bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Und sie erwärmt sich doch! – Anmerkungen zur Klimaforschung: Von den ersten Schritten bis zum Nobelpreis für Physik
Authors: Lemke Peter
Published: December 2021

Systematische wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen über das Klima der Erde begannen am Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts. Der erste, der in den 1820er Jahren die These aufstellte, dass die Atmosphäre wie eine Decke wirkt und die Erdoberfläche wärmer hält, als sie sein sollte, war Joseph Fourier. Er beschrieb, was wir heute als Treibhauseffekt bezeichnen. Eine experimentelle Untersuchung der Strahlungsabsorption von CO2 wurde erstmals von Eunice Foote im Jahr 1856 durchgeführt. Drei Jahre später zeigte John Tyndall die Absorption infraroter Strahlung durch CO2 und Wasserdampf. 1896 berechnete Svante Arrhenius die Auswirkung einer Verdoppelung des CO2 auf die Lufttemperatur an der Oberfläche auf 5-6°C. In seinen Berechnungen von 1931 reduzierte Hurlburt diesen Anstieg auf 4 °C.

Das erste umfassende Strahlungs-Konvektions-Modell für die Atmosphäre wurde 1967 von Manabe und Wetherald vorgestellt. Sie zeigten, dass eine Erhöhung des CO2-Gehalts in der Atmosphäre zu einer Erwärmung in der Troposphäre und einer Abkühlung in der Stratosphäre führt, wie die Beobachtungen zeigen. Manabe war die treibende Kraft bei der Entwicklung umfassender Modelle des Klimas und der Erdsysteme in den kommenden Jahrzehnten. Für seine Beiträge zum Verständnis des Klimasystems, insbesondere der Rolle von CO2, wurde er 2021 mit einem Viertel des Nobelpreises für Physik ausgezeichnet.

Lange Zeit war nicht klar, wie man das Signal des steigenden atmosphärischen CO2 in den Temperaturaufzeichnungen in den verrauschten Daten von Wetter- und Klimaschwankungen finden kann. Im Jahr 1976 schlug Hasselmann vor, dass Änderungen der langsamen Klimavariablen durch das weiße Rauschen des atmosphärischen Wetters verursacht werden. In den 1990er Jahren entwickelte er auch Methoden, um die "Fingerabdrücke" menschlicher Einflüsse auf die Klimavariabilität zu finden. Diese Methoden wurden intensiv auf die jüngsten Klimaintegrationen angewandt, die verschiedene Zukünfte des Klimas der Erde beschreiben. Auf der Grundlage dieser Anwendungen können wir nun feststellen, dass sich die Erde erwärmt - und wir daran schuld sind. Für seine Beiträge zum Verständnis der stochastischen Natur des Klimasystems und des menschlichen Fingerabdrucks auf die Klimaerwärmung wurde Klaus Hasselmann ein Viertel des Nobelpreises für Physik 2021 verliehen.
Solarstrahlung – Gemeinsame Herausforderungen für die Atmosphärenwissenschaften und den Energiesektor
Authors: Deneke Hartwig , Macke Andreas , Meilinger Stefanie , Schroedter-Homscheidt Marion
Published: December 2021

In den Atmosphärenwissenschaften spielt die Strahlungsbilanz der Erde eine wichtige Rolle für unser Verständnis des Klimasystems. Hier liefern ausgereifte Satellitenprodukte dekadische Klimazeitreihen mit einer so hohen Genauigkeit, dass z.B. Änderungen im Zusammenhang mit dem Klimawandel detektiert werden können. Dies gilt insbesondere auch für die solaren Strahlungsflüsse an der Erdoberfläche. Beim Vergleich dieser Satellitenprodukte mit instantanen Beobachtungen der Strahlung am Erdboden sind jedoch oft erhebliche Abweichungen feststellbar, die hauptsächlich durch kleinskalige Variabilität in der räumlichen Struktur von Wolken und ihrer Strahlungswirkung verursacht werden. Hier ist auch zu bedenken, dass Bodenbeobachtungen fast einer Punktmessung entsprechen, während Satellitenpixel eine Fläche in der Größenordnung von Quadratkilometern abtasten. Gleichzeitig basieren aktuelle Satellitenprodukte auf der Annahme des 1-dimensionalen Strahlungstransports, während 3D Strahlungseffekte bisher höchstens in Form empirischer Bias-Korrekturen Berücksichtigung finden. So steht eine Abschätzung der Größe systematischer Abweichungen in den Strahlungsflüssen durch 3D-Strahlungseffekte von Wolken auf globaler Skala aus. Solarenergie ist gleichzeitig eine wichtige Säule der Energiewende. Hier wird zum Beispiel Information für die Planung von Solarkraftwerken, die Netzintegration von Stromerzeugung aus Photovoltaik-Anlagen sowie das Lademanagement von Batteriespeichern benötigt, in Form möglichst genaue Vorhersagen der Solarstrahlung auf Zeitskalen von Minuten bis hin zu mehreren Tagen. Gerade für kurze Vorhersagehorizonte liefern dabei in naher Zukunft die Meteosat-Satelliten der 3. Generation deutlich verbesserte Beobachtungen. In dem Beitrag wird dargelegt, dass ein besseres Verständnis der kleinskaligen Variabilität von Solarstrahlung von Wolken für eine optimale Nutzung dieser Beobachtungen essentiell ist. Anhand von Beobachtungen mit einem räumlich engmaschigen Netzwerk von Pyranometern wird gezeigt, dass solche Netzwerke in Kombination mit 3D-Strahlungsmodellen einen wichtigen Beitrag hierzu leisten können. Diese Untersuchungen tragen nicht nur zu einem verbesserten Verständnis der Auswirkungen von kleinskaliger Wolkenvariabilität auf die Strahlungsbilanz bei, sondern auch der Grenzen von Kurzfristvorhersagen der Solarstrahlung.

 
Disentangling the contributions of orographic waves, boundary-layer coupling, and aerosol to the occurrence of ice in mixed-phase clouds
Authors: Radenz Martin , Seifert Patric , Bühl Johannes , Baars Holger , Engelmann Ronny , Barja González Boris , Ansmann Albert
Published: December 2021

We will present a study on the impacts of orographic waves, surface coupling, and aerosol load on the frequency of heterogeneous ice formation in stratiform clouds using ground-based remote-sensing observations. Disentangling the convoluted effects of vertical motions and aerosols is critical for the understanding of heterogeneous ice formation and requires comprehensive observations. For the study, multi-year datasets from Punta Arenas (53.1°S 70.9°W, Chile, >2 years) and the northern hemispheric sites of Leipzig (51.4°N 12.4°E, Germany, 2.6 years) and Limassol (34.7°N 33.0°E, Cyprus, 1.5 years) were obtained by the same set of ground-based instruments (35-GHz cloud radar, Raman polarization lidar, 14-channel microwave radiometer, Doppler lidar, and disdrometer). The datasets at Limassol and Punta Arenas resemble the first multi-year ground-based remote-sensing datasets in the Eastern Mediterranean and in the western part of the Southern Ocean, respectively.

The cloud properties were extracted from the synergistic dataset and the following key results on the efficiency of heterogeneous ice formation emerged:
The apparent lack of ice forming clouds at Punta Arenas below -15 °C can be related to orographic gravity waves, which allow persistent liquid saturation. These clouds could be identified by the autocorrelation function of the in-cloud vertical air velocity. Additionally, a correlation between the surface-coupling of a cloud and the likelihood of ice formation was found for Punta Arenas and Leipzig. At T>-10°C clouds coupled to the aerosol-rich boundary layer, were found to contain ice more frequently. Taking both effects into account, free-tropospheric, fully turbulent clouds at Punta Arenas form ice less frequently than their northern-hemispheric counterparts. This difference is linked to the lower abundance of INP in the free troposphere over the Southern Ocean.
Evaluation of convective cloud microphysics in numerical weather predictionmodel with dual-wavelength polarimetric radar observations
Authors: Köcher Gregor , Ewald Florian , Hagen Martin , Knote Christoph , Tetoni Eleni , Zinner Tobias
Published: December 2021

The representation of microphysical processes in numerical weather prediction models remains a main source of uncertainty until today. To evaluate the influence of cloud microphysics parameterizations on numerical weather prediction, a convection permitting regional weather model setup has been established using 5 different microphysics schemes of varying complexity (double-moment, spectral bin, particle property prediction (P3)). A polarimetric radar forward operator (CR-SIM) has been applied to simulate radar signals consistent with the simulated particles. The performance of the microphysics schemes is analyzed through a statistical comparison of the simulated radar signals to radar measurements on a dataset of 30 convection days.

The observational data basis is provided by two polarimetric research radar systems in the area of Munich, Germany, at C- and Ka-band frequencies and a complementary third polarimetric C-band radar operated by the German Weather Service. By measuring at two different frequencies, the
dual-wavelength ratio is derived that facilitates the investigation of the particle size evolution. Polarimetric radars provide in-cloud information about hydrometeor type and asphericity by measuring, e.g., the differential reflectivity ZDR.

Within the DFG Priority Programme 2115 PROM, we compare the simulated polarimetric and dual-wavelength radar signals with radar observations of convective clouds. Deviations are found between the schemes and observations in ice and liquid phase, related to the treatment of particle size distributions. Apart from the P3 scheme, simulated reflectivities in the ice phase are too high. Dual-wavelength signatures demonstrate issues of most schemes to correctly represent ice particle size distributions. Comparison of polarimetric radar signatures reveal issues of all schemes except the spectral bin scheme to correctly represent rain particle size distributions. The polarimetric information is further exploited by applying a hydrometeor classification algorithm to obtain dominant hydrometeor classes. By comparing the simulated and observed distribution of hydrometeors, as well as the frequency, intensity and area of high impact weather situations (e.g., hail or heavy convective precipitation), the influence of cloud microphysics on the ability to correctly predict high impact weather situations is examined.
Atmospheric measurements of the Atlantic ITCZ during a ship campaign in summer 2021
Authors: Windmiller Julia , Stevens Bjorn , Franke Henning , Quaglia Ilaria , Stolla Katharina , Engelmann Ronny , Lehmke Jonas , Rubio Hugo , Ruhtz Thomas , Skupin Annett
Published: December 2021

The intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) plays a central role for the tropical weather and climate and structures the large-scale circulation. As a result, the ITCZ has long been an intensively studied research topic, with most studies of the ITCZ focusing on its long-term and large-scale characteristics. However, recent modeling results have highlighted the role of storm-scale processes in the formation of the ITCZ, suggesting that our limited ability to represent these small-scale processes correctly may contribute to persistent errors in the representation of the ITCZ in climate models. Looking at the ITCZ on short spatial and temporal scales, even the question of where the low-level convergence in the ITCZ occurs appears to be unclear. Do the trade winds from the north and south meet in a narrow line of convergence, or are there two lines of convergence marking the northern and southern edges of the ITCZ? To answer this question, we performed measurements on board the German research vessel Sonne during the campaign "Mooring Rescue" in the tropical Atlantic in summer 2021. During the campaign, the thermodynamic and dynamical state of the atmosphere was measured by frequent radiosonde launches, which provided atmospheric profiles with high vertical resolution extending from the surface to the lower stratosphere. These measurements were supplemented by continuous measurements of the atmospheric boundary layer and lower free troposphere, including optical measurements of water vapor, aerosol, precipitation, wind speed and direction, and cloud base height. Here, we provide a brief overview of the atmospheric measurements and a preliminary assessment of the dynamic state observed during a north-south crossing of the ITCZ. The ship-based measurements were compared with long-term statistics from reanalysis data and satellite observations. 
Auftreten von Mehrschichtwolken und Eiskristallimpfung in der Arktis
Authors: Achtert Peggy , Tesche Matthias , Wallentin Gabriella , Hoose Corinna
Published: December 2021

Die Forschung zu arktischen Wolken hat sich bisher schwerpunktmäßig auf einschichtige, mehrphasige Grenzschichtwolken konzentriert. Das Auftreten von mehrschichtigen Wolken in der Arktis ist jedoch auch von großer Bedeutung. Die oberen Wolken in solchen Mehrschichtsystemen können die unteren Wolken auf mehrere Arten beeinflussen: (i) durch den komplexeren Strahlungstransport im Vergleich zu Einschichtwolken, (ii) durch den  Einfluss der oberen Wolke auf die diabatische Abkühlung darunter liegender Wolken und (iii) durch aus oberen Wolken in untere Wolken fallende Eiskristalle. Letztere können durch Eisimpfung zu einer Änderung der Wasserphase der unteren Wolken führen und damit die Bildung von Mischphasenwolken im Temperaturbereich des heterogenen Gefrierens ermöglichen.

Ziel unseres hier vorgestellten Projekts ist es, mehrschichtige Wolken durch die Kombination von Daten aus Radiosonden- und Wolkenradarbeobachtungen zu untersuchen. Im Fokus steht dabei die MOSAiC-Kampagne. Um die aus diesen Messungen gewonnenen Ergebnisse zu klassifizieren und zu interpretieren, werden auch Beobachtungen aus früheren Messkampagnen und Langzeitmessstationen hinzugezogen.

Hier präsentieren wir erste Ergebnisse des Projekts mit Daten der Kampagnen Arctic Ocean 2018 und MOSAiC. Während der Arctic Ocean Kampagne wurden in 56% der Fälle Mehrschichtwolken beobachtet. Davon zeigten 48% atmosphärische Bedingungen, die einer hohen Wahrscheinlichkeit von Eisimpfung entsprechen. Im Vergleich dazu zeigen Satellitenstudien einen Anteil an Mehrschichtwolken in der Arktis von lediglich 11%.
Eine Analyse von stratosphärischem Ozon über dem Hohen Sonnblick, Österreich
Authors: Rauter Daniel , Simic Stana
Published: December 2021

Diese Studie setzt sich das Ziel einen Trend in der Gesamtozonsäule über Europa zu identifizieren, indem die Datensätze des Gesamtozons und der vertikalen Ozonprofile, die seit 1994 mit dem Brewer MKIV #93 Instrument auf dem hochalpinen Sonnblick Observatorium gemessen werden, untersucht werden. Hochozon- und Tiefozon-Ereignisse werden auf ihre Frequenz und Intensität untersucht und Fallstudien der entsprechenden Großwetterlagen über Europa werden herangezogen um eine Verbindung zwischen großskaligen dynamisch-atmosphärischen Prozessen und solchen Ereignissen zu zeigen. Der Datensatz ist aufgrund der sehr hohen natürlichen Variabilität des Gesamtozons nicht-normalverteilt, die Schwellenwerte für Hochozon- und Tiefozonereignisse werden deshalb mittels einer Methode aus der Extremwerttheorie für jeden einzelnen Tag geschätzt. Es kann kein signifikanter Trend in der Gesamtozonsäule für die gesamte Messperiode identifiziert werden, allerdings findet sich ein negativer Trend in den letzten Jahren des Beobachtungszeitraums. Dieser Trend entsteht durch eine Abnahme der Hochozonereignisse und einer leichten Zunahme der Tiefozonereignisse in den letzten Jahren des Beobachtungszeitraums. Ein signifikant negativer Trend im unteren Teil der Ozonschicht lässt auf dynamische Ursachen für diese Abnahme rückschließen. Eine Analyse der Fallstudien zeigt eine klare Verbindung zwischen dem Auftreten von Hochozon- und Tiefozonereignissen und den entsprechenden Großwetterlagen über Europa, als auch der dynamischen Situation des Polarwirbels während der entsprechenden Wintersaison.    
Design and development af a lightweight low-cost sensor unit for the parallel measurement of particles, gaseous air pollutants, atmospheric pressure, temperature and humidity
Authors: Weber Konradin , Fischer Christian , Amend Detlef , Lange Martin , Pohl Tobias , Kramer Tim , Böhlke Christoph
Published: December 2021

There are frequent measurement tasks, where lightweight low-cost sensor units are of interest for the parallel measurement of several environmental parameters. Moreover, often measurements of environmental parameters are necessary not only at one specific point, but distributed over a large area or at different altidudes. In this case it makes sense to utilize lightweight low-cost sensor units. Because of the low price the can be produced in many exemplares und used at several places in parallel.

The Laboratory for Environmental Measurement Techniques (UMT) at the Duesseldorf University of Applied Sciences (HSD) has developed such electronic units with following features:

They can measure particulate matter PM10, PM2.5, PM1, PNC and size distribution using particulate sensors of different brands, e.g. Alphasense sensors R2 or N3 or Sensirion SDS 30.

Additionally they have analog interfaces so that they can be equipped with sensor units for gaseous pollutants, e.g, Alphasense sensors for SO2, NO2, Ozone and many other gases like CO2 using Sensirion sensors.

In parallel atmospheric pressure, temperature and humidity can be measured by additional dedicated sensors.

The sensor units are equipped with a SD card memory and optionally with I2C or RS232 interface.

Additionally the data can be transmitted in a wireless way to a server on 433 MHz, 868 MHz, 2.4 GHz ISM-band or via LTE or IRIDIUM.

The main electronic unit is of lightweight design. Therefore the low-cost sensor units can be used easily on mobile platformes like drones or bicycles.

The sensor unit has a low power consumption, so it can be operated independently for days or weeks, depending on the battery capacity.

A GPS module enables a timestamp for the data and gives position and altitude.

Several fully installed measurement units have been tested by UMT groundbased at industrial and heavily polluted urban sites in Germany. Moreover, such a unit has been operated on a measurement drone for taking vertical and horizontal pollutant profiles. It is planned to use these sensor units also at volcanic sites in a mobile and stationary way. The low-cost sensor units have been intercompared with certified air pollution measurement systems to assure the data quality.
Artificial intelligence reconstructs missing climate information - newest developments
Authors: Kadow Christopher , Hall David M. , Ulbrich Uwe , Meuer Johannes , Ludwig Thomas
Published: December 2021

Historical temperature measurements are the basis of global climate datasets like HadCRUT4. This dataset contains many missing values, particularly for periods before the mid-twentieth century, although recent years are also incomplete. Here we demonstrate that artificial intelligence can skilfully fill these observational gaps when combined with numerical climate model data. We show that recently developed image inpainting techniques perform accurate monthly reconstructions via transfer learning using either 20CR (Twentieth-Century Reanalysis) or the CMIP5 (Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5) experiments. The resulting global annual mean temperature time series exhibit high Pearson correlation coefficients (≥0.9941) and low root mean squared errors (≤0.0547 °C) as compared with the original data. These techniques also provide advantages relative to state-of-the-art kriging interpolation and principal component analysis-based infilling. When applied to HadCRUT4, our method restores a missing spatial pattern of the documented El Niño from July 1877. With respect to the global mean temperature time series, a HadCRUT4 reconstruction by our method points to a cooler nineteenth century, a less apparent hiatus in the twenty-first century, an even warmer 2016 being the warmest year on record and a stronger global trend between 1850 and 2018 relative to previous estimates. We propose image inpainting as an approach to reconstruct missing climate information and thereby reduce uncertainties and biases in climate records.

As published in:

Kadow, C., Hall, D.M. & Ulbrich, U. Artificial intelligence reconstructs missing climate information. Nat. Geosci. 13, 408–413 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-020-0582-5

Newest developments around the technology will be presented.

 
Why PV Modules should preferably not be oriented to the South and why we need new measurements of spectral radiance for the energy meteorology
Authors: Seckmeyer Gunther , Duffert Jens , Niedzwiedz Angelika , Mubarak Riyad
Published: December 2021

PV modules tilted and oriented toward east and west directions gain gradually more importance as an alternative to the presently-preferred south (north in the Southern Hemisphere) orientation and it is shown to become economically superior even under the reimbursement of feed-in tariﬀ (FIT). This is a consequence of the increasing spread between the decreasing costs of self-consumed solar power and the costs for power from the grid. One-minute values of irradiance were measured by silicon sensors at diﬀerent orientations and tilt angles in Hannover (Germany) over three years. We show that south-oriented collectors give the highest electrical power during the day, whereas combinations of east and west orientations (E-W) result in the highest self-consumption rate (SC), and combinations of southeast and southwest (SE-SW) orientations result in the highest degree of autarky (AD), although they reduce the yearly PV Power by 5–6%. Moreover, the economic analysis of PV systems without FIT shows that the SE-SW and E-W combinations have the lowest electricity cost and they are more beneﬁcial in terms of internal rate of return(IRR),compared to the S orientation at the same tilt. For PV systems with FIT, the S orientation presently provides the highest transfer of money from the supplier. However, as a consequence of the continuing decline of FIT, the economic advantage of S orientation is decreasing. E-W and SE-SW orientations are more beneﬁcial for the owner as soon as FIT decreases to 7 Ct/kWh. East and west orientations of PV modules do not only have beneﬁts for the individual owner but avoid high costs for storing energy—regardless who would own the storage facilities—and by avoiding high noon peaks of solar energy production during sunny periods,which would become an increasing problem for the grid if more solarpower is installed. Furthermore, two types of commonly used PV software (PVSOL and PVsyst) were used to simulate the system performance. The comparison with measurements showed that both PV software underestimate SC and AD for all studied orientations, leading to the conclusion that improvements are necessary in modelling. Such improvements, however, also require a better knowledge of the angular dependence of the spectral radiance under all sky conditions. Since the spectral radiance is complex and usually changes within seconds, we developed a new instrument capable of measuring the spectra of sky radiance in more than 100 directions within one second. First measurements with this novel instrument are shown. 
Oxidative potential of mineral dust particles: A focus on chemical components and cell-free assay 
Authors: dos Santos Souza Eduardo José , Wadinga Fomba Khanneh , Deabji Nabil , Herrmann Hartmut
Published: December 2021

Oxidative potential (OP) assays are feasible methods to comprehensively understand how exposure to atmospheric chemical components can influence the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the human body. The increase of ROS concentration can enhance the oxidation of numerous components, such as of the DNA, proteins, and lipids, which cause mutations and cell damage, leading to respiratory illness. According to available studies, the mechanisms of PM-related health effects are not totally understood. The aim of the present study is to assess which available assays are suitable for evaluating the OP of different Mineral dust (MD) samples and what limitations may apply to either method. Cell-free assays are assessed including methods based on the interaction of ascorbic acid (AA) and dithiothreitol (DTT) with soluble aerosol chemical components.

Oxidative potential experiments were carried out on both commercially available standard solutions, ultrapure water (DTT) and buffer solution (AA), as well as on soluble extracts of one-quarter filter samples obtained using both shaking and ultrasound procedures. Most limitations were related to high concentrations of transition metals in the buffer solution composition, which was treated using Chelex 100 sodium resin. Transition metals were strongly correlated to both methods, such as Ti, Cr, V, and Mn for DTT assays, and Fe, and Sr for AA assay. The mineral dust OP values were lower than the OP of particulate matter samples from urban metropolitan centers. Such results could be related to the fewer metal and quinone concentrations in the MD samples in comparison to the urban sample. DTT assay has shown more sensibility to the MD content compared with AA chemical procedure. These assays contribute to building an impact-evaluation model for assessing the variation of MD OP based on its different chemical composition.
Dynamic interactions between city and atmospheric boundary layer – urbisphere Berlin campaign
Authors: Fenner Daniel , Christen Andreas , Chrysoulakis Nektarios , Grimmond Sue , Meier Fred , Metzger Swen , Morrison William , Scherer Dieter
Published: December 2021

In order to better understand dynamic interactions between a city and the regional atmospheric boundary layer, the 'urbisphere Berlin campaign' is being conducted during 2021-2022 in Germany within the ERC Synergy urbisphere grant. urbisphere aims to enhance understanding, forecasting, and projecting feedbacks between climate change and drivers of urban transformation. One foci is the development of the next generation of urban climate simulations with dynamic atmosphere-urban feedbacks.

A key aspect of urbisphere are comprehensive measurement campaigns in different cities. These involve undertaking high-quality research observations on urban effects for observation-based studies as well as for model development and evaluation. The Berlin campaign is investigating the dynamics of the atmospheric boundary layer within and beyond the city, and how the atmosphere dynamically responds to urban surface forcings, emissions, and human activity cycles from diurnal to an annual cycle. A dense network of ground-based remote sensing instruments (e.g. automatic lidars and ceilometers, doppler-wind lidars) for mixing-layer height detection within the city and along a rural-urban-rural transect, scintillometer paths for spatially averaged information on turbulent sensible heat flux, and radiation measurements for quantification of the influence of urban emissions, aerosols and clouds on downwelling radiative fluxes is deployed. Altogether, the additional observations supplement the existing Urban Climate Observatory (UCO) in Berlin to allow for a comprehensive and spatially detailed understanding of city-atmosphere interactions, and the effect of cities on downwind regions. This contribution provides an overview of the measurement campaign and gives first insights into collected data.
Für Wetter und Klima – Maritim-Meteorologische Observationen beim DWD
Authors: Andersson Axel , Kleta Henry , Otten-Balaccanu Hildrun , Möller Thomas
Published: December 2021

Die Erfassung und Überwachung des Wetters und des Klimas auf den Weltmeeren hat eine lange Tradition beim Deutschen Wetterdienst (DWD) und seinen Vorgängerorganisationen in Hamburg. Seit dem 19. Jahrhundert werden auf Schiffen systematisch meteorologische und ozeanographische Informationen gesammelt, die ein detailliertes Verständnis des maritimen Wetters und des Klimas ermöglichen. Bis heute sind die meteorologischen Schiffsbeobachtungen eine wichtige Datenquelle für die Wettervorhersage und die Klimaüberwachung.

Der Deutsche Wetterdienst betreibt ein großes meteorologisches maritimes Messnetz, welches mehr als 500 Schiffe umfasst, die regelmäßig Wetterbeobachtungen auf allen Weltmeeren durchführen. Diese Schiffe beteiligen sich am internationalen Voluntary Observing Ship (VOS) Scheme und ihre Beobachtungen werden in Echtzeit über das globale Telekommunikationssystem (GTS) der WMO verbreitet. Dabei wird eine zunehmende Anzahl von Beobachtungen von automatischen Wetterstationen an Bord von Schiffen geliefert.

Neben der Nutzung für die operationelle Wettervorhersage sind die maritim-meteorologischen Observationen ein wichtiger Beitrag zu klimatologischen Archiven wie der In-situ Datenbank des maritimen Klimadatenzentrums des DWD. Diese Datenbank besteht aus qualitätskontrollierten Daten aus Echtzeit- und delayed mode Datenströmen, sowie aus einer großen Menge historischer Daten. Der Datenbestand wächst kontinuierlich durch aktuelle operationelle Dateneingänge, aber auch durch die Digitalisierung alter meteorologischer Schiffsjournale und reicht von heute bis weit zurück in das 19 Jahrhundert. Im Rahmen des internationalen Datenaustauschs über die WMO / IOC VOS Global Data Assembly Centres (GDACs) werden die maritimen Klimadaten regelmäßig in den International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set (ICOADS) integriert. Des Weiteren werden die Daten für eine Vielzahl von Klimaanwendungen verwendet, z.B. als Input für Reanalysen, für die operationelle Klimaüberwachung, klimatologische Analysen und Datenprodukte, sowie für die Kalibrierung von Satellitenbeobachtungen.
Erste Analysen, Charakterisierungen räumlich verteilter Einstrahlungsdaten gemessen mit einer fliegenden Messplattform (Quadcopter Icaros #2)
Authors: Zehner Mike , Jäkel Maik , Heigl Martin , Boschert Andreas
Published: December 2021

In 2021 wurde der Funktionsnachweis ('proof of concept') zu einer fliegenden Messplattform vorgestellt. Dazu wurde für einen Quadrocopter eine kleine Wetterstation ausgelegt und aufgebaut. Diese Wetterstation vermittelt ihre Daten in Realzeit an eine Bodenstation, die diese Daten auswertet, Reaktionen ermöglicht und die Daten in eine Datenbank schreibt. Die Drohne mit ihrem Messaufbau (Icaros #1) zeigte auf den Flugstecken befriedigende Flugeigenschaften. Der Nachweis, dass eine Datenkommunikation von der Drohne zu einer Datenbankinstanz im Internet zuverlässig und in Realzeit funktioniert, wurde erbracht. Die Testflüge zeigten, dass physikalische Messdaten den Rasterpunkten eines beflogenen Gebietes eindeutig zuordenbar sind. Identifizierte Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten wurden in einer Weiterentwicklung der fliegenden Messplattform in dem Prototypen Icaros 2 umgesetzt. Orientiert am Pollentransport bei Bienen wurde ein neuer Aufbau versucht. Das Gehäuse (leichterer 3D-Druck) und die Platinen (Verkleinerung) wurden modifiziert. Die Messplattform wurde modular konzipiert und kann auch mit weiteren Sensoren und ASI-Kameras erweitert werden. Die Flugeigenschaften verbesserten sich deutlich. Mit der Drohne steht nun eine hoch-flexible und responsive Messplattform zur Verfügung. Zunächst wurden Flugrouten in Orientierung an Cloud Motion Vektoren optimiert. Die Messflüge bei verschiedener Bewölkung erlauben erste Grafiken und Auswertungen zur räumlichen Einstrahlungsverteilung. An der Charakterisierung der räumlichen Einstrahlungsverteilung wird aktuell gearbeitet. Auf Basis der Matrizen wird die räumliche Modellierung von PV-Systemen möglich. Parallel laufen Arbeiten an Icaros #3.
Solar radiation in the cloud-free atmosphere
Authors: Wild Martin
Published: December 2021

The quantification of Earth’s solar radiation budget and its temporal changes is essential for the understanding of the genesis and evolution of climate on our planet. While the solar radiative fluxes in and out of the climate system can be accurately tracked and quantified from space by satellite programs such as CERES or SORCE, the disposition of solar energy within in the climate system is afflicted with larger uncertainties. A better quantification of the solar radiative fluxes not only under cloudy, but also under cloud-free conditions can help to reduce these uncertainties and is essential for example for the determination of cloud radiative effects or for the understanding of  temporal changes in the solar radiative components of the climate system.

We combined satellite observations of Top of Atmosphere fluxes with the information contained in surface flux observations and climate models to infer the absorption of solar radiation in the atmosphere, which we estimated at 73 Wm-2 globally under cloud-free conditions (Wild et al. 2019 Clim Dyn). The latest generation of climate models participating in CMIP6 is now able to reproduce this magnitude surprisingly well, whereas in previous climate model  generations the cloud-free atmosphere was typically too transparent for solar radiation, which stated a long-standing modelling issue (Wild 2020 Clim Dyn, Wild et al. 1995 JClim).

With respect to changes in solar fluxes, there is increasing evidence that the substantial long-term decadal variations in surface solar radiation known as dimming and brightening occur not only under all-sky, but similarly also under clear-sky conditions (Manara et al. 2016 ACP, Yang et al. 2019 JClim; Wild et al. 2021 GRL). This points to aerosol radiative effects as major factor for the explanation of this phenomenon.
Die Zukunft des Arktischen Meereises: David gegen Goliath
Authors: Notz Dirk
Published: December 2021

Der Vortrag gibt Antworten auf zwei miteinander verwobene Fragen: Wann ist das Nordpolarmeer im Sommer zum ersten Mal eisfrei? Und warum geben komplexe, gekoppelte Erdsystemmodelle auf diese Frage möglicherweise weniger zuverlässige Antworten als einfache konzeptionelle Modelle?

Motiviert werden diese Fragen von der Tatsache, dass die Ausdehnung des Arktischen Meereises in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten in atemberaubendem Tempo abgenommen hat. Im Vergleich zu frühen Satellitenmessungen in den 1970er und 1980er Jahren hat sich die Ausdehnung im Sommer inzwischen halbiert. Für die Zukunft prognostizieren Erdsystemmodelle eine weitere Abnahme der Eisbedeckung, bis hin zu einem zumindest im Sommer weitestgehend eisfreien Arktischen Ozean. Allerdings liegen die Prognosen verschiedener CMIP6 Klimamodelle weit auseinander, wann dieser Zustand erreicht sein wird – und zwar sowohl was den entsprechenden Zeitpunkt, als auch die entsprechende globale Erwärmung angeht, die den eisfreien Zustand definieren würde. Parallel zu Erdsystemmodellen wurden daher in den letzten Jahren verstärkt konzeptionelle Modelle entwickelt, die den Eisverlust anhand der zentralen Antriebsprozesse zu beschreiben versuchen.

In diesem Vortrag werde ich basierend auf diesen beiden Ansätzen die These vertreten, dass (a) die konzeptionellen Ansätze eine zuverlässigere Prognose des Arktischen Meereises geben als die Gesamtheit der Erdsystemmodelle in CMIP6 und dass (b) der Arktische Ozean bei einer Erderwärmung von 1,5 C im Vergleich zum vorindustriellen Zeitraum in manchen Sommern weitestgehend eisfrei sein dürfte.   
Gevaş ve Başkale Meslek Yüksekokulları Bitkisel ve Hayvansal Üretim Bölümü Mezunlarının İstihdam Edilme Durumlarının Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: ÇELİKYÜREK Hasan , TEMÜR Cüneyt , BALCI Haydar , SARIMURAT Mehmet Şerif
Published: December 2021

Son yıllarda Türkiye’de tarımsal mesleki eğitime ilgi azalmaktadır. Tarım ve buna bağlı olarak gıda sektörünün stratejik önemi dikkate alındığında bu durum önemli bir sorun olarak görülmelidir. Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi, Gevaş ve Başkale Meslek Yüksekokulları, Bitkisel ve Hayvansal Üretim Bölümü, 2005 ile 2019 yılları arasındaki mezun öğrencilerin istihdam durumları araştırılmıştır. Araştırmada mezunların bitirdiği programa göre istihdam edilme durumu ve çalışma koşulları değerlendirilmiştir. Buna göre ankete katılan mezun öğrencilerin %73.5'i okulu bitirdikten sonraki hedef ve beklentilerinin gerçekleşmediğini belirtmişlerdir. Mezunların %53.9’u aldıkları eğitimin mesleği sevmelerini sağladığı beyanında bulunmuşlardır. Mezunların %45.1'i alan dışında, %34,3’nün çalışmadığı, %7.8'inin mezun olduğu alanda çalıştığı ve %12.7'sinin ise okumaya devam ettiklerini beyan etmişlerdir. Bunlara rağmen okudukları programı çevrelerine tavsiye edebileceklerin oranı %58.8, etmeyeceklerin oranı ise %41.2 şeklindedir. 2017-2019 yılı mezunları diğer mezuniyet yıllarına göre daha kısa (0-3 ay) sürede iş buldukları tespit edilmiştir. Fakat bu mezuniyet grubunun büyük bir kısmı kimi nedenlerden dolayı hiç çalışmayan grubun çoğunluğunu oluşturmaktadır. 17-20 ve 33-36 yaş mezunlarının mezun olduktan sonra hedef ve beklentilerinin değiştiğini, 21-24, 25-28 ve 29-32 yaş grubu mezunlarının çoğunlukla hedef ve beklentilerinin değişmediğini ifade etmişlerdir. 37 ve üzeri yaş grubu mezunların hedef ve beklentilerinin kısmen değiştiğini ve çoğunlukla 12 ay ve üzeri sürelerde kendi alanlarında çalıştıklarını beyan etmişlerdir. Mezun olunan program bakımından Organik Tarım, Tarla Tarımı ve Bahçe Ziraatı programı mezunları çoğunlukla alan dışında ve kısa sürelerde çalıştıklarını ve aylık ücretlerinin düşük olduğunu bildirmişlerdir. Hayvansal Üretim program mezunlarının durumları ise kendi alanlarında, aylık ücretlerinin yüksek ve uzun süreler çalıştıklarını beyan etmişlerdir. Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre öğrencilerin mezun olduğu program alanında istihdam edilme oranlarının çok düşük düzeyde olduğu ve sektörün taleplerini karşılamadıkları anlaşılmaktadır. Günümüzde meslek yüksekokullarından mezun öğrencilere yüklenilen misyon maalesef işlevini tam olarak yerine getirememektedir. Bunun sonucu olarak öğrencilerin bitkisel ve hayvansal üretim bölümlerine ilgileri her geçen gün azalmaktadır.
Physical and physiological demands according to gender, playing positions, and match outcomes in youth basketball players.
Authors: Gutiérrez-Vargas Randall , Pino-Ortega José , Ugalde-Ramírez Alexis , Sánchez-Ureña Braulio , Blanco-Romero Luis , Trejos-Montoya Jose , Gutiérrez-Vargas Juan Carlos , Rojas-Valverde Daniel
Published: December 2021

This study aimed to compare physical and physiological demands in youth basketball players according to gender, playing positions, and match outcomes. 64 players (32 female and 32 male) from eight youth sub-elite basketball teams were monitored using an Ultra-Wide Band system and inertial measurement unit in three consecutive matches. The results showed some significant differences, although with magnitudes qualified as small. When the teams won, the guards covered a greater distance at 0-6 km/h than when they lost. When teams lost, the centers covered more distance at 12-18 km/h and 18-21 km/h. The winning female teams presented a lower maximal heart rate (HRmax) compared to the losing teams. The forwards of the winning teams performed greater efforts at 70-80% HRmax, while the forwards of losing teams performed more efforts at 90-95% HRmax. The greatest number of accelerations and decelerations were performed by the female guards and the male forwards. The number of jumps was higher in the male guards and forwards than in the female ones. HRmax was higher in the forwards of the female teams. Efforts at 80%-90% HRmax were higher in male centers. When the female teams won, they had a lower HRmax than when they lost. When efforts exceed 90% of HRmax the teams lost. In conclusion, despite the differences found, the effect of these contextual variables on physical and physiological demands is unclear. Nevertheless, knowing the game's requirements can help the design of training that enhances the performance of youth basketball players
Mandatory lockdown impairs performance in professional soccer players.
Authors: Peña-González Iván , Javaloyes Alejandro , Agulló Fidel , Sempere Manuel , Soler Aitor , Moya-Ramón Manuel
Published: December 2021

COVID-19 caused a total halt in sport competition during 2020. The purpose of this study was to analyze the changes between pre- and post-lockdown competitive periods in the players’ workload variables in competition. Seventeen professional football players were monitored using a WIMU PRO® inertial device throughout the 2019-20 season. Anthropometric and physical fitness were assessed with the aim to relate possible associations between these characteristics and the workload changes in the pre- and post-lockdown periods. During the lockdown, players carried out an 8-week guided self-training. There was a general decrement in the players’ physical workload demands in competition, and the parameters related to high-intensity actions as accelerations and decelerations (-8.96% [ES: 0.64] and -11.04% [ES: 0.77] respectively; p < .05), Ind HSR (-35.57% [ES: 0.92]; p = .002), HMLD (-8.58% [ES: 0.66]; p = .016), PLOAD (-7.03% [ES: 0.54]; p = .047) and Vmax (-3.80% [ES: 0.65]; p = .016) can be highlighted. The results showed high negative correlations between match workload variables prior to the lockdown and the percentage of change in these variables after the lockdown period. Individual percentages of change showed high variability in players’ changes. Individual self-training programs should be reviewed to minimize the impact of a “detraining” period in players’ physical performance during possible new lockdown periods.
¿Qué problemas tienen las chicas y los chicos en el patio de recreo?.
Authors: Zapatero Ayuso Jorge Agustín , Rocu Gómez Patricia , Ramírez Rico Elena , Blández Ángel Julia
Published: December 2021

El patio puede ser un lugar para el desarrollo del alumnado. Sin embargo, durante el recreo las chicas y los chicos encuentran diferentes problemas para el ocio y los estereotipos de género reducen las oportunidades lúdicas de chicas y algunos chicos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue conocer en profundidad los problemas del alumnado antes y después del desarrollo de una intervención coeducativa en su patio escolar desde la perspectiva de género. Se aplicaron dos grupos de discusión (con cinco y seis escolares, respectivamente) y una encuesta a 113 escolares antes de la intervención. Tras esta, se desarrollaron diez entrevistas al profesorado del centro y se recogieron 110 encuestas del alumnado. El análisis de los datos fue cualitativo, aplicándose ciclos de codificación inductiva (abierta, axial y selectiva) con Atlas.ti. Se encontraron problemas organizativos, sociales, estéticos y de materiales y espacios comunes para ambos géneros antes y después del cambio. No obstante, se obtuvieron algunas diferencias en los problemas percibidos por ambos géneros. Los chicos expresaron más preocupaciones organizativas y sociales vinculadas con las pistas polideportivas, mientras que las chicas demandaron más espacios de intimidad y descanso, así como declararon problemas con sus oportunidades de ocio y cómo se ejercía la dominancia masculina en dichas pistas.
he Relationship between External and Internal Load during Elite Pre-season Friendly Basketball Games.
Authors: Portes Ruben , Manuel Navarro Rafael , Ribas Carlos , Alonso Enrique , Jiménez Sergio L.
Published: December 2021

The aim of this study was to analyse the relationship between External Load (EL) and internal load (IL). Thirteen male basketball players competing at professional level in First Spanish Division (ACB) during six friendly games throughout the 2020/2021 preseason were monitored. The EL variables collected were movement load (ML), movement intensity (MI), box score time (BST), and total duration (TD)] while IL variables monitored were heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), training impulse (TRIMP) and time invested in five HR zones. Very large to almost perfect correlation (r= 0.77-0.91) exists between EL variables except TD. In addition, HR, TRIMP and RR present large to very large correlation (r= 0.55-0.79) with all EL variables except TD. Monitoring HR-based variables would present general information and an estimated prediction of players EL which could allow basketball practitioners to prioritize time invested players internal/external load.
Chemical composition of groundwater in the zone of slow water exchange of the Upper Pontian aquifer, Northwestern Bulgaria
Authors: Toteva Aglaida , Shanov Stefan
Published: December 2021

The Upper Pontian aquifer occupies the central part of the Lom Depression. The geological position determines its gradual dipping from the periphery to the central parts. It is one of the most water-abundant aquifers in Northwestern Bulgaria and is associated with the sands of the Archar Formation. The chemical composition of the waters is of interest and is important for the water supply in the area. The analysis of the data shows that there are regularities in the change of the water quality with aquifer depth. Significant differences in some of the hydrochemical parameters are found in the zone of slow water exchange and geological and hydrogeological explanations have been sought.
INSTILLING INDEPENDENCE THROUGH STRUCTURED ENVIRONMENT AMONG INTELLECTUALLY CHALLENGED CHILDREN
Authors: Farah Iqbal, Aen-ul-Huda
Published: December 2021

Intellectually challenged children needs lot of effort to put things together and builds meaning in order to operate well in the environment. Low cognitive abilities becomes restrictive and thus develops either dependency on the care giver or negative behaviors among children. The current study aims to evaluate the fact that whether an effective structured teaching method, based on the components of TEACCH programme for Autism Spectrum Disorder can bring the same sense of independence and positive behaviors, as with children with other intellectually challenged children or not. For this a sample of 23 intellectually challenged children with different intellectual level and diagnoses other than ASD were evaluated on few standard structured components based on TEACCH methodology, on tasks which they have already mastered when presented in practice area i.e. independent work station. The present study indicates that previously students were becoming prompt dependent but after the introduction of structured teaching, they can function well independently. Some other aspects were also being noticed which can open areas of further research.
AUGMENTING THE TEACHER EFFECTIVENESS CONSTRUCT: VOICES OF THE EFFECTIVE ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHERS FROM UNIVERSITIES IN PAKISTAN
Authors: Rahila Huma Anwar, Sajida Zaki, Natasha Memon
Published: December 2021

Educational standards around the globe and most specifically in Pakistan are put to contest with challenging standards. There is an amounting pressure on the administrators and the policymakers to furnish the educational institutes with effective teachers. This leads to rekindle probe into the ongoing debate on the qualities that contribute to teacher effectiveness. Therefore, the present research utilized mixed methods approach with an aim to explore the effective English language teachers’ (ELTs) conception about the qualities of effective ELTs. In the first quantitative phase, the survey method was used to identify effective ELTs through Self-Assessment Test (SAT) at both public and private sector higher education institutes (HEIs) of Pakistan through convenience sampling (N = 243). Based on the results of phase one, eight ELTs were selected purposefully for semi-structured interviews which were then analyzed thematically using ATLAS.ti 9.0 software. Thematic analysis of the semistructured interviews revealed nine main categories emerging under the a priori theme of perceived effective teachers. The study adds to the inconclusive definition of teacher effectiveness and bears implications for various stakeholders of the teacher education system to provide opportunities to the ELTs in order to develop such qualities as identified through this study
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF EMOTIONALLY STABLE SECONDARY SCHOOL PRINCIPALS
Authors: Syed Kamran Ali Shah, Irum Muzammil, Muqaddas Butt
Published: December 2021

This study aimed at exploring the relationship between emotionally stable school principals and their academic performance in terms of student academic achievement. A sample of 32 secondary school principals and 238 teachers working in Ffederal Ggovernment Eeducational Iinstitutions (FGEIs) was selected using a random sampling technique. Data collection was carried out using two adapted questionnaires of Eysenck Personality Inventory (1967) and Stronge (2011). SPSS (21.0) was used for data analysis. The study revealed that the majority of emotionally stable secondary school principals focus to improve the overall learning environment of the school. They are found to be positively correlated with their academic performance. The study recommends that secondary school principals should be provided proper awareness about performance standards of school principals. Principals should be encouraged to adopt positive personality traits of emotional stability.