bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Innovative Process for Production of TiO2 from Low Grade Raw Materials
Authors: Paswan Dayanand , Madhurai Malathi
Published: July 2023

Conventionally TiO2 is produced from Ilmenite ore by carbothermic reduction followed by leaching of iron to produce high purity TiO2 which leads to loss of metallic iron and disposal of effluents. Therefore, an attempt has been made to develop a process for production of TiO2 utilizing low grade raw materials. Ilmenite ore pellets of an average size of 12–14 mm were prepared by mixing 2% molasses using disk pelletizer. Reduction of green ilmenite ore pellets were carried at temperature range from 1100°C to 1300°C in bed of low grade coal at a time intervals of 60 minutes from 1 to 5 hours. The activation energy for reduction of ilmenite ore pellets with lean grade coal was found to be 52.3 kJ/mole, this value corresponds to solid diffusion control reaction. Semi-empirical correlation was developed for prediction of % metallization. Reduced Ilmenite Pellets (RIP) were melted in 10 kg air as well as vacuum induction furnaces. It was observed that the total recovery of TiO2 in slag was up to 85% and the separation of iron from TiO2 was more than 90%.
Application of Polynomials in Coding of Digital Data
Authors: K. Bose Sujit
Published: July 2023

Information communication is now a days ubiquitous in the form of words, pictures and sound that require digital conversion in to binary coded signals for transmission due to the requirements of the electronic circuitry of the devices in the implementing machines. In a subtle way Polynomials play a very important role in generating such codes without errors and distortion over long, multiple pathways. This chapter surveys basics of such coding for easy grasp in the realization of such a complicated technologically important task. The coding is done in terms of just the binary bits 0 and 1 that entails use of finite fields as also that of polynomial rings and the associated algebras that ensures robust powerful techniques for the technological marvel.
Semiotics and Decision Making using AHP in Medicine
Authors: Jurj Gheorghe
Published: July 2023

This chapter discusses medical action , homeopathic medical action in particular, from a semiotic perspective. Every medical action begin with a colection of data, namely medical Signs (non-verbal) and Symptoms (verbal signs). Togheter with Instrumental signs offered by laboratory and different technologies they constitute a pool of data to be interpreted and the premises for decision making that leads to a certain prescription, recommandation or intervention. The meaning of signs in the medical context relate to reference values we have called normative signs around which semiotic fields are organised. Decision making folowed by action will then be followed up according to the feedback from patient and the process will be restart and continues till the desired, or possible, result.
Review of Model Predictive Control and Other Methodologies for Lateral Control of an Autonomous Vehicle
Authors: Assadian Francis , Martin George
Published: July 2023

In this chapter, we present a study on autonomous vehicle path tracking utilizing both Linear, Linear Time Varying, Nonlinear Model Predictive controllers and evaluate their performance on a given path. The vehicle is both a linear and non-linear bicycle model with front steering . The performance metric in the evaluation of the controller/path tracker is the root mean square error between the defined path and the resulting vehicle path. The path tracking algorithm utilized are Serret-Frenet Equations and a modified version of Pure Pursuit. The robustness of the controllers are examined by varying vehicle mass, tire-road coefficient of friction, and tire cornering stiffness.
Importance of Patient Privacy in Healthcare Analytics Research
Authors: J. Kleczyk Ewa
Published: July 2023

In recent years, ensuring patient privacy has become an important part of the healthcare and medical research. With the vast amount of healthcare data available for research and the increasing ability to link and combine multiple healthcare datasets to enhance understanding of patient diagnostic and treatment journey, the need for the assessment of analytical datasets and output from the patient privacy side has become yet another step of the study protocol. The types of methods applied in the evaluation vary and include internal evaluation of sensitive personal and healthcare information through a statistical expert determination of the combined dataset. Collaborating with a third-party expert in the privacy area can help ensure an objective assessment of meeting patient privacy requirements. As a result of the importance of patient privacy in healthcare research, this chapter will review the variety of methods leveraged in ensuring patient privacy protection during the healthcare analytics and research journey.
Arsenic and Biosorption
Authors: Jose Alguacil Francisco , Ignacio Robla Jose
Published: July 2023

Arsenic, either in (III) or (V) oxidation states forms, is a hazardous element to humans; thus, its removal from aqueous environments is of the utmost priority in the countries where this problem arises. From the various separation technologies, the removal of arsenic via biosorption processing attracted an interest, because besides the removal of the element, allows the recycle materials that in many cases are considered as wastes. The present chapter reviewed the most recent proposals (2022 year) about using biosorbents to remove this toxic element.
The Topological Connectivity of the Bipartite Graph's Independence Complex
Authors: Methkal Abd Algani Yousef , Sharif-Rasslan Amal
Published: July 2023

Let (∁) signify a simplicial complex, the topological connectivity of ∁ is donated by ζ (∁), which equals ∁+2; where ζ is a function from the class of graphs to the set Z^+={0,1,2,…,∞}.
Suppose that the function ζ possesses the following characteristics:
1. ζ(K_0 )=0
2. For any graph G(V,E), there exists, an edge {x,y} in G such that
ζ(G(V,E)-{x,y})≥ζ(G(V,E))
where, (G(V,E) -{x,y}) means: to remove the edge {x,y} from the graph G(V,E)),
and
ζ(G(V,E)-Δ({x,y}))≥ζ(G(V,E))-1
where, (G(V,E)-Δ ({x,y}) is equal to remove the vertices x,y and all their neighbors.
then
μ(Γ(G(V,E))≥ζ(G(V,E))

Let〖 ζ〗_0 denote the maximal function ζ that satisfying the aforementioned constraints.
Eli Berger [4] proved that μ(Γ(G(V,E))≥ζ_0 (G(V,E)) for trees and for complements of chordal graphs. Kazuhiro Kawamura [3] proved the same theorem for chordal graphs, and Yousef Methkal Abd Algani [1] proved it for circular-arc graph: Let G(V,E) be a circular-arc graph, if ζ_0 (G(V,E))≤2,then μ(Γ(G(V,E)))≤2.
In the current chapter we will prove the following theorem:
Let G(V,E) be a bipartite graph,
if ζ_0 (G(V,E))≤2,then μ(Γ(G(V,E)))≤2.
Fixed Point Theorems in Complex-Valued Double Controlled Metric Like Spaces
Authors: S.R. Chowdhury Mohammad , Suhail Aslam Muhammad , Yahya Almusawa Musawa , Imran Asjad Muhammad
Published: July 2023

In this chapter the book "Topology: Recent Advances and Applications", we shall introduce the concept of complex-valued double controlled metric like spaces with detailed examples. These results due to M.S.R. Chowdhury, Liliana Guran, and M. Suhail Aslam et al. are the extended version of the corresponding results by Sumati Kumari Panda, Thabet Abdeljawad and C. Ravichandran.
As applications, we will provide some complex-valued fixed point theorems in the complex-valued metric like spaces and will prove the existence and uniqueness of the solution of a Fredholm type integral equation. Finally, some examples will also be given in favor of our given topics.
Effect of passive and forced aeration on composting of market solid waste
Authors: Atauzzaman Mohammad , Hamidul Bari Quazi
Published: July 2023

The book chapter discusses the effect of passive and forced aeration on composting of market solid wastes. Suitable vegetable waste, waste paper, and sawdust as bulking agent were mixed with the proportion 75:10:15. Temperature inside composting reactors was measured daily from time to time. Total sample and volatile solids weight were determined before and after composting of waste mixture for both passive and forced aeration tests. The temperature increased to a maximum of 52 ºC for passive aeration and 54 ºC for forced aeration. The percentage reduction in the total sample was greater for forced aeration than for passive aeration. The volatile solids decreased with time at the end of both processes. The extent of volatile solids degradation of waste mixture with time was determined through forced aeration for a series of the composting process. Total sample and volatile solids were determined at 2 to 4 days intervals. The percentage reductions in the total sample and volatile solids were found as 3 to 68% and 4 to 55% respectively. The percentage reduction in volatile solids increased with time. The chapter helps to understand the possibility of recycling the waste mixture in the form of composting.
Association between hepatitis C virus and extrahepatic tumors
Authors: Sun Di , Ding Min , Ruan Mengfan , Yang Li , Qi Xingshun
Published: July 2023

Hepatitis C virus (HCV), an oncogenic virus, is a well-known risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma. Some studies have shown an increased risk of extrahepatic tumors in HCV patients, but the risk of different types of extrahepatic tumors remains controversial. Early prevention of extrahepatic tumors in HCV patients should be further explored. Therefore, this chapter aims to explore the association between HCV infection and extrahepatic tumors.
Applications and Toxicology of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Lakshmanan Palanisamy K. , Vignesh Kesavan , Karthikeyan Nanjappan
Published: July 2023

Iron oxide nanoparticles have been intensively studied in the last decade for their unusual physical and chemical properties owing to their extremely small size, large specific surface area and number of promising applications. In Medical applications including magnetic resonance imaging, cell separation and detection, tissue repair, magnetic hyperthermia and drug delivery, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have been extensively used due to their remarkable properties, such as superparamagnetism, size and possibility of receiving a biocompatible coating. The development of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with improved biocompatible surface engineering to achieve minimal toxicity, for various applications in biomedicine is much more inevitable. In this article Iron oxide and its applications were discussed when it is nano dimension with its nanotoxicology.
An Updated Review of the Surgical Techniques and Outcomes for Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression
Authors: Dhamija Bhoresh , Tominey Steven , Joshi Shabin , Hussain Rahim , Batheja Dheeraj , Balain Birender
Published: July 2023

Metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC) is a condition associated with high morbidity and mortality. It affects up to 5% of patients with cancer and continues to increase in prevalence with advances in cancer care. In certain cases, surgical management is required for management of pain, neurological decline, and mechanical instability. Various surgical approaches and techniques have been utilized with traditional open and minimally invasive surgery both shown to be effective in improving patients’ function and quality of life. Predictors of survival and functional outcomes following surgery for MSCC include primary tumor type, performance status, and preoperative neurological status. Several prognostic models have been created and validated to assist clinicians in appropriate patient selection. Complications following surgery for MSCC are varied, with wound infection and dehiscence being the most frequently reported. There remains considerable variation in reported outcomes and the decision to pursue surgery should be carefully considered in the context of the individual patient’s prognosis and goals of care.
Assessment of Horse-Human Interaction with New Technologies
Authors: Aydin Cenk , Seyidoglu Nilay
Published: July 2023

The relationship between horses and human is unique over the course of the story. The first researchers focused on the horse-human bond as a friendship and believed that it improved the welfare of horses. Today, the role of horses is different from that of history. However, the overall perception is that the horse-human connection requires significant interpretation and explanation.

The most important aspect of communicating with the horse is that it is silent. To achieve that, the well-being of horses must develop a good physiological and psychological awareness. To this end, the advancement of sensors and wearable technology creates a facility for measuring and exploring the natural environment. Among the amazing advancements in this area are smartphones, flat screens, high-speed cameras, analog software, GPS tracking, and Bluetooth. You can proceed the way the horse-human link functions, plays, and communicates faster. However, new technologies for horses' well-being can have a positive and negative impact on the sport, their health, and the relationship between horses and humans.

In this chapter, we will attempt to explain the emphasis put on the importance of the horse-human bond and interaction for animal beings. Furthermore, we will review the roles of new technologies in the physiological and psychological situations of the horse, and studies of horse-human connection belong to recent research. In this way, we will have put a vision on the side of animals on the horse and the human connection and interaction.
New IP and Standardization Practices in China’s Data-centric Digital Economy
Authors: Uny Cao Yu , Wang Hu
Published: July 2023

China's digital economy accounts for almost half of its GDP and recent national planning aims to grow it by leveraging data as a key factor of production. To facilitate this, government agencies, enterprises, and service providers are creating rules and piloting new ideas such as Data Intellectual Property and Data Factorization. They are also developing IP registry standards and providing incentives and regulations for data factorization, data intellectual property, data assets, and other data-related components of the digital economy. Since 2019 the activities have picked up paces with multiple provinces and cities competing for first-in-the-nation status. It appears China is leading the world in a number of innovations.
Perspective Chapter: Mechanization in Agricultural Production From Horizontal and Vertical Perspective
Authors: Muzamil Mohd. , Rasool Sehreen , Mudasir Magray Mohd. , H. Masoodi Ummyiah , Ahmed Bangroo Shabir , Ahmed Malik Ajaz , Banday Saba
Published: July 2023

The mechanization of agricultural system, both horizontal and vertical cultivation, is imperative for judicious application of resources, reduction in drudgery of workforce, amelioration of productivity and improvement in competitiveness of the produce. However, the reduction in per capita land availability has triggered a mass migration towards vertical cultivation system with heavy reliance towards automation, Internet of Things (IoT) and artificial intelligence. The vertical system of cultivation and protected cultivation system is essential to overcome the limitations of small land holdings, particularly in developing countries and combat global climate change. With the result, the concept of hydroponics, aquaponics, aeroponics is gaining momentum at a rapid pace. The horizontal and vertical system also demands the preparation of organic fertilizer through advanced machinery for bolstering the soil fertility and enhancement in productivity of agricultural crops.
Pathobiology, public health significance, and control of Campylobacter infections
Authors: Akbar Shahid Muhammad , Saeed Ali , Ur Rahman Sadeeq , Muhammad Salman Mian , Ahmed Bhatti Sheraz , Mudasser Nazir Muhammad , Nauman Zahid Muhammad
Published: July 2023

Campylobacteriosis is caused by members of the Campylobacteriaceae family which are Gram-negative and spiral-shaped microaerophilic bacteria. Different avian hosts, including chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese, are commonly infected with Campylobacter species. Among 16 Campylobacter species, infections are mostly caused by thermophilic Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. C. jejuni and C. coli are well adapted to the avian intestinal tract. Campylobacter infections produce little or no clinical diseases in poultry except infectious hepatitis in ostriches. Although thermophilic Campylobacters are commensals in poultry, their significance is due to food safety and public health apprehensions. The majority of human Campylobacter infections are caused by C. jejuni, followed by C. coli, and rarely by C. lari. Campylobacter infections have now emerged as leading bacterial causes of foodborne gastroenteritis in humans throughout the world. Most human Campylobacteriosis cases are sporadic and the disease is characterized by self-limiting watery and/or bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, and possible fever; however, severe conditions may occur if patients are immunocompromised. The high prevalence of Campylobacter in the intestinal tract of market-age poultry results in frequent contamination of poultry carcasses and poultry products in processing plants and at retail, respectively. Handling and eating raw or undercooked poultry meat is considered a significant risk factor for human campylobacteriosis. To ensure food safety and prevent human campylobacteriosis, complete elimination or at least reduction to safer levels of Campylobacters from the human food chains, especially poultry and poultry products, are indispensable.
Promoting innovative thinking and achievements in a massive open online course
Authors: Watted Abeer
Published: July 2023

This chapter deals with the role of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) in promoting innovative thinking skills and achievements among undergraduate students. The study compared two groups who studied the same course in different learning environments: 1. students who studied the course via MOOC (N = 91) and 2. students who studied the same via F2F course in the classroom (N = 66). The study applied the quantitative approach, collecting data via pre- and post-questionnaires and students’ grades in the different assignments in the course. Findings indicated that MOOC students promoted innovative thinking skills, emphasizing exploring and networking skills, as F2F students promoted innovative thinking skills, emphasizing asking questions that challenge the status quo. Findings also indicated a positive relationship between innovative thinking skills and achievements in the MOOC group.
Entrepreneurship Education: Remedy to Graduates’ Unemployment in Sub-Saharan Countries
Authors: M. Thetsane Regina
Published: July 2023

Entrepreneurship Education is one of the most current methods for increasing the quality and number of entrepreneurs, resulting in employment creation and economic empowerment of graduates worldwide. This chapter describes the importance of Entrepreneurship Education in remedying the high unemployment rate in sub-Saharan countries. As one of the sub-Saharan countries, Lesotho has the oldest university. This university is used as a case study because it has recently introduced Entrepreneurship Education for all the university faculties to reduce the high unemployment rate faced by graduates in Lesotho. The literature review results depict that there is more pressure on universities to implement Entrepreneurship Education practices in their curriculum to combat the high unemployment rate among graduates. Entrepreneurship Education plays a vital role in unemployment reduction and supports wealth creation. Therefore, it becomes mandatory for all universities to ensure full implementation of the program and skill acquisition in training students in theory and practice. It is recommended that governments in the sub-Saharan countries should revisit and strengthen policies aiming to promote Entrepreprenurship Education and small and medium enterprises in their individual countries.
Ethical issues in research with artificial intelligence systems
Authors: Rotaru Tudor-Ștefan , Amariei Ciprian
Published: July 2023

There are many definitions of what an artificial intelligence (AI) system is. This chapter emphasises the characteristics of AI to mimic human behaviour in the process of solving complex tasks in real-world environments. After introducing different types of AI systems, the chapter continues with a brief analysis of the distinction between research into what an AI system is in its inner structure and research into the uses of AI. Since much literature is already devoted to the ethical concerns surrounding the use of AI, this chapter addresses the problem of accountability with respect to opaque human-like AI systems. In addition, the chapter explains how research ethics in AI is fundamentally different from research ethics in any other field. Often, the goal of engineers in this field is to build powerful autonomous systems that tend to be opaque. The aim is therefore to build entities whose inner workings become unknown to their creators as soon as these entities start the learning process. A split accountability model is proposed to address this specificity.
Perspective Chapter: Implementation of MOOCs for Microcredentials and European University Alliances
Authors: Ebner Martin , Gasplmayr Katharina , Kreuzer Ernst , Leitner Philipp , Schön Sandra , Taraghi Behnam
Published: July 2023

MOOCs are seen as an important measure to open up universities to new target groups. In this chapter, two new variants of the usage of MOOCs in European higher education are highlighted: First, openly licensed MOOCs can be used as part of microcredential offers with university accreditation. Second, openly licensed MOOCs can be made available to other universities as an integrated resource and offer within European University alliances. This chapter discusses legal (such as copyright issues), organizational (such as processes), and technical issues (such as LTI, eduGAIN) for these new developments. An important requirement for this is that MOOCs are available as open educational resources (OER): Open licenses that allow the reuse, modification, and republication of educational resources (“open education resources”) are another opportunity to open up and share university offers. This chapter is based on experiences of the national Austrian MOOC platform iMooX.at, the microcredential implementation of Graz University of Technology, as well as first ideas concerning the integration of openly licensed MOOCs within the unite! University alliance of nine European technical universities.
MOOCs and Problem-Based Learning: A Happy Marriage?
Authors: Verstegen Daniëlle , Spruijt Annemarie , Fonteijn Herco , van Merriënboer Jeroen
Published: July 2023

Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) target a large number of participants, typically without entry requirements and for free. Inherently, the amount of teacher support is limited and interaction is often limited. This exploratory study aims to investigate whether characteristics of PBL can be implemented in a MOOC, thus applying a student-centred instructional design. The results of two runs of the MOOC Problem-Based Learning: Principles and design. Students at the centre! show that it is possible to design a MOOC based on student-centred learning theories. Participants discussed authentic problem cases in groups and followed a similar structure as in regular Problem-Based Learning (PBL): a brainstorm phase in which they collaboratively generated their own learning questions, a self-study phase in which they individually searched resources to study, and a reporting phase in which they collaboratively discussed what they had found. In the absence of tutor guidance and feedback, participants learned with and from each other. Participants were positive about the design, the learning materials, and the learning process in the PBL. Successful groups managed to collect insights and genuinely co-construct knowledge. However, the absence of a tutor makes means that this design is not comparable to traditional forms of PBL and is not successful for all MOOC participants.
Sperm Cryopreservation in Farm Animals Using Nanotechnology
Authors: Faheem Akhtar Muhammad , Wang Changfa
Published: July 2023

Sperm cryopreservation is one of the sublime biotechnologies for assisted reproduction. Post-thaw semen quality and values vary among animals of the same species. Similarly, there are species-specific variations in sperm morphology, i.e., sperm head, kinetic properties, plasma membrane integrity, and freezability. Similarly, the viability of sperm varies in the female reproductive tract, i.e., from a few hours (in cattle) to several days (in chicken). Various steps of sperm cryopreservation, i.e., male health examination, semen collection, dilution, semen centrifugation, pre- and post-thaw semen quality evaluation, lack standardized methodology, that result in differences in opinions. Assisted reproductive technologies (ART), including sperm preservation, are applied in mammalian species for management and economic reasons. This chapter aims to provide an update on sperm cryopreservation in farm animals including equine.
‘Janet and John’: Intersex Invisibility in the New Zealand Education Curriculum
Authors: Sterling Rogena
Published: July 2023

When I entered the New Zealand schooling system, we only learnt about a social system including ‘Janet’ and ‘John’—female and male. As far as the curriculum went, nothing else existed. Though the education system now includes ‘rainbow education’ under ‘health’ (sometimes tied into the physical education part of the curriculum), it does not extend beyond that. It continues to enforce Intersex as a pathology, an anomaly. Outside this very small component, Intersex does not exist. The Western education system has excluded Intersex and transgender existence and belonging in society even though historically they were part of society and still exist today, though largely invisible. The chapter will first explore the right to education and the importance of representation in the curriculum as a sense of belonging. After that it sets out how Intersex people have been restricted in the inclusion and predominantly are invisible in the curriculum overall. Later it will consider ways to improve how intersex can be better represented and included within the curriculum.
Review of the relationship between soil health, climate change mitigation, and crop production when soils is enhanced with organic sources of nutrients
Authors: Tadele Belay Habtamu , Amare Kebede Birtukan
Published: July 2023

The organic sources could supply adequate N, P, S, Zn, and B and have good effects on plant growth and development, water holding capacity (WHC), soil fertility and enhance the biological characteristics of the soil (Cooke,1982). However, the sole application of organic fertilizer is constrained by access to sufficient organic inputs, low nutrient content, and high labor demand for preparation and transport. Thus, the integration of organic and inorganic nutrient sources can improve and sustain crop yields without degrading soil fertility status. A combination of mineral and organic fertilizers is necessary to sustain and improve crop production on nutrient-depleted soils.

The chapter will contain the following practices but not limited.

1. Introduction
1.2. Organic fertilizers
1.2.1. Poultry manure (PM)
1.2.2. Farmyard Manure (FYM)
1.2.3. Compost
1.2.4. Crop residue
1.2.5. Green Manure
Role of Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Organic Farming and Sustainable Development
Authors: Yadav Kajol , Bharti Lovely , Kumar Chaubey Ashok
Published: July 2023

Chemical fertilizers and pesticides are presently accumulating in the environment harming the ecosystem, causing pollution, and spreading some of the diseases. Nematodes can be considered as entomopath¬ogenic (EPN) if they fulfil criteria for entomo-pathogenicity when they bearing a pathogenic bacterium within a dauer juveniles juvenile, releasing the bacterium within the host, active host-seeking and penetration by dauer, rap¬id insect death, nematode and bacterial reproduction, reassociation of the pathogenic bacteria with new generations of dauer juveniles; and emergence of IJs from the cadaver so that the cycle can be repeated. Synthetic chemical pesticides have various disadvantages which include crop and soil contamination; killing of beneficial fauna and flora; resistance development in insects and adverse effects due to contamination in food chain and other environment related issues. To minimize pesticides contamination, EPN were identified as biological control agents and most suitable natural enemies of problematic insects because they reduce risk to humans and other related vertebrates
Phytochemical Study and Biological Activities of Endemic Species of Vaccinium From French Polynesia
Authors: Benayad Sarah , Soulet Stéphanie , Teai Taivini
Published: July 2023

French Polynesia is a natural laboratory with over 53% of endemism in its vascular terrestrial flora. The flora remains little studied from a phytochemical point of view. In order to overcome this lack of knowledge, we were interested in an endemic taxon from the specie Vaccinium cereum, also named as “opu opu.” Four varieties of V. cereum are present in French Polynesia: var. adenandrum (Decne) F.Br, var. cereum (L.f.) G. Forst, var. pubiflorum Skottsb and var. raiateense M.L. Grant. All four showed comparable antioxidant and antiradical activities and inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase. Leaves of V. cereum var. cereum carry out a bio-guided phytochemical study. Among the isolated compounds, NMR has characterized ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, chlorogenic acid, astragalin, and isoquercitrin, as the major active compounds. The results revealed that this taxon represents a real health benefit and might have promising proprieties to regulate blood sugar.
Perspective Chapter: How Important is Urban Farming in Indonesia to Support Food Sovereignty?
Authors: Putri Hanifa Arini , Triana Yuniarsih Eka , Qomariah Retna , Nurmalinda  , Saleh Yopi , Haryati Yati , Puji Lestari Indarti , Lesmayati Susi
Published: July 2023

Urban farming is a simple concept yet significantly impacts food security and food sovereignty for urban households. Indonesian context defined urban farming as cultivation practices, including food crops, vegetables, fruits, herbs, medicinal and ornamental plants, with some combination of fishes and poultry in urban areas, namely home yard, office yard, school garden, communal garden, and many more. This chapter aims to discuss five main topics related to the urban farming movement in Indonesia: (1) The dynamic of yard utilization and food provision policy; (2) The importance of urban farming in society; (3) Community perception and involvement in urban farming; (4) The impact of the pandemic on household food security and food supply chains; (5) Government strategy to sustain participatory urban farming. The sustainability of urban farming still requires government assistance and intervention, and private involvement through corporate social responsibility. The government must support infrastructure both in terms of policy and physical implementation to facilitate the establishment of a network of business partnerships between producer farmers and various market actors in a market chain to step up the era of urban farming industrialization.
Unravelling the Role of Graphene Nanosheets in Electric Discharge Machining
Authors: Paswan Kamlesh , Chattopadhyaya Somnath , Dube Anil
Published: July 2023

The preparation and characteristics of nanosheets mixed dielectric. Also, the machining performance is compared at different concentrations of nanosheets in the dielectric medium with conventional EDM. CTB and SDS surfactants are used for suspension and machining efficiency characterization. The addition of Nanosheets into deionized water improves the machining performance. It gives better results at 0.2g per 800ml deionized water. MRR improves by 21.27% at lower discharge energy and 114.28% at higher discharge energy. Surface roughness improves by 18% at lower discharge energy and higher spark gap. Using surfactants in the dielectric medium improves the suspension capability of nanosheets in the dielectric medium. However, it reduced the machining efficiency. A slight variation or negligible variation is observed in the density and viscosity of the dielectric medium after adding graphene nanosheets into it.
Integrated histomolecular diagnosis in mediastinal grey zone lymphomas
Authors: Traverse-Glehen Alexandra , Donzel Marie
Published: July 2023

Mediastinal grey zone lymphoma is now recognized as a distinct entity in the news hematological malignancies classification. In recent years, several clinicopathological and molecular studies have help to clarify the spectrum of this entity intermediate between Classical Hodgkin lymphoma and Primary mediastinal B cell Lymphoma. The mediastinal location remain an important features of the disease and it need to be cautious to do this diagnosis in extra mediastinal location. In addition, cases with EBV association should be better classified in polymorphic EBV+ B cell lymphomas until a better understanding of this entity. As in PMBCL and CHL, MGZ present a high rate of immune escape with CIITA break and PDL1/PDL2 abnormalities.
IP Protection of Traditional Knowledge: A Dilemma Faced by the Chinese Traditional Medicine in Global Competition
Authors: Xu Yue , Wang Yumao
Published: July 2023

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) refers to medicine extracted from natural material, such as plants, animals, and minerals. The invention of TCM follows unique principles and methods inherited from the ancient China. This chapter discusses a dilemma faced by TCM in global market competition. One on hand, based on the extensive Chinese medicine literature, practices, and therapies, TCM enjoys traditional knowledge-based advantages. On the other hand, in facing underdeveloped intellection protect (IP) protection both at home and abroad, TCM suffers from institutional disadvantages in global competition. It seems difficult for TCM to maintain traditional knowledge-based advantages and to push global integration without IP protection at the same time - a dilemma that needs to be resolved for the development of TCM. Building on a case study of a famous Chinese herbal medicine, Lianhua Qingwen, we explain the nature of the dilemma and provide advice for the future of TCM in global competition.
Sharing the Road: Challenges and Strategies
Authors: Iqbal Ayesha
Published: July 2023

The idea of autonomous cars has been around for decades, but the recent advancements in automation, robotics and communication technology have given sharp rise to the prospect of self-driving/autonomous vehicles technology. With the recent acceleration in research and development in this field, the dream is now turning into reality and soon autonomous vehicles (AVs) and human-driven vehicles (HVs) will be sharing the road. This chapter presents an insight into the possible challenges and hurdles that need to be addressed in order to make this co-existence possible. Considering all possible scenarios and circumstances is crucial to develop the right technology and infrastructure for future transportation systems. The chapter further discusses the strategies and solutions suggested and developed to overcome these challenges.
ETHICAL USE OF AI IN DENTISTRY
Authors: Roganović Jelena , Radenković Miroslav
Published: July 2023

Artificial intelligence (AI) is technology that aims to create a machine (algorithm-software) that can mimic intelligent human behavior. In order to respect the human-technology interaction in a clinical environment, artificial intelligence in medicine and dentistry should have complementary role in the work of clinical practitioners. In dentistry, various software-type algorithms are used as the basic application of artificial intelligence, which are expected to improve the accuracy of dental diagnosis, provide visualization of anatomical guidelines during treatment, and due to the possibility of analyzing large amounts of data, to predict the occurrence and prognosis of oral diseases. Conscientious and ethical AI use in dentistry has to consider:
-when to apply AI (AI use should be beneficial overall, reliable in that particular group of patients, while dentists need to acquire specific and AI use-related skills in order to apply AI safely and effectively to the dental patients)
- how to use AI appropriate and responsible ( AI needs human surveillance and the role of dental practitioners is crucial in preventing dental complications as well as in reviewing AI system, and in communication with AI developer to improve technology. Patients should be notified about how their data is used, also about the involvement of AI-based decision making, especially if there is a lack of regulatory policy, if AI is used to reduce costs rather than improve patient health, or if dentist has conflict of interest).
As many dentists are racing toward integrating AI system into diagnostics, prognostics and dental treatment, the legal and ethical questions are becoming even more pertinent.
Human-AI Collaboration for Smart Education: Reframing Applied Learning to Support Metacognition
Authors: Hutson James , Plate Daniel
Published: July 2023

This chapter investigates the profound influence of intelligent virtual assistants (IVAs) on the educational domain, specifically in the realm of individualized learning and the instruction of writing abilities and content creation. IVAs, incorporating generative AI technologies such as ChatGPT and Stable Diffusion, hold the potential to bring about a paradigm shift in educational programs, emphasizing the enhancement of advanced metacognitive capacities rather than the fundamentals of communication. The subsequent recommendations stress the need to cultivate enduring proficiencies and ascertain tailored learning approaches for each learner, which will be indispensable for success in the evolving job market. In this context, prompt engineering is emerging as a vital competency, while continuous reskilling and lifelong learning become professional requisites. The proposed innovative method for teaching writing skills and content generation advocates for a reconfiguration of curricula to concentrate on applied learning techniques that accentuate the value of contextual judgment as a central pedagogical tenet and the mastery of sophisticated metacognitive abilities, which will be pivotal in the future of work.
Densification Kinetics and In Situ Electrical Resistivity Measurements of Hematite Nanopowders during High-Frequency Microwave Sintering
Authors: Magro Togashi Marina , P. Fernandez Perdomo Claudia , Link Guido , Jelonnek Jhon , Herta G.A. Kiminami Ruth
Published: July 2023

The aim of this work was to study the densification kinetics and to evaluate the electrical resistivity of hematite nanopowders (30 nm) during sintering by high-frequency microwave dilatometry (30 GHz) in multimodal cavity, as the purpose of providing new reference data on the kinetic behavior of the densification of high dielectric loss ceramic materials when subjected to microwave sintering, which are few in the literature to date. To analyze the densification kinetics, non-isothermal methods were used, such as the classic models of Woolfrey-Bannister and Dorn for the initial stage of sintering, and the model of Wang-Raj for the intermediate stage, both at heating rates ranging from 5 to 20°C/min. The results show an extreme very low activation energies, both for the initial stage (39–66 kJ/mol) and for the intermediate stage (68 kJ/mol), proved to be sufficient for material densification with less grain growth, compared to lower frequencies (2.45 GHz). In addition, the in situ resistance measurements revealed a decrease in electrical resistivity as a function of material densification, as well as a semiconductor behavior of the sintered hematite.
Endoscopic Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion
Authors: Yang Jincai , Hai Yong , Yin Peng , Han Bo , Yang
and Jixuan Huang Honghao
Published: July 2023

One of the most common surgical cures for lumbar degenerative illnesses is lumbar fusion. Traditional open lumbar fusion is often used in clinical settings and has positive clinical results. However, there are some disadvantages of the traditional open approach, such as tremendous surgical invasiveness and a high risk of complications in the perioperative period. The gold standard for minimally invasive surgical techniques in recent years has been minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (MIS-TLIF). With the advancement of full-endoscopic spine surgical techniques, endoscopic lumbar surgery has rapidly developed from simple discectomy to decompression of spinal stenosis. Currently, the endoscopic lumbar interbody fusion procedure has been performed. On the basis of adequate spinal canal decompression and dependable interbody fusion, endoscopic lumbar interbody fusion could reduce surgical invasiveness and improve patient recovery. In this chapter, we will give a brief introduction to the advance in endoscopic transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion, focusing on the indication, technical aspects, clinical effectiveness, safety, fusion devices, and novel techniques that could be applied in the near future.
Socioeconomic Inequalities and Intergenerational Support in Functional Health in Brazilian Older Adults
Authors: Olivares-Tirado Pedro
Published: July 2023

There is a growing concern as socioeconomic inequalities affect health outcomes in an older population. Aging in Brazil occurs in the context of deep and persistent income, gender and ethnic inequalities, and intensely challenging health, retirement, and social protection systems. Using data from the 2019-PNS Survey, socioeconomic inequalities in functional health and intergenerational support of care for noninstitutionalized older Brazilians stratified by household income deciles and sex were examined. Inequality indexes reveal significant socioeconomic inequalities in functional health among older Brazilian adults. Across inequality indexes, the poorest in both sexes consistently show a higher prevalence rate in mild BADLs limitations than the wealthiest. In severe BADLs limitations, these differences are not clearly stated, and it depends on the sex and type of BADLs involved. Intergenerational care favored the wealthiest deciles across inequality indexes. Consistently and significantly in both sexes, the wealthiest received more family caregiving in both BADLs limitation categories than the poorest; however, in men, their magnitude differences were lesser and statistically significant in the 10/10 and 20/20 indexes. These findings highlight the need for national policies and programs to decrease socioeconomic inequalities during early adulthood and reduce limitations in functional health later in life, particularly in the poorest.
Fractal Analysis of Façades of Historical Public Buildings with Box Count Method: The Case of Afyonkarahisar
Authors: Çoban Gamze , Ebru Okuyucu Şerife
Published: July 2023

This chapter aims to analyze the fractal geometry of the façade plane of 3 (three) historical public buildings in Afyonkarahisar city center by box counting method. Within the scope of the study, 3 (three) historical public buildings belonging to the First National Architecture period were selected. The examples in this study were selected from the entrance façades of historical public buildings in the city of Afyonkarahisar. According to the historical public building façades defined, the dimensions of the façades remained in their original state, the façade reliefs of 3 (three) sample buildings were taken and their two-dimensional front views were drawn in vector, and the fractal fiction between each other was analyzed using the “box counting method”. Fractal analysis was performed by box counting method in the context of occupancy-vacancy ratios formed by building elements such as windows, doors, jambs, floor erasures, buttresses, eaves that make up the façade structure. As a result of the study, how the façade features of the First National Architecture period corresponded to the façade constructions of the selected public buildings were interpreted based on numerical data obtained from fractal analysis.
Intellectual Property and the Blockchain Sector, a World of PotentialEconomic Growth and Conflict
Authors: Umamaheswari Appavoo , Lakshmana Prabu Sakthivel
Published: July 2023

This chapter reviews current developments in the blockchain ecosystem whose outcome will impact the intellectual ownership of key aspects of the technology. The players include governments, legislators, and law makers attempting to make sense of an opaque, impenetrable, and baffling technological and social environment where myth and reality get mixed up. The interested parties are: on the one hand, the IP owners of blockchain-related technological developments. On the other hand, late comers hoping to deny these rights to use the said developments in their own businesses for free and in an unlimited manner. At stake: billions of US dollars and the real capacity for a new industrial revolution. But also, conceptions of the highest importance for human societies such as veracity, recognition and knowledge of the truth. In the background a world of spectators with an extremely unequal understanding of the technology, the implications of the intellectual property protections and what is being elucidated in this case. Focusing on specific developments, the authors navigate these matters to shed light on the events, the background, and the economic and social implications of the legal decisions around IP ownership that are being determined by the courts of law about the said developments.
A Brief Overview of Incisional Hernias through the Ages – Etiology, Treatment, and Complications
Authors: Haxhirexha Kastriot , Dogjani Agron , Haxhirexha Aulona , Alushani Dritan , Haxhirexha Labeat , Ademi Aferdita , Fejzuli Blerim , Emini Teuta
Published: July 2023

Among the most frequent pathologies of the abdominal wall are hernias, which are defined as a protrusion of the abdominal organs through any of the weak points of the abdominal wall. They can be spontaneous appearing in weak points of the abdominal wall or along the site of surgical incisions. Even though hernias have been acknowledged since ancient times, the topic of incisional hernias was rarely discussed until the advent of modern surgery. After the introduction of anesthesia and antisepsis, abdominal interventions became common, and with this, the incidence of incisional hernias significantly increased. Until after the second world war, the correction of incisional hernias was done using simple sutures, continuous fascial sutures, etc. The large variety of prosthetic materials that are in use today, both dual and biological, helps in the successful correction of incisional hernias. A new era in the treatment of hernias began with the introduction of laparoscopic techniques in 1993 by Le Blanc. However, the correction of incisional hernias continues to remain a real challenge that requires a personalized approach for each patient with the aim of achieving good results and avoiding postoperative complications, of which hernia recurrence remains one of the most serious.