bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Atypical Presentation of Autoimmune Hepatitis with Delayed Menarche in a Nigerian Adolescent: Case Report
Authors: Asogwa Promise Udoka , Basil Bruno , Adiri Winifred Njideka , Ugwu Nelson , Anigbo Gideon Ekene , Offia Evaristus , Orjioke Casmir
Published: October 2024

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic liver disease characterized by immune-mediated inflammation, necrosis, and potential progression to cirrhosis if not managed appropriately. This case report describes a rare presentation of AIH in a 16-year-old Nigerian adolescent with atypical features, including delayed menarche and bilateral leg swelling, but without jaundice which is a common symptom of liver dysfunction. The patient was initially misdiagnosed with other conditions before being correctly identified as having Type 1 Autoimmune Hepatitis following appropriate diagnostic evaluation, which included liver function tests, imaging, and autoantibody tests. She responded favourably to treatment with corticosteroids and azathioprine but her serum albumin remained low due to pre-existing cirrhosis. This case highlights the diagnostic challenges of AIH, particularly in resource-limited settings where diagnosis of infectious liver diseases often overshadows autoimmune conditions. The delay in diagnosis and treatment emphasizes the need for increased awareness and improved diagnostic resources in the sub-African region. Early intervention with immunosuppressive therapy is crucial for managing AIH and preventing progression to advanced liver disease. This report further emphasizes the importance of a high index of suspicion for AIH in adolescents with unexplained liver disease, even in the absence of classic symptoms.
Research on the microstructural organization and mechanical properties of 5356 aluminum alloy arc additive manufacturing under low heat input conditions
Authors: Zuo Xiaogang , Lv Zhimin , Wang Yuejie , chen xiaokang , Qi Wenjun
Published: October 2024

To address the issue of excessive heat input during arc additive manufacturing of aluminum alloys, which leads to difficulties in forming and reduced dimensional accuracy, this paper investigates the microstructure and mechanical properties of 5356 aluminum alloy under low heat input conditions (30A, 40A, 50A, and 60A). The forming dimensions of multilayer single-pass straight-walled specimens under varying low-current conditions were analyzed, along with comprehensive tests on their mechanical properties, including microstructure, microhardness, and tensile strength. The results indicate that specimens can be successfully formed under different low-current conditions. Notably, at 40A, the front and upper surfaces of the specimens exhibit a smooth and flat appearance, contributing to an aesthetically superior outcome. The microstructure of the straight-walled specimen is predominantly composed of an α(Al) matrix and skeletal β(Al3Mg2). As the current increases, the distribution density of β(Al3Mg2) decreases, accompanied by a reduction in number and an increase in size. With increasing current, the microhardness initially rises, followed by a subsequent decline. Additionally, the microhardness shows a gradual increase from the bottom to the top of the specimen. As current increases, both the tensile strength and elongation of horizontal and vertical specimens first increase and then decrease. It is observed that the tensile strength and elongation of horizontal specimens are slightly higher than those of vertical specimens. This study lays a theoretical foundation for the application of arc additive manufacturing technology in processing 5356 aluminum alloys.
Universal photonic processor for spatial mode decomposition
Authors: Banzer Peter , Sharma Varun , Brandmüller Dorian , Bütow Johannes , Eismann Jörg
Published: October 2024

Efficient and precise information storage and processing using light's various degrees of freedom - intensity, phase, and polarization - have vast applications in modern photonics. Extending this capability, spatial structuring of light offers an orthogonal set of mode families, represented within an infinite-dimensional Hilbert space. The corresponding utilization necessitates the accurate measurement and decomposition of arbitrary spatial modes into their orthogonal components. In this paper, we introduce a new modal decomposition technique based on a 16-pixel reconfigurable photonic integrated circuit programmed as a spatial mode decomposer. This device uniquely identifies and quantifies the relative contributions of constituent modes in a Laguerre-Gaussian basis. The presented device not only provides the relative weights of these modes but also their relative phases, offering a novel approach based on an integrated platform for optical information processing. The potential applications of this technology are vast, ranging from advanced optical communications to microscopy and beyond, marking a significant stride in the field of integrated photonics.
The canine homolog of human receptive speech area responds selectively to social reinforcement
Authors: Miller Kai , Lampert Frederik , Mivalt Filip , Kim Inyong , Ince Nuri , Kim Jiwon , Kremen Vaclav , Baker Matthew , Boom Max Van den , Hermes Dora , Coenen Volker Arnd , Schalk Gerwin , Brunner Peter , Worrell Gregory
Published: October 2024

Studying mammalian brain function aids our understanding of human brain evolution. We implanted a beagle with a prototype human neuromodulation platform that measures activity from the brain surface. One year later, a set of simple sensory tasks was performed, finding visual and somatosensory representation in the canine homologs of the expected areas in humans. Surprisingly, the canine anterior ectosylvian gyrus, which is anatomically homologous to human receptive speech areas, was selectively active during independent social reinforcement tasks. This suggests that human speech understanding may have evolved from more general mammalian brain structures that are specialized for social reinforcement.
A Data Fusion Deep Learning Approach for Accurate Organelle-Based Classification of Cancer Cells
Authors: Yee Harrison
Published: October 2024

Microscopy-based cancer cell classification has traditionally focused on observable cellular features, such as size, morphology, and pleomorphism. Recent advances in machine learning-based image analysis in cancer diagnostics have allowed for greater throughput and consistency in cancer cell analysis by extracting visibly non-discernable features. Specifically, classification based on sub-cellular organelles' shape and spatial feature distributions has been established as a highly accurate methodology. These handcrafted feature extraction methods, however, are limited in throughput and analytical trustworthiness. These criticisms arise from the manual use of external software for object rendering, handcrafted feature extraction, and classification, thus introducing potential biases and artificial features due to image processing. Herein, we introduce a deep learning approach using a patch-based convolutional neural network (CNN) with channel-wise intermediate data fusion to perform end-to-end breast cancer classification of fluorescent confocal microscopy images focused on separate feature analysis of each sub-cellular organelle of interest. In cross-validation studies on a dataset of six different breast cancer cell lines, our methodology achieved an average classification accuracy of 92.0 ± 0.9%, rivaling other methods. Ultimately, this work provides streamlined and organelle-focused feature analysis for automated deep learning-based cancer cell classification.
Mechanoreceptive soft robotic molluscoids made of granular hydrogel-based organoelectronics
Authors: Amstad Esther , Georgopoulou Antonia , Obayashi Nana , Bono Francesca , Lucherini Lorenzo , Hughes Josie
Published: October 2024

The viscoelasticity of many soft polymers renders flexible sensors susceptible to hysteresis and signal drift that limit their accuracy. To reduce the impact of viscoelasticity on the signal, we introduce electrically conductive double network granular hydrogels as soft piezoresistive strain sensors. These sensors are composed of polyelectrolyte microgels that are covalently connected through a percolating hydrogel. We functionalize the interstitial spaces with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). These electrically conductive granular hydrogels exhibit a Young’s modulus of up to 1.4 MPa, an ultimate strength up to 2.9 MPa and a stress-strain hysteresis below 6%. This combination of mechanical properties could thus far not be reached with electrically conductive polymers. The elastic response of these sensors results in an unprecedently low signal relaxation of 2%. Indeed, the signal drifts less than 0.01% if 10 times stretched to 50%. These materials are produced from jammed microgels that exhibit rheological properties ideal for direct ink writing (DIW). We leverage this feature to 3D print conductive pathways into a soft molluscoid robot to render it proprioceptive and exteroceptive. We foresee this hydrogel-based electrically conductive material to enable the fabrication of the next generation of flexible electronics that can reliably link sensor readings to robot performance.
Copper and metformin double-doped polydopamine nanoparticles for tumor photothermal therapy
Authors: Luo Yangwen , Zhang Wenkai , Gu Muge , Zhang Xiangqi , Wang Jiayu , Yu Wei , Yuan Weien , Shen Jiefeng , Yang Guoqiang , Yang Hua
Published: October 2024

The anti-tumor potentials of copper and metformin have been wildly studied. Excessive intracellular copper could lead cancer cells to cuproptosis, while metformin could activate adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) to decrease ATP and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study integrated copper and metformin ably to form a polydopamine nanoparticle (CMP NPs) through coordination bonds. CMP NPs showed a high photothermal efficiency and anti-tumor efficacy both in vitro and in vivo experiments. This effective photothermal therapy (PTT) not only inhibited the growth of primary tumors but also generated an in-situ tumor vaccine-like function by immunogenic cell death to restrain the regrowth of the secondary tumors, showing a promising PTT for malignant solid tumors.
Construction of a comprehensive evaluation model for constitutive resistance traits of tea cultivars to the pests Matsumurasca onukii and Dendrothrips minowai
Authors: Sun Yue , Chen Li-Lin , Jin Shan , Ye Wen-Qi , Liu Jia , Gao Chen-Xi , Kong Jiu-Mei , Cao Shi-Xian , Yu Shun-Tian , Zhao Zi-Hua , Gurr Geoff M , Sun Wei-Jiang
Published: October 2024

As major pests in tea plantations, Matsumurasca onukii Matsuda (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and Dendrothrips minowai Priesner (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) reduce tea yields and cause large economic loss. Host plant resistance is one of the most effective and economical potential pest management strategies but is not well understood in tea. This study aimed to screen tea lines to determine chemical and structural traits that were associated with resistance to both herbivore species and then develop comprehensive resistance indicators and evaluation model of insect resistance. In addition, we modelled host plant identification and selection by the two pests and established resistance grading criteria for each. Traits positively associated with resistance to M. onukii were: concentrations of nonanal and dodecane, epidermal thickness of adaxial leaf surface, and ratio of this to leaf thickness. Negatively associated traits were: concentrations of malonic dialdehyde and linalool, ratio of adaxial leaf cuticle thickness to leaf thickness, and ratio of abaxial cuticle thickness to leaf thickness. For D. minowai, length of leaf, trichome density of buds, and caffeine content were positively associated with resistance; whilst dodecane and phenethyl alcohol concentrations as well as several color parameters of foliage were negatively associated. To comprehensively evaluate the insect resistance of tea cultivars, the affiliation function method was used and the results of the model showed significantly correlation for observed population densities of both pests. This study provides the first comprehensive framework for host plant resistance traits and will underpin risk assessment among existing cultivars and selection in future plant breeding programs.
A Novel Index-Organized Data Layout for Hybrid DRAM-PM Main Memory Database Systems
Authors: Zhang Qian , Gong Xueqing , Wei Jianhao , Ren Yiyang
Published: October 2024

Large-scale data-intensive applications need massive real-time data processing. Recent hybrid DRAM-PM main memory database systems provide an effective approach by persisting data to persistent memory (PM) in an append-based manner for efficient storage while maintaining the primary database copy in DRAM for high throughput rates. However, they fail to achieve high performance under a hybrid workload because they are unaware of the impact of pointer chasing. In this work, we investigate the impact of chasing pointers on modern main memory database systems to eliminate this bottleneck. We propose Index-Organized data layout that supports efficient reads and updates. We combine two techniques, i.e., cacheline-aligned node layout and cache prefetching, to accelerate pointer chasing, reducing memory access latency. We present four optimizations, i.e., pending versions, fine-grained memory management, Index-SSN, and cacheline-aligned writes, for supporting efficient transaction processing and fast logging. We implement our proposed data layout based on an open-sourced main memory database system. We conduct extensive evaluations on a 20-core machine equipped with Intel Optane DC Persistent Memory Modules. Experimental results demonstrate that Index-Organized obtains up to 3x speedup than the conventional data layouts, i.e., row-store, column-store, and row+column.
RETRACTED: Low rate of biochar with nitrogen fertilizer improved rice yield and economic benefits in rainfed lowland rice production system
Authors: Iboko Maduabuchi Paul , Dossou-Yovo Elliott R , Obalum Sunday E. , Brümmer Christian , Ndindeng Sali Atanga , Diedhiou Simeon , Témé Niaba
Published: October 2024

The authors have requested that this preprint be removed from Research Square.
Ransomware Detection on Windows Using File System Activity Monitoring and a Hybrid Isolation Forest-XGBoost Model
Authors: Itasoy Erik , Rosenberg Valentina , Stavrakis Nikolaos , Dietrich Anastasia , Montanari Cristiano
Published: October 2024

Ransomware has become one of the most prevalent and dangerous cybersecurity threats, capable of encrypting critical files and demanding ransom payments within minutes of infection. A novel hybrid detection system is proposed that combines Isolation Forest for anomaly detection with XGBoost for classification, addressing the limitations of traditional signature-based approaches and enhancing early-stage detection capabilities. The system continuously monitors file system activities, extracting features indicative of ransomware behavior, and processes them through a machine learning pipeline designed to identify both known and novel ransomware variants in real-time. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that the system achieves high accuracy in detecting ransomware with minimal false positives and low detection latency, making it suitable for deployment in enterprise environments where rapid response is critical. The ability to handle large volumes of file system data while maintaining precision and adaptability highlights the system's scalability and robustness in combating evolving ransomware threats. This research significantly contributes to the field of cybersecurity, offering a practical and efficient approach for protecting Windows-based systems from ransomware attacks.
The impact of new infrastructure investment on the international tourism industry: new evidence from China
Authors: Sun Shiqiang , Lv Pingzhang
Published: October 2024

This study used panel data from 31 provinces and cities in China between 2011 and 2019 for empirical testing, aiming to understand the contribution of new infrastructure investment in China to the international tourism industry. The research findings indicate that infrastructure investment in China had a positive impact on the development of international tourism. With the increase in infrastructure investment, the number of inbound overnight tourists and the international tourism revenue also increased. Mechanism analysis shows that transportation accessibility and information technology levels influenced international tourism; that is, new infrastructure investments improved the regional transportation environment and enhanced the level of information technology, which was beneficial for international tourism. In addition, there was apparent regional heterogeneity in the impact of new infrastructure investments in China on the international tourism industry. Overall, China's investment in new infrastructure has led to enormous opportunities for the development of the international tourism industry.
Spatio-temporal Monitoring of Drought using Machine Learning approach and Remote Sensing Techniques in Ningxia
Authors: Khan Muhammad Awais , Ali Shawkat , Zaheen Zakria , Ullah Hidayat , Gul Amina , Zhang Jiahua
Published: October 2024

Timely and accurate monitoring of the beginning and development of drought in China is significant in decreasing losses from drought. The present study contributes to a comprehensive spatio-temporal analysis of drought over the Ningxia Hui (northwestern China) from 2003–2023. We determined the moisture content and vegetation using MODIS satellite data. The Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), the Land Surface Temperature (LST), the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI-1, SPI-3, SPI-6, SPI-9 and SPI-12), and the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI-1, SPEI-3, SPEI-6, SPEI-9, and SPEI-12), were calculated. SPEI at 1–12 months timescales and the Keetch-Byram Drought Index (KBDI) were adopted to characterize drought events over the Ningxia region from 2003 to 2023. Future drought predictions were determined based on SPI at 1–12 months timescales using an artificial neural network (ANN) and cellular automata (CA) machine learning approaches. The CA-ANN model was used to validate drought prediction. The results showed: (1) the EVI declined from 0.38 to 0.33 from 2003–2023. This declining EVI indicates that the annual average of vegetation was decreased ; (2) The KBDI increased from 581.33 in 2003 to 681.091 in 2023, reflecting aggrading aridity with the soil moisture drying out; (3) SPI decreased from 0.7 in 2003 to -1.835 in 2023 and the SPEI varied from 0.5 to − 1.898 in the same period, (4) SPEI results in 2003 highlight western and southern parts highly affected by drought; (6) drought prediction from CA-ANN display that the SPI and SPEI expected in 2033 will further decrease and can cause more frequent drought. The study concluded that the ever-declining drought conditions in the Ningxia region over the past two decades have manifested drastic changes in the drought conditions.
Estimating Models and Evaluating their Efficiency under Multicollinearity in Multiple Linear Regression: A Comparative Study
Authors: Saman Hussein Mahmood
Published: October 2024

Multicollinearity between independent variables occurs in multiple linear regression analysis characterized by high correlations, which complicates discerning individual variable effect, impacting model accuracy, stability, and interpretation of relationships. The research aims to diagnose the multicollinearity problem between explanatory variables in the linear regression model and identifying the variables causing this problem based on the variance inflation factor (VIF), then estimation and evaluate the performance of three alternative methods, which are Ridge regression, principal components analysis, and Feedforward Neural Networks (FFNN) models with one and two hidden layers and application of the models to compressive strength data for high-performance concrete. The results showed that Ridge regression and PCA effectively addressed multicollinearity problem, but the single hidden layer model FFNN showed superior predictive accuracy in estimating the compressive strength of high-performance concrete when comparing RMSE, MAE, and R2 values.
Identifikasi Morfologi Beberapa Jamur Liar di Kawasan Kampus IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
Authors: Harahap Israwati , Mahardhika Wahyu Aji , Putra Ivan Permana
Published: October 2024

Indonesia diketahui sebagai salah satu negara megabiodiversitas yang memiliki keberagaman tinggi termasuk jamur. Namun, sebagian besar publikasi terkait keragaman jamur di Indonesia tidak dilengkapi dengan deskripsi morfologi tubuh buah yang ditemukan. Eksplorasi dan deskripsi jamur sangat penting untuk mendata keberagaman jamur di Indonesia, tetapi data mengenai keanekaragaman jamur dengan data yang komperhensif masih sangat minim dilaporkan di Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan eksplorasi jenis jamur di berbagai tempat, salah satunya adalah kawasan kampus IPB. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengeksplorasi jamur yang terdapat di sekitar Kawasan kampus IPB guna menambah informasi keragaman jamur Indonesia. Eksplorasi jamur mengacu pada sampling opportunistik yang dilakukan dengan menjelajahi halaman Masjid Al-Huriyah dan hutan di sekitar perumahan dosen IPB berlokasi di Kecamatan Dramaga, Jawa Barat. Identifikasi jamur dilakukan dengan melakukan pengamatan secara makroskopis (dimensi dankarakter tubuh buah) dan mikroskopis (pileipellis, basidia, spora, hifa). Sebanyak 3 genus jamur berhasil diperoleh, diidentifikasi, dan dideskripsikan pada penelitian ini yaitu Geastrum sp., Auricularia sp., dan Psilocybe sp. Seluruh jamur tersebut merupakan anggota dari filum Basidiomycota dan kelas Agaricomycetes. Deskripsi Auricularia dan Psilocybe pada penelitian ini merupakan catatan baru untuk ragam jamur IPB dan berkontribusi pada pangkalan data jamur Indonesia.
A Family Therapy Case Study of Two Youth Clients with Alcohol Problems
Authors: Lee Eun-Hyung , Park Tae-Young , Kim Eul-Su , Lee Byeong-Ju , Jang Da-Rom
Published: October 2024

Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine factors influencing clients’ drinking problems and changes in clients and their families depending on intervention methods of therapists, focusing on two family therapy cases involving conflicts due to children’s drinking problems. Methods: The study utilized a case study method, allowing for an in-depth examination of the cases. Results: This study found that the factors influencing the children’s drinking problems included personal factors, family factors, and socio-cultural factors. Personal factors were high anxiety and avoidant tendencies. Family factors included issues stemming from the parents’ families of origin, negative parenting styles, dysfunctional communication methods, and a family culture tolerant of drinking. Socio-cultural factors included patriarchal culture and a preference for sons. Conclusions: The findings of this study show a multifaceted analysis of the factors influencing children’s drinking problems and elucidate the cyclic nature of these factors. Additionally, this study is meaningful in providing practical techniques based on family therapeutic interventions for families with children’s drinking problems.
The influence of renewable energy and financial development on testing the environmental Kuznets curve in Lebanon: ARDL approach
Authors: Taher Hanadi
Published: October 2024

This study considers the impacts of financial development and the consumption of renewable energy in Lebanon for the period 1990–2021, employing the Environmental Kuznets Curve. The financial sector in Lebanon is considered a major engine in the economic development. Green energy sources and environmental protection are taking higher importance nowadays with the increase of implications for climate change and global warming worldwide. This paper examines the Environmental Kuznets Curve’s presence and implications for Lebanon’s financial development and renewable energy consumption. The econometric model used annual data from the World Development Indicators. Utilizing the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique, both near- and long-term relationships were estimated. The findings support the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis and show that energy consumption and real income have a statistically significant beneficial effect on carbon emissions and that their square has a statistically significant negative impact on carbon emissions over the long and short term. The results show variations in signs for financial development between the short and long term and stable results for renewable energy with negative signs in both terms. These results show the importance of further research on the influence of financial development and green energy consumption on EKC. Therefore, policymakers need to pay more attention to these variables for a sustainable economy that is facing the effects of climate change.
Cauda equina syndrome in cattle: A clinical case study and analysis
Authors: BUTKIEWICZ ALEKSANDER F. , JAŚKOWSKI BARTŁOMIEJ M. , KULYNYCH SERHII , JAŚKOWSKI JĘDRZEJ M.
Published: October 2024

Cauda equina syndrome is a rare phenomenon characterized by a partial or complete paralysis of the spinal nerves of the cauda equina and the organs innervated by them. The cauda equina and the lumbosacral plexus are responsible for innervating most of the muscles of the pelvic limb, pelvic floor, and sphincters. The etiology of this condition can be diverse, often related to injury leading to the narrowing of the spinal canal and compressive paralysis. This case study describes a cow diagnosed with cauda equina syndrome. The animal showed difficulties in standing and moving. Due to the deteriorating condition of the animal, a decision was made to cull it. The description of the case evaluated during veterinary visits was based on clinical, zoometric, and BCS assessments, cleanliness index, necropsy examinations, and laboratory blood analyses. The blood tests included several components, which varied depending on the day of the visit: ALT (15-18.9 U/l), AST (77.3-86.7 U/l), CK (124-270 U/l), and cortisol (10.4-14.5 ng/mL).
The level of welfare of male farmed fallow deer kept indoors during the winter
Authors: BOGDASZEWSKI MAREK , JANISZEWSKI PAWEŁ , STEINER-BOGDASZEWSKA ŻANETA , KASPEREK KORNEL , TAJCHMAN KATARZYNA
Published: October 2024

Farmed cervids are not fully domesticated animals, usually kept on large open pastures. However, in intensive breeding farms, animals are often kept indoors during the winter in order to obtain desirable weight gain or avoid deaths. The aim of the study was to assess the stress level in farmed fallow deer (Dama dama) kept indoors during the winter with a changed photoperiod, as well as to analyze the effect of the cortisol level on the animals depending on their age and body mass. Two groups of adult fallow deer males, 15 individuals each, with an average age of 5.9 years, were used in the study. The experimental group was kept in a utility room with a changed photoperiod and a temporary access to an enclosure, while the control group spent the entire time in an outdoor enclosure. Blood samples were collected from all animals three times, at monthly intervals, to determine the cortisol concentration. No differences were found between the study groups. The average cortisol level ranged from 2.86 to 3.92 μg/100 ml in the experimental group and from 3.13 to 3.46 μg/100 ml in the control group. The average cortisol concentration in older stags was similar to that in younger males (3.48 μg/100 ml and 3.42 μg/100 ml, respectively). Simple manipulation procedures do not affect the welfare of farmed fallow deer. Cervids tolerate natural winter conditions well both on the run and in utility rooms with appropriate space.
BRICS Expansion: A Comprehensive Analysis of Global Power Shifts and Economic Integration
Authors: Upadhyay N. K.
Published: October 2024

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Decoding the Therapeutic Potential of Cannabis and Cannabinoids in Neurological Disorders
Authors: Kale Mayur B. , Umare Mohit D. , Wankhede Nitu L. , Deshmukh Rohitas , Abbot Vikrant , Anwer Md. Khalid , Taksande Brijesh G. , Upaganlawar Aman B. , Umekar Milind J. , Ramniwas Seema , Gulati Monica , Arora Rashmi , Behl Tapan
Published: October 2024

For millennia, Cannabis sativa has served diverse roles, from medicinal applications to recreational
use. Despite its extensive historical use, only a fraction of its components have been explored until recent
times. The therapeutic potential of Cannabis and its constituents has garnered attention, with suggestions for
treating various conditions such as Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, and other neurological
disorders. Recent research, particularly on animal experimental models, has unveiled the neuroprotective
properties of cannabis. This neuroprotective effect is orchestrated through numerous G protein-coupled receptors
(GPCRs) and the two cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2. While the capacity of cannabinoids to safeguard
neurons is evident, a significant challenge lies in determining the optimal cannabinoid receptor agonist
and its application in clinical trials. The intricate interplay of cannabinoids with the endocannabinoid system,
involving CB1 and CB2 receptors, underscores the need for precise understanding and targeted approaches.
Unravelling the molecular intricacies of this interaction is vital to harness the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids
effectively. As the exploration of cannabis components accelerates, there is a growing awareness of
the need for nuanced strategies in utilizing cannabinoid receptor agonists in clinical settings. The evolving
landscape of cannabis research presents exciting possibilities for developing targeted interventions that capitalize
on the neuroprotective benefits of cannabinoids while navigating the complexities of receptor specificity
and clinical applicability.
Application of Iodine-Amine Oxidation Approach in the Synthesis of Various N-Alkyl Phosphoramidate Oligonucleotide Derivatives
Authors: Nekrasov Mikhail D. , Pyshnyi Dmitrii V. , Kupryushkin Maxim S.
Published: October 2024

Introduction:

Nowadays, use of phosphate modifications in oligonucleotide backbone
has become a common approach for imbuing its structure with the desired beneficial properties.
The recent advances in successful application of different classes of phosphate modifications in the
design of therapeutic oligonucleotides have led to a renewed interest in the development of approaches
for introducing diverse classes of phosphate modifications.

Method:

This study aims to investigate the efficiency and optimize protocols for the application of
the iodine-amine oxidation reaction to produce various N-alkyl phosphoramidate oligonucleotide
derivatives during the conventional solid-phase phosphoramidite synthesis method.

Result:

Various solvents and drying reagents were tested, and it was evaluated that even minor
traces of water in a reaction mixture had a significant impact on yield. Using set of commercially
available amines, it was shown that steric accessibility is a more critical parameter than nucleophilicity
of the amino group in oxidative amination reaction. It was demonstrated that through use
of amino alcohols and diamines during iodine-amine oxidation step various branched oligonucleotide
structures can be synthesized.

Conclusion:

The obtained data indicates that the oxidative amination approach can be a promising
tool for preparing various oligonucleotide derivatives during solid-phase synthesis without the use
of specialized phosphoramidite monomers.
The Dynamic Impact of Synthetic Dyes on the Physicochemical Parameters of Cationic and Anionic Surfactants
Authors: Malik Nisar Ahmad , Fatma Ishrat , Azhar-ud-Din Mohd. , Ahmad Hilal , Lubna Syed , Ashraf Musharaf
Published: October 2024

Introduction:

The interaction of dyes (crystal violet, malachite green, and
congo red) with cationic (cetrimide) and anionic surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulfate) in
the aqueous medium were studied via conductometric and UV-visible spectroscopy.

Methods:

The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of both cetrimide and SDS upsurges in all the selected dyes on increasing the temperature. Thermodynamic parameters like change in Gibb’s free energy of micellization (Δ G°m ), change in enthalpy of micellization (Δ H°m ) as well as change in entropy of micellization (Δ S°m ) were calculated by employing mass action model.

Results:

The Δ S°m values obtained are positive with Δ G°m and Δ H°m values being negative signified that the phenomenon of micellization is spontaneous as well as exothermic in nature. Moreover, the more negative Δ H°m in water as well as in the presence of dyes signify the presence of electrostatic forces of attraction between the oppositively charged dyes and surfactant moieties. UV-spectroscopy reveals that spectral changes occur because of the interaction of surfactants with dye molecules.

Conclusion:

By analyzing shifts in absorption peaks, changes in intensity, and alterations
in band shape, insights into the nature of surfactant-dye complexes and their potential
applications in various industries can be assessed. This understanding can help in the
design and optimization of products and processes involving surfactants and dyes.
Exploring Structural and Optical Properties of Nanoparticles of Barium Titanate and Iron-doped Barium Titanate and their Potential Application in Antibacterial Activity
Authors: Shenoy Abhirami R. , Vijayalekshmi Manjusha M.N. , Raj Dhanya , Anil Abhirami , Varghese Princy
Published: October 2024

Background:

Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) is a good candidate for a variety of
applications due to its excellent dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties.

Methods:

Pure and doped Barium Titanate (BTO) nanoparticles have been synthesized
by the sol-gel method. Barium hydroxide octahydrate (Ba (OH)2.8H2O) and titanium (IV)
iso-propoxide (Ti {OCH[CH3]2}4) were used as starting materials. Apart from pure Barium
Titanate nanoparticles, Fe-doped BaTiO3 nanoparticles of three different concentrations:
0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 in mol% were prepared and characterized using X-ray diffraction
(XRD), UV visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR).

Results:

From the X-ray diffraction pattern, the particle size was found to be varied in a
range of 17-25nm. By using UV visible spectroscopy it was observed that the band gap
energy of pure BaTiO3 NP is 3.2eV. As the pure BaTiO3 nanoparticles are doped with
0.1% Fe, the band gap reduces to 3.175eV. For BaTiO3 doped with 0.2% and 0.3% Fe,
the band gap energy values are 2.709 and 2.652 respectively. FTIR spectra were used to
analyze the vibrational modes of BaTiO3. From the result obtained from FTIR, we can
see that the absorption spectrum ranges from 450cm-1-4000cm-1. The prominent peak of
pure BaTiO3 is at 500cm-1 which is due to the vibration of the Ti-O band in crystal lattice.
For BaTiO3 doped with Fe2O3, the wave number of the absorption peak is shifted from
500cm-1 in pure BaTiO3. The antibacterial studies were conducted on Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

Conclusion:

Both pure and iron-doped Barium Titanate showed significant antibacterial
properties, confirming the antibacterial property of Barium Titanate nanoparticles.
Agmatine Improves Oxidative Stress Profiles in Rat Brain Tissues Induced by Sodium Azide
Authors: Rafi Hira , Rafiq Hamna , Farhan Muhammad
Published: October 2024

Introduction:

The brain is highly susceptible to oxidative damage due to excessive oxygen
tension, a high concentration of oxidizable substrates, and low antioxidant capacity. Consequently,
oxidative stress is linked to several brain disorders and neurodegeneration. Sodium azide is
a cytochrome oxidase inhibitor that promotes neurodegeneration by enhancing the release of excitotoxins
and inducing oxidative stress through the peroxidation of membrane lipids. This process
results in the release of intra-mitochondrial Ca+2 and H2O2 (ROS Dependent-Ca+2 release). Agmatine,
a biogenic amine, is also referred to as a free radical scavenger, protecting the brain from
membrane collapse, apoptosis, and mitochondrial swelling.

Objective:

This study was designed to identify the antioxidative effects of agmatine on sodium azide-
induced oxidative stress in brain tissues.

Methodology:

Twenty-four male albino Wistar rats were allocated into two groups: a control group
receiving water and a test group administered sodium azide (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) for a duration
of 14 days. Subsequently, the animals were further subdivided and treated for an additional two
weeks with either water or agmatine (100 mg/kg). Behavioral assessments were performed onehour
post-agmatine administration, and brain homogenates were prepared for biochemical analyses.

Results:

The agmatine-treated group exhibited a significant increase (P<0.01) in both the number of
entries and the time spent in the light box and the open arms of the light/dark transition box and elevated
plus maze tests, respectively. Additionally, agmatine administration significantly enhanced
(P<0.01) the total number of squares crossed in the open field test. Biochemical assessments revealed
that agmatine treatment significantly reduced (P<0.01) the levels of reactive oxygen species
and malondialdehyde. Moreover, it significantly increased (P<0.01) the levels of antioxidant enzymes
(superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase) and glutathione compared to
the control group.

Conclusion:

The present study revealed that agmatine has substantial effects on oxidative and antioxidant
enzyme levels in sodium azide-induced oxidative stress. Agmatine-treated rats exhibited
decreased reactive oxygen species levels and improvements in behavioral impairments resulting
from sodium azide administration.
WITHDRAWN: Zn(OTf)2-catalyzed One-Pot Cascade Reaction to Construct Benzyl-pyrazolyl Coumarin Derivatives
Authors: Kale Balkrishna Ramchandra , Hamid Hinna , Sarwar Alam Mohammad
Published: October 2024

The article has been withdrawn at the request of the authors.

Bentham Science apologizes to the readers of the journal for any inconvenience this may have caused.

The Bentham Editorial Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://benthamscience.com/editorial-policies-main.php

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of their article is transferred to the publishers if and when the article is accepted for publication.
PENGARUH VARIABEL MAKROEKONOMI TERHADAP DANA PIHAK KETIGA PADA BANK KONVENSIONAL DI INDONESIA
Authors: Prisilla Nadila , Munawar
Published: October 2024

This study aims to determine the effect of macroeconomic variables on the collection of third party funds at conventional banks in Indonesia. The data used is monthly time series data from January 2017 to December 2022. The method used in this study is the Vector Autoregression (VAR)/Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) method. However, in choosing between the two methods, stationarity test must be done first. The variables used include inflation, BI rate, crude oil price, and gold price. The results of the study show that the inflation variable has a positive influence, while the BI rate, crude oil price, and gold price variables have a negative influence on third party funds of conventional banks in Indonesia. This research is expected to be applied to banking policy makers with the aim of being insightful to be able to adjust policies when there is instability in macroeconomic variables and for economic policy regulators in determining policies that can stabilize the banking system. In addition, it is used as knowledge for customers to make better decisions regarding investment portfolios with the aim of identifying risks based on macroeconomic conditions.
The Effect of Lipopolysaccharide Challenge in RAW 264.7 Cells on Nitric Oxide Release and Cell Viability
Authors: Suprapto Ratih Paramita , Kusumastuty Inggita , Rizal Ardian , Adi Nugroho Dwi
Published: October 2024

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major component of a gram-negative bacterial wall that is widely used and well-established to induce inflammation in vitro. In addition, the in vitro model using RAW 264.7 cells is the most commonly applied in screening the anti-inflammatory and elucidating the pathophysiology of inflammation-based disease, as well.  However, there is still limited data on the efficacy of different doses of LPS in inducing inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells. This study aimed to evaluate the effect and safety of LPS at various doses in RAW 264.7 cells. RAW 264.7 cells were exposed to LPS at different dose ranges (10ng/mL-10µg/mL) for 24 hours. The nitric oxide (NO) release as inflammatory responses and viability test were evaluated using Griess assay and CCK-8 assays, respectively. The result showed that NO production was increased at different doses of LPS compared to the control although not significant. Whereas, All LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells tended to increase but not significantly compared to the control groups. This study showed that the LPS treatment effectively induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 cells as shown by NO production and was considerably safe as the viability was comparable between LPS and control group for RAW cells 264.7 at least up to 10µg/mL for 24 hours.
Effectiveness of Earthworm Extract on the Lipid Profile of Diabetic Wistar Rats
Authors: Suandy Suandy , Chiuman Linda , Halim Angel Jonathane
Published: October 2024

Various metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, are characterized by hyperglycemia, stemming from decreased insulin action, secretion, or both. The use of chemical medicines for diabetes mellitus, especially acarbose, involves regulating the digestion and absorption of complex carbohydrates. However, acarbose may disrupt liver function, prompting exploration into alternative sources for treatment, such as earthworm extract. The purpose of this study was to identify the effectiveness of ethanol extract and coelomic fluid from earthworms (E. eugeniae) on the lipid profile of male diabetic wistar rats (R. norvegicus) in vivo. The research hypothesis is that earthworm extracts could effectively lower the lipid profile of diabetic Wistar rats. This research is experimental research with pre-test and post-test control study group design, using an in vivo method. The results of the one-way ANOVA test of HDL were p=0.441; p=0.441; p=0.000; for LDL were p=0.691; p=0.101; p=0.049; for total cholesterol were p=0.107; p=0.347; p=0.486; and for triglycerides were p=0.028; p=0.926; p=0.553 on days 0, 7, and 14, respectively. Based on the research data, both ethanol extract and a combination of ethanol extract and coelomic fluid were able to reduce lipid profile levels on the 7th and 14th days. Earthworm extract has the potential to promote repair of β cells and is anti-inflammatory which can be used to reduce lipid profile levels.
Effect of Drought Stress on Agronomic Traits and Total Leaf Proteins in Different Bottle Gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.] Genotypes
Authors: Mkhize Phumzile , Mangena Phetole
Published: October 2024

Breeding drought-tolerant genotypes using genetic and biochemical tools is an important mitigation strategy to improve stress response and yields in bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.]. This current study evaluated the variations among bottle gourd genotypes for potential breeding purposes by establishing the relationship between agronomic traits and the protein profile required for the plants’ resilience against drought stress. The study assessed 12 bottle gourd accessions grown under non-stressed (NS) control conditions and different levels of drought stress (DS) induced by withholding irrigation for 7, 14, and 21 days, using a 12 × 2 × 3 factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates. Agronomic traits such as the total number of male and female flowers per plant, sex ratio, fruit number and fruit yield per plant (FYPP), and total protein analysis were determined in bottle-gourd plants immediately after the period of stress. Results showed significant differences (p < 0.001) among the genotypes × environmental effect for most agronomic traits except the number of days to first flower (DTFF). Among the genotypes, BG-70 and BG-78 recorded the highest FYPP under drought stress conditions, with BG-70 showing similar results even under NS conditions. A positive correlation was found among all the agronomic traits and the total protein contents of the genotypes, especially after 14 days of drought stress. Overall, the results implied that the significant improvements in agronomic traits and unique protein expressions observed in BG-70 and BG-78 potentially confer tolerance to drought stress. Moreover, the high and unique proteins found in all genotypes (BG-48, BG-58, BG-52, BG-70, BG-78, and BG-81) warrant further research on their interaction with the stress, especially when coupled with improved agronomic traits, which could assist in identifying drought stress tolerant genotypes.
All-Cause and Cause-Specific Burden of Asthma in a Transitioning City in China: Population Study
Authors: Cheng Xuelin , Wu Xiaoling , Ye Wenjing , Chen Yichen , Fu Peihua , Jia Wenchang , Zhang Wei , Xu Xiaoyun , Gong Di , Mou Changhua , Gu Wen , Luo Zheng , Jiang Sunfang , Li Xiaopan
Published: October 2024

Background

Understanding the impact of asthma on public health is crucial for evidence-based prevention and treatment strategies.

Objective

This study aimed to identify the causes of asthma-related mortality in Pudong, Shanghai, China, offering insights for managing similar regions or countries in transition.

Methods

Mortality statistics were obtained from the Vital Statistics System of Pudong for 2005‐2021. Temporal patterns for the burden of asthma were examined. The crude mortality rate (CMR), age-standardized mortality rate by Segi’s world standard population (ASMRW), and years of life lost (YLL) for both all-cause and asthma-specific deaths were computed. Mortality rates associating with aging and other variables were categorized using the decomposition technique. The autoregressive integrated moving average model was used to forecast the asthma-related death mortality rate by 2035.

Results

A total of 1568 asthma-related deaths occurred during the follow-up period, with the CMR and ASMRW being 3.25/105 and 1.22/105 person-years, respectively. The primary underlying causes of death were chronic lower respiratory diseases, coronary heart diseases, and cerebrovascular disease. The YLL due to total asthma-related deaths added up to 14,837.76 years, with a YLL rate of 30.73/105 person-years. Male individuals had more YLL (8941.81 vs 5895.95 y) and a higher YLL rate (37.12/105 vs 24.38/105 person-years) than female individuals. From 2005 to 2021, the ASMRW declined by 3.48%, and both the CMR and YLL rate decreased in the 0‐29, 70‐79, and ≥80 years age groups (all P<.01). However, asthma-related deaths increased from 329 people between 2005 and 2008 to 472 people between 2017 and 2021. The proportion of the population aged 80 years and older gradually increased by 1.43% (95% CI 0.20%-2.68%; P=.03), and the mortality rates of asthma deaths attributable to population aging rose by 21.97% (95% CI, 11.58%-33.32%; P<.001) annually.

Conclusions

Asthma remains a significant public health challenge in transitioning countries, requiring increased attention and resource allocation.