bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical and Angiographic Results of Dilatation Procedures for Symptomatic Intracranial Atherosclerotic Disease
Authors: Qureshi Adnan I. , Suri M. Fareed K. , Siddiqui Amir M. , Kim Stanley H. , Boulos Alan S. , Ringer Andrew J. , Lopes Demetrius K. , Guterman Lee R. , Hopkins L. Nelson
Published: November 2009

Background and Purpose. The authors determined the techni cal success and the clinical and angiographic results of angioplasty and/or stent placement for intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) at a tertiary‐care referral hospital. Methods. Angiographic and clinical outcomes occurring within the 1‐month follow‐up interval were recorded. Patients were fol lowed up for a mean period of 20.5 ± 9.2 months, and a neurovascular imaging study was performed in 18 of the 21 patients alive after a mean period of 19.7 ± 9.2 months. Stroke‐free survival and ipsilateral stroke‐prevention rates were esti mated using Kaplan Meier analyses. Results. Twenty‐four patients (mean age = 61.0 ± 13.5 years; 15 were men) underwent 30 procedures for treatment of ICAD. The procedures included angioplasty (n = 18) and attempted primary stent placement (n = 14). In 2 procedures, angioplasty was performed in the same session after unsuccessful stent placement. There was immediate stenosis reduction (mean ± SD) from 84%± 17% to 27%± 21%. The overall 1‐month composite rate of major stroke, death, and major bleeding complications was 7% for the 30 procedures. Overall stroke‐free survival at 36 months was estimated as 79% (95% confidence interval, 57%‐91%), and the ipsilateral stroke‐prevention rate was estimated to be 87% (95% confidence interval, 65%‐95%). Among the 15 patients who underwent repeat angiography, restenosis requir ing second intervention was observed in 1 patient. No restenosis could be identified in 3 patients who underwent com puted tomographic or magnetic resonance angiography. Con clusion. This single‐center study demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness (for secondary stroke prevention) of angioplasty and/or stent placement for treatment of ICAD.
Catheter‐Based Aortography Fails to Identify Aortic Atherosclerotic Lesions Detected on Transesophageal Echocardiography
Authors: Khatri Ismail A. , Mian Nimer , Alkawi Ammar , Janjua Nazli , Kirmani Jawad F. , Saric Muhamed , Levine Jason C. , Qureshi Adnan I.
Published: November 2009

Background and Purpose. Transesophageal echocardiography is used to detect the aortic arch pathology during diagnostic workup of ischemic stroke events. Conventional angiography is increasingly used in diagnosing and treating atherosclerotic vas cular lesions in patients with ischemic stroke. Although catheter‐based aortography can be performed with cerebral angiography, there is limited information about the utility of aortography in identifying atherosclerotic abnormalities of the aortic arch. Methods. A retrospective chart review was performed to identify patients who underwent aortography as part of their angio‐graphic study and transesophageal echocardiography. Both studies were reviewed independently in the absence of knowl edge of the results of the other study. The findings of these aortograms were correlated with the findings of transesophageal echocardiography. Results. A total of 34 patients underwent both aortography and echocardiography. Of a total of 34 trans esophageal echocardiograms, 29 showed abnormal findings in the aorta (85%) and 5 appeared normal (15%). These aortic abnormalities included mild to moderate atherosclerosis in 18 cases (52%), moderate to severe atherosclerosis in 4 cases (12%), and severe atherosclerosis in 7 cases (21%). None of these abnormalities were detected by aortography. No disease was visualized in the origin of the supraaortic arteries. Conclusions. Aortic arch atherosclerosis is common in patients with ischemic stroke; however, aortograms acquired during conventional angiography fail to identify abnormalities detected on transesophageal echocardiogram.
Improved Cerebral Vasoreactivity After Statin Administration in Healthy Adults
Authors: Sander K. , Hof U. , Poppert H. , Conrad B. , Sander D.
Published: November 2009

Background and Purpose. Significant improvements of cerebral vasomotor reactivity during statin treatment were found in patients with cerebral small‐vessel disease. The authors ana lyzed the cerebrovascular CO2 reactivity before and after statin administration in healthy adults using a case‐control study design. Methods. The mean cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) of both middle cerebral arteries and the vasomotor reserve capacity (VMRC) were measured by repeated and simultaneous bilateral transcranial Doppler sonography in 25 healthy adults (7 men, mean age 28.8 years [95% confidence interval (CI): 25.7; 31.9]) before, during (days 1, 3, 7, and 14), and after administra tion of 40 mg pravastatin for 14 days as compared to 10 healthy control persons (4 men, mean age 30.6 years [95% CI: 22.9; 38.3]). The VMRC was calculated off‐line as the percentage change of CBFV per 1% increase in end‐tidal CO2 by a blinded investigator. Results. In the statin group, 5 persons were excluded from further analysis. In the remaining 20 volunteers, the authors observed a highly significant effect of statin adminis trationon VMRC(P= .002). The VMRC was significantly increased after statin administration on day 7 as compared to the initial value (3.03 [95% CI: 2.67; 3.38] vs 2.64 [95% CI: 2.41; 2.86]; P= .04). The effect was most pronounced in patients with lower initial VMRC values. In the control group, the VMRC did not differ significantly from baseline at different time intervals. Conclusions. The findings indicate an improvement of cerebral vasoreactivity even after short‐term statin administration in healthy adults. However, this effect was related to baseline vasoreactivity.
Longitudinal Functional Alterations in Asymptomatic Women at Risk for Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Smith C. D. , Kryscio R. J. , Schmitt F. A. , Lovell M. A. , Blonder L. X. , Rayens W. S. , Andersen A. H.
Published: November 2009

Purpose. The authors sought to determine whether known alterations of brain function in normal individuals who are at high risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) worsen or stay the same after a significant interval of time. Methods. The authors used func tional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to observe cortical activation during confrontation naming in 14 women with high AD risk and 10 with low risk, based on family history and apolipoprotein‐E4 allele status. They repeated the identical scan protocol in the same patients after 4 years. Results. fMRI activation in high‐AD‐risk participants was found to be further diverged from that of their low‐AD‐risk counterparts over this period. Conclusion. fMRI may report on the presence and pro gression of neuropathology in the ventral temporal cortex or in functionally connected regions in presymptomatic AD.
Application of Clinical Scanners in Rats: Experimental Carotid Imaging Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Spiral Computed Tomography, and Color Duplex Ultrasound
Authors: Fehm Nando Percy , Vatankhah Bijan , Dittmar Michael S. , Retzl Gerald , Schuierer Gerhard , Horn Markus , Schlachetzki Felix
Published: November 2009

Background and Purpose. Noninvasive small animal imaging allows for reduction of the required numbers of animals in research by providing the possibility of long‐term follow‐up at various time points. Additionally, correlation to the investigated respective human disease is possible as equivalent equipment is employed. The authors therefore evaluate feasibility and potential of color duplex sonography, computed tomography angiography (CTA), and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) by the use of clinical scanners for carotid artery imaging in rats. Methods. Male Wistar rats (n = 17) were subjected to color duplex sonography, CTA, and MRA of the common carotid artery (CCA) and the carotid bifurcation. Clinical scanners were used for the experiments and optimal parameter settings evaluated accounting for the different size of the animals. The applied imaging methods were analyzed in regard to image quality and practicability in laboratory settings. Results. The CCA could be clearly displayed by all imaging modalities in all rats. Duplex sonography provided distinct images and reproducible basic functional information. CTA and MRA provided distinct images of the CCA and the carotid bifurcation in both axial and reconstructed 3‐dimensional images. The authors further describe different indications for these imaging methods regarding spatial resolution, acquisition times, possible scanning range, and application of contrast agent. Conclusions. Color duplex sonography, CTA, and MRAare all feasible methods for imaging of the carotid arteries in rats. Images of sufficient clarity and resolution could be obtained by the use of clinical scanners, yielding information about vessel size, direction of blood flow, and adjacent structures. Further studies need to be performed that Address investigations of pathological conditions such as flow disturbances or vessel stenosis.
Transcranial Sonographic Monitoring of Hemorrhagic Transformation in Patients With Acute Middle Cerebral Artery Infarction
Authors: Seidel Günter , MD Hakan Cangür , Albers Thomas , Meyer‐Wiethe Karsten
Published: November 2009

Background and Purpose. Previous studies indicate the potential of transcranial sonography (TCS) to detect cerebrovascular disease. The authors conducted this patient study to evaluate the diagnostic potential of gray‐scale TCS in depicting hemorrhagic transformation (HT) in the early phase of middle cerebral artery infarction. Methods. TCS was performed in 32 patients with acute ischemic stroke in the middle cerebral artery territory less than 12, 24 ± 4, 72 ± 6, and 120 ± 12 hours after symptom onset (SONOS 5500, S4 probe, 16 cm investigation depth). Hemorrhagic transformation was identi f ied as hyperechogenicity in the MCA territory, and the echogenicity of these areas was assessed. In addition, the dislocation of the third ventricle (midline shift, MLS) was assessed by TCS. Size and localization of infarction were determined by cranial computed tomography (CCT). Results. In 10 of 11 patients, TCS detected HT as confirmed by CCT. In 1 patient, TCS provided a false‐positive result. In another patient, TCS was unable to detect the hemorrhage (sensitivity, 91%; specificity, 95%). The echointensity of HT increased over time. MLS measurement failed to predict fatal outcome in 1 patient. Conclusions. TCS is a promising tool for depicting HT in patients with acute hemispheric stroke and might be suitable for monitoring purposes.
The Prognostic Significance of Visible Infarction on Computed Tomography Following Lacunar Stroke: Results of a Long‐Term Follow‐Up Study
Authors: Walters M. R. , Weir C. J. , Adams F. G. , Lees K. R.
Published: November 2009

Background and Purpose. Substantial variability in functional outcome and relatively few factors predictive of death or degree of recovery have been observed in patients with lacunar stroke. Such indicators are of great use in the selection of optimal rehabilitation strategies after stroke. Although computed tomography (CT) of patients with a clinical diagnosis of lacunar stroke performed within the first 10 days shows evidence of cerebral infarction in 50% to 60%, the prognostic significance of a visible ischemic lesion on CT is unclear.Methods. 633 patients who presented with symptoms consistent with lacunar stroke between June 1990 and February 1998 were studied. One hundred fourteen patients imaged with magnetic resonance, 41 patients with nonischemic diagnoses (hemorrhage or tumor), 57 patients imaged within 12 hours of ictus, and 17 patients with incomplete follow‐up were excluded from the analysis. The remaining 404 patients were divided into 2 groups, depending on the appearance of the CT scan. Patients with a low‐attenuation area on the CT scan consistent with an ischemic lesion in an appropriate region of the brain to explain the presenting symptoms were classified as “CT positive.” Patients with either a normal CT scan of the brain or a scan that showed a lesion in an area inconsistent with the presenting symptoms were classified as “CT negative.” A series of known or suspected prognostic factors were recorded for each patient: blood pressure, age, smoking, plasma glucose level, serum cholesterol level, and serum triglyceride level. Delay from stroke onset to scanning was also noted. The authors considered 3 outcome measures: survival time, outcome at 6 months after the stroke, and total length of hospital stay for the stroke admission. Six‐month outcome was categorized as good (alive at home) or poor (alive in care or dead).Results. There was no difference in survival between the 2 groups (P= .29, log‐rank test). After adjusting for other significant prognostic factors (age; relative hazard per additional decade 1.67,P< .0001: plasma glucose level; relative hazard per additional mmol/l 1.08,P= .03) in a proportional hazards model, presence of visible infarction remained nonsignificant (relative hazard 0.84,P= .40). After adjustment for the other significant factor (age,P= .0001), there was no significant difference in 6‐month outcome between CT positive and CT negative patients (P= .61). Median total length of hospital stay was not significantly different between the 2 groups (CT positive, 9 days; CT negative, 8 days; Mann‐Whitney test,P= .29).Conclusion. The authors conclude that in their cohort of patients, having corrected for other prognostic variables, the presence of visible infarction on CT brain scan performed between 12 hours and 30 days of onset of lacunar symptoms is not predictive of duration of hospital stay or of longer term outcome.
Diffusion‐Weighted Imaging With Calculated Apparent Diffusion Coefficient of Enhancing Extra‐Axial Masses
Authors: Dorenbeck U. , Grunwald I. Q. , Schlaier J. , Feuerbach S.
Published: November 2009

Background and Purpose. Sometimes intracranial contrastenhancing tumors like meningiomas, metastases, lymphomas, and schwannomas can mimic each other. It was the aim of the present study to investigate if intracranial contrast‐enhancing lesions can be reliably differentiated with the help of diffusionweighted imaging with calculated apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs). Methods. 29 patients (ages ranging from 22 to 82 years, mean age of 58.6 years) were included. Nine meningiomas, 7 metastases, 6 lymphomas, and 7 schwannomas were investigated. The ADC value in the lesions and in the perifocal edema was analyzed. Results. For the lymphomas, the authors measured the lowest ADC values in the contrast‐enhancing part (0.59 ± 0.09 · 10 – 3mm2/sec). The meningiomas showed a mean ADC value of 0.98 ± 0.18 · 10 – 3mm2/sec. The schwannomas and metastases showed higher ADC values of 1.33 ± 0.28 · 10 – 3mm2/sec and 1.05 ± 0.20 · 10 – 3mm2/sec. The authors saw a statistically significant difference between lymphomas, meningiomas, and metastases concerning the ADC values in the contrast‐enhancing part. Conclusions. In spite of a small sample size and partly a wide range of values, the authors found statistically significant differences between meningiomas, metastases, and lymphomas concerning ADC values. Nevertheless, a differentiation of these lesions only with the help of ADC values seems questionable.
Corpus Callosum Atrophy in Wernicke's Encephalopathy
Authors: Lee Soon‐Tae , Jung Young‐Min , Na Duk L. , Park Seong Ho , Kim Manho
Published: November 2009

Background and Purpose. Neuropathologic changes in Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE) involve variable brain structures. Corpus callosum involvement in WE, however, is largely unknown. The authors investigated the degree and the pattern of corpus callosum changes in WE according to the etiologies. Methods. Nineteen patients with WE (between 34 and 81 years) and 19 age‐ and sex‐matched control participants were included. The total cross‐sectional callosal area and 5 callosal subregions (C1‐C5) were measured by tracing outer margins in the midsagittal sections. Subregions were determined by placing radial dividers with 10 rays. The pixel numbers for corpus callosums were calculated, and the values obtained were adjusted for head size variations. Results. The causes of WE were alcoholism (10), intestinal surgery (5), anorexia (3), and hyperemesis gravidarum (1). The mean size of the total corpus callosum was significantly reduced in alcoholic WE (P< .001; 527.8 ± 70.8 mm 2for alcoholic WE; 664.6 ± 58.1 mm 2for the corresponding controls), but not in nonalcoholic WE. In subregion analysis, prefrontal callosum (C2) atrophy was the most prominent in alcoholic WE. In contrast, only splenium (C5) was atrophied in nonalcoholic WE. The degree of atrophy did not change throughout the follow‐up period (mean 5.3 weeks). Conclusion. This study suggests that the extent and location of corpus callosum atrophy differs between alcoholic WE and nonalcoholic WE, implying separate contribution of alcohol neurotoxicity and nutritional deficiency.
A prospective, randomized‐controlled clinical trial to evaluate bone preservation using implants with different geometry placed into extraction sockets in the maxilla
Authors: Sanz Mariano , Cecchinato Denis , Ferrus Jorge , Pjetursson E. Bjarni , Lang Niklaus P. , Lindhe Jan
Published: November 2009

Aim: The primary objective of this study was to determine the association between the size of the void established by using two different implant configurations and the amount of buccal/palatal bone loss that occurred during 16 weeks of healing following their installation into extraction sockets.

Material and methods: The clinical trial was designed as a prospective, randomized‐controlled parallel‐group multicenter study. Adults in need of one or more implants replacing teeth to be removed in the maxilla within the region 15–25 were recruited. Following tooth extraction, the site was randomly allocated to receive either a cylindrical (group A) or a tapered implant (group B). After implant installation, a series of measurements were made to determine the dimension of the ridge and the void between the implant and the extraction socket. These measurements were repeated at the re‐entry procedure after 16 weeks.

Results: The study demonstrated that the removal of single teeth and the immediate placement of an implant resulted in marked alterations of the dimension of the buccal ridge (43% and 30%) and the horizontal (80–63%) as well as the vertical (69–65%) gap between the implant and the bone walls. Although the dimensional changes were not significantly different between the two‐implant configurations, both the horizontal and the vertical gap changes were greater in group A than in group B.

Conclusions: Implant placement into extraction sockets will result in significant bone reduction of the alveolar ridge.

To cite this article:
 Sanz M, Cecchinato D, Ferrus J, Pjetursson EB, Lang NP, Jan L. A prospective, randomized‐controlled clinical trial to evaluate bone preservation using implants with different geometry placed into extraction sockets in the maxilla. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2009; 13–21.
Factors associated with inter‐municipality differences in dental caries experience among Danish adolescents. An ecological study
Authors: Ekstrand K.R. , Christiansen M.E.C. , Qvist V. , Ismail A.
Published: November 2009

Ekstrand KR, Christiansen MEC, Qvist V, Ismail A. Factors associated with inter‐municipality differences in dental caries experience among Danish adolescents. An ecological study. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2010; 38: 29–42. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Abstract –  Background:  Caries on children and adolescents in Denmark has declined significantly over the last 30 years. Our first analysis in 1999, however, disclosed huge inter‐municipality disparities in mean DMFS values as well as in prevalence of caries on Danish children; that fluoride in the water supply and the length of the education of the mothers could explain up to 45% of the above‐mentioned disparity and that very few municipalities were positive outliers, i.e. were providing significant better caries results than expected from the background variables. Three of the aims of this second analysis were to repeat the analyses done on the 1999 sample, but now on a 2004 sample and then compare it with the results from 1999. A fourth aim was by means of an interview of CDOs to determine their interpretation of relevant conditions in the public dental health service in relation dental health outcome.

Methods:  A total of 204 (99%) and 191 (93%) municipalities were involved in 1999 and 2004, respectively. Unit of analysis were the municipalities. Mean DMFS of 15‐year‐olds was used as outcome variable. Eight background variables were accounted for during the analysis: For the fourth aim, a sample of CDOs representing municipalities with positive (n = 10), with no change (n = 10), or with negative change (n = 10) in mean DMFS, relative to all municipalities, between 1999 and 2004 was selected.

Results:  The inter‐municipality variation in mean DMFS 1999 was 0.88 to 8.73 and in 2004 was 0.56 to 6.19. The analyses found that fluoride level of the drinking water and mothers’ length of education were significant variables explaining about 44% of the variations in mean DMFS in both years. Only one municipality was characterized as a positive outlier in 1999 as well as in 2004. The dose‐response relations between increasing fluoride concentrations in the water supply and DMF‐S values diminished in both years at a level above 0.35 ppm. The structured interview disclosed that municipalities with significant improvement in mean DMFS from 1999 to 2004 had established goals and were committed to the prevention of dental caries at the individual level. Instability in manpower; number of children in the service and economy was associated to municipalities with negative changes in caries experience.
Why do adults entitled to free or highly subsidized dental services select fully out‐of‐pocket‐paid care?
Authors: Bayat Fariborz , Vehkalahti Miira M. , Murtomaa Heikki , Tala Heikki
Published: November 2009

Bayat F, Vehkalahti MM, Murtomaa H, Tala H. Why do adults entitled to free or highly subsidized dental services select fully out‐of‐pocket‐paid care? Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2010; 38: 88–95. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S

Abstract –  Objective:  To investigate patients’ reasons for selecting a dental clinic given their choice of free or highly‐subsidized dental services.

Methods:  The study was based on cross‐sectional data obtained through phone interviews with adults in Tehran, Iran. The present study included those entitled to free or highly‐subsidized dental services (n = 726). The data covered the patients’ awareness of subsidized dental services and type of dental clinic for their most recent visit and their reasons for selecting that clinic. Awareness of subsidized dental services was dichotomized as being either aware or unaware of such subsidy. The type of clinic was dichotomized as providing either free or highly‐subsidized (FHS) or fully out‐of‐pocket paid (FOP) services. Free format answers about the subjects’ reasons for selecting a particular clinic were later sub‐grouped as: convenient access, good technical aspects, good interpersonal aspects, low or reasonable fees, recommendation by a friend, and no reason. Socio‐demographic status was based on background. Data analysis included the chi‐square test and logistic regression model.

Results:  Of the subjects (n = 726), 60% were women and 58% were under 35 years of age. The subjects’ mean age was 33.5 years with no difference by gender (P = 0.24) and the majority had public insurance (91%). Of all the subjects, 60% selected FOP. Good interpersonal aspects were the strongest reason for selecting FOP (OR = 4.6), follow by good technical aspects (OR = 2.3). Those subjects who were unaware of their benefit had 4.6 times the odds of selecting FOP.

Conclusions:  Despite the opportunity to use highly‐subsidized dental services, good interpersonal and good technical aspects lead patients to select private dentists and to pay fully out of pocket.
Comparison between PAS and GMS stains for the diagnosis of onychomycosis
Authors: Reza Kermanshahi Taher , Rhatigan Ronald
Published: November 2009

Background: Onychomycosis is the most common nail disease in adults. Periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS) stain has been considered the most sensitive method for diagnosis. By comparing originally stained PAS slides (i.e. without repeating PAS) with newly stained Grocott methenamine‐silver (GMS) slide, D’Hue et al. concluded that GMS is superior to PAS. We conducted a similar study with the addition of repeating PAS stain and compared the newly stained PAS and GMS slides in tandem.

Methods: We performed both PAS and GMS stains on 30 clinically suspected onychomycosis cases. The presence or absence of fungal organisms was evaluated. The results were also compared with the original PAS stain.

Results: Twenty‐two cases were positive with PAS, staining three cases more than GMS, which stained only 19 cases. The difference between the two stains is statistically insignificant. Repetition of GMS stain on these three cases (cutting in a deeper level in the paraffin block) resulted in positive results. Four out of 30 cases were negative with original PAS stain, but stained positive both with new PAS and GMS.

Conclusions: PAS and GMS stains are quantitatively similar. Sensitivity of both methods can be increased by preparing two slides from different levels in the paraffin block.

Reza Kermanshahi T, Rhatigan R. Comparison between PAS and GMS stains for the diagnosis of onychomycosis.
A simple assay for the study of human hair follicle damage induced by ionizing irradiation
Authors: Poeggeler Burkhard , Bodó Enikö , Nadrowitz Roger , Dunst Juergen , Paus Ralf
Published: November 2009

Please cite this paper as: A simple assay for the study of human hair follicle damage induced by ionizing irradiation. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: e306–e309.

Abstract:  Due to its rapidly proliferating matrix keratinocytes, the hair follicle is highly sensitive to ionizing irradiation (IR)‐induced skin damage and thus an instructive and clinically relevant model organ for investigating the effects of IR on rapidly dividing epithelial‐mesenchymal interaction systems. Here, we have assessed the impact of IR on organ‐cultured human scalp hair follicles. We show that IR significantly inhibits the proliferation and induces apoptosis of hair follicle matrix keratinocytes, disrupts normal hair follicle pigmentation, and upregulates a number of quantitative toxicity and viability markers (oxidative stress indicators, DNA oxidative damage, LDH release). This introduces human hair follicle organ culture as an excellent novel research tool for radiobiology and invites exploitation as a preclinical assay system for testing candidate radioprotectants.
The mineralocorticoid receptor as a novel player in skin biology: beyond the renal horizon?
Authors: Farman Nicolette , Maubec Eve , Poeggeler Burkhard , Klatte Jennifer E. , Jaisser Frederic , Paus Ralf
Published: November 2009

Please cite this paper as: The mineralocorticoid receptor as a novel player in skin biology: beyond the renal horizon? Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 100–107.

Abstract:  The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and its ligand aldosterone regulate renal sodium reabsorption and blood pressure and much knowledge has been accumulated in MR physiopathology, cellular and molecular targets. In contrast, our understanding of this hormonal system in non‐classical targets (heart, blood vessels, neurons, keratinocytes…) is limited, particularly in the mammalian skin. We review here the few available data that point on MR in the skin and that document cutaneous MR expression and function, based on mouse models and very limited observations in humans. Mice that overexpress the MR in the basal epidermal keratinocytes display developmental and post‐natal abnormalities of the epidermis and hair follicle, raising exciting new questions regarding skin biology. The MR as a transcription factor may be an unexpected novel player in regulating keratinocyte and hair physiology and pathology. Because its activating ligand also includes glucocorticoids, that are widely used in dermatology, we propose that the MR may be also involved in the side‐effects of corticoids, opening novel options for therapeutical intervention.
The Statistics of Meaning: Darwin, Gibbon and Moby Dick
Authors: Montemurro Marcelo , Zanette Damián
Published: November 2009

How concentrated is the information in Darwin's Origin of Species? How heavy a read is Gibbon's Decline and Fall? Where does a great white whale fit in? And what on earth is the mysterious Voynich manuscript that has baffled scholars for centuries? Marcelo Montemurro and Damián Zanette look at words and the information they contain.
Hans Rosling
Authors: Rosling Hans
Published: November 2009

Julian Champkin stands in awe of Hans Rosling, a man who does more than wield a sword for statistics.
FactCheck: How Many CCTV Cameras?
Authors: Tarleton Alice
Published: November 2009

Each year the Royal Statistical Society awards prizes for statistical excellence in journalism. This year's winner was Alice Tarleton for this piece, which first appeared on the FactCheck website of Channel Four News on June 18th, 2008. Politicians claim that Britain has one closed circuit surveillance camera for every 14 of its citizens. Their evidence would be laughed out of any court.
Analysis of Testosterone Effects on Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Juvenile, Adolescent and Adult Sprague Dawley Rat Penis
Authors: Bond Christopher W. , Angeloni Nicholas L. , Podlasek Carol A.
Published: November 2009

Introduction

Smooth muscle apoptosis is a major contributing factor to erectile dysfunction (ED) development in prostatectomy and diabetic patients and animal models. A critical regulator of penile smooth muscle and apoptosis is Sonic hedgehog (SHH). The SHH protein is decreased in ED models and SHH treatment of cavernous nerve (CN) injured rats prevents smooth muscle apoptosis. A close association between androgen deficiency and ED has been suggested in the literature, but few studies have examined the molecular effects on penile smooth muscle and on known signaling mechanisms that regulate morphology.

Aim

Examine testosterone and SHH interaction in eugonadal adult, adolescent and juvenile rats by performing castration studies and treatment with supraphysiological testosterone.

Methods

The eugonadal adult Sprague Dawley rats were either treated with testosterone for 7 or 14 days (N=14) or were castrated for 4 or 7 days (N=12). The juvenile rats were treated with testosterone for 8 days (N=7). The adolescent rats were castrated and sacrificed at P88 (N=8). The control rats had empty vehicle (N=22) or sham surgery (N=20).

Main Outcome Measures

The active form of SHH protein and mRNA were quantified by semi-quantitative immunohistochemical analysis and real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

Results

Testosterone treatment did not alter SHH signaling in juvenile rats. Shh mRNA increased 3.2-fold and SHH protein increased 1.2-fold in rats castrated during puberty. In adult rats, castration decreased Shh mRNA 3.2-fold but did not alter SHH protein. Testosterone supplement in adult rats increased Shh mRNA 2.3-fold and decreased SHH protein 1.3-fold.

Conclusions

SHH signaling is independent of testosterone in normal juvenile rats and is sensitive to testosterone during adolescence, while testosterone supplement in the adult adversely impacts SHH signaling in a very similar manner to that observed with CN injury.
Gender and Perceptions of Romantic Partners’ Sexual Risk
Authors: Conley Terri D. , Peplau Letitia Anne
Published: November 2009

Introduction

Research shows that in most situations, women perceive themselves to be at greater risk of harm than do men. Gustafson’s gender role perspective on risk perception suggests that this is because women are socialized to feel that they need protection, especially from men.

Aims

Based on Gustafson’s gender role perspective on sex differences in risk perception, we predicted that in at least one context, perception of romantic partners’ sexual risk, this gender difference would be reversed. Specifically, women should rate boyfriends as having lower risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) than boyfriends rate themselves having.

Methods

In two studies, we examined heterosexual couples and compared women’s perceptions of their boyfriends’ sexual risk level with the boyfriend’s self-perception of sexual risk.

Main Outcome Measures

Self-reported measures of risk for STIs, perception of romantic partners’ risk for STIs.

Results

On multiple measures, women rated their boyfriends as having a lower risk for STIs than the men rated themselves. Men did not show this pattern and, in some cases, showed the reverse pattern of perceiving their girlfriends to have a greater level of risk than girlfriends themselves believed they had.

Conclusions

Consistent with Gustafson’s gender role perspective on risk perception, heterosexual women perceived their romantic partners as relatively less risky in terms of STI risk than men perceived themselves. One potential implication of this finding is that women may be less likely to protect themselves against disease in close romantic relationships because they believe that their partners are low risk, regardless of the partners’ actual risk levels.
Risk Factors for Incident Erectile Dysfunction among Community-Dwelling Men
Authors: Hall Susan A. , Shackelton Rebecca , Rosen Raymond C. , Araujo Andre B.
Published: November 2009

Introduction

Compared to the prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED), fewer studies have focused on the incidence of ED and even fewer have focused on nonmedical risk factors.

Aim

We examined psychosocial, demographic/socioeconomic, medical/behavioral, and sexual function risk factors at T1 (1987–1989) and development of incident ED at T2 (1995–1997).

Methods

Longitudinal population-based epidemiologic study of 814 community-dwelling men participating in the Massachusetts Male Aging Study.

Main Outcome Measure

ED was defined according to a validated, discriminant-analytic formula based on questionnaire responses and categorized as moderate/complete ED vs. none/minimal. Multivariate logistic regression models (odds ratios [ORs] and 95% confidence intervals [CI]) were used to estimate the association of risk factors with ED.

Results

Among 814 men free of ED at T1, 22% developed moderate/complete ED at T2 (on average, approximately 8.8 years later). In a multivariate model, sexual function variables captured at baseline were inversely associated with ED (e.g., more or similar level of sexual arousal compared to adolescence vs. less, OR=0.56, 95% CI: 0.34, 0.92; frequency of sexual thoughts at least two to three times weekly vs. less, OR=0.55, 95% CI: 0.33, 0.92) after adjustment for age, education, and other risk factors.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that in the context of other risk factors, sexual desire variables at baseline were associated with incident ED. This in turn suggests that indications of reduced function appear earlier than ED itself, and that there may be a time window for intervention before a loss of erectile function.
EFFECTS OF PRESERVATION LIQUID ON VITAMIN C, INSTRUMENTAL COLOR, CAROTENOIDS AND SENSORY QUALITY OF CANNED SATSUMA MANDARIN
Authors: PÉREZ‐LÓPEZ ANTONIO J. , LÓPEZ‐NICOLÁS JOSÉ MANUEL , DEL CERRO ISABEL , BELTRÁN‐GONZÁLEZ FELIPE , CARBONELL‐BARRACHINA ÁNGEL A.
Published: November 2009

This study was integrated within a research line dedicated to test different options to introduce mandarin in the Spanish agrofood industries. The effects of four preservation liquids (lemon, mandarin, and Spanish and Brazilian orange juices) and three soluble solid contents (10, 12 and 14°Brix) processed at 98C for 30 s on vitamin C, color, carotenoids and sensory quality of canned Satsuma mandarin segments were studied. The preservation liquid providing the best results was mandarin juice, which led to the highest contents of vitamin C (369 mg/L) and total carotenoids (27.5 mg/L), intense orange color, high thermal stability and very good sensory quality (e.g., intense floral and fresh mandarin aromas and low levels of off‐flavors). Independent of the preservation liquid used, the main carotenoid found in preserved mandarin segments wasβ‐cryptoxanthin. On the other hand, the use of lemon juice as preservation was not recommended because this led to preserved products with, for instance, the lowest sweet taste, the lowest fresh mandarin aroma and the highest acid taste.

PRACTICAL APPLICATION

The use of mandarin and/or orange juices as preservation liquids of Satsuma segments is completely adequate from a sensory point of view and will significantly increase the nutritional value of this product (vitamin C and provitamin A activity carotenoids).
MOISTURE ADSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF BLACK CURRANT (RIBES NIGRUM L.), BLACK ELDERBERRY (SAMBUCUS NIGRA L.) AND CHOKEBERRY (ARONIA MELANOCARPA, [MINCHX.] ELL.) SAMPLES AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES
Authors: ČERVENKA L.
Published: November 2009

Adsorption isotherms of black currant, black elderberry and chokeberry were obtained at 10, 25 and 40C. Generally, increasing temperature decreased adsorbed moisture particularly at 10C, whereas the adsorption was similar at 25 and 40C in the range of 0.10–0.75 water activity (Aw) for all the berry samples. All the berries sorbed more water at 40C than at 10 or 25C above 0.75 Aw. Of the six sorption models, Peleg's model gave the best fit. The net isosteric heats of adsorption were obtained using Clausius–Clapeyron equation showing that the adsorbed water is strongly bound to adsorbent at low moisture content. The glass transition temperature concept was also discussed. Based on the results of the study and the literature reviewed, the chilled storage has a favorable effect on the quality and shelf life of the dried berries.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The knowledge of the moisture content and water activity (Aw) relationships of food products is very important. These can be estimated by determining moisture sorption isotherm that can be used for defining storage conditions and in making shelf life determination. The unsuitable storage conditions may lead to deterioration of the product caused both by native enzymes and by microorganisms activity (Ross 2001). The sorption data for the berries are restricted for those used in human diet (Khalloufi et al. 2000) but have never been published for berries predominantly used in medicine. The results of this study would be useful in assessment of proper storage condition to keep the quality of the product in a high level.
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PINEAPPLE JUICE (ANANAS COMOSUS L.) PREPARATIONS ON THE MICROSTRUCTURE, STALING AND TEXTURAL PROPERTIES OF WHEAT BREAD
Authors: LASEKAN OLA , CHIEMELA CHINMA , OSSAI BEATRICE , ADZAHAN NORANIZAN M
Published: November 2009

The effect of adding different pineapple juice preparations on the microstructure, staling and textural properties of wheat bread were investigated. The loaves quality, crust and crumb color, and staling profile (crumb firmness, enthalpy) during storage were monitored. The micro‐structural differences of crumbs were also examined using microtome and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Results revealed that the specific volume of fresh loaves baked with concentrated pineapple juice (PJC) bread was not significantly (P = 0.05) different from that of control wheat bread (WB). Likewise, firmness of crumbs, number of crumb cells, area air cell, bake loss, volume yield, and crust and crumb color of the freshly baked PJC bread were not significantly (P = 0.05) different from the control WB. However, during storage, the retrogradation of starch in pineapple bread crumbs (PJC and pineapple juice [PJ] bread) was significantly (P = 0.05) retarded as compared with the control WB. While there was no significant (P = 0.05) textural differences between the crumbs of freshly produced PJC bread and the crumb of the control WB, staled breads revealed significant textural changes in their crumbs. Microtome and SEM revealed the presence of many starch granules on the surface of pore walls in the control WB, whereas the PJC bread contained starch gels cemented between starch granules. Gluten nets were found to be uniform and more oriented in the control WB than in the PJC bread. However, same gluten nets were dense and non‐uniform in the PJ bread.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Concentrated pineapple juice can be used to replace table sugar for the production of bread with good specific loaf volume, crumb firmness, crust and crumb color and a volume yield comparable to the bread produced using the conventional method. In addition, the ubiquitous nature of this type of bread would make it a potentially ideal vehicle for the delivery of the glucofructans obtained from the pineapple juice to the blood without digestion.
Gangs and public policy
Authors: Barrows Julie , Huff C. Ronald
Published: November 2009

Research Summary

Attention to gang issues has dramatically increased in the last several decades, both in the scholarly literature and in law enforcement. Despite widespread attention to the gang problem, researchers, police officers, and lawmakers have yet to agree on definitions used to characterize and understand the problem. This article summarizes the existing literature concerning the importance of accurately defining and classifying gang members, documents and analyzes state and federal gang legislation in the United States, and provides a detailed analysis of one state's system that might serve as a useful model for other states.

Policy Implications

Serious risks to public safety and civil liberties are associated with Type 1 and Type 2 classification errors regarding gang membership. The wide variation in state statutory definitions of “gang member” and in the construction and administration of gang databases presents major challenges for policymakers and academic researchers. This article addresses these challenges and argues that a more rigorous and unified system, based on one state's existing model, might be possible and could offer significant advantages in our efforts to address the delinquent and criminal behavior of gangs throughout the United States.
Does the death penalty save lives?
Authors: Kovandzic Tomislav V. , Vieraitis Lynne M. , Boots Denise Paquette
Published: November 2009

Research Summary

Economists have recently reexamined the “capital punishment deters homicide” thesis using modern econometric methods, with most studies reporting robust deterrent effects. The current study revisits this controversial question using annual state panel data from 1977 to 2006. Employing well‐known econometric procedures for panel data analysis, our results provide no empirical support for the argument that the existence or application of the death penalty deters prospective offenders from committing homicide.

Policy Implications

Although policymakers and the public can continue to base support for use of the death penalty on retribution, religion, or other justifications, defending its use based solely on its deterrent effect is contrary to the evidence presented here. At a minimum, policymakers should refrain from justifying its use by claiming that it is a deterrent to homicide and should consider less costly, more effective ways of addressing crime.
Effect of Different Binders on the Physico‐Chemical, Textural, Histological, and Sensory Qualities of Retort Pouched Buffalo Meat Nuggets
Authors: Devadason I. Prince , Anjaneyulu A.S.R. , Babji Y.
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT:  The functional properties of 4 binders, namely corn starch, wheat semolina, wheat flour, and tapioca starches, were evaluated to improve the quality of buffalo meat nuggets processed in retort pouches at F0 12.13. Incorporation of corn starch in buffalo meat nuggets produced more stable emulsion than other binders used. Product yield, drip loss, and pH did not vary significantly between the products with different binders. Shear force value was significantly higher for product with corn starch (0.42 ± 0.0 Kg/cm3) followed by refined wheat flour (0.36 ± 0.010 Kg/cm3), tapioca starch (0.32 ± 0.010 Kg/cm3), and wheat semolina (0.32 ± 0.010 Kg/cm3). Type of binder used had no significant effect on frying loss, moisture, and protein content of the product. However, fat content was higher in products with corn starch when compared to products with other binders. Texture profile indicated that products made with corn starch (22.17 ± 2.55 N) and refined wheat flour (21.50 ± 0.75 N) contributed firmer texture to the product. Corn starch contributed greater chewiness (83.8 ± 12.51) to the products resulting in higher sensory scores for texture and overall acceptability. Products containing corn starch showed higher sensory scores for all attributes in comparison to products with other binders. Panelists preferred products containing different binders in the order of corn starch (7.23 ± 0.09) > refined wheat flour (6.48 ± 0.13) > tapioca starch (6.45 ± 0.14) > wheat semolina (6.35 ± 0.13) based on sensory scores. Histological studies indicated that products with corn starch showed dense protein matrix, uniform fat globules, and less number of vacuoles when compared to products made with other binders. The results indicated that corn flour is the better cereal binder for developing buffalo meat nuggets when compared to all other binders based on physico‐chemical and sensory attributes.
Total Phenolic Compounds, Flavonoids, and Radical Scavenging Activity of 21 Selected Tropical Plants
Authors: Mustafa R.A. , Hamid A. Abdul , Mohamed S. , Bakar F. Abu
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT:  Free radical scavenging activity of 21 tropical plant extracts was evaluated using 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH). Total phenolic compounds and flavonoids were determined using Folin–Ciocalteu and HPLC, respectively. Results of the study revealed that all the plants tested exhibited excellent antioxidant activity with IC50 in the range of 21.3 to 89.6 μg/mL. The most potent activity was demonstrated by Cosmos caudatus (21.3 μg/mL) and Piper betle (23.0 μg/mL) that are not significantly different than that of ‐tocopherol or BHA. L. inermis extract was found to consist of the highest concentration of phenolics, catechin, epicatechin, and naringenin. High content of quercetin, myricetin, and kaempferol were identified in Vitex negundo, Centella asiatica, and Sesbania grandiflora extracts, respectively. Luteolin and apigenin, on the other hand, were found in Premna cordifolia and Kaempferia galanga extracts. Strong correlation (R = 0.8613) between total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids (R = 0.8430) and that of antioxidant activity of the extracts were observed. The study revealed that phenolic, in particular flavonoids, may be the main contributors to the antioxidant activity exhibited by the plants.

Practical Application: Potent antioxidant from natural sources is of great interest to replace the use of synthetic antioxidants. In addition, some of the plants have great potential to be used in the development of functional ingredients/foods that are currently in demand for the health benefits associated with their use.