bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The wild side of a major crop: Soybean's perennial cousins from Down Under
Authors: Sherman‐Broyles Sue , Bombarely Aureliano , Powell Adrian F. , Doyle Jane L. , Egan Ashley N. , Coate Jeremy E. , Doyle Jeff J.
Published: September 2014

The accumulation of over 30 years of basic research on the biology, genetic variation, and evolution of the wild perennial relatives of soybean (Glycine max) provides a foundation to improve cultivated soybean. The cultivated soybean and its wild progenitor, G. soja, have a center of origin in eastern Asia and are the only two species in the annual subgenus Soja. Systematic and evolutionary studies of the ca. 30 perennial species of subgenus Glycine, native to Australia, have benefited from the availability of the G. max genomic sequence. The perennial species harbor many traits of interest to soybean breeders, among them resistance to major soybean pathogens such as cyst nematode and leaf rust. New species in the Australian subgenus continue to be described, due to the collection of new material and to insights gleaned through systematic studies of accessions in germplasm collections. Ongoing studies in perennial species focus on genomic regions that contain genes for key traits relevant to soybean breeding. These comparisons also include the homoeologous regions that are the result of polyploidy in the common ancestor of all Glycine species. Subgenus Glycine includes a complex of recently formed allopolyploids that are the focus of studies aimed at elucidating genomic, transcriptomic, physiological, taxonomic, morphological, developmental, and ecological processes related to polyploid evolution. Here we review what has been learned over the past 30 years and outline ongoing work on photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, and floral biology, much of it drawing on new technologies and resources.
Second generation silver(I)-mediated imidazole base pairs
Authors: Hensel Susanne , Megger Nicole , Schweizer Kristina , Müller Jens
Published: September 2014

The imidazole–Ag(I)–imidazole base pair is one of the best-investigated artificial metal-mediated base pairs. We show here that its stability can be further improved by formally replacing the imidazole moiety by a 2-methylimidazole or 4-methylimidazole moiety. A comparison of the thermal stability of several double helices shows that the addition of one equivalent of Ag(I) leads to a 50% larger increase in the melting temperature when a DNA duplex with methylated imidazole nucleosides is applied. This significant effect can likely be attributed to a better steric shielding of the metal ion within the metal-mediated base pair.
The effect of permodified cyclodextrins encapsulation on the photophysical properties of a polyfluorene with randomly distributed electron-donor and rotaxane electron-acceptor units
Authors: Farcas Aurica , Resmerita Ana-Maria , Aubert Pierre-Henri , Farcas Flavian , Stoica Iuliana , Airinei Anton
Published: September 2014

We report on the synthesis as well as the optical, electrochemical and morphological properties of two polyrotaxanes (4a and 4b), which consist of electron-accepting 9,9-dicyanomethylenefluorene 1 as an inclusion complex in persilylated β- or γ-cyclodextrin (TMS-β-CD, TMS-γ-CD) (1a, 1b) and methyltriphenylamine as an electron-donating molecule. They are statistically distributed into the conjugated chains of 9,9-dioctylfluorene 3 and compared with those of the corresponding non-rotaxane 4 counterpart. Rotaxane formation results in improvements of the solubility, the thermal stability, and the photophysical properties. Polyrotaxanes 4a and 4b exhibited slightly red-shifted absorption bands with respect to the non-rotaxane 4 counterpart. The fluorescence lifetimes of polyrotaxanes follow a mono-exponential decay with a value of τ = 1.14 ns compared with the non-rotaxane, where a bi-exponential decay composed of a main component with a relative short time of τ1 = 0.88 (57.08%) and a minor component with a longer lifetime of τ2 = 1.56 ns (42.92%) were determined. The optical and electrochemical band gaps (ΔEg) as well as the ionization potential and electronic affinity characterized by smaller values compared to the values of any of the constituents. AFM reveals that the film surface of 4a and 4b displays a granular morphology with a lower dispersity supported by a smaller roughness exponent compared with the non-rotaxane counterpart.
Alle radici della percezione
Authors: Di Martino Carla
Published: September 2014

Résumé Dans le De anima, III , Aristote étudie trois opérations sensibles : perception des sensibles communs, aperception, discrimination, que l’on a unifiées sous le nom de théorie du ‘sens commun’, identifiant l’???????? ????? du De anima avec la ????? ??????? des Parva naturalia . Mais ces expressions désignent deux aspects fort différents : la première indique une capacité postérieure à la division de la faculté perceptive en cinq sens, tandis que la seconde est une capacité antérieure et radicale de la perception.
La face cachée de Thomas de Cantimpré
Authors: Berlioz Jacques , Collomb Pascal , Polo de Beaulieu Marie Anne
Published: September 2014

Résumé Le Bonum universale de apibus du dominicain Thomas de Cantimpré, ample recueil de 350 exempla composé entre 1256 et 1263, eut un grand succès au Moyen Age. Henri Platelle en a donné en 1997 une excellente traduction française, malheureusement incomplète (un tiers des récits manque). Pour compléter cette traduction, sont donnés ici les résumés des exempla non traduits, avec renvoi à des sources ou récits parallèles et leur index des matières.
Coordination, intégration, réseaux de services
Authors: Frossard Michel
Published: September 2014

La nécessité d’une coordination de proximité ou d’un travail en réseau ne fait de doute pour personne. En revanche, la définition de cette forme de coopération entre les acteurs, son lien avec d’autres notions proches, mérite une clarification. Il est proposé dans cet article une typologie de la coordination, en plusieurs dimensions : missions, forme d’organisation, relation avec les notions de filière et d’accompagnement. La définition est approchée sous un angle d’analyse économique qui met en évidence la nécessité de dépasser les approches courantes : caractérisées par un contexte d’incertitude; il est proposé de se situer dans une approche dite d’économie des conventions. Quelques implications en découlent alors pour l’établissement des cahiers des charges des projets ou des évaluations quels qu’en soient les initiateurs et promoteurs : CIC, FAQSV, réseaux ville-hôpital, réseaux « Soubie ».
Les clic : un nouvel enfermement des personnes vieillissantes ?
Authors: Ennuyer Bernard
Published: September 2014

Depuis 1999, la nouvelle mode en matière de coordination gérontologique s’appelle le CLIC: centre local d’information et de coordination Le vocable coordination resurgit régulièrement dans le discours politique, comme un mot magique, garant à lui tout seul, de l’efficacité des politiques publiques mises en place en direction des personnes vieillissantes. Notre réflexion se propose d’analyser ce nouveau discours tenu sur la coordination, notamment au travers de la formalisation et de la labellisation imposées aux CLIC par la circulaire ministérielle de mai 2001. Pour nous, cette formalisation imposée aux CLIC est antinomique avec la logique même de la coordination, c’est-à-dire un travail d’ensemble des acteurs professionnels et familiaux avec les personnes vieillissantes permettant à ces dernières de choisir leur mode de vie, quel que soit leur handicap. La formalisation et la labellisation des CLIC nous apparaissent comme un nouvel enfermement des personnes vieillissantes à travers des procédures rigides et par trop formelles d’évaluation, de plan d’aide et de suivi des services, qui de fait risquent fort de déposséder la personne aidée du peu de choix qui lui reste, pour mener sa vie. A cette «coordination» rigide, nous préférons la structure fluide du réseau, quelles que soient ses limites et ses imperfections, réseau qui, d’après notre expérience personnelle, est la forme qui permet le moins mal de préserver cette fameuse «autonomie», tant prônée, du sujet vieillissant.
Addictions, évitement et répétition du traumatisme
Authors: Sinanian Alexandre , Pommier François , Pirlot Gérard , Roques Marjorie
Published: September 2014

La question du lien entre traumatisme et addiction est soulevée depuis les travaux de Ferenczi et fait aujourd’hui l’objet de multiples recherches psychopathologiques, épidémiologiques ou encore neurobiologiques. Dans une perspective psychodynamique et à l’aide de modèles issus de la psychosomatique, nous avons cherché à comprendre en quoi le recours à un objet d’addiction répond, pour le sujet traumatisé, d’un double mouvement. D’un côté, il vise à réduire la détresse psychique, en réprimant et en « éjectant » les affects, ce qui traduit des effets négatifs du traumatisme, de déliaison et de clivage. De l’autre, cette tendance tenterait d’assurer une liaison des excitations vécues en excès, dans un Au-delà du principe de plaisir , répondant à une recherche de réorganisation, un des effets positifs du traumatisme (Freud, 1939). A partir d’un cas clinique, nous verrons en quoi la conduite addictive viendrait répéter, au niveau du corps et non de la psyché, une expérience à nouveau « traumatique » où le sujet peut cette fois-ci en être l’acteur et non l’objet.
Enjeux de la pratique de la psychothérapie en prison
Authors: Thiry Benjamin , Thiriez Clara
Published: September 2014

L’intervention psychologique auprès de personnes incarcérées est prévue par la loi mais constitue une pratique psychothérapeutique atypique. Notre étude vise à dégager les particularités de cette pratique. Nous avons rencontré quatre psychologues travaillant dans des services d’aide aux justiciables bruxellois. L’Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) nous a permis de dégager trois grand thèmes : le caractère atypique de la demande psychologique en prison, l’articulation difficile entre les enjeux sécuritaires et thérapeutiques et les caractéristiques sociologiques et psychologiques de la population carcérale. Nous proposons une réflexion sur le statut de la psychothérapie en milieu médico-légal.
Ligation of TLR5 Promotes Myeloid Cell Infiltration and Differentiation into Mature Osteoclasts in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Experimental Arthritis
Authors: Kim Seung-jae , Chen Zhenlong , Chamberlain Nathan D. , Essani Abdul B. , Volin Michael V. , Amin M. Asif , Volkov Suncica , Gravallese Ellen M. , Arami Shiva , Swedler William , Lane Nancy E. , Mehta Anjali , Sweiss Nadera , Shahrara Shiva
Published: September 2014

Our aim was to examine the impact of TLR5 ligation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and experimental arthritis pathology. Studies were conducted to investigate the role of TLR5 ligation on RA and mouse myeloid cell chemotaxis or osteoclast formation, and in addition, to uncover the significance of TNF-α function in TLR5-mediated pathogenesis. Next, the in vivo mechanism of action was determined in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and local joint TLR5 ligation models. Last, to evaluate the importance of TLR5 function in RA, we used anti-TLR5 Ab therapy in CIA mice. We show that TLR5 agonist, flagellin, can promote monocyte infiltration and osteoclast maturation directly through myeloid TLR5 ligation and indirectly via TNF-α production from RA and mouse cells. These two identified TLR5 functions are potentiated by TNF-α, because inhibition of both pathways can more strongly impair RA synovial fluid–driven monocyte migration and osteoclast differentiation compared with each factor alone. In preclinical studies, flagellin postonset treatment in CIA and local TLR5 ligation in vivo provoke homing and osteoclastic development of myeloid cells, which are associated with the TNF-α cascade. Conversely, CIA joint inflammation and bone erosion are alleviated when TLR5 function is blocked. We found that TLR5 and TNF-α pathways are interconnected, because TNF-α is produced by TLR5 ligation in RA myeloid cells, and anti–TNF-α therapy can markedly suppress TLR5 expression in RA monocytes. Our novel findings demonstrate that a direct and an indirect mechanism are involved in TLR5-driven RA inflammation and bone destruction.
Inflammation Conditions Mature Dendritic Cells To Retain the Capacity To Present New Antigens but with Altered Cytokine Secretion Function
Authors: Vega-Ramos Javier , Roquilly Antoine , Zhan Yifan , Young Louise J. , Mintern Justine D. , Villadangos Jose A.
Published: September 2014

Dendritic cells (DCs) are directly activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and undergo maturation. Mature DCs express high levels of MHC class II molecules (“signal 1”), upregulate T cell costimulatory receptors (“signal 2”), and secrete “signal 3” cytokines (e.g., IL-12). Mature DCs efficiently present Ags linked to the activating PAMP and prime naive T cells. However, mature DCs downregulate MHC II synthesis, which prevents them from presenting newly encountered Ags. DCs can also be indirectly activated by inflammatory mediators released during infection (e.g., IFN). Indirectly activated DCs mature but do not present pathogen Ags (as they have not encountered the pathogen) and do not provide signal 3. Therefore, although they are probably generated in large numbers upon infection or vaccination, indirectly activated DCs are considered to play little or no role in T cell immunity. In this article, we show that indirectly activated DCs retain their capacity to present Ags encountered after maturation in vivo. They can also respond to PAMPs, but the previous encounter of inflammatory signals alters their cytokine (signal 3) secretion pattern. This implies that the immune response elicited by a PAMP is more complex than predicted by the examination of the immunogenic features of directly activated DCs, and that underlying inflammatory processes can skew the immune response against pathogens. Our observations have important implications for the design of vaccines and for the understanding of the interactions between simultaneous infections, or of infection in the context of ongoing sterile inflammation.
STAT1 Signaling Is Essential for Protection against Cryptococcus neoformans Infection in Mice
Authors: Leopold Wager Chrissy M. , Hole Camaron R. , Wozniak Karen L. , Olszewski Michal A. , Wormley Floyd L.
Published: September 2014

Nonprotective immune responses to highly virulent Cryptococcus neoformans strains, such as H99, are associated with Th2-type cytokine production, alternatively activated macrophages, and inability of the host to clear the fungus. In contrast, experimental studies show that protective immune responses against cryptococcosis are associated with Th1-type cytokine production and classical macrophage activation. The protective response induced during C. neoformans strain H99γ (C. neoformans strain H99 engineered to produce murine IFN-γ) infection correlates with enhanced phosphorylation of the transcription factor STAT1 in macrophages; however, the role of STAT1 in protective immunity to C. neoformans is unknown. The current studies examined the effect of STAT1 deletion in murine models of protective immunity to C. neoformans. Survival and fungal burden were evaluated in wild-type and STAT1 knockout (KO) mice infected with either strain H99γ or C. neoformans strain 52D (unmodified clinical isolate). Both strains H99γ and 52D were rapidly cleared from the lungs, did not disseminate to the CNS, or cause mortality in the wild-type mice. Conversely, STAT1 KO mice infected with H99γ or 52D had significantly increased pulmonary fungal burden, CNS dissemination, and 90–100% mortality. STAT1 deletion resulted in a shift from Th1 to Th2 cytokine bias, pronounced lung inflammation, and defective classical macrophage activation. Pulmonary macrophages from STAT1 KO mice exhibited defects in NO production correlating with inefficient inhibition of fungal proliferation. These studies demonstrate that STAT1 signaling is essential not only for regulation of immune polarization but also for the classical activation of macrophages that occurs during protective anticryptococcal immune responses.
IL-18 Synergizes with IL-7 To Drive Slow Proliferation of Naive CD8 T Cells by Costimulating Self-Peptide–Mediated TCR Signals
Authors: Walsh Matthew C. , Pearce Erika L. , Cejas Pedro J. , Lee JangEun , Wang Li-San , Choi Yongwon
Published: September 2014

Naive T cell populations are maintained in the periphery at relatively constant levels via mechanisms that control expansion and contraction and are associated with competition for homeostatic cytokines. It has been shown that in a lymphopenic environment naive T cells undergo expansion due, at least in part, to additional availability of IL-7. We have previously found that T cell–intrinsic deletion of TNFR-associated factor (TRAF) 6 (TRAF6ΔT) in mice results in diminished peripheral CD8 T cell numbers. In this study, we report that whereas naive TRAF6ΔT CD8 T cells exhibit normal survival when transferred into a normal T cell pool, proliferation of naive TRAF6ΔT CD8 T cells under lymphopenic conditions is defective. We identified IL-18 as a TRAF6–activating factor capable of enhancing lymphopenia-induced proliferation (LIP) in vivo, and that IL-18 synergizes with high-dose IL-7 in a TRAF6-dependent manner to induce slow, LIP/homeostatic-like proliferation of naive CD8 T cells in vitro. IL-7 and IL-18 act synergistically to upregulate expression of IL-18R genes, thereby enhancing IL-18 activity. In this context, IL-18R signaling increases PI3K activation and was found to sensitize naive CD8 T cells to a model noncognate self-peptide ligand in a way that conventional costimulation via CD28 could not. We propose that synergistic sensitization by IL-7 and IL-18 to self-peptide ligand may represent a novel costimulatory pathway for LIP.
IL-1R1 Signaling Regulates CXCL12-Mediated T Cell Localization and Fate within the Central Nervous System during West Nile Virus Encephalitis
Authors: Durrant Douglas M. , Daniels Brian P. , Klein Robyn S.
Published: September 2014

Immune cell entry into the virally infected CNS is vital for promoting viral clearance yet may contribute to neuropathology if not rigorously regulated. We previously showed that signaling through IL-1R1 is critical for effector T cell reactivation and virologic control within the CNS during murine West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis. WNV-infected IL-1R1−/− mice also display increased parenchymal penetration of CD8+ T cells despite lack of CD4-mediated full activation, suggesting dysregulation of molecular components of CNS immune privilege. In this study, we show that IL-1 signaling regulates the CNS entry of virus-specific lymphocytes, promoting protective immune responses to CNS viral infections that limit immunopathology. Analysis of blood–brain barrier function in the WNV-infected IL-1R1−/− mice revealed no alterations in permeability. However, parenchymal proinflammatory chemokine expression, including CCL2, CCL5, and CXCL10, was significantly upregulated, whereas microvasculature CXCL12 expression was significantly decreased in the absence of IL-1 signaling. We show that during WNV infection, CD11b+CD45hi infiltrating cells (macrophages) are the primary producers of IL-1β within the CNS and, through the use of an in vitro blood–brain barrier model, that IL-1β promotes CXCR4-mediated T cell adhesion to brain microvasculature endothelial cells. Of interest, IFNγ+ and CD69+ WNV-primed T cells were able to overcome CXCL12-mediated adhesion via downregulation of CXCR4. These data indicate that infiltrating IL-1β–producing leukocytes contribute to cellular interactions at endothelial barriers that impart protective CNS inflammation by regulating the parenchymal entry of CXCR4+ virus-specific T cells during WNV infection.
Liturgical inculturation or liberation? A qualitative exploration of major themes in liturgical reform in South Africa
Authors: Wepener Cas
Published: September 2014

In this article, the notion of liturgical inculturation is revisited in the light of qualitative liturgical research conducted in local faith communities as well as with church leaders in South Africa regarding liturgical reform over recent decades. Two central themes were identified as representing important changes that occurred and are still occurring in the liturgy in South Africa roughly since Vatican II and the promulgation of Sacrosanctum Concilium. They are referred to here as ‘the language of women’ and ‘the language of justice’. The concept of liturgical inculturation is revisited in the light of the ways in which these two ‘languages’ function and functioned in the liturgies of churches in South Africa. In conclusion, an argument is advanced for a more comprehensive understanding of the notion of liturgical inculturation in order to assist the liturgy to regain its prophetic voice in South Africa today.
Molecular Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria in Eschars from Acute Febrile Patients, Senegal
Authors: Mediannikov Oleg , Socolovschi Cristina , Million Matthieu , Sokhna Cheikh , Bassene Hubert , Diatta Georges , Fenollar Florence , Raoult Didier
Published: September 2014

Fever caused by Rickettsia felis was recently shown to play an important role in infectious diseases morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa. We collected 68 cotton swabs from fever-associated eschars in four different regions of Senegal. In 5 of 68 eschar samples (7.4%), we have identified DNA from R. felis. In 49 of 68 eschar samples (72.1%), we have identified DNA from Staphylococcus aureus. In 35 of 68 eschar samples (51.5%), we have identified DNA from Streptococcus pyogenes, and in 4 of 68 eschar samples (5.9%), we have identified DNA from Streptococcus pneumoniae. In 34 cases, S. aureus was found together with S. pyogenes. DNA from R. felis was also found in swabs from the skin of the healthy Senegalese villagers (3 of 60; 5%) but not French urbanites. The presence of S. aureus and S. pyogenes was significantly associated with the presence of eschars in febrile patients compared with the healthy skin from the control group. Finally, we confirmed that Senegal is an endemic region for R. felis, which is found in both eschars and healthy skin swabs.
Viability of Leptospira Isolates from a Human Outbreak in Thailand in Various Water Types, pH, and Temperature Conditions
Authors: Stoddard Robyn A. , Bui Duy , Haberling Dana L. , Wuthiekanun Vanaporn , Thaipadungpanit Janjira , Hoffmaster Alex R.
Published: September 2014

Leptospira spp. isolated from patients during a multiyear outbreak in Thailand were genotyped using multilocus sequence typing and a majority were identified as ST34, especially in earlier years. We tested whether ST34 isolates were better adapted to survive in various pH levels, temperatures, and water sources. Motility and growth were monitored over a 12-week period. Early year ST34 isolates did not appear to have a significant fitness advantage over non-ST34, however, this may have been because a majority of the isolates survived to the termination of the study, with the exception being at high temperature (37°C) and/or basic pH (8.65). Failure to detect a significant fitness advantage of ST34 may be a result of the length of the study or the small sample size. Lengthening the study and looking at virulence and maintenance in the host could yield additional information about this outbreak.
Micronutrients and Dengue
Authors: Ahmed Sundus , Finkelstein Julia L. , Stewart Anna M. , Kenneth John , Polhemus Mark E. , Endy Timothy P. , Cardenas Washington , Mehta Saurabh
Published: September 2014

Dengue virus infection is the most widespread mosquito-borne viral infection in humans and has emerged as a serious global health challenge. In the absence of effective treatment and vaccine, host factors including nutritional status, which may alter disease progression, need investigation. The interplay between nutrition and other infections is well-established, and modulation of nutritional status often presents a simple low-cost method of interrupting transmission, reducing susceptibility, and/or ameliorating disease severity. This review examines the evidence on the role of micronutrients in dengue virus infection. We found critical issues and often inconsistent results across studies; this finding along with the lack of sufficient literature in this field have limited our ability to make any recommendations. However, vitamins D and E have shown promise in small supplementation trials. In summary, the role of micronutrients in dengue virus infection is an exciting research area and needs to be examined in well-designed studies with larger samples.
Fascioliasis and Eosinophilia in the Highlands of Cuzco, Peru and Their Association with Water and Socioeconomic Factors
Authors: Cabada Miguel M. , Goodrich Mary R. , Graham Brittany , Villanueva-Meyer Pablo G. , Lopez Martha , Arque Eulogia , White A. Clinton
Published: September 2014

There are limited data about the epidemiology of fascioliasis in Cuzco, Peru. We studied children 3–12 years old from six communities in the highlands of Cuzco to evaluate the epidemiology of fascioliasis; 227 children were included, one-half were female, the mean age was 7.5 (±2.6) years, and 46.2±% had one or more parasites, including Fasciola (9.7%), Ascaris (12.8%), Hymenolepis (9.3%), Trichuris (1.3%), hookworm (1.8%), Strongyloides (0.9%), and Giardia (27.8%). Fasciola was associated with the number of siblings in the household, drinking untreated water, and giardiasis. Eosinophilia was encountered in 21% of children and more common in those drinking untreated water at home and those infected with a parasite, but the differences were not significant. Eating water plants was not associated with Fasciola or eosinophilia. Fascioliasis and eosinophilia were common in the highlands of Cuzco. Fascioliasis was associated with socioeconomic factors and drinking water.
Sporotrichosis from the Northern Territory of Australia
Authors: Subedi Shradha , Kidd Sarah E. , Baird Robert W. , Coatsworth Nicholas , Ralph Anna P.
Published: September 2014

We report three cases of lymphocutaneous infection caused by the thermally dimorphic fungus, Sporothrix schenckii from Australia's tropical Northern Territory. Two cases were acquired locally, making them the first to be reported from this region. All three cases presented with ulceration in the limb; however, the classical sporotrichoid spread was present only in the first two cases. Their occurrence within several weeks of each other was suggestive of a common source of environmental contamination such as hay used as garden mulch. Diagnoses were delayed in each case, with each patient having substantial exposure to ineffective antibiotics before the correct diagnosis was made. These cases bring the total number of reported sporotrichosis cases in Australia since 1951 to 199. Lessons from these cases are to consider the diagnosis of sporotrichosis in lesions of typical appearance, even in geographical settings from where this pathogen has not previously been reported.
On the wintertime low bias of Northern Hemisphere carbon monoxide found in global model simulations
Authors: Stein O. , Schultz M. G. , Bouarar I. , Clark H. , Huijnen V. , Gaudel A. , George M. , Clerbaux C.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Despite the developments in the global modelling of chemistry and of the parameterization of the physical processes, carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations remain underestimated during Northern Hemisphere (NH) winter by most state-of-the-art chemistry transport models. The consequential model bias can in principle originate from either an underestimation of CO sources or an overestimation of its sinks. We address both the role of surface sources and sinks with a series of MOZART (Model for Ozone And Related Tracers) model sensitivity studies for the year 2008 and compare our results to observational data from ground-based stations, satellite observations, and vertical profiles from measurements on passenger aircraft. In our base case simulation using MACCity (Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate project) anthropogenic emissions, the near-surface CO mixing ratios are underestimated in the Northern Hemisphere by more than 20 ppb from December to April, with the largest bias of up to 75 ppb over Europe in January. An increase in global biomass burning or biogenic emissions of CO or volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is not able to reduce the annual course of the model bias and yields concentrations over the Southern Hemisphere which are too high. Raising global annual anthropogenic emissions with a simple scaling factor results in overestimations of surface mixing ratios in most regions all year round. Instead, our results indicate that anthropogenic CO and, possibly, VOC emissions in the MACCity inventory are too low for the industrialized countries only during winter and spring. Reasonable agreement with observations can only be achieved if the CO emissions are adjusted seasonally with regionally varying scaling factors. A part of the model bias could also be eliminated by exchanging the original resistance-type dry deposition scheme with a parameterization for CO uptake by oxidation from soil bacteria and microbes, which reduces the boreal winter dry deposition fluxes. The best match to surface observations, satellite retrievals, and aircraft observations was achieved when the modified dry deposition scheme was combined with increased wintertime road traffic emissions over Europe and North America (factors up to 4.5 and 2, respectively). One reason for the apparent underestimation of emissions may be an exaggerated downward trend in the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario in these regions between 2000 and 2010, as this scenario was used to extrapolate the MACCity emissions from their base year 2000. This factor is potentially amplified by a lack of knowledge about the seasonality of emissions. A methane lifetime of 9.7 yr for our basic model and 9.8 yr for the optimized simulation agrees well with current estimates of global OH, but we cannot fully exclude a potential effect from errors in the geographical and seasonal distribution of OH concentrations on the modelled CO.
Self-breeding: a new method to estimate local Lyapunov structures
Authors: Keller J. D. , Hense A.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. We present a new approach to estimate local Lyapunov vectors. The so called self-breeding method is based on the breeding of growing modes technique from medium range weather forecasting and consists of a continuous forecasting and rescaling cycle. Using the Lorenz96 model we test and characterize the behavior of the algorithm regarding error growth, spatial perturbation structure estimates and orthogonalization. The results indicate that the method can be used to generate error growing modes optimized for a certain rescaling interval, thus enabling the user to target specific scales of error growth. When an additional orthogonalization procedure is applied, the method is able to produce structures representing the error growth subspace spanned by the largest Lyapunov vectors.
ESTUDO FARMACOBOTÂNICO DAS FOLHAS DE MOMORDICA CHARANTIA L. (CUCURBITACEAE)
Authors: Coutinho Denise Fernandes , Florêncio Janiel Catunda , Aguiar Laudimar Dos Reis , Rodrigues Klinger Antonio Da Franca , Vilanova Crisálida Machado , Borba Elizabeth Regina de Castro
Published: September 2014

Momordica charantia L. é uma trepadeira pentencente à família Cucurbitaceae e conhecida no Brasil principalmente por melão-de-são-caetano. Na medicina popular, é empregada no tratamento do diabetes, lesões cutâneas, Apresenta propriedades febrífugas, cicatrizante e anti-reumática, sendo utilizada pela população principalmente como antidiabética. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar caracteres morfo-anatômicos de folhas dessa espécie a fim de contribuir para o controle de qualidade farmacognóstico do vegetal.  A descrição morfológica foi realizada a vista desarmada e com auxílio de estreomicroscópio. Para a morfodiagnose microscópicas, secções transversais da lâmina e pecíolo e paradérmicas da lâmina foram coradas com fucsina básica e azul de Astra e analisadas em microscópio óptico. As folhas mostraram ser simples, membranáceas e orbiculares. O pecíolo apresentou colênquima angular e feixe vascular bicolateral. A região do limbo tem mesófilo dorsiventral e nervura central de contorno biconvexo com feixes bicolaterais e colaterais. Estruturas secretoras, tricomas tectores e glandulares e drusas de oxalato de cálcio estão presentes nas folhas.
ESTUDO DA INFLUÊNCIA DE JUSTICIA ACUMINATISSIMA (MIQ.) BREMEK. SOBRE A AGREGAÇÃO PLAQUETÁRIA E COAGULAÇÃO SANGUÍNEA
Authors: Verdam Maria Christina Dos Santos , Ohana Débora Teixeira , Pereira Maria De Meneses , Dias Josiane F. G.
Published: September 2014

Justicia acuminatissima (Miq.) Bremek (Acanthaceae) é uma espécie vegetal amplamente utilizada pela população do estado do Amazonas devido às suas propriedades medicinais antiinflamatórias. É conhecida popularmente como “sara-tudo” e suas folhas são utilizadas em decoctos, infusões e macerações. Baseado em relatos de seu uso, o presente trabalho avaliou a interferência da preparação extrativa das folhas obtida por maceração aquosa sobre agregação plaquetária e coagulação sanguínea. Nenhuma influência significativa estatisticamente foi observada sobre as duas cascatas, não sendo possível calcular o IC 50.
PÃO DE MEL ENRIQUECIDO COM FIBRA ALIMENTAR
Authors: Possamai Thamy Nakashima , Waszczynskyj Nina , Possamai João Carlos
Published: September 2014

A importância das fibras alimentares foi reconhecida na década de 1970. Após estudos na África, Dr. Burkitt observou que o consumo de fibras prevenia diversas doenças comuns nas populações dos países ocidentais desenvolvidos acostumados a alimentos pobres em fibras. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar a aplicação de farelo de trigo, farinha de linhaça, aveia em flocos finos e farinha de soja adicionadas à farinha de trigo na elaboração do pão de mel como fontes de fibra alimentar. Elaborou-se o pão de mel com diferentes tipos de fibra alimentar em um nível de substituição de 20% de farinha de trigo por fibra alimentar. Estes produtos foram testados sensorialmente. Nos selecionados aplicou-se análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas segundo a metodologia da AOAC (2000). A linhaça e o farelo de trigo foram preferidos em relação às outras fibras testadas. A análise química comprovou o potencial do farelo de trigo e da linhaça no enriquecimento do pão de mel com fibra alimentar tornando um produto com alto teor de fibras. O pão de mel enriquecido com farelo de trigo apresentou 6,04% de fibra alimentar e com linhaça, 8,23%; ambos em base seca.
REFLEXÃO CRÍTICA E PROPOSTA DE PREVENÇÃO O USO INDEVIDO DE DROGAS EM CASAS LARES
Authors: Nunes P. M. P , Zielak J. C. , Zielak M. C. , Hayashi D. , Camargo M. R. , Miyazaki C. M. S. , Campos P. M.
Published: September 2014

O objetivo principal deste estudo foi fazer uma reflexão crítica, enfatizar e avaliar a abordagem lúdico-educativa como estratégia na prevenção do uso indevido de drogas entre crianças e adolescentes institucionalizados. Foram abordadas as definições básicas sobre drogas e seus efeitos, os pontos chaves dos problemas e conseqüências no uso indevido de drogas e capacitação dos educadores e profissionais em relação à prevenção ao uso indevido de drogas. Desta forma foi possível verificar baseado em observações e dados coletados do lar dos meninos e meninas e funcionários das instituições a ocorrência ou não do consumo de drogas anteriores e posteriores à entrada no lar e o impacto social por elas causada. A metodologia do lúdico foi escolhida pelo fato de ser uma atividade dinâmica, por proporcionar discussão e reflexão educativa, e desta forma possibilitou demonstrar a realidade na utilização do uso de drogas e a melhora na qualidade de vida após deixar o vício. Vale ressaltar que uma simples utilização de técnicas e atividades lúdicas não é o bastante para atingir o estado esperado na prevenção no uso indevido de drogas. É necessária uma educação continuada e avaliações das atividades já utilizadas. Um ponto importante na prevenção é desenvolver atividades em que predomina a valorização da vida, ao contrário de muitas técnicas errôneas que associam as imagens das drogas e da prevenção à concepção negativas.
ATIVIDADE DO EXTRATO, FRAÇÕES E SUBSTÂNCIAS ISOLADAS DAS CASCAS DE Geissospermum vellosii ALLEMÃO (APOCYNACEAE) SOBRE Artemia salina LEACH
Authors: Dias Josiane F. G. , Kalegari Milena , Miguel Marilis D. , Zanin Sandra M. W. , Lordello Ana Luisa L. , Santos Luciana M. dos , Sens Rafaele C. V. , Wunder Paulo R. , Miguel Obdulio G.
Published: September 2014

O extrato, frações e substâncias isoladas das cascas de G. vellosii foram submetidos ao teste de bioatividade sobre A. salina. Os dados foram analisados pelo método Probitos e determinados os valores de DL50 e 95% de intervalos de confiança. As amostras foram consideradas ativas quando DL50 < 1000 µg.mL-1. Todas as amostras testadas demonstraram bioatividade contra A. salina, destacando-se F4 e F9, as quais apresentaram valores de DL50 de 7,60 e 29,48 µg.mL-1, respectivamente. Os resultados demonstram o potencial biotecnológico da espécie, pois segundo literatura este bioensaio pode ser utilizado como avaliação prévia de possível atividade antitumoral
AVALIAÇÃO DA ATIVIDADE ANTIULCEROGÊNICA DE Hamamelis virginiana L. E Sambucus australis Cham. & Schltdl.
Authors: Maria M. D. , Dudek D. N. , Tonete T. L. , Jorge T. C. M. , Sanches A. C. C.
Published: September 2014

Úlcera é um tipo de inflamação que afeta um considerável número de pessoas no mundo, como muitas recorrem às plantas como um cuidado primário de saúde torna-se importante a realização de estudos sobre as mesmas. As plantas possuem componentes capazes de exercer ações farmacológicas. Já foram descritas para Hamamelis virginiana L. ação antiviral, antibacteriana, antiinflamatória, antioxidante. Enquanto para Sambucus australis Cham. & Schltdl. são conhecidas ações antiinflamatórias e antioxidantes, tendo grande popularidade no tratamento sintomático de moléstias eruptivas, gripes e resfriados. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antiulcerogênica dos extratos brutos de H. virginiana L. e S. australis Cham. & Schltdl., frente ao modelo de úlcera induzido por etanol, em ratos. O tratamento realizado foi de caráter preventivo, no qual se administrou cimetidina 100mg/Kg (controle positivo), água destilada (controle negativo), H. virginiana L. 100 e 200mg/Kg, S. australis Cham. & Schltdl. 150 e 200mg/Kg, posteriormente a úlcera foi induzida. . Dos extratos avaliados apenas H. virginiana L. apresentou atividade antiulcerogênica significativa (p<0,05), S. australis Cham. & Schltdl. não apresentou a mesma atividade, porém mostrou uma tendência à ação anti-edematogênico na dose de 150mg/Kg.
DETERMINAÇÃO DE GENISTEÍNA E GENISTINA POR ESPECTROFOTOMETRIA DE UV-VISÍVEL EM EXTRATOS SECOS DE SOJA UTILIZADOS COMO MATÉRIA-PRIMA EM FARMÁCIAS DE MANIPULAÇÃO
Authors: Nissola Candida , Heiss Bianca , Francisco Thais Guimarães de , Gasparetto João Cleverson , Campos Francinete Ramos , Pontarolo Roberto
Published: September 2014

As isoflavonas são predominantemente encontradas em leguminosas e mais abundantes na soja. Estas são fitoestrógenos que mimetizam a ação do estradiol, porém com menor intensidade e tem sido utilizadas principalmente na terapia de reposição hormonal. Genisteína, daidzeína e gliciteína são as agliconas mais abundantes nos extratos de soja, ocorrendo também como glicosídeos. Neste contexto, a genisteína é considerada a isoflavona com maior atividade estrogênica, sendo que sua quantidade pode variar devido à influência de diversos fatores. Portanto, sua determinação em extratos de soja é importante uma vez que o conteúdo individual de isoflavonas pode ter implicações na atividade biológica. No presente trabalho foi avaliado o teor de genisteína+genistina em dez amostras de extratos secos de soja utilizados como matéria-prima em farmácias de manipulação. O método utilizado foi o doseamento por UV-VIS após reação com cloreto de alumínio. Os resultados demonstraram que há uma considerável variação na concentração de genisteína+genistina entre os diferentes lotes de extrato seco e que 62,5% das amostras apresentaram teores aproximados dos valores declarados nos certificados de análises, demonstrando a necessidade de padronização de isoflavonas individuais nestas matérias-primas. O método utilizado se mostrou simples e rápido para a avaliação dos teores de genisteína+genistina de extratos secos de soja comercializados em farmácias de manipulação.
TESTES IN VITRO E IN VIVO UTILIZADOS NA TRIAGEM TOXICOLÓGICA DE PRODUTOS NATURAIS
Authors: Bednarczuk V. O. , Verdam M. C. S. , Miguel M. D. , Miguel O. G.
Published: September 2014

A utilização de plantas pela população tem apresentado um notável aumento. Além disso, o interesse das indústrias e institutos de pesquisa também aumentou. Dessa maneira, se faz necessário a triagem toxicológica das espécies. Estudos toxicológicos in vitro se tornam uma opção na triagem em busca de plantas que possuam efeitos tóxicos, além de diminuir custos, obter respostas rápidas e colaborar com o principio dos 3erres (redução, refinamento e substituição). Neste trabalho testes de toxicidade in vitro e in vivo são discutidos. Estão relacionados testes in vitro e/ou alternativos que visam a identificação preliminar de plantas com potencial efeito tóxico e permitem a redução dos animais utilizados na experimentação.
COMPARAÇÃO ENTRE OS PERFIS DE LIBERAÇÃO DE AZUL DE METILENO A PARTIR DE MICROPARTÍCULAS DE ALGINATO-QUITOSANA EM PH ÁCIDO
Authors: Fujiwara G. M. , A. G. T. , Fin M. T. , Sasso D. G. B. , Tiberio C. C. , Miguel M. D. , Zanin S. M. W.
Published: September 2014

A utilização de alginato de sódio como biopolímero formador de micropartículas vêm sendo largamente estudada e investigada para obtenção de formas farmacêuticas de liberação controlada. Neste trabalho avaliou-se o perfil de liberação do azul de metileno de micropartículas deste polímero, preparadas por reticulação iônica com quitosana, com a presença ou não de sódio, em tampão ácido clorídrico pH 1,5, considerando o azul de metileno como modelo de princípio ativo de baixo peso molecular.
HEPATITE B CRÔNICA: UMA REVISÃO SOBRE OS ASPECTOS CLÍNICOS E TERAPÊUTICOS
Authors: Wiens Astrid , Correr Cassyano Januário , Pontarolo Roberto
Published: September 2014

A hepatite B crônica (HBC) atinge cerca de 1% da população brasileira, sendo seu curso afetado principalmente pelo nível de replicação viral e pela resposta imune do organismo, podendo ser dividida em diferentes fases. Na fase após a transmissão perinatal não é indicado tratamento, pois é assintomática. Na fase imunoativa ocorre uma replicação viral pronunciada, com destruição dos hepatócitos pelo sistema imune. Nessa fase os pacientes devem ser tratados até que ocorra a soroconversão, caracterizada principalmente pela negativação do HBeAg e diminuição nos níveis de HBV-DNA. Os tratamentos atualmente utilizados no Brasil, conforme protocolo clínico para o tratamento da HBC são o interferon alfa (convencional ou peguilado), e os análogos nucleosídeos lamivudina, entecavir, adefovir dipivoxil e tenofovir. Os análogos nucleosídeos agem através da inibição das polimerases virais, enquanto que o interferon alfa age inibindo a síntese do DNA viral, além da sua ação imunomoduladora. Cabe ao clínico a escolha do tratamento, sendo que qualquer um destes pode ser utilizado como primeira escolha. É essencial acompanhar o paciente e avaliar a resposta viral à terapia utilizada.
PROPRIEDADES FITOTERÁPICAS DA ROMÃ (Punica granatum L.)
Authors: Degaspari Cláudia Helena , Dutra Ana Paula Chaves
Published: September 2014

O uso de plantas medicinais com finalidades fitoterápicas é milenar, e nos últimos anos, com apoio da Organização Mundial de Saúde, as pesquisas científicas estão evoluindo e seu emprego, valor e aceitação tanto popular quanto pela Ciência tem aumentado significativamente. Esse tipo de terapia alternativa vem sendo procurado para prevenção e combate a doenças, pois apresentam baixo custo e fácil acesso. Dentre as plantas com propriedades fitoterápicas, que será abordada nesta revisão, encontra-se a romã (Punica granatum L.). Diversas propriedades terapêuticas atribuídas à romãzeira pela crença popular vêm sendo investigadas e inúmeros trabalhos científicos estão disponíveis na literatura corroborando o seu uso popular, como por exemplo, com ações: antiinflamatória, antimicrobiana e antioxidante. São descritos nesta revisão bibliográfica, diversos experimentos publicados em artigos no período compreendido de 2008 a 2010 que demonstram a multifuncionalidade desta fruta como fitoterápico.
ESTUDO DAS PRESCRIÇÕES DE ANOREXÍGENOS DISPENSADOS EM UMA FARMÁCIA COM MANIPULAÇÃO DE CASCAVEL-PR
Authors: Hennin Katiana , Wiens Astrid , Sanches Andreia Cristina C.
Published: September 2014

A obesidade é uma doença crônica e progressiva, definida por um excesso de tecido adiposo devido a um desequilíbrio do balanço entre a ingestão calórica e o gasto energético de um indivíduo. Atualmente, atinge 35% da população brasileira adulta. Atualmente, no Brasil, os medicamentos disponíveis para o tratamento da obesidade podem ser classificados em: catecolaminérgicos, serotoninérgicos e catecolaminérgicos e inibidores de absorção de gorduras. O presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar as prescrições de anorexígenos dispensados em uma farmácia com manipulação em Cascavel-PR. Foram coletadas as prescrições dos medicamentos anorexígenos, referentes às substâncias da Lista B conforme Portaria SVS/MS nº 344 de 12 de maio de 1998, retidas em uma Farmácia com Manipulação do município de Cascavel-Paraná, durante os meses de maio e junho de 2008 e avaliadas quanto a: sexo do paciente, medicamento prescrito, concentração prescrita do medicamento e especialidade do profissional prescritor. Avaliaram-se 448 prescrições, das quais 393 (88%) correspondem a usuários do sexo feminino e apenas 55 (12%) representam usuários do sexo masculino. Das 448 prescrições, 59,60% (267) foram emitidas por endocrinologistas seguidos por anestesistas 15,40% (69) e clínico geral 10,71% (48). Constatou-se que o medicamento mais utilizado foi o femproporex 52,90 % (237), seguido da anfepramona 26,56% (119) e da sibutramina 20,30% (91). Observou-se que alguns medicamentos foram prescritos com uma subdosagem, privando o paciente de um tratamento adequado. O tratamento da obesidade deve necessariamente envolver mudanças de estilo de vida, de hábito alimentar, o aumento da atividade física e eventualmente o uso de algumas medicações.
MEDICAMENTO E O USO OFF LABEL
Authors: Paula Cristiane Da Silva , Miguel Obdulio Gomes , Miguel Marilis Dallarmi
Published: September 2014

RESUMOO uso off label é quando um medicamento é utilizado para uma indicação diferente daquela que foi autorizada pelo órgão regulatório de medicamentos em um país, e para as quais não existem bases científicas adequadas. È o uso para uma indicação terapêutica não descrita em bula podendo também estar relacionado ao uso do medicamento em uma faixa etária diferente da recomendada. Algumas publicações fazem referências às justificativas e consequências do uso off label dos medicamentos, além de propostas para a regulamentação do uso
Pré-textuais
Authors: Acadêmica Visão
Published: September 2014

Revista Visão Acadêmica. Curitiba, volume 12, número 2, Julho/Dezembro de 2011. Dados gerais (sítio e endereço eletrônico). Indexadores, Outras fontes, Expediente.