bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MORPHOSTRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION OF SUBURBAN SETTLEMENTS (INSIGHT TO THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY) / PRIEMIESTINIŲ GYVENAMŲJŲ VIETOVIŲ MORFOSTRUKTŪROS KAITA (METODINĖS TYRIMO PRIELAIDOS)
Authors: Cirtautas Matas
Published: October 2013

Extensive urban growth is often considered an uncoordinated process creating chaotic and fragmented suburban landscape. Such negative attitude is widespread among urban researchers and planners. But it contradicts with the very nature of the phenomenon – suburban sprawl is partly encouraged by people, who keep settling there due to a better quality of housing. This one and some other contradictions motivate more detailed morphological studies of the suburban fabric. This paper describes a research model, which is based on the three fundamental components of urban morphological research (form, resolution and time), and discusses the possibilities of its practical application for morphological examination of suburban settlements in Lithuania. Suggested research model is versatile and suitable for dealing with various morphological research problems of modern urban fabric, such as distinguishing different suburban tissues, analyzing their formation patterns, identifying their specific characteristics. As shown in the article, morphological knowledge can be integrated into the urban planning and design processes and be useful in guiding sustainable development of suburban settlements. Santrauka Ekstensyvi miestų plėtra dažnai laikoma nekoordinuota, kuriančia chaotišką ir fragmentišką priemiestinį kraštovaizdį. Toks plačiai tarp miesto tyrėjų ir planuotojų įsivyravęs bei neigiamų reikšmių turintis priemiestinės plėtros traktavimas prieštarauja pačiai reiškinio prigimčiai – ekstensyvią miesto plėtrą iš dalies lemia dėl geresnės būsto kokybės noriai ten besikuriantys žmonės. Šis ir kiti prieštaravimai skatina detaliau analizuoti priemiestines urbanistines struktūras. Tam parankūs urbanistinės morfologijos metodai, kurie taikomi tiriant priemiestinių gyvenamųjų vietovių urbanistinės struktūros formavimosi dėsningumus, nustatant išskirtinius jų bruožus. Šiame straipsnyje, remiantis urbanistinės morfologijos tyrimų srities tradicijomis ir tendencijomis, pateikiamas pagrindiniais morfologinės analizės principais pagrįstas tyrimų modelis, kuris, kaip rodo nagrinėjami priemiestinių urbanizuotų struktūrų morfologinių studijų pavyzdžiai, būtų parankus tirti Lietuvos didmiesčių ekstensyvios plėtros formuojamus priemiestinius darinius morfologiniu aspektu. Tokio tyrimo rezultatai leistų daryti apibendrinimus dėl priemiestinių gyvenviečių vyraujančių raidos tendencijų, jų morfostruktūros transformacijos dėsningumų ir galimybių koordinuoti šių vietovių raidą ateityje, atsižvelgiant į darnios plėtros sampratoje keliamus uždavinius.
ORIGINS AND APPLICATION OF POSTMODERN TRENDS IN PRIVATE DWELLING-HOUSES OF LITHUANIA, 1987–1998 / POSTMODERNIZMO STILIAUS TENDENCIJŲ KILMĖ IR PRITAIKYMAS PRIVAČIŲ GYVENAMŲJŲ NAMŲ ARCHITEKTŪROJE LIETUVOJE (NUO 1987 IKI 1998 METŲ)
Authors: Galaunytė Aistė
Published: October 2013

On 28 September 1987, the resolution No. 264 On Further Development of Individual Housing in the Republic passed by the Central Committee of the Council of Ministers of the Lithuanian SSR restored the typological group of private dwelling-houses to Lithuanian towns after a break of nearly three decades. Post-modern trends in architecture that prevailed in western countries at that time reached Lithuania in the form of limited spectrum of architectural press. Architectural expression of individual dwelling-houses in Lithuania relied specifically on projects published in foreign magazines (mostly, of Japan, the U.S.A and Western Europe), and later – in the local periodicals. Different features of such analogous architecture were adapted in Lithuanian dwelling-houses in different ways: the spatial structure of the building was used and interpreted in ones, while in the others – only certain specific details, most often published in such professional press. Three groups of individual dwelling-houses were formed: the elite – benchmark-type, typical -adapted and self-taught architecture. They represented examples of architecture, which over the ten-year’s period were built in parallel and intense mode, until finally the economic conditions prevalent in the post-Soviet Lithuania led to the more practical approach to one’s housing, and the style of post-modernism became unfashionable in Lithuania just like in the remaining part of the world.

Santrauka

1987 m. rugsėjo 28 d. LKP CK ir LTSR ministrų tarybos nutarimas Nr. 264 „Dėl individualinės gyvenamųjų namų statybos tolesnio plėtojimo Respublikoje“ į Lietuvos architektūrą po beveik trijų dešimtmečių pertraukos vėl sugrąžino individualaus būsto tipologinę grupę. Tuo metu Vakarų pasaulyje vyravusios postmodernizmo stiliaus tendencijos Lietuvą pasiekdavo daugiausiai riboto spektro profesinės periodikos pavidalu. Lietuvoje individualių gyvenamųjų namų architektūrinė raiška būtent ir rėmėsi užsienio (Japonijos, JAV, Vakarų Europos), vėliau – vietinėje periodikoje publikuotais postmodernizmo stiliaus gyvenamųjų namų projektais. Skirtinguose gyvenamuosiuose namuose analogų savybės buvo pritaikomos nevienodai: vienuose perimama ir interpretuojama pastato erdvinė struktūra, kituose – tik dažniausiai publikuotos detalės. Susiformuoja trys individualių gyvenamųjų namų architektūros grupės: elitinė etaloninė, tipinė adaptuota ir savamokslė. Joms atstovaujantys architektūros pavyzdžiai per dešimties metų laikotarpį statyti lygiagrečiai ir intensyviai, kol galiausiai postsovietinėje šalyje susiklosčiusios ekonominės aplinkybės paskatino praktiškesnį požiūrį į gyvenamąjį būstą, o postmodernizmo stilius, lygiai kaip ir likusiame pasaulyje, tapo nebemadingas.
Formation and Architectural Development of the Lithuanian Manor (Yard)
Authors: Kačinskaitė Indrė
Published: October 2013

The article describes architectural development of the Lithuanian manor from the outset until the 20th century. For over 500 years, the manor had remained a foundational axis of the state structure, around which the political, social, economic and cultural life of the country was concentrated. Up to the 15th century, the ruler’s manors (yards) were the core of the statehood in Lithuania. In the 15th – 16th centuries, the ruler’s manor developed into the main political public institutions with permanent residences being established. Afterwards, when the impact of the ruler’s manor diminished, manor homesteads of local noblemen became the focal points of the Western European stylistic architecture in Lithuania. Through noblemen’s manors novelties reached homesteads of the lower strata of nobility, who was greatly influenced by local tradition. Remaining diversity of cultural landscape, architectural expression, urban relationship ‘manor homestead – town’ nowadays are the relics of the old manor, which developed over the centuries and to this day reflects the Lithuanian architecture and its history.
Comparative Study of Christian and Pagan Burial Constructions
Authors: Bazaraitė Eglė , Heitor Teresa
Published: October 2013

This paper draws a chronological timeline comparing burial customs and construction traditions in the cradle of Christian religion, and pagan traditions on the Eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, precisely Lithuania, since the early ages of Christianity (1c. A.D.) until nowadays. This paper searches for reasons that could have effected cultural transformations, a shifting relation between inhumation and incineration in European culture. In the Ancient Roman culture, people used to cremate their dead before Christianity set in. Baltic pagans at the time were burying their dead in stone circles, and started incineration only during the Middle Ages. Then Christianity was a powerful institution indoctrinating European daily culture. Meanwhile, in the territory of Lithuania pagan culture was erased only in the 15th century, i.e. about 600 years ago, leaving evident vestiges on traditions and customs of nowadays. These revelations of pagan culture are usually mistaken as Christian or Catholic. The paper focuses on architectural and urban aspects of burial architecture, taking into account social and historical conditions.
Impact of HCV Treatment and Depressive Symptoms on Adherence to Haart among HIV–HCV-Coinfected Patients: Results from the Anrs-Co13-Hepavih Cohort
Authors: Roux Perrine , Lions Caroline , Cohen Julien , Winnock Maria , Salmon-Céron Dominique , Bani-Sadr Firouze , Sogni Philippe , Spire Bruno , Dabis François , Carrieri Maria Patrizia ,   the ANRS-CO13-HEPAVIH Study Group
Published: October 2013

Background

The additional burden of HCV infection in HIV–HCV-coinfected individuals may have some consequences on adherence to HAART. Few studies have explored the pattern of correlates of non-adherence to HAART while simultaneously considering the impact of HCV treatment and depressive symptoms on adherence to HAART. We used longitudinal data to assess factors associated with non-adherence to HAART.

Methods

The French national prospective cohort ANRS-CO13-HEPAVIH is a multicentrer cohort, which recruited 1,175 HIV–HCV-coinfected patients in 17 hospital outpatient units delivering HIV and HCV care in France between October 2006 and June 2008. For this analysis, we selected participants on HAART with self-reported data for adherence to HAART ( n=727 patients, 1,190 visits). Data were collected using self-administered questionnaires and medical records. A mixed logistic regression model based on an exchangeable correlation matrix was used to identify factors associated with non-adherence to HAART.

Results

Patients reported non-adherence to HAART in 808 (68%) of the 1,190 visits. Four variables remained associated with non-adherence to HAART after multivariate analysis: hazardous alcohol consumption, cocaine use and depressive symptoms, regardless of whether treatment for depression was being received. Finally, patients being treated for HCV infection were less likely to be non-adherent to HAART.

Conclusions

Besides the problem of polydrug use, two other dimensions deserve special attention when considering adherence to HAART in HIV–HCV-coinfected patients. Access to HCV treatment should be encouraged as well adequate treatment for depression in this population to improve adherence and response to HAART.
Eupolybothrus cavernicolus Komerički & Stoev sp. n. (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha: Lithobiidae): the first eukaryotic species description combining transcriptomic, DNA barcoding and micro-CT imaging data
Authors: Stoev Pavel , Komerički Ana , Akkari Nesrine , Liu Shanlin , Zhou Xin , Weigand Alexander , Hostens Jeroen , Hunter Christopher , Edmunds Scott , Porco David , Zapparoli Marzio , Georgiev Teodor , Mietchen Daniel , Roberts David , Faulwetter Sarah , Smith Vincent , Penev Lyubomir
Published: October 2013

We demonstrate how a classical taxonomic description of a new species can be enhanced by applying new generation molecular methods, and novel computing and imaging technologies. A cave-dwelling centipede, Eupolybothrus cavernicolus Komerički & Stoev sp. n. (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha: Lithobiidae), found in a remote karst region in Knin, Croatia, is the first eukaryotic species for which, in addition to the traditional morphological description, we provide a fully sequenced transcriptome, a DNA barcode, detailed anatomical X-ray microtomography (micro-CT) scans, and a movie of the living specimen to document important traits of its ex-situ behaviour. By employing micro-CT scanning in a new species for the first time, we create a high-resolution morphological and anatomical dataset that allows virtual reconstructions of the specimen and subsequent interactive manipulation to test the recently introduced ‘cybertype’ notion. In addition, the transcriptome was recorded with a total of 67,785 scaffolds, having an average length of 812 bp and N50 of 1,448 bp (see GigaDB). Subsequent annotation of 22,866 scaffolds was conducted by tracing homologs against current available databases, including Nr, SwissProt and COG. This pilot project illustrates a workflow of producing, storing, publishing and disseminating large data sets associated with a description of a new taxon. All data have been deposited in publicly accessible repositories, such as GigaScience GigaDB, NCBI, BOLD, Morphbank and Morphosource, and the respective open licenses used ensure their accessibility and re-usability.
From Corsica to Britain: new outdoor records of Ocnerodrilidae (Annelida: Clitellata) in western Europe
Authors: Rota Emilia
Published: October 2013

The ocnerodrilids Eukerria saltensis (Beddard, 1895) and Ocnerodrilus occidentalis Eisen, 1878 are reported for the first time from outdoor localities above 42° N in Europe. The present new records comprise the first ever from England (River Thames, central London) and from France (River Golo, northern Corsica) and the northernmost occurrences in Italy (Liguria and Veneto). The new latitudinal limits and the numerosity of outdoor records suggest that the current environmental and climate changes are substantially enhancing the dispersal and survival possibilities of these worms, even though different transport vectors seem to be involved for the two species.
Sport et mobilisation politique dans les mines (1944-1950)
Authors: Fontaine Marion
Published: October 2013

Résumé À la fin des années 1940, dans un bassin minier du Nord agité par les mouvements liés à la nationalisation des charbonnages, se créent quelques dizaines d’équipes de football corporatives, liées aux puits d’exploitation. Si ces équipes n’ont eu qu’une existence éphémère, elles ne sont pas sans intérêt. Liées à l’intense agitation qui saisit alors la communauté minière, elles évoquent en effet à leur manière aussi bien les enjeux du sport que ceux du travail et soulignent les ambiguïtés des rapports entre sport et politisation. En refusant de se borner à l’alternative de l’instrumentalisation et de l’irréductible autonomie de la culture populaire, l’analyse vise donc ici à restituer les causes du dynamisme de ces équipes et les raisons de leur échec ultérieur, avec l’idée que l’un et l’autre sont révélateurs de la complexité des relations entre sport, politique et monde ouvrier.
Couper la Guinée en quatre ou comment la colonisation a imaginé l'Afrique
Authors: Goerg Odile
Published: October 2013

Résumé Imprégnés des théories qui dominent en France au tournant du 20 e siècle, voyageurs et publicistes découvrant la Guinée tout autant qu’administrateurs construisirent une vision de la colonie cadrant avec le modèle français, celui de l’invention des « pays ». Cet article explore les racines coloniales de la division de la Guinée en quatre régions dites naturelles et en suit les avatars jusqu’à l’époque contemporaine. Ce découpage géographico-administratif, qui s’inscrit dans un héritage historique et culturel, eut un impact sur la représentation du pays et de ses populations, sur les identités régionales, et par la suite, sur certains choix politique. La mise au jour du processus de quadripartition de la Guinée, perpétuée au-delà de l’indépendance, s’offre en exemple pour approcher d’autres constructions similaires et interroger l’ethnicisation contemporaine du politique en Afrique.
Les catholiques et l'urbanisation de la société française
Authors: Chatelan Olivier
Published: October 2013

Résumé La ville et sa croissance intéressent-elles le monde catholique ? Au cours des Trente Glorieuses, l’urbanisation devient progressivement un enjeu pour les autorités de l’Église comme pour nombre de mouvements militants. L’adaptation du maillage paroissial en constitue sans doute la forme la plus visible : la construction de nouveaux lieux de culte dans les marges des agglomérations témoigne d’un véritable aménagement du territoire qui s’inspire à la fois de la tradition missionnaire et du nouveau contexte urbain. Mais les relations entre ville et catholicisme ne s’y réduisent pas. La portée des enquêtes de sociologie menées dans les milieux d’Église, les tentatives de plusieurs responsables pastoraux pour construire un nouveau mode de gouvernance diocésaine à partir de la ville, ou encore le rôle des militants d’origine chrétienne dans les diverses instances qui prennent en charge l’aménagement urbain accréditent l’hypothèse selon laquelle la ville constitue un laboratoire de la participation des catholiques à la modernisation de la société française.
First attempt to assess the viability of bluefin tuna spawning events in offshore cages located in an a priori favourable larval habitat
Authors: Reglero Patricia , Balbín Rosa , Ortega Aurelio , Alvarez-Berastegui Diego , Gordoa Ana , Torres Asvin P. , Moltó Vicenç , Pascual Ananda , De La Gándara Fernando , Alemany Francisco
Published: October 2013

Most of the Atlantic bluefin tuna caught by the purse-seine fleet in the Mediterranean Sea are transferred alive into transport cages and towed to coastal facilities where they are fattened. This major fishery is targeting aggregations of reproductive bluefin tuna that continue spawning within the transport cages. Our study is the first attempt to assess the viability of the spawning events within transport cages placed offshore in a priori favourable locations for larval survival. The study was conducted in June 2010 in the Balearic Sea, a main spawning area for bluefin tuna in the Mediterranean. The location of two transport cages, one with wild and one with captive tuna, coincide with the situation of the chlorophyll front using satellite imagery as a proxy for the salinity front between resident surface waters and those of recent Atlantic origin. The results showed that bluefin tuna eggs were spawned almost every day within the two cages but few or no larvae were found. The expected larval densities estimated after applying mortality curves to the daily egg densities observed in the cages were higher than the sampled larval densities. The trajectories of the eggs after hatching estimated from a particle tracking model based on observed geostrophic currents and a drifter deployed adjacent to the cage suggest that larvae were likely to be caught close to the cages within the sampling dates. Spawning events in captive tuna in transport cages may hatch into larvae though they may experience higher mortality rates than expected in natural populations. The causes of the larval mortality are further discussed in the text. Such studies should be repeated in other spawning areas in the Mediterranean if spawning in cages located offshore in areas favourable a priori for larval survival is likely to be considered a management measurement to minimize the impact of purse-seine fishing on tuna.
Sex ratio estimations of loggerhead marine turtle hatchlings by incubation duration and nest temperature at Sirte beaches (Libya)
Authors: Jribi Imed , Hamza Abdelmaula , Saied Almoktar , Ouergui Atef
Published: October 2013

Hatchling sex ratios in loggerhead marine turtles (Caretta caretta) were estimated on the beaches near Sirte (Libya), using two methods: incubation duration and nest mean temperature during the middle third of the incubation period. Electronic temperature/humidity loggers were deployed at a total of 13 selected nests at Al-Ghbeba, Al-Thalateen, west of Al- Thalateen, Shash and Al-Arbaeen. The incubation period ranged from 47 to 58 days and average temperature ranged from 29°C to 31.8°C. The maximum temperature during this period increased to between 0.6°C and 3.5°C, while the mean temperature also increased during the middle third of the incubation period compared with the first third and continued to increase during the last third. As expected, this study showed that the temperature in the nest decreased with increasing depth of the nest. The results showed a female-dominated sex ratio at 85.4% on the basis of incubation duration and 70.4% on the basis of mean temperature. These findings support the reported highly female-skewed sex ratios in the Mediterranean and elsewhere.
Exploring the Potential Benefits of Using Social Media in Education
Authors: Faizi Rdouan , El Afia Abdellatif , Chiheb Raddouane
Published: October 2013

The objective of this work is to investigate the potential benefits of using social media in education. A thorough examination of a large set of these online tools has revealed that social media have many educational advantages. In fact, it has been found out that these web-based applications can improve communication among students and between teachers and students. Thanks to these technologies, both teachers and students can interact with each other in a matter of seconds. Social media can also be used to promote studentsâ?? engagement. Students who often complain of being intimidated or bored in the classroom may feel comfortable to express their creativity and voice their opinion on a social network website. Another finding of this study is that social media applications foster collaboration as they allow students to work together to achieve a common goal. Given these educational benefits, we recommend that these online social tools should be used in learning environments.
Request Stream Control for the Access to Broadband Multimedia Educational Resources in the Distance Learning System
Authors: Bolodurina Irina Pavlovna , Shukhman Alexander Evegenevich , Parfenov Denis Igorevich
Published: October 2013

This article presents a model of queuing system for broadband multimedia educational resources, as well as a model of access to a hybrid cloud system storage. These models are used to enhance the efficiency of computing resources in a distance learning system. An additional OpenStack control module has been developed to achieve the distribution of request streams and balance the load between cloud nodes.
Pedagogic Qualification of Higher Education Teaching Staff - The Third Wave
Authors: Marques José Couto
Published: October 2013

The process triggered by the Bologna Declaration has been producing significant results of various types in the EU Higher Education sector. After reviewing some of the consolidated outcomes of this process, reference is made to a novel trend that has emerged recently and which is geared towards the requirement that by 2020 all staff teaching in higher education institutions should have received certified pedagogical training. A description is provided of initiatives within the field of Engineering Education promoted by institutions that have been actively pursuing this precise objective for the past few decades.
Las relaciones argentino-chilenas 2008-2011, ¿realidad o ficción de la ‘alianza estratégica’?
Authors: Lorenzini María Elena
Published: October 2013

Los vínculos entre Argentina y Chile han ocupado un lugar prioritario en la agenda de la política exterior de ambos Estados a lo largo de las últimas dos décadas. Su evolución muestra un importante proceso de profundización. Al mismo tiempo, es posible identificar algunos episodios puntuales –de los cuales los más significativos, en términos de su impacto sobre el vínculo, han sido la crisis del gas y el caso Apablaza– que generaron cierto grado de tensión. En ese marco, identificamos aquellos hechos relevantes que nos permitan inferir si la “alianza estratégica” es una ficción discursiva o una realidad concreta que caracteriza a los vínculos entre ambos países.
Transporte internacional y actores subnacionales: la provincia de Mendoza y la resurrección del ferrocarril trasandino entre Argentina y Chile
Authors: Lacoste Gargantini Pablo , Jiménez Cabrera Diego
Published: October 2013

Tras un siglo de prestar servicios de transporte de cargas y pasajeros entre Argentina y Chile, el Ferrocarril Trasandino quedó desactivado en 1984. A partir de entonces, el transporte terrestre regional se realizó casi exclusivamente por la carretera de Los Libertadores. Pero el crecimiento del volumen de carga saturó este corredor y se volvió a pensaren el Trasandino como una solución. La iniciativa fue impulsada por un actor subnacional: la provincia de Mendoza. Bajo su liderazgo se volvió a poner el tema en foco, se articularon diversos actores (públicos y privados) y se diseñaron los primeros proyectos de reactivación. El artículo examina la evolución de esos proyectos, particularmente el rol de los actores principales: el Gobierno de Mendoza, el Parlamento, el Estado nacional, las corporaciones militares y el sector privado. Se destaca particularmente el papel de Mendoza como actor subnacional.
Una mirada a las relaciones paravecinales de Chile: los casos de Brasil y Ecuador (1990-2010)
Authors: Acevedo Albornoz Irene , Quezada Vergara Abraham , Riquelme Rivera Jorge
Published: October 2013

Considerando que el tema de las relaciones paravecinales de Chile no ha sido profusamente analizado, concentrándose la literatura de manera predominante en las relaciones vecinales, el presente trabajo realiza una breve digresión teórica sobre el tema de la paravecindad, enfocándose en las relaciones de Chile con Brasil y Ecuador entre 1990 y 2010, en el marco de la prioridad regional declarada por la política exterior chilena. En tal sentido, se sostiene que las relaciones de Chile con ambos países mantienen matices. Por un lado, la marcada asimetría que influye, sin determinar, las relaciones chilenas con Brasil y, por otro, la relevante presencia de un actor vecinal catalizador en las relaciones con Ecuador.
Molecular epidemiology of infectious bursal disease virus in Zambia
Authors: Kasanga Christopher J. , Yamaguchi Tsuyoshi , Munang’andu Hetron M. , Ohya Kenji , Fukushi Hideto
Published: October 2013

Nucleotide sequences of the VP2 hypervariable region (VP2-HVR) of 10 infectious bursal disease viruses detected in indigenous and exotic chickens in Zambia from 2004 to 2005 were determined. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the viruses diverged into two genotypes and belonged to the African very virulent types (VV1 and VV2). In the phylogenetic tree, strains in one genotype clustered in a distinct group and were closely related to some strains isolated in western Africa (VV1), with nucleotide similarities of 95.7%– 96.5%. Strains in the other genotype were clustered within the eastern African VV type (VV2), with nucleotide similarities of 97.3%– 98.5%. Both genotypes were distributed in the southern parts of Zambia and had a unique conserved amino acid substitution at 300 (E→A) in addition to the putative virulence marker at positions 222(A), 242(I), 256(I), 294(I) and 299(S). These findings represent the first documentation of the existence of the African VV-IBDV variants in both indigenous and exotic chickens in Zambia.
Congenital granular cell tumor in newborn
Authors: Zerener Tamer , Sencimen Metin , Altun Ceyhan , Altug Hasan Ayberk
Published: October 2013

The congenital granular cell tumor (CGCT) is quite scarce at the infant. The patient, who has a 2-day-old female newborn, was admitted to the Department of Pediatric Dentistry. Baby had a smooth surfaced, non-fixated mass, found on the anterior part of the mandibular alveole, developing from the gingival mucosa. Clinical examination showed a 1 cm Χ 1 cm Χ 1.8 cm pedunculated, regular, pink colorful soft-tissue gob on the alveolar crest to the left side of the mandible. The gob was removed on the seventh postnatal day under general anesthesia. Then, the specimen was evaluated histopathologically. Post-operative recovery and surgical site healing was satisfactory. The CGCT is a rare, degenerative or reactive lesion of the oral cavity. The mass may surgically remove if the diagnosis is not definite clinically and this can lead therapeutic effect.
The degree of color change, rebound effect and sensitivity of bleached teeth associated with at-home and power bleaching techniques: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Moghadam Fatemeh Velayati , Majidinia Sara , Chasteen Joseph , Ghavamnasiri Marjaneh
Published: October 2013

Aim: The purpose of the present randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the color change, rebound effect and sensitivity of at-home bleaching with 15% carbamide peroxide and power bleaching using 38% hydrogen peroxide. Materials and Methods: For bleaching techniques, 20 subjects were randomized in a split mouth design (at-home and power bleaching): In maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth (n = 20). Color was recorded before bleaching, immediately after bleaching, at 2 weeks, 1, 3 and 6 month intervals. Tooth sensitivity was recorded using the visual analog scale. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare both groups regarding bleaching effectiveness (∆E 1 ), rebound effect (∆E 2 ) and color difference between the rebounded tooth color and unbleached teeth (∆E 3) while the Wilcoxon compared ∆E within each group. Distribution of sensitivity was evaluated using the Chi-square test (α =0.05). Results: There was no significant difference between groups regarding ∆E 1 and ∆E 3 (P > 0.05). Even though, ∆E 2 showed no significant difference between groups after bleaching as well as at 2 week, 1 month and 3 month follow-up periods (P > 0.05). Although, significant difference was found in ∆E 2 (P < 0.05 Mann-Whitney) between two methods after 6 months and a high degree of rebound effect was obtained with power bleaching. Within each group, there was no significant difference between ∆E 1 and ∆E 3 (P < 0.05 Wilcoxon). The distribution of sensitivity was identical with both techniques (P > 0.05).Conclusion: Bleaching techniques resulted in identical tooth whitening and post-operative sensitivity using both techniques, but faster color regression was found with power bleaching even though color regression to the baseline of the teeth in both groups was the same after 6 months.
A minimally invasive technique for the management of severely fluorosed teeth: A two-year follow-up
Authors: Yildiz Gul , Celik Esra Uzer
Published: October 2013

Objective: Severely fluorosed and heavily discolored teeth that have large enamel defects give rise to esthetic concerns and require permanent treatment. In such cases, restorative techniques such as porcelain or composite laminate veneers or crowns are generally preferred, in which tooth preparation is inevitably required. Materials and Methods: This clinical report describes a patient with severely fluorosed teeth who was successfully treated with a minimally invasive technique including enamel microabrasion (6.6% hydrochloric acid slurry with silicon carbide micro-particles, Opalustre, Ultradent Products, Inc., South Jordan, UT, USA) followed by in-office bleaching (38% hydrogen peroxide, Opalescence Boost, Ultradent). Enamel microabrasion was conducted in two visits while three visits were required for in-office bleaching. Patient was followed-up after 2 years. Result: A slight staining had occurred during this period, but it was acceptable for patient. No adverse effects were observed. Conclusions: The minimally invasive technique including enamel microabrasion and in-office bleaching was efficient and may represent a good alternative to traditional restorative techniques for the management of severely fluorosed teeth.
Effect of rotatory instrument speed on its capacity to remove demineralized and sound dentin
Authors: Cortes Mariana , Arias Pecorari Vanessa Galego , Basting Roberta Tarkany , Gomes França Fabiana Mantovani , Turssi Cecília Pedroso , Botelho do Amaral Flávia Lucisano
Published: October 2013

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of two rotatory instruments (controlled speed electric motor [CSEM] - 300 rpm; conventional slow handpiece [CSHP] - 18,000 rpm) to remove sound and demineralized dentin, by examining prepared cavity walls using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and assessing loss of mass. Materials and Methods: A total of 40 blocks of human occlusal dentin, measuring 5 mm × 5 mm × 4 mm (L × W × H), were divided into two groups according to the substrate type in which the cavity preparation was performed: D - demineralized dentin; and S - sound dentin (control group). The groups were subdivided according to the rotatory instrument used for cavity preparation (n = 10): CSEM (300 rpm); and CSHP (18,000 rpm). In half of the dentin blocks, caries lesion induction was performed for 6 weeks. The preparation of the cavities was performed on a standardizing machine, using a cylindrical tungsten carbide burr. Before and after the preparation, specimens were dehydrated in an incubator at 60΀C for 30 min. The initial and final mass (in mg) of each dentin block was measured 3 times using the digital precision balance to obtain the mean weight Following cavity preparation, all specimens were hemisected and SEM was used to blindly assess each half so that the lateral walls of the prepared cavity were measured in μm, accepting the average of two measurements as the total depth of the preparation. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney analysis was performed with a 5% of significance level. Results: Regarding the weight difference (mg), no significance was detected between the groups. Regarding depth (μm), a significant difference was found between the groups, so that the CSRM showed lower cavity depth when compared with CSHP, both in sound and demineralized dentin. Conclusions: Controlled speed rotatory instruments were found to be more conservative in removing both sound and demineralized dentin, in terms of preparation and depth.
Thickness of immediate dentin sealing materials and its effect on the fracture load of a reinforced all-ceramic crown
Authors: Spohr Ana Maria , Borges Gilberto Antonio , Platt Jeffrey A.
Published: October 2013

Objectives: The objective of this study is to evaluate, in vitro, the thickness of immediate dentin sealing (IDS) materials on full crown preparations and its effect on the fracture load of a reinforced all-ceramic crown. Materials and Methods: Sixty premolars received full crown preparation and were divided into the following groups according to the IDS technique: G1-control; G2-Clearfil SE Bond; and G3-Clearfil SE Bond and Protect Liner F. After the impressions were taken, the preparations were temporized with acrylic resin crowns. IPS empress 2 restorations were fabricated and later cemented on the preparations with Panavia F. 10 specimens from each group were submitted to fracture load testing. The other 10 specimens were sectioned buccolingually before the thicknesses of Panavia F, Clearfil SE Bond and Protect Liner F were measured in 10 different positions using a microscope. Results: According to analysis of variance and Tukey′s test, the fracture load of Group 3 (1300 N) was significantly higher than that of Group 1 (1001 N) (P < 0.01). Group 2 (1189 N) was not significantly different from Groups 1 and 3. The higher thickness of Clearfil SE Bond was obtained in the concave part of the preparation. Protect Liner F presented a more uniform range of values at different positions. The thickness of Panavia F was higher in the occlusal portion of the preparation. Conclusions: The film thickness formed by the IDS materials is influenced by the position under the crown, suggesting its potential to increase the fracture load of the IPS empress 2 ceramic crowns.
Recent Advances in the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis
Authors: Goyal Kapil , Sharma Aman , Sharma Kusum , Appannanavar Suma B
Published: October 2013

Tuberculosis is an important health problem requiring early diagnosis for timely initiation of therapy and control of disease transmission. Though, conventional techniques, such as detection of acid fast bacilli by Ziehl-Neelsen staining, are very economical, yet have a low sensitivity. Isolation of mycobacteria by culture on Lowenstein Jensen media, considered to be the gold standard, is not only time consuming but has a low sensitivity, especially in extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Recent advances in molecular techniques have revolutionized the diagnostic microbiology. Various new modalities in the diagnosis of tuberculosis, like LED microscopy, microscopically observed drug susceptibility testing (MODS), antigen detection tests along with various molecular methods, like loop mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), multiplex PCR and Xpert MTB/RIF, are discussed in the present review.

How to cite this article

Sharma K, Appannanavar SB, Goyal K, Sharma A. Recent Advances in the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2013;47(4):181-187.
Tuberculosis of Central Nervous System
Authors: Modi Manish , Garg Abhishek
Published: October 2013

Meningitis is the most serious manifestation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Being a paucibacillary disease, no single diagnostic test is sensitive and specific. Despite recent advances in diagnostic methods and readily available effective chemotherapy, more than 50% of the patients either die or are left with major neurological deficits due to delay in the diagnosis. HIV coinfection is associated with higher complications and case fatality rates. The only way to reduce the mortality and morbidity is early diagnosis and initiation of chemotherapy and steroids.

How to cite this article

Modi M, Garg A. Tuberculosis of Central Nervous System. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2013;47(4):202-213.
Tuberculosis of the Oral Cavity and Associated Structures: The PGIMER Experience
Authors: Rattan Vidya , Rai Sachin
Published: October 2013

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis of the oral cavity and its associated structures are diagnostic challenge. It is often misdiagnosed by the attending dentist who is the first among clinicians to come across such pathological entity. Lesions are often slow growing and painless and hence are initially neglected. Tubercular osteomyelitis of the jaw bone is a common occurrence in developing countries like India and often these cases first appear in dental out-patient clinic. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the involvement of oral and maxillofacial structures with few case reports and their concurrent diagnostic procedures.

How to cite this article

Rattan V, Rai S. Tuberculosis of the Oral Cavity and Associated Structures: The PGIMER Experience. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2013;47(4):214-217.
Patellar Tuberculosis presenting as an Osteolytic Lesion
Authors: Prakash Mahesh , Dhillon Mandeep , Sharma Siddhartha , Chouhan Devendra K
Published: October 2013

Tuberculosis of the patella is a rare entity, and may present with nonspecific clinical findings and subtle changes on plain radiographs; the rarity and unusual nature of presentation lead to frequent delays in diagnosis. We present the radiological (roentgenograms, CT scan and MRI) findings of a case of patellar tuberculosis and discuss the pertinent radiological parameters.

How to cite this article

Chouhan DK, Dhillon MS, Prakash M, Sharma S. Patellar Tuberculosis Presenting as an Osteolytic Lesion. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2013;47(4):221-222.
Organic aerosol formation from the reactive uptake of isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) onto non-acidified inorganic seeds
Authors: Nguyen T. B. , Coggon M. M. , Bates K. H. , Zhang X. , Schwantes R. H. , Schilling K. A. , Loza C. L. , Flagan R. C. , Wennberg P. O. , Seinfeld J. H.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The reactive partitioning of cis and trans β-IEPOX was investigated on hydrated inorganic seed particles, without the addition of acids. No organic aerosol (OA) formation was observed on dry ammonium sulfate (AS); however, prompt and efficient OA growth was observed for the cis and trans β-IEPOX on AS seeds with liquid water contents of 40–75% of the total particle mass. OA formation from IEPOX is a kinetically-limited process; thus the OA growth continues if there is a reservoir of gas-phase IEPOX. There appears to be no differences, within error, in the OA growth or composition attributable to the cis/trans isomeric structures. Reactive uptake of IEPOX onto hydrated AS seeds with added base (NaOH) also produced high OA loadings, suggesting the pH-dependence for OA formation from IEPOX is weak for AS particles. No OA formation, after particle drying, was observed on seed particles where Na+ was substituted for NH4+. The Henry's Law partitioning of IEPOX was measured on NaCl particles (ionic strength ~9 M) to be 3 × 107 M atm−1. A small quantity of OA was produced when NH4+ was present in the particles, but the chloride (Cl−) anion was substituted for sulfate (SO42−), suggesting differences in nucleophilic strength of the anions. Online time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometry and offline filter analysis provide evidence of oxygenated hydrocarbons, organosulfates and, notably, amines in the particle organic composition. The results help explain the substantial quantities of ambient IEPOX-derived OA observed under neutralized conditions. Experiments and models aimed at understanding OA production from IEPOX, or other epoxides, should consider the NH4+ activity, in conjunction with H+ activity (i.e., particle acidity) and nucleophile activity.
Improvement and further development in CESM/CAM5: gas-phase chemistry and inorganic aerosol treatments
Authors: He J. , Zhang Y.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Gas-phase chemistry and subsequent gas-to-particle conversion processes such as new particle formation, condensation, and thermodynamic partitioning have large impacts on air quality, climate, and public health through influencing the amounts and distributions of gaseous precursors and secondary aerosols. Their roles in global air quality and climate are examined in this work using the Community Earth System Model version 1.0.5 (CESM1.0.5) with the Community Atmosphere Model version 5.1 (CAM5.1) (referred to as CESM1.0.5/CAM5.1). CAM5.1 includes a simple chemistry that is coupled with a 7-mode prognostic Modal Aerosol Model (MAM7). MAM7 includes classical homogenous nucleation (binary and ternary) and activation nucleation (empirical first-order power law) parameterizations, and a highly-simplified inorganic aerosol thermodynamics treatment that only simulates sulfate (SO42−) and ammonium (NH4+). In this work, a new gas-phase chemistry mechanism based on the 2005 Carbon Bond Mechanism for Global Extension (CB05_GE) and several advanced inorganic aerosol treatments for condensation of volatile species, ion-mediated nucleation (IMN), and explicit inorganic aerosol thermodynamics have been incorporated into CESM/CAM5.1-MAM7. Comparing to the simple gas-phase chemistry, CB05_GE can predict many more gaseous species, and improve model performance for PM2.5, PM10, PM2.5 components, and some PM gaseous precursors such as SO2 and NH3 in several regions, as well as aerosol optical depth (AOD) and cloud properties (e.g., cloud fraction (CF), cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC), and shortwave cloud forcing (SWCF)) on globe. The modified condensation and aqueous-phase chemistry further improves the predictions of additional variables such as HNO3, NO2, and O3 in some regions, and new particle formation rate (J) and AOD over globe. IMN can improve the predictions of secondary PM2.5 components, PM2.5, and PM10 over Europe, as well as AOD and CDNC over globe. The explicit inorganic aerosol thermodynamics using ISORROPIA II improves the predictions of all major PM2.5 components and their gaseous precursors in some regions, as well as near-surface temperature and specific humidity, precipitation, downwelling shortwave radiation, SWCF, and cloud condensation nuclei at a supersaturation of 0.5% over globe. With all the modified and new treatments, the improved model predicts that on a global average, SWCF decreases by 2.9 W m−2, reducing the overprediction of SWCF from 7.9% to 0.9%. Uncertainties in emissions can explain largely the inaccurate predictions of precursor gases (e.g., SO2, NH3, and NO) and primary aerosols (e.g., black carbon and primary organic matter). Additional factors leading to discrepancies between model predictions and observations include uncertainties in model treatments such as dust emissions, secondary organic aerosol formation, multiple-phase chemistry, cloud microphysics, aerosol-cloud interaction, and dry and wet deposition.
Tropospheric aerosol scattering and absorption over Central Europe: a closure study for the dry particle state
Authors: Ma N. , Birmili W. , Müller T. , Tuch T. , Cheng Y. F. , Xu W. Y. , Zhao C. S. , Wiedensohler A.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. This work analyses optical properties of the dry tropospheric aerosol measured at the regional GAW observation site Melpitz in East Germany. For a continuous observation period between 2007 and 2010, we provide representative values of the dry-state scattering coefficient, the hemispheric backscattering coefficient, the absorption coefficient, single scattering albedo, and the Ångström exponent. Besides the direct measurement, the aerosol scattering coefficient was alternatively computed from experimental particle number size distributions using a Mie code. Within pre-defined limits, a closure could be achieved with the direct measurement. The achievement of closure implies that such calculations can be used as a high-level quality control measure for data sets involving multiple instrumentation. All dry optical properties showed significant annual variations, which were attributed to corresponding variations in the regional emission fluxes, the intensity of secondary particle formation, and the mixed layer height. Air mass classification showed that atmospheric stability is a major factor influencing the dry aerosol properties at the GAW station. In the cold season, temperature inversions limit the volume available for atmospheric mixing, so that the aerosol optical properties near the ground proved quite sensitive to the geographical origin of the air mass. In the warm season, when the atmosphere is usually well-mixed during day-time, considerably less variability was observed for the optical properties between different air masses. This work provides, on the basis of quality-checked in-situ measurements, a first step towards a climatological assessment of direct aerosol radiative forcing in the region under study.
Dynamics of seawater carbonate chemistry, production, and calcification of a coral reef flat, central Great Barrier Reef
Authors: Albright R. , Langdon C. , Anthony K. R. N.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Ocean acidification is projected to shift coral reefs from a state of net accretion to one of net dissolution this century. Presently, our ability to predict global-scale changes to coral reef calcification is limited by insufficient data relating seawater carbonate chemistry parameters to in situ rates of reef calcification. Here, we investigate diel and seasonal trends in carbonate chemistry of the Davies Reef flat in the central Great Barrier Reef and relate these trends to benthic carbon fluxes by quantifying net ecosystem calcification (nec) and net community production (ncp). Results show that seawater carbonate chemistry of the Davies Reef flat is highly variable over both diel and seasonal cycles. pH (total scale) ranged from 7.92 to 8.17, pCO2 ranged from 272 to 542 μatm, and aragonite saturation state (Ωarag) ranged from 2.9 to 4.1. Diel cycles in carbonate chemistry were primarily driven by ncp, and warming explained 35% and 47% of the seasonal shifts in pCO2 and pH, respectively. Daytime ncp averaged 37 ± 19 mmol C m−2 h−1 in summer and 33 ± 13 mmol C m−2 h−1 in winter; nighttime ncp averaged −30 ± 25 and −7 ± 6 mmol C m−2 h−1 in summer and winter, respectively. Daytime nec averaged 11 ± 4 mmol CaCO3 m−2 h−1 in summer and 8 ± 3 mmol CaCO3 m−2 h−1 in winter, whereas nighttime nec averaged 2 ± 4 mmol and −1 ± 3 mmol CaCO3 m−2 h−1 in summer and winter, respectively. Net ecosystem calcification was highly sensitive to changes in Ωarag for both seasons, indicating that relatively small shifts in Ωarag may drive measurable shifts in calcification rates, and hence carbon budgets, of coral reefs throughout the year.