bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Naples: Urban Regeneration and Exclusion in the Italian South
Authors: Vicari Serena
Published: March 2007

This article analyses the socio-economic impact of the Naples business centre (CDN), a large redevelopment project for a complex of offices and residences built in the core of the metropolitan area of Naples over the last two decades. Naples, one of the major cities in the underdeveloped regions of the south of Italy, presents specific processes of social exclusion and polarization. Currently the city faces the restructuring of the local economic system as well as the problems generated by its historical path of development. The article begins with a discussion of the main dimensions of social, economic and political exclusion. In this context, it discusses the two fundamental sources of exclusion in Naples: labour problems (unemployment, informal work and the impact of a clientelistic welfare policy) and the lack of a ruling framework of legality (new links between organized crime and the political system, widespread corruption, money-laundering). It then describes and evaluates the city’s urban policy and strategy in the face of these problems over the last three decades. The decision-making and implementation processes of the CDN are described and an account given of the dynamics of the public-private partnership involved in its development. The final section evaluates the physical, economic and social impact of the CDN project and demonstrates that it has not only failed to address the principal problems of the city but has actually aggravated them.
Tensions, Limits and Potentials
Authors: Bristow Gillian , Cowell Richard , Marsden Terry
Published: March 2007

The establishment of the EU’s Rural Development Regulation (EC 1257/99) reflects the continuing efforts of policymakers to develop integrated policy initiatives for the pursuit of sustainable rural development.The resulting changes have been given added impetus in UK regions by the emergence of new forms of rural governance under devolution. This process is also highlighting the need for governments to respond flexibly to distinctive ruralities, as well as the scope for developing greater ‘joined-up’ policy making at the point of implementation. These agendas also present a considerable challenge to the management and evaluation of public policy: objectives have multiplied, become more nuanced, yet may not always be straightforwardly compatible. Thus, policymakers and evaluators alike are being compelled to find new ways of deliberating trade-offs, as well as constructing coherence in policy-making and delivery processes among different policy actors and sectors. Policy evaluation is playing an important, yet problematic role in this search for coherence, and this paper reports on the application of a policy appraisal methodology (the ‘Cardiff Methodology’) to two complex sets of issues facing rural Scotland: the scope for making schemes of public assistance to rural land uses more streamlined, more participative and conditional on compliance with other regulatory requirements; the compatibility of current and emerging transport policies with rural development objectives. The methodology seeks to support the deliberation of issues lying at the interface between sectoral policy objectives, and focuses on identifying the scope for action at the Scottish level in respect of these issues. The paper concludes with some interim findings about the utility and application of the policy evaluation methodology, and considers some wider implications for this new ‘evaluation paradigm’ in rural governance.
A Place Called Padania?
Authors: Giordano Benito
Published: March 2007

In the 1990s, the debates about the resurgence of political regionalism in Europe have become particularly prevalent. One reason for this has been the fact that, in several European countries, regionalist political parties have made significant electoral gains in recent years. This paper focuses upon Italy, which is one of the countries in which there has been a significant resurgence of regionalism over the last ten years or so. Political regionalism is not a new phenomenon in Italy and there have been a number of examples of regionalist political parties during the history of the Italian Republic. However, it is the rise to political prominence of the Northern League (Lega Nord) (LN) political party in Italian politics which has brought to the fore questions about Italian national unity and identity. The party has articulated a new and politically more contentious ‘Northern question’, which is superimposed upon the longstanding ‘Southern question’ in Italy.

The fundamental political aim of the LN is the protection of Northern Italian economic and cultural interests and in order to do this the party proposed the creation of a federal Italian state, which would give greater autonomy to the North of Italy. More recently, however, the party has rejected its federalist rhetoric in favour of the hard-line discourse of secession of a place it calls ‘Padania’ (which roughly corresponds to Northern and Central Italy). The party claims to represent the whole of the ‘Padanian nation’, but the geography of the party’s support is not uniform across the whole of the territory. This paper explores the ways in which the LN has communicated its main political discourses and then considers the reasons why these discourses have generated differing levels of support in three contrasting geographical contexts across Northern and Central Italy.
Relevance and Utility of Traditional Medical Systems (TMS) in the Context of a Himalayan Tribe
Authors: Joshi P.C.
Published: March 2007

This paper unravels the intimate relationships between culture, tradition and health practices in a tribal society in the Central Himalayas. The Jaunsari tribe which resides in this region is well known for its polyandrous practices. The tra ditional medical system of this region represents a worldview which attempts to be at harmony with natural and supernatural forces and to strike a critical bal ance. Their magico—religious system of medicine deals with all kinds of human suffering—physical, moral and social. Though these healers of the community play caste and gender specific roles, one of their main responsibilities is to bring the suffering individual close to the superhuman forces. It is argued that these tradi tional healers can be major resource persons in providing health services to the local communities.
Work Culture In Developing Countries: Implica tions For Performance Management
Authors: Mendonca Manuel , Kanungo Rabindra N.
Published: March 2007

The paper identifies several characteristics of the socio-cultural environment and anternal work culture of organisations in developing countries, and discusses the reasons why such characteristics have facilitating or constraining effects on the installation and implementation of the performance management process. The paper also proposes specific organisational interventions for each step of the process to make it congruent with the internal work culture of developing countries. The underlying thrust of these inter ventions is to bring about a cultural 'fit' so that the performance management programme reflects the needs and aspirations of managers and their subordinates— two players in the process—who can make or mar its effectiveness.
"Balan ced Multiculturalism" an d the Challenge of Peaceful Coexistence in Pluralistic Societies
Authors: Moghaddam Fathali M. , Solliday Elizabeth A.
Published: March 2007

Assimilation and multiculturalism are two contrasting policies for managing pluralistic societies. The first aims to achieve cultural homogeneity, and the second cultural diversity. While assimilation and multiculturalism are associated primarily with immigrant re ceiving countries, such as the United States and Canada, it is argued that these policies are relevant to all pluralistic societies. Underlying assimilation are the similarity-attraction and contact hypotheses, while multiculturalism assumes that feelings of security in the ingroup will lead to the acceptance of others. We examine the validity of these assump tions, and assess the relative merits of assimilation and multiculturalism in an inter national context. Finally, we propose the concept of "balanced multiculturalism" as an improvement on current models.
Immigran t Men tal an d Ph ysical Health
Authors: Schmitz Paul G.
Published: March 2007

Berry's model of acculturation can be considered as very useful to classify different strategies to cope with or to adjust to a new culture. In the model four relevant modes of acculturation are described: integration, assimilation, segregation and marginalisation. Research illustrates that these modes are differently related to health and psychosocial adjustment. Irrespective of the mode mostly preferred by a social group, we find marked inter-individual differences in the preference of an acculturation style Research findings show that these individual differences are very closely related to a series of personality variables, such as cognitive styles, coping styles, and reactions to stressful life events in general. Understanding the complex relationships between personality and acculturation modes can help the social scientist to develop and apply adequate intervention strategies and to give some suggestions for the development of adequate socio-political acculturation programmes.
Taking Culture into Account in Social Cognitive Development
Authors: Miller Joan G.
Published: March 2007

Cultural explanations have often been ignored in developmental psychology. The reasons for rejecting them are discussed and it is maintained that theories of development need to be culturally dependent. These reasons include the belief in the redundancy of collective and individual information, the argu ment that cultural learning is a passive and deterministic process and that cultural explanations do not predict and are unable to account for context effects and that cultural relativism is morally and logically indefensible. A review of cross-cultural research on person perception and interpersonal mo rality is presented. It is noted that cross-cultural attributional differences can be interpreted as resulting from contrasting cultural conceptions of the person and normative expectations. Further, in the area of interpersonal morality, contextual and developmental variations have highlighted the significance of cultural perspectives. Directions for future work are suggested.
Asian vs Non-Asian Differences in Achievement-related Background Variables of Medical Students
Authors: Krishnan Ahalya , Sweeney Christopher J.
Published: March 2007

Asian and Non-Asian medical students in Phase I of a six-year medical pro gramme did not differ in any of the demographic and many of the home, ethnic ity and achievement-related motivational variables, except that the fathers of Asians had higher educational and professional levels, mothers had higher edu cational level with significantly greater number being housewives, there was more parental participation in educational and vocational decisions and higher resultant achievement; Asians spent less time with babysitters when young, in sports, in earning money, and in dating activities; they did not have to complete chores before tests, and they did not get allowance for chores; they received more financial but less physical support from parents; less parental acceptance of non-medical programme entry and less unique parental support in intrinsically motivated individuality; and exhibited less fear of success imagery.
Are Adolescents More Emotional? A Study of the Daily Emotions of Middle Class Indian Adolescents1
Authors: verma Suman , Larson Reed
Published: March 2007

This study evaluates the hypothesis that adolescence is a time of greater emotionality, focusing on urban middle class Indian youth. A sample of 100 8th graders and their parents provided 13,674 reports on their experience when signalled at random times by alarm watches over one week. Consistent with the hypothesis, the adolescents reported significantly more negative states and extreme positive states than both their mothers and fathers. Further analyses indicated that the negative emotional states of adolescents were related to school stress and inversely related to family and peer variables. These factors may contribute to adolescent emotionality. Significant inverse correlations between rates of negative emotions and mental health indicated that frequent negative emotions among adolescents should not be dismissed as normative.
From Fragmentation to Integration: Development Process of Innovation Clusters in Korea
Authors: Lee Kong-Rae
Published: March 2007

This paper deals with the cluster concept for understanding the status of formation and development of innovation clusters in Korea. It identifies the patterns of clusters through overall review of the various clusters in Korea. The study revealed that production clusters were built either by government policy or by investment of large chaebols during the 1960s and 1970s. In the 1980s and 1990s formation of more advanced types of clusters like those of R&D was also initiated by the government. Although there are various types of clusters in Korea, innovation clusters in which firms and related supporting institutes closely inter act and stimulate the innovation process are at a primitive stage. Most clusters are per forming parts of a value-adding chain, lacking many essential capabilities and technopoles needed to sustain regional economic activities. Moreover, there are a number of hurdles for further development of the clusters that leads to innovation clusters.
Meeting the Liberalisation Challenge: Technological Learning in the Brazilian Banking Automation Industry
Authors: Botelho Antonio José J.
Published: March 2007

The opening of the Brazilian computer market to foreign enterprises and trade in 1992 presented a unique challenge to the technologically dynamic national banking automation (BA) industry. National BA firms' responses varied in relation to their size and dependence on this market segment. Despite the weight of new entrants (such as A T& T and Olivetti), the segment's leader preserved its competitive position. This paper explores how this small, national banking automation firm reoriented its hitherto successful flexible and cooperative technological strategy to face these competitive challenges. It briefly examines the firm's innovative strategy in the protected market environment. It also discusses the firm's strategic responses to the new environment and the corresponding changes in its corporate innovation process. It explores the constraints imposed on a long-term technological learning process by such reorientation. The concluding section examines the normative strategic impli cations for similar firms and sectors in developing countries, and suggests the need for innovative and flexible cooperative socio-institutional arrangements to make up for the diminished edge in technological innovation brought about by responses to liberalisation.
The 'Domestic world' of Peripatetic Kings: Babur and Humayun, c. 1494-1556
Authors: Lal Ruby
Published: March 2007

This essay seeks to analyse the nature and meaning of the family, household, marriage and the role of women in the 'country' life of the Mughal 'empire' in the sixteenth century. Focusing on the peripatetic lives of Babur and Humayun, and the instability of their political power, it tries to unearth the constraints and possibilities of 'domestic' life in such conditions. For this purpose, the various 'communities' that constituted the 'domestic world', the details of marriages, child birth, incidents of deaths, feasts, and love of various kinds, as well as the terms used for familial and kinship networks, are analysed. It is suggested that considerable changes came about in the 'domestic world', as in other aspects of life, as the Mughals consolidated their power.
The Case for Gender Equity in Health Research
Authors: Sen Gita , George Asha , Östlin Piroska
Published: March 2007

Attention to health equity on the basis of economic class, caste or race has not spilled over to an effective consideration ofgender. Yet, social bias not only heavily influences health outcomes between women and men, it also affects our very understanding of biological differences with implications for understanding gender equity. Hence, when considering biological differences or special gender needs, it is necessary to be aware that biological 'givens' can also mask social norms that sanction discrimination and perpetuate health inequities. It is, therefore, particularly crucial to understand the nuances found in a gender and health equity approach and the consequences of not taking gender seriously in health research. These include the neglect of certain areas through resounding silences, the existence of misdirected or partial approaches, and the poor recognition of interactive pathways in terms of co-morbidity and multi ple social processes. After detailing this background we review the literature on the gender paradox' in health from an equity perspective. Finally, we discuss how research can contribute to improving gender equity and health by being conscious of potential biases in data, methodology and clinical research.
HIV/AIDS and Sexually-transmitted Infections in Thailand: Lessons Learned and Challenges Ahead
Authors: Chitwarakorn Anupong
Published: March 2007

Thailand has been able to reduce the potential impact of HIV/AIDS epidemic with concerted and exemplary efforts. The annual number of new HIV infections in the year 2001 was 25,790, compared to 142,819 in 1991. The key factors that contributed to the success of the HIV/ AIDS programmes include effective political and financial commitment at the highest level, multi- sectoral involvement, systemic epidemiological surveillance, social and behavioral research, and the institution of result-oriented interventions.

Despite this progress, the country must continue to improve the prevention efforts to further reduce the incidence and alleviate the impact of the burden of those persons living with HIV/ AIDS. Some challenges are to maintain and strengthen national STD prevention and control programme, to initiate and strengthen effective prevention programme among injecting drug users, to ensure increase theaccess to medical care for HIV/AIDS patients includingAR Vdrugs, and to expand multi-sectoral partnership in the design, implementation and evaluation of HIV/ AIDS-related policies and programmes to promote research.
Improving District Family Welfare Services: A Decentralised Planning Model
Authors: Murthy Nirmala , Vasan Akhila
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses a methodology of decentralised planning, which attempts to make district plans locally relevant within the policy parameters and available resources. It provides a rational basis for prioritising and reallocating available resources. Central to this methodology is the client perspective, which is incorpo rated through client-based data, the latter being not only more acceptable, but also easily available. The methodology seeks to make decision-making transparent and, therefore, can be useful for building consensus among all the players in the planning exercise about the content of the plan and its implementation.
Enhancing Accountability and Responsiveness in Public Utilities: Exploring the Potency of Public Feedback
Authors: Gopakumar K. , Balakrishnan Suresh
Published: March 2007

Public services in India, despite huge investments over the years, are widely perceived to be unsatisfactory and deteriorating. Though a wide spectrum of factors could be forwarded to explain this condition - lack of resources, incompetent bureaucracy, irresponsible political parties and an inactive citizenry, to name a few - a major reason seems to be the issue of state monopoly in the provision of these services. Users of critical services like water, electricity and housing have to exclusively rely on the state for provision and maintenance of these services. On the operational front, this 'monopoly power' perpetuates and sustains a cycle of low accountability, low responsiveness and poor delivery of civic services. In such a disabling environment, 'voice' of the users becomes the only available mechanism to inform, influence and impact. This article illustrates the potency of such a mechanism - Report Cards on Public Services. Experiences with Report Cards confirm the value and potency of public feedback mechanisms both to enable citizens to signal service providers about their performance and to stimulate the latter to respond to these signals. A unique feature of the Report Card is the way in which it focuses attention on corruption, a phenomenon that has always been difficult to pinpoint and quantify. Getting the givers of bribes to identify the agencies involved achieves a measure of specificity and credibility. Again, comparison between agencies, locations, etc., attracts public attention and reflects the harsh glare of public scrutiny on the agencies. The Report Card also gives organized citizen groups the kind of information they need to seek reform in specific agen cies and to demand greater public accountability and responsiveness.
Indian Industry and Ethnicity:1 A Study of Two Organizations in Mumbai
Authors: Noronha Ernesto , Sharma R.N.
Published: March 2007

With the process of globalization becoming all pervasive, mobilization on the basis of class seems to not only recede but is also being replaced by ethnicity. It was thus decided to conduct a study to look into this phenomenon. The study was conducted in Mumbai: one unit from the traditional sector and the other from a more recently established industry—a chemical—factory were chosen. In-depth interviews were carried out over a period of seven months with 163 employees in two units. The findings reveal that the competing groups in Mumbai Port Trust (MBPT) were the Maharashtrians on one hand, and the migrants from other states like Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu on the other. The Maharashtrians cornered the better jobs in MBPT and the 'dirty' jobs were left for the migrants. The issue of reservation also figured prominently during the interviews, especially amongst the MBPT workers. As compared to the MBPT workers, the Company C workers were more educated and urban in orientation. The issue of the sons of the soil was a noticeable problem as the Company C stood on the land once owned by the agri community in the Thane-Belapur belt. This led to a clash between the locals (agri community called gaonwallas) and the outsiders who came to work from the city. There was no transparency in the promotion policy, leading the workers to believe that the person to be promoted was first identified and qualifications then fixed.
Testing for Time-variation in Beta in India
Authors: Moonis Syed Abuzar , Shah Ajay
Published: March 2007

The beta of a stock is important in a variety of contexts, ranging from the cost of capital, asset-pricing theory, to hedging using index derivatives. It is common to measure betas by estimating the market model using straight ordinary least square (OLS) regression in obtaining beta estimates. This assumes that betas are constant, despite strong economic arguments in favour of time-varying betas.

In this article, we test for time-varying betas in the context of a market model with Generalised Auto Regressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) errors, using the modified Kalman filter of Harvey et al. (1992). The null of beta constancy is rejected for 52 per cent of stocks. This has significant implications for portfolio diversification and hedging.
Term Premium and Long-range Dependence in Volatility: A FIGARCH-M Estimation on Some Asian Countries
Authors: Lardic Sandrine , Mignon Valérie
Published: March 2007

Recent events in financial markets put forward the relevance of a study relating to the Asian interest rate term premia volatility series. More specifically, our object is to test whether long-term dependent processes, such as FIGARCH ones, are appropriated for modelling volatility series. Results suggest that the considered Asian series of volatility are characterised by a strong dependent structure, which indicates that shocks to volatility have persistent consequences. Moreover, through the estimation of FIGARCH in mean processes, we show that the long-term component of volatility has an impact on term premia series.
MANAGING MYSELF
Authors: Brackenridge Celia
Published: March 2007

Thirteen years of investigative research into sexual abuse in sport provides the basis for this article, in which reflections are offered about the role and survival of the investigator in sensitive research. The ethical ground rules, research methods and working practices adopted while conducting this research have all been influenced by processes well beyond conventional social science. The article interrogates three meanings of `managing myself' as a lesbian engaged in a gendered research process: first, managing myself, coping with the strains and stresses of the research; second, managing (by) myself as being alone in the research; and third, managing my self/selves, deciding which of several possible selves or agendas — the personal, the scientific or the political — is being addressed at any given time. The article concludes by considering how to maintain focus in the face of internal doubts and external pressures.
Globalisation and Higher Education: Challenges for the 21st Century
Authors: Scott Peter
Published: March 2007

The article argues that the challenges facing higher education in the new millennium cannot be understood unless proper account is taken of the phenomenon of globalisation. Two points are emphasised. The first is that globalisation cannot simply be seen as a higher form of internationalisation; it is a much more turbulent phenomenon that not only transcends but ignores national boundaries. The second is that globalisation is one element within a larger shift from modernity to post-modernity, which involves not only the radical reconfguration of society but also an even more radical reconstitution of the concepts and mentalities of the modern world. The university is caught in the middle - as both an institution that embodies modernity but also one of the instrument that is most actively transcending its limits. The article ends by considering whether the university can survive in this brave new world of globalization and post modernity or whether its place will be taken by new forms of `knowledge' organisation. It concludes that, although the new environment will test the resilience of the university to its limits, it can - and will - survive.
Teaching a U.S. Graduate Information Systems Course Abroad: Observations and Experiences from France
Authors: Festervand Troy A. , Clark Jeffrey W. , White Terry Lynn
Published: March 2007

This article describes the experience of an American professor who taught a graduate information systems course at a French university. In addition to describing the overall experience, several problematic issues identified over the course of the semester are identified and discussed. Special emphasis is placed on three areas of differences: communications, technology, and culture. Awareness of these differences, their impact on course conduct, and possible solutions may be useful to other educators interested in conducting a similar course internationally.
SUBJECTIVE RATIONALITY OF INITIATORS AND OF THRESHOLD-THEORETICAL BEHAVIOR OF FOLLOWERS IN COLLECTIVE ACTION
Authors: Yamaguchi Kazuo
Published: March 2007

This article brings a rational-choice perspective to bear on (1) some utility characteristics of people who initiate collective action and (2) reasons why such initiators' actions induce followers who appear to act according to the threshold theory described by Granovetter. This article also identifies certain personality/psychological factors and their interactions with individual costs/benefits of alternative choices that determine (1) the relative utility of taking Action versus Non-action and (2) individual thresholds of choosing Action.

Among personality/psychological factors, this article examines the effect of uncertainty preference, susceptibility to rumor or prophecy, and personal efficacy. Certain parametric non-expected utility models and a binary choice model are used to accommodate those factors into a rational-choice framework.

Three examples, including two situations of collective action, are discussed. One is a case of Mertonian self-fulfilling prophecy where the initially groundless rumor of a bank's insolvency causes bankruptcy. The second is a case of participation in a risky social/political movement. As a third example, the famous Allais paradox is revisited to show how the parametric non-expected utility models employed provide a rational explanation for this empirically observed paradox.
Pascal's Wager and the Limits of Rational Choice
Authors: Montgomery James D.
Published: March 2007

The Forum consists of comments on previously published papers and responses by authors. Unlike the Comment section in many other academic journals, the Forum includes solicited as well as unsolicited contributions. We encourage debates by actively seeking points of view contrary to those expressed in articles published in the journal. The Forum is intended to promote an open and critical debate that contributes to the intellectual vitality and further development of rational-choice-based theory and research.

Forum contributions should follow the form used by Rationality and Society and should not exceed five double-spaced pages.
Civic Norms, Social Sanctions, and Voter Turnout
Authors: KNACK STEPHEN
Published: March 2007

Voter participation is viewed as a collective action problem overcome chiefly by means of “solidary” and “purposive” selective incentives in the contemporary United States rather than by material incentives. It is argued that these incentives are primarily in the form of civic or societal norms rather than special interest norms associated with partisan or group loyalties as in Uhlaner's (1986) model. The emphasis on civic norms is supported by positive correlations between turnout and other socially cooperative behaviors such as responding to the census, participating in parent-teacher associations, and giving to charities. Data on interpersonal pressures to vote are found to support the hypothesis that “enforcement” of voting norms via social sanctions significantly enhances turnout. The American turnout decline is interpreted in terms of a weakening of social ties adversely affecting the socialization and enforcement of norms responsible for generating civic participation.
Conversation and Cooperation in Social Dilemmas
Authors: SALLY DAVID
Published: March 2007

This article presents an analysis of 35 years of published experiments testing decision making in prisoners' dilemmas. The objective is to begin to reconnect the theory and the evidence of rational behavior by accumulating the experience of the laboratory and examining this record for those factors that consistently altered subjects' choices. It is shown that a model of pure self-interest is usually inconsistent with the results of experimental decision making, predicting either the wrong sign, as in the case of monetary stakes, or ignoring influential variables, such as the content of instructions. This incongruity is widest with respect to the role of language in encouraging cooperation.
When Rationality Fails
Authors: BONACICH PHILLIP , BIENENSTOCK ELISA JAYNE
Published: March 2007

Power differences within networks can arise when some positions have many alternative transaction partners who themselves have few alternatives. Recent social psychological models developed to predict power in these situations have assumed that stable transaction patterns will emerge in these networks. These models depend on the assumption that stable exchange patterns will develop. Using the game theoretic concept of the core, we show that in some networks, stable patterns should not emerge. Who transacts with whom and terms of the transaction should never reach equilibrium. Three types of instability are distinguished in this article: unreliability, insecurity, and variety. These types of instability are affected by the existence and size of the core. Experiments and simulations comparing networks with and without core solutions and with different-sized cores show that the predicted differences exist.
ON CONTROL LOSSES IN HIERARCHIES
Authors: Datta Saikat
Published: March 2007

This paper surveys the recent economics literature which tries to model loss of control in hierarchies. When supervisors can monitor efforts of their subordinates, it is not very difficult for the firm to grow indefinitely. If direct monitoring of effort is not possible, and supervisors have to be compensated based on the quality of production on the shop floor, then it is more difficult for the firm to grow beyond a certain size. However, the possibilities of collusion between supervisors and subordinates create enough strain on the firm to force it to be of finite size. Most models where supervisors do planning or coordinating activities tend to show higher average costs for larger firms.
GAMES AND STRUCTURES
Authors: Willer David , Skvoretz John
Published: March 2007

Frequently applications of game theory assume, but do not show, that games are contained in social structures. The new analysis offered here uncovers games embedded in structures by attributing strategies to some positions and deriving the pay-off matrices for others. As structures vary so do the games embedded in them. All strong power structures contain prisoners' dilemma games for at least some range of pay-offs while some contain a chain of prisoners' dilemma games linked by defections. As a result, the development of interpersonal power in strong power structures is produced by free-riding of those low in power. Examples of other types of structures are given and other games are found that do not contain defection chains. Issues of dynamics including rates of change of power and coalition formation as a condition of countervailing power are addressed. New experiments offer support for central formulations.
FRAMING AND CHOICE OF TRANSPORTATION MODE:
Authors: Lüdemann Christian
Published: March 2007

In this article the discrimination model of probabilistic choice proposed by Lindenberg is tested in a telephone survey. This model is based on the assumption of bounded rationality in the sense of restricted information processing capacity. Unlike subjective expected utility (SEU) theory, which is also tested, the discrimination model assumes that the cognitive limitations are so severe that actors will only be able to focus on one main situational goal, or `frame', at a time. Problems of this model are discussed, and measurement instruments and the results of a telephone survey with road users are presented. In an experimentum crucis the discrimination model is tested against the SEU model.
COLLECTIVE ACTION, SOCIAL DILEMMAS AND IDEOLOGY
Authors: Heckathorn Douglas D.
Published: March 2007

Despite their diversity, political ideologies divide along a limited number of fault lines, including individualism versus collectivism, and authoritarianism versus democracy. Drawing on contemporary theories of collective action and game theory, this paper proposes a theoretic account of ideology that is based on the hypothesis that ideologies serve primarily to reconcile potential conflicts between individual and collective interests that arise in the course of collective action and other forms of social cooperation. The analysis concludes that five types of ideology are fundamental, each of which corresponds to a distinct form of social dilemma.
BELIEFS, RATIONAL CHOICE AND BAYESIAN LEARNING
Authors: Breen Richard
Published: March 2007

People act in the light of their beliefs, yet sociological theories of action have been weak in explaining why people hold the beliefs they do. I propose a means of integrating beliefs into rational choice theory using a Bayesian learning model in which people act in accordance with the beliefs they hold about the world. By observing the outcomes of their actions they modify their beliefs. This approach, in contrast with many others, recognizes that beliefs evolve in the light of experience. The approach is applied to show how the evolution of beliefs about the returns to effort in education can give rise to observed patterns of class differences in educational expectations and so to class differences in mobility chances, at least as these are mediated through educational attainment. I discuss the general issue of learning in the Bayesian approach and outline some limitations and areas of further research.
Culturally Sensitive Care of the Muslim Patient
Authors: Lawrence Paul , Rozmus Cathy
Published: March 2007

The number of Muslims in the United States is growing. This article outlines a few of the major beliefs in Islam. Religious and philosophical factors that affect health care are discussed, and practical suggestions are made for nursing actions that lead to culture care preservation, culture care accommodation, and culture care restructuring. Major topics covered include the need for cleanliness, preparation for prayer, modesty, family structure, fasting and diet, and care of the dying.
Protegiendo Nuestra Comunidad: Empowerment Participatory Education for HIV Prevention
Authors: Mcquiston Chris , Choi-Hevel Sung , Clawson Margaret
Published: March 2007

To be effective, HIV/AIDS interventions must be culturally and linguistically appropriate and must occur within the context of the specific community in which they are delivered. In this article, the development of a culture-specific lay health advisor (LHA) program, Protegiendo Nuestra Comunidad, for recently immigrated Mexicans is described. This program is one component of a collaborative inquiry research project involving community participants and researchers working as partners in carrying out and assessing a program for the prevention of HIV/AIDS. The collaborative inquiry process was applied as an empowerment philosophy and methodology of Paulo Freire and an ecological framework was used for the development of Protegiendo Nuestra Comunidad. The use of principles of empowerment for curriculum development, teaching methodology, and program delivery are described.
Measuring Depression in Korean Americans: Development of the Kim Depression Scale for Korean Americans
Authors: Kim Miyong T.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses issues related to measuring depression in linguistic and cultural minority groups, using Korean Americans as an example. The article details the process of developing and evaluating a depression-screening tool for Korean Americans. A series of focus groups was conducted in the development stage of the study. In the evaluation phase, 154 first-generation Korean Americans participated in the assessment of the psychometric properties of the newly developed depression scale, the Kim Depression Scale for Korean Americans (KDSKA). The KDSKA showed adequate reliability, validity, and potentially high sensitivity as a depression-screening tool for Korean Americans.
The Essence of Native American Nursing
Authors: Struthers Roxanne , Littlejohn Sandra
Published: March 2007

This article emerged at the “Gathering of Wisdom: American Indian Nursing Summit III,” which took place in October 1997 on the Flathead Indian Reservations in Polson, Montana. This gathering described and clarified the distinctiveness of Native American nursing. Nursing literature has explored the essence of nursing from a variety of perspectives. This article describes a process of discovery in which seven themes emerged on the essence of Native American nursing. These themes, in ascending order of significance, are caring, traditions, respect, connection, holism, trust, and spirituality. These themes are connected and interwoven throughout the center of Native American culture and can provide a creative outlook for transcultural nursing and nursing in general. Furthermore, these themes provide a vehicle for care delivery innovation.
Mexican American Women’s Expressions of the Meaning of Culturally Congruent Prenatal Care
Authors: Berry Anita B.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to describe, explicate, and systematically analyze the meanings, expressions, and experiences of generic and professional care during pregnancy of Mexican American women in their home and prenatal clinic contexts. The ethnonursing method was used to describe cultural care among 16 key and 34 general informants. Generic culture care was valued and considered essential by informants for healthy childbearing. Six major themes were synthesized from 30 cultural patterns: (a) generic culture care included the protection of the mother and fetus by older Mexican American women and was greatly influenced by religion and family beliefs and practices; (b) generic culture care was family obligation for provision of filial ( family) succorance, sharing of self, and being with the childbearing mother; (c) culture care was respect for familial caring roles in relation to age and gender; (d) childbearing Mexican American women viewed culture care by professional nurses as concern for, professional knowledge, protection, being attentive to, and explaining; (e) culture care was use of the Spanish language in caring interactions in diverse environmental contexts; and (f) professional prenatal care was valued by Mexican American women and was influenced by legal, economic, and technological factors in the social structure.
Students of Criminal Justice: a National Survey
Authors: Eskridge Chris W.
Published: March 2007

This study was supported by the Joint Commission on Criminology and Criminal Justice Education and Standards. The author wishes to thank Vince Webb for his assistance in the project.
Sexually Aggressive Murder: A Case Study
Authors: Tunnell Kenneth D. , Cox Terry C.
Published: March 2007

This paper, from research of a larger qualitative case study, describes a random abduction and murder that involved both sexual and aggressive components. The social-psychological and psychiatric history of the of fender and the interactive effects associated with the murder episode are described. This study reveals the complexities of a capital case involving an offender with overt psychiatric and psychological disorders. Further more, we demonstrate the complexity of a capital case with the components of sex and aggression and situate this offender as one who potentially could have become a serial murderer.
Age of the Victim and the Seriousness of Homicides: Kentucky, 1976 - 1986
Authors: Keil Thomas J. , Vito Gennaro F.
Published: March 2007

This analysis examines Kentucky murders between 1976 and 1986. Special attention is given to the manner in which these homicides vary by age of victim. Multiva riate analysis considers the seriousness of homicides. Causal models are formulated for murders featuring juvenile and elderly victims. Overall, the homicide severity was linked to both legal and social factors. In particular, homicides featuring elderly victims and those with juvenile victims were determined to be especially serious.
Accreditation and Community Policing: Passing Fads or Basic Reforms?
Authors: Sykes Gary W.
Published: March 2007

Community policing is an idea whose time has come. It is apparent that an era in law enforcement is coming to a close as agencies attempt to build a more sensitive and closerpartnership with the communities they serve. This paper analyzes this trend and assesses its relative significance as a reform movement. The road to this idea of policing will not be easy and there are major questions that must be addressed. The accreditation movement will be one complication that community policing must place in proper perspective. This paper suggests that a change in management practices in law enforcement will largely determine whether community policing changes the basic paradigm in law enforcement or simply becomes an improvement to the status quo.
Police Use of Deadly Force in Tennessee Following Tennessee v. Garner
Authors: Culliver Concetta , Sigler Robert
Published: March 2007

Pressures to adopt more restrictive use of deadly force policies mounted during the 1960s and 1970s. By the early 1980s the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) was recommending a written policy on the use of force and appeared to be encouraging a more restrictive policy. In 1985, the U. S. Supreme Court imposed a Fourth Amendment reasonableness test on the use of deadly force setting aside the fleeing felon statutes based on common law. The Tennessee legislature responded by passing legislation incorporating the standard. This study indicated that Tennessee police departments serving populations of more than 5,000 have reduced the use of deadly force and adopted more restrictive policies.
What Disciplinary Rehabilitation Unit Participants are Saying about Shock Incarceration
Authors: BURNS JERALD , ANDERSON JAMES F. , DYSON LARONISTINE
Published: March 2007

Boot camps are known for their rigorous regimen of marching, physical training, and hard work; however, Alabama boot camp officials have learned that additional services, such as individual and group counseling, will help improve probationers' chances of not reoffending when they are released. Moreover, officials at the Disciplinary Rehabilitation Unit have also discovered that by asking offenders what works, they can better treat and rehabilitate them.
Mentally Retarded Sex Offenders
Authors: HO TAIPING
Published: March 2007

The coexistence of mental retardation and sex-related criminality among retarded criminal offenders creates substantial difficulties to the criminal justice system in determining the defendant's criminal responsibility and to human service professionals in designing effective treatment programs. Regardless of criminal charges, sex-related or not, this study shows that offenders are more likely to be diagnosed as having severe mental retardation if they have a severe deficit in adaptive behavior or a low IQ score. This study's results also indicate that mentally retarded sex offenders are rarely distinguishable from other retarded offenders in terms of mental retardation, IQ, and deficits in adaptive behavior.
Adaptive Structures
Authors: Wada B.K. , Fanson J.L. , Crawley E.F.
Published: March 2007

The performance requirements of advanced space systems of the future have motivated a new approach to structural design. This paper surveys the field of adaptive structures and proposes a general framework for categorizing the various approaches be ing pursued. Examples are described in each category to place the work in relative per spective and to describe the similarities and differences between the approaches.
High Power Rare Earth Magnetostrictive Materials
Authors: Clark Arthur E.
Published: March 2007

Magnetic materials capable of producing strains greater than 10-3 have received con siderable attention over the last few years. This is partly due to recent interest in fields such as de formable surfaces, active vibration control, and precision machining, where large forces and small displacements are required, and partly due to the commercial availability of the new materials. These magnetostrictive materials have the advantage of functioning under adverse environmental conditions and elevated temperatures, plus the capability to regulate stress and displacements at low frequencies. In this paper, we review the properties of two high power magnetostrictive materials: (1) TbxDy1-x alloys and (2) TbxDy 1-xFe2 (Terfenol-D) alloys (0 ≤ x ≤ 1).