bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Micromamíferos del Pleistoceno Medio y Pleistoceno Superior en el Valle del Jarama: yacimientos de Valdocarros y HAT (Madrid, España)
Authors: Sesé C. , Panera J. , Rubio-Jara S. , Pérez-González A.
Published: May 2011

Se realiza el estudio de los micromamíferos del yacimiento de Valdocarros, que se localiza en la uni dad de Arganda II de la Terraza Compleja de Arganda, en el valle del Jarama (Madrid), y del yacimiento de HAT, que está en la unidad de Arganda IV. Las asociaciones de micromamíferos determinadas en este trabajo en dichos yacimientos son las siguientes: en Valdocarros: erinaceomorfos: Erinaceus europaeus; soricomorfos: Crocidura aff. russula; roedores: Eliomys quercinus, Castor fiber, Apodemus sp., Cricetulus (Allocricetus) bursae, Arvicola aff. sapidus y Microtus brecciensis; y lagomorfos: Oryctolagus cuniculus; y en HAT: soricomorfos: Soricidae indet.; roedores: Eliomys quercinus, Apodemus sp., Arvi cola aff. sapidus y Microtus cf. cabrerae; y lagomorfos: cf. Oryctolagus sp. La asociación del yacimiento de Valdocarros, por su composición y por el estadio evolutivo de Microtus brecciensis, se sitúa en el Pleistoceno Medio avanzado pero no final. La presencia de Microtus cf. cabrerae en el yacimiento de HAT hace que se adscriba al Pleistoceno Superior. Ambas asociaciones indican unas condiciones paleo- ambientales de clima templado y un buen desarrollo de la cobertura vegetal con zonas boscosas y zonas abiertas con vegetación arbustiva, ribereña y praderas.
Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies Testing in a Large Cohort of Unselected Greek Patients
Authors: Tsiveriotis Konstantinos , Tsirogianni Alexandra , Pipi Elena , Soufleros Konstantinos , Papasteriades Chryssa
Published: May 2011

Objective. To retrospectively evaluate ANCA testing in a cohort of unselected Greek in- and outpatients.Methods. In 10803 consecutive serum samples, ANCA were tested by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) and ELISA. ELISA in inpatients was performed only on IIF positive sera.Results. Low prevalence (6.0%) of IIF positive samples was observed. Among these samples, 63.5% presented perinuclear (p-ANCA), 9.3% cytoplasmic (c-ANCA) and 27.2% atypical (x-ANCA) pattern. 16.1% of p-ANCA were antimyeloperoxidase (anti-MPO) positive, whereas 68.3% of c-ANCA were antiproteinase-3 (anti-PR3) positive. Only 17 IIF negative outpatients' samples were ELISA positive. ANCA-associated vasculitides (AAV), connective tissue disorders and gastrointestinal disorders represented 20.5%, 23.9%, and 21.2% of positive results, respectively. AAV patients exhibited higher rates of MPO/PR3 specificity compared to non-AAV (93.8% versus 8%).Conclusions. This first paper on Greek patients supports that screening for ANCA by IIF and confirming positive results by ELISA minimize laboratory charges without sacrificing diagnostic accuracy.
Multiple Autoimmune Propensity and B-Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma: Cause or Effect?
Authors: Koumati E. , Palassopoulou M. , Matsouka P. , Polyzos A. , Dalekos G. N. , Zachou K.
Published: May 2011

We report a case of multiple autoimmunity consisting of the presence of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA), antimitochondrial antibodies (AMAs), and antiphospholipid antibodies (APLAbs) as the presenting manifestations of an extrahepatic B-non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) in a 63-year-old woman. The patient presented with fatigue attributed to severe AIHA. Due to increased serum IgM and -GT levels, an investigation for AMA was performed, which proved positive with anti-M2 specificity. A prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) led to the determination of APLAbs (lupus anticoagulant and other APLAbs) which were also positive. Bone marrow biopsy in combination with immmunohistochemical studies established the diagnosis of lymphoplasmacytic B-NHL. Ten months later, B-NHL was in remission while AMA and APLAbs were still positive. In conclusion, we documented the coexistence of multiple autoimmune reactions together with B-NHL highlighting the possible common pathogenetic pathways of the two entities.
Peroxireduxin-4 is Over-Expressed in Colon Cancer and its Down-Regulation Leads to Apoptosis
Authors: Leydold Sandra M. , Seewald Michael , Stratowa Christian , Kaserer Klaus , Sommergruber Wolfgang , Kraut Norbert , Schweifer Norbert
Published: May 2011

The objective of this study was to gain insight into the biological basis of colon cancer progression by characterizing gene expression differences between normal colon epithelium, corresponding colorectal primary tumors and metastases. We found a close similarity in gene expression patterns between primary tumors and metastases, indicating a correlation between gene expression and morphological characteristics. PRDX4 was identified as highly expressed both in primary colon tumors and metastases, and selected for further characterization. Our study revealed that “Prdx4” (PrxIV, AOE372) shows functional similarities to other Prx family members by negatively affecting apoptosis induction in tumor cells. In addition, our study links Prdx4 with Hif-1α, a key regulatory factor of angiogenesis. Targeting Prdx4 may be an attractive approach in cancer therapy, as its inhibition is expected to lead to induction of apoptosis and blockage of Hif-1α-mediated tumor angiogenesis.
Bevacizumab for the Treatment of Recurrent Glioblastoma
Authors: Chamberlain Marc C.
Published: May 2011

Despite advances in upfront therapy, the prognosis in the great majority of patients with glioblastoma (GBM) is poor as almost all recur and result in disease-related death. Glioblastoma are highly vascularized cancers with elevated expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), the dominant mediator of angiogenesis. A compelling biologic rationale, a need for improved therapy, and positive results from studies of bevacizumab in other cancers led to the evaluation of bevacizumab in the treatment of recurrent GBM. Bevacizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that targets VEGF, has been shown to improve patient outcomes in combination with chemotherapy (most commonly irinotecan) in recurrent GBM, and on the basis of positive results in two prospective phase 2 studies, bevacizumab was granted accelerated approval by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a single agent in recurrent GBM. Bevacizumab therapy is associated with manageable, class-specific toxicity as severe treatment-related adverse events are observed in only a minority of patients. With the goal of addressing questions and controversies regarding the optimal use of bevacizumab, the objective of this review is to provide a summary of the clinical efficacy and safety data of bevacizumab in patients with recurrent GBM, the practical issues surrounding the administration of bevacizumab, and ongoing investigations of bevacizumab in managing GBM.
Distribution of Mosquitoes and Mosquito-Borne Arboviruses in Yunnan Province near the China–Myanmar–Laos Border
Authors: Wang Jinglin , Zhang Hailin , Sun Xiaohong , Fu Shihong , Wang Huanqin , Feng Yun , Wang Huanyu , Tang Qing , Liang Guo-Dong
Published: May 2011

Economic development and increased tourism in the southern region of Yunnan Province in China, adjacent to several countries in Southeast Asia, has increased the likelihood of import and export of vectors and vector-borne diseases. We report the results of surveillance of mosquitoes and mosquito-borne arboviruses along the border of China–Myanmar–Laos in 2005 and 2006, and information associating several arboviruses with infections and possibly disease in local human populations. Seventeen mosquito species representing four genera were obtained, and 14 strains of mosquito-borne viruses representing six viruses in five genera were isolated from Culex tritaeniorhynchus. In addition, IgM against Japanese encephalitis virus, Sindbis virus, Yunnan orbivirus and novel Banna virus was detected in acute-phase serum samples obtained from hospitalized patients with fever and encephalitis near the areas where the viruses were isolated. This investigation suggests that Japanese encephalitis virus, Sindbis virus, and lesser-known arboviruses circulate and may be infecting humans in the China–Myanmar–Laos border region.
Loiasis with Peripheral Nerve Involvement and Spleen Lesions
Authors: Gobbi Federico , Boussinesq Michel , Mascarello Marta , Angheben Andrea , Gobbo Maria , Rossanese Andrea , Corachán Manuel , Bisoffi Zeno
Published: May 2011

Loiasis, which is caused by the filarial nematode Loa loa, affects millions of persons living in the rainforest areas and savannah regions of central Africa. Typical manifestations are calabar swellings and the eyeworm. We report a case of loiasis with unusual clinical complications: a peripheral neuropathy and focal hypo-echogenic lesions of the spleen, which disappeared after treatment with albendazole and ivermectin. The literature reports that L. loa infection can be associated with various manifestations, some of them being serious. More information is needed to better characterize the protean manifestations of the disease in loiasis-endemic areas to evaluate the true incidence of loiasis.
Continuing Intense Malaria Transmission in Northern Uganda
Authors: Proietti Carla , Pettinato Davide D. , Kanoi Bernard N. , Ntege Edward , Crisanti Andrea , Riley Eleanor M. , Egwang Thomas G. , Drakeley Chris , Bousema Teun
Published: May 2011

Recent reports of reductions in malaria transmission in several African countries have resulted in optimism that malaria can be eliminated in parts of Africa where it is currently endemic. It is not known whether these trends are global or whether they are also present in areas where political instability has hindered effective malaria control. We determined malaria parasite carriage and age-dependent antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum antigens in cross-sectional surveys in Apac, northern Uganda that was affected by political unrest. Under-five parasite prevalence was 55.8% (115/206) by microscopy and 71.9% (41/57) by polymerase chain reaction. Plasmodium ovale alone, or as a co-infection, was detected in 8.6% (12/139) and Plasmodium malariae in 4.3% (6/139) of the infections. Age seroprevalence curves gave no indication of recent changes in malaria transmission intensity. Malaria control remains a tremendous challenge in areas that have not benefited from large-scale interventions, illustrated here by the district of Apac.
Risk Factors for Delayed Access to Specialized Care in French Guiana
Authors: Nacher Mathieu , Adriouch Leila , Adenis Antoine , Hanf Matthieu , Melle Astrid Van , Parriault Marie Claire , Calvez Mélanie , Dufour Julie , Papot Emmanuelle , Vantilcke Vincent , Couppié Pierre
Published: May 2011

The variables influencing the interval between diagnosis and effective access to specialized care were studied in a cohort of 2,661 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients in French Guiana between 1992 and 2008. Patients with a subsequent follow-up interruption were significantly more likely to have a delayed first consultation after the HIV diagnosis. Ordinal logistic regression showed that younger persons, women, and French citizens were independently associated with greater delays between the HIV diagnosis and the first specialized consultation. However, persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were less likely to have a delay between the HIV diagnosis and the first specialized consultation. Focusing on the link between the private sector and specialized health care may shorten delays and improve care and follow-up.
Schistosomiasis among Young Children in Usoma, Kenya
Authors: Verani Jennifer R. , Abudho Bernard , Montgomery Susan P. , Mwinzi Pauline N. M. , Shane Hillary L. , Butler Sara E. , Karanja Diana M. S. , Secor W. Evan
Published: May 2011

Although schistosomiasis burden is greatest among school-age children (SAC) (6–15 years of age), infection among preschool-age children (PSAC) (1–5 years), may be underestimated in endemic areas. We conducted a cross-sectional study evaluating Schistosoma mansoni infection among children 1–15 years of age in a highly endemic community in Kenya. Diagnostic tests included stool exam (Kato/Katz technique), serum testing for schistosome-specific antibodies, and urine testing for circulating cathodic antigen (CCA). Overall, 268 SAC and 216 PSAC were enrolled; prevalence increased with age, with 14% of 1 year olds and more than 90% of children > 10 years of age infected. Stool exam was more sensitive among SAC than PSAC, but performance was similar after adjusting for infection intensity (based on CCA). Schistosomiasis poses a threat to PSAC in endemic areas, and stool exam may underestimate the prevalence of infection. Control programs in such areas should consider PSAC in addition to SAC.
Plasmodium falciparum Infection during Suppressive Prophylaxis with Mefloquine Does Not Induce an Antibody Response to Merozoite Surface Protein-1(42)
Authors: Moon James E. , Deye Gregory A. , Miller Lori , Fracisco Susan , Miller R. Scott , Tosh Donna , Cummings James F. , Ohrt Colin , Magill Alan J.
Published: May 2011

A sensitive biomarker of malaria infection would obviate the need for placebo control arms in clinical trials of malaria prophylactic drugs. Antibodies to the 42-kDa fragment of merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP142) have been identified as a potential marker of malaria exposure in individuals receiving prophylaxis with mefloquine. We conducted an open-label trial to determine the sensitivity of seroconversion to MSP142, defined as a fourfold rise in enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) titer, among 23 malaria naïve volunteers receiving mefloquine prophylaxis and 6 controls after Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite challenge. All members of the control cohort but none of the mefloquine cohort developed patent parasitemia. Four of six controls but zero of the mefloquine cohort seroconverted to MSP142. We conclude that malaria infection during suppressive prophylaxis does not induce antibody response to the blood-stage antigen MSP142 in a malaria-naïve study population.
Toxoplasmic Encephalitis in an AIDS Cohort at Puerto Rico before and after Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)
Authors: Mayor Angel M. , Fernández Santos Diana M. , Dworkin Mark S. , Ríos-Olivares Eddy , Hunter-Mellado Robert F.
Published: May 2011

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) significantly reduced the toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) incidence in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. The TE incidence and mortality were evaluated in an AIDS cohort followed in Puerto Rico before, during, and after HAART implementation in the Island. Of the 2,431 AIDS studied patients 10.9% had TE diagnosis, with an incidence density that decreased from 5.9/100 person-years to 1.1/100 person-years after HAART. Cox proportional hazard analysis showed substantial mortality reduction among TE cases who received HAART. No mortality reduction was seen in those cases who received TE prophylaxis. Although this study shows a TE incidence and mortality reduction in the AIDS cohort after HAART, the incidence was higher than those reported in the United States AIDS patients. Poor TE prophylaxis compliance might explain the lack of impact of this intervention. Strengthening the diagnostic and opportune TE diagnosis and prompt initiation of HAART in susceptible patients is important to control this opportunistic infection.
Pathogenesis of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection in a Golden Hamster Model and Evaluation of Flavivirus Cross-Protective Immunity
Authors: Bosco-Lauth Angela , Mason Gary , Bowen Richard
Published: May 2011

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus endemic to Southeast Asia and surrounding Pacific Islands, and it has most recently emerged in northern Australia. JEV is closely related to West Nile virus (WNV) and St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), both endemic to the United States. In the event that JEV is introduced into the Americas, it will be important to determine whether immunity to WNV or SLEV might afford protection from infection and development of viremia in susceptible hosts. We investigated a hamster model of JEV infection and showed that a large fraction of animals infected with either a genotype I or III isolate of virus developed viremia and encephalitic lesions without clinical signs of disease. Using this model, we showed that prior infection with WNV or SLEV, vaccination using a chimeric WNV vaccine, and passive immunization with anti-JEV immune sera prevented viremia in hamsters challenged with JEV.
The Terms Occupation and Activity Over the History of Official Occupational Therapy Publications
Authors: Bauerschmidt Bree , Nelson David L.
Published: May 2011

The history of articles in the American Journal of Occupational Therapy and its predecessors reflects trends and changes in professional terminology and the thoughts underlying that terminology. In this study, we investigate use of occupation, activity, and related terms across 9 decades of occupational therapy literature from the 1920s to the 2000s. The literature for 3 years of each of the 9 decades was scanned electronically. A random numbers table was used to equalize the number of words across decades, and a computer search function was used to determine each term’s frequency of use for each decade. Results indicated that the term occupation was widely used in the 1920s but then declined until the 1980s. With a rapid increase in use in the 2000s, the term occupation actually appeared more often than it did in the 1920s. The term activity appeared infrequently in the 1920s but gained popularity from the 1930s to the 1960s. From the 1970s to the 1990s, the use of both terms was quite low. This study shows that basic occupational therapy terminology has fluctuated dramatically over time. Given the essential link between terminology and theory, these changes arguably reflect authors’ and editors’ changing viewpoints on the profession’s fundamental nature.
Randomized Controlled Pilot Study of an Occupational Time-Use Intervention for People With Serious Mental Illness
Authors: Edgelow Megan , Krupa Terry
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE. We assessed the efficacy and clinical utility of a new occupational time-use intervention, Action Over Inertia, designed to improve occupational balance and engagement among community-dwelling people with serious mental illness.

METHOD. Using a randomized controlled design, we assigned 24 participants to an intervention group or standard care group. Participants were community-dwelling people with serious mental illness receiving assertive community treatment services. Data on time use, occupational balance, and engagement were collected and compared at baseline and 12-wk posttest.

RESULTS. Eighteen participants completed the pilot study. Treatment group participants increased their occupational balance by spending an average of 47 min more per day in activity than the control group (p = .05). Differences in occupational engagement were not shown, but evidence of clinical utility was found.

CONCLUSION. This pilot study of Action Over Inertia has shown evidence of efficacy and clinical utility.
Cognitive Predictors of Life Skill Intervention Outcomes for Adults With Mental Illness at Risk for Homelessness
Authors: Helfrich Christine A. , Chan Dara V. , Sabol Peggy
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE. We investigated the effectiveness of a life skills intervention for people with mental illness who have been homeless.

METHOD. In this longitudinal outcomes study, we used Situated Learning Theory (Lave & Wenger, 1991) to provide group and individual sessions to 38 participants from two housing programs after completing baseline Allen Cognitive Level Screen–2000 (ACLS–2000; Allen Conferences, 2000) and Practical Skills Tests (PSTs). Data were analyzed using linear mixed-effects regression models.

RESULTS. The PST scores of participants with higher ACLS–2000 scores significantly increased over time (food management, p = .021; money management, p = .039; safe community participation, p = .02). Participants with lower ACLS–2000 scores demonstrated an even greater change over time.

CONCLUSION. Most participants, including those with lower ACLS–2000 scores, improved and retained life skills knowledge over time, challenging the premise that people with mental illness should be excluded from mixed-level group interventions.
Effect of a DVD Intervention on Therapists’ Mental Health Practices With Older Adults
Authors: Lysack Cathy , Lichtenberg Peter , Schneider Brooke
Published: May 2011

PURPOSE. We tested the effectiveness of an educational intervention in DVD format aimed at strengthening the mental health practices of occupational therapists working with older adults.

METHOD. The DVD intervention was tested in a pretest–posttest design. Occupational therapists (n = 30) completed a brief knowledge and attitude questionnaire; a chart review (n = 383) of therapists’ (n = 20) patients at 3 mo before and 3 mo after DVD training was also conducted.

RESULTS. Questionnaire data showed that the percentage of therapists with correct answers increased 20%–30% for 5 of the 11 knowledge items. Chart review data showed therapists spoke more often with their older patients about mood, depression, and cognitive impairment; screened more often for depression and cognitive impairment; and reported findings more often to the treatment team after training.

CONCLUSION. Educational interventions can significantly improve therapists’ mental health practice with older adults.
Level of Function at Discharge as a Predictor of Readmission Among Inpatients With Schizophrenia
Authors: Odes Hodayah , Katz Nachum , Noter Ester , Shamir Yosefa , Weizman Abraham , Valevski Avi
Published: May 2011

OBJECTIVE. We retrospectively assessed the effect of social-, cognitive-, and task-oriented functioning levels at hospital discharge on the readmission rate of patients with schizophrenia.

METHOD. We assessed the functional capability of 71 inpatients (37 men and 34 women), mean age 41.3 (standard deviation = 11.9 yr), who underwent daily occupational therapy interventions, at admission and at discharge using a comprehensive function score. We examined readmission rates up to 6.8 yr after discharge.

RESULTS. Function scores improved significantly during the hospital stay (p < .001). Patients with a higher comprehensive function score (75th percentile) at the end of the index admission had a significantly lower readmission rate (p < .05). A higher comprehensive function score (75th percentile) at discharge was a better predictor for readmission than the Brief Psychiatric Rating Score (25th percentile).

CONCLUSION. These findings demonstrate the predictive value of occupational therapy functional monitoring at discharge for risk of readmission and the importance of cognitive/functional interventions for long-lasting remission.
Best Practices for Using Median Splits, Artificial Categorization, and their Continuous Alternatives
Authors: DeCoster Jamie , Gallucci Marcello , Iselin Anne-Marie R.
Published: May 2011

Methodologists have long discussed the costs and benefits of using medians or other cut points to artificially turn continuous variables into categorical variables. The current paper attempts to provide a perspective on this literature that will be of practical use to experimental psychopathologists. After discussing the reasons that clinical researchers might use artificial categorization, we summarize the arguments both for and against this procedure. We then provide a number of specific suggestions related to the use of artificial categorization, including our thoughts on when researchers should use artificial categories, how their use can be justified, what continuous alternatives are available, and how the continuous alternatives should be used.
Using Bootstrap Estimation and the Plug-in Principle for Clinical Psychology Data
Authors: Wright Daniel B. , London Kamala , Field Andy P.
Published: May 2011

Psychologists estimate the precision of their statistics both to conduct hypothesis tests and to construct confidence intervals. The methods traditionally used for this are available only for a small set of statistics (e.g., the mean and transformations of it) and often make unrealistic assumptions about the variables' distributions. These assumptions are often particularly unrealistic in data derived from clinical samples, or when looking at groups responding at the extreme end of clinical constructs. Bootstrap estimation is a computer intensive procedure that offers a flexible and automatic alternative. The computer takes thousands of bootstrap samples from the observed data and from these bootstrap samples estimates the precision of the statistic. High-speed personal computers make the bootstrap a viable and appealing technique throughout the sciences. This article offers a tutorial on the theory and practice of applying bootstrap estimation to data from clinical samples and measures relevant to experimental psychopathology.
The reality of management development in SMEs
Authors: Coetzer Alan , Battisti Martina , Jurado Tanya , Massey Claire
Published: May 2011

The literature suggests that improving the management skills of owner-managers of SMEs contributes to their survival and growth and that there is considerable scope for further improvement in skills. However, evidence suggests that current support for management development (MD) does not meet the needs of SMEs. Nevertheless, there have been few changes on the supply side with policy makers continuously being concerned about low take-up of training. This study contributes to an understanding of how existing MD activities in SMEs can be better supported. Using Mumford's (1987) typology of MD activities to classify our interview data, findings from interviews with 25 owner-managers suggest two approaches to providing learning support: (1) incorporate structured opportunities for individual reflection and reflection within groups; and (2) address participants' concerns about training and mentoring. These findings have implications for policy makers and are timely given the current economic situation, where previous patterns of growth are being challenged and new ways of supporting MD in SMEs need to be found.
Radical and incremental entrepreneurial orientation: The effect of knowledge acquisition
Authors: Bojica Ana Maria , Fuentes Maria del Mar , Gómez-Gras José María
Published: May 2011

A firm's collaborative context can represent an important source of knowledge for sustaining its entrepreneurial outcomes. Drawing on entrepreneurship and resource-based view literature, we study how the acquisition of knowledge from inter-firm ties affects the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and performance, distinguishing between two types of knowledge, market and technological, and between two types of entrepreneurial orientation, radical and incremental. The results of the study on a sample of 203 Spanish small businesses from the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector suggest that knowledge acquisition plays different roles, depending on the type of entrepreneurial orientation developed and also on the type of knowledge exchanged. In particular, market and technological knowledge acquisition positively moderate only the relationship between radical entrepreneurial orientation and performance, while in the case of incremental entrepreneurial orientation we find only a direct positive influence of market knowledge acquisition on performance.
Social power as a means of increasing personal and organizational effectiveness: The mediating role of organizational citizenship behavior
Authors: Jain Ajay K , Giga Sabir I , Cooper Cary L
Published: May 2011

This study focuses on to explore the impact of social power on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and the role of OCB as a mediator of the relationship between social power and personal and organizational effectiveness. Data were collected by administering self rated questionnaires to male middle-level executives (N = 250) in face to face conditions from motor cycle manufacturing organisations based in northern India. The mediator analysis (by using AMOS) showed that all the fit indexes were in the acceptable range which indicates that OCBs have mediated significantly between social power and effectiveness. Other results as analyzed through multiple regression analysis showed the significant impact of social power on the dimensions of OCB and effectiveness as it was hypothesized. The study suggests the potential benefits of using positive forms of social power by supervisors as part of their managerial style in order to enhance OCBs and in turn increase personal and organizational effectiveness. This study advances the research on the concept of OCB and social power in an Indian work context.
Emission factors for open and domestic biomass burning for use in atmospheric models
Authors: Akagi S. K. , Yokelson R. J. , Wiedinmyer C. , Alvarado M. J. , Reid J. S. , Karl T. , Crounse J. D. , Wennberg P. O.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Biomass burning (BB) is the second largest source of trace gases and the largest source of primary fine carbonaceous particles in the global troposphere. Many recent BB studies have provided new emission factor (EF) measurements. This is especially true for non-methane organic compounds (NMOC), which influence secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and ozone formation. New EF should improve regional to global BB emissions estimates and therefore, the input for atmospheric models. In this work we present an up-to-date, comprehensive tabulation of EF for known pyrogenic species based on measurements made in smoke that has cooled to ambient temperature, but not yet undergone significant photochemical processing. All EFs are converted to one standard form (g compound emitted per kg dry biomass burned) using the carbon mass balance method and they are categorized into 14 fuel or vegetation types. Biomass burning terminology is defined to promote consistency. We compile a large number of measurements of biomass consumption per unit area for important fire types and summarize several recent estimates of global biomass consumption by the major types of biomass burning. Post emission processes are discussed to provide a context for the emission factor concept within overall atmospheric chemistry and also highlight the potential for rapid changes relative to the scale of some models or remote sensing products. Recent work shows that individual biomass fires emit significantly more gas-phase NMOC than previously thought and that including additional NMOC can improve photochemical model performance. A detailed global estimate suggests that BB emits at least 400 Tg yr−1 of gas-phase NMOC, which is almost 3 times larger than most previous estimates. Selected recent results (e.g. measurements of HONO and the BB tracers HCN and CH3CN) are highlighted and key areas requiring future research are briefly discussed.
Biomass burning contribution to black carbon in the western United States mountain ranges
Authors: Mao Y. , Li Q. , Zhang L. , Chen Y. , Randerson J. T. , Chen D. , Liou K.-N.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. Forest fires are an important source to carbonaceous aerosols in the western United States (WUS). We quantify the relative contribution of biomass burning to black carbon (BC) in the WUS mountain ranges by analyzing surface BC observations for 2006 from the Interagency Monitoring of PROtected Visual Environment (IMPROVE) network using the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model. Observed surface BC concentrations show broad maxima during late June to early November. Enhanced potassium concentrations and potassium/sulfur ratios observed during the high-BC events indicate a dominant biomass burning influence during the peak fire season. Model surface BC reproduces the observed day-to-day and synoptic variabilities in regions downwind of and near urban centers. Major discrepancies are found at elevated mountainous sites during the July–October when simulated BC concentrations are biased low by a factor of two. We attribute these biases largely to the underestimated and temporally misplaced biomass burning emissions of BC in the model. Additionally, we find that the biomass burning contribution to surface BC concentrations in the US likely was underestimated in a previous study using GEOS-Chem (Park et al., 2003), because of the unusually low planetary boundary layer (PBL) heights and weak precipitation in the GEOS-3 meteorological reanalysis data used to drive the model. PBL heights from GEOS-4 and GEOS-5 reanalysis data are comparable to those from the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR). Model simulations show improved agreements with the observations when driven by GEOS-5 reanalysis data, but model results are still biased low. The use of biomass burning emissions with diurnal cycle, synoptic variability, and plume injection has relatively small impact on the simulated surface BC concentrations in the WUS.
A multi-resolution assessment of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model v4.7 wet deposition estimates for 2002–2006
Authors: Appel K. W. , Foley K. M. , Bash J. O. , Pinder R. W. , Dennis R. L. , Allen D. J. , Pickering K.
Published: May 2011

Abstract. This paper examines the operational performance of the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model simulations for 2002–2006 using both 36-km and 12-km horizontal grid spacing, with a primary focus on the performance of the CMAQ model in predicting wet deposition of sulfate (SO4=), ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−). Performance of the wet deposition estimates from the model is determined by comparing CMAQ predicted concentrations to concentrations measured by the National Acid Deposition Program (NADP), specifically the National Trends Network (NTN). For SO4= wet deposition, the CMAQ model estimates were generally comparable between the 36-km and 12-km simulations for the eastern US, with the 12-km simulation giving slightly higher estimates of SO4= wet deposition than the 36-km simulation on average. The result is a slightly larger normalized mean bias (NMB) for the 12-km simulation; however both simulations had annual biases that were less than ±15 % for each of the five years. The model estimated SO4= wet deposition values improved when they were adjusted to account for biases in the model estimated precipitation. The CMAQ model underestimates NH4+ wet deposition over the eastern US, with a slightly larger underestimation in the 36-km simulation. The largest underestimations occur in the winter and spring periods, while the summer and fall have slightly smaller underestimations of NH4+ wet deposition. The underestimation in NH4+ wet deposition is likely due in part to the poor temporal and spatial representation of ammonia (NH3) emissions, particularly those emissions associated with fertilizer applications and NH3 bi-directional exchange. The model performance for estimates of NO3− wet deposition are mixed throughout the year, with the model largely underestimating NO3− wet deposition in the spring and summer in the eastern US, while the model has a relatively small bias in the fall and winter. Model estimates of NO3− wet deposition tend to be slightly lower for the 36-km simulation as compared to the 12-km simulation, particularly in the spring. The underestimation of NO3− wet deposition in the spring and summer is due in part to a lack of lightning generated NO emissions in the upper troposphere, which can be a large source of NO in the spring and summer when lightning activity is the high. CMAQ model simulations that include production of NO from lightning show a significant improvement in the NO3− wet deposition estimates in the eastern US in the summer. Overall, performance for the 36-km and 12-km CMAQ model simulations is similar for the eastern US, while for the western US the performance of the 36-km simulation is generally not as good as either eastern US simulation, which is not entire unexpected given the complex topography in the western US.
Theories and Inequalities on the Satellite System
Authors: Gao Chaobang , Wen Jiajin
Published: May 2011

We define the satellite system without any central, the satellite system with a central, and the satellite system of single point with a central. For the satellite system without any central S{Γ,ΓN}, we establish the inequality: ∮Γds∮ΓN|PQ|dsQ≤(N|Γ|3/4π2)sin⁡(2π/N). For the satellite system with a central S{O,Γ,ΓN}, we establish the following inequality under the proper hypothesis: ∮ΓMN[t](r)ds≤(|Γ|2/2π)cos⁡(π/N)(∀t∈]-∞,-2]). As an application, we get the inequalities ∮ΓρPds≥∮ΓrPds≥2|D(Γ)|, for the satellite system of single point with a central S{O,Γ,P}. For these results, there are generalized backgrounds in the fields of differential geometry and space science.
The Effects of Alcohol on Crime‐related Memories: A Field Study
Authors: van Oorsouw Kim , Merckelbach Harald
Published: May 2011

This field study investigated to what extent memory of criminally relevant details is affected at (close to) zero (MBAC = 0.00%), moderate (MBAC = 0.06%), and high (MBAC = 0.16%) levels of alcohol intoxication. Participants (N = 76) were approached in bars and were invited to watch a mock crime from a perpetrator perspective. We also measured their blood alcohol concentration levels. After 3–5 days, when participants were sober, they underwent a free and cued recall task about the mock crime. Compared with sober controls, both moderately and highly intoxicated individuals were less complete when recollecting crime details, recalling up to 33% fewer correct details. Overall, intoxicated participants were less accurate during the cued recall task (i.e. they produced more errors) relative to sober participants. These accuracy effects were dose‐dependent for cued recall of salient features. Implications for police interrogations of defendants are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian estimation of dynamic finite mixtures
Authors: Nagy I. , Suzdaleva E. , Kárný M. , Mlynářová T.
Published: May 2011

The paper introduces an algorithm for estimation of dynamic mixture models. A new feature of the proposed algorithm is the ability to consider a dynamic form not only for component models but also for the pointer model, which describes the activities of the mixture components in time. The pointer model is represented by a table of transition probabilities that stochastically control the switching between the active components in dependence on the last active one. This feature brings the mixture model closer to real multi‐modal systems. It can also serve for a prediction of the future behavior of the modeled system. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Layer‐by‐Layer Growth of Multicomponent Colloidal Crystals Over Large Areas
Authors: Singh Gurvinder , Pillai Saju , Arpanaei Ayyoob , Kingshott Peter
Published: May 2011

Self‐assembly of different sized colloidal particles into multicomponent crystals results in novel material properties compared to the properties of the individual components alone. The formation of binary and, for the first time, ternary colloidal crystals through a simple and inexpensive confined‐area evaporation‐induced layer‐by‐layer (LBL) assembly method is reported. The proposed method produces high quality multicomponent colloidal crystal films over a broad range of particle size‐ratios and large surface areas (cm2) from silica/polystyrene colloidal suspensions of low concentration. By adjusting the size‐ratio and concentration of the colloidal particles, complex crystals of tunable stoichiometries are fabricated and their structural characteristics are further confirmed with reported crystal analogues. In addition, complex structures form as a result of the interplay of the template layer effect, the surface forces exerted by the meniscus of the drying liquid, the space filling principle, and entropic forces. Thus, this LBL approach is a versatile way to grow colloidal crystals with binary, ternary, or more complex structures.
Cyclometalated N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Platinum Catalysts for the Enantioselective Cycloisomerization of Nitrogen‐Tethered 1,6‐Enynes
Authors: Jullien Hélène , Brissy Delphine , Sylvain Rémy , Retailleau Pascal , Naubron Jean‐Valère , Gladiali Serafino , Marinetti Angela
Published: May 2011

Platinum(II) complexes which combine six‐membered N‐heterocyclic carbene‐containing metallacyclic units and monodentate chiral phosphines have been prepared. The key step of their synthesis is the intramolecular oxidative addition of N‐2‐iodobenzylimidazolylidene‐platinum(0)‐diene complexes in the presence of the chiral phosphorus ligands. The platinum(II) metallacycles have been used as well‐defined pre‐catalysts for the enantioselective cycloisomerization of nitrogen‐tethered 1,6‐enynes into 3‐azabicyclo[4.1.0]hept‐4‐enes. High enantiomeric excesses have been obtained with either Monophos or phenyl‐Binepine based catalysts (ees=82–96%), although phenyl‐Binepine outperforms Monophos in these reactions. The absolute configuration of the final 3‐azabicyclo[4.1.0.]heptenes has been established by X‐ray diffraction studies. The method has been extended then to the cycloisomerization of dienynes with enantiotopic vinyl groups. An (S)‐phenyl‐Binepine‐platinum(II) complex allows total diastereoselectivity and high enantioselectivity levels to be attained in these reactions (ees up to 95%) which represent the first enantioselective desymetrizations achieved via enyne cycloisomerizations.
A Copper(II) Triflate‐Catalyzed Tandem Friedel–Crafts Alkylation/Cyclization Process towards Dihydroindenes
Authors: Zhang Yugen , Chen Liwei , Lu Ting
Published: May 2011

A one‐pot synthesis of dihydroindenes from substituted benzenes and haloalkenes was developed. The reaction proceeded via a copper(II) triflate [Cu(OTf)2]‐catalyzed tandem Friedel–Crafts alkylation/cyclization process with high efficiency under relatively mild conditions.
Enzymatic Synthesis of α‐Glucosides of Resveratrol with Surfactant Activity
Authors: Torres Pamela , Poveda Ana , Jimenez‐Barbero Jesus , Parra Jose Luis , Comelles Francesc , Ballesteros Antonio O. , Plou Francisco J.
Published: May 2011

We report the synthesis of a series of α‐glucosyl derivatives of resveratrol (3,5,4′‐trihydroxystilbene) by a transglycosylation reaction catalyzed by the enzyme cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) using starch as glucosyl donor. Several reaction parameters (temperature, solvent composition, enzyme concentration and starch/resveratrol ratio) were optimized. The yield of α‐glucosylated products reached 50% in 24 h. The structures of the derivatives were determined by a combination of amyloglucosidase‐hydrolysis tests, MS and 2D‐NMR. Three families of products were obtained: glucosylated at 3‐OH, at 4′‐OH and at both 3‐OH and 4′‐OH. The bonds between glucoses were basically α(1→4). Interestingly, the water solubilities of the α‐glucosylated derivatives were at least 65‐ and 5‐fold higher than those of resveratrol and the natural β‐glucosylated derivative (piceid), respectively. In contrast with piceid, the synthesized α‐glucosylated compounds exhibited surfactant activity, with critical micelle concentration (CMC) values in the range 0.5–3.6 mM. Although the incorporation of a glucosyl moiety caused a loss of antioxidant activity (more pronounced in the position 3‐OH compared with 4′‐OH), the fact that the glycosides need to be converted into the aglycones before they are absorbed minimizes such an effect. In contrast, the modification of physicochemical properties such as solubility and partition coefficient by glycosylation could exert a positive influence on the bioavailability of resveratrol.
Brief communication: Oxygen isotopes as a biomarker for sickle‐cell disease? Results from transgenic mice expressing human hemoglobin S genes
Authors: Reitsema Laurie J. , Crews Douglas E.
Published: May 2011

The origins of sickle‐cell disease (SCD) are well understood, as are its evolutionary pressures on humans and pathological presentation. However, because it has not been possible to identify SCD in archaeological contexts, its biocultural effects on past populations are unknown. Previous research investigating oxygen isotope fractionation during respiration among anemics suggests that oxygen isotopes in bone apatite may provide a biological marker for SCD in skeletal remains. This pilot study reports δ18O ratios in bone apatite of transgenic laboratory mice expressing human SCD globins and compares them to healthy control mice. The δ18O ratios of sick mice are significantly lower than those of healthy mice (−5.6‰ vs. −4.5‰; P = 0.002), and the sickest mice exhibit the lowest ratios of all (mean δ18O = −5.8‰). These preliminary results suggest that this method may be usefully applied to skeletal materials of past human populations whose diets and water sources do not differ substantially. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Secular changes in craniofacial morphology of the portuguese using geometric morphometrics
Authors: Weisensee Katherine E. , Jantz Richard L.
Published: May 2011

This study examines patterns of secular change in cranial morphology in the New Lisbon collection, a documented skeletal collection from Lisbon, Portugal with birth years from 1806 to 1954. This period represents a time when Lisbon was undergoing increased urbanization and population growth, as well as changes in mortality and fertility patterns. Previous studies from the U.S., Europe, and Japan have reported significant secular changes in cranial morphology over the past 200 years. In the current study, secular changes were analyzed using three‐dimensional geometric morphometrics methods. The results from this study demonstrate a significant change in cranial morphology over the roughly 150‐year period. Allometry was rejected as a causal factor of this change because there was no association found between temporal change and size. The pattern of temporal change is similar to that observed in other populations in the U.S., Europe, and Japan, including decreased facial breadth and a more inferiorly placed cranial base. This study, along with previous research, suggests a similar pattern of change occurs in genetically and geographically diverse populations experiencing modern environmental conditions. We argue that because the secular changes are focused in the cranial base, a region of the skull that experiences a relatively early growth curve, changes related to declines in childhood morbidity and mortality are likely important factors related to the observed changes. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.