bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of an in Vitro Protein Synthesizing System to Test the Mode of Action of Chloracetamides
Authors: Deal Luanne M. , Reeves J. T. , Larkins B. A. , Hess F. D.
Published: January 2018

The effects of chloracetamides on protein synthesis were studied both in vivo and in vitro. Four chloracetamide herbicides, alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide], metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide], CDAA (N–N-diallyl-2-chloroacetamide), and propachlor (2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide) were tested for inhibition of [3H]-leucine incorporation into protein. Incorporation of3H-leucine into trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-insoluble protein was inhibited in oat (Avena sativaL. ‘Victory’) seedlings grown in sand culture and treated 12 h at 1 × 10−4M with these chloracetamides. The herbicides were also tested in a cell-free protein synthesizing system containing polyribosomes purified from oat root cytoplasm. These herbicides had no effect on the rates of polypeptide elongation nor on the synthesis of specific polypeptides when herbicides (1 × 10−4M) were added directly to the system. Polypeptide formation was inhibited 89% when 1 × 10−4M cycloheximide was added during translation. Cytoplasmic polyribosomes were isolated from oat roots treated 12 h with 1 × 10−4M herbicide. Translation rates and products were not altered when these polyribosomes were added to the in vitro system. Protein synthesis is inhibited when tested in an in vivo system; however, the inhibition does not occur during the translation of mRNA into protein.
Hexazinone and Other Herbicides on Texas Woody Plants
Authors: Meyer R. E. , Bovey R. W.
Published: January 2018

Hexazinone [3-cyclohexyl-6-(dimethylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione] was applied to honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthosL.), honey mesquite [Prosopis juliflora(Swartz) DC. var.glandulosa(Torr.) Cockerell], huisache [Acacia farnesiana(L.) Willd.], live oak (Quercus virginianaMill.), Macartney rose (Rosa bracteataWendl.), post oak (Quercus stellataWangenh.), saw greenbrier (Smilax bona-noxL.), whitebrush (Aloysia lycioidesCham.), and yaupon (Ilex vomitoriaAit.). Bromacil (5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil) and tebuthiuron {N-[5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]-N,N′-dimethylurea} were used for comparison in some experiments. Hexazinone was required at the following rates to kill at least 75% of the following species: 1.1 kg/ha for live oak, 2.2 kg/ha for post oak, 4.5 kg/ha for huisache (at Bryan, Texas) and whitebrush, and 9 kg/ha for honeylocust. Hexazinone was ineffective at 9 kg/ha for control of honey mesquite, huisache (at Washington, Texas), Macartney rose, saw greenbrier, and yaupon. Tebuthiuron at 1.1 kg/ha killed 80% of the live oak, and as a subsurface spray at 4.5 kg/ha, killed huisache (at Washington, Texas). Bromacil was effective on huisache at 9 kg/ha.
Effects of Glyphosate on Growth and the Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Levels of Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus)
Authors: Villanueva M. J. Cañal , Muñiz B. Fernandez , Tames R. Sanchez
Published: January 2018

Growth and the chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were measured in greenhouse-grown yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL. ♯ CYPES), following treatment with glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine]. Herbicide was applied as a foliar spray at concentrations of 0.1, 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 mM. After 2 weeks, growth was inhibited, and chlorosis and leaf apex necrosis were observed. Plant height was reduced, leaf fresh weight was decreased by 40%, and leaf dry weight was slightly affected. Rhizome, tuber, and secondary shoot formation was strongly inhibited, but root development was not affected by glyphosate treatment. With the 10-mM treatment, dry weight of the underground system was reduced by 80%. Chlorophyll and carotenoid levels were decreased by 52 and 54%, respectively, following glyphosate treatment.
Sethoxydim Metabolism in Monocotyledonous and Dicotyledonous Plants
Authors: Campbell James R. , Penner Donald
Published: January 2018

14C-Sethoxydim {2-[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} was rapidly metabolized by quackgrass [Agropyron repens(L.) Beauv. ♯ AGRRE], barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv. ♯ ECHCG], alfalfa (Medicago sativaL. ‘Saranac’), and navy bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL. ‘Seafarer’). One hour after application, 46, 27, 38, and 46% of the total14C in the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction from treated leaves was sethoxydim, respectively. After 24 h, less than 2% was sethoxydim in any species. Nine metabolites were found, seven of which cochromatographed with photo- and thermal-transformation products of sethoxydim. Two metabolites, previously shown to be phytotoxic to barnyardgrass, contained the majority of14C up to 24 h after application. Quantitative or qualitative differences in the metabolites of treated leaves could not account for the observed differences in selectivity.
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Seed Safeners as Insecticide Synergists
Authors: Ketchersid Mary L. , Plapp Frederick W. , Merkle Morris G.
Published: January 2018

Certain oximes, including cyometrinil [(Z)-α-(cyanomethoxy)iminobenzeneacetonitrile], CGA-92194 [N-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl-methoxy)-iminobenzeneacetonitrile], 2-pyridinealdoxime-O-benzyl ether (PA-B), and 2-pyridinealdoxime-O-phenethyl ether (PA-PE), which are known to protect sorghum from chloroacetanilide herbicides, increased the toxicity of the insecticide propoxur (o-isopropoxyphenyl-methyl carbamate) to a resistant strain of housefly (Musca domesticaL.). Flurazole [5-thiazolecarboxylic acid, benzyl ester, 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)], a nonoxime protectant for grain sorghum, had less effect on the toxicity of propoxur than did the oximes. Metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide], which can be used as a herbicide in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench.] only if the seed have been treated with a protectant, also increased the toxicity of propoxur to houseflies. Commercially available insecticide synergists increase insecticide activity by inhibiting NADPH-dependent microsomal mixed-function oxidase activity. Sorghum coleoptiles possessed the enzyme system necessary to oxidize aldrin (1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-hexahydro-1,4-endo-exo-5,8-dimethanonaphthalene) to dieldrin (1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6, 7-epoxy-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4-endo-exo-5,8-dimethanonaphthalene), which is a standard test for oxidative metabolism in insects. Under the conditions of these tests, the aldrin epoxidase activity in sorghum coleoptiles was not affected by pretreatment with cyometrinil or flurazole.
A Comparison of the Biology of Wild and Cultivated Proso Millet (Panicum miliaceum)
Authors: Carpenter Judith L. , Hopen Herbert J.
Published: January 2018

Wild and cultivated proso millet (Panicum miliaceumL. ♯ PANMI) showed increased height and dry mass with increasing photoperiod and flowered under all photoperiods. Increasing planting density decreased height and dry mass and slowed seedhead development in both types. Shading increased plant height and decreased dry mass of both millets and increased germination compared to unshaded treatments. Planting date did not affect germination of freshly collected seed of either millet. Wild proso millet seed had a low germination rate until 8 weeks after panicle emergence, and the rate increased to 22% after 10 weeks. Germination of cultivated proso millet seed was low for 5 weeks after panicle emergence and increased to 92% after 10 weeks.
Competition of a Binary Weed System with Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
Authors: Street Joe E. , Snipes Charles E. , McGuire John A. , Buchanan Gale A.
Published: January 2018

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Stoneville 213’) was grown on Lucedale fine sandy loam with sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL. ♯ CASOB) and a complex of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL. ♯ AMARE) and smooth pigweed (A. hybridusL. ♯ AMACH) in all possible combinations of 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 weeds of each species per 7.5 m of row. Seed cotton yields decreased as a quadratic function of increasing weed density. One pigweed and one sicklepod plant per 7.5 m of row reduced yields by 9 and 9.7% in 1979 and 1980, respectively. At low levels of infestation (≤4 weeds/7.5 m of row), the competitive effect of pigweed and sicklepod was additive; however, at the high densities, the competitive effect was not additive. Mechanical harvesting efficiency and cotton maturity were not decreased by any weed density. Sicklepod was more competitive than pigweed in both years.
A Corn (Zea mays L.) Bioassay Technique for Measuring Chlorsulfuron Levels in Three Saskatchewan Soils
Authors: Groves Kent E. M. , Foster R. K.
Published: January 2018

Chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino]carboxyl]benzenesulfonamide} has recently been registered for the control of several broadleaf weeds in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in western Canada. Residue carryover of this herbicide can cause injury to subsequent sensitive crops. A bioassay technique based on growth of pregerminated corn roots was used to detect levels of chlorsulfuron as low as 0.125 ppb in three Saskatchewan soils. Confidence levels of 95% were established. These confidence bands allowed the detection of chlorsulfuron levels within a minimum and maximum variation of 3.1 and 11.5% of root development.
Weed Control Programs for Minimum-Tillage Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
Authors: Brown Steven M. , Whitwell Ted
Published: January 2018

Eleven herbicide systems were evaluated from 1981 to 1983 for cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Stoneville 825’) planted no-till directly into cover crops or winter fallow and for cotton planted following conventional tillage. Herbicide systems consisted of paraquat (1,1’-dimethyl-4,4’-bipyridinium ion) or glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] and/or residual herbicides applied prior to crop emergence. Some systems also included early postemergence or postemergence-directed applications. Cover crops were crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatumL.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosaRoth.), and rye (Secale cerealeL.). Soil cover in fallow treatments was comprised mainly of cotton stalk residue. Conventional tillage and seedbed preparation included fall moldboard plowing and spring disking/smoothing. Treatments were maintained in the same site each year. Order of cover crop susceptibility to herbicides applied prior to crop emergence was rye>clover>vetch. In 1981, all residual treatments except cyanazine {2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl]amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile} alone prior to crop emergence provided better than 80% control of annual weeds. In subsequent years only systems that included applications prior to crop emergence and postemergence-directed herbicides provided acceptable control. From 1981 to 1983, annual grasses increased 20- to 100-fold for systems in which control was poor. Weed control was generally superior in conventional tillage. Vetch adversely affected cotton stands in all 3 yr. Also, in 1982, reduced cotton stands resulted from cyanazine treatments applied prior to crop emergence in clover, vetch, and fallow. Cotton yields were affected by cover dessication, annual weed control, and cotton stands. Buildup of annual weeds reduced yields to near zero for some treatments in 1983.
Weed Species Distribution as Influenced by Tillage and Herbicides
Authors: Wrucke Mark A. , Arnold W. Eugene
Published: January 2018

Corn (Zea maysL.) and soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] were grown for 5 yr in rotation without tillage (no-till), with fall and spring tillage (disk), and with conventional tillage (plow). Weed distribution and weed yields were measured in the final year of the experiment. Grass weed yield, primarily due to green foxtail [Setaria viridis(L.) P. Beauv. ♯ SETVI], was significantly higher in the no-till system. Broadleaf weed distribution and yield were similar in all tillage systems.
Adsorption and Efficacy of Trifluralin and Butralin as Influenced by Soil Properties
Authors: Peter C. John , Weber Jerome B.
Published: January 2018

Significantly higher rates of butralin [4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-N-(1-methylpropyl)-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine] were required to produce the same level of weed control as trifluralin [2,6-dinitro -N,N-dipropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzenamine] when applied to soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] on seven different soils in the field. Higher rates of butralin were also required to control barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv. ♯ ECHCG] in growth chamber studies. No differences in the extent of soil adsorption of trifluralin and butralin were apparent; therefore, differences in efficacy could not be attributed to differences in soil adsorption. Herbicide rates required for 80% weed control and Freundlich K-values (adsorption capacity indices) were mostly highly correlated with soil organic-matter content and soil surface area as measured by benzyl ethyl ether (BEE) and ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGME) on nine soils. Analysis of the organic-matter content of the nine soils by 10 soil testing laboratories resulted in highly significant differences among laboratories.
Release of Soil-Bound Prometryne Residues Under Different Soil pH and Nitrogen Fertilizer Regimes
Authors: Yee Dennis , Weinberger Pearl , Khan Shahamat U.
Published: January 2018

The release of soil-bound14C-prometryne [N,N′-bis(l-methylethyl)-6-(methylthio)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine] residues was affected by soil pH, fertilizer treatments (with or without plants), and the crop species wheat [Triticum aestivum(L.) Merr. ‘Marquis’] and soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Maple Presto’]. More of the bound radioactivity was released following large pH changes in the soil than with small deviations. In addition, more14C-prometryne was found in the extracts of the soil incubated with large pH alterations. Fertilizing with ionic nitrogen sources (NO3–and NH4+) in the absence of plants was also responsible for releasing higher levels of radioactivity than with the nonionic fertilizer urea. These fertilizer-induced differences in release were not apparent when wheat plants were added to the system. Release of the bound radioactivity, however, was plant specific, particularly in the rhizoplane, since soybean roots elicited a greater release in the rhizoplane than wheat roots. Transport and metabolism of these residues were also plant specific.
Enhanced Germination and Emergence of Dormant Wild Mustard (Sinapsis arvensis) Seed by Two Substituted Phthalimides
Authors: Donald William W. , Hoerauf Roland A.
Published: January 2018

Applications of the substituted phthalimide growth regulators AC-94377 [1-(3-chlorophthalimido)cyclohexanecarboximide] and AC-99524 [1-tetrahydrophthalimido-cyclohexanecarboximide] to the soil surface stimulated germination and emergence of dormant wild mustard seed (Sinapsis arvensisL. ♯4SINAR) shallowly planted in soil in greenhouse experiments. Surface applications of AC-94377 enhanced the germination and emergence of dormant wild mustard seed planted 0.6 cm deep in soil from nine locations as the rates were raised from 0.4 to 3.7 kg ai/ha. Surface application of AC-94377 increased emergence rates and also extended the period of wild mustard emergence. Increasing quantities of wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) straw on the soil surface reduced the effect of surface-applied AC-94377 on shallowly buried dormant wild mustard seed. When dormant wild mustard seed were buried 1.3, 2.5, or 3.8 cm deep, surface applications of AC-94377 also stimulated greater emergence than the dormant controls from these depths, strongly suggesting that the compound moved from the surface to the depth of planting.
Which Roads (if any) to Social Investment? The Recalibration of EU Welfare States at the Crisis Crossroads (2000–2014)
Authors: RONCHI STEFANO
Published: January 2018

The social investment approach has been advocated as a blueprint for recasting European welfare states since the years of the Lisbon Strategy. After the Euro crisis squeezed the fiscal space available for welfare recalibration, the question has been raised as to whether social investment could withstand the economic turmoil. Relying on a new welfare expenditure dataset constructed from various Eurostat sources, this article looks at the budgetary recalibration of 27 EU welfare states from the launch of the Lisbon Strategy to the aftermath of the Euro crisis (2000 to 2014). It compares the financial efforts that governments have put into social investment- and social protection-oriented policies, highlighting the different trajectories taken by EU welfare states at the crisis crossroads. Four scenarios for welfare recalibration are put forward, based on the social investment perspective and its critiques. The results show that the overall progress made by social investment in welfare budgets since 2000 came to a halt with the outbreak of the crisis. Bleaker scenarios materialised, whereas EU welfare states pursued retrenchment rather than investment, or had to face harsher budgetary trade-offs, expanding social investment to the detriment of social protection.
Herbicide Combinations for Soybean (Glycine max) Planted in Stale Seedbed
Authors: Lanie Andrew J. , Griffin James L. , Vidrine P. Roy , Reynolds Daniel B.
Published: January 2018

Barnyardgrass 7 to 25 cm tall was controlled 48 to 74% with paraquat (420 g/ha), 83 to 87% with glyphosate (1120 g/ha), and 85 to 91% with glufosinate (840 g/ha). In most cases barnyardgrass control was not enhanced with addition of residual herbicides metribuzin plus chlorimuron, metribuzin, or imazaquin. Barnyardgrass and seedling johnsongrass no more than 13 cm tall was controlled at least 90% regardless of herbicide treatment. When rhizome and seedling johnsongrass were present, control with glyphosate was 96% compared with 55% for paraquat and 86% with glufosinate. Tank-mixtures of non-selective and residual herbicides generally enhanced control of entireleaf and pitted morningglory, hemp sesbania (15 to 30 cm), and prickly sida (15 to 18 cm). Soybean yields in most cases were not increased with addition of residual herbicides. Yield following glufosinate applied alone was 25% higher than following paraquat, and for all herbicide treatments yields were at least 45% greater than when a non-selective herbicide was not applied.
Utility of Clomazone for Annual Grass and Broadleaf Weed Control in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)
Authors: Jordan David L. , Wilcut John W. , Fortner Leslie D.
Published: January 2018

Field experiments conducted in 1988 and 1989 evaluated clomazone alone and in a systems approach for weed control in peanut. Clomazone PPI at 0.8 kg ai/ha controlled common ragweed, prickly sida, spurred anoda, and tropic croton better than ethalfluralin and/or metolachlor applied PPI. POST application of acifluorfen plus bentazon was not needed to control these weeds when clomazone was used. Acifluorfen plus bentazon improved control of these weeds when clomazone was not used and generally were necessary to obtain peanut yields regardless of the soil-applied herbicides. Alachlor PRE did not improve clomazone control of any weed species evaluated. Fall panicum and large crabgrass control was similar with clomazone or clomazone plus ethalfluralin.
Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) Control in Reduced-Tillage Cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) with Low-Volume Technology
Authors: Bryson Charles T. , Hanks James E. , Wills Gene D.
Published: January 2018

Field experiments conducted over three years at Stoneville, MS evaluated invert emulsion and oil diluents on the efficiacy of glyphosate and MSMA on purple nutsedge. The herbicides were applied at 0.6 and 1.1 kg ai/ha in an invert emulsion (oil-in-water) and a paraffinic oil at 19 L/ha (low-volume) and in water with a non-ionic surfactant (0.25% v/v) at 187 L/ha (high-volume). Purple nutsedge control with both herbicides was greater with the low-volume, invert emulsion and oil diluent applications than with high-volume, water diluent applications. Glyphosate and MSMA at 1.1 kg/ha in the oil diluent controlled purple nutsedge at least 88% when compared with the invert emulsion (≥ 75 and ≥ 76%, respectively) and water (≥ 42 and ≥ 44%, respectively) diluents. Cotton injury and seed cotton yields were unaffected by any treatment with MSMA but glyphosate with each diluent caused unacceptable cotton injury and seed cotton yield reduction.
Effect of Light on Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) Competition
Authors: Ghersa Claudio M. , Martinez-Ghersa Maria A. , Casal Jorge J. , Kaufman Miriam , Roush Mary Lynn , Deregibus Victor A.
Published: January 2018

Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to determine whether manipulation of radiation environment during the period of winter wheat establishment can be used to improve wheat yields in Italian ryegrass-infested fields. Percentage of total irradiation and ratio of red (R) light (around 660 ηm) to far-red (FR) light (around 730 ηm) reaching the soil surface were important factors in regulating Italian ryegrass germination, growth, and competitive interactions with wheat. Reducing total irradiation to about 10% of full sunlight while maintaining the normal R/FR ratio of about 1.0 reduced wheat grain production in the presence of Italian ryegrass by about 40% compared with weed-free wheat in full sunlight. Further, reducing total irradiation to 3% of full sunlight plus reducing the R/FR ratio to about 0.2 reduced wheat grain production competing with Italian ryegrass by about 35% compared with production in the control conditions. Wheat production of dry matter, spikes, and seeds in the presence of Italian ryegrass increased more than threefold under both shading treatments compared with production in full sunlight.
Sampling Wheat (Triticum aestivum) at the Elevator for Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica)
Authors: Lyon Drew J. , Smith John A. , Jones David D.
Published: January 2018

Winter wheat grain contaminated with jointed goatgrass joints is often discounted as much as 20% by grain buyers. A mail survey to Nebraska farmers in 1984 identified jointed goatgrass as one of the ten worst weed problems in winter wheat, but a field survey to the same area in 1986 found it in less than 1% of surveyed fields. The objective of this survey was to map the geographic distribution and severity of jointed goatgrass contaminating winter wheat grain in western Nebraska. Jointed goatgrass was found in 25, 29, and 20% of all wheat samples collected in 1990, 1991, and 1992, respectively. Nebraska counties bordering Colorado were found to have the highest percentage of wheat samples contaminated with jointed goatgrass joints, ranging from 23% in Cheyenne county in 1992 to 61% in Keith county in 1991.
Effect of Irrigation and Weed Control Treatment on Yield and Net Return from Soybean (Glycine max)
Authors: Heatherly Larry G. , Elmore C. Dennis , Spurlock Stan R.
Published: January 2018

Field studies were conducted from 1987 through 1990 on Sharkey clay to determine effect of weed control treatment (WTRT) on yield and net return from soybean grown with no irrigation (NI) or irrigation (I) during reproductive development. Weed control treatments were: 1) PRE glyphosate plus metribuzin plus metolachlor or pendimethalin, followed by POST bentazon plus acifluorfen or 2,4-DB plus linuron (high WTRT); 2) PRE glyphosate at a rate to kill existing weeds at planting (medium WTRT); or 3) PRE paraquat at a rate to desiccate but not necessarily kill existing weeds at planting (low WTRT). POST cultivation was used in all treatments. Weed ground cover in the high, medium, and low WTRT's was composed of annual grass and moderately competitive broadleaf species, and averaged 7, 25, and 49%, respectively, at harvest in 1990. Yield declined with decreasing weed control in the I treatment after the first year, but average net returns from the high and medium WTRT's were not different, and both exceeded average returns from the low WTRT. Yields from the high and medium WTRT's in the NI treatment were not different, and both exceeded yield from the low WTRT. Average net returns from the medium WTRT were greater than those from the high and low WTRT's in all years. Yield increase from irrigation and difference in average net returns between I and NI declined with decreasing weed control.
DC X2-5309 Organosilicone Adjuvant Improves Control of Kochia (Kochia scoparia) with Bentazon and Bromoxynil
Authors: Boydston Rick A. , Al-Khatib Kassim
Published: January 2018

DC X2-5309 organosilicone adjuvant added at 1% (v/v) spray solution increased the efficacy of bentazon, pyridate, and terbacil on kochia in greenhouse trials. DC X2-5309 decreased the rain-free period needed after application of bentazon and bromoxynil to 6 and 1 h, respectively, and increased the uptake of14C-bentazon and14C-bromoxynil by kochia at 1, 3, 6, and 24 h after application compared with crop oil concentrate (COC). In field trials, bentazon and bromoxynil rates required to control equal amounts of kochia were reduced by half when adding DC X2-5309 compared with adding crop oil concentrate. DC X2-5309 added at 0.5% (v/v) spray solution with bentazon did not injure spearmint and controlled kochia equal to or better than bentazon with COC added at 1% (v/v) spray solution.
Using Estimates of Weed Pressure to Establish Crop Yield Loss Equations
Authors: Harvey R. Gordon , Wagner Clark R.
Published: January 2018

Herbicide efficacy trials in field corn, sweet corn, and soybean were conducted at three locations in Wisconsin over a 6-yr period. Percent weed pressure (WP) was determined by visually estimating the contribution of all weed species present to the total crop and weed volume in each plot. Crop yields in each plot were measured. Percent crop yield reduction (YLDRED) was calculated by comparing mean yields of individual treatments with those of the highest yielding treatment in each trial. Linear regression analyses of YLDRED and WP data from 1640 field corn and 138 sweet corn treatments were significant. Nonlinear regression analysis of YLDRED and WP data from all 1374 soybean treatments was significant; however, a linear regression of those 1154 soybean treatments with WP ratings of 30 or less produced a more easily interpreted regression equation.
Use of Gene Flow to Control Diclofop-Methyl Resistance in Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum)
Authors: Ghersa Claudio M. , Martinez-Ghersa Maria A. , Brewer Timothy G. , Roush Mary Lynn
Published: January 2018

Flower production and pollen dispersal patterns of diclofop-methyl-susceptible and -resistant Italian ryegrass were examined to determine whether evolution of herbicide resistance could be controlled by cross-fertilization between biotypes. The susceptible and resistant ryegrass biotypes differed in timing and abundance of both ovule production and pollen release such that pollen from the susceptible plants had a much greater chance of fertilizing the resistant plant population than vice versa. Susceptible ryegrass, growing with or without wheat competition, produced more than 60% of its seeds before any pollen from resistant plants was released. In contrast, throughout the course of resistant plant seed generation, pollen from susceptible plants composed at least 30% of the total pollen load. These phenological differences, in conjunction with herbicide treatment results for third-generation ryegrass seedlings, suggest that gene flow can be used to reduce development of diclofop-methyl resistance in ryegrass populations within wheat cropping systems. In a wheat field infested with resistant ryegrass, cessation of herbicide application and sowing of a susceptible ryegrass biotype can be expected to reduce the evolution of diclofop-methyl resistance by at least 6% per year.
The Viability of Seeds in Feed Pellets
Authors: Zamora David L. , Olivarez James P.
Published: January 2018

Seed response to grinding in a hammer mill or extrusion through a pellet die was determined. Less than 1% of spotted knapweed, sulfur cinquefoil, timothy, and alfalfa seeds were intact after grinding to pass through a 1-mm screen. Intact seeds of all tested species except sulfur cinquefoil were able to germinate after grinding. Extruding unground alfalfa seed through a die to make hay pellets decreased viability 60 to 63%. After grinding and extrusion through a grain pellet die, 53% of intact alfalfa seeds in the pellets were viable. These data demonstrate that feed pellets can contain viable weed seeds.
Growth and Development of Organic Arsenical-Susceptible and -Resistant Common Cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) Biotypes Under Noncompetitive Conditions
Authors: Haigler William E. , Gossett Billy J. , Harris James R. , Toler Joe E.
Published: January 2018

The growth, development, and reproductive potential of several populations of organic arsenical-susceptible (S) and -resistant (R) common cocklebur biotypes were compared under noncompetitive field conditions. Plant height, leaf area, aboveground dry weights, and relative growth rate (RGR) were measured periodically during the growing season. Days to flowering, bur dry weight, and number of burs per plant were also recorded. Arsenical S- and R-biotypes were similar in all measured parameters of growth, development, and reproductive potential. Populations within each biotype varied occasionally in plant height, leaf area, aboveground dry weights, and reproductive potential.
Beggarticks
Authors: Mitich Larry W.
Published: January 2018

The genus Bidens L. is in the Asteraceae (Compositae), the largest family of flowering plants, and one which contains many of the world's weed species. Beggarticks' phenomenal spread and colonization is due partly to their effective pollination mechanisms and their distinctive dispersal adaptations, which allow seed distribution by humans, animals, wind, and water.
Assessing the Past and Future Development of EU and UK Social Policy
Authors: Hantrais Linda
Published: January 2018

This article examines both the place of the social dimension in past and on-going debates about the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union and the reciprocal influence of EU and UK institutions on developments in the social policy field. It explores fluctuations in the relationship between economic and social policy, the divisiveness within, between and across political parties, the role of key policy actors in shaping the social agenda, and the failure of attempts to harmonise social welfare systems as enlargement intensified their diversity. We argue that, although difficult to predict, the implications of Brexit for future social policy in the UK and EU may not be so far-reaching as in some other policy areas, due largely to the maintenance of unanimous voting and the subsidiarity principle in many social domains, combined with the shift towards soft law and the widespread resistance of member states to tighter social integration.
Effects of atmospheric pressure dynamics on abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture onset
Authors: Opacic Dragan , Ilic Nikola , Sladojevic Milos , Schönleitner Patrick , Markovic Dragan , Kostic Dusan , Davidovic Lazar
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Background: The effect of atmospheric pressure (AP) on the onset of abdominal aorta aneurysm rupture (RAAA) remains an unanswered question. We have investigated the seasonal variation and the effect of AP dynamics on RAAA by analysing the largest series of intraoperatively confirmed RAAA. Patients and methods: To realize this study we have performed a retrospective analysis of 546 patients with RAAA, operated within 503 days at the Clinic for vascular and endovascular surgery CCS between 1.1.2003 and 31.12.2012. AP data for Belgrade city were obtained from meteorological yearbooks published by the Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia measured at the hydrometeorological station “Belgrade Observatory”. Only patients with a residence within the extended Belgrade region, exposed to the similar AP values, were included in the analysis of the AP effect on RAAA. Results: RAAA were observed more frequently during winter and autumn months but without significant difference in comparison to other seasons. Months with higher AP values were associated with a higher RAAA rate (p = 0.0008, R2 = 0.665). A similar trend was observed for the monthly AP variability (p = 0.0311, R2 = 0.374). Average AP values did not differ between days with and without RAAA. However, during the three and seven days periods preceding RAAA AP variability parameters were greater and AP was rising. Conclusions: Although these pressure differences are very small, higher AP values over longer periods of time as well as greater variability are associated with RAAA. The exact mechanism behind this association remains unclear. The postulation that low AP may precipitate RAAA based on the Laplace law should be discarded.
Membrane shape-mediated wave propagation of cortical protein dynamics
Authors: Wu Zhanghan , Su Maohan , Tong Cheesan , Wu Min , Liu Jian
Published: January 2018

Immune cells exhibit stimulation-dependent traveling waves in the cortex, much faster than typical cortical actin waves. These waves reflect rhythmic assembly of both actin machinery and peripheral membrane proteins such as F-BAR domain-containing proteins. Combining theory and experiments, we develop a mechanochemical feedback model involving membrane shape changes and F-BAR proteins that render the cortex an interesting dynamical system. We show that such cortical dynamics manifests itself as ultrafast traveling waves of cortical proteins, in which the curvature sensitivity-driven feedback always constrains protein lateral diffusion in wave propagation. The resulting protein wave propagation mainly reflects the spatial gradient in the timing of local protein recruitment from cytoplasm. We provide evidence that membrane undulations accompany these protein waves and potentiate their propagation. Therefore, membrane shape change and protein curvature sensitivity may have underappreciated roles in setting high-speed cortical signal transduction rhythms.
Green synthesis of graphene oxide by seconds timescale water electrolytic oxidation
Authors: Pei Songfeng , Wei Qinwei , Huang Kun , Cheng Hui-Ming , Ren Wencai
Published: January 2018

Graphene oxide is highly desired for printing electronics, catalysis, energy storage, separation membranes, biomedicine, and composites. However, the present synthesis methods depend on the reactions of graphite with mixed strong oxidants, which suffer from explosion risk, serious environmental pollution, and long-reaction time up to hundreds of hours. Here, we report a scalable, safe and green method to synthesize graphene oxide with a high yield based on water electrolytic oxidation of graphite. The graphite lattice is fully oxidized within a few seconds in our electrochemical oxidation reaction, and the graphene oxide obtained is similar to those achieved by the present methods. We also discuss the synthesis mechanism and demonstrate continuous and controlled synthesis of graphene oxide and its use for transparent conductive films, strong papers, and ultra-light elastic aerogels.
Large-scale ocean connectivity and planktonic body size
Authors: Villarino Ernesto , Watson James R. , Jönsson Bror , Gasol Josep M. , Salazar Guillem , Acinas Silvia G. , Estrada Marta , Massana Ramón , Logares Ramiro , Giner Caterina R. , Pernice Massimo C. , Olivar M. Pilar , Citores Leire , Corell Jon , Rodríguez-Ezpeleta Naiara , Acuña José Luis , Molina-Ramírez Axayacatl , González-Gordillo J. Ignacio , Cózar Andrés , Martí Elisa , Cuesta José A. , Agustí Susana , Fraile-Nuez Eugenio , Duarte Carlos M. , Irigoien Xabier , Chust Guillem
Published: January 2018

Global patterns of planktonic diversity are mainly determined by the dispersal of propagules with ocean currents. However, the role that abundance and body size play in determining spatial patterns of diversity remains unclear. Here we analyse spatial community structure - β-diversity - for several planktonic and nektonic organisms from prokaryotes to small mesopelagic fishes collected during the Malaspina 2010 Expedition. β-diversity was compared to surface ocean transit times derived from a global circulation model, revealing a significant negative relationship that is stronger than environmental differences. Estimated dispersal scales for different groups show a negative correlation with body size, where less abundant large-bodied communities have significantly shorter dispersal scales and larger species spatial turnover rates than more abundant small-bodied plankton. Our results confirm that the dispersal scale of planktonic and micro-nektonic organisms is determined by local abundance, which scales with body size, ultimately setting global spatial patterns of diversity.
Author Correction: Induced unconventional superconductivity on the surface states of Bi2Te3 topological insulator
Authors: Charpentier Sophie , Galletti Luca , Kunakova Gunta , Arpaia Riccardo , Song Yuxin , Baghdadi Reza , Wang Shu Min , Kalaboukhov Alexei , Olsson Eva , Tafuri Francesco , Golubev Dmitry , Linder Jacob , Bauch Thilo , Lombardi Floriana
Published: January 2018

The original version of this Article omitted the following from the Acknowledgements:

“This work was partly supported by the Research Council of Norway through its Centres of Excellence funding scheme, project number 262633, QuSpin.”

This has now been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the article.
Multilayer networks reveal the spatial structure of seed-dispersal interactions across the Great Rift landscapes
Authors: Timóteo Sérgio , Correia Marta , Rodríguez-Echeverría Susana , Freitas Helena , Heleno Ruben
Published: January 2018

Species interaction networks are traditionally explored as discrete entities with well-defined spatial borders, an oversimplification likely impairing their applicability. Using a multilayer network approach, explicitly accounting for inter-habitat connectivity, we investigate the spatial structure of seed–dispersal networks across the Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique. We show that the overall seed–dispersal network is composed by spatially explicit communities of dispersers spanning across habitats, functionally linking the landscape mosaic. Inter-habitat connectivity determines spatial structure, which cannot be accurately described with standard monolayer approaches either splitting or merging habitats. Multilayer modularity cannot be predicted by null models randomizing either interactions within each habitat or those linking habitats; however, as habitat connectivity increases, random processes become more important for overall structure. The importance of dispersers for the overall network structure is captured by multilayer versatility but not by standard metrics. Highly versatile species disperse many plant species across multiple habitats, being critical to landscape functional cohesion.
Utilization of chemical stability diagrams for improved understanding of electrochemical systems: evolution of solution chemistry towards equilibrium
Authors: Santucci R. J. , McMahon M. E. , Scully J. R.
Published: January 2018

Predicting the stability of chemical compounds as a function of solution chemistry is crucial towards understanding the electrochemical characteristics of materials in real-world applications. There are several commonly considered factors that affect the stability of a chemical compound, such as metal ion concentration, mixtures of ion concentrations, pH, buffering agents, complexation agents, and temperature. Chemical stability diagrams graphically describe the relative stabilities of chemical compounds, ions, and complexes of a single element as a function of bulk solution chemistry (pH and metal ion concentration) and also describe how solution chemistry changes upon the thermodynamically driven dissolution of a species into solution as the system progresses towards equilibrium. Herein, we set forth a framework for constructing chemical stability diagrams, as well as their application to Mg-based and Mg–Zn-based protective coatings and lightweight Mg–Li alloys. These systems are analyzed to demonstrate the effects of solution chemistry, alloy composition, and environmental conditions on the stability of chemical compounds pertinent to chemical protection. New expressions and procedures are developed for predicting the final thermodynamic equilibrium between dissolved metal ions, protons, hydroxyl ions and their oxides/hydroxides for metal-based aqueous systems, including those involving more than one element. The effect of initial solution chemistry, buffering agents, complexation agents, and binary alloy composition on the final equilibrium state of a dissolving system are described by mathematical expressions developed here. This work establishes a foundation for developing and using chemical stability diagrams for experimental design, data interpretation, and material development in corroding systems.
Adequacy of Si:P chains as Fermi–Hubbard simulators
Authors: Dusko Amintor , Delgado Alain , Saraiva André , Koiller Belita
Published: January 2018

The challenge of simulating many-body models with analogue physical systems requires both experimental precision and very low operational temperatures. Atomically precise placement of dopants in Si permits the construction of nanowires by design. We investigate the suitability of these interacting electron systems as simulators of a fermionic extended Hubbard model on demand. We describe the single-particle wavefunctions as a linear combination of dopant orbitals (LCDO). The electronic states are calculated within configuration interaction (CI). Due to the peculiar oscillatory behavior of each basis orbital, properties of these chains are strongly affected by the interdonor distance R0, in a non-monotonic way. Ground state (T = 0 K) properties such as charge and spin correlations are shown to remain robust under temperatures up to 4 K for specific values of R0. The robustness of the model against disorder is also tested, allowing some fluctuation of the placement site around the target position. We suggest that finite donor chains in Si may serve as an analog simulator for strongly correlated model Hamiltonians. This simulator is, in many ways, complementary to those based on cold atoms in optical lattices—the trade-off between the tunability achievable in the latter and the survival of correlation at higher operation temperatures for the former suggests that both technologies are applicable for different regimes.
On-Chip Fluorescence Switching System for Constructing a Rewritable Random Access Data Storage Device
Authors: Nguyen Hoang Hiep , Park Jeho , Hwang Seungwoo , Kwon Oh Seok , Lee Chang-Soo , Shin Yong-Beom , Ha Tai Hwan , Kim Moonil
Published: January 2018

We report the development of on-chip fluorescence switching system based on DNA strand displacement and DNA hybridization for the construction of a rewritable and randomly accessible data storage device. In this study, the feasibility and potential effectiveness of our proposed system was evaluated with a series of wet experiments involving 40 bits (5 bytes) of data encoding a 5-charactered text (KRIBB). Also, a flexible data rewriting function was achieved by converting fluorescence signals between “ON” and “OFF” through DNA strand displacement and hybridization events. In addition, the proposed system was successfully validated on a microfluidic chip which could further facilitate the encoding and decoding process of data. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the use of DNA hybridization and DNA strand displacement in the field of data storage devices. Taken together, our results demonstrated that DNA-based fluorescence switching could be applicable to construct a rewritable and randomly accessible data storage device through controllable DNA manipulations.
Phonon laser in the coupled vector cavity optomechanics
Authors: Wang Bao , Xiong Hao , Jia Xiao , Wu Ying
Published: January 2018

We presented a method to control the intensity of a phonon-laser mode (the vibrational excitations of a mechanical mode) by adjusting the polarization of the pump light based on the experimentally achievable parameters, which provides an additional degree of freedom to control the phonon laser action. Due to orthogonally polarized modes of cavity, the polarization behavior of light field which describes it’s vector nature is introduced to control phonon laser action in our scheme. Compared with the traditional phonon laser scheme, polarization-related phonon laser in the coupled vector cavity optomechanics can be effectively controlled without changing other parameters of the device. This result provides an useful approach for acquiring polarization-related phonon laser by on-chip optical device.
Accelerated proteomic visualization of individual predatory venoms of Conus purpurascens reveals separately evolved predation-evoked venom cabals
Authors: Himaya S. W. A. , Marí Frank , Lewis Richard J.
Published: January 2018

Cone snail venoms have separately evolved for predation and defense. Despite remarkable inter- and intra-species variability, defined sets of synergistic venom peptides (cabals) are considered essential for prey capture by cone snails. To better understand the role of predatory cabals in cone snails, we used a high-throughput proteomic data mining and visualisation approach. Using this approach, the relationship between the predatory venom peptides from nine C. purpurascens was systematically analysed. Surprisingly, potentially synergistic levels of κ-PVIIA and δ-PVIA were only identified in five of nine specimens. In contrast, the remaining four specimens lacked significant levels of these known excitotoxins and instead contained high levels of the muscle nAChR blockers ψ-PIIIE and αA-PIVA. Interestingly, one of nine specimens expressed both cabals, suggesting that these sub-groups might represent inter-breeding sub-species of C. purpurascens. High throughput cluster analysis also revealed these two cabals clustered with distinct groups of venom peptides that are presently uncharacterised. This is the first report showing that the cone snails of the same species can deploy two separate and distinct predatory cabals for prey capture and shows that the cabals deployed by this species can be more complex than presently realized. Our semi-automated proteomic analysis facilitates the deconvolution of complex venoms to identify co-evolved families of peptides and help unravel their evolutionary relationships in complex venoms.
Correlation of Gli1 and HER2 expression in gastric cancer: Identification of novel target
Authors: Shao Xinyu , Kuai Xiaoyi , Pang Zhi , Zhang Liping , Wu Longyun , Xu Lijuan , Zhou Chunli
Published: January 2018

HER2 becomes the standard of care for guiding adjuvant treatment of gastric cancer with trastuzumab in recent years. However, the usage of this target agent is still limited because of the resistance to trastuzumab or the negative expression of HER2 in tumor tissues. The Gli1 and HER2 both play an important role in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. However, the correlation of them is still unclear. Here we found Gli1 and HER2 are highly expressed in gastric cancer tissues, and they are positively related. Next, we found Gli1 positive patients live a shorter survival time no matter HER2 positive or negative. Furthermore, univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that venous invasion, HER2 expression, Gli1 expression were independent prognostic factors for the survival time in gastric cancer. In addition, suppressing the expression level of Gli1 can decrease the cell viability and migration ability in cells and subcutaneous tumors. Finally, we found that HER2 may regulate Gli1 by Akt–mTOR–p70S6K pathway. Inhibit of HER2 and SMO have synergistic effect on reduction of cell viability. In conclusion, Gli1 is a favorable prognostic indicator in gastric cancer. As a novel target, Gli1 worth further study, especially in Her2-targeted therapy-resistant cancers.