bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sentrale begreper relatert til fysisk aktivitet: Forslag til bruk og forståelse
Authors: Nerhus Kjersti Andersen , Anderssen Sigmund A. , Lerkelund Hans Erik , Kolle Elin
Published: May 2016

Innen fagområdet fysisk aktivitet eksisterer det en rekke sentrale begreper som har vist seg å ofte bli forveksletmed hverandre eller bli brukt synonymt selv om de har ulik betydning. Fysisk aktivitet og trening er eksempler på to begrep som i mange sammenhenger brukes om hverandre. Målet med denne artikkelen er å gi en oversikt over vanlig brukte begreper som er relatert til fysisk aktivitet og foreslå en avgrensning for åtydeliggjøre betydningen av og innholdet i hvert enkelt begrep. Femten begrep ble inkludert i artikkelen, og disse ble identifisert med utgangspunkt i både faglitteratur, offentlige publikasjoner, media og ulike typer undersøkelser. Søk i både norsk og engelsk litteratur og innspill fra personer innen offentlig forvaltning og aktuelle fagmiljø i Norge ble benyttet for å komme frem til begrepsforklaringene. De foreslåtte forklaringene er ment som anbefalinger i forhold til bruk og forståelse. Det lar seg ikke gjøre å presentere noen form forfasit som omfatter alle nyanser av et begrep tilpasset alle formål. Målet er likevel at de foreslåtte begrepene med tilhørende forklaringer skal kunne benyttes på tvers av ulike fagfelt, organisasjoner og studier slik at det blir en enhetlig forståelse av hva som menes når et bestemt begrep benyttes
Innledning
Authors: . .
Published: May 2016

--
Using biological samples in epidemiological research on drugs of abuse
Authors: Gjerde Hallvard , Øiestad Elisabeth Leere , Christophersen Asbjørg S.
Published: May 2016

Blood, oral fluid (saliva), urine and hair are the most commonly used biological matrices for drug testing in epidemiological drug research. Other biological matrices may also be used for selected purposes. Blood reflects recent drug intake and may be used to assess impairment. Oral fluid reflects drug presence in blood and thereby also recent intake, but drug concentrations in this matrix cannot be used to accurately estimate concentrations in blood. Urine reflects drug use during the last few days and in some cases for a longer period, but does not indicate the dose size or frequency of use. Hair reflects drug use during several months, but is a poor matrix for detecting use of cannabis. If using a single drug dose, this can be detected in blood and urine if the sample is taken within the detection timeframes, in most cases also in oral fluid. Single drug use is most often insufficient for producing a positive test result in a sample of hair. For cocaine and amphetamine, weekly use may be needed, while for cannabis a positive result is not guaranteed even after daily use. Refusal rates are lowest for oral fluid and highest for blood and hair samples. The analytical costs are lowest for urine and highest for hair. Combined use of questionnaires/interviews and drug testing detects more drug use than when using only one of those methods and is therefore expected to give more accurate data.
Substance abuse in patients admitted voluntarily and involuntarily to acute psychiatric wards: a national cross-sectional study
Authors: Opsal Anne , Kristensen Øistein , Ruud Torleif , Larsen Tor K. , Gråwe Rolf W. , Clausen Thomas
Published: May 2016

Background: Substance abuse and mental disorder comorbidity is high among patients admitted to acute psychiatric wards. The aim of the study was to identify this co-occurrence as a reason for involuntary admission and if specific substance use-related diagnoses were associated with such admissions.Methods: The study was a part of a multicentre, cross-sectional national study carried out during 2005-2006 within a research network of acute mental health services. Seventy-five percent of Norwegian hospitals providing acute in-patient treatment participated. Substance use was measured using the Clinician Rating Scale and the ICD-10 diagnoses F10-19. Diagnostic assessments were performed by the clinicians during hospital stay.Results: Overall, 33.2% (n=1,187) of the total patient population (3,506) were abusing alcohol or drugs prior to admission according to the Clinician Rating Scale. No difference in the overall prevalence of substance abuserelated diagnoses between the two groups was found. Overall, 310 (26%) of the admissions, 216 voluntarily and 94 involuntarily admitted patients received a double diagnosis. Frequent comorbid combinations among voluntarily admitted patients were; a combination of alcohol and either mood disorder (40%) or multiple mental disorders (29%). Among involuntarily admitted patients, a combination of poly drug use and schizophrenia was most frequent (47%). Substance abusing patients diagnosed with mental and behavioral disorders due to the use of psychoactive stimulant substances had a significantly higher risk of involuntary hospitalization (OR 2.3).Conclusion: Nearly one third of substance abusing patients are involuntarily admitted to mental hospitals, in particular stimulant drug use was associated with involuntarily admissions.
Forord
Authors: - -
Published: May 2016

-
Melketenner som biomarkører i epidemiologisk forskning
Authors: Tvinnereim Helene Meyer , Langseth Maiken Rørvik , Klock Kristin S.
Published: May 2016

Human primary teeth can give important information about trace element exposure prenatally and in early childhood – the period of tooth formation and the most vulnerable period in life. Trace elements from the environment and from nutrition are built into the tooth tissues during the period of tooth formation. As tooth tissues develop incrementally, according to a known pattern, and are very stable, teeth may function as recorders or biomarkers of different exposures during the period of tooth formation. In this paper the use of primary teeth as biomarkers of exposure is presented with a special focus on the use within epidemiology
Diabetes and oral health
Authors: Rønningen Kjersti Skjold , Enersen Morten
Published: May 2016

Background: Diabetes describes a group of disorders characterized by elevated levels of glucose in the blood and abnormalities of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. A number of oral diseases and disorders have been associated with diabetes, and periodontitis has been identified as a possible risk factor for poor metabolic control in subjects with diabetes.Methods: This paper reviews the scientific literature to identify oral conditions that have been proposed and are known to be affected by diabetes. The literature has also been examined concerning periodontitis as a modifier of glycemic control.Results: Although a number of oral disorders have been associated with diabetes, the data support the fact that periodontitis is a complication of diabetes. Patients with long-standing, poorly controlled diabetes are at risk of developing candidiasis, and the evidence indicates that periodontitis is a risk factor for poor glycemic control and the development of other clinical complications of diabetes.Conclusions: Diabetes is an important health care problem. The evidence suggests that oral health care, specifically in relation to periodontal diseases, can have a significant, positive effect on the oral as well as general health of patients with diabetes mellitus
Trends in remaining life expectancy at retirement age (65 years) by educational level in Norway 1961-2009
Authors: Moe Joakim Oliu , Steingrímsdóttir Ólöf Anna , Strand Bjørn Heine , Næss Øyvind
Published: May 2016

Background: Over the last half a century education based inequalities in life expectancy have increased in younger populations, but our knowledge of long-term trends in old-age life expectancy differentials is sparse. We investigated the trends in remaining life expectancy at age 65 (e65) according to education in Norway for the period 1961-2009.Methods: This was a register-based population study including all Norwegian residents aged 65 years and older. Individual-level data were provided by the Central Population Registry and the National Educational Database. We classified education into higher and lower education and constructed one life table for each calendar year, sex, and educational group. We tested for trends using weighted least square regression models.Results: e65 increased over the observation period for all educational groups, but the difference in e65 increased by 0.060 life years per calendar year in men and 0.025 life years per calendar year in women (P < 0.001). The increase in e65 in less-educated men slowed in the 1980s and 1990s, whereas e65 in less-educated women decelerated from the 1980s, and significantly so from 2001 (P = 0.029).Conclusions: Educational-based inequalities in e65 increased over the last half century. The increase seems to be temporal in men and might be ongoing in women. Increasing inequalities in e65 challenge public health policy and will become increasingly important in the ageing societies of the future. In addition, they imply increasing deviation from the overall life expectancy of the population, which forms the basis of the recently implemented adjustment of pension levels according to life expectancy. Divergent trends in e65 according to educational level may also have implications for future demographic projections.
Health behaviour changes and onset of chronic health problems in later life
Authors: Veenstra Marijke , Syse Astri
Published: May 2016

Objectives: To assess five-year changes in health behaviours in later life and associations with onset of chronic health problems. The results may inform policy and interventions to promote healthy life years in ageing populations.Methods: Data are derived from the Norwegian study on Life-course, Ageing and Generation (NorLAG), a five-year (2002-2007) panel survey comprising a nation wide community sample. The present analyses include a sample of 1,019 respondents aged 60 years and older. Five-year changes in smoking, alcohol use, physical exercise and Body Mass Index (BMI) are assessed according to prevalent and incident chronic health problems. Multivariate logistic analyses of “healthy” behavioural changes are conducted.Results: A total of 453 respondents (45%) reported at least one chronic condition and 13% (N=133) reported onset of chronic conditions in the course of the past five years. Over a five-year period, there was an overall reduction in smoking rates and a decrease in regular physical activity. Alcohol consumption in older people slightly increased over time, but the incidence of chronic health problems tended to reduce alcohol intake. Older persons experiencing chronic health problems were less likely to initiate physical activity.Conclusions: The results provide limited support for the assumption that the onset of a chronic health condition triggers improved health behaviours. This suggests that the health care system could do more in targeting a potential “window of opportunity” for individuals to adopt new healthy behaviours in later life.
Søvnproblemer blant eldre
Authors: Bjorvatn Bjørn , Fetveit Arne
Published: May 2016

Mange eldre sover dårlig, og dårlig søvn påvirker helse og livskvalitet. Vi vil i denne artikkelen ta for oss typiske trekk ved søvnen hos eldre mennesker. Søvnsykdommer deles inn i seks ulike undergrupper: insomnier, døgnrytmeforstyrrelser, søvnrelaterte respirasjonsforstyrrelser, søvnrelaterte bevegelsesforstyrrelser, hypersomnier og parasomnier. Hovedfokuset i artikkelen vil være på insomni, men også de andre søvnsykdommene blir beskrevet. Flere av søvnsykdommene er hyppigere hos eldre enn hos yngre mennesker. I tillegg er mange somatiske og psykiske lidelser assosiert til søvnproblemer, hvorav depresjon regnes som den hyppigste komorbide lidelsen. Grundig anamnese vil avdekke de fleste av søvnsykdommene, og bruk av søvndagbøker gir viktig tilleggsinformasjon. Behandlingsalternativene varierer fra ikke-medikamentelle til medikamentelle tiltak, avhengig av hvilken diagnose som stilles. Langvarig bruk av hypnotika frarådes på grunn av toleranseutvikling og uheldige bivirkninger. Det er viktig at utredning gjøres før behandlingen starter, og korrekt behandling kan ha stor effekt – også hos eldre.  ENGLISH SUMMARY Sleep problems are common among the elderly, and poor sleep affects health and quality of life. In this paper we will cover the characteristics of sleep in elderly patients. Sleep disorders are divided into six subgroups: insomnia, circadian rhythm sleep disorders, sleep related breathing disorders, sleep related movement disorders, hypersomnias, and parasomnias. The main focus of this paper will be on insomnia, but also the other sleep disorders will be described. Several of the sleep disorders are more common among older than younger people. Furthermore, many somatic and psychiatric disorders are associated with sleep problems, with depression being the most common comorbid disorder. A thorough patient history will uncover most of the sleep disorders, and the use of sleep diaries gives important additional information. The treatments of choice vary from non-pharmacological to pharmacological approaches, depending on the diagnosis. Chronic use of hypnotics is discouraged due to risk of tolerance and unfavourable side effects. It is vital to do a proper assessment before treatment is commenced, and appropriate treatment may have large effects – also among elderly patients.Bjorvatn B, Fetveit A. Sleep problems among the elderly. Nor J Epidemiol 2012; 22 (2): 177-186.
National diabetes strategy and diabetes epidemiology in Norway
Authors: Berg Tore Julsrud
Published: May 2016

-
Kunnskapsbasert folkehelse – eksempel fysisk aktivitet
Authors: Denison Eva
Published: May 2016

Kunnskapsbasert folkehelse er et relativt nytt begrep hvor a) behov og verdier i populasjonen, b) sosiale og lokale forhold, c) tilgjengelige ressurser, og d) beste tilgjengelige kunnskap fra forskning inkluderes i beslutningsgrunnlaget for valg av tiltak for å bedre folkehelsen. I artikkelen brukes fysisk aktivitet som eksempel for å illustrere hva kunnskapsbasert folkehelse kan innebære i praksis. Flere store undersøkelser basert på representative utvalg viser at det fysiske aktivitetsnivået i den norske befolkningen er lavt. Vi vet fra internasjonale studier at store forandringer av fysiske omgivelser, arbeidsliv og bruk av transportmidler har redusert fysisk aktivitet betraktelig over de siste tiårene. Det fysiske aktivitetsnivået er dessuten skjevt fordelt i befolkningen. Personer med høy utdanning har for eksempel høyere aktivitetsnivå enn personer med lav utdanning. I Norge kanaliseres offentlige midler for å fremme fysisk aktivitet til organisert idrett, satsing på egenorganisert idrett og friluftsliv, og målrettede satsinger på å nå de fysisk inaktive. Systematisk oppsummert kunnskap om effekt av tiltak for økt fysisk aktivitet viser at tiltak på individnivå gir en liten til moderat økning av fysisk aktivitet på kort sikt, at tiltak i skolen øker varighet av fysisk aktivitet i skolen for barn og ungdom, og at enkle, konkrete tiltak på samfunnsnivå øker fysisk aktivitet noe.Denison E. Evidence-based public health: The example of physical activity. Nor J Epidemiol 2013; 23 (2): 181-185.ENGLISH SUMMARY Evidence-based public health is a relatively new concept implying that decisions about interventions in the public health area be based on a) population needs and values, b) social and local contexts, c) available resources, and d) the best available scientific evidence. In this article physical activity is used to illustrate evidence-based public health in practice. Several large studies based on representative samples have demonstrated that the level of physical activity in the Norwegian population is low. International studies have shown that big changes in our physical environments, working lives, and transportation over the latest decades have reduced the level of physical activity substantially. In addition, the level of physical activity is skewed in the population. Persons with higher education are for example more active than persons with lower education. Public resources for physical activity in Norway are directed to organized sports, to initiatives for self-organized physical activity in sports and outdoor life, and to efforts to reach the physically inactive. Systematic reviews about effects of interventions to increase physical activity show that interventions targeting individuals give small to moderate increases of physical activity in the short term, that school based interventions increase the duration of physical activity in children and adolescents, and that simple, concrete interventions at the community level increase physical activity somewhat.
Pasienten som medvirker og kunnskapshåndterer
Authors: Austvoll-Dahlgren Astrid , Johansen Marit
Published: May 2016

En forutsetning for en kunnskapsbasert helsetjeneste er at pasienter tas med i beslutninger om egen og andres helse. Dette forutsetter tilgang på pålitelig kunnskap og kompetanse i å ta den i bruk. Den sentrale arenaen for pasientmedvirkning er møtet mellom pasient og helsearbeider, men andre viktige områder for medvirkning omfatter beslutninger på system- og politisk nivå. Tiltak for å fremme pasienters tilgang til pålitelig helseinformasjon kan deles i tre kategorier. Den første dreier seg om at forskere, helsepersonell og andre fagfolk kvalitetssikrer, oppsummerer og formidler den beste tilgjengelige kunnskapen. Den andre relaterer hovedsakelig til nettbasert informasjon, der informasjonen blir filtrert enten manuelt av eksperter eller ved bruk av automatiske søkemotorer. Tiltak i den tredje kategorien er opplæring av pasienter, for eksempel i form av kurs, eller i bruk av sjekklister og andre ressurser, for å styrke deres kompetanse i kritisk vurdering av forskning.Austvoll-Dahlgren A, Johansen M. The patient as participant and knowledge manager. Nor J Epidemiol 2013; 23 (2): 225-230.ENGLISH SUMMARYA prerequisite for an evidence based health care is that patients take part in decisions about their own and others' health care. This requires access to reliable information and competence in applying it. The central arena for patient participation is the meeting between patient and health professional, but other important areas of involvement include decisions at the system and policy levels. Measures to promote patient access to reliable health information can be divided into three categories. The first entails that researchers, health personnel and other professionals quality assess, summarise and communicate the best available evidence. The second relates mainly to online information and how information is filtered either manually by experts or by automated search engines. The third types of measures are those where patients are trained, for example in the form of courses, or by the use of checklists and other resources, to enhance their skills in critical appraisal of research.
How the “Newborn cohort” was established in terms of management and governance – a personal report from Bodolf Hareide, general director of NIPH from 1984 to 2001
Authors: Haugan Anita , Vejrup Kristine , Magnus Per
Published: May 2016

-
The biobank of the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study – present status
Authors: Paltiel Liv , Anita Haugan , Skjerden Trine , Harbak Kari , Bækken Siri , Nina Kristin Stensrud , Knudsen Gun Peggy , Magnus Per
Published: May 2016

-
The Autism Birth Cohort (ABC):a study of autism spectrum disorders in MoBa
Authors: Surén Pål , Schjølberg Synnve , Øyen Anne-Siri , Lie Kari Kveim , Hornig Mady , Bresnahan Michaeline , Bakke Therese , Roth Christine , Alsaker Elin , Schreuder Patricia , Stenberg Nina , Reichborn-Kjennerud Ted , Hirtz Deborah , Susser Ezra , Magnus Per , Lipkind Ian , Stoltenberg Camilla
Published: May 2016

Background: Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities. In most cases, the cause of ASD is likely to be a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental exposures occurring in fetal life or early infancy. Consequently, a prospective pregnancy cohort like MoBa represents an ideal platform for studies of ASDs in children.Methods: The Autism Birth Cohort (ABC) Study has identified potential ASD cases in MoBa through questionnaire- based screening, parental and professional referrals, and linkages to the Norwegian Patient Register. ASD diagnoses have been ascertained through in-person clinical assessments and medical record reviews.Current results: By the end of 2012, the ABC Study had identified 518 ASD cases in MoBa. The ASD prevalence in school-age children is 0.7-0.8%, which is in line with nationwide estimates for Norway. The most important source of ASD case identification was registry linkages, while only a minority was detected through early screening. Published findings show that screening at 18 months misses the majority of ASD cases. Analyses of risk factors for ASDs have shown that maternal use of folic acid supplements in early pregnancy may lower the child’s risk of developing ASDs and that paternal obesity appears to increase the child’s risk of ASDs.Future plans: ASD case identification will continue through annual registry linkages and subsequent reviews of medical records. Analyses of plasma samples and RNA samples will be conducted to investigate prenatal and perinatal microbial exposures, innate immune and inflammatory responses, biomarkers of autism risk, and exposures to xenobiotics. Analyses of deciduous teeth will also investigate the effect of medications and environmental toxins. Exome sequencing of DNA from ASD cases and their parents is ongoing, and will elucidate the role of de novo DNA mutations in the pathogenesis of ASDs. Future epidemiological analyses will explore the results of the 36-month screening for ASDs, the diagnostic stability and developmental trajectories in ASD children, and psychiatric and medical comorbidities in ASDs.
Causal pathways for asthma (CASPAR) – MoBa “a happy hunting ground”
Authors: Nystad Wenche , Magnus Maria Christine , Parr Christine Louise , Håberg Siri Eldevik
Published: May 2016

Large population-based research cohorts, together with national health registries and biobanks are core components in a modern infrastructure for knowledge. Along with the other Nordic countries, Norway has unique opportunities for high quality research based on cohorts, biobanks and registries. Cohorts, biobanks and registries provide a basis for discovering causes and mechanisms of disease as well as for following the development of disease, effects of treatment and consequences of disease. The purpose of this manuscript is to give a brief outline of a project that makes use of these unique opportunities by using data from The Norwegian Mother and Child cohort study (MoBa) to address research questions of common interest, and thus encourage other research groups to use this “happy hunting ground”.The present study, Causal Pathways for Asthma (CASPAR) funded by the Research Council of Norway, is a subproject of MoBa. The project is designed to take advantage of the potential for research on human biological material in biobanks, by coupling analysis results with data from health surveys, health registries and the health services. The present study is based on an ongoing collaboration between the Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) in the US and several other national and international collaborators within The MoBa Asthma Group. The main aim of the study is to examine a number of hypothesis regarding in utero and early life exposures in relation to the development of different phenotypes of asthma and allergies in childhood.For the majority of children who become asthmatic and allergic, the differentiation of their immune system into an atopic phenotype probably begins before birth and is established within the first six years of life. This study will advance knowledge of the mechanisms whereby diet and environmental exposures influences gene expression to alter risk of atopic disease. The prime purpose is to build up new knowledge on asthma pathogenesis. There is a great need to develop a new paradigm of disease pathogenesis that takes advantages of applied molecular approaches to asthma and atopic diseases as it occurs in humans at different stages of development. This project takes advantage not only of the basic MoBa samples and infrastructure including links to other national health registries, but also a new national supplementary study of MoBa that includes measures of prenatal exposures in maternal plasma believed to have epigenetic influences on asthma/atopy development and data on genome wide methylation of cord blood DNA.
Prediction of autoimmune diabetes and celiac disease in childhood by genes and perinatal environment: Design and initial aims of the PAGE study
Authors: Stene Lars C. , Joner Geir , Størdal Ketil
Published: May 2016

Type 1 diabetes and celiac disease result from misdirected immune mediated destruction of host cells, and are among the most common chronic diseases in children. Despite changes in incidence over the past 3 decades, little is known about non-genetic risk factors (except for dietary gluten for celiac disease). Norway is among the countries in the world with the highest incidence of these two diseases. We describe here plans and study design for the PAGE study (Prediction of Autoimmune diabetes and celiac disease in childhood by Genes and perinatal Environment). PAGE is a sub-study within the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort study, including follow-up of more than 100,000 pregnancies. Children who develop type 1 diabetes or celiac disease are identified via linkage to the Norwegian Patient Register and the Norwegian Childhood Diabetes Registry, with complementing information from questionnaires. The overall aim is to test hypotheses about potential non-genetic risk factors for type 1 diabetes and for celiac disease, with focus on factors operating early in life. In addition to a full cohort analysis of factors registered in questionnaires, we will analyse biomarkers in maternal blood plasma and cord blood plasma. Mothers and children will be genotyped for well-established susceptibility polymorphisms. Biomarkers will be analysed in cases and controls within the cohort. Factors to be tested in the full cohort include infant feeding, diet and dietary supplements in the mother during pregnancy and in the child, and use of antibiotics and non-prescription drugs. Biomarkers to be tested include 25-hydroxyvitamin D, markers of immune activation, and small metabolites (metabolomics). We will also explore the potential role of maternal cells in the fetal circulation (maternal microchimerism) in later risk of celiac disease and type 1 diabetes.
InterPregGen:genetic studies of pre-eclampsia in three continents
Authors: Morgan Linda , McGinnis Ralph , Steinthorsdottir Valgerdur , Svyatova Gulnara , Zakhidova Nodira , Lee Wai Kwong , Iversen Ann-Charlotte , Magnus Per , Walker James , Casas Juan Pablo , Sultanov Saidazim , Laivuori Hannele
Published: May 2016

Pre-eclampsia is a major cause of maternal and fetal mortality in pregnancy. The identification of genetic variants which predispose to pre-eclampsia demands large DNA collections from affected mothers and babies and controls, with reliable supporting phenotypic data. The InterPregGen study has assembled a consortium of researchers from Europe, Central Asia and South America with the aim of elucidating the genetic architecture of pre-eclampsia. The MoBa collection is playing a vital role in this collaborative venture, which has the potential to provide new insights into the causes of pre-eclampsia, and provide a rational basis for novel approaches to prevention and treatment.
Time and space perspectives in medical teaching in Oslo
Authors: Larsen Øivind
Published: May 2016

-
From screening to population studies
Authors: Straume Bjørn
Published: May 2016

-
The golden years of Norwegian epidemiology
Authors: Thelle Dag S.
Published: May 2016

-
Modern biobanks in Norway
Authors: Magnus Per , Holmen Jostein
Published: May 2016

-
Women’s health and gender perspectives in the history of modern Norwegian epidemiology
Authors: Schei Berit , Rostad Berit
Published: May 2016

In this chapter, we will discuss selected aspects of the impact of women’s movement on the developmentof modern epidemiology in Norway based on the experiences of leading a research program in Women’sHealth (RPWH, 1991-96) aimed at mapping and assessing gender based public health research in Norway,and the establishment in 1997 of a research group in Women’s Health at the Department of Public Healthand General Practice, NTNU. During the 1990s, several steps were taken both internationally as well asnationally to ensure that diseases which were affecting men and women unequally were given adequateattention. Examples of such diseases include osteoporosis and hip fractures. Studies of diseases seen as atypically men’s, such as coronary heart disease, were often conducted exclusively on men. The inclusionand separate analysis based on gender, and the establishment of special cohorts of women, yielded a morecomplex understanding. Further the gender perspective revealed gendered patterns of risks. Traditionallyrisks such as cigarette smoking were shown to have a differential effect dependent on gender. Perinatalepidemiology, traditionally used to assess outcomes related to the new-born, were expanded to also assessimpact of pregnancy on women themselves during and after childbirth. Disorders such as pelvic pain,urinary and anal incontinence as well as fear of pregnancy and depression during and after childbirth cameto the attention of researchers. New risks were uncovered as women started to disclose the experience ofviolence and abuse both as adult and when growing up.
Two hundred years of occupational epidemiology in Norway
Authors: Kristensen Petter , Kjuus Helge
Published: May 2016

-
Sport Studies: A Model for the Twenty-first-century University
Authors: Fields Sarah K.
Published: May 2016

The need to restructure and rethink higher education has been the subject of many essays and books. This essay argues that the century-old structure of organizing institutions around discipline-based departments needs to be changed so that the institution is organized in interdisciplinary groups around topics or questions. The disciplines themselves would not be abandoned, but, rather than cluster all the experts in one discipline together, scholars from multiple disciplines would work together to address pressing societal issues. The field of sport studies provides an example of this model. To examine and understand fully the implications of sport, a variety of disciplines ranging from medicine to philosophy to history are necessary. Thus, sport studies should be a model for the university of the future in which the institution emphasizes questions rather than disciplines.
Perception of Customers towards Saudi and International Quality Marks and Products: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Alhejazi Saeed Abdullah , Kadasah Nasser Akeil
Published: May 2016

The purpose of this study is to explore the perception of customers in Saudi Arabia towards Saudi quality mark and to identify the customers’ evaluation of both Saudi and international quality marks and products. For that purpose, 481 questionnaires were distributed online and 479 questionnaires were found usable for analysis. The largest groups of respondents were males, Saudi nationals, hold bachelor degrees, work for the government and residents of the Western region. The study revealed that the vast majority of customers in Saudi Arabia are uncertain if they have had a positive experience concerning products that have been certified by Saudi quality mark and hence they are uncertain if they would recommend others to purchase products that have been certified by Saudi quality mark and are uncertain if they can recognize Saudi quality mark logo. Customers also do not have high trust to the certification process of SASO and they lack enough information about Saudi quality mark. Moreover, customers’ satisfaction about Saudi quality mark is not high as compared to other international quality marks. When performed, T-test indicates a statistically significant variation in the perception of customers related to nationality and gender in terms of awareness and satisfactions where female and non-Saudis respondents were found to be more positive towards Saudi quality mark. ANOVA indicated differences in the levels of awareness about Saudi quality mark in educational, occupation and region of residency. On that regard, it was found that respondents with bachelor or higher degrees along with residents of the Southern region are also more positive than others. Customers in Saudi Arabia evaluated products from Germany, Japan, USA, UK, France and Italy as of excellent quality, respectively; while Switzerland, South Korea and Brazil as of good quality, respectively; nevertheless, UAE, Saudi Arabia, India and China products were evaluated as being of reasonable quality, respectively as well. Finally, the study includes some practical and constructive recommendations.
FDI Location Decision: Evidence from Firms Investing in China
Authors: Belkhodja Omar
Published: May 2016

By relying on an extensive set of firm data for foreign affiliates in China, the paper investigates the determinants of FDI location choice for multinational firm subsidiaries located in different special economic and investment zones. Using a logit estimation, the results suggest that various factors explain the location choice of FDI in China, and vary according to the country of origin and the sector of activity. Overall, the results show that the protection of intellectual rights, the agglomeration economies, the investments in education and the GDP of the region affect the location choice of FDI. Implications can be drawn for policy-makers to divert FDI from coastal to inland regions. Finally, the last part of the paper derives, from the obtained results, implications for future research and theory building.
Understanding Consumer Attitudes Toward Web-based Communication Tools
Authors: Kurthakoti Raghu , Balasubramanian Siva K. , Summey John H.
Published: May 2016

Motivated by the growing role of online transactions and Web-related Word-Of-Mouth (WWOM) in the consumer behavior domain, we propose a theoretical model that relates two antecedents (consumers’ community and content ownership) to attitudes toward four WWOM tools (Viral Marketing, Consumer-Produced Ads, Consumer Web Logs, and Collaborative Filters). The model and related hypotheses are empirically tested with the structural equation modeling (SEM) approach, using data from a large-scale survey. Results validated most of the proposed hypotheses and generated new insights. For example, we found that the direct relation between consumers’ community and their attitude toward blogs was completely mediated by their sense of content ownership. Finally, we delineate the limitations of the study and outline directions for future research.
Impact of Brand Equity, Advertisement and Hedonic Consumption Tendencies on Cognitive Dissonance: A Mediation Study
Authors: Wasaya Allah , Khan Bilal , Shafee Muhammad , Mahmood Mirza Sajid
Published: May 2016

Current study puts light on the role of brand equity, hedonic consumption tendencies, and advertisement on cognitive dissonance. Impulse Buying plays the role of a mediator in the study. Purpose of this study is to examine how brand equity, hedonic consumptions, and advertisement affect cognitive dissonance of the customers. Analyses of a sample of 370 customers, drawn from different outlets of famous fashion clothes in Multan city, revealed attention-grabbing findings. A mediation analysis was conducted through regression analysis in the study. Hedonic consumption tendencies and advertisement were found significant in predicting cognitive dissonance while brand equity was found having an insignificant relation with cognitive dissonance where impulse buying found significant in predicting cognitive dissonance being having positive relation. Further to this, impact of brand equity, advertisement and hedonic consumption tendencies found directly related to impulse purchase. Product category wise examination of current model adds new directions and findings in the future. Prior studies on purchase intentions have mainly focused on simple models at any given time. However, researchers increasingly argue that a complex representation may give better understanding of customers’ purchase intentions. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is one of the first empirical studies to address a complex structure of the proposed variables.
Analysis of the Performance of two Rangeland Protocols, Monitoring and Assessment
Authors: Idrissa Soumana , Aradóttir Ása L. , Jónsdóttir Sigþrúður
Published: May 2016

This study compared and contrasted data from the stick and modified Braun-Blanquet monitoring protocols in three areas with different land use histories: an unrestored barren area, a young and old restored areas. The study areas are part of extensive degraded of birch woodland and willow shrubland that have partly been re-vegetated.Vegetation and site characteristics were assessed in the three areas using the two protocols and soil sampling to characterize the ecological status of a land that has been re-vegetated. The analysis of the two protocols data indicates similar tendency which is the improvement of the ecological condition of the restored areas compared to the unrestored area. The soil carbon and nitrogen contents increased when the pH decreased with the restoration age. The improvement is better at the old restored area which has received more fertilization compared to the young restoration. Stick method estimated greater cover of vascular plants, litters, mosses and rocks, and lower amount of bare ground than modified Braun-Blanquet. The two protocols provided similar estimates cover of lichens and sedges. Stick method also provided three supplementary indicators which were not included in modified Braun-Blanquet: plants base, basal and canopy gaps. Another observation that could be proved by further studies, stick seemed to be more precise and economical than modified Braun-Blanquet. The indicators provided by the two protocols were related to the three attributes of ecosystems and the rangelands health indicators. This study is a preliminary that cannot be able to recommend one method, but it advocates stick method to assess and monitor vegetation dominated by herbaceous layer as grassland and modified Braun-Blanquet for the one dominated by woody layer.
Éducation populaire et pédagogie militante
Authors: Humbert Colette , Merlo Jean
Published: May 2016

Toute éducation populaire n’est pas ipso facto libératrice des masses dominées et ne concourt pas à leur conscientisation.

Les conditions principales à réunir pour atteindre un tel objectif sont :
Crystalline structure of TiC ultrathin layers formed on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite by chemical reaction from Ti/graphite system
Authors: Nakatsuka Osamu , Hisada Kenji , Oida Satoshi , Sakai Akira , Zaima Shigeaki
Published: May 2016

We have investigated the atomic-scale reaction between a Ti thin layer and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) mainly by scanning tunneling microscopy. A deposited Ti layer shows an epitaxial orientation structure on a HOPG substrate even in room-temperature deposition, while the bonding between Ti and HOPG is very weak. The chemical reaction between Ti and HOPG takes place, and epitaxial TiC domains on HOPG are formed for annealing at above 600 °C. The TiC domains shows a smooth surface corresponding to the TiC(111) plane after annealing at 700 °C. The formation of TiC(001) facets and significant surface roughening of not only TiC but also HOPG substrates are observed for annealing at as high as 900 °C.
Developing demographic toxicity data: optimizing effort for predicting population outcomes
Authors: Stark John D. , Banks John E.
Published: May 2016

Mounting evidence suggests that population endpoints in risk assessment are far more accurate than static assessments. Complete demographic toxicity data based on full life tables are eminently useful in predicting population outcomes in many applications because they capture both lethal and sublethal effects; however, developing these life tables is extremely costly. In this study we investigated the efficiency of partial life cycle tests as a substitute for full life cycles in parameterizing population models. Life table data were developed for three species of Daphniids,Ceriodaphnia dubia,Daphnia magna, andD. pulex, weekly throughout the life span of these species. Population growth rates (λ) and a series of other demographic parameters generated from the complete life cycle were compared to those calculated from cumulative weeks of the life cycle in order to determine the minimum number of weeks needed to generate an accurate population projection. Results showed that forC. dubiaandD. pulex,λvalues developed at >4 weeks (44.4% of the life cycle) were not significantly different fromλdeveloped for the full life cycle (9 weeks) of each species. ForD. magna,λvalues developed at >7 weeks (70% of the life cycle) were not significantly different fromλdeveloped for the full life cycle (10 weeks). Furthermore, these cutoff points forλwere not the same for other demographic parameters, with no clear pattern emerging. Our results indicate that forC. dubia, D. magna, andD. pulex, partial life tables can be used to generate population growth rates in lieu of full life tables. However, the implications of differences in cutoff points for different demographic parameters need to be investigated further.
Mechanical Properties of Highly Porous Super Liquid‐Repellent Surfaces
Authors: Paven Maxime , Fuchs Regina , Yakabe Taro , Vollmer Doris , Kappl Michael , Itakura Akiko N. , Butt Hans‐Jürgen
Published: May 2016

Surfaces with self‐cleaning properties are desirable for many applications. Conceptually, super liquid‐repellent surfaces are required to be highly porous on the nano‐ or micrometer scale, which inherently makes them mechanically weak. Optimizing the balance of mechanical strength and liquid repellency is a core aspect toward applications. However, quantitative mechanical testing of porous, super liquid‐repellent surfaces is challenging due to their high surface roughness at different length scales and low stress tolerance. For this reason, mechanical testing is often performed qualitatively. Here, the mechanical responses of soot‐templated super liquid‐repellent surfaces are studied qualitatively by pencil and finger scratching and quantitatively by atomic force microscopy, colloidal probe force measurements, and nanoindentation. In particular, colloidal probe force measurements cover the relevant force and length scales. The effective elastic modulus, the plastic work Wplastic and the effective adhesive work Wadhesive are quantified. By combining quantitative information from force measurements with measurements of surface wetting properties, it is shown that mechanical strength can be balanced against low wettability by tuning the reaction parameters.
Freestanding Ultrathin Nanoparticle Membranes Assembled at Transient Liquid–Liquid Interfaces
Authors: Le Ouay Benjamin , Guldin Stefan , Luo Zhi , Allegri Sergio , Stellacci Francesco
Published: May 2016

A synthetic route is presented for the realization of ultrathin freestanding nanoparticle membranes that are built of gold nanoparticles protected with trimethoxysilane‐bearing ligands. The mechanism relies on interfacial assembly in an oil–water mixture. Upon shaking, nanoparticles are transported to the liquid–liquid interface of the oil droplets and form a network through the formation of Si–O–Si bridges. Reticulation of the nanoparticles during the dynamic process of droplet coalescence allows the formation of ultrathin membranes of only a few nanoparticle layers in thickness and square centimeters in dimension. The membranes can be manipulated, such as locally perforated, without causing their collapse. Furthermore they can be transferred onto solid or holey substrates. The synthetic route is compatible with a coassembly of dopants. As an example, membranes were doped with single walled carbon nanotubes, which resulted in a sizable increase of their electric conductivity.
Palladium Nanoparticles in Water: A Reusable Catalytic System for the Cycloetherification or Benzannulation of α‐Allenols
Authors: Alcaide Benito , Almendros Pedro , González Ana M. , Luna Amparo , Martínez‐Ramírez Sagrario
Published: May 2016

A convenient ligand‐free catalytic system has been developed for the chemoselective cyclization reaction of various α‐allenol derivatives by palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) in an aqueous reaction medium.

magnified image
Peptiligase, an Enzyme for Efficient Chemoenzymatic Peptide Synthesis and Cyclization in Water
Authors: Toplak Ana , Nuijens Timo , Quaedflieg Peter J. L. M. , Wu Bian , Janssen Dick B.
Published: May 2016

We describe a novel, organic cosolvent‐stable and cation‐independent engineered enzyme for peptide coupling reactions. The enzyme is a variant of a stable calcium‐independent mutant of subtilisin BPN′, with the catalytic Ser212 mutated to Cys and Pro216 converted to Ala. The enzyme, called peptiligase, catalyzes exceptionally efficient peptide coupling in water with a surprisingly high synthesis over hydrolysis (S/H) ratio. The S/H ratio of the peptide ligation reaction is correlated to the length of the peptide substrate and proved to be >100 for the synthesis of a 13‐mer peptide, which corresponds to >99% conversion to the ligated peptide product and <1% hydrolytic side‐reaction. Furthermore, peptiligase does not require a particular recognition motif resulting in a broadly applicable and traceless peptide ligation technology. Peptiligase is very robust, easy to produce in Bacillus subtilis, and its purification is straightforward. It shows good activity and stability in the presence of organic cosolvents and chelating or denaturing agents, enabling the ligation of poorly soluble (hydrophobic) or folded peptides. This enzyme could be useful for the (industrial) synthesis of diverse (pharmaceutical) peptides. In addition, peptiligase is able to efficiently catalyze head‐to‐tail peptide cyclization reactions.

magnified image
Phosphane‐Catalyzed [3+3] Annulation of C,N‐Cyclic Azomethine Imines with Ynones: A Practical Method for Tricyclic Dinitrogen‐Fused Heterocycles
Authors: Li Zhen , Yu Hao , Liu Yang , Zhou Leijie , Sun Zhanhu , Guo Hongchao
Published: May 2016

A phosphane‐catalyzed [3+3] annulation of azomethine imines with ynones has been developed. Under mild reaction conditions, the reaction proceeds smoothly to afford tricyclic dinitrogen‐fused heterocyclic compounds in moderate to excellent yields with moderate to excellent stereoselectivies. Using a chiral phosphine as the catalyst, the reaction could work to give the cycloadduct in moderate yield with moderate enantioselectivity.

magnified image