bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plateau Iris Configuration and Dark–light Changes in Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Ulaganathan Sekar , Ganeshrao Shonraj Ballae , Baskaran Mani , Srinivasan Sangeetha , Shantha Ballekudru , Vijaya Lingam
Published: March 2010

The angle opening distance (AOD) was analyzed using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (ASOCT) in dark–light conditions in 14 convex iris configuration (CIC) and 12 plateau iris configuration (PIC) patients. AOD500 measured in dark and bright conditions in nasal quadrants were 0.156 ± 0.072 µm; 0.186 ± 0.084 µm for CIC (
P
= .025) and 0.177 ± 0.121 µm; 0.186 ± 0.116 µm for PIC (
P
= .38). AOD750 in dark and bright conditions in nasal quadrants were 0.235 ± 0.082 µm; 0.280 ± 0.097 µm for CIC (
P
= .000) and 0.294 ± 0.181 µm; 0.306 ± 0.172 µm for PIC. PIC showed no significant difference in the dynamic changes, whereas the nasal quadrant in CIC showed significant changes. The AOD parameters from ASOCT can be used to analyze the dark–light changes of the anterior chamber angle to differentiate between CIC and PICs.
Foster Kennedy Syndrome in a Case with Retinitis Pigmentosa
Authors: Yeh Wei-Yi , Cheng Cheng-Kuo , Peng Pai-Huey , Huang Kai-Han
Published: March 2010

A 57-year-old woman suffering from long-term visual disturbance due to retinitis pigmentosa noted an even more severe deterioration of her left vision for several months. On ophthalmologic examination, her vision was 1/60 in the right eye and light perception (LP) in the left eye. An RAPD sign was noted in her left eye. Bilateral fundus revealed the typical appearance of severe retinitis pigmentosa. The optic disc of her right eye was markedly swollen, whereas that of the left eye was pale. Under the impression of the Foster Kennedy syndrome, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study was arranged revealing a well-encapsulated round mass with a contrast enhancement of about 4.45 cm in diameter located in the left frontal lobe. The patient might have ignored the visual disturbance in her left eye caused by tumor compression because of her illness of retinitis pigmentosa, which had caused her visual disturbance since childhood.
Enhanced Visualization of Myopic Macular Changes With Three-Dimensional OCT
Authors: Chee Elaine , Lee Shu Yen , Ang Chong Lye
Published: March 2010

This observational case series presents three eyes of three myopic patients to illustrate the pathomorphologic features of the myopic macular changes using three-dimensional optical coherence tomography (OCT). The OCT system records the interferometric information using a Fourier-domain spectrometer method, with an acquisition rate of 20,000 axial scans/second, an axial resolution of 5 µm, and a lateral resolution of 20 µm. Three-dimensional images of the macular pathology and corresponding simultaneous acquisition of OCT fundus photographs were obtained for all patients. Three-dimensional OCT imaging using the Fourier-domain system has enabled unprecedented precise views of macular pathology, facilitating understanding and visualization of the pathology of macular diseases. This multidimensional view of retina structures will aid in early detection and monitoring of disease progression in the future.
Long-Term Follow-up of Local Relaxing Vitrectomy for Stage 4 Retinopathy of Prematurity
Authors: Jiang Yan-Rong , Zhou Peng
Published: March 2010

Scleral buckling and lens-sparing vitrectomy are the two preferred methods of treatment for stage 4 retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Both have some disadvantages, so the authors modified the lens-sparing vitrectomy method to create the local relaxing vitrectomy technique. The core vitreous is not cut as in the lens-sparing vitrectomy, but the organized vitreous is directly dissected with the vitrectomy probe. Two cases of stage 4 ROP were successfully treated using this method. The local relaxing vitrectomy may be a better treatment choice for some cases of stage 4A ROP.
Skin Inflammation Induced by the Synergistic Action of IL-17A, IL-22, Oncostatin M, IL-1α, and TNF-α Recapitulates Some Features of Psoriasis
Authors: Guilloteau Karline , Paris Isabelle , Pedretti Nathalie , Boniface Katia , Juchaux Franck , Huguier Vincent , Guillet Gerard , Bernard François-Xavier , Lecron Jean-Claude , Morel Franck
Published: March 2010

Keratinocytes play a crucial role in the regulation of skin inflammation, responding to environmental and immune cells stimuli. They produce soluble factors that can act in an autocrine or paracrine manner on immune cells or directly on aggressors. A screening of the activities of 36 cytokines on keratinocyte gene expression identified IL-17A, IL-22, oncostatin M, TNF-α, and IL-1α as potent cytokines in inducing cutaneous inflammation. These five proinflammatory cytokines synergistically increased production of CXCL8 and β-defensin 2 (BD2). In addition, ex vivo studies on human skin explants demonstrated upregulation of BD2, S100A7, and CXCL8 expression in response to the same combination of cytokines. In vivo intradermal injection of these five cytokines in mouse increased CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, S100A9, and BD3 expression, associated with neutrophil infiltration. We confirmed and extended this synergistic effect using quantitative real-time PCR analysis and observed increased expression of nine chemokines and 12 antimicrobial peptides. Production of CXCL, CXCL5, and CXCL8 by keratinocytes stimulated in the presence of this cytokine combination was associated with increased neutrophil chemotactic activity. Similarly, high production of BD2, BD3, and S100A7 was associated with an increased antimicrobial activity. Finally, the transcriptional profile observed in this in vitro model of inflammatory keratinocytes correlated with the one of lesional psoriatic skin. Our results demonstrate the important potentiating activities of IL-17A, IL-22, oncostatin M, TNF-α, and IL-1α on keratinocytes. This is particularly interesting in the context of psoriasis where these cytokines are overexpressed and could synergize to play an important role in upregulation of chemokines and antimicrobial peptides production.
Suppression of Host Innate Immune Response by Burkholderia pseudomallei through the Virulence Factor TssM
Authors: Tan Kai Soo , Chen Yahua , Lim Yaw-Chyn , Tan Gek-Yen Gladys , Liu Yichun , Lim Yan-Ting , MacAry Paul , Gan Yunn-Hwen
Published: March 2010

Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative saprophyte that is the causative agent of melioidosis, a severe infectious disease endemic in Northern Australia and Southeast Asia. This organism has sparked much scientific interest in the West because of its classification as a potential bioterrorism agent by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. However, relatively little is known about its pathogenesis. We demonstrate that B. pseudomallei actively inhibits NF-κB and type I IFN pathway activation, thereby downregulating host inflammatory responses. We found the virulence factor TssM to be responsible for this activity. TssM interferes with the ubiquitination of critical signaling intermediates, including TNFR-associated factor-3, TNFR-associated factor-6, and IκBα. The expression but not secretion of TssM is regulated by the type III secretion system. We demonstrate that TssM is important for B. pseudomallei infection in vivo as inflammation in the tssM mutant-infected mice is more severe and corresponds to a more rapid death compared with wild-type bacteria-infected mice. Abs to TssM can be detected in the sera of melioidosis patients, indicating that TssM is functionally expressed in vivo and thus could contribute to bacterial pathogenesis in human melioidosis.
Expression of Cellular FLIP by B Cells Is Required for Their Participation in an Immune Response
Authors: Coffey Francis , Manser Tim
Published: March 2010

High levels of the Fas-signaling antagonist cellular FLIP (cFLIP) in germinal center (GC) B cells suggests an important role for this factor during this stage of the T cell-dependent B cell immune response. To test this idea, we used mice with B cell-specific deletion of a floxed cFLIP allele. Although deletion of cFLIP did not alter their primary development, participation of cFLIP-deficient B cells in the immune response was severely perturbed. Using previously characterized IgH locus-targeted BCR transgenic mice, we showed that adoptively transferred cFLIP-deficient follicular B cells do not effectively participate in the GC response in wild-type hosts. However, this failure was accompanied by severe defects in the initial activation and proliferation of these B cells in vivo. In addition, immunization of mice with B cell-specific cFLIP deletion resulted in selective recruitment into GCs and Ab-forming cell responses of B cells that had not deleted the floxed cFLIP allele. Together, these findings demonstrate that expression of cFLIP is a prerequisite for participation of B cells in all stages of Ag-driven immune responses.
AnNOS3Haplotype Is Protective against Hypertension in a Caucasian Population
Authors: Kitsios Georgios D. , Zintzaras Elias
Published: March 2010

The endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene (NOS3) has been implicated in the development of hypertension, although the specific role of variants and haplotypes has not been clarified. In this study, the association of three polymorphisms (promoter T786C, intronic 4a/b, and nonsynonymous G894T) was tested in a case-control sample of 230 patients with essential hypertension and 306 healthy controls. Haplotype analysis was also performed. The mutant allele of the 4a/b polymorphism showed a protective effect against hypertension under a dominant model (odds , 95% confidence interval (0.44–0.93)), although this effect was not significant after the adjustment for covariates (). The estimated frequency of the haplotype composed of the , 4, and alleles was significantly higher in controls (5.5%) compared to cases (2%). These results indicate that although individualNOS3polymorphisms are not associated with hypertension, a rare haplotype of the gene might be protective against the development of hypertension.
RESPONSE OF FABA BEAN (Vicia faba L.) TO SEEDING DATE AND SEEDING RATE
Authors: McVETTY P. B. E. , EVANS L. E. , NUGENT-RIGBY J.
Published: March 2010

Three faba bean cultivars, Aladin, Herz Freya and Outlook were seeded at three dates (25 Apr, 9 May and 23 May), and at four rates (50%, 75%, 100% and 125% of the recommended rate of 46 plants m−2) atone location (Winnipeg) for 2 yr (1983, 1984). Analysis of variance for yield indicated that both seeding date and seeding rate were very highly significant (P = 0.001). The early seeding date resulted in significantly higher yield and total dry matter and the greatest number of pods per plant. The 50% seeding rate resulted in significantly lower yield and total dry matter, but the highest seed weight and the greatest number of pods per plant, as well as the greatest number of days to maturity. The 75%, 100% and 125% seeding rates resulted in equivalent yield and total dry matter, but significantly fewer pods per plant and reduced seed weight as seeding rate increased. Increased seeding rate partially compensated for delayed seeding. Yield reductions of almost 1% a day for each day delay in seeding for the first 2-wk delay and almost 2% a day for each day delay in seeding for the second 2-wk delay were obtained in this study. It is concluded that seeding as early as possible at 75% of the present recommended seeding rate of 46 plants m−2 should maximize return on seeding cost to the grower.Key words: Total dry matter, harvest index, yield components, protein, density effects, faba bean
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PLOT BORDERS ON GRAIN YIELDS IN BARLEY AND WHEAT
Authors: MAY K. W. , MORRISON R. J.
Published: March 2010

Ten genotypes of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and 10 genotypes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown with four types of plot borders (control, same genotype as the plot; unbordered; winter wheat; spring barley/wheat) to study the influence of plot borders on the ranking for yield of cereal genotypes. Plot yields increased as border competition decreased. However, the ranking of the different genotypes was not influenced by the type of plot border, except when a highly competitive barley genotype was used as a border with wheat. It was concluded that the type of plot border was of relatively little importance in selection for yield, as long as the border was not more competitive than the plot.Key words: Barley, wheat, plot borders, yield, plant competition, varietal ranking
EFFECTS OF SOIL NITRATE LEVEL ON NITROGEN DISTRIBUTION AND REMOBILIZATION IN FIELD-GROWN SOYBEANS (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)
Authors: BUTTERY B. R.
Published: March 2010

Soil tests, nodule weights, acetylene reduction rates and nitrate reductase measurements indicated that considerable differences in mode of N-nutrition of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were achieved by treating field plots with ground-up corn cobs or with high levels of NH4NO3. This had no effect on the final N content or dry weight of the seed or whole plant. Treatment differences at 78–85 days in N content, apparent mobilization (transfer) from non-seed parts of the plant, N content and mobilization of N in lower leaves suggest that the route to this common end product differed between the two soil treatments. Movement of N out of the leaves was estimated by weekly sampling of individual leaves at all nodes on the plant. Lower leaves began transferring N and dry matter to other parts of the plant before pods had begun to form. The leaves provided the same amounts of N (287–293 mg/plant) in both soil treatments, but pods, stems and roots in the +cobs treatment provided 234 mg N but only 166 mg N in the +NO3 treatment.Key words: Soybean, nitrate, N2-fixation, re-mobilization, nitrate reductase
YIELD AND QUALITY OF ANNUAL CROPS SEEDED FOLLOWING PEA HARVEST
Authors: DOYLE KRISTINE M. , COLLINS MICHAEL , KAPLAN STUART
Published: March 2010

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) are grown for canning and freezing on over 40 000 ha (1979–1982 average) in Wisconsin and substantial acreages are also seeded to other canning crops. The majority of this land remains idle after harvest in late June or early July. Crops could be seeded on this land to be used as forage for livestock or for energy conversion. The objective of this study was to evaluate the yield and forage quality of several summer annual crops seeded after pea harvest. Field experiments were conducted during 1980 and 1981 on a Piano silt loam soil (Typic Argiudoll) at Arlington, Wisconsin. ’Alaska’ pea were planted in late April and harvested in late June. After pea harvest, plots were cultivated to prepare a seedbed for the second crops, which were planted in late June. The second crops included three sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) cultivars, soybean (Glycine max L.), normal and male-sterile early maturity (RM 95) corn (Zea mays L.), and two mixed cropping systems. Mixed crops were male-sterile corn grown with either soybean or field bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Second crops were harvested late in September. Male-sterile corn had the highest 2-yr average yield of DM at 9.8 Mg∙ha−1 and sweet sorghum had the second highest yield even though it was reseeded 13 days later in 1981 due to poor germination. The normal corn average yield was only 0.5 Mg∙ha−1 less than that of sweet sorghum and should be considered a viable option as a second crop after canning pea harvest. Soybean would not be recommended for this use because its yield was considerably below that of any other crop in both years. Soybean forage was highest in N and lowest in NDF. Of the grass crops the highest IVDMD values were for normal corn (64.2%), male-sterile corn (63.7%), and sweet sorghum (64.9%). Sorghum-sudangrass was lowest in IVDMD in 1980 (53.0%) and in 1981 (60.1%). Sweet sorghum and the two corn types were lower in neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and acid detergent lignin than sorghum-sudangrass. Considering both yield of DM and the quality of the forage produced, male-sterile corn, sweet sorghum and normal corn can be identified as the superior crops for planting after pea harvest. Mixed cropping male-sterile corn with soybean or field bean gave no advantage in yield or quality.Key words: Corn, sorghum, pea, IVDMD, NDF, N
CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL IN NEWLY PLANTED RASPBERRIES IN COASTAL BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: FREEMAN JACK A.
Published: March 2010

Over a 5-yr period (1980–1984) the efficacy of napropamide, simazine and terbacil applied singly and in mixture was investigated when applied to newly planted raspberries (Rubus idaeus L. ’Willamette’). Napropamide (4.48–8.97 kg/ha) gave less than satisfactory to good broadleaved weed control and excellent annual bluegrass and barnyard grass control. There was little improvement in efficacy with increased rate except when lady’s-thumb and shepherd’s-purse were the major weeds. Simazine (1.12–2.24 kg/ha) gave good to excellent broadleaved weed and grass control. Creeping yellow cress invaded the simazine-treated plots later in the season. Terbacil (0.67–2.24 kg/ha) generally gave good to excellent broadleaved weed and grass control except when common groundsel and pineappleweed were the major weeds. Significant year × herbicide × planting method interactions occurred on yields and plant vigor. Napropamide caused some reduction in the number of primocanes at emergence and some growth retardation. But, by late August, in all plots the primocane height was equal to or better than those in the control plots. First year fruit yields were not affected detrimentally. In 1 yr only (1980) primocane emergence from root cuttings initially was reduced by simazine at 2.24 kg/ha but not from dormant canes. There was no difference in primocane number or height by late August in any year. Yields were not affected. Again, depending on the year and rate, terbacil caused various degrees of injury from chlorosis to necrosis of new primocane growth. This injury was reflected in decreased yields in plants from root cuttings but not from dormant canes. Napropamide (1.1–2.2 kg/ha) in combination with simazine (0.6–1.1 kg/ha) or terbacil (0.34–0.67 kg/ha) showed considerable promise by the elimination of crop injury and the broadening of the weed control spectrum during early establishment of the raspberry plantation. There was no herbicide × planting method interaction for primocane height and number, although year effect was highly significant. Yields were equal to or greater than those from the control plants.Key words: Napropamide, simazine, terbacil, raspberry tolerance, raspberry, Rubus idaeus L.
ANNUAL WEED CONTROL WITH PARAQUAT IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER HERBICIDES
Authors: O’DONOVAN J. T. , O’SULLIVAN P. A.
Published: March 2010

Paraquat at 0.28 kg/ha effectively controlled barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ’Galt’), wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ’Neepawa’) and oat (Avena sativa L. ’Random’) in field trials conducted during 1982 and 1983. Grass control was excellent with paraquat and its activity was unaffected when it was applied in combination with either clopyralid, picloram, metribuzin, linuron, or chlorsulfuron. Slight reductions in paraquat phytotoxicity occurred in some instances when paraquat was applied in combination with commercially formulated mixtured of clopyralid plus 2,4-D, clopyralid plus MCPA or picloram plus 2,4-D, but grass control was still acceptable (90% or greater). However, a commercially formulated mixture of cyanazine plus MCPA consistently reduced the phytotoxicity of paraquat and rendered grass control unacceptable. Control of rapeseed (Brassica campestris L. ’Candle’) with paraquat and most paraquat mixtures was excellent in 1982 but was poor and variable in 1983.Key words: Wheat, barley, oat, rapeseed, zero tillage, chemical summerfallow
HARUS SOFT WHITE WINTER WHEAT
Authors: TEICH A. H.
Published: March 2010

Harus is a high-yielding, short-strawed, lodging-resistant, early-maturing soft white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with resistance to wheat spindle streak mosaic. It has yielded well in southwestern Ontario where corn heat units exceed 2700. Intermediate in quality between Fredrick and Yorkstar, it is fairly resistant to sprouting and the accumulation of α amylase.Key words: Cultivar description, spindle streak mosaic, wheat (winter)
ENCORE FABA BEAN
Authors: ROWLAND G. G. , BHATTY R. S. , MORRALL R. A. A.
Published: March 2010

Encore is the second faba bean (Vicia faba) cultivar released by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan. Encore is best adapted to Saskatchewan and irrigated areas of western Canada where it is the highest yielding cultivar. It is similar in maturity and plant height to Outlook and similar to Pegasus in seed size.Key words: Cultivar description, faba bean, Encore faba bean
McGREGOR FLAX
Authors: KENASCHUK EDWARD O. , HOES JOHN A.
Published: March 2010

McGregor is a medium-late maturing, high-yielding oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) cultivar developed at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Morden, Manitoba, from the cross (Rocket/Raja)//Redwood 65. McGregor is immune to all North American races of rust (Melampsora lini (Ehrenb.) Lév.), resistance being conditioned by the K1L6 gene combination. The cultivar also possesses a high level of postseedling resistance to exotic virulent rust. McGregor has good resistance to lodging, and is adapted to all flax production areas of the Canadian prairies.Key words: Flax, oilseed, Linum usitatissimum L., lodging resistance, rust resistance, cultivar description
LONGEVITY OF GREEN FOXTAIL SEEDS IN A CANADIAN PRAIRIE SOIL
Authors: THOMAS A. G. , BANTING J. D. , BOWES G.
Published: March 2010

Seeds of green foxtail, Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv., were placed on the surface or buried at four depths from 1.0 to 15.0 cm in a fine sandy loam soil in 1966 and 1967. At regular intervals, packets of seed were exhumed and the viability of the seeds was tested. After 6 yr, less than 1% of the seed placed on the surface remained viable and none of the buried seeds survived longer than 17 yr.Key words: Green foxtail, Setaria viridis, seeds, longevity
EFFECT OF TOPPING HEIGHT AND STAGE OF FLORAL DEVELOPMENT AT TOPPING ON YIELD AND TOTAL ALKALOIDS OF FLUE-CURED TOBACCO
Authors: ARSENAULT W. J.
Published: March 2010

Topping flue-cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) at the stretch bud stage of floral development increased yield and total alkaloid level of the leaves compared to topping at first open bloom or full flower stages of floral development. An increase in topping height increased yield and decreased level of total alkaloids.Key words: Tobacco (flue-cured), total alkaloids, floral development, yield, topping height
MAINTAINERS AND RESTORERS FOR THREE MALE-STERILITY-INDUCING CYTOPLASMS IN RAPE (Brassica napus L.)
Authors: Fan Z. , STEFANSSON B. R. , SERNYK J. L.
Published: March 2010

The F1 progenies from crosses involving 32 Brassica napus L. strains (including named cultivars) and male-sterile plants carrying one of the three cytoplasms, ogu, nap, and pol were evaluated for male fertility. All strains were found to be maintainers for the ogu cytoplasm. The fertility of the nap male-sterile plants were fully restored by 30 strains. The cultivar Bronowski partially maintained the nap male sterility, and segregation for male fertility/sterility was observed in the F1 hybrid between nap male sterile plants and the cultivar Lergo. Lergo, therefore, appears to be heterogeneous for genes conditioning maintenance and restoration of this type of male sterility. Most strains were maintainers and the balance were partial maintainers for the pol cytoplasm. The F2 and backcross data obtained under a controlled environment suggest that both the cultivars Karat and Westar possess a single dominant gene for the restoration of fertility in nap cytoplasm. Fertility in the pol cytoplasm was restored in the F1 of crosses between pol B. napus and the B. juncea L. Czern. cultivar ZEM. Five male fertile lines of pol B. napus were selected from the ZEM crosses after five generations of backcrossing to B. napus cultivar Regent and three generations of self-pollination. Selection for fertility during backcrossing and self-pollination resulted in selection for an extra chromosome involved with male fertility restoration.Key words: Rape, Brassica napus L., CMS, maintainers, restorers
FERTILITY COMPONENTS IN A FABA BEAN LINE NEAR-ISOGENIC FOR MALE STERILITY
Authors: DUC G. , ROWLAND G. G. , PICARD J.
Published: March 2010

A near-isogenic faba bean (Vicia faba L.) line, segregating in a 1:1 ratio of male-fertile to male-sterile plants, was used to study the importance of insect pollinators on ovule fertilization and yield components of the first five flowering nodes. The fertilization of ovules from open-pollinated plants at the higher insect pollinator site of Dijon, France was 83%, as compared with 50% at the lower insect pollinator activity site of Saskatoon, Canada. No significant differences in total fertilized ovules were found between male-fertile and male-sterile plants at Dijon, but male-fertile plants at Saskatoon had significantly more fertilized ovules than male-sterile plants. Seed production on the first five flowering nodes was significantly greater at Saskatoon. Thus, while insect pollinators are important in determining the potential yield of a faba bean plant, other factors, such as environment, determine the ultimate yield.Key words: Vicia faba, ovule fertilization, seed yield, faba bean, male sterility
THE INHERITANCE OF CONDENSED TANNIN CONCENTRATION IN LENTIL
Authors: VAILLANCOURT R. , SLINKARD A. E. , REICHERT R. D.
Published: March 2010

In lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) condensed tannins are responsible for seed coat darkening during storage and the associated reduction in crop quality. The vanillin-HCl method was used to measure tannin concentration. Tannins were present only in the seed coat. Tannin concentration in the seed coat of 87 lines from the USDA World Lentil Collection ranged from 35 to 93 g kg−1 and averaged 63.3 g kg−1. The zero-tannin trait of PI 345635 lentil was controlled by a single recessive gene (tan tan) that had pleiotropic effects on plant pigmentation and seed coat thickness. Heritability of tannin concentration among lines containing tannin was 66.4 ± 4.4%, based on the components of variance method. Selection for lower or higher tannin concentration in lentil should be effective.Key words: Lentil, tannin, tannin genetics, proanthocyanidin, Lens culinaris
REPONSES DE DIFFERENTS GENOTYPES DE SOJA AU DEFICIT HYDRIQUE
Authors: VIGNES D. , DJEKOUN A. , PLANCHON C.
Published: March 2010

The analysis of drought resistance in five soybean cultivars (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) showed the occurrence of a wide genetic variability. The genotypes exhibited differences in their ability to save water in the absence of a water stress, to maintain high leaf water potentials or to tolerate low leaf water potentials during a water stress. The varietal behaviors are usually dependent on stomatal control, which rules photosynthetic processes. The differences observed concern the stomatal resistance of the adaxial side on the leaf in the absence of water stress and the stomatal closures on both sides on the leaf during water stress. There is good agreement between the physiological data obtained here and the agronomic characteristics already known.Key words: Soybean, drought resistance, water stress, photosynthesis, leaf water potential, stomatal resistance
EFFECT OF IRRIGATION AND NITROGEN FERTILIZER ON THE YIELD AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF SOFT WHITE SPRING WHEAT
Authors: BOLE J. B. , DUBETZ S.
Published: March 2010

Field experiments were conducted over four growing seasons in southern Alberta to develop improved irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer recommendations for soft white spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Irrigation to provide available water in the root zone to maturity maintained acceptably low protein content of soft wheat fertilizer-N plus soil test NO3-N levels from 140 to 208 kg ha−1. Nitrogen fertilizer increased protein content in all 4 yr of the study and increased yields each year except 1981 when the soil contained a high level of NO3-N. The protein content was not raised above the level considered acceptable for the domestic Canadian market (10.5%, moist basis) unless fertilizer rates in excess of the economic optimum level were applied. Fertilizer-N response curves were developed for each cultivar, irrigation treatment, and year combination. These were used to show the relationship between yield and the level of fertilizer N plus soil NO3-N which would result in economic optimum yields of soft white spring wheat of acceptable protein content. The results suggest N rates can be increased about 30 kg ha−1 for each t ha−1 increase in the target yield of the producer.Key words: Wheat (soft white spring), Triticum aestivum L., irrigation, nitrogen fertilizer, protein, target yield
GENOTYPE × ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS FOR EAR MOLD RESISTANCE AND ITS SUBCOMPONENTS IN MAIZE HYBRIDS
Authors: HUNTER R. B. , MULDOON J. F. , ATLIN G. N.
Published: March 2010

Twelve short season maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids were evaluated over five environments between 1979 and 1982 to determine the magnitude of the genotype × environment interaction for ear mold (Gibberella zeae (Schwabe)) resistance. Mold damage (MD) was characterized into two subcomponents, percent infected plants (%IP) and spread of infection on infected ears (SI). All three traits (%MD, %IP and SI) exhibited highly significant genotype × environment interactions. Weather variables were considered to account for an insignificant proportion of this variation due to the nature of the artificial inoculaton procedure. An undetermined proportion of the variation was likely attributable to differences in fungal isolates used over the years. Estimates of stability indicated that four of the 12 hybrids had relatively low mold damage and high stability over the five environments. Broad-sense heritabilities estimated over the five environments were 0.73, 0.84 and 0.54 for %MD, %IP and SI, respectively. Evaluation of mold damage in one environment gave estimated heritabilities of 0.35, 0.50 and 0.19 for the three traits, respectively. Low genotypic correlation between %IP and SI indicated that they are in fact substantially different traits which may be selected for independently. Percent infected plants was a more stable trait than percent mold damage per se when selection occurred in one environment and, depending on the relative proportions of additive and nonadditive gene action conditioning the two traits, %IP may be a more suitable selection criterion in a recurrent selection program than percent mold damage.Key words: Gibberella zea, initial infection, spread of infection, corn, maize, ear mold
DEVELOPMENT AND YIELD OF OAT PLANTS GROWN FROM PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SEEDS
Authors: TIBELIUS A. C. , KLINCK H. R.
Published: March 2010

The primary seed in an oat (Avena sativa) spikelet is larger than the secondary seed. Genotypes varying in primary:secondary seed weight ratios were grown in three seasons at two seeding rates to determine if there were grain yield differences between plots seeded with the two different seed types. Grain yield advantages of 8–15% were found for plots seeded with primary seeds. Plants grown from primary seeds were found to have faster seedling growth rates and shorter periods from seeding to heading and maturity. The effects of seed type on plant height, number of panicles per plant, number of seeds per panicle and 1000-grain weight were variable. Yield difference was most strongly associated with the length of the seeding-to-heading period. No relationship was found between the primary:secondary seed weight ratio of a particular genotype and the yield difference between plots seeded with primary versus secondary seeds.Key words: Oat, Avena sativa L., primary:secondary seed weight ratio, grain yield
THE EFFECT OF NURSERY CONDITIONS ON THE IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY OF TIMOTHY (Phleum pratense L.)
Authors: McELROY A. R. , CHRISTIE B. R.
Published: March 2010

Fifteen timothy (Phleum pratense L.) genotypes of similar maturity were grown in simulated sward (100 plants m−2), spaced-plant (1 plants m−2) and growth room nurseries for 2 yr or harvests. The whole plant in vitro digestibility (IVD) was determined at early heading. IVD values were strongly influenced by growing conditions and highly significant [Formula: see text] year × genotype and harvest × genotype interactions were found. The precision of IVD determination was similar in all nurseries. Correlation between genotype means of simulated sward and other nurseries, although significant [Formula: see text] is some cases, was too low to be of predictive value. Some genotypes tended to rank relatively high in all nurseries, but the relative performance of most genotypes was inconsistent. It is concluded that the choice of nursery techniques used to predict the sward performance of timothy genotypes is more critical than is generally assumed.Key words: Timothy, Phleum pratense L., in vitro digestibility, IVD, nursery competition
GENOTYPE × ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS FOR IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY OF TIMOTHY (Phleum pratense L.) GENOTYPES
Authors: McELROY A. R. , CHRISTIE B. R.
Published: March 2010

Improved in vitro digestibility (IVD) is an important goal in timothy (Phleum pratense L.) breeding. This study examines the effect of genotype × environment (GE) interactions on individual genotypes and examines two methods for identifying superior parental genotypes. Fifteen genotypes of similar maturity were grown in simulated swards (100 plants m−2) at five locations. IVD was determined at early heading. Highly significant effects were found for genotype, year, location and all their interactions. A regression stability analysis indicated that most genotypes responded in a predictable manner to environment. Genotypes which performed relatively well in all environments were identified. However, some useful genetic material, being "unstable", would be discarded using this approach. Genotypes with consistently high IVD were identified using a technique developed for grouping corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids. This approach is considered the more efficient for identifying superior parental genotypes. Although genotype (IVD should be based on performance in several environments, it is suggested that selection for IVD stability is important in developing narrow-based but not wide-based synthetics.Key words: Timothy, Phleum pratense L., genotype × environment interaction, in vitro digestibility, IVD
FALL HARVESTING AND ALFALFA YIELD, PERSISTENCE AND QUALITY
Authors: SHEAFFER C. C. , WIERSMA J. V. , WARNES D. D. , RABAS D. L. , LUESCHEN W. E. , FORD J. H.
Published: March 2010

Fall harvesting in the northern United States and Canada has been frequently associated with winter injury to alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Traditionally, it has been recommended not to cut alfalfa during the "critical fall period" before the first killing frost. This recommendation ignores the influence of environmental factors and frequency of harvest before the fall. The influence of three- or four-cut systems with fall harvests in early or mid-September or mid-October on the yield, persistence, and forage quality of alfalfa cultivars was determined in five environments (locations). The effect of fall cutting (in September or October) on yield and persistence varied with location, but effects on stands were not observed until several years following establishment. Although systems with fall cutting generally provided greater risk to long-term stand persistence and to forage yield than conventional harvest systems without fall cuts, fall cutting should be considered as a management alternative for producers who might benefit from short-term high yields or high quality forage. Length of harvest interval and number of harvests during the growing season were as important as the final harvest date in determining long-term stand survival and yield.Key words: Medicago sativa L., yield, quality, persistence and fall harvests, alfalfa
ERGOT ALKALOID CONTENTS OF Ipomoea lacunosa, I. hederaceae, I. trichocarpa, AND I. purpurea SEED
Authors: WILKINSON R. E. , HARDCASTLE W. S. , McCORMICK C. S.
Published: March 2010

Total ergot alkaloids extracted from seed of native, wild-type morning glories (i.e, pitted morning glory (Ipomoea lacunosa L.), ivyleaf morning glory (I. hederaceae (L.) Jacq.), cotton morning glory (I. trichocarpa Ell. var. torreyana (Gray) Shinners) and tall morning glory (I. purpurea (L.) Roth)) and quantified by spectrophotometry as ergonovine maleate equivalents were 0.001–0.004% (i.e., −2.1 to 7.8%) of the total alkaloids present in a horticultural cultivar (I. tricolor Cav ’Heavenly Blue’) which contained 0.052% total alkaloids in the seed. Thus, negligible psychotomimetic hazard exists from these levels of alkaloids in the wild-type morning glory seeds. Major alkaloids found in these native species were separated and identified by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography and co-chromatography with authentic standards. Major alkaloids were chanoclavine, elymoclavine, penniclavine, agroclavine, ergonovine, ergonovinine, ergosine, and ergosinine. Alkaloids varied between morning glory species.Key words: Morning glory, chanoclavine, elymoclavine, pennicalvine, agroclavine, ergonovine
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 73. Typha latifolia L., Typha angustifolia L. and Typha xglauca Godr.
Authors: GRACE JAMES B. , HARRISON JANET S.
Published: March 2010

Typha latifolia L., common cattail, Typha angustifolia L., narrow-leaved cattail, and Typha xglauca (T. angustifolia × T. latifolia), hybrid cattail, are herbaceous perennials found in wet or saturated soils and aquatic sediments in marshes, wet meadows, lakeshores, pond margins, seacoast estuaries, roadside ditches, bogs, and fens in Canada and the U.S.A. Typha latifolia is a cosmopolitan species found in all provinces of Canada while T. angustifolia and T. xglauca have spread within this century from the coastal areas, largely on the Atlantic coast, through the southern portions of the eastern and central provinces to south-central Manitoba. Considerable variation in T. xglauca exists and our understanding of this taxon is presently limited. Ecotypic variation has been described for the species. Typha is considered to be a weed under certain circumstances though it has beneficial value for waterfowl and wildlife. Typha can be found in a very broad range of habitat types ranging from early to late successional. Typically, T. angustifolia and T. xglauca are more limited in their ecological range than T. latifolia, being associated with saline or disturbed areas. Within habitats, T. latifolia is typically upslope of T. angustifolia with T. xglauca characteristic of more intermediate water depths though much more work is needed on the ecological relations of these taxa. An extensive literature exists on the germination, growth, and abundance of these highly productive taxa.Key words: Cattail, Typha, Typha angustifolia, Typha angustifolia × Typha latifolia, Typha xglauca, Typha latifolia
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 74. Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.
Authors: SHARMA M. P.
Published: March 2010

Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn, is an annual plant that has been grown as food for human and domestic animal consumption in the Canadian maritime provinces, but it is a serious weed in north central and north eastern Alberta and in certain parts of Manitoba and Saskatchewan. The weed occurs in a wide variety of habitats, including spring cereal and oilseed crop fields, waste places and roadsides. It causes reduced crop yields, dockage losses, cleaning costs, lowering of grade and quality, and necessitates costly chemical and cultural control measures. Fagopyrum tataricum seeds are difficult to remove from wheat. The weed can be controlled with a number of foliage-applied herbicides.Key words: Weed biology, tartary buckwheat, sarrasin de tartarie, Fagopyrum tataricum
INFLUENCE DE L’ECLAIRAGE D’APPOINT SUR LA NUTRITION MINERALE DE LA TOMATE DE SERRE
Authors: TREMBLAY NICOLAS , TRUDEL MARC-J. , GOSSELIN ANDRE
Published: March 2010

Supplementary lighting using high-pressure-sodium (HPS) lamps modified mineral nutrition of greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and increased water uptake. Supplementary lighting of 30 and 60 W m−2 (PAR) increased water uptake by 35 and 70%, respectively. Nitrate, phosphate and calcium uptake was also increased. The highest irradiance (60 W m−2) increased potassium, magnesium and manganese uptake. Calcium and magnesium concentration in foliar tissues increased with irradiance, but at the same time nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus and sodium concentration decreased. The effect of nitrogen metabolism on cation uptake could partially explain the results.Key words: Tomato, supplementary HPS lighting, irradiance, mineral nutrition, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.
A WEED SURVEY OF PEDIGREED ALFALFA SEED FIELDS IN MANITOBA
Authors: GOODWIN M. S. , MORRISON I. N. , THOMAS A. G.
Published: March 2010

Weeds were counted in 77 pedigreed alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seed fields located throughout Manitoba. The five most abundant species were all perennials: quackgrass (Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.), dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber), Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.), bluegrass (Poa spp.), and perennial sow-thistle (Sonchus arvensis L.). Quackgrass occurred in 65% of the fields with a mean field density of 23.4 culms m−2, the highest density of any of the species. The next four most abundant species were annuals with narrow-leaved hawk’s-beard (Crepis tectorum L.) having the highest mean field density for annual species at 2.9 plants m−2, although it occurred less frequently (30%) than the other three annuals, wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus L.), wild mustard (Sinapsis arvensis L.) and wild oats (Avena fatua L.).Key words: Weed survey, alfalfa, quackgrass, narrow-leaved hawk’s-beard
DOUBLE CROPPING WINTER RAPESEED AND GRAIN SORGHUM
Authors: DUNCAN R. R. , HOVELAND C. S.
Published: March 2010

Since rainfall generally exceeds 500 mm during the winter months and soil erosion is a problem in the southern U.S.A., a cover crop is essential to reduce soil losses. Continuous cultivation of a crop on the same land also provides the opportunity for pest problems to develop. A winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)-grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L). Moench.) double-cropping system was investigated in the field from 1981 to 1984. Conventional tillage (CT) and no-till (NT) systems were used for both crops. Gullivar rape was planted in October and harvested in June. Winter rapeseed yields averaged 2.87 t ha−1 on CT plots in 1982. Averaged over 1983 and 1984, rape yields were 1.66 and 0.73 t ha−1 on CT and NT plots, respectively. However, the seeding method biased the rapeseed performance. Problems were encountered with winter weed control and pod shattering in the winter rape plots. Two sorghum hybrids, R. C. Young Oro Txtra and Funks G-550, were planted in June and harvested in October. Grain yields were not significantly different between hybrids (Oro 5.69 t ha−1, Funk 5.67 t ha−1) or between tillage systems (CT 5.59 t ha−1, NT 5.78 t ha−1). Grain yield differences were noted for year × hybrid × tillage interactions. Rape was a weed problem in the sorghum plots. The winter rape-sorghum double-cropping system offers an alternative to current winter small grains-sorghum/soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) or winter annual legume-sorghum/soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) systems; however, markets for the winter rapeseed and production economic analyses are needed prior to adoption of the system. Additional winter rapeseed research is needed to evaluate yields properly under NT conditions.Key words: Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, Brassica napus L., conservation tillage, multiple cropping, sorghum, rapeseed
CORN YIELD RESPONSE TO IRRIGATION, PLANT POPULATION AND NITROGEN IN A COOL, HUMID CLIMATE
Authors: BROWN D. M.
Published: March 2010

Summer dry spells in some areas of southern Ontario during the last decade have increased interest in supplemental irrigation. Field studies were conducted in a 2500 heat unit area of southern Ontario on Orthic/Brunisolic Grey Brown Luvisol soils to determine the yield response of field corn (Zea mays L.) to irrigation in midsummer when combined with increased plant density and N rates. The yield responses, phenological records and soil moisture measurements are to be used in the calibration and validation of a corn yield estimation model, to be published in a subsequent paper. Two to four irrigations were applied each year using the line method when soil moisture pressure potential reached −40 to −60 kPa at 22.5 cm depth. Development stages were unaffected by irrigation. Yield increases from irrigation were directly proportional to water applied in midsummer and the intensity of dry weather. Yields increased with plant density in 4 of the 5 yr and were usually consistent over irrigation levels. Additional nitrogen above the recommended rate increased yields in 1982 and 1983, decreased yields in 1981, and resulted in no differences the other two years. In years of positive response to extra nitrogen, there was usually a greater response with irrigation and the responses were greatest at high plant density and for the longer season hybrids. Harvest indices decreased as irrigation amount increased and were exceptionally high in 1983.Key words: Corn, Zea mays L., line-source irrigation, plant population, nitrogen, harvest index
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CARBON DIOXIDE EXCHANGE RATE, PHOTOSYNTHETIC AREA AND BIOMASS IN PEA
Authors: HOBBS S. L. A.
Published: March 2010

Compensation between carbon dioxide exchange rate per unit photosynthetic area (CER) and total photosynthetic area (TPA) of a plant was examined in field-grown pea (Pisum sativum L.). Eight near-isogenic lines of cv. Alaska, representing all possible phenotypes of the genes af (leaflets transformed to tendrils), st (reduced stipule area) and tl (tendrils transformed to leaflets), were examined. The CER was measured on the leaflets (AfAf), tendrils (afafTlTl) or minute leaflets (afaftltl). The TPA was significantly reduced by the st gene in AfAf types (normal leaflets) with an apparently associated increase in CER. The st gene also significantly reduced the TPA in afaf types but there was no associated increase in CER. Tendrils had a lower CER than normal leaflets and comprised 22% of the TPA of the semi-leafless (afafStStTlTl) type. Crosses were made between a semi-leafless pea and four normal-leafed types previously selected for high or low CER. The CER means (normal leaflets) of the F1 progeny showed variability which was related to parental values. This was also true for the CER means (tendrils) of the populations of semi-leafless F2 segregants showing that genetic variability for CER can exist in tendrils. In the F2, tendril CER was correlated negatively to stomatal resistance and positively to chlorophyll content and final shoot dry weight (biomass). Genetic improvement in CER may be important when a plant ideotype requires substantial reduction in TPA.Key words: Photosynthesis, pea, chlorophyll content, stomatal resistance, Pisum sativum
EFFECT OF WEATHERING DURING DELAYED HARVEST ON TEST WEIGHT, SEED SIZE, AND GRAIN HARDNESS OF WHEAT
Authors: CZARNECKI E. , EVANS L. E.
Published: March 2010

Five cultivars of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were evaluated for effects of weathering by subjecting windrowed grain to varying periods of exposure in a 2-yr study. Moderate amounts of precipitation caused a significant reduction (5%) in test weight affecting density and packing efficiency about equally. Cultivars differed in test weight loss with Neepawa showing the largest reduction of 2.9 and 4.2 kg hL−1 in successive years. Cultivars also differed in susceptibility to bleaching, the primary cause of grade loss. The 1000-kernel weights decreased significantly (1.4%) in only 1 yr. Grain hardness decreased approximately 8% with delayed harvest at similar rates for all cultivars. The hard-grained Glenlea and RL4137 were the most resistant to test weight loss and bleaching, indicating that selection for improvement might be possible.Key words: Harvest delay, weathering, wheat, test weight, seed size, grain hardness