bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial Prioritization Model of COVID-19 Vaccine Allocation in Neighborhoods of Mashhad Using AHP and Fuzzy Logic
Authors: Jalali Reyhane , Etemadfard Hossein , Kharaghani Hamed , Shad Rouzbeh , Sadeghi Vahid
Published: November 2021

Introduction: With the global outbreak of the COVID-19 and the high mortality rate of this disease, indicates the decision-making and finding a solution to control its spread. One of the most effective ways is to use the COVID-19 vaccine. Due to the limited supply of corona vaccines, the distribution of this vaccine is generally prioritized and is done allocation among individuals.
Methods: In this descriptive correlational study, GIS, AHP tools, and fuzzy logic were used to achieve the goal of prioritizing and allocating corona vaccine in Mashhad neighborhoods. Neighborhoods prioritization in four scenarios was analyzed; Includes scenario AHP, scenario the WHO guideline, scenario guideline of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education of Iran, and scenario localized collective wisdom.
Results: The output of neighborhood prioritization of the four mentioned scenarios has been determined and categorized into five classes. In the AHP scenario, the lowest percentage (8.89%) while the localized collective wisdom highest percentage (42.22%) allocate to priority 1 neighborhoods. There is generally no high correlation between the results and only the scenario of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education and the localized collective wisdom correlates 0.82.
Conclusion: Considering the COVID-19 vaccine shortage, spatial allocation based on the presented guidelines is a reliable method that can meet the basic criteria for allocating limited treatment resources. In This research, the spatial allocation was conducted and 180 neighborhoods throughout the city of Mashhad were identified and prioritized in different scenarios that can assist decision-makers.
Design and validation of Quranic model, Validity of hope therapy with integrated monotheistic treatment approach
Authors: Hakimzadeh Ardekani Ali , Fallah Mohammad Hossein , Vaziri Saeed , Asi Mozneb Abolghasem
Published: November 2021

Introduction: In the Holy Quran, hope and hope for the future have been spoken about many times and in different ways. In general, the study of the concept of hope shows that hope in any case, means waiting to achieve the goal, is accompanied by effort. In recent years, to achieve such a goal, especially in Iran, they use integrated monotheistic therapy. The aim of this study was to design and validate the Quranic-narrative model of hope therapy with an integrated monotheistic treatment approach.
Methods: This study is a combined method (qualitative and quantitative) of exploratory type. Statistical sample in qualitative section 48 people were selected by purposive sampling method and in quantitative section 313 people were selected by relative stratified sampling method. The research tool was a semi-structured checklist and interview in the qualitative part and a researcher-made questionnaire in the quantitative part. In the process of research, the literature of hope in the Qur'an and narrations and psychological sources were studied and the indicators of hope and hope therapy were extracted from this literature. Finally, the appropriateness of the indicators with the structures and the structures with the stages of the existing models were measured. Free coding was used to analyze the qualitative part of the information and confirmatory factor analysis was used in the quantitative part of the exploratory factor analysis.
Results: The findings indicate the extraction of the Quranic-narrative model of hope therapy in 4 stages, 8 steps, 15 components and 75 items. Stages and components of the model: Step 1) Understanding the meaning and destination of monotheistic hope (expecting something beloved from God / benevolence from God / peace before God / desire for truth - hereafter hope / worldly hope), step 2) Determining the paths of monotheistic hope ( Positive attitude to solving problems / understanding needs and desires / creating monotheistic behavior), stage 3) giving meaning to monotheistic hope (strengthening faith and belief / performing rituals and worship / hope to attract divine mercy and gifts / hope for piety and divine guidance) and Step 4) Integration of monotheistic beliefs and behavior (integration of beliefs and behavior).
Conclusion: Considering the appropriateness of hope therapy models and the model presented in this study, it can be said that the current model is effective for the treatment of despair.
Render or Reality? Virtuality and the Crysis of Distinction in Contemporary Philosophy
Authors: Petrunok Nadia
Published: November 2021

Modern philosophy tends to consider human reality in more and more interdisciplinary contexts. Thanks to that, at first traditional, and now new media as well as IT, attract philosophers’ attention and provide material for thinking over a lot of so-called “eternal philosophical questions”. Among them, there are some of the broadest questions: a) catching the margins of the real; b) understanding, which phenomena and objects to constitute human might be called real. The key goal of this article is to research one of the crucial concepts, which brings us to understanding reality, – the notion of virtuality. The author of this paper outlines background of this notion, describes its characteristics and usage in modern philosophical discourse. First of all, virtual is described in its connotations to all three dimensions of time being: past, present, and future. It is argued that the notion of virtuality at first used to be “rediscovered” by Gilles Deleuze, but then it has experienced crucial changes in philosophy of the XXth and XXIst centuries. By means of that, virtual is discussed as a counterpart of the concept of reality. In particular, this article touches upon a variety of connotations between the notions of virtuality, reality and actuality. It also shows the context of juxtaposition of the aforementioned notions. What is more, this paper reveals moral aspects of virtuality both in transcendental and as immanent senses. This article shows the background of indistinguishability for “real” and “virtual”. Finally, it is stated that in the situation of so-called “substituted reality” the multiplicity of connotations of the notion of virtuality ought to be used to rediscover the notion of reality itself.
The Origin and Functioning of Myth: Linguistic Conditions
Authors: Siedin Oleksandr
Published: November 2021

The article identifies two approaches to determining the linguistic conditions of the emergence and functioning of the myth. The first approach assumes that the myth is a manifestation of unconscious (M. Müller) or conscious (E. Cassirer, R. Barthes) distortion of language. Within this approach it is impossible to escape from myth because the presentation of the facts of the world in language is inescapable, which is always imperfect. These distortions are meant for political influence, as according to the proponents of the conscious mythologizing of language. Philosophy is tasked with resisting such distortions and, consequently, myth creation in general. This approach seems simplified, because the myth is identified here with the linguistic form of its distribution, reduced to the analysis of distortions of language presentation. At the same time, the psychological and epistemological preconditions of the myth, its unique status in the life of communities are lost. Conditions for the development of the second approach arise through the critique of classical rationality by several influential thinkers who undermined the belief in the exclusive ability of discursive language to present the truth (F. Nietzsche, L. Wittgenstein, M. Heidegger). The second approach assumes that the myth emerges and continues to exist due to the inability of the logos to present some important aspects of reality, especially its existential dimension (P. Tillich, H. Blumenberg, L. Hatab, K. Morgan). In this case, myth and logos become alternative and at the same time closely connected linguistic ways of presenting the truth. Logos (the language of science) presents primarily abstract causal connections of essences. At the same time, mythical narratives are better than science at presenting the mysteries of origin and existence, creating a hierarchy of values for communities.
WATER ROLE IN THE GASES CHEMOSORPORATION PROCESSES BY SORPTION-ACTIVE MATERIALS
Authors: Ennan A. A.-A. , Dlubovskiy R. M. , Khoma R. E.
Published: November 2021

The work summarizes the literature data on the hydration and chemisorption of toxic gases by polymeric sorption-active materials. The mechanisms of absorption by granular and fibrous ion-exchange and impregnated materials and the state of adsorbed water have been studied using various research methods (gravimetric, sorption-thermochemical, derivatographic, IR spectroscopic). The regularities of the hydration processes of granular strongly acidic sulfonic cationexchangers of the brands KU‑2 and KU‑23 (macroporous analogue), fibrous strongly acidic sulfonic cation- exchanger VION KS‑3, fibrous weakly acid carboxylic cation exchanger VION KN‑1 in various ionic forms are considered. Among the anion exchangers, the hydration of granular strongly basic anion- exchangers of the brand AV‑17, granular weakly basic anionexchangers of the brands AN‑25 (AN‑251 macroporous analogue) and ANKB‑35, fibrous strongly basic anion- exchangers of the brands FIBAN A‑6 and FIBAN A‑12, fibrous medium basic anion- exchangers of the brands CM‑2, fibrous weakly basic anion- exchangers of the brands CM-A1, VION AN‑1, VION AN‑3, FIBAN A‑5, FIBAN A‑11 and FIBAN AK‑22 are considered. It has been established that, by nature, the bond with the active centers of water is derided into a «bound» and a ordiner – «free». The first one is a monolayer and the nearest bonded with the ion of the ball; the other is the osmotic swelling water. It has been shown that for the effective absorption of most toxic gases and vapors (SO2, HCl, Cl2, SiF4, HF, NO2, NH3, аміни, COCl2, O3), it is necessary to have «free» water, which is not only a diffusion medium in which mass transfer proceeds, but also is a direct participant in chemisorption.
POTENTIOMETRIC STUDY OF KINETICS AND MECHANISM FORMATION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES STABILIZED BY SYNTHETIC FULVATES
Authors: Litvin V. A. , Smetenko Y. S. , Ozivska I. O.
Published: November 2021

Silver nanoparticles are actively studied due to their unique properties and wide use in various fields. In this study, silver nanoparticles were obtained by reacting Ag+ ions with synthetic fulvic acids derived from quercetin. Synthetic fulvic acids perform a dual function: a reducer of silver ions and a stabilizer of the formed nanoparticles The presence of silver nanoparticles in the solution is confirmed by the presence of a maximum in the absorption spectrum at 400 nm, which is due to the phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance. The parameters of the crystal lattice were established using the X‑ray diffraction method. The average nanoparticle size calculated by the Scherrer formula is 28 nm. The kinetics and mechanism formation of silver nanoparticles were studied by potentiometry, which allows direct and continuous control of the consumption of silver ions in the synthesis process. It is established that the mechanism of the process depends on the pH of the medium. In particular, at high pH values of the reaction medium there is a heterogeneous mechanism, while at low – homogeneous. The heterogeneous mechanism of formation of silver nanoparticles is characterized by the presence of three stages, in particular: 1) formation of Ag2O microparticles after mixing reagents, 2) reduction of Ag+ ions by synthetic fulvic acids from quercetin on the surface of formed Ag2O microparticles, which are heterogeneous nucleation centers. 3) reduction of Ag+ ions from solution on the surface of silver nanoparticles after complete dissolution of Ag2O microparticles (this process is described by first-order kinetics by Ag+). Activation parameters for different stages of silver nanoparticle formation using quercetin fulvic acids were calculated. A potentiometric study of the influence of the degree of aeration of the medium on the kinetics of changes in the pAg system was performed.
Surgical treatment of patients with defects of middle cranial fossa complicated by meningoencephalic hernia with various ear pathology
Authors:   National Medical Research Center of Otorhinolaryngology FMBA of Russia, Diab Kh. M. ,   Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, 117997, Russia, Korvyakov V. S. ,   National Medical Research Center of Otorhinolaryngology FMBA of Russia,  Moscow, 123182, Russia, Mikhalevich A. E. ,   National Medical Research Center of Otorhinolaryngology FMBA of Russia,  Moscow, 123182, Russia, Pashchinina O. A. ,   National Medical Research Center of Otorhinolaryngology FMBA of Russia,  Moscow, 123182, Russia, Khasan B. S. ,   National Medical Research Center of Otorhinolaryngology FMBA of Russia,  Moscow, 123182, Russia
Published: November 2021

Surgical treatment of patients with defects of the middle cranial fossa complicated by meningoencephalic herniation, with various ear pathologies, is an important problematic issue at the intersection of two disciplines – otorhinolaryngology and neurosurgery. The issues of etiology and pathogenesis of bone formation in defects of the middle cranial fossa and the methods of surgical treatment of patients with bone defects of the middle cranial fossa complicated by meningoencephalic herniation of the temporal bone. The analysis of the causes of recurrence of the disease with the use of certain techniques was carried out, and based on this, an improved technique for multilayer plastics of a bone defect of the middle cranial fossa through a combined approach (behind the ear (BTE) transmastoid + infratemporal minicraniotomy) using autotissues, biocomposite materials, and adhesive components was developed and described. Evaluated performance criteria for all treated patients were: absence of recurrence of hernia formation of shells and substances of the brain in the middle ear cavity and the absence of otorrhea. All the operated patients with defects of the middle cranial fossa and meningoencephalocele of the temporal bone were followed up from 1 to 5 years. Preliminary analysis of the results of treatment of patients using the improved method showed its high efficiency, which is confirmed by the absence of disease recurrence. On this basis, the main conclusions are formulated and a brief algorithm of surgical tactics for the closure of bone defects of the middle cranial fossa of various sizes is presented.
Evaluation of coconut-citrus intercropping systems in the context of lethal yellowing disease of coconut in Ghana
Authors:   CSIR- Oil Palm Research Institute, Ghana, Andoh-Mensah E , Ofosu-Budu GK ,   University of Ghana
Published: November 2021

Global coconut production is under the devastating threat of lethal yellowing diseases endemic in East and West Africa. The most practical solution to the disease problem lies in the development of resistant or tolerant coconut planting materials. Malayan Yellow Dwarf (MYD) crossed (x) Vanuatu Tall (VTT) coconut hybrid was identified in a resistance screening work to have moderate tolerance to the disease. Consequently, the hybrid was recommended for replanting of coconut fields devastated by lethal yellowing in Ghana. To stimulate a greater replanting effort however, there was the need to develop a more efficient coconut intercropping systems involving other economic tree crops that are capable of providing insurance against total crop failure and loss of income since the MYD x VTT coconut hybrid was only moderately tolerant to lethal yellowing. Four cropping systems involving the tolerant MYD x VTT coconut hybrid and Late Valencia sweet orange were evaluated in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The cropping systems were: 1. Sole coconut (Coconut planted at 8.5m triangular spacing at 160 palms ha-1) 2. Sole citrus (Citrus planted at 6m square spacing at 277 trees ha-1) 3. Coconut-citrus intercrop I (Coconut planted at 9.5m triangular spacing at 128 palms ha-1 and intercropped with citrus at 100 trees ha-1 ) 4. Coconut-citrus intercrop II (Coconut planted at 10.5m triangular spacing at 105 palms ha-1 and intercropped with citrus at 80 trees ha-1). Citrus was planted at the convergence point of any two diagonal lines linked with four adjacent coconut palms. The MYD x VTT coconut hybrid planted at 9.5m triangular provided optimal spacing for citrus intercropping. The intercropping system did not hinder the optimal growth and yield of coconut or citrus. It enabled a more efficient use of land and generated higher productivity by fitting more trees (coconut/ citrus) to a unit area of land as compared with sole cropping. The costbenefit ratio of the intercropping came next to sole coconut planting. Nevertheless, intercropping enjoyed 26% of fruit income as insurance against lethal yellowing disease while sole coconut planting had no insurance cover.
Influence of timing and duration of feed restriction on growth and economic performance of finisher broiler chickens
Authors:   Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria, Makinde OA
Published: November 2021

The study investigated different feed restriction programs during an 8-week broiler chicken growing cycle as a management strategy for reducing cost of production. Initially, 90 Hubbard day-old chicks fed ad libitum a commercial starter feed supplying 24% crude protein and 3000 kcal of ME/kg for 4 weeks. Thereafter, they were randomly allotted to five different feed restriction programs (R0, R5, R56, R67 and R57) utilizing finisher diets supplying 19% crude protein and 2850 kcal of ME/kg from 5-8 weeks. Each program had three replicates and six birds per replicate. Unrestricted (R0) was the control where birds fed ad libitum. In R5, birds were restricted the 5th week; R56, 5th and 6th weeks; R67, 6th and 7th weeks, and R57, 5th and 7th weeks. However, all the feed-restricted birds fed ad libitum in the 8th week. Feed restriction involved feeding one-third feed intake of R0 birds starting from 14.00 to 18.00 h daily and performance parameters recorded. Feed restriction negatively affected growth performance as the severity of restriction increased. Final body weight, carcass weight, average daily gain and average daily feed intake were similar (P>0.05) for R0 and R5 but higher than R56, R67 and R57. However, feed restriction did not significantly affect (P>0.05) carcass and breast yields or feed conversion ratio except for R67, the least (P<0.05) feed efficient. Feed cost, cost of production and revenue declined as the period of restriction increased. However, profit or profit/kg live weight, economic efficiency (EE) of feed and relative EE of feed were highest for R0 followed by R5, R56, R57 and R67 in that order. Generally, birds restricted for 1 week performed better than those restricted for 2 weeks and birds restricted continuously for 2 weeks before the last week of re-alimentation and slaughter were inferior to others. These results suggest that the duration and timing of feed restriction can reduce cost in broiler meat production without seriously affecting performance or economics of production depending on the restriction program applied.
Law in Times of the Pandemic
Authors: Szymaniec Piotr
Published: November 2021

The essay tries to show that the legal response to a new threat, such as an unknown disease, is an outcome of many factors, including social attitudes and public sentiment. This is demonstrated by the example of regulations adopted in the 19th century during the cholera epidemic. Similarly, restrictions are now being introduced, modified or mitigated not only under the influence of the threat itself (only partially known), but also of economic factors and social moods. Strengthening the executive branch and increasing the role of legal acts issued by this branch is a common phenomenon in the present situation. By itself, it does not threaten the rule of law yet and enables a quick reaction to a changing situation. However, excessively oppressive restrictions, in some way reversing the modern paradigm of thinking about individual rights, could be such a threat.
In Search of Originality in Central and Eastern European Legal Culture Culture(s). 4th Annual CEENELS Conference: Legal Innovativeness in Central and Eastern Europe, Moscow, 14–15 June 2019
Authors: Szymaniec Piotr
Published: November 2021

The paper describes the debates which took place during the 4th Annual CEENELS Conference (Moscow, 14–15 June 2019). The aim of the conference was to analyse the issue of legal innovativeness in Central and Eastern Europe, the topic which was chosen as a continuation of previous CEENELS conferences. The organizers wanted to challenge the widespread belief that the legal culture of Central and Eastern Europe lacks original and innovative concepts and ideas. Even if the conference did not bring a definitive answer about the character of Central and Eastern European countries’ legal culture, it showed that the region is not only a territory of legal transplants and reception of legal ideas, concepts and institutions, created in Western Europe or the US.
Propuesta de un modelo de gestión de procesos de la cadena de suministro en las empresas mypes productoras de arándanos en la provincia de Cañete con el propósito de incrementar la competitividad y sostenibilidad
Authors:   , Espichán Alejos Karen Rocío , Rodríguez Tadeo Kerly Patricia
Published: November 2021

El presente trabajo de investigación busca identificar y analizar el manejo de la cadena de suministro del arándano en Perú, con el objetivo de proponer mejoras en la gestión de los procesos de las empresas para el desarrollo competitivo ante el mercado global del arándano. La investigación se soporta en los diferentes modelos reconocidos de gestión de cadena de suministro con el fin de evaluar el desempeño y eficiencia de la cadena dentro de la industria del arándano en la región sur del Perú. En Perú, el arándano es uno de los productos agrícolas que está mostrando un crecimiento y desarrollo notable, alcanzando una cifra récord en el 2018 de US$554 millones, que supero en 56% a la registrada en el 2017, según datos de AGRODATAPERÚ. Sin embargo, aún existe una gran brecha que superar respecto a los países competidores globales. Siendo las pequeñas empresas, las que tienen mayores limitaciones para su desarrollo, tales como, la falta de incorporación de buenas prácticas agrícolas, falta definición de alcance y responsables en sus procesos, y manejo de estándares en procesos de producción, almacenamiento y transporte. Con esta investigación se busca ser un medio facilitador para la inserción de estas prácticas, ya que se brinda un marco de referencia basado en el modelo SCOR, enfoque de Gestión por Procesos el cual fue adaptado según el contexto y limitaciones de las empresas estudiadas.
Factores potenciales que influyen en el comportamiento de compra de moda ecológica de los Millennials en Lima Moderna como estrategia competitiva de los econegocios de moda, 2020
Authors:   , Chávez Fernández Nicole Andrea , Garcia Valverde Lizeth Betty
Published: November 2021

La presente investigación tiene como finalidad determinar cuáles son los potenciales factores que influyen en el Comportamiento de Compra de Moda Ecológica de los millennials en Lima Moderna como estrategia competitiva de los econegocios de moda en el año 2020. El diseño a emplear para la investigación es no experimental, de corte transversal simple y de alcance explicativo. Adicional a ello, se emplea el enfoque cuantitativo como metodología para la recolección de datos; esté último se da a través de la aplicación de encuestas con el propósito de analizar los resultados obtenidos de la relación de las variables de estudio. Asimismo, la confiabilidad del instrumento se evalúa mediante el alfa de Cronbach, el cual es de 0.807 para la variable “Moda Ecológica”, y para la variable “Factores que influyen en el Comportamiento de Compra del Consumidor” es de 0.811. Por otro lado, de una población estimada de 453,012 habitantes millennials en Lima Moderna, se delimitó por medio del método de muestreo probabilístico estratificado una muestra de 384 millennials. Y según el análisis de la contrastación de hipótesis a través de la prueba Chi Cuadrado, se infiere que, los factores que influyen en el comportamiento de compra de Moda Ecológica de los millennials en Lima Moderna son potenciales para la Estrategia Competitiva de los Econegocios de Moda en el año 2020.
El Liderazgo Transformacional y su influencia en el Desempeño Laboral de los colaboradores del sector bancario en Lima Centro
Authors:   , Heshiki Kaneshima Erika , Ordóñez Huamán Patricia Jazmín
Published: November 2021

Uno de los estilos de liderazgo que ha tomado relevancia en diferentes compañías a nivel mundial es el Liderazgo Transformacional, debido a que se asocia directamente con la efectividad en el liderazgo. Por esto, en esta investigación se busca ver si existe una influencia del Liderazgo Transformacional en el Desempeño Laboral de los colaboradores del sector bancario de Lima Centro. Para fines de estudio de esta investigación, el análisis se realizó con un estudio correlacional con una muestra final de 505 personas, de los cuatro bancos más grandes de Perú. Con la finalidad, de corroborar las hipótesis planteadas, se utilizó un análisis de datos con una regresión lineal simple para el objetivo general y secundarios. Los resultados finales demostraron que en definitiva existe una relación positiva entre el Liderazgo Transformacional y el Desempeño Laboral. Estos nuevos hallazgos son de importancia para el Sector Bancario, a fin de que puedan lograr un mejor rendimiento en sus trabajadores.
El impacto de la plataforma de Youtube como soporte audiovisual de marcas de maquillaje orientado al público latinoamericano
Authors:   , Hilario Lopez Miluska Fiorella
Published: November 2021

El maquillaje nos ha acompañado durante muchos siglos, es pieza fundamental en la belleza y nunca pasará de moda. Pero en estos últimos años nadie imaginó que cobraría mucha fuerza. Su consumo empezó a ser mayor en todos los continentes al igual que la aparición de nuevas marcas cosméticas. Y todo esto se dio gracias a los videos tutoriales de maquillaje que ofrece Youtube. Las youtubers que son parte de este sector ahora colaboran como nueva imagen en la venta de productos cosméticos. El contenido audiovisual que ofrecen estos youtubers ha generado un gran impacto en el público latinoamericano que si revisamos a detalle los porcentajes de consumo, termina en un pronóstico ascendente para los próximos años.
Vulnerability and Poverty During Covid-19: Religious Minorities in India
Authors: Howard Joanna
Published: November 2021

The Covid-19 pandemic has had direct and indirect effects on religiously marginalised groups, exacerbating existing inequities and undermining the ambitions of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to reach (and include) those ‘furthest behind’. Religious inequalities intersect with other inequalities to compound vulnerabilities, particularly the convergence of low socioeconomic status, gender inequality, and location-specific discrimination and insecurity, to shape how people are experiencing the pandemic. This policy briefing, written by Dr Joanna Howard (IDS) and a co-author (who must remain anonymous for reasons of personal security), draws on research with religious minorities living in urban slums in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka states in India. Findings show that religiously motivated discrimination reduced their access to employment and statutory services during the pandemic. Harassment and violence experienced by Muslims worsened; and loss of livelihoods, distress, and despair were also acutely experienced by dalit Hindus. Government response and protection towards lower caste and religious minorities has been insufficient.
Assessing the Equity and Redistributive Effects of Taxation Reforms in Nigeria
Authors: Edeh Henry C.
Published: November 2021

Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of poverty and inequality reduction through redistribution have indeed become critical concerns in many low- and middle-income countries, including Nigeria. Although redistribution results from the effect of tax revenue collections, micro household-level empirical analyses of the distributional effect of personal income tax (PIT) and value added tax (VAT) reforms in Nigeria have been scarcely carried out. This study for the first time quantitatively assessed both the equity and redistributive effects of PIT and VAT across different reform scenarios in Nigeria. Data used in this study was mainly drawn from the most recent large scale nationally representative Nigeria Living Standard Survey, conducted in 2018/2019. The Kakwani Index was used to calculate and compare the progressivity of PIT and VAT reforms. A simple static micro-simulation model was employed in assessing the redistributive effect of PIT and VAT reforms in the country. After informality has been accounted for, the PIT was found to be progressive in the pre- 2011 tax scheme, but turned regressive in the post-2011 tax scheme. It was also discovered that the newly introduced lump sum relief allowance in the post-2011 PIT scheme accrues more to the high-income than to the low-income taxpayers – confirming the regressivity of the current PIT scheme. However, the study further shows (through counterfactual simulations) that excluding the relatively high-income taxpayers from sharing in the variable part of the lump sum relief allowance makes PIT progressive in the post-2011 scheme. The VAT was uncovered to be regressive both in the pre-2020 scheme, and in the current VAT reform scheme. Further, after putting informality into consideration, the PIT was found to marginally reduce inequality but increase poverty in the pre-2011 scheme. The post-2011 PIT scheme reduced inequality and increased poverty, but by a smaller proportion – confirming a limited redistribution mainly resulting from the concentration of the lump sum relief allowance at the top of the distribution. However, if the variable part of the lump sum relief allowance is provided for ‘only’ the low-income taxpayers below a predefined income threshold, the post-2011 PIT scheme becomes largely redistributive. VAT was uncovered to marginally increase inequality and poverty in the pre-2020 scheme. Though the current VAT scheme slightly increased inequality, it considerably increased poverty in the country. It is therefore suggested that a better tax reform, with well-regulated relief allowance and differentiated VAT rates, will help to enhance the equity and redistribution capacity of the Nigeria tax system.
Armed Group Transition from Rebel to Government
Authors: Avis William
Published: November 2021

Governments and political parties with an armed history are not unusual, yet how these groups function during and after the transition from conflict has largely been ignored by the existing literature. Many former armed groups have assumed power in a variety of contexts. Whilst this process is often associated with brokered peace agreements that encourage former combatants to transform into political parties, mobilise voters, and ultimately stand for elections, this is not always the case. What is less clearly understood is how war termination by insurgent victory shapes patterns of post-war politics. This rapid literature review collates available evidence of transitions made by armed groups to government. The literature collated presents a mixed picture, with transitions mediated by an array of contextual factors that are location and group specific. Case studies are drawn from a range of contexts where armed groups have assumed some influence over government (these include those via negotiated settlement, victory and in contexts of ongoing protracted conflict). The review provides a series of readings and case studies that are of use in understanding how armed groups may transition in “post-conflict” settings.
Monitoring Sanitation Campaigns: Targets, Reporting and Realism
Authors: Adhikari Kamal , Adhikari Bharat , Cavill Sue , Mehrotra Santosh , Rao Bejjanki Vijeta , Van Der Velden Matteus
Published: November 2021

Many governments in Asia and Africa have set ambitious target dates for their countries becoming open defecation free (ODF). Some have recently concluded national sanitation campaigns; a number of countries have campaigns underway; while others are in the conceptualising and planning process. Monitoring and reporting results is one of the key challenges associated with these campaigns. This Frontiers of Sanitation presents lessons learnt to date to inform ongoing and future government campaigns intended to end open defecation and improve access to safely managed sanitation. Firstly, we discuss campaigns, targets, monitoring, reporting, and verification arrangements, showing how these processes can be used to increase the credibility of national declarations and strengthen campaigns to respond to challenges. Secondly, we present case studies from India and Nepal, providing campaign-specific details from two recently declared ODF countries.
Evidence Review: Religious Marginalities and COVID Vaccination - Access and Hesitancy
Authors: Tadros Mariz , Thomas Claire
Published: November 2021

Religious minority affiliation or status can play a very important role in influencing people's access to vaccines as well as their willingness to undergo vaccination. Many studies focus on class, ethnicity and geographic location when examining how social inequalities impact vaccination programmes. However, religious marginality is often overlooked. Here we explore how being situated on the margins, on account of religious affiliation, shapes experiences of vaccine access and uptake. The issues addressed are important for COVID-19 vaccination roll out, but also contain lessons for all vaccination programmes and many other preventative health measures. In this brief, we present key considerations for addressing differentials in access to and willingness to undergo vaccinations that are linked to religious minority status, experiences, authorities or doctrine. We explain why the study and awareness of religious marginality is crucial for the success of vaccination programmes broadly and specifically as they apply to COVID-19 vaccination. We also explore ways in which religious marginality intersects with other identity markers to influence individual and community access to vaccines. Finally, we examine vaccine hesitancy in relation to religious minorities and outline approaches to community health engagement that are socio-religiously sensitive, as well as practical, to enhance vaccination confidence.
A Construct Revalidation of the Community of Inquiry Survey: Empirical Evidence for a General Factor Under a Bifactor Structure
Authors: Yang, Ph.D. Hongwei , Su, Ph.D. Jian
Published: November 2021

The study revisited the community of inquiry (CoI) instrument for construct revalidation. To that end, the study used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to examine four competing models (unidimensional, correlated-factor, second-order factor, and bifactor models) on model fit statistics computed using parameter estimates from a statistical estimator for ordinal categorical data. The CFA identified as the optimal structure the bifactor model where all items loaded on their intended domains and the existence of the general factor was supported, essentially evidence of construct validity for the instrument. The study further examined the bifactor model using mostly model-based reliability measures. The findings confirmed the contributions of the general factor to the reliability of instrument scores. The study concluded with validity and reliability evidence for the bifactor model, supported the model as a valid and reliable representation of the CoI instrument and a fuller representation of the CoI theoretical framework, and recommended its use in CoI-related research and practice in online education.
Developing Institutional Open Educational Resource Repositories in Vietnam: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Truong Vi , Denison Tom , Stracke Christian M.
Published: November 2021

The introduction of open educational resources (OER) provides new opportunities for learners worldwide to access high-quality educational materials at the lowest cost. As a developing country, Vietnam is one of the countries that can most benefit from the OER movement. However, the concept of OER in Vietnam remains little known to the public, with few institutional OER repositories (IOER) developed. This study contends that IOER development in Vietnam is complicated and constrained by many contextual difficulties; it was designed to explore the challenges and opportunities. After a literature review, 20 semi-structured interviews were conducted with relevant stakeholders. Building on the findings from the literature, this study found that IOER development in Vietnam is constrained by five categories of challenges: (a) technological and infrastructure matters, (b) economic constraints, (c) sociocultural characteristics, (d) pedagogical concerns, and (e) legal limitations. Many of these challenges are not identified in the literature and provide insights into potential implications and solutions for future IOER in Vietnam and other countries.
University Students’ Persistence With Technology-Mediated Distance Education: A Response to COVID-19 and Beyond in Zimbabwe
Authors: Rudhumbu Norman
Published: November 2021

Technology-mediated distance education (TDE) has become part of the new normal in the range of teaching strategies used in universities in Zimbabwe. Contemporary literature abounds with studies that highlight challenges associated with access to education in universities, yet very little is highlighted about how TDE can be used to enhance access to education in Zimbabwean universities during the COVID-19 era and beyond. The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate determinants of students’ behavioural intentions to persist with TDE in universities in Zimbabwe during COVID-19 and beyond. The study employed a quantitative approach that used a self-constructed structured questionnaire for data collection from a sample of 1,300 distance learning students selected from five universities using a stratified random sampling strategy. Structural equation modelling using IBM SPSS Amos 22 was used for data analysis. Results of the study show that cultural and norms issues (β = .325; p < .001) and characteristics of the students (β = .329; p < .001), the lecturer (β = .362; p < .001), the institution (β = .427; p < .001), and external stakeholders (β = .279; p < .001) were all significantly associated with the behavioural intentions of university students to persist with TDE. Results of this study have implications for both policy and practice with regard to implementing TDE in universities.
Open For All: The OERu’s Next Generation Digital Learning Ecosystem
Authors: Lane David C. , Goode Claire
Published: November 2021

This paper describes the functionality, scalability, and cost of implementing and maintaining a suite of open source technologies, which have supported hundreds of thousands of learners in the past year, on an information technology infrastructure budget of less than US$10,000 per year. In addition, it reviews pedagogical opportunities offered by a fully open digital learning ecosystem, as well as benefits for learners and educators alike.

The Open Education Resource universitas (OERu) is an international consortium made up of 36 publicly funded institutions and the OER Foundation. The OERu currently offers first-year postsecondary courses through OER-based micro-courses with pathways to gain stackable micro-credentials, convertible to academic credit toward recognised university qualifications. The OERu, adhering to open principles (Wiley, 2014b), has created an open source Next Generation Digital Learning Ecosystem (NGDLE) to meet the needs of learners, consortium partners, and OERu collaborators. The NGDLE—a distributed, loosely coupled component model, consisting entirely of free and open source software (FOSS)—is a global computing infrastructure created to reach learners wherever they are. All OERu services are hosted on commodity FOSS infrastructure, conferring significant advantages and creating opportunities for institutions adopting any of these services to enhance education opportunities at minimal cost. The NGDLE can also increase technological autonomy and resilience while providing exceptional learning opportunities and agency for learners and educators alike.
Laporan Kasus: Ekstraksi Gigi dengan Perubahan Matriks Tulang sebagai Persiapan Pembuatan Gigi Tiruan Lengkap
Authors: Shabrina Fadhila Nurin , Hartomo Bambang Tri
Published: November 2021

Patients in the elderly group have a higher risk for dental and oral health problems because in old age, caries and periodontal tissue are generally more severe and progressive. The aging process causes changes in the structure and appearance of the teeth, the oral mucosa, the decline in function salivary glands, and loss of bone minerals through bone matrix resorption. The occurrence of bone matrix resorption results in the elderly group more often experiencing tooth loss which can be exacerbated by the occurrence of periodontal disease. After tooth extraction, this condition needs to be considered by dentist so that the denture made later has good retention and stabilization and remains comfortable for the patient to use. The aim was providing an overview regarding the procedure of extraction teeth with the change of bone matrix as a preparation for the prosthodontic complete dentures treatment. A 56-year-old female patient came to RSGM Unsoed wanted to order complete dentures so that the remaining teeth shoul be extracted. Patient feels discomfort and difficulties when eating and drinking. Intraoral examination, only teeth 16 were left with gingival recession. The patient's alveolar bone condition showst ends to be flat in the edentulous posterior area. The extraction case in elderly patients must be carried out according to the right procedure with minimal trauma so as not to damage the supporting tissue around the tooth and facilitate the process of denture treatment.
Kode Klasifikasi Penyakit Standar Internasional untuk Dokter Gigi
Authors: Nilawati Nina
Published: November 2021

The International Classification of Disease (ICD-10) is a disease classification system by giving an alphabetical code and a number. ICD-10 is used, among other things, for the purposes of reporting and insurance claims at health service both primary health centers or clinics and hospitals as well as secondary service places. Currently, almost all Indonesian people have participated in health insurance. Health insurance applies ICD-10 for claim processing. Therefore, dentists must recognize the disease code based on the ICD-10. Neither dentist education nor professional colleges have introduced disease codes according to the ICD-10. This paper aims to provide information and explain how to classify oral diseases based on ICD-10. ICD-10 is a disease classification that is arranged based on a disease categorization system whose organization is in accordance with the criteria determined by the Word Health Organization (WHO). ICD-10 is used to translate disease diagnoses into numeric codes with the aim of making systematic and analytical records so that easy to store, search and re-analyze. The dentist profession association collegiums need to list the codes for dental and oral diseases according to ICD-10 and socialize it to members so that there is a common perception in writing ICD-10 codes.
Methods for bypassing the check of final qualifying works for the amount of borrowed text and ways to identify them. Errors in words. Part 2
Authors:   Bauman MGTU, Kutsy O.Ya. , Tsibizova T.Yu. ,   Mytishchi branch of Bauman MGTU
Published: November 2021

Examined are issues of checking student papers for the amount of borrowed text and to the problems of controlling the circumvention of this check. The article considers the implementation of a number of methods of the widely used method of bypassing the check associated with errors in words. Shows various ways to detect this workaround in MS Word documents.
Experience of training grammar at non-language University (the case of studying Russian by medical students)
Authors:   Krasnoyarsk State Medical University n.a. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, Volynkina S.V.
Published: November 2021

Studied are issues related to ensuring better quality and efficiency of teaching the Russian grammar to students not specializing in philology. Relevance of this subject is illustrated, on the one hand, by the lack of attention paid by researchers to the problems arising from teaching Russian in non-linguistic universities. On the other hand, it is illustrated by significant shifts in the quality and methodology of acquiring knowledge by nowadays students who were born in the Internet era and are oriented towards digital and practical learning while being unprepared to real (non-virtual) communication and often incapable of presenting their thoughts in a precise and logical way. Based on the analysis of linguo-didactic literature and many years of practical work at a non-linguistic university, the author's methodology of motivating students to learn and master the norms of Russian grammar is provided. Characteristic of the aforementioned approach is a synthesis of traditional reproductive teaching methods with creative activities, which enable full engagement of students’ imagination, development of their conceptual thinking, motivating them to study the language and, through this process, to active self-expression. Moreover, a substantial creative component implied by this method enables overcoming a serious problem of modern pedagogics: students use Internet resources to have ready answers. The aforementioned positive aspects of the comprehensive approach to teaching grammar to non-philologists appear a useful pedagogical experience that can be recommended for educating students in other language sections within a course.
Some features of spreading ideology of extremism: social aspect
Authors:   the North Caucasus Institute for Advanced Studies (branch) Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, Animokov I.K. , Mashekuasheva M.Kh.
Published: November 2021

Researched are features spreading of ideology of extremism and its most vulnerable social aspect. In the opinion of the authors, the theme of social spreading of extremism is most significant for modern criminal situation. The social aspect of spreading of extremism is expressed both in external and internal unstable state of the state, absence of a single information space. An analysis of legal sources in the legal issue of extremism makes it possible to conclude that the legislative framework needs to be improved.
Enhancing Thai EFL Students’ EFL Vocabulary Knowledge through the Use of Task-Based Language Teaching and Storytelling Technique Adopting Thai Folktales
Authors: Tachom Khomkrit
Published: November 2021

This study aimed to examine the development of EFL students' vocabulary knowledge adopting a task-based method with 32 Thai students who enrolled in an English for Communication course at a university in northern Thailand. This study emphasized improving the Thai EFL students’ English vocabulary knowledge by requiring students to retell six Thai folktales in English translation to their group members. The pretest-posttest design, as well as an interview, were employed to indicate the students' vocabulary improvement after retelling Thai folktales. The findings showed that the students' post-test scores were statistically higher than their pre-test scores, and the students felt that the folktale tasks helped them enhance their vocabulary knowledge. The results of this study indicate that the students learned English vocabulary in an engaging and meaningful way through storytelling; therefore, the students’ vocabulary retention is likely high.