bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quaternary deformation and fault structure in the Northern Mississippi Embayment as imaged by near‐surface seismic reflection data
Authors: Guo Lei , Magnani Maria Beatrice , McIntosh Kirk , Waldron Brian
Published: April 2014

Seismicity in the New Madrid seismic zone (NMSZ) in the central United States constrains the location of present deformation at depth along four main distinct arms, while the surface expression of the ongoing deformation is still unclear. To better constrain the surface deformation in the NMSZ, we integrate existing seismic reflection data with a new ~300 km‐long high‐resolution seismic reflection profile acquired along the Mississippi River from Cape Girardeau, MO, to Caruthersville, MO. Based on the data, we interpret the Reelfoot Thrust and the New Markham Fault as upward splays of a blind master fault defined by the seismicity and extending at depth farther north. To the south, two faults, the Axial Fault and the Cottonwood Grove Fault, are imaged above the southern arm of the NMSZ. Both fault display deformation of the Paleozoic through the Tertiary sediments, and a relief of ~20–25 m at the base of the Quaternary alluvium, which we interpret as the result of strike‐slip motion along a complex fault plane geometry. We propose two alternative interpretations for the relationship between the shallow faults and the seismicity in this area: (1) the faults merge at depth and are presently both active and (2) the faults are distinct at depth and were active during the Quaternary and only the Axial Fault is presently deforming. Geological structures mapped at the surface as part of this study show that Quaternary deformation is accommodated along a fault network that is more complex than the simple four‐arm system illuminated by the seismicity, a behavior predicted by analog and computer models.
Paleomagnetism of Eocene and Miocene sediments from the Qaidam basin: Implication for no integral rotation since the Eocene and a rigid Qaidam block
Authors: Yu Xiangjiang , Fu Suotang , Guan Shuwei , Huang Baochun , Cheng Feng , Cheng Xiang , Zhang Tuo , Guo Zhaojie
Published: April 2014

The Qaidam basin is the largest topographic depression inside the Tibetan Plateau and it is a key factor to understanding the Cenozoic evolution of the northern Tibetan Plateau. Paleomagnetic data was obtained from the middle to late Eocene Xiaganchaigou Formation and the early to middle Miocene Xiayoushashan Formation from seven localities. The paleomagnetic results indicate that the Qaidam basin has not undergone obvious basin‐scale vertical axis rotation with respect to the Eurasia Plate since the Eocene. Local clockwise rotation took place only at a few special locations along the northern margin of the Qaidam basin. The uniform paleomagnetic results at different localities support that the Qaidam basin is a relatively rigid block. Regional paleomagnetic and geodetic observations also suggest that crust south of the Kunlun fault moves eastward faster than crust north of the Kunlun fault.
A uniformly processed data set of SKS shear wave splitting measurements: A global investigation of upper mantle anisotropy beneath seismic stations
Authors: Walpole J. , Wookey J. , Masters G. , Kendall J. M.
Published: April 2014

Anisotropy in the Earth's upper mantle is a signature of past and present deformation. Here we present a new data set of ∼50,000 uniformly processed SKS shear wave splitting measurements that probe upper mantle anisotropy beneath seismic stations in the frequency band 0.02–0.1 Hz. The data set consists of measurements obtained at ∼2000 seismic stations from ∼2000 events. We identify several stations characterized by an apparent absence of shear wave splitting (so‐called “null stations”). Station‐averaged measurements are obtained by stacking shear wave splitting error surfaces. The stacked data set shows excellent agreement with a compilation of previous SKS measurements. The average amount of splitting beneath seismic stations (after error surface stacking) is 0.8 s, slightly lower than that found previously by vectorial averaging of non‐null measurement splitting parameters. The data set disagrees, however, with an azimuthally anisotropic surface wave tomography model (DKP2005), suggesting that caution should be exercised when using such models for geodynamic interpretation, especially in continental regions. Studying our data set in detail, we find evidence that flow in the asthenosphere exerts partial control over SKS splitting in orogenic regions globally. In the active orogenic environment of the western USA, where we have the densest coverage, our data suggest that shallow asthenospheric flow is guided by a wall of thick lithosphere to the east.
Relationship between psychopathy, aggression, anger, impulsivity, and intermittent explosive disorder
Authors: Coccaro Emil F. , Lee Royce , McCloskey Michael S.
Published: April 2014

Intermittent explosive disorder (IED) in DSM‐5 represents a disorder of recurrent, problematic, reactive (i.e., affective or impulsive), aggressive behavior that, over the lifetime, affects about 5–6% of individuals in the United States. While aggression is also observed in those with psychopathic personality, aggression in this context is frequently proactive rather than reactive, and neurobiological study suggests important differences between those with proactive aggression/psychopathy and those with reactive aggression. In this paper, we conducted two sets of analyses. First, a phenomenologic study to explore the frequency of psychopathic personality defined by the Psychopathology Checklist‐Screening Version (PCL‐SV) among IED and comparator participants and to explore differences in measures of aggression, anger, and impulsivity as a function of IED and psychopathic personality. Second, we re‐analyzed data from five published studies to determine if psychopathic personality accounted for differences between IED and comparator participants. The first study found that only a modest proportion of IED participants display clinically substantial features of psychopathy and that measures of trait aggression and anger, rather than those of psychopathy, are the strongest correlates of IED. The second study found little evidence for any impact of psychopathy on reported findings in IED compared with various control participants. Aggr. Behav. 40:526–536, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Retrieval (Sometimes) Enhances Learning: Performance Pressure Reduces the Benefits of Retrieval Practice
Authors: Hinze Scott R. , Rapp David N.
Published: April 2014

Academic testing has received substantial support as a useful educational activity with robust retention benefits, given that tests can promote retrieval practice. However, testing can also instantiate performance‐related pressure and anxiety that may misappropriate the resources responsible for producing learning benefits. The current project examined the effects of performance pressure on retrieval practice. In two experiments, we instantiated performance pressure with either high‐stakes or low‐stakes quizzes, and assessed memory and comprehension of content on both quizzes and final tests. Quiz performance was equivalent under high‐stakes and low‐stakes conditions, demonstrating that learners adapted to high‐pressure quizzes. However, final test performance was better after low‐stakes versus high‐stakes quizzes, and only low‐stakes quizzes led to a performance advantage over a rereading control group. Participants additionally exhibited some sensitivity to the difficulty of retrieving under pressure. These data highlight the benefits of retrieval practice but indicate that they can be disrupted under pressure‐driven conditions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What is in a Name: Drug Names Convey Implicit Information about Their Riskiness and Efficacy
Authors: Tasso Alessandra , Gavaruzzi Teresa , Lotto Lorella
Published: April 2014

The present research provides empirical evidence that drug names may entail implicit promises about their therapeutic power. We asked people to evaluate the perceived efficacy and risk associated with hypothetical drug names and other secondary related measures. We compared opaque (without meaning), functional (targeting the health issue that the drug is meant to solve) and persuasive (targeting the expected outcome of the treatment) names. Persuasive names were perceived as more efficacious and less risky than both opaque and functional names, suggesting that names that target the expected outcome of the drug may bias the perception of risk and efficacy. Implications for health‐related communication are discussed in light of both the increasing use of over‐the‐counter drugs and the concern about people's low health literacy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
3‐Dimensional Tracking of Non‐blinking ‘Giant’ Quantum Dots in Live Cells
Authors: Keller Aaron M. , Ghosh Yagnaseni , DeVore Matthew S. , Phipps Mary E. , Stewart Michael H. , Wilson Bridget S. , Lidke Diane S. , Hollingsworth Jennifer A. , Werner James H.
Published: April 2014

While semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have been used successfully in numerous single particle tracking (SPT) studies due to their high photoluminescence efficiency, photostability, and broad palette of emission colors, conventional QDs exhibit fluorescence intermittency or ‘blinking,’ which causes ambiguity in particle trajectory analysis and limits tracking duration. Here, non‐blinking ‘giant’ quantum dots (gQDs) are exploited to study IgE‐FcεRI receptor dynamics in live cells using a confocal‐based 3D SPT microscope. There is a 7‐fold increase in the probability of observing IgE‐FcεRI for longer than 1 min using the gQDs compared to commercially available QDs. A time‐gated photon‐pair correlation analysis is implemented to verify that selected SPT trajectories are definitively from individual gQDs and not aggregates. The increase in tracking duration for the gQDs allows the observation of multiple changes in diffusion rates of individual IgE‐FcεRI receptors occurring on long (>1 min) time scales, which are quantified using a time‐dependent diffusion coefficient and hidden Markov modeling. Non‐blinking gQDs should become an important tool in future live cell 2D and 3D SPT studies, especially in cases where changes in cellular dynamics are occurring on the time scale of several minutes.
Clinical features, outcome, and prognostic factors for survival and evolution to multiple myeloma of solitary plasmacytomas: A report of the Greek myeloma study group in 97 patients
Authors: Katodritou Eirini , Terpos Evangelos , Symeonidis Argiris S. , Pouli Anastasia , Kelaidi Charikleia , Kyrtsonis Marie‐Christine , Kotsopoulou Maria , Delimpasi Sosana , Christoforidou Anna , Giannakoulas Nikolaos , Viniou Nora‐Athina , Stefanoudaki Ekaterini , Hadjiaggelidou Christina , Christoulas Dimitrios , Verrou Evgenia , Gastari Vassiliki , Papadaki Sofia , Polychronidou Genovefa , Papadopoulou Athina , Giannopoulou Evlambia , Kastritis Efstathios , Kouraklis Alexandra , Konstantinidou Pavlina , Anagnostopoulos Achilles , Zervas Konstantinos , Dimopoulos Meletios A.
Published: April 2014

Solitary plasmacytoma (SP) is a rare plasma cell dyscrasia characterized by the presence of bone or extramedullary plasma cell tumors. The treatment of choice is local radiotherapy (R/T) ± surgical excision. The role of adjuvant chemotherapy (C/T) or novel agents (NA) is uncertain. Data related to prognostic factors are inconclusive. Herein, we describe the clinical features, survival and prognosis of 97 consecutive patients, 65 with bone SP (SBP), and 32 with extramedullary SP (SEP), diagnosed and treated in 12 Greek Myeloma Centers. Objective response rate (≥PR) and complete response (CR) was 91.8% and 61.9%, respectively, and did not differ between the 2 groups. Overall, 38 patients relapsed or progressed to multiple myeloma (MM). After a median follow‐up of 60 months, 5 and 10‐year overall survival (OS) probability was 92% and 89% in SEP and 86% and 69% in SBP, respectively (P = 0.2). The 5‐ and 10‐year MM‐free survival (MMFS) probability was 90% and 70% for patients with SEP vs. 59% and 50% for patients with SBP, respectively (P = 0.054). Overall, the 5‐ and 10‐year OS probability, plasmacytoma relapse‐free survival (PRFS), progression‐free survival and MMFS was 84% and 78%, 72% and 58%, 58% and 43%, and 70% and 59%, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, prolonged PRFS and young age were positive predictors of OS. Achievement of CR was the only positive predictor of PRFS. Immunoparesis was the only negative predictor of progression to MM. The addition of C/T or NA‐based treatment increased toxicity without offering any survival advantage over R/T. Am. J. Hematol. 89:803–808, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Work‐related stress factors associated with problem drinking: A study of the Spanish working population
Authors: Colell Esther , Sánchez‐Niubò Albert , Benavides Fernando G. , Delclos George L. , Domingo‐Salvany Antònia
Published: April 2014

Background

Workers may drink to cope with stress or to overcome negative emotions arising from an aversive working context, but results of previous studies are inconclusive on the specific work features affecting alcohol use.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was designed with data on 13,005 working individuals from the Household Survey on Alcohol and Drugs in Spain (EDADES)‐2007. We examined the associations between two drinking patterns and four measures of work‐related stress factors.

Results

Moderate and high levels of exposure to a noxious working environment (OR = 2.15 [95% CI = 1.51–3.06] and OR = 2.23 [95% CI = 1.49–3.36]) and a high level of lack of social support (OR = 1.62 [95% CI = 1.16–2.28]) were associated with heavy drinking, and precariousness with binge drinking for both moderate (OR = 1.22 [95% CI = 1.01–1.46]) and high (OR = 1.33 [95% CI = 1.04–1.70]) levels (OR = 1.21; 95% CI = 1.04–1.40) in men. Significant associations among women were only found when stress factors were analyzed separately.

Conclusions

Preventive practices in the workplace targeting alcohol abuse should consider specific production processes and organizational features. Am. J. Ind. Med. 57:837–846, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Plasma lactate concentration as an indicator of plasma caffeine concentration in acute caffeine poisoning
Authors: Morita Seiji , Yamagiwa Takeshi , Aoki Hiromichi , Sakurai Keiji , Inokuchi Sadaki
Published: April 2014

Aim

Severe caffeine poisoning is rare, but is associated with high mortality. Plasma caffeine concentration is one of the indications of treatment of caffeine poisoning; however, it is not easily measured at most emergency departments. If the plasma lactate concentration and the plasma caffeine concentration were correlated, the plasma lactate concentration may be an indication of caffeine poisoning. In this study, we investigated the correlation between the plasma lactate concentration and the plasma caffeine concentration.

Methods

From April 2010 to March 2012, 18 patients with severe caffeine poisoning by overdose were admitted at our Emergency Center. The plasma lactate concentration and plasma caffeine concentration of 10 patients were determined at the same time at 12–24 h after admission. These findings were plotted and we analyzed the correlation and trends in these concentrations.

Results

There were strong correlations between the plasma lactate concentration and the plasma caffeine concentration at admission (n = 18) and at 12–24 h after admission (n = 10) (correlation coefficients, 0.95 and 0.91, respectively). There was a strong positive correlation between the trend of the plasma lactate concentration and the plasma caffeine concentration (n = 10). The correlation coefficient was 0.91.

Conclusion

These results are extremely beneficial for emergency department clinical physicians because such findings permit the determination of the severe caffeine poisoning patient. Additionally, the plasma lactate concentration might be one of the indicators of hospitalization and discharge.
Successful treatment of septic shock due to New Delhi metallo‐β‐lactamase‐1‐producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a patient transferred from India to Japan
Authors: Kano Hideki , Hirakawa Akihiko , Miyabe Hiromiti , Hattori Tomonori , Mikamo Hiroshige , Yoshida Shunji , Takeyama Naoshi
Published: April 2014

Case

Here we report the fifth case of New Delhi metallo‐β‐lactamase‐1‐producing Enterobacteriaceae infection in Japan. A 39‐year‐old Japanese man suffered a subarachnoid hemorrhage due to rupture of aneurysm in India. Once he was deemed stable enough, he was transferred from a hospital in India to our hospital in Japan. On day 5 after transfer, the patient suddenly developed septic shock and multidrug‐resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated from a blood culture.

Outcome

Treatment with colistin and high‐dose meropenem as well as organ support were initiated, resulting in successful resolution of septic shock. This K. pneumoniae was shown to carry blaNDM‐1 by polymerase chain reaction analysis.

Conclusion

Our case suggests that New Delhi metallo‐β‐lactamase‐1‐producing bacteria could be introduced into Japan easily. It is important to apply strict surveillance and infection control measures to prevent the spread of carbapenem resistance genes to Enterobacteriaceae in Japan.
Protocol for splenic salvage procedures in this era of non‐operative management
Authors: Mitsusada Makoto , Nakajima Yasushi
Published: April 2014

Aim

The increased prevalence of non‐operative management of splenic injuries contributes to the infrequent use of salvage procedures. Nevertheless, salvage procedures are sometimes required. The study aimed to evaluate the safety and feasibility of our salvage procedure protocol for selected patients.

Methods

This retrospective study included 27 splenic injury patients divided into two groups: those treated by salvage procedures (splenorrhaphy or partial resection) and those who underwent splenectomy. Our salvage procedure protocol was applied in the following situations: if hemodynamics were stable during laparotomy or bleeding was fully controlled by manual or incisional mobilization of the organ, when no more than two other organs required repair, and if no clinical coagulopathy existed.

Results

The splenic abbreviated injury scale, intraoperative bleeding, and transfusion requirements of packed red blood cells and fresh frozen plasma requirements in 24 h were significantly lower in the salvage procedure group. There was no difference in the injury severity score, initial amount of bleeding, length of intensive care unit stay, or morbidity and mortality rates between the groups. Patients who underwent salvage procedures were managed without major complication, except one pseudoaneurysm case.

Conclusion

We confirmed the feasibility of our salvage procedure protocol for selected patients, particularly for those with simple or lower grade injuries.
Methanolysis of poly(lactic acid) using acidic functionalized ionic liquids as catalysts
Authors: Song Xiuyan , Wang Hui , Zheng Xiaodi , Liu Fusheng , Yu Shitao
Published: April 2014

The methanolysis of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was studied by using acidic ionic liquids (ILs) as catalyst in detail. The results showed that HSO3‐functionalized ILs exhibited higher catalytic activity than non‐functionalized ILs and traditional acid catalyst such as H2SO4. The influences of experimental parameters, such as the amount of catalyst, reaction temperature, methanolysis time, and dosages of methanol on the conversion of PLA, yield of methyl lactate were investigated. Under the optimal conditions, using 1‐methyl‐3‐(3‐sulfopropyl)‐immidazolium hydrogen sulfate ([HSO3‐pmim][HSO4]) as catalyst, the IL could be reused up to six times without apparent decrease in the conversion of PLA and yield of methyl lactate. The kinetics of the reaction was also investigated. The results indicated that the methanolysis of PLA in [HSO3‐pmim][HSO4] was a first‐order kinetic reaction with activation energy of 47.01 kJ/mol and Arrhenius constant of 2.7 × 107 min−1. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40817.
Encapsulation Enhanced Dimerization of a Series of 4‐Aryl‐N‐Methylpyridinium Derivatives in Water: New Building Blocks for Self‐Assembly in Aqueous Media
Authors: Zhang Ying , Zhou Tian‐You , Zhang Kang‐Da , Dai Jin‐Ling , Zhu Yuan‐Yuan , Zhao Xin
Published: April 2014

The construction of supramolecular systems in aqueous media is still a great challenge owing to the limited sources of building blocks. In this study, a series of 4‐aryl‐N‐methylpyridinium derivatives have been synthesized. They formed very stable host–guest (1:2) complexes with CB[8] in water (binding constants up to 1014 M−2) with the two guest molecules arranged in a head‐to‐tail manner and the complexes showed high thermostability, which was revealed by 1H NMR and UV/Vis spectroscopic studies, ITC, and crystallographic analysis.
Antidiabetic effect of nepodin, a component of Rumex roots, and its modes of action in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Ha Byung Geun , Yonezawa Takayuki , Son Myoung Jin , Woo Je Tae , Ohba Shinsuke , Chung Ung‐Il , Yagasaki Kazumi
Published: April 2014

Many active components derived from edible natural resources such as plant extracts have recently attracted attention for their potential use as functional foods or drugs for preventing and treating metabolic diseases such as diabetes. To obtain a novel modulator of glucose metabolism, we conducted screening of a small compound library in cultured L6 myotubes. We identified nepodin that stimulated glucose uptake dose‐dependently in differentiated L6 myotubes. The stimulatory effect of nepodin on glucose uptake was abrogated by a 5′‐adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor. In addition, nepodin stimulated the phosphorylation of AMPK. Nepodin also stimulated the translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane in L6 myoblasts transfected with a Glut4 cDNA‐coding vector and in differentiated L6 myotubes. In in vivo study, nepodin suppressed the increases in fasting blood glucose levels and improved the glucose intolerance of C57BL/KsJ‐db/db mice, a type 2 diabetic animal model. Nepodin rescued the impaired phosphorylation of AMPK in the skeletal muscle of db/db mice. These results suggest that nepodin has an antidiabetic effect, which is at least partly mediated by stimulation of GLUT4 translocation via AMPK activation by nepodin. © 2014 BioFactors, 40(4):436–447, 2014
Engineering the productivity of recombinant Escherichia coli for limonene formation from glycerol in minimal media
Authors: Willrodt Christian , David Christian , Cornelissen Sjef , Bühler Bruno , Julsing Mattijs K. , Schmid Andreas
Published: April 2014

The efficiency and productivity of cellular biocatalysts play a key role in the industrial synthesis of fine and bulk chemicals. This study focuses on optimizing the synthesis of (S)‐limonene from glycerol and glucose as carbon sources using recombinant Escherichia coli. The cyclic monoterpene limonene is extensively used in the fragrance, food, and cosmetic industries. Recently, limonene also gained interest as alternative jet fuel of biological origin. Key parameters that limit the (S)‐limonene yield, related to genetics, physiology, and reaction engineering, were identified. The growth‐dependent production of (S)‐limonene was shown for the first time in minimal media. E. coli BL21 (DE3) was chosen as the preferred host strain, as it showed low acetate formation, fast growth, and high productivity. A two‐liquid phase fed‐batch fermentation with glucose as the sole carbon and energy source resulted in the formation of 700 mg Lorg–1 (S)‐limonene. Specific activities of 75 mU gcdw–1 were reached, but decreased relatively quickly. The use of glycerol as a carbon source resulted in a prolonged growth and production phase (specific activities of ≥50 mU gcdw–1) leading to a final (S)‐limonene concentration of 2,700 mg Lorg–1. Although geranyl diphosphate (GPP) synthase had a low solubility, its availability appeared not to limit (S)‐limonene formation in vivo under the conditions investigated. GPP rerouting towards endogenous farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) formation also did not limit (S)‐limonene production. The two‐liquid phase fed‐batch setup led to the highest monoterpene concentration obtained with a recombinant microbial biocatalyst to date.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of trainee- versus expert surgeon-performed colorectal resection
Authors: Kelly M , Bhangu A , Singh P , Fitzgerald J E F , Tekkis P P
Published: April 2014

Background

The aim of this meta-analysis was to compare short-term and oncological outcomes following colorectal resection performed by surgical trainees and expert surgeons.

Methods

Systematic literature searches were made to identify articles on colorectal resection for benign or malignant disease published until April 2013. The primary outcome was the rate of anastomotic leak. Secondary outcomes were intraoperative variables, postoperative adverse event rates, and early and late oncological outcomes. Odds ratios (ORs), weighted mean differences (WMDs) and hazard ratios (HRs) for outcomes were calculated using meta-analytical techniques.

Results

The final analysis included 19 non-randomized, observational studies of 14 344 colorectal resections, of which 8845 (61·7 per cent) were performed by experts and 5499 (38·3 per cent) by trainees. The overall rate of anastomotic leak was 2·6 per cent. Compared with experts, trainees had a lower leak rate (3·0 versus 2·0 per cent; OR 0·72, P = 0·010), but there was no difference between experts and expert-supervised trainees (3·2 versus 2·5 per cent; OR 0·77, P = 0·080). A subgroup of expert-supervised trainees had a significantly longer operating time for laparoscopic procedures (WMD 10·00 min, P < 0·001), lower 30-day mortality (OR 0·70, P = 0·001) and lower wound infection rate (OR 0·67, P = 0·040) than experts. No difference was observed in laparoscopic conversion, R0 resection or local recurrence rates. For oncological resection, there was no significant difference in cancer-specific survival between trainees and consultants (3 studies, 533 patients; hazard ratio 0·76, P = 0·130).

Conclusion

In selected patients, it is appropriate for supervised trainees to perform colorectal resection.
Blood clearance of Howell–Jolly bodies in an experimental autogenic splenic implant model
Authors: Marques R G , Lucena S B S G , Caetano C E R , de Sousa V Oliveira , Portela M C , Petroianu A
Published: April 2014

Background

Autogenic splenic implant (ASI) is one of the few alternatives for preservation of splenic tissue when total splenectomy is inevitable. The aim of this study was to determine the morphological and functional regeneration of ASIs, as indicated by the clearance of Howell–Jolly (HJ) bodies, in an experimental model.

Methods

Ninety-nine male Wistar rats were divided into three groups: sham-operated (group 1), total splenectomy alone (group 2), and total splenectomy combined with ASI (group 3). Animals in group 3 were further allocated to nine subgroups of nine rats each, and analysed at different time points (1, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28 and 32 weeks after surgery). Blood smears were prepared at predetermined times for detection of HJ bodies. Morphological regeneration of tissue in the ASI was analysed by histology.

Results

At 1 week, the regenerated mass corresponded to about 7 per cent of the tissue implanted, reaching approximately 54 per cent at 24 weeks. The HJ body levels were increased in groups 2 and 3 until 8 weeks after surgery, following which levels in the ASI group became similar to those in the sham-operated group. HJ bodies were difficult to detect when a level of 22·5 per cent of regenerated ASI mass was reached.

Conclusion

Functional regeneration of ASIs occurred from 8 weeks after surgery. When 22·5 per cent of regenerated ASI mass was reached almost no HJ bodies could be observed in the bloodstream, resembling a spleen in situ.

Surgical relevance

Splenectomy has been practised routinely, both in the emergency setting and as a therapeutic elective procedure. There is a correlation between asplenia/hyposplenia and the occurrence of fulminant sepsis, underlining the importance of developing surgical methods for preserving splenic function.

Both clinical and experimental studies have shown at least partial morphological and functional regeneration of autogenic splenic implants (ASIs). Experimental studies investigating the immunoprotective effect of ASIs, based mostly on exposure of animals to various bacteria, have demonstrated that ASIs can increase the rate of bacterial clearance and decrease mortality from sepsis. Clinical studies have shown their ability to remove colloidal substances and altered erythrocyte corpuscular inclusions, such as Howell–Jolly, Heinz and Pappenheimer bodies, from the bloodstream. In this experimental study the functional and morphological regeneration of ASIs was studied over time in rats.
Cost-effectiveness of early laparoscopic cholecystectomy for mild acute gallstone pancreatitis
Authors: Morris S , Gurusamy K S , Patel N , Davidson B R
Published: April 2014

Background

A recent Cochrane review suggested that laparoscopic cholecystectomy carried out early following mild gallstone pancreatitis was safe. This study compared the cost-effectiveness of laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed within 3 days of admission, during the same admission but after more than 3 days, or electively in a subsequent admission.

Methods

A model-based cost–utility analysis was performed estimating mean costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) per patient in the UK National Health Service with a 1-year time horizon. A decision tree model was constructed and populated with probabilities, outcomes and cost data from published sources for mild gallstone pancreatitis, including one-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses.

Results

The costs of laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed within 3 days of admission, beyond 3 days but in the same admission, and electively in a subsequent admission were €2748, €3543 and €3752 respectively; the QALYs were 0·888, 0·888 and 0·884 respectively. Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy had a 91 per cent probability of being cost-effective at the maximum willingness to pay for a QALY commonly used in the UK. It is acknowledged that many hospitals do not have access to magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, especially at weekends, and that implementing a 3-day target is unrealistic without allocating new resources that could erode the cost-effectiveness.

Conclusion

Performing laparoscopic cholecystectomy for mild gallstone pancreatitis within 3 days of admission is cost-effective, but may not be feasible without significant resource allocation. After 3 days there is little financial advantage to same-admission operation.
The Case of Anders Behring Breivik – Language of a Lone Terrorist
Authors: Leonard Cecilia H. , Annas George D. , Knoll James L. , Tørrissen Terje
Published: April 2014

Anders Behring Breivik carried out a massacre in Norway on July 22, 2011, killing a total 77 persons and leaving 42 others severely wounded. He detonated a bomb in Oslo and then drove to the island of Utøya, where he shot and killed youngsters gathered at a youth camp. The authors performed an analysis of Breivik's writing style in his extensive manifesto which he published hours before the attacks, and also referred to the two psychiatrists' reports. The first report concluded that he suffered from paranoid schizophrenia. The authors concurred with the second report. Breivik seemed to be a person with narcissistic personality disorder, whose grandiosity might have caused him to be regarded initially as mentally deranged; however, closer examination revealed his deliberate attempt to methodically indoctrinate and deceive potential readers, to alarm potential targets and to terrorize a nation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vesicle Structures from Bolaamphiphilic Biosurfactants: Experimental and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Studies on the Effect of Unsaturation on Sophorolipid Self‐Assemblies
Authors: Dhasaiyan Prabhu , Pandey Prithvi Raj , Visaveliya Nikunjkumar , Roy Sudip , Prasad B. L. V.
Published: April 2014

The formation of giant‐vesicle‐like structures by self‐assembling linolenic acid sophorolipid (LNSL) molecules is revealed. Sophorolipids belong to the class of bolaamphiphilic glycolipid biosurfactants. Interestingly, the number of double bonds present in the hydrophobic core of sophorolipids is seen to have a great influence on the type of self‐assembled structures formed. Dye encapsulation results establish the presence of an aqueous compartment inside the LNSL vesicles. Molecular dynamics simulation (MD) studies suggest the existence of two possible conformations of LNSLs inside the self‐assembled structures and that LNSL molecules arrange in layered structures.
Synthesis and Properties of Semiconducting Bispyrrolothiophenes for Organic Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Jones Crystalann , Boudinet Damien , Xia Yu , Denti Mitch , Das Adita , Facchetti Antonio , Driver Tom G.
Published: April 2014

A series of new highly soluble bispyrrolothiophenes were synthesized from vinyl azides by using transition‐metal‐catalyzed CH‐bond functionalization. In addition to modifying the substituents present on the end‐pyrrolothiophene moieties, the arene linker in between the two units was also varied. The solution‐state properties and field‐effect‐transistor (FET) electrical behavior of these bispyrrolothiophenes was compared. Our investigations identified that the optical properties and oxidation potential of our compounds were dominated by the pyrrolothiophene unit with a λmax value of approximately 400 nm and oxidation at approximately 1 V. FET devices constructed with thin films of these bispyrrolothiophenes were also fabricated by means of thin‐film solution processing. One of these compounds, a bispyrrolothiophene linked with benzothiodiazole, exhibits a mobility of approximately 0.3 cm2 V−1 s−1 and the Ion/Ioff value is greater than 106.
Sustainable Heterogeneous Platinum Catalyst for Direct Methylation of Secondary Amines by Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen
Authors: Kon Kenichi , Siddiki S. M. A. Hakim , Onodera Wataru , Shimizu Ken‐ichi
Published: April 2014

Pt and MoOx co‐loaded TiO2 is found to be highly effective for direct methylation of aliphatic and aromatic secondary amines by CO2 and H2 under solvent‐free conditions. This is the first additive‐free and reusable heterogeneous catalytic system with acceptable turnover number.
Thermal Ethane Activation by Bare [V2O5]+ and [Nb2O5]+ Cluster Cations: on the Origin of Their Different Reactivities
Authors: Wu Xiao‐Nan , Tang Shi‐Ya , Zhao Hai‐Tao , Weiske Thomas , Schlangen Maria , Schwarz Helmut
Published: April 2014

The gas‐phase reactivity of [V2O5]+ and [Nb2O5]+ towards ethane has been investigated by means of mass spectrometry and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The two metal oxides give rise to the formation of quite different reaction products; for example, the direct room‐temperature conversions C2H6→C2H5OH or C2H6→CH3CHO are brought about solely by [V2O5]+. In distinct contrast, for the couple [Nb2O5]+/C2H6, one observes only single and double hydrogen‐atom abstraction from the hydrocarbon. DFT calculations reveal that different modes of attack in the initial phase of CH bond activation together with quite different bond‐dissociation energies of the MO bonds cause the rather varying reactivities of [V2O5]+ and [Nb2O5]+ towards ethane. The gas‐phase generation of acetaldehyde from ethane by bare [V2O5]+ may provide mechanistic insight in the related vanadium‐catalyzed large‐scale process.
Nucleophilic Difluoromethylation of Epoxides with PhSO(NTBS)CF2H by a Preorganization Strategy
Authors: Shen Xiao , Liu Qinghe , Luo Tao , Hu Jinbo
Published: April 2014

Unlike the facile synthesis of β‐monofluoromethyl alcohols by nucleophilic monofluoromethylation of epoxides, the synthesis of β‐difluoromethyl alcohols by nucleophilic difluoromethylation of epoxides still remains a challenge. Herein, studies on tackling this problem with PhSO(NTBS)CF2H (2; TBS=tert‐butyldimethylsilyl) are reported. The preorganization of 2 and epoxides with BF3⋅Et2O was found to be crucial for the reaction. The reaction shows excellent regioselectivity and has a broad substrate scope. The facile transformation of the ring‐opened products to β‐difluoromethyl, γ‐difluoromethyl, and β‐difluoromethylenyl alcohols demonstrates the synthetic utility of the reaction.
Copper‐Free Click‐Chemistry Platform to Functionalize Cisplatin Prodrugs
Authors: Pathak Rakesh K. , McNitt Christopher D. , Popik Vladimir V. , Dhar Shanta
Published: April 2014

The ability to rationally design and construct a platform technology to develop new platinum(IV) [PtIV] prodrugs with functionalities for installation of targeting moieties, delivery systems, fluorescent reporters from a single precursor with the ability to release biologically active cisplatin by using well‐defined chemistry is critical for discovering new platinum‐based therapeutics. With limited numbers of possibilities considering the sensitivity of PtIV centers, we used a strain‐promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition approach to provide a platform, in which new functionalities can easily be installed on cisplatin prodrugs from a single PtIV precursor. The ability of this platform to be incorporated in nanodelivery vehicle and conjugation to fluorescent reporters were also investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the A6B5O18 Perovskite‐Like Compounds.
Authors: Polubinskii V. V. , Titov Y. A. , Belyavina N. M. , Markiv V. Ya. , Slobodyanik M. S. , Chumak V. V. , Nakonechna O. I.
Published: April 2014

Single phase Ba5KNb5O18 (I) is prepared by solid state reaction of Ba5Nb4O15 and KNbO3 (1370 K, 2 h), while Sr6Nb4SnO18 (II) results from calcination of the coprecipitated metal hydroxycarbonates (1570 K, 2 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Single‐Crystal X‐Ray Diffraction Investigation of the Reversible Order‐Disorder Phase Transition in Iron‐Deficient TlFe2‐xSe2.
Authors: Ahrens E. , Nitsche F. , Doert Th. , Ruck M.
Published: April 2014

Single crystals of TlFe2‐xSe2 (x ≈ 0.4) are grown by first melting the elements (evacuated silica ampule, 900 °C) and then heating in a Bridgman furnace (850 °C, ampule traction of 1 mm/h).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Persistent Luminescence, and Thermoluminescence Properties of Yellow Sr3SiO5:Eu2+,RE3+ (RE: Ce, Nd, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb) and Orange‐Red Sr3‐xBaxSiO5:Eu2+, Dy3+ Phosphor.
Authors: Li Ye , Li Baohong , Ni Chenchen , Yuan Shuxia , Wang Jing , Tang Qiang , Su Qiang
Published: April 2014

The title phosphors are prepared by solid state reactions of SrCO3, BaCO3, SiO2, and rare earth oxides (600 °C for 2 h in air and sintering at 1500 °C for 6 h under N2/H2 atmosphere).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of a New Aluminophosphate with a Al3P6O249‐ Three‐Dimensional Framework.
Authors: Wang Ying , Pan Shilie , Han Shujuan , Dong Lingyun , Zhang Min , Wu Kui
Published: April 2014

Polycrystalline samples of the new compound K6Na3Al3P6O24 are synthesized by solid state reaction of stoichiometric mixtures of NaNO3, KNO3, Al(NO3)3·9H2O, and NH4H2PO4 (alumina crucible, 620 °C, 2 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Rapid Microwave Preparation and ab initio Studies of the Stability of the Complex Noble Metal Oxides La2BaPdO5 and La2BaPtO5.
Authors: Misch Lauren M. , Brgoch Jakoah , Birkel Alexander , Mates Thomas E. , Stucky Galen D. , Seshadri Ram
Published: April 2014

The title compounds are prepared by rapid microwave‐assisted solid‐state synthesis using stoichiometric amounts of La2O3, BaCO3, and Pd(acac)2 or Pt(acac)2 (alumina crucible, 1300 W, 15—20 min).
ChemInform Abstract: C—C Bond Formation via 1,2‐Addition of a tert‐Butylzinc Reagent and Carbonyls Across Conjugated Dienes.
Authors: Ohira Yuki , Hayashi Maya , Mori Takamichi , Onodera Gen , Kimura Masanari
Published: April 2014

The catalyst‐free multicomponent reaction of dienes (I) with tert‐butylzinc bromide and an aldehyde (II) leads to a diastereomeric mixture of alcohols (IV) and (V) with predominance of the antiisomer, in general.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold versus Palladium: A Regioselective Cycloisomerization of Aromatic Enynes.
Authors: Aziz Jessy , Frison Gilles , Le Menez Patrick , Brion Jean‐Daniel , Hamze Abdallah , Alami Mouad
Published: April 2014

Aromatic enynes can be transformed into arylnaphthalenes (II) or benzofulvenes (III) depending on the reaction conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Versatile Ruthenium(II)‐Catalyzed C—H Cyanations of Benzamides
Authors: Liu Weiping , Ackermann Lutz
Published: April 2014

and heteroaromatic amides
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Iodine‐Mediated Domino Reaction for the Synthesis of Benzamides, 2,2‐Diazidobenzofuran‐3(2H)‐ones and Benzoxazolones.
Authors: Rajendar K. , Kant Ruchir , Narender T.
Published: April 2014

A simple one‐pot protocol allows the conversion of divergent acetophenones and ortho‐hydroxyacetophenones into the title compounds via triiodomethyl ketones as key intermediates.
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild and Efficient Method for Bromination of Alcohols Using α,α‐Dibromo‐β‐dicarbonyl Compounds as Halogen Sources.
Authors: Cui Xiao‐Meng , Guan Yong‐Hong , Li Na , Lv Hao , Fu Lin‐An , Guo Kun , Fan Xiaohui
Published: April 2014

It is demonstrated that α,α‐dibromoacetoacetate can be used as bromine source under neutral conditions for the bromination of primary and secondary alcohols including acid sensitive substrates.
ChemInform Abstract: A Unique Route to Tetrasubstituted Propargylic Amines by Catalytic Markovnikov Hydroamination—Alkynylation.
Authors: Pierce Conor J. , Yoo Hoseong , Larsen Catharine H.
Published: April 2014

The method allows the direct access to the title compounds from an amine and alkynes via an unusual route involving no carbonyl compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Intermolecular [3 + 2] Carbocyclization of Alkynols and Propiolates: An Efficient Entry to Halo‐Cyclopentadienes.
Authors: Gao Yang , Wu Wanqing , Huang Huawen , Huang Yubing , Jiang Huanfeng
Published: April 2014

The title reaction employs simple propargyl alcohols (I) as C3 building block to participate in the cyclization reaction, providing a convenient and atom‐economical entry to the halo‐cyclopentadiene framework.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Generation of a Functionalized Tertiary‐Alkyl Radical for Copper‐Catalyzed Tertiary‐Alkylative Mizoroki—Heck Type Reaction.
Authors: Nishikata Takashi , Noda Yushi , Fujimoto Ryo , Sakashita Tomomi
Published: April 2014

For the first time a Cu‐triamine catalyzed tertiary‐alkylative reaction of a variety of styrenes with functionalized tertiary‐alkyl halides under mild condition is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Hydrazones: Regioselective Synthesis of Highly Branched Dienes.
Authors: Ojha Devi Prasan , Prabhu Kandikere Ramaiah
Published: April 2014

This reaction can also be performed in a one‐pot procedure starting with the corresponding ketones and tosylhydrazone.
ChemInform Abstract: Nitrogen Dioxide‐Catalyzed Electrophilic Iodination of Arenes.
Authors: Ren Yun‐Lai , Shang Huantao , Wang Jianji , Tian Xinzhe , Zhao Shuang , Wang Qian , Li Fuwei
Published: April 2014

Nitrogen dioxide is demonstrated to be an effective catalyst precursor for the iodination of alkoxy‐substituted benzenes and naphthalenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Study on the Influence of a Sustainable Medium for the Design of Multistep Processes: Three‐Component Synthesis of 2‐Nitroamines.
Authors: Piscopo Calogero G. , Sartori Giovanni , Mayoral Jose A. , Lanari Daniela , Vaccaro Luigi , Maggi Raimondo
Published: April 2014

The novel, environmentally friendly method allows the synthesis of 2‐nitroamines from aldehydes, nitroalkanes, and aromatic amines in aqueous methanol in the absence of a catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Regioselective and Chemoselective Titanocene Mediated Barbier‐Type Allylation Reactions.
Authors: Morcillo Sara P. , Martinez‐Peragon Angela , Jakoby Verena , Mota Antonio J. , Kube Christian , Justicia Jose , Cuerva Juan M. , Gansaeuer Andreas
Published: April 2014

The authors present the first titanocene(III) complex able to tolerate epoxides while promoting an α‐selective Barbier‐type reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Unprecedented Organocatalytic Reduction of Lignin Model Compounds to Phenols and Primary Alcohols Using Hydrosilanes.
Authors: Feghali Elias , Cantat Thibault
Published: April 2014

The first metal‐free reduction of lignin model compounds is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed anti‐Markovnikov Hydrohydrazination of Terminal Alkynes with N‐Alkyl‐ and N,N‐Dialkylhydrazines.
Authors: Fukumoto Yoshiya , Ohmae Akihiro , Hirano Masaya , Chatani Naoto
Published: April 2014

Terminal alkynes react with substituted hydrazines in the presence of a rhodium complex to give anti‐Markovnikov aldimine‐type hydrazones preferentially as E‐isomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Cyanation of Aryl Iodides Using DMF and Ammonium Bicarbonate as the Combined Source of Cyanide: A Dual Role of Copper Catalysts.
Authors: Pawar Amit B. , Chang Sukbok
Published: April 2014

It is assumed that copper is involved both in the generation of “CN” units from DMF‐ammonia and in the cyanation of aryl iodides (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium Catalyzed β‐Selective Oxidative Heck Reaction of an Electron‐Rich Olefin.
Authors: Meng Lingkui , Liu Chao , Zhang Wei , Zhou Chao , Lei Aiwen
Published: April 2014

The reaction proceeds under mild conditions and does not require any ligand or base.
ChemInform Abstract: Solution‐Phase Microwave Assisted Parallel Synthesis of N,N′‐Disubstituted Thioureas Derived from Benzoic Acid: Biological Evaluation and Molecular Docking Studies.
Authors: Rauf Muhammad Khawar , Talib Ammara , Badshah Amin , Zaib Sumera , Shoaib Khurram , Shahid Mohammad , Floerke Ulrich , Imtiaz‐ud‐Din Ulrich , Iqbal Jamshed
Published: April 2014

26 Title compounds are prepared and preliminarily screened for their in vitro urease inhibition and antifungal activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper(I)/N‐Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC)‐Catalyzed Addition of Terminal Alkynes to Trifluoromethyl Ketones for Use in Continuous Reactors.
Authors: Correia Camille A. , McQuade D. Tyler , Seeberger Peter H.
Published: April 2014

The presented batch reaction is translated to a flow process offering a framework for the continuous synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients such as the anti‐HIV drug efavirenz.
ChemInform Abstract: Amination of meso‐Bromoporphyrins and 9‐Haloanthracenes with Diarylamines Catalyzed by a Palladium‐PEPPSI Complex.
Authors: Suzuki Yuko , Fukui Norihito , Murakami Kei , Yorimitsu Hideki , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: April 2014

Bulky aryl halides are efficiently aminated by Buchwald‐Hartwig amination with diarylamines in the presence of a Pd‐PEPPSI catalyst (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Radical Cyclizations of Cyclic Ene Sulfonamides Occur with β‐Elimination of Sulfonyl Radicals to Form Polycyclic Imines.
Authors: Zhang Hanmo , Hay E. Ben , Geib Steven J. , Curran Dennis P.
Published: April 2014

The title reaction affords fused and spirocyclic imines with five‐, six‐ and seven‐membered rings.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of 1‐Azaspiro Frameworks Initiated by Photooxidation of Simple Furans.
Authors: Kalaitzakis Dimitris , Antonatou Eirini , Vassilikogiannakis Georgios
Published: April 2014

A range of 1‐azaspirocycles, spiroaminals and 1,6‐diazaspirocycles, are synthesized starting from readily accessible furan precursors using a cascade reaction sequence initiated by singlet oxygen.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of Diaryl Aziridines Using Tetrahydrothiophene‐Based Chiral Sulfides as Organocatalysts.
Authors: Huang Meng‐Ting , Wu Hsin‐Yi , Chein Rong‐Jie
Published: April 2014

Chiral tetrahydrothiophene‐based catalyst is applied for the imino variant of the Corey—Chaykovsky reaction.