bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Martensitic Transformation and Mechanical Properties of Ti6Al4V Prepared via Selective Laser Melting
Authors: He Junjie , Li Duosheng , Jiang Wugui , Ke Liming , Qin Guohua , Ye Yin , Qin Qinghua , Qiu Dachuang
Published: January 2019

This article investigated the microstructure of Ti6Al4V that was fabricated via selective laser melting; specifically, the mechanism of martensitic transformation and relationship among parent β phase, martensite (α’) and newly generated β phase that formed in the present experiments were elucidated. The primary X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and tensile test were combined to discuss the relationship between α’, β phase and mechanical properties. The average width of each coarse β columnar grain is 80–160 μm, which is in agreement with the width of a laser scanning track. The result revealed a further relationship between β columnar grain and laser scanning track. Additionally, the high dislocation density, stacking faults and the typical ( 10 1 ¯ 1 ) twinning were identified in the as-built sample. The twinning was filled with many dislocation lines that exhibited apparent slip systems of climbing and cross-slip. Moreover, the α + β phase with fine dislocation lines and residual twinning were observed in the stress relieving sample. Furthermore, both as-built and stress-relieved samples had a better homogeneous density and finer grains in the center area than in the edge area, displaying good mechanical properties by Feature-Scan. The α’ phase resulted in the improvement of tensile strength and hardness and decrease of plasticity, while the newly generated β phase resulted in a decrease of strength and enhancement of plasticity. The poor plasticity was ascribed to the different print mode, remained support structures and large thermal stresses.
Iron Carbide@Carbon Nanocomposites: A Tool Box of Functional Materials
Authors: Defilippi Chiara , Mukadam Mariam Omar Ali , Nicolae Sabina Alexandra , Lees Martin Richard , Giordano Cristina
Published: January 2019

Iron carbide (Fe3C) is a ceramic magnetic material with high potential for applications in different fields, including catalysis, medicine imaging, coatings, and sensors. Despite its interesting properties, it is still somehow largely unexplored, probably due to challenging synthetic conditions. In this contribution, we present a sol-gel-based method that allows preparing different Fe3C@C nanocomposites with tailored properties for specific applications, in particular, we have focused on and discussed potential uses for adsorption of noxious gas and waste removal. Nanocomposites were prepared using readily available and “green” sources, such as urea, simple and complex sugars, and chitosan. The nanocomposite prepared from chitosan was found to be more efficient for CO2 uptake, while the sample synthetized from cellulose had optimal capability for dye absorption and waste oil removal from water.
Behavior of Intermetallic Compounds of Al-Ti Composite Manufactured by Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Park Kwangjae , Kim Dasom , Kim Kyungju , Cho Seungchan , Kwon Hansang
Published: January 2019

In this research, we successfully fabricate high-hardness and lightweight Al-Ti composites. Al-Ti composites powders with three compositions (Al-20, 50, and 80 vol.% Ti) are mixed using ball milling and subsequently subjected to spark plasma sintering (SPS). The microstructures and phases of the Al-Ti composites are characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, and field emission-electron probe microanalysis (FE-EPMA). These tests confirm the presence of several intermetallic compounds (ICs) (Al3Ti, Al5Ti2, Al11Ti5) in the composites, and we are able to confirm that these ICs are produced by the reaction of Al and Ti during the SPS process. Furthermore, thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) is used to analyze the formation behavior of the ICs. In addition, the mechanical properties of the composites are measured using their Vickers hardness and it is observed that the Al-80 vol.% Ti composite exhibits the highest hardness. Consequently, it is assumed that SPS is suitable for fabricating Al-Ti composites which represent the next-generation materials to be used in various industrial fields as high-hardness and lightweight materials.
Completness of Statistical Structures
Authors: Opozda Barbara
Published: January 2019

In this survey note, we discuss the notion of completeness for statistical structures. There are at least three connections whose completeness might be taken into account, namely, the Levi-Civita connection of the given metric, the statistical connection, and its conjugate. Especially little is known on the completeness of statistical connections.
Calculating Nodal Voltages Using the Admittance Matrix Spectrum of an Electrical Network
Authors: Dassios Ioannis , Keane Andrew , Cuffe Paul
Published: January 2019

Calculating nodal voltages and branch current flows in a meshed network is fundamental to electrical engineering. This work demonstrates how such calculations can be performed using the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the Laplacian matrix which describes the connectivity of the electrical network. These insights should permit the functioning of electrical networks to be understood in the context of spectral analysis.
Fixpointed Idempotent Uninorm (Based) Logics
Authors: Yang Eunsuk
Published: January 2019

Idempotent uninorms are simply defined by fixpointed negations. These uninorms, called here fixpointed idempotent uninorms, have been extensively studied because of their simplicity, whereas logics characterizing such uninorms have not. Recently, fixpointed uninorm mingle logic (fUML) was introduced, and its standard completeness, i.e., completeness on real unit interval [ 0 , 1 ] , was proved by Baldi and Ciabattoni. However, their proof is not algebraic and does not shed any light on the algebraic feature by which an idempotent uninorm is characterized, using operations defined by a fixpointed negation. To shed a light on this feature, this paper algebraically investigates logics based on fixpointed idempotent uninorms. First, several such logics are introduced as axiomatic extensions of uninorm mingle logic (UML). The algebraic structures corresponding to the systems are then defined, and the results of the associated algebraic completeness are provided. Next, standard completeness is established for the systems using an Esteva–Godo-style approach for proving standard completeness.
Fucoidan–Fucoxanthin Ameliorated Cardiac Function via IRS1/GRB2/ SOS1, GSK3β/CREB Pathways and Metabolic Pathways in Senescent Mice
Authors: Chang Po-Ming , Li Kuan-Lun , Lin Yen-Chang
Published: January 2019

The effects of low molecular weight fucoidan (LMWF) in combination with high-stability fucoxanthin (HSFUCO) on cardiac function and the metabolic pathways of aging mice (Mus musculus) were investigated. We demonstrated that LMWF and HSFUCO could improve cardiac function in aging mice. Aging mice were treated with LMWF and HSFUCO, either on their own or in combination, on 28 consecutive days. Electrocardiography and whole-cell patch-clamp were used to measure QT interval and action potential duration (APD) of the subjects. Cardiac tissue morphology, reactive oxygen species, and Western blot were also applied. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight (UPLC-QTOF) mass spectrometry was used for investigating metabolic alterations. The use of LMWF and HSFUCO resulted in improvements in both ventricular rhythms (QT and APD). Treatment with fucoidan and fucoxanthin reduced the expression levels of SOS1 and GRB2 while increasing GSK3β, CREB and IRS1 proteins expression in the aging process. Three main metabolic pathways, namely the TCA cycle, glycolysis, and steroid hormone biosynthesis, were highly enriched in the pathway enrichment analysis. When taken together, the LMWF and HSFUCO treatment improved both the ventricular rhythm and the muscular function of aging subjects by interfering with the metabolism and gene function.
An Investigation of Potential Sources of Nutraceuticals from the Niger Delta Areas, Nigeria for Attenuating Oxidative Stress
Authors: Nwidu Lucky Legbosi , Alikwe Philip Cheriose Nzien , Elmorsy Ekramy , Carter Wayne Grant
Published: January 2019

Background: Diets rich in fruits, vegetables, and medicinal plants possess antioxidants potentially capable of mitigating cellular oxidative stress. This study investigated the antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and total phenolic and flavonoids contents (TPC/TFC) of dietary sources traditionally used for memory enhancing in Niger Delta, Nigeria. Methods: Dacroydes edulis methanolic seed extract (DEMSE), Cola lepidota methanolic seed extract (CLMSE), Terminalia catappa methanolic seed extract (TeCMSE), Tricosanthes cucumerina methanolic seed extract (TrCMSE), Tetrapleura tetraptera methanolic seed extract (TTMSE), and defatted Moringa oleifera methanolic seed extract (DMOMSE); Dennettia tripetala methanolic fruit extract (DTMFE), Artocarpus communis methanolic fruit extract (ACMFE), Gnetum africana methanolic leaf extract (GAMLE), Musa paradisiaca methanolic stembark extract (MPMSE), and Mangifera indica methanolic stembark extract (MIMSE) were evaluated for free radical scavenging antioxidant ability using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), reducing power capacity (reduction of ferric iron to ferrous iron), AChE inhibitory potential by Ellman assay, and then TPC/TFC contents determined by estimating milli-equivalents of Gallic acid and Quercetin per gram, respectively. Results: The radical scavenging percentages were as follows: MIMSE (58%), MPMSE (50%), TrCMSE (42%), GAMLE (40%), CLMSE (40%), DMOMSE (38%), and DEMFE (37%) relative to β-tocopherol (98%). The highest iron reducing (antioxidant) capacity was by TrCMSE (52%), MIMSE (40%) and GAMLE (38%). Extracts of MIMSE, TrCMSE, DTMFE, TTMSE, and CLMSE exhibited concentration-dependent AChE inhibitory activity (p < 0.05–0.001). At a concentration of 200 µg/mL, the AChE inhibitory activity and IC50 (µg/mL) exhibited by the most potent extracts were: MIMSE (≈50%/111.9), TrCMSE (≈47%/201.2), DTMFE (≈32%/529.9), TTMSE (≈26%/495.4), and CLMSE (≈25%/438.4). The highest TPC were from MIMSE (156.2), TrCMSE (132.65), GAMLE (123.26), and CLMSE (119.63) in mg gallic acid equivalents/g, and for TFC were: MISME (87.35), GAMLE (73.26), ACMFE (69.54), CLMSE (68.35), and TCMSE2 (64.34) mg quercetin equivalents/gram. Conclusions: The results suggest that certain inedible and edible foodstuffs, most notably MIMSE, MPMSE, TrCMSE, GAMLE, and CLMSE may be beneficial to ameliorate the potentially damaging effects of redox stress.
Ganoderma boninense Disease of Oil Palm to Significantly Reduce Production After 2050 in Sumatra if Projected Climate Change Occurs
Authors: Paterson R Russell M
Published: January 2019

Palm oil is a valuable crop. This relates to the high economic return from sales of the commodity, where Indonesia is the major producer in the world and the island of Sumatra is the most important region for palm oil production in the country. The island can be considered as a model for other oil palm growing regions in SE Asia. The area in Sumatra with a suitable climate for growing oil palm will decrease in size due to projected climate change as demonstrated specifically herein. The more unsuitable climate will lead to concomitant increases in basal stem rot (BSR) by Ganoderma boninense, as previously predicted, which is of major concern to sustainability in SE Asia. A novel approach is described herein, whereby (a) a determination of suitable climate for growing oil palm in Sumatra and (b) deductions to determine future BSR levels on the island were undertaken. The unsuitability of the climate for oil palm is predicted to increase dramatically after 2050 when BSR is predicted to increase to very high levels on most parts of the island. This is likely to make palm oil production unsustainable at some stage between 2050 and 2100. North Sumatra may be more sustainable than the other areas considered in Sumatra. These effects of projected climate change require amelioration before the high levels of BSR and the unsuitable climate for oil palm are realized.
Increased As Adsorption on Maghemite-Containing Red Mud Prepared by the Alkali Fusion-Leaching Method
Authors: Shoppert Andrei A. , Loginova Irina V. , Rogozhnikov Denis A. , Karimov Kirill A. , Chaikin Leonid I.
Published: January 2019

This study investigates the use of red muds as adsorbents for As (V) removal. Red mud is a waste that contains a large amount of iron oxides and hydroxides, which are excellent adsorbents of arsenic, especially those possessing magnetic properties and a large specific surface area. The purpose of the experiments was to study the possibility of obtaining an effective adsorbent by the direct extraction of alumina from bauxite using the caustic alkali fusion method and to compare the arsenic removal effectiveness and other properties of these red muds with industrial samples. Red muds were described using methods such as X-ray diffraction spectrometry (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF), SEM, vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), and the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method. The main iron-containing phase of the red muds obtained by fusing bauxite with caustic alkali is maghemite, which has a large specific surface area. The specific surface area of the obtained samples varied in the range of 6.1–54.9 m2/g. Arsenic adsorption experiments were carried out using five different types of red muds: industrial Bayer, industrial sintering, and red mud obtained through bauxite alkali fusion at 300, 500, and 700 °C. The red muds obtained by fusing bauxite with caustic alkali at 300 and 500 °C had the highest effectiveness removing arsenic; their As(V) uptake capacity was over 30 mg/g.
Abyssal Serpentinites: Transporting Halogens from Earth’s Surface to the Deep Mantle
Authors: Pagé Lilianne , Hattori Keiko
Published: January 2019

Serpentinized oceanic mantle lithosphere is considered an important carrier of water and fluid-mobile elements, including halogens, into subduction zones. Seafloor serpentinite compositions indicate Cl, Br and I are sourced from seawater and sedimentary pore fluids, while F may be derived from hydrothermal fluids. Overall, the heavy halogens are expelled from serpentinites during the lizardite–antigorite transition. Fluorine, on the other hand, appears to be retained or may be introduced from dehydrating sediments and/or igneous rocks during early subduction. Mass balance calculations indicate nearly all subducted F is kept in the subducting slab to ultrahigh-pressure conditions. Despite a loss of Cl, Br and I from serpentinites (and other lithologies) during early subduction, up to 15% of these elements are also retained in the deep slab. Based on a conservative estimate for serpentinite thickness of the metamorphosed slab (500 m), antigorite serpentinites comprise 37% of this residual Cl, 56% of Br and 50% of I, therefore making an important contribution to the transport of these elements to the deep mantle.
Geology, Geochemistry, and Geochronology of Gabbro from the Haoyaoerhudong Gold Deposit, Northern Margin of the North China Craton
Authors: Wang Jianping , Wang Xiu , Liu Jiajun , Liu Zhenjiang , Zhai Degao , Wang Yinhong
Published: January 2019

The Haoyaoerhudong gabbro is a mafic intrusion located in the Haoyaoerhudong gold deposit, which is a giant gold deposit (148 t Au) hosted in Proterozoic strata on the northern margin of the North China Craton. In this paper, we present integrated SHRIMP U–Pb, geochemical and Sr–Nd isotopic data from gabbro of the Haoyaoerhudong gold deposit to reveal the magmatic processes behind its origin. SHRIMP zircon U–Pb dating constrains the timing of crystallization of the Haoyaoerhudong gabbro to 278.8 ± 0.81 Ma. Whole-rock geochemical results indicate that the Haoyaoerhudong gabbro has calc-alkaline features with enrichments of large-ion lithophile elements (LILE) and light rare-earth elements (REE) as well as depletions of high-field strength elements (HFSE). The relatively high (87Sr/86Sr)i (0.7053 to 0.7078) and low εNd(t) (−4.6 to −15.1) values of the gabbro indicate the involvement of crustal materials. Low Ce/Pb ratios (1.35 to 7.38), together with nearly constant La/Sm and Th/Yb ratios and variable Ba/Th and Sr/Nd ratios, suggest that the ancient mantle was modified by slab dehydration fluids. Based on new geochemical data and regional geological investigations, we propose that both the Haoyaoerhudong gold deposit and the Haoyaoerhudong gabbro formed in a post-orogenic extensional setting.
Age and Origin of Monazite Symplectite in an Iron Oxide-Apatite Deposit in the Adirondack Mountains, New York, USA: Implications for Tracking Fluid Conditions
Authors: Regan Sean , Lupulescu Marian , Jercinovic Michael , Chiarenzelli Jeffrey , Williams Michael , Singer Jared , Bailey David
Published: January 2019

Monazite crystals, intergrown with allanite, fluorapatite, and quartz from the Cheever Mine iron oxide-apatite (IOA-type) deposit in Essex County, New York, USA, display rare symplectite textures. Electron probe wavelength-dispersive spectrometry (WDS) mapping and major and trace element characterization of these features reveal a natural experiment in fluid-mediated monazite recrystallization. Two types of monazite with symplectite intergrowths have been recognized (Type I and II). Both types of symplectite development are associated with a decrease in HREE, Si, Ca, Th, and Y, but an increase in both La and Ce in monazite. Electron microprobe Th-U-total Pb analysis of Type I monazite with suitable ThO2 concentrations yielded a weighted mean age of 980 ± 5.8 Ma (MSWD: 3.3), which is interpreted as the age of monazite formation and the onset of symplectite development. Both types of monazite formed during a series of reactions from fluorapatite, and possibly britholite, to produce the final assemblage of monazite, allanite, and fluorapatite. Monazite formation was likely a response to evolving fluid conditions, which favored monazite stability over fluorapatite at ca. 980 Ma, possibly a NaCl brine. A subsequent transition to a Ca-dominated fluid may have then promoted the consumption of monazite to produce another generation of allanite and fluorapatite. Our results indicate that recrystallized monazite formed during fluid-mediated processes that, over time, trended towards an increasingly pure end-member composition. Regionally, these data are consistent with a magmatic-origin followed by fluid-mediated remobilization of select phases at subsolidus conditions for the Adirondack IOA deposits.
Synthesis and Gelling Abilities of Polyfunctional Cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic Acid Bisamides: Influence of the Hydroxyl Groups
Authors: Pi-Boleda Bernat , Campos María , Sans Marta , Basavilbaso Antonio , Illa Ona , Branchadell Vicenç , Estévez Juan Carlos , Ortuño Rosa M.
Published: January 2019

New enantiomerically pure C16-alkyl diamides derived from trihydroxy cyclohexane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid have been synthesized from (−)-shikimic acid. The hydroxyl groups in these compounds are free or, alternatively, they present full or partial protection. Their gelling abilities towards several solvents have been tested and rationalized by means of the combined use of Hansen solubility parameters, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and circular dichroism (CD), as well as computational calculations. All the results allowed us to account for the capability of each type of organogelator to interact with different solvents and for the main mode of aggregation. Thus, compounds with fully protected hydroxyl groups are good organogelators for methanol and ethanol. In contrast, a related compound bearing three free hydroxyl groups is insoluble in water and polar solvents including alcohols but it is able to gelate some low-polarity solvents. This last behavior can be justified by strong hydrogen bonding between molecules of organogelator, which competes advantageously with polar solvent interactions. As an intermediate case, an organogelator with two free hydroxyl groups presents an ambivalent ability to gelate both apolar and polar solvents by means of two aggregation patterns. These involve hydrogen bonding interactions of the unprotected hydroxyl groups in apolar solvents and intermolecular interactions between amide groups in polar ones.
Deep-Blue and Hybrid-White Organic Light Emitting Diodes Based on a Twisting Carbazole-Benzofuro[2,3-b]Pyrazine Fluorescent Emitter
Authors: Huang Chen-Chao , Xue Miao-Miao , Wu Fu-Peng , Yuan Yi , Liao Liang-Sheng , Fung Man-Keung
Published: January 2019

A novel deep-blue fluorescent emitter was designed and synthesized. The external quantum efficiency (ηEQE) of the blue-emitting, doped, organic light-emitting diode (OLED) was as high as 4.34%. The device also exhibited an excellent color purity with Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of x = 0.15 and y = 0.05. In addition, the triplet energy had a value of 2.7 eV, which is rare for an emitter with deep-blue emission, which makes it a preferred choice for high-performance white OLEDs. By optimizing the device architectures, the color of hybrid-white OLEDs could be tunable from warm white to cool white using the aforementioned material as a bifunctional material. That is, the ηEQE of the hybrid warm-white OLED is 20.1% with a CIE x and y of 0.46 and 0.48 and the ηEQE of the hybrid cool-white OLED is 9% with a CIE x and y of 0.34 and 0.33.
Selective Targeting of the Interconversion between Glucosylceramide and Ceramide by Scaffold Tailoring of Iminosugar Inhibitors
Authors: Baudoin-Dehoux Cécile , Castellan Tessa , Rodriguez Frédéric , Rives Arnaud , Stauffert Fabien , Garcia Virginie , Levade Thierry , Compain Philippe , Génisson Yves
Published: January 2019

A series of simple C-alkyl pyrrolidines already known as cytotoxic inhibitors of ceramide glucosylation in melanoma cells can be converted into their corresponding 6-membered analogues by means of a simple ring expansion. This study illustrated how an isomerisation from iminosugar pyrrolidine toward piperidine could invert their targeting from glucosylceramide (GlcCer) formation toward GlcCer hydrolysis. Thus, we found that the 5-membered ring derivatives did not inhibit the hydrolysis reaction of GlcCer catalysed by lysosomal β-glucocerebrosidase (GBA). On the other hand, the ring-expanded C-alkyl piperidine isomers, non-cytotoxic and inactive regarding ceramide glucosylation, revealed to be potent inhibitors of GBA. A molecular docking study showed that the positions of the piperidine ring of the compound 6b and its analogous 2-O-heptyl DIX 8 were similar to that of isofagomine. Furthermore, compound 6b promoted mutant GBA enhancements over 3-fold equivalent to that of the related O-Hept DIX 8 belonging to one of the most potent iminosugar-based pharmacological chaperone series reported to date.
Discrimination of Structural and Immunological Features of Polysaccharides from Persimmon Leaves at Different Maturity Stages
Authors: Song Young-Ran , Han Ah-Ram , Lim Tae-Gyu , Kang Ji-Hyun , Hong Hee-Do
Published: January 2019

In this study, we investigated changes in the structural and immunological features of polysaccharides (S1-PLE0, S2-PLE0, and S3-PLE0) extracted from persimmon leaves at three different growth stages. Physicochemical analyses revealed that their chemical compositions, molecular weight distributions, and linkage types differed. High-performance size-exclusion chromatograms showed that the molecular weights of the polysaccharides increased during successive growth stages. In addition, seasonal variation of persimmon leaves affected the sugar compositions and glycosidic linkages in the polysaccharides. S2-PLE0 was composed of comparatively more galactose, arabinose, rhamnose, xylose, and galacturonic acid, showing the presence of β-glucopyranoside linkages. Significant differences also occurred in their immunostimulatory effects on RAW264.7 macrophages, with respect to which their activities could be ordered as S2-PLE0 > S3-PLE0 > S1-PLE0. Evidently, S2-PLE0 showed the greatest immunostimulatory activity by enhancing the phagocytic capacity and promoting nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines secretion through the upregulation of their gene expression in macrophages. These results suggest that differences in the structural features of polysaccharides according to the different maturity of persimmon leaves might impact their immunostimulatory properties. The results also provide a basis for optimizing persimmon leaf cultivation strategies for food and medical uses of the polysaccharides.
Tripleurin XIIc: Peptide Folding Dynamics in Aqueous and Hydrophobic Environment Mimic Using Accelerated Molecular Dynamics
Authors: Tyagi Chetna , Marik Tamás , Szekeres András , Vágvölgyi Csaba , Kredics László , Ötvös Ferenc
Published: January 2019

Peptaibols are a special class of fungal peptides with an acetylated N-terminus and a C-terminal 1,2-amino alcohol along with non-standard amino acid residues. New peptaibols named tripleurins were recently identified from a strain of the filamentous fungal species Trichoderma pleuroti, which is known to cause green mould disease on cultivated oyster mushrooms. To understand the mode of action of these peptaibols, the three-dimensional structure of tripleurin (TPN) XIIc, an 18-mer peptide, was elucidated using an enhanced sampling method, accelerated MD, in water and chloroform solvents. Non-standard residues were parameterized by the Restrained Electrostatic Potential (RESP) charge fitting method. The dihedral distribution indicated towards a right-handed helical formation for TPN XIIc in both solvents. Dihedral angle based principal component analysis revealed a propensity for a slightly bent, helical folded conformation in water solvent, while two distinct conformations were revealed in chloroform: One that folds into highly bent helical structure that resembles a beta-hairpin and another with an almost straight peptide backbone appearing as a rare energy barrier crossing event. The hinge-like movement of the terminals was also observed and is speculated to be functionally relevant. The convergence and efficient sampling is addressed using Cartesian PCA and Kullback-Leibler divergence methods.
Traditional Uses, Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics and Toxicology of Xanthium strumarium L.: A Review
Authors: Fan Wenxiang , Fan Linhong , Peng Chengyi , Zhang Qing , Wang Li , Li Lin , Wang Jiaolong , Zhang Dayong , Peng Wei , Wu Chunjie
Published: January 2019

Xanthium strumarium L. (Asteraceae) is a common and well-known traditional Chinese herbal medicine usually named Cang-Er-Zi, and has been used for thousands of years in China. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the progress of modern research, and provide a systematic review on the traditional usages, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology of the X. strumarium. Moreover, an in-depth discussion of some valuable issues and possible development for future research on this plant is also given. X. strumarium, as a traditional herbal medicine, has been extensively applied to treat many diseases, such as rhinitis, nasal sinusitis, headache, gastric ulcer, urticaria, rheumatism bacterial, fungal infections and arthritis. Up to now, more than 170 chemical constituents have been isolated and identified from X. strumarium, including sesquiterpenoids, phenylpropenoids, lignanoids, coumarins, steroids, glycosides, flavonoids, thiazides, anthraquinones, naphthoquinones and other compounds. Modern research shows that the extracts and compounds from X. strumarium possess wide-ranging pharmacological effects, including anti- allergic rhinitis (AR) effects, anti-tumor effects, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, insecticide and antiparasitic effects, antioxidant effects, antibacterial and antifungal effects, antidiabetic effects, antilipidemic effects and antiviral effects. However, further research should focus on investigating bioactive compounds and demonstrate the mechanism of its detoxification, and more reasonable quality control standards for X. strumarium should also be established.
Highly Efficient Synthesis of Substituted 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2-(1H)-ones (DHPMs) Catalyzed by Hf(OTf)4: Mechanistic Insights into Reaction Pathways under Metal Lewis Acid Catalysis and Solvent-Free Conditions
Authors: Kong Rui , Han Shuai-Bo , Wei Jing-Ying , Peng Xiao-Chong , Xie Zhen-Biao , Gong Shan-Shan , Sun Qi
Published: January 2019

In our studies on the catalytic activity of Group IVB transition metal Lewis acids, Hf(OTf)4 was identified as a highly potent catalyst for ”one-pot, three-component” Biginelli reaction. More importantly, it was found that solvent-free conditions, in contrast to solvent-based conditions, could dramatically promote the Hf(OTf)4-catalyzed formation of 3,4-dihydro-pyrimidin-2-(1H)-ones. To provide a mechanistic explanation, we closely examined the catalytic effects of Hf(OTf)4 on all three potential reaction pathways in both “sequential bimolecular condensations” and “one-pot, three-component” manners. The experimental results showed that the synergistic effects of solvent-free conditions and Hf(OTf)4 catalysis not only drastically accelerate Biginelli reaction by enhancing the imine route and activating the enamine route but also avoid the formation of Knoevenagel adduct, which may lead to an undesired byproduct. In addition, 1H-MMR tracing of the H-D exchange reaction of methyl acetoacetate in MeOH-d4 indicated that Hf(IV) cation may significantly accelerate ketone-enol tautomerization and activate the β-ketone moiety, thereby contributing to the overall reaction rate.
Roles of Phenolic Compounds in the Reduction of Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases
Authors: Lutz Mariane , Fuentes Eduardo , Ávila Felipe , Alarcón Marcelo , Palomo Iván
Published: January 2019

The population is now living longer during the period classified as “elderly” (60 years and older), exhibiting multimorbidity associated to the lengthening of the average life span. The dietary intake of phenolic compounds (PC) may affect the physiology, disease development and progression during the aging process, reducing risk factors of age related diseases. The aim of this review is to briefly describe some of the possible effects of a series of PC on the reduction of risk factors of the onset of cardiovascular diseases, considering their potential mechanisms of action. The main actions described for PC are associated with reduced platelet activity, anti-inflammatory effects, and the protection from oxidation to reduce LDL and the generation of advanced glycation end products. Preclinical and clinical evidence of the physiological effects of various PC is presented, as well as the health claims approved by regulatory agencies.
Role of Intestinal Microbiota in the Bioavailability and Physiological Functions of Dietary Polyphenols
Authors: Kawabata Kyuichi , Yoshioka Yasukiyo , Terao Junji
Published: January 2019

Polyphenols are categorized as plant secondary metabolites, and they have attracted much attention in relation to human health and the prevention of chronic diseases. In recent years, a considerable number of studies have been published concerning their physiological function in the digestive tract, such as their prebiotic properties and their modification of intestinal microbiota. It has also been suggested that several hydrolyzed and/or fission products, derived from the catabolism of polyphenols by intestinal bacteria, exert their physiological functions in target sites after transportation into the body. Thus, this review article focuses on the role of intestinal microbiota in the bioavailability and physiological function of dietary polyphenols. Monomeric polyphenols, such as flavonoids and oligomeric polyphenols, such as proanthocyanidins, are usually catabolized to chain fission products by intestinal bacteria in the colon. Gallic acid and ellagic acid derived from the hydrolysis of gallotannin, and ellagitannin are also subjected to intestinal catabolism. These catabolites may play a large role in the physiological functions of dietary polyphenols. They may also affect the microbiome, resulting in health promotion by the activation of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) excretion and intestinal immune function. The intestinal microbiota is a key factor in mediating the physiological functions of dietary polyphenols.
Comparison of the Inhibitory Activities of 5,6-Dihydroergosterol Glycoside α- and β-Anomers on Skin Inflammation
Authors: Kim Tae Kyun , Cho Young Kyoung , Park HoonGyu , Lee Tae Hoon , Kim Hakwon
Published: January 2019

Chronic skin inflammatory diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, are associated with a dysfunctional skin barrier due to an increase in various inflammatory stimuli, for instance inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In particular, CCL17 and CCL22 expression is increased in patients with chronic skin inflammation. In this study, we synthesized several α- and β-anomers of dihydroergosterol (DHE)-glycosides and assessed their effects on CCL17 and CCL22 expression. We confirmed that the β-anomers of DHE-glycosides were superior to α-anomers of DHE-glycosides in inhibiting CCL17 and CCL22 mRNA and protein expression. In addition, we determined that DHE-glycoside β-anomers showed strong inhibitory activity towards pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA and protein expression, including that of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β- in stimulated HaCaT cells. These results imply that DHE-glycoside α- and β-anomers should be separated during synthesis of drugs for chronic skin inflammation. Our results also suggest that β-anomers of DHE-glycosides may play an important role as new drugs for chronic skin inflammation because of their ability to inhibit the skin inflammatory biomarker proteins CCL17 and CCL22.
Protective Effects of Astragaloside IV against LPS-Induced Endometritis in Mice through Inhibiting Activation of the NF-κB, p38 and JNK Signaling Pathways
Authors: Wang Fengge , Chen Shuxiong , Deng Liang , Chen Lu , Huang Yuwen , Tian Meng , Li Chunjin , Zhou Xu
Published: January 2019

Endometritis, inflammation of the endometrium, is a common reproductive obstacle disease that can lead to infertility in female animals. Astragaloside IV (AS IV), one of the major and active components of the Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch.) Bunge, is known for its anti-inflammatory effects. In the present study, the effects and mechanisms of AS IV on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endometritis were investigated using a mouse model. Female mice were prepared with AS IV (0.01 mg/g) by gavage for six days before being stimulated with LPS. The results showed that the histopathological changes, levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α), concentration of NO, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in LPS-induced uteri were attenuated significantly by pretreatment with AS IV. Furthermore, LPS-induced activations of NF-κB, p38, and JNK signal pathways were suppressed by pretreatment with AS IV. In conclusion, the data provided new evidence that AS IV effectively attenuates LPS-induced endometritis through inhibition of TLR4-mediated NF-κB, p38, and JNK signaling pathways, implying that AS IV might become a promising potential anti-inflammatory agent for endometritis and other inflammatory diseases.
Dual Geometry Schemes in Tetrel Bonds: Complexes between TF4 (T = Si, Ge, Sn) and Pyridine Derivatives
Authors: Zierkiewicz Wiktor , Michalczyk Mariusz , Wysokiński Rafał , Scheiner Steve
Published: January 2019

When an N-base approaches the tetrel atom of TF4 (T = Si, Ge, Sn) the latter molecule deforms from a tetrahedral structure in the monomer to a trigonal bipyramid. The base can situate itself at either an axial or equatorial position, leading to two different equilibrium geometries. The interaction energies are considerably larger for the equatorial structures, up around 50 kcal/mol, which also have a shorter R(T··N) separation. On the other hand, the energy needed to deform the tetrahedral monomer into the equatorial structure is much higher than the equivalent deformation energy in the axial dimer. When these two opposite trends are combined, it is the axial geometry which is somewhat more stable than the equatorial, yielding binding energies in the 8–34 kcal/mol range. There is a clear trend of increasing interaction energy as the tetrel atom grows larger: Si < Ge < Sn, a pattern which is accentuated for the binding energies.
Fabrication of Gelatin Methacrylate (GelMA) Scaffolds with Nano- and Micro-Topographical and Morphological Features
Authors: Aldana Ana Agustina , Malatto Laura , Rehman Muhammad Atiq Ur , Boccaccini Aldo Roberto , Abraham Gustavo Abel
Published: January 2019

The design of biomimetic biomaterials for cell culture has become a great tool to study and understand cell behavior, tissue degradation, and lesion. Topographical and morphological features play an important role in modulating cell behavior. In this study, a dual methodology was evaluated to generate novel gelatin methacrylate (GelMA)-based scaffolds with nano and micro topographical and morphological features. First, electrospinning parameters and crosslinking processes were optimized to obtain electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds. GelMA mats were characterized by SEM, FTIR, DSC, TGA, contact angle, and water uptake. Various nanofibrous GelMA mats with defect-free fibers and stability in aqueous media were obtained. Then, micropatterned molds produced by photolithography were used as collectors in the electrospinning process. Thus, biocompatible GelMA nanofibrous scaffolds with micro-patterns that mimic extracellular matrix were obtained successfully by combining two micro/nanofabrication techniques, electrospinning, and micromolding. Taking into account the cell viability results, the methodology used in this study could be considered a valuable tool to develop patterned GelMA based nanofibrous scaffolds for cell culture and tissue engineering.
Fabrication and Highly Efficient Dye Removal Characterization of Beta-Cyclodextrin-Based Composite Polymer Fibers by Electrospinning
Authors: Guo Rong , Wang Ran , Yin Juanjuan , Jiao Tifeng , Huang Haiming , Zhao Xinmei , Zhang Lexin , Li Qing , Zhou Jingxin , Peng Qiuming
Published: January 2019

Dye wastewater is one of the most important problems to be faced and solved in wastewater treatment. However, the treatment cannot be single and simple adsorption due to the complexity of dye species. In this work, we prepared novel composite fiber adsorbent materials consisting of ε-polycaprolactone (PCL) and beta-cyclodextrin-based polymer (PCD) by electrospinning. The morphological and spectral characterization demonstrated the successful preparation of a series of composite fibers with different mass ratios. The obtained fiber materials have demonstrated remarkable selective adsorption for MB and 4-aminoazobenzene solutions. The addition of a PCD component in composite fibers enhanced the mechanical strength of membranes and changed the adsorption uptake due to the cavity molecular structure via host–guest interaction. The dye removal efficiency could reach 24.1 mg/g towards 4-aminoazobenzene. Due to the admirable stability and selectivity adsorption process, the present prepared beta-cyclodextrin-based composite fibers have demonstrated potential large-scale applications in dye uptake and wastewater treatment.
Tin, The Enabler—Hydrogen Diffusion into Ruthenium
Authors: Onwudinanti Chidozie , Tranca Ionuţ , Morgan Thomas , Tao Shuxia
Published: January 2019

Hydrogen interaction with ruthenium is of particular importance for the ruthenium-capped multilayer reflectors used in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography. Hydrogen causes blistering, which leads to a loss of reflectivity. This problem is aggravated by tin. This study aims to uncover the mechanism via which tin affects the hydrogen uptake, with a view to mitigation. We report here the results of a study of hydrogen interaction with the ruthenium surface in the presence of tin using Density Functional Theory and charge density analyses. Our calculations show a significant drop in the energy barrier to hydrogen penetration when a tin atom or a tin hydride molecule (SnHx) is adsorbed on the ruthenium surface; the barrier has been found to drop in all tested cases with tin, from 1.06 eV to as low as 0.28 eV in the case of stannane (SnH4). Analyses show that, due to charge transfer from the less electronegative tin to hydrogen and ruthenium, charge accumulates around the diffusing hydrogen atom and near the ruthenium surface atoms. The reduced atomic volume of hydrogen, together with the effect of electron–electron repulsion from the ruthenium surface charge, facilitates subsurface penetration. Understanding the nature of tin’s influence on hydrogen penetration will guide efforts to mitigate blistering damage of EUV optics. It also holds great interest for applications where hydrogen penetration is desirable, such as hydrogen storage.
Hibiscus sabdariffa Meal Improves Iron Status of Childbearing Age Women and Prevents Stunting in Their Toddlers in Northern Ghana
Authors: Kubuga Clement Kubreziga , Hong Hyokyoung Grace , Song Won O.
Published: January 2019

Globally, iron deficiency (ID) is the most common form of nutritional deficiency, particularly in young children and childbearing age women. ID can lead to stunting and impaired cognitive development in children, as well as adverse maternal health and birth outcomes. In this study, the efficacy of an alternative food-to-food fortification utilizing indigenous iron-rich food sources was investigated in a quasi-experimental study. Childbearing age women (15–49 years, intervention-Kassena Nankana West district: n = 60; control-Builsa North district: n = 60) and their toddlers (6–24 months) consumed Hibiscus sabdariffa leaf meals (HSM, 1.71 mg Fe/100 g meal) three times a week for 12 weeks during the dry/lean season in Northern Ghana. We found that feeding the HSM (1.9 kg/day) improved iron status of women of childbearing age with time (p = 0.011), and protected stunting among toddlers during the dry/lean season (p = 0.024), which is the period with the worst food and nutrition insecurity. Compared with the control group, the number of stunted toddlers declined in the intervention group.
Evaluation of the Effect of a Growing up Milk Lite vs. Cow’s Milk on Diet Quality and Dietary Intakes in Early Childhood: The Growing up Milk Lite (GUMLi) Randomised Controlled Trial
Authors: Lovell Amy L. , Milne Tania , Jiang Yannan , Chen Rachel X. , Grant Cameron C. , Wall Clare R.
Published: January 2019

Summary scores provide an alternative approach to measuring dietary quality. The Growing Up Milk-Lite (GUMLi) Trial was a multi-centre, double-blinded, randomised controlled trial of children randomised to receive a reduced protein GUM (GUMLi) or unfortified cow’s milk (CM). In a secondary analysis of the GUMLi Trial, we used the Probability of Adequate Nutrient Intake (PANDiet) to determine the nutritional adequacy of the diets of participating children living in Auckland. The PANDiet was adapted to the New Zealand Nutrient Reference Values and data from four 24 h Recalls (24HR) collected at months 7, 8, 10, and 11 post-randomisation were used. Differences between randomised groups (GUMLi vs. CM) of the PANDiet and its components were made. Eighty-three Auckland participants were included in the study (GUMLi n = 41 vs. CM n = 42). Total PANDiet scores were significantly higher in the GUMLi group (p < 0.001), indicating better overall nutrient adequacy and diet quality. Dietary intakes of children in both groups met the recommendations for fat, total carbohydrates and most micronutrients; however, protein intakes exceeded recommendations. Consumption of GUMLi was associated with higher nutritional adequacy, with an increased likelihood of meeting nutrient requirements; however, the impact of the family diet and GUMLi on dietary diversity requires further evaluation.
Simultaneous Intake of Euglena gracilis and Vegetables Exerts Synergistic Anti-Obesity and Anti-Inflammatory Effects by Modulating the Gut Microbiota in Diet-Induced Obese Mice
Authors: Okouchi Ran , E Shuang , Yamamoto Kazushi , Ota Toshikuni , Seki Kentarou , Imai Mayumi , Ota Ryuki , Asayama Yuta , Nakashima Ayaka , Suzuki Kengo , Tsuduki Tsuyoshi
Published: January 2019

We determined whether the anti-obesity effect provided by the consumption of Euglena gracilis (Euglena), which is rich in insoluble dietary fiber, could be enhanced by the co-consumption of vegetables with an abundance of soluble dietary fiber. Nine-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were divided into five groups as follows: group 1 received a normal diet, group 2 received a high-fat diet, and groups 3, 4, and 5 received high fat diets containing 0.3% paramylon, 1.0% Euglena, or 1.0% Euglena plus 0.3% vegetables (barley leaf, kale, and ashitaba), respectively. Mice were fed ad libitum until 18 weeks of age. Euglena intake significantly reduced visceral fat accumulation in obese mice, and co-consumption of vegetables enhanced this effect. Consumption of Euglena with vegetables reduced adipocyte area, suppressed the expression of genes related to fatty acid synthesis, upregulated genes related to adipocyte lipolysis, and suppressed serum markers of inflammation. Notably, we also observed an increase in the fraction of short-chain fatty acid-producing beneficial bacteria, a reduction in harmful bacteria that cause inflammation, and an increase in short-chain fatty acid production. Therefore, the co-consumption of vegetables enhanced the anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory effects of Euglena, likely by modulating the gut microbiota composition.
Metabolomics and Microbiomes as Potential Tools to Evaluate the Effects of the Mediterranean Diet
Authors: Jin Qi , Black Alicen , Kales Stefanos N. , Vattem Dhiraj , Ruiz-Canela Miguel , Sotos-Prieto Mercedes
Published: January 2019

The approach to studying diet–health relationships has progressively shifted from individual dietary components to overall dietary patterns that affect the interaction and balance of low-molecular-weight metabolites (metabolome) and host-enteric microbial ecology (microbiome). Even though the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) has been recognized as a powerful strategy to improve health, the accurate assessment of exposure to the MedDiet has been a major challenge in epidemiological and clinical studies. Interestingly, while the effects of individual dietary components on the metabolome have been described, studies investigating metabolomic profiles in response to overall dietary patterns (including the MedDiet), although limited, have been gaining attention. Similarly, the beneficial effects of the MedDiet on cardiometabolic outcomes may be mediated through gut microbial changes. Accumulating evidence linking food ingestion and enteric microbiome alterations merits the evaluation of the microbiome-mediated effects of the MedDiet on metabolic pathways implicated in disease. In this narrative review, we aimed to summarize the current evidence from observational and clinical trials involving the MedDiet by (1) assessing changes in the metabolome and microbiome for the measurement of diet pattern adherence and (2) assessing health outcomes related to the MedDiet through alterations to human metabolomics and/or the microbiome.