bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modern aspects of ensuring the security of the agro-industrial complex
Authors: Bryantseva Larisa , Shishkina Natalia , Sabetova Tatiana
Published: January 2022

The article substantiates the urgent need for the formation of import-substituting clusters in the agro-industrial complex to ensure food security. In modern reality, carrying out business activities, agro-industrial organizations are already using the advantages of integration to a certain extent, but at the same time, the key interests and guidelines of allied participants in entrepreneurial activities are insufficiently balanced. The authors have identified the methodological features of the formation of the subject of integration (agri-food polycluster formation), using the cluster tools of intersectoral reengineering. The basis for the introduction of the subjects of integration - allied participants in entrepreneurial activity - was their initial assessment and analysis of the factors and conditions of business activity, where the negative results of import substitution, which is an effective threat to food security, can be traced as much as possible. Evaluation of the target pairing through the integration of related business participants allows one to quantitatively assess the predominance of the target points of integration subjects - related business participants using information at the macro and micro levels.
Ways to improve poultry productivity
Authors: Kolina Yulia , Momot Nadezhda , Kamliya Igor , Trebukhov Aleksey , Shaganova Elena
Published: January 2022

The article draws attention to the fact that the vitamin feed additive Introvit A+WS is an effective complex in its composition, consisting of 12 fat-and water-soluble vitamins, 18 essential and replaceable amino acids and 9 macro-and microelements that affect not only stability to various infectious diseases, but also to increase the meat productivity of young poultry. In recent years, industrially produced vitamins have become increasingly widespread, as well as feed additives used as a means of increasing animal productivity, reducing the cost of protein feed and increasing the efficiency of using feed nutrients. The vitamin feed additive Introvit A+WS in the indicated doses under production conditions had a positive effect on the weight gain of broilers and on the preservation of the poultry population, therefore, it shall be widely used in industrial poultry farming.
Digitalization as a driver for supporting PV deployment and cost reduction
Authors: Saretta Erika , Bonomo Pierluigi , Maeder Willy , Nguyen Van Khai , Frontini Francesco
Published: January 2022

Digitalization is providing advantages to all sectors around the world and it can be of relevance also for the photovoltaic (PV) sector. As an example, the current value chain of the European PV sector is often characterized by analogue and fragmented processes that should be overcame to support greater PV deployment. The adoption of a more open and collaborative digital-based approach characterized by data-sharing among different stakeholders and more integrated information thread from the design till O&M can provide direct benefits in optimizing the PV process, increasing performances, and reducing of costs. Therefore, a novel PV Information Management (PIM) approach has been drawn within the European H2020 project “SuperPV”. In accordance with PIM objectives, a workflow for seamlessly transferring data along main PV work-stages has been developed, as well as new digital features to specifically address collaborative approach in the PV sector such as: (i) advanced functionalities introduced in the existing BIMSolar® software for improving the simultaneous design, performance simulation and cost assessment of medium and large PV systems, (ii) a proof-of-concept for aggregating all relevant information into a Digital Twin platform aimed at setting the ground for post-construction management and lifecycle assessment of the whole PV system.
COVID-19: Schicksal oder Verantwortung?
Authors: Wildner Manfred
Published: January 2022

Ist unsere Zukunft vorherbestimmt? Eine Frage, die sich insbesondere zum
wiederkehrenden astronomischen Ereignis einer Sonnenumrundung, mithin des
Jahreswechsels und den damit verbundenen guten Wünschen und
Vorsätzen stellt. Das aus dem Altniederländischen stammende Wort
„Schicksal“ legt solches Denken nahe: Persönliche oder
kollektive Geschichte als etwas von höheren Mächten
„Geschicktes“ – gesetzte Fakten, welche damit im zeitlichen
Verlauf als Zu-kunft unabänderlich auf uns zu-kommen. Eine Vorstellung,
welche sich in vielen Kulturen bis in die Jetztzeit findet: Als Fatum,
Präfation oder Kismet vorherbestimmtes Leben, welches durch Omen, Orakel,
Kristallkugeln und Horoskope teilweise, allerdings nur undeutlich enthüllt
werden kann.
Ventilator-Free Days in Neonatal Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
Authors: Thatrimontrichai Anucha , Phatigomet Manapat , Maneenil Gunlawadee , Dissaneevate Supaporn , Janjindamai Waricha , Kritsaneepaiboon Supika
Published: January 2022

Objective This study aimed to compare the ventilator-free days (VFDs) at day 28 and the short-term outcomes in neonates with and without ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP and non-VAP groups).

Study Design We performed a cohort study in a Thai neonatal intensive care unit between 2014 and 2020 to identify the VFDs in VAP and non-VAP neonates. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.

Results The incidences of VAP rates were 5.76% (67/1,163 neonates) and 10.86 per 1,000 (92/8,469) ventilator days. The medians (interquartile ranges [IQRs]) of gestational age and birth weight in the VAP versus non-VAP groups were 31 (27–35) versus 34 (30–38) weeks, and 1,495 (813–2,593) versus 2,220 (1,405–2,940) g (p < 0.001, both), respectively. The medians (IQRs) of VFDs at 28 days in the VAP and non-VAP groups were 5 (0–16) and 24 (20–26) days (p < 0.001). From the univariate analysis, the lower VFDs, longer ventilator days, and higher rates of moderate-to-severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), postnatal steroids for BPD, length of stay, and daily hospital cost in the VAP group were significantly higher than in the non-VAP group. From the multivariate analysis, the VAP group had significantly lower VFDs (regression coefficient = −10.99, standard error = 1.11, p < 0.001) and higher BPD (adjusted risk ratio = 18.70; 95% confidence interval = 9.17–39.5, p < 0.001) than the non-VAP group.

Conclusion Neonatal VAP lead to lower VFDs and a higher frequency of BPD. A multimodal strategy with a VAP prevention bundle care should be used in indicated cases to reduce the occurrence of neonatal VAP.

Key Points
Epidemiology and Clinicopathologic Study of Nonneoplastic Cystic Lesions of the Central Nervous System at a Tertiary Care Center
Authors: Kumar Mukesh , Meel Mukta , Choudhary Nikita , Singh Ashok , Mathur Kusum
Published: January 2022

Background Nonneoplastic cysts of brain are a diverse group of benign lesions with variable etiopathogenesis. Due to different site and histogenesis, these lesions have wide clinicopathologic spectrum.

Objective The study was performed to evaluate epidemiology and clinicopathologic spectrum of nonneoplastic central nervous system (CNS) cysts highlighting the role of histopathology in the diagnosis as well as to compare the data with other institution's data available in literature.

Materials and Methods All nonneoplastic CNS cysts reported from January 2013 to June 2020 in the Department of Pathology of Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, were retrieved and reviewed. The data were evaluated for age, site, cyst wall lining, nature of cyst contents, and location (intracranial and spinal), using SPSS software version 20.0.

Results A total of 255 cases were reviewed with an incidence of 4.96% and an age range of 2 to 74 years with slight male preponderance. Among them there were 157, 34, 26, 24, and 2 cases of epidermoid, arachnoid, dermoid, colloid, and glioependymal cysts, respectively, and 1 case of perineural cyst. Infective cysts were much less common than noninfective cysts, accounting for two cases of neurocysticercosis and hydatid cysts each. All cyst types mainly presented with signs and symptoms of a mass lesion.

Conclusion Nonneoplastic cyst mainly presented like a CNS mass lesion with overlapping clinical features, and image finding revealing the key role of histopathological analysis. Epidermoids were the most common type of these cysts in the present series followed by the arachnoid cysts.
Y Stenting in Wide-Necked Bifurcation Aneurysms: A Single-Center Experience
Authors: Chatterjee Apratim , Mahajan Anshu , Banga Vinit , Ojha Piyush , Goel Gaurav
Published: January 2022

Stent-assisted coiling is an endovascular means of managing wide-necked bifurcation aneurysms. In spite of the wide availability of various newer devices in managing such difficult aneurysms, the Y stenting offers a safe and cost-effective alternative to treat such cases in resource poor settings. This article provides an insight of our initial six cases of Y stent-assisted coiling along with their follow-up over a period of 6 months with no recanalization in any case. It also highlights the various technical aspects involved in such cases. One case had recurrent subdural hematoma probably due to use of antiplatelets and another patient had sudden dip in level of consciousness probably due to hematoma expansion that might also have been due to antiplatelet usage. However, none of the cases had any issues regarding stent migration, malapposition, and dissection. In our experience, Neuroform Atlas stent used for Y stenting offers a safe and technically easy alternative to various newer bifurcation devices.
Chemical Angioplasty with Nitroglycerin for Vasospasm after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Case Series and Review
Authors: Gatto Luana Antunes Maranha , Gallo Bruno Henrique Dallo , Koppe Gelson Luis , Demartini Zeferino
Published: January 2022

Introduction Vasospasm is a common and potentially devastating complication in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, causing high morbidity and mortality. There is no effective and consistent way to prevent or treat cerebral vasospasm capable of altering the morbidity and mortality of this complication. Animal and human studies have attempted to show improvement in aneurysmal vasospasm. Some sought their prevention; others, the treatment of already installed vasospasm. Some achieved only angiographic improvement without clinical correlation, others achieved both, but with ephemeral duration or at the expense of very harmful associated effects. Endovascular techniques allow immediate and aggressive treatment of cerebral vasospasm and include methods such as mechanical and chemical angioplasty. These methods have risks and benefits.

Objectives To analyze the results of chemical angioplasty using nitroglycerin (GTN). In addition, to perform a comprehensive review and analysis of aneurysmal vasospasm.

Methods We describe our series of 77 patients treated for 8 years with angioplasty for vasospasm, either mechanical (with balloon), chemical (with GTN) or both.

Results Eleven patients received only balloon; 37 received only GTN; 29 received both. Forty-four patients (70.1%) evolved with delayed cerebral ischemia and 19 died (mortality of 24.7%). Two deaths were causally related to the rupture of the vessel by the balloon. The only predictors of poor outcome were the need for external ventricular drainage in the first hours of admission, and isolated mechanical angioplasty.

Conclusions Balloon angioplasty has excellent results, but it is restricted to proximal vessels and is not without complications. Chemical angioplasty using nitroglycerin has reasonable but short-lived results and further research is needed about it. It is restricted to vasospasm angioplasties only in hospitals, like ours, where better and more potent vasodilator agents are not available.
Paradoxical Brain Herniation after Cranioplasty: Secondary Sunken Flap Syndrome
Authors: Singla Navneet , Latawa Archit
Published: January 2022

Decompressive craniectomy is a life-saving procedure done for innumerable etiologies. Though, not a technically demanding procedure, it has its own complications. Among many, sinking flap syndrome or syndrome of the trephined or paradoxical herniation of brain is frequently underestimated. It results from the pressure difference between the atmospheric pressure and the intracranial pressure causing the brain to shift inward at the craniectomy site. This can present with either nonspecific symptoms leading to delay in diagnosis or acute neurological deterioration, memory disturbances, weakness, confusion, lethargy, and sometimes death if not treated. Cranioplasty is a time validated procedure used to treat paradoxical brain herniation with good and early neurological recovery. We, here in, are going to describe a case report in which the paradoxical herniation occurred after cranioplasty which has not been described in literature.
Creation of a novel inverted charge density wave state
Authors: Zhang Yingchao , Shi Xun , Guan Mengxue , You Wenjing , Zhong Yigui , Kafle Tika R. , Huang Yaobo , Ding Hong , Bauer Michael , Rossnagel Kai , Meng Sheng , Kapteyn Henry C. , Murnane Margaret M.
Published: January 2022

Charge density wave (CDW) order is an emergent quantum phase that is characterized by periodic lattice distortion and charge density modulation, often present near superconducting transitions. Here, we uncover a novel inverted CDW state by using a femtosecond laser to coherently reverse the star-of-David lattice distortion in 1T-TaSe2. We track the signature of this novel CDW state using time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and the time-dependent density functional theory to validate that it is associated with a unique lattice and charge arrangement never before realized. The dynamic electronic structure further reveals its novel properties that are characterized by an increased density of states near the Fermi level, high metallicity, and altered electron–phonon couplings. Our results demonstrate how ultrafast lasers can be used to create unique states in materials by manipulating charge-lattice orders and couplings.
Laser-excited single crystal phosphor in white LED for wide field of view and high enhanced central brightness for vehicle headlights
Authors: Shih Hsing-Kun , Chang Yung-Peng , Liu Chun-Nien , Li Kenneth , Cheng Wood-Hi
Published: January 2022

We demonstrate the generation of a laser hotspot by a laser-excited single crystal phosphor (SCP) converter layer in a white LED for producing a wide field of view (FOV) and high enhanced central brightness (ECB) for an adaptive-driving-beam (ADB) headlight. The SCP layer shows better thermal quench behavior than other phosphor converter layers because of the higher melting temperature of 1940 °C and larger thermal conductivity of 11 W/m°C. The advantage of this study is an optical design of the ADB headlight, in which the generation, mechanism, and characterization of the laser hotspot are investigated in detail. The proposed scheme enables a wide FOV of ±16.8° and high ECB of the high beam, compliant with the Economic Commission for Europe regulation of vehicle headlights. The wide FOV provides better visibility, while the high ECB improves the long-distance illumination of the headlights. This proposed ADB headlight is a promising headlight candidate for use in the next-generation autonomous vehicle applications.
Interactions between gas molecules and two-dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper halide perovskite
Authors: Zhang Lei , Shao Shaofeng
Published: January 2022

The interactions between the atmospheric gas molecules and the halide perovskite materials are critical for understanding the optoelectronic performance and stability of the perovskite solar cells. In this article, we employ first-principles calculations to systematically investigate the interactions between the atmospheric gas molecules and the two-dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper halide perovskite based on (BA)2(MA)1Pb2I7. The gas molecules influence the electronic and optical properties of the two-dimensional perovskite systems, and the interfacial structures of the seven gas/perovskite systems are stabilized via the formation of the hydrogen bonds. The small amount of electron transfer from the gas molecule to the perovskite substrate is ubiquitous to further stabilize the overall structures. The SO2 introduces deep defects to the perovskite material, which can significantly damage the electronic properties. With light excitation, the gas molecule adsorption is expected to offer disparate interfacial charge transfer directions, with SO2 and CO causing the perovskite→molecule charge transfer upon light excitation and NH3, H2S, and H2O causing the interfacial charge transfer in the reverse direction. This study reveals the atomistic view of the interactions between the atmospheric gas and the Ruddlesden–Popper halide perovskite materials and highlights the importance of considering the atmospheric gas for the perovskite design process.
Improved Al2O3 RRAM performance based on SiO2/MoS2 quantum dots hybrid structure
Authors: Niu Yiru , Yu Xinna , Dong Xinyuan , Zheng Diyuan , Liu Shuai , Gan Zhikai , Chang Ke , Liu Binbin , Jiang Kang'an , Li Yizhen , Wang Hui
Published: January 2022

Resistive random access memory (RRAM) has attracted considerable attention due to its fast access speed and high storage density. Two different reset modes (progressive reset and abrupt reset) of RRAM have been observed previously, the former showing good uniformity but small switching window, while the latter having large switching window but poor stability and high power consumption. To overcome these limitations, an approach was proposed to control the formation and fracture of conductive filaments with interface engineering, specifically by adding a SiO2 limiting layer and MoS2 quantum dots (QDs). Modified with a SiO2/MoS2 QD hybrid structure, the Al2O3-based RRAM transforms from progressive reset mode to abrupt reset mode. The insertion not only expands the switching window by more than 100 times with excellent readability but also dramatically reduces the power consumption (<5 μW), accompanied by extremely high uniformity and reliability, which demonstrates significant potential for nonvolatile memory application. Meanwhile, the design viewpoint of combining functional layers with quantum dots provides an excellent strategy for enhancing RRAM performance in the future.
Modeling ice crystal growth using the lattice Boltzmann method
Authors: Tan Q. , Hosseini S. A. , Seidel-Morgenstern A. , Thévenin D. , Lorenz H.
Published: January 2022

Given the multitude of growth habits, pronounced sensitivity to ambient conditions and wide range of scales involved, snowflake crystals are particularly challenging systems to simulate. Only a few models are able to reproduce the diversity observed regarding snowflake morphology. It is particularly difficult to perform reliable numerical simulations of snow crystals. Here, we present a modified phase-field model that describes vapor-ice phase transition through anisotropic surface tension, surface diffusion, condensation, and water molecule depletion rate. The present work focuses on the development and validation of such a coupled flow/species/phase solver in two spatial dimensions based on the lattice Boltzmann method. It is first shown that the model is able to correctly capture species and phase growth coupling. Furthermore, through a study of crystal growth subject to ventilation effects, it is shown that the model correctly captures hydrodynamics-induced asymmetrical growth. The validated solver is then used to model snowflake growth under different ambient conditions with respect to humidity and temperature in the plate-growth regime section of the Nakaya diagram. The resulting crystal habits are compared to both numerical and experimental reference data available in the literature. The overall agreement with experimental data shows that the proposed algorithm correctly captures both the crystal shape and the onset of primary and secondary branching instabilities. As a final part of the study, the effects of forced convection on snowflake growth are studied. It is shown, in agreement with observations in the literature, that under such conditions the crystal exhibits nonsymmetrical growth. The non-uniform humidity around the crystal due to forced convection can even result in the coexistence of different growth modes on different sides of the same crystal.
Optimization of the multi-mem response of topotactic redox La1/2Sr1/2Mn1/2Co1/2O3−x
Authors: Román Acevedo W. , Aguirre M. H. , Ferreyra C. , Sánchez M. J. , Rengifo M. , van den Bosch C. A. M. , Aguadero A. , Noheda B. , Rubi D.
Published: January 2022

Memristive systems emerge as strong candidates for the implementation of resistive random access memories and neuromorphic computing devices, as they can mimic the electrical analog behavior or biological synapses. In addition, complementary functionalities, such as memcapacitance, could significantly improve the performance of bio-inspired devices in key issues, such as energy consumption. However, the physics of mem systems is not fully understood so far, hampering their large-scale implementation in devices. Perovskites that undergo topotactic transitions and redox reactions show improved performance as mem systems, compared to standard perovskites. In this paper, we analyze different strategies to optimize the multi-mem behavior (memristive and memcapacitive) of topotactic redox La1/2Sr1/2Mn1/2Co1/2O3−x (LSMCO) films grown on Nb:SrTiO3. We explored devices with different crystallinities (from amorphous to epitaxial LSMCO), out-of-plane orientation [(001) and (110)], and stimulated either with voltage or current pulses. We found that an optimum memory response is found for epitaxial (110) LSMCO stimulated with current pulses. Under these conditions, the system efficiently exchanges oxygen with the environment minimizing, at the same time, self-heating effects that trigger nanostructural and chemical changes that could affect the device integrity and performance. Our work contributes to pave the way for the integration of multi-mem topotactic redox oxide-based interfaces in multiple device architectures, in order to exploit their memristive and memcapacitive properties for data storage or neuromorphic computation.
Diffusion and sedimentation in colloidal suspensions using multiparticle collision dynamics with a discrete particle model
Authors: Wani Yashraj M. , Kovakas Penelope Grace , Nikoubashman Arash , Howard Michael P.
Published: January 2022

We study self-diffusion and sedimentation in colloidal suspensions of nearly hard spheres using the multiparticle collision dynamics simulation method for the solvent with a discrete mesh model for the colloidal particles (MD+MPCD). We cover colloid volume fractions from 0.01 to 0.40 and compare the MD+MPCD simulations to experimental data and Brownian dynamics simulations with free-draining hydrodynamics (BD) as well as pairwise far-field hydrodynamics described using the Rotne–Prager–Yamakawa mobility tensor (BD+RPY). The dynamics in MD+MPCD suggest that the colloidal particles are only partially coupled to the solvent at short times. However, the long-time self-diffusion coefficient in MD+MPCD is comparable to that in experiments, and the sedimentation coefficient in MD+MPCD is in good agreement with that in experiments and BD+RPY, suggesting that MD+MPCD gives a reasonable description of hydrodynamic interactions in colloidal suspensions. The discrete-particle MD+MPCD approach is convenient and readily extended to more complex shapes, and we determine the long-time self-diffusion coefficient in suspensions of nearly hard cubes to demonstrate its generality.
Window tinting films for microwave absorption and terahertz applications
Authors: Bychanok D. , Padrez Y. , Liubetski N. , Arlouski A. , Kushniarou U. , Korobov I. , Halimski I. , Kulahava T. , Demidenko M. , Urbanowicz A. , Macutkevic J. , Kuzhir P.
Published: January 2022

We demonstrate that commercially available window tinting films could be used multifunctionally, i.e., for electromagnetic shielding and absorption at frequencies below 1 THz along with visible light and ultraviolet protection. The fine control of the film optical properties by their structural composition can also be used to extend their performance to the lower frequency ranges, i.e., terahertz and microwave. The electromagnetic properties of two types of thin protective films loaded with either carbon or iron oxide micro- and nano-inclusions were studied in microwave (12–18 GHz) and terahertz (0.2–1.0 THz) frequency ranges vs their inner structure. The reflection and transmission coefficients of studied tint films were investigated using waveguide and free space measurements and compared with theoretical modeling results. The effective sheet resistance was estimated from the experimental data.
Introducing artificial MOFs for improved machine learning predictions: Identification of top-performing materials for methane storage
Authors: Fanourgakis George S. , Gkagkas Konstantinos , Froudakis George
Published: January 2022

In the field of materials science, the main objective of predictive models is to provide scientists with reliable tools for fast and accurate identification of new materials with exceptional properties. Over the last few years, machine learning methods have been extensively used for the study of the gas-adsorption in nanoporous materials as an efficient alternative of molecular simulations and experiments. In several cases, the accuracy of the constructed predictive models for unknown materials is extremely high. In this study, we explored the adsorption of methane by metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and concluded that many top-performing materials often deviate significantly from the known materials used for the training of the machine learning algorithms. In such cases, the predictions of the machine learning algorithms may not be adequately accurate. For lack of the required appropriate data, we put forth a simple approach for the construction of artificial MOFs with the desired superior properties. Incorporation of such data during the training phase of the machine learning algorithms improves the predictions outstandingly. In some cases, over 96% of the unknown top-performing materials are successfully identified.
Amorphous Hf–O–Te as a selector via a modified conduction mechanism by Te content control
Authors: Hatayama Shogo , Saito Yuta , Uchida Noriyuki
Published: January 2022

The resistive switching of an Ovonic threshold switch (OTS) material is characterized by Poole-Frenkel (PF) conduction and atomic rearrangement originating from chalcogen defects; thus, most OTS materials contain Se and/or Te. In addition to these chalcogen elements, As is included to form rigid amorphous networks. However, since As and Se are toxic, the development of As- and Se-free OTS materials is strongly desired. To realize As-free OTS materials that exhibit a comparable or even superior performance, a new strategy for material development should be established. In this study, we aimed to add Te to a HfO2 insulator to convert the electric conduction mechanism to PF conduction for realizing a selector function. The optical and electrical characteristics of Hf–O–Te ternary amorphous films with various Te contents were investigated. By changing the Te content, the optical bandgap was found to be tuned in the range of 0.46–5 eV, concomitantly with the modification of electrical properties. The electrical characteristics of the films demonstrated a strong compositional dependence, and Hf0.24O0.55Te0.21 was found to exhibit PF conduction, resulting in a selector function with a selectivity of approximately two orders of magnitude. These results indicate that the inclusion of a heavy chalcogen, such as Te, is effective in altering the conduction mechanism of transition-metal oxides and realizing a selector function.
On the potential of Fourier-encoded saturation transfers for sensitizing solid-state magic-angle spinning NMR experiments
Authors: Jaroszewicz Michael J. , Novakovic Mihajlo , Frydman Lucio
Published: January 2022

Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) is widely used for enhancing the solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signatures of magnetically dilute spin pools, in particular, species at low concentrations undergoing chemical exchanges with an abundant spin pool. CEST’s main feature involves encoding and then detecting weak NMR signals of the magnetically dilute spin pools on a magnetically abundant spin pool of much easier detection, for instance, the protons of H2O. Inspired by this method, we propose and exemplify a methodology to enhance the sensitivity of magic-angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR spectra. Our proposal uses the abundant 1H reservoir arising in organic solids as the magnetically abundant spin pool and relies on proton spin diffusion in lieu of chemical exchange to mediate polarization transfer between a magnetically dilute spin pool and this magnetically abundant spin reporter. As an initial test of this idea, we target the spectroscopy of naturally abundant 13C and rely on a Fourier-encoded version of the CEST experiment for achieving broadbandness in coordination with both MAS and heteronuclear decoupling, features normally absent in CEST. Arbitrary evolutions of multiple 13C sites can, thus, be imprinted on the entire 1H reservoir, which is subsequently detected. Theoretical predictions suggest that orders-of-magnitude signal enhancements should be achievable in this manner, on the order of the ratio between the 13C and the 1H reservoirs’ abundances. Experiments carried out under magic-angle spinning conditions evidenced 5–10× gains in signal amplitudes. Further opportunities and challenges arising in this Fourier-encoded saturation transfer MAS NMR approach are briefly discussed.
In situ imaging of three dimensional freeze printing process using rapid x-ray synchrotron radiography
Authors: Yang Guang , Tetik Halil , Weker Johanna Nelson , Xiao Xianghui , Lei Shuting , Lin Dong
Published: January 2022

Three dimensional freeze printing (3DFP) combines the advantages of freeze casting and additive manufacturing to fabricate multifunctional aerogels. Freeze casting is a cost-effective, efficient, and versatile method capable of fabricating micro-scale porous structures inside the aerogels for many different applications. The 3DFP provided the capability of fabricating highly customized geometries with controlled microporous structures as well. However, there are still many unexplained phenomena and features because of the complexity of post-processes and indirect observation methods. This study demonstrates the design and construction of the in situ imaging systems, which use the x-ray synchrotron radiography to observe freeze casting and 3DFP processes. With the advantages provided by the in situ x-ray imaging techniques, the ice crystal growth with its unique lamellar structures can be observed during the freeze casting process. The movement of freeze front, material deposition, and growth of ice crystals can also be visualized during the inkjet-based 3DFP process.
Multichannel high peak power tunable duration pulse generation for the moving magnetic trap decelerator
Authors: Narevicius Julia , Narevicius Edvardas
Published: January 2022

We present a multichannel setup capable of generating high peak power tunable duration pulses. Our architecture is based on a configurable RLC circuit and allows generation of 1120 current pulses, with the variable duration spanning 14–212 µs with 1 µs resolution and the peak current reaching 500 A. We use silicon controlled rectifier based multiplexing to deliver current pulses to dedicated inductors that generate 0.8 T strong magnetic fields that create a moving magnetic trap for paramagnetic particles in a supersonic beam.
Turbulent structures and characteristics of flows past a vertical surface-piercing finite circular cylinder
Authors: Chen Songtao , Zhao Weiwen , Wan Decheng
Published: January 2022

The flows past a vertical surface-piercing finite circular cylinder at Re = 2.7 × 105 and Fr = 1.1 are investigated numerically by means of delayed detached-eddy simulation and a geometric volume-of-fluid method based on piecewise-linear interface calculation. Good agreement with experimental data is achieved in various aspects, thereby demonstrating the reliability and accuracy of the present numerical model. On this basis, the characteristics of typical turbulent structures are analyzed thoroughly, as is the spanwise variation of the flow field caused by complex interactions. Because of the effects of the free surface and the free end, the velocity profile, separation angle, vorticity, and turbulent kinematic energy at different spanwise positions exhibit strong three-dimensionality, including the outward-spreading trend at the interface and the fluctuation induced by the upwash flow near the free end. By using the modified Omega–Liutex method Ω̃R, instantaneous and time-averaged primary turbulent structures are identified well with the iso-surfaces of proper thresholds. A complete necklace vortex and a pair of wave-induced vortices are observed below the free surface, while a pair of large-scale arch vortices and two pairs of tip vortices are generated near the free end. The Liutex lines and streamlines are then used to analyze the spatial formations and developments of these structures. Furthermore, by performing spectral analysis at different probes on the cylinder surface and in the wake region, the dominant frequencies for each primary turbulent structure are determined.
Spontaneous runaway of fast turbulent flames for turbulence-induced deflagration-to-detonation transition
Authors: Chambers Jessica , Chin Hardeo M. , Poludnenko Alexei Y. , Gamezo Vadim N. , Ahmed Kareem A.
Published: January 2022

One of the fundamental mechanisms for detonation initiation is deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT). This research experimentally explores the runaway condition for highly turbulent fast flames before DDT, which are characterized by extremely high turbulent flame speeds. Such fast turbulent flames experience increased effects of compressibility and may develop a runaway acceleration combined with a pressure buildup that leads to a turbulence-induced DDT (tDDT) mechanism that has been recently reported. The flame dynamics and the associated reacting flow field are characterized using simultaneous high-speed particle image velocimetry, OH* chemiluminescence, pressure measurements, and schlieren imaging. We study the flow-field conditions for runaway acceleration of fast turbulent flames and effects of compressibility on the evolution of these flames. The locally measured turbulent flame speed is found to be greater than that of a Chapman–Jouguet deflagration speed, which places the flame in the runaway transition regime that would eventually lead to a detonation.
Genome-wide screens identify specific drivers of mutant
hTERT
promoters
Authors: Shanmugam Raghuvaran , Ozturk Mert Burak , Low Joo-Leng , Akincilar Semih Can , Chua Joelle Yi Heng , Thangavelu Matan Thangavelu , Periyasamy Giridharan , DasGupta Ramanuj , Tergaonkar Vinay
Published: January 2022

Significance

Mutations in
hTERT
promoter are seen in over 19% of human cancers, irrespective of the cancer type. Understanding the molecular players that regulate Mut-
hTERT
promoters may help the design of effective targeting strategies to inhibit telomerase reactivation specifically in cancer cells. Our work uses genome-wide functional screens to identify 30 specific regulators of Mut-
hTERT
promoters. These candidates identified from the screening serve as an excellent resource to understand how telomerase is reactivated and as targets for making inhibitors to telomerase, a key driver of cancer.
Ribosomally derived lipopeptides containing distinct fatty acyl moieties
Authors: Hubrich Florian , Bösch Nina M. , Chepkirui Clara , Morinaka Brandon I. , Rust Michael , Gugger Muriel , Robinson Serina L. , Vagstad Anna L. , Piel Jörn
Published: January 2022

Lipopeptides represent a large group of microbial natural products that include important antibacterial and antifungal drugs and some of the most-powerful known biosurfactants. The vast majority of lipopeptides comprise cyclic peptide backbones N-terminally equipped with various fatty acyl moieties. The known compounds of this type are biosynthesized by nonribosomal peptide synthetases, giant enzyme complexes that assemble their products in a non–gene-encoded manner. Here, we report the genome-guided discovery of ribosomally derived, fatty-acylated lipopeptides, termed selidamides. Heterologous reconstitution of three pathways, two from cyanobacteria and one from an arctic, ocean-derived alphaproteobacterium, allowed structural characterization of the probable natural products and suggest that selidamides are widespread over various bacterial phyla. The identified representatives feature cyclic peptide moieties and fatty acyl units attached to (hydroxy)ornithine or lysine side chains by maturases of the GCN5-related
N
-acetyltransferase superfamily. In contrast to nonribosomal lipopeptides that are usually produced as congener mixtures, the three selidamides are selectively fatty acylated with C
10
, C
12
, or C
16
fatty acids, respectively. These results highlight the ability of ribosomal pathways to emulate products with diverse, nonribosomal-like features and add to the biocatalytic toolbox for peptide drug improvement and targeted discovery.
PDGF-D−PDGFRβ signaling enhances IL-15–mediated human natural killer cell survival
Authors: Ma Shoubao , Tang Tingting , Wu Xiaojin , Mansour Anthony G. , Lu Ting , Zhang Jianying , Wang Li-Shu , Caligiuri Michael A. , Yu Jianhua
Published: January 2022

Significance

Natural killer (NK) cells belong to a critical innate arm of host immunity against viral infection and malignancies. However, limited expansion and persistence of NK cells in vivo remain major challenges for NK cell-based therapy. Here, we show that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-D−PDGF receptor-beta signaling—a potent stimulator of cell growth and motility—activates NK cells in an autocrine manner and contributes to interleukin-15–mediated NK cell survival but not effector functions, the latter of which were previously shown to depend on the binding of PDGF-D to the NKp44 receptor. Therefore, selectively introducing PDGF signaling into NK cells should benefit NK cell expansion and persistence and/or enhance effector function in NK cell-based immunotherapies.
Intestinal commensal microbiota and cytokines regulate Fut2+Paneth cells for gut defense
Authors: Kamioka Mariko , Goto Yoshiyuki , Nakamura Kiminori , Yokoi Yuki , Sugimoto Rina , Ohira Shuya , Kurashima Yosuke , Umemoto Shingo , Sato Shintaro , Kunisawa Jun , Takahashi Yu , Domino Steven E. , Renauld Jean-Christophe , Nakae Susumu , Iwakura Yoichiro , Ernst Peter B. , Ayabe Tokiyoshi , Kiyono Hiroshi
Published: January 2022

Significance

Paneth cells produce granules containing antimicrobial peptides, such as α-defensin for host defense. Examination of the production and utilization of fucosyltransferase 2 (Fut2) by Paneth cells revealed two distinct subsets: Fut2+Paneth cells and Fut2−Paneth cells. Compared with Fut2−Paneth cells, Fut2+Paneth cells were enriched in granules containing antimicrobial peptides. IL-22 and IL-17a were found to be essential for commensal bacteria-dependent Fut2+Paneth cell development and function as part of gut defense.
Why postmortems fail
Authors: Jervis Robert
Published: January 2022

Significance

Learning from past experiences—especially failures—is central to progress in human affairs. Knowing this, organizations, and especially governments, often conduct postmortems after important policies fail. Unfortunately, however, the combination of political pressures and psychological biases usually leads to the use of flawed social science methods, which make the results of the studies limited and often misleading.
Analysis of the use of Japanese mimetics in the eating and imagined eating of rice crackers
Authors: Uno Ryoko , Kobayashi Fumiyuki , Shinohara Kazuko , Odake Sachiko
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores how Japanese mimetics are used to verbally express the texture of rice crackers in real and imagined cases. Two experiments were conducted to test whether the use of mimetics varies when eating rice crackers as opposed to merely imagining eating rice crackers. The analysis of the mimetics used to express the physically perceived texture and the imagined texture of the rice crackers shows that these two situations may have different prototypes of rice crackers. This study suggests that the degree of iconicity of the same mimetics can vary according to the contexts in which they are used.
Verbs of eating
Authors: Yamaguchi Toshiko
Published: January 2022

The chapter explains how kuu and taberu, two major verbs of eating in Japanese, emerged, developed, and changed their literal and figurative meanings. Both verbs began their life distinctly. Kuu emerged from the active zone, while societal structures gave rise to taberu. This difference is reflected in two facets of culture, labeled Culture 1 and Culture 2, which embrace adversity and hierarchical society, respectively, revealing two social attributes that are historically prevalent in Japan. Today’s usages of taberu and kuu show a shift in the selection of active zones and a shift from metonymy to metaphor. Drawing upon kuu’s current tendency to withdraw from figurative expression, the chapter suggests that metonymy and metaphor can effect a clear division of labor.
Clear is sweet
Authors: Fukushima Hiroki
Published: January 2022

Taste terms such as soft for wine often have a special meaning that differs from their general definition. This chapter proposes a way to define terms of Japanese sake taste by employing (1) a usage-based approach, (2) “encyclopedic semantics” rather than a “dictionary view,” and (3) sense-making theory (Fukaya & Tanaka, 1996; Tanaka & Fukaya, 1998), drawing on data from a “sake tasting description corpus.” Sixteen high-frequency adjectivals (e.g., yawarakai ‘soft’) are selected and their sense(s) defined in a bottom-up and abductive fashion based on scores indicating the strength of co-occurrence between terms. The suggestion is that the target terms can have a sense related to taste, flavor, texture, time flow, etc. not normally provided by an ordinary dictionary.
A frame-semantic approach to Japanese taste terms
Authors: Sakaguchi Kei
Published: January 2022

This chapter offers a frame-semantic account of the meanings of Japanese taste terms, analyzing 5,620 instances of collocations, consisting of an adjectival taste term and a noun, such as shibui kao ‘lit. astringent face’. It first defines the literal sense of the taste terms, identifying what frame is evoked by not only using but also adjusting the definitions and set of arguments from FrameNet (an English resource) to fit the case of Japanese. It then considers the sense extensions. The findings include the following: both the literal and the extended senses can imply (un)desirability; the semantic change can be accounted for by identifying frames of both literal and figurative uses that prop up the lexical meanings.
Applying force dynamics to analyze taste descriptions in Japanese online columns
Authors: Abe Sayaka
Published: January 2022

This chapter analyzes taste descriptions, applying force dynamics (Talmy, 1988), which uses a schematic structure to characterize force relations. I extracted 90 descriptions from online food columns to examine causal interactions in which Food acts upon Taster or on another Food, to find that they can be classified into four basic force relations. The influenced entity can: undergo a change (caused); overcome a blockage (overcoming); be prevented from changing (blocked); or remain unchanged despite a force acting against it/her (persevering). The classification reveals that the caused pattern is predominant, indicating that Food or Taster tends to be conceptualized as a malleable entity that “gives in” to (another) Food.
Grimm’s Law and Verner’s Law
Authors: Stenbrenden Gjertrud F.
Published: January 2022

This paper gives a unified account of Grimm’s and Verner’s Laws in light of findings from experimental phonetics. The Germanic stress shift and stress placement shift are separate phenomena, and I argue that Iverson & Salmons’ (2003) shift in ‘articulatory setting’ corresponds to the former, and that the shift in how prosodic emphasis was expressed, from high pitch to dynamic stress, set Grimm’s Law in motion, because a phonetic correlate of dynamic stress is higher subglottal pressure. Increased subglottal pressure induced aspiration, affrication and spirantisation in Proto-Indo-European (PIE) voiceless stops and devoicing in voiced stops. The voiced aspirates became fricatives, which were allophones of voiced stops; these fricative allophones later fell together with the main plosive allophones to produce Germanic voiced stops.
Syntactic changes in verbal clauses and noun phrases from 1500 onwards
Authors: Schneider Gerold
Published: January 2022

Can the promise of data-driven methods hold in historical linguistics? Can they detect salient syntactic changes and open new research avenues? I first use data-driven measures to detect patterns in the ARCHER corpus. Secondly, I qualitatively interpret the differences and build hypotheses. Thirdly, I validate these, with the Penn Corpora, investigating frequency and creativity. We observe several trends – among them: verbal (‘Doric’) style is decreasing, nominal (‘Attic’) style is increasing. A cascade from full to non-finite clause, and from paratactic to hypotactic style unfolds. Furthermore, constituent order is increasingly becoming fixed, strengthening the principle of dependency length minimisation. While data-driven approaches entail a complex interpretation step, their holistic perspective goes beyond well-trodden envelopes of variation to more global language models.
On the development of OE swā to ModE so and related changes in an atypical group of demonstratives
Authors: König Ekkehard , Vezzosi Letizia
Published: January 2022

Building on previous comparative studies and comparative reconstructions (König 2012, 2015), we trace the syntactic and semantic development of OE swā, of its adverbial counterpart swylc and of þus to Modern English so, such and thus on the basis of relevant text corpora for OE and ME. In contrast to previous studies of swā in OE (cf. Schleburg 2002) and of so in ME (Nummenmaa 1973), it is shown that swā, swelc, thus and their counterparts in ModE are not isolated particles or adverbs, but are more adequately analysed as demonstratives of manner, quality and degree. Starting from a basic exophoric (gestural) use and its typical extensions to anaphoric and cataphoric uses, these expressions develop into a wide variety of grammatical markers in ModE.
How does causal connection originate?
Authors: Eseleva Anastasia
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on Old English causal connector
forþæm / forþon / forþy “because, therefore” in the
Alfredian translation of Boethius’s treatise De Consolatione
Philosophiae. This polyfunctional causal connector plays a
crucial role in the OE adaptation of the treatise, which is relatively
distant from its Latin source. Clauses with forþæm / forþon /
forþy correspond to various Latin structures (e.g., causal,
conditional, concessive, temporal, relative, and purpose clauses, or
ablative absolute) and support discourse coherence in the OE text. The study explores
the mechanisms behind the emergence of structures with explicit causality in
a translated text, from a translation studies perspective, and addresses the
problem of correlation of CCC-relations in the two texts.