bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The redox metabolic pathways function to limit Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection and multiplication while preserving fitness in tick vector cells
Authors: Alberdi Pilar , Cabezas-Cruz Alejandro , Prados Pedro Espinosa , Rayo Margarita Villar , Artigas-Jerónimo Sara , de la Fuente José
Published: September 2019

Aerobic organisms evolved conserved mechanisms controlling the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to maintain redox homeostasis signaling and modulate signal transduction, gene expression and cellular functional responses under physiological conditions. The production of ROS by mitochondria is essential in the oxidative stress associated with different pathologies and in response to pathogen infection.Anaplasma phagocytophilumis an intracellular pathogen transmitted byIxodes scapularisticks and causing human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Bacteria multiply in vertebrate neutrophils and infect first tick midgut cells and subsequently hemocytes and salivary glands from where transmission occurs. Previous results demonstrated thatA.phagocytophilumdoes not induce the production of ROS as part of its survival strategy in human neutrophils. However, little is known about the role of ROS during pathogen infection in ticks. In this study, the role of tick oxidative stress duringA.phagocytophiluminfection was characterized through the function of different pathways involved in ROS production. The results showed that tick cells increase mitochondrial ROS production to limitA.phagocytophiluminfection, while pathogen inhibits alternative ROS production pathways and apoptosis to preserve cell fitness and facilitate infection. The inhibition of NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS production by pathogen infection appears to occur in both neutrophils and tick cells, thus supporting thatA.phagocytophilumuses common mechanisms for infection of ticks and vertebrate hosts. However, differences in ROS response toA.phagocytophiluminfection between human and tick cells may reflect host-specific cell tropism that evolved during pathogen life cycle.
Blood pressure characteristics in patients with acute basilar artery occlusion undergoing endovascular thrombectomy
Authors: Pikija Slaven , Millesi Katharina , Killer-Oberpfalzer Monika , Mutzenbach J. Sebastian , Sztriha Laszlo K. , Füssel Michael U. , Sellner Johann
Published: September 2019

Acute basilar artery occlusion (BAO) is a rare but potentially life-threatening neurological condition. While endovascular therapy (EVT) has been shown to improve outcome, there is limited knowledge about prognostic factors beyond early recanalization. We studied whether blood pressure (BP) exceeds or falls below suggested thresholds during intervention and whether these changes are associated with complications and outcome. BP measurements mostly with one-minute intervals were available in 39 patients. An individual systolic blood pressure (SBP) reference value was defined as the median of the first five intra-procedural measurements. Half of the patients (51.3%) received drugs for BP augmentation and two a BP lowering drug (5.1%). Thrombolysis in cerebral infarction grade 2b and 3 (TICI) was achieved in 29 (74.4%) and 23 patients (58.9%) had good outcome at three months. We observed a continuous intra-procedural increase of median SBP (+11%) and mean arterial pressure (MAP, +10%, both p < 0.001), and a unique temporal pattern of intermittent peaks and troughs. Successful recanalization was more common in patients whose intra-procedural duration with SBP under 140 mmHg was shorter (p = 0.009). Patients with isolated tip of basilar artery (TBA) occlusion had significantly more BP excursion of 20% below the reference SBP and required more frequent use of sympathomimetic drugs compared to vertebrobasilar occlusion (p = 0.008 and p = 0.041, respectively). Brain hemorrhage was more prevalent in patients who experienced SBP excursions at least 20% above the individual reference value (p = 0.038) and a longer duration of time spent with SBP above 180 mmHg (p = 0.029). Patients with higher pre-procedural mean SBP had a greater chance of a good outcome (p = 0.03). This study using high resolution BP monitoring suggests a relationship between intra-procedural BP characteristics and recanalization, hemorrhagic complications and outcome in patients receiving EVT for acute posterior circulation cerebrovascular syndromes. Differences with regard to BP regulation during recanalization therapy for vertebrobasilar and TBA occlusion deserves further attention.
A facile ionic-liquid pretreatment method for the examination of archaeological wood by scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Lu Bing-Jyun , Li Jia-Rong , Tai Hwan-Ching , Cai Wenjie , Tseng Hsiao-Han , Hsieh Yi-Ting
Published: September 2019

Wood has been a crucial natural material for human civilization since prehistoric times. In archaeology, the examination of the wood microstructure is important for the study of architecture, musical instruments, sculptures, and so on. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination is sometimes unsuitable for archaeological wood due to the limited amount of precious samples, which may be too small to be cut by microtomes and mounted on holders. Moreover, the conductive coating material cannot be uniformly deposited over uneven wood surfaces. To overcome these issues, a rapid and simple pretreatment method using room-temperature ionic liquids (RTIL) was proposed. Four common RTILs were evaluated for the pretreatment of wood chips for SEM examination. We found that water content, viscosity, density, and hydrophobicity of IL solutions were important factors affecting SEM image quality. A 7.5% solution of 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidium dicyanamide (BMP-DCA) in ethanol (v/v) was found to work very well. The IL pretreatment could be performed in a few minutes without special equipment. It is gentle enough to preserve delicate structures such as the torus/margo of pit membranes, even at elevated temperatures, without causing obvious damage or deformation. We successfully imaged hand-cut wood chips from 18th-century buildings, an 18th-century European violin, and a Chinese zither over 1000 years old. We therefore conclude that highly hydrophilic ionic liquids with low density and viscosity are suitable for use in SEM examinations of both modern and antique wood specimens.
Identification and injury to the inferior hypogastric plexus in nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy
Authors: Li Lei , Bi Yalan , Wang Leiming , Mao Xinxin , Kraemer Bernhard , Lang Jinghe , Cui Quancai , Wu Ming
Published: September 2019

Waterjet dissection of the inferior hypogastric plexus (IHP) resulted in a more rapid return of normal urodynamics than blunt dissection (control group) in patients who received laparoscopic nerve-sparing radical hysterectomy (NSRH) in a randomized controlled study. However, the definite reasons for these results were unknown. This subgroup analysis compared the neural areas and impairment in the IHP uterine branches harvested during NSRH as an alternative to the IHP vesical branches between the waterjet and control groups. This study included samples from 30 eligible patients in each group of the trial NCT03020238. At least one specimen from each side of the IHP uterine branches was resected. The tissues were scanned, images were captured, and the neural component areas were calculated using the image segmentation method. Immunohistochemical staining was used to evaluate neural impairment. The control and waterjet groups had similar areas of whole tissues sent for evaluation. However, the control group had significantly fewer areas (median 272158 versus 200439 μm2, p = 0.044) and a lower percentage (median 4.9% versus 3.0%, p = 0.011) of neural tissues. No significant changes in immunohistochemical staining were found between the two groups. For patients with residual urine ≤100 and >100 ml at 14 days after NSRH (42 and 18 patients, respectively), there were significantly different percentages of neural tissues in the resected samples (p < 0.001). Hence, Due to the accurate identification of IHP during NSRH, the waterjet dissection technique achieved better urodynamic results.
Eigen damping constant of spin waves in ferromagnetic nanostructure
Authors: Purnama Indra , Moon Jung-Hwan , You Chun-Yeol
Published: September 2019

Though varying in nature, all waves share traits in a way that they all follow the superposition principle while also experiencing attenuation as they propagate in space. And thus it is more than common that a comprehensive investigation of one type of wave leads to a discovery that can be extended to all kinds of waves in other fields of research. In the field of magnetism, the wave of interest corresponds to the spin wave (SW). Specifically, there has been a push to use SWs as the next information carriers similar to how electromagnetic waves are used in photonics. At present, the biggest impediment in making SW-based device to be widely adapted is the fact that the SW experiences large attenuation due to the large damping constant. Here, we developed a method to find the SW eigenmodes and show that their respective eigen damping constants can be 40% smaller than the typical material damping constant. From a bigger perspective, this finding means that the attenuation of SW and also other types of waves in general is no more constrained by the material parameters, and it can be controlled by the shape of the waves instead.
Polydopamine-capped AgNPs as a novel matrix overcoming the ion suppression of phosphatidylcholine for MALDI MS comprehensive imaging of glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids in impact-induced injured brain
Authors: Han Chao , Li Shumu , Yue Qingwei , Li Na , Yang Hui , Zhao Zhenwen
Published: September 2019

In this study, AgNPs@PDA was synthesized as a matrix for the analysis of lipids in both positive and negative ion modes.
Water-in-salt electrolytes for aqueous lithium-ion batteries with liquidus temperatures below −10 °C
Authors: Becker Maximilian , Kühnel Ruben-Simon , Battaglia Corsin
Published: September 2019

The high solubility of LiPTFSI enables water-in-salt electrolytes with a wide liquid-state temperature range.
Plasmonic oxidation of glycerol using AuPd/TiO2 catalysts
Authors: Abis Laura , Dimitritatos Nikolaos , Sankar Meenakshisundaram , Freakley Simon J. , Hutchings Graham J.
Published: September 2019

AuPd nanoparticles supported on P25 TiO2 (AuPd/TiO2) were prepared by a facile sol-immobilisation method and investigated for surface plasmon-assisted glycerol oxidation under base-free conditions.
Computational design of an intramolecular photocyclization reaction with state-selective reactivity: a strategy for indole synthesis
Authors: Zhou Jingwei , Li Lamei , Yan Ming , Wei Wentao
Published: September 2019

We disclose a photoinduced photocyclization reaction of carbonyls and tertiary amines under photocatalyst-free conditions, providing a green entry to indoles.
Challenges and advances in genetic manipulation of filamentous actinomycetes – the remarkable producers of specialized metabolites
Authors: Musiol-Kroll Ewa M. , Tocchetti Arianna , Sosio Margherita , Stegmann Evi
Published: September 2019

Challenges and advances in genetic manipulation of actinomycetes.
Prussian blue analogue nanoenzymes mitigate oxidative stress and boost bio-fermentation
Authors: Zhou Renwu , Wang Peiyu , Guo Yanru , Dai Xiaofeng , Xiao Shaoqing , Fang Zhi , Speight Robert , Thompson Erik W. , Cullen Patrick J. , Ostrikov Kostya (Ken)
Published: September 2019

This work demonstrated the efficacy of Prussian blue analogue nanoparticles as effective scavengers of reactive oxygen species under plasma-controlled cellular stress conditions and a booster of ethanol fuel production by yeast fermentation.
Synthesis and visualization of molecular brush-on-brush based hierarchically branched structures
Authors: Fu Xiaowei , Guo Zi-Hao , Le An N. , Lei Jingxin , Zhong Mingjiang
Published: September 2019

An atom transfer radical polymerization-mediated sequential “graft-from” approach was developed to synthesize molecular brush-on-brush (MBoB)-based hierarchically branched polymers with readily tunable structural parameters.
Perfluorinated phosphine and hybrid P–O ligands for Pd catalysed C–C bond forming reactions in solution and on Teflon supports
Authors: Begum Farzana , Ikram Muhammad , Twamley Brendan , Baker Robert J.
Published: September 2019

Phosphine ligands containing a perfluorous ponytail can be sorbed onto Teflon tape and used as ligands for C–C cross coupling reactions with little leaching.
Experimental investigation of shale oil recovery from Qianjiang core samples by the CO2 huff-n-puff EOR method
Authors: Li Lei , Wang Chengwei , Li Dongsheng , Fu Jingang , Su Yuliang , Lv Yuting
Published: September 2019

The shale oil recovery potential through the CO2 HnP method on cores with/without fractures was evaluated.
Tunable pseudocapacitive contribution by dimension control in nanocrystalline-constructed (Mg0.2Co0.2Ni0.2Cu0.2Zn0.2)O solid solutions to achieve superior lithium-storage properties
Authors: Chen Hong , Qiu Nan , Wu Baozhen , Yang Zhaoming , Sun Sen , Wang Yuan
Published: September 2019

A series of (Mg0.2Co0.2Ni0.2Cu0.2Zn0.2)O electrodes with different particle sizes were prepared and tested, which presented excellent lithium-storage performance.
Super-resolution interference lithography enabled by non-equilibrium kinetics of photochromic monolayers
Authors: Vijayamohanan Harikrishnan , Kenath Gopal S. , Palermo Edmund F. , Ullal Chaitanya K.
Published: September 2019

The non-equilibrium kinetics of spirothiopyran monolayers are studied to enable large area interference lithography with feature dimensions that circumvent the diffraction barrier.
Improving the oxygen evolution activity of Co3O4 by introducing Ce species derived from Ce-substituted ZIF-67
Authors: Zhou Jieming , Zheng Haiyan , Luan Qingjie , Huang Xiubing , Li Yang , Xi Zuoshuai , Lu Guilong , Xing Liwen , Li Yaqiong
Published: September 2019

Proper control of the introduced Ce amount and species in Ce–Co3O4 composites derived from Ce-substituted ZIF-67 precursors could precisely tune the Co3+/Co2+ ratio and induce surface oxygen defects, further boosting the OER performance.
How Well Do We Use Our Technology? Examining iPad Navigation Skills in Individuals With Aphasia and Older Adults
Authors: Sitren Amanda , Vallila-Rohter Sofia
Published: September 2019

Purpose

Technology is increasingly being used in rehabilitation, yet exposure and comfort with technology varies across individuals, particularly among older adults. There are limited ways to evaluate comfort with technology or teach people how to use technological devices. The objective of the current study was to develop an iPad task battery and evaluate performance by individuals with aphasia and older adults, further examining whether participants could learn to improve performance with written, verbal, and visual instructions.

Method

Thirty-two participants completed this study (16 with poststroke aphasia and 16 older adult controls). Participants completed 3 phases of testing: (a) baseline evaluation of performance of an iPad task battery, (b) teaching and practice of unknown tasks, and (c) retention evaluation. Participants were scored on accuracy, speed, and efficiency in each phase. Results were evaluated as a function of demographic and cognitive–linguistic variables.

Results

Results demonstrate that variability arises in people's abilities to perform tasks on an iPad and that cognitive skills such as executive functions, planning, and visuospatial attention relate to baseline scores of performance. The majority of participants with aphasia showed evidence of retaining information learned in the teaching and practice phase; however, they showed a lower percentage of retained lessons relative to controls.

Conclusions

Findings support the hypothesis that technology abilities vary among individuals with and without aphasia. Evaluating technology ability and the ability to learn technology is an important component to consider when prescribing tablet-based therapies.
Inner Speech in Aphasia: Current Evidence, Clinical Implications, and Future Directions
Authors: Fama Mackenzie E. , Turkeltaub Peter E.
Published: September 2019

Purpose

Typical language users can engage in a lively internal monologue for introspection and task performance, but what is the nature of inner speech among individuals with aphasia? Studying the phenomenon of inner speech in this population has the potential to further our understanding of inner speech more generally, help clarify the subjective experience of those with aphasia, and inform clinical practice. In this scoping review, we describe and synthesize the existing literature on inner speech in aphasia.

Method

Studies examining inner speech in aphasia were located through electronic databases and citation searches. Across the various studies, methods include both subjective approaches (i.e., asking individuals with aphasia about the integrity of their inner speech) and objective approaches (i.e., administering objective language tests as proxy measures for inner speech ability). The findings of relevant studies are summarized.

Results

Although definitions of inner speech vary across research groups, studies using both subjective and objective methods have established findings showing that inner speech can be preserved relative to spoken language in individuals with aphasia, particularly among those with relatively intact word retrieval and difficulty primarily at the level of speech output processing. Approaches that combine self-report with objective measures have demonstrated that individuals with aphasia are, on the whole, reliably able to report the integrity of their inner speech.

Conclusions

The examination of inner speech in individuals with aphasia has potential implications for clinical practice, in that differences in the preservation of inner speech across individuals may help guide clinical decision making around aphasia treatment. Although there are many questions that remain open to further investigation, studying inner speech in this specific population has also contributed to a broader understanding of the mechanisms of inner speech more generally.
Dossier : Le groupe des Dix, des précurseurs de l'interdisciplinarité – Des modèles pour comprendre la complexité des systèmes urbains. Apports et apories autour de l’ouvrageL’homme et la villed’Henri Laborit
Authors: Harpet Cyrille , Pincetl Stéphanie
Published: September 2019

Henri Laborit, neurochirurgien spécialiste du stress organique et membre du Groupe des Dix, est l’auteur d’une expérience pédagogique et scientifique interdisciplinaire à l’université de Paris-Vincennes, auprès d’urbanistes. Son ouvrageL’homme et la ville(1971) présente la ville comme un écosystème complexe dans lequel l’homme exerce des relations de domination dans l’histoire (rapports de classes, de races, de nations, etc.) et ce sous la commande d’un cerveau archaïque. Mais la ville peut-elle être comparée à un organisme vivant ? À un cerveau ? À une machine ? L’approche systémique et la théorie cybernétique, partagées par d’autres membres du Groupe des Dix, permet une analyse des systèmes complexes, des sociétés cellulaires aux sociétés humaines (Edgar Morin), du microscope au macroscope (Joël de Rosnay). Mais le système ville reste une « production » humaine, un anthropo-écosystème, alors que son évolution dite « en tendance » compromet les équilibres sociaux, économiques et écologiques. Quels modèles d’organisation peuvent réguler un métabolisme urbain durable ?
MRSA-Screening in der neurologisch-neurochirurgischen Frührehabilitation
Authors: Rollnik Jens D. , Grüter Ludwig
Published: September 2019

Methicillin-resistente Staphylococcus-aureus-Stämme (MRSA) haben in der neurologisch-neurochirurgischen Frührehabilitation eine erhebliche medizinische und ökonomische Relevanz. Es ist wichtig, MRSA-Träger möglichst rasch nach Aufnahme zu identifizieren, um Transmissionen zu verhindern und Isolierungs- sowie Dekolonisierungsmaßnahmen einleiten zu können. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Anwendung und Aussagekraft eines PCR-basierten Schnelltests (Polymerase-Kettenreaktion) zum Nachweis von MRSA-Erbgut in Nasen-Rachen-Abstrichen (BD MAX MRSA XT, BD Diagnostics, Heidelberg, Deutschland) von neurologischen Rehabilitanden untersucht und mit dem Standard-Verfahren (Kultur) als Goldstandard verglichen. Im Jahr 2013 wurden innerhalb von sieben Tagen nach Aufnahme bei n = 66 Frührehabilitanden MRSA-Abstriche sowohl mittels PCR-Schnelltest als auch kulturell untersucht. Dabei ergab sich für die PCR eine Sensitivität von 84,6 % mit einer Spezifität von 86,8 %. Der positive prädiktive Wert (PPW) lag bei nur 61,1 %, der negative (NPW) bei 95,8 %. Bei insgesamt 39 Frührehabilitanden lagen PCR und Kultur zeitlich nur bis zu einem Tag auseinander, hierdurch stieg die Sensitivität auf 100 %, die Spezifität auf 90,3 %. In dieser Subgruppe betrug der PPW 72,7 %, der NPW 100 %. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass nach einem positiven PCR-Befund rasch (innerhalb von 24 Stunden) eine kulturelle Untersuchung durchgeführt werden sollte, um eine MRSA-Besiedelung zu verifizieren. Insbesondere der hohe NPW (95,8 bzw. 100 %) zeigt an, dass negativ getestete Patienten auch mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit keine MRSA-Träger sind. Auf ein positives Testergebnis in der PCR kann man sich allerdings weniger gut verlassen (wegen falsch-positiver Ergebnisse), sodass bei Vorliegen eines MRSA-Nachweises in der PCR bei neurologisch-neurochirurgischen Frührehabilitanden eine kulturelle Untersuchung durchgeführt werden sollte, um unnötig lange Isolierungsmaßnahmen zu vermeiden.
Mobilität messen – Assessment: Charité Mobilitäts-Index CHARMI®
Authors: Liebl Max Emanuel
Published: September 2019

Mit dem Charité Mobilitäts-Index steht Physiotherapeuten ein validiertes Assessment zur Verfügung, das hilft, die Mobilität von Patienten einzustufen. Dafür beobachten sie den Patienten, wie er selbstständig aus der Rückenlage bis zum höchsten selbstständig durchführbaren Level kommt. Hilfsmittel sind explizit erlaubt.
Testsequenzen für den Praktiker
Authors: Kubat Heike , Schulze Elke
Published: September 2019

Okulomotorische Tests sind bei Patienten mit kraniozervikalen Symptomen wie
Nacken-, Kopf- und Gesichtsschmerzen, Schwindel, Gleichgewichtsstörungen oder
Ohrsensationen eine Notwendigkeit, um adäquat und zielgerichtet behandeln zu
können.

Dieser 2. Teil der Artikelreihe zu Tests bei kraniozervikalen Beschwerden
beschreibt die Anwendung und den Nutzen okulomotorischer Tests wie dem
Blickfolge-, Sakkaden-, Vergenz- und Kopfimpulstest.
Predictive rules for optical diagnosis of < 10-mm colorectal polyps based on a dedicated software
Authors: Hassan Cesare , Bisschops Raf , Bhandari Pradeep , Coron Emmanuel , Neumann Helmut , Pech Oliver , Correale Loredana , Repici Alessandro
Published: September 2019

Background The BASIC classification for predicting in vivo colorectal polyp histology incorporates both surface and pit/vessel descriptor domains. This study aimed to define new BASIC classes for adenomatous and hyperplastic polyps.

Methods A video library (102 still images/videos of < 10-mm polyps using white-light [WLI] and blue-light imaging [BLI]) was reviewed by seven expert endoscopists. Polyps were rated according to the individual descriptors of the three BASIC domains (surface/pit/vessel). A model to predict polyp histology (adenomatous or hyperplastic) was developed using multivariable logistic regression and subsequent “leave-one-out” cross-validation. New BASIC rules were then defined by Delphi agreement. The overall accuracy of these rules when used by experts was evaluated according to the level of confidence and light type.

Results The strength of prediction for adenomatous histology from 2175 observations assessed by area under the curve (AUC; 95 % confidence interval) was poor-to-fair for the surface descriptors (0.50 [0.33 – 0.69] for mucus; 0.68 [0.57 – 0.79] for irregular surface), but stronger for pits (0.87 [0.80 – 0.96] for featureless/round/not round) and vessels (0.80 [0.65 – 0.87] for not present/lacy/pericryptal). By combining the domains, a good-to-excellent prediction was shown (AUC 0.89 [0.81 – 0.96]). After the definition of new BASIC rules for adenomatous and hyperplastic polyps, accuracy for high confidence BLI predictions was 90.3 % (86.3 % – 93.2 %), which was superior to high confidence WLI (83.7 % [77.3 % – 87.7 %]) and low confidence BLI predictions (77.7 % [61.1 % – 88.6 %]).

Conclusions Based on the strength of prediction, the new BASIC classes for adenomatous and hyperplastic histology show favorable results for accuracy and confidence levels.
Gastrointestinale somatoforme Störungen
Authors: Hetterich Larissa , Zipfel Stephan , Stengel Andreas
Published: September 2019

Somatoforme Störungen im Magen-Darm-Trakt gehen mit einem hohen Leidensdruck für die Patienten einher. Oftmals fällt die Diagnose schwer bzw. wird sie erst spät gestellt. Der Artikel möchte ein klareres Bild dieser Krankheitsbilder zeichnen und die Diagnostik und Therapiemöglichkeiten genauer beleuchten. Die neu überarbeitete AWMF-Leitlinie von 2018 berücksichtigt die somatoformen gastrointestinalen Störungen 1.
Alkene Ozonolysis in the Presence of Diazo Functionality: Accessing an Intermediate for Squalestatin Synthesis
Authors: Almohseni Hasanain A. A. , Fegheh-Hassanpour Younes , Arif Tanzeel , Hodgson David M.
Published: September 2019

Studies on both the propensity for intramolecular cycloaddition between diazo and alkene functionality, and the tolerance of α-substituted α-diazoesters towards ozone in the presence of an alkene, led to chemoselective alkene ozonolysis of an ε-unsaturated-α-diazoester to give a key racemic diazoketone for the synthesis of 6,7-dideoxysqualestatin H5.
Advances in C(sp3)–H Bond Functionalization via Radical Processes
Authors: Zhang Tong , Wu Yue-Hua , Wang Nai-Xing , Xing Yalan
Published: September 2019

C(sp3)–H Bonds are the most common structures in organic molecules. In recent years, the direct functionalization of C(sp3)–H bonds has attracted wide attention and made significant progress. This review mainly focuses on C(sp3)–H bond functionalization of alkanes with or without functional groups via radical processes reported since 2017. In particular, three methods of generating free radicals are discussed: the use of a radical initiator such as TBHP or DTBP; photocatalysis, and via 1,5-hydrogen atom transfer (1,5-HAT).

1 Introduction

2 C(sp3)–H Bond Functionalization of Alkanes

3 C(sp3)–H Bond Functionalization of Alkanes with a Functional Group

4 Conclusions
Critical Care Management of Acute Spinal Cord Injury—Part II: Intensive Care to Rehabilitation
Authors: Sacino Amanda , Rosenblatt Kathryn
Published: September 2019

Spinal cord injury is devastating to those affected due to the loss of motor and sensory function, and, in some cases, cardiovascular collapse, ventilatory failure, and bowel and bladder dysfunction. Primary trauma to the spinal cord is exacerbated by secondary insult from the inflammatory response to injury. Specialized intensive care of patients with acute spinal cord injury involves the management of multiple systems and incorporates evidence-based practices to reduce secondary injury to the spinal cord. Patients greatly benefit from early multidisciplinary rehabilitation for neurologic and functional recovery. Treatment of acute spinal cord injury may soon incorporate novel molecular agents currently undergoing clinical investigation to assist in neuroprotection and neuroregeneration.
Adaptive symbolic transfer entropy and its applications in modeling for complex industrial systems
Authors: Xie Juntai , Gao Jianmin , Gao Zhiyong , Lv Xiaozhe , Wang Rongxi
Published: September 2019

Directed coupling between variables is the foundation of studying the dynamical behavior of complex systems. We propose an adaptive symbolic transfer entropy (ASTE) method based on the principle of equal probability division. First, the adaptive kernel density method is used to obtain an accurate probability density function for an observation series. Second, the complete phase space of the system can be obtained by using the multivariable phase space reconstruction method. This provides common parameters for symbolizing a time series, including delay time and embedding dimension. Third, an optimization strategy is used to select the appropriate symbolic parameters of a time series, such as the symbol set and partition intervals, which can be used to convert the time series to a symbol sequence. Then the transfer entropy between the symbolic sequences can be carried out. Finally, the proposed method is analyzed and validated using the chaotic Lorenz system and typical complex industrial systems. The results show that the ASTE method is superior to the existing transfer entropy and symbolic transfer entropy methods in terms of measurement accuracy and noise resistance, and it can be applied to the network modeling and performance safety analysis of complex industrial systems.
Optothermally pulsating microbubble-mediated micro-energy harvesting in underwater medium
Authors: Jang Deasung , Lee Jeongmin , Song Hyeonseok , Park Heebum , Hong Jiwoo , Chung Sang Kug
Published: September 2019

Despite the considerable research interest due to practical importance of pervasive wireless sensing systems in a wide range of engineering fields, power management remains an arduous task for further development of pervasive wireless sensing systems due to inherent needs for self-reliant functionality and portability during their operations. To this end, we here propose a new type of energy harvesting strategy in which an optothermally pulsating microbubble is submerged in an underwater medium. The pulsating microbubble gives rise to the periodic vibration of piezocantilevers in contact, which resultantly can produce electrical outputs. On the basis of this simple idea, mechanical power can be extracted from light energy through optothermally pulsating microbubbles in an aqueous medium and subsequently the mechanical power can be converted to electrical power for wireless devices. To elucidate physical factors affecting the performance of the proposed strategy, we thoroughly explore the effect of the intensity and frequency of the laser beam on the pulsation amplitude of optothermally pulsating bubbles and subsequent electrical outputs (e.g., electrical voltage and power). The dependence of electrical output on wetting property of piezocantilevers and electrical resistance is also established. The present work would provide a new framework for fundamental design of bubble-based microactuators as energy harvesters and microsensors in the near future.
Stationary states for underdamped anharmonic oscillators driven by Cauchy noise
Authors: Capała Karol , Dybiec Bartłomiej
Published: September 2019

Using numerical methods, we have studied stationary states in the underdamped anharmonic stochastic oscillators driven by Cauchy noise. The shape of stationary states depends on both the potential type and the damping. If the damping is strong enough, for potential wells which in the overdamped regime produce multimodal stationary states, stationary states in the underdamped regime can be multimodal with the same number of modes like in the overdamped regime. For the parabolic potential, the stationary density is always unimodal, and it is given by the two dimensional α-stable density. For the mixture of quartic and parabolic single-well potentials, the stationary density can be bimodal. Nevertheless, the parabolic addition, which is strong enough, can destroy the bimodality of the stationary state.
Amorphous gallium oxide sulfide: A highly mismatched alloy
Authors: Jaquez Maribel , Specht Petra , Yu Kin Man , Walukiewicz Wladek , Dubon Oscar D.
Published: September 2019

Stoichiometric gallium oxide sulfide Ga2(O1 − xSx)3 thin-film alloys were synthesized by pulsed-laser deposition with x ≤ 0.35. All deposited Ga2(O1 − xSx)3 films were found to be amorphous. Despite the amorphous structure, the films have a well-defined, room-temperature optical bandgap tunable from 5.0 eV down to 3.0 eV. The optical absorption data are interpreted using a modified valence-band anticrossing model that is applicable for highly mismatched alloys. The model provides a quantitative method to more accurately determine the bandgap as well as an insight into how the band edges are changing with composition. The observed large reduction in energy bandgap with a small sulfur ratio arises from the anticrossing interaction between the valence band of Ga2O3 and the localized sulfur level at 1.0 eV above the Ga2O3 valence-band maximum.
Achieving beyond-100-GHz large-signal modulation bandwidth in hybrid silicon photonics Mach Zehnder modulators using thin film lithium niobate
Authors: Wang Xiaoxi , Weigel Peter O. , Zhao Jie , Ruesing Michael , Mookherjea Shayan
Published: September 2019

Mach-Zehnder electro-optic modulators (EOM) based on thin-film lithium niobate bonded to a silicon photonic waveguide circuit have been shown to achieve very high modulation bandwidths. Open eye-diagram measurements made in the time domain of beyond-small-signal modulation are used to support the modulation-sideband measurements in showing that such EOM’s can support high-frequency modulations well beyond 100 GHz.
Highly nonlinear BiOBr nanoflakes for hybrid integrated photonics
Authors: Jia Linnan , Cui Dandan , Wu Jiayang , Feng Haifeng , Yang Yunyi , Yang Tieshan , Qu Yang , Du Yi , Hao Weichang , Jia Baohua , Moss David J.
Published: September 2019

We investigate the nonlinear optical properties of BiOBr nanoflakes—a novel two-dimensional (2D) layered material from the bismuth oxyhalide family. We measure the nonlinear absorption and Kerr nonlinearity of BiOBr nanoflakes at both 800 nm and 1550 nm via the Z-Scan technique. We observe a large nonlinear absorption coefficient β ∼ 10−7 m/W as well as a large Kerr coefficient n2 ∼ 10−14 m2/W. We also observe strong dispersion in n2, with it reversing sign from negative to positive as the wavelength varies from 800 nm to 1550 nm. In addition, we characterize the thickness-dependence of the nonlinear optical properties of BiOBr nanoflakes, observing that both the magnitudes of β and n2 increase for very thin flakes. Finally, we integrate BiOBr nanoflakes onto silicon integrated waveguides and characterize the linear optical properties of the resulting hybrid integrated devices, with the measurements agreeing with calculated parameters using independent ellipsometry measurements. These results verify the strong potential of BiOBr as an advanced nonlinear optical material for high-performance hybrid integrated photonic devices.
Excitation and control of large amplitude standing ion acoustic waves
Authors: Friedland L. , Marcus G. , Wurtele J. S. , Michel P.
Published: September 2019

We study the formation of large-amplitude standing ion acoustic waves (SIAWs) by nonlinear phase-locking (autoresonance) with a weak, chirped frequency standing ponderomotive drive. These waves comprise a nonlinear two-phase solution, with each phase locked to one of the two traveling waves comprising the drive. The autoresonance in the system is guaranteed provided that the driving amplitude exceeds a threshold. The phenomenon is illustrated via water bag simulations within a nonlinear ion fluid model and analyzed using Whitham's averaged variational principle. The local ion and electron densities in the autoresonant SIAWs may significantly exceed the initial unperturbed plasma density and are only limited by kinetic wave-breaking.
High power direct energy conversion by nuclear batteries
Authors: Spencer M. G. , Alam T.
Published: September 2019

The literature on direct conversion of radioisotope energy to electricity is reviewed. Considerations of the choice of radioisotope, converter, and device design are discussed. Recommendations for maximum specific power, energy, and lifetime based on available radioisotopes are made. It is found that nuclear batteries have the potential to achieve specific powers of 1–50 mW/g. Devices that utilize the beta emitter titanium tritide (TiT2) as the isotope are found to have the most potential in the short term to meet the combined performance objectives. TiT2 based devices have a specific power of 0.83 mW/g. Higher specific powers are achievable with the alpha emitter Am241 but with significantly reduced operational lifetime. In order to realize the full operational potential of Am241, radiation resistant converter materials will need to be developed.
Pulsating micro-bubbles produce harvestable energy
Authors: Kearns Sarah
Published: September 2019

Using fabricated chips in an underwater medium, optothermally induced mechanical energy is converted to electric energy.
Methanogenesis in animals with foregut and hindgut fermentation: a review
Authors: de la Fuente G. , Yañez-Ruiz D. R. , Seradj A. R. , Balcells J. , Belanche A.
Published: September 2019

Methane is the main greenhouse-gas contributor to global warming in the livestock sector; it is generated by anaerobic fermentation in the different sections of the gut, and the methane concentration differs significantly among species. Methane is produced only by certain types of microorganisms called methanogens. The species composition of methanogenic archaea population is largely affected by the diet, geographical location, host and the section of the gut. Consequently, methane production, either measured as total grams emitted per day or per bodyweight mass, differs greatly among animal species. The main difference in methanogenic activity among different gut sections and animal species is the substrate fermented and the metabolic pathway to complete anaerobic fermentation of plant material. The three main substrates used by methanogens are CO2, acetate and compounds containing methyl groups. The three dominant orders of methanogens in gut environments are Methanomicrobiales, Methanobacteriales and Methanosarcinales. They normally are present in low numbers (below 3% of total microbiome). The present review will describe the main metabolic pathways and methanogens involved in CH4 production in the gut of different host-animal species, as well as discuss general trends that influence such emissions, such as geographical distribution, feed composition, section of the gut, host age and diurnal and season variation. Finally, the review will describe animal species (large and small domestic ruminants, wild ruminants, camelids, pigs, rabbits, horses, macropods, termites and humans) specificities in the methanogen diversity and their effects on methane emission.
Use of a novel acoustic 'listening' method for detecting pump impellor strike on downstream migrating eels
Authors: David B. O. , Lake M. , Pine M. K. , Smith J. , Boubée J. A. T.
Published: September 2019

Fish mortality through floodplain pumping stations is a recognised global issue, but few studies have quantified the degree of mortality that occurs during pumping. We investigated the potential of passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) as a tool to record sounds made by fish and their likely mortality as they passed through pumps during downstream migration. The acoustic properties made by freshly killed eels that were fed through an existing pump station were compared to those made by goldfish (Carassius auratus). Processing and analysis of acoustic data enabled the development of an ‘eel-specific’ algorithm for detecting eels passing through the pumping station. The duration of sound and filtered intensity were useful characteristics enabling reliable separation of the two fish species. The algorithm was then applied retrospectively to soundscape recordings obtained during a typical eel migration period at the test site. Although the tool is unlikely to be able to differentiate the sound of goldfish from ‘other’ potential sounds of short duration (e.g. sticks), differentiating eels from other sounds was demonstrated. We conclude that this tool has considerable potential for improving the understanding of the timing of eel migrations and likely mortality through pumping stations. The tool may also be used to inform the development of both remote and manual pump management options for reducing pump-related eel mortality.
Socioeconomic and psychosocial factors are associated with poor treatment outcomes in Australian adults living with HIV: a case-control study
Authors: Siefried Krista J. , Kerr Stephen , Richardson Robyn , Mao Limin , Rule John , McAllister John , de Wit John , Carr Andrew
Published: September 2019

Background
A substantial minority of patients living with HIV refuse or cease antiretroviral therapy (ART), have virological failure (VF) or develop an AIDS-defining condition (ADC) or serious non-AIDS event (SNAE). It is not understood which socioeconomic and psychosocial factors may be associated with these poor outcomes. Methods: Thirty-nine patients with poor HIV treatment outcomes, defined as those who refused or ceased ART, had VF or were hospitalised with an ADC or SNAE (cases), were compared with 120 controls on suppressive ART. A self-report survey recorded demographics, physical health, life stressors, social supports, HIV disclosure, stigma or discrimination, health care access, treatment adherence, side effects, health and treatment perceptions and financial and employment status. Socioeconomic and psychosocial covariates significant in bivariate analyses were assessed with conditional multivariable logistic regression, adjusted for year of HIV diagnosis. Results: Cases and controls did not differ significantly with regard to sex (96.2% (n = 153) male) or age (mean (± s.d.) 51 ± 11 years). Twenty cases (51%) had refused or ceased ART, 35 (90%) had an HIV viral load >50 copies mL–1, 12 (31%) were hospitalised with an ADC and five (13%) were hospitalised with a new SNAE. Three covariates were independently associated with poor outcomes: foregoing necessities for financial reasons (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 3.1, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.3–7.6, P = 0.014), cost barriers to accessing HIV care (aOR 3.1, 95% CI 1.0–9.6, P = 0.049) and lower quality of life (aOR 3.8, 95% CI 1.5–9.7, P = 0.004). Conclusions: Despite universal health care, socioeconomic and psychosocial factors are associated with poor HIV outcomes in adults in Australia. These factors should be addressed through targeted interventions to improve long-term successful treatment.
MT1-MMP recruits the ER-Golgi SNARE Bet1 for efficient MT1-MMP transport to the plasma membrane
Authors: Miyagawa Takuya , Hasegawa Kana , Aoki Yoko , Watanabe Takuya , Otagiri Yuka , Arasaki Kohei , Wakana Yuichi , Asano Kenichi , Tanaka Masato , Yamaguchi Hideki , Tagaya Mitsuo , Inoue Hiroki
Published: September 2019

Metastasis is a major cause of cancer-related death. Membrane type 1–matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) is a critical protease for local invasion and metastasis. MT1-MMP is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and transported in vesicles to invadopodia, specialized subdomains of the plasma membrane, through secretory and endocytic recycling pathways. The molecular mechanism underlying intracellular transport of MT1-MMP has been extensively studied, but is not fully understood. We show that MT1-MMP diverts the SNARE Bet1 from its function in ER-Golgi transport, to promote MT1-MMP trafficking to the cell surface, likely to invadopodia. In invasive cells, Bet1 is localized in MT1-MMP–positive endosomes in addition to the Golgi apparatus, and forms a novel SNARE complex with syntaxin 4 and endosomal SNAREs. MT1-MMP may also use Bet1 for its export from raft-like structures in the ER. Our results suggest the recruitment of Bet1 at an early stage after MT1-MMP expression promotes the exit of MT1-MMP from the ER and its efficient transport to invadopodia.
Two-dimensional plasmonic waveguides for nanolasing and four-wave mixing
Authors: Li Guangyuan , Palomba Stefano , Sterke C Martijn de
Published: September 2019

Plasmonic waveguides are an essential element of nanoscale coherent sources, including nanolasers and four-wave mixing (FWM) devices. Here we report how the design of the plasmonic waveguide needs to be guided by the ultimate application. This contrasts with traditional approaches in which the waveguide is considered in isolation. We find that hybrid plasmonic waveguides, with a nonlinear material sandwiched between the metal substrate and a high-index layer, are best suited for FWM applications, whereas metallic wedges are preferred in nanolasers. We also find that in plasmonic nanolasers high-index buffer layers perform better than more traditional low-index buffers.
Ecological contingency in species shifts: downslope shifts of woody species under warming climate and land-use change
Authors: Zhang Xianwu , Zhang Bo , Feeley Kenneth J , Wang G Geoff , Zhang Jinchi , Zhai Lu
Published: September 2019

A predicted impact of a warming climate is an upslope shift of montane plant species. These upslope shifts may be amplified by land-use changes or attenuated by forest recoveries at low elevations where historical disturbances were ceased allowing for plant regrowth. Consequently, species may shift downslope back to low elevations where they had been previously harvested. The cessation-driven downslope shifts are hypothesized to dampen or even reverse climate-driven upslope shifts. We tested this hypothesis by a 20 year (1989–2009) forest inventory dataset from five mountainous areas in eastern China. In our study region, intense deforestation occurred mostly at low elevations until 1970, but was then ceased to facilitate natural forest recovery. Based on the analyses of 30 216 woody plants in 609 plots, we found that: (1) forest recovery occurred over the 20 year survey period, and increment rates of both recruitment and basal area increased up to 2004. However, in the last period (2004–2009), increment rates of basal area leveled off and recruitment was close to zero; (2) forest recovery was faster at lower elevations, as indicated by the higher increment rates there; (3) despite rising regional temperatures, the mean elevations of study species showed a downslope shift over the 20 years; and (4) the contribution of forest recovery to elevational shifts was supported by the fact that the species shifts were positively related to elevational changes in the recruitment increment, e.g. the negative (or downslope) shifts occurred in association with higher increments at lower elevations. These results suggest that, the cessation of disturbances and consequent lowland forest recovery had greater effects on the species distributions than did warming climate. In mountain systems that are being allowed to recover from historical disturbances, the effects of forest recovery on species distributions should be explicitly accounted for when assessing and predicting climate change impacts.
Multi-omics investigations within the Phylum Mollusca, Class Gastropoda: from ecological application to breakthrough phylogenomic studies
Authors: Klein Anne H , Ballard Kaylene R , Storey Kenneth B , Motti Cherie A , Zhao Min , Cummins Scott F
Published: September 2019

Gastropods are the largest and most diverse class of mollusc and include species that are well studied within the areas of taxonomy, aquaculture, biomineralization, ecology, microbiome and health. Gastropod research has been expanding since the mid-2000s, largely due to large-scale data integration from next-generation sequencing and mass spectrometry in which transcripts, proteins and metabolites can be readily explored systematically. Correspondingly, the huge data added a great deal of complexity for data organization, visualization and interpretation. Here, we reviewed the recent advances involving gastropod omics (‘gastropodomics’) research from hundreds of publications and online genomics databases. By summarizing the current publicly available data, we present an insight for the design of useful data integrating tools and strategies for comparative omics studies in the future. Additionally, we discuss the future of omics applications in aquaculture, natural pharmaceutical biodiscovery and pest management, as well as to monitor the impact of environmental stressors.