bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Violent Discipline Behaviors in Mothers of Preschool Children in Malatya, East Anatolia
Authors: Omaç Sönmez Mehtap , Genç Metin Fikret , Karaoğlu Leyla
Published: July 2017

Violent parenting behavior, whether physical or psychological, give harms to child well-being. This study was conducted to describe and compare the prevalence of discipline methods used by mothers of 2- to 5-year-old children in Malatya, Turkey. This is a cross sectional study and 552 mothers were administered a face-to-face questionnaire describe the methods they use to discipline their children in the year previous the survey. It was observed that nine of 10 women used violence on their children physically and psychologically. The study showed that nine of 10 mothers used physical and/or psychological punishment toward their children in the previous year. Nonviolent discipline was less prevalent than punitive discipline, such as psychological and physical punishment. The most commonly used method was psychological punishment. Significant sociodemographic associations with discipline methods were found. Mother’s educational level, family income, child gender, and child age were the independent predictors that explained discipline methods used by mothers. Starting parenting classes and strengthening the child protection systems at national level were suggested.
Blame Attributions in Multiple Perpetrator Rape Cases: The Impact of Sympathy, Consent, Force, and Beliefs
Authors: Adolfsson Kerstin , Strömwall Leif A. , Landström Sara
Published: July 2017

Victims of multiple perpetrator rape (MPR) have been found to be an especially vulnerable group. This study examined effects of MPR and perpetrators’ use of force on attributions of victim and perpetrator blame. In two large experiments (total N = 2,928), Swedish community members read scenarios depicting an MPR and subsequently made several ratings of blame, rape myth acceptance (RMA), just world beliefs, sympathy for the victim, perception of consent, and trust in the legal system. Data were analyzed with a multianalytical approach using both analyses of variance as well as exploratory analyses. In Experiment 1, more blame was attributed to a victim of MPR than a victim of a lone perpetrator rape (LPR). In Experiment 2, no effect of used force was found on levels of attributed blame. In both experiments, hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that four components, identified through principal components analyses, explained substantial shares of the variance in both victim and perpetrator blame. The best individual predictors were participants’ perception of consent, sympathy for the victim, and RMA. The study shows the importance of studying participants’ beliefs and attitudes about rape and that victim-blaming research needs both theory development and greater methodological awareness. Implications for victim support services are also discussed.
Alcohol’s Role in Social Reactions to Sexual Assault Disclosures: A Qualitative Study of Informal Support Dyads
Authors: Ullman Sarah E. , Lorenz Katherine , Kirkner Anne
Published: July 2017

Studies of informal support dyads are lacking to understand the disclosure of sexual assaults and social reactions informal supporters make to survivors. This study of 19 informal support dyads using interview data examined how three relationship types—significant others (i.e., romantic partners), family, and friends—differ in social reactions to sexual assaults in the context of drinking or alcohol problems. It was expected that alcohol’s role in responses to such disclosures would differ depending on relationship type as well as role alcohol played in the assault and/or in the survivor’s life or those in her social network, including the perpetrator. Results show that alcohol has mixed effects and that alcohol-related assaults as well as contexts where survivors, perpetrators, and/or their support networks have alcohol problems need further study to understand how such disclosures and social reactions occur and the impact they have on survivors, their relationships, and recovery.
Kids SIPsmartER: A Feasibility Study to Reduce Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption Among Middle School Youth in Central Appalachia
Authors: Lane Hannah , Porter Kathleen J. , Hecht Erin , Harris Priscilla , Kraak Vivica , Zoellner Jamie
Published: July 2017

Purpose:

To test the feasibility of Kids SIP smartER, a school-based intervention to reduce consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs).

Design:

Matched-contact randomized crossover study with mixed-methods analysis.

Setting:

One middle school in rural, Appalachian Virginia.

Participants:

Seventy-four sixth and seventh graders (5 classrooms) received Kids SIP smartER in random order over 2 intervention periods. Feasibility outcomes were assessed among 2 teachers.

Intervention:

Kids SIP smartER consisted of 6 lessons grounded in the Theory of Planned Behavior, media literacy, and public health literacy and aimed to improve individual SSB behaviors and understanding of media literacy and prevalent regional disparities. The matched-contact intervention promoted physical activity.

Measures:

Beverage Intake Questionnaire-15 (SSB consumption), validated theory questionnaires, feasibility questionnaires (student and teacher), student focus groups, teacher interviews, and process data (eg, attendance).

Analysis:

Repeated measures analysis of variances across 3 time points, descriptive statistics, and deductive analysis of qualitative data.

Results:

During the first intervention period, students receiving Kids SIP smartER (n = 43) significantly reduced SSBs by 11 ounces/day ( P = .01) and improved media ( P < .001) and public health literacy ( P < .01) understanding; however, only media literacy showed between-group differences ( P < .01). Students and teachers found Kids SIP smartER acceptable, in-demand, practical, and implementable within existing resources.

Conclusion:

Kids SIP smartER is feasible in an underresourced, rural school setting. Results will inform further development and large-scale testing of Kids SIP smartER to reduce SSBs among rural adolescents.
Current Use of E-Cigarettes and Conventional Cigarettes Among US High School Students in Urban and Rural Locations: 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey
Authors: Noland Melody , Rayens Mary Kay , Wiggins Amanda T. , Huntington-Moskos Luz , Rayens Emily A. , Howard Tiffany , Hahn Ellen J.
Published: July 2017

Purpose:

Adolescent tobacco use is higher in rural than in urban areas. While e-cigarette use is increasing rapidly among this age group, differences in prevalence between rural versus urban populations for this relatively novel product have not been explored. The purpose is to investigate whether location of school (rural–urban) is associated with e-cigarette use and dual use (defined as the use of both e-cigarettes and conventional cigarettes) among high school students.

Design:

Cross-sectional survey obtained using a stratified, 3-stage cluster sample design.

Setting:

United States.

Participants:

A nationally representative sample of US high school students (N = 11 053) who completed the 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS); slightly more than half were urban (54%).

Measures:

The NYTS measures tobacco-related knowledge, attitudes, and use behavior and demographics of students in the United States.

Analysis:

Weighted logistic regression assessed the relationships of urban–rural location with current e-cigarette use and dual use, adjusting for demographic factors, perceived risk, and social norms.

Results:

There were clear differences in patterns of adolescent e-cigarette and cigarette use in rural versus urban areas. Social norms and perceptions may play a role in understanding these differences.

Conclusion:

Urban youth current cigarette smokers were nearly twice as likely as rural cigarette smokers to also use e-cigarettes. Reasons for urban–rural differences need to be taken into account when designing prevention programs and policy changes.
Web Surveys by Smartphones and Tablets
Authors: Tourangeau Roger , Sun Hanyu , Yan Ting , Maitland Aaron , Rivero Gonzalo , Williams Douglas
Published: July 2017

Does completing a web survey on a smartphone or tablet computer reduce the quality of the data obtained compared to completing the survey on a laptop computer? This is an important question, since a growing proportion of web surveys are done on smartphones and tablets. Several earlier studies have attempted to gauge the effects of the switch from personal computers to mobile devices on data quality. We carried out a field experiment in eight counties around the United States that compared responses obtained by smartphones, tablets, and laptop computers. We examined a range of data quality measures including completion times, rates of missing data, straightlining, and the reliability and validity of scale responses. A unique feature of our study design is that it minimized selection effects; we provided the randomly determined device on which respondents completed the survey after they agreed to take part. As a result, respondents may have been using a device (e.g., a smartphone) for the first time. However, like many of the prior studies examining mobile devices, we find few effects of the type of device on data quality.
Pain as a Risk Factor for Loneliness Among Older Adults
Authors: Emerson Kerstin , Boggero Ian , Ostir Glenn , Jayawardhana Jayani
Published: July 2017

Objective: The objective of this is to examine whether pain is associated with the onset of loneliness in a sample of community-dwelling older adults. Methods: We used data from the 2008 and 2012 Health and Retirement Study. We limited the sample to community-dwelling persons aged 60 years and over who were not lonely in 2008 in order to predict the risk of onset of loneliness (incidence) in 2012. Our analytic sample included 1,563 observations. Results: Approximately 31.7% of participants reported loneliness at follow-up (2012). Logistic regression models showed that the odds of loneliness onset was 1.58 higher for those with pain at both time points, compared with those who had pain at neither time point, even after controlling for other covariates. Discussion: The results indicate that pain may increase the risk of loneliness in older adults. This suggests that appropriate pain interventions could prevent future loneliness, which in turn could prevent functional decline, disability, and premature mortality.
Can Religious Affiliation Explain the Disadvantage of Muslim Women in the British Labour Market?
Authors: Khattab Nabil , Hussein Shereen
Published: July 2017

This article aims to explain the labour market penalties among Muslim women in Britain. It draws on theories of intersectionality and colour/cultural racism to argue that the labour market experience of British-Muslim women is multiply determined via criteria of ascription such as ethnicity, migration status, race and religion rather than criteria of achievement. The study uses data from the Labour Force Survey (2002–2013) with a large sample (N=245,391) of women aged 19–65 years. The overarching finding suggests that most Muslim women, regardless of their multiple ascriptive identities, generation and levels of qualifications, still face significant penalties compared with their White-British Christian counterparts. The penalties for some groups, such as Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Black-Muslim women, are harsher than for Indian and White-Muslim women, demonstrating how different social markers and multiple identities have contingent relationships to multiple determinants and outcomes.
Novel phthalonitrile-based composites with excellent processing, thermal, and mechanical properties
Authors: Wu Zuoqiang , Wang Shijie , Zong Lishuai , Li Nan , Wang Jinyan , Jian Xigao
Published: July 2017

Phthalonitrile resins exhibit excellent thermostability and mechanical strength after curing. However, poor processability made them difficult to fabricate fiber-reinforced composites with desirable integrated performance. In this article, a novel mixed phthalonitrile resin was developed to be used as the matrix for glass fiber–reinforced laminates. Poly (aryl ether nitrile phthalazinone) oligomer end-capped by phthalonitrile units (PPEN-PN) was firstly designed and blended with bisphenol-based phthalonitrile monomers (BP-PN) (Figure 1), which were obtained according to the literature procedure. A novel mixed curing agent (zinc chloride and 4,4-diamine-diphenylsulfone) was also exploited to accelerate curing rate of the resins. Solubility tests, differential scanning calorimetry and rheological studies revealed that the mixed resins exhibited good processability with low processing viscosity. Thermal gravimetric analysis indicated that the cured resins were stable below 530 to approximately 570 °C in nitrogen atmosphere after low-cost curing procedure. In air, char yields of the resins were between 30 to approximately 40% when heated to 800 °C. The laminates reinforced by E-glass fiber cloth possessed a bending strength of 668 MPa with interlaminar shear strength of 84.6 MPa at room temperature. 50% of the strength and modulus was maintained when heated to 400 °C. Consequently, this type of laminates may be potential candidates for aerospace applications.
Compliant assembly variation analysis of sheet metal with shape errors based on primitive deformation patterns
Authors: Li Yunyong , Zhao Yong , Yu Haidong , Lai Xinmin
Published: July 2017

In the compliant assembly of sheet metal, the performance of the product is highly related to the shape errors of surface. Therefore, variation analysis is generally required to reveal the influence principle of the components’ manufacturing variations on the surface shape errors of the product. The traditional compliant assembly variation analysis methods were used to build a variation propagation model based on characteristic points between parts and product without considering shape errors. In this paper, a new method based on primitive deformation patterns considering shape errors is proposed. The primitive deformation patterns of part can be obtained by natural mode analysis of ideal part, and the primitive deformation patterns of product can be calculated by the dynamic substructure method. The initial shape errors of part are decomposed into the individual contributions of primitive deformation patterns. Considering the force equilibrium relationship in assembly process, a variation propagation model is built based on the primitive deformation patterns between parts and product. This model reveals variation propagation in assembly process by the basic element of dimension error field (deformation patterns), which is convenient for evaluating the assembly quality. A case study on a panel parts assembly process is presented to demonstrate the proposed variation analysis method. The results show the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method compared with the method of finite element analysis conducted in commercial software ABAQUS.
Pressure fluctuation and flow pattern of a mixed-flow pump under design and off-design conditions
Authors: Xu Yun , Tan Lei , Liu Yabin , Hao Yue , Zhu Baoshan , Cao Shuliang
Published: July 2017

The pressure fluctuations and flow pattern in a mixed-flow pump are numerically investigated under design and off-design conditions. The accuracy and reliability are validated by good agreement of numerical results and experimental data of pump energy performance. At design flow rate, the dominant frequencies of pressure fluctuations are impeller rotation frequency or integer multiples of it, which are mainly induced by the rotor–stator interaction. At overload condition, the dominant frequencies of pressure fluctuations are similar as those of design flow rate, but the maximum amplitudes increase to about 2.5 times of those of design flow rate. At partial load condition, the pressure fluctuations and flow pattern are complicated. The low dominant frequencies below the impeller rotation frequency are related to the process of vortex emergency, movement and disappearance.
The uncertainty in stiffness and damping of an automotive vehicle’s trim-structure mounts and its effect on the variability of the vibration transfer function
Authors: Abolfathi Ali , O’Boy Dan J , Walsh Stephen J , Dowsett Amy M , Fisher Stephen A
Published: July 2017

A large number of plastic clips are used in an automotive vehicle to connect the trim to the structure. These are small clips with very small masses compared to the structural elements that they connect together; however, the uncertainty in their properties can affect the dynamic response. The uncertainty arises out of their material and manufacturing tolerances and more importantly the boundary conditions. A test rig has been developed that can model the mounting condition of the clips. This allows measurement of the range of their effective stiffness and damping. Initially, the boundary condition at the structure side is replicated. The variability is found to be 7% for stiffness and 8% for damping. In order to simulate the connection of the trim side, a mount is built using a 3D printer. The variability due to the boundary condition on both sides was as large as 40% for stiffness and 36% for damping. A Monte Carlo simulation is used in order to assess the effect of the uncertainty of the clips’ properties on the vibration transfer functions of a door assembly. A simplified connection model is used in this study where only the axial degree of freedom is considered in connecting the trim to the door structure. The uncertainty in the clip stiffness and damping results in a variability in the vibration transfer function which is frequency dependent and can be as high as 10% at the resonant peaks with higher values at some other frequencies. It is shown that the effect of the uncertainty in the clips effective damping is negligible and the variability in the dynamic response is mainly due to the uncertainty in the clip’s stiffness. Furthermore, it is shown that the variability would reduce either by increasing or decreasing the effective stiffness of the clips.
Research on the method to calculate deformation of curve-face gear
Authors: Lin Chao , Cai Zhiqin
Published: July 2017

As a new type of face gear, the tooth deformation of curve-face gear has always been one of the research focuses. The conventional method of calculating the tooth deformation of face gear is widely focused on the basis of Buckingham's opinion, without considering the actual contact status. Therefore, in order to resolve this problem, a new calculation of curve-face gear tooth deformation is proposed. Firstly, the tooth distribution regularity of curve-face gear was analyzed. Then, a model for predicting the tooth elastic deformation of curve-face gear, taking into account the equivalent teeth, cross-section property, actual contact status and load distribution, was presented. Finally, the deformation variations were analyzed by taking into account the specific parameters such as eccentricity e, order number n1 and n2, and the correctness of the proposed mathematical model was verified by the results of the related experiment.
Diagnosis methodology for identifying gearbox wear based on statistical time feature reduction
Authors: Saucedo-Dorantes Juan Jose , Delgado-Prieto Miguel , Osornio-Rios Roque Alfredo , Romero-Troncoso Rene de Jesus
Published: July 2017

Strategies for condition monitoring are relevant to improve the operation safety and to ensure the efficiency of all the equipment used in industrial applications. The feature selection and feature extraction are suitable processing stages considered in many condition monitoring schemes to obtain high performance. Aiming to address this issue, this work proposes a new diagnosis methodology based on a multi-stage feature reduction approach for identifying different levels of uniform wear in a gearbox. The proposed multi-stage feature reduction approach involves a feature selection and a feature extraction ensuring the proper application of a high-performance signal processing over a set of acquired measurements of vibration. The methodology is performed successively; first, the acquired vibration signals are characterized by calculating a set of statistical time-based features. Second, a feature selection is done by performing an analysis of the Fisher score. Third, a feature extraction is realized by means of the linear discriminant analysis technique. Finally, fourth, the diagnosis of the considered faults is done by means of a fuzzy-based classifier. The effectiveness and performance of the proposed diagnosis methodology are evaluated by considering a complete data set of experimental test, making the proposed methodology suitable to be applied in industrial applications with power transmission systems.
Suggestion for allowable additional compressive stress based on track conditions
Authors: Yun Kyung-Min , Park Beom-Ho , Bae Hyun-Ung , Lim Nam-Hyoung
Published: July 2017

A continuous welded rail has immovable zones due to its structural characteristics. In an immovable zone, thermal expansion and contraction of rails are restricted when the temperature changes, thereby causing excessive axial force on the rail. When the immovable zone of the continuous welded rail is located on a bridge, additional stress and displacement occur through track–bridge interactions. Additional stress and displacement of the rail compared to the embankment area are restricted when constructing the bridge under the continuous welded rail track to prevent problems with the track–bridge interaction according to UIC 774-3R and Euro codes. According to the various codes, the maximum allowable additional compressive stress is 72 MPa, with the conditions of a curve with a radius (R) ≥ 1500 m, UIC 60 continuous welded rail (tensile strength of at least 900 MPa), ballasted track with concrete sleepers and 30 cm of deep for a well-consolidated ballast. However, the lateral resistance that has the greatest effect on track stability can depend on the conditions mentioned above. Therefore, an additional review of various track conditions is required. In this paper, an evaluation of the current criteria was performed using the minimum buckling strength calculation formula, and the allowable additional stress on the rail suggested by codes could only be used on tracks with a large lateral resistance above 18 kN/m/track. Thus, a three-dimensional nonlinear analysis model was developed and analyzed to calculate the allowable additional compressive stress considering various track conditions. According to the results of the analysis, the allowable additional compressive stress was reduced with a comparatively small lateral resistance. The freedom of design can be enhanced with respect to the parameters of various track and bridge conditions using this model.
Characteristics of vibration in magnetically levitated trains subjected to crosswind
Authors: Han Jong-Boo , Kim Ki-Jung
Published: July 2017

An electromagnetic suspension system-type (EMS-type) magnetically levitated vehicle (Maglev) maintains the airgap between the guiderail and the electromagnet by controlling the electric current through the levitation controller and runs with the help of a linear induction motor. ECOBEE, an EMS-type Maglev, is designed for the purpose of urban transit and must run on a curved guideway with a small radius of curvature. However, while the EMS-type Maglev controls the vertical airgap using the levitation force of the electromagnet, in the case of the lateral direction, a guidance force, which is determined by the levitation force through the intensity of lateral displacement, passively controls the lateral displacement. However, when an excessive lateral displacement is triggered by a disturbance that is greater than the guidance force, an antiaberration skid comes into contact with the rail. Therefore, the Maglev running on a curve with a small radius should maintain the airgap without touching the rail when turning directions on a curved rail, while the vibrations of the vehicle caused by external factors, such as entering the circular curve from the transition curve, or a crosswind, can affect the levitation stability. Therefore, in order to secure the levitation stability of the electromagnet while also improving the curving performance of the vehicle, inserting a lateral damper between the cabin and the bogie has been suggested. In the present study, by using an integrated model of the Maglev system developed by multibody dynamics, the influence of a crosswind as the train runs along a curve and the effect of the lateral damper were analyzed.
Optimisation of schedules for the inspection of railway tracks
Authors: Bin Osman Mohd Haniff , Kaewunruen Sakdirat , Jack Anson
Published: July 2017

Inspection of railway tracks involves a high volume of short-duration tasks (e.g. visual inspection, vehicle-based inspection, measurement, etc.) each of which is repeated at different frequencies and time intervals. It is important to gain as many benefits as possible from the inspection tasks, which incur huge expenses. To date, various optimisation methods have been incorporated into the schedule generation to determine an inspection order for a known number and geographical location of tracks. Due to the specific requirements of certain tracks or inspection problem—for example, the number of schedule parameters and one-off or incremental type schedules—researchers have developed more sophisticated and problem-dependent optimisation methods. However, introduction of a new inspection technology and policy in the last five years, especially in the United Kingdom, has urged a remodelling of the scheduling problem in track inspection in order to cope up with the new operational and business constraints. Thus, this paper conducts a review and gap analysis of previous studies with regard to track inspection scheduling problems from an optimisation point of view. In addition, the authors discuss several potential research interests resulting from the gap analysis undertaken. This study shows that heuristic methods are popular among researchers in searching for an optimal schedule subject to single or multiple optimisation function(s) while satisfying various technical and business constraints.
Pure-tension non-linear sliding mode control for deployment of tethered satellite system
Authors: Ma Zhiqiang , Sun Guanghui , Cheng Zhihao , Li Zhengkai
Published: July 2017

This paper presents a sliding mode controller for the deployment of two-body tethered satellite system. A sliding surface design for underactuated system is employed to reconcile pure-tension control scheme with non-linear coupled deployment dynamics. The proposed sliding surface is strictly non-linear. Hence, the control scheme does not require linearization operation of tethered satellite system and can guarantee that all the system states converge to zero with arbitrary small errors. To deal with input constraint of pure-tension control, an adaption is introduced into the controller design to remove the negative effect caused by input constraint in stability analyses and ensures the feasibility of the proposed controller even though command input overtakes the tolerance of tension actuator. To avoid the chattering phenomena, the trivial sign function is removed from the switching input and replaced by the disturbance observer. Numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller for the deployment of the tethered satellite system.
Gender differences in causes of death among persons with HIV/AIDS in San Francisco, California, 1996–2013
Authors: Hessol Nancy A , Schwarcz Sandra K , Hsu Ling Chin , Shumway Martha , Machtinger Edward L
Published: July 2017

The objective was to examine gender differences in causes of death using the San Francisco HIV/AIDS and death registries. Data from San Francisco residents diagnosed with HIV/AIDS who died from 1996 to 2013 were analyzed. Age, race/ethnicity, year, and gender-adjusted standardized mortality ratios and Poisson 95% confidence intervals were calculated for underlying causes of death. Among the 6268 deaths, deaths attributed to drug use, mental disorders due to substance use, cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal disease, and septicemia were more likely among women than among men. Compared to the California population, women had elevated standardized mortality ratios for drug overdose (25.37), mental disorders due to substance abuse (27.21), cerebrovascular disease (2.83), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (7.37), heart disease (2.37), and liver disease (5.54), and these were higher than the standardized mortality ratios for the men in our study. Men, but not women, had elevated standardized mortality ratios for suicide (2.70), undetermined intent (3.88), renal disease (2.29), and non-AIDS cancer (1.68) compared to population rates. Continued efforts to reduce HIV-related illnesses and an increased emphasis on diagnosing and treating preventable causes of death, including substance use, heart disease, and mental health disorders, are needed as part of comprehensive HIV care.
Antiretroviral nonadherence and condomless sex in the HIV Outpatient Study, USA, 2007–2014
Authors: Durham MD , Hart R , Buchacz K , Hammer J , Young B , Yang D , Wood K , Yangco B , Brooks JT ,   the HOPS Investigators
Published: July 2017

Effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces plasma HIV RNA viral load (VL) to undetectable levels and its effectiveness depends on consistent adherence. Consistent adherence and use of safe sex practices may substantially decrease the risk of HIV transmission. We sought to explore the potential association between self-reported nonadherence to ART and engaging in unsafe sexual practices capable of transmitting HIV. Using clinical and audio computer-assisted self-interview data from the prospective HIV Outpatient Study from 2007 to 2014, we assessed the frequency of self-reported ART nonadherence during the three days prior to the survey among HIV-infected persons in care and factors associated with self-reported ART nonadherence. Of 1729 patients included in this analysis (median age = 48 years, 74.3% men who have sex with men), 17% were nonadherent, 15% had a detectable VL, and 42% reported condomless anal or vaginal sex in the past six months. In multivariable analysis, self-reported nonadherence was independently associated with younger age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.8 per additional ten years, [95% CI] 0.7–1.0), non-Hispanic black race/ethnicity (aOR 1.9; 95% CI 1.4–2.6 versus white), public health insurance (aOR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2–2.3 compared with private), survey date in 2011–2014 versus 2007–2010 (aOR 0.7, 95% CI 0.5–0.9), CD4 cell count ≥ 500 versus < 200 cells/mm3 (aOR 0.3, 95% CI 0.2–0.5), greater number of ART regimen doses (aOR 1.6, 95% CI 1.3–2.2), and binge drinking (aOR 1.4, 95% CI, 1.1–1.9). In this analysis, self-reported nonadherence was not associated with engaging in condomless sex.
‘I’m still here, I’m still alive’: Understanding successful aging in the context of HIV
Authors: Solomon Patricia , Letts Lori , O’Brien Kelly K , Nixon Stephanie , Baxter Larry , Gervais Nicole
Published: July 2017

As people living with HIV (PLWH) live longer, increased understanding of individuals’ values and perceptions of successful aging can assist health providers in working with PLWH to set meaningful goals as they age. The purpose of this qualitative study was to understand how PLWH define successful aging and their perceptions of contributors to successful aging. Fourteen men and ten women over the age of 50 years (mean age 57 years; mean time since diagnosis 18 years) participated in individual interviews. Interviews were analyzed using directed content analysis. Six themes emerged: accepting limitations, staying positive, maintaining social supports, taking responsibility, living a healthy lifestyle, and engaging in meaningful activities. The participants emphasized individual control. This highlights the importance of working with PLWH to understand their values and aspirations, and create patient-centered goals. From a research perspective this reinforces calls to include the subjective experiences of older adults in developing successful aging criteria.
Cost-Benefit Arbitration Between Multiple Reinforcement-Learning Systems
Authors: Kool Wouter , Gershman Samuel J. , Cushman Fiery A.
Published: July 2017

Human behavior is sometimes determined by habit and other times by goal-directed planning. Modern reinforcement-learning theories formalize this distinction as a competition between a computationally cheap but inaccurate model-free system that gives rise to habits and a computationally expensive but accurate model-based system that implements planning. It is unclear, however, how people choose to allocate control between these systems. Here, we propose that arbitration occurs by comparing each system’s task-specific costs and benefits. To investigate this proposal, we conducted two experiments showing that people increase model-based control when it achieves greater accuracy than model-free control, and especially when the rewards of accurate performance are amplified. In contrast, they are insensitive to reward amplification when model-based and model-free control yield equivalent accuracy. This suggests that humans adaptively balance habitual and planned action through on-line cost-benefit analysis.
Feminist theory in Feminism & Psychology [Part I]: Dealing with differences and negotiating the biological
Authors: Lorraine Radtke H
Published: July 2017

Theory is an important preoccupation of articles published in Feminism & Psychology. This Virtual Special Issue includes 10 of those published since the journal’s inception that have a primary focus on theoretical issues related to two related topics – differences and the biological. The concern with differences includes the socially constructed categories sex and gender, as well as sexuality and social class. Those articles addressing the biological represent critical scholarship that is working to negotiate a place for the biology within feminist psychology and entails moving away from the view that the biological is natural and innate. This introductory article addresses how theory fits within feminist psychology and offers a brief history of debates concerning differences and the biological before offering summaries and observations related to each selected article. The featured articles can be located on the Feminism & Psychology website and are listed in Appendix 1 at the end of this article.
Do adverse pregnancy outcomes contribute to accelerated cardiovascular events seen in young women with systemic lupus erythematosus?
Authors: Soh M C , Nelson-Piercy C , Westgren M , McCowan L , Pasupathy D
Published: July 2017

Cardiovascular events (CVEs) are prevalent in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and it is the young women who are disproportionately at risk. The risk factors for accelerated cardiovascular disease remain unclear, with multiple studies producing conflicting results. In this paper, we aim to address both traditional and SLE-specific risk factors postulated to drive the accelerated vascular disease in this cohort. We also discuss the more recent hypothesis that adverse pregnancy outcomes in the form of maternal–placental syndrome and resultant preterm delivery could potentially contribute to the CVEs seen in young women with SLE who have fewer traditional cardiovascular risk factors. The pathophysiology of how placental-mediated vascular insufficiency and hypoxia (with the secretion of placenta-like growth factor (PlGF) and soluble fms-tyrosine-like kinase-1 (sFlt-1), soluble endoglin (sEng) and other placental factors) work synergistically to damage the vascular endothelium is discussed. Adverse pregnancy outcomes ultimately are a small contributing factor to the complex pathophysiological process of cardiovascular disease in patients with SLE. Future collaborative studies between cardiologists, obstetricians, obstetric physicians and rheumatologists may pave the way for a better understanding of a likely multifactorial aetiological process.
Serum level of anti-α-enolase antibody in untreated systemic lupus erythematosus patients correlates with 24-hour urine protein and D-dimer
Authors: Li M , Li J , Wang J , Li Y , Yang P
Published: July 2017

Objective

The objective of this report is to evaluate the prevalence and clinico-serological correlations of anti-α-enolase antibody (Ab) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Methods

Thirty-two untreated patients with SLE and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were evaluated by rheumatologic examinations. The serum levels of anti-α-enolase Ab were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Clinical, biochemical and serological markers of disease activity were measured by standard laboratory procedure.

Results

The serum levels of anti-α-enolase Ab in SLE patients were higher significantly than those in healthy controls. Moreover, patients with lupus nephritis displayed significantly higher levels of serum anti-α-enolase Ab than those without renal involvement. The serum anti-α-enolase Ab levels were positively correlated with serum whole IgG and 24-hour urine protein and negatively correlated with serum D-dimer level.

Conclusion

These data suggest that anti-α-enolase Ab associates with active renal disease in SLE and might reflect a state of active autoimmunity and fibrinolysis inhibition.
The international politics of geoengineering: The feasibility of Plan B for tackling climate change
Authors: Corry Olaf
Published: July 2017

Geoengineering technologies aim to make large-scale and deliberate interventions in the climate system possible. A typical framing is that researchers are exploring a ‘Plan B’ in case mitigation fails to avert dangerous climate change. Some options are thought to have the potential to alter the politics of climate change dramatically, yet in evaluating whether they might ultimately reduce climate risks, their political and security implications have so far not been given adequate prominence. This article puts forward what it calls the ‘security hazard’ and argues that this could be a crucial factor in determining whether a technology is able, ultimately, to reduce climate risks. Ideas about global governance of geoengineering rely on heroic assumptions about state rationality and a generally pacific international system. Moreover, if in a climate engineered world weather events become something certain states can be made directly responsible for, this may also negatively affect prospects for ‘Plan A’, i.e. an effective global agreement on mitigation.
Video, algorithms and security: How digital video platforms produce post-sovereign security articulations
Authors: Saugmann Andersen Rune
Published: July 2017

Digital videos increasingly sustain new and older imagined communities (and enmities), and make battlefields, unfolding terror plots and emergencies public. Yet digital videos mediate security articulations following logics that are radically different from those of journalistically edited media, with consequences for how we should think of security articulation in new visual media. This article analyses how, in digital video, the combination of visible facts and the remediation logics of algorithmically governed video platforms – such as YouTube and Facebook – allow for new types of security articulations. It argues that digital video can be understood as a semiotic composite where the material semiotics of media technologies, calculated publics and spectators combines with the political semiotics of audio-visual media to condition how video articulations work as political agency. A powerful video-mediated security articulation, the #neda videos from the 2009 Iranian post-election crisis, illustrates how security articulation in digital video is not tied to the authority of a speaker and does not contain the promise of an immediate, illocutionary security effect. Drawing on securitization theory and Butler’s critique of speech act theory, this article understands such video articulations as post-sovereign security articulations.
Psychological Factors that Influences Entrepreneurial Intention Among Women in Nigeria: A Study Based in South East Nigeria
Authors: Isiwu Prisca I. , Onwuka Ifeanyi
Published: July 2017

The study examined psychological factors that influence women entrepreneurial intention in Nigeria. One hundred and seventeen (117) women were drawn within Enugu metropolis using purposive random sampling technique. Their ages ranged between 18 and 50 years, with a mean age of 22.07. Cross-sectional design was adopted. Job involvement (JI), self-efficacy, goal orientation and entrepreneurial intention scales were instruments used for data collection. Three hypotheses were tested. Step-wise multiple regressions were the main statistics used for data analysis. Results of the regression analysis showed that among the studied variables, only self-efficacy was a significant predictor of women participation in entrepreneurship (p < 0.01). The three dimensions of goal orientation, learning goal orientation, prove (performance-prove) orientation, and avoid (performance-avoid) orientation, were not significant predictors of women participation in entrepreneurship. Similarly, JI did not also significantly predict women participation in entrepreneurship. A good practical implication of the finding of this study is that women who develop high self-efficacy are more likely to be entrepreneurs and that strategies to build high self-efficacy among women are needed to make more women become entrepreneurs in order to enhance national/grass-root development. Limitations were made, while suggestions for further studies were stated.
Is a Self-help Orientation Sufficient Basis for Local [Economic] Development?
Authors: Schoburgh Eris D.
Published: July 2017

Local government reform in Jamaica aims (i) to refocus local authorities to providing leadership and a coordinating framework for the collective efforts of the people towards local development and (ii) to assess local service distribution modalities between central and local governments, the private sector and CSOs for more cost-effective arrangements. The institutional context in which these objectives are to be pursued is characterized by a new local governance framework populated by ‘a federated system of development committees’. Development committees are expected to work in partnership with local authorities in pursuit of economic transformation of geographic spaces. Participatory development that development committees exemplify conjures up images of ownership of local [economic] development projects and an empowered citizenry that has the capacity to direct resources in their favour. Development committees represent a differentiated method of local economic governance. But the concern is: Are development committees fit for purpose? This is the fundamental question with which this research is concerned. A survey of parish development committees (PDCs) was conducted to determine the extent to which the organizations are giving effect to their mandate. The study is exploratory in design and relies on qualitative methodologies. The results of the study will be important for assisting the local governance reform process currently underway in Jamaica but should contribute to the discourse on the alternative approaches to managing development in developing countries.
Affected Aspects Regarding Literacy and Numeracy in Children Treated for Brain Tumors
Authors: Lönnerblad Malin , Lovio Riikka , Berglund Eva , van’t Hooft Ingrid
Published: July 2017

The aim of this study was to investigate the test results of reading speed, reading comprehension, word comprehension, spelling, basic arithmetic skills, and number sense (intuitive understanding of numbers) by children treated for brain tumors. This is a retrospective study based on medical records, including standardized academic tests. In the years of 2010 to 2014, all children in the area of Stockholm between 7 and 18 years (IQ <70) who had no major linguistic or motor difficulties after they had undergone treatment for brain tumors were offered a special education assessment one year after treatment, at school start, or the year before a transition from one stage to another. Our results indicate that children treated for a brain tumor are at risk of having difficulties in spelling, reading speed, and arithmetic and that the test performance may decline over years in arithmetic and spelling. Children diagnosed at age 0 to 6 years may need extra tutoring at school start, especially in basic arithmetic skills. In both reading and mathematics, many children perform better on tests focused on understanding than on tests focused on speed. Continuous special needs assessments including different aspects of literacy and numeracy, are important for understanding each child’s specific needs.
How Well Does Western Environmental Theory Explain Crime in the Arabian Context? The Case Study of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alotaibi Nawaf Ibrahim , Evans Andrew J. , Heppenstall Alison J. , Malleson Nicolas S.
Published: July 2017

Crime within Arabic countries is significantly different from Western crime in type, frequency, and motivation. For example, motor vehicle theft (MVT) has constituted the largest proportion of property crime incidents in Saudi Arabia (SA) for decades. This is in stark contrast to Western countries where burglary and street theft dominate. Environmental criminology theories, such as routine activity theory and crime pattern theory, have the potential to help to investigate Arabic crime. However, there is no research that has sought to evaluate the validity of these theories within such a different cultural context. This article represents a first step in addressing this substantial research gap, taking MVT within SA as a case study. We evaluate previous MVT studies using an environmental criminology approach with a critical view to applying environmental criminology to an Arabic context. The article identifies a range of key features in SA that are different from typical Western contexts. These differences could limit the appropriateness of existing methodologies used to apply environmental criminology. The study also reveals that the methodologies associated with traditional environmental crime theory need adjusting more generally when working with MVT, not least to account for shifts in the location of opportunities for crime with time.
Impact of Childhood Adversity and Out-of-Home Placement for Male Adolescents Who Have Engaged in Sexually Abusive Behavior
Authors: Hall Kelcey L. , Stinson Jill D. , Moser Michele R.
Published: July 2017

Child maltreatment and household dysfunction have long been linked to delinquency, adult criminality, and sexual offending. However, the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), factors related to out-of-home placement, and the onset of maladaptive behaviors has not thoroughly been explored in adolescents who have engaged in sexually abusive behavior. In the present study, we examined archival records of 120 male youths who have received treatment for sexually abusive behavior. As expected, the male adolescents in this sample have experienced higher rates of ACEs than samples of adult males in the community, adult males who committed sexual offenses, and juvenile justice–involved males as reported in the literature. Discrete-time survival analyses yielded increased risks of onset of aggression and sexually abusive behavior during early childhood and mid-to-late childhood, with significant associations between higher ACE scores and a greater number of out-of-home placements. Implications and future directions are discussed.