bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A dance on contrasting platforms: African tradition and revolutionary aesthetics in Esiaba Irobi’s plays
Authors: Osu Leon Onyewuchi
Published: November 2011

Igbo African tradition, characterised mainly by rituals and myths, has often been regarded as too codified and therefore a dead end of sorts, as M.J.C. Echeruo observes in his article “The dramatic limits of Igbo ritual” (1981). But Esiaba Irobi, in his plays of revolutionary aesthetics, decodes this and has practically given it limbs, sinews and all, breathing into it a Marxist revolutionary life. The result of this miscegenation of forms is a dramaturgy that is rich both in the African tradition and culture of songs, dirges, anecdotes, and the age grade system-propelled communal festivals of ritual sacrifice, on one hand, and the Marxist Brechtian revolutionary aesthetics, characterised by a dramatisation of what Frantz Fanon (1963: 255) sees as “the blood-thirsty tension fed by classes”, dialectics, and the alienation techniques on the other. In Esiaba Irobi’s Hangmen Also Die (1989) and Nwokedi (1991), we see this “blood thirsty tension” fully and boisterously, if psychoanalytically, dramatised. For what he presents in these plays is a psycho-dramatic portraiture of characters, especially disenchanted characters, bitterly going against their oppressors. These model “victims of the system”, as Francois Maspero (1980: viii) would say, have been driven to the fringes of reason by vicious and blindfolding oppression and they fight back sporadically and blindly at whoever they stumble on especially in Hangmen. But in Nwokedi they have matured into a visionary vanguard force, having realized the collective nature of the struggle to dislodge their oppressors. In the end, Irobi has literarily responded to Fanon’s (1963: 255) clarion call that “we must invent”, that “we must work out new concepts, and try to set afoot a new man”, while recognizing (and creatively appropriating) “the sometimes prodigious thesis which Europe has put forward.”
The Family in the Soviet System
Authors: Juviler Peter H.
Published: November 2011

The Soviet Government after Khrushchev has confronted crucial issues of refonn in family law and family-oriented demographic policy. The central question of policy has been how "to hanoonize the interests of society" in a rcore stable arrl fertile family than now exists, with "the interests of the family" in freer marital and reproductive choice.
Adrift in Turbulent Seas: The Political and Ideological Struggles of Ivan Kuz'mich Polozkov
Authors: Harris Jonathan
Published: November 2011

In the winter of 1989-90 the unintended consequences of Mikhail S. Gorbachev's program of political and economic refonn had become obvious to all but his most optimistic spokesmen. The General Secretary's attempt to create a new ideology of perestroika by grafting "bourgeois" and "social democratic" concepts onto the conventional ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) had divided the party, created immense ideological confusion, and led to the formation of non-Communist and anti-Communist political organizations. The attempt to shift authority from party officials to elected soviets on the union and republican levels had led to the emergence of separatist and nationalist movements in many of the USSR's republics, including the RSFSR. The decentralization of the state's administration of the economy and the encouragement of both private and cooperative economic activity had failed to reverse the deterioration of economic conditions. As anxiety swept through the CPSU, orthodox party leaders called for the establishment of an autonomous Communist Party for the RSFSR to counter Gorbachev's policies and to "save Soviet Russia" from destruction.
Ideology and Political Mobilization: The Soviet Home Front during World War II
Authors: Brody Richard J.
Published: November 2011

World War II was a defining experience for the identity of the Stalin-era Soviet Communist Party. The war accentuated fundamental problems in the identity of the civilian party as an instrument of political mobilization. The war also highlighted a deeper disjuncture between popular political mentalities within Soviet society and the official ideology of the Stalin-era party. This essay will examine efforts by party political organs to propagate the official ideological line among party members during World War II and the problems party leaders encountered in training political workers to transmit the party's propaganda message to the public.
White Intelligence and Counter-Intelligence during the Russian Civil War
Authors: Bortnevski Viktor
Published: November 2011

The activity of various intelligence and security institutions during the Russian Civil War is a complex and understudied topic. It is difficult to fmd any other period in modem Russian history before 1992, in which so many independent or autonomous authorities engaged in espionage and counter-intelligence. The Red and White Armies each organized and operated large counter-intelligence operations during the civil war. Yet the history of intelligence and counter-intelligence during the Russian Civil War has not yet been written. For many years, Soviet historians were not interested in presenting or allowed to present a balanced evaluation picture of such White activities. A favorite subject in novels and movies was the victory of honest and gentle "Chekists" over "White bandits," who never even came close to victory. Since the opening of the relevant archives, other issues and interests have taken priority causing this topic to remain under-researched.
Tales of Revolution: Workers and Propaganda Skazki in the Late Nineteenth Century
Authors: Pearl Deborah
Published: November 2011

The dawning of radical consciousness is a key episode in the published autobiographies of Russian worker-revolutionaries. Frequently, this moment of epiphany is linked with the reading of some work of underground, illegal literature. Such is the case with Petr Moiseenko, an active participant in the revolutionary and tabor movements from the 1870s, best known as one of the instigators of the Morozov strike of 1885. In his Memoirs of an Old Revolutionary he states at the outset: "I must begin my memoirs from the time when illegal brochures first came my way: 'The Tale of Four Brothers,' 'The Clever Trick,' 'The Tale of a Kopeck,' and the 'Revolutionary Songbook.' From that time my awakening from the old, religious teachings began."
Effective and Appropriate Communication with Children in Legal Proceedings According to Lawyers and Intermediaries
Authors: Krähenbühl Sarah
Published: November 2011

Following the Government's commitment to improve protection for child witnesses in the Criminal Justice Act 1991, interviewing protocols have been developed to provide guidance on effective interviewing. Additionally, the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act 1999 intermediary special measure was provided in order to facilitate communication between child witnesses and ‘interviewers’ during the entire legal process. This article presents findings from a study that aimed to establish whether, over a decade later, there is accordance between intermediaries and lawyers about perceptions of appropriate communication in the context of investigative interviews and cross‐examination of children. Participants (19 intermediaries and 12 lawyers) examined transcripts of a mock investigative interview and cross‐examination of a child and noted which, if any, questions or phrases they perceived to be inappropriate, to state what was inappropriate and to suggest how these could be amended. Qualitative analysis showed that both groups demonstrated awareness of the emotional and developmental needs of the child but there was a lack of understanding of some aspects of the interviewing guidance, particularly in respect to the definition of leading questions, the use of recommended question formats and procedural aspects. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

‘From a study that aimed to establish whether, over a decade later, there is accordance between intermediaries and lawyers’
Highly Enantioselective Lewis Base Organocatalyzed Hydrosilylation of γ‐Imino Esters
Authors: Xue Zhou‐Yang , Liu Li‐Xin , Jiang Yan , Yuan Wei‐Cheng , Zhang Xiao‐Mei
Published: November 2011

Highly enantioselective hydrosilylation of γ‐imino esters with trichlorosilane promoted by a chiral Lewis base proceeded smoothly to provide various optically active γ‐amino esters in good yields (up to 96 %) with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee) at –10 °C in Cl2CHCHCl2. The side reactions were successfully reduced by rational modification of the substrate. The absolute configuration of one of the γ‐amino esters was determined. Finally, two pharmaceutically interesting enantioenriched γ‐lactams were synthesized from two γ‐amino esters.
Built‐in field control in nitride nanostructures operating in the UV
Authors: Caro Miguel A. , Schulz Stefan , Healy Sorcha B. , O'Reilly Eoin P.
Published: November 2011

In this work we apply the concept of polarization‐matching to calculate the reduction of the built‐in field in nitride‐based nanostructures operating predominantly in the UV part of the spectrum. In order to realistically describe these systems, our calculations take into account strain limits set by the epitaxial growth of nitride structures as well as alloy miscibility problems.

Complete polarization‐matching can be achieved around and beyond 3.4 eV in the case of quantum wells pseudo‐morphically grown on GaN. For lower band gap regions, we find that a complete suppression of the built‐in field is not possible due to the mentioned constraints. However, the choice of band gap bowing parameter for the AlInN alloy strongly influences the results, particularly in the case of quantum dots. The extent of this effect is studied in detail. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Experiments with different discretizations for the shallow‐water equations on a sphere
Authors: Qaddouri Abdessamad , Pudykiewicz Janusz , Tanguay Monique , Girard Claude , Côté Jean
Published: November 2011

Three models with different discretizations for the shallow‐water equations on a sphere are presented and compared using selected test cases. The first model is based on the global latitude–longitude grid system with a uniform Arakawa C grid and a two‐time‐level Crank–Nicolson iterative semi‐Lagrangian method with an advecting wind interpolated in time. The second model uses the overset Yin–Yang grid, which is singularity‐free and has quasi‐uniform resolution. The local solver on each of the two component grids is based on the same time and space discretizations as in the first model. The positive‐definite Helmholtz problem in the second model is solved using an optimized Schwarz‐type domain‐decomposition method with specific Robin or higher‐order transmission conditions. The first and second models are obtained through the barotropic option incorporated into the Global Environmental Multiscale model used operationally at the Canadian Meteorological Center. The third model is discretized using the finite‐volume methodology on a geodesic icosahedral grid. The time integration is performed with a fourth‐order Runge–Kutta scheme. The tests employed to compare the three models are passive advection of a cosine bell, steady‐state geostrophic flow, flow over an idealized mountain, a Rossby–Haurwitz wave, real‐case 500 mb flow and evolution of a growing barotropic wave. When no analytic solution is available for a specific test, we compare the results with a high‐resolution solution obtained from the first model in which all horizontal operations are evaluated in spectral space. © 2011 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by JohnWiley & Sons Ltd.
Byzantine History and the Discourse of the Russian Political/Intellectual Underground
Authors: Shlapentokh Dmitry
Published: November 2011

Historical subjects often seem to be unrelated to current political discourse still could be often politicized in present-day Russia. And Internet discussions on these historical subjects could well provide insight into the views of the various segments of the country's population. These Internet discussions become especially important sources when one tries to look into the minds of the Russian underground, those who have practically no legal outlet for presenting their views. For this reason, the movie The Death of the Byzantine Empire, shown in the very end of the Putin presidency, is especially important. The movie, created the Orthodox priest Tikhon Shevkunov, (presumably Putin's confessor) made clear references to contemporary Russia.

In the view of the producer, the Byzantine Empire was strong when it followed its autocratic tradition and was attached to Orthodoxy. The movie generated extensive discussions, including among those who belong to Russia's political and intellectual fringe. Quite a few of them were neo-pagans; for them, Christianity, including Orthodox Christianity, was Russia's curse. For them, it was an Asian creed foreign to Aryan Russians. The fact that it was accepted by Russians implied that Russians had been subjugated by an alien, Asiatic, force. Many of these neo-pagans were quite pessimistic in regard to the country's future; and, indeed, their response indicates the deep alienation of quite a few Russians, which hardly bodes well for the country's future.
An Early Bronze Age urn from Milton, Northamptonshire
Authors: Hawkes C. F. C.
Published: November 2011

The drawing fig. I, by Mrs. Marion Cox, and photograph pl. xxxix a, by Mr. R. L. Wilkins, were made while this urn was on loan to the University Institute of Archaeology at Oxford, soon after discovery in November 1965. A cinerary urn, it was found in the course of mechanical digging for sand on land at Milton Malsor, formerly owned by Mrs. Raynsford of Milton Malsor Manor, now owned and worked by Milton Sand, Ltd., and is published here by their permission. The firm being grouped under Mixoconcrete (Holdings) Ltd., possession of the urn remains with this company's Board of Directors, at Little Billing near Northampton. Milton (name contracted from ‘Middleton’) is some three miles south-south-west of Northampton and its ancient passage of the Nene (fig. 2), on the Lias sands of the first ridge south from the landmark hill of Hunsbury; the road south-west from there, crossing the ridge a mile to westward as ‘Banbury Lane’, here represents the old main trackway from the Humber down to the Cotswolds.
The Potter Petrecvs and his Connexions
Authors: Dannell G. B.
Published: November 2011

The work of Petrecvs has been discussed by Déchelette and Oswald, both of whom ascribed it to the early Central Gaulish workshops at Lezoux.

A bowl at Guildhall Museum, stamped by this potter and seen by Stanfield (fig. 2), clearly the work of a South Gaulish artist, came to the notice of Oswald too late for publication. However, his manuscript notes, on the basis of Stanfield's rubbings, leave no doubt that he realized that the vase recorded by Déchelette from Lezoux was not made at that site. L'Abbé Cérès noted the stamp PETR from La Graufesenque.
The Medieval Borough of Torksey: Excavations 1960–2
Authors: Barley M. W.
Published: November 2011

The study of deserted medieval settlements has led archaeologists to turn interested eyes on the site of the borough of Torksey. The description of it by William Leland, the Tudor antiquary, together with its known history, seemed to promise that here, as nowhere else in the east Midlands at any rate, it would be possible to study by excavation the character of an urban settlement in the early middle ages. Hence the decision of the Adult Education Department of Nottingham University to start in 1960 a programme of annual excavations as the focal activity of summer schools on medieval archaeology.
The Design of the Roman Mosaic at Hinton St. Mary
Authors: Painter K. S.
Published: November 2011

Two problems in the design of the Hinton St. Mary mosaic are (1) that the elements of the design are placed the wrong way round if the mosaic was planned to be seen like a carpet; and (2) whether the bust of Christ is an original design or whether it is based on a formal set of rules. There is evidence to suggest (1) that the design of the mosaic as a whole may have been conceived as the decoration of a ceiling, and (2) that rules to which the bust of Christ conforms were still in use in the eighteenth century in Byzantine church-painting, and that there is a genuine continuity between the two points in time.
Anniversary Address
Authors: Myres J. N. L.
Published: November 2011

I cannot begin this Anniversary Address without a reference to the loss which the Society has suffered by the death on 11th January 1972 of our late President, Professor Francis Wormald. His last annual address was given from this Chair on this occasion just two years ago. He was a great scholar whose rare distinction in his own field was combined with shrewdness of judgement and a wide knowledge of affairs: his modesty, sensitivity, and charm, enlivened by a delightful sense of fun, made him a most engaging companion and a loyal friend. How precarious his health had been for the greater part of his life was known only to his closest intimates: and the knowledge was never allowed, even after the very severe illness which he suffered some eighteen months ago, to cloud his zest for living or to dim his delight in beauty. His services to learning as scholar, teacher, and administrator were very substantial but largely unobtrusive. He was never one to seek the limelight, and he never received the public recognition which his distinction deserved. To this Society his devotion was wholehearted, and I would particularly wish to stress the discriminating help which he gave over many years by wise advice on the library and by strengthening the resources of the Research Fund.
Cirencester, 1960: First Interim Report
Authors: Wacher John S.
Published: November 2011

One of the most spectacular sections of the great mound, which embodies the rampart and town wall of Roman Cirencester, is visible in the grounds of St. Mary's Abbey Estate (pl. XIX). The exploitation of this area of the estate for building, bordering upon the London Road and Grove Lane, required excavation on as large a scale as possible, since the total area involved was about 11 acres. Accordingly, excavation took place during March and April 1960 for a period of seven weeks. It was, however, obviously impossible to trench the whole area with the available resources, and it was decided to concentrate upon a detailed study of the town defences, which, with the exception of a single section cut in 1952 by Miss M. Rennie in the Watermoor Recreation Ground at the south-east corner of the town, had not hitherto been systematically examined. This policy implied that any buildings in the immediate vicinity of the Wall would be left unexplored; but it was vindicated by a resistivity survey made by Mr. Anthony Clark, F.S.A., after the excavations had finished, which recorded only one stone building in the whole area. The walls of this building are only a few inches below the surface, and are being uncovered and planned by Mr. Peter Broxton, so that not all is lost.
Anniversary Address
Authors: Evans Joan
Published: November 2011

I have to thank you very sincerely for once again electing me to preside over our Fellowship, and no less sincerely to thank you for again electing the officers whose steady and generous support makes my tenure of this chair possible. To them, as to the Assistant Secretary and the Staff of the Antiquaries, I am deeply indebted.
Some Samian Mould Fragments
Authors: Detsicas A. P.
Published: November 2011

The following fragments of samian moulds, together with another one already published, belonged formerly to the Oswald Collection and were presumably found by Plicque at Lezoux; all, except nos. 10–12, are now kept in the teaching collections of the Institute of Archaeology, University of London.
The East Window of St. Margaret's, Westminster
Authors: Wayment Hilary
Published: November 2011

The glass, now comprising a three-light Crucifixion between two royal figures and their patron saints, reflects the style of Leiden and can be dated c. 1515-27. It may have stood originally in three linked windows in Waltham Abbey Church, and been padded out after the Dissolution to fit the five-light window of the chapel of New Hall, Boreham. On its transfer to Copt Hall c. 1740 William Price the younger replaced some of the glass, and must have overpainted and refired most of the rest. A local glazier, James Loton, was responsible for transferring it to St. Margaret's in 1758.
Chronology and Terminology in the British Bronze Age
Authors: Burgess C. B.
Published: November 2011

The paper pleads for an end to persistent misuse of the traditional ‘Three Age’ terminology which still governs the Irish British Bronze Age, and for acceptance of work of the past decade which has either been ignored or misunderstood. Uniform terms of reference are needed, fitted to the new attitudes. Hawkes's Scheme of 1960 provides a framework for this, and is summarized. The Early, Middle, and Late divisions now have a techno-typological, rather than cultural, basis.

Traditional cultural and ceramic concepts, based on typology, have resisted changes demanded by a new emphasis on the evidence of associated finds. The various Urn forms and the Deverel—Rimbury complex are particularly relevant here. Associations of Urns, and the few available C14 dates, are examined to demonstrate their existence in the Early Bronze Age, but, because of a remarkable ritual break at c. 1400, not in the Middle Bronze Age, let alone the Late Bronze Age. Similarly, Deverel—Rimbury is now Middle Bronze Age, not Late Bronze Age, its position after c. 1000 uncertain. Since much in our Iron Age is now thought indigenous, already apparent in Deverel—Rimbury, an awkward Late Bronze Age gap is opened up, apparently devoid of settlements and pottery. But much nominally Iron Age material may prove to be Late Bronze Age. There is a need for many more C14 dates to clarify these problems.
Excavations at Owslebury, Hants: An Interim Report
Authors: Collis J. R.
Published: November 2011

This report describes the excavation of an Iron Age and Roman farming settlement at Bottom Pond Farm, Owslebury, near Winchester (Grid Reference SU 525246). Traces of Neolithic, Early Bronze Age, and earlier Iron Age occupation were found, but the main period of occupation starts in the Belgic period with both settlement material and a small cemetery containing a warrior inhumation and Belgic cremations inside rectangular enclosures. The site continues with ditched enclosures, chalk quarries, cesspits, ovens, and burials until the end of the fourth century A.D.
Some Crediton Documents Re-examined: With Some Observations on the Criticism of Anglo-Saxon Charters
Authors: Finberg H. P. R.
Published: November 2011

On the 3rd of April 930 King Athelstan was holding court at Lyminster in Sussex. There, in the presence of the two archbishops, ten bishops, as many ealdormen, and twenty thegns, he issued a solemn diploma granting four hides of land to the bishop of Selsey. The text has been preserved only in a fourteenth-century copy, but the formulas are those of Athelstan's reign, and there is no reason to doubt its authenticity.
Mitcham Grave 205 and the Chronology of Applied Brooches with Floriate Cross Decoration
Authors: Welch M. G. , Myres J. N. L.
Published: November 2011

Entries in the London Museum Catalogue indicate that the association of a carinated pedestal based bowl with a pair of applied brooches and a bronze fragment in Mitcham (Surrey) Grave 205 almost certainly represents a valid closed find. The continental antecedents of the complete applied brooch from this grave may be dated to the first quarter of the fifth century. The English brooches with this floriate cross design show an insular development with a restricted distribution in south-east England It is argued that the English examples were manufactured during the first half of the fifth, probably towards the middle of that century. This brings the brooches nearer to the date of the pot, which Dr. Myres argues must have been made in the years of Roman–Anglo-Saxon overlap around A.D. 400.
Anniversary Address
Authors: Dufty A. R.
Published: November 2011

We are emerging from a winter of global discontents, and despite the approach of spring I see no immediate prospect of improvement in world affairs, in general rather the opposite. In particular, too, we are witnessing a fashion shift in crime. Past Presidents have not chronicled changes in wrongdoing, and I doubt if in the eighteenth century the occupants of this chair in the security of our premises commented upon the popularity of highway robbery. Today, kidnapping, spreading from countries further south and east where it is endemic, and bombing, instigated from a country further west where it is not, have become the popular weapons of coercion. Indeed, the times are depressing and established ways are threatened. But we in this room, and indeed all concerned with and for the humanities, have the elixir of hope: namely, a sense of history. Despite the ‘new look’ given in this year 1980 to the Vikings, ‘traders not raiders’, I doubt if some such commendation would have encouraged a welcome from the apprehensive customers resident on these and other shores who saw them coming in their long boats. I doubt, too, if the Anglo-Saxons viewed the approach of William of Normandy with cool equanimity or, since then, our thirteenth-century forebears slept soundly during the incursion of Louis of France. Later again the shadow of Napoleon fell upon our people, to be followed within living memory by the darker shadow of the threat of German aggression: to quote Virgil, et rebus nox abstulit atra colorem. And still today we remain on the alert, mindful of the great Russian bear and his enveloping hug which shuts out the light. It is, I believe and proclaim, a source of strength and consolation to men and women of our disciplines to be able to watch with a measure of detachment the movements of these great shadows over the beautiful landscape of England which itself, under our special scrutiny, reveals the changes and chances of history.
The Elizabethan Fortifications of Berwick-upon-Tweed
Authors: MacIvor Iain
Published: November 2011

The fortifications of Berwick-upon-Tweed, begun in 1558, are one of the earliest bastioned systems surviving in Europe. The original design was made by Sir Richard Lee and modified by him during the course of building. The fortifications were left incomplete in 1569; further works were carried on until the eighteenth century.
Cirencester 1964: Fifth Interim Report
Authors: Wacher John S.
Published: November 2011

The Excavation Committee have been aware for some time that building development was likely in the extensive grounds of St. Mary's Abbey. In 1964 the planning authorities granted permission for a limited amount of new building work, and although this was subsequently withdrawn, it brought matters to a head. A major excavation was planned and carried out on the supposed site of the Abbey Church, and thus for the first time since its formation the Committee have undertaken work on an important medieval site. Our grateful thanks are due to Mr. Richard Chester Master for allowing the work to take place and for his keen interest during its progress. The excavations at the Abbey prevented continuation of research excavations at the Amphitheatre, but did not halt the rescue excavations at present habitual in the town, involving the following four sites. A vacant garden in Chester Street, which was scheduled for building, and was excavated by kind permission of Mr. Sutton, yielded information about both fort and town; the site of the old Gaumont Cinema at the corner of London Road and Victoria Road was excavated by kind permission of its present owners, who for the time being wish to remain anonymous, and produced interesting information about late changes in the Roman town-plan; a single trench in the garden behind Lloyds Bank, where excavation was made possible by the kind offices of the Manager, Mr. J. K. Hollinghurst, tested the line of a postulated street; while the garden of Ashcroft House, excavated by kind permission of the Pinnacle Development Company, produced, in a limited area, three mosaic pavements and part of an extensive town house. Excavation on this scale could only be carried out with large resources and the sum of nearly £3,000 was expended,1 while about 150 people gave their services in one capacity or another.
Thomas Jenkins in Rome
Authors: Pierce S. Rowland
Published: November 2011

Thomas Jenkins was born in Rome in 1722, a son of William Jenkins about whom little is known. Thomas was in England during his early life and, as a young man, studied painting with Thomas Hudson (1701–79), portrait painter in London. He returned to Rome as a student-painter in 1753, though whether through his own resources or under the patronage of others, remains doubtful.
Excavations at Winchester 1964: Third Interim Report
Authors: Biddle Martin
Published: November 2011

In 1964 the Winchester Excavations Committee was joined by the University of North Carolina and Duke University in excavations on seven sites in the city. The work lasted thirteen weeks from the end of June to the end of September and an average of 160 people were employed for the greater part of this period, slightly under £10,000 being spent. A special debt of thanks is owed to Professor U. T. Holmes of the University of North Carolina who was responsible for the initial contacts with the American universities which have resulted in the notable contributions of the universities in finance and personnel to the 1964 and future excavation seasons. Work on this scale involved a great deal of administrative work, the brunt of which was borne by the City of Winchester and the Hampshire County Council, to whose officers and staff warmest thanks are due. We are most grateful to the Army and to the Ministry of Public Building and Works for the quarters provided at Bushfield Camp, and to the many officers who helped in these arrangements.
A Viking Grave at Sonning, Berks
Authors: Evison Vera I.
Published: November 2011

Two skeletons recently discovered at Sonning, Berks., were found with a sword, pin, knife, and arrowheads. The burial is considered in connection with other Viking burials known from the south of England at Santon Downham, Norfolk, Walthamstow, Essex, Reading, Berks., and Saffron Walden, Essex.
The Seals of the Lord Edward
Authors: Studd J. R.
Published: November 2011

The article describes the seals employed by the Lord Edward in the administration of his appanage during the period 1254–72. The number and condition of surviving impressions is considered and the use and import of the different coloured waxes. The sealing arrangements followed in the constituent parts of that appanage, including the lordships of Ireland, Gascony, the Channel Islands, and Chester, are discussed and comparisons made between them.
The Excavation of two additional holes at Stonehenge, 1950, and new evidence for the date of the Monument
Authors: Atkinson R. J. C. , Piggott Stuart , Stone J. F. S.
Published: November 2011

Among the most remarkable discoveries made in the course of the Society's excavations at Stonehenge in 1919–26 was the discovery of a series of small pits set in a circle immediately within the bank of the surrounding earthwork. Some of these had left slight surface depressions which had been recorded by John Aubrey on his plan of Stonehenge made in 1666, and the pits were appropriately named the Aubrey Holes in recognition of this sound piece of field observation by a pioneer antiquary.
Excavations at Verulamium, 1955. Interim Report
Authors: Frere S. S.
Published: November 2011

Late in 1954 it became known that plans existed for a new road across the site of Verulamium. This new highway is to enter the Roman city along the line of Bluehouse Hill, and from the angle at the entrance to the Gorhambury Drive will strike across the fields to the A.5 road at Batchwood Drive. Its line thus bisects the city, and the work will involve the destruction or sealing of important Roman sites including the northern edge of the Forum.
Caistor, Lincolnshire—1959
Authors: Rahtz Philip
Published: November 2011

This report describes sections cut through the Roman wall of Caistor, and includes a new survey of the outline of the walled area, as surmised from the evidence given by these sections and by field-work.
A late medieval pit at Westminster Abbey
Authors: Hurst J. G.
Published: November 2011

When the deanery of Westminster Abbey was being rebuilt in the autumn of 1951, as a result of war damage, a pit was found containing fourteen complete pots and fragments of nearly twenty others. The Ministry of Works was called in and the pottery was cleaned and restored in the Ancient Monuments Laboratory; it is now in the deanery. Unfortunately the pit was dug out by workmen before the find was reported to the Clerk of Works, but all the pottery was said to come from the one pit. The pit was about 5 × 3 ft. and was situated under a new flight of stairs in the new entrance hall (fig. I). It is not possible to tell exactly how this part of the building was arranged in late medieval times but the pit appears to have been inside the building. Although it has the general appearance of a latrine pit it may have been used for storage or some other purpose. The wall immediately to the east is twelfth century and the room in which the pit now is was probably the twelfth-century hall of the abbot's lodging. The whole building was reconstructed by Abbot Litlington in the late fourteenth century and Abbot Islip carried out further work in the early sixteenth century.
A Romano-British pottery kiln at Rookery Lane, Lincoln
Authors: Webster Graham
Published: November 2011

In November 1947 two schoolboys, David Ashforth and Leslie Leek of Westwick Gardens, digging about on some spare land near the Pike Drain on the west side of Rookery Lane (fig. I), found a quantity of ash and charcoal and a small Anglo-Saxon vessel which they brought into the Lincoln Museum. The area was subsequently excavated by the Lincoln Archaeological Research Committee following the ready permission by the owner of the land, Mr. A. Priestley.
The Report of the Archbishops’ Commission on Redundant Churches
Authors: Dufty A. R.
Published: November 2011

In 1958 the archbishops of Canterbury and York appointed a Commission, under the chairmanship of Lord Bridges, to consider problems arising in connexion with churches regarded as redundant, that is, no longer required for pastoral use, but having a claim to preservation on historical or architectural grounds. Our Society was one of the learned bodies invited by the Commission to submit evidence to it orally and in writing.
The Messenger-Box as a Distinctive of the Foot-Messenger
Authors: Weber R. E. J.
Published: November 2011

The messenger-box is a symbol of office or badge, which is not only found in museums, but which is—at least in the Netherlands—still worn by messengers of several institutes in our day. It always bears a coat of arms and the question arises why it is called a box. The words ‘bus’, ‘Büchse’, ‘boîte’, ‘box’ are derived from the Greek word ‘pyxis’ and in former times all sorts of containers were indicated by this word. What was the reason that those badges which we know as messenger-boxes were called by that name? Have they ever been real containers? How strong must have been the tradition which has preserved the messenger-box under this very name in the shape of a badge up to the present!
The Late Roman Villa of Vilauba and its Context. A First Report on Field-Work and Excavation in Catalunya, North-East Spain, 1978–81
Authors: Jones R. F. J. , Keay S. J. , Nolla J. M. , Tarrús J.
Published: November 2011

The first three seasons of a joint Anglo-Catalan research project in north-eastern Spain have concentrated on the Roman villa of Vilauba. It has been shown that the site was occupied for some nine centuries, but the most important discoveries have been the elucidation of substantial phases of occupation from the fifth to seventh centuries A.D., which included in the latest phase a large press building for olive oil. These findings have pointed to the problems of the transition from the Roman to the early medieval period, which have also been met in the field survey of the surrounding region. The medieval settlement pattern had emerged by the ninth or tenth centuries, but its relationship with the Roman pattern remains to be clearly established. Important discoveries have also been made about considerable geomorphological changes in the area, which can be dated to the post-Roman period. A range of techniques have been used in the survey, including recording of standing buildings, geophysical survey and surface collection, which, added to the environmental and pottery studies from the excavation, are shedding important light on the Roman and early medieval rural development of this part of Spain and on the western Mediterranean more generally.
Anniversary Address
Authors: N. L. Brooke Christopher
Published: November 2011

Two years ago, as I entered my first Anniversary, I contemplated the portraits of my predecessors; like the ghosts in Ruddigore, many generations of them stepped from the wall to tell me my prerogatives and duties and obligations and how little chance I had of meeting them with credit; and now the moment has come when I too am a portrait and step back into the wall to haunt my successors. This has prompted me to ponder a little more deeply the nature of our craft and of our kind. I am myself a historian, and make no further excuse for quoting, not for the first time, a favourite description of the historian at work, from Sir Philip Sidney's Defence of Poesie.
The plan of the Abbey Church of the Benedictine nunnery of Saint Mary, West Malling, Kent
Authors: Elliston-Erwood F. C.
Published: November 2011

The Benedictine Nunnery at Mailing, Kent, was founded by Bishop Gundulf of Rochester (1076-1107) c. 1090, and though there appears to be some evidence of a pre-conquest foundation here, it is to Gundulf that the medieval nunnery owes its origin, and much of the walling still remaining can confidently be ascribed to his period. Of particular interest is the eastern processional doorway (pl. xivb) constructed entirely in calcareous tufa and probably the earliest doorway of its kind in the country.
Anniversary Address
Authors: Mann James
Published: November 2011

Firstly let me thank you for the renewal of confidence which you have placed in me. I can assure you that I will do my best to justify it and to do all in my power to promote the well-being of this ancient and distinguished Society in the year before us.
Celtic Dragons from the River Thames
Authors: Stead I. M.
Published: November 2011

Two La Tène I swords found in the River Thames more than a century ago are in the remains of iron scabbards decorated with dragon-pairs. These designs, which have only recently been revealed, are similar to those on La Tène scabbards throughout Celtic Europe from France to Romania: ninety examples can now be listed, and half of them have been added in the last decade. The discovery of dragon-pairs in the Thames emphasizes the links that must have existed between Britain and the rest of the Celtic world in the decades around 300 B.C.
A Norman Pit at Pevensey Castle and its Contents
Authors: Dunning G. C.
Published: November 2011

During the excavations conducted by Mr. L. F. Salzman, F.S.A., at Pevensey Castle in the winter of 1907–8, a deep pit was found and its filling dug out. The pit (called site VII) was located in the north-west quarter of the interior of the Saxon Shore fort, about 60 ft. south of the fort wall and nearly opposite the third bastion north of the Roman west gate. A short account of the pit was published in the excavation report, but the nature of the pit and the finds from it deserve more detailed study than they have yet received. The finds were divided between the Sussex Archaeological Society's Museum at Lewes and the Public Museum at Hastings; I am greatly indebted to the respective curators, Mr. N. E. S. Norris, F.S.A., and Mr. J. Manwaring Baines, F.S.A., for facilities to examine and make drawings of the objects, and permission to publish them here. Samples taken from the various wooden objects found in the pit were kindly identified by Mr. G. L. Franklin, of the Forest Products Research Laboratory, Princes Risborough, as noted in the descriptions of these objects. Acknowledgements for technical reports on the wattling are made in the text. Mr. Salzman has kindly supplied information and unpublished prints, valuable as a record of the bottom of the pit, of which the negatives are fortunately preserved at Hastings. Mr. Salzman has also read this report and approved of the interpretation placed on his findings. The following description of the pit and its contents is the result of correlating all the information now available.
A provincial Roman spur from Longstock, Hants, and other spurs from Roman Britain
Authors: Shortt Hugh de S.
Published: November 2011

In 1953 a bronze prick-spur was found without other remains, at a depth of about 2 ft. on Cleave Hill, in the parish of Longstock, Hants (no. 17, fig. 1, pl. XIV). The finder, Mr. J. Chandler, presented it to the Salisbury Museum (ace. 21/54) and it is recorded and illustrated in the Museum's Annual Report (1955), p. 11 pl. 1a.

It is of extremely delicate manufacture, and the riveted prick appears to be ornamental rather than useful. It is also ornamented with a row of dots in circles round the heel, and these are enclosed in expanding lines all engraved in the bronze. The edges are lightly serrated. The arms are engraved with a spiral line, which seems to imitate the leather binding of some rougher iron prototype. Delicate bronze rings, attached to the loops, have flattened ends which are pressed together and probably once held a light leather strap, though the bronze has broken away leaving only parts of the rivet holes. There are few ornamental features from which to date this spur, but according to Jahn's typology it should fall within the first Century A.D.
Excavations at Fishbourne 1962: Second Interim Report
Authors: Cunliffe Barry
Published: November 2011

The second season's excavation at Fishbourne was concentrated on the eastern part of the southern field, shown by last year's work to be occupied by the eastern wing of the Period 2 building. In addition, trial trenches were dug in other parts of the village in order to examine the extent and nature of the Roman settlement (fig. 1).
The Latino-Libyan Inscriptions of Tripolitania
Authors: Goodchild R. G.
Published: November 2011

Explorations made in the interior of Tripolitania during the last fifty years, and intensified since 1946, have brought to light a series of inscriptions which promise to yield much useful information relating to the language and life of the indigenous population of Libya during the Roman period. These inscriptions, which are best described as ‘Latino-Libyan’, are inscribed in Latin characters in a language which, although still largely unknown, must have been in common use between the Fezzan and the Tripolitanian coast during the first four centuries A.D. Basically, this language may be a great deal older than the Roman period and related to the equally obscure language of the Libyan inscriptions of French North Africa. Similarly, it must in many areas have survived the Arab invasions, and may be the origin of the Berber language still spoken in the western Gebel of Tripolitania.
An Axe-hammer from Fifield Bavant, Wilts., and the Exploitation of Preselite
Authors: Stone J. F. S.
Published: November 2011

The axe-hammer illustrated (pl. xviii b and fig. 1) was found by Mr. J. E. Best in 1944 on the surface of Fifield Down about one mile north-west of Fifield Bavant, south Wilts. Unfortunately for dating purposes it was not associated with other objects, but nevertheless is of great interest in that it is made of spotted dolerite or preselite from the Presely mountains, Pembrokeshire, and is of a type very rarely found in the southern lowlands. Fortunately, preselite is a rock easily identified macroscopically, and I am grateful to Dr. F. S. Wallis and the South-Western Sub-Committee for the Petrological Identification of Stone Implements for confirming the identification. In this instance it was agreed that slicing was unnecessary as the owner had expressed hesitancy in permitting the operation to be performed, and it was obvious that little purpose would be served by defacing so perfect a specimen for microscopic examination.
Prehistoric Sites on the North Cornish Coast between Newquay and Perranporth
Authors: Harding Joan R.
Published: November 2011

The following paper is to record certain prehistoric remains in an area already famous for the seventh-century oratory of St. Pieran. Several years ago I commenced a rough survey of the whole district and discovered (within an approximately twelve-mile radius) occupation sites yielding relics of Mesolithic facies and Iron Age and Medieval antiquities. Most of the remains are associated with the extensive tracts of blown sands that lie behind and on either side of the bays of Holywell and Perran. It was the widespread surface occurrence of potsherds and kitchen-midden material within the area that pointed to the possible existence of the habitational sites lying beneath them. Accordingly I dug trial trenches at several widely separated positions, and nearly all these exposed remains of shallow shell-middens.
Automated spaceborne detection of degraded vegetation around Monchegorsk, Kola Peninsula, Russia
Authors: Rees W. G.
Published: November 2011

This paper develops a simple method for the detection of ‘vegetation anomalies’, locations where the amount of vegetation, estimated through the use of the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI), is significantly lower than expected on the basis of topographic factors alone. The method is developed and tested using satellite imagery from the area around the town of Monchegorsk on the Kola Peninsula, Russia. This area has been subject to heavy levels of airborne industrial pollution for many years and the intended purpose of the method is to allow the extent of pollution damaged vegetation to be estimated with as few operational decisions as possible by the data analyst, thus suiting it for automation and for the analysis of time-series of satellite images. While the work described in this paper is to some extent preliminary, it does establish that spatial variations in the NDVI of undisturbed vegetation can, at least in the study area, be modelled satisfactorily using topographic variables, and that negative departures from this modelled variation are very strongly associated with industrially mediated damage.
Reconciliation of rocket‐based magnetic field measurements in the equatorial electrojet with classical collision theory
Authors: Kelley M. C. , Ilma R. R. , Eccles V.
Published: November 2011

We provide an explanation for a long‐standing (more than 35 years) discrepancy between theory and rocket experiments concerning the peak height of the electrojet current and the magnitude of magnetic field perturbation. The arbitrary correction of the electron‐neutral collision frequency by a factor of 4, which has been used to explain these problems, is not necessary if the field line–integrated conductivities are used. Recent research using ground‐based magnetometers and CHAMP have also used this constant connection to classical collision theory. These methods arbitrarily change the electron‐neutral collision frequency. A field line–integrated theoretical study of the electrojet by G. Haerendel and J. V. Eccles, implemented in this paper, explains the height of the electrojet using classical collision frequency. Furthermore, we argue that since the correction factor is independent of the driving electric field, it is unlikely that anomalous electron collision frequency due to a nonlinear plasma instability (gradient drift) is involved.