bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improvement of Open Source Software Usability: An Empirical Evaluation from Developers' Perspective
Authors: Raza Arif , Capretz Luiz F. , Ahmed Faheem
Published: September 2010

User satisfaction has always been important for software success whether it is Open Source Software (OSS) or closed proprietary software. Even though we do not presume that OSS always has poor usability, as there are examples of good usable open source software, it would still be agreed that OSS usability has room for further improvement. This paper presents an empirical investigation to study the impact of some key factors on OSS usability from developers' points of view. This is one of the series of four studies that we are conducting regarding improvement of OSS usability from OSS developers, users, contributors, and industry perspectives. The research model of this empirical investigation studies and establishes the relationship between the key usability factors from developers' perspective and OSS usability. A data set of 106 OSS developers from 18 open source projects of varied size has been used to study the research model. The results of this study provide empirical evidence that the studied key factors play a significant role in improving OSS usability.
Analysis of a Nondestructive Evaluation Technique for Defect Characterization in Magnetic Materials Using Local Magnetic Measurements
Authors: Durand Stephane , Cimrák Ivan , Sergeant Peter , Abdallh Ahmed
Published: September 2010

We study a method for nondestructive testing of laminated strips of a nonlinear magnetic material. Based on local measurements of the magnetic induction at the surface, we are able to reconstruct the proper position of defects inside the material, by solving an inverse problem. This inverse problem is solved by minimizing a suitable cost function
using a gradient‐based optimization procedure. Calculation of the gradient is done either by the standard method of small perturbations or by solving the sensitivity equation. The latter method yields a significant reduction of the computational time. The validity of the proposed algorithm is confirmed by experimental results.
TLRs, NF-κB, JNK, and Liver Regeneration
Authors: Iimuro Yuji , Fujimoto Jiro
Published: September 2010

While hepatocytes rarely undergo proliferation in normal livers, they quickly induce proliferation in response to loss of liver mass by toxin or inflammation-induced hepatocyte injury, trauma, or surgical resection, leading to a restoration of liver mass to its original size. Recent studies suggest that Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling participates in this regenerative response. Myeloid differentiation factor (MyD88), a common adaptor molecule in the TLR, IL-1 and IL-18 receptor signaling, plays a key role, at least, in the early phase of liver regeneration. Currently, definite ligands which bind to TLRs and initiate this process are still unclear. TLRs stimulated by their corresponding ligands, as well as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors (TNFRs), can activate downstream signal molecules, including transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-κB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Previous studies have revealed the important role of TNF receptor signaling, NF-κB, and JNK in liver regeneration by using hepatocyte-specific gene-modified animals. This review will summarize the current knowledge of TLR signaling and their related molecules in liver regeneration. We will also discuss whether modulating these factors may become new therapeutic strategies to promote liver regeneration in various clinical situations.
Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Role of Proinflammatory Cytokines and Therapeutic Approaches
Authors: López-Pedrera Chary , Aguirre Maria Ángeles , Barbarroja Nuria , Cuadrado Maria José
Published: September 2010

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a chronic multisystem autoimmune disease with a broad range of clinical manifestations, is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis (AT) and increased risk of cardiovascular complications. Relevant factors directly influencing the development of AT comprise immune complex generation, complement activation, and changes in the production and activity of a complex network of cytokines, including type I and II interferons, B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS), TNFα, IL-6, IL-17 and migration macrophage inhibitor (MIF). Autoantibodies, also responsible for cytokine expression and activation, play a supplementary key role in the development of AT. Genomic and proteomic studies have contributed to the discovery of genes and proteins involved in AT, including some that may be suitable to be used as biomarkers. All that data has allowed the development of new drugs, most of them evaluated in clinical trials: inhibitors of IFN and TNFα, B cell directed therapies, synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides, intravenous immunoglobulin, or statins. The focus of the present paper is to summarize recent evidence showing the role of cytokines in the development of AT in SLE and the rationale, and safety concerns, in the use of combined therapy to prevent AT and cardiovascular disease.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Alpha Target Genes
Authors: Rakhshandehroo Maryam , Knoch Bianca , Müller Michael , Kersten Sander
Published: September 2010

The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) is a ligand-activated transcription factor involved in the regulation of a variety of processes, ranging from inflammation and immunity to nutrient metabolism and energy homeostasis. PPARαserves as a molecular target for hypolipidemic fibrates drugs which bind the receptor with high affinity. Furthermore, PPARαbinds and is activated by numerous fatty acids and fatty acid-derived compounds. PPARαgoverns biological processes by altering the expression of a large number of target genes. Accordingly, the specific role of PPARαis directly related to the biological function of its target genes. Here, we present an overview of the involvement of PPARαin lipid metabolism and other pathways through a detailed analysis of the different known or putative PPARαtarget genes. The emphasis is on gene regulation by PPARαin liver although many of the results likely apply to other organs and tissues as well.
Understanding Centenarians' Psychosocial Dynamics and Their Contributions to Health and Quality of Life
Authors: Poon Leonard W. , Martin Peter , Bishop Alex , Cho Jinmyoung , da Rosa Grace , Deshpande Neha , Hensley Robert , MacDonald Maurice , Margrett Jennifer , Randall G. Kevin , Woodard John L. , Miller L. Stephen
Published: September 2010

While it is understood that longevity and health are influenced by complex interactions among biological, psychological, and sociological factors, there is a general lack of understanding on how psychosocial factors impact longevity, health, and quality of life among the oldest old. One of the reasons for this paradox is that the amount of funded research on aging in the US is significantly larger in the biomedical compared to psychosocial domains. The goals of this paper are to highlight recent data to demonstrate the impact of four pertinent psychosocial domains on health and quality of life of the oldest old and supplement recommendations of the 2001 NIA Panel on Longevity for future research. The four domains highlighted in this paper are (1) demographics, life events, and personal history, (2) personality, (3) cognition, and (4) socioeconomic resources and support systems.
The Economics of Community Open Source Software Projects: An Empirical Analysis of Maintenance Effort
Authors: Capra Eugenio , Francalanci Chiara , Merlo Francesco
Published: September 2010

Previous contributions in the empirical software engineering literature have consistently observed
a quality degradation effect of proprietary code as a consequence of maintenance. This
degradation effect, referred to as entropy effect, has been recognized to be responsible for significant
increases in maintenance effort. In the Open Source context, the quality of code is a fundamental
design principle. As a consequence, the maintenance effort of Open Source applications may not
show a similar increasing trend over time. The goal of this paper is to empirically verify the entropy
effect for a sample of 4,289 community Open Source application versions. Analyses are based on the
comparison with an estimate of effort obtained with a traditional effort estimation model. Findings
indicate that community Open Source applications show a slower growth of maintenance effort over
time, and, therefore, are less subject to the entropy effect.
Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics for the Treatment of Malignant Disease
Authors: Aldrich Joel F. , Lowe Devin B. , Shearer Michael H. , Winn Richard E. , Jumper Cynthia A. , Kennedy Ronald C.
Published: September 2010

The employment of the immune system to treat malignant disease represents an active area of biomedical research. The specificity of the immune response and potential for establishing long‐term tumor immunity compels researchers to continue investigations into immunotherapeutic approaches for cancer. A number of immunotherapeutic strategies have arisen for the treatment of malignant disease, including various vaccination schemes, cytokine therapy, adoptive cellular therapy, and monoclonal antibody therapy. This paper describes each of these strategies and discusses some of the associated successes and limitations. Emphasis is placed on the integration of techniques to promote optimal scenarios for eliminating cancer.
Archaeal Ubiquitin-Like Proteins: Functional Versatility and Putative Ancestral Involvement in tRNA Modification Revealed by Comparative Genomic Analysis
Authors: Makarova Kira S. , Koonin Eugene V.
Published: September 2010

The recent discovery of protein modification by SAMPs, ubiquitin-like (Ubl) proteins from the archaeonHaloferax volcanii, prompted a comprehensive comparative-genomic analysis of archaeal Ubl protein genes and the genes for enzymes thought to be functionally associated with Ubl proteins. This analysis showed that most archaea encode members of two major groups of Ubl proteins with theβ-grasp fold, the ThiS and MoaD families, and indicated that the ThiS family genes are rarely linked to genes for thiamine or Mo/W cofactor metabolism enzymes but instead are most often associated with genes for enzymes of tRNA modification. Therefore it is hypothesized that the ancestral function of the archaeal Ubl proteins is sulfur insertion into modified nucleotides in tRNAs, an activity analogous to that of the URM1 protein in eukaryotes. Together with additional, previously described genomic associations, these findings indicate that systems for protein quality control operating at different levels, including tRNA modification that controls translation fidelity, protein ubiquitination that regulates protein degradation, and, possibly, mRNA degradation by the exosome, are functionally and evolutionarily linked.
Spatial and Temporal Variation of Wideband Indoor Channels
Authors: Ndzi David L. , Savage Nick , Gremont Boris
Published: September 2010

Extensive studies of the impact of temporal variations induced by people on the characteristics of indoor wideband channels are reported. Singular Value Decomposition Prony algorithm has been used to compute the impulse response from measured channel transfer functions. The high multipath resolution of the algorithm has allowed a detailed assessment of the shapes of individual multipath clusters and their variation in time and space in indoor channels. Large- and small-scale analyses show that there is a significant dependency of the channel response on room size. The presence of people in the channel has been found to induce both signal enhancements and fading with short-term dynamic variations of up to 30 dB, depending on the number of people and their positions within the room. A joint amplitude and time of arrival model has been used to successfully model measured impulse response clusters.
Unresectable Retiform Hemangioendothelioma Treated with External Beam Radiation Therapy and Chemotherapy: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Hirsh Alina Z. , Yan Weisi , Wei Lihong , Wernicke A. Gabriella , Parashar Bhupesh
Published: September 2010

Retiform hemangioendothelioma (RH) is an infrequently encountered vascular neoplasm of intermediate or borderline malignancy. Treatment of RH is controversial. We present a case of a 44-year-old Asian male presenting with an unresectable RH of the pelvis. The patient was treated with concurrent low-dose Cisplatin and External beam Radiation (4140cGy in 180cGy per fraction). This is the first report of a clinical complete response and a long-term local control of this rare tumor. This has significant clinical implication, since it gives the first evidence of treatment of this rare tumor using concurrent low-dose chemotherapy and radiation.
Diagnosis of the Relationship between Dust Storms over the Sahara Desert and Dust Deposit or Coloured Rain in the South Balkans
Authors: Prezerakos N. G. , Paliatsos A. G. , Koukouletsos K. V.
Published: September 2010

The main objects of study in this paper are the synoptic scale atmospheric circulation systems associated with the rather frequent phenomenon of coloured rain and the very rare phenomenon of dust or sand deposits from a Saharan sandstorm triggered by a developing strong depression. Analysis of two such cases revealed that two days before the occurrence of the coloured rain or the dust deposits over Greece a sand storm appeared over the north‐western Sahara desert. The flow in the entire troposphere is southerly/south‐westerly with an upward vertical motion regime. If the atmospheric conditions over Greece favour rain then this rain contains a part of the dust cloud while the rest is drawn away downstream adopting a light yellow colour. In cases where the atmospheric circulation on the route of the dust cloud trajectories is not intensively anticyclonic dust deposits can occur on the surface long far from the region of the dust origin. Such was the case on 4th April, 1988, when significant synoptic‐scale subsidence occurred over Italy and towards Greece. The upper air data, in the form of synoptic maps, illustrate in detail the synoptic‐scale atmospheric circulations associated with the emission‐transport‐deposition and confirm the transportation of dust particles.
Early Bifrontal Brain Injury: Disturbances in Cognitive Function Development
Authors: Bonnier Christine , Costet Aurélie , Hmaimess Ghassan , Catale Corinne , Maillart Christelle , Marique Patricia
Published: September 2010

We describe six psychomotor, language, and neuropsychological sequential developmental evaluations in a boy who sustained a severe bifrontal traumatic brain injury (TBI) at 19 months of age. Visuospatial, drawing, and writing skills failed to develop normally. Gradually increasing difficulties were noted in language leading to reading and spontaneous speech difficulties. The last two evaluations showed executive deficits in inhibition, flexibility, and working memory. Those executive abnormalities seemed to be involved in the other impairments. In conclusion, early frontal brain injury disorganizes the development of cognitive functions, and interactions exist between executive function and other cognitive functions during development.
Fabrication of Nano‐CeO2 and Application of Nano‐CeO2 in Fe Matrix Composites
Authors: Tiebao Wang , Chunxiang Cui , Xiaodong Wang , Guobin Li
Published: September 2010

It is expatiated that nano‐CeO2 is fabricated by the direct sedimentation method. The
components and particles diameter of nano‐CeO2 powders are analyzed by XRD and SEM . The thermodynamic analysis and acting mechanism of nano‐CeO2 with Al in Fe matrix composites are researched, which
shows that the reaction is generated between CeO2 and Al in the composite, that is, 3CeO2+4Al→2Al2O3+3[Ce], which obtains Al2O3 and active [Ce] during the sintering process. The
active [Ce] can improve the performance of CeO2/Fe matrix composites. The suitable amount of CeO2 is about 0.05% in CeO2/Fe matrix composites. SEM fracture analysis shows that
the toughness sockets in nano‐CeO2/Fe matrix composites are more than those in no‐added nano‐CeO2 composites, which can explain that adding nano‐CeO2 into Fe matrix composite, the toughness of the
composite is improved significantly. Applied nano‐CeO2 to Fe matrix diamond saw blades shows that Fe matrix
diamond saw blade is sharper and of longer cutting life than that with
no‐added nano‐CeO2.
Current Status and Future Prospects of Proton MR Spectroscopy of the Breast with a 1.5T MR Unit
Authors: Tozaki Mitsuhiro , Maruyama Katsuya
Published: September 2010

Proton MR spectroscopy of the mammary gland area is used to be considered in the realm of basic research, but as a result of the advances in MR techniques, it is now being performed in ordinary clinical practice. It is particularly noteworthy that useful clinical data are now being accumulated with 1.5T MR units, which are the standard units. We think that, at this point, it is very important to systematically review the techniques, clinical applications, and future prospects of proton MR spectroscopy. We have performed proton MR spectroscopy with a 1.5T MR unit in over 3000 cases at our hospital. In this paper, we will comment on the current status of proton MR spectroscopy of the breast, primarily in regard to differentiation between benign and malignant lesions and prediction of the efficacy of chemotherapy while describing the data obtained at our hospital.
Molecular Structural Transformation of 2:1 Clay Minerals by a Constant‐Pressure Molecular Dynamics Simulation Method
Authors: Wang Jianfeng , Gutierrez Marte S.
Published: September 2010

This paper presents results of a molecular dynamics simulation study of dehydrated 2:1 clay minerals using the Parrinello‐Rahman constant‐pressure molecular dynamics method. The method is capable of simulating a system under the most general applied stress conditions by considering the changes of MD cell size and shape. Given the advantage of the method, it is the major goal of the paper to investigate the influence of imposed cell boundary conditions on the molecular structural transformation of 2:1 clay minerals under different normal pressures. Simulation results show that the degrees of freedom of the simulation cell (i.e., whether the cell size or shape change is allowed) determines the final equilibrated crystal structure of clay minerals. Both the MD method and the static method have successfully revealed unforeseen structural transformations of clay minerals upon relaxation under different normal pressures. It is found that large shear distortions of clay minerals occur when full allowance is given to the cell size and shape change. A complete elimination of the interlayer spacing is observed in a static simulation. However, when only the cell size change is allowed, interlayer spacing is retained, but large internal shear stresses also exist.
Performance and Implementation Evaluation of TR PAPR Reduction Methods for DVB-T2
Authors: Mroué Mohamad , Nafkha Amor , Palicot Jacques , Gavalda Benjamin , Dagorne Nelly
Published: September 2010

High Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) is a critical issue in multicarrier communication systems using Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), as in the Second Generation Terrestrial Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB-T2) system. This problem can result in large performance degradation due to the nonlinearity of the High Power Amplifier (HPA) or in its low power efficiency. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of different Tone Reservation-based techniques for PAPR reduction in DVB-T2 context. Also, we propose an iterative TR-based technique called “One Kernel One Peak” (OKOP). Simulation results and performance comparison of these techniques in terms of gain in PAPR reduction, mean power variation, and complexity will be given. Finally, we describe the implementation of a PAPR reduction algorithm in the DVB-T2 modulator.
Incidence of Severe Hepatotoxicity Related to Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV/HCV Coinfected Patients
Authors: Heil Emily L. , Townsend Mary L. , Shipp Kenneth , Clarke Amy , Johnson Melissa D.
Published: September 2010

Introduction. Hepatotoxicity is a concern in HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfected patients due to their underlying liver disease. This study assessed the incidence of hepatotoxicity in HIV/HCV co-infected patients in two outpatient infectious diseases clinics.Methods. HIV/HCV co-infected adults were included in this retrospective study if they were PI or NNRTI naïve at their first clinic visit and were initiated on an NNRTI- and/or PI-based antiretroviral regimen. Patients were excluded if they had active or chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV). The primary objective was to determine the overall incidence of severe hepatotoxicity.Results. Fifty-six of the 544 patients identified met inclusion criteria. The incidence of severe hepatotoxicity was 10.7% (6/56 patients). Severe hepatotoxicity occurred with efavirenz (), nevirapine (), indinavir (), nelfinavir (), and saquinavir/ritonavir ().Conclusion. The incidence of severe hepatotoxicity appears to be low in this retrospective analysis of HIV/HCV co-infected patients receiving a PI-and/or NNRTI-based regimen.
Near-Field/Far-Field Transformation with Helicoidal Scanning from Irregularly Spaced Data
Authors: D'Agostino Francesco , Ferrara Flaminio , Gennarelli Claudio , Guerriero Rocco , Migliozzi Massimo
Published: September 2010

A fast and accurate technique for the compensation of the probe positioning errors in the near-field/far-field transformation with helicoidal scanning is proposed in this paper. It relies on a nonredundant sampling representation using a spherical modelling of the antenna under test and employs an iterative scheme to evaluate the near-field data at the points fixed by the helicoidal nonredundant representation from the acquired irregularly distributed ones. Once these helicoidal data have been recovered, those required by a classical cylindrical near-field/far-field transformation are efficiently determined by using an optimal sampling interpolation algorithm. Some numerical tests assessing the effectiveness of the proposed approach and its stability with respect to random errors affecting the near-field data are shown.
Childhood Cryptosporidiosis: A Case Report
Authors: Agnamey P. , Djeddi D. , Diallo A. , Vanrenterghem A. , Brahimi N. , da Costa C. , Totet A.
Published: September 2010

Cryptosporidiumhas emerged as an important cause of diarrheal illness worldwide, especially amongst young children and patients with infectious or iatrogenic immune deficiencies. The authors describe a case of mild cryptosporidiosis in a well-nourished, immunocompetent, one-year-old child. Rapid clinical and parasitological improvement was observed after a 3-day course of nitazoxanide.
Immune Thrombocytopenia in a Challenging Case of Disseminated Tuberculosis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Kalra Ankur , Kalra Ankit , Palaniswamy Chandrasekar , Vikram Naval , Khilnani G. C. , Sood Rita
Published: September 2010

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) continues to predominate the cause of morbidity, and mortality in the developing world. The disease affects all the organ systems, and presents in various pathologic disease states. We report an uncommon manifestation of this rather common infectious disease in a 19-year-old male. Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia occurring as a consequence of the tuberculosis infection itself is an exceedingly rare occurrence, and at the time of writing of this paper, only 15 such published reports exist in the English literature so far.
Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia in Swine Associated with Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Infection
Authors: Cheng Ching-Chang , Lee Yen-Feng , Lin Nai-Nu , Wu Chieh-Liang , Tung Kwong-Chung , Chiu Yung-Tsung
Published: September 2010

Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) is a chronic respiratory disease. Although the pathogenesis of BOOP is still incompletely understood, BOOP is responsive to steroids and has a good prognosis. In our five pigs with chronic postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), typical BOOP lesions were revealed. All five porcine lungs showed typical intraluminal plugs, and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) was identified. They also exhibited similar pathologic findings such as proliferation of type II pneumocytes and myofibroblasts (MFBs), extracellular collagen matrix (ECM) deposition, and fragmentation of elastic fibers. MFBs migration correlative molecules, for instance, gelatinase A, B and osteopontin, appeared strongly in the progressing marginal area of polypoid intraluminal plugs of fibrotic lesion. These molecules colocalized with the active MFBs. Both gelatinase activity and intercellular level of active MFBs were significantly increased (P < .05). Porcine chronic bronchopneumonia leads to BOOP and it is associated with PCV2 persistent infection. Swine BOOP demonstrates similar cellular constituents with human BOOP. Perhaps their molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis operate in a similar way. Thus we infer that the swine BOOP can be considered as a potential animal model for human BOOP associated with natural viral infection. Moreover, it is more convenient to obtain samples.
Etiological Analysis of Neurodevelopmental Disabilities: Single‐Center Eight‐Year Clinical Experience in South China
Authors: Guo Li , Li Bing-Xiao , Deng Mei , Wen Fang , Jiang Jian-Hui , Tan Yue-Qiu , Song Yuan-Zong , Liu Zhen-Huan , Zhang Chun-Hua , Kobayashi Keiko , Wang Zi-Neng
Published: September 2010

Etiology determination of neurodevelopmental disabilities (NDDs) currently remains a worldwide common challenge on child health. We herein reported the etiology distribution feature in a cohort of 285 Chinese patients with NDDs. Although concrete NDD etiologies in 48.4% of the total patients could not be identified, genetic diseases (with the proportion of 35.8% in the total cases) including inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) and congenital dysmorphic diseases, constituted the commonest etiology category for NDDs in this study. The two key experimental technologies in pediatric metabolomics, gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), and tandem mass spectrometry (MS‐MS), proved to be substantially helpful for the exploration of the NDD etiologies in this clinical investigation. The findings in this paper provided latest epidemiologic information on the etiology distribution of NDDs in Chinese, and the syndromic NDDs caused by citrin deficiency and the novel chromosomal karyotype, respectively, further expanded the etiology spectrum of NDDs.
Role of Calcium in Phosphatidylserine Externalisation in Red Blood Cells from Sickle Cell Patients
Authors: Weiss Erwin , Rees David Charles , Gibson John Stanley
Published: September 2010

Phosphatidylserine exposure occurs in red blood cells (RBCs) from sickle cell disease (SCD) patients and is increased by deoxygenation. The mechanisms responsible remain unclear. RBCs from SCD patients also have elevated cation permeability, and, in particular, a deoxygenation-induced cation conductance which mediates entry, providing an obvious link with phosphatidylserine exposure. The role of was investigated using FITC-labelled annexin. Results confirmed high phosphatidylserine exposure in RBCs from SCD patients increasing upon deoxygenation. When deoxygenated, phosphatidylserine exposure was further elevated as extracellular [] was increased. This effect was inhibited by dipyridamole, intracellular chelation, and Gardos channel inhibition. Phosphatidylserine exposure was reduced in high saline. levels required to elicit phosphatidylserine exposure were in the low micromolar range. Findings are consistent with entry through the deoxygenation-induced pathway (), activating the Gardos channel. [] required for phosphatidylserine scrambling are in the range achievablein vivo.
Hodgkin's Disease in Patients with HIV Infection
Authors: Spina Michele , Carbone Antonino , Gloghini Annunziata , Serraino Diego , Berretta Massimiliano , Tirelli Umberto
Published: September 2010

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) represents one of the most common non-AIDS-defining cancers with an increasing incidence overtime. Clinically, patients present advanced stages of disease with extranodal involvement in the majority of cases. In the last years, significant improvements in the treatment of patients with HL and HIV infection have been achieved. In the lack of randomized trials, several phase II studies have showed that in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) the same regimens employed in HIV-negative patients with HL can be used in HIV setting with similar results. Moreover, in the last years the feasibility of high dose chemotherapy and peripheral stem cell rescue has allowed to save those patients who failed the upfront treatment. Finally, in the near future, a better integration of diagnostic tools (including PET scan), chemotherapy (including new drugs), radiotherapy, HAART, and supportive care will significantly improve the outcome of these patients.
A Chinese Herbal Decoction, Modified Yi Guan Jian, Induces Apoptosis in Hepatic Stellate Cells through an ROS‐Mediated Mitochondrial/Caspase Pathway
Authors: Lin Hung-Jen , Tseng Ching-Ping , Lin Chia-Fan , Liao Mei-Huei , Chen Chuan-Mu , Kao Shung-Te , Cheng Ju-Chien
Published: September 2010

The Chinese herb modified Yi Guan Jian (mYGJ) is an effective regimen that is usually used in outpatients with chronic liver diseases such as fibrosis and cirrhosis. However, the mechanism for the action of mYGJ on liver fibrosis is not yet clear. In this study, we found that mYGJ induced hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) apoptosis concomitant with the downregulation of Bcl‐2 expression and slight elevation of Bax level. Moreover, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) were generated in the early stages of mYGJ‐induced HSCs apoptosis to facilitate calcium and cytochrome c release from the mitochondria to cytosol. Subsequently, caspase 9 and caspase 3 were activated. Furthermore, the activation of ER stress‐associated caspase 12 in HSCs was also evaluated. Together, we report the first evidence‐based study to demonstrate that mYGJ decoction induces HSCs apoptosis through ROS accumulation and the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. These findings provide rationale for further clinical investigation of traditional Chinese medicine recipes against liver fibrosis.
Galaxy Evolution in a Pilot Survey up toz=1and CDM Halos
Authors: Giraud E. , Melnick J. , Gu Q.-S. , Quintana H. , Selman F. , Toledo I. , Zelaya P.
Published: September 2010

We study spectral evolution of galaxies in a magnitude limited sample of 550 galaxies fromz=1down toz=0.3on a pencil beam of≈10′×10′. We concentrate on the large apparent cosmological structures along the line of sight, and we bin our individual galaxy spectra to obtain representative high S/N spectra based upon these structures. We divide the resulting average spectra in three groups to facilitate the analysis:galaxies with pure absorption line spectra, galaxies with emission lines and blue continua, and galaxies with emission lines and red continua. We revisit the question of downsizing in emission-line galaxies betweenz=0.9andz=0.45in our pencil-beam and find the following results: strong star formation in emission line galaxies, aging in emission line galaxies, and aging in absorption systems, are shifting from bright to faint systems as cosmological time increases. Each redshift bin is repopulated in new starbursts. Therefore at redshiftsz⩽1galaxy formation is downsizing both in luminosity and number density. Our observations indicate that atz⩽1star formation and hierarchical structure formation of CDM halos are not in phase.
Oral Treatment with Extract of Agaricus blazei Murill Enhanced Th1 Response through Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Suppressed OVA‐Sensitized Allergy in Mice
Authors: Bouike Go , Nishitani Yosuke , Shiomi Hideyuki , Yoshida Masaru , Azuma Takeshi , Hashimoto Takashi , Kanazawa Kazuki , Mizuno Masashi
Published: September 2010

To clarify the mechanism of the antiallergic activity of Agaricus blazei Murill extract (ABME), the present paper used an in vivo allergy model and an in vitro intestinal gut model. During OVA sensitization, the serum IgE levels decreased significantly in ABME group. Interleukin (IL)‐4 and ‐5 produced from OVA‐restimulated splenocytes was significantly decreased, and anti‐CD3ε/CD28 antibody treatment also reduced IL‐10, ‐4, and ‐5 production and increased IFN‐γ production in ABME group. These results suggest that oral administration of ABME improves Th1/Th2 balance. Moreover, a coculture system constructed of Caco‐2 cells and splenocytes from OT‐II mice or RAW 264.7 cells indicated that the significant increases in IFN‐γ production by ABME treatment. Therefore, it was concluded that the antiallergic activity of ABME was due to the activation of macrophages by epithelial cells and the promotion of the differentiation of naïve T cells into Th1 cells in the immune.
Investigation of Antidiabetic, Antihyperlipidemic, and In Vivo Antioxidant Properties of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. in Type 1 Diabetic Rats: An Identification of Possible Biomarkers
Authors: Ramachandran S. , Asokkumar K. , Uma Maheswari M. , Ravi T. K. , Sivashanmugam A. T. , Saravanan S. , Rajasekaran A. , Dharman J.
Published: September 2010

The present investigation was aimed to study the antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, and in vivo antioxidant properties of the root of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. in streptozotocin‐ (STZ‐) induced type 1 diabetic rats. Administration of ethanolic extract of Sphaeranthus indicus root (EESIR) 100 and 200 mg/kg to the STZ‐induced diabetic rats showed significant (P < .01) reduction in blood glucose and increase in body weight compared to diabetic control rats. Both the doses of EESIR‐treated diabetic rats showed significant (P < .01) alteration in elevated lipid profile levels than diabetic control rats. The EESIR treatment in diabetic rats produced significant increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and decrease in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels than diabetic control rats. Administration of EESIR 200 mg/kg produced significant (P < .01) higher antioxidant activity than EESIR 100 mg/kg. The high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of EESIR revealed the presence of biomarkers gallic acid and quercetin. In conclusion, EESIR possess antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, and in vivo antioxidant activity in type 1 diabetic rats. Its antioxidant and lipid lowering effect will help to prevent diabetic complications, and these actions are possibly due to presence of above biomarkers.
Preparation, Modification, and Application of Starch Nanocrystals in Nanomaterials: A Review
Authors: Lin Ning , Huang Jin , Chang Peter R. , Anderson Debbie P. , Yu Jiahui
Published: September 2010

During the past decade, much work has been devoted to the preparation of nanomaterials by blending starch nanocrystals from different sources with various polymer matrices. The following paper summarizes the most up-to-date information available relating to starch nanocrystals and their contribution to research, application, and advancement of diversified nanomaterials. This paper provides an overview of aspects related to starch nanocrystals, including methods for extraction and preparation, chemical modification (with particular emphasis on the modification methods and strategies), reinforcing effects and mechanisms, and applications and prospects.
T Cell Reactivity against Mycolyl Transferase Antigen 85 ofM. tuberculosisin HIV-TB Coinfected Subjects and in AIDS Patients Suffering from Tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections
Authors: Launois Pascal , Drowart Annie , Bourreau Eliane , Couppie Pierre , Farber Claire-Michèle , Van Vooren Jean-Paul , Huygen Kris
Published: September 2010

The mycolyl transferase antigen 85 complex is a major secreted protein family from mycobacterial culture filtrate, demonstrating powerful T cell stimulatory properties in most HIV-negative, tuberculin-positive volunteers with latentM.tuberculosisinfection and only weak responses in HIV-negative tuberculosis patients. Here, we have analyzed T cell reactivity against PPD and Ag85 in HIV-infected individuals, without or with clinical symptoms of tuberculosis, and in AIDS patients with disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria. Whereas responses to PPD were not significantly different in HIV-negative and HIV-positive tuberculin-positive volunteers, responses to Ag85 were significantly decreased in the HIV-positive (CDC-A and CDC-B) group. Tuberculosis patients demonstrated low T cell reactivity against Ag85, irrespective of HIV infection, and finally AIDS patients suffering from NTM infections were completely nonreactive to Ag85. A one-year follow-up of twelve HIV-positive tuberculin-positive individuals indicated a decreased reactivity against Ag85 in patients developing clinical tuberculosis, highlighting the protective potential of this antigen.
A Model of Insulin Resistance in Mice, Born to Diabetic Pregnancy, Is Associated with Alterations of Transcription-Related Genes in Pancreas and Epididymal Adipose Tissue
Authors: Yessoufou Akadiri , Moutairou Kabirou , Khan Naim Akhtar
Published: September 2010

Objective. This study is conducted on a model of insulin-resistant (IR) mice born to dams which were rendered diabetic by the administration of streptozotocin.Methods. Adult IR and control offspring were selected and we determined the mRNA expression of transcription factors known to modulate pancreatic and adipose tissue activities and inflammation.Results. We observed that serum insulin increased, and the mRNA of insulin gene transcription factors, Pdx-1, Nkx6.1 and Maf-A, were upregulated in IR mice pancreas. Besides, their pancreatic functional capacity seemed to be exhausted as evidenced by low expression of pancreatic Glut2 and glucokinase mRNA. Though IR offspring exhibited reduced epididymal adipose tissue, their adipocytes seemed to be differentiated into macrophage-like cells, as they exhibited upregulated CD14 and CD68 antigens, generally expressed by macrophages. However, there was no peripheral macrophages infiltration into epididymal adipose tissue, as the expression of F4/80, a true macrophage marker, was undetectable. Furthermore, the expression of IL-6, TNF-α and TLR-2, key players of insulin resistance, was upregulated in the adipose tissue of IR offspring.Conclusion. Insulin resistant state in mice, born to diabetic pregnancy, alters the expression of function-related genes in pancreas and epididymal adipose tissue and these offspring are prone to develop metabolic syndrome.
Ocimum gratissimum Aqueous Extract Induces Apoptotic Signalling in Lung Adenocarcinoma Cell A549
Authors: Chen Han-Min , Lee Mu-Jang , Kuo Cheng-Yi , Tsai Pei-Lin , Liu Jer-Yuh , Kao Shao-Hsuan
Published: September 2010

Ocimum gratissimum (OG) is widely used as a traditional herb for its antibacterial activity in Taiwan. Recently, antitumor effect of OG on breast cancer cell is also reported; however, the effects of OG on human pulmonary adenocarcinoma cell A549 remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether aqueous OG extract (OGE) affects viability of A549 cells and the signals induced by OGE in A549 cells. Cell viability assays revealed that OGE significantly and dose‐dependently decreased the viability of A549 cell but not that of BEAS‐2B cell. Morphological examination and DAPI staining indicated that OGE induced cell shrinkage and DNA condensation for A549 cells. Further investigation showed that OGE enhanced activation of caspase‐3, caspase‐9 and caspase‐8 and increased protein level of Apaf‐1 and Bak, but diminished the level of Bcl‐2. Additionally, OGE inhibited the phosphorylation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) yet enhanced the phosphorylation of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAP kinase (p38). In conclusion, our findings indicate that OGE suppressed the cell viability of A549 cells, which may result from the activation of apoptotic signaling and the inhibition of anti‐apoptotic signaling, suggesting that OGE might be beneficial to lung carcinoma treatment.
Anticancer Potential of Aqueous Ethanol Seed Extract of Ziziphus mauritiana against Cancer Cell Lines and Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma
Authors: Mishra Tulika , Khullar Madhu , Bhatia Aruna
Published: September 2010

Ziziphus mauritiana (Lamk.) is a fruit tree that has folkloric implications against many ailments and diseases. In the present study, anticancer potential of seed extract of Ziziphus mauritiana in vitro against different cell lines (HL‐60, Molt‐4, HeLa, and normal cell line HGF) by MTT assay as well as in vivo against Ehrich ascites carcinoma bearing Swiss albino mice was investigated. The extract was found to markedly inhibit the proliferation of HL‐60 cells. Annexin and PI binding of treated HL‐60 cells indicated apoptosis induction by extract in a dose‐dependent manner. The cell cycle analysis revealed a prominent increase in sub Go population at concentration of 20 μg/ml and above. Agarose gel electrophoresis confirmed DNA fragmentation in HL‐60 cells after 3 h incubation with extract. The extract also exhibited potent anticancer potential in vivo. Treatment of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma bearing Swiss albino mice with varied doses (100–800 mg/kg b.wt.) of plant extract significantly reduced tumor volume and viable tumor cell count and improved haemoglobin content, RBC count, mean survival time, tumor inhibition, and percentage life span. The enhanced antioxidant status in extract‐treated animals was evident from decline in levels of lipid peroxidation and increased levels of glutathione, catalase, and superoxide dismutase.
Analysis of Carbon Nanotubes on the Mechanical Properties at Atomic Scale
Authors: Lei Xiaowen , Natsuki Toshiaki , Shi Jinxing , Ni Qing-Qing
Published: September 2010

This paper aims at developing a mathematic model to characterize the mechanical properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The carbon-carbon (C–C) bonds between two adjacent atoms are modeled as Euler beams. According to the relationship of Tersoff-Brenner force theory and potential energy acting on C–C bonds, material constants of beam element are determined at the atomic scale. Based on the elastic deformation energy and mechanical equilibrium of a unit in graphite sheet, simply form ED equations of calculating Young's modulus of armchair and zigzag graphite sheets are derived. Following with the geometrical relationship of SWCNTs in cylindrical coordinates and the structure mechanics approach, Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of armchair and zigzag SWCNTs are also investigated. The results show that the approach to research mechanical properties of SWCNTs is a concise and valid method. We consider that it will be useful technique to progress on this type of investigation.
Berberine Moderates Glucose and Lipid Metabolism through Multipathway Mechanism
Authors: Zhang Qian , Xiao Xinhua , Feng Kai , Wang Tong , Li Wenhui , Yuan Tao , Sun Xiaofang , Sun Qi , Xiang Hongding , Wang Heng
Published: September 2010

Berberine is known to improve glucose and lipid metabolism disorders,
but the mechanism is still under investigation. In this paper, we explored the effects of berberine
on the weight, glucose levels, lipid metabolism, and serum insulin of KKAy mice and investigated
its possible glucose and lipid‐regulating mechanism. We randomly divided KKAy mice into two groups: berberine
group (treated with 250 mg/kg/d berberine) and control group. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), weight,
total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (HDL‐c), low‐density
lipoprotein‐cholesterol (LDL‐c), and fasting serum insulin were measured in both groups. The oral glucose
tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. RT2 PCR array gene expression analysis was performed using skeletal
muscle of KKAy mice. Our data demonstrated that berberine significantly decreased FBG, area under the
curve (AUC), fasting serum insulin (FINS), homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) index,
TC, and TG, compared with those of control group. RT2 profiler PCR array analysis showed that berberine
upregulated the expression of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), mitogen‐activated protein kinase 14 (MAPK14),
MAPK8(c‐jun N‐terminal kinase, JNK), peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α (PPARα), uncoupling
protein 2 (UCP2), and hepatic nuclear factor 4α(HNF4α), whereas it downregulated the expression of PPARγ,
CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein (CEBP), PPARγ coactivator 1α(PGC 1α), and resistin. These results suggest
that berberine moderates glucose and lipid metabolism through a multipathway mechanism that includes
AMP‐activated protein kinase‐(AMPK‐) p38 MAPK‐GLUT4, JNK pathway, and PPARα pathway.
Characterization of Plasmid DNA Location within Chitosan/PLGA/pDNA Nanoparticle Complexes Designed for Gene Delivery
Authors: Bordelon Hali , Biris Alexandru S. , Sabliov Cristina M. , Todd Monroe W.
Published: September 2010

Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide-) (PLGA-)chitosan nanoparticles are becoming an increasingly common choice for the delivery of nucleic acids to cells for various genetic manipulation techniques. These particles are biocompatible, with tunable size and surface properties, possessing an overall positive charge that promotes complex formation with negatively charged nucleic acids. This study examines properties of the PLGA-chitosan nanoparticle/plasmid DNA complex after formation. Specifically, the study aims to determine the optimal ratio of plasmid DNA:nanoparticles for nucleic acid delivery purposes and to elucidate the location of the pDNA within these complexes. Such characterization will be necessary for the adoption of these formulations in a clinical setting. The ability of PLGA-chitosan nanoparticles to form complexes with pDNA was evaluated by using the fluorescent intercalating due OliGreen to label free plasmid DNA. By monitoring the fluorescence at different plasmid: nanoparticle ratios, the ideal plasmid:nanoparticle ration for complete complexation of plasmid was determined to be 1:50. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and gel digest studies suggested that even at these optimal complexation ratios, a portion of the plasmid DNA was located on the outer complex surface. This knowledge will facilitate future investigations into the functionality of the systemin vitroandin vivo.
Changing Concepts of “Latent Tuberculosis Infection” in Patients Living with HIV Infection
Authors: Lawn Stephen D. , Wood Robin , Wilkinson Robert J.
Published: September 2010

One third of the world’s population is estimated to be infected withMycobacterium tuberculosis, representing a huge reservoir of potential tuberculosis (TB) disease. Risk of progression to active TB is highest in those with HIV coinfection. However, the nature of the host-pathogen relationship in those with “latent TB infection” and how this is affected by HIV coinfection are poorly understood. The traditional paradigm that distinguishes latent infection from active TB as distinct compartmentalised states is overly simplistic. Instead the host-pathogen relationship in “latent TB infection” is likely to represent a spectrum of immune responses, mycobacterial metabolic activity, and bacillary numbers. We propose that the impact of HIV infection might better be conceptualised as a shift of the spectrum towards poor immune control, higher mycobacterial metabolic activity, and greater organism load, with subsequent increased risk of progression to active disease. Here we discuss the evidence for such a model and the implications for interventions to control the HIV-associated TB epidemic.