bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Causes and consequences of spatial variation in sex ratios in a declining bird species
Authors: Morrison Catriona A. , Robinson Robert A. , Clark Jacquie A. , Gill Jennifer A.
Published: July 2016

Male‐biased sex ratios occur in many bird species, particularly in those with small or declining populations, but the causes of these skews and their consequences for local population demography are rarely known. Within‐species variation in sex ratios can help to identify the demographic and behavioural processes associated with such biases.

Small populations may be more likely to have skewed sex ratios if sex differences in survival, recruitment or dispersal vary with local abundance. Analyses of species with highly variable local abundances can help to identify these mechanisms and the implications for spatial variation in demography. Many migratory bird species are currently undergoing rapid and severe declines in abundance in parts of their breeding ranges and thus have sufficient spatial variation in abundance to explore the extent of sex ratio biases, their causes and implications.

Using national‐scale bird ringing data for one such species (willow warbler, Phylloscopus trochilus), we show that sex ratios vary greatly across Britain and that male‐biased sites are more frequent in areas of low abundance, which are now widespread across much of south and east England. These sex ratio biases are sufficient to impact local productivity, as the relative number of juveniles caught at survey sites declines significantly with increasing sex ratio skew.

Sex differences in survival could influence this sex ratio variation, but we find little evidence for sex differences in survival increasing with sex ratio skew. In addition, sex ratios have become male‐biased over the last two decades, but there are no such trends in adult survival rates for males or females. This suggests that lower female recruitment into low abundance sites is contributing to these skews.

These findings suggest that male‐biased sex ratios in small and declining populations can arise through local‐scale sex differences in survival and dispersal, with females recruiting disproportionately into larger populations. Given the high level of spatial variation in population declines and abundance of many migratory bird species across Europe at present, male‐biased small populations may be increasingly common. As singing males are the primary records used in surveys of these species, and as unpaired males often sing throughout the breeding season, local sex ratio biases could also be masking the true extent of these population declines.
The aesthetic appeal of assistive technology and the economic value baby boomers place on it: A pilot study
Authors: de Jonge Desleigh , Aplin Tammy , Larkin Stephen , Ainsworth Elizabeth
Published: July 2016

Background

This pilot study aimed to understand the importance of assistive technology (AT) aesthetics on the intention to purchase, using grab rails as the example. Furthermore, the study explored the economic value consumers placed on aesthetic appeal.

Method

Structured interviews were conducted with 25 participants, nine female, mean age 59; where seven grab rails were presented and feedback obtained on the level of appeal and ‘willingness to pay’. Responses to open‐ended and fixed response questions were transcribed by the interviewer during the interview and a qualitative content analysis conducted.

Results

Positive and negative terms in relation to aesthetics were used to describe appealing and unappealing grab rails; however, all grab rails were felt to have negative aesthetic aspects by at least five participants. Physical design and finish emerged as the two main themes regarding the appeal of the grab rail designs. Participants’ ‘willingness‐to‐pay’ for appealing options was mixed, with both over and under valuations. The most likely grab rails to be purchased were considered both appealing and cost effective by participants.

Conclusion

Aesthetic appeal plays an important role in acceptance and uptake of AT. Designers and manufacturers should be encouraged to provide appealing options as the study has shown consumers prefer aesthetically appealing grab rails. However, the challenge is creating more appealing designs, without increasing cost as consumers seem to not want to pay more for them. Furthermore, clinicians need to acknowledge the importance of aesthetics when recommending interventions and be familiar with a range of options to provide clients with more choice.
‘Equivalent numbers’ for species, phylogenetic or functional diversity in a nested hierarchy of multiple scales
Authors: Pavoine Sandrine , Marcon Eric , Ricotta Carlo
Published: July 2016

Many recent studies have searched to integrate species’ functions and phylogenies in the measurement of biodiversity. To obtain easily interpretable measures, some researchers recommended diversity indices expressed in terms of equivalent numbers of species: the number of equally likely and maximally dissimilar species needed to produce the given value of diversity. Then, biodiversity is often calculated at three scales: within communities (α diversity), among communities (β diversity) and in a region (γ diversity). These three scales are, however, insufficient to tackle the organization of biodiversity in space because, for most organisms, there is a nested hierarchy of multiple scales characterized by different patterns and processes, from the small neighbourhood to the biosphere.

We developed methodologies for analysing species, functional, taxonomic or phylogenetic diversity in a hierarchy of multiple scales using equivalent numbers of species. As an example, we analysed the taxonomic and functional diversity of macroinvertebrate assemblages in the Loire River, France, at four levels: within sites (α diversity), among sites within geological regions (β1 diversity), among geological regions (β2 diversity) and at the river scale (γ diversity). The new hierarchical approaches of biodiversity revealed very low differences among sites within regions and among regions in terms of taxonomy and functional traits (size and diet), despite moderate, significant species turnover among geological regions.

We compare our framework with those other authors have developed. We argue that different definitions of α, β, γ diversities are used in the literature reflecting different points of view on biodiversity. We make recommendations on how to normalize functional (or phylogenetic) dissimilarities among species to render sites and regions comparable, and discuss the pros and cons of our approach.

The hierarchical approaches of biodiversity in terms of ‘equivalent numbers’ respond to current demands to obtain intuitive, easily interpretable components of biodiversity. The approaches we propose go beyond current developments by considering a hierarchy of spatial scales and unbalanced sampling design. They will provide powerful tools to detect the ecological and evolutionary processes that act differently at different scales.
Effects of Heavy Drinking on T‐Cell Phenotypes Consistent with Immunosenescence in Untreated HIV Infection
Authors: So‐Armah Kaku A. , Edelman E. Jennifer , Cheng Debbie M. , Doyle Margaret F. , Patts Gregory J. , Gnatienko Natalia , Krupitsky Evgeny M. , Samet Jeffrey H. , Freiberg Matthew S.
Published: July 2016

Background

The role of alcohol consumption in HIV‐related adaptive immune dysfunction is debated. We hypothesized that heavy drinking would be associated with greater evidence of immunosenescence (i.e., aging‐related decline of adaptive immune function) among antiretroviral therapy (ART)‐naïve HIV‐infected individuals.

Methods

Using data from the Russia ARCH cohort study, we conducted a cross‐sectional analysis of ART‐naïve HIV‐infected individuals recruited between 2012 and 2014. Independent variable: Heavy drinking defined as >4 standard drinks in a day (or >14 standard drinks per week) for men and >3 per day (or >7 per week) for women, respectively. Dependent variables: Percentage of CD8+ and CD4+ T‐cells with a phenotype consistent with immunosenescence (i.e., expressing CD28− CD57+, or memory [CD45RO+ CD45RA+] phenotype and not the naïve [CD45RO− CD45RA+] phenotype). Statistical analysis: Multiple linear regression adjusted for confounders.

Results

Of 214 eligible participants, 61% were heavy drinkers. Mean age was 33 years and the cohort was predominantly male (72%). Hepatitis C prevalence was high (87%) and mean log10 HIV‐1 RNA copies/ml was 4.6. We found no significant differences by drinking status in the percentage of immunosenescent, memory, or naïve CD8+ or CD4+ T‐cells.

Conclusions

In this cross‐sectional analysis, heavy drinking in the setting of untreated HIV infection did not appear to be associated with alterations in T‐cell phenotypes consistent with immunosenescence. To substantiate these findings, longitudinal studies should assess whether changes in alcohol consumption are associated with changes in these and other immunosenescent T‐cell phenotypes.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa identified as a key pathogen in hospitalised children with aspiration pneumonia and a high aspiration risk
Authors: Ashkenazi‐Hoffnung Liat , Ari Anne , Bilavsky Efraim , Scheuerman Oded , Amir Jacob , Prais Dario
Published: July 2016

Aim

Data on the causative pathogens and optimal empirical therapy of aspiration pneumonia in children are limited. This study sought to describe the bacteriology of aspiration pneumonia in hospitalised children with a high aspiration risk.

Methods

Respiratory tract specimens were prospectively collected using the induced sputum technique from children with a high aspiration risk who were hospitalised for aspiration pneumonia in a tertiary paediatric medical centre from 2009 to 2014. Clinical, microbiological and treatment data were recorded and analysed for each admission.

Results

The cohort comprised 50 children with 235 hospital admissions. Of the 183 respiratory tract cultures performed, 110 were positive for bacteria, with 169 isolates, mostly Gram‐negative. The most common Gram‐negative pathogen was Pseudomonas aeruginosa. If patients had Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolation, the risk of them having the pathogen again was 81%. The multivariate analysis showed that the use of antibiotic prophylaxis and number of hospitalisations were significantly associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolation.

Conclusion

Gram‐negative bacilli, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were the major causative agents of paediatric aspiration pneumonia in our study. Empiric antipseudomonas treatment should be considered, particularly in patients who are receiving antibiotic prophylaxis, have experienced recurrent hospitalisations or with previous respiratory cultures that showed Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolation.
Mobile devices, learning and clinical workplaces: Medical student use of smartphones in Parisian hospitals
Authors: Phelps Megan , Scott Karen M. , Chauffeté‐Manillier Martine , Lenne Frédéric , Le Jeunne Claire
Published: July 2016

Mobile devices are ubiquitous worldwide, including in hospitals. “Just in time” learning provided by these devices is important for students. We investigated current use of, and learning with, smartphones and other mobile devices by medical students in Parisian hospitals. A survey with quantitative and qualitative items previously used with students from an Australian medical school was translated to French and adapted. The voluntary survey was delivered online to Université Paris Descartes students. A total 854 medical students from across the final 5 years of the program completed the survey. The mean age was 22 years and 90% identified as French, matching the demographic pattern of the student body. Of 976 devices used by these students, 43% were iPhones and 32% another smartphone. Students accessed the Internet regularly or often, more for medically relevant than unrelated information—49% versus 16.5%. Almost half of respondents reported never accessing social media during clinical placements. Students agreed they used mobile devices for improving learning, knowledge and skills, but less for timetabling and communication. Reactions of supervisors, patients and families were concerning. Only 3.3% of respondents did not use a mobile device in clinical settings. These findings have implications for Francophone and all health professional schools.
Explaining Constrains Causal Learning in Childhood
Authors: Walker Caren M. , Lombrozo Tania , Williams Joseph J. , Rafferty Anna N. , Gopnik Alison
Published: July 2016

Three experiments investigate how self‐generated explanation influences children's causal learning. Five‐year‐olds (N = 114) observed data consistent with two hypotheses and were prompted toexplainor toreporteach observation. In Study 1, when making novel generalizations, explainers were more likely to favor the hypothesis that accounted for more observations. In Study 2, explainers favored a hypothesis that was consistent with prior knowledge. Study 3 pitted a hypothesis that accounted for more observations against a hypothesis consistent with prior knowledge. Explainers were more likely to base generalizations on prior knowledge. Findings suggest that attempts to explain drive children to evaluate hypotheses using features of “good” explanations, or those supporting generalizations with broad scope, as informed by children's prior knowledge and observations.
IgE‐associated food allergy alters the presentation of paediatric eosinophilic esophagitis
Authors: Pelz B. J. , Wechsler J. B. , Amsden K. , Johnson K. , Singh A. M. , Wershil B. K. , Kagalwalla A. F. , Bryce P. J.
Published: July 2016

Background

Links between food allergens and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) have been established, but the interplay between EoE‐ and IgE‐associated immediate hypersensitivity to foods remains unclear.

Objective

We sought to determine the prevalence of IgE‐associated food allergy at the time of diagnosis of EoE in children and to determine whether differences existed in presentation and disease compared to subjects with EoE alone.

Methods

Eosinophilic esophagitis patients were stratified based on the diagnosis of IgE‐associated immediate hypersensitivity (EoE + IH vs. EoE−IH). Clinical, histologic, pathologic, and endoscopic differences were investigated using a retrospective database.

Results

We found that 29% of the 198 EoE patients in our cohort had EoE + IH. These subjects presented at a younger age than those without IH (6.05 vs. 8.09 years, P = 0.013) and were more likely to have comorbid allergic disease. Surprisingly, the EoE + IH group presented with significantly different clinical symptoms, with increased dysphagia, gagging, cough, and poor appetite compared to their counterparts in the EoE−IH group. Male gender, allergic rhinitis, the presence of dysphagia, and younger age were independently associated with having EoE + IH. Specific IgE levels to common EoE‐associated foods were higher in EoE + IH, regardless of eliciting immediate hypersensitivity symptoms. In contrast, IgE levels for specific foods triggering EoE were relatively lower in both the groups than IgE levels for immediate reactions.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Immediate hypersensitivity is common in children with EoE and identifies a population of EoE patients with distinct clinical characteristics. Our study describes a subtype of EoE in which IgE‐mediated food allergy may impact the presentation of paediatric EoE.
Stereotactic Administration of Edaravone Ameliorates Collagenase‐Induced Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Rat
Authors: Zhang Yan , Yang Yang , Zhang Guang‐Zhu , Gao Mou , Ge Guang‐Zhi , Wang Qin‐Qin , Ji Xin‐Chao , Sun Yi‐Lin , Zhang Hong‐Tian , Xu Ru‐Xiang
Published: July 2016

Background

Edaravone is widely used for treating ischemic stroke, but it is not still confirmed in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) as an ideal medication targeting the brain parenchyma. We aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of stereotactic administration of edaravone (SI) into the brain parenchyma.

Methods

Intracerebral hemorrhage rat models were established by infusion of collagenase into the caudate nucleus. Neural functional recovery was assessed using modified neurological severity scores (mNSS). A comparative study of therapeutic effects between SI and intraperitoneal injection of edaravone (IP) involved in cerebral edema, blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability, hematoma absorption, inflammatory response and neuronal apoptosis.

Results

Compared with IP, the mNSS was significantly (P < 0.05) improved by SI; cerebral edema and BBB permeability were dramatically ameliorated (P < 0.05); IL‐4 and IL‐10 levels increased, but IL‐1β and TNF‐α levels significantly decreased; neuron apoptosis decreased markedly (P < 0.05); and caspase‐3 and Bax expression significantly dropped, but Bcl‐2 increased in SI group (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

SI markedly improved neurological deficits in ICH rat models via antiinflammatory and antiapoptosis mechanisms and promoted M2‐type microglia differentiation. SI was effective in rats with collagenase‐induced ICH.
Effect of tartrazine dye on micellisation of cationic surfactants: conductometric, spectrophotometric, and tensiometric studies
Authors: Ali Anwar , Uzair Sahar , Farooq Ummer , Ali Maroof
Published: July 2016

The interactions between anionic dye (tartrazine) and cationic surfactants (dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) have been studied by conductometric, spectrophotometric, and tensiometric techniques. The conductance and surface tension of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in pure water as well as in aqueous tartrazine when plotted with surfactant concentration gave values of the critical micelle concentration at different temperatures. As well as increasing the length of the carbon chain of surfactants, the presence of tartrazine reduces the critical micelle concentration. From specific conductivity data, the counterion dissociation constant, standard free energy, enthalpy, entropy of micellisation, surface excess concentration, surface tension at critical micelle concentration, minimum area per molecule, surface pressure at critical micelle concentration, and Gibbs energy of adsorption were evaluated. Spectroscopic studies reveal that the binding of dye to micelles brings a bathochromic shift in dye absorption spectra that indicates dye–surfactant interaction.
EGFR mutation testing using archival‐stained smears in non‐small cell lung carcinoma
Authors: Ozluk Y. , Firat P. , Yegen G. , Hocaoglu J. , Tas S. , Yilmazbayhan D.
Published: July 2016

Objective

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have shown benefits regarding progression‐free and overall survival in patients whose tumours show EGFR mutations. Most patients’ lung cancer is metastatic when detected. Small tissue samples and cytological materials are widely used in diagnosis. The aim of the present study was to compare the EGFR mutation analysis results between cytology, small biopsies and resections.

Methods

Archival material for EGFR testing was reviewed. Cell blocks and/or stained smears and tissue blocks were used where appropriate. The tumour cell count and percentage were recorded as well as the DNA content. The influence of TTF‐1 immunoreactivity on EGFR testing was also investigated.

Results

The study cohort included 300 unpaired specimens of 84 resections, 83 small biopsies and 133 cytological materials. EGFR mutation rates did not differ significantly for cytology, small biopsy and resections (P > 0.05). The higher tumour cell percentage in FNAs than in exfoliative cytology did not affect the EGFR mutation status. EGFR mutation rates were similar when either slides or cell blocks were used. Cytology slides revealed a higher tumour cell content and DNA concentration than the cell blocks. May‐Grünwald–Giemsa (MGG)‐stained smears had higher rates of the EGFR mutation than the Papanicolaou (Pap)‐stained slides (P < 0.05). Tumours with negative immunoreactivity for TTF‐1 are less likely to have an EGFR mutation (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Cytological materials can be used successfully for mutation analysis in lung cancer.
“Listening Silence” and Its Discursive Effects
Authors: Applebaum Barbara
Published: July 2016

While researchers have studied how white silence protects white innocence and white ignorance, in this essay Barbara Applebaum explores a form of white silence that she refers to as “listening silence” in which silence protects white innocence but does not necessarily promote resistance to learning. White listening silence can appear to be a constructive pedagogical tool for teaching white students about their implication in the perpetuation of racism. The truth of white students' listening may make it seem as if silence promotes what George Yancy refers to as “tarrying” with a critique of whiteness. Applebaum argues, however, that white listening silence is itself a manifestation of complicity and needs to be disrupted. This examination expands discussions of white silence in the scholarship not by providing a formula for when silence is or is not pedagogically necessary, but rather by demonstrating that listening silence is not a form of “tarrying.” The first section examines the unique features of listening silence and the relationship between silence, ignorance, and innocence. The second section critically examines white listening silence in cross‐cultural dialogues and draws upon the work of Linda Martin Alcoff to argue that listening silence must be understood within the discursive context in which it is practiced. Finally, three implications of this emphasis on the discursive context for the role of silence in tarrying with the critique of whiteness are discussed.
Unique set of copulatory organs in mantises: Concealed female genital opening and extremely asymmetric male genitalia
Authors: Hashimoto Kosei , Suzuki Koh , Hayashi Fumio
Published: July 2016

Several insects exhibit strong asymmetry in male genital shape, but the functions of this asymmetry is unknown. In the four species of the family Mantidae belonging to the genera Tenodera, Statilia and Hierodula, male genitalia consist of a more complex left‐side lobe, with two well‐pointed sclerotized processes, the apical process (paa) and the distal process (pda). Female genitalia are symmetric, and the genital opening (gonopore) is concealed by placement of the ovipositor (ovi) into the subgenital plate (sgp). Mating with experimental males, in which either paa or pda was cut, demonstrated that paa is essential for successful copulation. By fluorescence detection of the surface of females mated with males in which the paa was coated with fine fluorescent beads, the paa attachment site was determined to be the left edge of the female sgp. This finding suggests that copulation begins with exposure of the female gonopore by the male hooking the paa to the sgp and unfastening the ovi from the sgp, as associated with other parts of the male genitalia. The extremely asymmetric male genitalia also determine their mating posture. The male, mounting the female, bends his abdomen from the right side of his mate to attach his paa to her sgp. We found no antisymmetry in male genitalia, and never observed reversal (leftward) abdominal bending by the males. This was the fixed mating posture, even in virgin males, suggesting its innateness.
Identifying recommendation opportunities for computer‐supported collaborative environments
Authors: Lobo Jesus L. , Santos Olga C. , Boticario Jesus G. , Del Ser Javier
Published: July 2016

Collaborative indicators derived from participants' interactions can be used to support and improve their collaborative behaviour. In this research, we focus on automatically identifying recommendation opportunities in the Collaborative Logical Framework from participants' interactions. Different information sources have been considered: (a) statistical collaborative indicators; (b) social interactions; (c) opinions received by the participants via ratings; and (d) users' affective state and personality. The recommendations have been elicited considering the generality and transferability of the participants' interactions provided by the Collaborative Logical Framework. As a result, three scenarios have been identified that lead us to propose meaningful grouping suggestions and recommendations, which ultimately aimed to ground an informed personalized support to the participants in intensive collaborative frameworks.
Senti‐CS: Building a lexical resource for sentiment analysis using subjective feature selection and normalized Chi‐Square‐based feature weight generation
Authors: Khan Farhan Hassan , Qamar Usman , Bashir Saba
Published: July 2016

Sentiment analysis involves the detection of sentiment content of text using natural language processing. Natural language processing is a very challenging task due to syntactic ambiguities, named entity recognition, use of slangs, jargons, sarcasm, abbreviations and contextual sensitivity. Sentiment analysis can be performed using supervised as well as unsupervised approaches. As the amount of data grows, unsupervised approaches become vital as they cut down on the learning time and the requirements for availability of a labelled dataset. Sentiment lexicons provide an easy application of unsupervised algorithms for text classification. SentiWordNet is a lexical resource widely employed by many researchers for sentiment analysis and polarity classification. However, the reported performance levels need improvement. The proposed research is focused on raising the performance of SentiWordNet3.0 by using it as a labelled corpus to build another sentiment lexicon, named Senti‐CS. The part of speech information, usage based ranks and sentiment scores are used to calculate Chi‐Square‐based feature weight for each unique subjective term/part‐of‐speech pair extracted from SentiWordNet3.0. This weight is then normalized in a range of −1 to +1 using min–max normalization. Senti‐CS based sentiment analysis framework is presented and applied on a large dataset of 50000 movie reviews. These results are then compared with baseline SentiWordNet, Mutual Information and Information Gain techniques. State of the art comparison is performed for the Cornell movie review dataset. The analyses of results indicate that the proposed approach outperforms state‐of‐the‐art classifiers.
Chromium isotopic composition of core‐top planktonic foraminifera
Authors: Wang X. L. , Planavsky N. J. , Hull P. M. , Tripati A. E. , Zou H. J. , Elder L. , Henehan M.
Published: July 2016

The chromium isotope system (53Cr/52Cr expressed as δ53Cr relative to NIST SRM 979) is potentially a powerful proxy for the redox state of the ocean–atmosphere system, but a lack of temporally continuous, well‐calibrated archives has limited its application to date. Marine carbonates could potentially serve as a common and continuous Cr isotope archive. Here, we present the first evaluation of planktonic foraminiferal calcite as an archive of seawater δ53Cr. We show that single foraminiferal species from globally distributed core tops yielded variable δ53Cr, ranging from 0.1‰ to 2.5‰. These values do not match with the existing measurements of seawater δ53Cr. Further, within a single core‐top, species with similar water column distributions (i.e., depth habitats) yielded variable δ53Cr values. In addition, mixed layer and thermocline species do not consistently exhibit decreasing trends in δ53Cr as expected based on current understanding of Cr cycling in the ocean. These observations suggest that either seawater δ53Cr is more heterogeneous than previously thought or that there is significant and species‐dependent Cr isotope fractionation during foraminiferal calcification. Given that the δ53Cr variability is comparable to that observed in geological samples throughout Earth's history, interpreting planktonic foraminiferal δ53Cr without calibrating modern foraminifera further, and without additional seawater measurements, would lead to erroneous conclusions. Our core‐top survey clearly indicates that planktonic foraminifera are not a straightforward δ53Cr archive and should not be used to study marine redox evolution without additional study. It likewise cautions against the use of δ53Cr in bulk carbonate or other biogenic archives pending further work on vital effects and the geographic heterogeneity of the Cr isotope composition of seawater.
Hydrological regulation drives regime shifts: evidence from paleolimnology and ecosystem modeling of a large shallow Chinese lake
Authors: Kong Xiangzhen , He Qishuang , Yang Bin , He Wei , Xu Fuliu , Janssen Annette B. G. , Kuiper Jan J. , van Gerven Luuk P. A. , Qin Ning , Jiang Yujiao , Liu Wenxiu , Yang Chen , Bai Zelin , Zhang Min , Kong Fanxiang , Janse Jan H. , Mooij Wolf M.
Published: July 2016

Quantitative evidence of sudden shifts in ecological structure and function in large shallow lakes is rare, even though they provide essential benefits to society. Such ‘regime shifts’ can be driven by human activities which degrade ecological stability including water level control (WLC) and nutrient loading. Interactions between WLC and nutrient loading on the long‐term dynamics of shallow lake ecosystems are, however, often overlooked and largely underestimated, which has hampered the effectiveness of lake management. Here, we focus on a large shallow lake (Lake Chaohu) located in one of the most densely populated areas in China, the lower Yangtze River floodplain, which has undergone both WLC and increasing nutrient loading over the last several decades. We applied a novel methodology that combines consistent evidence from both paleolimnological records and ecosystem modeling to overcome the hurdle of data insufficiency and to unravel the drivers and underlying mechanisms in ecosystem dynamics. We identified the occurrence of two regime shifts: one in 1963, characterized by the abrupt disappearance of submerged vegetation, and another around 1980, with strong algal blooms being observed thereafter. Using model scenarios, we further disentangled the roles of WLC and nutrient loading, showing that the 1963 shift was predominantly triggered by WLC, whereas the shift ca. 1980 was attributed to aggravated nutrient loading. Our analysis also shows interactions between these two stressors. Compared to the dynamics driven by nutrient loading alone, WLC reduced the critical P loading and resulted in earlier disappearance of submerged vegetation and emergence of algal blooms by approximately 26 and 10 years, respectively. Overall, our study reveals the significant role of hydrological regulation in driving shallow lake ecosystem dynamics, and it highlights the urgency of using multi‐objective management criteria that includes ecological sustainability perspectives when implementing hydrological regulation for aquatic ecosystems around the globe.
Foreword: Special Issue in Honor of Reinhard Selten’s 85th Birthday
Authors: Keser Claudia , Gaudeul Alexia
Published: July 2016

We summarize the career of Reinhard Selten, who received the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1994. We underline his contributions to several domains of the theory of games, to the study of bounded rationality and to the methodology of experimental economics. We finally present the papers in this special issue in honor of his 85th birthday.
Identifying and integrating patient and caregiver perspectives for clinical practice guidelines on the screening and management of infectious microorganisms in hemodialysis units
Authors: Miller Hilary M. , Tong Allison , Tunnicliffe David J. , Campbell Denise , Pinter Jule , Commons Robert J. , Athan Eugene , Craig Jonathan C. , Gilroy Nicole , Green Julianne , Henderson Belinda , Howell Martin , Stuart Rhonda L. , van Eps Carolyn , Wong Muh Geot , de Zoysa Janak , Jardine Meg J.
Published: July 2016

Introduction: The integration of patient and caregiver input into guideline development can help to ensure that clinical care addresses patient expectations, priorities, and needs. We aimed to identify topics and outcomes salient to patients and caregivers for inclusion in the Kidney Health Australia Caring for Australasians with Renal Impairment (KHA‐CARI) clinical practice guideline on the screening and management of infectious microorganisms in hemodialysis units.

Methods: A facilitated workshop was conducted with 11 participants (patients [n = 8], caregivers [n = 3]). Participants identified and discussed potential topics for inclusion in the guidelines, which were compared to those developed by the guideline working group. The workshop transcript was thematically analyzed to identify and describe the reasons underpinning their priorities.

Findings: Patients and caregivers identified a range of topics already covered by the scope of the proposed guidelines and also suggested additional topics: privacy and confidentiality, psychosocial care during/after disease notification, quality of transportation, psychosocial treatment of patients in isolation, patient/caregiver education and engagement, and patient advocacy. Five themes characterized discussion and underpinned their choices: shock and vulnerability, burden of isolation, fear of infection, respect for privacy and confidentiality, and confusion over procedural inconsistencies.

Discussion: Patients and caregivers emphasized the need for guidelines to address patient education and engagement, and the psychosocial implications of communication and provision of care in the context of infectious microorganisms in hemodialysis units. Integrating patient and caregiver perspectives can help to improve the relevance of guidelines to enhance quality of care, patient experiences, and health and psychosocial outcomes.
Imiquimod in dermatology: an overview
Authors: Hanna Edith , Abadi Rami , Abbas Ossama
Published: July 2016

Imiquimod is an immune response modifier commercially available as a 3.75 and 5% cream. Topical imiquimod stimulates the innate and adaptive immune responses and induces cytokine production. This allows its use for the treatment of a wide variety of benign and malignant skin conditions due to its potential antiviral, antitumor, and immunoregulatory effects. Currently, topical imiquimod is US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved for the treatment of anogenital warts, actinic keratosis, and superficial basal cell carcinomas. However, it has also shown a beneficial effect in the treatment of many other skin disorders. In this review, we describe existing evidence on the mechanism of action of topical imiquimod, its FDA‐approved indications, off‐label uses, and side effects.
A smoking cessation programme for current and recent ex‐smokers following diagnosis of a potentially curable cancer
Authors: Ong J. , Plueckhahn I. , Cruickshank D. , Churilov L. , Mileshkin L.
Published: July 2016

Background

Cancer patients who quit smoking have improved survival rates. The time of diagnosis provides a ‘teachable moment’ when healthcare providers can offer smoking‐cessation treatment.

Aims

To assess the impact on quit rates of a tailored smoking‐cessation intervention for patients diagnosed with a potentially curable cancer.

Methods

A prospective, one‐arm cohort study of current smokers and recent quitters (<30 days) who had commenced treatment for a potentially curable cancer was performed. Intervention involved an initial motivational interview, regular follow up and pharmacotherapy when appropriate. Quit rates were measured at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months by self‐reported abstinence and biochemical confirmation. The primary end point was prolonged abstinence at 12 months. Changes in quality of life parameters and distress were also assessed.

Results

Seventy‐one patients were recruited, with a median age of 56 years. Forty‐one patients (58%) had a smoking‐related cancer. The prolonged abstinence rate at 12 months was 24% (95% confidence interval 14–36%). Factors associated with successful quitting included being in the preparation or action phase of readiness to change at study entry (P = 0.012) and having complications of treatment requiring hospitalisation (P = 0.024). Between baseline and 12 months, quitters reported improvement in self‐control (P < 0.001) and reduced levels of distress (P = 0.03) compared to non‐quitters.

Conclusion

Patients who continue to smoke after being diagnosed with cancer require intensive support to quit. An individualised behavioural and pharmacological intervention can be successful in helping patients quit smoking, with quality of life improvements seen amongst successful quitters. Population measures to stop people starting smoking remain essential.
Engagement of distinct epitopes on CD43 induces different co‐stimulatory pathways in human T cells
Authors: Modak Madhura , Majdic Otto , Cejka Petra , Jutz Sabrina , Puck Alexander , Gerwien Jens G. , Steinberger Peter , Zlabinger Gerhard J. , Strobl Herbert , Stöckl Johannes
Published: July 2016

Co‐receptors, being either co‐stimulatory or co‐inhibitory, play a pivotal role in T‐cell immunity. Several studies have indicated that CD43, one of the abundant T‐cell surface glycoproteins, acts not only as a potent co‐receptor but also as a negative regulator for T‐cell activation. Here we demonstrate that co‐stimulation of human peripheral blood (PB) T cells through two distinct CD43 epitopes recognized by monoclonal antibodies (mAb) CD43‐6E5 (T6E5‐act) and CD43‐10G7 (T10G7‐act) potently induced T‐cell proliferation. However, T‐cell co‐stimulation through two CD43 epitopes differentially regulated activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) transcription factors, T‐cell cytokine production and effector function. T6E5‐act produced high levels of interleukin‐22 (IL‐22) and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) similar to T cells activated via CD28 (TCD28‐act), whereas T10G7‐act produced low levels of inflammatory cytokines but higher levels of regulatory cytokines transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) and interleukin‐35 (IL‐35). Compared with T6E5‐act or to TCD28‐act, T10G7‐act performed poorly in response to re‐stimulation and further acquired a T‐cell suppressive function. T10G7‐act did not directly inhibit proliferation of responder T cells, but formed stable heterotypic clusters with dendritic cells (DC) via CD2 to constrain activation of responder T cells. Together, our data demonstrate that CD43 is a unique and polarizing regulator of T‐cell function.
Low‐Temperature Synthesis of Aluminum Nitride from Transition Alumina by Microwave Processing
Authors: Chikami Hideaki , Fukushima Jun , Hayashi Yamato , Takizawa Hirotsugu
Published: July 2016

Aluminum nitride (AlN) was synthesized by carbothermal reduction and nitridation method from a mixture of various transition alumina powders and carbon black using 2.45 GHz microwave irradiation in N2atmosphere. We achieved the synthesis of AlN at 1300–1400°C using 2.45 GHz microwave irradiation for 60 min. Our results suggest that θ‐Al2O3is more easily nitrided than γ‐, δ‐, and α‐Al2O3. On the other hand, nitridation ratio of samples synthesized in a conventional furnace under nitrogen atmosphere were zero or very low. These results show that 2.45 GHz microwave irradiation enhanced the reduction and nitridation reaction of alumina.
Science of Selection: Social Technologies in the Norwegian Educational and Vocational Fields 1910–1940
Authors: Feiring Marte
Published: July 2016

This article analyses how applied psychology redefined societies' views on abilities and disabilities during the early twentieth century. It studies the making of this new knowledge as two interrelated processes: first, the experimental laboratory developments of scientific knowledge, and second, the translation of quantitative techniques for measuring intelligence and aptitudes into real‐life situations for political reasons. The two unified processes ‘scientification’ and ‘politicisation’ point to how abilities and aptitudes were redefined due to scientific and political authorities and interests. This article aims to give a critical overview of the international innovations of applied psychology analysed as ‘social technologies’, and how these technologies transformed the Norwegian educational and vocational systems. The main empirical sources are seminal professional and political texts.
Imagination in Action
Authors: Dorstewitz Philipp
Published: July 2016

Recent interest in phenomena of simulation, pretense, and play has given rise to new philosophical debates on the basic structure of human action and action planning. Some philosophers sought to transform Hume's desire‐belief‐action model by sophisticating its basic structure. For example, they introduced “hypothetical world boxes” or imaginary “i‐desires” and “i‐beliefs” into the standard model, in order to account for the representational and motivational structures of imaginary scripts. Others used phenomena of behavior driven by imagination to attempt a more fundamental critique of the Humean tradition. This article aims to show how the pragmatist tradition could be used as a resource in reframing current debates on imagination, pretense, and simulation in the cognitive sciences. This will help determine the role of imagination in intelligent human deliberation.
Abduction by Philosophers: Reorienting Philosophical Methodology
Authors: Andow James
Published: July 2016

A reorientation is needed in methodological debate about the role of intuitions in philosophy. Methodological debate has lost sight of the reason why it makes sense to focus on questions about intuitions when thinking about the methods or epistemology of philosophy. The problem is an approach to methodology that focuses almost exclusively on questions about some evidential role that intuitions may or may not play in philosophers’ arguments. A new approach is needed. Approaching methodological questions about the role of intuitions in philosophy with an abductive model of philosophical inquiry in mind will help ensure the debate doesn't lose sight of what motivates the debate.
Freedom and Disability Rights: Dependence, Independence, and Interdependence
Authors: Bostad Inga , Hanisch Halvor
Published: July 2016

The increasing focus on disability rights—as found, for instance, in the U.N. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD)—challenges philosophical imaginaries. This article broadens the philosophical imaginary of freedom by exploring the relation of dependence, independence, and interdependence in the lives of people with disabilities. It argues (1) that traditional concepts of freedom are rather insensitive to difference within humanity, and (2) that the lives of people with severe disabilities challenge philosophers to argue and conceptualize freedom not only as independence and interdependence but also as dependence. After tracing this need through a Hegelian understanding, via Julia Kristeva's work on disability, and finally the CRPD, it concludes that a unified solution might not be possible. Hence, it argues that disability issues necessitate philosophical modesty.
Two new varieties of Kuepferia pringlei (Gentianaceae) from Sikkim Himalaya
Authors: Maity Debabrata , Dey Sentu K. , Favre Adrien
Published: July 2016

Two new varieties of Kuepferia pringlei D. Maity & S. K. Dey from north Sikkim (eastern Himalaya) are described, illustrated, and compared with closely related taxa of similar morphology. Details on its habitat, phenology and conservation status are provided. These previously undescribed varieties are most similar to, but distinct from, typical K. pringlei D. Maity & S. K. Dey, known from the eastern Himalaya. Both new taxa are compared with K. leucantha (Harry Sm. ex T.N. Ho & S.W. Liu) Adr.Favre.
Leaf‐level photosynthetic capacity in lowland Amazonian and high‐elevation Andean tropical moist forests of Peru
Authors: Bahar Nur H. A. , Ishida F. Yoko , Weerasinghe Lasantha K. , Guerrieri Rossella , O'Sullivan Odhran S. , Bloomfield Keith J. , Asner Gregory P. , Martin Roberta E. , Lloyd Jon , Malhi Yadvinder , Phillips Oliver L. , Meir Patrick , Salinas Norma , Cosio Eric G. , Domingues Tomas F. , Quesada Carlos A. , Sinca Felipe , Escudero Vega Alberto , Zuloaga Ccorimanya Paola P. , del Aguila‐Pasquel Jhon , Quispe Huaypar Katherine , Cuba Torres Israel , Butrón Loayza Rosalbina , Pelaez Tapia Yulina , Huaman Ovalle Judit , Long Benedict M. , Evans John R. , Atkin Owen K.
Published: July 2016

We examined whether variations in photosynthetic capacity are linked to variations in the environment and/or associated leaf traits for tropical moist forests (TMFs) in the Andes/western Amazon regions of Peru.

We compared photosynthetic capacity (maximal rate of carboxylation of Rubisco (Vcmax), and the maximum rate of electron transport (Jmax)), leaf mass, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) per unit leaf area (Ma, Na and Pa, respectively), and chlorophyll from 210 species at 18 field sites along a 3300‐m elevation gradient. Western blots were used to quantify the abundance of the CO2‐fixing enzyme Rubisco.

Area‐ and N‐based rates of photosynthetic capacity at 25°C were higher in upland than lowland TMFs, underpinned by greater investment of N in photosynthesis in high‐elevation trees. Soil [P] and leaf Pa were key explanatory factors for models of area‐based Vcmax and Jmax but did not account for variations in photosynthetic N‐use efficiency. At any given Na and Pa, the fraction of N allocated to photosynthesis was higher in upland than lowland species. For a small subset of lowland TMF trees examined, a substantial fraction of Rubisco was inactive.

These results highlight the importance of soil‐ and leaf‐P in defining the photosynthetic capacity of TMFs, with variations in N allocation and Rubisco activation state further influencing photosynthetic rates and N‐use efficiency of these critically important forests.
Gastroesophageal reflux disease: recent advances and its association with sleep
Authors: Oh Jung Hwan
Published: July 2016

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is prevalent in Asia as well as in Western countries. Sleep disturbance and breathing disorders during sleep are becoming increasingly prevalent, and they are commonly associated with GERD. The relationship between GERD and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is still questionable, and it has expanded to include Barrett's esophagus. Nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux (nGER) symptoms might be clinically important in the explanation of this association. The therapy for reflux symptoms has resulted in improved subjective sleep parameters and enhanced sleep quality, thus supporting a direct relationship between GERD and sleep disturbance. This review discusses the epidemiology of sleep disturbances in GERD patients; the causative relationship between GERD and OSA, even though it remains an area of controversy; and the possible role of nGER in sleep problems. It also provides an update on the current state of knowledge linking GERD and sleep.
Benzodiazepine‐refractory status epilepticus: pathophysiology and principles of treatment
Authors: Niquet Jerome , Baldwin Roger , Suchomelova Lucie , Lumley Lucille , Naylor David , Eavey Roland , Wasterlain Claude G.
Published: July 2016

Cholinergic status epilepticus (CSE) quickly becomes self‐sustaining, independent of its initial trigger, and resistant to benzodiazepines and other antiepileptic drugs. We review a few of the many physiological changes associated with CSE, with an emphasis on receptor trafficking. Time‐dependent internalization of synaptic γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptors explains, in part, the loss of inhibition and the loss of response to benzodiazepines in the early stages of CSE. The increase in N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptors may contribute to the runaway excitation and excitotoxicity of CSE. These changes have therapeutic implications. The time‐dependent increase in maladaptive changes points to the importance of early treatment. The involvement of both inhibitory and excitatory systems challenges current therapeutic guidelines, which recommend treating only one system, and questions the rationale for monotherapy. It suggests that polytherapy may be needed, especially when treatment is delayed, so that drugs can only reach a much reduced number of GABAA receptors. Finally, it raises the possibility that the current practice of waiting for one treatment to fail before starting the next drug may need to be reevaluated.