higher’ Aleocharinae are monophyletic; (5) the sister group of the remaining Aleocharinae is a lineage made up of genera currently in the tribes Gymnusini and Deinopsini; (6) within the Gymnusini–Deinopsini lineage, the monophyly of the Gymnusini is weakly supported, but the monophyly of the Deinopsini is strongly supported; (7) the subfamily Trichopseniinae is strongly supported to be a member of the ‘basal’ Aleocharinae; (8) the Myllaenini are resolved well within the ‘higher’ Aleocharinae; (9) strong support for the monophyly of some tribes of ‘higher’ Aleocharinae suggests that morphological characters provide substantial phylogenetic signal for analysis of higher‐level phylogeny of the Aleocharinae in spite of the preliminary nature of the analysis at this taxonomic level.
Revision of the European species ofCopidosomaRatzeburg (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), parasitoids of caterpillars (Lepidoptera)
Authors: Guerrieri Emilio , Noyes John
Published: January 2005

Abstract. The genusCopidosomaincludes species that have the potential to be used as biocontrol agents of lepidopteran pests. Regardless of their importance and the high number of species described from Europe, this is the first time that a complete revision at European level has been conducted. Fifty‐six European species ofCopidosomaare revised. Seven species are described as new, i.e.athepi(France),charon(France),firli(Czech Republic),ortyx(Portugal),shawi(Netherlands),zolta(Spain),zdeneki(Spain). Thirty‐nine new specific synonymies are proposed, i.e.alexandri(ofsosares),batorligetensis(ofvaricorne),bohemicum(ofterebrator),brevicaudae(ofpeticus),buyssoni(ofpeticus),clavellatus(ofvaricorne),claviger(ofthebe),crassicorne(ofradnense),cultriformis(ofboucheanum),flavomaculatus(ofpeticus),fulvipes(ofthebe),geniculatus(offilicorne),giganteum(ofterebrator),glandiferellae(offilicorne),hartmanni(ofsosares),hilare(ofboucheanum),hydramon(ofaithyia),incertum(ofpeticus),innocuellae(ofalbipes),intermedius(offloridanum),jamansaiense(ofpeticus),kisilkumense(ofpeticus),kriechbaumeri(ofaithyia),lembolovicum(ofaretas),machaeras(ofbabas),matritense(ofdius),moldavicus(ofcervius),montanum(offilicorne),montanum minor(ofherbaceum),nanellae(ofancharus),nanus(ofprimulum),obscurus(ofprimulum),phalaenarum(ofaithyia),phithra(ofchalconotum),prasinum(ofarenarium),salicinus(ofaithyia),savsdargi(ofiracundum),triangularis(ofpeticus),woronieckae(ofpeticus), and one new combination (heliothis(Liao) fromLitomastix). Lectotypes are designated for eight species (buyssoni,didius,kriechbaumeri,machaeras,mitreus,nanellae,telesto,tibiale). A dichotomous key is provided to facilitate the identification of females and males. Each species is further characterized by a description, and figures and notes are provided on their known distribution and hosts. An overview of the biology of the genus is given in addition to a host–parasitoid index for all known European species.
Airborne limonene confers limited thermotolerance to Quercus ilex
Authors: Llusià Joan , Peñuelas Josep , Asensio Dolores , Munné‐Bosch Sergi
Published: January 2005

The purpose of the study was to test the possible and controversial thermotolerance role of monoterpene production and emission and the related responses of antioxidants. Quercus ilex seedlings were exposed to a ramp of temperatures of 5°C steps from 25 to 50°C growing with and without limonene fumigation (7.5 µl l−1). Net photosynthetic rates, maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), oxidation state of ascorbic acid, and lipid peroxidation estimated by malondialdehyde concentrations of limonene‐fumigated (LF) plants did not significantly differ from control (C) plants. No consistent changes in emissions of the other monoterpenes, α‐pinene, β‐phellandrene, β‐pinene or β‐myrcene were found. However, slight differences were found in the concentration of antioxidants. The amounts of α‐tocopherol did not change or even tended to decrease at high temperatures in LF plants whereas they tended to increase by approximately 60% at 45 and 50°C relative to 25°C in C plants. Ascorbic acid reached its maximum concentration only at 45°C in LF plants whereas it reached its maximum at 35°C in C plants. β‐Carotene did not decrease at high temperatures in LF plants whereas it decreased by approximately 15% at 45–50°C in C plants. Brown pigment index (BPI), an optical indicator of tissue oxidative processes, was lower in LF plants than in C plants. The photochemical reflectance index (PRI), an optical indicator of photosynthetic light use efficiency, was higher for LF plants than for C plants at elevated temperatures. Visual leaf damage (browning) tended to be less in LF plants than in C plans although not significantly (26.5 ± 8.5 versus 16.2 ± 4.8%). These results show that limonene does not confer clear and strong thermotolerance but might have some minor role. These results are in agreement with previous indications of weaker thermotolerance effect of monoterpenes than of isoprene.
Effects of nitrogen supply on growth, contents of phenolic compounds and pathogen (scab) resistance of apple trees
Authors: Leser Christof , Treutter Dieter
Published: January 2005

The effect of long‐term N‐supply on growth, scab resistance and phenolic compounds in the leaves of two apple cultivars was studied. The different pools of phenylpropanoids (hydroxycinnamic acids, dihydrochalcones) and flavonoids (flavonols, catechins, procyanidins) were quanitfied by HPLC from non‐infected and inoculated leaves representing different ontogenetic stages. Scab incidence was also evaluated. Strictly following the carbon‐nutrient‐balance hypothesis, apple trees responded to high N‐supply with increased shoot growth and with a reduced accumulation of total phenolic compounds in their leaves. This was shown for the cultivar ‘Golden Delicious’, which is susceptible to the scab disease caused by Venturia inaequalis, and for the resistant cultivar ‘Rewena’. Whereas high N‐fertilization increased the susceptibility of ‘Golden Delicious’, it did not decrease the resistance of ‘Rewena’ despite of the pronounced reduction of phenolic concentrations. Thus, a simple C trade off between growth‐related metabolism and secondary metabolism cannot solely explain changes in defensive potential.
Loss‐of‐function mutations in DET2 gene lead to an enhanced resistance to oxidative stress in Arabidopsis
Authors: Cao Shuqing , Xu Qiaoting , Cao Yajun , Qian Kun , An Kun , Zhu Yong , Binzeng Hu , Zhao Huifang , Kuai Benke
Published: January 2005

Brassinosteroids (BRs) play an essential role in plant growth and development, and have been implicated in many physiological responses. However, little is known about the role of BRs in the plant response to oxidative stress. In this study, we identified a novel insertion allele (det2‐9) of the DET2 gene in Arabidopsis based on molecular, physiological and genetic approaches. We found that the det2 mutant exhibited an enhanced resistance to oxidative stress. The enhanced oxidative stress resistance in det2 plants was correlated with a constitutive increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and increased transcript levels of the defence gene catalase (CAT). To our knowledge, these results demonstrate, for the first time, that loss‐of‐function mutations in the DET2 gene lead to an enhanced oxidative stress resistance in Arabidopsis. A general explanation is that the long‐term BR deficiency in the det2 mutant results in a constant in vivo physiological stress that, in turn, activates the constitutive expression of some defence genes and, consequently, the activities of related enzymes.
Protease activities in the chloroplast capable of cleaving an LHCII N‐terminal peptide
Authors: Forsberg Jens , Ström Jörgen , Kieselbach Thomas , Larsson Håkan , Alexciev Krassimir , Engström Åke , Åkerlund Hans‐Erik
Published: January 2005

Two protease activities of pea chloroplasts, one located in the stroma and the other associated to the thylakoid membrane, are described. Both proteases catalyse the endo‐proteolytic cleavage of a peptide corresponding to the N‐terminal loop and the first turn in helix‐B of light‐harvesting complex II (Lhcb1 from pea). The stromal protease cleaves preferentially on the carboxy‐side of glutamic acid residues. Inhibitor studies indicate that this protease is a serine‐type protease. The protease was partially purified and could be correlated to a 95‐kDa polypeptide band on SDS‐polyacrylamide gels. The 95 kDa protein was partially sequenced and showed similarity to an to an ‘unknown protein’ from A. thaliana (in the NCBI public database) as well as to a glutamyl endopeptidase purified from crude extract of cucumber leaves. It is concluded that the stromal protease is a chloroplast glutamyl endopeptidase (cGEP). The protease localized in the thylakoid membrane, cleaved the peptide at only one site, close to its N terminus. The activity of the thylakoid‐associated protease was found to be drastically increased in the presence of the reducing agent 1,4‐dithiothreitol. Inhibitor studies suggest that this protease is a cysteine‐ or serine‐type protease. The possible roles of these proteases in the regulation of photosynthetic electron transport and in the chloroplast homeostasis are discussed.