bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lxxx: Edmond Glesener
Authors: Woodbridge Benjamin Mather
Published: February 2007

Glesener is a realist, as uncompromising as the limits of art allow, a humorist, a satirist, a psychologist, a stylist of the classic tradition—and, above all, a fascinating story-teller. Keen observers of human nature are rarely optimists, and Glesener has been branded as a cynic. Such a charge will not bear close examination, although he wields at times a vitriolic pen; the matter and the tone of his books vary with the characters he has under observation, and the unbiased reader is seldom conscious of any parti-pris. His realism is concentrated on the study of humanity; descriptions are generally short and included only in so far as they serve directly to provoke sentiment or action. Like Stendhal—one of his masters—“il ne veut point, par des moyens factices, fasciner l‘âme du lecteur.” His biographer remarks with much acumen: “Glesener ne narrait point parce qu'il avait vu un paysage digne d‘être peuplé de personnages plus ou moins fictifs; il a devant les yeux des êtres vivants, il en étudie le mécanisme intérieur.” His intellectual interest in all types of men around him is the best guarantee of his sincerity; cynicism, for him, would lie in the falsification of what he has seen. The rôle of the artist is to communicate, still more to interpret boldly and dramatically what his experience of life has taught him and what may have escaped others. Here humour is indispensable. Glesener is richly endowed with it, implicit and explicit; it serves as a leaven to his rather sombre view of life and gives a balance that recalls the classic manner. He has sought a similar effect in his style, choosing sober directness rather than color. “J'ai surtout étudié les écrivains dont la langue, vigoureusement membrée, montrait l'ossature de la phrase sous le revêtement des mots,” he writes; occasionally he relishes a parody of bombastic, flowery Alexandrianism. It seems idle to attempt to trace direct influences in his work. He has made no secret of his youthful cult of Flaubert among others; I shall recall on occasion, by way of illustration, books more widely read in America than are his, but there can be no question of direct borrowing: his vigorous originality stands unquestioned. By mastery of plot which holds his audience and by unostentatious psychological acumen, he is in the first rank. His characters are revealed by action; substituting for commentary a plan more in harmony with his objective method, he frequently conceives them in antithetical pairs; thus one serves as foil to the other. Glesener declares that he has never consciously sought these contrasts, and it is easy to believe him: all his actors seem introduced for their intrinsic interest as well as for their contribution to the whole.
XXVIII. Christabel Sources in Percy's Reliques and the Gothic Romance
Authors: Tuttle Donald Reuel
Published: February 2007

Students of poetry have long regretted that John Livingston Lowes did not include in his remarkable The Road to Xanadu a study of Christabel. It would have been only fitting for the story of the origin of this poem to have appeared side by side with those of Kubla Khan and The Ancient Mariner. Professor Lowes thus explained the omission:

I have not included “Christabel,” for the reason that “Christabel” has failed completely to include itself. Wherever the mysterious tracts from which it rose may lie, they are off the road which leads to “The Ancient Mariner” and “Kubla Khan.” And we are following only where known facts lead. I wish I did know in what distant deeps or skies the secret lurks; but the elusive clue is yet to capture.
XXX. Realismus und Tragik in Hebbels Dramen
Authors: Henel Heinrich
Published: February 2007

Friedrich Hebbel, nächst Ibsen der grösste Dramatiker der germanischen Welt im 19. Jahrhundert, ist oft der Dramatiker des Realismus genannt worden. Nun ist es bezeichnend, dass Edna Purdie in ihrem Buch über Hebbel sich jeder geistesgeschichtlichen oder stilgeschichtlichen Einordnung von Hebbels Werk enthält und vor allem Wort und Begriff des Realismus meidet. Vielleicht mit Recht, wenn man bedenkt, wie sehr das Wort missbraucht und wie schillernd der Begriff geworden ist. Aber gerade bei Hebbel Hesse sich zu einer Vertiefung des Begriffes durchstossen, wenn man nämlich Realismus nicht als einen äusserlich-stilistischen Terminus fasst, der ein Mehr oder Minder an Tatsachenfreude, an Detail der Umweltschilderung bezeichnet, sondern unter Realismus eine prinzipiell bejahende Haltung zu den Realitäten des Lebens versteht.
XXXII. Mrs. Gaskell in France 1849–1890
Authors: Hopkins Annette B.
Published: February 2007

François Beslay observes in le Correspondant, in 1863:

Il s'établit, depuis quelques années, un échange curieux entre la littérature anglaise et la nôtre. Les romans français, à peine imprimés, passent le détroit, sont traduits en anglais et reçus avec un faveur fanatique dans les trois royaumes. … La littérature anglaise nous rend ce qu'elle nous emprunte: depuis quelques années, un nombre prodigieux de romans anglais ont été publiés en France: Dickens et Thakeray [sic] sont presque aussi connus de ce côté-ci du détroit que de l'autre … en ce moment même, l'attention publique est éprouvée par un débordement de littérature britannique.
XXXIII. Irish Poets of Today And Blake
Authors: Jameson Grace
Published: February 2007

There is a belief current among Irish people but not accepted by critics that William Blake was of immediate Irish descent. This belief may explain the special appeal of Blake to Irishmen. A more probable explanation of Blake's appeal to the Irish lies in the interest of Irish people in symbolic and philosophical writing. In any event both George William Russell, or A E as he was known, and William Butler Yeats discovered in Blake a kindred spirit.
A Manuscript Imitation of Tansillo's Lagrime di San Pietro
Authors: Fucilla Joseph G.
Published: February 2007

The “Cartapacio de Francisco Morán de Estrella formado en Toro hacia 1585,” constituting part of the Poesías varias, M 531, a manuscript in the library of the Royal Palace at Madrid, contains (on folios 142–146) El llanto de San Pedro traducido por Sancho Viezma, octavas. In spite of the use of the word traducido the poem is not a translation of Tansillo's Lagrime di San Pietro and only partly is it an imitation. The term may have been employed by the scribe under an erroneous impression that it was a translation, or may have been loosely employed to stand for imitation or derivation, a procedure not uncommon at the time.
Science and Invention in Greene's Prose
Authors: Allen Don Cameron
Published: February 2007

Of all the Euphuists, Robert Greene was the one most fascinated by the rhetorical possibilities provided for literature by science. Similes and allusions drawn from the storehouse of natural history appear on almost every page of his work. One counts references to more than thirty animals, forty minerals and precious stones, fifteen reptiles, thirty birds, fifteen fish, twenty trees, fifteen insects, and sixty herbs in the corpus of his prose romances. The number of his allusions must total almost a thousand—a staggering mass of material for such a mercurial mind to retain. What is the origin of all this learning?
Light on Molière in 1664 from Le Second Registre de La Thorillière
Authors: Schwartz William Leonard
Published: February 2007

Molière's career as an actor-manager would be largely a matter of conjecture today but for the preservation of four account books now in the archives of the Comédie-Française. Of these documents, the two earliest have been published in extenso; first, the “Registre de La Grange” entitled Extraict des Receptes et des Affaires de la Comédie depuis Pasques de l'année 1659, appartenant au Srde La Grange, l'un des Comédiens du Roy, with a biographical notice by Édouard Thierry, published by the Comédie-Française in 1876; and secondly, Le Premier Registre de La Thorilliére (1663–64), published in 1890 in an edition of 340 copies in the Nouvelle Collection Moliéresque of D. Jouaust, with preface and notes by Georges Monval, archivist of the Comédie-Française in 1878 and librarian in 1885. I assume that Monval intended to publish the two account books remaining in the archives of his theater, known traditionally as the Second Registre de La Thorilliére (1664–65), and the Registre d'Hubert (1672–73), for Monval announced the former as in press in 1890, and in 1897 it was still advertised as in preparation. However, Damase Jouaust, Monval's publisher, died in 1893, and his successor, the Flammarion firm, only completed the publication of a series of plays by Molière edited by Vitu and Monval. The last volume of this edition, Monval's Chronologie Moliéresque, appeared in 1897.
To Splendora
Authors: McClung Evans Willa
Published: February 2007

Splendora may have been unworthy of the praise or censure of her contemporaries; she may not deserve ours. Yet the series of poems addressed to her and here transcribed from contemporary manuscripts reveal that her cheeks bloomed as rosily, her eyes burned as brightly, her lips flamed with as brilliant a scarlet as those of Amarantha, Lucasta, Sacharissa, and other beauties of established literary distinction.
Walton's Lives and Gillman's Life of Coleridge
Authors: McElderry B. R.
Published: February 2007

James Gillman's Life of Coleridge may be called the first and the official biography. Allsop's and Cottle's volumes, which preceded it, were fragmentary and miscellaneous; and although Gillman's death in 1839 left the work incomplete, bringing the story of Coleridge down only to about 1817, it was not superseded for fifty years. It was necessarily a main source for Traill, Brandl, and Caine, who wrote their accounts in the 1880's; for Leslie Stephen in his sketch for the D.N.B., written in 1887; and for Campbell in his “Biographical Introduction,” of 1893, which still remains the fullest and best treatment. Gillman's Life is now little read, but it has had important influence on our conception of Coleridge. It is therefore worth while to consider what Gillman did—and what he did not do.
British Criticism of Daudet, 1872–97
Authors: Favreau Alphonse R.
Published: February 2007

Frequently it has been said that, of all the Naturalists, Alphonse Daudet was the most kindly received in England. Such a statement tends to place emphasis on the very element of Daudet's work which English critics did not favor during his lifetime—namely, Naturalism. It is the purpose of this study to trace the sentiments of British reviewers and critics in the literary periodicals from 1872 to 1897 towards the works of Daudet and to show that there Daudet's naturalistic qualities hindered rather than aided his reception. Daudet possessed other distinctive qualities which were in accord with English literature of the period —qualities which saved his works from the fate of other French novels of the time. Yet Daudet did not immediately acquire a kindly public abroad. If his early works, including the Tartarin, had at first created little stir in France, in English reviews before 1874 but one solitary mention of them was made, though these same works were later to become Daudet's most widely read books across the channel.
The Problem of Age-Groups: A Statistical Approach
Authors: Schumann Detlev W.
Published: February 2007

In a previous article I criticized at some length the various approaches to the problem of cultural generations or age-groups in German thought from Goethe to the present day. As pointed out there, it was Wilhelm Dilthey who really developed this concept as a methodological principle. In this connection he once recommended the application of statistical methods to literary research. In spite of the great amount that has otherwise, particularly in recent years, been written on the subject in Germany, this suggestion of Dilthey's has never been followed up. To be sure, some authors, e.g. Hans von Müller, have given us long and laboriously compiled catalogues of authors listed according to their birth dates and on that basis periodized in age-groups. But neither the selection of names nor the dividing lines between the groups are based on any objective principle. Müller imposes a self-devised system of periodization on a self-selected list of representative writers. Nor is such subjectivity limited to this particular case. The entire methodological idea of age-groups based on birth dates has therefore widely fallen into disrepute as an unsound subjective fantasy. In my above-mentioned paper I expressed the hope of enhancing the validity of the age-group principle by trying to establish a truly objective basis. This problem had first presented itself to me in connection with studies in very recent German “Geistesgeschichte” and had led me to a statistical approach even before I was aware of Dilthey's demand for such.
The Countess of Pembroke's Editorship of the Arcadia
Authors: Rowe Kenneth Thorpe
Published: February 2007

The known facts of the several versions of the Arcadia have been presented many times. Briefly, the original version was widely circulated in manuscript but never printed. Sidney commenced an elaborate revision, which was left unfinished at his death in 1586. In 1590 the revised portion was published, superintended, without much doubt, by Fulke Greville. In 1593 appeared a new edition, supervised by Mary, Countess of Pembroke, which consisted of the revised portion with the addition of the third, fourth, and fifth books from the earlier manuscript version to complete the story.
Burke and Dodsley's Annual Register
Authors: Copeland Thomas W.
Published: February 2007

There is nothing surprising in finding that a part of Edmund Burke's life still remains obscure. With the exception of his political activities within the walls of the House of Commons, almost all of his life is obscure. Such simple vital facts as the date of his birth, the place of his marriage, even the exact place of his burial, are still subjects of doubt. (See N. & Q.,clxxii, 441; 6th ser., v, 274 f.; cxlix, 80).) Almost nothing is known about his first ten years in London. Mr. Dixon Wecter's recent article entitled “The Missing Years in Edmund Burke's Biog-graphy,” PMLA (December, 1938), shows clearly how little is yet known about this period. There are uncertainties as to the times of writing, dates of publication, and even the authorship of works generally considered his. There are uncertainties as to the part he may have taken in several works ascribed to other people. There is a most embarrassing mystery surrounding the sources of his income. Indeed, almost anywhere one looks in his private life, there is some element of mystery.
Men's Literary Circles in Paris 1610–1660
Authors: de Boer Josephine
Published: February 2007

Although there is no doubt that the French Academy grew out of the meetings at Conrart's home, the fact that its origin has been claimed by two or three other groups shows the widespread vogue of these gatherings at the time of its foundation in 1634. Their importance is manifest in all the satires, poems, and novels of the time—such as Francion (1623), Le Berger Extravagant (1627), and Camus, Bishop of Belley's Alcime (1625). Consciously modeled on that of Baïf, these académies seem to have flourished in unbroken succession since the days of the Pléiade.
Réalisme and Kindred Words: Their Use as Terms of Literary Criticism in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Borgerhoff E. B. O.
Published: February 2007

In the Intermédiaire des chercheurs et des curieux for April 10, 1876 (ix, cols. 196, 197) we read the following query by “Comte de Noverba” under the heading Réalisme:

Je croyais que ce mot était de création très-récente, et qu'il avait pris naissance lorsque parurent les premiers romans de MM. Champfleury et Gustave Flaubert. C'est là une erreur; je le trouve employé dans le sens que nous lui attribuons aujourd'hui, dès le 8 Décembre 1835 par M. F. T. C. en plein Charivari. A propos d'un roman de M. Lottin de Laval [a writer of historical novels] l'auteur dit: “Entre le Scylla du réalisme et le Charybde de l'idéalisme, il sera bien difficile à son Robert le Magnifique de glisser sans encombre.” Ce néologisme a-t-il été employé avant la date que je viens de citer?
Italian-Rumanian Long Forms as Against Spanish and French Short Forms
Authors: Cross Ephraim
Published: February 2007

The purpose of this paper is to indicate that the clear and definite tendency of popular Latin speech of all periods to force out unaccented vocalic phonemes, particularly in the interior of words, had a continued existence from earliest times up to the separate development of the Romance languages, and that the divarication of Eastern and Western Romance rests on obstructions interposed in greater part after Latin had ceased to be a living language. While some Latin and Romance scholars have observed elements that call into question the exactness of the orthodox statement of conditions, we nevertheless have been confronted with no clear, unequivocal exposition of the actual situation and no accumulation of evidence that would challenge the correctness of the accepted account.
Spenser's View and Essex
Authors: Gottfried Rudolf B.
Published: February 2007

William Cliff Martin in his paper “The Date and Purpose of Spenser's Veue” interprets Spenser's View of the Present State of Ireland as intended to be a subtle and timely compliment to that newest and most powerful of Elizabeth's favorites, the Earl of Essex.
Nature and Imagination in Wordsworth's Meditation Upon Mt. Snowdon
Authors: Stallknecht Newton P.
Published: February 2007

For Wordsworth imagination is the link between the visible and the invisible world. Esthetic enjoyment of things visible seems at times to bring the very life of the invisible before us. The more freely we plunge into the beauty of Nature, the more palpable becomes the Spirit of Nature. The grounds for such a belief are mystical and sheerly intuitive: we may not hope to reproduce them in argument. We can trace, however, the ways by which Wordsworth tried to describe such experience and to make it communicable. Throughout, he seems certain that in the apprehension of beauty, the human soul is never isolated, but is in contact with a spiritual urgency, which is the origin of beauty. On the other hand, the agony of Coleridge's Ancient Mariner, his utter loneliness of spirit, is in diametric opposition to any love or enjoyment of Nature. Here the mind is closed to any communion or inspiration. It is also without imaginative enjoyment. The Mariner's release from such isolation depends upon the reawakening of his esthetic sensitiveness. In this essay, we shall consider the relation which seems to pertain in Wordsworth's thought between imagination and our awareness of Nature as a mind or spirit. We shall find that for Wordsworth, the boundaries of the finite soul are not final but seem to expand or almost to disappear in the perception of beauty.
Swinburne's Mature Standards of Criticism
Authors: Child Ruth C.
Published: February 2007

From the standpoint of his literary criticism, we may say that Swinburne's mature period began in the year 1867, after his defense of the Poems and Ballads, when he turned to an absorbing interest in the freedom of Italy, and began to write poems of fervent patriotism. This inevitably led him away from his intransigeant defense of art for art's sake, which had played so large a part in the Blake, and had helped to shape all his main criticism through Poems and Reviews, in 1866.
Nietzsche's Religious Development as a Student at the University of Bonn
Authors: Bluhm Heinz
Published: February 2007

Nietszche's most famous work, Also sprach Zarathustra, is still one of the most baffling books in modern philosophical literature. It presents such a complete revaluation of all established religious values that any new light thrown on the religious development of its author is sure to be welcomed. There can be little doubt that the man who gave the world what he thought and many others still think to be a New Gospel must have lived an unusually rich religious life. It is only natural that anyone vitally interested in the unconventional religious views of the mature Nietzsche should feel constrained to inquire into their origin and early stages of evolution. Now one of the most remarkable facts about Nietzsche is that, thanks to the foresight of his sister, more records of his early intellectual development have been preserved than of any other writer of comparable significance. Thus far, however, even detailed books on Nietzsche, including the most painstaking of them all, Charles Andler's six volumes entitled Nietzsche, sa vie et sa pensée, have failed to give an adequate analysis of his early religious development. This serious gap in scholarship concerning Nietzsche was due in part to the non-existence of an edition of Nietzsche's complete works. The recent publication of the first three volumes of the Historisch-kritische Gesamtausgabe of Nietzsche's works allows us, for the first time, to trace as fully as we may hope to trace, Nietzsche's religious development from his early boyhood to the end of his student days.
Racine's Andromaque: A Study of Source
Authors: Dagley Cynthia R.
Published: February 2007

For the past two hundred years critics have been observing and commenting upon the resemblance of Racine's Andromaque to Corneille's Pertharite. It was in 1764 that the first vigorous assertion of this similarity was made:

Il me paraît prouvé que Racine a puisé toute l'ordonnance de sa tragédie d‘Andromaque dans ce second acte de Pertharite. Dès la première scène vous voyez Edüige qui est avec son Garibalde précisément dans la même situation qu’ Hermione avec Oreste. Elle est abandonnée par un Grimoald comme Hermione par Pyrrhus; et si Grimoald aime sa prisonnière Rodelinde, Pyrrhus aime Andromaque, sa captive.
La Bruyère and Mrs. Crackenthorpe's Female Tatler
Authors: Anderson Paul Bunyan
Published: February 2007

In 1709 on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, days not already taken for the publication of The Tatler, its pugnacious rival, The Female Tatler, by Mrs. Crackenthorpe, a Lady that knows every thing, appeared regularly for fifty issues with Mrs. Delariviere Manley as its editor and chief contributor. Mrs. Crackenthorpe's journalism reads like so much copy for the printer, turned out hastily against the time of going to press. It has the freshness and crudity of gossip. Nourished on “intelligence” and dealing in personalities, local color, and realistic detail, it treats the everyday life and occupations of Queen Anne's England with coarse pungency and colloquial vigor. It presupposes in author and in readers a competent knowledge of the compact eighteenth-century English world both of London and the more important country towns.
Goethe und die Politik
Authors: Sethur Frederick S.
Published: February 2007

Der Expansionstrieb des sozialen Subjekts führt notwendigerweise zum “Gewahrwerden der äussern Begrenztheit”; auf Handlung als Wirkung folgt die Gegenwirkung, “es sei nun, dass Liebe uns zu fördern suche, oder Hass uns zu hindern wisse.” Was das Individuum in seinem Entfaltungstrieb beeinträchtigt, erscheint ihm als Willkür der Umwelt, was es verstandesgemäss auf eine Ursache nicht zurückführen kann, als Zufall. Es lehnt sich gegen diese äussere Willkür auf, indem es seinen persönlichen Willen hervorkehrt und ihm entsprechend zu handeln glaubt, wenn es diesen der Umwelt aufzuzwingen versucht; doch ist der Kampf gegen die äussere Willkür vergebens, denn, wenn auch diese als Willkür erscheint, so ist sie in der Naturkausalität begründet. Den erstrebenswerten Zustand, den das Individuum als Freiheit bezeichnet, den Zustand der ungehemmten Entfaltung, kann es zu seinem Glück nie erreichen. Das Streben nach Freiheit, wie es sich in der Reaktion gegen die beschränkenden Einrichtungen der Umwelt äussert, führt zum Konflikt zwischen den Handlungen des persönlichen Willens (Ausdruck des Expansionstriebes) und der Gegenwirkung der vermeintlichen Willkür einer feindlichen Umwelt.
Sieben Briefe Von Paul Heyse an Feodor Löwe
Authors: Schradieck Claire Strube
Published: February 2007

Die folgenden Briefe, die mir Professor W. Kurrelmeyer zur Verfügung stellte, bilden einen Teil eines Briefwechsels aus den Jahren 1859–62 zwischen Paul Heyse und Feodor Löwe. Franz Ludwig Feodor Löwe, der am 5. Juli 1816 zu Kassel geboren wurde, stammte aus einer Schauspielerfamilie. Während er sich zuerst ganz der Wissenschaft widmen wollte, zwang ihn 1832 der Tod seines Vaters, die Theaterlaufbahn zu ergreifen. Nach seinem Auftreten in Mannheim, Hamburg und Frankfurt a.M. wurde er im Jahre 1841 als Heldenspieler für die Stuttgarter Hofbühne engagiert. Mit glänzendem Erfolg spielte er Leicester, Faust, Karl Moor und Hamlet. Er machte Josephine Stubenrauch, die Schwester der Schauspielerin Amalie von Stubenrauch, zu seiner Gattin. Im Jahre 1846 ernannte ihn die Stuttgarter Hofbühne zum Regisseur. Von der Zeit an beherrschte er dort gemeinsam mit Grunert (s. Anm. 10) das Repertoire. Auch als Lyriker betätigte er sich (z.B. Gedichte, 1854, 2. vermehrte Auflage, 1860; Neue Gedichte, 1875). Die Universität Giessen verlieh ihm die philosophische Doktorwürde. 1881 wurde er geadelt. In seinem dreiundsiebzigsten Jahre musste er sich infolge einer schweren Krankheit vom Theater zurückziehen, und am 20. Juni 1890 starb er.
LXI. Burton, Ford, and Andromana
Authors: Ewing S. B.
Published: February 2007

The late “Elizabethan” tragedy Andromana; or, The Merchant's Wife, probably written shortly after 1642 and first published in 1660, furnishes interesting evidence of the assimilation of certain material into the drama just as the Puritans were closing the London theatres. In its sources, in many of its ideas, in the way of presenting its problem, and in its mood, it reflects the influence of John Ford's studies of abnormal psychology, modelled on the case histories presented in Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy. The play allows a carefully documented study of this literary material and of the deepening interest in its dramatic presentation in that its story can be examined in three successive stages at three widely separated dates:

In the generally acknowledged source, the Plangus story in Sidney's Arcadia (1590).

In Beaumont and Fletcher's Cupid's Revenge (ca. 1611).

In Andromana (after 1642).
Beowulf's Arm-Lock
Authors: Brown Calvin S.
Published: February 2007

Many readers of Beowulf must have felt that its first climax, the fight with Grendel, is something of a disappointment. Klaeber's notes mention some of the faults when they say that this passage is

Partly excellent, vigorous narrative—yet the story is very much interrupted by interspersed general reflections on the situation and by remarks on the persons' thoughts and emotions, which greatly lengthen it and detract from its effectiveness. The corresponding combat of Grettir … is a good deal shorter, and also more direct and realistic.
John Shakespeare, Corviser, of Stratford-on-Avon and the Balsall Shakespeares
Authors: Taylor Rupert
Published: February 2007

John Shakespeare, shoemaker, or corviser, who lived in Stratford-on-Avon in the 1580's and 1590's, and who is sometimes hard to to distinguish from John Shakespeare, the father of the poet, in the borough records, can now be identified as belonging to the Balsall family of the same name, and the genealogy of that family can now be traced in outline for two hundred years. Since this family lived so long in a neighborhood where many Shakespeares lived, and since it is known to have been the parent of the Baddesley Clinton branch, it may prove, when sufficient evidence has accumulated, to be the parent of other branches also. It is therefore of interest to students of Shakespeare.
The Date and Revision of Chaucer's Knight's Tale
Authors: Parr Johnstone
Published: February 2007

Professor Tatlock's analysis of the date at which the Knight's Tale was adapted for its place in the Canterbury collection and the amount of alteration which Chaucer effected when placing it there has been accepted by all scholars who have concerned themselves with Chaucerian chronology. Tatlock suggested that the second paragraph and the last line of the Tale (i.e., lines 875–892 and 3108) were inserted to fit the story into its context, but maintained that elsewhere he found “not the least indication of adaptation or alteration.” Then he concluded—because of the belief that the General Prologue was composed in 1387—that the Knight's Tale was put into its present position “about 1388–90.” So widely accepted has Tatlock's theory become that in their editions of Chaucer both Professor Manly and Professor Robinson record it as a common belief that the “Palamon and Arcite” (mentioned in the Prologue to the LGW) is substantially the same as the Knight's Tale as we now have it. I wish to present some evidence, however, which suggests that the Knight's Tale was revised for the Canterbury collection not earlier than the middle of 1390, and to suggest that there was more revision made in the poem than has heretofore been supposed.
Spenser and the Revelation of St. John
Authors: Hankins John E.
Published: February 2007

It has long been recognized that Spenser made numerous borrowings from the Revelation of St. John in Book i of the Faerie Queene. The Variorum edition conveniently lists those observed by Upton and other commentators. In a recent study, Mrs. Josephine Waters Bennett has suggested that the Revelation not only furnished Spenser with particular passages but largely determined the structure of Book I. Her important contribution is not the discovery of new borrowings, though she observes several, but her exposition of the Revelation from the Protestant point of view. From several English commentaries and from glosses in the Geneva Bible, she shows that the latter half of the Revelation was interpreted in the sixteenth century as an allegory of the Protestant conflict with the Roman church, and concludes that this fact has an important bearing on Book I, which is now generally believed to involve a similar allegory.
Sainte-Beuve and America
Authors: MacClintock Lander
Published: February 2007

In Sainte-Beuve's Volupté the hero, Amaury, upon sighting the shores of the New World at the end of his voyage from France, asks this rhetorical question: “Est-il vrai qu tu contiennes, ainsi qu'on en vient de toutes parts à le murmurer, la forme materielle que doivent revêtir les sociétés humaines à leur terme de perfection?” Volupté appeared in 1835 at a time when many French people were asking themselves this very question, when travelers by the thousands were crossing the Atlantic to have a look at this new democracy, which might possibly prove to be an antidote to “le mal europeen.” It was the time, in Robert Mahieu's phrase, of the “Third Discovery of America.” The enthusiasm for liberty which fifty years earlier had sent so many young French aristocrats to fight in Washington's army had somewhat changed its character and France, plagued by internal strife and reaction, was endeavoring to discover the answer to her problems in a knowledge of the young American republic.
Conjunctive and Disjunctive Enumeration in Recent German Poetry
Authors: Schumann Detlev W.
Published: February 2007

In two earlier papers I have analyzed Whitman and a number of German authors with regard to the form and function of enumerative style. It appeared that the latter tends to express a sense of ontological oneness—and the more so, the wider the range of assorted items. Even the most heterogeneous things can be brought together meaningfully in serial juxtaposition if they are viewed as manifestations, as emanations of a single all-pervading cosmic principle. This was expressed by the term “conjunctive enumeration.”
A Probable Addition to the Thackeray Canon
Authors: Pacey W. C. Desmond
Published: February 2007

In the manuscript diary of Evert A. Duyckinck, under the date April 16, 1844, there occurs the following entry:

I called upon Wikoff and was well satisfied with the further statement of his plans for the Republic. It is to publish a well filled judicious paper on the London standard. He has made the most liberal arrangements for reporters, correspondence, at home and abroad. Thackeray, for instance—Fitzboodle, Titmarsh etc. of Fraser—is his Paris correspondent.

I called upon Wikoff and was well satisfied with the further statement of his plans for the Republic. It is to publish a well filled judicious paper on the London standard. He has made the most liberal arrangements for reporters, correspondence, at home and abroad. Thackeray, for instance—Fitzboodle, Titmarsh etc. of Fraser—is his Paris correspondent.
Milton's Prose Vocabulary
Authors: Neumann Joshua H.
Published: February 2007

In the history of the English language in the seventeenth century Milton occupies an anomalous position. In his general outlook on the character and problems of the language and in his efforts for linguistic regularity he suggests the rationalizing and standardizing tendencies of the eighteenth century. But in his actual practice in the matters of vocabulary, sentence structure, and syntax, he displays a versatility and extravagance which is characteristically Elizabethan. It is the purpose of this paper to investigate one of these aspects of Milton's English, namely, the chief features of his prose vocabulary, especially as illustrated in his own lexical innovations, and to draw certain conclusions from them in regard to his position as a great enricher of the English language.
Unique and Repeated Situations and Themes in Reade's Fiction
Authors: Sutcliffe Emerson Grant
Published: February 2007

Charles Reade had the romancer's fondness for startling and rare, even unparalleled incidents, and heaped up thousands of such incidents in his thoroughly docomented notebooks. Yet throughout his fiction he utilized the same formulas and situations over and over again. Here is an anomaly which demands analysis and explanation.
Browning: Semantic Stutterer
Authors: Holmes Stewart W.
Published: February 2007

While investigating the significance of Sordello in Browning's life, I recently traced certain resemblances between that poet's ideas and experiences as revealed in Sordello and Jung's psycho-therapeutic theories concerning the leaders of a culture. In one section of my article I detailed Jung's comments on the inarticulateness of “prophet poets,” such as Browning early aspired to be. Jung's explanations, however, are not entirely satisfactory, for their premises will not bear submitting to present-day laboratory and operational technique. I should like, therefore, to adopt another line of approach to the problem of Browning's inability to express himself clearly about what we may call metaphysical matters.
Du Bellay and Hellenic Poetry a Cursory View
Authors: Silver Isidore
Published: February 2007

Du Bellay had a very fair grasp of the significance of choreography in ancient Greek poetry. In his Hymne de la Santé,“ addressed to Robert de La Haye upon the latter's recovery from a severe illness, he tells us that when Death had beckoned to his friend with her pale hand, the laurel had bowed her tresses by the riverside, and the fountain of Hippocrene had ceased to flow—

N'oyant plus la voix sacree, Qui agreeAux boys, qui sont tousjours verds,Et la nombreuse cadance De la danseQui s'animoit soubs tes vers.
An Hypothesis Concerning the Origin of the Bad Quartos
Authors: Kirschbaum Leo
Published: February 2007

In “To the great Variety of Readers” in the First Folio of Shakespeare, Heminge and Condell wrote:

where (before) you were abus'd with diuerse stolne, and surreptitious copies, maimed, and deformed by the frauds and stealthes of inuirious impostors, that expos'd them: euen those, are now offer'd to your view cur'd, and perfect of their limbes …
Francis Bacon's Essay Of Beauty
Authors: McMahon A. Philip
Published: February 2007

While Bacon's Essays have enjoyed popularity for centuries, it does not appear that Essay xliii, “of Beauty,” has received the attention it deserves, to determine, if possible, its proper interpretation. The aim of this paper is to clarify its meaning through close examination of the sources.

The Essay, “Of Beauty,” was not contained in the first version of the Essays published in 1597, and it appeared originally in the second, of 1612; the third and final English edition of 1625 included several important additions which will be discussed below. After the publication of 1612, spurious editions by Jaggard in 1612, 1613, and 1624 included “Of Beauty,” while the Italian translations of 1618 and 1621, the French of 1619 and 1621, made it available to continental readers before the Rawley Latin publication of 1638. Although Rawley's edition omitted two of the Essays, De Pulchritudine was number xli in that issue.
Thomas de Quincey, Symptomatologist
Authors: Hendricks Cecilia Hennel
Published: February 2007

For more than a century Thomas De Quincey has been regarded as one of the greatest fantasy writers among English authors. Critics list his works as the highest possible flights of imagination. He himself gave them the title of “dreams.” That there was a connection between his writing and his use of drugs has always been recognized, but always with the idea that the opium set him free to exercise his imagination. No one has pointed out that instead of being an imaginist he should be considered a clinical reporter of facts.
Otto Ludwig and the Process of Poetic Creation
Authors: Silz Walter
Published: February 2007

In the account of his method of poetic (actually, dramatic) production entitled Mein Verfahren beim poetischen Schaffen, Otto Ludwig tells us that what he begins with is a mood, specifically a musical one; this changes to a color; then he sees figures, one or several, in some attitude or gesture singly or in relation to each other, like an engraving on paper of that color, or, more exactly, like sculpture seen in light of that color. He observes parenthetically that he has this color-sensation also when he is deeply moved by a work of literature: thus Goethe gives him a rich golden-yellow or golden-brown, Schiller, a radiant crimson; each of Shakespeare's plays has for him a color of its own, of which each scene is a nuance.
The Influence of Ibsen on Joyce
Authors: Macleod Vivienne Koch
Published: February 2007

James Joyce's debt to the past has been repeatedly and sometimes indiscriminately acknowledged. I wish to show that there is an undefined debt to the Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen which it is fruitful to recognize and to elucidate. It is a debt far more inclusive than that of a merely literary influence. It is rather that of a fiery and consuming ideal, adopted freely and with love in adolescence, and warmly invading James Joyce's conduct both as man and as artist. Indeed, the first three decades (roughly) of Joyce's life were subtly and pervasively, consciously and unconsciously, modeled along the central lines of Ibsen's own biography.
Nationalism and Scholarship
Authors: Fife Robert Herndon
Published: February 2007

It is customary for the President of the Association to deliver an address as part of the annual program. For the most part my predecessors have used this occasion to discuss a subject of scholarly concern lying within the range of the speaker's competence, and the records of our annual meetings include a number of erudite papers of this character which were, or should have been, of interest to the audiences and which as published material have continuing significance for scholarship in widely diversified fields. By tradition, however, this occasion is for the President, who is in a few days to give place to a successor, a sort of moriturus saluto and he is therefore free to discuss any subject that he thinks of importance for the welfare of the organization. Several of my predecessors in office have departed from the erudite tradition and dealt with questions of contemporary import or of practical importance for the programs of the Association. The crisis in national affairs, which has its bearing on all forms of co-operative undertaking, leads me to follow this precedent and take up a matter, the significance of which for the future of higher learning in our country has not, I think, been realized or adequately discussed. It is the problem of the relation between nationalism and scholarship and, more specifically, the development of an American national scholarship in the humanities.
The Mutability Cantos and the Succession
Authors: Woodworth Mary K.
Published: February 2007

Possibly none of the “dark conceits” woven into the fabric of Spenser's allegory appear so impenetrable to modern eyes as the topical allusions. They were obscure in the sixteenth century, but served in consequence to catch immediate attention and interest. Today, when clues are difficult to recognize, when modern readers lack the easy familiarity with everyday events and personalities which Spenser took for granted in his public, much of the topical meaning of the Faerie Queene has been lost. Occasionally, however, some of the allusions are recognized and the range of meaning in the poem is thereby extended. It has been observed recently that the Mutability cantos may refer to the problem of the succession. If a fairly convincing case could be made for this suggestion, it would be possible to appreciate anew how Spenser delighted his readers by adroit reference to topics forbidden in open debate. The following discussion is offered not as proof, but rather as a suggestion with enough likelihood to call for consideration.
Dr. John Armstrong, Littérateur, and Associate of Smollett, Thomson, Wilkes, and Other Celebrities
Authors: Knapp Lewis M.
Published: February 2007

Two hundred years ago, in April, 1744, there was printed in London a long didactic poem in blank verse, The Art of Preserving Health, which brought its author, Dr. John Armstrong, considerable literary reputation during the following century in England, Italy, and America. In this work there are occasional passages of very pleasing poetry, but the goddess Hygeia, whom Armstrong invoked with all due fervor, failed to inspire him to create an enduring masterpiece on such themes as air, diet, and exercise. Consequently, during the last century there has been little interest in his poems and essays, or in his life, personality, and friendships. There is, of course, A. H. Bullen's short article in the Dictionary of National Biography, which added little, however, to Robert Anderson's memoir, or to Robert Chambers' account, and more recently Mr. Iolo A. Williams paid tribute to The Art of Preserving Health and published a bibliography of Armstrong's works. But there is no likelihood that Armstrong's writings will be much read or discussed in the future except by literary antiquarians and special students of the eighteenth century.
Cicero's de Oratore and Rabelais
Authors: Seiver George O.
Published: February 2007

In the treatment of classical authors and works used or borrowed upon by Rabelais, Cicero's share has not been fully studied, or, if studied, not properly emphasized. Plattard in his study of Rabelais maintains that “Bien que Gargantua recommande à Pantagruel, étudiant à Paris de former son style latin ‘à l'imitation de celui de Cicéron,’ Rabelais ne semble pas avoir beaucoup pratiqué lui-même les œuvres de Cicéron.” In the Lefranc edition of Rabelais' works, the same unawareness is evident although there are, besides quite a few direct mentions of Cicero in the text, many notations indicating possible references to him. These, however, are presumed to have been taken mostly from Erasmus. But on this point there is no complete accord. That Rabelais borrowed generously and frequently there can be no question. It is the purpose of this paper to show the borrowings made by him from Cicero's De Oratore and the Orator.
Émile in Eighteenth-Century England
Authors: Warner James H.
Published: February 2007

Many contemporary critics are returning to the old credo that human reason “is often unreasonable.” This probably helps to explain the current revival of that famous study of emotional and intuitive responses, the Émile (1762) of Jean Jacques Rousseau. In as much as contemporaneous English reactions to that work have never been extensively studied, I present my findings.
Wordsworth and Burns
Authors: Noyes Russell
Published: February 2007

Wordsworth once wrote that he had been indebted to the North for more than he should ever be able to acknowledge. By that statement he probably meant to include, among other writings, the border ballads and certainly the poetry of Robert Burns. Burns was one, Wordsworth assures us, whose light he hailed when first it shone, and from whom he learned in youth “How Verse may build a princely throne On humble truth.” Wordsworth must in fact have been among the earliest of Burns' English admirers. When his sister told her seventeen year old brother of a new book Jane Pollard had recommended to her (it was the Kilmarmock edition then just a few months off the press), he replied that he had read it and, as Dorothy put it, “admired many of the pieces very much; and promised to get it me at the book-club, which he did.” Dorothy, too, was very much pleased with the poems and singled out the “Address to a Louse” and “To a Mountain Daisy” for special mention. The second edition of “poems” (1793) she carefully glossed in the margin.
The Evolution of the Canzoniere of Petrarch
Authors: Wilkins Ernest H.
Published: February 2007

The Canzoniere of Petrarch contains poems written at various times through the long years of the poet's life. It is not a collection made toward the end of his life in a single editorial effort, nor is it a mere gradual accumulation of poems: it is a selective and ordered collection, the fashioning of which, begun in Petrarch's youth, continued to the day of his death. In the present study I am trying to trace the whole course of the evolution of the collection. Much work has been done hitherto, by many scholars, with reference to particular stages or phases of that evolution; but the present study is, I believe, the first to undertake to reconstruct the entire process. Some of the material herein contained is derived from earlier studies, and some of it is new.
The Publication of Landor's Early Works
Authors: Super R. H.
Published: February 2007

In an era when many English writers were becoming identified with a single publisher, Walter Savage Landor distinguished himself by the singularity of dealing with perhaps more publishers than any other writer in English literature. Not taking into account the editors of periodicals, Landor's separate volumes (sometimes, to be sure, mere pamphlets) made their appearance from the houses of at least twenty-eight publishers in the seventy years of his productivity. The story of his relations with his publishers, then, will obviously not be a simple one, and yet it throws a great deal of light both on Landor himself and on the condition of his text.
Ruskin's Reputation in the Eighteen-Fifties : The Evidence of the Three Principal Weeklies
Authors: Jump J. D.
Published: February 2007

Mr. R. H. Wilenski protests against the common belief that Ruskin was a kind of Art-Dictator of England in the eighteen-fifties. Ruskin, he says, was not a best-selling author during that decade; nor, on the other hand, was he respected by established artists and architects. So slight was his repute, indeed, that his letters to the Times in May 1851 can have done little to influence either the general or the specialist public in favor of pre-Raphaelitism. This drastic revision of accepted notions has had surprisingly little effect. In Mr. Paul Bloomfield's William Morris, Ruskin appears once more as the critic who gave “status” to the Pre-Raphaelites; and Mr. William Gaunt declares that on May 13, 1851, “an eagle scream was heard, a mighty talon hovered over the correspondence columns of The Times. It was Ruskin to the rescue. The Pre-Raphaelites had found a champion.” Neither of these writers mentions Wilenski's dissent.
El Tiempo En La Poesîa de Antonio Machado
Authors: Predmore Richard L.
Published: February 2007

Como es sabido, Antonio Machado discurre sobre innumerables temas divinos y prof anos por boca de su sabio y occurrente profesor de Retórica, Juan de Mairena. Este professor apócrifo no se cansa de repetir que la poesía es un arte temporal.