bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wie kommt das „social” ins soziale Netz? (How Does the “Social” Get Into the Social Web?)
Authors: Hatscher Michael
Published: April 2007

Die Veränderung vom reinen Konsumenten-Web der ersten Generation zum „Mitmach”-Web der zweiten Generation bringt neue Dienste hervor mit Möglichkeiten, aber auch Risiken. Verschiedene Dienste werden vorgestellt und ein Modell zur Erklärung des aktiven Nutzerverhaltens im Web 2.0 wird skizziert.
Kooperation und Kollaboration mit Web 2.0 (Cooperation and Collaboration with Web 2.0)
Authors: Döbler Thomas
Published: April 2007

Neben der Verbesserung der Kommunikation durch Social Software haben Unternehmen große Hoffnungen, mittels neuer Web 2.0-Anwendungen die wissensbasierte Zusammenarbeit in und zwischen Gruppen vereinfachen und verbessern zu können. Der grandiose Erfolg von in freier und freiwilliger Zusammenarbeit erstellten Wissensplattformen im Web beflügelt die Phantasie von Unternehmen: Nicht nur das in den Köpfen der Mitarbeiter vorhandene Wissen erhofft man z.B. mit unternehmensinternen Wikis heben zu können, sondern mehr noch, dass die Mitarbeiter darüber in einen kollaborativen Wissensaustausch einsteigen und beispielsweise die Texte anderer verbessern, korrigieren, erweitern, neue Sichtweisen einbringen, so dass damit letztlich neues Wissen und neue Ideen generiert werden – zum Nutzen von Unternehmen und Mitarbeiter. Der nachfolgende Beitrag konzentriert sich in der Diskussion auf den unternehmensinternen Einsatz von Social Software. Der Einsatz von Social Software zur Kooperation und Kollaboration zwischen Unternehmen wird nur beiläufig gestreift.
Ein nachrichtendienstliches Versagen. Die Amerikaner und die kommunistische Machtergreifung in der Tschechoslowakei 1948
Authors: Lukes Igor
Published: April 2007

Vorspann

Die Amerikaner sahen nichts und hörten nichts, als sich 1947/48 der kommunistische Umsturz in Prag anbahnte. Dabei waren sie in der tschechoslowakischen Hauptstadt mit ganzen Heerscharen von Geheimdienstagenten vertreten. Woher rührte dieses Versagen? Igor Lukes zeigt, dass die amerikanischen Agenten in Prag auf großem Fuß lebten und ausgezeichnete Beziehungen zur besseren Gesellschaft in Politik, Militär und Bürokratie unterhielten – und dass sie dabei den Kontakt zum Wirklichkeitsleben verloren, das in zunehmendem Maße die Kommunisten bestimmten.
Hitler und die „Gleichschaltung“ der Bayreuther Festspiele. Ausnahmezustand, Umdeutung und sozialer Wandel einer Kulturinstitution 1933–1934
Authors: Stunz Holger R.
Published: April 2007

Vorspann

1933 blieben in Bayreuth die ausländischen Besucher aus, die Familie Wagner sah finanziell schweren Zeiten entgegen. Was tun? Sollte sie Hilfe von Hitler erbitten und sich damit den ideologischen und ästhetischen Vorgaben der Nationalsozialisten beugen? Oder weiter an ihrer künstlerischen Freiheit festhalten? Winifred Wagner wählte einen Mittelweg, den es in der Realität freilich nicht gab. Holger R. Stunz zeigt, wohin er führte und wie die Festspiele nach 1933 ihren Charakter änderten.
Die Zukunft der Arbeitsgesellschaft. Soziologische Deutungen in zeithistorischer Perspektive
Authors: Sauer Dieter
Published: April 2007

Vorspann

Geht der Arbeitsgesellschaft wirklich die Arbeit aus, wie Hannah Arendt meinte, und erfüllt sich tatsächlich der alte Menschheitstraum von weniger arbeiten und länger leben? Der renommierte Arbeitssoziologe Dieter Sauer kann zeigen, dass mit solchen Schlagwörtern wenig gewonnen ist. Von einem Ende der Arbeitsgesellschaft, so Sauer, könne keine Rede sein. Richtig sei aber, dass sie radikalen Umwälzungsprozessen ausgesetzt sei, die den betroffenen Gesellschaften große Anpassungsleistungen abverlangten, zugleich aber – Stichwort „neue Autonomie in der Arbeit“ – auch viele Chancen eröffneten.
Aids em área rural de Minas Gerais: abordagem cultural
Authors: Guimarães Patricia Neves , Martin Denise , Quirino José
Published: April 2007

OBJETIVO: Descrever comportamentos facilitadores à exposição ao HIV/Aids em população rural. MÉTODOS: Pesquisa qualitativa realizada com 52 pacientes atendidos em ambulatório de DST/Aids, em 2002-2003. Foram feitas entrevistas abertas e semi-estruturadas em profundidade com os participantes (30 homens e 22 mulheres), conduzidas no ambulatório ou em suas residências, em municípios rurais da região norte de Minas Gerais. As entrevistas foram transcritas, analisadas em categorias: concepções da doença, trabalho, sociabilidade, informações prévias sobre a doença, modo de vida. A interpretação dos resultados baseou-se na análise de conteúdo. RESULTADOS: Na percepção dos entrevistados, a Aids era "doença de cidade grande" e de "forasteiro", desvinculada da cultura local. Todos os entrevistados se infectaram através de atividades heterossexuais ou homossexuais. A migração rural-urbana é aspecto relevante da infecção do HIV na região devido ao deslocamento em busca de trabalho. CONCLUSÕES: As noções populares de doença contribuem para vulnerabilidade à infecção pelo HIV. É necessário apreender noções culturais locais para melhor entender as categorias de pensamento dessa população, enfocando essas noções ao divulgar informações sobre a doença.
Genotoxic effects of albendazole in patients medicated for cystic echinococcosis
Authors: Nuray Altintas , Orenay S. , Reyhan E. , Turk M. , Asci M. , Turel S. , Yolasigmaz A. , Nazmiye Altintas
Published: April 2007

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) due to Echinococcus granulosus is one of the most important helminthic diseases in Turkey where it constitutes a public health and economic problems. Its mean annual incidence in humans is 4.4/100 000 and the prevalence of the tapeworm agent in domestic animals ranges from 11.2 to 50.7 %. Since 1980s, albendazole has been used for treatment of the disease, and this benzimidazole drug has been considered to be of relatively low toxicity. However, prolonged albendazole therapy of CE became to be a common practice, and data on possible genotoxic effects of the medication in humans are lacking. This study has concerned 17 women and 11 men, in total 28 patients with liver cystic hydatid complaints, who were administered albendazole (15 mg/kg) preoperatively (2 weeks) and postoperatively (6 months). Genotoxic effects of albendazole were searched using Sister Chromatid Exchange (SCE), mitotic index (MI) and chromosomal aberations (CAs) methods, comparing lymphocyte chromosomes of treated patients and a control group of healthy individuals. The results indicated a significant increase of SCE frequencies and decrease of MI in the treated group (p < 0.001). Regarding CAs, any difference between the groups was not determined.
Monogenoidean parasites of fishes associated with coral reefs in the Ras Mohammed National Park, Egypt: preliminary results
Authors: Galli P. , Benzoni F. , Strona G. , Stefani F. , Kritsky D.
Published: April 2007

A parasitological survey of the monogenoids of 14 species of common fishes associated with the local coral reefs of the Ras Mohammed National Park, National Parks of Egypt South Sinai Sector, Egypt, was carried out from May 2003 to May 2005. The monogenoids collected during the survey included 17 species: 8 previously described species, 7 new species in established genera, and 2 new species belonging to new genera.
Determination of B-Type Natriuretic Peptides: Clinical And Analytical Quality
Authors: Kovačević Radmila , Mirić Milutin
Published: April 2007

Determination of B-Type Natriuretic Peptides: Clinical And Analytical Quality

B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), a neurohormone synthesized in the cardiac ventricles, is released as preproBNP and then enzymatically cleaved to the N-terminal-proBNP (NT-proBNP) and BNP upon ventricular myocite stretch. This hormone has a role in the body's defense against hypertension and plasma volume expansion. Measurements of circulating B-type natriuretic peptides have been shown to be of diagnostic value in patients with heart failure. BNP levels correlate with the severity of heart failure, as well as with prognosis. Better control of the preanalytical and analytical sources of variations will undoubtedly lead to improvement in B-type natriuretic peptides measurements. A number of preanalytical and analytical factors including specimen type and stability, assay imprecision, and standardization are reviewed here. Further research is required to better define the performance characteristics necessary for assays bearing the designation natriuretic peptides. These characteristics include developing guidelines for the total analytical error from a careful review of the intraindividual biological variability of the analyte under conditions that will be encountered in clinical practice, then validating these guidelines in the clinical setting, and completing the standardization efforts.
The Influence of Type And Duration of Cardiovascular Complications On Antioxidative Parameter Values In Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Čolak Emina , Dimitrijević-Srećković Vesna , Đorđević Predrag , Stanković Sanja , Majkić-Singh Nada , Lalić Katarina , Lalić Nebojša
Published: April 2007

The Influence of Type And Duration of Cardiovascular Complications On Antioxidative Parameter Values In Type 2 Diabetic Patients

It is well established that type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with highly increased risk of coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and total mortality. CVD is the leading cause of death of people with diabetes. The aim of our study was to test the effect of type and duration of cardiovascular complications on antioxidant parameter values: superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and total antioxidant status in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and manifested cardiovascular complications. Out of 100 subjects included in the study, 69 subjects were type 2 diabetic patients with cardiovascular complications and 31 age-matched controls. Statistical data processing revealed significantly lower antioxidant defense (p<0.001) in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular complications manifested as coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension (HTA) and myocardial infarction experienced in the previous 8 years (AMI). The type 2 diabetics with longer history of diabetes and coronary artery disease had higher fasting glucose values, higher GR activity, but lower TAS and SOD activity (p<0.05). Fasting glucose levels were in negative correlation with SOD and GPx activities in the subgroups of diabetics with severe cardiovascular complications (CAD+AMI, CAD+AMI+ HTA) (p<0.05).
Insulin-Like Growth Factors (Igfs) And Their Binding Proteins (Igfbps) As Biomarkers of Catabolism
Authors: Nedić Olgica , Nikolić Judith , Malenković Vesna , Baričević-Jones Ivona
Published: April 2007

Insulin-Like Growth Factors (Igfs) And Their Binding Proteins (Igfbps) As Biomarkers of Catabolism

The life of an organism depends on its capacity to maintain equilibrium. Disease induces acute adaptive responses specific to the stimulus and the organism achieves stability through change. These changes are associated with increased growth hormone resistance and activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, altered insulin response and cytokine synthesis and, closely related to all these events, alteration of the complex system interrelating insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) and their receptors. This review aims to provide an overview of the results obtained in our laboratory from studies of the IGF system in patients with metabolic disturbances caused by infection, hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal diseases, open or laparoscopic surgery and postoperative sepsis.
Comparison of Two Commercial Cyclosporin Assays
Authors: Vučeljić Marina , Lalić Nataša , Mijušković Zoran , Pejović Janko
Published: April 2007

Comparison of Two Commercial Cyclosporin Assays

A new Dade Behring Cyclosporin A (CsA) assay has been made commercially accessible recently. The aim of this study was to examine the analytical performance of this assay and the correlation with the Abbott Diagnostics assay. The accuracy and precision within-run were good, but precision between-run slightly exceeded the manufacturer's recommendation on one quality-control material. Dade Behring CsA whole blood results from the kidney recipients (n = 104) were lower (p<0.001) than the Abbott results. The correlation between these two assays was significant (y = -15.61 + 0.751x; r= 0.974; p<0.001). Dade Behring CsA assay demonstrates adequate performance characteristics for routine clinical use and the main advantage is the full automatization without the need for samples pretreatment.
Incidence of Hyperhomocysteinemia Among Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction Younger Than 45 Years
Authors: Beletić Anđelo , Mirković Duško , Antonijević Nebojša , Jakovljević Branko , Peruničić Jovan , Ilić Mirka , Vasiljević Zorana , Majkić-Singh Nada
Published: April 2007

Incidence of Hyperhomocysteinemia Among Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction Younger Than 45 Years
Activities of Proximal Tubule Enzymes In Urine of Patients Treated With Gentamicin
Authors: Davidović Biljana , Predojević-Samardžić Jelica , Uletilović Snežana , Malčić Dragana , Saničanin Živko
Published: April 2007

Activities of Proximal Tubule Enzymes In Urine of Patients Treated With Gentamicin

The activities of the enzymes dominantly localized within the proximal tubules, such as alanine aminopeptidase (AAP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and Nacetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG), were measured in 12-h urine samples of patients suffering from Gram-negative infections and i.v. treated with gentamicin with the aim of determining the nephrotoxicity of this aminoglycoside antibiotic. The examined groups consisted of 3 - 10 years old children of both sexes, gentamicin-treated, and the control group, each including 30 patients. Urine samples were collected and analyzed five days before the gentamicin application and during the following 10 days of gentamicin treatment (a single i.v. injection per day in the dose of 2.5 mg/kg b.w.). Significant differences in the AAP and GGT activities expressed in U/mmol creatinine were observed between the gentamicin-treated group and the controls already on day 2 (p < 0.05) of the treatment, as well as in the activity of NAG on day 8 (p < 0.01) of the therapy. From these results it can be concluded that even standard gentamicin doses expressed nephrotoxic effects. Statistically significantly increased AAP and GGT activities in the gentamicin-treated group of children recorded already on the 2nd day of treatment demonstrate that these two enzymes represent extremely sensitive indicators of nephrotoxicity. On the other hand, statistically significantly increased NAG activity observed in the gentamicin-receiving group points to more severe gentamicin-provoked injuries of proximal tubules.
Renal Function - Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate
Authors: Dajak Marijana , Ignjatović Svetlana , Majkić-Singh Nada
Published: April 2007

Funkcija Bubrega - Procena Brzine Glomerularne Filtracije

Brzina glomerularne filtracije (GFR) je široko prihvaćena kao najbolja opšta mera funkcije bubrega. Vodiči američke Nacionalne fondacije za bubreg definišu hroničnu bubrežnu bolest (HBB) bilo sa vrednošću GFR koja je manja od 60 mL/min/1,73 m2 ili sa prisustvom oštećenja bubrega, bez obzira na uzrok, u toku 3 ili više meseci i klasifikuju stadijume težine HBB prema GFR. GFR se može meriti kao urinarni ili plazma klirens egzogenih filtracionih markera kao što je inulin. Međutim, zbog teškoća u primeni, troškova i radijacionog izlaganja, ove metode imaju ograničenu upotrebu u rutinskim laboratorijama. Klirens kreatinina može biti korisna alternativa kada egzogeni markeri nisu dostupni, ali sakupljanje urina u vremenskim intervalima nije pogodno za pacijente i osetljivo je na grešku pri sakupljanju. GFR se često procenjuje klinički iz serumskih koncentracija egzogenog kreatinina ili cistatina C. Cistatin C u serumu još uvek nije adekvatno procenjen kao indeks GFR, a na kreatinin u serumu utiču GFR i faktori nezavisni od GFR, uključujući godine, pol, rasu, telesnu veličinu, ishranu, izvesne lekove i laboratorijske analitičke metode. Prema kliničkim vodičima Nacionalne fondacije za bubreg, kliničke laboratorije bi trebalo da izdaju >>procenjenu<< GFR (estimated GFR), izračunatu iz prediktivnih jednačina, kao dodatak izveštavanja vrednosti markera u serumu. Trenutno preporučena jednačina za procenu je razvijena iz MDRD (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease) studije. Ova jednačina koristi godine, pol, rasu (afro-američka prema ne-afro-američkoj) i koncentraciju kreatinina u serumu, a ne zahteva varijablu za telesnu težinu zato što normalizuje GFR za standardnu telesnu površinu od 1,73 m2. Da bi se postigla poboljšana tačnost preračunate GFR sa ovom jednačinom, preporučuje se da komercijalne metode za kreatinin budu kalibrisane prema sertifikovanim referentnim materijalima i sledljive sa IDMS (isotope dilution mass spectrometry) metodologijom. Za MDRD jednačinu je pokazano da je korisna za pacijente sa HBB, ali njena upotreba je još uvek nejasna za ljude sa niskim vrednostima kreatinina u serumu i visokim vrednostima za GFR, uključujući zdrave pojedince, decu i trudnice. Validacione studije su u razvoju kako bi se procenila MDRD jednačina za druge etničke grupe i različita bolesna stanja.
Comparison of Two Different Methods for Cardiovascular Risk Assessment: Framingham Risk Score and Score System
Authors: Jovičić Snežana , Ignjatović Svetlana , Majkić-Singh Nada
Published: April 2007

Comparison of Two Different Methods for Cardiovascular Risk Assessment:Framingham Risk ScoreandScoreSystem

Numerous studies have shown that the major risk factors for coronary heart disease (cigarette smoking, hypertension, elevated serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol - LDL, low serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol - HDL, diabetes mellitus and advancing age), are additive in predictive power. Accordingly, the total risk of a person can be estimated by summing up the risk imparted by each of the major risk factors. Using data obtained from population studies, various risk assessment algorithms have been developed. The aim of this study was to compare the two most common risk scores. Risk assessment for determining 10-year risk in 185 healthy, asymptomatic individuals of both sexes, 30-85 years old, was carried out according to both Framingham (FRS) and SCORE risk scoring. The risk factors included in the calculation of 10-year risk are gender, age, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, treatment for hypertension and cigarette smoking. The determinations of total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were made in sera collected after a 12h fasting period using an Olympus AU2700 automated analyzer. The Framingham risk score was determined using an electronic calculator - ATP III Risk Estimator, and the risk status according to SCORE was obtained using charts for the 10-year risk in populations at high risk. Among 185 participants, in 152 (82%) 10-year risk for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) death was <10%, 24 (13%) had intermediate and 9 (5%) had high risk (⩾20%) according to FRS. According to SCORE, 110 (60%) participants had <1%, 56 (30%) had 1-5% and 19 (10%) had ⩾5% of 10-year risk for cardiovascular death. Different categories of risk were assigned to ~30% of individuals according to different risk assessment models. Differences in risk classification when using two different risk assessment algorithms can be explained with several important issues, including different endpoints, consideration of interactions and incorporation of antihypertensive use. It is important to note that neither FRS nor SCORE have been appropriately adjusted for our population, according to the national cardiovascular mortality rate.
Recommendations For Clinical Use Of Tumor Markers In Lung Cancer
Authors: Stanković Sanja
Published: April 2007

Preporuke Za Primenu Tumorskih Markera Kod Kancera Pluća

Kancer pluća predstavlja jedan od najozbiljnijih problema moderne onkologije. Uprkos kontinuiranom napretku u dijagnostičkim metodama, kod 50-70% pacijenata s kancerom pluća, bolest se dijagnostikuje u uznapredovalom stadijumu, isključujuci na taj način mogućnost radikalne terapije. Određivanje tumorskih markera kod kancera pluća može biti od pomoći u postavljanju dijagnoze, praćenju pacijenta i terapije, a takođe može da pruži dodatne informacije u prognostičke svrhe. U daljem tekstu opisani su odgovarajući serumski markeri kod dve glavne forme tumora pluća-mikrocelularnog i nemikrocelularnog (SCLC i NSCLC), kao i abnormalne supstance identifikovane u tumorima pluća ili njihovim metastazama, kao što su molekularni markeri, markeri prognoze u primeni neoadjuvantne ili adjuvantne terapije i mikrometastazama koštane srži ili limfnom čvoru.
Guidelines for the Use of Tumor Marmers in Breast Cancer
Authors: Ignjatović Svetlana
Published: April 2007

Vodiči Za Primenu Tumorskih Markera Kod Karcinoma Dojke

Najbolje validovani markeri karcinoma dojke pripadaju tkivnim markerima i uključuju receptore za estrogen (ER), receptore za progesteron (PR), HER-2, urokinaza plazminogen aktivator (uPA) i plazminogen aktivator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1). Kod svih novodijagnostikovanih pacijenata sa karcinomom dojke određivanje ER, PR i HER-2 je danas obavezno. Mada je merenje uPA i PAI-1 tehnički validovano, do danas nije klinički rasprostranjeno i to uglavnom zbog zahteva za minimalnom količinom svežeg ili sveže zamrznutog tkiva. Određivanje ovih proteina može da se iskoristi kao pomoć pri selekciji »limfni čvor negativnih« pacijenata s karcinomom dojke kojima nije potrebna adjuvantna hemoterapija. Mada se dosta koristi u postoperativnom praćenju i praćenju terapije u poodmaklom oboljenju, klinička vrednost CA 15-3 i drugih serumskih markera nije joŠ uvek validovana u studijama nivoa dokaza I. Nedavna poboljšanja u razumevanju biologije karcinoma dojke i paralelno povećanje mogućih opcija tretmana treba da vode ka poboljšanju ishoda ove veoma hetrogene bolesti. Onkolozi joŠ uvek imaju teškoće u odabiru specifičnih strategija tretmana prema molekularnim karakteristikama oboljenja svakog pacijenta ponaosob.
Recommedition for Apllication and Determination Tumor Markers of Neuroendocrine System
Authors: Mirković Duško
Published: April 2007

Preporuke Za Primenu I Određivanje Tumorskih Markera Kod Neoplazmi Neuroendokrinog Sistema

Neuroendokrini tumori vode poreklo iz neuroendokrinih ćelija, koji pod uslovima specifične stimulacije sekretuju hormone, regulišući niz različitih funkcija u organizmu. U radu je opisana grupa neuroendokrinih tumora koja se sastoji od: karcinoida endokrinih tumora pankreasa, neuroblastoma, medularnog karcinoma tiroidee i feohromocitoma. Biće diskutovani tumori koji potiču iz endokrinih žlezda, kao i oni koji vode poreklo iz takozvanog »difuznog« neuroendokrinog ćelijskog sistema gastrointestinalnog trakta. Radi se o najvećem endokrinom organu u organizmu. Oko 50 različitih neuroendokrinih ćelijskih tipova gastrointestinalnog trakta je indentifikovano. Važan dijagnostički segment u tretmanu ovih tumora, je određivanje biogenih amina i peptida, čija je aktivnost izmenjena kod pojave neoplazmi. Širok je spektar kliničkih simptoma kod pojave ove vrste tumora, a svi su posledica sposobnosti tumora da sekretuju povećane količine peptinih hormona i biogenih amina. Glavni ciljevi ovog teksta su procena važnosti ove grupe tumorskih markera, kao i predlozi za njihovo koriŠćenje u našim uslovima.
Recommendations for use of Tumor Markers in Monoclonal Gammopathies
Authors: Dajak Marijana
Published: April 2007

Preporuke za Primenu Tumorskih Markera Kod Monoklonskih Gamapatija

Monoklonske gamapatije čine grupu poremećaja koji se karakterišu klonskom proliferacijom plazma ćelija. M protein je tumorski marker specifičan za monoklonske gamapatije jer odražava klonsku produkciju imunoglobulina. Monoklonske gamapatije uključuju: multipli mijelom,Waldenström-ovu makroglobulinemiju (WM), nesekretorni mijelom, prikriveni (smoldering) multipli mijelom, monoklonsku gamapatiju od neodređenog značaja (MGUS,Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance), primarnu sistemsku amiloidozu i bolest teških lanaca. Dijagnoza multiplog mijeloma je zasnovana na detekciji M proteina u serumu i/ili urinu, infiltraciji plazma ćelija u koštanoj srži i litičkim koštanim lezijama na radiografiji skeleta. Prema NACB (National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry) preporukama, tumorski markeri za dijagnozu,screening, identifikaciju klonaliteta, praćenje bolesti i prognostičku evaluaciju kod monoklonskih gamapatija su: elektroforeza proteina u serumu i/ili urinu, imunofiksacija u serumu i/ili urinu, slobodni laki lanci (SLL) u serumu i/ili urinu, viskoznost seruma i β2-mikroglobulin. Imunofiksacija se koristi za identifikaciju klonaliteta (tipa) M proteina primećenog na elektroforezi i kada postoji sumnja bez obzira na normalan proteinski elektroforetogram. Posebno je korisna za prepoznavanje i razlikovanje biklonskih ili triklonskih gamapatija. Viskoznost seruma trebalo bi određivati ako pacijent ima znake i simptome sindroma hiperviskoznosti. WM je najčeŠći uzrok hiperviskoznosti, ali se takođe može pojaviti i kod pacijenata sa velikim nivoima monoklonskog IgA ili IgG. Automatizovana imunoodređivanja SLL u serumu su osetljivija od tradicionalne elektroforetske metode i imunofiksacije za detekciju mijeloma monoklonskih lakih lanaca, nesekretornog mijeloma i AL amiloidoze. Osim toga, odnos SLL u serumu je nezavisan faktor rizika za nastanak maligne progresije kod pacijenata sa MGUS. Određivanje SLL u serumu i elektroforeze proteina seruma kao testova prve linije za razmatranje prisustva mogućih poremećaja B ćelija daje dodatnu dijagnostičku informaciju.
II risanamento pedemontano castanile nel canton Ticino: 1956-1992: un bilancio di politica forestale | Program to Re-Establish Chestnut Forests in the Ticino (Switzerland): 1956-1992: a Forest Political Assessment
Authors: Ceschi Ivo
Published: April 2007

Since 1956, the canton of Ticino has carried out an extensive program to re-establish chestnut forests damaged by chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica). This program was concluded in 1992 when the new federal forest law came into effect.

Its realization has met difficulties of all kinds and was marked by a drastic change of sylvicultural methods.

Various objectives have not been achieved; however, the project went hand in hand with many other realizations such as the professional training of forest workers, the creation of new forest enterprises, forest research within the chestnut region, the improvement of accessibility and the combatting of forest fires.
Cost- und Monitoring-Projekt: Zwei neue forstliche Meinungsumfragen im Vergleich | The Cost- and Monitoring-Projects: A Comparison of Two New Forestry Opinion Polls
Authors: Wild-Eck Stephan , Zimmermann Willi
Published: April 2007

Two large-scale surveys looking at attitudes towards forests, forestry and forest policy in the second half ofthe nineties have been carried out. This work was done on behalf of the Swiss Confederation by the Chair of Forest Policy and Forest Economics of the Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) in Zurich. Not only did the two studies use very different methods, but the results also varied greatly as far as infrastructure and basic conditions were concerned. One of the main differences between the two studies was the fact that the first dealt only with mountainous areas, whereas the second was carried out on the whole Swiss population. The results of the studies reflect these differences:each produced its own specific findings. Where the same (or similar) questions were asked, the answers highlight not only how the attitudes of those questioned differ, but also views that they hold in common. Both surveys showed positive attitudes towards forests in general, as well as a deep-seated appreciation ofthe forest as a recreational area, and a positive approach to tending. Detailed results of the two surveys will be available in the near future.
La politica di conservazione dell'area forestale nel cantone Ticino dal 1940 ad oggi | Forest Conservation Policy in the Canton of Ticino since the 1940s
Authors: Ceschi Ivo
Published: April 2007

Forest conservation policies in the (Swiss) Canton of Ticino have undergone considerable change since the 1940s. In the 1960s and 1970s, the forest authorities found themselves under great pressure, due to a lack of planning and a construction boom. Mistakes were also made during this time. Afterwards, the situation returned to normal. Developments during this period and lessons learned at the time allow a review of current forest conservation policies to be carried out today. This also takes Swiss regional variations into consideration.
Diradamenti di cedui castanili invecchiati - risultati di due parcelle sperimentali (1975–1997) a Novaggio, Ticino | Study of the Problem of Thinning Ageing Chestnut Coppice Forest over 25-Years-Old: Findings from Two Study Areas near Novaggio, in the Canton of Ticino (1975–1997)
Authors: Ott Ernst , Conceprio Fabrizio , Pedrini Andrea
Published: April 2007

A study was undertaken to determine the extent to which practical and scientific results of a study in the Swiss Central plateau can be applied to the chestnut coppice to the south of the Alps in Switzerland. The Central plateau study was carried out using selective thinning in former coppice with standards and seedling forests. The neglect of the chestnut coppices which occurred during the early 1970s made this a topical issue at the time.

With this in mind, our experiment was primarily aimed at answering the following question:

Can selective thinning contribute to the long-term transformation of these chestnut coppices, and eventually bring about natural regeneration through seedlings? Particular interest was paid to the effect it has on improving timber production,timber quality, vitality, and species mixture.

Two stands were selected for the study: these were sufficiently large to produce valid results, and had as homogeneous a structure as possible. One was a typical stand of chestnut coppice forest; the other contained chestnut coppice but also had a high proportion of Turkey oak and pedunculate oak. Two sub-plots of 50 ares were marked out on each stand; selective thinning was carried out on one sub-plot, the other was left untouched.

In 1975, the condition of the four sub-plots was surveyed in great detail. All trees with a DBH of over 8 cm were permanently numbered, measured with calipers, and classified on the basis of the IUFRO system. The trees selected for culling in the two relevant sub-plots were then marked. In 1976, these trees were felled as planned. A second survey was conducted in 1980 and a final one carried out in 1996/97.

Our findings largely match and confirm the practical experience gained over the last 20 years when thinning ageing chestnut coppice on dry sites, including those with an intermixture of Turkey and pedunculate oak.

Coppice forests over the age of 25 were unable to replenish the loss of timber reserves by thinning. Both their growth and ability to react diminish greatly with age. As strongly light-demanding trees, the chestnuts and oaks in the saw-timber stage are unable to sufficiently regenerate their crowns once these are reduced by too great an extent through pressure from competing trees.

Altogether, these findings match our practical observations and experiences. Thinning techniques used on sites to the north of the Alps cannot be applied to the chestnut coppice forests in dry sites to the south. We can conclude that the technique used in this study will not significantly improve the condition of chestnut coppice forests in dry sites to the south of the Alps.
Untersuchung zur Behandlung von Kastanienniederwäldern in Nordgriechenland | Study on the Treatment of Chestnut Coppices in Northern Greece
Authors: Zagas Theocharis
Published: April 2007

The chestnut coppices of Greece are the most productive forests in that country. The aim of this experiment was to determine the most suitable thinning intensity for 13-year-old chestnut coppice stands or coppice forest to allow them to reach optimum production capacity at the age of 20.

The experiment was carried out on the northern slopes of Mount Titaros in northern Greece. In 1989, chestnut coppice forest stands with site quality I and II were selected for the study. Both stands were divided into 4 sub-plots which were then treated using four different silvicultural treatments:(1) control, no thinning(2) positive selection thinning, low intensity treatment, removal over 10% of basal area;(3) positive selection thinning, moderate intensity treatment, removal over 20% of basal area;(4) positive selection thinning, high intensity treatment, removal over 30% of basal area

The best results were obtained in the sub-plots with the most intensive treatment. The more intensive the treatment, the more timber was produced and the healthier the trees became. H/D-values decreased relative to the amount of control,particularly in the sub-plots with high treatment intensity.
Forstliche Inventur als Planungsgrundlage für die Forstwirtschaft Kirgistans | Planning Kyrgyzstan's Forestry on the Basis of Forest Inventories
Authors: Scheuber Matthias , Köhl Michael , Traub Berthold
Published: April 2007

The independence of Kyrgyzstan brings with it the need to rethink the organization of the whole forestry sector. Information is now required which cannot be gathered from current records, due to the unorthodox methods used to gather data in the past. As part of the Kyrgyz-Swiss Forestry Support Program, the Chair for Forest Biometrics and Computer Sciences of Dresden University of Technology and the Swiss Federal Institute (WSL) are therefore developing tailor-made methods of compiling sample-based forest inventories on a national and forest enterprise level. Concentric circles are used as the sample unit; on a national level, these are combined to produce clusters of three trial plots. They are distributed using a systematic dot grid with varying density according to the level of assessment (national or forest enterprise) and forest type. The parameters in the catalogue, definitions and measurement rules are harmonized. An operational forest definition allows the results to be compared with international studies. The production of maps and the implementation of a GIS are essential for both inventories. Current conditions in the country make the development of these methods difficult;despite this, the work should be completed by the end of the year 2000.
Etude de l'aménagement d'une forêt classée au Mali avec la participation des populations riveraines - Données du problème et éléments de méthodologie | A Study of the Management of a State-Owned Forest in Mali with the Participation of the Population Living nearby - Issue under Investigation and Elements of Methodology
Authors: Schneider Pascal , Sorg Jean-Pierre
Published: April 2007

In and around the state-owned forest of Farako in the region of Sikasso, Mali, a large-scale study focused on finding a compromise allowing the existential and legitimate needs of the population to be met and at the same time conserving the forest resources in the long term. The first step in research was to sketch out the rural socio-economic context and determine the needs for natural resources for autoconsumption and commercial use as well as the demand for non-material forest services. Simultaneously, the environmental context of the forest and the resources available were evaluated by means of inventories with regard to quality and quantity. According to an in-depth comparison between demand and potential, there is a differentiated view of the suitability of the forest to meet the needs of the people living nearby. Propositions for a multipurpose management of the forest were drawn up. This contribution deals with some basic elements of research methodology as well as with results of the study.
Mondbezogene Traditionen in der Forstwirtschaft und Phänomene in der Baumbiologie | Moon-Related Traditions in Forestry and Corresponding Phenomena in Tree Biology
Authors: Zürcher Ernst
Published: April 2007

Ancient forest utilization regulations regarding felling dates and wood use are compared to the moon cycles. Furthermore, moon-phase related investigations with regard to germination behaviour, insect infestation and durability of the wood are presented.
Zum Einfluss des Fällzeitpunktes auf wesentliche Eigenschaften von Fichtenholz – Eine Überprüfung publizierter Thesen | Influence of the Felling Date in Essential Properties of Norway Spruce – an Investigation of Published Theses
Authors: Niemz Peter , Kucera Ladislav J.
Published: April 2007

This paper examines a selection of theses regarding the connection of the felling date at particular moon phases with wood quality. None of the published theses could be acknowledged. The wood indicated the well-known properties(often published in books and papers) in all the tested issues.
The Swiss Case. Main Results of the Sustainability Assessment of Swiss Forest Policy and its Merits in an International Context
Authors: Patosaari Pekka
Published: April 2007

Mandated by the Swiss Forestry Agency, a group of internationally recognised experts drew up a sustainability assessment of Swiss forest policy. In this paper, the author, himself a member of the expert panel, presents the main results of this study. The strong protection regime of forests, for instance, is seen as one of the strengths of Swiss forest policy, whereas the lack of economic efficiency as well as the lack of clear policy goals with corresponding evaluation criteria have been identified as areas of concern.
Hat Lothar auch das Assessment weggefegt? Oder: Wie nachhaltig ist das Nachhaltigkeits-Assessment? | Has Lothar also Swept away the Assessment? Or: How Sustainable is the Sustainability Assessment?
Authors: Zimmermann Willi
Published: April 2007

In order to test the method developed to assess the Swiss Federation's forest policy, it was applied to assess suggested forest policy measures with regard to storm damages. Two different measures were tested on the basis of the Helsinki-criteria and indicators with regard to their conformity with the principle of sustainability.
Die Welt braucht Wald – braucht die Welt Forstwirtschaft? | The World Needs Forest – Does the World Need Forestry?
Authors: Blaser Jürgen
Published: April 2007

This essay investigates in a provocative way of the question whether foresters and forestry are actually still necessary for forest tending and conservation. The first section briefly describes the various points of view on forest and forest management. The second section sets out the importance of the forest and its functions. The third section illustrates the insufficiencies of forestry, in particular the problematic issue of world-wide forest destruction which can be explained by a lack of values, poverty and increasing corruption. The fourth section points out the trends within forest development (certification,forest carbon trade, intensification of chemical pulp production and nature conservation), in which classical forestry occupies a rather passive than active role. Finally, the fifth section (‹Quo vadis, Forestry?›) consists of reflections on how forestry and the foresters could overcome the dilemma of passivity, in order to again occupy a leading role within forest development. It is important to expand the very narrow forestry circle and develop and realise a forest vision together with others.
La durabilité en foresterie: pour une transformation durable de l'action forestière | Sustainability in Forestry: For a Sustainable Transformation of Forestry-Related Actions
Authors: Sorg Jean-Pierre
Published: April 2007

Forest policy is in the course of transformation on a world-wide level. Forest laws have been adapted to new circumstances and the organisation of forest services has often been profoundly revised. This renewal - based on various reasons - is in the trend of democracy, characterising today's society. The terms multifunctionality and sustainability have developed into keywords within lectures and discussions. Research shows new ways and means of development, however, modern concepts often show difficulties in becoming established in practice. Public participation in the decision-making process of the management of forest-related resources progresses only slowly. If the way from theoretical development to practical application is long, it seems only right that public interest is ranked higher than various private interests.
Der Lawinenwinter 1951 | The Avalanches in the Winter of 1951
Authors: Laternser Martin , Ammann Walter J.
Published: April 2007

50 years ago, during the winter of 1950/51, the Swiss Alps experienced two extremely severe avalanche situations within a short time period, each of which were caused by completely different weather patterns. The first period of extreme avalanche activity occurred on January 19th/20th, 1951, and was caused by a persistent north-westerly storm. It affected mainly the central and eastern areas along the northern slope of the Swiss Alps. The second severe avalanche period, which caused extensive avalanching mainly on the south side of the Alps, followed three weeks later on February 11th/12th, 1951, due to an extraordinarily strong southerly barrage. In both cases, the Gotthard area was hit hard by severe avalanching. On the whole, a total of about 1500 avalanches caused the death of 98 people and resulted in great devastation. However, compared to the avalanche disaster of February 1999, which claimed 17 victims, the monetary value of the property damage and indirect damage remained rather low.
Standort, Struktur und Funktion slowenischer Wälder im Höhengradienten | Site and Stand Characteristics of Slovenian Forests and their Functions along the Altitude Gradient
Authors: Bončina Andrej , Robič Dušan , Mikulič Vid
Published: April 2007

Data of the total forest area in Slovenia deriving from a forestry information system were analysed according to 200-metre elevation belts. This article shows how forest cover, site conditions, stand structure, tree species composition,and importance of forest functions change along the altitude gradient.
The Woody Flora of Bulgaria: A Review
Authors: Yurukov Stefan , Zhelev Peter
Published: April 2007

This review presents a brief survey of the Bulgarian dendroflora. The country is situated in the transition zone between the continental and Mediterranean climate and,therefore, considerable habitat diversity exists on its territory. About 370 species – trees, shrubs and sub-shrubs – have been established up until today. An overview of the species'diversity, woody formations and their distribution is presented. The data show that Bulgaria is characterised by a relatively rich dendroflora that needs appropriate close-to-nature management and measures for its conservation.
Altersstruktur und Wachstum anhand geworfener Bäume auf einer Windwurffläche im Waldreservat Bödmeren | Estimation of Age Structure and Growth Patterns on a Windthrow Area in the Bödmeren Forest Reserve
Authors: Gabriel Josef , Bräker Otto Ulrich , Matter Jean-François
Published: April 2007

The forest reserve Bödmeren near Muotathal in the canton of Schwyz, Switzerland, covers an area of 4.8 ha and is situated between 1200 and 1500 m a.s.l. It was established in 1971 and the terms of utilisation were drawn up in a contract with the proprietors of the ‹Oberalmeind Corporation›. The forest reserve serves as a multidisciplinary study area in which research of the natural succession without the influences of silvicultural treatment is conducted.

In February 1990, a severe storm threw trees on an area of approx. 20 a, allowing a preliminary study to assess the age structure and growth patterns of small clusters of trees.

The difference of the pith age of the 27 studied trees covered a range of 120 years, and contrary to expectations, the age difference of 24 trees was only 53 years. The trees were selected from 7 clusters and included all tree stages from the dominant tree to the suppressed tree. The b.h.d. ranged between 19.9 and 72.4 cm even though the age span within the cluster itself and amongst the clusters was generally small.

The social position of the individual tree is usually reflected in the height as well as in the diameter growth pattern. The growth dynamics of a suppressed tree can change considerably during its lifetime: a tree was found to be the smallest in the cluster at the age of 20 years and then improved its position in the next 30 years to one of above average height and diameter.

The average diameter increment at breast height culminated in the first decade and then decreased continuously.

The height increment in the first two decades was restrained: the trees needed 16 years to attain a height of 1.3 m. After this period the individual height increment varied according to the competitional situation. Even though a cluster was dense, the dominated trees retained their vitality to an old age. The average height increment culminated at the age of 50 years.
Exemples de projets réalisés dans le cadre du programme «Bois 2000» de l'OFEFP – Concours | Examples of Projects Carried Out as Part of the SAEFL «Timber 2000» Programme – Competitions
Authors: Mooser Markus
Published: April 2007

The «Timber 2000» promotional programme, sponsored by SAEFL, consists of many varied projects. The aim of this review is to detail 3 complementary competitions which show one of the many aspects of «Timber 2000». The competitions are:• The Lignum Prize – an architecture prize for wooden structures• Cyclo-Bivouac – an architectural competition for students• Meuble 21 – a competition of wooden furniture design

The article details the inevitable logistical problems that must be overcome to successfully organise such competitions. The organisers want to put what they have learned to good use when organising future competitions, which will be necessary to promote timber effectively. The information provided could prove invaluable for future competition organisers, and prevent them from overlooking essential items.
Hétérogénéité et multifonctionnalité des forêts de montagne | Heterogeneity and mulitfuntionality of mountain forests
Authors: Chauvin Christophe
Published: April 2007

Spatial heterogeneity and multifunctionality are closely linked concepts: spatial variations in productive potential or in accessibility have lead to diverse uses, which, in turn, will shape diverse environments. Mountain forests have been shaped by centuries of steady use and risk being banalized today because of a rapid decline in the implementation of traditional practices. A policy for a local sustainable development, based on the multifunctionality of forested areas, should, thus, encourage specialization on appropriate sites of limited area to guarantee global multifunctionality on a regional scale.
Typologies de la structure des peuplements – Outils adaptés à la multifonctionnalité et à la dynamique: cas des peuplements irréguliers en forêt de montagne | Typology of stand structures: adapted tools for estimating the multifunctionality and dynamics of irregular mountain forests
Authors: Leclerc Dominique
Published: April 2007

Forests in mountain regions must fulfill a number of important functions under sometimes difficult climatic and economic conditions. The main goal of management must be the maintenance or improvement of stability, of which the stand structure is a clear indicator. Therefore, the typology of the description of the stand must be brought into line with the functions that must be fulfilled. The description is based on reference areas. Knowledge of the dynamics of the stand types as well as of the functions is also important in order to suggest practical silvicultural measures for maintaining stability. In particular,this knowledge enables the determination of the minimal intervention that is necessary, while considering stability, in an area where economic conditions are difficult.

Special emphasis will be placed on presenting the conditions under which spruce grow in the northern French Alps. These considerations lead to an elaboration of agroforestry guidelines, which are defined from case to case.