bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ohio, New York agree on acid rain
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Ohio makes acid precipitation, and New York gets it. Coal‐fired power plants and other industries in the Ohio Valley help to keep that area's economy alive, but the sulfur and nitrogen oxides the plants put out are killing lakes and forests in upstate New York and New England.

For years, New York and Ohio have disagreed over emissions controls. Ohio Governor Richard Celeste and New York Governor Mario Cuomo have now agreed on a plan calling for deep cuts in production of the pollutants. The cost of the program would be borne by the businesses that pollute, the oil industry, and the federal government.
A National Earth Science Data Directory
Authors: Johnson A. Ivan
Published: October 2006

The Earth Science Data Directory (ESDD) is being developed by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as a nationwide system for readily determining the availability of specific Earth science and natural resource data. It offers online access to a USGS mainframe computer repository of information about Earth science and natural resource data bases. The referenced data bases are both automated and nonautomated, and they belong to many different entities. ESDD participants are governmental agencies, academic institutions, and the private sector.

The term “Earth science and natural resource data,” as used for the ESDD, is an allembracing term referring to any systematic body of knowledge, automated or not, relating to the Earth, its environment, and its energy, mineral, water, land, plant, animal, and other resources. The ESDD can enable users to locate everything from complex computerized indices, systems, and files to paper records, maps, and files.
1988 James B. Macelwane Medal to Kevin B. Quest
Authors: Coroniti F.V. , Quest Kevin B.
Published: October 2006

On behalf of my conominators, David Forslund and Dan Winske of the Los Alamos National Laboratory [LANL], I wish to congratulate Kevin Quest on his receipt of the Macelwane Medal. Kevin did his undergraduate work at Drexel University and received his Ph.D. from the Earth and Space Sciences Department at the University of California, Los Angeles [UCLA]. Somewhat prior to finishing his degree, Kevin joined the Theoretical Physics Division at Los Alamos. This coming July, Kevin will assume the duties of an Associate Professor at the University of California, San Diego in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering.

At UCLA, Kevin learned several lessons which are invaluable for a young theorist. Working amidst the experimental groups of Professors Coleman, Kivelson, McPherron, and Russell, Kevin came to appreciate the extreme difficulty of analyzing and interpreting satellite measurements of the complex space plasma phenomena. From Professor Ashour‐Abdalla, Kevin was trained to give clear scientific presentations that concentrated on the fundamental physics and to leave complicated mathematics to the dust bin otherwise known as the refereed literature. Finally, Kevin learned to ignore the well‐meaning, but too often errant, opinions of his thesis advisor. In fact, Kevin ignored his advisor to such an extent that 7 years later I am still waiting for a copy of his Ph.D. dissertation.
Guidelines for publication
Authors: Rapp Richard H.
Published: October 2006

The AGU Publications Committee and the Board of Journal Editors recently adopted standards for the conduct of the publications process of AGU. These standards articulate the way in which we believe most geophysicists behave when acting as author, editor, or reviewer. We do not perceive a problem with the ethical conduct in any phase of the AGU publications activity. Rather we are presenting what is common practice as a reminder to us all and as help to those who may be just embarking on their scientific careers.

We wish to thank in particular our colleagues in the American Chemical Society. With their permission we borrowed heavily from “Ethical Guidelines to Publication of Chemical Research” in the document presented below.
Third hole planned at Valles Caldera
Authors: Gardner Jamie
Published: October 2006

Valles caldera, N. Mex., is the culmination of more than 13 million years of volcanism in the Jemez volcanic field and is an excellent model for resurgent calderas and for the high‐temperature geothermal systems found with them. This month one of the biggest diamond drills in the world will start the third research core hole in the caldera. Valles Caldera 2B will be the tenth core hole in the Department of Energy's Continental Scientific Drilling Program.

CSDP drilling in the 1.1‐million‐year‐old caldera began in 1984 in the southwest moat zone when the research hole Valles Caldera 1 was continuously cored to 856 m. VC‐1 intersected a hydrothermal outflow plume from the deep geothermal system. Data indicate multiple episodes of hydrothermal activity in the volcanic field's history, as well as multiple episodes of rhyolite magma generation during evolution of the caldera. The June 10, 1988 (vol. 63), issue of Journal of Geophysical Research—Solid Earth and Planets carried a special section on results from VC‐1.
Worst drought since '36 spurs climate research
Authors: Wainger Lisa A.
Published: October 2006

Low rainfall and higher than normal temperatures continue across much of the nation. Since the end of January, 35 states have developed extreme drought conditions, according to scientists of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration who gave a news briefing June 29.

Historical data back to the 1920s show that the first preceding period comparable to this drought in severity and total area affected was in 1936, said Donald Gilman, chief of the Prediction Branch at the National Weather Service's Climate Analysis Center (CAC) in Silver Spring, Md. In 1934, the classic “dustbowl summer,” a larger area had severe drought conditions.
AGU position on earmarking
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The AGU panel appointed in December (Eos, 1987, p. 1647) to recommend an official Union position on the congressional practices of earmarking and fencing reported to the Council in May at the AGU Spring Meeting in Baltimore. (Earmarking is voting funds for a particular research facility; fencing is protecting money for a specific program.) The Council approved the position statement on earmarking given below. It is expected that a position on fencing will be considered when the Council meets in December at the AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco.
First Cavanaugh Award given by ASTM
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

With the unanimous approval of the Board of Directors of the American Society for Testing and Materials, Ivan Johnson of A. Ivan Johnson, Inc., Arvada, Colo., received the first William T. Cavanaugh Memorial Award which recognizes outstanding eminence in the national and international voluntary standards field. This is the highest award offered by ASTM and carries with it the title of ASTM Honorary Member.

The award was presented by ASTM Chairman of the Board Wayne France (General Motors Research Laboratories, Warren, Mich.) during an ASTM meeting in Albuquerque, N.Mex. in January. Pictured, left to right, are Joseph O'Grady (President, ASTM), Johnson, and Wayne Francis.
New plan responds to global change
Authors: Crampton Janet W.
Published: October 2006

The National Global Change Research Act of 1988 (S. 2614) was introduced in the Senate July 7 by Ernest F. Hollings (D‐S.C), chairman of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. The act calls “for a national plan to improve scientific understanding of the Earth system and the effect of changes in that system on climate and human well‐being.”

Hollings said the current U.S. drought , rising sea level, and depletion of the atmosphere's ozone layer are warning signals of global change. “Providing the information needed to develop responsible global change policies is widely considered one of the greatest challenges ever to face the scientific community.”
Paleoclimate Analysis and Modeling
Authors: Keables Michael J.
Published: October 2006

This book is a collection of papers focusing on the analytical techniques and use of numerical models in paleoclimatic research. The purpose of this book is to review the biologic and geologic quantitative evidence of climate change, the data sources available, the interpretation of the data as a means of climatic reconstruction, and the use of numerical models as a means of investigating the causality of climate change. Ten chapters are presented, each dealing with a specific analytical technique and each written by a recognized leader in his or her research field.

In chapter 1, Hecht provides an introduction to the volume and reviews the major advances in paleoclimatology during the past 20 years. Included is a discussion of the use of various isotopes as indicators of climate change and the utilization of transfer functions derived from the pollen, tree ring, and foraminifera records in the quantitative reconstruction of past climates. The results of the Climate: Long‐Range Investigation, Mapping, and Prediction (CLIMAP) glacial reconstruction are summarized, as are advances in the ice core record and the use of climate models to simulate conditions in the geologic past.
Extensive‐dilatancy anisotropy
Authors: Crampin Stuart
Published: October 2006

A symposium presenting results from the Turkish Dilatancy Projects (TDP) was held at the British Geological Survey, Edinburgh, June 29 to July 1, 1987. These results, interpreting shear‐wave splitting in terms of stress‐aligned fluid‐filled microcracks throughout the rock mass, are thought to be an important advance toward establishing routine techniques for the prediction of earthquakes. The meeting was stimulating with wide‐ranging discussions of reports by several groups on observations in Turkey and elsewhere, and of potential applications to predicting earthquakes. The commercial prospect of using shear waves to investigate the internal structure of hydrocarbon and geothermal reservoirs was also discussed.
Geomagnetism Program Assessment
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The AGU panel appointed in December to draft a Union position on U.S. geomagnetic observatories (Eos, 1987, p . 1793) reported to the Council in May at the AGU Spring Meeting in Baltimore. Congressman David E. Skaggs (D‐Colo.), of th e House Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, had asked AGU for its position on combining the geomagnetic observatory programs of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The panel was chaired by Michael A. Mayhew; members were Daniel N. Baker, Subir K. Banerjee, Dana J . Isherwood, and Christopher T. Russell. The Council considered the issue and adopted the position stated in the following from AGU President Peter S. Eagleson to Skaggs. Skaggs's reply follows Eagleson's letter.
$100 million Alaskan Scientific Endowment
Authors: Bush Susan M.
Published: October 2006

Governor Steve Cowper has seen a longtime goal and campaign promise realized as he signed a law creating the Alaska Science and Technology Foundation on May 13. Its purpose is to fund Alaska‐related scientific research projects and to promote economic and technological development and public health through basic and applied research.

Cowper first proposed the foundation in 1980 and feels strongly that Alaska's natural resources must be treated wisely to insure their future. According to Cowper, “Alaska has more coastline than the rest of the nation combined. We have more forest, more minerals, and more oil and gas than any other state. And we're the only Arctic region the U.S. has.” He does not believe that the oil industry or the federal government can sufficiently handle the state's resources, thus his devotion to creating and supporting the foundation.
Countries renew rescue agreement
Authors: Bush Susan M.
Published: October 2006

To insure long‐term continuity for the international satellite search and rescue system, COSPAS/SARSAT, an intergovernmental agreement binding the four sponsoring nations to cooperate was signed July 1 in Paris. According to Russell Vollmers of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the agreement is binding for 15 years, with an automatic extension.

The system marked the fifth anniversary of its first rescue last year, when on September 10, 1982, three persons were rescued. Begun in the 1970s by NASA as an experiment, COSPAS/SARSAT (a Russian‐English acronym) is now a cooperative project among the United States, Canada, France, and the Soviet Union. Its goal is to reduce the time required to rescue air and maritime distress victims and also to locate victims who otherwise may not be found, thus using the satellite system as a life‐saving device.
Mapping the 1986”1987 El Nino with GEOSAT altimeter data
Authors: Cheney Robert E. , Miller Laury
Published: October 2006

The 1986–1987 El Nino was the first to be monitored by a satellite altimeter, and maps of sea level anomaly during the event reveal a rich and previously unknown structure. By chance, timing of the U.S. Navy GEOSAT altimeter mission was ideal for capturing this El Nino in its entirety. GEOSAT was launched in March 1985 and had gathered 1 full year of global data when an El Nino was predicted [Cane et al, 1986]. Dramatic atmospheric and oceanic changes were observed during the height of the event in 1986–1987, and by early 1988, conditions returned to normal. Throughout this 3‐year period, GEOSAT provided virtually uninterrupted coverage of the tropical Pacific, and prospects for several more years of observations are excellent. In this brief report we present results demonstrating the enormous potential of satellite altimetry for application to large‐scale ocean dynamics and climate research.
Organisms: The only cause of scattering layers?
Authors: Hovland Martin
Published: October 2006

The cover of the March 1, 1988, issue of Eos depicted a time series of acoustic transects showing so‐called “scattering layers” above southeast Hancock Seamount (Hawaiian chain). The interpretation of scattering layers in seawater is probably worth some serious debate, which might lead to a better understanding of (among other things) the workings (dynamics) of seamounts.

There is no reason to doubt that pelagic organisms abound over seamounts. The questions that need to be answered, however, are the following:

Are all acoustic scatterers in the seawater above seamounts necessarily organisms?

Why do organisms abound over seamounts?
Caltech launches Terrascope
Authors: Wainger Lisa A.
Published: October 2006

Geophysicists at the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, will get real‐time data about Earth motions with a new advanced seismic network they are installing. The Caltech terrestrial telescope, or “Terrascope,” will ultimately consist of an array of at least 10 broad‐band, high‐dynamic‐range, digital seismometers placed around southern California, linked by satellite telemetry, and serviced by high‐speed computers. In addition to the advanced data‐recording features, each Terrascope station will have receivers for the Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites and will be a permanent part of that geodetic network.

Terrascope's seismometers will have a dynamic range about 10,000 times broader than ordinary seismometers, so they will be able to record large and small earthquakes on the same scale. With additional data, geophysicists will be able to determine more about such earthquake characteristics as fault area, energy spectrum, and duration of ground breakage.
What is the fate of acid rain?
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Researchers with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association Administration are hoping that data from a July study off the mid‐Atlantic coast of the U.S. will show how far airborne chemicals that contribute to acid rain are reaching offshore. NOAA obtained comparative air and sea‐surface measurements of sulfur, nitrogen, and other trace gases and particles.

A research aircraft flew from Newport News, Va., and then from Bermuda to collect measurements. On each of the plane's flights it rendezvoused with the NOAA research ship Mt. Mitchell, which was collecting samples between Norfolk and Bermuda. The instruments operated “the way they were supposed to,” according to Joe Boatman of NOAA's Air Resources Laboratory in Boulder, Colo.
The NSF and the geosciences community: Rotating program officers
Authors: Batiza Rodey , Rea David K. , Rumble Douglas
Published: October 2006

The National Science Foundation (NSF) is a federal agency charged with the care and feeding of basic scientific research in U.S. colleges and universities. NSF is a major contributor toward the support of research in Earth, ocean, and atmospheric sciences, disciplines of great importance to AGU members.

NSF makes a regular practice of employing scientists from universities, nonprofit research organizations, industry, and state or local governments as temporary program officers (“rotators”) with terms of service from 1 to 2 years. There are several reasons for the use of rotators:

It brings to NSF people who have firsthand, recent knowledge of "what it is really like" beyond the Washington, D.C. beltway. Knowledge of new ideas, recent graduates, and a fresh look at the system are worth considerably more than the problems that arise owing to inexperienced program officers.

It sheds some sunshine on internal NSF procedures when the rotator returns with his tales to his home institution.

It provides NSF management with considerable flexibility in coping with changing staff requirements.
Conference OKs science budgets
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

With the budget process all but complete for next fiscal year, the National Science Foundation and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration observers were saying that science had not done that badly in Congress, for an election year. NSF got half the budget increase it requested, NASA two‐thirds. The Space Station did well, at the expense of environmental and social programs, which are funded by Congress from the same pot of money as NASA and NSF.

A House‐Senate conference finished work on a $59 billion appropriations bill for the Department of Housing and Urban Development and independent agencies, including EPA, NASA, and NSF, in early August. The House and Senate then quickly passed the measure before their recess; the President is expected to sign it soon. Included in the Fiscal Year 1989 spending bill are $1,885 billion for NSF, a 9.8% increase over FY 1988, and $10.7 billion for NASA, 18.5% more than the year before.
St. Louis Science Center to expand
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The St. Louis Science Center will expand to nearly 5 times its present size by 1991. The new complex will house the Science Center's four major program areas: ecology and the environment, people, technology, and the space sciences.

Dennis M. Wint, the Center's president, revealed in July a plan for building the new facility and renovating the existing Science Center building in Forest Park. Attendance at the Center has tripled in the past 4 years. “Drawing people to science and promoting an interest in high‐tech jobs which will shape the future are the keys to keeping America strong and, in turn , keeping St. Louis strong. When this project is complete, St. Louis will have the resources to be a leader in quality science education, and we will have a striking new architectural landmark,” Wint said.
NSFNET on‐line faster
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Six supercomputer centers, seven regional academic computer networks, and a number of other research networks across the country can now talk to each other faster than ever. An updated National Science Foundation Network, known as NSFNET, went on‐line July 27 with the fastest data transmission capability of any nonprivate network in the country. The network can now transmit at a rate of 1.5 million bits per second. That's the equivalent of ∼50 pages of single‐spaced, typewritten text every second and is nearly 30 times faster than the old network.
Distinguished Rank Award to Cohen
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Philip Cohen, chief hydrologist for the U.S. Geological Survey, was presented the Presidential Distinguished Rank Award by President Reagan on August 2, 1988. A member of the Hydrology Section of AGU, Cohen maintains his office at the USGS National Center in Reston, Va.

Cohen has been with the USGS for 32 years and has been chief hydrologist for the past 9 years. He was cited for his efforts in managing the USGS Water Resources Division (WRD) which employs nearly 5000 people in offices in all 50 states, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Virgin Islands, with an operating budget of nearly $260 million per year. Cohen also was honored for directing WRD in providing technical support to other federal, state, and local government agencies in water and other Earth science matters; and for the division's recently implemented National Water Quality Assessment pilot studies. In addition, Cohen was cited for WRD's regionalized evaluation of streamflow and basin characteristics under flood conditions; a major cooperative effort with the U.S. Air Force on the impact of toxic wastes; and further development of national agricultural drainage investigations. Also recognized was Cohen's leadership in establishing a national distributed information system, which provides the USGS with the most extensive computer network in the Earth science community and enhances USGS responsiveness to public needs for Earth science data and information.
U.S. science policy
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

AGU, as well as other societies, is becoming increasingly active in supporting the interests of its members with government decision makers, both by acting cooperatively with other societies and independently. Recently, the American Physical Society led an effort to draft a letter to the Presidential candidates on the importance of a U.S. science policy. AGU was asked to be one of the signatories of this letter. In accord with AGU policies for the adoption of Union wide positions the question was put to a Council vote. This full process took less than 2 weeks. The request was approved, and AGU will be one of the societies signing this letter. As of August 8, the following groups have endorsed this letter and will be cosignatories: the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, the Optical Society of America, the American Association of Engineering Societies, the American Society of Civil Engineers, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the National Society of Professional Engineers, the American Society for Microbiology, the American Association of Physics Teachers, the American Vacuum Society, and the American Physical Society.
Results of the multiwell experiment in situ stresses, natural fractures, and other geological controls on reservoirs
Authors: Lorenz John C. , Warpinski Norman R. , Teufel Lawrence W. , Branagan Paul T. , Sattler Allan R. , Northrop David A.
Published: October 2006

Hundreds of millions of cubic meters of natural gas are locked up in low‐permeability, natural gas reservoirs. The Multiwell Experiment (MWX) was designed to characterize such reservoirs, typical of much of the western United States, and to assess and develop a technology for the production of this unconventional resource. Flow‐rate tests of the MWX reservoirs indicate a system permeability that is several orders of magnitude higher than laboratory permeability measurements made on matrix‐rock sandstones. This enhanced permeability is caused by natural fractures. The single set of fractures present in the reservoirs provides a significant permeability anisotropy that is aligned with the maximum in situ horizontal stress. Hydraulic fractures therefore form parallel to the natural fractures and are consequently an inefficient mechanism for stimulation. Successful stimulation may be possible by perturbing the local stress field with a large hydraulic fracture in one well so that a second hydraulic fracture in an offset well propagates transverse to the natural fracture permeability trend.
Opportunities in the hydrologic sciences: An open invitation for contributions
Authors: Eagleson Peter S.
Published: October 2006

For more than a century the development of hydrology has been largely in the hands of civil and agricultural engineers working on the classic problems of water supply and the reduction of natural hazards. Their considerable success at these tasks is evidenced by the high standards of public health and safety enjoyed by the urban populations of the developed nations. Nevertheless, the pragmatic focus of the field has retarded the development of fundamental hydrologic science in comparison with the solid Earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences. This has resulted in a scientific and educational base that is inadequate for the solution of many emerging problems and has left the hydrologic sciences without a platform within the federal science policy establishment from which to launch needed research and educational programs.
A downhole magnetic logging tool for the Ocean Drilling Program
Authors: Pariso Janet , Johnson H. Paul
Published: October 2006

In October 1986 the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) program of the National Science Foundation funded the University of Washington (UW), Seattle, to construct, test, and initially deploy a downhole magnetometer as part of the logging program for the drilling ship JOIDES Resolution. The success of the initial deployment of the magnetometer in a 500‐m gabbroic crustal section during Leg 118 in December 1987 (Leg 118 Scientific Party, 1988), and the general availability of this tool as part of the ODP suite of logging tools, prompted this brief announcement.

The UW/ODP magnetic logging tool was designed by IFG Corporation of Toronto, Canada, and underwent several design modifications specifically for ODP use by both URTEC Instrument Sales Limited, of Toronto, and the Borehole Research Group (BRG) at Lamont‐Doherty Geological Observatory (LDGO), Palisades, N.Y. The tool consists of three orthogonally oriented ring core fluxgate magnetometers, a susceptibility sensor, and two thermocouples which monitor the internal temperature of the probe. The fluxgate magnetometers each have a range of +/−100,000 n T and a sensitivity of 0.1 nT. The fluxgates have been calibrated in magnetic fields ranging from 3000 to 100,000 n T and at a range of temperatures between 25° and 90°C. The susceptibility coil has a sensitivity of approximately 10∼5 SI units when run in a borehole 10″ (25 cm) in diameter. In addition to magnetic susceptibility, the coil measures electrical resistivity, but with this particular type of sensor, the measurement is only useful in formations with very high electrical conductivities. The entire magnetometer syst em is currently capable of being run at operating temperatures up to 125°C without damage. Although the fluxgate magnetometer output remains linear within this range, the susceptibility probe becomes nonlinear and exhibits some thermal hysteresis at elevated temperatures. T h e susceptibility probe will require more detailed calibration in order to utilize measurements made at these higher (>60°C) temperatures. Although the magnetometer probe does not currently have an independent system for azimuthal orientation in highly magnetic media (e.g., accelerometers or a gyroscope), this is a desirable feature which is hoped to eventually be included in the magnetic logging package.
NSF site for rock magnetism
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Of the 325 proposals submitted to the National Science Foundation's Science and Technology Centers (STC) program, 49 were selected for site visits by teams of experts. Among the proposals in geosciences is one for a National Center for Rock Magnetism at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, under the directorship of Subir K. Banerjee. As proposed, the Center would foster research on identification and study of multiple components of natural remanent magnetization. Its unique strength would derive from a close cooperation with the magnetic recording and information industry in the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and St. Paul. Three major companies, Control Data, Honeywell, and 3M, have their corporate research headquarters in the Twin Cities and have committed themselves to cooperative research and information sharing.
Paleomagnetism and Rock Magnetism Symposium Liblice, Czechoslovakia
Authors: McElhinny M. W.
Published: October 2006

The International Symposium “New Trends in Geomagnetism—Modern Methods and Databases in Rock Magnetism and Paleomagnetism” was held at the Castle of Liblice, near Prague, Czechoslovakia from June 27 to July 2, 1988. The symposium provided a highly successful forum for a meeting of scientists from east and west and enabled some excellent discussions to take place between workers facing the introduction of new techniques and technologies from different backgrounds.

The Castle of Liblice is owned by the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences and is operated as a Convention Center for small symposia of about 50 people. All facilities, including accommodation and meals, are provided at the Castle. The unexpected large attendance of 68 at this symposium stretched the facilities, but the organizers coped and should be commended on an outstanding symposium and venue. It is recommended that these intimate symposia should be held more frequently, and this venue is unique for this purpose.
A valedictory from the past president
Authors: Banerjee Subir K.
Published: October 2006

The Gulf Coast province provides an array of scientific dilemmas ranging from the origin of the gulf itself to the causes and effects of long‐lasting circulation of hot, deep waters throughout the thick sedimentary section. The nature of the underlying crust and superjacent sediments and their contained waters; the precise timing of rifting; depositional history and diagenesis of the sedimentary sequence; fluid dynamics; geochemistry; hydrocarbon generation and migration; thermal history, including unusually high thermal gradient; and the fluid pressure regime in the deep sedimentary section are too poorly understood to permit quantitative analysis of processes that are of enormous scientific and practical importance. The area centered on DeWitt and Victoria counties, Texas, on the southeastern extension of the San Marcos arch, is probably the best location for a deep borehole to investigate these important phenomena and problems. The arch extends southeastward from exposed Grenville‐age basement rocks of the Llano uplift and separates the deep South Texas and Houston embayment salt basins. Seaward of the Llano uplift, highly deformed and slightly metamorphosed rocks of the Ouachita‐Marathon orogen have been intersected beneath Cretaceous sediments. The inferred edge of continental crust underlies an extensive Lower Cretaceous reef trend southeast of known Ouachita orogen rocks. Rapid thickening of Tertiary and possibly of Cretaceous sediments southeast of the shelf edge, together with geophysical indications of a relatively shallow Moho, suggests that “transitional continental crust” underlies sediments basinward of the inferred edge of continental crust. This transitional crust, the ultimate objective for a proposed deep well, could be rifted Grenville basement, buried rocks of the Ouachita trend, an island arc related to the Ouachita trend, or exotic continental basement related to a proto‐South American continent. To achieve optimum results to guarantee adequate basement penetration, a borehole should be designed to penetrate a relatively thin succession of lower Mesozoic synrift, graben‐fill sediments seaward of the shelf edge. Because of expected high temperatures and pressures, new technologies will need to be developed to successfully drill and test the well.
ERICA plans for winter storms field study
Authors: Hadlock Ron
Published: October 2006

The Experiment on Rapidly Intensifying Cyclones over the Atlantic (ERICA) field study will be conducted between December 1, 1988, and February 28, 1989. The oceanic area that is approximately bounded by t he Gulf Stream and North America, from coastal Carolina to just east of Newfoundland, will be the region for special observations obtained by recently developed measurement systems, including high‐resolution and safe Loran‐C dropwindsondes, CLASS rawinsondes, an array of drifting data buoys, and multiple airborne Doppler radars. The special observations will be acquired within a framework of all conventional operational data available for the eastern United States and Canada, including that from the National Weather Service's land sites (plus supplemental rawinsonde observations), ocean platforms, U.S. Air Force WC‐130 National Winter Storms Operations Plan reconnaissance flights, and civilian and military weather satellites. Satellite imagery and soundings willl be available in real time and archived through facilities of NOAA and the military.
Weather radar to prevent air crashes
Authors: Bush Susan M.
Published: October 2006

An operational demonstration of Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR) at Stapleton International Airport, Denver, finishes August 31. For 2 months, TDWR has been used to detect wind shear and other hazardous weather around air terminals and to provide warnings to air traffic controllers and pilots in time to avert accidents.

The biggest hazard for aircraft approaching or departing terminals is the microburst, a form of wind shear. Microbursts are produced by a small‐scale, powerful downdraft of cold, heavy air occurring beneath a thunderstorm, rain shower, or cumulus cloud. As the downdraft reaches Earth's surface, it spreads out horizontally (see Figure 1). An aircraft flying through a microburst at low‐altitude encounters a strong headwind, then a downdraft, and finally a tailwind that causes a sharp reduction in speed and loss of lift. This deadly sequence of events has caused at least 30 accidents and 500 deaths in the United States since the mid‐1960s.
Alaska organizes new marine school
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The University of Alaska has reorganized its ocean sciences institutions and created a new School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences at Fairbanks. The new school combines the Alaska Sea Grant College Program with several of the university's marine, oceanographic, and fishery institutions that had been administered separately.

The new school will have an annual budget of $13 million and about 50 faculty members. It will offer undergraduate and M.S. degrees in fisheries and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in oceanography. A Ph.D. in fisheries is planned. The R/V Alpha Helix, the research ship of the Institute of Marine Sciences, will be operated by the new school.
New editors for JGR‐Atmospheres
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

AGU has selected new editors for the Journal of Geophysical Research—Atmospheres. The new editors are James Dye (National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colo.), physical meteorology, and Kenneth Gage (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Aeronomy Laboratory, Boulder, Colo.), dynamic meteorology. Shaw Liu (NOAA, Aeronomy Laboratory, Boulder, Colo.), the editor for atmospheric chemistry, will continue as editor in chief.

Authors are invited to send papers to any of the three editors. In practice, Dye will edit papers in atmospheric electricity, cloud physics, and meteorological instrumentation. Gage will be editor for papers in atmospheric dynamics, radiation and climate, and remote sensing. Liu will edit papers on atmospheric chemistry. Interdisciplinary papers that fall within more than one of the above areas can be sent to any appropriate editor.
Storms blamed for rural ozone
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

When cities bake in the summer heat and polluted air blankets the ground, thunderstorms are a welcome relief. They cleanse the air, at least temporarily. Convective storms suck pollutants from the surface and loft them high into the troposphere. But scientists flying through clouds have found that the storms are actually accelerating the formation of ozone, worsening air quality over large areas and increasing the greenhouse effect.
Hawaii organizes new school
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The University of Hawaii, Honolulu, has brought together several existing Earth science programs to create a new School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology. SOEST will incorporate the Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute, the departments of Geology, Geophysics, Meteorology, Oceanography, and Ocean Engineering, the Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory, the Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, and the Sea Grant College Program. Charles Helsley is acting dean of the new school.

In announcing the establishment of the new school, the University of Hawaii's president, Albert J. Simone, said that with the Exclusive Economic Zone, Hawaii is the second largest state in the nation. Hawaii hopes to see significant economic gains result from its new school; the technology developed at SOEST will have applications in energy production, ocean mining, agriculture, and many other fields.
Physics Olympics
Authors: Bush Susan M.
Published: October 2006

Academics, not athletics, were the game in the 1988 International Physics Olympiad held in Bad Ischl, Austria, June 23 to July 1. AGU was one of about 20 principal sponsoring organizations that helped send 135 students from 27 countries to compete; the American Institute of Physics was another. The U.S. team brought home three of the 22 silver medals for 12th, 17th, 26th, 79th, and 90th places.

The 20 members ot the U.S. Physics Olympiad Team attended a week‐long training camp at the University of Maryland, College Park. University professors, high school teachers, and physicists from private industry coached the students through intensive problem solving, laboratory investigation, and testing. Students heard guest lecturers and constantly supplied one another with problem challenges for practice.
A Practical Introduction to Borehole Geophysics
Authors: Keller George V.
Published: October 2006

During 1986, the latest year for which data have been published, 57,036 deep wells were drilled in the United States and Canada in the search for oil and gas, and about 20,000 were drilled in the rest of the world. T he wells in North America penetrated some 46,328 miles into the Earth, providing access to an immense amount of otherwise invisible geology. Wells were also drilled for other reasons, such as the search for water, economic mineral resources, and even scientific information. Considering only the holes drilled for oil and gas, virtually every one has been logged with one or more geophysical surveys. In the last 40 years, several million such geophysical surveys have been run and are now preserved in various data libraries. This data base of geophysical surveys run in boreholes is perhaps the largest data base we have in the Earth sciences, and to date, it has been relatively little utilized for any purpose other than evaluating possible hydrocarbon content in suspected reservoir rocks. In the past decade there has been a growing interest in making more use of this data base, which may well explain the appearance of at least a half dozen books on geophysical well surveying over the last several years.
Water for the future
Authors: Wunderlich Walter O.
Published: October 2006

In the February 16, 1988, issue of Eos there was a note on the international symposium “Water for the Future” held April 6–11 , 1987, in Rome. While information was given on how to obtain volume 1 of the conference proceedings, Hydrology in Perspective, readers may also be interested in the companion volume, Water for the Future—Water Resources Developments in Perspective, edited by W. O. Wunderlich and J. E. Prins, International Association for Hydraulic Research. It can be obtained from A. A. Balkema, PO Box 320, Accord, MA 02018. The 61 papers cover history of water resources devlopment, urban and rural water developments, aspects of managing existing water resource systems, future water resource management challenges, future water resource developments, alternative water developments, groundwater developments, and water law, policies, and institutions.
Antarctic Dry Valley Lakes
Authors: Lyons W. B.
Published: October 2006

This symposium was convened by Bob Wharton of the Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nev. Eight papers were presented that depicted ongoing research in these unique environments. Although 98% of Antarctica is ice covered, there are ice‐free areas, the “dry‐valleys”along the Soya Coast, in the Vestford Hills, and in Southern Victoria Land within 125 km of McMurdo Station. The lakes within the dry valley areas of Southern Victoria Land have been investigated by American, New Zealand, and Japanese scientists since the International Geophysical Year in 1957. The research presented in this symposium dealt primarily with sedimentological, geochemical, and ecological aspects of Lake Vanda in Wright Valley and Lakes Hoare, Chad, and Fryxell in Taylor Valley.
Hazard reduction decade begins
Authors: Johnson A. Ivan
Published: October 2006

United Nations Secretary Javier Perez de Cuellar has appointed a panel of 25 eminent scientists and government experts to assist him in developing an appropriate framework for the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction.

The General Assembly has designated the 1990s as a decade in which the international community, under the auspices of the United Nations, will pay special attention to fostering international cooperation in the field of natural disaster reduction. The objective is to reduce, especially in developing countries, loss of life, property damage, and social and economic disruption caused by natural disasters. The Secretary‐General is requested, in cooperation with the appropriate organizations of the United Nations system and relevant scientific, technical, academic, and other nongovernmental organizations, to develop an appopriate framework for the Decade.
Nuclear waste under glass, further discussion
Authors: O'Keefe J. A. , Barkatt A. , Glass B. P. , Alterescu S.
Published: October 2006

J. J. Crovisier and J. Honnorez [1988] discuss an article by W. W. Maggs, “Mg May Protect Waste Under Glass” [Maggs, 1988] summarizing work by A. Barkatt (Catholic University, Washington, D.C.), B. P. Glass (University of Delaware, Newark), and S. Alterescu and J. A. O'Keefe (NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, Md.). We found that seawater is orders of magnitude less corrosive t h an fresh water in attacking tektite glass; traced the protective effect to the presence of magnesium, at a level of about 1.3 g/L in seawater; and suggested that the effect might be useful in protecting nuclear waste glasses from corrosion.

Crovisier and Honnorez first make the point that the rate of corrosion of glass is, in principle, a function of the ratio of surface area 5 to the effective volume V. This concept, which is usually discussed in American literature under the name of S/V effects, is discussed by Crovisier and Honnorez in terms of the “permeability of the environment.” These effects have been carefully considered throughout our work (see, for example, Barkatt et al. [19867rsqb;). It turns out that in the sea the effective S/V is so small that the effects referred to by Crovisier and Honnorez can be ignored.
Multiprocessing in Meteorological Models
Authors: Boyd John P.
Published: October 2006

This book is the record of two workshops on parallel processing. The first was held in December 1984; its papers are the first 236 pages of this volume. The second workshop convened 2 years later. It is unusual to combine two conferences that were held so far apart into a single volume. It is also surprising that these papers were published in hardcover rather than the usual paperback. Nevertheless, these publishing decisions were wise. The book is a good archive that will be useful to meteorologists for years to come.
Alaskan North Slope Geology
Authors: Hamilton Warren
Published: October 2006

The discovery well for the Prudhoe Bay field, the largest oil accumulatn yet found in the United States, was drilled on the Arctic coast of Alaska by ARCO and Exxon in 1968. A decade of exploratory geology and increasingly detailed geophysical surveys, mostly by Sinclair and British Petroleum in the early years, but then by a number of companies, preceded the discovery. Systematic U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) reconnaissance of the Brooks Range—the great mountain system of northern Alaska—had begun in the 1940s and was accelerated after the discovery, as was industry work. In the last decade, scientists from the Alaska Division of Geology and Geophysics and from various universities have become increasingly involved. This modestly priced two‐volume work presents hitherto unavailable summaries of much of this modern work.
Lead levels down in U.S. rivers
Authors: Wainger Lisa A.
Published: October 2006

Lead concentrations in major U.S. rivers declined from 1974 to 1985 in two‐thirds of the 300 sites tested by the U.S. Geological Survey. The downward trends were statistically significant for 30% of the stations. Preliminary evaluation of more recent data indicates that lead concentrations are continuing to decline.

Higher lead concentrations were measured at some sites in the Texas Gulf and lower Mississippi Valley regions but were due largely to lower river flow. A few water samples exceeded the Environmental Protection Agency established limit of 50 ppb, and none were from sources of drinking water supplies.
Directions in paleoseismology
Authors: Crone Anthony J.
Published: October 2006

Paleoseismology is a new, rapidly evolving Earth science discipline that deals with the study of prehistoric earthquakes. It is a hybrid discipline that relies o n techniques and skills from many different Earth science specialities. Paleoseismology has provided new insight into the long‐term history of earthquakes on individual faults, thereby reducing our dependence on the short, often incomplete historical record to characterize fault behavior. By increasing our understanding of the behavior of seismogenic faults, paleoseismolgy has proven to be a valuable component of national and international earthquake hazard reduction programs.
Officers of the American Geophysical Union, July 1, 1988 to June 30, 1990
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The names, addresses, telephone numbers, and (where available) electronic mailboxes for the AGU officers are listed below. Unless otherwise noted, Telemail addresses are for use on the MAIL portion of GTE's Telemail system. Photographs of the officers were published in the July 5, 1988 Eos. Short biographies for all of the officers and statements of intent from the presidents may be found in earlier issues of Eos, as noted in parentheses. A brief statement about the goals and objectives of each section is also presented.