bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Situ Studies of Solvothermal Synthesis of Energy Materials
Authors: Jensen Kirsten M. Ø. , Tyrsted Christoffer , Bremholm Martin , Iversen Bo B.
Published: March 2014

Solvothermal and hydrothermal synthesis, that is, synthesis taking place in a solvent at elevated temperature and pressure, is a powerful technique for the production of advanced energy materials as it is versatile, cheap, and environmentally friendly. However, the fundamental reaction mechanisms dictating particle formation and growth under solvothermal conditions are not well understood. In order to produce tailor‐made materials with specific properties for advanced energy technologies, it is essential to obtain an improved understanding of these processes and, in this context, in situ studies are an important tool as they provide real time information on the reactions taking place. Here, we present a review of the use of powder diffraction and total scattering methods for in situ studies of synthesis taking place under solvothermal and hydrothermal conditions. The experimental setups used for in situ X‐ray and neutron studies are presented, and methods of data analysis are described. Special attention is given to the methods used to extract structural information from the data, for example, Rietveld refinement, whole powder pattern modelling and pair distribution function analysis. Examples of in situ studies are presented to illustrate the types of chemical insight that can be obtained.
Behavior of Y‐Based High‐Critical‐Temperature Superconductors in Modulated Rotating Magnetic Fields
Authors: Horii Shigeru , Yamaki Momoko , Haruta Masakazu , Shimoyama Jun‐Ichi
Published: March 2014

We report changes in the degree of triaxial orientation as functions of the applied magnetic field and rotation rate for Y2Ba4Cu7Oy powder samples oriented in epoxy resin under modulated rotating magnetic fields (MRFs). Although the degrees of orientation were reduced as a result of a decrease in both the applied field and rotation rate, the mechanisms of the reduction of the degrees of orientation were found to be different. Optimization of the MRF conditions or quantification of triaxial magnetic anisotropy in a target substance is required for the production of triaxially oriented ceramics based on a colloidal process.
Helium Microwave‐Induced Plasma at Atmospheric Pressure Generated by Okamoto Cavity for Nonmetal Analysis
Authors: Okamoto Tetsu , Okamoto Yukio
Published: March 2014

Helium microwave‐induced plasma (He‐MIP) for nonmetal elements analysis was generated by a 2.45 GHz microwave power (∼1 kW) with the Okamoto cavity of the surface‐wave mode at atmospheric pressure. Effects of the main parameters of the cavity such as the thickness (direction of the electric field) of the cavity, the width of the ring‐slot, and the position of the discharge tube (torch) on the excitation temperature and the analytical signals were investigated. The excitation temperature and the electron density of the plasma as a parameter of the microwave power, and the plasma and carrier gas flow rates were measured. With 600‐W input microwave power, an excitation temperature of 7000 K for the high energy part and an electron density of 2.4 were obtained. An aqueous solution of NaF was introduced into the center of the annular He‐MIP, the F I line (685 nm, 14.5 eV) signal was detected, and the effects of microwave power and the gas flow rates on the signal were studied. A detection limit of 60 ppb for fluorine was obtained.
Biomaterial properties of cholecyst‐derived scaffold recovered by a non‐detergent/enzymatic method
Authors: Anilkumar Thapasimuthu V. , Vineetha Vadavanath P. , Revi Deepa , Muhamed Jaseer , Rajan Akhila
Published: March 2014

Isolation procedures for the recovery of extracellular matrices (ECMs) from animal organs/tissues that are useful in regenerative medicine involve multiple sequential steps/stages including collection of the source organ at slaughter, their transportation to laboratory, decellularization, decontamination, stabilization, and sterilization. Most of these steps require extensive use of chemicals/reagents/enzymes which may also adversely affect the quality of the scaffold. With an effort to minimize the use of chemicals/reagents/enzymes, while extracting biomaterial‐grade ECM from porcine cholecyst (gall bladder), we performed preisolation ex situ incubation of the organ in a stabilizing agent that also caused in situ crosslinking of tissue‐components and delaminated the collagen‐rich ECM from the tissue‐layer beneath the mucosa. The physical, chemical, and biological properties of the isolated scaffolds were similar to that of a commercially available porcine small intestinal submucosa. The cholecyst‐derived scaffold not only satisfied preclinical safety‐test procedures such as cytotoxicity, local response, and endotoxin load but also showed the potential to promote healing of full‐thickness skin wound in a rabbit model. The procedure was also suitable for isolating scaffolds from other hollow organs such as jejunum and urinary bladder. It was concluded that enzyme/detergent treatment may be an avoidable step while isolating biomaterial‐grade scaffolds from hollow organs. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 102B: 1506–1516, 2014.
Single‐molecule super‐resolution imaging by tryptophan‐quenching‐induced photoswitching of phalloidin‐fluorophore conjugates
Authors: Nanguneri Siddharth , Flottmann Benjamin , Herrmannsdörfer Frank , Thomas Kuner , Heilemann Mike
Published: March 2014

Photophysical properties of any fluorophore are governed by the chemical nanoenvironment. In the context of imaging biological samples, this translates to different photophysical properties for different labels and probes. Here, we demonstrate that the nanoenvironment of fluorophores within a probe can be advantageously used to induce particular properties such as light‐induced photoswitching. We demonstrate efficient photoswitching and single‐molecule super‐resolution imaging for various fluorophore‐phalloidin conjugates in aqueous buffer without the addition of further chemicals. We further demonstrate the utility of two‐color imaging of fluorophore‐phalloidin and a photoactivatable fluorescent protein in presynaptic nerve terminals. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:510–516, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lipo‐Poly(L‐histidine) Hybrid Materials with pH‐Sensitivity, Intracellular Delivery Efficiency, and Intrinsic Targetability to Cancer Cells
Authors: Johnson Renjith P. , Jeong Young‐Il , John Johnson V. , Chung Chung‐Wook , Choi Seon Hee , Song Song Yi , Kang Dae Hwan , Suh Hongsuk , Kim Il
Published: March 2014

Biocompatible lipo‐histidine hybrid materials conjugated with IR820 dye show pH‐sensitivity, efficient intracellular delivery of doxorubicin (Dox), and intrinsic targetability to cancer cells. These new materials form highly uniform Dox‐loaded nanosized vesicles via a self‐assembly process showing good stability under physiological conditions. The Dox‐loaded micelles are effective for suppressing MCF‐7 tumors, as demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. The combined mechanisms of the EPR effect, active internalization, endosomal‐triggered release, and drug escape from endosomes, and a long blood circulation time, clearly prove that the IR820 lipopeptide DDS is a safe theranostic agent for imaging‐guided cancer therapy.

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Estimating the effects of time‐varying exposures in observational studies using Cox models with stabilized weights adjustment
Authors: Xu Stanley , Shetterly Susan , Raebel Marsha A. , Ho P. Michael , Tsai Thomas T. , Magid David
Published: March 2014

Purpose

Assessing the safety and effectiveness of medical products with observational electronic medical record data is challenging when the treatment is time‐varying. The objective of this paper is to develop a Cox model stratified by event times with stabilized weights (SWs) adjustment to examine the effect of time‐varying treatment in observational studies.

Methods

Time‐varying SWs are calculated at unique event times and are used in a Cox model stratified by event times to estimate the effect of time‐varying treatment. We applied this method in examining the effect of an antiplatelet agent, clopidogrel, on events, including bleeding, myocardial infarction, and death after a drug‐eluting stent was implanted in coronary artery. Clopidogrel use may change over time on the basis of patients' behavior (e.g., non‐adherence) and physicians' recommendations (e.g., end of duration of therapy). We also compared the results with those from a Cox model for counting processes adjusting for all covariates used in creating SWs.

Results

We demonstrate that the (i) results from the stratified Cox model without SWs adjustment and the Cox model for counting processes without covariate adjustment are identical in analyzing the clopidogrel data; and (ii) the effects of clopidogrel on bleeding, myocardial infarction, and death are larger in the stratified Cox model with SWs adjustment compared with those from the Cox model for counting processes with covariate adjustment.

Conclusions

The Cox model stratified by event times with time‐varying SWs adjustment is useful in estimating the effect of time‐varying treatments in observational studies while balancing for known confounders. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intrinsic energy band alignment of functional oxides
Authors: Li Shunyi , Chen Feng , Schafranek Robert , Bayer Thorsten J. M. , Rachut Karsten , Fuchs Anne , Siol Sebastian , Weidner Mirko , Hohmann Mareike , Pfeifer Verena , Morasch Jan , Ghinea Cosmina , Arveux Emmanuel , Günzler Richard , Gassmann Jürgen , Körber Christoph , Gassenbauer Yvonne , Säuberlich Frank , Rao Gutlapalli Venkata , Payan Sandrine , Maglione Mario , Chirila Cristina , Pintilie Lucian , Jia Lichao , Ellmer Klaus , Naderer Michael , Reichmann Klaus , Böttger Ulrich , Schmelzer Sebastian , Frunza Raluca C. , Uršič Hana , Malič Barbara , Wu Wen‐Bin , Erhart Paul , Klein Andreas
Published: March 2014

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The energy band alignment at interfaces between different materials is a key factor, which determines the function of electronic devices. While the energy band alignment of conventional semiconductors is quite well understood, systematic experimental studies on oxides are still missing. This work presents an extensive study on the intrinsic energy band alignment of a wide range of functional oxides using photoelectron spectroscopy with in‐situ sample preparation. The studied materials have particular technological importance in diverse fields as solar cells, piezotronics, multiferroics, photo‐electrochemistry and oxide electronics. Particular efforts have been made to verify the validity of transitivity, in order to confirm the intrinsic nature of the obtained band alignment and to understand the underlying principles. Valence band offsets up to 1.6 eV are observed. The large variation of valence band maximum energy can be explained by the different orbital contributions to the density of states in the valence band. The framework provided by this work enables the general understanding and prediction of energy band alignment at oxide interfaces, and furthermore the tailoring of energy level matching for charge transfer in functional oxides. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An application of neural networks to three‐dimensional interpretation of an image
Authors: Kakusho Koh , Dan Seiichiro , Abe Norihiro , Kitahashi Tadahiro , Miyake Sei
Published: March 2014

The problem of recovering a three‐dimensional (3‐D) shape from a monocular image is called “quantitative image interpretation.” This is a kind of ill‐posed problem in which some constraints about the 3‐D world are necessary to obtain an unambiguous solution.

Recently, new methods of solving this problem have been proposed. These methods can be applied to various kinds of worlds, employing the constraints as a set of hypotheses and revising the hypotheses according to the resultant shape. There are two significant problems to be solved for the implementation of these methods: the first is how the consistent shape which meets all the assigned constraints can be recovered considering the error and noises; and the other is how the assignment of constraints should be revised if the consistent shape cannot be recovered.

To solve these problems, the optimization method and the concept called “line process” are used, and both have often been applied to the early vision problems. These methods are effective in solving these problems because they can be implemented in parallel to the energy minimization by neural networks.

This paper proposes first the method of recovering the consistent shape based on the assigned hypotheses in parallel in terms of the energy minimization by the neural network. Second, applying the line process to the problem herein, the neural network which can perform recovery of shape and assignment of appropriate s hypotheses simultaneously is proposed. The experimental results also are presented.
Sensitive Detection of Human Insulin Using a Designed Combined Pore Approach
Authors: Lei Chang , Noonan Owen , Jambhrunkar Siddharth , Qian Kun , Xu Chun , Zhang Jun , Nouwens Amanda , Yu Chengzhong
Published: March 2014

A unique combined pore approach to the sensitive detection of human insulin is developed. Through a systematic study to understand the impact of pore size and surface chemistry of nanoporous materials on their enrichment and purification performance, the advantages of selected porous materials are integrated to enhance detection sensitivity in a unified two‐step process. In the first purification step, a rationally designed large pore material (ca. 100 nm in diameter) is chosen to repel the interferences from nontarget molecules. In the second enrichment step, a hydrophobically modified mesoporous material with a pore size of 5 nm is selected to enrich insulin molecules. A low detection limit of 0.05 ng mL−1 in artificial urine is achieved by this advanced approach, similar to most antibody‐based analysis protocols. This designer approach is efficient and low cost, and thus has great potential in the sensitive detection of biomolecules in complex biological systems.
Nanocrystal Skins with Exciton Funneling for Photosensing
Authors: Akhavan Shahab , Cihan Ahmet Fatih , Bozok Berkay , Demir Hilmi Volkan
Published: March 2014

Highly photosensitive nanocrystal (NC) skins based on exciton funneling are proposed and demonstrated using a graded bandgap profile across which no external bias is applied in operation for light‐sensing. Four types of gradient NC skin devices (GNS) made of NC monolayers of distinct sizes with photovoltage readout are fabricated and comparatively studied. In all structures, polyelectrolyte polymers separating CdTe NC monolayers set the interparticle distances between the monolayers of ligand‐free NCs to <1 nm. In this photosensitive GNS platform, excitons funnel along the gradually decreasing bandgap gradient of cascaded NC monolayers, and are finally captured by the NC monolayer with the smallest bandgap interfacing the metal electrode. Time‐resolved measurements of the cascaded NC skins are conducted at the donor and acceptor wavelengths, and the exciton transfer process is confirmed in these active structures. These findings are expected to enable large‐area GNS‐based photosensing with highly efficient full‐spectrum conversion.
Clinical presentation and outcome in a series of 88 patients with the cblC defect
Authors: Fischer Sabine , Huemer Martina , Baumgartner Matthias , Deodato Federica , Ballhausen Diana , Boneh Avihu , Burlina Alberto B. , Cerone Roberto , Garcia Paula , Gökçay Gülden , Grünewald Stephanie , Häberle Johannes , Jaeken Jaak , Ketteridge David , Lindner Martin , Mandel Hanna , Martinelli Diego , Martins Esmeralda G. , Schwab Karl O. , Gruenert Sarah C. , Schwahn Bernd C. , Sztriha László , Tomaske Maren , Trefz Friedrich , Vilarinho Laura , Rosenblatt David S. , Fowler Brian , Dionisi‐Vici Carlo
Published: March 2014

The cblC defect is the most common inborn error of vitamin B12 metabolism. Despite therapeutic measures, the long‐term outcome is often unsatisfactory. This retrospective multicentre study evaluates clinical, biochemical and genetic findings in 88 cblC patients. The questionnaire designed for the study evaluates clinical and biochemical features at both initial presentation and during follow up. Also the development of severity scores allows investigation of individual disease load, statistical evaluation of parameters between the different age of presentation groups, as well as a search for correlations between clinical endpoints and potential modifying factors. Results: No major differences were found between neonatal and early onset patients so that these groups were combined as an infantile‐onset group representing 88 % of all cases. Hypotonia, lethargy, feeding problems and developmental delay were predominant in this group, while late‐onset patients frequently presented with psychiatric/behaviour problems and myelopathy. Plasma total homocysteine was higher and methionine lower in infantile‐onset patients. Plasma methionine levels correlated with “overall impression” as judged by treating physicians. Physician's impression of patient's well‐being correlated with assessed disease load. We confirmed the association between homozygosity for the c.271dupA mutation and infantile‐onset but not between homozygosity for c.394C>T and late‐onset. Patients were treated with parenteral hydroxocobalamin, betaine, folate/folinic acid and carnitine resulting in improvement of biochemical abnormalities, non‐neurological signs and mortality. However the long‐term neurological and ophthalmological outcome is not significantly influenced. In summary the survey points to the need for prospective studies in a large cohort using agreed treatment modalities and monitoring criteria.
Compost amendments in agricultural ecosystems: confirmatory path analysis to clarify the effects on soil chemical and biological properties
Authors: BELLINO A. , BALDANTONI D. , DE NICOLA F. , IOVIENO P. , ZACCARDELLI M. , ALFANI A.
Published: March 2014

Compost use is increasingly proposed as a sustainable strategy to restore the fertility of degraded agricultural soils and to reduce landfill disposal or incineration of organic wastes. The effects of compost application on many soil physico-chemical and biological properties, as well as on soil contamination, have been investigated widely, but a model for the ecological interactions among them has never been developed. The aim of the present paper was to provide an integrated view of the causal processes induced by repeated compost amendments on agricultural soil properties. For this purpose, a confirmatory path analysis was performed to enable inferences to be drawn about the causal processes involving compost amendment, soil organic matter content, nutrient concentrations, microbial activity and soil contamination. The path analysis was performed on a dataset derived from a 3-year field trial carried out by the current authors in a Mediterranean intensive agricultural system, where 0, 15, 30 or 45 t/ha of certified compost from municipal solid wastes were annually applied. A script (‘cpa’) was developed using the R programming language and used to test 13 hypothetical models, expressed as directed acyclic graphs, against the observed data. Within the above-mentioned dataset, potassium and zinc available concentrations, microbial respiration and total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations were selected as indicative of soil nutrient availability, microbial activity and organic contamination. The applied approach highlights that compost amendment directly influences all the other variables considered in the study and is the main determinant of the observed trends. Other important relationships are those among organic matter, nutrient availabilities, respiration and PAHs, as well as their temporal dynamics.
Effects of dietary cottonseed oil and tannin supplements on protein and fatty acid composition of bovine milk
Authors: Aprianita Aprianita , Donkor Osaana N , Moate Peter J , Williams S Richard O , Auldist Martin J , Greenwood Jae S , Hannah Murray C , Wales William J , Vasiljevic Todor
Published: March 2014

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of diets supplemented with cottonseed oil,Acacia mearnsii-condensed tannin extract, and a combination of both on composition of bovine milk. Treatment diets included addition of cottonseed oil (800 g/d; CSO), condensed tannin fromAcacia mearnsii(400 g/d; TAN) or a combination of cottonseed oil (800 g/d) and condensed tannin (400 g/d; CPT) with a diet consisting of 6·0 kg dry matter (DM) of concentrates and alfalfa hay ad libitum, which also served as the control diet (CON). Relative to the CON diet, feeding CSO and CPT diets had a minor impact on feed intake and yield of lactose in milk. These diets increased yields of milk and protein in milk. In contrast to the TAN diet, the CSO and CPT diets significantly decreased milk fat concentration and altered milk fatty acid composition by decreasing the proportion of saturated fatty acids but increasing proportions of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The CPT diet had a similar effect to the CSO diet in modifying fatty acid profile. Overall, reduction in milk fat concentration and changes in milk fatty acid profile were probably due to supplementation of linoleic acid-rich cottonseed oil. The TAN diet had no effect on feed intake, milk yield and milk protein concentration. However, a reduction in the yields of protein and lactose occurred when cows were fed this diet. Supplemented tannin had no significant effect on fat concentration and changes in fatty acid profile in milk. All supplemented diets did not affect protein concentration or composition, nitrogen concentration, or casein to total protein ratio of the resulting milk.
XVI.—Algal Metabolism and Water Pollution in the Tay Region
Authors: Stewart W. D. P.
Published: March 2014

The river Tay receives water from an area covering over 2500 square miles of Scotland and has a discharge which is greater than that of the Severn and the Thames combined. It is, in addition, the least polluted of our major British rivers today. It thus provides a composite sample of the waters draining through much of east central Scotland, it provides a baseline for studies on other major British rivers, and with the impending upsurge in industrial activity along the Scottish east coast with the discovery of oil and gas in the North Sea, the importance of having a baseline against which future environmental changes can be measured is now a matter of urgency.
Formation of ‘Polyhedral’ Cell Cavities in Cloudy Media of Bird Feathers
Authors: Auber L.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

In feathers of a wide variety of unrelated birds non-iridescent blue and related shades are produced by structures. In these, each colour-producing cell of a barb medulla contains a cavity whose outline tends to parallel the cell-boundaries (‘polyhedral’ cavity).

This contrasts with the situation in some other birds with corresponding colour structures where each medullary cell contains a smaller ‘spheroidal’ cavity left by the pycnotized nucleus.

Three different processes of moulding polyhedral cavities are described which modify the thickness of the colour-producing cloudy medium and possibly represent independent evolutionary trends.
II.—New Approaches to the Supply of Blood and Plasma
Authors: Wallace John
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

One unit of donor blood may be used to treat several patients. Each recipient is given the appropriate blood component. Proper component therapy is more effective and less hazardous than whole blood transfusion. In addition, valuable human blood is conserved.

Transfusion services require facilities to process fresh blood and separate otherwise labile components such as cryoglobulin precipitate and platelet concentrates. The production of large amounts of these components and of fractions such as plasma protein solution is facilitated by the clinical use of concentrated red cells rather than whole blood. Recurrent shortages of fresh donor blood are inevitable. Components which can be preserved for long periods should be stockpiled.

Plasmapheresis, plateletpheresis and leukapheresis allow the frequent collection of selected components from individual donors. Some of these donors may be hyperimmunised by the injection of an appropriate immunogen, and a specific immunoglobulin IgG can be prepared from the donated plasma. Hazards such as wrong identification and protein depletion must be avoided by individual attention to plasmapheresis donors.

Automation and modern transportation may increase the availability of blood. The importance of the blood donor to the health service and to the community should be fully recognised.
V.—Principles of Effective and Safe Transfusion
Authors: Cash John D.
Published: March 2014

If the organisers of this Symposium had invited our colleagues in the pharmaceutical industry to outline their concepts of efficiency, it is probable that two quite separate areas of endeavour would have emerged. In the first place, emphasis would have been made of efficiency in terms of technology, use of manpower and the production of profitable and useful by-products. In the second place, as the result of clinical trials, the persuasive Clinical Advisors would define the type of patient likely to benefit from their preparations, the correct dosage and the possibility of untoward effects. It is these broad aspects of effectiveness and safety which I wish to discuss in relation to blood transfusion, set against the fundamental question: what we are doing with our raw material at the present time and what awaits us in the future?
VIII.—Clinical Uses of Immunoglobulin
Authors: Gray J. A.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

Although active immunisation against infection tends to diminish the usefulness of immunoglobulin a return to passive immunisation may well occur because of the public apathy regarding childhood immunisation schedules, the development of antibiotic resistance and the expanding proportion of patients who are infection prone because of immunosuppression. An assessment of the usefulness and likely demand for immunoglobulin is urgently needed. It does not transmit infection and it is generally free of side-effects when a single dose is injected. Human normal immunoglobulin prevents infectious hepatitis (virus A) and measles and is valuable for hypogammaglobulinaemic patients. Limited supplies of human specific immunoglobulins are available and effective in preventing Rhesushaemolytic disease, in treating the complications of smallpox vaccination, and for tetanus prophylaxis. Hyperimmune material may also become available for the prevention of serum hepatitis (virus B), chickenpox and the rubella syndrome. Problems of administration and supply could prove difficult to overcome. The principles involved in preventing Rhesus-haemolytic disease with immunoglobulin could possibly be applied in the management of auto-immune disease at some future date.
The intertidal macrofauna of Nigg Bay
Authors: Raffaelli D. , Boyle P. R.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

Surveys of the intertidal macrofauna and sediment characters of Nigg Bay, Moray Firth, were carried out between 1981 and 1985. Permanent stations were located at the intersections of a half-kilometre grid covering the entire intertidal area and sampled for infauna, using replicate cores. Estimates were also made of mussel and lugworm densities from quadrats and cast counts respectively. The biomasses of selected species that constitute important resources for higher trophic levels were also estimated. The sediment for each station was analysed for median particle diameter and silt content.

The infaunal data were analysed by Detrended Correspondence Analysis. This indicated that tidal height was the most important factor governing the distribution and abundance of the intertidal communities. Sediment characters were only poorly related to distribution patterns.

The bay has a rich fauna and is biologically similar to other outer bays of the Moray Firth, which, like Nigg, are important areas for wildfowl and waders. Comparisons of survey data from different years indicate that there are natural cycles in some sediment and biological characters of Nigg Bay.
Monitoring the Moray Firth environment
Authors: Davies J. M. , Pirie J. M.
Published: March 2014

Synopsis

This paper describes environmental monitoring which has been carried out in the Moray Firth. Three areas of potential impact have been examined; the cryolite recovery sludge dumping ground in the inner Moray Firth, the Beatrice Oilfield, and the Nigg oil terminal. The monitoring objectives are described, some results are presented, and the scale of effects compared. In each case the effects are very localised and there was no evidence of any potential threat to fisheries.
MAY ’68 AND THE ETHICAL TURN IN FRENCH THOUGHT
Authors: ROBCIS CAMILLE
Published: March 2014

It has become somewhat of a cliché to refer to May 1968 in France as an “interpretation in search of an event.” As many critics have pointed out, this designation fails to account for the real significance of the “events,” for the fact that May ’68 was one of the largest mass movement in French history—numerically, geographically, and sociologically—and one of the most acute political crises in postwar France. Yet, to refer to May ’68 as an interpretation does capture the extent to which the historiography of May ’68 has appeared, almost from the beginning, indistinguishable from its history, or, as Kristin Ross has put it, the extent to which May ’68 cannot be considered separately from its memory. At the risk of reducing some of these rich historiographical debates, we could say that, broadly speaking, two main issues have divided historians, philosophers, political theorists, and sociologists over the past forty years. The first has to do with the scope of the events, the degree to which the student leaders, the workers on strike, or the cultural legacy “mattered” more, or whether any of it mattered at all. The second line of contention has centered on the legacy of May ’68. According to some, May ’68 represented the acceleration of capitalism and modernization and it inaugurated an era of individualism and/or narcissism and political disengagement. In the eyes of these critics, ’68 was thus ultimately a conservative, or at least a libertarian, revolution. According to others, this was instead a truly radical period—socially, culturally, and politically—and this radicalism began to run out of steam towards the late 1970s. Instead of revolution, many intellectuals who had participated in May ’68 began to talk about ethics, morality, human rights, and the rule of law. Not surprisingly, commentators have once again differed on their reading of this “turn,” either condemning it or celebrating it, depending on their political bent. This “condemning” position has been articulated particularly forcefully by Kristin Ross in her excellent May ’68 and Its Afterlives. According to Ross, the “turn to ethics” marked a conscious “retreat from politics . . . that distorted not only May's ideology but much of its memory as well.” Ross's book is thus devoted to the analysis of this political radicalism—a radicalism that she situates in the union of intellectual contestation and workers’ struggle around what she calls “a polemics of equality”—and to the critique of its betrayal after 1976. On the other side of the spectrum, historians such as Tony Judt and Sunil Khilnani have praised this “ethical turn” as the moment in which French intellectuals were finally able to exorcise the (communist) revolutionary ideal that had haunted them throughout the twentieth century and to embrace liberalism.
Leichte kognitive Störungen und Demenz bei Patienten mit Morbus Parkinson
Authors: Kalbe Elke , Petrelli Annette
Published: March 2014

Neuropsychologische Defizite bei Parkinsonpatienten sind häufig und umfassen typischerweise exekutive Störungen, Gedächtnis- (v. a. strategische Enkodier- und Abruf‐) Defizite, visuell-räumliche sowie Aufmerksamkeitsstörungen. Die Punktprävalenz der leichten kognitiven Störungen bei Parkinsonpatienten (Mild Cognitive Impairment in Parkinson′s Disease, PD-MCI), für die 2012 Forschungskriterien publiziert wurden, wird im Mittel auf 27 % geschätzt werden; die Punktprävalenz der Parkinson-Demenz (Parkinson′s Disease Dementia, PDD) wird mit etwa 30 % angegeben. Longitudinal entwickeln die meisten Parkinsonpatienten während ihrer Erkrankung eine kognitive Störung. Aufgrund ihrer Häufigkeit und Relevanz ist es wichtig, diese zu diagnostizieren. Für die Therapie der PDD ist der Acetylcholinesterasehemmer Rivastigmin zugelassen; andere zugelassene Behandlungsmöglichkeiten existieren derzeit nicht. Die Evidenzlage zu nicht-pharmakologischen Interventionsansätzen ist bislang unzureichend; erste Studien zur Wirksamkeit kognitiven Trainings sowie physischer Aktivität sind jedoch vielversprechend.
Prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment Subtypes in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease – Comparison of two Modes of Classification
Authors: Lehrner Johann , Zach Heidemarie , Moser Doris , Gleiß Andreas , Auff Eduard , Pirker Walter , Pusswald Gisela
Published: March 2014

Early detection of dementia in Parkinson’s disease is becoming increasingly important. The goal of this study was to establish prevalence of mild cognitive impairment subtypes in Parkinson’s disease using two different modes of mild cognitive impairment classification. Categorizing patients into mild cognitive impairment subtypes according to the minimum mode of mild cognitive impairment classification revealed the following results: three patients (2.5 %) were categorized as cognitively healthy, whereas 117 patients (97.5 %) met the criteria for mild cognitive impairment. When categorizing patients according to the mean mode of mild cognitive impairment classification, 41.7 % of the patients were categorized as cognitively healthy, whereas 58.3 % met the criteria for mild cognitive impairment. Frequency of mild cognitive impairment varies substantially, depending on how impairment is defined.
A colorimetric “naked-eye” Cu(ii) chemosensor and pH indicator in 100% aqueous solution
Authors: Noh Jin Young , Park Gyeong Jin , Na Yu Jeong , Jo Hyun Yong , Lee Seul Ah , Kim Cheal
Published: March 2014

A highly selective and sensitive colorimetric Cu2+-chemosensor and pH probe for practical use in water has been developed.
Imaging of luminescence induced by beta and gamma emitters in conventional non-scintillating materials
Authors: Pagliazzi Marco , Boschi Federico , Spinelli Antonello E.
Published: March 2014

Detecting radioluminescence in tissues in the optical and near infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum has recently emerged as a new research field for preclinical bioluminescent imaging.
Copper immobilized on nano-silica triazine dendrimer (Cu(ii)-TD@nSiO2) catalyzed synthesis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical 1,3-diynes under aerobic conditions at ambient temperature
Authors: Nasr-Esfahani Mahboobeh , Mohammadpoor-Baltork Iraj , Khosropour Ahmad Reza , Moghadam Majid , Mirkhani Valiollah , Tangestaninejad Shahram , Agabekov Vladislav , Rudbari Hadi Amiri
Published: March 2014

Highly efficient synthesis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical 1,3-diynes catalyzed by Cu(ii)-TD@nSiO2/DBU is reported.
Light-activated antimicrobial surfaces with enhanced efficacy induced by a dark-activated mechanism
Authors: Noimark Sacha , Allan Elaine , Parkin Ivan P.
Published: March 2014

We report a potent antimicrobial polymer demonstrating an enhanced bactericidal activity upon white light illumination.
Tunable functionality and nanogeometry in tetrahydrofuran hydroperoxide and 3-aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles; functional application in glutathione sensing
Authors: Pandey Prem. C. , Pandey Gunjan
Published: March 2014

We report herein a process involving the active role of tetrahydrofuran hydroperoxide and 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane that allows controlled synthesis of functional gold nanoparticles.
Bottom-up solution synthesis of narrow nitrogen-doped graphene nanoribbons
Authors: Vo Timothy H. , Shekhirev Mikhail , Kunkel Donna A. , Orange François , Guinel Maxime J.-F. , Enders Axel , Sinitskii Alexander
Published: March 2014

Large quantities of nitrogen-doped graphene nanoribbons can be synthesized via Yamamoto coupling of molecular precursors followed by cyclodehydrogenation using Scholl reaction.
Synthesis, characterization, crystal structures and thermal and photoluminescence studies of dimethylpyrazine-carboxylate mixed ligand silver(i) coordination polymers with various multinuclear silver units
Authors: Wang Zhan-Hui , Wang Dan-Feng , Zhang Ting , Huang Rong-Bin , Zheng Lan-Sun
Published: March 2014

Seven new silver(i) coordination compounds based on dimethylpyrazine have been synthesized and characterized.
Two-step continuous-flow synthesis of CuInSe2 nanoparticles in a solar microreactor
Authors: Kreider Peter B. , Kim Ki-Joong , Chang Chih-Hung
Published: March 2014

A novel method of copper indium diselenide nanoparticle (CuInSe2 NP) synthesis using a two-step, continuous flow, solar microreactor is reported here.
Dynamics of asymmetric binary glass formers. II. Results from nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Bock D. , Kahlau R. , Pötzschner B. , Körber T. , Wagner E. , Rössler E. A.
Published: March 2014

Various 2H and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy techniques are applied to probe the component dynamics of the binary glass former tripropyl phosphate (TPP)/polystyrene-d3 (PS) over the full concentration range. The results are quantitatively compared to those of a dielectric spectroscopy (DS) study on the same system previously published [R. Kahlau, D. Bock, B. Schmidtke, and E. A. Rössler, J. Chem. Phys. 140, 044509 (2014)]. While the PS dynamics does not significantly change in the mixtures compared to that of neat PS, two fractions of TPP molecules are identified, one joining the glass transition of PS in the mixture (α1-process), the second reorienting isotropically (α2-process) even in the rigid matrix of PS, although at low concentration resembling a secondary process regarding its manifestation in the DS spectra. Pronounced dynamical heterogeneities are found for the TPP α2-process, showing up in extremely stretched, quasi-logarithmic stimulated echo decays. While the time window of NMR is insufficient for recording the full correlation functions, DS results, covering a larger dynamical range, provide a satisfactory interpolation of the NMR data. Two-dimensional 31P NMR spectra prove exchange within the broadly distributed α2-process. As demonstrated by 2H NMR, the PS matrix reflects the faster α2-process of TPP by performing a spatially highly hindered motion on the same timescale.
Experimental sloshing pressure impacts in ensemble domain: Transient and stationary statistical characteristics
Authors: Bulian G. , Botia-Vera E. , Souto-Iglesias A.
Published: March 2014

The present paper focuses on the analysis of impact pressure registrations from repeated model scale sloshing experiments under harmonic rotational excitation. A series of more than 100 experiments, each one encompassing more than 100 impact events, has been conducted seeking the highest feasible repeatability. Different excitation periods, that cover the main features of the impact dynamics, have been considered in a preliminary screening, describing the main features of the impact dynamics. Since, even under a nominally deterministic excitation, the pressure at each impact is characterized by a high variability, a statistical approach is used treating the impact pressure as a stochastic process. For one selected excitation period, the statistical analysis focuses on the ensemble distribution of the maximum pressure during each impact event. Particular attention is given to the evolution of such distributions, in order to detect the variations in the statistical characteristics of the process. This is achieved by, first, identifying the presence and the length of the transient phase and, second, by characterizing the process at stationary state. The statistics of impact pressure for different peaks are discussed mostly in the ensemble domain. Linking the latter with the time domain analysis is made by checking that the problem can be considered “practically ergodic.” The “practical ergodicity” of the process is dealt with by checking to what extent steady state ensemble statistical information can be obtained from a single long run experiment. Statistical checks for correlation and independence of maximum impact pressures are also carried out to test the hypothesis of independent identically distributed random variables. The method of analysis presented in this paper through the considered example case is general in nature and is considered to be highly portable. In particular, it is considered to allow for a more thorough understanding of non-deterministic events such as those considered herein, by looking at them from a sound statistical perspective. The thorough description of the whole experimental setup makes the presented data suitable for comparison purposes and for validation of theoretical/numerical approaches.
Enhanced field emission from cerium hexaboride coated multiwalled carbon nanotube composite films: A potential material for next generation electron sources
Authors: Patra Rajkumar , Ghosh S. , Sheremet E. , Jha M. , Rodriguez R. D. , Lehmann D. , Ganguli A. K. , Gordan O. D. , Schmidt H. , Schulze S. , Zahn D. R. T. , Schmidt O. G.
Published: March 2014

Intensified field emission (FE) current from temporally stable cerium hexaboride (CeB6) coated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on Si substrate is reported aiming to propose the new composite material as a potential candidate for future generation electron sources. The film was synthesized by a combination of chemical and physical deposition processes. A remarkable increase in maximum current density, field enhancement factor, and a reduction in turn-on field and threshold field with comparable temporal current stability are observed in CeB6-coated CNT film when compared to pristine CeB6 film. The elemental composition and surface morphology of the films, as examined by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray measurements, show decoration of CeB6 nanoparticles on top and walls of CNTs. Chemical functionalization of CNTs by the incorporation of CeB6 nanoparticles is evident by a remarkable increase in intensity of the 2D band in Raman spectrum of coated films as compared to pristine CeB6 films. The enhanced FE properties of the CeB6 coated CNT films are correlated to the microstructure of the films.
Contrasting effects of doping on insulating and metallic states of NdNi1−xMnxO3 thin films
Authors: Chandra Mahesh , Aziz Fozia , Tripathi Shivendra , Rana Rakesh , Rana D. S. , Mavani K. R.
Published: March 2014

We have deposited NdNi1−xMnxO3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.10) thin films on SrTiO3 (001), NdGaO3 (001), and YAlO3 (100) substrates and studied the effects of Mn-doping and strain on the charge transport. The majority of charge carriers are holes. Both the in-plane strain and the Mn-doping affect the electrical transport of the films. The metallic state completely vanishes at Mn-doping of x = 0.10. All the films, including x = 0, deposited on SrTiO3 are insulating throughout the temperature range. We find that the resistivity data of all the insulating films fit to two different models, i.e., variable range hopping and Arrhenius equation, in two different temperature regions. The mechanism of charge-transport in the insulating films changes from one type to another and the temperature range of fittings depend on the level of Mn-doping. The results and analyses clearly show that there are contrasting effects of Mn-doping in the metallic and the insulating regions: on one hand, the resistivity increases with increasing Mn-doping in the metallic region; and on the other hand, the hopping/activation of charge carriers get promoted in the insulating region.
Optical properties of anodically degraded ZnO
Authors: Messerschmidt Daniel , Bratz Kathrin , Gnehr Wolf-Michael , Romanus Henry , Eberhardt Jens , Nicolay Sylvain , Ballif Christophe
Published: March 2014

We discuss the optical properties of non-degraded and anodically degraded boron-doped zinc oxide (ZnO:B) deposited by low-pressure chemical vapour deposition on soda-lime glass. The optical model used to simulate the infrared reflectance in the wavelength range between 1.2 and 25 μm is based on the Maxwell-Garnett effective-medium theory. The model is sensitive to the conditions at the grain boundaries of the investigated polycrystalline ZnO:B films. We confirm that the presence of defect-rich grain boundaries, especially after degradation, causes a highly resistive ZnO:B film. Furthermore, indications of a degraded zinc oxide layer next to the ZnO:B/glass interface with different refractive index are found. We present evidence for the creation of oxygen vacancies, based on Raman investigations, which correlate with a shift of the optical absorption edge of the ZnO:B. Investigations with scanning and transmission electron microscopy show microvoids at the grain boundaries after anodic degradation. This indicates that the grain/grain interfaces are the principle location of defects after degradation.
Effect of Hf incorporation in solution-processed NiOx based resistive random access memory
Authors: Yoon Doo Hyun , Kim Si Joon , Jung Joohye , Heo Seung Jin , Kim Hyun Jae
Published: March 2014

Resistive random access memory based on transition metal oxide materials has attracted much recent attention for the development of next-generation non-volatile memory. The Hf:NiOx devices showed driving mode transformation by the Hf content in the system. Unipolar resistive switching was observed at 2% of Hf concentration while a bipolar resistive switching was observed at 10%. Un-stable switching was shown at 30%, and non-stable breakdown was followed by 100%. These variations of I–V characteristics can enhance understanding of resistive switching phenomenon under the material incorporated system.
The converse magnetoelectric characteristics of Mn and Mg doped CoFe2O4–PbTiO3 composites
Authors: Liu Ting-ting , Wang Zhi , Mao Jun , Cheng Ning-ning , Ni Li-jun
Published: March 2014

Electric-field-induced magnetization characteristics are demonstrated in xCo0.6Mg0.2Mn0.2Fe2O4–(1 − x) PbTiO3 (x = 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, and 0.7) composites synthesized by sol-gel method. The converse magnetoelectric effect (CME) with driving frequency in a range of 4–16 kHz was measured at room temperature. The composite of 0.6Co0.6Mg0.2Mn0.2Fe2O4–0.4PbTiO3 exhibits the maximum CME coefficient at electromechanical resonance frequency of 13 kHz. Doping Mn and Mg into CFO enhances CME coefficients and resistivity of compositions, which provide great opportunities for electric field tunable microwave devices.
Spin reorientation transition and near room-temperature multiferroic properties in a W-type hexaferrite SrZn1.15Co0.85Fe16O27
Authors: Song Y. Q. , Fang Y. , Wang L. Y. , Zhou W. P. , Cao Q. Q. , Wang D. H. , Du Y. W.
Published: March 2014

In this Letter, we investigate the magnetic and multiferroic properties of a W-type hexaferrite SrZn1.15Co0.85Fe16O27. Due to the strong planar contribution to the anisotropy provided by Co2+ ions, this hexaferrite shows a spin reorientation transition from easy-axis to easy-cone at 302 K, which is different from the onset temperature of ferroelectric polarization, 275 K. By applying magnetic field, a remarkable drop of polarization is observed, suggesting a large magnetoelectric effect in this multiferroics. The difference between spin reorientation and ferroelectric phase transition temperature as well as the origin of magnetoelectric effect are discussed.