bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurements of organic species in air and seawater from the tropical Atlantic
Authors: Williams J. , Holzinger R. , Gros V. , Xu X. , Atlas E. , Wallace D. W. R.
Published: October 2004

A West ‐East crossing of the Tropical Atlantic during Meteor cruise 55 included measurements of organic species within the atmospheric marine boundary layer and the upper ocean. Acetone, methanol, acetonitrile and DMS were measured between 10–0°N and 35°W–5°E, on either side of the ITCZ. Methanol and acetone concentrations were higher in the northern hemisphere, both in surface seawater and the atmosphere whereas acetonitrile and DMS showed no significant interhemispheric gradient. Three depth profiles from 0–200 m for these species were measured. Acetone, methanol, DMS and acetonitrile generally decreased with depth with the sharpest decrease in concentration in all profiles being found at the bottom of the mixed layer. The average air mixing ratios and surface seawater concentrations for the whole dataset are respectively: acetone 0.53 nmol/mol and 17.6 nmol/L; acetonitrile 0.11 nmol/mol and 6.19 nmol/L; methanol 0.89 nmol/mol and 118.4 nmol/L; and DMS 0.05 nmol/mol and 1.66 nmol/L.
Short residence time for iron in surface seawater impacted by atmospheric dry deposition from Saharan dust events
Authors: Croot Peter L. , Streu Peter , Baker Alex R.
Published: October 2004

Measurements of dissolved (DFe) and total iron (TFe) in the upper water column are presented from the German SOLAS (Surface Ocean ‐ Lower Atmosphere Study) cruise (M55), along a west to east transect at 10°N, in the equatorial Atlantic in October/November 2002. Aerosol samples were collected simultaneously during this time and are used to estimate an iron flux to the surface waters. Resulting flux estimates combined with iron inventories in the near surface waters reveal extremely short fractional mean residence times (6–62 days) for total (dissolved and particulate) iron in waters directly under the path of Saharan dust plumes. These results suggest that individual dust storms can supply a significant amount of the present iron upper water column inventory which is subsequent rapidly removed by aggregation and sinking.
Influence of the ITCZ on H2O2 in near surface waters in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Croot Peter L. , Streu Peter , Peeken Ilka , Lochte Karin , Baker Alex R.
Published: October 2004

H2O2 was measured in the upper water column (0–200 m) along a west‐east transect through the Equatorial Atlantic as part of the German SOLAS (Surface Ocean Lower Atmosphere) cruise Meteor 55 (M55). Vertical profiles of H2O2 showed characteristic exponential decay consistent with light profiles and rainwater inputs. Integrated (0–100 m) water column H2O2 inventories ranged from 1.1–8.9 mmol m−2 with the highest values in the Amazon Plume. H2O2 inventories were also higher at the Equatorial Upwelling and after heavy rain showers in the region of the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Analysis of rain water samples collected during the cruise gave a volume weighted mean of 10.8 μmol L−1 (range 1.5–22.3 μmol L−1). This work highlights the importance of rainwater as a major source for H2O2 in the surface waters under the ITCZ.
Oceanic bromoform sources for the tropical atmosphere
Authors: Quack B. , Atlas E. , Petrick G. , Stroud V. , Schauffler S. , Wallace D. W. R.
Published: October 2004

Oceanic bromoform (CHBr3) is the major source of organic Br to the atmosphere and may be significant for ozone depletion through the contribution of reactive bromine to the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere of the midlatitudes and tropics. We report the first analyses of boundary layer air, surface and deep ocean waters from the tropical Atlantic. The data provide evidence of a source of CHBr3 throughout the tropical open ocean associated with the deep chlorophyll maximum within the tropical thermocline. Equatorial upwelling carries the CHBr3 to the surface, adding to increased concentrations in the equatorial mixed layer and driving oceanic emissions that support locally elevated atmospheric concentrations. In air masses that had crossed the coastal upwelling region off NW Africa even higher atmospheric mixing ratios were measured. The observations suggest a link between climate, wind‐driven upwelling, and the supply of Br to the upper atmosphere of the tropics.
Magnetic anomalies, layered intrusions and Mars
Authors: McEnroe S. A. , Skilbrei J. R. , Robinson P. , Heidelbach F. , Langenhorst F. , Brown L. L.
Published: October 2004

Studies of remanence‐controlled magnetic anomalies on Earth provide possibilities to interpret the nature of crustal rocks that cause the large remanent anomalies on Mars. What types of conditions on Earth can create large remanent magnetic anomalies? Such an anomaly, extending for 20 km centered over a norite layer in the Bjerkreim‐Sokndal (BKS) Intrusion, shows a minimum −13000 nT below background in the helicopter survey. Modeling of the anomaly requires a natural remanent magnetization (NRM) value of 24 A/m, similar to values measured in norite samples and to values invoked to explain the anomalies on Mars. Preliminary magnetic assessment considers the roles of hemo‐ilmenite, magnetite, and oxide exsolution in clino‐ and orthopyroxene, and high‐temperature ductilely induced lattice‐preferred orientation.
Integrated analysis of magnetic, paleomagnetic and K‐Ar data in a tectonic complex region: An example from the Sea of Galilee
Authors: Eppelbaum Lev , Ben‐Avraham Zvi , Katz Youri
Published: October 2004

Sea of Galilee (Lake Kinneret) is located in northern Israel in the area of complex tectonic setting where the Dead Sea Transform crosscuts other fault systems. Practical absence of wells in the sea hinders geological‐geophysical data interpretation. Map of the total magnetic field shows an intricate pattern of the magnetic field distribution caused by a combined influence of the basalt flows of various age and magnetization in and around the sea. The identified magnetic anomalies were analyzed using methods of quantitative interpretation specially developed for complex geological conditions. The paleomagnetic stratigraphy of basalt associations around the Sea of Galilee basin proved to be correlated with the paleomagnetic zones in the sea. For the first time was developed the detailed magnetic‐paleomagnetic scheme with K‐Ar dating unmasking structure of magnetic anomalies in the sea and coordinating the revealed peculiarities with the surrounding anomalies.
Reciprocity and power balance for piecewise continuous media with imperfect interfaces
Authors: Wapenaar Kees , Slob Evert , Fokkema Jacob
Published: October 2004

The interaction of elastodynamic waves with imperfect interfaces is usually described by the so‐called linear slip model. In this model it is assumed that the particle displacement of an elastic wave at an interface jumps by a finite amount, linearly proportional to the stress at the interface. In this paper we postulate general boundary conditions at arbitrarily shaped imperfect interfaces for acoustic waves in fluids, elastodynamic waves in solids, electromagnetic waves in matter, poroelastic waves in porous solids, and seismoelectric waves in porous solids in such a way that they cover the linear slip model and other existing models for imperfect interfaces. These boundary conditions are expressed by a single matrix‐vector equation in the space‐frequency domain. Using this equation, we extend two unified reciprocity theorems (one of the convolution type and one of the correlation type) for the various wave phenomena, with an extra integral over the imperfect interfaces. By considering two special cases of these reciprocity theorems, we observe that (1) source‐receiver reciprocity remains valid when the source and receiver are separated by imperfect interfaces and that (2) the extra integral in the correlation‐type reciprocity theorem quantifies the power dissipated by the imperfect interfaces.
Solar cycle variations of the electron radiation belts: Observations and radial diffusion simulation
Authors: Miyoshi Y. S. , Jordanova V. K. , Morioka A. , Evans D. S.
Published: October 2004

Long‐term variations of energetic particles in the radiation belts were examined using data from the NOAA (1979–2003) satellites. A significant flux variation with solar cycle was detected together with both semiannual and recurrent flux variations. It was revealed that the phase of flux variations for the solar cycle depends on both particle energy and distance from the Earth; the outer belt shifted inward during the solar active period and outward during the solar quiet period. The numerical simulation for radial diffusion reproduced the flux variation and the outer belt shift qualitatively and suggested that radial diffusion is a major control parameter for the long‐term variations of the inner portion of the outer belt. On the other hand, the simulation did not reproduce the variation of the outer portion of the outer belt, suggesting that further physical processes should be considered.
Water exchanges versus water works: Insights from a computable general equilibrium model for the Balearic Islands
Authors: Gómez Carlos M. , Tirado Dolores , Rey‐Maquieira Javier
Published: October 2004

We present a computable general equilibrium model (CGE) for the Balearic Islands, specifically performed to analyze the welfare gains associated with an improvement in the allocation of water rights through voluntary water exchanges (mainly between the agriculture and urban sectors). For the implementation of the empirical model we built the social accounting matrix (SAM) from the last available input‐output table of the islands (for the year 1997). Water exchanges provide an important alternative to make the allocation of water flexible enough to cope with the cyclical droughts that characterize the natural water regime on the islands. The main conclusion is that the increased efficiency provided by “water markets” makes this option more advantageous than the popular alternative of building new desalinization plants. Contrary to common opinion, a “water market” can also have positive and significant impacts on the agricultural income.
Inhibitory effect of a bitter melon extract on the P‐glycoprotein activity in intestinal Caco‐2 cells
Authors: Konishi Tomoko , Satsu Hideo , Hatsugai Yasuo , Aizawa Koichi , Inakuma Takahiro , Nagata Shinji , Sakuda Sho‐hei , Nagasawa Hiromichi , Shimizu Makoto
Published: October 2004

Extracts of bitter melon, soybean, dokudami and welsh onion by 40% methanol increased the accumulation of rhodamine‐123 by Caco‐2 cells, suggesting that these extracts inhibited P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp).

The extract of bitter melon was separated in a tC18 cartridge column and the eluate from 80% acetonitrile most markedly increased the [3H]‐daunomycin accumulation by Caco‐2 cells.

The inhibitory compounds in the bitter melon fraction were isolated by HPLC with Pegasil C4 and Pegasil ODS columns. The HPLC fraction having the highest activity was analyzed by 1H‐NMR and FAB‐MS, and the active compound was identified as 1‐monopalmitin.

The inhibitory activities of 1‐monopalmitin and its related compounds suggested that the inhibition of P‐gp activity was not dependent on the degree of unsaturation of fatty acid in the monoglyceride, but on the chain length. It was also suggested that the monoglyceride structure played an important role in the inhibition of P‐gp activity.

Monoglycerides could therefore alter the pharmacokinetics of drugs by inhibiting the P‐gp‐mediated efflux.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 143, 379–387. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705804
Mechanisms intrinsic to 5‐HT2B receptor‐induced potentiation of NMDA receptor responses in frog motoneurones
Authors: Holohean Alice M , Hackman John C
Published: October 2004

In the presence of NMDA receptor open‐channel blockers [Mg2+; (+)‐5‐methyl‐10,11‐dihydro‐5H‐dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten‐5,10‐imine maleate (MK‐801); 1‐amino‐3,5‐dimethyladamantane (memantine)] and TTX, high concentrations (30–100 μM) of either 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) or α‐methyl‐5‐hydroxytryptamine (α‐Me‐5‐HT) significantly potentiated NMDA‐induced depolarizations of frog spinal cord motoneurones.

Potentiation was blocked by LY‐53,857 (10–30 μM), SB 206553 (10 μM), and SB 204741 (30 μM), but not by spiroxatrine (10 μM), WAY 100,635 (1–30 μM), ketanserin (10 μM), RS 102221 (10 μM), or RS 39604 (10–20 μM). Therefore, α‐Me‐5‐HT's facilitatory effects appear to involve 5‐HT2B receptors.

These effects were G‐protein dependent as they were prevented by prior treatment with guanylyl‐5′‐imidodiphosphate (GMP‐PNP, 100 μM) and H‐Arg‐Pro‐Lys‐Pro‐Gln‐Gln‐D‐Trp‐Phe‐D‐Trp‐D‐Trp‐Met‐NH2 (GP antagonist 2A, 3–6 μM), but not by pertussis toxin (PTX, 3–6 ng ml−1, 48 h preincubation).

This potentiation was not reduced by protein kinase C inhibition with staurosporine (2.0 μM), U73122 (10 μM) or N‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐5‐isoquinolinesulfonamide HCl (H9) (77 μM) or by intracellular Ca2+ depletion with thapsigargin (0.1 μM) (which inhibits Ca2+/ATPase). Exposure of the spinal cord to the L‐type Ca2+ channel blockers nifedipine (10 μM), KN‐62 (5 μM) or gallopamil (100 μM) eliminated α‐Me‐5‐HT's effects.

The calmodulin antagonist N‐(6‐aminohexyl)‐5‐chloro‐1‐naphtalenesulfonamide (W7) (100 μM) diminished the potentiation. However, the calcium/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaM Kinase II) blocker KN‐93 (10 μM) did not block the 5‐HT enhancement of the NMDA responses.

In summary, activation of 5‐HT2B receptors by α‐Me‐5‐HT facilitates NMDA‐depolarizations of frog motoneurones via a G‐protein, a rise in [Ca2+]i from the entry of extracellular Ca2+ through L‐type Ca2+ channels, the binding of Ca2+ to calmodulin and a lessening of the Mg2+ ‐produced open‐channel block of the NMDA receptor.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 143, 351–360. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705935
Functional expression of the serotonin 5‐HT7 receptor in human glioblastoma cell lines
Authors: Mahé Cécile , Bernhard Michel , Bobirnac Ionel , Keser Corinna , Loetscher Erika , Feuerbach Dominik , Dev Kumlesh K , Schoeffter Philippe
Published: October 2004

Serotonin 5‐HT7 receptors are present in astrocytes. Understanding their role in this type of cell would greatly benefit from the identification of astroglial cell lines expressing this receptor type.

The aim of the present study was to assess the expression of native 5‐HT7 receptors and 5‐HT7 receptor mRNA in a number of human glioblastoma cell lines, by means of cAMP measurements, Western blot analysis and reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) analysis.

5‐Hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT), 5‐carboxamidotryptamine (5‐CT), 5‐methoxytryptamine (5‐MeOT) and 8‐hydroxy‐2‐(di‐n‐propylamino)tetralin (8‐OH‐DPAT) induced concentration‐dependent stimulations of cAMP accumulation in the human glioblastoma cell lines, U‐373 MG, U‐138 MG, U‐87 MG, DBTRG‐05MG, T98G, H4, CCF‐STTG1 and Hs 683. The rank order of potency was 5‐CT>5‐HT=5‐MeOT≫8‐OH‐DPAT.

The effect of 5‐CT was inhibited in a concentration‐dependent manner by the selective 5‐HT7 receptor antagonist SB‐269970 in all human glioblastoma cells. Schild analyses yielded slope factors close to unity (0.89–1.13) and pA2 values of 8.69–9.05.

Western blot analysis revealed the presence of immunoreactive bands corresponding to the human 5‐HT7 receptor in extracts of all human glioblastoma cell lines.

The presence of the three splice variants of the 5‐HT7 receptor (5‐HT7(a/b/d)) was visualized by RT–PCR analysis with specific primers in all human glioblastoma cell lines.

In conclusion, human glioblastoma cell lines express functional 5‐HT7 receptors and the three splice variants of the corresponding mRNA. These cell lines could serve as model systems of native 5‐HT7 receptors in glial cells to investigate their putative role in processes like release of neurotrophic factors or inflammatory cytokines.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 143, 404–410. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705936
Alterations in glucose metabolism by cyclosporine in rat brain slices link to oxidative stress: interactions with mTOR inhibitors
Authors: Christians Uwe , Gottschalk Sven , Miljus Jelena , Hainz Carsten , Benet Leslie Z , Leibfritz Dieter , Serkova Natalie
Published: October 2004

Co‐administration of the calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporine and the mTOR inhibitors sirolimus or everolimus increases the efficacy of immunosuppression after organ transplantation. However, clinical studies showed enhancement of cyclosporine toxicity. To characterize the biochemical mechanisms involved, we assessed the time‐dependent effects of cyclosporine in combination with mTOR inhibitors on energy production (ex vivo 31P‐MRS), glucose metabolism (ex vivo 13C‐MRS), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation (using the fluorescent agent 2′,7′‐dichlorofluorescein diacetate) in perfused rat brain slices.

Cyclosporine alone inhibited energy production (ATP: 75±9%), the Krebs cycle (4‐13C‐glutamate from 1‐13C‐glucose: 61±27%), and oxidative phosphorylation (NAD+: 62±25%) after 4 h of perfusion. After 10 h, activation of anaerobic glycolysis (3‐13C‐lactate: 140±17%) compensated for inhibition of mitochondrial energy production and lowered the intracellular pH. ROS formation was increased after 4 h (285±55% of untreated control), but not after 10 h. mTOR inhibitors alone inhibited lactate production. When combined with cyclosporine, sirolimus enhanced cyclosporine‐induced inhibition of energy metabolism (ATP: 64±9%) and ROS formation (367±46%). Most importantly, sirolimus inhibited cytosolic glycolysis and therefore compensation for cyclosporine‐induced ATP reduction after 10 h. In contrast to sirolimus, everolimus antagonized cyclosporine‐induced inhibition of mitochondrial energy metabolism (ATP: 91±7%) and ROS formation (170±49%). The antioxidant tocopherol antagonized all cyclosporine effects on cell metabolism.

Cyclosporine time‐dependently inhibited mitochondrial metabolism and increased ROS, followed by compensation involving anaerobic glycolysis. Everolimus antagonized cyclosporine‐induced mitochondrial dysfunction, whereas sirolimus inhibited compensatory anaerobic glycolysis, thus enhancing cyclosporine's negative effects. ROS play the key role in mediating the negative effects of cyclosporine on cell energy metabolism.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 143, 388–396. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705939
Bolus injection of human UII in conscious rats evokes a biphasic haemodynamic response
Authors: Gardiner Sheila M , March Julie E , Kemp Philip A , Bennett Terence
Published: October 2004

A biphasic cardiovascular response to bolus i.v. injection of human urotensin II (hUII, 3 nmol kg−1) in conscious, male, Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats was identified and underlying mechanisms were explored. Initially (0–5 min) there was tachycardia, hypotension and mesenteric and hindquarters vasodilatation; later (30–120 min), tachycardia, hindquarters vasodilatation and a modest rise in blood pressure occurred.

Pretreatment with indomethacin or NG nitro‐L‐arginine methylester (L‐NAME) reduced the mesenteric vasodilator response to hUII, and abolished the late tachycardia and hindquarters vasodilatation. Indomethacin also abolished the hypotension and early hindquarters vasodilatation, and substantially reduced the initial tachycardia. Indomethacin and L‐NAME together prevented all haemodynamic responses to hUII.

Inhibition of inducible NOS had no effect on responses to hUII, whereas inhibition of neuronal NOS reduced the delayed tachycardic response to hUII but did not significantly affect the vasodilatation. Only the initial tachycardic response to hUII was antagonised by propranolol.

In spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), the initial haemodynamic responses to hUII were qualitatively similar to those in SD rats, although there was also a modest renal vasodilatation. The secondary response comprised a smaller tachycardia and a small rise in blood pressure, with no significant hindquarters vasodilatation.

Haemodynamic responses to hUII were not enhanced by endothelin and angiotensin receptor antagonism in either SD rats or in SHRs.

One interpretation of these results is that the primary response to bolus injection of hUII is prostanoid‐ or prostanoid‐ and NO‐mediated (mesenteric vasodilatation) and that this triggers secondary events, which are dependent on eNOS (hindquarters vasodilatation) and neuronal NOS (tachycardia).

British Journal of Pharmacology (2004) 143, 422–430. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0705954
Editorial : Special Issue of Chemical Society Reviews on Current Advances in Crystallography
Authors: Parker David , Harris Kenneth
Published: October 2004

David Parker and Kenneth Harris give an overview of this special issue of Chemical Society Reviews on current advances in the field of crystallography.
Phase measurement using x rays (invited)
Authors: Peele A. G. , Nugent K. A.
Published: October 2004

This article reviews the developing field of x-ray phase contrast radiography. The underlying principles are outlined and some experimental results are reviewed. The paper then uses simulations to explore the potential application of this method to the imaging of very low Z elements within a very high Z envelope. We predict that it should be possible to image very light elements such as hydrogen within a gold envelope using small laboratory-based sources.
First mirror contamination studies for polarimetry motional Stark effect measurements for ITER
Authors: Kuldkepp M. , Rachlew E. , Hawkes N. C. , Schunke B.
Published: October 2004

The motional Stark effect (MSE) diagnostic on the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor will need to guide the light through a labyrinth of mirrors to provide neutron shielding. Knowledge of how the mirrors change the polarization is essential for accurate determination of the q profile. The optical properties of the plasma facing mirror are also expected to change with time due to deposition/erosion. For the purpose of examining this experimentally a detector system, identical to the JET MSE system, using twin photoelastic modulators was constructed. Measurements have been performed on freshly prepared mirrors, on mirrors after exposure to plasmas in Tore Supra, and labyrinth designs. The result shows a significant effect on the optical properties and demonstrate the need for in situ monitoring. The measured properties of the labyrinth closely follow the Mueller matrix formalism. With a correct choice of material the angle change introduced by the four mirrors furthest away from the plasma will be below 1°.
Detailed design of ex-vessel neutron yield monitor for ITER
Authors: Asai K. , Iguchi T. , Watanabe K. , Kawarabayashi J. , Nishitani T. , Walker C. I.
Published: October 2004

Taking into consideration the latest design of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) main units, we have made the detailed design consideration for an ex-vessel neutron yield monitor to meet the ITER requirements. The monitoring system is constructed of four detector modules consisting of several U235 fission chambers with different sensitivities and graphite (or beryllium) neutron moderator. We also selected possible spaces in the diagnostic ports to install them at appropriate distances and neutron shielding effects from the plasma. Through Monte Carlo neutron transport calculations, it has been confirmed that the present system can cover all the neutron yields encountered in the ITER experiments including the in situ calibrations with a time resolution around 200 μs without detector replacement over the whole ITER experiments. This system can also be calibrated with 10% of required accuracies in a realistic 50 h of accumulation time using a DT neutron generator.
Stable transport equations for rarefied gases at high orders in the Knudsen number
Authors: Struchtrup Henning
Published: October 2004

An approach is presented to derive transport equations for rarefied gases from the Boltzmann equation within higher orders of the Knudsen number. The method focuses on the order of magnitude of the moments of the phase density, and the order of accuracy of the transport equations, both measured in powers of the Knudsen number. The method is developed up to the third order, and it is shown that it yields the Euler equations at zeroth order, the Navier–Stokes–Fourier equations at first order, Grad’s 13 moment equations (with omission of a nonlinear term) at second order, and a regularization of these at third order. The method is discussed in detail, and compared with the classical methods of kinetic theory, i.e., Chapman–Enskog expansion and Grad moment method. The advantages of this method above the classical approaches are discussed conclusively. An important feature of the method presented is that the equations of any order are stable, other than in the Chapman–Enskog method, where the second and third approximation—Burnett and super-Burnett equations—are unstable.
Simultaneous measurements of density and potential fluctuation with heavy ion beam probe in the Compact Helical System
Authors: Nakano H. , Fujisawa A. , Shimizu A. , Minami T. , Yoshimura Y. , Okamura S. , Matsuoka K. , Ohshima S.
Published: October 2004

Density and potential fluctuations are simultaneously measured, using a heavy ion beam probe, in electron cyclotron resonance heated plasmas of the Compact Helical System. The spectra of density and potential fluctuations are presented with radial profiles of these fluctuation amplitudes. Local density fluctuations are evaluated by removing the path integral effect under the simplest assumption that the correlation length of the fluctuations is infinitesimally short.
Calibration of the charge exchange recombination spectroscopy diagnostic for core poloidal rotation velocity measurements on JET
Authors: Crombé K. , Andrew Y. , Giroud C. , Hawkes N. C. , Murari A. , Valisa M. , Van Oost G. , Zastrow K.-D. , Contributors JET-EFDA
Published: October 2004

This article describes recent improvements in the measurement of C6+ impurity ion poloidal rotation velocities in the core plasma of JET using charge exchange recombination spectroscopy. Two independent techniques are used to provide an accurate line calibration. The first method uses a Perkin–Elmer type 303–306 samarium hollow cathode discharge lamp, with a Sm I line at 528.291 nm close to the C VI line at 529.1 nm. The second method uses the Be II at 527.06 nm and C III at 530.47 nm in the plasma spectrum as two marker lines on either side of the C VI line. Since the viewing chords have both a toroidal and poloidal component, it is important to determine the contribution of the toroidal rotation velocity component separately. The toroidal rotation velocity in the plasma core is measured with an independent charge exchange recombination spectroscopy diagnostic, looking tangentially at the plasma core. The contribution of this velocity along the lines of sight of the poloidal rotation diagnostic has been determined experimentally in L-mode plasmas keeping the poloidal component constant (K. Crombé et al., Proc. 30th EPS Conference, St. Petersburg, Russia, 7–11 July 2003, p. 1.55). The results from these experiments are compared with calculations of the toroidal contribution that take into account the original design parameters of the diagnostic and magnetic geometry of individual shots.
Motional Stark effect diagnostic on TEXTOR
Authors: Jakubowska K. , De Bock M. , Jaspers R. , von Hellermann M. , Shmaenok L.
Published: October 2004

A motional Stark effect diagnostic at the tokamak TEXTOR has been constructed and brought recently into operation. In contrast to diagnostics used on other tokamaks, this diagnostic reveals the direction of the magnetic field from the intensity ratio of the π and σ components of the emitted Balmer-α and not from a polarization measurement of a single line. Moreover, the complete spectrum is measured which allows determining the radial position of the measurement, and in principle the radial electric field.
Design of a high–efficiency extreme ultraviolet overview spectrometer system for plasma impurity studies on the stellarator experiment Wendelstein 7-X
Authors: Biel W. , Bertschinger G. , Burhenn R. , König R. , Jourdain E.
Published: October 2004

The design for a set of four high-efficiency vacuum ultraviolet/extreme ultraviolet (VUV/XUV) spectrometers has been developed, which shall be used for plasma impurity monitoring and impurity transport studies on the stellarator experiment Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X). The new high-efficiency XUV overview spectrometer (HEXOS) system covers the wavelength range from 2.5 to 160 nm, divided into four subsections with some overlapping, thus achieving a complete coverage of prominent spectral lines from the relevant impurity elements. Taking into account spectrometer geometries and detector geometries, toroidal holographic diffraction gratings are numerically optimized to maximize the total throughput while maintaining good spectral resolution. The performance of the spectrometers is tested and optimized by means of ray tracing calculations. In order to prove the potential for line identification as well as the expected levels of signal intensity and noise figures of the new systems, spectra are simulated using the impurity transport code STRAHL. Under typical plasma conditions on W7-X the new spectrometers will allow clear identification of all relevant impurity elements in the plasma. The large collected photon flux results in a high accuracy for the measured line intensities, even when operating the spectrometers at spectra rates of 1000/s.
First measurement of time-resolved neutron yield on JT-60U using a microfission chamber
Authors: Hayashi T. , Nishitani T. , Ishikawa M.
Published: October 2004

Microfission chambers, which are pencil sized ionization chamber containing fissile material inside, will be installed in the vacuum vessel as neutron monitors for International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). We have performed first measurements of the detector installed between the vacuum vessel and toroidal coils on JT-60U. The technical validity as a neutron monitor, such as magnetic field effect and electromagnetic noises from the plasma and heating devices, has been investigated. The detector had an excellent linearity with a U235 fission chamber as a neutron monitor on JT-60U with the standard deviation of 3% except for some noise signals. The electromagnetic noises were caused by neutral beam injection (NBI) breakdowns, probably due to long wiring between the detector and the preamplifier. In case of plasma disruption, improper signals have not been observed. The magnetic field effect also has not been observed up to 2 T. In JT-60U, we confirmed availability of the micro fission chamber as a neutron monitor over three decades of neutron source strength up to 1.3×1016 neutrons/s with 1 ms temporal resolution. The biggest weakness in the detector was its noise sensitivity to NBI breakdowns. Therefore, by suppressing the electromagnetic noise, microfission chambers can be available as neutron monitors for ITER.
Development of fusion neutron camera using organic liquid scintillator and wavelength shifting fiber
Authors: Inui D. , Iguchi T. , Watanabe K. , Kawarabayashi J. , Nishitani T.
Published: October 2004

For fusion neutron profile monitoring, we propose to use a new position sensitive fast neutron detector (PSFND). We have considered an applicability of the present PSFND to two types of fusion neutron camera; a pinhole camera and a double crystal time-of-flight camera.
Measurement of ion temperature and density profiles with a time-of-flight type neutral-particle analyzer
Authors: Ichimura M. , Higaki H. , Kawabata T. , Inoue D. , Nagai H. , Kakimoto S. , Yamaguchi Y. , Horinouchi K. , Ide K. , Nakagome K. , Cho T.
Published: October 2004

High beta plasmas in the anchor cell of the GAMMA 10 tandem mirror are formed by using a fundamental ion cyclotron resonance heating. Because the closed resonance surface exists near the midplane of the anchor cell, strongly peaked profile of the plasma pressure will be formed. To measure the axial profiles of the ion temperature and density, a time-of-flight type neutral-particle analyzer (TOF–NPA) has been developed. TOF–NPA can detect neutral particles and photons separately at the same time. The ion temperature and density have been evaluated from the particle and photon signals, respectively. The peaked profile of the ion temperature within the closed resonance surface has been confirmed.
Research and development of x-ray imaging crystal spectrometers for KSTAR
Authors: Lee S. G. , Bak J. G. , Bitter M. , Hill K. , Nam U. W. , Kim Y. J. , Moon M. K.
Published: October 2004

The engineering design for two high-resolution x-ray imaging crystal spectrometers for KSTAR tokamak has been completed. A spherically bent quartz crystal and a large area two-dimensional (2D) position-sensitive multiwire proportional counter have been selected for the imaging spectrometers. A prototype 10 cm by 30 cm 2D detector was fabricated and pilot measurement on Alcator C-Mod tokamak was carried out. The final engineering design of the spectrometers and experimental results from the 2D detector are presented.
Optimization of the lines of sight of the ITER x-ray crystal spectrometer diagnostic
Authors: Ingesson L. C. , Barnsley R. , Malaquias A. , O’Mullane M.
Published: October 2004

The measurement performance of high-resolution x-ray crystal spectrometers foreseen for ITER has been investigated by numerical simulations. An Abel- inversion-like method is used to derive the ion temperature, and poloidal and toroidal rotation profiles. The performance with different viewing geometries and different ionization stages of impurities is investigated. Ion temperature profiles can be reconstructed within the ITER measurement requirements for most of the examined geometries. With conservative assumptions about detector sensitivity, low levels of injected impurities, and low rotation velocities, the velocity profiles can be reconstructed moderately well for the best geometries, with significant improvements if any of these parameters is increased.
Spectroscopic analysis of x-ray bursts from nichrome and conichrome X-pinch plasmas
Authors: Chandler K. M. , Shlyaptseva A. S. , Ouart N. D. , Hansen S. B. , Mitchell M. D. , Pikuz S. A. , Shelkovenko T. A. , Hammer D. A. , Kantsyrev V. L. , Fedin D. A.
Published: October 2004

Radiative properties of plasmas from X pinches with nichrome and conichrome wires have been studied using the presented diagnostic arrangement. The experimental results have been produced at the Cornell XP facility with a peak current of 450 kA and a full width at half maximum pulse duration of 100 ns. The spatially resolved, time-integrated x-ray line spectra from the region of the X-pinch cross point have been recorded using different crystal spectrometers. In particular, K-shell and L-shell x-ray spectra of Ni and Cr have been recorded through different filters in the same pulses for X pinches from two different wire alloys. A nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium collisional–radiative atomic kinetic model of Ni has been developed to identify the useful diagnostic spectroscopic features and to model experimental spectra. The results of the modeling and radiative properties of different materials from nichrome and conichrome alloys are compared and discussed.
Pulsed photothermal reflectance measurement of the thermal conductivity of sputtered aluminum nitride thin films
Authors: Zhao Yimin , Zhu Chunlin , Wang Sigen , Tian J. Z. , Yang D. J. , Chen C. K. , Cheng Hao , Hing Peter
Published: October 2004

We report on measurements of the thermal conductivity of reactively sputtered aluminum nitride (AlN) thin films with different thickness, ranging from 100nm to 1μm, on silicon substrates. The measurements were made at room temperature using the pulsed photothermal reflectance technique. The thermal conductivities of the sample are found to be significantly lower than the single-crystal bulk AlN and increase with an increasing thickness. The thermal resistance at the interface between the AlN film and the silicon substrate is found to be about 7–8×10−8m2K∕W.
Molecular beam epitaxial regrowth on diffraction gratings for vertical-cavity, surface-emitting laser-based integrated optoelectronics
Authors: Pickrell G. W. , Xu C. F. , Louderback D. A. , Lin H. C. , Fish M. A. , Hindi J. J. , Simpson M. C. , Guilfoyle P. S. , Zhang Z. H. , Hsieh K. C.
Published: October 2004

Epitaxial regrowth techniques, using molecular beam epitaxy, were optimized for the inclusion of submicron diffraction gratings within a vertically resonant structure. Various growth conditions including chemical surface preparation, growth rate, and regrown interfacial structure were studied to determine the quality of the regrown materials and structures. Characteristics such as dislocation density and growth planarity (flatness of the regrown layers) were of particular importance due to the vertical geometry and resonance requirements of the structure. Threading dislocation densities of ≈3×106cm−2 were measured, by means of transmission electron microscopy, in the regrown structures using optimized regrowth processes. Layer thickness variations, due to growth on nonplanar surfaces (diffraction gratings), were characterized using modeling and optical reflectometry. With these results, inclusion of diffraction gratings has been demonstrated with the accurate control over layer thickness needed for use in vertically oriented devices such as vertical-cavity, surface-emitting lasers, and resonant cavity photodetectors.
Raman investigation of the composition and temperature-induced phase transition in (1−x)Pb(Fe2∕3W1∕3)O3-xPbTiO3 ceramics
Authors: Mitoseriu Liliana , Carnasciali Maria M. , Piaggio Paolo , Nanni Paolo
Published: October 2004

The evolution with temperature of the Raman activity in the (1−x)Pb(Fe2∕3W1∕3)O3-xPbTiO3 solid solution with various compositions x∊(0,1) was investigated. By increasing x, a general evolution of the system from disordered relaxor to ordered ferroelectric state with typical lines also observed in other Pb-based relaxors were found. The Raman activity present at few hundred degrees above the Curie region confirms the thermal stability of the nanopolar ordered regions in a nonordered average cubic state. For all the examined samples, the position, intensity, or damping of a few Raman lines exhibit anomalies in a range of temperatures which was considered related to the Curie region. The range of Curie regions corresponding to each composition is in very good agreement with the shift of Curie temperature as a function of x found by previous dielectric investigations. Two sharp peaks in the Pb(Fe2∕3W1∕3)O3 spectra showed a maximum of their intensity at ≈500K. This behavior is interpreted as due to critical changes in the dynamics of the nanopolar clusters at the freezing Burns temperatures in the present relaxor system.
Numerical phase correction method for terahertz time-domain reflection spectroscopy
Authors: Vartiainen Erik M. , Ino Yusuke , Shimano Ryo , Kuwata-Gonokami Makoto , Svirko Yuri P. , Peiponen Kai-Erik
Published: October 2004

We propose a numerical method for the misplacement phase error correction in terahertz time-domain reflection spectroscopy (THz-TDRS). The developed algorithm is based on the maximum entropy principle and can be readily implemented into data processing, allowing one to reveal material parameters of the opaque materials from the THz reflection measurements. The method resolves the phase retrieval problem in the THz-TDRS and dramatically simplifies the experimental procedure.
Design of a far-infrared interferometer/polarimeter system for Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research
Authors: Cheon M. S. , Nam Y. U. , Ha J. H. , Hwang Y. S.
Published: October 2004

A single-channel vertical interferometer system and a multichannel tangential interferometer/polarimeter system will be constructed on the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research device. A vertical system will be used mainly for a density feedback control and a tangential system will be used for getting electron density profile along the radial direction of plasma. Three 118.8 μm methanol lasers optically pumped by 9.7 μm carbon dioxide lasers are implemented as beam sources. The optical system including optics inside the retractable cassette has been designed in the consideration of long beam paths in a narrow diagnostics port. In addition to the shifted phase compensation, focusing mirrors will be used to minimize the deflection error since large deflection of the tangential beam is expected in such a long beam path.
High resolution CO2 interferometry on the TJ-II stellarator by using an ADC-based phase meter
Authors: Sánchez M. , Sánchez J. , Estrada T. , Sánchez E. , Acedo P. , Lamela H.
Published: October 2004

A 10 MSample/s analog-to-digital converter has been used to analyze the signals from the double wavelength heterodyne interferometer (CO2 10.6 μm, HeNe   0.63   μm) in the TJ-II stellarator. The phase difference between the two interferometers has been calculated using a new algorithm in Labview environment. A systematic study of the 1 MHz intermediate frequency has been done using our software and Labview tools. Different sources of noise and nonlinear effects have been analyzed. Crosstalk (from the reference path) has been detected and corrected by software.

The complete system (single channel double pass) has been routinely working during the complete TJ-II autumn experimental campaign, providing the plasma line integral density in scenarious with average densities ranging from few 1018 m−3 to more than 5×1019 m−3. The results have been compared with those from a 2 mm interferometer, obtaining an excellent agreement. Working with a final bandwidth of 4 kHz, a one pass line integral error level about ±−2×1017 m−2 has been achieved.
A Martin–Puplett cartridge FIR interferometer
Authors: Smith Roger J. , Penniman Edwin E. , Jarboe Thomas R.
Published: October 2004

A compact prealigned Martin–Puplett interferometer (MPI) cartridge for plasma interferometry is described. The MPI cartridge groups all components of a MP interferometer, with the exception of the end mirror for the scene beam, on a stand-alone rigid platform. The interferometer system is completed by positioning a cartridge anywhere along and coaxial with the scene beam, considerably reducing the amount of effort in alignment over a discrete component layout. This allows the interferometer to be expanded to any number of interferometry chords consistent with optical access, limited only by the laser power. The cartridge interferometer has been successfully incorporated as a second chord on the Helicity Injected Torus II (HIT-II) far infrared interferometer system and a comparison with the discrete component system is presented. Given the utility and compactness of the cartridge, a possible design for a five-chord interferometer arrangement on the HIT-II device is described.
Precise density profile measurements by using a two color YAG/CO2 laser imaging Interferometer on LHD
Authors: Tanaka K. , Sanin A. L. , Vyacheslavov L. N. , Akiyama T. , Kawahata K. , Tokuzawa T. , Ito Y. , Okajima S.
Published: October 2004

A multichannel imaging heterodyne interferometer is installed on Large Helical Device. Two branches of the interferometer: one with CO2 laser (wavelength λi=10.6 μm) and other with diode pumped yttritium–aluminium–garnet (YAG) laser (wavelength λi=1.06 μm) are used for electron density measurements and vibration compensation. Two slab beams and one circular beam are injected vertically. Liquid nitrogen cooled linear detector arrays are used for detection of slab beams and room temperature detector is employed for single circular beam for CO2 beams. Avalanche photodiodes record signals for YAG beams. Chordal resolution is from 15 to 22.5 mm, phase resolution is 10−3 of CO2 fringe, which is determined by the electrical noise of phase counter. About 5×10−3∼10−2 of CO2 fringe uncompensated signal remains after vibration compensation. Combining existing 13-channels far infrared (wavelength λi=119 μm) laser interferometer, profile measurements at high density (>1020 m−3) become possible.
Edge density fluctuation characterization in
H
-mode and polarimetry measurement via the FIReTIP system on NSTX
Authors: Lee K. C. , Domier C. W. , Johnson M. , Luhmann N. C. , Park H.
Published: October 2004

The edge interferometry channel of the far infrared tangential interferometer polarimeter (FIReTIP) is used to characterize the localized edge density fluctuations during the L/H transition in conjunction with other edge diagnostic systems on the National Spherical Tokamak Experiment (NSTX). With the high IF frequency employing a “Stark-tuned” laser as local oscillator, it is possible to measure the absolute level of fluctuations at high time resolution. Density fluctuation measurements using FIReTIP are feasible at both the high field side and the low field side boundary throughout the plasma shot. The normalized level of measured density fluctuations was in the range of 0.01–0.3 depending upon the channel location and the plasma confinement. The experimental results showed that the sampling rate of 500 KHz was sufficiently high to produce valuable frequency spectral information during the L/H transition, ELMs period and TAE/f.b.s activities. The improved polarimetry measurement was introduced for the para/diamagnetic study of the NSTX plasma. Multichannel operation of FIReTIP with high resolution density measurement provides promising opportunities as a density fluctuation diagnostic system for turbulence/transport and boundary physics studies as well as the robust density measurement for plasma operation. In this article, a brief description of the upgraded portion of the FIReTIP system will be given together with the experimental results of spectral analysis of the edge fluctuations and assessments on polarimetry signals.
Reduced adhesion of human blood platelets to polyethylene tubing by microplasma surface modification
Authors: Lauer J. L. , Shohet J. L. , Albrecht R. M. , Pratoomtong C. , Murugesan R. , Esnault S. , Malter J. S. , von Andrian U. H. , Bathke R. D. , Shohet S. B.
Published: October 2004

A hollow-cathode microplasma modified the lumenal surface of small-diameter polyethylene (PE) tubing. A microwave cavity diagnostic was used to measure the density of the microplasma. Plasma light output was observed with a monochromator at various positions along the PE tube to assess uniformity. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated by measuring the variation in capillary rise at various positions along the tubing. A correlation between the properties of the inner surface of the PE tubing and the emitted light intensity was found. A poly(ethylene oxide) surfactant was immobilized to the lumenal surface of the PE tubing with an argon microplasma discharge. To test hematocompatibility, an in vitro blood-flow loop circulated heparinized human blood through both a plasma-treated and -untreated PE tubes, simultaneously. After blood exposure, the tubes were examined with a scanning electron microscope to assess the density of adhering platelets along the length of the tubes. By modifying the plasma parameters, the uniformity of the microplasma treatment along the tubing can be optimized.