bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asphericity of the 3d Magnetic Moment Distribution and Conduction Electron Polarization in Co–Fe Alloys
Authors: Dobrzyński L. , Maniawski F. , Modrzejewski A. , Sikorska D.
Published: July 2007

Investigations of magnetic form factors of Co–Fe (f.c.c.) alloys by polarized neutrons are described. It is shown that the asphericity of the spin‐density distribution and the magnetic moment of conduction electrons increases with the iron content. Both results are discussed in terms of the existing theories of magnetism in transition metals. The results obtained for the most heavily doped sample, Co0.86F0.14, indicate on the existence of the iron‐iron interaction which probably leads to a change of the electronic structure of iron.
Crystal Vibrations of Silicon by the Use of Valence Force Potentials
Authors: Singh B. D. , Dayal B.
Published: July 2007

The dispersion curves for silicon in the symmetry directions [ζ, 0, 0], [ζ, ζ, 0] and [ζ, ζ, ζ] are calculated using valence force potentials. Two different models have been used, the one with three valence force constants and the other with six valence force constants. The initial set of three valence force constants have been derived by incorporating Lippincott potential in the general valence force field for silicon. The force constants have been refined using a manual method and further by a least square fitting program with some known neutron scattering frequencies. The results with the six adjusted valence force constants potential model are in good agreement with the experimental results. The Debye characteristic temperatures have been calculated and they are in good agreement with the experimental values.
Upper Critical Field Changes in Electron‐Irradiated Niobium
Authors: Ullmaier H. , Papastaikoudis C. , Schilling W.
Published: July 2007

Measurements are reported of the dependence of the upper critical field Hc 2 on the concentration and configuration of Frenkel defects in niobium. The defects were produced by low‐temperature irradiation with 3 MeV electrons and subsequent annealing treatments. The results qualitatively confirm a theory by Eilenberger which predicts that Hc 2 not only depends on the electronic mean free path but also on the ratio between s‐ and p‐wave scattering of the defects.
High Electric Field Effects and Electron Transfer to Higher Conduction Band Minima in Gallium Antimonide
Authors: Heinrich H. , Jantsch W.
Published: July 2007

The current–voltage characteristic of n‐type GaSb has been measured up to 9 kV/cm at 300 °K, and results for the longitudinal magnetoresistance at 300 °K are given up to 7 kV/cm. The experiments are compared with calculations based on a two‐band model taking into account carrier transfer to higher valleys. Avalanche breakdown is observed at the highest field strength under investigation.
Die magnetische Anisotropie plastisch verformter Nickel‐Einkristalle
Authors: Gessinger H.
Published: July 2007

Mit Hilfe eines dynamischen Magnetometers wurde die Anisotropie des Einmündungsgesetzes sowie der Remanenz an plastisch verformten Nickel‐Einkristallscheiben gemessen. Für quantitative Aussagen am geeignetsten erwiesen sich im Einmündungsgebiet die Messungen an Proben mit der Scheibenorientierung (111), da hier die Ergebnisse in einfacher Weise der Kristallanisotropie, der Verformungsanisotropie und der Formanisotropie zugeordnet werden können, während sich bei anderen Scheibenorientierungen die Fourier‐Koeffizienten in komplizierter Weise aus den verschiedenen Anisotropiebeiträgen aufbauen. Messungen der Temperaturabhängigkeit lieferten eine experimentelle Bestätigung der aus theoretischen Überlegungen gefolgerten Zuordnung dieser Koeffizienten.
Electrostatic Field in a Slightly Orthorhombic Ionic Crystal — Application to the Calculation of Tetragonal BaTiO3 and PbTiO3 Birefringence
Authors: Bouillot J. , Machet R. , Tsallis C.
Published: July 2007

The electrostatic dipole field coefficients are calculated for every point near a symmetry point of a simple cubic lattice with slight orthorhombic deformation. The internal dipole field is developed to the 2nd order as a function of the deformation and the displacements from the symmetry points. As an application the birefringence of tetragonal BaTiO3 and PbTiO3 is calculated and it is found that the contribution of ionic displacements is not negligible.
Higher‐Order Elastic Constants of the Inert Gas Solids
Authors: Mock W. , Rose M. F.
Published: July 2007

The second‐, third‐, and fourth‐order elastic constants at T = 0 °K have been calculated using the Mie‐Lennard‐Jones 12‐6 potential, the Buckingham 14‐6 potential, and the Morse potential. The zero‐point contribution to the second‐ and third‐order constants was taken into account using the quasiharmonic approximation by obtaining the second and fourth moments of the harmonic frequency distribution. The pressure dependence of the second‐order constants has been evaluated and thus the pressure dependent bulk modulus. From the bulk modulus 0 °K isotherms for Ne have been calculated and compared with experiment.
Effect of Pressure on the Curie Point of the Pseudo‐NiAs‐Type Cr3Te4
Authors: Ozawa K. , Yanagisawa S. , Yoshimi T. , Ogawa M. , Anzai S.
Published: July 2007

Magnetic induction and electrical resistivity of Cr3□Te4 including vacancies of magnetic atoms have been investigated in the vicinity of the Curie temperatures at hydrostatic pressures up to 6 kbar. The magnetic induction smoothly vanishes at the Curie temperature, Tc = 325 °K. The electrical resistivity shows a I'‐type anomaly with a kink at 319 °K and atmospheric pressure, and this temperature is in agreement with the Curie temperature. The pressure effect on the Curie point has been obtained as: (dTc/dP) = ‐(6.2 ± 0.4) deg/ kbar from the magnetic induction, and (dTc/dP) = ‐(5.9 ± 0.3) deg/kbar from the electrical resistivity measurements. Although a large number of exchange chains are cut by the vacancies in Cr3□Te4, only little difference has been observed in the Curie temperatures between CrTe and Cr3□Te4. This is not explained by a volume effect of exchange integral on the Curie temperature with dTc/dP < 0 in Cr3□Te4, and a brief discussion of exchange interactions in this compound has been done in comparison with those in CrTe on the basis of the ionic model.
A Structural Model for Grain Boundaries in Pure Metals
Authors: Baroux B. , Biscondi M. , Goux C.
Published: July 2007

The transition lattice between two crystals of different orientations in a metallic bicrystal is computed on the basis of simple geometric assumptions. The individual displacement of each atom can be described for any type of boundary. The resulting structure obviously coincides with the dislocation array for low misorientations. From this model, a part of the grain boundary's energy can be calculated with a non‐central force assumption; the results for tilt boundaries around 〈001〉 in aluminium show a strong dependence on misorientation.
Stationary State of Non‐Equilibrium Plasmas in Semiconductors with Finite Cross‐Section
Authors: Holter Ø. , Johnson R. R.
Published: July 2007

Non‐equilibrium plasmas created by impact ionization in semiconductors are investigated. With constant axial current densities it is shown that the plasma is homogeneous in the axial direction. Expression for the radial density profiles are given in the limit of low and high plasma density. The numerical solution yields the impact ionization coefficient as a function of the total density. This relation is interpreted as a qualitative current‐voltage characteristic. With material specifications appropriate for InSb a region of negative differential conductivity is found for p‐InSb, but not for n‐InSb. The location of the turning point, corresponding to an infinite differential conductivity, is compared with Ancker‐Johnson's experimental results in p‐InSb.
Relative Resistivity Anisotropy in Ferromagnetic 3d Metals and Alloys
Authors: Vasilyev Yu. V.
Published: July 2007

Using experimental results of the author's investigations, a possible model is proposed which explains the behaviour of the relative resistivity anisotropy in ferromagnetic 3d metals and alloys in a planar magnetic field of 4 kOe. The local magnetic moment disturbances scattering mobile d‐electrons within the frame of a “cocktail” model of ferromagnetism are assumed to be responsible for the anisotropy of the resistivity, s‐electrons being considered as isotropic and giving the main contribution to the total electric conductivity.
Enhancement of Thickness Fringe Contrast in Thick Crystals at Low Accelerating Voltages
Authors: Sheinin S. S.
Published: July 2007

The contrast of thickness fringes in thick crystals has been studied for various diffraction conditions. The results show that, under certain circumstances, it is possible to obtain fringes in considerably thicker crystals than is normally possible. These fringes arise from the interference of two well transmitted Bloch waves as opposed to the familiar thickness fringes which result from the interference of one Bloch wave which is well transmitted and the other which is highly absorbed. The effects of absorption under these circumstances are similar to those obtained when normal absorption only is present.
Dislocation Motion in Secondary Slip Planes in Alkali Halide Crystals at Room Temperature
Authors: Yu. Gutmanas E. , Nadgornyi E. M.
Published: July 2007

Dislocation motion in {100} 〈110〉 and {111} 〈110〉 secondary slip systems has been observed in NaCl, KCl, KBr, KI, and RbI crystals at room temperature by means of a special loading and etch‐pit technique. The observed reduction in the difference between the critical resolved shear stress τs{110} in the primary slip system {110} 〈110〉 and τs in the secondary slip system in the above sequence of crystals demonstrates the increasing influence of multiplication processes of dislocations on dislocation motion in the primary system. A considerably lower effect of γ‐irradiation on τs{100} and τs{111} has been found in comparison with that of τs{110}. Possible reasons are discussed briefly.
Optical and Magnetooptical Studies of the Interband Transition of Holes in Tellurium
Authors: Hardy D. , Rigaux C.
Published: July 2007

The interband transitions of holes in tellurium by absorption experiments are investigated in the energy range 100 to 170 meV on variously doped single crystals (1014 to 5 × 1017 holes/cm3) between 1.6 and 77 °K. Calculations of the absorption spectrum due to the direct inter‐valence band transitions are performed, using for the two split valence bands the dispersion relation . Theoretical curves account quantitatively for the experimental absorption data obtained at 23 and 77 °K. The comparison of the computed and observed spectra enables us to determine the parameters of the theoretical model. The existence of transitions into an impurity level appears at very low temperature. Results of magnetoabsorption experiments obtained at low field are reported.
On the Critical Point Behaviour of a Model of a 3‐d Ising Ferromagnet
Authors: Gupta A. K.
Published: July 2007

An analysis is made of the critical‐point behaviour of a 3‐d Ising ferromagnet using a magnetic equation of state based on an expression for the order‐parameter proposed by Frankel. The asymptotic distribution‐function of zeroes for the partition function on a unit‐circle in a complex‐fugacity plane is determined. The critical indices γ and α are found to be 1, and 0 which are inconsistent with high‐temperature series expansion results.
Peculiarities in the Vibrational Spectra of Cesium and Rubidium Nitrate Crystals in Its Low‐Temperature Phases
Authors: Karpov S. V. , Shultin A. A.
Published: July 2007

Polarized ir absorption spectra of CsNO3‐II and RbNO3‐IV crystals have been investigated in the region of the fundamental vibrations of the nitrate ions at 80 and 300 °K as well as the Raman spectra of these crystals at room temperature. Apart from the local field effects and the Davydov splitting of some vibrational terms also a splitting due to the presence of several sets of molecules not related by symmetry in a unit cell was observed. These results agree with the more accurate data of X‐ray analysis of the crystal structure of the low‐temperature phases of cesium and rubidium nitrate.
X‐Ray Spectra, Energy Band Structure, and Superconductivity of V3X‐Type Compounds
Authors: Nemnonov S. A. , Kurmaev E. Z. , Belash V. P.
Published: July 2007

X‐ray K‐emission bands of the metal atoms from Me3X‐compounds (V3Ga, V3Si, V3Ge, Cr3Si) are investigated. A multiple‐band structure of the energy spectrum is found characterized by a number of overlapping bands related to non‐metallic s‐, p‐, and metallic dp‐states. The results of theoretical calculations for V3Ga, V3Si, and V3Ge (Mattheiss [9]) are found to correlate well with experimental data. Some deviations, especially in the lower part of valence band are attributed to the choice of the crystal potential. On the basis of experimental results it seems possible to suggest theoretical calculations using a crystal potential corresponding to the 3d34s2 vanadium atom configuration. The relationship between the electronic structure of Me3X‐compounds and the change of their superconducting properties is discussed.
Ultrasonic Attenuation in Current‐Carrying Superconductors Containing Paramagnetic Impurities
Authors: Kolpagiu M. K. , Kon L. Z.
Published: July 2007

An investigation is made of the ultrasonic attenuation in superconductors carrying persistent currents in the presence of paramagnetic impurity scattering. The limiting case of high impurity concentrations is considered. General expressions for the attenuation coefficients are obtained in the case of space independent sound waves. The attenuation coefficients at relatively low‐frequencies and low temperatures are evaluated explicitly. Gapless superconductors are also considered.
Possibility of the Excitonic Phase in Insulators
Authors: Zimmermann R.
Published: July 2007

Applying many‐particle methods the lowest excitation energy of the exciton is calculated for an insulator with small energy gap. Screening is taken into account by means of a self‐consistent k‐dependent screening function. At the finite critical gap Gc the excitation energy vanishes leading to the excitonic phase.
Non‐Linear Dipole Effects in the Infra‐Red Absorption of GaAs
Authors: Borik H.
Published: July 2007

The IR absorption spectrum of GaAs is calculated and a good agreement with the measured bands is achieved. A considerable part of the two phonon bands is due to second order dipole moment absorption. The simplest kind of a model for cubic anharmonicity and the second order dipole moment has proved to work satisfactorily. The constant ratio between dipole and anharmonic coupling coefficients characteristic for this type of interaction is represented in terms of optical constants and the static ionic charge. The difference between an effective value for this ratio taken from the IR data and the one valid for the short range type of coupling coefficients is of reasonable magnitude.
Neutron Diffraction Study of Nickel in the Liquid State
Authors: Waseda Y. , Suzuki K. , Tamaki S. , Takeuchi S.
Published: July 2007

The structure of nickel in the liquid state has been studied by neutron diffraction at 1500 °C. After calculating the interference function (Fourier analysis), the atomic radial distribution function was evaluated from which interatomic distance and coordination number were obtained.
Explicit Expressions for Dislocation Derivatives
Authors: Malén K. , Lothe J.
Published: July 2007

Derivatives of straight dislocation data are developed using standard perturbation theory and a six‐dimensional formulation of the eigenvalue problem. The angular derivatives can be used for the calculation of the elastic field from a curved dislocation loop. The velocity derivatives for uniformly moving dislocations are known to be related to such quantities as kinetic energy or mass.
Model Calculations for Electrons in Amorphous Structures with Short‐Range Order
Authors: Maschke K. , Thomas P.
Published: July 2007

The distribution of poles of the averaged one‐electron Green's function in the complex k‐space has been investigated for a simple model consisting of point scatterers which form a slightly distorted primitive cubic lattice without long‐range order. For energies within the energy band of the corresponding crystal the poles of the amorphous case are found to represent “quasi‐crystal electrons” which, for small disorder, may be classified in a sense by a k‐vector, while for energies near the crystal band edges (inside or outside the crystal band) the states are no longer comparable with crystalline states.
Exchange Interaction between Excitons in the Quasi‐Cubic Model
Authors: Skettrup T. , Balslev I.
Published: July 2007

The general properties of the exchange matrix element between hydrogenic exciton states in a cubic crystal are discussed. It is shown that the high frequency dielectric constant should be applied in the screening of the long range exchange interaction. The exchange effects are then incorporated in the quasi‐cubic model of uniaxial crystals. Including also an external stress the energy levels and oscillator strengths of the exciton states are derived. The theoretical results are consistent with existing optical data on ZnO. By comparison values for the exchange integral and a valence band deformation potential are obtained.
An Effective Field Model of the Amorphous Antiferromagnet
Authors: Simpson A. W.
Published: July 2007

An effective field model of an amorphous antiferromagnet is developed assuming a distribution of near neighbour distances and hence a distribution of effective field coefficients between interacting atom pairs. It is shown that such a material is characterized by a symmetrical distribution of the total effective field, which, in the absence of any spin correlation, is approximately Gaussian. The model predicts a precise critical or Néel temperature proportional to the square root of the average number of interacting near neighbours, and an unusual downward curvature of the reciprocal susceptibility variation with decreasing temperature (see Fig. 5 and 6). Two classes of amorphous antiferromagnet are examined: those with and those without magnetically isolated paramagnetic atoms. The limited experimental data support the former class.
Fine Structure of Weak Kinematical Diffraction Beams for a Foil Containing Domain Boundaries
Authors: de Ridder R. , van Landuyt J. , Gevers R. , Amelinckx S.
Published: July 2007

R. DE Ridder

A kinematical scattered beam emerging from a foil containing a coherent domain boundary shows a fine structure which is analysed on the basis of the two‐beam kinematical theory [7]. First, the wave function of a kinematical beam at the exit surface is deduced and a physical interpretation is given. The fine structure of the beam is derived by applying the Fourier‐transformation method outlined in previous papers [1 to 4]. The geometry of the fine structure is analysed and the intensity behaviour of the satellites discussed taking anomalous absorption into account. Finally, the relation between the constituent beams and the fringe pattern is emphasized and the origin of the several satellites is demonstrated by a dispersion surface construction.
Electromultipole Interaction and Paramagnetic Relaxation in Ruby II. Shielding of the Ion Multipoles in the Crystal Lattice
Authors: Peskovatskii S. A.
Published: July 2007

Special features of the crystal lattice shielding of electric fields nonuniform at interatomic distances are discussed. It is found that in this case electric field gradients may exceed those in homogeneous dielectrics (antishielding effect). The dependence of the magnitude of the effect on the lattice parameters is analysed. Estimates of antishielding factors for dipole and quadrupole moments in ruby were made.
Optical Absorption of Ferroelectrical Iron Boracites
Authors: Pisarev R. V. , Druzhinin V. V. , Nesterova N. N. , Prochorova S. D. , Andreeva G. T.
Published: July 2007

The optical absorption in iron boracites Me3B7O13X, where Me = Fe2+ and × = Cl, Br, I, and also in cubic RbFeFe3 has been studied in the spectral range 0.25 to 25 μm from 77 to 650 °K. Boracite spectra are characterized by one intense band identified with the 5T2g → 5Eg electronic transition and by a large number of less intense bands in the visible and ultraviolet range of the spectrum. In RbFeF3 the splitting of the 5Eg state is connected with the Jahn‐Teller effect. Such splitting is not observed in iron boracites. Theoretical and experimental investigations of the intensity of the electronic transitions are performed. They showed that the main contribution to the intensity of transitions can be given by an electron‐vibrational and ferroelectric dipole mechanism. In boracites at the phase transition temperatures (trigonal – orthorhombic – cubic) an abrupt change of the position and intensity of the bands was observed.
Optical Absorption of Self‐Trapped Holes in AgCl and AgBr
Authors: Ulrici W.
Published: July 2007

In AgCl crystals doped with V3+, Cr3+, Fe3+, Ni2+, Cu2+, and chalcogen an infrared absorption at 9200 cm−1 is measured after irradiation at 20 °K. By comparison with ESR measurements on these crystals the infrared absorption can be assigned to holes trapped at lattice cations (Ag2+). The localization of the holes at lattice cations is explained by the valence band structure of silver halides and a Jahn‐Teller effect of the 4d9 configuration. AgBr crystals doped with V3+ or Cr3+ show after irradiation at 20 °K an infrared absorption at 7100 cm−1 with analogous properties as in AgCl.
Optical Absorption Spectra of V3+ and Cr3+ in ScCl3 and InCl3
Authors: Pistor W.
Published: July 2007

The optical spectra of Cr3+ in single crystals of ScCl3 and InCl3 have been investigated between 7000 and about 31000 cm−1. The observed crystal field splittings are explained in first approximation by a crystal potential of cubic symmetry. Further details in splitting of the quartet levels of Cr3+ and of the triplet levels of V3+ can be interpreted in both cases by a crystal potential of 3m(C3V) symmetry. The employed host lattices are of special interest, because the rare‐earth ions can occupy the same sites as the transition‐metal ions.
Saddle‐Point Configuration of the F‐Centre in NaCl‐Type Alkali Halides
Authors: Brown R. J. , Vail J. M.
Published: July 2007

Even and odd parity relaxed state energies for the saddle‐point F‐centre are evaluated, using gaussian‐localized, low‐order Legendre polynomial trial wave functions. A point‐ion model, with BSG ion‐size correction, is used, and lattice distortion (excluding ion polarization) is treated self‐consistently. A similar calculation is made for the ordinary F‐centre levels. Acceptable results are obtained for absorption, but not for emission. Agreement is obtained, within the rather large experimental error, with the activation energy for F‐centre step diffusion in KCl after correction of the ion‐ion repulsion at the saddle point. The results permit a critical assessment of the model.
Lattice Dynamics of RbI at 80 °K
Authors: Raunio G. , Rolandson S.
Published: July 2007

Phonon dispersion relations in RbI have been obtained by inelastic scattering of thermal neutrons. Measurements were performed in the crystallographic symmetry directions Δ, Σ, A, and Z at 80 °K and some selected zone boundary phonons were also measured at 300 °K. A simplified version of the generalized shell model, involving a variable number of parameters was fitted to the experimental dispersion curves. From an eleven parameter model the frequency spectrum, the Debye temperature and other physical quantities have been calculated.
The search for low energy conformational families of small peptides: Searching for active conformations of small peptides in the absence of a known receptor
Authors: Lexa Katrina W. , Alser Katherine A. , Salisburg Amanda M. , Ellens Damien J. , Hernandez Lorena , Bono Sam J. , Michael Heather C. , Derby Jennifer R. , Skiba Jaime G. , Feldgus Steven , Kirschner Karl N. , Shields George C.
Published: July 2007

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women. Tamoxifen is the preferred drug for estrogen receptor‐positive breast cancer treatment, yet many of these cancers are intrinsically resistant to tamoxifen or acquire resistance during treatment. Therefore, scientists are searching for breast cancer drugs that have different molecular targets. Previous work revealed that 8‐mer and cyclic 9‐mer peptides inhibit breast cancer in mouse and rat model systems, interacting with an unknown receptor, while peptides smaller than eight amino acids did not inhibit breast cancer. We have shown that the use of replica exchange molecular dynamics predicts structure and dynamics of active peptides, leading to the discovery of smaller peptides with full biological activity. These simulations identified smaller peptide analogs with a conserved turn, a β‐turn formed in the larger peptides. These analogs inhibit estrogen‐dependent cell growth in a mouse uterine growth assay, a test showing reliable correlation with human breast cancer inhibition. We outline the computational methods that were tried and used with the experimental information that led to the successful completion of this research. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Canarium schweinfurthii Engl.: Chemical composition of the fruit pulp
Authors: Georges Agbo N’zi , Olivier Chatigre Kouamé , Simard Ronald E.
Published: July 2007

Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. (Burseraceae) is a wild tree found mostly in Africa, which produces fruit similar to olives and which is barely used. On a dry matter basis, the fruit pulp from Côte d’Ivoire (the Ivory Coast) was found to contain 5.6% protein, 30–50% fat, 8.2% starch, 11.8% cellulose and 8.3% ash (the highest mineral elements being potassium, 1.2% and calcium, 0.4%). The melting and solidification points of the extracted fat (44.5°C and 35.2°C, respectively) are higher than those of all the commercial and otherCanarium‐species oils. This oil shows low iodine, peroxide and carotene values (36, 17 meq‐g and 2 mg, respectively). The fatty acid composition of the oil revealed a high content of oleic (89.4%) or stearic (67.7–84.0%) acids in the liquid, semi‐solid and solid forms of the oil. Consequently, the content of these two acids is much higher inCanarium schweinfurthii oil than in any other vegetable oil. The three forms (liquid, semi‐liquid and solid) of the oil depend on the maturity of the fruit and these stages will be investigated further in future work.
Chemical composition of dusts from cottonseed oil mills
Authors: Brown David F. , Piccolo Biagio , Tripp Verne W. , Parnell Calvin B.
Published: July 2007

Abstract and Summary

The proximate chemical composition of total dust samples from five Texas cottonseed oil mills was determined. Dust compositions were highly variable and were affected more by the processing step than by differences among mills. Composition of cleaning room dusts reflected differences in soil minerals. Typical inorganic values were: silicon (12%), aluminum (0.5%), and iron (0.7%). Delintering dust was highest in cellulosic materials (40%), whereas the 23% protein composition of the hulling dust showed the influence of kernel fragments. Baling, dust contained large amounts of cellulose (38%) and noncellulosic organic constituents (36%).
An analysis scheme for estimation of crude oil quality
Authors: Snyder J. M. , Mounts T. L. , Holloway R. K.
Published: July 2007

A seed analysis scheme was designed to rapidly estimate the quality of extracted oil. Factors of crude oil quality evaluated were: free fatty acids, oxidative status (Totox value), color, and phosphatides (soybean) or wax (sunflower). Soybean and sunflower seeds subjected to extended storage at varying moisture contents were sampled at incremental time periods to yield fifty storage‐damaged samples of each oilseed. Oil was extracted from 50‐g lots of each sample and analyzed for the crude oil quality factors according to standard methods. Alternative instrumental and chemical analyses of the quality factors were correlated with the standard methods. Hexanal content, measured by headspace‐gas Chromatographie analysis of the ground full‐fat meal, was correlated to the oxidative status. Crude oils recovered by rapid extraction, using sonication, and desolventation were monitored by spectrophotometry for color correlation. Free fatty acid content was determined by titration methods and monitored by spectrophotometry. Modified turbidimetric methods estimated the phosphatides (soybean) or wax (sunflower seed) contents. The analysis scheme provides for the rapid estimation of oil quality as impacted by various pre‐ and post‐harvest events that cause deterioration of oilseeds.
Characterization of texture and mechanical properties of heat‐induced soy protein gels
Authors: KangII Jun , Matsumura Yasuki , Mori Tomohiko
Published: July 2007

Heat‐set gels were prepared from acid‐precipitated soybean proteins at various heating temperatures (80–100°C), protein concentrations (18–20%), and proportions of glycinin. The gels were evaluated for mechanical parameters by means of a compression‐decompression test. Gels formed at higher heating temperature and protein concentration were firm, tough and unfracturable. The elasticities of the gels were similar at all protein concentrations and were lower when heated at higher temperature. Heating above 93°C was necessary for formation of rigid gels. The glycinin/β‐conglycinin ratio affected the texture of the gels. Three‐dimensional representation of the gels through factor analysis of instrumental data and calculation of factor scores was useful to evaluate the texture of the gels.
Fatty acids of canola Brassica campestris var candle seed and oils at various stages of refining
Authors: Sebedio J‐ L. , Ackman R. G.
Published: July 2007

Fatty acids of oil of a current variety of canolaBrassica campestris var Candle, at 3 stages of commercial production and refining, were compared with authentic seed oils, and with the oil ofB. napus var Tower. The proportion ofcis‐ 9, cis‐ 12, trans‐ 15 andtrans‐ 9, cis‐12, cis‐lS‐octadecatrienoates relative to the all‐cis isomer was lower than that previously observed in processed oils. The minor C14, C15, C17 fatty acids previously documented for Tower were also found in the same proportions in the Candle oil. The proportion of 22:1ω7 isomer (1.1% of a total 1.2% 22:1) was intermediate to that of a high erucic variety (0.9% out of 23% 22:1) and the very low 22:1 Tower (2.3% out of 0.1% 22:1). Thus the proportion of ω7 isomers is governed by total 22:1 present.
Decoloration of vegetable oils and oleoresins with recovery of unaltered pigments
Authors: Mínguez‐Mosquera M. Isabel , Jarén‐Galán Manuel , Hornero‐Méndez Dámaso , Garrido‐Fernández Juan , Gallardo‐Guerrero M. Lourdes , Gandul‐Rojas Beatriz
Published: July 2007

The present study confirms that N,N‐dimethylformamide for the extraction of chloroplast pigments from vegetable tissues shows no differences from the usual acetone or methanol. Therefore, it can be applied to fats, as it allows separation of lipids and pigments by means of phase distribution between light petroleum ether and N,N‐dimethylformamide. The ether phase retains the decolored fatty matter, and the pigments dissolved in N,N‐dimethylformamide can be recovered totally unaltered.

This method has been applied to oleoresins and oils from different products and origins. Satisfactory results have been obtained in terms of the degree of decoloration and the percentage of oil recovered. At the same time, the unaltered pigment concentrate obtained from the hypophase could be used as a color enhancer in the chemico‐pharmaceutical industry.
Antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts of peanut hulls from various cultivars
Authors: Yen Gow‐Chin , Duh Pin‐Der
Published: July 2007

The antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts of peanut hulls (MEPH) from various cultivars (Spanish, Valencia, Runner, and Virginia) were investigated. The luteolin content in MEPH for Spanish, Valencia, Runner, and Virginia was 3.16, 2.47, 0.95, and 0.75 mg/g of hulls, and the total phenolic content was 10.2, 10.1, 6.6, and 4.2 mg/g of hulls, respectively. MEPH from various cultivars showed similar and strong antioxidant activity as a result of a high content of total phenolic compounds. Based on these results, the hulls of Spanish cultivar were selected as the best antioxidant material among the four cultivars because of the cultivar’s highest content in both luteolin and total phenolic compounds.
Pancreatic lipase hydrolysis of triglycerides by a semimicro technique
Authors: Luddy F. E. , Barford R. A. , Herb S. F. , Magidman P. , Riemenschneider R. W.
Published: July 2007

Procedures are described for rapid lipase hydrolysis of triglycerides, isolation of the hydrolytic products by TLC and their conversion to methyl esters and fatty acid analysis by GLC. The techniques are applicable to a few mg of triglycerides or fats. Examples of data obtained with purified triglycerides indicate that the specific action of pancreatic lipase for the 1,3 ester groups is nearly absolute and the technique may be used as a criterion of purity of di‐ and tri‐acid triglycerides. Ca. 83% of the palmitic but only 10~12% of stearic and C18 unsaturated acids of commercial lard occur in 2‐position.
Effect of amino acids on the autoxidation of safflower oil in emulsions
Authors: Riisom T. , Sims R. J. , Fioriti J. A.
Published: July 2007

Oxygen absorption rates were measured on liquid emulsions containing safflower oil and various amino acids. The antioxidant effects of the several amino acids were quite variable depending on the type of emulsifier used, the pH of the system and the presence of added sugar. Preliminary tests with Maillard reaction products obtained by heating dextrose with lysine showed little stabilizing effect. In freeze‐dried emulsions, methionine, threonine, lysine and histidine all exhibited antioxidant activity. With sodium caseinate as the matrix, methionine was much better than any of the other amino acids. The inclusion of sugar enhanced the rate of oxidation. Porosity measurements on the freeze‐dried powders revealed that oxygen diffusion was not rate‐determining. When xanthan gum was used to replace caseinate in these dried emulsions, oxidation rates increased.
Use of aqueous HCI/MeOH as esterification reagent for analysis of fatty acids derived from soybean lipids
Authors: Jham G. N. , Teles F. F. F. , Campos L. G.
Published: July 2007

A quick, reliable and very inexpensive method is described for the analysis of fatty acids derived from soybean lipids. The method involves extraction of soybean lipids with petroleum ether, followed by hydrolysis of lipids with KOH/MeOH (0.5 M) for 5 min at 100 C followed by esterification with aq. HC1 (36%)/MeOH (4:1, v/v) for 15 min at 100 C. No problems were encountered with the esterifica‐tion procedure in the presence of water and the procedure gave results comparable to die more conventional BF3/MeOH reagent. The aq. HCI/MeOH reagent is several hundred times cheaper than BF3/MeOH, and does not compromise the efficiency of the reagent.
Fatty acid composition of oil from soybean leaves grown at extreme temperatures
Authors: Rennie B. D. , Tanner J. W.
Published: July 2007

Leaves from soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) plants were assayed to determine if the relationship between temperature and relative fatty acid composition observed in the seed oil also existed for the triglycerides in the leaf oil. Leaf samples were harvested from eight soybean lines (A5, A6, C1640, Century, Maple Arrow, N78‐2245, PI 123440 and PI 361088B) grown at 40/30,28/22 and 15/ 12°C day/night. At 40/30 and 28/22°C, seven fatty acids were observed at a level greater than 1.0%. These included the five major fatty acids found in the seed oil: palmitic (16:0), stearic (18:0), oleic (18:1), linoleic (18:2) and linolenic (18:3) acid; plus two fatty acids that had retention times the same as palmitoleic (16:1) and γ‐linolenic (18:3 g) acid. In addition, an eighth fatty acid that had a retention time the same as behenic (22:0) acid was found in the leaves of all lines at 15/12°C. Palmitic, palmitoleic and stearic acid content did not differ significantly over temperatures. The oleic and linoleic acid content were each highest at 15/12°C, while the γ‐linolenic and the linolenic acid content were each highest at 40/30°C. The fatty acid composition of the triglyceride portion of the leaf oil did not display the same pattern over temperatures as that observed for seed oil.
Effect of DHA supplementation on DHA status and sperm motility in asthenozoospermic males
Authors: Conquer Julie A. , Martin James B. , Tummon Ian , Watson Lynn , Tekpetey Francis
Published: July 2007

The effects of supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on DHA levels in serum, seminal plasma, and sperm of asthenozoospermic men as well as on sperm motility were examined in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled manner. Asthenozoospermic men (n=28; ≤50% motility) were supplemented with 0, 400, or 800 mg DHA/d for 3 mon. Sperm motility and the fatty acid composition of serum, seminal plasma, and sperm phospholipid were determined before and after supplementation. In serum, DHA supplementation resulted in decreases in 22∶4n−6 (−30% in the 800‐mg DHA group only) and total n−6 (−6 and −12% in the 400‐ and 800‐mg DHA groups, respectively) fatty acids. Increases were noted in DHA (71 and 131% in the 400‐ and 800‐mg DHA groups, respectively), total n−3 fatty acids (42 and 67% in the 400‐ and 800‐mg DHA groups, respectively), and the n−3/n−6 ratio (50 and 93% in the 400‐ and 800‐mg DHA groups, respectively). In seminal plasma, DHA supplementation resulted in a decrease in 22∶4n−6 (−31% in the 800‐mg DHA group only) and an increase in the ratio of n−3 to n−6 (35 and 33% in the 400‐ and 800‐mg DHA groups, respectively). There were insignificant increases in DHA and total n−3 fatty acids. In sperm, decreases were noted in 22∶4n−6 (−37 and −31% in the 400‐and 800‐mg DHA groups, respectively). There were no other changes. There was no effect of DHA supplementation on sperm motility. The results show that dietary DHA supplementation results in increased serum‐ and possibly seminal plasma—phospholipid DHA levels, without affecting the incorporation of DHA into the spermatozoa phospholipid in asthenozoospermic men. This inability of DHA to be incorporated into sperm phospholipid is most likely responsible for the observed lack of effect of DHA supplementation on sperm motility.
Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis by organosulfur compounds derived from garlic
Authors: Liu Lijuan , Yeh Yu‐Yan
Published: July 2007

The study was undertaken to test the inhibitory potential on cholesterogenesis of organosulfur compounds derived from garlic. The primary rat hepatocytes maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium were treated with [2‐14C]‐acetate as substrate for cholesterol synthesis in the presence or absence of test compounds at 0.05 to 4.0 mmol/L. Eleven watersoluble and six lipid‐soluble compounds of garlic were tested. Among water‐soluble compounds,S‐allyl cysteine (SAC),S‐ethyl cysteine (SEC), andS‐propyl cysteine (SPC) inhibited [2‐14C]acetate incorporation into cholesterol in a concentration‐dependnet manner, achieving 42 to 55% maximal inhibition. γ‐Glutamyl‐S‐allyl cysteine, γ‐glutamyl‐S‐methyl cysteine, and γ‐glutamyl‐S‐propyl cysteine were less potent, exerting only 16 to 29% maximal inhibitions. Alliin,S‐allyl‐N‐acetyl cysteine,S‐allylsulfonyl alanine, andS‐methyl cysteine had no effect on cholesterol synthesis. Of the lipid‐soluble compounds, diallyl disulfide (DADS), diallyl trisulfide (DATS), and dipropyl disulfide (DPDS) depressed cholesterol synthesis by 10 to 25% at low concentrations (0.5 mmol/L), and abolished the synthesis at high concentrations (1.0 mmol/L). Diallyl sulfide, dipropyl sulfide, and methyl allyl sulfide slightly inhibited [2‐14C]acetate incorporation into cholesterol only at high concentrations. The complete depression of cholesterol synthesis by DADS, DATS, and DPDS was associated with cytotoxicity as indicated by marked increase in cellular LDH release. There was no apparent increase in LDH secretion by water‐soluble compounds exceptS‐allyl mercaptocysteine, which also abolished cholesterol synthesis. Judging from maximal inhibition and IC50 (concentration required for 50% of maximal inhibition), SAC, SEC, and SPC are equally potent in inhibiting cholesterol synthesis.
Synthesis of dodecanedioic acid fromvernonia galamensis oil
Authors: Ayorinde Folahan O. , Powers Fiona T. , Streete Ludwig D. , Shepard Robert L. , Tabi Dorothy N.
Published: July 2007

Dodecanedioic acid, currently available from elaborate synthesis utilizing petrochemical feedstock, was synthesized fromVernonia galamensis oil via an efficient, relatively simple three‐reaction sequence that involved the room temperature oxidation of 12,13‐epoxystearic acid. The first and second steps of the reaction scheme were saponification and hydrogenation, both of which were almost quantitative. The third reaction, involving chromic acid oxidation of the resulting epoxy acid, afforded greater than 50% of the theoretical yield of dodecanedioic acid (>95% purity, m.p. 123–125°C; lit. m.p. 128–130°C).
Storage policies and use of the Danish Newborn Screening Biobank
Authors: Nørgaard‐Pedersen B. , Hougaard D. M.
Published: July 2007

After routine newborn screening, residual dried blood spot samples (DBSS) are stored at −20°C in the Danish Newborn Screening Biobank (NBS‐Biobank), which contains DBSS from virtually all newborns in Denmark since 1982—about 1.8 million samples. The purpose of the storage is: (1) diagnosis and treatment of congenital disorders including documentation, repeat testing, quality assurance, statistics and improvement of screening methods; (2) diagnostic use later in infancy after informed consent; (3) legal use after court order; (4) the possibility of research projects after approval by the Scientific Ethical Committee System in Denmark, The Danish Data Protection Agency and the NBS‐Biobank Steering Committee. The operation and use of the NBS‐Biobank has until recently been regulated by an executive order of 1993 from the Danish Ministry of Health. The Ethical Council, the Central Scientific Ethical Committee and the National Board of Health were also involved in the regulations. These regulations have now been replaced by detailed general operational guidelines for biobanks in Denmark according to Acts on Processing of Personal Data, Patient's Rights, Health 546/2005 and the Biomedical Research Ethics Committee System. No specific Act on biobanks per se has been made in Denmark, but the new regulations and guidelines make the operations of the Danish NBS‐Biobank even more clear‐cut and safe. The Danish NBS‐Biobank has been used in several research projects for aetiological studies of a number of disorders, recently employing new sensitive multiplex technologies and genetic analyses utilizing whole‐genome amplified DNA.
Neonatal screening of cystic fibrosis: diagnostic problems with CFTR mild mutations
Authors: Roussey M. , Le Bihannic A. , Scotet V. , Audrezet M. P. , Blayau M. , Dagorne M. , David V. , Deneuville E. , Giniès J. L. , Laurans M. , Moisan‐Petit V. , Rault G. , Vigneron P. , Férec C.
Published: July 2007

Newborn screening (NBS) of cystic fibrosis (CF) was implemented throughout the whole of France in 2002, but it had been established earlier in three western French regions. It can reveal atypical CF with one or two known CFTR mild mutations, with an uncertain evolution. The sweat test can be normal or borderline. In Brittany, from 1989 to 2004, 196 CF cases were diagnosed (1/2885 births). The incidence of atypical CF diagnosed by NBS is 9.7% (19 from 196). The outcome of 17 (2 lost of view) has been studied, with 9 other atypical CF cases diagnosed by NBS in two other regions. The follow‐up period extends from 0.25 to 19.8 years (NBS implemented in Normandy in 1980) with mean age 4.6 years. The most frequent mild mutation is R117H ISV8−7T (50%). At the time of the last visit, nutritional status is normal. All these CF patients are pancreatic sufficient. Only one patient exhibits respiratory infections, whereas 7 others have them intermittently. Two of them had intermittent Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization at 2.8 and 6.5 years. Mean Shwachman score is 96.7, mean Brasfield score is 22.8. Eight children have had lung function tests (mean follow‐up of 10 years): mean FVC was 99% of predicted, mean FEV1 101%, but one of them has FEV1 of 48%. Predicting the phenotype of these atypical CF patients remains difficult, thus complicating any genetic counselling. A regular clinical evaluation is necessary, if possible by a CF unit, because CF symptoms may appear later.
Latissimus Dorsi Free Flap Salvage of Recurrent Chronic Osteomyelitis with Simultaneous Elbow Interposition Arthroplasty
Authors: Henry Mark
Published: July 2007

Chronic osteomyelitis is difficult to resolve and usually requires radical debridement, filling of dead space, and a well-vascularized tissue to cover the involved bone. In the tibia, this is frequently accomplished with free vascularized muscle transfer and success rates over 90% for cases of limited involvement but lower success for diffuse involvement. Elbow joints, with advanced arthritis but ineligible for total joint replacement, have been treated with interposition arthroplasty and varying degrees of success limited primarily by instability. A 46-year-old male presented with diffuse osteomyelitis of all three bones at the elbow joint and advanced articular destruction from septic arthritis. He had undergone more than ten previous surgeries without resolution of the osteomyelitis or restoration of elbow function over a 2-year period. Radical debridement followed by a latissimus dorsi free muscle flap interposed to the dead space and layered onto the bones as an interposition membrane was able to solve both of his problems. At 3 years postoperatively, there is no evidence of recurrent osteomyelitis, and the patient declares satisfaction with the daily functional performance of his elbow joint.
Urinary phosphorus rather than urinary calcium possibly increases renal stone formation in a sample of Asian Indian, male stone-formers
Authors: Berkemeyer Shoma , Bhargava Anupam , Bhargava Usha
Published: July 2007

The contribution of dietary Ca and P in renal stone formation is debated. Thus, the main objective was to investigate if there were any differences in the dietary, serum and urine values of Ca and P in stone formers (SF) compared with healthy controls (HC). The secondary aim was to analyse if dietary, serum and urine Ca and P correlated. The study enrolled ten patients with renal stones admitted for stone removal and ten healthy controls. Their dietary macronutrients, Ca and P intakes were calculated from 2-d dietary records. On the second day of dietary record 24-h urine was collected and on the third day morning a 5 ml blood sample was collected. Biochemical analyses were conducted for serum and urine Ca, P and uric acid with qualitative renal stone analysis. All the dietary intakes and urine P were significantly higher (P < 0·05) in SF than in HC. Correlation results showed that in SF dietary Ca correlated to serum and urine Ca. No such correlations were seen for P. Additionally, in SF urine Ca correlated to dietary proteins and fats but not to carbohydrates. None of the biochemical values lay outside the normal range of values. The study suggests urine P rather than urine Ca to be probably at work in the formation of renal stones. Limitation of protein intake with normal Ca intakes could provide a suitable measure to avoid renal stone formation.